PMID- 2273830
TI  - [Surgical tactics in closed injuries of the diaphragm and spleen].

PMID- 2273831
TI  - [Epidermal cyst of the hand].

PMID- 2273832
TI  - [Transosseous osteosynthesis of trochanteric fractures in patients of older age
      groups].
AB  - The article deals with experience in the treatment of 45 elderly and senile
      patients with acetabular fractures of the femur by means of transosseous
      osteosynthesis. Besides treatment by G. A. Ilizarov's method, a special device
      elaborated in the Department of Transosseous Synthesis, the Central Institute of
      Traumatology and Orthopedics, was applied in 29 patients. With this, the design
      and the method of osteosynthesis are described. The method suggested by the
      authors for osteosynthesis of acetabular fractures of the femur by means of
      external transosseous osteosynthesis combines two factors which are important in
      traumatological practice: stable fixation of the fragments and mild character of
      the trauma inflicted by the operative intervention, which is significant in the
      treatment of feeble elderly and senile patients.

PMID- 2273833
TI  - [Melanoma of the finger simulating paronychia].

PMID- 2273834
TI  - [Tuberculosis of the breast].

PMID- 2273835
TI  - [Rehabilitation of patients after allogeneic kidney transplantation].

PMID- 2273836
TI  - [Prevention of postoperative suppurative-inflammatory complications in
      gastrointestinal surgery].

PMID- 2273837
TI  - [Torsion of the epiploic appendages of the large intestine].

PMID- 2273838
TI  - [Stable-functional osteosynthesis of the femur].
AB  - The article deals with experience in the surgical treatment of 405 patients with
      closed and open fractures of the femur. The method of choice in operative
      management of fractures was stably-functional osteosynthesis--mechanically secure
      fixation providing the possibility of excluding immobilization in the
      postoperative period. Stable fixation and early activity promoted timely
      consolidation of the fractures with simultaneous restoration of a normal range of
      movements and reduction of the terms of treatment due to coincidence of the
      periods of consolidation and rehabilitation. Depending on the level and character
      of the fractures, straight, angular, and hooked plates, Kuntscher's and Smith
      Petersen nails, and spongy ++ screws were used for stably-functional
      osteosynthesis.

PMID- 2273839
TI  - [Treatment of ununited fractures and pseudarthroses of long tubular bones
      complicated by suppurative infection].
AB  - The work is based on the analysis of examination and treatment (external
      +transosseous osteosynthesis) of 172 patients with ununited fractures and false
      joints of the long tubular bones complicated by purulent infection and
      posttraumatic osteomyelitis. All patients were divided into 4 clinical groups
      according to the activity of the purulent wound infection and choice of the
      surgical tactics. Some risk factors were taken into consideration in choosing the
      tactics of treatment and predicting the outcomes. The clinical course of the
      wound process in the groups of the patients studied and the errors and
      complications of operative treatment are analysed. The necessity for active
      postoperative management of patients and endolymphatic and +intra-arterial
      administration of antibiotics is substantiated. Good and satisfactory results of
      treatment were produced in 85.6% of patients.

PMID- 2273840
TI  - [Duration of anoxia during replantation of large segments of the extremities].
AB  - Experience in 155 replantations of large segments of the extremities is
      discussed. The results of treatment are analysed from the standpoint of anoxia of
      the separated segments of the extremities. A case of replantation of the lower
      extremity (shin) with 42-hour anoxia is described. It is concluded that increased
      risk of replantation of large segments of extremities is determined in the first
      place by traumatic and hemorrhagic shock and not by the so-called transplantation
      toxicosis.

PMID- 2273841
TI  - [Treatment of acetabular fractures].
AB  - Experience in the treatment of 60 patients is generalized. Operative
      interventions are recommended for improving the outcomes of treatment in marked
      incongruence of the articular surfaces. Open reduction and osteosynthesis of the
      fragments is advisable in the first 21 days after the trauma. In neglected
      fractures of bones forming the acetabulum, the operation is performed with
      consideration for the condition of both components of the hip joint. The authors
      believe the following operations to be most indicated in this case: modeling
      resection of the hip joint, total endoprosthesis, arthrodesis. The late-term
      results were studied in 50 patients, among whom 31 were treated by surgery and 19
      by nonoperative methods. The results were excellent in 6, good in 18, and
      satisfactory in 15 patients.

PMID- 2273842
TI  - [Correction of extensive defects of long bones by using bi- and multifocal
      distraction-compression osteosynthesis].
AB  - Replacement of extensive defects in long bones on the basis of one or more
      osteotomies is analysed. The authors substantiate the principles and the new
      methods of +multifocal distraction-compression osteosynthesis which allow healing
      of the fracture to be combined with accelerated replacement of the bone defect.
      The errors, complications, and the results of treatment of 104 patients are
      discussed to evaluate the efficacy of the applied methods and confirm the drawn
      conclusions. Particular attention is paid to the significance of a complex of
      optimal mechanical and biological factors in the formation of the regenerative
      tissue in accelerated replacement of the bone defects on the basis of several
      osteotomies. It is shown that the advantage of the new variants of the methods of
      replacement of long tubular bones on the basis of several osteotomies consists in
      combination of the healing of open fractures with accelerated restoration of the
      length of the extremity.

PMID- 2273843
TI  - [Use of cutaneo-fascial flaps in reconstructive surgery of the lower
      extremities].
AB  - Defects in the soft tissues of the lower extremities after burns and traumas in
      10 patients were managed by plastic surgery using ++cutaneo-fascial grafts formed
      from the leg of the same or contralateral side. The operation was performed in
      two or three stages. ++Cutaneo-fascial grafts formed on the posteromedial or
      posterolateral surface of the leg may have a width:length ratio of 1:3. In cross
      plastics the proximal one third of the graft is folded like a tube. Inclusion of
      the vena saphena magna in the graft and measures aimed at prevention of
      separation of the fascia from the layer of fat increase the viability of the
      graft. Secondary deformity is significantly reduced by modelling the edges of the
      donor wound and closing it with an unperforated graft of split skin.

PMID- 2273844
TI  - [Reconstruction of vascular bed in the affected segment of the leg in patients
      with defects of the crural bones complicated by chronic osteomyelitis].
AB  - The article analyses the results of medical rehabilitation of 176 patients with
      defects in the leg bones complicated by chronic osteomyelitis by methods of
      transosseous osteosynthesis. In average hospitalization terms of 380.8 +/- 15.6
      days, medical rehabilitation was achieved in 88.6% of patients. The results of
      complex clinical and laboratory examination of 46 patients by means of
      angiographic, radionuclide, and physiological methods confirm gradual correction
      of the initial regional arterial insufficiency which was combined with anatomical
      and physiological rehabilitation of the affected leg by the end of treatment. It
      was established that the high clinical result of the developed methods of
      transosseous osteosynthesis is based on the formation of a new zone of the
      vascular channel in the affected limb segment.

PMID- 2273845
TI  - [Spinal injuries in accidental falls].
AB  - The case histories of 247 patients with spinal damages caused by a fall from a
      height are analysed. In 180 (75.3%) patients the damage to the spine was combined
      with traumas of other localization. The author emphasizes the specific features
      of the diagnosis and the tactics of management of patients with trauma attended
      by multiple and concurrent injuries and calling for physicians of allied
      specialties to take part in the examination and treatment. The methods of
      treatment of spinal damages are chosen strictly individually and are combined
      with nonoperative or operative management of injuries to other parts of the
      skeleton.

PMID- 2273846
TI  - [Operations by the Bogoraz and Tikhov-Linberg methods as adequate interventions
      in malignant tumors of the extremities].
AB  - The author's conception on adequate operations is set forth. He considers
      adequate only those operations which are performed radically with abidance by
      ablastemic rules and consideration of the principle of a sheath structure and
      location after A. I. Rakov, with maintenance of the function of the operated on
      limb to a maximum degree. Both resection and amputation may be adequate as well
      as inadequate. The principle elaborated by N. A. Bogoraz and P. I. Tikhov
      underlies adequate resections. The author's data on the late-term results (follow
      up periods of over 20 years) of resections after Tikhov-Linberg in malignant
      tumors of the ++brachio-scapular region are presented.

PMID- 2273847
TI  - [Disorders of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and intracranial hypertension in
      patients with several cranio-cerebral trauma].
AB  - The authors studied the incidence of hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension
      in 60 patients with severe craniocerebral trauma from comparison of the findings
      of computed tomography and the results of prolonged monitoring of intracranial
      pressure. The mechanisms of the development of hydrocephalus and intracranial
      hypertension are described. Hydrocephalus is among the causes of intracranial
      hypertension. In view of this, external fractional drainage of the ventricular
      CSF should be applied together with the removal of intracranial hematomas and
      measures of intensive therapy in patients with severe craniocerebral trauma.

PMID- 2273848
TI  - [Peace-time penetrating abdominal wounds with injuries of the small intestine].
AB  - From analysis of 542 abdominal injuries the author established that 37.9% of
      penetrating injuries are not accompanied with damage to the viscera. Diagnostic
      laparoscopy allows useless laparotomy to be avoided in these patients. The
      techniques of the intestinal suture and anastomosis are very important. The
      author suggests modification of intestinal sutures and ++inter-intestinal
      anastomosis. The inclusion of retroperitoneal blockade in the complex of
      rehabilitation measures proved effective in the prevention of pareses in 98.5% of
      patients. The use of diagnostic laparotomy, the choice of rational intestinal
      sutures and ++inter-intestinal anastomosis, and the use of retroperitoneal
      blockade in rehabilitation of patients together with early activation of patients
      are conducive to improvement of the results of treatment.

PMID- 2273849
TI  - [Injuries and foreign bodies of the rectum].
AB  - Analysis of experience in the treatment of 43 patients with traumas of and
      foreign bodies in the rectum showed that the mechanism of the trauma and the
      degree of destruction are criteria of the choice of optimal therapeutic tactics.
      The authors show that nonoperative treatment is sufficiently adequate in
      superficial injuries, which account for almost 50% of all traumas. Surgical
      debridement is absolutely necessary in deep traumas; relieving colostomy is
      expedient in destruction of the rectal wall. The total mortality rate was 2.8%.

PMID- 2273850
TI  - [Surgical interventions in severe experimental injuries of the liver].
AB  - The authors generalize experience in experimental study of some surgical
      interventions in severe injuries to the liver. A total of 104 operations were
      carried out on 52 animals. The efficacy of gauze tamponade with the use of
      absorbable hemostatics is determined. The methods for applying a vascular suture
      in injury to the efferent hepatic veins was studied on 12 human cadavers and 10
      dogs. It is concluded that gauze +hepatic tamponade is expedient, mainly in
      coagulopathy in which subsequent relaparotomy is necessary (optimal terms 1-3
      days) and the accomplishment of final hemostasis.

PMID- 2273851
TI  - [Coagulation of experimental gunshot wounds of the liver and spleen using plasma
      argon flow].
AB  - Experiments were conducted on 26 dogs to study the possibility of debridement of
      gunshot wounds of the liver and spleen with plasma argon flow. The method was
      found to be highly effective in providing final hemo- and cholestasis. The
      elaborated ++plasma coagulation method allows organ-preserving operations to be
      undertaken and may be recommended for use in field surgery. Analysis of
      morphological changes in the tissues showed that the wounds of the liver and
      spleen heal in the usual period of time without coarse cicatricial deformity of
      the tissues.

PMID- 2273852
TI  - [2-stage rupture of the spleen].
AB  - Two-stage ruptures of the spleen are a difficult diagnostic problem of closed
      abdominal trauma. Diagnostic errors occur in 85% of cases. The causes of the
      errors are the peculiar pathogenesis of this trauma of the spleen, which has a
      two-stage character, and the circumscribed position of the pathological focus in
      relation to the free abdominal cavity. In true two-stage ruptures of the spleen,
      the pathological focus is delimited by the intact capsule of the organ, in false
      rupture it is delimited by a complex of factors leading to anomalous block of
      fibrinolysis in the ++peri-splenic clot which plugs the rupture in the organ and
      causes temporary arrest of the bleeding. The possible causes of the anomaly are
      discussed. Six personal cases are analysed, and the diagnostic recommendations in
      the examination of patients with suspected two-stage rupture of the spleen are
      generalized.

PMID- 2273853
TI  - [Use of immozymase in the treatment of suppurative wounds].
AB  - The authors discuss the results of application of proteinase preparations
      immobilized on a water soluble carrier (Immozymase) and a water insoluble carrier
      (Profezyme) in the management of ++pyo-necrotic processes of various etiology and
      localization in 1,059 patients. The wounds were cleansed 1.5-2 times quicker than
      with the traditional methods of treatment. Immobilized proteinases possessing a
      prolonged therapeutic effect were found to stimulate the regeneration process.
      The authors believe the use of Immozymase to be promising in the treatment of
      purulent foci which are drained with difficulty and in intracavitary
      administration for treating purulent processes in the thoracic or abdominal
      cavity.

PMID- 2273854
TI  - [Tietze's syndrome].
AB  - The results of treatment of 14 patients (11 males and 3 females) with Tietze's
      syndrome are discussed. The patient's ages ranged from 22 to 56 years. Most of
      them were engaged in heavy physical work. The correct diagnosis was established
      before admission only in 9 patients. The complaints and clinical symptomatology
      were of the same type almost in all of the patients: pain and swelling in the
      region of the II-IV costal cartilages at the sternum or along the whole
      cartilaginous part of the ribs, in some cases pain was referred to the upper part
      of the shoulder girdle. Clinical and X-ray methods of examination failed to make
      recognition of the disease easier. The diagnosis was established on basis of
      scrupulous investigation of the complaints, the history of the disease, and the
      local clinical manifestations. Most patients were subjected to nonoperative
      treatment, 2 patients were treated by operation--resection of the hypertrophied
      cartilage. Local application of hydrocortisone and kenalog produced good results.
      Pain disappeared completely in 7, was relieved significantly in 5, and was not
      relieved at all in 2 patients.

PMID- 2273855
TI  - [Papain phonophoresis in the treatment of suppurative wounds and inflammatory
      processes].
AB  - The authors studied the effect of papain and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
      phonophoresis on the course of purulent wounds and inflammatory processes in
      patients. It is shown that the use of 1% papain solution together with DMSO by
      means of phonophoresis is a very effective and promising method for the treatment
      of purulent wounds and inflammatory infiltrates. The terms of restoration of the
      structure of the injured tissues are reduced by 1.8 times on the average.

PMID- 2273856
TI  - [Clinico-morphological changes in a burn wound after electric stimulation with
      pulsatile current].
AB  - The healing of sluggishly postburn wounds after local electrostimulation (ES)
      with the use of current-conducting carbon tissue as the electrode was studied in
      12 patients. Analysis of the clinical data which were corroborated by the results
      of morphological and biochemical studies confirmed the marked stimulating effect
      of local ES which facilitates successful taking of dermal autografts and healing
      of burn wounds. The obtained data are evidence that the method of ES through a
      current-conducting carbon tissue is promising in the complex of measures for
      local treatment of burn wounds.

PMID- 2273857
TI  - [Treatment of cicatricial alopecia by the method of tissue expansion].
AB  - The tissue extension method was applied in 13 patients with cicatricial alopecia
      of the scalp. Eighteen Soviet-made tissue expanders were used. Clinical
      experience showed that the sequelae of burns of the scalp attended by alopecia
      should be treated by tissue extension. The growth of hair can be restored on up
      to half of the scalp surface by expansion of the local tissues by their direct
      transfer and by additional formation of grafts for contour plastics. Plastics by
      expanded tissues is indicated for closure of naked bones of the vault of the
      skull.

PMID- 2273858
TI  - [Potassium levels in the blood in burns].
AB  - The authors summarize and describe 18-years' experience in the management of
      patients with burns and determination of the potassium ion content in blood
      plasma, urine, erythrocytes, and burn exudate. They established that the abnormal
      potassium content is most hazardous during shock and toxemia and that the changes
      must be immediately corrected, otherwise complications occur in the course of the
      burn disease which may prove irreparable and cause death of the patient. The main
      principles of blood potassium+ control consisted in preventing loss of potassium
      through the wound and the kidneys and restoring its level by infusion. Early
      closure of burn wounds is an important moment in the control of potassium blood
      level disorders]

PMID- 2273859
TI  - [Comparison of various methods of plastic surgery of radiation injuries].
AB  - The authors possess experience in surgical treatment of 29 patients with
      radiation damages of various localization. They compare the efficacy of various
      methods of plastic surgery of tissue defects, namely, autotransplantation of the
      greater omentum, transplantation of free tissue flaps, the use of transfer
      musculocutaneous flaps. The authors suggest a classification of the methods used
      and the indications for their application. Complete clinical recovery was
      achieved in 21 patients.

PMID- 2273860
TI  - [Interrelations between macroorganisms and bacteria in wounds and tissues of
      humans and animals].
AB  - It is shown that bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract penetrate
      systematically into the tissues of the focus of damage in man and animals in the
      blood and lymph. It was found that certain bacterial species maintain vitality in
      tissues, in which they do not induce pathological reactions but may produce a
      therapeutic effect due to the production of antibiotics, proteolytic enzymes,
      immunomodulators, etc. The author describes the results of experimental and
      clinical study of Sporobacterin, a new agent, intended for the prevention and
      treatment of surgical infection.

PMID- 2273861
TI  - [Use of pervomur in surgery].
AB  - The authors show the results of 15-year use of Pervomur solutions for
      sterilization of surgical material and treatment of the hands of surgeons in
      medical institutions of the country. Due to the high bactericidal properties of
      the agent its disinfectant effect is produced within a short time, which is of
      particular importance in mass admission of casualties in field conditions, in
      remote and mountainous wilderness, during natural disasters , and in performing
      surgical interventions on ships under conditions of prolonged autonomous cruises.
      The absence of an unfavourable effect of solutions of the agent on live tissue
      allows it to be considered a very promising antiseptic not only for sterilization
      but also for topical treatment of purulent wounds and cavities, particularly in
      contamination by polyinfection.

PMID- 2273862
TI  - A six-degree-of-freedom acoustic transducer for rotation and translation
      measurements across the knee.
AB  - An acoustic transducer design to measure the relative translations and rotations
      across the knee with no mechanical coupling between the tibia and femur is
      presented. Platforms attached to femoral and tibial tracking fixtures hold
      acoustic sources and receivers, respectively. The distance from each source to
      each receiver is measured by the acoustic transit time and the translations and
      rotations across the knee joint are computed. For rotations less than 30 deg
      around the expected operating position, the resolution of the transducer is 0.3
      deg; for translations less than 1.5 cm around the expected operating position,
      the resolution is 0.03 cm. Theoretical error analysis using a Monte Carlo method
      shows that the uncertainty in the measurement depends on the relative position of
      the sources and receivers. The analysis predicts the worst case resolution of the
      transducer as 0.09 cm in translation and 0.6 deg in rotation when the receiver
      platform is translated 8.0 cm parallel to the source platform. The transducer and
      fixturing system are demonstrated on a cadaver specimen for applied anterior
      force and applied internal-external rotation. Errors due to (soft tissue) motion
      of the transducer relative to the bone during in vivo measurements are assessed
      on the cadaver specimen. For internal-external rotation the error due to soft
      tissue motion is a maximum of 0.5 cm in translation and 1.8 deg in rotation. For
      applied anterior force the error due to soft tissue motion is a maximum of 0.16
      cm in translation and 2.7 deg in rotation.

PMID- 2273863
TI  - Analytical method for the analysis and simulation of human locomotion.
AB  - An all purpose computer algorithm used in the analysis and simulation of human
      locomotion is presented. The utility of the program "DYAMUS" stems from its
      simplicity in defining the initial configuration of the human model through a
      configuration graph called the "tree-array," and the handling of individual cases
      of human locomotion through separate sets of constraints conditions. Both the
      forward and inverse dynamical problems are presented together with the
      accommodation of kinematical experimental data. Closed-loops, linear and
      nonlinear springs and dampers at the joints, friction forces, and other external
      forces are easily incorporated. The selection of mathematical constraint
      equations to predict the human behavior during normal walking (gait) is
      presented. The intention of this paper is to emphasize how the constraints
      equations play a major role in the simulation of human locomotion once the
      dynamical equations of motion for a particular model are developed.

PMID- 2273864
TI  - Planning tendon paths using an interactive graphic workstation.
AB  - This study provides a technique to be used for planning tendon paths in thumb
      reconstruction surgery. All mathematical modeling computations are performed on a
      VAX 11/750 host computer and the graphic manipulation is carried out by the Evans
      & Sutherland PS390 color display system. The results of the simulation are stored
      in a log file, including the rotation angles of the joints and the location of
      the pulley and the insertion points as a record of the tendon transfer design for
      a specific hand. The methods are based on the modeling of two separate types of
      tendon paths that consist of straight line segments and curved segments that
      follow bone contours. The method further assumes that the path of the tendon will
      always evolve to a planar curve. By integrating this technique with an existing
      kinematic model of the hand derived from CT-scans, a clinically relevant method
      has been developed.

PMID- 2273865
TI  - Implementation of a five degree of freedom automated system to determine knee
      flexibility in vitro.
AB  - This article describes an automated system designed to study the complete
      flexibility functions of the knee in vitro. The system allows five degrees of
      freedom with flexion angle being fixed, though adjustable from 0 to 45 deg. Loads
      corresponding to each of the five motions can be applied independently and in any
      combination. The effect of weight bearing on knee flexibility can also be studied
      by including axial force as one of the five loads. The relative motions are
      measured with LVDT's and RVDT's, and the loads are measured with strain gage
      transducers. The system is digitally controlled with a closed feedback loop,
      allowing for any combination of programmed loads. A control algorithm on an IBM
      PC/AT monitors the loads on each axis and continuously adjusts stepping motors to
      correctly follow programmed loads. The machine coordinate system corresponds to
      clinically accepted definitions of motion yet retains sequence independence for
      rotations. Results are presented demonstrating the repeatability of using a
      functional definition of axis placement to align the leg within the machine.
      Results are also presented demonstrating the utility of the full flexibility
      functions of the knee, notably in the determination of significant load
      interactions between anterior/posterior force and internal/external torque, and
      varus/valgus torque and internal/external torque.

PMID- 2273866
TI  - Quantitative measures for fracture healing: an in-vitro biomechanical study.
AB  - A method is presented to assess the functional capabilities of plated
      osteotomized canine femora as load bearing structures and to quantify their
      healing status. In this method the osteotomized bones and their intact
      contralateral controls are tested in nondestructive bending, in twenty-four
      planes of loading at 15 degree angular increments. Flexural rigidity (EI), in
      each of the planes, is determined by using classical beam theory. It has been
      found that the EI values have the expected elliptical distribution. The 24 EI
      values, obtained for each bone, are curve fitted by regression analysis and the
      characteristics of each bone are described by the three parameters defining its
      ellipse. The parameters of the ellipses of the osteotomized bone and of its
      contralateral control are used to define four new parameters that may serve as
      measures for the healing efficiency. One of these serves as an indicator for the
      fragility of the healed bone and the other three add quantitative information on
      its mechanical state.

PMID- 2273867
TI  - An analytical model of joint contact.
AB  - The stress distribution in the region of contact between a layered elastic sphere
      and a layered elastic cavity is determined using an analytical model to stimulate
      contact of articulating joints. The purpose is to use the solution to analyze the
      effects of cartilage thickness and stiffness, bone stiffness and joint curvature
      on the resulting stress field, and investigate the possibility of cracking of the
      material due to tensile and shear stresses. Vertical cracking of cartilage as
      well as horizontal splitting at the cartilage-calcified cartilage interface has
      been observed in osteoarthritic joints. The current results indicate that for a
      given system (material properties mu and nu constant), the stress distribution is
      a function of the ratio of contact radius to layer thickness (a/h), and while
      tensile stresses are seen to occur only when a/h is small, tensile strain is
      observed for all a/h values. Significant shear stresses are observed at the
      cartilage-bone interface. Softening of cartilage results in an increase in a/h,
      and a decrease in maximum normal stress. Cartilage thinning increases a/h and the
      maximum contact stress, while thickening has the opposite effect. A reduction in
      the indenting radius reduces a/h and increases the maximum normal stress. Bone
      softening is seen to have negligible effect on the resulting contact parameters
      and stress distribution.

PMID- 2273868
TI  - A microstructural model for the anisotropic drained stiffness of articular
      cartilage.
AB  - A constitutive model for articular cartilage is developed to study directional
      load sharing within the soft biological tissue. Cartilage is idealized as a
      composite structure whose static mechanical response is dominated by distortion
      of a sparse fibrous network and by changes in fixed charge density. These
      histological features of living cartilage are represented in a microstructural
      analog of the tissue, linking the directionality of mechanical stiffness to the
      orientation of microstructure. The discretized 'model tissue' is used to define a
      stiffness tensor relating drained stress and strain over a regime of large
      deformation. The primary goal of this work was to develop a methodology
      permitting more complete treatment of anisotropy in the stiffness of cartilage.
      The results demonstrate that simple oriented microscopic behaviors can combine to
      produce complicated larger scale response. For the illustrative example of a
      homogeneous specimen subjected to confined compression, the model predicts a
      nonlinear anisotropic drained response, with inherent uncertainty at cellular
      size scales.

PMID- 2273869
TI  - The use of a laser micrometer system to determine the cross-sectional shape and
      area of ligaments: a comparative study with two existing methods.
AB  - Determination of the tensile stresses in ligaments and tendons during uniaxial
      loading depends on accurate measurement of the cross-sectional area. In this
      study, a laser micrometer system was employed to evaluate the cross-sectional
      shape and area of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) at three locations and
      anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). In a New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit,
      morphologic sections of the ligaments were made to verify the cross-sectional
      shape reconstructed by the laser micrometer system. The areas obtained by the
      laser micrometer system from ten additional NZW rabbits were compared with those
      obtained by two other methods commonly used to measure the cross-sectional area
      of ligaments and tendons: one method uses digital calipers and the other a
      constant pressure (0.12 MPa) area micrometer. For the MCL, the digital calipers
      yielded results very similar to those of the laser micrometer, but the constant
      pressure area micrometer yielded values 20 percent lower. The area measured at
      the proximal site of the MCL was 13 percent greater than the area measured at the
      joint line and distal line. For the ACL, the values obtained by the digital
      calipers and constant pressure area micrometer were 16 and 20 percent lower,
      respectively. Because of the irregular shape exhibited by the rabbit ACL, the
      digital calipers could not accurately measure the cross-sectional area. The
      constant pressure area micrometer yielded lower values for the cross-sectional
      area of both the MCL and ACL, presumably due to the applied pressure which caused
      changes in both the cross-sectional shape and area.

PMID- 2273870
TI  - Theoretical prediction of muscle forces on the mandible during bite.
AB  - We present a mathematical model to determine the contribution of each muscle
      acting on the mandible in the development of a given bite force. We give special
      attention to the representation of the widely radiated temporalis and account for
      the attachment of the external pterygoid to the capsular ligament. An
      optimization technique based on minimizing the maximum stress occurring in the
      muscles is used to resolve the statically indeterminant nature of the problem
      formulated. The theoretically predicted values of the muscle forces are compared
      to experimental results taken from the literature.

PMID- 2273871
TI  - Pulsatile pressure and flow in the skeletal muscle microcirculation.
AB  - Although blood flow in the microcirculation of the rat skeletal muscle has
      negligible inertia forces with very low Reynolds number and Womersley parameter,
      time-dependent pressure and flow variations can be observed. Such phenomena
      include, for example, arterial flow overshoot following a step arterial pressure,
      a gradual arterial pressure reduction for a step flow, or hysteresis between
      pressure and flow when a pulsatile pressure is applied. Arterial and venous flows
      do not follow the same time course during such transients. A theoretical analysis
      is presented for these phenomena using a microvessel with distensible
      viscoelastic walls and purely viscous flow subject to time variant arterial
      pressures. The results indicate that the vessel distensibility plays an important
      role in such time-dependent microvascular flow and the effects are of central
      physiological importance during normal muscle perfusion. In-vivo whole organ
      pressure-flow data in the dilated rat gracilis muscle agree in the time course
      with the theoretical predictions. Hemodynamic impedances of the skeletal muscle
      microcirculation are investigated for small arterial and venous pressure
      amplitudes superimposed on an initial steady flow and pressure drop along the
      vessel.

PMID- 2273872
TI  - One-dimensional steady inviscid flow through a stenotic collapsible tube.
AB  - A one-dimensional inviscid solution for flow through a compliant tube with a
      stenosis is presented. The model is used to represent an artery with an
      atherosclerotic plaque and to investigate a range of conditions for which
      arterial collapse may occur. The coupled equations for flow through collapsible
      tubes are solved using a Runge-Kutta finite difference scheme. Quantitative
      results are given for specific physiological parameters including inlet and
      outlet pressure, flow rate, stenosis size, length and stiffness. The results
      suggest that high-grade stenotic arteries may exhibit collapse with typical
      physiological pressures. Critical stenoses may cause choking of flow at the
      throat followed by a transition to supercritical flow with tube collapse
      downstream. Greater amounts of stenosis produced a linear reduction of flow rate
      and a shortening of the collapsed region. Changes in stenosis length created
      proportional changes in the length of collapse. Increasing the stiffness of the
      stenosis to a value greater than the nominal tube stiffness caused a greater
      amount of flow limitation and more negative pressures, compared to a stenosis
      with constant stiffness. These findings assist in understanding the clinical
      consequences of flow through atherosclerotic arteries.

PMID- 2273873
TI  - Red blood cell motion and hematocrit distribution in a deforming capillary.
AB  - Based on the relation between the red blood cell velocity and the blood velocity
      of the Fahraeus effect, we analyze the motion of a red blood cell in a deforming
      capillary to investigate how the ventilatory induced deformation affects the
      transit of the red blood cell through the pulmonary capillary and changes the
      hematocrit discharged from the capillary. An analytical solution is also obtained
      for the case of an infinitesimal deformation. The numerical and analytic
      solutions demonstrate that the variation in discharge hematocrit is proportional
      to the change of pulmonary capillary blood volume between the time that the red
      cell enters and the time that it exits the capillary. We also find that this
      hematocrit variation could be regarded, in terms of transport, to originate from
      the mid-section of the capillary.

PMID- 2273874
TI  - A numerical model for studying the effect of plasma layer on the process of blood
      oxygenation in the pulmonary capillaries.
AB  - A two layer model for the blood oxygenation in pulmonary capillaries is proposed.
      The model consists of a core of erythrocytes surrounded by a symmetrically placed
      plasma layer. The governing equations in the core describe the free molecular
      diffusion, convection, and facilitated diffusion due to the presence of
      haemoglobin. The corresponding equations in the plasma layer are based on the
      free molecular diffusion and the convective effect of the blood. According to the
      axial train model for the blood flow proposed by Whitmore (1967), the core will
      move with a uniform velocity whereas flow in the plasma layer will be fully
      developed. The resulting system of nonlinear partial differential equations is
      solved numerically. A fixed point iterative technique is used to deal with the
      nonlinearities. The distance traversed by the blood before getting fully
      oxygenated is computed. It is shown that the concentration of O2 increases
      continuously along the length of the capillary for a given ratio of core radius
      to capillary radius. It is found that the rate of oxygenation increases as the
      core to capillary ratio decreases. The equilibration length increases with a
      heterogeneous model in comparison to that in a homogeneous model. The effect of
      capillary diameters and core radii on the rate of oxygenation has also been
      examined.

PMID- 2273876
TI  - A new type of the motor-driven blood pump for artificial heart.

PMID- 2273875
TI  - Evaluation of magnetic resonance velocimetry for steady flow.
AB  - Whole body magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has recently become an important
      diagnostic tool for cardiovascular diseases. The technique of magnetic resonance
      phase velocity encoding allows the quantitative measurement of velocity for an
      arbitrary component direction. A study was initiated to determine the ability and
      accuracy of MR velocimetry to measure a wide range of flow conditions including
      flow separation, three-dimensional secondary flow, high velocity gradients, and
      turbulence. A steady flow system pumped water doped with manganese chloride
      through a variety of test sections. Images were produced using gradient echo
      sequences on test sections including a straight tube, a curved tube, a smoothly
      converging-diverging nozzle, and an orifice. Magnetic resonance measurements of
      laminar and turbulent flows were depicted as cross-sectional velocity profiles.
      MR velocity measurements revealed such flow behavior as spatially varying
      velocity, recirculation and secondary flows over a wide range of conditions.
      Comparisons made with published experimental laser Doppler anemometry
      measurements and theoretical calculations for similar flow conditions revealed
      excellent accuracy and precision levels. The successful measurement of velocity
      profiles for a variety of flow conditions and geometries indicate that magnetic
      resonance imaging is an accurate, non-contacting velocimeter.

PMID- 2273877
TI  - First-order model for the analysis of stump stresses for below-knee amputees.
AB  - This study extends what had been a purely numerical model that used influence
      factor matrices to relate the stump stresses to prosthesis loads for unilateral,
      below/knee amputees. Previously published influence-factor matrices are now
      factored into a coefficient matrix times the inverse of a stump geometry matrix.
      Using actual stump parameters, new information is learned about how the resistive
      moment of the stump balances the flexion-extension moment of the prosthesis and
      why certain normal stresses reach a maximum during a specific portion of the
      stance phase of the prosthesis.

PMID- 2273878
TI  - Possible role of stresses in inducing spinal stenosis--a long term complication
      following disk excision.
AB  - A three-dimensional finite element model of an intact ligamentous lumbar motion
      segment (L3-4) was used to predict stresses in the pars interarticularis regions
      of the modeled vertebral bodies. The changes in stresses following disk excision,
      as compared to the intact model, also were computed. The predicted results show
      an increase in stresses in the posterior bony elements following disk excision.
      In some patients over a long period of time this increase in stresses, in
      association with other clinical factors, may lead to bony hypertrophy of the
      structures that surround the nerve roots. Ultimately, over a long period of time
      the increase in pressure on the entrapped nerve root may induce recurrent pain
      and other complications reported in the literature.

PMID- 2273879
TI  - Incorporation of spinal flexibility measurements into finite element analysis.
AB  - This technical note demonstrates two methods of incorporating the experimental
      stiffness of spinal motion segments into a finite element analysis of the spine.
      The first method is to incorporate the experimental data directly as a stiffness
      matrix. The second method approximates the experimental data as a beam element.

PMID- 2273880
TI  - Speech and prosody characteristics of adults with mental retardation.
AB  - Audio-recorded continuous speech samples from forty 20-50-year-old
      noninstitutionalized persons with mental retardation were selected from a
      database of 192 samples. Descriptive data on segmental and suprasegmental
      characteristics were obtained using close phonetic transcription as input to
      linguistic analyses software. For this sample of adults with mental retardation,
      speech and prosody status were not statistically associated with gender or gross
      level of mental retardation, but were associated with estimated probability of
      independent living. Speech and prosody analyses and content analyses of
      transcribers' comments yielded diacritic-level profiles of these speakers'
      linguistic and paralinguistic behaviors in continuous speech. Additional analyses
      of the error data tested alternative sources of processing involvement within a
      four-stage speech production model. A cognitive capacity constraint, which limits
      the speaker's ability to allocate resources to phonological encoding, is proposed
      as a sufficient explanation for the obtained pattern of token-to-token
      inconsistency of articulation. An additional sociolinguistic constraint is
      hypothesized to account for reduced prosodic and paralinguistic competence in
      continuous discourse. Both constraints are amenable to intervention programming.
      Findings fail to support the view that the potential for long-term speech prosody
      competence in individuals with mental retardation is limited by speech-motor
      constraints. Discussion includes intervention considerations in the context of
      current trends in special education.

PMID- 2273881
TI  - Effects of aging on the precedence effect in sound localization.
AB  - The precedence effect in sound localization can be evoked by presenting identical
      sounds (e.g., clicks) from pairs of loudspeakers placed on opposite sides of a
      subject's head. With appropriate inter-loudspeaker delays, normal subjects
      perceive a fused image originating from the side of the leading loudspeaker.
      Separate tests at loudspeaker delays ranging from 0 to 8 ms were presented to
      groups of young and elderly subjects. At 0 ms delay, young subjects perceived the
      fused image to be located halfway between the loudspeakers; at progressively
      longer delays, the image was perceived closer to the leading loudspeaker.
      Significant numbers of elderly subjects exhibited discrimination difficulties
      with delays below 0.7 ms.

PMID- 2273882
TI  - Ramp-and-hold force control in the upper and lower lips: developing new
      neuromotor assessment applications in traumatically brain injured adults.
AB  - The relation among several parameters of the ramp-and-hold force contraction and
      target force level was quantified for the upper and lower lip in 40 normal adults
      and in 4 young adults who had sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI). Using
      visual feedback, subjects produced ramp-and-hold compression lip forces as
      rapidly and accurately as possible to end-point target levels ranging from 0.25
      to 2.00 newtons. In normal adults, significant positive linear relations were
      found between the parameters of the ramp-and-hold lip force task and target force
      level, including the peak rate of force change, peak force, and the mean and
      standard deviation of force during the hold phase. Though males and females have
      been shown to differ greatly on absolute maximum force-generating capabilities,
      they are virtually identical on the measures used to quantify the lip force ramp
      and-hold task over the range of compression forces studied. Preliminary
      investigation of lip force control in 4 TBI subjects suggests that these
      quantitative measures are useful in determining the distribution and nature of
      motor impairment between the upper and lower lips during a dynamic force control
      task.

PMID- 2273883
TI  - Evaluation of an articulation-index based model for predicting the effects of
      adaptive frequency response hearing aids.
AB  - The Articulation Index (AI) was used to evaluate an "adaptive frequency response"
      (AFR) hearing aid with amplification characteristics that automatically change to
      become more high-pass with increasing levels of background noise. Speech
      intelligibility ratings of connected discourse by normal-hearing subjects were
      predicted well by an empirically derived AI transfer function. That transfer
      function was used to predict aided speech intelligibility ratings by 12 hearing
      impaired subjects wearing a master hearing aid with the Argosy Manhattan Circuit
      enabled (AFR-on) or disabled (AFR-off). For all subjects, the AI predicted no
      improvements in speech intelligibility for the AFR-on versus AFR-off condition,
      and no significant improvements in rated intelligibility were observed. The
      ability of the AI to predict aided speech intelligibility varied across subjects.
      However, ratings from every hearing-impaired subject were related monotonically
      to AI. Therefore, AI calculations may be used to predict relative--but not
      absolute--levels of speech intelligibility produced under different amplification
      conditions.

PMID- 2273884
TI  - Autonomic correlates of stuttering and speech assessed in a range of experimental
      tasks.
AB  - Electrodermal activity, peripheral blood flow, and heart rate were recorded from
      19 stutterers and 19 normal speakers during performance of jaw movements, a
      strenuous breath-holding task, reading, and spontaneous speech. The tasks were
      selected to produce a range of autonomic activation and thus help scale autonomic
      activation for speech relative to other motor behaviors. Speaking was associated
      with relatively large increases in autonomic activity in both stutterers and
      normal speakers. There were no differences between the two groups of speakers,
      suggesting that the stutterers did not have abnormally high levels of autonomic
      activation in speech. Within the group of stutterers, the more extreme increases
      in arousal (specifically increases in measures reflecting sympathetic arousal)
      were correlated with the occurrence and increased severity of disfluent speech.
      Significant correlations were found for the intervals prior to, during, and after
      speech. Although significantly correlated with disfluency, measures of autonomic
      arousal accounted for small percentages of the variances of fluency and severity.
      The results are consistent with the hypothesis that sympathetic arousal
      accompanies the breakdowns in speech motor processes characteristic of
      stuttering. Mechanisms linking autonomic nervous system functions and somatic
      sensorimotor processes involved in speech production are discussed.

PMID- 2273885
TI  - The initial learning of novel English words: two single-subject experiments with
      minority-language children.
AB  - The two single-subject, alternating treatment design experiments reported here
      investigated the initial learning of novel words by minority-language children
      acquiring English as a second language. Four Spanish- and 3 Navajo-speaking
      children (ages 4:11-6:3) served as subjects. The results for all children in both
      experiments supported the hypothesis that receptive learning of novel words in a
      second language would reach a pre-established criterion in fewer trials under a
      bilingual compared with a monolingual condition. In addition, several children in
      each study met the learning criterion for both first and second language words in
      the bilingual condition in approximately the same number of trials needed to
      reach criterion for the second language words in the monolingual condition.
      Neither study suggested that the degree of a subject's relative language
      dominance influenced the learning patterns. The findings are discussed in
      relation to the linguistic, language-related, and learning requirements of the
      experimental tasks.

PMID- 2273886
TI  - Speech-recognition difficulties of the hearing-impaired elderly: the
      contributions of audibility.
AB  - The role that sensorineural hearing loss plays in the speech-recognition
      difficulties of the hearing-impaired elderly is examined. One approach to this
      issue was to make between-group comparisons of performance for three groups of
      subjects: (a) young normal-hearing adults; (b) elderly hearing-impaired adults;
      and (c) young normal-hearing adults with simulated sensorineural hearing loss
      equivalent to that of the elderly subjects produced by a spectrally shaped
      masking noise. Another approach to this issue employed correlational analyses to
      examine the relation between audibility and speech recognition within the group
      of elderly hearing-impaired subjects. An additional approach was pursued in which
      an acoustical index incorporating adjustments for threshold elevation was used to
      examine the role audibility played in the speech-recognition performance of the
      hearing-impaired elderly. A wide range of listening conditions was sampled in
      this experiment. The conclusion was that the primary determiner of speech
      recognition performance in the elderly hearing-impaired subjects was their
      threshold elevation.

PMID- 2273887
TI  - Predictors of novel inflection learning by preschool-aged boys.
AB  - This study addressed the extent to which performance on selected verbal and
      nonverbal measures contributes to the prediction of inflection learning. Twenty
      normal boys between the ages of 4:4 (years:months) and 5:7 were presented with
      stories designed to teach novel vocabulary and morphological inflections. A
      multiple regression analysis indicated that the measure of current inflection
      skills accounted for nearly half of the variance in inflection learning results.
      In addition, performance on a posttest of vocabulary learning significantly (p
      less than .05) contributed to the prediction equation. Although closer analysis
      of the findings indicates that the relation between nonverbal rule learning and
      inflection learning warrants further investigation, none of the three nonverbal
      measures was a significant contribution to the prediction equation. The results
      suggest that inflection learning may be tied more to other language abilities
      than to nonverbal cognitive skills in normally developing boys.

PMID- 2273888
TI  - Kinematic analysis of lip closure in stutterers' fluent speech.
AB  - An analysis of lip and jaw motion was carried out in order to evaluate previous
      observations on the fluent speech of stutterers and to describe possible effects
      of speech therapy. A strain gauge system was used to transduce lip and jaw
      movements during fluent repetitions of "sapapple" in adult stutterers and
      nonstutterers. Fifteen movement parameters were measured on lip closure for the
      initial /p/ sound in a group of 10 normal speakers, 10 stutterers who had no
      recent speech therapy, and 8 stutterers who had been through an intensive speech
      therapy program involving modification of speech timing. The no-therapy group and
      nonstutterers did not differ significantly in terms of any movement parameter.
      Stutterers who had been through speech therapy showed significant increases in
      jaw movement duration and time to peak velocity of the upper lip, lower lip, and
      jaw. The expected timing pattern for lip and jaw velocity peaks on lip closure
      (UL-LL-J) was the most frequently occurring pattern, but deviations from this
      pattern were observed in both stutterers and nonstutterers. The occurrence of
      reversals was most prevalent in the therapy group, and it was associated with
      increases in jaw movement duration across subjects. It is suggested that for the
      type of movement studied here, anomalies in stutterers' fluent speech are likely
      to be the result of acquired adjustments rather than properties of the speech
      neuromotor system that underly dysfluency.

PMID- 2273889
TI  - Acoustic measurements of men's and women's voices: a study of context effects and
      covariation.
AB  - Several acoustic measures of laryngeal activity were made on adult speech to help
      answer two questions left unresolved by previous work: (1) how each measure
      varies, if at all, with phonetic structure, and (2) what aspect of laryngeal
      activity each measure specifies. Speech samples of 15 syllables (three vowels in
      five prevocalic consonantal contexts) were collected from men and women at two
      times of the day (early morning and late afternoon). Eight measurements were
      made, mainly on slices extracted from the middle of the vocalic portions, and
      inferential and correlational statistics were applied to these measures. Results
      of the inferential tests indicated differences between men and women in how
      laryngeal adjustments are made, affecting relative amounts of vocal jitter and
      spectral tilt of the voicing source. In addition, the voicing and manner
      characteristics of the prevocalic consonant were found to affect fundamental
      frequency, cycle-to-cycle perturbations, and amount of aspiration noise. To a
      lesser extent, vowel height and front/back tongue placement also affected these
      acoustic source characteristics. Results of the correlational tests showed that
      different laryngeal mechanisms contributed differentially to signal-to-noise
      ratios for men and women, and these mechanisms were more greatly affected by
      fundamental frequency for men's samples. Finally, various acoustic measures of
      laryngeal noise were found to be related to the same underlying mechanism.

PMID- 2273890
TI  - Subvocalization and reading rate differences between stuttering and nonstuttering
      children and adults.
AB  - The hypothesis tested was that stutterers subvocalize more slowly than
      nonstutterers and that they need more time for the overt production of the fluent
      parts of their speech. We also investigated whether rate differences could only
      be observed for those words on which the stutterers expect to stutter. Fifty-nine
      school children (27 stutterers and 32 nonstutterers) and 19 adults (18 stutterers
      and 21 nonstutterers) performed a reading task in which a noun was presented
      together with its definite article. The presentation times of the reading
      material were controlled by the subjects. Half of the material had to be read
      silently, the other half orally. In oral reading, only the data from those trials
      without any indication of disfluencies were used. Dependent variables were
      presentation times, speech latency, and speech duration. The stutterers' silent
      presentation times were significantly longer than those of nonstutterers and this
      difference was significantly greater for children than for adults. In oral
      reading all stutterers, regardless of age, had longer presentation times, speech
      latencies, and article durations than the nonstutterers. Some nouns, however,
      were uttered significantly more rapidly by stutterers than by nonstutterers.
      These time differences were found to be independent of the stutterers'
      expectation to stutter. Our results indicate that a strictly motoric explanation
      of stuttering is inadequate. The data show that the stutterers and nonstutterers
      differ with respect to the temporal parameters not only during speech execution,
      but during speech planning as well.

PMID- 2273891
TI  - A study of the tactual and visual reception of fingerspelling.
AB  - A method of communication in frequent use among members of the deaf-blind
      community is the tactual reception of fingerspelling. In this method, the hand of
      the deaf-blind individual is placed on the hand of the sender to monitor the
      handshapes and movements associated with the letters of the manual alphabet. The
      purpose of the current study was to examine the ability of experienced deaf-blind
      subjects to receive fingerspelled materials, including sentences and connected
      text, through the tactual sense. A parallel study of the reception of
      fingerspelling through the visual sense was also conducted using sighted deaf
      subjects. For both visual and tactual reception of fingerspelled sentences,
      accuracy of reception was examined as a function of rate of presentation. In the
      tactual study, where rates were limited to those that could be produced naturally
      by an experienced interpreter, highly accurate reception of conversational
      sentence materials was observed throughout the range of naturally produced rates
      (i.e., 2 to 6 letters/s). In the visual study, rates in excess of those that can
      be produced naturally were achieved through variable-speed playback of videotapes
      of fingerspelled sentences. The results of this study indicate that performance
      varies systematically as a function of rate of presentation, with scores of 50%
      correct on conversational sentences obtained at rates of 12 to 16 letters/s
      (i.e., rates roughly double to triple normal speed). These results suggest that
      normal communication rates for the visual reception of fingerspelling are
      restricted by limitations on the rate of manual production. Although maximal
      rates of natural manual production of fingerspelling correspond to the
      presentation of a new handshape on the order of once every 150-20 ms, the data
      from the sped-up visual study suggest that experienced receivers of visual
      fingerspelling are able to receive sentences at substantially higher rates of
      fingerspelling (which are, in fact, comparable to communication rates for spoken
      English).

PMID- 2273892
TI  - Speech breathing in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury.
AB  - Ten men with cervical spinal cord injury were studied using magnetometers to
      record surface motions of the chest wall during speech breathing. Individual
      speech breathing patterns reflected inspiratory and expiratory muscular sparing.
      Subjects compensated for expiratory muscle impairment by speaking at large lung
      volumes, presumably to take advantage of the higher recoil pressures available at
      those volumes. Similarly, subjects used larger lung volumes to increase loudness.
      Abnormal chest wall behavior was attributed in large part to loss of abdominal
      muscle function. Because of this, speech breathing in individuals with cervical
      spinal cord injury may be improved by the use of abdominal binders.

PMID- 2273893
TI  - Effects of time gating and word length on isolated word-recognition performance.
AB  - This study examined the effects of forward time gating and word length on
      monosyllabic isolated word-recognition performance. Fifty (60-ms) time-gated
      words were developed from a pre-recorded version (Auditec of St. Louis) of the
      Northwestern Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) List 1, Form A. A total of 358 time-gated
      items were presented monaurally at 80 db SPL, and time-gated word identification,
      isolation point, acceptance point, and listener confidence measures were obtained
      from 20 normally hearing listeners. A comparison of conventional nontime-gated
      word-recognition scores obtained using the NU-6 List 4, Form C with the time
      gated measures revealed that, even upon word offset, listeners recognized time
      gated words less frequently and with less confidence. The time-gated findings
      also demonstrated that word length, based on word duration from onset to offset,
      significantly influenced real-time recognition performance.

PMID- 2273894
TI  - Acoustic measurements of objective tinnitus.
AB  - Ear canal sound pressure levels were measured from a 38-year-old woman who had
      experienced objective tinnitus in her right ear for approximately 2 years. The
      tinnitus sounded like a series of "sighs" that were synchronous with her pulse
      rate. Because the level of the tinnitus fluctuated in a pulsing manner, it
      appeared to be of vascular origin. Psychoacoustically, the tinnitus behaved like
      a low-pass masker (cutoff frequency = 1.5 kHz) of about 40 dB SPL. This masking
      effect was manifested as a low-frequency hearing loss in the subject's right ear.
      A miniature microphone system was used to monitor the tinnitus before, during,
      and after a jugular-vein ligation. Because the cause of the tinnitus was only
      generally known, acoustically monitoring the sound as the jugular vein and/or its
      tributaries were systematically clamped and then released enabled the site of
      generation to be known exactly. By monitoring the tinnitus during surgery, the
      effectiveness of the corrective procedure could be immediately evaluated. Hearing
      sensitivity in the affected ear returned to normal limits following the
      elimination of the tinnitus. One year after the surgery, the tinnitus was barely
      audible to the woman, but only when she positioned her head a specific way. The
      level of the tinnitus measured in this head-turned condition was markedly lower
      than the level obtained preoperatively.

PMID- 2273895
TI  - The theory of sliding filament models for muscle contraction. III. Dynamics of
      the five-state model.
AB  - The five-state model derived in the last paper is shown to provide a unified
      description of most dynamical behaviour of striated muscle, with a set of rate
      constants in accord with in-vitro values. It predicts several observed phenomena
      beyond the scope of older models. Rapid binding of M.ADP.Pi to actin generates a
      high-frequency tail in the Nyquist plot for AC stiffness, which is only weakly
      dependent on contraction velocity. Known effects of changes in Ca2+ level are
      predicted if Ca2+ activates only the phosphate-release step, e.g. in the relaxed
      state there is substantial stiffness at high frequencies and weak stiffness at
      low frequencies. Under partial activation the tension drops with increasing
      extension speed, and Nyquist plots suggest that the reverse phosphate step should
      be unaffected by Ca2+. Lowering the phosphate level increases tension and also
      the first two loop amplitudes of the Nyquist plot. The model also yields an
      improved tension-velocity characteristic, acceptable length-step response, and
      simulates Brenner & Eisenberg's "stop and stretch" experiment which is shown to
      be closely related to isometric activation. Oscillatory length response to small
      tension steps is shown to be a general feature of any model whose AC stiffness
      can be fitted by a three-term Kawai formula. The model must be enlarged to
      include the rigor-state, and to describe the effects of variations in ATP and ADP
      levels correctly.

PMID- 2273896
TI  - Superparasitism as an ESS: to reject or not to reject, that is the question.
AB  - A stochastic model is formulated to determine the optimal strategy for a solitary
      parasitoid which has discovered an already parasitized host. The model assumes
      that the parasitoid can count both the number of eggs already present in a host
      and the number of conspecifics searching in the same patch. The survival
      probability of an egg is assumed to depend on the total number of eggs in a host.
      The decision to (super)parasitize depends both on the degree to which the
      discovered host already is parasitized and on the number of conspecific females
      searching in the same patch. We consider both the case that egg laying does not
      involve any costs for the parasitoid and the case that it involves some marginal
      costs. Uniform behaviour of all the conspecific parasitoids in a patch, i.e.
      laying one additional egg in all encountered larvae containing a particular
      number of eggs, appears to be a pure evolutionary stable strategy (ESS). If
      either the probability that a parasitoid emerges from a host decreases with an
      increasing degree of parasitism, at least from a particular number of eggs
      onwards, or if parasitism involves marginal costs, the maximum number of eggs for
      which it is still profitable to superparasitize a host once more is limited. This
      number increases with the number of conspecifics searching in the patch. Large
      marginal costs (i.e. the expected gain of not parasitizing now) decrease the
      profit of superparasitism. For newly emerged parasitoids the rejection of an
      already parasitized host is not advantageous as long as the marginal costs of
      parasitism are small, because the host can never contain an egg of its own.

PMID- 2273897
TI  - Localized memories in idiotypic networks.
AB  - The present paper investigates conditions under which immunological memory can be
      maintained by stimulatory idiotypic network interactions. The paper was motivated
      by the work of (De Boer & Hogeweg, 1989b, Bull. math. Biol. 51, 381-408.) which
      claimed that idiotypic memory is not possible because of percolation within the
      network. Here we reinvestigate the issue of percolation using both the previous
      model and a simpler one (Weisbuch, 1990, J. theor. Biol. 143, 507-522.) that
      allows analytic analysis. We focus on network topologies in which each Ab1 is
      connected to several Ab2s, which in turn are connected to several Ab3s. It is
      demonstrated that, for a considerable range of parameters, both models account
      for the existence of localized memory-states in which only the Ab1 and the Ab2
      clones are activated and the clones of the Ab3 level remain virgin. The existence
      of localized memory-states seems to contradict the previous percolation result.
      This discrepancy will be shown to depend on the system dynamics. By simulation we
      explore the parameter regimes for which one finds percolation and those for which
      localized memory-states exists. We show that the conditions required for
      attaining the localized memory-state are considerably more stringent than those
      required for its existence and local stability. We conclude that both localized
      memory and percolation are possible in stimulatory idiotypic networks.

PMID- 2273898
TI  - Selection for lysis inhibition in bacteriophage.
AB  - For Escherichia coli cells that have been infected by T-even bacteriophages
      (phages T2, T4, and T6), the adsorption of a second T-even phage results in an
      increase in the length of the original phage infection and an associated increase
      in the number of phages produced by the same infected cell. This is a phage
      encoded response called lysis inhibition. In this study the ecological
      significance of lysis inhibition is explored. In particular it is argued that
      lysis inhibition is an adaptive response to environments containing high
      concentrations of infected cells and low concentrations of uninfected cells.

PMID- 2273899
TI  - Development of a spin-glass model of prebiotic evolution: environmental effects
      on ensembles of genetic polymers.
AB  - We develop in two ways an existing spin-glass model of prebiotic polymer
      evolution. First, by choosing the environment J in a prescribed manner, similar
      to neural network presciptions, we may create an environment which favors a
      linearly independent set of evolutionary niches (Ea). That is, we may control
      which polymer "species" will evolve in our system. Computer simulations confirm
      this result. We obtain a quantitative value for the sharpness of a niche. Second,
      we extend the model by allowing a surviving polymer to act upon--to "remold"--its
      environment; the nature of the environmental action is governed by the "molding"
      matrix M. When the mold M is the identity matrix, the feedback algorithm reduces
      to a Hebb learning algorithm form, and a surviving polymer acts to enhance its
      own survival prospects. Molds having a structure analogous to (temporal)
      associative memories in neural networks can generate autocatalytic species or can
      exhibit symbiotic interspecies relationships.

PMID- 2273900
TI  - Basal EDRF activity helps to keep the geometrical configuration of arterial
      bifurcations close to the Murray optimum.
AB  - We have used X-ray microangiography to investigate the hypothesis that the potent
      endogenous vasodilator endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) contributes to
      the maintenance of "optimality" in vascular branching by modulating the diameters
      of the parent (D0) and daughter (D1 and D2) arteries at bifurcations. Five
      anatomically different types of bifurcation were studied in buffer-perfused
      rabbit ear preparations both under resting conditions and after pharmacological
      constriction by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). A range of flow rates (1-5 ml min-1)
      was employed as release of EDRF from endothelial cells is stimulated by shear
      stress. Experimental data obtained in the presence and absence of EDRF activity
      were compared with theoretical predictions in three ways. (1) Junction exponents
      (x) were determined at each bifurcation from the equation Dx1 + Dx2 = Dx0, and
      their frequency distributions constructed. Murray (1926a, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci.,
      U.S.A. 12, 207-214; 1926b, J. gen. Physiol. 9, 835-841.) proposed that x will be
      exactly 3 if power losses and intravascular volume are minimized simultaneously.
      In unconstricted preparations, either in the presence or absence of EDRF
      activity, and in preparations constricted by 0.1 microM 5HT in the presence of
      EDRF activity, the modes and medians of the frequency distributions of x were
      found to be close to 3 at all flow rates. In contrast, in 0.1 microM 5HT
      constricted preparations in the absence of EDRF activity, no single mode common
      to all flow rates was apparent and medians were significantly larger at all flow
      rates. (2) Theoretically "optimal" branching angles were derived from
      experimental diameter measurements using four mathematical models which minimize
      respectively the total surface area, total volume, total drag (shear stress) and
      total power losses at bifurcations (Murray, 1926b). These calculated branching
      angles were then compared with actual branching angles. EDRF activity was found
      to be necessary for accurate prediction of branching angles by the minimum volume
      and power loss models in 5HT-constricted but not in resting preparations. (3) For
      each model or "minimization principle", there is an optimal mathematical
      relationship between the junction exponent, x, and the angle between daughter
      arteries, psi 12, at a bifurcation (Roy & Woldenberg, 1982, Bull. math. Biol. 44,
      349-360.) Experimentally determined values of x and psi 12 agreed closely with
      those predicted both by the minimum volume and the minimum power loss principles,
      except again in 5HT-constricted preparations in the absence of EDRF
      activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2273901
TI  - KNA Director reminisces about the registered care technician project.

PMID- 2273902
TI  - [Injuries of the genital organs in young girls and adolescents (1959-1988)].
AB  - In the 30-year period from 1959 to 1988, there were 112 young and adolescent
      girls admitted and treated at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Novi
      Sad, i.e. 3-4 per year. Young girls most often suffered from accidental injuries
      (41-36.6%) while older girls suffered from intracoital injuries (71-63.4%). The
      most frequent accidental injuries were the injuries of the vulva, perineum,
      hymen, vagina and sphincter ani, as well as one case of a severe injury of
      Douglas pouch followed by intestine injury. Colporrhexis was the most frequent
      intracoital injury.

PMID- 2273903
TI  - [Chlamydia trachomatis in cytologically diagnosed cervical dysplasia].
AB  - Chlamydia trachomatis strains were isolated from the endocervix by the Mc Coy
      technique in 31 (13.4%) of 232 women aged 18 to 26 years. From 213 women with a
      negative Papanicolaou smear, chlamydia strains were isolated in 22 (10.9%), and
      they were isolated in 9 (47.4%) out of 19 women with a cytologic finding of
      cervical dysplasia. There is a statistically significant difference in the
      presence of chlamydia trachomatis among women with cervical dysplasia and women
      with a negative cytologic finding (p less than 0.001). There was no statistically
      significant difference in the presence of chlamydia trachomatis among women with
      colpitis (29/213) and in the group of women without colpitis (2/19) (p greater
      than 0.05).

PMID- 2273904
TI  - [Leiomyoma of the round ligament of the uterus].
AB  - A 53-year-old patient was surgically treated for a tumour the size of a female
      fist, located on the left of the uterus and appeared to be either a uterine myoma
      or an ovarian tumour, and also for urine incontinence. Laparotomy revealed a
      solid tumour on the uterine round ligament, about 2 cm from the uterine horn, and
      histologically diagnosed as leiomyoma. In the differential diagnosis the authors
      refer to Kleinwachter's sign having been known for a long time.

PMID- 2273905
TI  - [Uterine sarcoma--diagnostic and therapeutic problems].
AB  - A retrospective analysis dealt with 28 cases of uterine sarcoma treated in a ten
      year period (1975-1984). The most common histological type was leiomyosarcoma.
      Thirteen patients underwent surgery alone, a combination of surgery and
      irradiation was performed in 9 patients, surgery + irradiation + chemotherapy in
      2 patients, and surgery + chemotherapy in 2 patients. Sixteen patients are alive
      and well during a follow-up of 5 years.

PMID- 2273906
TI  - [Levels of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone in hyperprolactinemia].
AB  - In 69 patients with hyperprolactinemia the concentrations of FSH
      (foliculostimulating) hormone, LH (luteinization) hormone, PRL (prolactin), PRG
      (progesterone), T (testosterone) and E2 (estradiol) were determined by the RIA
      method on the 7th, 14th, and 21st day following the beginning of spontaneous or
      induced uterine bleeding. According to the recorded E2 and PRG concentrations,
      all the patients were divided into three groups: one group with the E2 and PRG
      concentrations within normal ovulation cycle values (N = 31); the second group
      with the E2 concentrations within normal values and the PRG values characteristic
      of the 21st day (N = 18), and the third group with the E2 concentrations below
      the lower normal values on the 7th and the 14th day and the PRG anovulation
      concentrations on the 21st day (N = 20). The mean values of the E2 concentrations
      in the hyperprolactinemic patients were significantly lower in all the three
      control groups (P less than 0.01; 0.05; 0.01) on the 7th day and (P less than
      0.01; 0.05; 0.001) on the 14th day, which suggests the impairment of the
      follicular phase of the cycle. In the second and third groups there was no
      significant difference between the E2 concentrations on the 7th and the 14th day,
      while the PRG concentrations on the 21st day remained on the level of the
      anovulation values. Unlike the control group, the patients with
      hyperprolactinemia showed no significant increase of the Lh concentration on the
      14th day. The effect of hyperprolactinemia on the impairment of the ovarian
      function is discussed.

PMID- 2273907
TI  - [Correlation between certain factors in maturation and primary dysmenorrhea in
      adolescence].
AB  - A total of 1,068 randomly chosen adolescent females, aged 10 to 19 years, were
      questioned about their (painful or painless) menstruation. The obtained rate of
      the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in the examined adolescent population was 52.9%.
      The statistical significant difference between the examined adolescent girls with
      and without dysmenorrhea related to the chronological age (chi 2 = 19.112; p less
      than 0.05). The rate of frequency of painful menstruation increases with the
      increasing of the chronological age of the examined adolescent females. It is the
      highest at the age of 16 to 19 (56.5% in 16 and 61.2% in 19 year-olds). Over the
      age of fifteen years dysmenorrhea is present in every other examined adolescent
      girl. The number of examined adolescent females with dysmenorrhea is
      statistically significant by greater (chi 2 = 44.448; p less than 0.001) in those
      who had got menarche early (11 and 12 years old). The greatest frequency of
      dysmenorrhea is estimated in those having got the first menstruation aged 11
      (79.2%) and 12 (55.5%) years. The average age of the appearance of menarche in
      all the examined female population is 12.8 +/- 1.3 years. The average age of the
      occurrence of the first menstruation in dysmenorrhoic girls is 12.6 +/- 1.1 years
      and statistically significantly differs from the average age of menarche in the
      control group of nondysmenorrhoic adolescent females (13.1 +/- 1.2 years of
      life). In the first gynecological year only one third (29.6%) of the examined
      adolescent girls had painful menstruation. Up to the fourth gynecological year,
      62.4% of the examined adolescent females experienced dysmenorrhea. Three quarters
      (75.3%) of them had painful menstruation in the sixth gynecological year. There
      is a statistically significant difference between adolescent girls with and
      without dysmenorrhea in relation to the gynecological year (chi 2 = 63.604; p
      less than 0.001).

PMID- 2273908
TI  - [Pregnancy, labor and the neonate in pluriparas and multiparas].
AB  - From 1971 to 1988, out of 22001 deliveries (multiple pregnancies excluded) 212
      (0.96%) occurred in multiparas with five or more deliveries. The control group
      included 7340 pluriparas (two to four deliveries) from the same period. In 82.1%
      cases the multiparas were para 5 and 6, and 63 (29.7%) were less than 34 years of
      age. 15.9% had no antenatal visit; for the most part they were housewives and
      rural pregnant women. Transverse presentation, preterm delivery, meconium-stained
      amniotic fluid, and placental lysis or uterine exploration were more frequent in
      the multiparous group (P less than 0.001), whereas cervical cerclage and
      episiotomy were more frequent in the control group (P less than 0.05). Newborn
      infants in the multiparous group were severely asphyxiated at birth more
      frequently than those in the control group (P less than 0.05). There were no
      differences as regards late fetal and early neonatal deaths between the two study
      groups. The overall perinatal death rate in the multiparas and pluriparas was
      2.83% and 1.81%, respectively (P less than 0.05). There was no case of uterine
      rupture or maternal death in the multiparous and pluriparous group.

PMID- 2273909
TI  - [Treatment of ectopic pregnancy using methotrexate].
AB  - The authors applied the conservative treatment of ectopic pregnancy with
      methotrexate in a prospective study comprising 22 patients. Out of this number,
      14 patients had intact ectopic pregnancy and 8 showed the signs of initial tubal
      abortion (as proved by the hematocele finding). This group of 8 patients insisted
      to be given the same therapy, although they were informed of the possible failure
      in cases of initial tubal abortion. In all these cases methotrexate was
      administered locally, injected into the gestational sac under ultrasonic
      monitoring. In addition to the local application, 13 patients systemically
      received the same drug in pills (2.5 mg). At the same time, all the patients were
      given the antidote (Citrovorum factor). This method of treatment appeared to be
      successful in 16 patients (72.7%), four of them also having hematocele. Surgical
      treatment was applied afterwards in six patients (27.3%).

PMID- 2273910
TI  - [Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn].
AB  - The authors present 16 patients with the idiopathic forms of hemorrhagic disease
      in newborns, none of which, after birth, having prophylactically received K
      vitamin. Seven of them had an early form, four a classical form, and five a late
      form of hemorrhagic disease. All of them were born at term, four were female and
      12 male newborns. The diagnosis was established on the basis of the decreased
      prothrombin time (PV) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTV), as
      well as their normalization following the applied therapy. The PV values in these
      patients ranged from 0.009 to 0.65 and the APTV from 33 to 120. The authors point
      out the significance of the prophylaxis of hemorrhagic diseases in the newborn
      and the still inconclusive state of scientific dilemmas and clinical practice in
      this connection.

PMID- 2273911
TI  - [Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy with special emphasis on laboratory diagnosis].
AB  - On the occasion of the thirty-five years of systematic research of toxoplasmosis,
      a review of the present knowledge of the role of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy is
      presented. Diagnostic procedures and the interpretation of the results of
      laboratory examinations are particularly stressed. The main conclusion is that in
      a population exposed to the infection in the way as was in the cases studied, the
      prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis can be achieved through a serologic follow
      up of all pregnant women starting from the moment when pregnancy is established.
      The purpose of such screening is to identify those pregnant women who are not
      immunized (who are then advised to follow certain hygienic and dietetic measures)
      and those who are primoinfected in pregnancy. As the latter are at risk for
      transmitting the infection to their fetuses, they receive specific therapy and
      their fetuses are carefully controlled by ultrasound and other methods for the
      antenatal diagnosis of intrauterine infection.

PMID- 2273912
TI  - Profiles in courage.

PMID- 2273913
TI  - The professional nurse and accountability.

PMID- 2273914
TI  - Homeless receive T.L.C. from a nurse practitioners.

PMID- 2273915
TI  - Women & heart disease.

PMID- 2273916
TI  - [Unsuitable as a physician? Sociologist Marilynn Rosenthal: to buy up, to
      transfer or to support--informal treatment of problem physicians].

PMID- 2273917
TI  - [Hereditary and mechanical factors behind arthrosis of the hip and the knee].

PMID- 2273918
TI  - [Heart-lung transplantation. Do prestige and egoism make cooperation more
      difficult?].

PMID- 2273919
TI  - [Transillumination and carbon marking for localization of breast changes].

PMID- 2273920
TI  - [Increased risk of arthrosis of the knee and hip among workers with heavy weight
      on the legs].

PMID- 2273921
TI  - [Serotonin receptors as a target for new drugs].

PMID- 2273922
TI  - [Ingestion of aliphatic hydrocarbons can cause life-threatening lung damage in
      infants].
AB  - Ingestion of aliphatic hydrocarbons--even in small amounts--can cause severe
      respiratory distress in children. Such accidents are becoming increasingly common
      in Sweden. A case of severe hydrocarbon ingestion is reported, where a 16-month
      old boy, initially treated with mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress,
      subsequently developed a reversible radiological complication, pneumatocele.
      Patients at risk of severe hydrocarbon intoxication can be identified by careful
      evaluation of their history and continuous clinical observation. Controlled
      ventilation should be instituted early in respiratory distress, and any
      radiological changes followed up in a few weeks.

PMID- 2273923
TI  - [Central nervous system control for maximal alertness in danger].
AB  - A survey is given of the various "emotional" neuro-hormonal response patterns,
      organised at the limbic-hypothalamic level of the brain and specialised in
      dealing with the multiplicity of challenging environmental stimuli that all
      organisms, including man, have to cope with. Typically they involve all three
      efferent links of body control--i e, the somatomotor system, governing behaviour,
      the visceromotor (autonomic nervous) system, adjusting inner organs to suit
      behavioural response, and the hormonal system, adjusting metabolism, nutritional
      depots and water-electrolyte balance, again to provide optimal support for
      behavioural response. Special emphasis is put on the visceromotor and hormonal
      adjustment of the cardiovascular system, affecting blood pressure, cardiac output
      and blood flow distribution, particularly in stressful situations, where such
      responses as the "defence reaction", the "defeat reaction" and the "playing-dead
      reaction", are virtually the same in all species. It is discussed how in humans
      such age-old response patterns are also elicited by a variety of artificial or
      symbolic challenges typical of hectic modern society; and how, if provoked too
      often or too long, they may constitute crucial determinants of such serious
      cardiovascular disorders as hypertension and atherosclerosis. In this context,
      the defence and defeat reactions would seem to be particularly relevant, and the
      importance is stressed of animal studies of such complex systemic adjustments,
      for the understanding and hence future prevention of certain particularly serious
      disorders common in modern society.

PMID- 2273924
TI  - [Legionella infections diagnosed among hospitalized patients in Vastmanland].

PMID- 2273925
TI  - [Anglers suffered from Legionnaires' disease].

PMID- 2273926
TI  - [Extremely low risk of invasive cervix cancer caused by genital papillomavirus
      infection].

PMID- 2273927
TI  - [New strategies are needed for the treatment of genital papillomavirus
      infections].

PMID- 2273928
TI  - [Chronic bronchitis is an "annoying" disease].

PMID- 2273929
TI  - [Chronic bronchitis. Support smoking cessation].

PMID- 2273930
TI  - [Selenium, vitamin A, C and E seem to have a preventive effect against cancer].

PMID- 2273931
TI  - [A consensus on dementia (II): A survey and special diagnosis].

PMID- 2273932
TI  - [Combination of various sperm tests yields a good picture of fertilization
      capacity].

PMID- 2273933
TI  - [Deviant ejaculation sequence can be cause of infertility].

PMID- 2273934
TI  - [Impotence because of arterial insufficiency can have functional causes].

PMID- 2273935
TI  - [Oliver Sacks--the physician who wrote one of the most important books of the
      1980's].

PMID- 2273936
TI  - [Vincent van Gogh from the medical perspective. Either a madman or an epileptic].

PMID- 2273937
TI  - The cloning and sequence analysis of the rat serotonin-1A receptor gene.
AB  - Using a probe derived from the human 5-HT1A receptor gene (G-21), a strongly
      hybridizable clone was identified from a rat genomic DNA library. This clone
      (G21Y2) had an overall deduced amino acid sequence that was 88% homologous with
      that of the human 5-HT1A receptor. There was only an 18% and 19% amino acid
      homology with the rat 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 receptors, respectively. The G21Y2 appears
      to be an excellent candidate for the rat 5-HT1A receptor gene. As this manuscript
      was being prepared a report by Albert et al. (13) was published in which a probe
      to the hamster beta 2-adrenergic receptor was used to identify a rat genomic
      (Clone D) that demonstrated a sequence that was similar to G21Y2.

PMID- 2273938
TI  - Metabolism of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol in humans.
AB  - 17 alpha-Ethynylestradiol is extensively sulfated but the sulfate is thought to
      primarily be a storage form of this estrogen. 2-Hydroxylation is clearly the
      major oxidative reaction, and the 2-hydroxy derivative is further transformed by
      methylation and glucuronidation prior to urinary and fecal excretion. Alterations
      in the rate of 2-hydroxylation can have major effects on the pharmacokinetics and
      effectiveness of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol as a contraceptive. The major human
      catalyst of the 2-hydroxylation reaction is liver microsomal cytochrome P-450
      IIIA4. Lesser amounts of this enzyme are found in other tissues such as the
      intestine and may contribute to overall clearance of the orally administered
      contraceptive. In individuals with very low amounts of this enzyme other forms of
      cytochrome P-450 may make some contribution. Levels of cytochrome P-450 IIIA4
      vary widely among individuals and can explain the variation in rates of 17 alpha
      ethynylestradiol 2-hydroxylation. The known inducibility of the enzyme by
      barbiturates and rifampicin explains their effects in enhancing 17 alpha
      ethynylestradiol clearance and reducing the effectiveness of the drug. Mechanism
      based inactivation of cytochrome P-450 IIIA4 can be seen with 17 alpha
      ethynylestradiol and other 17 alpha-acetylenic steroids, and the progestogen
      gestodene appears to be unusually active in this regard. Other unknown factors
      may also modulate levels of cytochrome P-450 IIIA4 and its ability to catalyze 17
      alpha-ethynylestradiol 2-hydroxylation.

PMID- 2273939
TI  - Physical exercise at night blunts the nocturnal increase of plasma melatonin
      levels in healthy humans.
AB  - The effects of physical exercise on nighttime melatonin secretion have never been
      investigated in humans. For this purpose, plasma melatonin levels were measured
      at different times during the day and the night in seven healthy men (aged 26-33
      yrs), both in resting condition and before and after a physical exercise
      performed between 10.40 and 11.00 p.m.. The exercise consisted in bicycling on a
      bicycle ergometer at 50% of the personal maximal work capacity (MWC) for 10 min,
      followed by other 10 min of bicycling at 80% of the MWC. The results clearly
      showed that physical stress at night significantly blunts the nocturnal increase
      in plasma melatonin levels (group X time interaction: p less than 0.00001; two
      way ANOVA with repeated measures). These findings, taken together with the data
      of the literature, suggest that the response of the pineal gland to provocative
      stimuli may depend on its level of activity when the stimulus is applied.

PMID- 2273940
TI  - Effects of restraint stress on catecholamine concentrations in the glandular
      stomach of rats.
AB  - Restraint stress is known to induce gastric ulcers in rats. Peripheral
      sympathetic activity and catecholamines are involved in the pathogenesis of these
      gastric ulcers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of
      restraint on mucosal and muscle catecholamine concentrations in the glandular
      stomach of rats. In unrestrained rats, noradrenaline concentration was higher in
      the muscle than in the mucosa of the glandular stomach (629 +/- 106 vs 18 +/- 3
      pg/mg and 217 +/- 37 vs 18 +/- 8 pg/mg, respectively in the corpus and the
      antrum, p less than 0.01). This can be explained by the existence of an abundant
      noradrenergic innervation in the muscle layer. After 20 hours of restraint,
      adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were significantly decreased in
      adrenals, in comparison with unrestrained animals (255 +/- 53 vs 638 +/- 160
      ng/mg and 113 +/- 17 vs 198 +/- 37 ng/mg, respectively for adrenaline and
      noradrenaline, p less than 0.05). In the glandular stomach, noradrenaline and
      adrenaline concentrations in restrained rats were not significantly different
      from those in unrestrained rats. However, adrenaline concentrations in the muscle
      of restrained rats were higher than in the mucosa. Moreover, restraint induced a
      significant decrease in dopamine concentration in the antral mucosa (from 100 +/-
      12 pg/mg in unrestrained rats to 15 +/- 5 pg/mg in restrained rats), suggesting
      that a depletion in dopamine in the antral mucosa could be one of the
      pathogenetic factors involved in antral gastric stress-induced ulcers in rats.

PMID- 2273941
TI  - Rapid desensitization and resensitization of 5-HT2 receptor mediated phosphatidyl
      inositol hydrolysis by serotonin agonists in quiescent calf aortic smooth muscle
      cells.
AB  - Agonist regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine2 (5-HT2) receptors was studied in calf
      aortic smooth muscle cultures incubated in a quiescent, defined synthetic medium
      that does not stimulate cell proliferation, but that provides cells with
      supplements that maintain cell viability. In these cells, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT)-induced [3H]inositol phosphates accumulation showed the characteristics of a
      5-HT2 receptor coupled transducing system according to the inhibition of the
      response by 5-HT2 antagonists at nanomolar concentrations. The 5-HT2 receptor
      coupled response became rapidly desensitized during continued incubation with 5
      HT and 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2- aminopropane (DOM); nearly full
      desensitization was obtained in two hours with 10 microM 5-HT and DOM
      pretreatment. The recovery of the response had a half-live of 5 hours after 2
      hours pretreatment and of 9.5 to 12.5 hours after 24 to 96 hours agonist
      pretreatment. The DOM-induced desensitization of the 5-HT2 receptor coupled
      response was fully blocked by 0.1 microM cinanserin. Cinanserin alone did not
      induce desensitization or up-regulation of the 5-HT2 receptor coupled response at
      0.1 microM. It may be that the down-regulation of central 5-HT2 receptors by
      antagonists in vivo is a heterologous process due to mediators which are
      triggered by 5-HT2 antagonistic action.

PMID- 2273942
TI  - Identification of a low molecular weight form of epithelial transforming growth
      factor.
AB  - We have purified a novel form of epithelial transforming growth factor (TGFe)
      from bovine kidney. Acid ethanol extracts of kidney were fractionated by size
      exclusion, reverse phase and cation exchange chromatography and activity was
      monitored by measuring growth of SW13 adrenocortical carcinoma cells in soft
      agar. The purified material was highly cationic, bound weakly to heparin and gave
      a band at 13-15000 Mr by SDS-PAGE following Bolton-Hunter iodination. This band
      correspond to the migration of biological activity extractable from gel slices.
      The results suggest that we have isolated a truncated form of TGFe which
      nonetheless retains biological activity.

PMID- 2273943
TI  - Sex-and age-dependent effects of prenatal exposure to caffeine on open-field
      behavior, emergence latency and adrenal weights in rats.
AB  - Pregnant rats were provided with drinking water containing 0, 0.23 or 0.3 mg/ml
      of caffeine throughout gestation. These concentrations gave rise to daily doses
      of 0, 28 and 36 mg/kg. Open-field behavior and latencies to emerge from a
      darkened chamber were observed in offspring at regular intervals from 1 to 8
      months after birth. The main results revealed increases in open-field locomotor
      and rearing activity with 28 but not 36 mg/kg/day. The opposite pattern
      characterized emergence latency. These changes were more typical of male rats
      particularly when older. Combining the present results with those of an earlier
      study by the authors strengthened the curvilinear trends observed and led to the
      conclusion that, low doses of prenatal caffeine increase activity and decrease
      emotionality. Higher doses may have the opposite effects to the point that the
      significant differences from control subjects reported earlier can occur. When 8
      months old, female but not male rats prenatally exposed to 36 mg/kg/day of
      caffeine had significantly heavier adrenal glands than controls.

PMID- 2273944
TI  - [Pelvic inflammatory disease].
AB  - At present, PID is considered to be the most severe gynecological infection of
      young women as well as one of the most important problems of public health
      involving high social and economical costs. There are two pathogenetic aspects of
      PID. The primary form results from an ascending infection sustained by the
      microbic flora of the inferior genital tract, subsequently involving its higher
      anatomical districts. The secondary form derives from the pelvic diffusion of
      microorganism primarily involved in extra-genital infections. The analysis of the
      epidemiological aspects of the disease identifies in the sexual habits, the
      contraceptive procedures as well as the invasive instrumental practices
      (iatrogenic factors) the risk factors of the disease. PID has a multimicrobial
      origin based on a complex interplay between synergic infectious agents, vectors
      of etiological factors, interferon-gamma and intrauterine devices. The
      anatomopathological aspects of PID, including Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome are
      discussed. The literature concerning the diagnosis and the therapy of the disease
      is extensively analyzed.

PMID- 2273945
TI  - [Sequential approach to the diagnosis of ischemic cardiopathy].
AB  - The detection and the assessment of ischaemic heart disease require the
      utilization of several diagnostic techniques and skills; non-invasive tools, like
      echo-doppler cardiography and nuclear cardiology, are gaining more and more
      importance. This paper describes a sequential approach to the diagnosis of
      several manifestations of ischaemic heart disease--angina, unstable angina, post
      infarction angina, pump failure, arrhythmias--, purposing a sequence of tests for
      each manifestation, starting from the simplest techniques to end with more
      complex investigations. Indications to coronary angiography and to medical or
      surgical therapy are also discussed.

PMID- 2273946
TI  - [Efficacy of GH-releasing hormone and biosynthetic GH in a group of children with
      growth hormone deficiency].
AB  - Eight GH-deficient children were treated with GHRH (1-44), once daily s.c. for 6
      18 months. At the 6th month of therapy, 3 patients showed a catch-up growth
      ("responders"), while the remaining 5 did not ("non-responders"). In all patients
      treatment was discontinued after 6-18 months, when its effect on growth rate
      failed. After a wash out period of at least 6 months, patients were submitted to
      biosynthetic GH therapy. After 6 months of GH treatment a significant catch-up
      growth was found in both responder and non-responder children. GHRH therapy is
      found to be less effective than GH treatment. Other methods of GHRH
      administration are worth investigating.

PMID- 2273947
TI  - [Lymphoproliferation stimulating activity in serum].
AB  - To characterize the serum growth promoting activity estimated by means of
      bioassay (Thymidine Activity), the gel filtration chromatographic profile of sera
      obtained from 10 normal adults and from 10 normal infants was performed. For each
      serum fraction we evaluated the capacity to stimulate the tritiated thymidine (3H
      TdR) uptake into lectin-activated lymphocytes. This capacity was expressed as
      percent increase in 3H-TdR uptake in presence and in absence of the optimal dose
      (1.25%) of the fraction. The highest percent increase in 3H-TdR uptake was
      obtained in the same three fractions (1500-2500 Kd, 28-42 Kd, 1.3-1.9 Kd) in the
      sera of adults as well as infants. The values observed in infants were higher
      than in adults, suggesting that the serum growth-promoting activity could be
      higher in rapidly growing subjects.

PMID- 2273948
TI  - [In vitro effects of GH and IGF-1 on natural cytostatic activity].
AB  - We previously reported that natural cytotoxicity, mediated by Natural Killer (NK)
      cells, is low in GH-deficient children and increases up to normal levels after a
      long-term treatment. In order to investigate the role of GH and IGF1 on the
      restoration of this immune function, we studied the in vitro effect of increasing
      doses of biosynthetic GH and IGF1 on NK activity of GH-deficient children. No
      variations of NK activity were observed after incubation of GH-deficient
      children's cells in the presence of GH as well as IGF1. Our data suggest the
      effect of GH and IGF1 on NK activity not to be direct, but mediated by
      unidentified factors.

PMID- 2273949
TI  - [Effects of body weight changes on menarche and menstrual cycles in a group of
      adolescents].
AB  - In Italian girls (7-17 years-old) the effects of body weight on the onset of
      menarche and on menstruation were studied on the basis of measurements performed
      in 86 normally developed healthy girls (group 1), in 5 girls affected by
      precocious puberty (group 2), and in 9 girls with delayed puberty (group 3).
      Height and weight were evaluated at menarche in all groups, as well as 2 years
      later in groups 2 and 3. The results were transferred on the graphs proposed by
      Frisch for the American girls: at menarche 20% of group 1 girls were out of
      range; in group 2 all girls were in range; 33% of group 3 were below the 10th
      percentile. Two years later, all groups 2 and 3 girls but one were in range.
      These data do not confirm the role of body fat in determining the onset of the
      puberal process, while they support it in the maintenance of menses.

PMID- 2273950
TI  - [Transplantation of isolated hepatocytes into the spleen of rats].
AB  - The effects of splenic transplantation of hepatocytes on survival time and
      hepatic regeneration were studied in adult rats subjected to: 1) 90% hepatectomy
      plus portocaval shunt (graft of 4 x 10(6) hepatocytes) and 2) 90% hepatectomy
      (graft of 4 x 10(6) and 8 x 10(6) hepatocytes); data were compared with those
      obtained in hepatectomized rats. Hepatic regeneration was significantly higher in
      transplanted rats and, within animals with grafted hepatocytes more pronounced in
      rats without porto-caval shunt. This support the hypothesis that a hepatotrophic
      factor is produced by grafted hepatocytes: its activity is more pronounced in the
      absence of porto-caval shunt since all splenic blood reach the liver. The
      activity of the putative hepatocyte growth factor does not depend on the number
      of grafted hepatocytes since no significant differences in survival time and
      hepatic regeneration was observed between rats grafted with 4 x 10(6) and 8 x
      10(6) hepatocytes.

PMID- 2273951
TI  - [Role of alkaline phosphatase Regan isoenzyme in prognosis of patients with
      osteosarcoma].
AB  - The presence of Regan isoenzyme (the heat stable fraction of alkaline
      phosphatase) in serum of patients with osteosarcoma has been proposed as a
      prognostic factor indicating the metastatic evolution of the disease. This work
      reports on 9 patients with osteosarcoma. In 4 of them Regan isoenzyme was present
      4, 6, 12, and 16 months before clinical-instrumental evidence of lung metastases.
      These results further support the significance of this isoenzyme as a marker of
      relapse in an early subclinical stage.

PMID- 2273952
TI  - [Radioimmunoscintigraphy with monoclonal antibodies in recurrences and metastases
      of colorectal tumors].
AB  - An experimental follow-up plan based on immunoscintigraphy was evaluated in 48
      patients, who had undergone resection for colorectal cancer. The results were
      compared with those concerning other 317 patients submitted to a traditional
      follow-up (physical examination, blood analysis, endoscopy, ultrasonography, CT
      scan, barium enema, etc.). Immunoscintigraphy was performed with Iodine 131--or
      Indium 111--labeled anti-CEA and-19.9 monoclonal antibody, using a gamma
      detecting probe (GDP) enabling to perform radioimmunodetections. In addition,
      radioimmunoguided surgery was performed in two cases of highly suspected
      recurrence, and radioimmunoguided endoscopy was made in two cases of suspected
      recurrence after anterior resection for tumor of the rectum. Our gamma-detecting
      probe differs from the other ones because of its collimator which enables to
      detect all the radioisotopes that are used for external scanning and because of
      its particular shape that enables to perform endoscopic radioimmuno detections.
      The experimental follow-up plan showed cancer recurrence in 27% of the patients
      vs. 13% of extensive instrumental investigations. Radioimmunoguided surgery
      appears to provide a higher level of radicality. The same GDP used for
      intraoperative immunoscintigraphies seems to be effective in the endoscopic study
      of the pelvis after anterior resection, a clinical occurrence which can hardly be
      investigated by means of other instrumental diagnostic procedures.

PMID- 2273953
TI  - [Morphological and clinical aspects of isolated right ventricular myocardial
      infarction].
AB  - In an autopsy study of 2569 subjects, during the period 1971-1988, 289 cases of
      myocardial infarction were found. On the basis of morphological and histological
      data 8 (2.8%) of such cases were diagnosed as isolated right ventricular
      myocardial infarction. Clinical data relating to these 8 cases were also
      considered. The right ventricular myocardial infarction may be secondary to acute
      or chronic pulmonary hypertension, in the setting of massive pulmonary
      thromboembolism or cor pulmonale, especially in the presence of right ventricular
      hypertrophy and with normal or stenotic coronary arteries. Isolated right
      ventricular myocardial infarction is clinically underestimated due to the great
      difficult to make a correct diagnosis in life. The low accuracy of the standard
      electrocardiographic records does not allow to pose a diagnosis of isolated right
      ventricular myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2273954
TI  - [Clinical and prognostic importance of changes in the number of circulating
      lymphocytes in cerebral infarction of the ischemic type].
AB  - Aim of the present study was to assess the increase of peripheral white blood
      cell (WBC) count and its clinical and prognostic significance in patients with
      cerebral ischemic infarction (CI). Thirty-six subjects (17 males, 19 females;
      mean age 73 +/- 10 years) with CI confirmed at CT scans were studied. A
      significant increase of WBC, not related to complicating infections, was observed
      in the early phase of CI. There was a significant linear correlation between the
      level of serum creatine phosphokinase and the number of circulating WBC which
      were higher in patients who died 6-30 days after the occurrence of CI. These data
      suggest that the increase in circulating WBC is dependent on the extent of the
      cerebral damage and should be considered as unfavourable prognostic sign.

PMID- 2273955
TI  - [Mitochondrial DNA deletion in a case of progressive ophthalmoplegia].
AB  - Mitochondria are unique among intracellular organelles because they contain their
      own DNA, which can be transcribed and translated to form proteins. Mitochondrial
      diseases include myopathies and multisystem disorders. The case of a patient
      showing bilateral ophthalmoplegia with proximal limb weakness, severe dysphagia
      and short stature, without family history, is described. The analysis of
      mitochondrial DNA of the patient muscle revealed a deleted form accounting for
      65% of the total mitochondrial DNA. The Southern Blot Analysis of mtDNA allows a
      rather precise localization of deletions giving new insights in the pathogenesis
      of mitochondrial myopathies and representing a new precious diagnostic tool in
      these diseases.

PMID- 2273956
TI  - [Hexokinase in Alzheimer's disease].
AB  - Decreased hexokinase activity has been reported in brain, fibroblast, leukocytes
      and microvessels of patients with Alzheimer's disease. In this paper the results
      of an investigation on hexokinase activity in an Italian large pedigree are
      reported. The activity was comparable with that of the normal controls. These
      results suggest that Alzheimer's disease may be an heterogenic disorder.

PMID- 2273957
TI  - [Influenza vaccination and polyradiculoneuritis of the Guillain-Barre type].
AB  - The Authors present a Guillain-Barre like case of polyradiculoneuritis occurring
      two weeks after the 1988-89 influenza vaccination. The existence of similar cases
      recently reported in the literature and their frequent association with swine
      influenza vaccination suggest the opportunity of a better epidemiological survey
      of similar cases.

PMID- 2273958
TI  - [Animal experiments].

PMID- 2273959
TI  - [Controversies concerning the use of zidovudine in the treatment of asymptomatic
      HIV+ subjects with a low number of CD4+ lymphocytes].

PMID- 2273960
TI  - [Epistemology of liver cirrhosis].
AB  - Critical considerations are expressed on scientific approach to liver cirrhosis,
      a nosological entity based on both analytical inquiry and long term observation
      of a large number of cirrhotic patients. The main points taken into consideration
      are: the etiopathogenesis of cirrhosis; a systematic of diagnostic elements; some
      preventional aspects of the disease and of its major sequelae. In the
      histogenetical analysis, the following steps are identified and analysed: a)
      hepatocellular death (necrosis), b) inflammatory process, c) fibrosis, d)
      hepatocellular regeneration and disorganized vascular architecture as a
      consequence of nodular regeneration. The hepatotoxic action of the three most
      studied and widespread etiologic agents of cirrhosis, alcohol, HBV, iron, is also
      considered. Finally, as a last pathogenetic step and peculiar to liver cirrhosis,
      the complex vascular rearrangement that leads to a relative increase of the liver
      blood flow is analysed. Clinical experience suggests a distinction between active
      and inactive liver cirrhosis. In the former we find a chronic active hepatitis
      associated with nodular regeneration and subsequent compensatory blood flow
      rearrangement. No signs of chronic active hepatitis can be found in the latter
      which is characterized by irreversible alteration of the liver architecture,
      reduction of the liver function and hemodynamic rearrangement (portal and
      arterial). Both nosologic entities can be either clinically characterized or not
      by symptoms of the major sequelae and complications of cirrhosis. On the basis of
      the clinical experience, among the complications of cirrhosis spontaneous
      bacterial peritonitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome and
      hepatocarcinoma appear to have a great prognostic value. Association between
      hepatocarcinoma and liver cirrhosis, which seems to be independent of single
      etiologic factors of cirrhosis itself, also has a great reliance.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2273961
TI  - [A training program on the topic of lung cancer].

PMID- 2273962
TI  - [A pneumatic drive for the artificial heart apparatus with improved energy
      characteristics].
AB  - It has been shown in the present work that if gas compressibility is to be
      regarded as a reversible effect of energy accumulation, it can be used both for
      enhancing the pneumatic drive efficiency and maintenance of the goal-oriented
      self-control of the artificial heart apparatus on the whole. Such self-control
      provides an opportunity of realizing not only the pump functional characteristics
      of the apparatus, similar to the analogous parameters of the natural heart, but
      also of maintaining the reproduction of the other regulatory properties based on
      the interaction between the left and the right ventricles.

PMID- 2273963
TI  - [The effect of the primary and repeated use of dialyzers with different membranes
      on the degree of dialysis-induced leukopenia].
AB  - The degree of leukopenia that occurs during hemodialysis is one of the main
      parameters characterizing biocompatibility of the dialysis membranes. It has been
      demonstrated that the use of the DIP-03-02 dialyzer fitted with a membrane
      manufactured from Soviet polysulfone produces much less remarkable leukopenia as
      compared to the use of dialyzers fitted out with conventional cellulose
      membranes. It has also been shown that the repeated use of dialyzers brings about
      a decrease in leukopenia and that the method of washing off dialyzers influences
      the degree of leukopenia.

PMID- 2273964
TI  - [In vitro testing of the efficacy of the gas bubble trap in membrane blood
      oxygenators of the MOCT-200 type].

PMID- 2273965
TI  - [Factors determining the dynamics of changes in the potential of the ion
      selective electrode in clinical electrolyte analyzers].
AB  - The author reviews the little known data on factors that influence the results of
      measuring electrolyte concentrations in clinical ion-selective analyzers.
      Demonstrates the role of the medium under measurement in the dynamics of ion
      selective electrode potential and its influences on the results obtained.
      Provides recommendations for carrying out some clinically significant analyses
      with regard to the specificity of measurements using ion-selective electrodes.

PMID- 2273966
TI  - [Specialized equipment for stereophlebography].
AB  - The authors describe a complex of equipment for radiodiagnosis of varicose veins
      of the lower limbs and for planning vascular operations. The complex is fitted
      out with an automatic stereocasette made in the form of an attachment to a
      standard radiodiagnostic system and a stereoscope for visual analysis of the
      stereophlebograms. The design and applications of the equipment are reviewed.

PMID- 2273967
TI  - [Electric motors for partially autonomous and autonomous systems for assisted
      circulation and the artificial heart].
AB  - The paper treats of problems relating to the use of different types of motors in
      autonomous and partially autonomous systems of artificial heart (AH) and
      auxiliary circulation (AC). Demonstrates that the use of d. c. valve engines (VE)
      in the drives of the AH and AC systems is highly advisable. Provides the
      characteristics of the different AH and AC systems with a drive from VE and the
      technical data on the engines.

PMID- 2273968
TI  - [The use of the Autotrans BT 795/P apparatus in surgery with artificial
      circulation].
AB  - The authors assess a possibility of the use of the BT 795/P outfit for
      aortocoronary shunting in 120 patients with coronary heart disease. Emphasize a
      considerable decrease in the requirement for donor's blood transfusion to
      patients undergoing intraoperative blood reinfusion by means of the BT 795/P
      outfit.

PMID- 2273969
TI  - [New pneumatic and hydraulic devices for assisted and artificial circulation (a
      hybrid artificial heart)].
AB  - The authors offer a system for auxiliary circulation (a "hybrid man-made heart"),
      review design varieties, describe the functioning of the system. The paper is of
      interest for designers of the systems for extracorporeal circulation and for
      practicing physicians concerned with the problems of cardiology.

PMID- 2273970
TI  - [A perfusion device for preparing an amputated and ischemic limb for
      replantation].

PMID- 2273971
TI  - [Methods of draining the heart cavity for assisted circulation].

PMID- 2273972
TI  - [A device for complete and assisted artificial circulation].
AB  - The authors describe a system for complete and auxiliary extracorporeal
      circulation (EC), manufactured on the basis of elements of industrial
      pneumoautomatics in the form of blocks controlling venous and arterial blood
      flows. The venous part regulates the venous inflow volume by the feedback type
      mechanism; the arterial part ensures complete EC in the pulsating mode during
      cardiosurgical intervention and auxiliary EC in the course of heart activity
      recovery after cardioplegia, promoting an increase of the coronary blood flow and
      synchronized blood supply.

PMID- 2273973
TI  - [The Patrikko portable apparatus for transorgan oxygen conservation].

PMID- 2273974
TI  - [The use of an automated surgical assistant in an organ transplant clinic].

PMID- 2273975
TI  - [An improved model of the CK-BO-4-M sigmoidoscope].

PMID- 2273976
TI  - [The EKhA-30 device for the electrochemical activation of water-salt solutions].

PMID- 2273977
TI  - [The Elektronika UVI-01-N portable insulin pump (construction and method of
      use)].
AB  - The design and clinical applications of the first Soviet syringe portable insulin
      pump Electronica UV1 01 N are described. The technical characteristics and
      functional possibilities of the pump are discussed. The clinical results
      demonstrate good compensation for glucose metabolism by the insulin pump
      Electronica UV1 01 N.

PMID- 2273978
TI  - [An automated management system for a polyclinic].
AB  - The authors review the main problems occurring in introduction of computer-aided
      technology of data collection, processing and storage at the polyclinics,
      scientific-counselling departments of the medical institutes and centers, taking
      into account the level of the development of Soviet computers and documentation
      science. The developing engineers and medical personnel are rather far from being
      fully aware of the whole complex of the problems they confront. This results in
      low efficacy of the use of the elaborated automated systems, giving rise to
      factors interfering with successful operation of the systems. The authors suggest
      an approach to the design of the automated medical systems. The authors suggest
      an approach to the design of the automated medical systems intended for uses in
      the indicated medical institutions, formed as a result of the lasting work
      related to the creation of the medical computer-aided systems, carried out a the
      A. N. Bakulev Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the USSR AMS.

PMID- 2273979
TI  - Staphylococcal protease assay with dye hide powder, elastin, collagen and udder
      extract.
AB  - Colorimetric determinations of proteolytic activity were performed to measure the
      effects on dye protean substrates including tissue powders. The substrates were
      assayed with 98 strains obtained from the milk of cows with mastitis. Trypsin was
      employed as positive control and it verified the susceptibility of the method.
      Enzymatic activity was estimated in trypsin units per milliliter of incubation
      mixture. The percentages of strains active on specific proteins were 47.8% for
      elastin, 61.6% for collagen and when hide powder and udder extract were used as
      dye substrates, the proteolytic staphylococci were 76.5 and 92.4% respectively.
      There was no significant difference in hydrolytic activity on proteins between
      coagulase positive and coagulase negative cocci.

PMID- 2273980
TI  - The lapinized Chinese strain of hog cholera virus (HCV) previously adapted in
      minipig kidney (MPK) cell line cultures, would also protect pigs to experimental
      infection with virulent HCV [corrected].
AB  - Two-month old piglets previously inoculated with different dilutions of the
      Lapinized Chinese (LC) strain of Hog Cholera Virus (HCV), adapted in a minipig
      kidney (MPK) cell line, resisted challenge infection with virulent HCV. All the
      animals remained healthy and the challenge virus was never recovered from any of
      them. In contrast, the pigs which served as controls for the challenging virus
      underwent the clinically lethal form of the disease and HCV was consistently
      recovered from their tissues.

PMID- 2273981
TI  - Metabolism of ferulic and syringic acids by micromycetes.
AB  - The ability of 814 strains of Micromycetes to grow on ferulic and syringic acids
      was investigated. After cultivation on solid media, 106 and 108 strains were
      selected and cultivated in liquid synthetic medium. Chromatographic analysis
      allowed classification of fungi into different groups according to the
      consumption of phenolic compounds and the appearance of new metabolites. Finally,
      Paecilomyces variotii and Pestalotia palmarum were chosen and cultivated in the
      presence of ferulic acid in two different culture media. These two Fungi
      Imperfecti were able to consume the phenolic compound rapidly and completely.

PMID- 2273982
TI  - Fluconazole vs amphotericin B: "in vitro" comparative evaluation of the minimal
      inhibitory concentration (MIC) against yeasts isolated from AIDS patients.
AB  - Fluconazole, a novel triazole antifungal drug, holds promise as a significant
      advance in the management of human fungal diseases. This new drug can be both
      orally and parenterally administered and is reported to be less toxic than other
      antifungal agents. The Authors studied the in vitro susceptibility of yeasts
      isolated from AIDS patients to this antimycotic drug, in order to evaluate if
      fluconazole's MICs were comparable to those of amphotericin B. A sample of 200
      yeast strains (100 C.albicans, 20 C.parapsilosis, 20 C.tropicalis, 8
      C.guilliermondii, 6 C.krusei, 6 C.pseudotropicalis, 24 T.glabrata and 16
      Cr.neoformans) was tested. The results show an average MIC for amphotericin B
      (MIC90: 3.12 micrograms/ml) ten-fold lower than for fluconazole (MIC90: 100
      micrograms/ml). However, C.albicans and Cr.neoformans presented the same MIC
      value (3.12 micrograms/ml) both for fluconazole and for amphotericin B,
      suggesting that fluconazole could represent a valid alternative to amphotericin B
      in the treatment of fungal infections caused by these two agents.

PMID- 2273983
TI  - Effects of heat and pH stresses on the recovery of Staphylococcus aureus on
      medium-110.
AB  - The effects of heat and pH stresses on Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 10390
      (coagulase positive) and strain ATCC 6020 (coagulase negative) were studied. The
      coagulase negative strain was more sensitive to heat and low or high pH than the
      coagulase positive strain. Both strains, however, were injured by heat and by pH
      4.5 and 9 as estimated by the decrease in their tolerance to the selective agents
      (sodium chloride and sodium azide) present in the selective medium. The heat or
      pH injured cells, however, regained their tolerance to the selective agents if
      they were pregrown in a non-selective medium before they were plated on the
      selective medium.

PMID- 2273984
TI  - Epidemiology of boutonneuse fever in western Sicily: accidental laboratory
      infection with a rickettsial agent isolated from a tick.
AB  - A case is reported of an accidental laboratory infection with a strain of Spotted
      Fever-Group Rickettsiae freshly isolated from a tick collected in Western Sicily.
      Inoculation into the left thumb of cell-cultured organisms (10(5)/ml) gave rise
      to clinical signs and symptoms of Boutonneuse Fever after six days, i.e., a
      lesion at the point of inoculation, fever, headache, conjunctivitis and myalgias.
      Rickettsiae were isolated from acute-phase blood samples collected from the
      infected individual and IgM and IgG response was detected in the patient's serum
      by indirect immunofluorescence. Complete recovery was obtained after antibiotic
      treatment. Serologic analysis of the strain, together with analyses of the
      proteins of the isolate, documented that the isolate was Rickettsia conorii and
      was identical to prototype strain. The relationship of this infection to ongoing
      studies on the epidemiology of Boutonneuse Fever in Western Sicily is discussed.

PMID- 2273985
TI  - Serological determination of rabies antibodies in vaccinated subjects.
AB  - This study reports the immunological response in subjects vaccinated against
      rabies. Four serological methods were compared: the immunoenzymatic test with
      HDCV virus vaccine (EIA-V) and with purified viral glycoprotein (EIA-P), the
      neutralizing in vitro rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and the
      indirect immunofluorescent test (IFI). A concordance of 93.3% was found with
      RFFIT and EIA-V, 86.8% with RFFIT and EIA-P and 80.5% with RFFIT and IFI. The
      RFFIT is the most sensitive and specific method for rabies antibodies but more
      expensive and difficult. IFI recognizes late nucleocapsid antibodies but reports
      more false positive and negative results. The EIA-V and EIA-P methods are
      efficient, sensitive, specific and inexpensive for routine use to detect
      protective titres of antibodies above 0.5 IU/ml fifteen days after the
      inoculation of HDCV vaccine.

PMID- 2273986
TI  - Role of pre-incubation in non-selective medium in recovery of Staphylococcus
      aureus from swimming pools and beaches.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from eleven open swimming pools and eleven
      swimming beaches in certain areas of Saudi Arabia. Pre-incubation of the water
      samples in a non-selective medium prior to their growth in the selective medium
      increased the rate of recovery over that of direct plating on the selective
      medium. The average increase was from 20.68% to 46.1% for pools and from 32.7% to
      37.3% for beaches. Pre-incubation, therefore, is very important for the pool
      water which appears to contain more stressed bacteria.

PMID- 2273988
TI  - Part-time midwifery training for RGNs.

PMID- 2273987
TI  - Incidence of Clostridium difficile in infants in rural and urban areas of
      Nigeria.
AB  - Stool specimens collected from 320 infants under 5 years of age resident in both
      rural and urban centres of Nsukka and Enugu towns in Anambra State, Nigeria were
      examined for the presence of Clostridium difficile and the frequency of
      occurrence determined. Clostridium difficile was isolated from 156 out of 320
      samples (48.8%). The frequency was higher in infants resident in rural areas
      (52.5-48.3%) than in their urban counterparts (47.8-42%). A high frequency rate
      (77%) was obtained in diarrheal cases as against 42% in non diarrheal cases. A
      frequency of 57.7% was obtained in infants in the age group of 1 day - 1 yr,
      which decline with age to the lowest 5.6% in the age group of 4.5 years. The
      frequency of 66.1% was obtained in infants breast-fed plus formula
      supplementation, 41.7% in infants exclusively breast-fed and 33% in infants fed
      exclusively with formula foods. The findings suggest that the type of living
      environments, together with age and mode of feeding may contribute to the high
      intestinal carriage of Clostridium difficile in infants in parts of Nigeria.

PMID- 2273990
TI  - 10th Dame Rosalind Paget memorial lecture: "Wake up, Midwives!".

PMID- 2273989
TI  - Midwives of the new decade.

PMID- 2273991
TI  - Part-time working: part-time community midwife; why no part-time middle managers?

PMID- 2273992
TI  - Labour--a fulfilling experience?

PMID- 2273993
TI  - [The use of plant and animal lectins in microbiological research].

PMID- 2273994
TI  - [The multiple effect of plasmid RP4::Mu cts 62 in transcipient bacilli].
AB  - Transfer of conjugative hybrid plasmid RP4::Mu cts 62 from Escherichia coli into
      Bac. cereus, Bac. thuringiensis, Bac. mesentericus and Bac. polymyxa cells led to
      the multiple effects on the structure and physiology of bacillus cells. It has
      resulted in a decrease of the bacillus vitality, in the accelerated autolytic
      decay of cells, in the delay of cell growth and reproduction rate in liquid and
      solid media, in the disruption of ultrastructure of the cell membrane and its
      surface layer.

PMID- 2273995
TI  - [The lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas solanacearum i Pseudomonas cichorii].
AB  - Structure analysis by the methods of methylation, 1H- and 13C-n. m. r.
      spectroscopy has shown that O-specific polysaccharides of typical strains of
      Pseudomonas solanacearum (biovar I) and P. cichorii are identical by their
      structure and constructed of branched pentasaccharide repeating links which
      include three residues of rhamnose (one of them is in the branching node), one
      residue of beta-xylose (it occupies terminal position) and one reside of N-acetyl
      beta-glucosamine. The other strain of P. solanacearum of biovar I and two strains
      belonging to biovars III and IV also produce structure-similar O-specific
      polysaccharides, constructed of linear tetrasaccharide repeating links which
      include three residues of alpha-L-rhamnose and one residue of N-acetyl-alpha-D
      glucosamine.

PMID- 2273996
TI  - [The development of a complex Leptospira antigenic erythrocyte diagnostic agent].
AB  - Blood-sensitive activity of antigenic extracts obtained from leptospiras using
      the supersound and sodium dodecyl sulphate has been studied. Erythrocytic
      diagnostica, obtained on the basis of the mentioned sensitines, possess the genus
      and serogroup specificity, which expands their diagnostic spectrum. New
      diagnostica are shown to possess higher sensitivity as compared with the
      previously developed leptospirosis genus-specific erythrocytic diagnostica. The
      data are presented confirming the prospects of development of erythrocytic
      diagnostica based on antigens of leptospiras obtained by means of a supersound
      and sodium dodecyl sulphate. These preparations may be used in the diagnosis of
      human and animal leptospirosis.

PMID- 2273997
TI  - [The virulence and colicinogenicity of pathogenic Escherichia isolated from water
      and human beings].
AB  - An analysis of virulence and colicinogenicity of 180 cultures of pathogenic
      Escherichia of different origin has shown that the expressed characters occurred
      in 40 +/- 49% of strains isolated from people and 28.7 +/- 5.1% of strains
      isolated from water. The dependence of the studied properties on serogroups of
      the agents is established. These characters are more often inherent in
      representatives of the dominating serogroups, which may be a reason of their
      selective advantage in circulation among people and in water.

PMID- 2273998
TI  - [Trimethoprim resistance--a differential trait of strains of Yersinia pestis from
      a variety of voles].
AB  - Strains of all Y. pestis varieties except for those isolated from voles are
      highly sensitive to trimethoprim when grown on cultivation media, even when
      thymidine is added to the medium. The ability to grow on thymidine-containing
      rich media after trimethoprim addition is a property differentiating Y. pestis
      variety isolated from voles from the other varieties. These data were confirmed
      by testing 360 Y. pestis strains obtained from collections of several antiplague
      institutes and stations of the USSR.

PMID- 2273999
TI  - Flumazenil does not improve hepatic encephalopathy associated with acute ischemic
      liver failure in the rabbit.
AB  - The effect of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, on hepatic encephalopathy
      was studied in rabbits with acute hepatic failure induced by a two-stage liver
      devascularization procedure. The rabbits were randomized for treatment with 5
      mg/kg of flumazenil or the placebo. The drug was administered at two easily
      recognizable time points in the course of the encephalopathy: first, when the
      righting reflex was disturbed, and second, when the animal could no longer
      achieve to the sitting position. The response after flumazenil did not differ
      from that after the placebo, as measured by clinical evaluation and automated EEG
      analysis. Furthermore, the progression of the encephalopathy, as measured by the
      survival time after the first injection, was not affected by flumazenil.

PMID- 2274000
TI  - Lactate compartmentation in hippocampal slices: evidence for a transporter.
AB  - Lactic acid accumulation has been implicated in the evolution of brain damage
      after ischemia. Since compartmentation of lactate may play a role in acid-base
      balance, lactate release from gerbil hippocampal slices was examined during a
      number of metabolic stresses including elevated [K+]e, ischemia, anoxia, and
      aglycemia. Slices were preincubated for 1 hr in artificial cerebrospinal fluid
      (ACSF) equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2 (pH 7.4 at 37 degrees C) and then
      transferred to tubes containing 300 microliters of test medium. The rate of
      lactate release in control slices was 9.64 nmol/min/mg protein and increased 2.6-
      and 3.2-fold in the presence of 60 mM potassium and anoxia, whereas the rate of
      lactate release was decreased by 50 and 25% during ischemia and aglycemia.
      Lactate release was temperature dependent and was only minimally influenced by
      removing Ca2+ or by adding 5 mM d-lactate to the ACSF. In contrast, pyruvate
      inhibited lactate release with an apparent Ki of 2.4 mM. The results suggest that
      lactate can be released from cells via a saturable and stereospecific lactate
      transporter with an apparent Km of 10.7 mM and Vmax of 43.7 nmol/mg protein/min.
      Such a relatively high-capacity transporter system can rapidly equilibrate brain
      lactate but is probably not involved in regulating intracellular acid-base
      balance.

PMID- 2274001
TI  - Mapping regional cerebral vascular transit time by simultaneous determination of
      local cerebral blood flow and local cerebral blood volume.
AB  - We developed a method for autoradiographic mapping of regional cerebral transit
      time (CTT) by simultaneously measuring local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and local
      cerebral blood volume (LCBV). Previously described single-tracer techniques for
      determination of LCBF and LCBV were modified for dual-tracer, 99mTc and 14C,
      autoradiography and used to create digital images of LCBF and LCBV from the same
      brain sections in a series of normal rats. The images were aligned and ratio
      images (LCBV/LCBF) were then generated which reflected CTT. Regional cerebral
      transit time was found to vary significantly through-out the brain in a pattern
      only partially related to that of blood flow. Such CTT heterogeneity could cause
      errors in implementation of kinetic models which assume uniform or monovariant
      distributions of vascular transit time.

PMID- 2274003
TI  - [Clinical usefulness of the determination of urinary growth hormone].

PMID- 2274002
TI  - [Clinical aspects of celiac disease. Comparison of 2 periods: before and after
      the introduction of antigliadin antibody determination in clinical practice].
AB  - The clinical aspects of coeliac disease before and after anti-gliadin antibodies
      (AGA) assessment in clinical practice, referring to personal experience (107
      cases in the period 1976-1988) are described. AGA determination has executed by
      two different ELISA methods. The diagnosis of coeliac disease in the period 1976
      1986 has been made according to ESPGAN criteria, while in the last two years
      following the recent SIP advice. After 1987 with the introduction of AGA assay,
      the number of diagnosis/year of coeliac disease has increased three times in
      respect of the period 1976-1986. We have observed a more marked increase of the
      late beginning forms (from 2.8 to 10 diagnosis/year) in respect of the early
      beginning ones (from 3.7 to 7.5 diagnosis/year) and of the atypical forms (from
      0.7 to 9 diagnosis/year) in respect of the typical ones (from 5.8 to 8.5
      diagnosis/year). According to these data we think that prevalence of coeliac
      disease in our country is probably underestimated. AGA determination is at time
      most effective mean to make a screening of coeliac disease in the population.
      According to us the largest employment of this method in the next years could
      take a most exact estimate of the coeliac disease prevalence in our country.

PMID- 2274004
TI  - [Changes in the production of IgM in response to pokeweed mitogen in juvenile
      rheumatoid arthritis. Correlations with disease activity].
AB  - Unstimulated and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated "in vitro" IgM synthesis by
      peripheral blood lymphocytes has been evaluated by an ELISA method in 33 patients
      with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Lymphocyte PWM responses were
      significantly reduced in patients with JRA compared with healthy controls. When
      patients were divided according to disease activity, a significant increase of
      stimulation index (ratio of IgM synthesis with over that without PWM) has been
      observed in patients with disease remission compared with those with active
      disease. These findings confirm the defect in PWM-induced IgM synthesis by
      peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with JRA and suggest that these
      abnormalities may be related to disease activity.

PMID- 2274005
TI  - [Diagnostic imaging in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis].
AB  - This report discusses hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) and the current
      approach to diagnostic imaging in the vomiting infant. Signs and symptoms include
      dehydration and vigorous gastric peristalsis with vomitus. Palpation of an olive
      shaped firm muscular tumor is pathognomonic of this condition. The radiographic
      signs of HPS are well known. Previously published criteria for the sonographic
      diagnosis of HPS are discussed, these include: measurements of pyloric length,
      diameter and muscle thickness. The thickened muscle is the most discriminated and
      accurate one. It was concluded that real-time ultrasound is a simple, and
      reliable method for the diagnosis of HPS and should be the initial imaging
      procedure.

PMID- 2274006
TI  - [A comparative study of skinfold thickness and bioelectric impedance analysis in
      the evaluation of body composition of children and adolescents].
AB  - A comparative study as carried out between skin-fold thickness tests and
      bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) to assess the validity of the latter as a
      method for evaluating body composition in childhood and youth. The percentage
      values of total body fat obtained using both methods in 117 boys and girls aged
      between 8 and 14 appear to be significantly correlated (p less than 0.01) in both
      sexes (males: r = 0.891; females: r = 0.830) and in each group of subjects
      subdivided according to stage of puberal development (8-11 years: r = 0.905; 12
      14 years: r = 0.864) or the degree of physical activity performed (active: r =
      0.880; sedentary: r = 0.915). The results of the study confirm that BIA
      represents a valid and reliable method to analyse body composition even during
      circumpuberal development in phase opposition. Moreover, BIA provides an estimate
      of total body fat which is independent of the differences in distribution between
      surface and deep deposits.

PMID- 2274007
TI  - [The pediatrician and anorexia nervosa. Biological aspects].
AB  - Describing a case of anorexia nervosa the Authors review the clinical
      manifestations and organic alterations of this disease. The Authors point out the
      signs and symptoms which will usually suggest a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.
      The course of the disease is monitored by the metabolic and hormonal analyses and
      the accompanying psychological features are underlined. The Authors present their
      therapeutic approach and emphasize the role of psychiatric treatment.

PMID- 2274008
TI  - [Dilated cardiomyopathy in childhood. Description of a surgical case].
AB  - The Authors report their experience with a case of idiopathic dilated
      cardiomyopathy in a 13 years old girl with quick evolving heart failure, not
      responsive to pharmacologic therapy, heart transplanted. The prognostic
      evaluation was related to choice of therapy. Histologic examination shows, with
      the known change, the presence of rich fat infiltration in subepicardic
      myocardium. It is also possible explain this change as a not specific answer to
      different pathogenic agents.

PMID- 2274009
TI  - [Morphological changes in prolactinoma induced by bromocriptine treatment].
AB  - The structural modifications to PRL-secreting pituitary adenomas induced by
      medical treatment with bromocryptine are described. Whereas the consistency of
      the tumour diminishes after a shgort period of treatment, making surgical removal
      easier, it increases after a long period (years) owing to interstitial fibrosis
      phenomena that impede surgical removal.

PMID- 2274010
TI  - [Medical treatment of Cushing syndrome].
AB  - Cushing's syndrome is a serious endocrine condition for which no treatment has
      been proven fully satisfactory at least for its pituitary dependent form
      (Cushing's disease). Indeed, despite some advances in pharmacology
      (cyproheptadine, bromocriptine, lisuride) and in surgical and radiation
      procedures at pituitary level, a definitive cure is often delayed. The inhibitors
      of steroids synthesis (ketoconazole, aminoglutethimide, metyrapone, mitotane) are
      still very valuable tools in its management as a palliative treatment.

PMID- 2274011
TI  - [Treatment of acromegaly with octreotide, a synthetic analog of somatostatin with
      extended action].
AB  - Octreotide, an analog of somatostatin, is a valid tool for the cure of
      acromegalic disease. This compound has a prolonged half-life and is more
      selective than native somatostatin in suppressing growth hormone (GH) secretion.
      Octreotide, 100 micrograms tid sc, decreases GH levels and improves clinical
      symptoms in about 85% of acromegalic patients, lowering GH to below 5 ng/ml in
      45% and to below 2 ng/ml in 17-21%. Octreotide normalizes somatomedin-C (IGF-I)
      levels in 36-50% of patients. The increase of dosage up to 1500 micrograms/day
      does not appear useful in poor responsive patients. No adverse effects on other
      endocrine functions submitted to hypothalamus-pituitary control have been
      observed. A slight shrinkage of the pituitary tumor is observed in 30-50% of
      cases. Octreotide therapy is well tolerated and side effects are usually mild.
      However the possibility of colelithiasis, liver damage and diabetes mellitus in
      patients with glucose intolerance must be taken into account. In conclusion
      octreotide is a useful complement to therapeutic means now used for the treatment
      of acromegaly.

PMID- 2274012
TI  - [Medical treatment of prolactin-secreting hypophyseal adenoma].
AB  - The dopaminergic drugs have a pivotal role in the treatment of prolactin
      secreting pituitary tumors. The Authors examine the available drugs and delineate
      the guidelines for the medical therapy of this neoplasia.

PMID- 2274013
TI  - [Analgesic effect of Sandostatin (SMS 201-995) in acromegaly headache].
AB  - Somatostatin analogue (Sandostatin; SMS 201-995) is utilized as a therapy in
      acromegaly because of its efficiency in inhibiting GH secretion; it induces some
      clinical improvements, such as headache remission in acromegalic patient, which
      seem to be unrelated to Gh normalization. We have examined 8 acromegalic
      patients, suffering from headache, after injection of saline solution and
      subsequently of SMS 201-995 (100 y), in order to study the mechanism of analgesic
      effect induced by Sandostatin administration. Headache, by autovaluation test,
      heart rate frequency, PAO, sistolic and diastolic blood velocity in medial
      cerebral artery, by utilizing Transcranial Doppler Sonography (SDSV), have been
      measured before and after saline and after SMS 201-995. GH and beta-endorphin
      have been also assayed in plasma samples. All patients have shown a rapid and
      complete improvement in headache after Sandostatin administration. At the same
      time we have observed an increase in SDSV and a parallel slight increase in PAO
      values, more evident in the diastolic phase. Plasma beta-endorphin assay has
      shown rather conflicting results after SMS 201-995 administration. Our results
      confirm an important and rapid analgesis effect of Sandostatin on acromegaly
      headache unrelated to GH normalization. The cerebral emodinamic changes suggest
      their involvement in Sandostatin induced analgesia.

PMID- 2274014
TI  - [Treatment of hypopituitarism].
AB  - The hipopituitarim's treatment is in want to use the hormonal replacement with
      corticosteroid and l-tiroxine in all patients. The exogenous gonadotropin or
      sexual hormones are administrated in both sexes in different way for different
      ages. The pituitary dwarfism secondary to GH deficiency is now cured with the
      syntetic GH use. The DDAVP is the drug of choice in the therapy of diabetes
      insipidus.

PMID- 2274015
TI  - [Treatment of hypophyseal nanism].
AB  - Early diagnosis of total or partial GH (GHD) deficiency permits immediate
      treatment with biosynthetic GH and the achievement of a final stature close to
      the target one. However we frequently observe a progressive reduction in rate of
      growth ("vaning") during this therapy which delays attainment of adult stature
      compared to normal subjects. Subacute administration of GH on alternating days
      results in fair comparability of GH and Sm-C levels with physiological levels and
      it is therefore preferable to the i.m. route. Treatment should be interrupted
      when the growth rate is L2 cm/year or upon attainment of puberal stage P4
      (female)-P5 (male). Rare side effects are the appearance of hypothyroidism, anti
      GH antibodies (treatment with Met-Gh) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (extractive
      GH).

PMID- 2274016
TI  - [Treatment of male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism].
AB  - Males affected by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be treated with androgen
      replacement therapy, if they do not wish fertility. In order to limit or avoid
      androgen toxicity on the liver, it is possible to use testosterone undecanoate
      (which is absorbed in the gut by lymphatic system) at the dose of 160-240 mg/die
      or testosterone esters administered intramuscolarly at the dose of 250 mg/month.
      Estradiol and DHT derived from testosterone catabolism can be in excess therefore
      they can be provoke toxic phenomena, even if slight, such as gynecomastia or
      prostatic diseases. If patients wish fertility, they must be treated with
      gonadotropins or pulsatile LHRH. Therapeutic effects are very different depending
      on the different origin of the hypogonadism. In postpubertal onset
      hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the response is constant and rapid; sperm count
      normalization can be reached within 6 months with the only hCG. Prepubertal onset
      hypogonadotropic hypogonadal men need hu-FSH too and longer treatment (18-24
      months); sperm count normalization can be reached in less than half case.
      Nevertheless fertility can be reached even in oligozoospermic stage. Negative
      prognostic factors are: pan-hypopituitarism, cryptorchidism, how old are the
      patients at the beginning of the treatment and small testis volume. It is not yet
      clear if pulsatile LHRH therapy is profitable in terms of therapeutic results.

PMID- 2274017
TI  - [Pharmacologic treatment of constitutional short stature].
AB  - The term constitutional short stature is used to describe clinical situations
      characterized by low stature, assessed using special growth nomograms, but which
      are not due to specific endocrine alterations, nor to genetic causes or skeletal
      dysmorphisms, nor secondary to specific organ pathologies or chronic diseases. On
      the basis of this definition, our paper also includes the so-called normal
      variants of short stature (familial short stature and constitutional delay of
      growth) and intrauterine growth retardation. The endocrine and auxological
      features of constitutional short stature are described in the literature and
      provide an adequate basis for the use of therapies which include, in addition to
      growth hormone, substances capable of stimulating the endogenous secretion of the
      hormone (L-dopa, bromocriptine, clonidine, GHRH, pyridostigmine), or anabolic
      hormones. Biosynthetic growth hormone therapy is without doubt the most widely
      used, both on account of the extensive clinical experience and due to the easy
      availability of the drug made possible by the use of the biosynthetic molecule.
      Many subjects affected by constitutional short stature show a good response to
      hGH therapy, whereas others do not benefit by this treatment. New therapies using
      GHRH and neurodrugs, which are certainly easier to handle and less expensive,
      represent a new approach to the therapy of constitutional short stature but this
      condition still requires further investigation.

PMID- 2274018
TI  - [Pulsatile treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)].
AB  - The different ways of administration condition the frequency of the pulsatile
      GnRH, because of the different rate of depot. High frequencies (60-90/min) can be
      reached only with the intravenous route which is suitable for ovulation
      induction: ovulation is reached in 73-92% of women affected by hypothalamic
      amenorrhoea and in 41-51% of women affected by polycystic ovarian syndrome
      (previously suppressed with buserelin); overstimulation risk is lesser than
      during therapy with gonadotropins. Subcutaneous route is suitable for puberty
      induction which needs long-term treatment (18-24 months); the results are
      generally good, except in hypopituitaric patients. Intranasally route needs
      frequencies greater than 150-180 min: low frequencies administration (3
      times/day) is sufficient to treat cryptorchidism and to reach good results (30
      70%); moreover intranasally route can be useful to maintain the results reached
      with long term therapy with LHRH or gonadotropins.

PMID- 2274019
TI  - [Prolactinoma and pregnancy].
AB  - The problem of pregnancy in women affected by prolactinosecreting adenoma has
      been evaluated and tackled in a variety of different ways over the course of the
      past twenty years. The early years were marked by an alarmist attitude which saw
      pregnancy as a considerable risk due to the expansion of the hypophyseal tumour,
      and women were advised against pregnancy or even to abort. Later, this was
      superceded by cautious observation and close monitoring. Recently, and above all
      with reference to microadenomas, there is a growing belief that pregnancy does
      not represent a real risk but can even lead to the definitive remission of
      hyperprolactinemia in a certain percentage of women.

PMID- 2274020
TI  - [Treatment of male idiopathic sterility with gonadotropin].
AB  - The present paper reports our personal data on gonadotropin therapy in patients
      with idiopathic secretory oligozoospermia due to a low biological activity of LH.
      In recent years the use of more specific diagnostic procedures, particularly the
      biological assay of gonadotropins, and a better knowledge of the biological and
      pharmacological properties of hormones, increased the indications of hormonal
      treatment in male infertility, not only through the synthesis of new active
      compounds but mainly broading the field of application of gonadotropins.

PMID- 2274021
TI  - [Treatment of diabetes insipidus].
AB  - Although water alone taken in sufficient amount should correct any metabolic
      abnormality, a proper therapy is available to reduce the symptoms of the diabetes
      insipidus. In patients with reduced circulating levels of vasopressin,
      chlorpropamide, clofibrate, idroclorotiazide etc., enhance the effect of
      vasopressin on the renal tubule or induce a release of vasopressin, thus reducing
      the diuresis. On the contrary patients with complete diabetes insipidus require
      replacement therapy. Different forms of extractive vasopressin unfortunately are
      available: "aqueous vasopressin", "tannate vasopressin" in a suspension of peanut
      oil etc., are provided of many side-effects because of the impurities in their
      preparation. DDAVP is a synthetic analogous of natural vasopressin more specific
      for antidiuresis and with a long-activity. This compound available in a buffered
      aqueous solution is administrated by blowing into the nose. In our experience, 23
      patients with different forms of central diabetes insipidus have successfully
      treated with 2-3 daily administrations of this drug without any side effect. The
      recent demonstration that DDAVP given orally exerts an antidiuretic activity in
      patients with diabetes insipidus is of therapeutic interest. It is conceivable
      that DDAVP in a properly formulated tablet will become a therapeutic option for
      the future treatment of patients with central diabetes insipidus.

PMID- 2274022
TI  - The accuracy of scales used to weigh patients.

PMID- 2274023
TI  - Molecular basis for determining the sensitivity of eucaryotes to the antimitotic
      drug rhizoxin.
AB  - Rhizoxin, an antibiotic, exhibits potent anti-mitotic activity against most
      eucaryotic cells including those of higher vertebrates, plants and fungi by
      binding to beta-tubulin. The benA gene of three independently isolated rhizoxin
      resistant (Rhir) mutants of Aspergillus nidulans was cloned, sequenced and
      compared with that of the wild-type, rhizoxin-sensitive (Rhis) strain. In all
      three Rhir mutants, the AAC codon for Asn-100 of the benA beta-tubulin gene was
      altered to ATC, coding for Ile. Sequence displacement experiments confirmed that
      the substitution of Ile for Asn-100 confers resistance to rhizoxin in this
      organism. The amino acid sequences of beta-tubulin surrounding the 100th amino
      acid residue from the N-terminus including Asn-100 are highly conserved with a
      few exceptions. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the budding yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae are naturally occurring Rhir organisms whose beta
      tubulin genes encode Ile and Val respectively at the 100th amino acid residue.
      The Ile-100 of S. pombe and the Val-100 of S. cerevisiae were altered to Asn
      using site-directed mutagenesis and gene displacement techniques. The resultant
      haploid strains of these two yeasts uniquely expressing beta-tubulin (Asn-100)
      instead of beta-tubulin (Ile-100 or Val-100) were found to be Rhis. Haploid yeast
      expressing beta-tubulin (Asn-100) is normal except for its sensitivity to
      rhizoxin. These results suggest that rhizoxin resistance has a common basis in
      both naturally occurring species and experimentally selected mutants in the
      substitution of Ile or Val for Asn-100 in beta-tubulin.

PMID- 2274024
TI  - Functional analysis of ARGRI and ARGRIII regulatory proteins involved in the
      regulation of arginine metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - We present here a functional analysis of ARGRI and ARGRIII regulatory proteins
      which are involved together with ARGRII in specific regulation of arginine
      anabolic and catabolic pathways. Unlike ARGRII, ARGRI and ARGRIII have no
      transcriptional activation capacity. The first 60 amino acids of ARGRI (out of
      177) are dispensable for its activity. The functional domain of the protein is
      located in the region of homology with MCM1 and SRF proteins. ARGRIII contains in
      its C-terminal portion a stretch of 17 aspartate residues which are indispensable
      for arginine regulation. Gene disruption of the ARGRIII gene impairs the growth
      of the mutant on rich medium, showing that ARGRIII has a pleiotropic role in the
      cell.

PMID- 2274025
TI  - Several nuclear genes control both male sterility and mitochondrial protein
      synthesis in Nicotiana sylvestris protoclones.
AB  - Male sterile plants appeared in the progeny of three fertile plants obtained
      after one cycle of protoplast culture from a fertile botanical line and two
      androgenetic lines of Nicotiana sylvestris. These plants showed the same foliar
      and floral abnormalities as the cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) mitochondrial
      variants obtained after two cycles of culture. We show that male sterility in
      these plants is controlled by three independent nuclear genes, ms1, ms2 and ms3,
      while no changes can be seen in the mitochondrial genome. However, differences
      were found between the in organello mitochondrial protein synthesis patterns of
      male sterile and parent plants. Two reproducible changes were observed: the
      presence of a new 20 kDa polypeptide and the absence of a 40 kDa one. Such
      variations were described previously in mitochondrial protein synthesis patterns
      of the cms lines. Fertile hybrids of male sterile plants showed normal synthesis
      patterns. The male sterile plants are thus mutated in nuclear genes involved in
      changes observed in mitochondrial protein synthesis patterns.

PMID- 2274026
TI  - Change in the cellular localization of alkaline phosphatase by alteration of its
      carboxy-terminal sequence.
AB  - Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is secreted into the medium when the carboxy-terminal
      25 amino acids are replaced by the 60 amino acid carboxy-terminal signal peptide
      (HlyAs) of Escherichia coli haemolysin (HlyA). Secretion of the AP-HlyAs fusion
      protein is dependent on HlyB and HlyD but independent of SecA and SecY. The
      efficiency of secretion by HlyB/HlyD is decreased when AP carries its own N
      terminal signal peptide. Translocation of this fusion protein into the periplasm
      is not observed even in the absence of HlyB/HlyD. The failure of the Sec export
      machinery to transport the latter protein into the periplasm seems to be due in
      part to the loss of the carboxy-terminal sequence of AP since even AP derivatives
      which do not carry the HlyA signal peptide but lack the 25 C-terminal amino acids
      of AP are localized in the membrane but not translocated into the periplasm.

PMID- 2274027
TI  - Genetic analysis by somatic hybridization of cytokinin overproducing
      developmental mutants of the moss, Physcomitrella patens.
AB  - Cytokinins are important regulators of growth and development in lower and higher
      eukaryotic plants. Genetic analysis by means of somatic hybridization, achieved
      through protoplast fusion, revealed that, of 15 independently isolated
      gametophore and cytokinin over-producing (OVE) mutants in the model system,
      Physcomitrella patens, 14 carry recessive mutations responsible for this abnormal
      phenotype. Seven of these strains have been assigned to three complementation
      groups: OVEA, OVEB and OVEC. A further three strains have been demonstrated not
      to belong to the OVEA group and another mutant does not fall into group OVEB.
      Phenotypic segregation ratios among progeny obtained following self-fertilization
      of a number of different somatic hybrids showed that several OVE mutations behave
      as recessive alleles of single Mendelian genes.

PMID- 2274028
TI  - Construction of full-length cDNA clones of cucumber mosaic virus RNAs 1, 2 and 3:
      generation of infectious RNA transcripts.
AB  - Full-length cDNA copies of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) RNAs 1 and 2 of the Fny
      strain were constructed from partial cDNA clones and were cloned downstream of
      bacteriophage T7 promoters. In one pair of clones, transcription proceeded from
      an unaltered T7 promoter such that in vitro transcripts representing RNAs 1 and 2
      contained an additional 17 nucleotides at their 5' termini. In a second pair of
      clones, the T7 promoter/cDNA junction was altered by oligonucleotide-directed
      mutagenesis such that the in vitro transcripts contained only an additional G
      residue at their 5' ends. In addition, a full-length cDNA copy of Fny-CMV RNA 3
      was constructed from two overlapping cDNA clones and was cloned downstream of an
      altered T7 promoter such that the resultant in vitro transcripts also contained
      only an additional G residue at their 5' ends. In vitro transcripts derived from
      all clones contained an additional C residue at their 3' ends. In vitro
      transcripts representing RNAs 1, 2 and 3 which contained an additional residue at
      each terminus were shown to be infectious together in several hosts of CMV.

PMID- 2274029
TI  - Isolation and genetic characterization of new uvsW alleles of bacteriophage T4.
AB  - The uvsW gene of bacteriophage T4 is required for wild-type levels of
      recombination, for normal survival and mutagenesis after UV irradiation, and for
      wild-type resistance to hydroxyurea. Additionally, uvsW mutations restore the
      arrested DNA synthesis caused by mutations in any of several genes that block
      secondary initiation (recombination-primed replication, the major mode of
      initiation at late times), but only partially restore the reduced burst size. A
      uvsW deletion mutation was constructed to establish the null-allele phenotype,
      which is similar but not identical to the phenotype of the canonical uvsW
      mutation, and to demonstrate convincingly that the uvsW gene is nonessential
      (although uvsW mutations severely compromise phage production). In an attempt to
      uncouple the diverse effects of uvsW mutations, temperature-sensitive uvsWts
      mutants were isolated. Recombination and replication effects were partially
      uncoupled in these mutants, suggesting distinct and separable roles for uvsW in
      the two processes. Furthermore, the restoration of DNA synthesis but not
      recombination in the double mutants uvsW uvsX and uvsW uvsY prompts the
      hypothesis that the restored DNA synthesis is not recombinationally initiated.

PMID- 2274030
TI  - Structure of the beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene of Bacillus macerans: homologies to
      other beta-glucanases.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of an 852 base pair (bp) DNA fragment containing the
      entire gene coding for thermostable beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase of Bacillus macerans
      has been determined. The bglM gene comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of 711
      bp (237 codons) starting with ATG at position 93 and extending to the
      translational stop codon TAA at position 804. The deduced amino acid sequence of
      the mature protein shows 70% homology to published sequences of mesophilic beta
      1,3-1,4-glucanases from B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens. The sequence coding
      for mature beta-glucanase is preceded by a putative signal peptide of 25 amino
      acid residues, and a sequence resembling a ribosome-binding site (GGAGG) before
      the initiation codon. By contrast with the processed protein, the N-terminal
      amino acid sequence constituting the putative leader peptide bears no or only
      weak homology to signal peptides of mesophilic Bacillus endo-beta-glucanases. The
      B. macerans signal peptide appears to be functional in exporting the enzyme to
      the periplasm in E. coli. More than 50% of the whole glucanase activity was
      localized in the periplasmic space and in the supernatant. Whereas homology to
      endo-1,4-beta-glucanases is completely lacking, a weak amino acid homology
      between the sequence surrounding the active site of phage T4 lysozyme and a
      sequence spanning residues 126 through 161 of B. macerans endo-beta-glucanase
      could be identified.

PMID- 2274031
TI  - Genetic analysis of amdS transformants of Aspergillus niger and their use in
      chromosome mapping.
AB  - The Aspergillus nidulans gene coding for acetamidase (amdS) was introduced into
      A. niger by transformation. Twelve Amd+ transformants were analysed genetically.
      The amdS inserts were located in seven different linkage groups. In each
      transformant the plasmid was integrated in only a single chromosome. Our (non
      transformed) A. niger strains do not grow on acetamide and are more resistant to
      fluoroacetamide than the transformants. Diploids hemizygous for the amdS insert
      have the Amd+ phenotype. We exploited the opportunity for two-way selection in A.
      niger: transformants can be isolated based on the Amd+ phenotype, whereas counter
      selection can be performed using resistance to fluoroacetamide. On this basis we
      studied the phenotypic stability of the heterologous amdS gene in A. niger
      transformants as well as in diploids. Furthermore, we mapped the plasmid insert
      of transformant AT1 to the right arm of chromosome VI between pabA1 and cnxA1,
      providing evidence for a single transformational insert. The results also show
      that the amdS transformants of A. niger can be used to localize non-selectable
      recessive markers and that the method meets the prerequisites for efficient
      mitotic mapping. We suggest the use of amdS transformants for mitotic gene
      mapping in other fungi.

PMID- 2274032
TI  - Unequal crossing-over and gene conversion at the amplified CUP1 locus of yeast.
AB  - Meiotic recombination was analyzed between two twelve-copy arrays of a gene
      amplification at the CUP1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Utilizing Southern
      analysis to identify spores with non-parental repeat arrays, we find that
      approximately 11% of a sample with 202 unselected tetrads possess at least one
      nonparental spore array. Both reciprocal and non-reciprocal changes are observed.
      The data suggest a model in which frequent mispairing among identical copies of
      the 2.0 kb repeat unit leads to the formation of unpaired loops containing
      integral numbers of repeat units. In this model, conversions involving the loops
      lead to non-reciprocal changes in arrays: about half are associated with
      reciprocal exchange, and net increases in repeat unit numbers occur about as
      frequently as net decreases. Thus, the known properties of gene conversion can
      account for all the segregations we observe.

PMID- 2274033
TI  - Alcohol dehydrogenase III in Aspergillus nidulans is anaerobically induced and
      post-transcriptionally regulated.
AB  - An alcohol dehydrogenase was shown to be induced in Aspergillus nidulans by
      periods of anaerobic stress. This alcohol dehydrogenase was shown to correspond
      to the previously described cryptic enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase III (McKnight
      et al. 1985), by analysis of a mutation in the structural gene of alcohol
      dehydrogenase III, alcC, created by gene disruption. Survival tests on agar
      plates showed that this enzyme is required for long-term survival under anaerobic
      conditions. Northern blot analysis and gene fusion studies showed that the
      expression of the alcC gene is regulated at both the transcriptional and
      translational levels. Thus there are mechanisms in this filamentous fungus
      allowing survival under anaerobic stress that are similar to those described in
      higher plants.

PMID- 2274034
TI  - Mutational and functional analysis of the korA and korB gene products of
      Streptomyces plasmid pIJ101.
AB  - The korA and korB loci of Streptomyces lividans plasmid pIJ101 have previously
      been shown to control expression of the pIJ101 tra (formerly kilA) and kilB genes
      at the transcriptional level. We show here that mutations in translational open
      reading frames (ORFs) that map within the kor loci abolish repression of the S.
      lividans lac gene directed by the tra and kilB promoters. Introduction of the
      korA and korB ORFs into Escherichia coli maxicells under control of an E. coli
      promoter gave rise to 31 kDa and 10 kDa proteins that correspond in size to the
      products expected from the sequences of the respective ORFs; these proteins
      controlled transcription from the pIJ101 tra and kilB promoters in the E. coli
      host. Mutations that affected the KorA or KorB phenotype altered the structure
      of, or eliminated, the protein products of the korA and korB ORFs, further
      demonstrating that these ORFs encode the functional repressors of the pIJ101
      kil/kor gene system.

PMID- 2274035
TI  - Translational coupling in the pyrF operon of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The pyrF gene, encoding the sixth enzyme of pyrimidine biosynthesis in Salmonella
      typhirmurium, appears to be the first gene of an operon. The second gene, orfF,
      encodes a 11.5 kDa polypeptide of unknown function. To study the regulation of
      orfF expression directly, transcriptional and translational fusions of orfF to
      galK and lacZ, respectively, were constructed and the level of expression of the
      reporter genes was determined under different growth conditions. The results
      obtained show that the synthesis of OrfF and orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase
      is coordinately controlled by pyrimidines, and that this control occurs at the
      level of transcription. The orfF translational start codon overlaps the pyrF
      translational stop codon, suggesting that the two genes are translationally
      coupled. This was investigated by studying how frameshift mutations, which cause
      premature termination of pyrF translation at different points, affect orfF
      expression. All mutations reduced orfF expression markedly without interfering
      with transcription of the gene. Thus, expression of pyrF and orfF are
      translationally coupled. Inspection of the nucleotide sequence of the pyrF/orfF
      junction region suggests that formation of secondary structures on the naked mRNA
      may explain the low level of orfF expression in the absence of translation of the
      pyrF terminal region.

PMID- 2274036
TI  - Bean pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins deduced from elicitor-induced transcripts
      are members of a ubiquitous new class of conserved PR proteins including pollen
      allergens.
AB  - We have searched for induced transcripts in a cDNA library derived from bean cell
      supension cultures treated with an elicitor from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.
      Six independently isolated cDNAs corresponding to rapidly induced small mRNAs
      have been classified by their DNA sequence and slightly different induction
      behaviour into two groups. 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions exhibit little
      similarity, but the deduced small acidic proteins designated PvPR1 and PvPR2 are
      89% identical. No relationship was found with the well-characterized PR1 proteins
      from tobacco. However, the PvPR proteins are closely related to pI49 in pea (64%
      identity), pSTH2 in potato (41% identity) and PcPR1-1 in parsley (39% identity),
      which are also induced in response to elicitor or microbial attack. Moreover, a
      major pollen allergen in birch (BetvI) has a 44% identity with PvPR1 proteins.
      These similarities establish a ubiquitous class of conserved defense-related
      proteins and suggest a common yet still unknown function. Southern blot analysis
      indicates that PvPR protein gene organization is highly complex with an estimated
      copy number of more than 12 genes.

PMID- 2274037
TI  - DNA sequence analysis of the recA genes from Proteus vulgaris, Erwinia
      carotovora, Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli B/r.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequences of the recA genes from Escherichia coli B/r,
      Shigella flexneri, Erwinia carotovora and Proteus vulgaris were determined. The
      DNA sequence of the coding region of the E. coli B/r gene contained a single
      nucleotide change compared with the E. coli K12 gene sequence whereas the S.
      flexneri gene differed at 7 residues. In both cases, the predicted proteins were
      identical in primary structure to the E. coli K12 RecA protein. The DNA sequences
      of the recA genes from E. carotovora and P. vulgaris were 80% and 74% homologous,
      respectively, to the E. coli K12 gene. The predicted amino acid sequences of the
      E. carotovora and P. vulgaris RecA proteins were 91% and 85% identical
      respectively, to that of E. coli K12. The RecA proteins from both P. vulgaris and
      E. carotovora diverged significantly in sequence in the last 50 residues whereas
      they showed striking conservation throughout the first 300 amino acids which
      include an ATP-binding region and a subunit interaction domain. A putative LexA
      repressor binding site was localized upstream of each of the heterologous genes.

PMID- 2274038
TI  - The Ricinus communis 2S albumin precursor: a single preproprotein may be
      processed into two different heterodimeric storage proteins.
AB  - The Ricinus communis (castor bean) 2S albumin is a heterodimer of glutamine-rich,
      disulphide-linked 4 and 7 kDa polypeptide. A cDNA library was constructed using
      mRNA from maturing castor bean endosperm as template. Clones containing sequences
      complementary to albumin mRNA were isolated by hybridization using as a probe a
      mixture of synthetic oligonucleotides representing sequences predicted for a
      peptide present in the 2S albumin large subunit. The nucleotide sequence
      contained an open reading frame encoding a preproprotein of 258 amino acid
      residues. The preproprotein included both polypeptides of the previously
      sequenced 2S albumin. In addition, this precursor included two further glutamine
      rich sequences which, in term of their size and conserved cystein residues
      typically found in seed proteins of the 2S albumin superfamily, possible
      represent the small and large polypeptide subunits of a second heterodimeric
      storage protein. A post-translational processing scheme is proposed which would
      result in a single preproprotein generating two distinct heterodimeric 2S
      albumins. The generation of a second heterodimer seems likely since polypeptide
      candidates for its small and large subunits were found in the Ricinus 2S albumin
      fraction, and N-terminal protein sequencing confirmed the existence of the
      putative small subunit.

PMID- 2274039
TI  - Ethanol-resistant mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia are deficient in the
      expression of pollen and seed alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
AB  - Six independent mutant lines of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia resistant to ethanol,
      designated E3, E8, E101, E112, E144 and E251, were isolated as germinating
      seedlings on selective medium. In all cases, resistance to ethanol was conferred
      by a single recessive nuclear mutation at the same locus. Mutant seeds and pollen
      lacked detectable ADH activity, with the exception of E251 where a residual
      activity was detected. An antiserum directed against Arabidopsis thaliana ADH
      detected an ADH-related polypeptide of 44 kDa present in wild-type seeds and, to
      a lesser extent, in the seeds of the leaky mutant E251. No ADH-related
      polypeptide could be detected in seeds of the other mutants. However, all of them
      had a nearly normal level of ADH mRNA except one which did not synthesize any
      mRNA. These results suggest that these ethanol-resistant mutants are impaired in
      one of the structural genes coding for alcohol dehydrogenase. The corresponding
      locus has been designated Adh1.

PMID- 2274040
TI  - Sequence, organization and expression of the core histone genes of Aspergillus
      nidulans.
AB  - The core histone gene family of Aspergillus nidulans was characterized. The H2A,
      H2B and H3 genes are unique in the A. nidulans genome. In contrast there are two
      H4 genes, H4.1 and H4.2. As previously reported for the H2A gene (May and Morris
      1987) introns also interrupt the other core histone genes. The H2B gene, like the
      H2A gene, is interrupted by three introns, the H3 and H4.1 gene are each
      interrupted by two introns and the H4.2 gene contains one intron. The position of
      the single intron in H4.2 is the same as that the first intron of the H4.1 gene.
      The H2A and H2B genes are arranged as a gene pair separated by approximately 600
      bp and are divergently transcribed. The H3 and H4.1 genes are similarly arranged
      and are separated by approximately 800 bp. The H4.2 gene is not closely linked to
      either the H2A-H2B or H3-H4.1 gene pairs. Using pulse field gel electrophoresis
      an electrophoretic karyotype was established for A. nidulans. This karyotype was
      used to assign the H3-H4.1 gene pair and the H4.2 gene to linkage group VIII and
      the H2A-H2B gene pair to either linkage group III or VI. The abundance of each of
      the histone messenger RNAs was determined to be cell cycle regulated but the
      abundance of the H4.2 mRNA appears to be regulated differently from the others.

PMID- 2274041
TI  - Structure of the Rubisco operon from the unicellular red alga Cyanidium
      caldarium: evidence for a polyphyletic origin of the plastids.
AB  - The genes for both subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase
      (Rubisco) were located on the plastid DNA (ptDNA) of the unicellular red alga
      Cyanidium caldarium. Both genes are organized together in an operon. The sequence
      homology of both genes to the corresponding genes from the unicellular red alga
      Porphyridium aerugineum is remarkably high, whereas homology to Rubisco genes
      from chloroplasts and two recent cyanobacteria is significantly lower. These data
      provide strong evidence for a polyphyletic origin of chloroplasts and
      rhodoplasts. In addition the genes for the small subunit of Rubisco (rbcS) from
      red algae show about 60% homology to rbcS genes from cryptophytes and
      chromophytes. Thus, homologies in the rbcS gene indicate a close phylogenetic
      relationship between rhodoplasts and the plastids of Chromophyta.

PMID- 2274042
TI  - Construction of plasmid-free derivatives of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 using
      temperature-sensitive mutants of pKZ1 for displacement of the resident plasmid,
      pSLT.
AB  - Replication (or partitioning) temperature-sensitive mutants of pKZ1 were isolated
      and shown to exhibit incompatibility with the resident plasmid (pSLT) of
      Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Following displacement of pSLT, the mutant plasmids
      were effectively eliminated from the cell population by passage at 42 degrees C,
      yielding plasmid-free isolates.

PMID- 2274043
TI  - The metalloprotease gene of Serratia marcescens strain SM6.
AB  - Utilizing the DNA sequence of the metalloprotease from Serratia strain E-15, we
      isolated and sequenced the homologous gene from Serratia strain SM6. These two
      genes are similar at both the DNA and protein sequence level. Expression of the
      protease gene in Escherichia coli was achieved by use of the lac promoter. This
      resulted in the production and excretion of an immunologically detectable but
      inactive protein of slightly higher molecular weight than that from Serratia. We
      introduced the cloned gene into previously described protease mutants. The
      observed pattern of protease expression suggested that these mutations fall into
      three classes.

PMID- 2274044
TI  - Isolation and characterization of the gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv.
      phaseolicola encoding the phaseolotoxin-insensitive ornithine
      carbamoyltransferase.
AB  - The gene coding for the phaseolotoxin-insensitive ornithine carbamoyltransferase
      (OCTase) from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola has been cloned and
      sequenced. The gene has a deduced coding capacity for a polypeptide with a
      calculated Mr of 36,520 daltons. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the
      OCTase enzymes encoded by the P. aeruginosa argF and the Escherichia coli argI
      and argF genes with the deduced sequence of the newly identified gene shows that
      79 amino acid residues are strictly conserved in all four polypeptides; among
      these 7 out of 9 residues are involved in enzyme function. Of three amino acid
      regions that have been implicated in substrate binding or catalysis, two are
      strictly conserved, and the third involved in carbamoylphosphate binding differs.
      This correlates well with published data showing that phaseolotoxin competes for
      the carbamoylphosphate binding site in the phaseolotoxin-sensitive OCTases. We
      propose that the gene be named argK.

PMID- 2274045
TI  - Dissociation of meiotic and mitotic roles of the fission yeast cdc2 gene.
AB  - The fission yeast cdc2 gene is pleiotropic, functioning both in the cell division
      cycle and in meiosis. Here we show that cdc2 is allelic to tws1, a previously
      isolated meiotic gene. Dissociation of meiotic and mitotic roles of the gene is
      also demonstrated by finding mutant alleles specifically altered in only one of
      the two processes.

PMID- 2274046
TI  - Effect of two pyrimidine analogs on accumulation of tubulin in NHIK 3025 cells.
AB  - Accumulation of tubulin as compared with the accumulation of total cellular
      protein in human NHIK 3025 cells treated with the sulfone 2-(2-thenyl)sulfonyl-5
      bromopyrimidine (NY 4137) and the sulfoxide 2-(2-thenyl)sulfinyl-5
      bromopyrimidine (NY 4138), two mitotic inhibitors, were investigated by two
      parametric flow cytometry. Following a 4 h treatment with NY 4137 tubulin
      accumulation is inhibited while total protein continues to accumulate. After
      treatment for 4 h with NY 4138 the accumulation of total protein is approximately
      constant, while the accumulation of tubulin is reduced although not to the same
      degree as that found for NY 4137-treated cells. In addition, the percentage
      tubulin SH-groups (6.89 +/- 0.14) remaining after treatment of purified rat brain
      tubulin with NY 4137 or NY 4138 was determined. Treatment with 0.0125 mM NY 4137
      reduced the number of tubulin SH-groups detectable with dithiobis benzoate or
      from 6.89 +/- 0.14 before treatment to about 4 after treatment. However,
      practically all SH-groups of tubulin remain detectable following treatment with
      the same concentration of NY 4138. From the results described in this report we
      infer that NY 4137 binds to tubulin SH-groups and that inhibition of tubulin
      accumulation follows as a secondary effect.

PMID- 2274047
TI  - Embryonic and post-natal changes in activity and molecular forms of mucosal cell
      butyrylcholinesterase in chicken intestine.
AB  - The mucosal cells of the chicken intestine contain a cholinesterase activity
      essentially due to butyrylcholinesterase. The enzyme is present during embryonic
      and post-hatching development. The activity reaches a maximum value at day 19 in
      ovo and decreases prior to and after hatching up to day 4 ex ovo. Then the
      activity again rises reaching a second maximum at 2-3 weeks. Beyond this stage,
      the activity slowly decreases leveling off to the value determined in adult
      chicken. The enzyme exists as two globular forms (G1 and G4) soluble at low-ionic
      strengths. The G4 form is predominant in ovo up to day 19. From this stage and
      after hatching the G1 form is the main one. This change in the form proportion
      differentiates the mucosal cell butyrylcholinesterase from butyrylcholinesterase
      of other origins such as the chicken plasma enzyme which always shows a
      predominant G4 form.

PMID- 2274048
TI  - Alterations in the integrity of peroxisomal membranes in livers of mice treated
      with peroxisome proliferators.
AB  - Catalase leakage from its particulate compartment within the light mitochondrial
      fraction of liver was used as an index of the integrity of peroxisomes in
      untreated mice and in mice treated with the peroxisome proliferators
      clofibrate(ethyl-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate), Wy-14,643(4-chloro-6[2,3-xylidino)
      2-pyrimidinylthio]acetic acid) and DEHP(di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate). Catalase
      leakage represented about 2% of the total catalase activity when fractions from
      untreated mice were incubated at 4 degrees C, increasing to about 5% during 60
      min incubation at 37 degrees C. In fractions from livers of mice treated with
      peroxisome proliferators, catalase leakage was significantly higher, being 7-11%
      at 4 degrees C and increasing to approximately 20% after 60 min incubation at 37
      degrees C. The pattern of release was similar for all proliferators. Parallel
      data were obtained for catalase latency in these fractions, i.e. following 60 min
      incubation at 37 degrees C, free (non-latent) catalase activity was 18% in
      control mice and 65, 67, and 83% in fractions from clofibrate-, Wy-14,643- and
      DEHP-treated mice, respectively. Differences in catalase leakage from peroxisomes
      in fractions from untreated mice and clofibrate-treated mice were also apparent
      following treatments designed to effect membrane permeabilization, as in freeze
      thawing, osmotic rupture, and extraction with Triton X-100 and
      lysophosphatidylcholine. These data are consistent with a significant alteration
      in the integrity of the membranes of peroxisomes in livers of mice which have
      been treated with peroxisome proliferators, and furthermore indicate a
      commonality of effect of these agents.

PMID- 2274049
TI  - Regulation of glycolipid synthesis during differentiation of clonal murine muscle
      cells.
AB  - The two clonal murine muscle cell lines G7 and G8, originally derived from the
      M114 line, represent unique models for comparative studies of myogenesis.
      Glycolipid synthesis was examined during differentiation using [3H]-galactose and
      [3H]-glucosamine as precursors. Upon G7 contact glucosylceramide labeling
      increased and nLcOse5Cer labeling stopped. During membrane fusion,
      glucosylceramide labeling stopped and lactosylceramide became the major synthetic
      product. G8 cells presented a different pattern, with increased labeling of
      GbOse3Cer during myogenesis. The major ganglioside synthesized by both myoblasts
      was GM3, and more complex structures were observed following completion of
      myotube formation. Total glycopeptide labeling increased when G8 myoblasts fused
      and remained elevated in myotubes, whereas no differences during fusion of G7
      cells were noted. Upon comparison of the two clonal lines, the only consistent
      observation was a significant increase in the synthesis of total gangliosides and
      neutral glycolipid during cell contact and membrane fusion (p less than 0.02).
      The results suggest that changes in the synthesis of specific glycolipid
      structures during myogenesis are unique to each muscle cell line examined.
      However, transient increases in synthesis of total myoblast gangliosides and
      neutral glycolipids may be a more general phenomenon, possibly by curbing
      proliferation or by altering myoblast membrane fluidity characteristics during
      differentiation.

PMID- 2274051
TI  - Effect of 5'-flanking sequence deletions on expression of the human insulin gene
      in transgenic mice.
AB  - Expression of the human insulin gene was examined in transgenic mouse lines
      carrying the gene with various lengths of DNA sequences 5' to the transcription
      start site (+1). Expression of the transgene was demonstrated by 1) the presence
      of human C-peptide in urine, 2) the presence of specific transcripts in pancreas,
      but not in other tissues, 3) the specific immunofluorescence staining of
      pancreatic islets for human C-peptide, and 4) the synthesis and accumulation of
      human (pro)insulin in isolated islets. Deletions in the injected DNA fragment of
      sequences upstream from positions -353, -258, and -168 allowed correct initiation
      of the transcripts and cell specificity of expression, while quantitative
      expression gradually decreased. Deletion to -58 completely abolished the
      expression of the gene. The amount of human product that in mice harboring the
      longest fragment contributes up to 50% of the total insulin does not alter the
      normal proportion of mice insulins I and II. These results suggest that
      expression of the human insulin gene in vivo results from the cooperation of
      several cis-regulatory elements present in the various deleted fragments. With
      none of the deletions used, expression of the transgene was observed in cell
      types other than beta-islet cells.

PMID- 2274050
TI  - Exogenous superoxide dismutase and catalase promote recovery of function in
      isolated rat heart after regional ischemia and may be transported from
      capillaries into myocytes.
AB  - The effects of infusing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) into the
      coronary circulation were investigated in isolated, working rat hearts prior to
      and during a 15 minute episode of regional ischemia followed by 30 minutes
      reperfusion. Aortic output, left ventricular pressure and dP/dT were recorded.
      Compared to untreated hearts, SOD and CAT significantly improved function during
      reperfusion, but had no effect during the pre-ischemic or the ischemic period. To
      investigate possible transport of SOD and CAT into rat myocytes, cryotome
      sections of isolated, Langendorff perfused rat hearts were exposed to rabbit
      antibody prepared against the exogenous SOD and CAT. Bound antibody was detected
      by the indirect-fluorescent antibody test. The interior of myocytes from rat
      hearts exposed to SOD and CAT bound antibodies prepared against these enzymes,
      whereas myocytes from rat hearts not exposed to exogenous SOD and CAT only bound
      the CAT antibodies. This indicates the anti-SOD we prepared is specific for
      exogenous SOD, and also suggests exogenous SOD can gain access to the cytoplasm
      of myocytes from the coronary circulation.

PMID- 2274052
TI  - Identification of a high molecular weight steroid response element binding
      protein.
AB  - In this study we report the identification of a Steroid Response Element-Binding
      Protein (SRE-BP) present in whole cell extracts of HeLa cells and GH3 pituitary
      tumor cells which specifically binds to two classes of functionally distinct
      SREs. In gel retardation experiments SRE-BP binds preferably to oligonucleotides
      containing an estrogen response element (ERE) or a symmetrical glucocorticoid
      response element (GRE); it binds less well to a mutant GRE and poorly, if at all,
      to a thyroid response element (TRE). The SRE-BP does not recognize transcription
      factor binding sites present in the promoter of the Herpes Simplex Virus
      thymidine kinase gene. We have shown, using gel filtration chromatography that
      the SRE-BP has a relative molecular weight under nondenaturing conditions of 205
      K (+/- 20 K). The SRE-BP is not a steroid receptor as evidenced by different DNA
      sequence specificity, cell type distribution, and molecular weight. We propose
      that by modulating the interaction of steroid receptors with target SREs, the SRE
      BP plays a role in specificity of steroid hormone action.

PMID- 2274053
TI  - Specific induction of fibronectin gene in rat liver by thyroid hormone.
AB  - The regulation of fibronectin (FN) gene expression by thyroid hormone was
      studied. Rats were rendered hypothyroid by thyroidectomy, and the administration
      of T4 or T3 was used to produce rats in various thyroid states. RNA was extracted
      from fresh liver, kidney, and heart, and FN mRNA was determined by dot blot
      hybridization with a 32P-labeled rat FN cDNA probe. The specificity of the
      hybridization was assessed by Northern blot analysis. In liver, thyroidectomy
      decreased the abundance of FN mRNA by half, and daily administration of
      physiological doses of T4 or T3 for 5-6 days restored FN mRNA to the control
      level. The administration of pharmacological doses of thyroid hormones induced a
      further increase in the abundance of FN mRNA. A significant dose-dependent
      correlation between serum levels of T4 and the abundance of FN mRNA was observed
      in liver. A receptor-saturating dose of T3 (200 micrograms) given to
      thyroidectomized rats produced a significant increase in FN mRNA within 6 h after
      injection, indicating that expression of the FN gene was induced relatively
      rapidly. Moreover, a nuclear run-off assay revealed that thyroid hormone induces
      expression of the FN gene at least in part at a transcriptional level. The amount
      of FN mRNA was also determined in kidney and heart of the same rats. Although the
      abundance of FN mRNA changed by thyroidectomy or the administration of thyroid
      hormone in those organs, the magnitude of changes were slight compared with those
      observed in liver. These results suggested that a marked and dose-dependent
      induction of the FN gene by thyroid hormone occurs specifically in
      liver.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2274054
TI  - Functional characterizations of the androgen receptor confirm that the molecular
      basis of androgen action is transcriptional regulation.
AB  - In an effort to understand the molecular basis of androgen action in the
      prostate, we isolated androgen receptor (AR) cDNA from rat ventral prostate cells
      and analyzed the transcriptional regulatory activity of the encoded protein in a
      cotransfection assay. We found that AR is capable of inducing chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase activity more than 20-fold using the mouse mammary tumor virus
      LTR as a source of androgen response elements. This induction was observed in
      both monkey CV1 cells and human HeLa cells, neither of which contains endogenous
      functional AR, and was entirely dependent on added androgens. Deletion mapping
      studies showed that carboxy-terminal deletions of approximately 250 amino acids
      convert AR into a constitutive activator of transcription. In addition, a
      chimeric receptor protein containing the amino-terminus and DNA-binding domains
      of AR fused to the previously defined ligand domain of the glucocorticoid
      receptor was found to be fully functional based on dexamethasone-induced
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity. Our results support the prediction
      that androgens modulate rates of transcriptional initiation, suggesting that
      posttranscriptional effects of androgens are secondary responses. Moreover, these
      data reveal that, like other steroid receptors, AR contains a number of distinct
      regulatory regions important for normal activity. The isolation and
      characterization of fully functional AR sequences will facilitate the use of
      molecular genetics to study complex androgen responses in target tissues such as
      the prostate.

PMID- 2274055
TI  - Mutational analysis identifies a new functional domain of the thyroid hormone
      receptor.
AB  - We studied the functional significance of a region of the thyroid hormone
      receptor ligand binding domain which is conserved in all members of the erbA
      superfamily. The homologous region of the glucocorticoid receptor has been
      implicated in the binding of heat shock protein 90, and deletions of the
      glucocorticoid receptor that include this region result in constitutive activity.
      Both deletion and point mutations were made in this area of the rat beta 1
      thyroid hormone receptor (amino acids 286-305), and the functional consequences
      of these mutations were analyzed in JEG cells by transient cotransfection along
      with a T3 responsive reporter gene. All mutations studied resulted in significant
      inhibition of ligand-dependent transcriptional regulation without inducing
      significant constitutive activity. For some mutations, the lack of
      transcriptional response correlated with a diminished ability to bind ligand.
      However, point mutations of amino acids 288, 290, and 300 resulted in impaired
      transcriptional regulation despite wild type T3 binding affinity. In addition,
      mutations of these three amino acids failed to impair localization of the
      receptor to the nucleus or binding to DNA in vitro. Cotransfection of plasmids
      expressing the wild type and mutant T3 receptor proteins resulted in inhibition
      of the wild type T3 receptor function. We conclude that this region of the rat
      beta 1 T3 receptor is essential for full transcriptional activity, but this is
      not due to a role in T3 binding, DNA binding, or nuclear localization. We
      postulate that nuclear factors may need to bind to this region for full
      transcriptional activity.

PMID- 2274056
TI  - Thyroid hormone regulates type I deiodinase messenger RNA in rat liver.
AB  - Conversion of the prohormone T4 to the active hormone T3 is catalyzed by 5'
      deiodinases, enzymes that have not been purified. Previous studies have shown
      that modulating thyroid status results in changes in type I deiodinase activity
      in the rat liver. We have quantitated type I deiodinase mRNA in liver by an
      expression assay using Xenopus laevis oocytes. We report here that changes in
      enzyme activity correlate closely with changes in levels of the mRNA for this
      enzyme, indicating that thyroid hormone regulates type I deiodinase at a
      pretranslational step. Using the oocyte system to express size-fractionated mRNA,
      we have also determined that the mRNA coding for this protein is between 1.9-2.4
      kilobases in length. It has been proposed that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)
      is closely related to the rat type I 5'-deiodinase. Our results indicate that
      this is not the case, since injection of in vitro transcribed PDI mRNA into
      oocytes did not result in expression of deiodinase activity, and the deiodinase
      mRNA could be physically separated from the 2.8-kilobase mRNA species hybridizing
      to rat PDI cRNA by size fractionation.

PMID- 2274057
TI  - Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing is modulated by thyroid hormone analogs but not
      growth hormone administration in the rat.
AB  - Recent work has demonstrated that the unique post-transcriptional editing
      reaction which modifies mammalian apolipoprotein (apo) B100 mRNA, producing an in
      frame stop codon in the modified (apo B48) transcript, is modulated in vivo in
      the rat liver by thyroid hormone (T3). We now report the results of studies
      undertaken to examine the effects of two synthetic T3 analogs and GH on apo B
      gene expression together with their effects on hepatic apo A-I, A-IV, C-III, and
      malic enzyme (ME)mRNAs. The T3 analogs were previously shown to exhibit similar
      binding to the hepatic nuclear T3 receptor (50% and 38% of native T3) but
      differing biopotency (18 and less than 3% of native T3). Apo B100 mRNA editing,
      determined by differential hybridization of polymerase chain reaction amplified
      apo B cDNA, demonstrated 50-56% unmodified (apo B100) mRNA in control and
      hypothyroid animals and this proportion was unaltered by GH (61% B100 mRNA),
      despite a reduction in apo B100 synthesis. Both T3 analogs altered apo B mRNA
      editing (12-16% B100 mRNA) and no apo B100 synthesis was detectable in vivo.
      Additionally, both T3 analogs produced a 4- to 10-fold induction in hepatic apo A
      I and A-IV mRNA abundance, similar to the effects of native T3. GH produced no
      alteration in apo A-I or A-IV mRNA abundance and neither T3 analog, GH, or native
      T3 produced a change in apo C III mRNA abundance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2274059
TI  - Signals and signal processing--VI. Receptor expression and release-- regulatory
      role of membrane bound and soluble receptors.

PMID- 2274058
TI  - Generation of a biologically active, secreted form of human thyroid peroxidase by
      site-directed mutagenesis.
AB  - Using site-directed mutagenesis, we introduced two stop codons immediately
      upstream of the putative transmembrane domain in human thyroid peroxidase (hTPO)
      cDNA, truncating the carboxyl terminus of hTPO (933 amino acids) by 85 residues.
      Mutated hTPO cDNA, inserted into a eukaryotic expression vector, was stably
      transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Immunoprecipitation of
      cellular 35S-methionine-labeled proteins with Hashimoto's serum revealed a 105
      101 kilodalton doublet. In contrast, cells transfected with wild-type hTPO
      yielded a 112-105 kilodalton doublet. In pulse-chase experiments, CHO cells
      expressing the truncated hTPO protein secreted immunoprecipitable TPO into the
      culture medium after 4 h of chase, with levels accumulating progressively over a
      24-h period. In contrast, CHO cells expressing wild-type hTPO released no
      immunoprecipitable TPO into the culture medium. The secreted, truncated form of
      hTPO appeared as a single band of lesser electrophoretic mobility, as opposed to
      the doublet expressed within cells. TPO enzymatic activity was present in
      conditioned media from CHO cells transfected with the mutated hTPO, but was
      absent in media from cells expressing wild-type hTPO. The stability of the
      mutated protein appeared similar to that of wild-type hTPO. In summary, we have
      generated a mutated, secreted form of hTPO that is enzymatically active and
      immunologically intact. Our data confirm the existence of a transmembrane domain
      in hTPO, and that hTPO is predominantly an enzyme with an extracellular
      orientation. The secreted form of hTPO has the potential for generating large
      amounts of soluble TPO protein for use in future structural and immunological
      studies.

PMID- 2274060
TI  - Lymphocyte Fc receptors: expression, regulation and function.

PMID- 2274061
TI  - Dynamic measurements of the associations between class I MHC antigens and insulin
      receptors.

PMID- 2274062
TI  - Lack of tumorigenicity of interleukin 4 autocrine growing cells seems related to
      the anti-tumor function of interleukin 4.
AB  - Recently, the failure of interleukin 4 (IL4) autocrine growing CT4S cells to grow
      in vivo has been demonstrated. Because it could not be excluded that the cells
      produce insufficient amounts of IL4 to support their growth in vivo, subclones
      were established which are unresponsive to exogenous IL4 and therefore have
      acquired full growth autonomy. From the fact that the subclones likewise did not
      give rise to tumors when injected into nude mice, one may conclude that the IL4
      production of autocrine growing CT4S prevents their growth in vivo. To test this
      hypothesis, a retroviral vector containing the IL4 gene under the control of the
      immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) enhancer/promoter was constructed and used to
      infect the myeloma cell line J558L. An IL4 producing clone was established (J558L
      XEPIL4) and the tumor progression in comparison to the parental clone J558L was
      monitored in nude mice. The IL4 production significantly delayed the growth of
      J558L-XEPIL4 in vivo. Tumor suppression was much more evident when J558L-XEPIL4
      cells were injected into syngeneic BALB/c mice. These results may explain why
      autocrine growing CT4S do not grow in vivo and suggest the involvement of
      functional T lymphocytes in the effectiveness of the host dependent anti-tumor
      action of IL4.

PMID- 2274063
TI  - Effectors of targeted cellular cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2274064
TI  - Interaction of complement with HIV-1 and Candida albicans: molecular mechanisms
      and biological implications.

PMID- 2274065
TI  - "Bilateral breast lumps". A care plan in theatre using a stress adaptation model.

PMID- 2274066
TI  - The safety of methylmethacrylate bone cement.

PMID- 2274067
TI  - Electrosurgery--Part 4. The hazards of electrosurgery and principles of safe use.

PMID- 2274068
TI  - [Molecular cell biology of the heat stress response. II].
AB  - The coordinate induction of distinct genes by heat stress and a considerable
      number of chemical stressors depend on a common regulatory element in the
      promoter found in front of related genes of all eukaryotic systems. This element
      can be used for the construction of universal heat stress expression cassettes.
      The increasingly broad interest in the heat stress response and the genes
      involved also results from medical aspects, e.g., the potential application of
      hyperthermia in cancer therapy, the intricate connections of stress proteins and
      genes with malignant transformation, and the remarkable role of heat stress
      proteins as dominant antigens of infectious and autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 2274069
TI  - The vegetalizing factor belongs to a family of mesoderm-inducing proteins related
      to erythroid differentiation factor.

PMID- 2274070
TI  - The relative contribution of retinal and cortical mechanisms to simultaneous
      contrast.

PMID- 2274071
TI  - Carolina history. Times change.

PMID- 2274072
TI  - The foundation and heritage of Duke University.

PMID- 2274073
TI  - The halcyon days of youth. Memories of the "old" UNC School of Medicine.

PMID- 2274074
TI  - The fat lady enters stage left. Acute selenium poisoning.

PMID- 2274075
TI  - Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a child crippled.

PMID- 2274076
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis: foot involvement.

PMID- 2274077
TI  - Issues in aging: end of life decisions.

PMID- 2274078
TI  - Hirsutism. Excessive body hair.

PMID- 2274079
TI  - Practice trends among graduates of two family practice residency programs in
      North Carolina.

PMID- 2274080
TI  - Congenital syphilis.

PMID- 2274081
TI  - Inhibition of DNA biosynthesis by vincristine and pentoxifylline in murine P388
      leukemia cells resistant to doxorubicin.
AB  - Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine used clinically in the treatment of
      intermittent claudication. It is an active hemorheological agent used for the
      treatment of defective microcirculation. The use of the anticancer agent
      vincristine is limited by its toxicity to normal body tissues. The data presented
      in the present paper show that it is possible to achieve greater cell-kill by
      using vincristine in combination with pentoxifylline. The effect of
      pentoxifylline alone and in combination with vincristine was studied using
      membrane filtration technique in P388 leukemia (P388) and its subline P388/DOX
      resistant to doxorubicin and cross-resistant to vincristine. Pentoxifylline (100
      mumol/l) had minimal inhibitory effect on DNA biosynthesis in P388 leukemia
      cells. Vincristine, at the concentration employed in this study did not show
      significant inhibition of DNA biosynthesis confirming multidrug resistant nature
      of P388/DOX cells. Pentoxifylline had a dose-sparing effect, wherein it enhanced
      the antiproliferative activity of vincristine at a clinically achievable
      concentration. The studies on reversibility of inhibition of DNA biosynthesis in
      P388/DOX cells pretreated with vincristine and pentoxifylline showed the
      irreversible nature of the effect of combination of vincristine and
      pentoxifylline. This observation warrants the possible use of pentoxifylline as
      an adjuvant in cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2274082
TI  - Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer
      patients. Influence of the treatment on the markers.
AB  - Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) scores and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
      levels were analyzed in 53 patients suffering from breast cancer. All patients
      underwent mastectomy and received adjuvant treatment, and all lived more than 5
      years after diagnosis without metastatic disease. Thirty-three patients received
      adjuvant radiotherapy, and 20 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. The median
      LAP score before radiotherapy was 117 +/- 48; two months after the beginning of
      radiotherapy this value was 175 +/- 71, being significantly higher than the
      original value (p less than 0.001), and one year after the beginning of
      radiotherapy it was 105 +/- 63, which approximated the normal scores. The median
      LAP score before chemotherapy was 138 +/- 69; two months after the beginning of
      chemotherapy it was 194 +/- 63, i.e. significantly higher than before
      chemotherapy (p less than 0.002), and one year after the beginning of
      chemotherapy it was 150 +/- 56. Median CEA levels before radiotherapy were 6.4 +/
      5.1 ng/ml; two months after the beginning of radiotherapy this value was 6.0 +/-
      5.0 ng/ml; and one year later 7.4 +/- 6.2 ng/ml. Median CEA levels before
      chemotherapy were 8.1 +/- 12.0 ng/ml; two months after the beginning of
      chemotherapy 12.6 +/- 13.0 ng/ml (p less than 0.05) in comparison with the values
      before chemotherapy; and one year after the beginning of chemotherapy it was 8.6
      +/- 5.4 ng/ml. We concluded that the LAP scores were influenced by adjuvant radio
      or chemotherapy, and the CEA levels were influenced by chemotherapy.

PMID- 2274083
TI  - Cross resistance studies with L1210 leukemia subline single and double resistant
      to cisplatin and iproplatin (CHIP).
AB  - Resistance to cisplatin (DDP) and/or iproplatin (CHIP) was induced in vitro in
      murine L1210 leukemia cells. Double-resistant sublines with combined resistance
      to both drugs were also developed. Cross resistance investigations with DDP,
      CHIP, oxoplatinum (OXO), carboplatin (CBDCA) and its quadrivalent derivative
      OXOCBDCA were performed in these resistant sublines. Lack of cross resistance
      between DDP and CHIP was found. A higher resistance to CHIP in the double
      resistant sublines was observed. A multistep process in the development of
      resistance to this compound is supposed. The importance of the aminoligand and
      the role of different pharmacokinetics in the cross resistance are discussed.

PMID- 2274084
TI  - Hemoblastoses in mice contaminated with low activities of 239Pu.
AB  - Female ICR mice were injected intravenously with low activities of 239Pu (3.0
      kBq, 6.0 kBq, 12.3 kBq/kg). In these mice with high spontaneous incidence of
      hemoblastoses the occurrence of myeloid leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia,
      lymphosarcoma, reticulum-cell sarcomas and osteosarcoma was studied.
      Hemoblastoses, on the whole, remained in their numbers radiation-independent,
      nevertheless, the distribution into specific types changed, with moderate
      prevalence of myeloid and lymphocytic leukemia and lymphosarcoma. After plutonium
      injection the mean survival time of mice bearing myeloid and lymphocytic
      neoplasias was significantly shorter than the survival of mice that died of
      retothelosarcoma and from other causes. These contamination-dependent differences
      could not be observed in matched controls. As expected, 239Pu activities used in
      this experiment induced osteosarcomas. Whereas in leukemogenesis alpha-radiation
      appeared as a factor promoting and modifying the leukemogenic process, in
      osteosarcoma the alpha-particles acted rather as an initiator, the effect of
      which was dependent on the dose to the endosteal progenitor cells.

PMID- 2274085
TI  - Release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity from human alveolar
      macrophages and its support of human myeloid blast cell proliferation.
AB  - The ability of human alveolar macrophages to support colony formation of
      precursor blast cells of the myeloid lineage was investigated. Myeloid blast
      cells were collected from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML),
      myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and from the livers of fetuses aborted in the
      second trimester of gestation. It was found that the alveolar macrophages (AM)
      produced sufficient amount of colony-stimulating activity which culminated in the
      fourth week of in vitro cultivation. Conditioned media from AM supported the
      growth of multipotential blast cell colonies (GEMM-CFU) in AML and MDS, while in
      fetal hemopoiesis macrophage colonies preponderated. Preincubation with human
      interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) can abrogate the production of the granulocyte
      macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by AM. Media conditioned by AM were
      not able to compensate for cell-to-cell contact in long-term cultures of AML
      blast cells but CSFs released from AM in vivo can contribute to aggravation of
      the disease.

PMID- 2274086
TI  - Identification and expression of human c-Ha-ras and c-sis sequences in NIH3T3
      transformants.
AB  - High-molecular-weight DNAs from 5 bladder carcinomas were used in transfection of
      mouse NIH3T3 cells. The manifestation of heterologous oncogene(s) expression in
      NIH3T3 cells was morphological transformation very often accompanied by changes
      in growth characteristics of recipient cells. In DNA samples from secondary
      NIH3T3 transformants human c-Ha-ras and c-sis sequences were identified. In some
      secondary transformants these sequences were expressed. On the basis of change of
      the growth characteristics of some secondary transformants we could expect the
      integration and expression of another human gene(s) for growth factor or growth
      factor receptor or even activation of mouse genes. We did not manage to identify
      any Alu sequences in some secondary transformants carrying human c-Ha-ras
      sequences. On the other hand, it has not been revealed yet that BamHI DNA
      fragments carrying c-Ha-ras gene contained any Alu sequence. So, the
      identification of Alu sequences does not have to be the first step in
      investigation of DNA samples from NIH3T3 transformants.

PMID- 2274087
TI  - CA 125 in monitoring chemotherapy of patients with ovarian cancer: early response
      to the treatment.
AB  - Using an immunoenzymatic technique, changes in serum levels of CA 125 were
      examined in 63 patients with ovarian carcinoma before treatment as well as
      following the first four courses of chemotherapy. Serum CA 125 level before
      treatment was dependent upon clinical advancement stage (20.0, 393.43 and 688.84
      U/ml at the Stages I + II, III and IV, respectively). Good response to treatment
      was associated with decreased CA 125 levels, while tumor progression was linked
      to increasing levels of the marker. Treatment scheme including cisplatinum
      induced most pronounced decrease in serum CA 125 level which paralleled good
      clinical response to the treatment. Determination of CA 125 half-life time in
      serum seemed to provide a sensitive prognostic index in the disease. This index
      amounted to 10.73 +/- 4.0 days in patients with complete remission and 44.87 +/-
      26.5 days in patients with progressive disease.

PMID- 2274088
TI  - Multinucleated tumor cells and malignant melanoma.
AB  - Multinucleated cells (MC) were counted in cell preparations obtained by
      dissociation of representative part of tumor lesions immediately after excision.
      MC were present in almost all specimens examined (39 advanced primary lesions, 90
      lymph node metastases and 33 dermal plus subcutaneous metastases); in one third
      of the samples they were very rare (less than 1% of all cells). There were no
      significant differences in quantity of MC between primary tumors, node metastases
      and dermal plus subcutaneous metastases, between node metastases seen early in
      the course of the disease and those seen later, and between regional node
      metastases taken from Stage II patients with rapidly progressing disease and
      regional node metastases taken from patients of the same stage whose disease-free
      intervals were longer. No unique pattern of similarities or differences in
      quantity of MC was found when comparing autologous tumor samples excised
      simultaneously and/or successively during the course of the disease.

PMID- 2274089
TI  - Abrogation of human chronic myeloid leukemia cells insensitivity to adriamycin
      and mitoxanthrone cytotoxicity by quinidine.
AB  - The inherent, insensitive nature of human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells to
      antiproliferative effects of adriamycin (ADR) disallows its utility in the
      clinics. Efforts were directed towards sensitizing CML cells to ADR and
      mitoxanthrone (MITO) cytotoxicity by employing quinidine, an antiarhythmic agent.
      Inhibition of radiolabeled thymidine incorporation into DNA was used as a measure
      of drug activity. A dose-dependent inhibition of DNA biosynthesis was observed
      with increasing concentrations of ADR (0.1 to 100 micrograms/ml), MITO (0.05 to 5
      micrograms/ml) and quinidine (0.1 to 50 mumol/l). When the CML cells were exposed
      to quinidine and ADR/MITO simultaneously, the observed enhancement in the
      antiproliferative activity of the anticancer drug was markedly less as compared
      to the inhibition of DNA synthesis observed in CML cells pretreated with
      quinidine for 1 h prior to exposure to the cytotoxic drugs. Pretreatment of CML
      cells with quinidine resulted in a significantly (p less than 0.001) increased
      synergistic inhibition of DNA biosynthesis which was completely irreversible.
      Results highlight the utility of quinidine as a drug response modulator in a
      schedule-dependent manner to potentiate the cytotoxicity of ADR and MITO and
      warrants further studies into a possible role of quinidine to increase the
      chemotherapeutic efficacy of antineoplastic drugs in the clinics.

PMID- 2274090
TI  - [Spasticity: therapy of increased reflexes or movement disorder?].

PMID- 2274091
TI  - [Significance of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and therapy of tumors of the
      central nervous system].

PMID- 2274092
TI  - [Local injection treatment with botulinum toxin A in blepharospasm, Meige
      syndrome and hemifacial spasm. Observations in 106 patients].

PMID- 2274093
TI  - [Experience with botulinum toxin treatment of facial-cervical dystonias and
      hemifacial spasm].

PMID- 2274095
TI  - [Guillain-Barre syndrome following the initial manifestation of anorexia
      nervosa].

PMID- 2274094
TI  - [Effectiveness of various forms of immunosuppressive therapy in chronic
      idiopathic polyneuritis. A case report].

PMID- 2274096
TI  - [Abscess of the thyroid gland caused by Salmonella enteritidis in
      immunosuppressive treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis with thymoma].
AB  - We report the case of a 69-year old male caucasian patient who developed a
      lateral neck tumor while under immunosuppression with azathioprine. The tumor was
      diagnosed finally as an abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis after isolation
      of the agent from blood, tumor biopsy and feces. This extremely rare
      manifestation of an infection by Salmonella enteritidis is considered as a
      complication of immunosuppressive therapy.

PMID- 2274097
TI  - [Spinal epidural hematoma. Long-term results of four cases].

PMID- 2274098
TI  - Proteolysis of peripheral nerve myelin in acute experimental allergic neuritis.
AB  - Proteolysis of peripheral nerve myelin was studied in rats with experimental
      allergic neuritis (EAN). In vitro measurements using rat sciatic nerve homogenate
      and denatured bovine myelin as a substrate showed two myelin specific enzyme
      activities at pH 3.8 (inhibited by pepstatin) and pH 5.8 (inhibited by PMSF) in
      the normal rat and newly appearing activities at pH 2.8 (inhibited by pepstatin)
      and pH 5.0 (not characterized) in the EAN rat. In EAN the proteolytic activity
      was not restricted to myelin substrate but degraded total sciatic nerve protein
      as well. Endogenous sciatic nerve protease at pH 5.8 did not significantly change
      in activity during the course of disease. On the contrary, activity of acid
      protease at pH 2.8 corresponded well to the disease. Myelin degradation in EAN,
      therefore, appears to be mainly due to exogenous non-tissue protease.

PMID- 2274099
TI  - Correlation between carbohydrate and catecholamine level impairments in
      methionine sulfoximine epileptogenic rat brain.
AB  - This work shows that the convulsant methionine sulfoximine induces an increase in
      glucose and glycogen levels and a parallel decrease in norepinephrine and
      dopamine levels in rat brain. Among the epileptogenic agents, methionine
      sulfoximine is known to have a glycogenic property in the central nervous system.
      The aim of this work is to look for the neurochemical mechanism underlying this
      property. For this, catecholamines, glucose, and glycogen were measured at the
      same time in different areas of the brain in rats submitted to methionine
      sulfoximine. The convulsant induced an increase in glucose and glycogen levels as
      previously described and a decrease in dopamine and norepinephrine levels in all
      the areas of the rat brain. These changes were roughly dose dependent. When L
      dihydroxyphenylalanine and benserazide (a decarboxylase inhibitor) were
      administered with methionine sulfoximine, the latter failed to induce seizures in
      rat up to 8 h after dosing. Moreover, the glucose and glycogen amounts did not
      increase. In all these experiments, there was an obvious evidence of parallelism
      between seizures, increase in carbohydrate levels, and decrease in catecholamine
      levels. These results allow to conclude that the glycogenic property of
      methionine sulfoximine in the central nervous system probably results from its
      ability to decrease norepinephrine and dopamine levels. Because the effect of the
      convulsant on the catecholamine levels persisted for long, it is normal that
      glucose and glycogen levels increased during preconvulsive, convulsive and
      postconvulsive period. Methionine sulfoximine is probably glycogenic in rat brain
      because it decreases catecholamine levels for a long time.

PMID- 2274100
TI  - Protein phosphorylation: localization in regenerating optic axons.
AB  - A number of axonal proteins display changes in phosphorylation during goldfish
      optic nerve regeneration (Larrivee and Grafstein, 1989). (1) To determine whether
      the phosphorylation of these proteins was closely linked to their synthesis in
      the retinal ganglion cell body, cycloheximide was injected intraocularly into
      goldfish whose optic nerves had been regenerating for 3 weeks. Cycloheximide
      reduced the incorporation of [3H]proline and 32P orthophosphate into total nerve
      protein by 84% and 46%, respectively. Of the 20 individual proteins examined, 17
      contained less than 15% of the [3H]proline label measured in corresponding
      controls, whereas 18 proteins contained 50% or more of the 32P label, suggesting
      that phosphorylation was largely independent of synthesis. (2) To determine
      whether the proteins were phosphorylated in the ganglion cell axons, axonal
      transport of proteins was blocked by intraocular injection of vincristine.
      Vincristine reduced [3H]proline labeling of total protein by 88% and 32P labeling
      by 49%. Among the individual proteins [3H]proline labeling was reduced by 90% or
      more in 18 cases but 32P labeling was reduced only by 50% or less. (3) When 32P
      was injected into the cranial cavity near the ends of the optic axons, all of the
      phosphoproteins were labeled more intensely in the optic tract than in the optic
      nerve. These results suggest that most of the major phosphoproteins that undergo
      changes in phosphorylation in the course of regeneration are phosphorylated in
      the optic axons.

PMID- 2274101
TI  - Adenosine transport systems on dissociated brain cells from mouse, guinea-pig,
      and rat.
AB  - The kinetics and sodium dependence of adenosine transport were determined using
      an inhibitor-stop method on dissociated cell body preparations obtained from
      mouse, guinea-pig and rat brain. Transport affinity (KT) values for the high
      affinity adenosine transport systems (KT(H] were significantly different between
      these three species; mean +/- SEM values were 0.34 +/- 0.1 in mouse, 0.9 +/- 0.2
      in rat, and 1.5 +/- 0.5 microM in guinea-pig. The KT values for the low affinity
      transport system (KT(L) were not different between the three species. Brain cells
      from rat displayed a significantly greater maximal capacity to accumulate
      [3H]adenosine (Vmax) than did mouse or guinea-pig for the high affinity system,
      or than did mouse for the low affinity system. When sodium chloride was replaced
      in the transport medium with choline chloride, the KT(H) values for guinea-pig
      and rat were both increased by approximately 100%; only in rat did the change
      reach statistical significance. The sodium-dependence of adenosine transport in
      mouse brain was clearly absent. The differences between KT(H) values in mouse and
      those in guinea-pig or rat were accentuated in the absence of sodium. The
      differences in kinetic values, ionic requirements, and pharmacological
      characteristics between adenosine transporters in CNS tissues of mouse, guinea
      pig and rat may help account for some of the variability noted among species in
      terms of their physiological responses to adenosine.

PMID- 2274102
TI  - Glutamic acid decarboxylase in different areas of the developing chick central
      nervous system.
AB  - The temporal course of the development of GAD activity in GABAergic neurons was
      studied in the chick retina, optic lobe and cerebellum. The developmental pattern
      of GAD activity was similar in the three areas studied, showing typical
      sigmoideal curves, which reached a maximal value at the 3rd post-hatching day.
      Kinetic studies during development revealed that Km remained unchanged while Vmax
      increased 3-fold in the retina (48.99 +/- 0.84 nmol/hr/mg protein), almost 4-fold
      in the optic lobe (162.77 +/- 4.32 nmol/hr/mg protein) and 3.5 fold in the
      cerebellum (69.30 +/- 1.26 nmol/hr/mg protein). The developmental pattern of GAD
      activity in homogenates of the three areas studied from dark-reared and light
      reared chicks with respect to normal light-dark cycle animals showed no
      significant differences. These results indicate that the increase in GAD activity
      during development are not due to a change in the affinity for its substrate but
      rather to changes in the concentration of the enzyme. The developmental pattern
      of GAD activity in the chick visual system was not affected by environmental
      conditions suggesting that the developmental profile is light-independent.

PMID- 2274103
TI  - Effects of hypobaric hypoxia on the oxidative capacity of the extensor digitorum
      longus motor units in the rat.
AB  - The fiber number, fiber type distribution, and succinate dehydrogenase activity
      were investigated from the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscle of male
      rats exposed to 7 weeks of hypobaric hypoxia. The oxidative metabolic capacity of
      the motoneurons in the extensor digitorum longus neuron pool was also determined
      from quantitative histochemical analyses. The fiber number and oxidative enzyme
      activity of the muscle were not changed by hypoxia. An increase in the percentage
      of fast-twitch oxidative (FO) fibers and a concomitant decrease in the percentage
      of fast-twitch (F) fibers were observed in the hypoxic muscle. On the other hand,
      the oxidative capacity of small- to medium-sized alpha motoneurons (24-45 microns
      average soma diameter) was increased. The increase in the oxidative capacity of
      small- to medium-sized motoneurons and the type shift of muscle fibers from F
      (low-oxidative) to FO (high-oxidative) indicate that hypoxia enhances the
      oxidative capacity of particular motor units in the neuron pool.

PMID- 2274104
TI  - Effect of acute thioacetamide administration on rat brain phospholipid
      metabolism.
AB  - Brain phospholipid composition and the [32P]orthophosphate incorporation into
      brain phospholipids of control and rats treated for 3 days with thioacetamide
      were studied. Brain phospholipid content, phosphatidylcholine,
      phosphatidylethanolamine, lysolecithin and phosphatidic acid did not show any
      significant change by the effect of thioacetamide. In contrast, thioacetamide
      induced a significant decrease in the levels of phosphatidylserine,
      sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol and diphosphatidylglycerol. After 75 minutes
      of intraperitoneal label injection, specific radioactivity of all the above
      phospholipids with the exception of phosphatidylethanolamine and
      phosphatidylcholine significantly increased. After 13 hours of isotope
      administration the specific radioactivity of almost all studied phospholipid
      classes was elevated, except for phosphatidic acid, the specific radioactivity of
      which did not change and for diphosphatidylglycerol which showed a decrease in
      specific radioactivity. These results suggest that under thioacetamide treatment
      brain phospholipids undergo metabolic transformations that may contribute to the
      hepatic encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide.

PMID- 2274105
TI  - GABA-gated chloride ion influx in brains of epileptic El mice.
AB  - GABA-gated chloride ion influx was measured in brain "microsac" preparations of
      epileptic El mice. There was significantly greater sensitivity to GABA in
      stimulated El mice (which had 14-18 convulsions induced at weekly intervals) than
      in unstimulated El mice (which had not experienced convulsions) or ddY mice. GABA
      gated chloride ion influx was significantly decreased 20 min after a single
      convulsion, and returned to the preconvulsion level 60 min after a convulsion.
      These findings suggest that the functional state of GABA-gated chloride channel
      in El mice is changed secondarily by single or repeated convulsions.

PMID- 2274106
TI  - Hyperammonemia induces polymerization of brain tubulin.
AB  - Rats were made hyperammonemic by feeding them a diet containing ammonium acetate.
      The tubulin content in their brain increased greater than or equal to 30% after
      20 days on the diet. All the increase was found in polymerized tubulin; no
      increase in free tubulin was noted. When rats on the ammonium diet were then fed
      the standard diet, the tubulin increased slightly on the first day but decreased
      markedly on the second day, reaching control values on the third day. It should
      be noted that brain tubulin synthesis, was not reduced on the first day of
      feeding the standard diet but was markedly inhibited (to approximately 40% of
      control) on the second day, returning to control values on the third day. On the
      first day of refeeding there is a remarkable disassembly of microtubules with a
      large, proportional increase (approximately 50%) of free tubulin. Both free and
      polymerized tubulin levels returned to control values on the third day. These
      results indicate that in hyperammonemia changes in the degree of polymerization
      of tubulin preceded those in tubulin synthesis.

PMID- 2274107
TI  - Effect of HEPES on the Na+,Cl-dependent uptake of taurine and beta-alanine by
      cultured glial cells. Modulation by composition and osmolarity of medium.
AB  - The effect of HEPES on the Na+,Cl-dependent uptake of taurine and beta-alanine by
      cultured glial cells was investigated. Whatever the culture medium used, a
      similar inhibition of the uptake of taurine by HEPES was found. In a previous
      paper it was shown that this buffer was able to inhibit the uptake of taurine
      through a slow and a fast "mechanism", when present in the culture or in the
      incubation medium, respectively. Comparison of the effect of HEPES on the uptake
      of taurine and beta-alanine suggested that only the slow "mechanism" was common
      to the uptake of the beta-aminoacid. Therefore, the uptake of the beta-aminoacid
      might be affected by HEPES. On the other hand, a small increase of the osmolarity
      of the media altered the uptake of taurine, suggesting that caution is needed
      when interpreting pharmacological experiments.

PMID- 2274108
TI  - The effect of oxiferriscorbone on striatal adenylate cyclase of the rat.
AB  - The effects of oxiferriscorbone on basal and forskolin-stimulated activity of
      adenylate cyclase in membrane preparations from caudate-putamen of the rat have
      been studied. Oxiferriscorbone, at 30 microM, stimulated the basal activity of
      the enzyme, but dose-dependently inhibited forskolin-activated activity of
      adenylate cyclase. Pertussis toxin was found to antagonize this inhibitory effect
      of oxiferriscorbone. Dopamine stimulated the activity of adenylate cyclase in the
      striatum, as described previously. When assayed together, the stimulating effects
      of dopamine and oxiferriscorbone were were additive, implying that they do not
      act at identical sites. The D1 receptor antagonist, alpha (+)-flupentixol
      completely blocked the effect of dopamine but had no significant effect on
      oxiferriscorbone-induced stimulation. The present results suggest that
      interaction between oxiferriscorbone and the inhibitory guanine nucleotide
      subunit. However, further studies are necessary.

PMID- 2274109
TI  - Differential effects of the muscarinic M2 antagonists, AF-DX 116 and gallamine,
      on single neurons of rabbit sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - Intracellular recording techniques were used to compare the effects of the M2
      muscarinic antagonists, AF-DX 116 and gallamine, on membrane potential (Vm),
      input resistance (Ri), responses induced by methacholine, muscarinic slow
      postsynaptic potentials and action potentials in the superior cervical ganglion
      of the rabbit. Gallamine or AF-DX 116 antagonized methacholine-induced or
      synaptically-evoked muscarinic hyperpolarization, without having significant
      effect on depolarization induced by methacholine or synaptically. The drug AF-DX
      116 reduced evoked muscarinic hyperpolarizing potentials, without significant
      change in Vm or Ri, recorded in the absence of muscarinic stimulation. In
      contrast to AF-DX 116, gallamine elicited a concentration-dependent
      depolarization of the membrane, with a corresponding increase in Ri, when tested
      in the absence of muscarinic stimulation. These effects of gallamine were
      accompanied by an increase in duration and decrease in the slope of the
      descending phase of the action potential. Blockade by gallamine of evoked
      hyperpolarization was independent of membrane depolarization and readily occurred
      when gallamine-induced depolarization was prevented by clamping Vm at its pre
      gallamine level. The effects of gallamine were maintained during its presence and
      reversed upon washing with gallamine-free physiological solution. These results
      indicate that AF-DX 116 and gallamine have a specificity for antagonism of
      muscarinic responses, mediated by receptors of the M2 type in the superior
      cervical ganglion. However, gallamine, while an effective antagonist of M2
      responses, also has the ability to modify the electrical characteristics of
      ganglion cells and thus may modify ganglionic transmission by mechanisms other
      than antagonism of receptors.

PMID- 2274110
TI  - Effects of fentanyl, injected into the hypothalamic supraoptic and
      paraventricular nuclei, in a water-loaded and ethanol-anesthetized rat.
AB  - The analgesic fentanyl, having a predominantly mu-opioid agonist activity, when
      injected into the supraoptic or paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in a
      water-loaded and ethanol-anesthetized rat, induced a potent antidiuretic effect
      in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The outflow of urine decreased to a minimal
      level of approximately 5% of the initial control, at 20-40 min and recovered to
      approximately 80% at 90 min after injection of fentanyl (30 nmol). The median
      effective dose (ED50) for the antidiuretic effect of fentanyl was approximately
      13 nmol, when injected into the supraoptic or paraventricular nucleus, being
      nearly equipotent with morphine. The osmotic pressure of urine increased up to
      approximately 200% of control, at the minimal rate of outflow of urine when
      fentanyl (30 nmol) was injected into the supraoptic or paraventricular nucleus.
      Transient but significant decreases in mean blood pressure and in rate of
      respiration were observed when fentanyl (30 nmol) was injected into the
      supraoptic or paraventricular nucleus. The antidiuretic and the autonomic effects
      (transient decreases in mean blood pressure and rate of respiration) were
      inhibited by the previous injection of an opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone
      (300 or 600 nmol) into the nuclei. The results suggest that the effects of
      fentanyl were induced through opioid receptors in the nuclei.

PMID- 2274111
TI  - Behavioural and neuropathological effects produced by tetanus toxin injected into
      the hippocampus of rats.
AB  - The behavioural effects of tetanus toxin, injected into the rostral hippocampus,
      have been studied in rats. A single dose (1000 mouse minimum lethal doses; n =
      10) of the toxin produced tail rigidity, hunched back and sound- and touch-evoked
      stimuli, 48 hr after the injection in all rats treated and these culminated in
      generalized convulsions 5-7 days later. Seizures were also observed 4 days after
      the injection of 2000 MLDs (n = 10), whereas a dose of 500 MLDs (n = 10) was
      ineffective. Similarly, dose- and time-dependent lethal effects were observed. In
      comparison to the contralateral (untreated) hippocampus, tetanus toxin (1000
      MLDs; n = 3) produced a statistically significantly reduction in the number of
      cells in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of the injected side, 7 and 10 days after
      the injection. No changes were observed in other sectors (CA2 and CA3 areas) of
      the hippocampus. In conclusion, the present experiments have shown that the focal
      injection of tetanus toxin into the hippocampus produced dose- and time-dependent
      behavioural stimulation and lethal effects in rats.

PMID- 2274112
TI  - The antinociceptive effect of intranigral injection of morphine in ketamine- and
      halothane-anesthetized rats.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that morphine, injected into the substantia nigra of
      rats, had an antinociceptive effect on the tail-flick test. However, due to a
      transient behavioral stimulant effect of morphine, given intranigrally, valid
      tail-flick latencies cannot be obtained prior to 30 min after the injection into
      the nigra. In order to examine the effect of morphine (5-20 micrograms), injected
      into the nigra, on the nociceptive tail-flick reflex at earlier times, animals
      were anesthetized with either halothane or ketamine (100 or 150 mg/kg, i.m.).
      Halothane blocked the analgesic effect of intranigrally administered morphine.
      However, a dose-related antinociceptive effect of morphine was observed in
      ketamine-anesthetized rats. This effect was demonstrable at 5 min after the
      injection into the nigra animals that received the small dose of ketamine. This
      finding provides further evidence that the substantia nigra plays an important
      role in opiate-induced antinociception.

PMID- 2274113
TI  - Sex differences in the effects of 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine and 1-(m
      chlorophenyl) piperazine on copulatory behavior in the rat.
AB  - Peripheral administrations of TFMPP (0.2- 1 mg/kg) or MCPP (1 mg/kg) facilitated
      lordosis behavior in female rats treated with estradiol benzoate, and had no
      effects in females primed with estradiol benzoate and progesterone. In contrast,
      TFMPP (1 mg/kg) and MCPP (1 mg/kg) inhibited copulatory behavior in male rats. It
      is concluded that there are sex differences in the effects of TFMPP and MCPP on
      copulatory behavior in the rat. Moreover, it is suggested that the effects of
      these drugs on copulatory behavior may be mediated by activation of 5-HT1B and/or
      5-HT1C receptors, or by blockade of activity at 5-HT3 receptors.

PMID- 2274114
TI  - Ontogeny of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in the intermediate lobe
      of the rat pituitary gland.
AB  - The ontogeny of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in the intermediate
      lobe of the pituitary was studied in rats of both sexes using quantitative in
      situ hybridization performed on fixed pituitary sections. Electron microscopic
      studies revealed in the adult animal the hybridization signal was found in all
      the secretory cells of the intermediate lobe and only in the POMC cells in the
      anterior lobe, thus indicating the specificity of the technique used.
      Hybridization signal was first detected on day 15 of gestation and progressively
      increased during foetal life. After birth, POMC and mRNA levels markedly
      increased so that, in one-day old animals, they were 4.5-fold higher than at the
      end of gestation. Thereafter, mRNA concentrations steadily increased to reach a
      plateau at 60 days of age in both sexes. No sexual dimorphism was observed at any
      ages. The results indicate that the development of intermediate lobe cells occurs
      mostly after birth. They are consistent with previous results indicating a 200
      fold increase in the levels of POMC-derived peptides from birth to adulthood.

PMID- 2274115
TI  - The effects of cyclo(leucyl-glycyl) on nigrostriatal dopaminergic
      supersensitivity--inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing.
AB  - In a previous study we showed that cyclo(leu-gly) (CLG) prevents the behavioural
      supersensitivity induced in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) tract (in mice) by
      chronic haloperidol (HAL). In the current study, we evaluated the effects of CLG
      on supersensitivity to DA agonists in the nigrostriatal DA tract induced by
      chronic HAL (1.0 mg/kg, i.p. x 21 days--Experiment 1) or by acute injection of a
      high dose of apomorphine (APO) (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1 CLG was given at
      doses of either (a) 0 mg/kg/day (b) 1 mg/kg every third day (30 minutes prior to
      HAL), (c) 1 mg/kg every day, or (d) 8 mg/kg every third day. In Experiment 2 the
      dose of CLG was 8 mg/kg, s.c., given 24h after APO. Co-administration of CLG with
      HAL attenuated the development of HAL-induced supersensitivity in both paradigms
      (b) and (c) above, although the attenuation was significantly greater in (c)
      compared to (b). This biphasic dose response (D-R) curve for CLG in Experiment 1
      indicates that a therapeutic window exists for CLG (bell-shaped D-R curve) and is
      similar to previous curves for CLG effects on the mesolimbic DA tract. In
      Experiment 2, CLG attenuated the DA receptor supersensitivity caused by acute
      high dose APO. The capacity of CLG to down-regulate DA receptors and attenuate
      dopaminergic supersensitivity in these experiments suggests a potential
      therapeutic use in the prevention of tardive and/or L-dopa-induced dyskinesias.

PMID- 2274116
TI  - Distribution and characterization of VIP-related peptides in the rat spinal cord.
AB  - The possible existence in the rat spinal cord of a peptide related to VIP, VIP(22
      28), has been evaluated. VIP contains paired basic aminoacid residues at which
      posttranslational cleavage of these peptides might occur. The lumbo-sacral region
      of rat spinal cord had the most VIP(22-28)-like immunoreactivity (ir-VIP(22-28].
      Chromatographic analysis of spinal extracts showed that ir-VIP(22-28) consisted
      of two major peaks, one eluting as authentic VIP(1-28) and the other as VIP(22
      28). HPLC confirmed these results, revealing the presence of intact VIP(1-28) and
      two or more less hydrophobic peptides, one of which corresponded to authentic
      VIP(22-28). The other two components found have not yet been identified. Further
      studies are necessary to provide information on the biological significance of
      VIP(22-28).

PMID- 2274117
TI  - Current bibliographies of neuropeptides prepared by the University of Sheffield
      Biomedical Information Service.

PMID- 2274118
TI  - Effects of (MET-5) enkephalin on the electrically-evoked mechanical responses in
      longitudinal and circular strips of the cat terminal ileum.
AB  - In longitudinal and circular strips from cat terminal ileum field electrical
      stimulation at a frequency of 2 Hz evoked contractile responses. Stimulation at
      frequencies of 10 or 30 Hz elicited contractions of the longitudinal muscle and
      relaxations of the circular strips. (Met-5) enkephalin (1 nM) naloxone
      dependently reduced the contractile and increased the inhibitory responses.
      Atropine (3 microM) converted the contractile responses to slight relaxations and
      potentiated the inhibitory responses. After atropine (3 microM) and guanethidine
      (50 microM) both longitudinal and circular strips responded to electrical
      stimulation with relaxations. In atropine-pretreated strips (Met-5) enkephalin
      was effective only in the circular strips, increasing the inhibitory responses.
      In contrast, after atropine and guanethidine (Met-5) enkephalin decreased these
      inhibitory responses. In unstimulated strips (Met-5) enkephalin failed to change
      the responses to acetylcholine and noradrenaline. It is concluded that (Met-5)
      enkephalin reduces the excitatory cholinergic components of the electrically
      evoked responses in both longitudinal and circular strips as well as the
      excitatory adrenergic and the inhibitory non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic
      components of the responses in the circular strips by acting presynaptically.
      Demonstration of (Met-5) enkephalin-like immunoreactivity showed immunostaining
      in nerves of the myenteric plexus and in nerve fibers between the smooth muscle
      cells suggesting that (Met-5) enkephalin effects could be also of physiological
      significance.

PMID- 2274119
TI  - Effect of endothelins on cytosolic free calcium concentration in neuroblastoma
      NG108-15 and NCB-20 cells.
AB  - The effects of endothelin(ET)-1, ET-2, ET-3 and Big ET on intracellular level of
      Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) were studied in neuroblastoma NG108-15 and NCB-20 cells. All ETs,
      except Big ET, induced an increase in [CA2+]i in NG108-15 cells in a dose
      dependent manner, with EC50: 6.7, 11.2 and 71 nM, respectively. However, none of
      the ET increased [Ca2+]i in NCB-20 cells. Calcium channel blockers diltiazem or
      nicardipine had no effect on ET-induced increase in [CA2+]i, but extracellular
      Ca2(+)-depletion significantly reduced the response of NG108-15 cells to ETs.
      NG108-15 cells exhibited a homologous desensitization to sequential addition of
      ETs, but no heterologous desensitization among ET, bradykinin and PAF was
      observed. These data suggest that ET-induced receptor activation results in
      increased intracellular Ca2+ via a non voltage calcium channel mechanism and
      intracellular Ca2+ release.

PMID- 2274120
TI  - Elevation of the petrous bone caused by hyperplasia of the occipital bone
      presenting as hemifacial spasm: diagnostic values of magnetic resonance imaging
      and three-dimensional computed tomographic images in a bone anomaly.
AB  - A case of elevation of the petrous bone due to hyperplasia of the occipital bone
      presenting as hemifacial spasm is reported. A 44-year-old man sought treatment
      for twitching of the buccal muscles on the right side that progressed rapidly in
      severity within 2 weeks of the onset. The anatomical details of the petrous and
      occipital bones were delineated clearly by computed tomographic scans of a bone
      window level. Details of the brain stem were shown by magnetic resonance images.
      The bone anomaly was displayed more realistically by three-dimensional computed
      tomographic reconstructions. The faithful representation of structures with these
      radiological studies should be mandatory, to prepare the surgical planning of
      such a complicated bone anomaly.

PMID- 2274121
TI  - Magnetic stereotaxis: a technique to deliver stereotactic hyperthermia.
AB  - Advances in imaging techniques and computer software over the past decade now
      define brain abnormalities such as tumors in precise, three-dimensional images.
      We have taken advantage of these technological improvements in designing a system
      capable of performing magnetic manipulation of an object in a nonlinear
      trajectory and able to deliver hyperthermia to highly specific targets within the
      brain. This device relies on external magnets to pull a small metal pellet
      (thermoceptor) through the brain, and on biplane fluoroscopy to localize the
      thermoceptor with respect to previously obtained magnetic resonance images. A
      radiofrequency tuned circuit serves as the hyperthermia applicator and
      selectively heats the thermoceptor. This paper describes experiments conducted in
      a series of dogs showing that all three components of the system (magnetic drive,
      stereotactic real time imaging, and hyperthermia) can be achieved. Integration of
      the system was accomplished in one animal. These encouraging results need further
      detailed substantiation in each of the components, yet demonstrate the
      feasibility of such a device.

PMID- 2274122
TI  - No-fault insurance at home and abroad.

PMID- 2274123
TI  - Radiation therapy for arteriovenous malformations.

PMID- 2274124
TI  - Leptomeningeal cyst.

PMID- 2274125
TI  - Intracranial hemorrhage from aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations during
      pregnancy and the puerperium.
AB  - Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) from an intracranial aneurysm or arteriovenous
      malformation is a grave complication of pregnancy and is responsible for 5 to 12%
      of all maternal deaths. We critically analyzed 154 cases of verified ICH during
      pregnancy from an identified intracranial lesion, including 2 patients treated at
      our institution and 152 cases previously reported in the literature in English.
      Aneurysms were responsible for ICH in 77% of patients, and arteriovenous
      malformations in 23%. Hemorrhage occurred antepartum in 92% of patients and
      postpartum in 8%. Women with angiomatous hemorrhage were younger than those with
      aneurysmal hemorrhage; however, in contrast to previous reports, we found no
      differences between angiomatous and aneurysmal hemorrhage with respect to parity
      or gestational age at the time of the initial hemorrhage. Hypertension and/or
      albuminuria were present at some time during the pregnancy in 34% of patients
      with documentation, which sometimes made it difficult to differentiate
      angiomatous or aneurysmal ICH from that associated with eclampsia. In a logistic
      regression analysis, surgical management of aneurysms, but not arteriovenous
      malformations, was associated with significantly lower maternal and fetal
      mortality, independent of other covariants. For those patients with a lesion not
      operated on, cesarean delivery afforded no better maternal or fetal outcome than
      did vaginal delivery. We conclude that the decision to operate after ICH during
      pregnancy should be based upon neurosurgical principles, whereas the method of
      delivery should be based upon obstetrical considerations. The perioperative and
      anesthetic management of the pregnant patient with a neurosurgical complication
      is discussed.

PMID- 2274126
TI  - Pregnancy and the risk of hemorrhage from cerebral arteriovenous malformations.
AB  - We conducted a retrospective analysis of 451 women with an arteriovenous
      malformation (AVM) of the brain to determine whether pregnancy is a risk factor
      for cerebral hemorrhages. A total of 540 pregnancies occurred among our patient
      population, resulting in 438 live births and 102 abortions. There were 17
      pregnancies complicated by a cerebral hemorrhage. The hemorrhage rate during
      pregnancy for women with an unruptured AVM was 0.035 +/- 0.005 per person-year.
      The hemorrhage rate for nonpregnant women of childbearing age with an unruptured
      AVM was 0.031 +/- 0.002 per person-year. Pregnancy did not increase significantly
      the rate of first cerebral hemorrhage from an AVM (P = 0.35). We found that women
      with an AVM face a 3.5% risk of hemorrhage during pregnancy. Pregnancy is not a
      risk factor for hemorrhage in women without a previous hemorrhage. This
      conclusion assumes no selection bias exists in our study population; a bias would
      be introduced if the risk of fatal outcome after a hemorrhage were greater in
      pregnant women than in nonpregnant women.

PMID- 2274127
TI  - Biomechanics of lumbar pedicle screw/plate fixation in trauma.
AB  - This investigation was conducted to determine alterations in the biomechanical
      strength and stiffness characteristics of the lumbar spine fixated with Steffee
      instrumentation. Comparative studies of these parameters were conducted using
      seven lumbar columns from fresh human cadavers. Three runs were conducted on each
      T12-L5 column: control, injured, and fixated. The specimens were loaded under the
      compression-flexion mode until failure (control run) and then reloaded (injury
      run) to the failure deformation determined in the control run. Screw/plates were
      then inserted one level proximal and distal to injury, and the specimens were
      reloaded (fixation run). Radiographs were taken before and after each trial. Data
      on deformation and force histories were gathered. The load-deflection response of
      the injured and fixated specimens were bimodal with two representative
      stiffnesses. Control failure loads and stiffnesses were higher than those for the
      injured (P less than 0.001) or fixated (P less than 0.01) spine. Initial
      stiffness was significantly higher for the fixated than for injured columns (P
      less than 0.001), but the final stiffnesses were similar. The increase in the
      initial stiffness in the fixated specimen compared to the injured specimen
      indicates the strength added to the posterior region of the spine. The relatively
      smaller alteration in the final stiffness between the fixated and the injured
      columns, corresponding to the load shared by the anterior column, may suggest
      that, above a critical strain level, the anterior column absorbs a higher portion
      of the external load and posterior fixation may be inadequate as sole treatment
      in trauma.

PMID- 2274128
TI  - Spinal cord blood flow in the rat under normal physiological conditions.
AB  - Regional spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) was measured in a group of rats under
      conditions of normothermia, normocarbia, normoxia, and normal blood pressure,
      using the hydrogen clearance technique. Regional SCBF in the cervical white
      matter was 26.8 +/- 1 (SE) ml/100 g/min and in the cervical gray matter 53.6 +/-
      2.5; in the thoracic white matter it was 22.2 +/- 2.4 ml/100 g/min and in the
      thoracic gray matter 41.2 +/- 12/6 ml/100 g/min; and in the lumbar gray matter it
      was 52.3 +/- 1.9 ml/100 g/min. The effect of changes in blood pressure on SCBF
      (autoregulation) was investigated in nine rats. We have observed that SCBF
      remains relatively constant in the blood pressure range of 45 to 165 mm Hg and
      assumes a passive flow below or above this range.

PMID- 2274129
TI  - Pretreatment neuropsychological status and associated factors in children with
      primary brain tumors.
AB  - We report on the neuropsychological status of 31 children with primary brain
      tumors who underwent assessment before receiving therapy. Overall, the children
      performed within normal limits in all test areas. The exception was the group
      with anterior hemispheric tumors who demonstrated deficits in executive cognitive
      functions. Also, when compared according to tumor type, children with midline
      tumors and hydrocephalus performed more poorly than others on measures of
      intelligence, executive abilities, visual-motor skills, and fine-motor functions.
      Although one-half to two-thirds of the children with supratentorial midline and
      infratentorial tumors had cranial nerve, oculomotor, or cerebellar deficits, only
      the latter were associated with specific neuropsychological deficits (poorer
      performance on fine-motor and visual-motor tests). Age did not appear to be a
      factor in these children's neuropsychological test performances.

PMID- 2274130
TI  - Stereotactic radiosurgery of angiographically occult vascular malformations:
      indications and preliminary experience.
AB  - Stereotactic radiosurgery has been shown to treat successfully angiographically
      demonstrated arteriovenous malformations of the brain. Angiographic obliteration
      has represented cure and eliminated the risk of future hemorrhage. The role of
      radiosurgery in the treatment of angiographically occult vascular malformations
      (AOVMs) has been less well defined. In the initial 32 months of operation of the
      201-source cobalt-60 gamma knife at the University of Pittsburgh, 24 patients
      meeting strict criteria for high-risk AOVMs were treated. Radiosurgery was used
      conservatively; each patient had sustained two or more hemorrhages and had a
      magnetic resonance imaging-defined AOVM located in a region of the brain where
      microsurgical removal was judged to pose an excessive risk. Venous angiomas were
      excluded by performance of high-resolution subtraction angiography in each
      patient. Fifteen malformations were in the medulla, pons, and/or mesencephalon,
      and 5 were located in the thalamus or basal ganglia. Follow-up ranged from 4 to
      24 months. Nineteen patients either improved or remained clinically stable and
      did not hemorrhage again during the follow-up interval. One patient suffered
      another hemorrhage 7 months after radiosurgery. Five patients experienced
      temporary worsening of pre-existing neurological deficits that suggested delayed
      radiation injury. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated signal changes and
      edema surrounding the radiosurgical target. Dose-volume guidelines for avoiding
      complications were constructed. Our initial experience indicates that
      stereotactic radiosurgery can be performed safely in patients with small, well
      circumscribed AOVMs located in deep, critical, or relatively inaccessible
      cerebral locations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2274131
TI  - Brain retractor edema during induced hypotension: the effect of the rate of
      return of blood pressure.
AB  - This study evaluated the hypothesis that the postoperative formation of cerebral
      edema may be influenced by the rate of blood pressure return after induced
      hypotension in a graded brain retractor injury. Nineteen cats underwent
      unilateral craniotomy, isoflurane-induced hypotension to a mean of 50 mm Hg, and
      application of a brain retractor at 20 mm Hg of pressure for 1 hour. Blood
      pressure was returned to normal either within 3 minutes or over 20 minutes. The
      degree of cerebral edema formation was determined by Evans blue dye and coronal
      magnetic resonance imaging. All animals showed extravasation of Evans blue dye in
      the retracted hemisphere that was most marked at the periphery of the retractor.
      T1 relaxation times were significantly prolonged in the retracted hemispheres of
      both the fast return and slow return groups (18.8% and 17.8%, respectively) and
      more so at the Evans blue sites (42.8% and 40.8%), although not so strikingly
      beneath the retractor itself (6.3% and 7.8%). T2 relaxation times were similarly
      prolonged but to approximately half the degree of the T1 times. In the
      nonretracted hemisphere, drug-induced hypotension alone did not result in
      significant acute cerebral edema or blood-brain barrier alteration. There was no
      significant difference between the fast and slow groups in Evans blue
      extravasation or magnetic resonance changes. Thus, in a retractor-induced brain
      injury, restoration of arterial pressure to normal either gradually or rapidly
      did not influence the degree or extent of edema formation.

PMID- 2274132
TI  - Saccular aneurysms of the distal anterior cerebral artery.
AB  - We report a series of 42 consecutive patients with aneurysms of the distal
      anterior cerebral artery (ACA). Of these, 36 patients had one aneurysm, 5 had two
      aneurysms, and one had three aneurysms. Thirty patients had a ruptured distal ACA
      aneurysm; among these patients, the size of the aneurysm was less than 5 mm in
      diameter in 20, 6 to 10 mm in 7, and larger than 11 mm in 3. Eighteen patients
      (42.9%) had multiple aneurysms, and distal ACA aneurysms were responsible for a
      subarachnoid hemorrhage in 10. Thirty-four patients underwent direct surgery, and
      30 of these had excellent outcomes 3 months after surgery. The treatment of
      patients with distal ACA aneurysms is often technically difficult, because of
      their broad neck configuration and the coexistence of other aneurysms.
      Nevertheless, the present study emphasizes that distal ACA aneurysms tend to
      bleed, irrespective of their size, and that excellent outcomes are obtainable by
      direct surgery.

PMID- 2274133
TI  - Effects of repeated temporary clipping of the middle cerebral artery on pial
      arterial diameter, regional cerebral blood flow, and brain structure in cats.
AB  - Temporary clipping of the major arterial trunk is an important maneuver to
      control excessive unexpected bleeding in neurosurgical operations; however,
      repeated temporary clipping can give rise to severe neurological deficits after
      surgery. The present study was performed to confirm and explain these clinical
      findings. Initially, a single 20-minute or 1-hour occlusion of the middle
      cerebral artery was performed in each of 5 cats. Pial arterial diameter was
      determined by video imaging, regional cerebral blood flow was measured by
      autoradiography, and cerebral edema and infarction were observed. In the 20
      minute occlusion group, no abnormal changes were found 5 hours after
      recirculation. In the 1-hour occlusion group, pial arteries were dilated by 45%,
      and regional cerebral blood flow increased to more than twice the resting
      cortical values. The extent of cerebral edema was 41.2 +/- 7.5% (SE) and
      infarction was 34.5 +/- 9.5% (SE) of the hemisphere. In the second experiment,
      three 20-minute occlusions of the middle cerebral artery in a 1-hour interval
      were performed in 20 cats. In 10 of them, thiopental (40 mg/kg) was used to
      protect the brain. In the group without barbiturate treatment, pial arteries were
      dilated by 40% at the end of experiment, regional cerebral blood flow decreased
      to about 70% compared with single 20-minute occlusion, cerebral edema was 19.5 +/
      8.1% (SE), and infarction was 8.1 +/- 3.7% (SE) of the hemisphere. In the
      treated group, these were only trivial changes. The effect of repeated clipping
      may cumulatively cause brain damage, and barbiturates should be used whenever
      repeated clipping is necessary.

PMID- 2274134
TI  - Accelerated non-muscle contraction after subarachnoid hemorrhage: cerebrospinal
      fluid testing in a culture model.
AB  - The cause of chronic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage has been
      studied intensively, but it is still controversial whether the observable luminal
      narrowing should be attributed to the contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells
      or whether it results from some organic change in the wall. A proliferation of
      myointimal cells, accompanied by increased deposition of collagen, as well as
      myonecrosis, have been frequently observed several days after aneurysm rupture.
      Studies from our laboratory showed that these myointimal cells had
      characteristics identical to myofibroblasts. In this study, we quantitatively and
      morphologically examined the effect of cerebrospinal fluid on the ability of
      myofibroblasts to alter collagen matrices using an in vitro model. Myofibroblasts
      contract the collagen matrix by rearranging or compacting the framework of
      collagen fibers. Cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with recently
      ruptured aneurysms significantly accelerated lattice contraction, especially when
      the patient developed symptomatic vasospasm. This study suggests that
      myofibroblasts in the spastic artery can produce a contractile force that
      contributes to chronic vasospasm, tightening the proliferated collagen. Some
      unknown agent present in bloody cerebrospinal fluid accelerates the rearrangement
      of the collagen lattice by myofibroblasts, both of which have, until now, been
      considered non-contractile components.

PMID- 2274135
TI  - Cerebral infarction and release of platelet thromboxane after subarachnoid
      hemorrhage.
AB  - Platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate and the release of
      thromboxane B2 were studied in 68 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage during
      the second week after the hemorrhage, when delayed ischemic deterioration most
      often occurs. Follow-up computed tomographic scans were performed later than 1
      month after subarachnoid hemorrhage to reveal permanent hypodense areas
      consistent with cerebral infarction. Occurrence of hypodense lesions on the
      follow-up computed tomographic scan was significantly associated with the
      presence of delayed ischemic deterioration (DID) (P less than 0.01). Patients
      with subcortical or cortical cerebral infarctions due to DID released more
      platelet thromboxane B2 than those with no evidence of a hypodense lesion on the
      computed tomographic scan (P less than 0.05). Hypodense areas caused by an
      intracerebral hematoma or small, deep-seated infarcts due to DID were not
      associated with significantly elevated release of thromboxane B2, but the lacunar
      type infarcts were associated with increased aggregation of platelets. The
      results suggest that augmented platelet function may be involved in the
      pathogenesis of cerebral infarction due to DID.

PMID- 2274136
TI  - Effect of hydrocephalus on prostaglandins and thromboxane B2 in ventricular
      cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - The concentrations of prostaglandin F2 alpha, prostaglandin E2, 6
      ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (prostacyclin metabolite), and thromboxane B2 were
      assayed in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid obtained from 28 patients with
      hydrocephalus (17 obstructive, 11 communicating). Seven patients received
      dexamethasone or hydrocortisone on the day of sampling. No patient received
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds for 48 hours before sampling. The median
      values did not differ significantly between the two types of hydrocephalus or
      from the concentrations in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients
      without intracranial pathology during lumbar myelography for possible lumbar disc
      disease. Hence, there is no evidence that eicosanoids accumulate in the
      ventricles in hydrocephalus, and it is unlikely that they have a significant role
      in its symptomatology.

PMID- 2274137
TI  - Misericordia medici. Semmes Lecture. 1990.

PMID- 2274138
TI  - Endovascular coil embolization of unusual posterior inferior cerebellar artery
      aneurysms.
AB  - Three patients underwent transarterial platinum coil embolization of unusual
      posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms. In one case, a giant, bilobed,
      partially thrombosed aneurysm exhibited marked mass effect on the adjacent
      medulla. In the second case, diffuse severe cerebral vasospasm, 3 days after
      subarachnoid hemorrhage, rendered transvascular treatment of the aneurysm
      difficult. Increasing vertigo and nausea caused by mass effect from an aneurysm
      previously coated with methyl methacrylate warranted treatment in the third case.
      Indications for transvascular coil treatment included relative surgical
      inaccessibility to the aneurysm, and, in our case, inability to perform
      transarterial detachable balloon therapy. The aneurysms were obliterated by
      endovascular coil embolization in each case. In the patient with vasospasm,
      aneurysm treatment followed angioplasty of the major affected cerebral vessels,
      resulting in significant neurological improvement within 24 hours. Two patients
      were neurologically intact at the time of discharge, and the third displayed
      persistent cerebellar signs despite a marked decrease in vertigo and nausea.
      Reports of transvascular coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms are very
      rare. Our experience with these patients demonstrates that this technique can be
      successfully utilized in selected cases.

PMID- 2274139
TI  - Ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction during pregnancy.
AB  - Many women with cerebrospinal fluid shunts are now reaching reproductive age.
      Shunt malfunction may occur during pregnancy, and management requires a well
      planned, combined neurosurgical and obstetrical approach. We present a case of
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstruction manifesting during the third trimester
      managed successfully in a conservative fashion. The literature on
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction during pregnancy is reviewed.

PMID- 2274140
TI  - Myeloma manifesting as a large jugular tumor: case report.
AB  - The authors report a case of cranial plasmacytoma with multiple myelomas and
      palsy of the lower cranial nerves. The osteolytic lesion adjacent to the jugular
      foramen was demonstrated by an angiogram to be exceedingly hypervascular, with
      arteriovenous shunting resembling that seen in paragangliomas. Forty-five cases
      of cranial and intracranial plasmacytoma from the literature were reviewed. The
      findings indicate that a cranial plasmacytoma commonly appears to be a
      hypervascular tumor, whereas most dural tumors or intraparenchymal tumors have
      poor vascularity.

PMID- 2274141
TI  - Giant intradiploic epidermoid tumor of the occipital bone: case report.
AB  - The authors describe a case of a giant intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the
      occipital bone with an intracranial extension in the posterior fossa and no signs
      of neurological involvement. The lesion started as a painless lump under the
      scalp. Roentgenographic and computed tomographic findings led to a correct
      diagnosis, and the complete removal of the cyst was accomplished, despite its
      large size. The total removal of these cysts is associated with a good prognosis.

PMID- 2274142
TI  - Occult, bilateral anterior sacral and intrasacral meningeal and perineurial
      cysts: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - None of the more than 180 cases of anterior sacral meningocele reported in the
      past 150 years has been bilateral, and only two have been associated with occult
      intrasacral meningocele. We report a unique case of bilateral anterior sacral
      cysts, communicating with the subarachnoid space, associated with occult
      intrasacral meningeal and perineurial (Tarlov's) cysts, in an asymptomatic woman.
      The pertinent clinical and diagnostic imaging literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2274143
TI  - Neurinoma in the cavernous sinus: report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of trigeminal neurinoma located solely in the cavernous sinus are
      reported. Preoperatively, magnetic resonance imaging provided the accurate
      localization of the lesions, allowing precise planning of the surgical approach,
      that is, a subtemporal lateral approach and a pterional superior approach,
      respectively. The neurinomas inside the cavernous sinus were removed
      successfully, and the patients developed no new neurological deficits except for
      anesthesia in the 1st division of the trigeminal nerve. The characteristic
      magnetic resonance imaging findings of trigeminal neurinoma in the cavernous
      sinus are presented, and the different surgical approaches are discussed.

PMID- 2274144
TI  - Spinal cord hemangioblastoma with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - A case of subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by a cervical hemangioblastoma is
      presented. The clinical picture was indistinguishable from that of a subarachnoid
      hemorrhage from an intracranial lesion. The diagnosis was established by
      angiography and water-soluble contrast myelography followed by cervical computed
      tomographic scan. At surgery, the tumor was completely removed, and no
      neurological deficit was observed after the operation.

PMID- 2274145
TI  - "Moustache" appearance in craniopharyngiomas: unique magnetic resonance imaging
      and computed tomographic findings of perifocal edema.
AB  - This report describes two cases of craniopharyngioma with perifocal edema. In
      both patients, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed
      that the tumors occupied the suprasellar cistern, invaginated the floor of the
      3rd ventricle and were tightly adherent to the ventricular walls. The
      intraventricular portions of the tumors were cystic, containing protein-rich
      fluid as suggested by MRI and confirmed by operative findings. There was
      perifocal edema in the hypothalamus adjacent to the intraventricular tumor, the
      optic tracts, and the posterior limbs of the internal capsules, resembling the
      shape of a moustache on axial computed tomographic and MRI scans. The perifocal
      edema subsided after treatment of the intraventricular tumor by surgical
      resection or radiation therapy. The "moustache" appearance seems a unique,
      characteristic feature of perifocal edema, which is observed infrequently with
      certain craniopharyngiomas.

PMID- 2274146
TI  - Delayed hearing loss after neurovascular decompression.
AB  - We report two unusual cases of delayed hearing loss after neurovascular
      decompression of structures within the cerebellopontine angle. In the first case,
      the patient noted a unilateral hearing loss 3 weeks after undergoing vascular
      decompression of the trigeminal nerve for tic douloureux. This gradually improved
      over an 18-month period. In the second case, the patient awoke on the 4th day
      after vascular decompression of the facial nerve for hemifacial spasm with a
      bilateral hearing loss that has remained unchanged after the onset. These are
      examples of delayed acoustic dysfunction occurring with a shift in surgically
      freed vessels and may have been induced by newly directed neurovascular
      compression or distortion.

PMID- 2274147
TI  - [Intra- and post-operative treatment of patients with automatic defibrillator].

PMID- 2274148
TI  - [Anesthesia in patients with pre-excitation ventricular syndrome undergoing
      ablative surgery via the epicardium].

PMID- 2274149
TI  - [Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during elective surgery of aneurysms of
      the abdominal aorta].

PMID- 2274150
TI  - [Changes in the acid-base equilibrium in surgery of the abdominal aorta, effects
      of ventilation].

PMID- 2274151
TI  - [Post-operative complications and mortality in patients over 70 years of age
      after major vascular surgery].

PMID- 2274152
TI  - [Closed circuit anesthesia using Modulus II Plus].

PMID- 2274153
TI  - [Induction of inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane in closed circuit].

PMID- 2274154
TI  - [Inhalation anesthesia in closed circuit. Induction time with different
      concentrations of isoflurane].

PMID- 2274155
TI  - [Oxygen saturation in pediatric anesthesia with a combination of halothane and
      isoflurane].

PMID- 2274156
TI  - [Anesthesiologic approach in surgery of malformations in infants].

PMID- 2274157
TI  - [Forane and geriatric anesthesia].

PMID- 2274158
TI  - [Blood levels of CoQ10 and vitamin E during inhalation anesthesia with
      isoflurane].

PMID- 2274159
TI  - [Intraoperative changes in the concentration of xanthines in cerebrospinal fluid
      in patients with cerebral vasculopathy].

PMID- 2274160
TI  - [Programmed anesthesia without nitrogen monoxide].

PMID- 2274161
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of recovery after anesthesia without nitrogen monoxide
      (isoflurane versus propofol and fentanyl) in thoracic surgery: a preliminary
      note].

PMID- 2274162
TI  - [Balanced anesthesia without N2O. Its use in thoracic surgery].

PMID- 2274163
TI  - [Urinary concentration of D-glucaric acid after general anesthesia with halothane
      and isoflurane].

PMID- 2274164
TI  - [Changes in the immune status of the operating room personnel after installation
      of a system for removing anesthetic gases].

PMID- 2274165
TI  - [Cortisol and anesthesia with forane in obstetric gynecologic surgery. Comparison
      with neuroleptanalgesia (NLA)].

PMID- 2274166
TI  - [Comparison of the endocrine response to the stress caused by 2 anesthesiologic
      techniques: inhalation and intravenous anesthesia].

PMID- 2274167
TI  - [Propofol-fentanyl (total intravenous anesthesia), propofol-N2O and thiopentone
      isoflurane in mid-length gynecologic surgery: a clinical and instrumental
      comparative study (ABM-Datex monitor)].

PMID- 2274168
TI  - [General anesthesia for ambulatory surgery: a comparison of 8 techniques
      evaluated based on the quickness of functional autonomic recovery of the
      patients].

PMID- 2274169
TI  - [Relationship between demand and supply of oxygen during the immediate
      postoperative period: comparison between blended anesthesia and general
      anesthesia].

PMID- 2274170
TI  - [Predictive value of respiratory function parameters in the evaluation of
      operative risk in patients with chronic bronchopathy].

PMID- 2274171
TI  - [Changes in respiratory function induced by abdominal surgery in patients with
      chronic bronchopathy].

PMID- 2274172
TI  - [Changes in pH of the upper respiratory tract secretions induced by premedication
      with atropine].

PMID- 2274173
TI  - [Device for the control and continuous regulation of the pressure of the
      intratracheal tube cuff: called "SECUR-CUFF].

PMID- 2274174
TI  - [In vivo kinetics of the intratracheal tube cuff pressure during general
      anesthesia: a comparative evaluation of 3 models of endotracheal tubes with a new
      measuring system].

PMID- 2274175
TI  - [Colonization of the respiratory tract during anesthesia].

PMID- 2274176
TI  - [Pre-operative fasting in surgery not involving the digestive tract. Group of
      Research of Pre-operative Fasting].

PMID- 2274177
TI  - [Is anesthesia with enflurane a cause of metabolic changes?].

PMID- 2274178
TI  - [Control of arterial pressure in 86 patients treated with Urapidil both during
      the intra- and postoperative period].

PMID- 2274179
TI  - [Anesthesia and recovery in larynx transplantation].

PMID- 2274180
TI  - [Burns of the aero-digestive bifurcation during microsurgery of the vocal cords
      and jet ventilation].

PMID- 2274181
TI  - [Malignant hyperthermia: a retrospective epidemiologic study in Piedmont and
      Valle d'Aosta].

PMID- 2274182
TI  - [Awareness of drug costs among anesthesia personnel].

PMID- 2274183
TI  - [Electroencephalographic findings during continuous infusion of propofol in
      experimental orthotopic transplant of the liver].

PMID- 2274184
TI  - [Central conduction time and propofol].

PMID- 2274185
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of propofol in experimental orthotopic transplant of the
      liver].

PMID- 2274186
TI  - [Hemodynamic findings during anesthesia with continuous infusion of propofol. An
      experimental study].

PMID- 2274187
TI  - [Behavior of several hemodynamic parameters during anesthesia with propofol in
      experimental orthotopic transplant of the liver].

PMID- 2274188
TI  - [Metabolic changes during total intravenous anesthesia: propofol-fentanyl].

PMID- 2274189
TI  - [Surgery and anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl: effect on the endocrine
      system].

PMID- 2274190
TI  - [Intravenous anesthesia and renal tubular function].

PMID- 2274191
TI  - [Catecholamine and cardiocirculatory response to intubation: a comparison of
      thiopentone and propofol. Preliminary data].

PMID- 2274192
TI  - [Use of propofol in difficult intubations in maxillo-facial surgery].

PMID- 2274193
TI  - [A propofol-ketorolac combination in emergencies requiring tracheostomy].

PMID- 2274194
TI  - [Potentiation of loco-regional anesthesia with propofol].

PMID- 2274195
TI  - [The use of propofol for sedation in endoscopic procedures].

PMID- 2274196
TI  - [Propofol as the only anesthetic agent in diagnostic and operative
      gastroenterology].

PMID- 2274197
TI  - [Propofol in anesthesia for selective percutaneous thermocoagulation of the
      Gasserian ganglion].

PMID- 2274198
TI  - [Comparison of thiopentone, propofol, midazolam in anesthesia for electric
      cardioversion].

PMID- 2274199
TI  - [A propofol-ketamine combination in short-term anesthesia].
AB  - The authors report the results of a study in 43 patients anesthetized using
      Propofol + Ketamina. The results seem to stage that the two drugs have
      complementary effects. Propofol and Ketamina used together and infused
      inravenously have given better results, and less kinds of complementary effects
      than usual techniques.

PMID- 2274200
TI  - [A propofol-fentanyl combination in the perioperative period and in intensive
      care in heart surgery].

PMID- 2274201
TI  - [Propofol-ketamine versus propofol-fentanyl in air/O2 in general surgery].

PMID- 2274202
TI  - [A ketalar-propofol combination in laser surgery for removal of obstruction from
      the upper respiratory tract].

PMID- 2274203
TI  - [Propofol-ketamine in minor gynecologic surgery: a preliminary study].

PMID- 2274204
TI  - [Propofol as the only drug in general surgery].

PMID- 2274205
TI  - [Total intravenous anesthesia with spontaneous respiration, in minor general
      surgery].

PMID- 2274206
TI  - [Our experience with intravenous anesthesia in neurosurgery].

PMID- 2274207
TI  - [Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol-fentanyl in patients undergoing
      neurosurgery].

PMID- 2274208
TI  - [Propofol with/without N2O versus thiopentone-isoflurane in surgery of
      supratentorial tumors].

PMID- 2274209
TI  - [The use of propofol in suspension microlaryngoscopy].

PMID- 2274210
TI  - [Total intravenous anesthesia (propofol + neuroleptanalgesia (NLA)) in short- and
      long-term operations in ORL].

PMID- 2274211
TI  - [Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) in short- and long-term ORL operations].

PMID- 2274212
TI  - [Propofol in functional microsurgery of the middle ear].

PMID- 2274213
TI  - [Total venous anesthesia with propofol in orthopedic surgery].

PMID- 2274214
TI  - [Propofol versus thiopentone as induction agents in cesarean section].

PMID- 2274215
TI  - [Propofol in anesthesia induction for cesarean section].

PMID- 2274216
TI  - [Multicenter study on the use of Diprivan in obstetrics: preliminary results].

PMID- 2274217
TI  - [Placental transfer of propofol in elective cesarean section].

PMID- 2274218
TI  - [Determination of propofol blood levels in mothers and newborns in anesthesia for
      cesarean section].

PMID- 2274219
TI  - [Propofol for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in children undergoing
      operations for more than 2 hours].

PMID- 2274220
TI  - [Usefulness of monitoring the SaO2 in digestive endoscopy].

PMID- 2274221
TI  - [Atracurium in patients with head injuries].

PMID- 2274222
TI  - [Effects of atracurium on the respiratory mechanics of patients with chronic
      obstructive lung disease undergoing controlled ventilation].

PMID- 2274223
TI  - [The use of atracurium in patients with chronic renal insufficiency].

PMID- 2274224
TI  - [Atracurium in continuous infusion in major abdominal surgery].

PMID- 2274225
TI  - [Midazolam and flumazenil in anesthesia for microsurgery of the eye].

PMID- 2274226
TI  - [Midazolam versus propofol for conscious sedation in ambulatory oral surgery].

PMID- 2274227
TI  - [Flumazenil: possible suppression of the antipsychotic effect of diazepam in
      anesthesia with ketamine].

PMID- 2274228
TI  - [Sedation in spontaneous respiration in children during radiologic tests].

PMID- 2274229
TI  - [Episensor: a new method to identify the peridural space].

PMID- 2274230
TI  - [Continuous spinal anesthesia: first clinical evaluations].

PMID- 2274231
TI  - [Epidural sacral anesthesia with 3% mepivacaine in rectal surgery].
AB  - The authors think that the sacral epidural anaesthesia effected with Mepivacaine
      3%, 6 ml (180 mg) and Fentanyl 2 ml (100 mcg) is perfectly indicated for the
      proctologic surgery as it is of simple execution and presents a short latency (12
      min.), good deepness and perfect haemodynamic stability. Besides, it does not
      endanger the lower limbs innervation. No urinary retention.

PMID- 2274232
TI  - [Loco-regional and intravenous anesthesia in continuous infusion for endoscopic
      meniscectomy].

PMID- 2274233
TI  - [Peridural anesthesia with 3% mepivacaine. Evaluation of 30 cases in arthroscopic
      surgery of the knee].

PMID- 2274234
TI  - [Mortality and morbidity in elderly patients undergoing pulmonary excision].

PMID- 2274235
TI  - [Follow-up of respiratory function in patients after thoracic surgery].

PMID- 2274236
TI  - [Continuous monitoring of mixed venous saturation during mechanical ventricular
      support in cardiosurgery].

PMID- 2274237
TI  - [Is transesophageal echocardiography really useful in cardiac anesthesia?].

PMID- 2274238
TI  - [Diagnostic significance of bleeding time in cardiopulmonary bypass].

PMID- 2274239
TI  - [Preliminary study of the preoperative nutritional status and postoperative
      complications in cardiosurgery].

PMID- 2274240
TI  - [Control with urapidil of hypertensive crisis during myocardial
      revascularization].

PMID- 2274242
TI  - [5 years of heart transplants: analysis of the anesthesiologic problems].

PMID- 2274241
TI  - [Continuous pharmacologic infusion during extracorporeal circulation in heart
      surgery: comparison with the administration in fractionated doses].

PMID- 2274243
TI  - [Results of surgical emergencies in valvular cardiopathy].

PMID- 2274244
TI  - [Circulatory support with femoro-femoral bypass in emergency operations in cases
      of valvular prosthesis malfunction].

PMID- 2274245
TI  - [Continuous monitoring of mixed venous saturation of oxygen in heart surgery in
      children].

PMID- 2274246
TI  - [Intracellular water-electrolyte and acid-base metabolism during heart valve
      surgery: an intra- and postoperative study].

PMID- 2274247
TI  - [Inguinal hernia in childhood].
AB  - The paper reviews the current methods of surgery for inguinal hernia in children.
      This is a relatively common pathology but there is still no consensus regarding
      the most important aspects, namely "who" should be operated, "why", "when", "what
      methods should be used", and "what results are achieved" The excellent outcome in
      addition to the rarity of relapse in cases of uncomplicated hernia, opposed to
      emergency operations due to strangulation which are accompanied by a significant
      rate of mortality, justify, with rare exceptions, early intervention once the
      diagnosis has been confirmed.

PMID- 2274248
TI  - [Acute abdomen in patients with hematologic neoplasms].
AB  - Sixteen onco-haematological patients with acute abdomen are presented. The
      diagnosis of acute abdominal conditions was: neutropenic enterocolitis,
      gastrointestinal perforation, bowel neoplastic obstruction hepatic abscess and
      strangulated tumoral hernia. The operative death was 31.2%; 62.5% died 2-24
      months after surgery and 6.3% is alive at 72 months. The Authors conclude that in
      these patients the extended surgery should be performed only in prognostic all
      favourable cases.

PMID- 2274249
TI  - [Intraoperative calibration of the Vater's papilla using Fogarty's biliary
      catheter].
AB  - The study included 20 patients affected by cholelithiasis and
      choledocholithiasis. Al patients underwent cholecystectomy; after choledochotomy,
      choledochal stones were removed using a Fogarty's biliary catheter (no. 5) and,
      subsequently, the papilla was calibrated by inserting the end balloon of the
      catheter, which and been filled with 0.3 cc of water, beyond the level of the
      papilla itself. The catheter was then withdrawn. No T-tubes were left in the
      common bile duct in any patient, no post-operative complications were observed
      and all patients were dismissed within seven days.

PMID- 2274250
TI  - [Surgical treatment of rhinophyma: indications, techniques and results of a
      personal case series].

PMID- 2274251
TI  - [Vascular abnormalities of the limbs. Some observations on the classification].
AB  - In the light of the most recent non-invasive and invasive diagnostic findings, E.
      Malan's classification of 1974 is reproposed. This introduces the concept of
      prevalence to Malan-Puglianisi's previous classification of 1964. A common
      denominator is proposed for all vascular malformations, not only those involving
      the extremities, to simplify this pathology still further: the presence or
      otherwise of the diversion phenomenon.

PMID- 2274252
TI  - [Action of clindamycin on bacteria adhering to plastic materials].
AB  - The coagulase negative staphylococci capable of adhering to solid surfaces have
      been recognised as aetiological agents of infections associated with the presence
      of plastic biomedical prostheses. The study of antibiotic activity by traditional
      in vitro methods has proved unpredictive when applied to this type of infection:
      we have therefore used a calorimetric technique. Like other antibiotics,
      clindamycin was not effective in eradicating colonisation of biomedical
      prostheses. Studies on the activity of the antibiotic used in the prophylaxis of
      these infections in likely to be more promising.

PMID- 2274253
TI  - [Single-dose prophylaxis in surgery. Ceftriaxone].

PMID- 2274254
TI  - [Neurilemmoma of the stomach. Presentation of a case].
AB  - The paper describes a recent case of neurilemmoma of the stomach. Following a
      review of the literature, the Authors focus their attention on the diagnostic
      difficulties and the choice of therapy. Tomography, arteriography and gastroscopy
      with multiple biopsies may at times be misleading depending on the development of
      the tumour. Most Authors agree that local resection or, when possible,
      enucleation are the most appropriate forms of therapy.

PMID- 2274255
TI  - [Carcinoid tumor of the appendix].
AB  - The Authors report a case of tumour carcinoid of the appendix incidentally found
      at operation for appendicitis in a young patient. Diagnosis was confirmed at
      histologic analysis of the operating piece. Appendiceal carcinoid is the most
      frequent carcinoid tumor of the gastrointestinal tract and rarely becomes
      malignant. The Authors emphasize the importance of the knowledge of this not rare
      neoplasm.

PMID- 2274256
TI  - [A case of primary lymphoma of the rectum].
AB  - The Authors describe a case of primary rectal lymphoma. The primitive involvement
      of this area is infrequent. The Authors emphasize the difficulty of preoperative
      diagnosis. The therapeutic approach should allow for correct staging which is
      only obtained by means of diagnostic studies aimed at excluding multicentric
      localisation. Sensitivity to radiotherapy has led the Authors to propose it as
      primary treatment, at least in stage I; surgery must be considered elective in
      stage II or in cases of need. Chemotherapy is indicated alone or in association
      with radiotherapy or surgery.

PMID- 2274257
TI  - [Primary intrahepatic biliary lithiasis. Description of a case].

PMID- 2274258
TI  - [True or primary splenic cysts].
AB  - Two cases of splenectomy are reported following the diagnosis of a rare pathology
      of the spleen in the form of two primary, non-parasitic and non traumatic spleen
      cysts. One was located on an epithelial wall and the other on an endothelial
      wall.

PMID- 2274259
TI  - [Dermoid cysts of the ovary].
AB  - Primordial germinative cell differentiation anomalies give rise to a whole array
      of generally benign ovarian tumours which are sometimes of glandular structure
      and functionally active. In certain cases, they deviate from their normal
      proliferative line and give rise to malignant tumours of various histological
      nature. Attention is called to the malignant variations of dermoid cysts and to
      the importance of careful differential diagnosis for the purpose of correct
      surgical conduct.

PMID- 2274260
TI  - Anatomical evidence for multiple pathways leading from the rostral ventrolateral
      medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis) to the locus coeruleus in rat.
AB  - Using retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (FG) combined with immunofluorescence
      for phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), we have examined afferents to
      the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus
      paragigantocellularis; PGi) in rats sustaining lesions of the medullary
      adrenergic bundle (MB). In lesioned rats, very few adrenergic LC-projecting
      neurons persist in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion, representing a 90% decrease
      in comparison to non-lesioned animals. These results indicate that almost all
      adrenergic input to the LC from C1 neurons in PGi is conveyed by the MB. In
      contrast, the number of non-adrenergic LC afferent neurons in the PGi ipsilateral
      to the lesion only decreased by 48% after such lesions. Thus, this pathway also
      provides non-adrenergic projections to LC from PGi, but many of these are
      conveyed by other route(s) as well.

PMID- 2274261
TI  - Late appearance of parvalbumin-immunoreactivity in the development of GABAergic
      neurons in the rat hippocampus.
AB  - The calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PARV) is supposed to have a protective
      function under conditions of experimental seizure and hypoxia in a subgroup of
      GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the adult rat hippocampus. Here we studied the
      appearance of PARV immunoreactivity in rat hippocampal non-pyramidal cells during
      postnatal development in comparison to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)
      immunoreactivity. PARV-immunoreactive neurons were not observed before postnatal
      day 7 whereas GAD-positive neurons and terminal-like puncta were present at
      postnatal day 2 (P2) and were frequent around P5. From other studies it is known
      that all GABAergic neurons are formed prenatally. Our data thus indicate that in
      the early postnatal period GABAergic non-pyramidal cells are poorly protected by
      calcium-binding proteins against a pathological calcium influx.

PMID- 2274262
TI  - Evidence for retrograde axonal transport of MPP+ in the rat.
AB  - Three to 24 h after injecting radioactive 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine ([3H]MPTP) into the rat striatum, a considerable number of
      neuronal perikarya were retrogradely radiolabeled in the dorsal raphe, substantia
      nigra pars compacta and selected regions of the substantia nigra pars reticulata,
      leaving cells in the ventral tegmental area unlabeled. Pretreatment with
      tranylcypromine prevented such radiolabel accumulation, indicating that 1-methyl
      4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) (but not MPTP) undergoes selective uptake and subsequent
      retrograde transport in these specific striatal afferent systems.

PMID- 2274263
TI  - Graded action potentials in small cultured rat hippocampal neurons.
AB  - The 'all-or-nothing' principle has been central to neurobiology since the
      beginning of this century. We here demonstrate that action potentials in small
      cultured neurons from the hippocampus of rat embryos clearly depend on stimulus
      strength and thus deviate from this principle. We also demonstrate that similar
      stimulus-dependent action potentials can be predicted from computations based on
      voltage-clamp measurements. The findings suggest that amplitude modulation of the
      action potential may be a principle for information processing in the mammalian
      nervous system.

PMID- 2274264
TI  - Combined kainate and ischemia produces 'mesial temporal sclerosis'.
AB  - In the hippocampi of individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy, cells in CA1, CA3,
      and the dentate hilus are often gone, but dentate granule cells and CA2 are
      relatively spared. Several animal models have been developed which mimic portions
      of this damage. In the present work, combined intraventricular kainate and
      forebrain ischemia produced a lesion most like that observed clinically; the
      dentate granule cells and a resistant cluster of pyramidal cells, which received
      mossy fiber input, were the only principle neurons remaining. This preparation
      may be valuable both in determining the nature of cells that survive and in
      understanding the consequences of such damage.

PMID- 2274265
TI  - Increased forskolin binding in the left parahippocampal gyrus and CA1 region in
      post mortem schizophrenic brain determined by quantitative autoradiography.
AB  - Using quantitative autoradiography of [3H]forskolin we have visualized the
      activated states of adenylate cyclase in the hippocampal formation bilaterally in
      sections from schizophrenic brain and age-matched controls. There is a
      generalized increase in binding in schizophrenic hippocampi, particularly in the
      CA1 region and parahippocampal gyrus. The effect is particularly marked in the
      left parahippocampal gyrus. These findings add some support to the notion of
      schizophrenia as a medial temporal lobe disorder and suggest novel substrates as
      therapeutic targets in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2274266
TI  - Carbon filaments provide support and directionality to growing rat fetal spinal
      cord explants.
AB  - Spinal cord explants obtained from 15 to 17-day-old fetal rats were cultured on
      bundles of 5-7 microns diameter carbon filaments attached to the bottom of Petri
      dishes. After a 3 week incubation period, the cultures were fixed and observed by
      light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Neurites and glial
      processes were found to be growing both on and between the carbon filaments. The
      carbon filaments appeared to provide a biocompatible scaffold which promoted
      adhesion and gave directionality to the growing cell processes. These properties
      may make carbon filaments a suitable substrate for in vivo implantation into the
      damaged spinal cord.

PMID- 2274267
TI  - Blood-brain barrier permeability: regional alterations after acute and chronic
      administration of ethinyl estradiol.
AB  - In this study we measured the effect of acute and chronic estrogen treatment on
      cerebrovascular permeability to sucrose and inulin. Animals were subcutaneously
      injected once with 0.1 micrograms/rat of ethinyl estradiol or injected daily with
      the same drug dose for 3 weeks. Control rats received the same amount of arachis
      oil vehicle. Three weeks treatment but not the single injection of ethinyl
      estradiol produced significant increases in the cerebrovascular permeability
      surface area product for sucrose and inulin in almost all brain regions.

PMID- 2274268
TI  - Duration-dependent effects of repeated restraint stress on cortical projections
      of locus coeruleus neurons.
AB  - Using electrophysiological techniques, changes in noradrenergic fiber innervation
      in the cerebral cortex following repeated stress (restraint in a small cage for
      either 1 or 6 h daily) were examined by quantifying the density of cortical
      terminal axons of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons in the rat. After termination of
      the stress treatment, the single-unit activity of LC neurons was recorded
      extracellularly under urethane anesthesia, and antidromic activation from 7
      cortical points covering nearly the entire cerebral cortex was examined. The
      percentage of LC neurons activated anti-dromically from the medial frontal cortex
      was higher in the animals stressed for 1 h daily for 2 weeks. In contrast, the
      percentage of LC neurons activated antidromically from the cerebral cortex
      decreased in the animals who received 6 h stress for 2 weeks. These results
      suggest that stress can cause dual effects, either sprouting or retraction of
      cortical LC axons depending upon the duration of stress treatment.

PMID- 2274270
TI  - Long-term effects of dark rearing on a visually guided reaching movement in cats.
AB  - The existence of long-term effects of dark-rearing on visuo-motor coordination is
      still controversial. In this study 2 dark-reared (DR) cats were trained, after 5
      6 years of recovery, to perform a reaching movement towards a stationary or a
      moving target. The accuracy, and the reaction and movement times were evaluated.
      The scores obtained by the DR cats were compared to those of normal subjects
      after a similar period of training. The results showed that while the accuracy of
      DR cats was not impaired, the performance of their reaching movements was slower
      than normal and its triggering was delayed. These data are discussed with regards
      to electrophysiological and behavioural data obtained on analogous DR cats after
      long-term recovery.

PMID- 2274269
TI  - Changes in membrane-bound and soluble molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in
      mouse hippocampus after cholinergic denervation.
AB  - In order to observe acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and its distribution into soluble
      and membrane-bound molecular forms in cholinergically denervated hippocampus,
      AChE was analyzed in the hippocampus of adult mice with and without bilateral
      fornix lesions made by stereotactically positioned knife cuts. Homogenates from
      lesioned mice contained an average of 3% of choline acetyltransferase-specific
      activity, 12% of AChE-specific activity and 98% of protein compared to
      homogenates from controls. After lesioning, the relative proportion of membrane
      bound G4 decreased from 77% to 56% of total AChE while soluble G4, membrane-bound
      G1-G2, and soluble G1-G2 each increased in relative abundance.

PMID- 2274271
TI  - Effect of low-frequency electric stimulation on in vivo release of
      cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in medial thalamus of conscious rat.
AB  - Release of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity (CCK-LI) in the medial thalamus
      of conscious rats was measured by brain dialysis and enzyme immunoassay.
      Analgesia caused by low-frequency electric stimulation of the tibial muscle, the
      tsusanli acupuncture point, was judged by change of pain threshold due to the
      stimulation. Medical thalamic CCK-LI released was increased by peripheral
      electric stimulations of both the acupuncture point and the non-acupuncture
      point. Results suggest that CCK acts as a neurotransmitter in the medial
      thalamus, a part of the analgesia inhibitory system.

PMID- 2274272
TI  - Activity of barosensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that send
      axonal projections to the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rabbits.
AB  - In urethane-anesthetized rabbits, we successfully recorded unit activity of four
      neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) that were excited by
      orthodromic stimulation of the aortic nerve and by antidromic stimulation of the
      rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The sum of mean onset latency of excitation
      to stimulation of the aortic nerve (37.5 ms) and mean conduction time of
      antidromic spikes (10.5 ms) was close to the mean onset latency of inhibition of
      reticulospinal neurons in the RVLM to stimulation of the aortic nerve (47.1 ms)
      as previously reported by us. Three of 4 neurons received excitatory input from
      carotid sinus baroreceptors as well. Our results provide strong evidence for the
      hypothesis that neurons in the CVLM subserve the arterial baroreceptor
      sympathetic vasomotor reflex.

PMID- 2274273
TI  - Viability of adrenal chromaffin cells in the superior cervical ganglion of young
      adult and aged rats.
AB  - Adrenal medullary tissue was autotransplanted to the superior cervical ganglion
      (SCG) of aged (26 months old) and young adult (3 months old) rats. Four and 20
      weeks after operation, the viability of the transplants was evaluated using the
      formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) technique and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      immunocytochemistry. Four weeks postgrafting, the transplant consisted of a
      densely-packed group of intensively fluorescent chromaffin cells in both age
      groups. The cells showed strong TH immunoreactivity and some of them were
      elongated, but only a few displayed short processes. At 20 weeks, most of the
      cells were spindle shaped and sent out fluorescent processes and a few of them
      were transformed toward ganglion-like cells. The results suggest that both young
      and old adrenal chromaffin cells are able to survive, produce neuronal processes
      and transform toward a neuronal phenotype in the rat superior cervical ganglion.

PMID- 2274274
TI  - Saphenous nerve injury and regeneration on one side of a rat suppresses the
      ability of the contralateral nerve to evoke plasma extravasation.
AB  - Leakage of Evans blue dye from the circulation into the skin has been used to
      measure plasma extravasation evoked by antidromic nerve stimulation of the
      saphenous nerves in anaesthetised rats. Normal animals and ones in which one
      saphenous nerve had been cut and left to regenerate some time before were
      studied. Saphenous nerve injury on one side of a rat significantly reduced the
      ability of the contralateral, uninjured nerve to evoke plasma extravasation
      compared with the response measured in totally uninjured control animals. This
      suppression of plasma extravasation was not dependent on activation of nerve
      fibres in the regenerated nerve. The effect was evident by 6 weeks after injury
      and persisted for at least another 20 weeks. At the moment the mechanism
      underlying this suppression of neurogenic plasma extravasation is unknown.

PMID- 2274275
TI  - Parenchymal preamyloid and amyloid deposits in the brains of patients with
      hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis--Dutch type.
AB  - Hereditary cerebral hermorrhage with amyloidosis--Dutch type, one of the
      'cerebral beta-amyloid diseases', like Alzheimer's disease, is characterized by
      extensive deposition of amyloid in small cerebral vessels. We investigated the
      presence of parenchymal beta-protein deposits in two Dutch patients with
      hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis. Immunostaining with anti-SP28
      revealed a full spectrum of these deposits, varying from preamyloid deposits to
      burned-out plaques. However, their density is less than in Alzheimer's disease,
      and immunostaining with Alz50 and anti-PHF did not show abnormal neurites in and
      around amyloid deposits in these two patients.

PMID- 2274276
TI  - Identification of enteric motor neurones which innervate the circular muscle of
      the guinea pig small intestine.
AB  - Retrograde transport of the carbocyanine dye DiI from the deep muscular plexus of
      guinea pig small intestine was carried out in organotypic culture to identify
      circular muscle motor neurones. Seventy-four % of DiI labelled neurones were
      located within 4 rows of myenteric ganglia oral or anal to the application site.
      Some motor neurones had axons extending up to 37 rows of myenteric ganglia in the
      anal direction, or long axons travelling up to 18 rows of ganglia in the oral
      direction. Ninety four percent of the filled cells had Dogiel type I soma
      morphology; of these, neurones oral to the application site consistently had
      lamellar dendrites and were readily distinguishable from those located anally
      which had short filamentous dendrites. The methods described in this study make
      it possible to distinguish circular muscle motor neurones from other cell types
      in the myenteric plexus for the first time.

PMID- 2274277
TI  - A1 adenosinergic modulation alters the duration of maximal dentate activation.
AB  - The role of adenosine systems in the initiation and termination of seizures was
      examined using a unique marker for limbic seizures--maximal dentate activation
      (MDA). At 10 mg/kg 2-chloroadenosine shortened the duration of MDA, a measure of
      seizure terminating processes. The selective A1 agonist, cyclopentyladenosine, at
      3 mg/kg, blocked the increase in duration of MDA, while the A1 antagonist, 1,3
      dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (0.05 mg/kg) had the opposite effect. None of the
      compounds tested altered the time to onset of MDA, a measure of processes that
      initiate seizures. Therefore, modulation of A1 adenosine systems appears to alter
      seizure termination much more than seizure initiation.

PMID- 2274278
TI  - Intracellular labeling of dentate granule cells in fixed tissue permits
      quantitative analysis of dendritic morphology.
AB  - Although cortical neurons in fixed tissue can be labeled by intracellular dye
      injection, it is not yet known whether the dye diffuses to the most distal tips
      of the dendrites, or whether all dendritic branches of a neuron are labeled. In
      this study we addressed these questions by injecting granule neurons from the rat
      dentate gyrus in fixed, 400-microns-thick hippocampal slices with the fluorescent
      dye Lucifer yellow and comparing the resultant dendritic morphologies with those
      of neurons labeled in slices maintained in vitro. Results indicated that each
      dendritic branch was filled to its most distal tip and that the average number of
      branches per neuron in the fixed tissue was the same as that seen after in vitro
      labeling. Thus, intracellular labeling of neurons in fixed tissue permits
      quantitative studies of dendritic tree structure.

PMID- 2274279
TI  - Effects of treatment with microencapsulated monosialoganglioside GM1 on cortical
      and striatal acetylcholine release in rats with cortical devascularizing lesions.
AB  - The present study shows a novel administration form of the monoganglioside GM1,
      which following microencapsulation in human serum albumin was topically applied
      on cortical regions damaged by devascularization in rats. The effects of
      microencapsulated GM1 on extracellular levels of acetylcholine, choline and
      dopamine in the cortex and in the striatum were analyzed using in vivo
      microdialysis. Cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis were
      studied immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies raised against choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT). It was found that cortical devascularizing lesions
      produced a decrease in extracellular levels of cortical acetylcholine and
      choline, and retrograde morphological changes in cholinergic neurons in the
      nucleus basalis magnocellularis. GM1 promoted (1) recovery of the retrograde
      morphological changes produced by the decortication in the nucleus basalis
      magnocellularis and (2) a parallel increase in cortical acetylcholine release. No
      changes were observed in the striatum, nor on cortical or striatal dopamine
      levels simultaneously measured in the same perfusates.

PMID- 2274280
TI  - Hippocampal adenosine A1 receptors are decreased in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Previous studies showed that adenosine receptors of the temporal and frontal
      cortices were not affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we assessed the
      specific binding of [3H]cyclohexyladenosine to adenosine1 (A1) receptors in
      hippocampus from AD subjects and age-matched controls. By both particulate
      membrane and in vitro autoradiographic receptor binding methods we demonstrate
      that A1 receptors are significantly reduced by 40-60% in AD subjects. Scatchard
      analysis showed that maximum binding capacity (Bmax) was affected and there was
      no evidence for a change in the affinity of the receptor for the ligand (Kd).
      Receptor autoradiography revealed that although several regions including CA1,
      CA3 and deep layer of the subiculum were affected, the loss in A1 receptors was
      most prominent in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. In view of previous
      evidence indicating that these receptors are associated with the perforant
      pathway and dendritic fields of the CA1 and CA3 regions, our findings suggest
      loss of the presynaptic A1 receptors on axon terminals of extrinsic pathways
      including the perforant path and intrinsic pyramidal neurons which release
      glutamate.

PMID- 2274281
TI  - Angiotensin II modulation of glutamate excitation of locus coeruleus neurons.
AB  - The effects of iontophoretically applied angiotensin II (AII) have been tested on
      intracellularly recorded locus coeruleus neurons in an in vitro brain slice
      preparation. In most neurons, AII strongly depressed the depolarizing effect of L
      glutamate in the absence of other effects on membrane properties. This action was
      specific, in that AII had no effect on depolarizations caused by current
      injection or application of acetylcholine, and it was blockable by the AII
      antagonist saralasin. These results appear to demonstrate a potent and previously
      unreported neuromodulatory action of AII in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2274282
TI  - Inhibition of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity during swallowing evoked by
      laryngeal afferent stimulation in the cat.
AB  - Spontaneous swallowing or the buccopharyngeal phase of swallowing evoked by
      electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve was accompanied by a
      pronounced decrease of sympathetic activity in the cardiac nerve. This reduction
      of sympathetic activity was not related to other influences such as
      postinspiratory inhibition or baroreceptor-mediated inhibition. Intracellular
      recordings from sympathetic preganglionic neurones revealed hyperpolarization
      during the buccopharyngeal phase of swallowing, possibly due to postsynaptic
      inhibition.

PMID- 2274283
TI  - Reduction of local cerebral blood flow to pathological levels by endothelin-1
      applied to the middle cerebral artery in the rat.
AB  - Endothelin-1 (1 nmol) was applied to the exposed left middle cerebral artery
      (MCA) in anaesthetised adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Local cerebral blood flow
      (1CBF), using [14C]iodoantipyrine and quantitative autoradiography, was measured
      in 27 anatomically defined structures, 10 min after topical application of
      endothelin-1. In those areas supplied by the MCA, 1CBF was markedly reduced
      beyond the threshold for ischaemic damage (e.g. dorsolateral caudate nucleus
      reduced from 131 +/- 3 to 29 +/- 25 ml.100 g-1.min-1, sensorimotor cortex from
      109 +/- 5 to 31 +/- 21 ml.100 g-1.min-1). Distant areas were not affected.

PMID- 2274285
TI  - On staying current.

PMID- 2274284
TI  - Release of endogenous acetylcholine from rat brain slices with or without
      cholinesterase inhibition and its potentiation by hemicholinium-3.
AB  - The direct measurement of basal and high K(+)-stimulated release of endogenous
      acetylcholine from striatum and hippocampus slices was achieved without as well
      as with a cholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine. Hemicholinium-3, opposite to
      its well-known activity as an inhibitor of endogenous acetylcholine release,
      significantly potentiated both the basal and stimulated release, in particular in
      the absence of physostigmine, suggesting an involvement of some unknown activity
      stimulating ACh release in hemicholinium-3.

PMID- 2274286
TI  - Integration of nursing and business. Issues in curriculum development.
AB  - Foster and Boerstler look at the challenge of bringing integration into nursing
      service programs that combine nursing and business content. They examine capstone
      courses and internships among other strategies. They also give an interesting
      criterion of comparative advantage to judge where various content should be
      acquired.

PMID- 2274287
TI  - Empirically based recommendations for content of graduate nursing administration
      programs.
AB  - Scalzi and Wilson use consensus research as a basis for determining content for
      graduate programs in nursing administration. They ask, what do practicing nurse
      executives do on the job? One hundred and eighty-four nurse executives from acute
      care, home care, long-term care, and occupational health rated and ranked their
      job functions.

PMID- 2274288
TI  - Nurse executive role socialization and occupational image.
AB  - In this research, Krugman explores the effects of educational and experimental
      variables on the occupational image of the nurse executive. Early socialization
      as a nurse seems to remain a constant, and institutional management climate is
      another important variable.

PMID- 2274289
TI  - Environment as a major element in nursing administration practice theory
      development.
AB  - Farley and Nyberg look at the organizational environment and how it may be made
      to work for the nurse administrator. The article includes a review of research
      and construction of a tool to measure the environment.

PMID- 2274290
TI  - An interview with Kay Clark. Interview by Barbara J. Barnum.

PMID- 2274291
TI  - Medical research.

PMID- 2274292
TI  - Medical research in New Jersey.

PMID- 2274293
TI  - Innovative methods of cardiac defibrillation.
AB  - Sudden death caused by fatal cardiac arrhythmias represents a major health care
      problem in New Jersey. The use of a remote transtelephonic defibrillator, a
      technique undergoing development, is an interesting new approach to provide
      prompt restoration of cardiac rhythm and function.

PMID- 2274294
TI  - Laser energy for tachycardia ablation.

PMID- 2274295
TI  - Cancer research in New Jersey.
AB  - The New Jersey State Commission on Cancer Research endeavors to support basic
      research in cancer by providing funds to New Jersey investigators. The Commission
      now is focusing attention on the important area of clinical research as well,
      including psychosocial and epidemiologic studies.

PMID- 2274296
TI  - Biologic therapy of cancer.

PMID- 2274297
TI  - Responsible weight loss in New Jersey.
AB  - Very low-calorie formula diets (VLCDs) are an accepted method of achieving safe
      and effective weight loss for the morbidly obese. Under supervised medical
      surveillance and with a support team of dietitians and patient counsellors,
      weight loss of 40 or more pounds is achieved in 80 percent of patients. The
      authors present guidelines for assessing responsible weight loss programs along
      with a list of programs available in New Jersey.

PMID- 2274298
TI  - Research in sleep medicine.

PMID- 2274299
TI  - Monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer.

PMID- 2274300
TI  - Nuclear cardiology: perfusion, viability, and function.

PMID- 2274301
TI  - Vascular surgery and cardiac pacing.
AB  - Advances in vascular surgery and in the management of cardiac arrhythmias have
      benefitted thousands of patients in recent years. In New Jersey, one of several
      groups provides outstanding leadership in these important areas.

PMID- 2274302
TI  - New Jersey pediatric hematology oncology.
AB  - Less than three decades ago, adequate facilities and trained medical and support
      personnel to treat pediatric cancer were not available in New Jersey. Seven
      hospitals have the expertise and multidisciplinary teams that collaborate through
      the New Jersey Pediatric Hematology Oncology Network.

PMID- 2274304
TI  - Neonatal nursing--safe dressing.

PMID- 2274303
TI  - Surfactant replacement therapy.
AB  - The field of neonatology has experienced exceptional growth in recent years, and
      several excellent facilities exist in New Jersey for the care of premature and
      sick newborn infants. This article describes important advances made in the
      management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

PMID- 2274305
TI  - Baby massage in the neonatal unit.

PMID- 2274306
TI  - Maintaining contact with drug users.

PMID- 2274307
TI  - Cambridge blue.

PMID- 2274308
TI  - Care of elderly people in Italy.

PMID- 2274309
TI  - How nurses should deal with the media.

PMID- 2274310
TI  - Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2274311
TI  - Project 2000: time to pause.

PMID- 2274312
TI  - PREPP: a future framework.

PMID- 2274313
TI  - Neonatal nursing. Transitional care: who cares?

PMID- 2274314
TI  - CPR infection-control article unclear.

PMID- 2274316
TI  - Proper action can help in alleviating most indoor-air bioaerosol hazards.

PMID- 2274315
TI  - Infection-control methods should be compared.

PMID- 2274317
TI  - Government cost control discourages potential medical school applicants.

PMID- 2274318
TI  - Effect of dosing schedule on aminoglycoside ototoxicity: comparative cochlear
      ototoxicity of amikacin and isepamicin.
AB  - The effect of the dosing schedule on aminoglycoside ototoxicity was investigated
      in the guinea pig. The animals were given amikacin or isepamicin either by once
      daily intramuscular injection of 200 mg/kg or by twice-daily injections of 100
      mg/kg for 28 days. The once-daily treatment induced a lesser degree of
      ototoxicity than the twice-daily injections, which may indicate that the once
      daily treatment therapy has a potential value in the clinical use of
      aminoglycoside antibiotics. Isepamicin sulfate is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic
      currently undergoing clinical investigation. This study revealed that isepamicin
      also has ototoxic properties as has been observed in all other aminoglycosides.
      The degree of ototoxicity, however, was markedly less than that of amikacin.

PMID- 2274320
TI  - Optimizing of electroneuronography of the facial nerve.
AB  - The amplitude ratio between the paretic and the normal side as determined by
      electroneuronography is used as a basis for estimating the prognosis of facial
      palsy. Several methods have been described of placing the surface electrodes and
      of finding the supramaximal impulse strength. We investigated 16 normal test
      persons with the aim (1) of optimizing the procedure of neuronography with regard
      to the possible variations of electrode placement and stimulus intensity and (2)
      of finding out the right/left difference in normal test subjects. Following our
      results, the best positions of the recording electrodes are the nasal alae. Even
      under these most favorable test conditions we found an average side difference of
      the bilaterally recorded electroneurograms of normal test persons of 22%.

PMID- 2274319
TI  - Blood pressure abnormalities as background roles for vertigo, dizziness and
      disequilibrium.
AB  - In 3 years, a total of 1,291 patients have undergone equilibrium examinations
      because of vertigo, dizziness and disequilibrium in the Otoneurological Division
      of Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University. Abnormal blood pressures
      (hypertension, hypotension and orthostatic hypotension) were found in 18.67% (241
      patients). Hypotension was found significantly more often in peripheral
      vestibular disorders and hypertension in central nervous system disorders.
      Furthermore, the incidence of orthostatic hypotension was statistically higher in
      hypertensive patients than in hypotensive patients. Therefore, we conclude that
      blood pressure measurement by the Schellong test method in patients with vertigo,
      dizziness and disequilibrium is very important.

PMID- 2274321
TI  - Ciliogenesis in cultured human nasal epithelium.
AB  - Human nasal epithelial cells, which lost their cilia in monolayer cultures,
      redeveloped cilia after 1 week in a suspension culture system. Before
      ciliogenesis started, the number of microvilli increased. Primary cilia were
      absent. The different cytoplasmic stages of this in vitro ciliogenesis could be
      reconstructed here into a sequence of events comparable to that described in the
      embryogenesis of the mammalian respiratory tract. In addition to the
      fibrogranular aggregates, deuterosomes with procentrioles and kinetosomes, small
      tubular structures in the fibrogranular aggregates could be visualized. The
      formation of the ciliary shaft above an aligned basal body started as an
      elevation of the apical membrane without any recognizable axonemal
      ultrastructure. This study provides the first full description of in vitro
      ciliogenesis on a human tissue.

PMID- 2274322
TI  - Nasal polyposis as a risk factor for hypertension.
AB  - Arterial hypertension was found in 78 of 224 consecutive patients operated for
      nasal polyposis. An exacerbated degree of hypertension was significant in groups
      aged above 50 years. In total, 46% of patients whose nasal polyposis was of a
      duration of more than 10 years suffered from hypertension. Fifty of 78 patients
      developed hypertension after nasal polyposis was established and the mean
      duration time from polyposis to hypertension was 11.1 years. Hypertension was
      established in 50% of patients suffering from the triad asthma, intolerance to
      acetylsalicylic acid and nasal polyposis. In analogy with knowledge that sleep
      apnoea and snoring are aetiological factors for arterial hypertension, we propose
      that long-standing nasal obstruction by nasal polyposis be a risk factor for
      arterial hypertension.

PMID- 2274324
TI  - Coincidental radiographic findings in severe external otitis in
      nonimmunocompromised patients.
AB  - We present the cases of 3 previously healthy patients who became ill with a very
      sudden and painful external otitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At the acute
      stage, diagnosis was difficult in all these patients because of marked
      periauricular swelling and radiological mastoiditis. The latter sign has not been
      reported earlier in association with external otitis in nonimmunocompromised
      patients. All patients made a full recovery with appropriate treatment.

PMID- 2274323
TI  - Osseous hemangioma arising in the facial bone.
AB  - Hemangiomas of bone are rare tumors in the facial region. In our own case,
      magnetic resonance imaging showed unique linear high-signal-intensity internal
      components in T1-weighted images. The histological study demonstrated that
      adipose tissue occurring in the stroma of the tumor caused the high signal
      intensity in T1-weighted images. We employed a vascularized calvarial bone flap
      to reconstruct the malar eminence after resection of the tumor.

PMID- 2274325
TI  - [Implanting an atrial pacemaker].
AB  - Twelve single chamber atrial demand (AAI) pacemakers have been implanted for the
      control of the symptomatic sick sinus syndrome and hypersensitive carotis sinus
      syndrome at the Postgraduate Medical University during the last year. The patient
      selection was based upon the long-term monitoring and the electrophysiological
      studies. In the presence of the intact atrioventricular conduction the
      "pysiological" pacing has been maintained using "J" shaped endocavital atrial
      electrodes being connected with simple or multiprogrammable generators. Late AV
      block was not observed. Authors propose the spreading of AAI stimulation due to
      its hemodynamical advantages comparing with VVI pacing.

PMID- 2274326
TI  - [Experience with ESWL treatment of giant kidney and ureteral calculi (based on
      1400 cases)].
AB  - On the basis of the treatment of 1400 patients who suffered from kidney and
      ureter stones we may conclude that 80-82% of the extractable stones can be
      treated with ESWL monotherapy. ESWL proved to be successful in almost every case
      where there were 2 or 3 cm large--or larger--kidney stones or stones at almost
      any part of the ureter. The extraction of the larger kidney stones can be helped
      with stent put up previously, nephrostome or repeated ESWL. We apply other
      invasive methods more and more rarely. The aiming and treatment of ureter stones
      which can be found at different parts of the ureter is better with adjuvant
      laying and diagnostic methods. In the case of staghorn calculi ESWL can be
      combined with percutaneous operations. In the case of large staghorn calculi
      traditional operations seem to be the most successful methods after which
      percutaneous treatment or ESWL can be performed if there are fragments left
      behind.

PMID- 2274327
TI  - [Possible cause of the increased incidence of lung cancer in 1987 in the 10th
      District of Budapest (1975-1989)].
AB  - In 1975 in one of the major industrial districts of Budapest some longitudinal
      epidemiological examinations were carried out with the aim of, among others,
      determination of connection between environmental injuries and lung cancer
      incidence in connection with determination of lung cancer risk groups. Between
      1975-1989 out of the environmental injuries the most important was the
      radioactive contamination observed due to the atomic power station catastrophe in
      Chernobil (1986). In 1987 the incidence of lung cancer increased. The increase
      was significant among the 50-69-year-old women, and expressly among the heavy
      smokers. In 1987, especially among women, but also in both sexes, the ratio among
      the major cell types of lung cancer shifted towards micro-cellular ones. In 1988
      and 1989 lung cancer incidence has decreased. In view of the above a hypothesis
      was raised: patients who have previously suffered immunobiological hurt, could
      not prevent the increased radioactive burden and got ill with lung cancer
      earlier, than it should have been happened without this increased burden. For
      clarification this question further examinations are considered to be necessary.

PMID- 2274328
TI  - [In memoriam Dr. Tivadar Huttl (1919-1990)].

PMID- 2274329
TI  - [A medical career in the light of the development of a specialty. Centenary of
      the birth of Ferenc Kovacs, professor of obstetrics].

PMID- 2274330
TI  - [Mor Karolyi (1865-1945)].

PMID- 2274331
TI  - [In memory of Wenckebach].

PMID- 2274332
TI  - The Cruzan decision: an ethical perspective.

PMID- 2274333
TI  - Critical care ethics: conflict or compromise?

PMID- 2274335
TI  - Body image and its modification.

PMID- 2274334
TI  - My obsession with solving substance abuse.

PMID- 2274336
TI  - Reducing estate taxes: check details. The Health Care Group.

PMID- 2274337
TI  - Love, dignity, respect: a new year's resolve.

PMID- 2274338
TI  - Scope of orthopaedic nursing practice.

PMID- 2274339
TI  - TSRH instrumentation: evolution of a new system. Part 1. Texas Scottish Rite
      Hospital.
AB  - The TSRH System was designed at Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled
      Children in Dallas, Texas, to correct spinal deformities in a three-dimensional
      plane. The system's greatest advantage is its application in spinal revisions.
      The other advantage to the TSRH system is the crosslink system used in linking
      paralleling rods for spinal fusion. The TSRH spinal system is paralleled to the
      Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) system. Advantages of both systems are discussed in this
      article.

PMID- 2274341
TI  - Miss Marie recalls a half century of orthopaedic nursing.
AB  - During more than 50 years in pediatric orthopaedics, Marie Lotze witnessed the
      bed rest and sunshine treatment of the thirties, the polio epidemic of the
      forties, and the advent of the "miracle drugs." She scrubbed on all types of
      orthopaedic cases through the fifties and sixties. In the seventies, Marie was
      part of Dr. Kenton Leatherman's spinal team treating adolescent scoliosis with
      Cotrel casts and Harrington rod fusions. An inspiration to nurses and physicians
      alike, Marie touched thousands of lives before her retirement in 1981.

PMID- 2274340
TI  - Pedicle screw fixation in the lumbar spine. Part 2.
AB  - Pedicle screw fixation devices are a versatile means of providing stability and
      alignment to the lumbar spine for many problems which include fractures, tumors,
      multiple level laminectomies, spondylolisthesis, and other degenerative problems.
      An understanding of the pedicle screw fixation device, its uses, and care of
      patients with pedicle screw fixation will help orthopaedic nurses successfully
      manage their patients.

PMID- 2274342
TI  - Health promotion for the elderly: issues and program planning.
AB  - Orthopaedic nurses have opportunities to educate the elderly regarding health
      promoting lifestyle changes. Although there are many such changes to consider,
      the focus here is on exercise, injury prevention, smoking and alcohol cessation,
      immunization, and health screening. Since the elderly present a challenge to
      traditional education methods, specific strategies are suggested for elder health
      education.

PMID- 2274343
TI  - The aging foot.
AB  - In the aging patient changes that compromise mobility may occur in the feet.
      Common foot pathologies are heel pain, metatarsalgia, hammertoes and clawtoes,
      bunions, hallux rigidus, corns and calluses, nail pathologies, arthritis, and
      neuropathies. To educate patients and families, nurses must be familiar with
      these conditions and their prevention, conservative treatment, surgical
      procedures, nursing interventions, and patient education.

PMID- 2274345
TI  - Crush syndrome: pathophysiology and management.

PMID- 2274344
TI  - Polypharmacy in the elderly: implications for nursing.
AB  - Polypharmacy, or the taking of multiple medications, is a common situation for
      the older individual in today's society. It reflects a change in the focus of
      medical care for the elderly person from a caring to a curing treatment. Nurses
      play a major role in identifying people receiving multiple medications and in
      helping to evaluate their effectiveness. Suggestions for obtaining a complete
      drug history are presented along with explanations of the role of age-related
      changes on the effect of those medications on the elderly.

PMID- 2274346
TI  - [Genetics and cellular cellular biology of cancer].

PMID- 2274347
TI  - [New contributions of biology in breast cancer].

PMID- 2274348
TI  - Epidermal growth factor receptors and prognosis in breast cancer.

PMID- 2274349
TI  - [Importance of oncogenes in tumors of the breast. Results, useful revaluation,
      perspectives].

PMID- 2274350
TI  - NM23 gene expression and human breast cancer metastases.

PMID- 2274351
TI  - [Anatomopathologic aspects of "borderline" breast lesions].

PMID- 2274352
TI  - [Genetics and breast cancer].

PMID- 2274353
TI  - [Tumor proliferation index. Its value for prediction of therapeutic response in
      breast cancers].

PMID- 2274354
TI  - [Interleukin-2 in the treatment of malignant diseases: results and perspectives].

PMID- 2274355
TI  - [Growth factors and anti-growth factors in tumor therapy].

PMID- 2274356
TI  - [Antiprostaglandins and cancer].

PMID- 2274357
TI  - Epidemiology of the bladder tumors.

PMID- 2274358
TI  - [Pathologic anatomy of bladder tumors].

PMID- 2274359
TI  - [Natural history of bladder tumors].

PMID- 2274360
TI  - [Prognostic factors of bladder tumors].

PMID- 2274361
TI  - [Evaluation of the extent of bladder tumors].

PMID- 2274362
TI  - [Treatment of superficial bladder tumors].

PMID- 2274363
TI  - [Surgical treatment of malignant bladder tumors].

PMID- 2274364
TI  - [The role of adjuvant treatments in bladder tumors].

PMID- 2274365
TI  - [New therapeutic modalities in invasive bladder tumors].

PMID- 2274366
TI  - [Definition of the occult tumor concept].

PMID- 2274367
TI  - [The value of biological tumor markers in detecting occult tumors].

PMID- 2274368
TI  - [Visualization of occult tumors by modern imaging (echography, tomodensitometry,
      magnetic resonance imaging].

PMID- 2274369
TI  - [Immunoscintigraphy, a new method of specific visualization in occult tumors].

PMID- 2274370
TI  - Intraoperative radioimmunodetection of occult tumor: past, present and future.

PMID- 2274371
TI  - Radioimmunotherapy of colon carcinoma with I-131 labeled antibodies, successful
      experimental results and clinical dosimetry study.

PMID- 2274372
TI  - [Advances in the biology of multiple myeloma].

PMID- 2274373
TI  - [Multiple myeloma: diagnosis and prognosis].

PMID- 2274375
TI  - Intensive therapy for myeloma.

PMID- 2274374
TI  - Therapy of multiple myeloma. Italian Multiple Myeloma Study Group.

PMID- 2274376
TI  - [Does a consensus exist in France for breast cancer detection in the entire
      population?].

PMID- 2274377
TI  - [Anatomopathologic consensus for defining the prognostic factors of breast
      cancers].

PMID- 2274378
TI  - [Node negative breast cancers: the good and the bad cases].

PMID- 2274379
TI  - [Consensus and controversies in conservative treatment indications].

PMID- 2274380
TI  - [Treatment of intraductal breast cancers: results, role of radiotherapy].

PMID- 2274381
TI  - [Long-term results of conservative treatment of operable breast cancers].

PMID- 2274382
TI  - [Is conservative treatment possible in large breast cancers?].

PMID- 2274383
TI  - [Consensus and controversy in adjuvant treatment indications in breast cancers].

PMID- 2274384
TI  - [Breast cancer: the end of big arms, sequelae, and mutilations].

PMID- 2274385
TI  - [Breast cancer and plastic surgery].

PMID- 2274386
TI  - [The role of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancers].

PMID- 2274387
TI  - [Prognostic parameters in metastatic breast cancers].

PMID- 2274388
TI  - [Physiopathology of malignant osteolysis].

PMID- 2274389
TI  - Tumor cell heterogeneity and metastasis.

PMID- 2274390
TI  - [Effect and role of anthracyclines in the treatment of metastatic breast
      cancers].

PMID- 2274392
TI  - [Dermatologist's role in the detection of malignant melanoma].

PMID- 2274391
TI  - [Effect and role of vinca-alkaloids in the treatment of metastatic breast
      cancers].

PMID- 2274393
TI  - [Immunoscintigraphy of malignant melanoma].
AB  - This work is part of a multicentric European evaluation of the monoclonal
      antibody 225.28s targeted against malignant melanoma and its metastases. Twenty
      eight patients (12 males, 16 females, mean age: 53 yrs), who had initially been
      treated by resection of the primary tumour, were included in the study. Twenty
      three of the 26 metastases more than 1 cm in diameter were visualized by
      immunoscintigraphy. The sensitivity of the procedure (88%) is limited however by
      the small size of the lesions and their depth, as well as by background noise
      caused by circulating antibodies. Immunoscintigraphy enables non-invasive
      investigation of the whole body and can detect lesions that other conventional
      complementary explorations fail to identify.

PMID- 2274394
TI  - [Malignant melanoma: local perfusions].

PMID- 2274395
TI  - [Malignant melanoma: hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy].

PMID- 2274396
TI  - [Fotemustine in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma. Overall analysis
      of results].

PMID- 2274397
TI  - [Immunotherapy of malignant melanoma].

PMID- 2274398
TI  - Evolution in cardiology: triumph and defeat.

PMID- 2274400
TI  - On the role of clinical anomaly in Harvey's discovery of the mechanism of the
      pulse.

PMID- 2274399
TI  - Is taller really better? Growth hormone therapy in short children.

PMID- 2274401
TI  - How law killed ethics.

PMID- 2274402
TI  - The long reach of Harvard's Fatigue Laboratory, 1926-1947.

PMID- 2274403
TI  - A developmental plasticity model for phenotypic variation in major psychiatric
      disorders.

PMID- 2274404
TI  - Terrorism and biological weapons: inevitable alliance?

PMID- 2274405
TI  - From molecular biology to "genetic antibiotics".

PMID- 2274406
TI  - Nursing adaptation evaluation: a method for evaluating nursing care.
AB  - The Nursing Adaptation Evaluation method (NSGAE) is presented as a means by which
      psychiatric nurses can explicate and articulate their practice by, among other
      strategies, evaluating the effectiveness of nursing care. Having a method for
      evaluating patient improvement facilitates the evaluation of nursing care and,
      ultimately, contributes to an expansion of our theoretical base.

PMID- 2274407
TI  - Solution-focused approaches in psychiatric/mental health nursing.
AB  - Multiple social and financial factors dictate that therapies of all kinds be
      oriented toward producing measurable changes in clients. Crisis intervention is
      one therapy approach that often produces measurable changes in clients. However,
      this approach may not be useful for individuals unable to identify a
      precipitating event, or who want change beyond returning to a previous level of
      functioning. This article reviews the basic tenets of solution-focused therapy in
      order to orient nurses to its potential utility for psychiatric/mental health
      practice.

PMID- 2274408
TI  - Privileged communication: an ethical and legal right of psychiatric clients.
AB  - This article reviews the ethical and legal issues posed by statutory privileged
      communication. It addresses the implications of privileged communication for
      advanced psychiatric/mental health nursing research, education, and clinical
      practice. The author highlights how advanced mental health practitioners do not
      have privileged communication, and reviews efforts to change this in the state of
      Maryland.

PMID- 2274409
TI  - Privileged communication: psychiatric/mental health nurses and the law.
AB  - This article examines the issues of confidentiality and privileged communication
      as they relate to psychiatric/mental health nursing practice. It includes a
      discussion of statutory and case law, arguments for and against privileged
      communication, and several examples of how these issues effect psychiatric/mental
      health nurses and their practice.

PMID- 2274410
TI  - Ego competency: a framework for formulating the nursing care plan.
AB  - The Ego Competency Model of psychiatric nursing provides a framework to guide
      nurses when developing or revising the nursing care or treatment plan.

PMID- 2274411
TI  - Theory of interpersonal nursing.

PMID- 2274412
TI  - Finding the borderline's border: can Martha Rogers help?
AB  - The psychodynamics of the client with a borderline personality disorder are
      reviewed within the context of Martha Rogers' Model of Unitary Human Beings.
      Emphasis is placed on the phenomena of transference and countertransference,
      which are viewed as resulting from the continual mutual interaction of human and
      environmental energy fields. Nursing interventions are postulated based on
      recognition of the fact that the nurse constitutes a significant part of the
      borderline client's environmental energy field.

PMID- 2274413
TI  - A direct-reading device for measurement of patch-clamp micropipette tip
      diameters.
AB  - This paper describes an electronic device for the measurement of the diameter of
      the tip opening of micropipettes. The device measures the threshold pressure
      required to produce bubbles from the micropipette submerged in a liquid and
      displays the tip inner diameter in micrometres. We demonstrate that this
      technique can be used effectively in a range of liquids of different density,
      surface tension and viscosity and that the thickness of the glass from which the
      micropipettes are made does not influence the measurements.

PMID- 2274414
TI  - Proximal tubular stop flow pressure: an index of glomerular capillary pressure?
AB  - Central to the assumption that glomerular capillary pressure (Pgc) can be equated
      with the sum of arterial oncotic pressure (pi art) and the pressure in a blocked
      proximal tubule ("stop flow" pressure, Psf) is that filtration ceases in the
      blocked nephron. Should filtration not cease, but continue at a rate equal to
      tubular reabsorption between the block and the glomerulus, Psf, for a given Pgc,
      will depend on the distance between block and glomerulus. This would have serious
      consequences for the interpretation of Psf, particularly in respect to its
      frequent use in analysis of the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism.
      Experiments were performed in anaesthetized Wistar rats to examine whether a
      length dependency of Psf exists and, if so, to what extent this relationship
      alters during maximal TGF stimulation by loop of Henle perfusion. A length
      dependency of Psf existed both in the absence and presence of loop flow. The
      regression coefficients were significantly different from 0 and from each other.
      Pgc cannot thus be equated with the sum of Psf and pi art. The length dependent
      error in Psf makes it unsuitable for the quantitative analysis of TGF and
      glomerular haemodynamics.

PMID- 2274415
TI  - Calcium sensitivity and myofibrillar protein isoforms of rat skinned skeletal
      muscle fibres.
AB  - We investigated the calcium sensitivity for tension generation of different fibre
      types and the possible correlation between calcium sensitivity and the presence
      of distinct regulatory protein and myosin light chain (MLC) isoforms in rat
      skinned skeletal muscle fibres. Fibre types 1, 2A and 2B were identified by
      electrophoretic analysis of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. Fibres showing
      more than one MHC isoform were discarded. Type 1 fibres from the soleus showed a
      higher pCa (-log10 [Ca], where [ ] denotes concentration) threshold and a lower
      slope of pCa/tension curve than type 2 extensor digitorum longus (EDL) fibres;
      between type 2 fibres, type 2B showed the higher slope of pCa/tension curve. Type
      1 fibres from different muscles showed similar calcium sensitivities when
      containing only the slow set of regulatory proteins and MLC; when both slow and
      fast isoforms were present, calcium sensitivity shifted toward fast type fibre
      values. Type 2A fibres from different muscles showed a similar calcium
      sensitivity, independently of the set (purely fast or mixed) of regulatory
      proteins and MLC. It is suggested that when both fast and slow isoforms of
      regulatory proteins and of MLC are present in a muscle fibre, calcium sensitivity
      is dictated mainly by the fast isoforms.

PMID- 2274416
TI  - Principal cells of cortical collecting ducts of the rat are not a route of
      transepithelial Cl- transport.
AB  - The rat cortical collecting duct (CCD) exhibits high rates of NaCl reabsorption
      when stimulated by mineralocorticoid and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The present
      study was undertaken to determine if there is significant transcellular Cl-
      movement across the principal cells of the rat CCD. CCDs were dissected from
      kidneys of rats that had been injected with deoxycorticosterone (5 mg, i.m.) 2-9
      days prior to the experiment. The ducts were perfused in vitro with identical
      perfusing and bathing solutions, except that 200 pmol.l-1 ADH was added to the
      bathing solutions. The basolateral membrane voltage (PDbl) of principal cells was
      -77 +/- 1 mV and the luminal membrane voltage (PD1) was -68 +/- 1 mV (mean +/-
      SEM, n = 124). Separate impalements with single-barrelled Cl(-)-selective
      microelectrodes gave an apparent intracellular Cl- activity of principal cells of
      17 +/- 2 mmol.l-1. Transepithelial PD and PDbl were unaffected by luminal
      furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), 4-acetamido-4-isothiocyanostilbene2,2
      disulphonic acid, (SITS), or the Cl- channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3
      phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB); bath addition of SITS or the Cl- channel
      blocker diphenylamino-2-carboxylic acid; or replacement of bath HCO3- by Cl-. The
      intracellular Cl- activity (a(cell)Cl) also remained unchanged with the addition
      of HCT, SITS or the Cl- channel blockers to either the perfusing or bathing
      solutions, or with replacement of the bathing solution HCO3-.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2274417
TI  - Choline transport in collecting duct cells isolated from the rat renal inner
      medulla.
AB  - Glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) plays an important role in the osmoregulation of
      the renal inner medulla. Under hyperosmotic conditions, a striking increase in
      cellular GPC content is observed. In order to characterize the cellular events
      involved in GPC metabolism, we have studied the uptake of choline, a precursor of
      GPC, by freshly isolated rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells at 300
      mosmol/l. Choline uptake occurred by a single transport system with an apparent
      affinity (Km) of 80 microM and a maximal velocity (Vmax) of 120 pmol/microliter
      cell water/min. Hemicholinium-3, ethanolamine and N,N-dimethylethanolamine were
      potent inhibitors, but betaine had no effect. Choline uptake was not altered by
      the replacement of Na+ with N-methylglucamine+, suggesting a sodium-independent
      process. Addition of 50 mM KCl to the incubation medium to reduce the cell
      membrane potential inhibited choline uptake by 19 +/- 4% after 10 min. Increasing
      the extracellular osmolarity to 600 or 900 mosmol/l had no effect on the kinetic
      parameters of choline uptake. These results suggest that choline uptake into IMCD
      cells occurs by a sodium-independent transport system driven by the inside
      negative cell membrane potential. Furthermore, the increase in the GPC content
      under hyperosmotic conditions is not associated with increased activity of the
      transport systems of biosynthetic precursors.

PMID- 2274418
TI  - Brain and core temperatures and peripheral vasomotion during sleep and
      wakefulness at various ambient temperatures in the rat.
AB  - Changes in brain, core and tail skin temperatures (Tbr, Tc and Tt) associated
      with transitions in the arousal states were recorded in rats throughout the 24-h
      diurnal cycle at 10 degrees C, 21 degrees C and 29 degrees C. Falling asleep was
      accompanied by decreases in both Tbr and Tc and vasodilation at 10 degrees C and
      21 degrees C. At 29 degrees C, tail vessels were permanently dilated, and further
      dilation was not found on sleep onset. Tbr and Tc, however, continued to decrease
      during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS); these changes are likely to result
      from reductions in heat production and increased conductive heat loss. The
      changes in Tbr, Tc and Tt on awakening mirrored those on falling asleep. It is
      suggested that the suppression of sleep in the cold and the enhancement of NREMS
      in the heat promote thermoregulation. Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) was
      associated with sharp rises in Tbr. The rise in Tbr was the largest in the cold
      and was attenuated at 29 degrees C. Tc decreased and Tt increased in the cold,
      whereas Tc tended to increase and Tt to decrease in the heat. The paradoxical
      peripheral vasomotion during REMS supports previous suggestions on severe
      thermoregulatory impairment during REMS in other species.

PMID- 2274419
TI  - Maxi-K channels in plasma cells.
AB  - Whole-cells, excised outside-in and outside-out membrane patches were employed to
      study the electrophysiological properties of plasma cells isolated from the
      Harderian (lacrimal) gland of chicken. The study revealed that the whole-cell
      currents are dominated by outward rectifying currents which display slow
      inactivation times of the order of seconds. Records from excised outside-in and
      outside-out patches consistently revealed one channel type, a maxi-K channel.
      These maxi-K channels were shown to be both voltage and calcium sensitive. The
      single channel conductance of the maxi-K channel, with KCl solutions on both
      sides of the patch, ranged from 200-265 pS (n = 26). Both whole-cell currents and
      single channel activity (outside-out) were reduced by the introduction of 10 mM
      TEA in the bath. The ease with which a large number of plasma cells can be
      isolated free of undifferentiated B-lymphocytes makes this preparation ideal for
      studying the relationship between the electrophysiological properties and
      immunoglobulin secretion in plasma cells.

PMID- 2274420
TI  - Policies and procedures of accreditation for programs in nursing education.

PMID- 2274421
TI  - LVMC nurse speaks out on quality of worklife issues.

PMID- 2274423
TI  - [Preliminary results of radiotherapy of children with neoplasms of the central
      nervous system].
AB  - 42 children with diagnosis of neoplasm of the central nervous system have been
      treated in the Ist Teleradiotherapy Unit of the Oncology Center--Maria Sklodowska
      Curie Institute in Warsaw in the years 1980-1985. The age of children has been
      within 16 months--16 years limits. In 38 cases brain tumors have been irradiated
      and in 4 spinal ones. The treatment consisted of megavoltage Co60 irradiation,
      and in part of the spinal tumors the irradiation with electrons of 13-17 MeV
      energy. The tolerance of the treatment has been in general very good. 25 children
      (60%) survived 3-8 years, without symptoms of the disease, including 15 (60%) in
      very good psychosomatic condition, 17 children died.

PMID- 2274422
TI  - [Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of injuries after radiotherapy of neoplasms].
AB  - The dose which can be given in radiotherapy and, thus, the chance of cancer
      control is primarily limited by the risk of producing severe chronic side effects
      in the uninvolved adjacent normal tissues. Only recently the challenge that
      chronic radiation injury poses to radiobiology has been fully acknowledged and
      experimental research in laboratory animals has started. Still, very little is
      known about the pathogenesis, the pathophysiology and the pathology of chronic
      normal tissue injury of most organs.

PMID- 2274424
TI  - [Surgical-pathological classification of cancer of the cervix uteri (SPS-
      surgical-pathological staging)].
AB  - Actual opinions concerning the application of the surgical-pathological staging
      of patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix are presented. On account of the
      analysis of the data taken from pertinent literature concerning among others the
      benefits of more precise diagnoses applying the diagnostic laparotomy, the author
      presents the opinion that surgical-pathologic staging appears to be expedient in
      early stages of clinical advancement of the neoplasms in association with radical
      surgical intervention. The expediency of this staging in more advanced cases is
      at present questionable in view of the inadequacy of so far applicable programmes
      of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2274425
TI  - [Statistical correlations of the duration of survival and prognostic factors in
      the group of patients with Hodgkin's disease].
AB  - Statistical relationships of the duration of survival and selected prognostic
      factors, in the group of 192 patients with Hodgkin's disease irradiated in the
      years 1965-1975 in the Institute of Oncology in Warsaw are discussed. The
      analysis of the multiple regressions has been performed and correlation
      coefficients of Pearson calculated. It has been found that following factors most
      effectively affect the prognosis: age, degree of remission obtained following
      first treatment and sex. The factor most strongly connected with the duration of
      the remission of the disease appears to be the degree of obtained remission.

PMID- 2274426
TI  - [Neuroblastoma in children. Results of the treatment and analysis of selected
      prognostic factors].
AB  - Results of treatment of 46 children within 6 months-16 years limits of age, with
      neuroblastoma hospitalized at the I-st Clinic of Children Diseases in Poznan, are
      presented. In 44 of patients the III-rd or IV-th stage of clinical advancement
      has been diagnosed, hence the analysis is concerned mainly with advanced forms of
      disease. 3 year survival of patients treated since 1985 with application of an
      intensive GPO-NBL programme appeared to be higher (p = 0.37 +/- 0.15) as compared
      with a group of children treated earlier (p = 0.17 +/- 0.07). The difference
      appeared however is not significant. Among analysed prognostic factors only age
      has been of importance. The probability of survival of younger children-below 2
      years of a age (p = 64 +/- 0.23) is significantly higher as compared with older
      age group (p = 0.03 +/- 0.04).

PMID- 2274427
TI  - [Comparison of 5-year survival rates of patients with the most common malignant
      neoplasms living in urban and rural areas in the years 1982-1983].
AB  - Almost every fifth man and every third woman with malignant neoplasm living in
      urban and rural areas of the Cracov region, had in the years 1982-1983 the chance
      to survive 5 years. 5 year survivals of patients from urban and rural areas did
      not differ significantly. Also in other periods of time between 1976-1977 and
      1982-1983 the differences were insignificant. As compared with data taken from
      other populations in the years 1982-1983, particularly low level of 5 year
      survivals has been noted in Cracov of male patients with cancer of the colon and
      in women with cancer of the uterine body. The survivals of patients with
      malignant neoplasms of the colon in both sexes, of the prostate and kidney in men
      and of breast in women are strikingly low in Polish patients. Also the survivals
      of Polish women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix are significantly lower as
      compared with other countries.

PMID- 2274428
TI  - [Proteases and protease antagonists in neoplasms].
AB  - The maintenance of equilibrium between proteases and their inhibitors has
      substantial significance for the pathogenesis of the neoplastic disease. It
      concerns especially the invasiveness of the neoplasms, which increases with
      rising of the proteases activity or with the decrease of the inhibitory activity
      of antiproteases. The neoplastic cell has the faculty of producing numerous
      proteases which by damaging connective tissue facilitates the invasion by the
      neoplasm. Invasiveness of the neoplasms may be augmented by the production of
      proteases by the host cells stimulated by the neoplasm. The condition of the
      proteases--antiproteases balance is also influenced by the production of
      antiproteases by neoplastic cells. Among numerous antiproteases alpha-2
      macroglobulin has most intensive cytotoxic action in relation with the neoplasm.
      According to data collected from the literature, antiproteases can be regarded as
      anticarcinogenic agents. On account of this, the estimation of the antiproteases
      level can be regarded as a measure of the ability of the body system to resist
      the invasiveness of neoplasms.

PMID- 2274429
TI  - [Diagnostic value of beta 2-microglobulin (BMG) in the serum of patients with
      infiltrative neoplasms of the bladder].
AB  - Observations of the behaviour of BMG in the blood serum (S-BMG) of 48 patients
      with infiltrative neoplasm of the urinary bladder indicated the increase of its
      concentration in 94% of patients. A correlation has been found between S-BMG and
      the stage of clinical advancement and histologic grading of the tumor. No
      statistically significant difference of values of S-BMG has been present in
      carcinoma and papilloma of the urinary bladder and recurrent neoplasms.

PMID- 2274430
TI  - [Cow's milk protein intolerance: evaluation of immunological markers. A
      preliminary study].
AB  - Cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) is recognised as an important cause of
      protean symptoms in infants. There are no tests with enough specificity and
      sensibility to set up a diagnostic assay. We carried out preliminary study on
      children suffering from CMPI with the following aims: a) to ascertain the
      importance of the variation in circulating antibodies to cow's milk proteins in
      CMPI, b) to establish a useful screening tool to diagnose CMPI. Seventy-four
      subjects (s.) were studied and divided into four diagnostic groups as follows:
      Six s. (3 M, 3 F) suffering from CMPI mean age 4.8 +/- 3.9 months, assuming a
      diet containing cow's milk: I group. Eleven s. (O M, 7 F) suffering from CMPI
      mean age 7.8 +/- 4.6 months, assuming a cow's milk free diet, for several months
      (mean 4.5 +/- 1.5): II group. Nine s. (5 M, 4 F) suffering from enteropathies not
      cow's milk correlated, mean age 18.5 +/- 10.6 months, assuming a diet containing
      cow's milk: III group. Fourty-eight healthy s. (24 M, 24 F), mean age 10.5 +/-
      4.3 months, assuming a diet containing cow's milk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2274431
TI  - [Preventive effect of thymomodulin in recurrent respiratory infections in
      children].
AB  - Recurrent respiratory infections (RRI) are a common occurrence in early
      childhood. Several investigations report the primary role of environmental
      factors (as early social mixing and passive smoking) in inducing RRI. In RRI
      children immunological defects, transient and not typical, have been often
      observed, but it is reasonable to suppose that they are essentially secondary to
      infections. Since immune modifications involve essentially cell-mediated
      immunity, several therapeutical attempts with thymic hormones have been carried
      out. In the present study the efficacy of thymomodulin was evaluated in a
      clinical trial in a group of children with RRI. Forty-six children suffering from
      RRI were enrolled on the basis of RI number in the previous year. Twenty-three
      children were treated with thymomodulin, twenty-three were not treated and were
      studied as control group. A significant reduction in the frequency of RI was
      noted only in treated children. Interleukin-2 production was assayed in all
      children before and after the trial, but not significant modification was
      observed in this immunological parameter. This study confirms the effectiveness
      of treatment with thymomodulin in RRI children, even though immunological
      background of clinical improvement remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2274432
TI  - [Non-epidermidis coagulase-negative staphylococci in infectious diseases of the
      compromised host].
AB  - Today Staphylococcus epidermidis has been recognized as the etiological agent of
      infectious diseases such as endocarditis, sepsis and meningitis that mainly come
      out in compromised hosts because of the breaching of the mechanical barrier
      (cardiosurgical, neurosurgical patients and central venous catheter carriers).
      Other "non-epidermidis coagulase negative Staphylococci" are more and more
      frequently isolated from patients at high risk of infection. Faced with these
      isolations, it is difficult for the clinician and the microbiologist to give
      these microorganisms their effective pathogenic role. The Authors present a case
      list of seriously compromised patients in whom non-epidermidis coagulase negative
      Staphylococci were repeatedly isolated: hemato-oncological patients: the Authors
      mark out 6 cases of sepsis that is, likely, to be linked to a central venous
      catheter. The isolated microorganisms were: S. warneri (3 cases); S. haemolyticus
      (1 case); S. hominis (1 case); S. xylosus (1 case); neurosurgical patients: in
      whom 3 cases of cerebro-spinal fluid infection were observed; 3 patients carried
      a ventriculo-peritoneal derivation; 1 patient carried an Ommaya's device. The
      etiological agents were S. haemolyticus in 2 cases, S. capitis in 1 case. The
      Authors point out the multiresistance of some strains (S. haemolyticus) and the
      oxacillin-methicillin resistance phenomenon. They also underline the need for a
      specific identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococci and the importance of
      a strict collaboration between clinicians and microbiologists in order to get a
      correct interpretation of the role played by these microorganisms in infectious
      diseases of the compromised host.

PMID- 2274433
TI  - [Cross-reactivity of milk proteins: statistical analysis of RAST results].
AB  - RIA dosages of specific IgE antibodies to cow milk, alpha-lactalbumin, beta
      lactoglobulin, casein, cheddar and mould cheese were determined in 440 patients.
      Statistic analysis has been carried out with: 1) the linear regression and
      correlation coefficient r2: 2) U test of Mann-Whitney and then S test of Kendall
      Results show that casein has low allergenicity in comparison to other cow's milk
      proteins. It could be unnecessary to quantify specific IgE to cow milk and
      cheeses. From the observed data we could suppose that the formulas with
      casein/blood protein ratio similar to maternal milk may be more allergenic than
      casein based ones.

PMID- 2274434
TI  - [Study of the beta cell function in type I diabetes by the determination of
      peptide C after glucagon challenge].
AB  - In 35 patients (13F/22M; age range 2-15 years), affected by insulin dependent
      diabetes mellitus (IDDM), basal and glucagon stimulated C peptide was determined
      and correlated with the daily insulin requirement (U/Kg/die), the glycosylated
      hemoglobin (HbA1c), the age of onset (months) and the length of the illness
      (months). The results of C peptide determinations are illustrated in tab. 1: in
      20 patients (group I) the basal value of C peptide is higher than 1 ng/ml and
      increases after glucagon load; in 15 patients (group II) the basal value of C
      peptide is lower than 1 ng/ml; in 9 ones (group IIA) of these 15 a glucagon load
      does not elicit a residual insulin secretion; in the other 6 ones (group IIB) a
      significative C peptide increase is observed after glucagon load. A better
      metabolic control (p less than 0.01); Student t test) and a shorter length of the
      illness (p less than 0.05; Mann-Withney U test) was noticed in the group I in
      comparison with the group IIA, in which no insulin reserve, even after glucagon
      load, was demonstrated (tab. 2). However, no difference in the metabolic control,
      insulin requirement, age of onset or length of the illness resulted between group
      IIA and group IIB (in which an insulin reserve had been demonstrated only after
      glucagon load). The basal C peptide evaluation and follow up is useful in the
      assessment of the individual case of IDDM: a glucagon load may demonstrate a
      residual insulin reserve in some patients with a low basal C peptide.

PMID- 2274435
TI  - [Kawasaki disease: between mystery and reality. A clinical contribution].
AB  - Kawasaki disease was described by T. Kawasaki in Japan in 1967 and since then
      numerous cases have been reported from all over the world. The Authors reports a
      review of the literature on the main epidemiologic, clinical, etiopathogenetic
      aspects of the Kawasaki disease, pointing up the present therapeutical trends and
      the importance of a correct follow-up. A case is reported of children with a
      particularly complete M.K.: she presented fever, mucosal hyperemia, lymph node
      swelling, cutaneous rash and desquamation of the fingers of hands and feet.
      Furthermore leukocytes platelets, alpha 2 globulins and ESR were raised.

PMID- 2274436
TI  - [Serum bile acids in the newborn: our experience].
AB  - The study of bile acids in the newborn permits to the AA. to point out that the
      beginning of the feeding does not influence the "physiologic cholestasis" of the
      first days of life. Neonatal cholestasis is the expression of the immaturity of
      bile acids synthesis and hepatic and intestinal carriage, which is not correlated
      with the maternal conditions. Furthermore, the AA. discuss about the analogy
      between cholestasis and "physiologic hyperbilirubinemia", from which it differs
      for the longer time. In fact, the maturation of the enterohepatic circle occurs
      very slowly under possible dietetic factors influences.

PMID- 2274437
TI  - [Liver abscess in children].
AB  - A case of solitary hepatic abscess in an apparently normal 5-year old infant is
      described. The symptoms in this patient were generally nonspecific and the child
      were erroneously operated with a presumptive diagnosis of acute appendicitis.
      Subsequently, because of persistence of isolated abdominal signs, abdominal
      ultrasonography were performed, and an abscess of the right hepatic lobe was
      evidenced. The pathogenesis of the hepatic abscess in this child is unclear.

PMID- 2274438
TI  - [Paraesophageal inflammatory pseudotumor in an 11-year-old girl].
AB  - Paraesophageal inflammatory pseudotumor is the cause of anaemia and intermittent
      fever. The surgical treatment determines a rapid and complete clinical
      resolution.

PMID- 2274439
TI  - [Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia in an 18-month-old patient. Responsible
      agent: erythromycin].

PMID- 2274440
TI  - [Silver-Russell syndrome. Presentation of a case with autosomal dominant
      heredity].
AB  - The Authors describe one case of Silver-Russel syndrome. An autosomic dominant
      pattern of heredity is presumed, because dysmorphic elements and low stature were
      noted in the mother and in other relatives.

PMID- 2274441
TI  - [Hyperthyroidism in childhood. Description of a case].
AB  - The authors report some personal clinical observations. The polymorphic clinical
      course, the diagnostic procedure and the therapeutical management of the
      infantile Grave's disease are discussed. Pathogenesis is not clarified. Genetic
      factors are also analysed.

PMID- 2274442
TI  - [Cutis marmorata telangiectasica congenita. Description of 2 further cases].
AB  - We report two cases of C.M.T.C., a rare cutaneous vascular anomaly, which is
      manifested at birth. It is a rare birth defect of unknown etiology; usually
      occurs sporadically. There is an association of C.M.T.C. with other congenital
      anomalies in at least 50% of the patients. On the basis of two cases, the
      clinical features of cutis marmorata telangiectasica congenita are described and
      the differential diagnosis discussed.

PMID- 2274443
TI  - [Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome in a patient with complex angiomatosis.
      Description of a case].
AB  - Hemangiomas present to physicians with some of the most difficult treatment
      problems known to medicine. Many modalities are available but all suffer some
      degree of complications. The Authors describe a case of Cushing's syndrome after
      steroid therapy of serious capillary-cavernous hemangiomas. This experience
      points out treatment problems and need of team management.

PMID- 2274444
TI  - [Osteogenesis imperfecta. Description of a clinical case of lethal type and
      elements of differential diagnosis].

PMID- 2274445
TI  - Brock transventricular pulmonary valvotomy in patients with pulmonary stenosis:
      long-term results.
AB  - As no long-term results of a blind opening up of the pulmonary valve either by
      balloon valvoplasty or closed Brock valvotomy have been published, we examined
      the outcome of 12 patients with valvar pulmonary stenosis 17 +/- 5 (11-22) years
      after surgery. The Brock valvotomy had been carried out at a mean age of 3 +/-
      2.8 (0.2-8.5) years. The mean pressure gradient across the right ventricular
      outflow tract had been 116 +/- 45 (75-97) mmHg at the catheter study or 106 +/-
      43 (40-160) mmHg as measured intraoperatively. The right ventricular pressure
      after the Brock procedure was measured in the operating room in five patients as
      46 +/- 15 (30-60) mmHg. Seven patients had been recatheterized at a mean age of
      9.5 +/- 2 (7-12.7) years; at that time the gradient across the pulmonary valve
      had been 20 +/- 14 (10-37) mmHg. At a mean age of 21.7 +/- 3 (15-26) years these
      and five further patients were reexamined by echo Doppler. This time the pressure
      gradient across the pulmonary valve was 13 +/- 6 (7-20) mmHg. Moderate pulmonary
      incompetence was present in four and mild incompetence in eight patients; two had
      mild tricuspid insufficiency. All except one patient, who had suffered a
      cerebrovascular accident before surgery, were in NYHA functional class 1 and
      pursuing a profession. From these data we conclude that the blind opening-up of
      the pulmonary valve achieves excellent long-term palliation.

PMID- 2274446
TI  - Absent aortic valve: a complex anomaly.
AB  - Seven patients (four previously cited and three new cases) with absent aortic
      valve cusps (leaflets), a rare and underrecognized complex congenital heart
      defect, are discussed. All patients were male, six full-term and one premature
      with nonimmunologic hydrops. None underwent operation; all died within the first
      week of life from low cardiac output and hypoxemia. In most instances, the only
      remnant of the aortic valve was a nonobstructive fibrous ridge; occasionally, it
      was accompanied by rudimentary leaflets or sinuses of Valsalva. Absent aortic
      valve was associated with other significant structural malformations in all
      instances, including atrioventricular valve atresia, hypoplasia or dysplasia,
      less commonly double outlet right ventricle, abnormal pulmonary venous
      connection, or left ventricular endomyocardial abnormalities. Recognition of this
      unusual lesion is important since it is associated with other complex
      malformations, causes hypoxemia (for which early positive pressure ventilation is
      indicated), and could be possibly palliated using the right ventricle as the
      systemic ventricle.

PMID- 2274447
TI  - Cardiovascular drugs in children. II. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in
      pediatric patients.

PMID- 2274448
TI  - Anatomic evidence of spontaneous intrauterine closure of a ventricular septal
      defect.
AB  - An infant, born to a mother on carbamazepine monotherapy, had a complex cardiac
      anomaly, consisting of double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), right-sided aorta,
      pulmonary artery hypoplasia, left ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis, and
      anatomic evidence of a spontaneously closed muscular ventricular septal defect
      (VSD). The last finding is one which, to the best of our knowledge, has never
      been illustrated before.

PMID- 2274449
TI  - Fatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an infant of a diabetic mother.
AB  - The case is reported of a male infant with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM),
      attributed to maternal diabetes, who, contrary to the usually good prognosis of
      this condition, died at 11 weeks of age. The clinical, echocardiographic, and
      pathological findings were indistinguishable from familial HCM, except for the
      lesser degree of myocardial fiber disarray on microscopic examination.

PMID- 2274450
TI  - Transesophageal electropharmacologic test in a newborn with familial Wolff
      Parkinson-White syndrome.
AB  - A newborn infant with familial Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome presented
      with a supraventricular tachycardia of 300 beats/min, refractory to digoxin and
      flecainide administration. Serial electropharmacologic tests were performed via
      the esophagus before and during oral therapy with verapamil at 40, 80, and 60 mg
      daily. Before treatment, tachycardia could be induced with programmed
      stimulation. A regimen of verapamil at 60 mg daily, which resulted in the
      initiation of nonsustained (less than 10 s) reciprocating tachycardia only,
      without clinical recurrences, was identified as suitable long-term oral therapy.
      The efficacy of this drug regimen in preventing episodes of tachycardia was
      confirmed during a 1-month follow-up period. It is concluded that transesophageal
      atrial pacing is a useful, noninvasive means of selecting treatment in neonates
      with supraventricular tachycardia, when nonconventional drugs are considered for
      prophylaxis.

PMID- 2274451
TI  - Junctional ectopic tachycardia with a benign course in a premature infant.
AB  - The case of a premature baby with junctional ectopic tachycardia is described.
      The arrhythmia had an unusually benign course, contrary to what has been reported
      in the literature. Sinus rhythm was restored after 3 days of treatment with
      quinidine, and there has been no recurrence.

PMID- 2274452
TI  - Coronary arteriography using balloon occlusion of the aortic root in infants with
      transposition of the great arteries.
AB  - A simple technique of coronary arteriography using balloon occlusion of the
      aortic root is described. The technique has greatly helped in the selection of
      the arterial switch operation for infants with transposition of the great
      arteries (TGA) in whom accurate recognition of the anatomy of the coronary
      arteries is important and yet selective coronary arteriography is technically
      difficult. The technique has been used in 13 consecutive infants and has proved
      very helpful in 12, with no serious adverse effects.

PMID- 2274453
TI  - Large placental chorioangioma as a cause of congestive heart failure in newborn
      infants.
AB  - Two rare cases of infants born from pregnancies complicated by large placental
      chorioangiomas are reported. Congestive heart failure occurred early in the
      neonatal period as the main complication. Chorioangiomas may be diagnosed early
      in pregnancy by ultrasound examination. Since both maternal and neonatal
      complications may indicate premature termination of the pregnancy or be conducive
      to premature birth, repeated ultrasound examinations, including fetal
      echocardiography and flow measurements, are suggested to determine the optimal
      time of delivery. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms causing neonatal
      complications are discussed.

PMID- 2274454
TI  - Exercise in sickle cell anemia.

PMID- 2274455
TI  - Plastic bronchitis as a rare complication of Fontan's operation.

PMID- 2274456
TI  - Fatal thyrotoxic heart disease in a 7-year-old girl.

PMID- 2274457
TI  - Annual meeting of the Association of European Paediatric Cardiologists.Oslo,
      Norway, 12-15 June 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2274458
TI  - Cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders.
AB  - In summary, we conclude that current evidence supports cognitive therapy as a
      promising approach to the treatment of anxiety. However, definitive conclusions
      regarding its efficacy must await large-scale, well-conducted, controlled trials
      that address the methodological shortcomings previously addressed. Furthermore,
      although there are many components to Beck's version of cognitive therapy, the
      critical ingredients are not known at this time. Despite the absence of data
      regarding this issue, we believe that future trials of cognitive therapy should
      include the following as core components: (a) identifying and modifying
      idiosyncratic anxiety-related beliefs, (b) using behavioral experiments to test
      those beliefs, and (c) utilizing well-trained therapists to administer treatment.
      This would provide a solid foundation from which to evaluate how cognitive
      therapy might add to the effectiveness of current behavioral treatments for
      anxiety disorders. In addition, studies comparing treatment effectiveness of
      cognitive therapy, behavior therapy, and pharmacotherapy for anxiety would
      ideally include dropout rates, relapse rates, and generalization of changes made
      over time. The advantages of cognitive therapy approaches may not be evident in
      the short run because cognitive therapy may provide clients with a method for
      handling future environmental or internal stresses that might make this treatment
      approach more effective in the long-term amelioration of anxiety disorders.

PMID- 2274459
TI  - Cognitive-behavioral approaches to personality disorders.

PMID- 2274460
TI  - Behavioral treatment of insomnia.

PMID- 2274461
TI  - Behavioral assessment and treatment of parent-adolescent conflict.

PMID- 2274462
TI  - Modification of childhood aggression.

PMID- 2274463
TI  - Pharmacological and behavioral treatment for cigarette smoking.

PMID- 2274464
TI  - Adolescent anger control: review and critique.

PMID- 2274465
TI  - Behavioral family therapy for schizophrenia.

PMID- 2274466
TI  - Language and cognitive development: a systematic behavioral program and
      technology for increasing the language and cognitive skills of developmentally
      disabled and at-risk preschool children.
AB  - Behavioral research in teaching verbal behavior to language-delayed and
      developmentally disabled preschool children has progressed greatly during the
      past 30 years. It is now possible to produce improvements in the verbal behavior
      of language-delayed and developmentally disabled children that previously would
      have been considered impossible. Not only is it possible to teach language
      delayed children a wide variety of individual elements and forms of speech, such
      as plurals, adjectives, syntax, and grammar, but it is also possible to achieve
      functional language in nonverbal children and produce total recovery in some
      autistic and functionally mentally retarded preschool children. The results of
      our research with the TALK Language Development Program provide techniques,
      procedures, and new directions to further advance the technology of verbal
      behavior. First, development of a standard procedure for the analysis,
      reinforcement, and recording of verbal behavior provides a precise and standard
      method for evaluating the effect of contingencies of reinforcement on verbal
      behavior. Second, the TALK program, by systematizing and operationalizing the
      process of shaping functional language, provides a program that is relatively
      easily learned by therapists, teachers, speech pathologists, and others. Third,
      the robustness and reliability of the TALK program, as demonstrated by
      replication across diagnostic groups, settings, and therapists, makes it an
      attractive program for use with a variety of developmentally disabled children.
      Fourth, the identification of specific parent-child reinforcement paradigms that
      appear to be functionally related to language delay may facilitate research in
      the prevention of language delay. Finally, our research with functionally
      retarded children and normal infants has led to the development of a behavioral
      strategy and technology for the prevention of and total recovery from some cases
      of language delay and functional mental retardation. At least two important
      opportunities now exist for making a substantial social impact through the
      technology of verbal behavior. First, the passage of Public Law 99-457 has
      created a major need for effective language programs that can be used by public
      school teachers of handicapped preschool children. The need will increase as more
      programs for the birth to 3 population are mandated. This presents a major
      opportunity for transferring the technology of verbal behavior to other
      professionals who are in daily contact with young handicapped preschool children,
      such as teachers, speech pathologists, pediatricians, and social
      workers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2274467
TI  - The role of behavior therapists in child custody cases.
AB  - Given awareness of research, a focus on the present, sensitivity to multiple life
      events, and preference for active interventions that characterize the social
      learning tradition, behavior therapists are well equipped to expand their work
      into the child custody context. However, therapists need to be aware of the
      multiple potential roles they may be asked to play in child custody cases. All
      therapists must make clear whether they are functioning as an evaluator, a
      mediator, or a therapist. These roles overlap somewhat in function, and on
      occasion the same psychologist may successfully fulfill more than one role.
      However, the wise course of action is for the therapist to define a single role
      from the outset of the case and to remain in that one role throughout. Although a
      social learning background is an excellent starting point, therapy with child
      custody cases requires specialized knowledge about the emotional, practical, and
      legal aspects of divorce. Self-education is an especially important precursor to
      working in the child custody context, because perhaps the single most important
      intervention with divorcing and divorced families is to educate them. Given the
      lack of institutionalized guidance on how to handle both the emotional and the
      practical aspects of divorce, families often turn to therapists for direction. To
      provide such direction, therapists must educate themselves about the various
      emotional, social, practical, and legal aspects of divorce. We hope that this
      chapter is but an initial step that the reader will take toward that goal.

PMID- 2274468
TI  - Intravenous injection of flunarizine elicits epileptiform convulsions.
      Preliminary evaluation of anti-epileptic drugs.
AB  - The possibility to elicit convulsions in rabbits after flunarizine, iv was
      investigated. A flunarizine solution, 3.3 mg/ml, was given iv at a rate of 1.5
      ml/min in three fractional doses every 30 min. Action of anti-epileptic drugs in
      seizures induced by flunarizine was additionally examined. Convulsive seizures
      occurred 2-10 min after the last successive dose of flunarizine as alternating
      clonic and tonic seizures. A treatment with anti-epileptic drugs showed that both
      phenobarbital at doses 6, 7 and 7.5 mg/kg iv and pentobarbital at doses of 15, 20
      and 25 mg/kg, iv did not entirely suppress convulsive seizures, although
      convulsive episodes were rare. Diazepam at doses of 1-1.5 mg/kg, iv suppressed
      convulsive seizures.

PMID- 2274469
TI  - Dissimilar effects of lithium and carbamazepine on erythrocyte lithium transport
      in vivo: clinical implications.
AB  - The effect of lithium (Li) and carbamazepine (CBZ) on erythrocyte lithium
      transport in vivo was investigated in 28 patients with affective or
      schizoaffective illness (14 given Li and 14 given CBZ). In 12 of them, Li or CBZ
      were added to current psychotropic treatment. The activities of erythrocyte
      lithium-sodium countertransport (LSC), lithium-potassium cotransport (LPC) and
      passive lithium diffusion (PLD) were assayed before and after 28 days of
      treatment. The administration of Li caused a significant decrease of LPC as well
      as PLD activity. The administration of CBZ resulted in a significant increase of
      the activity of LPC system. No systematic relationship was observed between Li or
      CBZ-induced alterations in erythrocyte transport and changes in clinical state of
      patients. The possible clinical implications of the dissimilar effect of Li and
      CBZ on erythrocyte lithium transport are discussed.

PMID- 2274470
TI  - Activity of diltiazem and nifedipine in some animal models of depression.
AB  - The effect of two calcium channel inhibitors, diltiazem and nifedipine in animal
      models of depression: a) behavioral despair test and b) behavioral deficit
      produced by uncontrollable footshock was investigated. Additionally, the
      influence of both drugs on mouse killing (muricide) behavior induced by chronic
      isolation was studied. Both drugs given in single doses increased the active
      behavior of rats in behavioral despair test. Nifedipine but not diltiazem was
      partially effective in the test when administered chronically (14 days). Both
      drugs also attenuated stress-induced behavioral depression in the open field and
      forced swim test. Diltiazem was markedly more active in the former whereas
      nifedipine in the latter test. Neither compound influenced killing behavior in
      muricidal rats. Our data support the notion that calcium channel inhibitors may
      possess antidepressant activity, although there appear to exist certain
      differences in their scope of action depending on the model applied.

PMID- 2274471
TI  - The lack of effect of opioid agonists and antagonists on some acute effects of
      ethanol.
AB  - We studied the ability of opioid antagonists: naloxone, naltrexone and
      diprenorphine and an opioid agonist morphine to influence the effects of ethanol
      on hypothermia, sleeping time and impairment of aerial righting reflex.
      Naltrexone (2-16 mg/kg) and naloxone (2-16 mg/kg) were not able to attenuate
      effects of ethanol, while diprenorphine decreased ethanol sleeping time (4
      microgram/kg) and antagonized the ethanol hypothermia (8 microgram/kg).
      Naltrexone in a dose of 8 mg/kg sc antagonized the ethanol impairment of aerial
      righting reflex. The present behavioral studies did not provide any evidence for
      the participation of the opioid system in the mediation of acute ethanol effects
      in rats.

PMID- 2274472
TI  - Methotrexate binding to human plasma proteins.
AB  - The percentage of methotrexate (MTX) binding to plasma protein was 50.4 +/- 1.9
      in healthy subject, and 32.3 +/- 3.6 in patients with cancer (breast carcinoma in
      most cases). Drugs used in combination with MTX in therapy (vincristine,
      vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, prednisone) depress the MTX
      binding to albumins. MTX binds to two kinds of albumins binding sites, with
      different binding constants: K1 = 8.88 mM-1 and K2 = 1.76 mM-1.

PMID- 2274474
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological properties of 13H-naphtho[1',2':7,6] [1,4]
      diazepino[2,3-b] pyridines.
AB  - The synthesis and properties of 13H-naphtho[1',2':7,6] [1,4] diazepino[2,3-b]
      pyridines (7a--g) were described. New compounds were studied in rats and in mice
      in the tests used for preclinical assessment of antidepressant or anxiolytic
      activity. Compound 7c showed weak antagonism towards the reserpine-induced
      hypothermia and shortened immobility time in the despair test. None of the tested
      compounds had an anxiety-relieving action.

PMID- 2274475
TI  - The analgesic activity of some kyotorphin-tuftsin analogs.
AB  - The analgesic potency of the C-terminal dipeptide of tuftsin (Pro-Arg) was found
      to be much stronger than that of the C-terminal of bradykinin dipeptide Phe-Arg.
      It was also found that the tripeptide fragment of bradykinin (Pro-Phe-Arg) and
      its D-Pro analog (D-Pro-Phe-Arg) are deprived of analgesic activity. The attempt
      to synthesize kyotorphin analogs containing fluorescence label (DMAPhe-Arg and D
      DMAPhe-Arg; DMAPhe: 4'-dimethylamino-phenylalanine) resulted in inactive
      compounds.

PMID- 2274473
TI  - Effects of riboflavin on benzo(a)pyrene, 2-acetylaminofluorene and methyl
      methanesulfonate mutagenicity in vitro.
AB  - Riboflavin was shown to inhibit mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene and 2
      acetylaminofluorene in the presence of S9 liver fractions deriving from B10.A
      mice as well as from DBA/2 mice and had no influence on mutagenicity of methyl
      methanesulfonate. The above findings confirm the supposition that
      antimutagenicity of riboflavin results from its interaction with enzymes
      responsible for metabolic activation of promutagens. The antimutagenic effects of
      riboflavin were more drastic in the presence of liver fractions from B10.A mice
      than in the presence of those from DBA/2 mice.

PMID- 2274477
TI  - Impedance plethysmography for surveillance of deep venous thrombosis following
      early discharge of total joint replacement patients.
AB  - Between April 1988 and February 1989, 877 patients undergoing total hip (394
      patients) and total knee (483 patients) replacement surgeries were given warfarin
      prophylaxis perioperatively and were tested with impedance plethysmography (IPG)
      approximately 17 days postoperatively (10 days post-discharge) in the outpatient
      office. There were 69 positive IPG tests (7.8%). Further assessment of patients
      with positive IPG results using duplex scanning or venography confirmed DVT in 25
      of the 69 patients (3.6%) in the popliteal or thigh areas, and ruled out venous
      disease in 44 patients. All 25 patients were readmitted for anticoagulation
      therapy with intravenous (IV) heparin and warfarin. There were no cases of
      pulmonary embolus. This study indicates that IPG testing is a safe and effective
      method of screening patients for DVT and its potentially fatal sequela of
      pulmonary embolus. Furthermore, IPG testing has proven to be cost effective, as
      it is a relatively simple procedure which can be administered by non-professional
      personnel in the outpatient office setting.

PMID- 2274476
TI  - Stress-induced depression of basal motility: effects of antidepressant drugs.
AB  - Behavioral and biochemical effects of repeated immobilization stress were
      determined in male Wistar rats. The influence of acute or repeated administration
      of antidepressant drugs on these effects of stress were also evaluated. It was
      found that repeated stress (immobilization 3 h/2 degrees C/4 days or various
      stressors/8 days) reduced basal locomotor activity of rats and prolonged
      immobility time in Porsolt's despair test. Antidepressant drugs
      (desmethylimipramine, imipramine, amitriptyline, clomipramine, mianserine), given
      acutely, restored basal locomotor activity of stressed rats to control level.
      Desmethylimipramine, imipramine and amitriptyline reduced immobility time in
      Porsolt's test similarly in control as in stressed rats. However clomipramine,
      mianserine and trazodone were effective in this test only in stressed rats.
      Imipramine given for 4 or 8 days (1 h before the stressor) normalized basal
      locomotor activity. Repeated (for 8 days) various stressors decelerated
      utilization of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) in the brain. Imipramine
      given once a day for 8 days (1 h before the stressor) normalized brain
      utilization of catecholamines (CA). It was proposed that depression of basal
      motility and reduction of CA utilization in the brain induced by repeated stress
      may be counter acted by antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 2274478
TI  - Reduction of postoperative CT artifacts of pelvic fractures by use of titanium
      implants.
AB  - The value of CT scanning for both preoperative and postoperative assessment of
      pelvic and acetabular fractures has been demonstrated. Previous attempts at our
      institution to obtain useful pelvic CT scans following internal fixation with
      stainless steel implants have been impaired by metal artifacts that degraded the
      transaxial CT images. Our use of titanium, instead of stainless steel implants,
      produced identical fixation and ultimate fracture healing, but yielded minimal
      artifacts. We recommend the use of titanium implants as substitutes for stainless
      steel implants in pelvic fixation to maximize the information obtained on
      subsequent CT exams.

PMID- 2274479
TI  - Neurologic deficits associated with sacral wing fractures.
AB  - Twelve of 96 patients with pelvic fractures suffered neurologic deficits. Four
      secondary to acetabular fractures were excluded from the study. Of the remaining
      eight, five were found by CT scan to be secondary to fractures of the sacral wing
      extending through the sacral foramina. On the basis of this study, it is believed
      that the neurologic injuries were due to sacral root injuries rather than
      lumbosacral plexus injuries. This concept potentially could lead to surgical
      approaches for decompression of sacral root trauma.

PMID- 2274480
TI  - Extraperiosteal toe phalanx transfer for congenital aphalangia: refinement of
      technique.
AB  - Toe phalanges with attached periosteum can be transferred to hands with
      congenital aphalangia, constructing rudimentary digits with growth potential.
      Using a volar technique, rather than the traditional dorsal method, allows
      stabilization of the constructed metacarpophalangeal joint and maximizes flexor
      function.

PMID- 2274482
TI  - Chronic ulceration of the hand due to primary cutaneous lymphoma.

PMID- 2274481
TI  - Closed treatment of canine nonunions by controlled compression and distraction
      using an Ilizarov fixator: a preliminary study.
AB  - The Ilizarov fixator was used for closed treatment of canine nonunions by
      controlled compression and distraction. The fibrous matrix and cartilage formed
      within the nonunion site transformed to osteoid and bone with increased
      vascularity. Healing was demonstrated by substantial bone bridging the nonunion
      at 6 weeks. The Ilizarov method appears to be a viable treatment for nonunions.

PMID- 2274483
TI  - Dislocation of the cuboid.

PMID- 2274484
TI  - Discogenic vertebral sclerosis: a potential mimic of disc space infection or
      metastatic disease.

PMID- 2274485
TI  - Hemangioma of the tibia.

PMID- 2274486
TI  - Radiologic case study. Occult bone injury: diagnosis by magnetic resonance
      imaging.

PMID- 2274487
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of a craniopharyngioma using ultrasonography and magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - We report an infant with a craniopharyngioma which was detected in utero.
      Maternal uterine ultrasonography, done at 27 weeks because of polyhydramnios,
      revealed a 4 cm midline mass near the base of the fetal skull. At 31 weeks,
      magnetic resonance imaging of the maternal abdomen confirmed the presence of a
      mass in the region of the third ventricle and revealed hydrocephalus. Two days
      post-partum a computed tomography (CT)-guided needle biopsy of the mass was
      performed and recovered tissue which was histologically consistent with a
      craniopharyngioma. The infant's postnatal period was complicated by seizures,
      which were treated with phenobarbital, and by progressive hydrocephalus,
      necessitating placement of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. He also received
      therapy for central hypothyroidism and diabetes insipidus. The infant's parents
      refused permission for attempted resection of the tumour and he died at 8 weeks
      of age. This represents the second reported case of an antenatally detected
      craniopharyngioma. Four other cases of different intracranial tumours have been
      detected in utero using ultrasound, with no reported survivors past 3 days of
      age. There is a uniformly poor prognosis of such infants, but earlier diagnosis
      and intervention may change this result.

PMID- 2274488
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of autosomal dominant microcephaly and postnatal evaluation
      with magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - A case of fetal autosomal dominant microcephaly was prenatally diagnosed with
      ultrasonography in a woman with previously undiagnosed microcephaly. At the time
      of initial ultrasonographic assessment, the mother was identified to have a
      markedly small cranium, consistent with maternal microcephaly. The
      ultrasonographic examination showed the fetal head size to be four standard
      deviations below the mean for gestational age. Gestational dating from the other
      biometric parameters and from the last menstrual period was consistent with 31
      weeks' gestation. Neurosonographic evaluation of the fetus revealed no obvious
      structural abnormalities. Serial ultrasonographic examinations at 35 and 38
      weeks' gestation showed no changes in the fetal head size. A 2.64 kg male fetus
      was delivered at term. Neonatal assessment showed the fetal head circumference to
      be less than the second percentile for gestational age. Neurologic assessment of
      the neonate with magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormal development of the
      brain, with small cerebellar and cerebral hemispheres, and pachygyria. These
      images are compared with the magnetic resonance images of the mother. Our
      findings of maternal and fetal microcephaly are consistent with autosomal
      dominant microcephaly. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the prenatal
      diagnosis of autosomal dominant microcephaly.

PMID- 2274489
TI  - Diagnosis and significance of cystic hygroma in the first trimester.
AB  - Thirty cases of cervical cystic hygroma were diagnosed in the first trimester of
      pregnancy. Karyotype analysis was available in 29 (97 per cent). Fifteen (52 per
      cent) had a chromosomal abnormality. The ultrasound appearance was described as
      posterior cervical, lateral cervical, or cervical hygroma with hydrops. Of the 14
      euploid embryos, six were electively aborted, two are undelivered, and six have
      been delivered as phenotypically normal infants. In cases in which the
      chromosomes were normal and the pregnancy continued, all lesions resolved by 18
      weeks.

PMID- 2274490
TI  - First and early second-trimester diagnosis of fetal urinary tract anomalies using
      transvaginal sonography.
AB  - Urinary tract anomalies are common. Prenatal diagnosis is important and enables
      either special obstetric management or termination of pregnancy and probably in
      the future, intrauterine intervention. Transvaginal sonography (TVS) allows
      visualization of the normal and anomalous fetal urinary tract at an early stage.
      One thousand nine hundred and forty women were examined via TVS at an early stage
      of pregnancy between 10 and 16 weeks from the last menstrual period (LMP) and 35
      anomalies (1.8 per cent) were clearly identified: 29 cases of low urinary tract
      obstruction, 2 cases of multicystic dysplastic kidney, 2 cases of polycystic
      kidney (infantile type), 1 case of double collecting system, and 1 case of
      horseshoe kidney. Potter syndrome could be ruled out in three patients who had
      delivered fetuses suffering from this anomaly in previous pregnancies. The
      concise and early identification of anomalies makes TVS an important aid in the
      hands of the obstetrician, ultrasonographer, and neonatologist.

PMID- 2274491
TI  - First-trimester prenatal diagnosis of the Nijmegen breakage syndrome and ataxia
      telangiectasia using an assay of radioresistant DNA synthesis.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis was performed in two pregnancies at risk of the Nijmegen
      breakage syndrome. In one pregnancy, an affected fetus was diagnosed by
      demonstration of radioresistant DNA synthesis, using autoradiographic detection
      of incorporated tritiated thymidine in cultured chorionic villus cells. The
      diagnosis was confirmed in fetal skin fibroblasts. In the other case, the fetus
      appeared unaffected. Using the same procedure, unaffected fetuses were predicted
      from chorionic villus cells in two pregnancies at risk of ataxia telangiectasia,
      which is another genetic disorder showing the feature of radioresistant DNA
      synthesis. The present biochemical method for prenatal detection of Nijmegen
      breakage syndrome and ataxia telangiectasia can be used as a simplified
      alternative to the cytogenetic procedures reported earlier for ataxia
      telangiectasia.

PMID- 2274492
TI  - Oligohydramnios sequence in a live-born infant following chorionic villus
      sampling.
AB  - We describe an infant born at 29 weeks' gestation with oligohydramnios sequence
      due to amniotic fluid leakage following chorionic villus sampling at 12 weeks. To
      our knowledge, this is the first such report.

PMID- 2274493
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of a double bisatellited marker with an unusual copy number
      ratio.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis, by amniocentesis, revealed mosaicism with respect to a
      bisatellited, apparently dicentric, DA/DAPI positive, de novo marker. The
      following cell lines were observed in decreasing order of frequency: 46,XX
      greater than 48,XX,+mar,+mar much greater than 47,XX,+mar. The pregnancy was
      terminated and post-mortem examination revealed an apparently normal fetus.
      Cytogenetic studies of fetal and placental tissues revealed approximately the
      same level of mosaicism together with the unusual copy number ratio seen in the
      amniotic fluid cultures. Non-disjunction at the first post-zygotic mitotic
      division giving rise to a mosaic: 46,XX/48,XX,+mar,+mar followed by subsequent
      mitotic instability of the marker could account for the unusual copy number
      ratio.

PMID- 2274494
TI  - Ring 19 mosaicism detected during prenatal diagnosis.
AB  - A ring chromosome 19 was found in 14 of 20 metaphases (67 per cent) derived from
      amniotic fluid cell cultures following amniocentesis because of increased
      maternal age. Elective termination of the pregnancy revealed a hypotrophic female
      fetus with mild dysmorphic signs, but no congenital malformations. The case is
      discussed in relation to three reports in the literature of ring chromosome 19
      mosaicism in a phenotypically normal girl, a mentally retarded man, and a boy
      with normal psychomotor development and minor dysmorphic features.

PMID- 2274495
TI  - Normal outcome after a 45,X/46,XX/46,X,i(Xq) CVS diagnosis.

PMID- 2274496
TI  - [Diagnostic and prognostic significance of studying histocompatibility antigens
      in patients with bronchial asthma].
AB  - As a result of a comprehensive clinical and functional examination of 217
      patients with bronchial asthma, including study of HLA-antigen composition of
      their tissues, a relationship between B13, B21 and B35 antigen carriers and
      susceptibility to bronchial asthma as well as associations with the form of the
      disease, its severity and some features of its course were found. Clinical
      examples confirming these arguments are illustrated. Possibilities of individual
      prognosis at a clinic are grounded.

PMID- 2274497
TI  - [Apropos of V. M. Kolomiits article "Administration-phthisis physician in current
      conditions"].

PMID- 2274498
TI  - [Administrator or chief (leading) phthisis physician or both?].

PMID- 2274499
TI  - [Risk factors of primary tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents].
AB  - Characteristic features of subjects of the VIA registration group (500 children
      and adolescents) observed by one of the Moscow children's polyclinic from 1983 to
      1987 are given. The rate of primary contamination amounted to an average of 0.75%
      a year. 92.8% of children and adolescents were infected as a result of an unknown
      contact, while 7.2% of them had contact with relatives suffering from
      tuberculosis. In case of conversion of tuberculin reactions, hypersensitivity to
      tuberculin was seen in 12.2% of the patients and a year later in 4.6% the
      subjects with persistent hyperergy who were then transferred to the VIB
      registration group. The following risk factors of contaminating and contacting
      tuberculosis were found: contact with tuberculosis patients; immunization of poor
      quality or its absence; hypersensitivity to tuberculin; frequent acute
      respiratory viral infections and chronic diseases; and unfavourable social and
      living conditions. The number of these factors should be taken into account since
      with their growth, the rate of hyperergy and risk of developing the disease are
      higher. More thorough examination and controlled preventive chemotherapy at a
      sanatorium are required when 2 or more risk factors are available.

PMID- 2274500
TI  - [Causes of ineffectiveness of BCG vaccination and its impact on childhood
      tuberculosis].
AB  - In the last few years BCG vaccination has covered 97% of the newborns, but in 45%
      of them this vaccination proves to be low effective since no more than 2- or 3-mm
      long postvaccination cicatrix disappears by the 2-nd or 3-d year of their lives.
      The reasons of a low efficacy of BCG vaccination include inadequate BCG
      vaccination techniques, incomplete administration of the inoculation dose, etc.
      Cases of M. tuberculosis infection in children ineffectively vaccinated with BCG
      are 3 times more than among those effectively vaccinated and having
      postvaccination cicatrix.

PMID- 2274501
TI  - [Characteristics of children infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis who
      previously had pneumonia].
AB  - Out of 674 M. tuberculosis infected children subjected to examination, 31.8% of
      them had pneumonia in their life. 38.3% of the latter had a repeated pneumonia.
      It was found that 29.9% of the children who had pneumonia were not registered by
      an antituberculosis dispensary. Moreover, 75% of them were infected by
      tuberculosis over a number of years and did not receive any preventive treatment.
      Among those struck off the register and examined before at an antituberculosis
      dispensary, 15.5% of the children required specific chemotherapy and preventive
      chemotherapeutic treatment under observation of a phthisio-pediatrician. It is
      recommended to investigate children who had pneumonia for tuberculosis at an
      antituberculosis dispensary.

PMID- 2274502
TI  - [Differentiated examination of persons with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
      for improvement of tuberculosis detection and prevention].
AB  - Tuberculosis morbidity in the adults, who were close relatives of infected
      children, is 5.2 times higher than the mean rate for the adult population; of
      them the individuals having 21 mm or more and 13-18 mm papules to the Mantoux
      test with 2 TU PPD-L showed 10.6 and 3.8-fold rates, respectively. 40% of the
      infected were subjects aged 18 to 29 years and living in the families with
      affected parents. The group under observation included persons highly allergic to
      tuberculin in 6.3 times more than amongst all the examined adults. The
      differential examination and observation of subjects at a risk of endogenous
      reactivation and belonging to the families of the infected groups are shown to be
      important in optimizing tuberculosis detection and prevention.

PMID- 2274503
TI  - [Evaluation of the clinical course of pulmonary tuberculosis in aged women].
AB  - The course of pulmonary tuberculosis in 34 women aged over 70 and in 30 women
      aged 35-55 years as controls was analysed. Tuberculosis in the elderly women was
      detected more frequently and with rather severe forms of the disease when
      compared to the control group, thus making them a serious epidemic hazard. It
      proved possible to conduct treatment of practically all these patients with 4
      tuberculostatics. Streptomycin was the least tolerated drug. X-ray pictures in 25
      per cent of the cases indicated the presence of the middle-lobe syndrome.
      Besides, all these subjects were excretors of tubercle bacilli. The similar X-ray
      picture was seen in nobody in the control group. Though extensive changes in the
      lungs of the elderly women were found later, the course of their management was
      similar to that of the control group; all the patients displayed no sputum
      mycobacteria.

PMID- 2274504
TI  - [Effects of inactivated influenza vaccine on postvaccination immunity against
      tuberculosis].
AB  - The importance of inactivated influenza virus vaccines (IIVV) as a risk factor
      leading to a change of immunologic reactivity in persons earlier revaccinated
      with BCG once, twice or thrice was studied. The condition of T system was
      investigated by blast-transformation reaction with PPD-L and PHA in 1 and 3
      months after administration of different types of IIVV. If all types of IIVV are
      administered, there is an inhibition of a specific activity of T cells with a
      certain stimulation of their nonspecific functions. The intensity of IIVV impact
      depends on the type, number, and duration of prior BCG vaccinations, as well as
      the initial condition of T-link.

PMID- 2274505
TI  - [Tuberculin reaction in children with tuberculosis during specific treatment and
      development of intercurrent diseases].
AB  - Over the last 15 years a significant decrease in sensitivity of children with
      tuberculosis to tuberculin has not occurred. A reaction to the Mantoux test with
      2TU produces positive results in 95-99% of the cases. In almost half of the
      patients a decrease in the given reaction was registered as a result of specific
      treatment over a long period of time. After having intercurrent diseases, there
      were fluctuations in tuberculin reactions (more frequently in a downward
      direction), but this did not prevent infection detection because these reactions
      remained positive.

PMID- 2274506
TI  - [Follow-up studies of children who had postvaccination lymphadenitis].
AB  - Analysis of the examination findings from of 80 children who had postvaccination
      lymphadenitis in their early childhood was made. The observation period covered 8
      10 years. Regional lymphadenitis in the infiltration stage was detected in 23
      (28.8% of the children); in the abscess formation stage in 42 (52.5%); and in the
      calcification stage in 15 (18.7%). The children were treated with antibacterial
      drugs for 2-4 months, thus producing positive results. However, 1 or 2 years
      after recovery there were 5 recurrent cases. During 8-10 years which followed BCG
      vaccination none of the 80 children had tuberculosis. The study proves the fact
      the cured postvaccination lymphadenitis does not affect the formation of
      antituberculous immunity.

PMID- 2274507
TI  - [Use of differentiated pathogenetic therapy in the treatment of newly detected
      pulmonary tuberculosis in adolescents and young persons].
AB  - It has been possible to achieve cavity closure earlier than usual in 162 patients
      aged from 15 to 25 years with newly discovered pulmonary tuberculosis by
      combining an intensive chemotherapy with early and differential administration of
      levamisole, tuberculin, intraorganic electrophoresis and ultrasound. Immunologic
      examination of the patients upon their admission to a hospital and in the course
      of their treatment made it possible to exercise a differential approach to the
      administration of pathogenetic drugs. The use of the immunostimulators, like
      levamisole in the first months of treatment and tuberculin at the second stage of
      therapy, significantly enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2274508
TI  - [Use of computerized tomography in the differential diagnosis of spherical and
      cavitary formations in the lungs of children and adolescents].
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) of the chest organs was used in a comprehensive
      examination of 19 children and adolescents with spherical and cavitary formations
      in their lungs and mediastinum. Comparative analysis of the results obtained by
      means of routine X-ray examination and CT of the chest organs of the children and
      adolescents with spherical and cavitary formations in their lungs revealed that
      CT greatly improved their differential diagnosis. CT provides valuable additional
      data and is an optimum X-ray method for differential diagnosis of spherical and
      cavitary formations in children and adolescents.

PMID- 2274509
TI  - [Clinico-laboratory diagnosis of adverse reactions in children to antitubercular
      drugs in different combinations].
AB  - To clarify side effects in children, which resulted from the treatment of
      intrathoracic tuberculosis with rifampicin, 72 patients were examined. The
      findings were compared with those on 58 identical patients who received a routine
      combination of chemotherapeutic drugs. Hence, on the basis of this observation it
      was found that there were no differences in the incidence of adverse reactions in
      the compared groups, though their nature was varying. The children on rifampicin
      were observed to develop mild liver dysfunction 2.5 times more frequently.
      Besides, toxic-allergic reactions were recorded in the majority of the patients.
      The combination of isoniazid and rifampicin was proved to enhance their toxic and
      allergic effects. Liver dysfunction in the presence of different adverse
      reactions presented with a higher activity in the blood serum of indicator liver
      enzymes and its impaired protein-forming function.

PMID- 2274510
TI  - [Methods of respiratory therapy in respiratory insufficiency of patients with
      bronchopulmonary diseases (guidelines)].

PMID- 2274511
TI  - [Effectiveness of treatment and outcome of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with
      diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2274512
TI  - [Visceral pulmonary syphilis diagnosed as tuberculosis].

PMID- 2274513
TI  - [Transamination processes in mycobacteria with different biological properties].
AB  - The activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases in mycobacteria of
      different specific affinity and the degree of resistance to antituberculous drugs
      were studied. Differences in alanine and aspartic acid transamination processes
      taking place in mycobacteria with different biological properties were
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2274514
TI  - [Role of fungal flora in inflammatory and allergic bronchopulmonary diseases].

PMID- 2274515
TI  - [Lung lesions caused by opportunistic fungi in patients with tuberculosis of the
      respiratory organs].

PMID- 2274516
TI  - [Study of genetic markers in families of patients with tuberculosis].
AB  - The article deals with findings of the study of HLA-genotype influence on
      tuberculosis susceptibility in 26 families with tuberculosis patients. It was
      found that sensitivity to tuberculosis in the examined families is associated
      with HLA-DR2 antigen. Segregation analyses conducted in the families of patients
      with tuberculosis revealed a correlation between the sensitivity to tuberculosis
      and inheritance of certain HLA haplotypes from the affected parents to their
      children with tuberculosis.

PMID- 2274517
TI  - [A case of leptospirosis simulating miliary pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 2274518
TI  - [Clinico-roentgenologic diagnosis anaerobic abscess pneumonia in a patient with
      inactive pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 2274519
TI  - [Clinical significance of HLA phenotype in childhood tuberculosis].
AB  - According to HLA system (loci A, B, C, DR), examination findings of 171 children
      aged between 1 and 15 years with different clinical manifestations of primary
      tuberculosis (including 49 with a pulmonary type of tuberculosis in different
      stages of inflammation, 46 with osteoarticular lesions of tuberculous etiology
      and 76 with generalized forms of tuberculosis) indicate a significant rise in the
      incidence of HLA-B7, B14 antigens. Moreover, the incidence of HLA-B14 antigen
      increases sharply as the degree of clinical manifestations and severity of
      inflammatory changes become more evident. In intrathoracic adenopathy, the
      presence of HLA-DR, DR2 antigens seems to promote earlier clinico-roentgenologic
      manifestations and a more serious course of an inflammatory process. In combined
      osteoarticular processes of specific etiology, an increase in the incidence of
      HLA-DR5, DR7 antigens is significant. The most evident drop in the immune T
      system indices is traced in subjects bearing HLA-DR2 antigen. The given fact
      makes it possible to proceed on the assumption that genetically controlled immune
      response factors play a certain role in pathogenesis of tuberculosis.

PMID- 2274520
TI  - Does the inositol phosphate signalling system function in the heart? A comparison
      of inositol lipid turnover in cardiac and smooth muscle.

PMID- 2274521
TI  - The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in endotoxin shock.

PMID- 2274522
TI  - Electrical stimulation studies with quinacainol, a putative 1C agent, in the
      anaesthetised rat.

PMID- 2274523
TI  - The effects of platelet activating factor on isolated rat hearts.

PMID- 2274524
TI  - Characterization of cardiotonic steroids from uterine tissue and amniotic fluid.

PMID- 2274525
TI  - Regulation of canine myocardial lysophospholipase.

PMID- 2274526
TI  - Effect of perfluorocarbon emulsions on contractility of oxygen-deprived guinea
      pig atria.

PMID- 2274527
TI  - An historical perspective of dopamine and its analogs.

PMID- 2274528
TI  - Characterization of two CRF peaks in individual Catostomus commersoni pituitary
      extracts by HPLC and radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2274529
TI  - Vasorelaxant effects of fish (Catostomus commersoni) corticotropin releasing
      factor.

PMID- 2274530
TI  - Effect of volatile anesthetics on segmental relaxation of cerebral arteries.

PMID- 2274531
TI  - Aerosol delivery of liposome metaproterenol sulfate.

PMID- 2274532
TI  - Possible role of steroids and antibiotics in the management of penetrating head
      injuries.

PMID- 2274533
TI  - A relationship between hydrogen sulfide exposure and taurine levels in maternal
      rats.

PMID- 2274534
TI  - Human lung fibroblast cytotoxicity following acute sodium sulfide exposure.

PMID- 2274535
TI  - Ketamine hydrochloride increases survival time during global hypoxia.

PMID- 2274536
TI  - Evidence for sulfation of 1-phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea (U-14,624).

PMID- 2274537
TI  - The effect of tetrahydropapaveroline, bromocriptine, haloperidol, and lithium on
      voluntary ethanol ingestion.

PMID- 2274538
TI  - Proline-directed protein kinase activity in HER2 transfected NIH 3T3 cells.

PMID- 2274539
TI  - Calcium channel blockers increase norepinephrine concentrations in rat
      hypothalamus.

PMID- 2274540
TI  - Cocaine-induced deaths in pediatric population.

PMID- 2274541
TI  - Effect of cocaine abuse on nasal mucosa, septum and turbinates.

PMID- 2274542
TI  - Does chronic intravenous drug abuse alter systemic vascular tone: a case
      presentation.

PMID- 2274543
TI  - Evaluation of azidobenzoyl and benzoylbenzoyl groups for photoaffinity labelling
      of angiotensin receptors in responding tissues.

PMID- 2274544
TI  - Determination of the effectiveness of DPSPS as an adenosine receptor antagonist
      in vivo.

PMID- 2274545
TI  - A possible role of dopamine in salt balance.

PMID- 2274546
TI  - The in vivo electrophysiological actions of the new potassium channel blockers,
      tedisamil and UK 68,798.

PMID- 2274547
TI  - Evaluation of a food intake model as a tool for studying cholecystokinin (CCK)
      and derivatives of CCK in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

PMID- 2274548
TI  - Uranyl nitrate induced renal insufficiency: is this an appropriate model?

PMID- 2274549
TI  - Effects of extracellular acidosis on the action of smooth muscle relaxants.

PMID- 2274550
TI  - Angiotensin receptors in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle (A-10) cells.

PMID- 2274551
TI  - Epidermal growth factor levels in mouse submaxillary glands following chronic
      isoproterenol treatment.

PMID- 2274553
TI  - Give a professional lead to the medics.

PMID- 2274554
TI  - How are you supporting your patients? A review of pressure relieving equipment.

PMID- 2274555
TI  - A framework to cater for all abilities. SEPP: a model for mental handicap
      nursing. Social, Educational, Psychological and Physical factors.

PMID- 2274552
TI  - Effect of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate (AD 143) on the
      incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine and on the cell cycle progression of
      human cells in culture.

PMID- 2274556
TI  - A new direction for asthma relief? Alternatives to MDI inhalers.

PMID- 2274557
TI  - An era of change--the new ambulance service.

PMID- 2274558
TI  - Stress incontinence and pelvic floor exercises.

PMID- 2274559
TI  - An update to maintain excellence. Organising an in-depth course for clinical
      nurse specialists.

PMID- 2274560
TI  - A gap which must be bridged. Nurses' attitudes to theory and practice.

PMID- 2274561
TI  - Towards the magic bullet--improving specificity in drugs.

PMID- 2274562
TI  - Good practice ensures minimum risk factors. Complications of peripheral venous
      cannulation and infusion therapy.

PMID- 2274564
TI  - The in vitro effects of nicotine and cotinine on prostacyclin and thromboxane
      biosynthesis.
AB  - The comparative effects of nicotine and cotinine on the biosynthesis of
      prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in the horse aorta and platelet
      microsomes were studied. TXB2 and 6-keto PGF1a stable metabolites of TXA2 and
      PGI2 respectively were determined by radioimmunoassay. TXA2 production in the
      presence of either nicotine or cotinine treatment was not altered. However, a
      dose dependent inhibition of PGI2 biosynthesis, and a dose dependent stimulation
      of PGI2 biosynthesis, was observed in the presence of nicotine and cotinine
      respectively. Moreover, cotinine (10b3 M) was able to prevent the inhibitory
      effect of nicotine on PGI2 synthetase when preincubated with horse aorta
      microsomes. It appears that cotinine, the major nicotine metabolite resulting
      from a breakdown process, could be useful for the organism, at least for the
      cardiovascular system.

PMID- 2274563
TI  - Fish oil versus arachis oil food supplementation in relation to pregnancy
      duration in rats.
AB  - Throughout pregnancy, Lewis rats were fed standard rat chow supplemented with 15%
      (w/w) of either MaxEPA fish oil (FO) or arachis oil (AO); a third group was fed
      standard rat chow only (St) (n = 15, 15, and 16 rats, respectively). Compared to
      AO-rats, FO-rats had substantially higher levels of n-3 fatty acids and lower
      levels of n-6 fatty acids in maternal and fetal tissues at delivery. FO-rats had
      a longer average gestational age than AO-rats (p less than 0.01), primarily due
      to a high proportion of AO-rats with short gestations. Birthweights of FO-rats
      were lower than those of AO-rats (p less than 0.05), which may be related to the
      lower maternal weight gain during pregnancy and the lower food consumption
      observed in FO-rats (p less than 0.01). Litter size and occurrence of stillborn
      pups were not significantly different in the groups (p greater than 0.1). The
      findings are compatible with the hypothesis that gestational age is positively
      related to a high dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids.

PMID- 2274565
TI  - A potent thromboxane formation inhibitor in green tea leaves.
AB  - A ninhydrin positive compound (L2) now identified as 2-amino-5-(N
      ethylcarboxyamido)-pentanoic acid, from unprocessed tea leaves was a potent
      inhibitor of thrombin-stimulated thromboxane formation in rabbit whole blood (Ali
      and Afzal; Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Medicine, 27: 9, 1987). In the
      present study, processed and unprocessed tea leaf extracts were given to rats to
      consume for a period of eight weeks. Cholesterol and thromboxane levels were
      measured in the serum obtained from clotting the blood at 37 degrees C. A
      significant reduction in thromboxane levels was observed in rats taking
      unprocessed tea extract. This reduction was equally distributed in adult as well
      as in juvenile rats. However no appreciable changes in the levels of thromboxane
      were noticed in the serum of rats taking processed tea extracts. This might be
      due to the presence of a labile component which is destroyed during the
      processing of green tea leaves. A decreased level of cholesterol was observed in
      rats consuming unprocessed tea extract. This decrease could be linked to the
      decrease in thromboxane levels as observed. Processed tea refers to commercially
      available tea of different brands while unprocessed tea refers to dried green tea
      leaves.

PMID- 2274566
TI  - Effects of hydrocortisone and aminophylline on plasma leukotriene C4 levels in
      patients during an asthmatic attack.
AB  - To study the role of leukotriene C4(LTC4) and the effect of hydrocortisone and
      aminophylline on plasma LTC4 levels in patients with asthmatic attacks, we
      measured LTC4 in plasma of 18 asthmatics during a wheezing attack and of 7 normal
      subjects. Blood samples were obtained before and after treatment with
      aminophylline and/or hydrocortisone injections. We extracted LTC4 using a Sep-Pak
      C18 cartridge for the measurement of LTC4 by radioimmunoassay. The plasma levels
      of immunoreactive LTC4 (i-LTC4) of the normal subjects were 142 +/- 25 pg/ml (n =
      7), while those of nonatopic type asthmatic patients with wheezing attacks were
      208 +/- 68 pg/ml (n = 15) (p less than 0.01). Before and after treatment with
      both hydrocortisone succinate (100 mg) and aminophylline (250 mg), 6 asthmatic
      patients with wheezing attacks had a mean plasma level of i-LTC4 181 +/- 24 and
      132 +/- 18 pg/ml (p less than 0.01), respectively. On the other hand, the
      treatment with aminophylline 250 mg alone increased the i-LTC4 levels from 178 +/
      19 pg/mg to 213 +/- 16 pg/mg (n = 6)(p less than 0.05), while treatment with
      hydrocortisone succinate 100 mg decreased the i-LTC4 level 0.05 from 284 +/- 99
      pg/ml to 249 +/- 85 pg/ml (n = 4)(p less than 0.05). In conclusion, the present
      study shows that the i-LTC4 level in venous blood of patients with asthmatic
      attacks is decreased significantly by treatment with hydrocortisone succinate.

PMID- 2274567
TI  - Antilaminin IgG releases TXB2 through activation of the cholinergic system.
AB  - Antilaminin IgG was bound to cholinergic muscarinic receptors of normal mice
      heart and released TXB2, simulating the biological effect of a cholinergic
      agonist. Antilaminin IgG interfered with the binding of the radiolabelled
      muscarinis antagonist (-)3H-QNB in a noncompetitive fashion. Following the
      interaction of the antibody with the cholinergic receptor, an increased
      production of TXB2 occurred. This effect required the activation of the
      muscarinic cholinergic system, because it was blunted by atropine and mimicked by
      acetylcholine.

PMID- 2274568
TI  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and its relation to prostaglandins, leukotrienes
      and other aspects of arachidonate metabolism.
AB  - This article summarizes some of the previously reported findings regarding a
      lipid mediator known as platelet-activating factor (PAF), and briefly describes
      its effects on cells and tissues. The effects of PAF have also been considered in
      relation to certain products of arachidonate metabolism released in response to
      PAF.

PMID- 2274569
TI  - Resistance of the renal biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 to the inhibitory effect
      of indomethacin in the rat in vivo.
AB  - Our recent observation that the chronic administration of indomethacin (3.0 mg.kg
      1.day) to hypertensive rats, while profoundly inhibiting the urinary excretion of
      6-oxo-PGF1 alpha, dinor-6-oxo-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2, failed to reduce the
      urinary levels of PGE2, prompted us to study in more details the influence of
      indomethacin and of meclofenamate on the urinary excretion of prostaglandins in
      normal rats. A dose of 1.5 mg.kg-1 of indomethacin administered intraperitoneally
      was sufficient to cause a 70-75% reduction in the urinary excretion of dinor-6
      oxo-PGF1 alpha and of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha for a period of at least 12 hours. Doses
      of indomethacin lower than 2.5 mg.kg-1.12h beta 1 or a dose of meclofenamate
      equal to 5 mg.kg-1.12h beta 1 did not influence the urinary excretion of PGE2.
      Doses of indomethacin equal to or higher than 2.5 mg.kg-1 were needed to obtain a
      50% reduction in the urinary levels of PGE2 for a period of 10-14 h. During these
      experiments, no circadian rhythm for the urinary excretion of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha
      and of dinor-6-oxo-PGF1 alpha could be observed whereas the urine volume and the
      urinary excretion of PGE2 were found to be greater at night than during the
      day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2274570
TI  - Antithrombotic activity of garlic: its inhibition of the synthesis of thromboxane
      B2 during infusion of arachidonic acid and collagen in rabbits.
AB  - Rabbits were given collagen and arachidonic acid intravenously. Blood pressure,
      platelet counts, plasma thromboxane-B2 (TXB2) and plasma 6-keto-prostaglandin F1
      alpha, (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) were determined. Both thrombogenic agents, upon
      infusion of a lethal dose, caused thrombocytopenia, indicative of in vivo
      platelet aggregation and hypotension. These changes were associated with an
      increase in plasma levels of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha measured by
      radioimmunoassay (RIA). Pretreatment of rabbits with an aqueous extract of garlic
      (500 mgkg) provided protection from thrombocytopenia and hypotension. Thromboxane
      B2 synthesis was significantly reduced in animals pretreated with garlic and then
      injected with a lethal dose of either collagen or arachidonic acid. The amount of
      TXB2 synthesized in these animals was not sufficient to induce thrombocytopenia
      or hypotension. All animals pretreated with garlic were well protected against
      the effects of collagen or arachidonate infusion, and no apparent symptoms were
      observed in these animals. These observations indicate that garlic may be
      beneficial in the prevention of thrombosis.

PMID- 2274571
TI  - Lack of effect of glutathione depletion by L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine on
      gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats.
AB  - The mechanism of gentamicin-induced renal proximal tubular cell injury is not
      known, but generation of reactive oxygen species with subsequent lipid
      peroxidation has been proposed. In this study, male adult rats were given
      gentamicin and L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO), a selective glutathione (GSH)
      depleting agent, to determine the effects of GSH depletion on acute gentamicin
      induced nephrotoxicity. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion
      increased equally in the groups given gentamicin alone compared to the groups
      given gentamicin and BSO. BSO treatment alone did not increase NAG excretion. GSH
      depletion by BSO did not enhance either gentamicin-induced azotemia or the degree
      of cell necrosis seen by light microscopy. In conclusion, BSO-induced GSH
      deficiency does not enhance acute gentamicin nephrotoxicity, suggesting that
      reactive oxygen species are not the major initiating cause of gentamicin-induced
      acute kidney injury.

PMID- 2274572
TI  - Glutathione and ascorbic acid concentrations in the duodenum of rats with
      cysteamine-induced ulcers: influence of cysteine and ascorbic acid pretreatments.
AB  - Duodenal ulceration in rats was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of
      cysteamine at doses of 7, 28, 42 and 65 mg/100 g body weight 24 h before killing.
      Duodenal ulceration induced by cysteamine was dose-dependent. However, at 65
      mg/100 g body weight, 5 of 6 animals died within 24 h. The concentrations of
      reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid were measured in the duodenal
      homogenates of cysteamine-treated rats. The ulcerogen, at doses of 28 and 42
      mg/100 g body weight, significantly reduced the GSH concentration. At a dose of
      28 mg/100 g body weight, however, it did not significantly affect the duodenal
      ascorbic acid concentration. Pretreatment of rats with daily intramuscular
      injections of cysteine at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg or ascorbic acid at 50, 100 and
      200 mg/kg for 7 days had no significant effect on the duodenal ulceration
      produced by cysteamine (28 mg/100 g body weight), although each pretreatment
      significantly raised the duodenal concentrations of GSH and ascorbic acid
      respectively, in control rats, and to a lesser extent in cysteamine-treated
      animals.

PMID- 2274573
TI  - Ca2+ influx insensitive to organic Ca2+ entry blockers contributes to
      noradrenaline-induced contractions of the isolated guinea pig aorta.
AB  - We determined the contribution of intracellular Ca2+ to the noradrenaline (NA, 3
      X 10(-5) mmol/l)-induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig aorta. Since only
      about 55% of the NA-induced contraction could be attributed to intracellular Ca2+
      release, we assumed that a Ca2+ influx component contributes to the NA-induced
      contraction. This influx component proved resistant to the organic calcium entry
      blockers (CEBs) nifedipine, diltiazem, flunarizine and gallopamil which, in
      contrast, antagonized K(+)-induced Ca2+ influx completely. Conversely, the NA
      induced Ca2+ influx component could be antagonized by the inorganic cations La3+,
      Cd2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Co2+. 45Ca2+ uptake experiments also revealed that both KCl
      and NA induce Ca2+ influx of which only the latter one is resistant to
      nifedipine. It was concluded that in the guinea pig aorta NA activates a receptor
      operated channel through which Ca2+ can be translocated from the extracellular
      space to the cytosol to contribute directly to contraction.

PMID- 2274574
TI  - Influence of ethanol and serotonin on rat platelet aggregation.
AB  - We demonstrated that ethanol (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg p.o.) significantly decreased
      blood platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. The chronic administration
      of ethanol (6 g/kg daily for 4 weeks) also altered the sensitivity of rat
      platelets to ADP (4 mumol/l). We found that the acute and chronic administration
      of alcohol significantly increased the amplifying effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine
      (5-HT; 10(-6) mol/l) on ADP-induced aggregation. In all groups of rats,
      ketanserin (10(-5) mol/l) completely inhibited the amplification of aggregation
      induced by serotonin. In conclusion, the present results show that ethanol did
      not only produce inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation but also affected
      the potentiating action of 5-HT on this process.

PMID- 2274575
TI  - Resistance to alkylating agents and cisplatin: insights from ovarian carcinoma
      model systems.
AB  - The curative potential of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer is frequently not
      realized due to platinum and alkylating agent resistance. Mechanisms which may
      contribute to the resistant phenotype include alterations in drug transport,
      increased levels of sulfhydryl molecules (and/or related enzymes), and enhanced
      DNA repair. We have developed several ovarian cancer cell lines resistant to
      platinum compounds and alkylating agents. Increased levels of glutathione and
      enhanced DNA repair are major determinants of chemoresistance in these cells.
      Modulation of these processes with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), aphidicolin, arc
      C, etc. partially reverses in vitro resistance. Similar clinical treatment
      strategies are under investigation.

PMID- 2274576
TI  - Biochemical modulation of cytosine arabinoside.
AB  - 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) is an analog of the naturally occurring
      nucleoside 2'-deoxycytidine which is a potent antileukemic agent in man. Because
      the metabolism (and, ultimately, the effectiveness) of this agent is regulated by
      multiple processes involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis, attempts to improve its
      efficacy through biochemical modulation have been the focus of intense interest.
      These approaches have included combination of ara-C with inhibitors of de novo
      pyrimidine biosynthesis, deaminase inhibitors, nucleoside transport blockers,
      nucleosides, and more recently, hematopoietic growth factors. Although
      potentiation of ara-C metabolism and cytotoxicity has been documented in multiple
      experimental in vitro and in vivo experimental systems, clinical studies in
      humans have thus far failed to document definitive improvements in ara-C
      selectivity and efficacy through biochemical modulation. It is likely that such
      improvements will require the identification of more optimal schedules, sequences
      and dose relationships, and possibly combined modality approaches.

PMID- 2274577
TI  - The dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthetase gene in the drug resistance of
      malaria parasites.
AB  - Resistance to antifolate drugs such as pyrimethamine is widespread among malaria
      parasites of the most pathogenic species Plasmodium falciparum. These drugs
      inhibit the dihydrofolate reductase activity of the dihydrofolate reductase
      thymidylate synthetase (DHFR-TS) bifunctional enzyme. This review examines work
      done to characterize the enzyme, the cloning of plasmodial DHFR-TS genes,
      chromosomal mapping studies of these genes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,
      and the structural insights into the mechanism of drug resistance that have been
      gained by comparing genes from drug-sensitive parasites with those from drug
      resistant strains that have arisen in the field or after experimental induction.

PMID- 2274578
TI  - Enzyme induction and inhibition.
AB  - The rate and extent of drug metabolism significantly influences drug effect.
      Enzyme induction by increasing the metabolism of drugs may result in important
      drug interactions. Other implications of enzyme induction include alterations in
      the metabolism of endogenous substrates, vitamins and activity of extrahepatic
      enzyme systems. Similarly a wide range of drugs may produce clinically
      significant drug interactions following enzyme inhibition. Assessment of enzyme
      induction and inhibition in man involves diverse methods including the use of
      model drugs.

PMID- 2274579
TI  - Free radical modification of prosthetic heme groups.
AB  - Hemoproteins catalyze reductive and oxidative one-electron transformations. Not
      infrequently, the radicals produced by these one-electron reactions add to the
      prosthetic heme group of the enzyme and modify or terminate its catalytic
      function. Reactions of the radicals with the heme group include additions to the
      iron atom, pyrrole nitrogens, pyrrole carbons, vinyl groups, and meso carbons.
      The radicals involved in these reactions derive from the oxidizing agent, the
      substrate, or the amino acid residues of the catalytic site. The mechanism by
      which the radicals are generated, their steric and electronic properties, and the
      extent to which they have access to the heme group determine the nature and
      regiospecificity of the reaction. The reaction of heme prosthetic groups with
      radicals is relevant to the inhibition of hemoprotein enzymes, the normal and
      pathological degradation of heme, and our understanding of hemoprotein function.

PMID- 2274580
TI  - Complications following blepharoplasty.

PMID- 2274581
TI  - Preparation of the child for tissue expansion: a developmental approach.

PMID- 2274582
TI  - Working together--dynamic problem solving.

PMID- 2274583
TI  - Case study: subcutaneous mastectomy. Part 2.

PMID- 2274584
TI  - The nurse as the patient advocate.

PMID- 2274586
TI  - Communication: the heart of patient education.

PMID- 2274585
TI  - Skin cancer.

PMID- 2274588
TI  - [Psychiatric clinical trials and patients' rights].

PMID- 2274587
TI  - [Lithium therapy of mental diseases].

PMID- 2274589
TI  - [Patient advocacy in newly developed drugs in the therapy of mental diseases].

PMID- 2274590
TI  - [Report of current status on post-graduate education in psychiatry].

PMID- 2274591
TI  - [Interests of young psychiatrists in the certification system of the
      specialties].

PMID- 2274592
TI  - [Basic idea for continuing psychiatric education and certification system of the
      specialties].

PMID- 2274593
TI  - [Certification system of psychiatrists].

PMID- 2274595
TI  - [Certification of psychiatrists].

PMID- 2274594
TI  - [Present status and problems of certification system of specialties].

PMID- 2274596
TI  - Characterization of the Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from Taiwan.
AB  - Over 100 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates which produced phase bright
      inclusions have been isolated from soil samples from different areas in Taiwan.
      Three types of crystal proteins were visualized by phase contrast microscopy.
      Among these isolates, only 14 different types of plasmid profiles have been
      observed. They all possess a variety of plasmids ranging from a few kb to around
      250 kb in size. With respect to the crystal protein profiles, the plasmid
      profiles, and the shapes of crystal proteins, we found that the majority of our
      isolates (87%) were different from most of the known Bt strains. Our other two
      types of isolates (10 and 3%) resembled Bt var. kurstaki HD1 and Bt var.
      israelensis, respectively. Most of our isolates were active against Bombyx mori
      (Lepidoptera) and Aedes aegypti (Diptera). Most interestingly, two of our
      isolates, Nos. 82 and 96, were found highly toxic to Heliothis virescens, even
      compared with the standard strain, Bt var. kurstaki HD1. Using insecticidal
      crystal protein (ICP) gene probe from Bt var. aizawai HD-133 to probe the total
      DNA of our isolates, we observed that at least one plasmid from each of the
      tested strains reacted with the probe. A 10 kb plasmid from some of our isolates
      hybridized with the probe. This probably is the first evidence demonstrating that
      the ICP gene sequence can be found in a low molecular weight plasmid.

PMID- 2274597
TI  - Decreased inhibitory influences from forebrain on proceptivity and receptivity in
      old female rats.
AB  - Female rats of Long-Evans strain were divided into a young group (3 to 4 months
      of age, mo) and an aged group (over 19 mo). Rats were ovariectomized and
      implanted subcutaneously with 14%, 20% or 33% estradiol benzoate (E2)-cholesterol
      mixture-filled Silastic capsules. Proceptivity and receptivity were compared
      between young rats and aged rats. There was no age difference in the lordosis
      quotient (LQ) or in the incidence of lordosis, but the incidence of solicitation
      was lower in aged rats than in young rats. Proceptivity and receptivity were
      examined again after anterior roof deafferentation (ARD) of the brain. ARD
      enhanced LQ in young rats and old prolonged vaginal cornification (PVC) rats but
      not in old anestrous (ANE) rats. ARD also increased the incidence of solicitation
      in both young and aged rats. However, the extent of enhancement of these two
      behaviors was smaller in the aged rats than in the young rats. These results
      demonstrate that there is decreased inhibitory influence from the forebrain on
      solicitation and lordosis following induction by exogenous estradiol in advancing
      age and that the disinhibition of lordosis is more prominent in ANE rats than in
      PVC rats.

PMID- 2274598
TI  - Regulation of cytosolic sodium ion activity in frog sartorius.
AB  - To explore the regulation of cytosolic sodium ion activity in the frog sartorius,
      we used Na(+)-selective microelectrodes to monitor intracellular sodium ion
      activity in situations of lowering external sodium concentration and elevating
      external potassium concentration. Reductions of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% in
      extracellular sodium concentration produced slight but statistically
      insignificant changes in the membrane potential of the muscle. However, cytosolic
      sodium ion activity decreased significantly from 10.0 +/- 1.1 mM to 7.8 +/- 1.1
      mM, 7.1 +/- 1.4 mM, 6.5 +/- 1.2 mM and 5.9 +/- 1.1 mM, respectively. In addition,
      elevation of the external potassium concentration from 2 mM to 12 mM, 32 mM and
      62 mM caused respective stepwise depolarization of membrane potential from -87.2
      +/- 1.6 mV to -62.4 +/- 3.6 mV, -45.4 +/- 3.0 mV, -27.2 +/- 1.8 mV. Under these
      conditions, the cytosolic sodium ion activity decreased from 10.5 +/- 1.4 mM to
      7.3 +/- 1.6 mM, 6.4 +/- 1.1 mM and 5.2 +/- 0.8 mM, respectively. The results
      illustrate that the net sodium flux is out of cell either in the reduction of
      sodium chemical gradient or in the potassium depolarization across the cell
      membrane.

PMID- 2274599
TI  - Binding of some antidepressants to the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter in brain
      and platelets.
AB  - Antidepressant agents with properties to inhibit 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT,
      serotonin) uptake in brain tissue and platelets bind with high affinities to
      neuronal and platelet membranes. [3H]Imipramine, [3H]paroxetine and
      [3H]citalopram label specific binding sites related to the 5-HT transporter.
      [3H]Paroxetine and [3H]citalopram appear to be better ligands than
      [3H]imipramine. The former label a homogenous population of binding sites,
      whereas the displaceable binding of [3H]imipramine is heterogenous. Recent
      observations in several laboratories, which have taken the heterogeneity of
      [3H]imipramine binding into account, indicate that the binding of antidepressants
      to the 5-HT transporter probably occurs to the same site that binds 5-HT for
      transport and not to a separate site as previously suggested. Additional bonds to
      subsites in close vicinity to the 5-HT recognition site may contribute to the
      binding. No convincing evidence has been presented of the existence of an
      endogenous ligand other than 5-HT itself that binds to the [3H]imipramine binding
      site. Recent studies also suggest that repeated treatment of rats with
      antidepressant agents does not produce any alterations of the binding of
      [3H]imipramine or [3H]paroxetine to membranes of cerebral cortex. It is also
      doubtful whether the density of the 5-HT uptake site in platelets measured with
      these ligands is decreased in affective disorders as first reported.

PMID- 2274600
TI  - CNS side effects of centrally-active antihypertensive agents: a prospective,
      placebo-controlled study of sleep, mood state, and cognitive and sexual function
      in hypertensive males.
AB  - A prospective, placebo-controlled, comparative evaluation was conducted on two
      widely prescribed, sympatholytic antihypertensive agents with known CNS effects.
      In order to separately assess these effects in younger and older male
      hypertensives, patients were assigned to either of two treatment studies based on
      age. For study I, 24 males aged 31-59 (mean = 49.8; SD = 7.4) with mild
      hypertension (mean DBP = 100.2 mm Hg; SD = 8.0) received 3 months of treatment
      with propranolol (20-80 mg bid), clonidine (0.1-0.3 mg bid), or double-blind
      placebo in a counterbalanced, crossover design. For study II, 23 elderly
      hypertensive males (mean DBP = 102.6 mm Hg; SD = 8.2) aged 60-78 years (mean =
      65.1; SD = 4.6) were randomized to propranolol (20-40 mg bid) or double-blind
      placebo therapy. Patients received cognitive testing, mood assessments, and all
      night polysomnographic evaluations before and after each treatment period.
      Multivariate analysis of EEG sleep data was statistically significant for study
      I, with significant univariate effects on four of the six primary sleep
      variables: total sleep time was reduced, sleep maintenance decreased, REM latency
      increased, and percent total REM time was reduced. A similar MANOVA analysis for
      the effects of treatment on the sleep of older patients (study II) was not
      significant. However, propranolol administration was found to be associated with
      a significant decline in cognitive performance in these patients. Significant
      mood effects were observed with each of the study drugs, and nocturnal penile
      tumescence (NPT) was significantly decreased in both younger and older patients.
      Overall, this research suggests that distinct patterns of CNS effects are
      associated with each of the antihypertensive agents studied.

PMID- 2274601
TI  - Effects of different doses of galanthamine, a long-acting acetylcholinesterase
      inhibitor, on memory in mice.
AB  - The effects of galanthamine, a long-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, on
      passive avoidance and a modified Morris swim task were studied in mice. Lesions
      of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nBM) produced significant decreases in
      cortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and profound deficits on the
      24-h retention of a passive avoidance response and the reversal phase of the swim
      task. Galanthamine, administered 4 h before testing, improved performance of the
      two tasks in a dose-dependent fashion. In both tasks, galanthamine produced a U
      shaped dose-response curve: the optimal dose was 3.0 mg/kg, IP on passive
      avoidance and 2.0 mg/kg on the swim task. The improvements in performance were
      not due to differences in motor activity or sensitivity to electric footshock.
      Behavioral tolerance did not occur from repeated doses of galanthamine; in fact,
      prior doses of galanthamine appeared to have a priming effect on later
      performance. In contrast to the effects in nBM-lesioned mice, galanthamine
      impaired performance of control mice on both tasks. Several characteristics of
      galanthamine suggest that it may be effective in treating the central cholinergic
      deficits in Alzheimer's disease: 1) its ability to attenuate cognitive deficits
      in nBM-lesioned mice, 2) its relatively long half-life, and 3) its lack of
      tolerance effects in mice during 2 weeks of repeated dosing.

PMID- 2274602
TI  - Acute tolerance to ethanol using drug discrimination and open-field procedures in
      rats.
AB  - This study examined the phenomenon of acute tolerance to ethanol (ETOH) using
      drug discrimination learning (DDL), and open-field (OF) procedures. In DDL, rats
      were trained to discriminate between ETOH (1.2 g/kg) and saline. Doses of ETOH
      lower (0.6 and 0.9 g/kg), or higher (1.8 and 2.4 g/kg) than the training dose
      were tested to examine possible influence of ETOH pretreatment doses on the
      expression of acute tolerance. To assess concentrations of ETOH in the organism,
      a rebreathed air procedure was used. Equal concentrations after different ETOH
      doses were achieved by postponing the tests until sufficient time had elapsed.
      Only doses of ETOH higher than the training dose produced acute tolerance in the
      DDL procedure. For the response-time data no acute tolerance was observed. In the
      OF experiment, the occurrence of acute tolerance was examined for different
      spontaneous behaviours in drug-naive animals. At equal ETOH concentrations, the
      group examined during the descending phase of intoxication (1.8 g/kg, 60 min post
      injection), reared significantly more than the group tested during the ascending
      phase (1.5 g/kg, 10 min post-injection). Other OF behaviours did not differ
      significantly between the two time intervals. Thus, it is suggested that acute
      tolerance is seen both in ETOH naive and in ETOH pre-exposed rats. However, in
      DDL acute tolerance was observed only when doses higher than training dose of
      ETOH were evaluated.

PMID- 2274603
TI  - Glucose modulation of skin temperature responses during morphine withdrawal in
      the rat.
AB  - Studies were undertaken to determine the effects of acute alterations in plasma
      glucose levels on the tail skin temperature (TST) response of morphine-dependent
      rats to naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. In morphine-dependent rats, treatment
      with dextrose at doses of 0.5 or 2.5 g/kg did not alter the normal 6.0 +/- 0.3
      degrees C TST response to naloxone. However, treatment with 5, 10 or 20 g
      dextrose/kg, which increased plasma glucose to 250 mg/dl or greater, blocked the
      TST response during morphine withdrawal. In contrast, an IV injection of 2.5 IU
      insulin (Na-porcine)/kg, which reduced plasma glucose for 2 h, caused a delayed
      TST response of 4.7 +/- 0.4 degrees C in control rats and exaggerated the TST
      response normally observed in morphine-dependent rats treated with naloxone.
      Collectively, these data indicate that acute hyperglycemia can attenuate and
      hypoglycemia can enhance the skin vasodilation which accompanies precipitated
      morphine withdrawal. In view of our observation that naloxone-precipitated
      morphine withdrawal caused a marked increase in blood glucose, the sympathetic
      activation associated with opiate withdrawal may be intended to elevate blood
      glucose and thereby limit the manifestation of the withdrawal response.

PMID- 2274604
TI  - Increased drug sensitivity in the drug discrimination procedure afforded by drug
      versus drug training.
AB  - Rats were trained to discriminate norfenfluramine (NF) 1.4 mg/kg from its vehicle
      or amphetamine (AMPH) 0.8 mg/kg or pentobarbital (PB) 6.0 mg/kg in order to
      determine the role that drug combination training plays in the rate of learning
      and sensitivity to lower drug doses. The results suggest that drug versus drug
      training can increase the rate of drug discrimination learning for some drugs
      that are learned slowly when trained in a drug versus vehicle training procedure,
      whereas drug versus drug training does not increase the rate of learning for
      other drugs that are learned rapidly. Drug versus drug training does, however,
      appear to increase the level of stimulus control of the training drug for all
      drugs examined in this study.

PMID- 2274605
TI  - Action of tianeptine on focalization of attention in cat.
AB  - Tianeptine, an antidepressant substance devoid of sedative action, was
      investigated for its effects on focalization of attention in cats, using combined
      behavioural and electrocorticographic (ECoG) observations. The ECoG index was the
      presence of 40 Hz frontoparietal rhythmic cortical activities, developing while
      the animal displayed a behaviour suggesting focused attention. Cats were observed
      in two conditions: a "neutral" one, with no specific target, and another one, "of
      focused attention" where a live mouse placed in a transparent box was present in
      the recording room, each test lasting for 90 min. After treatment the animals
      displayed increased attention even in the neutral situation, where the cat,
      instead of sleeping like during control sessions, payed sustained attention to
      its environment. Conversely, at corresponding doses, amitriptyline, another
      antidepressant drug chosen as a reference, induced uninterrupted slow sleep even
      in the situation of focused attention.

PMID- 2274606
TI  - Differential effects of catecholamine antagonists on ethanol-induced excitation
      in mice.
AB  - Catecholamine antagonists were assessed for their effects on ethanol-induced
      motor excitation. Motor excitation was measured in male Swiss-Webster mice using
      an open-field apparatus. Mice were treated with several doses of ethanol and at
      each dose, mice were pretreated with pimozide, a dopamine D2 antagonist, Schering
      23390, a dopamine D1 antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, a noradrenergic alpha-1
      antagonist, or yohimbine, a noradrenergic alpha-2 antagonist. Each mouse was
      subjected to only one dose regimen, and all injections were given IP. Ethanol
      produced an increase in locomotor activity. The degree to which pimozide
      attenuated ethanol excitation decreased with increasing ethanol dosage. At the
      highest dose of ethanol, pimozide increased ethanol excitation. Schering 23390
      attenuated ethanol-induced excitation only at doses which affected motor activity
      per se. Phenoxybenzamine produced a dose-dependent reduction in ethanol
      excitation. Yohimbine had its greatest effects at the medium dose (4.0 mg/kg).
      These observations seem to indicate a role for both the dopamine D2 receptor and
      the noradrenergic alpha-1 receptor in ethanol-induced motor excitation.

PMID- 2274607
TI  - Comparative effects of preoptic area infusions of opioid peptides, lesions and
      castration on sexual behaviour in male rats: studies of instrumental behaviour,
      conditioned place preference and partner preference.
AB  - The effects on the sexual behaviour of male rats of excitotoxic amino acid
      induced lesions of the medial preoptic area-anterior hypothalamic area
      (mPOA/AHA), infusions of beta-endorphin, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and
      naloxone into the mPOA/AHA, systemic naloxone and castration were compared using
      different behavioural paradigms. These included measures of unconditioned
      copulatory behaviour, instrumental responses for an oestrous female presented
      under a second-order schedule of reinforcement, conditioned place preference and
      partner preference. The results demonstrate that manipulations of the mPOA/AHA
      markedly affect consummatory aspects of sexual behaviour (mounting, intromitting
      and ejaculating) but tend not to affect appetitive or reward-related aspects of
      sexual behaviour, although intra-mPOA/AHA alpha MSH did result in a small
      increase in instrumental responses, while beta-endorphin infused into the
      mPOA/AHA also abolished preference for an oestrous over an anoestrous female.
      Systemic naloxone, on the other hand, reduced instrumental behaviour and a place
      preference conditioned by prior sexual interaction, while the same compound
      infused into the mPOA/AHA markedly facilitated copulatory responses but did not
      affect other measures of appetitive sexual responses. Castration caused an
      extremely rapid attenuation of conditioned place preference which was apparent
      before the males had experienced reductions in their copulatory performance. This
      treatment only slowly reduced partner preference. The results indicate that the
      use of several behavioural procedures can reveal discrete actions of
      neuroendocrine treatments on separable psychological processes which underly the
      integrated pattern of masculine sexual behaviour. In particular, they suggest
      that the mPOA/AHA is especially concerned with the copulatory responses of
      mounting and intromitting, but is much less important for a variety of appetitive
      sexual acts as well as sexual reward, as measured in the place preference
      procedure. The marked effects of castration on conditioned place preference taken
      together with the lack of effect of lesions of the mPOA/AHA on this measure
      indicate that testosterone affects sexual reward-related processes by an action
      at a site other than the mPOA/AHA. The implications of these findings are
      discussed.

PMID- 2274608
TI  - Morphine preference in individual rats after morphine ingestion.
AB  - Individual differences in drug intake were investigated. Inbred Sprague-Dawley
      male rats were choice-tested after various periods of morphine ingestion. Nearly
      10% of the rats showed more than 50% preference already after 4 days ingestion on
      340 mg morphine/kg/day, while a further 10% had a mean preference less than 30%
      over 6 days of choice, even after as long as 38 days' treatment on this same
      dose. High morphine preference was stable for long choice periods. It was also
      found that a high morphine preference level in an individual rat persisted over
      several choice tests, even if the animals had been without morphine for several
      months. The alpha 2-agonist clonidine diminished high preference to the same
      extent as it diminished overall morphine preference. There were no differences in
      food intake, body weight gain, severity of abstinence reactions, morphine serum
      levels, taste sensitivity tested with quinine, or learning the choice test
      behaviour comparing extremely high and low morphine preference rats. Thus, two
      subgroups of high and low morphine-ingesting rats were identified in the Sprague
      Dawley strain.

PMID- 2274609
TI  - Interactions of naloxone with morphine, amphetamine and phencyclidine on fixed
      interval responding for intracranial self-stimulation in rats.
AB  - Rats were implanted with stimulating electrodes aimed at the medial forebrain
      bundle-lateral hypothalamus (MFB-LH) and were trained to lever-press for brain
      self-stimulation on a fixed interval: 60 s schedule of reinforcement. The effects
      of graded doses of naloxone (0.1-30 mg/kg), morphine (0.3-5.6 mg/kg), naloxone
      plus morphine, d-amphetamine (0.03-1.0 mg/kg), naloxone plus d-amphetamine,
      phencyclidine (0.3-5.6 mg/kg), and naloxone plus phencyclidine were tested.
      Naloxone produced a significant decrease in rates at 30 mg/kg. Naloxone (0.1-1.0
      mg/kg) plus morphine blocked the dose-dependent decrease produced by morphine
      alone. In contrast, naloxone (1.0-10 mg/kg) plus d-amphetamine attenuated the
      graded increase in response rates produced by d-amphetamine. Naloxone (1.0-10
      mg/kg) plus phencyclidine did not reliably change the increase in response rates
      produced by phencyclidine alone. The use of the fixed interval schedule of brain
      self-stimulation to study these drug interactions is novel, and further
      demonstrates that the highly reinforcing aspects of brain stimulation, known to
      be influenced by dopamine, may also be modulated by the endogenous opiate system.

PMID- 2274611
TI  - Pimozide does not impair sweetness discrimination.
AB  - In an initial experiment pimozide decreased preference for a weak sucrose
      solution but increased preference for a strong solution on the descending limb of
      the concentration-intake function. As these effects resemble those of dilution,
      we therefore investigated whether pimozide decreases the perceived intensity of
      sweet stimuli. Rats were trained to perform a conditional discrimination in a T
      maze. A correct response was rewarded by access to a 10% sucrose solution; an
      incorrect response was punished by confinement in the non-rewarded arm. In the
      first part of this experiment the discriminative stimulus, located at the choice
      point of the T-maze, was either water or sucrose, initially a 10% solution, but
      reduced gradually to 0.0003%. In the second part of the experiment, the
      discriminative stimulus was either 1% sucrose or a weaker solution, which was
      initially 0.0001% then raised gradually to 0.5%. Performance fell below 75%
      accuracy at 0 versus 0.0012% and at 1% versus 0.1%. Pimozide (0.5 mg/kg)
      administered at these (and other) levels of difficulty decreased running speed
      but had no effect on discrimination accuracy. As pimozide did not affect either
      the threshold for sweetness perception or the discrimination of a just noticeable
      difference, the decreased responsiveness of neuroleptic-treated rats to sweet
      rewards cannot be explained by a change in the perception of sweetness.

PMID- 2274610
TI  - Behavioural analysis of the anorectic effects of fluoxetine and fenfluramine.
AB  - Two sets of experiments were carried out to compare the effects of fenfluramine
      and fluoxetine on consummatory and operant behaviour. In food-deprived rats
      allowed access to a 35% sucrose solution, an initial period of sucrose
      consumption was followed by a short period of grooming and exploratory behaviour,
      later superceded by resting. This "behavioural satiety sequence" was advanced by
      fluoxetine, but disrupted by dl-fenfluramine, which suppressed post-prandial
      resting, even at sub-anorectic doses. Fluoxetine also elicited resting behaviour
      following water drinking. However, this did not appear to be a non-specific
      sedative effect, since fluoxetine increased post-prandial grooming. In rats
      performing on random interval schedules of food reinforcement, fluoxetine caused
      proportionally greater decreases in responding on a reinforcement-lean schedule
      (RI-300s), as compared to a reinforcement-rich schedule (RI-7.5s); this effect is
      similar to that of a reduction in level of food deprivation. By contrast,
      fenfluramine reduced responding equally on both schedules. In both paradigms, the
      effects of fluoxetine were compatible with an increase in postprandial satiety,
      but the effects of fenfluramine were not.

PMID- 2274612
TI  - Facial electromyography and emotional reactions.
AB  - The aim of this paper is to review data from my laboratory, which were collected
      in an attempt to determine whether the facial EMG response is a general component
      of the emotional reaction. In a number of studies it was found that facial
      reactions: first, are spontaneously elicited and differ according to the kind of
      emotional stimuli to which subjects are exposed; second, are sensitive to
      learning; third, are consistent with how the subjects perceive the stimuli and
      their own specific emotions; fourth, are congruent with autonomic responses;
      fifth, are more pronounced for females than for males; and finally, differ among
      subjects with specific fears. These data converge to indicate that facial muscle
      activity is a general component of the emotional reaction and demonstrate that
      the facial EMG technique is a sensitive tool for measuring emotional reactions.

PMID- 2274613
TI  - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPS) and selective attention revisited.
AB  - Evidence of peripheral filtering of auditory information at the cochlear and
      brainstem levels was sought using brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs)
      recorded during auditory and visual tasks. It can be argued that the
      discrimination tasks used in the past to investigate peripheral filtering of
      sensory information in humans involve two levels of discrimination, the
      consequences of which result in two independent types of inhibition: crossmodal
      inhibition as a result of between-modality discrimination, and intramodal
      inhibition as a result of within-modality discrimination. Therefore, the observed
      effects on the BAEPs may reflect the extent to which these two types of
      inhibition are engaged. In this investigation a paradigm that included two non
      discrimination (passive) tasks and two discrimination (active) tasks was
      employed. BAEPs recorded during listening (a passive auditory task) provided a
      baseline measure, against which comparisons of BAEPs recorded during auditory and
      visual discrimination could be made for independent evidence of crossmodal and
      intramodal inhibition. The data in this study did not support the presence of two
      types of inhibition proposed above, or show evidence of peripheral filtering of
      auditory information at the cochlear and brainstem levels. However, the
      sensitivity of BAEPs to efferent system activation at the cochlea and hence their
      value as a tool in investigations of peripheral filtering in humans was
      questioned.

PMID- 2274614
TI  - Startle reflex modification: emotion or attention?
AB  - Alternative interpretations of startle probe modulation by a pictorial foreground
      were tested: Either reflex amplitude varies as a function of modality-determined
      attention allocation, or, regardless of probe modality, reflex amplitude varies
      with the emotional valence of the foreground content. Thirty-six subjects viewed
      a series of 54 slides, divided into two 27-slide blocks. Each block consisted of
      nine exemplars of three independently rated emotional content categories-
      pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant. Startle probes, half visual (flashgun) and
      half acoustic (white noise), were presented unpredictably during and between
      slide presentations. Eyeblink reflexes, corrugator and orbicularis oculi muscle
      tension, heart rate, and skin conductance were recorded during a 6-s slide
      interval. Subjects subsequently rated the slides for emotional valence and
      arousal, and interest value. Free-viewing times were also recorded. Analysis of
      reflex response and all ancillary measures supported the hypothesis that the
      primary determinant of startle modulation was the emotional valence of foreground
      content.

PMID- 2274615
TI  - The effect of lateral visual fixation and the direction of eye movements on
      heartbeat discrimination.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine whether the asymmetrical activation of the
      two cerebral hemispheres affects the accuracy of heartbeat perception.
      Hemispheric preference--the tendency to activate one hemisphere rather than the
      other--was assessed by the directionality of conjugate lateral eye movements.
      Actual differential hemispheric activation was achieved by contralateral visual
      fixation. The results of 44 right-handed male subjects showed that right
      hemisphere preferent subjects ("left-movers") performed better on a heartbeat
      discrimination task than left hemisphere preferent subjects ("right-movers"). The
      direction of lateral visual fixation also influenced heartbeat discrimination:
      subjects fixating to the left were more accurate than those fixating to the
      right.

PMID- 2274616
TI  - Asymmetrical brain electrical activity discriminates between psychometrically
      matched verbal and spatial cognitive tasks.
AB  - This study compared the asymmetry of different features of brain electrical
      activity during the performance of a verbal task (word finding) and a spatial
      task (dot localization) that had been carefully matched on psychometric
      properties and accompanying motor activity. Nineteen right-handed subjects were
      tested. EEG was recorded from F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, and P4, referred to both CZ and
      computer-derived averaged-ears references, and Fourier transformed. Power in the
      delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands was computed. There were significant Task X
      Hemisphere effects in all bands for CZ-referenced data and for the alpha and beta
      bands for ears-referenced data. The effects were always either greater power
      suppression in the hemisphere putatively most engaged in task processing or
      greater power in the opposite hemisphere. Correlations between EEG and task
      performance indicated that CZ-referenced parietal alpha asymmetry accounted for
      the most variance in verbal task performance. Power within individual hemispheres
      or across hemispheres was unrelated to task performance. The findings indicate
      robust differences in asymmetrical brain physiology that are produced by well
      matched verbal and spatial cognitive tasks.

PMID- 2274617
TI  - Posture, place, and mood effects on ambulatory blood pressure.
AB  - Ambulatory blood pressure was studied as a function of posture, place, and mood
      in 131 subjects classified according to race, gender, and hypertensive status.
      The effect of posture was significant and explained a substantial proportion of
      within-subject variability. After controlling for posture, significant place and
      mood effects were observed when subjects were sitting but not when they were
      standing. Home vs. work differences in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure
      were significantly greater in Whites than in Blacks. Similar differences in
      systolic blood pressure were greater in mild hypertensive than in normotensive
      subjects. The results of this study underscore the need to control for effects of
      posture when interpreting ambulatory blood pressure readings.

PMID- 2274618
TI  - Sleepiness and REM sleep recurrence: the effects of stage 2 and REM sleep
      awakenings.
AB  - Determinants of daytime sleepiness include sleep length, sleep continuity, and
      circadian factors. Sleep stage composition has not been seen as influencing
      subsequent daytime functioning; however, earlier studies did not focus explicitly
      on sleepiness. The present experiment studied the effects of selective sleep
      stage restriction on an objective measure of sleep tendency, and explored the
      relationship between sleepiness and subsequent REM recurrence during REM
      deprivation. Daytime sleep latency was measured by a modified Multiple Sleep
      Latency Test prior to and following two nights of awakenings from either REM or
      Stage 2 sleep in 16 normal young adults. Sleep latency following these awakenings
      was also measured. REM sleep and Stage 2 awakenings produced comparable levels of
      sleepiness, both during the Awakening Nights and subsequent daytime Multiple
      Sleep Latency Testing. Pooling the groups, daytime and nocturnal sleepiness
      measures were correlated within individuals. In the REM-Awakening Group, Pre
      Awakening daytime sleepiness was associated with the tendency for REM sleep to
      recur following experimental awakenings. Comparable levels of sleepiness may
      result from nonspecific processes such as sleep curtailment and fragmentation, or
      alternatively from separate REM and Stage 2 mechanisms. The relationship between
      REM sleep and sleepiness is discussed in the context of both state and trait
      models.

PMID- 2274619
TI  - The effect of afternoon body heating on body temperature and slow wave sleep.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that body temperature at sleep onset affects the
      subsequent level of slow wave sleep. According to one hypothesis, the actual
      temperature is the critical factor determining the relationship. An alternative
      proposal is that it is the rate of fall of body temperature following sleep
      onset. These hypotheses were tested by measuring rectal temperature and sleep,
      following late afternoon passive heating in a warm bath and during a control
      condition. Passive heating increased rectal temperature, which then returned
      rapidly toward the control level. However, immediately before lights out rectal
      temperature was still higher in the passive heating condition, a difference that
      continued throughout the night. Following passive heating the amount of slow wave
      sleep was higher in the early part of the night. These results support the
      hypothesis that body temperature at sleep onset and the amount of slow wave sleep
      are positively related.

PMID- 2274620
TI  - Relationships between N1, P300, and contingent negative variation recorded at age
      15 and criminal behavior at age 24.
AB  - Recent event-related potential (ERP) studies indicate that antisocial and
      psychopathic behavior is in some circumstances characterized by heightened
      attentional processes. This prospective study assesses whether ERP measures of
      attention recorded in adolescence are capable of predicting criminality status in
      adulthood. N1, P300, and contingent negative variation (CNV) were recorded during
      a CNV paradigm in a representative sample of 101 male schoolchildren at age 15,
      and related to criminality status at age 24. Criminals-to-be were characterized
      by larger N1 amplitudes and faster P300 latencies to the warning stimulus.
      Psychopathic personality within the criminal group was associated with larger N1
      and CNV amplitudes. A discriminant function analysis using N1 and P300 measures
      correctly classified 74% of cases. It is concluded that enhanced early
      attentional processing may be of etiological significance in the development of
      criminality and that ERP measures may be of value in the early prediction of
      criminal behavior.

PMID- 2274621
TI  - Awareness of P300-related cognitive processes: a signal detection approach.
AB  - Although the P300 component of the human event-related potential is purported to
      indicate consciousness of an event, it is unclear which of the P300-related
      processes, if any, are accessible to awareness. This study explored awareness of
      such processes in Bernoulli series of auditory stimuli using signal detection
      theory and selective averaging of ERPs according to the subjects'
      classifications. Following targets eliciting appropriate P300 amplitudes, the
      subject was requested to classify his brain response as small, medium, or large,
      whereupon visual feedback was given about the correctness of the response.
      Averaging the ERPs according to the subjects' classifications showed P300
      amplitudes to increase with the classification category, whereas the prestimulus
      and post-P300 event-related potentials were unrelated to the category. Signal
      detection analysis revealed non-zero sensitivity measures for the P300 amplitude
      categories. Although no conclusive suggestion can be made at present as to the
      basis of the P300 discrimination ability found here, it was possible to rule out
      electro-ocular and electromyographic activity, the preceding auditory stimulus,
      and the prior feedback given, as cues for discrimination.

PMID- 2274622
TI  - An approach to artifact identification: application to heart period data.
AB  - A rational strategy for the automated detection of artifacts in heart period data
      is outlined and evaluated. The specific implementation of this approach for heart
      period data is based on the distribution characteristics of successive heart
      period differences. Because beat-to-beat differences generated by artifacts are
      large, relative to normal heart period variability, extreme differences between
      successive heart periods serve to identify potential artifacts. Critical to this
      approach are: 1) the derivation of the artifact criterion from the distribution
      of beat differences of the individual subject, and 2) the use of percentile-based
      distribution indexes, which are less sensitive to corruption by the presence of
      artifactual values than are least-squares estimates. The artifact algorithms were
      able to effectively identify artifactual beats embedded in heart period records,
      flagging each of the 1494 simulated and actual artifacts in data sets derived
      from both humans and chimpanzees. At the same time, the artifact algorithms
      yielded a false alarm rate of less than 0.3%. Although the present implementation
      was restricted to heart period data, the outlined approach to artifact detection
      may also be applicable to other biological signals.

PMID- 2274624
TI  - 28th annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP)-
      1988. Maui, HI, December 1989. Selected proceedings.

PMID- 2274623
TI  - Photoresistive measurement of the Pavlovian conditioned eyelid response in human
      subjects.
AB  - An inexpensive technique is described for measuring eyelid closure during
      classical (Pavlovian) conditioning experiments. This technique employs a
      Coulbourn Instruments Co. densitometric device that focuses a beam of infrared
      light on the cornea. Reflection of the light is interrupted by the eyelids when
      they are closed, which is sensed by an infrared detector. The latter causes a
      voltage change to occur, which can then be measured in a variety of ways. Details
      of both the hardware required and software developed for this purpose are
      described.

PMID- 2274625
TI  - Characteristics of placebo response during long-term treatment of panic disorder.
AB  - Mixed-panic disorder patients (16/60, 27%) randomly assigned to receive blind
      placebo during a 40-week treatment study were defined as placebo responders based
      on combined criteria of Hamilton Anxiety Scale score percentage decreases below
      the median point (-42%), moderate to marked improvement on both clinician and
      patient Clinical Global Impressions scores, and panic-free at final treatment
      visit. These criteria applied separately also resulted in a similar clinical
      grouping and pattern of response. Differential patterns of response between
      responders and nonresponders occurred across most clinical measures of
      panic/anxiety. Responders experienced early improvement within the first week of
      double-blind treatment. This response progressed during treatment and tended to
      persist during taper and at followup 1 month later. Post-hoc analysis of
      demographic and clinical features at entrance into the study failed to
      characterize this stringently defined group of placebo responders.

PMID- 2274626
TI  - Results of a double-blind placebo controlled trial of a new serotonin uptake
      inhibitor, sertraline, in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
AB  - Eighty-seven patients with a DSM-III diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder
      (OCD) without depression were entered into a double-blind, placebo-controlled
      study of the efficacy of sertraline, a new serotonin uptake inhibitor. After a 1
      week washout period, patients were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or
      sertraline. After a 2-week titration period in which the once-daily sertraline
      dose was increased from 50 mg/day to a maximum of 200 mg/day, dosage was
      maintained until the end of the eighth week, then patients were titrated off
      medication over the next 2 weeks. Efficacy was measured by the Yale-Brown
      Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), NIMH General Obsessive-Compulsive Scale,
      Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive (MOC) Inventory, and Clinical Global Impressions
      (CGI) Severity and Improvement scales. Results on the MOC Inventory showed trends
      in favor of active drug that were not statistically significant compared with
      placebo. Results of the Y-BOCS total score, the NIMH score, and the global
      severity and improvement scores demonstrated a statistically significant
      superiority of sertraline compared with placebo.

PMID- 2274627
TI  - Treatment of adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder with a clomipramine
      fluoxetine combination.
AB  - Clomipramine has been reported to be effective in the treatment of obsessive
      compulsive disorder (OCD). Children and adolescents, however, tolerate poorly the
      adverse effects of tricyclics. Fluoxetine and other serotonin re-uptake
      inhibitors also appear useful in OCD, and are safer than clomipramine. To
      maximize the therapeutic effects and minimize adverse effects, 6 adolescents with
      OCD were treated in single trials with a clomipramine-fluoxetine combination.
      Duration of combined drug therapy ranged from 4 weeks to more than 28 weeks.
      Patients were first treated with clomipramine alone; if improvement or adverse
      effects were unsatisfactory, they received the drug combination. Clinical global
      improvement with clomipramine alone was moderate in 3 patients and minimal in 3.
      With a combined clomipramine-fluoxetine therapy, improvements were marked in 5
      patients, and moderate in 1. These improvements were obtained with relatively low
      daily doses: clomipramine at 25 to 50 mg, and fluoxetine at 20 to 40 mg. Adverse
      effects appeared greater and much less tolerable with clomipramine alone than
      with the clomipramine-fluoxetine combination. This drug combination was well
      tolerated. These preliminary data suggest that relatively low doses of a
      clomipramine-fluoxetine combination may potentiate therapeutic effects and
      minimize adverse effects in OCD patients. Larger controlled trials are suggested.

PMID- 2274628
TI  - Gonadal hormones and antihormones, serotonin and mood.
AB  - Gonadal hormones influence activity of several monoaminergic neurotransmitters,
      and this might be one of the mechanisms by which these hormones are involved in
      modulation of behavior. Gonadal hormones' levels and mood fluctuate along the
      normal menstrual cycle; therefore, this might provide a model for the study of
      the interaction among hormones, mood, and other biochemical variables. The
      administration of gonadal hormones' antagonists ("antihormones") and the study of
      their central nervous system (CNS) and behavioral consequences may further
      elucidate hormonal-neurotransmitter interaction. We have studied several aspects
      of the serotonergic system along the menstrual cycle. Results show that
      imipramine receptor-binding in platelets is decreased in women with premenstrual
      dysphoric changes in the early luteal phase, 5 to 7 days before development of
      symptoms and shortly after the substantial periovulatory changes in gonadal
      hormones. The cortisol and prolactin responses to tryptophan were blunted during
      the late luteal phase compared with the midfollicular phase, and the cortisol,
      but not prolactin, responses to the serotonergic agonist 1-(m-chlorophenyl)
      piperazine, (mCPP) was also blunted during that period. An altered postsynaptic
      serotonergic responsivity might be suggested in these cases. The role of
      ovulation and gonadal hormones is further demonstrated by the elimination of
      dysphoric symptoms by the ovulation suppressant danazol.

PMID- 2274629
TI  - Gonadal hormones, sex and behavior.
AB  - Gender differences have been demonstrated in several regions of the central
      nervous system (CNS) in animals and humans. These differences change with
      development and aging and are probably influenced by hormones. Gender differences
      have been demonstrated clinically in the prevalence of some mental disorders and
      responses to psychotropic medications. Gonadal hormones might be involved in
      these differences as well as in differential cognitive functions. The two genders
      also differ in the aging process. While it is well known that changes in the
      pituitary gonadal system influence the aging process in women, preliminary data
      described here demonstrate the association between pituitary-gonadal hormones and
      the aging process of sexual desire and activity in men. The changes in levels of
      gonadal hormones might contribute to the pathophysiology of dysphoric cyclic
      disorders and increased vulnerability to affective disorders in women. This
      vulnerability might be related to hormonal fluctuations over time as well as to
      alteration in internal oscillators and time-related functions.

PMID- 2274630
TI  - Nefazodone: preclinical pharmacology of a new antidepressant.
AB  - Recent pharmacologic studies suggest that nefazodone may possess antidepressant
      activity. Nefazodone is active in behavioral models predictive of antidepressant
      potential. It is active in reversing learned helplessness, prevents reserpine
      induced ptosis, and enhances response efficiency in the differential
      reinforcement for low rates of response paradigm. In in vitro studies, nefazodone
      inhibits the binding of [3H]ketanserin to cortical serotonin2 (5-HT2) binding
      sites, whereas in vivo, it antagonizes the 5-HT2-mediated quipazine-induced head
      shake in rats. In ex vivo studies, acute oral administration of nefazodone
      inhibits cortical serotonin uptake and occupies frontal cortical 5-HT2 receptor
      binding sites. Chronic administration of nefazodone produces a reduction in 5-HT2
      mediated behavior and decreases cortical 5-HT2 receptor binding site density.
      Further, a chronic high-dose nefazodone regimen significantly potentiates 5-HT1A
      mediated behavioral responses in rats. Nefazodone exhibits decreased
      anticholinergic, alpha-adrenolytic, and sedative activity relative to other
      antidepressants.

PMID- 2274631
TI  - Combined effects of desipramine and stress on monoamine turnover in rat brain.
AB  - Because depression is often associated with stress, it has been hypothesized that
      antidepressants may influence stress-related adaptive responses in the brain.
      This issue was addressed in the present study designed to compare the effects of
      desipramine (DMI) administration and stress on monoamine metabolism in rat brain.
      Rats were housed in crowded conditions for 3 to 14 days and injected with DMI or
      saline at various times during treatment. Animals were decapitated, after which
      norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and their metabolites were measured in
      various brain regions by high-performance liquid chromatography using
      electrochemical detection. The results indicate that DMI administration increased
      5-HT turnover in all regions and NE turnover in the hypothalamus when
      administered for 14 days to animals housed under crowded conditions. In
      conclusion, DMI had a different effect on rat brain monoamine turnover under the
      crowded stress conditions when compared with control animals. In addition, the
      turnover of NE and 5-HT in some regions of the brain was augmented when DMI and
      stress were combined.

PMID- 2274632
TI  - Weight changes on fluoxetine as a function of baseline weight in depressed
      outpatients.
AB  - In order to test the hypothesis that weight changes on fluoxetine are a function
      of baseline weight, we divided a group of 39 depressed outpatients into 3 groups
      based on the Fogarty table: ideal, underweight, and overweight. Subjects were
      participants in an open label depression trial that was carried out over 3 years.
      Doses ranged from 20 mg to 80 mg depending on the patients' response and side
      effect profile. Demographic data, weights and Hamilton Rating Scale for
      Depression (HAM-D) scores were collected at baseline. Subsequent Hamilton scores
      and weights were obtained at monthly intervals until the subjects were terminated
      from the study. Only those subjects who remained in the study for at least 6
      months were included in this analysis. Overweight subjects showed a significant
      weight loss of 3.3 lbs (p less than .001) in the first 2 months whereas ideal
      weight subjects gained 4.4 lbs (p = .02) over a 4-month period. All of these
      changes were maintained throughout the study. The underweight patients showed no
      consistent trends. All patients examined (those who completed 6 months or more in
      the trial) had significant decreases in their HAM-D scores (p less than .001).

PMID- 2274633
TI  - Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome.
AB  - Despite many associations between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and major
      depression, there have been no placebo-controlled trials of an antidepressant in
      this disorder. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
      of fluoxetine in the treatment of severe PMS. The diagnosis of PMS was made using
      daily, prospective, self-rating forms over two menstrual cycles. Women who
      continued to meet criteria for PMS after a single-blind trial of placebo during
      one menstrual cycle were randomly assigned to treatment for two menstrual cycles
      with either fluoxetine at 20 mg/day (n = 9) or placebo (n = 6). Eight of the 9
      subjects receiving fluoxetine responded to treatment, whereas only 1 of the 6
      receiving placebo responded (p less than .025). All subjects on fluoxetine
      elected to continue with this treatment after completion of the study. These
      preliminary results suggest that fluoxetine is an effective and well-tolerated
      treatment for severe PMS.

PMID- 2274634
TI  - Treatment of supersensitivity psychosis with antiepileptic drugs: report of a
      series of 43 cases.
AB  - Supersensitivity psychosis has emerged as a potential side effect of long-term
      neuroleptic therapy that may be similar to tardive dyskinesia. Schizophrenic
      patients with supersensitivity psychosis and considered to be drug-resistant were
      treated with anti-epileptic medication. Forty-three separate trials were
      conducted on a total of 35 patients. Over half improved on clinical global
      impression, some of them considerably. We propose that antiepileptic drugs
      ameliorate supersensitivity psychosis and so-called "drug-resistant"
      schizophrenic patients by correcting a pharmacological kindling effect in the
      limbic system which results from chronic neuroleptic therapy.

PMID- 2274635
TI  - Differential effects of cholinergic antagonists on REM sleep components.
AB  - We examined the effects of cholinergic receptor blockers on changes in rapid eye
      movement (REM) sleep components. M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists or
      atropine were microinfused before an M2 muscarinic receptor agonist, and the
      effects on individual REM sleep components were assessed. All drugs were
      microinjected into the same locus within the medial pontine reticular formation
      in cats, and sleep recordings were made for at least 3 hours postinjection.
      Results suggest that desynchronized electroencephalogram (EEG) is influenced by
      the M1 muscarinic receptor, muscle atonia is influenced by the M2 muscarinic
      receptor, and ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves are affected by the nicotinic
      receptor.

PMID- 2274636
TI  - Isoproterenol infusion test in anorexia nervosa: assessment of pre- and post-beta
      noradrenergic receptor activity.
AB  - Anorexia nervosa is associated with alterations in sympathetic activity and
      metabolism that persist during and after weight recovery. This study assessed
      beta-adrenergic receptor activity, an important modulator of vascular and
      metabolic function, in anorexic patients studied when underweight and at
      intervals during recovery, in comparison with healthy volunteer women. An
      increase in heart rate, in response to increasing doses of isoproterenol, served
      as an index of postsynaptic activity. Anorexic patients, during refeeding and
      weight gain, needed a significantly higher dose of isoproterenol to increase
      basal heart rate by 25 beats/minute, compared with underweight anorexic patients.
      Down-regulated postsynaptic cardiac beta-adrenoceptors during weight gain may
      protect against refeeding-induced exaggerated sympathetic activity. Because
      presynaptic beta-adrenoceptors serve as a positive feedback loop for synaptic
      catecholamine secretion, the increase in plasma norepinephrine concentrations
      during the isoproterenol infusion served as an index of presynaptic activity. We
      found that increasing doses of isoproterenol were associated with a linear
      increase in plasma norepinephrine in each healthy volunteer. In contrast,
      anorexic patients at any state had a significantly more erratic secretion of
      plasma norepinephrine in response to increasing doses of isoproterenol. Altered
      regulation of presynaptic adrenoceptors may explain, in part, the large variance
      and little consensus between previous studies as to whether anorexic patients
      have reduced or normal plasma norepinephrine levels.

PMID- 2274637
TI  - Plasma HVA in psychiatric patients: longitudinal studies.
AB  - Plasma homovanillic acid (pHVA) was measured in 40 inpatients (25 schizophrenic
      and 15 nonschizophrenic patients) who underwent up to 3 weeks of drug washout.
      Schizophrenic patients were then treated with trifluoperazine for 4 weeks, and
      weekly behavioral and pHVA measures were obtained. The baseline pHVA had no
      relationship to age, sex, washout period, diagnosis, or behavioral rating scores.
      In schizophrenic patients, the baseline pHVA did not differ significantly from
      any value obtained during 4 weeks of treatment. Although there was significant
      improvement in clinical symptoms, this was not related to changes in pHVA.
      Further, changes in any of the four Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) factors
      (i.e., positive symptoms, negative symptoms, hostility/suspicion, or
      anxiety/depression) were not correlated with changes in pHVA. Although other
      studies have reported a positive correlation between pHVA and psychotic symptoms,
      results of this study suggest that any observed relationship between pHVA and
      psychosis must be carefully interpreted.

PMID- 2274638
TI  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of adjunctive nadolol in the management
      of violent psychiatric patients.
AB  - We report a controlled 3-week study (n = 30) of adjunctive use of nadolol, 80 to
      120 mg per day, vs. placebo for the management of violent psychiatric patients.
      There were no remarkable adverse cardiac effects at this dose. The active
      treatment group showed lower total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores
      after the first week of treatment (analysis of covariance [ANCOVA], p less than
      .08) and similar trends for the activation factor and the hostility scale. There
      were parallel findings for measures of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) (Simpson
      Angus Neurological Rating Scale), which were reliable after the second week
      (ANCOVA, p less than .02). A significant association between changes in EPS and
      BPRS scores was found by regression analysis, after the effects of baseline
      measures were removed. Given that nadolol does not penetrate the central nervous
      system well, the antiaggressive effects may be associated with sympathetic
      nervous system feedback mechanisms.

PMID- 2274639
TI  - Cholecystokinin, dopamine and schizophrenia.
AB  - Immunoreactive-cholecystokinin (CCK) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined in
      11 drug-free DSM-III schizophrenic patients and 6 age-matched controls. CSF CCK
      was significantly lower (p less than .002) in schizophrenic subjects than in
      controls and was significantly lower (p less than .01) in male than female
      schizophrenic subjects. CSF CCK was significantly lower (p less than .04) in
      schizophrenic subjects whose antipsychotic response was delayed 28 or more days
      after initiation of haloperidol compared with earlier drug responders. CCK
      appears to be required for neuroleptic-induced depolarization-inactivation of
      dopamine neurons and associated antipsychotic response; therefore, schizophrenic
      patients with low CCK may be resistant to the antipsychotic effects of
      neuroleptics.

PMID- 2274640
TI  - Third and lateral ventricular volumes in schizophrenia: support for progressive
      enlargement of both structures.
AB  - Third and lateral ventricular enlargement exists in a subgroup of schizophrenic
      patients. It is unclear, however, whether these abnormalities consistently
      coexist in the same patients or represent distinct pathologies. Whether these
      changes are static or progressive in nature is also unresolved. Third and lateral
      ventricular volumes (magnetic resonance imaging, total volumes calculated on
      complete coronal series) were examined in controls (n = 20) and schizophrenic
      patients (n = 20). Third ventricular, but not lateral ventricular, volume was
      increased in patients. Ventricular intercorrelations differed significantly
      between patients and controls. Ventricular measures were more highly correlated
      in patients than in controls. Age was also significantly more positively
      correlated with ventricular measures in patients. Results replicate the finding
      of third ventricular enlargement in some schizophrenic patients. The high
      correlation between lateral and third ventricular size in schizophrenic patients
      suggests a pathologic process affecting both structures. Enlargement of both
      third and lateral ventricles may be more specific to schizophrenic patients than
      enlargement of either structure alone. The data also indirectly support
      progression of ventricular enlargement.

PMID- 2274641
TI  - Buspirone challenge: preliminary evidence for a role for central 5-HT1a receptor
      function in impulsive aggressive behavior in humans.
AB  - The prolactin (PRL) response to challenge with buspirone hydrochloride, a
      serotonin1a (5-HT1a) receptor agonist, was examined in 5 healthy male volunteers
      and in 10 healthy male and female patients with primary DSM-III personality
      disorder. In healthy volunteers, pretreatment with the nonselective 5-HT receptor
      antagonist, metergoline (4 mg p.o.) completely suppressed the maximal PRL
      response to buspirone challenge. Pretreatment with the nonselective beta
      adrenergic/5-HT1-like antagonist, pindolol suppressed the maximal PRL response to
      buspirone challenge depending upon dose (i.e., between 49 to 90% suppression at
      best dose). In personality disorder patients, PRL responses to buspirone
      challenge correlated inversely with self-assessed "irritability" (r = -.76, n =
      10, p less than .01). These data suggest that the PRL response to buspirone
      challenge reflects the responsivity of 5-HT1a receptors in the limbic
      hypothalamus in humans and that reduced sensitivity of these receptors is
      associated with an important component of impulsive aggressive behaviors in
      personality disorder patients.

PMID- 2274642
TI  - A strategy for the environment.

PMID- 2274643
TI  - Public health and primary care: towards a common agenda.

PMID- 2274644
TI  - Relationship of social class characteristics and risk factors for coronary heart
      disease in West Germany.
AB  - A cross-sectional analysis of the baseline survey of the German Cardiovascular
      Prevention Study was carried out to analyse the relationship between four
      different social class characteristics and major risk factors for coronary heart
      disease. 4,796 randomly selected German residents aged 25-69 years participated
      in the health survey between 1984 and 1986. The response rate was 66.2%. No
      significant association with social class variables was observed for prevalence
      of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia or low high density lipoproteins. Multiple
      logistic regression analysis showed that obesity and lack of physical activity
      were significantly more prevalent in lower social classes for both sexes, while
      for cigarette smoking this relationship held for males only. The strongest social
      class gradient was found for lack of physical activity, adjusted odds ratio 4.75,
      P less than 0.001, comparing lowest social class by composite index to highest.
      The number of coronary heart disease risk factors per study subject increased
      strongly with decreasing social class. Education, measured as years of schooling,
      showed a stronger association with coronary heart disease risk factors than
      household income, occupational status, or a three-dimensional composite index of
      social class. These findings indicate the need to focus on lower social class
      population groups when carrying out community-based coronary heart disease
      primary prevention programmes, particularly with regard to smoking, obesity, and
      lack of physical activity.

PMID- 2274645
TI  - Do we pay too dearly for our sport and leisure activities? An investigation into
      fatalities as a result of sporting and leisure activities in England and Wales,
      1982-1988.
AB  - Analysis of deaths from sports and leisure activities in England and Wales during
      1982-88 found that horse riding (98 deaths), air sports (92 deaths), motor sports
      (86 deaths) and mountaineering (74 deaths) were the most hazardous activities.
      The most hazardous activity for children was horse riding (19 deaths). The
      commonest activities resulting in drowning in adults were swimming (128 deaths)
      and fishing (82 deaths). The main drowning deaths in children followed swimming
      (24 deaths). When exposure was taken into account, mountaineering, motor sports
      and horseriding were found to be the most hazardous activities. Mountaineering
      was one hundred times more dangerous than ball games or water sports. We can
      expect an increase in sport and leisure accidents in the next few years. Strict
      control, sensible safety precautions and adequate training are paramount if we
      are to see any improvement.

PMID- 2274646
TI  - Drug and solvent misuse and knowledge of HIV infections in 14-16-year-old
      comprehensive school students.
AB  - This study of drug and solvent misuse and knowledge of the HIV link amongst 934
      secondary school students, completes a third survey concerned with prevalence of
      drug misuse. Drug and/or solvent misuse was found in 16% of the sample including
      5% who use hard drugs, which since 1985 represents a 3% decline, but a 1%
      increase in the use of hallucinogens. The misusers were compared with the non
      users with regard to their social characteristics, other illegal behaviour and
      their knowledge of HIV and other public health concerns. There were some
      surprises concerning the gender results. Misusers were found to be more socially
      disadvantaged and more involved in other negative behaviour. Despite reasonable
      knowledge about HIV-related matters, the misuser group were less accurate on all
      public health issues, appearing to 'deny' the potential risks associated with
      drug misuse.

PMID- 2274647
TI  - The effects of the recession on the health of the people in two underprivileged
      areas of Oldham.

PMID- 2274648
TI  - The social and demographic characteristics of women dying from cervical cancer in
      Nottingham.
AB  - Cervical cancer accounted for 57 deaths to women in Nottingham District in 1986
      and 1987. 28% were women aged under 50 years of age. Using age specific death
      rates, the greatest risk was among women aged 60-69 years. However, when
      expressed as a proportion of all deaths, cervical cancer represents 8.5% of
      deaths in women aged 25-45, but only 0.6% of deaths to women over 46. There was
      no significant difference in relative risk between the five social classes, even
      when social class V was compared to aggregated data for social classes I-IV. This
      supports other evidence that the social class gradient in cervical cancer
      mortality is lessening. There was no excess risk shown to women resident in the
      inner city or in areas of social deprivation. This finding is in contrast to the
      work of others who have shown an increased incidence in areas of social
      deprivation. The evidence from this study would support those who suggested over
      20 years ago that it is not social deprivation or occupation that constitute an
      increased risk to women, but sexual behaviour and other habits such as smoking.

PMID- 2274649
TI  - Prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women in a Jewish community in Jerusalem
      according to selected socio-demographic characteristics.
AB  - The prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women in a Jewish community in the Western
      Area of Jerusalem between 1985-1988 was studied. The prevalence of anaemia in
      this population was 19%. Anaemia was found to increase significantly with
      maternal age and parity, and had an indirect association with social class.

PMID- 2274650
TI  - Environmental health training within public health medicine.
AB  - Environmental health was reported in the UK Acheson Report to have 'become
      something of a backwater for public health doctors'. In this review, the
      background educational issues are explored, present postgraduate training
      opportunities are identified, and intersectoral approaches in Europe that support
      the WHO Health for All strategy, are outlined. It is anticipated that closer
      links between epidemiology, clinical practice and environmental protection in the
      'new' public health will help to improve medical interest and input to
      environmental health.

PMID- 2274651
TI  - Health of school entrants in a West Yorkshire Health District April-July 1989.
AB  - 747 school entrants were medically examined between April and July 1989 in
      Dewsbury Health District with a high index of social problems. At an average of 5
      years 7 months. 46% of the children had one or more health problems, half of
      which had not been previously noted. 71% of new problems needed treatment. The
      paper argues continuation of school entry medical for all children in this
      District and makes recommendations regarding improving the surveillance
      programme.

PMID- 2274652
TI  - Department of Health Consultation Document.

PMID- 2274653
TI  - Nursing in the 90's: empowered by excellence.

PMID- 2274654
TI  - R.N.'s legal responsibility for actions of certified aides.

PMID- 2274655
TI  - von Hippel-Lindau disease.

PMID- 2274656
TI  - Visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infection and AIDS: clinical features and response
      to therapy.
AB  - The development of visceral leishmaniasis with atypical features in an AIDS
      patient, and the recent flurry of reports of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV
      infected individuals prompted the review of its manifestations in the 47 reported
      cases. Splenomegaly, which is almost always a feature of visceral leishmaniasis
      in the immunocompetent host, was absent in eight. Antibodies to Leishmania
      donovani, which are present in approximately 95 per cent of immunocompetent
      patients with visceral leishmaniasis, were absent in 29 of 45 (66 per cent) of
      HIV-infected patients tested. Nine HIV-positive patients with visceral
      leishmaniasis did not exhibit a primary clinical response to therapy with
      antimonials and of those who did show a response, relapse occurred in 13, at a
      mean 4.5 months after stopping therapy. Seventeen patients are known to have died
      often in association with respiratory disease; Leishmania was seen in one
      bronchial lavage specimen and in lung tissue in one post-mortem performed. In
      order to improve the prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients
      diagnosis will have to be made earlier, taking account of the atypical features,
      and treatment will need to be improved, both initially and perhaps also by the
      use of long-term maintenance therapy.

PMID- 2274657
TI  - Lung scanning for pulmonary embolism: clinical and pulmonary angiographic
      correlations.
AB  - A group of 78 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism was studied by both
      ventilation perfusion lung scanning and pulmonary angiography. Symptoms and
      clinical signs were analysed using Bayesian techniques to produce pre-test odds
      for pulmonary embolism in individual patients. While, as a group, those with
      embolism could be discriminated from those without on this basis, major overlap
      existed between the groups, invalidating the use of this approach for individual
      patients. Strict diagnostic criteria for interpretation of lung scans were
      accurate using pulmonary angiography as the 'gold standard', but at the expense
      of a significant number of patients (38 per cent) in the indeterminate (non
      diagnostic) group. In the 48 patients in whom the test yielded a diagnostic
      result, there was a sensitivity of 100 per cent (15/15) and a specificity of 97
      per cent (32/33). In the series as a whole, the likelihood of lung scanning
      correctly diagnosing pulmonary embolism was 55 per cent (15/27) and of correctly
      excluding embolism, 63 per cent (32/51). By the use of strict criteria for
      interpretation of lung scanning, reliable information can be obtained on the
      presence or absence of pulmonary embolism in a large proportion of patients
      suspected of having the condition. Such information is more discriminating than
      clinical signs and symptoms.

PMID- 2274658
TI  - Clinical features and natural history of von Hippel-Lindau disease.
AB  - The clinical features, age at onset and survival of 152 patients with von Hippel
      Lindau disease were studied. Mean age at onset was 26.3 years and 97 per cent of
      patients had presented by aged 60 years. Retinal angioma was the first
      manifestation in 65 patients (43 per cent), followed by cerebellar
      haemangioblastoma (n = 60, 39 per cent) and renal cell carcinoma (n = 15, 10 per
      cent). Overall, 89 patients (59 per cent) developed a cerebellar
      haemangioblastoma, 89 (59 per cent) a retinal angioma, 43 (28 per cent) renal
      cell carcinoma, 20 (13 per cent) spinal haemangioblastoma and 11 (7 per cent) a
      phaeochromocytoma. Renal, pancreatic and epididymal cysts were frequent findings
      but their exact incidence was not accurately assessed. Mean age at diagnosis of
      renal cell carcinoma (44.0 +/- 10.9 years) was significantly older than that for
      cerebellar haemangioblastoma (29.0 +/- 10.0 years) and retinal angioma (25.4 +/-
      12.7 years). The probability of a patient with von Hippel-Lindan disease
      developing a cerebellar haemangioblastoma, retinal angioma or renal cell
      carcinoma by age 60 years was 0.84, 0.7 and 0.69, respectively. A comprehensive
      screening protocol for affected patients and at-risk relatives is presented,
      based on detailed analysis of age at onset data for each of the major
      complications. Median actuarial survival was 49 years, with renal cell carcinoma
      the leading cause of death.

PMID- 2274659
TI  - Parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure: a nine-year follow-up study.
AB  - Seventy-three patients with chronic renal failure who underwent parathyroidectomy
      between March 1978 and April 1987 were reviewed. Thirty-four patients had
      undergone sub-total parathyroidectomy, and 39 patients had undergone total
      parathyroidectomy with parathyroid autograft into the forearm. Eight patients
      showed persistent hyperparathyroidism requiring a second surgical procedure. In
      all other patients there was highly statistical improvement in parathyroid
      hormone, total calcium, ionized calcium, alkaline phosphatase and a significant
      reduction in calcium x phosphate product. Histological evidence of osteitis
      fibrosa was present in 21 of 22 patients before surgery. Postoperatively, four
      showed complete resolution and improvement. Three patients developed histological
      evidence of osteomalacia during the study period. Only four of the 39 patients
      who underwent total parathyroidectomy with autograft had true recurrent
      hyperparathyroidism and only two of the 34 patients who underwent sub-total
      parathyroidectomy had recurrent disease, indicating that there is little to
      choose between the two techniques in the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism
      and its subsequent recurrence. In one patient with recurrence of
      hyperparathyroidism from a forearm parathyroid graft the histological picture was
      different from that of normal hyperplastic parathyroid tissue. Although it is
      probable that abnormal parathyroid tissue had been implanted there was no
      evidence of invasive growth into the forearm muscle. The most striking feature of
      long term follow-up was the difference in calcium x phosphate product in patients
      in whom vascular calcification increased compared to those patients with no
      change or regression of calcification. Mean calcium phosphate product in those
      patients with progressive vascular calcification was 4.93 for small and medium
      size vessels and 5.38 for large vessels compared to 4.10 for small and medium
      vessels and 4.09 for large vessels. In the former case the serum phosphate was
      2.00 and 2.17 as compared to 1.75 or 1.73, suggesting that the aim in patients
      with end stage renal failure maintained by dialysis should be to control the
      serum phosphate concentration to 1.8 mmol or less and the calcium x phosphate
      product to less than 4.2.

PMID- 2274660
TI  - Factors related to treatment resistance in hypertension.
AB  - Hypertension which is resistant to treatment carries a relatively bad prognosis.
      Factors associated with treatment resistance were examined in a case-control
      study in a hospital hypertension clinic. Patients with resistant hypertension had
      more severe hypertension and more frequently had evidence of end-organ damage on
      presentation to the clinic. The prevalence of accelerated phase hypertension,
      renovascular disease and impaired renal function was also higher in these
      patients. Cigarette smoking, and the combination of cigarette smoking and heavy
      caffeine use, were greater in patients with resistant hypertension. Resistant
      hypertension did not appear to be associated with older age, obesity, regular
      alcohol use, various psychological factors or non-compliance. These findings
      support an aggressive investigation policy in resistant hypertension, and
      underline the harmful effects of cigarette smoking to hypertensive subjects.

PMID- 2274661
TI  - [Persistence of Escherichia coli in estuarine sediments].
AB  - In order to establish the extension of fecal pollution, as well as the
      persistence of the indicator bacterium Escherichia coli, a bacteriological survey
      of the Bahia Blanca estuary sediments was done during the period August 1987
      October 1988. Thirty two sampling stations were established in which sediment
      columns of 70 cm in length were extracted. The microbiological analysis revealed
      the amplitude of the area affected by industrial and sewer effluents and the
      viability of fecal coliforms up to 70 cm levels.

PMID- 2274662
TI  - [Significance of Salmonella enteritidis in outbreaks of diseases transmitted by
      foods in Argentina, 1986-1988].
AB  - This paper reports on the outbreaks of food-borne-diseases due to Salmonella
      Enteritidis which occurred in Argentina between 1986 and 1988. In 39 registered
      episodes 210 strains were isolated from human feces (28 outbreaks) and 59 from
      food (23 outbreaks). More than 2,500 people in different provinces were affected,
      the chief characteristics of the clinical picture being the gravity of the
      symptoms (high temperature, vomiting, diarrhea and severe dehydration). The main
      source of infection was related to raw eggs, eaten in the form of home-made
      mayonnaise. It is considered necessary to carry out an effective control of
      poultry products, as well as a permanent surveillance of salmonellosis.

PMID- 2274664
TI  - [Domain structure of active chromatin].

PMID- 2274663
TI  - [Effect of ammonium ions on the uptake of L-leucine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
      Repression and inhibition of transport systems].
AB  - L-leucine entrance into Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by the general amino
      acid permease, GAP and two transport systems, S1 and S2, kinetically
      characterized. S1 is a high-affinity, low-velocity transport system, operating at
      lower L-leucine external concentration (0.05-0.1 mM), while S2 is a low-affinity,
      high-velocity transport system, operating at higher L-leucine external
      concentration (1.0 mM). In cells grown in minimal medium containing ammonium as
      sole nitrogen source the values of L-leucine entrance and uptake are smaller than
      those in cells grown in L-proline containing medium. When GAP is repressed by
      ammonium, L-leucine entrance is mediate by systems S1 and S2. Both systems are
      inhibited by ammonium. When GAP is derepressed, in cells grown in L-proline
      medium, L-leucine is transported by systems S1 and GAP (lower L-leucine external
      concentration), and mainly by S2 (higher L-leucine external concentration). GAP
      is the largest system inhibited by ammonium.

PMID- 2274665
TI  - [Molecular genetic study on the incapability of synthesising ascorbic acid in
      scurvy-prone animals].

PMID- 2274666
TI  - [Sensors for amphiphilic ions--antenna of biochemical laboratory].

PMID- 2274668
TI  - [Small-angle X-ray scattering study using synchrotron radiation--application to
      the structural study of biological macromolecules].

PMID- 2274667
TI  - [Small-angle X-ray scattering study of biological macromolecules in solution].

PMID- 2274669
TI  - [Calmodulin--molecular shape change and expression of function].

PMID- 2274670
TI  - [Treblinka train station. On the fate of Sigmund Freud's sister Rosa Graf].

PMID- 2274671
TI  - [Psychoanalysis as utopia--its implementation as reality?].

PMID- 2274672
TI  - ["Prognos and kronos." The resolution of psychoanalytic time].

PMID- 2274673
TI  - [What does Cremerius expect?].

PMID- 2274674
TI  - [The relationship of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Resumption of the
      discussion].

PMID- 2274675
TI  - [Narcissism and object love. On the metapsychology of experience].

PMID- 2274676
TI  - Cholecystokinin is a regulator of intestinal phase-stimulated PP release.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the role of CCK during the intestinal
      phase of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) release in man. We first compared the PP
      response to exogenous caerulein infusion in the presence or absence of either
      loxiglumide (a specific CCK antagonist) or atropine in six healthy subjects. In
      the second part of the study, a meal was perfused to the duodenum with and
      without either loxiglumide or atropine. Both loxiglumide and atropine completely
      abolished the PP response to exogenous or endogenous stimulation (P less than
      0.05). We conclude that CCK participates in the intestinal phase of PP secretion.

PMID- 2274677
TI  - Metabolism of i.v. administered 45 kDa epidermal growth factor in the rat.
AB  - The 45 kDa epidermal growth factor (EGF-(45 kDa)) has been purified from rat
      urine. We have investigated the distribution and the processing of i.v. injected
      125I-labeled EGF-(45 kDa) in the rat. 2.5 min after the i.v. injection only 12%
      of the label remained in the blood. Most of the label was found in the liver
      (54%), in the kidneys (7%) and in the skin (4%). The submandibular glands,
      stomach, small intestine, colon, spleen and lungs contained 1% or less of the
      radioactivity. Some of the 125I-EGF-(45 kDa) was processed to 125I-EGF-(6 kDa)
      immunoreactivity in the liver and in the kidneys. The kidneys excreted 125I-EGF
      (45 kDa) in the urine, but we were not able to demonstrate 125I-EGF-(6 kDa) in
      urine. In conclusion, this study shows that homologous EGF-(45 kDa) is cleared
      from the circulation of rats within a few minutes, mainly by the liver and the
      kidneys. In vivo both the liver and the kidneys are able to process some of the
      EGF-(45 kDa) to EGF-(6 kDa) immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2274678
TI  - Comparison of organ uptake and disappearance half-time of human epidermal growth
      factor and insulin.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF), which was originally identified in salivary glands
      and saliva, has been also found in the kidney and urine, suggesting that the
      kidney may be an alternate source of this peptide. Liver was considered as the
      major site of the degradation of EGF but the involvement of other organs has been
      little studied. Therefore, we carried out comparative studies on the organ uptake
      and the disappearance half-time of EGF and insulin (having similar molecular
      size) in the same model of anesthetized dog with arterial (from aorta) and venous
      (from mesenteric, portal, hepatic, renal, femoral and jugular veins) blood
      sampling from various organs. Basal plasma level of EGF (1.32 +/- 0.33 pmol/l)
      and insulin (62.1 +/- 13.8 pmol/l) in the aorta was not significantly different
      from that recorded at various sampling sites. During i.v. infusion of EGF at 41.6
      and 166.6 pmol/kg/h, the respective arterial EGF concentrations averaged 103 +/-
      21 and 240 +/- 49 pmol/kg/h and the percent reduction in plasma EGF after passage
      through the head, leg, intestines and liver was about 30-50% and that after
      passage through the kidney was about 95%. During insulin (6.9 pmol/kg/h)
      infusion, the arterial hormone level averaged 227 +/- 21 pmol/l and this level
      was significantly reduced (by 23-42%) after passage through the head, leg,
      intestine, liver and kidney but no significant difference was found between
      various venous sampling sites. EGF and insulin appearing in the urine during EGF
      or insulin infusion accounted for about 40 and 7% of the difference between the
      entering and leaving renal masses of the peptide. Mean disappearance half time on
      stopping of EGF and insulin infusion was, respectively, 2.32 +/- 0.58 and 6.88 +/
      1.25 min. We conclude that unlike insulin, which is removed to similar extent by
      various organs including the kidney and the liver, EGF is taken up mainly by
      kidney and EGF present in urine originates mainly from renal clearance of
      peptide.

PMID- 2274679
TI  - Epidermal growth factor reactivity in rat milk.
AB  - The concentration of EGF immunoreactivity in rat whey increases from 0.3 pmol/ml
      at lactation day 1 to 2.0 pmol/ml at lactation day 19. The concentration of EGF
      is not influenced when the rats undergo sialoadenectomy prior to mating. On S-200
      gel chromatography, almost all EGF-reactivity in rat whey elutes as a broad peak
      corresponding to a Stokes radius of 4.0 nm (an approximate molecular weight of 80
      kDa). Almost no 6 kDa EGF is present. Judged by gel filtration of whey pre
      incubated with 125I-EGF (6 kDa), no binding protein for EGF is present in rat
      whey. When rat milk is incubated overnight at 37 degrees C, the 80 kDa EGF is
      degraded and elutes as a peak with a Stokes radius of 2.7 nm, corresponding to a
      molecular weight of approximately 35 kDa EGF and as a peak corresponding to 6 kDa
      EGF. Also, after partial purification by immuno-affinity chromatography, the EGF
      reactive material in rat whey behaves as a peptide with a Stokes radius of 2.7
      nm, corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 35 kDa at gel
      filtration. Comparative binding studies between EGF purified from the
      submandibular glands and the EGF purified from rat whey confirm differences in
      the binding to antibodies raised against submandibular EGF, but not in binding to
      the EGF-receptor. Our results make it unlikely that EGF in rat whey is derived
      from the submandibular glands.

PMID- 2274680
TI  - Elevated plasma levels of pancreastatin (PST) in patients with non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
AB  - Pancreastatin (PST) is known as the peptide which inhibits first phase of glucose
      stimulated insulin secretion. Fasting plasma PST levels and responses of PST
      after oral glucose ingestion in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (NIDDM) were studied with human PST-specific radioimmunoassay. Fasting
      plasma PST in NIDDM patients was not different from healthy controls, although a
      slightly higher level of PST was observed in patients treated with sulfonylurea
      among NIDDM patients. No significant increase in plasma PST was observed after a
      glucose ingestion in healthy controls. In contrast, plasma PST levels in NIDDM
      patients rose significantly after glucose ingestion. These results suggest a
      possible pathophysiological role for PST in NIDDM.

PMID- 2274681
TI  - Pneumadin: a new lung peptide which triggers antidiuresis.
AB  - Normal mammalian lungs, including human fetal lungs, contain significant amounts
      of a decapeptide which releases arginine-vasopressin from the neurophypophysis
      and therefore has antidiuretic activity. The rat peptide is: Tyr-Gly-Glu-Pro-Lys
      Leu-Asp-Ala-Gly-Val-NH2. The peptide from human fetal lungs has Ala instead of
      Tyr. It may be a normal regulatory substance and its role in the pathogenesis of
      the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis associated with lung diseases merits
      investigation. In view of its source and action, the antidiuretic lung peptide
      may be called Pneumadin.

PMID- 2274682
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization and identification of members of the pancreatic
      polypeptide (PP)-fold family in human thyroid C cells and medullary carcinomas.
AB  - An increasing number of regulatory peptides not coded by the calcitonin genes are
      known to occur in the thyroid C cells. We have now carried out light and electron
      microscopic immunocytochemical analyses on specimens of normal human thyroids and
      medullary carcinomas to establish the occurrence of members of the PP-PYY-NPY
      family in the C cell system. By means of site-directed immunocytochemistry we
      provide the first evidence that a molecule closely related to proNPY is present
      in normal and pathologic C cells, and is co-stored with calcitonin in the
      cytoplasmic dense-core granules. Preliminary observations also suggest that high
      levels of expression of NPY-gene products help to define a subset of tumours with
      a less aggressive behaviour.

PMID- 2274683
TI  - Psychotherapy with college students. Committee on the College Student Group for
      the Advancement of Psychiatry.

PMID- 2274684
TI  - Pulmonary function testing in the intensive care unit.
AB  - A number of tests of pulmonary function have been successfully developed for use
      in the intensive care unit. When performed in the ICU on critically ill patients,
      many of the traditional laboratory-based tests will have different clinical
      implications than when performed in ambulatory patients, for example vital
      capacity measurement. Also, the clinical questions posed in the ICU are often
      different, such that estimates of lung water may be clinically more useful than
      more traditional measures, such as the flow-volume loop. There is a need for
      further research to identify the clinical utility of these measurements. As the
      understanding of ARDS and MOF improves, new therapies may be developed which will
      require sensitive methods in order that they can be evaluated accurately.
      Similarly, the potential for new methods of respiratory support such as jet
      ventilation, extracorporeal techniques and lung transplantation reinforce the
      need for the pulmonary physician to be able to make an accurate assessment of
      respiratory function on the intensive care unit.

PMID- 2274685
TI  - Airway obstruction in asbestos-exposed shipyard workers: with and without
      irregular opacities.
AB  - Airway obstruction was measured by spirometry in 296 boilermakers with 15 or more
      years shipyard exposure to asbestos. Percent of predicted was used to adjust each
      worker's pulmonary function values for height (mean 174 cm), age (mean 52.5
      years) and cigarette smoking (mean 23.3 years). Mean values were significantly (P
      less than 0.05) below predicted for FVC 4.23 l 94.2% FEV1 3.06 l 89.3%, FEF25-75
      2.51 l sec-1 82.3% and FEF75-85 0.574 l sec-1 77.8%. Corresponding values for the
      106 men with pulmonary asbestosis (ILO profusion of opacities 1/0 or greater),
      were below these levels. Those without radiographic signs of asbestosis had
      intermediate values significantly below predicted. Correlation coefficients for
      pulmonary functions with ILO categories of asbestosis (profusion of irregular
      opacities) were: FVC -0.2381, FEV1 -0.2494, FEF25-75 -0.2403 and FEF75-85 
      0.1629. All were significant P less than 0.05. The subgroup with radiographic
      asbestosis (ILO 1/0 or greater), had more functional loss. Data on this large
      cohort of asbestos-exposed workers establish that airway obstruction occurs after
      15 years of exposure and before the slightest profusion of asbestosis scarring in
      the lungs of shipyard workers, and worsens progressively with greater profusions
      of irregular opacities.

PMID- 2274686
TI  - Rising asthma mortality in young males in Hong Kong, 1976-85.
AB  - The trend in asthma mortality in Hong Kong was estimated from published
      statistics for the years 1976-85. To avoid coding errors in death certifications,
      only asthma deaths in the age group 5-34 years were analysed. Mortality rose
      annually by an average of 10.5% in male (P less than 0.02), but not female
      asthmatics. Such an increase was not due to a change in coding as a result of the
      revision of the International Classification of Diseases in 1979, or an exchange
      of diagnostic labelling from other respiratory diseases. The exact causes for the
      increase in asthma mortality have yet to be determined.

PMID- 2274687
TI  - A single oral dose method for predicting steady state theophylline concentrations
      in clinical practice.
AB  - A single dose, single point method of predicting patients' oral maintenance
      theophylline dosage has been compared with a noninvasive method. Twenty patients
      with obstructive lung disease received an oral dose (6 mg kg-1) of micro
      crystalline theophylline. The plasma theophylline concentration after 8-10 h was
      then used to calculate the optimum maintenance dose of sustained release
      aminophylline required to achieve steady state concentrations between 55 and 110
      mumols l-1. The mean steady state plasma theophylline concentration for this
      dosage schedule was also predicted by a method using population average
      pharmacokinetic parameters (assumed clearance method). These predictions were
      then compared with observed concentration-time profiles at steady state. The mean
      difference between the observed values and those predicted from a morning test
      dose was -0.11 mumol l-1 (95% CI -7.0 to +7.2). A larger difference (-7.4 mumol l
      1 95% CI -18.2 to +3.4) was found for the assumed clearance method. Since the
      confidence intervals contain zero, these differences are not significantly
      different from zero at the 5% level, although the morning test dose method
      allowed prediction of the whole concentration-time profile and was more precise.
      An evening test dose was also used in the study, but the mean difference between
      the observed values and those predicted from this method was larger at -24.8
      mumol l-1 (95% CI -32.89 to -17.21) and was significantly different from zero.
      This study indicates that a morning test dose followed by a single blood sample
      can be used to establish maintenance theophylline therapy quickly and safely in
      selected patients.

PMID- 2274688
TI  - Prognostic and therapeutic considerations in clinical primary pulmonary
      hypertension.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with primary pulmonary hypertension were reviewed to assess
      the correlation of clinical and haemodynamic features with prognosis. A
      relationship between resting haemodynamic measurements and survival was sought in
      all 22 patients, and the effect of vasodilator therapy in 13 was reviewed. Those
      who survived 12 months or less (seven patients) or 40 months or more (seven
      patients) from catheterization were classified into short or long survival groups
      respectively. Clinical, haemodynamic and pulmonary angiographic features of
      patients in these groups were compared. In the whole group, mean pulmonary artery
      pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were inversely related to survival.
      Multivariate analysis of mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary vascular
      resistance (PVR), mean right atrial pressure (RAP), systemic vascular resistance
      (SVR) and cardiac index (CI) in the whole group identified RAP and PVR as the
      model which best predicted survival time. The short survival group had a higher
      prevalence of electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy,
      higher mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance than the
      long survival group. Our experience with vasodilator therapy was less encouraging
      than that described by other workers. Two of six patients on long-term treatment
      appeared to stabilize. Two other untreated patients showed spontaneous
      improvement. Prediction of prognosis in the individual patient is difficult.

PMID- 2274689
TI  - Radial artery puncture: a comparison of three haemostatic techniques.

PMID- 2274690
TI  - A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and a new bronchoscopic sign.

PMID- 2274691
TI  - Acute haemorrhagic pancreatico-pleural effusion treated with somatostatin
      analogue SMS 201-995.

PMID- 2274692
TI  - Pleural mesothelioma after asbestos exposure.

PMID- 2274693
TI  - Steroid-induced myopathy.

PMID- 2274694
TI  - Prevention of tuberculosis in the Irish Republic.

PMID- 2274695
TI  - [Metabolism of ethylene in olive leaves].
AB  - Olive tree tissues are able to metabolize ethylene. This metabolism is inhibited
      by heat killing and carbon disulfide. Rubber stoppers usually employed to close
      the incubation vials release carbon disulfide, thereby modifying the values
      obtained for ethylene. The ethylene consumption rate has been found to be 9
      nl/h.g, an intermediate value among the different plant tissues so far examined.

PMID- 2274696
TI  - Electrical activity in white adipose tissue of rat.
AB  - Intracellular recording of white adipocytes was performed in an in vitro
      preparation. Resting potential, input resistance and membrane time constant
      averaged: -34 +/- 9 mV, 295 +/- 161 M omega, and 58 +/- 19 ms respectively (mean
      +/- SD, n = 32). Intracellular injection of positive and negative square current
      pulses elicited membrane voltage responses, characterized by a rectification of
      the voltage change evoked by positive pulses, and a slow return to baseline at
      the offset of hyperpolarizing pulses. The amplitude and duration of the slow
      return to resting potential was dependent on membrane potential, pulse duration,
      and extracellular K+ concentration. This response was depressed when external
      Ca2+ was replaced by Co2+, and by external application of 4-aminopyridine. These
      results indicate that white adipocytes can generate membrane voltage responses
      which may mostly be a consequence of the activity of ionic channels. The
      properties of the slow return to baseline suggest that it may be due to a
      transient K+ current.

PMID- 2274697
TI  - [The effect of thyroparathyroidectomy, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on
      plasma strontium in rats].
AB  - The effect of thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) on the plasmatic Sr concentrations in
      rats previously supplemented with this element, has been studied, as well as its
      effect on the treatment of TPTX rats with hormonal combinations and, finally, the
      one presenting hormonal excess or defect of the phosphocalcium metabolism
      regulating hormones: parathormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT). Twenty four hours
      after TPTX, the plasmatic Sr concentrations show a pattern similar to those of Ca
      and Mg and contrary to Pi. The subsequent evolution is different, as the
      plasmatic concentrations increase, probably due to the maintenance of Sr
      supplementation. The administration of this element to TPTX rats and the
      treatment with a hormonal combination with two of the following hormones: PTH, CT
      and T4 antagonize the hormonal effect on the restoration of the plasmatic
      concentrations of the elements analyzed. The PTH excess and defect (TPTX treated
      with CT + T4) show plasmatic increases in Sr; the CT excess provokes decreases
      while the defect (administration of PTH + T4) causes increases. The T4
      administration reproduces the CT effects, but inconsistently. These results
      suggest that CT may be the hormone that plays a regulating role in the plasmatic
      Sr concentrations.

PMID- 2274698
TI  - Testicular changes in adult rat following bilateral partial (caput)
      epididymectomy.
AB  - Adult Wistar rats were either partial (caput) and bilaterally epididymectomized
      or bilaterally efferentectomized, as controls of duct obstruction. The effects on
      testicular germinal epithelium were studied at 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23
      and 25 days after surgery. No abnormalities were detected in sham-operated
      animals. Epididymectomized animals showed different levels of alterations with
      progressive disruption of the seminiferous epithelium, emergence of
      multinucleated bodies and some tubules obliterated by degenerated cells and
      cellular debris. Half way through the experiment there were tubules lacking their
      epithelia, as well as the Sertoli cells. On the 25th day degeneration was so
      important that is affected not only the epithelium (missing in almost all
      tubules) but also the tubular morphology. Eventually efferentectomized animals
      showed a progressive alteration, but its level was much lower than that observed
      after partial epididymectomy, indicating a possible specific function of the
      caput epididymidis in the control of testicular function.

PMID- 2274699
TI  - Effect of experimentally-induced chronic hyperprolactinemia on insulin binding
      and antilipolytic response in adipocytes from male rats.
AB  - Male Wistar rats with chronic hyperprolactinemia induced by grafting an anterior
      pituitary gland under the right kidney capsule were studied as experimental
      model. In these animals basal plasma glucose and insulin levels were unaltered.
      Epididymal adipocytes from hyperprolactinemic rats showed a significant increase
      in insulin binding at low unlabeled insulin concentrations. This increase in
      insulin binding can be principally attributed to an increase in the high affinity
      low capacity binding sites, as demonstrated when Scatchard analysis was
      interpreted in terms of two types of insulin receptors. The dissociation
      constants (KD1 and KD2) were not different between the groups. The apparent
      insulin receptor affinity was also unchanged. Moreover, a decreased sensitivity
      to the antilipolytic effect of insulin was also obtained in adipocytes from
      hyperprolactinemic rats. These findings indicate that chronic hyperprolactinemia
      is able to increase high affinity insulin receptors in epididymal adipocytes, but
      tends to diminish the antilipolytic response, suggesting a lack of coupling
      between insulin binding and its biological activity in male adipose tissue.
      Several possible mechanisms involved in the process are suggested.

PMID- 2274700
TI  - Trifluoperazine reproduces in rat islets the effects of calcium omission on
      insulin secretion and de novo lipid synthesis, without affecting 45Ca2(+)-uptake.
AB  - Calmodulin is thought to mediate at least some of the effects produced by the
      elevation of cytosolic calcium in response to a B-cell secretagogue.
      Trifluoperazine, an inhibitor of calcium-calmodulin interaction, has been used to
      test, comparatively with calcium-omission, whether the changes of lipid
      metabolism accompanying the stimulation of insulin release by glucose and
      palmitate are dependent on activation by the calcium binding protein. Low doses
      of trifluoperazine (1 and 5 mumol/l) reproduced quantitatively and qualitatively
      the effects of calcium omission on both insulin secretion and de novo lipid
      synthesis, without altering islet 45Ca2(+)-uptake. The apparent dependence on
      calcium-calmodulin of the "de novo" synthesis of neutral lipids, but not of
      acidic phospholipids, might reflect a possible regulation of islet phosphatidate
      phosphohydrolase by calcium.

PMID- 2274701
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of long-term converting-enzyme inhibition in renal
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of a converting-enzyme inhibitor (CEI) given during 12
      consecutive hours were studied in severe chronic renal hypertensive and
      normotensive Wistar rats. Hemodynamic parameters were obtained by thermodilution
      method in conscious unrestrained animals twenty-four hours after surgery. A bolus
      of CEI induced a significant decrease of mean arterial pressure (MAP) (from 192.2
      +/- 8.2 to 163.3 +/- 5.9 mmHg, p less than 0.001) and total peripheral resistance
      (TPR) (from 7.69 +/- 0.53 to 5.83 +/- 0.33 mmHg.min/ml 100 g) in hypertensive
      animals. Cardiac index (CI) and heart rate increased significantly (p less than
      0.05). Infusion of CEI to hypertensive animals during 12 consecutive hours
      produced a further progressive decrease in MAP and TPR (p less than 0.05) and an
      increase in CI (p less than 0.05). Heart rate did not change. Acute and prolonged
      infusions of CEI to normotensive group induced less but similar effect to those
      observed in hypertensive group. These results suggest that an increase of the
      renin-angiotensin system activity is the principal mechanism involved in the
      maintenance of high blood pressure during chronic phase of renal hypertension on
      the rats.

PMID- 2274702
TI  - [Photoperiodic variations in plasma concentration of testosterone in the rabbit].
AB  - The photoperiodic variations of testosterone plasmatic levels in male rabbits
      have been studied. The animals were subjected to the influence of three circadian
      rhythms: 12/12, 14/10 and 10/14 h of light/darkness. The hormone assay was
      carried out using an enzymeimmunoassay method (Competitive ELISA). Blood samples
      were of two different types: seriated and non-seriated, to find if these might be
      any differences in the results. It is concluded that testosterone plasmatic
      levels are within physiologic values (0.3-10.0 ng/ml), although differences
      depending on the light/darkness cycle and on the type of blood extraction are
      remarkable; for this reason the selection of the circadian rhythm will depend on
      the experimentation that is to be carried out.

PMID- 2274703
TI  - [Immunocytochemical study of the hypophyseal neural lobe of Natrix maura in
      dehydration].
AB  - The influence of the dehydration treatment on the hypophysial neural lobe of the
      water snake Natrix maura, has been investigated. Whereas control animals stayed
      in fresh water, experimental snakes were immersed in a hypertonic solution of
      sodium chloride (35%) for 48 h. All specimens were fixed by vascular perfusion
      with Bouin fluid and the pituitaries embedded in paraffin. The sections were
      stained through histochemical procedures and immunocytochemistry by means of
      antisera against bovine neurophysins, vasotocin and mesotocin. The intensity of
      the immunoreaction was measured by microdensitometry. The osmotic stress
      significantly decreases the amount of stainable neurosecretory material in the
      neural lobe as well as the immunoreactivity to antineurophysin and antivasotocin
      sera. Contrariwise, there is no clear decrease in the immunoreactivity to
      antimesotocin serum. These results suggest that the osmotic stress in Natrix
      maura elicited an increase in the release of vasotocin.

PMID- 2274704
TI  - Interspecies differences in the effects of HCG on testicular function among
      rodents.
AB  - Adult mice, rats and hamsters were injected with 0 or 0.3 IU hCG/g BW, 24 h
      before sacrifice. Basal LH receptor concentration was highest in rats and lowest
      in hamsters (rats greater than mice greater than hamsters). Injection of hCG
      caused LH receptor down-regulation in rats and mice, and up-regulation in
      hamsters. Basal plasma progesterone was highest in hamsters and lowest in rats
      (hamsters greater than mice greater than rats), however, hCG increased plasma
      progesterone levels in mice and rats, but not in hamsters. Mice had much higher
      plasma and testicular testosterone levels than other species, but hCG did not
      induce a relatively more dramatic increase in any species. When testes fragments
      were incubated with 0 or 12.5 mIU hCG/ml for 4 h, hCG increased media
      progesterone levels in rats and control mice, but not in hamsters and hCG
      injected mice. Also, hCG elevated media testosterone levels in control but not in
      hCG-injected animals. Furthermore, addition of hCG in vitro partially prevented
      the elevation of media testosterone induced by in vivo hCG. The present results
      indicate that the mechanisms for the transduction of the gonadotropic signal by
      the Leydig cells are species-defined.

PMID- 2274705
TI  - [Tissue polypeptide antigen liberation and proliferation of MCF-7 cells after
      synchronization with hydroxytamoxifen and rescue with estradiol].
AB  - The kinetic of release of the tissular polypeptide antigen (TPA) by MCF-7 cells
      synchronised by sequential treatment with hydroxytamoxifen (OH-TAM) and 17 beta
      estradiol has been studied. The present findings confirm the proliferative effect
      of estradiol on MCF-7 cells, with a shortening of the doubling time (TD) (22.2 h
      versus 24.8 h) and an increase in the growing fraction (Fc) (94% versus 81%) when
      compared with the same parameters measured in cells rescued from OH-TAM but not
      treated with estradiol. In addition, the action of estradiol was followed by a
      simultaneous increase in the amount of TPA in the culture medium related with the
      phases G2/M and G1 of the mitotic cycle. This phenomenon seems to be the reason
      for the steplike shape of the TPA released curves. The experimental results
      suggest that in MCF-7 cells the sequential combination of antiestrogenic agents
      and estrogens leads to a cellular synchronization. Furthermore this
      synchronization is maintained for at least 3 cycles of cell division.

PMID- 2274706
TI  - Changes in the number of leukocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations induced by
      exercise in sedentary young people.
AB  - The influence of physical exercise on the quantification of leukocytes and
      lymphocyte subpopulations has been studied. These cells were obtained from blood
      taken from eleven healthy young men and women who follow a sedentary life style,
      before and after vigorous exercise (running). The results indicate that physical
      activity increases the number of white blood cells and the concentrations of
      circulating lymphocytes. The proportion of T-lymphocytes, estimated as rosette
      forming cells with sheep red blood cells after cold incubation, is constant,
      whereas a corresponding increase in cells with receptors for C3b or Ig-Fc is also
      observed. The data indicate that physical activity leads to an irregular
      intravascular discharge in stored cells.

PMID- 2274707
TI  - Influence of setting-up time, temperature of incubation and age on the transmural
      potential difference across chicken rectum.
AB  - The effects of different experimental conditions on the in vitro transmural
      potential difference (PD) have been studied in the chicken rectum by the Ussing
      and Zerahn technique. Results have been analyzed with a statistical method to
      reveal the contribution of different controlled variables to the response, as
      well as the possible contribution of interactions between them. The variables
      considered were: age, setting-up time, temperature of the incubation medium and
      time elapsed from the beginning of incubation. It can be concluded that a) PD
      increases when temperature rises from 31 degrees C to 37 degrees C and when age
      increases from 71 to 123 days; b) Changes in PD during incubation depend on the
      temperature of incubation medium; c) The influence of age on PD depends on the
      temperature of the incubation medium and on the time required to set-up the
      preparation; d) PD is inversely co-related with setting-up times ranging from 3.5
      to 7.5 min.

PMID- 2274708
TI  - Dantrolene prevents hyperthermia induced seizures in rat pups.

PMID- 2274709
TI  - [Review of respiratory illnesses. Alphabetic table of subjects and index of
      author names. Volume 6-1989].

PMID- 2274710
TI  - New techniques of osteosynthesis of the hand. Principles, clinical applications
      and biomechanics with special reference to external minifixation.

PMID- 2274711
TI  - Festschrift for Jacques Chretien.

PMID- 2274712
TI  - The 'healthy smoker': a phenomenon of health selection?
AB  - The detrimental effects of smoking on lung function have been recognized for
      several decades. Evidence comes from cross-sectional studies which emphasize that
      damage, certainly at the level of the small airways, may be detectable after a
      relatively short smoking history, and from longitudinal studies which show that
      smoking is associated with an increased rate of function loss over time. Implicit
      in most published evaluations of the evidence has been the concept that smoking
      is a habit taken up at random by the general population, and that those who do
      and do not take up the habit start out with similar levels of lung function.
      Published material was reviewed for evidence to the contrary, consistent with a
      health selection process similar to that shown in relation to workplace exposures
      and labeled the 'healthy worker' effect. Despite the wealth of published data on
      the topic of lung function in relation to the smoking habit, much is presented in
      a way which does not permit the concept of the 'healthy smoker' to be addressed.
      Nevertheless, this review revealed sufficient evidence from cross-sectional
      studies, as well as evidence from one longitudinal study to support the concept
      of the 'healthy smoker' as an individual who takes up the habit because his/her
      lungs are relatively resistant to the effects of smoking. If correct, this means
      that previous studies, particularly those which were cross-sectional in design
      and focussed on younger persons, are likely to have underestimated the
      consequences of smoking on lung function. The concept of the 'healthy smoker' may
      also throw light on characteristics which identify the 'susceptible smoker'.

PMID- 2274714
TI  - Histopathology of the pleura.
AB  - This review attempts to provide up to date information on structure/function
      relationships of the pleura and on the pathology of pleural effusions,
      pneumothorax, pleural repair, pleural infections, pleural involvement in systemic
      connective tissue disorders, non-malignant asbestos-induced pleural disease,
      mesothelioma and other pleural tumours.

PMID- 2274713
TI  - [The anti-tuberculosis campaign throughout the world: strategies and actions in
      the field].
AB  - Tuberculosis will remain one of the main health concerns in the world for the
      next ten years. Economic crises in the Third World and AIDS epidemics in Africa
      have contributed to maintain a high level prevalence of tuberculosis in the
      poorest countries. Failures of tuberculosis control measures are due more often
      to mistakes in health planning and in health manpower training than to the lack
      of technologies. Short-course chemotherapy is an important technological
      achievement for the treatment of tuberculosis, but case holding and case finding
      are not efficient in several high-prevalence countries. BCG vaccination and
      chemoprophylaxis, especially in immunodeficient children or adults, need more
      evaluation studies.

PMID- 2274715
TI  - Sarcoidosis in the 1990s: avenues for the future.
AB  - Thirty years have passed since the International Conference on Sarcoidosis, held
      in Washington, D.C., in 1960. During this period, many useful findings were
      reported on the pathophysiology of sarcoidosis, such as findings on the
      angiotensin-converting enzyme and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. On the other
      hand, no information on the causative agents has been obtained, and no advances
      have been made in the treatment of sarcoidosis. We expect steady advances in both
      in the 1990s and hope that the 12th World Congress on Sarcoidosis in September
      1991 in Kyoto will mark the first step toward these objectives.

PMID- 2274716
TI  - [Is pulmonary interstitial pathology an entity?].
AB  - Pulmonary interstitial diseases cannot be defined as an entity because of the
      existence of multiple pathogenic factors, and of various radiological
      expressions, as well as of the involvement of different types of inflammatory
      cells. Moreover, several hypotheses can be considered to explain the fibroblastic
      hyperplasia often present in this condition. It could be the result of an excess
      of secretion of growth factors, of an enhanced sensitivity of the target cells to
      these factors, of a decrease of factors inhibiting fibroblast replication, or of
      a relative deficiency of monokine antagonists. A similar analysis could be
      applied to chemotactic factors for fibroblasts as well as for those stimulating
      collagen production.

PMID- 2274717
TI  - Reexamination of the elastic properties of emphysematous lungs.
AB  - We calculated specific lung elastance (Es,L) as the change of lung elastic recoil
      pressure (Pel,L) required to produce a given fractional change in lung volume
      (delta VL/VL,0) as a function of transpulmonary pressure (PL) from published data
      in normal lungs, and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (COPD) or alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (alpha 1-AD). Es,L, in normal lungs, is
      the bulk modulus, and was systematically greater than PL.dEs,L/dPL increased with
      VL.PL at Es,L = 30 cm H2O decreased with age in normal lungs, but Es,L at PL = 8
      cm H2O showed no age relationship. In both COPD and alpha 1-AD Es,L and dEs,L/dPL
      were increased compared to normal lungs. We conclude that Es,L is a curvilinear
      function of PL in normal lungs, COPD and alpha 1-AD, and is systematically
      greater than PL. The increase in Es,L and dEs,L/dPL in COPD and alpha 1-AD
      compared to normals probably represents two distinct abnormalities in the elastic
      properties of emphysematous lungs: (1) an increase in resting length of alveolar
      walls accounting for hyperinflation, and (2) a decrease in extensibility of
      alveolar walls once they become stressed. Using total lung capacity (TLC) as an
      index of the former and Es,L as an index of the latter, we showed no correlation
      between either and FEV1. Thus abnormalities in lung elastic properties in
      emphysema do not account for chronic expiratory flow limitation in emphysema.
      Furthermore, the increased values of Es,L in emphysema suggest that emphysematous
      airspaces are poorly ventilated. As they are presumably poorly perfused,
      emphysema per se may not disturb ventilation perfusion ratios seriously.

PMID- 2274718
TI  - [Experimental lung carcinogenesis. Areas of application and perspectives].
AB  - Although they have been described in several species, lung cancers are rare
      cancers, occurring in old age. For this reason, experimental lung carcinogenesis
      is practically limited to short-living rodents, rats being the most frequently
      used; other species have not been shown to provide improved models for
      extrapolation to man although they may be useful for specific toxicokinetics of
      some xenobiotics. The aim of experimental lung carcinogenesis is to detect
      putative airborne carcinogens which may cause cancer in man. Compared to man, for
      similar cumulated exposure, there is a general trend for a given ultimate
      carcinogen to result in a high rate of tumor induction in rodents; this is due to
      deposition and clearance patterns, together with the distal location of tumors. A
      weak response in rats exposed to tobacco smoke only can be easily explained by
      basic toxicokinetics; rats exhibit a strong response to the promoting effect of
      tobacco smoke. In vitro transformation of animal and human lung cells is expected
      to be a key issue for the purpose of interspecies extrapolation.

PMID- 2274719
TI  - Cursed duet: HIV infection and tuberculosis.
AB  - Tuberculosis remains a health problem of extraordinary magnitude, especially in
      developing countries. Unfortunately, many of the same countries have the
      additional burden of a remarkably high prevalence of HIV infection. Because of
      the inherent capacity of tubercle bacilli to take advantage of deficiencies in
      cell-mediated immunity, tuberculosis has become an extremely important infectious
      complication of HIV disease in those developing countries in which the two
      infections coexist; the same is true, although to a lesser extent, in developed
      countries among those groups of patients with HIV infection in which there is
      also a high prevalence of remotely acquired tuberculosis. Prof. Chretien helped
      call attention to the link between tuberculosis and HIV infection in France. Now,
      it is obvious that his cogent observations extend to much of the rest of the
      world.

PMID- 2274720
TI  - Immunologic responses in the lung.
AB  - Placing 'immunologic' as an adjective before a collection of lung diseases
      implies that the host has responded to the illness by reacting with distinctive
      airway and/or alveolar space cells and proteins, i.e. lymphocytes, macrophages,
      inflammatory cells, immunoglobulin (antibodies), possibly complement components
      and various cytokine mediators. Also implicit in the usage of the term is that
      certain research methods have been used to study the host response. Direct
      immunologic investigation of the human lung has advanced greatly by the use of
      fiberoptic bronchoscopy, available for the past 20 years, which has permitted
      sampling of the airways and alveolar space with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).
      Values for immune components in BAL have been established for normals and used to
      contrast abnormal findings in many forms of lung disease. Examples of these
      findings in pulmonary sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis are given. In
      contrast an immunologic deficiency, as may be found with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome, illustrates how a lack or imbalance in immune
      components can contribute to infection and chronic disease. Overall, the analysis
      of immune components in BAL fluid has contributed to improved concepts about the
      immunopathogenesis of many lung diseases.

PMID- 2274721
TI  - Quality of life: conceptual issues.
AB  - The evaluation of the quality of life of oncology patients may enable us to
      evaluate the impact of medical and nursing interventions on patients' lives and,
      ultimately, to produce information that may improve health care and the quality
      of patients' lives. However, quality of life is a complex concept that does not
      have a universal definition or a standard for its measurement. It must be defined
      clearly in order for it to be clinically useful.

PMID- 2274722
TI  - Relevance of quality of life to clinical nursing practice.
AB  - Assessment of quality of life is an important concept for nurses who practice in
      oncology settings because the physical, psychological, and social well-being of
      the patients is affected by the disease and its treatment. The use of valid,
      reliable, and clinically relevant measures of quality of life will facilitate
      planning of appropriate care and the evaluation of specific interventions.

PMID- 2274723
TI  - Assessment of quality of life with a single instrument.
AB  - A number of single measures of quality of life have been developed over the last
      few years. Some of these instruments have been used more frequently than others.
      Psychometric properties are reported in many of these instruments, and continued
      psychometric development is needed. Instruments differ in the content tested, and
      users are encouraged to have specific objectives in mind when selecting an
      instrument. The continued research interest and activity in the field of single
      measures has provided beginning tools for both research and clinical evaluations.
      Quality of life measures add to the depth of evaluation of the impact on cancer
      and cancer treatment, and provide a measurement dimension that augments that of
      the historic evaluation via morbidity and mortality statistics. Continued work on
      single measures for quality of life will provide both researchers and clinicians
      with valuable tools.

PMID- 2274724
TI  - Issues in using multiple measures of quality of life.
AB  - Assessment of quality of life requires a multifaceted approach in order to
      evaluate the impact of an illness, treatment, or intervention on quality of life.
      The use of several measures offers notable advantages over unidimensional and
      global assessment techniques. Disadvantages of multiple measures also exist, but
      these problems can be circumvented with adequate knowledge and careful planning.

PMID- 2274725
TI  - Cultural influences on perceived quality of life.
AB  - Cross-cultural investigations of quality of life will provide a more well-rounded
      picture of the multidimensional aspects of life satisfaction and personal well
      being. Careful attention must be given to the nuances of language and
      sociocultural context in the translation of questionnaires and the implementation
      of cross-national research. Future explorations of the concept of quality of life
      should incorporate qualitative and ethnographic data to insure an adequate
      representation of the social and emotional context surrounding perceptions of
      well-being and life satisfaction. A meaning-centered approach to the examination
      of quality of life will facilitate understanding of the nature of wellness and
      the impact of illness on individuals and families of every cultural background.

PMID- 2274726
TI  - Quality of life in children and adolescents with cancer.
AB  - Quality of life for children and adolescents who have cancer is a personal,
      subjective experience that is influenced by the individual's internal, immediate,
      and institutional environments. Quality of life is most accurately assessed on an
      individual basis with each child or adolescent serving as his/her own standard.

PMID- 2274727
TI  - Assessing the quality of life of elderly persons.
AB  - Quality of life assessment data for the elderly patient with cancer should be
      used to plan, implement, and evaluate treatment protocols. Yet, data are lacking
      about the quality of life of this patient population. Characteristics of the
      environment and conceptual and operational issues must be addressed in order to
      obtain reliable and valid assessment data about the quality of life of elderly
      persons with cancer.

PMID- 2274728
TI  - Quality of family life: exploration of a concept.
AB  - Research on the family's response to illness has not been characterized by
      deliberate attention to quality of family life issues. Most work in the field has
      been directed toward conceptualizing and measuring coping behaviors and impact.
      Conclusions regarding quality of family life must be inferred from measures not
      explicitly designed to measure this concept. The quality of family life is as
      elusive a concept as is quality of life for the individual. Theoretical and
      methodological approaches must be developed and tested. Oncology nurses have the
      potential to influence the quality of family life within the cancer experience.

PMID- 2274729
TI  - Political and ethical implications of using quality of life as an outcome
      measure.
AB  - The issue addressed by this article has been the legitimacy of using quality of
      life as an outcome measure with the potential for use as a means of allocating
      health care resources. Serious problems that arise include the definition and
      measurement of quality of life and the related ethical dilemmas of sanctity of
      life versus quality of life, individual versus aggregate good, and autonomy
      versus paternalism. Two core questions remain: How do we use the concept of
      quality of life for the benefit of individuals and society without compromising
      the integrity of either? How do we make ethical decisions for the aggregate good
      without violating the rights of individuals and without devaluing life, either by
      forcing someone to live who does not want to or by refusing treatment to someone
      who wants it? Clinicians and researchers need to be alert to the purpose for
      which quality of life data are being gathered to ensure that appropriate measures
      are being used. Forrow et al argue that an "important barrier to the use of
      decision analyses for individual patients lies in the difficulty of developing
      reliable and quantifiable measures of patients' preferences for various treatment
      outcomes--including differences in mortality or life expectancy, various kinds of
      morbidity, burdens of taking medications, economic costs, and so on." If these
      limitations could be overcome, quality of life might hold some promise for
      individual clinical decision-making. The lack of consensus about its definition
      and the problems inherent in its measurement render quality of life a poor choice
      as a criterion for decision-making regarding health policy. Clinicians concerned
      about the issues raised in this article are encouraged to identify the resources
      available to help them examine the issues. Useful resources include other
      interested providers, ethics committees, risk managers, chaplins, social workers,
      and codes of ethics, standards, and position statements. The Oregon model should
      be studied carefully since it may provide a guide for other states and the
      federal government. Forums should be organized at multiple levels involving
      nurses, physicians, other health care providers and the general public. We should
      encourage careful inquiry and judicious consideration of findings. We should be
      aware of the political scene and the research scene to guard against the
      potential misuse of study findings in the establishment of public policy. We
      should seek information for ourselves and our patients; we should provide the
      highest quality of care we can that is aimed at providing patients the
      possibility of fulfilling their own goals for their lives.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2274730
TI  - Hardiness, self-perceived health, and activity among independently functioning
      older adults.
AB  - As the older population continues its rapid rise, it becomes increasingly
      important to identify variables that contribute to the quality of life--that
      which the gerontological literature refers to as "successful aging." Since most
      studies have supported activity as the most satisfying pattern of aging, the
      notion that hardiness of personality and self-perception of health are related to
      activity levels was tested in a group of independently functioning older adults
      (n = 115). The obtained significant correlations between hardiness and self
      perceived health were -.293 (p less than .001, hardiness is negatively scored),
      and .210 (p less than .01), respectively. Together these variables explained 10%
      of the variance in activity. The sub-variable challenge, within the hardiness
      construct, did not correlate with activity, thereby diminishing the composite
      score of hardiness and activity. These data support existing studies of
      perceptual and activity theories, the theoretical links between the constructs,
      and have identified hardiness as an antecedent variable of successful aging.

PMID- 2274731
TI  - Predictors of burden among wife caregivers.
AB  - The relationship of caregiver health, past marital adjustment, as well as
      received social support to caregiving burden was studied in 78 wives who served
      as primary caregivers to husbands with irreversible memory impairment for an
      average of 4 years and 10 months. In addition, socioeconomic status and attitudes
      toward asking for help were investigated. This paper is based on the same data
      set as a previous article that focused on depression. Past marital adjustment was
      a significant (p less than .001) predictor of subjective burden and accounted for
      20% of the total explained variance (22%). Socioeconomic status and attitude
      toward asking for help were the significant (p less than .001) predictors of
      objective burden and accounted for 12% of the total variance (17%). Received
      social support did not predict caregiver adjustment. The finding that past
      marital adjustment was significantly related to subjective burden suggests that
      caregivers with unhappy past marriages may need intervention in order to reframe
      past grievances in their marriages. Findings regarding social status indicate
      that caregivers with a higher income could purchase services, thus decreasing the
      amount of disruption in their lives and households.

PMID- 2274732
TI  - Reconceptualizing nursing ethics.
AB  - This paper offers a comparative analysis of four central concepts of moral theory
      -autonomy, moral posture, universal vs. particular, and the role of rules and
      principles. These concepts are compared as they function in traditional rule-and
      principle ethics and the more recently explicated ethic of care. Implications of
      the distinctiveness of these two extant frameworks for the development of nursing
      ethics are set out. In conclusion, the claim is made that an inclusive approach
      to these different moral visions which places them in a mutually informative
      relationship holds the potential to enrich and enliven the developing nursing
      ethic.

PMID- 2274733
TI  - Gender, time, and money in caregiving.
AB  - Nurses and scholars in other disciplines have examined the consequences of
      caregiving on the caregiver in behavioral and attitudinal terms, under the
      general rubric of "burden." This paper considers caregiver burden in less
      commonly used labor and economic terms. In addition to expanding nursing's
      conception of caregiver burden, this approach highlights issues gender-specific
      to the majority of caregivers, women. Housework is used as a model for women's
      unpaid work. Based on this model, studies are reviewed in which hours and dollars
      are measures of caregiving burden. Some specific calculations of the value of
      elder kin care are given. It is urged that the economic consequences of
      caregiving be routinely considered and evaluated when nurses in practice and/or
      research address the needs of caregivers.

PMID- 2274734
TI  - Evaluation of pancreatic tissue fluid pressure measurements intraoperatively and
      by sonographically guided fine-needle puncture.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the needle method for pancreatic
      tissue fluid pressure measurements. Clinical evaluation was performed in 24
      patients with chronic pancreatitis, comparing repeated pressure measurements via
      sonographically guided fine-needle puncture and intraoperative pressure
      measurements by direct puncture of pancreatic tissue and duct. In patients with
      chronic pancreatitis we found small week-to-week variations in sonographically
      guided percutaneous pressure measurements and good agreement between preoperative
      percutaneous pressure measurements and intraoperative pressure measurements via
      direct puncture. Furthermore, no significant difference was seen between
      pancreatic duct and tissue fluid pressure. The technical evaluation was performed
      by repeated pressure measurements in human pancreatic autopsy specimens and
      living rats in a pressure chamber at various external pressure levels. The basic
      calibration of the method evaluated by means of this pressure chamber study
      showed sufficient precision and accuracy of the needle technique for clinical and
      investigative purposes. In conclusion, our results suggest that pancreatic tissue
      fluid pressure can be reliably assessed by the needle technique.

PMID- 2274735
TI  - Effect of ranitidine on gastric and duodenal mucosal enzyme activities in
      duodenal ulcer patients.
AB  - The activities of 11 marker enzymes from the gastric and duodenal mucosa were
      determined in 19 patients with active duodenal ulcer disease (DU) before therapy,
      after 4 weeks of therapy with ranitidine, 300 mg/day, and after another 4 weeks
      without treatment. The activities were measured in homogenized material obtained
      with forceps through an endoscope. The healing rate at 4 weeks was 68%. In the
      descending duodenum the activities of the membrane enzymes increased during the
      treatment period compared with pre-treatment activities. Although not as
      extensive as in the descending duodenum, an increase of membrane enzyme
      activities was also noted in the duodenal bulb during treatment. In the gastric
      mucosa only minor enzymic activity changes were seen. The altered enzyme
      activities in duodenum and stomach during treatment were independent of ulcer
      healing, smoking, antacids, and mucosal inflammation. Previously, significant
      differences in mucosal enzyme activities have been demonstrated between DU
      patients and controls. During ranitidine treatment the enzyme activities in the
      duodenal mucosa of the same DU patients tended to normalize, whereas they were
      mostly unchanged in the gastric mucosa. Four weeks after treatment the mucosal
      enzyme activities in the duodenum were as before treatment started, without
      occurrence of ulcer relapse. The altered enzymic activities of the duodenal
      mucosa in DU patients therefore seem to be largely independent of the presence of
      active ulcer.

PMID- 2274736
TI  - Growth hormone increases the mass, the collagenous proteins, and the strength of
      rat colon.
AB  - The effect of growth hormone treatment on the left colon was investigated in 4
      month-old Wistar rats. The animals were injected with saline (controls) or
      biosynthetic human growth hormone (b-hGH) in doses of 1.0 and 5.0 mg b-hGH/kg/day
      for 30 days. The total body weight of the rats injected with 1.0 mg b-hGH/kg/day
      did not differ from that of the control group, whereas the body weight of the
      rats injected with 5.0 mg b-hGH/kg/day was increased by 37% compared with the
      control group. The colonic dry weight per unit length was increased by 57% and
      46% by 1.0 mg and 5.0 mg b-hGH/kg/day, respectively. The defatted dry weight was
      increased by 52% and 44%, respectively. The hydroxyproline content per unit
      length was increased by 31% and 23%, respectively. Furthermore, the biomechanical
      strength was increased by the b-hGH injections. No difference between the two b
      hGH doses was found in any of the data.

PMID- 2274737
TI  - Phospholipase activation and arachidonic acid release in intestinal epithelial
      cells from patients with Crohn's disease.
AB  - A method for studying the mobilization of free arachidonic acid (AA) in viable
      isolated human intestinal epithelial cells has been developed and applied to the
      study of patients with Crohn's disease. Cells were isolated from morphologically
      unaffected parts of the distal ileum and incubated with 14C-AA; most of the
      incorporated 14C-AA was then found in phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholine)
      and in a pool of neutral lipids (mainly triacylglycerols). Cells from patients
      with Crohn's disease incorporated more 14C-AA into their neutral lipids than did
      cells from control patients. When the labeled cells were stimulated with
      phospholipase C from Clostridium perfringens or with the calcium ionophore
      A23187, they released significant amounts of AA, mainly from phosphatidylcholine.
      There was no difference between cells from Crohn patients and controls in the 14C
      AA amounts released, but unstimulated and phospholipase C-stimulated cells from
      prednisolone-treated Crohn patients released less AA than cells from control
      patients. The A23187-stimulated AA release was completely inhibited by the
      phospholipase A2 inhibitor 4-bromophenacyl bromide, whereas the phospholipase C
      stimulated release was not. These findings suggest that AA release in human small
      intestinal epithelial cells may be caused by calcium-mediated phospholipase A2
      activation or by products of microbial phospholipase C activity and that
      prednisolone reduces the mobilization of free AA in intestinal epithelial cells.
      They also illustrate the potential use of isolated epithelial cells for revealing
      mechanisms underlying AA release in the intestinal mucosa in different disease
      states.

PMID- 2274738
TI  - The stapled ileal pouch--anal anastomosis. A randomized study comparing two
      different pouch designs.
AB  - Thirty patients were operated on with restorative proctocolectomy with an end-to
      end ileal pouch-anal anastomosis constructed by double stapling (STP). Pouches
      were randomized to either J type or K type (folded by the principles used for the
      Kock continent ileostomy). Manovolumetric and functional results were compared.
      Patients were followed up for at least 6 months. K pouches acquired a
      significantly larger volume than the J-configurated pouches, and at 6 months the
      mean +/- SD volumes amounted to 361 +/- 59.8 ml versus 283 +/- 43.0 ml (p less
      than 0.01) with a concomitant reduction in 24-h frequency (4.4 +/- 1.5 versus 5.8
      +/- 1.9; p less than 0.05). The initial postoperative mean reduction of resting
      anal pressure amounted to 33%. which was similar to that observed in a group of
      matched historical controls operated on with endoanal mucosectomy and hand
      sutured pouch-anal anastomosis. Compared with these controls STP patients showed
      a superior overall functional result, most marked in the early postoperative
      period.

PMID- 2274739
TI  - Identification of the pylorus from the intraluminal pH profile. Validation of the
      method by comparing it with transpyloric potential difference and pressure
      profile.
AB  - In contrast to the steady low intragastric pH, the pH in the proximal duodenum
      shows wide, rapid, and frequent fluctuations. This change in pH pattern may be
      used to localize the pylorus and thereby ensure reproducible measurements of
      duodenal pH at a known and reproducible distance from the pylorus. To validate
      this method of localizing the pylorus, simultaneous measurements were performed
      of the transpyloric pH and potential difference (PD) profile and of the pH and
      pressure profile in 10 normal subjects. pH-metry and PD-metry localized the
      pylorus within the same 1.5 cm in 82% of 104 5-min periods, and pH-metry and
      manometry localized the pylorus within the same 5 cm in 72% of 77 10-min periods.
      This agreement and accuracy seem satisfactory for most studies of intraluminal pH
      in the duodenum and make reliable long-term ambulatory recording of duodenal pH
      possible without serial roentgenogram controls.

PMID- 2274740
TI  - Progastrin in pancreas and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

PMID- 2274741
TI  - Flash visual evoked responses in the early encephalopathy of chronic liver
      disease.
AB  - In recent years many variants of EEG sensory evoked responses have been studied
      as potential diagnostic aids in the detection and quantification of hepatic
      encephalopathy (HE). This study assesses the value of the flash visual evoked
      response (VER). Twenty-six controls and 21 non-encephalopathic and 12
      encephalopathic (grade 1/2), biopsy-proven, cirrhotic patients were assessed
      clinically, psychometrically, and electrophysiologically. Flash VER from three
      different leads were obtained from each patient. Data from the fronto-occipital
      leads gave the best differentiation between the subjects. The P2 and N3 peak
      latencies were significantly increased in the two liver groups and correlated
      with the mental state and psychometric results. The N3 latency had a 92%
      specificity and a 50% sensitivity in the detection of grade 1/2 HE. This study
      suggests that the N3 latency changes may be a good marker of early clinical HE
      and useful in the longitudinal assessment of individual patients.

PMID- 2274742
TI  - Gastroduodenal lesions induced by naproxen. An endoscopic evaluation of regional
      differences and natural course.
AB  - Gastroduodenal endoscopic findings were studied in 65 healthy volunteers
      receiving 750 mg or 1000 mg naproxen for 1 or 2 weeks. Separate registration of
      the mid- and distal duodenum showed that mucosal toxicity can be demonstrated
      even distally to the duodenal bulb. The lesions were closely correlated to the
      findings in the stomach and duodenal bulb, though generally somewhat less
      extensive. Whereas a difference between 750 mg and 1000 mg naproxen was
      demonstrated in an intraindividual comparison (n = 26; median sum of visual
      analogue scale score in the stomach/duodenal bulb, 129 mm and 183 mm,
      respectively; p less than 0.05), no difference was seen in two parallel groups (n
      = 32 and 33). In the stomach and duodenal bulb, a significant aggravation of
      mucosal lesions was seen from 1 to 2 weeks in 16 subjects. Healing was complete
      in 10/12 subjects after 3 weeks, independent of the extent of the initial damage.

PMID- 2274743
TI  - Risk of gastric cancer in patients with non-surgically treated peptic ulcer.
AB  - We followed up 2072 patients with unoperated gastric and duodenal ulcer,
      diagnosed from 1963 to 1975, and evaluated the risk of development of gastric
      cancer. During the follow-up period of 9-23 years 38 patients had a gastric
      cancer or died of gastric cancer. The number of gastric cancers in patients with
      duodenal ulcer (observed/expected = 3:12) was statistically low (p less than
      0.01) compared with the number expected from the sex- and age-matched general
      population. On the other hand, the number of patients with gastric ulcer and the
      number of those with both gastric and duodenal ulcers was 29 and 6, neither of
      which differed significantly from the expected occurrence. These results suggest
      that in peptic ulcer patients the risk of developing gastric cancer is equal to
      or low compared with that of the general population.

PMID- 2274744
TI  - Effect of gemfibrozil administration on biliary lipid secretion in hyperlipidemic
      patients. A crossover study with clofibrate.
AB  - Gemfibrozil, like clofibrate, is effective in lowering both serum cholesterol and
      triglycerides and in increasing high-density lipoproteins. The information
      available about its effects on biliary lipids is still limited, and conflicting
      results have been reported. In this study we evaluated the effect of gemfibrozil
      (1.2 g/day) and clofibrate (2.0 g/day), in a single-blind crossover design for 6
      weeks with a 4-week washout period, on the biliary cholesterol saturation index
      (SI) in stimulated hepatic bile and on the hepatic secretion rate of biliary
      lipids in patients with hyperlipidemia. Clofibrate increased cholesterol SI (from
      1.70 +/- 0.14 to 2.05 +/- 0.24), whereas gemfibrozil decreased it (from 1.70 +/-
      0.14 to 1.54 +/- 0.16). The results were not statistically significant. The
      hepatic secretion rate of cholesterol was significantly (p less than 0.04)
      increased by clofibrate therapy, whereas it was significantly (p less than 0.04)
      decreased after gemfibrozil; a significant (p less than 0.04) decrease in the
      hepatic secretion rate of bile acids, bile acid pool size, and bile acid fecal
      excretion (p less than 0.04) was also found after gemfibrozil administration.
      Gemfibrozil interferes extensively with bile acid metabolism, but it does not
      increase biliary cholesterol secretion, as clofibrate does. These results suggest
      that gemfibrozil does not seem to increase the risk of gallstone formation in
      patients with hyperlipidemia.

PMID- 2274745
TI  - Enhanced release of cholecystokinin by soya-bean trypsin inhibitor in chickens.
AB  - Whether ingestion of soya-bean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) alters the release of
      cholecystokinin (CCK) was investigated in chickens. A meal of an adequate diet
      supplemented with SBTI (0, 100, or 1000 mg/kg) was given through a stomach tube,
      followed by CCK determination with specific CCK-8 antibody. The plasma CCK level
      increased from a basal level (control diet) of 9.6 +/- 0.6 to 13.4 +/- 0.6 and
      18.1 +/- 0.8 fmol/ml plasma at 90 min after feeding the diet supplemented with
      100 and 1000 mg SBTI, respectively. Since the SBTI supplementation did not affect
      crop emptying rates significantly, it was concluded that SBTI by itself enhanced
      CCK release into circulation in a dose-dependent fashion.

PMID- 2274746
TI  - The effects of age, gender, and parity on rectoanal functions in adults.
AB  - The effects of age, gender, and parity on rectoanal function were examined in a
      cross-sectional population study, including 68 normal subjects (32 men and 36
      women) aged 23 to 91 years. Rectal volumetry was evaluated with graded isobaric
      rectal distension with 5-60 cm H2O in combination with anal manometry. Data were
      analysed by use of the multiple regression technique. Increasing age correlated
      with a decrease in rectal volume (r = -0.285, p less than 0.05), resting anal
      pressure (r = -0.625, p less than 0.001), and maximal squeezing pressure (r = 
      0.557, p less than 0.001). The decrease in maximal squeeze pressure with age was
      similar in men and women (approximately = 1% x year-1), although the median of
      maximal squeeze pressure in women was 58.3-75.7% of that in men (p less than
      0.001). Nor was there a difference in resting anal pressure between men and
      women. An age-dependent increase was observed for the pressure threshold to
      produce an initial sensation of rectal filling and the rectoanal inhibition
      reflex (r = 0.446, p less than 0.001). The sensory threshold increased with age,
      but this was more pronounced in women. No effect of parity on rectoanal function
      could be demonstrated. However, this would best be investigated in a longitudinal
      population study. We believe that identification of causes for interindividual
      variation and regression analysis procedures will increase the discriminative
      accuracy of analysis of rectoanal function. The present study shows that several
      of the demonstrated age-related changes have a tendency to expose elderly
      subjects, particularly women, to the problems of incontinence.

PMID- 2274747
TI  - Complications following combined transrectal aspiration and core biopsy of the
      prostate.
AB  - Ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate with fine needle (22G) as well as trucut
      needle (18G) was performed in 145 patients with a suspicion of prostate cancer.
      After three weeks all patients were interviewed about complications associated
      with the biopsy. Hematuria and/or hemospermia occurred in 2/3 of the patients.
      None of the hemorrhages was severe and all ceased spontaneously. E. coli
      infection of the urinary tract occurred in 9 cases (6.2%). Five of the infections
      caused high fever and necessitated hospital care with parenteral antibiotics for
      1 to 8 days. The patients with infection had no signs of immunological defects by
      which they might have been identified before the biopsy. As a consequence of
      these observations we now use prophylactic antibiotics when core biopsy of the
      prostate is performed transrectally.

PMID- 2274748
TI  - Prognosis in acute pancreatitis complicated by acute renal failure requiring
      dialysis.
AB  - Acute pancreatitis complicated by acute renal failure (ARF) requiring dialysis is
      a rare condition with a mortality rate of 80%. During the period 1977-1988 419
      patients were admitted to our hospital because of ARF requiring dialysis.
      Fourteen (3%) had ARF caused by acute pancreatitis. Ten patients developed
      respiratory failure, eight patients circulatory failure, four hepatic failure,
      and one disseminated intravascular coagulation. Three patients had complicating
      septicemia and two gastrointestinal bleeding. Ten patients (71%) died. All
      patients with four or more organ failures besides the pancreatic failure died.
      Median time from start of symptoms until death was 28 days. Mortality in this
      series does not differ from that reported over the last 40 years. The need of
      multicenter trials for the purpose of improving prognosis is emphasized.

PMID- 2274749
TI  - Renal uptake of fats and glycerol in endotoxin shock in dogs.
AB  - Circulatory changes and renal uptake of free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol and
      triglycerides were studied in ten adult beagle dogs during pentobarbital
      anesthesia. Six dogs were injected intravenously with E. coli endotoxin 0.5 mg/kg
      over 15 min and four control dogs received saline. Cardiac depression,
      hypotension, renal hypoperfusion and acidosis resulted in endotoxin shock.
      Arterial FFA concentrations increased significantly 2 hours after onset of shock
      whereas renal venous FFA levels remained rather stationary during the 5-hour
      study. Arterial and renal venous glycerol levels increased during the first two
      hours and decreased thereafter. Unchanged triglyceride levels were observed in
      endotoxin shock. The renal uptake of FFA increased with increasing arterial FFA
      concentrations. Net renal uptake of glycerol and triglycerides were observed as
      well. Blood concentrations and renal uptake of fats and glycerol remained
      relatively stationary in the control animals through the observation period.
      These data suggest renal ability to consume FFA, glycerol and triglycerides
      during endotoxin shock.

PMID- 2274751
TI  - Altered vasopressin release and osmotic regulation during exercise in patients
      with pyelonephritic renal scarring.
AB  - Children and adults with pyelonephritic renal scarring are at high risk of
      developing hypertension. The objectives of the present investigation were to
      study if it is possible to detect early disturbances in blood pressure (BP)
      control and secretion of hormones involved in the regulation of BP and renal
      function, in patients with renal scarring. We studied renal function at rest, BP
      regulating hormones and BP at rest and during graded bicycle exercise until
      exhaustion. The 22 patients with renal scarring had significantly lower
      glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow than the 13 healthy age-matched
      controls. At rest, the patients had higher diastolic (p less than 0.01) and mean
      arterial BP (p less than 0.02), higher plasma renin (p = 0.06) and higher serum
      osmolality (p less than 0.001) but there were no significant differences in
      systolic BP, angiotensin II, aldosterone or vasopressin (AVP). The patients with
      renal scarring had higher AVP than the controls during light and moderate
      exercise and 15 min after maximal exercise. BP and renal hormones increased
      significantly but similarly during exercise in both patients and controls. There
      were no significant differences in BP control or release of pressure-regulating
      hormones at maximal exercise. Maximal exercise did not evoke pathological BP
      response in normotensive young adults with pyelonephritic renal scarring. The
      increase in serum osmolality and hypersecretion of AVP during light and moderate
      exercise may be important in the pathogenesis of hypertension in this group of
      patients.

PMID- 2274750
TI  - Renal sensitivity to angiotensin II in type 1 diabetes.
AB  - The role of the renin angiotensin system for the regulation of kidney function in
      diabetes mellitus is uncertain. Results from studies in diabetic animals suggest
      that a reduced activity in this system contributes to the renal hyperperfusion
      and hyperfiltration in diabetes. The renal sensitivity to angiotensin II in
      diabetic patients is also unknown. Changes in renal hemodynamics were measured
      after infusion of two low doses of angiotensin II in ten young type 1 diabetic
      patients without complications and in ten healthy controls. The renin and
      angiotensin II levels were found to be the same in both groups. The baseline
      glomerular filtration rate was higher in the diabetics. During the highest
      angiotensin II dose, the 51Cr-EDTA and PAH clearance decreased 14 +/- 15 and 157
      +/- 118 ml/min in the diabetics and 14 +/- 15 and 146 +/- 109 in the controls
      respectively. The changes in blood pressure and renal vascular resistance or
      sodium excretion did not differ between the groups. A malfunction of the renin
      angiotensin system is thus unlikely as a cause of the glomerular hyperfiltration
      in type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 2274752
TI  - Pseudouridine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid excretion in urine: diagnostic and
      prognostic value.
AB  - The sex- and age-related urinary excretion of pseudouridine/creatinine and beta
      aminoisobutyric acid/creatinine was studied in 77 healthy subjects (24 children
      and 53 adults, 27 of whom were women). The highest values were found in the
      youngest children. We compared the excretion ratios of pseudouridine/creatinine
      and beta-aminoisobutyric acid/creatinine in women and men and found no
      significant differences between them. The excretion patterns may be helpful in
      the diagnosis of patients with urinary tract tumours and in predicting patients
      at risk of recurrences.

PMID- 2274753
TI  - Excretion patterns of pseudouridine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid in patients
      with tumours of the upper urinary tract.
AB  - In 39 patients with either pelvic or renal cell tumours, the pre-operative
      urinary excretion ratios of pseudouridine/creatinine (psi:C) and beta
      aminoisobutyric acid/creatinine (BAIB:C) were estimated. In 34/39 of the patients
      (87%), including both types of tumours, psi: C was found to be increased, and in
      only one patient was the value decreased. Twenty-five of the patients (64%) had a
      BAIB:C ratio within the normal range. 10 (25%) had increased and 4 (11%)
      decreased values. In 13 patients the psi:C and BAIB:C ratios from the affected
      side were compared with the values in urine from the bladder. Twelve of the
      patients had higher values of psi:C in the urine from the ureter. In seven
      patients the ureteric BAIB:C ratio was higher than the bladder BAIB:C ratio and
      in five patients the ureteric BAIB:C ratio was less than the bladder BAIB:C
      ratio. In only one patient were the values similar. The results indicate that
      patients with tumours of the upper urinary tract have changed excretion patterns
      compared with normal subjects and the urinary ratios on the affected side are
      different from those on the healthy side. The biological tumour markers
      pseudouridine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid may be helpful in the diagnosis of
      tumours in the upper urinary tract.

PMID- 2274754
TI  - Evaluation of a system for classification of stones and their sites in kidneys
      treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
AB  - The results of treatment with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were
      recorded in 1067 patients with renal calculi during their first admission to
      hospital. All treatments were performed in an unmodified Dornier HM3 lithotripter
      according to the original recommendations whereby the generator voltage was
      usually set between 18 and 23 kV. The stones in kidneys treated with ESWL alone
      were first classified into four different types (A. B. C. D) and after which a
      further subgrouping was carried out according to the number and sites of stones
      in the renal pelvis or calyces. The number of shock-waves. the energy index. the
      duration of treatment, and length of hospital stay as well as the therapeutic
      results after four weeks and six months were recorded for the different
      subgroups. An approximate estimate of the stone volume was calculated from
      measurements on a plain abdominal radiograph. The mean stone volume, number of
      shock waves, energy index, duration of treatment, and length of hospital stay
      increased progressively and significantly from group A to group D. The stone
      volumes and the energy indexes in the different subgroups within each type were
      distributed around levels that clearly differed between the types. Although minor
      variations were observed similar patterns also were recorded for the retreatment
      rate, the total duration of treatment, and the length of hospital stay. The
      therapeutic result, expressed as satisfactory disintegration, showed roughly
      similar results within each group but, as expected, the success rate decreased
      when more complicated stones were treated. Although stones located in the renal
      pelvis were often bigger than calyceal stones, the former seemed to disintegrate
      more easily.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2274755
TI  - Extracorporeal surgery and autotransplantation for complicated renal calculous
      disease in 108 kidneys.
AB  - One hundred and eight kidneys in 97 patients with staghorn (72%) or multiple
      pyelocalyceal (28%) calculi were treated by extracorporeal surgery and
      autotransplantation, and followed up for 1-12 (mean 3) years. Twenty-seven
      patients had a solitary kidney, and 11 were operated on bilaterally. Sixty-nine %
      had a history of previous stone surgery, 74% had urinary tract infection and 30%
      renal dysfunction. Postoperative and late mortality rates were 3.1 and 2.1%,
      respectively. In addition, three kidneys were lost postoperatively and two later.
      Only one case of renal calculus recurrence was observed. Sixty-nine per cent of
      preoperatively infected patients were cured of infection, and 18% improved.
      Ninety-two per cent of patients with functioning autograft had preserved or
      improved renal function at follow-up. We find extracorporeal calculus removal a
      highly effective procedure with an acceptable risk.

PMID- 2274756
TI  - Renal transplantation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: increased
      risk of early graft loss.
AB  - The outcome of primary renal transplantation in 31 SLE patients was evaluated in
      relation to two contemporary controls per patient, matched for age, sex and
      immunosuppressive therapy. The proportion of living donors was one third in both
      groups. Patient survival did not differ, but graft survival at 6 and 12 months
      post transplantation was significantly reduced in SLE patients (p less than
      0.001). When divided into groups using either azathioprine and steroids or
      combinations including cyclosporin A (14 and 17 SLE patients in each group),
      graft survival was significantly reduced for the azathioprine-treated SLE
      patients, 36% vs. 82% for their controls at one year. For cyclosporin-treated SLE
      patients, one-year graft survival was 59% vs. 85% for their controls, and 6 out
      of 17 grafts in the cyclosporin-treated group were lost within the first month
      vs. only 4 out of 34 controls. These differences were, however, not statistically
      different. Most failed grafts were lost from rejection, with a high proportion of
      acute vascular rejection, isolated or in combination with cellular rejection.
      There was no apparent association between rejection and HLA-matched or presence
      of HLA antibodies. Retransplantation was successful in 6 out of 7 cases. We
      conclude that SLE patients have an increased risk of early graft rejection, but
      that this may be overcome by more powerful immunosuppressive therapy.

PMID- 2274757
TI  - Mycobacterium fortuitum infection in a patient with a penile prosthesis. Case
      report.
AB  - A 47-year-old male with a Mentor penile prosthesis presented with purulent
      drainage eight months after implantation. In addition to other organisms, routine
      cultures from the implant site yielded Mycobacterium fortuitum, an association
      never reported previously in the literature. Infection resolved with removal of
      the implant and antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2274758
TI  - Lateralization of defense mechanisms related to creative functioning.
AB  - Eighty-four undergraduate students were randomly divided into left and right
      visual half-field groups. They were tested in either visual half-field with a
      percept-genetic test of anxiety and defense mechanisms (the MCT). The subjects
      also took a test of creative functioning (the CFT) and degree of lateralization
      in the MCT was related to level of creativity in the CFT. Subjects low in
      creativity were significantly lateralized on measures typical for the right
      visual half-field group (isolation and repression) and tended to differ on a left
      visual half-field measure (regressive strategies). For high creative subjects no
      differences were found between the visual half-field groups. Also, high creative
      persons more often responded with non-hemisphere-specific defenses than low
      creative ones. The results were interpreted as due to differing levels of
      transmission of information between the two hemispheres of the brain.

PMID- 2274759
TI  - Gentled and non-handled rats in a stressful open-field situation; differences in
      performance.
AB  - Open-field behaviour of individually gentled and non-handled adult Wistar rats in
      a stressful test situation (loud noise with bright light) was studied. The
      behaviour on the whole of the two groups differed significantly. While the
      gentled rats showed mainly signs of stress and explorativity, signs of fear
      beside stress and, on later trials, explorativity were typical of the non-handled
      animals. On later trials the behaviour of the non-handled rats neared to that of
      the gentled ones. In the behaviour of the gentled rats there was but little
      change as a function of trials. We suggest that individual gentling, beside
      minimizing fear of human contact, also increases the stability of the rat's
      reactions.

PMID- 2274760
TI  - Parental reactions to the loss of an infant child: a review.
AB  - This article examines methodological problems, and describes and evaluates
      commonly explored variables regarding research on the effect of an infant's death
      on the family. The components of parents' and siblings' grief reactions, and the
      similarities and differences in parental grief are reviewed. The research shows
      marked differences between mothers' and fathers' reactions--the grief reactions
      in mothers being stronger and more prolonged. Different explanations for this are
      put forward. The effect of different types of loss as well as the effect of the
      child's life span before death are also reviewed and discussed. Further knowledge
      is needed to single out the influence of these factors' on the families'
      reactions. It is concluded that the death of an infant makes the family prone to
      develop short-term and/or long-term problems in their adaptation to the loss. An
      integrated effort by health professionals is needed to develop systematic ways of
      helping families to cope with the death of a child.

PMID- 2274761
TI  - The role of age on reactivity and memory for emotional pictures.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate subjects' reactivity to emotional
      pictures and their recollection of these pictures, and to examine these two
      factors as they relate to age. Adolescents and young adults were shown
      emotionally arousing scenic pictures for long (4-s) and very brief (50-ms)
      durations. Recognition of the pictures and recall and recognition of words
      presented along with the pictures were assessed both immediately after the
      presentation and six weeks later. The results showed that very negative pictures
      are retained better than neutral or even positive pictures, and that very
      negative pictures reduce memory for associated information. It was also found
      that adolescents show a somewhat lower reactivity to very negative pictures and a
      higher degree of retention of these pictures than adults. The results are
      discussed in relation to (a) habituation effects, (b) strategies that subjects
      might develop to block emotional involvement, and (c) the notion that watching
      violence might serve as a powerful prime to socially undesirable behaviour.

PMID- 2274762
TI  - [Experiences in the diagnostic and surgical video-endoscopy of the thoracic
      cavity].
AB  - Thoracoscopy is a well-established method for diagnostic evaluation of various
      manifestations of intrathoracic disease, with a high degree of sensitivity and
      specificity. While a rigid telescope is generally used, we have modified this
      technique by connecting a CCD-chip-camera to the thoracoscope to achieve direct
      visualization for observers. 52 patients were examined in this manner, 18 for
      diagnostic reasons and 35 for therapeutic purposes. The mean age of the patients
      was 55 years, ranging from 26 to 84 years. Potential risk factors associated with
      this modified endoscopic procedure were analyzed. Mortality was zero, but
      complications occurred in 5.6%. Surgical re-intervention was necessary in two
      cases for control of postoperative intrathoracic hemorrhage; in another case the
      introductory trocar caused superficial injury to the lung without further
      consequences. In these complications extensive scarring of the pleura was noted.
      It is only natural that the rate of complications is closely associated with a
      learning period during which the operative technique is improved. Following
      adequate mastery of the technique our goal is presently to treat spontaneous
      pneumothorax and malignant effusions by thoracoscopy. We strongly recommend
      treatment of malignant effusions and pneumothorax by thoracoscopy as a primary
      procedure and not secondarily when blind attempts at pleurodesis have failed and
      given rise to partially obstructive adhesions.

PMID- 2274763
TI  - [How reliable is the Reflotron-HDL-cholesterol determination method?].
AB  - The newly introduced Reflotron-HDL-cholesterol determination was compared with
      conventional precipitation by phosphotungstate/Mg2+ and quantitation of HDL
      cholesterol in the supernatant by means of the CHOD PAP method. Accuracy and
      precision were analyzed by means of three different control materials (Precinorm
      L, Kontrollogen LP, Reflotron-HDL-Precinorm), which were assessed daily in
      multiple determinations (n = 10 and 5 respectively) for 5 days. In addition, 100
      patient samples, (EDTA plasma) which covered a range from 0.35 to 2.50 mmol/l
      were compared by both methods. The values of the control sera gave a difference
      of less than 5% from the target values, and the values from the patients' samples
      showed less than 3% difference between the two methods. The precision within
      series was always below 6.5%, and the interassay precision below 3.2%. Reflotron
      HDL cholesterol determination appears to meet quality requirements on condition
      that it is performed by well-trained laboratory personnel.

PMID- 2274764
TI  - [Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and blood pressure in relation to life style:
      results of the first population screening of the Swiss MONIKA Project].
AB  - To evaluate the association of individual health habits with levels of
      cardiovascular risk factors such as serum cholesterol and blood pressure, data
      from a representative population sample of 860 men and 788 women, aged 25 to 64
      years and residing in Western Switzerland, were analyzed cross-sectionally. The
      data had been collected during 1984/85 as a part of the WHO MONICA project, an
      international research project on the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases. In
      age-adjusted analysis, a score of prudent diet was a reasonably strong inverse
      correlate of total cholesterol in men (p less than 0.001) but less so in women (p
      = 0.11); the diet score was unrelated to HDL cholesterol. In both genders,
      alcohol consumption was associated with elevated levels of systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure (men: both p less than 0.001; women: p = 0.05 and 0.01
      respectively) and of HDL cholesterol (men and women: p less than 0.001). Coffee
      consumption was unrelated to either blood lipids or blood pressure. In both men
      and women, leisure-time exercise was a predictor of a low-risk lipid profile,
      i.e. a low total cholesterol/HDL ratio (both p less than 0.001). Better educated
      persons, especially women, revealed consistently lower levels of cardiovascular
      risk factors. The independent character of these lifestyle-risk factor
      associations was largely confirmed in a multivariate analysis, with cigarette
      smoking emerging as another significant predictor of a deteriorated lipid
      profile, while education was not an independent determinant of biological risk
      factors. Lifestyle variables, including body mass index, explained 9 to 19% of
      variance in cardiovascular risk factors, with relative weight being the strongest
      of the predictors related to behaviour. Entering age and sex into the regression
      models enhanced the predictive power of the equations to 16 to 26% explained risk
      factor variance. We conclude from this population-based, cross-sectional study
      that personal health habits such as diet, exercise, alcohol consumption and
      smoking, as well as body weight are significantly and independently related to
      blood lipid and blood pressure levels; the apparent size of effect of these
      behavioural traits on biological risk factors for cardiovascular diseases was
      only modest, but it may nevertheless be relevant to prevention.

PMID- 2274765
TI  - [Radiological assessment protocol in injuries of the cervical vertebrae].
AB  - Over 3000 cases of soft tissue injuries of the cervical spine are reported
      annually to SUVA (Swiss accident insurance). Although the majority of the
      patients are pain-free within 4 weeks, it appears that approximately a quarter of
      those injured still experience neck pain even years after the accident. The
      initial radiological assessment should include an AP and a lateral plain X-ray of
      the cervical spine, and in the case of radicular symptomatology oblique views are
      also recommended. Should the symptoms persist for more than 6-8 weeks after the
      accident, functional X-rays in flexion/extension and lateral flexion should also
      be performed. If no instability can be demonstrated by plain X-rays and symptoms
      are still present and severe enough to limit the patient's working capacity after
      3 to 6 months despite conservative therapy, further neuroradiological
      investigations, including functional CT's, are indicated. The decision to perform
      these investigations should lie with an interdisciplinary spinal team. Close
      cooperation between the clinicians and the radiologists is of utmost importance
      to ensure that the optimal radiological investigation can be performed on the
      basis of the clinical findings.

PMID- 2274766
TI  - [Response to comments by Professor Barandun and Doctor Mohr as well as to the
      editorial of Professor Straub concerning the article: "HIV epidemic: a study
      among practitioners in Vaud" by G. Meystre-Augustoni, G. Van Melle, J.P. Chave,
      J. Martin, N. Billo, M.P. Glauser and P. Francioli (Schweiz. med. Wschr. 1990;
      120: 1390-1393)].

PMID- 2274767
TI  - [Accident risk in winter sports].
AB  - Ski accidents are quite frequent but not alarming if we consider the benefit of
      the outdoor sporting. In the countryside around Davos-Klosters more than 5 Mio
      kilometers of vertical drop are performed in down hill skiing. They result in
      approximately 1300 accidents per year. Since 1972 more than 20,000 ski accidents
      were analysed. The injuries of the lower extremity have decreased slightly (44%),
      on the other hand we observed more injuries of the upper extremity (32%). There
      are only a few polytrauma patients registered, mainly on the basis of too high
      speed on the ski slopes. Fractures have become rather uncommon at least in
      relation to the complex knee injuries which today amount to 50% of all the
      injuries of the lower extremities. For the prevention of ski accidents a detailed
      control of the equipment, especially the safety bindings at the beginning of each
      winter season is of utmost importance.

PMID- 2274768
TI  - [Perceived effort: correlation with the anaerobic threshold and usefulness in a
      training program].
AB  - Following the extensive technical progress in monitoring of sports performance,
      putting certain physiological principles out of reach for the everyday sportsman,
      we wondered if perceived effort (PE) as described by Borg is a parameter that is
      of use, or complementary, to the determination of the anaerobic threshold (AT)
      during an incremental test on a treadmill on one hand and to prescribing exercise
      adapted to the type of metabolic load on the other. 46 sportsmen (various soccer
      players, regional runners) were asked to complete a Conconi Test on a treadmill
      and at the same time were asked to evaluate their PE (as defined by Borg) at each
      performance level. We then plotted PE as a function of running speed, thus
      finding a point of inflexion (ascending) for PE. The speed corresponding to this
      point shows an excellent correlation with the AT as determined from cardiac
      frequency. The absolute value of PE at the AT varied little within our group, but
      seemed to vary according to the type of sport and the subjects' sports practice.
      Taking the limitations of this method in consideration, PE may be used as an
      additional indicator in the determination of the AT in an incremental AT-test and
      can be useful in the prescription of an exercise program.

PMID- 2274769
TI  - [Analysis of doping: possibilities and limitations].
AB  - The role of modern instrumental analysis in today doping control procedures is
      described. With reference to the analytical methods, to the requirements of the
      International Olympic Committee for laboratory accreditation and to the
      regulations for substantiating a positive result, we show how a laboratory for
      doping control is functioning. The limits of today analyses are shown, making it
      obvious that the analytical results from an accredited laboratory are not the
      weak point in doping control.

PMID- 2274770
TI  - [How reliable is the monitoring for doping?].
AB  - The reliability of the dope control, of the chemical analysis of the urine probes
      in the accredited laboratories and their decisions, is discussed using
      probabilistic and statistical methods. Basically, we evaluated and estimated the
      positive predictive value which means the probability that an urine probe
      contains prohibited dope substances given a positive test decision. Since there
      are not statistical data and evidence for some important quantities in relation
      to the predictive value, an exact evaluation is not possible, only conservative,
      lower bounds can be given. We found that the predictive value is at least 90% or
      95% with respect to the analysis and decision based on the A-probe only, and at
      least 99% with respect to both A- and B-probes. A more realistic observation, but
      without sufficient statistical confidence, points to the fact that the true
      predictive value is significantly larger than these lower estimates.

PMID- 2274771
TI  - [European Council: sports and sports science research].

PMID- 2274772
TI  - How schools can battle teenage pregnancy.

PMID- 2274773
TI  - Incorporation of new science into risk assessment.

PMID- 2274774
TI  - When kin correlations are not squared.

PMID- 2274775
TI  - Carcinogenesis debate.

PMID- 2274776
TI  - Primate Research Institute: AIDS research program.

PMID- 2274777
TI  - Third strike for NCI breast cancer study.

PMID- 2274778
TI  - Deficits trip U.K. science funding agencies.

PMID- 2274779
TI  - Parallel track: where should it intersect science?

PMID- 2274780
TI  - NIH panel: bovine hormone gets the nod.

PMID- 2274781
TI  - Human brain disease recreated in mice.

PMID- 2274782
TI  - Nitrogenase structure revealed.

PMID- 2274783
TI  - New physicians: a natural experiment in market organization.
AB  - The National Resident Matching Program is a centralized clearinghouse through
      which new medical graduates in the United States obtain their first positions.
      The history of this market, from the market failures that the centralized system
      was designed to address, to the present, is discussed, and a hypothesis about the
      behavior of such markets is presented. New evidence is then presented from a set
      of similar centralized markets in the United Kingdom. Because some of these
      latter markets have failed, while others have succeeded, they provide a natural
      experiment that permits the hypothesis to be tested. The new evidence also
      suggests directions in which modifications of existing procedures might be
      considered.

PMID- 2274784
TI  - A view of interphase chromosomes.
AB  - Metaphase chromosomes are dynamically modified in interphase. This review focuses
      on how these structures can be modified, and explores the functional mechanisms
      and significance of these changes. Current analyses of genes often focus on
      relatively short stretches of DNA and consider chromatin conformations that
      incorporate only a few kilobases of DNA. In interphase nuclei, however, orderly
      transcription and replication can involve highly folded chromosomal domains
      containing hundreds of kilobases of DNA. Specific "junk" DNA sequences within
      selected chromosome domains may participate in more complex levels of chromosome
      folding, and may index different genetic compartments for orderly transcription
      and replication. Three-dimensional chromosome positions within the nucleus may
      also contribute to phenotypic expression. Entire chromosomes are maintained as
      discrete, reasonably compact entities in the nucleus, and heterochromatic coiled
      domains of several thousand kilobases can acquire unique three-dimensional
      positions in differentiated cell types. Some aspects of neoplasia may relate to
      alterations in chromosome structure at several higher levels of organization.

PMID- 2274785
TI  - Interfacial catalysis: the mechanism of phospholipase A2.
AB  - A chemical description of the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) can now be
      inferred with confidence from three high-resolution x-ray crystal structures. The
      first is the structure of the PLA2 from the venom of the Chinese cobra (Naja naja
      atra) in a complex with a phosphonate transition-state analogue. This enzyme is
      typical of a large, well-studied homologous family of PLA2S. The second is a
      similar complex with the evolutionarily distant bee-venom PLA2. The third
      structure is the uninhibited PLA2 from Chinese cobra venom. Despite the different
      molecular architectures of the cobra and bee-venom PLA2s, the transition-state
      analogue interacts in a nearly identical way with the catalytic machinery of both
      enzymes. The disposition of the fatty-acid side chains suggests a common access
      route of the substrate from its position in the lipid aggregate to its productive
      interaction with the active site. Comparison of the cobra-venom complex with the
      uninhibited enzyme indicates that optimal binding and catalysis at the lipid
      water interface is due to facilitated substrate diffusion from the interfacial
      binding surface to the catalytic site rather than an allosteric change in the
      enzyme's structure. However, a second bound calcium ion changes its position upon
      the binding of the transition-state analogue, suggesting a mechanism for
      augmenting the critical electrophile.

PMID- 2274786
TI  - Acetylcholine binding by a synthetic receptor: implications for biological
      recognition.
AB  - The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is bound with 50-micromolar affinity by
      a completely synthetic receptor (host) comprising primarily aromatic rings. The
      host provided an overall hydrophobic binding site, but one that could recognize
      the positive charge of the quaternary ammonium group of ACh through a stabilizing
      interaction with the electron-rich pi systems of the aromatic rings (cation-pi
      interaction). Similar interactions may be involved in biological recognition of
      ACh and other choline derivatives.

PMID- 2274788
TI  - Crystal structure of bee-venom phospholipase A2 in a complex with a transition
      state analogue.
AB  - The 2.0 angstroms crystal structure of a complex containing bee-venom
      phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and a phosphonate transition-state analogue was solved by
      multiple isomorphous replacement. The electron-density map is sufficiently
      detailed to visualize the proximal sugars of the enzyme's N-linked carbohydrate
      and a single molecule of the transition-state analogue bound ot its active
      center. Although bee-venom PLA2 does not belong to the large homologous Class
      I/II family that encompasses most other well-studied PLA2s, there is segmental
      sequence similarity and conservation of many functional substructures. Comparison
      of the bee-venom enzyme with other phospholipase structures provides compelling
      evidence for a common catalytic mechanism.

PMID- 2274787
TI  - Crystal structure of cobra-venom phospholipase A2 in a complex with a transition
      state analogue.
AB  - The crystal structure of a complex between a phosphonate transition-state
      analogue and the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from Naja naja atra venom has been
      solved and refined to a resolution of 2.0 angstroms. The identical
      stereochemistry of the two complexes that comprise the crystal's asymmetric unit
      indicates both the manner in which the transition state is stabilized and how the
      hydrophobic fatty acyl chains of the substrate are accommodated by the enzyme
      during interfacial catalysis. The critical features that suggest the chemistry of
      binding and catalysis are the same as those seen in the crystal structure of a
      similar complex formed with the evolutionarily distant bee-venom PLA2.

PMID- 2274790
TI  - BCG: from tuberculosis to cancer.

PMID- 2274789
TI  - Genetic mechanisms of tumor suppression by the human p53 gene.
AB  - Mutations of the gene encoding p53, a 53-kilodalton cellular protein, are found
      frequently in human tumor cells, suggesting a crucial role for this gene in human
      oncogenesis. To model the stepwise mutation or loss of both p53 alleles during
      tumorigenesis, a human osteosarcoma cell line, Saos-2, was used that completely
      lacked endogenous p53. Single copies of exogenous p53 genes were then introduced
      by infecting cells with recombinant retroviruses containing either point-mutated
      or wild-type versions of the p53 cDNA sequence. Expression of wild-type p53
      suppressed the neoplastic phenotype of Saos-2 cells, whereas expression of
      mutated p53 conferred a limited growth advantage to cells in the absence of wild
      type p53. Wild-type p53 was phenotypically dominant to mutated p53 in a two
      allele configuration. These results suggest that, as with the retinoblastoma
      gene, mutation of both alleles of the p53 gene is essential for its role in
      oncogenesis.

PMID- 2274791
TI  - Stomal and peristomal skin complications with urostomies.

PMID- 2274792
TI  - The Autocath: an assistive device for females on clean intermittent
      catheterization.

PMID- 2274793
TI  - How I help the patient through urodynamic studies.

PMID- 2274794
TI  - Innovative ice packs: food for thought.

PMID- 2274795
TI  - Collaborative management of the incontinent patient.

PMID- 2274796
TI  - Nursing aspects of bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for superficial bladder
      cancer.

PMID- 2274797
TI  - State violence and health in Nigeria.
AB  - Discussions of health in Nigeria are often restricted to morbidity and mortality
      statistics, the political economic character and causes of which hardly enter the
      equation. Yet, morbidity and mortality indices exist within, and reflect, a
      specific political economic reality, including the State apparatus. It is
      contended here that beyond overseeing the political economy within which it
      exists, the State in Nigeria produces and promotes ill health and death through
      economic policies which invariably influence conditions of material existence and
      more overtly, through active violence. Specific instances of the latter are
      discussed.

PMID- 2274798
TI  - Ambulatory medical care for the elderly in Switzerland.
AB  - Data from a study on ambulatory medical care in two Swiss cantons are used to
      describe the characteristics of consultations delivered to patients 65 years old
      and over. The differences with younger patients are presented. The elderly
      generally suffer from different diseases, and their problems are often chronic.
      Primary care concerns three-quarters of visits. Medical problems are very
      frequent and important among this population. It is important to know their
      specific needs in order to adapt medical practice to them and to be aware of the
      complexity of the aging process in industrialized societies.

PMID- 2274799
TI  - Within and without: images of community and implications for South African
      psychology.
AB  - This paper critically analyses the historical embeddedness and ideological
      functions of the concept of community as it is used in South Africa by
      representatives of the state and its opponents. The analysis shows that
      'community' is a key concept in the ideology of separatism through which an
      apartheid psychology and society is reproduced. This has implications for
      progressive psychologists who aim to empower oppressed ordinary people through
      interventions based upon theoretical models of community. Some of these are
      explored by examining the interplay between political and theoretical images of
      community and ordinary people's ideas about social ills. This suggests that
      whilst community psychology can revitalise a sense of community amongst the
      oppressed, it may also reinforce existing social inequalities by deflecting
      experts and ordinary people from the reconstruction of individual agency upon
      which liberating social transformation depends. It is concluded that a central
      task for South African psychologists is to engage in critical self-reflection
      with the aim of identifying and eliminating oppressive forms of social and
      psychological discourse, thereby empowering themselves and contributing to the
      construction of a coherent counterideology.

PMID- 2274800
TI  - Injections: a fatal attraction?
AB  - The abuse of injections in the developing world has reached alarming proportions
      in recent years. Formal as well as informal health providers administer far too
      many injections to clients who perceive this form of treatment as superior to all
      other forms of medicine administration. Often sterilization procedures are less
      than adequate or non-existent, thereby increasing the risk of spreading HIV and
      infectious diseases to all segments of the population. Very little is at present
      known about why injections are so popular or the extent to which they are
      administered in the various health care sectors in developing countries. This
      article gives an overview of the present state of knowledge and highlights the
      need for further information in order to address the problem appropriately. It is
      suggested that the quest for injections may be seen as part of some general
      trends of change in the developing world. The article also indicates some of the
      important areas for further research.

PMID- 2274801
TI  - Low status control, high effort at work and ischemic heart disease: prospective
      evidence from blue-collar men.
AB  - An inverse relation between socio-economic class and occurrence of ischemic heart
      disease (IHD) in advanced societies is an often replicated finding from empirical
      studies. Yet, the processes which produce these effects remain an open question.
      One promising explanation concerns the prevalence of stressful working life,
      especially of distinct 'job strain' occupations. Based on these considerations,
      we develop a refined concept of work-related socio-emotional distress which
      considers a mismatch between high workload and low control over occupational
      status (e.g. job insecurity, poor promotion prospects, status inconsistency) as
      crucial distress-provoking conditions. Moreover, we assume that the effect of
      this condition on IHD risk is substantially increased by the presence of a
      distinct individual pattern of coping with work demand ('need for control').
      Based on data from a 6.5 years prospective study on IHD incidence (n = 21) in a
      cohort of 416 middle-aged blue-collar men this concept is tested using logistic
      regression analysis. Results indicate that status inconsistency [multivariate
      odds ratio (o.r.): 4.4], job insecurity (o.r. 3.4), work pressure (o.r. 3,4) and
      'need for control' (o.r. 4,5) independently predict IHD occurrence after
      adjusting for major confounding somatic and behavioral coronary risk factors. In
      conclusion, a refined model of work-related socio-emotional distress
      substantially contributes to the explanation of high IHD incidence among blue
      collar men.

PMID- 2274802
TI  - Knowledge and attitude change as predictors of metabolic improvement in diabetes
      education.
AB  - Randomized trials of formal diabetes education have proven that education in
      isolation from other aspects of diabetes care has limited impact on metabolic
      control through the simple transfer of information. Comprehensive programme
      evaluation requires assessment of the process by which knowledge and attitude
      change affect subsequent control of diabetes. This study examined the impact of a
      formal diabetes education programme on diabetes-specific knowledge and attitude,
      and the relationship between these characteristics and metabolic control of the
      disease over a 15-month period. Knowledge and attitude were assessed using
      parallel forms of the DKN and ATT39 scales presented randomly as pre-test and
      post-test to 309 patients attending a 2-day diabetes education programme. Mean
      knowledge scores increased by 25% (P less than 0.0001) and standardized ATT
      scores showed a small but significant positive shift after the programme (P less
      than 0.01) and remained stable in a subset of 177 patients at 3-month follow-up.
      ATT scores showed a marked convergence towards normal during the intervention
      (ANOVA, P less than 0.0001). Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbAlc), a medium-term
      measure of blood glucose control, was recorded in 209 cases for 6 months
      preceding the programme, and for 15 months following, at intervals of 3 months.
      The mean HbAlc improvement, from 11.3 to 9.0% (P less than 0.001), was predicted
      by stepwise regression from initial diabetes control (57% variance) and
      psychosocial factors (17% variance) including attitude scores and personality
      characteristics. Diabetes knowledge did not predict improvement in the control of
      diabetes.

PMID- 2274803
TI  - Professional interface with mutual-aid self-help groups: a review.
AB  - The ideal interface between self-help group and professional being of both
      theoretical and practical interest, this paper reviews the conceptual
      underpinnings of the interface issue and empirical studies in which the
      professional or self-help group member perspective on this issue was elicited or
      comparative analyses were conducted. Empirical studies measuring self-help group
      members' perceptions and studies of professionals' views indicate that
      professional interaction with self-help groups is desirable but that professional
      lack of information concerning self-help groups and lack of preparation for
      appropriate roles are perceived as barriers to such interaction. These studies
      clearly show that the indirect, non-authoritarian role of the professional as
      consultant receives the most support. Consultation and collaboration are
      recurrent themes in the empirical investigations of the professional interface
      with self-help groups. Balance and exchange theories could provide useful
      theoretical foundations for this collaborative practice. Clearly, educational
      preparation is needed to enable health professionals to embark on the essential
      transition from provider to partner with self-help groups.

PMID- 2274804
TI  - Determinants of health-promoting lifestyle in ambulatory cancer patients.
AB  - The Health Promotion Model was tested as an explanatory framework for health
      promoting lifestyle in a sample of 385 ambulatory cancer patients undergoing
      treatment in 13 clinical sites in the midwestern United States. The aim of this
      study was to determine the extent to which cognitive/perceptual and modifying
      variables identified in the Health Promotion Model explain the occurrence of
      health-promoting behaviors in adults with cancer. A secondary aim was to
      determine the potential of illness-specific cognitive/perceptual and modifying
      variables for further explaining the occurrence of health-promoting behaviors in
      adults with cancer. Multiple regression analyses revealed that 23.5% of the
      variance in health-promoting lifestyle was explained by the model
      cognitive/perceptual variables definition of health, perceived health status and
      perceived control of health and the modifying variables education, income, age
      and employment. When illness-specific variables were included in the analysis,
      initial reaction to the diagnosis of cancer was found to be a significant
      contributor to the regression. Study results support the importance of both
      general health-related and cancer-specific cognitive/perceptual factors in
      explaining the occurrence of health-enhancing behaviors among ambulatory cancer
      patients; these factors may therefore be suitable targets for interventions to
      encourage adoption of healthy lifestyles.

PMID- 2274805
TI  - Social learning correlates of exercise self-efficacy: early experiences with
      physical activity.
AB  - Self-efficacy, the degree of confidence an individual has for performing a given
      behavior, is a central concept in social learning theory. Self-efficacy is a
      strong correlate of current exercise and a consistent predictor of future
      exercise behavior. This study was designed to explore the correlates of exercise
      self-efficacy in order to determine whether early experiences with exercise and
      sports fosters exercise self-efficacy in adulthood. This study explored
      historical and contemporaneous correlates of exercise self-efficacy using a path
      analytic approach and a randomly selected sample of adults. Historical
      experiences with exercise and sports were classified as more or less organized
      and as proximal or distal in time. The activities studied included those reported
      during elementary (ages 6-14), high school (15-18), and the period after high
      school. The historical activities, scaled using factor analysis, were found to
      have no significant direct association with self-efficacy and only marginal
      indirect associations with self-efficacy mediated by contemporaneous social
      learning variables. Contemporaneous variables drawn from social learning theory
      were found to have the largest direct and indirect associations with self
      efficacy specifically related to vigorous exercise. Directions for experimental
      analysis and health promotion policy implications are discussed.

PMID- 2274806
TI  - The psychological profile of women attending breast-screening tests.
AB  - Though the benefits of early detection of breast cancer are generally known, only
      few women attend breast-screening examinations. The study was designed to gain
      insight into the problem by exploring the psychological profile of clinic
      attenders. In order to find out whether there is such a profile, 210 self
      referred women were compared with 210 nonattending women, from the same working
      and social environments, matched in age, education and occupational level. All
      subjects were administered 10 tests in 7 domains. The tests were administered as
      part of a health survey. The results showed that clinic attenders scored higher
      on negative emotions and total emotions and lower on positive emotions; higher on
      repression; lower on daydreams; lower on range of self-concept, references to
      others and negative self-references but higher on positive self-references;
      scored higher on self-references describing oneself in a functional and in a
      passive way and scored lower on those describing oneself in terms of one's
      attitudes, body and appearance; scored lower on neuroticism; scored lower on
      different somatic complaints and health orientation but higher in alexithymia. No
      differences were found in authoritarianism, locus of control and self-complexity.
      Conclusions are that there is a psychological profile of clinic attenders, that
      it is focused on dysphoric emotions, psychological disease promotion and
      defensiveness and that it includes characteristics of the construct that is
      sometimes called the cancer-prone personality.

PMID- 2274807
TI  - [Study of deep sensitivity in diseases of the nervous system].

PMID- 2274808
TI  - [Hemofiltration in the treatment of acute renal failure].

PMID- 2274809
TI  - [Prevention of inflammatory complications after cesarean section by using UV
      irradiation].

PMID- 2274810
TI  - [Angiosarcoma of the tongue].

PMID- 2274811
TI  - [Cushing's syndrome associated with toxic goiter and autoimmune hemolytic
      anemia].

PMID- 2274812
TI  - [Status of gastric mucosa in duodenal ulcer at various stages of the disease in
      different seasons].
AB  - The studies have revealed that the type of gastric mucosa changes in the patients
      with duodenal ulcer correlates with the disease severity, and manifestations of
      the pathologic processes in the gastric mucosa depend on the stage of duodenal
      ulcer. The most grave changes in the gastric mucosa were revealed in the patients
      with hereditary predisposition to peptic ulcers. In contrast to normal subjects,
      gastric mucosa status in the patients with duodenal ulcer is liable to season
      associated changes, these changes being the most manifest in spring and fall.

PMID- 2274813
TI  - [Characteristics of mental status of men infected with human immunodeficiency
      virus].
AB  - A total of 55 men infected with HIV, aged 19 to 42, were examined by clinical and
      psychopathological methods. Thirty-two of these were heterosexuals, 23 suffered
      from disturbed psychosocial orientation in respect of the object sex
      (homosexuals). Lymphadenopathy was the major clinical manifestation of HIV
      infection. Neurotic disorders characteristic of the acute adaptation period were
      more frequent among heterosexuals (84.9 percent). Symptoms of organic involvement
      of the central nervous system of varying severity were more incident among
      homosexuals (78.2 percent), which fact may be explained by specific premorbid
      features and by syphilis, a disease frequent in this population.

PMID- 2274814
TI  - [Thymus gland pathology in myasthenia gravis: cause or consequence?].
AB  - Analysis of the literature data and of the findings of histologic and
      immunohistochemical studies of operation biopsy specimens of the thymus obtained
      from 92 patients with myasthenia has demonstrated that abnormalities of the
      thymus are characteristic of myasthenia patients. In nontumor involvement of the
      thymus (84.7 percent of the examinees) these abnormalities present as thymic
      parenchyma involution of varying gravity, combined (in 54.3 percent of patients)
      with hyperplasia of intralobular perivascular cavities, this simulating the so
      called thymic hyperplasia with lymphoid follicles. Furthermore, impaired
      expression of certain epitheliocytic antigens is detectable and changed counts of
      these cells subpopulations; thymic hormones hyperproduction occurs in young
      patients. In thymomas (15.3 percent of the examined myasthenia patients) the
      tumor epithelial cell subcortical and/or cortical antigens are intact, thymic
      hormones production is not always excessive, and disorders in some antigens
      expression are similar to those observed in nontumor involvement of the thymus.
      Thymic dysfunction appears to play the key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune
      disturbances in myasthenia, and disordered activity of the epithelial cells and
      lymphoepithelial interactions may be the major factors here.

PMID- 2274815
TI  - [Hemofiltration in the terminal phase of diffuse suppurative peritonitis].
AB  - Hemofiltration was for the first time used in multiple-modality treatment of 26
      patients with peritonitis in the terminal phase with symptoms of organic and
      multi-organ insufficiency. Indications to and contraindications against this
      treatment modality were developed, as was the optimal scheme of hemofiltration in
      peritonitis patients. This method was found the most effective in patients with
      symptoms of multi-organ insufficiency (respiratory distress syndrome,
      nephropathy, hypodynamic syndrome, toxic and hypotoxic edema of the brain).
      Inclusion of this method into the complex of therapeutic measures has helped
      prolong the intensive care of peritonitis patients in the terminal phase in the
      majority of cases. Fourteen patients died, the death rate has made up 53.8
      percent.

PMID- 2274816
TI  - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of an antiseptic preparation "Apolam" for the
      treatment of surgeon's hands].
AB  - The authors discuss the efficacy of sterilizing the surgeon's hands with apolam,
      a new antiseptic. This antiseptic is a surfactant referred to quaternary ammonia
      salts. Studies carried out in 140 volunteers have demonstrated high quality of
      sterilization with this antiseptic and its high activity against pathogenic and
      opportunistic microflora. No allergic reactions or local irritation symptoms were
      recorded. Reliable sterilization of surgeon's hands is achieved by mere plunging
      and standard treatment of the hands in 0.5 percent apolam solution for 60 sec.

PMID- 2274817
TI  - [Surgical correction of deformities of the knee joint].
AB  - Fifty-nine knee joint deformities were corrected by supracondylar (24 surgeries)
      and subcondylar (35 cases) osteotomies. Stable fixation with massive submerged
      implants and Ilizarov's devices promoted a functional management during the
      postoperative period. Osteotomies are advisable before degenerative dystrophic
      changes develop in the joint. It should be borne in mind that arthrosis severity
      and advanced age of the patients are not contraindications against corrective
      osteotomies if the knee joint mobility is intact. The clinical result depends on
      the adequacy of the deformation hypercorrection. Despite the absence of an
      essential regression of degenerative changes in the joint, 35 of the 38 patients
      evidenced neither pain nor pain alleviation, and improvement of the motor
      activity in a year after surgery.

PMID- 2274818
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmia in ambulatory practice].

PMID- 2274820
TI  - [Status of the research in the fields of epidemiology and prevention of
      infectious diseases].

PMID- 2274819
TI  - [Functional adaptation of solitary kidney].

PMID- 2274821
TI  - [Improving the emergency endoscopy services].

PMID- 2274822
TI  - [Ecological aspects in evaluating and predicting health status of the
      population].

PMID- 2274823
TI  - [Evaluation of pre-disease conditions in mass preventive examinations of the
      population].

PMID- 2274824
TI  - [Adaptation and morbidity among Soviet engineers in tropical countries].

PMID- 2274825
TI  - [Myocardial perfusion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2274826
TI  - [Effect of plasma sorption on the course of stenocardia and patients' physical
      work capacity].

PMID- 2274827
TI  - [Clinical characteristics of pseudotuberculosis].

PMID- 2274828
TI  - [Metabolic disorders in chronic bronchitis and their correction].

PMID- 2274829
TI  - [Treatment of chronic cor pulmonale in pulmonary tuberculosis with apressin].

PMID- 2274830
TI  - [Combined operations in the treatment of lung cancer].

PMID- 2274831
TI  - [Acute alcoholic pancreatitis].

PMID- 2274832
TI  - [Value of mass echographic screening in detection of endometrial pathology].

PMID- 2274833
TI  - [Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of the femur head].

PMID- 2274834
TI  - [A method of implanting hip prosthesis after earlier arthrodesis].

PMID- 2274835
TI  - [Early complex rehabilitation of patients with intra-articular fractures of
      finger phalanges].

PMID- 2274836
TI  - [Primary gastric lymphoma: incidence, prognostic factors and effect of treatment
      with chemotherapy].
AB  - This paper deals with the prevalence, clinical features and therapeutic response
      of 19 patients with primary gastric lymphoma studied and treated at Centro de
      Hematologia y Medicina Interna de Puebla, Mexico and Instituto Nacional de la
      Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico, in a 10 year period (1979-1989).
      The main findings were as follows: 1) The prevalence of gastric lymphoma has
      increased in Mexico: Between 1950 and 1980 the prevalence was found at 4.5% of
      all gastric tumors, whereas between 1980 and 1990 it was found at the 7.6% level
      (chi square = .0001). 2) The significant prognostic factors for survival were in
      this series the clinico-pathologic stage and the degree of infiltration of the
      gastric wall: 80-month disease free survival was 80% and 44% respectively for
      stages I and III (p less than 0.02); 10-year disease free survival was 100% and
      23% respectively for mucosal/submucosal infiltration VS mucosal/serosal
      infiltration (p less than 0.01). 3) The 10-year disease free survival was 68% for
      patients treated with chemotherapy and surgery; this figure is similar to those
      obtained using radiotherapy and surgery, but with a lower relapse rate. Two
      patients with lymphomatous lesion less than 3 cm. and invading only
      mucosae/submucosae were treated solely with chemotherapy and both of them remain
      disease free after 20 months of follow-up.

PMID- 2274837
TI  - [Abnormal hemoglobins in a Negroid population in Peru].
AB  - A study was performed on 100 blood samples from black people native of the
      Chincha province and living in Pueblo Nuevo Ica district, in Peru. No
      haematological abnormalities were seen in any of the cases. Upon haemoglobin
      electrophoresis, 8 carriers of abnormal haemoglobin were found, the A/S pattern
      appearing in 5 instances and the A/C pattern in 3. These 8 samples were subjected
      to deoxyhaemoglobin solubility tests and to differential solubility test with
      urea, the initial results being confirmed. These data correlate, in general terms
      with previous findings.

PMID- 2274838
TI  - [Myelodysplastic syndromes. Hematologic phenotypes, cytogenetic expression and
      clinical course in 133 cases (1979-1989)].
AB  - One hundred and thirty-three cases of myelodysplastic syndromes studied during
      the last ten years were revised. Of them, 79 were males and 54 females, and their
      ages ranged between 15 and 91 years (median, 69 years). Five patients (3.7%) had
      secondary myelodysplasias. The haematological phenotype (FAB) of the cases was:
      RA, 41.3%; SRA, 24%; RAEB, 18%; RAEBT, 3.7%; CMML, 8.3%.
      Leucopenia/thrombocytopenia without initial anaemia was present in 4.5% of the
      cases. Abnormal karyotype was found in 54 patients (40.6%), MIKA in 41 cases and
      MAKA in 13 cases. The cytogenetic anomalies most commonly found were +8, 5q-, -7,
      11q- and 13q-. Cytogenetic abnormalities were commonest amongst the RAEB (50%),
      and least frequent in CMML (18.2%). Thirty-one patients evolved into acute
      leukaemia (29 ANLL and 2 ALL). Such blastic changes were more frequent in RAEB
      (62.5%) and rarest in SRA (9.4%), and they appeared mostly in patients with
      complex karyotype (MAKA) (53.8%) as compared with those who had normal karyotype
      (17.7%). Short-lasting complete remission was achieved by 40% of the patients
      treated with conventional chemotherapy. The survival of the group as a whole
      (median 30 months) varied in accordance with the haematological phenotype: SRA,
      81 months; RA, 65 months; CMML, 13 months; RAEB +/- T, 8 months. The finding of a
      MAKA karyotype significantly shortened the survival (4 months) with regard to
      MIKA (44 months) or normal karyotype (39 months). The following median survivals
      were attained after patients' staging (Bournemouth's criteria): stage A, 84
      months; stage B, 22 months, and stage C, 5 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2274840
TI  - [Iron deficiency, yesterday, today and always].

PMID- 2274839
TI  - [Analysis of a program for atypical familial microcytosis. Molecular basis of
      alpha-thalassemia].
AB  - The results of a programme for the study of atypical familial microcytosis are
      analysed in this paper. The techniques used were "in vitro" synthesis of globin
      chains in tritiated leucine-labelled reticulocytes and genetic mapping with
      different restriction enzymes, plus the usual hematologic values. Of the 134
      syntheses performed, 73 showed alpha/beta ratio lower than 1 (alpha
      thalassaemia). The lowest values, alpha/beta ratio of 0.54 +/- 0.14, corresponded
      to 3 patients with Hb H disease. In general terms, our findings are similar to
      those reported in the literature. The genetic mapping was performed in 98
      patients with alpha-thalassaemia (73 cases with decreased alpha/beta ratio, 2
      cases with normal ratio, and 23 relatives). Of the 98 patients, 3 had Hb H
      disease, 70 corresponded to heterozygous alpha 0-thalassaemia, 11 to homozygous
      alpha(+)-thalassaemia, and 14 to heterozygous alpha (+)-thalassaemia. The
      analysis of DNA revealed the heterogeneity of the molecular alterations, the
      prevalent haplotypes being (--MED), in 74% of the patients, and (-3.7 alpha), in
      100% of the cases. The other alpha zero-thalassaemia mutations found were the
      deletions (--SEA) and (--SPAN) and the "no-deletion" thalassaemias.

PMID- 2274841
TI  - [Comparison of different procedures for the hemato-fluorometric measurement of
      erythrocyte zinc-protoporphyrin].
AB  - A comparison between procedures for the determination of erythrocyte zinc
      protoporphyrin (ZPP) in an AVIV Mod. 206 Haematofluorometer was performed.
      Initial readings decrease with time, reaching a stability at 6-8 min. This fact
      cannot be accounted by ZPP photodegradation. High correlation coefficients (r
      greater than or equal to 0.994) were obtained when values from initial readings
      were compared with values obtained from readings after ten minutes and with
      values obtained using saline washed erythrocytes, although in all cases the
      difference of means were statistically and clinically significant. The use of
      "ProtoFluor Reagent", which converts haemoglobin to cyanohaemoglobin, led to
      significantly higher results than those obtained after aeration of the sample,
      although the correlation between both series of values was also excellent (r =
      0.997). No statistically significant differences were found when the ratio
      sample: ProtoFluor Reagent was changed. These results demonstrate the need for a
      careful standardization of the operation procedure in the use of the
      haematofluorometer.

PMID- 2274842
TI  - [Unusual bone tumor in a hemophiliac patient. Diagnosis using aspiration biopsy
      of the lesion].
AB  - Bone tumors due to repeated haemorrhages in haemophiliacs (haemophilic
      pseudotumours) usually are no diagnostic trouble. However, when x-ray findings
      are not conclusive, the differential diagnosis with malignant tumours may be
      difficult as bleeding complications hinder invasive diagnostic procedures. A
      fifteen year-old patient with severe haemophilia A is presented, who had a tumor
      in his left fibula with no previous traumatism. X-ray and CT scan images showed a
      broken cortical substance with reactive sclerosis and no alteration of the soft
      tissues. In order to establish the diagnosis and choose the adequate surgical
      management, aspiration with thin needle was performed through the cortical hole,
      under visual control with CT scan. A benign lesion was found upon study of the
      aspirate. No haemorrhagic or infectious complications developed after tumor
      dissection and filling with heterologous lyophilized bone. The final diagnosis
      was "giant cell reparative granuloma", an uncommon lesion in the fibula not
      previously reported in haemophiliacs. It was concluded that aspiration, when
      appropriately applied, may be a useful diagnostic procedure which should be borne
      in mind for the diagnosis of bone tumors in haemophiliacs.

PMID- 2274843
TI  - [Coombs-positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia as a striking initial manifestation
      of myelodysplastic syndromes].

PMID- 2274844
TI  - [Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a myelodysplastic syndrome].

PMID- 2274845
TI  - [Importance of the width of the erythrocyte distribution in the presumptive
      diagnosis of delta-beta thalassemia minor].

PMID- 2274846
TI  - [Ascorbic acid in the treatment of idiopathic thrombopenic purpura].

PMID- 2274847
TI  - The Merkel cell and associated neoplasms in the eyelids and periocular region.
AB  - Merkel cells are clear oval cells in the epidermis and outer root sheaths of hair
      follicles, which are probably of epithelial origin, share ultrastructural
      features with neuroendocrine cells, and are found in association with touch
      receptors. In the eyelid, they occur singly in the epidermis and external root
      sheaths of hairs and eyelashes, and in specialized touch spots alternating with
      eyelashes. Their typical electron microscopical and antigenic features include
      dense-core granules, intranuclear rodlets, spinous processes, and a positive
      reaction for specific cytokeratins, epithelial membrane antigen, neuron-specific
      enolase, chromogranin and synaptophysin. Merkel cell carcinoma probably develops
      from precursor cells which give rise to keratinocytes and Merkel cells, and
      nearly one out of ten Merkel cell carcinomas occur in the eyelid and periocular
      region. They tend to be bulging lesions near the lid margin of elderly patients,
      reddish in color, and erythematous with telangiectatic vessels. The diagnosis is
      based on the frequent presence of neurofilaments and paranuclear aggregates of
      intermediate filaments in addition to features typical of normal Merkel cells.
      The tumor often mimics lymphoma or undifferentiated carcinoma and frequently
      invades lymphatic vessels. One third of Merkel cell carcinomas recur, almost two
      thirds give rise to regional node metastases, and up to one half metastasize
      widely and result in death. Initial treatment should be prompt and aggressive,
      with wide resection and routine postoperative irradiation. Although metastatic
      lesions often respond to radiation therapy and cytostatic drugs, these treatments
      are mainly of palliative value.

PMID- 2274848
TI  - Vision despite tomographic absence of the occipital cortex.
AB  - A 14-month-old boy with developmental delay showed microcephaly, spastic
      diplegia, central visual fixation and an esotropia. A head tomographic scan
      disclosed absence of normal occipital cortex and electroencephalography showed
      markedly reduced voltages over the occipital region. Visual development in this
      patient may be related to heterotopic occipital cortex of a functioning non
      striate system of visual processing. Visual function cannot be predicted when
      severe developmental anomalies of the occipital cortex are detected with
      computerized tomography.

PMID- 2274849
TI  - Lyme disease: neurologic and ophthalmic manifestations.
AB  - Lyme disease is tick-borne infection which produces early and late manifestations
      in many organ systems. Prominent symptoms and signs occur in skin, heart, joints
      and nervous system. Many ocular and neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities recently have
      been attributed to Lyme disease, but some cases have not been well established as
      direct sequelae. This review of the contemporary state of knowledge about Lyme
      disease was undertaken so that more rigorous criteria can be applied in future
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2274850
TI  - The invention and early manufacture of bifocals.
AB  - Benjamin Franklin, who died 200 years ago, is generally credited with the
      invention of bifocals. However, serious historians have from time to time
      produced evidence to suggest that others may have preceded him in the invention.
      This historical article includes correspondence from George Whatley, a London
      philanthropist, and John Fenno, editor of The Gazette of the United States, which
      convincingly documents that Franklin invented bifocals, perhaps 50 years earlier
      than has been generally thought. Appendices detail the many difficulties
      encountered in the early manufacture of bifocals.

PMID- 2274851
TI  - Fifty years in ophthalmology.
AB  - This renowned glaucoma expert began his residency just as gonioscopy came into
      existence, to be followed shortly by tonography. In this memoir, Dr. Shaffer
      shares anecdotes and insights gained over a half century of ophthalmology
      practice.

PMID- 2274852
TI  - [Central hemodynamics in subjects with excess body weight].
AB  - A total of 482 patients (271 without any signs of cardiovascular diseases and 211
      with angina pectoris) grouped in accordance with the degree of obesity were
      examined for central hemodynamics (CHD) by means of tetrapolar rheography. The
      most pronounced changes were recorded in patients with chronic coronary heart
      disease (CCHD) coupled with obesity, less pronounced in patients without obesity
      (the difference was significant). The same regularity was established in
      practically healthy persons: in those with obesity, the hemodynamic shifts
      significantly differed from the shifts seen in patients without obesity and
      appeared similar to the parameters of patients with CCHD. A noticeable
      correlation was established between the CHD parameters and Quetelet's index.

PMID- 2274853
TI  - [The characteristics of the myocardial morphofunctional status of hypothyroidism
      patients].
AB  - Electro- and echocardiography were used to examine the morphofunctional state of
      the heart in 19 patients with hypothyrosis during disease decompensation and
      after therapy with thyroid hormones. The hormonal blood content was measured by
      RIA. Nonspecific alterations of the electro- and echocardiographic readings
      characterizing hypothyroid myocardiodystrophy were discovered. Almost half of the
      cases manifested hydropericardium. The discovered myocardial alterations were
      marked by a slow positive dynamics. In patients over 45 years, they appeared
      irreversible in nature. The pericardial exudate resolved shortly after the
      euthyroid status was attained.

PMID- 2274854
TI  - [Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with a mitral heart defect (data from 24-hr
      ECG monitoring)].

PMID- 2274855
TI  - [Transesophageal cardiac electrostimulation in the combined intensive therapy and
      resuscitation of a female patient with acute poisoning by a cardiotoxic
      preparation].

PMID- 2274856
TI  - [The modelling of vascular tonus of the head and its significance for predicting
      mortality in population studies].

PMID- 2274857
TI  - [The diagnosis of renal artery stenosis by the data from ultrasonic study
      methods].
AB  - The purpose of the present investigation was to elaborate diagnostic criteria for
      stenosing of renal arteries according to ultrasonic dopplerography. The
      investigation included 35 patients suffering from vasorenal hypertension with
      stenoses of the renal arteries documented by angiography and 63 patients with
      stage II essential hypertension, who made up the control group. Ultrasonic
      scanning of the kidneys and dopplerography of the renal arteries were performed
      with the use of the Acuson-128 ultrasonic system fitted out with a sector
      transducer operating at a frequency of 3.5 MHz. The authors have devised a method
      of an ultrasonic study of the renal arteries by means of the posterolateral
      access. Established criteria for diagnosing stenosis of the renal artery. Among
      these are a decline of the pulsation index, the resistive index, and the systolic
      diastolic velocity ratio as compared to the contralateral artery and nonstenosed
      renal arteries in the control group patients.

PMID- 2274858
TI  - [The results of a clinical study of the preparation kardil].

PMID- 2274859
TI  - [The effect of lovastatin therapy on the dynamics of the clinical state of
      patients with ischemic heart disease and hyperlipoproteinemia].
AB  - The authors review the results of the clinical use of lovastatin in 150 patients
      with associated coronary heart disease and coronary atherosclerosis (according to
      coronarography). All the patients suffered from primary non-familial
      hyperlipoproteinemia (of the IIa and IIb types) and were entered into the placebo
      controlled studies of the effectiveness of lovastatin. After 3 months of the
      treatment there was a decrease in the levels of total cholesterol (by 36%) (p
      less than 0.001); the content of cholesterol LDLP dropped by 48% (p less than
      0.001), and that of triglycerides by 19% (p less than 0.01), while the level of
      cholesterol HDLP rose. Side effects were recorded in an insignificant number of
      cases. Therefore, lovastatin is a highly effective and well tolerable drug for
      the treatment of patients with coronary heart disease and hyperlipoproteinemia.

PMID- 2274860
TI  - [The effect of allapinine on external respiratory function in patients with
      diseases of the cardiovascular system].
AB  - The cardiorespiratory system was studied comprehensively in 27 patients with
      permanent atrial fibrillation (PAF) without the clinically marked signs of
      circulatory failure. After allapinine treatment 15 patients with bronchial
      obstruction manifestations demonstrated, in the presence of lasting PAF, a
      significant increase of the forced expiration capacity per s and of the maximum
      volumetric expiration rates. The data obtained may attest to the fact that the
      drug has beta-stimulating properties, confirming the reported evidence.

PMID- 2274861
TI  - [Myocardial lesions (the problems of their classification, diagnosis and
      treatment)].

PMID- 2274862
TI  - [The role of respiratory viral infection in the formation of bronchial
      hyperreactivity].

PMID- 2274863
TI  - [The 80th anniversary of the All-Union Society of Therapists].

PMID- 2274864
TI  - [Streptodecase-2 in the treatment of acute myocardial infarct, unstable
      stenocardia, thromboembolism and thrombosis].
AB  - Eleven patients underwent thrombolytic therapy with streptodekase-1 and 19 with
      streptodekase-2. Of these, 11 patients suffered acute myocardial infarction, 10
      had unstable angina pectoris, 6 thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery, 2
      thromboembolism of the peripheral arteries and 1 thrombosis of the femoral vein.
      Administration of streptodekase-2 brought about an increase of the total blood
      fibrinolytic activity (the fibrinolysis time dropped from 248.8 +/- 82.1 to 137.5
      +/- 42.5 min after 12 h), plasmin activation (from 0.00 +/- 0.00 to 23.5 +/- 7.5
      mg after 24 h), reduction of the plasminogen content (from 94.0 +/- 2.5 to 46.8
      +/- 5.3% after 12 h). The parameters of the coagulation hemostasis did not
      undergo any appreciable changes. Fibrinolysis activation following streptodekase
      2 administration was unchanged within the first 48 hours. No material differences
      were identified in fibrinolysis activation in patients given streptodekase-2 and
      streptodekase-1. Administration of streptodekase-2 was found to exert a marked
      beneficial clinical effect on acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina
      pectoris, thromboembolism of the pulmonary and peripheral arteries.

PMID- 2274866
TI  - [The current principles of treating myocardial infarct patients].

PMID- 2274865
TI  - [The results of the rehabilitative treatment of myocardial infarct patients
      activated at the hospital stage according to an accelerated program].
AB  - The authors provide data obtained during long-term follow up of patients with
      myocardial infarction, activated at the hospital stage according to the
      accelerated program (50 persons) and within the generally accepted period (50
      persons). Account was taken of the clinical course of the disease exercise
      tolerance, its hemodynamic and oxygen supply in the acute period and throughout
      the whole observation time. It has been shown that referral of patients to the
      sanatorium stage of rehabilitation should be determined by functional
      preparedness of the patient rather than by the time of myocardial infarction. It
      is desirable that the program of accelerated activation may be implemented in
      patients with uncomplicated macrofocal and restricted transmural myocardial
      infarction in the absence of marked painful syndrome while the threshold power
      should not be less than 50 watt during bicycle ergometry performed 2 weeks after
      the disease onset.

PMID- 2274867
TI  - [Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of perioperative ischemia and
      myocardial infarct].
AB  - In 50 patients undergoing direct revascularization of the myocardium, an attempt
      was made to carry out transesophageal echocardiography. In 5 of them,
      visualization of the myocardium appeared unsatisfactory, 2 patients were excluded
      from the investigation in view of the fact that they were operated on in the
      acute phase of myocardial infarction. Among 43 patients who were entered into the
      investigation, the areas of abnormal local contractility of the myocardium (AILC)
      occurred during surgery in 14 (33%). In 3 patients, the newly occurring disorders
      of local contractility of the myocardium persisted till the end of the operation.
      In the remaining cases, the presence of the AILC was temporary. The sensitivity
      of the newly occurring stable AILC in the diagnosis of perioperative myocardial
      infarction and acute coronary death amounted to 75%, specificity was 100%.

PMID- 2274868
TI  - [Modern methods for the instrumental diagnosis of intracavitary thrombosis of the
      left ventricle in myocardial infarct].
AB  - To study the sensitivity and specificity of two-dimensional echocardiography in
      the diagnosis of left ventricle thrombosis which often attends myocardial
      infarction and to define diagnostic potentialities of the new research methods
      (digital subtraction ventriculography and MR tomography), 449 patients with acute
      transmural myocardial infarction were examined. Based on the comparison of the
      echocardiographic readings and morbid anatomy data it has been shown that the
      sensitivity of two-dimensional echocardiography in revealing left ventricle
      thrombosis amounts to 89%, specificity to 88%. Digital subtraction
      ventriculography has a lower (77%) sensitivity, with the specificity being
      satisfactory enough (88%). Meanwhile MR tomography enables a highly precise
      diagnosis of left ventricle thrombosis and can be used as a supplementary
      diagnostic method in questionable cases and in thrombi small in size or in
      unsatisfactory ultrasonic visualization of the heart structures.

PMID- 2274869
TI  - [A comparative evaluation of the effect of stress and physical loading on the
      coagulating capacity of the blood in clinically healthy subjects and ischemic
      heart disease patients].

PMID- 2274870
TI  - [The characteristics of the interrelation between the hemostatic system and the
      fibronectin level in patients with ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2274871
TI  - [The prognosis of the late results of electroimpulse therapy for atrial
      fibrillation in ischemic heart disease patients].
AB  - The deciding rule has been derived of predicting long-term results of
      electropulse therapy of permanent atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary
      heart disease. During checking with the prospective material, the prediction as
      regards preservation of the sinus rhythm up to 6 months turned out correct in 93%
      of cases. The deciding rule is based on the commonly available clinical
      parameters. Work with that rule does not require the use of computers. Prognosis
      obtained with the aid of the given rule appeared significantly more accurate than
      that determined by the physician specialized in the field of cardiology.

PMID- 2274872
TI  - [The regional characteristics of the prevalence of elevated arterial pressure in
      the schoolchildren of Moscow, Tallinn and Novosibirsk (a cooperative study)].
AB  - The authors describe the results of a cooperative epidemiological screening of
      schoolchildren aged 11 to 14 years, living in Moscow, Tallinn and Novosibirsk.
      1219 persons underwent screening in Moscow, 923 in Novosibirsk, and 1227 in
      Tallinn; the screening coverage was 88.3, 92 and 87.2%, respectively. The mean
      values of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (AP), the anthropometric
      parameters, and of the degree of puberty are given with respect to the cities.
      The structure as well as predictors of high AP in schoolchildren differed with
      respect to the above-indicated cities. The highest AP values were identified in
      Moscow schoolchildren whereas the least ones in schoolchildren living in Tallinn.
      The data obtained were compared to those of the epidemiological screening of the
      male population aged 20 to 54 years, living in the same cities. A reverse
      correlation has been established.

PMID- 2274873
TI  - [A 3-year epidemiological study on the primary prevention of arterial
      hypertension among students].

PMID- 2274874
TI  - [The effect of prostenon on the pressor and depressor humoral systems in patients
      with resistant arterial hypertension].
AB  - After ineffective combined drug therapy patients with the resistant patterns of
      arterial hypertension were given 3 to 5 intravenous injections of prostenon
      (prostaglandin E2) in the total dose 3-5 mg. Prostenon was noted to produce a
      lasting hypotensive effect in patients with resistant essential hypertension and
      parenchymatous renal hypertension. The patients manifested favourable changes in
      the general clinical symptomatology. The antihypertensive effect of prostenon was
      related to appreciable activation of depressor humoral factors, with activation
      of pressor humoral factors being less remarkable.

PMID- 2274876
TI  - [The HLA system antigens in patients with cardiovascular diseases].
AB  - Tissue typing applied to the Russian population was used to study distribution of
      HLA antigens, classes I and II, in patients with essential hypertension (EH),
      coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCMP), dilated
      cardiomyopathy (DCMP) and virus myocarditis (VM). As control use was made of the
      data on HLA antigen distribution in 267 healthy persons (donors) of the Russian
      nationality. The genetic markers of the predisposition to the indicated diseases
      were revealed: in EH, DR 1 (RR-3.56), DR 4 (RR-2.17); in CHD, B 12 (RR-2.91), DR
      1 (RR-3.41), DR 4 (RR-3.14); in HCMP, DR 1 (RR-2.25), DR 4 (RR-3.29); in DCMP, DR
      4 (RR-3.90); in VM, DR 3 (RR-5.26), DR 4 (RR-3.51). DR 4 turned out to be the
      common marker of the predisposition to cardiac diseases. Besides, DR 1 was
      discovered to be the marker of the predisposition to EH and DR 3 to VM. The data
      obtained may be of importance for the clinical practice in forming risk groups.

PMID- 2274875
TI  - [Atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2274877
TI  - [Heart transplantation. The current problems of patient selection, examination
      and treatment].
AB  - An analysis was made of the work carried out by the Department of Coronary
      Surgery and Heart Transplantation as regards heart transplantations during 1988.
      As many as 119 patients, hypothetical heart recipients, received medical advice.
      The Department refused hospitalization to 42 patients because of the
      nonconformity to the indications and contraindications to heart transplantation.
      77 patients were admitted to the Department. During examinations and treatment,
      53 persons were discharged from hospital. 8 patients died before donor's hearts
      were received. Donor's hearts were transplanted to 10 patients. 3 persons died
      from severe infectious complications on days 12, 15 and 43 after the operation.
      Following the operation 7 patients have been surviving from 4 to 17 months. The
      patients' status remains satisfactory. The functional parameters of the donor's
      heart are within normal. Taking into consideration the lack of the treatment
      methods for patients with terminal heart lesions, it is necessary that the number
      of operations be increased. A great importance in this case is attached to the
      joint efforts of internists and cardiologists, aimed at the screening and
      examination of potential heart recipients.

PMID- 2274879
TI  - [Left ventricular function (based on two-dimensional echocardiographic data)
      during bicycle ergometry and transesophageal electrical stimulation of the atria
      in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - The central hemodynamics was studied and compared in 20 patients with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCMP) at rest, during bicycle ergometry (BEM) and
      transesophageal pacing of the atria (TEPA). According to the BEM readings, HCMP
      patients did not show any material differences from normals' reaction to exercise
      on the part of the volumetric and hemodynamic parameters as well as left
      ventricle contractile function. At the same time as revealed by TEPA, HCMP
      patients did manifest differences from normals' response in the hemodynamics and
      myocardial contractility. Alterations that occur in HCMP patients undergoing TEPA
      in response to an isolated increase of frequency of the cardiac rhythm are likely
      to reflect latent disorders of systolic function of the asymmetric hypertrophied
      left ventricle which is not capable of making adequate volumetric and functional
      restructure.

PMID- 2274880
TI  - [The prognosis of the outcome of dilated cardiomyopathy under long-term
      observation].
AB  - As many as 139 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were examined for the effect
      of the clinical, ECG, x-ray, phono-, echo- and angiocardiographic indicators and
      heart catheterization data on the disease outcomes for 3 years after the
      examination. Risk factors of an unfavorable prediction were distinguished. They
      include pronounced impairment of heart function, proneness to thromboembolism,
      appreciable dilatation of the left ventricle, dramatic reduction of its
      contractility during expulsion and rise of the filling pressure.

PMID- 2274878
TI  - [The viral and immunological characteristics of cardiomyopathies and
      myocarditis].
AB  - As many as 97 patients with myocardial lesions: congestive and hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy (CMP), postmyocarditis CMP (PM CMP), myocarditis (MC), alcoholic
      heart injury (AHI), coronary heart disease (CHD), vegetodysovarian
      myocardiodystrophy were examined by means of a complex of the virological tests
      (for Coxsackie B, Epstein-Barr and hepatitis B viruses) and immunoassays (for
      antibodies to different components of the myocardium, leukocyte migration
      inhibition test, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity test, measurements of T
      and B lymphocytes and their subpopulations, and so forth). Virus infection was
      shown to be of a role for the onset of acute MC (usually reversible) and
      congestive CMP. At the same time the autoimmune mechanisms of the lesions were
      conclusively ascertained in MC associated with heart failure and in PM CMP. In
      patients with congestive CMP and AHI coupled with heart failure, antibodies to
      nerve fibers of the myocardium could be demonstrated in the presence of T
      lymphocyte deficiency and high titers of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus. This
      does not allow excluding myocardial denervation leading to refractory heart
      failure. Some immunological parameters made use of in the study provide an
      opportunity of an objective evaluation of the effect glucocorticoid treatment
      produces on patients suffering from MC and PM CMP.

PMID- 2274881
TI  - [The possible mechanisms of the refractory nature of chronic circulatory
      failure].

PMID- 2274882
TI  - [Isovolemic relaxation of the intact left ventricle and the energy efficiency of
      the cardiac cycle].
AB  - To compare left ventricle (LV) function during isometric relaxation (IR) and
      energy parameters of LV contraction, 22 patients with a rejected diagnosis of
      coronary heart disease (CHD) were examined. All the test subjects underwent
      coronary angiography, direct left ventriculography by means of a special catheter
      equipped at the end with a pressure microtransducer, and intravenous
      biventriculography with injection of a radiocontrast substance to the right
      atrium coupled with continuous monitoring of the pressure in the LV. All the
      ventriculograms were subjected to multipicture analysis using computer. It has
      been established that the energy effectiveness of the cycle of LV contraction is
      in a reverse agreement with the volume of ventricle filling during IR. Therefore,
      the assessment of LV function during IR (that can be performed by noninvasive
      technique either) allows one to form a judgement about the energy of pump heart
      function in a real clinical situation.

PMID- 2274883
TI  - [The assessment of left ventricular diastolic function in patients with aortic
      defects].
AB  - Thirty patients with aortic heart disease and 10 healthy persons were examined
      for diastolic function of the left ventricle using two-dimensional Doppler
      echocardiography. The decline of the rate and volume of early diastolic filling,
      the rise of the filling during the atrial systole were revealed in 60% of the
      patients with aortal disease. The decrease of the ejection fraction of the left
      ventricle was noted in 23.3% of the patients. All the patients with aortic
      disease were distributed into 2 groups depending on the presence (group II) or
      lack (group I) of mitral regurgitation. Addition of mitral regurgitation in
      patients with aortic disease masked the deranged filling of the left ventricle
      and interfered with the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction. A reverse moderately
      pronounced relationship (r = -0.56) has been discovered between the myocardial
      mass and impairment of the diastolic filling.

PMID- 2274884
TI  - Association between ovulation stimulation, in vitro fertilisation, and neural
      tube defects?

PMID- 2274886
TI  - Effect of sample size on reproducibility of behavioral teratological study
      results: a computer simulation experiment using data from the Collaborative
      Behavioral Teratology Study of the National Center for Toxicological Research.
AB  - A computer simulation experiment which attempted to examine the effect of sample
      size on reproducibility of the effect of treatment was performed on the basis of
      actual data obtained from the Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study of the
      National Center for Toxicological Research. The degree of the treatment effect
      was assessed in terms of the strength of the association (eta square). The
      results indicate that sample size has a large effect on the reproducibility of
      results which are assessed with the magnitude of SD for eta squares obtained from
      replication experiments. Suitable sample sizes to obtain relatively consistent
      results across studies were discussed, pointing out that not enough attention has
      been paid to the effect of sample size in the issue of reproducibility of results
      in some behavioral teratology studies.

PMID- 2274885
TI  - Comments on "Teratogen update on lithium" by J. Warkany.

PMID- 2274887
TI  - Effects of secondary bile acids on the intrauterine development in rats.
AB  - The effects of secondary bile acids (lithocholic--LCA, and deoxycholic--DCA) on
      the in vivo development of rat embryos and fetuses were studied. Daily
      intraperitoneal injections of 2 ml of 1 mM LCA and of 5 mM DCA during days 6 till
      15 of pregnancy resulted in an increase of resorptions among 20 day-old fetuses
      to 22.8% and 9.9%, respectively, vs. 6.2% in controls. Similar injections on days
      12 to 19 resulted in an increase of resorptions to 10.3% after treatment with LCA
      and to 36% after treatment with DCA. Percent of retarded embryos was similar for
      both bile acids: 7.7 and 8.7% after injections on days 6-15 and 12.3-12.5% after
      injections on days 12-19 of gestation. This was accompanied by a significant
      increase in the wet weight of the placenta of living embryos. Intraamniotic
      injections of 2 microliters of 1 mM LCA into 10 day-old embryos resulted in 18.5%
      resorptions (vs. 7.5% in controls), 9.2% malformations, and 3.1% growth
      retardations observed on day 12 of pregnancy. The rate of resorptions following
      this treatment increased on day 20 of pregnancy to 71% vs. 16% in controls. No
      differences were found in the wet weight of 20 day-old living fetuses or their
      livers and placentas between experimental and control groups following i.p. or
      intraamniotic injections. In addition, single intrauterine instillation of 0.2 ml
      of 1 mM LCA 10-14 days before mating with normal isogeneic males resulted in 9%
      of malformations among 12 day-old embryos while malformations were absent in the
      saline-injected controls. The deleterious effects of secondary bile acids to the
      embryos were accompanied by damage to the visceral yolk sac. These findings may
      be significant in relation to the complications previously associated with
      cholestasis of pregnancy in humans.

PMID- 2274888
TI  - Embryonal disposition of salicylate: in vivo-in vitro comparisons.
AB  - The distribution of salicylate to embryonal compartments for in situ and in vitro
      rat embryos under equivalent exposure conditions, and salicylate disposition in
      the in vivo mid-gestation embryo and late gestation fetus, were compared.
      Pregnant Sprague-Dawley CD rats were exposed to steady-state blood levels of
      salicylate by infusing 14C-salicylic acid iv for a 24 hour period from gestation
      day 11.5 to 12.5. Cultured Sprague-Dawley rat embryos (in medium consisting of
      100% male rat serum) were exposed to the steady-state 14C-salicylate
      concentration achieved in maternal serum in vivo for the same 24 hour
      developmental period. At the end of the exposure period radioactivity in visceral
      yolk sac, extra-embryonic fluid and embryos, and in maternal tissues, was
      measured. The distribution of salicylate to embryonal tissues was statistically
      comparable in vivo and in vitro, although the embryos in vitro accumulated
      slightly (but not significantly) less of the chemical. There was considerable
      binding of salicylate by maternal serum and culture medium proteins: less than
      20% of the chemical was free at the 40 micrograms/ml concentration used in this
      experiment. Consequently, the salicylate concentration in embryonal compartments
      appeared to be quite low when compared to the surrounding serum/medium, but was
      actually equal to or greater than the concentration of unbound salicylate in
      serum or culture medium. The proportion of free salicylate in serum increased at
      concentrations higher than 40 micrograms/ml, resulting in somewhat higher
      concentrations of salicylate in in vitro embryos and extraembryonic fluid (as
      compared to medium) when cultured in the presence of 200 or 400 micrograms/ml
      salicylate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2274889
TI  - Developmental toxicity of temafloxacin hydrochloride in the long-tailed macaque
      (Macaca fascicularis).
AB  - The potential developmental toxicity of temafloxacin hydrochloride was studied in
      the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Ten animals in each of the three
      drug-treated groups (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) were administered temafloxacin via
      nasogastric intubation during gestational days (GD) 20-50. A control group of ten
      animals received vehicle only. The dams were monitored daily for adverse physical
      signs and maternal blood samples were collected for analyses of serum
      progesterone (P), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), and chorionic gonadotropin (CG). In
      addition, the conceptus was monitored periodically by ultrasound during gestation
      to confirm growth and viability. Increased maternal toxicity (weight loss,
      anorexia, emesis) and embryolethality were observed at 100 mg/kg, and a no
      observable-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of 50 mg/kg was established. The
      incidence of prenatal mortality was as follows: Control = 1/10 (10%); 25 mg/kg =
      1/10 (10%); 50 mg/kg = 2/10 (20%); and 100 mg/kg = 5/10 (50%). Analysis of P, E2,
      and CG indicated no significant effect of treatment. In addition, no significant
      differences were observed in embryonic/fetal growth and development when compared
      to historical controls. No gross structural changes were observed in fetuses
      exposed to 50 or 100 mg/kg, although one fetus exposed to 25 mg/kg exhibited
      microphthalmia. This anomaly was considered spontaneous and, therefore, unrelated
      to treatment.

PMID- 2274890
TI  - Dithiocarbamates and prevention of cadmium teratogenesis in the hamster.
AB  - Certain dithiocarbamates (DTC) have been reported to protect against cadmium (Cd)
      induced lethality and to decrease Cd body burden. The present study evaluated the
      influence of sodium N-benzyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, sodium N
      di(hydroxyethyl)amine dithiocarbamate, sodium 4-carboxyamidopiperidine-N
      dithiocarbamate, and sodium N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate on Cd-induced
      teratogenesis in the hamster. When given as a single ip injection at 2.2 mmol/kg
      15 min prior to iv CdCl2 (2 mg/kg), all of the DTC afforded significant
      protection against Cd-induced developmental toxicity and reduced kidney [Cd] in
      the dam. Maternal liver [Cd] was reduced with the glucamine and dihydroxyethyl
      amine analogs, but treatment with the piperidine failed to influence hepatic
      [Cd]. Pretreatment of the dams with DTC 24 hr prior to Cd challenge failed to
      protect against Cd-induced embryotoxicity, and provided minimal, if any,
      reduction in renal or hepatic [Cd]. Pretreatment with the N-methyl-D-glucamine
      congener 24 hr prior to Cd exposure increased embryolethality. The dose-time
      relationships found here suggest that pharmacologically effective levels of these
      DTC decline within 24 hr of treatment and that induction of metallothionein does
      not play a major role in DTC antagonism of Cd poisoning.

PMID- 2274891
TI  - Developmental alterations in offspring of female rats orally intoxicated by
      aluminum lactate at different gestation periods.
AB  - Pregnant rats were treated orally with aluminum lactate (400 mg Al/kg/day) during
      three periods of gestation to determine the treatment's influence on mortality,
      weight gain, neuromotor maturation, and learning abilities of their pups. No
      effect of treatment on litter size, mortality rate, and weight gain of pups was
      detected. In the negative geotaxis test, the scores of pups from females treated
      during the second and third weeks of gestation were diminished. In the locomotor
      coordination and the operant conditioning tests, significant differences in the
      comparison of controls vs. the three treated groups were found, indicating long
      term effects of early intoxication upon the central nervous system.

PMID- 2274892
TI  - Induction of malformations in the cynomolgus monkey with 13-cis retinoic acid.
AB  - The embryotoxic and teratogenic potential of 13-cis retinoic acid was assessed in
      the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). A total of 41 animals was orally
      administered 13-cis retinoic acid in four sequential experiments. In Exp. 1 three
      dose levels, 2, 10, and 25 mg/kg, were administered on gestational day (GD) 18
      28; 5 mg/kg was administered as an equally divided dose twice daily in Exp. 2 and
      3 on GD 21-24 and on GD 25-27, respectively; in Exp. 4 the drug was administered
      at 2.5 mg/kg once daily from GD 10 to 25 and twice daily (2 x 2.5 mg/kg) on GD 26
      and 27. Maternal death and toxicity, manifested as reduction in maternal weight
      and food consumption, and diarrhea, was observed in Exp. 1 in all three dose
      groups. No significant maternal toxicity was observed in the treatment groups in
      Exp. 2, 3, and 4 or in the control group. The primary manifestation of
      developmental toxicity was embryolethality in Exp. 1 and 2. The incidence of
      embryonic deaths in Exp. 3 was comparable to the historical controls. No
      malformations in GD 100 fetuses were observed in Exp. 1, 2, and 3. In Exp. 4,
      five of seven fetuses (71%) had malformations of both external ears, four of
      seven fetuses (57%) exhibited hypo- or aplasia of the thymus, and two of seven
      (29%) had malformations (transposition of the great vessels, ventricular septal
      defect) of the heart. The teratogenic dose for the cynomolgus monkey in the
      present study was lower than that reported for all other experimental species.
      Although central nervous system and craniofacial defects were not observed, the
      incidence of ear and thymus defects was similar to that reported for the human.
      The cardiovascular defects resembled those reported clinically, but the incidence
      was lower in the cynomolgus monkey. The similarity in teratogenic sensitivity to
      humans supports the use of the monkey as a model for developmental toxicity
      studies of vitamin A-related compounds.

PMID- 2274893
TI  - Descriptive epidemiology of selected malformations of the aorta, Atlanta, 1970
      1983.
AB  - To augment available population-based epidemiologic data for obstructive
      malformations of the aorta, we studied the descriptive epidemiology of
      coarctation, hypoplasia, and interruption of the aortic arch in Atlanta from 1970
      through 1983. The study used data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital
      Defects Program, a population-based birth defects registry. One hundred seventy
      infants were identified as having either interruption of the aortic arch (18),
      coarctation (131), or hypoplasia (21) of the aorta. The prevalence per 10,000
      live births was as follows: interruption of the aortic arch, 0.50; coarctation,
      3.62; and hypoplasia of the aorta, 0.58. Despite the differences in rates, the
      descriptive epidemiology for the three malformations was similar. None of the
      malformations was associated with gender or maternal age. Birth prevalence for
      whites was higher than that for other races; the increase, however, was
      statistically significant only for coarctation. Birth prevalence of these
      malformations increased during the period of observation, with the greatest
      increase (threefold) seen with interruption of the aortic arch. The rates for all
      malformation groups also showed a strong inverse association with birthweight.

PMID- 2274894
TI  - Effects of pulsed ultrasound and temperature on the development of rat embryos in
      culture.
AB  - Rat embryos in culture were exposed to pulsed ultrasound at SPTA intensity of 1.2
      W/cm2 for 5, 15, and 30 min on day 9.5 of development. The whole embryo culture
      system allowed precise temperature control for directly examining the effects of
      ultrasound on the developing neural plate. After exposure, embryos were
      maintained in culture for a further 48 hr. No major morphological abnormalities
      were observed but a reduction in somite number occurred in the group insonated
      for 30 min, which was equivalent to a 2 hr delay in embryonic development.
      Similar delay in growth and "blistering" in the prosencephalon region of some
      embryos were observed after insonation for 15 min at 40.0 degrees C, an elevation
      of 1.5 degrees C over the temperature used for controls. Exposure to ultrasound
      for 15 min at 40 degrees C caused significant reduction in the growth of the head
      compared with that of control embryos. Heat shock genes for hsps 71/73 and 88 kD
      were induced after insonation for 30 min at 38.5 degrees C. Insonation did not
      cause any temperature changes in the culture medium. However, when the
      temperature of the culture medium was increased during insonation, defective
      development occurred. The results of these in vitro experiments suggest that
      ultrasound if resulting in significant hyperthermia could affect the development
      during early organogenesis of the neural plate and in particular they suggest
      that the embryo is at greater risk of damage during hyperthermic conditions.
      These results should provoke discussion of the concept that ultrasound in the
      febrile patient may present an increased embryonic risk which should be
      considered when deliberating on the use of diagnostic ultrasound procedures in
      the pregnant patient.

PMID- 2274895
TI  - Teratogenic effects of maternal biotin deficiency on mouse embryos examined at
      midgestation.
AB  - Pregnant mice were fed a basal diet that not only did not contain biotin, but
      also contained the spray-dried egg white including avidin that caused the biotin
      deficiency. The effects of maternal biotin deficiency on craniofacial and limb
      development in embryos were examined at two stages of midgestation. On day 12.6
      of gestation, male and female embryos weighted less and digit development was
      retarded in the biotin-deficient group. On day 15.6 of gestation (dg), the
      embryos also weighted less and external malformations, such as micrognathia
      (94.8%), micromelia (41.4%), and exencephaly (11.4%), were observed. The
      inhibition of palatal and digit formation by biotin deficiency at midgestation is
      responsible for later formation of cleft palate and micromelia. On dg 12.6 the
      liver biotin level of biotin-deficient dams was reduced to 20% of control values.
      Interestingly, the biotin content of the whole embryonic body was about ninefold
      greater than liver biotin levels in their dams.

PMID- 2274896
TI  - Examination of the eyelid closure defect in trisomy 16 mice.
AB  - A characteristic feature of trisomy 16 mouse conceptuses is a failure of their
      eyelids to close. This defect was investigated by examining ocular development in
      serially sectioned heads of trisomy 16 and normal littermate fetuses from 10 to
      18 gestational days. Other heads were examined by using scanning electron
      microscopy. Between 10 and 15 days, trisomy 16 ocular structures were delayed,
      but there was no striking abnormal morphology. At 16 days, when the eyelids were
      closed and fused in normal mice, trisomic eyes had a large cell mass near the
      inner canthus that protruded between the open lids. The mass was covered by
      bulbar conjunctiva and cells of the mass were continuous with developing corneal
      tissue. The mass was not present in the eyes of normal mice on any gestational
      day and was not present in trisomic eyes at 17 and 18 days, when the lids began
      to show varying degrees of closure. Based on its positioning at the inner
      canthus, the mass may represent a transient hyperplasia of the developing
      semilunar fold which physically impedes lid closure in the trisomic conceptuses.
      Previously, the defect has been attributed to the trisomy 16 conceptus's overall
      pattern of growth retardation and delayed development. Masses such as those seen
      in the trisomic eyes have not been observed in other murine lid-gap defects that
      have been investigated. A second finding in this study is that trisomic eyes are
      positioned more superiorly in the head than normal eyes. This variation may be
      related to alterations in cranial base morphology that are associated with
      trisomy 16.

PMID- 2274897
TI  - Triploidy syndrome in a liveborn female.
AB  - We present the autopsy report of a liveborn triploid female, born after 36 weeks
      of gestation, who died at the age of 20 hours. External features were diagnostic:
      fetal hypoplasia, hypertelorism, microstomia, micro-and retrognathia,
      preauricular skin tag, low-set ears, and 3-4 syndactylia. All internal organs
      were hypoplastic. There were atrial and ventricular septal defects. Adrenals and
      kidneys were fused, the gallbladder was absent, and ovarian hilum cell were found
      to be hyperplastic. Triploidy, 69xxx, was confirmed cytogenetically. The placenta
      was hypoplastic and, microscopically, revealed a peculiar type of immaturity, so
      called hydatidiform villous hypoplasia, findings which have not been previously
      reported. We suggest that the generalized fetal and placental hypoplasia and the
      severe hypoplasia of all internal organs are caused by a proliferative deficiency
      of the triploid cells. In addition, the nuclear DNA content was determined by
      cytophotometrically from placental stromal cells and was found to be about 50%
      above the normal diploid DNA value; i.e., a triploid DNA value was confirmed.

PMID- 2274898
TI  - Medicare's relative value scale--what it looks like for Texas physicians.

PMID- 2274899
TI  - An inside look at recruitment agreements between hospitals and physicians.

PMID- 2274900
TI  - Placental examination can explain brain damage in some neonates.

PMID- 2274901
TI  - A better environment means better public health.

PMID- 2274902
TI  - Physicians caring for Texans, no matter what.

PMID- 2274903
TI  - FDA urges caution in use of spring-loaded lancets.

PMID- 2274904
TI  - The five stages of dying in a malpractice suit.

PMID- 2274905
TI  - Initial Medical Advisory Board review of medical impairment: effect on driver
      performance and traffic safety.
AB  - Medical impairment poses a potential threat to the driver and others who share
      the roads, if the condition is not identified and controlled. In Texas, the Texas
      Medical Advisory Board evaluates a driver's medical condition to determine its
      effect on the individual's driving ability. This study attempted to determine if
      the board's initial review resulted in an improvement in driving performance of
      persons whose medical conditions were evaluated. The results show a 46% reduction
      in the number of violations and a 53% reduction of collisions in the study
      population after the review. The control population showed a 17% violation and 3%
      collision reduction for the same period.

PMID- 2274906
TI  - Preventing drug abuse.

PMID- 2274907
TI  - [Neuromuscular diseases which lead to respiratory insufficiency].
AB  - Some of the neuromuscular diseases may lead to respiratory failure. This is the
      case in some lesions of the anterior horn cells (poliomyelitis and spinal
      muscular atrophy), in diseases affecting the nerve roots (acute polyradiculitis
      and lesions of the C4-roots) or affecting the phrenic nerve. Respiratory failure
      is frequent in myasthenia and may accompany Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. In
      each case one has to evaluate the opportunity of respiratory treatment
      considering all the elements of the disease and of the individual patient.

PMID- 2274908
TI  - [Pathophysiology of respiratory insufficiency in neuromuscular diseases].
AB  - In end stage neuromuscular disease respiratory muscle fatigue can lead to
      respiratory failure. There is no close correlation between the degree of
      peripheral muscle weakness and the weakness of the respiratory muscles. Early in
      the disease the maximum in- and expiratory pressures can be abnormal even though
      the results of spirometry are normal. Progressive weakness of the respiratory
      muscles results in a decrease in vital capacity and eventually in alveolar
      hypoventilation, especially during sleep. General muscle weakness and fatigue may
      be the reasons why sleep hypoventilation is often overlooked in its early stages.
      Dyspnea may be a early symptom but it is not unusual that alveolar
      hypoventilation remains undetected until complications ensue (Cor pulmonale,
      polycythemia, altered alertness).

PMID- 2274909
TI  - [Home ventilatory support--retrospective view and perspectives].
AB  - Mechanical home ventilation is a child of this centuries polio epidemics. The
      tank respirator, or iron lung, signaled the beginning of the new era. Improved
      techniques like positive pressure ventilation via tracheostoma followed soon.
      Hypoventilation syndromes of various origin are more and more encountered thanks
      to better detection methods. They benefit from a new, efficient and noninvasive
      technique, the positive pressure ventilation via nasal mask.

PMID- 2274910
TI  - [Assisted respiration during acute decompensation in neuromuscular diseases].
AB  - Ventilatory failure, often complicated by pulmonary infection, is a common cause
      of death in neuromuscular disorders. When severe enough, only intubation and
      mechanical ventilation can avoid a fatal outcome. In acute, reversible
      neuromuscular problems, mechanical ventilation is simple and safe, even if long
      lasting. Pulmonary function tests, particularly repeated vital capacity
      measurements, are very useful to predict respiratory failure and conduct weaning
      trials from the respirator. In chronic, progressive and debilitating
      neuromuscular disorders, to intubate or not remains an ethical dilemma. In an
      hospital admitting such patients, a clear and explicit consensus about the
      general policy for the treatment of chronic neuromuscular patients should have
      been previously discussed to avoid erratic therapeutic options.

PMID- 2274911
TI  - [Mechanical home ventilation--methods and technique].
AB  - With modern ventilators it is now possible to ventilate patients with severe
      respiratory failure during the night (or for longer periods) in their homes
      without the need for tracheotomy. At present the nocturnal nasal ventilation with
      intermittent positive pressure seems to become the method of choice. However also
      negative pressure ventilation is successful in many cases. The indications for
      home mechanical ventilation are briefly presented and the different techniques
      explained in some detail.

PMID- 2274912
TI  - [Mechanical home ventilation: its organization in Switzerland and perspectives].
AB  - Aware of the improvement of quality of life which home ventilation can bring to
      some patients with respiratory insufficiency, the Swiss Association against
      Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (SATL) has organized this treatment for the
      country. Purchase and management of the apparatus are taken over by the Swiss
      Federation for Common Tasks of the Sickness Insurance, and the cantonal Leagues
      of the SATL will provide the home supervision. In order to limit this expensive
      treatment which may be heavy for patients and families, guidelines have been
      issued. They specify the indications, the prerequisites, the conditions for
      providing the apparatus, the home surveillance and the prospective evaluation.
      Presently home ventilation is estimated to be indicated in about 200 patients in
      Switzerland.

PMID- 2274913
TI  - [Ethical and psychosocial aspects of mechanical home ventilation in patients with
      progressive neuromuscular diseases--a round-table discussion].

PMID- 2274914
TI  - Protein C deficiency in insulin-dependent diabetes: a hyperglycemia-related
      phenomenon.
AB  - In 30 insulin-dependent diabetic patients protein C (PC) antigen and PC activity
      were significantly lower than those of matched control healthy subjects. An
      inverse correlation between fasting plasma glucose and both PC concentration and
      activity was present in diabetics, while a direct correlation between PC
      concentration and PC activity was observed. Induced hyperglycemia in diabetic and
      normal subjects was able to decrease both PC antigen levels and PC activity, and
      heparin reversed in part this effect. In diabetic patients euglycemia obtained by
      insulin infusion restored to normal the depressed PC levels. Heparin did not
      alter both the basal PC concentration and activity in healthy controls. These
      data stress the major role of hyperglycemia in determining PC decrease in
      diabetics, and suggest that PC reduction is probably associated to hyperglycemia
      enhanced thrombin formation.

PMID- 2274916
TI  - 1-Desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) infusion in type IIB von Willebrand's
      disease: shortening of bleeding time and induction of a variable
      pseudothrombocytopenia.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP)
      infusion on platelet count and bleeding time in 4 patients with type IIB von
      Willebrand's disease (vWd). Three of four patients showed a normalization of the
      bleeding time within 1 h after the infusion, while bleeding time was not modified
      in the fourth. In accordance with the literature, thrombocytopenia was observed
      after DDAVP infusion, but this thrombocytopenia was due to the anticoagulants
      used for blood collection. In two patients (F.I., G.F.) no thrombocytopenia was
      observed when platelets were counted by fingerstick method but there was a 20%
      platelet decrease in blood samples collected in sodium citrate and a 50% decrease
      in samples collected in EDTA. Dramatic falls in platelet counts (70-95%) were
      observed in the additional two patients (C.A., D.Z.) after DDAVP infusion, when
      both sodium citrate or EDTA were used as anticoagulants. In the latter two
      patients there was also a 50% decrease in platelet count when the fingerstick
      method was used. The decrease in the patient's platelet count in EDTA samples
      after DDAVP infusion could be prevented, in part, by the previous additions of an
      anti GPIb monoclonal antibody and an anti GPIIb-IIIa monoclonal antibody. Thus,
      the thrombocytopenia observed in the four IIB vWd patients studied after DDAVP
      infusion seems to be, at least partially, a pseudothrombocytopenia depending on
      the calcium concentration in the blood samples and the availability of GPIb and
      GPIIb-IIIa receptors. These findings and the normalization of the bleeding time
      observed in three of the four patients has led us to reconsider the possible use
      of DDAVP in the treatment of our IIB vwd patients.

PMID- 2274915
TI  - Cancer procoagulant in acute non lymphoid leukemia: relationship of enzyme
      detection to disease activity.
AB  - Blast cell extracts from patients with acute non lymphoid leukemia (ANLL) express
      cancer procoagulant (CP). This factor X (FX) activator is distinct from tissue
      factor (TF) in that it does not require factor VII (FVII) to trigger blood
      coagulation, it acts as a cysteine proteinase and is not present in normal
      mononuclear cells. To assess whether there is any relationship between the
      presence of CP and the status of the disease, ANLL patients have been studied at
      diagnosis, during remission, at relapse. The procoagulant activity in either the
      presence or absence of F VII and sensitivity to cysteine proteinase inhibitors
      were tested on cell extracts. Immunoreactivity was explored with an anti-CP
      polyclonal antibody. Data obtained in 91 newly-diagnosed ANLL patients (subtypes
      M1 to M5, FAB classification) confirmed the presence of CP in M1 to M4 groups
      (mean +/- SE FVII-independent activity: M1 = 2.1 +/- 0.7 unit/mg; M2 = 5.7 +/-
      1.7 unit/mg; M3 = 31.5 +/- 8 unit/mg; M4 = 1.6 +/- 1.2 unit/mg); CP was absent in
      the M5 type. In eight patients analyzed in a subsequent phase of partial
      remission, specific activity had dropped from 26.9 +/- 7.8 to 10.5 +/- 4.0
      unit/mg. Activity was virtually absent (0-0.05 unit/mg) in the bone marrow of 37
      patients studied at complete remission. Bone marrow samples from six subjects
      tested at different intervals after complete remission were repeatedly negative
      for CP but became positive 2 to 5 months before relapse. Upon relapse, the FVII
      independent activity rose to 24.2 +/- 8.2 unit/mg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2274917
TI  - Physical exercise enhances plasma levels of extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI).
AB  - The risk of cardiovascular complications is reported to be several times higher
      in severe exercise than in daily activity. EPI-mediated inhibition of factor
      VIIa/thromboplastin enzymatic activity is believed to be an important modulator
      of blood coagulation during hemostasis. The plasma concentration of EPI,
      corrected for changes in plasma volume, was determined in healthy male subjects
      prior to, immediately after and at various time intervals after strenuous
      exercise of different duration. A slight, but significant decrease in EPI (7.5 +/
      2.8%, p less than 0.03) was found after a short term run (1.7 km), whereas no
      significant change was seen after a middle term run (4.8 km). In contrast, we
      observed a marked increase in EPI after a long term run (20.3 +/- 6.9%, p less
      than 0.03) and in a second group of athletes participating in the Norwegian
      championship of 30 km cross country skiing (39.9 +/- 10.3%, p less than 0.02). A
      peak value was reached 2 h after the run, and after that the curve started to
      approach baseline values. The rise in EPI might reflect a significant release of
      EPI from the endothelium that is greater than eventually any consumption. Another
      explanation for this enhancement in EPI might be that the increase in lipoprotein
      lipase activity after physical exercise causes a rise in the availability of EPI
      since EPI is known to be associated with lipoproteins in the circulation. It is
      hypothesized that mobilization of EPI during extensive physical exercise may
      suppress activation of the clotting system.

PMID- 2274918
TI  - Thioester chromogenic substrates for human factor VIIa: substituted isocoumarins
      are inhibitors of factor VIIa and in vitro anticoagulants.
AB  - Arginine thiobenzyl esters are convenient chromogenic substrates of factor VIIa
      (Z-Arg-SBzl, Kcat/KM = 1,600 M-1 s-1) and were used to study the kinetics of
      inhibition of factor VIIa by several mechanism-based isocoumarin inhibitors of
      trypsin-like enzymes. Isocoumarin derivatives substituted with a 7-guanidino or 3
      isothiureidopropoxy group were good inhibitors of factor VIIa and acted as
      anticoagulants in human and rabbit plasma. With normal citrated human plasma, 4
      chloro-3-ethoxy-7-guanidinoisocoumarin (3) and 7-amino-4-chloro-3-(3
      isothiureidopropoxy) isocoumarin (ACITIC, 6) prolonged the prothrombin time (PT)
      ca. two-fold and prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) more
      than 4.5-fold at 20-30 microM. Both compounds had smaller effects in rabbit
      plasma. The short half-life of ACITIC and related isocoumarins in plasma should
      make these compounds uniquely useful as anticoagulants in therapeutic situations
      where it is desirable to have anticoagulant effects for a short defined time
      period.

PMID- 2274919
TI  - The role of factor VII in haemostasis: infusion studies of factor VIIa in a
      canine model of factor VIII deficiency.
AB  - The role of factor VIIa in haemostasis has been studied using a canine model of
      factor VIII deficiency. Highly purified human factor VIIa was administered to
      dogs at a dosage of 0.5 microgram/kg. At selected times pre- and post-infusion,
      haemostasis was evaluated by the cuticle bleeding time. Plasma was collected for
      the assay of various parameters, including fibrinopeptide A (FPA) as a marker for
      thrombin generation in vivo. Factor VIIa infusion resulted in a 6-fold increase
      of factor VII clotting activity with a t1/2 of 2 h. FPA levels, which were 1.4
      ng/ml before infusion, did not increase significantly in haemophilic dogs. In
      normal dogs, however, FPA levels rose to a mean value of 190 ng/ml 30 min post
      infusion. It appeared that thrombin generation by factor VIIa infusion had
      occurred mainly via the intrinsic, factor VIII-dependent pathway. In factor VIII
      deficient dogs, factor VIIa infusion did not correct cuticle bleeding, but an
      inconsistent haemostatic effect was observed 15-30 min post-infusion. Similar
      results were obtained in haemophilic dogs with circulating antibodies against
      factor VIII. The haemostatic effectivity could not be improved by increasing the
      factor VIIa dosage up to 40-fold. Although these data suggest that the extrinsic,
      factor VII-dependent factor X activation provides only a minor pathway of
      thrombin generation in vivo, it is possible that the suboptimal haemostatic
      effect noted may be promoted in bleeding situations where tissue factor
      availability is less limited. As such, factor VIIa may prove useful in the
      treatment of haemophilia A patients with acquired inhibitors to factor VIII.

PMID- 2274920
TI  - The action of ticlopidine on human platelets. Studies on aggregation, secretion,
      calcium mobilization and membrane glycoproteins.
AB  - The effects on platelet function of a 5-day course of Ticlopidine (Tcl) have been
      studied in two groups of volunteers receiving different dosage schedules. Tcl had
      a relatively greater inhibitory effect on aggregation induced by ADP than by
      other agonists, and a greater effect, in contrast to that of an ADP receptor
      antagonist, on the second phase than on the initial rate of aggregation. Tcl
      inhibited ATP secretion in response to ADP and 0.05 u/ml thrombin, but not to
      higher concentrations of thrombin or to calcium ionophores. No inhibitory effect
      was observed on Ca2+ influx or intracellular mobilization, on the binding of
      monoclonal antibodies to the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex or on the state of
      association of the complex. We suggest that Tcl neither inhibits the binding of
      ADP to its receptor nor acts directly on the fibrinogen binding site, but that it
      may inhibit a step in signal transduction between these two events.

PMID- 2274921
TI  - Primary and secondary lysosomes in megakaryocytes and platelets from cattle with
      the Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
AB  - The ultrastructure of lysosomes from megakaryocytes (MK) and platelets of cattle
      with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) was characterized using acid phosphatase
      histochemistry with beta-glycerophosphate as substrate and cerium as a capturing
      agent. Acid phosphatase was localized in the trans aspect of the Golgi complex
      and/or granules in MK at all stages of maturation. Morphometric analysis of the
      diameter of each lysosome was performed on MK from CHS cattle and compared to MK
      from normal cattle. Lysosomes in CHS MK were neither enlarged nor different with
      respect to classification as secondary lysosomes, which composed 35% of the
      lysosomes in CHS MK. Lysosomes were demonstrated in 22% of the CHS platelet
      sections and appeared similar to those from normal cattle, 56% of them being
      classified as secondary lysosomes. Why lysosomes are not enlarged in bovine CHS
      MK and platelets, whereas they are enlarged in most other cell types, remains
      unknown.

PMID- 2274922
TI  - The binding of phosphatidylglycerol liposomes to rat platelets is mediated by
      complement.
AB  - Previous work has shown that intravenous administration of phosphatidylglycercol
      (PG) containing liposomes to rats results in a rapid transient decline in
      platelet count (1). Here the interactions of PG liposomes with rat platelets in
      vitro have been examined with the aim of characterizing factors associated with
      the decline. It is shown that PG liposomes induce formation of rat (but not
      human) platelet-liposome microaggregates in vitro. The PG liposome dependent
      thrombocytopenia observed in vivo can therefore be attributed to sequestration of
      PG liposome-platelet aggregates. Further, the aggregation of platelets with PG
      liposomes, which can be monitored as a reduction in platelet count using a
      coulter counter, is shown to be mediated by a serum complement factor, likely
      C3b. This is indicated by a requirement of plasma for the in vitro reduction in
      platelet count induced by PG liposomes, and the inhibition of this effect by heat
      treatment of plasma, by incubation of plasma with purified cobra venom factor, or
      by removal of C3 from plasma.

PMID- 2274923
TI  - Decrease in platelet ascorbic acid produced by aggregation.

PMID- 2274924
TI  - Is spontaneous platelet aggregation present in whole blood in vitro?

PMID- 2274925
TI  - Glycoprotein Ib polymorphism in a patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia type I
      (case report)

PMID- 2274926
TI  - Types 1 and 2 plasminogen activator inhibitor and tumor necrosis factor alpha in
      patients with sepsis.
AB  - We have determined the plasma concentrations of types 1 and 2 of plasminogen
      activator inhibitor (PAI-1 and PAI-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and
      endotoxin in 47 patients with bacterial infection (22 patients presented with
      positive blood cultures). Results were compared with those observed in 30 healthy
      subjects. There was a significant increase in PAI-1 and TNF-alpha in patients as
      compared to controls (p less than 0.0001), whereas no differences for PAI-2 were
      observed. PAI-1 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in 18 patients with gram
      negative bacteremia as compared to all other patients (p less than 0.0001).
      However, no correlation between the analyzed parameters and either endotoxin or
      clinical outcome was observed. We conclude that there is an increase of PAI-1 and
      TNF-alpha in patients with sepsis, which is not related to the endotoxin
      concentration. Our results suggest that PAI-1, but not PAI-2, is the main
      plasminogen activator inhibitor in human sepsis.

PMID- 2274927
TI  - Unbalanced coagulation-fibrinolysis potential during L-asparaginase therapy in
      children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
AB  - Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with L-asparaginase (L-asp) may
      be associated with thrombotic complications, but the pathogenetic mechanisms of
      thrombus formation and persistence remain unclear. We studied the procoagulant
      activity (PCA) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and some components of the
      plasma fibrinolytic system in 10 children with ALL undergoing remission induction
      therapy which includes L-asp. Mononuclear cells obtained 14 days after starting L
      asp treatment generated significantly higher amounts of PCA (identified as tissue
      factor) than cells isolated before the first dose of L-asp and 7 days after the
      cessation of L-asp administration (p less than 0.01). Augmented PCA coincided
      with an increase in the plasma D-dimer. The plasma levels of type 1 plasminogen
      activator inhibitor were found significantly elevated during L-asp therapy (p
      less than 0.05), whereas plasminogen levels were markedly decreased (p less than
      0.05). These findings suggest that, during the course of L-asp treatment, the
      coagulation-fibrinolysis balance is shifted towards promotion of fibrin formation
      and deposition. Although it remains to be conclusively established whether L-asp
      per se or the concurrent administration of multiple chemotherapeutic agents is
      responsible for these changes, the latter could contribute to the thrombotic
      complications associated with remission induction therapy for ALL.

PMID- 2274928
TI  - Different effects of human neutrophil elastase on platelet glycoproteins IIb and
      IIIa of resting and stimulated platelets.
AB  - The effect of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) on the structure and receptor
      activity of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex was studied. Resting
      platelets, which bound only traces of 125I-fibrinogen in the absence of ADP, were
      found to be barely susceptible to HNE. As shown by immunoblotting experiments,
      treatment of such platelets with HNE (14 micrograms/ml) did not provoke a
      detectable cleavage of GPIIb but resulted in a partial digestion of GPIIIa and
      appearance of 110 kDa fragment. Such proteolytic modification of the GPIIb/IIIa
      complex was accompanied by a slight increase in the binding of fibrinogen to
      blood platelets in the absence of ADP. Treatment of partially activated platelets
      (spontaneous activation during washing procedure) with HNE caused a progressive
      loss of GPIIb and degradation of GPIIIa to 110 kDa and 60 kDa fragments. These
      spontaneously stimulated platelets had initially a high number of fibrinogen
      binding sites exposed, corresponding to approximately 50% of receptor capacity
      observed in platelets activated by the optimal concentration of ADP. Digestion of
      GPIIb/IIIa by HNE of such platelets markedly increased the exposure of fibrinogen
      receptors. Thus, the stimulation of platelets increases significantly the
      susceptibility of the GPIIb/IIIa complex to proteolysis by HNE. However, such
      modification of the GPIIb/IIIa does not destroy its function as a receptor for
      fibrinogen either on the resting or activated platelets.

PMID- 2274929
TI  - Recombinant human erythropoietin increases blood pressure, platelet aggregability
      and platelet free calcium mobilisation in uraemic children: a possible link?
AB  - Recombinant human erythropoietin was administered to 10 uraemic children on
      chronic haemodialysis, all of whom responded by correcting their haemoglobin. In
      addition, they showed an increase in blood pressure; platelet aggregations,
      subnormal before therapy, improved during treatment. The intracellular free
      calcium concentration in platelets after thrombin stimulation also increased
      significantly during erythropoietin administration. We hypothesize that the
      effect of erythropoietin on platelet aggregability and on blood pressure may be
      due to an increase in the intracellular free calcium mobilisation in platelets
      and possibly in smooth muscle cells respectively.

PMID- 2274930
TI  - Lack of platelet response to collagen associated with an autoantibody against
      glycoprotein Ia: a novel cause of acquired qualitative platelet dysfunction.
AB  - Platelets from a patient with an acquired hemorrhagic disorder had a severely
      impaired response to collagen, whereas platelet aggregation to other agonists and
      coagulations tests were normal. No abnormalities of the patient's platelet
      membrane glycoproteins (GP) were seen. Treatment of the patient with
      immunosuppressive agents temporarily improved both the bleeding tendency and the
      collagen responsiveness of the platelets. An IgG was found to be present in the
      plasma, directed against a protein comigrating with GPIa, and coadsorbing with
      GPIa to insoluble collagen fibers in a Mg2+(-)dependent manner. Furthermore, GPIa
      was recognized by the patient's antibody when affinity-purified GPIa-IIa was used
      as antigen. Finally, the GPIa-IIa complex was immunoprecipitated from a platelet
      lysate by patient's plasma. In addition, purified platelet specific IgG's from
      the patient inhibited aggregation of normal platelets induced by collagen or by
      wheat germ agglutinin. We conclude that the lack of response to collagen of the
      patient's platelets may well be due to the presence of an autoantibody against
      GPIa.

PMID- 2274932
TI  - Haemostasis by immunisation: wishful thinking?

PMID- 2274931
TI  - Picotamide protects mice from death in a pulmonary embolism model by a mechanism
      independent from thromboxane suppression.
AB  - We have previously characterized the new antiplatelet agent picotamide as a dual
      thromboxane synthase inhibitor/thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist in human
      platelets. We have now studied the antithrombotic activity of this drug in a
      simple animal model of lung platelet thromboembolism in the mouse. Picotamide,
      given i.p. 1 hr before the thrombotic challenge, protected mice from death caused
      by the i.v. injection of collagen plus epinephrine in a dose-dependent way; the
      dose reducing mortality by 50% was 277 mg/kg while for aspirin it was 300 mg/kg.
      Picotamide was also able to reduce the mortality provoked by the i.v. injection
      of the stable TxA2 mimetic U46619; BM 13.505, a pure TxA2-receptor blocker, was
      also effective while aspirin was totally inactive. Picotamide, finally, reduced
      the lethal consequences of the i.v. injection of a 12.5% suspension of hardened
      rat red blood cells, a model in which platelets are not involved; aspirin was
      totally ineffective in this model while nicardipine, a calcium channel blocker,
      was active. Picotamide did not inhibit the formation of TxB2 in serum at any of
      the doses tested (100 to 750 mg/kg i.p.) while it did enhance significantly PGI2
      synthesis from mice aortae and, even more, from mice lungs. The i.v.
      administration of picotamide (250 mg/kg 2 min before the thrombotic challenge)
      lead to a strong inhibition of serum TxB2 (-84.6%) and was associated with a
      higher antithrombotic effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2274934
TI  - [Sudden infant death].

PMID- 2274933
TI  - The role of platelet-activating factor in endothelial cells.
AB  - Endothelial cells activated by receptor-mediated agonists, particularly those
      involved in inflammation and thrombosis, synthesize platelet-activating factor
      and express it on their surfaces. This PAF serves as a signal for neutrophils,
      and perhaps other blood cells, to bind to the endothelium. In some cases, the PAF
      produced by endothelial cells appears to be a sufficient stimulus for this
      binding, but in other circumstances it appears to act in concert with a
      glycoprotein, GMP-140. The synthesis and expression of PAF are tightly regulated
      under normal conditions, but can be induced by bacterial toxins and oxidants,
      which in vivo might result in vascular damage and thrombosis.

PMID- 2274935
TI  - [Tumor invasion and proteases].

PMID- 2274937
TI  - [Transfusion therapy and volume treatment in elective surgery and traumas].
AB  - New light has recently been shed on transfusion therapy. Early recurrence of
      cancer, ill effects on the immune system and increased incidence of postoperative
      infections have all been suggested as possible complications of overenthusiastic
      transfusion therapy. The need for perioperative transfusions has been
      overestimated in the past, since new physiological investigations show that a
      hemoglobin level of 8 g/100 ml can be tolerated at elective surgery provided that
      the patient is normovolemic and normothermic. Neither has the danger of virus
      contamination been entirely eliminated. With this in mind, blood component
      therapy, giving erythrocytes and plasma components according to documented need,
      has been started. The article describes our institution's suggested policy for
      transfusion therapy and volume treatment in elective and trauma surgery.

PMID- 2274936
TI  - [Schizophrenic patients and the emotional climate in the family. Causes,
      consequences and treatment of intensely expressed emotions of close relatives].
AB  - In recent years it has been shown that the course of schizophrenia is influenced
      by the attitudes and behaviour of the close relatives with whom the schizophrenic
      person lives. In particular, there is greater risk of relapse if family members
      show a high degree of criticism, hostility, or emotional over-involvement in
      relation to the schizophrenic; these attitudes have been described as high
      expressed emotion (High EE) and are usually assessed by means of the Camberwell
      family interview. However, as discussed in this paper, there are still many
      unsettled questions regarding content, validity, causes, effects, and treatment
      of High EE.

PMID- 2274939
TI  - [Arterial catheters in newborn infants].
AB  - The article summarizes one year's experience of arterial lines in at third-level
      department for newborn children. We successfully placed an arterial line in 69
      out of 71 children. 13 out of 84 arterial lines were umbilical catheters, the
      others were introduced percutaneously in the radial or posterior tibial arteries.
      Both umbilical arterial and peripheral arterial lines were functioning
      satisfactorily, with very few complications, and no serious ones. An arterial
      line is a relatively simple and a safe method for good monitoring of newborn
      children in need of intensive care.

PMID- 2274938
TI  - [Primary laser trabeculoplasty in glaucoma. A resource saving treatment].
AB  - During the last ten years argon laser trabeculoplasty has been shown to be a very
      useful tool in the treatment of glaucoma when medical therapy has failed. In the
      present study laser was used as primary therapy in 27 patients with newly
      detected glaucoma. Pretreatment with topical timolol gave an immediate pressure
      drop in all eyes, and the dreaded acute pressure rise after laser treatment was
      avoided. Upon follow-up examination after two years, more than half the patients
      had an intraocular pressure below 21 mm Hg without additional therapy. Primary
      laser trabeculoplasty was found to be a safe and time-saving procedure. Expenses
      and complications associated with medical therapy are reduced. Many patients may
      avoid lifelong daily instillation of eye drops.

PMID- 2274940
TI  - [Magnetic tomography in congenital heart defects].
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MR) has been shown to be valuable in defining cardiac
      anatomy in a variety of cardiac abnormalities. The article describes the
      technique and results of MR in 32 children with congenital heart disease. MR
      clearly depicts the anatomy of the great vessels, and may be used for the
      evaluation of palliative systemic-pulmonary artery shunts. In postoperative
      controls, MR may replace or postpone angio-cardiography. MR is also a promising
      technique for the evaluation of myocardial and valvular function. Especially in
      small children, the non-invasive nature of MR is of great importance.

PMID- 2274941
TI  - [Surfactant treatment of premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome].
AB  - The present status of surfactant treatment of preterm babies suffering from
      respiratory distress syndrome is reviewed, with special emphasis on data from the
      European Collaborative Multicenter Study Group which used porcine surfactant
      (Curosurf). Treatment with this surfactant reduced neonatal mortality by 40%. In
      the treated group the percentage of survivors with no bronchopulmonary dysplasia
      was more than twice the percentage in the control group. The authors also report
      experience from the first eight patients treated with surfactant (Curosurf) in
      Norway. The Norwegian results, although collected from a small study group,
      conform well with the results reported from the Collaborative European
      Multicenter Study Group.

PMID- 2274942
TI  - [Endoscopic biopsy of the small intestine in children].
AB  - As from 1983, endoscopy with biopsy in general anesthesia was used instead of the
      capsule suction method in children with suspected coeliac disease in a county
      hospital. A study was carried out to evaluate mean endoscopy time, duration of
      general anesthesia, complications and quality of biopsies. An ordinary Olympus
      GIF-Q endoscope (diameter 11 mm) was used in 17 patients, eight boys and nine
      girls. Mean age was 5.9 years (range 11 months-14 years). Mean endoscopy time was
      5.3 min. and of duration of general anesthesia 13.6 min. No serious complications
      such as perforation or bleeding were recorded. All the biopsies that were taken
      were considered representative. In coeliac disease the method is time-sparing,
      less harmful to the children, provides representative biopsies and gives fewer
      complications.

PMID- 2274943
TI  - [Imaging of the urinary tract in adults. A guideline for general practice].
AB  - This article discusses the indications for imaging of the urinary tract from the
      general practitioners' point of view. Urography should be used in the control of
      patients with previous attacks of ureteral colic, in patients presenting
      macroscopic hematuria and as a preoperative investigation prior to extracorporal
      shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Ultrasound should be chosen in patients with
      microscopic hematuria and non-specific abdominal pain. Computed tomography should
      be used in cases with non-specific findings using urography and ultrasound. There
      are no indications for imaging in women with recurrent urinary tract infection,
      in men with benign prostatic hypertrophy and in the evaluation of hypertension.

PMID- 2274944
TI  - [Does preoperative urethral catheter increase the risk of complications in
      transurethral prostate resection?].
AB  - In a material consisting of 243 patients treated with transurethral prostate
      resection 76 had preoperatively been drained for urine by indwelling urethral
      catheter. Delayed recovery or increased risk for complications due to the
      resection could not be demonstrated in this group compared to 167 patients
      without use of preoperative catheter. Peroperative antibiotic prophylaxis is to
      recommend in patients operated upon directly after catheter drainage.

PMID- 2274945
TI  - [Contrast mammography in spontaneous bloody secretion from the nipple].
AB  - 43 women with spontaneous bloody nipple discharge were examined by galactography
      performed with water soluble contrast medium. The purpose of this study was to
      evaluate the use of galactography in these patients, to localize the cause of
      this particular type of discharge and to register the therapeutic consequences of
      the findings. Surgical resection was carried out in all cases where galactography
      showed intraductal pathology. The remaining patients (except for four who also
      underwent surgery) were observed without treatment. No sign of carcinoma was
      found in a follow-up examination of the non-operated patients after two to four
      years. The results show that galactography can be suitably used to demonstrate
      and localize intraductal pathology, and may therefore be of importance in the
      preoperative investigation of spontaneous blood-stained secretion.

PMID- 2274946
TI  - [The role of proteases in the growth, invasion and spread of cancer cells].
AB  - Cancer cells show a greater capability than normal cells do to break down
      proteins in the surrounding tissue. This tissue destruction involving proteolytic
      enzymes is probably essential for the invasion and metastatic spread of malignant
      cells. The process takes place through an interplay of proteolytic enzyme systems
      where plasmin-mediated proteolysis plays an important role. Plasminogen activator
      activity and receptors for plasminogen activators have been discovered in tumors,
      mainly in areas with invasive growth and tissue degradation. Patients with
      malignant diseases often demonstrate abnormalities in their blood coagulation,
      including hyperaggregability of platelets. Experimental research has shown that
      therapy with antiplatelet drugs, and prophylaxis with protease inhibitors, can
      limit spread of tumors.

PMID- 2274947
TI  - [An ambulatory model for treatment of panic and agoraphobia].
AB  - The article describes an 11-session outpatient treatment programme in groups for
      patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. The main components are cognitive
      behavioural therapy and use of tricyclic antidepressives. Preliminary results
      after the first year of this programme indicate that most patients were much
      improved after completing the programme, and most of them had maintained their
      gains at follow-up.

PMID- 2274948
TI  - [Medical examination of sexually abused children].

PMID- 2274949
TI  - [Iron and iron deficiency risk groups].

PMID- 2274950
TI  - [Sudden infant death--an emotional trigger mechanism].
AB  - Southall and coworkers have demonstrated in a recent study that attacks of
      lifelessness with sudden and severe hypoxemia and cyanosis are caused by a
      combination of respiratory arrest in expiration, and a right-to-left shunting of
      the blood through the lungs due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance. This
      mechanism is thought to be the cause of death. They have also defined the
      precipitating factors which are sudden, naturally occurring stimuli causing fear,
      anger or pain. They underline the importance of elements of surprise and
      unexpectedness. These observations lend strong support to the "fear paralysis"
      hypothesis proposed in 1986 by Kaada and Gabrielsen. We stressed that the process
      leading to death was triggered on by emotional factors (first and foremost fear).
      Stimuli evoking fear are any threat perceived as a danger. Actual stimuli in
      infants are restrained movement, sudden and unexpected noises, sudden exposure to
      strange environments and persons. Elements of surprise and novelty were similarly
      emphasized. The reflex is suppressed by the administration of anxiolytic drugs
      like clonidine and amitriptyline.

PMID- 2274951
TI  - [Sudden infant death and crib death in Scandinavia during the period 1970-1987].
AB  - Compared with other countries, infant mortality in the Nordic countries is low.
      However, the decrease in infant mortality since 1970 has been slower in Denmark
      and Norway than in Finland and Sweden. The post-neonatal death rate since 1970
      has increased in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, but not in Finland. During the same
      period of time there has been a large increase in cot death in all the four
      countries, but the incidence has been higher in Denmark and Norway. This may
      explain much of the difference in today's infant mortality in the different
      countries. The authors think that the Nordic countries are faced with a serious
      epidemic situation and propose to appoint a Nordic expert group to follow the
      trend and find possible pathways for further investigations.

PMID- 2274952
TI  - [Local, central and regional functions. Obsolete concepts?].
AB  - As a consequence of the regionalization of the health services in Norway
      hospitals were given either local, central or regional responsibility. This
      system was intended to improve the availability of expertise and costly
      equipment, and at the same time reduce the growth of expenditures on health care.
      In the last few years, however, many of the smaller hospitals have improved their
      technical and medical skills to such an extent that this classification system
      has become less meaningful. Aker hospital in Oslo carries out local, central and
      regional functions. In a prospective study at this hospital we found that 88% of
      980 consecutive medical admissions could be classified as local hospital
      admissions. Only 5% of the patients needed service at the central level, and 5%
      at the regional level. In our opinion it would suffice to have two types of
      hospital ("treatment levels"), standard hospitals and referral hospitals.

PMID- 2274953
TI  - [Uplifting health education].
AB  - Health education does not always lead to a change in behavior. This may be
      because traditional health education often focuses on disease instead of on
      positive values. Therefore, the new term refreshment is now being used to
      describe health-promoting activities. Creative medicine refers to all positive
      renewal which improves people's health.

PMID- 2274954
TI  - [Vaccination of premature infants].
AB  - Until now premature infants in Norway have not been vaccinated as early as full
      term infants. Recent studies prove that premature infants show adequate responses
      to vaccination. Therefore premature infants should be vaccinated at the same age
      as full term infants.

PMID- 2274955
TI  - [Use of public health statistics in the development of municipality based
      diagnosis].

PMID- 2274956
TI  - [Investigation and diagnosis of pancreatic cancer].

PMID- 2274957
TI  - [Confusing advertising?].

PMID- 2274958
TI  - [Diagnostic prick test].

PMID- 2274959
TI  - [Acetazolamide].

PMID- 2274960
TI  - [Sexually transmitted diseases and spermatocidal agents].

PMID- 2274961
TI  - Genotoxicity evaluation of lithium hypochlorite.
AB  - Lithium hypochlorite (LiOCl), the pool and spa sanitizer/algicide, was evaluated
      for genotoxicity in a battery of studies designed to evaluate potential
      mutagenicity, DNA damage and chromosome aberrations. LiOCl was not mutagenic in
      the Ames test when tested in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535,
      TA1537, TA1538 or in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT)
      mutation assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells without metabolic activation.
      LiOCl did not induce DNA damage in the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay using rat
      primary hepatocytes. Effects on metaphase chromosomes were evaluated in vitro in
      CHO cells at 12 and 18 h exposure without S9 and at 12 and 22 h following a 2 h
      exposure with S9. LiOCl induced a statistically significant increase in
      chromosome aberrations at the high dose only at both harvest times without S9 and
      at the late harvest time with S9. There were significant increases in chromosome
      aberrations at the low dose, low-mid and high doses, but not at the high mid-dose
      at the early harvest time with S9. However, LiOCl did not increase chromosome
      aberrations when tested orally in rats at maximally tolerated doses. Bone marrow
      cells, collected 6, 24 and 48 h after a single oral dose of LiOCl to rats (100,
      500, 1000 mg/kg in males; 50, 250, 500 mg/kg in females) showed no increase in
      the incidence of aberrations. In general, the weight of the evidence indicates
      that LiOCl is not genotoxic.

PMID- 2274962
TI  - Formation of hemoglobin-benzo[a]pyrene adducts in human erythrocytes incubated
      with benzo[a]pyrene and hamster embryo cells.
AB  - Evidence is accumulating that the levels of covalent carcinogen-macromolecule
      adducts, including adducts with hemoglobin, reflect biologically effective levels
      of carcinogen exposure. The purposes of the present study were (a) to establish a
      cellular system for obtaining adducts between intracellular human hemoglobin and
      metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and (b) to evaluate
      techniques for chromatographic characterization of the adducts. We showed that
      hemoglobin-benzo[a]pyrene adducts were formed when human erythrocytes were
      treated with [3H]benzo[a]pyrene (BP) in the presence of hamster embryo
      fibroblasts, which are known to be effective for BP metabolism. After lysis of
      the erythrocytes, noncovalently bound BP and its metabolites were effectively
      removed from hemoglobin under mild conditions by using hydrophobic interaction
      and size-exclusion liquid chromatography. Three to five distinct adducts were
      resolved by reversed-phase and ion-exchange liquid chromatography. As determined
      by a two-step, reversed-phase liquid chromatographic procedure, trypsin treatment
      of globin from the cellular system yielded at least three of the four 7,8,9,10
      tetrahydro-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy BP tetrols known to arise from mammalian
      metabolism of BP. This observation is consistent with both (a) the recently
      described formation of labile carboxyl esters via reaction of BP-7,8-dihydrodiol
      9,10-epoxide (BPDE) with hemoglobin and (b) the known formation of both anti- and
      syn-BPDE in hamster embryo fibroblasts. In addition, high-performance liquid
      chromatographic analysis demonstrated the presence of other products presumed to
      be BP-peptide adducts because of their susceptibility to thermolysin treatment.

PMID- 2274963
TI  - Induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and inhibition of glucocorticoid
      receptor binding in skin and liver of haired and hairless HRS/J mice by topically
      applied 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
AB  - The biochemical changes associated with the toxicity of 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have been reported to include alterations in
      glucocorticoid and epidermal growth factor receptors and mixed function oxidase
      (MFO) induction. TCDD induces MFO activity in skin of both haired and hairless
      HRS/J mice. However, epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis are produced only
      in the skin of hairless mice. Therefore, since steroid and growth factor
      responses are implicated in cell proliferation and differentiation, these mice
      constitute a model system for assessing the possible roles of glucocorticoid and
      epidermal growth factor receptors in the toxicity of TCDD. The effect of dermal
      TCDD application (12 micrograms/kg in 100 microliters acetone) on ethoxyresorufin
      O-deethylase (EROD) activity, glucocorticoid receptor binding and epidermal
      growth factor receptors in liver and skin of hairless and haired mice was
      determined. No differences existed in the basal number of cytosolic
      glucocorticoid receptors (Bmax) or the apparent equilibrium binding constants
      (Kd) in control liver, dorsal skin and abdominal skin of male and female hairless
      mice and haired male mice. Seven days after topical application of TCDD,
      decreases of approximately 38% were observed in the hepatic Bmax of the
      glucocorticoid receptors in both haired and hairless mice. However, in dorsal
      skin, TCDD decreased Bmax by approximately 40% in hairless mice but only 18% in
      haired mice. The dexamethasone-glucocorticoid receptor complex from both liver
      and skin of control and TCDD treated mice had similar sedimentation co-efficients
      in sucrose density gradients. TCDD had no effect on the Kd of glucocorticoid
      receptors of skin or liver in haired and hairless mice. No difference was
      observed in the time-dependent increases in hepatic EROD activity between haired
      and hairless mice after dermal application of TCDD. However, the maximum
      induction of EROD activity in microsomes from the skin of haired mice was only
      60% of the activity observed in hairless animals. The induction of EROD by TCDD
      did not correlate temporally with the decrease in glucocorticoid receptor
      binding. The application of TCDD to the skin of hairless mice resulted in
      epidermal hyperplasia and dermal keratinization, while little change was observed
      in the general morphology of the skin of haired mice following dermal
      application. The application of TCDD had no effect on the incidence and
      distribution of epidermal growth factor receptors in skin of haired and hairless
      mice as determined immunohistochemically. Thus, the biochemical effects of TCDD
      are not only strain dependent, but tissue specific. Furthermore, decreases in
      glucocorticoid and epidermal growth factor receptors do not appear to be general
      markers of TCDD toxicity.

PMID- 2274964
TI  - Acute effects of cadmium and selenium on glucose output from rat liver
      hepatocytes using various gluconeogenic precursors.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-310 g) fasted for 24 h were injected i.p. with
      either sodium acetate (C2H3NaO2; 1.23 mg/kg, 15 mumol/kg), cadmium acetate
      (C4H6CdO4; 0.84 mg/kg, 3.6 mumol/kg), sodium selenite (Na2SeO3; 1.6 mg/kg, 9.2
      mumol/kg) or cadmium acetate (0.84 mg/kg, 3.6 mumol/kg) and sodium selenite (1.6
      mg/kg, 9.2 mumol/kg) simultaneously. Rats were sacrificed 180 min post-treatment
      and hepatocytes were isolated. An average of 85% cell viability was achieved.
      Hepatocyte suspension (50 mg cell wt/ml, 1 ml/tube) was incubated for 180 min at
      37 degrees/C with 10 mM of one of the following substrates: beta-D(-)fructose,
      glycerol, DL-alanine, L(+)lactic acid or pyruvic acid. Glucose concentration of
      the supernatant was measured by a colorimetric method. Cadmium decreased glucose
      output significantly (P less than 0.05), when lactic acid or alanine was used as
      substrate, but did significantly (P less than 0.05) increase the output when
      pyruvic acid, glycerol or fructose was used. Selenium alone significantly
      increased (P less than 0.05) hepatic glucose output only when fructose was used
      as substrate. Selenium and cadmium concurrently administered significantly
      increased (P less than 0.05) hepatic glucose output when pyruvic acid, glycerol
      or fructose was used as substrate as compared to sodium acetate (control),
      cadmium or selenium alone. These findings suggest that cadmium and selenium
      affect the hepatic gluconeogenic pathway and that their effects depend on the
      gluconeogenic precursor used.

PMID- 2274965
TI  - Effect of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on enzyme activity levels in liver and serum
      of rats.
AB  - In order to identify non-invasive, biochemical indicators of di(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) exposure, we have compared the effects in blood serum
      with biochemical effects in liver in rats fed a diet containing 0, 0.25, 0.75 and
      2% DEHP for 2 weeks. After 3 days of treatment serum arylesterase activity levels
      and serum triglycerides were decreased to 60% and 20% of control values,
      respectively. After a 2-week treatment with DEHP the effects were generally
      stronger. Compared to a control group, serum arylesterase activity levels, serum
      triglycerides and serum cholesterol were decreased to 40%, 20% and 50%,
      respectively. Serum cholinesterase activity levels and serum albumin
      concentrations were increased by the DEHP treatment to 290% and 135% of control
      values, respectively. In the livers a hepatomegaly, an induction of cytochrome P
      450 IVA1 and induction of the activity of palmitoyl-CoA oxidase and carnitine
      acetyl-CoA transferase was found to be 180%, 1080%, 1300% and 1700% of control
      values, respectively. The liver is a more sensitive target for DEHP exposure
      compared to the biochemical effects in serum, but determination of the serum
      parameters can be used to determine early biological effects of exposure to DEHP.

PMID- 2274966
TI  - Effects of inhaled acrylic acid derivatives in rats.
AB  - Chemical reactivity with glutathione, urinary thioether excretion, total (T-SH)
      and non-protein-SH (NP-SH) groups in tissues and blood glucose were studied in
      male Wistar rats exposed to acrylic acid derivatives. The 6-h inhalation of
      acrylonitrile (AN), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), n-butyl acrylate
      (BA) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA) in several concentrations increased the
      urinary thioether excretion; the portion metabolized to thioethers was 35-18% of
      the acrylonitrile dose, but only 1.5-8% for the acrylates. Total-SH levels in the
      liver significantly decreased after the inhalation of AN, EA, BA and 2-EHA. In
      blood there was a decrease only after EA. Most pronounced NP-SH depletion was in
      the liver, less in blood and moderate in brain and lungs. There was an
      exponential relationship between the tissue NP-SH and the inhaled concentrations.
      Calculated concentrations inducing 50% NP-SH depletion indicated that reaction of
      acrylic acid derivatives with SH groups was decreasing in the order AN much
      greater than 2-EHA greater than EA = BA for the chemicals and liver greater than
      blood greater than lungs greater than brain for the tissues. All inhaled
      acrylates induced hyperglycemia, but acrylic acid was without effect. The
      chemical reactivity of acrylates with glutathione (GSH) decreased in the order EA
      greater than BA greater than MA greater than AN greater than 2-EHA. The results
      suggest that GSH depletion may participate in acute lethal and biochemical toxic
      effects of acrylic acid esters.

PMID- 2274967
TI  - Pregnancy-associated changes in renal toxicity of cadmium-metallothionein:
      possible role of intracellular metallothionein.
AB  - Nulliparous female, 10-day and 20-day pregnant rats were injected
      intraperitoneally with saline or labelled cadmium-metallothionein (109Cd-MTh) at
      a single dose of 25 or 250 micrograms Cd as cadmium-metallothionein (Cd-MTh)/kg
      and sacrificed at 24 h. The renal toxicity was manifested by increased 24-h
      urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) and the increased number of
      damaged convoluted proximal tubules at 24 h. The renal excretion of 109Cd and
      109Cd content in the maternal liver and kidney and in the foeto-placental unit
      were determined. The binding of 109Cd to kidney proteins and the level of
      intracellular metallothionein (MTh) in livers and kidneys were also determined.
      It was found that the nephrotoxicity of injected Cd-MTh did not differ in
      nulliparous and 10-day pregnant rats. This result was consistent with the absence
      of difference in the renal uptake of 109Cd, its binding to kidney proteins and in
      the content of endogenous MTh in the kidneys between nulliparous and 10-day
      pregnant rats. In contrast, 20-day pregnant rats exhibited much more
      nephrotoxicity than nulliparous rats. The most prominent finding in relation to
      the extreme sensitivity of 20-day pregnant rats was a lower basal level of
      intracellular MTh in the kidneys and the accumulation of 109Cd in the high
      molecular weight proteins in the soluble fraction. It is suggested that the
      decrease of intracellular MTh in the kidneys of 20-day pregnant rats is the
      reason for the low protection against the renal toxicity of injected Cd-MTh.

PMID- 2274968
TI  - A retrospective study of the molecular toxicology of benoxaprofen.
AB  - The molecular and electronic structural characteristics of the hepatotoxic and
      phototoxic anti-rheumatic drug, benoxaprofen, indicate that it falls in the
      interface between the area of parametric space associated with substrates of
      cytochrome P450I and that associated with substrates of other cytochromes P450,
      combining fairly planar molecular geometry (area/depth2 = 2.5) with relatively
      low activation energy (delta E = E(LEMO) - E(HOMO) = 12.0). Benoxaprofen may
      therefore be a substrate for cytochrome P450I so that, like many other P450I
      substrates, it may be oxygenated to a reactive intermediate, thereby causing
      hepatotoxicity. Benoxaprofen also has a molecular structure closely similar to
      that of clofibrate and may thus be a possible substrate for cytochrome P450IV and
      result in hepatic peroxisomal proliferation. The structural similarity of
      benoxaprofen with the furocoumarin, psoralen, is associated with its known
      phototoxicity. QSAR analysis of the acute toxicities and anti-inflammatory
      activities of 16 analogues of benoxaprofen has been undertaken to identify a drug
      candidate likely to have similar anti-inflammatory activity to benoxaprofen but
      with lower toxicity.

PMID- 2274969
TI  - Induction of peroxisomal acyl CoA oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation in
      primary rat hepatocyte cultures.
AB  - Peroxisome proliferators have been suggested to induce liver carcinogenesis as a
      result of increased peroxisomal hydrogen peroxide production and cellular
      oxidative stress. Primary monolayer cultures of hepatocytes isolated from male
      F344 rats were incubated in medium containing one of three different peroxisome
      proliferators and examined for the induction of peroxisomal CoA oxidase activity
      and lipid peroxidation. The latter parameter was determined by measuring levels
      of conjugated dienes in lipid fractions extracted from harvested cells. The
      peroxisome proliferators used in these studies were nafenopin and clofibric acid
      (two hypolipidemic drugs) and mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), the primary
      metabolite of the industrial plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The
      relative specific activity of peroxisomal acyl CoA oxidase was increased by about
      300% after incubation for 44 h with 200 microM nafenopin; lower levels of
      induction were observed with clofibric acid or MEHP. Relative to controls, the
      level of conjugated dienes was increased approximately 2-fold after incubation
      with 200 microM nafenopin; there was no apparent increase in conjugated dienes
      after incubation with up to 200 microM MEHP or 400 microM clofibric acid. The
      increase in conjugated dienes with 200 microM nafenopin was inhibited by co
      incubation with the antioxidant, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine. Thus,
      peroxisomal enzyme induction by nafenopin can result in membrane lipid
      peroxidation and monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes may provide a useful model
      system for studying relationships between peroxisome proliferation, enhanced
      hydrogen peroxide production and cellular changes due to hepatic oxidative
      stress.

PMID- 2274970
TI  - Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of a single oral dose of
      [14C]tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) in the male rat.
AB  - A single oral dose of 50 mg/kg of [14C]TOCP was administered in corn oil to male
      rats. Three animals were sacrificed at each of 2, 6 and 12 h and 1, 2 and 5 days
      following dosing, and tissues and excreta were analyzed for 14C. Within 5 days,
      63 and 36% of the dose were recovered in the urine and feces, respectively.
      Initially, the highest concentrations of radioactivity were observed in the
      gastrointestinal tract, its contents, the urinary bladder, liver and kidneys.
      Appreciable concentrations of 14C were detected in plasma, red blood cells, lungs
      and adipose tissues, while neural tissues, muscle, spleen and testes contained
      lower concentrations of radioactivity. Among neural tissues, the sciatic nerve
      contained the highest concentrations of 14C at all time points studied. The
      concentration of TOCP in plasma was at maximum by 6 h then declined
      biexponentially with terminal half-life of 46 h. The predominant metabolites in
      plasma were o-cresyl dihydrogen phosphate, di-o-cresyl hydrogen phosphate and o
      hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid). Small concentrations of the neurotoxic
      metabolite of saligenin cyclic-o-tolyl phosphate, were detected in plasma at all
      but the last time point analyzed. Most of the radioactivity extracted from the
      livers of rats sacrificed at 2 and 4 h were metabolites. No TOCP was detected in
      the urine or feces collected within 3 days after dosing. The major metabolite in
      the urine and feces was o-cresyl dihydrogen phosphate followed by di-o-cresyl
      hydrogen phosphate, salicylic acid, o-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and o-cresol. This
      study supports the hypothesis that the insensitivity of the rat to TOCP-induced
      delayed neurotoxicity may be attributed, in part, to the disposition and
      metabolism of this chemical.

PMID- 2274971
TI  - Reproducibility of carcinogenic potencies estimated in different rodent species.
      Methylene chloride: a useful example.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the reproducibility of carcinogenic
      potencies estimated by multistage model (and its linearized form) fitting to dose
      response relationships referring to different rodent species and strains,
      different sexes, target organs and severity of prognosis. Methylene chloride
      represented a useful example since there were 11 single dose-response
      relationships available for the same administration route (inhalation) and for
      the above-mentioned variables. The multistage mathematical model and the
      'linearized multistage' model (EPA's conservative procedure), which are the
      mainly adopted models for regulatory purposes, were used for the dose-response
      fitting of single trends and other different cumulative trends. The
      reproducibility of response frequencies at equal exposure doses was also
      analyzed. The mathematical function best describing each trend showed the
      constant presence of a linear component (for low doses) and, in the majority of
      cases, a quadratic second order component. Carcinogenic potencies were fairly
      consistent for the various parameters. A good interspecies reproducibility of
      carcinogenic potencies was observed. A high intraspecies reproducibility was also
      observed, even though obtained from different sexes, as well as varying degrees
      of severity of prognosis and, in the case of rats, different strains. The
      fluctuation of the estimated carcinogenic potencies was lower in mice than in
      rats.

PMID- 2274972
TI  - Correlation between acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
      and total body fat content in mammals.
AB  - Single oral 30-day LD50s of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were
      correlated with total body fat (TBF) content in various species and strains of
      laboratory mammals. LD50 values and TBF contents were either obtained from the
      literature or determined by experiments. A log (LD50) vs. log (TBF) plot yielded
      a highly significant linear regression equation (r2 = 0.834, P less than 0.001, n
      = 20). It is suggested that this correlation exists for at least two reasons: (1)
      increasing TBF content in organisms represents an enhanced capacity to remove
      TCDD from the systemic circulation and (2) different TBF content reflects a
      differential role and regulation of fat metabolism for various organisms.
      Extrapolation of this correlation to man suggests that adult humans are among the
      less sensitive species to the acute toxicity of TCDD.

PMID- 2274973
TI  - Air toxics in the U.S.: magnitude of the problem and strategy for control.
AB  - Over the past several years, substantial concern has been expressed by some in
      Congress, environmental groups, and members of the public concerning the lack of
      progress in regulating toxic air pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency (EPA). As a result, a number of amendments to the Federal Clean Air Act
      have been introduced to require EPA to regulate in a relatively rapid timeframe,
      a large number of potentially toxic pollutants that are released to the ambient
      air. This paper discusses EPA's current understanding of the magnitude and nature
      of the air toxics problem in the U.S., and the pollutants and source categories
      that pose the most significant risk to the public. The focus of the discussion is
      on routine releases, as opposed to catastrophic, accidental releases such as the
      one in Bhopal, India. The paper then discusses the strategy that EPA has put in
      place to deal with the problem and presents the status of a number of regulatory
      and non-regulatory activities under way to better understand the problem and to
      mitigate it. The strategy involves important roles for: (1) EPA to regulate
      national problems using a variety of Federal authorities in addition to the Clean
      Air Act, and (2) States to develop their own air toxic control programs to deal
      with unique local problems involving high risk point sources and multipollutant,
      multisource problems in large urban or industrialized areas.

PMID- 2274975
TI  - Assessing future trends in indoor air quality.
AB  - Several national and international health organizations have derived
      concentration levels below which adverse effects on men are not expected or
      levels below which the excess risk for individuals is less than a specified
      value. For every priority pollutant indoor concentrations below this limit are
      considered "healthy." The percentage of Dutch homes exceeding such a limit is
      taken as a measure of indoor air quality for that component. The present and
      future indoor air quality of the Dutch housing stock is described for fourteen
      air pollutants. The highest percentages are scored by radon, environmental
      tobacco smoke, nitrogen dioxide from unvented combustion, and the potential
      presence of housedust mite and mould allergen in damp houses. Although the trend
      for all priority pollutants is downward the most serious ones remain high in the
      coming decades if no additional measures will be instituted.

PMID- 2274976
TI  - Problems, related to the occurrence of organic pollutants in the indoor
      environment.
AB  - Evaluation of the occurrence of organic compounds in the indoor environment is
      needed on at least two levels: 1. Evaluation of the overall prevalence of organic
      compounds in the indoor air. 2. Evaluation of abnormal concentrations in the
      indoor air as a result of more or less special circumstances. On both levels this
      evaluation can be problematic as a result of missing information on exposure to,
      and health risks of the measured compounds. As a result of this, only general
      remarks can be made about the relevance of the presence of organic compounds in
      the indoor air. The choice of the right policy is therefore often difficult.
      When, as a result of special circumstances the indoor air concentrations of
      organic compounds are elevated as in the case of houses built on polluted soil,
      or houses treated with a hydrofobing agent it is as a consequence, often
      difficult to take effectively the proper decisions. To solve these problems, a
      great deal of research appears to be necessary. By using all available
      information produced by the analysis and new techniques like pattern and source
      recognition it may be possible to do this research in a more direct way.

PMID- 2274977
TI  - Industry's voluntary program: Community Awareness and Emergency Response Program
      and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.
AB  - This paper describes the chemical industry's Community Awareness and Emergency
      Response (CAER) Program, and voluntary and mandatory actions by the chemical
      industry to comply with the major environmental legislation. The chemical
      industry started the voluntary CAER Program soon after the Bhopal Disaster in
      1984; it is coordinated through the Chemical Manufacturer's Association. This
      program, which began in March 1985, is a long-term industry commitment to develop
      a community outreach program and to improve local emergency response planning.
      The Congress of the United States began, in 1985, to consider proposals for
      mandatory programs. This led to enactment of the Superfund Amendments and
      Reauthorization Act of 1986, known as SARA. A portion of this Act, entitled Title
      III is also known as the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.
      Although this legislation has many mandatory requirements, it should be
      emphasized that a significant degree of voluntary industrial participation is
      needed if the purposes of the statute are to be achieved. Title III has created
      an intricate and still evolving system that ties together the EPA, industrial
      plant managers, state emergency response commissions, local emergency planning
      committees and fire departments with jurisdiction over the facility. Each of
      these groups has a different role and responsibilities but must work
      cooperatively with other participants. Because of the intricate network of
      participants, the magnitude of the information flow, and the continuing evolution
      of the system, unique public relations problems exist in order to comply with
      Title III.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2274978
TI  - Presence of viable mould propagules in the indoor air of houses.
AB  - The aim of the first part of this study was to select the optimal technique for
      the enumeration and identification of viable mould propagules in the indoor air
      of houses. A comparison was made between the results obtained with six
      commercially available air sampling devices in combination with four culture
      media. The optimal technique was defined as the technique with the best precision
      and the highest yield. The coefficients of variation were high (generally greater
      than 20%) for all combinations. Statistical analysis showed that the Slit sampler
      and the N6-Andersen sampler in combination with DG18 and MEA gave the best
      precision and the highest yield in terms of CFU/m3 and number of species
      isolated. In the second part of this study the presence of viable mould
      propagules in the indoor air of 46 houses in relation to the dampness of these
      houses was investigated, using the N6-Andersen sampler in combination with DG18.
      To assess the variability in time, the measurements were repeated after five
      weeks. Overall, between the two periods no difference was found between the
      average number of CFU/m3 in the investigated homes. However, the variation
      between homes was much smaller than the variation within homes. The mean number
      of CFU/m3 was somewhat higher in "damp" houses than in "dry" houses. However,
      this difference was not significant. Furthermore, there were no demonstrable
      differences in the presence of specific mould species in "damp" and "dry" houses.

PMID- 2274979
TI  - Errors in exposure measures.
AB  - Errors in exposure measures reduce the power in statistical tests in health
      effect studies, and also bias the estimate of the magnitude of the effect of
      exposure on health. Several types of error in commonly used exposure measures are
      described. To study how these errors in exposure measures may obscure exposure
      response relationships, an imaginary data set was generated, with (indoor)
      exposure to nitrogen dioxide and fine particles in relation to pulmonary function
      as an example. With this data set, the effect of different types of errors in the
      exposure measures were simulated. The simulation indicated that a serious under-
      or overestimation of the magnitude of the health effect can occur due to errors
      in the exposure measures. The bias was more pronounced for errors in strong than
      in weak determinants of the health effects.

PMID- 2274981
TI  - A respiratory tract dosimetry model for air toxics.
AB  - The development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the whole
      body in which inhalation, exhalation, and metabolism in respiratory tract tissues
      are taken into account is described. As an example of the model's use, the
      results of several experiments in which rats and humans were exposed to styrene
      were simulated; these results are discussed. The predicted results agree with the
      empirical data and with the modeling results of others.

PMID- 2274982
TI  - Cadmium contamination of the countryside, a case study on health effects.
AB  - The border region between Belgium and The Netherlands, the Kempen, was found to
      be polluted with cadmium. The main route of pollution had been by air but some
      cadmium came by way of surface-water and solid waste. This resulted in an
      increase in the cadmium content of locally grown vegetables. The consequential
      exposure to cadmium of humans living in the area has been estimated using various
      methods and is approximately the FAO/WHO maximum allowable daily intake, smoking
      disregarded. Several studies of possible effects on public health were conducted.
      Among these studies were two geographic studies, one on hospital admissions for
      various non-malignant diseases and one on cancer-incidence. Two cohort studies on
      possible teratogenic effects in a non-occupationally exposed, non-smoking
      vegetarian population with a high fertility and good registration were also
      conducted. A survey on cadmium content of the urine and kidney damage in a
      longtime but non-occupationally exposed rural population and a reference
      population formed the main study. Also, a survey on cadmium content of the kidney
      samples of autopsied patients in a population based study and a reference
      population was conducted. Together these studies showed that the extra exposure
      had lead to an additional body-burden of cadmium resulting in various signs of
      malfunction. In consequence of the findings the Netherlands Ministry for Housing,
      Physical Planning and Environment appropriated money to cleanup contaminated
      gardens.

PMID- 2274983
TI  - Effects of air pollution episodes on pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms.
AB  - In January 1985, a decline of primary school children's pulmonary function was
      observed during an air pollution episode. Ambient 24 hour average levels of SO2,
      TSP and RSP were in the range of 200-250 micrograms/m3. The response persisted
      for at least two weeks. In January 1987, again a decline of school children's
      pulmonary function was observed associated with an air pollution episode. Levels
      of TSP were about as elevated as in the 1985 episode. Two weeks after the
      episode, lung function levels were even lower than during the episode. In June
      1987 a long term study was started to investigate potential effects of winter and
      summer air pollution episodes on pulmonary function and occurrence of acute
      respiratory symptoms of primary school children. An important issue for this
      study is the characterization of short term variation of lung function in absence
      of air pollution. Exposure is characterized by ambient levels of several gases
      (SO2, NO2, O3, HNO3), PM10, TSP and components of particulate matter (SO4(2-),
      NO3-, H-, NH4+). Sampling is being conducted on a daily basis to obtain a
      continuous exposure estimate. In the winter of 1987/1988, no air pollution
      episodes were observed. The study will continue through the winters of 1988/1989,
      and 1989/1990.

PMID- 2274984
TI  - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment guidelines.
AB  - This paper has been reviewed by the Office of Health and Environmental
      Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
      Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
      policies of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
      constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. In 1983, the U.S. National
      Academy of Sciences (U.S. NAS) proposed a framework for the processes of risk
      assessment and risk management in government agencies (U.S. NAS, 1983). Using the
      U.S. NAS scheme as an organizing principle, the U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency (U.S. EPA) published guidelines pertaining to risk assessment in five
      areas: estimating exposures, chemical mixtures, mutagenicity, suspect
      developmental toxicity and carcinogenicity. These guidelines were developed to
      promote high technical quality and consistent practice of risk assessment
      Agencywide. This paper will discuss the historical development of the guidelines
      and their role in the work performed by the Agency. Each of the five (5)
      guidelines is outlined and anticipated revisions discussed. Related assessment
      activities and new subject areas are also presented.

PMID- 2274985
TI  - Research on risk assessment and risk management: future directions.
AB  - This paper has been reviewed by the Office of Health and Environmental
      Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
      Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
      policies of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
      constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The U.S. EPA has increasingly
      relied upon quantitative health risk assessments as the basis for management
      decisions about public health protection. Full utilization of risk assessment in
      management applications, however, is limited by uncertainties in the resultant
      accuracy of the risk estimates. This paper will discuss a research strategy to
      address the uncertainties in the risk assessment process and describe parallel
      issues to address in the risk management area. An attendant need for effective
      communication of complex scientific concepts is also identified.

PMID- 2274989
TI  - EPA's control technology approach to assisting states and regions with air toxics
      problems: five case studies.
AB  - The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced in June 1985 a new strategy
      to reduce public exposure to toxic air pollutants in the ambient air. Over the
      next 5-8 years, the strategy called for State and Local authorities to take on
      more of the lead regulatory role, with the Agency providing technical and
      financial assistance to their efforts. The shift in emphasis and responsibility
      from the Federal level to State and Local air toxics programs and the need to
      transfer expertise from the Federal level to the appropriate State or Local level
      prompted EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) and EPA's Office of Air
      Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) to develop and implement an innovative
      technical assistance program. This program is called the Control Technology
      Center (CTC). It has since been expanded to include technical assistance in the
      area of control of air toxics, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds
      (VOCs); emission measurements; and other areas where expertise is available to
      ORD and OAQPS. During the CTC's first year of operation, operating guidelines
      were developed and three categories of technical assistance were established.
      These categories are telephone HOTLINE calls, direct engineering assistance, and
      technical guidance projects. The CTC HOTLINE is a special telephone number which
      State and Local Agencies can call for easy access to EPA personnel who can
      provide prompt assistance in a variety of ways including discussions, references
      to pertinent literature, and referrals to other EPA personnel. In some cases, a
      HOTLINE call will require more in-depth engineering analysis indicating a need
      for direct engineering assistance. These projects tend to be short-term (2 to 3
      months) and specific in nature. In some cases, several agencies may indicate a
      need for information on the same source, or a group of Agencies may make a joint
      request. In these cases, the CTC Steering Committee, a group who advises the CTC
      managers, may decide that a technical guidance project is indicated. Technical
      guidance projects are longer-term and are intended to be of broad interest,
      useful to many agencies. This paper discusses the development of the CTC,
      experience to date with its operation, and future plans. In addition, five CTC
      projects are discussed to illustrate the assistance provided.

PMID- 2274992
TI  - Airborne Toxic Elements and Organic Substances (ATEOS) project: overview.
AB  - The approach and conclusions of the ATEOS project will be examined with an
      emphasis on future design considerations and strategies to address and reduce
      exposures. The ATEOS was a five year project that conducted field sampling in the
      summer and winter for the years 1981 through 1983. Eighty-five outdoor air
      pollutants were measured including the composition of inhalable particulate mass,
      and volatile organic compounds. The particulate mass components measured were the
      non-polar through polar organic fractions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, SO4(
      2), trace elements and alkylating agents. From the numerous volatile organic
      compounds present in the atmosphere measurements were made of 10 chlorinated
      compounds, the automobile by products, e.g., benzene, o and p xylene, and 13
      solvents. Other measurements included local meteorology. Besides the wealth of
      variables an important component of the study was the selection of the outdoor
      sites. The approach was to choose specific types of population--industrial
      commercial locales with increasing (or decreasing) complexity. The sites were
      located in the New Jersey urban centers of Newark, Elizabeth and Camden, and a
      rural setting in Ringwood, N.J. The Newark site was the most complex industrial
      commercial-residential interface followed in decreasing order by Elizabeth,
      Camden and Ringwood. The manuscript will emphasize the characteristics of the
      measured variables in relation to the differences in the neighborhoods
      surrounding each site. Summary information on source-receptor modeling, pollution
      accumulation processes, episode analyses, and exposure assessment studies will be
      presented. These will be all evaluated with respect to future study design
      questions, including monitoring frequency, epidemiological exposure assessments
      and indoor air pollution.

PMID- 2274993
TI  - Methods for source characterization of organic air pollutants.
AB  - Organic compounds are becoming increasingly more of interest as air pollutants,
      indoor as well as outdoor. Sources emitting such compounds are numerous and of
      various origin. For toxicological and epidemiological examination and for
      deciding on remedial actions information is required on the occurrences of
      compounds as well as on the emitting sources. For this purpose a number of
      investigations have been carried out with only limited success. To increase the
      quality of the description of air pollution related to complaints of dwellers and
      to exposure evaluation analytical and mathematical methods have tested in our
      laboratory. Analytical methods for the determination of different groups of
      organic compounds and mathematical methods for defining minimum sampling
      strategies and for the characterization of sources are discussed and illustrated
      with applications dealt with in the passed years. It is concluded that the
      application of a combination of these methods offers a manner to better describe
      and understand air pollution with organic compounds.

PMID- 2274994
TI  - Sources of mutagenic activity in urban fine particles.
AB  - Samples were collected during the winter of 1984-1985 in the cities of
      Albuquerque, NM and Raleigh NC as part of a US Environmental Protection Agency
      study to evaluate methods to determine the emission sources contributing to the
      mutagenic properties of extractable organic matter (EOM) present in fine
      particles. Data derived from the analysis of the composition of these fine
      particles served as input to a multi-linear regression (MLR) model used to
      calculate the relative contribution of wood burning and motor vehicle sources to
      mutagenic activity observed in the extractable organic matter. At both sites the
      mutagenic potency of EOM was found to be greater (3-5 times) for mobile sources
      when compared to wood smoke extractable organics. Carbon-14 measurements which
      give a direct determination of the amount of EOM that originated from wood
      burning were in close agreement with the source apportionment results derived
      from the MLR model.

PMID- 2274995
TI  - Effects of burnrate, wood species, altitude, and stove type on woodstove
      emissions.
AB  - During the winter of 1986-87, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
      conducted an emission measurement program in Boise, ID, as part of the Integrated
      Air Cancer Project (IACP). This program was designed to identify the potential
      mutagenic impact of residential wood burning on ambient and indoor air. One facet
      of this field sampling effort involved obtaining emission samples from chimneys
      serving wood burning appliances in Boise. As a companion to the field source
      sampling, a parallel project was undertaken in an instrumented woodstove test
      laboratory to quantify woodstove emissions during operations typical of Boise
      usage. Two woodstoves were operated in a test laboratory over a range of
      burnrates, burning either eastern oak or white pine from the Boise, ID, area. A
      conventional stove, manufactured in the Boise area, was tested at altitudes of 90
      and 825 m. A catalytic stove was tested only at the high altitude facility. All
      emission tests were started with kindling a fire in a cold stove using black and
      white newsprint. Emissions were collected using the wood stove dilution sampling
      system (WSDSS) for a continuous period of about 8 hours, encompassing start-up
      and several wood additions. The results showed wide variability probably due
      primarily to the difficulty in duplicating conditions during start-up. Total
      WSDSS emissions showed the expected inverse correlations with burnrate for the
      conventional stove and nearly flat for the catalytic stove. While there appeared
      to be little or no correlation of total WSDSS emissions with altitude, the sum of
      the 16 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) quantified showed an inverse
      correlation with altitude: higher PAH emissions at the lower altitude.

PMID- 2274996
TI  - A report of trazodone-associated laboratory abnormalities.
AB  - A 6-week multicenter, double-blind, controlled study comparing the therapeutic
      efficacy of two antidepressant drugs, trazodone and fluoxetine, was conducted.
      The hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, serum cholesterol, serum
      calcium, and serum albumin levels were all significantly decreased after six
      weeks of trazodone treatment. Similar findings were not obvious for the
      fluoxetine treatment group. Trazodone caused the development of a pseudoanemia in
      36% of the trazodone treatment patients compared with 20% of the fluoxetine
      treatment patients. The anemia was not regarded as clinically significant. Of the
      decreases in the patients' chemistries, only the decrease in cholesterol could
      not be reconciled.

PMID- 2274997
TI  - Altered pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin in heart-lung transplant recipients with
      cystic fibrosis.
AB  - The cyclosporin dose versus blood concentration relationship for 11 heart-lung
      transplant recipients with cystic fibrosis was studied retrospectively. Eleven
      patients, closely matched for age and gender, who received heart-lung
      transplantation for other diseases were selected as controls. Cystic fibrosis
      patients received 16.7 (SD 7.2) mg/kg/day of oral cyclosporin compared with 8.2
      (SD 1.9) mg/kg/day given to the control patients (p less than 0.01). Nine of the
      cystic fibrosis patients received higher mean daily doses of cyclosporin. Mean
      blood cyclosporin concentrations were, however, not significantly different (p =
      0.58), and there were no apparent differences in clinical outcome in terms of
      rejection, infection, and nephrotoxicity in the two groups. The apparent oral
      clearance of cyclosporin was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in cystic
      fibrosis patients. Cyclosporin dosage individualization with the aid of
      cyclosporin blood concentration measurements is critically important in this
      subpopulation of heart-lung transplant recipients.

PMID- 2274998
TI  - Toxicity of cyclosporine metabolites.
AB  - Eight cyclosporine (CsA) metabolites were isolated from the urine of renal
      transplant recipients. The structure and purity of the metabolites were
      characterized by fast atom bombardment/mass spectroscopy as well as by proton and
      13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The in vitro toxicity of the metabolites were
      tested using a porcine renal epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1). None of the
      metabolites was as effective as CsA in inhibiting cell growth and DNA, RNA, or
      protein synthesis, with the majority of them exhibiting activity less than 10% of
      that of CsA when the IC50 (the concentration required for 50% inhibition of that
      particular metabolic function) values were compared. The exception to this was
      the demethylated metabolite M-21, which exhibited a potency of 17-50% of CsA for
      the various metabolic parameters examined. The results suggest that the
      immunosuppressive activity of metabolites may be dissociated from their toxicity.
      Morphologically, CsA and the metabolite M-21 resulted in changes consistent with
      the vacuolization seen in tubular cells exposed to CsA in vivo. In contrast, M-17
      up to the maximum concentration tested (25,000 micrograms/L) was found not to
      cause such changes.

PMID- 2274999
TI  - Postmortem serum protein binding and brain concentrations of antiepileptic drugs
      in autoptic specimens from 45 epileptic patients.
AB  - The free fraction of antiepileptic drugs can, in certain diseases, be greatly
      increased in the serum. In order to study the significance of this increase for
      the concentration in the brain, the postmortem concentrations of phenytoin (PT),
      phenobarbital (PB), carbamazepine (CBZ), and its metabolite carbamazepine-10,11
      epoxide (CE) in the serum (total and free), as well as in specimens of the
      frontal cortex of 45 epileptic patients who died from various causes, were
      determined. The postmortem free fractions were higher than reported in the
      literature and varied considerably from subject to subject. For PT the free
      fraction was 21.7% (median), for PB 68.0%, for CBZ 33.4%, and for its metabolite
      CE 53.6%. The values for a control group of 236 otherwise healthy epileptic
      patients were in agreement with those given in the literature, namely 10.4% for
      PT, 55.6% for PB, 20.9% for CBZ, and 42.5% for CE. Using a nonparametric
      correlation coefficient (Kendall T), the concentrations in the frontal cortex of
      the autopsied patients correlated with the postmortem free serum concentrations,
      especially for the substances with high protein binding (PT and CBZ), better (PT
      r = 0.88, PB r = 0.86, CBZ r = 0.87, CE r = 0.79) than with the total
      concentrations (PT r = 0.69, PB r = 0.80, CBZ r = 0.77, CE r = 0.77). The study
      indicates that in critically ill patients the determination of the free
      concentration in serum is indispensable. If treatment is orientated solely on the
      total concentration, unexpectedly high concentrations in the brain and hence
      possible intoxication of the patient in the critical or final state can result.

PMID- 2275000
TI  - Comparison of four different cyclosporine immunoassays in heart and kidney
      transplant recipients.
AB  - Four different immunoassays were used to measure cyclosporine A (CsA) plasma (20
      degrees C) levels in heart and kidney transplant recipients. Two
      radioimmunoassays (RIAs) (Sandimmune and Cyclotrac) and the fluorescence
      polarization immunoassay (FPIA) were based on polyclonal antibodies, whereas the
      fourth (Cyclotrac-SP) used a CsA-specific mouse monoclonal antibody. We found
      considerable differences in measured CsA concentrations, which were dependent on
      the method used and the clinical situation of the patient. Correlation
      coefficients between the nonspecific assays ranged from 0.899 to 0.901 with
      plasma values increasing in the order Sandimmune less than Cyclotrac less than
      FPIA. In the CsA-specific RIA, values were lower, and the correlation with the
      nonspecific assays ranged from 0.761 to 0.795. In the first 21 days
      posttransplantation, the heart transplant group showed a higher ratio of
      nonspecific/specific CsA (mean 4.0) compared with the subsequent period (mean
      2.3) or with renal transplant recipients (mean 2.4). The TDX method showed the
      best assay characteristics. In heart transplant patients with specific and
      nonspecific 125I-RIA methods, mean CsA levels were 25% lower during rejection
      periods compared with periods without signs of rejection.

PMID- 2275001
TI  - Accuracy and variability of intravenous theophylline preparations.
AB  - Numerous physiologic factors affect the disposition of theophylline. One
      nonpatient factor that can influence steady-state theophylline concentration is
      the administered dosage. The accuracy and variability of hospital pharmacy
      prepared i.v. admixtures of theophylline has not been quantitated. A study was
      designed to evaluate variation in theophylline concentrations from two sources of
      theophylline admixtures--one by a hospital pharmacy i.v. room and one by a
      pharmaceutical manufacturer making a premade product. For the theoretical 1.6
      mg/ml admixture, the mean theophylline concentration of the pharmacy-prepared
      solution was lower than that of premixed, whereas the absolute percent error of
      the premixed product was less than that of the pharmacy bags. For the theoretical
      3.2 mg/ml admixture, the theophylline concentration of the premixed product was
      lower than that of both pharmacy products, whereas the absolute percent error of
      the pharmacy bags was less than that of the pharmacy bottles and premixed bags.
      Our data imply that variability in theophylline concentration can occur depending
      on the method of preparation, drug concentration, and formulation.
      Pharmacokinetic monitoring of theophylline should include an assessment of
      methods of i.v. drug preparation. Pharmacy departments should have a policy that
      assures consistency in the method of preparation of i.v. drugs.

PMID- 2275002
TI  - Falsely high serum drug concentrations caused by blood samples from contaminated
      fingers.
AB  - A high serum digoxin concentration (8.9 nmol/L) was recorded in a child suspected
      of swallowing digoxin tablets (Lanoxin PG 62.5 micrograms). The finger-prick
      blood sample was taken approximately 3.5 h postingestion. The child remained
      asymptomatic, and subsequent samples taken 5.5 and 23 h postingestion revealed
      zero digoxin concentrations. It was postulated that the initial blood sample may
      have been taken from a finger that was contaminated with digoxin from handling
      the tablets. To test this hypothesis, blood samples were taken from fingers of
      volunteers after handling various tablets, including digoxin, carbamazepine,
      paracetamol, and theophylline. Apparently, toxic digoxin concentrations were
      found for all volunteers handling digoxin tablets, though no volunteers were
      taking digoxin. Swabbing or not swabbing the finger with alcohol made minimal
      difference. Finger-prick samples from volunteers handling other tablets revealed
      falsely high and often "toxic" concentrations of the respective drugs, although
      values varied markedly. Caution should be exercised by those taking finger-prick
      blood samples, or interpreting drug concentrations from these samples, if the
      patient may have handled the tablets prior to the sample being taken.

PMID- 2275003
TI  - Measurement of vancomycin in renally impaired patient samples using a new high
      performance liquid chromatography method with vitamin B12 internal standard:
      comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography, emit, and fluorescence
      polarization immunoassay methods.
AB  - A new reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure has
      been developed for the quantitation of vancomycin and its crystalline degradation
      product, CDP-1. The new HPLC procedure involves a liquid-liquid extraction
      pretreatment procedure and an HPLC internal standard, vitamin B12. The new HPLC
      procedure was used to measure 50 renally impaired patient samples. Samples were
      than analyzed by the monoclonal antibody Emit vancomycin assay, and the
      polyclonal antibody fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) vancomycin
      assay, and the results were compared. The Emit vancomycin assay correlated well
      with HPLC, but FPIA quantitated higher than Emit and HPLC. We conclude that the
      polyclonal antibody FPIA assay detects CDP-1 in the samples of renally impaired
      patients, accounting for an average of 10% of the FPIA/Emit bias, and should
      therefore be used with caution when monitoring vancomycin levels in renally
      impaired patients.

PMID- 2275004
TI  - Simplified assay of amrinone in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography method for the assay of
      plasma amrinone is described. Plasma amrinone is extracted using protein
      precipitation with an internal standard, separated with a reverse phase column,
      and detected using ultraviolet absorption. Each run is completed within 10 min.
      The assay can detect amrinone concentrations between 0.5 and 10.0 micrograms/ml,
      within the accepted therapeutic range. The assay has a within-day coefficient of
      variation of less than 5% and a day-to-day coefficient of variation of less than
      10% in the therapeutic range of amrinone. This technique is an accurate, simple,
      and rapid method for the determination of amrinone concentrations in plasma.

PMID- 2275005
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of levomepromazine
      (methotrimeprazine) and its main metabolites in serum and urine.
AB  - A new analytical method has been developed for simultaneous quantitation of
      levomepromazine and its five main metabolites in serum and urine. The method uses
      C-2 bonded phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography, based on ion-pair formation with dodecyl sulfate. The detection
      limits were 15 nM for levomepromazine and N-desmethyl levomepromazine, 28 nM for
      levomepromazine sulfoxide, and 56 nM for 3-hydroxylevomepromazine. 7
      hydroxylevomepromazine, and O-desmethyllevomepromazine in serum, and lower in
      urine. The method was applied to measure steady-state serum and urine
      concentrations of levomepromazine and metabolites in five psychiatric patients.
      The concentrations of levomepromazine sulfoxide and N-desmethyllevomepromazine
      were generally higher than the concentrations of levomepromazine. The
      hydroxylated and O-demethylated metabolites were also found in higher
      concentrations than levomepromazine, but mainly as conjugates.

PMID- 2275006
TI  - Human scalp hair as evidence of individual dosage history of haloperidol: longer
      term follow-up study.
AB  - The patients reported in our previous paper were followed further, by analyzing
      hair samples collected monthly for 4 or 5 months, while growing hair continues to
      reflect the individual dosage history of haloperidol. In patients in whom the
      drug had been discontinued, the portion of hair that reflected the change of dose
      continued to move upward. In hair of patients in whom the dosage was decreased by
      one-half, the portion of change was also shown to move upward. These results
      indicate the potential usefulness of hair for assessing the individual past
      dosage history of haloperidol.

PMID- 2275007
TI  - More on the new immunometric digoxin assay on the Ames Seralyzer.

PMID- 2275008
TI  - Positive urine screening for opiates after consumption of sandwich bread with
      poppy seed flavoring.

PMID- 2275009
TI  - [Education for the elderly; regular or personal education?].

PMID- 2275010
TI  - [Participation in social and domestic activities by the elderly: a socioeconomic
      explanatory model].
AB  - This study focuses on the involvement of elderly people (people of 55 years and
      older) in the Netherlands in voluntary work, voluntary aid, household labour and
      do-it-yourself activities. Advanced age and a bad health condition are expected
      to be important predictors for the reduction of participation. The data are
      collected by the Netherlands Bureau of Statistics in 1980, 1982, 1983 and 1986.
      The characteristics determining the participation of the elderly have been
      studied by using LISREL. Women were more involved in housekeeping, men in do-it
      yourself activities. Elderly with a higher education level more often
      participated in voluntary work. Having more resources such as consumer durables
      accounted for the increase of do-it-yourself activities. The results give support
      to the informal economical theory. However, we didn't expect elderly with paid
      jobs to participate less in voluntary aid, household labour and do-it-yourself
      activities. In addition it turned out that the participation regarding voluntary
      work declined between 1980 and 1986, whereas for the whole population the amount
      of people doing voluntary work remained stable.

PMID- 2275011
TI  - [Comments on policy--elderly count for much, or counting the elderly? A new
      statement on policy for the elderly].
AB  - The Dutch government has published a new white paper 'Elderly count for much' on
      policy for the aged. In this document the central principle for social policy is
      the integration of the elderly in society. Old age policy is characterized as
      'integral policy' that is it tries to integrate the traditional fields of social
      and economic policy, and as 'complementary' policy, that is it tries to
      complement general policy. The main characteristics of the action program 1990
      1994 include: prevention, the integration of housing and services, care for
      elderly with chronic diseases, education, strengthening of labor-market
      participation of 50+, the position of elderly women and societal attitudes
      towards aging and the elderly. In this comment it is argued that this white paper
      initiates positive developments, but there remain several minor and major
      problems. We are critical about the role of education, the instruments for an
      active labor-market policy, the lack of attention for the European dimension, and
      about the lack of attention for future developments in generational equity and
      age-rationing of service allocation. We appreciate the attention for age
      discrimination, and possibilities for longitudinal research. We conclude that
      'integrated policy' is only in its initial phase. In this white paper the
      government is only successful in an integrated policy in the fields of housing
      and care, not in other fields like technology, labor and education.
      'Complementary' policy is not enough to create a firm infrastructure in the aging
      field. If initiatives in the field of aging are considered as 'extra's' this
      policy will soon be confronted with the boundaries it creates itself. Although
      attention for the challenges of graying is growing, old age policy is still
      marginal compared to the main general policy.

PMID- 2275012
TI  - [Comments on policy--a second comment on 'Elderly count for much'].
AB  - Next to some general remarks and some positive and negative points, we criticize
      the cutting up of the problems and the lack of an integrated outlook. The need of
      an independent Ministry of Elderly Affairs is stressed.

PMID- 2275013
TI  - [The antigenic divergence of tumor cells due to the expression of hetero-organic
      antigens as a manifestation of disordered differentiation in carcinogenesis].
AB  - The analysis has been made of the literary and the author's own experimental
      evidences on the antigenic diversion of tumor cells resulting from the expression
      of hetero-organic antigens, which is one of the most characteristic
      manifestations of disturbance of cytodifferentiation in carcinogenesis. Studies
      of hepatocellular tumors and liver of rats subject to single hepatocarcinogen
      injections being exemplified, the author considers some cases of detection of
      hetero-organic antigens of kidney origin in the cytosol, on the outer cell
      membranes and within the chromosomal non-histone proteins (NHP). Under discussion
      is the interrelation between the expression of hetero-organic antigens,
      attributed to the same tissue type in different cell structures, and a possible
      role of NHP as factors directing the disdifferentiation of neoplastically
      transformed cells.

PMID- 2275015
TI  - [Electron microscopic research on Cryptosporidium. I. The asexual stages in the
      development of Cryptosporidium parvum].
AB  - Ultrastructural studies were conducted on asexual developmental stages of C.
      parvum in the ileal fragment of the intestine of 10-11 day old rats
      experimentally infected with oocysts isolated from calf feces. A young
      trophozoite is covered with the typical trimembranous apicomplexan pellicle. As
      the parasite grows, the inner complex of its apical pellicle, facing the host
      enterocyte, is seen to reduce up to a unit membrane to make a complex
      multimembranous "feeding organelle" which is in contact with a thick electron
      dense band bordering the host-parasite interface. It looks likely that no
      micropores or any other feeding structures exist in the parasite. Unlike, the
      opposite body part of the trophozoite, facing the lumen of the intestine,
      preserves its trimembranous pellicle. Two merozoite generations were followed. In
      addition to numerous ribosomes, rhoptries, micronemes, and trimembranous
      pellicle, subpellicular microtubules were observed in the segmenting merozoites.
      The merogony follows the pattern of ectomeric schizogony. However, no details of
      nuclear division were detected. The whole cytoplasm of the mother meront is
      completely used up for the merozoite formation without any residual mass to be
      left.

PMID- 2275014
TI  - [The dynamics of the structural reconstruction of mitotic chromosomes after their
      artificial decondensation in vitro].
AB  - The treatment of isolated metaphase chromosomes with 5 mM Tris buffer caused
      their decondensation into DNP fibers 10 nm in diameter. The following increase in
      CaCl2 concentration induced the transition of nucleosomic DNP fibers into DNP
      fibers 20 nM and 40-50 nM in diameter, and the recovery of the whole chromosomes.
      However, in the similar conditions, the typical chromosomes (threads about 100 nm
      thick), chromomeres and G-bands were not reconstructed. According to these data,
      we assume that DNP threads 40-50 nm in diameter may be artificial (i.e.
      "pseudochromonemes"). The treatment of isolated chromosomes with 0.35 and 0.6 M
      NaCl prevents from formation of nucleomeric and pseudochromomeric fibers,
      although bodies of chromosomes can be recovered after the removal of HMG and H1
      proteins. These observations point to a high stability of chromosomal fasteners
      providing the structural integrity of mitotic chromosomes.

PMID- 2275016
TI  - [Light optical and electron microscopic study of the nodose ganglion neurons in
      emotional stress].
AB  - Cell bodies of cardiovascular receptors localized in the ganglion nodosum of
      rabbits exposed to experimental emotional stress were studied with the light and
      electron microscope. Two groups of animals were selected for investigation. Under
      emotional stress rabbits of one group demonstrated almost unchanged arterial
      pressure and only a small increase in heart rate, while animals of the other
      group displayed strongly marked disturbances of their blood circulation leading
      to the lethal outcome at the end of experiment. In the first group rabbits, the
      microscopic anatomy and ultrastructure of the nodose ganglion neurons indicated
      an increased activity in the nerve cell. At the same time, morphological
      evidences of exhaustion were revealed in neurons of the nodose ganglion of the
      second group rabbits. A possible role of the distortion of the afferent
      information in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders under emotional stress is
      discussed.

PMID- 2275018
TI  - [The identification of kinetochore proteins by using the sera of patients with
      collagenoses].
AB  - Sera of rheumatology patients with antikinetochore autoantibodies are identified.
      Immunoblot of human cell proteins showed that all the sera contained
      autoantibodies to kinetochore proteins A and B. In Chinese hamster cells proteins
      with m. m. 45 kD, 100 kD and 110 kD are presumably kinetochore proteins, whereas
      in murine cells these are proteins with m. m. 45 kD 85 kD and 100 kD.

PMID- 2275017
TI  - [The disappearance of the dependence of actin-myosin interaction on the
      phosphorylation of myosin light chains in the "freezing" of the structure of
      heavy meromyosin by a bifunctional reagent].
AB  - Using glycerinated muscle fibers, free of myosin, tropomyosin and troponin, a
      study was made of the structural state of F-actin modified by N-(iodoacetyl)-N'
      (1-naphthyl-5-sulfo)-ethylendiamine (1.5-IAEDANS) and by rhodaminyl--phalloin at
      decoration of thin filaments with a proteolytic fragment of myosin--heavy
      meromyosin containing phosphorylated and dephosphorylated myosin light chains.
      The heavy meromyosin used has three SH-groups of heavy chain SH1, SH2 and SH chi
      modified by bifunctional reagent N,N'-n-phenylmaleimide (SH1-SH2, SH2-SH chi). At
      decoration of thin filaments with heavy meromyosin, some changes in polarized
      fluorescence of rhodaminyl--phalloin and 1.5-IAEDANS independent of
      phosphorylation of myosin light chains were found. Fluorescence anisotropy of the
      fiber was found to depend primarily on the character of heavy chain of SH-group
      modification. The ability of heavy chains to change their conformations is
      supposed to play an important role in the mechanism of myosin system modulation
      of muscle contraction.

PMID- 2275019
TI  - [The relationship of the potassium transport function of human erythrocyte
      membranes to the structural state of the glycocalyx].
AB  - The two structural-functional state parameters of erythrocyte membrane in healthy
      donors and ischemic heart disease patients have been compared--the potassium
      exchange rate constant (x), and the quantity of Alcian blue sorption capacity of
      glycocalyx (y). The connection between the first parameter--x--and the other one-
      y--has been observed in cases, when the value of the latter experienced both the
      seasonal oscillations (the coefficient of lineal correlation was: r = -0.87, P
      less than 0.01) and the changes in the cause of ischemic heart disease (r = 
      0.72, P less than 0.01) and its treatment (the coefficients of correlation
      attitude of each of parameter changes were: eta xy = 0.83, P less than 0.01; eta
      yx = 0.52, P less than 0.05). The above connection may indicate the participation
      of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids in a regulation of the cation transport
      function of the erythrocyte membrane.

PMID- 2275020
TI  - [Blood plasma fibronectin does not influence fibroblast-induced collagen gel
      contraction].
AB  - Human embryo fibroblasts were cultured within three-dimensional collagen gel in
      the Eagle medium supplemented with 10% calf serum. Addition of fibronectin (Fn)
      to the nutrient medium neither stimulated nor inhibited gel contraction by
      fibroblasts. Gel contraction also proceeded in the medium containing ultroser G
      or Fn exhausted calf serum. Addition of 10 or 50 micrograms/ml of Fn to the
      medium with ultroser G exerted no effect on the process of gel contraction.
      Addition of antibodies prepared against Fn (70 micrograms/ml) and tetrapeptide
      RGDS (100 and 500 micrograms/ml) to the medium supplemented with Fn exhausted
      calf serum did not change the rate of collagen gel contraction. The results
      obtained suggest that the rate of collagen gel contraction by fibroblasts is not
      dependent on the presence of exogenous fibronectin.

PMID- 2275021
TI  - [The effect of the immunization of animals with a live plague vaccine on the
      lysosome count in organ-specific macrophages].
AB  - Vital fluorochromatic lysosomes of peritoneal, liver, splenic and lung
      macrophages of white mice, white rates, and guinea-pigs are studied. Reliable
      differences in a quantity of lysosomal granules of macrophages from various
      tissues as well as differences between macrophages from the same tissues of
      different experimental animals are found. At 21 days after animal immunization
      with live plague vaccine EV the most significant changes in the number of
      lysosomal granules are revealed in white mice. The number of lysosomes in guinea
      pigs increased in 1 and 7 days after vaccination, in 14 days their number became
      normal.

PMID- 2275022
TI  - [A decreased frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in pregnant women].
AB  - Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and cellular proliferation were studied in
      lymphocytes from 16 pregnant and 18 non-pregnant women. A lowered SCE frequency
      was found in lymphocytes obtained from pregnant women (9.41 +/- 0.39 vs. 11.07 +/
      0.42 SCE/metaphase in non-pregnant women). Lower proliferation rates were also
      common for cultures of pregnant women. Thus, physiological changes occurred in
      the organism of pregnant women may influence various cytogenetic indices
      registered in human peripheral blood cultures.

PMID- 2275023
TI  - [The stimulation of DNA synthesis in resting Swiss 3T3 cells by non-histone
      chromosomal proteins].
AB  - Nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHC), isolated from the kidney and liver of
      intact rats, the liver of rats treated with hepatocarcinogen DEN and the rat
      hepatoma, stimulate DNA synthesis in Swiss 3T3 cells in resting culture. The
      maximum stimulating effect was obtained in the presence of narrow NHC fractions
      eluted with 0.4-0.5 M NaCl from the phosphocellulose column and identified as
      hetero-organic NHC protein antigens of the kidney origin associated with
      hepatocellular tumors.

PMID- 2275024
TI  - [Changes in the rate of protein synthesis in parenchymatous liver cells during
      stimulation of the mononuclear phagocyte system].
AB  - In vivo stimulation of mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) by zymosan, dextrane
      sulfate, and prodigiosan caused almost a two-fold increase in hepatic protein
      synthesis. The rate of 14C-leucine incorporation increased both into total and
      soluble proteins. To define the cellular locus of these changes, preparations of
      hepatic parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells were obtained from the control and
      LPS-stimulated rats. The results indicate that the treatment of rats with
      prodigiosan stimulate protein synthesis in hepatocytes. No effect on protein
      synthesis of non-parenchymal cells was observed. Stimulation of MPS also caused a
      significant increase in 14C-leucine incorporation into serum lipoproteins. The
      results suggest that MPS may be involved in regulation of protein synthesis in
      hepatic parenchymal cells.

PMID- 2275025
TI  - [Ultrastructural changes in the cells of the vasopressin-sensitive epithelia
      during the stimulation of water transport].
AB  - The author's own and literary data are reviewed on the ultrastructural changes in
      cells of tight epithelia at the stimulation of osmotic water flows by
      vasopressin. The results of the relevant morphofunctional studies proved the idea
      of the transcellular water transport, being the following: 1) the absence of
      structural changes of tight junction under big water flows; 2) the appearance of
      domains with high water permeability (aggregates of IMP) in the apical membranes
      of cells transporting water; 3) changes in the vacuolar system of cells resulting
      in the appearance of gigantic vacuoles involved in transcellular water transport
      and in osmoregulation; 4) the redistribution of microfilaments and the
      enlargement of microtubules during the water transport. Hypotheses are discussed
      accounting for the origin of water channels from intracellular sources
      (aggrephores or/and granules); in addition, structural peculiarities and genesis
      of gigantic vacuoles are considered.

PMID- 2275026
TI  - [The correlation between the heat resistance of the zygotes of the common frog
      Rana temporaria and its embryos at different developmental stages].
AB  - A study has been made of a correlation between the heat resistance of zygotes and
      embryos of the same clutches at different stages of development of Rana
      temporaria L. The embryos were incubated at 19 degrees C, the injurious
      temperature being 37 degrees C. As criterion of heat resistance served the time
      of the injurious temperature action which leads by the ++stra of cleavage to a 50
      per cent elimination of embryos (LD50). The correlation in question has been
      evaluated by the rank correlation coefficient (rho). The correlation between the
      heat resistance of zygotes and embryos at the start of gastrulation (stage 11)
      was moderate (rho = 0.47). At one of neurulation stages (stage 22) this
      correlation was weak (rho = 0.207), to become rather high just before the
      cleavage (stage 28, rho = 0.63). It is assumed that the thermal selection of
      zygotes, i.e. of the organism at the cellular stage of development, may be
      oriented to result in the survival of embryos, which just before the cleavage
      will show both elevated heat resistance and high heritability of this character.

PMID- 2275027
TI  - [The effect of hormones and growth factors on the proliferation of cultured mouse
      granulosa cells].
AB  - A method of obtaining granulosa cell culture reacting to the action of
      gonadotropins and growth factors is described. The efficiency of cell cloning is
      enhanced under influence of insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast
      growth factors (FGF). Stimulation of proliferation by the latter two factors is
      seen in the medium with the low serum concentration. Luteinizing and follicle
      stimulating inhibit the cell growth in culture. The role of growth factors and
      gonadotropins in regulation of granulosa proliferation in mammalian ovarian
      follicles is discussed.

PMID- 2275028
TI  - [Benzopyrene hydroxylase induction and the functioning of the immunocompetent
      cells in human peripheral blood].
AB  - Xenobiotics--inducers of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase (BPH)--exert different
      effects on mitogen-stimulated and mitogen-unstimulated human peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBC). In mitogen-stimulated culture xenobiotics highly
      increase BPH activity and suppress cell blast transformation. The incubation of
      the unstimulated PBC in the presence of xenobiotics increases insignificantly BPH
      activity, intensifies T-cell differentiation and concanavalin A-induced
      proliferation. The BPH activity is mainly associated with the PBC adhered to
      plastic Petri dishes. However, the control and induced levels of BPH activity
      depend on the interaction between adhered and nonadhered cells.

PMID- 2275029
TI  - [Sequential admissions].

PMID- 2275030
TI  - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the cardia and the esophagus].
AB  - During the period 1977 to 1989, 379 patients with cancer cardiac and cancer
      esophagi were admitted. The ages ranged from 18-88 years with an average of 65
      years. The treatment concept was basically unchanged during the study period.
      Resection as described by Ivor Lewis was employed as palliative or curative
      treatment when resection was considered possible. Intubation of the esophagus was
      employed when no other treatment was considered possible. Resection was employed
      in 251 patients, eight of these emergencies on account of perforation or
      haemorrhage. Bypass operations were employed in five patients, intubations in 63
      and no surgical treatment was undertaken in 60 patients. The all over operative
      mortality for resections was 11.2% and for elective operations 9.9%. The
      operative mortality increased with the TNM stage of the tumour and was 3.2% for
      stages I + II, 8.2% for stage III and 24.4% for stage IV. The complication ration
      was 42%. 15% of the patients submitted to resection required reoperation.
      Anastomotic leaks were encountered in 18 patients and nine of these died.
      Pulmonary complications were the most frequent and resulted in ten early
      postoperative deaths. The mortality connected with intubations was 15%. The over
      all five-year survival rate after resections was 10.4%. In stages I + II this was
      42% and 8% in stage III. None of the patients in stage IV survived for two years.
      The longest survival after intubation was less than one year.

PMID- 2275031
TI  - [The frequency of readmissions of acute cases to medical departments according to
      age, sex and diagnoses. Monitoring during a 9-month period].
AB  - Employing a computer-based method developed in cooperation with the firm
      Kommunedata, the average frequencies of readmission of patients were determined
      in relation to age, sex and the diagnosis on the first discharge from departments
      of medicine in a county hospital. Where 6,438 patients were concerned, the
      average frequency of readmission was found to be 1.96 (1-27). Approximately half
      of the patients were readmitted and approximately 1/3 were readmitted to the same
      ward. Half (53%) of the patients who were readmitted were responsible for 27% of
      the readmissions and 3/4 for 50%. Patients with more than six readmissions
      comprised only approximately 4% of the readmissions. When it is taken into
      consideration that the distribution between the number of men and women alters
      after 65 years, it is found that women under the age of 65 years have the
      greatest number of readmissions per individual while men over the age of 65 years
      had the greatest number of readmissions. In its present form, the method is not
      suited to differentiate the reasons for frequent readmissions but it is useful to
      indicate groups in which the risk of readmission is great and where prophylactic
      measures could be employed to advantage. Further extension of the method is
      necessary.

PMID- 2275032
TI  - [An increasing number of readmissions to medical departments].
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to examine the frequency of readmissions to
      medical departments during the period 1981.04.01-1982.03.31 compared to the
      period 1985.04.01-1986.03.31. Data were taken from the National Registry of
      Patients (Landspatientregistret) regarding admissions/readmissions of citizens of
      the Municipality of Copenhagen to medical departments in Greater Copenhagen. Only
      readmissions within 90 days of the most recent discharge were included. The total
      number of admissions rose by 12%, with a much greater increase in the number of
      sequential admissions (i.e. admissions as part of a sequence of admissions) than
      in the number of single admissions. The total number of bed days fell by 4%; this
      covers a decrease of 10% for single admissions and an increase of 6% for
      sequential admissions. The average length of stay for all types of admissions
      taken together fell by 13%. The number of patients with at least one admission
      increased by 19%, and their average number of sequential admissions rose by 4%
      per person. However, the average total number of bed days for sequential
      admissions of these patients fell by 10% per person. It is not clear which has
      the better influence on the quality of life of the patients: several readmissions
      or fewer admissions, each of longer duration. Additional investigations are
      necessary in order to analyse causes of readmission and to identify groups of
      patients with increased risks of being readmitted.

PMID- 2275033
TI  - [Pneumococcal meningitis. A 40-year case load].
AB  - Eighty-four cases of pneumococcal meningitis were admitted to the medical
      epidemic department C, Odense Hospital, during the period from 1940 to 1980. 39%
      of the patients were under 10 years, 17% under one year, whereas 23% were over 50
      years. The proportion males to females in all groups was approximately 3:2.
      Pneumococcal meningitis, like other types of meningitis, responds dramatically to
      antibiotic treatment, but must still be considered a serious disease. Following
      treatment with a combination of penicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and
      chloramphenicol the mortality during the period 1952 to 1980 decreased to 12.7%.
      The fatal cases after 1952 all occurred during the years 1975-77. Patients with
      meningitis are very sensitive to overhydration. It was therefore decided to
      restrict intravenous administration in these patients. Following the introduction
      of this regimen the mortality decreased again. The prevailing cause of death from
      meningitis during the antibiotic era was brain edema, which may occur even if the
      inflammation of the meninges has vanished. Therefore it is considered important
      to avoid overhydration in these patients.

PMID- 2275034
TI  - [Optic nerve atrophy with particular attention to perinatal damage].
AB  - We reviewed the records of children born between 1983 and 1987 reported to the
      Danish National Register for the Visually Impaired Children and with a diagnosis
      of optic atrophy. Known or presumed etiology was found in 53 of 55 children.
      Perinatal stress factors were found in 32 patients (58%), with prematurity, low
      birth-weight and perinatal asphyxia as the most common findings. 78% of the
      children in the perinatal damage group were boys. We found that all children with
      optic atrophy caused by perinatal difficulties had one or more additional
      handicap. The types of handicaps were cerebral palsy, epilepsy and psychomotor
      retardation. The importance of paying attention to the fact that multiply
      handicapped children may be visually impaired on account of optic atrophy is
      emphasized. Early diagnosis is important in order to start educational
      stimulation as early as possible. It is concluded that visual impairment caused
      by perinatal damage to some extent is preventable. The strategy for prevention
      should be based upon better identification of specific etiologies as well as a
      better understanding of the pathogenesis of infantile optic neuropathy.

PMID- 2275035
TI  - [The value of magnetic resonance scanning in the diagnosis of small acoustic
      neurinomas].
AB  - This article describes three cases of acustic neurinoma in which both clinical
      examination and audiovestibular investigations raised strong suspicions of
      acustic neurinoma but no tumours could be demonstrated by CT. Magnetic resonance
      scanning employing gadolinium-DTPA revealed small intrameatal acustic neurinomas
      in all three cases. Attention is drawn to the fact that magnetic resonance
      scanning provides a new diagnostic possibility for acustic neurinoma and is a
      valuable supplement to the established diagnostic procedures in suspected acustic
      neurinoma even although CT reveals normal anatomical conditions in the internal
      auditory meatus.

PMID- 2275036
TI  - [The quality of a manual method for the identification of the lumbar vertebrae].
AB  - In order to identify the spinous processes in the lumbar region, we employ the
      following rule: that "the line between the iliac crests passes through the
      spinous process of L4 or the intervertebral space between the 4th and 5th lumbar
      vertebrae". Three anaesthetists (two junior staff and one consultant) identified
      a spinous process marked by lead-shot in 33 patients prior to radiological
      examination. No significant differences were found between the estimates made by
      the junior staff and the consultant and none of the following factors were of
      significance for the estimates: height, weight, weight index, sex or age of the
      patients. When the patients were subdivided according to the radiographic degree
      of pathological findings in the lumbar spine, only 48% of the estimates were
      found to be correct while where no or slight changes were present, 71% of the
      estimates were correct. The differences were significant. It is concluded that
      40% of the estimates were incorrect but never by more than one segment. The
      method may be employed where unreliability of one segment is acceptable.

PMID- 2275037
TI  - [Macrostress claudication. Isolated juvenile arteriosclerosis in a lower limb of
      a young athlete].
AB  - Juvenile peripheral atherosclerosis is seldom reported in healthy men younger
      than 30 years. A case report describes a healthy young man in whom claudication
      developed due to an isolated vascular lesion in the superficial femoral artery
      documented by arteriography. The symptoms, diffential diagnosis and treatment are
      discussed.

PMID- 2275038
TI  - [The effect of thiazides on serum lipids].

PMID- 2275039
TI  - [Rupture of the biceps tendon after steroid injection].

PMID- 2275040
TI  - [Ugeskrift for Laeger: 1990 index].

PMID- 2275041
TI  - [C-reactive protein in patients with infection].
AB  - Increase of plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) may be detected 6-12 hours after
      infliction of tissue damage, e.g. by infection. The ability to demonstrate a CRP
      response seems to be universal, and immunocompromised patients have been found to
      respond adequately during infectious episodes. Among patients suspected of an
      infectious disease CRP levels up to 100 mg/l are compatible with all types of
      infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal). It is of note that the CRP
      response may be delayed for more than 12 hours even in cases with severe acute
      infections, and peak concentrations are often reached three days after appearance
      of symptoms. CRP is most reliably used for exclusion of bacterial infection: two
      values less than 10 mg/l and 8-12 hours apart can be taken to exclude bacterial
      infection.

PMID- 2275042
TI  - [Occurrence of traumatic brain damage in Denmark illustrated by hospital
      statistics].
AB  - The occurrence of traumatic brain injury is illustrated with data from the
      nationwide computer-based registration (Landspatientregisteret) of discharges,
      discharged persons and diagnoses according to the WHO Classification of Diseases
      (ICD) carried out by the Danish National Board of Health. After correction for
      readmissions during 1986, a total discharge rate for 1986 of 3.32 per 1,000
      inhabitants was found for diagnoses ICD 850 (commotio cerebri), 851 (contusio,
      dilaceratio, conquassatio cerebri), 852 (haemorrhagia intracranialis traumatica
      sive non specificata), and 854 (laesio traumatica intracranialis alia sive non
      specificata) as the primary or parallel diagnosis. 90% of the patients had
      diagnosis ICD 850. For ICD 850 and 851, the number of discharges was constant
      during 1981-1986, but decreased 14%, respectively 13% from 1986 to 1988. For ICD
      850, the number of bed days decreased 29% to 31,419 from 1981 to 1988. On the
      contrary, discharges under diagnosis ICD 852 increased from 600 per year in 1981
      1983 to 800 per year in 1985-1988. A computer-printout for 1988 from the
      corresponding registration in Frederiksborg County (representing 6.6% of the
      Danish population) covering the diagnoses ICD 851-854 revealed 75 patients
      discharged under these diagnoses. Examination of the respective hospital records
      showed that 29 of these patients had been admitted with sequelae of traumatic
      brain injury occurring in previous years. Twenty-three residents of Frederiksborg
      County had suffered recent traumatic brain injury corresponding to ICD 851
      4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2275043
TI  - [Children referred to an audiology department. Who--why--when?].
AB  - This investigation was undertaken with the object of elucidating the pattern of
      referral of children (born after 1 January 1970) to an audiological department.
      During a period of six months, 197 children (120 boys and 77 girls) with an
      average age of 52 months (range 7 months to 16.5 years) were referred to the
      department. 81% of these children were born in 1982 or later. Only 10% were less
      than or equal to 1 year. General practioners or ear-nose-and throat specialists
      had referred 53.3% of the children, 20.8% were referred by speech therapists,
      9.1% were referred by health visitors while in 7.6% of the cases, parents had
      employed their own right to seek specialist help. In 67% of the cases, referrals
      was undertaken on account of suspected defective hearing. In 53% of the children
      under 48 months, reduction of hearing (HL) for an average of 0.5 + 1 + 2 + 4 kHz
      in the best ear was found to be greater than 20 DB HL while only 18% of the
      children over 48 months had reduced hearing. Only 2.5% of the children were
      equipped with hearing aids with subsequent educational/psychological follow-up,
      and only two children with congenital perceptive reduction of hearing were
      identified, one before the age of one year and the other 30 months old. This
      investigation confirms previously demonstrated delay in identification of
      children with congenital/early reduction of hearing and it shows, in addition,
      that the child audiological expertise and resources in this department should be
      employed in the age group under four years in which audiological diagnoses and
      treatment are particularly difficult and where the frequency of defective hearing
      is greatest.

PMID- 2275044
TI  - [Thrombocyte aggregation and serum thromboxane in patients with acute myocardial
      infarction].
AB  - Treatment with acetylsalicylic acid reduces the mortality following acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI). The mode of action is unknown but studies of
      patients with unstable angina pectoris have revealed that acetylsalicylic acid
      inhibits the platelet aggregating and vessel-constricting metabolite thromboxane
      B2. In the present investigation, we have examined ten patients with AMI.
      Platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid and serum thromboxane B2 were
      compared with findings in patients with unstable angina pectoris and healthy
      control persons. The investigation reveals that the platelet aggregateability is
      increased significantly already on the first day after AMI and increases in all
      cases for 14 days (p less than 0.001). Serum thromboxane B2 concentration is
      normal on the first day and increases gradually in the course of 14 days (p less
      than 0.05) to values which are not significantly different from those observed in
      patients with unstable angina pectoris. Patients with AMI have significantly
      increased platelet aggregation and increasing concentrations in the blood of
      thromboxane B2. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits platelet aggregation and lowers
      thromboxane B2 concentration in the blood which may explain the effect of this
      preparation in reducing the mortality after AMI.

PMID- 2275045
TI  - [Multiple primary cancer. Presence of more than 4 primary cancers].
AB  - The presence of more than four primary malignant tumours in a single patient was
      investigated in the Danish Cancer Registry. Four patients with five primary
      malignancies and one patient with six primary malignancies were found. All of the
      tumours were verified histologically and there was convincing evidence that none
      of the tumours were secondaries. In some of the cases, clustering of tobacco
      associated cancers was observed. The anticipated number of cases with more than
      four primary malignancies was computed and it was found that less than one case
      would be anticipated. It is concluded that some cancer patients have an increased
      risk of developing a new primary malignancy.

PMID- 2275046
TI  - [Prognosis and costs of patients with prehospital cardiac arrest treated with
      respirators].
AB  - A retrospective study was undertaken of prehospital cardiac arrest and revealed
      that mechanical ventilation was employed in 132 consecutive patients after
      resuscitation. A total of 24 of these survived for more than three months; 14
      were discharged to their homes while ten were discharged to nursing homes on
      account of cerebral sequelae. No patients in whom the cardiac arrest had lasted
      more than 25 minutes survived for more than three months and patients with
      cerebral sequelae were more frequently mechanically ventilated for longer than 48
      hours. The total cost of treatment for the 132 patients was estimated to be
      10,500,000 Danish crowns (approximately 954,000 pounds). A total of 7% of the
      patients survived with cerebral sequelae but these were responsible for more than
      60% of the expenses.

PMID- 2275047
TI  - [Hypertension in Borrelia infections].
AB  - A patient with severe hypertension caused by Borrelia burgdorferi-encephalitis is
      reported. The patient recovered from all symptoms following treatment with high
      dose cefuroxime. The diagnosis was not established until lumbar puncture was
      performed.

PMID- 2275048
TI  - [Pathomimesis or simulation. A differential diagnosis in recurrent renal stone
      pain and hematuria].
AB  - Three cases of simulated urologic symptoms are reported. In these patients many
      hospitalizations and examinations are often performed before the exact diagnosis
      is established. In suspected cases X-ray or ultrasonic examinations should be
      performed in the acute stage.

PMID- 2275049
TI  - [We miss peer review].

PMID- 2275050
TI  - [Diabetes, diet and lobbying].

PMID- 2275051
TI  - [The worldwide AIDS epidemic and the role of Danida in the international control
      work].
AB  - The global AIDS epidemic already influences health planning and distribution of
      resources to a great extent in the health sectors of many countries, particularly
      in the third world. AIDS will influence health development markedly among certain
      population groups in many of the countries with whom Danida works and the socio
      economical and demographic consequences of the epidemic influence planning of
      health assistance by Danida to a great extent. This article presents a brief
      review of the pattern of the global epidemic and a description of the present
      extent of the AIDS epidemic and tendency to develop. Some of the most important
      effects of the epidemic in Africa south of Sahara are described and it is
      documented that the individual countries affected by AIDS in Africa will
      experience very considerable direct and indirect expenses resulting from the
      epidemic. At the turn of the year 1989-1990, approximately 200,000 orphans of
      AIDS victims were present in Africa south of Sahara and this number will increase
      to approximately 500,000 by the end of 1992. This and other effects of the AIDS
      epidemic confront the individual countries with entirely new problems which
      require new and unorthodox strategies in health planning. Specific medical
      aspects of the HIV epidemic in developing countries are discussed together with
      the roles of WHO, Danida and the voluntary Danish organisations in global AIDS
      control. An obvious risk exists that a new programme for disease control which
      has access to relatively great resources will establish a new vertical structure
      both internationally and in the individual countries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2275052
TI  - [Treatment of esophageal achalasia].
AB  - Achalasia is a motor disease of the oesophagus which can be treated surgically
      (myotomy), medically or by dilatation. After myotomy satisfactory results are
      obtained in 84%-95% of the patients. Unacceptable results are due primarily to
      gastro-oesophageal reflux, inadequate or healed myotomy. Dilatation provide good
      results in about 70% but generally repeated dilatation is required. The remaining
      30% can usually be treated surgically. Dilatation is complicated by perforation
      in about 3% of the patients, but reflux is not as frequent as after myotomy. At
      present medical treatment is only indicated temporarily prior to dilatation or
      surgery. Surgical treatment is recommended for patients with contemporary delayed
      gastric emptying, hiatal hernia, vigorous achalasia, epiphrenic diverticula and
      for children with achalasia. For the remaining patients both methods can be used
      but after 2-3 dilatations myotomy is recommended.

PMID- 2275053
TI  - [The treatment of the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in
      urosepsis patients].
AB  - The hemostasis system has been assessed in 42 patients in the age range of 18 to
      60 years with secondary urosepsis. All patients had been operated for upper
      urinary tract obstruction or suppurative destructive renal and retroperitoneal
      lesions. Hemostasis was examined before and after the operation using coagulation
      screen. Middle-molecular peptides were assayed in the patients before and after
      plasmapheresis. Revealed hemostatic disorders were treated with heparin,
      antibacterial agents and infusion of fresh frozen plasma. Plasmapheresis is
      indicated in patients who are unresponsive to antibacterial therapy and surgical
      drainage of suppurative lesions. Postoperative hemostatic disorders presented as
      both hypo- and hypercoagulation, with thrombinemia in most cases. The patients
      with urosepsis showed latent hypercoagulation phase of DIC. By removing acute
      phase proteins, plasmapheresis prevented fibrinolytic failure. Exfusion of small
      volumes of plasma did not affect antithrombin III levels and produced a
      coagulation-anticoagulation balance. Declining levels of middle-molecular
      peptides after plasmapheresis were indicative of detoxication, presenting as
      better clinical status and improvement of laboratory findings.

PMID- 2275054
TI  - [Postoperative endolymphatic antibiotic therapy in urology patients with
      suppurative-inflammatory diseases].
AB  - In 54 patients with pyoinflammatory processes in the urogenital system, the
      efficacy of endolymphatic antibiotic therapy was investigated after surgical
      interventions into these organs along with administration of antibiotics just
      into the inguinal lymph node. To administer antibiotics, separation and drainage
      of the inguinal lymph node were conducted concurrently with surgical
      interventions in 26 patients for pyoinflammatory processes in the epididymis,
      prostate, and kidneys. In the other group (n-28), the inguinal lymph node was
      drained on days 4 to 5 of postoperative interventions due to the progression of
      an acute infectious inflammation in the affected organs and wounds. The efficacy
      of endolymphatic antibiotic therapy was evaluated by using clinical, laboratory,
      cytochemical, and immunological criteria. The drainage of inguinal lymph nodes in
      combination with aminoglycoside and cephalosporin antibiotics given in the
      postoperative period proved to be a safe and effective mode of treatment of
      pyoinflammatory processes in urogenital organs and wounds.

PMID- 2275055
TI  - [Omentovesicopexy with transposition of the bladder into the abdominal cavity in
      the treatment of neurogenic bladder].
AB  - For the treatment of neurogenic dysfunctions of the urinary bladder resulting in
      residual urine and therefore the lack of adequate urination, the authors proposed
      the performance of omentovesicopexy due to which the damaged function could be
      partially compensated by intraperitoneal pressure. The greater omentum should be
      used for reinnervation and revascularization of the urinary bladder as it meets
      the requirements for the donor organ enabling the formation of competent indirect
      innervation due to its adequate mobility and size and the formation of the
      abdominal enclosure of the bladder when ascending to the abdominal cavity. Being
      a double layer of the peritoneum the greater omentum avoids transformation into
      the connective tissue thus contributing to "functional anastomosis" for a long
      time. The technique developed was successfully used in 12 surgeries for the
      patients with residual urine. The postoperative period was featured by the
      manifest equivalent of micturition urge, disappearance or a significant decrease
      in the amount of residual urine, restoration of spontaneous and controlled
      urination. The omentovesicopexy is a simple, efficient and available technique
      for usage by a wide range of urologists.

PMID- 2275056
TI  - [Epidural anesthesia in urology].
AB  - Indications for epidural anesthesia have been analyzed on the basis of 1483 cases
      of its application. They include transvesical adenomectomy, transurethral
      electroresection of prostatic adenoma, distant renal and ureteral lithotripsy. It
      is emphasized that epidural anesthesia is an advantage in older and senile
      individuals with associated respiratory and circulatory diseases. Epidural
      anesthesia provides some protection against complications like a transurethral
      resection syndrome and coagulation disorders. The practical use of epidural
      anesthesia during urologic operations is safe when its level does not extend
      above the 9-10th dermatome. A range of measures is offered to prevent
      complications of epidural anesthesia by stabilizing the hemodynamics and
      improving blood rheology, coagulation, and humoral status.

PMID- 2275057
TI  - [The treatment of infectious-inflammatory urologic diseases and their
      complications by efferent detoxication methods].
AB  - This is an account of experience with extracorporeal detoxication techniques in
      238 patients with urologic conditions who underwent 305 hemosorption (HS), 30
      plasma sorption (PS) and 171 plasmapheresis (PA) sessions. Clinical and
      laboratory criteria are presented for employing an extracorporeal detoxication
      technique depending on predominance of suppurative septic or azotemic
      intoxication, and contraindications for HS, PS and PA. Absolute indications for
      these techniques were suppurative septic intoxication secondary to acute and
      chronic urologic inflammatory diseases, including septic shock, and acute renal
      failure. An emphasis is placed on the need for utilization of this therapy after
      urine flow recovery and drainage of all suppurative foci. An overview of
      mechanisms of different extracorporeal detoxication techniques showed them to
      share detoxifying and immunostimulating effects and improvement of blood
      rheology, renal and hepatic function. Application of the extracorporeal
      techniques reversed 84.4% of acute pyelonephritis, 61% of acute renal failure
      (without resorting to hemodialysis) and 65.4% of septic shock. This therapy was
      less efficient in patients with multiple organ failure. Good efficacy of
      xenogenic-spleen or splenocyte-suspension hemoperfusion was shown in patients
      with urosepsis.

PMID- 2275058
TI  - [A substrate inhibitor analysis of the urinary excretion of tissue and plasma
      kallikreins in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis].
AB  - The usage of substrate inhibitor analysis made it possible to estimate the levels
      of excretion of plasma proteinases, including plasma kallikrein in the urinary
      DValLeuArgpNA (S-2266)- and DProPheArgpNA (S-2302)-amidase activity in patients
      with latent and nephrotic types of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). The soya
      bean trypsin inhibitor, an inhibitor of plasma kallikrein and other plasma
      proteinases, such as that of the blood coagulative factors XIa and XIIa, and the
      high selective plasma kallikrein inhibitor DPhePheArgCH2Cl were used as those
      differentiating kallikreins of tissue and plasma origin. The S-2266 and S-2302
      amidase activity of the urine from healthy subjects was shown to be determined by
      only tissue (renal) kallikrein. The urine from the patients with a latent CGN
      type displayed the activity of plasma proteinases, but plasma kallikrein made no
      significant contribution to the urine amidase activity in these patients. With a
      nephrotic CGN type, great quantities of trypsin-like proteinases were secreted
      from the plasma through the glomerular filter into the urine, the proportion of
      plasma kallikrein in the urinary S-2266 and S-2302-amidase activities being
      approximately 27%. The compensatory and pathogenetic role of plasma kallikrein is
      discussed if there is lower excretion of tissue (renal) kallikrein in CGN with
      the nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2275059
TI  - [The determination of the concentration of antithrombin III in the urine].
AB  - The authors developed the special enzyme immunoassay technique for the detection
      of the urinary antitrombin III (AT-III) levels. Sensitivity of the method was 7.8
      ng/ml. The study lasted for 2 hrs. The levels of AT-III were studied in the
      circadian human urine in health, in physiological and nephropathy-complicated
      pregnancy, as well as in patients with gastroduodenal ulcer-induced bleeding.
      There was a 34.1-fold increase in the urinary AT-III levels in pregnant females
      with Stages II-III nephropathy and a 17.3-fold increase in those who sustained
      the resection of the stomach, which could be explained by proteinuria and
      abnormal resorption of AT-III in the proximal tubules of the kidney.

PMID- 2275060
TI  - [Changes in the urogenital organs in traumatic strictures of the urethra].
AB  - The urogenital tract has been examined in 35 patients who required 3 or more
      years of therapy. A range of studies revealed a short urethral stricture in 11,
      long urethral stricture in 26, megalocystis in 6, domicile urinary bladder in 2
      and bladder diverticulosis in 6 patients. Simple and diuretic excretory urography
      showed normal bilateral renal function in 5, moderately impaired function in 14
      and severe loss of function in 6 patients. Single-kidney functional impairment
      was seen in 10 patients. Over 504 of patients showed prolonged urographic
      retention of urine in the pelvis and ureter. Bilateral ureterohydronephrosis was
      found in 3 and unilateral one in 3 patients. Descending, ascending and
      micturitional urethrocystography revealed urinary reflux into the prostate (n =
      13), seminiferous ducts (n = 3), seminal vesicles (n = 4) and ureters (n = 4).
      Vasovesiculographic sizes and shapes of the seminal vesicles were normal in 2
      patients while the vesicles were uni- or bilaterally dilated or constricted in
      other patients. The treatment was operative in 34 patients. Histological
      examination of scars and resected tissues showed fibrous sclerotic lesions in the
      prostate and suppurative inflammatory and fibrous lesions in seminal vesicular
      walls. With long treatment of urethral strictures, micturition disorders were
      superimposed by reflux of infected urine into the prostate, seminal vesicles and
      ureters, inducing inflammation and functional abnormalities; these caused
      shrinkage and compression of the posterior urethra, bladder cervix, intramural
      and prevesical ureteral segments, resulting in chronic renal failure. An early
      and radical plastic operation on the urethra may prevent the mentioned disorders.

PMID- 2275061
TI  - [A method for joining the ends of the resected urethra].
AB  - In spite of the fact that the operations after B. N. Khol'tsov, P. D. Solovov,
      and V. I. Rusakov have found a wide recognition and use, the rate of
      complications and poor results remains still high, reaching 3-29%. The authors
      consider that one of the reasons for poor outcomes in such operations is evolving
      urethral ischemia at the site of anastomosis, which is caused by compression of
      tissues with suturing material with the routine suturing of urethral ends through
      all its layers. The experiment with the male dogs and human cadavers provided
      evidence for this assumption. The mathematical calculation indicated that with
      the sutures applied, over 12-16% of the urethral tissue volume became ischemic at
      the site of anastomosis. A new technique was proposed to attach the ends of the
      resected urethra, which eliminates the suture of the urethral ends through all
      the layers. The essence of the technique is that after resection, the ends of the
      urethra are opposed and fixed with the outer layers without suturing the urethra
      via all the layers with 6 stitches. Twenty nine patients were operated on in this
      fashion. Twenty eight patients were discharged with recovered micturition. A
      relapse occurred in one patient with inflammatory urethral stricture. For 3
      months to 3 years, 22 subjects were examined, another patient had a relapse 3
      months following surgery. The two patients were reoperated, with a good effect.
      The remaining patients reported normal micturition and presented no complaints.

PMID- 2275062
TI  - [The complications of acute pyelonephritis in a pregnant patient].

PMID- 2275063
TI  - [Rare anomalies in the situs of the ureter and of the duplication of the vena
      cava inferior and their clinical significance].

PMID- 2275064
TI  - [The treatment of edema of the tunicae testis with tetracycline].

PMID- 2275065
TI  - [Complete duplication of the urethra and bladder].

PMID- 2275066
TI  - [Hidradenitis of the scrotum].

PMID- 2275067
TI  - [Cysts of the skin of the scrotum].

PMID- 2275069
TI  - [Functional disorders of the endocrine glands as established and possible risk
      factors for urolithiasis].

PMID- 2275068
TI  - [The use of an inguinal pedicle flap for restoration of the penile integument
      after Fournier's gangrene].

PMID- 2275070
TI  - [Retirement benefits for the physician: pensions from life insurance].

PMID- 2275071
TI  - [Diagnostic parameters for the evaluation of work capacity: the bronchopulmonary
      system].
AB  - The bronchial pulmonary system can be effected by obstructive diseases with and
      without emphysema. The onset of these affections may be an airway allergy. In
      case of other mechanisms, fibrotic processes can be observed accompanied by a
      lung compliance decrease. Lung circulation itself is rarely affected by the
      development of Cor pulmonale in a state after pulmonary embolism and after the so
      called primary pulmonary high pressure. These disorders can be diagnosed properly
      without or scarcely straining the patient by spirometry which requires the
      patient's cooperation, however, and by body plethysmography which does not depend
      on cooperation, lung compliance measurements, arterial blood gases and inhalative
      provocation tests. If applied by experience staff, these reliable basic methods
      supply qualitative and quantitative information for the assessment of working
      capability that scarcely can be obtained on another organ.

PMID- 2275072
TI  - [The main cause of diabetes (type II): "normal" alcohol drinking].
AB  - In 1214 adult persons, the relationship between alcohol consumption, the "liver
      enzymes" and other metabolic parameters, including the serum lipids, were
      investigated. In 798 of the persons, glucose tolerance tests with measurement of
      plasma insulin were performed (young and old male and female adults, either
      volunteers or patients without liver-related diseases). There was a high
      correlation of the three transferases GOT, GPT and GGT not only with the reported
      alcohol consumption but also with the plasma insulin. Most of the insulin
      increase, however, occurred in that range of the three transferases which, so
      far, has erroneously been considered to be the normal one. The C-peptide showed
      the same behaviour. Plasma insulin was also raised in relation to overweight, but
      only in persons with the sum of the three transferases over 30 U/l, not in
      persons who did not drink alcohol and who had really normal transferases (sum of
      the three transferases below 30 U/l measured at 25 degrees C). The quotient of
      plasma insulin divided by the relative body weight (Broca Index) was constantly
      low in the range of really normal transferases (up to 30 U/l), thereafter rising
      significantly, but only in the range of the transferases so far erroneously
      considered to be the normal one (GOT to 17, GPT to 22, GGT to 28 U/l, thus sum up
      to 67). Serum glucose in the tolerance test also rose with the transferases but
      much less than the plasma insulin. The correlation between both GGT and the sum
      of the three transferases with the plasma insulin was significantly positive and
      independent of the relative body weight. It is concluded that overweight (which
      is generally believed to be the main risk factor for non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes), and insulin resistance (which leads to hyperinsulinaemia), are largely
      caused by the toxic effects of "normal" daily alcohol, more in the human male
      than in the female. Hyperinsulinaemia (which blocks lipolysis) is caused by a
      toxic effect of ethanol and its metabolites, independent of caloric input and
      overweight. Hyperinsulinaemia is at least in the human male at present, probably
      the most important cause of obesity. In obesity, caused by "normal" alcohol
      consumption, a vicious circle occurs: the enhancement of the triglycerides and,
      consequently, the free fatty acids leads to a further decrease of glucose
      utilization by the muscle. A continuously high glucose level has toxic effects:
      eventually the beta cells of the pancreas are exhausted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2275073
TI  - [Hyperuricemia--does modern therapy improve life expectancy?].
AB  - Today hyperuricaemia and gout are likewise seen in every population of the
      western industrial world and have been increasing since the fifties. As known
      from number of studies hyperuricaemia often occurs in connection with
      hyperlipoproteinaemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and
      atherosclerosis. Up to now it was not clear whether one disease caused the other.
      In 1988 Abbot could prove that among men, those afflicted by gout as compared to
      those without gout experienced a 60% excess of coronary heart disease. Therefore,
      patients with gout should receive a regular thorough cardiovascular evaluation.
      Furthermore risk factor levels which predispose to coronary heart disease,
      arterial hypertension and gout should be reduced. There is a significant positive
      correlation between the plasma uric acid levels and the prevalence of attacks of
      gouty arthritis and nephrolithiasis. It is possible to avoid gouty arthritis,
      tophi and nephrolithiasis with a consequent diet and medical treatment.
      Unfortunately, many patients interrupt therapy during intervals free of pain. The
      consequence is that even today the complications of hyperuricaemia cause days of
      inability to work and to earn one's living, despite of modern therapy.
      Hyperuricaemia not sufficiently treated reduces the quality of life through
      attacks of gout, chronic gout and nephrolithiasis as well as life expectancy
      caused by nephropathy, arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis. This is of
      special importance because of the frequency of gout and hyperuricaemia in our
      population. An early diagnosis, a consistent therapy and a thorough monitoring
      could stop an increase of this disease and prolong life expectancy for those who
      have gout and the other attendant diseases.

PMID- 2275074
TI  - [Trends in the risk factor profile between 1976 and 1988].
AB  - In a comparative study of a total of 5740 unselected patients of both sexes, that
      had been admitted as inpatients for rehabilitation reasons concerning rheumatic
      diseases, it has been examined which differences result between 1976 and 1988
      with respect to the prevalence of one or more of the following 5 diseases:
      diseases of the liver, arterial hypertension, disturbances of the lipid, uric
      acid or carbohydrate metabolism. Underlying were the same conditions and
      valuation standards. 2155 consecutively hospitalized patients in 1976 of a medium
      age of 53.75 +/- 10.89 years (standard deviation) were compared to 3585 patients
      with a medium age of 55.25 +/- 10.74 years in 1988. Age structure, professions
      and social levels were comparable in both populations. Whereas 1976 41.1% of the
      males and 27.9% of the females had one or more of the 5 diseases, this applied
      for 71.0% of the males and 59.5% of the females in 1988. Between 1976 and 1988
      diseases of the liver, arterial hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia and impairment
      of carbohydrate metabolism increased highly significant by 66%, 73%, 128% and
      41%, respectively. Also hyperuricemia was found more frequently in 1988 among
      males than 1976 (17.9% vs. 14.2%), whereas among females the prevalence lowered
      significantly from 8.5% to 4.5% during this period. At the same time the
      prevalence of overweight of more than 20% of the ideal weight increased from
      56.6% of the patients suffering from one or more of the 5 diseases in 1976 to
      63.9% in 1988 significantly. Of a total of 3585 patients that was investigated in
      1988 2395 patients (66.8%) had one or more of the additional diseases.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2275075
TI  - [Danger in cave diving].
AB  - A diving accident fatal for two divers, that occurred in the Blautopf-cave near
      Ulm, FRG, is reported. The circumstances fundamental in precipitating the fatal
      outcome are discussed. As a consequence accident- or life insurance coverage has
      become one of the prerequisites to obtain the official permit to dive in this
      cave.

PMID- 2275077
TI  - MPs reject dog registration plan.

PMID- 2275076
TI  - [Expert assessment in the evaluation of the so-called rotator cuff rupture of the
      shoulder].
AB  - The tear of the rotator cuff only in rare occasions is caused by an adequate
      trauma. Degenerative changes in elderly patients mostly are the reason for the
      defect called "trophic perforation". In the operative treatment of such lesions
      an exact description of the macroscopic findings and the histological
      investigation are necessary.

PMID- 2275078
TI  - How the French see BSE.

PMID- 2275079
TI  - Reversal of medetomidine-induced cardiovascular and respiratory changes with
      atipamezole in dogs.
AB  - The effects of atipamezole, an alpha 2-antagonist, on six medetomidine-sedated
      laboratory beagles were studied in a randomised complete block design. The dogs
      were sedated with medetomidine (20, 40 or 80 micrograms/kg intramuscularly) and
      five- and 10-fold larger doses of atipamezole were administered intramuscularly
      30 minutes later. Atipamezole significantly increased the medetomidine-depressed
      heart rate, respiratory frequency and arterial Po2. The drug also transiently
      decreased the mean arterial blood pressure but subsequently the blood pressure of
      the treated group did not differ from that of a group of dogs treated with a
      placebo.

PMID- 2275080
TI  - Comparative efficacy of closantel and triclabendazole against Fasciola hepatica
      in experimentally infected sheep.
AB  - The effect of closantel (10 mg/kg orally) and triclabendazole (10 mg/kg orally)
      on the reappearance of a patent infection of Fasciola hepatica was studied in
      experimentally infected sheep. The treatments resulted in the interruption of
      faecal egg output for 11 weeks with triclabendazole and 13 weeks with closantel.
      Necropsy of untreated control animals revealed a mean burden of 360 flukes with a
      mean (+/- se) surface area of 171 +/- 64.3 mm2, whereas the fluke burdens in the
      closantel and triclabendazole-treated animals 14 weeks after treatment were 61
      (83 per cent reduction) and 21 (94 per cent reduction), respectively. The surface
      areas of the flukes in the triclabendazole-group were comparable with the
      untreated controls (141 +/- 51.8 mm2), but the flukes in the closantel group were
      markedly smaller (43.1 +/- 26.9 mm2). It is concluded that closantel has, in
      epidemiological terms, a potency comparable with that of triclabendazole, despite
      its slightly lower efficacy against the very immature stages.

PMID- 2275081
TI  - Hepatorenal toxicity in a dog following immersion in Rutland Water.

PMID- 2275082
TI  - Fatal cowpox infection in a human.

PMID- 2275083
TI  - Listeriosis confusion.

PMID- 2275084
TI  - Weak calf syndrome.

PMID- 2275086
TI  - Advertising of prescription only medicines.

PMID- 2275085
TI  - Trimethoprim-sulphonamide hypersensitivity in dogs.

PMID- 2275087
TI  - A study of a restricted programme of strategic dosing against Fasciola hepatica
      with triclabendazole.
AB  - A restricted programme of strategic dosing with triclabendazole was used to treat
      a sheep flock with severe clinical fascioliasis. After five years the percentage
      of ewes passing fluke eggs was reduced from 49 per cent to less than 1 per cent,
      without the reappearance of clinical fascioliasis. It is suggested that this
      programme offers an efficient and practical means of controlling fascioliasis.

PMID- 2275088
TI  - Ultrastructural observation on the response of equine hoof defects to dietary
      supplementation with Farrier's Formula.
AB  - Farrier's Formula feed supplement was added to the diet of 18 horses with two
      types of hoof horn defects. The first group of horses showed sand cracks and
      crumbling horn around the nail holes; the second group suffered frequent bruising
      and had flat feet with collapsed heels. Hoof clippings from both groups were
      studied in the transmission and scanning electron microscopes. All the horses
      showed a progressive improvement in the gross and microscopic structure of the
      hoof horn, starting six weeks after the supplementation began. Once good quality
      hoof horn had grown there was no relapse during the two year period of the study.

PMID- 2275090
TI  - Direct lung infection of chicks and turkey poults with mycoplasmas.

PMID- 2275089
TI  - An investigation of the relationships between body condition and plasma lipid and
      lipoprotein concentrations in 24 donkeys.
AB  - Obese donkeys are susceptible to a hyperlipaemic crisis characterised by high
      plasma triglyceride concentrations. In this study, the relationships between the
      body condition of 24 donkeys and their basal lipid metabolism were investigated.
      Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were
      measured in healthy donkeys classified according to their body condition as thin,
      ideal or obese. There were significant differences between the groups in the
      concentrations of triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), which
      increased in concentration with body condition (P less than 0.05). Cholesterol,
      low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations
      were similar in all the groups. Triglyceride and VLDL concentrations were
      positively correlated with body weight (r = 0.82) and plasma free fatty acid
      concentration (r = 0.48). There were no significant differences in basal plasma
      concentrations of insulin or cortisol. These results suggest that obesity in
      donkeys is associated with changes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism that might
      predispose the animals to hyperlipaemia.

PMID- 2275091
TI  - Bovine fetal fluid collection: transvaginal, ultrasound-guided puncture
      technique.

PMID- 2275092
TI  - Malformation of the soft palate in a dog.

PMID- 2275093
TI  - Future of cattle veterinary practice.

PMID- 2275094
TI  - Salinomycin toxicity in pigs.

PMID- 2275095
TI  - Dental calculus in dogs.

PMID- 2275096
TI  - Beechmast poisoning.

PMID- 2275097
TI  - [The effect of a low-frequency magnetic field and general iodobromide baths with
      the presence of molecular iodine on the blood coagulation processes and the
      central hemodynamics of patients after an aortocoronary bypass].

PMID- 2275098
TI  - [The effect of molecular-iodine baths on the central hemodynamics of patients
      with hypertension and ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2275099
TI  - [An evaluation of the vascular factors of the hemostatic system during the
      rehabilitation of patients after cerebral circulatory disorders].
AB  - Functional diagnosis of the system "blood-vascular wall" early upon acute failure
      of cerebral circulation was found valuable both in the detection of various
      hemostatic functional alterations and development of differential treatment with
      preformed balneological factors. Compensatory potential present in the system of
      hemostasis promotes wider introduction of oxygen and carbon dioxide baths in
      early rehabilitation. The use of balneotherapy leads to modulation of
      antithrombotic properties of the vascular wall.

PMID- 2275101
TI  - [The prospects for the sequential use of hyperbaric oxygenation and muscle
      electrostimulation for the rehabilitation of patients with nerve injuries].
AB  - The authors propose to use hyperbaric oxygenation followed by muscle
      electrostimulation for rehabilitation after nervous diseases and injuries. This
      combination of procedures proceeds from reduced thresholds of muscle electric
      excitability evident from the strength-duration curve upon hyperbaric
      oxygenation.

PMID- 2275100
TI  - [The rehabilitative treatment of patients using "dry" and wet carbonate baths in
      the early period after reconstructive operations on the major extracranial
      arteries of the brain].

PMID- 2275102
TI  - [Low-frequency ultrasound in the treatment of patients with osteoarthrosis
      deformans].

PMID- 2275103
TI  - [The use of a UHF electrical field in the combined sanatorium-health resort
      treatment of patients with infantile cerebral palsy].
AB  - The study involved 178 children aged 7-14 with mild or moderate-severity spastic
      diplegia and hemiparetic infantile cerebral paralysis (ICP) exposed to UHF
      electric field. The effect of this modality incorporation into ICP combined
      treatment was evaluated with regard to clinical manifestations, hemo- and
      cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, bioelectric activity of the brain, psychic
      functions, immunological reactivity, sympathetic-adrenal activity. There was a
      positive trend in the clinical and paraclinical parameters studied.

PMID- 2275104
TI  - [The development of differentiated methods of balneological mud therapy for
      children with scoliotic disease].
AB  - The trend in the aerobic reserve obtained from maximal oxygen utilization and
      other clinicophysiological indices was investigated for children with scoliosis
      stage I, II and III on pelotherapy and hydrokinesitherapy in the pool. The aim
      was to design therapeutic regiments differentiated by the patients' initial
      functional condition. Baseline reduction of the aerobic reserve was recorded in
      35% of the examinees. The response to balneopelotherapy appeared more pronounced
      when the treatment was adjusted to initial functional condition of the child.
      Functional classes of scoliosis were defined to justify dosing of balneotherapy
      and peloids by temperature of water, mud, duration of the procedure and the whole
      course.

PMID- 2275105
TI  - [Physical factors in the pathogenetic therapy of children with scleroderma].
AB  - Telecapillaroscopy, biomicroscopy of the bulbar conjunctiva, rheovasography, cold
      vascular test, ohyprolin and glycosaminoglycans excretion measurements have been
      performed in 337 2-14-year-olds with systemic and localized scleroderma to study
      peripheral circulation and connective tissue metabolism. The results contributed
      to development of differentiated balneo- and pelotherapy schedules affecting the
      principal components of the disease pathogenesis.

PMID- 2275106
TI  - [Skin iodine sorption from iodobromide baths and baths with molecular iodine
      present].

PMID- 2275108
TI  - [The efficacy of diadynamic puncture in spondylogenic neurological syndromes].

PMID- 2275107
TI  - [The combination of therapeutic physical exercise with self-massage in the
      combined treatment of patients with the neurological manifestations of lumbar
      osteochondrosis].

PMID- 2275109
TI  - [Physiotherapy methods in the correction of myotonic disorders].

PMID- 2275110
TI  - [The comparative efficacy of HF, UHF and decimeter-wave therapy in the combined
      treatment of viral hepatitis based on the data from clinical biochemical
      indices].

PMID- 2275111
TI  - [Experimental hypodynamia as a model of the disintegration of the main body
      hormonal systems].

PMID- 2275112
TI  - [The characteristics of the physiological action of the sauna on the body in
      women and men].

PMID- 2275113
TI  - [The mechanism of action of naphthenic hydrocarbons on the acquisition of
      conditioned reflexes in mice].

PMID- 2275114
TI  - [The primary mechanisms of the action of hydrogen sulfide baths].

PMID- 2275115
TI  - [The new "Reflex-PMA" portable apparatus for vacuum massage].

PMID- 2275116
TI  - [An apparatus for the concomitant training of movements in the joints of the
      hand].

PMID- 2275117
TI  - [Errors in performing manual therapy and their prevention].

PMID- 2275118
TI  - [The prospects for the development of manual therapy in the USSR].

PMID- 2275119
TI  - [The problems of the social medical rehabilitation of patients suffering from
      skin diseases].

PMID- 2275120
TI  - [Effects of anti-atherosclerosis diet containing omega 3 fatty acids on the lipid
      spectrum of blood and cell membranes in patients with ischemic heart disease and
      essential hypertension].
AB  - A total of 27 patients received an anti-atherosclerotic diet containing fatty
      fish Greenland halibut, 100 g/day. Significant reduction of the total cholesterol
      level, cholesterol levels of very low and low density proteins, triglycerides,
      atherogenic index, elevation of blood fibrinolytic activity in the presence of
      lowered levels of arachidonic acid and an increased relative content of omega 3
      polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were recorded in membranes of red blood cells
      and platelets. The results of the investigations conducted have shown that even
      rather low doses of omega 3 PUFA introduced in the presence of the hypolipidemic
      diet are conductive to the alimentary correction of the blood serum lipid
      spectrum of the fatty-acid content in cellular membrane structural lipids.

PMID- 2275121
TI  - [Calcium and vitamin D metabolism and enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism during
      chronic action of mycotoxins].
AB  - Experimental rats received T-2 toxin (0.063 mg/kg), deoxynivalenol (1.6 mg/kg)
      and aflatoxin B1 (0.008 mg/kg) during 6 months. Moderately manifest changes were
      detected in metabolic enzyme activity of foreign substances in the liver and
      small intestine mucosa. All mycotoxins induced weak hypocalcemia, while ionized
      calcium concentration in the blood serum decreased only after T-2 toxin
      administration that was attended by an increase of PTH level. Alkaline
      phosphatase activity and calcium transport in the small intestine were not
      significantly changed. Concentration of 25-OHD in the blood serum and 25
      hydroxylase D3 activity in the liver decreased in rats given T-2 toxin. Formation
      of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 in the kidneys was not significantly changed,
      while T-2 toxin inhibited regulatory changes in 1-hydroxylase 25-OHD3 activity in
      response to the action of PTH and adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. The
      results of the investigation have evidenced that calcium metabolism disorders
      during chronic action of mycotoxins could be partially associated with secondary
      vitamin D deficiency.

PMID- 2275122
TI  - [Formation of free fatty acid pool in the liver of rats during starvation].
AB  - Absolute starvation during 2 days induces increased levels of taurine,
      phosphoethanolamine, ethanolamine, glycine, serine, threonine and decreased
      levels of aspartate, lysine, methionine and cystine in the rat liver. The ration
      of nonessential to essential, and glycogenic to ketogenic amino acids increased
      on the average by 30%. On day 4 of starvation the level of nonessential
      glycogenic amino acids is significantly lowered, while the concentration of
      essential ketogenic amino acids is increased. On day 6 essential ketogenic amino
      acid pool is more increased. On day 10 the shifts in the amino acid pool in the
      liver are retained, the reduction of alanine and serine content is most typical.
      The value of D2-Machalanobis, obtained during lineal discriminant analysis of
      amino acid pool and space distribution of the signs for the control and starving
      animals (during 10 days), was lower than that on day 4 and 6 of the experiment.
      The levels of glycine, serine lysine, leucine, glutamate, alanine and aspartate
      show the highest information content during such investigation of all the groups
      of animals.

PMID- 2275123
TI  - [Features of the effects of disaccharide structure of saccharose on kinetic
      parameters of hepatic lipid synthesis from glucose (mechanism of disaccharide
      effect)].
AB  - Effects of saccharose or invert sugar on kinetics of lipid synthesis in the rat
      liver were investigated using 1-14C-glucose as a precursor. The diet containing
      30% of saccharose (of the total energy value) for 40 days was found to be
      sufficient to increase the radioactive carbon flux through total liver lipids
      more than twice, and through rapidly metabolized neutral lipids and phospholipids
      more than 4 and 3 times, consequently. On the contrary, when the invert sugar
      diet was used the radioactive carbon flux through total lipids in the liver was
      reduced up to 54% of the control level, the lowest radioactive carbon flux was
      observed through the rapidly metabolized fraction of phospholipids--6% of the
      control level, only. These changes were caused by the corresponding alterations
      in lipid synthesis constants.

PMID- 2275124
TI  - [Bases of physiological standards of energy and food substance consumption for
      school-age children and adolescents].

PMID- 2275126
TI  - [Effects of a new saccharose-containing powder on the indicators of carbohydrate
      and lipid metabolism in animals].
AB  - Experimental animals were fed with semisynthetic rations with sugar-containing
      powder (40% of carbohydrate energy value) during 10 months. It has been found
      that this ration does not influence the levels of glucose in the blood, glycogen
      in the liver, and the content of triglycerides, total cholesterol and alpha
      lipoprotein cholesterol in the blood serum. Similar quantity of refined sugar in
      the ration led to elevation of the levels of glucose in the blood, of
      triglycerides and total cholesterol in the blood serum by the end of the
      experiment. Correlation between biochemical and morphological investigation data
      has been recorded.

PMID- 2275125
TI  - [Organelle-specific activity of enzymes of different rat organs as one of the
      criteria in the hygienic evaluation of haprin].
AB  - It has been established that haprin included into the ration of adult rats
      induces changes in the activity of some enzymes of cellular organelles in the
      liver, kidneys and blood serum. These changes are dose-dependent and most
      manifest when haprin comprised 50% of the total protein content in the ration.

PMID- 2275127
TI  - [Biogenic amine contents in fish and fish preserves].
AB  - A method developed on the basis of highly efficient liquid chromatography of
      dansyl derivatives was used to study the content of biogenic amines (tyramine,
      histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermine and spermidine) in fish and canned
      fish. It was found that only 7 out of 149 samples contained histamine levels
      exceeding maximum permissible concentration (salted herring, smoked sardines, and
      salted Siberian salmon). No correlation was recorded between the increase of
      spermine content and spermidine.

PMID- 2275128
TI  - [Chemical and biological properties of grape seed oil].
AB  - Biological properties of grape seed oil, included into the ration of animals in
      the amount of 25% of calorie value during 11 weeks, were studied in growing male
      rats. It has been established that deodorized grape seed oil is close to
      sunflower oil by its chemical and biological properties. The possibility of using
      grape seed oil as full value food vegetable oil has been validated.

PMID- 2275129
TI  - [Changes in vitamin content during preservation of chopped meat enriched with
      vitamins].

PMID- 2275130
TI  - [Mineral contents of food rations in preschool institutions].

PMID- 2275131
TI  - [Factual nutrition of seamen of the North Sea steam navigation].

PMID- 2275133
TI  - [Methods of the assessment of the sanitary-epidemiological safety of public
      eating place objects].

PMID- 2275132
TI  - [Validation of criteria in the assessment of sanitary-epidemiological risks in
      public eating places].

PMID- 2275134
TI  - [Teaching the population about rational nutrition].

PMID- 2275135
TI  - [Main stages in the development of vitaminology studies].

PMID- 2275136
TI  - [Revision of recommended standards of energy and food substance consumption for
      different population groups].

PMID- 2275138
TI  - [The creation of a mobile multipurpose diagnostic and therapeutic consultation
      center].

PMID- 2275137
TI  - [Nutritional factors regulating glucocorticoid function in ontogenesis].

PMID- 2275139
TI  - [The importance of medical genetics study for the early diagnosis of
      mucoviscidosis].
AB  - The method of specific DNA amplification was used to study the polymorphism of
      the length of restriction fragment in the system CS-7 and KM-19 locus D7S23 in
      the family C. It is shown that cohesion of alleles A2 and B2 with mutation of
      mucoviscidosis and presence of a mucoviscidosis gene occurred in a healthy
      sibling. The family C, is prospective for prenatal diagnosis of mucoviscidosis by
      the method of specific DNA amplification in the system KM-19 restrictase Pst-1
      and CS-7-Hinf-6-1.

PMID- 2275140
TI  - [The use of ethonium as an angioprotector in treating experimental
      atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2275141
TI  - [The determination of lead in the milk teeth for assessing its action on the
      body].
AB  - The content of lead was examined in the shed milk teeth of 45 6-year-old
      children. The data were analyzed with consideration of the environment, amounts
      of lead entering the body. Approaches are substantiated to the interpretation of
      results of determination of lead in biomaterial and their use as an exposition
      test.

PMID- 2275142
TI  - [The hygienic characteristics of the working conditions on moving machinery in
      crop raising].
AB  - Data are reported on the hygienic characteristics of working conditions of
      machine operators of the main types of agricultural works on moving machines and
      transport. The main unfavourable factors were air dust, noise, vibration and
      microclimate. The levels of these factors depended on the types of tractors,
      kinds of work and season of the year. Prophylactic measures are discussed.

PMID- 2275143
TI  - [The dynamics of the enzymatic activity of DNA metabolism during the treatment of
      stomach cancer patients].
AB  - The activity of thymidine kinase was found to be distinctly elevated while the
      activity of thymidine phosphorylase was markedly reduced in the blood serum of
      patients with gastric cancer. The dynamics of enzymatic activity depended on the
      form of surgical intervention. In patients undergoing chemotherapy positive
      effects were observed in those with a high initial activity of thymidine
      phosphorylase. This enzyme test is recommended for determination of treatment
      efficiency and prognosis of the course of the disease.

PMID- 2275144
TI  - [The effect of the microclimate in hot shops on autonomic nervous system function
      in metallurgists].
AB  - The reactivity of somatovegetative functions was investigated in 601 patients of
      hot shops of metallurgical enterprises. A method for determination of grade of
      vegetative lability was employed. A relationship was found of the influence of
      the age of metallurgists, length of work in hot shops and morbidity on the index
      of vegetative lability.

PMID- 2275145
TI  - [The prevalence of arterial hypertension among the inhabitants of a rural
      locality in contact with pesticides].
AB  - Standard epidemiological methods were used for a random choice and subsequent
      study of men and women (age: 30-35 years) inhabiting rural localities. It was
      established that contact of rural population in conditions of agricultural
      production with chemical poisons did not influence the frequency of development
      of arterial hypotension and pathological changes of the electrocardiogram.

PMID- 2275147
TI  - [The natural foci of leptospirosis in different topographic-geographic zones of
      the Bukovinan Carpathians].

PMID- 2275146
TI  - [The treatment of patients with the hemorrhagic form of erysipelas by using amben
      and parmidine].
AB  - Amben (fibrinolysis inhibitor) and parmidin (bradykinin inhibitor) were used as
      pathogenetic treatment of 38 and 36 patients with hemorrhagic erysipelas
      respectively. Early amben treatment proved clinically rather effective and was
      accompanied by normalization of fibrinolysis and kallikrein-kinin system.
      Parmidin treatment resulted only in pain control, other subjective signs,
      normalization of the kallikrein-kinin system while fibrinolysis activity was
      maintained at former levels.

PMID- 2275148
TI  - [Enterosorption in the combined treatment of patients with viral hepatitis].
AB  - The authors studied the efficacy of using USSR-made adsorbent "Enterosgel" in the
      complex treatment of viral hepatitis. A scheme of employment of the drug is
      described. Recommendations on the doses and duration of treatment are given. It
      was established that the efficacy of "Enterosgel" treatment was optimal in
      patients with intoxication syndrome due to hepatic insufficiency, cholestasis
      with marked skin pruritus and allergic manifestations. Use of the named drug
      permits to restrict the employment of other agents that effected favourably the
      course and outcome of viral hepatitis.

PMID- 2275149
TI  - [The creation of automated banks of medical information documents].

PMID- 2275150
TI  - [Aleksandr Iosifovich Gritsiuk. Obituary].

PMID- 2275151
TI  - [The proteoglycan content of the duodenal juice in peptic ulcer patients].
AB  - Examined were 21 patients with duodenal ulcer during exacerbation, 18 patients at
      the stage of clinical remission and 37 patients with exacerbation of chronic
      cholecystitis with the purpose of evaluating the content of glycosaminoglycans in
      the duodenal juice. In was established that patients with duodenal ulcer during
      exacerbation showed a marked reduction of the release of glycosaminoglycans while
      the content of these substances was increased at the stage of clinical remission
      and patients with exacerbation of chronic cholecystitis. The authors discuss the
      role of glycosaminoglycans in the pathogenesis, sanogenesis and diagnosis of
      duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2275152
TI  - [The cerucal treatment of patients with hypomotoric gastroduodenal dyskinesias
      and dystonias].
AB  - Of 172 patients with gastroenterological diseases hypomotoric dyskinesias and
      dystonias were observed in 82 (48%). In 25% of patients cerucal did not produce
      any positive effect in gastric and duodenal hypokinesia. They were patients with
      leading parasympathetic activity and increase muscle tone with resulting reduced
      contraction amplitude ("false" hypokinesia), abnormal contraction phase modes,
      increased intracavitary pressure.

PMID- 2275153
TI  - [The importance of probe-free methods for studying gastric acid formation and
      pancreatic exocrine function in the diagnosis of chronic duodenitis].

PMID- 2275154
TI  - [The effect of oxygen barotherapy on gastric secretion in patients with chronic
      gastritis].
AB  - Patients with functional disorders of the stomach, chronic gastroduodenitis,
      chronic gastritis with secretory gastric insufficiency subjected to hyperbaric
      oxygenation (partial oxygen pressure-0.250.225 MPa, exposition-60 min) revealed
      an increase of gastric secretion and acidity indices. This stimulating effect in
      conditions of hyperbaric oxygenation was observed only in patients with initial
      hypochlorhydria.

PMID- 2275155
TI  - [The causes of intestinal hemorrhages].
AB  - Eight-year experience with treatment of 218 patients with hemorrhoidal and 68
      with non-hemorrhoidal intestinal bleeding indicates that in the first group of
      patients the most adequate treatment was urgent hemorrhoidectomy and correction
      of anemia. For correct diagnosis and treatment of patients with non-hemorrhoidal
      intestinal bleeding the patients should be hospitalized in special clinics
      equipped with modern diagnostic and treatment facilities.

PMID- 2275156
TI  - [The use of antioxidants in patients with chronic diseases of the hepatobiliary
      system (a review of the literature)].

PMID- 2275157
TI  - [The diagnosis of a cystic duct blockade in patients with chronic cholecystitis].
AB  - The authors describe a method of complex examination of patients with diseases of
      the external biliary tract with the aim of diagnosing cystic duct blocks.
      Intravenous cholangiography using billignost and albumin in 2:1 ratio proved
      highly effective. Of essential help in the diagnosis of cystic duct block was
      dynamic ultrasonic examination. Cystic duct block is a distinct sign of
      cholecystitis requiring operative intervention.

PMID- 2275158
TI  - [Chronic gastritis in patients following cholecystectomy].
AB  - A study of 198 patients with chronic gastritis after cholecystectomy revealed
      that chronic gastritis occurred in 2.6-4.5% of patients with benign diseases of
      the biliary tract and postcholecystectomy syndrome that were not diagnosed before
      surgery. Gastric disorders should be considered in the complex of rehabilitation
      measures after cholecystectomy. Treatment in a gastroenterological department and
      at health resort will improve long-term results.

PMID- 2275159
TI  - [The problems and prospects of heart transplantation (a review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2275161
TI  - [The morphological changes to the venous autografts in patients with chronic
      ischemic heart disease following aortocoronary shunting].

PMID- 2275160
TI  - [Complications and side effects in patients with ischemic heart disease before
      coronary and ventricular radiography].
AB  - The author analyzes the reaction (myocardial ischemia, disorders of the cardiac
      rhythm and their associations) in 151 patients with ischemic heart disease
      immediately before the initiation of narcosis in patients undergoing coronary and
      ventricular radiography. Several disorders were revealed and measures on the
      prophylaxis and treatment of these disorders are proposed.

PMID- 2275162
TI  - [The educational psychology bases for improving the activities of a medical
      school].

PMID- 2275163
TI  - [The effect of visken and hypothiazide on the indices of the central and renal
      hemodynamics in patients with atherosclerotic hypertension].
AB  - A study of 43 elderly patients (60-74 years of age) with atherosclerotic
      hypertension revealed moderate disorders of the central and renal hemodynamics.
      The patients maintained adequately the main renal and endocrine functions (renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system). Hypotensive treatment requires great care in
      these patients. Beta-adrenoblocking agents have a certain prevalence over
      canalicular thiazide diuretics.

PMID- 2275164
TI  - [The dynamics of lipid peroxidation in patients with ischemic heart disease and
      hypertension during anaprilin treatment].
AB  - Results are reported of a study of the lipid peroxidation (LP) in 33 patients
      with ischemic heart disease (IHD), hypertensive disease (HD) and their
      associations during anaprilin treatment. During deterioration of the course of HD
      and IHD there occurs initiation of LP of membranes most pronounced in association
      of these diseases. Anaprilin reduces the activity of LP products.

PMID- 2275165
TI  - [The humoral depressor system function in rheumatic heart defects with arterial
      hypertension].
AB  - A study of 115 patients with rheumatic heart disease associated with arterial
      hypertension revealed significant changes of functioning of depressor kallikrein
      kinin system of the kidneys and blood. The period of formation of arterial
      hypertension is already distinguished by an exhaustion of the depressor systems
      manifested in a marked reduction of the kallikrein excretion in response to
      physical loads and a reduction of the extracellular volume deteriorating in the
      course of stabilization of arterial hypertension.

PMID- 2275166
TI  - [The levels of circulating immune complexes and immunoglobulins in patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - The authors studied the levels of large- and medium molecular circulating immune
      complexes (CIC) and immunoglobulins of main classes (Ig) in 17 patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 47 patients with rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA). RESULTS: low molecular CIC increased in 35.2% of patients with SLE and in
      42.5% with RA; patients with SLE showed a significant reduction of IgA in 80.4%.
      The IgA/IgM ratio was significantly reduced in SLE due to the above finding. The
      IgA level remained unchanged in RA.

PMID- 2275167
TI  - [The efficacy of the coenzyme treatment of patients with idiopathic myocarditis].
AB  - The authors analyze treatment results of a coenzyme complex (pyridoxalphosphate,
      cobalamide, phosphaden) in patients with idiopathic myocarditis. This complex
      produced a corrective effect on the energy processes in the myocardium. Analysis
      of correlative metabolic changes in blood neutrophils enables the possibility of
      dynamic control of the efficacy of drug treatment.

PMID- 2275168
TI  - [The effect of the fatty mass of the body on the hemodynamics in young men with
      obesity].
AB  - A study of 120 patients with obesity allowed to distinguish mild, average and
      severe obesity grades depending on body fat mass. There was a direct correlation
      between the body fat mass and systolic, diastolic, pulse and average dynamic
      arterial pressure, the level of which rose with the increase of obesity. In mild
      and average obesity grades arterial pressure rose due to increase of cardiac
      ejection, in severe due to increase the peripheral vascular resistance.

PMID- 2275169
TI  - [The relationship of immunological reactivity to blood groups].
AB  - The relationship of blood groups and level of immunological reactivity was
      studied in 500 patients with different diseases and 246 healthy subjects.
      Distribution of genetic markers of blood groups in the healthy and patients
      showed certain characteristic features. It was found that the A (11) blood group
      in the healthy may be considered a marker of high levels of immunological
      reactivity resulting in a milder course of diseases in persons of this blood
      group. It was shown that different pathological states are characterized by
      variations of immunological reactivity depending on the blood group--on the
      content of populations and subpopulations of lymphocytes, immunoglobulin of
      different classes, normal antibodies, grade of immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2275170
TI  - [The importance of the enzyme preparation ancistron-N in the diagnosis of
      disseminated intravascular coagulation].
AB  - Parallel examination of the ancistrone test and thrombin time may be used for
      express diagnosis of the DIC syndrome. The heparin test enables in heparin
      treated patients to distinguish real afibrinogenemia from false when the blood
      plasma retains fibrinogen blocked and noncoagulable with thrombin.

PMID- 2275171
TI  - [The diagnosis and treatment of giant-cell histiocytic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].
AB  - The authors present a histomorphological, cytological and cytochemical study of
      lymph node biopsy material from 4 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This rarely
      occurring lymphomas revealed a large number of giant cells with mitoses. The
      histiocytic nature of the cells was confirmed cytoenzymologically. The clinical
      picture is characterized by aggressive course, resistance to cytostatic therapy.

PMID- 2275172
TI  - [A method for the luminescence microscopy of the thrombocytes in the diagnosis of
      hemostatic disorders in patients with cerebral atherosclerosis].
AB  - The authors evaluated the diagnostic importance of morphological properties of
      thrombocytes in patients with cerebral atherosclerosis. The proposed method
      consists in vital staining of thrombocytes in the blood plasma by means of
      acridine arrange, their fixation, application of a smear, microscopy in
      ultraviolet rays with determination of the ratio of thrombocytes of separate
      classes according to the intensity of luminescence of cellular alpha-granules and
      presence of aggregates. The method may be used for the prognosis of thrombotic
      complications in patients with atherosclerotic dyscirculatory encephalopathy and
      controlling the efficacy of therapy by antiaggregant agents.

PMID- 2275173
TI  - [The prediction of recurrent acute pneumonia morbidity in young persons].
AB  - The authors examined 103 patients suffering of acute pneumonia. A group was
      distinguished that suffered frequently of this disease. It is shown that repeat
      pneumonia has its clinical and immunological particular features. Formulas are
      described allowing to predict repeat morbidity and, thus, permitting to take
      measures of prophylaxis.

PMID- 2275174
TI  - [Foridon in the combined treatment of patients with chronic obstructive lung
      diseases].
AB  - Noninvasive methods (kinetocardiography, pneumotachometry, sphygmomanometry) were
      used in 32 patients chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive
      bronchitis, bronchial asthma) to study the effect of foridon (calcium antagonist)
      on the bronchial patency, lesser and greater circulation arterial pressure during
      single intakes and course treatment. Single intake had no influence on the
      bronchial patency while it was influenced by course treatment. Foridon reduced
      the lesser and greater circulation pressure. It is recommended to include foridon
      in the complex treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
      complicated by pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2275175
TI  - [The efficacy of the combined therapy of chronic alcoholics with newly detected
      destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - The authors propose a complex method of treatment of patients with freshly
      detected pulmonary tuberculosis suffering also of chronic alcoholism with
      inclusion of obligatory detoxication measures and intensive combined chemotherapy
      in conditions of a routine hospital. Treatment directed to alcohol detoxication
      and abstinence permitted to carry out prolonged systematic treatment with results
      analogous to those treated only for tuberculosis. In patients combining
      tuberculosis and alcoholism bacteria elimination ceased by discharge from the
      clinic in 87.3 +/- 4.5%, destruction closed in 65 +/- 6.4% of patients.

PMID- 2275176
TI  - [The elimination of chemotherapy side effects in pulmonary tuberculosis
      patients].
AB  - Neurotoxic side-effects of tuberculosis chemotherapy occurred in 14.9% of
      patients with tuberculosis treated prophylactically with intramuscular pyridoxine
      infusions. Use of small doses of nootropil (piracetam) allowed to control the
      side-effects (headache and vertigo, sleep disorders, irritation, memory
      disorders) and to continue treatment with isoniazide, one of the most potent
      tuberculostatic agents.

PMID- 2275177
TI  - [The efficacy and cost of treating patients with destructive pulmonary
      tuberculosis in a rural locality].

PMID- 2275178
TI  - [Indices of the functional state of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-ovaries system in
      women with Itsenko-Cushing disease].
AB  - The content of gonadotropic hormones, prolactin and sex steroids were examined in
      the blood of 97 women with Itsenko-Cushing disease before and after
      administration of LH-RH and chorionic gonadotropin hormone. It was found that
      women with Itsenko-Cushing disease revealed a reduced concentration of
      gonadotropic hormones while the level of testosterone, progesterone, prolactin
      was increased. Estradiol remained unchanged. LH-RH tests indicate that women with
      Itsenko-Cushing disease revealed an abnormal synthesis and release of
      gonadotropins as well as secretion of LH-RH by the hypothalamus. The chorionic
      gonadotropin hormone test confirmed maintenance of the ovarian function.

PMID- 2275179
TI  - [The effect of splenic inductothermy on the functions of the liver and its blood
      flow in patients with diabetic fatty hepatosis].
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with fatty hepatosis were treated by a five-day course of
      inductothermy (short-wave diathermy) on the splenic zone. 20-minute sessions were
      carried out daily. This resulted in a regular improvement of the antitoxic and
      absorptive functions of hepatocytes as well as the hepatic blood flow. The
      favourable effect of this course of inductothermy lasted not less that two weeks
      after termination of the treatment.

PMID- 2275180
TI  - [Ultrasonography of the abdominal cavity organs in peptic ulcer patients
      following gastric resection].
AB  - A study of 205 patients in the follow-up period after gastric resection for ulcer
      disease indicates that ultrasonography is a valuable method of diagnosis of
      involvement of the abdominal cavity organs but requires perfection of methods
      directed at improvement of visualization of the scanned organs. For diagnosis of
      diffuse lesions of the liver it is rational to combine ultra-sonography with
      radionuclide, endoscopic and roentgenological methods. It was found that patients
      with gastric resection syndromes, calculosis of the gallbladder was present in
      17.1% while lesions of the pancreas were 4 times more frequent than in the common
      population.

PMID- 2275182
TI  - [The early detection of Lewis carcinoma by using a new experimental histochemical
      method].

PMID- 2275181
TI  - [The prevention of skin melanoma metastases to the regional lymph nodes].
AB  - Results are reported of the treatment of 82 patients with grade 1 melanoma of the
      skin of extremities and trunk. Endolymphatic chemotherapy was carried out after
      surgery. During the first postoperative year metastases to the regional lymph
      nodes developed in 15.7% of patients while in the control group of 333 patients
      metastases were found in 38.6%.

PMID- 2275183
TI  - [Recurrent endometrial cancer after combined radiation therapy].
AB  - Data of a patients are reported who developed recurrence of highly differentiated
      cancer of the endometrium 20 years after combined. At that time the patient
      harboured also a borderline mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary with malignization
      foci. An analysis of the lymphocyte karyotype in the peripheral blood revealed a
      14% increase of aberrant cells.

PMID- 2275184
TI  - [The dynamics of the brain-stem evoked potentials in disseminated sclerosis].
AB  - Brain-stem evoked potentials were recorded and analyzed in 65 patients suffering
      of multiple sclerosis. The findings were compared with a control group. The
      changes of potentials depended on the character of the course and stage of the
      disease as well as on location of the pathological foci in the brain-stem.
      Changes of the amplitude-time parameters during treatment with different methods
      were observed.

PMID- 2275186
TI  - [The characteristics of the central and peripheral hemodynamics in patients with
      disseminated sclerosis].
AB  - Tetrapolar rheography and rheovasoplethysmography were used to examine the
      central and peripheral hemodynamics in the v course of complex treatment in 37
      patients suffering of multiple sclerosis. At early stages of the disease with a
      remitting course and at the phase of remission the patients showed a hyperkinetic
      type of blood circulation, increase of the vascular tone of the peripheral blood
      vessels. Severe forms of the disease, progressive course and the exacerbation
      phase was characterized by the hypokinetic type of blood circulation, dystonic
      and atonic state of extremity blood vessels. Examination of the central and
      peripheral hemodynamics allows to objectivize the condition of patients with
      multiple sclerosis and treatment efficacy.

PMID- 2275185
TI  - [The content of lipid peroxidation products in the blood of patients with
      disseminated sclerosis].
AB  - Lipid peroxidation products were investigated in patients suffering of multiple
      sclerosis. Activation of the processes of free-radical oxidation was revealed.
      Employment of antioxidant therapy in the complex treatment of these patients
      resulted in an improvement of their condition that correlated with positive
      changes in the process of lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2275187
TI  - [Folic acid in the combined treatment of patients with disseminated sclerosis and
      chronic gastritis].
AB  - Folic acid was used for the complex treatment of patients with multiple
      sclerosis. The doses employed were 200-300 mcg daily. It was established that
      folic acid improved the reparative processes in the gastric mucosa and produced a
      pronounced therapeutic effect on the neurological status of the patients,
      favoured improvement of their general condition.

PMID- 2275189
TI  - [The early morphofunctional changes in the microcirculatory bed of the skin in
      atopic dermatitis].

PMID- 2275188
TI  - [The prevention and treatment of acute pharyngitis].

PMID- 2275190
TI  - Nurses' interpretation of the suffering of their patients.

PMID- 2275191
TI  - Methods to prevent and manage nipple pain in breastfeeding women.

PMID- 2275192
TI  - Environment, anxiety, and postoperative pain.

PMID- 2275193
TI  - Factors influencing family caregiver burden and health.

PMID- 2275194
TI  - Testing theoretically based nursing care: necessary modifications of the clinical
      trial.

PMID- 2275195
TI  - Research design conferences: guidelines for investigators and graduate students.
AB  - Meticulous preplanning will lead to a beneficial design conference and a concise
      successful research proposal. Selection of the best experts for the conference,
      organization, and a flexible conference schedule can create a profusion of ideas,
      enhance discussion, and allow weak areas in the proposal to be identified and
      strengthened. A design conference can be a delightfully rewarding strategy for
      investigators, research teams, or graduate students. A successful conference will
      be accomplished if you adhere to the following steps: 1. Have at least two design
      conferences while you are preparing your research proposal--more if you feel that
      you need them. 2. Identify and invite the best experts possible from inside and
      outside your institution to discuss your questions. 3. Prepare a draft of your
      proposal as well as a list of your questions and give these to your experts at
      least 1 week in advance so they can prepare for the design conference. 4. Tape
      record the discussion at the design conference along with taking written notes.
      5. After the conference, review the tapes and notes and revise the proposal
      accordingly.

PMID- 2275196
TI  - [Arrhythmias in healthy sailors].
AB  - Results are presented of 24-hour monitoring by Holter's method of ECG in 50
      healthy seamen aged 29-55 years (mean 47.7 years), in whom clinical examination,
      chest radiography, resting ECG records, and echocardiography confirmed normal
      condition of the cardiovascular system. In 36% of the seamen premature beats of
      various origin were elicited. Supraventricular extrasystolic beats were
      demonstrated in 8%, atrioventricular-junction beats in 8%, and ventricular
      ectopic beats in 18%. In one case simultaneous occurrence of junction beats and
      ventricular beats was found. In 28% of the subjects sinus bradycardia was noted,
      and in 1 seaman two episodes of sinus tachycardia were recorded. The intensity of
      the observed arrhythmias was low.

PMID- 2275197
TI  - [Cefoperazone--Possibility of safer treatment for infections in patients with
      chronic renal failure].
AB  - Cefoperazone was used in the treatment of infections in 13 cases of chronic renal
      failure. In 8 cases recurrent urinary tract infections were diagnosed,
      septicaemia in 3 cases, pneumonia in 2. Cefoperazone 2-4 g daily was a very
      effective and well tolerated drug. Only one therapeutic failure was noted in a
      patient with mixed urinary tract infection (strains of Enterobacter cloacae and
      Klebsiella pneumoniae). No side effects developed, and in patients in the phase
      of moderate renal failure some decrease of serum creatinine was noted after the
      completion of treatment.

PMID- 2275198
TI  - [Acute glomerulonephritis in children].

PMID- 2275199
TI  - [Prevention of atherosclerosis in light of opinions about its etiology].

PMID- 2275200
TI  - [National program for cholesterol prevention in Poland. Population strategy].

PMID- 2275201
TI  - [National program for cholesterol prevention in Poland. Individual strategy].

PMID- 2275202
TI  - [Cholesterol prevention. American and European positions].

PMID- 2275203
TI  - [Principles of pharmacologic treatment for hyperlipoproteinemia].

PMID- 2275204
TI  - [Diet with controlled content of fat and cholesterol--practical aspects and
      realized evaluation].

PMID- 2275205
TI  - [Risk factors of atherosclerosis and awareness of risk in employees of a Viennese
      insurance company].
AB  - In Austria still more than 50% of overall mortality are due to cardiovascular
      diseases. An efficient prevention via change of life-style has been proven. We
      started with an intervention-trial in a Viennese insurance company. 667 persons
      (50.7% m, 49.1% f, 0.1% no declaration) participated in the basic examination.
      The mean cholesterol level was 221.85 +/- 43.87 mg/dl, being clearly above the
      threshold value of 200 mg/dl. In spite of the fact, that 69.7% of the female and
      65.5% of the male had elevated serum cholesterol only 1.8% already took lipid
      lowering drugs. Participants with a positive family history (myocardial
      infarction) had significantly elevated cholesterol (228.2 +/- 49.4 mg/dl vs 219.7
      +/- 50.4 mg/dl). Another point we were drawing special attention to was the
      knowledge of the participants about the risk factors of atherosclerosis. Only 13%
      of the males and 13.8% of the females knew their cholesterol level. 11.5% of the
      males and 15.9% of the females were aware of the threshold value of cholesterol.
      Intervention strategies (information campaign, works kitchen) have been
      initiated. A possible beneficial effect will be examined in biannual follow-up
      examinations.

PMID- 2275206
TI  - [Challenges to medicine at the end of the 20th century].
AB  - A critical analysis is given of the present situation of modern medicine and an
      attempt is made to outline the challenges to medicine during the next decade.
      These are seen in the enormous over-population of the world, the over-aging of
      the population, the increase of chronic diseases and an alarming environmental
      pollution. However, the challenges to medicine also include the establishing of a
      new concept of health and a new health system combining both the maintenance of
      health and the curing diseases.

PMID- 2275208
TI  - [Current cellular aspects of atherosclerosis. Risk factors in its etiology and
      treatment].

PMID- 2275207
TI  - [Scintigraphic monitoring of chondro-protective therapy of finger polyarthritis].
AB  - A pilot study in patients with osteoarthritis of fingers was done to clarify the
      question, whether abnormal joints in bone scanning can predict degenerative
      changes in X-rays and if scintigraphy is of help in monitoring therapy with
      chondroprotective medications. 2 groups of 7 patients with symptomatic
      osteoarthritis of fingers were treated either with galvanic bath alone or in
      combination with Rumalon-injections for 6 weeks. After therapy the number of
      abnormal joints in bone scan and number of tender joints was found reduced in
      both groups, a decrease of the mean circumference of joints was only seen in the
      Rumalon-group. After 1 year an increase of degenerative signs in X-rays was
      demonstrated in both groups. But the number of tender joints was smaller in the
      Rumalon-group than in controls. For abnormal joints in bone scanning a high
      positive value was calculated regarding to signs of osteoarthritis in
      radiographs. But no major information in monitoring the chondroprotective
      efficacy of the medicament was given by bone scanning.

PMID- 2275210
TI  - Mechanisms of inhibition of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.
AB  - 1. Various molecular mechanisms underlie the action of inhibitors of xenobiotic
      metabolizing enzymes acting upon the enzyme itself and not elsewhere. 2. The
      activity of directly acting inhibitors is due to the compounds themselves rather
      than to metabolic intermediates thereof. When the enzyme's ground state is the
      target, competitive or non-competitive inhibition can be seen, depending on a
      number of factors. 3. Some inhibitors are transition-state analogues and bind
      slowly but with high affinity to the enzyme. Inhibition may be due to the
      compound itself and/or a metabolic intermediate. 4. Mechanism-based inhibitors
      are those which act via an in situ generated metabolic intermediate that can bind
      reversibly or irreversibly to the enzyme. 5. These various mechanisms are
      exemplified and discussed in terms of selectivity and reversibility.

PMID- 2275209
TI  - Hepatic induction potency of hypolipidaemic drugs in the rat following long-term
      administration: influence of different dosing regimens.
AB  - 1. The effects of different dosing regimens of three hypolipidaemic, peroxisome
      proliferator drugs on hepatic enzymes in the Fischer rat following 26 weeks
      treatment have been studied. 2. In study 1, with once-daily dosing (dose levels
      based on comparative antisecretory activity), the liver/body weight ratio and
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation were significantly increased in the order:
      ciprofibrate greater than bezafibrate greater than clofibric acid. Glutathione
      peroxidase activity was decreased to 65% and 77% control after treatment with
      ciprofibrate and bezafibrate, respectively, but not after treatment with
      clofibric acid. 3. In study 2, dosing regimens were adjusted to compensate for
      the different drug pharmacokinetic profiles in rat, with clofibric acid and
      bezafibrate administered twice daily and ciprofibrate once every 48 h. Liver
      enlargement and increases in peroxisomal beta-oxidation were similar with all
      three drugs when compensation for differences in drug clearance was made.
      Glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased to similar extents by all three
      compounds. 4. The induction profiles of these hypolipidaemic drugs, largely
      different with once-daily dosing, were shown to be similar after adjusting the
      frequency of dosing with respect to drug half-life.

PMID- 2275211
TI  - Species variation in the response of the cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase
      system to inducers and inhibitors.
AB  - 1. In the safety evaluation of drugs and other chemicals it is important to
      evaluate their possible inducing and inhibitory effects on the enzymes of drug
      metabolism. 2. While many similarities exist between species in their response to
      inducers and inhibitors, there are also important differences. Possible
      mechanisms of such variation are considered, with particular reference to the
      cytochrome P-450 system. 3. Differences in inhibition may be due to differences
      in inhibitory site of the enzyme involved, which is not always the active site of
      the enzyme, in competing pathways or in the pharmacokinetics of the inhibitor. 4.
      Differences in induction could be due to differences in the nature of the
      induction mechanism, in the isoenzyme induced, in tissue- or age-dependent
      regulation, in competing pathways for the substrate or its products, or in the
      pharmacokinetics of the inducing agent. 5. Examples of each of these possible
      differences are considered, often from our own work on the P450 IA subfamily, and
      results in animals are compared with those in humans, where possible. 6. At
      present, the differences between species in their response to inducers and
      inhibitors make extrapolation to humans from the results of animal studies
      difficult, so that ultimately such effects should be studied in the species of
      interest, humans.

PMID- 2275212
TI  - Interspecies features of hepatic cytochromes P450 IA1 and P450 IA2 in rodents.
AB  - 1. Antibodies to mouse liver cytochrome P3-450 (anti-P3-450) and antibodies to
      rat liver cytochrome P-450d (anti-P-450d-c) both inhibit the O-deethylation of 7
      ethoxy-resorufin (ER) in liver microsomes of benzo(a)pyrene-induced (BP) mice but
      do not inhibit the O-deethylase activity in liver microsomes of BP-induced rats.
      2. Anti-P3-450 and anti-P-450d-c inhibit BP hydroxylation in BP-induced mouse
      liver microsomes by 20%, but they do not inhibit this rection at all in BP
      induced rat liver microsomes. 3. Isolated cytochrome P3-450 in a reconstituted
      monooxygenase system metabolized 7-ER and BP. In contrast, its homologue,
      cytochrome P-450d, does not metabolize these substrates. The fraction containing
      cytochrome P1-450 metabolized 7-ER at a low rate and BP at a rate of 3.6 nmol
      product/min per nmol cytochrome. 4. Western blot analysis with anti-P-450c + d
      revealed two bands in SDS-PAGE gels containing BP-induced mouse liver microsomes
      corresponding to cytochrome P1-450, 55.0 kDa, and cytochrome P3-450, 54.5 kDa.
      There appeared a single band (cytochrome P3-450) in interaction of mouse liver BP
      microsomes with anti-P3-450 and anti-P-450d-c.

PMID- 2275213
TI  - Assessment of enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition in humans: toxicological
      implications.
AB  - 1. The principal methods used for the assessment of enzyme induction and enzyme
      inhibition are measurement of the pharmacokinetics of a model compound (probe
      drug), analysis of drug metabolism in vitro, and determination of changes in the
      disposition of, and endogenous substrate for, the enzyme of interest. 2. Probe
      drugs that have been used for this purpose include antipyrine, aminopyrine,
      tolbutamide, caffeine, theophylline, warfarin, oxazepam and paracetamol.
      Measurement of the excretion of metabolites of cortisol and oestradiol, which are
      endogenous substrates for cytochrome P450 IIIA enzymes, provides a non-invasive
      means of assessing enzyme induction or inhibition. 3. Combined
      pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies are required to assess the
      pharmacological relevance of either induction or inhibition of the enzymes
      involved in drug metabolism. 4. At present it is difficult to assess the
      toxicological implications of enzyme induction and inhibition in man. Safe probe
      drugs are required for the enzymes primarily responsible for drug detoxication,
      such as epoxide hydrolase and glutathione transferase, in order to identify
      individuals particularly at risk.

PMID- 2275214
TI  - Design of toxicokinetic studies.
AB  - 1. Toxicokinetics is defined as pharmacokinetic studies in animals during actual
      toxicity studies or under conditions mimicking them (species, duration, dose
      level, etc.). 2. Toxicology studies require toxicokinetics to check whether
      systemic exposure reflects administered dose. In particular, it is important to
      know whether the absence of toxicity at a given dose is due to the innocuousness
      of the compound or to its poor bioavailability. 3. Pivotal toxicology studies may
      require different toxicokinetic support than that of early studies, as more is
      learned of the compound and its metabolites. Considerations need to be placed on
      such factors as the choice of biological matrix for drug assay, the relevance of
      metabolites, and which dose levels require the most pharmacokinetic
      investigation.

PMID- 2275215
TI  - Interspecies scaling and comparisons in drug development and toxicokinetics.
AB  - 1. Methods of interspecies extrapolation using physiological models and
      allometric scaling have been reviewed with their possible application to drug
      development, both for candidate drug selection and the interpretation of
      toxicokinetic data. 2. Physiological models offer a mechanistic approach to
      extrapolation from one species to another, examining individual components which
      interrelate to produce the characteristics of the whole system. Tissues of
      interest are arranged in anatomical order based on blood circulation, and the
      disposition of a drug can be simulated with knowledge of tissue size (volume),
      tissue perfusion (blood flow), drug permeability, binding of the drug between the
      tissue and blood (partition), as well as elimination. Using this approach the
      behaviour of the drug under different conditions, such as dose route, disease
      state or animal species, can be predicted. 3. The alternative approach of
      allometric scaling is an empirical examination of relationships between size,
      time and its consequences. A regression of the logarithm of the pharmacokinetic
      parameter and the logarithm of the body weight of the animal species produces a
      linear relationship which enables the value of pharmacokinetic parameters in any
      animal species to be calculated from the product of an allometric coefficient and
      the body weight to a power function. 4. Whilst this technique gives acceptable
      predictions for the pharmacokinetics of those drugs eliminated renally, or which
      are blood flow-dependent, there is poor prediction for humans for low clearance
      drugs primarily eliminated by the mixed-function oxidase system. This appears to
      be a result of differences in maturation, and can be corrected for by including a
      brain weight or maximum life-span potential term into the allometric equation. 5.
      Of the two approaches described for extrapolation of pharmacokinetics between
      animal species, physiological models tend to be resource-demanding and costly,
      with more frequent failures, but can be invaluable for examining target organ
      exposure and for the targeting of drugs as in cancer chemotherapy. For routine
      drug development, however, allometric scaling is potentially more useful since it
      uses data which are routinely obtained and the calculations are relatively
      simple. 6. The problems of intraspecies scaling from high-dose data to low-dose
      predictions are discussed with respect to current models of dose levels. A new
      approach is proposed using a modified Hill equation based on drug exposure, which
      should allow for a more meaningful determination of the toxicity of a compound
      with different drug exposures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2275216
TI  - Changes in metabolism during toxicity tests.
AB  - 1. During rodent chronic toxicity studies metabolism may vary according to the
      age of the animal, or as a result of the effect of the chemical on its own
      metabolism, or as a result of the toxic properties of the chemical. 2. Foetal and
      newborn animals are lacking in many, but not all, metabolic enzymes and during
      the first 30 days of life there is differential development of these enzymes to
      adult levels. Thereafter activity may remain relatively constant, continue to
      increase or alternatively decline, occasionally to negligible levels. Typically,
      metabolism studies used for registration of new pesticides or for evaluation of
      industrial chemicals are conducted in young adult animals where most enzyme
      systems are fully developed. 3. At present there are no regulatory requirements
      for monitoring metabolism during chronic toxicity studies of these two groups of
      chemicals. Nevertheless, in selected cases monitoring of changes during such
      studies can be of value in understanding the mechanism of toxicity and the
      effects observed. 4. Parameters to be studied are discussed, and specific
      examples are given of the consequences of metabolic changes on the subsequent
      development of tumours.

PMID- 2275218
TI  - The effects of a school development program on self-concept.
AB  - School improvement programs are often assessed in terms of their effect on school
      climate and education outcomes. The School Development Program (SDP) of the Yale
      Child Study Center has been shown to have a positive influence on those two
      factors. We also recognize the importance of positively influencing students'
      affective, intra-personal, and motivational states, such as their self
      evaluations. The present study examined the effects of the SDP on multiple
      dimensions of students' self-concepts. The Piers Harris Self-Concept Scale was
      administered to 174 fourth and sixth graders, half of whom attended SDP schools
      and half control schools. Significant positive changes in self-concept were
      observed among the SDP students but not among the control students. Program
      students also showed significantly higher self-concepts on post-test measures
      when compared to normative samples.

PMID- 2275217
TI  - Physiological pharmacokinetic modelling.
AB  - 1. The different types of models are described, with emphasis on the clearance
      based one-compartment model, and on full physiological models which distinguish
      between a number of anatomical compartments interconnected through the body fluid
      system. 2. The clearance-based, one-compartment model incorporates physiological
      concepts, such as apparent volume of distribution, systemic availability, hepatic
      and renal clearance. As opposed to the classical rate constant-based model, it
      allows a study of the influence of plasma protein binding, hepatic intrinsic
      clearance and blood flow. The advantages of such an approach are illustrated in
      two typical situations, namely renal insufficiency and saturable protein binding.
      3. In full physiological models each compartment represents a particular organ or
      tissue, further divided into vascular, interstitial and cellular spaces. Mass
      balance equations are written for each of these subcompartments. Shortcomings of
      such comprehensive models include difficulty in collecting tissue data,
      especially human, and sophisticated numerical techniques needed for parameter
      estimation. The main advantages are specific organ metabolism and transport, and
      the possibility of scaling up from animal to human. 4. The pharmacokinetic
      parameters important for new drug registration are also listed.

PMID- 2275219
TI  - Preventing out-of-home placement for high-risk children.
AB  - Preventing the removal of high-risk children from their families is investigated
      through two community-based programs. One program followed a day treatment model;
      the other used a home-based approach. These programs treated populations that
      shared common features but also had important differences. In both programs, a
      high percentage of children were maintained in the home and were still at home
      one year after discharge. It is suggested that such community-based intervention
      programs enhance the likelihood that high-risk children can remain with their
      families.

PMID- 2275220
TI  - Psychiatrically hospitalized children: a critical review.
AB  - The high cost of inpatient hospitalization and the rise in the number of private
      psychiatric beds for children and adolescents prompt several questions about who
      is using these services. To examine these issues, a review focusing on the use of
      psychiatric inpatient services by children was undertaken. The history of
      inpatient care of children is briefly outlined, recent public policies
      contributing to the rise in the number of psychiatric beds are considered, and
      findings from available studies are reviewed. We conclude that the data base is
      inadequate to draw many conclusions about who is using child psychiatric
      inpatient services. There appear, however, to be important differences in use of
      inpatient services according to age and perhaps by institutional type and
      geographic region. Suggestions for future research and some of the social policy
      implications are discussed as well.

PMID- 2275221
TI  - Studies in temperament: a paradigm in psychosocial research.
AB  - Today the prevailing view in child psychiatry is the biopsychosocial model of
      child development, but this was not always the case. Prior to World War II, and
      even in the post-war period, the environment was considered the major determinant
      of the child's development; the role of the child's constitutional
      characteristics was overlooked. The theory of temperament, formulated by the
      author and her colleagues, holds that these constitutional characteristics are
      important in the child's development and interact with the environment. We tested
      the theory of temperament through a major longitudinal study, which required
      innovative approaches to data collection and analysis. Data obtained from the 133
      children and accumulated over the past 35 years have been described in earlier
      publications. This paper traces the evolution of our methodology from the
      original concept to qualitative data collection and quantitative measurement. The
      methodological and theoretical dilemmas encountered in our research and some of
      the implications of our findings are also discussed.

PMID- 2275222
TI  - Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents: a clinical and research
      perspective.
AB  - This overview presents the significant findings on suicidal risk in children and
      adolescents. Specifically, it outlines macroscopic domains of suicidal youth such
      as psychosocial, sociocultural, and philosophical features. A definition of youth
      suicidal episodes and descriptions of their component features are offered. Risk
      factors involving psychopathology in the suicidal youngster and family as well as
      other environmental, developmental, and physiological stresses are highlighted.
      Directions for clinical management and empirical research are offered.

PMID- 2275223
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in morbidly obese women.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of ranitidine 50 mg iv were determined in
      ten normal-weight and ten morbidly obese (greater than 90 percent ideal body
      weight) age-matched female subjects. No significant difference between normal and
      obese subjects was found in ranitidine peak serum concentration, volume of
      distribution, clearance, and elimination rate constant. Ranitidine volume of
      distribution and clearance were significantly smaller in the obese subjects per
      kilogram of total body weight (1.45 vs. 0.80 L/kg and 0.59 vs. 0.33 L/h/kg,
      respectively; p less than 0.001) but not when normalized to ideal body weight
      (1.65 vs. 1.45 L/kg and 0.68 vs. 0.59 L/h/kg). We conclude that obese patients
      receiving ranitidine therapy should be treated with standard dosages or dosages
      based on ideal body weight.

PMID- 2275224
TI  - Effects of pentoxifylline on proteinuria in normotensive patients with diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - In 1985, investigators reported that four months of pentoxifylline therapy
      resulted in a significant decrease in proteinuria (46 percent reduction) and
      plasma fibrinogen concentrations (18 percent reduction) in patients with
      diabetes. Our study evaluated four normotensive patients with diabetes and
      documented proteinuria who were treated with pentoxifylline 400 mg tid for four
      months. A consistent decrease in proteinuria (as measured by the urine
      protein/creatinine ratio) and plasma fibrinogen concentrations was not observed.
      Therapy with pentoxifylline was discontinued after four months.

PMID- 2275225
TI  - Topical vancomycin for the treatment of Staphylococcus epidermidis and
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus conjunctivitis.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are organisms that
      frequently cause conjunctivitis or blepharoconjunctivitis. We describe a patient
      with methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis conjunctivitis who was
      treated successfully using an extemporaneously prepared topical ophthalmic
      solution of vancomycin hydrochloride 31 mg/mL. Studies describing the
      preparation, stability, and comfort of this solution, as well as reports
      pertaining to efficacy, are reviewed. Controlled clinical trials evaluating the
      safety and efficacy of vancomycin ophthalmic solution have not yet been
      performed.

PMID- 2275226
TI  - Thalidomide: treatment of severe recurrent aphthous stomatitis in patients with
      AIDS.
AB  - An increasing number of AIDS patients have been noted to suffer severe recurrent
      aphthous stomatitis (RAS), a condition often associated with high morbidity that
      remains unresponsive to conventional therapeutic interventions. In two cases
      thalidomide was administered to successfully treat AIDS patients with RAS. Both
      patients experienced complete abatement of pain shortly after therapy was
      initiated. Ulcerations that were present for months resolved after three or four
      weeks of thalidomide therapy without any adverse effects. Thalidomide appears to
      be an effective agent for the treatment of severe RAS unresponsive to traditional
      therapies.

PMID- 2275227
TI  - Chemical stability of suramin in commonly used infusion fluids.
AB  - The chemical stability of suramin in NaCl 0.9%, dextrose 5%, and lactated
      Ringer's injection was investigated. The admixtures were stored in glass infusion
      bottles at 4 degrees C in the dark, and at room temperature (22 degrees C) both
      protected from light and under normal room fluorescent light conditions in a day
      night rhythm. The initial concentration of suramin was approximately 1 mg/mL.
      Samples withdrawn immediately after preparation and at four hours, one, two,
      three, five, and seven days were analyzed by HPLC with ultraviolet (UV)
      detection. Samples were also inspected for visual changes and tested for changes
      in pH. Accelerated stability studies in NaCl 0.9% injection were executed at 90
      degrees C. The drug appeared to be stable under the chosen storage conditions
      with no visual changes or changes in pH. The accelerated experiments revealed
      that suramin degrades in NaCl 0.9% at 90 degrees C with a half-life of about 5.5
      hours. It is concluded that suramin 1 mg/mL is stable in NaCl 0.9%, dextrose 5%,
      and lactated Ringer's injections when stored in glass infusion bottles at 4
      degrees C in the dark and at 22 degrees C under normal room light conditions in a
      day-night rhythm or protected from light for at least seven days.

PMID- 2275228
TI  - ACE inhibitor-induced cough.

PMID- 2275229
TI  - Cardiac dysfunction in athletes receiving anabolic steroids.

PMID- 2275230
TI  - Topical minoxidil for hair loss in women.

PMID- 2275231
TI  - Gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory symptoms: is there an association?
      Proposed mechanisms and treatment.
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a dysfunction of the distal esophagus causing
      movement of stomach contents into the esophagus. Patients may develop heartburn,
      regurgitation, dysphagia, odynophagia, and hemorrhage. Respiratory symptoms occur
      in 10-60 percent of patients with GER or hiatal hernia. Although there is
      evidence associating pulmonary symptoms and GER, causality has not been proven.
      The appropriate use of antireflux therapy or surgery to treat GER may
      consequently alleviate respiratory symptoms.

PMID- 2275232
TI  - Therapeutic drug monitoring analysis systems for the physician office laboratory:
      a review of the literature.
AB  - Commercially available systems for therapeutic drug monitoring in the physician
      office laboratory (POL) are reviewed. The Abbott Vision, Kodak Ektachem, Syntex
      AccuLevel, Syva Emit QST, Ames Seralyzer ARIS, and Ames Clinimate ARIS have been
      found to be sensitive and accurate compared with more conventional laboratory
      assays, and are well-suited for the POL. The number of available drug assay is
      very limited with every system except the QST. The QST offers a large menu and
      would be appropriate for large practices. The Abbott TDx or other semiautomated
      system usually found in the clinical chemistry laboratory may be particularly
      useful and cost-effective in office practices with a large volume of specimens.
      AccuLevel or ARIS might be the best choices for clinics or pharmacies that
      generate few samples. The start-up time is the longest with the Vision and
      Ektachem systems (30 minutes). Most systems have the capacity to produce results
      within one to five minutes with the exceptions of the Vision (13 minutes for
      theophylline) and AccuLevel (20 minutes). The Vision is the most automated system
      and both AccuLevel and the Vision use whole blood, thereby bypassing the
      additional time required for centrifugation of the patient specimen. The
      Ektachem, Vision, and QST have an operator-independent pipetting step that offers
      a significant advantage when operated by semiskilled personnel. Although the
      AccuLevel eliminates the need for a large initial capital expenditure, the
      individual cost per test is higher. Leasing programs are available or certain
      systems. Increased government regulation will improve the quality control of
      therapeutic drug monitoring in the POL.

PMID- 2275233
TI  - Drugs for treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: comparative efficacy of agents
      and regimens.
AB  - Various agents are available for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
      Imidazole agents (clotrimazole, miconazole, butoconazole, and terconazole) are
      preferred because of their greater efficacy, shorter treatment regimens, and ease
      of administration. Although the various imidazole compounds are equally
      efficacious, different treatment schedules are recommended depending on clinical
      situations. Additionally, different formulations are available that provide
      clinicians and patients with the opportunity to select the most appropriate
      agent.

PMID- 2275234
TI  - Computers in critical care: opportunities and challenges.
AB  - Treating acutely ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs) requires
      assimilating large amounts of patient data. The computer can help process these
      data and display information in easy to understand formats. Also, knowledge-based
      systems can provide advice in diagnosis and treatment of common disorders in the
      ICU. For effective use of computers, systems must be integrated into the total
      hospital information system and computer data must logically become the primary
      medical record. Standards are being developed to aid in this process. Although
      computers have been used in the ICU for 25 years, most hospitals still use the
      paper medical record. Prototype systems such as the HELP, CARE, and PDMS systems
      are described. They are integrated ICU systems for computerizing most of the
      traditional functions in the ICU. Several commercial information management
      products are also described along with recently developed computerized drug and
      fluid delivery systems. Finally, prototype knowledge-based programs are presented
      that provide advice to the clinician on such topics as acid-base balance,
      hemodynamic monitoring, and shock management.

PMID- 2275235
TI  - Drug-related problems: their structure and function.
AB  - In order to better focus the role of the pharmacist on patient need and patient
      outcome, a means of categorizing drug-related problems (DRPs) is presented. A DRP
      exists when a patient experiences or is likely to experience either a disease or
      symptom having an actual or suspected relationship with drug therapy. Eight
      different categories of DRPs are described and examples of each category are
      offered. This categorization serves a number of functions, such as: (1) to
      illustrate how adverse drug reactions form but one category of extant DRPs, (2)
      to make tangible the pharmacist's role for the future, (3) to serve as a focus
      for developing a systematic process whereby the pharmacist contributes
      significantly to the overall positive outcome of patients, (4) to bring to
      pharmacy practice a vocabulary consistent with that of other healthcare
      professionals, and (5) to aid in the development of standards of practice for
      pharmacists.

PMID- 2275236
TI  - Ketorolac: a parenteral nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug.
AB  - Ketorolac tromethamine is a pyrrolo-pyrrole nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
      (NSAID) with potent analgesic effects when administered intramuscularly for the
      treatment of acute pain. Ketorolac is well absorbed and has a rapid onset of
      action. Maximum plasma concentrations are achieved in 45-50 minutes and peak
      analgesic effects in about one to two hours following intramuscular injection.
      Ketorolac is more than 99 percent bound to plasma proteins and has a mean
      apparent volume of distribution of 0.11-0.25 L/kg. About 91 percent of a dose is
      excreted in urine, mostly as inactive metabolites, and approximately 6 percent is
      eliminated in feces. The elimination half-life, approximately four to six hours,
      increases in elderly patients and those with renal impairment. Its analgesic
      effectiveness was similar or superior to that of morphine, meperidine, or
      pentazocine in single-dose studies of patients with postoperative pain or renal
      colic and greater than that of placebo in patients with chronic cancer pain. The
      adverse effects are generally mild to moderate, self-limiting, and similar to
      those seen with other prostaglandin inhibitors. Ketorolac has a reversible
      inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. It can cause dose-related gastric
      ulcerations, even when administered parenterally. Ketorolac is a promising
      parenteral alternative to oral NSAIDs and a nonnarcotic alternative to opioid
      analgesics. Additional multiple-dose studies are needed to more clearly define
      its place in therapy.

PMID- 2275237
TI  - Fluosol: an oxygen-delivery fluid for use in percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty.
AB  - Fluosol (20% intravascular perfluorochemical emulsion) is an oxygen-carrying
      emulsion used to deliver oxygen to ischemic myocardium during percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Fluosol is composed of two
      perfluorochemicals, perfluorodecalin and perfluorotripropylamine. It has a high
      capacity for oxygen solubility, a low viscosity, and a small particle size.
      Following administration, the perfluorochemicals in fluosol are not metabolized.
      Rather, most are expired as gaseous particles through the lungs; the remainder
      are taken up by the organs of the reticuloendothelial system and later expired.
      When administered during balloon inflation in PTCA, fluosol preserves ventricular
      wall motion and global left ventricular ejection fraction. In addition, it
      minimizes ST segment changes and preserves cardiac output. Fluosol may be
      especially useful in patients who have poor contractile reserve, multivessel
      disease, or serious underlying illness. Other uses under investigation include
      limitation of myocardial infarct size and chemosensitization or
      radiosensitization of malignant tumors. Adverse effects secondary to the use of
      fluosol include ventricular arrhythmias, pruritus, bradycardia, chest pain,
      dyspnea, and increased respiratory rate. Fluosol must be thawed, admixed, warmed
      to body temperature, and oxygenated prior to intracoronary administration. The
      usual administration rate is 60 mL/min during each balloon inflation.

PMID- 2275238
TI  - A structure for pharmacy specialization.

PMID- 2275239
TI  - Possible theophylline-amiodarone interaction.

PMID- 2275240
TI  - Development of acute gout secondary to pyrazinamide in a patient without a prior
      history of gout.

PMID- 2275241
TI  - Administration of ACEI test sublingually.

PMID- 2275242
TI  - Validity of information received from pharmaceutical companies.

PMID- 2275243
TI  - Blind versus nonblind review: a reevaluation of selected medical journals.

PMID- 2275244
TI  - What nonprescription medications are you taking, Mrs. Jones?

PMID- 2275245
TI  - The "abuse" of oxygen.

PMID- 2275246
TI  - Comment: I.v. alcohol in prevention of delirium tremens.

PMID- 2275247
TI  - Comment: Ciprofloxacin excretion into breast milk.

PMID- 2275248
TI  - Comment: Agranulocytosis from diclofenac illustrates problem in reporting ADRs.

PMID- 2275249
TI  - Comment: Intravenous ranitidine admixtures.

PMID- 2275250
TI  - Comment: Hydroxyzine for the potentiation of pain relief.

PMID- 2275251
TI  - Comment: Phenothiazines and hirsutism.

PMID- 2275252
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a 25 g D-xylose hydrogen (H2) breath test.
AB  - Breath hydrogen (H2) exhalation after xylose administration reflects the
      malabsorbed portion of the pentose and thus might facilitate the application of
      the D-xylose test. Therefore, as a complementary parameter, breath H2-exhalation
      in response to 25 g D-xylose was assessed in control subjects, in patients with
      coeliac disease, with chronic pancreatitis and with the irritable bowel syndrome.
      Patients with coeliac disease showed significantly higher breath H2
      concentrations than the controls. Specificity and the positive predictive value
      of peak H2-increments greater than 56 ppm (i.e. greater than mean + 2 SD of
      controls) were 100%, but sensitivity was only 40%. In all patients with a
      positive H2 breath test, urinary D-xylose excretion and serum D-xylose increments
      were also abnormal. Apart from great overlap between controls and patients with
      coeliac disease, the failure to produce H2 in response to D-xylose in 12% of the
      57 investigated subjects was the major factor limiting diagnostic efficiency of
      the test. Non H2 production could be shown to reflect a specific metabolic
      disability of the colonic flora and did not prove complete absorption of the
      substrate. It is concluded, that the 25 g D-xylose H2 breath test is of no
      clinical relevance for the diagnosis of celiac sprue but exaggerated breath H2
      increases (greater than 56 ppm) with normal urinary and D-xylose tests were
      indicative for the irritable bowel syndrome in 5 out of 10 patients. The
      diagnostic impact of this constellation thus merits further investigation.

PMID- 2275253
TI  - [Exclusion diet in Crohn disease: a controlled, randomized study].
AB  - In a controlled study patients with Crohn's disease received an exclusion diet or
      an diet low in refined carbohydrates and rich in fiber. A total of 26 patients
      was observed for 1 year. The exclusion diet was not significantly superior to the
      standard diet with respect to the clinical course (Crohn's disease activity index
      according to Best or van Hees) or laboratory parameters of inflammatory activity.
      During dietary counselling relapses were infrequent and symptoms improved in both
      dietary groups.

PMID- 2275255
TI  - [Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension].
AB  - A chronic increase of the portal venous pressure is not only a sequel of liver
      cirrhosis. There is a large group of different diseases leading to "non-cirrhotic
      portal hypertension". Clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment are
      discussed. The discrimination between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal
      hypertension is important for the understanding of differences in clinical signs
      and course of the diseases, however.

PMID- 2275254
TI  - [Nucleation time and age in patients with gallstones].
AB  - The relationship between nucleation time (NT), total lipid concentration (TLC)
      and age was studied in a group of 45 gallstone patients (10 male, 35 female, age
      50.1 +/- 14.5 yrs). Bile was obtained by direct fine needle puncture of the
      gallbladder under local anaesthesia and sonographic monitoring. There was a
      positive correlation between age and nucleation time (r = 0.626, p less than
      0.001), in addition to a negative correlation between age and total bile lipid
      concentration (TLC) (r = -0.414, p = 0.005). The negative correlation between age
      and TLC indicates that gallbladder's ability to concentrate the bile decreases
      significantly with age. It is possible that the decreased concentration is a
      result of the chronic pathogenetic effects of gallbladder stones. Practically all
      patients showed a prolonged nucleation time after the 60th year (11.54 +/- 5.50
      vs. 2.65 +/- 2.52 days). This would seem to indicate that these patients suffered
      primarily from bilirubin or calcified stones, currently unsuited for conservative
      therapy methods.

PMID- 2275256
TI  - Esophageal manometry--methods and value in science and clinical practice. Status
      quo and perspectives: results from an International Experts' Conference held in
      Wuppertal, FRG, March 15-17, 1990.

PMID- 2275257
TI  - Combined effect of pirenzepine and ranitidine on the nocturnal intragastric pH in
      non-responders to ranitidine.
AB  - Both H2-receptor antagonists and pirenzepine are used in the treatment of peptic
      ulcer disease. Since we have recently found a higher frequency of non-responders
      to H2-receptor antagonists among cirrhotics, we tested the effect of the
      combination of 50 mg pirenzepine and 300 mg ranitidine in 25 patients (12
      cirrhotics and 13 controls) in whom a normal 300 mg dose of ranitidine had failed
      to suppress intragastric acidity. Nocturnal intragastric pH was continuously
      monitored for 12 hours. A rise in the intragastric pH above 4.0 for more than 6
      hours following the oral dose at 18.00 h was considered as response. In all
      subjects, plasma concentrations of ranitidine and pirenzepine were in the
      therapeutic range. Coadministration of pirenzepine and ranitidine resulted in
      sufficient increase of the intragastric pH in only 4 of the 12 patients with
      cirrhosis, and in 4 of the 13 control patients. This treatment failure in most of
      our patients does not support the view that excessive vagal drive might play an
      important role in the non-response to H2-blockers. With regard to the benefit
      resulting from coadministration of pirenzepine and ranitidine, there seems to be
      no difference between cirrhotic and control patients.

PMID- 2275258
TI  - Protein profiles in rabbit pancreatic juice analyzed by HPLC after stimulation of
      secretion by secretin and cerulein.
AB  - This study analyzed the secretory pattern of pancreatic proteins released from
      the rabbit pancreas after acute stimulation of secretion by the cholecystokinin
      analog cerulein. To facilitate this, a new analytical approach utilizing high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was considered. Secretin (0.1 CU/kg x h)
      was intravenously infused in anaesthetized rabbits in combination with cerulein
      (0.05, 0.2 or 0.05 followed by 0.2 ug/kg x h) over 3 hours. Pancreatic juice was
      collected from the main pancreatic duct. The release of protein, amylase, trypsin
      and chymotrypsin was measured by conventional photometric methods, and the
      protein profiles were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC. Separation of pancreatic
      juice proteins by HPLC (Nucleosil 300-7 RP column; injection of 50 ul aliquots of
      samples normalized to 10 mg/ml protein concentration) resulted in a resolution of
      up to 16 peaks. Peaks representing amylase, prolipase, prophospholipase A2,
      procarboxypeptidases, chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen, and glycoproteins were
      identified with some certainty by SDS-gel electrophoresis. Secretin infusion
      produced a small and short lasting rise in total protein secretion but lead to a
      persistent increase of fluid flow. The release of enzymes followed a mainly
      parallel pattern according to the photometric measurements. The resolution of the
      whole profile of pancreatic juice proteins by HPLC demonstrated only minor
      variations without a consistent or increasing tendency towards a preferential
      release of individual enzymes. Since even microheterogenities in the samples
      became apparent after HPLC, this approach would be sensitive enough to mirror
      effects like nonparallel release of enzymes.

PMID- 2275259
TI  - [Copper in the feces--a marker for the effectiveness of zinc in the treatment of
      Wilson's disease].
AB  - In the present study we discuss the question of a useful, convenient control of
      the effectiveness of treatment Wilson's disease with zinc. It appears useful to
      determine the copper content in the dry matter of individual samples of the
      stools obtained before and in the course of the treatment. This treatment can be
      assumed effective if the stools copper content reaches the level found in healthy
      subjects (0.72 micromol/g dry weight) while keeping the patient on a low copper
      diet. Copper resorption in the gut of our patient was reduced only after 12 weeks
      of daily administering 136 mg of elementary zinc p.o.

PMID- 2275260
TI  - [Annular pancreas--a congenital abnormality of the pancreas].
AB  - Our case report on a 26-year-old male suffering from epigastric pain for several
      years should emphasize the fact, that even a rare congenital malformation like
      the annular pancreas must seriously discussed as a reason for the so called
      unspecific abdominal pain. Embryological development, age of manifestation,
      symptoms and therapeutic concepts are described. The importance of endoscopic
      methods such as gastroduodenal endoscopy and endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for a more precise and frequent diagnosis will be
      strengthened and the influence on the prevalence will be discussed.

PMID- 2275261
TI  - Rupture of a choledochal cyst during postpartum period.
AB  - A 25 year old female was operated on three times due to a choledochal cyst
      rupture occurring on the 6th postpartum day. In the last operation, a
      hepaticojejunostomy with Braun's anastomosis was performed and a temporary
      internal stent was applied. The internal stent was removed on the 70th
      postoperative day. The patient is still living with the risk of secondary biliary
      cirrhosis and cholangitis.

PMID- 2275262
TI  - [Measurement of colon transit time].
AB  - Several methods have been described to measure colonic transit times. The
      physical properties of all types of markers used allow to analyze and quantify
      them in stool samples or in the colon. The selective measurement of colonic (ceco
      anal) transit time requires complicated intubation techniques. For most purposes
      it is sufficient to approximate the colonic transit by the whole gut transit,
      since oro-cecal transit time usually is only about a tenth of whole gut transit
      time. For this purpose the marker can be administered orally. In order to measure
      segmental colonic transit times it is necessary to monitor the distribution of
      the markers within the colon. For that purpose scintigraphic techniques are
      suited, but they require special equipment and are time consuming. Radio-opaque
      pellets, in contrast, are cheap, easy to handle, and have no known side effects.
      The following procedure is recommended: the patient swallows a gelatin capsule
      which contains 20 radio-opaque pellets on each of 6 consecutive days at the same
      time when on day seven a single abdominal x-ray is obtained. Then, segmental and
      total colonic transit times can be calculated from the number of retained
      pellets.

PMID- 2275263
TI  - [Esophageal endoscopy for the assessment of risk of hemorrhage of esophageal
      hemorrhage].
AB  - Haemorrhage from oesophageal varices is still a life-threatening complication of
      portal hypertension. Parameters which are suitable to identify patients being at
      risk to bleed are urgently required to decide which patients should be candidates
      for prophylactic therapy. Recent studies showed that only 18% of bleeders present
      with small, however 49.9% with large varices. 80% had red color sign of the
      variceal wall and significantly higher intravariceal hydrostatic pressure (21.9
      mmHg vs 14.7 mmHg, p less than 0.001) than patients without previous haemorrhage.
      Advanced liver disease (Child's C) is an additional risk factor. However, the
      clinical value of the endoscopic parameters is limited by a significant overlap
      of variceal size and pressure obtained in bleeders and non-bleeders. Thus, only
      patients with small varices, (Grade I), low variceal pressure (below 12 mmHg),
      and fair condition are unlikely to develop variceal bleeding. A significant
      additional clinical value of the parameters is provided by the fact that they
      allow accurate definition of patients with portal hypertension particularly for
      further clinical studies.

PMID- 2275264
TI  - [Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy of pancreatic calculi].
AB  - Extracorporeal shock-wave fragmentation of pancreatic stones is a complementary
      non-surgical treatment in selected patients with chronic pancreatitis. The
      procedure has proven to be safe and technically effective. Preliminary clinical
      results indicate therapeutic success rates in terms of pain disappearance or
      reduction in more than 90% of the patients. The indication should be taken into
      consideration before surgical intervention.

PMID- 2275265
TI  - [Small intestine motility as cause of irritable bowel?].

PMID- 2275266
TI  - [Sonographic assessment of gastric emptying. Reliability and validity of the
      antrum sagittal surface method for fluids].
AB  - The reliability and validity of sonographic measurements of gastric emptying
      employing sagittal antral planimetry were investigated. The intraindividual
      reproducibility of this procedure was examined in 15 healthy volunteers, who
      ingested 400 ml of water on two separate study days. Simultaneous studies of
      gastric emptying by ultrasound and scintigraphy were performed on 17 of 20
      patients with suspected gastroparesis (16 diabetics and one patient with
      disseminated encephalomyelitis), using a caloric liquid test meal (20 g Biloptin
      fatty meal in 300 ml water at 37 degrees C, radiolabeled with 0.5 mCi 99mTc
      colloid). The expansion of the antral area with increasing amounts of ingested
      fluid and the emptying times showed a good intraindividual reproducibility from
      day to day (r = 0.94 vs. r = 0.81). There was a significant correlation between
      the relative residual volumes calculated by scintigraphy and by ultrasound (r =
      0.82). These results imply that the ultrasonic sagittal antral area method is
      reliable and valid in the assessment of gastric emptying rates in humans.

PMID- 2275268
TI  - [Resuscitation and intensive therapy of newborn infants].

PMID- 2275267
TI  - [Flow cytometry results in patients with ulcerative colitis and Barrett
      esophagus. An additional diagnostic tool in the early diagnosis of a malignant
      transformation?].
AB  - In this review the basic principles of flow cytometry for the measurement of DNA
      content are described. In addition to cell cycle phase distributions DNA ploidy
      can be analysed by flow cytometry. Flow cytometric results in patients with
      ulcerative colitis and Barrett's esophagus seem to indicate that besides
      histologic examinations flow cytometry may play a role in surveillance programs
      of patients with an increased risk of a malignant transformation. These first
      interesting results, however, have still to be confirmed in long term studies.

PMID- 2275269
TI  - [Antioxidation and membrane-stabilizing therapy of hypoxic conditions in newborn
      infants].
AB  - It has been found that a most important mechanism underlying the development of
      various pathological conditions in the organism of neonates with perinatal
      hypoxic lesions of the central nervous system is the structural and functional
      disorganization of the cell membranes. This is associated with activation of
      lipid peroxidation, effect of lysosomal enzymes, and impairment of antioxidative
      defense. As a result, the membrane content of most important lipids is changed,
      their degenerative forms appear, lipoperoxides accumulate, and the activity of
      the membrane enzymes is inhibited. The obtained evidence serves the basis for a
      wide-scale application of the membranotrophic therapy for hypoxic CNS lesions in
      the neonates.

PMID- 2275270
TI  - [Effectiveness of a new Soviet drug Benzonal, inductor of microsomal enzymes of
      the liver, in the complex treatment of hemolytic disease of newborn].
AB  - The effects of benzonal on the course of neonatal hemolytic disease due to the
      Rhesus factor-conflict was studied in comparison with that of phenobarbital.
      Dynamic follow-up of infants in the early neonatal period showed benzonal to
      produce a more pronounced hypobilirubinemic effect which was manifested as a
      prompter disappearance of skin jaundice and lower percentages of complications.
      By depressing the activity of organospecific enzymes and lowering the serum
      biliary acid levels, benzonal promotes normalization of the metabolic shifts
      present in neonatal hemolytic disease. The findings make it possible to recommend
      the new inductor of microsomal liver enzymes benzonal as part of the combined
      therapy of neonatal hemolytic disease.

PMID- 2275271
TI  - [Problem of rehabilitation in perinatal lesions of the central nervous system].
AB  - Studies into the central nervous system (CNS) of fetuses, newborns, and infants
      with a history of intrauterine infection or intoxication suggest a possibility
      for development of viral, bacterial, and fungal encephalitis and
      encephalomyelitis in utero. These conditions may resolve antenatally or persist
      for a number of years after birth, and may give rise to autoimmune nonspecific
      inflammation which is self-sustained and thus of long duration. A complex
      rehabilitation therapy for these conditions employs immunomodulators, which
      significantly increases its efficacy. New techniques of massage and exercise were
      elaborated. A new method of local hypothermia has found wide application in
      various types of dysarthrosis in children with cerebral palsy.

PMID- 2275272
TI  - [Biotechnological and biomedical aspects of production and study of metal cation
      phospholipid complexes].
AB  - Problems relating to the technology of a phospholipid preparation from natural
      materials, liposome production, and studies into the mechanisms of interaction
      between metal (trace elements) cations and model bilayer lipid membranes are
      discussed. The proposed technology of extraction allows for preparation of
      phospholipids utilizable for liposome formation. The cation specificity of lipid
      bilayers is found to be determined by the presence of anionic phosphate
      adsorption sites on their surface.

PMID- 2275273
TI  - [Nutrition and the problem of maternal and neonatal health].
AB  - Actual nutrition patterns of pregnant women, breast-feeding mothers, and young
      children were analysed together with the breast milk composition in different
      regions of this country. The influence of maternal nutrition on the breast milk
      composition and infant health status is demonstrated. Special attention is
      devoted to the development and use of new food products for feeding healthy and
      sick children.

PMID- 2275274
TI  - [Various aspects of production of a therapeutic form of liposomal cytarabine].
AB  - In the process of preparation of the liposomal cytostatic drug cytarabine for
      intravenous injection, the influences of the lipid composition of liposomes, the
      cryoprotector, and the technique of its administration on the liposome intactness
      were studied by HPLC. It was shown, that under certain conditions the use of
      definite components allows for preparing a dosage form of lyophylized sterile
      liposomal cytarabine capable of being stored for a year.

PMID- 2275276
TI  - [Effect of lipid emulsifiers on the properties of organoperfluorine emulsions].
AB  - The preparation and application of a new type of organoperfluorine (OPF)
      emulsions with lipids serving as emulsifiers, their biological and
      physicochemical properties are discussed. The first-generation emulsions with the
      nonionic emulsifier, ethylene and propylene oxide blockpolymer, were found to be
      complementary active and to affect the system's biological properties.
      Interactions between OPF and phospholipids are analysed. The compositions of the
      new type OPF emulsions are given, of which perfluoroctyl bromide and
      perfluoromethyl adamantine emulsions are shown to be currently of most interest,
      since they are stable at room temperature and exhibit somewhat superior
      physicochemical and biological parameters. A conclusion is derived that the
      developed lipid-based OPF emulsions have good clinical prospects.

PMID- 2275275
TI  - [Treatment of experimental genital herpes with liposomal interferon].
AB  - Treatment of genital herpes was studied in experiments on male guinea pigs
      infected with herpes simplex II virus in suspension, by means of the penis skin
      scarification. The medication was provided by interferon (reaferon) prepared by
      the technique was provided by interferon (reaferon) prepared by the technique of
      genetic engineering, and incorporated into liposomes composed of phosphatidyl
      choline and cholesterol (molar ratio, 1:1). Free or liposome-contained interferon
      solutions, either mixed with hydrocolloidal substance or pure, were applied to
      the affected site of the animals' genitalia three times daily. The severity of
      clinical symptoms and disease duration were used as markers of preparation
      efficacy. The obtained results showed the liposomal interferon preparations to be
      most effective irrespective of being mixed with the hydrocolloidal substance or
      pure. Free interferon solutions demonstrated the lowest therapeutic efficacy,
      while the effect of hydrocolloidal interferon was found to be median.
      Experimental use of such antiviral preparations as BIOLF-62 and acyclovir as a
      medication against genital herpes also showed the advantages of the liposomal
      drug forms over free solutions.

PMID- 2275277
TI  - [Study of protective properties of antigen-containing liposomes of different
      lipid composition in plague].
AB  - Immunization of animals with a liposomal capsular and major somatic antigen of a
      plague causative agent enhanced their protective effects against plague
      infection. Lipopolysaccharide incorporation into the lipid membrane resulted in
      an increased protective effect of antigen-containing liposomes, which may be
      related to the single delivery and interaction with immune-competent cells.
      Incorporation of phospholipids with high phase transfer temperature and
      positively charged stearylamine by the membrane facilitates the immunogenicity of
      agents.

PMID- 2275278
TI  - [Autologous liposomes].
AB  - A possibility to increase liposomal tropism to different organs by obtaining them
      from target lipid cells is considered. The interaction of liposomes of varying
      phospholipid and ganglioside composition with hepatic cells of rats was studied
      in vitro. It was found that this interaction was governed both by the
      phospholipid and ganglioside composition of the vesicles. Liposomes formed of
      phospholipids and gangliosides of target cells were captured better by the cells.
      Liposomes formed by summary hepatic phospholipids and gangliosides were shown to
      be eliminated more rapidly from the flow and to accumulate in the liver of the
      rats. This suggests that liposomal affinity for specific organs may be increased
      by changing the content and proportion of lipids in the liposomes to attain the
      maximal similarity to the composition of the target cell membranes.

PMID- 2275279
TI  - [Biotinylated pH-sensitive liposomes--containers for guided administration of
      biologically active substances to the cells].
AB  - The technique is described for obtaining pH-sensitive biotinylated liposomes. The
      liposomes included phosphatidyl ethanolamine, oleic acid, cholesterol, biotin
      amidocaproyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, with a molar ratio of 7:3:3:0.1 or
      4:2:4:0.1. The fluorescein stain calcein at ++self-limited concentration, 32-P
      dTTP, or DNA was incorporated into the internal liposome medium. The liposomes
      were stable in neutral or mildly alkaline medium but became leaky and showed
      agglutination at pH 5.7. Liposomes were agglutinated in the presence of avidin
      and bound specifically to the layer of avidin on the surface of immunological
      plates. The apparent liposome affinity to the avidin layer was up to 10(-11) M.
      The avidin-biotin system allows for specific binding of liposomes to human
      lymphocytes via biotinylated anti-CD5-antibodies. A simple, convenient, and rapid
      procedure has been elaborated for the binding of water-soluble substances
      (plasmid DNA included) to liposomes without DNA destruction.

PMID- 2275280
TI  - [Immunologic monitoring of rejection of allogeneic lung transplant].

PMID- 2275281
TI  - [Neurotrophic factor and the processes of reparative regeneration].

PMID- 2275282
TI  - [Adaptation of newborn infants with very low birth weight].
AB  - The clinical and metabolic adaptation to extrauterine life in preterm was
      comprehensively evaluated in newborns with 28-34 weeks of gestation. A high
      incidence of aggravating factors that underlie the development of chronic fetal
      hypoxia has been revealed. The early neonatal events comprised impairment of
      cerebral flow, jaundice, oedema, respiratory disorders, infectious toxicosis, the
      manifestation rate being inversely proportional to the gestational age. A
      significant immunological impairment was noted along with the serum electrolyte
      imbalance and changes in bilirubin metabolism. Development and introduction of
      highly information assessment methods for intrauterine fetal development into
      practice is essential for the management of very low-birthweight infants. Dynamic
      follow-up of women at risk of unfavourable pregnancy outcome together with
      monitoring of the intrauterine fetal development, neonatal adaptation to the
      extrauterine life, and infants' further development would raise significantly the
      efficacy of the medical care of mothers and their preterm babies.

PMID- 2275283
TI  - Some determinants of body weight, subcutaneous fat, and fat distribution in 25-64
      year old Swiss urban men and woman.
AB  - Data from a predominantly urban sample of 116 men and 130 women aged 25-64 years
      and collected in 1984/85 as a part of the Swiss WHO MONICA project, were analysed
      cross-sectionally to study the interrelationship between relative weight,
      subcutaneous fat and fat distribution, as well as the dependence of these
      anthropometric characteristics on behavioral and sociodemographic factors.
      Skinfold thicknesses were found to increase with age almost linearly in women,
      while in men they increased only before age 40 to 45. Subcutaneous fat was, but
      fat distribution was not, highly correlated with relative weight in both sexes.
      Alcohol consumption, healthy dietary habits (inversely), and exercise (inversely)
      were all significantly related to subcutaneous fat in men, while the relatively
      strongest predictors of female skinfold thicknesses were smoking (inversely),
      coffee consumption, and education (inversely). In multivariate analysis,
      environmental factors explained up to 10% of skinfold variance in male subjects
      and between 10 and 15% in females. Fat distribution was more influenced by
      environmental factors in men (about 8% of explained variance) than in women
      (about 4%). In men, truncal fat depended more on lifestyle that did upper arm
      fat, with smoking (directly) and exercise (inversely) being relatively most
      predictive of abdominal fat. We conclude that, although relative weight,
      subcutaneous fat, and fat distribution correlate intra-individually, they are not
      equivalent and interchangeable anthropometric characteristics. This is reflected
      by the varying associations of the three fatness indicators with age and
      environmental factors such as smoking, diet, exercise, and education. Gender
      seems to be an important modifying factor of environment-body fat
      associations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2275284
TI  - [Development of serum cholesterol and frequency of hypercholesterolemia in
      children and adolescents: results of the Berlin-Pankow cohort study].
AB  - The age-related evolution of serum cholesterol has been studied in a cohort of
      475 boys and girls born in 1964, living in Berlin-Pankow district; they have been
      followed up from age 13-14 to 20-21 (response rate after eight years: 66%). At
      age 13-14, mean total cholesterol was higher among boys (183 +/- 34 mg/dl) as
      well as among girls (187 +/- 33 mg/dl) as compared with those observed in other
      populations. About one third of the subjects at this age had values greater than
      200 mn/dl. There was a marked decrease in mean total cholesterol around age 14 in
      both sexes, inversely related to the degree of sexual maturity. Between age 15
      and 20 the serum cholesterol rose continuously. After puberty girls had higher
      mean values than boys. The evolution of serum cholesterol changes during
      adolescence should be taken into account when assessing preventive measures in
      children and young people.

PMID- 2275285
TI  - The phenomenon of non-utilization of medical services by persons suffering from
      angina pectoris.
AB  - The aim of the study was the determination of main motives for non-utilization of
      medical services by persons with symptoms of angina pectoris. We found that in
      the representative sample (Lodz, Poland) 38% of them fail to seek medical
      services. Age, occupation, self-estimation of health, the presence of a trusted
      doctor and the opinion about medical staff determine the non-utilization of
      medical advice. However, no connection between sex, education, marital status and
      the use of medical services has been noticed. The results of the study point to
      the great value of the individual counselling by medical staff and the proper,
      friendly attitude towards patients, especially chronically ill.

PMID- 2275286
TI  - Medically inappropriate inpatient care in West Germany.
AB  - The extent of medically unnecessary hospital utilization in West German acute
      hospitals was measured by a representative study. A random sample of medical
      records was reviewed and assessed according to appropriateness by specially
      experienced physicians. This rating method was trained, standardized and
      evaluated. The study yields a mean length of stay of 13 days with 2.4 days
      (18.4%) of inappropriate use. Further analyses concern the influence of
      diagnoses, age, sex, hospital size etc. Prorated to all 461 300 West German acute
      hospital beds, 85,000 beds or 26.6 million patient days per year are affected by
      inappropriate use.

PMID- 2275287
TI  - Adaptation of the "European Code Against Cancer" (ECAC) to the cultural needs of
      low income women in Greece: comparative effectiveness of health education
      approaches.
AB  - The European Code Against Cancer (ECAC) was administered to four groups of women,
      each comprising about 50 women. In the first group, the Greek translation of the
      original code was given; in the second group a set of explanatory cartoons was
      given in addition to the code; in the third group a more simplified version of
      the code was administered; lastly, in the fourth group the code was administered
      and in addition, mothers were tutored for about 15 minutes by a psychologist. A
      comparison group of 76 women were not exposed to ECAC. After 4 to 7 days, all
      women were given a 78-item questionnaire, probing their perceived knowledge (PK)
      about cancer etiology and prevention, their accurate knowledge (AK) and
      eventually their correct knowledge (CK), (all expressed in %). No difference,
      with respect to any of the above three parameters was noted between the three
      groups of women who were given the ECAC, the ECAC with cartoons or the modified
      ECAC without individual tutoring on the one hand and the comparison group on the
      other. By contrast, there was a substantial and highly significant improvement of
      knowledge among women who were given the ECAC and who were also individually
      tutored; this difference in CK was accounted for by improvement in both PK and
      AK. Improvement was particularly evident in respect to questions dealing with
      cancer screening, nutritional and occupational cancers, whereas there was little
      improvement with respect to knowledge concerning some aspects of tobacco smoking
      and exposure to radiation. CK about cancer etiology and prevention was positively
      correlated with AK about contraception and nonsmoking status, even among women of
      the same age and educational status.

PMID- 2275288
TI  - [Unruptured luteinized follicle syndrome].
AB  - The luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome (LUF) is diagnosed in different
      numbers of cycles and its place in sterility etiology still has to be
      established. This article reviews today's diagnostic possibilities, the
      occurrence of LUF in patients with different types of sterility, the etiology and
      therapeutic approaches.

PMID- 2275289
TI  - [Ablative versus conservative therapy of operable breast cancer].
AB  - Review about operative management of breast cancer. Comparison between breast
      preserving therapy and mastectomy in respect of the results of the studies of
      Veroneti and B. Fisher.

PMID- 2275290
TI  - [Therapy of mastodynia and simple mastopathy].
AB  - Cycle-dependent breast complaints in most cases are based on a hormonal
      dysbalance with estrogen predominance and development of an interstitial edema.
      They preferably occur between 30-50 years of age with possibly appearing
      mastopathic tissue changes. Whereas the treatment with antiphlogistic, diuretic
      and other measures only effects symptomatically, a causal therapy effect can be
      achieved by systemic and local hormone applications. Within the bounds of a
      clinical study 92 women were submitted to a local treatment with a one per cent
      alcoholic progesterone ointment at least lasting a period of 3 months. In 52
      Patient with primary ointment treatment an essential improvement of the
      complaints could be reached in 87% (p less than 0.05). In 40 women with secondary
      local hormonal application the improvement-rate was 70%. Side effects could be
      not established. The good therapeutic result and acceptance of this therapy form
      make clear that the permission of an alcoholic progesterone ointment as standard
      prescription would represent a therapeutic enrichment.

PMID- 2275291
TI  - [Pelvic vein varicosis--a treatable cause of chronic pelvic pain in women?].
AB  - Ovarian vein syndrome as a morphology basis of chronic pelvic pain has been
      discussed by means of four case reports. The much higher prevalence of venous
      insufficiencies in the female may be the reason for this disease. Occlusion of
      insufficient genital venous plexus, especially of the ovarian veins may be a
      possibility for treatment. But this does not meet all considerations, this
      disturbance of pelvic hemodynamic may be caused by misprocessing of emotional
      stress situations. Therefore a careful diagnostic procedure including
      psychodiagnostics should be play a central role.

PMID- 2275292
TI  - [Recommendations of the study group "Hormone substitution in postmenopause after
      breast cancer" of the German Society for Breast Diseases].

PMID- 2275293
TI  - [Cholesterol in serum and vaginal content in healthy, non-pregnant women].
AB  - We examined 97 healthy and non-pregnant women aged between 17 and 58 years, who
      especially did not show any symptoms of vulvitis or colpitis, for the contents of
      cholesterol in serum and vaginal smear. In the vaginal smear we found
      significantly lower concentrations of total cholesterol as in serum, whereas the
      part of free cholesterol on total cholesterol in vaginal smear was triple than in
      serum and its absolutely concentration was double than that in serum. Possible
      reasons are discussed.

PMID- 2275294
TI  - [Sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium in vaginal content].
AB  - Flame photometric determinations of sodium, potassium, and calcium, moreover
      magnesium concentrations according to a complexometric method in 197 healthy
      nonpregnant women aged 16-46 years were performed in serum and fluid of the
      vagina. The concentrations of K+, Ca++, and Mg++ in vaginal fluid showed marked
      increase of some 5, 6, respectively 4 times from those of serum. The sodium
      concentration of the vaginal fluid is half of serum. The concentration of
      magnesium in vaginal fluid showed a significant increase of a quarter in
      comparison with serum after application of hormonal contraceptiva. The origin of
      vaginal fluid is discussed.

PMID- 2275296
TI  - [Herlyn-Werner syndrome. Case report].
AB  - The following study shows a syndrome which is commonly not diagnosed by
      gynaecologists. It was first described from Herlyn-Werner in 1971. In Bulgaria
      the same was described by I. Karagjosov in 1983 as a part of Herlyn-Werner
      Wunderlich Syndrome.

PMID- 2275295
TI  - [Treatment of uterine descent and prolapse with the cube pessary].
AB  - The cube pessary is the best possibility of therapy for not surgical patients
      with descensus or prolapsus uteri. It is very advantageous opposite usual bowl-
      and ringpessary because of its efficacy and sociableness.

PMID- 2275297
TI  - [Genital manifestation of histiocytosis X].

PMID- 2275299
TI  - Position of whole body stereotactic device among targeted interventions into
      human organism.
AB  - An universal targeting device coupled with computerized tomography is a new
      promise in the complex of diagnostics and therapy. It allows any point inside the
      human body to be reached from any spot on its surface. The space containing the
      target is controlled by moving the arms of the device on three mutually
      perpendicular planes and by turning at two angles around the longitudinal and
      transversal axes. The targeting is controlled by computer. The patient is
      immobilized on a vacuum mattress. This device was tested in model conditions and
      is now ready for clinical application.

PMID- 2275298
TI  - [Cerebral posthemorrhagic vasospasm. A sequential in vivo and in vitro study of
      the basilar artery of the rabbit].
AB  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) by multiple injections of autologous blood into the
      prepontine cistern of the rabbit induced angiographic visible vasospasm of the
      basilar artery. Vasoconstriction on day nine after SAH was 70.7%. The mean peak
      constriction was recorded on day one after SAH (53.7%). Papaverine (PPV) reversed
      acute vasospasm from day one to day three after SAH. Gradually increasing
      refractoriness of vasospasm to PPV on angiograms was seen between day four and
      day nine after SAH. PPV-refractoriness (in vivo) was positively correlated with
      increasing vessel wall stiffness (in vitro). In vitro investigations displayed a
      gradual and marked reduction in the maximum capacity of the vessel wall to
      develop active tone. Spontaneous increases in tone independent from exogenous
      chemical stimuli were recorded during the first two days after SAH. Tonic
      contraction to the maximum dose of serotonin was increased on day one, two and
      five respectively, and decreased from day six to day nine after SAH. Constrictor
      nerve influences on vascular tone as well as acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation
      were consistently reduced over a nine day period after SAH. It is suggested that
      the initial cause of the arterial narrowing after SAH is the action of vasoactive
      substances released in the close vicinity of the arterial wall, which lead to
      tissue damage, abnormal tone, and an inflammatory response with fibrosis. Passive
      factors seem to dominate in chronic vasospasm.

PMID- 2275300
TI  - Clinical experiences with nimodipine treatment in patients after SAH and aneurysm
      surgery.
AB  - The authors present their 3-years experiences with nimodipine treatment in
      patient after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Nimotop has been used in treatment
      of SAH in the Department of Neurosurgery since June 1985. During 3-years 220
      patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage were admitted to the Department of
      Neurosurgery in Wroclaw. Till the end of 1989 177 patients with SAH received
      nimotop therapy. Our results show that intravenous Nimodipine is well tolerated,
      and we have not observed any discontinuation effects, after we had introduced
      gradual diminishing doses of Nimotop. Nimotop does not prevent of developing
      vasospasm in all patients, but their outcome is better. The treatment of
      vasospasm should be complex (with nimotop and hypervolemic and hypertensive
      therapy).

PMID- 2275301
TI  - Effect of gammahydroxybutyrate on intracranial pressure, mean systemic arterial
      pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in experimentally induced brain oedema
      of the rat.
AB  - In the treatment of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) an agent is needed which
      can similarly reduce ICP and protect the brain without reducing systematic
      arterial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. Gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB)
      decreases cerebral metabolic requirement of oxygen (CMRO2) and glucose
      utilization rate. The effect of GHB on ICP, systemic arterial pressure and
      cerebral perfusion pressure in the experimentally induced brain oedema of the rat
      was examined. 400 mg/kg GHB reduced significantly ICP (11.74 +/- 1.20 mmHg;
      control: 16.20 +/- 8.89 mmHg; p less than 0.01) while increasing mean systemic
      arterial pressure (109.89 +/- 6.35 mmHg; control: 89.65 +/- 4.22 mmHg; p less
      than 0.05) and cerebral perfusion pressure (98.11 +/- 6.79 mmHg; control: 73.84
      +/- 5.25 mmHg; p less than 0.02). In the dose-effect curve 200 mg/kg GHB show an
      increase in mean systemic arterial pressure from 89.60 +/- 9.35 mmHg to 98.60 +/-
      3.48 mmHg (p less than 0.02) and 400 mg/kg GHB to 108.00 +/- 5.20 mmHg (p less
      than 0.001) mean systemic arterial pressure. The decrease in intracranial
      pressure is not due to a reduction in the mean systemic arterial pressure, but
      GHB does reduce the ICP while increasing mean systemic arterial pressure and
      cerebral perfusion pressure. GHB may be a useful adjunct to neurosurgical therapy
      in controlling elevated ICP.

PMID- 2275302
TI  - [Lumbar intervertebral disk operation in the aged].
AB  - The frequencies of required surgery of lumbar disc protrusion as the cause of
      resistant lumbar compression of the nerve root, including the rare cauda equina
      compression, is according to literature for patients over 70 years of age only 1%
      of the total number of lumbar disc surgery. However, probably as a course of the
      improved preclinical diagnostical methods as EMG, spinal CT scan, MRT and the
      increased number of these examination techniques the percentage was 3.2% in our
      material thus a higher share of operated patients at the age of 71 and older. 50%
      of those patients even had a sequestered lumbar disc protrusion. Because the
      additional, clinical relevant bone narrowment of the spinal canal, lateral
      processus and the foramina intervertebralia it is necessary for this group of
      patients to perform a wide microsurgical decompression as modification of the
      normal surgery with a sufficient resection of compressing bone parts through
      laminotomy, hemilaminectomie and laminectomy. We did not observe serious intra-
      and postsurgery complications with persistent damages. The surgical mortality of
      68 consecutive operated patients at the age of 71 up to 93 years was zero. The
      subjective valuation of the surgical longterm results was in 68% of the
      interviewed patients well or excellent, including the influence of the
      presurgical torturing pain (66%) and clinically relevant neurological deficits
      (72%). 10.6% of all cases judged the long term results as insufficient or bad.
      Especially considering the increasing life expectation one should think of
      lumbar, even sequestered disc protrusion as the course of a therapy resistant
      lumbar compression of the nerve root and its successful surgical decompression of
      the older people before irreversible damages and torturing pains decrease the
      quality of life significantly.

PMID- 2275303
TI  - [Spinal angiomatous malformation: clinical course and limits of technical
      diagnosis].
AB  - The sensitivity of the diagnostic procedures in space occupying lesions of the
      spine have been markedly improved in the recent past, mainly due to the
      application of CT and MRI--technology and the introduction of superselective
      angiography. Despite these 'high-tech'-investigations, neurological examination
      still provides the sole in neurological diagnosis. To show the discrepancies
      between the techniques mentioned, we present a case of a vascular malformation of
      the spine with secondary myelopathy (so-called "Foix-Alajouanine-syndrome").

PMID- 2275304
TI  - [Weitbrecht's retinacula of the hip joint].
AB  - On the basis of his own cadaver studies and data presented in the literature
      (mainly those presented by Anseroff) the author describes synovial folds of the
      hip joint also called retinacula of Weitbrecht and deals with the significance of
      these folds for the blood supply of the proximal end of the femur. In total there
      are three retinacula of Weitbrecht in the hip joint. Retinaculum anterius passes
      along the anterior surface of the neck originating from linea intertrochanterica
      toward the femoral head. It has the shape of a flat fold which is quite often
      divided into more stripes. Sometimes it is missing. Retinaculum mediale sometimes
      called Amantini's fold passes from the lesser trochanter to fovea capitis femoris
      along the medial surface of the neck. In children it has the shape of a single
      strip, in adults it most often has the shape of an upside-down "T". Its
      occurrence is constant. This applies also to retinaculum lateral passing along
      the superior surface of the neck from the greater trochanter toward the head.
      This retinaculum has always the shape of a flat plate. Corresponding to the
      number and course of retinacula is also the classification of the so called neck
      arteries into three groups as presented by Tucker and Ogden. In the lateral
      retinaculum there pass also so called posterosuperior retinacular vessels, in the
      medial one the so called posteroinferior retinacular vessels. Both groups of
      vessels originating from a profundus a. circumflexae femoris medialis supply the
      femoral head. In the anterior retinaculum there pass vessels of the same name
      originating from r. transversus a. circumflexae femoris lateralis.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2275305
TI  - [Clinical and ultrasonic diagnosis of congenital hip dislocation (dynamics of
      changes in early therapy)].
AB  - The authors present part of their prospective epidemiological study of congenital
      dysplasia of hip joints within which newborns were examined by ultrasonogram
      prior to the beginning of the therapy. Apart from the standard examination in the
      frontal plane after Graf they examined on principle also the ultrasonographic
      stability by the dynamic test after Schuler as well as by the application of the
      probe anteriorly with the simultaneous provocation according to Palmen. The
      authors have processed pathological ultrasonographic findings in 53 newborns (64
      hip joints). The technique of the examination by ultrasound from the anterior
      approach is explained in detail. The comparison of both dynamic tests has shown
      that the examination from the anterior approach is considerably more sensitive
      than Schuler's dynamic test and also fully correlates with the clinical finding.
      It is a fact that the shift of the head in the flexion dorsally represents the
      most important component of the movement in unstable hip joint during
      provocation, it is far more noticeable than the lateralization of the head or the
      shift in the cranial direction. After achieving ultrasonographic stability the
      classical Graf method is sufficient for the registration of residual changes on
      the acetabular rim. The follow-up of patients until their complete healing has
      shown a surprisingly rapid remodellation of hip joints. The whole complex of
      clinically unstable hip joints has been divided into subgroups according to Graf
      classification. In type IIc or IId on the basis of ultrasonographic examination
      from the anterior approach the stable joints from the ultrasonographic viewpoint
      have been distinguished from unstable ones. The follow-up carried out in short
      intervals has shown that of longest duration is the remodellation of total
      dislocation and, on the contrary, of shortest duration is the healing of joints
      in the IIc or IId type. An absolute majority of affected hip joints have become
      normal until 3rd month of the age. The complex does not include two patients with
      teratological dislocation, the incidence of which has been determined in our
      study by the ratio of 2 cases in 35,550 of timely examined newborns. The role of
      the factor of spontaneous stabilization cannot be in this part of the study
      completely discounted. However, herewith we present part of an accomplished
      epidemiological study where the number of timely diagnosed patients including
      late diagnoses corresponds to the number of dislocations and subluxations
      determined within the conventional late diagnosis.

PMID- 2275307
TI  - [Orthopedic documentation and computer technology].
AB  - The growth of the volume of necessary information and documentation in the field
      of health care puts ever increasing demands on its processing. The author
      presents the method of processing fundamental documentation of an orthopaedic
      unit by means of computer technology. He also presents the principles for the
      development of a specific PC software.

PMID- 2275306
TI  - [Analysis of the results of femoral lengthening in 34 children and adolescents].
AB  - The authors have evaluated a complex of 34 femurs prolongated in the period 1978
      1988 by means of Wagner (26), Ilizarov (5) or bisegmental external fixation
      device of their own design (3). The whole group comprised 13 boys and 21 girls in
      the age group ranging from 6.5 to 17.25 years of age. In 13 cases the shortening
      of the extremity was congenital, in 21 cases it was of secondary nature. All
      usual data were observed and the quality of healing in the distraction gap was
      assessed by means of x-ray check up. The average shortening in the above
      mentioned group of patients ranged from 40 to 50 mm, the average prolongation of
      the bone was 40 mm. Subsequent osteosynthesis by means of a plate was carried out
      and bone grafts were applied in one third of the children. The healing of the
      bone gap was more rapid in children up to 12 years of age. The differentiation of
      medullary canal and corticalis occurred on average 15 months after operation and
      the normal shape of the bone was restored 22 months after operation. Full body
      weight bearing was allowed in case of the Wagner device on average after 11
      months, in case of the Ilizarov's device after 14.5 months, but in case of the
      bisegmental device as early as 6 months after the accomplishment of the
      prolongation phases. The complications during the prolongation comprised
      angulation of the bone (3), dislocation of patella (2), reduction of the range of
      motion of the knee (4). The complications after the removal of the device
      included traumatic fracture (4), fatigue fracture (3), angulation of femur (1).
      On the basis of the analysis of the material the authors recommend in case of
      these patients to concentrate attention in the following direction: 1. In cases
      where the shortening is evident the operation should not be delayed and the femur
      should be prolonged as early as until 12th year of age of the patient. 2. The
      prolongation should be performed only by means of a stable external fixation
      device. Ilizarov's device is not in this case desirable. Where the size of the
      femur is suitable it is recommended to apply the bisegmental device. 3. Osteotomy
      should be longer and oblique and the contact of bone fragments should be
      maintained. 4. The prolongation should start no sooner than 7-10 days after
      operation to enable the bone callus to be prolongated to get organized.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2275308
TI  - [Possibilities of determining prognosis in the transformation of post-traumatic
      dyslipidemic coagulopathy into the clinical fat embolism syndrome].
AB  - The clinical and laboratory retrospective and prospective study orientated to the
      observation of total posttraumatic response of the organisms to serious injuries
      (fractures of long bones of lower extremities, fractures of bones of pelvis,
      serious multiple injuries of body cavities associated with fractures) has
      concentrated hyperglobulaemia and at the same time also of disorders of blood
      coagulation. These in all three institutes on the verification of the
      significance of hyperglobulaemia, disorders of blood coagulation and persistent
      tachycardia. The analysis of the relations between the findings of fat
      hyperglobulaemia, disorders of coagulation and persistent tachycardia has made it
      possible to present a thesis which is very important from the practical
      viewpoint, and namely that the persistent tachycardia in case of in-patients is
      in fact a clinical reflection or manifestation, an equivalent, even of the
      incidence of fat studies concentrated on the syndrome of traumatic fat embolism
      (F. E.) were carried out within a uniform concept of "post-traumatic dyslipidemic
      coagulopathy - PDC". A statistically significant relation has been proved between
      the incidence of fat hyperglobulaemia and the incidence of persistent
      tachycardia. When identifying the relations between individual laboratory and
      clinical findings the authors have proceeded from a pre-requisite we have
      objectified before, and namely that fat hyperglobulaemia and disorders in blood
      coagulation contribute significantly to the development of the syndrome of post
      traumatic fat embolism. The origin of persistent tachycardia which is motivated
      in patients with fractures of bones neither by the increase of temperature nor by
      any other pathophysiological circumstances, represents a turning point or a time
      limit between PDC as a latent pathological condition and PDC with clinical
      manifestations, being associated in the subclinical form only with persistent
      tachycardia or in the manifest form with other evident symptoms (including
      persistent tachycardia). It is then possible to use the symptom of an early and
      persistent tachycardia in the clinical practice for the prognostication of
      possibilities of unfavourable pathophysiological development of the subclinical
      form of fat embolism into the clinically manifest form of fat embolism.

PMID- 2275309
TI  - Studies on zinc in wound healing.
AB  - Topical zinc is widely used in wound treatment although the beneficial effect of
      zinc has only been documented in zinc-deficient patients who were given zinc
      orally. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of topically
      applied zinc on leg ulcer healing and examine its effect on some mechanisms in
      wound healing using standardized animal models. Additionally, absorption of zinc
      into wounds and intact skin treated topically with zinc was studied. In a double
      blind trial involving 37 leg ulcer patients with low serum zinc levels, topical
      zinc oxide promoted cleansing and re-epithelialization. Infections and
      deteriorations of ulcers were less common in zinc oxide treated patients. Re
      epithelialization, an important mechanism in the closure of leg ulcers, was
      enhanced with zinc oxide applied topically on partial-thickness wounds in pigs
      with normal zinc status. Zinc sulfate at three different concentrations did not,
      however, result in this beneficial effect on the resurfacing of wounds. The
      inflammatory reaction was diminished in zinc treated wounds except when a high
      zinc sulfate concentration was applied. Bacterial growth and concomitant diseases
      such as diabetes can complicate wound healing. In normal rats, bacterial growth
      in full-thickness wounds was reduced with topical zinc oxide but not in
      hyperglycemic diabetic rats. The anti-bacterial mechanism of zinc oxide seemed to
      be more indirect and to be mediated via local defense systems rather than being
      directly toxic to the bacteria. Healing of 21-day-old skin incisions was impaired
      in zinc deficiency, as measured by a significantly decreased wound breaking
      strength in zinc-deficient rats compared with that of pair-fed controls. The
      decreased breaking strength did not seem to be due to differences in collagen
      concentration of the wounds. Zinc oxide was slowly but continuously solubilized
      when applied on open wounds in rats. On the other hand, with zinc sulfate, the
      zinc concentrations, either locally or systemically, did not maintain a constant
      level for the 48-hour post-operative treatment period as they did with zinc
      oxide. Zinc absorption in and through normal human forearm skin was demonstrated
      after treatment with a zinc oxide medicated occlusive dressing by increased zinc
      levels in epidermis, interstitial fluid and dermis compared with the non-zinc
      control dressing. In conclusion, topical zinc may stimulate leg ulcer healing by
      enhancing re-epithelialization, decreasing inflammation and bacterial growth.
      When zinc is applied on wounds it not only corrects a local zinc deficit but also
      acts pharmacologically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2275310
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis induced by bile trypsin: structural and ultrastructural
      study].
AB  - The early lesions induced in the pancreas of dogs by the intraductal injection of
      bile-trypsin were studied. Histological, histochemical and electron microscopic
      techniques were used. The primary lesions analyzed thirty three minutes after the
      induction of pancreatitis consisted in cell alterations, blood stasis and oedema.
      At first, the affected acinar cells showed enlargement of the rough endoplasmic
      reticulum cisternae, later they were disrupted and then appeared vesicles with
      ribosomes adhering to the external surface. Mitochondria were swelled and showed
      cristae disrupted which finally appeared destroyed. The zymogen granules lost
      density, decreased in size and number and later disappeared, Ducts maintained the
      normal structure and their cells were still observed in areas where the tissue
      was greatly destroyed. the results obtained suggest that: 1) The experimental
      acute pancreatitis induced by bile-trypsin is characterized by primary and severe
      damage in the acinar cells, with secondary ischemia due to stasis and
      intravascular coagulation. 2) Cellular rests and probably endogenous enzymes
      invade the periacinar spaces, then would penetrate into the vascular system
      producing the generalization of lesions.

PMID- 2275311
TI  - [Hepatitis B virus in patients with renal transplant. Report of 52 cases].
AB  - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a high risk factor in the frequently found liver
      involvement of renal transplant recipients. As in other immunosuppressed
      patients, these often follow a course of slight jaundice, with a progressive
      tendency and great replicative and infectious power. Also, in addition to an
      increased incidence of chronic hepatitis (CH) in transplanted when compared with
      hemodialized patients, specially when HBsAg is present, it is surprising the poor
      correlation between enzyme levels and the grade of activity of the hepatic
      lesion. In a retro and prospective study, we present 52 patients of the 73
      transplant reviewed. There are 32 men and 20 females, with and average age of 34
      years, minimum time on dialysis of 2 months and maximum of 7 years, time of renal
      transplant from 6 moth to 15 years (average 4.9 years). There were 31 cadaver
      transplants and 21 live donors. The HBsAg was + in 20 (9 seroconverted), HBeAg
      was + in 4 (with 2 seroconvertions), hyperbilirrubinemia in 5, hyperalkaline
      phosphatasemia (2 or more times) in 11 and elevated serum transaminases (SGPT) (3
      times or more) in 20 cases. Positive HBsAg plus SGPT x 3 was found on 9 occasions
      and positive HBsAg with SGPT x 3 in 3 cases. liver biopsy (LB), in those with
      enzymatic changes and/or positive antigenemia, was performed in 15 instances and
      there were 5 autopsies. The most important histological findings were: 5 acute
      viral hepatitis, 2 active chronic hepatitis (CAH), 2 persistent chronic hepatitis
      (CPH), 5 with fat infiltration and 4 with colestasis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2275312
TI  - [Hepatic lesions in acute cardiovascular failure in necropsy specimens].
AB  - To evaluate quali-quantitatively ischemic liver injury due to acute
      cardiocirculatory failure (ischemic hepatitis), and its real clinical
      signification, 200 out of 1165 autopsy records with ACF clinical diagnosis were
      selected; 33/200 (16.5%) shown centrilobular necrosis without inflammatory
      component, accompanied or not by midzonal compromise. Grade IV centrilobular
      necrosis (50-100% involved lobules) was present in 96.9%, with 15.5% associated
      midzonal pattern, and 21.2% of confluent type; 2 additional cases with isolated
      midzonal necrosis (5.7%) were seen. Only six patients (3.0% of ACF patients, and
      18.2% of those with histological injury) shown overt clinical liver disease, one
      of them with a fulminant hepatitis picture (0.5% of ACF, and 3.0% of patients
      with ischemic necrosis). Bilirubin levels were 3.4-10.2 mg%, and
      aminotransferases rose up to 540 times over their seric superior normal limits.
      Centrilobular necrosis involved 100% of lobules in all cases.

PMID- 2275314
TI  - [Achalasia of the esophagus: to dilate or operate?].

PMID- 2275313
TI  - [Role of protons and bicarbonate in adaptative gastric cytoprotection].
AB  - The unknown mechanism of adaptative gastric cytoprotection (AGC) induced by 20%
      ethanol and subsequent injury with 70% ethanol was studied in wistar rats.
      Pretreatment with indomethacin or HgII2 did not prevent the AGC, there suggesting
      that neither endogenous PGS nor gastric mucus take part in its mechanism. On the
      other hand, ranitidine pretreatment blocked and even aggravated the damage
      induced by ethanol-ethanol. In contrast, the latter phenomenon was reverted by
      20% acidified ethanol. It is concluded that a back diffusion of H+ and
      bicarbonate play important roles in the AGC mechanism.

PMID- 2275315
TI  - [Indication for surgery of gastrinoma].

PMID- 2275316
TI  - Continuing education survey of certified registered nurse anesthetists.

PMID- 2275317
TI  - Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 includes Medicare CRNA fee schedule.

PMID- 2275318
TI  - Franklin v. Gupta.

PMID- 2275319
TI  - Multidose vial contamination in anesthesia.
AB  - The intent of this research was to address the following question: Will an
      alteration in the drug aspiration technique cause a significant difference in the
      incidence of multidose vial contamination? The control group consisted of
      multidose vials collected at the end of each day from staff anesthetists. The use
      of these vials reflected the practice technique of a single needle and syringe
      for each vial. The vial, as well as needle and syringe, were used on all cases
      managed for the day. The experimental group consisted of multidose vials
      collected at the end of each day from the four investigators. The vials and
      syringes were utilized in the same manner as the control group with the exception
      that a new needle was used each time a vial was reentered. Upon completion of the
      collection period, guaiac testing, using Hemoccult slides and developer, was
      performed on a 0.1 cc sample from each vial. A multidose vial was considered
      positive for blood contamination if traces of blue appeared on the Hemoccult
      slide in a 15-minute period. A chi-square statistic was applied to the cumulative
      data. The control group consisted of 492 multidose vials. Of the 492 multidose
      vials tested, 11 were guaiac positive, 2.24%. The experimental group consisted of
      369 multidose vials. Of the 369 multidose vials, one tested guaiac positive,
      0.27%. A chi-square test on the cumulative data demonstrated a significant (p
      less than .05) difference between the two groups. The research demonstrated that
      occult blood may be contained within the used multidose vials suggesting that
      contaminated drug may then be injected into another patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2275320
TI  - AANA Journal course: new technologies in anesthesia: update for nurse
      anesthetists--high frequency ventilation.
AB  - The introduction of high frequency ventilation (HFV) to the clinical arena has
      offered patients with severe respiratory disease a method for adequate
      ventilation and oxygenation with improved hemodynamics and diminished lung
      barotrauma. The scientific community has been investigating for a number of years
      the mechanism of gas transport in the airways using high frequencies with tidal
      volumes approaching or less than anatomical dead space. Clinicians have been
      attempting to identify the clinical circumstances for which this new technology
      can be applied. This course will discuss some of these theoretical mechanisms
      responsible for gas transport during three types of HFV, and also present the
      high frequency ventilators which have been recently approved by the U.S. Food and
      Drug Administration and the clinical indications for use for each of them.

PMID- 2275321
TI  - The function of granulocytes and alveolar macrophages following a single dose of
      endotoxin in rabbits. Effects of methylprednisolone.
AB  - It is a generally held opinion that steroids attenuate the activation of
      phagocytes. However, this statement has its limitations; in rabbit endotoxemia,
      for instance, steroids enhance the procoagulant activity of monocytes. The
      present study aimed to investigate the release of toxic oxygen metabolites (TOM)
      from granulocytes and alveolar macrophages 24 h after endotoxin injection in
      rabbits, and the effect of concomitant injection of methylprednisolone (MP).
      Release of TOM was assessed by peak chemiluminescence (CLP). Expression of
      thromboplastin activity by alveolar macrophages was determined as well, employing
      a recognized method for assessment of activity. In terms of mean +/- s.e.mean,
      endotoxin increased granulocyte count from a baseline value of 1.8 +/- 0.2 X
      10(6) cells/ml to 3.7 +/- 1 X 10(6) cells/ml, which increased further to 9.8 +/-
      2.5 X 10(6) cells/ml following administration of MP. Whereas endotoxin given
      alone caused no significant change in granulocyte CLP, additional administration
      of MP increased CLP from 1723 +/- 389 to 16610 +/- 8428 counts. On the other
      hand, MP attenuated an endotoxin-induced increase in both CLP and thromboplastin
      activity of alveolar macrophages. Thus, MP appears to have a proinflammatory
      effect on circulating granulocytes in rabbit endotoxemia, simultaneously
      depressing the function of stationary macrophages. This may suggest an injurious
      effect of MP in rabbit endotoxemia.

PMID- 2275322
TI  - Influence of a single dose of indomethacin on some biochemical changes and
      postoperative intestinal paralysis following minor surgery. A prospective
      randomized double-blind study.
AB  - The influence of a single dose of indomethacin on the surgical stress response
      was investigated in a double-blind study including 43 patients scheduled for
      elective operation of inguinal hernia. Indomethacin or placebo was administered
      rectally 1 h before the start of operation. All patients had a standardized
      general anaesthetic. Blood samples for leucocyte count, sedimentation rate, iron
      and haemoglobin, and measurements of body temperature were taken preoperatively
      and on the day after surgery. Blood samples for glucose were taken
      preoperatively, and 4, 8 and 24 h after skin incision. In both groups a
      significant increase in leucocyte count and sedimentation rate as well as a
      decrease in serum iron were found, but there was no difference between the
      groups. Plasma glucose increased from 4 to 8 h after skin incision in the
      indomethacin group, but not in the placebo group. The postoperative need for
      methadon, the time needed to regain normal intestinal function and the hospital
      stay were the same in the two groups, and body temperature showed no change.
      These findings indicate that a single dose of indomethacin given preoperatively
      increased plasma glucose but had no effect on the other parameters studied.

PMID- 2275323
TI  - Recovery from total intravenous anaesthesia. Propofol versus midazolam
      flumazenil.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare recovery assessed with the Newman, deletion
      af a's and postbox tests after total intravenous anaesthsia for procedures
      lasting more than 90 min, with either propofol (PPF) or midazolam (MDZ), reversed
      or not by flumazenil (FMZ). Thirty patients scheduled for peripheral surgery were
      randomly allocated to 3 groups of 10, receiving by continuous infusion until the
      end of surgery either PPF (n = 10) or MDZ (n = 20) combined with alfentanil. FMZ
      was administered thereafter to 10 patients receiving MDZ until they opened their
      eyes on command or to a maximum dose of 1 mg. Recovery tests were performed 45,
      90 and 180 min after the end of anaesthesia. Results were analysed with non
      parametric tests. Recovery scores were significantly better in the PPF group at
      all times, reaching control values at 180 min for the three first tests. FMZ
      reversal did not improve the scores compared to those resulting from MDZ alone.
      This study provides further data in favour of PPF as far as rapid and complete
      recovery is concerned. The efficiency of FMZ is incomplete and only transient
      when administered in a single dose.

PMID- 2275324
TI  - Importance of fasting in the lymphocyte calcium test for malignant hyperthermia.
AB  - Anaesthetic-induced increases in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ have been reported to be
      greater in lymphocytes from malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptible patients than
      in those from controls, suggesting that this may be the basis for a less invasive
      test for MH susceptibility. In the present study the cytoplasmic Ca2+
      concentrations of lymphocytes were monitored with indo-1 in 14 control subjects
      (nine fasted and five nonfasted) and five fasted MH susceptible and three fasted
      nonsusceptible patients, diagnosed by the halothane and caffeine contracture
      tests. No relationship was observed between MH susceptibility and Ca2+
      concentrations in lymphocytes in the absence or presence of halothane. There was,
      however, a relationship in control subjects between fasting and the response of
      lymphocytes to halothane, with the halothane-induced Ca2+ increase being
      considerably larger in nonfasted subjects.

PMID- 2275325
TI  - Effect of epidurally administered bupivacaine on atracurium-induced neuromuscular
      blockade.
AB  - The effect of epidurally administered bupivacaine on duration, intensity and
      reversal characteristics of atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade was studied
      in 30 healthy patients anaesthetized with thiopentone, fentanyl, midazolam and
      nitrous oxide. Fifteen patients received, in addition, epidural anaesthesia with
      bupivacaine. The remaining patients served as controls. The ulnar nerve was
      stimulated at the wrist and the evoked twitch response from the adductor pollicis
      was measured with a force displacement transducer. Neuromuscular blockade was
      induced with atracurium 0.5 mg i.v. and maintained with repeated doses of
      atracurium 0.15 mg/kg whenever the twitch height had recovered to 15% of the
      initial twitch height. After operation, the neuromuscular blockade was reversed
      with neostigmine when the twitch height had recovered to 15%. In the epidural
      group the clinical duration of neuromuscular blockade, time until first response
      to train-of-four (TOF) and reversal time were all significantly prolonged (P less
      than 0.05). Post-tetanic count (PTC) after 20 min was also significantly lower in
      the epidural group (P less than 0.05). It is therefore concluded that epidurally
      administered bupivacaine prolongs atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade. The
      clinical implication of the modest prolongation is, however, limited.

PMID- 2275327
TI  - Influence of salbutamol on the in vitro muscle response to caffeine and halothane
      in malignant hyperthermia.
AB  - In vitro contracture tests for susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH) were
      performed with halothane and caffeine in 34 patients, according to the protocol
      of the European MH Group. Additional halothane and caffeine tests were performed
      in the presence of salbutamol 50 micrograms/l. Contractures after exposure to
      halothane were seen only in MH-susceptible (MHS) patients (n = 16), and were not
      changed by salbutamol. Salbutamol did not influence the caffeine dose-response
      curves in any of the groups (n = 14 in the MH-non-susceptible (MHN) group). The
      caffeine threshold concentration was significantly increased by salbutamol in the
      MHS group.

PMID- 2275326
TI  - Clonidine premedication: a useful adjunct in producing deliberate hypotension.
AB  - The effect of clonidine on the dose requirements of labetalol and isoflurane for
      hypotension was studied in 20 adult patients undergoing middle-ear surgery. Group
      I (10 patients) received as premedication only pethidine 1 mg.kg-1 i.m., and
      Group II (10 patients) clonidine 4-5 micrograms.kg-1 p.o. in addition to
      pethidine. Fentanyl was used for analgesia and d-tubocurarine for muscle
      relaxation. The dose of labetalol required to induce hypotension to the mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) 50 mmHg (6.7 kPa) was 0.85 +/- 0.08 mg.kg-1 in Group I,
      and 0.56 +/- 0.08 mg.kg-1 in Group II (P less than 0.05). The mean isoflurane
      concentration in inspiratory gas for the maintenance of hypotension was 0.8 +/-
      0.1 vol% in Group I, and 0.6 +/- 0.1 vol% in Group II (P less than 0.05). Before
      hypotension, MAP decreased significantly in Group II, and the heart rate (HR)
      decreased in both groups. There were no significant differences in MAP and HR
      between the groups during any phase. Urine flow rates (UF) were lower in Group II
      (0.23 +/- 0.04 ml.min-1) than in Group I (0.68 +/- 0.16 ml.min-1) before
      hypotension (P less than 0.05) and during hypotension (0.08 +/- 0.02 ml.min-1 vs.
      0.68 +/- 0.32 ml.min-1, P less than 0.05). After anaesthesia, there was no
      difference in UF between the groups. The results indicate that clonidine can be
      used for deliberate hypotension to decrease the dose requirements of labetalol
      and isoflurane.

PMID- 2275328
TI  - Rectal flunitrazepam as premedication in preschool children. A double-blind
      randomized study.
AB  - The efficacy of flunitrazepam (0.04 mg.kg-1) as a premedicant was evaluated in 40
      young children of less than 5 years of age in a double-blind, placebo-controlled
      study. Flunitrazepam was given by the rectal route 15 min prior to an
      inhalational mask induction with halothane. Sedation score, mask acceptance and
      induction score were significantly better in premedicated children than in the
      placebo group. There were no hypoxic episodes, prolonged sedation or other
      complications in either group. This suggests that flunitrazepam administered
      rectally in a low dose is an acceptable premedication in young children.

PMID- 2275329
TI  - EEG burst-suppression pattern correlates with the instantaneous heart rate under
      isoflurane anaesthesia.
AB  - The correlation between electroencephalogram (EEG) and instantaneous heart rate
      was studied in deep isoflurane anaesthesia when the EEG showed a burst
      suppression pattern in 15 patients aged 19-39 years. At the onset of EEG burst,
      the heart rate started to accelerate, and at the onset of suppression it started
      to decelerate. These changes in heart rate are similar to those we have
      previously described with enflurane, despite several differences in the effects
      of these two anaesthetics on EEG and on the cardiovascular system. We hypothesise
      that the heart-rate changes are due to central inhibition mediated by the vagus
      nerve during EEG suppression.

PMID- 2275330
TI  - The use of a laryngeal mask airway in spontaneously breathing patients.
AB  - The Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) is a new type of oropharyngeal airway that
      provides an alternative to endotracheal intubation and standard mask anaesthesia
      in certain cases. Once the patient is adequately anaesthetised, it can be
      inserted blindly, without recourse to laryngoscopy or muscle relaxants.
      Anaesthetists of all grades, given minimum instruction, were able to provide a
      clinically satisfactory airway in 49 out of 50 spontaneously breathing,
      anaesthetised patients. The advantages over standard mask anaesthesia are: better
      airway control, minimal leakage of anaesthetic gases, secure airway during
      transport to the recovery ward, and it frees the anaesthetist's hands, as no
      mandibular support is needed. Postoperative problems were minimal and 97.6% of
      our patients said that they would prefer a similar anaesthetic in future. LMA
      does not guarantee against the risk of aspiration and it is not recommended for
      use in patients who may have a full stomach.

PMID- 2275331
TI  - Pressure pain thresholds in volunteers and herniorrhaphy patients.
AB  - Pressure algometry is a method to estimate pressure pain sensitivity in tissues.
      The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reproducibility of pressure pain
      thresholds (PPT) in the abdominal integument and to evaluate the use of pressure
      algometry as a measure of wound tenderness following surgery. PPT was determined
      in 20 healthy volunteers on two separate examinations, and in 14 patients at the
      incisional site before and following inguinal herniotomy. In volunteers, PPT was
      higher for men than for women, and no difference was observed between the first
      and second day of examination. In surgical patients a significant decrease in PPT
      was observed following operation. Morphine 0.07 mg/kg caused a slight but
      significant increase in PPT. Pressure algometry may be useful to study
      nociceptive mechanisms and the dynamics of wound pain in surgical patients.

PMID- 2275332
TI  - Lower axial skeleton of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus).
AB  - Macroscopic structure as well as pre- and postnatal development of the lumbar,
      sacral, and caudal vertebrae of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora) were
      observed. The lumbar vertebrae possess two pairs of unusual processes,
      hyperapophyses and hypapophyses. The hyperapophyses are located on the dorsal
      surface of the caudal articular processes of all the lumbar vertebrae, whereas
      the hypapophyses are found on the caudal part of the ventral surface of the
      bodies in the first few lumbar vertebrae. The former gives attachment to the Mm.
      rotatores lumborum and the latter to the Mm. psoas major and minor. The articular
      processes of the lumbar vertebrae are oriented more horizontally compared with
      those in other mammals. The sacrum is very narrow transversely due to poor
      development of the ventrolateral wing. The auricular surface includes cranial
      parts of the wing and of the fused vertebral arches as well as the cranial
      articular process of the first sacral vertebra. In the caudal vertebrae, chevron
      bones are H-shaped when viewed ventrally, and give attachment to tendons of the
      caudal muscles. This report describes the relationships between the structural
      peculiarities of the lower axial skeleton and the locomotive habits of the musk
      shrew.

PMID- 2275333
TI  - [Abstracts of the 95th meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists].

PMID- 2275335
TI  - Characterization of intracellular amyloid fibrils in the human choroid plexus
      epithelial cells.
AB  - Intracellular inclusions with staining properties of amyloid are very common in
      the aging choroid plexus epithelial cells. In many ways these inclusions show
      similarities with the neurofibrillary tangles, found in cerebral cortical neurons
      in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. We have now designed a purification method
      for choroid plexus amyloid and performed a transmission and scanning electron
      microscopic study. This shows that one form of choroid plexus inclusions, the
      Biondi ring, is a homogeneous globule covered with a thin layer of amyloid
      fibrils. Partial immunochemical characterization of the choroid plexus amyloid
      reveals that it is different from the neurofibrillary tangles although there are
      similarities.

PMID- 2275334
TI  - Senile dementia of Alzheimer type characterized by laminar neuronal loss
      exclusively in the hippocampus, parahippocampus and medial occipitotemporal
      cortex.
AB  - Seven cases of senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT) with unusual clinico
      pathological findings are reported. The patients showed neuronal loss in laminar
      pattern, with gliosis exclusively confined to the CA1 of the hippocampus, the
      area of the hippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex) and medial occipitotemporal
      cortex. This change was more pronounced in the oral region. The subcortical white
      matter showed more pronounced fibrillary gliosis than loss of myelin. Both
      Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques were less marked than
      those usually seen in SDAT. The mental disturbance started after the age of 65 in
      all patients. The main clinical feature was marked character change in addition
      to disturbance of cognitive function. Cranial computed tomography showed marked
      dilatation of the oral portion of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle in
      the early stage. It was apparent that although the cases in this group could be
      incorporated within in the spectrum of SDAT, they could also be considered to
      represent a variant of SDAT. This group could contribute to an understanding of
      the clinico-pathological spectrum of SDAT as well as indicating ways of managing
      such patients.

PMID- 2275336
TI  - Adrenergic innervation of blood vessels in rat tibial nerve during Wallerian
      degeneration.
AB  - Adrenergic innervation of blood vessels in rat tibial nerve during Wallerian
      degeneration was examined, using the formaldehyde-induced histo-fluorescence
      method. The left sciatic nerve was transected at the level of the sciatic notch,
      whereas the right sciatic nerve was left intact and used as control. At 1, 3, 7,
      14, 42, 56 or 84 days after transection, the tibial nerves of the transected and
      contralateral sides were exposed. Pieces of each nerve were used for light
      microscopy or for examination of adrenergic innervation with the fluorescence
      microscope. One day after transection, no adrenergic nerve fiber was observed in
      the endoneurium of the transected nerve. After 3 days, adrenergic innervation of
      small- and medium-sized arterioles in the epi-perineurium was absent, and after 7
      days no fibers were visible around large arterioles. Fluorescent fibers were not
      detected even at 84 days post-surgery. It is concluded that adrenergic
      innervation of blood vessels in the rat tibial nerve is irreversibly lost after
      permanent axotomy, and that adrenergic regulation of nerve blood flow may also be
      lost.

PMID- 2275338
TI  - Observations on the muscle plasma membrane-associated cytoskeletons of mdx mice
      by quick-freeze, deep-etch, rotary-shadow replica method.
AB  - The Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene product "dystrophin" is a sarcolemma
      associated cytoskeleton which is present just inside the sarcolemma. We
      investigated the ultrastructure and the relationship of this cytoskeleton to the
      muscle plasma membrane by immunoelectron microscopy and freeze-etch electron
      microscopy of liquid helium-frozen fresh muscles. The immunoelectron microscopy
      of the extensor digitorum longus muscles of six mdx mice and six control mice
      showed the location of anti-dystrophin antibody along the muscle plasma membrane
      undercoat of all the muscle samples from the control mice without any antibody
      reaction in the mdx mice muscles. Fresh extensor digitorum longus muscles of
      seven mdx and six control mice were quick-frozen in liquid helium in the rapid
      freeze device. High-magnification electron microscopy of the deep-etch, rotary
      shadow replicas of the frozen muscles showed the network formation and attachment
      of individual rod-shaped cytoskeletons of variable size to the cytoplasmic
      surface of the muscle plasma membrane in both mdx mice and control mice. The
      length of cytoskeletons attached to the muscle plasma membranes was measured and
      mean length +/- SE in mdx mice and control mice were 98 +/- 4 nm and 101 +/- 3
      nm, respectively. Although these values were not statistically different (P
      greater than 0.1), the distribution frequency of 130-150 nm muscle plasma
      membrane-associated cytoskeletons was 7.9% in mdx mice versus 14.5% in control
      mice. Since the predicted length of dystrophin is 125-150 nm, the 130- to 150-nm
      plasma membrane-associated cytoskeletons of mdx control mice may include
      dystrophin.

PMID- 2275337
TI  - Chronic progressive and relapsing neuromyopathy with massive dilatations of
      endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers.
AB  - Large intracytoplasmic inclusions arising from the endoplasmic reticulum and
      nuclear envelope were found in the muscle fibers of a 32-year-old individual with
      a life-long, chronic and progressive sensory-motor neuropathy. The morphological
      features of the inclusions were similar to that occasionally reported in the
      striated muscles in several unrelated conditions as well as to "hyaline" or
      "colloid" inclusions commonly seen in motor neurons of the brain stem and spinal
      cord. The chemical nature of the inclusions is not known. Their occurrence in the
      muscle fibers is probably secondary to chronic denervation.

PMID- 2275340
TI  - Dural arteriovenous malformation with abnormal parenchymal vessels: an autopsy
      study.
AB  - A 48-year-old man with dural arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is reported.
      Radiologically, the dural AVM was demonstrated mainly in the region of the left
      transverse sinus. Postmortem examination revealed dural AVM involving the
      bilateral transverse, superior sagittal and straight sinuses. In addition,
      numerous malformed venous vessels and extensive necrosis were observed mainly in
      the parenchyma of the brain stem and cerebellum. The present case suggests that
      dural AVMs may be associated with malformed venous vessels in the brain
      parenchyma.

PMID- 2275339
TI  - Glucocorticoid therapy obscures the diagnosis of cerebral lymphoma.
AB  - Neuropathological and radiographical findings of two patients with primary CNS B
      cell lymphoma are presented. Prior to computerized tomographic (CT)-guided
      stereotactic biopsy both patients had received glucocorticoid therapy which led
      to marked tumor regression on CT scans and transient improvement of neurological
      deficits. Despite careful targeting and serial sampling, multiple biopsy
      specimens examined cytologically, histologically and immunomorphologically showed
      nonspecific reactive astrogliosis and conspicuous perivascular infiltrates of T
      lymphocytes. A second biopsy performed after an interval of 2 and 8 weeks,
      respectively, and short-term discontinuation of dexamethasone therapy in one
      case, unequivocally established the diagnosis of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is
      concluded that steroid therapy may obscure the bioptic diagnosis of cerebral
      lymphoma. In addition to the well-known antiedematous effect of glucocorticoids
      neuropathologists and neurosurgeons should be aware of a rapid and pronounced
      lymphodepletive action of steroids on malignant CNS lymphomas.

PMID- 2275342
TI  - Determination of plasminogen activator activities in normal and pathological
      human tears. The significance of tear plasminogen activators in the inflammatory
      and traumatic lesions of the cornea and the conjunctiva.
AB  - Plasminogen activator activity in normal human tears was found to be 0.03 +/-
      0.02 IU/ml with casein plate, and 0.06 +/- 0.04 IU/ml with a spectrophotometric
      method. Elevated levels of plasminogen activator activity (range 0.11-2.05 IU/ml)
      were detected in the tear fluid of patients suffering from various corneal and
      conjunctival diseases including corneal ulcers, superficial keratitis, persistent
      epithelial defects, recurrent erosions, bullous keratopathy, contact lens
      associated erosions, alkali burns of the cornea, Mooren's ulcer, conjunctival
      pemphigoid, acute keratoconus, and corneal melanoma. Plasminogen activator
      activity, determined in the absence of fibrin in tear samples collected by
      capillary tubes at low flow rates, is considered to be the result of the presence
      of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) deriving from the epithelial cells
      of the cornea and the conjunctiva. It is suggested that an increase in the level
      of uPA in tears plays an important role not only in ulceration (the formation and
      repair of epithelial and stromal defects), but also in the development and
      healing of a number of other inflammatory processes, infections, immunological
      processes, chemical burns, contact lens associated lesions; in the invasion of
      microorganisms and leukocytes, in edema formation, in neovascularization, and in
      the invasive growth of tumors in the cornea and the conjunctiva.

PMID- 2275341
TI  - An autopsy case of peroneal muscular atrophy with rigidity and tremor.
      Ultrastructural and systematic morphometrical studies on peripheral nerves.
AB  - An autopsy case of hereditary peroneal muscular atrophy (PMA) with rigidity and
      static tremor is presented. The patient developed slowly progressive distal
      muscular atrophy of the legs at the age of 15 years. By the age of 52 years, PMA
      became marked associated with pes cavus, and tremor and rigidity of the
      extremities were noted. Motor and sensory conduction velocities gradually
      depressed and lost near the end of his life. At autopsy, the major
      neuropathological abnormalities involved the peripheral nervous systems, and were
      characterized by axonal atrophy and loss of myelinated fibers. These changes
      involved both the proximal and distal nerves, being more severely affected in the
      distal. The pathological changes in other regions of the nervous systems were
      mainly confined to the spinal cord, dorsal ganglia and spinal nerve roots, and
      pigmented neurons in the brain stem. Morphometrically, the total fascicular area
      was much smaller than in control, but the total number of myelinated fibers
      greatly outnumbered that of control 75,200 to 48,200 at the proximal sciatic
      nerve and then gradually decreased towards the periphery; however, even in the
      distal sural nerve, the total number of myelinated fibers exceeded that of
      control (6820 to 5469). Thus, the density of myelinated fibers were much higher,
      being 1.5 to 2 times greater, than in control. Its abrupt decline at the distal
      nerve might account for neurogenic atrophy of the distal musculature.
      Unmyelinated fibers were slightly increased in density and not atrophic. This
      case is unique in its clinicopathology and does not belong to any subtypes of PMA
      including "neuronal plus".

PMID- 2275343
TI  - Conjunctival vessel abnormalities in sickle cell diseases: the influence of age
      and genotype.
AB  - Conjunctival vessels were examined with a slit-lamp and the abnormalities were
      graded in 77 patients with sickle cell diseases, including 48 with sickle cell
      anaemia, 17 with sickle cell beta (0)-thalassaemia and 12 with HbS/HbC disease.
      The study demonstrated the occurrence of similar conjunctival vessel
      abnormalities for the three sickle cell diseases which are, however, more severe
      in HbS homozygotes than in the two other genotypes. An increase of the severity
      of the vascular abnormalities with the increase of patient age was also observed
      for HbS homozygotes. The data suggest that the conjunctival lesions accumulate
      and increase in severity in a similar fashion as other tissue damages observed in
      sickle cell diseases.

PMID- 2275344
TI  - Cell mediated immunity in herpes simplex keratitis in man.
AB  - Varied manifestations of herpes simplex keratitis are postulated to be related to
      alterations or paucity of protective immune response to the virus. In this study
      lymphocyte subpopulations and macrophage inhibition factor (MIF) assay are
      investigated in herpes simplex keratitis. Active T-lymphocytes are detected to be
      significantly low in active keratitis as compared to the healed stage (P less
      than 0.001) and normal control subjects (P less than 0.01). Active T-cells are
      also lower in bilateral keratitis than in unilateral keratitis (P less than
      0.01), and in stromal keratitis than in epithelial keratitis (P less than 0.05).
      Total E-rosette-forming cells and leucocyte migration inhibition factor (MIF)
      assay demonstrates significantly lower values in bilateral keratitis than in
      unilateral keratitis, and in stromal keratitis than in epithelial keratitis. On
      healing, total E-RFC, active T-cells and MIF values improved and are comparable
      to those found in normal subjects. Enumeration of absolute lymphocyte counts and
      EAC rosette-forming cells (B-lymphocyte cells) did not yield any differences. Our
      observations demonstrate paucity of cell-mediated immune response in stromal
      keratitis. More marked deficiency is demonstrable in bilateral keratitis.
      Manifestations of herpes simplex keratitis and their healing is observed to be
      relatable to the level of cell mediated immune response.

PMID- 2275345
TI  - Granular corneal dystrophy with early stromal manifestation. A clinical and
      electron microscopical study.
AB  - We describe a family tree from central Finland with 19 members of which 10 had
      typical granular corneal dystrophy (Bucklers 1938). This granular dystrophy seems
      to start from the subepithelial and anterior stromal region. In quite early ages
      the granules spread not only into the midstromal layers but also into the most
      posterior stroma between the stromal lamellae and Descemet's membrane. Corneal
      epithelial erosions were not noticed in this family. The central cornea was
      mostly affected and 2-3 mm of the corneal periphery was clear. No endothelial
      changes were found from the corneal midperiphery by specular microscopy. To date,
      two female patients have needed penetrating keratoplasty; one in her late
      thirties and the other in her early forties. Their corneal buttons were studied
      by electron microscopy and histochemically. Granular material was found between
      the stromal lamellae and also inside the stromal keratocytes. Bowman's membrane
      was disrupted and degenerated in the areas where the deposits were situated in
      the subepithelial region. Recurrence of the disease was observed in the corneal
      transplants of the two operated patients 3 years postoperatively, starting again
      in the subepithelial region and mostly in central areas of the transplant. This
      disease entity seems to be different from the granular dystrophy also reported
      from Finland by Forsius et al. (1983).

PMID- 2275346
TI  - In vitro endothelial healing of heat injuries of the posterior cornea in rabbits.
AB  - It was examined whether the healing promoting effect of Descemet's membrane on
      posterior corneal defects depends on heat labile molecules in the membrane.
      Localized thermal burns were produced by touching the posterior surface of rabbit
      corneas with a heated probe. This resulted in an endothelial defect, which was
      surrounded by a border of heat impaired, but living cells. The abnormal cells
      delayed the healing process by excerting contact inhibition on the surrounding
      undamaged endothelium. If the border of impaired cells was avoided by placing the
      2 mm heat burn inside a 4 mm freeze erosion of the endothelium, the healing
      process was uninfluenced by the heat treatment. CONCLUSION: heat labile molecules
      in Descemet's membrane are not prerequisites for the healing promoting effect of
      the membrane on endothelial defects.

PMID- 2275347
TI  - The effects of donor age and cause of death on corneal graft survival.
AB  - The Ontario Corneal Recipient Registry followed 299 recipients of 326 corneal
      transplants performed between October 1985 and October 1987. This report
      describes the joint effects of donor age and cause of death on subsequent graft
      survival in these procedures up to two years after surgery. Cox regression
      analysis established that grafts from donors dying of injury experienced half the
      risk of graft failure of those from donors dying of heart disease or other
      natural causes (P less than 0.05). Although donor age differed substantially
      between these causes of death, controlling for donor age did not alter the
      association. There were no statistically or clinically significant differences in
      graft survival associated with either donor age or recipient age. These results
      suggest that the health of the donor and the circumstances surrounding death may
      influence the quality of corneal tissue, and deserve more attention and detailed
      study.

PMID- 2275348
TI  - Fibrovascular response to retinal tacks in the rabbit and monkey eye.
AB  - In order to evaluate the tissue response to metal retinal tacks experiments were
      carried out on 4 monkey eyes and compared to those on 4 rabbits. Non-magnetic
      retinal tacks (Grieshaber, Switzerland) and tacks made of 24 carat gold (our own
      brand) were inserted into the ocular fundus under microscopic control. The
      animals were kept for 3 months. In monkey eyes, histological examination
      disclosed a considerable fibrovascular proliferation around the retinal tack
      canal, including an inflammatory response, formation of collagenous tissue and
      glial proliferation. There was a local intra-retinal and epi-retinal
      neovascularization. In the rabbit retina, only a slight inflammation and thin
      collagenous tissue developed. Thus the tissue response was much more severe in
      the primate eye than in the avascular rabbit retina.

PMID- 2275349
TI  - Retinal detachment following intracapsular cataract extraction.
AB  - A retrospective investigation of aphakic retinal detachments following
      intracapsular cataract extraction during a 12-year period was performed. A total
      of 8350 eyes had intracapsular cataract extraction in the study period and 118
      eyes developed aphakic retinal detachment. The occurrence of retinal detachment
      is related to age, sex, intraoperative complications, myopia, hyperopia, and
      pseudophakia. Age and myopia were significantly associated with aphakic retinal
      detachment. Previous aphakic retinal detachment in the one eye was a strong
      predictor for the other eye.

PMID- 2275350
TI  - Kuopio eye survey (KEYS).
AB  - Mass health screenings for the elderly have been undertaken in Kuopio since 1983.
      Three different age groups, 65, 70 and 75 years old are called for examination so
      that each group is examined at 5-year intervals. In 1989 an ophthalmologic
      examination was included in the protocol for those born in 1914 and 1924. A total
      number of 1133 persons were recruited, 833 (73.5%) of which actually participated
      in the study. Cataract was found to be the most frequent visual handicapper. Of
      participants with visual acuity less than 0.3 at least in one eye, cataract was
      observed in 41.7% of the younger and in 91.1% of the older group. Age-dependent
      macular degeneration and glaucoma were less frequent than cataract. Visual acuity
      of less than 0.3 in the better eye was observed in 5.5% of the older group.

PMID- 2275351
TI  - Intraocular pressure in school myopia.
AB  - The relationship between intraocular pressure and ocular refraction and axial
      length were studied in a follow-up of myopic children and in a cross-section
      sample of school children. In the follow-up group intraocular pressure
      significantly decreased with age. Mean intraocular pressure at the mean age of
      10.9 years was 17.4 mmHg, and three years later 16.1 mmHg. Intraocular pressure
      above 20 mmHg was recorded in 7.6% of total measurements in the follow-up group
      and in 8.7% of cases in the cross-section sample. There was a significant
      correlation between mean intraocular pressure and the spherical equivalent both
      at the beginning and at the end of the study in the follow-up group and in the
      cross-section sample among the boys only. There was also a significant positive
      correlation between intraocular pressure and axial length at the end of the
      follow-up among the boys but not among the girls.

PMID- 2275352
TI  - Relationship between asymmetry of visual field defects and intraocular pressure
      difference in an untreated normal (low) tension glaucoma population.
AB  - The importance of intraocular pressure on the pathogenesis of optic disc damage
      in normal (low) tension glaucoma has been much debated. This paper looks at the
      interocular difference in intraocular pressure in an untreated group of 60
      patients with normal (low) tension glaucoma. In addition it assesses whether any
      relationship exists in any one subject between the higher intraocular pressure
      and the more severe visual field defect. We found that this relationship occurred
      in 22% (13) of the subjects. In the other 78% (47) of this population no
      correlation could be found. The existence of such a sizeable subgroup suggests
      that patients with normal tension glaucoma may be divided into those where
      intraocular pressure level could be important in the pathogenesis of the visual
      field defect and a majority where this relationship is less likely.

PMID- 2275353
TI  - The topographical relationship between optic disc and visual field in glaucoma.
AB  - The spatial relationship between anatomy and function in glaucoma was studied in
      15 selected cases of focal damage. Based on planimetric data of the optic disc
      the anatomical site of damage was defined as the sector with the thinnest
      neuroretinal rim. Perimetric data were evaluated with regard to 21 regions of the
      'Perimetric Nerve Fibre Bundle Map' (Weber & Ulrich 1990a). The site of damage
      was defined as those regions with at least 50% of depressed points. The site of
      the affected rim and the number of the corresponding Perimetric Nerve Fiber
      Bundles showed a linear correlation over a limited range of the superior and
      inferior pole of the disc. A 'functional disc map' could be established for 6
      perimetric regions.

PMID- 2275354
TI  - Standard and long duration repeat argon laser trabeculoplasty.
AB  - A retrospective survey was performed on 22 patients with chronic simple glaucoma
      who had undergone a single repetition of argon laser trabeculoplasty. Two groups
      were identified who had received treatment with either 0.1 or 0.2 sec duration.
      The 0.2 sec group showed a reduction in the medications used, in addition to a
      comparable fall in intra-ocular pressure to the 0.1 sec group, and had a lower
      rate of drainage surgery. These findings may have arisen because of the higher
      energy delivered as a result of the longer duration employed. However, there are
      risks of repeating argon laser trabeculoplasty: one patient in the 0.2 sec group
      developed a rise in intra-ocular pressure of 15 mmHg following the repeat
      treatment, and required drainage surgery one month later.

PMID- 2275355
TI  - Argon laser trabeculoplasty with standard and long duration.
AB  - A prospective study of 0.1 sec and 0.2 sec duration argon laser trabeculoplasty
      was undertaken in 33 patients with chronic simple glaucoma. Patients were
      randomly allocated to receive 0.1 sec trabeculoplasty to the eye and 0.2 sec
      trabeculoplasty to the other. No difference was found in the fall in intra-ocular
      pressure or in glaucoma control between the two durations over the six months of
      the study. However, 0.2 sec argon laser trabeculoplasty was reported to be more
      uncomfortable of 60% of patients.

PMID- 2275356
TI  - The effect of oral metyrapone on aqueous humor dynamics in normal human eyes.
AB  - We studied the possible influence of oral metyrapone tartrate (which inhibits the
      adrenal biosynthesis of cortisol) on the rate of aqueous humor flow in 9 eyes of
      8 normal subjects by fluorophotometry. On the control day, the mean value of Ko
      was 1.04 +/- 0.32 min-1 x 10(-2), where Ko was the loss coefficient from the
      anterior chamber. On the metyrapone trial day, the mean value of Ko was 0.63 +/-
      0.15 min-1 x 10(-2). The mean difference in Ko between the two periods was
      significant (P less than 0.005). These results indicated that systemic metyrapone
      administration decreases the rate of aqueous humor flow.

PMID- 2275357
TI  - Multiple sclerosis: symptom equivalent to delayed visual evoked potential
      latency.
AB  - An investigation on the correlation between ability to read TV subtitles and the
      duration of visual evoked potential (VEP) latency in 14 patients with definite
      multiple sclerosis (MS), indicated that VEP latency in patients unable to read
      the TV subtitles was significantly delayed in comparison to that of patients who
      mastered this task.

PMID- 2275358
TI  - A quantitative animal model of traumatic iridodialysis.
AB  - The impact velocities and kinetic energies necessary to create a particular form
      of ocular injury, traumatic iridodialysis, were quantitatively studied by
      experimentally traumatizing enucleate porcine eyes. Thicknesses and tensile
      strengths of porcine and human iris tissue were measured in order to allow for
      predictions of human results to be made from the animal model. Application of
      blunt trauma at an impact angle of 30-35 degrees with respect to the iris plane
      with striking of the eye at the corneolimbal junction was found to optimize
      tearing of the iris from the root. Using this vector, the minimum velocity for
      the creation of an iridodialysis at least 6 mm in length in the human eye is
      predicted to be 14 m/sec for impact with a projectile of 13.4 g with a 6 mm
      diameter tip.

PMID- 2275359
TI  - Myopia and radial keratotomy: a survey among Norwegian ophthalmologists.
AB  - One hundred and eighty-nine of 200 ophthalmologists in Norway responded to a
      survey requesting them to report their age, sex, refractive state, use of
      corrective lenses, and if myopic, their view on radial keratotomy as a possible
      method to correct their own myopia. According to the answers, 32 (17%) females
      and 154 (82%) males, with mean age of 49 years, were registered. The reported
      refractive state was 26.5% emmetropy and 72.0% ametropy. The prevalence of myopia
      was 45%. The mean refractive status (equivalent sphere) in the right eye was 
      1.02 +/- 2.28 D with a range from -8.5 D to +7.25 D (n = 184). Of the ametropes,
      64.8% used spectacles, 15.3% used both spectacles and contact lenses, whilst 3.6%
      used only contact lenses for distance vision. With the exception of one, all
      myopes used corrective lenses. Only 2 myopic ophthalmologists responded
      positively to the question of whether they would consider having radial
      keratotomy to correct their own myopia.

PMID- 2275360
TI  - Heparin surface modified intraocular lenses--a one-year follow-up of a safety
      study.
AB  - PMMA intraocular lenses have been modified by bonding a monolayer of Heparin
      molecules to the surface. These Heparin surface modified (HSM) IOLs were
      implanted in the capsular bag after extracapsular cataract extraction. Sixty-six
      patients were followed for 12 months in an open safety study. No unexpected
      reactions or severe complications occurred. Eighty-nine per cent of the patients
      obtained a visual acuity (VA) of 0.5 or more at the 12-month visit. When
      excluding cases with preoperative pathology only one case (1.5%) had less VA than
      0.5. A mild postoperative iritis was seen during the first week after surgery,
      and in only three cases at a later visit. Cell precipitates were seen in a small
      number of cases. From this study and from earlier in vitro and in vivo animal
      studies we draw the conclusion that the Heparin surface modified IOLs are safe
      for implantation in human eyes.

PMID- 2275361
TI  - Apparent accommodation in pseudophakic eyes.
AB  - The so-called apparent accommodation has been measured in patients implanted with
      anterior chamber, iris support and posterior chamber IOLs. The data have been
      related to pupillary diameter and anterior chamber depth in order to explain the
      actual possibility of a near vision with optical correction only for distance.

PMID- 2275362
TI  - Orbital cysticercosis--an ultrasonic diagnosis.
AB  - Ocular cysticercosis, a platyhelminth infection, involves various ocular and
      adnexal sites. Orbital cysticercosis is a relatively rare site of presentation.
      We illustrate that this parasitic cyst, when present in the orbit, mimics an
      orbital pseudotumour. We have used ultrasound as an effective pre-operative
      diagnostic modality.

PMID- 2275363
TI  - Multiple scleral abscesses with recurrent bacterial endophthalmitis eight months
      following cataract surgery.
AB  - Scleral involvement in association with endophthalmitis is unusual. We report a
      case of recurrent bacterial endophthalmitis and multiple scleral abscesses
      occurring 8 months following cataract extraction. Culture of pus from scleral
      abscesses first grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and klebsiella pneumoniae on
      recurrence. The patient responded to intensive topical and systemic antibiotic
      therapy and recovered visual acuity of 20/60.

PMID- 2275365
TI  - [Bacterial meningitis in neonates].
AB  - A retrospective study of the clinical features and management of 27 newborns with
      meningitis is presented. All were treated in the China Medical College Hospital
      between July 1981 and July 1988. Seven were premature and twenty were full term.
      There were 11 males and 16 females. Five infants had low birth weight (less than
      2500 g) and 12 cases were diagnosed in the first week of life (early onset).
      E.coli was the predominant pathogen. The most common presenting manifestations
      were nonspecific in nature-fever, poor feeding, respiratory distress and poor
      activity, etc... Six patients died during the period of acute illness and the
      case fatality rate was 22.2%. Of the 21 patients who survived, six had sequelae
      (four hydrocephalus, one subdural effusion, one microcephaly), giving an over-all
      rate of 19 percent in the survivors. The presence of gram-negative bacterial
      infection and high protein content in CSF correlated significantly with the
      higher mortality rate.

PMID- 2275364
TI  - [Parental attitude and adjustment to childhood epilepsy].
AB  - Parental attitude and adjustment were examined in 20 epileptic children (ages 6.8
      16.6 yrs), using semi-structured interview. The results indicated that parental
      understandings of epilepsy were generally poor and incorrect. Fifteen (75%) of 20
      parents had their own interpretations of causality and 19 (95%) had unrealistic
      hope for early and complete cure. Parents tended to overprotect and overrestrict
      their children. Sixteen (80%) concealed the illness for fear of social prejudice,
      therefore the social support systems were generally poorly utilized. As in other
      chronic diseases, all parents went through feelings of shock, denial, anger,
      guilt, fear, anxiety and depression. Family relationships were not affected much,
      however, poor communications were commonly found between parents and children.
      Thirteen (65%) parents never talked to their children about epilepsy. We
      concluded that parents of epileptic children showed negative attitudes toward
      their children and had difficulties in their psychosocial adjustment probably
      related to social stigmata and misunderstanding of the illness. Therefore,
      communication between physician and parents in both medical and psychosocial
      aspects should be encouraged.

PMID- 2275366
TI  - Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a case presenting with hyperreflexia.
AB  - We report a 10-year-old girl with progressive weakness of lower extremities, feet
      deformity, and sensory impairment on both feet for 3 years. Absent ankle tendon
      reflex, exaggerated knee jerk and prolonged nerve conduction velocity were noted
      by physical and electrophysiological examination. Nerve and muscle biopsy showed
      demyelination and neurogenic changes respectively and supported the diagnosis of
      Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type I. The point that the diagnosis of Charcot
      Marie-Tooth disease remains possible even in the absence of family history and
      the typical clinical picture is stressed. Complete electrophysiological study and
      tissue diagnosis are required for early diagnosis, early rehabilitation and
      reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 2275367
TI  - [Giardiasis with malabsorption syndrome: report of one case].
AB  - A 10-year-old mentally retarded girl was sent to our hospital due to generalized
      edema, vomiting and poor appetite for several days. Serum albumin level was low,
      but no proteinuria was detected. Her stool was bulky and foul. Stool examination
      for parasite with formalin-ether concentration method revealed negative result.
      Trypsin activity test of stool revealed low trypsin activity as compared with
      normal specimen. Daily fecal fat exceeded upper normal limit. The diagnosis of
      giardiasis was confirmed by duodenal juice examination. Intestinal histology
      revealed mild shortening of the villi with increased mononuclear cell
      infiltration in the lamina propria. The daily stool amount decreased markedly
      after treatment with metronidazole 250 mg three times a day for 7 days. The edema
      subsided during the treatment. Serum albumin bevel returned to normal after the
      treatment. Giardiasis with malabsorption syndrome has often been overlooked in
      Taiwan. It is advised that in case of malabsorption syndrome giardiasis should be
      included in the list of differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2275368
TI  - Septic arthritis in early infancy.
AB  - Septic arthritis in infants who are less than two months of age is a rare
      condition. During a recent seven-year period, eighteen cases of infantile septic
      arthritis were diagnosed at Mackay Memorial Hospital. The ratio of males to
      females was 1.6:1. The most common symptoms were crying during diaper change, and
      an immobile and swollen joint. Nonspecific symptoms such as fever, poor appetite
      and lethargy were uncommon. The hip was the most commonly affected joint with the
      knee taking second place. Ten cases (55%) demonstrated concomitant osteomyelitis.
      A bacterial etiology was established in 16 cases (88%). The predominant pathogens
      were S. aureus (5 cases) followed by group B streptococcus (4 cases). Total
      parenteral nutrition was the predisposing factor of infection in 4 of the 5 S.
      aureus arthritis cases. The duration of treatment ranged from 21 to 44 days. Two
      patients developed sequelae: namely discrepancies in leg length, and a limping
      gait. Early diagnosis and prompt antibiotic treatment are crucial elements in the
      prevention of disabling and catastrophic sequelae in young infants who have
      septic arthritis. In addition, open drainage is highly recommended in hip and
      shoulder arthritis.

PMID- 2275369
TI  - Increased erythrocyte adenosine deaminase activity in asthmatic children.
AB  - Erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was measured in 19 newly-diagnosed
      and 20 hyposensitized asthmatic children, as well as 11 age-matched normal
      children. ADA activity was determined by adenosine catalyzed reactions. The
      results showed: 1) The mean value of ADA activity was 72.9 +/- 30.4
      mumole/min/unit OD541 nm in newly-diagnosed asthmatics; 52.7 +/- 37.9
      mumole/min/unit OD541 nm in hyposensitized patients and 39.5 +/- 26.7
      mumole/min/unit OD541 nm in normal controls; 2) there was significant elevation
      in erythrocyte ADA activity in newly-diagnosed asthmatic patients as compared to
      normal controls (P less than 0.05), but there was no difference between newly
      diagnosed and hyposensitized patients (P greater than 0.05), and between
      hyposensitized patients and normal controls (P greater than 0.2). The mechanism
      and possible clinical implication of increasing erythrocyte ADA activity in newly
      diagnosed asthmatic patients are discussed.

PMID- 2275370
TI  - Diagnostic value of arterial hematocrits in neonatal polycythemia.
AB  - In order to study the correlation among arterial, capillary and venous
      hematocrits, sixty newborn babies delivered in our hospital were chosen after
      receiving their parents' consents for hematocrits study within their first eight
      hours of life. The venous hematocrits of them (59.77 +/- 14.15%) correlate with
      arterial hematocrits (57.84 +/- 14.36%) very well (r = 0.95, p less than 0.001).
      Whereas, the venous and arterial hematocrits correlate with capillary hematocrits
      (66.63 +/- 15.56%) also significantly (r = 0.72, p less than 0.001 for both).
      Arterial hematocrits of more than 62% is proportionate to venous hematocrits of
      64% and above. The relationship between arterial and venous hematocrits does not
      change even after we divide the subjects into those venous hematocrits above 64%
      and those below 64%. Furthermore, the capillary hematocrits of above 70% can be
      used as the criteria of polycythemia in the neonatal screening. If the capillary
      hematocrit is above 70%, then venous hematocrit should be checked for the
      confirmation of polycythemia.

PMID- 2275371
TI  - [The relationship of clinical severity and roentgenologic findings in beta
      thalassemia].
AB  - There were altogether 68 patients suffered from beta-thalassemia in the Veterans
      General Hospital from 1979 to 1986. However only 18 patients had abnormal
      roentgenologic findings. They were 7 males and 11 females. Their ages ranged from
      8 months to 47 years with an average of 13 years. Clinically beta-thalassemia was
      divided into 3 types: 1) thalassemia major, 2) thalassemia intermediate, 3)
      thalassemia minor. The osteoporosis, hepatosplenomegaly, and extramedullary
      hematopoiesis with pseudo-tumor formation. We concluded that the roentgenologic
      manifestation of the patient was more in patients with major or intermediate
      type.

PMID- 2275372
TI  - Abortive generalized spike and waves in children: a review.
AB  - Full-blown generalized spike and wave patterns in electroencephalogram lasting
      more than 3 seconds are diagnostically significant, suggesting one of the
      generalized epileptic syndromes. However, brief (less than 3 seconds) bursts of
      generalized spike waves activity are often difficult to evaluate the clinical
      correlations when such bursts are the only remarkable finding in a record which
      is otherwise within broad limits of normality. After reviewing the literature
      about the classification and genetic aspects of generalized spike and waves, we
      concluded that one or more of the following conditions will be the most possible
      to correlate with abortive generalized spike and waves: 1. as a interictal
      pattern of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. 2. simple or complex partial
      seizures. 3. generalized epilepsy under effective anticonvulsant treatment. 4.
      withdrawal from anticonvulsant therapy. 5. natural evolution of generalized spike
      waves. 6. drug induced. 7. a genetic trait of relatives of generalized epilepsy.
      8. normal pattern.

PMID- 2275373
TI  - Reevaluation of streptococcal infection in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease.
AB  - Twenty-five sera from forty-nine children with Kawasaki disease (KD) in the
      convalescent stage, and 191 sera from controls did not disclose a higher anti
      streptolysin O titer; 23 bacterial cultures from the throat swab of KD patients
      during the acute stage did not show a higher rate of streptococcal isolation. It
      was therefore concluded that there was no relation between the genesis of KD and
      direct immediate streptococcal infection.

PMID- 2275374
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis with enzyme immunoassay.
AB  - From June 1988 to May 1989, 444 throat swab specimens were tested with an enzyme
      immunoassay kit for rapid diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. The
      results were compared with those of throat culture method. The rapid test was
      positive in 37 of 42 culture-positive specimens and negative in 379 of 402
      culture-negative specimens, thus yielding a total agreement of 93.7%, sensitivity
      88.1%, specificity 94.7%, positive predictive value 61.7%, negative predictive
      value 98.7%. According to this practical application, we suggest that enzyme
      immunoassay test can be applied in outpatient clinics by busy pediatricians for
      rapid diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis.

PMID- 2275375
TI  - Color flow mapping in ventricular septal defect: correlation of hemodynamic data
      and shunt flow area.
AB  - To evaluate the efficacy of two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography in assessing
      the severity of isolated ventricular septal defect, 31 children were studied
      within 24 hours of cardiac catheterization. The shunt flow area at peak systole
      (PSFA), diastole (DFA) and end-diastole (EDFA) and maximal shunt flow area (MSFA)
      were measured with frame-by-frame technique and corrected with body surface area
      and heart rate. The Qp/Qs ratio was calculated by the Fick's principle.
      Simultaneous pressures at peak systole (PSP), diastole (DP) and end-diastole
      (EDP) were recorded in the left (LV) and right ventricle (RV). The Qp/Qs ratio
      was correlated well with MFA (p = 0.05), MFA/BSA (p less than 0.001), PSFA/BSA (p
      less than 0.001), MFA/HR (p less than 0.05), MFA/BSA, HR (p less than 0.001),
      PSFA/BSA and HR (p,0.001). The PSP gradient between LV and RV was inversely
      correlated with MFA/BSA and PSFA/BSA (p less than 0.05) and HR (p less than
      0.05). Two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography can provide a useful information
      of hemodynamic changes in children with isolated ventricular septal defect.

PMID- 2275376
TI  - [A survey on weight and height of children (1 month-7 years) and plotting of
      growth curves (1 month-18 years) in Taiwan, 1987-1988].
AB  - From July 1987 to December 1988, 19,625 children in Taiwan were measured for
      their body weights and heights. They were 9,564 boys and 10,061 girls and were
      seen either in a well baby clinic of a large community hospital or in the local
      kindergartens. We divided these children into 64 groups according to their sex
      and ages. The mean values and standard deviation of body weight and height were
      tried to correlate with those from children of school age reported for 1987 by
      the Ministry of Education. Furthermore, body weight and height growth curves were
      drawn for these children, aged from 1 month to 18 years.

PMID- 2275377
TI  - [Ureteropelvic junction obstruction presenting with abdominal pain: a analysis of
      fourteen cases].
AB  - During the past three and half years (Jan, 1984-Jun. 1987), 14 cases of
      ureteropelvic junction obstruction presented with abdominal pain were encountered
      in the Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital. Eight cases were male
      and six female. Their ages ranged from 4 years old to 12 years old. The duration
      of abdominal pain lasted for several days in 5 cases, several months in 4, and
      several years in another 5 cases. The abdominal pain was usually recurrent. It
      occurred once every 2 to 6 months. The location of pain was predominantly in the
      left abdomen and the periumbilical area. Cramping was the most characteristic
      symptom. Besides abdominal pain, several cases also had vomiting or abdominal
      mass. Laboratory examination showed some cases to have microscopic hematuria and
      others pyuria. All were proved by renal ultrasonography to have varying degrees
      of hydronephrosis. Intravenous pyelography or retrograde pyelography also
      confirmed the diagnosis of ureteropelvic junction obstruction. In 9 of the 14
      cases, surgical intervention was performed to correct abnormalities. Six cases
      were followed up regularly; all showed improvement, however, one developed
      ureteropelvic junction obstruction on the contralateral kidney one year later.
      The remaining five cases who did not receive surgical treatment continued to have
      recurrent abdominal pain.

PMID- 2275378
TI  - Mis-swallowing of cleaning naphtha: report of three cases.
AB  - Cleaning naphtha, a product of Chinese Petroleum Corporation, is a complex
      hydrocarbon mixture which contains mainly aliphatic hydrocarbons. It is used as a
      cleaning fluid and solvent. Three toddlers mis-swallowed a mouth of cleaning
      naphtha accidentally. One developed multiple organ failure before death, another
      completely recovered without sequelae, and the other died very soon after mis
      swallowing. Two fatal cases were both induced vomiting with aspiration
      immediately after mis-swallowing by their parents. Therefore, inducing vomiting
      should not be encouraged especially at home, and prevention of aspiration is very
      important in the management of such cases.

PMID- 2275379
TI  - [Disseminated cryptococcosis mimicking lymphoreticular malignancy: report of one
      case].
AB  - Disseminated cryptococcosis is a rare and often fatal disease in children. The
      majority of cases usually occur in individuals with defective cell-mediated
      immunity. We herein reported a 10-year-old boy who presented with fever, body
      weight loss, lymphadenopathy and marked hepatosplenomegaly. He was admitted under
      the impression of Hodgkin's disease. However lymph node biopsy revealed diffuse
      infiltration with polynuclear giant cell and macrophage. Numerous ovoid-shaped
      microorganisms were found in the cytoplasma of those cells. Cultures of blood,
      CSF, lymph node, bone marrow and urine all yielded cryptococcus neoformans. The
      cryptococcal antigen titer of blood was 1:1024 X and that of CSF was 1:64 X. The
      immune function in terms of T-cell number, mitogen responses, serum
      immunoglobulin and complement was normal. After the diagnosis of disseminated
      cryptococcosis was established, the patient was treated with amphotericin B (0.6
      mg/kg/day) and 5-fluorocytosine (150 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. The patient
      responded to the treatment very well. Lymphadenopathy and hepatospelomegaly
      disappeared and no more recurrence was found during the follow-up period of more
      than 18 months.

PMID- 2275380
TI  - [Antagonism of Zn2+ on nootropic action of piracetam in mice].
AB  - In mouse step-down test, the memory impairments of acquisition, consolidation and
      recognition were induced by anisodine, chloramphenical and ethanol, respectively.
      Piracetam 100 mg/(kg.d) ip for 5 d improved the anisodine-induced impairment of
      learning. ZnSO4 5 mg/(kg.d) po for 5 d did not improve the 3 impairments. Memory
      impairments were enhanced by a combined administration of ZnSO4 and piracetam in
      these 3 models. These results were confirmed by Y-maze method in normal mice.

PMID- 2275381
TI  - Influence of morphine microinjected into head of caudate nucleus on electric
      activities of nociceptive neurons in parafascicular nucleus of rat thalamus.
AB  - Morphine (8 micrograms/microliter) was injected into the head of the caudate
      nucleus (CN). The pain-discharges of the pain-excitation neurons (PEN) in the
      parafascicular nucleus (Pf) were inhibited, ie, decreasing in frequency of pain
      discharges and lengthening in latent period of pain-discharges. The inhibitory
      effect of the pain-inhibition neurons (PIN) in the Pf induced by noxious
      peripheral stimulation were relieved, ie, increasing the firing rate and
      shortening the inhibitory duration. The opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (0.75
      mg/kg, ip) blocked the above effects of morphine. These results suggest that the
      intracaudate opioid peptide system play an important role in the modulation of
      pain information in the Pf of thalamus.

PMID- 2275382
TI  - Roles of periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe magnus on analgesia induced by
      lappaconitine, N-deacetyllappaconitine and morphine.
AB  - In the rat tail flick test, ip LA 6 mg/kg, icv DLA 60 micrograms and icv or with
      morphine 5 micrograms exhibited significant analgesia. But with either LA 40
      micrograms or DLA 60 micrograms was inactive. Naloxone (4 micrograms icv) which
      antagonized morphine analgesia failed to alter the analgesia induced by LA and
      DLA. Microinjection of DLA 20 micrograms or morphine 5 micrograms into the
      periaqueductal gray (PAG) or nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) produced markedly
      analgesic activity. The effects of electrolytic and kainic acid (0.8 micrograms)
      lesions of the PAG and NRM on the analgesia elicited in the rat from ip LA, icv
      DLA and morphine were also evaluated. No change in baseline tail flick latency
      was observed following lesions of the PAG and NRM. But lesions of the PAG and NRM
      significantly attenuated the analgesia mediated by LA, DLA and morphine. These
      results suggest that supraspinal sites, especially the PAG and NRM, are involved
      in the analgesic action induced by LA, DLA and morphine.

PMID- 2275384
TI  - Anti-lipid peroxidation and protection of ginsenosides against cerebral ischemia
      reperfusion injuries in rats.
AB  - The correlation between protective effect of ginsenosides Rb + R0 and brain
      endogenously-derived prostacyclin synthesis, thromboxane A2 formation and lipid
      peroxidation were estimated in rats. Ginsenosides Rb + R0 100 mg/kg iv 30 min
      before 4-vessel occlusion elevated 6-keto-PGF1 alpha level, declined thromboxane
      B2 and brain edema formation, reduced the rise of lipid peroxides and suppressed
      the reduction in both creatine phosphokinase (CK) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)
      activities in brain tissue after 40-min ischemia followed by 1-h reperfusion.
      Furthermore, these improvements were partially abolished by pretreating with iv
      indomethacin. It is concluded that ginsenosides possess protective effect on
      cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury of rats and ginsenosides Rb + R0 are the
      active principles. The underlying mechanism of protection is ascribed partially
      or mainly to the facilitated synthesis and release of prostacyclin, reduced
      formation of thromboxane A2 and inhibited generation of free radicals and
      subsequent lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2275383
TI  - [Potentiation of electroacupuncture analgesia by l-tetrahydropalmatine and its
      analogues in rabbits].
AB  - l-Tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP), tetrahydroberberine (THB) and l-stepholidine (l
      SPD) are the homologues of tetrahydroproto berberines and have a common
      antagonistic effect to central dopamine receptors. In the present experiment, the
      potassium iontophoretic dolorimetry was used to determine the pain threshold of
      rabbits. Unilateral "Hegu" point (the dorsum of the front paw, between 1st and
      2nd metacarpals) and "Waiguan" point (the dorsum of the foreleg, between radius
      and ulna, 2 cm above the wrist joint) of each rabbit were electrically needled.
      The effects of iv l-THP 8 mg/kg, THB 16 mg/kg or l-SPD 4 mg/kg on
      electroacupuncture analgesia were investigated. The experimental results
      indicated that these 3 agents enhanced the potency of electroacupuncture
      analgesia and prolonged the duration as well. This investigation gives the
      evidence that the drug possessing antagonistic effect to central dopamine
      receptors could be used as a synergist of acupuncture analgesia.

PMID- 2275385
TI  - [Aerobic metabolism of VX and mixed function oxidases].
AB  - In our preliminary study, it has been found that VX oxidase exists in the
      microsome fraction of rat liver and the catalytic reaction needs the
      participation of molecular oxygen and coenzyme I or II. In this paper, the data
      showed that deoxycholate inactivated both the mixed function oxidase and VX
      oxidase. The specific inhibitor proadifen of the mixed function oxidase also
      profoundly inhibited VX oxidase activity. The complex of VX and cytochrome P-450
      exhibited typical difference spectrum of type I. Aniline competitively inhibited
      the inactivation of VX catalyzed by microsomes. These results indicate that VX is
      one of the substrates of mixed function oxidase. VX oxidase in the rat liver
      cells is exactly the mixed function oxidase.

PMID- 2275386
TI  - [Inhibitory properties of cycloguanide phenylsulfone on acetylcholinesterase].
AB  - Mouse brain homogenates, mouse RBC, immobilized enzyme of pig brain, and human
      RBC were chosen as source of AChE, AChE activities were determined by
      colorimetric and gasometric methods. Cycloguanide phenylsulfone (CGP) exerted a
      moderate inhibitory effect on AChE. The pI50 (negative logarithm of molar
      concentration causing 50% inhibition of AChE) towards AChE in mouse RBC and brain
      were 5.75 and 5.50, respectively. The binding potency to AChE was very loose. The
      AChE inhibition was easily reversed by washing. It showed that CGP belonged to
      the contra-competitive AChE inhibitor.

PMID- 2275387
TI  - [Effects of clonidine and norepinephrine on rabbit pulmonary artery strips with
      or without endothelium].
AB  - Relaxing responses of strips of rabbit pulmonary artery (RPA) with endothelium
      (+E) to norepinephrine (NE) during sustained contraction with KCl 20 mmol/L in
      the presence of propranolol (Pro) 10 mumol/L and prazosin (Pra) 1 mumol/L were
      more sensitive than those without endothelium (-E) to NE. These responses were
      inhibited by yohimbine (Yoh) 1 mumol/L. However, the relaxing responses of the
      strips to clonidine (Clo) were not different between RPA strips +E and -E in the
      presence of Pro+ Pra or Pro + Pra + Yoh 1 mumol/L. Relaxing responses of RPA
      strips -E precontracted by phenylephrine (PE) 1 mumol/L to Pra and Clo were
      greater than that of those precontracted by KCl 20 mmol/L. The relaxing responses
      of these strips precontracted by PE to Pra were larger than those precontracted
      by PE mumol/L; but that of those precontracted by PE and Clo to Yoh were not
      different. The results suggest that integrity of the endothelium is an important
      factor in the relaxing responses of RPA strips to NE. The relaxing effect of Clo
      on RPA strips precontracted by KCl 20 mmol/L may be due to alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      blockade on smooth muscle cells of the RPA strips.

PMID- 2275388
TI  - [Effects of benzyltetrahydropalmatine on delayed after depolarization and
      triggered activity and rabbit His-bundle electrogram].
AB  - Standard microelectrode techniques were used to study the effects of
      benzyltetrahydropalmatine (BTHP) on ouabain-induced delayed after depolarization
      (DAD) and triggered activity in isolated guinea pig papillary muscles. The
      results indicate that ouabain-induced DAD and triggered activity were abolished
      by BTHP 100 mumols/L. In anesthetized rabbit ECG heart rates were reduced in a
      dose-dependent manner from its control value of 288 +/- 14 to 261 +/- 14 (5
      mg/kg) and 226 +/- 36 bpm (BTHP 10 mg/kg). P-R interval was prolonged. In His
      bundle electrogram, H-V interval and V duration were not affected, but A-H
      interval was prolonged from 41 +/- 3 to 45 +/- 5 ms.

PMID- 2275389
TI  - [Effects of nicotine on action potentials of guinea pig and rabbit papillary
      muscles].
AB  - The electrophysiological action of nicotine was studied by microelectrode
      technique on isolated guinea pig and rabbit papillary muscles. Nicotine had no
      significant effect on RP, APA and Vmax; but its biphasic effect on APD35, APD90
      and ERP were observed in different concentrations, ie: high concentration (604
      mumols/L) prolonged APD35, APD90 and ERP by 27.3, 26.0 and 26.1% respectively,
      whereas low concentration (0.6 mumol/L) shortened them by 49.6, 40.0 and 27.6%,
      respectively. It is suggested that high concentration of nicotine may enhance the
      calcium influx, but low concentration decrease it.

PMID- 2275390
TI  - [Influences of 3,4,5-trihydroxystibene-3-beta-mono-D-glucoside on beat rate and
      injury of cultured newborn rat myocardial cells].
AB  - 3,4,5-Trihydroxystibene-3-beta-mono-D-glucoside (PD) from Polygonum cuspidatum
      0.05-0.45 mmol/L increased beat rate of myocardial cells from 100% to 112-220%.
      This action of PD 0.15 mmol/L was agonized by nisoldipine 0.1, propranolol 10 and
      phentolamine 1 mumol/L. PD (0.05, 0.15 mmol/L) decreased the lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) amount liberated by myocardial cells, from 98 +/- 11 IU/ml of
      deprivation of oxygen and glucose (DOG) to 55 +/- 16, 68 +/- 14 IU/ml (P less
      than 0.01) 6 h after injury of DOG; 77 +/- 9, 80 +/- 6 IU/ml (P less than 0.01) 9
      h after injury of DOG. PD 0.15 mmol/L decreased the LDH amount liberated by
      myocardial cells, from 311 +/- 34 to 231 +/- 42 IU/ml (P less than 0.05) 9 h
      after injury of chlorpromazine (CPZ). It is suggested that PD can protect
      myocardial cells injured by DOG and CPZ.

PMID- 2275391
TI  - [Effects of nicardipine on beating rates of cultured myocardial cells].
AB  - Nicardipine (Nic) 15 nmol/L had no effects on beating rates of cultured
      myocardial cells. Nic 75 and 150 nmol/L depressed the beating rates
      significantly. Rapid standstills occurred earlier and more in 150 nmol/L group
      than in 75 nmol/L. Both isoproterenol and CaCl2 restored the beating depressed by
      Nic. However, only CaCl2 prevented the standstill. These results suggest that
      nicardipine may compete with calcium in excitation-contraction coupling.

PMID- 2275392
TI  - [Effects of neferine on heart electromechanical activity in anaesthetized cats].
AB  - Neferine, an alkaloid extracted from the green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera
      Gaertn, has been shown to have anti-arrhythmic action. Neferine 1-10 mg/kg iv
      dose-dependently decreased the monophasic action potential amplitude (MAPA),
      prolonged the monophasic action potential duration (MAPD). It also decreased LVP,
      dP/dt, prolonged SCL, and reduced arterial blood pressure in a dose-dependent
      manner. These effects were similar to those of quinidine, and different from
      tetrandrine. The latter had an inhibitory effect on LVP and dP/dt, but had no
      influence on MAPA and MAPD. The results indicate that neferine and quinidine have
      similar effects on heart electro-mechanical activity.

PMID- 2275393
TI  - [Anti-arrhythmic effects and electrophysiological properties of Ophiopogon total
      saponins].
AB  - The arrhythmias induced by chloroform-epinephine, BaCl2, and aconitine were
      prevented and antagonized by Ophiopogon total saponins (OTS) which were extracted
      from the root of Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb) Ker-Gawl. The incidence of
      ventricular arrhythmia produced by ligation of the left anterior descending
      coronary artery was effectively decreased without any changes in the hemodynamic
      indices of dogs. The electrophysiological effects of OTS in vivo and in vitro
      were studied by means of contact electrode and intracellular microelectrode
      techniques. The results showed that OTS shortened APD10, APD50, APD90; decreased
      APA and Vmax of both monophasic and transmembrane action potentials. OTS also
      increased the ERP/APD ratio and prevented or abolished the arrhythmikinesis
      provoked by ouabain and aconitine. The anti-arrhythmic properties of OTS lead us
      to draw an inference that the anti-arrhythmic mechanism may be related to the
      blocking of sodium and calcium channels.

PMID- 2275394
TI  - [Effects of copper chloride on electromechanical activities of myocardial cells].
AB  - The effects of copper chloride (CuCl2) on action potentials and contractile
      forces of guinea pig papillary muscles and cultured myocardial cells from
      neonatal rats were studied by means of an intracellular microelectrode and
      transducers. The results showed CuCl2 50 mumol/L reduced action potential
      amplitude (APA) and maximal depolarization rate of 0 phase (Vmax), shortened
      action potential duration at 50% (APD50) and at 90% (APD90) repolarization,
      prolonged effective refractory period (ERP), inhibited contractile force of
      guinea pig papillary muscles. The effect of CuCl2 on AP of cultured myocardial
      cells was similar to those of guinea pig papillary muscles. The beating rate and
      contractile amplitude of cultured myocardial cells were decreased by CuCl2 50
      mumol/L from 102 +/- 44 bpm to 58 +/- 21 bpm and from 100% to 69 +/- 17%
      respectively. These suggest that CuCl2 may be an anti-arrhythmic element.

PMID- 2275395
TI  - [Inhibition of guinea pig sperm capacitation, the acrosome reaction and sperm-egg
      fusion by dl-propranolol in vitro].
AB  - dl-Propranolol (Pro), known to have spermicidal effect, was evaluated for its
      ability to influence capacitation, the acrosome reaction (AR) and fertilization
      of guinea pig spermatozoa at non-spermicidal dose levels. A concentration
      dependent decrease in AR and the whiplashed motility occurred in Pro as low as
      0.05 mmol/L. Pro 1.0 mmol/L completely abolished AR, followed by the loss of
      sperm capacity to penetrate into zona-free hamster egg. Pro exerted its
      inhibitory effect of AR primarily by restraining the capacitation stage of sperm
      but at Pro 0.5 mmol/L by blocking both capacitation and AR stages. % of AR of
      sperm preincubated with ionophore A-23187 0.2 mumol/L was significantly higher
      than that of the control, but markedly lower at Pro greater than or equal to
      mmol/L, implying that Pro prevented sperm Ca2+ influx. Prenylamine was also found
      to inhibit AR potentially and enhance the action of Pro against ionophore A
      23187. Furthermore, Pro inhibition of the fertilizing ability of preincubated
      spermatozoa was antagonized by cAMP. Pro 0.5 mmol/L even caused the egg
      vesiculation. The reversibility of the action depends on the dose and time of
      sperm exposure to Pro. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of Pro
      on guinea pig sperm capacitation, the acrosome reaction and fertilization may be
      the mechanisms for its antifertility action.

PMID- 2275397
TI  - [A program for analysis of dose-response relationship with logistic model].
AB  - In order to avoid the defects in common methods for analysis of dose-response
      curves, we fit groups of dose-response curves simultaneously or separately on
      computer by using logistic model, with the EC50 and slope factor as the basic
      parameters. The pD2 and pA2 values were calculated from the best estimated EC50s.
      This method shows a good compatibility with the original experimental data. The
      BASIC program can be conveniently run on microcomputers.

PMID- 2275396
TI  - [Uptake and distribution of [3H]praziquantel in Echinococcus granulosus cysts].
AB  - [3H]Praziquantel was absorbed rapidly by the cysts in mice infected with
      metacestodes of Echinococcus granulosus and treated with ig [3H]praziquantel 400
      mg/kg (containing 3H 1.48 MBq). Within 24 h after treatment, 3H content in the
      ectocyst was 27.7-54.9% higher than that in cyst wall. The peak concentration of
      3H in cyst wall and cyst fluid were 11.7-15.3% of those found in plasma. However,
      when the cysts were exposed to [3H]praziquantel 20 micrograms/ml (containing 3H
      3.7 kBq), the 3H radioactivity in the cyst wall and cyst fluid reached
      equilibrium within 30 min-48 h after medication, corresponding to 45.5-63.3% of
      3H radioactivity in the medium. Autoradiography showed that [3H]praziquantel
      entered into the germinal layer through ectocyst and laminated layer. The damage
      to germinal layer was related closely to deposition of the drug.

PMID- 2275398
TI  - [Facilitation of arginine-vasopressin analogs on learning and memory in rats].
AB  - Adult rats were trained in a maze for brightness discrimination (BD) or in a
      shuttle box for active avoidance. It was found that the pretreatment of 1
      desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin (DDAVP) enhanced the retention of brightness
      discrimination and retarted the extinction of avoidance response. Neonatal daily
      administration for 14 d of both 9-desglycylamide-DDAVP (DGDDAVP) or 2-destyrosyl
      3-desphenylalanyl-9-desglycylamide-AVP (AVP4-8), but not D-arginine-AVP4-8 (DAVP4
      8) showed significant facilitation on acquisition and subsequent maintenance of
      BD in adult rats. The results indicate that some of synthetic arginine
      vasopressin analogs may directly act on CNS and consequently affect learning
      behaviors in rats.

PMID- 2275399
TI  - Multiunit neural responses to strong finger pulp vibration. I. Relationship to
      age.
AB  - The effect of age on mechanoreceptive function in the distal part of the fingers
      was studied in 12 healthy subjects aged 18-64 years. A recording microelectrode
      was inserted into a sensory fascicle of the median nerve at the wrist. Multiunit
      mechanoreceptor activity was recorded from the fascicular field, which is
      typically restricted to the ulnar or radial half of one finger, corresponding to
      the innervation zone of one digital nerve. Strong standardized vibration (40 Hz)
      was applied to the finger pulp, with the amplitude of the vibration pulses high
      enough to induce maximal neural impulse volleys. With the same microelectrode
      recording position, maximal neural impulse volleys were also induced by
      electrical pulses applied to the ventral digital nerve supplying the finger pulp.
      In each subject, the areas of the mechanically and the electrically induced
      responses were measured (after integration and averaging) and the ratio of
      mechanically to electrically induced responses (MR/ER) was determined. The MR/ER
      ratio decreased with increasing age of the subject. This finding was considered
      to indicate that it is the peripheral parts of the sensory units, involved in the
      mechanoelectrical transfer functions, that exhibit the most pronounced
      degenerative changes during the ageing process. This is in line with previous
      histological findings of pronounced age-related degeneration of Meissner
      corpuscles and other mechanoreceptive end organs in the finger pulps.

PMID- 2275401
TI  - Effects of electrical stimulation on eccentric and concentric torque-velocity
      relationships during knee extension in man.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of electrical stimulation on
      torque output during knee extension. Nine well-trained males (19-43 years)
      performed maximal voluntary, electrically evoked and superimposed eccentric and
      concentric knee extensions at velocities of 60, 180 and 360 degrees s-1, plus an
      isometric test (torque was always recorded at a 60 degree knee angle). Fifty
      hertz stimulation was applied percutaneously at the maximum tolerated voltage
      (140-200 V). By superimposing electrical stimulation, eccentric torque could be
      increased by an average of 21-24% above the voluntary level (P less than 0.05).
      No corresponding differences were observed between superimposed and voluntary
      torques under isometric or concentric conditions. Electrically evoked torque also
      exceeded voluntary torque under eccentric conditions (11-12%, P less than 0.05),
      but was less under isometric and concentric conditions (-10 to -52%, P less than
      0.05). Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that eccentric knee
      extension torque under maximal voluntary conditions does not represent the
      maximal torque-producing capacity. The action of a neural inhibitory mechanism
      was proposed as an explanation for this finding. If active, this mechanism may
      protect against the extreme muscle tension that could otherwise develop under
      truly maximal eccentric conditions.

PMID- 2275400
TI  - Multiunit neural responses to strong finger pulp vibration. II. Comparison with
      tactile sensory thresholds.
AB  - In a companion microneurographic study (Schmidt et al. 1990) maximal multiunit
      sensory responses to finger pulp vibration were compared with maximal responses
      evoked by electrical stimulation of the digital nerve. It was found that the
      MR/ER ratio, i.e. the ratio between the magnitudes of the responses to mechanical
      and electrical stimulation, decreased with increasing age. The shape of this age
      related decline in the ratio corresponded well with the decrease in the number of
      Meissner corpuscles found in histological studies. In the present study the
      tactile sensory detection thresholds were measured in the same subjects that
      participated in the companion study and the relationship between these thresholds
      and the MR/ER ratios was examined. The tactile sensory detection threshold
      increased with age. A weak negative correlation was found between the threshold
      and the ratio. However, after compensation for common age-mediated effects, this
      negative correlation disappeared. Thus, the results indicate that measurement of
      tactile sensory detection thresholds and determination of MR/ER ratios may
      complement each other, giving an indication of different types of derangement of
      the mechanoreceptive system.

PMID- 2275402
TI  - Lack of fusimotor modulation in a motor adaptation task in man.
AB  - Single-unit activity was recorded from the radial nerve of human subjects along
      with surface electromyogram, joint angle, velocity, and torque at a
      metacarpophalangeal joint. Nine afferents from muscle spindles in the extensor
      digitorum muscles were studied in a motor adaptation task which involved
      modulations of the long-latency stretch reflex. While subjects slowly moved one
      finger, a perturbation which rapidly stretched the parent muscle was applied. The
      subjects' task was to return their finger as fast as possible. In a series of
      identical control experiments, electromyographic activity and performance alone
      were recorded, but not spindle afferents. Subjects improved their performance by
      a varying degree when the test was repeated. Optimal performance was usually
      associated with increased electromyographic activity at a latency of about 60 ms,
      which was interpreted as a long-latency stretch reflex. The response of the
      individual spindle afferents to perturbation was uniform in repeated tests
      regardless of the size of the reflex, e.g. whether it was large or lacking
      altogether. It was concluded that modulations of the size of the long-latency
      stretch reflex in the present motor adaptation task were accounted for by
      mechanisms other than adjustments of the fusimotor activity, because spindle
      response to an invariant perturbation remained invariant when the size of the
      reflex varied substantially.

PMID- 2275403
TI  - Effects of eccentric and concentric muscle actions in resistance training.
AB  - The adaptive responses to two different resistance training regimens were
      compared. Healthy males performed five sets of either 12 maximum bilateral
      concentric (Grp CON; n = 11) or six pairs of maximum bilateral eccentric and
      concentric (Grp ECCON; n = 11) quadriceps muscle actions three times per week for
      12 weeks. Uni- and bilateral eccentric and concentric peak torque at various
      angular velocities, vertical jump height and three-repetition maximum half-squat
      were measured before and after training. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m.
      vastus lateralis and analysed for fibre type composition and area using
      histochemical techniques. In contrast to a control group (n = 7), performing no
      training, Grps CON and ECCON demonstrated marked increases (P less than 0.05) in
      overall eccentric (19 and 37% respectively) and concentric (15 and 26%
      respectively) peak torques. Grp ECCON, however, showed greater (P less than 0.05)
      increases in peak torque, vertical jump height and three repetition maximum than
      Grp CON. The 7% increases in slow-twitch fibre area in Grps CON and ECCON and in
      fast-twitch fibre area in Grp CON were non-significant. This study suggests that
      increases in peak torque and strength-related performance parameters were greater
      following a programme consisting of maximum concentric and eccentric muscle
      actions than resistance training using concentric muscle actions only. Because
      increases in muscle fibre areas were small it is also suggested that the
      increased muscle strength shown subsequent to short-term accommodated resistance
      training is mainly due to neural adaptation.

PMID- 2275405
TI  - Ageing alters the myosin heavy chain composition of single fibres from human
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - The myosin heavy chain composition of single fibres (n = 1088) was analysed with
      an electrophoretic technique in biopsy material from m. vastus lateralis (n = 5)
      and m. biceps brachii (n = 4) of young (23-31 years old) and elderly men (68-70
      years old). In m. vastus lateralis, elderly subjects had a higher proportion of
      fibres showing a coexistence of myosin heavy chain types I and IIa (20 +/- 3% vs
      8 +/- 1%, P less than 0.05) and of myosin heavy chain types IIa and IIb (33 +/-
      2% vs 12 +/- 4%, P less than 0.05). In contrast, the young subjects had a higher
      proportion of fibres containing only myosin heavy chain type I (50 +/- 5% vs 33
      +/- %, P less than 0.05) and type IIa (26 +/- 3% vs 12 +/- 2%, P less than 0.05).
      A similar pattern of myosin heavy chain expression was found in single fibres
      from m. biceps brachii, with the exception that the elderly subjects had a lower
      proportion of fibres with coexistence of types IIa and IIb (23 +/- 1% vs 34 +/-
      2%, P less than 0.05) and a higher proportion of fibres containing only myosin
      heavy chain type IIa (25 +/- 5% vs 12 +/- 2%, P less than 0.05). Three fibres
      from m. biceps brachii contained all three isoforms. These results indicate that
      coexistence of myosin heavy chain isoforms in single fibres is present in
      skeletal muscles of young adults, and that there is an increased occurrence of
      this phenomenon with ageing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2275404
TI  - Function, morphology and protein expression of ageing skeletal muscle: a cross
      sectional study of elderly men with different training backgrounds.
AB  - The function and morphology of knee extension/m. vastus lateralis and elbow
      flexion/m. biceps brachii were studied in young (28 +/- 0.1 years, n = 7) and
      elderly (68 +/- 0.5 years, n = 8) sedentary subjects and in elderly swimmers (69
      +/- 1.9 years, n = 6), runners (70 +/- 0.7 years, n = 5) and strength-trained
      subjects (68 +/- 0.8 years, n = 7). On average, the training groups had, for the
      12-17 years before the measurements were taken, performed their training regimen
      3 +/- 0.1 times a week. Compared with the young subjects, the maximal isometric
      torque of the sedentary elderly subjects was 44% (P less than 0.05) lower in knee
      extension and 32% (P less than 0.05) lower in elbow flexion, and speed of
      movement was between 20 and 26% (P less than 0.05) lower in both knee extension
      and elbow flexion. The cross-sectional area of m. quadriceps femoris and the
      elbow flexors was also 24% (P less than 0.05) and 20% lower respectively, and the
      specific tension was 27% (P less than 0.05) lower in m. quadriceps femoris and
      14% (P less than 0.05) lower in the elbow flexors. A 27% (P less than 0.05)
      higher content of myosin heavy chain type I and a 39% (P less than 0.05) higher
      content of the slow-type myosin light chain--2 was observed in m. vastus
      lateralis of the sedentary elderly subjects as compared with the young subjects.
      The same tendency was also seen with m. biceps brachii. Since the histochemical
      fibre-type distribution was identical and no major co-expression of type I and
      type II myosin heavy-chain isoforms was observed with immunocytochemistry, the
      increase in slow myosin isoforms with ageing seems mainly related to a larger
      relative area of type I fibres, induced by a selective atrophy of type II fibre
      area. An increased content of the beta-isoform of tropomyosin was also
      demonstrated with ageing. In contrast to the swimmers and runners, the elderly
      strength-trained subjects had maximal isometric torques, speed of movements,
      cross-sectional areas, specific tensions and a content of myosin and tropomyosin
      isoforms in both muscles studied identical to those of the young controls. These
      results seem to suggest that strength training can counteract the age-related
      changes in function and morphology of the ageing human skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2275406
TI  - Force production following transient potential changes in voltage-clamped
      myocardium.
AB  - Inter-relationships between force, membrane voltage and currents were studied in
      ferret and guinea-pig papillary muscles using the single sucrose gap technique
      (37 degrees C). The preparations were held at -90 or -40 mV and depolarized
      (excited) to 0 mV for 180 ms at 1.0 Hz. At regular intervals the shape of a
      single clamp pulse (called '1') was varied and its effects were investigated
      during the same test cycle and in two subsequent test cycles ('2' and '3'). Peak
      force of contraction 1 (F1) increased with the duration of the test clamp up to
      90 ms and was constant thereafter. F1 increased with clamp amplitude (V1) between
      -30 and 10 mV and decreased at greater amplitudes. This relation was similar to
      the relation between peak second inward current (I1) and V1. The peak force of
      contractions 2 and 3 rose with the clamp duration and clamp amplitudes of cycle
      1. The relation between F3 and F2 was linear (slope 0.40), except at the lowest
      and highest F2 values where there was a small deviation. There was an inverse
      relation between I2 and F2. The results support the idea that increased duration
      or amplitude of the voltage clamp pulse leads to a greater calcium entry which is
      manifested in the following potentiated contraction. The relation between F3 and
      F2 implies that about 40% of calcium recirculates between the contractions. The
      inverse relationship between F2 and I2 indicates that the second inward current
      is regulated by release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via negative feedback.

PMID- 2275407
TI  - Relation between capillary pressure and vascular tone over the range from maximum
      dilatation to maximum constriction in cat skeletal muscle.
AB  - An attempt was made to assess, from a large sample (n = 567), the normal level of
      hydrostatic capillary pressure (Pc) in resting skeletal muscle and the extent of
      Pc regulation as effected by strictly graded activation of metabolic and
      adrenergic control mechanisms over the entire physiological range of vascular
      tone. With the use of a new whole-organ technique, Pc towards the venous end of
      the capillary was continuously recorded at constant arterial pressure (100 mmHg)
      and under simultaneous observations of total regional vascular resistance (RT),
      precapillary resistance (Ra) and post-capillary resistance (RV). In the control
      state with a Starling fluid equilibrium, a venous pressure of 7 mmHg and normal
      vascular tone (RT = 19.1 +/- 0.3 PRU), Pc averaged 16.7 +/- 0.3 mmHg. Graded
      metabolic dilatation (muscle exercise), decreasing RT to a minimum value of 1.7
      PRU, caused progressive increase in Pc up to 32 mmHg and consequent fluid
      filtration. Conversely, graded adrenergic constriction, increasing RT to a
      maximum of 100 PRU, caused a progressive decrease in Pc down to 10 mmHg and
      consequent fluid absorption. The relation between Pc and RT was highly non
      linear, Pc increasing more steeply the more RT approached low values, and was
      described by the power function: Pc = 36.43 x RT-0.27 (r = -0.79, P less than
      0.001). The resistance ratio, Rv/Ra (the main determinant of Pc), and vascular
      tone (RT) showed a similar non-linear relation. Regulatory change of Rv/Ra was
      mainly accomplished by active change of Ra, but a pronounced Rv decrease
      (venodilatation) occurred in the lowest RT range, exerting a protective function
      against excessive increase in Pc and detrimental plasma fluid loss.

PMID- 2275408
TI  - Effects of hypertonic NaCl solution on microvascular haemodynamics in normo- and
      hypovolaemia.
AB  - The aims of this study were to investigate possible resuscitation effects of a
      single, 10-min, 350-microliters intravenous infusion of 7.5% NaCl in hamsters in
      hemorrhagic shock and to compare the effects of such infusion with an identical
      one of 0.9% NaCl on the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation during normovolaemia
      and after acute bleeding to a hypotension level of about 40 mmHg. No significant
      differences could be detected between the effects of either infusion given to
      normovolaemic normotensive hamsters. In the animals subjected to haemorrhage,
      upon bleeding, arterioles larger than 40 microns constricted, arterioles smaller
      than 40 microns dilated and venular diameter did not change, while blood flow
      decreased in all vessels. The main differences between the infusions after
      haemorrhage were a significant increase in mean arterial pressure and arteriolar
      blood flow, venoconstriction and a tendency for the smaller arterioles to remain
      more dilated and the larger ones more constricted after the hypertonic infusion.
      Central nervous and/or reflex excitation of the sympathetic nervous system could
      account for the constriction of venules and larger arterioles, while a direct
      effect of hyperosmolarity could explain the dilatation of the smaller arterioles.
      The study can therefore help to explain some of the mechanisms underlying the
      reported resuscitation effect of 7.5% NaCl infusion in animals during severe
      haemorrhagic hypovolaemia.

PMID- 2275409
TI  - Protein secretion in salivary glands of cats in vivo and in vitro in response to
      vasoactive intestinal peptide.
AB  - In anaesthetized cats exogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide failed to elicit
      any secretion of saliva from the submandibular and parotid glands. However,
      protein release from both glands occurred in response to VIP in the presence of
      alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents and was dose-dependent. This
      response was revealed by means of a subsequent washout flow of saliva evoked by
      intravenous injections of methacholine or stimulations of the parasympathetic
      innervation. The submandibular glands responded to vasoactive intestinal peptide
      at a lower dose than the parotid glands. In the presence of atropine (but in the
      absence of adrenoceptor blockers), stimulation of the parasympathetic chorda
      lingual nerve, which of itself elicited no secretion of saliva, contributed to
      the release of protein within the submandibular gland, since the output of
      protein in response to a subsequent stimulation of the sympathetic innervation
      was increased. Vasoactive intestinal peptide administered in combination with
      methacholine or during ongoing parasympathetic nerve-induced salivary secretion
      revealed positive interactions, particularly with respect to protein release. In
      vitro protein release in response to vasoactive intestinal peptide was also
      demonstrated by perfusing small pieces of the two glands in the presence of
      muscarinic and adrenoceptor blockers. As in vivo, submandibular tissue responded
      at a lower concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide than the parotid
      tissue. One to two weeks after combined parasympathetic and sympathetic
      denervation of the parotid glands, the glands were sensitized to vasoactive
      intestinal peptide when tested in vitro. It is concluded that vasoactive
      intestinal peptide or a structurally related peptide is a potential transmitter
      in the parasympathetic control of protein secretion in salivary glands of cats.

PMID- 2275410
TI  - [Contribution of angiography in the pre-operative evaluation of 24 jugulo
      tympanic paragangliomas with otoneurologic manifestations].
AB  - The contribution of carotid and vertebral angiography for surgical planning,
      particularly for the infratemporal approach, in 24 jugulotympanic paragangliomas
      with otoneurological symptoms is discussed. These symptoms included peripheral
      facial palsy, sensorineural hypoacusis, labyrinthine and nervous syndrome of the
      jugular foramen. Angiography was essential for the diagnosis of these tumors and,
      above all, for the rigorous evaluation of intrapetrous and apical invasion of the
      carotid artery, and also of extra and intradural posterior fossa extensions.
      Presurgical embolization, a relevant step in treatment, was based on the
      criterious evaluation of the angiotopographic pattern of the tumoral
      hypervascularization.

PMID- 2275411
TI  - [Chronic hemodialysis: risk factors for intra-dialytic hypotension (IDH)].
AB  - Haemodialysis is the most used among the different renal function replacement
      methods. Although the survival is acceptable the mobility is important;
      intradialytic hypotension is a main cause of such mobility. In this study which
      included stable chronic haemodialysis patients, the authors evaluate risk factors
      for IDH. Advanced age, female sex and autonomic insufficiency are risk factors
      for IDH. Patients with IDH had more serious ventricular arrhythmias, but a cause
      effect relationship was not demonstrated.

PMID- 2275412
TI  - [Total gastrectomy with creation of a new stomach using the jejunum. A
      retrospective study of 120 patients].
AB  - Results obtained in 120 patients with gastric carcinoma, and submitted between
      1982 and 1989, to a total gastrectomy and a new technique of reconstruction with
      jejunum, are analyzed retrospectively. This technique associates, a
      jejunoplication around the terminal esophagus with the purpose to eliminate the
      entero-esophageal reflux and the risk of dehiscence, and a double jejuno
      jejunostomy with the target to delay the emptying of foods and to increase the
      reservoir function of the neo-stomach. In 63 of these patients a lymphadenectomy
      type R2-R3 has been held and in the remainder a type R1 lymph node dissection.
      Pre-operative chemotherapy was done when there was significant weight loss or
      proved obstruction of the cardia or pylorus by a radioisotopic method. Post
      operative chemotherapy was continued immediately after operation in all the
      patients with pre-operative improvement. Operative mortality until the 60th day
      of Hospital stay was 5.8% and was mainly related with the advanced age of the
      patients and the spread and localization of the tumor. Operative morbidity was
      also more marked in tumors spreading to the cardia. The five years actuarial
      survival rate was 17.2% to the stage III and IV and 38.8% to the stage I and II.
      The quality of life of the patients has been favored by the kind of gastric
      reconstruction that has been used: Jejunoplication reduce the entero-esophageal
      reflux to nearly 20% and the double enterostomy, specially if the duodenal
      transit is maintained, induce a more slow post-operative emptying than other
      kinds of reconstruction. This fact is related with a more physiologic absorption
      of glucose and to a more favorable nutritional condition.

PMID- 2275413
TI  - [Hypospadias. Review of a caseload and of the various techniques used--279
      cases].
AB  - A review was made of 279 children with Hypospadias treated in Pediatric Surgery
      Department. Hypospadias was classified in accordance with existence of chordee
      and position of urethral meatus. Indications and the results are discussed
      according to Hypospadias type and surgical procedure performed over the years.
      Glanular Hypospadias (144 cases) were treated as follows: 117 by meatotomy or
      advancement meatoplasty and postectomy with 1.09 mean interventions per patient
      (M I/P). 24 by MAGPI procedure with 1,12 M I/P and 3 by other procedures. Distal
      penil Hypospadias without chordee (87 cases), 23 were treated by Denis Browne
      Crawford (DBC) procedure with 2,82 M I/P, 62 by Van Der Meulen procedure with
      1,48 M I/P and 2 by other procedures. Hypospadias with chordee, penile and
      perineal (48 cases) 35 had chordee release followed by DBC procedure with 4,0 M
      I/P, 7 by Duckett procedure with 2,0 M I/P and 6 by other procedures. The present
      tendency towards the use of single stage procedures, namely MAGPI, Van Der Meulen
      and Duckett is analysed. Its advantages for patients and institutions--lower M
      I/P, decrease of hospitalization period, repair completed earlier in life and
      reduced emotional damage--are balanced with aesthetical results and frequency of
      complications.

PMID- 2275414
TI  - [Painful shoulders. Clinico-echographic evaluation].
AB  - Painful shoulders are a frequent pathology and its specific diagnosis and
      therapeutic control are common challenges to medical professionals. To solve
      these problems a non invasive morphologic method of study--Real Time
      Ultrasonography--is presented. A standardized routine ultrasonographic technique
      using static and dynamic imaging was applied to the analysis of fifty patients
      whose clinical data suggested soft tissue pathology of that joint. Initial
      sonographic diagnostic data were compared with clinical signs and x-ray
      information and in some cases arthrographic and surgical observation as well. The
      utility of sonography in the therapeutic control was specially evaluated in a sub
      group of twenty patients with clinical and ultrasonographic evidence of
      tendinitis or bursitis at that location and submitted to physiatric treatment.
      Sonographic criteria established in terms of echogenicity, dimensions and dynamic
      scanning performance are described and its value as diagnostic and therapeutic
      control tools are discussed. Our results suggest that real time ultrasonography
      is a useful method to confirm the diagnosis and could be indispensable to follow
      and control the therapeutic results in Painful Shoulders.

PMID- 2275415
TI  - [Pregnancy and endocrinopathy. Activity, pathology and results at the outpatient
      obstetrics-endocrinology clinics of the University of Coimbra Hospitals--January
      1980 through December 1988].
AB  - The authors have elaborated a statistic survey about the pregnant women with
      endocrinopathies, that they have examined in the outpatient clinic from January
      of 1980 to December of 1988. Three hundred and twenty four women were examined in
      an amount of 2152 (two thousand one hundred and fifty two) observations. The
      incidence for 100 births was 0.54%. Maternal and fetal mobility and mortality
      were analysed in correlation with the maternal area of endocrinopathy (Diabetes
      Mellitus, Thyroid, Hypophysis and Adrenal Glands) and with the necessary
      therapeutic regimens. At last the A.A. made some considerations about the
      importance of a team approach in this area of medical care, and applied to the
      clinicians who work in primary care, to a better collaboration.

PMID- 2275416
TI  - [Malignant histiocytosis].
AB  - The authors report a case of malignant histiocytosis, with sub acute evolution
      and fatal outcome in a 36 year old male, presenting with fever, hemoptysis,
      splenomegaly, parietal mass, anemia and bilateral pulmonary nodules. Despite one
      transbronchial pulmonary biopsy non diagnostic, both myelogram and histology of
      parietal tumor aroused the suspicion of malignant histiocytosis, later confirmed
      through a bronchoalveolar lavage. We didn't find any other case yet published in
      portuguese literature.

PMID- 2275417
TI  - [Pneumopyopericardium].
AB  - Pneumopyopericardium is a rare disease. The most common causes seems to be
      ulceration or carcinoma in the lower esophagus or upper stomach. We report a case
      of pneumopiopericardium secondary to a pneumonia in a 60 years-old-woman after
      the first course of chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. We use this case as
      a basis for a review of the literature on similar cases. This syndrome can be
      recognised promptly because of its characteristic physical findings and
      radiographic features.

PMID- 2275418
TI  - [Clinical research in critically ill patients].
AB  - Some of the ethical and legal problems raised by medical research involving
      critical care patients are analysed and discussed. Particular attention is given
      to the difficulties of obtaining informed consent from patients that most of the
      times are not considered competent from the legal point of view to give it.
      Careful thought must also be given to the weighting of risks of the procedures
      against the expected benefits. Finally attention is drawn to ethical dilemmas
      raised by exclusion criteria or placebo use in clinical trials that preclude
      critical patients from benefitting of some very promising new treatment.

PMID- 2275419
TI  - [Endoscopic sclerosis for hemorrhage caused by peptic ulcer: a real advance].
AB  - The new methods of endoscopic hemostasis for bleeding gastric or duodenal ulcers
      are discussed. These techniques are increasingly important in patients with high
      risk for surgery. Due to its low cost, technical simplicity and a success rate
      similar to the other methods, endoscopic sclerosis is probably the first choice
      therapy for these conditions.

PMID- 2275420
TI  - A computer system for the identification of the cerebrospinal compensatory model.
AB  - A computer system, based on IBM PC, was designed for the cerebrospinal
      compensatory model identification. The intracranial pressure (ICP) signal,
      registered during the lumbo-lumbar infusion test is analyzed by means of the
      spectral analysis algorithm in order to measure precisely the pulse wave
      amplitude. The amplitude and the mean ICP level, calculated repetetively within
      the period of about 8 seconds, are stored on the disk and form the basis for
      further model identification. Three different methods of identification were
      applied. They enable one to estimate the fundamental model parameters, such as:
      resistance to the cerebrospinal fluid resorption, pressure-volume index, baseline
      pressure, rate of formation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Statistical evaluation of
      the results of the infusion test analysis obtained by means of the system
      described in two groups of hydrocephalic patients (children and adults) is
      presented.

PMID- 2275421
TI  - The value of different methods of treatment of brain abscess in the CT era.
AB  - 67 cases of brain abscess were analyzed retrospectively. As 2 comatose patients
      died on admission before any treatment was started, the results are based on 65
      treated patients. Different methods of treatment included: total removal in 36
      patients, drainage in 14, aspiration in 6 and conservative treatment in 9.
      Management mortality was 18.5% and was almost not dependent on the method of
      treatment (except aspiration) being lowest in the drainage group. The mortality
      was significantly higher in patients with serious impairment of consciousness on
      admission. Follow-up examination after 1 to 11 years was performed in 47 out of
      53 discharged patients and revealed in 25 of them (53%) full recovery. 10
      additional cases (21%) are independent. The best early and long term results were
      obtained in patients by drainage and medical treatment. Chronic epilepsy
      developed in 34% of patients with supratentorial lesions. The risk of epilepsy
      was lowest in the group of patients treated by drainage. The authors present the
      opinion that removal of brain abscess is necessary only in exceptional cases.

PMID- 2275422
TI  - Reversible visual loss after shunt malfunction.
AB  - Report on three hydrocephalic, shunt dependent children, who became blind due to
      shunt malfunction and rapidly decreased intracranial pressure. They regained
      vision several days (one case) or several months (2 cases) after shunt revision.
      The related literature is reviewed and possible pathophysiological mechanisms are
      discussed.

PMID- 2275423
TI  - Frequency and specific surgical management of far lateral lumbar disc
      herniations.
AB  - A) Frequency of Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniation: The analysis of pre-operative
      computer-assisted tomograms and myelograms in a series of 694 operated lumbar
      disc herniations showed that a far lateral disc prolapse occured in 7% of the
      cases. Within the group of those far laterally herniated discs 3% of the
      herniations were predominantly located in the intervertebral foramen, whereas 4%
      of the protruded discs were mainly situated extraforaminally compressing the
      spinal nerve in its paravertebral course. B) Surgical Management of
      Extraforaminal Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniation: By March 1988 40 patients had
      been operated on for an extraforaminal disc protrusion making use of an external
      microsurgical exposure (in two cases by a transmuscular approach and in 38 cases
      via an enlarged midline approach). A medium-term follow-up of these 40 patients
      revealed a substantial clinical relief of pain in 34 cases (85%). Based on these
      gratifying results we regard the external exposure of the extraforaminally
      protruded disc as the treatment of choice.

PMID- 2275424
TI  - Reconstruction of craniotomy burr-holes with autologous bone blugs made by a new
      hole-saw.
AB  - A new craniotomy tool is described. The original De Martell drill was redesigned
      into a hole-saw for simultaneous production of burr-holes and appropriate
      autologous bone plugs. The plugs can easily be reinserted and locked in place
      using bone dust and Tiseel glue permitting appropriate healing and satisfactory
      cosmetic appearance.

PMID- 2275425
TI  - A new method for long-term lumbar pressure monitoring with a fiber optic
      catheter.
AB  - A new method for long-term monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure in
      the spinal canal using a catheter with a fiberoptic pressure monitor is
      described. This method has been used in the investigation of 16 patients with
      communicating hydrocephalus (CH). Duration of monitoring ranged from 2-48 hours
      without any complications. In 6 cases the recording was interrupted prematurely.
      Valuable data on the patterns of pressure variation could be attained and the
      occurrence of B-waves showed a good correlation with the clinical outcome of
      shunt operation. No sign of external or internal leakage of CSF was observed
      during the first 24 hours of monitoring. This technique could prove to be a less
      invasive method for evaluation of CSF-pressure in patients with CH or other
      diseases where CSF-pressure in the spinal canal can have some clinical
      significance.

PMID- 2275426
TI  - Left trochlear nerve palsy, unique symptom of an arachnoid cyst of the
      quadrigeminal plate. Case report.
AB  - An arachnoid cyst of the quadrigeminal plate in a 49-year-old female is reported.
      This is the seventh published case of a cyst of this kind in an adult. The
      presenting symptom was an isolated left fourth cranial nerve palsy. Up to now, no
      other case with isolated superior oblique muscle palsy has been described which
      was caused by an arachnoidal cyst of the quadrigeminal plate.

PMID- 2275428
TI  - Determination of endogenous serum proteins in normal and oedematous brain tissue
      of cat by rocket and crossed immunoelectrophoresis.
AB  - A quantitative method for determination of endogenous serum proteins has been
      established and tested in an experimental model of peritumoural brain oedema in
      cats. Rocket and crossed immunoelectrophoresis were applied for determination of
      total serum proteins, albumin, IgG and haemoglobin in blood and brain
      homogenates. Modifications such as the use of non-ionic detergents and of
      antisera with different specificity were established for each antigen under
      investigation. The content of total serum proteins, albumin and IgG was
      substantially higher in tumour and peritumoural brain tissue than in the non
      oedematous brain. The measurement of haemoglobin allowed the calculation of blood
      volume and, in consequence, the differentiation between intra- and extravascular
      serum proteins. The results are in line with earlier measurements obtained by
      different analytical methods and demonstrate that the present technique provides
      a reliable approach for the quantitative assessment of serum protein
      extravasation.

PMID- 2275429
TI  - Cerebral blood flow in acute head injury. The regulation of cerebral blood flow
      and metabolism during the acute phase of head injury, and its significance for
      therapy.
AB  - During the last decade several studies of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and
      metabolism in the acute phase of head injury have been published. It is the aim
      of this review to describe the dynamic changes in CBF, cerebral metabolic rate of
      oxygen (CMRO2), cerebral autoregulation (CA), and reactivity to PaCO2 and
      barbiturate (metabolic reactivity) in the acute phase after severe head injury
      and to discuss the therapeutical consequences with reference to prolonged
      artificial hyperventilation, hypothermia, barbiturate sedation, and mannitol
      therapy. On the basis of present knowledge concerning cerebral circulation and
      its regulation, the author reviews the literature concerning methodology for
      experimental and clinical CBF measurements and regulation of CBF and cerebral
      oxygen uptake. Emphasis is placed on studies of the effect of body temperature
      (hypothermia) as a therapeutic tool in the control of cerebral metabolism, blood
      flow, and intracranial pressure. Although hypothermia significantly reduces
      cerebral metabolism and blood flow, the effect of hypothermia on cerebral blood
      flow, metabolism, ICP, and outcome after acute head injury has never been
      investigated in clinically controlled studies. Experimental and clinical studies
      concerning sensitivity of CBF for changes in PaCO2 are reviewed. The normal CO2
      reactivity defined as absolute (delta CBF/delta PaCO2) and relative (% change
      CBF/delta PaCO2) or delta in CBF/PaCO2 mm Hg are mentioned. In awake normocapnic
      man the relative CO2 reactivity averages 4%/mm Hg and the absolute CO2 reactivity
      2ml/mm Hg. Uncontrolled prospective studies show a therapeutic effect of
      artificially prolonged hyperventilation on outcome. Only one preliminary
      controlled study indicates that the outcome is poorer and recovery prolonged.
      Nevertheless, in the acute phase of HI, artificial hyperventilation is used
      routinely for control of intracranial hypertension and during the intensive care
      management of the patients. The steal and inverse steal phenomena are reviewed.
      Although of considerable theoretical interest these phenomena are without
      clinical significance in patients with head injury, unless clinical CBF
      measurements are performed. The frequency of the inverse steal phenomenon in
      studies of rCBF with a 16-channel Cerebrograph (intraarterial approach) is found
      to be about 10%. During prolonged hyperventilation experimental studies and
      clinical studies of apoplexy show an adaptation of CBF and CSF-pH and
      bicarbonate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2275427
TI  - A rodent model of infusion brain edema: methodology and pathophysiological
      effects of saline and protein infusions.
AB  - To evaluate the potency of putative secondary mediators of brain edema and their
      possible contribution to edema related brain dysfunction an infusion model of
      brain edema was developed in rats. 100 ul of fluid (saline, 20% nonautologous
      protein) was infused over one hour into the left forebrain white matter through a
      stereotaxically placed (+1.2 mm ant to bregma, 3 mm lateral and 2.9 mm depth) 25
      G needle. Brain tissue hydraulic resistance (Rt), regional cerebral blood flow
      (rCBF), cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and intracranial pressure
      (ICP) (intraventricular needle) were monitored during the infusion and rCBF CO2
      reactivity (hydrogen clearance), local brain water content (microgravimetry), BBB
      integrity (Evans Blue 2%) and brain histology (H & E. Solochrome-cyanin) were
      evaluated after the infusion. Saline infusates caused no physiological
      dysfunction despite ipsilateral expansion and vacuolation of the subcortical
      white matter, separation of axonal bundles and a significant decrease (p = 3.8 x
      10(-5] in local subcortical tissue specific gravity. Cortical histology and
      specific gravity adjacent to the infusion locus were normal. Rt significantly
      decreased (p = 6.5 x 10(-4] during the infusion but there were only minor
      increases in ICP. Findings with 20% protein infusates were similar despite a
      focal 65% decrement in the rCBF CO2 reactivity adjacent to the infusion site.
      This study has shown that a simple and inexpensive model of infusion brain edema
      can be created in the rat and that it provides a useful model for assessing the
      physiological effects of mediator compounds in the infusate. Potential
      applications and methodological improvements for this model are discussed.

PMID- 2275430
TI  - Social adjustment and symptomatology in two types of homeless adolescents:
      runaways and throwaways.
AB  - Previous research on homeless adolescents has largely ignored the distinction
      between those who have left home on their own volition (runaways), and those who
      have been forced to leave (throwaways). Fifty-two homeless adolescents in
      Brisbane, Australia, were assessed to compare male and female runaways and
      throwaways for social adjustment and symptomatology. Differences for social
      adjustment (antisocial tendencies and aggression) and symptomatology (social
      isolation and depression) were predicted. Results indicated that male runaways
      were significantly more hostile than male throwaways (p less than .001), and
      significantly more socially isolated than female runaways (p less than .025).
      Female throwaways, however, were significantly more hostile than male throwaways
      (p less than .025) and female runaways (p less than .025). Yet homeless males
      overall had a significantly stronger urge to act out hostility than homeless
      females (p less than .025). In addition, female throwaways were significantly
      more antisocial than male throwaways (p less than .001). There were no
      significant differences for depression. A theory of inner social control
      (Hirschi, 1969), postulating absence of bonding in earlier socialization, was
      supported.

PMID- 2275431
TI  - Seat belt use and stress in adolescents.
AB  - This study explored the association of adolescent seat belt use with psychosocial
      risk factors in an urban minority population after the enactment of a mandatory
      seat belt law. Data on seat belt use, family support, feelings of being down,
      suicidal ideation, substance abuse, sexual activity, school troubles, and
      problems with the law were obtained from 541 self-report intake forms
      administered to an adolescent medicine clinic population from 1986 to 1987.
      Respondents were almost exclusively black and Hispanic; 315 (59%) were females
      and 222 (41%) males, with a mean age of 15.4. Seat belt use was reported by 249
      (46%) and no or intermittent use by 292 (54%). Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sums
      tests were used to examine associations between seat belt use and risk factors.
      Results showed that the group comprised of those reporting no and intermittent
      seat belt use was significantly more likely to feel down, have decreased home
      support, have problems with school and the law, have been on probation, and feel
      that life in general was not going very well. No association was found between
      seat belt use and cigarette, drug, or alcohol use or sexual activity without
      contraceptives. Taking into account the lack of observed behavioral information
      to validate such self-report questionnaires, these data nevertheless point to the
      nonuse or intermittent use of seat belts as a possible manifestation of a lack of
      self-care due to feeling down and/or preoccupation with family, school, or
      societal problems.

PMID- 2275432
TI  - Parenting attitudes of adolescent and older mothers.
AB  - The parenting attitudes of adolescent and older mothers were assessed at 1 and 12
      months postpartum to explore group differences and determine if these attitudes
      predicted quality of home environment and parenting behaviors at 12 months.
      Adolescent mothers scored significantly lower than did older mothers in empathy
      toward children's needs, but there were no significant group differences on three
      other parenting attitude constructs. There were no significant correlations
      between parenting attitudes at 1 month and parenting behaviors at 12 months for
      either group. For adolescent mothers at 12 months postpartum, the only attitude
      construct that was significantly related to concurrent quality of parenting was
      developmental expectations of the child. These and other findings are discussed
      in the context of current theory and intervention related to adolescent
      parenting.

PMID- 2275433
TI  - A suicidal adolescent's sleeping beauty syndrome: cessation orientations toward
      dying, sleep, and drugs.
AB  - In a study of hospitalized suicidal youth, the account of a sixteen-year-old
      girl, diagnosed as schizophrenic, is analyzed to gain insight into a family's
      role in the suicidal career of an adolescent preoccupied with death and dying,
      sleep, and drugs; the interplay of her construction of reality with her risk
      taking, self-injurious way of life; and her perceived problems of living and need
      for help. Her cessation orientations revealed a kind of Sleeping Beauty syndrome
      with fantasies on sleep, drugs, and death, including a death of the mind from
      overdosing. Such qualitative research on suicidal careers may increase our
      understanding of the at-risk adolescent population and assist in the development
      of a policy for identifying and meeting needs and following up on clues for
      prevention and early intervention.

PMID- 2275434
TI  - Differences in extracurricular activity participation, achievement, and attitudes
      toward school between ninth-grade students attending junior high school and those
      attending senior high school.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the type of school organization that
      most benefited ninth-grade students. Results indicated that ninth graders in the
      junior high school setting participated significantly more in extracurricular
      activities and achieved significantly higher academically than did ninth graders
      in the senior high school setting.

PMID- 2275435
TI  - Shyness and sociability: a dangerous combination for illicit substance use in
      adolescent males?
AB  - Researchers have hypothesized that behavioral problems are accentuated when a shy
      person wants to be with other people. This need to be with others--sociability-
      is a related but separate construct from shyness. The purpose of the present
      study was to examine the relationship of shyness and sociability to illicit
      substance use in a sample of 654 male high school students. It was found that, in
      general, shy male adolescents were significantly more likely to use illicit
      substances when compared to those who were not shy. Those who were shy and highly
      sociable were significantly more likely to use hallucinogenic substances than
      were those who were shy and low to moderate in sociability as well as those who
      were not shy. Although not significant, there was a trend toward more cocaine and
      marijuana use among those who were shy and highly sociable. The implications of
      these findings for those who work with adolescents are discussed.

PMID- 2275436
TI  - Teenage suicide in Zimbabwe.
AB  - The teenage suicide rate in Zimbabwe did not change much during the 1970s, though
      the rate rose for female teenagers. Female teenagers used poison as a method of
      suicide more often than did adults, and self-immolation had increased in
      frequency among young women by the mid-1980s.

PMID- 2275437
TI  - Cultural-developmental tasks and adolescent development: theoretical and
      methodological considerations.
AB  - The focus of this paper is to clarify the oft-used concept of developmental tasks
      and place it within a cultural context. The role of "cultural-developmental"
      tasks in the development and modification of the adolescent's social-cognitive
      functioning is discussed, as are the respective roles of both individual and
      contextual-environmental factors in the production of these competencies. A
      theory which includes the individual's activity as an essential mediator between
      the individual and the context is outlined. Preliminary research supporting this
      view is then presented. Finally, some possibilities for assessing cultural
      developmental tasks (from the adolescent's point of view) are discussed.

PMID- 2275438
TI  - Restraint and seclusion with institutionalized adolescents.
AB  - Tens of thousands of the nation's young people are placed in psychiatric and
      criminal justice programs annually. Within those settings, many confront an
      assortment of restraint and seclusionary measures. This paper discusses the
      population of young people exposed to such procedures and examines the
      implications within these settings and elsewhere.

PMID- 2275439
TI  - The effect of maternal employment on Mormon and non-Mormon adolescents.
AB  - The relationship between maternal employment and familial relations was
      investigated in two groups of adolescents. Samples of Mormon and non-Mormon
      adolescents whose mothers either worked full-time or were nonemployed were
      compared on a series of questionnaire items designed to assess general family
      climate and quality of relationships with parents. Results indicated that both
      sons and daughters from Mormon families where the mother was not employed full
      time reported a closer relationship with their fathers.

PMID- 2275440
TI  - The contribution of significant others to adolescents' self-esteem.
AB  - This research examined the developmental trends in the contribution of
      evaluations by significant others (mother, father, teacher, and friend) to the
      self-esteem of adolescents. The sample consisted of 399 adolescents divided into
      three age groups (mean age: 13.4, 15.5, and 17.5 years). Semantic-differential
      scales were used. An analysis of variance revealed that adolescents differed in
      their self-esteem with regard to sex and age: girls evaluated themselves more
      positively than did boys and younger adolescents more positively than the older
      ones. The hypothesis that the contribution of significant others becomes less
      important with increased age was not completely confirmed. The relative
      contribution of significant others' evaluations differed depending on age and sex
      of adolescent.

PMID- 2275441
TI  - Development or restoration of trust in interpersonal relationships during
      adolescence and beyond.
AB  - Individuals low in interpersonal trust have been found to be less confident, less
      popular with others, and more lonely--all indicators of a need for attitudinal
      and behavioral change. A student who has reached a point of sufficient discomfort
      to seek therapeutic assistance can be aided in increasing trust in others through
      specific tasks cooperatively established by the counselor or other helping
      professional.

PMID- 2275442
TI  - San Diego Suicide Study: the adolescents.
AB  - The San Diego Suicide Study involved psychological autopsy and toxicological
      examination of 283 suicides. Of the 133 consecutive cases under age 30, 14 were
      under age 20. In this paper, detailed data on the 14 adolescent cases are
      presented and the findings compared to other studies.

PMID- 2275443
TI  - A theoretical model for the practice of residential treatment.
AB  - This paper presents a theoretical model describing the practice of psychiatric
      residential treatment for children and adolescents. The emphasis is on forty
      practice principles, guiding concepts which dictate the specific treatment
      techniques and administrative procedures for the Southern Oregon Adolescent Study
      and Treatment Center. These principles are grouped into six clusters, each a
      critical area of concern for residential treatment: program organization,
      physical environment, program personnel, clinical practices, therapeutic milieu,
      and interpersonal relationships.

PMID- 2275444
TI  - The "REST" program: a new treatment system for the oppositional defiant
      adolescent.
AB  - This study compared the REST (Real Economy System for Teens) program with
      traditional talk therapy in the treatment of oppositional defiant adolescents.
      The REST program uses rules for five target behaviors: room care, personal
      hygiene, completion of chores, abusiveness, and safety violations. Objective
      measures and subjective parental ratings were taken. Twenty-five adolescents were
      assigned to each therapy group. In the REST program the adolescent was provided
      with only food and shelter. The adolescent had to earn money through the REST
      allowance program to pay for everything else. Earning the allowance was made
      contingent upon compliance with all rules for the five target behaviors. The
      results showed significantly greater improvement on all target behaviors for the
      REST program than for traditional therapy. In addition, parents of adolescents in
      the REST group reported that their adolescents seemed happier, more relaxed, and
      closer to them.

PMID- 2275445
TI  - The prevalence of depression in high school students.
AB  - In response to the need expressed in the literature on adolescent depression,
      recent studies have examined the incidence of affective disorders. However, there
      continues to be a paucity of research on the prevalence of depressive
      symptomatology in nonpatient adolescents. The Canadian literature is especially
      lacking in this area. The present study examined the prevalence of depression in
      a sample of 366 Canadian high school students. Consistent with similar research
      in the United Kingdom and the United States, 31.4% of the sample were midly to
      clinically depressed as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. Significant
      sex differences were found; these are discussed in the context of age and level
      of depression. The need for further research on adolescent depression is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2275446
TI  - The psychoanalytic perspective of adolescent homosexuality: a review.
AB  - Psychoanalytic theory asserts that adolescent homosexuality is the result of
      unresolved infantile conflict experienced during the Oedipal and pre-Oedipal
      periods, in which inadequate object relations and identifications with parents
      predispose the individual to homosexuality in adolescence. Classical
      psychoanalytic thought emphasizes the importance of drives and defenses in the
      formation of homosexuality, while more contemporary approaches understand
      adolescent homosexuality from a psychosocial and early developmental perspective.
      In addition to childhood predispositions, the various developmental tasks of
      adolescence influence the degree and course of homosexuality. This article notes
      the different types of homosexuality that emerge in adolescence which are
      influenced by different psychodynamic conditions in each stage of adolescence.
      Changing developmental roles in relation to individuation, object relations,
      identification, and identity formation are a few of the factors that contribute
      to adolescent homosexuality.

PMID- 2275447
TI  - In search of an everyday morality: the development of a measure.
AB  - Current interest in moral theorizing has been dominated by Kohlberg's cognitive
      developmental view. Haan (1982) has challenged psychology's reliance on this
      rationalistic focus and has argued for a rethinking of morality's meaning in
      accord with everyday human experience. In light of this challenge, the present
      study gives both theoretical and empirical support to the advancement of a
      morality for everyday life. Specifically, a new measure called the Visions of
      Morality Scale (VMS) is reported. The VMS is sensitive to three dimensions which
      are necessary for an everyday morality: (1) a human constitutive component which
      is universally experienced by all human beings (empathy); (2) the inclusion of a
      behavioral component which reflects actual behavior (pro-social inclinations);
      and (3) a view of morality that is multilevel (private, interpersonal, and
      social). A brief sketch of the VMS is provided. Results are presented from a
      study of 181 high school students which relate the VMS to empathy and political
      orientation. Highly significant relationships were found among morality,
      political orientation, and empathy. In addition, results revealed numerous sex
      differences. Finally, the implications of an everyday morality are discussed.

PMID- 2275449
TI  - Early adolescent age and gender differences in patterns of emotional self
      disclosure to parents and friends.
AB  - This study explored adolescent age and gender differences in patterns of
      emotional self-disclosure to parents and friends. The sample consisted of 174
      junior high school students between the ages of 12 and 15. Results revealed that
      females exhibited greater emotional self-disclosure to parents and peers than did
      males, and that emotional self-disclosure to friends was greatest among older
      adolescents. In addition, while younger adolescents preferred to disclose
      information about their emotional state to parents, older adolescents chose
      friends. Exploratory hierarchical regression analyses revealed that emotional
      disclosure to parents was most strongly associated with adolescent perceptions of
      the openness of family communication, family cohesion, and satisfaction with
      family relationships. Emotional disclosure to friends was associated with
      adolescent self-esteem in the peer context and identity development. The results
      are discussed in terms of the complementary socializing processes that may
      operate within the contexts of family and friends.

PMID- 2275448
TI  - School counselors' knowledge of eating disorders.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine school counselors' knowledge of
      adolescent eating disorders, specifically anorexia and bulimia nervosa.
      Participants were drawn from the national membership of the American Association
      of School Counselors; they were requested to complete a 43-item questionnaire on
      eating disorders. Of the 500 participants randomly selected, 337 (67%) returned
      usable questionnaires. There were 220 female and 117 male counselors; the mean
      age was 45.2 years. The majority held a master's degree and counseled high school
      students; the mean number of years they had been school counselors was 12.2. When
      asked how competent they were in helping students with eating disorders, 11%
      rated themselves as very competent, 49% believed they were moderately competent,
      and 40% believed they were not very competent. The majority (75%) did not believe
      it was their role to treat students with eating disorders; they were instead
      referred to an eating disorders program (40%), their parents (34%), or a
      psychiatrist or other physician (34%). The majority of counselors (72%) had
      encountered anorexic or bulimic students; the most common method of discovering
      students with a problem was by being informed by fellow students (35%). The
      majority of respondents were very knowledgeable regarding the signs and symptoms
      of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Examination of their general knowledge of eating
      disorders revealed that they knew more about anorexia than bulimia. The two
      sources of eating disorders information utilized by at least half of the
      respondents were professional journals (70%) and workshops/professional
      conferences (56%).

PMID- 2275450
TI  - Loneliness, coping strategies and cognitive styles of the gifted rural
      adolescent.
AB  - Loneliness, coping, and cognitive styles of 52 gifted adolescents from rural
      Nebraska were investigated via Woodward Loneliness and Kalyan-Masih Coping
      Inventories and Witkin's Group Embedded Figures Test. Fifty-one percent of the
      adolescents had a mean loneliness score above 2.60, which is the third highest
      among the 16 Nebraska groups studied. They were most lonely when rejected,
      alienated, isolated, and not in control of a situation. Most frequently, their
      coping strategies were: engaging in individual pursuits, extending social
      contacts, using cognitive reframing, and keeping busy. Less frequently, their
      strategies were: engaging in religious activities, seeking adult help, and using
      negative escape routes. The gifted adolescents were divided into field
      independent (FI) and field dependent (FD) according to their cognitive style.
      Some differences were noted. The FI adolescents were more lonely in a crowd, but
      the FD adolescents were more lonely when not with others. The FI adolescents
      engaged in individual pursuits and cognitive reframing, and the FD adolescents
      resorted to religious and physical activities or professional help as coping
      strategies. The FI adolescents showed more autonomy and self-reliance, while the
      FD adolescents relied more on external sources of support when coping with
      loneliness. Implications for counseling in home and school are discussed.

PMID- 2275452
TI  - National Pharmacy Associations unite over plan to overhaul Medicaid.

PMID- 2275451
TI  - The MMPI and Jesness Inventory as measures of effectiveness on an inpatient
      conduct disorders treatment unit.
AB  - There is a paucity of research on the effectiveness of inpatient treatment of
      conduct disorders. The purpose of the present study was to determine what effect
      a locked behavioral/cognitive treatment setting would have upon the Minnesota
      Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Jesness Inventory scores of
      adolescent inpatients. Fifty consecutive admissions (30 males, 20 females) to a
      conduct disorders unit were administered the MMPI and Jesness Inventory pre- and
      posttreatment. Statistically significant changes were found on both inventories.
      Males responded to treatment more favorably than did females. Improvement on the
      test scores could not conclusively be linked to the treatment due to the absence
      of a control group; however, combined with previous research, the results
      indicate areas of improvement in the sample's pathology.

PMID- 2275453
TI  - Toward a single European market for pharmaceuticals.

PMID- 2275454
TI  - Clozapine and the outmoded drug use process.

PMID- 2275455
TI  - Loperamide hydrochloride.

PMID- 2275456
TI  - Psychotropic drugs in the elderly: principles of use.

PMID- 2275457
TI  - Overview of infectious diseases, Part 3.

PMID- 2275458
TI  - New Medicare claims filing requirement.

PMID- 2275459
TI  - Compounding: yes!

PMID- 2275460
TI  - Automatic rifle injuries: suicide by eight bullets. Report of an unusual case and
      a literature review.
AB  - A 25-year-old man committed suicide by shooting himself with eight bullets fired
      from a military rifle set on automatic. This rifle has two firing modes: an
      automatic mode and a self-loading, single-shot mode. Using this case as an
      example, some important aspects of firearm injuries are discussed with special
      emphasis on those points that are relevant to automatic military rifles and most
      applicable to forensic pathology practice. Some of the pathologic features of
      firearm wounds are reviewed and the role of the pathologist is discussed. Lastly,
      the most important points that help the pathologist to determine the type or
      nature of a firearm death--that is, whether it is an accident, homicide, or a
      suicide--are discussed. Classically, the number of the firearm wounds is used to
      differentiate suicide from homicide. As in the case reported here, however, when
      an automatic rifle or a military rifle set on automatic is used, the number of
      wounds is not a reliable indicator of the type of death.

PMID- 2275461
TI  - Nail-gun suicide.
AB  - Two cases are reported of young men who committed suicide using a nail gun. One
      shot himself through the heart and left lung. The other shot himself in the head.
      No cases of completed suicide by nail gun have previously been reported in the
      English literature. These cases are reported because of their uncommon nature and
      because they represent a potentially fatal use of a relatively common industrial
      implement.

PMID- 2275462
TI  - Suicides by starter's pistols and air guns.
AB  - We report the case of a 25-year-old depressed woman who committed suicide with a
      starter's pistol loaded with CS tear-gas ammunition. The propellant gases of the
      contact shot entered her chest through the left sixth intercostal space.
      Exsanguination was caused by perforations of the pericardium and apex of the
      heart. Autopsy did not reveal any metallic or other foreign bodies that might
      have originated from the propellant, the cartridge, or any bulletlike material.
      Her injuries were thus caused by the propellant alone. 0.5 mg L-1 of the CS
      degradation product cyanide was detected in the cardiac blood. We also report the
      case of a 54-year-old man, suffering from depressive psychosis, who committed
      suicide with an air rifle. The lead-pointed Diabolo bullet entered his brain
      through the right large wing of the sphenoid bone, traversed the right temporal
      brain pole, damaged the right middle cerebral artery and the right optic tract,
      and finally lodged in the left central ganglia. There was extensive basal
      subdural hemorrhage and tamponade of all cerebral ventricles. Death was
      attributed to cerebral failure. We furthermore list another 26 cases of suicide
      by rarely used weapons from 1947 to 1989.

PMID- 2275463
TI  - Death by smothering and its investigation.
AB  - This case report provides details from an extensive death investigation, the
      results of which led to the certification of suicidal manner of death by means of
      smothering in a pillow, without additional assistance from other persons or
      mechanical devices. This was the death of a chronically mentally ill person who
      was under currently approved professional treatment. Major investigative aspects
      of this case were the death-scene observations of the body, elimination of the
      possibility of homicide, and the study and analysis of the subject's psychiatric
      illness. Reasons for the uncommonness of reported deaths in this category are
      discussed.

PMID- 2275464
TI  - Suicide by jumping from high-rise hotels. Fulton County, Georgia, 1967-1986.
AB  - During a 20-year period from 1967 through 1986, 19 suicidal jumps from high-rise
      hotels (HRHs) accounted for 24% of all fatal jumping episodes and 1% of all
      suicides in Fulton County, Georgia, U.S.A. The rate of suicidal jumps from HRHs
      did not increase during the study period. The number of fatal jumps per hotel
      year correlated with the height of the interior hotel atrium. The mean age for
      all victims was 34 years, and 63% of victims were white males. The majority of
      victims were local residents who were alone when they jumped and were not
      registered hotel guests. Registered guests tended to jump from the floor on which
      their room was located whereas nonregistered individuals tended to jump from the
      upper-most floors in the hotel. Of 19 HRH jumps, 13 occurred from the inside.
      Suicide notes were found in 37% of cases. HRH jumps were least common between 6
      p.m. and midnight, all decedents were dressed in street clothing, only one was
      heard to have screamed, and all but one were dead on the scene. Alcohol and drug
      involvement was minimal. We hope that this information will be useful to those
      who investigate such deaths and to those who study the behavioral manifestations
      of suicide.

PMID- 2275465
TI  - Suicide and homicide away from home.
AB  - In 1980, suicides in the United States that occurred outside the victim's home
      state were most often committed by young single or divorced men. Hanging was the
      most common means of suicide. Homicide victims who were killed outside their home
      state were usually male, black, divorced, young, and killed by unusual (other)
      means or by law-enforcement officers.

PMID- 2275466
TI  - Forensic photography. Ultraviolet imaging of wounds on skin.
AB  - The use of ultraviolet light (UVL) to study and document patterned injuries on
      human skin has opened a new frontier for law enforcement. This article discusses
      the photographic techniques involved in reflective and fluorescent UVL.
      Documentation of skin wounds via still photography and dynamic video photographic
      techniques, which utilize various methods of UV illumination, are covered.
      Techniques important for courtroom presentation of evidence gathered from
      lacerations, contusions, abrasions, and bite marks are presented through case
      studies and controlled experiments. Such injuries are common sequelae in the
      crimes of child abuse, rape, and assault.

PMID- 2275467
TI  - A suicide by thiopentone infusion.
AB  - A suicide by intravenous thiopentone infusion is described. A search of the
      literature revealed only four cases, but this paucity is possibly due to under
      reporting, as these suicides occur amongst medical personnel.

PMID- 2275468
TI  - Homicide-suicide by stabbing.
AB  - It is rare that an assailant kills someone and afterward commits suicide by
      stabbing himself on the scene. This report describes how a young soldier killed
      his young girlfriend and then killed himself.

PMID- 2275469
TI  - Suicidal death by aspiration of talcum powder.

PMID- 2275470
TI  - Wrist slashing in a detention center. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Suicides that occur in custody are rare and thus require extensive forensic
      analysis. Asphyxia by hanging is the most common means of suicide: at least 87.5%
      of successful suicides are committed in this way. A unique case of suicide in
      custody is presented in which a prisoner slashed his wrist with an eyeglass lens.
      The evidence and proceedings that led to this suicide are reviewed and the data
      are compared with known behavioral patterns. The world literature concerning
      suicide while incarcerated is reviewed.

PMID- 2275471
TI  - Suicide by chloroform ingestion following self-mutilation.
AB  - A case of suicide is described that combined elements of psychotic self
      mutilation, both chronic and terminal, and poisoning with ingested chloroform.
      This illustrates the need to consider unusual methods when investigating the
      deaths of people with patterns of bizarre behavior and access to unusual, fatal
      materials.

PMID- 2275472
TI  - Suicidal ligature strangulation with an elastic band.
AB  - An unusual case of self-strangulation with an elastic band is described. The
      victim was a young Hispanic male with a complicated psychiatric history,
      including suicide attempts. Mechanisms of strangulation and mechanical asphyxial
      death are discussed briefly.

PMID- 2275473
TI  - Death, after swallowing and aspiration of a high number of foreign bodies, in a
      schizophrenic woman.
AB  - A 46-year-old woman who had had a long-term schizoid psychosis collapsed on the
      street. Upon admission to the hospital, she was determined to have an acute
      abdomen. The chest radiograph showed metallic foreign bodies in both main
      bronchi; foreign bodies in the stomach were not observed clinically. The woman
      died from repeated cardiac arrest shortly after hospital admission. At the
      autopsy a screw and a nail were found in both main bronchi. The abdominal cavity
      contained 2 L of greenish purulent fluid and a massive fibrinoid peritonitis was
      observed. Two perforations of the stomach, each 1 cm in diameter, were detected.
      The stomach was completely filled with a mass of metallic foreign bodies,
      greenish fluid, and a bezoar of a total weight of 1,400 g; 422 distinguishable
      and mostly metallic foreign bodies were counted. Death was attributed to cardiac
      arrest in delayed shock after massive purulent peritonitis caused by two gastric
      perforations combined with obstruction of the airways by aspirated foreign
      bodies. Cases of massive swallowing of foreign bodies are mainly restricted to
      mentally handicapped persons, especially schizophrenics, whereas acute impaction
      of the larynx by large food particles occurs nearly exclusively in heavily
      intoxicated adults.

PMID- 2275474
TI  - Forensic sciences and medicine. The clinical or living aspects.
AB  - This presentation of information regarding the application of the forensic
      sciences and medicine to the evaluation of living persons and its related
      problems is based on the case experience of a private practitioner of forensic
      medicine and pathology. Lawyers, law-enforcement personnel, and fellow physicians
      must be educated regarding the potential role of the forensic physician in the
      examination of living people. Many examples of the application of forensic
      expertise to the solution of crimes and civil problems involving living persons
      are included.

PMID- 2275475
TI  - Death notification.
AB  - Family notification in sudden, unexpected, and violent death is a major
      responsibility of law enforcement, medical examiner, and coroner offices. This
      report reviews and discusses the process and procedures utilized in death
      notification and provides suggestions to accomplish this difficult task more
      effectively.

PMID- 2275476
TI  - Role of monoclonal antibody therapy in the treatment of infectious disease.
AB  - The past, present, and emerging roles of immunotherapy, including the use of
      monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis and treatment, are discussed. Although
      immunotherapy has been used for more than 100 years, it became less important
      when antimicrobial agents came into widespread use. In the 1970s investigators
      began to re-examine immunotherapy for potential use in gram-negative infections.
      Polyclonal antiserum against the J5 mutant of Escherichia coli (gram-negative
      lipid A) has been shown to be effective in treating patients with bacteremia and
      septic shock. The discovery of monoclonal antibodies and the creation of
      hybridoma technology by the fusion of immortal cells with antibody-producing
      cells have resulted in the production of large amounts of monoclonal antibodies
      of desired specificities. More recently, murine monoclonal antibodies have been
      used clinically for immunosuppression in renal-transplant patients (OKT3
      antibody) and for prevention of septic complications in patients with suspected
      gram-negative infection and evidence of systemic response (E5 IgM antibody). E5
      antibody directed against gram-negative bacterial endotoxin has been reported to
      significantly reduce morbidity and mortality from gram-negative sepsis and to be
      well tolerated. The application of new treatment modalities such as monoclonal
      antibodies is expected to enhance the therapeutic options available to treat
      infectious diseases.

PMID- 2275477
TI  - Overview of gram-negative sepsis.
AB  - An overview of gram-negative sepsis is presented, and the need for improved
      treatment for this condition is emphasized. The availability of new and more
      potent antimicrobial agents has not substantially altered the mortality from
      sepsis and septic shock. Gram-negative infection, bacteremia, sepsis, and septic
      shock remain major clinical problems, particularly among hospitalized patients.
      The estimated incidence of gram-negative sepsis in the United States alone is
      200,000 cases annually. The predominant pathogens are Escherichia coli,
      Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mortality is strongly influenced by the
      host's clinical status and age and the development of shock; it may reach 90% in
      patients with rapidly fatal disease. Analysis of risk factors and use of criteria
      for categorizing severity of disease can be helpful in designing new treatments,
      identifying potential recipients of such agents, and evaluating outcome of
      therapy. Because bacterial endotoxin plays a pivotal role in triggering the
      biological cascade of mediators in the septic process, a new therapy has been
      developed, immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies that neutralize
      lipopolysaccharide by binding to lipid A. Successful treatment of gram-negative
      sepsis requires appropriate patient identification and timely intervention. While
      antimicrobial agents remain important, monoclonal antibodies hold promise as a
      new therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 2275478
TI  - Pathophysiology and treatment of gram-negative sepsis.
AB  - The pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and complications of gram-negative
      bacterial sepsis are described, and the implications for therapy are reviewed.
      The sepsis syndrome is a clinically defined condition that involves the
      physiologic alterations and clinical consequences of the presence of
      microorganisms or their toxins in the bloodstream or tissues. Gram-negative
      bacteria produce sepsis and septic shock via the release of the cell-wall
      component known as endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). The lipid A moiety, common to
      gram-negative bacteria, is immunogenic and appears to account for many of the
      biologic effects of endotoxin. A variety of mediators, including tumor-necrosis
      factor, are released in response to endotoxin, with resultant diverse effects on
      host tissues, including organ dysfunction and shock. Adequate treatment requires
      prompt recognition of infection, especially endotoxemia and sepsis, and the early
      institution of appropriate therapy. Corticosteroids offer little benefit, and the
      efficacy of naloxone and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has not been
      determined. Although suitable antimicrobial therapy is necessary to eliminate the
      offending organisms, antimicrobial agents do not inhibit the effects of the
      bacterial toxins that are present in sepsis. The outcome of sepsis may be
      favorably influenced in the future by the use of newer methods of detection and
      newer treatment modalities, including monoclonal antibodies directed against
      endotoxin or inhibitors of inflammatory mediators.

PMID- 2275479
TI  - Species attribution of the Swartkrans member 1 first metacarpals: SK84 and SKX
      5020.
AB  - Susman (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 75:277-278, 79:451-474; Science 240:781-784; In
      FE Grine (ed): Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecines. New York:
      Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 149-172) has attributed the morphologically similar SK 84
      and SKX 5020 hominid first metacarpals to Homo erectus and Australopithecus
      robustus, respectively, and has inferred that both species exhibited derived
      pollical morphologies, indicating refined precision grips. Consideration of the
      structure of his taphonomic arguments indicates that there are no adequate
      nonmorphological reasons to attribute these specimens securely to one or the
      other of the craniodentally represented species at Swartkrans. His morphological
      arguments fail to note any significant differences between the two specimens.
      Only the contrast in size between the small SK 84 and large SKX 5020 bones might
      warrant a species distinction; yet comparison of their length ratio to
      distributions of modern human first metacarpal length ratios indicates that it is
      not possible to reject conclusively the null hypothesis that they are
      conspecific. Therefore, early hominid adaptive scenarios based on a derived Homo
      like manual functional morphology in A. robustus remain without a secure
      paleontological basis.

PMID- 2275480
TI  - Bilateral absence of the lesser trochanter in a late Epigravettian skeleton from
      Arene Candide (Italy).
AB  - A virtually complete skeleton recovered from excavations in a Late Upper
      Paleolithic context by Cardini between 1940 and 1942 at the Arene Candide cave
      (NW Italy) lacks the normal development of the left and right lesser trochanters.
      The specimen is a short-statured male about 25 years old and shows no other
      especially peculiar skeletal irregularities, except for high negative angles of
      femoral torsion. We discuss a number of possible etiologies for the anomalous
      absence of the lesser trochanters. The condition is most likely a result of an
      epigenetic effect or a traumatic avulsion of both lesser trochanters. If the
      absence of normal development of the lesser trochanters involves a congenital
      condition, it is an extremely rare, previously undescribed trait. If the
      condition results from bilateral traumatic avulsion, it is probably the result of
      excessive muscular stress on the proximal femur and provides further evidence of
      hardship of life in Paleolithic populations and of the ability of these people to
      survive debilitating trauma.

PMID- 2275482
TI  - Ventral arc of the os pubis: anatomical and developmental considerations.
AB  - The ventral arc is a ridge of bone which may occur on the ventral surface of the
      corpus of the os pubis in adult females. Recently, this feature of the human
      public bone has regained attention as being of value in ascribing sex. The
      ventral arc should not be confused with a somewhat similar crest that can occur
      in adult males, which is characterized by a different position and configuration
      than that of the ventral arc. The corpus is the site of both muscular and
      ligamentous attachments. The tissues correlated with adult bony morphology and
      its development in females and males during growth are described. The primary
      research question addresses the factors involved in the determination of bony
      differences between the sexes. Sexual dimorphism in bony features of the ventral
      aspect of the human os pubis relates to muscular origin and to differential
      growth patterns between males and females.

PMID- 2275481
TI  - Differential diagnosis of rib lesions: a case study from Middle Woodland southern
      Ontario circa 230 A.D.
AB  - The right ribs of an adult male (#18) from the LeVesconte Burial Mound in
      southern Ontario show extensive osteolytic and/or osteobastic lesions, some with
      bone thickening, interpreted herein as evidence of a chronic actinomycotic
      infection. In the alveolus, the presence of periapical abscesses and periodonitis
      with secondary inflammation may be associated with the pathogenesis of this
      bacterial disease by providing the normally commensurate Actinomyces israelii
      with the necessary conditions for their reproduction. This presumptive diagnosis,
      if correct, appears to represent the first case of actinomycosis in human
      palaeopathology. Recent literature reviews suggest that actinomycosis was not
      uncommon in preantibiotic populations, and that it has a high predilection for
      bone. Though actinomycosis can be associated with any subsistence strategy, such
      as, in this case, hunting and gathering, hypothetically it is most likely to
      occur in agricultural populations where general disease stress and age-adjusted
      dental pathology are highest. It is argued that in the differential diagnosis of
      archaeological specimens, as much attention should be given to the documentation
      of the natural range of variation of lesions produced by less well-known
      diseases, such as actinomycosis, since the disease ecology of pre-western
      populations differed significantly from our own.

PMID- 2275483
TI  - Test of socioeconomic causation of secular trend: stature changes among favored
      and oppressed South Africans are parallel.
AB  - Secular trends in body height, however common, run at different rates and even in
      opposite directions in various populations. The standard explanation is that
      direction and tempo of the trend are reflections of changes in the socioeconomic
      situation. The aim of this work is to test this hypothesis by examining trends in
      different socioeconomic groups living in the same country. Our observations on
      affluent South Africans of European extraction (AE) and on Polish medical
      students are compared with the data on statures of other affluent and poor
      peoples from the two countries measured at various dates during the 19th and 20th
      centuries. The trend among native Southern Africans is erratic (Tobias: South
      African Journal of Medical Science 40:145-164, 1975), but the overall direction
      is positive with a slow rate (0.24 cm/decade for 72 Negroid male groups and 0.48
      cm/d for 28 Khoisan male samples). Magnitude of the trend among adult AE (0.41
      cm/d for females, 0.59 for males) does not differ significantly from that among
      natives. The trend was absent in the data for 10-year-old AE boys and girls. The
      rate of trend among AE is much lower than that in their countries of origin
      (mainly Holland and Britain). The trend among AE medical students is markedly
      weaker than the trend among Polish medical students (1.21 cm/d), who in turn
      parallel Polish general conscripts (1.24 cm/d). It follows that the explanation
      of the secular trend as being an ecosensitive response of individuals to changing
      levels of well-being is insufficient.

PMID- 2275484
TI  - Stature loss among an older United States population and its relation to bone
      mineral status.
AB  - Age-related statural loss has been recorded but incompletely assessed in modern
      populations. In this study, data collected on stature during annual bone mineral
      assessments are analyzed for 1,024 Caucasian individuals from southern Arizona.
      Continued stabilization in reported maximum heights is seen in this population.
      With advancing age there is a gradual decrease in height apparently beginning in
      the mid-40s. Thereafter, there is a relatively rapid decrease in measured height.
      This contrasts to the much slower rates predicted from earlier populations
      (Trotter and Gleser: American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9:311-324, 1951).
      The rate of stature loss is associated with diminution of bone mineral density as
      well as with maximum height. Since there are suggestions of a secular trend
      toward greater reductions in bone mineral density, this study suggests there may
      be a secular trend toward an increase in statural loss with age.

PMID- 2275485
TI  - American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Membership list.

PMID- 2275486
TI  - Interaction of attentional and motor control processes in handwriting.
AB  - The interaction between attentional capacity, motor control processes, and
      strategic adaptations to changing task demands was investigated in handwriting, a
      continuous (rather than discrete) skilled performance. Twenty-four subjects
      completed 12 two-minute handwriting samples under instructions stressing speeded
      handwriting, normal handwriting, or highly legible handwriting. For half of the
      writing samples, a concurrent auditory monitoring task was imposed. Subjects
      copied either familiar (English) or unfamiliar (Latin) passages. Writing speed,
      legibility ratings, errors in writing and in the secondary auditory task, and a
      derived measure of the average number of characters held in short-term memory
      during each sample ("planning unit size") were the dependent variables. The
      results indicated that the ability to adapt to instructions stressing speed or
      legibility was substantially constrained by the concurrent listening task and by
      text familiarity. Interactions between instructions, task concurrence, and text
      familiarity in the legibility ratings, combined with further analyses of planning
      unit size, indicated that information throughput from temporary storage
      mechanisms to motor processes mediated the loss of flexibility effect. Overall,
      the results suggest that strategic adaptations of a skilled performance to
      changing task circumstances are sensitive to concurrent attentional demands and
      that departures from "normal" or "modal" performance require attention.

PMID- 2275487
TI  - Letter identification and lateral masking in dyslexic and average readers.
AB  - Lateral masking and letter identification in dyslexic and average readers were
      investigated with a methodology that corrected for some of the weaknesses of the
      Geiger and Lettvin studies (1986, 1987). Target letters were presented alone or
      embedded within three-letter arrays at retinal locations from 0 degrees to 15
      degrees to the right or left of a fixation point. A foveal letter, which was the
      same as or different from a target letter, appeared as a distractor, and
      comparisons were made between scaled and unscaled stimuli. Dyslexic readers were
      found to be better than average readers at detecting scaled letters embedded in
      an array in some of the peripheral locations tested. Unlike the results of Geiger
      and Lettvin, however, this finding of better letter detection in the periphery by
      dyslexics was limited to selected conditions of the study. Reading groups were
      also found to differ in responding to the foveal distractor in the letter task.
      Detection of letters by average readers was affected by the type of distractor,
      but this variable was not found to influence the dyslexic readers. These findings
      suggest some differences between dyslexic and average readers in attention to
      stimuli presented at multiple locations in the visual field.

PMID- 2275488
TI  - [Quality control in the process of health care of infants].
AB  - We are having an internal, retrospective audic of 302 medical care histories
      corresponding to all infants between 0 and 18 months registered at the health
      centre between 1st Nov. 1986 and 30th April 1988, with purpose of determining the
      degree of quality achieved by the professional staff in the completion of the
      medical records, systematic examinations of health and objectives proposed in the
      Centre's Program for Infants, similarly assessing the adeherance of patients to
      the same. We found a level of those registered globally, of 81 por 100 of all
      analysed data, which we assessed as improvable. The ratio obtained of securance,
      cover and maintainance of maternal lactancy, the correct iniciation of beikot and
      vaccination, although satisfactory, did not reach proposed standards except in
      the maternal lactancy objective initiated, which improved (67.66% vs 60.0%). The
      ratios relative to the adeherance to and acceptance of the program by the users
      are satisfactory: the infants who left it constituted only 3.3%. Atendance of
      those summored is 97.03% and 24% of failures to attend were due to changes of
      address. We are however proposing concrete corrective measures to make early
      contact with the gestative mother and the newborn in order to improve the process
      of health care.

PMID- 2275489
TI  - [Primary peptic ulcer in infancy and childhood. Personal experience].
AB  - We report a retrospective review of primary peptic ulcer peptic disease in 61
      children. The follow-up period ranged from 1 month to 6 years. All cases were
      confirmed by endoscopic examination and related with radiological studies result.
      The number of ulcer peptic disease detected increased as much as the number of
      endoscopies were performed annually. In the last 20 patients pinch biopsies from
      antrum were taken looking for Campylobacter pylori, encountering 10 positives.
      The relation male:female were 2:1. Gastrointestinal bleeding had occurred in
      children below 6 years and abdominal pain was seen in older children. All of
      patients who had C. pylory infection had had recurrent abdominal pain. Three
      peptic ulcer were documented in patients with cystic fibrosis, which had the
      worse response to medical treatment. Others, had a satisfactory response.

PMID- 2275490
TI  - [Transient neonatal pustular melanosis].
AB  - Ten newborn infants with transient neonatal pustular melanosis are reported. The
      incidence (0.59%), the most noticeable clinical aspects and the differential
      diagnosis are pointed out. We report with special emphasis the presence of
      eosinophils in the smears from skin lesions. The authors think that transient
      neonatal pustular melanosis and erythema toxicum neonatorum are, probably, two
      different clinical expressions of the same entity.

PMID- 2275491
TI  - [Guillain-Barre syndrome. 15 pediatric cases].
AB  - Clinical features and outcome of 15 children with Guillain-Barre syndrome were
      retrospectively analyzed. In 53% of the patients there was an infectious illness
      previous to the neurologic symptoms and in five children the etiologic agent was
      demonstrated. Motor deficit affecting limbs was the most common clinical
      presentation and facilal paralysis was the most frequent accompanying sign. One
      of these children developed the Fisher syndrome variant. The outcome was
      excellent except in one case. We want to remark from this serie high percentage
      of agents identified in the infectious process previous to Guillain-Barre
      syndrome and the good outcome of these patients, due to the supportive treatment
      in the pediatric intensive care unit where they were admitted.

PMID- 2275492
TI  - [Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia].
AB  - We report 65 cases (1970-1989). They were processing in a data base program for
      cardiology records. A number of selected variables, were analysed by un
      statistical package. The results of 230 statistical tests between means,
      percentage and correlations, point out statistical value on prognosis forecast.
      Highest heart rates an ectopic rhythms were more frequent in infants and they
      were associated with heart failure and the needed of treatment. Respiratory
      distress is associated with severity. Palpitations, precordial pain and syncops
      are associated with good prognosis of the disease. The heart rate by taking the
      pulse help us to make the diagnosis; but it is not allowed to give any treatment
      until we do an ECG. The use of antiarrhythmic drugs is associated with the need
      of complex technique studies.

PMID- 2275494
TI  - [Prevention of child abuse].

PMID- 2275493
TI  - [Usefulness of the determination of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin in relation
      to other hematologic parameters in iron deficiency].
AB  - Hematological parameters and free eythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) on a capillary
      blood sample were measured in 175 apparently healthy children ranging from 6
      months to six years of age. Thirty eight children had hematological parameters
      descended and/or FEP elevated were asked to return for blood counts, FEP, serum
      ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding, capacity, transferrin saturation and
      ALA-D activity, on a venous blood sample. Only 34 children returned. Twenty
      seven, 15.4%, had iron stores descended or iron deficiency, 18 of them with
      anemia. FEP had significant correlation coefficients with hematologic parameters
      (p less than 0.001), serum iron and transferrin saturation (p less than 0.01). On
      iron deficiency anemia detection, the FEP had a sensibility and specificity of
      0.94 and 0.75 respectively.

PMID- 2275495
TI  - [Congenital absence of the pulmonary valve. Analysis of 7 cases].
AB  - We present seven cases of congenital absence of pulmonary valve observed during a
      15 years period. There are five females and two males, aged from one day to six
      years. Three patients with a birth weight under 1.500 g died in the first 24
      hours. All the patients had a systolic diastolic murmur and a single second
      sound. Two dimensional echocardiography was the procedure that allowed a definite
      diagnosis. In the valvular ring area a fixed ecogenic image was observed during
      the cardiac cycle. The pulmonary trunk and branches were dilated and the valvular
      ring was normal or small. In four patients the study was completed with
      catheterism and angiocardiography. Two were operated upon, with closing of the
      ventricular septal defect, aortic hemograft in pulmonary situation and reduction
      of pulmonary artery branches size.

PMID- 2275496
TI  - [Pseudotumor cerebri in an infant].
AB  - Two cases of benign intracraneal hypertension or pseudotumor cerebri, associated
      with non specific infective illness, in infants are reported. Presenting symptoms
      were vomiting, irritability and bulging anterior fontanelle. Both infants had
      rapid resolution of their symptoms after lumbar puncture, although the second
      case had recurrences with further febrile diseases. We suggest that a non
      specific infective illness can interfere transiently with cerebrospinal fluid
      dynamics.

PMID- 2275497
TI  - [Yersinia enterocolitica infection in a patient with thalassemia major].

PMID- 2275498
TI  - [Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy: a new etiology of epilepsia partialis
      continua].

PMID- 2275499
TI  - [A case of severe respiratory distress syndrome treated with a surfactant of
      porcine origin (curosurf)].

PMID- 2275500
TI  - [Infantile asthma, IgA deficiency and acetylsalicylic acid intolerance. A
      clinical case and its evolution].

PMID- 2275501
TI  - [Alkaptonuria: diagnostic difficulties in early infancy].

PMID- 2275502
TI  - [Incontinentia pigmenti: report of a case].

PMID- 2275503
TI  - [Fibrolipomatous hamartoma of the nerve].

PMID- 2275504
TI  - [Cryptogenic liver abscess: report of a case].

PMID- 2275505
TI  - [Acute abdomen secondary to a giant pancreatic pseudocyst].

PMID- 2275506
TI  - [Tracheobronchomegaly in a 19 month old infant].

PMID- 2275507
TI  - [Neonatal tuberculosis: report of a case].

PMID- 2275508
TI  - [Splenic epidermoid cyst. Immunohistochemical study].

PMID- 2275509
TI  - [Recurrent urticaria as a manifestation of hepatic hydatidosis].

PMID- 2275510
TI  - [Neonatal cardiac insufficiency secondary to renovascular hypertension (report of
      a case treated with captopril)].

PMID- 2275511
TI  - [Problems of pharmacokinetics in pregnancy. A bibliographic review].
AB  - Drug prescription in pregnancy for the treatment of maternal diseases and the
      first attempts to obtain therapeutic effects even on the product of conception
      make necessary to know the pharmacokinetics of drugs in pregnancy. The Authors
      discuss how changes of physiological maternal parameters and the presence of the
      placenta and of the foetus can affect drug pharmacokinetics in a clinically
      important way. The possibility that the unique multicompartmental structure of
      the maternal-placental-foetal unit can "trap" drugs in the foetus is highlighted.
      Methodological, ethical and legal problems make the acquisition of data on these
      changes difficult, but their knowledge is needed in order to prevent adverse and
      toxic effects both in the pregnant woman and in the foetus and to attempt a
      therapy of foetus diseases in intrauterine life.

PMID- 2275512
TI  - [Twin pregnancy with acephalic acardiac fetus. Anatomo-clinical description of 2
      cases].
AB  - Two cases are reported of acardiac-acephalic twin pregnancy, a rare malformation
      of multiple gestations with large placental vascular anastomosis. In both cases,
      respectively 25 and 30 weeks of gestation, ultrasound scan revealed a first
      normal fetus and a nonviable twin without cardiac activity and head, but
      increasing in size at serial scans. The authors describe the obstetric
      management, the Rx details and the anatomo-pathological findings emphasizing the
      analogies between the two acardiac fetuses.

PMID- 2275513
TI  - [Dynamics of the cervical mucosae during hormonal contraception by low-dose
      estrogens. A controlled prospective clinical study].
AB  - The Authors report the results of a prospective clinical study by means of
      colposcopy, planimetric measurements of iodine-light areas, cytology and target
      biopsy on 140 women taking low-dosage oral contraceptives and 140 controls. A
      basal examination and a follow up control at a mean interval of 13 months (min.
      6, max. 30 months) have been performed. Colposcopy has shown no qualitative
      changes during follow up, neither in cases nor in controls. Planimetric
      measurements have shown a significant reduction of Ectropion and AnTZ in cases in
      comparison to controls, and more NTZ both in cases and controls. Cytology has
      shown at follow up a higher and significant reduction of phlogosis and viral
      cytopathic effect in cases. The results related to CIN, although non significant
      because of the small case group and the relatively short follow up, appeared more
      favorable in cases. In conclusion, oral contraception appears not to negatively
      affect the uterine cervix as far as cervical cancer is concerned but possibly to
      be protective. Nevertheless a longer follow up and a wider case group are needed
      in order to reach definitive results.

PMID- 2275515
TI  - [Role of sexuality in female condylomatosis].
AB  - On the premises that there is a difference between infection and symptomatic HPV
      disease the Author looks for the possible reasons why it becomes manifest at a
      particular time of life. The comparison between an indigenous population sample
      and a group of women affected by florid HPV revealed no difference in sexual
      habits, behaviour or life style. This suggests the hypothesis that the genital
      apparatus uses a symbolic language expressing unease with, or rejection of a
      conflicting emotional situation not capable of being resolved directly.
      Condylomatosis may be instrumental as the actual pretest for the interruption or
      modification of sexual or other relationships which have become intolerable.

PMID- 2275514
TI  - [Cultural identification of patients with sexually transmitted diseases].
AB  - The authors considered psychological problems concerning the communication to
      patients about a diagnosis of Sexual Transmitted Disease and particularly of HPV
      disease. In the past this sort of affection was related to some well identified
      social groups, but with the recent changes in sexual behavior, cultural and moral
      principles, the reference models are changed too. Consequently today it is
      difficult to recognize a rigid identification. However it is still possible that
      during the communication of the diagnosis the physician unconsciously transfers
      to the patient "his" classification with a given model among the groups of STD
      affected. This is particularly true for the gynecologist that is reporting on HPV
      infection or disease. Therefore the physician has to pay a great attention to the
      way he communicates, because in addition to the clinical concept there are
      psychological effects on the patient and on her relationships that could result
      iatrogenic.

PMID- 2275516
TI  - [Late hemorrhage as an unusual complication of placenta increta. A clinical
      case].
AB  - A 26 year old patient is urgently submitted to cesarean section for acute fetal
      pain. After 23 days, hysterectomy has been performed because of haemorrhagic
      shock. The pathology revealed a placenta increta. The lack of risk factors and
      the long, asymptomatic period between delivery and haemorrhage make this case
      noteworthy.

PMID- 2275517
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of naproxen sodium and ibuprofen in the
      treatment of primary dysmenorrhea].
AB  - Efficacy of Naproxen sodium and Ibuprofen have been compared in the treatment of
      primary dysmenorrhoea on 67 women aged between 13 and 20 casually divided into
      two groups. No statistically significant difference has been noticed in the
      remission of symptomatology between the two groups at therapeutic dosage,
      although Naproxen sodium has a longer plasmatic half-life than Ibuprofen.

PMID- 2275518
TI  - [The contribution of color-coded Doppler in early vascular complications of
      kidney transplantation].
AB  - Ultrasound techniques and radionuclide studies are very often used to assess
      vascularization of renal transplants. Although, in acute tubular necrosis or
      acute rejection, it is difficult to choose between these two techniques, in 3
      recent cases of renal artery thrombosis, we conclude that color coded Doppler is
      preferable to nuclear medicine or duplex system to diagnose this form of
      thrombosis.

PMID- 2275519
TI  - [The measurement of cerebral perfusion and hemodynamic reserve using SPECT: use
      in cerebral vascular pathology].
AB  - The isolated measurement of cerebral blood flow can lead to gross errors in
      vascular disease, particularly ischaemic disease, because of disruption of the
      relations between blood flow and metabolism. In contrast, the measurement of
      cerebral blood flow combined with measurement of the haemodynamic reserve
      overcomes these difficulties, regardless of the method of evaluation: reactivity
      to CO2 or to acetazolamide; measurement of the flow/volume ratio. The author
      demonstrates that these measurements are even more valuable in situations in
      which morphological examinations (MRI or computed tomography) are of little
      value: transient ischaemic attacks, asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis, etc.
      However, these measurements are useful in constituted infarctions or in vasospasm
      to assess the distant effects or to guide the therapeutic adjustment or even to
      provide prognostic elements. Combined measurement of perfusion and haemodynamic
      reserve, although it does not constitute a formal proof, is now largely
      accessible by means of non-specialized gamma cameras with determination of the
      flow/volume ratio.

PMID- 2275520
TI  - [Magnetic resonance imaging of the larynx. Its contribution compared to x-ray
      computed tomography in the pre-therapeutic evaluation of cancers of the larynx.
      Apropos of 90 surgical cases].
AB  - The authors report a prospective and comparative study of the pre-operative
      staging of 90 laryngeal carcinomas by CT and MRI, with blind analysis of each
      examination. The radio-anatomic correlations and the inter-method correlations
      (CT versus MRI) are reported. According to the authors MRI seems to be the method
      of choice because of its capabilities in soft tissues differentiation and because
      of its multiplanar representation. The motion artefacts are resolved by the fast
      imaging technique and the spatial resolution is optimized by special surface
      coils.

PMID- 2275521
TI  - [Daily bifractionated split course radiotherapy in non-anaplastic, non
      metastatic, non-resectable cancers of the lung. A preliminary study. Apropos of
      129 cases].
AB  - Between January 1980 and December 1986, 326 cases of lung cancer were treated at
      the Centre de Telegammatherapie Saint-Dominique in Marseille. 232 cases,
      including 129 non-anaplastic, non-metastatic, unresectable tumours, received
      bifractionated treatment; each patient received at least one cycle of
      radiotherapy (8% of stage I, 41% of stage II, 25% of stage IIIa, 26% of stage
      IIIb, 70% of squamous carcinomas, median age: 69.1 years). The protocol consisted
      of two cycles of 20 Gy in 10 fractions of 5 to 7 days, 2 sessions per day
      separated by an interval of 6 hours and with a split of 3 weeks. One hundred and
      twenty two patients received two cycles ("TDF 89" = 55 Gy) and, in view of the
      excellent tolerance, 44 patients received, 6 to 8 weeks later, a third cycle
      consisting of either 12 Gy in 6 fractions over 3 days ("TDF 110" = 68 Gy) or 16
      Gy in 8 fractions over 4 days ("TDF 120" = 74 Gy) to a target volume reduced to
      the tumour zone. For the overall group, the tolerance was good or very good in
      90% of cases, the median survival was 8.2 months, the objective response rate was
      86% with a complete response rate of 11% and the loco-regional failure rate at
      the time of death was 41%. The important prognostic factors were: general status,
      oncological contraindications to surgery, the type of response (complete
      response: median survival: 12 months), the limited or advanced stage (median
      survival: 11.3 months versus 6.3 months) and the number of cycles, in particular:
      a third cycle was well tolerated and increased the survival (the median survival
      increased from 8 to 11 months, p = 0.01), allowed a curative dose to be
      administered, as the rates of complete, by more than 75%, partial and objective
      remission increased significantly from 9 to 16%, from 42 to 73%, from 77 to 82%
      and from 86 to 98% respectively. Fibroscopy returned to normal or was limited to
      simple infiltration in 80% of cases and the local failure rate was 36%. A
      comparative study of 364 patients treated with monofractionation at the CHU
      Timone is underway and the preliminary results appear to be very favourable.

PMID- 2275522
TI  - Cerebral complications of purulent meningitis in children assessed by
      transfontanellar ultrasonography in Yaounde (Cameroon).
AB  - Sixty-one children, aged 0 to 12 months, all having meningitis confirmed by
      bacteriological and biochemical studies of CSF, were subjected to
      transfontanellar US exploration and clinical follow-up. Thirty-three (54.1%)
      children were normal, and 28 (45.9%) presented cerebral complications:
      hydrocephalus 20 cases (71.4%), ventriculitis 5 cases (17.9%), abscess and
      ventriculitis 2 cases (7.1%) and cerebral atrophy 1 case (3.6%). 36.1% of
      patients with purulent or turbid CSF presented with complications. 24.6% of
      complications were due to unidentified bacteria and 11.4% due to pneumococcus
      group. 90.9% patients with coma, and 76.4% with convulsion showed cerebral
      complications. The authors recommend routine us exploration of children with
      confirmed meningitis in tropical milieu.

PMID- 2275524
TI  - [Mesenchymal extra-skeletal chondrosarcoma. Apropos of a case].
AB  - The authors report a case of extra-skeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma in a 22
      year old man. This rare tumour developed along the nerve tracts (nerve roots,
      sciatic nerve and gluteal nerves) with contiguous involvement of muscles and
      three different bones (vertebra, sacrum, iliac bone). The nature of the tumour
      could only be determined by histological examination of a large fragment.

PMID- 2275523
TI  - [Pyomyositis in AIDS. Apropos of a case].
AB  - Pyomyositis is a purulent infection of skeletal muscle, a rare entity in
      temperate climates. The disease has been rarely reported in patients with AIDS.
      Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant organism. This article presents a case
      of pyomyositis following insertion of a central venous catheter. Imaging
      techniques (ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance) are
      useful for diagnosis. The ultrasound-guided aspiration allows isolation of the
      etiologic agent. The traditional management is medical and surgical.

PMID- 2275525
TI  - [Cholestatic viral hepatitis A with hepatic portal adenopathy].
AB  - The authors report a case of type A viral hepatitis in an 8 year old boy in whom
      the clinical course was marked by prolonged cholestasis associated with porta
      hepatis lymphadenopathy. The positivity of anti-HVA IgM, the negativity of the
      other serodiagnostic tests, the parallel course of the hepatitis and the porta
      hepatis lymphadenopathy argus strongly in favour of the responsibility of
      hepatitis A in the development of this porta hepatis lymphadenopathy.

PMID- 2275526
TI  - Serum IgG subclass antibody responses in children vaccinated with influenza virus
      antigens by live attenuated or inactivated vaccines.
AB  - To ascertain whether live attenuated or inactivated vaccines can be considered
      equivalent, we examined the primary antibody response of children following
      vaccination with influenza virus antigens in three different formulations. Nine
      children received cold recombinant vaccine (CRV) containing A/Korea/82 (H3N2) and
      A/Dunedin/83 (H1N1) variants. Eight of these children responded to HA of the H3N2
      subtype and the major portion of the elicited antibody was in the IgG1 subclass.
      Antibody of low titer in the IgG2 and IgG3 subclasses was detected in two and six
      serum specimens, respectively. Six of the nine children administered with CRV
      responded to the H1 antigen and only IgG1 antibody was detected. Serum specimens
      from eight children less than one year of age (5 less than 6 months of age) who
      had developed an antibody response to trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV)
      vaccination were examined. High levels of IgG1 antibody to purified H3 were
      detected in all eight children. Low titers of antibody in IgG2 and IgG3
      subclasses were detected in two and five children, respectively. Antibody
      responses to purified H1 showed a similar subclass distribution. In order to
      examine secondary response, eight children primed by immunization with TIV
      vaccine were subsequently given a single booster dose of purified hemagglutinin
      (HA) conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (HA-D). In 6/8 specimens antibody rises were
      detected to purified H3 and H1 antigens. Prior to the HA-D immunization, low
      levels of HA specific IgG1 antibody were detected in all serum specimens and
      vaccine induced responses were primarily of the IgG1 subclass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2275527
TI  - Coenzyme A-acylating aldehyde dehydrogenase from Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL
      B592.
AB  - Acetaldehyde and butyraldehyde are substrates for alcohol dehydrogenase in the
      production of ethanol and 1-butanol by solvent-producing clostridia. A coenzyme A
      (CoA)-acylating aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which also converts acyl-CoA to
      aldehyde and CoA, has been purified under anaerobic conditions from Clostridium
      beijerinckii NRRL B592. The ALDH showed a native molecular weight (Mr) of 100,000
      and a subunit Mr of 55,000, suggesting that ALDH is dimeric. Purified ALDH
      contained no alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Activities measured with
      acetaldehyde and butyraldehyde as alternative substrates were copurified,
      indicating that the same ALDH can catalyze the formation of both aldehydes for
      ethanol and butanol production. Based on the Km and Vmax values for acetyl-CoA
      and butyryl-CoA, ALDH was more effective for the production of butyraldehyde than
      for acetaldehyde. ALDH could use either NAD(H) or NADP(H) as the coenzyme, but
      the Km for NAD(H) was much lower than that for NADP(H). Kinetic data suggest a
      ping-pong mechanism for the reaction. ALDH was more stable in Tris buffer than in
      phosphate buffer. The apparent optimum pH was between 6.5 and 7 for the forward
      reaction (the physiological direction; aldehyde forming), and it was 9.5 or
      higher for the reverse reaction (acyl-CoA forming). The ratio of NAD(H)/NADP(H)
      linked activities increased with decreasing pH. ALDH was O2 sensitive, but it
      could be protected against O2 inactivation by dithiothreitol. The O2-inactivated
      enzyme could be reactivated by incubating the enzyme with CoA in the presence or
      absence of dithiothreitol prior to assay.

PMID- 2275528
TI  - Hydrophobicity of Bacillus and Clostridium spores.
AB  - The hydrophobicities of spores and vegetative cells of several species of the
      genera Bacillus and Clostridium were measured by using the bacterial adherence to
      hexadecane assay and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Although spore
      hydrophobicity varied among species and strains, the spores of each organism were
      more hydrophobic than the vegetative cells. The relative hydrophobicities
      determined by the two methods generally agreed. Sporulation media and conditions
      appeared to have little effect on spore hydrophobicity. However, exposure of
      spore suspensions to heat treatment caused a considerable increase in spore
      hydrophobicity. The hydrophobic nature of Bacillus and Clostridium spores
      suggests that hydrophobic interactions may play a role in the adhesion of these
      spores to surfaces.

PMID- 2275529
TI  - Xylanase from the extremely thermophilic bacterium "Caldocellum saccharolyticum":
      overexpression of the gene in Escherichia coli and characterization of the gene
      product.
AB  - A xylanase encoded by the xynA gene of the extreme thermophile "Caldocellum
      saccharolyticum" was overexpressed in Escherichia coli by cloning the gene
      downstream from the temperature-inducible lambda pR and pL promoters of the
      expression vector pJLA602. Induction of up to 55 times was obtained by growing
      the cells at 42 degrees C, and the xylanase made up to 20% of the whole-cell
      protein content. The enzyme was located in the cytoplasmic fraction in E. coli.
      The temperature and pH optima were determined to be 70 degrees C and pH 5.5 to 6,
      respectively. The xylanase was stable for at least 72 h if incubated at 60
      degrees C, with half-lives of 8 to 9 h at 70 degrees C and 2 to 3 min at 80
      degrees C. The enzyme had high activity on xylan and ortho-nitrophenyl beta-D
      xylopyranoside and some activity on carboxymethyl cellulose and para-nitrophenyl
      beta-D-cellobioside. The gene was probably expressed from its own promoter in E.
      coli. Translation of the xylanase overproduced in E. coli seemed to initiate at a
      GTG codon and not at an ATG codon as previously determined.

PMID- 2275530
TI  - Production and secretion in Escherichia coli of hepatitis B virus pre-S2 antigen
      as fusion proteins with beta-lactamase.
AB  - The diagnostically important surface antigen pre-S2 of hepatitis B virus was
      produced in large amounts in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. The DNA
      fragments (pre-S2) coding the pre-S2 antigen were tandemly duplicated or
      triplicated and ligated in the same reading frame to a fragment containing the
      promoter and the signal sequence of the alkaline phosphatase-coding gene (phoA)
      of E. coli. Further, a DNA fragment (bla) coding mature beta-lactamase was joined
      to the region coding the C terminus of the pre-S2 repeat to stabilize the gene
      product. Upon induction of the phoA-(pre-S2)3-bla fusion gene, the fusion protein
      was produced at up to 30% of the total cellular protein. Fractionation of the
      cellular components and trypsin accessibility of the product showed that the
      antigen was secreted in the periplasm and formed inclusion bodies there. The
      signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase was found to be correctly processed in E.
      coli.

PMID- 2275531
TI  - Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in blood samples stored as
      high-salt lysates.
AB  - Blood samples to be tested for the presence of parasite DNA by using specific DNA
      probes are routinely stored in our laboratory as high-salt lysates (HSL). To
      safeguard against the risk of accidental infection with etiological agents such
      as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) while manipulating large
      numbers of blood samples in preparation for DNA probing, we determined the
      residual infectivity of HIV-1 after exposure to HSL components. Both high-titer
      virus stocks or provirus-carrying cells, suspended either in tissue culture
      medium or freshly drawn blood, were completely inactivated upon contact with the
      HSL components. This was verified by the absence of any detectable HIV-1-specific
      antigen in the supernatants of long-term cultures and the absence of virus
      specific DNA fragments after amplification by polymerase chain reaction with DNA
      from such cultures as target DNA. These results support the conclusion that the
      virus is in fact completely inactivated by contact with the HSL components,
      rendering blood specimens stored as HSL noninfectious in regard to HIV-1.

PMID- 2275532
TI  - Inducible overexpression of the FUM1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
      localization of fumarase and efficient fumaric acid bioconversion to L-malic
      acid.
AB  - Cloning of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae FUM1 gene downstream of the strong GAL10
      promoter resulted in inducible overexpression of fumarase in the yeast. The
      overproducing strain exhibited efficient bioconversion of fumaric acid to L-malic
      acid with an apparent conversion value of 88% and a conversion rate of 80.4 mmol
      of fumaric acid/h per g of cell wet weight, both of which are much higher than
      parameters known for industrial bacterial strains. The only product of the
      conversion reaction was L-malic acid, which was essentially free of the unwanted
      by-product succinic acid. The GAL10 promoter situated upstream of a promoterless
      FUM1 gene led to production and correct distribution of the two fumarase
      isoenzyme activities between cytosolic and mitochondrial subcellular fractions.
      The amino-terminal sequence of fumarase contains the mitochondrial signal
      sequence since (i) 92 of 463 amino acid residues from the amino terminus of
      fumarase are sufficient to localize fumarase-lacZ fusions to mitochondria and
      (ii) fumarase and fumarase-lacZ fusions lacking the amino-terminal sequence are
      localized exclusively in the cytosol. The possibility that both mitochondrial and
      cytosolic fumarases are derived from the same initial translation product is
      discussed.

PMID- 2275533
TI  - Expression and secretion in Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus niger of a cell
      surface glycoprotein from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, by using the
      fungal amdS promoter system.
AB  - A cell surface glycoprotein (Bm86) from cells of the digestive tract of the
      cattle tick Boophilus microplus, which has been shown to elicit a protective
      immunological response in vaccinated cattle, was expressed and secreted in the
      filamentous fungi Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus niger by using the fungal
      amdS promoter system. The cloned gene coded for the Bm86 secretory signal and all
      of the Bm86 mature polypeptide except for the hydrophobic carboxy-terminal
      segment. High levels of Bm86 mRNA were detected in the transformed cells. Bm86
      polypeptide was secreted from the cells in a soluble form and it was
      glycosylated, probably to a similar extent to the native glycoprotein. The
      recombinant product had an apparent molecular mass of 83 to 87 kilodaltons,
      whereas that predicted from the amino acid sequence was 69 kilodaltons. The Bm86
      was expressed at levels of up to 1.8 mg/liter, or approximately 6% of secreted
      protein under the growth conditions used. No intracellular Bm86 was detected. A
      general relationship was observed between transformants containing a high number
      of copies of the expression plasmid and high expression levels.

PMID- 2275534
TI  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae membrane sterol modifications in response to growth in
      the presence of ethanol.
AB  - Membranes isolated from yeasts grown in the presence of ethanol do not display
      the thermally induced transition in diphenylhexatriene anisotropy that is seen in
      control cells when they are exposed to ethanol in vitro. The total sterol content
      of the cells that were exposed to ethanol during growth is reduced, with no
      steryl esters being detected. A greater proportion of the total sterol pool is
      ergosterol in cells grown in the presence of alcohol. The activity of 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase is reduced by ethanol in vitro. Ethanol
      exposed cells take up more exogenous sterol under aerobic conditions than do
      control cells. The presence of ethanol during growth reduces the activity of the
      plasma membrane enzyme, chitin synthase, as well as increasing the
      thermosensitivity of this enzyme.

PMID- 2275535
TI  - Single-cell entrapment and microcolony development within uniform microspheres
      amenable to flow cytometry.
AB  - A method is presented for encapsulating single microbial cells in small spheres
      suitable for analysis and sorting by flow cytometry. The entrapped cells are able
      to multiply and form colonies contained within their respective microspheres. The
      system is based on ejecting the cells suspended in a gellable liquid through an
      orifice vibrating at ultrasonic frequencies, thus shearing the cell-containing
      jet into uniform droplets. When low-melting-temperature agarose was used, the
      droplets could be gelled into solid spheres during flight by appropriately
      directed colling air streams. This gelling was accompanied by significant
      dehydration, resulting in a twofold decrease in bead diameter and a corresponding
      increase in agarose concentration. Nevertheless, the microbeads obtained were
      highly uniform and had diameters which could be precisely controlled in the range
      of 10 to 40 microns. A variety of bacterial and yeast species were entrapped in
      agarose beads by using this system. In all cases the cells were able to develop
      into microcolonies containing as many as several hundred cells. This system
      enables one to apply the powerful method of flow cytometry to the analysis and
      sorting of whole microbial colonies. Potential applications of this technology in
      various areas of microbiology are considered.

PMID- 2275536
TI  - Failure of a diagnostic monoclonal immunofluorescent reagent to detect Legionella
      pneumophila in environmental samples.
AB  - Three commercial diagnostic fluorescein-labeled antibodies, one monoclonal and
      two polyclonal, were compared to evaluate their abilities to detect Legionella
      pneumophila in environmental samples. The monoclonal conjugate failed to detect
      L. pneumophila in the 12 environmental samples studied by direct
      immunofluorescence. In contrast, the two polyclonal conjugates detected L.
      pneumophila in all 12 samples by both direct and indirect immunofluorescence.
      However, isolates recovered by culture from the 12 samples demonstrated equal
      immunofluorescence with all three conjugates. The reason for the failure of the
      monoclonal antibody to detect L. pneumophila in the environmental samples remains
      unknown. Laboratories considering the use of the monoclonal conjugate to screen
      environmental samples for L. pneumophila should be aware of this finding.

PMID- 2275537
TI  - Survival in seawater of Escherichia coli cells grown in marine sediments
      containing glycine betaine.
AB  - Considering both the protective effect of glycine betaine (GB) on enteric
      bacteria grown at high osmolarity and the possible presence of GB in marine
      sediments, we have analyzed the survival, in nutrient-free seawater, of
      Escherichia coli cells incubated in sediments supplemented with GB or not
      supplemented and measured the efficiency of GB uptake systems and the expression
      of proP and proU genes in both seawater and sediments. We did this by using
      strains harboring proP-lacZ and proU-lacZ operon or gene fusions. We found that
      the uptake of GB and the expression of both proP and proU were very weak in
      seawater. The survival ability of cells in seawater supplemented with GB was a
      linear function of GB concentration, although the overall protection by the
      osmolyte was low. In sediments, proP expression was weak and GB uptake and proU
      expression were variable, possibly depending on the availability of organic
      nutrients. In a sediment with a high total organic carbon content, GB uptake was
      very high and proU expression was enhanced; cells previously incubated in this
      sediment showed a higher resistance to decay in seawater. GB might therefore play
      a significant role in the long-term maintenance of enteric bacterial cells in
      some marine sediments.

PMID- 2275538
TI  - Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, a facultative hydrogen oxidizer.
AB  - The type strain (ATCC 23270) and two other strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
      were able to grow by hydrogen oxidation, a feature not recognized before. When
      cultivated on H2, a hydrogenase was induced and the strains were less extremely
      acidophilic than during growth on sulfidic ores. Cells of T. ferrooxidans grown
      on H2 and on ferrous iron showed 100% DNA homology. Hydrogen oxidation was not
      observed in eight other species of the genus Thiobacillus and in Leptospirillum
      ferrooxidans.

PMID- 2275539
TI  - Identification of lactococci and enterococci by colony hybridization with 23S
      rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes.
AB  - Specific sequences of 23S rRNA of Lactococcus lactis, Enterococcus faecalis,
      Enteroccus faecium, and Enterococcus malodoratus/Enterococcus avium were
      identified, and complementary oligonucleotide probes were synthesized. The
      specificity of the probes was evaluated by dot blot and colony hybridizations.
      The probes can be used for the specific detection and identification of colonies
      of the corresponding species in mixed cultures.

PMID- 2275540
TI  - Characterization of thermostable cyclodextrinase from Clostridium
      thermohydrosulfuricum 39E.
AB  - Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E produced a cell-bound cyclodextrin (CD)
      degrading enzyme (cyclodextrinase). It was partially purified 205-fold (specific
      activity, 14.5 U/mg of protein) by solubilizing with Triton X-100, ammonium
      sulfate treatment, and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The enzyme
      activity was found to be stable at pH 5.5 and 60 degrees C and optimally active
      at pH 6.0 and 65 degrees C. The enzyme preparation hydrolyzed CDs, with alpha-CD
      greater than beta-CD greater than gamma-CD, and displayed a putative multiple
      attack pattern. The enzyme activity was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate but
      not by N-bromosuccinimide.

PMID- 2275541
TI  - Inactivation of mammalian fructose diphosphate aldolases by COOH terminus
      autophosphorylation.
AB  - Rabbit skeletal muscle and liver fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolases
      autophosphorylate in the presence of inorganic phosphate at physiological and
      alkaline pH. ATP as well as nonhydrolyzable ATP analogues inhibits
      autophosphorylation. Autophosphorylation of aldolases abolishes catalytic
      activity, which is restored upon treatment with alkaline phosphatase. Limited
      proteolysis of aldolase preferentially hydrolyzes the COOH terminus and liberates
      a phosphorylated peptide. Treatment of rabbit aldolases with carboxypeptidase,
      which liberates the COOH terminal residue Tyr 363, although modifying catalytic
      activity does not affect autophosphorylation. Amino acid analyses are consistent
      with results of autophosphorylation of the COOH terminus showing residue His 361
      in muscle aldolase and Tyr 361 in liver aldolase. Phosphate lability in acid pH
      by phosphorylated muscle aldolase but not by phosphorylated liver aldolase
      corroborates the amino acid assignment. Autophosphorylation of the aldolases in
      the crystalline state is consistent with an intramolecular mechanism. The pH
      dependence of autophosphorylation being dependent on the enzyme's physical state
      (soluble or crystalline) is not inconsistent with crystallization stabilizing a
      conformer having different amino acid pka values and/or reactivities than those
      of the soluble state.

PMID- 2275542
TI  - An in vitro model to test relative antioxidant potential: ultraviolet-induced
      lipid peroxidation in liposomes.
AB  - Since antioxidants have been shown to play a major role in preventing some of the
      effects of aging and photoaging in skin, it is important to study this phenomenon
      in a controlled manner. This was accomplished by developing a simple and reliable
      in vitro technique to assay antioxidant efficacy. Inhibition of peroxidation by
      antioxidants was used as a measure of relative antioxidant potential. Liposomes,
      high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), were dispersed in buffer and
      irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light. Irradiated liposomes exhibited a
      significantly higher amount of hydroperoxides than liposomes containing
      antioxidants in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner. Lipid peroxidation
      was determined spectrophotometrically by an increase in thiobarbituric acid
      reacting substances. To further substantiate the production of lipid peroxides,
      gas chromatography was used to measure a decrease in PUFA substrate. In order of
      decreasing antioxidant effectiveness, the following results were found among
      lipophilic antioxidants: BHA greater than catechin greater than BHT greater than
      alpha-tocopherol greater than chlorogenic acid. Among hydrophilic antioxidants,
      ascorbic acid and dithiothreitol were effective while glutathione was
      ineffective. In addition, ascorbic acid was observed to act synergistically with
      alpha-tocopherol, which is in agreement with other published reports on the
      interaction of these two antioxidants. Although peroxyl radical scavengers seem
      to be at a selective advantage in this liposomal/UV system, these results
      demonstrate the validity of this technique as an assay for measuring an
      antioxidant's potential to inhibit UV-induced peroxidation.

PMID- 2275543
TI  - Role of acetoin on the regulation of intermediate metabolism of Ehrlich ascites
      tumor mitochondria: its contribution to membrane cholesterol enrichment modifying
      passive proton permeability.
AB  - Acetoin, an unusual metabolite of highly glycolytic mammalian tumor cells, is
      synthesized from decarboxylated pyruvate and active acetaldehyde in mitochondria.
      It plays important roles in the regulation and detoxification of pyruvate
      metabolism through pyruvate dehydrogenase. We show in this report the inhibitory
      effect of acetoin on succinate oxidation by Ehrlich tumor cell mitochondria, and
      thus its regulatory role on intermediate metabolism. Acetoin utilization by
      Ehrlich mitochondria may lead to small quantities of citrate formation which
      increase the already increased cholesterol synthesis of cancer cells. Membranes,
      in particular the inner mitochondrial membrane, flooded with cholesterol, show a
      proton passive permeability twice as low as that of control mitochondrial
      membranes, a feature that may be related to drastic changes in membrane potential
      dependent metabolism of cancer cells.

PMID- 2275544
TI  - Relationship between phosphorylation and cytochrome P450 destruction.
AB  - In our previous report we showed cytochrome b5 to be a competitive inhibitor of
      cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) for interaction with cytochrome P450 (P450).
      While P450 was phosphorylated, cytochrome b5 was not. The phosphorylation of P450
      resulted in an inhibition of its catalytic activity. In this report we attempt to
      determine the relationship between phosphorylation of P450 from phenobarbital
      induced rat and its destruction. The results indicate there is a considerable
      alteration of P450 IIB1 when it is put into the phosphorylation medium. This
      includes destruction, i.e., loss of the hemoprotein nature (Soret peak), as well
      as denaturation, conversion of a proportion of the P450 to P420. The extent of
      phosphorylation correlated best with the amount of destroyed hemoprotein, and not
      with the formation of P420. There did not appear to be phosphorylation-dependent
      formation of apo-P450. Further, prior conversion of the P450 to P420 using sodium
      deoxycholate showed the same extent of phosphorylation as before the conversion.
      Thus, intact P450 is not required for phosphorylation nor is phosphorylation a
      prerequisite for hemoprotein destruction. P450 CAM (CIA1), which has the PKA
      substrate recognition sequence internalized, likewise undergoes conversion to
      P420 but this denaturation does not result in phosphorylation. Destruction of
      CIA1 with 6 M urea, however, did permit phosphorylation by PKA. P450 IIB1
      destruction was greatly diminished by cytochrome b5. This stabilization resulted
      in a decreased degree of phosphorylation as well as an increase in negative
      ellipticity in circular dichroism, indicative of an increase in the proportion of
      alpha-helical content in the P450. Suggestions are made that this structural
      modification caused by cytochrome b5 stabilizes the P450 against denaturation as
      well as against destruction and phosphorylation. Further, when the P450 IIB1 was
      kept stable as P450 in the absence of cytochrome b5 and without loss of
      hemoprotein during the incubation period, using phosphate-glycerol buffer
      containing 0.4% Emulgen 911, the phosphorylation of the P450 was greatly
      diminished, with only minor effects on the protein kinase reaction itself. These
      results suggest that the protein kinase reaction itself. These results suggest
      that the protein kinase substrate recognition sequence is not readily accessible
      to PKA in mammalian P450 IIB1 but requires a destabilization of the protein for
      phosphorylation to take place.

PMID- 2275545
TI  - Characteristics of the interaction of calcium with casein submicelles as
      determined by analytical affinity chromatography.
AB  - Interaction of calcium with casein submicelles was investigated in CaCl2 and
      calcium phosphate buffers and with synthetic milk salt solutions using the
      technique of analytical affinity chromatography. Micelles that had been prepared
      by size exclusion chromatography with glycerolpropyl controlled-pore glass from
      fresh raw skim milk that had never been cooled, were dialyzed at room temperature
      against calcium-free imidazole buffer, pH 6.7. Resulting submicelles were
      covalently immobilized on succinamidopropyl controlled-pore glass (300-nm pore
      size). Using 45Ca to monitor the elution retardation, the affinity of free Ca2+
      and calcium salt species was determined at temperatures of 20 to 40 degrees C and
      pH 6.0 to 7.5. Increasing the pH in this range or increasing the temperature
      strengthened the binding of calcium to submicelles, similar to previous
      observations with individual caseins. However, the enthalpy change obtained from
      the temperature dependence was considerably greater than that reported for alpha
      s1- and beta-caseins. Furthermore, the elution profiles for 45Ca in milk salt
      solutions were decidedly different from those in CaCl2 or calcium phosphate
      buffers and the affinities were also greater. For example, at pH 6.7 and 30
      degrees C the average dissociation constant for the submicelle-calcium complex is
      0.074 mM for CaCl2 and calcium phosphate buffers, vs 0.016 mM for the milk salt
      solution. The asymmetric frontal boundaries and higher average affinities
      observed with milk salts may be due to binding of calcium salts with greater
      affinity in addition to the binding of free Ca2+ in these solutions.

PMID- 2275546
TI  - NADPH- and NADH-dependent oxygen radical generation by rat liver nuclei in the
      presence of redox cycling agents and iron.
AB  - Redox cycling agents such as paraquat and menadione increase the generation of
      reactive oxygen species in biological systems. The ability of NADPH and NADH to
      catalyze the generation of oxygen radicals from the metabolism of these redox
      cycling agents by rat liver nuclei was determined. The oxidation of hydroxyl
      radical scavenging agents by the nuclei was increased in the presence of
      menadione or paraquat, especially with NADPH as the reductant. Paraquat, even at
      high concentrations, was relatively ineffective with NADH. The highest rates of
      generation of .OH-like species occurred with ferric-EDTA as the iron catalyst.
      Certain ferric complexes such as ferric-ATP, ferric-citrate, or ferric ammonium
      sulfate, which were ineffective catalysts for .OH generation in the absence of
      paraquat or menadione, were reactive in the presence of the redox cycling agents.
      Oxidation of .OH scavengers was sensitive to catalase and competitive .OH
      scavenging agents under all conditions. The redox cycling agents increased NADPH
      dependent nuclear generation of H2O2; stimulation of H2O2 production may play a
      role in the increase in .OH generation by menadione and paraquat. Menadione
      inhibited nuclear lipid peroxidation, whereas paraquat and adriamycin were
      stimulatory. The nuclear lipid peroxidation with either NADPH or NADH plus the
      redox cycling agents was not sensitive to catalase or .OH scavengers. These
      results indicate that the interaction of rat liver nuclei with redox cycling
      agents and iron leads to the production of potent oxidants which initiate lipid
      peroxidation or oxidize .OH scavengers. Although NADPH is more effective, NADH
      can also participate in catalyzing the production of reactive oxygen
      intermediates from the interaction of quinone redox cycling agents with nuclei.
      The ability of redox cycling agents to interact with various ferric complexes to
      catalyze nuclear generation of potent oxidizing species with either NADPH or NADH
      as reductants may contribute to the oxidative stress, toxicity, and mutagenicity
      of these agents in biological systems.

PMID- 2275548
TI  - Effect of dietary restriction on the degradation of proteins in senescent mouse
      liver parenchymal cells in culture.
AB  - We previously reported that the half-life of protein degradation in cells from
      old mice is about 50% longer than that in cells from young or middle-aged ones.
      In the present study we investigated the degradation rate of microinjected
      proteins (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and ovalbumin (OVA] and pulse-labeled
      proteins in hepatocytes from dietary-restricted old mice. Dietary restriction was
      initiated when mice were 23 months of age and performed in two steps (first 80%
      and then 60% of the ad libitum intake), the total period being 70 days.
      Hepatocytes were isolated from mice fed a restricted diet and fed ad libitum. The
      half-lives of HRP, OVA, and pulse-labelled proteins in the hepatocytes from mice
      fed a restricted diet were about 40% shorter than those in the cells from mice
      fed ad libitum. These values were close to those in the cells of young animals.
      These results are discussed in relation to our previous findings that a similar
      regimen reduces the percentage of heat-labile enzymes accumulated in tissues of
      aged animals.

PMID- 2275547
TI  - Effects of protein perturbants on phospholipid bilayers.
AB  - Series of alcohols, amides, ureas, and sulfoxides with increasingly longer
      hydrocarbon chains have been shown to lower progressively the thermal
      denaturation temperature of proteins. This effect is presumably due to a
      hydrophobic interaction between the solute and nonpolar domains of the protein.
      Theoretically, these interactions should occur between the solute and any
      macromolecular structure having a nonpolar region to which the solute has access.
      A recent review by Arakawa et al. has summarized evidence for such an interaction
      between organic solutes and proteins and suggested that these interactions are
      favored at higher temperatures. The present study investigates the effects of
      several classes of compounds on the stability of phospholipid vesicles. The
      results show that many compounds that are known to perturb protein function also
      destabilize phospholipid bilayers as reflected by solute-induced loss of vesicle
      contents.

PMID- 2275550
TI  - A complex effect of arsenite on the formation of alpha-ketoglutarate in rat liver
      mitochondria.
AB  - This investigation presents disturbances of the mitochondrial metabolism by
      arsenite, a hydrophilic dithiol reagent known as an inhibitor of mitochondrial
      alpha-keto acid dehydrogenases. Arsenite at concentrations of 0.1-1.0 mM was
      shown to induce a considerable oxidation of intramitochondrial NADPH, NADH, and
      glutathione without decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. The
      oxidation of NAD(P)H required the presence of phosphate and was sensitive to
      ruthenium red, but occurred without the addition of calcium salts. Mitochondrial
      reactions producing alpha-ketoglutarate from glutamate and isocitrate were
      modulated by arsenite through various mechanisms: (i) both glutamate
      transaminations, with oxaloacetate and with pyruvate, were inhibited by
      accumulating alpha-ketoglutarate; however, at low concentrations of alpha
      ketoglutarate the aspartate aminotransferase reaction was stimulated due to the
      increase of NAD+ content; (ii) the oxidation of isocitrate was stimulated at its
      low concentration only, due to the oxidation of NADPH and NADH; this oxidation
      was prevented by concentrations of citrate or isocitrate greater than 1 mM; (iii)
      the conversion of isocitrate to citrate was suppressed, presumably as a result of
      the decrease of Mg2+ concentration in mitochondria. Thus the depletion of
      mitochondrial vicinal thiol groups in hydrophilic domains disturbs the
      mitochondrial metabolism not only by the inhibition of alpha-keto acid
      dehydrogenases but also by the oxidation of NAD(P)H and, possibly, by the change
      in the ion concentrations.

PMID- 2275549
TI  - Activity of an NAD-dependent 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase in
      normal tissue, neoplastic cells, and oncogene-transformed cells.
AB  - As an extension of the previously reported observation concerning the existence
      of NAD-dependent 5,10-methylenetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase in transformed cells
      a variety of tissues and cell lines have been assayed for this activity. This
      activity was found in all assayed transformed cells. Results with rat liver
      derived epithelial (RLE) cells transformed with a series of oncogenes (v-raf, v
      raf/v-myc (J2), v-myc (J5), and v-Ha-ras (pRNR16)) indicated that expression of
      activity correlates with the extent of transformation and was independent of the
      oncogene used for transformation. Compared to previously reported values for
      normal tissue, surprisingly high levels of the NAD-dependent 5,10
      methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase were found in the rat adrenal cortex.
      This activity was not seen in mouse or bovine adrenal. Enzymatic activity was
      also detected in mouse bone marrow and was strain dependent. The levels of
      activity in mouse bone marrow were lower than previously reported. The NAD
      dependent 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity in rat adrenal
      and RLE cells may represent tools for studying the regulation of expression of
      this activity.

PMID- 2275551
TI  - Partial reduction in ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity by
      carboxypeptidase A.
AB  - Treatment with carboxypeptidase A of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
      (rubisco) from spinach and Chlamydomonas, but not tobacco, reduced activity by 60
      70%. Further studies with the spinach enzyme indicated that only one amino acid
      from each of the large (valine) and small (tyrosine) subunits was removed and the
      loss of activity was correlated with modification of the large subunit. The
      modified enzyme also had a two-fold greater Km for RuBP but CO2/O2 specificity
      was only 5% lower and may not be significantly different. The relative rates of
      release of valine and tyrosine also depended on the presence or absence of RuBP
      or CO2 plus Mg during treatment. The results indicate that the C-terminal amino
      acid in the large subunit of spinach, which is not located near the active site
      region, plays a previously unrecognized role in determining the catalytic
      activity of the enzyme.

PMID- 2275552
TI  - Association of fibronectin-like antigens in chromatin preparations from rat
      hepatoma cells.
AB  - High molecular weight hepatoma-associated nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHPs)
      in transplantable rat hepatoma cells were reported previously from this
      laboratory. A cDNA library prepared from Morris hepatoma 7777 cells was screened
      with the polyclonal antibodies against hepatoma NHPs and a positive cDNA clone
      (lambda P2A1) was isolated. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the cDNA clone
      was identical to that of rat fibronectin (FN). The polyclonal antibodies against
      hepatoma NHPs were shown to bind specifically to both rat plasma FN and the
      fusion proteins encoded by lambda P2A1. A monoclonal antibody specific to rat
      plasma FN also recognized high molecular weight antigens of hepatoma NHPs in a
      pattern similar to that demonstrated with the polyclonal antibodies. These
      results suggest the existence of FN or FN-like antigens in the chromatin
      preparations from rat hepatoma cells. The antigenic proteins are localized in the
      nuclei of neoplastic foci of liver undergoing hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2275553
TI  - Hydroperoxide-dependent epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the broad bean
      (Vicia faba L.).
AB  - Incubation of linoleic acid with the 105,000g particle fraction of the homogenate
      of the broad bean (Vicia faba L.) led to the formation of the following products:
      13(S)-hydroxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid, 9,10-epoxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid
      (9(R),10(S)/9(S)/10(R), 80/20), 12,13-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid
      (12(S),13(R)/12(R)/13(S), 64/36), and 9,10-epoxy-13(S)-hydroxy-11(E)-octadecenoic
      acid (9(S),10(R)/9(R),10(S), 91/9). Oleic acid incubated with the enzyme
      preparation in the presence of 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid
      or cumene hydroperoxide was converted into 9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid
      (9(R),10(S)/9(S),10(R), 79/21). Two enzyme activities were involved in the
      formation of the products, an omega 6-lipoxygenase and a hydroperoxide-dependent
      epoxygenase. The lipoxygenase, but not the epoxygenase, was inhibited by low
      concentrations of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid and nordihydroguaiaretic acid.
      In contrast, the epoxygenase, but not the lipoxygenase, was readily inactivated
      in the presence of 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid. Studies
      with 18O2-labeled 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid showed that
      the epoxide oxygens of 9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid and of 9,10-epoxy-13(S)
      hydroxy-11(E)-octadecenoic acid were derived from hydroperoxide and not from
      molecular oxygen.

PMID- 2275554
TI  - Cloning and characterization of two major 3-methylcholanthrene inducible hamster
      liver cytochrome P450s.
AB  - We have studied the immunochemical properties of two major 3-methylcholanthrene
      inducible hamster liver cytochrome P450 isozymes, P450 MC1 and P450 MC4.
      Immunoblots using specific antibodies against P450 MC1 and P450 MC4 demonstrated
      that these two P450s were present in very low levels in control hamster livers
      and were greatly induced by 3-methylcholanthrene treatment. P450 MC1 was
      immunochemically different from P450 MC4, rat P450c and P450d, and rabbit LM4.
      The immunorelated polypeptide to P450 MC1 was not present in the control or the 3
      methylcholanthrene-treated rat liver microsomes, whereas it was present in two
      human liver microsomal preparations. On the other hand, P450 MC4 was
      immunochemically related to rat P450d and rabbit LM4. The immunorelated
      polypeptide to P450 MC4 was present in the human and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated
      rat liver microsomes. We also isolated full-length cDNA clones encoding P450 MC1
      and P450 MC4 mRNAs from a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced hamster liver cDNA
      library. The full-length cDNA clones of P450 MC1 and P450 MC4 contained 1771 and
      1868 base pairs, which encoded polypeptides of 494 and 513 amino acids,
      respectively. RNA blot analysis revealed that the mRNAs for P450 MC1 and P450 MC4
      were 2100 and 2600 bases in length, respectively. 3-Methylcholanthrene
      pretreatment increased the P450 MC1 mRNA level by 16-fold and the P450 MC4 mRNA
      level by 11-fold in the hamster livers. A comparison of the deduced amino acid
      sequences with other cytochrome P450s revealed that P450 MC1 was most similar to
      the mouse P450(15) alpha with 75% sequence identity, whereas P450 MC4 shared 87%
      identity with the rat P450d or mouse P3(450). These results indicated that P450
      MC1 was a unique member (CYP2A8) in the P450IIA subfamily, whereas P450 MC4 was
      the hamster P450IA2.

PMID- 2275555
TI  - Purification and characterization of bovine cerebral cortex A1 adenosine
      receptor.
AB  - A1 adenosine receptors (A1AR) acting via the inhibitory guanine nucleotide
      binding protein inhibit adenylate cyclase activity in brain, cardiac, and adipose
      tissue. We now report the purification of the A1AR from bovine cerebral cortex.
      This A1AR is distinct from other A1ARs in that it displays an agonist potency
      series of N6-R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) greater than N6-S
      phenylisopropyladenosine greater than (S-PIA) greater than 5'-N
      ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) compared to the traditional potency series of R
      PIA greater than NECA greater than S-PIA. The A1AR was solubilized in 1% 3-[(3
      cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (Chaps) and then purified by
      chromatography on an antagonist [xanthine amine congener (XAC)]-coupled Affi-Gel
      10 followed by hydroxylapatite chromatography. Following purification, sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single protein of
      Mr 36,000 by silver staining, Na125I iodination with chloramine T and
      photoaffinity labeling with [125I]8-[4-[[[[2-(4-aminophenyl acetylamino) ethyl]
      carbonyl] methyl] oxy]-phenyl]-1,3- dipropylxanthine. This single protein
      displayed all the characteristics of the A1AR, including binding an antagonist
      radioligand [( 3H]XAC) with high affinity (Kd = 0.7 nM) and in a saturable manner
      (Bmax greater than 4500 pmol/mg). Agonist competition curves demonstrated the
      expected bovine brain A1AR pharmacology: R-PIA greater than S-PIA greater than
      NECA. The overall yield from soluble preparation was 7%. The glycoprotein nature
      of the purified A1AR was determined with endo- and exoglycosidases.
      Deglycosylation with endoglycosidase F increased the mobility of the A1AR from Mr
      36,000 to Mr 32,000 in a single step. The A1AR was sensitive to neuraminidase but
      resistant to alpha-mannosidase, suggesting the single carbohydrate chain was of
      the complex type. This makes the bovine brain A1AR similar to rat brain and fat
      A1AR in terms of its carbohydrate chains yet the purified A1AR retains its unique
      agonist potency series observed in membranes.

PMID- 2275556
TI  - Comparison of cathepsin L synthesized by normal and transformed cells at the
      gene, message, protein, and oligosaccharide levels.
AB  - The major excreted protein of transformed mouse fibroblasts (MEP) has recently
      been identified as the lysosomal cysteine protease, cathepsin L. The synthesis
      and intracellular trafficking of this protein in mouse fibroblasts are regulated
      by growth factors and malignant transformation. To further define the basis for
      this regulation, a cDNA encoding MEP/cathepsin L was isolated from a mouse liver
      cDNA library and used to compare cathepsin L of normal and Kirsten sarcoma virus
      transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Although cathepsin L message levels were
      elevated 20-fold in the transformed fibroblasts, normal and transformed cells
      displayed similar cathepsin L genomic DNA digest patterns and gene copy numbers,
      and cathepsin L mRNA sequences appeared identical by RNase protection analysis.
      These findings indicate that (i) cathepsin L is synthesized from the same gene in
      normal and transformed cells and (ii) cathepsin L polypeptides made by these
      cells are translated with the same primary sequence. Cathepsin L polypeptides
      synthesized by quiescent, growing, and transformed cells displayed similar
      isoelectric focusing patterns, suggesting similar post-translational
      modification. Site-directed mutagenesis of the mouse liver cDNA and expression in
      COS monkey cells was used to examine the glycosylation of mouse cathepsin L. The
      results indicated that only one of the two potential N-linked glycosylation sites
      (the one at Asn221) is glycosylated. Analysis by ion exchange chromatography on
      QAE-Sephadex, and affinity chromatography on mannose 6-phosphate receptor-Affi
      Gel 10, indicated that the cathepsin L oligosaccharide was phosphorylated
      similarly in normal and transformed cells. Although several phosphorylated
      oligosaccharide species were observed, the major species contained two
      phosphomonoester moieties and bound efficiently to the receptor. These findings
      suggest that cathepsin L made by normal and transformed mouse fibroblasts are
      identical and substantiate the hypothesis that trafficking of cathepsin L in
      these cells is regulated by growth-induced changes in the lysosomal protein
      transport system.

PMID- 2275557
TI  - Inhibition of intracellular sorting and processing of lysosomal cathepsins H and
      L at reduced temperature in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Our recent studies with pulse-chase kinetic analysis in primary cultures of rat
      hepatocytes suggest that newly synthesized lysosomal cathepsins H and L are
      initially synthesized as larger proform enzymes, and then the precursor molecules
      are subsequently converted to the mature enzymes by limited proteolysis during
      the intracellular sorting process. This proteolytic maturation of procathepsins
      appears to proceed within an acidic environment, and these processing events are
      closely connected with the activation of enzymes. To further characterize the
      intracellular processing site for lysosomal cathepsins H and L, the pulse-chase
      kinetic study was carried out at 20 degrees C in cultured rat hepatocytes,
      because the transport of the procathepsins was expected to be blocked at the
      trans-Golgi compartment at 20 degrees C. We show here that the newly synthesized
      procathepsins are accumulated intracellularly and the processing for lysosomal
      cathepsins is completely arrested at 20 degrees C along the sorting pathway. The
      procathepsins thus accumulated in the cell are presumed to be transported to the
      Golgi complex, since the oligosaccharide moieties of these polypeptides appear to
      be phosphorylated. When the cells were shifted to 37 degrees C after an
      incubation for 4 h at 20 degrees C, a gradual increase of the mature forms was
      found. However, the processing kinetics generating the mature enzymes were slow
      compared to those in control cells at 37 degrees C. When the NH4Cl was present in
      the cells after the temperature shift to 37 degrees C, the intracellular
      processing of procathepsins was considerably retarded and the release of
      intracellular procathepsins into the extracellular medium was observed. These
      results indicate that NH4Cl might exert the inhibitory effect on the mannose 6
      phosphate receptor-mediated intracellular targeting mechanism for the lysosomal
      cathepsins. Hence, the intracellular location of procathepsins accumulated at 20
      degrees C is considered to be in proximity to the trans-Golgi compartment. Taken
      together, the present observations suggest that the propeptide-processing step
      for procathepsins, which is a critical step for generating the active enzymes,
      proceeds within the prelysosomal compartment or the lysosomes after the enzymes
      leave the trans-Golgi compartment.

PMID- 2275558
TI  - Differential scanning calorimetry of a conformational transition in heavy
      meromyosin.
AB  - We have investigated the potential use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
      to characterize conformational changes in proteins with emphasis on a
      conformational change in the myosin head which may be related to the power-stroke
      providing force production in muscle contraction. Simulations indicate that two
      state conformational transitions with enthalpy changes greater than approximately
      30 kcal/mol should be observable by DSC. We present here differential scanning
      calorimetric studies of a predenaturation structural change in heavy meromyosin.
      The high concentration of protein required for these experiments leads to
      potential contributions from intermolecular interactions. The technical
      difficulties associated with studying conformational transitions by DSC are
      discussed.

PMID- 2275559
TI  - Purification of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase from Brassica juncea.
AB  - Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase was purified from Brassica juncea leaves
      approximately 4000-fold, to homogeneity. The native enzyme is a homodimer, with a
      Mr of 54,000. The purification involved (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, differential
      ultracentrifugation, and anion-exchange, hydrophobic, dye-ligand, and affinity
      chromatography. The purified enzyme has a pH optimum of 9.15 and a temperature
      optimum of 60 degrees C. Activity of the enzyme is stimulated by Mg2+ and is
      inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. At the optimum pH and 37 degrees C, the
      apparent Km values for adenine and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate were 3.8 and
      15 microM, respectively. Analysis of the purified protein by isoelectric focusing
      revealed the presence of two isozymes with approximate isoelectric points of 5.3
      and 5.4.

PMID- 2275560
TI  - Purification and characterization of an isozyme of catalase with enhanced
      peroxidatic activity from leaves of Nicotiana sylvestris.
AB  - Two isozymes of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), one with typically low peroxidatic
      activity (CAT-1) and the other with enhanced-peroxidatic activity (EP-CAT or CAT
      3) have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from tobacco (Nicotiana
      sylvestris) seedlings and antibodies prepared against each. The isozyme proteins
      showed no immunological cross-reactivity. The subunit Mr was 55,300 +/- 750 for
      CAT-1 and 53,300 +/- 850 for CAT-3 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the catalatic reaction, the apparent Km
      values for CAT-1 and CAT-3 were 0.057 and 0.054 M, respectively, and the kcat
      values were 4.8 x 10(7) and 3.0 x 10(6) min-1, respectively. In the peroxidatic
      reaction, both have similar apparent Km's for H2O2. The apparent Km values for
      CAT-3 for the series methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and allyl alcohols were 2.48,
      5.6, 38.6, 429, and 16.3 mM, respectively. For CAT-1, the values were 697, 55.8,
      no detectable reaction with propyl and butyl, and 163 mM, respectively. Neither
      isozyme utilized dianisidine or guaiacol in the peroxidatic reaction. Catalase
      activity (CAT-2) which eluted in an intermediate position between CAT-1 and CAT-3
      from a chromatofocusing column was composed of only one subunit whose Mr
      coincided with CAT-1, and only the antibody to CAT-1 reacted with CAT-2 protein.
      Thus, CAT-2 and CAT-1 appear closely related while CAT-3 is distinctly different.

PMID- 2275561
TI  - Ionization behavior of native and mutant insulins: pK perturbation of B13-Glu in
      aggregated species.
AB  - Upscale titration from pH 2.5 to 11.2 is used as a means for probing solvent
      accessibility of ionizing groups in zinc-free preparations of native and mutant
      insulins. Stoichiometry and pK alpha values of ionizing groups in the titration
      curves are determined by iterative curve fitting. Under denaturing conditions,
      the titration curve of human insulin is in good agreement with that predicted
      from the sum of unperturbed titrations of the constituent ionizing groups and
      yields an apparent isoionic point of 5.3. Under nondenaturing conditions where
      aggregation and precipitation occur, titrations show that only five out of six
      carboxylate residues of human insulin ionize in the expected region.
      Consequently, one carboxylate ionization is masked and the apparent isoionic
      point located at pH 6.4. Correlation between ionization behavior and patterns of
      aggregation and solubility is established by titrations of mutant insulins and of
      dilute native insulin. Titration of an unusually soluble species, B25-Phe----His,
      shows that precipitation is not responsible for the masked carboxylate ionization
      of native insulin. Titrations of mutants B13-Glu----Gln and B9-Ser----Asp show
      that the masked ionization probably originates from monomer-monomer interactions
      in the insulin dimer. We conclude that the B13-Glu side chain is responsible for
      the masked carboxylate ionization in aggregated forms of human insulin.

PMID- 2275562
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a second molybdopterin dinucleotide:
      molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide.
AB  - The pterin cofactor (bactopterin) in the molybdoenzyme CO dehydrogenase isolated
      from Pseudomonas carboxydoflava has previously been shown to differ from
      molybdopterin in molecular mass, phosphate content, stability, and other
      properties, implying a novel structure. The structure of the CO dehydrogenase
      pterin has been investigated in the present studies by alkylation and isolation
      of the carboxamidomethyl derivative. The alkylated pterin was identified as [di
      (carboxamidomethyl)]molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide on the basis of its
      absorption properties and by degradation with nucleotide pyrophosphatase yielding
      carboxamidomethylmolybdopterin and CMP. Further treatment of these products with
      alkaline phosphatase produced species with absorption and chromatographic
      properties identical to those of the corresponding dephospho compounds.
      Molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide is the second molybdopterin variant to be
      structurally characterized. The fact that molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and
      molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide contain molybdopterin in their structure shows
      that the pterin moiety, with its unique dithiolene-containing sidechain, is a
      structural element which is common to the organic portion of the molybdenum
      cofactors of many molybdoenzymes.

PMID- 2275563
TI  - The primary structure of rat ribosomal protein S3.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of rat ribosomal protein S3, which has been reported to
      form part of the binding site for initiation factors, was deduced from the
      sequence of nucleotides in a recombinant cDNA. Ribosomal protein S3 contains 243
      amino acids and has a molecular weight of 26,643. Rat S3 and Xenopus laevis
      ribosomal protein S1 are homologous: There are 62 identities in 63 consecutive
      residues in the carboxyl-terminal amino acid acid sequence of rat S3 and in a
      partial sequence of Xenopus S1. Hybridization of rat S3 cDNA to digests of
      nuclear DNA suggests that there are 8-10 copies of the S3 gene. The mRNA for the
      protein is about 950 nucleotides in length.

PMID- 2275564
TI  - [Francisco Diaz Medal award to Francisco Javier Sole Balcells. LV Congress of the
      Spanish Urology Association. Vigo, June 24, 1990].

PMID- 2275565
TI  - [Effect of anabolic hormones on the testis of calves: a morphopathologic and
      morphometric study].
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the morphological changes in calf
      testicular parenchyma following implantation of anabolics. Oestradiol and
      trenbolone acetate were observed to delay seminiferous tubule development of the
      calf testis resulting in a derangement of supporting and germinal cell
      maturation. We also observed an edematous process that primarily involved the
      interstitium and subsequently involved the interior of the seminiferous
      epithelium, causing a chain of subsequent changes. Changes in the germinal
      epithelium showed profound derangement throughout spermatogenesis and was
      particularly more marked and manifest during spermiogenesis.

PMID- 2275566
TI  - [Antimicrobial prophylaxis in urologic surgery].
AB  - To evaluate the efficacy of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis, we studied 130
      patients who were submitted to prostate surgery. These patients were divided into
      3 groups. Overall morbidity was lower for the patient group that had received
      antibiotic prophylaxis (Netilmicin, 3 doses) than for the group on placebo and
      the group on antibiotics postoperatively. The incidence of significant
      bacteriuria for the group on Netilmicin was less at 7 days (7.5%) and at 30 days
      (20.5%) than for the other groups: (22.55%) and (49.36%) at 7 and 30 days,
      respectively. The foregoing data indicate that preoperative antibiotic
      prophylaxis should be used for periods less than 24 h in all noninfected patients
      undergoing prostate surgery. The cost of antibiotic therapy, presence of
      opportunistic organisms and the duration of hospital stay are reduced by
      antimicrobial prophylaxis.

PMID- 2275567
TI  - [Oncocytic cell tumor. Problems, diagnosis, therapy].
AB  - Renal oncocytoma is an uncommon tumor. At least 203 such cases have been
      reported. This urologic condition represents a diagnostic difficulty and because
      its natural history has not been elucidated, its treatment remains a controversy.
      Two recent cases of renal oncocytoma seen at our Urology Service prompted us to
      review the literature and analyze the diagnostic methods, therapeutic approach
      and its prognosis.

PMID- 2275568
TI  - [Renal oncocytoma. Presentation of a case and review of the literature].
AB  - Renal oncocytoma is an uncommon, generally benign tumor of the renal parenchyma
      arising from tubular cells with typical gross, microscopic and ultrastructural
      features. We report another case of renal oncocytoma that had been treated
      conservatively on the basis of the pre- and intraoperative findings. The present
      case provides further insight into the biological behaviour of this tumor type.
      Its origin, pathological features, diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties, and
      prognosis are discussed.

PMID- 2275569
TI  - [Renal liposarcoma: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations].
AB  - We report on two cases of renal liposarcoma. The clinical features of this tumor
      type are described and diagnostic and therapeutic considerations are put forward.
      The usefulness of CT in the diagnosis of this disease entity is underscored. This
      permits us to evaluate the response to treatment and furthermore, it permits
      early detection of recurrence.

PMID- 2275570
TI  - [Reliability of computerized axial tomography (CAT), for the evaluation of lymph
      node involvement in patients with infiltrating bladder tumor].
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the reliability of CAT scanning in
      the preoperative evaluation to detect or discard pelvic lymph node involvement in
      patients with infiltrating bladder tumor. We compared the radiologic findings
      with the results of histopathologic examination of the lymph nodes following
      lymphadenectomy or biopsy of nodes with gross evidence of tumor spread. A
      comparative study performed in 84 patients revealed a sensitivity rate of 36.3%,
      a specificity of 87.2%, and an accuracy rate of 66.2% for CAT scanning and,
      although radiologic evaluation afforded good results, pelvic lymphadenectomy
      continues to be the method of choice for correct staging of infiltrating bladder
      tumors.

PMID- 2275571
TI  - [Inverted papilloma of the ureter. Review and treatment criteria].
AB  - We report a case of inverted papilloma of the ureter, a rare disease entity. To
      our knowledge, this makes the 22nd case reported in the literature. Patient
      anatomopathologic work up included electron microscopy and immunohistochemical
      methods. This condition is compared to urothelial tumours of the ureter and we
      discuss the therapeutic approach. Correct treatment is by tumor excision
      including its base by segmental resection of the ureter and end-to-end
      ureterorrhaphy or ureterocystoneostomy in tumors of the lower third. A case
      submitted to endoscopic resection with good clinical results has been recently
      described by Cabezas Zamora. Perioperative biopsy does not appear to provide more
      data relative to the surgical option. Like other authors, we believe that these
      warrant the same close follow-up as in urothelioma.

PMID- 2275572
TI  - [Heterotopic bone in urology].
AB  - The abnormal presence of bony tissue in organ systems is not uncommon; however,
      heterotopic bone in the GU system is rare and may be ascribable to different
      causes. The present study analyzes the etiopathogenesis of urogenital bony
      heterotopy in five patients in whom radiologic and/or histopathologic evaluation
      revealed the presence of the basic unit of structure of compact bone or haversian
      canal. Our findings prompt us to suggest that the term "os penis" should be
      changed to that of "penile osteoma" or "cavernositis ossificans of penis" on the
      basis of the histologic rather than the phylogenetic features of this genital
      disorder.

PMID- 2275573
TI  - [Spontaneous rupture of endo-ureteral catheter].
AB  - A patient with bilateral staghorn calculi treated by ESWL and endourologic
      placement of a double-J catheter is described. The patient was lost to follow-up
      for 18 months after catheter placement. When the patient was seen again,
      examination revealed a fractured catheter which warranted retrieval by combined
      nephrectomy and URS.

PMID- 2275574
TI  - [The immotile cilia syndrome as a cause of sterility].
AB  - We investigated the relationship between ciliary dyskinesia--commonly referred to
      as inmotile cilia syndrome--and sterility. In the past two years, we have
      accurately diagnosed 6 new cases of a total of 20 suspected as having this
      condition. To make the diagnosis, complete clinical, radiological,
      ultrastructural and spermatic work up was performed. All males in the fertile age
      were found to be sterile with spermatozoides with no motility. Sterility may
      initially go undetected in these patients due to early intense ORL and
      respiratory symptoms they present. However, mild forms of this disease entity may
      be asymptomatic and patients may consult for sterility with a clinical picture of
      scantily florid chronic bronchitis like that of smokers. Coincidental situs
      inversus may be useful in making the diagnosis.

PMID- 2275575
TI  - [Vascular hamartoma (cavernous hemangioma) of the penis. A case report].
AB  - We report on a case of a 20-year-old male patient who consulted for a tumor mass
      in the ventral aspect of the base of the penis. Routine examinations and
      ultrasound work up revealed a cavernous hemangioma of penis. Although tumor
      resection was performed with difficulty, excellent results were achieved and the
      patient was discharged 7 days thereafter.

PMID- 2275576
TI  - [Melanin in the prostate gland].
AB  - We report two rare cases of prostatic melanosis incidentally discovered on
      pathological examination of specimens from a prostate biopsy (adenocarcinoma) and
      open surgery (benign hyperplasia). We describe the features and discuss the
      hypotheses relative to this disease entity.

PMID- 2275577
TI  - [Diffuse capillary hemangioma of the bladder].
AB  - Hemangioma of the bladder is an uncommon, benign vascular tumor. To date, less
      than 100 cases have been reported in the literature. A case of diffuse capillary
      hemangioma involving the entire bladder is described herein. The patient had
      previously received radiotherapy and the condition developed into severe bladder
      retraction with massive vesicoureteric reflux. The patient underwent cystectomy
      preserving the prostate and seminal vesicles and an ileal neobladder was created
      using a segment of the sigmoid colon. A follow-up of more than 4 years evidenced
      good results. The literature is reviewed highlighting the diagnostic and
      therapeutic aspects of this condition.

PMID- 2275578
TI  - [Fibrous pseudotumor of the tunica vaginalis testis].
AB  - A case of fibrous pseudotumor of the tunica vaginalis in a 54-year-old male
      patient with no remarkable previous clinical history is described. The diagnosis
      was made following near total removal of the tunica vaginalis which presented
      firm nodules of different sizes and whitish fibrous plaques. We discuss the
      pathological findings in this lesion which may raise doubts when making the
      differential diagnosis from other benign paratesticular conditions and, above
      all, true neoplastic disease.

PMID- 2275579
TI  - [Unusual association of malakoplakia and renal polycystosis. A case report].
AB  - We report a case of malakoplakia coexisting with renal polycystosis, a rare
      association that had been histologically demonstrated in a patient who developed
      end-stage renal failure. This condition is reviewed highlighting its localization
      and coexisting conditions, and the different hypotheses relative to its
      pathogenesis are discussed. A better understanding of the metabolic and
      immunologic aspects have provided further insight relative to treatment.
      Furthermore, there appears to be an increasing tendency towards nosologic and
      clinical unification of different syndromes with changes in bacterial
      phagocytosis coexisting or secondary to immune changes.

PMID- 2275580
TI  - Irrepressible renal colic from spontaneous subcapsular hematoma as a sign of
      presentation of renal neoplasia. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Renal adenocarcinoma can present with a wide range of symptoms and clinical signs
      and among them pain is the more frequent. As a matter of fact, it can also assume
      the features of a reno-ureteral colic. This kind of symptom, however, is more
      frequently combined with macro-hematuria and seldom presents alone, even in the
      initial phases of the clinical course. In this case, and if it assumes the
      features of strong and irrepressible pain, it can probably be related to sudden
      and remarkable hematic harvest in subcapsular space or, owing to its breach, in
      perirenal space. Besides the benign neoplastic pathology (angiomyolipoma) or the
      malignant one, the spontaneous subcapsular or perirenal hematoma may be due to
      several other etiopathogenetic factors, the most significant being arteriopathy
      (poliarteritis, aneurysms), phlogosis and hemocoagulopathy. The present case has
      prompted the authors to underscore the importance and the meaning of isolated
      algetic lumbar symptomatology in the diagnosis of complicated renal neoplasia.
      After a critical review of the literature on the modes of presentation of algetic
      symptomatology in renal adenocarcinoma, particularly spontaneous subcapsular
      hematoma, the authors report on a 53 year-old male patient who consulted because
      of a sudden irrepressible pain in his left flank, which could be only partially
      mitigated by stronger analgetics. Examinations urgently carried out (abdominal
      ultrasound, urography, pelviabdominal computed tomography) made it possible to
      diagnose a widespread secondary spontaneous subcapsular hematoma with left-sided
      solid renal neoplasia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2275581
TI  - [Cytokines and their role in the pathogenesis and therapy of infections].

PMID- 2275582
TI  - [Taxonomic spectrum of pathogens of mixed infections in oncology patients and
      principles of their antibacterial therapy].
AB  - Mixed infections were observed in oncological patients irrespective of the tumor
      or infectious process localization. 25-30 per cent of the pathological materials
      from such patients were contaminated with bacterial associations. The number of
      the associates ranged from 2 to 5 depending on the pathological material tested.
      Therapy of infectious complications due to pathogen associations should stem from
      analysis of many factors, i.e. properties of the isolated or likely pathogens,
      individual characteristics of the patients, compatibility of the drugs used and
      their pharmacokinetic features.

PMID- 2275583
TI  - [Changes in sensitivity of clinical strains of bacteria to dioxidine from 1984 to
      1988].
AB  - Dioxidine sensitivity of 7291 strains of aerobic bacteria and 163 strains of
      anaerobic bacteria was assayed with the disk diffusion method. The sensitivity of
      the aerobes was studied in the time course from 1984 to 1988. It was shown that
      during the 5-year period, the sensitivity of gram-positive bacteria to dioxidine
      gradually decreased. At the same time no increase in resistance of gram-negative
      organisms to dioxidine was observed. A high dioxidine sensitivity of obligate
      anaerobes, i.e. Clostridium spp., Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., anaerobic
      cocci and others was demonstrated.

PMID- 2275584
TI  - [Antibiotic sensitivity of Shigella isolated from patients from 1974-1985].
AB  - Antibiotic sensitivity of 3524 Shigella cultures isolated from patients in 1974
      1982 and 414 cultures isolated in 1983-1985 was assayed with standard paper
      disks. The isolates of 1974-1982 were mostly responsive to ampicillin,
      carbenicillin, kanamycin, gentamicin, monomycin, neomycin and chloramphenicol.
      Certain differences in the level of the antibiotic resistance were observed in
      the Shigella isolates belonging to diverse species. Polyresistant cultures of
      Shigella amounted to 96.5% and ranged from 88.5 to 99.4% in different years. The
      number of the cultures with multiple resistance among Shigella sonnei was
      somewhat higher than that among the Flexneri and Newcastle bacilli. The Shigella
      isolates of 1983-1985 were mostly responsive to gentamicin, carbenicillin,
      neomycin, kanamycin and monomycin. 55.5% of the Shigella isolates were responsive
      to chloramphenicol and only 3.1% to tetracycline. Almost all the causative agents
      of dysentery isolated within that period were polyresistant. Phenotypic
      characteristics of multiple resistance in the Shigella cultures were studied.

PMID- 2275585
TI  - [Antibiotic resistance plasmids in Salmonella strains isolated from various
      sources].
AB  - Resistance of 60 Salmonella strains to aminoglycoside antibiotics was studied. It
      was found that 51 strains had a multiple resistance to the antibiotics used. By
      the antibiotic resistance phenotypes, the strains were divided into three major
      groups. Analysis of the extrachromosomal DNA revealed the presence of plasmids in
      48 antibiotic resistant strains and 6 antibiotic sensitive strains. The plasmids
      transferred by conjugation to the E. coli recipient from 21 antibiotic resistant
      strains. The 150-kb plasmids transferred in all the strains. The 100-kb plasmids
      additionally transferred in 5 strains. The high molecular weight plasmids that
      transferred to the recipient strain by conjugation encoded resistance to all the
      aminoglycosides used.

PMID- 2275586
TI  - [Tolerance of gentacycol--a local dosage form of gentamicin based on collagen-
      animal experiments].
AB  - Gentacycol is a local dosage form of gentamicin based on collagen for
      implantation to wounds in treatment of patients with infections of soft tissues
      and prevention of contamination of open injuries of the bones and soft tissues.
      General toxic and organotropic properties of gentacycol were studied on animals
      with subcutaneous implantation of the dosage form in doses equivalent to the
      therapeutic dose for man and exceeding it 2-fold. The study showed that the
      dosage form had no unfavourable side effects on the animal general state,
      hearing, the functional state of the liver and kidneys and the peripheral blood.
      In the doses tested gentacycol did not influence the indices of the
      cardiovascular system and neuromuscular conduction. Morphological examination of
      the skin and hypodermic tissues in the implantation site revealed no damaging
      action of the dosage form on the surrounding tissues.

PMID- 2275587
TI  - [Experimental study of a novel formulation for local application based on
      gentamicin, erythromycin and protease C].
AB  - A novel formulation for local application based on an enzyme of microbial origin,
      C protease, and two antibiotics, gentamicin and erythromycin, was studied on
      various experimental models in rats with respect to its effect on necrotic
      tissues and recovery of the skin and hypodermic tissue defects due to wounds. It
      was found that even within the first days of the application the formulation
      induced lysis of the primary crust, lowered exudation and promoted debridement,
      reduced the wound size and completely closed it. By its effect the formulation
      was similar to iruxol. In chronic experiments on animals with long-term
      application of the formulation to the skin and wound surfaces it showed no
      unfavourable general toxic or organotropic properties. The local irritating
      action was insignificant.

PMID- 2275588
TI  - [Solution of genetic problems of ecology using the automated system "Bioscreen C"
      (SOS-Chromotest program)].
AB  - Comparative experiments on the use of the automated system Bioscreen C (SOS
      chromotest program) and the Eims tests for estimating the SOS-inducing and
      mutagenic activity of chemical compounds belonging to 5 different classes showed
      that the system was obviously promising and safe in rapid screening of
      environmental mutagens and carcinogens. Advantages of the system use as well as
      its prospects, specificity and limitations were revealed.

PMID- 2275589
TI  - [Clinical picture and treatment of Legionella pneumonia in children].
AB  - Data on the clinical and laboratory study involving 150 children with the
      verified diagnosis of pneumonia observed as inpatients within a period from 1984
      to 1988 are presented. To elucidate the pneumonia etiology, blood sera to the
      causative agents of influenza and parainfluenza, adenovirus, RS virus, Mycoplasma
      pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila were assayed. An increase in the number of
      neutralizing antibodies to L. pneumophila was observed in 17.3 per cent of the
      patients. The majority of them simultaneously showed positive serological shifts
      with respect to the respiratory viruses. A specific clinical picture of pneumonia
      in the patients with the confirmed legionella infection was stated. The
      description of the treatment results is retrospective.

PMID- 2275591
TI  - [Recombinant human alfa2-interferon (reaferon) in ointment form in the treatment
      of various diseases of the skin and mucosa].
AB  - Clinical trials of the gene engineered human alpha 2-interferon as ointment were
      performed. The ointment was used in the treatment of patients with relapsing
      herpes of various localization, relapsing aphthous stomatitis and pemphigus
      vulgaris. It was shown that the ointment was harmless and its therapeutic effect
      was favourable. The preparation is recommended for introduction into the practice
      of public health.

PMID- 2275590
TI  - [Clinical and laboratory effect of leukinferon in purulent infections].
AB  - Clinical trials of human leukocytic alpha-interferon for injections, leukinferon
      were performed in 51 patients with different forms of surgical purulent
      infections. It was shown that leukinferon lowered the terms of normalization of
      body's temperature, leukocytosis, respiratory neutrophilic outbreak and levels of
      active T-lymphocytes. The same was observed when leukinferon was used
      prophylactically in cardiosurgical patients. The effect of leukinferon depended
      on the level of radical operations on primary purulent foci and severity of the
      patient's state. Leukinferon had immunomodulatory properties and mainly
      influenced the system of neutrophilic phagocytes. The action was lymphocyte
      mediated. The rapid effect of leukinferon makes it necessary to recommend it for
      treatment of patients with purulent infections as an agent of urgent
      immunomodulation.

PMID- 2275592
TI  - [Antibiotic binding by leukocytes from brucellosis patients].
AB  - Antibiotic binding by leukocytes from patients with chronic brucellosis was
      studied in vitro. The pathogens were located intracellularly. The specimens were
      collected during the disease aggravation prior to the treatment and at the
      beginning of the remission after the routine therapy. It was found that during
      the disease aggravation at the intoxication peak and accumulation of a large
      number of Brucella in the cells binding of methacycline, rifampicin and
      gentamicin somewhat increased. After completion of the treatment course when the
      number of Brucella in the leukocytes markedly lowered, up to disappearance, the
      antibiotic binding decreased and reached the control figures. Penetration of
      erythromycin into the cells infected with Brucella lowered at the disease peak
      and remained at that level with an insignificant tendency to normalization at the
      beginning of the clinical remission after the treatment. The facts suggested that
      intracellular localization of the bacteria would change the quantitative
      characteristics of interaction of the cells, i.e. human leukocytes with
      antibacterial chemotherapeutic agents. The direction of the shifts must depend on
      the particular proportion of various types of mechanisms for penetration of drugs
      into the intracellular medium.

PMID- 2275593
TI  - [Spectrum of pathogens in hospital infections in onco-urologic patients and their
      sensitivity to antibacterial drugs].
AB  - Retrospective examination of case records and laboratory findings related to 155
      patients discharged from the Urological Department of the All-Union Oncology
      Research Centre, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR within a period of 3
      months showed that 41.9 per cent of the oncourological patients had infectious
      processes requiring antibacterial therapy. Among 80 infectious episodes 62 or
      77.5 per cent were of intrahospital origin. There was a relationship of the
      frequency of the infections to localization of the tumor process, a patient's
      age, the treatment character and some diagnostic and treatment procedures. 70 per
      cent of the hospital infections were urinary and 15 per cent referred to
      suppuration of the operative wounds. The predominant causative agents of the
      complications were Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella tribe, Proteus spp. and
      Enterococci with the highest levels of resistance to antibacterial drugs. The
      drugs of choice for treating the infections in that group of the patients were
      ofloxacin and cefotaxime. Aminoglycosides, semisynthetic penicillins,
      cephalosporins and urological antiseptics were used in accordance with
      antibioticograms. In the treatment of severe gram-negative infections dioxydin
      was used. Since hospital infections in oncourological patients are usually caused
      by hospital multiple resistant strains of microorganisms, often present in
      associations, the adequate antibacterial therapy requires constant
      bacteriological surveillance providing not only the choice of the most efficient
      drug but also early correction of the therapy after the pathogen change.

PMID- 2275595
TI  - [Individualization of the amikacin administration regimen on the basis of the
      relationship between its pharmacokinetics and the patient's status].
AB  - Dosage individualization based on quantitative relationships between
      pharmacokinetic parameters and anatomophysiological and/or pathological factors,
      patient's factors (PFs) is of importance in designing optimal regimens.
      Unfortunately, the attempts to correlate aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic
      parameters and PFs often failed perhaps due to insufficient numbers of PFs under
      investigation. That is why we sought to involve more PFs, especially
      nontraditional ones, for explaining intersubject variability of the amikacin
      model-independent parameter in 20 patients with purulent inflammatory processes.
      Amikacin plasma concentrations in specimens collected 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 hours
      after the drug administration (500 mg, i.v.) were determined with the FRIA
      technique (TDx, Abbott). The mean values of the total clearance (Cl), steady
      state volume of distribution (Vss) and the mean residence time (MRT) were 87.5 +/
      18.4 ml/(h.kg), 0.33 +/- 0.07 l/kg and 4.0 +/- 0.6 h, respectively. Stepwise
      multivariate regression analysis made it possible to establish statistically
      significant correlations between the Cl and 8 PFs, including age, sodium plasma
      concentrations, plasma osmolarity, partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide,
      volumes of transfused plasma and blood and artificial pulmonary ventilation (r =
      0.99), as well as between the MRT and 6 PFs, including sex, plasma osmolarity,
      plasma creatinine concentrations, volumes of transfused plasma and artificial
      pulmonary ventilation (r = 0.94). Multiple correlations were also found between
      the area under the drug concentration/time curve and 11 PFs (r = 0.99). The
      coefficient of the multiple correlation between the Vss and volume of the
      transfused plasma proved to be much lower (r = 0.67). The multiple regression
      equation for the Cl prediction provided a reliable indirect estimation of the
      parameter individual values without the amikacin concentration data. Thus, it
      appeared possible to adjust the aminoglycoside dosage by taking into account 8
      PFs before the TDM data were available.

PMID- 2275594
TI  - [Role of microbiological surveillance in the choice of antibacterial therapy for
      intestinal Klebsiella infection in infants].
AB  - Data on the frequency of intestinal infections caused by Klebsiella spp. in
      infants at the age of 1 month to 1 year and antibiotic resistance of K.
      pneumoniae and K. oxytoca isolates from newborns and infants aged 1 month to 1
      year are presented. The frequency of the Klebsiella isolates from the newborns
      and infants at the age of 1 month to 1 year with acute intestinal infections
      amounted to 17.7 +/- 1.4 and 42.5 +/- 1.4 per cent, respectively. The majority of
      the clinical strains had a multiple resistance to 7-9 drugs. The overwhelming
      majority of the strains were sensitive to gentamicin, monomycin, kanamycin,
      neomycin and polymyxin B.

PMID- 2275596
TI  - Early development of visual cortex in human fetuses.
AB  - Prenatal development of visual cortex (area 17) was studied in human fetuses of 8
      9, 13-15 and 16-18 weeks of gestation, with a view to analyse the early critical
      events. Under light microscope, five zones of development were seen in all the
      age groups. The total thickness of cortex of area 17 as well as that of its
      cortical plate was measured with the help of camera lucida. It was observed that
      the total thickness of the cortex increased with increase in age. Diversity in
      the shape, size, staining intensity and arrangement of neurons was noted in the
      different zones. Most of the cells were found to have a thin rim of cytoplasm and
      a prominent nucleus with multiple nucleoli. The cells in subventricular zone and
      cortical plate were regularly arranged in vertical rows while in other zones,
      they were irregularly scattered. Several mitotic figures were seen in the
      ventricular zone at 8-9 weeks but later they were also noticed in subventricular
      and intermediate zones. In the later ages the mitotic figures were observed to be
      fewer in the ventricular zone. No mitosis was seen in cortical plate at any age
      period.

PMID- 2275597
TI  - [Variation of the transverse apophysis of the 7th cervical vertebra: anatomo
      radiological study of an isolated population].
AB  - The authors investigated the morphological changes in the transverse apophysis of
      C VII by Rx study on an isolated population. Two variations were mainly observed:
      the transverse mega-apophysis and the cervical rib. The authors found a
      remarkable incidence of variations, more than the average of the literature.
      Authors suppose that this results can be attributed at the geographical and
      economical isolation of the population and they hypothesize a genetic
      transmission of recessive autosomal type.

PMID- 2275598
TI  - Ultrastructural features of the human frontal cortex neurons of maturing and
      hydrocephalic cerebrum.
AB  - Human frontal cortex neurons of hydrocephalic infants were studied with electron
      microscope. A number of maturing neurones exhibited shrinkage and increased
      electron density of cytoplasmic matrix in the midst of gross hydrocephalic
      interstitial oedema. Remarkable preservation of growth cones and arrays of
      microtubules in a few neuronal perikarya and axons were discernible. Rows of
      normal looking neurones with parallel arrays of cisternae of rough endoplasmic
      reticulum were also detected. Thus, preservation of significant number of
      neurones was apparent even in cases of extreme hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2275599
TI  - [The epithelial bell].
AB  - The epithelial bell which surrounds the clitoris in most mammals arises by fusion
      of visceral and parietal layers of the prepuce. Adhesion of the epithelia occurs
      between the squamous cells and a normal connection is formed by desmosomes and
      other junctions. There is total absence of cornifications. The squamous
      epithelial double lamina splits occasionally in some patches where the free
      surfaces are getting back to a normal process of keratinization as in the wall of
      the vestibule. In the closed pits the keratin scales form squamous granules
      without sebaceous secretion. Sometimes a similar process occurs in the human
      prepuce with the same results as described in cat and rabbit. The granules of
      keratin are different from the smegmaliths as they do not contain sebaceous
      secretion.

PMID- 2275600
TI  - [Melanosomes, melanocytes and keratinocytes in the human epidermis in
      incontinentia pigmenti].
AB  - A functioning epidermal melanin unit implies a melanocyte capable of transferring
      melanosomes to keratinocytes; this requires not only melanocytes with adequate
      dendrites but also "receptive" keratinocytes. Skin with incontinentia pigmenti
      was examined by electron microscopy. Premelanosomes were occasionally found
      within keratinocytes and deposits of extracellular granular material that came
      from vacuolar degeneration of keratinocytes adjacent to melanocytes.

PMID- 2275601
TI  - [The average thickness of trabecular osteons in the iliac crest in normal
      subjects].
AB  - The mean wall thickness (MWT), measured by the Kragstrup technique, and the
      trabecular bone volume (TBV), have been measured in 50 transiliac undecalcified
      bone biopsies performed in 50 subjects who died suddenly (traffic accident,
      carbon monoxide, poisoning). Diseases affecting the skeleton were excluded in the
      autopsies. Our values for MWT were similar to those found in previously published
      studies except those of Kragstrup's group, in which values are higher. As our
      measuring technique was that of Kragstrup, these results could be explained
      either by a difference in staining methods (Solocromo cyanine R and Goldner
      method respectively) or by the differences in populations considered (French and
      Danish respectively). Our study confirmed a significant decrease in MWT and TBV
      with age and a positive correlation between MWT, TBV and age.

PMID- 2275602
TI  - Studies on the relationship between acute testicular damage and urinary and
      plasma creatine concentration.
AB  - A single dose of cadmium chloride (3.23 mumol Cd2+/kg) causing acute testicular
      damage in male rats also caused significant creatinuria and creatinaemia at 48 h
      after dosing. Doses of cadmium which did not cause testicular necrosis did not
      cause creatinuria or creatinaemia. Surgical ligation of the pampiniform plexus
      also caused ischaemic necrosis of the testis and this was followed by significant
      creatinuria and creatinaemia. However, neither orchidectomy followed by a toxic
      dose of cadmium, orchidectomy alone nor sham operation caused significant
      creatinuria or creatinaemia. Cadmium dosing induced a temporary loss of body
      weight which was less than that caused by food restriction. Food restriction did
      not cause significant creatinuria but did cause significant creatinaemia. These
      data suggest that the creatine is derived from the damaged testis and that
      measurement of urinary creatine may be a useful non-invasive means of detecting
      acute testicular damage caused by exposure to chemicals or mechanical impairment
      of blood flow.

PMID- 2275603
TI  - Haemopoietic stem cells in mice chronically exposed to styrene vapour.
AB  - Female C57BL/6X DBA/2 hybrid mice were exposed to two concentrations of styrene
      in inhalation chambers for 6 h/day, 5 days per week. The concentrations were 220
      ppm for a period of up to 8 weeks and 440 ppm for 2 days, followed by 330 ppm for
      up to 8 weeks due to early deaths after 440 ppm. Parallel groups were also
      treated with 5% ethanol in the drinking water during the days of styrene
      exposure. In the peripheral blood only a lymphocytopenia was found. The numbers
      of pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells, CFU-S, were unaffected, as were granuloid
      committed stem cells, CFU-C. Early and late erythroid stem cell numbers, BFU-E
      and CFU-E, showed high variability. At 220 ppm about half of the animals had CFU
      E numbers below 80% of controls, at 440/330 ppm about two-thirds of the animals
      had BFU-E and CFU-E numbers below this level. An additional effect of ethanol was
      not found.

PMID- 2275604
TI  - Investigation into the combined effects of ethanol and cadmium on rat liver and
      kidneys.
AB  - To examine the combined hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of cadmium and
      ethanol, rats maintained on an ethanol containing liquid diet (5% w/w) were given
      cadmium either acutely (3 x 1 mg/kg IP) or subacutely (about 14 mg/kg/day PO for
      6 weeks). Parameters tested were cadmium, zinc and copper contents of blood and
      various organs, metallothionein (MT) contents, polysome profile of liver and
      kidneys, serum SDH and GPT levels and creatinine clearance. Ethanol reduced the
      hepatic MT contents without altering the polysome profile and the zinc and copper
      contents. Cadmium on the other hand raised the MT contents in liver and kidneys.
      This effect of cadmium predominated in the combined treatment. Morphological
      examination and functional tests (SDH, GPT, creatinine clearance) indicate that
      cadmium does not enhance the toxic effects of ethanol, and vice versa.

PMID- 2275605
TI  - Comparison of the cytotoxicity and DNA-damaging properties of 2,4-D and U 46 D
      fluid (dimethylammonium salt of 2,4-D).
AB  - U 46 D Fluid (the dimethylammonium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in a
      commercial formulation) was more toxic to human fibroblasts than 2,4
      dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Moreover, U 46 D Fluid induced single-strand
      breaks at apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites of heat-acid treated PM2 DNA while 2,4
      D did not. The 1H-NMR spectrum of the dimethylammonium (DMA) salt of 2,4-D
      indicated the formation of a complex via a six-membered aggregate of the DMA ion
      and the acid group of 2,4-D. The role of complex formation of the DMA salt of 2,4
      D as a cause of single-strand breaking activity and increased cytotoxicity is
      discussed.

PMID- 2275606
TI  - Vitamin A supplementation increases levels of retinoic acid compounds in human
      plasma: possible implications for teratogenesis.
AB  - The concentrations of retinoic acid compounds were monitored by a newly developed
      highly sensitive HPLC procedure in plasma of six volunteers who received 833 IU
      vitamin A per kg body weight per day during a 20-day period. There was a
      significant increase of all-trans-retinoic acid (two-fold), 13-cis-retinoic acid
      (7-fold) and 13-cis-4-oxoretinoic acid (5-fold) over endogenous plasma levels of
      these retinoids. The same compounds had previously been found after treatment
      with the teratogenic drug isotretinoin (Roaccutan, Accutane). Our results raise
      the possibility that high vitamin A intake may carry a teratogenic risk
      attributable to increased levels of retinoic acid compounds generated from
      retinol by metabolic processes.

PMID- 2275607
TI  - Note on the preference of aliphatic epoxides for the N-7 position of guanine in
      DNA.
AB  - The reactivity of aliphatic epoxides like ethylene oxide, chloroethylene oxide or
      propylene oxide towards N-3 and N-7 in both purine bases was calculated by the
      MNDO method and correlated with their HOMO coefficients. A greater chemical
      susceptibility of the N-3 position in both purines to aliphatic epoxides when
      compared with the N-7 position was found. On this background the preference of
      aliphatic epoxides for the N-7 position of guanine in DNA was explained by the
      existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in adenine and guanine and the steric
      orientation of the N-3 (minor groove) and N-7 (major groove) positions of both
      purines in alpha-helical DNA.

PMID- 2275608
TI  - Accumulation of chromium in Chinese hamster V79-cells and nuclei.
AB  - The bioavailability of carcinogenic compounds plays an important role in the
      process of oncogenesis. Chromium in its hexavalent oxidation state is classified
      as carcinogen to humans. Therefore we studied the uptake of chromate(VI) into
      Chinese hamster V79 cells and nuclei isolated after the incubation of the whole
      cells with chromate. The chromium content of cells and nuclei was determined by
      atomic absorption spectroscopy. Chromate is taken up in a concentration dependent
      manner and accumulates to about 30 fold over the extracellular concentration of
      0.1 mmol/l. Incubating whole cells with the same concentration results in an
      intranuclear concentration of up to 6 mmol/l after 3 h. The kinetic parameters
      (KM = 0.34 mmol/l, Vmax = 0.12 fmol per cell and minute) are in the same order of
      magnitude as previously published data. The consequences of the high
      intracellular and intranuclear concentrations are discussed in terms of the
      genotoxic effects.

PMID- 2275609
TI  - Mechanism of the ketoconazole-cyclosporin interaction.

PMID- 2275610
TI  - [Ultrastructure of neuromuscular synapses of 3 types of muscle fibers of the rat
      diaphragm in acute chlorophos poisoning].
AB  - A comparative analysis of changes in ultrastructure of neuro-muscular synapses of
      three types has been studied in the rat diaphragmal muscle at an acute poisoning
      with chlorophos. A high stability to the damaging action of chlorophos in white
      muscle fibers has been revealed in comparison with other types. The most
      essential changes of the ultrastructure have taken place in slow intermediate
      fibers. These differences are evidently connected with certain peculiarities in
      morphofunctional organization of calcium-sequestring ++ components of three types
      of muscle fibers (sarcotubular system, mitochondria) and presence of parvalbulin.

PMID- 2275611
TI  - [Disorders of zinc transport through the ileal epithelium in vitamin A deficiency
      and ischemia].
AB  - By means of histochemical revealing of zinc and applying radioactive isotope 65Zn
      accumulation, absorption and distribution of cations of this metal in the mucous
      membrane of the iliac intestine have been studied in chicken, normal, at ischemia
      and at A-avitaminosis. An essential zinc-depositing ability is peculiar to
      coverings of mucus upon the intestine epithelium, and among intracellular
      components--to smooth endoplasmic reticulum. A-avitaminosis and especially
      ischemia result in increasing permeability of the apical part of the external
      membrane of epitheliocytes, in overloading of the latter with zinc cations, when
      they are introduced into the intestine, as well as in decreasing transepithelial
      transport of zinc. The changes mentioned are accompanied with certain
      disturbances in the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium.

PMID- 2275612
TI  - [Differences in macroglia of the spinal cord in various cold-blooded and warm
      blooded animals].
AB  - Certain macroglial differences of the spinal cord in poikilothermal (Rana
      esculenta, Lacerta agilis) and in homoiothermal (Columba livia, Felis domesticus,
      Macaca rhesus) animals have been revealed. A greater amount of glial satellites,
      surrounding neurons, motor centers of the spinal cord and appearance of new
      variety of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are observed in the homoiothermal
      animals. It is supposed that the phenomenon mentioned indirectly reflects the
      evolutionary process of a more distinct functional differentiation of macroglia.

PMID- 2275613
TI  - [Changes in the cell pool of the intramural neural plexus of the large intestine
      during postnatal development].
AB  - Using a complex of morphological, morphometrical and histochemical methods,
      morphofunctional regularities for the age-related changes in the cell pool of
      intramural (myenteric and submucosal) nervous plexuses have been studied in the
      large intestine of albino rats during postnatal development. Three periods in
      development and differentiation of neurocellular resources of the intestine have
      been distinguished: progressive growth, relative stabilization and regressive
      phenomena. Peculiarities in structural-chemical transformation of cellular
      elements have been revealed during each period. Reduction of the cell pool of
      plexuses, as well as development of adaptive compensatory processes take place
      with ageing. The role of denervation of the organ in development of age-related
      functional disorders is discussed.

PMID- 2275614
TI  - [Distribution of proteins in neural membranes as a factor of reabsorption of
      endoneural (interstitial) fluid].
AB  - An investigation on distribution of horseradish peroxidase (HP) product in the
      sciatic nerve membranes of albino rats, after HP intravenous injection, has been
      performed. Getting into the interstitial space of epineurium across the
      microvessel walls, HP spreads as far as the internal layer of the perineural
      membrane, forming a distinct gradient of concentration of protein at its border.
      In 60 min after injection of the tracer the value of the perineural-endoneural
      gradient for proteins is about 70-80% of the value of the plasma-endoneural
      gradient. A possible mechanism of the endoneural fluid evacuation, connected with
      various values of protein concentration in the endoneural space and within the
      nerve perineural membrane is discussed.

PMID- 2275615
TI  - [Histological characteristics of the reactions of cerebral neuroglia in
      laboratory animals].
AB  - Literature data and the authors' results, concerning structural and functional
      peculiarities of all varieties of the cerebral neuroglia under effect of a
      cranial-cerebral trauma, neurotropic chemical products and oxygen insufficiency
      have been considered. Ideas that neuroglial reactions under the conditions
      mentioned are proved to be constant and in dependence of certain peculiarities of
      each case are either progressive or regressive. The reaction degree is mainly
      proportional to the disturbance power. Nevertheless, certain discrepancies
      (ariactivity including) can be observed; this is also determined by a combination
      of prerequisites and by a peculiarity of individual reactivity of the CNS. The
      greatest stability of astroglia has been stated. Possible variations in relation
      between changes of neurons and gliocytes are mentioned. Suggestions are made that
      diffuse-focal progressive reactions of macroglia under conditions of
      neurotoxicoses can be determined not by proliferation of cells, but by their
      migration.

PMID- 2275616
TI  - [Chondroid tissue in the development of stromal components of the heart].
AB  - The chondroid tissue of the heart is an obligate provisional+ formation of the
      organ in question. It is formed during early stages of ontogenesis, develops
      maximally during the antenatal period and is preserved in the postnatal one. In a
      number of vertebrates it is the base for formation of cartilage and even bone in
      stroma of the heart. The ++chondroid tissue in embryos and fetuses performs, as
      regards the myocardium, stromal and trophic functions, further they are performed
      by the definitive connective-tissue stroma, in it vessels of the coronary system
      are situated. There are some reasons to suppose that the elements of the
      chondroid stroma are preserved during the postnatal ontogenesis in the myocardial
      intestinum, taking part in its metabolism.

PMID- 2275617
TI  - [Morphometric and histochemical characteristics of myocardial capillaries and
      cells in dogs].
AB  - The state of main structures of the functional element of the canine myocardium
      has been estimated at ether-oxygen narcosis. Heterogeneity of blood supply,
      histological and histochemical organization of the myocardium depends on its
      topological differentiation.

PMID- 2275618
TI  - [Anatomy of arteries of the upper extremity in various chromosomal and gene
      mutations].
AB  - Changeability of major + arteries and their main branches has been studied in 159
      preparations of the upper extremities of fetuses, newborns and children of
      suckling age with trisomies of 13, 18, and 21 chromosomes, anencephaly in
      newborns, died at asphyxia or birth injury without any visible developmental
      defects. Manifestation of anatomical changeability in the human being is under an
      essential influence of peculiarities of genotypes. In morphogenesis of the upper
      extremity arteries genes of 13, 18 and 21 chromosomes participate. Trisomies of
      13, 18 chromosomes cause more manifested and specific changes in morphogenesis of
      some structures, and trisomy 21 and mutant genes, producing anencephaly , only
      increase variability of their structure.

PMID- 2275619
TI  - [Nature of the estrous cycle, incidence of anovulation, chromosome gametopathies
      and fetal death in female rats with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) before
      pregnancy].
AB  - The effect of herbicide--2,4-D, injected before pregnancy begins, on the main
      parameters of the reproductive function of the female rats has demonstrated that
      chronic administration in doses 1 mg/kg and 12 mg/kg per day for 2 months results
      in certain disturbances in the estrus cycle, manifesting as prolongation of the
      diestrus phase and in changes of estrus and meta-estrus++ duration, as well as in
      an essential increase in rates of anovulatory cycles. Single administration of
      the preparation during the preovulatory period (50 mg/kg) produces certain
      disturbances in the chromosomal complex, manifesting as appearance of numerical
      chromosomal aberrations. When the administration is acute (10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg)
      an essential increase of the embryonal death takes place, in the first case--at
      the expense of ++pre-implantational, and in the second--both at the expense of
      pre- and ++post-implantational death. At chronic administration increasing rate
      of the intrauterine death takes place mainly at the expense of ++post
      implantational death of embryos.

PMID- 2275620
TI  - [Kinetics of T- and B-lymphocytes in the lymph nodes of human fetuses].
AB  - Investigations of the lymph nodes embryogenesis had mainly an anatomo
      histological character. At the present time a new approach is necessary:
      elucidation of main immunological characteristics of lymphoid elements, occupying
      lymph nodes already at early stages of ontogenesis. The aim of the investigation
      was to study marker composition of lymphocytes, occupying the lymph nodes of
      various regional groups, that are in anatomical and functional connection with
      the thymus, Waldeyer-Pirogov lympho-epithelial pharyngeal ring, appendix and
      Peyer's patches. The anterior, mediastinal, ileocecal and deep cervical lymph
      nodes have been studied in 23 human fetuses 17-28-week-old. Immunological and
      morphological peculiarities of development have been followed in the groups of
      the lymph nodes mentioned. According to the expression of superficial markers the
      character of heterogeneity in T- and B-cell systems and their kinetics during
      embryogenesis has been stated to be characteristic for each regional group. In
      all lymph nodes the number of T-lymphocytes predominate, their greatest content
      is noted in the ileocecal lymph nodes. The B-lymphatic system in the lymph nodes
      is presented poorly with its predominance among immunoglobulin-positive
      lymphocytes of Ig M(+)-cells.

PMID- 2275622
TI  - [Use of computers in teaching the course of histology and embryology].

PMID- 2275621
TI  - [Morphofunctional state of alveolar macrophages after administration of ethanol].
AB  - In white non-inbred female rats, that were regularly given ethanol with drinking
      water in concentration 100 g/l for 2, 5 and 10 months, functional state of the
      pulmonary alveolar macrophages has been analyzed, using cytological, cytochemical
      and electron microscopical methods. In two months their functional activity is
      inhibited, and in 5 and 10 months--activation is observed, that results not only
      in formation of certain protective reactions in the lungs, but facilitates
      development of certain pathological processes in the organ.

PMID- 2275624
TI  - [Determination of cholesterol levels].

PMID- 2275623
TI  - [Experience with using computers in teaching the students at the departments of
      anatomy and histology].

PMID- 2275625
TI  - [Correlation between eosinophilia and endomyocardial fibrosis. Current status].

PMID- 2275626
TI  - [Visualization of coronary artery obstructions by echocardiography].
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and
      specificity of 2D ECO in identifying proximal and medial obstruction of the
      coronary artery. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Sixty five patients with coronary artery
      disease were studied. In thirty three patients with previous coronary angiography
      the echocardiographer had knowledge of the topography and the degree of the
      coronary obstruction (group I) but in thirty two patients he didn't (group II).
      The mean age of group I was 54.4 years (44 to 76) and the mean age of the group
      II was 58 years (42 to 74). Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed at
      short-axis cross-sectional of aortic valve and images were frozen at end-diastole
      and reject settings were used to best visualize the coronary artery. RESULTS: It
      was possible to observe by 2D ECO the left main coronary artery in all patients.
      It was also possible to identify the proximal segment of the three main arteries.
      The detection of obstruction was overestimated by 2D ECO when it was in the left
      main coronary artery. In the proximal segment, in group I, the detection of
      obstruction in LAD, RCA and CXA was 87.5%, 66.6% and 50% and in group II, 77.7%,
      100% and 50% respectively. In the medial segment, in group I, the detection of
      obstruction in LAD and CXA was respectively 100% and 33.3% and in group II, 60%
      and 75%. These results show that the sensitivity and specificity to detect
      obstruction was highest in the LAD. The method overestimated the presence of
      obstruction in the medial segment of RCA in both groups. CONCLUSION: These
      findings indicate that 2D ECO is a feasible noninvasive method in assessing
      obstruction of the main coronary arteries with good sensitivity and specificity.

PMID- 2275627
TI  - [Incidence of dyslipidemia and its relation to coronary artery disease in
      Brazilian populations].
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the incidence of dyslipidemia and its relation to coronary
      artery disease (CAD) in two brazilian populations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 1.261
      subjects were analyzed; 674, whose mean age was 53 years, came from a cardiology
      private office (population A) and 587, whose mean age was 37 years, were
      employees of an engineering company (population B). Cholesterol was determined by
      the enzymatic method Chod-pap and LDL calculated by the Friedwald's formula.
      RESULTS: CAD was present in 35.1% of population A and in 1.4% of population B. In
      population A total cholesterol and LDL were above the expected, in all age
      groups. About 70% of these patients had cholesterol greater than 200 mg% and LDL
      greater than 130 mg%, which are considered desirable levels; 28% of women and 44%
      of men had HDL less than 35 mg%. Conversely, in population B total cholesterol
      and LDL were slightly above normal only in patients greater than 45 years old. In
      addition, about 65% of population had cholesterol less than 200 mg% and LDL less
      than 130 mg%; even so, 28% of women and 48% of men had HDL less than 35 mg%. In
      population A, there were no significant differences between the percentages of
      patients with and without CAD, over a wide range of cholesterol values.
      Similarly, levels of LDL, HDL and triglycerides as well as the incidence of
      hypertension, smoking and diabetes did not differ between patients with and
      without CAD. CONCLUSION: There is a high incidence of dyslipidemia in these
      brazilian populations, especially among patients from private office. Further,
      the isolated measurement of lipid fractions does not discriminate between
      patients with and without DAC, suggesting that other factors are involved in the
      genesis of the disease.

PMID- 2275629
TI  - [Pericardial disease erroneously diagnosed as endomyocardial fibrosis. Report of
      2 cases].
AB  - Two patients who were sent to operation with diagnosis of endomyocardial fibrosis
      (EMF) turned out to have pericardial disease. EMF had been suspected on the basis
      of clinical history, electrocardiographic, radiologic and echocardiographic data.
      The hemodynamic studies were "typical", and included apex amputation, flat
      ventricular surface and mitral and tricuspid insufficiencies. Thus,
      ventriculography should not be considered specific, but rather suggestive of
      endomyocardial fibrosis.

PMID- 2275628
TI  - [Endocarditis caused by Streptococcus bovis and colorectal neoplasms].
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the association of Streptococcus bovis endocarditis with
      large bowel neoplasms. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Twenty episodes (19 patients) of
      Streptococcus bovis endocarditis (5.05%) selected from 396 episodes of
      endocarditis followed up from 1978 to 1990. The mean age was 57.68 years, 16
      (84.21%) were males. Previous heart disease was not known in nine (45%). Previous
      manipulation that might induce bacteremia was identified in three patients.
      Symptoms related to neoplasia of the digestive system were not informed. The mean
      time of follow up (17 cases) was 33.76 months, standard deviation 27.37 months.
      Sixteen patients were submitted to colonic evaluation (barium enema in 11,
      colonoscopy in 5 patients, and both were performed in 5 patients). RESULTS: Bowel
      neoplasias were diagnosed in 12 (75%) of 16 patients submitted to colonic
      evaluation, one colonic adenocarcinoma in one (8.33%), patient, histologic benign
      polyps in eight (66.6%). Two patients are waiting for colonoscopic resection. In
      one patient the polyp was lost after colonoscopic resection. CONCLUSION: The high
      incidence of large bowel neoplasia in patients with Streptococcus bovis
      endocarditis indicates that evaluation of the large bowel must be performed on in
      patients with S. bovis endocarditis in order to diagnose neoplasias, even in the
      absence of symptoms of bowel disease.

PMID- 2275630
TI  - [Reversion of cardiogenic shock by direct angioplasty of the right coronary
      artery: a case report].
AB  - A 57 year-old male patient developed cardiogenic shock after inferior wall
      myocardial infarction. Cinecoronariography demonstrated a critical distal lesion
      of the right coronary artery. Transluminal percutaneous coronary angioplasty was
      carried out four hours after onset of pain and thirty minutes after hospital
      admission. Residual lesion was 40% and the patient recovered from cardiogenic
      shock.

PMID- 2275631
TI  - [Prostaglandins and omega-3 acids in the prevention of atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2275632
TI  - [Hypercholesterolemia: national awareness].

PMID- 2275634
TI  - The value of experienced midwives as clinical teachers through the process of
      mastery learning: a case study.
AB  - This paper is about the value of using experienced midwives in the clinical field
      as clinical teachers, thus enabling maximization of clinical experience and the
      optimal use of educational resources for the benefit of midwifery education and
      practice. The development, utilisation and evaluation of clinical tools for
      midwifery specific competencies through the process of mastery learning will be
      elucidated. Summary findings of program evaluation over a period of six years
      will be illustrated.

PMID- 2275633
TI  - Professional indemnity/malpractice. Legal expense insurance.

PMID- 2275635
TI  - Public policy--power--professionalism.
AB  - This paper is based on two academic papers written for a Bachelor of Nursing
      program. The first part of the paper consists of an analysis of public policy in
      the area of Maternity Services in Australia, and more particularly, in Victoria.
      The analysis follows the work of Richard Simeon, a Canadian public policy
      analyst, who has drawn strands of both economic and social analysis together. His
      work asserts that socio economic factors lead to an environment in which power is
      held by particular groups in society. These powerful groups then have a greater
      input into the development of values and ideology for that society, that then
      effect institutions involved in the policy making process. Analysis shows that
      the re-emergence of Midwifery and the imminent changes in Maternity Services have
      occurred due to the increasing power of women in society at a time when economic
      constraints have forced governments to look at ways of rationalising health care.
      The second part of the paper identifies the traditional characteristics of
      profession and critically appraises these from a feminist perspective. Discussion
      includes the concepts of medical dominance, power, the power of caring and
      existential advocacy. An argument is presented that profession as traditionally
      portrayed is not necessary for midwives, will not solve the problem of medical
      dominance, will alienate consumers and will ultimately lead to disunity. Such
      disunity would cause fragmentation of the powerbase that has led to changes thus
      far.

PMID- 2275636
TI  - Midwifery and the law.

PMID- 2275637
TI  - Effects of amino acids on acute alcohol intoxication in mice--concentrations of
      ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate and acetone in blood and tissues.
AB  - Condensation reactions between some SH-amino acids (L-and D-cysteine 1%) and
      acetaldehyde (50 microM) were studied in vitro experiment. In the aqueous
      solution, free acetaldehyde was reduced to 41.3% by L-cysteine and to 36.4% by D
      cysteine. In the reaction with human blood medium, after the medium was
      deproteinized with perchloric acid reagent, acetaldehyde was reduced to 47.0% by
      L-cysteine and to 43.8% by D-cysteine. D-Cysteine appears to have great stability
      of reacting acetaldehyde. In vitro experiment reactability for D-cysteine
      exhibited 3-8% higher than that for L-cysteine. Next, effects of some amino acids
      on alcohol metabolism were studied in male ICR mice. The animals were given
      ethanol through a gastric catheter at a dose of 2 g/kg and they were
      intraperitoneally injected L-cysteine (300 mg/kg), D-cysteine (300 mg/kg), L
      alanine (300 mg/kg) and control (saline), respectively in the period of one hour
      before the injection of ethanol. Blood and tissues samples were analyzed for
      ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate and acetone during alcohol intoxication in mice by
      head space gas chromatography. In the groups administered D-cysteine and L
      cysteine, the mice showed a definitely faster oxidation and disappearance of
      ethanol. Especially in the D-cysteine group, ethanol levels in blood, liver and
      brain remained lower than that in the other groups (p less than 0.01).
      Acetaldehyde levels in blood, liver and brain remained low by L-cysteine. Ethanol
      metabolites during alcohol oxidation by chemical reactabilities of L- and D
      cysteine showed different distribution in the mice, respectively. In the mice
      received L-alanine, acetate and acetone levels in blood, liver and brain were
      distinctly reduced (p less than 0.01). L-Alanine is reported to supply an
      abundance of pyruvic acid that performs the NAD-generating system. NAD produced
      is introduced to alcohol metabolism and the TCA cycle. It was thus presumed that
      the L- or/and D-cysteine, and L-alanine was effective in acute alcohol
      intoxication by heavy drinking.

PMID- 2275638
TI  - Interactive effect of ethanol administration on blood hydroxyzine levels in
      rabbits.
AB  - Mechanism of a rise of blood hydroxyzine concentrations (BHC) due to ethanol
      administration was investigated used rabbits. When 10 mg/kg hydroxyzine
      dihydrochloride were orally administered together with 10 ml/kg of 1 to 15%
      ethanol solution, BHC raised in all rabbits given ethanol solution more than 10%.
      When 10 ml/kg of 15% ethanol solution were orally administered at 1, 2 or 3 hours
      before oral administration of hydroxyzine, BHC raised markedly in all cases. BHC
      raised little or a little when hydroxyzine were orally administered immediately
      after intravenous administration of 5 ml/kg of 20% ethanol solution. It was
      considered that the main mechanism of a rise of BHC was not metabolic interaction
      between hydroxyzine and ethanol, but an enhancement of intestinal absorption of
      hydroxyzine due to ethanol. It was also found that hydroxyzine in blood
      distributed rapidly into bodily tissues.

PMID- 2275639
TI  - Delayed evoked otoacoustic emissions--an ideal screening test for excluding
      hearing impairment in infants.
AB  - A screening test is badly needed with which cochlear hearing impairment in small
      children and newborns can be detected. Delayed evoked otoacoustic emissions
      (DEOAEs) have been found in laboratory research to be a very useful tool to test
      the normality of cochlear preprocessing. The characteristics of a simple
      apparatus for clinical use to measure DEOAEs are described together with typical
      examples of emissions. Many case studies have already demonstrated the clinical
      usefulness of DEOAEs in neonates and small children. Five cases are explained in
      detail and the advantages of such an early screening test discussed.

PMID- 2275640
TI  - Changes of stapedius reflex and hearing threshold in patients receiving high-dose
      cisplatin treatment.
AB  - The value of stapedius reflex (SR) measurement in the clinical management of the
      ototoxic side-effect of cisplatin was examined in 24 patients who had received a
      dose of 100-120 mg/m2. The main finding was a frequent but inconsistent
      deterioration of the SR threshold (SRT) at 3 and/or 4 kHz, usually with a
      moderate rise of the hearing threshold (HT) in the frequency range 3-8 kHz. A
      hearing loss exceeding 60 dB HL is detected with high probability as an SRT
      deterioration. None of the patients showed any influence on the SRT before the HT
      rise could be detected. The SR test cannot replace pure-tone audiometry for the
      identification of cisplatin ototoxicity. The pathological SR results observed in
      this study indicated a cochlear lesion. It was not possible to identify those
      patients most susceptible to ototoxic changes from the pretreatment results of
      the SR test.

PMID- 2275641
TI  - Thresholds for short-latency auditory-evoked potentials to tones in notched noise
      in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects.
AB  - The thresholds for the short-latency auditory evoked potentials (SLAEPs) to short
      duration tones presented in notched-noise masking were evaluated in 20 normal
      hearing and 20 hearing-impaired subjects. The differences (dB) between these
      thresholds (dB nHL) and the pure-tone behavioral thresholds (dB HL) across all 40
      subjects were 11.6, 6.1, 6.3 and 0.8 dB for 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 Hz,
      respectively. These differences were significantly smaller for the hearing
      impaired subjects than for the normal-hearing subjects. Ninety-eight percent of
      the SLAEP threshold estimations were within 30 dB of the subjects' pure-tone
      behavioral thresholds and 91% were within 20 dB.

PMID- 2275642
TI  - A clinical test for the assessment of binaural speech perception in noise.
AB  - The present paper describes a clinical test for the assessment of speech
      perception in noise. The test was designed to separate the effects of several
      relevant monaural and binaural cues. Results show that the performance of
      individual hearing-impaired listeners deviates significantly from normal for at
      least 2 of the following aspects: (1) perception of speech in steady-state noise;
      (2) relative binaural advantage due to directional cues; (3) relative advantage
      due to masker fluctuations. In contrast, both the hearing loss for reverberated
      speech and the relative binaural advantage due to interaural signal
      decorrelation, caused by reverberation, were essentially normal for almost all
      hearing impaired.

PMID- 2275643
TI  - Speech recognition in a noisy and reverberant environment with and without
      earmuffs.
AB  - The effect of earmuffs on speech recognition in conditions comparable to an
      actual environment was studied with the use of sentences, words and nonwords. The
      speech level was adjusted to 60 and 85 dBA. White noise was used at signal-to
      noise ratios (S/N) of 0, +5, and +10 dB. The reverberation times were 2.1 and 1.6
      s. In quiet conditions at normal speech level (60 dBA), the perception was better
      without earmuffs than with them. At a high noise level, equal or better scores
      were achieved with ear protectors. At high speech and noise levels (85 dBA, S/N
      0), the benefit of earmuffs was clearly demonstrated. Also with longer
      reverberation, the use of ear protectors increased the perception scores,
      especially at high speech and noise levels.

PMID- 2275645
TI  - Duration pattern recognition in normal subjects and patients with cerebral and
      cochlear lesions.
AB  - Three groups of subjects were tested on a duration pattern recognition task. The
      groups included normal subjects, subjects with cochlear hearing loss, and
      subjects with lesions involving but not limited to the auditory areas of the
      cerebrum. Results indicated no significant difference in pattern recognition
      between the normal subjects and subjects with cochlear hearing loss. However, the
      subjects with cerebral lesions performed significantly more poorly than either
      the normal subjects or those with cochlear hearing loss. In comparing pattern
      recognition performance for the ears ipsilateral and contralateral to the
      lesioned hemispheres no differences were noted. Rather, when a central lesion was
      present, both ears generally yielded abnormal scores.

PMID- 2275644
TI  - Effects of contralateral masking on high-frequency bone-conduction thresholds.
AB  - The present study reports effects of contralateral masking on high-frequency
      threshold force levels in 28 normal-hearing subjects. High-frequency air- and
      bone-conduction thresholds were measured with a high-frequency auditory
      evaluation system using matched Koss HV/1A earphones and the Pracitronic KH 70/5
      bone vibrator. Measurements were made for both unmasked and masked bone
      conduction thresholds at the ipsilateral mastoid of the better ear. The
      contralateral masked condition was performed using 30-dB-SL 400-Hz narrow-band
      masking noise centered at frequency of test tone. The results demonstrated that
      masked high-frequency bone-conduction thresholds were 1.5 to 3.4 dB poorer than
      the unmasked thresholds and that these differences were statistically significant
      at 0.01 level of confidence except at 12 kHz. ANSI and ISO standards for bone
      conduction threshold force levels for frequencies below 8.0 kHz have been
      established with contralateral masking stimuli. This study supports the need to
      use effective contralateral masking to eliminate cross hearing in investigations
      of high-frequency bone-conduction threshold measurements.

PMID- 2275646
TI  - Effects of reverberation and noise on speech recognition by adults with various
      amounts of sensorineural hearing impairment.
AB  - Speech recognition was assessed under three levels of room reverberation, each in
      quiet and noise, for subjects with varying amounts of sensorineural hearing
      impairment. The three acoustic environments were: sound suite, reverberant room
      with a reverberation time (T) = 0.54 s and reverberant room with T = 1.55 s.
      Three groups of subjects were utilized: normal hearing, mild sensorineural
      hearing impairment and moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing impairment.
      Speech recognition ability for each of the three groups of subjects significantly
      differed from the other two groups for each of the three reverberant conditions.
      The detrimental influences of noise and reverberation increased with the
      magnitude of hearing impairment. In addition, there was an interaction between
      noise and room reverberation, where the detrimental effects of room reverberation
      were compounded by the addition of noise.

PMID- 2275647
TI  - 40-Hz steady-state responses in newborns and in children.
AB  - The authors investigated the 40-Hz steady-state responses (SSR) in 32 full-term
      newborns and in 10 normal children (5-8 years old), using 500-Hz tone bursts. The
      40-Hz SSR threshold is located at about 50 and 30 dB nHL in newborns and older
      children, respectively. The latencies of both P1 and N1 waves decreased
      significantly with age, while the amplitudes increased. No significant latency
      and amplitude intersex differences have been observed. Moreover, with age, the 40
      Hz SSR became more stable, their test-retest replicability improved, and P1-N1
      wave occurrence increased. The authors finally discuss the possible underlying
      mechanisms of these findings and conclude that the 40-Hz SSR are difficult to
      obtain and are scarcely reliable in defining the low-frequency threshold in
      newborns. The stability and reliability of the responses increase with age, and
      the electrophysiological and behavioral thresholds to low-frequency stimuli tend
      to overlap.

PMID- 2275648
TI  - Filter effects and low stimulation rate on the middle-latency response in
      newborns.
AB  - Auditory middle-latency responses (MLR) have been recorded in 25 newborns at 60
      dB nHL using two wide band-pass filter conditions and a slow stimulation rate of
      2/s. With both types of filter, the MLR consisted in an initial positive wave
      followed by a negative component (Na) and a positive component (Pa). In newborns,
      this positive component appears in the vicinity of 45 ms and is more prolonged
      than the Pa of the MLR in adults. The probability of obtaining MLR after
      averaging only 500 signals was higher with a high-pass filter setting of 10 Hz
      (12 dB/octave), as compared with 5 Hz (12 dB/octave). No significant differences
      were found in the detectability rate of MLR between the two-filter band-pass
      settings. It is important to note that some MLR were unstable and not easily
      replicable. Therefore, the clinical application of these components is still
      doubtful.

PMID- 2275649
TI  - Response from the inferior colliculus in the rat to tone bursts and amplitude
      modulated continuous tones.
AB  - Responses from the inferior colliculus in the rat to tone bursts and bursts of
      broad-band noise were compared with cross-correlograms of the responses to
      continuous tones and noise that were amplitude modulated with pseudorandom noise.
      The waveform of the cross-correlograms showed great similarities with that of the
      evoked response, but the latency of the former showed less dependence on stimulus
      intensity than did the latency of the latter.

PMID- 2275650
TI  - Herpes zoster virus infection: a clinicopathologic review and case reports.
AB  - Herpes zoster virus (HZV) infection, particularly of the trigeminal nerve, can be
      a disabling and disfiguring condition with variable clinical presentations.
      Acyclovir is a highly effective treatment modality during the acute clinical
      phase; however, pain control may be very difficult particularly with protracted
      and severe post herpetic neuralgia (PHN). The clinicopathologic features are
      reviewed and two cases in immunosuppressed patients with HZV infection of
      different divisions of the trigeminal nerve are presented.

PMID- 2275651
TI  - Does midazolam sedation in oral surgery affect the potency or duration of
      diflunisal analgesia?
AB  - A randomized cross-over study was carried out to determine whether midazolam in
      doses used for conscious sedation had any effect on the potency or duration of
      diflunisal, a non-narcotic analgesic used for postoperative pain in oral surgery.
      Thirty-two Hong Kong Chinese patients of either sex, aged between 16 and 28
      years, were given either midazolam to supplement local anaesthesia or local
      anaesthesia alone at one visit and the alternative at the other visit, for
      surgical removal of bilateral symmetrically impacted third molars. Surgery was
      carried out on one side only at each visit. Diflunisal was given for
      postoperative pain relief. Midazolam had no effect on the potency or duration of
      action of diflunisal. Independent of the method, more patients had better pain
      relief following the second procedure than following the first, probably due to a
      degree of adaptation to the pain, at the second visit.

PMID- 2275652
TI  - The effect of etching on a number of glass ionomer cements.
AB  - In view of the continuing interest in the use of glass ionomer cements as a
      dentine substitute or base under composite resins, further investigations were
      carried out on the effects of the length of time of etching of the surface of the
      cement prior to the placement of the resin. A number of cements are available on
      the Australian market which are advocated for use in this technique. Each of them
      was subjected to etching for periods of 15, 30, 45, or 60 seconds and then stored
      in water for one week. Examination under a dissecting microscope and a scanning
      electron microscope revealed some variation in results between the different
      cements. It would appear that not all those materials presently marketed for this
      purpose are entirely suitable. Whilst 15 seconds is the preferred time for most
      cements, some require times up to 60 seconds to achieve the best result. Also,
      some of the cements showed signs of cracking, expansion and distortion after they
      had been stored in water for one week to allow for maturation before being
      prepared for viewing under the SEM. It is suggested that this group of cements is
      not suitable for the 'sandwich' technique.

PMID- 2275653
TI  - Orofacial pain associated with an infected complex odontome. Case report.
AB  - A case of complex odontome of the mandible associated with severe pain was
      presented. The pain regressed after removal of the lesion.

PMID- 2275655
TI  - 29th annual meeting for the International Association for Dental Research,
      Australian and New Zealand Division. Sydney, 25-27 September 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2275654
TI  - Condylar replacement with a metatarsal bone implant. Case report.
AB  - A case is reported where a metatarsal bone has been used to replace a mandibular
      condyle which was surgically removed because of a cystic condition in the
      meniscus.

PMID- 2275656
TI  - Palatal mucosa in denture stomatitis--a high magnification in vivo and electron
      microscopic study.

PMID- 2275657
TI  - Clinical note no. 10. Panavia EX dental adhesive.

PMID- 2275658
TI  - Antibiotics and endodontics.

PMID- 2275659
TI  - Cracked tooth syndrome.

PMID- 2275660
TI  - Vocational registration--carrot or stick?

PMID- 2275661
TI  - Subarachnoid haemorrhage: still a lethal disease.
AB  - Only about 36 per cent of patients who bleed from a cerebral aneurysm make a
      functional recovery. About the same proportion die or are significantly disabled
      by the initial haemorrhage. Modern neurosurgical treatment for surviving patients
      in good general health results in return to normal living for most. The increased
      recognition of the 'warning leak' by primary care physicians may improve the
      chances of survival for those who would otherwise die before receiving specialist
      treatment.

PMID- 2275662
TI  - Headache: a practical approach.

PMID- 2275663
TI  - Pitfalls in headache management.
AB  - The diagnosis of serious causes of headache depends on a careful history, a high
      index of suspicion of the unusual presentations and the judicious use of CT
      scanning. It is important not to overlook subarachnoid haemorrhage, intracerebral
      haemorrhage, meningitis, cerebral tumours, cerebral malformations and giant cell
      arteritis. Iatrogenic causes such as drugs and spinal procedures should also be
      considered.

PMID- 2275664
TI  - Temporal arteritis. A preventable cause of blindness.
AB  - Temporal arteritis is an uncommon condition but must be recognised early if
      complications such as blindness are to be avoided. The onset of daily headache or
      systemic disturbance with muscle and joint pains in patients over the age of 50
      years should arouse suspicion. The ESR is usually greater than 40 mm an hour, but
      it is advisable to proceed to temporal artery biopsy if the story is typical even
      though initially the ESR may be normal. Histological confirmation is desirable
      because steroid therapy may have to continue for several years.

PMID- 2275665
TI  - The community care of terminally ill patients.
AB  - The authors outline the results of a survey, through interviews or posted
      questionnaires, of 122 Adelaide general practitioners. General practitioners
      shared or handed over most aspects of terminal care, particularly the spiritual
      and social aspects. Comprehensive care for these patients is directly related to
      the general experience of the general practitioners. The need for improved
      undergraduate and postgraduate education in terminal illness is stressed.

PMID- 2275666
TI  - Patient education. Sick days and diabetes.

PMID- 2275667
TI  - Battles fought; battles lost.

PMID- 2275668
TI  - Sleeping sickness.

PMID- 2275669
TI  - The 'pulled' elbow.

PMID- 2275670
TI  - Urgent intravenous cutdown.

PMID- 2275671
TI  - Acute sore throat.

PMID- 2275672
TI  - Examining children.

PMID- 2275673
TI  - Scalded skin syndrome.

PMID- 2275674
TI  - Indications for surgical or radiological placement of cannulas for intra-arterial
      induction chemotherapy.
AB  - Intra-arterial chemotherapy achieves a higher concentration and increased total
      dose of drugs to a locally advanced cancer. This principle is increasingly being
      applied for pretreatment of advanced or aggressive localised tumours to make them
      more curable by subsequent radiotherapy. This is sometimes called "neo-adjuvant"
      chemotherapy but better called INDUCTION chemotherapy (Stephens 1989).

PMID- 2275675
TI  - Balloon dilatation of esophageal strictures.
AB  - The Gruntzig balloon dilatation catheter is an invaluable tool for the dilatation
      of long and narrow oesophageal strictures which are not amenable to other forms
      of dilatation. We present our experience of 43 dilatations of oesophageal
      strictures in 14 patients without any significant complications. This procedure
      resulted in significant symptom-free periods in all patients, and the resultant
      improved nutritional status of these patients prepared them for surgery.

PMID- 2275676
TI  - CT peritoneography in peritoneal dialysis patients.
AB  - Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is a common method of treatment
      for patients with renal failure. Complications however are frequent and often
      force the abandonment of this form of treatment. The radiological evaluation of
      these complications is important as it can modify the subsequent treatment. Using
      conventional CT techniques it is often difficult to differentiate loculated intra
      peritoneal collections from residual dialysis fluid. It may also be difficult to
      demonstrate the site of leakage into the extra-peritoneal structures. The use of
      CT peritoneography (CTP) provides a method of improving diagnosis in these
      patients. Hypodense intra-peritoneal collections are readily appreciated against
      a background of hyperdense dialysis fluid. Sites of leakage into the extra
      peritoneal soft tissues can likewise be rapidly identified. The abnormalities
      detected in this series include a pelvic abscess, and leakage down the inguinal
      canal, around the Tenckhoff catheter and through the anterior abdominal wall. CTP
      is recommended as the examination of choice in dialysis patients with suspected
      leaks or collections. The findings aid in planning subsequent surgical treatment
      and prevent unnecessary surgical exploration.

PMID- 2275677
TI  - MRI of internal derangement of the knee with arthroscopic correlation.
AB  - MRI has assumed a major role in investigating disorders of the knee, especially
      internal derangement. We correlated the MRI report and arthroscopic findings of
      18 patients with suspected meniscal or ligament injury. The results are presented
      and compared with other series. A particularly important asset of MRI is its very
      high negative predictive value.

PMID- 2275678
TI  - Plain film and arthrographic findings in painful total hip arthroplasties with
      surgical correlation.
AB  - The plain films and arthrograms performed on 42 painful cemented hip
      arthroplasties in 40 patients were reviewed and the radiological findings
      compared to the surgical assessment of component stability. All radiography,
      which included Judet views in the plain films, was reviewed without knowledge of
      the surgical findings and without comparison with previous studies. Criteria for
      the detection of loosening of cemented femoral and acetabular components were
      predetermined. The accuracy of plain film assessment of acetabular component
      stability was increased significantly (p less than 0.05) by including oblique
      views in the plain film assessment. The accuracy of assessment of acetabular
      component stability on plain films was 88%, on arthrography 90% and, with both
      studies combined, was 98%. Femoral component stability was assessed accurately on
      90% of plain films and 90% of arthrograms, and this was not improved by combining
      the studies. The difficulty of detecting low grade infections is discussed with
      results of pseudocapsule aspiration.

PMID- 2275679
TI  - Costs of magnetic resonance imaging services in public hospitals.
AB  - Audited cost data from two public hospital installations participating in a trial
      of the utilisation and efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging are presented. The
      data cover the period July 1987 to June 1988 when both installations had attained
      stable patterns of operation. One hospital operated a superconductive system and
      the other a resistive magnetic resonance imaging unit. Depreciation and salaries
      represented the major components of cost.

PMID- 2275680
TI  - The evaluation of thoracic paraspinal neurogenic tumours. The role of magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - Paraspinal neurogenic tumours may have associated intraspinal tumour extension.
      It is important that such extension be accurately defined preoperatively in order
      that an appropriate surgical approach may be planned. It has been suggested in
      the literature that MRI (where available) should replace myelography and post
      myelographic CT in the preoperative evaluation of these patients. The literature
      is reviewed and the potential role of MRI is illustrated in three cases.

PMID- 2275681
TI  - Neurofibromatosis 2: report of an affected kindred, with a discussion of imaging
      strategy.
AB  - Three cases of neurofibromatosis 2 occurring in one family are presented.
      Features distinguishing this condition from the more common neurofibromatosis 1
      are discussed and the important role of radiological screening in case detection
      and follow-up is emphasised.

PMID- 2275682
TI  - Radiotherapy and oncology in Papua New Guinea--how it differs from Western
      practice.
AB  - This article describes differences in professional oncology practice between
      Papua New Guinea and developed countries. The rugged terrain and tribalism have
      created the late persistence of a stone age culture with a low level of education
      and this in turn has caused the late presentation of tumours. Paradoxically the
      commonest cancers are those which are frequently cured in Western countries, yet
      the cure rates are low in PNG due to late presentation. Despite this very few
      metastasize--in contrast to cancers in developed countries. Difficulties in
      diagnosis are discussed. Differences in management arise due to lack of
      facilities such as electrons or iridium wires, but policy differences arise also
      due to the poor follow-up. Many patients cannot afford to return for follow-up
      and the government cannot assist. Many patients abscond and good pre-treatment
      counselling is essential. Chemotherapy is available but doses of the more marrow
      toxic or expensive drugs are reduced in view of the poor support facilities.
      Problems of training staff and of Cancer Registration are discussed. Most of the
      above problems are non-medical and should gradually diminish with government
      determination to provide a Health Service to benefit the whole population.

PMID- 2275683
TI  - Low dose rate teletherapy using a telecaesium 137 unit radiobiological, physical
      and clinical considerations.
AB  - Low dose rate teletherapy aims to combine the supposedly superior results
      obtained with low dose rate implants with the convenience and staff protection
      characteristics of external beam therapy. Previous investigators have used
      telecobalt units to produce dose rates of 1.1 to 1.8 Gy/hr to treat in daily
      sessions lasting 6-10 hours to total doses of 60-70 Gy. These studies have not
      discounted the possibility that much of the advantage of interstitial implants
      results from the low dose rates used per se, and from the fact that the total
      dose is delivered in a short overall time. The relationship between total dose,
      dose rate and volume giving normal tissue and anit-tumour effects, however,
      remains ill-defined. At the Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital a Caesium
      teletherapy unit has been modified to treat at low dose rates and a study has
      been designed with a view to establish which permutations of total dose and dose
      rate are isoeffective for acute mucosal and acute skin reactions in the dose rate
      range between 0.8 and 9.6 Gy/hr (1.3 and 16 cGy/min).

PMID- 2275684
TI  - Neonatal tuberous sclerosis: magnetic resonance appearance of subependymal
      tubers.
AB  - A case of tuberous sclerosis in a neonate, with cerebral and cardiac hamartomas
      evaluated by MR imaging, is presented. Intracranial subependymal tubers in this
      neonate exhibit increased signal intensity on short TR images. This differs from
      the signal characteristics of subependymal tubers in older patients.

PMID- 2275685
TI  - Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis.

PMID- 2275686
TI  - Cavitating pulmonary nodules in histiocytosis-X high resolution CT demonstration.
AB  - In a case of pulmonary histiocytosis, high resolution C.T. scanning (H.R.C.T)
      showed multiple small ring shaped peripheral pulmonary lesions. This has not, to
      our knowledge been previously reported in the radiological literature. The
      possible pathogenesis of these lesions is described. With the advent of H.R.C.T
      this appearance should become more widely recognised in the future. H.R.C.T was
      of considerable assistance in diagnosis of this patient with non-specific
      findings on the plain chest film.

PMID- 2275687
TI  - Necrobacillosis.
AB  - Necrobacillosis is a severe septicaemic illness caused by the gram negative
      anaerobe, Fusobacterium necrophorum, that typically occurs in previously healthy
      young adults following a mild sore throat. Radiological changes in the chest are
      prominent and include rapidly developing empyema, pneumonic consolidation,
      cavitation and pneumatocele formation. Metastatic abscesses in other sites are
      also seen. The clinical setting and time course are in marked contrast to the
      presentation of most anaerobic pleuro-pulmonary infections. Two cases are
      described, in one of which the outcome was fatal. Both displayed marked chest
      disease as an early manifestation of their illness. As the condition is
      relatively uncommon, radiological diagnosis demands a high index of suspicion in
      order to facilitate early treatment.

PMID- 2275688
TI  - Diverticular mass mimicking ovarian malignancy.
AB  - A patient is described with a large diverticular mass presenting with a clinical
      picture suggestive of locally advanced ovarian malignancy. Computed tomography
      demonstrated diffuse thickening of the wall of the sigmoid colon with
      infiltration of the peri-colonic fat. The imaging diagnosis of primary bowel wall
      disease was confirmed pathologically.

PMID- 2275689
TI  - Bone marrow biopsy changes in the iliac bone mimicking multiple colonic polypi.
AB  - Many different entities simulating colonic polyps on barium enema examination
      have been described. Of the extraluminal mimics, round bony structures such as
      vertebral pedicles are perhaps best known. We describe the cause of a previously
      undescribed artifact: bone marrow biopsy of the ilium.

PMID- 2275690
TI  - The CT appearances of jejunojejunal intussusception.
AB  - A case of jejunojejunal intussusception is presented, in which a malignant
      melanoma deposit acted as the lead point. The diagnosis was made on CT and the
      appearances are described.

PMID- 2275691
TI  - Gastric antral webs in adults.
AB  - A case of a gastric antral web is described. The possible aetiologies and
      clinical consequences are discussed.

PMID- 2275692
TI  - Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the terminal ileum with enterovesical fistula:
      a case report.
AB  - A case of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the terminal ileum with enterovesical
      fistula is reported. A 50-year-old Malay man presented with haematuria, dysuria
      and per-rectal bleeding. Intravenous urogram, double contrast enema and an MDP
      bone scintigram showed a fistulous communication between the bladder and distal
      ileum. At laparotomy, a large tumour attaching the terminal ileum to the dome of
      the bladder was found. Histopathological examination of resected small bowel
      revealed a diffuse histiocytic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the small bowel. The
      bladder mucosa was shown to be normal.

PMID- 2275693
TI  - Case report: loosening of total knee prosthesis demonstrated by digital
      subtraction arthrography.

PMID- 2275694
TI  - A lightweight mobile theatre trolley for interventional procedures.

PMID- 2275695
TI  - The design of a lightweight mobile chair for use with video fluoroscopy in the
      investigation of swallow disorders.

PMID- 2275696
TI  - Ionic water-soluble contrast media have been introduced in error during
      myelography with catastrophic results.

PMID- 2275697
TI  - Surgeons are now reading radiological literature.

PMID- 2275698
TI  - Mammography after mastectomy.

PMID- 2275699
TI  - Effect of verapamil on contractile function of the isolated perfused rat heart
      during postnatal ontogeny.
AB  - The negative inotropic effect of the calcium antagonist, verapamil, was compared
      in isolated hearts from 15-, 30-, 45-, 60-, and 90-day-old rats. Electrically
      paced hearts were perfused in vitro according to Langendorff, either under
      constant pressure or under constant flow conditions. An intraventricular-pressure
      curve was measured isovolumetrically and analyzed on-line using a microcomputer.
      Changes in pressure amplitude and maximum rate of pressure development were
      evaluated during a stepwise increase of the verapamil concentration in the
      perfusion solution (10(-9) - 3.3 x 10(-7) mol.l-1). It was found that the
      sensitivity of cardiac contractile function to verapamil declines gradually in
      the course of postnatal ontogeny. The higher sensitivity of the developing heart
      to calcium channel blockade is probably a consequence of a higher functional
      dependence of the immature myocardium on trans-sarcolemmal calcium influx.

PMID- 2275700
TI  - 1,2-diacylglycerol content in myocardium from spontaneously hypertensive rats
      during the development of hypertension.
AB  - 1,2-Diacylglycerol (DAG) has been considered to play an important role as an
      activator of protein kinase C in the signal transduction of inositol phospholipid
      metabolism. To examine the relation of 1,2-DAG in heart tissues to cardiac
      hypertrophy associated with hypertension, we measured the amount of 1,2-DAG in
      spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) hearts at 4, 10 and 20 weeks of age, and in
      age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat hearts using thin-layer
      chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID). Significant cardiac
      hypertrophy was found in 4-week-old SHR, while SHR did not yet have significant
      hypertension. Major phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine increased from 4 to 20 weeks in the myocardium, but
      there was no difference between the two strains. The cholesterol levels of 4- and
      20-week-old SHR were significantly higher than WKY rats. The 1,2-DAG contents of
      SHR hearts were significantly higher than WKY rats at 4 weeks. An increase in the
      RNA content was also observed in 4-week-old SHR hearts. However, analysis of the
      fatty acid composition of 1,2-DAG revealed no difference between the two strains.
      However, there was no significant difference in the 1,2-DAG content or in its
      fatty acid composition between SHR and WKY rat hearts at 10 and 20 weeks of age.
      It is suggested that an increase in the 1,2-DAG content of SHR hearts during the
      early stages appears related to the initiation of cardiac hypertrophy in SHR
      hearts before developed hypertension.

PMID- 2275701
TI  - Reduced responses of nitrendipine in PGF2 alpha-precontracted porcine isolated
      arteries after pretreatment with methylene blue.
AB  - Vascular activity of nitrendipine (NTD) in different depolarized and
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha)-precontracted isolated porcine arteries was
      examined in the presence and absence of methylene blue (MB). Presence of MB
      potentiated the PGF2 alpha-induced contractions in all vessels studied and
      reduced the response of NTD in coronary and basilar arteries seven- to 23-fold.
      Only in ulnar arteries was the affinity of NTD slightly increased. In contrast,
      MB did not modify the affinity of papaverine under these conditions. Furthermore,
      MB had no influence on KCl-induced contractions and subsequent vasorelaxation by
      NTD. It is proposed that MB impaired endothelium derived relaxing factor, thereby
      stimulating and/or increasing the calcium influx through receptor-operated
      calcium channels.

PMID- 2275704
TI  - [Food reserves from the sea].

PMID- 2275702
TI  - Tissue oxygen pressure in normal myocardium and across the border zone during
      coronary artery occlusion in the pig. Effects of different arterial oxygen
      pressures.
AB  - Tissue oxygen pressure (ptO2) in the pig heart was measured with two different
      oxygen electrodes: We measured ptO2 in normal myocardium with the MDO electrode
      while oxygen gradients across the border zone, during acute coronary artery
      occlusion, were measured with an array-multiwire-electrode (AME). The aim of the
      study was to investigate the effects of increased arterial oxygen pressure (paO2)
      during repeated, short-lasting (5 min) coronary artery occlusions. During
      ventilation with an inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) of 0.3 the ptO2 levels in
      normal myocardium increased significantly, while the distribution type of ptO2
      values remained normal. During ventilation with FIO2 0.7 there was an uneven
      distribution of ptO2 values indicating microcirculatory disturbances, however, no
      ischemic values were seen. We found no indication for any influence on the ptO2
      of the border zone.

PMID- 2275703
TI  - Open chest and open pericardium affect the distribution of myocardial blood flow
      in the right ventricle.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of open chest and open pericardium on the
      distribution of myocardial blood flow assessed with the radioactive microsphere
      technique (15 microns). Five dogs with intact thorax served as controls (group I)
      and six dogs were studied after a right-sided thoracotomy and pericardiotomy
      (group II). Global myocardial blood flow (mean +/- S.D.) was 0.73 +/- 0.17 ml.min
      1.g-1 in group I and 1.22 +/- 0.09 ml.min-1.g-1 in group II (p less than 0.05).
      Analysis of transmural blood flow distribution revealed that flow was 44% higher
      in the right and 60% higher in the left ventricular endocardial layers in the
      open-chest animals, whereas epicardial flow increased by 105% and 90%,
      respectively. As a result of the preferential blood flow to the epicardial layers
      of the right ventricle, the endo/epi ratio was reduced from 1.30 +/- 0.26 in
      group I to 0.86 +/- 0.11 in the open-chest group (p less than 0.05). Left
      ventricular endo/epi ratio was 1.27 +/- 0.16 and 1.06 +/- 0.11 (n.s.),
      respectively. External work and diastolic filling pressure of the right ventricle
      did not differ between the two groups and therefore cannot account for the
      redistribution of myocardial blood flow. It is concluded that the distribution of
      myocardial blood flow, particularly in the RV, is severely disturbed by
      thoracotomy and pericardiotomy. This is an important aspect for the planning and
      evaluation of studies under open-chest/open-pericardium conditions.

PMID- 2275705
TI  - Fish farming.

PMID- 2275706
TI  - Changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of fat from fish, due to
      seasonality and industrial and culinary processing.

PMID- 2275707
TI  - n-3 fatty acids--health aspects.

PMID- 2275709
TI  - [The four-season cure. Concept, development, execution].

PMID- 2275708
TI  - [Laudatio for Professor V. Pudel and psychologist J. Westenhofer, winners of the
      ISFE Prize 1989].

PMID- 2275710
TI  - Laudatio for Mrs. Maisie C. Steven, winner of the ISFE Prize 1989.

PMID- 2275711
TI  - [The role of fish in nutrition].

PMID- 2275712
TI  - Fish consumption and health status.

PMID- 2275713
TI  - Nutrition and public health.

PMID- 2275714
TI  - Effect of fish consumption compared to intake of fish oil.

PMID- 2275715
TI  - Omega-3 polyenic acids: sources, intake.

PMID- 2275716
TI  - Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: biochemical actions.

PMID- 2275717
TI  - Effect of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxides on cardiac isoenzymes.
AB  - We report here the effect of oxygen free radicals, OFR (superoxide, O2-; hydroxy,
      OH; t-butylhydroperoxide, H2O2) lipid peroxides (malondialdehyde, MDA), free
      radical scavengers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, allopurinol) and generator
      (ferrous chloride) antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione) spin traps (5,5-dimethyl
      1-pyroline-N-oxide, N-t-butyl-L-pheny nitrone) on the cardiac isoenzyme (CK, CK
      MB, LDH, LD1) concentrations in the sera of patients with acute myocardial
      infarction. CK-MB and LD1 were rapidly and completely inactivated by O2- (50
      nmol/ml), OH (1 nmol/ml) and MDA (0.6 microM). Butylhydroperoxide (600 microM),
      and ferrous chloride (200 microM) selectively inhibited CK-MB. The free radical
      scavengers, antioxidants and spin traps all had minimal effects, and H2O2 had
      none.

PMID- 2275719
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of the major cysteine protease from
      Entamoeba invadens.
AB  - The purification and partial characterization of a major protease from the
      parasitic protozoon of reptiles, Entamoeba invadens, is described. The enzyme has
      a molecular mass of 28 kDa, and three distinct isoelectric points at pH 4.7, 5.7
      and 6.3, respectively. As an endopeptidase the enzyme digests denatured protein
      substrates, such as azocasein with an optimal turnover rate at pH 4.8 with a
      temperature optimum of 48 degrees C. The protease exhibits exopeptidase activity
      towards arginine containing dipeptide derivatives. Thus, it splits the
      chromogenic substrates N-benzyloxycarbonyl-arginine-arginine-4-methoxy-beta
      naphthylamide and arginine-arginine-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide in the ratio of
      velocities of 3:1. The kinetic constants for the hydrolysis of N
      benzyloxycarbonyl-arginine-arginine-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide are: Km 22
      microM and kcat 172 s-1. The enzyme is activated by the thiol reagents cysteine
      and dithiothreitol and is inhibited by typical cysteine protease inhibitors, such
      as cystatin, E-64, iodoacetamide and p-chloromercuribenzoate. Although in many of
      its characteristics it resembles the cathepsin B-like cysteine protease from
      Entamoeba histolytica, the two enzymes were found to be immunologically
      different.

PMID- 2275718
TI  - Thermal inactivation of membrane proteins, volume-dependent Na+, K(+)
      cotransport, and protein kinase C activator-induced changes of the shape of human
      and rat erythrocytes.
AB  - The heat sorption curves for human and rat erythrocyte membranes in the
      temperature region from 40 degrees C to 90 degrees C have been compared resulting
      from thermal gel analysis of these membranes. The main heat sorption peaks are
      located within the temperature regions from 49 degrees C to 52 degrees C (A
      transition), from 56 degrees C to 59 degrees C (B transition), from 62 degrees C
      to 65 degrees C (C transition) and from 74 degrees C to 82 degrees C (D
      transition). Thermoinactivation temperatures for most of the membrane proteins in
      human and rat erythrocytes are rather different, which suggests essential
      differences in the arrangement of their membrane frameworks. Addition of the
      protein kinase C activator TPA induces a fast increase in light scattering of
      human and rat erythrocyte suspension which is connected with some changes of cell
      shape. This reaction is completely blocked by a minimal thermal treatment of the
      membrane framework proteins (preincubation at the temperature of the A
      transition). Such treatment inhibits also the increase of Na+, K(+)-cotransport
      in rat erythrocytes induced by hyperosmotic shrinkage. It is assumed that the
      proteins of the membrane framework take part in the volume-dependent regulation
      of the ion-transport systems of plasma membranes.

PMID- 2275720
TI  - Cross-linking of pyruvate decarboxylase. Characterization of the native and
      substrate-activated enzyme states.
AB  - In order to demonstrate the role of the protein component of pyruvate
      decarboxylase in the mechanism of substrate activation, we have isolated and
      characterized two states of the enzyme, the non-activated and the substrate
      activated state, by covalent linking with bifunctional reagents. Because of the
      fact that modification of the reactive amino groups by 2,4,6
      trinitobenzenesulfonic acid or methyl propionimidate influences neither the
      catalytic nor the regulatory properties of pyruvate decarboxylase, we used
      bisimidates of different chain length in the modification experiments. Both the
      non-activated and the substrate-activated enzyme states could be characterized
      separately. The lag phase of product formation as a typical property of the
      native enzyme disappeared completely when the enzyme had been cross-linked in the
      presence of the substrate. The permanently activated enzyme state shows 85% of
      the activity of native pyruvate decarboxylase and is exclusively stabilized by
      intra-subunit links. Elimination and subsequent reincorporation of the cofactors
      thiamine pyrophosphate and magnesium ions resulted in a complete regaining of the
      properties of the permanently activated enzyme form. An inactive enzyme form was
      obtained after cross-linking of non-activated pyruvate decarboxylase at low ionic
      strength (less than 0.01). Using a disulfide-containing linker we could prove
      that the inactivity of the obtained enzyme preparation was only the result of the
      incorporated cross-links and not that of denaturation.

PMID- 2275721
TI  - Visually evoked responses in the primary cortex of rats are permanently changed
      by early postnatal treatment with monosodium-L-glutamate.
AB  - 13 rats of the Long-Evans strain were treated from the first to the eleventh
      postnatal day (pd) with daily subcutaneous injections of 4 mg/g body weight
      monosodium-L-glutamate (MSG) in aqua dest. Further 13 rats were used as controls
      and received isotonic NaCl-solution on the same days. When rats were four months
      old, epidural electrodes were implanted on the visual cortex to investigate
      averaged evoked potential by flash (VEP) and by click stimuli (AEP). All VEP
      components of MSG rats were changed in their amplitudes and peak times. Mainly
      the early components were strongly reduced and irregularly split. AEP in the
      visual cortex of MSG rats were also significantly changed. Photically evoked
      afterdischarges (AD) were not statistically altered. The evoked potential
      analysis revealed great interindividual heterogeneity and their topographical
      distribution was also strongly modified. The postmortem macroscopic inspection of
      the brains resulted in strong atrophy of the optic nerves and the chiasma. During
      two-month observations we observed no restoration of the evoked potentials to
      normal values.

PMID- 2275723
TI  - Active avoidance is permanently abolished after lesions of the nucleus
      interpeduncularis in rat.
AB  - Active avoidance learning, retention and relearning were investigated before and
      after lesions of the interpeduncular nucleus (IP) of rat in a Y-maze and a jump
      test box. Preoperatively learnt active avoidance was abolished after the lesions
      and rats were not able to relearn it. Unconditioned escape responses remained
      unchanged in the Y-maze. Postoperative avoidance learning was impossible.
      Brightness discrimination in a goal alternation paradigm was learned or
      relearned, respectively, after IP lesions. The IP rats were hypoactive and showed
      diminished exploratory activity but had unchanged escape speed. The IP is
      evidently enclosed in a network controlling avoidance behaviour.

PMID- 2275722
TI  - Permanent changes of the visually evoked responses in the superior colliculus
      after early postnatal treatment with monosodium-L-glutamate.
AB  - 10 rats of the Long-Evans strain were treated from the first to the eleventh
      postnatal day (pd) with daily subcutaneous injections of 4 mg/g body weight
      monosodium-L-glutamate (MSG) in aqua dest. 10 rats were used as controls and
      received isotonic NaCl-solution on the same days. When rats were 4 months old,
      electrodes were implanted in different depths of the superior colliculus (CS) to
      investigate averaged evoked potentials by flash (VEP) and by click stimuli (AEP).
      The VEP in the superficial layers of the CS of MSG rats were strongly reduced in
      their amplitudes and irregularly shaped with the most prominent result that the
      primary negative component N28 was missing. The deeper recordings were made, the
      less this polarity-reversed primary component was affected with still significant
      amplitude reduction in the deepest layer. Shape and peak times of the AEP from
      the same electrodes in different depths were not significantly changed. However,
      the amplitudes of the early negative-positive and the second negative-positive
      deflections were enhanced in all MSG treated rats, and the amplitude proportions
      between VEP and AEP were in favour of AEP, in contrast to the controls.
      Heteromodal interactions of paired click and flash with an interval of 100 ms
      resulted in nearly total suppression of the VEP, in contrast to controls in which
      VEP were rather uninfluenced by the preceding click. Also the behaviour-dependent
      reduction of VEP during grooming and exploratory behaviour was much stronger in
      MSG treated rats compared with controls. The evoked potential analyses revealed
      greater interindividual heterogeneity of VEP in MSG treated rats than in
      controls.

PMID- 2275724
TI  - Lesions of median raphe nucleus disrupt active avoidance behaviour.
AB  - Active avoidance of eighteen adult male hooded rats was investigated in an Y-maze
      and a jump test before and after small symmetric lesions of the median raphe
      nucleus (n. centralis superior, CES). Formation of conditioned avoidance
      responses (CAR) was impossible without preoperative experience. Retention of
      preoperatively learnt CAR was almost zero after lesions. Relearning was strongly
      delayed but possible in the jump test, however, not in the Y-maze. CES rats did
      not reach criterion in brightness discrimination. On the other hand, their
      spontaneous behaviour in the open field remained unchanged.

PMID- 2275725
TI  - Comparative measurements of membrane potentials in chromaffin cells from
      spontaneously hypertensive and from normotensive WKY rats.
AB  - Comparative measurements of the membrane potential (MP) of chromaffin cells (CC)
      were made in tissue slices of adrenals from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)
      and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. We found for SHR a mean MP of -30.2
      +/- 0.71 mV and for WKY a mean value of -33.0 +/- 0.80 mV. There was no
      significant difference between the mean MPs of the left and right adrenals of
      both rat strains. In the presence of 5.10(-5) M acetylcholine the mean MP
      significantly fell by 6.3 mV (SHR) and 9.7 mV (WKY), respectively. The present
      results indicate that different enzyme activities and processes of catecholamine
      storage in adrenals of SHR and WKY are obviously not correlated with changes in
      the MP of CC.

PMID- 2275726
TI  - Influence of alpha and beta-adrenergic stimulators and blockers on the
      electroretinogram and visually evoked potentials of the rabbit.
AB  - The effect of alpha and beta-adrenergic stimulators and blockers on the
      electroretinogram and visually evoked potentials of the rabbit was studied. It
      has been observed that subcutaneous administration of noradrenaline,
      dihydroergotoxine, isoprenaline, propranolol and adrenaline influence the
      amplitudes of ERG and VEP waves. On the basis of the established results, the
      role of the adrenergic system in forming the bioelectric response of the retina
      and visual cortex is discussed.

PMID- 2275727
TI  - Participation of adenosine diphosphate in regulation of the 2-oxoglutarate
      dehydrogenase complex from human heart.
AB  - Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) increases the activity of the highly purified 2
      oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC) from human heart. The degree of
      activation is higher at low 2-oxoglutarate concentrations. The OGDC-catalyzed
      reaction rate versus ADP concentration curve is S-shaped at unsaturating
      substrate concentration. This is a catalytic attribute of cooperativity of the
      sites for binding of the allosteric effector ADP.

PMID- 2275728
TI  - Synthesis and kinetic characterisation of omega-guanidinocarbonic acid ethyl
      esters as trypsin substrates.
AB  - Aliphatic omega-guanidinocarbonic acid ethyl esters of different chain length (C3
      C6) were synthesized and characterized as 4-toluenesulfonates. The kinetic
      parameters of the trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis indicate that the ethyl ester of
      delta-guanidinovaleric acid is the most effective substrate in this series. The
      Km value of this compound is in the same order of magnitude as those of arginine
      containing ester substrates like N alpha-benzoylarginine ethyl ester (BAEE).
      However, kcat is decreased by approximately two orders of magnitude.

PMID- 2275729
TI  - Effect of gangliosides on memory formation of a conditioned avoidance response
      (CAR).
AB  - The influence of ganglioside application on the memory formation of an active
      conditioned avoidance response in rats was examined. Gangliosides produce
      retardation of the memory formation if applied immediately after the training
      session. If an interval of 2 h posttraining was used this effect was not
      observed.

PMID- 2275731
TI  - Phylogenetic analysis and identification of different serovars of Mycobacterium
      intracellulare at the molecular level.
AB  - Comparative 16S rRNA sequencing was used to infer the phylogenetic relationship
      among different serovars of the Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex as
      well as to define signature nucleotides characteristic for different serovars. In
      general, the groups defined by rRNA sequencing reflect the classification
      obtained with sensitin tests and pathogenicity examinations in chickens. Unique
      16S rRNA sequence patterns could be defined for (1) M. avium, (2) M.
      intracellulare serovars 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11, (3) M. intracellulare serovars
      12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19 and 20, (4) M. intracellulare serovar 7 and (5) M.
      intracellulare serovar 18. Phylogenetically, groups 1 and 2 on one hand and
      groups 3, 4 and 5 on the other hand each share a common ancestor. M.
      paratuberculosis was indistinguishable from M. intracellulare serovars 4, 5, 6,
      8, 9, 10 and 11 by this kind of analysis.

PMID- 2275730
TI  - Tanning with ultraviolet A sunbeds.

PMID- 2275732
TI  - Identification of the mutations in the prfB gene of Escherichia coli K12, which
      confer UGA suppressor activity.
AB  - By DNA sequencing and gene dissection, it has been revealed that Su+UGA#11, the
      mutant prfB of E. coli (Chang et al., 1990) has a double mutation compared with
      the wild-type LS653: one is a base substitution from T to C at the codon 63 and
      the other is from G to A at the codon 79. Both mutations cause amino acid
      substitution, Leu63----Phe63 (L63F) and Asp79----Gly79 (D79G), and are necessary
      to confer the efficient UGA suppressor activity.

PMID- 2275733
TI  - [Is sex selection based on prenatal diagnosis ethical?].

PMID- 2275734
TI  - A time comparison study of the New York State Safety Belt Use Law utilizing
      hospital admission and police accident report information.
AB  - New York state enacted the first safety belt use law in the United States in
      1984. We evaluated the effects of the law by reviewing all hospital admissions
      from motor vehicle crashes in Monroe County, New York. We compared admissions for
      the 18 months prior to the effective date of the law with those for the 18 months
      after the law became effective. Police accident reports and hospital records were
      coupled and intensively reviewed. Motorcyclists, pedestrians, and bicyclists
      (bicycle collisions with motor vehicles) became controls for the study. Seat belt
      usage was determined from police and hospital record information. Analysis of the
      data revealed that safety belt use among patients hospitalized because of motor
      vehicle accidents increased from 11.2% before the law became effective to 53%
      after the law became effective. Hospital admissions decreased 11.9% among motor
      vehicle occupants and increased 2.6% among controls. The ISS decreased from 16.01
      to 14.55 for motor vehicle occupants and increased from 14.77 to 15.11 among
      controls. Among subjects all injuries decreased except injuries of the spine and
      abdomen, which increased in the postlaw period.

PMID- 2275736
TI  - Safety of children in grocery stores: the impact of cartseat use in shopping
      carts and parental monitoring.
AB  - Two hundred thirty-six preschool children who were accompanied by an adult were
      observed in 29 grocery stores. Observational techniques were used to record their
      likelihood of handling potentially hazardous products while shopping. Twenty-four
      percent of children handled such products one or more times. More than half of
      the subjects were confined in grocery cartseats while shopping. This confinement
      was observed to be the greatest deterrent to handling hazards, regardless of the
      child's age or the quality of parental supervision. More than 80% of adults left
      their children unattended on at least one occasion. Adult supervision became
      critical in preventing contact with hazards if children were not confined in
      cartseats, with the odds of handling hazards increasing where supervision was
      relaxed. Loglinear analysis showed that a child's age was also a major factor in
      predicting handling of hazards, with children older than 3 years more likely to
      handle hazards than those 3 years or younger. There was also a tendency for adult
      females to confine older girls more than boys in cartseats.

PMID- 2275735
TI  - Comparing headphone and speaker effects on simulated driving.
AB  - Twelve persons drove for three hours in an automobile simulator while listening
      to music at sound level 63dB over stereo headphones during one session and from a
      dashboard speaker during another session. They were required to steer a mountain
      highway, maintain a certain indicated speed, shift gears, and respond to
      occasional hazards. Steering and speed control were dependent on visual cues. The
      need to shift and the hazards were indicated by sound and vibration effects. With
      the headphones, the driver's average reaction time for the most complex task
      presented--shifting gears--was about one-third second longer than with the
      speaker. The use of headphones did not delay the development of subjective
      fatigue.

PMID- 2275737
TI  - The effects of mandatory seat belt legislation on self-reported seat belt use
      among male and female college students.
AB  - The effect of seat belt legislation on self-reported seat belt use among male and
      female college students was investigated. Questionnaires inquiring about seat
      belt use were administered to college students on three separate occasions: (i)
      two months prior to the time a mandatory seat belt law went into effect, (ii) two
      months after the law went into effect, and (iii) 16 months after the law went
      into effect. Reported seat belt use increased significantly for male and female
      college students two months after the law took effect. At 16 months postlaw,
      reported seat belt use remained high for female students but declined almost to
      the prelaw level for males. Possible reasons offered for these findings are that
      male college students may be more resistant to having their behavior regulated
      and, therefore, less likely to internalize changes forced on them, and college
      age males may be more inclined to engage in risk-taking behavior than college-age
      females. The importance of considering males and females separately with respect
      to seat belt use and interventions designed to increase seat belt use is
      discussed.

PMID- 2275738
TI  - The severity of pedestrian injuries in children: an analysis of the Pedestrian
      Injury Causation Study.
AB  - We reanalyzed data from the Pedestrian Injury Causation Study (PICS) for 1035
      urban pedestrian injuries to children and youth less than 20 years of age.
      Analysis of variance with the Injury Severity Score (ISS) as the dependent
      variable was used to evaluate variables describing the characteristics of the
      pedestrian, the vehicle, the driver, and the circumstances under which the
      collision occurred. The mean injury severity score was 5.6. Nearly 80% of
      pedestrians had a minor injury, 13% moderate, and 7% severe; 4.5% of these
      pedestrian were killed. Multivariate analysis revealed that vehicle travel speed
      greater than 30 mph, pedestrian age less than 5 years, time of day either early
      morning or late afternoon, residential zone, type of road including collectors
      and major roads, and center travel lanes were associated with greater severity of
      injury. Attempts by the driver to avoid the collision by braking or other
      avoidance maneuvers were associated with reduced injury severity. Even on local
      streets and in residential zones, nearly 20% of children were struck by vehicles
      exceeding 30 mph, and these children were injured much more severely than
      children struck by more slowly moving vehicles.

PMID- 2275739
TI  - Pelvic fractures crash vehicle indicators.
AB  - Fracture of the pelvis often results in major hemorrhage and even death in
      victims of motor vehicle trauma. In the hospital emergency department, diagnosing
      a fracture of the pelvis is difficult because the patient may be unconscious or
      disoriented, have multisystem injury, may not demonstrate bruising or other
      physical findings, and because the attendant bleeding is often retroperitoneal.
      This paper develops information from a diagnostic source that is currently almost
      unused: the vehicle. Accident statistics files from the National Accident
      Sampling System are used to relate pelvic fractures and dislocations with vehicle
      information. Collision type, occupant seating position, intrusion, entrapment,
      restraint use, age, and sex are analyzed as they bear upon the likelihood of
      pelvic fracture. Linear discriminant analysis is used to form simple equations
      that predict whether the patient will have a fracture or dislocation of the
      pelvis.

PMID- 2275740
TI  - Effects of the 65 mph speed limit on injury morbidity and mortality.
AB  - Effective December 1987 and January 1988, the maximum speed limit on rural
      limited access highways in Michigan was raised from 55 mph to 65 mph. This study
      examined the effects of the raised limit on injury morbidity and mortality. A
      multiple time-series design was used, comparing roads where the speed limit was
      raised with roads where the limit remained unchanged. Data were collected on
      numbers and rates of automobile crashes, injuries, and deaths from January 1978
      through December 1988. Time-series intervention analyses were conducted to
      estimate effects associated with the speed limit change while controlling for
      long-term trends, seasonal cycles, and other patterns. Statistical controls were
      also included for major factors known to influence crash and injury rates.
      Results revealed significant increases in casualties on roads where the speed
      limit was raised, including a 19.2% increase in fatalities, a 39.8% increase in
      serious injuries, and a 25.4% increase in moderate injuries. Fatalities also
      increased on 55 mph limited access freeways, suggesting that the 65 mph limit may
      have spillover effects on segments of freeways where the limit was not changed.
      No significant changes in fatalities or injuries were found on other types of
      roads. The increased convenience of reduced travel time with the higher speed
      limit is obtained at a significant cost in terms of injury morbidity and
      mortality.

PMID- 2275741
TI  - The fraction of traffic fatalities attributable to alcohol.
AB  - The vast literature on alcohol's effect on traffic safety does not contain even a
      moderately satisfactory answer to one of the most basic questions, namely "What
      is the fraction of all traffic fatalities attributable to alcohol use?" A
      published estimate of 23.7% based on an erroneous calculation has been widely
      quoted. This paper combines 1987 Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data from
      26 states that recorded blood alcohol concentrations for over 84% of fatally
      injured drivers with published estimates on how alcohol affects crash risk. By
      categorizing all traffic fatalities as either nonoccupants of vehicles, or
      occupants killed in single-vehicle, two-vehicle or three-or-more-vehicle crashes,
      and developing calculation procedures appropriate for each category, the fraction
      of all fatalities due to alcohol was inferred. The main finding was that
      eliminating alcohol would reduce traffic fatalities by (47 +/- 4)%. It was also
      concluded that alcohol use changes from 1982 to 1987 have reduced traffic
      fatalities by 12% (6,400 fatalities), which helps explain the absence of the
      fatality increase predicted because of a buoyant economy. Reducing the fraction
      of fatalities due to alcohol from the 1987 value of 47% to 42% (say) would reduce
      all traffic fatalities by 8%.

PMID- 2275742
TI  - [30 years of neuroleptanalgesia--the current status].
AB  - This paper describes the development of neuroleptanalgesia (NLA) during the last
      30 years and discusses its suitable clinical use. NLA was introduced into
      anaesthesiology 30 years ago and takes up a strong position among today's
      possibilities to reach intraoperative analgesia. The development of a standard
      technique was important and necessary for spreading this form of general
      anaesthesia. Meanwhile a great number of methodic variations have been suggested,
      all of which, however, have to be compared very critically with the standard
      technique. Without a doubt, today and in the future sufficient analgesia must
      remain the central point of NLA if its advantages over traditional methods of
      general anaesthesia are to become evident.

PMID- 2275743
TI  - [Determination of the basic data on fentanyl dosage in neuroleptanalgesia for
      heart surgery].
AB  - The use of high-dose fentanyl (50-150 micrograms/kg) in anaesthesia for cardiac
      surgery includes the need of prolonged ventilatory support in the postoperative
      period. Therefore, the possibility of choosing a useful dosage regimen of smaller
      doses of fentanyl (up to 20 micrograms/kg) leading to analgesic serum levels of
      greater than 3 ng/ml is investigated in this study. Fentanyl was determined by
      radioimmunoassay in 20 patients during and after typical cardiosurgical
      operations. Three bolus injections of 7 micrograms/kg were applied in the first
      group (n = 8). Analgesic fentanyl concentrations were reached 12-24 minutes after
      the first injections. The characteristic pharmacokinetic influences - especially
      the enlarged volume of distribution and the prolonged elimination time - were
      visible following repetitive doses during extracorporeal circulation. Based on
      these results the injection mode was changed in the second investigation group (n
      = 6) - 2/3 of the total dose before the start of extracorporeal circulation -
      resulting in analgesic fentanyl concentrations for the whole course of the
      operation. More stable serum levels were obtained with the combination of primary
      bolus injection followed by continuous infusion (3rd group, n = 6), but a higher
      fentanyl amount and prolonged postoperative ventilation times were registered in
      this group. Bolus injections adapted to the special pharmacokinetic situation
      seem to be the best variant for the desired effect of producing sufficient
      analgesic levels without long-lasting ventilatory depression with a limited total
      dose of fentanyl.

PMID- 2275744
TI  - [Measures for reducing the risks of anesthesia].
AB  - To reduce the risks to human health and life has become an increasing demand by
      society. Physicians and engineers must develop and adopt measures to reduce such
      risks. The administration of anesthesia may be viewed as a closed-loop control
      system consisting of three major components: the anaesthesia system, the patient,
      and the system operator. An analysis of human element involved in the
      administration of anaesthesia indicates that the human brain is best qualified to
      make intelligent decisions; however, the reliance on human vigilance for the
      continuing monitoring of monotonous processes is questionable. Human error may be
      divided into slips, mistakes and omissions, each of them requiring different
      means of prevention. The events during a critical incident follow a certain
      sequence. Preventive measures can best be prepared by analyzing this sequence.
      The designer of medical equipment has four different approaches available to
      prevent injury to the patient: (1) to design the equipment which prevents a human
      error, (2) to design the equipment that injury is not possible when the human
      error occurs, (3) to warn of the possibility of a human error, or (4) to monitor
      for changes of important parameters which indicate the beginning of a critical
      situation. The most important safety measure is an integrated monitoring system
      with centralized, structured alarm announciation.

PMID- 2275745
TI  - [New battery-powered equipment for continuous measurement and monitoring of blood
      pressure and body temperature].
AB  - This study reviews two newly developed battery-powered monitors for the accurate
      and invasive measurement of arterial blood pressure and body temperature. Their
      way of functioning is described in detail. Both devices allow a close monitoring
      of blood pressure, pulse rate and body temperature and a suitable intervention
      during the transport of critically ill patients and organ donors. Both monitors
      have high accuracy and stability, simplicity of operation and are robust. They
      are also relatively small and light. In addition, the devices are very suitable
      for measurement not only in humans but also in small animals like rats. The
      temperature monitor shows high accuracy in a range from -20 to 100 degrees C and
      is well suited for momentary and continuous temperature measurement in many other
      fields of application.

PMID- 2275746
TI  - [Optimization of ventilation in anesthesia. 6. Quantitative registration of
      ventilation perfusion disorders during ventilation].
AB  - The ventilation perfusion perturbations which were registered during narcosis
      ventilation with different ventilation patterns were investigated by means of
      time series analysis. It was shown that the time progress of the parameter PaO2
      can be approximated by a linear equation in the considered time interval. The
      coefficient of the linear term of this equation describes the degree of the
      ventilation perfusion perturbations. The prediction made by this evaluation was
      confirmed by experimental data.

PMID- 2275747
TI  - [Rectal premedication using ketamine-dehydrobenzperidol-atropine in childhood].
AB  - In 60 children aged between two and 12 years the effect of rectal application of
      ketamine, dehydrobenzperiodol and atropine was investigated. The children were
      divided into two groups. Applying equal doses of dehydrobenzperidol and atropine,
      group B (30 children) received the half dose of ketamine which group A (30
      children) received. This had a marked effect of preoperative salivation which was
      considerably less in group B. Using dehydrobenzperidol only 3.3% of the children
      vomited postoperatively. Sedation was satisfactory although especially the
      children in group B remained responsive, but were in a state of psychic
      indifference and motoric sedation. The applied combination of drugs effected a
      moderate reduction of heart rate. In general, we found that rectal application of
      1 mg/kg ketamine, 0.15 mg/kg dehydrobenzperidol and 0.01 mg/kg atropine in
      children resulted in good preoperative sedation and exhibited relatively few side
      effects.

PMID- 2275748
TI  - Primary structure of avian hepatic rhodanese.
AB  - Rhodanese (thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1.) was purified from
      chicken livers and its amino acid sequence was determined. The enzyme has a
      specific activity of 676 IU and a molecular weight of 32,255. The primary
      structure of 289 amino acids was solved by sequential Edman degradation of
      overlapping peptides obtained by selected enzymatic and chemical cleavages. The
      amino terminus was blocked, and the carboxy-terminus was heterogeneous.
      Comparison of the primary structure with bovine liver rhodanese showed 212
      identically matched amino acids, and the majority of amino acid differences were
      conservative substitutions. Reaction of the enzyme with a 1.4-fold molar excess
      of [2-14C]iodoacetate led to inactivation of the enzyme and carboxymethylation of
      Cys-244; this modification was blocked by the substrate thiosulfate.

PMID- 2275749
TI  - An insulin-like hybrid consisting of a modified A-domain of human insulin-like
      growth factor I and the B-chain of insulin.
AB  - We have synthesized an insulin-like compound, consisting of the B-chain of bovine
      insulin and an A-chain corresponding to the A-domain of human insulin-like growth
      factor-I (IGF-I), in which the isoleucine residue normally present in position 2
      of the A-domain of IGF-I has been replaced with glycine. Biological evaluation of
      the compound indicated that its insulin-like activity (insulin receptor-binding
      and stimulation of lipogenesis) was 0.2%, and its growth-factor activity
      (stimulation of thymidine incorporation) was less than 1%, both relative to
      natural insulin. We conclude that interactions between IleA2 and TyrA19, which
      are crucial to high biological activity in insulin, are also present in IGF-I,
      and are equally critical for its biological activity.

PMID- 2275750
TI  - Association and folding in legumin oligomers of lupin seed.
AB  - We studied the association and conformational behavior under native or denaturing
      conditions in the 12S in equilibrium with 7S oligomers of lupin legumin and in
      the modified 7S (m7S) oligomer, which has lost the capacity to make a 12S
      molecule. Circular dichroism (CD), gel filtration FPLC, and PAGE were used. The
      native m7S oligomer has more alpha helix and nearly the same amount of beta
      structure as the 12S in equilibrium with 7S preparation. Conditions that shift
      the equilibrium in the 12S in equilibrium with 7S system toward the 7S oligomer
      also make the secondary structure more similar to that of m7S molecules: higher
      negative ellipticity appears to be a peculiarity of 7S assemblies, whether they
      contain modified or unmodified monomers. Part of the helical components show low
      stability and disappear in 1 M urea. The CD and the separation behavior on
      increasing the urea concentration, and in 6 M guanidine HCl, denote similar
      multistep unfolding in both preparations. The 12S oligomer disassembles
      progressively: however, also under highly denaturing conditions, modified and
      unmodified preparations are mainly present in an associated form. Small amounts
      of monomer and aggregates were detected at high denaturant concentrations.

PMID- 2275751
TI  - 3-(Trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-isothiocyanophenyl)diazirine: synthesis and chemical
      characterization of a heterobifunctional carbene-generating crosslinking reagent.
AB  - A new hydrophobic heterobifunctional photocrosslinking reagent 3
      (trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-isothiocyanophenyl)diazirine (TRIMID), a carbene
      precursor, and its radioiodinated analogue [125I]TRIMID, have been synthesized
      and chemically characterized. The reagents were applied for membrane protein
      modification in human erythrocyte membranes and purple membranes from
      Halobacterium halobium. Covalent labeling of the anion transport protein (band 3)
      via the isothiocyanate function was confirmed. Radiolabeled TRIMID was detected
      in at least two thermolysin-generated transmembrane fragments of the anion
      transport protein, and half-maximal inhibition of the erythrocyte anion transport
      activity was attained with 2.2 mM reagent. In bacteriorhodopsin (BR), a common
      binding site for the monofunctional phenylisothiocyanate and the bifunctional
      crosslinking reagent was identified: preincubation of purple membranes with
      TRIMID suppressed phenylisothio-[14C]-cyanate binding to BR. [125I]TRIMID was
      recovered in V-1, the N-terminal segment of BR, which includes the
      phenylisothiocyanate binding site Lys-41. Light-induced intramolecular
      crosslinking of band 3-derived thermolytic fragments was not observed, although
      the carbene was generated in situ and photocrosslinking of the protease V8
      fragments of BR was not detected. Chemical and physicochemical characteristics of
      the new reagent are discussed with regard to limitations imposed for photoinduced
      site-directed crosslink formation.

PMID- 2275752
TI  - Characterization of a GDP-sensitive phosphorylation in plasma membranes of D.
      discoideum.
AB  - In a previous study, we reported the GDP-dependent phosphorylation of a 36 kD
      membrane protein, p36, in D. discoideum membranes prepared from starved
      (aggregation competent) cells (Anschutz et al., 1989). Here we show that p36 can
      be phosphorylated when membranes are supplied either ATP or GTP as the phosphate
      donor, but that a greater level of p36 phosphorylation is achieved with GTP. The
      rate of phosphorylation of p36, using either nucleotide triphosphate, is enhanced
      by GDP. This reflects a decrease in the apparent Km of the enzyme for the
      particular nucleotide triphosphate. p36 can also be phosphorylated in membranes
      prepared from vegetative cells. However, the ability of GDP to stimulate p36
      phosphorylation is not observed in vegetative cell membranes. Competition
      experiments indicate that there are also developmental differences in the
      nucleotide triphosphate site(s) available to phosphorylate p36.

PMID- 2275753
TI  - The primary structure of rabbit muscle enolase.
AB  - The primary amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle enolase has been determined by
      standard spinning-cup sequencing techniques applied to peptides produced by
      chemical (cyanogen bromide and mild acid hydrolysis) and enzymatic fragmentation
      of the enzyme. The 433 amino acid sequence has been compared to other available
      enolase sequences from eukaryotic and prokaryotic sources, confirming a high
      degree of conserved sequence identity; the three mammalian muscle sequences
      (mouse and rat deduced from c-DNA sequences and rabbit) show 94% identity.

PMID- 2275754
TI  - Circular dichroism and laser Raman spectroscopic analysis of the secondary
      structure of Cerebratulus lacteus toxin B-IV.
AB  - The secondary structure of Cerebratulus lacteus toxin B-IV, a neurotoxic
      polypeptide containing 55 amino acid residues and four disulfide bonds, was
      experimentally estimated by computer analyses of toxin circular dichroism (CD)
      and laser Raman spectra. The CD spectrum of the toxin displayed typical alpha
      helical peaks at 191, 208, and 222 nm. At neutral pH, the alpha-helix estimates
      from CD varied between 49 and 55%, when nonrepresentative spectrum analytical
      methods were used. Analysis of the laser Raman spectrum obtained at a much higher
      toxin concentration yielded a 78% alpha-helix estimate. Both CD and Raman
      spectroscopic methods failed to detect any beta-sheet structure. The
      spectroscopic analyses revealed significantly more alpha-helix and less beta
      sheet for toxin B-IV than was predicted from its sequence. To account for the
      difference between the 49-55% helix estimate from CD spectra and the 78% helix
      estimate from the Raman spectrum, we postulate that some terminal residues are
      unfolded at the low toxin concentrations used for CD measurements but form helix
      at the high toxin concentration used for Raman measurements. Our CD observations
      showing that Cerebatulus toxin B-IV helix content increases about 15% in
      trifluoroethanol or at high pH are consistent with this interpretation.

PMID- 2275755
TI  - Thyroxine binding to human serum albumin immobilized on sepharose and effects of
      nonprotein albumin-binding plasma constituents.
AB  - 125I-thyroxine (125I-T4) binding to human serum albumin (HSA) covalently attached
      onto CNBr-activated Sepharose (HSA-Sepharose) was studied. 125I-T4 binding to HSA
      Sepharose was rapid and saturable. Nonlinear curve-fitting analysis of binding
      isotherms revealed two classes of binding sites. The values of dissociation
      constants of high and low affinity sites were 2.19 +/- 0.53 x 10(-6) M and 2.69
      +/- 0.78 x 10(-5) M, respectively. The number of binding sites of the high and
      the low affinity sites were 1.28 +/- 0.46 mol/mol and 23.5 +/- 9.7 mol/mol of
      HSA, respectively. Fatty acids and bilirubin competitively inhibited the high
      affinity binding of 125I-T4 to HSA-Sepharose without affecting the low-affinity
      binding. 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) inhibited the high affinity
      T4 binding via reduction of the binding capacity. Unlabeled T4 showed little
      inhibition of ANS binding to HSA, as measured by fluorescence intensity. These
      results suggest that ANS allosterically inhibits the high-affinity T4 binding to
      HSA-Sepharose.

PMID- 2275756
TI  - Protein kinase C inhibition by calmodulin and its fragments.
AB  - Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by calmodulin is investigated and we
      describe the localization of inhibitory sequences within the calmodulin molecule.
      We present evidence that calmodulin inhibits PKC through an inhibition of the
      activation of PKC associated with lipid membranes: Binding of PKC to lipid
      vesicles is not affected, but activation is abolished. The potent calmodulin
      antagonist R24571 (calmidazol) did not affect the inhibition of PKC by calmodulin
      at concentrations up to 10(-5) M. Two tryptic fragments of calmodulin were
      isolated which inhibited PKC. They were only slightly less potent than intact
      calmodulin with an IC50 of 6 microM compared to 1 microM of intact calmodulin.
      They were identified as Ser38-Arg74 and His107-Lys148. Each of the inhibiting
      fragments contains an intact Ca2(+)-binding domain with complete helix-loop-helix
      structure ("EF hand"). Other calmodulin peptides showed only weak inhibitory
      activity. Both fragments did not stimulate cAMP phosphodiesterase even at
      concentrations 100-fold higher than the calmodulin concentration needed for
      maximal stimulation. None of the fragments acted as a calmodulin antagonist.

PMID- 2275757
TI  - Raman spectroscopic studies of hen egg-white lysozyme at high temperatures and
      pressures.
AB  - In situ high-temperature, high-pressure Raman experiments on 3 mM (pH 5) aqueous
      solutions of hen egg-white (HEW) lysozyme show a decrease in the relative height
      of the 505 cm-1 band associated with S-S stretching vibrations at 72 degrees C (1
      bar). The peak height changes are accompanied by significant band broadening, and
      the integrated band intensity does not change within experimental error. The
      effect of increased pressure at 72 degrees C was to hinder broadening of the 505
      cm-1 band. HEW lysozyme (2.4 mM, pH 5) was also heated at 76 degrees C, 80
      degrees C, and 95 degrees C for different periods of time, and aliquots were
      quenched to room temperature for Raman and enzymatic activity measurements. After
      9 hr at 76 degrees C, the protein exhibits enzyme activity less than 50% of the
      initial value, and approximately 50% reduction in activity is achieved after 3 hr
      at 80 degrees C or 1 hr at 95 degrees C. The Raman results suggest that different
      irreversibly denatured conformations are attained during prolonged exposures at
      these different temperatures. It is apparent from these studies that the S-S
      stretch intensity is decreased irreversibly.

PMID- 2275758
TI  - Surface properties of fibrinogen and fibrin.
AB  - By contact angle measurements on layers of fibrinogen and fibrin, it can be shown
      that the transformation from fibrinogen to fibrin is accompanied by a change in
      surface properties from very hydrophilic (fibrinogen) to moderately but
      definitely hydrophobic (fibrin). It is also shown that, contrary to serum albumin
      and gamma globulin, fibrinogen does not become more hydrophobic upon drying.

PMID- 2275759
TI  - A survey of the primary aid response to the Bashkir train-gas pipeline disaster.

PMID- 2275760
TI  - Bashkirian train-gas pipeline disaster: the American military response.
AB  - The United States Army Institute of Surgical Research was asked to provide burn
      care assistance in June 1989 following the explosion of leaking methane/propane
      gas in the Central Soviet Union, which destroyed two passenger trains and injured
      800 passengers. A 17-member burn team flew from San Antonio, Texas, to Ufa, USSR
      and assisted in the management of 150 burn patients in a general medical-surgical
      hospital. Early problems included heavily colonized burn wounds, with a microbial
      flora that demonstrated broad antibiotic resistance. As wound complications were
      controlled, 28 operative procedures were performed to excise and graft the burn
      wounds. The recommendations for burn disaster management, based on our experience
      in Ufa, should be of assistance to other groups that may be asked to provide
      similar assistance in the future.

PMID- 2275761
TI  - Burned children from the Bashkir train-gas pipeline disaster. I. Acute management
      at Children's Hospital 9, Moscow.
AB  - Following the Bashkir train-gas pipeline disaster of 4 June 1989, US surgeons and
      nurses had an opportunity to join their Soviet counterparts at the Burn Unit at
      Children's Hospital 9 in Moscow in caring for the children. As a result of the
      joint effort, both the Soviet and US professionals came to understand the
      strengths and limits of each system of burn care. Joining strengths through
      mutual willingness to listen and cooperate left an elevated level of burn care at
      Children's Hospital 9.

PMID- 2275762
TI  - Burned children from the Bashkir train-gas pipeline disaster. II. Follow-up
      experience at Children's Hospital 9, Moscow.
AB  - A group of US surgeons and nurses was invited by the Soviet surgeons and nurses
      of the Burn Unit of Childrens Hospital 9 to return to Moscow to participate in
      the evaluation and treatment of a group of 25 children burned in the Bashkir
      train-gas pipeline accident of 4 June 1989. The US group had participated in the
      acute care of the children 7 months before. Major sequelae observed were
      hepatitis, cardiomyopathy and severe emotional disorders. Reconstructive surgery
      for burn scars was jointly planned and carried out during a 2-week period of
      mutually instructive cooperation.

PMID- 2275763
TI  - Bashkiria train-gas pipeline disaster: a history of the joint USSR/USA
      collaboration.
AB  - In June 1989, a methane/propane pipeline explosion destroyed two passenger trains
      in the Bashkirian Republic of the Soviet Union. Over 400 passengers died
      immediately and 806 were injured. Most of those injured suffered thermal
      injuries. One hundred and fifty patients were treated at Hospital 21 in Ufa,
      Bashkiria, by a combined Soviet-US team. Twenty-six patients underwent excision
      and grafting of their burn wounds. Microbiological studies indicated significant
      resistance to locally available antibiotics. Antibiotics provided by the US team
      proved useful in treating the resistant organisms. This disaster and the
      international response to it exemplify the need for a coordinated response to
      major burn disasters and the positive results of international cooperation.

PMID- 2275764
TI  - Treatment of dermal depth burn wounds with an antimicrobial agent-releasing
      silicone gel sheet.
AB  - Silicone gel sheets containing 0.02 per cent Ofloxacin were used in the treatment
      of 24 patients with a total of 27 dermal depth burn wounds. The gel provided a
      continuing drug delivery system from the dressing to the wound. Clinically the
      silicone gel sheets did not adhere to the wound and could be removed easily
      without pain. No infection developed in any of the dermal depth burn wounds
      treated with the gel sheets. The silicone gel sheets were found to promote prompt
      epithelialization in 16 burn wounds of superficial dermal depth (mean 8.4 days)
      compared with ointment-impregnated gauze dressings (mean 14 days, P less than
      0.01). There was less pain and discharge by macroscopic observation of the
      absorbent materials from both dressings. In nine wounds of mixed superficial and
      deep dermal burn, the silicone gel also provided prompt epithelialization (mean
      12 days) compared to the control wounds (mean 22 days, P less than 0.01).

PMID- 2275765
TI  - Experiences using silicone gel tie-over dressings following skin grafting.
AB  - Twenty-six patients with 27 skin grafts treated with tie-over dressings using
      silicone gel sheets containing 0.02 per cent Ofloxacin are described. This method
      ensured direct in-progress inspection of healing of the grafted skin. Although
      the silicone gel tie-over procedure without any additional pressure resulted in
      haematoma and congestion in four out of 12 grafts (33.3 per cent), in the group
      with additional pressure (approximately 20-30 mmHg) limited to the early period
      after surgery there was no haematoma and congestion of the grafts in 15 grafts (P
      less than 0.05, Chi-square test). It is surmised that adequate pressure applied
      to the graft for a few days after surgery would be beneficial in preventing
      haematoma formation.

PMID- 2275766
TI  - Preclinical evaluation of skin substitutes.
AB  - The important requirements of a skin substitute such as water vapour
      permeability, adherence to the excised wound surface, oxygen permeability,
      mechanical properties, impermeability to micro-organisms and exudate soaking
      capacity have been highlighted. Two commercial synthetic skin substitutes,
      Bioclusive and Geliperm, have been used to establish the preclinical assessment
      procedures for skin substitutes. Two in vitro techniques, the 'Water Cup' and the
      'Inverted Cup,' and two in vivo methods involving a 'Ventilated Hygrometer
      Chamber' system and an Evaporimeter have been employed to assess and compare the
      water vapour permeability of the skin substitutes under controlled conditions. An
      Evaporimeter, which is very simple to operate, provides more accurate results. A
      simple test has been designed to evaluate the early adherence of the skin
      substitutes to the excised wound surface of rats. The pulling force and the
      peeling force required to remove the membrane from the wound surface have been
      measured and these forces have been found to depend upon the composition of the
      membrane. An oxygen permeability cell has been fabricated which measures the
      dissolved oxygen permeability of the skin substitutes. The detection of oxygen is
      based on the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen at the surface of a noble
      metal. The tensile properties of the skin substitutes have been measured by an
      International Standard procedure and both the skin prostheses are associated with
      some drawbacks. An in vitro method of testing the microbial permeability of the
      skin substitutes has been designed which simulates an oozing colonized wound that
      a skin substitute faces in cases of septicaemia. Both the test materials were
      impermeable to both bacteria and fungi and will provide an effective barrier. The
      effectiveness of the skin substitutes to absorb wound exudate from the wound
      surface has been evaluated by soaking the pieces of the membranes in water,
      plasma and serum and observing their weight gain. The soaking capacity depends
      upon the composition and nature of the material. The procedures developed have
      been employed to evaluate a hydrogel type synthetic skin substitute recently
      formulated in our laboratory.

PMID- 2275767
TI  - Laboratory evaluation of a new hydrogel-type skin substitute.
AB  - A new hydrogel-type skin substitute (HSS) has been investigated for its
      effectiveness in the management of excised wounds in rats and compared with
      Geliperm and Bioclusive and air-exposed control. Wound repair has been assessed
      by measuring the wound size and by histological examination. The effectiveness of
      the skin substitutes on the re-establishment of the cutaneous barrier to
      evaporative water loss (EWL) has also been examined by an Evaporimeter. When
      compared with Geliperm and Bioclusive, a faster rate of wound healing with
      complete epithelialization was observed under HSS. A significant improvement in
      the rate of restoration of the barrier functions was observed between the HSS
      covered wounds and uncovered controls. A biphasic behaviour of EWL, with an
      initial rise followed by an exponential decline, was observed in uncovered
      control and wounds covered with Geliperm and HSS. In the case of Bioclusive, the
      decline in EWL was less pronounced.

PMID- 2275768
TI  - Mortality rate and prognostic indices in 2615 burned patients.
AB  - Two thousand six hundred and fifteen burned patients are analysed according to
      mortality rate and the results are compared with other prognostic indices. Our
      statistical data are similar to those reported by Feller et al. (1976), but
      differ from those expected by Roi et al. (1983) and Bull (1971). It is suggested
      that other burns centres should produce their statistical figures in the same
      way, thereby producing a wider statistical experience and a more accurate
      prognostic index. The improvement in the survival rate in our centre in the past
      5 years is also discussed.

PMID- 2275769
TI  - Functional changes of the NADH respiratory chain in rat-liver mitochondria and
      the content changes of high-energy phosphate groups in rat liver and heart during
      the early phase of burn injury.
AB  - Using glutamate plus malate as substrates, the respiratory control ratio of liver
      mitochondria from burned male Sprague-Dawley rats with full skin thickness burns
      covering 20 per cent of the body surface area were increased at 45, 60, 75 and 90
      min and using alpha-ketoglutarate, were increased at 60 and 75 min after burning,
      the peak being at 75 min postburn. The ADP/O ratio and the rate of ATP formation
      were also increased at about 75 min postburn and the ATP content in liver was
      increased at 120 min following burning. The ATP and creatine phosphate contents
      in heart tissue were increased at 120 min and at 105, 120 and 135 min postburn
      respectively. A sham-injured group acted as control. All the results suggested an
      increased oxidative phosphorylation coupling in some organs during the early
      phase of burn injury.

PMID- 2275770
TI  - Immediate fascial flap reconstruction of joints and use of Biobrane in the burned
      limb.
AB  - There is a small percentage of burned patients who would benefit from early
      excision of burns and coverage of exposed large joints to prevent septic
      arthritis and preserve movement. There are many reports in the literature on flap
      coverage of exposed joints or delayed primary excision of burns with subsequent
      flap coverage, but the immediate excision of burn to fascia with use of local
      vascularized fascial flaps to cover open knee and ankle joints has not apparently
      been described. This case report illustrates the basic plastic surgery techniques
      involved and the rationale behind such aggressive management. Biobrane is an
      extremely useful dressing for the coverage of such wounds in the interim period
      before autografting and provides ideal temporary coverage of vascularized fascial
      flaps and the excised burn bed.

PMID- 2275771
TI  - A convenient and reproducible filtration technique for the determination of
      erythrocyte deformability.
AB  - A simple method for the determination of red cell filterability (deformability)
      in leucocyte-free suspensions of washed erythrocytes is described. All equipment
      used is inexpensive and readily available. Polycarbonate membranes of 5 microns
      porosity are regenerated after each filtration. Consecutive filtration
      measurements allow for very good precision. The proposed method has high
      sensitivity for suspensions of overall slightly stiffened red cells or mixtures
      of normal and small numbers of greatly abnormal erythrocytes. In the latter case
      the method also fractionates. The method has been tested in vitro. Both human
      albumin solution and acetyl salicylic acid increased erythrocyte filterability.
      Chlorhexidine and silver sulphadiazine on the other hand adversely affected
      filterability. The technique is very suitable for the investigation of the effect
      of pharmacologically active materials on red cell filterability (deformability).

PMID- 2275772
TI  - Rehabilitation of burn patients with concomitant limb amputation: case reports.
AB  - Burn patients with associated limb amputations present demanding rehabilitation
      problems, many of which might be expected to lead to chronic difficulties.
      Therapeutic goals following limb amputation include oedema reduction, prevention
      of contracture (through positioning and range of motion), stump shaping, both pre
      and post-prosthetic fitting strengthening exercises of the limb and trunk, and
      gait training. Some patients present problems that are associated with both the
      burn injury and the limb amputation that cause concern among the physical therapy
      staff. Some of these situations include intolerance of the stump to pressure or
      manipulation due to remaining open wounds or fragility of newly skin grafted
      areas on the residual limb or delayed gait or functional training due to wounds
      on other body surface areas. Delays in stump preparation or other treatment aims
      due to continued surgical procedures can be worrisome. A review of these patients
      indicates the possible difficulties that rehabilitation personnel may face when
      treating burn victims who required amputation. Effective rehabilitation of these
      patients can be achieved despite the noted concerns.

PMID- 2275773
TI  - Urinary zinc excretion in a patient with burns: a caveat when using bladder
      catheters in urine zinc studies.
AB  - The results of a longitudinal study on plasma and urine zinc concentrations in a
      patient with 68 per cent burns are described. Special attention was paid to
      possible zinc contamination due to the use of bladder catheters for urine
      sampling. The course of the plasma and urine zinc concentrations during the first
      50 days in hospital was comparable to those reported in the literature. It was
      shown that surgery was associated with a pronounced rise in urine zinc level,
      while catheter replacement caused no significant increase in urinary zinc content
      in this particular patient. However, measurements of zinc content of and zinc
      release from three types of bladder catheters showed that the two types of latex
      based catheters contained about 0.25 per cent zinc, versus 0.01 per cent in the
      siliconelastomer equivalent. During an 8 h perfusion latex catheters released
      about 1.2 mumols zinc (2.5 mumols/l). Possible errors in urine zinc
      determinations due to zinc contamination from catheters are calculated.
      Recommendations are made for minimizing these errors.

PMID- 2275774
TI  - Radiator scald burns.

PMID- 2275775
TI  - [Original botanical statistics and commercial study of the Chinese drug
      touguchao].
AB  - According to original botanical statistics, there are 42 species and 5 varieties
      belonging to 20 families called or used as Touguchao. Commercial investigation
      shows that 16 species belonging to 12 families are presently available on the
      market in China.

PMID- 2275776
TI  - [An identification method for mineral drugs].
AB  - This paper is a report on a method for chemical identification of 58 mineral
      drugs. Combined with the Chinese traditional identification, the method can
      differentiate the sham and genuine drugs in a few minutes.

PMID- 2275777
TI  - [Selection of the germination strain of Mycena osmundicola Lange in Gastrodia
      elata Bl. seeds].
AB  - By successive selection and comparison these seeds are higher in germination
      rate, faster in protocorm growth and higher in yield of Gastrodia elata. It is
      evident that Mycene osmundicola is one of the best strains in Gastrodia elata
      germination fungi.

PMID- 2275778
TI  - [Effect of dry ginger and roasted ginger on experimental gastric ulcers in rats].
AB  - This paper reports the effect of dry ginger and roasted ginger decoctions on four
      experimental gastric ulcer models in rats at an oral administration of 4.5 g/kg.
      The result shows that the roasted ginger has an obvious inhibiting tendency on
      three gastric ulcer models except the indomethacin induced model while the dry
      ginger has no such effects. The acute toxicity test has shown that the LD50 of
      roasted ginger decoction administered orally is 170.6 +/- 1.1 g/kg, but it is
      over 250 g/kg with dry ginger. This suggests that the water soluble constituents
      of the dry ginger have changed in the roasting process.

PMID- 2275779
TI  - [Anti-influenza virus effect of dunhuang air cleaning agent].
AB  - Dunhuang air cleaning agent is an emulsion made from the efficacious ingredients
      of traditional Chinese drugs, antivirotic test in vitro and virus destroying test
      with atomization were made in our department. It was proved that the agent
      possesses anti-influenza virus effect. Being an ideal agent for air cleaning, it
      may be used in the prevention of (common) cold and influenza epidemic.

PMID- 2275780
TI  - [Extraction technology of radix Isatidis].
AB  - The indigotin and indirubin contents of Radix Isatidis, its aqueous extract and
      residues, as well as extract with 95%, 50% alcohol were determined by TLC
      densitometry. The authors throw doubt upon the current processes of extracting
      with water and precipitating with alcohol for Radix Isatidis, and indicate that
      the method of extraction with alcohol can give more indigotin and indirubin.

PMID- 2275781
TI  - [Chemical components of bee's pollen from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum
      Moench)].

PMID- 2275782
TI  - [Chemical constituents of the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N.
      E. Br].
AB  - Compounds were isolated from the aqueous extract of the leaves of Crataegus
      pinnatifida var. major and seven of them were identified as 2-(4
      hydroxybenzyl)malic acid, quercetin, hyperin, vitexin, rhamnosylvitexin,
      diethylamine hydrochloride and sorbitol respectively by UV, IR, NMR, MS, some
      chemical techniques by comparison with the standard spectra of known compounds.

PMID- 2275783
TI  - [Determination of eucalyptole in eucalyptus oil by gas chromatography].
AB  - This paper reports the determination of eucalyptole in eucalyptus oil by gas
      chromatography. The results were similar to the specifications in the Chinese
      Pharmacopoeia. The method is simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive and requires
      only small amount of samples. The coefficient of variation is less than or equal
      to 0.52%.

PMID- 2275784
TI  - [Effects of bee pollen on lipid peroxides and immune response in aging and
      malnourished mice].
AB  - The results showed that the level of hemolysin (HC), the numbers of plaque
      forming cells (PFC) and specific rosette forming cells (SRFC) in primary response
      to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were markedly lowered and the lipoperoxide level
      in brain, liver and serum was increased in aging (over 18 months) and
      malnourished mice fed with ground corn in comparison to normal controls, while HC
      and the numbers of PFC and SRFC were significantly increased and the lipoperoxide
      level was markedly decreased after treatment with bee pollen 10 g/kg/d orally for
      3 months and with 20% bee pollen-containing ground corn for 3 weeks respectively.
      The reduction of total protein and albumin contents of serum, DNA, RNA and
      protein contents of spleen and thymus in mice fed with ground corn can be
      prevented by adding 20% bee pollen in ground corn diet.

PMID- 2275786
TI  - [Antitumor action of lignum sappan].
AB  - The aqueous extract of lignum sappan can kill cell lines of HL-60, K562, L929 and
      Yac-1 at the concentration of 2 microliters/ml. The survival time of mice bearing
      EAC is increased by 185% (P less than 0.01) by ip 0.2 ml/mouse x 7d. The three
      stage sequential test standard can be passed smoothly.

PMID- 2275785
TI  - [Mechanism of the antiasthmatic effect of total coumarins in the fruit of Cnidium
      monnieri (L.)Cuss].
AB  - Total coumarins in the fruit of Cnidium monnieri show a marked protective effect
      against bronchial asthma induced by inhalation of histamine in conscious guinea
      pig. In vitro these total coumarins can relax the contraction of the isolated
      trachea in guinea pigs induced by histamine as well as increase the perfusion
      rate of isolated lung preparation of guinea pig. These actions, however, may be
      blocked by propranolol. Besides, these coumarins cannot increase the heart rate
      and arterial blood pressure in anesthetized rats. All this shows that the
      antiasthmatic effect of total coumarins in the fruit of Cnidium monnieri is
      mediated by beta 2-receptor.

PMID- 2275787
TI  - [Pharmacological studies of huomaisan].
AB  - After per os Huomaisan twice a day for 5 days, HMS significantly prolonged
      thrombus formation time and inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and
      collagen. Meanwhile, HMS also decreased blood viscosity, but did not
      significantly affect hematocrit. The result shows that HMS has multiple actions
      on blood.

PMID- 2275788
TI  - Gene 5 protein-DNA complex: modeling binding interactions.
AB  - A helical (not toroidal) complex consisting of eight gene 5 protein dimers per
      turn is proposed for the extension of DNA from dimer to dimer using known bond
      length constraints, postulated protein-nucleic acid interactions (determined from
      NMR and chemical modification studies), other physical properties of the complex,
      and data from electron micrographs. The binding channel has been dictated by
      these known parameters and the relative ease of geometrically fitting these
      constituents. This channel is different from that previously reported by other
      modelers. The channel lies underneath the long arm "claw-like" extension of the
      monomer, so that it rests inside the outer surface of the protein complex. An
      explanation is proposed for the two binding modes, n = 4 (the predominate mode)
      and n = 3, based on the weak binding interaction of Tyrosine 34. Also, the site
      of the less mobile nucleic acid base as reported from ESR studies (S.-C. Kao,
      E.V. Bobst, G.T. Pauly and A.M. Bobst, J. Biom. Struc. Dyn. 3,261 (1985)) is
      postulated as involving the fourth nucleotide, and this particular base is
      stacked between Tyrosine 34 and Phenylalanine 73'.

PMID- 2275789
TI  - Chromatin higher-order structure: two-start double superhelix formed by zig-zag
      shaped nucleosome chain with folded linker DNA.
AB  - Hydrodynamic properties of chromatins differing in linker DNA length and in
      transcriptional activity have been studied by the method of sedimentation
      velocity. Oligonucleosomes of different chain length were isolated from
      chromatins of pigeon brain cortical neurones, rat thymus and sea urchin sperm
      characterized by nucleosome DNA repeat length of 165, 198 and 248 base pairs
      respectively. The hydrodynamic behaviour of oligonucleosomes in the dependence on
      the number of nucleosomes in the chain and on the ionic strength has been
      analysed on the basis of cylinder model. The data obtained allows one to
      calculate the main structural parameters of the oligonucleosomal chain: its mass
      per unit length, the hydrodynamic diameter of the chain, the length of the chain
      per nucleosome and DNA packing ratio. It is shown that hydrodynamic behaviour of
      nucleosome oligomers from all types of chromatins investigated at low ionic
      strength can be well described by the model of three-dimensional zig-zag chain
      with similar diameter and length of the chain per nucleosome, DNA packing ratio
      growing with the increase of linker DNA length. It can be achieved by unfolding
      the short linker DNA in neurone chromatin and by coiling the long linker DNA of
      sea urchin sperm chromatin into a loop. With the increase of ionic strength zig
      zag shaped nucleosomal chain is condensed into a two-start double superhelix with
      closely arranged nucleosomes and linker DNA loops packed inside the superhelix.
      The suggested model is in good agreement with available experimental data and
      overcomes a number of difficulties which arise for the solenoid model and other
      models of the 30-nm chromatin fibril.

PMID- 2275790
TI  - Theory of helix-coil transition on DNA-ligand complexes: the effect to two types
      of interaction of ligand on the parameters of transition.
AB  - The effect of ligand interacting with native DNA by two types on the parameters
      of helix-coil transition in homopolymers is considered using the most probable
      distribution method (Yu.S. Lazurkin et al., Biopolymers 1970). It is shown that
      at a small relative concentration of ligand the melting enthalpy (delta H) of DNA
      may be obtained from the universal formula which contains only values directly
      known from the experiments. It is shown that the formula for the change of
      melting temperature and width of melting range depending on the total ligand
      concentration in solution is converted into the corresponding formulae which are
      defined for the case when only one type of interaction of ligand and DNA is
      considered.

PMID- 2275791
TI  - Enthalpy of helix-coil transition of DNA: dependence on Na+ concentration and GC
      content.
AB  - The enthalpy of helix-coil transition of DNA (delta H) is determined from the
      experiments on DNA melting with ligands by means of absolutely general formula,
      which contains only values directly known from the experiment (M.D. Frank
      Kamenetskii, and A.T. Karapetian, Mol. Biol. USSR 6, 621 (1972)) with the
      combination of the "area" method (P.O. Vardevanian, et al., Biophysica 28, 130
      (1983)). The experimentally obtained data show that delta H depends on both
      concentration of Na+ in solution and GC-content of DNA and is of high accuracy.

PMID- 2275792
TI  - Energetics of the hairpin to mismatched duplex transition of d(GCCGCAGC) on NaCl
      solution.
AB  - We report Potential of Mean Force studies to describe the relative thermodynamic
      stabilities of d(GCCGCAGC) in a mismatched duplex and a hairpin monomer
      conformation in NaCl solution. The PMF calculations are combined with previous
      molecular mechanics and normal mode analysis in order to estimate the role of
      different components of the free energy in determining the relative stability of
      the duplex and hairpin structures. The high entropy associated with the loop
      region and the lack of minor groove phosphate-phosphate interactions in the
      hairpin compete against the gain in enthalpic contribution to the free energy due
      to base pairing in the mismatched duplex. The combined free energy calculations
      show that the hairpin is the most stable conformation at low salt and that a
      hairpin to duplex transition takes place at approximately 0.47 M NaCl. In
      addition, we studied the hairpin to partially stacked single helical conformation
      equilibrium at low salt. We found a small variation in transition temperature in
      salt concentration, delta Tm/delta log10(cs) approximately 2-3 degrees K/decade,
      in contrast to the duplex to hairpin or duplex to partially stacked single helix
      transition where the transition temperature exhibited marked dependence on salt
      concentration. This is in qualitative agreement with experimental data. Based on
      the Potential of Mean Force free energy calculation, the order of relative
      stability of the three-conformations studied varies with salt concentration. We
      observed the following orders of stability: stacked single helix greater than
      hairpin greater than duplex for cs less than 0.77 M NaCl; single helix greater
      than duplex greater than hairpin for 0.77 less than Cs less than 2.1 M; and
      duplex greater than hairpin greater than single strand for cs greater than 2.1 M.
      From the calculated PMF free energy curves in the NaCl concentration range, 0.012
      less than cs less than 5.0 M, we can assign upper and lower bounds for the non
      ionic differences in free energy between the duplex, hairpin, and stacked single
      helical states (at standard conditions: cs = 1.0 M, T = 25 degrees C, and 1 M
      oligomer concentration). We found that for delta G duplex single helix = G duplex
      - 2 x G single helix less than -7.38 Kcal/mol, the single helix is the least
      stable state. For the duplex-to-hairpin free energy difference in the range, 
      1.87 less than delta G duplex-hairpin less than 0.03 Kcal/mol, there will always
      be a salt-induced hairpin-to-duplex transition for 0.01 less than cs less than
      1.6 M NaCl. If delta G duplex-hairpin less than -1.87, the duplex is always more
      stable than the hairpin; and for delta G duplex-hairpin greater than Kcal/mol,
      the hairpin state is always more stable than the duplex, for all salt
      concentrations.

PMID- 2275793
TI  - Solvation effects on the sequence variability of DNA double helical
      conformations.
AB  - The role of solvation on the sequence dependent conformational variabilities in
      DNA has been studied by calculating hydration free energies from solvent
      accessible surface areas for several base steps, as a function of various helical
      parameters, roll, twist and propeller twist. The results of roll calculations
      suggest opposite trends for AA and GG steps, with the former tending to have a
      compressed minor groove and the latter a compressed major groove. These trends
      are consistent with the experimental findings on sequence preferences and the
      nature of anisotropic bending of DNA observed in nucleosomes (Drew, H.R. and
      Travers, A.A., J. Mol. Biol. 186, 773-790 (1985); Satchwell, S.C., Drew, H.R. and
      Travers, A.A., J. Mol. Biol. 191, 659-675 (1986)) and CAP-DNA interactions
      (Gartenberg, M.R. and Crothers, D.M., Nature 333, 824-829, (1988)). Solvation
      energy profiles also indicate preferences for the base pairs in GG and AA steps
      to adopt low and high propeller twists, respectively. Such agreements may either
      reflect a coincidence of solvation effects with other energy terms or a dominance
      of solvent effects. The results are discussed in the context of the
      crystallographic observations of structural tendencies.

PMID- 2275794
TI  - Structural and conformational analysis of pentostatin (2'-deoxycoformycin), a
      potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase.
AB  - X-ray, NMR and molecular mechanics studies on pentostatin (C11H16N4O4), a potent
      inhibitor of the enzyme adenosine deaminase, have been carried out to study the
      structure and conformation. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P21
      with the cell dimensions of a = 4.960(1), b = 10.746(3), c = 11.279(4)A, beta =
      101.18(2) degrees and Z = 2. The structure was solved by direct methods and
      difference Fourier methods and refined to an R value of 0.047 for 997
      reflections. The trihydrodiazepine ring is nonplanar and adopts a distorted sofa
      conformation with C(7) deviated from the mean plane by 0.66A. The deoxyribose
      ring adopts a C3'-endo conformation, different from coformycin where the sugar
      has a C2'-endo conformation. The observed glycosidic torsion angle (chi = -119.5
      degrees) is in the anti range. The conformation about the C(4')-C(5') bond is
      gauche+. The conformation of the molecule is compared with that of coformycin and
      2-azacoformycin. 1 and 2D NMR studies have been carried out and the dihedral
      angles obtained from coupling constants have been compared with those obtained
      from the crystal structure. The conformation of deoxyribose in solution is
      approximately 70% S and 30% N. Molecular mechanics studies were performed to
      obtain the energy minimized conformation, which is compared with X-ray and NMR
      results.

PMID- 2275796
TI  - Reinterpretation of linear dichroism of chromatin supports a perpendicular linker
      orientation in the folded state.
AB  - We present a reinterpretation of linear dichroism data for the salt induced
      condensation of chromatin. A conflict between electric and flow linear dichroism
      data for identical chromatin samples, studied at varying degrees of Mg2+ induced
      folding, can be solved if the orientation in electric fields is mainly determined
      through the polarization of counter ions along the linker parts, whereas the
      orientation in flow is governed by the hydrodynamical response of the entire
      chromatin fiber. The orientation of a chromatin fiber in an electric field would
      then depend on the linker tilt angle so that at an angle larger than 55 degrees
      the fiber would tend to orient perpendicular to the applied field. The different
      orientation distributions obtained with the two methods of alignment may in this
      way provide extra information about the structure and folding of chromatin.

PMID- 2275795
TI  - The chromatin fiber: structure and conformational transitions as revealed by
      optical anisotropy studies.
AB  - Structure and conformational transitions of the chromatin fiber as revealed by
      optical anisotropy studies are reviewed. The data in the literature do not allow
      a definite interpretation; in fact some of them are contradictory. The major
      findings are reported here and an attempt is made to analyse them with respect to
      the internal dynamics and the various models suggested for the organization of
      the chromatin fiber.

PMID- 2275797
TI  - Secondary structure prediction for the spectrin 106-amino acid segment, and a
      proposed model for tertiary structure.
AB  - A collective secondary structure prediction for the human erythrocyte spectrin
      106-residue repeat segment is developed, based on the sequences of nine segments
      that have been reported in the literature, utilizing a consensus of several
      secondary structure prediction methods for locating turn regions. The analysis
      predicts a five-fold structure, with three alpha-helices and two beta-strand
      regions, and differs from previous models on the lengths of the helices and the
      existence of beta-strand structure. We also demonstrate that this structural
      motif can be folded into tertiary structures that satisfy the experimental
      spectrin data and several general principles of protein organization.

PMID- 2275798
TI  - Solution conformation of the type I collagen alpha-2 chain telopeptides studied
      by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - The high-field 1H and 13C NMR studies of the N- and C-terminal telopeptides of
      the alpha-2 chain of collagen were carried out in CD3OH/H2O solutions. All proton
      assignments are based on two-dimensional phase-sensitive COSY and ROESY
      experiments. The conformation of the N-telopeptide (nonamer) is predominantly
      extended with a small proportion of the molecules existing in a type I beta turn.
      The four residues involved in this turn are D3-A4-K5-G6 which is stabilized by a
      C = O(D3)-NH(G6) hydrogen bond. The C-terminal telopeptide is extended
      throughout. A model is proposed involving charge-charge and hydrophobic
      interactions between the extended alpha-2 chain N-telopeptide and the adjacent
      segments of triple-helix. A similar model is proposed for the C-telopeptide.

PMID- 2275799
TI  - Structure and dynamics of distamycin A with d(CGCAAATTGGC):d(GCCAATTTGCG) at low
      drug:DNA ratios.
AB  - Two-dimensional NMR has been used to study the interaction of distamycin A with
      d(CGCAAATTGGC):d(GCCAATTTGCG) at low and intermediate drug:DNA ratios (less than
      2.0). Drug-DNA contacts were identified by nuclear Overhauser effect
      spectroscopy, which also served to monitor exchange of the drug between different
      binding sites. At low drug:DNA ratios (0.5), distamycin A binds in two
      orientations within the five central A-T base pairs and has a preference (2.2:1)
      for binding with the formyl end directed toward the 5' side of the A-rich strand.
      The pattern of drug-DNA contacts corresponding to the preferred binding
      orientation are consistent with the drug sliding between adjacent AAAT and AATT
      binding sites at a rate that is fast on the NMR time scale. Similarly, the
      pattern of NOEs associated with the less favored orientation are consistent with
      the drug sliding between adjacent AATT and ATTT sites, again in fast exchange.
      Off-rates for the drug from the major and minor binding orientations were
      measured to be 2.4 +/- 1.5 and 3.3 +/- 1.5 s-1, respectively, at 35 degrees C. At
      intermediate drug:DNA ratios (1.3) exchange of the drug between the two one-drug
      and the two sites of a two-drug complex is observed. Off-rates for both drugs
      from the 2:1 complex were measured to be 1.0 +/- 0.5 s-1 (35 degrees C).

PMID- 2275800
TI  - [Characterization of plant extracts and registration requirements].
AB  - The extracts of vegetable origin, obtained by extraction, pressing and subsequent
      processing from whole plants or from their fresh or dried parts, contain the
      active principles in admixture with secondary constituents in the natural ratio.
      The quali-quantitative characterization of such extracts, as active ingredients
      for the formulation of proprietary medicinal products, requires therefore, if
      compared with that of pure products, to set up a specific analytical development
      in relation to the complexity and the grade of refinement attained by the
      multicomponent mixture. In respect of the existing European Community provisions
      for the control of pharmaceutical starting materials, the problems relevant to
      nomenclature, description, manufacture and quality control for the scientific
      documentation of the various extracts, are discussed in comparison with those of
      pure products.

PMID- 2275801
TI  - [Elements in the evaluation of some disinfectants for hospital use].
AB  - The efficacy of hospital disinfectants may be evaluated on the basis of the
      available information on their chemical, physical and biological properties:
      these depend on the interaction of germicides with other components in the
      formulation, with the diluent (its quality and quantity), with the organic matter
      and other materials. The Author is giving his contribution with up-dated
      information on commercial disinfectants based on phenol derivatives.

PMID- 2275802
TI  - Sister chromatid cohesiveness: vital function, obscure mechanism.
AB  - Observations of chromosome behavior have suggested that it is sister chromatid
      cohesiveness which is primarily responsible for maintenance of chiasmate
      association between pachytene and anaphase of the first meiotic division and also
      for maintenance of sister centromere association until anaphase II. These
      associations seem essential for assurance of normal distribution of chromosomes
      into gametes (except in organisms in which alternative means have evolved, such
      as the male of Drosophila melanogaster). Sister chromatid cohesiveness is also
      found in varying degrees at mitosis. Reports of observations that are relevant to
      the nature of this cohesiveness are reviewed here with particular attention to
      behavior under a variety of conditions which include ploidy changes, presence of
      mutation effects, chromosome rearrangements, and experimental treatments.
      Attention is focused on constraints imposed upon model building by the
      observations, and also on directions for future study, which seem promising.

PMID- 2275803
TI  - Complete analysis of the trace elements of the kidney.
AB  - The distribution of trace elements in kidney cortex and medulla and in their
      subcellular fractions was studied by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
      (ICP-MS). This technology allows the analysis of almost all the elements of the
      periodic table, along with their isotopes, in the same experiment. Acid digestion
      of the tissue (samples) was required before ICP-MS elemental analysis.
      Mineralization in 8 N nitric acid for 2 min in a Parr microwave acid digestion
      bomb, inside a regular microwave oven working at medium power, gave good
      sensitivity and reproducible results. Trace element determinations could be
      precisely performed, despite the presence of a considerable amount of organic
      matter. Cortex/plasma and medulla/plasma inorganic ratios were taken as
      indicators of the inorganic bioaccumulation. The highest enrichment factors of
      elements found in the cortex were Mn greater than Co greater than Tl greater than
      Zn greater than Rb greater than Mo greater than Cu and the highest element
      enrichments of the medulla were Tl greater than Mn greater than Co greater than
      Rb greater than Zn greater than Bi greater than Mo greater than Ni greater than
      Cu. Subcellular fragmentation of the kidney cortex and medulla indicated that the
      majority of the trace elements was located in the cytosolic fraction. The
      membrane fraction of the medulla contained significant amounts of Hg and Al:
      120.7 and 32.0 mg/g protein, respectively. Cu and Zn were the most abundant trace
      elements found in the brush border membrane from the cortex: 120.7 and 68.2 mg/g
      protein, respectively. These quantities are largely in excess of what is bound,
      for example, to alkaline phosphatase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2275804
TI  - Induction of cell-specific ribosomal proteins in aggregation-competent
      nonmorphogenetic Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - Vegetatively growing amoebae, if shaken in a starvation (nonnutrient) buffer,
      acquired aggregation competence, but do not embark on a morphogenetic program.
      The quantitative variation of ribosomal proteins in vegetative and aggregation
      competent cells was compared by labeling the different cell types with
      [35S]methionine. Vegetative cells were examined at various phases of the growth
      cycle. No changes could be detected in the content of ribosomes or the apparent
      stoichiometry of ribosomal proteins in growing cells. In stationary phase cells,
      the net ribosome content declined to 15% of that observed in logarithmic phase,
      but the relative amounts of individual ribosomal proteins were not altered.
      Although aggregation-competent cells contained 30% less ribosomes compared with
      logarithmic phase cells, the total fraction of newly made ribosomal proteins was
      the same in both. In contrast to vegetative cells, distinct changes were induced
      in the ribosomal proteins of aggregation-competent cells. The composition of
      ribosomes in aggregation-competent phase resembled in every respect that observed
      in spore cells. As reported earlier, changes were found in all 12 of the
      developmentally regulated ribosomal proteins. For the majority of newly made
      ribosomal proteins during aggregation competence, the stoichiometry was similar
      to that in logarithmically growing cells. However, the relative synthesis of some
      was particularly higher (13- to 46-fold for A and L; 3- to 8-fold for D, E, S24,
      L3, S6, and L4) compared with logarithmic phase cells. About 18 proteins, which
      included the cell-specific ribosomal proteins L18, S10, S14, S16, and L11, were
      synthesized in lesser amounts than in logarithmic phase cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2275805
TI  - Detoxification of secondary products of lipid peroxidation in the cytosol of a
      mouse fibroblast cell line.
AB  - A cytosolic fraction prepared from a mouse fibroblast cell line reduced secondary
      products of lipid peroxidation, including alkenals, alkanals, alk-2-enals, and
      alka-2,4-dienals, using NADH or NADPH. An alternative route for detoxification of
      alk-2-enals and alka-2,4-dienals in the cell line cytosol was via glutathione
      conjugation. The major glutathione transferase in the cell line cytosol was
      partially characterized by glutathione-agarose chromatography and
      chromatofocusing. High glutathione peroxidase activity suggested that the enzyme
      was an alpha family glutathione transferase. The major glutathione transferase
      also efficiently catalyzed the conjugation of alk-2-enals and alka-2,4-dienals
      with glutathione.

PMID- 2275806
TI  - Purification and some properties of a thermostable DNA polymerase from a
      Thermotoga species.
AB  - A stable DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) has been purified from the extremely
      thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga sp. strain FjSS3-B.1 by a five-step
      purification procedure. First, the crude extract was treated with
      polyethylenimine to precipitate nucleic acids. The endonuclease activity
      coprecipitated. DEAE-Sepharose, CM-Sephrarose, and hydroxylapatite column
      chromatography were used to purify the preparation. As a final step on a small
      scale, preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis was used. The purified DNA polymerase exhibited a molecular
      weight of 85,000, as determined by both SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and size-exclusion chromatography. Its pH optimum was in the range pH 7.5-8. When
      assayed over the temperature range 30-80 degrees C, the maximum activity in a 30
      min assay was at 80 degrees C. The enzyme was moderately thermostable and
      exhibited half-lives of 3 min at 95 degrees C and 60 min at 50 degrees C in the
      absence of substrate. Several additives such as Triton X-100 enhanced
      thermostability. During storage at 4 degrees C and -70 degrees C, the stability
      of the enzyme was improved by the addition of gelatin.

PMID- 2275807
TI  - The parapharyngeal space: the key to unlocking the suprahyoid neck.

PMID- 2275809
TI  - The normal and diseased masticator space.

PMID- 2275808
TI  - The pharyngeal mucosal space.

PMID- 2275811
TI  - The carotid space in the suprahyoid neck.

PMID- 2275810
TI  - The radiologic evaluation of the parotid space.

PMID- 2275812
TI  - The normal and diseased retropharyngeal and prevertebral spaces.

PMID- 2275813
TI  - Biochemistry and function of the plastid envelope.

PMID- 2275814
TI  - Cell biology of von Willebrand factor.

PMID- 2275815
TI  - The structure and insertion of integral proteins in membranes.

PMID- 2275816
TI  - Platelet membrane glycoproteins: functions in cellular interactions.
AB  - The understanding of the structure and function of platelet membrane
      glycoproteins has been facilitated by studies showing that they belong to larger
      gene families of cell surface receptors involved in cellular interactions. In
      some instances (e.g. GP IIb-IIIa and GP Ib-IX) the study of the platelet proteins
      has served as a prototype for relatively newly described gene families (e.g.
      integrins and LRG proteins, respectively). In other instances, e.g. PECAM-1, the
      background of information on immunoglobulin domain-containing proteins has served
      to indicate functions. Receptor-ligand interactions have been characterized at
      the molecular level, and studies of genetic defects affecting platelet receptors
      have contributed significantly to understanding structure-function relationships.
      Gene transfection studies provide encouraging results that might lead to gene
      therapy. The knowledge about platelet ligand-receptor processes contributes not
      only to our understanding of normal platelet function, but also to a more
      generalized understanding of adhesive mechanisms used by many cells to interact
      with their environment.

PMID- 2275817
TI  - The sensation and regulation of interactions with the extracellular environment:
      the cell biology of lymphocyte adhesion receptors.

PMID- 2275818
TI  - The T cell antigen receptor: insights into organelle biology.

PMID- 2275819
TI  - Phosphatidylinositol-derived precursors and signals.

PMID- 2275820
TI  - Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes: constitutive molecular components.

PMID- 2275821
TI  - Transgenic mouse models of self-tolerance and autoreactivity by the immune
      system.

PMID- 2275822
TI  - The Drosophila cytoskeleton.

PMID- 2275823
TI  - Histone function in transcription.

PMID- 2275824
TI  - Position effects on eukaryotic gene expression.

PMID- 2275825
TI  - Genetic analysis of mammalian cell differentiation.

PMID- 2275826
TI  - Control of globin gene transcription.

PMID- 2275827
TI  - 'All is not well'.

PMID- 2275828
TI  - Interpreters of mumblings.
AB  - When dentists appear in literature, it seems that they are frequently portrayed
      as evil, cruel and, sometimes, even rather stupid--but is this a fair assumption?
      Dr Horacio Martinez, a dentist in Buenos Aires, Argentina, steers us through a
      number of well known novels where the dentist plays a crucial role.

PMID- 2275829
TI  - The new contract and referendum.

PMID- 2275830
TI  - 'Dental personpower'.

PMID- 2275832
TI  - 'The use of rubber dam in the UK. A survey'.

PMID- 2275831
TI  - 'A comparison of ibuprofen and ibuprofen-codeine combination in the relief of
      post-operative oral surgery pain'.

PMID- 2275834
TI  - Off target.

PMID- 2275833
TI  - 'The fate and survival of amalgam and preformed crown molar restorations placed
      in a specialist paediatric dental practice'.

PMID- 2275835
TI  - Should all dental staff be tested regularly for HIV?

PMID- 2275836
TI  - The clinical wear of three posterior composites.
AB  - The wear of three posterior composites and two amalgams was assessed clinically
      and measured on replica models. For the composite restorations abrasion was
      measured as the depth of enamel exposed at the cavity margin. Attrition was
      measured for all materials as the depth of surface wear determined by laser
      interfereometry. For the posterior composites the mean abrasion was: Clearfil
      79.2 microns, Occlusin 175.9 microns and P-30 96.1 microns. The corresponding
      values for attrition were: 153.4 microns, 205.9 microns and 255.5 microns,
      respectively. The attrition of the two amalgams was: New True Dentalloy 120.8
      microns, Solila Nova 115.3 microns. Therefore, attrition was greater than
      abrasion and the attrition of the three composites was greater than that of the
      two amalgams. Abrasion was affected by local factors, including the marginal
      contour of the restoration, whereas attrition was largely a function of the
      properties of the material itself. These findings indicate that composites should
      not be considered as a direct alternative to amalgam, especially in patients with
      high occlusal stress.

PMID- 2275837
TI  - The management of occlusal caries in permanent molars. A 5-year clinical trial
      comparing a minimal composite with an amalgam restoration.
AB  - A clinical trial comparing the efficacy of an occlusal amalgam restoration with a
      minimal composite restoration and fissure sealant in the management of occlusal
      caries in young patients has been performed. One hundred and fifty pairs of
      restorations were placed in 103 patients and assessed during the 5-year follow-up
      period. Nineteen restorations failed during this period: 11 amalgam and 8 minimal
      composite. There was some deterioration in anatomical form and marginal integrity
      of the remaining amalgam restorations. Of the remaining minimal composites, seven
      suffered clinically detectable wear and a further five had some marginal
      staining. Forty-nine of the minimal composites needed to have repairs to the
      fissure sealant. The amalgam restorations occupied, on average, 25% of the
      occlusal surface of the tooth, compared with 5% for the minimal composite resin.
      The results after a 5-year follow-up showed no significant difference in median
      survival times between the amalgam and the minimal composite restorations.

PMID- 2275838
TI  - Prevalence of pathological tooth wear in patients with chronic alcoholism.
AB  - Although chronic alcoholism is a very common condition, with potentially harmful
      consequences for the sufferer, there has been little emphasis in the literature
      on its effects on the teeth. This study of 37 alcoholic patients showed that
      their teeth had significantly more wear than age and sex matched controls. The
      tooth wear was most marked in males, and those whose alcohol consumption was
      continuous rather than in the form of episodic binges. The wear appeared to be
      erosive in nature, and in 40% of the sample it affected the palatal surfaces of
      the upper anterior teeth. It is therefore suggested that general dental
      practitioners should bear in mind the possibility of chronic alcoholism in cases
      of unexplained dental erosion.

PMID- 2275840
TI  - A revision of the final fellowships of the RCS Eng.

PMID- 2275839
TI  - Recognition of oral lesions of HIV infection. 3. Gingival and periodontal disease
      and less common lesions.
AB  - This is the last of a series of three articles on the recognition of oral lesions
      of HIV infection. It deals with the less common, and some rare lesions.

PMID- 2275841
TI  - Patient compliance and medical audit in orthodontics.
AB  - For Giancarla Forte and Andrew Richardson ignorance certainly isn't bliss. They
      decided to find out just how sharp the teeth of their maloccluded cubs were, by
      posing them the BDA-Colgate questionnaire, 'We care about what you think'.

PMID- 2275842
TI  - Dental epidemiology in Ethiopia.
AB  - First thoughts often assume that dental health is unlikely to be a priority for
      some time to come in a war stricken country like Ethiopia. Paradoxically the very
      success of specialised feeding programmes, in some groups in particular, has
      accelerated the onset of the sort of dental disease that is becoming a feature of
      developing countries.

PMID- 2275843
TI  - Needles about! The art of acupuncture.
AB  - The ancient art of acupuncture is becoming more and more popular, and these days
      of bank-balance and budget mean that practitioners are reconsidering the benefits
      of a medical technique that is safe, simple and cheap. At a press conference in
      October, the British Medical Acupuncture Society put their case.

PMID- 2275844
TI  - The JDC and dental research.
AB  - The Joint Dental Committee exists to achieve greater collaboration between the
      research councils and health departments, and to better coordinate and promote
      research in the dental field. Here, the Committee describes its work, giving an
      insight into its aims and aspirations.

PMID- 2275845
TI  - Regional cerebral blood flow measurement in humans by xenon-133 clearance.
AB  - Almost 30 years have passed since the first measurement of regional cerebral
      blood flow in humans by 133Xe clearance. A review of the methodology is presented
      for the two-dimensional intracarotid method and the related inhalation and IV
      injection techniques. Emphasis is placed on the mathematical models employed and
      the blood flow indices derived from them. Similarities and differences between
      methods are described, and the contribution of each to clinical research is
      summarized.

PMID- 2275846
TI  - Protein synthesis and the heart shock/stress response after ischemia.
AB  - It has been appreciated for many years that the recovery of brain protein
      synthesis activity following a transient ischemic insult lags considerably behind
      the normalization of brain energy metabolism. More recently, selective increases
      or decreases in the synthesis of specific proteins have been documented to occur
      during postischemic recirculation, the best characterized of such changes being
      the induction of proteins characteristic of the "heat shock" or "stress"
      response. This review will summarize these developments in the study of changes
      in gene expression following ischemia, with an emphasis on regional differences
      in the vulnerability of overall translational activity as well in the expression
      of stress proteins and their mRNAs. The neuronal localization of the 70 kDa heat
      shock protein, hsp70, after ischemia is contrasted with its largely glial and
      vascular induction following a hyperthermic stress. The lasting depression of
      protein synthesis and sustained expression of hsp70 mRNA in vulnerable
      hippocampal CA1 neurons appear to be mechanistically related and may constitute
      markers for cellular pathophysiology leading to neuronal cell loss. Elucidating
      the mechanisms responsible for cell-specific regulation of stress proteins and
      other gene products may eventually contribute to a more precise understanding of
      the evolution of brain injury at the molecular level following diverse insults.

PMID- 2275847
TI  - Identification of two nerve growth factor-induced polypeptides in PC12 cells.
AB  - We have identified two nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced polypeptides (Mr 80,000
      and 90,000) in PC12 cells that are heat stable and not sulfated. Indirect
      immunofluorescence localization of these polypeptides in NGF-treated PC12 cells
      reveals a punctate pattern concentrated in neurites. Immunoperoxidase staining of
      rat tissue shows that these polypeptides are found throughout the brain in
      selected subsets of neurons and are absent in the pituitary or adrenal medulla.
      Several of these characteristics are similar to a recently described NGF-induced
      secretory protein (VGF8a), which has sequence similarities to secretogranins. The
      property of NGF inducibility and the distribution of these polypeptides within
      rat tissues are both novel features for secretogranin proteins.

PMID- 2275848
TI  - Developmentally regulated expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide at
      mammalian neuromuscular junction.
AB  - Using indirect immunofluorescence techniques, we have found that calcitonin gene
      related peptide-like immunoreactivity is present in the neuromuscular junctions
      of somatic muscles as well as in almost all motor neurons of the lumbar
      enlargement of 1-week-old rats. It gradually decreases in both motor neurons and
      motor nerve endings as the animal grows up and completely disappears from the
      neuromuscular junctions in adult rats, persisting only in the motor nerve endings
      on the intrafusal fibers. In situ hybridization experiments have shown that the
      down-regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity is
      strictly related to a reduction in CGRP mRNA levels in the spinal motor neurons.
      These results indicate that the expression of CGRP is developmentally regulated
      in spinal cord alpha motor neurons. They also suggest that the peptide may play
      an important role at the immature neuromuscular junction.

PMID- 2275849
TI  - Trypanosomiasis. Situation in the OCEAC member states.

PMID- 2275850
TI  - Towards a phylogeny and definition of species at the molecular level within the
      genus Mycobacterium.
AB  - 16S rRNA sequences from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium, M. gastri, M.
      kansasii, M. marinum, M. chelonae, M. smegmatis, M. terrae, M. gordonae, M.
      scrofulaceum, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare, M. nonchromogenicum, M. xenopi, M.
      malmoense, M. simiae, M. flavescens, M. fortuitum, and M. paratuberculosis were
      determined and compared. The sequence data were used to infer a phylogenetic
      tree, which provided the basis for a systematic phylogenetic analysis of the
      genus Mycobacterium. The groups of slow- and fast-growing mycobacteria could be
      differentiated as distinct entities. We found that M. simiae occupies
      phylogenetically an intermediate position between these two groups. The
      phylogenetic relatedness within the slow-growing species did not reflect the
      Runyon classification of photochromogenic, scotchromogenic, and nonchromogenic
      mycobacteria. In general, the phylogenetic units identified by using rRNA
      sequences confirmed the validity of phenotypically defined species; an exception
      was M. gastri, which was indistinguishable from M. kansasii when this kind of
      analysis was used.

PMID- 2275851
TI  - Taxonomy of four marine bacterial strains that produce tetrodotoxin.
AB  - Four strains of tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria isolated from a red alga and from
      pufferfish were characterized. Two of these strains are members of the genus
      Listonella MacDonell and Colwell. The phenotypic characteristics, guanine-plus
      cytosine contents, and base sequences of the 16S rRNAs of these organisms
      indicated that they are members of Listonella pelagia (Vibrio pelagius) biovar
      II. The other two strains are members of the genus Alteromonas Baumann et al. and
      the genus Shewanella MacDonell and Colwell. These two strains are mutually
      distinct and distinct from the previously described Alteromonas and Shewanella
      species and therefore are placed in new species. The names Shewanella alga and
      Alteromonas tetraodonis are proposed for these organisms; the type strains are
      strains OK-1 and GFC, respectively.

PMID- 2275852
TI  - Numerical analysis of 295 phenotypic features of 266 Xanthomonas strains and
      related strains and an improved taxonomy of the genus.
AB  - An extensive phenotypic description and an improved classification and
      nomenclature of the genus Xanthomonas are presented. A total of 266 strains
      obtained from different geographical areas, including representative strains of
      all species of the genus Xanthomonas and most pathovars of Xanthomonas
      campestris, as well as strains which might be genetically related to the genus
      Xanthomonas, were examined for 295 morphological, biochemical, and physiological
      features. Similarities among the strains were expressed numerically by using the
      coefficient of Sokal and Michener. Clustering was performed by using the
      unweighted average pair group method. The conclusions described below were
      reached. (i) The genus Xanthomonas comprises at least the following eight phena:
      X. campestris, Xanthomonas albilineans, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas
      fragariae, Xanthomonas populi, Xanthomonas maltophilia, Xanthomonas oryzae Swings
      et al. 1990, and X. campestris pv. graminis Egli and Schmidt 1982 [not X.
      campestris pv. graminis (Egli et al. 1975) ISPP List 1980]. (ii) X. populi (Ride
      1958) Ride and Ride 1978 is a separate species. (iii) X. maltophilia Swings et
      al. 1983 forms a separate species. (iv) X. campestris pv. oryzae ISPP List 1980
      can no longer be regarded as pathovar of X. campestris, and its recent
      reclassification as a new species, X. oryzae (Swings et al., Int. J. Syst.
      Bacteriol. 40:309-311, 1990), is supported. (v) X. campestris pv. graminis Egli
      and Schmidt 1982 [not X. campestris pv. graminis (Egli et al. 1975) ISPP List
      1980] seems to form a separate complex of highly related pathovars obtained from
      members of the Poaceae; the taxonomic implications of this are discussed. (vi)
      Strains of nearly all X. campestris pathovars cluster together in the X.
      campestris phenon. Within this species we were able to differentiate some
      entities on phenotypic grounds; these groups sometimes corresponded to named
      pathovars (e.g., X. campestris pv. manihotis, X. campestris pv. cassavae, X.
      campestris pv. phlei). In several other cases, pathovars were found to be
      heterogeneous. (vii) A number of dubious Pseudomonas species were identified as
      members of or as being close to Xanthomonas species. Both Pseudomonas betle and
      Pseudomonas hibiscicola are synonyms of X. maltophilia. We also confirmed that
      Pseudomonas mangiferaeindicae, Pseudomonas vitiswoodrowii, and Pseudomonas
      gardneri belong to X. campestris. (viii) Forty phenotypic features allow the
      differentiation of the eight Xanthomonas phena. (ix) A number of additional
      features of the genera Xanthomonas and Xylophilus are described.

PMID- 2275853
TI  - Erwinia persicinus, a new species isolated from plants.
AB  - Five strains of a gram-negative, oxidase-negative, facultatively anaerobic,
      fermentative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium with the general characteristics of
      the family Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from tomatoes (three strains), a
      banana, and a cucumber. All of the strains produced a water-soluble pink pigment.
      As determined by DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method) these five strains
      were 85 to 100% related in 60 and 75 degrees C reactions, and related sequences
      exhibited 1% or less base sequence divergence, indicating that the organisms are
      members of a single species. These bacteria were most closely related to Erwinia
      rhapontici (68 to 72% at 60 degrees C, 42 to 44% at 75 degrees C, 10.5%
      divergence) and to hybridization group VIII in the Enterobacter agglomerans
      (Pantoea agglomerans, Erwinia herbicola) complex (64% at 60 degrees C, 32% at 75
      degrees C, 14.5% divergence). Phenotypic differentiation from Erwinia rhapontici,
      which also produces a water-soluble pink pigment, is based on negative reactions
      by the new species in tests for methyl red, N-acetylglucosamine, DL-tartrate
      assimilation, and acid production from amygdalin, dulcitol, D-fucose, beta
      gentiobiose, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, glycerol, D-lyxose, melezitose, D
      turanose, xylitol, and D-xylose and a positive reaction for acetoin (Voges
      Proskauer test). On the basis of these data, the name Erwinia persicinus is
      proposed for the new organism. The type strain is strain HK 204 (= AJ 2716 = CDC
      9108-82 = IAM 12843 = JCM 3704 = ATCC 35998).

PMID- 2275854
TI  - Acidovorax, a new genus for Pseudomonas facilis, Pseudomonas delafieldii, E.
      Falsen (EF) group 13, EF group 16, and several clinical isolates, with the
      species Acidovorax facilis comb. nov., Acidovorax delafieldii comb. nov., and
      Acidovorax temperans sp. nov.
AB  - Pseudomonas facilis and Pseudomonas delafieldii are inappropriately assigned to
      the genus Pseudomonas. They belong to the acidovorans rRNA complex in rRNA
      superfamily III (i.e., the beta subclass of the Proteobacteria). The taxonomic
      relationships of both of these species, two groups of clinical isolates (E.
      Falsen [EF] group 13 and EF group 16), and several unidentified or presently
      misnamed strains were examined by using DNA:rRNA hybridization, numerical
      analyses of biochemical and auxanographic features and of fatty acid patterns,
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cellular proteins, and DNA:DNA
      hybridization. These organisms form a separate group within the acidovorans rRNA
      complex, and we propose to transfer them to a new genus, Acidovorax. We describe
      the following three species in this genus: the type species, Acidovorax facilis
      (formerly Pseudomonas facilis), with type strain LMG 2193 (= CCUG 2113 = ATCC
      11228); Acidovorax delafieldii (for the former Pseudomonas delafieldii and most
      of the EF group 13 strains), with type strain LMG 5943 (= CCUG 1779 = ATCC
      17505); and Acidovorax temperans (for several former Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes
      strains and most of the EF group 16 strains), with type strain CCUG 11779 (= LMG
      7169).

PMID- 2275855
TI  - Multivariate analyses of carbohydrate data from lipopolysaccharides of
      Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) actinomycetemcomitans, Haemophilus aphrophilus, and
      Haemophilus paraphrophilus.
AB  - The taxonomic distinction between Actinobacillus (Haemophilus)
      actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus and the taxonomic distinction
      between H. aphrophilus and Haemophilus paraphrophilus have been questioned. This
      study was done to determine whether multivariate statistical analyses of
      carbohydrate data from lipopolysaccharides could be used to distinguish between
      these closely related species. Lipopolysaccharides were extracted with phenol
      water and purified. Carbohydrates were assessed by using gas chromatography and
      gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after methanolysis and derivatization with
      trifluoroacetic acid anhydride. The lipopolysaccharides from all of the species
      contained rhamnose, fucose, galactose, glucose, L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, and
      glucosamine plus galactosamine, but in varying amounts. A. actinomycetemcomitans
      and H. paraphrophilus also contained D-glycero-D-mannoheptose, while H.
      aphrophilus did not. Sample- and variable-oriented principal-component analyses
      of the carbohydrate data clearly distinguished among A. actinomycetemcomitans, H.
      aphrophilus, and H. paraphrophilus. Soft independent modelling of class analogy
      showed that no sample in the A. actinomycetemcomitans class fell within the 95%
      confidence limits of the H. aphrophilus class. H. paraphrophilus fell outside
      both classes.

PMID- 2275856
TI  - Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans subsp. nov., isolated from the
      external auditory meatus of dogs with external ear otitis.
AB  - A new subspecies, Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans, was isolated from
      the external auditory meatus of dogs suffering from external ear otitis and is
      described on the basis of studies of 21 strains. Phenotypic studies showed that
      these strains are more closely related to Staphylococcus intermedius than to
      other staphylococci, but DNA hybridization studies indicated that they are
      closely related to Staphylococcus schleiferi N850274T. On the basis of
      biochemical distinctiveness (positive test tube coagulase test and different
      carbohydrate reactions) and the etiological importance (frequent isolation from
      otitis specimens from dogs) of these strains, we propose to classify them as a
      subspecies of S. schleiferi. The strains of this new subspecies are coagulase
      tube test, beta-hemolysin, and heat-stable nuclease positive but clumping factor
      negative. A simple scheme for the differentiation of S. schleiferi subsp.
      coagulans from the other coagulase-positive staphylococci is presented. The type
      strain is GA211 (= JCM 7470).

PMID- 2275857
TI  - Metschnikowia hawaiiensis sp. nov., a heterothallic haploid yeast from Hawaiian
      morning glory and associated drosophilids.
AB  - A new haploid, heterothallic yeast species was isolated repeatedly from morning
      glory (Ipomoea acuminata) flowers and from two associated drosophilid species,
      Scaptomyza calliginosa and Drosophila floricola, in a Hawaiian kipuka. Haploid
      strains of this organism multiply asexually by budding and, under nutrient
      deprivation, by the formation of long germ tubes that develop into branching true
      mycelia. Mating compatibility is controlled by two alleles of a single locus.
      Plasmogamy between compatible strains is followed by the development of very
      large elongate asci bearing vestiges of the zygotes and the formation in each
      ascus of two unusually large aciculate ascospores similar to those formed by
      members of the genus Metschnikowia. Membership in the genus Metschnikowia is
      supported by the physiological profile of the yeast, which is typical of the
      genus but not identical to the profile of any previously described species. The
      name Metschnikowia hawaiiensis is proposed to emphasize the geographic origin of
      the new species, not its habitat, which has not been determined precisely. The
      holotype strain of M. hawaiiensis is strain UWO(PS) 87-2167.2 (= ATCC 76059 = CBS
      7432), and the isotype strain is strain UWO(PS) 87-2203.2 (= ATCC 76058 = CBS
      7433).

PMID- 2275858
TI  - Transfer of Kingella indologenes (Snell and Lapage 1976) to the genus Suttonella
      gen. nov. as Suttonella indologenes comb. nov.; transfer of Bacteroides nodosus
      (Beveridge 1941) to the genus Dichelobacter gen. nov. as Dichelobacter nodosus
      comb. nov.; and assignment of the genera Cardiobacterium, Dichelobacter, and
      Suttonella to Cardiobacteriaceae fam. nov. in the gamma division of
      Proteobacteria on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence comparisons.
AB  - The 16S rRNA sequences of Kingella indologenes, Cardiobacterium hominis, and
      Bacteroides nodosus were determined by direct RNA sequencing, using a modified
      Sanger method. Sequence comparisons indicated that these three species represent
      a novel family in the gamma division of Proteobacteria. On the basis of these
      data, K. indologenes and B. nodosus cannot retain their current generic status as
      they are not closely related to other members of their assigned genera.
      Therefore, we propose transfer of K. indologenes to the new genus Suttonella as
      Suttonella indologenes and transfer of B. nodosus to the new genus Dichelobacter
      as Dichelobacter nodosus and assign the genera Cardiobacterium, Suttonella, and
      Dichelobacter to a new family, Cardiobacteriaceae, in the gamma division of
      Proteobacteria.

PMID- 2275859
TI  - Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on a new taxon of budding, hyphal
      Proteobacteria, Hirschia baltica gen. nov., sp. nov.
AB  - Four strains of budding, hyphal bacteria, which had very similar chemotaxonomic
      properties, were isolated from the Baltic Sea. The results of DNA-DNA
      hybridization experiments, indicated that three of the new isolates were closely
      related, while the fourth was only moderately related to the other three.
      Sequence signature and higher-order structural detail analyses of the 16S rRNA of
      strain IFAM 1418T (T = type strain) indicated that this isolate is related to the
      alpha subclass of the class Proteobacteria. Although our isolates resemble
      members of the genera Hyphomicrobium and Hyphomonas in morphology, assignment to
      either of these genera was excluded on the basis of their markedly lower DNA
      guanine-plus-cytosine contents. We propose that these organisms should be placed
      in a new genus, Hirschia baltica is the type species of this genus, and the type
      strain of H. baltica is strain IFAM 1418 (= DSM 5838).

PMID- 2275860
TI  - Comparative description of Pseudomonas cocovenenans (van Damme, Johannes, Cox,
      and Berends 1960) NCIB 9450T and strains isolated from cases of food poisoning
      caused by consumption of fermented corn flour in China.
AB  - Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Pseudomonas cocovenenans NCIB 9450T (T
      = type strain) and strains isolated from cases of food poisoning caused by
      consumption of fermented corn flour are compared. Our results show that these
      strains are members of the same species and conform to the description of Section
      II of the genus Pseudomonas. Because of small differences in substrate
      utilization patterns, the strains isolated in the People's Republic of China are
      thought to be biovars of P. cocovenenans.

PMID- 2275862
TI  - The resolution of aneuploid DNA stem lines by flow cytometry: limitations imposed
      by the coefficient of variation and the percentage of aneuploid nuclei.
AB  - Factors important in the resolution of cell sub-populations with differing DNA
      contents were investigated using an EPICS C flow cytometer. Software is available
      for the EPICS C which permits data from any two histograms to be superimposed or
      added together before display. Samples of fresh and archival thyroid tissue,
      stained with propidium iodide, were analysed on the flow cytometer and the peak
      channel number noted. The photomultiplier (PMT) voltage was increased and the
      sample analysed again producing a second histogram with a higher peak channel
      number. The two histograms were added together to simulate a cell suspension with
      two sub-populations with a different DNA content. By systematically altering the
      PMT voltage and the number of nuclei included in each analysis, it was possible
      to examine the importance of DNA index and the percentage of tumor cells with an
      aneuploid DNA content for both fresh and paraffin-embedded thyroid nuclei. The
      crucial importance of achieving a low coefficient of variation (CV) was
      demonstrated and consequently the reservations that pertain when archival
      material is studied, particularly in tumours where DNA aneuploidy is frequently
      expressed with a low DNA index.

PMID- 2275861
TI  - Differences in accumulation of radiolabeled amino acids and polyamines by
      Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species.
AB  - Four species in the order Mycoplasmatales, Mycoplasma capricolum, Mycoplasma
      hominis, Mycoplasma arginini, and Acholeplasma laidlawii, were compared for their
      ability to accumulate radiolabeled amino acids and polyamines. The use of a novel
      high-molecular-weight (HMW) medium, from which molecules of less than 12,000
      molecular weight had been removed by extensive dialysis, allowed us to discern
      significant differences among the species in their relative accumulations of
      [3H]methionine and [3H]leucine and of [3H]spermidine and [3H]putrescine.
      Accumulation of radiolabeled amino acids in control low-molecular-weight (LMW)
      medium was small (0.2 to 2% of the label), and the species did not differ in
      their proportional accumulations of methionine and leucine. Accumulation of
      methionine was significantly enhanced (5- to 12-fold) in all species in HMW
      medium. In contrast, leucine accumulation was enhanced sevenfold for A. laidlawii
      but only twofold for M. hominis and M. capricolum in HMW medium. The
      nonglycolytic species, M. hominis and M. arginini, accumulated radiolabeled
      putrescine and spermidine in both media, whereas the glycolytic species, M.
      capricolum and A. laidlawii, accumulated only radiolabeled spermidine. The
      ability to accumulate putrescine appeared to be a differential characteristic for
      nonfermentative, arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas. HMW medium was much more
      effective than LMW medium for use in radiolabeling M. capricolum proteins with
      [35S]methionine.

PMID- 2275863
TI  - Entropy as an algorithm for the statistical description of DNA cytometric data
      obtained by image analysis microscopy.
AB  - In an effort to obtain an additional statistical descriptor of DNA histograms we
      analysed a concept from mathematical information theory, called entropy, which
      describes the information content of histograms irrespective of parametric or non
      parametric distributions. For this study, 32 fine-needle biopsies were analysed.
      It seems that the entropy of the DNA histogram is an extremely useful descriptor
      for the separation of distributions obtained from malignant tumours when compared
      with non-malignant lesions or normal controls.

PMID- 2275864
TI  - The use of acridine orange cytofluorometry in the study of macrophage lysosomal
      exocytosis.
AB  - We present a rather simple cytofluorometric technique for the study of exocytosis
      of lysosomal contents from individual cultured cells. It is based on the use of
      the lysosomotropic weak base acridine orange (AO) which, in its stacked form, as
      it occurs within lysosomes, emits red fluorescence when excited by blue light.
      Mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultured for 48 h and, after 2 h in serum-free
      medium, stained with AO. The cells were then exposed to F10-medium with or
      without newborn calf serum (NCS), zymosan A (Z) or cytochalasin B (CB) for
      different times at 20 or 37 degrees C. After staining, the macrophages showed no
      change in red fluorescence intensity, if stored at room temperature in the dark.
      If, however, the cells were kept in the incubator at 37 degrees C, the cells
      showed slightly decreasing red fluorescence intensity with time. This decrease
      was markedly potentiated by the presence of NCS, Z or CB, which are known to
      induce secretion of lysosomal enzymes from macrophages in vitro. Selective
      lysosomal enzyme release was confirmed biochemically during treatment with
      zymosan A. The technique presented here may be of value in further studies on the
      stimulation of, and the mechanisms behind, lysosomal exocytosis in cultured
      cells.

PMID- 2275866
TI  - Non-radioactive in situ hybridization: methods and reagents.

PMID- 2275865
TI  - Application of malignancy-associated changes of the cervical epithelium in a
      hierarchic classification concept.
AB  - For almost 10 years malignancy-associated changes (MAC) have been consistently
      found by means of high resolution image analysis of apparently normal uterine
      cervical cells. This study was performed on Feulgen-stained monolayer specimens
      from 55 healthy women and 19 patients suffering from various stages of cervical
      neoplasia. About 200 epithelial cells and 30 trout red blood cells in each case
      were measured by image cytometry at a spatial resolution of 0.27 micron. The
      philosophy of classification is based on the hierarchic stepwise definition of
      'truly normal' specimens by removal of all suspicious specimens, characterized by
      the presence of atypical cells or subvisually altered cell populations. The
      suitability of MAC-sensitive classifiers, in combination with classifiers for the
      recognition of atypical cells, was demonstrated. The demands of automated
      prescreening were met by several decision tree procedures (95-100% sensitivity,
      85-95% specificity). By focussing on the MAC evidence a new risk group from
      seemingly healthy women may be defined.

PMID- 2275867
TI  - Selected bibliography.

PMID- 2275868
TI  - Morphometry of bladder carcinoma: definition of a new variable.
AB  - In this study two measurements of nuclear size, the mean area and the size
      distribution curve of nuclear area, were used to differentiate between two polar
      groups: nuclei from non-neoplastic urothelium and nuclei from transitional cell
      carcinomas of bladder with a poor clinical outcome. Wide separation of these
      groups is necessary if a measurement is to be used to assess tumour grade where
      the morphometric differences are intermediate between such polar groupings.
      Separation between two groups was best achieved using a weighted distribution of
      nuclear size and this is a means of objective scoring of urothelial tumours.

PMID- 2275869
TI  - Histo- and immunomorphometry of megakaryopoiesis in chronic myeloid leukemia with
      myelofibrosis and so-called primary (idiopathic) osteo-myelofibrosis/-sclerosis.
AB  - A morphometric study was performed on trephine biopsies of bone marrow in
      patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) accompanied by myelofibrosis and in
      so-called primary (idiopathic) osteomyelofibrosis/-sclerosis (OMF) to evaluate
      distinctive features of megakaryopoiesis. The periodic acid Schiff reaction (PAS)
      and a monoclonal antibody against glycoprotein IIIa were employed for the
      identification of megakaryocytes including precursor cells and Gomori's silver
      impregnation to determine the density of argyrophilic fibers. All patients with
      CML revealed a slight to moderate degree of medullary fibrosis and were compared
      with early hyperplastic stages of OMF showing an identical fiber count.
      Statistical analysis disclosed that distinctive features existed between these
      two subgroups. Amongst these variables were sizes of megakaryocytes and
      corresponding nuclei, frequency of bare nuclei, emperipolesis and numbers of
      isolated nuclear fragments as well as the circular deviation of cell and nuclear
      perimeters. Immunomorphometry also included immature elements (pro- and
      megakaryoblasts) of the megakaryocyte series. Consequently higher cell counts
      were calculable in both groups combined with smaller sizes and a more rounded
      aspect of nuclei. However, following immunostaining, significant differences in
      several megakaryocytic parameters (frequency, size, shape of nuclei) were still
      demonstrable between CML and OMF cases.

PMID- 2275870
TI  - A flow cytometric assay for target binding by NKH1A+ cells using a single laser
      system.
AB  - A modified method of analysis by flow cytometry has been adapted to the NK/target
      cell system to monitor conjugate formation within a mixed population. The two
      parameter assay is based on the use of two colour fluorescent markers in which an
      indirect FITC-conjugated NKH1A antibody (green fluorescence) is used to detect NK
      specific effector cells and an intracellular strain, hydroethidine (red
      fluorescence) is used to detect target cells. The two cell populations and their
      conjugates are discernible by the presence of both green and red fluorescence,
      using a single laser beam tuned to 488 nm. In comparison, a manual count
      conjugate assay was applied using a hemacytometer and fluorescence microscope. Of
      the two methods, the automated technique using flow cytometry provides a lower
      but more precise representation of conjugate formation, due to the avoidance of
      technical/observer error that is common to manual count assays. The cytometric
      method has proven to be reproducible and superior in consistency to the manual
      count assay and can be adapted to almost any effector/target system under
      investigation. In comparison with previous methods using dual laser, the single
      laser system provides advantages of cost and time efficiency due to setup
      simplicity, as well as improved availability.

PMID- 2275871
TI  - The selection of thin epithelial layers: a method for single cell preparations of
      very small biopsies from the vocal cords.
AB  - Precancerous lesions in biopsy material very rarely contain more than a thin
      epithelial layer of atypical cells overlaying stromal parts. This makes it
      difficult to produce cell monolayers for cytometry from archival material and
      necessitates a technique which excludes the stromal areas. We have developed a
      method by which it is possible to separate epithelial layers from the stroma with
      a thickness of 100-200 microns, using fluorescence microscopy and dissection
      under a stereo microscope. The stroma can be used as an internal reference in IOD
      measurements. Our method insures maximum control when dealing with very small
      lesions of interest (down to 0.02 mm2) that have to be separated from the rest of
      the biopsy. The method has been applied to normal, dysplastic and cancerous
      epithelial parts of biopsies of the vocal chords.

PMID- 2275872
TI  - Whatever happened to cervical cytology automation?

PMID- 2275873
TI  - Selected bibliography.

PMID- 2275874
TI  - Immunocytochemical evaluation of proliferative activity in human brain tumours.
AB  - The immunocytochemical expression of the antigen reacting with the monoclonal
      antibody Ki-67 (Ki-67 positivity) was investigated in 50 imprint preparations
      from human brain tumours. Data were related to tumour proliferative activity, as
      determined from in vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation (BrdU-labelling
      index, BrdU-LI) and histology. The percentage of Ki-67-positive cells was greater
      than the corresponding BrdU-LI value in all tumours, and the differences in Ki-67
      positivity among tumour subtypes paralleled the BrdU-LI differences. Both the
      BrdU-LI and the percentage of Ki-67 positive cells were significantly greater (P
      less than 0.005) in the group of clinically aggressive adult tumours,
      histologically identified as anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas, than in
      the less aggressive ones (oligodendroglioma, meningiomas, schwannomas, pituitary
      adenomas, dermoid cyst) and in the cerebral metastatic localizations. These data
      suggest that Ki-67 positivity, which is easily evaluated with
      immunocytochemistry, is related to the proliferative activity of brain tumours
      and that this parameter is endowed with clinical significance.

PMID- 2275875
TI  - DNA flow cytometry on breast carcinomas: comparison of a detergent and an enzyme
      detergent preparation method.
AB  - In this study we have compared two different preparation methods for DNA flow
      cytometry on breast cancer. Tumour cell suspensions from 49 breast cancers were
      analysed on a Facscan flow cytometer. In seven of 49 cases, additional aneuploid
      peaks were found after enzyme/detergent treatment (E/D), not seen after the
      detergent (D) preparation. S-Phase fractions were significantly higher after D
      than after E/D preparation (mean values, 15 and 8%, respectively), although the
      correlation was high between the two methods. S-Phase fraction estimated after
      background correction diminished the differences between the two methods (mean
      values, 8 and 6%). Furthermore, the fraction of G2/M cells were generally greater
      with the D method. These differences can be explained by increased number of cell
      doublets and nuclear fragments after D compared to E/D preparation. This clearly
      shows that the preparation method influences the result of DNA flow cytometry on
      human breast cancers.

PMID- 2275876
TI  - Efficacy of combined image and flow cytometric DNA assessments in human breast
      cancer: a methodological study based on a routine histopathological material of
      2024 excised tumour specimens.
AB  - In 2024 excised specimens of malignant tumours of the female mammary gland. the
      nuclear DNA distribution pattern of the neoplastic cells was assessed by means of
      two procedures. One was image cytometry (ICM); here, all the 2024 samples were
      assessed. The other was flow cytometry (FCM) where 1336 specimens were analysed.
      In 829 of the 2024 tumour nodules the results of ICM and FCM could be compared.
      The efficacy of both techniques alone was about 80%; that of the combination was
      about 60%. In the ICM procedure the main reason for the reduction of samples was
      the failure to obtain representative specimens. The losses in the FCM method were
      due to poor quality of the histograms (too much background noise and too broad
      coefficients of variation). In addition, in as much as one third of all the
      cases, no specimens were set aside for FCM assessments. In 16% of the samples,
      where the results of the ICM assessment could be compared with those of the FCM
      analyses, completely diverging DNA ploidy patterns were obtained. The discrepancy
      was caused by differences in the interpretation of the histograms. In addition,
      the calculations of so-called S-phase fractions from the diploid FCM histograms
      was found to be associated with methodological errors, further contributing to
      differences in the DNA assessments by means of ICM and FCM. Nevertheless, it was
      advantageous to use combined ICM and FCM assessments, particularly in the
      interpretation of DNA histograms of uncommon types.

PMID- 2275878
TI  - Selected bibliography.

PMID- 2275879
TI  - Long-term storage of nuclear suspensions prepared from paraffin-embedded material
      for flow cytometric DNA analysis.
AB  - Nuclear suspensions were prepared from archival material of cancer biopsies. DNA
      content analysis by flow cytometry was performed after storage at -80 degrees C
      for 24 h and 6 months, compared to 24 h storage at +4 degrees C. No significant
      variations in CV or DNA indices were observed. Repeated freezing and thawing did
      not reduce the DNA histogram quality.

PMID- 2275877
TI  - Flow and image cytometry for quality assessment of fresh and frozen human sperm
      samples.
AB  - A previous study reported that sperm mitochondrial activity and sperm motility
      can be evaluated by combined flow and image cytometry, suggesting their potential
      interest in fertility clinical applications and for studying the effect of
      physical and chemical agents that modify sperm motility and/or metabolism. This
      paper focuses on the effect of freezing sperm in liquid nitrogen, extensively
      used in artificial insemination (AI), combined with different sperm manipulations
      (washing, swim-up in capacitating medium, CM) using flow and image cytometry on
      sperm samples from three fertile donors. Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) uptake profiles
      were bimodal both for fresh and frozen/thawed samples. The mean value of
      fluorescence of active cells (m+) remained nearly similar after freezing while
      the percentage of active cells (%C+) was significantly decreased and the
      percentage of dead cells (%dc, revealed by propidium iodide uptake) significantly
      increased. In all experiments, the decrease of MOT (percentage of motile sperm)
      due to freezing was concomitant, to a smaller extent, with a drop in %C+ and an
      increase in %dc; there was a good relationship between velocity (VCL, VSL) or
      trajectory characteristics (ALH) and the mean fluorescence values of active cells
      (m+). Sperm immobilization was neither found related to a major decrease of Rh123
      fluorescence nor to an increase in dead cells.

PMID- 2275881
TI  - The effect of ischemia on glycogen phosphorylase activity in rat liver: a
      quantitative histochemical study.
AB  - The effects of ischemia in vitro for 0-60 min at 37 degrees C on glycogen
      phosphorylase activity in rat liver have been studied under different feeding
      conditions. Glycogen phosphorylase activity was demonstrated with a recently
      developed quantitative histochemical method using a semipermeable membrane and
      the PAS-reaction. The cytophotometrically measured glycogen phosphorylase
      activity in livers from 24 h-fasted rats was approximately five times the
      activity in livers from normally fed rats. The activity in periportal areas was
      about 1.5 times higher than the activity in pericentral areas in livers from
      starved rats, but more or less evenly distributed in livers from fed rats. Enzyme
      activity in pericentral areas of livers from 24 h-fasted rats started to decrease
      after 20 min of ischemia. After 50-60 min of ischemia, the activity was decreased
      to approximately 25% of the control activity. Livers from normally fed rats
      showed unchanged activity in periportal and pericentral areas after 10-60 min of
      ischemia. It has been assumed that the activation of the enzyme was disturbed by
      ischemia, possibly as a consequence of plasma membrane damage.

PMID- 2275880
TI  - Effect of alpha-tocopherol and some metal chelators on lipofuscin accumulation in
      cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes.
AB  - The objective of this study was to test further the hypothesis that oxidative
      stress is a major causal factor in lipofuscin formation. We have previously shown
      that cultured cardiac myocytes constitute a suitable model system for the study
      of factors influencing lipofuscinogenesis. The specific aim of the present study
      was to elucidate the effects of the chain-breaking free radical scavenger alpha
      tocopherol, and the chelators desferrioxamine, EDTA and DTPA on the accumulation
      of lipofuscin. The effects were examined at different degrees of oxidative
      stress, obtained by varying the ambient oxygen concentration from 5 to 40%.
      Lipofuscin was quantified by microspectrofluorometry. Lipofuscin-specific, yellow
      autofluorescence increased with time in culture, and with enhanced oxidative
      stress. Increasing concentration of alpha-tocopherol, up to 40 microM, had an
      inhibitory effect on lipofuscin accumulation that was most pronounced at high
      oxidative stress. Desferrioxamine and DTPA, both caused a pronounced reduction in
      lipofuscin formation, while EDTA had no significant effect. The findings are
      interpreted to support the concept that oxidative stress is a causal factor in
      lipofuscinogenesis, and that lipofuscin is a product of autophagocytosed,
      membrane-rich material subjected to free radical-induced, metal-catalyzed
      peroxidation, fragmentation, and polymerization within the lysosomal vacuome.

PMID- 2275882
TI  - Image cytometry of aneuploidy, growth fraction (MoAb Ki-67) and hormone receptors
      (ER, PR) immunocytochemical assays in breast carcinomas.
AB  - DNA nuclear content was assessed in human breast carcinomas (n = 132) using image
      cytometry. Optical density histograms of Feulgen stained cell imprints from fresh
      tissue samples, subsequently frozen for immunocytochemical assays, were
      determined by the SAMBA system and used for the DNA index, the ploidy balance
      (PB) and the proliferation index (PI) computation. The three parameters were
      correlated to (i) histological data (tumour grade, vascular and/or lymph node
      invasion) and to (ii) growth fraction (Ki67), hormone receptor antigenic sites
      (ER, PR) and intramedullar (bone marrow) biopsies and anti-KL1-positive
      epithelial cells. It was shown that 57% of breast carcinomas were aneuploid.
      Aneuploidy PI significantly correlated to the criteria of poor prognosis such as
      high tumour grade, vascular and lymphatic invasion and to increased Ki67-positive
      cells, and the absence of or low ER and PR. Since image cytometry is easy to
      handle and perfectly suitable for current diagnostic practice in pathology
      departments, particularly for tumour cell ploidy assessment and standardized
      analysis of immunostaining procedures with morphological control of the
      preparation, we conclude that image cytometry, as performed with the SAMBA, must
      be regarded as a relevant tool for prognosis evaluation and therapy guidance in
      individual patients.

PMID- 2275883
TI  - Selected bibliography.

PMID- 2275884
TI  - Current antiarrhythmic therapy overview.
AB  - Cardiac arrhythmias are commonplace in the Western world and vary in their degree
      of seriousness from benign to life threatening. In general, arrhythmias may be
      managed in one of five ways: reassurance only, physical maneuvers, antiarrhythmic
      drugs, implantable electronic devices, and surgical or transvascular ablation.
      Treatment is designed to terminate ongoing arrhythmias, to prevent recurrence of
      arrhythmias, or to control the rate of the arrhythmia. Occasionally, the
      propensity to arrhythmia may be cured by abolition of the anatomic substrate for
      the arrhythmia. Which of these modalities and approaches to the management of
      cardiac arrhythmia will be chosen by the physician for any individual patient is
      very much dependent on the character of the arrhythmia and the patient's
      underlying disease.

PMID- 2275885
TI  - Electrophysiologic evaluation of antiarrhythmic drugs.
AB  - Electrophysiologic techniques are used to assess the properties of antiarrhythmic
      drugs and also to provide support for the selection of antiarrhythmic therapy for
      individual patients. Assessment of the antiarrhythmic efficacy of drugs requires
      that the arrhythmia can be induced by programmed electrical stimulation and is
      critically dependent on the stimulation protocol. Continued inducibility on drug
      therapy appears to be a strong predictor of recurrences and sudden death,
      although the predictive value of electrophysiologic testing remains controversial
      for some drugs. These techniques may also be useful for determining the
      proarrhythmic potential of antiarrhythmic agents, but the aggravation of
      tachycardia that occurs in 10-30% of patients during electrophysiologic testing
      is unpredictable and its significance is unknown. The electrophysiologic approach
      to drug therapy has limitations, but, nevertheless, it is useful and should
      maintain a prominent place in the evaluation of antiarrhythmic therapy.

PMID- 2275886
TI  - New concepts affecting the use of antiarrhythmic agents.
AB  - Three underappreciated concepts having an important impact on the use of
      antiarrhythmic agents having Class I activity are discussed. These are
      stereochemical influences on antiarrhythmic action, the modulated receptor
      theory, and pharmacogenetics. The stereoisomers of some antiarrhythmic agents
      behave differently in terms of their potency, disposition, and antiarrhythmic
      action. For example, the enantiomers of both tocainide and mexiletine are cleared
      at different rates, and those of disopyramide have opposite effects on
      repolarization. The modulated receptor theory suggests that the affinity of
      antiarrhythmic drugs to bind to a specific receptor on or near the sodium channel
      depends on whether the sodium channel is open, resting, or inactivated. Study of
      the interaction between the state of the sodium channel and the differing actions
      of the antiarrhythmic agents have provided evidence for synergistic drug
      combinations. Pharmacogenetics relates to the differences observed in drug
      metabolism among individuals, which can result in variations of two- to fourfold
      in clearance and plasma concentration in some cases. There is still much to learn
      about Class I antiarrhythmic agents. These concepts should lead to a better
      understanding of their actions and increase their utility.

PMID- 2275887
TI  - Comparative hemodynamics of antiarrhythmic drugs.
AB  - It is important to consider the hemodynamic effects of antiarrhythmic drugs,
      because the majority of patients who require these drugs already have compromised
      cardiac function. The presently available antiarrhythmic agents vary in their
      potential for producing negative inotropic effects on the myocardium; they vary,
      as well, as to the mechanisms by which these effects are produced. The drugs in
      each of the Vaughan-Williams' classes are discussed in terms of the extent to
      which they affect cardiac output and the mechanisms by which they may depress
      cardiac function. Practically all antiarrhythmic agents can decrease cardiac
      output when administered intravenously. However, when given orally to patients
      with congestive heart failure, amongst Class I agents, encainide and mexilitine
      appear to have a reasonably good safety record with respect to the worsening of
      congestive heart failure. Class III antiarrhythmics also appear to be well
      tolerated in patients with severe LV dysfunction.

PMID- 2275888
TI  - Holter monitoring versus programmed ventricular stimulation.
AB  - Both Holter monitoring and programmed ventricular stimulation are useful
      techniques for guiding antiarrhythmic therapy. However, they are not both
      appropriate for all patients. Holter monitoring is only useful in patients who
      have consistent and frequent ventricular ectopic beats, and programmed
      ventricular stimulation requires that the patients have an arrhythmia that is
      reproducible and inducible. Patients for whom these techniques are used to
      identify agents that are effective for control of their arrhythmias generally
      have a better prognosis than those patients for whom an effective agent is not
      found. Programmed ventricular stimulation may have a better predictive value than
      Holter monitoring, but the comparison may not be valid, because the procedures
      are used in different types of patients.

PMID- 2275889
TI  - Is class III antiarrhythmic activity important?
AB  - The beginning of thought about a discrete Class III antiarrhythmic action stemmed
      from the observation that sotalol produced a very marked increase in the time
      course of repolarization with little or no change in conduction velocity in
      cardiac muscle. It is known that in patients with hypothyroidism or hypocalcemia,
      both of which are associated with a marked lengthening of the cardiac action
      potential, arrhythmias are exceedingly rare. The acetyl metabolite of
      procainamide also produces, as its sole action, a marked increase in the action
      potential duration, and it has antiarrhythmic activity. It is clear that
      lengthening the action-potential duration is antiarrhythmic. Sotalol is a unique
      beta blocker in not only antagonizing sympathetic stimulation competitively, but
      also in exerting a potent antiarrhythmic effect by prolonging repolarization.
      Because of the augmented tension that is associated with the increase in action
      potential duration, sotalol produces a less negative inotropic effect than that
      seen with other beta blockers. Sotalol is a potent broad-spectrum antiarrhythmic
      agent because of its Class III properties, resulting from an increase in the
      length of cardiac repolarization, a property that is modulated by its beta
      adrenergic blocking actions.

PMID- 2275890
TI  - Sotalol versus class I and II antiarrhythmic agents.
AB  - In two separate, double-blind, multicenter antiarrhythmic studies, sotalol was
      compared with propranolol or quinidine using placebo for baseline and/or washout
      periods. The comparison with quinidine was a crossover study. To be enrolled in
      these studies, patients were required to have a premature ventricular contraction
      (PVC) rate of at least 30/hr on a baseline 24-hour ambulatory ECG. At doses
      calculated to produce equivalent degrees of beta blockade, sotalol was more
      effective than propranolol in reducing the frequency of PVCs, and the two drugs
      produced similar reductions in ventricular tachycardia (VT) events. The side
      effects for sotalol and propranolol were mainly due to beta blockade, and the
      incidence of side effects with the two drugs was similar. Sotalol was comparable
      with quinidine in reducing PVCs and VT events. The side effects on sotalol were
      primarily related to beta-adrenergic blockade, while those on quinidine were
      predominantly gastrointestinal or neurologic in nature.

PMID- 2275891
TI  - Efficacy of oral sotalol in reentrant ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Oral sotalol was given to 64 patients (78% postinfarction) with recurrent,
      reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) during an average follow-up period of 19.7
      months. Fifty-nine (92%) patients had previously experienced recurrent
      ventricular tachycardia, in spite of having received an average of three
      conventional antiarrhythmic drugs (13 had previously failed on other Class III
      drugs). The nature and mechanism of the VT was proved with electrophysiologic
      testing (EPS), and the chronic sotalol dosage was determined by repeated EPS at 3
      to 4-day intervals until the VT was no longer inducible. Sotalol failed in five
      patients and was discontinued in six patients because of severe side effects
      (three proarrhythmic effects, including two with torsades de pointes)--a total of
      18%. Sotalol was successful alone in 42 patients (65%) and in combination with
      another antiarrhythmic drug in 11 patients (18%). The average dose of sotalol
      required for success was 589 mg; 658 mg was the mean daily dose when given alone
      and 486 mg when given in combination. Side effects were common and were due
      mainly to the beta-blocking effects of sotalol. Dual chamber pacing was required
      by 11 patients because of poorly tolerated bradycardia, and 14 patients remained
      symptomatic from worsening of the cardiac failure in spite of pacing, increased
      diuretics, or vasodilator therapy. The average drug dosage was the same for
      symptomatic (680 mg) and asymptomatic (627 mg) patients. Sotalol is a valuable
      antiarrhythmic drug for reentrant ventricular tachycardia. High doses are needed,
      and at these doses the beta-blocking activity is responsible for most of the side
      effects.

PMID- 2275892
TI  - Mechanism of action of sotalol in supraventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - Sotalol has a virtually unique antiarrhythmic profile in that it combines the
      properties of the Class II beta-blocking agents with the Class III properties
      that prolong repolarization. The Class II action exerts a marked effect on
      atrioventricular nodal conduction and makes sotalol a suitable drug for the
      treatment of adrenergic-induced supraventricular tachycardias. Sotalol helps to
      prevent or slow supraventricular arrhythmias involving the atrioventricular node
      as part of a reentrant pathway and also helps to control the ventricular rate
      during supraventricular arrhythmias conducted to the ventricles over the normal
      atrioventricular pathway. The capacity of conduction of accessory pathways is
      diminished by sotalol, thereby decreasing the ventricular rate during atrial
      fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The effects of sotalol on
      conduction of the cardiac impulse (Class I effects) have been probably overlooked
      and those on true refractoriness (Class III effects) overestimated.

PMID- 2275893
TI  - Efficacy of sotalol in controlling reentrant supraventricular tachycardias.
AB  - Sotalol is unique among beta-blocking agents having significant Class III
      antiarrhythmic action. In a series of 22 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White
      (WPW) syndrome and seven patients with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia
      (AVNRT) resistant to multiple drugs, sotalol was studied by acute
      electrophysiologic means, as well as by long-term clinical follow-up ranging from
      1 to 47 months. Sustained reciprocating tachycardia was rendered noninducible in
      13 of 18 patients with WPW and in 5 of 6 with AVNRT. Long-term control of
      symptomatic tachycardia was achieved in 77% of patients with WPW and in 57% of
      patients with resistant AVNRT. Side effects were those associated with beta
      blockade. Two patients developed ventricular irritability associated with
      excessive QT prolongation.

PMID- 2275894
TI  - Women's evaluations of and affective reactions to mainstream violent pornography,
      nonviolent pornography, and erotica.
AB  - Women's reactions to three types of sexually explicit materials were examined.
      Ninety-six female undergraduates completed questionnaires measuring previous
      exposure to pornography, past history of coercive sexual experiences, attitudes
      toward feminism, hostility toward men, adversarial sexual beliefs, and rape myth
      acceptance. They were then randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (a)
      erotica, (b) nonviolent pornography, (c) violent pornography, and (d) control.
      They viewed 50 slides during each of two 30-minute sessions, completed a measure
      of mood disturbance, and evaluated each slide. The erotica was evaluated
      positively, while the pornography was evaluated negatively, and the violent
      pornography was evaluated more negatively than the other three conditions. Mood
      disturbance increased significantly from pre- to postexposure in the violent and
      nonviolent pornography conditions only. In addition, women with past coercive
      sexual experiences evaluated pornography more negatively and erotica more
      positively than women who had no such experience.

PMID- 2275895
TI  - Recidivism following spouse abuse abatement counseling: treatment program
      implications.
AB  - This paper examined demographic and personality characteristics of violence-free
      completers (n = 74) and violence repeating completers (n = 32) of a spouse abuse
      abatement counseling program. Chi-square analyses on categorical data, and
      analyses of variance on personality test data revealed several predicted
      findings. Compared to violence-free completers, recidivists reported higher
      levels of substance abuse both before and after treatment. Recidivists also
      showed evidence of higher narcissism, measured by the Narcissistic, Gregarious
      and Aggressive subscales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Referral
      source (self or court) did not differentiate the two groups, nor did record of
      criminal activity. Subsequent discriminant function analysis, entering all
      predicted variables, correctly identified 65.4% of the recidivists and 73.1% of
      violence-free completers. Clinical and research implications of the findings are
      discussed.

PMID- 2275896
TI  - The denial of elder mistreatment by victims and abusers: the application of
      neutralization theory.
AB  - Denial is often mentioned as a constraining factor in the assessment and
      intervention of domestic violence cases. Within the context of elder
      mistreatment, this paper utilizes neutralization theory to explain how the abuser
      and the elderly victim justify or rationalize abusive or neglectful behavior.
      Intervention techniques are provided to counteract different types of denial, and
      practitioners are cautioned against utilizing neutralization techniques
      themselves.

PMID- 2275897
TI  - Effects of alcohol, gender, and role of spouses on attributions and evaluations
      of marital violence scenarios.
AB  - The effects of spouses' alcohol consumption, gender, and role in a marital
      dispute on observers' attributions of responsibility and evaluations of the
      spouses were examined. A major goal of the investigation was to determine whether
      the effects of alcohol on attributions and evaluations are gender related or role
      related. Based on the participation of 115 male and 181 female undergraduate
      students, the results partly supported the role-related effects of alcohol
      consumption. Respondents rated both husband and wife more negatively when they
      were depicted as the perpetrators than as victims. Alcohol consumption did not
      affect evaluations of the spouses as perpetrators. However, drinking by the
      husband and wife before their victimization was associated with more negative
      evaluations than when their victimization was not preceded by drinking. It is
      argued that alcohol consumption of the victim and not the perpetrator may play a
      more significant legitimizing role for spousal violence.

PMID- 2275898
TI  - Family, intimacy, and homicide: a macro-social approach.
AB  - The study of violence among sexual intimates and family members within sociology
      is currently developing along two lines that are methodologically distinct. A
      macrosocial approach analyzes rates of homicide for cities, metropolitan areas,
      and states, while a microsocial approach, which has focused largely on family
      violence, relies on surveys to study self-reports of assaultive violence. As the
      two traditions have developed, they have emphasized a different range of
      independent variables and types of violence. The macro-social tradition has
      focused on subcultures, economic deprivation, and trends in lifestyles and daily
      activity patterns. The micro-social researchers have emphasized the impact of
      social change on marital roles and expectations, conflict, power and exchange
      within interpersonal relationships, and the impact of historical patterns and
      cultural norms concerning the patterns of violence within families and sexually
      intimate relationships. Similarly, one tradition focuses almost exclusively on
      homicide while the other has generally studied serious, but not lethal assaults.
      Ultimately the two traditions could lead to similar conclusions about the causes
      of violence among intimates. A convergence of findings would enhance confidence
      in the validity of results, while discrepant findings would point to flaws in
      theory or method. This paper begins to consider convergences and differences by
      using the techniques that have been developed in the macro-social tradition along
      with hypotheses drawn from both traditions. Data on four specific types of
      homicide from a sample of 299 central cities are examined in a series of parallel
      models which include indicators of the causes of violence derived from both
      traditions.

PMID- 2275899
TI  - Mortality associated with the use of upper-body control holds by police.
AB  - A review of police records for the nine-year period from 1974 to 1982 identified
      20 men who died following restraint by an upper-body control hold while in the
      custody of a large, urban police department. Using evidence from autopsy findings
      and police reports of events immediately preceding death, we concluded that
      control-hold use was associated with death in 19 of the 20 cases. This
      investigation points to three factors potentially associated with control hold
      related death that deserve further investigation: Phencyclidine (PCP) use, sickle
      cell trait, and stress-related arrhythmias in the heart. PCP was detected in
      blood or other tissues from 6 of 17 decedents tested. Intravascular red blood
      cell sickling was found at autopsy in 4 of 14 black decedents (29%). Four
      decedents had some indication of cardiovascular abnormalities.

PMID- 2275900
TI  - Computational modelling of motion detectors: responses to two-frame displays.
AB  - Schemes for motion detection fall into two classes. Reichardt correlators compare
      spatial luminance patterns at two locations at different times; gradient
      detectors compare spatial and temporal luminance gradients. Both are candidate
      operators for biological and machine vision systems. A large body of perceptual
      data exists, defining the properties of motion detectors used by human observers,
      which can form a basis for determining which class of detector is appropriate for
      the human visual system. Plausible versions of each detector were implemented,
      and their responses to a variety of two-frame stimuli were computed. Results
      indicated that both detectors can predict most of the data, but on balance
      gradient detectors offer the best working hypothesis for motion detection by
      human observers. This conclusion is necessarily limited to the type of stimuli
      used, and may require modification in the light of responses to continuously
      moving stimuli.

PMID- 2275901
TI  - An object-oriented model for brightness perception.
AB  - An object-oriented model for the brightness perception of static images is
      presented. The philosophy behind the model is that the visual system aims at a
      brightness representation that displays object properties, and consequently is
      insensitive to variations in light source and changes in viewing position. The
      model assumes an ensemble of neural units that differ in receptive field size,
      i.e. identical operations are performed at a number of (spatial) scales. The
      brightness at each retinal position is the weighted sum of the neural activities
      that exist at this position in the different scales. The weighting function is
      such that the brightness impression is robust against variation in viewing
      distance. The operating characteristics of the neural units are derived from
      ganglion cell behaviour, and are robust against variation in light level. The
      model is able to unify different aspects of brightness perception, such as
      brightness induction and brightness assimilation. In order to gain in
      transparency, the approach adopted in this paper is a general one: we aim at
      showing how different aspects of brightness perception can be explained and
      unified within the model, at the expense of a less detailed description of
      psychophysical data.

PMID- 2275902
TI  - Phase channels and the square-wave illusion.
AB  - We have utilized a phase-sensitive effect, the square-wave illusion, to
      investigate the presence and tuning of phase-sensitive mechanisms. Subjects
      viewed a 1 c/deg triangular-wave grating and reported the presence or absence of
      the illusion, before and after adaptation to square-wave gratings of various
      spatial frequencies. Illusion strength declined with adaptation and was a
      function of spatial frequency. This function may reflect the spatial frequency
      tuning of a 'phase channel'. We have also measured by adaptation a contrast
      sensitivity function, maximally sensitive to a frequency of 1 c/deg. When
      normalized to the same maximal depression from baseline sensitivity, the phase
      channel and spatial-frequency channel shared the same low frequency tuning, but
      the phase channel was broader, with extended sensitivity to higher frequencies.
      These results can be understood if the phase channel is constructed from
      combinations of phase sensitive spatial-frequency channels.

PMID- 2275903
TI  - Perceiving the center of irregular contour quadrangles.
AB  - This investigation examined how subjects perceived and localized the centers of
      irregular quadrangles. Five contour figures in four orientations were used.
      Seventeen subjects localized the centers of the figures in each orientation,
      three times. The estimated positions were found to be distributed according to
      the two-dimensional normal law. The mean position of the perceived center was
      very close to the centroid of the figures if they were considered flat
      homogeneous bodies. The orientation of the figures influenced the distributions
      of the estimates. The axis of maximal variance of the estimates was very close to
      the axis of orientation of the figures.

PMID- 2275904
TI  - Angular frequency filtering: a basis for pattern decomposition.
AB  - Much insight has been gained into the nature of early vision by postulating that
      the system encodes patterns by means of channels, or filters, tuned to specific
      orientations and spatial frequencies. We argue that a different decomposition, in
      terms of radially and rotationally symmetrical filters, is equally plausible,
      both in terms of the geometry of the eye and the ecology of visual pattern
      recognition. We demonstrate experimentally some of the properties of angular
      frequency filtering.

PMID- 2275905
TI  - A prospective study on reproducibility of the spread of spinal anesthesia using
      plain 0.5% bupivacaine.
AB  - This prospective study was carried out to determine whether a spinal block with
      plain 0.5% bupivacaine spreads similarly when repeated in the same patient.
      During a 14-month period, 50 patients underwent from two to five spinal
      anesthesias using identical anesthetic technique, including the same
      premedication, the same volume of injected plain 0.5% bupivacaine, the same site
      of injection and the same position of the patient. Plain 0.5% bupivacaine was
      injected with the patient lying in the lateral horizontal position. Thereafter,
      the patients were turned to the supine horizontal position. Pinprick analgesia
      was recorded 60 minutes after the injection. Regression analysis showed that the
      reproducibility of the maximal analgesic segmental spread of the second
      anesthesia on the basis of the initial anesthesia was highly significant (p less
      than 0.0001). The blocking results of the patients who underwent from three to
      five anesthesias within the study period were in accordance with the spread of
      the first anesthesia. If a higher or lower spread of anesthesia is desirable, a
      modification or another local anesthetic for the spinal anesthesia may be
      preferred.

PMID- 2275906
TI  - Ephedrine as a marker of intravascular injection in laboring parturients.
AB  - Thirty healthy laboring parturients were randomly chosen to receive either normal
      saline (NS), ephedrine 10 mg (EPH-10), or ephedrine 15 mg (EPH-15) intravenously.
      Changes in maternal heart rate and blood pressure and fetal heart rate were
      monitored. A clinically useful and statistically significant (less than 0.001)
      increase in systolic blood pressure of 10 torr or more occurred in all 10
      patients in the EPH-15 group. There was no adverse fetal outcome. Transient fetal
      tachycardia was seen in three fetuses in the EPH-15 group.

PMID- 2275907
TI  - Chloroprocaine and lidocaine decrease hospital stay and admission rate after
      outpatient epidural anesthesia.
AB  - Lumbar epidural anesthesia with 20 ml of either 3% 2-chloroprocaine (C), 1.5%
      lidocaine (L), or 1.5% mepivacaine (M) with epinephrine was studied in 84
      outpatients undergoing surgery (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL]. The
      average duration of the procedure was 31.9 minutes. The total duration of sensory
      anesthesia was 133 +/- 28 minutes (C), 182 +/- 38 (L), and 247 +/- 42 (M) (p less
      than 0.05). Times to discharge were 269 +/- 62 minutes (C), 284 +/- 62 (L), and
      357 +/- 71 (M). The time to discharge with M, almost six hours, was significantly
      longer than with C or L. There was a trend to an increasing rate of unplanned
      overnight hospital admission with increasing duration of the local anesthetic
      drug employed. Continuous epidural anesthesia with C, L or M appears safe and
      effective for outpatient surgical procedures such as ESWL. In contrast to
      previous understanding, mepivacaine produces significantly longer anesthesia and
      recovery times and may not be optimal for outpatient epidural use.

PMID- 2275908
TI  - The Bier block after 80 years: a historical review.

PMID- 2275909
TI  - Interpleural bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia following cholecystectomy: a
      randomized prospective study.
AB  - The effect of interpleural analgesia on postoperative hospital course was
      analyzed ina prospective randomized study of patients undergoing cholecystectomy.
      Control patients were treated in the standard manner with systemic narcotics
      alone; catheter patients had an interpleural catheter placed at the end of
      surgery and, in addition, could receive systemic narcotics if necessary. The
      catheter group received interpleural 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine every six
      hours for a total of four injections. Thirteen patients were in each group. Pain
      score, pulmonary function and narcotic requirement were measured over the first
      postoperative day. Catheter patients had a lower average pain score (visual
      analog scale (VAS), 3.6 versus 5.2), decreased narcotic requirement in the
      recovery room and improved oxygen saturation (96% versus 93%). However, there was
      no statistical difference in amount of morphine (catheter, 25 +/- 14 mg; control,
      31 +/- 15 mg), number of narcotic injections (catheter, 3.8 +/- 1.5; control, 3.5
      +/- 1.5), forced vital capacity (catheter, 44% preoperative control, 41%
      preoperative), recovery room time (catheter, 129 +/- 54 minutes, control, 117 +/-
      39 minutes) or total hospital stay (catheter, 4.1 +/- 0.9 days; control, 3.7 +/-
      0.8 days). Analysis of hourly VAS scores following a bolus indicated that the
      analgesia disappeared within approximately four hours. The mean time to a request
      for narcotic following a bolus was 4.2 hours (excluding 17 of a potential total
      of 52 instances when narcotic was not requested at all). Therefore, the duration
      of pain relief for subcostal incisions using interpleural 0.5% bupivacaine is
      approximately four hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2275910
TI  - Interaction between intravenous lidocaine and epinephrine on hemodynamics and
      plasma potassium homeostasis in dogs anesthetized with halothane.
AB  - To delineate some clinical features of an accidental intravascular injection of
      local anesthetic solution containing epinephrine during the attempt of regional
      block, the interaction between intravenous lidocaine and epinephrine on
      hemodynamics and potassium homeostasis was investigated in halothane-anesthetized
      dogs using three types of combination of lidocaine and epinephrine. These
      included 1% plain lidocaine (10 mg/kg), 1% lidocaine-epinephrine solution (10
      mg/kg-5 micrograms/kg) and epinephrine-normal saline solution (1:200,000, 5
      micrograms/kg). Although lidocaine did not produce any changes in systemic or
      pulmonary hemodynamics, epinephrine and lidocaine-epinephrine solution produced
      transient multifocal premature ventricular contractions associated with huge
      hemodynamic changes. Lidocaine-epinephrine solution caused a 43% increase in mean
      arterial pressure, a 107% increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure and a 244%
      increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p less than 0.05). These changes
      did not differ from those observed following epinephrine. In contrast, stroke
      volume decreased significantly to 70% of control after lidocaine-epinephrine,
      while neither epinephrine nor lidocaine produced a significant change. Lidocaine
      did not affect plasma potassium concentration, whereas both epinephrine and
      lidocaine-epinephrine produced significant increase in plasma potassium
      concentration (K+; 2.0 +/- 0.7 mEq/l with epinephrine and 1.8 +/- 1.2 mEq/l with
      lidocaine-epinephrine), which subsequently decreased to below control.

PMID- 2275911
TI  - In vitro diffusion of lidocaine across endotracheal tube cuffs.
AB  - Smooth emergence from general endotracheal anesthesia is frequently complicated
      by coughing induced by stimulation from an endotracheal tube. Lidocaine and other
      local anesthetics have been shown to anesthetize important rapidly adpating
      stretch receptors in the dog trachea. With the aim of providing a reservoir for
      continuous lidocaine release to adjacent tracheal tissue, we examined the ability
      of clinically used concentrations of lidocaine to diffuse across a commonly used
      endotracheal tube cuff. Cuffs were filled with either 2% or 4% lidocaine and
      placed in a 200 mL bath with samples drawn at time intervals up to 360 minutes.
      Samples were then analyzed for lidocaine concentration. Another set of
      endotracheal tube cuffs were prefilled for one or 2.5 hours with 2% or 4%
      lidocaine, emptied, and then refilled with 2% lidocaine. They were then bathed
      and sampled as above. Cuffs exposed to 4% lidocaine during the prefilling or the
      diffusion stages resulted in significantly higher concentrations of lidocaine in
      the baths throughout the time course of the experiment, although all groups
      demonstrated a rise in the concentration of lidocaine in the baths with time. The
      highest concentration obtained was 17.49 +/- 2.03 micrograms/mL after 360
      minutes. We conclude lidocaine diffuses across endotracheal tube cuffs in a
      fashion that may enable the cuff to serve a potentially useful role as a
      reservoir for local anesthetic. This in turn appears to have the potential to
      smooth emergence from general endotracheal anesthesia in those patients in whom
      tracheal stimulation may be a complicating factor.

PMID- 2275912
TI  - Anesthetic management of a parturient with myotonia dystrophica: a case report.
AB  - We report the case of a 22-year-old parturient with myotonia dystrophica. She
      underwent two separate intraabdominal surgical procedures in one day, both under
      lumbar epidural anaesthesia. Management was directed toward prevention of
      shivering, a known trigger of myotonic crises. Measures used included warm
      ambient atmosphere, warmed IV fluids, warming blankets and administration of
      epidural sufentanil, an opioid recently ascribed as an inhibitor of shivering in
      parturients.

PMID- 2275913
TI  - Is phrenic nerve block possible with interpleural analgesia?

PMID- 2275914
TI  - Does prone position prevent PDPH?

PMID- 2275915
TI  - Is it anesthesia or analgesia?

PMID- 2275916
TI  - Questions about venous air emboli in the parturient.

PMID- 2275917
TI  - The influence of temperature and speed of injection on the distribution of a
      solution containing bupivacaine and methylene blue in a spinal canal model.
AB  - Three milliliters of a solution containing 4.81 mg bupivacaine base and 0.029 mg
      methylene blue per milliliter (BMB) was injected in the middle of a vertically
      mounted spinal canal model containing 0.9% NaCl at 37 degrees C. The BMB solution
      injected was either equilibrated to 37 degrees C (Exp. I) or to 22 degrees C
      (Exp. II). Each experiment was conducted eight times, four times with a high
      speed of injection (+/- 0.6 ml/sec) and four times with a slow speed of injection
      (0.05 ml/sec). The density of the BMB solution was determined at 37 degrees C and
      at 22 degrees C and found to be, respectively, slightly hypobaric and slightly
      hyperbaric relative to the 0.9% NaCl solution of 37 degrees C. Three minutes
      after completion of the injection, nine 1-ml samples were drawn simultaneously
      from the site of injection and from eight sampling sites situated equally above
      and below the site of injection at 5-cm intervals, which were subsequently
      analyzed for methylene blue concentrations. Injection of the BMB solution
      equilibrated to 37 degrees C resulted in a distribution directed mainly upward,
      whereas injection of the BMB solution equilibrated to 22 degrees C showed
      distribution in a mainly downward direction. Variation in methylene blue
      concentrations was large, and no definite differences based on different speeds
      of injection were observed. It is concluded that small differences in baricity
      result in largely different distribution patterns that could explain the
      variability in sensory levels of blockade when using an isobaric solution for
      spinal anesthesia.

PMID- 2275918
TI  - Interactions of biospecific functional polymers with blood proteins and cells.
AB  - Biospecific functional polymers, i.e. synthetic or artificial polymers
      substituted with specific chemical functional groups carried by the
      macromolecular chain are designed to interact with living systems. These polymers
      are either insoluble or soluble, derived from polystyrene and dextran. Polymers
      substituted with aryl sulfonate and carboxyl groups specifically interact with
      antithrombin III and serine-proteases involved in the coagulation of blood. As a
      consequence, these polymers possess heparin-like activity and are therefore of
      low thrombogenicity when exposed to flowing blood. Other functional polymers have
      been prepared in order to interact with various components of the immune system.
      Soluble and insoluble functional polymers in contact with cells can affect both
      cell proliferation and metabolism. Some functional polymers have the ability to
      inhibit or to stimulate cell growth while others can alter cell function without
      a change in growth characteristics. The functional polymers described have
      possible applications as plasma expanders, non-thrombogenic catheters, non
      complement activating surfaces and other applications in oncology, biotechnology
      and immunochemistry.

PMID- 2275919
TI  - Analysis of proteins adsorbed to glass from human plasma using immunoblotting
      methods.
AB  - Glass beads were contacted with heparinized human plasma and the adsorbed
      proteins eluted sequentially with 1 M tris buffer, pH 7.4, and 2% SDS. The
      proteins in the eluates were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and immunoblotting procedures using antisera to 16 common plasma proteins. All
      sixteen proteins were found to be present in the eluates. The immunoblots
      provided evidence of contact phase activation although the role of the surface
      could not be ascertained since some contact activation was apparent in the
      starting plasma. Evidence was also obtained for the occurrence of complement
      activation and the fibrinogen Vroman effect on the glass bead surface. Extensive
      degradation of high molecular weight proteins observed previously in eluates from
      clinically used hemodialyzers was not observed in the present in vitro plasma
      experiments, thus supporting the hypothesis that such degradation is due to
      enzymes liberated in the in vivo experiments by blood cell damage.

PMID- 2275920
TI  - Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of a bioactive oligopeptide in nearly anhydrous
      solvents with polyethylene glycol-modified proteases.
AB  - An oligopeptide, L-arginyl-glycyl-L-aspartyl-L-serine, having cell attachment
      activity was synthesized from the respective aminoacids carrying suitable
      protecting residues, by using carboxymethyl polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified
      proteases in organic solvents. Papain, trypsin, and alpha-chymotrypsin were
      modified with PEG. Organic solvents used were 1,1,1-trichloroethane, chloroform
      and chloroform/ethyl cellosolve (1:1) mixture. Identification of the products was
      done by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC).

PMID- 2275921
TI  - Surface characterization of a series of polyurethanes by X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy and contact angle methods.
AB  - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle methods were used to
      examine the surfaces of an homologous series of poly(ether urethane) (PEU)
      samples before and after cleaning treatments. Four PEU films with Shore
      hardnesses varying from 45 to 75 D were studied as well as two commercially
      available intravenous catheters of related PEUs. The four as received PEU films
      have similar surface compositions (approximately 79% C, approximately 17% O,
      approximately 2% N, and approximately 2% Si) although they differ in bulk
      composition. Critical surface tension (gamma c) values are all similar and high
      (45-46 dynes/cm). The similarity in the surfaces of the four PEUs, despite the
      differences in their mechanical properties, demonstrates that surface properties
      do not necessarily reflect bulk properties. Soap washing and methanol-acetone
      extraction of the PEU films resulted in surfaces more representative of the bulk
      compositions of the PEUs. Analysis of the intravenous catheters confirmed that
      they are lubricated with PDMS, a common practice in the medical device industry.
      This study documents the value of detailed surface analysis for an enhanced
      understanding of the surface zone of PEUs. It also illustrates how cleaning
      protocols can remove labile surface species.

PMID- 2275922
TI  - The in vivo auto-oxidation of polyether polyurethane by metal ions.
AB  - The first large scale use of polyether polyurethane elastomers in long term human
      implants was as insulation for cardiac and neurologic pacing leads. While the
      performance of these polymers has generally been very good over a 14-year period,
      several failure mechanisms have been discovered that involve interactions between
      the devices, materials and the body. One of these is auto-oxidation of soft
      segment ether through the intermediate action of certain transition metal ions,
      derived from conductor wires by corrosion processes. Biologically produced
      oxidants appear to be an accelerating factor. In this study, Pellethane 2363-80A
      tubing containing conductor coils or mandrels of various metals or controls were
      implanted in rabbits. Explants were analyzed as a function of implant time by
      optical and scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive analysis by X-ray,
      stress-strain, FTIR, GPC and AA spectrophotometry. Only cobalt produced bulk
      oxidative degradation while surface damage was found in the presence of cobalt
      bearing alloys. No evidence of significant auto-oxidation was found in the
      presence of silver, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, iron, titanium, platinum, 304
      stainless steel, glass or empty tubing. The combination of polyether polyurethane
      and metals (especially those containing cobalt) in an implantable device must be
      carefully evaluated for biostability prior to human use.

PMID- 2275923
TI  - Morphology of the aging human lens. II. Ultrastructure of clear lenses.
AB  - Clear human post mortem lenses, varying in age between 23 and 82 years, were
      investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The lenses were
      obtained from the Corneabank Amsterdam. The post mortem delay ranged from 8-24
      hours. Apart from some minor mitochondrial changes no hypoxic post mortem
      disturbances in epithelial cells and lens fibers were observed. In the lens
      fibers three main age-related fine structural alterations were found: i) membrane
      ruptures, ii) watervacuoles and iii) multilamellar bodies. The frequency of these
      alterations increased with age and they remained restricted to the superficial
      equatorial cortex. They were absent in the anterior and posterior cortex,
      supranuclear equatorial cortex and nucleus. The relevance of these observations
      in relation to the etiology and early pathogenesis of senile cataract is
      discussed. The membrane ruptures and watervacuoles are in morphological support
      of the view, based on biochemical evidence, that oxidative stress leads to
      destabilization and desintegration of membranes and consequently disturbs the
      waterbalance of fibers. It is postulated that the lamellar bodies are involved in
      the repair of ruptured membranes and breakdown of affected proteins thus
      explaining the late onset of senile cataractous changes.

PMID- 2275924
TI  - The lens opacity meter: a method of quantification of lens opacity by measurement
      of scattering of incident light.
AB  - The Lens Opacity Meter (LOM) has been developed as a method of quantifying lens
      opacity. It was compared both with a photographic system and with measured visual
      acuity. The LOM is a simple system to operate and requires minimal training. LOM
      readings were correlated with the presence and severity of nuclear opacity and
      also total cataract grade. It also showed a correlation with visual acuity. LOM
      readings were not useful in documenting the presence or severity of cortical or
      posterior subcapsular opacity, and in these cases there was considerable
      variation in the LOM readings. These data suggest that the LOM may be of limited
      value as a simple screening test, but it has limited use in discriminating
      between various types of severity of opacities.

PMID- 2275925
TI  - Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a hypertensive dog.
AB  - A 4-year-old dog of the Appenzeller strain with experimentally induced renal
      hypertension presented with apparently longstanding retinal changes, including
      hemorrhage, detachment, tears/holes, and anemia, in one eye and intravitreal
      hemorrhage in the other. The retinal tears/holes probably occurred following
      constant vitreous traction due to retinal hemorrhage and subsequent
      exsanguination of most of the retinal vasculature. This animal was reexamined six
      months later and most of these changes had persisted. Photodocumentation is
      presented.

PMID- 2275926
TI  - Role of eicosanoids in the ocular response to intracameral hydrogen peroxide.
AB  - The intracameral injection of hydrogen peroxide induces a sequence of responses
      in the tissues bounding the anterior chamber. These changes include intraocular
      pressure, corneal thickness, iris hyperemia, increased leakiness of the iris
      vasculature, and edema of the ciliary processes as judged from microscopic
      examination. Some of these responses appear to include inflammatory effects that
      may be the result of the local release of eicosanoids. Several antagonists of the
      arachidonic acid cascade, indomethacin, aspirin, dexamethasone, and
      nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) were used to examine their influence on the
      sequelae of hydrogen peroxide injection. Indomethacin, and high dose (7.5 mg/kg)
      NDGA were most effective in reducing the number of parameters that were altered
      after intracameral hydrogen peroxide. Microscopic observations supported the
      physiological changes and the responses to antagonists. The data indicate that a
      portion of the ocular tissue responses to intracameral hydrogen peroxide in the
      rabbit eye may be the result of eicosanoid production in these tissues.

PMID- 2275927
TI  - Effect of PO2 and metabolic inhibitors on ionic fluxes across the isolated rabbit
      corneal endothelium.
AB  - Bicarbonate and sodium fluxes were measured across the isolated rabbit corneal
      endothelium under the influence of several inhibitors. Depression of PO2 in the
      bathing medium decreased net sodium movement but increased bicarbonate movement.
      Furosemide did not alter bicarbonate fluxes at either 10(-4) or 10(-5) M, but
      increased passive sodium flux leading to a decrease in net flux. Thiocyanate, at
      5 x 10(-3) or 5 x 10(-2) M, decreased active bicarbonate flux and hence net flux,
      but had no effect on sodium fluxes. Dinitrophenol increased only the passive
      bicarbonate flux while decreasing both active and passive sodium fluxes, albeit
      unequally, leading to a decreased net flux. Ethacrynic acid affected only passive
      bicarbonate flux, while decreasing net sodium flux. The stilbene derivatives,
      SITS and DIDS caused opposite effects on both sodium and bicarbonate fluxes. SITS
      decreased net bicarbonate flux by decreasing active and increasing passive flux,
      yet increased net sodium flux. DIDS, however, increased net bicarbonate flux but
      decreased net sodium flux. The results may be explained by current models for
      endothelial ion transport that include a Na+/H+ antiport and a HCO3-/Na+ symport
      system in parallel with an independent pathway for HCO3- exit from the
      endothelial cells. When compared with prior corneal swelling data using these
      same inhibitors, the maintenance of corneal thickness appears to be dependent on
      the variation of ion fluxes from normal values, and the dissociation of the two
      active ion fluxes. In addition, there appears to be a significant ability of ion
      transport systems to compensate for disturbances to other ion exchange or
      transport mechanisms.

PMID- 2275929
TI  - Sugar induced cataractogenesis: a paradigm of oxidative tissue pathology?

PMID- 2275928
TI  - Effects of a tryptophan supplemented diet and U.V. radiation on the rat lens.
AB  - Rats maintained on a tryptophan supplemented diet and exposed to U.V. radiation
      showed decreased concentration of ascorbic acid in serum. In the lens, a small
      increase in the urea-mercaptoethanol soluble fraction was observed suggesting
      some oxidation of P-SH groups. The decreased concentrations of lens glutathione
      and ascorbic acid were accompanied with increased concentration of
      malondialdehyde suggesting increased oxidative stress. The activities of
      glutathione peroxidase decreased by about 40%. Though the activity of glutathione
      reductase decreased by about 58%, addition of FAD in the enzyme assay system
      showed restoration of lost activity. Additive effect of raised serum tryptophan
      concentration and ultraviolet radiation in causing damage to the eye lens is
      suggested.

PMID- 2275930
TI  - An unusual necrotizing dermatitis after a single application of topical benzoin
      and pressure bandage for enucleation of an eye.
AB  - We report on a patient who developed necrotizing contact dermatitis after a
      single topical application of tincture of benzoin and a pressure bandage
      following enucleation of an eye. The toxicity manifested in this case was more
      severe than any documented previously in the ophthalmic literature.

PMID- 2275931
TI  - Photic sneeze reflex in nephropathic cystinosis.
AB  - Photic induced sneeze is a reflex that occurs in certain individuals after
      exposure to bright light. Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive inborn error of
      metabolism in which nonprotein cystine accumulates within lysosomes. The
      pathognomonic ocular manifestation of cystinosis is corneal crystal deposition.
      We observed photic induced sneezes during ophthalmoscopic examination in five of
      19 patients with nephropathic cystinosis (26%). We report on this observation and
      discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms for photic induced sneezing in
      cystinosis.

PMID- 2275932
TI  - When is it safe to stop patching?
AB  - Prior reports indicate that about half of amblyopia patients successfully treated
      with occlusion subsequently require maintenance patching. This retrospective
      study was designed to discover what clinical characteristics might be associated
      with a stable outcome following primary occlusion. Included were 188 patients
      who: (1) had amblyopia related to strabismus, anisometropia or media opacity; and
      (2) were followed up for at least one year after successful primary occlusion.
      Patients who did not comply with treatment or who did not achieve equal vision
      were excluded. Their ages ranged from 2 to 119 months (mean 29 months). Eighty
      eight patients (47%) who required no further occlusion were designated the
      clinically stable group (CSG). The remaining 100 (53%), who subsequently needed
      patching because of unequal acuities, constituted the maintenance patching group
      (MPG). CSG patients were older at the beginning (mean 33 months) and at the end
      (mean 40 months) of primary occlusion than were MPG patients (means 26 and 31
      months). Primary occlusion was more likely to have been discontinued because of
      equal recognition acuities in CSG patients, while equal fixation behaviour or
      preferential looking was more likely in MPG patients. Distribution of diagnoses,
      severity of amblyopia at presentation, and length of follow-up were similar in
      the two groups. Visual outcomes at last follow-up were slightly better in the CSG
      (p = 0.002). We conclude that, in general, patching can be safely discontinued
      after the third birthday. Although follow-up after primary occlusion is important
      to ensure stable results in all patients, preverbal children are more likely to
      require maintenance patching.

PMID- 2275933
TI  - Peripheral contrast sensitivity in glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
AB  - Contrast sensitivity has been measured in patients with glaucoma and ocular
      hypertension, the latter graded into high, medium, and low risk clinical groups.
      Measurements were made centrally and peripherally at 10 degrees, 15 degrees, 20
      degrees, and 25 degrees off-axis at each of the four meridians 45 degrees, 135
      degrees, 225 degrees, and 315 degrees. A sine wave grating of 1.9 cycles/degree,
      reversing at 1 Hz was used. It was displayed on a 100-Hz refresh rate monitor.
      Normal values were established to compare those from 41 eyes from patients with
      either primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) with minimal field loss detectable on a
      Humphrey perimeter, or raised IOP and/or disc changes but no field loss (OH).
      Those with POAG had normal central contrast sensitivity, but at 20 degrees and 25
      degrees eccentricity the values were greater than 2 standard deviations above the
      normal mean. This was also the case for high risk OH, but not for low risk
      patients. All the high risk patients except one who had abnormal peripheral
      contrast sensitivity had possible field defects (threshold elevation at one or
      more points more than 5 but less than 10 dB above normal mean). Only one of those
      with normal peripheral contrast sensitivity had such 'suspect points'. The
      results are assessed in terms of screening of glaucoma suspects.

PMID- 2275934
TI  - Precapsular film on the aging human lens: precursor of pseudoexfoliation?
AB  - In many older patients we observed a layer of subtle opacification on the
      anterior lens capsule, appearing as a ground glass film biomicroscopically. This
      precapsular film (PCF) could be uniform but often had radial grey lines in the
      mid zone, holes in the paracentral region, and was occasionally rolled up in
      strings. Lens capsular material obtained at cataract extraction was studied in
      patients with and without the film. By scanning electron microscopy the PCF
      appeared as a friable, incomplete fibrillar layer, with rolling of the edges
      suggesting loose attachment. Ultrastructurally its component fibrils were from 3
      6 nm in diameter, similar to the finer fibrils in pseudoexfoliation (PSX)
      material. Life PSX material the layer stained positively for the elastic
      microfibril-associated protein, fibrillin, in a lens with radial striations.
      These similarities suggested that the two conditions have some relationship and
      that the PCF may be a precursor of PSX. Finding patches of the fibrillar network
      in some control patients implies that the PCF is common in patients of cataract
      age, though seldom detected clinically.

PMID- 2275935
TI  - Objective autorefraction in posterior chamber pseudophakia.
AB  - Automated refraction with the Canon RK-1 Autoref keratometer was evaluated in 110
      eyes (110 patients) six to eight weeks after they had undergone extracapsular
      cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation and
      achieved a best corrected visual acuity of at least 6/12. Autorefraction readings
      were obtained in 100 (91%) of these eyes. The agreement between autorefraction
      and clinical refraction data was 98% for spherical equivalence less than 0.51
      dioptres (D), 95% for sphere power less than 0.51D, 94% for cylinder power less
      than 0.51D, and 85% for cylinder axis less than 11 degrees. Autorefraction can
      provide acceptably accurate postoperative refraction values in pseudophakic eyes.

PMID- 2275936
TI  - Randomised single blind trial to compare the toxicity of subconjunctival
      gentamicin and cefuroxime in cataract surgery.
AB  - Comparatively little attention has been paid to the conjunctival toxicity of
      antibiotics administered at the time of cataract surgery. We have observed the
      effect of subconjunctival gentamicin and cefuroxime injection, using colour
      photography in a randomised single blind trial of 121 patients undergoing routine
      cataract surgery. Our results suggest that a hyperaemic eye is likely to occur
      about twice as often in patients injected with gentamicin (p less than 0.001).
      Gentamicin is associated with more pain postoperatively (p less than 0.05).
      Significant manifestations of gentamicin toxicity are conjunctival oedema and
      capillary closure. Cefuroxime has some theoretical advantages over gentamicin in
      its antibacterial spectrum.

PMID- 2275937
TI  - Is thioridazine retinopathy progressive? Relationship of pigmentary changes to
      visual function.
AB  - Thioridazine toxicity has been described as a 'progressive chorioretinopathy',
      but this designation can be misleading. During the first year after thioridazine
      exposure retinal pigmentation evolves from a granular to a patchy or nummular
      appearance. However, visual function and the electroretinogram typically improve
      during this period. Some cases may show chorioretinal atrophy and functional loss
      many years later, but there is little evidence for ongoing drug-related
      progression. Late atrophy may represent degeneration of cells that were injured
      subclinically at the time of initial drug exposure. Although thioridazine
      toxicity produces an evolving pigmentary disturbance, functional changes must be
      monitored independently of fundus appearance.

PMID- 2275938
TI  - Diode laser trabeculoplasty (DLT) for primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular
      hypertension.
AB  - A pilot study has been carried out to examine the efficacy of diode laser
      trabeculoplasty in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular
      hypertension. The device used was portable and could be attached to a standard
      slit-lamp microscope. Powers of 0.8-1.2 W were used, with a spot size of 100
      microns and a pulse of 0.20 second. Laser trabeculoplasty carried out on 20 eyes
      for glaucoma resulted in a mean ocular hypotensive effect of 10.2 mmHG at two
      weeks after treatment and of 9.55 mmHg at 6 months. It is concluded that diode
      laser trabeculoplasty is an effective mode of treatment for eyes with open-angle
      glaucoma or with ocular hypertension.

PMID- 2275939
TI  - Atraumatic iris cilia.
AB  - We report two cases of ectopic cilia originating from the iris without any
      convincing history of injury to the eye. One required surgical removal to prevent
      further endothelial and lens damage developing over a five-year observation
      period.

PMID- 2275940
TI  - Infectious mononucleosis presenting as bilateral acute dacryocystitis.
AB  - A case of infectious mononucleosis presenting as bilateral acute dacryocystitis
      in a 7-year-old girl is reported. Acute dacryocystitis is uncommon in this age
      group, and an underlying systemic illness should be suspected particularly when
      it is bilateral.

PMID- 2275941
TI  - Infestation of extraocular muscle by Cysticercus cellulosae.
AB  - Reports of orbital cysticercosis are uncommon despite the high incidence of brain
      and ocular involvement. Infestation of extraocular muscle is exceedingly rare.
      Two cases of cysticercosis of the extraocular muscles are reported here. Surgical
      removal of the encysted parasites successfully resolved the infestation in both
      cases.

PMID- 2275943
TI  - Relative efficacy of ritalin and biofeedback treatments in the management of
      hyperactivity.
AB  - This study examined the efficacy of biofeedback and Ritalin treatments on
      hyperactivity as reflected by muscular electrical activity and as observed by
      teachers and parents. Eighteen male subjects between the ages of 10 and 13 were
      assigned to three groups, matched by age, IQ, and race. One group received 10
      biofeedback sessions, another received Ritalin, and the third group controlled
      for nonspecific treatment effects. EMG readings, the Conners Teacher Rating
      Scale, the Werry-Weiss-Peters Scale, and the Zukow Parent Rating Scale were used
      to measure treatment efficacy. Results indicated that biofeedback-assisted
      relaxation significantly reduced muscle tension levels, whereas neither Ritalin
      nor personal attention produced significant change. On teacher ratings of
      hyperactivity, significant improvement was made by all three groups. Parent
      ratings on the Zukow scale indicated significant improvement by subjects in all
      groups. On the Werry-Weiss-Peters scale, the biofeedback and control groups made
      significant improvements in hyperactivity.

PMID- 2275942
TI  - The effect of feedback-assisted reduction in heart rate reactivity on videogame
      performance.
AB  - In 67 male volunteers, we examined the reduction of cardiovascular responsivity
      to a psychomotor challenge (videogame) achieved by use of heart rate (HR)
      feedback and effects of these procedures on concomitant behavioral performance.
      Each subject participated in a pretraining assessment of his cardiovascular
      responses to the videogame, a training condition, and a posttraining assessment
      identical to the initial evaluation. During training, subjects were assigned to
      one of four conditions: (a) a habituation control group receiving no instructions
      to alter HR (HC); (b) an instructions-only control group receiving instructions
      to maintain a low or unchanged HR during videogame presentations (IC); (c) a
      feedback group receiving instructions to reduce HR using ongoing HR feedback (FB
      ); or (d) a feedback group receiving instructions to lower HR and given HR
      feedback plus a score contingency in which total game score was jointly
      determined by subjects' game performance and success at HR control (FB+).
      Subjects receiving feedback (FB+, FB-) exhibited greater reductions in HR
      response to the videogame in the posttraining assessment than control (HC, IC)
      subjects; FB+ subjects showed greater HR reductions than subjects in any other
      group. FB+ and FB- subjects showed a lower SBP at posttraining relative to the
      two control groups, but no reduction in task-induced blood pressure reactivity.
      There were no group differences in videogame performance, either before or
      following training.

PMID- 2275944
TI  - Frequency characteristics of signals and instrumentation: implication for EMG
      biofeedback studies.
AB  - Signals can be analyzed in either the time or frequency domain. In the time
      domain, the analysis consists of manipulating and measuring one or more
      characteristics of the signal that may vary with time. One can, for instance,
      rectify a signal, filter it, calculate its mean value, display the histogram of
      its amplitude, and so forth. Frequency analysis is less well understood because
      it requires a lengthy mathematical treatment most easily done by computer.
      However, it gives exclusive information on a signal. For instance, when the
      frequency content of a signal is known, it is easy to specify which
      characteristics an amplifier must have in order to amplify the signal without
      distortion, or to set the cutoff frequencies of filters to eliminate noise. Also,
      in many circumstances, frequency spectra are more easily interpreted than the
      original raw data. Such is the case with the EMG where the random aspect of the
      signal makes some form of processing (i.e., rectification, filtering, etc.)
      necessary, but not always as meaningful as we would like. Thus we present here
      the principal characteristics of frequency analysis, and discuss its usefulness
      in analyzing EMG signals and its application to biofeedback, clinical practice,
      and research.

PMID- 2275945
TI  - [Seasonal changes in the population count of allergenic mites (Acariformes,
      Pyroglyphidae) in the dust of living quarters in the city of Moscow].
AB  - The seasonal dynamics of allergenic mite quantity in house dust of three model
      apartments in Moscow has been observed during three years. Two periods of
      increase in mites' quantity have been revealed: wintry and summer-autumnal. Mite
      breeding takes place both in winter and in summer-autumnal period. The quantity
      variations of allergenic mites are cyclic and have individual traits peculiar to
      each population of these mites.

PMID- 2275946
TI  - [The atropine-like action, not removed by naloxone, of the opioid dermorphin on
      the inotropic effects of acetylcholine].
AB  - Opioid dermorphin induced a negative inotropic effect on the isolated perfused by
      Straube frog's heart, this effect was blocked by naloxone. On the background of
      dermorphin negative inotropic effect acetylcholine inhibited the ventricular
      contractile activity to the same degree as in the control experiments before
      dermorphin injection. But after the combined infusion of naloxone and dermorphin
      removed the opioid inotropic effect, the negative inotropic effect of
      acetylcholine became significantly weaker than in the control. It has been
      concluded that there are opiate receptors in the frog's ventricular myocardium,
      their activation leads to the negative inotropic effect. Dermorphin may act like
      atropine on the inotropic effects of acetylcholine, this action doesn't depend on
      the opiate receptors activation.

PMID- 2275947
TI  - [The effect of catecholamines on blood circulation in the liver].
AB  - In acute experiments on dogs under nembutal anaesthesia the pressure and blood
      flow in the vessels supplying the liver have been recorded simultaneously with
      registration of the hepatic blood content changes. Catecholamines injected into
      liver vessels have been found to change significantly the liver circulation:
      adrenaline and noradrenaline evoke the constriction of intrahepatic vessels and
      decrease the blood content in the liver, realising through the alpha
      adrenoreceptors activation, isadrin causes a weak vasodilatation by the
      activation of beta-adrenoreceptors. A selective inactivation of isadrin in the
      liver is shown. The density of alpha-adrenoreceptors distribution in the
      intrahepatic vessels is large enough and apparently some times exceeds the
      density of beta-adrenoreceptors. In 1/3 of dogs the beta-adrenoreceptors in the
      liver vascular bed are absent at all or present in arterial bed only.

PMID- 2275948
TI  - Chronic amineptine abuse.

PMID- 2275949
TI  - Amphetamine and tranylcypromine in treatment-resistant depression.

PMID- 2275950
TI  - HLA-DR2 and sleep onset REM periods in depression.

PMID- 2275951
TI  - Measures of gender differences in the human brain and their relationship to brain
      weight.
AB  - A series of gross brain linear measurements and cross-sectional surface areas
      were obtained in a sample of 69 postmortem adult human brains. Data indicate that
      a subset of these measurements are sexually dimorphic and can be used to
      discriminate between male and female brains. Results further suggest that studies
      on gender differences in neuromorphometry can be greatly enhanced if they account
      for sample variance in brain weight. Using 19 of the gross brain measures
      delineated in this study, it is possible to accurately predict brain weight. It
      is believed that the measures obtained in this study will facilitate expanded
      correlative studies of brain morphology and neuropsychological profiles using
      either postmortem material or in vivo magnetic resonance imaging scans.

PMID- 2275952
TI  - Further analysis of the control of voluntary saccadic eye movements in
      schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Many schizophrenic patients reveal abnormalities in the antisaccade task. To
      better understand the nature of these abnormalities, in the present study we have
      assigned to schizophrenics the no-saccade task (subjects were required to remain
      fixated without being disturbed by a reflexive saccade) and memory-saccade task
      (subjects were required to look at a remembered target) in addition to the
      antisaccade and saccade tasks used previously. Many schizophrenics revealed
      higher error rates in the no-saccade task, and latencies of saccades to a
      memorized target were significantly longer than controls in the memory-saccade
      task. Peak velocities of saccades of large amplitudes in the memory-saccade and
      antisaccade tasks (but not in the saccade task) were significantly slower and
      durations of such saccades were longer than normal controls despite the
      similarity between the distributions of amplitudes of such saccades between the
      patients and controls. These results suggest that many schizophrenics have
      difficulty suppressing reflexive saccades and initiating and executing
      appropriate volitional saccades when the goal for the movements is known but not
      visible.

PMID- 2275953
TI  - Vitamin C status in chronic schizophrenia.
AB  - Schizophrenic patients on the same hospital diet as control group subjects had
      significantly lower levels of fasting plasma vitamin C (p less than 0.05) and 6
      hr urinary vitamin C excretion after an ascorbic acid load test (p less than
      0.01). After administration of 70 mg of ascorbic acid for 4 weeks there was no
      longer any difference in plasma vitamin C levels between schizophrenics and
      control group subjects, but the urinary vitamin C excretion after the vitamin C
      loading test remained significantly lower in schizophrenics (p less than 0.05).
      The administration of 1 g ascorbic acid for 4 weeks, in addition to eliminating
      differences in the plasma vitamin C level, also increased the urinary vitamin C
      excretion of schizophrenic patients to the level of the control group subjects.
      The results of this study are in agreement with the hypothesis that schizophrenic
      patients require higher levels of vitamin C than the suggested optimal ascorbic
      acid requirement for healthy humans.

PMID- 2275954
TI  - Tricyclic antidepressants, thyroid function, and their relationship with the
      behavioral responses in rats.
AB  - We first studied the effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) on thyroid
      function in rats in the learned helplessness paradigm. TCAs (clomipramine 32
      mg/kg, desipramine 16, 24 mg/kg, or imipramine 8, 16, 32 mg/kg per day) were
      injected IP for 5 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected 1 hr after the
      last administration of the antidepressant for radioimmunoassay determination of
      triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotropin. Whereas inducing helplessness did not
      result in any change in T3 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, TCA
      therapy dose dependently decreased the T3 levels without changing TSH levels in
      helpless animals and in naive control rats. To further the investigation, the
      effects of TCAs on thyroid function were examined using two models of
      experimentation, one involving diabetes induction, the other using food
      deprivation; both are known to induce a resistance to TCAs that is reversible
      under T3 treatment. In both models, a decreased T3 level existed prior to the TCA
      administration. Although they had no effect on behavior, TCAs further decreased
      the T3 levels in diabetic and food-restricted rats. This study confirms that TCAs
      decrease thyroid function and suggests that the antidepressant effect of TCAs is
      not related to their T3 decreasing effects.

PMID- 2275955
TI  - Sleep deprivation in depression: pattern of relapse and characteristics of
      preceding sleep.
AB  - The pattern of relapse following therapeutic response to 40-hr sleep deprivation
      (SD) was examined in nine depressed patients. On the night ending SD patients
      were awakened from polygraphically recorded sleep on one or more occasions, in
      order to assess the clinical state. All subjects were found to demonstrate a
      precipitous and full relapse over this night, the timing of the relapse varying
      considerably between individuals. No association was found between deterioration
      in the clinical state and characteristics of preceding sleep. These results are
      consistent with the notion that, in predisposed individuals, some process
      associated with sleep has a depressogenic effect. However, they necessitate
      revision of theories of SD and depression that emphasize the infrastructure of
      sleep.

PMID- 2275956
TI  - Effects of bright light on resting metabolic rate in patients with seasonal
      affective disorder and control subjects.
AB  - Many of the symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) could be construed as
      having an energy-conserving function. We predicted that SAD patients would have
      abnormally low resting metabolic rates (RMR), which would be increased to normal
      levels by light therapy. To test this hypothesis we measured RMR in 10 patients
      on and off light treatment and 9 normal controls. Contrary to our prediction we
      found that SAD patients had significantly higher RMR values compared with the
      normal population (p less than 0.02) and these values were significantly lowered
      by light treatment (p less than 0.05). The possible implications of these
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 2275957
TI  - Remarks on the origins of the Biophysical Journal.

PMID- 2275958
TI  - Computation of action potential propagation and presynaptic bouton activation in
      terminal arborizations of different geometries.
AB  - Action potential propagation in axons with bifurcations involving short
      collaterals with synaptic boutons has been simulated using SPICE, a general
      purpose electrical circuit simulation program. The large electrical load of the
      boutons may lead to propagation failure at otherwise uncritical geometric ratios.
      Because the action potential gradually fails while approaching the branch point,
      the electrotonic spread of the failing action potential cannot depolarize the
      terminal boutons above an assumed threshold of 20 mV (Vrest = 0 mV) for the
      presynaptic calcium inflow, and therefore fails to evoke transmitter release even
      for boutons attached at short collaterals. For even shorter collaterals the
      terminal boutons can again be activated by the spread of passive current
      reflected at the sealed end of the bouton which increases the membrane potential
      above firing threshold. The action potential is then propagated in anterograde
      fashion into the main axon and may activate the terminal bouton on the other
      collateral. Differential activation of the synaptic boutons can be observed
      without repetitive activation of the main axon and with the assumption of uniform
      membrane properties. Axon enlargements above a critical size at branch points can
      increase the safety factor for propagation significantly and may serve a double
      function: they can act both as presynaptic boutons and as boosters, facilitating
      invasion of the action potential into the terminal arborizations. The
      architecture of the terminal arborizations has a profound effect on the
      activation pattern of synapses, suggesting that terminal arborizations not only
      distribute neural information to postsynaptic cells but may also be able to
      process neural information presynaptically.

PMID- 2275960
TI  - Hydrostatic compression in glycerinated rabbit muscle fibers.
AB  - Glycerinated muscle fibers isolated from rabbit psoas muscle, and a number of
      other nonmuscle elastic fibers including glass, rubber, and collagen, were
      exposed to hydrostatic pressures of up to 10 MPa (100 Atm) to determine the
      pressure sensitivity of their isometric tension. The isometric tension of muscle
      fibers in the relaxed state (passive tension) was insensitive to increased
      pressure, whereas the muscle fiber tension in rigor state increased linearly with
      pressure. The tension of all other fiber types (except rubber) also increased
      with pressure; the rubber tension was pressure insensitive. The pressure
      sensitivity of rigor tension was 2.3 kN/m2/MPa and, in comparison with
      force/extension relation determined at atmospheric pressure, the hydrostatic
      compression in rigor muscle fibers was estimated to be 0.03% Lo/MPa. As reported
      previously, the active muscle fiber tension is depressed by increased pressure.
      The possible underlying basis of the different pressure-dependent tension
      behavior in relaxed, rigor, and active muscle is discussed.

PMID- 2275959
TI  - Simulation of action potential propagation in complex terminal arborizations.
AB  - Action potential propagation in complex terminal arborizations was simulated
      using SPICE, a general purpose circuit simulation program. The Hodgkin-Huxley
      equations were used to simulate excitable membrane compartments. Conduction
      failure was common at branch points and regularly spaced boutons en passant. More
      complex arborizations had proportionally more inactive synapses than less complex
      arborizations. At lower temperature the safety factor for impulse propagation
      increased, reducing the number of silent synapses in a particular arborization.
      Small structural differences as well as minute changes in the discharge frequency
      of the action potential resulted in very different activation patterns of the
      arborization and terminal boutons. The results suggest that the structural
      diversity of terminal arborizations allows a wide range of presynaptic
      information processing. The results from this simulation study are discussed in
      the context of experimental results on the modulation of synaptic transmission.

PMID- 2275961
TI  - Normal band 3-cytoskeletal interactions are maintained on tanktreading
      erythrocytes.
AB  - Normal nonnucleated erythrocytes subjected to continuous hydrodynamic shear
      exhibit membrane deformation or "tanktreading," a process important for reduction
      of the bulk viscosity of circulating blood. To characterize the effect of this
      unique process on the erythrocyte membrane we have measured the lateral diffusion
      of band 3 during tanktreading. Band 3 is normally constrained through
      interactions with the spectrin-actin cytoskeleton, therefore, any significant
      disruption of these interactions would result in alterations in band 3 dynamics.
      Band 3 of human erythrocytes was labeled with dichlorotriazinyl amino
      fluorescein. After laser photobleaching of an equatorial stripe, fluorescence
      images were recorded from cells in the presence or absence of shear. The
      amplitude of induced nonuniformity in the surface distribution of fluorescence
      was calculated directly from images of unsheared cells. In shear the bleached
      line rotated with the tanktreading motion of the cells. The surface integral of
      fluorescence oscillated with this motion. For this case, the amplitude of
      photobleaching-induced nonuniformity was defined as the amplitude at the
      fundamental frequency of fast Fourier transforms in time of the oscillations.
      Shear stress-induced membrane flow did not interrupt the linkage of band 3 with
      the erythrocyte cytoskeleton. Diffusion coefficient and mobile fraction (1.5 +/-
      0.5 x 10(-10) cm2/s and 54 +/- 11%, respectively) were unaffected by shear. The
      rate of fluorescence recovery of cells in shear was also similar at the centers
      and at the edges, where in-plane shear forces are maximal.

PMID- 2275962
TI  - Magic-angle spinning NMR studies of molecular organization in multibilayers
      formed by 1-octadecanoyl-2-decanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
AB  - Magic-angle spinning 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been
      employed to study 50%-by-weight aqueous dispersions of 1-octadecanoyl-2-decanoyl
      sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C[18]:C[10]PC) and 1-octadecanoyl-2-d19-decanoyl-PC
      (C[18]:C[10]PC-d19), mixed-chain phospholipids which can form interdigitated
      multibilayers. The 1H NMR linewidth for methyl protons of the choline headgroup
      has been used to monitor the liquid crystalline-to-gel (LC-to-G) phase transition
      and confirm variations between freezing and melting temperatures. Both 1H and 13C
      spin-lattice relaxation times indicate unusual restrictions on segmental
      reorientation at megahertz frequencies for C(18):C(10)PC as compared with
      symmetric-chain species in the LC state; nevertheless each chemical moiety of the
      mixed-chain phospholipid exhibits motional behavior that may be classified as
      liquidlike. Two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy (NOESY) on
      C(18):C(10)PC and C(18):C(10)PC-d19 reveals cross-peaks between the omega-methyl
      protons of the C18 chain and the N-methyl protons of the phosphocholine
      headgroup, and several experimental and theoretical considerations argue against
      an interpretation based on spin diffusion. Using NMR relaxation times and NOESY
      connectivities along with a computational formalism for four-spin systems
      (Keepers, J. W., and T. L. James. 1984. J. Magn. Reson. 57:404-426), an estimate
      of 3.5 A is obtained for the average distance between the omega-methyl protons of
      the C18 chain and the N-methyl protons of the phosphocholine headgroup. This
      finding is consistent with a degree of interdigitation similar to that proposed
      for organized assemblies of gel-state phosphatidylcholine molecules with widely
      disparate acyl-chain lengths (Hui, S. W., and C.-H. Huang. 1986. Biochemistry.
      25:1330-1335); however, acyl-chain bendback or other intermolecular interactions
      may also contribute to the NOESY results. For multibilayers of C(18):C(10)PC in
      the gel phase, 13C chemical-shift measurements indicate that trans conformers
      predominate along both acyl chains. 13C Spin-lattice relaxation times confirm the
      unusual motional restrictions noted in the LC state; nevertheless, 13C and 1H
      rotating-frame relaxation times indicate that the interdigitated arrangement
      enhances chain or bilayer motions which occur at mid-kilohertz frequencies.

PMID- 2275963
TI  - Imaging the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin with the atomic force microscope.
AB  - The membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin was imaged in buffer solution at room
      temperature with the atomic force microscope. Three different substrates were
      used: mica, silanized glass and lipid bilayers. Single bacteriorhodopsin
      molecules could be imaged in purple membranes adsorbed to mica. A depression was
      observed between the bacteriorhodopsin molecules. The two dimensional Fourier
      transform showed the hexagonal lattice with a lattice constant of 6.21 +/- 0.20
      nm which is in agreement with results of electron diffraction experiments. Spots
      at a resolution of approximately 1.1 nm could be resolved. A protein, cationic
      ferritin, could be imaged bound to the purple membranes on glass which was
      silanized with aminopropyltriethoxysilane. This opens the possibility of studying
      receptor/ligand binding under native conditions. In addition, purple membranes
      bound to a lipid bilayer were imaged. These images may help in interpreting
      results of functional studies done with purple membranes adsorbed to black lipid
      membranes.

PMID- 2275964
TI  - Aminopyridines block an inactivating potassium current having slow recovery
      kinetics.
AB  - The blocking action of aminopyridines on an inactivating K current (lKi) in GH3
      pituitary cells was studied before and after altering the macroscopic decay of
      the current with N-bromoacetamide (NBA). The first depolarizing pulse delivered
      either seconds or minutes after beginning 4-aminopyridine (4AP) application,
      elicited a current with both a more rapid decay and a reduced peak amplitude. The
      rapid decay (or time-dependent block) was especially prominent in NBA-treated
      cells. With continued drug application, subsequent test pulses revealed a stable
      block of peak current, greater in NBA-treated than control cells. Recovery from
      block was enhanced by hyperpolarizing holding potentials and by the first
      depolarizing pulse delivered after prolonged recovery intervals. Unlike
      aminopyridine block of other K currents, there was no convincing evidence for
      voltage shifts in activation or inactivation, or for voltage and frequency
      dependent unblock. Increasing the open probability of the channels did, however,
      facilitate the block. Although the behavior of currents in 4AP was suggestive of
      "open channel block," the block was not produced by 4-aminopyridine methiodide, a
      positively charged aminopyridine. Moreover, because partial block and recovery
      occurred without opening the channels we suggest that aminopyridines bind to, or
      near, this K channel, that this binding is enhanced by opening the channel, and
      that a conformational change is induced which mimics inactivation. Because
      recovery from block is enhanced by negative potentials, we suggest that
      aminopyridine molecules may become "trapped" by inactivation awaiting the slow
      process of reactivation to escape their binding sites.

PMID- 2275965
TI  - Intracellular diffusion, binding, and compartmentalization of the fluorescent
      calcium indicators indo-1 and fura-2.
AB  - We studied intracellular binding and possible compartmentalization of the
      fluorescent Ca2+ indicators, indo-1 and fura-2, in single mammalian cardiac
      ventricular cells that had been loaded with indo-1 and fura-2 by exposure to the
      acetoxymethylester form of the indicators (indo-1/AM and fura-2/AM). Techniques
      similar to those used in experiments on fluorescence recovery after
      photobleaching (FRAP) were used. It was assumed that reversible binding in
      myoplasm would be evident as slowed recovery of fluorescence after
      photobleaching, and that irreversible binding of the indicators to immobile
      myoplasmic sites (or "compartmentalization" in organelles) would be evident as
      incomplete recovery. Through the use of a mask, one half of a cell was exposed to
      high-intensity ultraviolet (UV) light to bleach the indo-1 or fura-2 in only that
      part of the cell. Upon removal of the mask and termination of the high-intensity
      UV illumination, fluorescence recovered in the bleached half of the cell,
      indicating diffusion of indo-1 and fura-2. Mathematical modeling of the
      diffusional redistribution of the indicators indicated that in these cells the
      apparent diffusion coefficient for indo-1 is 1.57 x 10(-7) cm2 s-1 (SD 0.48 x 10(
      7) cm2 s-1; n = 5 cells, 21 degrees C), and for fura-2 is 3.19 x 10(-7) cm2 s-1
      (SD 1.85 x 10(-7) cm2 s-1; n = 6 cells, 21 degrees C). These values are
      approximately 6 and 3, respectively, times smaller than those expected for free
      diffusion in the myoplasm. In the bleached half of the cell the recovered level
      of fluorescence never reached the final level in the half not exposed to UV
      light. The extent of incomplete recovery was variable amongst the cells. Our
      analysis indicated that, under the conditions we used, approximately one-third of
      the intracellular dye is not diffusible in the myoplasm.

PMID- 2275966
TI  - Effects of lateral diffusion on the fluorescence anisotropy in hexagonal lipid
      phases. I. Theory.
AB  - It is shown that fluorescence anisotropy from lipidlike probes in the hexagonal
      HII phase gives information of (a) orientational order parameters, (b) the
      wobbling diffusion constant, and (c) the hopping diffusion constant of the probe,
      DH, equals DL/R2, the lateral diffusion constant over the square of the radius of
      the hexagonal tubes. Here we consider only lipidlike probes having the absorption
      transition movement and/or the emission transition moment along the long axis of
      the molecule. Three models are introduced for analysis of time-resolved data: the
      "WOBHOP," the "reduced WOBHOP," and the "P2P4HOP" model. The fluorescence
      anisotropy in response to a very short excitation pulse in each of the three
      models is a constant plus a number of exponentials. The WOBHOP and reduced WOBHOP
      models have 3 and 2 exponentials, respectively, and both contain four fitting
      parameters: r0 (the fundamental anisotropy), (P2) (the second rank orientational
      order parameter), DW (the wobbling diffusion constant), and DH (the hopping
      diffusion constant). The P2P4HOP model has eight exponentials and five fitting
      parameters: the four parameters listed above and (P4) (the fourth rank
      orientational order parameter). Analysis of fluorescence anisotropy data in the
      hexagonal HII phase using one of these models allows for obtaining the hopping
      diffusion constant, and, if the lateral diffusion constant is known, the radius
      of the hexagonal tubes. Substitution of DH = 0 in each of the three models yields
      an expression for the fluorescence anisotropy that is used in the literature for
      lamellar (L alpha or L beta) phases. The fluorescence anisotropy in coexisting L
      alpha/HII phases is discussed.

PMID- 2275967
TI  - Effects of lateral diffusion on the fluorescence anisotropy in hexagonal lipid
      phases. II. An experimental study.
AB  - The polymorphic phase behavior of unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamine
      (PE)/diacylglycerol (DG) binary lipid mixtures was investigated by the use of
      time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy. Using a fluorescent lipid, 1-palmitoyl-2
      [[2-[4-(6-phenyl-trans-1,3,5-hexatrienyl)phenylethyl] carbonyl]3-sn-phosphatidyl
      choline (DPH-PC), the orientational order and rotational dynamics of the above
      lipid mixtures in the liquid crystalline lamellar (L alpha) and inverted
      hexagonal (HII) phases were studied. By employing a one-exponential model (Cheng,
      K.H. 1989: Biophys. J. 55:1025-1031) to fit the anisotropy decay data, abrupt
      decreases in the normalized initial anisotropy decay slope and the residual
      anisotropy of DPH-PC were observed at approximately 6-8% DG, signifying a L
      alpha/HII phase transition. Using our new theoretical WOBHOP and P2P4HOP models
      as described in a preceding paper (Van Der Meer, B.W., K.H. Cheng, and S.Y. Chen.
      1990. Biophys. J. 58:000-000), two or more rotational correlation times were
      required to describe the anisotropy decay behavior of DPH-PC in the HII phase.
      These rotation correlation times were further related to the second and fourth
      rank order parameters, and the wobbling and hopping diffusion constants of the
      fluorescent probe in the highly curved lipid cylindrical tubes of the HII phase.
      The hopping diffusion constant (DH) equals the lateral diffusion constant (DL)
      divided by R2 (R = radius of the lipid cylindrical tubes). The value of DL was
      estimated by measuring the excimer formation rate of 1-palmitoyl-2-[10-(1
      pyrenl)decanoyl] phosphatidyl choline (py-PC) in the same PE/DG mixtures. Upon
      comparing the values of DH and DL, the value of R was determined to be
      approximately 10-15 A, and agreed with that derived from x-ray diffraction (Tate,
      M.W., and S.M. Gruner, 1989, Biochemistry. 28:4245-4253; Rand, R.P., N.L. Fuller,
      S.M. Gruner, and V.A. Parsegian. 1990. Biochemistry. 29:76-87).

PMID- 2275968
TI  - Polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin.
      Transmembrane alpha helices are resistant to hydrogen/deuterium exchange.
AB  - The secondary structure of bacteriorhodopsin has been investigated by polarized
      Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with hydrogen/deuterium
      exchange, isotope labeling and resolution enhancement methods. Oriented films of
      purple membrane were measured at low temperature after exposure to H2O or D2O.
      Resolution enhancement techniques and isotopic labeling of the Schiff base were
      used to assign peaks in the amide I region of the spectrum. alpha-helical
      structure, which exhibits strong infrared dichroism, undergoes little H/D
      exchange, even after 48 h of D2O exposure. In contrast, non-alpha-helical
      structure, which exhibits little dichroism, undergoes rapid H/D exchange. A band
      at 1,640 cm-1, which has previously been assigned to beta-sheet structure, is
      found to be due in part to the C = N stretching vibration of protonated Schiff
      base of the retinylidene chromophore. We conclude that the membrane spanning
      regions of bR consist predominantly of alpha-helical structure whereas most beta
      type structure is located in surface regions directly accessible to water.

PMID- 2275969
TI  - Mechanical coupling of zymogen granule membrane with the granule core.

PMID- 2275970
TI  - Dielectric study on hydration of B-, A-, and Z-DNA.
AB  - Dielectric relaxation peak due to bound water was found around 100 MHz in poly(dG
      dC).poly(dG-dC) and calf thymus DNA in water-ethanol mixtures with NaCl buffer.
      Relaxation time and strength show a transition for poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) at an
      ethanol composition Cw = 0.45 (w/w) where the structural transition from B- to Z
      DNA takes place. It has been suggested that the transition is caused by removal
      of the bound water molecules preferentially from the phosphate groups. If the
      bound water molecules are removed equally from the phosphate groups and the
      grooves, the structural transition from B to A takes place. By analogy with
      hydration of tropocollagen, it was found that 19 water molecules per one
      nucleotide are at least necessary to keep B-DNA. Thirteen molecules are bound to
      A-DNA and 9 molecules to Z-DNA. Stringlike multimers are proposed as available
      structures of the bound water.

PMID- 2275971
TI  - The effect of conformation on the CD of interacting helices: a theoretical study
      of tropomyosin.
AB  - A recent report [M. E. Holtzer, et al. (1988) Biophysics Journal, 53, 96a] of the
      anomalous CD spectrum of the tropomyosin (TM) fragment 11TM127 motivated us to
      model the system as two 21-residue alpha-helices distorted to a coiled-coil
      conformation. We used strong-coupling exciton theory to model the optical
      properties of the system. Two backbone amide excited states (n pi* and pi pi*)
      were considered, as well as four excited states (Lb, La, Bb, Ba) for the phenolic
      side chain. We calculated the effect of superhelix formation on the backbone CD
      spectrum. The decrease in molar ellipticity of the alpha-helix parallel-polarized
      transition at 208 nm was found to be a simple function of superhelix tilt angle.
      We then modeled a coiled coil (radius = 5.5 A, pitch = -140 A) with one aromatic
      ring per superhelix. Steric interactions between aromatic side chains in a coiled
      coil were calculated as a function of side-chain conformation and heptet
      position. Steric interactions between phenolic rings will be significant for
      heptet positions a and d, but not for positions b, c, e, f, or g. We calculated
      the phenolic Lb transition rotational strength as a function of position within
      the heptet repeats, and of all possible side-chain dihedral angles, chi 1 and chi
      2. When tyrosines were placed at heptet positions b, c, e, f, or g, the
      rotational-strength surface was nearly identical to that of a single tyrosine in
      an undistorted helix. In contrast, the rotational-strength surface for tyrosines
      in heptet positions a or d showed substantial intertyrosine coupling components.
      The rotational-strength surfaces for the three types of heptet positions
      (position a, position d, and the others) allowed an interpretation of the
      aromatic CD spectra of TM and its fragments. It was predicted that the three
      types of heptet positions will be spectroscopically distinguishable.

PMID- 2275972
TI  - Dynamics of F-actin and F-actin/filamin networks as studied by photon correlation
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Photon correlation spectroscopy was used to study both F-actin and F
      actin/filamin networks in solution. The measured autocorrelation functions were
      analyzed with the inverse Laplace transform CONTIN. The resulting frequency
      distributions consist of maximal five relatively narrow peaks. This rather
      unexpected finding disagrees with the frequency spectra calculated for an
      entangled rigid rod model. For this model, we expect spectra consisting of a
      single broad peak. Factors like flexibility, deviation from an experimental
      length distribution, interference with chemical reactions, and translation
      rotation coupling that would influence the profile of the frequency distribution
      could be excluded by comparison of the data with model calculations or
      qualitative estimates. We conclude that our data for F-actin are consistent with
      the dynamics of an infinite network stable on the time scale of the observed
      modes. Further support for this interpretation is provided by a comparison with
      frequency spectra of actin/filamin networks. These appear to be very similar in
      shape. The main peak of these spectra that corresponds to the slow motions shifts
      to lower frequencies with increasing cross-link density. It appears that higher
      frequency modes of the gel are more efficiently damped with progressive cross
      link density, resulting in a predominance of the slow motions in the spectra.
      This behavior has been already found in other systems and seems to be a general
      feature of cross-linked systems.

PMID- 2275973
TI  - Excluded volume effects on the partition of macromolecules between two liquid
      phases.
AB  - Partition parameters of several proteins and other macromolecules are measured in
      an aqueous two-phase liquid system containing polyethylene glycol and phosphate
      buffer. Distribution of macromolecules is a function of the relative volume
      excluded to the macromolecules in the two phases. A simple model with no
      adjustable parameters yields covolumes of the macromolecules with the
      polyethylene glycol. Covolumes are used to estimate effective molecular volumes
      and the magnitudes of excluded volume effects. The same approach is applied to
      mixtures of macromolecules.

PMID- 2275974
TI  - Synthetic peptide helices in crystals: structure and antiparallel and skewed
      packing motifs for alpha-helices in two isomeric decapeptides.
AB  - The isomeric decapeptides Boc-Aib-Ala-Leu-Ala-Aib-Aib-Leu-Ala-Leu-Aib-OMe (II)
      and Boc-Aib-Ala-Aib-Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu-Aib-Leu-Aib-OMe (III), are predominantly
      alpha-helical with little effect on the conformation with interchange of Aib/Ala
      residues or Aib/Leu residues. The packing motif of helices in crystal II is
      antiparallel, whereas the helices pack in a skewed fashion in crystal III, with a
      40 degrees angle between neighboring helix axes. Crystal III contains a water
      molecule in a hydrophobic hole that forms hydrogen bonds with two carbonyl
      oxygens that also participate in 5----1 type hydrogen bonds. Values for helical
      torsional angles phi and psi assume a much wider range than anticipated. Crystal
      II: C49H88N10O13, space group P2(1), with a = 16.625 (2) A, b = 9.811 (5) A, c =
      18.412 (3) A, beta = 99.79 (1) degrees, Z = 2, R = 5.7% for 4338 data with
      magnitude of F0' greater than 3 sigma(F). Crystal III: C49H88N10O13 x 1/2H2O,
      space group P2(1) with a = 11.072 (2) A, b = 34.663 (5) A, c = 16.446 (3) A, beta
      = 107.85 (1) degrees, Z = 4, R = 8.3% for 6087 data with [F0[ greater than 3
      sigma(F).

PMID- 2275975
TI  - Randomness in the heparin polymer: computer simulations of alternative action
      patterns of heparin lyase.
AB  - Heparin is a mixture of linear polysaccharides of undetermined sequence. Both
      biosynthetic data and computer simulation studies have established that each
      heparin polymer chain is comprised of oligosaccharides of defined sequence,
      representing ordered domains. One such ordered domian is a pentasaccharide
      corresponding to heparin's antithrombin III binding site. Previous computer
      simulation studies, performed under the assumption that heparin lyase
      (heparinase, EC 4.2.2.7), has a random endolytic action pattern, suggested that
      certain of these ordered oligosaccharide domains may themselves be nonrandomly
      arranged in the heparin polymer. The present work presents computer simulations
      of alternative action patterns for heparin lyase while assuming a random
      distribution of these oligosaccharide units within the heparin polymer. We
      consider action patterns that are determined solely by the primary structure of
      the substrate molecules. Results of the simulations are compared to (1) the
      experimental measurements of product chains formed throughout the reaction and
      (2) the change in weight average molecular weight Mw as a function of reaction
      completion as determined by absorbance at 232 nm. From the simulation of 60
      action patterns for heparin lyase, we infer that one of the following statements
      concerning heparin and heparin lyase is true: (1) Heparin is a random arrangement
      of a small number of structurally defined oligosaccharide units. Heparin lyase
      changes its action pattern during the depolymerization of heparin (perhaps
      influenced by the secondary structure of substrate). (2) Heparin contain clusters
      of oligosaccharide sequences that are present in low concentrations (overall) in
      the polymer. Heparin lyase has a specificity for cleaving glycosidic linkages
      either exolytically at the nonreducing terminus of a chain or (endolytically) at
      the reducing side of these rare oligosaccharide sequence.

PMID- 2275976
TI  - Raman spectroscopic study of the effects of Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ions on
      calf thymus DNA: binding sites and conformational changes.
AB  - The interaction of Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ with calf thymus DNA has been
      investigated by Raman spectroscopy. These spectra reveal that all of these ions,
      and particularly Zn2+, bind to phosphate groups of DNA, causing a slight
      structural change in the polynucleotide at very small metal: DNA (P)
      concentration ratio (ca. 1:30). This results in increased base-stacking
      interactions, with negligible change of the B conformation of DNA. Contrary to
      Zn2+ and Cd2+, which interact extensively with the nucleic bases (particularly at
      the N7 position of guanine), the alkaline-earth metal ions are bound almost
      exclusively to the phosphate groups. The affinity of both the Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions
      for G.C base pairs is comparable, but the Cd2+ ions interact more extensively
      with A.T pairs than Zn2+ ions. Interstrand cross-linking through the N3 atom of
      cytosine is suggested in the presence of Zn2+, but not Cd2+.

PMID- 2275977
TI  - Thermodynamic cycle-perturbation study of the binding of trifluoroacetyl
      dipeptide anilide inhibitors with porcine pancreatic elastase.
AB  - The variety of results of crystallographic studies of the serine proteases
      complexed with isocoumarin inhibitors presents a challenging problem to modeling
      methods and molecular energetics. Therefore, the thermodynamic cycle-perturbation
      technique has been used to study a model system of elastase and two peptidic
      inhibitors. Using the program AMBER, the technique correctly predicts changes of
      the binding constants for the trifluoroacetyl dipeptide inhibitors in comparison
      with available experimental (kinetic and crystallographic) data. However, the
      absolute values obtained are shown to be sensitive to the specific electrostatic
      interaction potential parameters used in the simulations. The reader and user are
      cautioned that thermodynamic cycle-perturbation results may be too optimistic by
      underestimating the accuracy of free energy values. This is especially a matter
      of concern for those cases where a direct comparison with experimental values is
      not possible, viz., (1) the stimulation of binding of novel compounds, (2)
      structurally uncertain binding sites, or (3) structurally different binding
      modes. With our best 4-31G* ESP (electrostatic potential) charges we were able to
      reproduce experimentally determined free energy differences (delta delta A) with
      an accuracy of about 1.5 kcal/mol. Dynamically induced structural changes in the
      binding site of elastase, and particularly changes in hydrogen-bond patterns of
      the binding site, are also reported.

PMID- 2275978
TI  - Dynamic properties of the first enzymatic reaction steps of porcine pancreatic
      elastase. How rigid is the active site of the native enzyme? Molecular dynamics
      simulation.
AB  - Two molecular dynamics simulations (100 and 50 ps) of native porcine pancreatic
      elastase i.e., without bound substrate and with the active site hydrated by a
      dome of water (630 molecules) have been performed. Dynamical properties of the
      catalytic tetrad have been examined. While relative conformations of the Asp 102,
      His 57, and Ser 214 are rather stable in time, the side chain of Ser 195
      undergoes several conformational changes. No preferences are observed for the
      formation of a hydrogen bond between the O gamma-H group (Ser 195) and nitrogen
      N, (His 57). A cluster of ordered water molecules effectively competes with the H
      O gamma group (Ser 195) and thereby prevents the formation of this H bond, which
      is generally agreed to be crucial for catalysis.

PMID- 2275979
TI  - Saturation photodimerization of thymines in DNA.
AB  - Acetophenone sensitizes the uv photodimerization of adjacent thymines in nucleic
      acids and under steady state irradiation induces irreversible saturation
      dimerization. Monte Carlo and analytical techniques are used to calculate the
      saturation dimerization limits for various nucleic acids, under the assumption
      that acetophenone-sensitized dimerization occurs by a random irreversible
      process. A comparison of these calculated results with experimental values
      indicates that sensitized dimerization occurs by an effectively random process
      only in single-stranded DNA or in native DNA of very high A.T content. In
      general, nucleation phenomena operate in native DNA that serve to
      stereochemically restrict saturation dimerization limits below those expected for
      random dimerization.

PMID- 2275980
TI  - A 23Na-NMR study of sodium-DNA interactions in concentrated DNA solutions at low
      supporting electrolyte concentration.
AB  - Aqueous solutions of DNA fragments with a contour length (500 A) near the
      persistence length at DNA concentrations ranging from 10 to 290 mg/mL solvent and
      a constant supporting electrolyte concentration of 0.01 M (predominantly NaCl)
      were examined by 23Na-nmr spectroscopy at temperatures of 20, 40, and 60 degrees
      C. Over the higher portion of this concentration range (greater than 100 mg/ml)
      the DNA solutions undergo a complex series of transitions between different
      anisotropic, liquid crystalline phases (T. E. Strzelecka and R. L. Rill,
      Biopolymers, in press). Counterions in solutions of strong polyelectrolytes are
      usually described in terms of a two-state model as free or "bound" (influenced by
      the electrostatic field of the polyanion). The longitudinal relaxation rate (R1 =
      1/T1) at all DNA concentrations decreased with increasing temperature,
      demonstrating fast exchange between free and bound counterions. R1 increased
      nearly linearly with increasing DNA phosphate/sodium ratio in the isotropic
      domain until the onset of anisotropic phase formation, in agreement with similar
      nmr studies conducted at low DNA concentrations. The value of R1,b = 194 +/- 7 Hz
      obtained for the isotropic phase from 10 to 100 mg DNA/mL at 20 degrees C was in
      agreement with values reported previously. A nonlinear increase in R1 with DNA
      concentration was observed upon onset of anisotropic phase formation, indicating
      an increase in the product of the fraction of bond ions times their relaxation
      rate (r.R1,b). The spectral lineshape of all isotropic samples was Lorentzian.
      Spectra of anisotropic samples exhibited low magnitude quadrupole splitting of
      less than or equal to 400 Hz correlated with appearance of a cholesteric phase
      with pitch approximately 2 microns. The magnitude of the quadrupole splitting
      decreased with increasing DNA concentration at low temperatures and increased
      with concentration at high temperatures. At all concentrations the quadrupole
      splitting decreased then increased with temperature. These temperature- and
      concentration-dependent changes in quadrupole splitting are consistent with an
      angle between the DNA helix axis and the principal component (VZZ) of the local
      electric field gradient tensor near the "magic angle" of 54.7 degrees.

PMID- 2275981
TI  - Experimental evidence for predicted transmembrane peptide topography:
      incorporation of hydrophobic peptide alpha-helical rods with an N-terminal
      positive charge having a length comparable to the thickness of lipid bilayers
      into the membranes.
AB  - Liposomes consisting of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine and hydrophobic peptides Nps
      and Cl-.+H2-(Met-Met-Leu)n-OEt (n = 6-10) with various polypeptide chain lengths
      were prepared by the sonication method. The conformation of the peptides
      incorporated into the liposomes was examined by CD spectroscopy. All the peptides
      incorporated assumed alpha-helical conformation. Quantitative analyses of the
      peptides and lipids in the membranes showed that the concentration of the
      peptides with a positive charge at the N-terminus in the liposomes decreased
      markedly as the peptide chain length increased, reaching zero for the peptides
      over n = 8. The peptides without a positive charge were hardly incorporated into
      the liposomes. Infrared attenuated reflection spectroscopy of multilayered
      membranes containing the peptides suggests that the axis of the alpha-helical
      peptide rods is oriented in parallel with the molecular axis of lipids in the
      membranes. These results suggest that the hydrophobic peptides can be
      incorporated into the lipid bilayers of the liposomes in the alpha-helical
      conformation, the rods of which have a length comparable to the thickness of the
      lipid bilayers, and the N-terminal positive charge of the peptides is essential
      for the stable peptide incorporated into the membranes.

PMID- 2275982
TI  - Thermodynamic stability of the 5' dangling-ended DNA hairpins formed from
      sequences 5'-(XY)2GGATAC(T)4GTATCC-3', where X, Y = A, T, G, C.
AB  - Expressions for the partition function Q (T) of DNA hairpins are presented.
      Calculations of Q (T), in conjunction with our previously reported numerically
      exact algorithm [T. M. Paner, M. Amaratunga, M. J. Doktycz, and A. S. Benight
      (1990) Biopolymers, 29, 1715-1734], yield a numerical method to evaluate the
      temperature dependence of the transition enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of a
      DNA hairpin directly from its optical melting curve. No prior assumptions that
      the short hairpins melt in a two-state manner are required. This method is then
      applied in a systematic manner to investigate the stability of the six basepair
      duplex stem 5'-GGATAC-3' having four-base dangling single-strand ends with the
      sequences (XY)2, where X, Y = A, T, G, C, on the 5' end and a T4 loop on the 3'
      end. Results show that all dangling ends of the sample set stabilize the hairpin
      against melting. Increases in transition temperatures as great as 4.0 degrees C
      above the blunt-ended control hairpin were observed. The hierarchy of the hairpin
      transition temperatures is dictated by the identity of the first base of the
      dangling end adjoining the duplex in the order: purine greater than T greater
      than C. Calculated melting curves of every hairpin were fit to experimental
      curves by adjustment of a single parameter in the numerically exact theoretical
      algorithm. Exact fits were obtained in all cases. Experimental melting curves
      were also calculated assuming a two-state melting process. Equally accurate fits
      of all dangling-ended hairpin melting curves were obtained with the two-state
      model calculation. This was not the case for the melting curve of the blunt-ended
      hairpin, indicating the presence of a four-base dangling-end drives hairpin
      melting to a two-state process. Q (T) was calculated as a function of temperature
      for each hairpin using the theoretical parameters that provided calculated curves
      in exact agreement with the experimentally obtained optical melting curves. From
      Q (T), the temperature dependence of the transition enthalpy delta H, entropy
      delta S, and free energy delta G were calculated for every hairpin providing a
      quantitative assessment of the effects of dangling ends on hairpin
      thermodynamics. Comparisons of our results are made with those of the Breslauer
      group [M. Senior, R. A. Jones, and K. J. Breslauer (1988) Biochemistry 27, 3879
      3885] on the T2 5' dangling-ended d(GC)3 duplexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2275983
TI  - Synthesis and 1H-NMR studies of alpha-deuterated analogues of des-Trp1, Nle12
      human minigastrin.
AB  - Three analogues of the tridecapeptide amide H-Leu-(Glu)5-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Nle-Asp-Phe
      NH2 were synthetized with alpha-deuterated glutamate residues in specific
      positions in order to assign unambiguously the 1H nmr spectrum of the parent
      peptide in water and in water-trifluoroethanol mixtures. The synthetic route is
      described and the assignment illustrated. A previous, tentative assignment based
      solely on indirect evidence [Mammi, S., Mammi, N. J. & Peggion, E. (1988)
      Biochemistry 27, 1374-1379] was partially modified.

PMID- 2275984
TI  - [Medullary cancer of the thyroid].
AB  - Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is either of the sporadic or familial type,
      whether it be isolated or constitute part of a type II multiple endocrine
      neoplasia. Progress in the knowledge of the disease has recently been obtained in
      the following ways: the IRMA assay of mature calcitonin, the disease marker, has
      permitted earlier diagnosis of familial cases and recurrence; the locus
      assignment of the gene on chromosome 10 now enables a valid discrimination in
      certain families of gene carriers; collaborative clinical, biological,
      pathological, therapeutic and epidemiological research on a nation-wide scale has
      had a beneficial effect on patients, with improvement in diagnosis of the
      familial forms, in disease prognosis, in cancer detection at an infraclinical
      stage, and in the regrouping and distribution of families in France.

PMID- 2275985
TI  - [Value of clinical tests in the diagnosis of breast cancer: report of 2,626
      cases].
AB  - The present study has assessed the value of clinical examination of breast
      cancers in a retrospective study of 2,626 cases of operated mammary lesions.
      Anatomopathology is used as basic reference. The fiability of the cancer
      diagnosis is 94%, its sensitivity is 90% and specificity 96%. The total error
      only amounts to 6%, with 2/3 false negatives and 1/3 false positives. The errors
      are for the most part due to the anatomopathologic nature of the tumor, its size,
      the area of the body it is situated in and also to the examiner and to the of the
      patient. Nevertheless clinical examination still remains the first diagnostic
      step, and is indispensable in all breast pathology.

PMID- 2275986
TI  - [Long-term clinical course after second laparotomy in ovarian cancer].
AB  - A series of thirty consecutive epithelial ovarian cancer patients were reviewed
      after long-term follow-up (more than 5 y) since their second-look operation
      (SLO). All patients had advanced tumors (stages IIb-IV). Primary chemotherapy
      consisted of a cisplatin-associated regimen. For all patients adjuvant treatment
      had been planned after completion of the SLO. Mean follow-up after SLO was 68
      months (47-103 months). Tumor status at SLO divided the patients in 2 subgroups:
      Group A = 13 patients (43%), with no evidence of histologically proved disease at
      time of operation (NED); Group B = 17 patients (57%), with macroscopic
      persistence of tumor. Survival was significantly better in the first group than
      in the second (77% at 5 yr vs less than 25%). Recurrence rate in the NED group
      was 7.7% (1 recurrence at 32 months). Eight of 17 patients with gross tumor at
      SLO underwent satisfactory resection. However, recurrence rate was high (75%) and
      survival rate was low (25% at 5 yrs). This result was not significantly better
      than that of patients with no optimal resection at SLO (9 patients, survival
      22%). Second effort resection at SLO does not seem to be beneficial in these
      patients after partial failure of initial chemotherapy with cisplatin. The
      usefulness of systematic second look operations is discussed. Controlled
      randomized trials should be made to determine the exact role of SLO in ovarian
      cancer treatment.

PMID- 2275987
TI  - [Clinical pharmacokinetics of navelbine after oral administration, in vitro
      metabolism and interindividual variability].
AB  - Navelbine (NVB) (5'-noranhydrovinblastine) is a new semi-synthetic vincaalkaloid
      (VA) exhibiting a high affinity for tubulin and considerable anticancer activity
      in patients. A better hematologic tolerance and a weak neurotoxicity have been
      reported for this drug as compared to other VA. Moreover, NVB presents a
      relatively high bioavailability and a good digestive tolerance, thus offering
      original perspectives for the treatment of ambulatory cancer patients. A clinical
      pharmacokinetic study of NVB was carried out on 12 patients after oral
      administration of the drug. The pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to those
      of intravenous administration and also showed a high interindividual variability.
      Studies on the in vitro metabolism of NVB using hepatic microsomal fractions from
      22 different donors demonstrated the formation of 3 metabolites. The
      biotransformation rate quantitatively varies from one human liver specimen to
      another, a fact which could be, in part, at the origin of the interindividual
      variability of the therapeutic response.

PMID- 2275988
TI  - Commissioning community services.

PMID- 2275989
TI  - New contractual arrangements for consultants.

PMID- 2275990
TI  - The genetics of alcoholism.

PMID- 2275991
TI  - Premature ovarian failure and endometrial ablation.

PMID- 2275992
TI  - Radiofrequency thermal endometrial ablation.

PMID- 2275993
TI  - Oesophageal varices: tamponade without tears.

PMID- 2275994
TI  - Early diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
AB  - In spite of recent therapeutic advances, earlier diagnosis seems to be the best
      hope of significantly improving the prognosis in ovarian cancer. This paper
      discusses the various screening modalities available, and presents the interim
      results of one large screening project.

PMID- 2275995
TI  - Patient consent for gynaecological examination.
AB  - Pelvic examination of women patients under general anaesthesia has long been
      practised by gynaecologists in order to teach clinical findings to medical
      students. Although this practice may spare patients discomfort and embarrassment,
      a recent survey has shown that it should not be carried out without patient
      consent. Consent, however, is rarely withheld.

PMID- 2275996
TI  - Placement of an apical chest tube by a posterior intercostal approach.
AB  - Apical pneumothorax due to incomplete expansion of the lung is not uncommon
      following thoracotomy and also occurs in some patients with recurring spontaneous
      pneumothorax. Standard methods of intercostal drainage may be unsatisfactory
      because of difficulty in placing an intercostal tube safely and accurately within
      the apical air space.

PMID- 2275997
TI  - Osteomalacia: diagnosis and management.
AB  - The diagnosis of osteomalacia may easily be missed in the UK, especially in
      elderly or immigrant populations, because of its non-specific presentation. This
      article reviews the clinical presentation, relevant investigations and treatment
      of osteomalacia.

PMID- 2275998
TI  - Preparation of the internal mammary artery.
AB  - The internal mammary artery is the best currently available conduit in coronary
      artery bypass surgery. It is a living arterial graft with intact smooth muscle
      and its efficiency as a conduit therefore depends to a large extent on the way it
      is mobilized and prepared for grafting. This article discusses the anatomical,
      technical and pharmacological aspects of the surgical preparation of the internal
      mammary artery for coronary grafting.

PMID- 2275999
TI  - Masseter spasm following suxamethonium.

PMID- 2276000
TI  - Victims of torture.
AB  - There are millions of people in the world today who have survived torture. In
      this article two psychiatrists working in London at the Middlesex Hospital and
      the Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture describe the nature and
      common sequelae of torture.

PMID- 2276001
TI  - Clinical immunology.
AB  - Clinical immunology is a medical specialty with a pathogenetic rather than organ
      based focus. The main clinical areas covered are allergic disease, autoimmune
      disease, lymphoproliferative disease, transplantation and immunodeficiency. The
      role and training of the physician immunologist and the organ-based specialist
      with an interest are outlined.

PMID- 2276002
TI  - Hospital complaints procedures and no fault liability.
AB  - This article considers the extent to which it would be feasible to introduce 'no
      fault liability' for medical accidents, while the present system for dealing with
      complaints procedures remains in force. What is needed, it is argued, is a
      genuinely independent review process for dealing with complaints about clinical
      judgments.

PMID- 2276003
TI  - Prelingual deafness and psychiatry.
AB  - This article provides an introduction to the neglected area of psychiatry and
      prelingual deafness. 'Deafness' refers to prelingual profound deafness except
      where indicated, although many of the observations apply to some extent to
      prelingually partially hearing people.

PMID- 2276004
TI  - Radiological features of missed appendicitis in the young.

PMID- 2276006
TI  - Thrombolysis after six hours: Anglo-Gallic war.

PMID- 2276005
TI  - Clonidine: old friend--new guises.

PMID- 2276007
TI  - Radiocephalic fistula in vascular access.

PMID- 2276008
TI  - Tissue injury by free radicals and other toxic oxygen metabolites.

PMID- 2276009
TI  - Stercoral perforation of the colon.
AB  - Stercoral perforation of the colon is rare. The 64 reported cases are reviewed to
      define the syndrome of stercoral perforation, and to facilitate accurate
      diagnosis and treatment. Features of localized or generalized peritonitis were
      universal; however, only 11 per cent were correctly diagnosed before operation.
      Recognition that the disease involves a segment of colon rather than only the
      focal point of perforation is essential to adequate surgical treatment. It is
      postulated that this is the reason for the higher postoperative mortality
      following closure of the perforation and proximal colostomy (57 per cent) or
      exteriorization alone (43 per cent), compared with resection of the diseased
      segment and exteriorization (32 per cent). Resection and exteriorization is
      therefore the treatment of choice is most situations.

PMID- 2276010
TI  - Surgical strategy for early gastric cancer.
AB  - The diagnostic and therapeutic options in early gastric cancer are reviewed. In
      Japan, the rate of detection of early gastric cancers has increased so that
      minute gastric cancers can now be identified as a result of advances in
      diagnostic methods. The results of histopathological staging of a large number of
      resected specimens have led to three surgical options based on size and depth of
      the primary lesion, namely classical R2 resection, radical resection with limited
      lymphadenectomy and endoscopic surgery.

PMID- 2276011
TI  - Adrenal insufficiency in the cancer patient: implications for the surgeon.
AB  - Aspects of acute and chronic adrenal insufficiency of interest to surgeons who
      treat cancer patients are reviewed. Clinical features and the management of both
      primary and secondary types are considered with reference to classification,
      aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Specifically considered are the management of
      patients with Addison's disease and metastases. Prompt recognition and treatment
      of adrenal insufficiency can avert potentially life-threatening situations.

PMID- 2276012
TI  - Changes in cardiovascular homeostasis after injury are mediated by tissue damage
      and not haemorrhage.
AB  - During treatment of the injured patient it is assumed that the cardiovascular
      responses follow recognized physiological principles. Studies in humans have
      shown that injury causes a profound suppression of arterial baroreflex function
      which alters the normal relationship between heart rate and blood pressure and
      casts doubt on this assumption. To investigate the mechanism of baroreflex
      suppression, we have studied the effects of the two major components of injury,
      blood loss and tissue damage, on baroreflex function in healthy volunteers.
      Baroreflex function was assessed using suction stimulation of the carotid sinus.
      The loss of 500 ml blood had no effect on baroreflex sensitivity. A human
      laboratory model of tissue injury reduced the ability of the baroreflex to
      compensate for a rise in blood pressure (P less than 0.05, Wilcoxon signed rank
      test). We conclude that tissue damage, rather than hypovolaemia, appears to
      mediate the effect of injury on baroreflex function in the injured. Blockade of
      neural signals from damaged tissue may have a role in the treatment of injury.

PMID- 2276013
TI  - Adrenergic control of the internal anal sphincter is abnormal in patients with
      idiopathic faecal incontinence.
AB  - There is histological and functional evidence that the internal anal sphincter is
      abnormal in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence. The in vitro
      responsiveness of the internal anal sphincter to noradrenaline (an important
      sympathetic neurotransmitter) and electrical field stimulation (known to
      stimulate the intrinsic innervation) has been studied. Muscle strips from eight
      patients with incontinence undergoing postanal repair and five controls
      undergoing resection for low rectal carcinoma were studied. The contraction
      response curves for noradrenaline were significantly different, and the EC50, the
      concentration required to produce 50 per cent of maximum contraction, was higher
      in incontinent patients (P less than 0.001). Electrical field stimulation
      produced initial contractions in four of the control group which were blocked by
      phentolamine. This contraction was not present in the incontinent patients (P
      less than 0.01). These results indicate an abnormality in the adrenergic
      innervation of the internal anal sphincter in patients with idiopathic faecal
      incontinence.

PMID- 2276014
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, vincristine and CCNU for patients with
      Dukes' C colorectal cancer. The Swedish Gastrointestinal Tumour Adjuvant Therapy
      Group.
AB  - A prospective controlled randomized trial testing adjuvant postoperative
      combination chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil, lomustine (CCNU) and vincristine)
      versus no adjuvant therapy in patients operated on for Dukes' C colorectal cancer
      is reported. In total 334 patients aged less than 70 years were recruited: 205
      patients with colonic and 99 with rectal cancer, but there were three protocol
      violations and these cases are excluded from further consideration. Twenty-seven
      patients had a limited resection of their cancer. After 5 years' follow-up there
      was no significant difference in the tumour-free survival rate or in the survival
      rate between the treated and control groups. Twenty-nine of the 147 patients who
      started chemotherapy discontinued this treatment because of side-effects, mainly
      from the gastrointestinal tract. In 30 patients treatment was discontinued
      because of recurrent disease. The conclusion is that systemic administration of
      combination chemotherapy for colorectal cancer after operation is not worthwhile
      in routine clinical practice.

PMID- 2276016
TI  - Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in colorectal cancer.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor expression was estimated in 50 invasive
      human colorectal cancers using immunohistochemistry and the degree of expression
      was quantified from integrated optical density measurements on the stained
      sections. All tumours stained positively, but Dukes' C tumours exhibited
      significantly higher levels of receptor than either Dukes' A or B tumours. In
      addition, histologically high grade cancers expressed receptors more strongly
      than those of low grade. It is concluded that a high EGF receptor concentration
      is associated with poor prognostic factors in colorectal malignancy.

PMID- 2276015
TI  - Value of retesting subjects with a positive Hemoccult in screening for colorectal
      cancer.
AB  - Within a prospective randomized screening study for early detection of colorectal
      cancer with rehydrated Hemoccult II test, the possibility of increasing the
      specificity of the test by retesting patients with an initially positive
      Hemoccult II test was investigated. Of those offered the test 3561 (62.6 per
      cent) returned it and it was positive in 210 cases (5.9 per cent). The repeat
      test was performed by 184 patients and was positive in 68 (1.9 per cent). All
      those with a positive initial test had rectosigmoidoscopy to 60 cm and a double
      contrast enema. A carcinoma was found in one in seven patients with a positive
      retest but in only one in 100 patients with a negative retest (P less than
      0.001). The specificity of the test was, therefore, increased from 95 per cent to
      98 per cent and the sensitivity was unchanged. Rescreening was offered at a later
      date and increased numbers were available: 7147 patients returned the test and
      369 (5.2 per cent) were positive. The test was repeated in 360 patients and 118
      (1.7 per cent) were positive. A colorectal neoplasm was found in one in three of
      those with a positive repeat test, compared with one in seven of those with a
      negative repeat test. In conclusion, screening for early detection of colorectal
      cancer with a rehydrated Hemoccult II test may be followed by investigation of
      only those patients with a positive retest. Such a procedure will reduce the work
      load by 60 per cent without reducing sensitivity.

PMID- 2276017
TI  - Paraileostomy hernia: a clinical and radiological study.
AB  - Forty-six patients who underwent colectomy with end ileostomy for ulcerative
      colitis (n = 33) or Crohn's disease (n = 13) have been reviewed for paraileostomy
      hernia (PIH) formation 1-16 years after surgery. PIH developed in 13 of these
      patients (28 per cent) and was not related to the original disease or excessive
      weight gain. Twenty-eight patients underwent limited computed tomography (CT)
      scanning of the stomal region. Eight of these had a clinically detectable PIH,
      which was demonstrated on CT. A further two patients had PIH demonstrated on CT
      which was not detected by clinical examination. The rate of PIH was similar where
      the stoma emerged lateral to the rectus abdominis muscle (six out of 16 patients,
      37 per cent) to where the stoma emerged through the rectus (four out of 12
      patients, 33 per cent). Recurrence following operative repair of PIH was common.
      PIH occurs more frequently than previously supposed. CT can detect PIH and may be
      useful in evaluating a patient with stoma-related symptoms for occult PIH
      formation.

PMID- 2276018
TI  - Effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor: a 5-year follow-up.
AB  - We have studied the pelvic floor musculature and its innervation in 14 of 24 (58
      per cent) multiparous women who had been recruited into a study of the effect of
      childbirth on the pelvic floor as part of a prospective investigation that began
      in 1983. These 24 women had all delivered by the vaginal route without forceps
      assistance. Five of the 14 had developed clinical symptoms of stress incontinence
      5 years later; two of them had had a further uncomplicated vaginal delivery
      during this time. There was manometric and neurophysiological evidence of
      weakness because of partial denervation of the pelvic floor striated sphincter
      musculature, with pudendal neuropathy, which was more marked in those women with
      incontinence. These findings provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that
      pudendal neuropathy due to vaginal delivery persists and may worsen with time.

PMID- 2276019
TI  - Disordered colorectal motility in intractable constipation following
      hysterectomy.
AB  - Colorectal and anal sphincter motility and electrophysiology were investigated in
      14 women with profound constipation following hysterectomy and compared with an
      asymptomatic group of control subjects. Twelve patients complained of significant
      urinary symptoms. No differences in the motor function of the anal sphincters
      were detectable. The latency of the pudendoanal reflex was unchanged after
      hysterectomy. Proctometrograms demonstrated significantly increased rectal
      volumes and compliance in the hysterectomy group together with deficits of rectal
      sensory function. In the basal state a significant proximal-to-distal sigmoid
      colon motility gradient existed only in the control group. Following stimulation
      with Prostigmin, this gradient was enhanced in the control group but
      paradoxically reversed in the hysterectomized patients, thus constituting a
      functional obstruction. Denervation supersensitivity was demonstrable in two
      patients tested with carbachol provocation but not in control subjects. These
      findings suggest dysfunction in the autonomic innervation of the hindgut in some
      patients who had undergone hysterectomy, resulting in severe constipation.

PMID- 2276020
TI  - Highly selective vagotomy with duodenal dilatation in patients with duodenal
      ulceration and gastric outlet obstruction.

PMID- 2276021
TI  - Risk of cancer death in first-degree relatives of patients with hereditary non
      polyposis cancer syndrome (Lynch type II): a study of 130 kindreds in the United
      Kingdom.
AB  - To estimate the relative risks of cancer in first-degree relatives of index
      patients, 130 pedigrees of dominantly inherited Lynch type II cancer family
      syndrome have been analysed. The risk of death from all causes was significantly
      increased in women over 45 years of age and the overall liability to cancer in
      women was greater than for men. A sevenfold increase in risk of colon cancer was
      found in both sexes. In female relatives the risk of breast cancer was increased
      fivefold and lifetime risk of breast cancer was 1 in 3.7. A screening programme
      based on estimated risks could be offered to first-degree relatives of index
      patients with Lynch type II cancer family syndrome.

PMID- 2276022
TI  - Achalasia of the cardia: long-term results of oesophagomyotomy and posterior
      partial fundoplication.
AB  - Forty-eight patients with achalasia of the cardia were treated by Heller's
      myotomy with a posterior fundoplication of approximately 270 degrees, suturing
      the gastric fundus to the edges of the myotomy. The mean(s.d.) postoperative
      follow-up period was 5.4(2.8) years. The clinical results were good to excellent
      in 44 cases (92 per cent) and fair in four cases (8 per cent) (two with residual
      dysphagia and two with gastrooesophageal reflux). Barium studies showed a
      decrease in oesophageal diameter and disappearance of distal narrowing but normal
      oesophageal emptying did not occur. Postoperative manometric studies (29
      patients) revealed a significant decrease in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure
      and a significant increase in the length of the infradiaphragmatic segment. In
      the oesophageal body a recovery of peristaltic waves in the proximal third was
      seen in ten of the patients (34 per cent). Twenty-four-hour pH monitoring showed
      pathological reflux in only three of 25 patients studied, and one of these was
      asymptomatic. This technique is effective, improving oesophageal symptoms and
      controlling long-term reflux.

PMID- 2276023
TI  - Intersecting staple lines and blood flow in oesophagojejunal anastomoses.
AB  - Total gastrectomy and oesophagojejunostomy with linear stapling devices were
      performed on 22 pigs to evaluate whether intersecting staple lines reduce the
      blood flow with an increased risk of anastomotic leakage. The blood flow at
      intersecting staple lines and single row staple lines of the anastomosis was
      studied with the reference organ method 24 h after the first operation. The mean
      blood flow in intersecting staple lines was 0.305 ml min-1 g-1 tissue and 0.307
      ml min-1 g-1 tissue for single row staple lines. The confidence interval for the
      reduction in blood flow for intersecting staple lines compared with non-crossing
      staple lines was from -16 to +17 per cent. In one animal the reduction in blood
      flow was 37 per cent; in all other animals there was no reduction in blood flow
      or a reduction less than 25 per cent. An equivalence test shows that if a
      reduction in blood flow exists it is most likely to be less than 30 per cent (P
      less than 0.001). Our data confirm that intersecting staple lines in
      oesophagojejunal anastomoses do not reduce mean anastomotic blood flow to a
      dangerous level.

PMID- 2276024
TI  - Surgical results of intrathoracic gastric volvulus complicating hiatal hernia.
AB  - From 1981 to 1988, 138 patients with hiatal hernia were treated surgically at our
      centre. Twenty-one (mean age 76.6 years, 17 women, four men) had an associated
      intrathoracic gastric volvulus. Eleven patients (mean age 73.2 years), of whom
      eight were asymptomatic, had an elective procedure. Ten patients (mean age 80.3
      years) had emergency surgery, six for acute complications of the volvulus (five
      cases of strangulation and one of perforated ulcer) and four because of other,
      unrelated causes of acute abdomen. There were four deaths after operation, all in
      the emergency surgery group. Four other patients had significant morbidity, all
      in the emergency group. In the elective cases, all hernias were easily reduced.
      In one emergency case a gastrotomy was necessary for decompression, and in
      another gastrectomy was necessary because of gastric gangrene. Our results
      indicate the need for elective intervention when intrathoracic gastric volvulus
      is first diagnosed.

PMID- 2276025
TI  - Popliteal aneurysms identified by intra-arterial streptokinase: a changing
      pattern of presentation.
AB  - Five patients presenting with chronic or subacute leg ischaemia due to thrombosed
      popliteal artery aneurysm are described. Only one of these aneurysms was
      diagnosed before intra-arterial streptokinase infusion, which successfully lysed
      the thrombus in all cases. One aneurysm had been symptomatic for 5 years and
      another for 2 years. Popliteal aneurysm may well be underdiagnosed as a cause of
      chronic leg ischaemia.

PMID- 2276026
TI  - Extradural haematoma in the Irish Republic: an analysis of 82 cases with emphasis
      on 'delay'.
AB  - Eighty-two cases of extradural haematoma were analysed to elucidate the factors
      contributing to delay in treatment and poor outcome. The majority of cases
      occurred in the first three decades of life with falls being the commonest
      aetiological factor. Five distinct modes of presentation are described. Excessive
      delay occurred in recognizing the condition and in subsequent transfer of
      patients. This resulted in many patients being operated on while in coma.
      Associated intracranial and extracranial injury occurred in a significant number
      of cases. Recommendations for the management of these patients are outlined.

PMID- 2276028
TI  - Outcome measurement using hospital activity data: deaths after surgical
      procedures.
AB  - There is a pressing need to develop measures of health outcome for use in medical
      audit and in shaping decisions on the allocation of resources. Such measurement
      is not normally performed except in specific research settings. Routine
      information collected on hospital inpatients contains very crude data on two
      health outcomes, namely whether such patients were alive or dead at the end of
      their hospital stay. This paper analyses hospital activity data with particular
      reference to those patients who had undergone a surgical procedure. The results
      are broadly consistent with the earlier findings of the Confidential Enquiry into
      Perioperative Deaths and reveal a crude mortality rate of under 15 deaths per
      1000 surgical admissions. Rates as high as 280 per 1000 admissions were found for
      certain procedures. Since death is a relatively rare health outcome it is argued
      that the development of a more acceptable measure must be a priority to provide
      information on the vast majority of surgical patients with non-fatal outcomes.

PMID- 2276027
TI  - Extracorporeal gas exchange in adult respiratory distress syndrome: associated
      morbidity and its surgical treatment.
AB  - Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2-R) over a membrane lung is a new
      therapy for patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who
      frequently suffer from lung complications caused by long-term artificial
      ventilation and who may require major thoracic surgery. This is a report of 76
      patients with severe ARDS who were treated by ECCO2-R. Twenty-six of these 76
      patients required thoracotomy: 19 for pneumothorax and pneumatocele, and seven
      for haemothorax, infected lung necrosis or oesophagotracheal fistula. Most
      pneumothoraces were bilateral. Ten of these 26 patients required reoperation,
      usually for extensive persisting alveolar air leaks. Sixteen (62 per cent) of the
      26 patients who had a thoracotomy and 22 (44 per cent) of the 50 patients without
      surgery survived. These results demonstrate that performing a thoracotomy, if
      necessary, does not diminish the survival chance of high-risk patients with
      severe ARDS.

PMID- 2276029
TI  - Fallibility of gastrin level as an indicator of complete excision of a
      gastrinoma.

PMID- 2276030
TI  - Prognosis in colorectal adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2276031
TI  - Prospective study of colorectal cancer in the West of Scotland: 10-year follow
      up.

PMID- 2276032
TI  - Diagnosis and management of mesenteric infarction.

PMID- 2276033
TI  - Endoscopic transthoracic electrocautery of the sympathetic chain for palmar and
      axillary hyperhidrosis .

PMID- 2276034
TI  - Evaluation of herniography in the diagnosis of an occult abdominal wall hernia in
      symptomatic adults.

PMID- 2276035
TI  - Graduated compression stockings in the prevention of postoperative deep vein
      thrombosis.

PMID- 2276036
TI  - Truncoumbilical bypass of the portal vein in radical resection of biliary tract
      tumour involving the hepatic duct confluence.

PMID- 2276037
TI  - Clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis in north-east Scotland with particular
      reference to its course and prognosis.
AB  - The prognosis and course of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the factors that affect
      them were assessed in a group of 1055 patients, representing an unselected
      (epidemiological) sample observed in the north-east (Grampian region) of Scotland
      for a period ranging between 1 and 60 yrs. In 7% the disease began before the age
      of 20 yrs, in 12% after the age of 50 yrs, and in the remainder onset was between
      the ages of 20 and 50 yrs. The male/female ratio was 1:1.8. Mean disease duration
      in those observed until death (216 patients) was 24.5 yrs, with no significant
      difference between the sexes. Prognosis was assessed either by the interval
      between onset and death or by the degree of disability over a defined period of
      time. Depending on the length of follow-up, just over one-quarter (26%) to over
      one-third (36.3%) had a benign course and between 8.0 and 17.7% had a poor
      prognosis. Nearly a third had a remittent (32.8%) or relapsing cumulative (34%)
      course and 9% had a progressive course from the start. Several factors were noted
      to affect the prognosis. Prognosis was significantly better, independent of sex,
      in those with (1) an early onset (less than 40 yrs of age); (2) retrobulbar
      neuritis or a brainstem lesion or sensory symptoms alone at onset; (3) short
      duration of initial symptoms (less than 6 months); (4) a long onset--first
      relapse interval (greater than 1 yr); (5) a remittent course in the beginning and
      (6) lack of a family history of MS. The factors which predicted a poor prognosis
      included: (1) a late onset (greater than 40 yrs of age); (2) progressive course
      from the start; (3) multiple sites of lesions initially, or a cerebellar or
      spinal cord lesion at the onset; (4) psychiatric or persistent urinary symptoms
      at the onset or within 10 yrs; (5) persistent initial symptoms (beyond 1 yr); (6)
      early first relapse (within 6 months); (7) a family history of MS; (8) social
      class status IV and V; and (9) bilaterally prolonged visual evoked potential
      (VEP) P100 latency. Address in childhood and at the onset of the disease, changes
      in the CSF and CT brain scan were not of predictive value.

PMID- 2276038
TI  - Congenital demyelinating motor and sensory neuropathy with focally folded myelin
      sheaths.
AB  - Six patients (5 index cases and 1 sib) with a congenital motor and sensory
      neuropathy are described. The clinical, genetic and electrophysiological features
      resembled Dejerine-Sottas disease or hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
      (HMSN) type III. Sural nerve biopsy of 5 patients revealed segmental
      demyelination and remyelination with hypertrophic changes, although onion bulbs
      were not as ubiquitous as in classical HMSN type III. A striking discriminating
      feature from HMSN type III was an abundance of focal myelin thickenings
      (tomacula) present in nearly all teased fibres. Possible pathogenic implications
      are discussed. These cases corroborate the heterogeneity of congenital motor and
      sensory neuropathies.

PMID- 2276039
TI  - Symptomatic and essential rhythmic palatal myoclonus.
AB  - Rhythmic palatal myoclonus (RPM) is a rare movement disorder consisting of
      continuous synchronous jerks of the soft palate, muscles innervated by other
      cranial nerves and, rarely, trunk and limb muscles. It usually develops secondary
      to brainstem or cerebellar disease (symptomatic RPM). Some patients, however,
      fail to show evidence of a structural lesion (essential RPM). A total of 287
      cases with RPM from the literature including 210 cases with symptomatic and 77
      cases with essential RPM have been reviewed and analysed statistically to look
      for criteria separating the two conditions. Patients with essential RPM usually
      have objective earclicks as their typical complaint which is rare in the
      symptomatic form. Eye and extremity muscles are never involved. The jerk
      frequency is lower in essential than in symptomatic RPM. Patients with essential
      RPM are younger and have a balanced sex distribution as compared with a male
      preponderance in the symptomatic form. The rhythmicity of RPM seems to be more
      profoundly influenced by sleep, coma and general anaesthesia in essential than in
      symptomatic RPM. We conclude from these results that essential RPM should be
      separated as a distinct clinical entity. Symptomatic RPM is a rhythmic movement
      disorder whose pathogenesis is quite well established. The cells of the
      hypertrophied inferior olives are believed to represent the oscillator. Among
      other possibilities, essential RPM may represent its functional analogue, based
      on transmitter changes only. Such a relationship could be of theoretical interest
      for the understanding of rhythmic hyperkinesias in general.

PMID- 2276040
TI  - Experiential phenomena of temporal lobe epilepsy. Facts and hypotheses.
AB  - Experiential phenomena that occur in temporal lobe seizures and can be reproduced
      by electrical stimulation of temporal lobe structures typically encompass
      perceptual, mnemonic and affective features, either in combination or in
      isolation, which commonly relate to the patient's individual past experience.
      These phenomena raise interesting questions concerning brain mechanisms involved
      in human psychophysiology. The anatomical substrates for the evocation of these
      phenomena are widely distributed within the temporal lobe and include temporal
      isocortex and limbic structures (amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampal
      gyrus). Arguments are presented which indicate that experiential phenomena are
      positive expressions of temporal lobe and limbic function and do not result from
      its ictal paralysis. Recent concepts of parallel distributed processing
      (Rumelhart and McClelland, 1986) and the importance of parallel distributed
      cortical networks for higher cognitive functions (Goldman-Rakic, 1988a, b)
      provide a theoretical framework on which a hypothesis explaining experiential
      phenomena can be based. In conformity with these concepts the hypothesis assumes
      that temporal lobe epileptic discharge or electrical stimulation of temporal lobe
      structures can induce the elaboration of patterns of excitation and inhibition in
      widely distributed neuronal networks, some of which are capable of forming a
      specific matrix representing the substrate of a given experience. Neuronal
      networks engaged in parallel distributed processing (1) have the capacity to
      recreate the totality of a given experience when only a fragment of the network
      is activated, and (2) they tolerate a great deal of degradation by random
      inactivation of its components or by interference through random noise without
      serious loss of information content. These features are compatible with the
      assumption that localized epileptic neuronal discharge or electrical stimulation
      involving some temporal lobe structures could create a matrix representing
      features of individual experience of the kind activated in the course of temporal
      lobe seizures. Such an experience could, up to a certain limit, resist the
      degrading influence of mounting noise which inevitably must attend seizure
      discharge.

PMID- 2276041
TI  - The role of diencephalic pathology in human memory disorder. Evidence from a
      penetrating paranasal brain injury.
AB  - A patient (B.J.) is reported who developed severe memory impairment following a
      penetrating brain injury caused by a snooker cue which entered through his left
      nostril into the basal regions of the brain. Initially, his memory disorder had
      the clinical features of a dense amnesic syndrome, with both anterograde and
      retrograde amnesia, but B.J. subsequently showed significant recovery of memory
      function. Formal memory testing was carried out 21 months after injury. This
      demonstrated marked verbal memory impairment, as severe as that seen in patients
      with the amnesic syndrome. On nonverbal memory tests, his impairment was
      relatively mild and patchy. His retrograde amnesia had regressed mainly to affect
      a 6 month period before the injury. On other cognitive tasks, he performed at an
      average or above average level, and there was no neuropsychological evidence of
      frontal lobe dysfunction. Neuroradiological investigations at various stages
      after his injury failed to demonstrate a lesion in any of the thalamic nuclei.
      Magnetic resonance imaging showed a lesion in the hypothalamus in the region of
      the mamillary bodies. Our study demonstrates that marked, relatively focal,
      memory disorder after diencephalic injury can occur without direct pathology to
      the body of the thalamus. It also indicates that structures in or adjacent to the
      hypothalamus, such as the mamillary bodies, may play a more important role in
      human memory functioning than has hitherto been considered.

PMID- 2276042
TI  - Neuronal activity in the medial geniculate nucleus and in the auditory cortex of
      the rhesus monkey reflects signal anticipation.
AB  - A Rhesus monkey was trained to discriminate between 2 acoustic signals, preceded
      by visual cues, that instructed which of 2 movements to make. In 75% of the
      trials the visual cue correctly indicated which of the 2 acoustic signals would
      follow. In 25% of the trials the visual cue was misleading, readying for the
      wrong acoustic signal. Based on the visual cue the monkey could anticipate which
      acoustic signal would be presented, a possibility confirmed by behavioural
      analysis. Movements conforming with the acoustic instruction signals were
      reinforced. The activity of 65 medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and 107 primary
      auditory cortex (ACx) neurons was recorded during task performance. Significant
      response differences to anticipated vs unanticipated acoustic signals were found
      in 32% of the MGN and 27% of the ACx neurons. In both structures some of the
      affected neurons responded more vigorously to the correctly anticipated acoustic
      signals while others responded more vigorously to the unanticipated ones. An
      index of relative response intensity (RRI) was derived for each neuron by
      comparing its response to the sound signal in reinforced trials with that
      obtained in trials with no visual cues and no reinforcement (a 'blank'
      condition). For both MGN and ACx the analysis of RRIs revealed two anticipation
      related effects. One consisted of response facilitation to anticipated sound
      signals together with suppression of responses to unanticipated sound signals.
      The other consisted of facilitation of responses to unanticipated sound signals,
      combined with base-line responsiveness to anticipated sounds. These effects can
      be interpreted to reflect a context-relevant trial by trial selection of neuronal
      channels which conduct information along the thalamocortical segment of the
      auditory system. The similarity between the effects of anticipation at the
      thalamic and the cortical levels suggests that the changes in excitability which
      underlay trial by trial neuronal selectivity occur subcortically.

PMID- 2276043
TI  - A century of cerebral achromatopsia.
AB  - This review is an enquiry into why the early clinical evidence for a colour
      centre in the cerebral cortex of man was so successfully dismissed for the best
      part of a century. The imperfection of this evidence cannot be the reason, for
      the same evidence that was rejected earlier is accepted today. Instead, it was
      because the prevalent concepts of vision as a function, and of the role of the
      cerebral cortex in it, dominated facts and prevented acceptance of evidence
      showing a specialization for colour in the visual cortex. It was only after those
      concepts were overthrown by the demonstration of functional specialization in the
      visual cortex of the primate that the evidence for a colour centre in the human
      brain became acceptable. Today, our new knowledge of the colour areas and
      pathways in the primate brain allows us to give a more complete account of the
      pathophysiology of cerebral achromatopsia in man.

PMID- 2276044
TI  - Muscle fatigue in McArdle's disease. Muscle fibre conduction velocity and surface
      EMG frequency spectrum during ischaemic exercise.
AB  - The origin of fatigue in McArdle's disease is still a matter of debate. Both a
      reduction of muscle membrane excitability and failure of excitation-contraction
      (E-C) coupling have been suggested as causes. We performed intermittent isometric
      biceps brachii contractions (80% maximal voluntary contraction, rate 30/min)
      under local ischaemia in 5 McArdle's disease patients and 26 healthy controls.
      Our results show that in McArdle's disease the exerted force is less, the surface
      EMG (SEMG) amplitude steadily increases, and that the power density spectrum
      (PDS) shifts to lower frequencies, the latter without significant differences
      when compared with normals. The most important finding is that muscle membrane
      excitability remains unimpaired during ischaemic exercise, establishing a
      dominant role for intramuscular lactic acid formation in the reduction of muscle
      fibre conduction velocity seen in normal subjects. As is indicated by the shift
      of the PDS towards lower frequencies, as well as by the increase in SEMG
      amplitude, it can be concluded that during ischaemic exercise in patients with
      myophosphorylase deficiency, fatigue occurs without alterations in muscle
      membrane excitability and is due to a failure of E-C coupling.

PMID- 2276045
TI  - Single unit analysis of the human ventral thalamic nuclear group. Activity
      correlated with movement.
AB  - During neurosurgical operations for the relief of movement disorders, single
      thalamic neurons (n = 107) were identified with activity which was related to
      verbally cued active movements (movement-related cells). The activity of each
      neuron was examined during different contralateral movements in order to
      determine the movement which was associated with the most consistent and
      pronounced change in firing rate (the optimal response). The optimal response was
      determined by analysis of histograms of neuronal activity which were constructed
      by using the onset of EMG activity to synchronize successive repetitions of the
      active movement. Movement-related cells exhibited optimal responses associated
      with such movements as making a fist, extension or flexion of the wrist, flexing
      or extending the elbow, pointing with the entire upper extremity, extending the
      tongue and lifting the leg. Most movement-related cells recorded in a single
      parasagittal plane in an individual patient had optimal responses related to
      movements involving the same part of the body. Movement-related cells were
      classified into those that were activated in response to somatosensory
      stimulation (combined cells, n = 20) and those which were not (voluntary cells, n
      = 87). Combined cells were activated in advance of EMG activity during active
      movement and so could be distinguished from cells responding only to sensory
      stimulation (sensory cells). Movement-related cells (combined and voluntary cell
      types) were located anterior to sensory cells and tended to show a mediolateral
      somatotopic organization parallel to that of sensory cells with cutaneous
      receptive fields. Combined cells responded to somatosensory stimulation of the
      same part of the body as that involved in the active movement related to the
      optimal response of the cell. Combined cells responding to passive movements of a
      joint always had their optimal response during active movement about the same
      joint. The activity of combined cells during parkinsonian tremor may clarify the
      role of sensory feedback in tremor.

PMID- 2276046
TI  - Striatonigral degeneration. A clinicopathological study.
AB  - The clinical and pathological features of 10 cases of striatonigral degeneration
      are described: 5 were misdiagnosed in life as Parkinson's disease.
      Retrospectively, helpful early pointers to the diagnosis in these cases included
      unexplained falls, autonomic dysfunction, absence of rest tremor and failure to
      respond to L-dopa, but these were not always present. The pathological diagnosis
      could not be excluded on macroscopic examination of the striatum. Relative
      preservation of the putamen occurred in the 4 patients who benefited from L-dopa.
      The caudate nucleus was involved in all cases and there was no sparing of the
      large striatal neurons. In mild cases, involvement of the putamen was confined to
      its posterior two-thirds, dorsolaterally. With increasing severity this extended
      in a dorsal to ventral and posterior to anterior direction. Seven of the cases
      had evidence of olivopontocerebellar damage, but only 2 of these had clinical
      evidence of cerebellar disease. Correlation was found between the neuronal counts
      in caudate:putamen, striatum:nigra compacta, globus pallidus:nigra compacta,
      nigra compacta:locus coeruleus. The most severely involved part of the substantia
      nigra pars compacta was the ventrolateral zone, which projects to the dorsal
      putamen, the earliest site of striatal disease.

PMID- 2276048
TI  - Ocular muscle proprioception and visual localization of targets in man.
AB  - Passive deviation of one eye through 18 degrees, 30 degrees and 42 degrees,
      achieved by force applied to a sucked-on contact lens, caused the direction of
      visual targets seen by the other eye to be misjudged in the direction of the
      passive movement by an amount roughly one-sixth of the angle of passive
      deviation. The result was the same when the perceived direction was indicated by
      hand, as when the instant at which a moving target seemed straight ahead was
      signalled. This result is interpreted by considering that muscular efferents were
      identical in normal and eye-deviated subjects. The main difference between the
      two target localization conditions results from the proprioceptor output of the
      deviated eye. Our data demonstrate that the assessment of the direction of a
      target seen by an eye that is free to move depends in part on information
      received by the brain from proprioceptors in the orbit (in our case the
      contralateral orbit). It would be surprising if the ipsilateral orbit did not
      contribute as much or more. We therefore consider that this constitutes clear
      evidence against the pure outflow theory of visual direction judgement (Helmholz,
      1867), additional to that provided by the all-or-nothing situation of complete
      versus incomplete oculomotor paralysis. Two models have previously been proposed
      to describe the function of the visual localization mechanism. Both assume that
      the necessary information is derived from the coding of the position of the eye
      in the orbit, either through a copy of the muscular activation or through eye
      muscle proprioception. We propose an alternative model in which both afferent and
      efferent signals from all actively contracted or stretched muscles provide the
      necessary information to the CNS. The data gathered so far from normal subjects
      made strabismic with a suction lens, and from a fair proportion of strabismic
      patients, support our model describing the mechanism of localization of a single
      punctate target in darkness.

PMID- 2276047
TI  - Cortical outflow to proximal arm muscles in man.
AB  - Corticospinal influences on two antagonistic muscles of the shoulder were studied
      in 6 normal volunteers. Recordings were made of the discharges of single motor
      units from the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and poststimulus time
      histograms constructed following either anodal electrical or magnetic cortical
      stimulation via the scalp. Contralateral anodal stimulation caused narrow short
      latency peaks of excitation in motor units from both muscles, probably indicative
      of the arrival of the D or direct corticospinal volley. The size of the peaks led
      to estimates of the underlying excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)
      amplitude of 5.5 mV for the deltoid and 2.2 mV for the pectoralis motor units.
      Magnetic stimulation over the vertex caused multiple early peaks of excitation in
      motor units from both muscles but these peaks began at a greater latency than
      those produced by anodal stimulation. Additionally, magnetic cortical stimulation
      (and, occasionally, contralateral anodal stimulation) caused a previously
      undescribed period of medium latency excitation in both muscles. These medium
      latency periods of excitation differed from the earlier events in that they
      occurred independently of the direction of current flow in the magnetic coil.
      This raises the possibility that they are the consequence of stimulation of
      bilaterally distributed cortical motor outflow pathways. The short-latency
      excitation strongly suggests that, in man, corticomotoneuronal projections exist
      to proximal as well as distal muscles of the contralateral arm. The strength of
      the projection to deltoid assessed by this method is similar to that to an
      intrinsic muscle of the hand and significantly larger than that to its
      antagonist, pectoralis. The possible bilateral organization of the additional
      medium-latency projection to these proximal arm muscles may contribute to two
      characteristic clinical features after a unilateral cerebral lesion, such as
      stroke: the relative sparing of proximal arm strength compared with distal and,
      secondly, ipsilateral weakness.

PMID- 2276049
TI  - Permanent muscle weakness in familial hypokalaemic periodic paralysis. Clinical,
      radiological and pathological aspects.
AB  - Myopathy accompanying familial hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (HPP) is much less
      well documented than the paralytic attacks from which the disease derives its
      name. Eleven affected members of a large kinship with HPP were studied clinically
      and radiologically for the presence of myopathy. In 4 patients muscle biopsies
      were also performed and in 1 of them the histological findings obtained at
      autopsy were compared with the CT scans of various muscles. In another patient
      not previously biopsied, the specimens of both amputated legs were examined
      histologically. The age of the studied individuals ranged from 33 to 74 yrs. The
      4 youngest patients showed no clinical signs of myopathy. However, in 2 of them
      CT scans demonstrated discrete hypodense lesions in the leg muscles, whereas in
      the other 2, muscle biopsies showed a vacuolar myopathy. The other 7 patients,
      all older than 50 yrs, presented both clinical and CT evidence of myopathy of
      proximal and distal muscles ranging from very mild to very severe, males being
      slightly more affected than females. In all 11 patients a mean CT grading was
      made that was based on the abnormalities found in the different muscle groups.
      The myopathy appeared to be unrelated to the history of paralytic attacks, but a
      strong correlation was found between age and mean CT grading. It was concluded
      that HPP is a myopathy with permanent muscle weakness of late onset in all the
      patients. The expression of the paralytic attacks is variable.

PMID- 2276050
TI  - Spongiform encephalopathy transmitted experimentally from Creutzfeldt-Jakob and
      familial Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker diseases.
AB  - A comparison was made of the effects of experimental intracerebral inoculation
      into marmosets of brain homogenates from a case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
      (CJD) and from a member of the Wo. family with cerebral amyloid and spongiform
      encephalopathy--the Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome. All the
      inoculated marmosets developed spongiform encephalopathy (SE) after incubation
      times of 20-23 months in the CJD group and 25-32 months in the GSS group.
      Subsequent passage from 1 affected animal in each group resulted in SE developing
      after 17 months incubation. In every animal inoculated with CJD or GSS material
      and in the 2 passage experiments the most severely affected region of the brain
      was the thalamus which in all cases was almost totally occupied by vacuoles.
      Other grey matter masses were less severely and less consistently affected.
      Vacuolation was observed in the cerebellar granule cell layer as well as in the
      molecular layer and the brain stem was finely vacuolated in all cases. There were
      only minor and inconsistent differences between the disease transmitted from CJD
      compared with GSS and some differences between the original transmissions and the
      SE caused by passaged inocula. Severe astrocytic gliosis accompanied the
      spongiform changes but no amyloid was identified in any of the marmosets with
      experimentally transmitted disease. The pathogenesis of the spongiform change in
      the thalamus was studied in a series of marmosets by light and electron
      microscopy 3-22 months after the intracerebral inoculation of CJD or GSS
      homogenates and was compared with controls. Dilated irregularly-shaped cisternae
      and the large complex vacuoles typical of SE, present in abundance after 18 and
      22 months incubation, were considered most probably to be derived from cisternae
      of neuronal smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2276051
TI  - [Experimental study on pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced gut origin infection].
AB  - It has been documented that endotoxin could induce gut origin infection.
      Consequently, experiments were performed to correlate endotoxin-induced gut
      origin infection with changes in intestinal mucosal structure and xanthine
      dehydrogenase and oxidase activity. Bacteria infection from the intestines to
      extraintestinal organs in 70% of the mice receiving endotoxin. Endotoxin injured
      primarily the ileal and cecal mucosa and increased ileal and hepatic xanthine
      dehydrogenase and cecal oxidase activities (P less than 0.05). These results
      suggest that xanthine oxidase-induced mucosal damage plays a role in endotoxin
      induced gut origin infection.

PMID- 2276053
TI  - [Bacteriology and disinfection of porcine skin].
AB  - The microbial flora and counting were studied in split porcine skin. The results
      indicated that the routine method for the preparation of porcine heterograft
      could not reduce the indigenous flora in the dermal appendages efficiently. The
      indigenous flora of porcine skin consists of not only Gram positive cocci and
      Gram negative rods, fungus are the another predominant ones, the later may
      contribute to the frequent complication of fungal infection and the early
      rejection of porcine heterograft. A tincture of iodine compound was prepared and
      used for the purpose of disinfection, a better result was obtained.

PMID- 2276054
TI  - [Free musculi pectorilia minor transplantation with anastomosis of blood vessels
      and nerves for the treatment of late facial paralysis].

PMID- 2276052
TI  - [Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract and endogenous infection
      induced by immunosuppression after burn].
AB  - This study described the endogenous infections and bacterial translocation from
      GI tract caused by immunosuppression after burn. In the group of burned plus
      injected dexamethasone (DXM) (BIS, n = 31), the rate of enteric bacteria
      translocation was 67.4%, the rate of visceral abscess was 65.5%, much more higher
      than in the group of only DXM (IS, n = 15). The translocation of intestinal
      bacteria also was found in the group of only burned (BU 3/15) and control (ck,
      1/23), but endogenous infection did not occur in both group. The bacteria
      cultured from the rat organs are mainly enteric bacilli and corynebacterium. It
      was assumed that the endogenous infection was originated from the conditions in
      which the micro-ecologic system of indigenous intestinal flora was disturbed,
      immunologic function was suppressed by the overlapped effect of burn and
      injection of DXM, the biological antagonism among the intestinal flora was
      attenuated, and the intestinal bacilli overgrew, passed through the epithelia of
      intestine into lymphatic vessel and mesenteric lymph nodes, then colonized and
      multiplied in other organs, resulting in endogenous infection.

PMID- 2276055
TI  - [Repair of cicatricial deformities in neck region with trapezius musculocutaneous
      flap].
AB  - Dr. Demergasso was the first one who applied the musculocutaneous flap of
      trapezius clinically in plastic surgery in 1975. Here the author had obtained
      satisfactory results in five cases by using the similar musculocutaneous flap to
      repair cicatricial deformity on the same side of the neck. The author held that
      this flap is easy to be dissected and moved forward to repair some areas on the
      neck, between mandible and thorax, and in front of larynx. There is no consequent
      deformation in the donor region which is hidden backward. The blood supply of
      trapezius is rich enough to keep from any local necrosis of the flap after
      transplantation. The color of the skin is usually like the origin one.

PMID- 2276056
TI  - [Irradiated porcine skin in the treatment of second degree burn].

PMID- 2276058
TI  - [Rhytidectomy by facial sub-periosteal disection. Preliminary report].

PMID- 2276057
TI  - [Reconstruction of cicatricial deformity of whole face after burn with a single
      piece of full-thickness skin graft].
AB  - This article reported the reconstruction of cicatrical deformities of whole face
      after burn by a large piece of full thickness skin graft with satisfactory
      result. The operative method, pre-operation treatment and the result of follow-up
      were introduced. The advantages of this method were discussed.

PMID- 2276059
TI  - [Applied anatomy of supraorbital and supratrochlear incisure or foramen of
      Chinese people].

PMID- 2276060
TI  - [Changes in blood glucose and plasma osmolality in postburn multiple system organ
      failure].
AB  - Retrospective analysis of 58 burn patients (greater than or equal to 60% TBSA)
      were performed. 38 patients associated with MSOF according to the criteria stated
      by Eiseman. Glucose and osmolality were examined continuously in all patients.
      Glucose was determined by using a glucose oxidase method, and osmolality by
      freezing-point depression method. We investigated the relationship between the
      incidence of MSOF and changes in glucose and osmolality in burn patients. The
      present study showed that, (1) Glucose and osmolality were significantly higher
      in group of MSOF than group of non-MSOF from the third day postburn. (2) The
      elevation of glucose and osmolality in patients with MSOF dominated about four
      days earlier than the development of MSOF. (3) The osmolality was markedly higher
      after renal failure than before, but the glucose was not. (4) The incidence rate
      of MSOF increased as the elevation of glucose and osmolality. This paper
      suggested that, (1) The hypermetabolic situation of posttrauma is one of the
      important causes of MSOF. (2) The occurrence of acute renal failure induced
      metabolic disturbance and had an adverse effect on other organs. (3) Continuous
      determination of glucose and osmolality in severe trauma patients may be useful
      in the early diagnosis of MSOF.

PMID- 2276061
TI  - [Corrective rhinoplasty for post-traumatic deformity of nose].
AB  - From 1981 to 1986 the author has used osteotomy technique for corrective
      rhinoplasty in 15 cases. They were localized depression or deviation of the nose.
      The depression deformity was treated by osteotomy and elevating by making cuts
      along the midline of the nose and on each lateral cartilage. Then the dorsum of
      the nose was repositioned. All 15 cases obtained satisfactory cosmetic result
      without any complication.

PMID- 2276062
TI  - [Plastic surgery in the treatment of myogenic torticollis complicated by facial
      deformity].

PMID- 2276064
TI  - [Methods for repairing the defect of external ear].

PMID- 2276063
TI  - [Clinical use of lyophilized porcine skin].
AB  - The split-thickness lyophilized porcine skin has been proved to be an effective
      biologic wound dressing, which is convenient for storage, transport and usage. It
      can be used as a temporary skin coverage for fresh burn wound and the wound
      remained after escharectomy or used as mesh grafts to prevent infection and loss
      of body fluids so as to improve the general condition. It can also be used for
      covering the infective granulation wound caused by burn or injuries to control
      bacterial growth and further contamination. In these circumstances, the
      lyophilized xenografts tend to autolysis and can persist in a rather short time.
      It should be replaced repeatedly in order to get a surgical clean wound surface
      suitable for autografts. More than 100 cases with burn or injuries have been
      treated with the recommended method since 1979. Results showed that the
      lyophilized porcine skin is a good choice as a satisfactory substitute for
      allografts which often served as a biologic dressing.

PMID- 2276065
TI  - [Application of rhomboidal excision and "W" shaped suture].

PMID- 2276067
TI  - [Experimental study on the sensory nerve regeneration of free skin flap with
      anastomosis or without anastomosis of nerves].

PMID- 2276066
TI  - [Therapeutic effect of antioxidant on impaired neutrophil function after burns].
AB  - The present study was carried out with the aim of elucidating the effect of
      administration of antioxidants vitamin E, Rubiside, and Rubiquinone on neutrophil
      function in burns. The experimental results showed that the survival rates of the
      animals were higher in antioxidant Rubiside and Rubiquinone treatment groups, as
      compared with control group 7 days post-burn. In the control group, Superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) activity of blood was markedly decreased, malondialdehyde (MDA)
      levels in serum were sharply increased, neutrophil chemiluminescence (PMN-CL),
      neutrophil (PMN) phagocytic rate and phagocytic index were markedly decreased (P
      less than 0.05) after fluid resuscitation for the observation period of 7 days,
      as compared with that before resuscitation. It was also found that significant
      negative correlation existed between MDA levels of serum and PMN phagocytic rate
      (P less than 0.01) in the control group. On the contrary, after the
      administration of antioxidant agent vitamin E, Rubiside or Rubiquinone in three
      different groups, SOD activity was markedly higher, MDA levels were markedly
      lower, and PMN-CL, PMN phagocytic rate were higher as compared with that of the
      control group. The experiment suggests that antioxidants could be used as an
      adjunct in the resuscitation of burn shock, especially in cases when
      resuscitation is delayed because of various reasons.

PMID- 2276068
TI  - [Improvement in the method of determination of succinic dehydrogenase in skin].
AB  - The authors improved Hershey's measurement of succinic dehydrogenase in the shin.
      Liquid paraffin was used to replace nitrogen gas sealing. The values of succinic
      dehydrogenase of guinea pig skin which was kept at 4 degrees C for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
      days were measured by two methods. There were no significant differences between
      the values measured by two methods (P greater than 0.05). Our method is simpler,
      more convenient and have good correlation with Hershey's method (r = 0.929).

PMID- 2276069
TI  - [Experimental study on the influence of pressure on the survival rate of skin
      graft].

PMID- 2276070
TI  - [Prospects of clinical uses of quinolones in burn wound infections].

PMID- 2276071
TI  - Tempora mutantur nos et mutamur in illis (the new superman in cardiology)

PMID- 2276072
TI  - False-positive coding for acute myocardial infarction on hospital discharge
      records: chart audit results from a tertiary centre.
AB  - Hospital medical records staff enter diagnostic codes on charts using the
      International Classification of Diseases (Clinically Modified), Ninth Revision
      (ICD-9-CM). In a downtown Toronto tertiary hospital, 209 consecutive charts coded
      for acute myocardial infarction as the primary diagnosis in 1987-88 were
      reviewed. Criteria for documentation of acute myocardial infarction included
      symptomatic, electrocardiographic and enzymatic elements. Forty-three (21%) false
      positives, ie, charts coded acute myocardial infarction where criteria were not
      fulfilled, were found (95% confidence interval 15 to 26%). Physician diagnosis of
      acute myocardial infarction appeared on the face sheet of 30 of the false
      positive cases. Common reasons for false-positive face sheet entries and chart
      coding were acute myocardial infarction within the previous eight weeks with
      transfer or readmission for coronary angiography and other procedures; and
      presumed acute myocardial infarction on admission subsequently unproven or
      disproved. The false-positive proportion was similar to a Canadian study drawing
      on charts from hospitals of various sizes in 1977, lower than in recent reports
      from various American tertiary teaching hospitals (P less than 0.0001), and
      higher than in five Boston area community hospitals (P = 0.0005) where procedure
      related transfers or readmissions of previous acute myocardial infarction
      patients were less likely. This audit lends credence to arguments that changes
      are needed in ICD-9-CM codes for acute myocardial infarction and in the
      assignation of reasons for hospitalization.

PMID- 2276073
TI  - Canadian experience with civilian pilots allowed to fly following an acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Concern has been expressed about allowing pilots to fly following an acute
      myocardial infarction. From the beginning of 1967 to the end of 1987, 141
      Canadian pilots have been licensed following an acute myocardial infarction, 21
      of these for the first time. About 200 pilots did not qualify for relicensure.
      The mean age (+/- SD) of 127 pilots who experienced symptomatic acute myocardial
      infarction was 46.8 +/- 8.2 years (range 21 to 70). All but one were males. Of 42
      commercial pilots who were relicensed, only 11 returned to commercial flying,
      seven with a restriction. Of 130 private pilots, all but one returned to
      unrestricted flying. The mean time from acute myocardial infarction to
      relicensure was 4.3 +/- 2.6 years (range 0.6 to 14.9). During the years 1977-86
      inclusive, for which records are available, there has been no aviation fatality
      in Canada attributed to a cardiac cause involving pilots licensed post acute
      myocardial infarction. One relicensed pilot crashed shortly after take-off and,
      with no evidence for cardiac incapacitation, his death was listed as accidental.
      Therefore, individuals who satisfy strict medical criteria can be licensed to fly
      post acute myocardial infarction without compromising air safety.

PMID- 2276074
TI  - Metabolism of normal skeletal muscle during dynamic exercise to clinical fatigue:
      in vivo assessment by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to define several
      intracellular high energy phosphate variables of the gastrocnemius muscle of
      normal subjects during rest, graded plantar flexion exercise to exhaustion, and
      recovery. There were nine males and eight females with an average age of 34 +/- 8
      years. At rest, pH averaged 7.09 +/- 0.03 and the energy cost index (ECI)--the
      ratio of inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine--averaged 0.13 +/- 0.03. At peak
      exercise, the ECI increased markedly to 2.71 +/- 2.0 (P less than 0.001) and pH
      fell precipitately to 6.76 +/- 0.17 (P less than 0.001), indicating the high
      intensity of the exercise. Exercise endurance averaged 12 +/- 5 mins; it was not
      highly correlated with sex, age (r = 0.35), rest pH (r = 0.26), rest ECI (r =
      0.38), peak exercise pH (r = 0.23) or peak exercise ECI (r = 0.38), nor exercise
      changes in pH (r = 0.17) and ECI (r = 0.28). At 23 mins post exercise all
      variables were similar to rest. Rest pH was the only variable different between
      males (7.10 +/- 0.03) and females (7.07 +/- 0.03) (P less than 0.05). Thus,
      dynamic exercise of large skeletal muscles in normal subjects was characterized
      by marked temporal changes in high energy phosphate profiles and very low pH at
      exhaustion. No single metabolic variable correlated highly with exercise
      endurance, suggesting that the intracellular pathophysiology of exhaustive muscle
      exercise and clinical fatigue may be multifactorial.

PMID- 2276075
TI  - Fetal echocardiography in Manitoba: a regional perspective.
AB  - In order to investigate the impact of detailed fetal echocardiography on
      perinatal care at a tertiary health care centre, the records of all 29 cases
      referred for fetal echocardiography during the years 1987-88 were reviewed. All
      patients had risk factors for offspring with congenital heart disease. A family
      history of congenital heart disease led to fetal echocardiography in about two
      thirds of the cases, while the remainder were referred on the basis of abnormal
      cardiac screening examinations during fetal assessment. Forty examinations were
      performed on patients at gestational ages of 16 to 37 weeks. Detailed fetal
      echocardiography did not alter the perceived severity of major structural cardiac
      defects previously identified by an experienced fetal assessment unit and did not
      change or influence intrapartum care. The value of fetal echocardiography in the
      diagnosis and treatment of fetal tachyarrhythmias was confirmed. Also, fetal
      echocardiography provided reassurance of cardiac normality in cases with familial
      and maternal risk factors for congenital heart disease. Fetal echocardiography
      appears to be an inappropriate screening tool in view of its limited availability
      and focus. Comprehensive fetal assessment with four chamber cardiac imaging is
      the appropriate first-line screening test for patients with risk factors for
      offspring with congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2276077
TI  - Angina pectoris in a young man secondary to undiagnosed childhood mucocutaneous
      lymph node syndrome.
AB  - A case of adult onset angina in a patient with previously undiagnosed childhood
      Kawasaki disease is presented. Evidence to support the diagnosis--such as
      clinical presentation and pertinent positive and negative laboratory data to rule
      out other conditions--is provided. The patient was successfully treated with
      coronary artery bypass surgery.

PMID- 2276076
TI  - Late coronary aneurysm formation following coronary angioplasty.
AB  - In a 38-year-old man with recurrent chest pain 14 months following percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of the left anterior descending coronary
      artery, two aneurysms were noted at previous PTCA sites without evidence of
      restenosis. Although the precise mechanism of formation of these aneurysms is not
      known, it is possible that medial dissection and weakening of the artery provoked
      aneurysm formation.

PMID- 2276078
TI  - Methylprednisolone interventions in myocardial infarction: a controversial
      subject.
AB  - Myocardial infarction is a dynamic evolutionary process which can progress over a
      relatively prolonged interval after its onset. The ultimate extent of damage
      depends on coronary artery anatomy, the balance between myocardial oxygen supply
      and demand, and metabolic modulators of myocardial injury. The possibility that
      methylprednisolone, a synthetic anti-inflammatory corticosteroid, may exert a
      beneficial effect on ischemic myocardium has been studied in both animal models
      and patients. However, the results of these experimental and clinical
      investigations have been controversial, in that some have demonstrated efficacy
      of the drug to limit extension of evolving myocardial infarction, while others
      have not. The effects of dose regimen and duration of methylprednisolone
      administration on preservation of myocardium and infarct size remain unclear,
      especially in clinical studies. The problem resides in the large interindividual
      variations among patients in degree and distribution of coronary disease,
      concomitant drugs, the accuracy of techniques for measuring and monitoring
      changes in myocardial infarct size, and the small numbers of patients involved in
      the majority of these studies. The absence of clarity will continue to cast
      doubts over the use of methylprednisolone until its marked beneficial effects can
      be significantly demonstrated.

PMID- 2276079
TI  - Cocaine and the cardiovascular system.
AB  - Cocaine abuse is widespread and increasing in North America. One in every four
      Americans has used cocaine for its euphorogenic properties. The cardiovascular
      actions of cocaine are similar to those observed following intense sympathetic
      stimulation. Cocaine increases heart rate, blood pressure and myocardial oxygen
      demand. Yet, paradoxically it decreases oxygen supply by inducing coronary
      vasoconstriction, leading to myocardial ischemia. This myocardial ischemia
      undoubtedly forms the substrate for most of the cardiovascular complications
      observed with cocaine use. In this article, the history, clinical pharmacology
      and complications of cocaine abuse are reviewed.

PMID- 2276080
TI  - Influence of exogenous fatty acids and ketone bodies on rates of lipolysis in
      isolated ventricular myocytes from normal and diabetic rats.
AB  - The effect of oleate (0.3 and 1.2 mM) and the combined effect of beta
      hydroxybutyrate (4 and 8 mM) and acetoacetate (1 and 2 mM) on rates of lipolysis
      (glycerol output) was determined with calcium-tolerant myocytes isolated from the
      hearts of normal rats and hearts from acutely (2-3 days; 100 mg/kg
      streptozotocin) diabetic rats. In addition, the effect of these exogenous
      substrates on rates of lipolysis was investigated in triacylglycerol (TG) loaded
      myocytes prepared from normal hearts by inclusion of oleate in the isolation
      solutions. Diabetic and TG-loaded myocytes had higher lipolytic rates than normal
      myocytes. In control myocytes, oleate (1.2 mM) did not affect basal lipolysis,
      but it reduced isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis by 30%. In diabetic and TG
      loaded myocytes, the addition of 1.2 mM oleate inhibited basal rates of lipolysis
      by 41 and 40%, respectively, and isoproterenol-stimulated rates of lipolysis by
      43 and 53%, respectively. However, lipolytic rates measured in the presence of
      1.2 mM oleate with diabetic and TG-loaded myocytes were still higher than
      lipolysis in normal myocytes incubated in the absence of oleate. Ketone bodies
      increased both basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis in normal myocytes.
      In diabetic myocytes, ketone bodies produced a modest stimulation of basal
      lipolysis but had no effect on isoproterenol-stimulated rates of lipolysis. These
      data indicate that mobilization of endogenous TG may play an important role in
      supplying energy to the heart in the diabetic state. Moreover, accumulation of
      endogenous TG in diabetic myocardium can only partly be explained by inhibition
      of lipolysis by exogenous substrates.

PMID- 2276081
TI  - Effect of functional adrenalectomy on glucagon secretion and circulating
      catecholamines during insulin hypoglycemia in the dog.
AB  - The present study was carried out to determine whether an increase in the
      pancreatic immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) secretion during the acute phase of
      insulin-induced hypoglycemia depends on circulating catecholamines of adrenal
      origin. Hypoglycemia was induced by a bolus insulin injection (0.15 IU/kg, i.v.)
      in dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (35 mg/kg, i.v.). Plasma aortic
      epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations increased significantly 30
      min after the injection of insulin. At this time point, a functional
      adrenalectomy (diversion of bilateral adrenal venous blood from the systemic
      circulation) was performed for 5 min. The increased aortic E and NE
      concentrations significantly decreased reaching, within 5 min, a level below the
      corresponding preinjection control value. The basal output of pancreatic IRG
      (6.58 +/- 1.12 ng/min, n = 6) significantly increased (24.93 +/- 2.77 ng/min, p
      less than 0.05, n = 6) 30 min after insulin injection. During the functional
      adrenalectomy, the increased pancreatic IRG output diminished rapidly, within 5
      min, to approximately 50% (11.73 +/- 3.19 ng/min, p less than 0.05, n = 6) of the
      value observed 30 min after insulin administration. In the other group of dogs
      receiving sham adrenalectomy, the increased aortic E and NE concentrations and
      pancreatic IRG output following insulin injection remained elevated above the
      levels observed immediately before the sham adrenalectomy. The net decrease in
      IRG output during the adrenalectomy was significant (p less than 0.05) compared
      with the corresponding net IRG output observed in the sham group.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2276082
TI  - Systemic CI-966, a new gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake blocker, enhances gamma
      aminobutyric acid action in CA1 pyramidal layer in situ.
AB  - A new potent, blood-brain barrier permeable gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake
      blocker, 1-[2-[bis[4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]methoxy]ethyl]-1,2,5,6- tetrahydro
      3-pyridinecarboxylic acid (CI-966) was administered systemically by i.p.
      injection (5 mg/kg) in Sprague-Dawley rats under urethane anaesthesia. Twenty to
      thirty minutes after injection there was a highly variable, but overall
      significant, enhancement of the inhibition of hippocampal population spikes by
      GABA applied by microiontophoresis in the CA1 region. Like the effect of
      nipecotic acid (applied locally by iontophoresis), the potentiation by CI-966 was
      clearest when GABA was applied in or near the stratum pyramidale where its action
      normally is weakest and shows the most pronounced fading. This change in GABA
      potency is most simply explained by a reduction in GABA uptake.

PMID- 2276083
TI  - Potentiation of the halothane-cooling contractures of mammalian muscles by
      denervation.
AB  - Denervation potentiated the cooling-induced contractures and the halothane
      cooling contractures of isolated extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles of
      the mouse. These effects were more striking in extensor digitorum longus than in
      soleus muscles. Significant increases in the peak amplitudes of the halothane
      cooling contractures of both muscles and of the cooling contractures of soleus
      muscle were observed within 2 and 7 days of denervation. The potentiation of the
      contractures persisted for 90 days, the period of this study. Denervation
      (greater than 2 days) endowed extensor digitorum longus with the ability to
      generate cooling contractures in the absence of halothane. The rate of tension
      development of cooling-induced contractures in the absence or presence of
      halothane was significantly greater in denervated (2-90 days) than in innervated
      muscles. Denervation also reduced the effectiveness of procaine in inhibiting the
      halothane-cooling contractures. It is proposed that the potentiation of cooling
      induced contractures in denervated muscles results primarily from an increase in
      the rate of efflux and in the quantity of Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum, upon cooling and (or) when challenged with halothane.

PMID- 2276084
TI  - Modulation of stimulation frequency responses and calcium dependency of
      functional parameters in hyperthyroid rat ventricular papillary muscles.
AB  - The effects of stimulation frequency (0.2-1.5 Hz) and extracellular calcium
      concentration ([Ca2+]o) (0.6-15.0 mM) on the contractile function of thin
      papillary muscles of euthyroid and hyperthyroid rats were studied.
      Hyperthyroidism led to a decrease in developed tension (DT) and time to peak
      tension (TPT), but it exhibited no influence on the maximal rates of contraction
      (+dT/dt) and relaxation (-dT/dt). Also, the mean rates of contraction were
      similar in euthyroid and hyperthyroid muscle groups. The increase in stimulation
      frequency brought about a marked decrease in DT, +dT/dt, and -dT/dt of euthyroid
      papillary muscles at lower frequencies in comparison to papillary muscles in the
      hyperthyroid group. At stimulation frequencies above 1.0 Hz, the absolute and
      relative levels of DT and -dT/dt of hyperthyroid myocardium were elevated over
      euthyroid preparations. At the same time, TPT was unchanged in any of the muscle
      groups. Hyperthyroidism modulated the relationships between contractile
      parameters and [Ca2+]o. At a [Ca2+]o of 1.0-4.0 mM, the DT of hyperthyroid
      papillary muscles was lower than in euthyroid muscle. At 4.0 and 8.0 mM of
      [Ca2+]o, the equal values of maximal DT were registered for euthyroid and
      hyperthyroid papillary muscles, respectively. An increase in the [Ca2+]o in the
      range of 1.0-15.0 mM was accompanied by an increase in TPT of both muscle groups,
      but to a greater extent in hyperthyroid myocardium. In conclusion, the myocardium
      of hyperthyroid rat appeared to exhibit decreased sensitivity to calcium as well
      as to the negative inotropic effect of enhanced stimulation frequency.
      Alterations of the processes of transsarcolemmal movement and intracellular
      recycling of Ca2 may be implicated.

PMID- 2276085
TI  - Gastrointestinal blood flow in the opossum with special reference to the
      esophagus.
AB  - The opossum esophagus, like that of the human, is composed of striated muscle
      fibres proximally and smooth muscle fibres distally. Because of this similarity
      the opossum has been used extensively as an animal model for esophageal studies,
      but to date no data on esophageal blood flow have been reported in this species.
      The purpose of this study was to establish the basal blood flow characteristics
      of different regions of the opossum gastrointestinal tract with particular
      reference to the esophagus. Intracardiac injection of 15-microns microspheres was
      used to provide an estimate of blood flow (mL.min-1.g-1 dry tissue) to the whole
      wall, the combined layer of mucosa plus submucosa, and the muscularis propria.
      Basal blood flow in the whole tissue and mucosa-submucosa was significantly
      higher in the lower esophageal sphincter than in the proximal or distal
      esophagus. The muscularis propria blood flow displayed an aborally increasing
      gradient with flow to proximal esophagus (striated muscle) less than distal
      esophagus (smooth muscle) less than lower esophageal sphincter. Regional
      differences in blood flow to other regions of the gastrointestinal tract were
      similar to that described in other species. In addition, no changes in basal
      blood flow occurred despite repeated microsphere injections, suggesting that this
      species provides a good animal model for the study of gastrointestinal blood
      flow.

PMID- 2276086
TI  - Corticospinal control of soleus motoneurons in man.
AB  - Electrical or magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex causes a strong,
      short latency facilitation of tibialis anterior (TA) motoneurons but only weak,
      longer latency changes in the excitability of soleus (SOL) motoneurons. The
      facilitation of TA motoneurons has been attributed to the monosynaptic action of
      the "fast" corticospinal pathway. The present study further investigates the
      cortical control of soleus motoneurons in man. In tests of reaction time to
      auditory stimuli, normal subjects took significantly longer to activate soleus
      motoneurons than tibialis anterior motoneurons. Thus we could not demonstrate the
      existence of a "fast" pathway from the brain to SOL motoneurons that, for some
      reason, is not activated by magnetic stimulation. The hypothesis that the cortex
      might control soleus motoneurons indirectly by modulation of the Ia input from
      muscle spindles was tested. Magnetic stimulation of the cortex was used to
      condition the facilitation of soleus motoneurons resulting from the stimulation
      of group I fibres in the tibial nerve. There were no consistent changes in Ia
      facilitation. We conclude (i) that there is no evidence so far that SOL
      motoneurons are excited by a direct pathway from the cortex (similar to that
      projecting to TA motoneurons) and (ii) that the observed changes in firing
      probability of soleus motoneurons produced by magnetic stimulation over the motor
      cortex do not result from modulation of presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents.

PMID- 2276088
TI  - Microsomal glycerolphosphate acyltransferase inactivation by fatty acids.
AB  - Glycerolphosphate acyltransferase activity in microsomes from rat adipose tissue
      is shown to decrease with time upon incubation with adipose tissue cytosolic
      fraction. The inactivation can be prevented with serum albumin and seems to be
      caused by an increase in endogenous free fatty acid as a consequence of the
      action of cytosolic lipase(s) on the membrane lipids. Similar inactivation can be
      observed after short incubation of microsomes with oleic acid at micromolar
      concentrations. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase is also inhibited by oleic acid,
      although to a lesser degree. In contrast, glucose-6-phosphatase and NADPH
      cytochrome reductase activities are not changed. The oleic acid effect appears to
      occur upon binding to the microsomal membranes and can be prevented by bovine
      serum albumin at protein/fatty acid molar ratios above one. These results suggest
      that free fatty acids may be involved in the modulation of triacylglycerol
      synthetic enzymes.

PMID- 2276087
TI  - The interrelationship of cesium, intracellular sodium activity, and pacemaker
      potential in cardiac Purkinje fibers.
AB  - The actions of cesium (Cs) on intracellular sodium activity (aiNa), membrane
      potentials, and force were studied in sheep cardiac Purkinje and myocardial
      fibers superfused in vitro. In Purkinje fibers, Cs (2 mM) decreased diastolic
      depolarization, aiNa (-6.7%, p less than 0.005), and force (-28.0%, p less than
      0.01). The effects of 4 and 8 mM Cs were more pronounced. In quiescent fibers, Cs
      (2-4 mM) also decreased aiNa (-17.3%, p less than 0.005) and induced an initial
      hyperpolarization (+5.6 +/- 1.3%, p less than 0.005) followed by a return toward
      control. Diastolic depolarization was almost abolished by driving the fibers at
      180/min (diastole was very short) but still Cs decreased aiNa (-15.4%).
      Tetrodotoxin decreased aiNa (-16.2%, p less than 0.025) and reduced the Cs
      induced fall in aiNa (-2.2%, p less than 0.05). In zero [K]o, Cs decreased aiNa
      and caused repolarization. In 0.1 mM strophanthidin, Cs did not decrease aiNa any
      longer and affected the membrane potential little. In quiescent myocardial
      fibers, Cs (4 mM) decreased aiNa (-12.6%, p less than 0.05) and transiently
      hyperpolarized (+2.1%). Rubidium (2 mM) decreased aiNa and resting potential in
      Purkinje fibers and in myocardial fibers and also decreased diastolic
      depolarization in Purkinje fibers. Thus, cesium and rubidium decrease aiNa and
      modify the membrane potential but not through a block of the inward pacemaker
      current If.

PMID- 2276089
TI  - Repeated amiodarone exposure in the rat: toxicity and effects on hepatic and
      extrahepatic monooxygenase activities.
AB  - Amiodarone is a potent and efficacious antiarrhythmic agent, yet associated with
      its use are life-threatening pulmonary fibrosis and hepatotoxicity. We have
      investigated the susceptibility of the male Sprague-Dawley rat to pulmonary and
      hepatic toxicity after repeated exposure to amiodarone and the effects of such
      exposure on hepatic and extrahepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. Animals received
      amiodarone (200 mg.kg-1.day-1 i.p., 5 days/week) for 1 week followed by 150 mg.kg
      1.day-1 (5 days/week) for 3 additional weeks. No signs of pulmonary fibrosis or
      hepatotoxicity were observed, based on histological examination, lung
      hydroxyproline content, and plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. Analysis of
      tissues revealed extensive accumulation of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in
      lung and liver, but concentrations were significantly lower in animals treated
      for 4 weeks than for 1 week. In a separate experiment, rats received amiodarone
      150 mg.kg-1.day-1 i.p. (5 days/week) for 1 or 4 weeks. No differences in tissue
      concentrations of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone were detected between animals
      treated for 1 or 4 weeks. This regimen did not affect hepatic or extrahepatic
      monooxygenase activities. These results indicate that, in the male Sprague-Dawley
      rat, there is no observable pulmonary or hepatic toxicity following short-term
      amiodarone exposure, and there is enhanced elimination of amiodarone and
      desethylamiodarone when the daily dose of amiodarone is decreased after 1 week
      from 200 to 150 mg/kg.

PMID- 2276090
TI  - Cysteine enhances in vivo natriuretic potency of ethacrynic acid in the rat.
AB  - Total renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and renal excretory function
      were determined in anesthetized rats treated with intravenous infusion of
      ethacrynic acid, 0.36 mg.min-1.kg-1, alone or in combination with cysteine.
      Simultaneously, the corticomedullary electrolyte gradient was evaluated in vivo
      from measurement of tissue electrical admittance (reciprocal impedance). Renal
      hemodynamics was not altered by drug infusion. Sodium excretion increased 1.7
      fold with ethacrynic acid alone and 5-fold after the addition of cysteine. Tissue
      electrolytes of inner medulla decreased much more in rats given ethacrynic acid
      plus cysteine. We conclude that the addition of cysteine to intravenous infusion
      of ethacrynic acid greatly enhances its in vivo natriuretic potency in the rat.

PMID- 2276091
TI  - N-aralkylated derivatives of 1-aminobenzotriazole as isozyme-selective, mechanism
      based inhibitors of guinea pig hepatic cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase
      activity.
AB  - The mechanism-based inactivation of hepatic cytochrome P-450 by the suicide
      inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole and two of its derivatives, N-benzyl-1
      aminobenzotriazole and N-alpha-methylbenzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole, was
      investigated in microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital-induced, and beta
      naphthoflavone-induced guinea pigs. Microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, 7
      pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase, and benzphetamine N-demethylase activities, and
      cytochrome P-450 content were determined following incubation with 1
      aminobenzotriazole and its analogues. The loss of hepatic cytochrome P-450
      content and monooxygenase activity was dependent on inhibitor concentration and
      required NADPH. N-Benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole and N-alpha-methylbenzyl-1
      aminobenzotriazole were more potent inhibitors of monooxygenase activity than the
      parent compound in microsomes from untreated and phenobarbital-induced guinea
      pigs. In microsomes from phenobarbital-induced guinea pigs, N-alpha-methylbenzyl
      1-aminobenzotriazole (10 microM) was highly selective for the inactivation of the
      major cytochrome P-450 isozyme catalyzing 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation (the
      guinea pig ortholog of P-450IIB1) compared with those isozymes catalyzing 7
      ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation or benzphetamine N-demethylation (88 +/- 3% loss
      of activity vs. 35 +/- 11 and 13 +/- 7%, respectively). N-Benzyl-1
      aminobenzotriazole was also selective for the inactivation of 7-pentoxyresorufin
      O-dealkylase activity, but to a lesser degree (56 +/- 6 vs. 31 +/- 8 and 21 +/-
      8%, respectively). In hepatic microsomes from untreated guinea pigs, the two N
      substituted analogues were selective for the inhibition of 7-pentoxyresorufin O
      dealkylation compared with benzphetamine N-demethylation, but not 7
      ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2276092
TI  - Biliary excretion of proteins in the rat during dehydrocholate choleresis.
AB  - Choleresis induced by dehydrocholate (DHC) stimulates the discharge into bile of
      lysosomes, which are implicated in the biliary excretion of proteins. Contrary to
      taurocholate-induced choleresis, DHC choleresis is not affected by microtubule
      (mt) inhibition. Therefore, the role of mt's in the biliary protein excretion
      during bile salt choleresis was analyzed in this study. Normal rats and rats
      treated with the mt poisons colchicine or vinblastine or with the acidotropic
      agent chloroquine (Cq) were used. The analysis of the protein component in bile
      was made on SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and the individual polypeptides were
      quantitated by densitometry. The excretion of bile polypeptides were compared
      with that of lysosomal acid phosphatase. Bile flow and bile salt output did not
      show changes on account of treatments. The biliary excretion of acid phosphatase
      was stimulated by DHC, and it was not affected by mt inhibitors but was markedly
      diminished by Cq. DHC choleresis produced different effects on the bile
      polypeptides. The biliary excretion of polypeptide of high molecular mass (84-140
      kDa) was stimulated by DHC. Cq treatment increased their basal biliary
      excretions, whereas DHC-induced secretion was qualitatively and quantitatively
      similar to that of controls. The 69-kDa polypeptide (albumin) also increased
      during DHC-induced choleresis, but it showed a different excretory pattern. Cq
      treatment inhibited such an increase but no correlation with the excretory
      pattern of the lysosomal marker was found. The biliary excretion of polypeptides
      of low molecular mass (down to 14 kDa) suffered a transitory decrease and then a
      subsequent increase over basal values during the DHC choleresis.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2276093
TI  - Neural maturational delay as a link in the chain of events leading to SIDS.
AB  - Although numerous etiological or triggering factors have been suggested in sudden
      infant death syndrome (SIDS), the underlying mechanism of death is ultimately
      cardiac and/or respiratory in nature. As there is no evidence of lung or heart
      abnormalities, attention has focussed on the neural control of respiration and
      cardiac function. It is important to appreciate the methodological limitations
      involved in utilizing autopsy material and the criteria for selection of
      appropriate controls. This report reviews the pathological evidence for
      developmental delay in SIDS emphasizing delay of neural maturation of both
      myelination and synapses. Other abnormalities of the nervous system apparently
      associated with hypoxia-ischemia such as brainstem astrogliosis are also
      discussed. The occurrence of SIDS at a precise age together with our preliminary
      studies indicate that neural development delay is an important link in the chain
      of events leading to SIDS.

PMID- 2276094
TI  - Hypervolemic-hemodilution and hypertension during temporary middle cerebral
      artery occlusion in rats: the effect on blood-brain barrier permeability.
AB  - The effect of hypervolemic-hemodilution, with and without hypertension, on blood
      brain barrier permeability was investigated in rats, after 180 minutes of middle
      cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), and 60 minutes of reperfusion. One of the
      following conditions was maintained during MCAo: 1) Control--hematocrit and blood
      pressure were not manipulated; 2) Hypervolemic-Hemodilution/Normotension--the
      hematocrit was decreased to 30%; 3) Hypervolemic-Hemodilution/Hypertension--the
      hematocrit was decreased to 30% and mean arterial pressure increased by 30 mmHg
      with phenylphrine. In all groups, Evans Blue was administered, and its
      concentration determined by spectrophotometric assay. Evans Blue (micrograms (g-1
      of brain tissue [mean +/- SD]) was greater in the Hypervolemic
      Hemodilution/Hypertension group (71 +/- 20) versus the Control (13 +/- 9) and
      Hypervolemic-Hemodilution/Normotension (17 +/- 10) groups (p less than 0.05). No
      other differences were present. These results support the hypothesis that during
      MCAo, hypervolemic-hemodilution/hypertensive therapy effects an increase in blood
      brain barrier permeability in the early period of reperfusion.

PMID- 2276095
TI  - Heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis: comparison of clinical manifestations in
      relatives.
AB  - Once diagnosed to have MS, relatives of persons who have been previously
      diagnosed frequently ask whether their disease course will follow that of their
      relative(s) with MS. The present study compared the following clinical
      manifestations of MS among 43 index cases and 47 of their relatives, all of whom
      were diagnosed to have MS and regularly attended the MS Clinic in Vancouver,
      British Columbia: (i) age of onset of MS, (ii) clinical course, (iii) lesion
      site(s) and (iv) initial symptom(s) of MS. The results from the present study are
      preliminary because of the small size of the study group. However, these data
      suggest that apart from possibly age of onset between sibling pairs, the clinical
      manifestations of MS are not correlated among relatives who are assessed
      according to the same methodology. This is significant for counselling newly
      diagnosed relatives of longstanding MS patients.

PMID- 2276096
TI  - A cluster-focus of multiple sclerosis at Henribourg, Saskatchewan.
AB  - This study presents the clinical characteristics of 8 victims of multiple
      sclerosis from the hamlet of Henribourg, Saskatchewan with a population of less
      than 75 people. A diligent victim of the disease had observed that six female
      classmates from the early 1940's had later developed multiple sclerosis. Two male
      military personnel who had also resided briefly in close proximity, during the
      same common exposure time, also later developed multiple sclerosis. The mean
      onset time of developing the disease after leaving the area was 20 years. This
      cluster-focus suggests a common exposure to an environmental factor or a common
      infective agent in the etiology of multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2276097
TI  - The mechanism of embolic watershed infarction: experimental studies.
AB  - The mechanism for the preferential distribution of emboli to cerebral arterial
      borderzone regions, known to cause some watershed infarcts was studied. We
      hypothesized that emboli of a specific size range are selectively directed to the
      arterial borderzones due to the tendency of emboli to bypass the small arterial
      branches which emerge proximal to major borderzones. To test this hypothesis we
      perfused the brains of cadavers with suspensions of 90-210 microns glass
      microspheres and chemically extracted the particles from various arterial
      territories and a watershed zone. Particles in the 150-210 microns size range
      were found to be preferentially distributed to the watershed zone whereas
      particles less than 150 microns in size were randomly dispersed in leptomeningeal
      arteries of all vascular regions. To assess the role of branch size on the
      concentration of emboli at bifurcations, we perfused artificial analogs of evenly
      and unevenly branching bifurcations with suspensions of 90-150 microns and 150
      210 microns particles. Branching cylinders with symmetrical branches contained
      the same concentration of particles, independent of particle size. In contrast,
      when one branch was one-quarter the size of the other, the concentration of 150
      210 microns particles in the asymmetric branch was approximately 65% of the main
      trunk. Particles 90-150 microns in size were evenly distributed despite variation
      in branch size. These results indicate that emboli, of a limited range of size,
      may be selectively propagated to the distal ramifications of subarachnoid
      arteries located in the watershed zone rather than diverging into small calibre
      branches which arise along the way.

PMID- 2276098
TI  - Petrous meningiomas: a review of seventeen cases.
AB  - Seventeen patients with petrous meningiomas managed at St. Michael's Hospital,
      during the years 1973-1987, were retrospectively reviewed. There were 15 females
      and 2 males; their ages ranged from 42 to 68 years (mean age: 53 years). The
      clinical presentation most commonly included headache and eighth cranial nerve
      dysfunction; the average duration of symptoms was 6 years (3 month-27 years).
      Computed tomography was performed in 15 cases. The mean tumour size was 2.5
      centimeters (0.5-4 cm). The most common site of tumour origin was at or medial to
      the porus acousticus. Meningioma was suspected preoperatively in 10 of the 15
      patients who had preoperative CT scans. Complete excision was obtained in 12
      cases. There were no operative deaths after initial resections. Postoperative
      morbidity included worsening of pre-existing hearing loss in six patients,
      transient facial nerve palsies in six, permanent facial nerve palsies in four and
      new facial or corneal hypesthesia in three. Two patients developed cerebrospinal
      fluid fistulae. Tumour recurrence occurred into two patients in whom a complete
      resection was anticipated. Also, in two patients with incompletely resected
      tumours second operations were required. Fourteen patients are alive, 13 of whom
      care for themselves independently. The average follow-up was 5 years (6 months-9
      years). It seems appropriate to recommend initial radical surgical excision of
      these benign tumours, where possible, in order to prevent tumour recurrence.

PMID- 2276099
TI  - Neuropsychological deficits and sleep in myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - Eight patients with myotonic dystrophy underwent comprehensive neuropsychological
      testing and overnight polysomnography to assess whether the waking cognitive
      impairment might be attributable to sleep structure abnormalities or to sleep
      related respiratory problems. Patients showed substantial neuropsychological
      deficits, fragmented nocturnal sleep and, in half the patients, sleep apnea
      and/or hypopnea both mainly of central type. There was no statistically
      significant correlation between the degree of daytime cognitive deficit and the
      degree of sleep fragmentation or of respiratory problems at night. It was
      concluded that the neuropsychological deficit in mytonic dystrophy cannot be
      attributed to a secondary effect of nocturnal sleep apnea or sleep disruption but
      probably represents a direct effect of CNS lesions.

PMID- 2276100
TI  - CQA 206-291 in Parkinson's disease: an acute single escalating dosage study.
AB  - CQA 206-291, a new ergot derivative with a "biphasic" dopaminergic profile, was
      studied in 6 patients with longstanding Parkinson's disease suffering from
      pronounced fluctuations in hourly mobility. On alternate days, up to seven single
      doses, escalating from 0.2 to 20 mg, were given as replacement for the usual
      first morning dose of levodopa. At the most effective dosage, four of the six
      patients obtained as good a peak response to CQA (8-20 mg) as to L-dopa. Side
      effects were common and similar to other ergot derivatives, suggesting that the
      initial weak dopamine antagonist properties of the parent compound, documented in
      animals, may be of little clinical significance. However, comparative studies
      will be needed to confirm this suspicion. The addition of domperidone
      successfully reduced the incidence and severity of side effects. CQA 206-291 has
      potent anti-parkinsonian properties; further longer-term treatment trials are
      indicated.

PMID- 2276101
TI  - Hemifacial spasm and craniovertebral anomaly.
AB  - Two patients with congenital anomaly of the craniovertebral junction causing
      disabling hemifacial spasm (HFS) are presented. In one patient, complete
      cessation of the HFS occurred for a period of two years following simple bony
      decompression of the craniovertebral junction raising unanswered questions as to
      the exact pathogenesis of HFS. Eventually both patients required microvascular
      decompression at the root entry zone of the facial nerve.

PMID- 2276102
TI  - Similarities of guamanian ALS/PD to post-encephalitic parkinsonism/ALS: possible
      viral cause.
AB  - Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with parkinsonism-dementia (ALS/PD) has
      been the subject of intensive study since its discovery in 1947 because of its
      extraordinarily high incidence in a small ethnic group (Chamorros) whose dietary
      lack and customs have suggested possible causes. As yet, these and other
      suspected causes have eluded proof. Because of marked similarities between
      Guamanian ALS/PD and late onset post-encephalitic (encephalitis lethargica)
      parkinsonism and ALS it is suggested that they have a common cause. The
      parkinsonism and ALS in the two disorders are clinically very similar and
      neuropathological studies have shown a very similar distribution of
      neurofibrillary tangles in neurons. Some clinical differences, such as ocular
      features in the post-encephalitic cases and dementia in Guamanian ALS/PD, can be
      explained by differences in the severity of infection and the interval between
      the encephalitis and onset of sequelae. Although unproven, influenza A (HswilN1
      strain) has long been suspected as the cause of encephalitis lethargica because
      of simultaneous pandemics of the two diseases in the 1920s. Because influenza A
      can persistently infect cells and has a marked propensity to mutate it is an
      optimal candidate among other RNA viruses for delayed nervous system infection as
      a possible cause of ALS/PD.

PMID- 2276103
TI  - Legal issues in the practice of neurology and neurosurgery.

PMID- 2276104
TI  - A health investment that may save your life.
AB  - Breast cancer need not continue to be the devastating, deadly disease it has been
      in the past. With early detection, there is a higher rate of cure. There are
      three components to good breast health. These include (a) annual physical exam by
      a physician, (b) mammography according to the prescribed guidelines, and (c)
      monthly breast self-examination (BSE). When a woman does all three of these
      things, she's doing everything she can to insure early detection of breast
      cancer. This article discusses location, description, and characteristics of
      tumors. It also includes a teaching protocol developed for Midwest Breast Care
      Center in St. Louis, Missouri by the writer that includes risk factors, signs,
      and symptoms of breast cancer. It also includes new, comprehensive examination
      techniques set forth by the University of Texas System Cancer Center M. D.
      Anderson Cancer Center. The protocol is set up in a step-by-step format for
      easier teaching and learning. New, more thorough examination techniques have also
      been established at M. D. Anderson for the woman who has had a mastectomy and
      needs to examine the surgical site each month as well as her remaining breast.
      The article encourages women to take responsibility for their breast health and
      wellness.

PMID- 2276105
TI  - Model quality assurance program for radiation oncology nursing.
AB  - The first step in developing a quality assurance program for radiation oncology
      nursing is to define the services the nurse should provide to the patient
      receiving radiation therapy. The focus of radiation oncology nurses should be
      quality of life issues provided through their roles as teachers, direct care
      givers, and counselors. With this focus in mind, a three-phase plan was developed
      at Fox Chase Cancer Center to operationalize a quality assurance program for
      radiation oncology nursing based on Guidelines for cancer nursing practice by the
      Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) and the American Nurses' Association (ANA).

PMID- 2276106
TI  - Effects of telephone call interventions on patients' well-being in a radiation
      therapy department.
AB  - This study examined the effects of telephone call interventions by a
      collaborative team on patients' well-being. Fifty-five subjects undergoing
      radiation therapy for cure and who were able to communicate by telephone
      comprised the sample. Subjects were randomly assigned to a control group, who
      received the usual care or to an experimental group, who received a weekly
      telephone call intervention in addition to the usual care. Speilberger's State
      Trait Inventory, the Side Effects Profile, and the Coping Strategies Profile were
      used along with a telephone survey to collect data. Analysis of the data showed
      no significant differences between groups in anxiety, severity of side effects,
      helpfulness of self-care strategies, and coping strategies. However, the survey
      indicated that the telephone calls were clinically significant and provided a
      mechanism for demonstrating that the health care professionals cared about their
      patients and provided an opportunity for patients to talk about their concerns.
      The investigators believe that collaboration, caring, and communication are the
      essence of exemplary health care.

PMID- 2276107
TI  - Effect of two oral care protocols on the incidence of stomatitis in hematology
      patients.
AB  - Research-based oral care protocols for the control and treatment of stomatitis
      secondary to cytotoxic therapy are scarce in the nursing literature. The purpose
      of this pilot study was to determine the efficacy of two different oral care
      protocols in decreasing the incidence of stomatitis in patients with hematologic
      malignancies receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It was hypothesized
      that patients with hematologic malignancies using oral care protocol A would have
      a lower incidence of treatment-induced stomatitis than patients using oral care
      protocol B. Eighteen subjects with hematologic malignancies treated with high
      doses of chemotherapy alone or in combination with radiation therapy were
      randomly assigned to one of two specific oral care protocols. Protocols differed
      in the type of lip lubricant, toothette, and mouthwash used. The Oral Assessment
      Guide (21) was used to assess oral status five times a week for the duration of
      each subject's hospitalization. A t test for independent samples was used to
      determine if the difference in the condition of the oral cavity was related to
      the different oral care treatments. A statistically significant difference was
      not found between the mean oral assessment scores of the two groups. A trend
      emerged, however, of a lower incidence of stomatitis in the subjects using the
      experimental oral care protocol. A serendipitous finding was that reinforcement
      of oral care instructions and nursing assessments of the oral cavity seemed to
      promote patient compliance with the oral care regime. A supplementary analysis
      revealed a statistically significant (r = -0.7177) negative correlation between
      the degree of stomatitis and the peripheral white blood cell count.

PMID- 2276108
TI  - Development and testing of the Stressor Scale for Pediatric Oncology Nurses.
AB  - Pediatric oncology nursing has been identified as a stressful specialty, but the
      exact sources of the stress have not been comprehensively specified nor put into
      measurable form. Effective interventions can best be developed when the stressors
      are known and measured. The purpose of this study was to develop and test an
      instrument that could accurately and sensitively measure the job-related
      stressors for pediatric oncology nurses. A 61-item, visual analogue instrument,
      the Stressor Scale for Pediatric Oncology Nurses (SSPON), was inductively
      developed from interviews with 30 pediatric oncology nurses. Subsequently, the
      SSPON was tested in three geographically separated samples of pediatric oncology
      nurses (n = 78). After an item analysis, 11 items were deleted from the scale.
      Reliability of the SSPON was estimated using both stability and internal
      consistency methods. The test-retest correlation coefficient was 0.88, and the
      total scale alpha coefficient was 0.94. Content validity was estimated using a
      two-stage process of developmental and judgment quantification with a panel of
      three specialty nurses. Construct validity was estimated through testing of
      theoretically derived hypotheses and a cluster analysis. Findings indicated the
      SSPON is content valid. Six meaningful clusters that represented sources of job
      related stress were identified and defined. The revised SSPON appears to have
      adequate psychometric properties for a new instrument.

PMID- 2276109
TI  - Relationship of self-concept, health locus of control, and perceived cancer
      treatment options to the practice of breast self-examination.
AB  - Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent forms of cancer for women in the
      United States. Recognition of the fact that no more than 40% of women practice
      breast self-exam (BSE) is of major concern in that BSE has been identified as one
      method of early detection. The factors that encourage or discourage women to
      perform BSE need to be identified. The current study investigated the
      relationships between women's practice of BSE, self-concept, locus of control,
      and knowledge of treatment options for breast cancer. One mammogram screening
      center provided the 235 subjects who completed the questionnaires. Subjects who
      practiced BSE more frequently had a slightly higher self-concept score and were
      more aware of breast cancer treatment options (r = 0.16, p less than 0.05). Weak
      correlations were found between chance locus of control and BSE frequency of
      practice (r = 0.22, p less than 0.05). The majority of subjects reported
      irregular BSE practice, both as to whether they practiced BSE on a monthly basis
      and as to the time of the month for BSE.

PMID- 2276110
TI  - Introduction to the haemopoietic system.

PMID- 2276111
TI  - The potential role of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
      in cancer chemotherapy.
AB  - GM-CSF has been used in clinical trials to assess its role in promoting the
      proliferation and differentiation of marrow cells and enhancing the functional
      activities of granulocytes and monocytes. These studies have indicated that GM
      CSF may prove useful in the management of cancer patients by preventing or
      treating myelosuppression following cancer chemotherapy and in patients with
      myelodysplasia or aplastic anaemia. As well as determining the efficacy of GM-CSF
      as a therapeutic agent, these studies are also providing insights into the
      possible roles of GM-CSF in vivo. Pharmacokinetic studies of GM-CSF in patients
      with advanced cancer and myelodysplasia suggest that the ratio of efficacy to
      toxicity of GM-CSF can be modified by changing either the dose or the method of
      administration.

PMID- 2276113
TI  - The influence of growth regulation on treatment strategy for acute myeloblastic
      leukaemia.
AB  - Acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) is a useful model for generalized malignant
      disease. Haemopoiesis in AML is clonal; a characteristic cell population (blast
      cells) has been identified and can be grown in culture. The population is
      organized as a hierarchy, headed by self-renewing stem cells. Several control
      mechanisms affect the behaviour of these stem cells. Two classes of regulatory
      receptors are identified that act by ligand-receptor interaction; in one class
      the receptors are intracellular, in the other they are in the cell membrane. It
      is proposed that the many regulatory signals received by blast cells contribute
      to a genetically determined regulatory milieu that sets the probabilities of
      blast stem cell renewal and differentiation. Interactions have been identified
      between regulatory mechanisms and the responses of blast stem cells to
      chemotherapeutic agents. It is suggested that new therapeutic options are
      emerging, based on the exploitation of regulatory mechanisms in conjunction with
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2276112
TI  - The use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) in humans.
AB  - Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) has now been in clinical trials for
      over four years. rHuEpo has been shown to be nearly uniformly effective in
      correcting the anaemia of patients on haemodialysis or patients with progressive
      chronic renal failure not yet on dialysis. rHuEpo has been shown to be effective
      in increasing the ability of individuals to donate blood for self-use and to
      increase the haematocrit in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Preliminary
      results indicate that rHuEpo will decrease transfusion requirements of patients
      with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome who are anaemic. Trials in patients
      with anaemia associated with cancer or myelodysplastic syndromes are in early
      stages. rHuEpo will have a major impact as a therapeutic agent, particularly in
      patients with renal disease.

PMID- 2276116
TI  - Haemopoietic growth factor interactions: in vitro and in vivo preclinical
      evaluation.
AB  - Proliferation and differentiation within the haemopoietic system is closely
      regulated by a family of haemopoietic growth factors. To date, nine interleukins
      (IL), three colony stimulating factors (CSF) and erythropoietin (Epo) have been
      implicated in control of haemopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. These cytokines form a
      family of glycoproteins with pleiotropic effects at different levels. Certain
      factors (IL-1, IL-6, IL-3) are active at the level of the pluripotential stem
      cell, whereas others (eg macrophage-CSF, granulocyte-CSF, Epo) facilitate
      differentiation of lineage restricted cell populations. The cytokines are
      inducible products of a variety of cell types of which T lymphocytes,
      macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts are of particular importance. High
      affinity receptors for all of these factors have been identified, characterized
      and, in a number of cases, the genes for the receptors have been cloned.
      Regulation of haemopoiesis involves (a) transcriptional and translational control
      of cytokine gene expression; (b) post-translational modification of cytokines;
      (3) receptor downregulation, upregulation, and trans-down modulation; and (d)
      redistribution of stem cells and progenitor cells to different microenvironments.
      In vivo administration of these factors in normal animals and in situations of
      myelosuppression following chemotherapy or irradiation has revealed their
      efficacy in stimulating various pathways of haemopoiesis. An understanding of the
      mechanism of action of these factors is providing a rationale for future clinical
      applications in appropriate combinations.

PMID- 2276115
TI  - The role of haemopoietic growth factors in the treatment of cancer: perspectives
      and future prospects.

PMID- 2276117
TI  - Colony-stimulating factors: enhancement of effector cell function.
AB  - Haemopoietic growth factors both stimulate the growth and maturation of marrow
      precursor cells and enhance the functional activities of mature myelomonocytic
      effector cells. These biological effects are consistent with the expression of
      functional colony stimulating factor receptors on granulocytes and monocytes as
      well as on those immature marrow cells with proliferative potential. As the
      number of defined haemopoietic growth factors increases, both general
      perspectives of effector cell function and pathways of growth factor-induced
      signal transduction become more complex and less clearly understood. Although
      most known haemopoietic growth factors are briefly discussed, an effort has been
      made to focus on granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor as a prototypic
      inducer of enhanced neutrophil, eosinophil and macrophage effector cell function.

PMID- 2276114
TI  - The use of haemopoietic growth factors in the treatment of myelodysplastic
      syndromes.
AB  - Based on the results of preclinical and in vitro studies demonstrating enhanced
      granulocytic proliferation and differentiation induced by granulocyte-monocyte
      and granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (GM-CSF and G-CSF), these recombinant
      human haemopoietic growth factors have been used to treat cytopenic patients with
      myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Laboratory investigations have shown
      responsiveness of enriched haemopoietic precursors in vitro to the proliferative
      and granulocytic differentiative stimuli of G-CSF, generally without increased
      clonal regeneration. To date, five short-term phase I/II clinical trials using GM
      CSF have demonstrated that 38 of 45 treated patients had improvements in
      neutrophil counts, 14 had increased reticulocyte counts, with three of these
      patients having decreased red blood cell transfusion requirements, and eight had
      a transient increase in platelets. In 12 patients an increase in marrow and/or
      peripheral blood blasts was noted. Seven patients progressed to acute myeloid
      leukaemia (AML), particularly patients with greater than 15% marrow blasts. In a
      longer term study, five patients received GM-CSF for two to nine weeks, although
      only one maintained increased neutrophil counts, one developed antibodies to GM
      CSF and one's condition evolved into AML. Eighteen patients have been treated for
      two months in phase I/II clinical trials with G-CSF, 16 of whom had normalization
      of neutrophil counts with improved marrow maturation, five had increased
      reticulocyte counts with three having decreased transfusion requirements, four
      had transient increases in blasts and no substantial changes in platelet counts
      were noted. Eleven patients have received maintenance therapy with G-CSF for 6-16
      months and 10 had persistent increases in neutrophil counts with enhanced marrow
      myeloid maturation. Decreased infectious episodes were noted in these patients at
      times at neutrophil improvements. Four of the 18 patients have subsequently
      developed AML after 6-16 months. Both CSFs were well tolerated, although the
      incidence of fever, myalgias and bone pain was more prominent in patients
      receiving GM-CSF at higher doses. In vitro correlates with these in vivo results
      were demonstrated as laboratory studies showed that G-CSF had greater myeloid
      differentiative and less proliferative effects for MDS marrow than did GM-CSF.
      Marrow cytogenetic studies after treatment generally indicated persistence of the
      initial normal and/or abnormal clones. These studies have demonstrated that both
      G-CSF and GM-CSF improve neutrophil counts in a high proportion of patients with
      MDS and that chronic administration of G-CSF elicits persistent neutrophil
      responses and may decrease infections. Phase III controlled trials are required
      to determine whether the natural history of this disorder will be altered by use
      of colony stimulating factors.

PMID- 2276118
TI  - Increased reactivity to a met-enkephalin analogue in the control of autonomic
      responses in migraine patients.
AB  - The effects of naloxone and a met-enkephalin analogue on head pain, vascular
      responses, and autonomic-associated symptoms were studied in 24 migraine
      patients, 12 patients suffering from tension-type headache, and 24 normal
      subjects in whom headache was induced by intravenous injections of increasing
      doses of histamine (histamine test). A hypersensitivity to histamine was found in
      migraine patients. Naloxone slightly increased the intensity of pain in migraine
      and tension-type headache sufferers. The met-enkephalin analogue did not affect
      the intensity of pain in migraine patients, tension-type headache patients, and
      normal subjects, but it reduced the intensity and duration of facial flushing (p
      less than 0.001) and the autonomic symptoms (p less than 0.001) in migraine
      patients when the pretreatment was not given shortly before histamine. In
      migraine patients, there seems to be an increased reactivity (receptor
      supersensitivity?) to the met-enkephalin analogue at the level of systems that
      inhibit facial vasodilatation and autonomic symptoms.

PMID- 2276119
TI  - Effect of nitecapone (OR-462) on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa and 3-O
      methyldopa formation in cynomolgus monkeys.
AB  - 3-O-Methyldopa (OMD) is the principal circulating metabolite formed from
      exogenously administered levodopa. We studied the effect of nitecapone (OR-462),
      a novel inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), on OMD formation in
      cynomolgus monkeys following intravenous levodopa administration. The drug does
      not cross the blood-brain barrier, and therefore inhibits only peripheral OMD
      formation. At a dose of 5 mg/kg, nitecapone reduced the area under the OMD
      concentration-time curve by 50%. Inhibition of OMD production was maximal at 65%
      following a dose of 10 mg/kg. A dose of 15 mg/kg produced no further inhibition.
      The plasma pharmacokinetics of carbidopa, levodopa, and OMD in the monkeys were
      similar to those in humans. No adverse physiological effects of nitecapone were
      observed. In single-dose studies, OR-462 is an effective peripheral COMT
      inhibitor.

PMID- 2276120
TI  - Levodopa efficacy and pathological basis of Parkinson syndrome.
AB  - Levodopa is the most effective drug for symptomatic control of Parkinson syndrome
      (PS). We report a 22-year clinicopathological study of 59 PS cases. Of the entire
      group, 37 (63%) had an adequate trial on levodopa. Some improvement was noted on
      that drug in 24 (65%) cases. Improvement was seen in 94% of idiopathic
      Parkinson's disease cases as well as in all cases in which the pathology was
      characterized by neuronal loss in the substantia nigra without Lewy body
      inclusions. Improvement was also noted in 60% of patients with the dual pathology
      of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and in one-third of
      early multiple system atrophy cases. We conclude that improvement on levodopa is
      a strong indication that the pathological basis of the parkinsonism is the damage
      to substantia nigra neurons. A favorable response to levodopa, however, is not an
      indication of idiopathic (Lewy body) Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2276121
TI  - Plasma and CSF levels of albendazole and praziquantel in patients with
      neurocysticercosis.
AB  - Albendazole or praziquantel were measured in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      in 29 patients with neurocysticercosis. Mean levels of albendazole in plasma were
      0.918 microgram/ml and in CSF were 0.392 microgram/ml and levels of praziquantel
      were 1.640 micrograms/ml in plasma and 0.398 microgram/ml in CSF, after doses of
      15 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Drug concentrations in CSF were 43% for
      albendazole and 24% for praziquantel. The drug levels obtained for both drugs
      showed ample individual variations that were not related to age, sex, presence of
      inflammation in the subarachnoid space, or therapeutic effectiveness; such
      variations seem to be due to individual differences in pharmacokinetics. Both
      drugs were effective and the doses currently used of each drug seem to be optimal
      for therapy of neurocysticercosis.

PMID- 2276123
TI  - An efficient synthesis of ganglioside GM3: highly stereocontrolled glycosylations
      by use of auxiliaries.
AB  - An efficiently stereocontrolled total synthesis of GM3 alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2----3)
      beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1----1) -Cer was achieved by employing both
      methyl 5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-benzyl-2-bromo-2,3,5-trideoxy-3- phenylthio-D
      erythro-beta-L-gluco-2-nonulopyranosonate for the key sialylation step, and O
      [methyl(5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-alpha -D-galacto
      2-nonulopyranosyl)onate]-(2----3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O- acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl
      (1----4)-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-O-pivaloyl- alpha-D-glucopyranosyl
      trichloroacetimidate and fluoride for the key coupling step with a ceramide
      derivative. These two steps were significantly altered and improved in comparison
      with our previous synthesis that had been executed without use of
      stereocontrolling auxiliaries. GM3 was obtained in 4.5% overall yield in 19 steps
      starting from allyl O-(2,6-di-O-acetyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-beta-D
      galactopyranosyl)-(1----4 )-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

PMID- 2276122
TI  - 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of reducing-residue anomeric protons
      of pertrifluoroacetylated carbohydrates.
AB  - Eight monosaccharides (L-arabinoside, L-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-lyxose,
      D-mannose, L-rhamnose, and D-xylose), eight disaccharides (cellobiose,
      gentiobiose, isomaltose, lactose, maltose, nigerose, sophorose, and xylobiose),
      and three trisaccharides (isomaltotriose, maltotriose, and xylotriose) were
      derivatized with N-methylbis-(trifluoroacetamide) in pyridine solution to form
      trifluoroacetylated derivatives. These were analyzed by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy to
      determine the characteristics of the spectra and distributions of the reaction
      products. Peaks corresponding to reducing-residue anomeric protons were located
      significantly downfield of all others, and were in general 0.4 p.p.m. or more
      downfield of equivalent signals from the same carbohydrates when they were free
      or derivatized with other groups. Neither the location of anomeric proton peaks
      relative to each other nor the degree of spin-spin coupling between H-1 and H-2
      varied greatly with type of derivatization. Spin-spin coupling, however,
      decreased for some beta-pyranose forms of xylobiose and the three trisaccharides.
      In all examples except some where H-2 was oriented equatorially to a pyranose
      ring, the proportion of the alpha-pyranose was either enhanced or not changed in
      concentration by trifluoroacetylation.

PMID- 2276124
TI  - Structure of a neutral glycan isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of the
      reference strain for Serratia marcescens serogroup O22.
AB  - Both a neutral and an acidic polymer have been isolated from a lipopolysaccharide
      extract of the reference strain for Serratia marcescens serogroup O22. The
      neutral polymer has a linear structure with the repeating unit shown. The same
      tetrasaccharide unit also forms the backbone of the branched neutral polymer
      isolated from the reference strain for serogroup O10, which cross-reacts strongly
      with O22. ----2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1----2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1----3)-alpha-L-+ ++Rhap-(1-
      --3)-alpha- D-GlcpNAc-(1----

PMID- 2276126
TI  - Professor Leslie Hough.

PMID- 2276125
TI  - A mechanistic study of the reaction of phenyl isocyanate with methyl 2,3,4-tri-O
      acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.

PMID- 2276127
TI  - The effect of substituting key hydroxyl groups by amino groups on the binding of
      the Lewis b tetrasaccharide by a lectin and a monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2276128
TI  - Special issue in honor of Professor Leslie Hough.

PMID- 2276129
TI  - The synthesis and resolution of (+/-)-1,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol.
AB  - Racemic 1,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol was prepared by five routes and converted
      into 1,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-myo-inositol, the camphanates of
      which were readily separated by chromatography. The absolute configurations of
      the chiral derivatives were established by their conversion into the known chiral
      1,4,5,6-tetra-O-benzyl-myo-inositols. 1D-1,5,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene
      myo-inositol was converted into 1D-1,3,5,6-tetra-O-benzyl-myo-inositol and thence
      into 1D-2,4-di-O-methyl-myo-inositol. 1D-1,5,6-Tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol was
      converted into 1D-1,2,5,6-tetra-O-benzyl-myo-inositol, the diacetate of which is
      a chiral analogue of "thermosalient crystals". The potential of the above
      compounds for the synthesis of natural products is surveyed.

PMID- 2276130
TI  - Synthesis of methyl 3-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-7-O-(L-glycero-alpha-D- manno
      heptopyranosyl)-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranoside.
AB  - The title trisaccharide glycoside, which is related to part of the core region of
      the lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella, and the disaccharide glycosides methyl 3
      O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranoside and methyl 7-O-L
      glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranosyl-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno- heptopyranoside
      have been synthesised. Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-
      heptopyranoside, obtained via a one-carbon elongation at C-6 of methyl 2,3,4-tri
      O-benzyl-alpha-D-manno- hexodialdo-1,5-pyranoside, was used as precursor both for
      the heptosyl donor and acceptor.

PMID- 2276131
TI  - Synthesis of a tri- and a tetra-saccharide fragment of the capsular
      polysaccharide of type III group B Streptococcus.
AB  - Syntheses of the propyl glycosides (1-3) of beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc,
      beta-D-Glcp-(1----6)-[beta-D-Galp-(1----4)]-beta-D-GlcpNAc, and beta-D-Galp-(1---
      4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1----6)-[beta-D-Galp-(1----)]-beta-D- GlcpNAc, respectively, are
      reported. Reaction of allyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-6-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)
      beta-D-glucopyranos ide with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl
      bromide under Hg(CN)2 catalysis, followed by oxidative removal of the 4
      methoxybenzyl group, gave allyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra
      O-acetyl-beta-D- galactopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10) O-deacetylation of
      which, followed by hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation, gave 1. Reaction of 10 with beta
      D-glucopyranose penta-acetate and beta-lactose octa-acetate, under catalysis by
      trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, and treatment of the products as for 10
      gave 2 and 3, respectively. Attempted glycosylation of 10 with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O
      acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl bromide under catalysis by Hg(CN)2 or silver
      trifluoromethanesulfonate gave an orthoester. Complete assignments of the 1H- and
      13C-n.m.r. spectra of 1-3 are reported together with their carbon spin-lattice
      relaxation times which indicate that 3 assumes a compact instead of an extended
      shape.

PMID- 2276132
TI  - Stereoselective total synthesis of dodecagalacturonic acid, a phytoalexin
      elicitor of soybean.
AB  - O-(alpha-D-Galactopyranosyluronic acid)-[(1----4)-O-(alpha-D
      galactopyranosyluronic acid)]10-D-galactopyranuronic acid (1), an endogenous
      elicitor of the phytoalexin of soybean, was synthesized by way of highly
      stereoselective glycosylations that involved glycosyl fluorides as the donors and
      oxidation of the twelve primary hydroxyl groups in the alpha-(1----4)-linked
      galactododecaoside derivative.

PMID- 2276133
TI  - 2,3'-anhydrosucrose.
AB  - Alkaline hydrolysis of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl 3,4-anhydro-beta-D-ribo
      hexulofuranoside (1) involves participation of HO-2 and leads to 2,3'
      anhydrosucrose (2). The structure of 2 was assigned on the basis of the n.m.r.
      and mass spectra of its hexa-acetate 3 and confirmed by the formation from 2 of
      the 6,6'-di-(4) and 6,1',6'-tri-O-trityl (5) derivatives, the 4,6-O
      isopropylidene derivative (6), and 2,3':3,4-dianhydro-galacto-sucrose, isolated
      as the tetra-acetate 7. The structure of 7 was confirmed by its conversion into
      the 4'-O-tosyl-6,1',6'-O-trityl derivative 14 and by unambiguous synthesis from
      6.

PMID- 2276134
TI  - A comparison of the results of sequential hydrazinolysis-nitrosation and alkali
      mediated cleavage-nitrosation of the O-linked oligosaccharides of gastric mucus
      glycoproteins.
AB  - Analysis of the oligosaccharides released from pig gastric mucus
      glycopolypeptides by hydrazinolysis showed that degradation had occurred.
      Nitrosation of the products followed by reduction gave a mixture that had a low
      content of 2,5-anhydro-D-talitol, which implied destruction of much of the
      terminal reducing 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose. Under the conditions of
      hydrazinolysis, cellobiose was largely unchanged but laminaribiose gave a complex
      mixture that probably contained glucose hydrazone (13C-n.m.r. data). In order to
      avoid degradation, the hydrazinolysis-nitrosation sequence should be applied to
      the reduced oligosaccharides released on cleavage with alkali.

PMID- 2276135
TI  - Computer-assisted interpretation of 1H-n.m.r. spectra in the analysis of the
      structure of oligosaccharides.
AB  - A computer program that can be implemented on IBM compatible microcomputers has
      been used to interpret the 1H-n.m.r. spectra of a series of mucin-derived
      alditols. The program compares the chemical shifts of resonances in the spectra
      of unknown oligosaccharides with those in a standard library constructed from
      data in the literature. The program then compiles the identified sequences into
      possible structures, which, together with a second component of the program from
      which the individual assignments of chemical shifts can be made, facilitates
      ready access to the literature data for final confirmation of the structures.

PMID- 2276136
TI  - Halogenation reactions of derivatives of D-glucose and sucrose.
AB  - Treatment of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (1) with
      triphenylphophine-carbon tetrachloride-pyridine (reagent A) gave methyl 4,6-O
      benzylidene-2-chloro-2-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (2). When reagent A was used
      in excess, a further elimination reaction occurred to give methyl 4,6-O
      benzylidene-2-chloro- (6, 60%) and -3-chloro-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hex-2
      enopyranoside (7, 16%). Treatment of 1 with triphenylphosphine-carbon
      tetrabromide-pyridine (reagent B) caused little or no elimination, and 47% of
      methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-bromo-2-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (14) was
      obtained. On treatment with reagent A, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (16) gave
      exclusively methyl 2,4,6-trichloro- 2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hex-2
      enopyranoside (17), and methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside (19) gave
      methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-chloro-3-deoxy-beta-D-allopyranoside (20, 70%).
      However, with reagent B, 19 gave methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-bromo-3-deoxy-beta-D
      glucopyranoside (23, 66%), probably by way of double inversion of configuration
      at C-3. Likewise, with reagent A, methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (25) gave methyl
      2,4,6-trichloro- (26) and3,4,6-trichloro-2,3,4,-6-tetradeoxy- beta-D-threo-hex-2
      enopyranoside (27), and 4,6-O-isopropylidenesucrose (28) gave mainly 3-chloro-3
      deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-allopyranosyl 1,4,6-trichloro-1,4,6-trideoxy
      beta-D-lyxo-hexulofuranoside (29) together with 3-chloro-3-deoxy-4,6-O
      isopropylidene-alpha-D-allopyranosyl 1,4,6-trichloro-1,4,6-trideoxy-beta-D
      fructofuranoside (30). The assignment of structure to 29 is tentative.

PMID- 2276137
TI  - Synthesis of oligosaccharins: a chemical synthesis of propyl O-beta-D
      galactopyranosyl-(1----2)-O-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl-(1----6)- O-beta-D
      glucopyranosyl-(1----4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
AB  - Condensation of allyl 3,4-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside with 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6
      tri-O-benzyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl chloride in dichloromethane in the presence
      of silver triflate gave allyl 2-O-(2-O-acetyl-3,4-6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D
      galactopyranosyl)-3,4-di-O benzyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside (7, 83%). Compound 7 was
      converted in five steps into 2-O-(2-O-acetyl-3,4-6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D
      xylopyranosyl bromide (13), which was condensed immediately with allyl 2,3,6-tri
      O-acetyl-4-O-(2,3,di-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D- glucopyranoside to
      give crystalline allyl O-(2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-
      (1----2)-O-(3,4,-di-O-benzyl-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl)-(1----6)-O-(2,3,-di- O-acetyl
      beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1----4)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-gluco pyranoside (23,
      50%). O-Deacylation of 23 followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis gave the title
      glycoside.

PMID- 2276138
TI  - Synthesis of some monodeoxy- and dideoxy-hexitols, and derivatives thereof, from
      D-glucono-1,5-lactone.
AB  - Syntheses of 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexitol (1), D-rhamnitol (2), 1,2-dideoxy-D
      arabino-hexitol (3), 2,3-dideoxy-D-erythro-hexitol (4), and some derivatives
      thereof are described. These compounds were obtained by reductive sequences on
      various compounds formed from methyl 3,4:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-gluconate (9).

PMID- 2276139
TI  - Synthesis of the enantiomers of 6-epicastanospermine and 1,6-diepicastanospermine
      from D- and L-gulonolactone.
AB  - The synthesis of the enantiomers of 6-epicastanospermine and of 1,6
      diepicastanospermine from the enantiomeric gulonolactones is reported and the
      structure of the former is established as (1S,6R,7R,8R,8aR)-1,6,7,8
      tetrahydroxyoctahydroindolizine. The inhibitory activities of the diastereomers
      against the amyloglucosidase-catalysed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl alpha-D
      glucopyranoside were investigated, and the effects of 6-epicastanospermine and of
      1,6-diepicastanospermine on 14 human liver glycosidases are reported.

PMID- 2276140
TI  - Formation of disaccharides related to heparin and heparan sulfate by chemical
      modification of maltose.
AB  - Maltose has been converted into 4-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-L
      idopyranuronic acid, 4-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-D
      glucopyranose, and 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-idopyranose, the first two
      disaccharides being related structurally to biose sequences in heparin and
      heparan sulfate. Used as the starting material was a major product of the kinetic
      acetonation of maltose, namely, 2,3:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-4-O-(4,6-O
      isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucopyran osyl)-aldehydo-D-glucose dimethyl acetal. It
      was subjected to a sequence of transformation that included the introduction of a
      2'-amino-2'-deoxy function into the glucosyl group, the inversion of C-5 in the
      glucose residue to give the L-ido configuration, oxidation at position 6, and
      cyclisation of the acyclic dimethyl acetal to give the desired pyranuronic acid.
      In the formation of the latter, the 5-O-levulinoyl substituent was found to be
      less prone to acyl migration to O-6 than more conventional ester groups. The
      relative acid labilities of the O-isopropylidene and dimethyl acetal groups are
      compared, and conformations of the acyclic residues of some disaccharide
      derivatives are discussed.

PMID- 2276141
TI  - [Synthesis of a Kdo-containing pentasaccharide sequence of the inner core- and
      lipid A-region of lipopolysaccharides].
AB  - Coupling of methyl (4,5,7,8-tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-2
      octulopyranosyl) onate-(2----4)-methyl (5,7,8-tri-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno
      octulopyranosyl bromide)onate with benzyl O-(methyl [3-deoxy-7,8,O
      (tetraisopropyldisiloxan 1,3-diyl)-alpha-D-manno-octulopyranosylonate)-2-----6)-O
      ([( R)-3-benzyloxytetradecanoylamino]-2-deoxy-3,4-O-(tetraisopropyl disiloxan-1,3
      diyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1----6)-3-O-benz yl- 2-[(R)-3
      benzyloxytetradecanoylamino]-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranos ide gave stereo- and
      regio-selectively a pentasaccharide that was deprotected into alpha-Kdo-(2----4)
      alpha-Kdo-(2----4)-alpha-Kdo-(2----6)-beta-D-GlcNh m-(1----6)-D-GlcNhm [Nhm = 2
      deoxy-(R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoylamino].

PMID- 2276142
TI  - Synthesis and reactions of leucrose and its exocyclic glycal.
AB  - 5-O-alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl-beta-D-fructopyranose (leucrose, 1) was transformed
      into 3,4-di-O-acetyl-1-O-methanesulfonyl-5-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-methanes
      ulfonyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-fructopyranosyl bromide (3) and 1,3,4-tri
      O-benzoyl-5-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl) -beta-D
      fructopyranosyl bromide (8), which were converted into derivatives (8 and 9) of
      2,6-anhydro-1-deoxy-5-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol .
      Hydrogenation of 8 and 9 gave the corresponding anhydroalditol derivatives. N
      Iodosuccinimide-mediated glycosylation of 9 with 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D
      glucopyranose gave 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-[3,4-di-O-benzyl-1-deoxy-1-iodo-5-O
      (2,3,4,6- tetra-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-fructopyranosyl]- beta-D
      glucopyranose (12). Some amino, acetylated, and isopropylidene derivatives of
      leucrose have been prepared and characterised.

PMID- 2276144
TI  - The structure of the capsular antigen from Escherichia coli O8:K87:H19.
AB  - The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Escherichia coli O8:K87:H19 was
      investigated by methylation analysis and by one- and two-dimensional 1H- and 13C
      n.m.r. spectroscopy. The repeating unit was shown to be a branched
      pentasaccharide with the structure (formula; see text)

PMID- 2276145
TI  - Identification of the lipopolysaccharide O-chain of Escherichia hermannii (ATCC
      33651) as a D-rhamnan.

PMID- 2276143
TI  - Structure of the amino acid-containing capsular polysaccharide from Escherichia
      coli O8:K49:H21.
AB  - The structure of the capsular antigen of E. coli K49 and the oligosaccharides
      derived from it by partial acid hydrolysis were studied by 1D- and 2D-n.m.r.
      spectroscopy, g.l.c.-c.i.-mass spectrometry, and methylation analysis. The K49
      polysaccharide consists of the repeating unit----4)-beta-D-GlcpA-(1----6)-beta-D
      Galp-(1----6)-beta-D-Glcp- (1----3)-beta - D-GalpNAc-(1----. The glucuronic acid
      residues are substituted, in the apparent molar ratio of 4:1, with L-threonine
      and L-serine linked amidically to the carboxyl group.

PMID- 2276146
TI  - A novel synthesis of methyl 2-O-methyl-alpha,beta-L-fucofuranoside.

PMID- 2276147
TI  - N.m.r. method for the identification of sucrose acetates.

PMID- 2276148
TI  - Selective deacetylation of sucrose octa-acetate with primary amines to give
      2,3,4,6,1',6'-hexa-O-acetylsucrose.

PMID- 2276149
TI  - Studies on cervical glycoproteins. Isolation and characterization of neutral
      oligosaccharides from pronase-treated glycoproteins of bonnet monkey (Macaca
      radiata).

PMID- 2276150
TI  - Synthesis of sweet-tasting methylthio derivatives of D-fructose and sucrose.
AB  - 1,6-Di-S-methyl-1,6-dithio-D-fructofuranose and its bis(S-oxide) and bis(S,S
      dioxide) are described. On examination for sweetness, the oxygenated compounds
      were neutral but the parent compound was 15-20 times sweeter than sucrose, and
      1',6'-di-S-methyl-1',6'-dithiosucrose was slightly less sweet than sucrose.

PMID- 2276151
TI  - Sucrose octabenzoate: assignment of 13C and 1H resonances of the sucrose moiety
      and the 13C resonances of the carbonyl carbons. Use of 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy
      for the study of selective deacylation.
AB  - Assignment of the 1H and 13C signals arising from the carbohydrate portion of
      sucrose octabenzoate has been achieved using homonuclear shift correlation
      experiments (COSY) and one-bond 1H-13C heteronuclear shift correlation
      measurements, respectively. The 13C resonances of the carbonyl carbon atoms of
      the eight benzoyl groups are readily distinguished for solutions in benzene-d6
      pyridine-d5 (1:1), and have been assigned by means of three-bond 1H-13C shift
      correlation studies coupled with measurement of the 13C-n.m.r. spectrum of a
      sucrose octabenzoate specifically labelled with 13C in some of the carbonyl
      groups. With this assignment, products of partial deacylation of the octabenzoate
      may readily be identified by treatment with excess of benzoyl-carbonyl-13C
      chloride followed by measurement of the 13C-n.m.r. spectrum of the labelled
      sucrose octabenzoate, so prepared, in the carbonyl region.

PMID- 2276152
TI  - Syntheses of four fatty acid esters of sucrose found in type B trichomes of
      Solanum berthaultii Hawkes (wild potato), including the major component, 6-O
      decanoyl-3,4-di-O-isobutyrylsucrose.

PMID- 2276153
TI  - Iodoalkoxylation of 1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-hex-1-enitols (glycals).
AB  - Exclusive trans-addition is observed in the iodoalkoxylation of the 6-membered
      cyclic enol ethers 3,4-di-O-acetyl-L-rhamnal (1), 3,4-di-O-acetyl-L-fucal (2),
      and related glycal derivatives. The main products from 1 and from 3,4,6-tri-O
      acetyl-D-glucal (3) thus had the alpha-manno configuration. Similarly, alpha-talo
      products were obtained from 2 in 87-93% yield. The product distribution is not
      affected by the electronegativity of the 5-substituent. It is concluded that
      steric factors in the glycal and the nucleophile affect only the step of trans
      diaxial opening of the intermediate iodonium ion. Enhanced yields of the desired
      trans-diaxial products were observed in reactions of glycals having the lyxo
      configuration when the reactions were conducted in tetrahydrofuran or methanol.

PMID- 2276154
TI  - Photolabile, spacer-modified oligosaccharides for probing malto-oligosaccharide
      binding sites in proteins.
AB  - O-Deacylation and S-deacylation of the diastereomers of 2-azido-4-S-benzoyl-4
      mercaptobutyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (9) with methanolic
      sodium methoxide and coupling of the resulting thiol to methyl 3,4-anhydro-6
      deoxy-beta-L-arabino-hex-5-enopyranoside (2) gave the corresponding diastereomers
      of the spacer-modified disaccharide methyl 4-S-(3-azido-4-alpha-D
      glucopyranosyloxybutyl)-6-deoxy-4-thio-alph a-D-xylo-hex-5-enopyranoside (10).
      Glucosylation of the diastereomers of 10 with alpha-cyclo-dextrin-CGTase and
      treatment of the products with beta-amylase gave the diastereomers of the spacer
      modified oligosaccharides methyl 4-S-(3-azido-4-alpha-maltosyloxybutyl)-6-deoxy-4
      thio-alpha-D-xylo -hex-5-enopyranosides (11) and 4-S-(3-azido-4-alpha
      maltotriosyloxybutyl)-6-deoxy-4-thio-alpha-D- hex-5-enopyranosides (12). The
      diastereomers of 10 each had a good affinity for pancreatic alpha-amylase and the
      maltose-binding protein from E. coli. The affinities of the diastereomers of 11
      and 12 were higher by at least one order of magnitude.

PMID- 2276155
TI  - Effect of surface zone deproteinisation on the access of mineral ions into
      subsurface carious lesions of human enamel.
AB  - It has been proposed that the so-called intact surface zone of carious lesions of
      enamel could restrict the ingress of mineral ions and hinder remineralisation.
      The present study was intended to determine the role of organic (proteinaceous)
      material in restricting the movement of mineral ions into carious lesions in
      vitro. Natural carious lesion surfaces were divided into two halves. The
      experimental half was de-proteinised using hypochlorite, the control half
      remained untreated. The whole tooth was exposed to 45Ca in solution, and 45Ca
      uptake into experimental and control tissue was measured by image analysis of
      autoradiographs prepared from lesion sections. The results indicated that uptake
      was improved by removal of organic material.

PMID- 2276156
TI  - Effect on a cariogenic challenge of saliva/plaque exchange via a thin salivary
      film studied by mathematical modelling.
AB  - Computer models can be powerful tools for studying complex interacting processes.
      The computer model of events in dental plaque during a cariogenic challenge
      described here simulates diffusion and metabolism of substrate, plus coupled
      diffusion/reaction of fourteen other species, charged and uncharged, including
      acidic metabolic products and fixed buffers. Its extension to deal with the
      effects of poor contact with bulk saliva when the plaque is presumed covered by a
      thin salivary film is here considered. Site-specific mixing rates between film
      and salivary pool were modelled phenomenologically, using data from the
      literature. Fast mixing was assumed during an initial carbohydrate intake phase
      (2 min sugar rinse), followed by site-dependent mixing and logarithmic clearance.
      The analysis also suggested a possible way of estimating local salivary film
      thickness. Increasing the halving time for exchange between film and bulk saliva
      was shown to prolong the pH minimum greatly, and to increase mineral loss. The
      respective roles of fixed buffers as stores of protons and of mobile buffers
      (especially bicarbonate) as exporters of protons from the inner plaque were
      emphasised.

PMID- 2276157
TI  - Salivary fluoride concentrations in children with glass ionomer cemented
      orthodontic appliances.
AB  - Salivary fluoride concentrations were determined in 10 children (mean age 12.0
      years) undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. The orthodontic appliances, a
      minimum of 4 bands and 8 brackets, were cemented with a glass ionomer cement.
      Unstimulated whole saliva was collected 4 times a day before (baseline value) and
      at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after cementation. The samples of saliva were centrifuged
      and the supernatants were analyzed with a fluoride-sensitive electrode. At
      baseline, the mean salivary fluoride concentration was 0.85 mumol/l. There was a
      significant increase during the day after cementation (1.88 mumol/l). After 7, 14
      and 28 days, salivary fluoride levels were slightly elevated, but not
      statistically different from the baseline values. The ingested fluoride dose
      during the 1st day was estimated to be 0.02 mg. It is concluded that in
      orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, a slow release of fluoride from
      glass ionomer cements could exert a local cariostatic effect on adjacent caries
      susceptible enamel.

PMID- 2276158
TI  - Effect of chlorhexidine gel treatment supplemented with chlorhexidine varnish and
      resin on mutans streptococci and Actinomyces on root surfaces.
AB  - The supplementary effect of chlorhexidine varnish and resin on the reappearance
      of mutans streptococci and Actinomyces spp. on root surfaces after chlorhexidine
      gel treatment was studied. In 8 subjects with many restored tooth and exposed
      root surfaces, highly colonized with mutans streptococci, chlorhexidine varnish
      and resin were applied to the teeth on one side of the mouth and resin alone to
      the other side. This treatment significantly prolonged the time period of reduced
      salivary levels of mutans streptococci when added to a preceding period of
      chlorhexidine gel treatment. In 3 of the 8 subjects, mutans streptococci were
      undetected for more than 4 weeks after treatment. There was a significant
      difference between the chlorhexidine varnish/resin side and the resin side for 5
      weeks with regard to the mean numbers of mutans streptococci in root surface
      plaque, whereas for the Actinomyces spp. no significant differences were found.
      In 2 subjects harboring both Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus, the population
      of S. sobrinus reappeared more readily in saliva and plaque than S. mutans. The
      chlorhexidine treatment was less effective in suppressing the population of
      Actinomyces viscosus/naeslundii than the mutans streptococci.

PMID- 2276159
TI  - Accumulation of enamel constituents in Streptococcus mutans plaque during
      intraoral demineralization.
AB  - Studies were carried out with an intraoral demineralizing system in order to
      determine whether calcium and inorganic phosphate (Pi) accumulate in plaque
      during active demineralization of enamel. Blocks of bovine enamel were coated
      with Streptococcus mutans and were carried in palatal appliances worn by human
      volunteers. Demineralization was determined as changes in the iodide
      penetrability (delta Ip) of the enamel surfaces. Ca and Pi were determined in the
      extracellular spaces of the synthetic plaque. Delta Ip increased with time after
      administration of rinses containing 5% (w/v) sucrose, while plaque pH dropped and
      then returned toward neutrality. Ca increased to 10.9 +/- 2.8 mmol/l at 30 min,
      while Ca2+ and Pi rose to 3.0 +/- 2.1 and 9.5 +/- 3.1 mmol/l, respectively. The
      Ca:Pi ratio was 1.15. Rinses with 10% (w/v) sucrose gave similar results.
      Concentrations of Ca and Pi were considerably higher than those in saliva.
      Accumulation of the mineral constituents was shown to be dependent on metabolic
      activity of the S. mutans plaque, and experiments in which enamel blocks were
      replaced with blocks made of acrylic plastic gave Ca and Pi concentrations of 2.5
      +/- 0.6 and 6.6 +/- 2.4 mmol/l, respectively, demonstrating that most of the Ca
      and about one-third of the Pi were derived from enamel. The data suggested,
      furthermore, that Ca and Pi were partially bound to complex macromolecules, and
      that part eventually recrystallized as mineral within the plaque.

PMID- 2276160
TI  - Relationship between the surface-active properties and in vitro antiplaque effect
      of polyalkylpolymethylenediamines.

PMID- 2276161
TI  - Combined effect of xylitol and fluoride on enamel demineralization in vitro.

PMID- 2276162
TI  - Enamel and dentin fluoride levels and fluorosis following single fluoride doses:
      a nuclear microprobe study.
AB  - Female rats were given single intraperitoneal doses of fluoride (F) (0, 4, 7, or
      14 mg F/kg body weight). Plasma F levels returned to predose values within 24 h.
      Incisors from animals killed 35 or 70 days after the F doses had been given were
      analyzed for mineralization defects by microradiography, and for F and P
      concentrations by nuclear microprobe. At 35 days, all F-injected rats had enamel
      fluorosis. At 70 days, by which time the incisors would have been renewed nearly
      twice, fluorosis was still evident in the 14 mg/kg body weight group. The enamel
      and dentin F concentrations at each time point were proportional to the
      administered F doses that had been given weeks earlier. The F concentrations at
      35 days were similar to those found at 70 days. The results support the
      hypothesis that, following pulse loading, F can be mobilized from the bone
      adjacent to the enamel organ and result in local F concentrations sufficiently
      large to adversely affect amelogenesis.

PMID- 2276163
TI  - Remineralization of human enamel in situ after 3 months: the effect of not
      brushing versus the effect of an F dentifrice and an F-free dentifrice.
AB  - The in situ remineralization of 100-microns-deep enamel lesions positioned in a
      full prosthesis just under the first molar was determined in 13 participants
      after 3 months. The outer surface of the samples was always flush with the
      acrylic surface: there was no measurable plaque accumulation on the samples. The
      effect of not brushing of the samples (A) is compared with the effect of brushing
      with a nonfluoridated dentifrice (B) or with a fluoridated paste (C) containing
      1,250 ppm F. The results show that lesion depth (and mineral loss) data increase
      by about 50% (case A), do not change statistically in case B and decrease by
      about 40% in case C. The increase of lesion depth in case A is most likely due to
      acidic food and/or beverage intake by the participants. With respect to
      nonbrushing, the remineralization effect of brushing with an F-free paste is
      about 50% and with the fluoridated paste about 90% in 3 months. It is suggested
      that the remineralization efficacy of fluoridated pastes is due to the cleaning
      effect of the brushing by the dentifrice (presumably on the pellicle) as well as
      due to the fluoride effect on mineral nucleation and growth.

PMID- 2276164
TI  - Comparison of the initial streptococcal microflora on dental enamel in caries
      active and in caries-inactive individuals.
AB  - This study compared the initial (4 h) microflora on enamel in 7 caries-active and
      in 7 caries-inactive adolescents. In both groups the microflora was dominated by
      streptococci which comprised 61 and 78% (median values) of the total viable
      counts in caries-active and caries-inactive individuals, respectively (p less
      than 0.01). Identification of a total of 700 streptococcal isolates according to
      a recently revised classification showed that the predominant streptococci
      belonged to the species Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis biovar 1, and
      Streptococcus sanguis. Early plaque from caries-inactive individuals differed
      from that of caries-active individuals by significantly higher proportions of S.
      sanguis (p less than 0.05) and IgA1 protease producing streptococci (p less than
      0.05). In caries-active individuals, there was a tendency to elevated levels of
      S. mitis biovar 1 (p less than 0.10). In addition, caries-active individuals were
      colonized by significantly higher numbers of mutans streptococci on the enamel
      surfaces (p less than 0.01). However, in both groups Streptococcus mutans
      (serotype c) comprised less than or equal to 2% of the early streptococcal flora.
      Streptococcus gordonii, S. mitis biovar 2, and Streptococcus salivarius were
      present in low proportions and did not show differences in distribution that
      could be related to caries activity. The observed differences in the composition
      of the early streptococcal microflora may be a factor that governs the eventual
      cariogenic potential of dental plaque.

PMID- 2276165
TI  - Effect of extraction of partly erupted third molars on salivary microbial counts
      in conscripts.
AB  - Viable counts of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and yeasts in saliva were
      followed for 5 months after extraction of partly erupted third molars in 49
      conscripts aged 19.9 +/- 0.8 years. For controls, 27 conscripts aged 19.7 +/- 1.2
      years were studied who did not have indications for third molar extractions. The
      microbiological analyses were made from paraffin-wax-stimulated saliva using dip
      slide techniques. The results showed a statistically significant reduction of the
      high counts of mutans streptococci (greater than or equal to 10(6) CFU/ml saliva)
      and lactobacilli (greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml saliva), both 2 and 5
      months after extraction, when compared with the baseline values and with the
      controls. The extraction of partly erupted third molars did not appear to affect
      salivary yeast counts. We suggest that partly erupted wisdom teeth act as
      reservoirs for mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, in particular, and that
      their state of eruption must be taken into account when interpreting salivary
      microbiological counts.

PMID- 2276166
TI  - Caries decline from 1976 to 1986 among 15-year-olds in Helsinki.
AB  - This study investigated the occurrence of caries among 15-year-olds using the
      municipal oral health service in Helsinki in 1976 and in 1986. Data were
      collected from each subject's personal dental health file as recorded during
      routine check-ups by dentists in the health centre of the city of Helsinki in the
      year in question. All indicators showed a significant improvement (p less than
      0.001) in dental health during the 10-year period. The percentage of intact teeth
      and surfaces increased markedly. The mean number of DMF teeth per person fell
      from 12.1 to 5.1 and that of proximal DF surfaces from 5.6 to 1.5. In the 1976
      group, 63% of all occlusal surfaces had been filled or were decayed. Ten years
      later the figure was 26%. Proximal DFS percentages were 10 and 3%, respectively.
      The ratios of the total number of proximal to occlusal DFS were 0.6 in 1976 and
      0.4 in 1986.

PMID- 2276167
TI  - Enamel defects in 8-year-old children in fluoridated and non-fluoridated parts of
      Cheshire.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of developmental defects of
      enamel in fluoridated (1 ppm F) and non-fluoridated (less than 0.2 ppm F)
      communities in Cheshire, England. Eight-year-old children were examined under
      blind conditions. Only lifetime residents were included and only children with no
      history of dietary fluoride supplements. Significantly more children living in
      the fluoridated community (60%) had enamel defects compared to those in the non
      fluoridated community (44%). In the fluoridated community, significantly more
      children whose parents claimed to begin brushing at an early age exhibited enamel
      defects.

PMID- 2276168
TI  - Prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in students, 11-17 years of age,
      in fluoridated and non-fluoridated cities in Quebec.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in dental caries and
      fluorosis prevalence in 936 randomly selected life-long residents selected from
      public and private schools in Trois-Rivieres (1.0 ppm F in 1987) and Sherbrooke
      (less than 0.1 ppm F), Que., Canada. Students, 11-17 years of age, were examined
      for dental caries using the National Institute for Dental Research criteria and
      for dental fluorosis using the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis. Because of an
      inconsistent fluoridation history in Trois-Rivieres, comparisons were carried out
      between two age strata: students 11-14 years of age who consumed for a longer
      duration suboptimally fluoridated water than those in the second stratum:
      students 15-17 years of age. Only public school students, 15-17 years of age,
      from Trois-Rivieres had significantly lower mean filled surface and decayed,
      missing, and filled tooth surface (DMFS) scores (28 and 24%, respectively) than
      similar students in Sherbrooke. Among private school students, differences were
      not found, except in the youngest age group in Sherbrooke who had significantly
      lower mean DMFS than similar students from Trois-Rivieres. The prevalence of
      fluorosis was 45.6% and 58.0% in Trois-Rivieres public and private schools,
      respectively, and 31.1% and 30.1% in Sherbrooke public and private schools,
      respectively. The use of fluoride tablets was significantly associated with
      fluorosis. This study showed that water fluoridation benefitted students from
      public schools and that the risk factors for dental fluorosis were the use of
      fluoridated water and fluoride tablets.

PMID- 2276169
TI  - Relationship between salivary levels of mutans streptococci and restoration
      longevity.

PMID- 2276170
TI  - Immunohistochemical markers of cellular proliferation: achievements, problems and
      prospects.

PMID- 2276171
TI  - Cell proliferation kinetics of six xenografted human cervix carcinomas:
      comparison of autoradiography and bromodeoxyuridine labelling methods.
AB  - Cell kinetic and histologic parameters of six xenografted tumours with volume
      doubling times ranging from 6 to 43 d were investigated in order to obtain
      kinetic information on a panel of tumours to be used in radiobiological studies.
      The six tumours covered a range of histologies and their DNA indices varied from
      2.7 to 1.4. The length of the cell cycle (Tc), potential doubling time (Tpot) and
      labelling index (LI) were determined by continuous labelling with [3H]TdR and
      autoradiography in three tumours, Tc varied from 30 to 40 h. Determinations of
      the length of the S phase (Ts) were found to be less reliable by this method.
      Data on Ts and LI were also determined in all six tumours using bromodeoxyuridine
      (Brd) labelling and the single sample method: values of Tpot were slightly longer
      than those obtained via the autoradiographic method. In addition, multiple
      samples were taken after BrdU labelling. Tc was determined by fitting the data
      obtained from mid-S, mid-G2 and mid-G1 windows to curves described by a damped
      oscillator. Data obtained via the mid-S window were found to be most reliable.
      Generally, cell cycle times obtained by the BrdU method were longer than those
      observed with the autoradiographic method. Differences between the two methods
      could be explained by inaccuracies in the determination of Ts, LI and Tc and
      differences in the experimental approach. We consider the BrdU labelling method
      to be a suitable alternative for the time-consuming autoradiography, if data on
      Ts or Tpot are sufficient. Due to difficulties in the reproducibility of the
      immunofluorescence staining and asynchronization of cells approximately 10 h
      after labelling, the method of windows analysis was affected by similar problems
      to those observed in interpretation of percentage labelled mitosis (PLM) curves.
      However, the method may serve as an alternative to determine cell cycle times in
      vitro and, if improved technically, in vivo. Careful comparison of the data
      obtained from mid-S, mid-G1 and mid-G2 windows may increase the reliability of
      the determination of cell kinetic parameters.

PMID- 2276172
TI  - Disruption of microtubules induces an endogenous suicide pathway in human
      leukaemia HL-60 cells.
AB  - Terminally differentiated HL-60 cells undergoing programmed cell death
      (apoptosis) in culture were found to have a disrupted microtubular network.
      Treatment of undifferentiated HL-60 cells with microtubule-disrupting agents
      alone was found to induce apoptosis en masse in these cells. In contrast,
      disruption of microfilaments did not induce apoptosis; instead these cells
      underwent necrosis, the pathological mode of cell death. Apoptosis in response to
      microtubule disruption in HL-60 cells was characterized by cell shape changes,
      nuclear condensation followed by fragmentation and the separation of the cell
      into numerous intact fragments, termed apoptotic bodies. Apoptosis of these cells
      was further confirmed by DNA analysis, which demonstrated the activation of an
      endogenous endonuclease which cleaved the DNA of these cells into
      oligonucleosomal fragments. Microtubule disrupting agents were found to exert
      these effects over a wide range of doses. Apoptosis was also inducible in HL-60
      cells, in a dose-dependent manner, by the calcium ionophore A23187. Since
      microtubules are known to be highly sensitive to intracellular calcium
      fluctuations, this suggests that calcium influx could act at the microtubule
      level in effecting apoptosis.

PMID- 2276173
TI  - New methods for calculating kinetic properties of cells in vitro using pulse
      labelling with bromodeoxyuridine.
AB  - The transit times of Chinese hamster ovary cells through the phases of their cell
      cycle were measured using dual parameter flow cytometry to measure DNA content
      and the presence of monoclonal antibodies to bromodeoxyuridine. Up to four
      separate populations can be accurately measured: unlabelled cells in G2 + M;
      labelled cells that have not yet divided; labelled cells that have already
      divided; and the unlabelled cells that were originally in G1 plus the cells that
      were originally in G2 + M and have since divided. The fractions of cells in these
      populations can be easily followed in time and the usual kinetic properties can
      be estimated from these fractions, or combinations thereof, including the times
      through G1, S, G2 + M and the cycle time. We present equations for analysing this
      type of data and comment on which equations are most appropriate for measuring
      specific kinetic properties of the cells.

PMID- 2276174
TI  - Effects of vitamin A deficiency on cell proliferation and morphology of trachea
      of the hamster.
AB  - Regulation by vitamin A of cell proliferation and differentiation of epithelial
      tissues is well-established. Deficiency of vitamin A in experimental animals
      leads to the development of hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. The objective of
      the present study was to examine, for young hamsters, the effects of variable
      levels of the vitamin in the liver and trachea, on cell proliferation and
      morphology of tracheal epithelium and on body weights. Newly born litters were
      maintained on vitamin A-supplemented and vitamin A-deficient diets, and various
      parameters were examined at different ages. Retinol and retinyl palmitate levels
      were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. For animals on the
      supplemented diet, concentrations of liver retinyl palmitate and retinol
      increased progressively with age, reaching highest levels of approximately 84 and
      1.9 micrograms g liver, respectively, at 28 d. In contrast, in animals on the
      vitamin A-deficient diet, the retinyl palmitate and retinol levels decreased
      progressively, reaching the lowest levels of approximately 0.32 and 0.09
      micrograms/g, respectively. No significant reduction in retinol was observed in
      the trachea of animals maintained on the deficient diet for at least 20 d: their
      tracheas were depleted of retinol at 28 d. No vitamin A-associated differences
      were, however, observed in the labelling indices, growth fraction or in the
      morphology of the tracheal epithelium. Both the control and vitamin A-deficient
      animals gained weight progressively until 36 d of age, although the weight of
      animals in the latter group remained below those in the former group. These
      results show that mild-to-severe deficiency of vitamin A had no effects on cell
      proliferation or tracheal morphology of the hamster. The hyperplasia and squamous
      metaplasia in the trachea occurs only at an extreme vitamin A-deficiency when the
      tissue levels of the vitamin are depleted.

PMID- 2276175
TI  - Lack of correlation between thymidine kinase activity and changes of DNA
      synthesis with tumour age: an in vivo study in Ehrlich ascites tumour.
AB  - Thymidine kinase (TK) and its isoenzymes were studied in relation to age of
      Ehrlich ascites tumour cells growing in vivo. Various steps of the pathway of
      thymidine through deoxynucleotide metabolism were studied: [3H]-thymidine
      cellular uptake and incorporation into DNA; the cellular nucleotide pools; and
      the concentration of thymidine in ascites. In addition, the proportion of cells
      in the various parts of the cell cycle and the bromodeoxyuridine labelling index
      were determined. Four isoenzymes at pI 4.1, 5.3, 6.9 and 8.3 were identified
      using isoelectric focusing. The TK activity declined with age of the tumour by
      about 90%, mostly due to a decrease of the isoenzyme at pI 8.3. However, this
      decline was neither related to the changes in DNA synthesis rate of the cells
      with tumour age, nor to the proportion of cells in S-phase or the
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling index. In contrast, the contribution of DNA
      synthesis via the thymidine salvage pathway relative to the total DNA synthesis
      increased from less than 1% at exponential growth to about 15% at plateau phase
      of growth. Blocking of DNA synthesis by aphidicolin did not change the TK
      activity. We therefore conclude that changes in TK activity and changes in cell
      growth are epiphenomena rather than causally related to each other. All
      nucleotide pools decreased with tumour age. The inhibition of TK by an increase
      in the deoxythymidine triphosphate pool could therefore be excluded. With a
      decrease of the TK activity during tumour growth, increasing amounts of TdR were
      excreted by the cells and accumulated in the ascites fluid. To explain our
      results on TK activity we propose a substrate cycle in which thymidine
      monophosphate supplied by de novo synthesis is dephosphorylated and is then
      either phosphorylated by TK to thymidine monophosphate or excreted by the cell.

PMID- 2276176
TI  - Proliferative changes in the genital tissue of female mice during the oestrous
      cycle.
AB  - Changes in proliferation and number of epithelial cells of the murine genital
      tract, during the oestrous cycle, have been studied. A total of 47 animals in the
      prooestrous, metoestrous and dioestrous phases of the cycle were staged
      retrospectively on the basis of the genital tract histology. The average duration
      of the oestrous cycle in these animals was 4 days, and half of this period was
      occupied by the prooestrous/oestrous phases. Significant cycles of growth were
      observed in the luminal uterine epithelium and in the basal epithelium of the
      cervix-vagina. Most of this growth occurred during the pro-oestrous phase, which
      lasted approximately 1 day. During this time the numbers of luminal epithelial
      cells in the uterus and suprabasal cells in the cervix-vagina increased 2-3 fold.
      This pattern of growth appeared partly synchronous and corresponded to the period
      when serum oestrogen levels are at their highest. A corresponding and rapid
      reduction in the numbers of uterine luminal epithelial cells and suprabasal cells
      in the cervix and vagina was noted during the early metoestrous phase; and this
      occured during the period when serum oestrogens are at their lowest levels. No
      significant periodicity in the proliferation and numbers of the uterine gland
      epithelial cells was noted during the cycle. The kinetic role and function of the
      gland cells is discussed in relation to these data.

PMID- 2276177
TI  - Haemopoietic stem cells: spleen colony-forming cells are normally actively
      proliferating.
AB  - The haemopoietic stem cells forming spleen colonies (CFU-S) had on average 30 to
      40% of cells engaged in the DNA synthesis in normal mice continuously over 4
      years. A majority of experiments aimed at the suppression of the CFU-S
      proliferation, which included suppression of the T-lymphocytes by means of
      cyclosporin A or by adult thymectomy, administration of antibacterial and
      antifungal agents and maintainance of mice in a sterile environment, suppression
      of antibody-producing cells by a successive administration of the bacterial
      lipopolysaccharide and cyclophosphamide and attempts to increase the total number
      of CFU-S in the body through massive transfusions of bone marrow cells or by
      grafting plugs of the bone marrow under the kidney capsulae, have not been
      sufficiently effective. A transient suppression of CFU-S proliferation occurred
      during recovery of the haemopoietic tissue from damage caused by
      cyclophosphamide. The results support the view that changes in CFU-S numbers and
      in the proportion of them in DNA synthesis may be positively correlated when CFU
      S numbers fluctuate physiologically about their normal values. The failure to
      manipulate the CFU-S proliferation rate easily suggests that proliferation of
      these cells may not be under a strong 'switch on - switch off' control.

PMID- 2276178
TI  - [Survey of an outbreak of mycoplasmal pneumonia firstly discovered in Zhejiang
      Province].
AB  - An exceptional outbreak of mycoplasmal pneumonia in a factory of prisoners,
      Juzhou city, Zhejiang province, during November to December, 1985 was reported.
      In the course of the epidemic 102 cases were infected, with an attack rate of 3.3
      per cent, but the attack rate in the outbreak point was 29.1 per cent. All cases
      were not dead. This outbreak was diagnosed as mycoplasmal pneumonia by clinical
      observation, X ray examination serological test and epidemiological survey. The
      sources of infection were 3 sporadic patients. The epidemic was quickly
      controlled by using comprehensive preventive measures.

PMID- 2276179
TI  - [Study on the HBV intrauterine infection and its rate].
AB  - In thirty-five fetuses induced from HBsAg-positive pregnant women, the fetuses
      were examined for HBV markers. Another 10 fetuses were used as control and none
      of the fetuses was infected by HBV in utero. Among 35 fetal serum samples, HBsAg
      and anti-HBcIgM were detected in 4 and 5 fetuses (in 7 fetuses) respectively. One
      out of 17 fetal liver sections was HBcAg positive by ABC stain. Twelve out of 27
      fetal livers were HBV-DNA positive. Thus, the rate of intrauterine infection of
      HBV was 20.0% (7/35), 5.9% (1/17) and 44.4% (12/27) respectively, by serological
      test, immunohistochemical test and molecular hybridization using P-labeled HBV
      DNA as a probe. The results showed that HBV intrauterine infection was an
      important mode of HBV transmission.

PMID- 2276180
TI  - [A study on the serological effects of newborn babies using China made 50
      micrograms hepatitis B vaccine].
AB  - The blood source Hepatitis B vaccine produced by Beijing Institute of Biological
      Products was given to New born babies. The procedure and doses are as follows:
      first dose 30 micrograms was given within 24 hours after birth; second dose 10
      micrograms was given one month after birth and the third dose 10 micrograms was
      given 6 months after birth. The sera samples were collected during 1-6 months
      after 3 times of inoculation. And tested HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc by using
      Solid-phase Radioimmunoassay (SPRIA). In total, 288 sera samples were tested. All
      samples were negative in HBsAg; Positive rate of anti-HBs was 96.18%, geometric
      titer was 1105.14 mIU/m. The results showed that the China made 50 micrograms
      Hepatitis B vaccine has a good serological effect on newborn babies.

PMID- 2276181
TI  - [A sero-epidemiological study on HBV infection in a farm].
AB  - A seroepidemiological study on HBV infection was carried out in a farm with a
      population of 777. HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc were tested with SPRIA; HBeAg and
      anti-HBe with ELISA and HBV DNA with spot hybridization. The results showed that:
      1. in HBeAg negative individuals, the positive rate of HBV DNA was 9.33%, as a
      result, the infectivity of HBsAg carriers could not be estimated accurately with
      HBeAg examination only; 2. among the total HBV infected individuals, the positive
      rate of HBsAg of the males was significantly higher than that of the females
      (51.38% vs 38.89%, P less than 0.005), indicating the difference of response to
      HBV between males and females; 3. in anti-HBs positive individuals, 42.53% were
      anti-HBs positive alone, of which, 78.72% had evidence of HBV infection four
      years before the examination, indicating that the majority of persons who had
      anti-HBs alone were specifically responsive to HBV.

PMID- 2276182
TI  - A survey of children with HBsAg markers related to their parents HBV markers.
AB  - It was showed that 103 children with HBsAg markers alone (4-8 years of age) were
      closely selected to their either mothers or fathers. The data indicated that all
      of HBV markers were detected in all samples except. Three of them. But one of
      their three children was adopted. The ratio of HBsAg and HBeAg in the parent's
      positive sera was 26.6% to 12.5%. Even though the mother with HBeAg marker played
      an important role in the transmission of hepatitis B infection, but we could not
      omitted the role of father with HBeAg marker. Therefore some persistent
      appropriate measures in daily life was necessary to prevent children from HBV
      infection. Hepatitis B vaccine inoculation should be considered firstly on new
      born infants, nursery children and then those who were HBV markers negative.

PMID- 2276183
TI  - [Analysis of 7843 outpatients with diarrhoea].
AB  - 7843 outpatients with diarrhoea registered at clinical units of villages,
      townships and counties were analysed in August 20-30, 1988. Among those, 3129
      (39.9%) cases were children under 5 years of age, and 18 (0.23%) with cholera,
      2222 (28.33%) with dysentery, 122 (1.56%) with typhoid or paratyphoid fever and
      5479 (69.88%) with other diarrhoea diagnosed by clinical symptoms. It was shown
      that the mediate or severe, mild and no dehydration was 5.37%, 26.97% and 66.66%
      respectively, and that the use rate of antibiotics, I.V. infusion, ORS and
      Chinese Herbs was 88.94%, 19.32%, 27.64% and 15.86% respectively. The conclusion
      elucidated that the high proportion of seeking medical services within 24 hours
      and few cases of mediate or severe dehydration were one of the reasons why there
      was low case-fatality of diarrhoea in China.

PMID- 2276184
TI  - [The effect of the emergent vaccination using DTP vaccine to control the outbreak
      of pertussis].
AB  - This paper reports the results of the effects of the emergent vaccination with
      DTP vaccine to control the outbreak of pertussis. Objects of observation were 4-6
      years old children of kindergarten having pertussis vaccination and exposed
      history. The children were at random divided into two groups: 76 children were
      vaccinated with DTP vaccine and 72 children were inoculated with placebo. The
      results of observation: there was no strong and abnormal reaction in the
      vaccinated children; two weeks and three months after emergent vaccination with
      DTP vaccine, GMT antibody of pertussis were increased 18.14 and 4.73 times more
      than before vaccination respectively. There were no differences of the attack
      rates average days from vaccination to onset, average days of cough (P greater
      than 0.2) within 21 days after vaccination between the two groups. The protection
      rate was 62.11% three months after vaccination. The results showed that the
      emergent vaccination with DTP to control the outbreak of pertussis was safe and
      effective.

PMID- 2276185
TI  - [A study on atypical scarlet fever].
AB  - An analysis of 135 cases of scarlet fever in Harbin Municipal infection hospital
      in 1987 was carried out. The patients of 0-15 years old were 75.65%, the males
      were higher than the females. All the patients had atypical clinical
      manifestation. 45.18% of them were no fever. 30.37% no angina and 40% no
      strawberry-like tongue. The 60 strains of beta-hemolytic Streptococcus were
      isolated from 129 cases (positive rate 46.51%). 49 strains of them were
      identified as Biotype identification was carried out in 28 strains of them. They
      are all Group A. 14, 6 and 6 strains as biotype 1, 4 and 8/25 respectively. The
      results of antibiotics resistant test showed that strains which were susceptible
      to ampicillin and cephalosporin were 81.58% and the strains of resistant
      penicillin were 21.05%. Some causes of atypical clinical manifestations were
      discussed.

PMID- 2276186
TI  - [1:1 pair matched case-control study on bladder cancer].
AB  - A 1:1 pair matched case-control study was conducted in 1988 to investigate the
      risk factors for bladder cancer. Cases were inpatients suffering from bladder
      cancer, while controls were those admitted to hospitals not due to urinary
      diseases and smoking-related diseases such as lung cancer, oral cancer, or throat
      cancer. A total of 101 pairs of cases and controls from five major hospitals in
      Wuhan city, matched on sex, age, and hospital, were interviewed regarding their
      health history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, and familial history of
      cancer. Bivariate analysis revealed 10 factors significantly associated with
      bladder cancer. Conditional logistic regression analysis showed that 5 out of the
      10 factors were risk factors for bladder cancer. Cigarette smoking, history of
      urinary diseases, working at the unit with more than one person ever suffering
      from bladder cancer, and eating mo than 1.5 kilograms of meat monthly were
      involved highest significant risks, whereas drinking milk appeared to have
      negative significant association with bladder cancer.

PMID- 2276187
TI  - [A case-control study on endometrial carcinoma].
AB  - In order to study the risk factors associated with endometrial carcinoma, a case
      control study conducted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Medical
      University, from July 1984 to June 1988. Interviews with 102 cases and 102
      matched controls were made. The authors analyzed the data, by using odds ratio,
      chi 2 test, chi 2 test for trend and logistic regression. The results indicated
      that risk factors related to endometrial carcinoma might be early menarche, low
      frequency of pregnancy, nulliparity or low parity and obesity. The factors of
      hypertension, diabetes, uterine curettage, fluoroscopy of pelvic cavity and
      mental trauma might also play a very important role in the pathogenesis of
      endometrial carcinoma. There was no association between endometrial carcinoma and
      oral contraceptives, age of first birth, sterilization, leiomyoma of uterus.

PMID- 2276189
TI  - [A study on the methods for correcting the error in measurement of children blood
      pressure].
AB  - The blood pressures of a group of children was obtained with sphygmomanometer
      cuffs of varying widths. It was suggested that the cuff width can be effect for
      accuracy of blood pressure determination, then a correct formula of blood
      pressure determination using an inadequate cuffs was calculated. The efficacy and
      feasibility of the formula was tested in another two groups of children. The
      production of the formula made a possibility for practicing the proposal of
      American Heart Association in which the width of an adequate cuff was believed to
      be 40% of the circumference in middle arms. The formula was simple and convenient
      and should be used in childhood prophylactic medicine, healthy care especially in
      popularized measurement of children blood pressure and scientific cooperative
      investigation.

PMID- 2276188
TI  - [Comparative studies on the role of Anopheles anthropophagus and Anopheles
      sinensis in malaria transmission in China].
AB  - This paper reports on the studies of the role of Anopheles anthropophagus and
      Anopheles sinensis in malaria transmission in a sense to elucidate which one of
      the two species the predominance in this respect. Systematic investigations
      including artificial infection of mosquitoes, quantitative entomological studies
      and parasitological research were conducted in 1982-1987 in 5 pilot areas in
      Anhui (1), Guangxi (2), Sichuan (1) and Guangdong (1). The results revealed that
      the susceptibility of An. anthropophagus to Plasmodium falciparum was
      significantly higher than that of An. sifefsis. The oocyst rate and sporozoite
      rate of the former were 27.9% and 10.9%, while those of the latter being 11.3%
      and 3.0%. Significant difference in natural infection rate of the two species was
      also observed. The mean sporozoite rate of An. anthropophagus was 0.58%
      (105/17984), and that of An. sinensis was 0.02% (4/17718). Taking several
      essential parameters (man-biting rate, human blood index, vectorial capacity and
      entomological inoculation rate) into consideration, the role of An.
      anthropophagus in malaria transmission was 20 times more vigorous than that of
      An. sinensis. The malaria incidence and parasite rate of the inhabitants in site
      were closely related to the proportion of An. anthropophagus in human dwellings.
      According to the survey pursued in 1983; An. anthropophagus was the major vector
      playing an important role in the outbreak of vivax malaria in Shenzhen. The
      preceding results disclosed the important role of Anopheles anthropophagus in the
      transmission of falciparum and vivax malaria. The findings are of significance in
      the stratification of malaria endemic areas of the country and the analysis of
      current situation and programming malaria control measures as well.

PMID- 2276190
TI  - [Brief introduction to pharmacoepidemiology].

PMID- 2276191
TI  - Influence of low osmolality contrast media on electrophysiology and hemodynamics
      in coronary angiography: differences between an ionic (ioxaglate) and a nonionic
      (iohexol) agent.
AB  - It has recently been suggested that the addition of sodium to low osmolality
      contrast media may reduce the incidence of ventricular fibrillation and
      conduction disturbances during coronary angiography. In a randomized, double
      blind study of 30 patients undergoing coronary angiography we therefore examined
      the electrophysiological and hemodynamic effects of the two low osmolality
      contrast media-ioxaglate (with sodium) and iohexol (without sodium). Standard
      ECG, aortic blood pressure, and His bundle electrocardiogram were recorded. The
      contrast media were well tolerated and no serious arrhythmias were observed. Both
      induced a transient decrement in systolic blood pressure and reduction in heart
      rate 10 s following contrast injection (all P less than 0.01). Ioxaglate
      prolonged the QT interval at 10 s (P less than 0.01) and also when analysed for
      the whole observation period (120 s) (P less than 0.05), whereas iohexol did not
      cause any significant changes in the QT-interval. The AH-interval was prolonged
      by ioxaglate at 10 s (P less than 0.01), but not altered by iohexol. Thus, other
      factors than osmolality and sodium content might contribute to QT prolongation,
      since only the contrast agents with sodium (ioxaglate) induced QT prolongation in
      this study.

PMID- 2276192
TI  - Precertification for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in Medicare
      beneficiaries: a melting pot or a need for better national standards?
AB  - The Health Care Financing Administration has contracted with state peer review
      organizations (PROs) in its effort to assure the quality of services and
      eliminate unreasonable and inappropriate care provided Medicare beneficiaries. By
      law, each state PRO must select 10 procedures for precertification. Coronary
      angioplasty has been chosen by 45 PROs for precertification and criteria in each
      state were developed with the advice of local physicians. This report describes
      the findings of a survey of these precertification criteria in an effort to
      determine their variability and to compare the PRO criteria to published national
      criteria created by expert panels. Current precertification criteria of Medicare
      beneficiaries show significant variability in the priorities and the clinical
      practice of cardiologists in performing coronary angioplasty, despite established
      and published guidelines for its safe and efficacious use. It is likely that the
      establishment of locally based criteria for coronary angioplasty will be
      geographically uneven and probably have a less than expected impact on the care
      provided to Medicare beneficiaries.

PMID- 2276193
TI  - Postoperative angiographic evaluation of gastroepiploic artery grafts: technical
      considerations and short-term patency.
AB  - Follow-up angiography was performed in 37 patients with right gastroepiploic
      artery (GEA) grafts at 27 +/- 32 days postoperatively. By the femoral approach, a
      5F cobra or twist catheter was advanced selectively into the gastroduodenal
      artery (GDA) over a plastic-coated guidewire. In 29 patients, the GDA was
      successfully catheterized, and the GEA grafts were clearly visualized by the
      injection of 3-7 ml of contrast medium. GDA catheterization was unsuccessful in 8
      patients, but in 4 of them the grafts were well visualized when 15-20 ml of
      contrast was injected. In the other 4 patients, visualization of the GEA grafts
      was poor, but the distal portions were outlined by retrograde perfusion from the
      native right coronary arteries. A total of 34 GEA grafts were patent (92%), and
      the diameters of these grafts were adequate when compared with respective
      recipient coronary arteries (2.8 +/- 0.9 and 2.3 +/- 0.6 mm, respectively; P less
      than .05). No complications were noted except for transient vasospasm (3
      patients) in the GEA, hepatic artery, or both, which was relieved by the intra
      arterial injection of isosorbide dinitrate (2.5 mg). Thus, the over-the-wire
      technique allows simple and safe GDA catheterization, which is essential for
      obtaining good visualization of GEA grafts.

PMID- 2276194
TI  - Mitral valve disruption following percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty.
AB  - Two cases of massive mitral regurgitation due to mitral valve disruption
      following percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty are reported. This severe
      complication occurred in two elderly women with recurrent mitral stenosis after
      previous surgical commissurotomy. Due to their unstable hemodynamic and clinical
      condition, both patients underwent emergency valve replacement. At surgery, the
      commissures appeared fused and heavily calcified; the chordae tendineae
      thickened, shortened, and fused; and the leaflets presented a large tear with
      sheared edges. Because the technical aspects of both procedures were
      unremarkable, the anatomic features of the mitral valve seemed to affect the
      occurrence of severe mitral regurgitation. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty
      should be therefore applied carefully to patients with prior surgical valvotomy,
      in whom the structural alterations of the mitral apparatus may predispose to
      severe valvular damage.

PMID- 2276195
TI  - Percutaneous balloon pulmonic valvuloplasty following treated endocarditis in a
      patient with congenital pulmonary valve stenosis.
AB  - A 36-year-old woman with congenital pulmonary valve stenosis developed the rare
      complication of endocarditis of the valve. After successful sterilization of the
      valve, the patient underwent percutaneous balloon pulmonic valvuloplasty at a
      later date. The procedure successfully reduced the peak pulmonary valve gradient
      from 94 to 45 mm Hg. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty is the procedure of
      choice for treatment of congenital pulmonary valvular stenosis, even in the
      unusual patient who has healed endocarditis of the pulmonary valve.

PMID- 2276196
TI  - Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in sickle cell anemia: a case
      report.
AB  - Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty was performed on a 19-year-old
      female who had moderate pulmonary valve stenosis with sickle cell anemia. The
      patient developed sickle cell crisis resulting in occipital infarction, but she
      made a good recovery. We describe this case and the methods of reducing the risk
      of sickle cell crisis.

PMID- 2276197
TI  - Rib compression of the coronary arteries.
AB  - This report describes the finding of coronary artery narrowing caused by
      compression by an overlying rib in two patients with cardiomegaly. There is
      probably no clinical significance to this finding. The primary differential
      diagnostic entity is myocardial bridging.

PMID- 2276198
TI  - "Woven" right coronary artery: case report and therapeutic implications.
AB  - We report an unusual anomaly of the right coronary artery consisting of proximal
      branching of the artery and subsequent interweaving of the branches, referred to
      as a "woven" coronary artery. Implications and differential diagnosis are
      discussed.

PMID- 2276199
TI  - Intracoronary stenting: bailout or bypass?

PMID- 2276200
TI  - Coronary stent implantation in acute vessel closure 48 hours after an
      unsatisfactory coronary angioplasty.
AB  - We report the implantation of a balloon-expandable stent in a patient with acute
      vessel closure in the state of evolving myocardial infarction following 48 hr
      after unsatisfactory coronary angioplasty. The stent was implanted after
      successful recanalization of an occluded left anterior descending artery, with
      repeated unsatisfactory results of balloon angioplasty. Adjunct thrombolytic
      therapy was contraindicated. No residual stenosis was documented in immediate
      control angiograms, or after 24 hr, 3 weeks, and 4 months.

PMID- 2276201
TI  - Emergent saphenous vein graft stenting for acute occlusion during percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty.
AB  - This report describes the initial use in the United States of emergency
      intravascular stenting for the treatment of acute coronary occlusion complicating
      elective saphenous vein graft angioplasty. This case adds further support to the
      role of the balloon expandable stent as an effective "bail out" device for failed
      angioplasty.

PMID- 2276202
TI  - Implantation of an endoluminal prosthesis at the distal anastomosis of a bypass
      graft for abrupt closure following balloon angioplasty.
AB  - A coronary Wallstent was implanted in a 10-year-old saphenous vein bypass graft
      following a PTCA that was complicated by abrupt closure. Anterograde flow was
      restored and no myocardial necrosis resulted. One week later, bypass surgery was
      performed due to a bleeding complication associated with the anticoagulation
      regimen.

PMID- 2276204
TI  - Interpretation of cardiac pathophysiology from pressure waveform analysis: II.
      The tricuspid valve.

PMID- 2276203
TI  - Effect of heparin in nonionic contrast media on blood coagulation and its dose
      response curve.
AB  - To investigate the local effect of heparin on blood clot formation and partial
      thromboplastin time (PTT), blood was withdrawn into the catheters filled with
      iopamidol and heparin at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 U per ml concentrations as
      debubbling. After 30 min incubation, blood clotting was observed in all 8
      experiments with heparin concentrations of 0 and 1 U per ml; in 3 of 8 with 2 U
      per ml; and in none with greater than or equal to 3 U per ml. PTT of blood and
      contrast mixture in catheters increased significantly when heparin concentrations
      were increased from 2 to 3 U per ml and reached a level of greater than 110 sec
      at 5 or more U per ml. Thus, the addition of heparin to nonionic contrast media
      at concentrations of 5 U per ml may be an easy measure with which to prevent
      blood clotting and reduce thromboembolic complications during coronary
      arteriography.

PMID- 2276205
TI  - Ex-vivo results using a new pullback atherectomy catheter (PAC).
AB  - In order to evaluate the feasibility of performing definitive atheromatous plaque
      removal using a novel retrograde cutting (Pullback) atherectomy catheter,
      pullback atherectomy was performed in 13 severely diseased cadaveric superficial
      femoral arteries. All experiments were performed using cadaver tissue either
      mounted in a perfusion/mounting chamber (n = 10) or left in situ (n = 3). In
      general, a single cut was made with each of three sequentially larger atherectomy
      catheters (2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, and then 3.5 mm devices). The results were evaluated
      by angiography and by light microscopy. Nine of the 13 experiments were performed
      in totally occluded vessels. The mean pre-atherectomy stenosis (all specimens)
      was 95 +/- 3%, with a final mean postatherectomy stenosis of 21 +/- 5%. There was
      one vessel performation. We conclude from these preclinical studies that
      retrograde atherectomy with the Pullback Atherectomy Catheter is a feasible means
      of performing definitive atherectomy. Despite the promising potential of
      retrograde atherectomy, little can be said with certainty about the clinical
      utility of such a device at this early stage.

PMID- 2276206
TI  - Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the ascending aorta.

PMID- 2276207
TI  - Use of a coronary guiding catheter to direct a snare in removal of a retained
      catheter fragment.

PMID- 2276208
TI  - Arboviral surveillance. Update: St. Louis encephalitis in Florida and Texas,
      United States, 1990.

PMID- 2276209
TI  - Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) in British Columbia.

PMID- 2276210
TI  - Surveillance of sexually transmitted diseases, 1989--Sweden.

PMID- 2276211
TI  - [Into the society: analysis of 107 cases of tumor patients].

PMID- 2276212
TI  - [Experience in body temperature control after open heart surgery under
      extracorporeal circulation].

PMID- 2276214
TI  - [Nursing care of pregnant women with cardiac prosthesis during delivery].

PMID- 2276213
TI  - [Nursing care of acute myocardial infarction patients in perioperative period].

PMID- 2276216
TI  - [Pre and post operative care of separation of ischio pagus tripus conjointed
      twins].

PMID- 2276215
TI  - [Effects of patient education for preoperative gynecologic abdominal surgery on
      the prevention of postoperative abdominal distension].

PMID- 2276217
TI  - Investigation and outcome of 121 infants and children requiring Nissen
      fundoplication for the management of gastroesophageal reflux.
AB  - In a 6.5 year period starting January 1982, 121 patients (74 male, 47 female;
      1.6:1) with complicated gastroesophageal reflux referred to Alberta Children's
      Hospital, University of Calgary, required a Nissen fundoplication at a mean age
      of 35.5 months (range 3 weeks to 18 years). The median age of onset of symptoms
      was less than 1 month. Symptoms and indications for surgery included
      regurgitation (88%), failure to thrive (52%), reflux-associated pulmonary
      symptoms and aspiration (48%), biopsy evidence of esophagitis (35%) with
      heartburn (17%), dysphagia (18%), hematemesis (17%), anemia (13%), and
      hypoproteinemia (22%). Sixty-four percent of the patients had a syndrome or
      chromosomal abnormality, respiratory disease, or neuromuscular disorder. The
      barium contrast upper-gastrointestinal radiographic series, performed in all
      patients, identified structural [gastric outlet obstruction (2%), esophageal
      stricture (11%), erosive esophagitis (9%)], and functional abnormalities
      [gastroesophageal reflux (90%), barium aspiration (8%), esophageal
      hypoperistalsis (30%), delayed gastric emptying (4%)]. Barium contrast upper
      gastrointestinal radiographic series identified gastroesophageal reflux with a
      sensitivity of 90% (compared to history), was 50% sensitive and 92% specific for
      erosive esophagitis (compared to biopsy), was 59% sensitive and 74% specific for
      esophageal dysmotility (compared to esophageal manometry), and there was a
      significant (p less than 0.01) association between barium aspiration and prior
      evidence of aspiration pneumonitis. Esophageal manometry demonstrated a
      significantly (p less than 0.001) lower esophageal sphincter pressure in patients
      compared with controls, but no significant correlation with failure to thrive,
      aspiration pneumonia, biopsy evidence of esophagitis, or parameters of the 24
      hour esophageal pH study. Twenty-four hour pH monitoring showed significantly (p
      less than 0.05) more reflux episodes than in asymptomatic controls and there was
      significant (p less than 0.05) correlation between the percentage of time pH was
      less than 4 and the presence of hypoalbuminemia, and biopsy-proven erosive
      esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopic appearance was 91% sensitive and
      60% specific for esophagitis when compared to biopsy. Nissen fundoplication was
      completely effective at resolving gastroesophageal reflux in 83%, and associated
      with marked improvement in 15%. No patient died as a result of fundoplication.
      Major complications included: recurrence of symptoms requiring reoperation (2%),
      subsequent mechanical bowel obstruction (8%), wound infection or pneumonia (12%).

PMID- 2276218
TI  - Evaluation of hepatic venous balloon occluder to estimate portal pressure.
AB  - The hepatic venous balloon occluder method of estimating portal venous pressure
      (PVP) was evaluated in cats and dogs, during basal state and active
      vasoconstriction, and during passive presinusoidal resistance elevation in cats.
      In the dog, the balloon catheter measured a pressure not different from PVP when
      the balloon was inflated both in basal state and during active vasoconstriction
      induced by hepatic nerve stimulation, intraportal infusion of histamine or
      norepinephrine, regardless of whether the balloon was distal or proximal to
      hepatic venous sphincters. In the cat, the inflated balloon measures a pressure
      not different from PVP in basal state but slightly overestimated PVP during nerve
      stimulation or norepinephrine infusion in some protocols. Blood clots were
      injected intraportally in cats to produce a pure, passive presinusoidal
      resistance as shown by unchanged intrahepatic pressure but elevated PVP. The
      balloon method accurately measured PVP in this condition and clearly cannot
      differentiate pre- from postsinusoidal resistance sites in cats or dogs. The
      balloon method and the classical wedged pressure method will represent PVP when
      resistance is primarily postsinusoidal; they provide different measurements when
      resistance is presinusoidal, the wedged method representing intrahepatic pressure
      but the balloon method reflecting portal pressure. These differences require
      confirmation in human presinusoidal cirrhosis.

PMID- 2276219
TI  - Hepatic iron and iron absorption in hemochromatosis.
AB  - The relationship between iron absorption and hepatic iron was studied in 21
      patients with hemochromatosis. Iron absorption was studied using 59Fe and total
      body counting and hepatic iron was measured by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. Iron absorption was inversely related to hepatic iron
      concentration (r = -0.51, p = 0.009) in this patient population. This observation
      suggests that iron absorption is regulated by body iron stores even in
      hemochromatosis, and does not support the hypothesis that the primary metabolic
      defect in hemochromatosis is a deregulation of iron absorption in relation to
      iron stores.

PMID- 2276220
TI  - Characterization of a lipoprotein lipase class III type defect in
      hypertriglyceridemic cats.
AB  - Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is an important enzyme involved in triacylglycerol
      metabolism in plasma. We have characterized the deficiency in LPL activity in
      hypertriglyceridemic cats. Pre- and postheparin plasma contain a similar high
      level of LPL mass, which has no enzymatic activity. This indicates that the cats
      produce an abnormal LPL protein which is inactive and fails to bind to the
      endothelium. This phenomenon is similar to the Class III type defect
      characterized in human LPL deficiency. Molecular analyses indicate that there is
      no major structural rearrangement in the LPL gene, and that the mRNA and protein
      products are normal with respect to size and quantity. These cats present unique
      animal model for human LPL deficiency.

PMID- 2276221
TI  - A rat hybridoma model of Heymann nephritis: production of a monoclonal anti GP330
      from a nephritic rat.
AB  - Autologous (Heymann) nephritis was induced by immunizing Sprague-Dawley rats with
      a crude membrane extract (Fx1A) prepared from renal cortical tubules. Urine
      protein excretion was monitored to determine the onset of nephritis and then the
      spleens of nephritic rats were fused with a non-secretor rat myeloma cell line.
      Supernatants from hybridoma cultures were first screened for production of anti
      brush border membrane (BBM) antibody by immunodot blotting of highly purified rat
      BBM on nitrocellulose. Positive hybrids were then tested by indirect
      immunofluorescence for the presence of IgG, which binds to the brush border of
      rat renal proximal tubules. Those hybrids which were positive by both screening
      assays were subcloned twice. Two monoclonal antibodies (C5, D11) were studied in
      some detail. Both C5 and D11 immunoprecipitated a single polypeptide from BBM,
      labelled with 125I by the lactoperoxidase method. Radioautography of gradient 4
      11% slab sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels revealed that the
      polypeptide against which C5 and D11 were directed co-migrated with the
      polypeptide immunoprecipitated by (i) IgG eluted from the renal cortex of
      nephritic rats, and by (ii) a mouse anti-rat monoclonal against gp 330 [a BBM
      constituent with proven pathogenicity [9]]. Supernatants which tested positive by
      immunodot blotting but negative by indirect immunofluorescence showed no
      detectable immunoprecipitate after reaction with BBM. Immunocytochemical staining
      by immunoperoxidase and immunogold methods localized C5 and D11 to the BBM of the
      renal proximal tubule and to the urine face of the glomerular
      epithelium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2276222
TI  - Complete response to combination therapy with an LHRH agonist and flutamide in
      metastatic male breast cancer: a case report.
AB  - Twelve months after modified radical mastectomy with axillary dissection (4 out
      of 13 nodes found positive) in a 66-year old man, bone scintigraphy showed
      multiple bone metastases. Treatment was started with the combined administration
      of an LHRH agonist and the pure antiandrogen Flutamide. Six and a half months
      later, bone scintigraphy was normal while serum testosterone was reduced to 10%
      of control and the serum concentration of the adrenal steroids was decreased by
      23 to 45%. Following relapse of the disease at 12 months, more complete blockade
      of adrenal steroid secretion was achieved with aminoglutethimide and
      hydrocortisone. Stability of the disease was then observed up to the last
      evaluation performed in January 1990 (5 years of stable disease). Since the
      adrenal steroids are converted into active androgens and estrogens in peripheral
      tissues, including the breast, the combined therapy has the advantage of reducing
      the source of potentially active estrogens and androgens while blocking the
      action of androgens in target tissues. No side-effects other than those due to
      hypoandrogenicity, namely hot flushes and loss of libido and potency were
      observed. This well-tolerated treatment achieves complete medical castration,
      partial medical adrenalectomy, and neutralization of peripheral androgen action.

PMID- 2276223
TI  - Growth hormone suppression and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: a
      preliminary feasibility study.
AB  - We used the long acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in order to examine the
      feasibility and effect of medical suppression of growth hormone in
      nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Six insulin-dependent diabetic subjects
      with nonproliferative retinopathy were studied. After eight weeks of SMS 201-995
      administration, 24-hour integrated plasma growth hormone concentrations had
      declined by 47.0 +/- 9.3% of pretreatment values (p less than 0.01), and insulin
      requirements fell from 40.7 +/- 6.7 units per day to 32.2 +/- 6.9 units per day
      (p less than 0.01). Plasma levels of somatomedin-C were low before SMS 201-995
      (0.5 +/- 0.1 U/ml) and remained unchanged at eight weeks (0.6 +/- 0.1 U/ml; p =
      ns). During SMS 201-995 administration, best corrected visual acuity improved in
      both right eyes (53.8 +/- 2.57 to 59.8 +/- 0.7 letters, p less than 0.05) and
      left eyes (54.8 +/- 2.8 to 61.7 +/- 1.23 letters, p less than 0.03). Fluorescein
      angiography and stereo fundus photography demonstrated concurrent improvement in
      retinopathy level in only two subjects. Following cessation of SMS 201-995
      treatment, visual acuity returned to pretreatment levels in both right eyes (54.5
      +/- 2.4 letters, p = ns compared to baseline) and left eyes (55.8 +/- 2.6
      letters, p = ns compared to baseline). These results demonstrate that growth
      hormone was only partially suppressed by SMS 201-995 in insulin-dependent
      diabetic subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2276224
TI  - Future prospects and strategies for academic medicine in Quebec.
AB  - Complete reorganization of the Quebec health and social services system, as
      envisaged by a new bill to be studied by the provincial government, is of major
      importance for the future of academic medicine since it includes all aspects of
      the training of health care professionals. While the bill aims to stimulate
      fundamental and applied research to the highest standards of academic medicine,
      its clearly stated spending limitations are a major concern to academic
      physicians. With the proposed centralization of all health care institutions, the
      role of medical schools and universities will be significantly diminished.
      Scientific programs of international standing and high levels of teaching and
      training of medical students and residents, on the other hand, can only be
      achieved with the development of appropriate structures. Effective
      prioritization, planning and representation of academic institutions must
      therefore be given as much consideration as the equally important functions of
      health care, teaching, and research. Programs oriented toward personnel support
      and the development of research centres and institutes should continue to be
      fostered. The future of academic medicine, particularly in its clinical
      components, is closely linked to the health care system. Academic physicians must
      become involved in the strategic planning of health care delivery since the
      development of academic medicine will otherwise not flourish.

PMID- 2276225
TI  - A false-positive scan for testicular torsion and false-negative scan for
      epididymitis.
AB  - A 17-year-old boy underwent a radionuclide scan for testicular torsion. The scan
      demonstrated a cold defect with a warm ring, indicating a "missed" testicular
      torsion. Operative findings, however, demonstrated epididymitis. A false-positive
      radionuclide study is described in a patient with epididymitis and the literature
      of scintigraphy in testicular torsion is reviewed.

PMID- 2276226
TI  - Intestinal obstruction diagnosed by cholescintigraphy.
AB  - Radionuclide cholescintigraphy provides useful information about the dynamics of
      bile flow through the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and intestines. Besides
      helping to diagnose acute cholecystitis, it may provide other meaningful
      information to effectively alter the patient's management. Preoperative diagnosis
      of intestinal obstruction was made on routine cholescintigraphy and was proved
      subsequently at surgery.

PMID- 2276227
TI  - Stress fracture of the patella. Confirmation by triple-phase bone imaging.
AB  - An athlete complained of chronic knee pain but had minimal findings on physical
      examination and initial equivocal radiographs. Subsequent tomograms of the knee
      suggested a patella stress fracture. Three-phase bone imaging confirmed a stress
      fracture of the inferior pole of the patella.

PMID- 2276228
TI  - Extrapulmonary sites of radiogallium accumulation in sarcoidosis.
AB  - In an effort to detect extrapulmonary sites of radiogallium accumulation in cases
      of sarcoidosis, 145 separate Ga-67 citrate studies of 114 patients with biopsy
      proven sarcoidosis were examined. The most characteristic extrapulmonary
      radiogallium uptake pattern was the "panda sign" in 47 patients (41%). The most
      common site of prominent extrapulmonary radiogallium uptake was the lacrimal
      glands in 101 patients (88%). Second most common was activity in one or more
      superficial lymph node regions such as the cervical, axillary, femoral, or
      inguinal in 19 patients (17%). Other extrapulmonary sites included breast uptake
      in 6 out of 80 women (8%), prominent splenic and nasal uptake in 9 (8%) patients,
      periportal accumulation in 7 (6%), and cutaneous/subcutaneous activity in 4 (4%).
      Because many of these individuals were receiving corticosteroids, the natural
      (untreated) prevalence of extrapulmonary findings may be even higher. Although
      the sensitivity and specificity of extrapulmonary radiogallium accumulation has
      still to be determined, many of the sites may be accessible to biopsy both for
      diagnostic purposes and to follow the effects of medications. It is therefore
      suggested that whole-body imaging be performed when radiogallium is administered
      to patients with suspected or known sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2276229
TI  - Ga-67 uptake in diethylstilbestrol-induced gynecomastia. Experience with six
      patients.
AB  - Six patients who had been treated with diethylstibestrol (DES) for prostatic
      cancer had symmetrical breast uptake of Ga-67. Of these patients, five proved to
      have DES-induced gynecomastia. The minimum dose and administration period of DES
      required for Ga-67 uptake in gynecomastia is discussed.

PMID- 2276230
TI  - Septic Haemophilus influenzae polyarthritis demonstrated best with Tc-99m HMPAO
      labeled leukocytes.
AB  - A 5-year-old girl with fever and tenderness in her left wrist and right ankle was
      hospitalized. Bone scanning and Tc-99m labeled leukocyte imaging showed increased
      uptake in these joints and also in her left knee. These radionuclide methods
      helped determine the diagnosis and were superior to plain radiography and CT
      scanning. Uptake was greater on leukocyte imaging than it was on the bone scan.
      The patient had infectious polyarthritis caused by Haemophilus influenzae, which
      is a very rare cause of acute polyarthritis in children older than 2 years. The
      patient fully recovered with antibiotic therapy, and no surgical procedure was
      needed.

PMID- 2276231
TI  - Equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography in Duchenne's cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Myocardial dysfunction in 14 patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD)
      was evaluated by Tc-99m HSA multigated radionuclide ventriculography (MGRV).
      Follow-up studies were performed on eight patients for 5 years. Left ventricular
      ejection fraction and standard deviation of the phase angle were abnormal in all
      patients older than 15 years. Hypokinetic changes and phase delay were
      recognizable in most patients older than 17 years. Peak filling rate decreased in
      patients older than 17 years. MGRV was considered an effective method for
      evaluating serial changes in cardiomyopathy of patients with DMD.

PMID- 2276232
TI  - Differential diagnosis of bilateral parietal abnormalities in I-123 IMP SPECT
      imaging.
AB  - This report discusses the clinical significance of bilateral parietal
      abnormalities on I-123 IMP SPECT imaging in 158 patients with cerebral disorders.
      This pattern was seen in 15 out of 21 patients with Alzheimer's disease; it was
      also seen in 4 out of 5 patients with Parkinson's disease with dementia, in 3 out
      of 17 patients with vascular dementia, in 1 out of 36 patients with cerebral
      infarction without dementia, in 1 out of 2 patients with hypoglycemia, and in 1
      out of 2 patients with CO intoxication. Detection of bilateral parietal
      abnormalities is a useful finding in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, but
      one should keep in mind that other cerebral disorders may also show a similar
      pattern with I-123 IMP SPECT imaging.

PMID- 2276233
TI  - Tc-99m HMPAO/SPECT determination of regional cerebral blood flow changes in
      schizophrenics.
AB  - Hypofrontality (hypometabolism and hypoperfusion) has been demonstrated in
      patients with schizophrenia by the use of several imaging methods, such as
      positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, Tc-99m hexamethylpropylene
      amineoxime (HMPAO) and SPECT were used to investigate regional blood flow changes
      in 20 schizophrenic patients (12 males and 8 females, aged 15-50 years)
      experiencing acoustic hallucinations. Tc-99m HM-PAO (15-20 mCi) was injected
      intravenously, eight regions/hemisphere were drawn on transaxial sections, and
      tracer redistribution was calculated for each region. Frontal/occipital ratios
      (0.917 +/- 0.045) and frontal/whole-slice ratios (0.984 +/- 0.036) were
      determined for each patient. The patients had significantly lower
      frontal/occipital ratios (P less than 0.0005) and lower frontal/whole-slice
      ratios (P less than 0.01) in comparison to a normal group (11 cases).

PMID- 2276234
TI  - Bone scan and chemonucleolysis.
AB  - This study is based on 20 patients who underwent bone scanning before and after
      chemonucleolysis (CN) for a herniated lumbar disk. It shows that chymopapain, the
      proteolytic enzyme used for CN, does not induce early or late bone lesions of the
      adjacent vertebral plates. Abnormal uptake by one of the vertebral plates
      indicates a "chemical discitis." The pattern observed on the bone scan is
      different from the one presented by patients with bacterial spondylitis.

PMID- 2276235
TI  - The need for oblique or lateral ventilation images in the diagnosis of pulmonary
      embolism.

PMID- 2276236
TI  - Muscle uptake on bone scintigraphy mimicking fracture of the femur.

PMID- 2276238
TI  - Unsuspected ascites noted on a blood pool venogram study.

PMID- 2276237
TI  - Intermittent bleeding in a patient with multiple ulcerations near the terminal
      ileum visualized on Tc-99m RBC gastrointestinal imaging.

PMID- 2276239
TI  - Lateral inguinal hernia detected on routine bone scan.

PMID- 2276240
TI  - Achalasia detected on a radiocolloid gastroesophageal transit study.

PMID- 2276241
TI  - Uterine leiomyomata. Discrepancy between scintigraphic and radiographic images.

PMID- 2276242
TI  - Nailbiting.
AB  - Nailbiting is a common oral habit in children and young adults. It is estimated
      that 28 to 33% of children between the ages of 7 to 10 years and 45% of
      adolescents are nailbiters. The etiologies suggested for nailbiting include
      stress, imitation of other family members, heredity, a transference from the
      thumb sucking habit, and poorly manicured nails. Nailbiting is usually confined
      to the fingernails and most nailbiters bite all 10 fingers equally rather than
      selectively. Complications of nailbiting include damage to the cuticles and
      nails, secondary bacterial infection and dental problems. Treatment should be
      directed at any precipitating causes of stress. Reminders should only be used
      with the consent of the child. Care of the nails and cuticles, behavioral
      modification techniques, positive reinforcement, and regular follow-up are
      important aspects of treatment. Nailbiting, or onychophagia, is defined as the
      habit of biting one's nails and is a common oral habit in children and young
      adults. Nailbiting is embarrassing, unattractive, socially undesirable, and can
      predispose to the development of paronychia. Physicians are frequently consulted
      about nailbiting but not withstanding the prevalence of the problem, there is a
      surprising lack of literature on nailbiting. The purpose of this article is to
      familiarize the reader with the problem and to suggest appropriate approaches to
      treatment.

PMID- 2276244
TI  - Congenital complete atrio-ventricular block associated with fusiform aneurysms of
      the aorta and pulmonary artery.

PMID- 2276243
TI  - Congenital complete atrio-ventricular block associated with fusiform aneurysms of
      the aorta and pulmonary artery.

PMID- 2276245
TI  - Correlates of emergency room utilization in the first year of life.
AB  - We conducted a case-control study to examine the correlates of emergency room use
      in the first year of life, particularly the role of parental health beliefs,
      among the families of inner-city children enrolled in a hospital-based primary
      care program. Data was collected by structured interviews and by medical record
      review. Emergency room users were more likely to have single mothers and to have
      acute, recurrent medical conditions than were non-users. Health beliefs differed
      between groups by maternal report of worry about the kinds of illnesses that her
      child acquires. Emergency room use was predicted by: maternal marital status,
      maternal worry and concern that illness interferes with her child's activity,
      acute recurrent illnesses, hospitalization. This model may be applicable to other
      populations in designing intervention strategies to modify emergency room
      utilization.

PMID- 2276246
TI  - Overwhelming neonatal septicemia diagnosed upon examination of peripheral blood
      smears.

PMID- 2276247
TI  - Iliacus abscess in a child.

PMID- 2276248
TI  - Child maltreatment histories among runaway and delinquent children.
AB  - The records of 378 children presenting to a juvenile court were reviewed for
      histories of child maltreatment, based on evidence from a formal investigative
      process by the Department of Social Services. The children came from two groups:
      delinquents, who had engaged in criminal activity, and status offenders, whose
      legal involvement was due to non-criminal behavior, such as running away and
      truancy. Fifty-five percent of the status offenders and 45% of the delinquents
      had substantiated histories of maltreatment. The percent of status offenders who
      had been sexually abused was seven times higher among runaways (35%) than among
      the other members of the group (5%). The percent of delinquents who had been
      physically maltreated was significantly greater among those convicted of
      committing violent crimes (27%) than among the non-violent delinquents (14%).
      Thus, maltreatment may contribute significantly to delinquent behavior.

PMID- 2276249
TI  - Diminished linear growth associated with chronic salt depletion.

PMID- 2276250
TI  - Chronic middle ear effusion--a possible cause of protracted vomiting and failure
      to thrive in infancy.

PMID- 2276251
TI  - Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with intracranial hemorrhage and vitreous
      hemorrhage.

PMID- 2276252
TI  - Hydranencephaly and maternal cocaine use: a case report.

PMID- 2276253
TI  - Proposed classification of congenital primary hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2276254
TI  - To scan or not to scan in congenital hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2276255
TI  - Measurements of light transmission through phototherapy eyeshields.

PMID- 2276256
TI  - Research training in clinical effectiveness: replacing "in my experience ..."
      with rigorous clinical investigation.

PMID- 2276257
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation in sickle cell disease: the trade-off between early
      mortality and quality of life.

PMID- 2276258
TI  - Disease, drugs, and delay: suggested changes for the FDA.

PMID- 2276259
TI  - Report of the AFCR Public Policy Committee: current issues in public policy.

PMID- 2276260
TI  - Hypertension.

PMID- 2276262
TI  - Computer-critiqued blood ordering using the HELP system.
AB  - Recently the medical risk of blood transfusions has emphasized the need to
      improve the safe use of blood products. For the past 2 1/2 years at LDS Hospital
      we have used the HELP computer system to assist and critique ordering of blood
      products "on-line" by physicians and nurses. This report details the computer
      methods used to order blood products and to critique the appropriateness of those
      orders. Physicians personally enter the orders for more than 45% of the blood
      products using computer terminals, whereas 7% are from physician standing orders.
      Nurses enter the remaining orders from written orders (26%), verbal orders (14%),
      and phone orders (8%). There were 3396 blood orders for 1043 patients generated
      by 273 physicians during the fourth quarter of 1989. Each order is justified at
      the time it is entered by selecting from a menu of physician-approved criteria.
      The criteria are linked to supportive data in the data base, i.e., laboratory
      results and clinical data. The computer verified that 82% of these orders met
      criteria. Quality Assurance nurses verified the remaining 18%. Of these 18% only
      one in eight required manual chart review. After computer and Quality Assurance
      review, only eight (0.24%) of the orders were found to be true exceptions to
      established criteria. Physicians and nurses have accepted the computerized
      critiquing system. Through use of the computer we provide "on-line" critiquing
      and improve the use of scarce blood product resources.

PMID- 2276261
TI  - PATHMASTER: modelling differential diagnosis as "dynamic competition" between
      systematic analysis and disease-directed deduction.
AB  - PATHMASTER is an expert system under development to assist in teaching
      histopathologic differential diagnosis. The system incorporates two "orthogonal"
      representations of the knowledge required to perform differential diagnosis. One
      representation groups histopathologic features around the anatomic structures of
      liver tissue, the second representation groups the features around the diseases
      in which they occur. Using these two representations, PATHMASTER models the
      process of diagnosis as a "dynamic competition" between systematic analysis and
      disease-directed deduction. By varying two parameters of PATHMASTER's underlying
      mathematical model, the interplay between these factors can be varied.

PMID- 2276263
TI  - Tooth surface fitting and three-dimensional display using hidden surface removal
      technique.
AB  - Bi-cubic parametric spline surface is applied for surface-fitting of the external
      surface and canal of tooth based on its crown-to-root, cross-sectional data
      obtained by X-ray scanning. For three-dimensional display of the fitted surfaces,
      a technique for fast removal of the hidden surfaces is also reported. The
      selection of the accumulated chord length or coordinate component as parameter
      make it possible to fit any kind of surface smoothly. For displaying or plotting
      a well-fitted surface, a method capable of discriminating the grades for
      sequential removal of the hidden surfaces is developed for substantial reduction
      of computing time.

PMID- 2276264
TI  - Computer analysis of the main parameters extrapolated from the human intracranial
      basal artery blood flow.
AB  - In the present work an original mathematical model of human intracranial dynamics
      is used to analyze the clinical significance of several parameters (systolic,
      diastolic, and mean blood flow, Gosling pulsatility index, and Pourcelot index)
      extrapolated from the intracranial basal artery blood flow waveform. In the model
      all the main phenomena characterizing intracranial dynamics (craniospinal
      pressure-volume relationship, arterial and venous intracranial compliance,
      cerebrospinal fluid production and absorption rates, cerebral autoregulation,
      terminal vein collapse) have been included according to anatomical and
      physiological data. From an analysis of the model simulation curves we can
      conclude that, if cerebral autoregulation is working well, only minor changes in
      blood flow patterns may be expected during moderate intracranial hypertension.
      However, when intracranial pressure is in the range of 40-60 mm Hg, the
      pulsatility and Pourcelot indexes exhibit a fairly linear dependence on ICP.
      However, this dependence may be less evident than expected because of changes in
      the ICP pulse amplitude. Finally, when the ICP exceeds about 70 mm Hg, the
      pulsatility index exhibits a disproportionate increase. This condition is
      associated with an evident increase in blood flow pulse amplitude. Moreover, with
      the present computer model not only the effect of intracranial pressure changes,
      but also that of several other biophysical factors (such as arterial compliance,
      craniospinal pressure-volume relationship, regulatory actions) on the
      intracranial artery blood flow shape can be analyzed and related to signals
      obtained using the Doppler transcranial technique.

PMID- 2276265
TI  - NEOANEMIA: a knowledge-based system emulating diagnostic reasoning.
AB  - Medical diagnosis can be modeled in terms of the classical notions of abduction,
      deduction, and induction. Abduction is making a preliminary guess that allows one
      to establish a set of plausible diagnostic hypotheses, followed by deduction for
      exploring their consequences and induction for testing the hypotheses with
      available patient data or for planning the acquisition of new data. Such a
      description of diagnostic reasoning at a knowledge level helps the construction
      of an expert system by fashioning the adopted expert system building tool to
      reflect the structure of the problem rather than by fitting the problem to the
      tool. To this aim, reasoning strategies need to be represented abstractly,
      separate from medical facts and relations, to make the design more transparent
      and explainable.

PMID- 2276266
TI  - How good are clinical MEDLINE searches? A comparative study of clinical end-user
      and librarian searches.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the quality of MEDLINE searches done
      by physicians, physician trainees, and expert searchers (clinicians and
      librarians). Its design was an analytic survey with independent replication in a
      setting of self-service online searching from medical wards, an intensive care
      unit, a coronary care unit, an emergency room, and an ambulatory clinic in a 300
      bed teaching hospital. Participating were all M.D. clinical clerks, house, and
      attending staff responsible for patients in the above settings. Intervention for
      all participants consisted of a 2-h small group class and 1-h practice session on
      MEDLINE searching (GRATEFUL MED) before free access to MEDLINE. Search questions
      from 104 randomly selected novice searches were given to 1 of 13 clinicians with
      prior search experience and 1 of 3 librarians to run independent searches
      (triplicated searches). Measurements and main results from these unique citations
      of the triplicated searches were sent to expert clinicians to rate for relevance
      (7-point scale). Recall (number of relevant citations retrieved from an
      individual search divided by the total number of relevant citations from all
      searches on the same topic) and precision (proportion of relevant citations
      retrieved in each search) were calculated. Librarians were significantly better
      than novices for both. Librarians had equivalent recall to, and better precision
      than, experienced end-users. Unexpectedly, only 20% of relevant citations were
      retrieved by more than one search of the set of three, with the conclusion that
      novice searchers on MEDLINE via GRATEFUL MED after brief training have relatively
      low recall and precision. Recall improves with experience but precision remains
      suboptimal. Further research is needed to determine the "learning curve,"
      evaluate training interventions, and explore the non-overlapping retrieval of
      relevant citations by different searchers.

PMID- 2276267
TI  - Continuity and change: the interpretation of illness in an Anishinaabe (Ojibway)
      community.
AB  - Rich descriptions of Anishinaabe medical knowledge and the cultural meanings
      associated with illness are available in the anthropological literature,
      especially in the writings of A.I. Hallowell. Most of this work is based on
      fieldwork carried out prior to 1940 and was often motivated by a desire to
      reconstruct the pre-contact situation. Since that time, there have been numerous
      changes affecting health status and health care. This paper examines lay medical
      knowledge in a contemporary Canadian Anishinaabeg community, with particular
      attention to change and continuity in the way people explain and respond to the
      occurrence of illness.

PMID- 2276270
TI  - Chronic electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves: effects on blood-aqueous
      barrier.
AB  - The effect of electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves on the blood
      aqueous barrier was investigated in rabbits. The permeability of the barrier was
      assessed during either acute, chronic or following chronic nerve stimulation.
      During acute and chronic stimulation of the sympathetic nerves, fluorescein
      entered the anterior chamber at a rate significantly slower than in control eyes.
      After chronic stimulation, both the rate of entry of fluorescein and the aqueous
      humor protein concentration were much greater than in control eyes indicating
      breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier. Treatment with the non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs, indomethacin and suprofen, completely blocked the breakdown
      of the blood-aqueous barrier. These results indicate that sympathetic nerve
      stimulation can cause the local synthesis of prostaglandins and that these can
      affect the blood-aqueous barrier.

PMID- 2276269
TI  - Hwabyung: the construction of a Korean popular illness among Korean elderly
      immigrant women in the United States.
AB  - The cultural construction of Hwabyung, a Korean culture-bound syndrome, is
      explored among a sample of 20 elderly Korean immigrant women in the United
      States. Hwabyung results when distressed emotions associated with the
      specifically Korean way of perceiving and reacting to intolerable and tragic life
      situations cause bodily symptoms by interfering with the harmony of "Ki" (vital
      energy). Korean elderly immigrants report a broad range of symptoms associated
      with Hwabyung; they less frequently report the epigastric mass, which had been
      considered the cardinal symptom by cosmopolitan and traditional medical writers.
      Hwabyung is treated holistically with psychosocial support from family, spiritual
      comfort, home and popular remedies, traditional Korean medicine, and biomedical
      treatments. Hwabyung provides a way of conceptualizing and resolving emotional
      distress through somatization among Korean elderly immigrant women.

PMID- 2276268
TI  - Ethnocentricity and the social construction of 'mass hysteria'.
AB  - This study provides a critical historical review and analysis of the variety of
      human expressions which have been erroneously labeled under the grandiose
      category "mass hysteria". It is argued that Western science reductionist
      approaches to the classification of "mass hysteria" treat it as an entity to be
      discovered transculturally, and in their self-fulfilling search for universals
      systematically exclude what does not fit within the autonomous parameters of its
      Western-biased culture model, exemplifying what Kleinman (1977) terms a "category
      fallacy." As a result of objectivist methodologies, the etiology of actions
      labeled as "mass hysteria" is typically viewed as deviant, irrational or abnormal
      behavior resulting from a malfunctioning 'proper' social order. However, what
      constitutes 'the' correct social order is a function of a researcher's historical
      sociocultural and/or scientific milieu. This study reviews the problem,
      advocating Geertz's (1973) culturally relativistic approach to understanding
      various cross-cultural behavior that is sensitive to and tolerant of the unique
      context and milieu of participants. "Mass" or "epidemic hysteria" is viewed as an
      invention of Western psychiatry and should be abandoned and replaced with the
      term collective exaggerated emotions. Instead of attempting to 'discover' a
      neatly packaged, unitary external disease entity, the focus of a meaning-oriented
      approach emphasizes the deciphering of foreign realities, semantic networks and
      symbol systems.

PMID- 2276271
TI  - Influence of target color and vergence of light on ocular accommodation during
      binocular fixation.
AB  - In an earlier study we reported large discrepancies between ocular refraction and
      perception of blur for black/white letters. In the present study we report on the
      influence of target color and vergence of light on the human focusing system.
      Twenty visually normal volunteers between 14 and 25 years of age participated in
      this experiment. Targets were brightness-matched red, yellow, green, blue or
      white 21 minarc letters displayed on the black background of a high resolution
      RGB monitor, at a 40 cm observation distance. Changes in the vergence of light
      were effected via increasing amounts of positive and negative power spherical
      lenses placed binocularly in front of the subject's eyes. Our results showed
      that: 1) the accommodative level varied as a function of the color of a target,
      2) the vergence of light was not an infallible cue for accurate accommodation and
      3) the inter-subject variability seen in response to the vergence of light was
      not linked with the chromaticity of test targets. All subjects showed a
      decreasing ability to fully relax accommodation with increasing plus power
      lenses. For minus power lenses, accommodative response profiles were divided into
      3 categories, category 1 having accurate accommodation for the test target,
      category 2 showing a low level lag of accommodation and category 3 being totally
      unresponsive to increasing divergence of light. While subjects across response
      categories showed differential endpoints in clinical estimates of positive
      relative accommodation, other clinical measurements related to refractive error,
      accommodative amplitude and fusional ability failed to predict the accommodative
      behavior of our subjects as did measurements of the resting focus of
      accommodation.

PMID- 2276272
TI  - Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of the cDNA encoding a bovine
      lens intrinsic membrane protein (MP19).
AB  - Recently, we reported the partial characterization of bovine lens intrinsic
      membrane proteins having apparent SDS-PAGE derived molecular mass of 19, 21, and
      23 kDa, and determined that they contained identical NH2- terminal amino acid
      sequences for the first 20 amino acids. From this amino acid sequence
      information, a mixed synthetic oligonucleotide was constructed and used to screen
      a calf lens lambda gt11 cDNA library in order to isolate and characterize the
      cDNA coding for this membrane polypeptide(s). Two separate cDNA clones were
      isolated and sequenced, and were found to have an identical sequence of 883 bases
      with an open reading frame coding for a polypeptide of 173 amino acids, having a
      molecular mass of 19,683 Daltons. The first 20 amino acids of the translated
      sequence were identical to that determined by our laboratory previously, and the
      last seven amino acids were identical to that recently determined by another
      laboratory from analysis of the extracted polypeptides, indicating that this cDNA
      is the authentic molecule coding for MP19.

PMID- 2276273
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta in human aqueous humor.
AB  - The transforming growth factor-beta s are peptide growth factors known to play a
      central role in wound healing. Using a specific, in vitro assay of cell growth
      inhibition, we have detected transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in 24/24
      aqueous humor specimens from eyes undergoing cataract extraction with intraocular
      lens implantation. The amount of TGF-beta ranged from 2.3 to 8.1 ng/ml (mean +/-
      SD = 4.5 +/- 1.7 ng/ml), with 61% present in the active form. Subtyping of TGF
      beta was performed by addition of antibodies specific for the beta 1 and beta 2
      isoforms to the growth inhibition assay, and confirmed with a sandwich enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay. None of the TGF-beta detected was of the beta 1
      isoform; in contrast, the beta 2 isoform was present in every sample, implying
      that it might have originated from ocular tissues. The presence of this potent
      modulator of tissue repair in aqueous humor suggests a role in the healing
      processes following intraocular surgery, including glaucoma filtration surgery.

PMID- 2276274
TI  - Arterial pulse modulates steady-state ocular accommodation.
AB  - Rapid and continuous fluctuations in ocular focus are known to occur when the eye
      views a stationary target. The advent of high-speed infra-red optometers has
      established that these microfluctuations of ocular accommodation have two
      dominant components: low frequency of less than 0.6 Hz and high frequency between
      1.0-2.3Hz. Although the retinal image blur associated with microfluctuations has
      the potential to guide and maintain optimum accommodation levels, there is no
      consensus with regard to the respective contribution of each of the dominant
      frequency components. Using a newly-designed measurement and recording system we
      show that, when viewing a stationary target located at 25cm, individuals exhibit
      little variation in the frequency of low frequency components but significant
      variation in high frequency components. Simultaneous measurements of ocular
      accommodation and systemic arterial pulse demonstrate that the variation in high
      frequency component is significantly correlated with arterial pulse frequency.
      Since control experiments indicate that the microfluctuations are derived from
      activity of the crystalline lens our observations could provide the basis for a
      non-invasive method of assessing the effects of arterial pulse on ciliary
      body/choroidal vasculature, the vitreous/lens interface and intraocular pressure.
      Further, it is feasible that under certain conditions an abnormal increase in the
      magnitude of arterial pulse may affect the aggregate nature of accommodative
      microfluctuations to an extent that disrupts the normal control processes
      maintaining optimum retinal contrast during sustained near vision.

PMID- 2276275
TI  - Tolerance of intravitreal povidone-iodine in rabbit eyes.
AB  - Povidone-iodine is frequently instilled on to the conjunctival surface prior to
      intraocular surgery in order to prevent septic endophthalmitis. A small amount of
      povidone-iodine is inevitably introduced into the eye when it is used in this
      manner. The toxicity of intravitreal povidone-iodine was assessed in rabbit eyes
      by injecting 0.1 ml of povidone-iodine in concentrations of 0.05%, 0.5% and 5%
      into the vitreous cavity. The injected eyes were evaluated by clinical
      examination, anterior segment and fundus photography, endothelial cell counts,
      electroretinography and histopathology. Compared to control eyes, no changes were
      observed in all 6 eyes injected with 0.1 ml of 0.05% povidone-iodine solution. 9
      of 10 eyes tolerated a concentration of 0.5% with no detectable adverse changes.
      One eye developed a temporary mild iritis and mild suppression of the ERG. Intra
      retinal hemorrhages, edema, arteriolar narrowing and retinal edema were seen one
      week following injection. Mild retinal necrosis of the same area was seen on
      histology. All 4 eyes injected with 5% povidone-iodine developed temporary
      hypotony and iridocyclitis. A dense cataract developed in all eyes. Full
      thickness retinal necrosis and a profound lasting reduction in the ERG was
      produced in all of these eyes. No corneal epithelial or endothelial changes were
      observed in any eye in this series. Low concentrations of intravitreal povidone
      iodine likely to be produced by instillation prior to surgery are tolerated by
      rabbit eyes. The concentrations tolerated by the studied eyes are near reported
      bactericidal levels.

PMID- 2276276
TI  - Tumor destruction by intermediate level hyperthermia.
AB  - The tumoricidal effect of hyperthermia was studied in Greene's amelanotic hamster
      melanoma transplanted into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. To achieve
      optimal depth penetration, hyperthermia was induced with near infrared light of
      820-870 nm, during 15 minutes, at a beam diameter of 2.5-6.0 mm resulting in an
      intermediate level hyperthermia of 45-60 degrees C. At 45 degrees C no tumor
      destruction occurred, at 50 degrees C the effect varied from no destruction to
      total thickness tumor destruction. At 55-60 degrees C total tumor destruction
      with additional lens damage occurred. In comparison photocoagulation with white
      light revealed only necrosis up to half the tumor thickness.

PMID- 2276277
TI  - Partial amino acid sequence determination of bovine corneal protein 54 K (BCP 54)
AB  - The most abundant soluble protein of bovine cornea, BCP 54 (Bovine Corneal
      Protein, molecular weight 54 kD) was isolated and digested under both limited and
      complete digestion conditions with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. The
      fragments resulting from limited digestion were separated by one-dimensional
      sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to a
      polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, visualized by Coomassie Blue staining, cut
      out, and submitted to N-terminal protein sequence analysis. Complete digestion
      fragments were separated on a Vydac C18 reverse-phase HPLC, collected, and
      concentrated prior to sequencing. Using this method, we obtained amino acid
      sequence data from three internal V8 protease derived fragments of BCP 54 and a
      number of HPLC fragments. Comparison of these amino acid sequences, corresponding
      to 30% of the BCP 54 molecule, to those sequences contained within release 22 of
      the National Biomedical Research Foundation Protein Identification Resource
      revealed no extended sequence similarity of known proteins to BCP54.

PMID- 2276278
TI  - Direct stimulation by succinate of Na+:K+ pump in rabbit ciliary epithelium.
AB  - The effects of succinate on the intracellular potential difference, PDI, were
      measured in isolated rabbit ciliary processes. Concentration-dependent increases
      in the hyperpolarization of PDI occurred between 1 and 15 mM succinate in NaCl
      Ringers. With 5 mM succinate, there was a 6 mV hyperpolarization. Even though the
      hyperpolarization of PDI was comparable with 10 and 15 mM succinate, it was more
      sustained at the latter two concentrations. Succinate also elicited comparable
      hyperpolarizations of PDI in either Cl(-)-free or HCO3(-)-free Ringers.
      Similarly, following incubation with either 0.1 mM DIDS or 3 mM BaCl2 the effect
      of succinate on PDI was unchanged. Five mM succinate had no effect if it was
      added after 5 mM malonate. Malonate (5 mM) rapidly reversed a 5 mM succinate
      induced hyperpolarization of PDI which also suggests a metabolically mediated
      effect on PDI. An isosmotic substitution of Na+ with NMDG Ringers depolarized
      PDI, whereas PDI depolarized biphasically during exposure to 0.1 mM ouabain. The
      addition of 5 mM succinate had no effect on either the time course or the
      magnitude of the depolarization of PDI during blocking of the Na+:K+ pump with
      either Na(+)-free Ringers or ouabain. Taken together, these results show that
      succinate selectively stimulates the Na+:K+ pump, but has no effect on any Cl-,
      HCO3- or a Ba2(+)-sensitive K+ conductance.

PMID- 2276279
TI  - The sequences of two peptides from cataract lenses suggest they arise by
      deamidation.
AB  - Polyclonal antisera made against synthetic peptides corresponding to expected
      tryptic fragments of gamma crystallin have been used to screen tryptic digests of
      total proteins from cataractous versus normal human lenses. One of these antisera
      recognizes two peptides that were found in greater amounts from digests of
      cataractous lenses. These two peptides shared a common sequence that contained an
      aspartate residue in place of an expected asparagine, suggesting that increased
      deamidation of this residue had occurred in the human cataractous lens in vivo.

PMID- 2276280
TI  - A comparative study of photic injury in four inbred strains of albino rats.
AB  - The effects of light damage were studied in four inbred strains of albino rats,
      Fischer (F344), Lewis (L), Wistar (W), and Buffalo (BUF). Thirty-five-day-old
      rats (3 from each strain) were kept in cyclic light for two weeks, after which
      they were exposed to constant fluorescent light (180-190 foot-candles, 490-580
      nm) for 24 hours. The rats were sacrificed 6 days after exposure. Photic injury
      to the exposed eyes was evaluated morphometrically by measuring the mean outer
      nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and qualitatively by light microscopy. Statistical
      analysis of the quantitative data revealed that the Lewis and Buffalo strains
      were more severely affected than the Wistar and Fischer strains. The effects of
      injury were more severe in the superior and temporal quadrants. Taking both
      quantitative and qualitative assessment into consideration, it appeared that,
      among the strains studied, the rats from the Lewis strain were most sensitive to
      photic damage. These findings support previous findings of differential light
      sensitivity and further suggest that similar variability occurs among inbred
      strains with type 1 light damage.

PMID- 2276281
TI  - Status of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 2276283
TI  - Chromosomal Q-heterochromatin regions in native highlanders of Pamir and Tien
      Shan and in newcomers.
AB  - The variability of human chromosomal Q-heterochromatin regions (Q-HR) was studied
      in 385 newcomers well adapted to the extreme environmental conditions of Pamir
      and Tien-Shan, as well as in 284 representatives of the native population of
      these regions. Newcomers were found to represent a highly homogeneous group as
      regards all the quantitative characteristics of Q-HR variability, but at the same
      time they differed significantly from both native residents and individuals of
      similar nationality (Russians) living permanently at low altitude. Differences
      between these three groups in the amount of Q-HRs in their genome are discussed
      as evidence in favour of the hypothesis of the possible selective value of
      chromosomal Q-heterochromatin material in human adaptation to extreme
      environmental high-altitude conditions.

PMID- 2276282
TI  - Mitosis and protein synthesis. 3. Organelle relocation during normal and colcemid
      arrested M-phase in HeLa S-3 cells.
AB  - During M-phase, most organelles in HeLa S-3 cells are relocated in the 'cortex'
      or outer-zone of cytoplasm. Elements of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and
      polysome assemblies persist to varying degrees from cell to cell in this zone.
      Dilatation of rER cisternae becomes prominent in a small percentage of
      metaphases, and its occurrence and significance is discussed. Remnants of the
      Golgi apparatus are almost invariably peripheralized. Its cisternal elements are
      lost in early mitosis, and reappear in late telophase. The inner zone of the
      protoplasm around the chromosomes loses its associated intermediate filaments and
      excludes organelles until cytokinesis commences. A rapid repopulation occurs by
      mid-telophase. The same pattern of zoning is found in cells entering mitosis in
      the presence of colcemid, but is followed by some repopulation of the inner zone
      by a small minority of organelles after approximately 2 h of arrest. Centrioles
      are particularly prone to becoming enmeshed within the 'ball' of entangled c
      metaphase chromosomes. An unusually high degree of pairing of cytoplasmic
      membranes, probably rER elements, also occurs in colcemid-arrested metaphases,
      which may further contribute to their reduced level of protein synthesis. These
      have been referred to as 'confronting cisternae' (Ghadially, 1988). The zoning of
      the cytoplasm may result from nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis, and is
      not specifically related to or associated with microtubule redeployment during
      spindle formation in M-phase. Differences in the extent of zoning in other cell
      lines are discussed in comparison with HeLa S-3 cells.

PMID- 2276284
TI  - Effects of antimitotic and antimitochondrial agents on the cellular distribution
      of microtubules and mitochondria.
AB  - Using antibodies to a mitochondrial molecular chaperone class of protein, which
      is specifically altered in mutants resistant to microtubule (MT) inhibitors, the
      effect of a number of MT and mitochondrial inhibitors on the cellular
      distribution of mitochondria and various cytoskeletal filaments was examined.
      Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) or chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells
      with the MT inhibitors podophyllotoxin, colchicine, nocodazole and vinblastine
      caused depolymerization of cellular MTs, but had no significant effect on the
      distribution patterns of mitochondria. This is attributed to the association of
      mitochondria with intermediate filaments (IFs) which are not destroyed under
      these conditions. In contrast to MT inhibitors, treatment of CEFs with the
      potassium ionophores nonactin and valinomycin caused aggregation of mitochondria
      towards the perinuclear region of the cells, without having any apparent effect
      on cellular MTs. This observation suggests that mitochondrial membrane potential,
      which is abolished by these drugs, play a role in the cellular distribution of
      mitochondria. In cells recovering from the effects of MT inhibitors, mitochondria
      have been found to surround the MT organizing complexes and upon complete
      recovery a realignment of MTs with mitochondria takes place. These observations
      suggest that MT growth in cells does not occur in a completely random manner but
      that mitochondria may play some role in their directional growth.

PMID- 2276285
TI  - Fatal child neglect.
AB  - This study examined the circumstances associated with fatal child neglect in one
      state to differentiate fatal child neglect from fatal physical abuse and from
      other types of neglect that are not life-threatening. The typical neglect
      fatality was a male child, younger than three, living with his mother and two or
      three siblings. The fatalities from physical abuse were characterized by
      deliberate, hostile acts on the part of a caregiver, but in the vast majority of
      fatalities from neglect, a caregiver was simply not there at a critical moment.

PMID- 2276286
TI  - Interviewing for alleged abuse in the residential treatment center.
AB  - Investigations of institutional abuse reports rely heavily on ex post facto
      interviewing. In this article, indices of plausibility are discussed as the basis
      for more reliable inferences in the absence of physical evidence.

PMID- 2276288
TI  - Genetic services for foster children: an unmet need?
AB  - The genetics revolution has significant ramifications for child welfare. An
      overview of genetic disorders and of the expanding array of genetic services is
      given. Findings of an exploratory study of the proportion of children in out-of
      home care in two cities who had diagnosed genetic disorders and who met criteria
      for referral to genetic services, and utilization of genetic services are
      presented. The findings suggest that genetic services that might be beneficial to
      foster children and their biological families are not being offered. Implications
      for foster care are discussed.

PMID- 2276287
TI  - Toward a treatment-relevant typology of child abuse families.
AB  - Six types of physical maltreatment of children emerged during a 12-year period of
      a specialized physical abuse protective services program in Dallas, Texas.
      Criteria for identification of each type and recommendations for case management
      and treatment are presented in this paper. The typology is a broad framework;
      overlapping may occur in some instances. It is used as a means of differentiating
      between milder and more severe forms of physical child abuse.

PMID- 2276289
TI  - Kaduna beggar children: a study of child abuse and neglect in northern Nigeria.
AB  - Kaduna State, Nigeria serves as an example of a third world state that in the
      wake of rapid change and the weakening of traditional forms of welfare has
      created an underclass of beggars, many of whom are children. Lack of a
      comprehensive welfare system in general, and more specifically, protective
      services for minors, has resulted in the neglect of some children who are
      exploited by poor families for street begging. Although laws exist to protect
      minors and prevent street begging by children, they are seldom enforced. Perhaps
      this is due to the absence of a governmental agency solely responsible for child
      welfare. In light of the need to assist beggar children, the following measures
      are recommended: Establish a Bureau for the Protection of Beggar Children.
      Establish a Division of Protective Services in the Ministry of Social
      Development. Establish advocacy programs for street children by voluntary
      agencies.

PMID- 2276290
TI  - The resolution model: a comprehensive treatment framework in sexual abuse.
AB  - The Resolution Model presents an original framework for the treatment of sexually
      abused children and their families. It differs from earlier models by offering
      coordinated guidelines for assessment and treatment modalities that apply to
      various family members. The key to the treatment process is based on each party's
      ability to assume responsibility for his or her role in the trauma and its
      resolution. Each stage of treatment is clearly delineated, and specific goals and
      tasks are suggested.

PMID- 2276291
TI  - Risk assessment: the emperor's new clothes?
AB  - This article reviews the risk assessment procedures and instruments that are
      being used by child protection agencies. Although supportive of the concept of
      risk assessment, the authors argue that all current instruments have major
      methodological deficiencies that limit the utility of such instruments as a means
      of predicting future abusive or neglectful behavior. The authors suggest how risk
      assessment decisions should be made at each stage of a child protection
      investigation.

PMID- 2276292
TI  - Issues in African-American family preservation.
AB  - This article is concerned with African-American family preservation. The authors'
      assumptions are that (1) child welfare service takes place in a cultural context;
      (2) effective work with African-American families requires a culturally relative
      "nondeficit" perspective on African-American culture; (3) this begins with
      helping service providers to acquire an analytical approach to culture and
      factual knowledge about the cultural behavior of clients; and (4) staff members
      must be prepared through training to implement a cultural knowledge base in
      transactions with African-American families and must have the supervisory and
      policy supports to do this. The several practice issues central to African
      American family preservation are highlighted.

PMID- 2276293
TI  - Biological mothers' grief: the postadoptive experience in open versus
      confidential adoption.
AB  - Advocates of open adoption believe that it lightens and in some cases alleviates
      the grieving process after relinquishment. Advocates of confidential adoption,
      however, believe that open adoption limits and denies the grieving process that
      must take place for subsequent life adjustment. A study of 59 women who had
      placed a child for adoption through an agency--18 via open adoption and 41 via
      confidential adoption--revealed significant differences between the two groups on
      five subscales of the research instruments. Implications of this pioneer study in
      this new practice area are discussed and further research suggested.

PMID- 2276294
TI  - Who best represents the interests of the child in court?
AB  - Representation of children in judicial proceedings is a matter of public policy,
      but it is not funded. Court-appointed special advocates (CASA) are a low-cost way
      of providing this representation. The study reported here compares a CASA program
      to a staff attorney model, and reveals CASA's assets.

PMID- 2276295
TI  - The elusive continuum of child welfare services: implications for minority
      children and youths.
AB  - The foster care population is increasingly one of minority children and youths,
      the product largely of the worsening well-being of our nation's minority
      families. The obstacles child welfare agencies face in developing a continuum of
      quality services thus are obstacles to appropriate care for minority children.
      The author sets forth and defines the problems, and proposes the actions that
      each requires.

PMID- 2276296
TI  - [Liver surgery (surgical technic)].

PMID- 2276297
TI  - [Liver anatomy and its intraoperative application].

PMID- 2276298
TI  - [Atypical and segmental resections of the liver. Indications and results].

PMID- 2276299
TI  - [Extensive liver resections].

PMID- 2276300
TI  - [Early and late results of orthotopic liver transplantation].
AB  - Between 4/1986 to 1/1989, 74 orthotopic liver transplantation were performed in
      62 patients (62 first liver transplants, 10 as second graft and two as a third
      graft); 57 in adults and 17 in children. The main indication for the operation
      was liver cirrhosis (61.4%) (the most frequent etiology was alcoholic cirrhosis,
      28.5%). Six cirrhotic patients had a hepatocarcinoma (9.6%). Two received a liver
      and kidney transplant due to terminal renal insufficiency and hemodialysis. The
      most frequent indication in children was biliary atresia (33.3%). Six patients
      had a fulminal liver failure (9.6%). AB0 blood group compatibility was identical
      in 87.5%, compatible in six and incompatible in three patients. Total orthotopic
      liver transplantation was performed in 67 patients, and size-reduced liver was
      indicated in 7 patients. Extracorporeal veno-venous bypass was used in adults but
      never in children. In 93.1% of the transplants a single hepatic artery was
      anastomosed to the recipient and in 6.9% a double anastomosis was performed. In
      62.5% of the patients a end-to-end choledocho-choledochostomy was performed and
      in 34.8% hepatico-jejunostomy was indicated. Three months postoperative mortality
      rate was 12.9%. Arterial stenosis and thrombosis were the most frequent
      complication.

PMID- 2276301
TI  - [Prognosis and therapy of liver injury in patients with multiple injuries].
AB  - Between 1.7. 1986 and 31.10. 1989 abdominal trauma was seen in 108 (35.8%) of 300
      polytraumatized patients, 44 of these showed rupture of the liver. 23 patients
      belonged to grade I-III (Moore-classification) and 11 patients to grade IV.
      Extensive bilobar parenchymal destruction (grade V) was found in 10 patients
      including 6 patients with retrohepatic vena cava injury. 80% of all patients with
      liver trauma had intraabdominally associated injuries. In Grade I-II (n = 4)
      patients were treated conservatively and continuously observed by ultrasound.
      Injuries graded to III (n = 19) and IV (n = 11) were mostly treated by simple
      suture or segmental resection. In grade V hemihepatectomy was done in 4 cases, in
      2 cases combined by packing and in 1 patient packing only. In 3 patients no
      adequate therapy was possible. The mortality rate being 36% (n = 16), hemorrhagic
      complications were the most common cause of death (7 of 16 patients). This was
      due only to the patients graded to V. In comparison the prognostic factor in
      grade I-IV ruptures were the associated injuries. In all these cases hemorrhage
      was stopped by a conservative, organ-retaining therapy. No further hemorrhage
      occurred. Liver packing was mainly used as additional treatment in cases of
      coagulopathy after resection. Further indications are extensive bilobar
      parenchymal destruction without the possibility of primary reconstruction and
      temporary hemostasis to allow transport to a specialized hospital.

PMID- 2276302
TI  - [Duration of wound healing and tissue resistance as important criteria for
      selecting suture materials in colon surgery].
AB  - The modern absorbable suture materials are well introduced in colonic surgery.
      Surgeon's intension is to reduce foreign body reactions by using small sized
      sutures and will be limited by the suture holding capacity of the tissue. Suture
      holding capacity of the human colon is about 9 +/- 2 N. Wound healing of colon
      anastomoses normally lasts 10 to 12 days. The braided absorbable suture materials
      Dexon, Dexon plus and Vicryl (size 3-0 USP) have a knot breaking strength of
      about 10 N after 12 days implantation in the human colon, the monofilament
      absorbable sutures PDS and Maxon have about 20 N resting strength after
      implantation. These results document that the size 3-0 USP (2-metric) should be
      the lowest limit for the braided absorbable suture materials used in colonic
      surgery.

PMID- 2276303
TI  - [Simplified storage procedure of cryopreserved human parathyroid tissue].
AB  - Parathyroid tissue that is stored for replantation purposes is usually kept in a
      special tank containing fluid nitrogen at -196 degrees C. Our studies demonstrate
      that storage is also possible in a deep-freezer at -70 degrees C without any loss
      of quality. Most hospitals own such freezers for storing bone marrow cells at the
      same temperature. Parathyroid tissue of 11 patients who were operated on because
      of primary hyperparathyroidism was stored in this way. After six months the
      tissue showed 75.7% morphologically intact cells. The control group's tissue was
      stored in liquid nitrogen according to the common method; after the same period
      of time it showed 76% histologically normal cells.

PMID- 2276304
TI  - [Aneurysms of the hepatic artery. Reconstruction of the liver artery with a
      saphenous vein transplant].

PMID- 2276306
TI  - [Cutting with a water jet (jet cutting)--an alternative to the ultrasound
      aspirator?].

PMID- 2276305
TI  - [The suction knife in liver surgery. Initial clinical experiences with a simple
      dissection instrument].

PMID- 2276307
TI  - [Comment on the contribution by K. A. Lennert and U. Muller: How great is the
      risk of surgical treatment of choledocholithiasis?].

PMID- 2276308
TI  - [Comment on the contributions: F. Glaser et al.: Endosonography in preoperative
      assessment of rectal tumors. G. Buess et al.: New endosonographic examination
      technique for improving the evaluation of small rectal tumors].

PMID- 2276309
TI  - Insulin use in NIDDM.
AB  - The effects of insulin treatment on the pathophysiology of non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are reviewed herein. Short-term studies indicate
      variable and partial reduction in excessive hepatic glucose output, decrease in
      insulin resistance, and enhancement of beta-cell function. These beneficial
      actions may be due to a decrease in secondary glucose toxicity rather than a
      direct attack on the primary abnormality. Insulin should be used as initial
      treatment of new-onset NIDDM in the presence of ketosis, significant diabetes
      induced weight loss (despite residual obesity), and severe hyperglycemic
      symptoms. In diet-failure patients, prospective randomized studies comparing
      insulin to sulfonylurea treatment show approximately equal glycemic outcomes or a
      slight advantage to insulin. A key goal of insulin therapy is to normalize the
      fasting plasma glucose level. In contrast to the conventional use of morning
      injections of intermediate- and long-acting insulin, preliminary studies suggest
      potential advantages of administering the same insulins only at bedtime. Obese
      patients may require several hundred units of insulin daily and still not achieve
      satisfactory control. In some, addition of a sulfonylurea to insulin may reduce
      hyperglycemia, the insulin dose, or both. However, long-term benefits from such
      combination therapy remain to be demonstrated conclusively. Established adverse
      effects of insulin treatment in NIDDM are hypoglycemia, particularly in the
      elderly, and weight gain. Self-monitoring of blood glucose can identify patients
      in whom excessive weight gain is caused by subtle hypoglycemia. Whether insulin
      causes weight gain by direct effects on appetite or energy utilization remains
      controversial. A potential adverse effect of insulin has been suggested by
      epidemiological studies showing associations between hyperinsulinemia or insulin
      resistance and increased risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, and
      hypertension. Although potential mechanisms for an atherogenic action of insulin
      exist, current evidence does not prove cause and effect and does not warrant
      withholding insulin therapy (or compromising on dosage) when it is needed.

PMID- 2276310
TI  - Intensive insulin therapy for treatment of type I diabetes.
AB  - Intensive insulin therapy is best defined as a comprehensive system of diabetes
      management with the patient and management team as partners. The system is
      directed at improvement of glycemia and patient well-being. Glycemic targets
      should be individually defined. Frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose,
      probably at least four times per day, is essential for meticulous control. The
      benefits include improved psychosocial functioning and the potential of lessening
      the risks of chronic complications of diabetes. The risks relate to problems
      associated with hypoglycemia, which are increased if meticulous glycemic control
      is sought. One of the important elements of intensive therapy is a multiple
      component insulin program designed to provide effective insulinemia coinciding
      with each major meal and continuous basal insulinemia throughout the 24-h day.
      This may be achieved with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or
      multiple injections with various insulin regimens, although CSII may offer real
      advantages in terms of the pharmacokinetics of insulin delivery. Other
      pharmacokinetic issues to be considered involve selection of injection sites,
      timing of premeal insulin, and mixing insulins. Many studies have shown that,
      albeit with effort, excellent glycemic control can be achieved by various
      intensive insulin-therapy regimens. The implementation of a program of intensive
      therapy involves patient self-management in terms of altering insulin dosages,
      food intake, and/or activity in an attempt to achieve the target level of
      glycemia selected. In motivated patients willing to embark on such a course of
      therapy, intensive insulin therapy can be worthwhile. It should be considered for
      all patients with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2276311
TI  - Steady-state pattern electroretinogram following long term unilateral
      administration of timolol to ocular hypertensive subjects.
AB  - To determine whether long-term reduction of intraocular pressure leads to a
      corresponding preservation of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), PERGs were
      studied in 21 patients with ocular hypertension who had received unilateral
      timolol therapy for a minimum of 6 years. The mean difference in intraocular
      pressure (IOP) between the placebo-treated and the timolol-treated eyes (over 6
      years) was 2.4 mm Hg. Steady-state PERGs (16.0 rps) were obtained simultaneously
      in both eyes of each patient, with four check sizes (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0
      degrees). Significant (p less than 0.05) steady-state PERG deficits (i.e.,
      amplitude more than two standard deviations below the mean value of age-matched
      controls) were observed in 16 eyes of 12 patients (10 placebo-treated and 6
      timolol-treated eyes). The mean PERG amplitude did not differ significantly
      between the placebo-treated and timolol-treated eyes. However, a significant
      correlation (r = -0.423) in the IOP differences between the placebo-treated and
      timolol-treated eyes and the corresponding PERG amplitude differences was noted
      in three of the four test conditions (i.e. 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 degrees). These
      results suggest that reducing IOP may preserve ganglion cell function in some
      patients with ocular hypertension.

PMID- 2276312
TI  - Macular oscillatory potentials in humans. Macular OPs.
AB  - Studies of the focal macular electroretinogram (ERG) have been made with special
      reference to oscillatory potentials (OPs) by using a fundus monitoring system in
      humans. Human macular OPs consist of 3 to 4 wavelets (mean peak interval,
      approximately 6.5 msec). The distribution of OPs in relation to those in a- and b
      waves was studied. The amplitudes of a-waves, b-waves, and OPs of the upper
      macula were significantly larger than those of the lower macula. The distribution
      of OPs is relatively sparse in the fovea, becoming more dense than the a- and b
      waves from the fovea toward the parafovea, and differing even more toward the
      perifovea. There was no statistical difference of amplitude in a- and b-waves
      between nasal and temporal macula. The amplitude of OPs in the temporal macula,
      however, was significantly larger than in the nasal macula. In some macular
      diseases, such as diabetic maculopathy, cystoid macular edema, or the
      convalescent stage of central serous chorioretinopathy, macular OPs were
      selectively reduced, leaving the a- and b-waves intact. Macular OPs can provide a
      new aspect of macular function and can be a sensitive indicator to assess that
      function in macular diseases.

PMID- 2276313
TI  - The effect of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid on the oscillatory potentials of
      the electroretinogram.
AB  - Previous reports have shown that an intravitreal injection of 2-amino-4
      phosphonobutyric acid, a glutamate analogue that selectively blocks the
      photoreceptors' input to the on-bipolar cells, produces a rapid decrease in the
      amplitude of the electroretinographic b-wave. To our knowledge, the effect of
      this glutamate analogue has not been examined on the oscillatory potentials. We
      therefore conducted such a study. A needle electrode was inserted into the
      anterior chamber of the eyes of seven anesthetized and paralyzed rabbits to
      record simultaneously the electroretinogram and the oscillatory potentials. These
      responses were evoked by flashes of white light delivered in mesopic conditions.
      As expected, an injection of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, produced a rapid
      decrease in the amplitude of the b-wave, while the a-wave was relatively spared.
      The amplitude of the oscillatory potentials also decreased rapidly. At maximal
      effect, the electroretinogram essentially consisted of a normal a-wave followed
      by small oscillations and no evidence of a b-wave. The 100-1000 Hz recording
      confirmed that the oscillations seen on the postinjection electroretinograms were
      remnants of the original oscillatory potentials.

PMID- 2276314
TI  - Evoked responses in patients with macular holes.
AB  - Thirty-two eyes with idiopathic macular holes and one eye with a traumatic
      macular hole were assessed by pattern-reversal electroretinography, ganzfeld
      electroretinography and pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials. Results were
      inspected for qualitative abnormalities and then measured in comparison with
      fellow eyes and 41 control eyes of similar age. Qualitative abnormalities
      occurred in some eyes with macular holes, most commonly a reduction in pattern
      reversal electroretinogram or pattern-reversal visual evoked potential amplitude;
      15' check amplitudes were significantly lower in eyes with macular holes than in
      control eyes, but no significant difference in latency was found. Control pattern
      reversal electroretinogram and pattern-reversal visual evoked potential
      amplitudes were noted to decline with age, and paired t-tests on an age-matched
      subgroup of eyes with macular holes and control eyes showed appreciable
      differences only in the pattern-reversal electroretinogram q-r (N95) amplitude.

PMID- 2276315
TI  - Objective measurement of contrast sensitivity using the steady-state visual
      evoked potential.
AB  - Contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) were determined electrophysiologically with
      the steady-state visual evoked potential (VEP). Psychophysical CSFs obtained by
      the method of increasing contrasts were also measured concurrently with the VEP
      trials. The VEP contrast thresholds were obtained using a rapid recording
      technique in which the contrast of a counterphase sinewave modulated at a
      temporal frequency of 7.5 Hz was swept from 0.5% to 40% over a period of 22 s in
      39 equal logarithmic steps. For this pattern reversal stimulus, the amplitude and
      phase of the second harmonic response as a function of contrast were measured
      using a discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Contrast sensitivities at five spatial
      frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 14.9 cpd were measured. The VEP contrast
      thresholds were determined by a linear extrapolation to zero amplitude. The
      contrast threshold obtained by the two methods correlated at 0.816 for 14
      subjects. For all five spatial frequencies there were no significant differences
      between the contrast sensitivities derived from the two methods.

PMID- 2276316
TI  - Central fiber contribution to W-shaped visual evoked potentials in patients with
      optic neuritis.
AB  - We studied W-shaped waveforms that occurred in full-field responses to pattern
      large-field stimulation in patients who had optic neuritis. Affected eyes showed
      no absolute scotomata; visual acuity was normal at the time of recording. To
      evaluate the contribution of macular- and paramacular-derived components to the
      development of the W-shaped waveforms in the patients, half-field and central
      full-field stimulation was used. The responses were compared with those obtained
      with the use of experimental scotomata in healthy subjects. The W-shaped
      waveforms recorded in the patients closely resembled the responses observed in
      healthy subjects after the introduction of experimental scotomata. In all
      affected eyes, half-field stimulation showed absence of the ipsilateral P100
      component or its interaction with the P135 component. Enhanced paramacular N105
      and P135 components were seen over the contralateral hemisphere. Responses to
      central full-field stimulation were an attenuated and prolonged P100 in the
      majority of affected eyes. Results of our study showed that W-shaped waveforms in
      response to large full-field stimulation may reflect impaired function of macular
      fibers. These electrophysiologic findings, however, were not always associated
      with evidence of a central field defect demonstrated by Friedmann perimetry.

PMID- 2276317
TI  - The human motion onset VEP as a function of stimulation area for foveal and
      peripheral vision.
AB  - We studied amplitude of the wave N200 of the motion-onset VEP by varying the side
      length of a square stimulation field between 0.5 and 7 degrees. A significant
      increase in amplitude was obtained between 0.5 and 1 degree of side length in
      central stimulation and between 0.5 and 5 degrees in 10-degree peripheral
      stimulation. Variations of spatial frequency between 0.34 and 6.8c/deg did not
      modify the amplitude size, ie, no tuning effect could be found. The results of
      simultaneous and separate stimulation of foveal and parafoveal regions support
      the observation that the stimulation field size is a minor influence. Features of
      motion-sensitive cortical neurons, such as those found in monkeys, could account
      for this behavior.

PMID- 2276318
TI  - Electrooculographic and electroretinographic study in the chicken after dopamine
      and haloperidol.
AB  - The implication of dopamine in the modulation of the standing potential of the
      eye was tested in the chicken through an indirect electrooculographic method and
      direct current electroretinogram (ERG) recording after haloperidol, a mixed D1-D2
      antagonist. The standing potential of the eye was reduced within 15 min after
      intravitreal injection of the antagonist (150 micrograms). This effect is rapidly
      reversed by an application of dopamine. The fast oscillation was preserved but
      the light peak was either strongly reduced or abolished. The dark trough showed
      an apparently normal time course. The intensity-voltage function was studied for
      the various ERG components. After haloperidol the b-wave and the c-wave were
      strongly reduced, whereas the a-wave was little affected. Together with previous
      data obtained with intraocular injections of dopamine, our data suggest the
      involvement of dopamine in the modulation of the standing potential. They also
      support the hypothesis that the light peak, which is generated by a photoreceptor
      pigment epithelium interaction, is influenced by dopamine or by a related
      substance. The modulatory effect could also be due to a balance between several
      neurotransmitter systems.

PMID- 2276319
TI  - Microcomputer-based recording system for clinical electrophysiology.
AB  - We developed a personal computer-based system for clinical electrophysiologic
      measurements. The computer interfaced with a commercially available A/D
      converter, a low-noise isolation preamplifier, filter circuits, pattern and
      Ganzfeld stimulators, and a hardcopy unit. Separate programs were developed for
      electroretinography (ERG), pattern ERG and simultaneous visual evoked potential
      (VEP), flash and pattern-shift VEP, and electro-oculographic measurements. The
      complete control of the applied hardware (eg, stimulus control, automatic gain,
      and filter selection) is a common feature of the computer programs. These
      programs provide oscilloscopic functions, overload protection, artifact
      elimination, averaging, automatic peak latency and amplitude determination,
      baseline correction, smoothing, and digital filtering. The results can be
      presented on matrix, laser printers, or digital plotters. The hardware components
      and the features of the driver software are demonstrated on normal and pathologic
      signals.

PMID- 2276320
TI  - [Effects of selenium deficiency and supplementation on tumor immune response in
      mice].
AB  - DBA/2 mice were fed for 16 weeks with Torula yeast-based synthetic diet
      containing various concentrations of selenium (Se). At 13th week, the mice were
      immunized with syngenetic L5178 Y lymphoma cells and their specific and non
      specific tumor immune responses were examined 3 weeks after immunization. The
      results indicated that in mice fed with a diet containing 0.007 ppm Se, the serum
      Se level was extremely low (0.02 micrograms/ml). These Se-deficient mice were
      unable to elicit normal tumor-specific immune responses. Both the specific
      proliferation of T cells in MLTC and tumoricidal activity of CTL were very much
      depressed. In addition, these mice also showed impaired NK and LAK cell activity.
      The effects of Se supplementation varied depending on the amount of Se given.
      When 0.170 ppm Se was added to the low Se diet, all the immune parameters
      examined were restored to the normal level. When 0.567 ppm Se was added, however,
      the tumor immune responses remained as low as those in Se-deficient mice. This
      study implies that the prevalence of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in areas
      where Se is deficient has a profound immunological basis. Se supplementation is
      obviously indicated for cancer prevention in these areas but the amount of Se
      supplied is crucial.

PMID- 2276321
TI  - [Effect of added dietary calcium on human esophageal precancerous lesion in the
      high risk area for esophageal cancer--a randomized double blind intervention
      trial].
AB  - A randomized double blind intervention trial was carried out in Huixian County
      Henan Province, a high risk area for esophageal cancer, to observe the effect of
      oral calcium supplementation on esophageal precancerous lesions. Two hundred and
      fourteen cases with basal cell hyperplasia and 40 with dysplasia of the esophagus
      aged 25-75 randomly received daily oral supplementation of 600 mg calcium or
      placebo for 7 months. In the calcium supplementation group, the basal cell
      hyperplasia and dysplasia of the esophagus were significantly improved and the
      profile of esophageal epithelial proliferation cells labeled with 3H-TdR
      approached that of the normal subjects in low risk area for esophageal cancer.
      The results indicate that calcium supplementation can inhibit basal cell
      hyperplasia and dysplasia of the esophageal epithelium in high risk area for
      esophageal cancer. The mechanism of interruption of esophageal precancerous
      lesions by calcium is discussed.

PMID- 2276322
TI  - [Spectrum pattern and determination of ganglioside from human primary liver
      cancer of different origins].
AB  - Ganglioside on the cell membrane surface was isolated from human primary liver
      cancer of different origins (10 surgical specimens from patients, 4 tumor tissues
      from nude rats bearing transplanted human liver cancer and 2 human liver cancer
      cell lines) and compared with that of normal liver from men and nude rats. The
      results of TLC pattern showed that GM3 was the main constituent, comprising about
      95% of the total gangliosides in the normal liver. However, it decreased in liver
      cancer whereas GM2 was increased markedly in most of the liver cancers, GD3 came
      next. By CS-910 scanning, the contents of GM3, GM2 and GD3 were 60.2%, 20.6% and
      7.9% in surgical specimens; 46.1%, 29.7% and 11.9% in nude rats bearing human
      liver cancer and 25.2%, 47.6% and 0% in cell lines. GM2 and GD3 on the cell
      surface of liver cancer were determined with monoclonal antibodies or anti-serum
      against gangliosides. The results obtained conformed with the TLC pattern.

PMID- 2276323
TI  - [Laminin distribution in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus--an
      immunohistochemical study].
AB  - Laminin is one of the important basement membrane components which influences the
      biological activities of the cells. Some cancer cells can either produce or
      destroy basement membrane. Twenty-four cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the
      esophagus were stained for laminin by immunohistochemical ABC method. Nineteen
      cases showed positive cytoplasmic laminin with discontinuous, thin and irregular
      basement membrane. At the site of basement membrane destruction, cancer cells had
      invaded into the stroma and small blood vessels. Some cancer cells were positive
      for laminin in 4 cases with lymph node metastasis of squamous cancer. This study
      indicates that some cancer cells can synthesize such extracellular matrix
      components as laminin. Immunohistochemical staining for laminin may be helpful in
      detecting the microinvasion and micrometastasis of cancers.

PMID- 2276324
TI  - [Quantitative study on esophageal cytology. II. Measurement of DNA contents of
      normal, dysplastic and malignant squamous cells of the esophagus].
AB  - The relative DNA contents of normal esophageal squamous epithelial cells,
      hyperplastic, dysplastic (grade I and II), nearly malignant and early malignant
      squamous epithelial cells of the esophagus were measured in 74 cases by
      microspectrophotometric technique. The results showed that from normal cells to
      early stage of malignancy, the DNA contents gradually increased with the increase
      in severity. In addition, the distribution of DNA values became broader; the peak
      DNA values shifted to the right, reduced and disappeared. In the meantime,
      aneuploid cells appeared. There was a definite positive correlation between DNA
      content and nuclear area in precancerous dysplasia (r greater than 0.9). The
      results indicate that the current grading of esophageal cytology has its
      quantitative biochemical basis.

PMID- 2276325
TI  - [Manganese-containing superoxide dismutase activity in human lung cancer tissue].
AB  - Manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity in lung cancer tissue
      from 5 lung cancer patients was measured by nitrite formation method, and lipid
      peroxide (LPO) was measured spectrophotometrically by thiobarbituric acid
      reaction. The results showed that Mn-SOD activity was highest in lung cancer
      tissue, peripheral tissues surrounding the lung cancer stood next and it was
      lowest in the peripheral normal lung tissue (P less than 0.01). However, LPO
      value was found to be lower in lung cancer tissues than that in the peripheral
      normal lung tissues.

PMID- 2276326
TI  - [Histogenesis of chondroblastoma--a study of tissue culture, immunohistochemistry
      and electron microscopy].
AB  - Two cases of chondroblastoma were studied by tissue culture, immunohistochemistry
      and electron microscopy as to the histogenetic origin of the tumor cells in
      tissue culture, the tumor cells were epithelioid in shape with plenty cytoplasm.
      They were arranged loosely with marked contact inhibition of growth. The cells in
      these two cases were able to survive for two months through 5 passages. By
      immunohistochemical study, the tumor cells showed strongly positive reaction to S
      100 protein and lysozyme but negative reaction to alpha-antichymotrypsin. Under
      electron microscope, the surface of tumor cells possessed many microvilli. The
      tumor cells were characterized by obvious nuclear multilobulation and
      pseudoinclusion with marked margination of chromatin. In the cytoplasm, scanty
      amount of ERE and Golgi apparatus were seen. All the above findings support that
      chondroblastoma cells are derived from immature cartilage cells analogous to
      fetal cartilage. Moreover, some huge bizarre tumor cells were observed during the
      later stage of culture which has not been reported in the literature so far.

PMID- 2276327
TI  - [Pathology of glandular expansion in gastric mucosa from 674 cases biopsied].
AB  - Glandular expansion in the gastric mucosa from 674 cases biopsied was studied
      pathologically. Both simple glandular expansion and dysplastic glandular
      expansion were proposed. The latter, according to the degree of epithelial
      dysplasia, mucus content, accompanying glandular atrophy and/or intestinal
      metaplasia, could be divided into cystic glandular dysplasia and adenomatous
      dysplasia. Follow-up of repeated gastric mucosa biopsy showed that the simple
      glandular expansion is benign whereas dysplastic glandular expansion is
      precarcinomatous change with a malignant change rate of 9.9%. The authors
      consider that the malignant changes may follow the course: glandular expansion of
      gastric mucosa--enhancement of mucus secretion in gland lumina--epithelial
      hyperplasia--reduction of mucus secretion--formation of cystic glandular or
      adenomatous dysplasia--malignant change.

PMID- 2276328
TI  - [Primary malignant lymphoma of the testis--immunohistochemistry, pathology and
      prognosis in 16 cases].
AB  - Sixteen cases of primary malignant lymphoma of the testis were studied
      retrospectively by immunohistochemistry and pathology. According to non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma classification revised in 1985, these 16 cases were divided into three
      types: small noncleaved cell type (2 cases), lymphoblastic cell type (2 cases)
      and polymorphous T cell type (12 cases). All died of widespread dissemination 3-9
      months after orchidectomy with an average survival of 7 months. The authors
      consider that this short survival after orchidectomy is closely related to
      pathological type, dissemination of micro-foci before or during the operation,
      physiologico-anatomic characteristics of the testis, initiation of subclinical
      recessive foci resulting from decline of immune function after operation.

PMID- 2276329
TI  - [Comparative study on ultrastructure of rhabdomyosarcoma and embryonal striated
      muscle].
AB  - Twelve cases of rhabdomyosarcoma identified by electron microscopy were studied.
      Of them, 6 were diagnosed originally as rhabdomyosarcoma and 6 as other tumors by
      light microscopy. Five types of tumor cells, primitive mesenchymal cells,
      undifferentiated myoblasts, poorly differentiated myoblasts, well-differentiated
      myoblasts and leptomeric fibril myoblasts were observed under electron
      microscope. Striated muscle tissue from 5 cases of 5-8 week old human embryo was
      used as control. There was a correlation in differentiation between
      rhabdomyosarcoma and embryonal striated muscle. Based on their fine features, the
      diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma is discussed.

PMID- 2276330
TI  - [Long-term results of patients with positive margin after resection of esophageal
      and gastric cardiac cancers].
AB  - From April 1964 to December 1982, 1168 cases with esophageal and cardiac
      carcinoma underwent esophagogastrectomy. One hundred and fifty-five (13.3%) cases
      were found to have residual tumor at the esophagogastric stump under microscope.
      Among them (74 esophageal carcinoma and 81 cardiac carcinoma), 1 died of
      pneumonia on day 15 after operation and 1 was lost from follow-up. The remaining
      153 cases were followed for over 5 years. The 1, 3 and 5 year survival rates were
      70.3%, 34.8% and 26.5%, respectively. The main factors influencing the survival
      were histological classification, depth of tumor infiltration, lymph node
      metastasis and radical or conservative resection. Long term survival of these
      patients may be associated with their immunological status.

PMID- 2276331
TI  - [Neck anastomosis of esophagus and retroaortically transposed reduced tubular
      stomach in the treatment of esophageal cancer].
AB  - One hundred and twelve esophageal cancer patients underwent esophagus resection
      with neck anastomosis of esophagus and reduced tubular stomach raised from the
      stomach bed and back of the aortic arc. Twelve (10.8%) cases developed early
      complications and 2 (1.8%) died. The 3 and 5 year survival rates were 48.7%
      (19/39) and 33.3% (3/9), respectively. The operative procedure, its advantages
      and points to be noted are discussed.

PMID- 2276332
TI  - [Surgical treatment of primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus].
AB  - Seventy-eight cases of primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus were surgically
      treated from 1958 to 1987, which accounted for 3% of all esophageal carcinomas
      treated surgically during the same period. The 5 year survival rate was 47.4% in
      Stages I and II, similar to that of the esophageal squamous carcinoma in the same
      stages. In Stages III and IV, the treatment results were much worse than
      esophageal squamous cancer with a 5 year survival of 9%. Stage of the lesion and
      extra-esophageal infiltration are the main factors affecting resection rate and
      long-term survival. The pathogenesis of adenocarcinoma of esophagus in China is
      not related to Barrett's esophagus and might be related to carcinogens other than
      those causing squamous cell carcinoma in the high risk area for esophageal
      cancer.

PMID- 2276333
TI  - [Selective R3 operation in the treatment of gastric cancer].
AB  - From 1981 to 1984, 369 gastric cancer patients were operated, of whom 135 (36.6%)
      received selective R3 operation. Of these 369 cases, 10 died within 1 month after
      operation, giving an operative mortality of 2.7%. The 3 and 5 year survival rates
      were 29.5% (106/359) and 17.3% (43/248). Of the 135 cases operated by R3, 5 died
      from operation with a mortality of 3.7%. The 3 and 5 year survival rates were
      64.6% (84/130) and 42.1% (40/95), indicating that the selective R, operation
      improved the survival rate. According to the stage of disease, the 5 year
      survival rate for selective R3 operation was 83.3% in Stage I, 66.7% in Stage II,
      37.0% in Stage III and 12.5% in Stage IV.

PMID- 2276334
TI  - [Endoscopic microwave treatment of 53 cases with esophageal and cardiac cancer].
AB  - Fifty-three cases with moderate or advanced esophageal and cardiac cancer treated
      by endoscopic microwave therapy are reported. The results showed that after 2 to
      4 treatments, dysphagia was relieved in 52 (98%), esophageal re-expansion was
      seen in 48 (90%). Improvement was most pronounced in lesions predominantly shown
      as localized polypoid projection type. Biopsy after treatment was confirmed
      pathologically as necrosis in 24 cases. After treatment, the follow-up of 22
      cases for over 3 months and 8 cases for over 6 months was carried out. 22/22
      could maintain the therapeutic effectiveness and 5/8 were on soft diet (noodles
      and steamed bread). Microwave therapy is a palliative measure that can definitely
      improve the dysphagia in short term courses and prolong the survival. Microwave
      endoscopy, being easy in manipulation without complications, is very useful in
      the treatment of esophageal and cardiac cancers contra-indicated for surgery.

PMID- 2276335
TI  - [Computed tomography and ultrasonography of lymphoma involving urogenital
      systems].
AB  - Fourteen cases of lymphoma involving urogenital systems (10 kidney, 1 bladder and
      3 female genital system) were studied as to their image manifestations. In all 10
      kidney cases of diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, multiple parenchymal nodules
      were found in 4, single mass in 3, perirenal involvement (Halo sign) with
      multiple nodules in the kidney in 2 and diffuse infiltration in the other one.
      The main ultrasonographic findings were hypoecho solid lesions without sharp
      margins. On pre-contrast CT scans, most of the lesions had similar attenuation as
      the normal renal parenchyma. After contrast, the normal parenchyma was enhanced
      much more than the lesion. The lesion may be missed if scan was performed without
      contrast enhancement. In the 3 cases with involvement of the female genital
      organs, the involved uterus and cervix were obviously enlarged and vaginal wall
      became thickened as hypoecho in B-ultrasound. Multi-planned scanning ultrasound
      is very helpful in showing the relation between pelvic mass and uterus.

PMID- 2276336
TI  - [Surgical treatment of giant cell tumor of bone--a report of 50 cases].
AB  - Fifty cases of giant cell tumor of bone are reported in this paper. The peak age
      was 20-40 years (76%). 75% of the tumors occurred in the extremity of long bones,
      of which 36% were around the knee. These patients were treated by curettage and
      bone graft or bone cement filling, bloc resection with or without bone graft and
      amputation. In this series, the follow-up time was 4 months-22 years and 3
      months, and recurrence rate was 34%. There was no marked relation between
      recurrence and grade of tumor (35% for Grade I, 31% for Grade II and 25% for 25%
      Grade III). Patients with Grade III tumor had much poorer prognosis than those
      with Grade I or II. The surgical treatment of giant cell tumor of bone,
      particularly tumor of the spine, is still a challenge for orthopedic surgeons.
      Bloc resection of the tumor might be the treatment of choice for giant cell tumor
      of bone.

PMID- 2276337
TI  - [Ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules--a report of 7 cases].
AB  - Seven cases of ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules are reported in this
      paper. All lesions occurred in the young (6-25 years of age with a mean of 15
      years) without Poutz-Jeghers syndrome. Four cases had estrogenic hormonal
      imbalance and abdominal mass. Gross examination revealed that the tumors were
      unilateral with smooth surface. Except one, all showed varying degrees of cystic
      degeneration on section. The sections appeared as roe-like granular substance in
      a pale yellowish brown shade in the parenchymal region. Microscopic examination
      showed single or complex annular tubules with prominent basement membrane-like
      material around the tubules. Lipid in the cytoplasm and granulosa cell tumor-like
      differentiation were observed in isolated area of some cases. Ultrastructurally,
      Charcot-Battcher filaments were found in 1 case, indicating differentiation
      towards Sertoli's cells. The malignant potential of this tumor had been
      elucidated in the literature.

PMID- 2276338
TI  - Ninety-day oral toxicity study of dibromochloromethane in Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received dibromochloromethane daily by gavage
      to evaluate its subchronic toxicity. Dose levels were 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg.(kg
      day)-1, with 10 animals/sex/group for 90 consecutive days. Corn oil was used as
      the vehicle. No changes were found in mortality, clinical signs, ophthalmoscopic
      examinations, or hematology that were considered to be related to treatment. Mean
      final body weight and body weight gain (weeks 0-13) were significantly decreased
      in male and female high dose animals relative to the vehicle control. Food
      consumption was decreased in males in a dose-related fashion, reaching
      statistical significance at the highest treatment level. Indications of
      hepatotoxicity in the clinical chemistry included elevated alanine amino
      transferase (mid and high dose males) and alkaline phosphatase (high dose males
      and females). Increased serum creatinine (mid- and high dose males and high dose
      females) and decreased potassium (high dose males) were considered to be
      suggestive of nephrotoxicity. Absolute and relative weights of several organs in
      male and female animals were depressed and were related to the decreased body
      weights. The decreases in brain and thymic weights, and increases in liver and
      kidney weight (female only) were considered to be treatment related.
      Histopathological changes included findings of lipidosis of the liver and slight
      to moderate degenerative changes within the proximal tubular cells of the kidney.
      Based on the results of this study, the (LOAEL) lowest observed adverse effect
      level for DCBM when administered to Sprague-Dawley rats in corn oil gavage was 50
      mg.(kg-day)-1.

PMID- 2276340
TI  - An evaluation of the acute in vivo toxicity of benzylidenechroman-4-ones, 1
      thiobenzylidenechroman-4-ones and benzylidenetetralones.
AB  - A series of new compounds were evaluated for acute in vivo toxicity. Their
      synthesis and antifungal activity have previously been described by us. The
      naturally occurring class of compounds to which they belong - the
      benzylidenechroman-4-ones - have been identified as a potential source of new
      antifungal agents. These compounds were found to be less toxic, as judged by
      acute toxicity, than existing commercially available antifungals. A number of
      conclusions can be drawn about the relationship of structural changes in this
      series of compounds to increases or decreases in acute toxicity.

PMID- 2276339
TI  - Differential induction of peroxygenase-dependent microsomal aniline hydroxylase
      by chronic ethanol ingestion.
AB  - The liver microsomal-mediated hydroxylation of aniline, which is selectively
      induced by chronic (EtOH) ingestion, has been studied as a function of NADPH plus
      dioxygen (O2)- or hydroperoxide-dependent reactions. Consistent with the well
      documented induction of aniline hydroxylase following chronic ethanol -ingestion,
      the results showed selectivity towards aniline hydroxylase by the NADPH plus O2-
      and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH)-dependent reactions with microsomes from
      EtOH-fed rats. On the other hand, the cumene hydroperoxide (CumOOH)-dependent
      aniline hydroxylase activity was not discriminated between microsomes from EtOH-
      and pair-fed rats. In parallel experiments with positive controls, CumOOH did
      show selectivity for phenobarbital (PB)-induced microsomal aniline hydroxylase
      compared to chow-fed rats. The Kcat/KM values, which indicate the efficiency of
      enzyme catalysis, for NADPH plus O2-, t-BuOOH, and CumOOH-dependent aniline
      hydroxylase from EtOH-fed rats were 102, 37, and 5 and from pair-fed rats were
      68, 4, and 4 (nmol p-aminophenol/min/nmol cytochrome P-450)/mM aniline,
      respectively. The relative Kcat/KM ratio for EtOH-fed to that of pair-fed
      microsomal aniline hydroxylase from NADPH plus O2-, t-BuOOH-, and CumOOH
      dependent reactions were 1.5, 7.4, and 1.2, respectively. The present preliminary
      studies indicate that the catalytic efficiency of EtOH-induced aniline
      hydroxylase is significantly greater for the t-BuOOH-dependent reaction.

PMID- 2276341
TI  - Estimation of the LCt50 of phosgene in sheep.
AB  - In all species previously studied, inhalation of toxic doses of phosgene results
      in varying degrees of pulmonary edema, often after a symptom-free period. The
      sheep is an anatomically unique animal in which to study the development of
      pulmonary edema by monitoring the effluent from a catheterized caudal mediastinal
      lymph node. In addition, the size of the sheep is sufficient to permit placement
      of vascular monitoring devices and withdrawal of multiple biologic samples for
      analyses. In spite of this, there appear to be no published reports of sheep
      having ever been exposed to phosgene. This study was undertaken as a dose-ranging
      study, in order to permit subsequent studies of phosgene inhalation toxicity in a
      sheep lung lymph preparation. Accordingly, the LCt50 (24 hours) was estimated to
      be 13,300 mg.min/m3 (3325 ppm) by "up and down" subsequent dosage selection and
      moving average interpolation methods.

PMID- 2276342
TI  - Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by (+)physostigmine and efficacy against
      lethality induced by soman.
AB  - The optical isomer (+)Physostigmine [(+)Phy] is a very weak anticholinesterase.
      In a recent report, pretreatment with (+)Phy, at a dose which failed to inhibit
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and atropine provided efficacy against a lethal dose
      of sarin (SYNAPSE:2, 139, 1988). It was of interest to see whether (+)Phy could
      protect against soman at a dose which caused only marginal inhibition of the
      whole blood (WB) AChE in guinea pigs (GPs). (-)Phy (0.15 mg/kg, im) and (+)Phy
      (10.0 mg/kg, im) produced nearly 70% inhibition of WB AChE at 30 min whereas
      (+)Phy (0.15 mg/kg, im) caused only marginal inhibition. Groups of guinea pigs
      (20/group) were dosed, im, with (-)Phy (0.15 mg/kg), (+)Phy (0.15 mg/kg), (+)Phy
      (10.0 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.5 ml/kg) respectively in one thigh while the mild
      anticholinergic trihexyphenidyl (THP), 2.0 mg/kg, was injected into the other
      thigh of 10 animals from each of the respective groups. Thirty min after
      pretreatment, all animals were challenged with soman (60 micrograms/kg, sc; 2
      LD50s); this dose of soman is lethal in unprotected animals. (-)Phy or (+)Phy (10
      mg/kg) alone protected nearly 50% from soman lethality, and in combination with
      THP, all animals survived. In contrast, (+)Phy (0.15 mg/kg; alone or together
      with THP) was completely ineffective against a 2 LD50 challenge of soman. These
      data support the hypothesis that protection against soman-induced lethality is
      related to the degree of carbamylation of the AChE just prior to challenge.

PMID- 2276343
TI  - Histopathological changes in gastrocnemius muscles of rabbits injected with HI-6
      in saline.
AB  - The gastrocnemius muscles of rabbits were injected with HI-6 in saline.
      Macroscopic and histopathological examinations of injection sites and regional
      lymph nodes revealed that HI-6 in saline produced muscle necrosis. Macroscopic
      examinations of muscles injected with a low dose of HI-6 (50 mg/kg) showed no
      lesions on Day 7. However, histopathological examinations disclosed lesions on
      some animals but with evidence of healing processes by Day 7; lesions disappeared
      by Day 14. Further macroscopic and histopathological examinations revealed that
      lesions associated with the high dose (200 mg/kg) were still prominent on Day 14
      but with evidence of healing. Similar lesions seen in muscles injected with
      saline were significantly less persistent than those associated with HI-6.

PMID- 2276344
TI  - Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin's tumor). A changing incidence?

PMID- 2276345
TI  - Intramuscular papaveretum in the management of food bolus impaction.

PMID- 2276346
TI  - Esthesioneuroblastoma. Complete tumor response after induction chemotherapy.

PMID- 2276347
TI  - Salmonella abscess of the pharynx.
AB  - Salmonella abscess in the head and neck is an uncommon occurrence. Such abscesses
      most often present in patients with underlying systemic processes or in those
      receiving iatrogenic immunosuppression. We report a 53-year-old woman with a
      retropharyngeal abscess treated with clindamycin and ampicillin. Treatment
      required surgical debridement and long-term antibiotics. There is a predilection
      for salmonella to affect tissue having underlying pathology, so that local tissue
      biopsy and long-term follow-up to document tissue reversions to normal are
      required.

PMID- 2276348
TI  - Postpartum subcutaneous emphysema with pneumomediastinum.
AB  - We have presented a case of pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema in a 30
      year old woman immediately post-partum. The underlying pulmonary pathophysiology
      and management are discussed.

PMID- 2276349
TI  - Outcome and complications following surgery for obstructive adenotonsillar
      hypertrophy in children with neuromuscular disorders.

PMID- 2276350
TI  - Nicotine addiction and its assessment.

PMID- 2276351
TI  - Aberrant thyroid in the lateral neck.

PMID- 2276352
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the sphenoid sinus.

PMID- 2276353
TI  - Cavernous sinus air bubble.

PMID- 2276354
TI  - A bizarre presentation of foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree.

PMID- 2276355
TI  - Post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia during lactation.

PMID- 2276356
TI  - Dentures in the esophagus complicated by pneumomediastinum.

PMID- 2276357
TI  - Smokeless electrocautery tonsillectomy.

PMID- 2276358
TI  - A complication of retrograde endotracheal intubation.

PMID- 2276359
TI  - Chronic toxicities of surfactants and detergent builders to algae: a review and
      risk assessment.
AB  - Surfactants are high volume chemicals used primarily in detergent products and
      are found in natural waters. The toxic effects of representative surfactants on
      aquatic life have been determined and summarized in greater detail for animal
      test species than for aquatic vegetation. This paper summarizes the chronic
      toxicity levels for algae, an important trophic level in aquatic ecosystems.
      Toxic effects have been determined for a few commercially important surfactants
      and primarily for cultured freshwater algae under the controlled conditions of
      the laboratory where inhibition, and in some cases, stimulation have been
      observed. The reported toxicities of surfactants have varied widely over several
      orders of magnitude and the effect levels are compound and species-specific.
      Species sensitivity can vary as much as three orders of magnitude to the same
      surfactant and the effects of different surfactants on the same algal species can
      vary as much as four orders of magnitude. Therefore, data generalizations and
      extrapolations are difficult but anionic and nonionic surfactants and detergent
      builders are relatively non-toxic when compared to various cationic monoalkyl and
      dialkyl quaternary ammonium salts. Recent toxicity studies conducted in the field
      monitoring the effects of several surfactants used in commercial products on
      various structural and functional parameters of natural algal communities have
      shown toxicity to be less in many cases than that predicted from laboratory
      tests. Furthermore, the field-derived effect levels typically exceed the reported
      measured environmental levels of the corresponding surfactants indicating the
      likelihood of no impact. Additional field studies are needed to substantiate this
      trend for these and other commercially important surfactants particularly for
      natural saltwater algal assemblages for which the toxicity data base is
      unavailable.

PMID- 2276360
TI  - Actions and interactions of temperature and photoperiod on mercury accumulation
      by Elodea densa from sediment source.
AB  - Actions and interactions of two abiotic parameters--temperature (18, 21, and 24
      degrees C) and photoperiod (8, 12, and 16 hr/day)--on mercury bioaccumulation
      (HgCl2 and CH3HgCl) by a rooted macrophyte species, Elodea densa, from the
      sediment source were studied using experimental designs. Comparative analysis of
      shoot growth (weight and length criteria) was made to look for a possible
      inhibiting action by the metal and to establish quantitative data for the
      interpretation of accumulation results. Total mercury accumulation by E. densa
      was quantified using two criteria--concentration and content. The amount of total
      mercury accumulated in the whole plant after a 28-day exposure was 40 times
      greater for the organic form, if the two compounds were initially added to the
      sediment at the same concentration. Temperature and photoperiod had a strong
      influence on methyl mercury accumulation by the plants, separately and in
      interaction. The interactions generally represent an amplification of effects
      produced by each abiotic factor, although this synergy varied according to the
      two accumulation criteria being considered or to the level of analysis (whole
      plant, leaves, and stems).

PMID- 2276361
TI  - Influence of cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase induction on the acute
      toxicity to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of primary aromatic amines.
AB  - The influence of enzyme induction on the acute toxicity of aniline and 4
      chloroaniline to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was investigated. For these two
      xenobiotics, bioactivation reactions are known to occur in mammals. Induction of
      cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase was obtained by intraperitoneal (ip)
      injection of trout with a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254).
      Five days after ip injection with three different doses of Aroclor 1254 (50, 100,
      and 200 mg/kg), benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity in trout liver microsomes
      increased five- to sixfold. Cytochrome P450 concentrations in the microsomes were
      slightly, but significantly, enhanced in two of the three dose levels. The 96-hr
      LC50's of aniline and 4-chloroaniline were not affected by pretreatment with
      Aroclor 1254, suggesting that metabolic activation does not necessarily play a
      role in the acute toxicity of aromatic amines to fish.

PMID- 2276362
TI  - Acute toxicity of the natural algicide, cyanobacterin, to Daphnia magna.
AB  - Cyanobacterin is a potent, photosynthetic inhibitor produced as a secondary
      metabolite by the filamentous, freshwater cyanobacterium Scytonema hofmanni. With
      a spectrum of activity encompassing species of cyanobacteria and eucaryotic algae
      as well as higher plants, cyanobacterin might be utilized as a commercial
      algicide for algae waterbloom control. As a component of the preliminary
      environmental risk/hazard evaluation of this proposed application, the acute
      toxicity of cyanobacterin to the planktonic crustacean, Daphnia magna, was
      assessed. Based on five trials, the 48-hr LC50 for D. magna was determined to be
      approximately 1.37 micrograms/ml (range: 0.78-2.58 micrograms/ml). In addition, a
      significant percentage of the surviving daphnids were completely immobile at the
      end of the 48-hr exposure period. These results give strong indication that
      cyanobacterin and/or its residues exhibit some nontarget organism lethality at
      projected use-concentration level. Furthermore, estimates of partition
      coefficients and bioconcentration factor, generated through quantitative
      structure-activity relationships, suggest that sediment, suspended particulates,
      and biota may serve as major compartments of cyanobacterin partitioning in an
      aquatic ecosystem. Before cyanobacterin should be further considered for
      application as a commercial algicide, a rigorous evaluation of nontarget organism
      lethality and environmental fate is required.

PMID- 2276364
TI  - A baseline-ecosystem approach to the analysis of ecotoxicological effects.
AB  - Since 1980 the German Ministry of Research has sponsored a number of
      ecotoxicological research projects aimed at the analysis of effects of
      environmental chemicals on terrestrial ecosystems. Some of these field studies
      were conducted by using a baseline-ecosystem approach, the theoretical framework
      of which is given. It is demonstrated by the baseline ecosystem derived from a
      ruderal site. The results from the German ecotoxicology program concerning some
      features of structural and functional responses of ecosystems to chemicals are
      summarized. Many effects observed in "real nature" could be attributed to the
      substances under study as side effects due to the integrative approach. This
      means that without knowledge of the structure and function of a biogeocoenosis
      reliable predictions of chemically induced changes at the ecosystem level will
      not be possible.

PMID- 2276363
TI  - Toxicity and tissue distribution of methacrylonitrile in rats.
AB  - The toxicity, uptake, tissue distribution, elimination, and covalent binding of 2
      [14C]methyl-[2.3-14C]acrylonitrile (MeAN) in male Sprague-Dawley rats were
      investigated. Following an oral administration of 100 mg/Kg body weight (0.5
      LD50, 8 microCi/Kg bw) the rats exhibited several signs of toxicity including
      ataxia, convulsions, mild diarrhea, salivation, lacrimation, and bladder urine
      retention. The treated animals excreted 43% of the 14C in the urine, 14% in the
      feces, and 2.5% in the expired air as 14CO2 in 10 days. Hydrogen cyanide was not
      detectable. Red blood cells retained significant amounts of radioactivity for
      more than 10 days after treatment. MeAN was extensively absorbed through the
      gastrointestinal tract and distributed in all the tissues of the rats. The major
      concentrations of the radioactivity were found with up to 25% of the administered
      dose in bone, liver, spleen, kidney, blood, and the gastrointestinal tract. This
      study indicates that MeAN is rapidly absorbed and distributed and the major route
      of excretion is urinary.

PMID- 2276365
TI  - [The Mexican experience with personnel training in applied epidemiology].

PMID- 2276366
TI  - [Improvement in teaching and integral development of epidemiology in the
      Dominican Republic].

PMID- 2276367
TI  - [Training in epidemiology: a strategy to strengthen its use in the health
      services in Haiti].

PMID- 2276368
TI  - [Training--action in epidemiology: experience with the system of local community
      health services in Buenos Aires City].

PMID- 2276369
TI  - [General aspects of the national program for training specialists in hygiene and
      epidemiology in Cuba].

PMID- 2276370
TI  - [An experience with training in epidemiology for Central America].

PMID- 2276371
TI  - [Epidemiology practice in health care systems].

PMID- 2276372
TI  - [The ultrastructure of the inferior olivary complex in the ground squirrel
      (Citellus citellus L.). Age-related changes in the neurons].
AB  - The morphological characteristics of neurones in the lower olivary complex of
      ground squirrels at various age were studied by electron microscope. Some
      peculiarities in the ultrastructure of these neurones were described as the
      presence of prickles, fringes. Changes which occurred with advancement of age,
      were studied such as: an increase in the number of intranuclear inclusions, an
      accumulation of a large amount of elderly pigment under the form of lipofudcinis,
      lamellar bodies, myelin-like figures, vacuole-like bodies and nucleolus-like
      inclusions, called also nematosomes. On the basis of the analysis of
      ultrastructural peculiarities of neurones in the lower olivary complex of ground
      squirrels at various age the changes, which occurred during various functional
      states and during aging, are discussed.

PMID- 2276373
TI  - [Changes in the actin distribution in the neurons of the cerebral cortex in
      newborn, adult and old rats].
AB  - The distribution of actin in neurons of sensorimotor cortex of newborn, 3-month-
      and 12-old-month old rats was studied by an immunohistochemical method. There was
      a diffuse staining of perikarya [correction of perikaryocytes] in contrast to the
      mature 3-month-old rats in which immunopositive material was located mainly at
      the periphery of neuronal bodies. A diffuse immunostaining was established in
      some nerve cells of the elderly 12-month-old rats.

PMID- 2276374
TI  - [The morphological diagnosis of alveolar lipoproteinosis].
AB  - The authors report on diagnosis of two cases with alveolar lipoproteinosis, using
      materials from transbronchial lung biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage. Light
      microscopic examination of the materials showed accumulation of fine-grained
      substance in the alveolar cavity which was stained intensively in red after PAS
      reaction and toluidin blue. Heterogeneous material was established in the alveoli
      by the electro microscope. Noncellular components were represented by single
      round membranes, not large parts of tubular myelin or osmiophilic strata bodies.
      The cellular component was presented mainly by alveolar macrophages with not well
      developed lysosomal apparatus (primary lysosomes), slightly manifested elements
      of Golgi complex, moderately developed cytoplasmatic reticulum. Many of the
      macrophages had preserved phagocytic activity-presence of pino- and phagocytic
      vacuoles.

PMID- 2276375
TI  - [A neuropharmacological study of isoteolin (IST)].
AB  - Neuropharmacological study of IST was carried out on mice and rats, using the so
      called practically "blind" neuropharmacological screening of M. Nikolova and L.
      Daleva (1968). The investigated product IST was administered under the form of
      0.1-1% of solutions prepared ex tempore with saline in doses, equivalent to 1/440
      1/250 to 1/2-4 1/2-4/5 of LD50. The studies on behaviour profile of mice and rats
      showed that IST induced symptoms of increasing inhibition of the central nervous
      system (CNS) in conformity with an increase in the dosage. It was established
      that IST inhibited dose-dependent spontaneous and stimulated with amphetamine
      motor activity and orientation reaction of mice, antagonized group amphetamine
      toxicity and excitatory effects of amphetamine as well as of morphine on mice;
      potentiated hexobarbital narcosis of mice and rats; lowered body temperature of
      rats; elevated the threshold of pentetrazolic seizures. In very high doses (50,
      100 and 200 mg/kg i.p.), equivalent to 1/5 to 2/3 of LD50 IST induced excitatory
      effects on central and peripheral nervous system-provoked unaddressed
      aggressiveness, salivation, increased frequent breathing and chromodacryorrhea
      [correction of chromodacriurea]. The obtained experimental results show that IST
      manifest central depressive effect and has mainly neuroleptic character in
      respect to CNS.

PMID- 2276376
TI  - [The anti-arrhythmia activity of isoteolin (IST)].
AB  - The antiarrhythmic activity of IST was studied on some experimental models of
      cardiac arrhythmia--caused by adrenaline in rats, caused by barium in non
      narcotized rabbits, caused by strophanthin in guinea pigs, caused by aconitine
      and calcium in rats. Rhythmic disturbances were recorded by a 12-channel
      polyphysiograph "Galileo" or a single-channel electrocardiograph "Cardiomat". The
      obtained results showed that IST manifested antiarrhythmic activity in respect to
      adrenaline, barium and strophanthin arrhythmias without affecting substantially
      aconitine and calcium arrhythmias. It is thought that antiarrhythmic activity of
      IST, found in the indicated experimental models of cardiac arrhythmias, is most
      probably connected with a lowering of the peripheral sympathetic activity,
      realized by a central way.

PMID- 2276377
TI  - [Eosinophilic granulocytes in the mouse thymus].
AB  - The morphological peculiarities and distribution of thymus eosinophils of 69
      conventional Swiss mice in different stages of their prenatal and postnatal
      development have been investigated. Single granulocytes, located mainly in the
      cortical zone between the epithelial cells and lymphocytes have been observed.
      The early appearance of these cells (in 17-18 days old fetuses) and the
      simultaneous presence of mature eosinophils as well as of their precursors have
      been discussed with regard to the possibility for the mouse thymus to participate
      in the eosinophilopoiesis.

PMID- 2276378
TI  - [An electron microscopic study of prespermatogenesis in rats].
AB  - The author carried out a study on the ultrastructure of germinal and Sertoli's
      column in sexual immature tests of 21 rats of Wistar strain, examined dynamically
      into the following age groups: newborns on the fifth and tenth days after
      delivery. After analysing the obtained results the following conclusion could be
      made: The lack of specific cellular sign of gonocyte to differential A
      spermatogonia was a serious obstacle in the study of prepubertal development of
      male gametogenesis. Examining the differentiation of cellular populations in
      sexual immature testes of rats, the dynamic of proliferation and ultrastructural
      changes in the germinative Sertoli's cells, which transformed gradually into
      their specific structure of sexual mature tests, was impressive. Although the
      rather difficult determination of factors, coordinating interrelationships
      between these cells, should be taken into consideration, it is clear that the
      development of germinal cells could be described always in close connection with
      the surrounding Sertoli's cells, which play probably a basic role in initiation
      of their proliferation and entry in miosis.

PMID- 2276379
TI  - [The effect of thyroid- and parathyroidectomy on stress-induced changes in the
      primary humoral immune response of white rats].
AB  - The influence of the immobilization stress (24 h) was studied on male white rats
      of Wistar strain, examining the primary humoral immune response on the background
      of thyroid- and parathyroidectomy. It was established that parathyroidectomy
      induced immunodepression, but the effect of immobilization stress, used just next
      to immunization with sheep erythrocytes intensified immunodepression. Furthermore
      application of stress after immunization with sheep erythrocytes (during the
      effective phase of the immune response) induced immunostimulation. These
      differences in stress-induced immunological changes could be explained by the
      peculiarities of neuroendocrine and immunological status during the variants of
      stress action.

PMID- 2276380
TI  - [The effect of sclareol lactone and sclareol glycol on artificially induced lung
      metastases of Lewis lung carcinoma (a preliminary report)].
AB  - The prophylactic effect of tetralabdanes, obtained by chemical decomposition of
      the natural diterpene sclareol (Il. Ognianov and T. Somleva) on the growth of
      artificially induced lung metastases was studied. After intravenous
      administration of 25 mg/kg of sclareol-lacton 30 minutes before the
      transplantation of tumorous cells of Lewis [correction of Luis] lung carcinoma
      the number of metastases was reduced with 37.5% but in a dose of 50 mg/kg from-
      33 to 63%. In a dose of 100 mg/kg of sclareol-lacton metastases were increased
      with 2--7%. Sclareolglycol administered in a dose of 25 mg/kg under the same
      experimental conditions, reduced lung metastases with 38%, but in a dose of 50
      mg/kg--from 26% to 61%. Its administration in a dose of 100 mg/kg stimulated
      their formation with 62%.

PMID- 2276381
TI  - [The role of phospho-oligosaccharides as secondary mediators in the action of
      insulin].

PMID- 2276382
TI  - [The ultrastructure of the inferior olivary complex in the ground squirrel
      (Citellus citellus L.). Are-related changes in the dendrites].
AB  - The morphological characteristics of the elements of the neuropile in the lower
      olivary complex in ground squirrels at various age were studied by an electron
      microscope. The peculiarities in the ultrastructure of dendrite profiles,
      synaptic contacts on their surface and in the content of the complex synaptic
      connections and glomeruli. In this nuclear complex of ground squirrels--under the
      conditions of hibernation as well as in old very obese ground squirrels during
      all seasons there were a series of changes in the ultrastructure of dendrites
      such as: myelin-like figures, a large number of vacuoles, an accumulation of
      elderly pigment at the base of proximal dendrites and free postsynaptic-like
      condensations C. The changes in the dendrites, which occur during various
      functional states as well during aging, are discussed on the basis of the
      analysis on ultrastructural peculiarities of elements of the neuropile in the
      lower olivary complex in ground squirrels at various age.

PMID- 2276383
TI  - Changing patterns of antihypertensive drug use in a German population between
      1984 and 1987. Results of a population based cohort study in the Federal Republic
      of Germany.
AB  - In the MONICA Augsburg project, a cohort of 3324 men and women randomly selected
      from the population (aged 30 to 64 y) was surveyed in 1984/85 and in 1987/88.
      Their antihypertensive medication as well as their demographic characteristics,
      blood pressure values, and awareness of hypertension were assessed at each visit
      in an identical manner. In 1984/85 the prevalence of antihypertensive drug use in
      the cohort was 7.8% (n = 260). In 1987/88, 204 of the hypertensives were still
      being treated (continuously treated hypertensives) and there were 167 newly
      treated hypertensives, thus increasing the prevalence of antihypertensive drug
      use to 11.2%. Of the 204 continuously treated hypertensives, 45.6% had changed
      their antihypertensive medication over the three-year follow-up period.
      Combinations with diuretics (except those containing calcium antagonists or ACE
      inhibitors) had largely been discontinued, and the prevalence of calcium
      antagonist mono- and combination therapy had markedly increased from 84/85 to
      87/88. Men were treated more frequently with recently introduced antihypertensive
      agents than women. Newly treated hypertensives (n = 167) showed antihypertensive
      treatment patterns reflecting the changes observed in continuously treated
      hypertensives. Triple drug combinations, mostly in fixed ratios, were being taken
      by approximately 25% of all hypertensives at each visit. Prospective analysis
      revealed an underlying discontinuation rate of 49%. It is concluded that the
      epidemiology of antihypertensive therapy in individuals and in the community is
      subject to rapid changes and various influences. Cohort studies of treated
      antihypertensive individuals offer a more comprehensive understanding of its
      determinants.

PMID- 2276385
TI  - Does N-acetylcysteine increase the excretion of trace metals (calcium, magnesium,
      iron, zinc and copper) when given orally?
AB  - N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is known to decrease the exacerbation rate in patients
      with chronic bronchitis. It has also been shown that NAC has both an oxygen
      radical scavenger and a heavy-metal chelating effect in high intravenous doses.
      In a study lasting 5 weeks, 10 healthy volunteers were treated with NAC 200 mg
      t.d.s. for two weeks. The concentrations of trace metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn & Cu) in
      plasma were measured weekly and daily in a morning spot urine during the
      investigation. No significant change in plasma concentration or excretion was
      found during the two weeks of treatment, implying that additional administration
      of trace metals is unnecessary for patients treated perorally with a therapeutic
      dose of NAC.

PMID- 2276384
TI  - Effects of single doses of alprazolam and diazepam, alone and in combination with
      ethanol, on psychomotor and cognitive performance and on autonomic nervous system
      reactivity in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Effects of alprazolam, alone and in combination with ethanol, on psychomotor and
      cognitive performance were studied in healthy male volunteers and compared to
      effects of diazepam. Alprazolam 2 mg produced relatively long-lasting impairments
      on tests of tracking, verbal and nonverbal information processing, and memory,
      and decreased blood pressure without a change in heart rate or plasma
      norepinephrine levels. Although ethanol consumption was demonstrated to produce
      additive decrements in performance on certain tasks, there was little evidence to
      support a synergistic effect. Alprazolam 2 mg was accompanied by increased self
      reports of side effects, especially drowsiness. Low dose alprazolam, diazepam,
      and ethanol produced significantly fewer side effects than 2 mg alprazolam, but
      significantly more than placebo.

PMID- 2276386
TI  - Skin tissue fluid levels of cefotiam in healthy man following oral cefotiam
      hexetil.
AB  - Cefotiam hexetil is a pro-drug of cefotiam available for oral administration. To
      evaluate cefotiam concentrations at the active site in skin and soft-tissue
      infections, drug levels in skin suction blister fluid (SBF), cantharides blister
      fluid (CBF) and serum were determined. Six healthy subjects received oral
      cefotiam 400 mg as cefotiam hexetil. On an other day 200 mg was injected
      intravenously. Following the oral dose, the bioavailability of cefotiam was
      45.5%, and the maximum concentration in serum of 2.6 mg.l-1 was obtained at 2.1
      h. Peak concentrations in both types of blister fluid (0.9 mg.l-1) were
      significantly lower than after the iv dose (SBF 1.4 mg.l-1, CBF 1.5 mg.l-1), and
      the peak levels occurred later (3.3 versus 1.5 h in CBF). Despite the delay, the
      extent of penetration was about 100% following either mode of administration
      (SBF, iv dose 112%, oral dose 117%). The cefotiam level in skin blister fluids
      declined significantly more slowly than the serum level. Following the oral dose,
      the mean terminal half life was serum 0.8 h, SBF 2.6 h and CBF 4.6 h. Cefotiam
      concentrations in the blister fluids were close to the MIC90 of Staphylococcus
      aureus, S. epidermis and H. influenzae and exceeded the MIC90 of Streptococci, E.
      coli and Proteus mirabilis. Thus, the oral administration of cefotiam 400 mg
      t.i.d. should be curative in the majority of bacterial infections of the skin and
      soft-tissues.

PMID- 2276387
TI  - N-acetylation in healthy and diseased children.
AB  - Acetylation capacity was examined in three groups of Czech children by measuring
      the plasma and urine concentrations of sulphamethazine and its acetylated
      metabolite 6 h after an oral test dose of 20 mg/kg sulphamethazine. Amongst 82
      healthy children aged 4-15 y there were 32 (39%) fast acetylators; there was no
      significant difference between the number of boys and girls, or between children
      over or less than 6 years of age. In 41 patients aged 3-15 y with
      phenylketonuria, the acetylation indices showed a significantly higher proportion
      of fast acetylators - 24 (58.5%) using plasma measurements and 29 (70.7%) using
      urine data. In them the ratio between slow and fast acetylators was inverted
      compared to normal children. The preponderance of fast acetylators was greater in
      boys than in girls and in children over 6 years of age. An increased acetylation
      capacity in patients with phenylketonuria was apparent even in individuals
      classified as slow acetylators, because in them the plasma concentration of the
      acetylated metabolite was higher than in control acetylators. Amongst 48 young
      patients (5-15 y) with insulin-dependent diabetes there were 19 (39.6%) fast and
      29 (60.4%) slow acetylators, which corresponded well to the phenotype
      distribution in control children. This did not support the suggested association
      between the fast acetylator phenotype and Type I diabetes.

PMID- 2276388
TI  - Comparative bioavailability of a morphine suppository given rectally and in a
      colostomy.
AB  - In eight patients with a colostomy, plasma morphine levels were followed for 8 h
      after administration of 20 mg morphine chloride as a suppository, first rectally
      and after at least 48 h via the colostomy. The bioavailability after
      administration in the colostomy showed very great variation; the mean value
      compared to rectal bioavailability was only 43% (range 0.1-127%). In four
      patients the plasma concentrations of morphine after colostomy administration
      were lower at all times than after rectal administration, and in three only small
      amounts of morphine were detectable. One patient showed higher plasma
      concentrations after colostomy application than after rectal administration. It
      is concluded that administration of morphine suppositories in a colostomy cannot
      be recommended.

PMID- 2276389
TI  - Effect of omeprazole and cimetidine on plasma diazepam levels.
AB  - The effects of steady state dosing with omeprazole and cimetidine on plasma
      diazepam levels have been studied in 12 healthy males. Single doses of diazepam
      (0.1 mg.kg-1 i.v.) were administered after one week of treatment with omeprazole
      20 mg once daily, cimetidine 400 mg b.d. or placebo, and the treatment was
      continued for a further 5 days. Blood was collected for 120 h after the dose of
      diazepam for the measurement of diazepam and its major metabolite desmethyl
      diazepam. The mean clearance of diazepam was decreased by 27% and 38% and its
      half-life was increased by 36% and 39% after omeprazole and cimetidine,
      respectively. Neither drug had any apparent effect on the volume of distribution
      of diazepam. Desmethyldiazepam appeared more slowly after both omeprazole and
      cimetidine. It is concluded that the decrease in diazepam clearance was
      associated with inhibition of hepatic metabolism both by omeprazole and
      cimetidine. However, since diazepam has a wide therapeutic range, it is unlikely
      that concomitant treatment with therapeutically recommended doses of either
      omeprazole or cimetidine will result in a clinically significant interaction with
      diazepam.

PMID- 2276391
TI  - Assessment of blindness in the Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II (DAVIT II).
      Danish Study Group on Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study comparing verapamil and
      placebo in late secondary intervention after acute myocardial infarction, the
      physicians were asked to try to identify the treatment in 100 consecutive
      patients. The assessment of the presumed treatment was based upon the presence of
      effects and side effects. It was only possible correctly to group 36% (95%: 26.7
      46.2) of the patients. 35 patients were grouped as indeterminable. In 65 a
      treatment was proposed, correctly in 55%, and thus ideal blindedness had been
      achieved.

PMID- 2276392
TI  - The use of a single non-timed urine collection in the calculation of fractional
      lithium clearance.
AB  - The fractional clearance of lithium (CLLi/CLCR) calculated in 15 normal healthy
      adults from a single morning urine aliquot collection, together with a single
      venous blood sample (FQ) was compared with the average CLLi/CLCR obtained from
      three timed consecutive urine collections with mid-point blood sampling (FABC).
      Lithium had been ingested 15-18 h prior to the collection of these samples. Mean
      CLLi/CLCR was similar (FQ, 0.186, FABC, 0.177), with a highly significant
      correlation in each individual of CLLi/CLCR measured by either method (r = 0.97,
      P less than 0.0001). Proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium using lithium
      clearance may be calculated from a single urine and blood sample.

PMID- 2276390
TI  - Influence of the menstrual cycle on theophylline pharmacokinetics in asthmatics.
AB  - The effect of menstrual cycle on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline has been
      studied in 9 female asthmatic patients. At three different times during the cycle
      (first, tenth and twentieth days) each subject received an i.v. infusion of 240
      mg theophylline. Significant changes were found in the kinetics of theophylline
      according to the menstrual cycle. The maximum plasma drug concentration, minimum
      mean residence time, and minimum elimination half-life were observed at mid
      cycle. The lowest clearance was observed at D 20. The AUC and volume of
      distribution did not vary significantly during the cycle.

PMID- 2276393
TI  - Prescription of antibiotics to out-patients in hospital clinics, community health
      centres and private practice.
AB  - Prescription of antibiotics in Sweden varies between countries within a range of
      13-20 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day. In Malmohus county, which accounts for the
      highest prescription rate, the amounts and proportions of erythromycin and
      tetracyclin prescribed are particularly large. All prescriptions for antibiotics
      dispensed in half of the pharmacies in the county during a one-week period were
      examined with respect to type of antibiotic and category of physician responsible
      for the prescription. Among 5,165 antibiotic prescriptions examined, broad
      spectrum antibiotics were more frequent in urban than in rural areas, and were
      more often prescribed by hospital physicians and private practitioners than by
      district physicians. Erythromycin was particularly often prescribed by
      paediatricians, the frequency being comparable to that of
      phenoxymethylpenicillin. Retrospective analysis of consultations at the ENT and
      paediatric clinics for respiratory tract infections showed that
      phenoxymethylpenicillin was not always the drug of choice by hospital physicians,
      despite a recommendation to that effect by the Board of Health and Welfare. The
      findings suggest that the choice of antibiotics is determined not only by
      medically relevant factors and Board recommendations but also by the habits of
      the consulting physicians.

PMID- 2276394
TI  - The relationship between debrisoquine oxidation phenotype and the
      pharmacokinetics of chlorpropamide.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and urinary metabolite pattern of a single oral dose of
      chlorpropamide 250 mg have been studied in 6 extensive and 5 poor metabolizers of
      debrisoquine. Ammonium chloride was given orally to acidify the urine in order to
      make elimination of the parent drug dependent on metabolism alone. The
      concentration profile in serum and the pharmacokinetic parameters of the parent
      drug were similar in both groups. However, the ratio in urine of unchanged
      chlorpropamide to its hydroxylated metabolites was higher in poor than in
      extensive metabolizers.

PMID- 2276395
TI  - Nonlinear kinetics of nortriptyline in every day practice.

PMID- 2276396
TI  - Effects of indobufen on platelet thromboxane B2 production in patients with
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2276397
TI  - Influence of conditioned medium pretreatment on marrow recovery in sublethally
      irradiated mice.
AB  - Intraperitoneal administration of medium conditioned by thymocytes (TCCM) 18 h
      before whole-body irradiation with a single sublethal dose of 5.8 Gy stimulates
      haemopoiesis recovery in mouse bone marrow. Cellularity of femoral bone marrow in
      animals treated with TCCM was greater by 20-60% within 10-30 days after
      irradiation than that in mice only irradiated. CFU-S number was 1.5 to 2-fold
      higher at the same period. Histological examination showed a considerably higher
      rate of myelopoiesis recovery in bone marrow.

PMID- 2276398
TI  - Properties of macrophages from high- and low-responder strains of mice. II. The
      expression of Fc receptors.
AB  - Simultaneous expression of Fc receptors was studied on the model of peritoneal
      macrophages from two inbred strains of mice, A/J and C57BL/10ScSn, so-called high
      and low-responders. Sheep red blood cells and/or synthetic polymer microspheres
      both coated with monoclonal antibodies of different isotypes were used for
      detection of Fc receptors. It was proved that the majority of macrophages bear
      more than one type of Fc receptors, moreover, macrophages expressing at least
      three types of Fc receptors simultaneously were detected. Both mouse strains vary
      in the presence of different subpopulations of macrophages bearing particular
      sets of Fc receptors.

PMID- 2276400
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of factor B of the complement system (Bf) in the Slovak
      population.
AB  - The distribution of factor B (Bf) phenotypes and gene frequencies were
      investigated in 280 genetically unrelated persons of the Slovak population. Thin
      layer agarose gel high-voltage electrophoresis and subsequent immunofixation were
      used. A low frequency of the "rare" allele BfFl was observed (BfFl = 0.0017). The
      frequencies of common Bf alleles BfS and BfF (BfS = 0.816, BfF = 0.1625) and a
      "rare" allele BfSO.7 (BfSO.7 = 0.0178) were inside the corresponding ranges of
      BfS, BfF and BfSO.7 found in European Caucasoids. No other variants were
      observed.

PMID- 2276399
TI  - The dysgenetic thymus in nu/nu mice is a potent source of colony stimulating
      factor (CSF).
AB  - During in vitro incubation, the pulmonary and thymic tissue of mice released a
      colony stimulating factor (CSF) supporting the development of colonies of
      granulocytes and macrophages from bone marrow progenitors. Cardiac, splenic,
      renal and bone marrow tissues were not active. The dysgenetic thymus of nude mice
      was a very potent source of CSF during in vitro incubation.

PMID- 2276401
TI  - Vitrification of mouse 8-cell embryos with glycerol as a cryoporotectant.
AB  - Glycerol at a concentration of 6.85 M has been used for cryopreservation of 8
      cell mouse embryos with the aim to induce formation of ice-free glass after
      plunging into liquid nitrogen. Before treatment with this concentration at
      approximately 0 degrees C, embryos were pre-equilibrated in 1.37 M glycerol at
      ambient temperature. It was found that the main source of damage to embryos is
      due to treatment with a high concentration of glycerol and osmotic events during
      its dilution. Cooling and warming of embryos per se induce little or no harm to
      their capacity to form expanded blastocysts after 48 h in vitro. Best results
      (together 169/198, 85.4%) were obtained, when both time (not more than 15 min)
      and temperature (approximately 0 degrees C) of exposure of embryos to
      vitrification media were controlled properly.

PMID- 2276403
TI  - Oncologic emergencies.

PMID- 2276402
TI  - Comparison of the influence of gelatine and collagen substrates on growth of
      chondrocytes.
AB  - The effect of culture substrates on adhesion and growth of chondrocytes and the
      influence of varying amounts of foetal calf serum on cell proliferation are
      compared. Skin and cartilage gelatines and type II collagen were used as
      substrates. The cells used in the experiments were the primary cultures of
      chondrocytes, frozen primary cultures of chondrocytes and chondrocytes after the
      1st subculture. Cartilage gelatine had a more marked influence on cell
      proliferation than skin gelatine, especially in primary cultures. The differences
      were off in cells after the 1st subculture. Differences in the number of cells
      are evident also after decreasing the serum concentration in culture medium.

PMID- 2276404
TI  - Lyme disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.

PMID- 2276406
TI  - Occupational maladjustment in the multidisciplinary intensive care unit: factors
      involved in its development and possible solutions.

PMID- 2276405
TI  - Early experience with #3 French miniature femoral arteriography catheters.

PMID- 2276407
TI  - Guidelines of the Delaware Radiologic Society for reporting of mammograms and
      breast ultrasound.

PMID- 2276408
TI  - Society's self-defense.

PMID- 2276409
TI  - Health access America: AMA's 16-point proposal.

PMID- 2276410
TI  - Regulation of the abundance of sodium pumps in isolated animal cells.

PMID- 2276411
TI  - Lactography as an approach to monitor glucose metabolism on-line in brain and
      muscle.
AB  - 1. Thus far metabolic processes in the intact animal (or man) have been studied
      either by the analysis of body fluids, of biopsies, of tissue obtained post
      mortem or by techniques, requiring dedicated and expensive equipment (such as
      positron emission tomography or magnetic resonance spectroscopy). 2. Here we
      describe a relatively simple and inexpensive technique, that can be applied in
      vivo to study metabolism in brain regions and muscle in the freely moving rat and
      in human peripheral tissue. 3. The method is based on microdialysis allowing
      continuous sampling from the extracellular space, the enzymatic conversion of
      lactate and the on-line detection of fluorescent NADH. 4. Examples of the
      application of our technique include the monitoring of lactate efflux from
      various brain regions of behaving animals under a variety of stress exposures,
      during ischemia or hypoxia and drug treatments. 5. The results indicate that in
      brain lactate is not exclusively formed under hypoxia and that neuronal
      activation leads also to lactate formation, possibly due to the compartmentation
      of both the involved enzymes and the energy metabolism. 6. The increase of
      lactate formation in contracting or ischemic muscle or during exercise could also
      be followed on-line in the rat, suggesting that our approach allows the
      continuous monitoring of anaerobic metabolism in man e.g. during traumatic or
      arteriosclerotic limb ischemia or lactic acidosis in shock states. 7. The
      principle of our approach can easily be adapted to other metabolites, thus
      enabling to monitor other metabolic pathways in vivo as well.

PMID- 2276412
TI  - Soluble galactoside-binding vertebrate lectins: a protein family with common
      properties.
AB  - 1. Soluble galactoside-binding lectins could play a key role in vertebrates by
      specifical binding to complementary glycoconjugates. 2. Their expression and
      localization are developmentally regulated. 3. They constitute a large family of
      structurally related proteins which contain a series of conserved aminoacids. 4.
      Their functional role could vary from an organ to another, and the same lectin
      may probably mediate several biological activities.

PMID- 2276413
TI  - Differential effects of endotoxin and fibrinogen degradation products (FDPS) on
      liver synthesis of fibrinogen and albumin: evidence for the involvement of a
      novel monokine in the stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis induced by FDPS.
AB  - 1. Administration of endotoxin or fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs) in rats
      increase fibrinogen synthesis comparable to that found during the acute phase
      response. 2. An increased fibrinogen synthesis is also found in co-cultures of
      hepatocytes with peripheral blood mononuclear cells upon administration of
      endotoxin or FDPs, but not in primary cultures of hepatocytes alone. 3. However,
      the increased synthesis of fibrinogen by FDPs is not accompanied by a decreased
      albumin synthesis, as in the case of stimulated fibrinogen synthesis induced by
      endotoxin in vivo and in co-cultures of hepatocytes with peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells, or induced by monocytic products in vivo and in primary
      cultures of hepatocytes alone. 4. Since IL-1 and/or IL-6 could not be accounted
      for the stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis without a decreased albumin
      synthesis, a novel monokine produced by mononuclear cells upon FDP administration
      might be involved.

PMID- 2276414
TI  - Heme biosynthesis in human breast cancer--mimetic "in vitro" studies and some
      heme enzymic activity levels.
AB  - 1. Porphyrin biosynthesis from delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was investigated
      using the technique of tissue explant cultures, in both human breast cancer and
      its original normal tissue. 2. The activity of ALA-dehydratase,
      porphobilinogenase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase was directly determined in
      both tumor and normal mammary tissues. 3. Porphyrin synthesis capacity of human
      breast carcinoma was 20-fold enhanced, as compared with normal tissue, at least
      between the stages of porphobilinogen and coproporphyrinogen formation. 4. The
      activity of the three enzymes examined was always lower in normal tissue than in
      tumoral tissue. 5. Present findings show that porphyrin biosynthesis is increased
      in breast cancer tissue.

PMID- 2276415
TI  - Effect of peroxisome proliferation on ether phospholipid biosynthesizing enzymes
      in rat liver.
AB  - 1. The effect of the peroxisome proliferators clofibrate and plasticizer on the
      activities of the first two enzymes involved in either phospholipid biosynthesis,
      i.e. dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase (DHAP-AT) and
      alkyldihydroxyacetone-phosphate synthase, were studied in rat liver homogenates
      and purified peroxisomes. 2. DHAP-AT in homogenates increased by 2 to 3-fold both
      in total and specific activity. However, the specific activity in purified
      peroxisomes showed no significant increase demonstrating for the first time that
      there is no specific induction of this enzyme that exceeds the induction of total
      peroxisomal protein. 3. Alkyldihydroxyacetone-phosphate synthase showed no
      significant increase in total and specific activity in homogenates and a slight
      decrease of its specific activity in purified peroxisomes was observed. 4. The
      total amount of plasmalogens did not increase upon proliferation and a slight
      decrease in the percentage plasmalogens in total phospholipids was observed. 5.
      Proliferation did not influence the phospholipid composition of the peroxisomal
      membrane.

PMID- 2276416
TI  - Removal of the carboxy terminus of beta-tubulin subunit produces lateral
      annealing of microtubules with different orientations.
AB  - 1. Tubulin, lacking the carboxy terminus region of its beta subunit assembles
      into composite microtubule structures showing opposite polarity. 2. Since in
      these polymers, microtubules are laterally bound, this type of interaction could
      lead to the generation of microtubules with different polarities, as those found
      in some cellular types.

PMID- 2276417
TI  - Isolation and some properties of bovine brain 100 kDa heat shock protein.
AB  - 1. The 100 kDa protein was purified from bovine brains. 2. The antibody against
      the 100 kDa brain protein was prepared and was monospecific to the antigen. 3.
      The antibody cross-reacted with HeLa cell HSP100 (100 kDa heat shock protein). 4.
      The physicochemical, immunochemical properties and a partially amino acid
      sequence indicated that the 100 kDa protein was HSP100. 5. Peptide mapping using
      Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease showed a core peptide with 10 kDa molecular
      mass common to both HSP100 and HSP90. 6. The amino acid sequence of the 10 kDa
      fragment of the 100 kDa protein showed a high homology with that of human HSP90
      (38-60); the difference was only two of 23 amino acid residues determined.

PMID- 2276418
TI  - Molecular cloning of rat precursor cathepsin H and the expression of five
      lysosomal cathepsins in normal tissues and in a rat carcinosarcoma.
AB  - 1. A rat cathepsin H cDNA was isolated from a rat liver cDNA library with
      synthetic oligonucleotide probes. 2. DNA sequence analysis indicated that it
      codes for rat preprocathepsin H. 3. Using this clone together with the cDNA for
      cathepsins B, D, L and S as probes, the expression of five major lysosomal
      proteinases was investigated in ten different normal rat tissues and in a rat
      carcinoma. 4. The common feature of their expression is that the five cathepsins
      have relatively high mRNA levels in lung and kidney, suggesting that they all
      play important roles in organs engaged in active protein metabolism. 5. In other
      tissues, the concentrations of the five cathepsin mRNAs are significantly
      different. This may indicate that their expressions are differentially regulated
      and that they may have specialized functions in specific tissues. 6. The
      cathepsin B mRNA level is at least 2.5-fold higher in the rat W256-carcinoma than
      in any of the normal rat tissues surveyed. 7. In contrast, the mRNA levels for
      the other four cathepsins show no comparable elevations. 8. This finding is
      consistent with previous observations reporting a correlation between cathepsins
      B expression and malignant tumors.

PMID- 2276419
TI  - Melatonin and porphyrin in the harderian glands of the Syrian hamster: circadian
      patterns and response to autumnal conditions.
AB  - 1. Adult male Syrian hamsters were killed at nine intervals during a 24 hr period
      in the autumn, after 2 months either indoors in controlled conditions or in
      natural outdoor conditions. 2. Harderian glands were taken for determination of N
      acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activities
      and melatonin and porphyrin concentrations. 3. Mean 24 hr Harderian NAT and
      melatonin values were lower outside than inside. 4. Twenty-four hour melatonin
      rhythms were detected with similar daytime (afternoon) acrophases in both
      environmental conditions. 5. An NAT rhythm was seen only in animals kept inside,
      with a circadian maximum in the late dark phase. 6. Mean 24 hr HIOMT activity was
      slightly higher outdoors than indoors, and 24 hr rhythms were not detected in
      either condition. 7. Mean porphyrin concentrations were higher outdoors, with 24
      hr rhythms detected in both conditions and a significantly earlier nocturnal
      circadian maximum outdoors.

PMID- 2276420
TI  - The isolation of large molecular mass procyanidins from grain sorghum and their
      interaction with [14C]methyl bovine serum albumins.
AB  - 1. Three protein-free procyanidin fractions with molecular masses of 4000, 8000
      and 10,000-50,000 were isolated from a bird resistant sorghum grain. 2. The
      interaction between the largest procyanidin and 88 or 1% methylated bovine serum
      albumin (14C labelled) is stronger with the more methylated protein over a range
      of 0-2.75 ionic strength at pH 5. This indicates the involvement of apolar forces
      throughout the range though apolar forces were more pronounced from 0.7-2.75
      ionic strength. 3. In the interaction between procyanidins of different molecular
      masses and 88% 14C-methylated bovine serum albumin the smaller procyanidins
      exhibited a more pronounced sigmoidal precipitation pattern than the larger with
      an increase in their concentrations.

PMID- 2276421
TI  - Regulation of mitochondrial gene expression in mammalian cells.

PMID- 2276422
TI  - Mitochondrial myopathies: genetic defects.

PMID- 2276423
TI  - Mitochondrial myopathies: clinical defects.

PMID- 2276424
TI  - Hypoxia-reoxygenation induced damage in the myocardium: the role of mitochondria.

PMID- 2276425
TI  - Shifting the balance of public funding of higher education to fees.

PMID- 2276427
TI  - Closer university-industry links.

PMID- 2276426
TI  - Future funding policies from non-government sources: the Wellcome Trust.
AB  - As we enter the 1990s, the Trust is taking on a new and unsought role as a
      mainstay of University biomedical research. It is to be hoped that recent
      statements from Government, which appear to recognize the harm being wreaked on
      the Universities, will prove to be more than pious platitudes.

PMID- 2276428
TI  - The demand for higher education in the 1990s.
AB  - The decline in the number of births in the U.K. during the 1970s means that there
      will be fewer young people leaving school each year during the 1990s than there
      have been during the last 20 years. It does not necessarily follow, however, that
      the demand for places in institutions of higher education will fall, since many
      factors other than the numbers involved affect this demand. This paper discusses
      recent projections of the demand for higher education during the 1990s,
      highlighting the differences between them and stressing the uncertainties
      involved in any projection exercise. It concludes with a discussion of which
      other groups in the population might be targeted by universities and polytechnics
      anxious to maintain or increase their student intake.

PMID- 2276429
TI  - The future of higher education and research in the U.K.

PMID- 2276430
TI  - A dot immunobinding assay for the rapid quantification of uncoupling protein in
      brown adipose tissue mitochondria.

PMID- 2276431
TI  - The metabolism of an entirely new cellular nucleotide derivative:
      phosphoglyceroyl-ATP.

PMID- 2276432
TI  - A T-cell protein which recognizes a palindromic DNA sequence in the negative
      regulatory element of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat with homology to
      steroid/thyroid hormone receptor binding sites.

PMID- 2276433
TI  - Protection by glutathione against one component of the bimodal inhibition of
      growth by tamoxifen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 2276434
TI  - Autoantibodies to the thyrotrophin receptor mimic thyrotrophin in stimulating
      both thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase mRNA transcription in human thyroid
      cells.

PMID- 2276435
TI  - Intronic steroid response elements in prostate binding protein genes.

PMID- 2276436
TI  - Functional characterization of an androgen response element.

PMID- 2276437
TI  - Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor in breast cancer.

PMID- 2276438
TI  - Somatic change in the oestrogen receptor gene in breast cancer.

PMID- 2276439
TI  - Effects of the presence of progesterone receptors on the relationship between
      enzyme immunoassay and steroid-binding assay for oestrogen receptors.

PMID- 2276440
TI  - Oestrogen and anti-oestrogen induction of specific gene expression in human
      breast cancer cells.

PMID- 2276441
TI  - Effect of changes in 5' coding sequence on level of expression of ovine growth
      hormone cDNA in Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2276442
TI  - Identification of a mRNA rapidly induced in an intestinal epithelial cell line by
      epidermal growth factor.

PMID- 2276443
TI  - Effects of hormones on polyamine biosynthesis in cultured sheep adipose tissue
      slices.

PMID- 2276444
TI  - A high molecular mass steroid response element binding protein forms a 213 kDa
      complex with an oestrogen response element.

PMID- 2276445
TI  - Computer-generated diagrams of inter-main-chain hydrogen bonds in proteins.

PMID- 2276446
TI  - Investigation of mechanistic consequences of natural structural variation within
      the cysteine proteinases by knowledge-based modelling and kinetic methods.

PMID- 2276447
TI  - Dynamic aspects of molecular recognition in cysteine proteinase-ligand systems.

PMID- 2276448
TI  - The influence of anions, ionic strength and organic solvents on the interaction
      between actin and myosin subfragment 1.

PMID- 2276449
TI  - Effect of phosphate and sulphate on the interaction of actin and myosin
      subfragment 1.

PMID- 2276451
TI  - Effects of ATP analogues on the activity of the ion proteinase of Escherichia
      coli.

PMID- 2276450
TI  - Differential incorporation of gluconeogenic precursors and glucose into glycogen
      in periportal and perivenous rat hepatocytes.

PMID- 2276452
TI  - Synthesis of fluorodeoxy analogues of myo-inositol.

PMID- 2276453
TI  - Brown-fat pyruvate dehydrogenase activities during the fed-to-starved transition.

PMID- 2276454
TI  - Studies on streptococcal proteinase.

PMID- 2276455
TI  - Histochemical determinations of Km and Vmax. for hexokinase type I in three
      layers of rat cerebellum.

PMID- 2276456
TI  - Structural and mechanistic studies on citrate synthase by nuclear magnetic
      resonance and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopies.

PMID- 2276457
TI  - A general kinetic equation for multihydronic state reactions and rapid procedures
      for parameter evaluation.

PMID- 2276459
TI  - Characterization of a human tRNA gene cluster.

PMID- 2276458
TI  - Polyclonal-antibody-catalysed hydrolysis of an aryl nitrophenyl carbonate.

PMID- 2276460
TI  - Carnitine analogues and carnitine palmitoyltransferases.

PMID- 2276461
TI  - Acute replacement of phosphocreatine in the isolated rat heart by perfusion with
      the creatine analogue beta-guanidinopropionic acid.

PMID- 2276462
TI  - Priming the damage system in mammalian skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2276463
TI  - Priming the system that causes the release of cytosolic proteins in the perfused
      rat heart.

PMID- 2276464
TI  - Oxygen radicals and cellular damage in isolated muscle cells.

PMID- 2276465
TI  - Inflammatory cells from the rat pleural cavity can activate the food-derived
      carcinogen MeIQx.

PMID- 2276466
TI  - Regional localization of iron absorption in the guinea-pig small intestine during
      development.

PMID- 2276467
TI  - Variations in the immunological reactivities of mammalian lipoprotein lipases.

PMID- 2276468
TI  - Quantification of cytochrome P-450 gene expression in human tissues.

PMID- 2276469
TI  - Non-lethal doses of antibody and complement stimulate release of prostaglandin E2
      from human amniotic cells in vitro.

PMID- 2276470
TI  - Hypoxanthine incorporation and nucleotide imbalance in wild-type and adenine
      phosphoribosyl transferase-deficient Friend leukaemia cells.

PMID- 2276471
TI  - Characterization of glucose transporters in lactating rat mammary glands.

PMID- 2276472
TI  - Cholesteryl ester hydrolase: three activities in the lactating rat mammary gland.

PMID- 2276474
TI  - Mechanisms of cisplatin cytotoxicity in human ovarian carcinoma cell lines.

PMID- 2276473
TI  - Identification of a relationship between glutathione metabolism and drug
      sensitivities in a panel of human tumour cell lines.

PMID- 2276475
TI  - Mass determination of inositol phosphates: a comparison with radiotracer studies.

PMID- 2276477
TI  - Control of phosphate transport in liver.

PMID- 2276476
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases the Pi concentration in cultured osteoblasts.

PMID- 2276478
TI  - Pi transport and metabolism in mammalian skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2276479
TI  - Effect of growth temperature on fatty acid biosynthesis in Acanthamoeba
      castellanii.

PMID- 2276480
TI  - Primary structure of the alpha-chains of the haemoglobins of the Gambia rat
      (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse).

PMID- 2276481
TI  - Porphyrin profiles in hamster Harderian glands.

PMID- 2276482
TI  - Combined familial hyperlipidaemia in association with apolipoprotein E3
      phenotype.

PMID- 2276483
TI  - A low-affinity binder for methotrexate in human leukaemia cells.

PMID- 2276484
TI  - The involvement of RNA and protein synthesis in programmed cell death (apoptosis)
      in human leukaemia HL-60 cells.

PMID- 2276485
TI  - Testing the efficacy of kidney cold-preservation solutions: what role for
      metabolic function tests?

PMID- 2276486
TI  - Comparison of the mode of action and site specificity of endo-(1,4)-beta-D
      glucanases of Penicillium pinophilum using normal, 1-3H-labelled, reduced and
      chromogenic cello-oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2276487
TI  - Distribution of A1-adenosine receptors, adenosine deaminase and 5'-nucleotidase
      in brain and other tissues of the pig.

PMID- 2276488
TI  - Release of adenosine deaminase from rat intestinal mucosa.

PMID- 2276489
TI  - Production of lignin peroxidase by Phanerochaete chrysoporium in medium
      containing molasses.

PMID- 2276490
TI  - A developmental shift from low- to high-Mr copper binders in guinea-pig serum.

PMID- 2276491
TI  - Amino acid transport systems in sheep reticulocytes.

PMID- 2276492
TI  - Hormonal control of protein synthesis in rat mammary explants.

PMID- 2276493
TI  - Regulation of malic enzyme expression in hepatocytes in culture.

PMID- 2276494
TI  - Regulation of hepatic malic enzyme mRNAs during development.

PMID- 2276495
TI  - Tissue uptake of lithium in guinea-pig isolated intestinal mucosa after chronic
      lithium ingestion.

PMID- 2276496
TI  - Biochemical studies of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase encapsulated in erythrocytes.

PMID- 2276497
TI  - Lipid biochemistry of tissue cultures of oil-seed rape.

PMID- 2276498
TI  - Inhibition studies on 5-aminolevulinate biosynthesis in Pisum sativum L. (pea).

PMID- 2276499
TI  - 28S ribosomal RNA in Xenopus borealis: gene sequence and differences from Xenopus
      laevis sequence.

PMID- 2276500
TI  - Genetic and structural characterization of the bacterioferritin of Escherichia
      coli.

PMID- 2276501
TI  - Hydrogen-bonding in chymotrypsin catalysis: Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopic analysis.

PMID- 2276502
TI  - Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in the A10 vascular smooth muscle cell
      line.

PMID- 2276503
TI  - Isolation of Clara cells from rat lung using flow cytometry.

PMID- 2276505
TI  - Characterization of aminopeptidases in human kidney and urine.

PMID- 2276504
TI  - Detection of Toxoplasma gondii using the polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 2276506
TI  - Purification and characterization of tripeptidyl-aminopeptidase from human
      cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2276508
TI  - Effect of tetraethylammonium on K+ efflux in arterial strips.

PMID- 2276507
TI  - Analysis of ventricular fluid proteins in head-injured patients via
      SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2276509
TI  - Presence of a membrane attack complex inhibiting protein on the human epithelial
      cell line HeLa.

PMID- 2276510
TI  - Transience of membrane channels induced by perforin and by the membrane attack
      complex.

PMID- 2276511
TI  - Application of a fluorimetric method for measuring DNA strand breaks in purified
      DNA.

PMID- 2276512
TI  - Activation of human and murine T lymphocytes by cartilage proteoglycans.

PMID- 2276513
TI  - Detection of acetaldehyde-modified proteins in the livers of ethanol-fed rats.

PMID- 2276514
TI  - Changes in blood lipids and lipoproteins in chronic alcoholics during alcohol
      withdrawal.

PMID- 2276516
TI  - Separation of wool intermediate filament protein and intermediate filament
      associated protein on a Sepharose column.

PMID- 2276515
TI  - Effect of barium sulphate-adsorbable proteins from serum on thromboplastin
      activity.

PMID- 2276517
TI  - Na(+)-dependent purine and pyrimidine nucleoside transporters in bovine outer
      renal cortex brush-border-membrane vesicles.

PMID- 2276518
TI  - Estimation of glucose oxidation within the tricarboxylic acid cycle of adherent
      cells growing as a monolayer.

PMID- 2276519
TI  - Lack of glycogenolytical response to vasopressin in guinea-pig liver.

PMID- 2276520
TI  - Guidelines for pharmacists and the pharmaceutical industry. The Canadian Society
      of Hospital Pharmacists.

PMID- 2276521
TI  - An integrated drug use evaluation program.

PMID- 2276522
TI  - Competitive strategies for drug use.

PMID- 2276523
TI  - Therapeutic interventions by pharmacists.

PMID- 2276524
TI  - Occupational HIV exposure: a national update. The Federal Centre for AIDS.

PMID- 2276525
TI  - Needlestick injury: do preventive measures work?

PMID- 2276526
TI  - An open letter on line extensions.

PMID- 2276527
TI  - Caring for AIDS care givers. Ottawa.

PMID- 2276528
TI  - [Dopaminergic regulation of periodical motor activity of the antral section of
      the human stomach and duodenum].

PMID- 2276529
TI  - [The structure of working energy expenditure and optimal environmental
      temperature].

PMID- 2276530
TI  - [Space-time organization of bioelectrical activity of the human brain during
      changing intellectual activities].

PMID- 2276531
TI  - [Changes in the physical work capacity and lipid composition of blood during a
      combined training program for development of strength and endurance in student
      nonathletes].

PMID- 2276532
TI  - [Informative value of psychophysiological indicators of operators at high
      temperatures].

PMID- 2276533
TI  - [Effect of prolonged magnetic acupuncture on computer operators during shift
      work].

PMID- 2276534
TI  - [Interhemispheric asymmetry of functions and autonomous regulation during
      intellectual activity].

PMID- 2276535
TI  - [Temporal summation in the acoustic analyzer at superthreshold intensity levels
      (from results of measuring the time for simple motor reaction)].

PMID- 2276536
TI  - [Relationship between indicators of myocardial contractility and variability of
      cardio-intervals in healthy people].

PMID- 2276537
TI  - [Variation of human hemodynamic reactions to isometric muscular load during heat
      cold procedures].

PMID- 2276538
TI  - [Various results of clinical-experimental studies of the human temperature
      analyzer].

PMID- 2276539
TI  - [Physiological criteria for regulating time periods for reexamination of coal
      miners during occupational assessment].

PMID- 2276540
TI  - [Features of hemodynamics and daily regulation of cardiac rhythms in people
      working on one-day mountain shifts].

PMID- 2276541
TI  - [A method of recording respiratory heat loss].

PMID- 2276542
TI  - [A method of performing oxyhemometric tests].

PMID- 2276543
TI  - [Solution of syllogisms during transient depression of the right or left
      hemisphere of the brain].

PMID- 2276544
TI  - [The role of the left and right cerebral hemispheres during perception of visual
      information].

PMID- 2276545
TI  - [Neurophysiological correlates of visual perception of various forms of light
      stimuli].

PMID- 2276546
TI  - [Effect of the size of chess pattern elements on visual evoked potentials of the
      cerebral cortex in children].

PMID- 2276547
TI  - [Erythropsia and pseudochromatic interval in photostress].

PMID- 2276548
TI  - [Spatial-frequency structure of electrical cortical processes during various
      human intellectual activities].

PMID- 2276549
TI  - [Alteration of motor reactions and functional mobility of neural processes].

PMID- 2276551
TI  - [Various hemorheological mechanisms of athlete's adaptation to muscular loads].

PMID- 2276550
TI  - [Coordinating mechanism of bilateral synchronization of manual work while
      moving].

PMID- 2276552
TI  - [Characteristics of the ventilation pulmonary function and hemodynamics of the
      circulatory system in children and adolescents--inhabitants of the North].

PMID- 2276553
TI  - [Relationship between temperature of inhaled air during respiratory load and
      indicators of external respiration].

PMID- 2276554
TI  - [The question of norms in connection with problems of assessing adaptive
      restructuring of the body].

PMID- 2276555
TI  - [Load hypercalcemia: physiological analysis, pathophysiological variations and
      clinical diagnostic value].

PMID- 2276556
TI  - [Dynamics of the concentration of copper, potassium, sodium, calcium and
      magnesium in blood plasma and amniotic fluid in normal and complicated
      pregnancies].

PMID- 2276557
TI  - [Adjuvant chemotherapy in colonic cancer].

PMID- 2276558
TI  - [14C-urea breath test to diagnose gastric Helicobacter pylori colonization].
AB  - Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), ex-Campylobacter pylori, is now considered to be
      the causative agent of active chronic gastritis in humans and may be diagnosed by
      histology, gram-stain, culture, urease test or noninvasively by 14C-urea breath
      test. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and
      reproducibility of the breath test as compared with the microbiological (culture)
      "gold standard". Forty-one subjects were studied. Gastroscopy was performed in
      all participants and 2 antral mucosa biopsy specimens were taken for urease test
      and microbiological (gram-stain and culture) studies. The breath test was
      performed within one week after the gastroscopy. After fasting overnight, a
      control breath sample was obtained and a standard meal was offered to delay
      gastric emptying. Then, the participants drank 5 microCi of 14C-urea in 20 ml of
      water and breath samples were collected at 10, 15, 30 and 60 min in a hyamine
      ethanol solution with a p-H indicator. A repeat test was performed in 9 subjects
      to assess test reproducibility. Twenty-nine subjects (71 percent) were Hp
      positive and 12 (29 percent) H. pylori negative. A highly significant difference
      (p less than 0.0001) was observed in 14CO2 exhalation in colonized and non
      colonized subjects in samples collected at all times studied. As compared with
      culture we found that the breath test was 97 percent sensitive and 100 percent
      specific. We conclude that 14C-urea breath test is a simple, inexpensive,
      sensitive, and reliable method to detect H. pylori colonization. It is a useful
      test to epidemiologic and therapeutic trials.

PMID- 2276559
TI  - [Human chronic gastritis associated with non-Helicobacter pylori spiral organisms
      (Gastrospirillum hominis). Four cases and review of the literature].
AB  - Four cases of human active chronic gastritis associated with Gastrospirillum
      hominis, a recently described spiral shaped organism are presented. These 4 cases
      originated from a series of 1976 consecutive gastric biopsies, i.e. a prevalence
      of 0.25 percent in our material, are compared with Helicobacter pylori prevalence
      of 45 percent. Histopathological findings were chronic active gastritis with mild
      or no atrophy. Electron microscopy showed spiral bacteria with terminal
      flagellae, identical to those previously described in the literature. These
      bacteria have not yet been cultured; similar organisms are found in many animal
      species, and it seems that they do not provoke gastric inflammation.
      Gastrospirillum hominis could be responsible for cases of Helicobacter pylori
      negative chronic gastritis in man, but its pathogenicity remains to be
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2276560
TI  - Bacterial translocation in colorectal cancers.
AB  - Bacterial translocation, the passage of viable indigenous bacteria from the
      gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other internal organs,
      has been poorly studied in man to date. Pericolonic lymph nodes, liver, portal
      blood, and peritoneum specimens were harvested before antibiotics were
      administered during 20 operations for colorectal cancer and compared with those
      obtained in 20 operations for non colorectal conditions. Bacterial translocation,
      defined as the presence of intestinal bacteria in at least one of the specimens,
      was found in 13 patients (65 percent) in the colorectal cancer group as compared
      to 6 (30 percent) in the control group (p less than 0.05). The increased
      incidence of bacterial translocation in colorectal cancers was mainly due to the
      presence of bacteria in the pericolonic lymph nodes adjacent to the cancer. These
      findings suggest that intestinal bacteria translocate from the bowel lumen in a
      high proportion of patients with colorectal cancer and further stress the need
      for prophylactic antibiotics in colorectal cancer surgery.

PMID- 2276561
TI  - [Argument for the use of aluminum salts in gastroenterologic therapy].

PMID- 2276562
TI  - [Answer to the letter of J. Vatier et al: "Argument for the use of aluminum salts
      in gastroenterologic therapy"].

PMID- 2276563
TI  - [Eosinophils and pathology of the digestive tract].

PMID- 2276564
TI  - [Nodular regenerative hyperplasia: a hepatocytic flow disorder?].

PMID- 2276565
TI  - [Hypoxic hepatitis. Prospective, clinical and hemodynamic study of 45 cases].
AB  - The authors report 45 episodes of centrilobular liver cell necrosis, called
      ischemic hepatitis, in 43 cardiac patients. In 75 percent of the episodes,
      centrilobular liver cell necrosis was preceded by a period of progressive
      deterioration of myocardiac function. In 100 percent of the episodes, liver cell
      necrosis occurred after an acute clinical event inducing a transient fall of
      cardiac output. Shock was observed in only 47 percent of the episodes. The
      biological hallmarks of this centrilobular liver cell necrosis were a massive
      increase in serum aminotransferase levels and in 85 percent of the episodes, a
      decrease in the prothrombine time below 50 percent of control level. The
      mortality rate, 15 days after admission, was 42 percent. Prognosis was mainly
      related to cardiac function. The hemodynamic comparison between the 45 episodes
      of centrilobular liver cell necrosis and 22 cases of cardiogenic shock without
      liver cell necrosis showed that, besides hepatic ischemia, passive venous
      congestion of the liver and arterial hypoxemia were also involved in the onset of
      liver cell necrosis in these cardiac patients. Among these 45 episodes of liver
      cell necrosis of cardiac origin, a unique case of hepatic necrosis secondary to
      major hypoxemia and passive venous congestion, despite an high cardiac output was
      observed and is reported in detail. Accordingly, the appellation "hypoxic
      hepatitis" seems to be more appropriate than "ischemic hepatitis".

PMID- 2276566
TI  - Is postoperative HBV hepatitis in heart transplant recipients the fruit of
      hazard?

PMID- 2276567
TI  - [Biological and clinical significance of pre-S antigens and corresponding
      antibodies in hepatitis B virus infection].

PMID- 2276568
TI  - [Hemorrhagic rectocolitis and carcinoma of the colon. Contribution of flow
      cytometry. Report of 3 cases].
AB  - Carcinoma complicating ulcerative colitis, although an uncommon event, is well
      known but follow-up of patients to detect high-grade dysplasia as a potential
      indicator for colectomy is very difficult. Retrospective morphological and
      cytometrical analysis of three resected colons harboring carcinoma coming from
      patients with ulcerative colitis were performed. It allowed to confirm the value
      of this technique. Histogram patterns varied between narrow unimodal in quiescent
      mucosa to broad unimodal with high IP (proliferation index) in regenerative
      mucosa and aneuploid in high dysplasic mucosa and carcinoma. In addition to
      histopathology and in spite of a patchy distribution of aneuploidy, different
      degrees of dysplasia in mucosa and technical sensibility DNA (desoxyribonucleic
      acid) analysis in long-standing ulcerative colitis seems to be helpful in the
      detection of potential malignancy.

PMID- 2276569
TI  - [Are industrial toxic substances a risk factor in gallbladder cancer?].
AB  - Increased prevalence of gallbladder cancer has been related to specific
      occupations and suggests a possible professional exposure to carcinogens. The
      authors report the case of a 64-year-old woman who had a squamous cell carcinoma
      of the gallbladder with hepatic metastases, and professional exposure to
      trichloroethylene in a degreasing metal laboratory. Although trichlorothylene
      could not be assumed to be a true carcinogen for gallbladder cancer, this case
      underscores that epidemiologic studies taking into account professional exposure,
      in addition to the usual risk factors of gallbladder cancer, are requested, in
      order to detect a new patient group at risk for gallbladder cancer.

PMID- 2276570
TI  - [Nodular regenerative hyperplasia and pulmonary arterial hypertension].
AB  - Two cases of nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver coexisting with
      pulmonary hypertension are described. Regarding its low frequency, nodular
      regenerative hyperplasia has been found more often than expected in our series of
      coexisting porto-pulmonary hypertension (2 out of 14 cases, 14 percent). In our 2
      cases, pulmonary symptoms occurred before or simultaneously with hepatic
      symptoms. The high prevalence of this association and the unusual onset setting
      of symptoms suggest that this association is unfortuitous. A common pathogenesis
      for pulmonary and hepatic lesions is discussed.

PMID- 2276571
TI  - [Report of a case of post-radiation hepatopathy].
AB  - We report the case of a 65 year-old woman treated by radiation therapy alone for
      Hodgkin's disease. She developed febricule, nonicteric cholestasis, and
      inflammatory syndrome two months after irradiation. The clinical record,
      biological and histological results allowed us to dismiss another etiology
      especially an hepatic location of Hodgkin's disease. Out come after a twenty
      months predominance of pathohistological abnormalities in the centrilobular
      region were in favor of a radiation-induced hepatitis.

PMID- 2276572
TI  - [Gastric and duodenal metastases of esophageal cancer].

PMID- 2276573
TI  - [Kaposi's sarcoma of Vater's ampulla associated with sclerosing cholangitis
      caused by Cryptosporidium in a patient with AIDS].

PMID- 2276575
TI  - [Mesenteric panniculitis. A case report].

PMID- 2276574
TI  - [Collagen colitis after Crohn's disease: a fortuitous association?].

PMID- 2276576
TI  - [Prevention of gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by portal thrombosis with
      propranolol. Report of a case with an 8 year follow-up].

PMID- 2276577
TI  - [Hepatitis with rapid evolution to cirrhosis: role of papaverine].

PMID- 2276578
TI  - [Haemodynamic effect of triglycyl-lysine vasopressin (glypressin) on
      intravascular oesophageal variceal pressure in patients with cirrhosis. A
      randomized placebo controlled trial].

PMID- 2276579
TI  - Role of endothelium-formed nitric oxide on vascular responses.
AB  - 1. Endothelial cells of blood vessels generate factors which can modulate
      underlying smooth muscle tone, inducing vasorelaxation, (endothelium-derived
      relaxing factor, EDRF, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor) and/or
      vasoconstriction (endothelium-derived contracting factors, EDCFs, including the
      peptide endothelin). 2. EDRF is nitric oxide (NO) or a RNO compound from which
      this oxide is released. Its half-life is very short (6-50 sec), and it produces
      rapid vasodilations and inhibits platelet aggregation. 3. NO is formed from the
      terminal guanidino of L-arginine, but not of D-arginine. NO effects and NO
      formation are inhibited by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), but not by D-NMMA.
      These inhibitory effects are blocked by L-arginine. 4. Removal of endothelium or
      pathological situations that can induce endothelial dysfunction (atherosclerosis,
      diabetes, hypertension or subarachnoid hemorrhage) cause increases on the
      vascular contractility elicited by agonists (noradrenaline, serotonin, EDCFs,
      etc.). These findings suggest that EDRF produces a physiological inhibitory
      modulation of vascular smooth muscle tone and its alteration produces or
      facilitates the development of diseases such as hypertension or coronary and
      cerebral vasospasm.

PMID- 2276580
TI  - Endothelium-derived contractile factors.
AB  - 1. Vascular endothelium releases different substances (endothelium-derived
      contractile factors, EDCFs), which mediate vasoconstrictor responses induced by
      several agents. 2. Clear differences have been reported in endothelium-dependent
      contractions, which suggest at least three distinct EDCFs, named EDCF1, EDCF2 and
      EDCF3, respectively. 3. EDCF1 is a cyclooxygenase metabolite(s) of arachidonic
      acid. EDCF2 is a polypeptide released from cultured endothelial cells. It has
      been isolated and identified as a 21-amino acid peptide called endothelin, which
      is described as the most potent vasoconstrictor agent known to date. EDCF3 is an
      unidentified contractile factor(s), which is neither EDCF1 nor EDCF2. 4. The
      physiological role of these endothelial contractile factors is not yet clear.
      However, they have been implicated in the local mechanisms involved in blood flow
      regulation, as well as in some pathological conditions, such as hypertension or
      cerebral vasospasm.

PMID- 2276581
TI  - The effect of ADH and insulin on active sodium transport across frog skin in the
      presence of alternariol mycotoxin.
AB  - 1. The effect of vasopressin and insulin on active sodium transport across frog
      skin in the presence of internal alternariol mycotoxin was studied, using the
      short-circuit technique. 2. Vasopressin stimulates sodium transport across frog
      skin by decreasing the resistance to sodium entry into the epithelial cells, thus
      partially removing the inhibition on the short-circuit current due to the action
      of Alternariol mycotoxin. 3. Even insulin which is known to increase the short
      circuit current by a different mechanism, determines a rapid reversal effect on
      the inhibition due to Alternariol. 4. These data confirm the different action of
      the two hormones on active sodium transport across frog skin, and furthermore are
      indicative of an inhibition of transepithelial sodium transport by Alternariol
      mycotoxin probably via the sodium pump.

PMID- 2276582
TI  - Cephalexin concentrations in human serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone following
      a single oral administration.
AB  - 1. Cephalexin concentrations in human serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone after a
      single oral administration of cephalexin (500 mg) were measured by the paper disc
      method. 2. The peak times of serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone were
      approximately 90, 120 and 120 min, respectively. 3. The peak concentrations of
      serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone were 10.58 micrograms/ml, 5.57 micrograms/g
      and 2.12 micrograms/g, respectively. 4. The concentration ratio of gingiva/serum
      and mandibular bone/serum peak time of serum were 0.47 and 0.18, respectively. 5.
      Cephalexin concentrations in gingiva and mandibular bond did not exceed the
      MIC80s for clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus spp., alpha
      Streptococci and Peptostreptococcus spp.

PMID- 2276583
TI  - Endrin-induced depletion of glutathione and inhibition of glutathione peroxidase
      activity in rats.
AB  - 1. Recent studies have shown that endrin induces lipid peroxidation and may
      produce toxicity through an oxidative stress. We have therefore examined the
      effect of endrin administration to rats on glutathione content and the activities
      of glutathione metabolizing enzymes. 2. The oral administration of endrin
      resulted in dose- and time-dependent decreases in hepatic and renal glutathione
      content with maximum depletion (90%) occurring in liver at approximately 24 hr
      post-treatment. 3. Decreases in glutathione content were also observed in lung,
      brain, spleen and heart. 4. Endrin (4 mg/kg) decreased selenium dependent
      glutathione peroxidase activity in liver and kidney by 64 and 50%, respectively,
      while small increases were observed in the activities of glutathione reductase
      and glutathione S-transferase. 5. The toxicity of endrin may be at least in part
      related to oxidative tissue damage associated with depletion of glutathione and
      inhibition of glutathione peroxidase activity.

PMID- 2276584
TI  - The inhibitory effect of quinacrine on contractile responses to norepinephrine in
      isolated rabbit aorta.
AB  - 1. In rabbit aorta, quinacrine, but not indomethacin nor nordihydroguaiaretic
      acid, inhibited contractile responses to norepinephrine and KCl. Amiloride and
      nifedipine did not affect the effect of quinacrine. 2. In Ca2(+)-free medium,
      quinacrine (3 x 10(-6)-10(-4) M) inhibited the norpinephrine response less than
      that to a subsequent addition of Ca2+. 3. M&B 22, 948, nitroglycerin and
      forskolin inhibited the Ca2+ response. The effect of quinacrine was inhibited by
      M&B 22,948, but not by forskolin and potentiated by nitroglycerin. 4. Quinacrine
      and M&B 22,948 potentiated the nitroglycerin-relaxation. The effect of quinacrine
      plus M&B 22,948 was not different from that of quinacrine. 5. These results
      indicate that the effect of quinacrine may be different from that of nifedipine
      but is related to cGMP.

PMID- 2276585
TI  - Analgesic effects of diltiazem and verapamil after central and peripheral
      administration in the hot-plate test.
AB  - 1. The analgesic effects of diltiazem and verapamil, both per se and together
      with morphine, were studied using subcutaneous (s.c.) and intracerebroventricular
      (i.c.v.) administrations, in the hot-plate test in mice. 2. The i.c.v. injection
      of verapamil (15-120 micrograms/mouse) and diltiazem (60-120 micrograms/mouse)
      induced dose-dependent analgesic effects. 3. The i.c.v. administration of
      verapamil (30-120 micrograms/mouse) and diltiazem (60-120 micrograms/mouse)
      significantly enhanced, in a dose-dependent way, the analgesic effects of
      morphine and produced a parallel displacement to the left of the morphine log
      dose-response line. 4. When these calcium channel blockers were administered
      subcutaneously at doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg, they exerted no analgesic actions,
      but dose-dependently potentiated the analgesic effects of morphine, producing a
      parallel shift to the left of the morphine log dose-response line. 5. These
      results suggest that inhibition of calcium entry through calcium channels induced
      by verapamil and diltiazem may play a role in analgesia development.

PMID- 2276587
TI  - Differences in kinetic characteristics and in sensitivity to inhibitors between
      human and rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase.
AB  - 1. On the basis of kinetic properties and sensitivity to pyrazole inhibition, it
      is shown that liver alcohol dehydrogenase present in human mainly corresponded to
      class I and in rat to class ADH-3 which differed in a number of parameters. 2.
      Two different aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isoenzymes were detected in both
      human and rat liver. The human isoenzymes corresponded to the ALDH-I and ALDH-II
      type. 3. In the rat, one isoenzyme had low Km and showed similar activity than in
      human liver but differed in their sensitivity to both disulfiran and nitrofazole
      inhibition whereas the other presented high Km and showed greater activity than
      the human one. 4. Caution must be therefore paid when extrapolating to human
      subjects the data on ethanol metabolism obtained with rats.

PMID- 2276586
TI  - The influence of intravesical volume upon contractile responses of the whole
      bladder preparation from streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - 1. The in vivo whole bladder preparation was used to correlate bladder volume
      with the ability of urinary bladders from control, sucrose-drinking, and diabetic
      rats to develop pressure in response to bethanechol or nerve stimulation. 2. Both
      streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and sucrose-diuresis caused an increase
      in rat urinary bladder capacity and mass. 3. There were significant decreases in
      the ability of bladders from control rats to develop pressure in response to
      bethanechol at 1.0 ml intravesical volume, but no change in responsiveness of
      bladders from sucrose-drinking or diabetic rats at different intravesical
      volumes. Bladders from sucrose-drinking and diabetic rats developed significantly
      less pressure in response to bethanechol stimulation at low intravesical volumes
      than did bladders from control rats. 4. Bladders from diabetic rats developed
      significantly less pressure in response to 32 Hz stimulation at 0.2 ml
      intravesical volume compared to larger volumes, however, there were no
      differences in the responses of bladders from sucrose-drinking or control rats at
      any intravesical volume. 5. Bladders from control and sucrose-drinking rats had a
      reduced ability to empty in response to bethanechol and field stimulation at
      large intravesical volumes. 6. Bladders from 8-week streptozotocin-diabetic rats
      are able to contract and empty efficiently in response to nerve stimulation and
      bethanechol over a wide range of intravesical volumes.

PMID- 2276588
TI  - The inhibitory actions of amiodarone on rested-state contraction in isolated
      guinea-pig ventricular muscle.
AB  - 1. To assess the mechanism(s) of the negative inotropic effects of amiodarone
      (AM), an effective anti-arrhythmic agent, the effects of AM on rested-state
      contraction (RSC) were studied in isolated ventricular papillary muscle from
      control (untreated) and AM-pretreated guinea-pigs. 2. The RSC was induced by
      stimulation, following a 30 sec- or 10 min-rest period. 3. The drug's effects
      were evaluated on an initial response (Ti) and steady-state response (Tss) of the
      RSC at the end of 1 min-stimulus train at 3.3 Hz. 4. In normal physiological
      solution, the magnitude of Ti was 2.1 times that of Tss in papillary muscles from
      untreated animals, but, 1.3 times, in AM-pretreated ones. 5. The effects of
      superfused AM (4.4 x 10(-5)M) were also evaluated in both muscle types. 6. The
      drug markedly decreased Ti and Tss in both control and AM-pretreated specimens.
      7. However, the depression by superfused AM of RSC in control specimens was more
      likely to be marked than in AM-pretreated ones. 8. Further, verapamil and
      caffeine, which affect SR function, also depressed the RSC. 9. These results
      suggest that the negative inotropic actions of AM, at least in part, reflect a
      decrease in Ca2+ via Ca2+ channels and an impairment of Ca2(+)-sequestrating
      system.

PMID- 2276589
TI  - Interference of diltiazem with serotonin- and potassium-induced contractions in
      human placental veins.
AB  - 1. In segments of human placental veins precontracted with K+ (25, 40 or 75 mM),
      diltiazem produced concentration-dependent relaxations with similar EC50 values.
      2. Diltiazem (20 min preincubations) also caused concentration-dependent
      inhibition of the contractions induced by K+ (40 or 75 mM) and 5-HT (serotonin, 3
      x 10(-7) M). IC50 values were similar, in both cases. 3. The time-course of the
      vasocontractions induced by 75 mM K+ and 3 x 10(-7) M 5-HT in the absence and in
      the presence of diltiazem were different. The contractions caused by K+ were
      sustained and transient those elicited by 5-HT. 4. These data suggest that (1)
      this vasculature is sensitive to diltiazem, and (2) the Ca influx through voltage
      operated Ca channels (activated by K+) and through receptor-operated Ca channels
      (activated by 5-HT) is very similar.

PMID- 2276590
TI  - Actions of vasoactive drugs on human placental vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - 1. The effect of different vasoactive agents on segments of human chorionic
      arteries and veins was analyzed. 2. The order of these agents to produce maximal
      contractile responses was: 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) = histamine (H) = K+
      greater than noradrenaline (NA) greater than or equal to phenylephrine (PHEN)
      greater than clonidine (CLON), and with regard to their potencies (EC50 values)
      was: 5-HT greater than or equal to NA greater than or equal to H greater than
      PHEN greater than CLON greater than K+. Dopamine and isoproterenol did not elicit
      any type of response. 3. The receptors involved on the contractions elicited by
      agonists were analyzed. 4. The results obtained suggest that: (1) 5-HT is the
      most potent vasoconstrictor agent of all those tested, whose effects appear to be
      mediated by 5-HT2- but not by alpha 1-adrenergic receptors; (2) chorionic vessels
      also possess H1-receptors; and (3) ketanserin has more affinity to block 5-HT2
      receptors than to block alpha 1-adrenergic- and H1-receptors.

PMID- 2276591
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of doxorubicin.
AB  - 1. Doxorubicin dose-dependently increased the cardiac contractility of isolated
      frog heart within the dose-range of 1.0 to 10.0 x 10(-7) M and dose-dependently
      increased the cardiac output of frog heart in situ with a dose-range between 10(
      7) and 10(-5) M. 2. The results of the in situ investigation, using cardiac
      output as the index of cardiac contractility, were in agreement with the in vitro
      results. The positive inotropic effects of doxorubicin climaxed around 10(-5) M
      beyond which there was a dose-dependent decreased in contractility. 3.
      Haloperidol (10(-6) M), a dopaminergic receptor blocker, and propranolol (10(-8)
      M), a beta-adrenergic blocker, did not block the positive inotropic effects of
      doxorubicin. 4. These results provide sufficient basis to suggest that
      doxorubicin is acting on the isolated amphibian heart through a mechanism which
      is not associated with beta-adrenergic and/or dopaminergic receptors.

PMID- 2276592
TI  - Use-dependent action of antiarrhythmic drugs in frog skeletal muscle and canine
      cardiac Purkinje fiber.
AB  - 1. Conventional microelectrode techniques were used to study the effect of
      quinidine (10 microM), lidocaine (20 microM), and verapamil (3-10 microM) on
      action potential upstroke (V+ max) in frog skeletal muscle and dog Purkinje
      fiber. 2. The frequency-dependent nature of V+ max depression induced by these
      drugs was similar in both preparations, however, quinidine was more potent in
      skeletal muscle while lidocaine was in Purkinje fibers. 3. In skeletal muscle
      tetrodotoxin (3 and 15 nM) and low concentrations of antiarrhythmic drugs
      proportionally reduced the maximum velocity of depolarization and repolarization
      (V+ max and V- max, respectively), whereas V- max was more depressed than V+ max
      by high concentrations (50-200 microM) of antiarrhythmics. Decreases in the
      overshoot potential were proportional to the V+ max block in the case of each
      drug. 4. These results indicate that therapeutically relevant concentrations of
      quinidine and lidocaine inhibit skeletal muscle Na+ channels in a use-dependent
      manner similar to heart, while at higher concentrations the K+ channels may also
      be blocked. Therapeutic implications of the results are discussed.

PMID- 2276593
TI  - Cholesterol lowering effect of jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) seed protein.
AB  - 1. Feeding jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) protein to hypercholesterolemic rats
      considerably lowered cholesterol levels in the experimental animals than when the
      animals were fed casein (control) diets. 2. The cholesterol levels in various
      components of test animals fed the Canavalia diet ranged from 53.3 +/- 1.7 to
      74.8 +/- 3.4 mg/g (plasma); from 11.1 +/- 7.4 to 23.3 +/- 5.4 mg/g (liver); from
      7.1 +/- 0.7 to 9.3 +/- 1.7 mg/g (kidney) and 1.9 +/- 0.3 to 3.2 +/- 0.6 mg/g
      (heart). 3. Total lipid levels estimated for the animals on the test diets ranged
      from 80.0 +/- 2.4 to 130.1 +/- 9.1 mg/g (plasma); from 19.1 +/- 3.4 to 28.5 +/-
      1.1 mg/g (liver); from 17.0 +/- 4.1 to 23.0 +/- 6.0 mg/g (kidney) and from 13.2
      +/- 4.0 to 18.0 +/- 2.5 mg/g (heart). 4. Total protein levels in plasma of
      experimental animals were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) after
      feeding the control or test diets.

PMID- 2276594
TI  - Effects of some adenosine analogs on morphine-induced analgesia and tolerance.
AB  - 1. The analogs of adenosine D- and L-phenylisopropyladenosine (D- and L-PIA) and
      chloroadenosine (CADO) induced analgesia in mice (hot-plate test). 2. The
      antinociceptive effects of the three adenosine agonists were antagonized by
      caffeine but were unaffected by naloxone. 3. Morphine-induced antinociception was
      increased by pretreatment with adenosine agonists. 4. Whereas CADO significantly
      attenuated the induction of morphine tolerance, D- and L-PIA did not affect the
      process.

PMID- 2276595
TI  - Anticonvulsant properties of some calcium antagonists on sound-induced seizures
      in genetically epilepsy prone rats.
AB  - 1. The anticonvulsant activity of calcium channel antagonists, was studied after
      intraperitoneal or oral administration in genetically epilepsy prone rats (GEPR).
      2. Flunarizine, dihydropyridines and HA 1004, administered intraperitoneally,
      were the most potent compounds. Diltiazem, prenylamine, perhexiline, verapamil
      and methoxyverapamil, given intraperitoneally, were able to reduce the incidence
      of the tonic phase but were completely ineffective in preventing clonic and
      running phases of sound-induced seizures in GEPR. Similar anticonvulsant activity
      was observed when these compounds were administered orally. 3. After
      intracerebroventricular administration of some of the hydrosoluble calcium
      antagonists studied, the anticonvulsant effects were similar to those observed
      after systemic administration. 4. The systemic administration of Bay K 8644, a
      dihydropyridine analogue, having the ability to stimulate calcium entry into
      cells produced a dose-dependent increase in clonic and tonic convulsions and
      other epileptic phenomena, which were prevented by pretreatment with nimodipine
      or nitrendipine. 5. The possible role of purinergic, excitatory amino acid, GABA
      benzodiapine mechanisms as well as the role of Ca2(+)-calmodulin and calcium
      channel binding sites on the anticonvulsant effects of some calcium antagonists
      are discussed.

PMID- 2276596
TI  - Hypoglycaemic activity of some medicinal plants in Sri-Lanka.
AB  - 1. Investigations were carried out to determine whether aqueous extracts of
      Osbeckia octandra, Artocarpus heterophyllus and Bambusa vulgaris truly possess
      oral hypoglycaemic activity. 2. All three plant extracts significantly lowered
      the fasting blood glucose level and markedly improved glucose tolerance in
      Sprague-Dawley rats. 3. A maximum hypoglycaemic activity was observed at +3 hr
      with O. octandra and B. vulgaris; with A. heterophyllus a maximum effect was not
      observed even at +5 hr. 4. The hypoglycaemic activity of O. octandra was
      comparable with that of tolbutamide while that of A. heterophyllus or B. vulgaris
      was better than that of tolbutamide. 5. The magnitude of the hypoglycaemic
      effects varied with the dosage used and the time of storage (except with A.
      heterophyllus, whose activity did not change with storage even up to 3 days).

PMID- 2276597
TI  - Pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of di(beta-phenylisopropyl)amine (DPIA) in
      rats and mice.
AB  - 1. Di(beta-phenylisopropyl)amine (DPIA) given i.p. to mice and rats in sublethal
      doses caused increased motility, mild stereotypic behavior and suppression of
      food intake. Repeated daily doses led to enhanced motor stimulation, and in one
      group, 40% lethality, indicating development of "reverse tolerance". Brain
      monoamine modifiers prevented DPIA-induced motor activity. 2. Treatment with
      toxic i.p. doses of DPIA enabled determination of the LD50, which was 106.8 mg/kg
      for isolated mice and 89.7 mg/kg for mice kept in aggregation after dosing.
      Possible antidotal agents given before a high DPIA dose (LD50) protected
      significantly against lethality. 3. Combinations of DPIA with (+)-amphetamine in
      mice at lethal doses showed a subadditive synergism. 4. Effects of DPIA on the
      cardiovascular system, both i.v. in anesthetized rats and in isolated atrial
      preparations, were mainly opposite to those of (+)-amphetamine, namely decreases
      in blood pressure, force of contraction and heart rate.

PMID- 2276598
TI  - A comparison of vasopressin and noradrenaline on oxygen uptake by perfused rat
      hindlimb, kidney, intestine and mesenteric arcade suggests that it is in part due
      to contractile work by blood vessels.
AB  - 1. The rat hindlimb, kidney and intestine were each perfused in a
      nonrecirculating mode at 25 degrees C using an artificial perfusate (initial
      pressure 85 +/- 5 mmHg) and the effects of vasopressin and noradrenaline on
      oxygen uptake and perfusion pressure determined. 2. Both vasopressin (K0.5 = 0.1
      nM) and noradrenaline (K0.5 = 2 nM) increased oxygen uptake as well as perfusion
      pressure by the perfused hindlimb; changes in oxygen uptake were closely matched
      by changes in pressure. The maximum increase in oxygen uptake was approx. 9
      mumol/hr per g wet wt of hindlimb. 3. The perfused kidney also responded to
      vasopressin and noradrenaline with parallel increases in oxygen uptake and
      perfusion pressure for each agent. The largest increase in oxygen uptake was
      approx. 30 mumol/hr per g wet wt but this was not maximal. 4. Vasopressin
      increased oxygen uptake and pressure by the perfused intestine over the range
      0.01-2 nM, but the changes in pressure only became significant at doses greater
      than 0.1 nM. 5. Noradrenaline inhibited oxygen uptake and increased perfusion
      pressure in a dose-dependent manner at pharmacological concentrations (greater
      than 30 nM) when shunting of perfusate may have contributed to unperfused
      regions. 6. A network of mesenteric blood vessels estimated to contain approx. 6%
      vascular tissue by weight, with the remainder white fat cells, lymphatics and
      connective tissue, was also perfused. 7. Vasopressin (K0.5 = 0.3 nM) and
      noradrenaline (K0.5 = 30 nM) each increased oxygen uptake and perfusion pressure
      in a dose-dependent manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2276599
TI  - Increase in the acute toxicity and brain concentrations of chlorophenoxyacetic
      acids by probenecid in rats.
AB  - 1. Probenecid increased the acute toxicity of chlorophenoxyacetic acids (2,4-D,
      2,4,5-T and MCPA) in rats. 2. Probenecid increased the brain to plasma ratios of
      all the three 14C-labelled chlorophenoxyacetic acids. The increase was due only
      partly to the displacement of chlorophenoxyacids from their binding sites in rat
      plasma proteins by probenecid. 3. Probenecid did not change significantly the
      intracerebral distribution pattern of 14C-labelled chlorophenoxyacetic acids.

PMID- 2276600
TI  - Outer membrane proteins of Bacteroides fragilis grown in vivo.
AB  - The outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles of four different strains of
      Bacteroides fragilis, as determined by Coomassie blue stained polyacrylamide
      gels, were compared after growth in broth culture and in the mouse peritoneal
      cavity. There was no induction of the expression of large quantities of novel OMP
      after growth in vivo. Mouse immunoglobulin G and albumin were associated with the
      bacterial OMP, but could be removed by washing.

PMID- 2276601
TI  - A novel labeling procedure of anteiso-fatty acid-containing lipids in
      staphylococci for investigating the effect of penicillin on lipid release.
AB  - L-[4,5-3H]isoleucine was introduced to label anteiso-fatty acid (AIFA)-containing
      lipids in Staphylococcus aureus SG 511. After an overnight incubation in peptone
      broth in the presence of 37 kBq L-[4,5-3H]isoleucine/ml, 8.5-13% of the total
      radioactivity applied was found to be incorporated into the cells. 22.4-25.6% of
      the incorporated radioactivity was found in AIFA-containing lipids extracted by
      chloroform-methanol-water (2:1:0.2, v/v/v) at pH 2. The interphase contained 70
      75% of the incorporated radioactivity. Lipoteichoic acid, extracted by phenol
      water (80:20, w/v) contained less than 1% of the incorporated radioactivity, as
      measured after purification by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on octyl
      sepharose gel. Within 1 h after addition of 10 micrograms/ml penicillin G to
      exponentially growing cultures of S. aureus, that led to non-lytic death of the
      cells, 11.9-18.1% of the incorporated L-[4,5-3H]isoleucine label were released.
      Lipids containing AIFA were excreted to 5.4-8.4% of total incorporated activity;
      this amount represents more than 1/4 of the labeled cellular lipids.

PMID- 2276602
TI  - Multiple forms of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes of Serratia marcescens.
AB  - Alkaline phosphatase (APase) isoenzymes produced by different strains of Serratia
      marcescens were examined. Variation of isoenzyme patterns with respect to number
      and their mobilities in starch gels after electrophoresis were observed. Ten
      strains gave a 1-isoenzyme pattern with 5 different mobilities; 7 strains gave a
      2-isoenzyme pattern with 3 different mobilities; 9 strains gave a 3-isoenzyme
      pattern with 5 different mobilities; and 3 strains gave a 4-isoenzyme pattern.
      Three strains synthesized two electrophoretically distinct APases in low
      phosphate medium. A high concentration of inorganic phosphate induced the
      synthesis of one of these APase isoenzymes.

PMID- 2276603
TI  - Detection of small genotypic changes in Escherichia coli by pyrolysis mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS) has been used to discriminate between four
      very closely related strains of Escherichia coli; a parent strain UB5021 and
      three derivatives each containing one of the antibiotic resistance plasmids,
      pBR322, pACYC184 or R388.

PMID- 2276604
TI  - Protein phosphorylation in Streptomyces albus.
AB  - The phosphorylated proteins of Streptomyces albus, radioactively labeled with
      [32P]orthophosphate have been analyzed by gel electrophoresis and
      autoradiography. More than 10 protein species were found to be phosphorylated.
      With [32P]ATP as substrate cell free extracts phosphorylated endogenous proteins
      in vitro which were predominantly phosphorylated in vivo. From cell extract which
      exhibited active phosphorylated in vitro, a protein kinase has been partially
      purified. The kinase activity was identified in fractions corresponding to a 90
      kDa protein.

PMID- 2276605
TI  - Characterization of two plasmids arising spontaneously in phosphate-limited
      continuous cultures of Escherichia coli HB101[pAT153].
AB  - Two derivatives of plasmid pAT153 which arose spontaneously in phosphate-limited
      continuous cultures of Escherichia coli HB101[pAT153] have been characterised.
      The smaller plasmid, pLAB-446, resulted from a deletion of 446 base pairs of DNA
      covering the translation start and codon sequence of the tetracycline resistance
      gene. The other plasmid, pLAB135, differed from pAT153 only by an A:T to G:C
      transition in the transcribed but untranslated leader region of the tet gene
      which decreased tet transcription by 84%, possibly due to the formation of a more
      stable stem-loop structure in the mRNA.

PMID- 2276606
TI  - Degradation of 3-chlorobiphenyl by in vivo constructed hybrid pseudomonads.
AB  - 3-Chlorobiphenyl-degrading bacteria were obtained from the mating between
      Pseudomonas putida strain BN10 and Pseudomonas sp. strain B13. Strains such as
      BN210 resulted from the transfer of the genes coding the enzyme sequence for the
      degradation of chlorocatechols from B13 into BN10, whereas B13 derivatives such
      as B131 have acquired the biphenyl degradation sequence from BN10. During growth
      of the hybrid strains on 3-chlorobiphenyl 90% chloride was released. Activities
      of phenylcatechol 2,3-dioxygenase, benzoate dioxygenase, catechol 1,2
      dioxygenase, chloromuconate cyloisomerase and 4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide
      hydrolase were found in 3-chlorobiphenyl-grown cells. The hybrid strains were
      found to convert some congeners of the Aroclor 1221 mixture such as mono- and
      dichloro-substituted biphenyls.

PMID- 2276607
TI  - Role of neuraminidase-dependent adherence in Bacteroides fragilis attachment to
      human epithelial cells.
AB  - Of 50 B. fragilis strains isolated from clinical samples we have demonstrated
      that 24 (48%) possess an adhesin that mediates a neuraminidase-dependent
      attachment of B. fragilis to mammalian epithelial cells, but does not mediate any
      association with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. This ligand interacts with a
      mammalian cell receptor that contains a galactoside residue, exposed after
      neuraminidase pretreatment. Our results suggest a possible role for cell
      associated neuraminidase in mediating a two step adherence mechanism.

PMID- 2276608
TI  - Cytolethal distending toxin (CLDT) production by enteropathogenic Escherichia
      coli (EPEC).
AB  - Culture supernates of 16 strains of EPEC belonging to 6 different serogroups,
      when assayed on Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells up to 96-120 h, induced
      distinct morphological changes. The supernate activities were heat-labile,
      unrelated to heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), verotoxin (VT), or hemolysin, did not
      show necrosis in rabbit skin and caused no fluid secretion in the rabbit ileal
      loop assay (RILA). Simultaneous production of CLDT and heat-stable enterotoxin
      (ST) were detected in four EPEC strains.

PMID- 2276609
TI  - Cloning, nucleotide sequence and amplified expression of the gene encoding the
      extracellular metallo (Zn) DD-peptidase of Streptomyces albus G.
AB  - The gene encoding the extracellular metallo (Zn) DD-peptidase of Streptomyces
      albus G has been cloned in Escherichia coli DH5 alpha MCR via pBR322 or 325, and
      then transferred into Streptomyces lividans TK24 via pIJ486, with substantial
      amplification of the expressed DD-peptidase. The gene has the information for the
      synthesis of a 255 amino acid precursor, the amino terminal region of which has
      the characteristic features of a signal peptide. The primary structure as deduced
      from nucleotide sequencing confirms that previously determined by chemical
      methods except for the occurrence of an Asp instead of Asn at position 1 and an
      additional Ala immediately downstream of Pro67.

PMID- 2276610
TI  - General and kinetic properties of endoglucanase from Aspergillus niger.
AB  - Endoglucanase of Aspergillus niger AS-101 was partially purified by ammonium
      sulphate fractionation and molecular sieving on Sephadex G-200. The enzyme was
      found to be unstable on storage, however, it received some protection on the
      addition of BSA, glycerol or sodium azide. Glycerol also protected the enzyme
      from inactivation due to freezing and thawing. Studies on the effect of thiol
      group reagents revealed the involvement of -SH group(s) at the active site of
      enzyme. The enzyme was a metallo-protein or it required certain metal ions for
      activation. A variety of modulators such as macroionic compounds and metal ions
      showed varying effects on the purified endoglucanase.

PMID- 2276611
TI  - Identification of flagellar and associated polypeptides of Helicobacter (formerly
      Campylobacter) pylori.
AB  - Flagella of Helicobacter pylori were isolated from intact organisms by shearing
      and differential centrifugation. Treatment of the flagella with the detergent
      Triton X-100 removed the flagellar sheath, which was confirmed by electron
      microscopy, and the remaining naked flagella were shown by sodium dodecyl
      sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to consist primarily of a
      single 54 kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide. This was confirmed by immunogold
      labelling and electron microscopy of detergent treated whole organisms, using a
      mouse antiserum specific for the 54 kDa polypeptide. Polypeptides solubilised
      from crude flagellar preparations by detergent treatment were found to have
      molecular weights of 26, 30, 58, 62, 66 and 80 kDa. These polypeptides are
      possible components of the flagellar sheath and they may represent outer membrane
      proteins, based on the assumption that the flagellar sheath is related in
      composition to the outer membrane of the organism. Analysis and definition of
      these components of the surface structures of the organism are important in
      understanding the interaction between the organism and its host in pathogenesis.

PMID- 2276612
TI  - Iron, infection, and the role of bicarbonate.
AB  - Ferric iron will not saturate transferrin in Tris buffer, and its use in
      experimental infections has been criticized. However, in the presence of
      bicarbonate, as in plasma, saturation occurs rapidly. This is comparable to
      natural iron overload, and infections.

PMID- 2276613
TI  - The cloning and expression of a gene encoding haemolytic activity from the fish
      pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum.
AB  - A gene encoding haemolytic activity from Renibacterium salmoninarum (strain PPD)
      was cloned into Escherichia coli using the cosmid vector pHC79, and subsequently
      subcloned on a 1.6 kbp SAlI fragment into pBR328. Southern blot hybridisation
      revealed that a homologous sequence is found in other strains of R. salmoninarum.

PMID- 2276614
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of an alpha-amylase gene from an alkalopsychrotrophic
      Micrococcus sp.
AB  - An alpha-amylase gene from Micrococcus sp. 207 was cloned into Escherichia coli
      JM101 using the vector pHSG399. The constructed recombinant plasmid pYK63
      contained a 4.8 kb chromosomal DNA fragment derived from strain 207 DNA. The
      cloned amylase isolated from E. coli JM101 (pYK63) produced mainly maltotetraose
      from starch, and exhibited temperature and pH activity profiles closely similar
      to those of the enzyme from the original strain. Nucleotide sequence analysis of
      the cloned DNA fragment revealed one open reading frame containing the gene which
      consisted of 3312 bp (1104 amino acids). When compared with several other alpha
      amylases, three consensus sequences were identified in the region of the active
      site. About 300 amino acid residues were present both upstream and downstream of
      the active site region.

PMID- 2276615
TI  - Characterisation of Bacteroides from sheep periodontal disease by SDS-PAGE of
      outer membrane proteins.
AB  - Isolates of Bacteroides species obtained from a longitudinal study of developing
      periodontal disease in sheep were analysed by SDS-PAGE. Protein profiles of
      Sarkosyl-insoluble outer membrane extracts were compared within groups of
      isolates which had already been defined by conventional biochemical techniques.
      Heterogeneity was exhibited within most groups. Isolates of B. gingivalis and B.
      asaccharolyticus shown to be similar to human isolates by conventional
      biochemical tests, gave different protein profiles from the respective type
      cultures. The sheep B. gingivalis-like isolates were however homogeneous, while
      the B. asaccharolyticus-like organisms could be divided into 3 subgroups. SDS
      PAGE appears to be a useful tool for the examination of bacterial flora and
      recognition of subgroups of subspecies.

PMID- 2276616
TI  - Characterization of a small cryptic plasmid isolated from a methicillin-resistant
      strain of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a small (1613 bp) plasmid, pOX2000, isolated from a
      methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus has been determined. The
      sequence contains only one large ORF and the predicted amino acid sequence shows
      homology to the REP proteins of some other small staphylococcal plasmids. In
      addition there are two palindromic sequences, palA and palJ, that are similar to
      but not identical with the palindromes known from other staphylococcal plasmids
      to be involved in lagging strand initiation and possibly leading strand
      termination, respectively. Preliminary functional analysis of pOX2000 has been
      carried out by assessing the effect of interrupting the sequence at three unique
      restriction endonuclease sites. The plasmid pOX2000, and its relationship to
      other small staphylococcal plasmids, is discussed.

PMID- 2276618
TI  - Characterization of PPD protein antigens in whole cell lysates of Mycobacterium
      bovis BCG.
AB  - The low molecular mass protein antigens in PPD from M. bovis BCG were chemically
      oligomerized using sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(p-maleimidophenyl)-butyrate (S-SMPB) as a
      crosslinking agent. Protein oligomers with molecular mass over 90 kDa were
      obtained and used for the preparation of hyperimmune polyclonal rabbit antiserum.
      Using this antiserum four protein bands with molecular mass 120, 90, 75 and 65
      kDA were detected in immunoblotting analysis of sonic extract from M. bovis BCG
      separated in SDS-polyacrylamide gel. We suggest that these immunoreactive
      proteins in the sonic extract represent the native forms of the heat stable low
      molecular mass protein antigens in PPD.

PMID- 2276619
TI  - Sizing of the Leptospira genome by pulsed-field agarose gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis allowed the determination of the size of the
      genome of Leptospira, a bacterium of the spirochete family. The three restriction
      enzymes, NotI (5'GC/GGCCGC), NheI (5'G/CTAGC), ApaI (5'-GGGCC/C) generated DNA
      fragments of suitable size. The results are compatible with a size of 5000 kb for
      the chromosome of both the pathogenic and the saprophytic species of Leptospira.

PMID- 2276617
TI  - Identification of carotenoids in Erwinia herbicola and in a transformed
      Escherichia coli strain.
AB  - The yellow pigments of Erwinia herbicola Eho 10 and of a transformed Escherichia
      coli LE392 pPL376 have been identified as carotenoids. HPLC separation, spectra
      and in some cases mass spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of phytoene (15-cis
      isomer), beta-carotene (all-trans, 9-cis and 15-cis), beta-cryptoxanthin ( = 3
      hydroxy beta-carotene), zeaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy beta-carotene) and
      corresponding carotene glycosides. In addition, lycopene and gamma-carotene
      accumulated in the presence of the inhibitor 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)
      triethylamine.HCl. Carotenoid content in the transformed E. coli was two-fold
      higher than in E. herbicola. The pattern of the carotenoids was similar in the
      two organisms. Inactivation of the katF gene in E. coli resulted in an 85%
      lowering of carotenoid formation, as did the addition of 0.5% glucose to the
      medium. Suppression of carotenoid formation by inactivation of the katF gene
      lowered, but did not abolish, the protection offered by carotenoids against
      inactivation by alpha-terthienyl plus near-ultraviolet light (320-400 nm).

PMID- 2276620
TI  - Induction of cell fate in the Drosophila retina: the bride of sevenless protein
      is predicted to contain a large extracellular domain and seven transmembrane
      segments.
AB  - Previous genetic mosaic studies established that expression of the Drosophila
      bride of sevenless (boss) gene is required in photoreceptor neuron R8 for the
      development of photoreceptor neuron R7. This led to the proposal that boss
      encodes or regulates an R7-specific inductive cue. We have identified the boss
      gene based on small deletions in mutant alleles and sequenced both cDNAs and
      corresponding genomic regions. One P element and three X-ray-induced boss alleles
      show different deletions in the gene ranging in size from 2 to 23 bp, each
      causing frameshifts leading to premature termination of translation. The boss
      gene encodes a protein of 896 amino acids with a putative amino-terminal signal
      sequence, a large extracellular region of 498 amino acids, and seven potential
      transmembrane domains followed by a carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic tail of 115
      amino acids. The putative membrane localization of the boss protein is consistent
      with a model in which direct interaction between the boss and sevenless proteins
      specifies R7 cell fate. Another model in which the boss protein functions as a
      receptor is proposed based on its similarity to the G protein-linked family of
      membrane receptors.

PMID- 2276621
TI  - STE11 is a protein kinase required for cell-type-specific transcription and
      signal transduction in yeast.
AB  - The STE11 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of several genes required for
      mating between two haploid cell types of this yeast. Its product is required for
      response to a signal that causes arrest of the mitotic cell cycle in the G1 phase
      and induction of mating-type-specific genes. The nucleotide sequence of the STE11
      gene was determined. The predicted amino acid sequence shows homology to the
      protein kinase family. We demonstrate that the STE11 product has kinase catalytic
      activity and that this activity is required for its in vivo functions.

PMID- 2276622
TI  - Identification of HTLV-I tax trans-activator mutants exhibiting novel
      transcriptional phenotypes.
AB  - The type I human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) encodes a 40-kD nuclear trans
      regulatory protein termed Tax that transcriptionally activates the HTLV-I long
      terminal repeat (LTR), as well as select [corrected] cellular and heterologous
      viral promoters. Tax does not bind DNA specifically but, rather, acts in a more
      indirect manner. Tax activation of the HTLV-I LTR is mediated through
      constitutively expressed cellular factors that bind to cAMP response elements
      (CREs) present within the 21-bp enhancers of the LTR. In contrast, Tax
      transactivation of the interleukin-2 receptor-alpha gene (IL-2R alpha) and LTR of
      the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) involves the induced nuclear
      expression of NF-kappa B. We now report the identification of missense mutations
      within the tax gene that functionally segregate these two pathways of trans
      activation. Additionally, we demonstrate that the carboxyl terminus of the Tax
      protein, despite its acidic and predicted alpha-helical structure, is completely
      dispensable for trans-activation through either of these transcription factor
      pathways. Finally, we demonstrate that mutations within a putative zinc finger
      domain disrupt the nuclear localization of Tax and abolish trans-activation.
      These results demonstrate that Tax trans-activation of viral and cellular
      promoters involves at least two mechanisms of host transcription factor
      activation and suggest that this activation is likely mediated through distinct
      functional domains.

PMID- 2276623
TI  - Transcriptional activation and DNA binding by the erythroid factor GF-1/NF
      E1/Eryf 1.
AB  - The murine, erythroid DNA-binding protein GF-1 (also known as NF-E1, Eryf 1), a
      413-amino acid polypeptide with two novel finger domains of the Cx-Cx variety,
      recognizes a consensus GATA motif present in cis elements of the majority of
      erythroid-expressed genes. We have performed a structure-function analysis of
      this protein to evaluate its potential as a transcriptional activator and to
      examine the role of the finger domains in DNA binding. Using a cotransfection
      assay, we find that GF-1 is a potent transcriptional activator with several
      activation domains but that this is revealed only in heterologous cells and with
      reporters containing minimal promoters onto which either a single or multiple
      GATA-binding sites are placed. The two fingers of GF-1 are functionally distinct
      and cooperate to achieve specific, stable DNA binding. The amino finger is
      necessary only for full specificity and stability of binding, whereas the
      carboxyl finger is required for binding. The role of each finger is more
      pronounced with some GATA-binding sites than with others, suggesting a diversity
      of interactions between GF-1 and different target sites. The complex activation
      and DNA-binding properties of GF-1 are likely to contribute to the ability of
      this single protein to participate widely in gene expression throughout erythroid
      development.

PMID- 2276624
TI  - A plant DNA-binding protein increases the number of active preinitiation
      complexes in a human in vitro transcription system.
AB  - TGA1a is a tobacco DNA-binding protein that binds to the activation sequence-1
      (as-1) element of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. We have produced
      TGA1a in Escherichia coli, purified it from bacterial extracts, and examined its
      effect on transcription in a human in vitro system. Addition of TGA1a stimulates
      transcription by up to 20 times, and the stimulation is dependent on the presence
      of the as-1 element in the promoter. When transcription reinitiation is inhibited
      by 0.3 M KCl, activation is similar. Therefore, TGA1a activates transcription by
      increasing the number of active preinitiation complexes. After formation of the
      preinitiation complexes in the presence of TGA1a, oligonucleotides containing
      TGA1a-binding sites do not significantly affect the stimulated level of
      transcription. This result indicates that a complex remains committed to the
      promoter site after initiation and that this complex is used repeatedly during
      several initiation events. Our study demonstrates for the first time that a plant
      factor can activate transcription in a human in vitro system and that the
      activation mechanism of the plant factor is similar to that of mammalian factors.

PMID- 2276625
TI  - A correlation of thyroid hormone receptor gene expression with amphibian
      metamorphosis.
AB  - The expression of the thyroid hormone (TH) receptor genes alpha (TR alpha) and
      beta (TR beta) in Xenopus laevis begins after the embryo hatches. The TR alpha
      mRNA increases throughout the premetamorphosis stage of tadpole development, is
      maximal by prometamorphosis, and falls after climax of metamorphosis to a lower
      level in frogs. The TR beta mRNA is barely detectable during premetamorphosis. In
      synchrony with the onset of endogenous TH synthesis by the thyroid gland
      (prometamorphosis), the level of TR beta mRNA rises in parallel with endogenous
      TH, reaching a peak at the climax of metamorphosis (stage 61) and drops to
      approximately 10% of its peak level after metamorphosis. As suggested by this
      correlation, exogenous TH up-regulates TR beta mRNA as much as 20-fold during
      premetamorphosis, whereas TH up-regulates TR alpha mRNA by approximately 2-fold
      during the same period. Up-regulation of TR beta mRNA is the earliest response to
      exogenous TH by competent tadpoles yet detected.

PMID- 2276627
TI  - Pairing of homologous DNA sequences by proteins: evidence for three-stranded DNA.
AB  - We show that recombinases form joint molecules over very short regions of
      homology. When these molecules are deproteinized the three strands are in a
      structure that is surprisingly resistant to dissociation by branch migration,
      even at elevated temperatures. The joint molecules dissociate at temperatures
      comparable to those required to melt DNA duplexes of the same length and
      sequence. We also show that nonenzymatically formed structures of the same length
      and sequence, which have a free third strand ready to branch migrate, dissociate
      at much lower temperatures. These results provide compelling evidence that the
      three DNA strands in the region of pairing are hydrogen bonded to each other. Our
      observations suggest that such a novel three-stranded DNA molecule, or a
      structure very similar to it, may be the intermediate in general recombination
      that is used in the recognition of sequence homology. We discuss some of the
      structural features implicit in this molecule containing any base sequence and
      compare them with those manifest in true DNA triple helices containing special
      sequence motifs.

PMID- 2276626
TI  - Mutations affecting the stability of the fushi tarazu protein of Drosophila.
AB  - We present a molecular analysis of four dominant alleles of the pair-rule gene
      ftz. Three of these, the ftzUal alleles, cause anti-ftz segmentation defects and
      homeotic transformations of the first abdominal segment to the third. These
      alleles are shown to be missense changes affecting two nearby proline codons.
      Embryos homozygous for these mutations accumulate higher levels of ftz protein
      than wild type and show strong persistence of ftz protein, but not RNA. These
      effects appear to result from stabilization of the ftz protein, since ftz stripes
      decay much more slowly in mutant embryos than in wild type after injection of the
      protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. We trace the origin of segmentation
      defects in ftzUal embryos to repression of the pair-rule gene even-skipped by
      excess ftz protein during stripe sharpening. Homeotic transformations are shown
      to be correlated with ectopic expression of the abd-A gene of the bithorax
      complex. A 12-amino-acid sequence containing the proline residues altered in the
      ftzUal mutants appears to be conserved in the proteins encoded by other
      segmentation genes and the vertebrate oncogene myc and may target these proteins
      for rapid degradation. The fourth allele examined, T(2;3)ftzRpl(Rpl), also causes
      homeotic transformations and is a translocation broken within the ftz-coding
      region. Both ftz transcript and protein stripes are persistent in Rpl embryos,
      suggesting that the Rpl RNA is stabilized relative to wild type.

PMID- 2276628
TI  - Intersecting batteries of differentially expressed genes in the early sea urchin
      embryo.
AB  - We determined the distribution of cis-regulatory sites, previously identified in
      the control domain of the CyIIIa gene, in three other genes displaying diverse
      spatial patterns of expression in the sea urchin embryo. Competitive gel-shift
      reactions were carried out using probes from the CyIIIa gene, with competitor
      fragments isolated from the previously defined control domains of the other
      genes. CyIIIa is expressed only in aboral ectoderm lineages; the other genes
      studied were Spec1, also expressed in aboral ectoderm; CyI, expressed in many
      different cell types; and SM50, expressed only in skeletogenic mesenchyme. All
      four genes are activated at about the same time in late cleavage. Where
      competitive interactions indicated a functionally comparable binding site (in
      vitro), a sequence homology was sought, and in most cases could be identified. An
      interesting pattern of putative regulatory site usage emerges: Of 10 CyIIIa
      interactions tested, three only were unique to the CyIIIa gene with respect to
      the set of four genes tested; one believed on previous evidence to be a temporal
      regulator was shared by all four genes, and the remainder were shared in various
      subsets of the four genes.

PMID- 2276629
TI  - Caregiver stress studies--there really is more to learn.

PMID- 2276630
TI  - Educating and licensing nursing home administrators: public policy issues.

PMID- 2276632
TI  - Information and service needs among active and former family caregivers of
      persons with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - This study interprets results of a needs assessment completed by active and
      former caregivers of relatives with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Self-administered
      questionnaires yielded data about information and service needs at the time of
      diagnosis and at the time of the survey. Implications point to the need for high
      quality educational material throughout the caregiving career, improved training
      for health professionals about AD, and an important role for former caregivers as
      resources to disseminate knowledge about AD to still-active caregivers and others
      in their own communities.

PMID- 2276631
TI  - Caregiving and the stress process: an overview of concepts and their measures.
AB  - This paper views caregiver stress as a consequence of a process comprising a
      number of interrelated conditions, including the socioeconomic characteristics
      and resources of caregivers and the primary and secondary stressors to which they
      are exposed. Primary stressors are hardships and problems anchored directly in
      caregiving. Secondary stressors fall into two categories: the strains experienced
      in roles and activities outside of caregiving, and intrapsychic strains,
      involving the diminishment of self-concepts. Coping and social support can
      potentially intervene at multiple points along the stress process.

PMID- 2276633
TI  - A new look at filial piety: ideals and practices of family-centered parent care
      in Korea.
AB  - This paper presents results of the analysis of 817 stories about Koreans who
      exemplify filial piety, a dominant value of East Asian nations. Corollaries were
      identified, such as types of care and services provided to elderly parents,
      motives for filial piety, kinds of emphases given in filial duties, and
      sacrifices endured for parents. The most outstanding dimensions underlying filial
      piety were respect, responsibility, family harmony and sacrifice. Findings
      provide both conceptual and practical tools for understanding and practicing
      filial piety.

PMID- 2276635
TI  - Creativity in the later years: optimistic prospects for achievement.
AB  - Despite the apparent decline in productivity in the final years of life, seven
      considerations suggest a far more favorable outlook: the actual magnitude of the
      age decrement; the role of extrinsic influences; the contingency on career age;
      the impact of individual differences in creative potential; the interdisciplinary
      variation in the age curves; the virtual absence of an age decrement on a
      contribution-for-contribution basis; and the resurgence of creativity in the form
      of the swan-song phenomenon.

PMID- 2276634
TI  - Family size and mother-child relations in later life.
AB  - What effect does family size have on mother-child relationships in later life?
      From the child's perspective, does sibsize affect the level of interaction and
      quality of the relationship? From the mother's perspective, does family size
      affect the amount of contact with and support received from children? These
      questions are examined using data from the National Survey of Families and
      Households conducted in 1987-88. The findings show that family size does make a
      difference, both for adult children and for older mothers.

PMID- 2276636
TI  - Leos Janacek and "the late style" in music.
AB  - Czech composer Leos Janacek (1854-1928) represents one of the most remarkable
      cases of creative energy in advancing years. Indeed, he is remembered primarily
      for the works that he composed in the last decade of his life. In this paper,
      Janacek's concept of aging is outlined in three areas: the subject matter of his
      late operas, the composer's own comments during this period, and the shape of his
      musical structures. The concept of "the late style" is questioned, and the
      problems of applying models to artistic creativity and productivity are noted.

PMID- 2276637
TI  - Marcel Duchamp, the artist, and the social expectations of aging.
AB  - French artist Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) is considered by many art professionals
      to be the greatest artist of this century. During his long career, Duchamp
      developed a set of radical theories that literally redefined art as a
      contemporary praxis. Indeed, much of Duchamp's work anticipates what today is
      called postmodern theory. The Duchamp career speaks to issues of aging because
      over the span of an entire lifetime of 81 years there was no diminution of
      quality of innovation, theory, or power.

PMID- 2276638
TI  - Longer life but worse health? Measurement and dynamics.
AB  - A number of recent cross-sectional studies of longevity and health among the
      elderly have concluded that recent positive trends in the prolongation of life
      have not been matched by similar trends in the extension of healthy life. This
      paper challenges that pessimistic conclusion by examining conceptual issues
      related to the measurement and dynamics of the mortality-disability process. It
      uses data from the 1986 Longitudinal Study of Aging (U.S. Department of Health
      and Human Services, 1988) to illustrate its principal points.

PMID- 2276639
TI  - National standards for the licensure of nursing home administrators: what should
      be sought?
AB  - In recent years a national debate has focused on the licensure of nursing home
      administrators. Congress mandated licensure goals in 1970, but recently has
      considered eliminating the requirement that states license nursing home
      administrators. Data showing trends during 1977-1987 in education, internship,
      professional examinations, and reciprocity requirements are evaluated in this
      paper, and three recommendations for national standards are made.

PMID- 2276640
TI  - Real estate market trends and the displacement of the aged: examination of the
      linkages in Manhattan.
AB  - A real estate market trends analysis of a low-income area on the Upper West Side
      of Manhattan revealed increases in residential properties of 400% during 1980
      1988, and 1,754% in the Manhattan Valley area of this community, compared with
      203% in all of Manhattan. An analysis of databases revealed a depletion of 51.9%
      of the single-room occupancy housing stock in this area. A survey of 115 seniors
      indicated a population at risk of displacement and vulnerable to homelessness.

PMID- 2276641
TI  - Naturally occurring retirement communities: a multiattribute examination of
      desirability factors.
AB  - This study investigated the factors important in older individuals' attraction to
      and satisfaction with apartment complexes that become naturally occurring
      retirement communities (NORCs). Quantitative measures examining the relative
      importance of various apartment complex attributes in attracting older and
      younger people to apartments that have and have not become NORCs were obtained by
      using a multiattribute scaling procedure. Results are presented from two main
      perspectives: a comparison of the factors attracting older residents to NORCs and
      non-NORCs; and a comparison of the factors attracting older and younger residents
      to NORCs.

PMID- 2276642
TI  - Humor, aggression, and aging.
AB  - Humor response to aggressive cartoons was investigated by using ratings of pain
      and funniness of cartoons by 154 young and elderly men and women. No significant
      age differences were found; however, sex differences were found. For both young
      and elderly females, an inverted-U described the relationship between pain and
      funniness ratings. For young and elderly males, there was no relationship between
      pain and funniness. This is a preliminary step in exploring age differences in
      humor but may be relevant for those working with elderly persons.

PMID- 2276643
TI  - Employment in the field of aging: a survey of professionals in four fields.
AB  - A national survey of members of professional associations representing social
      work, counseling, occupational therapy, and health, physical education,
      recreation, and dance indicates that significant changes have occurred in the
      characteristics, education, and perceptions of professionals working in the field
      of aging over the last 20 years. Findings show that greater numbers work with the
      elderly than previously estimated. Respondents report improved status among peers
      and they perceive good career opportunities in this area. The need for
      professional preparation to work with the elderly is widely acknowledged.

PMID- 2276644
TI  - Media preferences of older and younger adults.
AB  - This study updates and extends research on television viewing and magazine
      reading of older adults and compares it with media preferences of college
      students. Older adults (n = 74; mean age = 72.08) reported higher levels of
      television viewing than college students (n = 149; mean age = 19.87). Viewing
      preferences of both groups were more similar than expected. Although more men
      than women reported watching television for information, most respondents cited
      entertainment as the primary motive for television viewing. All but older females
      showed a stronger preference for male characters. Magazine readership was
      strongly differentiated by gender and age.

PMID- 2276645
TI  - Separation-individuation conflict as a model for understanding distressed
      caregivers: psychodynamic and cognitive case studies.
AB  - Caring for a frail relative can be a stressful undertaking. Caregivers are faced
      with a series of losses, and old interpersonal wounds are often reopened. Project
      Assist was designed to study the efficacy of time-limited psychodynamic and
      cognitive/behavioral therapies for experienced and recent caregivers. It offers
      psychotherapy that can assist caregivers in separating their own emotions,
      identity, and well-being from those of the care receiver. This process appears
      necessary for the individuation and mental health of caregivers.

PMID- 2276646
TI  - Letting go: separation-individuation in a wife of an Alzheimer's patient.
AB  - Conflicts surrounding separation-individuation issues may affect decision making
      and reluctance to use available help among older spouse caregivers for
      Alzheimer's patients. This paper describes an intermittent, focused social work
      intervention to help overcome personal and intrapsychic barriers to using
      available help. Therapeutic goals, common themes, and implications for practice
      with caregiving wives are discussed, with specific attention to supporting the
      wife in her wish to "responsibly finish" rather than separate from a marital
      bond.

PMID- 2276648
TI  - Old age in America and sheet music.

PMID- 2276647
TI  - Behavioral analysis of separation-individuation conflict in the spouse of an
      Alzheimer's disease patient.
AB  - This paper conceptualizes separation-individuation conflicts in caregivers as
      behavior under the dual control of the nonverbal and verbal antecedents and
      consequences of others, (e.g., care receiver and professional staff) and the
      dysfunctional self-rules of the caregiver. Two types of treatment are described,
      in the context of a case study, that address each of two types of controlling
      events. The first type of treatment involved changing the care receiver's problem
      behaviors by training the nursing home staff in applied behavior analysis
      procedures. The second type involved teaching the caregiver to critically examine
      her self-rules by more accurately describing her own and others' behavior.

PMID- 2276649
TI  - [Influence of tubal and uterine milieu in the embryonic development].
AB  - Establishment of pregnancy in mammals is a process resulting of closely concerted
      events. The participation of the embryo through its development and secretory
      activity on the one hand, and on the other, the oviductal and endometrial
      tissues, by means of their secretions, give the optimal conditions to let the
      embryo establish creating a proper milieu for its nutrition and development. In
      this review, we analyze the influence of the oviductal and uterine secretions
      upon early embryonic development and differentiation and some transport systems
      of nutritional elements required in the early stages of the blastogenesis.

PMID- 2276650
TI  - [Post-cesarean section maternal lactation: lactational and neonatal follow-up].
AB  - A clinical lacteal, neonatal, following up, was done in 25 puerperal women, post
      cesarean section, who had selected breast feeding for their child since their
      prenatal control. It was concluded that adequate assessorship about lactation
      during prenatal consultation, positively modifies maternal attitudes towards
      natural feeding; and that it is also possible and convenient to introduce in the
      perinatology team's practice the support to lactation with special emphasis in
      hospital stay after cesarean section and subsequent consultation, for adequate
      surveillance of post-operative evolution, and control of the healthy child. In
      this manner, it is possible to orientate and encourage recent puerperae and to
      verify newborn's optimal growth when fed with this natural method.

PMID- 2276652
TI  - [Tocolytic therapy with magnesium sulfate and terbutaline for inhibition of
      premature labor].
AB  - Magnesium sulfate has been recommended as a safe and effective tocolytic agent.
      However has not been substantiated by randomized, controlled trials. To assess
      the efficacy of magnesium sulfate, we initiated prospective randomized study
      competing the capabilities of magnesium sulfate and terbutaline for labor
      inhibition. The study population consisted of 30 patients (15 patients with
      terbutaline and 15 patients with magnesium sulfate) between 28 and 36 weeks of
      gestation and in preterm labor. One patient in terbutaline group was excluded of
      the study because we found a severe fetal distress. The diagnosis of labor was
      made if, persistent uterine contractions occurred at a frequency of at last three
      in a team-minute period and cervical examination suggested active labor. Success
      was defined as postponement of delivery for at least 48 hours after initiation of
      therapy. Despite a trend toward increased efficacy in the terbutaline group
      (tocolytic Bishop grade and its success) there were no significant differences
      between the two treatment groups with regard to capability of delaying delivery
      at least 48 hours. Although there were significant differences for terbutaline
      regard the tocolysis time. For all these reasons, the efficacy between both
      groups of treatment is similar, and in a future cases, will be necessary to
      choose the better agent for every case to study.

PMID- 2276651
TI  - [Rupture of the liver in pregnancy toxemia. Results of surgical treatment with
      ligation of the hepatic artery].
AB  - Eleven cases of hepatic rupture were reported on patients with toxemia of
      pregnancy on which the hepatic artery ligation was the surgical management used.
      In all cases the hepatic hemorrhage control was successfully obtained and no
      sequels were found caused by this procedure. A death percentage of 36.4% was
      found. This was significantly less than the one reported by other authors. All
      patients were assisted in the intensive care unit having the breath,
      hematological abnormalities and sepsis as the main complications.

PMID- 2276653
TI  - [Puerperal deciduometritis. Importance of mechanical cervical dilatation].
AB  - A prospective, longitudinal, comparative, experimental design, was carried out at
      CMN T HGZ No. 16, from Dec 5, 1988 to July 5, 1989, in order to evaluate the
      importance of cervical dilatation in puerperal endometritis management. Two
      groups of thirty patients each, were formed at random. Cervical dilatation was
      performed in Group A, and it was not done in Group B. Signs and symptoms as
      uterine pain, uterine sub-involution, fever, fetid and/or purulent lochia
      remitted in two to three days average, and hospital stay was six days for both
      groups. During the study two patients of each group showed complications (6.66%).
      Therefore, these results show that cervical dilatation, performed as a part of
      puerperal deciduometritis management, has little or none therapeutic value.

PMID- 2276654
TI  - [Abdominal myomectomy and subsequent fertility].
AB  - 45 cases of myomectomy in infertile patients were analyzed. The study of the
      couples problem did not report another cause of the infertility. The number and
      localization of the tumors did not alter the prognostic of the fertility. We had
      23 pregnancies (51%), all this surgeries must be made by strictly
      microchirurgical technique, so the rates of success will be improved.

PMID- 2276655
TI  - Lactation and contraception.
AB  - The contraceptive effect of breastfeeding has been quantified in population-based
      surveys, and decreases in breastfeeding would require increase in contraceptive
      practice in order to keep total fertility in check. A consensus was recently
      achieved on the use of lactational amenorrhea for family planning. Lactational
      amenorrhea during nearly-full breastfeeding for the first six months postpartum
      can be considered an appropriate complement to contemporary family planning
      methods. It is especially useful when compliance and continuation with other
      contraceptive methods are poor. Physicians have often undervalued the
      contraceptive effectiveness of lactational amenorrhea, yet obstetricians and
      gynecologists are ideally placed to promote both breastfeeding and family
      planning. They have unique opportunities to influence both hospital practices and
      societal perceptions regarding breastfeeding.

PMID- 2276657
TI  - [Evaluation and preparation of gametes].
AB  - The aim of this paper is to review some topics related to the management and
      evaluation of the male and female gametes to be used in any assisted reproduction
      procedure. First, the international criteria for the quantitative morphological
      and biochemical evaluation of the semen samples are presented, both for the
      initial analysis and when chosen procedure is performed. Next, we discuss the
      biochemical characteristics of the solutions used to in vitro induce capacitation
      and acrosome reaction, indispensable events previous to the in vivo or in vitro
      interaction of the gametes. We also present the methodology for the in vitro
      management of the spermatozoa and to evaluate the efficiency of these cells to
      achieve in vitro acrosome reaction, as well as the utilization of the zone-free
      hamster egg penetration test to evaluate the human sperm capacity to penetrate
      the female gamete. Finally, the morphological characteristics of the cumulus
      oophorus-corona radiate-zona pellucida-vitellus complexes are analyzed, as well
      as the biochemical and hormonal composition aspiration, in order to assess the
      quality of the recovered oocytes, their probabilities to be fertilized and their
      potential to develop into subsequent stages which culminate with the birth of
      full term, viable and healthy babies.

PMID- 2276656
TI  - Ethics and the reproductive process.
AB  - Changes in reproductive technology and contraceptive availability have resulted
      in ethical reconsiderations in many countries. The United States has been no
      exception. A discussion of the applicable ethical principles for contraceptive
      research and family planning programs is presented. Each country must decide its
      own individual response to a given ethical problem. The paper does not propose
      solutions but is designed to raise the necessary questions.

PMID- 2276658
TI  - [Physician training in the field of industrial hygiene and occupational pathology
      in medical colleges today].

PMID- 2276659
TI  - [Epidemiological examinations of the workers at a thermoelectric power station].
AB  - Medical and clinico-laboratory examinations were performed of thermoelectric
      power station (TES) workers who were exposed to the hazardous factors related to
      the technological process and contamination substances transferred from other
      industrial sites. Following prepathologic and pathologic states were registered:
      respiratory functional disorders, ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension,
      audiometric state deviations and acoustic nerve neuritis, irritative dermatitis.
      Basing on the data obtained, risk groups identification was performed.

PMID- 2276660
TI  - [A comparison of hearing losses in the workers of a shipyard and in loggers in
      relation to individual risk factors].
AB  - It is suggested that, within the same energy level, an impulse noise is more
      hazardous to hearing than a permanent noise. To justify this hypothesis, a study
      was performed with groups of wood-cutters and shipyard workers to investigate
      different characteristics of noise load (noise levels, noise impulsivity from the
      outside and under the ear-flaps, noise emission levels with regard to the length
      of work and using ear-flaps), and hearing losses (both real and forecasted on the
      Robinson model). To avoid individual factors, a computerized assessment of 38
      pairs of workers from both teams was performed (with regard to similar noise
      emission levels, diastolic pressures, smoking habits, their military service
      backgrounds as to the service in heavy artillery units, absence of otic diseases,
      low consumption of salicylates). The results showed that, within the same energy
      level, the noise in the shipyard was three times as impulsive and more otic
      disorders inducing than the noise in the wood-cutters' working conditions.

PMID- 2276661
TI  - [The role of tissue basophils in the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis].

PMID- 2276662
TI  - [Cardiovascular changes based on ECG data in workers involved in the elimination
      of the sequelae of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].
AB  - 122 persons who had participated in the Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster
      control were passed through ECG examinations, as a result of which susceptibility
      to bradycardia was revealed. To exclude a marked vagal influence on the
      myocardium, orthostatic, atropine and ephedrine tests were performed. Weakened
      reactions to atropine and ephedrine indicated a secondary vagotomy caused by the
      lowered sensitivity of beta-adrenoreceptors.

PMID- 2276663
TI  - [The removal of beryllium oxide from the respiratory organs].

PMID- 2276664
TI  - [The morphological determination of immune reactivity in coniotuberculosis].
AB  - A study was performed on the immune reactivity of coniotuberculosis cases among
      iron-ore miners from initial to developed stages by means of a postmortem
      morphometric analysis of the pathologic changes. It was revealed that the disease
      was characterized by a marked decrease in immune reactivity which progressed
      along with the disease. It was established that the process was influenced by the
      age, the ferrum oxide (III) and cremnium dioxide content in the lungs, and the TB
      infection as such. Much influence was also caused by other sporadic environmental
      factors.

PMID- 2276665
TI  - [The activation of the oxygen-dependent bactericidal system of human and rabbit
      monocytes by dust with different degrees of fibrogenicity].
AB  - Phagocytosis of quartz dusts by the monocytes of man and rabbit goes together
      with the stimulation of the substrate-free reduction of nitroblue tetrasolium,
      which reflects the activation of the cells' oxygen-depending bactericidal system.
      The quantity of the formasan produced increases, as compared to the control
      group, depending on the volume of the added dust. A less fibrogenic and cytotoxic
      dust of aluminum oxide causes only significant formation of formasan at the
      reduction of nitroblue tetrasolium. No extracellular generation of superoxide
      radicals and nitrogen peroxide by the cells were traced in the phagocytosis of
      quartz dusts by human and rabbit monocytes. The data obtained reveals a close
      similarity of the biochemical processes in the action of alveolar macrophages and
      monocytes with mineral dusts, and confirms a possibility of using the substrate
      free reduction of nitroblue tetrasolium in the assessment of the hazardousness of
      industrial dusts.

PMID- 2276666
TI  - [The disperse composition of the aerosols in modern foundry production].
AB  - Workers engaged in automatic moulding mixtures preparation inhale aerosols with
      the particles' mass-median diameter 3.5 micromicrons, whereas the main parameters
      of the particle inhaled in steel bar rolling mills are 17.7 and 30.8 micromicrons
      respectively. The highest content of coarse dust fractions (up to 40 mg/m3) with
      the particles' diameter above 7 micromicrons, e.i. most affecting the
      bronchopulmonary system, was found in the cleaners working places. Workers of
      some other professions inhale dust complex particles with the diameter of 7
      micromicrons, and polymodal aerosols with the maximum distribution among the
      particles within 4.3 and 11.7 micromicrons.

PMID- 2276667
TI  - [The hygienic assessment of an aerosol of granulite AS-8 in the air of a work
      area in preparing for blasting operations in iron-ore mines].

PMID- 2276668
TI  - [The synthesis of chloroprene under laboratory conditions].

PMID- 2276669
TI  - [Hygienic assessment of the working conditions in work on circular and flat
      surfacing grinders using water-miscible cutting fluids].

PMID- 2276670
TI  - [Massage as a means for correcting visual perception and improving the
      physiological functions of the working man].

PMID- 2276671
TI  - [The history of the organization of museums and exhibitions of industrial hygiene
      and worker protection].

PMID- 2276672
TI  - [Extra pay for work under hazardous conditions].

PMID- 2276673
TI  - [The mortality risk from cancerous diseases in factory workers].

PMID- 2276674
TI  - [The causes and sequelae of accident situations due to exposure to a chemical
      factor and the role of industrial hygiene in their prevention].
AB  - The current technological progress in chemical industries includes further
      intensification of processes based on extreme heat and pressure conditions, large
      scale and capacity enterprises, which are marked by increasing potential danger
      with regard to chemical disasters. A set of preventive measures is proposed,
      which should be introduced with the participation of the occupational hygienists
      through labour legislation and technological standards and designs improvement,
      professional testing, disaster relief preparedness including all respective
      medical services, as well as a further elaboration of toxicological studies.

PMID- 2276675
TI  - Prevalence of idiopathic hemochromatosis in Italy: study of 1301 blood donors.
AB  - Idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH) was considered a rare hereditary disease until
      population studies in the U.S.A. and Northern Europe indicated an unexpectedly
      high frequency. In this study we estimated the prevalence of IH in Italy by
      testing 1301 presumably healthy blood donors. Transferrin saturation (TS) and
      serum ferritin (SF) levels were used as screening methods. The subjects with TS
      greater than 50% and/or SF greater than 300 micrograms/l in men and greater than
      160 micrograms/l in women were given a complete medical and laboratory
      examination and those with evidence of iron overload were asked to undergo liver
      biopsy. Five male donors but no female donors presented increased iron indexes.
      Diagnosis of homozygous IH in two of them was confirmed by liver biopsy,
      indicating a prevalence of the disease in this population of 0.2%; that is a gene
      frequency of 4.5% and a heterozygote frequency of 9%. Since our study might
      underestimate the true prevalence of the disease because blood donors are at high
      risk of iron depletion, IH could be one of the most frequent hereditary diseases
      in Italy. Large-scale screening of young adults based on TS and SF determinations
      should be proposed for early diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2276676
TI  - Pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase and oxidative damage in red blood cells transfused to
      beta-thalassemic children.
AB  - Pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase (P5'N) acquired deficiency has been found in several
      hematologic disorders including beta-thalassemia. Our previous studies suggested
      that the aldehydes produced during membrane lipid peroxidation could play a role
      in P5'N inactivation in thalassemia. To evaluate the effects of the thalassemic
      "environment" on transfused red blood cells, we tested P5'N, pyruvate kinase
      (PK), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD) activity, creatine content,
      reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) in the
      red cells of homozygous transfusion-dependent thalassemic children, immediately
      following and again one month after transfusion. In red cells aged in thalassemic
      plasma, P5'N activity, creatine level, GSH stability and stimulated HMS flux were
      significantly decreased. These results fit in with the presence in thalassemic
      plasma of molecules interfering with antioxidant red cell defenses. Normal red
      cells incubated in thalassemic plasma display a significant stimulation of the
      basal HMS (p less than 0.01). Transfused red cell metabolic alterations could be
      explained by the plasma pro-oxidant activity and may contribute to reducing red
      cell survival in the host plasma.

PMID- 2276677
TI  - Iron stores and iron deficiency anemia in children heterozygous for beta
      thalassemia.
AB  - This paper describes the status of iron stores, the incidence and the
      hematological characteristics of iron deficiency anemia in children heterozygous
      for beta-thalassemia. In beta-thalassemia heterozygotes, iron stores were similar
      to the controls in infancy and tended to increase with age, reaching levels of
      moderate iron overload solely in adult males. Iron deficiency anemia occurred
      less frequently in children heterozygous for beta-thalassemia as compared to
      normal controls, while no difference between the two groups was observed in the
      incidence of iron deficiency. Ineffective erythropoiesis, typical of heterozygous
      beta-thalassemia, by causing an increase of iron absorption may limit the effect
      of iron shortage. At similar levels of iron depletion, however, children
      heterozygous for beta-thalassemia develop a more severe anemia as compared to non
      beta-thalassemic children. With the exception of two children, HbA2 levels in the
      presence of iron deficiency anemia remain in the range of heterozygous beta
      thalassemia. In conclusion, our results indicate that children heterozygous for
      beta-thalassemia have normal iron stores but are relatively protected against the
      development of iron deficiency. When iron deficiency anemia develops, its
      clinical expression is usually more severe than in non beta-thalassemic children.

PMID- 2276678
TI  - Evaluation of LAK-mediated tumor cell killing in a plasma clot clonogenic assay.
AB  - An assay based on the inhibition of the cloning capacity in a plasma clot
      semisolid medium assay has been used to test the sensitivity of the Raji cell
      line to lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. This method overcomes some
      limitations intrinsic to the widely employed 51Cr release assay and always shows
      a higher degree of sensitivity. No inhibition of colony growth was found when the
      effector cells were plated without prior pre-incubation with interleukin 2 or
      with the addition of the medium derived from the LAK cells. Though more time
      consuming than the classic 51Cr release assay, this technique does not require
      radioactive material. This test may be suitable for a more precise evaluation of
      LAK activity and for the study of the mechanisms involved in cell killing.

PMID- 2276679
TI  - Indicative morphological myelodysplastic alterations of bone marrow in overt
      AIDS.
AB  - In HIV infection, numerous alterations of the hematopoietic system, with frequent
      cytopenias in peripheral blood and dysplasia of the bone marrow, have been
      observed. In order to assess the incidence of the myelodysplastic anomalies, 69
      bone marrow aspirate smears from 47 patients with group IV HIV infection, as
      classified by CDC, have been studied. Various degrees of myelodysplastic
      alterations were found in all cases; however, dysgranulopoiesis was more frequent
      and more accentuated than other kinds of dyshematopoiesis. Intense vacuolization,
      especially in the granuloblastic series, was very frequent. It is felt that a
      bone marrow configuration that is highly indicative of overt AIDS can be
      sketched. The human immune deficiency virus may be either directly or indirectly
      responsible for myelodysplastic alterations.

PMID- 2276680
TI  - Erythropoietin: biological aspects and clinical usefulness.
AB  - In the eighties there has been an enormous increase in our knowledge about
      erythropoietin, previously defined as "an elusive hormone". In this review we
      summarize the structural and molecular features, the mechanisms of production and
      of metabolism, the more important methods of assay, the mechanism of action and
      the biological effects, the main pathophysiological aspects and the therapeutic
      usefulness of the hormone.

PMID- 2276681
TI  - POEMS syndrome: a case report.
AB  - A case of POEMS syndrome in a 43-year-old male with polyneuropathy, osteolytic
      lesion of the basin due to solitary IgA-lambda plasmacytoma, cutaneous
      scleroderma-like changes, diffuse lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly is
      described. Liver biopsy showed a regenerative process of the parenchyma without
      laboratory and histologic evidence of necrosis. A peculiar finding was the onset
      of a right hemiparesis in the absence of signs of vascular disease or other
      predisposing factors. The possible links between the peculiar elements of the
      POEMS syndrome are briefly analyzed and discussed.

PMID- 2276682
TI  - Long-term remission of T-lymphoid extramedullary blast crisis of chronic
      myelogenous leukemia following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Extramedullary blast crisis (EBC) with T-lymphoid phenotype has been reported
      rarely and generally associated with extremely poor prognosis. We describe a case
      of T-lymphoid EBC in which long-lasting remission was observed following
      intensive chemotherapy and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT).
      Characterization of bone marrow (BM) and lymph node (LN) cells was performed by
      means of morpho-cytochemical, cytogenetic, immunophenotypic and molecular
      analyses. These showed, together with a marrow picture consistent with typical
      Ph'+ chronic myelogenous leukemia, the expansion of an early T-lymphoid
      (CD7+/TdT+) LN cell population exhibiting the same bcr rearranged pattern and an
      additional Ph' chromosome. At the present time, 33 months after BMT, the patient
      is alive and well, with persistent clinical, hematological, cytogenetic and
      molecular evidence of complete remission.

PMID- 2276683
TI  - Preliminary experience with the differential pH technique for glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (G6PD) measurement in whole blood: application to an area with high
      prevalence of thalassaemia and G6PD deficiency.
AB  - A new differential pH technique for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      quantitative determination in whole blood has been evaluated. It is a rapid (90
      s/analysis), reproducible (C.V. within-run 3.7%; between-run: 2.8%) and accurate
      method (in comparison with WHO method: r = 0.970). Reference intervals in non
      deficient males were evaluated in 167 non-thalassaemics and in 60 beta-thal
      heterozygotes. The G6PD activity in beta-thalassaemia carriers is higher than in
      normals; this is particularly true if the activity is expressed in terms of U/g
      Hb. The phenotypic distribution measured in females is in agreement with that
      calculated by the Hardy-Weinberg law based on the incidence of the Gd(-) gene in
      males.

PMID- 2276684
TI  - Hodgkin's disease (HD) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity.
      Report of six cases.

PMID- 2276685
TI  - Effective treatment with cyclosporin A in amegacaryocytic purpura followed by
      ischemic complications.

PMID- 2276686
TI  - Tubuloreticular inclusions and viral particles in hairy cell leukemia.

PMID- 2276687
TI  - Arthritis disability, depression, and life satisfaction among black elderly
      people.
AB  - This study examined the correlates of arthritis disorder in a sample of black
      elderly people in Nashville, Tennessee. More specifically, both the presence of
      arthritis and its severity were examined with regard to level of depression and
      life satisfaction, particularly in the areas of family life, social support, and
      leisure activities. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 600
      black elderly people residing in the community. The sample had more females (70
      percent) than males (30 percent) and majorities who were not married (75 percent)
      and who were living alone (56 percent). The authors' analyses indicated
      significant differences between arthritic and nonarthritic black elderly people
      in that arthritic elderly people were more depressed and experienced lower levels
      of life satisfaction. Further, levels of depression and life dissatisfaction were
      higher among those experiencing disability associated with the illness and those
      who were currently in treatment.

PMID- 2276688
TI  - Postpartum depression: a debilitating yet often unassessed problem.
AB  - Postpartum depression, which affects up to 20 percent of new mothers, is an
      illness often neglected or dismissed by health professionals, leaving the
      majority of such mothers and their families untreated and confused. This article
      describes the reasons postpartum depression frequently goes unrecognized and the
      characteristics, symptoms, and risk factors that help identify this syndrome.
      Treatment approaches and interventions, the impact on the family, and the
      family's involvement in the stages of treatment are addressed. Developing a
      support group for those experiencing postpartum depression is one way social
      workers can bring this syndrome to the forefront. Implications for social work
      practice in identifying, referring, and treating mothers at risk for and
      currently experiencing postpartum depression are discussed.

PMID- 2276689
TI  - Psychosocial care for the chronically ill adolescent: challenges and
      opportunities.
AB  - Rapid advances in medical technology have resulted in increased survival of
      children with chronic illness. As a result, growing numbers of adolescents and
      their families need psychosocial services. This article calls for further efforts
      by social workers to address the needs of chronically ill adolescents.
      Psychosocial interventions to aid adolescents are described, and the potential
      application of communication technologies such as computers and videos to
      traditional therapeutic and educational services is discussed.

PMID- 2276690
TI  - Experiencing multiple loss of persons with AIDS: grief and bereavement issues.
AB  - Through a case study approach involving seven respondents and intensive personal
      interviews, the authors explored grief and bereavement issues for survivors
      experiencing multiple loss of persons with acquired immune deficiency syndrome
      (AIDS). A three-stage model of grief including avoidance, confrontation, and
      reestablishment was used to explore the issues faced by survivors. The
      compounding factors of this phenomenon include society's unwillingness to
      validate the gay identity, the intensity of multiple loss, the lack of time
      between losses, and the subsequent impact on self-identify and self-esteem. These
      discussions serve to enable an understanding of the grief experience for this
      population. Recommendations for practice are given to facilitate the expression
      of feelings necessary for the healing process to begin.

PMID- 2276691
TI  - Identifying the needs of coronary patient wife-caregivers: implications for
      social workers.
AB  - Ninety-three women married to men who had experienced major medical crises
      resulting from coronary heart disease responded to a mail questionnaire designed
      to elicit the needs directly or indirectly created for them by their husbands'
      disease. The three areas of need--education, prevention, and support services-
      selected for evaluation had not been submitted previously for assessment with
      this population. Responses to the questionnaire indicated strong needs in all
      three areas. The results of the survey have implications for intervention with
      families by professionals in the areas of assessment, programming, and the
      professional's relationship to individual members of this population.

PMID- 2276692
TI  - Discharge planning: professional perspectives versus organizational effects.
AB  - The rise in legitimacy and visibility of hospital discharge planning has been
      accompanied by competition between social work and nursing over control of this
      function. The author used a survey of 229 California hospitals to test the
      hypothesis that the discharge planning process is the same regardless of the
      discipline or department in which it is located. The only significant difference
      among the social work, nursing, and administrative departments was in the type of
      staff used. Social work departments were more likely to have both a social worker
      and a nurse on the discharge planning staff and on the discharge planning team.
      The needs of the organization, rather than professional perspectives, drove
      discharge planning. More collaborative bonds between social work and nursing
      could propel system innovation and change.

PMID- 2276693
TI  - Cocaine and pregnancy: a challenge for health care providers.
AB  - There is an alarming increase in the number of individuals using cocaine in this
      country. As many as 10 percent of all pregnant women have used cocaine one or
      more times during their pregnancy. The rising number of pregnant cocaine abusers
      who present themselves for medical services is creating a challenge for health
      care practitioners. This article addresses the biopsychosocial issues of cocaine
      abuse during pregnancy, including the medical impact of cocaine abuse on pregnant
      women and their newborn infants, behavioral manifestations of cocaine abusers
      that create health care management problems, and social work's contribution to
      the health care management of these women.

PMID- 2276694
TI  - Evaluation of promotion of pancreatic carcinogenesis in rats by benzyl acetate.
AB  - Benzyl acetate was found to induce liver tumours and gastric squamous neoplasms
      in mice in a chronic bioassay conducted through the National Toxicology Program.
      An increased incidence of acinar cell adenomas of the pancreas of F344 rats was
      noted in the bioassay, but the significance of these lesions was confounded
      because the benzyl acetate was given by gavage in corn oil. The use of corn oil
      as a vehicle has been shown to enhance the growth of such lesions in the rat
      pancreas. The current studies were undertaken to evaluate benzyl acetate alone as
      an initiator and promoter of carcinogenesis in the pancreas. Alkaline elution
      analysis of acinar cell DNA showed no evidence of damage 1 hr after
      administration of benzyl acetate. Significant stimulation of growth of azaserine
      induced foci was observed in a 6-month study, and a low but significant incidence
      of carcinoma in situ was observed in rats fed benzyl acetate in the diet for 2
      yr. These experiments suggest that benzyl acetate is a weak promoter of the
      growth of carcinogen-induced and spontaneous pre-neoplastic foci in the pancreas.

PMID- 2276695
TI  - Assessment of the subchronic oral toxicity of d-limonene in dogs.
AB  - Several hydrocarbons, including d-limonene, have been shown to produce a male-rat
      specific nephrotoxicity that is manifested acutely as exacerbation of hyaline
      droplet formation. In a study to assess the presence or absence of this response
      in a non-rodent species, the dog was selected as a relevant model because of an
      earlier report suggesting that d-limonene may be nephrotoxic in this species.
      Five male and five female adult beagle dogs per treatment group were gavaged
      twice daily over a 6-month period with tap-water (control) or d-limonene at 0.12
      or 1.2 ml/kg body weight/day (100 or 1000 mg/kg body weight/day). The highest
      daily dose was determined in a pilot study to be close to the maximum tolerated
      dose for emesis (ED50 1.6 ml/kg body weight). The test compound was administered
      in divided doses to minimize the incidence of emesis. Feed consumption and body
      weight were unaffected by treatment. Linear regression analyses indicated a
      positive dose-related trend for absolute and relative female kidney weight and
      relative male kidney weight. There were no histopathological changes in the
      kidneys, evaluated by both haematoxylin and eosin and Mallory-Heidenhain
      staining, that could be associated with the organ-weight changes. Furthermore,
      there was no evidence of hyaline droplet accumulation nor of any other sign of
      hydrocarbon-induced nephropathy typical of those seen in male rats treated with d
      limonene. Thus, dogs are refractory to the hyaline droplet nephropathy observed
      in male rats, thereby providing additional evidence that the male rat kidney is
      uniquely sensitive to hydrocarbons like d-limonene, and that this specific male
      rat nephropathic response may be inappropriate for interspecies extrapolation and
      human risk assessment.

PMID- 2276696
TI  - Remarkable residual alterations in responses to feeding regulatory challenges in
      Han/Wistar rats after recovery from the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).
AB  - Adult male Han/Wistar rats were treated with 1000 micrograms 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)/kg body weight and allowed to restabilize
      their body weight at a lower level. Therefore, their feeding or drinking
      responses were determined to the following ip challenges: NaCl (1 M, 10 ml/kg
      body weight); 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG; 400 mg/kg); sodium mercaptoacetate (MA; 800
      mumol/kg); 2DG + MA (200 mg/kg + 400 mumol/kg); insulin (10 U/kg). In addition,
      the suppressive effects of naloxone (10 mg/kg), glucose (1.36 mg/kg) and fructose
      (1.36 mg/kg) on feed intake stimulated by 24-hr food deprivation were examined.
      After the restabilization, the body weights of TCDD-treated rats followed the
      course of body changes in control rats. The responses to NaCl were also similar
      in TCDD-treated and control rats. However, marked differences were observed in
      all other responses studied. Pretreatment with TCDD abolished 2DG-induced
      feeding, attenuated the effects of insulin and naloxone, caused an aberrant
      decrease in feed intake following MA, and resulted in hypersensitivity to the
      satiating effects of glucose and fructose. These data show that exposure to a
      high dose of TCDD leads to notable distortions in responses to metabolic
      challenges in Han/Wistar rats, which are present even when they have seemingly
      recovered from the acute toxicity. The results also indicate that the central
      nervous system plays a crucial role in TCDD toxicity, and suggest
      hypersensitivity to peripheral satiety signals coupled with hyporesponsiveness to
      metabolic cues of energy deficit to be important mechanisms in the pathogenesis
      of the wasting syndrome.

PMID- 2276697
TI  - Modulation of resistance to mastitis pathogens by pretreatment of mice with T-2
      toxin.
AB  - T-2 toxin, a secondary metabolite of Fusarium species, is a mycotoxin with
      immunomodulatory activity. In the present investigation the effects of T-2 toxin
      on host resistance was studied. The virulence of Escherichia coli and
      Staphylococcus aureus in the mammary glands of mice treated with T-2 toxin was
      compared with their virulence in control mice. Virulence was estimated from the
      ability to induce various types of lesions and bacterial growth in the mammary
      gland. Pretreatment of mice with a single dose (3 mg/kg body weight) of T-2 toxin
      by gavage reduced the virulence of both E. coli (P less than 0.05) and S. aureus
      (P less than 0.01). Microscopic lesions in the infected glands varied in
      character, from consistently non-reactive necrosis of the entire mammary gland to
      limited inflammatory reactions. The former were more abundant in control mice
      than in mice treated with T-2 toxin. Although treatment by gavage with T-2 toxin
      (0.75 mg/kg body weight/day) for 14 days prior to inoculation had no significant
      effect on the course of the mastitis infection, virulence was slightly lower in
      the T-2 toxin treated mice. Both single-dose and successive treatment with T-2
      toxin enhanced the respiratory burst activity of macrophages. Pre-inoculation
      treatment with T-2 toxin also caused a significant increase in the number of
      peritoneal cells, T-2 toxin did not show bacterial effects on the E. coli or S.
      aureus strains used for the inoculations. The data indicate that T-2 toxin has
      modulatory effects on the cell-mediated immune system, and that enhancement of
      resistance to common mastitis pathogens in mice pretreated with a single dose of
      T-2 toxin is associated with migration and activation of macrophages.

PMID- 2276698
TI  - Effect of dietary administration of the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)
      on IgA and IgG secretion by Peyer's patch and splenic lymphocytes.
AB  - Prolonged dietary exposure of mice to the trichothecene vomitoxin induces
      abnormally high levels of serum IgA and kidney mesangial IgA accumulation in a
      manner that is highly analogous to the human glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy.
      In this study, the capacity of Peyer's patch and splenic lymphocytes to produce
      IgA and IgG were compared in B6C3F1 mice that were fed diets with and without 25
      ppm vomitoxin for up to 12 wk. Serum IgA increased 2-, 4- and 8-fold after 4, 8
      and 12 wk, respectively, of vomitoxin exposure and it became the primary serum
      isotype, whereas serum IgG was unaffected. On termination of the experiment there
      were increased numbers of IgA-secreting cells in Peyer's patches after 8 wk of
      toxin exposure and in the spleen after 4, 8 and 12 wk of toxin exposure. There
      were also increased numbers of IgG-secreting cells in Peyer's patches on
      termination of the experiment at 4, 8 and 12 wk but no effects was observed in
      the spleen. Supernatant IgA and IgA-secreting cell numbers were also markedly
      elevated in lymphocyte cultures obtained from Peyer's patches and, to a lesser
      extent, from spleens of treated mice compared with controls. Based on output of
      treated mice relative to corresponding controls, IgA secretion was greatest in
      concanavalin-A-stimulated and unstimulated Peyer's patch cultures. Enhanced IgG
      secretion and IgG-secreting cells were also observed in mitogen-stimulated and
      unstimulated Peyer's patch lymphocyte cultures of treated relative to control
      mice, but differences in splenocyte cultures were negligible. Based on total Ig
      output, IgA production was 8- to 20-fold greater than IgG production in both
      control and treatment Peyer's patch cultures. In contrast, vomitoxin treatment
      caused a shift from primarily IgG production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated
      spleen cultures to equivalent IgA production. These data provide in vitro
      evidence that ingestion of vomitoxin promotes terminal differentiation of IgA
      secreting progenitors in the Peyer's patch and, to a lesser extent, in the
      spleen. These functional changes are consistent with the shift from IgG to IgA as
      the primary serum isotype.

PMID- 2276699
TI  - Experimental oral toxicity of domoic acid in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca
      fascicularis) and rats. Preliminary investigations.
AB  - A recent outbreak of marine food poisoning in humans was attributed to the
      consumption of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) contaminated with domoic acid
      (DA) that was produced by the diatom Nitzschia pungens. The clinical and
      morphological effects of single oral doses of extracts of mussels contaminated
      with DA or of DA isolated from toxic mussels were investigated in small groups
      (one to six) of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis; 0.5-10 mg DA/kg body
      weight) and of Sprague-Dawley rats (60 to 80 mg DA/kg body weight). Control
      animals were either given saline or were not treated. To test whether monosodium
      glutamate, present in the food consumed by some affected humans, and
      dimethylsulphoxide, suspected of being present in the plankton, enhanced the
      response, monosodium glutamate (at 0.25% of mussel extract bolus) or
      dimethylsulphoxide (at 1 g per bolus) were co-administered to two (one each) of
      the DA-treated monkeys. DA-treated monkeys developed transient excitation
      characterized by vomiting. DA-treated rats showed withdrawal followed by
      hyperexcitation and death (in one case). Mild to moderate central nervous system
      lesions consistent with neuroexcitation were present in both monkeys and rats.
      The addition of monosodium glutamate and dimethylsulphoxide had no significant
      effect on the appearance and severity of central nervous system clinical signs
      and lesions. The wide variations in the response of test animals to orally
      administered DA were attributed to the protective effect of vomiting, and to
      suspected incomplete or slow gastro-intestinal absorption of the toxic agent. The
      results reinforce the view that DA is an emetic and that under appropriate
      conditions may also inflict excitotoxic central nervous system damage.

PMID- 2276700
TI  - Toxicity of p-chloroaniline in rats and mice.
AB  - p-Chloroaniline (PCA) was administered as PCA hydrochloride in water by gavage to
      groups of ten Fischer 344 rats and ten B6C3F1 mice of each sex for 13 wk. The
      doses, calculated as PCA rather than the hydrochloride salt, were 0, 5, 10, 20,
      40 or 80 mg PCA/kg body weight/day for rats and 0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 or 120 mg/kg
      body weight/day for mice. The vehicle controls were given deionized water by
      gavage. All male rats survived to the end of the studies. One of the ten female
      rats that received 80 mg PCA/kg died from unknown causes. The final body weights
      of rats that received 80 mg/kg were 16% lower than those of vehicle controls in
      the case of males and 4% lower in females. In mice, there was no mortality
      related to PCA administration. The final body weights of treated mice were
      similar to those of vehicle controls. In both rats and mice, no treatment-related
      effects on organ weights were observed at autopsy, except for a dose-related
      increase in spleen weight. The proportion of haemoglobin in the form of
      methaemoglobin was increased in dosed groups in both species and resulted in a
      secondary anaemia, the severity of which was dose related. Compound-related
      lesions observed histologically in rats and mice, included pigmentation
      (haemosiderin) in the kidney, spleen and liver and increased haematopoiesis in
      the liver and spleen and in the bone marrow (in rats but not mice), reflecting
      the response to the haemolytic anaemia and methaemoglobinaemia induced by PCA. It
      is concluded that the haematopoietic system is a target of PCA toxicity.

PMID- 2276701
TI  - Forestomach neoplasms in Fischer F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice exposed to
      diglycidyl resorcinol ether--an epoxy resin.
AB  - Repeated dose (14 days), subchronic (13 wk) and chronic (2 yr) studies were
      carried out in succession to evaluate the toxic and carcinogenic effects of
      diglycidyl resorcinol ether (DGRE), a liquid spray epoxy resin, in F344/N rats
      and B6C3F1 mice. DGRE in corn oil was administered by gavage for 14 consecutive
      days in the repeated dose study and 5 days/wk in the subchronic and chronic
      studies. The mortality rate was increased in rats and mice in the repeated dose
      and subchronic studies. Hyperkeratosis, basal cell hyperplasia and squamous cell
      papillomas of the forestomach were observed in a few treated rats and mice in the
      subchronic study. Based on the results of the subchronic study, F344/N rats and
      B6CF1 mice (50 males and 50 females/species/dose) were administered DGRE (rats-
      0, 12, 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight, mice--0, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight) in
      corn oil by gavage 5 days/wk for 103 wk. The incidence of neoplastic and non
      neoplastic changes of the forestomach was increased in rats and mice in the
      chronic study. Under the conditions of the study, DGRE is considered to be
      carcinogenic to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice.

PMID- 2276702
TI  - Toxicity studies of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. I.
      Genetic and cellular effects.
AB  - The cellular effects of the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated
      hydroxytoluene were studied in a battery of in vitro tests. No evidence of
      genotoxicity was obtained for either compound in the hepatocyte primary
      culture/DNA repair test, the Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis test, the adult rat
      liver epithelial cell/hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase test, or
      for butylated hydroxyanisole in the Chinese hamster ovary cell/sister chromatid
      exchange test. Both compounds inhibited intercellular molecular exchange between
      cultured liver cells, an effect that has been observed for many agents with
      neoplasm-promoting activity.

PMID- 2276703
TI  - Toxicity studies of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. II.
      Chronic feeding studies.
AB  - The antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene
      (BHT) were fed in the diet to male F344 rats in two chronic feeding studies. In
      one study, feeding BHT for 76 wk at concentrations ranging from 100 to 6000 ppm
      produced no increase in neoplasms at any site. In a second study, feeding 12,000
      ppm BHT for 110 wk had no neoplastic effect at any site, whereas feeding BHA at
      12,000 ppm resulted in a small increase in squamous cell papillomas of the non
      glandular squamous portion of the stomach.

PMID- 2276704
TI  - Study of the teratogenic potential of FD & C Yellow No. 5 when given by gavage to
      rats.
AB  - FD & C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) was given to Osborne-Mendel rats by gavage at
      dose levels of 0, 60, 100, 200, 400, 600 or 1000 mg/kg body weight/day on days 0
      19 of gestation. No maternal or developmental toxicity was observed when the rats
      were killed on day 20. The mean daily food consumption for the entire period of
      gestation was significantly greater in the females given 1000 mg/kg body
      weight/day than in the controls, but maternal body-weight gain was not affected.
      No dose-related effects were observed in implantations, foetal viability or
      external foetal development. Foetal skeletal and visceral development was similar
      among foetuses from all groups. At the doses given, FD & C Yellow No. 5 was
      neither toxic nor teratogenic.

PMID- 2276705
TI  - Comparative toxicity of ethylene dichloride in F344/N, Sprague-Dawley and Osborne
      Mendel rats.
AB  - Studies were conducted to compare the toxicity of ethylene dichloride (EDC) in
      F344/N rats, Sprague-Dawley rats, and Osborne-Mendel rats. Ten rats/sex/group
      were exposed to EDC in drinking-water at 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 ppm
      for 13 wk. The highest concentration was limited by the maximum solubility of EDC
      in water (about 9000 ppm). In addition, F344/N rats (10/sex/group) were
      administered EDC in corn oil by gavage to compare toxicity resulting from bolus
      administration with that of continuous exposure in drinking-water. Gavage doses
      of EDC were within the range of total daily doses (in mg/kg body weight/day)
      resulting from exposure in drinking-water. EDC administered by gavage resulted in
      greater toxicity to F344/N rats than did administration of similar doses in
      drinking-water. All males receiving 240 and 480 mg/kg body weight and 9/10
      females receiving 300 mg/kg body weight by gavage died before the end of the
      study. Necrosis of the cerebellum was observed in the brains of 3 males receiving
      240 mg/kg body weight and 3 females receiving 300 mg/kg body weight. Hyperplasia
      and inflammation of the forestomach mucosa were observed in 8 male and 3 female
      rats that died or were killed in moribund condition. EDC caused minimal toxicity
      to F344/N, Sprague-Dawley and Osborne-Mendel rats at the drinking-water
      concentrations used in these studies; only female F344/N rats had EDC-related
      renal lesions. Based on mortality and EDC-related lesions, the no-effect levels
      for EDC administered by gavage to F344/N rats were 120 mg/kg body weight for
      males and 150 mg/kg body weight for females.

PMID- 2276706
TI  - [Insulin injection therapy of diabetes mellitus].
AB  - In general, insulin treatment of type I diabetes mellitus is difficult. Good long
      term metabolic control can be achieved only in patients who have been well
      informed and trained in the use of intensive insulin regimens by experts. Today,
      insulin distribution is differentiated into basal and meal-adapted requirements,
      with the circadian rhythm of insulin needs receiving special consideration. In
      type II diabetics, the use of insulin is indicated only when all other
      therapeutic measures (diet, physical activity, oral antidiabetic drugs, lipid
      lowering agents and substances delaying glucose resorption) have failed. The
      combined administration of sulfonylurea and insulin has a number of interesting
      aspects.

PMID- 2276707
TI  - [Pancreas transplantation in Type I diabetic patients].
AB  - Successful pancreas transplantation can result in the longterm normalization of
      glucose metabolism. Since most pancreas recipients already have severe diabetic
      complications, and the observation period after transplantation is rather short,
      an assessment of the effect of complete glucose normalization on these diabetic
      changes is problematic. It has, however, been shown that the development of
      diabetic nephropathy can be prevented, peripheral microcirculation improved, and
      autonomic and peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy stabilized. These positive
      effects are, possibly, in part due to the elimination of uremia, since most
      patients receive both a pancreas and a kidney. The aim must be to perform
      pancreas transplantation in an early stage of diabetes, even though remarkable
      improvements have also been reported in terminal stages of the disease, and the
      quality of life of these patients has been significantly improved.

PMID- 2276708
TI  - [Ambulatory care of diabetic patients. Viewpoint of internists in private
      practice].
AB  - In the diagnosis and treatment of diabetics, the privately practicing internist
      has a central role to play. Both cooperation with other specialties
      (ophthalmologists, neurologists, and surgeons) and pre-hospitalization and
      posthospitalization monitoring require depth of knowledge. In the areas of
      occupation counseling, management of social problems, and the concomitant care of
      associated diseases, the central importance of the internist for the diabetic can
      be decisive for therapeutic success.

PMID- 2276709
TI  - [Significance and diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes].
AB  - The results of studies performed to date would appear to show that autonomic
      neuropathy (ANP) in diabetics can involve any organ system. The earliest and most
      common manifestation is seen in the cardiovascular system, and finds expression
      as orthostatic phenomena, resting tachycardia, and "rigid pulse". Simple, non
      invasive tests permit accurate quantification and follow-up. ANP in the
      gastrointestinal tract manifests as a motility disturbance, and the resulting
      delay in absorption might be the cause of inexplicable blood sugar fluctuations.
      A phenomenon of decisive importance for the diabetic is the lowering of his
      awareness of a hypoglycemic state. For this reason, intensive training of the
      diabetic in the self-determination of blood sugar and requirement-matched insulin
      dosage are thus of extreme importance. Disturbances of sexual function, which are
      all too rarely mentioned, usually put a heavy strain on the diabetic. Medical
      care of diabetics prior to, during and after surgery should give due
      consideration to cardiac, pulmonary and gastrointestinal ANP involvement. In view
      of the limited therapeutic possibilities, prevention of ANP should receive top
      priority.

PMID- 2276710
TI  - [The diagnosis of Alzheimer dementia. 3: differential diagnosis with Pick's
      disease].

PMID- 2276711
TI  - [Organ transplantation and immunosuppression].

PMID- 2276712
TI  - Serological studies of an SLE-associated antigen-antibody system discovered as a
      precipitation reaction in agarose gel: the HAKATA antigen-antibody system.
AB  - Current population studies indicate that the HAKATA antigen is one of the normal
      plasma proteins not yet completely characterized. The frequency of Japanese
      donor, patients and Swedish patients was 100%, 99.99% and 99.98%, respectively.
      Anti-HAKATA antibody production was found in three patients, all with systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE). Transient HAKATA antigen deficiency was found in 13
      patients and appeared to be strongly associated with SLE (11 out of 13). None of
      the 14 SLE patients had a history of transfusion. It is therefore concluded that
      anti-HAKATA antibody is produced as one of the autoantibodies in SLE.

PMID- 2276713
TI  - [Hepatic functional reserve and tumor size as prognostic factors in patients with
      primary liver cancer undergoing non-surgical therapy].
AB  - A prognostic study on 119 patients with primary liver cancer undergoing
      nonsurgical therapy was carried out to evaluate the relevance of hepatic
      functional reserve and tumor size to their cumulative survival rates. All
      patients were classified into the three groups of Child's classification (A, B
      and C) according to their hepatic functional reserve and were also divided into
      the five groups according to their tumor size. The cumulative survival rates of
      all patients at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years after the diagnosis were 50.9, 28.3, 18.8,
      13.5 and 6.7%, respectively. The cumulative survival rates of group V whose tumor
      occupied more than 40% of the liver area were significantly lower than those of
      the other tumor-size-groups. The survival rates of Child's group A were
      significantly higher than those of group B and C. But in those patients who were
      classified into group V according to their tumor size, there was no significant
      difference in their survival rates among the three groups of Child's
      classification. These results suggest that hepatic functional reserve as well as
      tumor size is an important prognostic factor in patients with primary liver
      cancer. But if the cancer once develops greater than 40% of the liver area,
      hepatic functional reserve diminishes in value as a prognostic factor.

PMID- 2276714
TI  - The Life Closure Scale: a measure of psychological adaptation in death and dying.
AB  - The Life Closure Scale (LCS) is a measure of the multidimensions of psychological
      adaptation during the dying process and was developed in two phases. The first
      phase of instrument construction was based on a retroductive method utilizing:
      theoretical and empirical sources, a small qualitative study and analysis of
      concept definitions. Three subscales identifying dimensions of psychological
      processes and patterns of adaptation were defined: the self-reconciled, self
      restructuring, and self-closing. A corrected content validity of .83 was
      established by a panel of experts. The LCS scale of 45 items was devised into a 5
      point Likert scale with responses from 1 (not at all) to 5 (most of the time).
      Phase two began a study, with 45 hospice subjects, to determine internal
      consistency reliability and construct validity. On preliminary testing with 20
      subjects, the self-closing subscale was found to interrelate with the other two
      subscales. An intercorrelation of r = -.10 defined the presence of two
      independent subscales: the self-reconciled and the self-restructuring. Internal
      consistency reliability coefficients of a = .85 for the self-reconciled subscale
      and a = .86 for the self-restructuring subscale. Construct validity is reported
      for the LCS. A Pearson correlation coefficient of r = .75 was found between the
      LCS and the convergent measure of quality of life and an r = -.60 substantiated
      discriminant validity with a depression tool. Plans for tool development include
      further testing.

PMID- 2276715
TI  - Family coping with childhood cancer.
AB  - Previous studies using nonstandardized instruments measuring coping with
      childhood cancer, suggested families coped well. The concepts of encapsulation
      and at-risk behaviors were derived from this literature as coping strategies.
      Encapsulation strategies normalize the experience and control the meaning of the
      illness. At-risk strategies include complying with treatment and protecting the
      child. Three purposes of this paper are (a) describe parents' coping in 45
      families whose child has cancer using a standardized instrument (CHIP), (b)
      compare the findings from this study with previous studies, and (c) explore the
      concepts of encapsulation and at-risk as family coping strategies using selected
      items on the CHIP. Internal reliabilities ranged from .71 to .79 on the CHIP's
      three scales. In this study, correlational and descriptive analysis were
      conducted. The CHIP's psychometric properties in this study ranged from .76 to
      .84. The newly developed scales of encapsulation and at-risk had internal
      reliabilities of .74, .74, .74, and .46 for the fathers and mothers. Using the
      CHIP scales parents' coping was similar to other samples in which the CHIP was
      used. With the exception of the mothers' at-risk scale, a cohesive family coping
      measure was evidenced by the acceptable internal reliabilities on the newly
      developed scales. Further development of the encapsulation scale will provide a
      family coping measure useful in testing conceptually based nursing interventions.

PMID- 2276716
TI  - Identification of spouses at high risk during bereavement: a preliminary
      assessment of Parkes and Weiss' Risk Index.
AB  - The Risk Index developed by Parkes and Weiss (1983) is a brief structured
      assessment tool for identifying bereaved spouses who may be at high risk for
      developing complications during bereavement. The present study was undertaken to
      evaluate the utility of the Risk Index in predicting outcome during the first
      year of bereavement in spouses of deceased hospice patients. Professional staff
      at the hospice completed the Risk Index shortly after the spouse died and outcome
      was then assessed after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. High-risk bereaved were younger
      than low-risk bereaved. Number of young children at home, existence of close
      relationships, and financial status were important predictors of outcome during
      the first year of bereavement. The findings suggest that the Risk Index may serve
      as a cost-effective means of assessing risk for complications during the first
      year of bereavement.

PMID- 2276717
TI  - The importance of spirituality in hospice work: a study of hospice professionals.
AB  - Only recently has the spiritual aspect of care received attention in our
      professional literature. In order to explore the relationship between
      spirituality and job satisfaction for professionals employed in the hospice
      field, the authors sent questionnaires to hospice directors in New York, New
      Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The findings strongly indicate that hospice
      professionals are a spiritual group, being more spiritual in their personal lives
      than in their professional work. Professionals who described themselves as more
      spiritual also experienced greater satisfaction in hospice work. Job-related
      satisfaction, however, was dependent on factors other than spirituality. The
      findings support the contention that spiritual care is too critical to be left to
      clergy.

PMID- 2276718
TI  - Hospice nurses' perceptions of their patients' physicians.
AB  - Traditional medical education has not included preparation in the care of
      terminally ill patients. Hospices could supplement training by offering seminars
      and experience in the philosophy and treatment of palliative care. A survey of 45
      home hospice nurses in Colorado was undertaken to identify the perceived
      strengths and weaknesses of the physicians with whom they worked. Of the 21
      questions asked, flexibility in ordering laxatives and ordering oral analgesics
      received significantly high scores (p less than .05). Support of patients'
      families, knowledge of hospice insurance, and making home visits to patients
      received significantly low scores (p less than .05). Physicians in communities
      with larger populations and with a larger percent of physicians who were
      oncologists were rated in all questions significantly higher (p less than .05)
      than those in smaller populations with fewer oncologists. In order to facilitate
      incorporation of hospice concepts into medical education, a review is given of
      existing collaborative efforts between hospices and medical schools to illustrate
      implementation of such programs.

PMID- 2276719
TI  - Taking psychiatric training back to the future.

PMID- 2276720
TI  - A survey of homeless mentally ill people in Melbourne, Australia.

PMID- 2276721
TI  - Managed patient care.

PMID- 2276722
TI  - Switching patients from alprazolam to clonazepam.

PMID- 2276723
TI  - Establishing a smoke-free inpatient unit: is it feasible?

PMID- 2276724
TI  - An analysis of methodology in follow-up studies of adult inpatient psychiatric
      treatment.
AB  - A review of 70 follow-up studies of adult inpatient psychiatric treatment
      published since 1975 reveals substantial methodological shortcomings. Recurring
      problems include lack of descriptive information about the patient population
      studied, inadequate depiction of the psychiatric treatment provided before or
      during hospitalization, weak research design, lack of blind analysis,
      unsystematic approaches to data collection, and avoidance of powerful statistical
      techniques. Eight specific recommendations are offered to aid future researchers
      in designing outcome studies.

PMID- 2276725
TI  - A preliminary study of unresolved grief in families of seriously mentally ill
      patients.
AB  - Investigations of the grief reactions experienced by families when a relative
      develops a serious mental illness have been hampered by the lack of an
      appropriate instrument to measure such reactions. The authors devised the Mental
      Illness Version of the Texas Inventory of Grief, adapted from the Texas Revised
      Inventory of Grief, to assess family members' initial and present feelings about
      their relative's loss of mental health. A test of the instrument with 58 family
      members of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder revealed a
      surprisingly low level of initial grief but higher levels of present grief.

PMID- 2276726
TI  - Personality disorder in the elderly.
AB  - Psychiatrists tend not to ascribe personality disorder to elderly patients who
      present with psychiatric or medical illness, perhaps because of the difficulty of
      defining personality disorder in older persons or because of the belief that it
      does not exist among the elderly. Based on a review of the literature, the author
      concludes that personality and personality disorder are most reliably described
      in behavioral terms and that normal aging can change preexisting behaviors and
      produce new behaviors. However, personality remains relatively stable as people
      age, and healthy personality traits are as durable as pathological personality
      traits. Finally, he concludes that the elderly are not immune from personality
      disorder but that age-related behavioral changes may mask the presence of the
      disorder. Therefore, diagnostic guidelines for personality disorder should
      include age-associated criteria.

PMID- 2276727
TI  - Suicide and cancer in late life.
AB  - In a controlled psychological autopsy study of suicide in late life, eight cases
      in which the victim's belief that he had cancer played a major role in the
      decision to end his life were examined. All victims were men. The majority had
      diagnosable major affective disorders, but none had been seen in mental health
      care settings. Other common characteristics were an active relationship with a
      primary physician, numerous losses, prior experience with cancer or debilitating
      disease, and a rigid, self-sufficient personality style. The cases illustrate the
      complex determinants of suicidal behavior in the elderly and suggest preventive
      strategies for the primary care setting.

PMID- 2276728
TI  - Characteristics of psychiatric emergency room patients with alcohol- or drug
      induced disorders.
AB  - Although emergency room psychiatrists are often faced with evaluating and
      planning treatment for patients who abuse substances, there is limited
      information about the characteristics of emergency room patients with alcohol- or
      drug-induced disorders. The authors describe the demographic and clinical
      characteristics of 343 consecutive patients referred to a general hospital's
      emergency psychiatry service. The 114 patients diagnosed as having an alcohol- or
      drug-induced disorder were younger and were more often male, unemployed, and
      homeless than patients with disorders not induced by substance abuse. They also
      demonstrated increased suicidality. Alcohol was the predominant substance that
      contributed to psychiatric emergencies, but a surprising number of patients were
      diagnosed as having amphetamine-induced disorders, possibly representing an
      important trend.

PMID- 2276729
TI  - Smoking in psychiatric hospitals: a historical view of a hot topic.

PMID- 2276730
TI  - Psychiatric malpractice and supervision issues in community mental health
      programs.

PMID- 2276731
TI  - Principles of professional and family collaboration.

PMID- 2276732
TI  - Boycotting clozapine.

PMID- 2276733
TI  - Shelterization.

PMID- 2276734
TI  - Recombinations between Alu repeat sequences that result in partial deletions
      within the C1 inhibitor gene.
AB  - Genomic DNA sequence analysis was used to define the extent of deletions within
      the C1 inhibitor gene in two families with type I hereditary angioneurotic edema.
      Southern blot analysis initially indicated the presence of the partial deletions.
      One deletion was approximately 2 kb and included exon VII, whereas the other was
      approximately 8.5 kb and included exons IV-VI. Genomic libraries from an affected
      member of each family were constructed and clones containing the deletions were
      analyzed. Sequence analysis of the deletion joints of the mutants and
      corresponding regions of the normal gene in the two families demonstrated that
      both deletion joints resulted from recombination of two Alu repetitive DNA
      elements. Alu repeat sequences from introns VI and VII combined to make a novel
      Alu in family A, and Alu sequences in introns III and VI were spliced to make a
      new Alu in family B. The splice sites in the Alu sequences of both mutants were
      located in the left arm of the Alu element, and both recombination joints
      overlapped one of the RNA polymerase III promoter sequences. Because the involved
      Alu sequences, in both instances, were oriented in the same direction, unequal
      crossingover is the most likely mechanism to account for these mutations.

PMID- 2276735
TI  - "PCR-karyotype" of human chromosomes in somatic cell hybrids.
AB  - Amplification of human DNA sequences in 16 monochromosomal somatic cell hybrids
      containing different human chromosomes were performed by the polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) using primer directed at human-specific regions of Alu or L1, the
      two major classes of interspersed repetitive sequences (IRS-PCR). A chromosome
      specific pattern of amplification products was observed on agarose gels run with
      ethidium bromide, producing a "PCR-karyotype." This simple gel analysis provides
      a rapid method for identifying and monitoring the human chromosomal content of
      monochromosomal somatic cell hybrids without conventional cytogenetic analysis.
      Hybrids containing multiple human chromosome produce complex gel patterns, but
      identification of chromosome content can be achieved by hybridization of PCR
      products against a reference panel of monochromosomal or highly reduced hybrids
      representing each human chromosome. This dot-blot method also enables
      identification of human marker chromosomes or translocated pieces in hybrids that
      are not identifiable by cytogenetic methods. These IRS-PCR methods should greatly
      reduce the need for more laborious cytogenetic, isozyme, and Southern blot
      characterizations of human-rodent cell hybrids.

PMID- 2276736
TI  - Isolation of the functional human excision repair gene ERCC5 by intercosmid
      recombination.
AB  - The complete human nucleotide exicision repair gene ERCC5 was isolated as a
      functional gene on overlapping cosmids. ERCC5 corrects the excision repair
      deficiency of Chinese hamster ovary cell line UV135, of complementation group 5.
      Cosmids that contained human sequences were obtained from a UV-resistant cell
      line derived from UV135 cells transformed with human genomic DNA. Individually,
      none of the cosmids complemented the UV135 repair defect; cosmid groups were
      formed to represent putative human genomic regions, and specific pairs of cosmids
      that effectively transformed UV135 cells to UV resistance were identified.
      Analysis of transformants derived from the active cosmid pairs showed that the
      functional 32-kbp ERCC5 gene was reconstructed by homologous intercosmid
      recombination. The cloned human sequences exhibited 100% concordance with the
      locus designated genetically as ERCC5 located on human chromosome 13q. Cosmid
      transformed UV135 host cells repaired cytotoxic damage to levels about 70% of
      normal and repaired UV-irradiated shuttle vector DNA to levels about 82% of
      normal.

PMID- 2276737
TI  - Localization of the von Hippel-Lindau disease gene to a small region of
      chromosome 3.
AB  - We studied 25 families with von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) to locate VHL more
      precisely on chromosome 3. We found that VHL was linked to RAF1, confirming
      previous observations, and to two polymorphic DNA markers, D3S18 and D3S191.
      Multipoint linkage analysis indicated that the most likely location for VHL was
      in the interval between RAF1 and D3S18. D3S18 was located at 3p26. Genetic
      heterogeneity was not detected in this panel of von Hippel-Lindau disease
      families. The polymorphic markers RAF1, D3S18, and D3S191 should be useful in
      identifying asymptomatic gene carriers in VHL families and in guiding efforts at
      gene isolation.

PMID- 2276738
TI  - Detection of point mutations associated with genetic diseases by an exon scanning
      technique.
AB  - A major challenge in genetics is identifying the basis of human heritable
      disease. We describe an "exon scanning" technique which surveys exons in genomic
      DNA for sequence alterations. By hybridizing genomic DNA to RNA probes derived
      from cDNAs, we can use RNase A to survey entire coding regions, comprising exons
      spread across extensive regions of genomic DNA, for mutations associated with
      genetic disease. Exon scanning of the beta-globin locus in the DNA of patients
      with 12 different hemoglobinopathies detected all of the culpable single base
      substitutions and deletions, but not single base insertions. Our analysis also
      revealed unsuspected polymorphisms and corrected a diagnosis originally based on
      hemoglobin electrophoresis. Exon scanning of the ornithine aminotransferase gene
      in a gyrate atrophy patient detected and localized a mutation in the sixth exon.
      Subsequent PCR amplification and sequencing characterized this as a missense
      mutation (proline----glutamine). Exon scanning of genomic DNA for sequence
      alterations, in combination with PCR amplification and sequencing, should be a
      generally useful strategy for evaluating suspect genes in disorders of unknown
      etiology, as well as for clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2276739
TI  - A primer-guided nucleotide incorporation assay in the genotyping of
      apolipoprotein E.
AB  - We describe a new technique by which single base changes in human genes can be
      conveniently detected. In this method the DNA fragment of interest is first
      amplified using the polymerase chain reaction with an oligonucleotide primer
      biotinylated at its 5'-end. The amplified 5'-biotinylated DNA is immobilized on
      an avidin matrix and rendered single-stranded. The variable nucleotide in the
      immobilized DNA is identified by a one-step primer extension reaction directed by
      a detection step primer, which anneals to the DNA immediately upstream of the
      site of variation. In this reaction a single labeled nucleoside triphosphate
      complementary to the nucleotide at the variable site is incorporated. The method
      is highly sensitive, allowing the use of nucleoside triphosphates labeled with
      radioisotopes of low specific activity (3H) as well as nonradioactive markers
      (digoxigenin). The procedure consists of few and simple operations and is thus
      applicable to the analysis of large numbers of samples. Here we applied it to the
      analysis of the three-allelic polymorphism of the human apolipoprotein E gene. We
      were able to correctly identify all possible combinations of the three apo E
      alleles.

PMID- 2276741
TI  - Telomere-related sequences at interstitial sites in the human genome.
AB  - The ends (telomeres) of eukaryotic chromosomes are protected from degradation and
      from loss during DNA replication by buffers of simple tandem repetitive sequence.
      The nucleotide sequence of these telomeric arrays is fundamental to telomere
      function as a site for protein and ribonucleoprotein binding and varies only
      slightly in a wide range of organisms. We present evidence that arrays of this
      human telomeric sequence, TTAGGG, are present not only at the ends of human
      chromosomes but also at numerous interstitial sites. These interstitial loci
      share nucleotide sequence similarity outside the repetitive array, suggesting
      that they are related functionally or have evolved from a common progenitor
      locus.

PMID- 2276740
TI  - Molecular characterization of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) patients with
      partial duplication of chromosome 11p excludes the gene MYOD1 from the BWS
      region.
AB  - The molecular characterization of two patients with features of Beckwith
      Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and chromosome abnormalities is consistent with the
      association of this phenotype with a duplication of a portion of chromosome 11.
      Quantitative Southern blot analysis of DNA from patient A defines a large
      inherited duplicated segment of chromosome 11. For patient B, a de novo
      duplication of unknown origin has been shown to contain a segment of 11p15. This
      chromosome segment includes the genes for insulin-like growth factor 2, beta
      hemoglobin, calcitonin A (CALCA), and parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, the
      myogenic differentiation factor, MYOD1, is not included in the duplicated
      segment. This demonstrates that MYOD1 is proximal to CALCA and PTH and excludes
      MYOD1 as the BWS gene. These data place the BWS gene distal to MYOD1 on 11p15.

PMID- 2276742
TI  - Chromosome-specific subsets of human alphoid DNA identified by a chromosome 2
      derived clone.
AB  - We have cloned an alphoid DNA fragment, pBS4D, from the DNA of a human-hamster
      hybrid cell line containing chromosome 2 as its only cytologically detectable
      human component. Under high stringency conditions, pBS4D hybridized in situ
      mostly to chromosome 2 and to a lesser extent to chromosomes 18 and 20.
      Restriction analysis using the DNA from selected somatic hybrid cell lines
      revealed that the genomic organization of this alphoid DNA differs on each of
      these three chromosomes.

PMID- 2276743
TI  - The placental ribonuclease inhibitor (RNH) gene is located on chromosome subband
      11p15.5.
AB  - The ribonuclease inhibitor from human placenta is a tight-binding inhibitor of
      alkaline and neutral ribonucleases, including the blood vessel-inducing protein,
      angiogenin. The location of the inhibitor gene within the human genome has now
      been determined. Utilizing human-rodent hybrid cell lines, it was found on
      chromosome 11. The localization was refined to chromosome band 11p15 by in situ
      hybridization of the ribonuclease inhibitor cDNA to normal metaphase chromosomes.
      A further refinement was obtained by in situ hybridization of the probe to
      metaphase chromosomes from RPMI 8402 cells, a line containing a well
      characterized translocation t(11;14)(p15;q11) with a chromosome 11 breakpoint
      between the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and Harvey rat sarcoma viral
      oncogene homolog genes. This analysis has localized the ribonuclease inhibitor
      gene to chromosome subband 11p15.5, distal to the IGF2 gene.

PMID- 2276744
TI  - Bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG1): cDNA cloning and mapping of the gene to the
      short arm of human chromosome 6.
AB  - Bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG1), an integral component of the cutaneous
      basement membrane zone, serves as autoantigen in a blistering disease, bullous
      pemphigoid. In this study, we have generated cDNAs corresponding to human BPAG1
      sequences. Two cDNAs, a 0.45-kb PCR product synthesized with human keratinocyte
      RNA as template and a 2.2-kb cDNA isolated from human keratinocyte lambda gt11
      library, were utilized for chromosomal in situ hybridizations to establish the
      genomic location of the BPAG1 gene. Metaphase chromosomes of phytohemagglutinin
      stimulated human peripheral blood leukocytes were examined by hybridizations with
      3H-labeled cDNAs, and the chromosomes were identified by R-banding (fluorochrome
      photolysis-Giemsa method). The results indicated that the human BPAG1 gene is at
      locus 6p11-6p12. This conclusion was supported by hybridizations with a panel of
      human X rodent hybrid cell DNA, which indicated concordance with human chromosome
      6. Because different genes encoding human basement membrane components have been
      mapped previously to chromosomes other than 6, the results further indicate that
      human basement membrane zone genes are widely dispersed within the human genome.

PMID- 2276745
TI  - Localization of the gene for interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein to mouse
      chromosome 14 near Np-1.
AB  - Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) is a large glycoprotein known
      to bind retinoids and found primarily in the interphotoreceptor matrix of the
      retina between the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor cells. It is
      thought to transport retinoids between the retinal pigment epithelium and the
      photoreceptors, a critical role in the visual process. We have used a 900-bp
      bovine IRBP cDNA fragment to map the corresponding gene, Rbp-3, to mouse
      chromosome 14 with somatic cell hybrids and have positioned the gene near Np-1
      (nucleoside phosphorylase-1) by analysis of the progeny of an intersubspecific
      backcross. In the human genome, NP maps to human chromosome 14 and RBP3 to human
      chromosome 10. Thus, these two genes span the putative site of a chromosomal
      translocation which contributed to divergent karyotype evolution of man and
      mouse.

PMID- 2276746
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the Belgian G gamma+(A gamma delta beta)0-thalassemia
      deletion breakpoint suggests a common mechanism for a number of such
      recombination events.
AB  - Various types of thalassemia or hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH)
      are caused by deletions at the human beta-globin gene cluster. Many of these
      molecular lesions show a clear clustering as far as size and location of their
      breakpoints are concerned. This might indicate common recombination mechanisms
      responsible for the generation of these deletions. The Belgian G gamma+(A gamma
      delta beta)zero-thalassemia results from a large deletion spanning the beta
      globin gene cluster 3' of the A gamma gene. The extent of this deletion, analyzed
      by field-inversion gel electrophoresis, is approximately 50 kb and is very
      similar to that of the Indian HPFH (G gamma A gamma HPFH III) previously
      characterized by P. S. Henthorn et al. (1986). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:
      5194-5198. Isolation of the deletion junction of the Belgian G gamma+(A gamma
      delta beta)zero-thalassemia by means of inverse polymerase chain reaction
      confirmed a very close relationship between these two independent deletions. The
      3' breakpoint of the Belgian deletion is located at the midpoint of a 160-bp
      palindrome, only four nucleotides 5' from the correspondent endpoint of the
      Indian HPFH.

PMID- 2276747
TI  - Regional localization of human extracellular superoxide dismutase gene to 4pter
      q21.

PMID- 2276748
TI  - Assignment of the human casein kinase II beta-subunit gene to 6p12----p21.

PMID- 2276749
TI  - Gene locus for X-linked CSNB.

PMID- 2276750
TI  - Functional assessment of control systems for cybernetic elbow prostheses--Part I:
      Description of the technique.
AB  - This paper (Part I of II) presents a novel control scheme with which an amputee
      commands an elbow prosthesis using myoelectric activity. By mimicking some
      important characteristics of the intact neuromuscular system, the proposed
      controller attempts to make the prosthesis respond as the natural elbow to both
      voluntary commands from the amputee and applied moments from the environment.
      Also presented is the description of a novel experiment for functionally
      assessing elbow prosthesis controllers. The experimental design calls for an
      amputee to perform a constrained motion task while operating a prosthesis capable
      of implementing a wide variety of controllers. Due to the nature of the
      constraint, the task emphasizes the prosthesis response to both inputs: voluntary
      commands and external moments. Application of the experiment to assessment of the
      proposed control scheme and the control scheme used in a state-of-the-art
      prosthesis is presented in Part II.

PMID- 2276751
TI  - Functional assessment of control systems for cybernetic elbow prostheses--Part
      II: Application of the technique.
AB  - This paper (Part II of II) presents application of the technique described in
      Part I to functional assessment of two myoelectric elbow-prosthesis controllers:
      the controller implemented in the Boston Elbow, a state-of-the-art elbow
      prosthesis, and a proposed control scheme that, to a crude degree, mimics control
      of the intact elbow. Assessment of the controllers was achieved by evaluating an
      amputee subject's functional capability as he performed a constrained motion task
      with a prosthesis that implemented each control scheme. Evaluation of the
      amputee's capability was accomplished off line using sampled values of his
      myoelectric activity, his limb kinematics, and the interface forces at the
      constraint. Superior performance was observed with the proposed scheme. Namely,
      the subject exhibited better synergy among his elbow and shoulder muscles.
      Furthermore, when using the proposed controller, he exhibited some natural
      patterns of muscle coordination.

PMID- 2276752
TI  - Electrophysiology of direct current stimulation of fracture healing in canine
      radius.
AB  - Electrophysiological mechanisms involved in the electrical stimulation of
      fracture healing remain largely unknown. The purpose of the present study was to
      establish relationships between osteogenetic response and intraosseous measures
      of electrical dose in experimental fractures (osteotomies) of canine radii
      stimulated by direct currents. The response was determined postmortem at seven
      weeks after osteotomy by measuring the bending rigidity and four physicochemical
      properties: tissue density, mineral density, matrix density, and mineral-to
      matrix ratio. The currents measured in bone ranged from 0.1 to 17 microA. Three
      regions of enhanced osteogenetic response were observed at approximately 1, 7,
      and 13 microA, separated by regions of unstimulated response. Evidence presented
      in this paper suggests that enhanced response resulted mainly from electrical
      modulation of early events in the fracture repair sequence.

PMID- 2276753
TI  - Ultrasonic reflection mode computed tomography through a skull bone.
AB  - An ultrasonic reflection-mode CT method was applied to transskull imaging of
      brain. The method involves only a single transducer and a single scan to acquire
      data from the object. In reconstruction an ordinary Fourier slice theorem is
      applied. The average velocity changes of ultrasound due to the skullbone can be
      compensated. In experiments the object immersed in water was scanned by a wide
      angle transducer through the viewing angle of 360 degrees. When imaging through
      bone a simplified approach was employed in which a piece of skullbone (thickness
      3-4 mm) was attached firmly to the transducer. For comparison, the same object
      was then imaged without the skullbone. A two-point resolution better than 3 mm
      was achieved for transskull imaging using 1 MHz ultrasound. The experiments with
      brain specimens show that transskull images compare well with the images of the
      same specimens obtained without the bone interference. The findings are
      clinically significant in terms of pediatric brain diagnosis and postoperative
      follow up. Based on the method, a clinical prototype imager is currently being
      developed especially for diagnosis of children's brain diseases.

PMID- 2276754
TI  - A nonlinear model of the phasic dynamics of muscle activation.
AB  - This paper presents a phasic excitation-activation (PEXA) model of the process of
      motoneuron excitation and the resultant activation and force development of a
      motor unit. The model input is an amount of depolarizing current (as when
      injected with an intracellular electrode) and the model output is muscle force.
      The model includes dynamics and nonlinearities similar to phenomena discovered
      experimentally by others: the firing rate response of motoneurons to steps of
      depolarizing current and the "catch-like enhancement" of force produced by
      overlapping motor neuron action potentials. The parameter values used in this
      model are derived from experimentally measured data and expressed in physical
      units, and model predictions extend to published data beyond those used in
      generating the model parameter values.

PMID- 2276755
TI  - Physiological interpretations based on lumped element models fit to respiratory
      impedance data: use of forward-inverse modeling.
AB  - Respiratory impedance (Zrs) data at lower (less than 4 Hz) and higher (greater
      than 32 Hz) frequencies require more complicated inverse models than the standard
      series combination of a respiratory resistance, inertance, and compliance. In
      this paper, a forward-inverse modeling approach was used to provide insight on
      how the parameters in these more complicated inverse models reflect the true
      physiological system. Forward models are set up to incorporate explicit
      physiological and anatomical detail. Simulated forward data are then fit with
      identifiable inverse models and the parameter estimates related to the known
      detail in the forward model. It is shown that inverse fitting of low frequency
      data alone will not allow a distinction between frequency dependence due to
      airway inhomogeneities and frequency dependence due to tissue viscoelasticity.
      With higher frequency data, a forward model based on an asymmetric branching
      airways network was used to simulate Zrs from 0.1-128 Hz with increasing amounts
      of nonuniform peripheral airway obstruction. Here, inverse modeling is more
      amenable to sensibly separating estimates of airway and tissue properties. A key
      result, however, is that changes in the tissue parameters of an inverse model
      (which provides an excellent fit to Zrs data) will appropriately occur in
      response to inhomogeneous alterations in airway diameters only. The apparent
      altered tissue properties reflect the decreased communication of some tissue
      segments with the airway opening and not an explicit change at the tissue level.
      These phenomena present a substantial problem for the inverse modeler. Finally,
      inverse model fitting of low and high frequency Zrs data simultaneously with a
      single model is not helpful for extracting additional physiological detail.
      Instead, separate models should be applied to each frequency range.

PMID- 2276756
TI  - Modeling sound generation in stenosed coronary arteries.
AB  - Acoustic measurements obtained from sensitive microphones placed on the chest are
      being used in a procedure to noninvasively diagnose coronary artery disease.
      Utilizing specially developed signal processing techniques, the spectral content
      of isolated diastolic heart sounds has been estimated and usually shows an
      increase in high-frequency components in patients with occlusive coronary
      arteries. In order to establish a theory for the origin of these spectral
      features, a sound source model has been developed which combines an incremental
      network model of the left coronary artery tree with a transfer function model
      describing arterial chamber resonant characteristics. The network model predicts
      flow in both normal and stenosed coronary arteries. From this flow information,
      the arterial chamber transfer function model predicts the development of acoustic
      signals from the chamber resonant characteristics. The transfer function of a
      segment of coronary artery demonstrates two resonance frequencies. These
      resonance frequencies depend upon the length and diameter of the chamber segment,
      as well as upon the distal hydraulic impedance loading the segment. The lower
      resonance frequency can be excited by the usual flow fluctuations (low frequency)
      in the coronary artery. In cases of stenosis, the wideband spectral
      characteristics of the turbulence produced by the stenosis excites both the low
      and high resonance frequencies. In a small sample of patients, the spectra
      obtained from isolated diastolic acoustic signals recorded by a chest microphone
      agree well with those predicted by this theory.

PMID- 2276757
TI  - Noninvasive detection of coronary stenoses before and after angioplasty using
      eigenvector methods.
AB  - Previous studies done by our group suggest that partially occluded coronary
      arteries may generate sounds due to turbulent blood flow. To support these
      previous findings the frequency spectra of diastolic heart sounds are compared
      before and after angioplastic surgery. Since the low-level sounds associated with
      partially occluded coronary arteries are contaminated with considerable
      background noise, traditional FFT analysis may not produce accurate frequency
      spectra. Indeed, in a previous study using the same data, no significant
      differences were found in the diastolic heart sounds before and after
      angioplastic surgery. In this study, three eigenvector methods (Pisarenko, MUSIC,
      and Minimum-Norm) have been selected to generate the frequency spectra because of
      their higher resolution, particularly in the presence of noise. Although the
      Pisarenko method produced spurious zeros and could not be used, the other two
      methods produced spectra showing, in most cases, a marked decrease in high
      frequency spectral components following angioplasty.

PMID- 2276758
TI  - Computer-controlled dynamic phantom for ultrasound hyperthermia studies.
AB  - A dynamic phantom system for use in evaluating hyperthermia heating equipment has
      been designed, constructed, and tested. It consists of four in vitro preserved
      canine kidneys perfused with an 80% ethanol preparation by a single pump, plus
      four computer-controlled valves and four flow meters. The flow rate to each
      kidney is computer-controlled, giving flexibility in the types of spatial and
      temporal flow patterns possible. Examples are given for both step and ramp
      changes in flow, and for a temperature dependent flow which has been used to
      simulate physiological responses to elevated temperatures.

PMID- 2276759
TI  - Electrical stimulation with Pt electrodes. VIII. Electrochemically safe charge
      injection limits with 0.2 ms pulses.
AB  - The charge injection limits of a Pt electrode using 0.2 ms charge balanced,
      biphasic current pulses ranged from 50 to 150 microC/cm2 geometric if the
      potential excursions of the electrode are kept below those at which H2 or O2 is
      produced. These charge densities are three to ten times smaller than the
      currently accepted value based on earlier experiments in which the reversible
      surface reactions were fully utilized and the pulse widths were longer.

PMID- 2276760
TI  - A macrophage-derived factor induced by alpha 1-acid glycoprotein that inhibits IL
      1 comitogenic activity.
AB  - After exposure to a concanavalin A (Con A)-unreactive variant of alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein (AGP), macrophages released an inhibitor of interleukin-1 (IL-1)
      proliferative activity in the thymocyte comitogenic assay. This effect was
      observed with AGP concentrations above 100 micrograms/ml in the macrophage
      supernatant and would appear to be mediated by the macrophages, since native AGP
      had no activity on thymocyte proliferation. Preliminary physicochemical
      characterization showed that the factor was partially resistant to heating,
      undialyzable, and eluted with an apparent molecular mass of 50-100 kDa when
      subjected to Sephacryl S-200 chromatography. Murine IL-1 and human (h)
      recombinant (r) IL-1 were affected by this factor to the same extent. IL-1 and IL
      2 co-induced thymocyte proliferation, which is mitogen-independent, was also
      inhibited, whereas hrIL-2 activity was not suppressed when assayed in thymocytes
      with PHA at a submitogenic concentration or in CTLL cells. The factor did not
      interfere with TNF alpha or hrIL-6 activity when tested against their specific
      cell line. These data indicate that the inhibitor may act specifically against IL
      1 activity and further elucidate the possible role of AGP in the modulation of IL
      1 activity via the secretion of an inhibitor.

PMID- 2276761
TI  - MHC class II antigens on canine bronchoalveolar cells.
AB  - To evaluate the expression of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) antigens on
      canine bronchoalveolar cells (BAC), bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were performed
      in mongrel and German shepherd dogs. MHC class II antigens on canine BAC and
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were detected by monoclonal antibodies
      (mAbs) B1F6, 7.5.10.1 and Q5/13 recognising canine MHC class II antigens, using
      cytofluorometry. These mAbs reacted with more than 20% of BAC and PBMC in both
      breeds of dog. The percentage of MHC class II positive cells in BAC were lower
      than those in PBMC. There was no significant difference in the percentages of MHC
      class II positive BAC and PBMC in mongrel and German shepherd dogs. To further
      identify the expression of MHC class II antigens on BAC, the cells were separated
      into adherent and nonadherent cells by petri dish adherence. The percentages of
      MHC class II positive cells in adherent and non-adherent cell populations were
      similar. Nearly half the lymphocytes in normal BAC were T cells detected by mAbs
      F3-20-7 and 1A1; B cells were scarce and represented less than 10% of nonadherent
      cells. Immunoprecipitation by anti-MHC class II mAbs, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed MHC class II-like molecules on canine BAC and
      PBMC. After stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), the percentages of class
      II positive cells in BAC and PBMC were significantly increased. Thus, these anti
      MHC class II mAbs may prove to be of advantage in experiments designed to
      evaluate the changes in class II antigen expression on canine BAC during the
      course of immune response in the lung, as in pulmonary allograft rejection.

PMID- 2276762
TI  - An immunoassay for the determination of total IgA subclass antibodies in human
      serum.
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay capable of determining total IgA1 and IgA2 concentrations
      in human serum has been developed. Subclass-specific monoclonal antibodies are
      bound to polyacrylamide bead-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies.
      Bound IgA is detected with an anti-IgA peroxidase conjugate and the standard
      curve is linear in the region 0.25 - 2.0 micrograms/ml. Coefficient of variation
      values range from 0.24 - 5.77% for the IgA1 standard curve and from 0.86 - 5.92%
      for the IgA2 standard curve. Inter-assay variation for the IgA1 and IgA2 control
      sample values were 8.2% and 13.4%, respectively.

PMID- 2276763
TI  - Age dependency of the progression of HIV disease in haemophiliacs; predictive
      value of T cell subset and neopterin measurements.
AB  - Sixteen HIV-seropositive haemophiliacs were followed up for 42 months and 9 other
      patients for 24 months. All patients were infected in 1983 or 1984. T cell
      subsets and serum neopterin levels were measured twice a year. The patients were
      divided into three groups according to their age in 1989: group A (children) less
      than 14 years old (n = 6); group B (adolescents) 14-20 years old (n = 8); group C
      (adults) greater than 20 years old (n = 11). At the last measurement performed in
      November, 1989, patients of group A had significantly higher absolute number and
      percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes and significantly lower serum neopterin levels
      than patients of group B and C. In addition, the percentage of the activated,
      CD3+ DR+ lymphocytes was also significantly higher in the adult-adolescent group
      than in the children group. Until the end of December, 1989, AIDS developed in 0,
      1 and 2 patients and ARC was diagnosed in 0, 5, and 2 patients of groups A, B,
      and C, respectively. The progression of the HIV disease towards AIDS in these
      patients was predicted by the T cell subset and neopterin measurements performed
      in 1987. Only those 3 patients who progressed to AIDS had CD4+ cells less than
      350/microliters and a neopterin value of more than 20 nmol/l. These findings
      confirm previous observations indicating that in patients with haemophilia the
      progression of HIV disease is influenced by age: a relatively slow progression
      can be expected in prepuberty children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2276764
TI  - Bacterial immunity and immunogenesis of normal human salivary IgA and serum IgG2
      antiphospholipid autoantibody: a link?
AB  - The anti-phospholipid antibody (aPL) in 26 heat-inactivated normal human sera
      (NHS) was tested for IgG subclass in ELISA. The specific antibody in NHS included
      all four IgG antibody subclasses, as well as IgA. The incidence of IgG subclasses
      ranged from 50% (13/26) for IgG1 to 92% (24/26) for IgG2. Specific IgA anti
      phospholipid antibody (aPL) was detected by ELISA in 38% (28/73) of normal human
      saliva. The salivary IgA aPL bound preferentially to anionic phospholipids
      including cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid but not to
      phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin. Unlike aPL in normal human sera, aPL in
      saliva was predominantly not associated with the previously described heat-labile
      inhibitor of aPL. This may indicate a role of salivary IgA aPL in local immunity
      by binding to cross-reactive bacterial cell surface components including
      phospholipids.

PMID- 2276765
TI  - Evidence that soluble class I antigen in donor serum induces the suppression of
      heart allograft rejection in rats.
AB  - The effect on heart allograft rejection in the rat of continuous slow infusion of
      donor MHC type serum is described. DA (RT1a) serum delayed significantly the
      rejection of PVG.RT1a heart grafts in PVG recipients (p less than 0.01), but did
      not affect survival of third-party WAG grafts. Grafts at both early and late
      stages of rejection were prolonged by serum infusion. Removal of soluble class I
      MHC antigen from DA serum by affinity chromatography on a monoclonal anti-class I
      antibody column completely abolished the immunosuppressive effect. The results
      may indicate that soluble class I antigen can act as a specific immunosuppressive
      agent in allograft rejection.

PMID- 2276766
TI  - Curdlan, a (1----3)-beta-D-glucan from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes
      IFO13140, activates the alternative complement pathway by heat treatment.
AB  - From the results of consumption experiments of guinea pig complement, Curdlan, a
      (1----3)-beta-D-glucan obtained from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes
      IFO13140, has been found to lack the ability to activate complement when unheated
      or preheated at either 40 degrees C or 50 degrees C. However, Curdlan heated at
      or above 60 degrees C increased complement consumption. This activation,
      dependent on the temperature of the Curdlan, was via the alternative complement
      pathway as assessed by cleavage of factor B into Ba and Bb fragments. These
      results suggest a substantial change must occur in Curdlan with heat treatment
      for alternative pathway activation.

PMID- 2276767
TI  - Assessment of vitamin A status.

PMID- 2276768
TI  - New dimensions to poliomyelitis.
AB  - About 22% of persons who suffer from acute paralytic poliomyelitis 20 to 30 years
      ago and were fully rehabilitated with maximal functional recovery began to
      experience new symptoms termed "Post-polio Sequelae" (PPS). These include
      unaccustomed fatigue, weakness in muscles previously affected or apparently
      unaffected, new joint pains, respiratory difficulties and intolerance to cold.
      Predictors for PPS are development of acute attack of paralytic polio before 10
      years of age, involvement of all four limbs and having needed a ventilator during
      acute stage. The functional decompensation in PPS is presumed to be due to loss
      of normal neurones by aging and by metabolic fatigue of stressed neurones over
      passing years. Joint deformities due to muscular imbalance are also responsible
      for some of the symptoms. Treatment consists of reassurance and use of assistive
      devices and assistive exercises. The extent of problem of PPS is not known in
      India.

PMID- 2276769
TI  - Conjunctival impression cytology in children with persistent diarrhea as
      indicator of pre-clinical vitamin A deficiency.
AB  - Children with persistent diarrhea may be at a higher risk of developing vitamin A
      deficiency. Impression cytology of the conjunctiva has been shown to be a simple
      and objective diagnostic test for detection of early, physiologically significant
      vitamin A deficiency. We studied, changes in conjunctival impression cytology
      using millipore HAWG filter paper in 25 children aged less than 5 years suffering
      from persistent diarrhea, who had no ocular manifestations of vitamin A
      deficiency (Group I). Twenty five age matched healthy children constituted the
      control group (Group II). Seventeen of the 25 children with persistent diarrhea
      (68%), showed the following abnormalities: (i) the shape of the epithelial cells
      were abnormal, and (ii) goblet cells were absent. The study could be repeated
      after 2 weeks of administration of vitamin A in 7 children. Reappearance of PAS
      positive mucous glycoproteins and presence of normal epithelial cells was
      demonstrated in all 7 children retested. This test can prove to be of significant
      value in assessment of response to vitamin A therapy. This study shows that
      children with persistent diarrhea appear to be at high risk for developing
      vitamin A deficiency, which can be detected by the technique of conjunctival
      impression cytology. This is a cheap and reliable method of detecting preclinical
      vitamin A deficiency which can be performed by a pediatrician in the office
      laboratory.

PMID- 2276770
TI  - Vitamin A intake and vitamin A deficiency in rural children.
AB  - The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was estimated in 366 rural children in the
      age group of 1 to 15 years. In a systematically selected subsample of 90
      children, the dietary intake of vitamin A was assessed. The prevalence of vitamin
      A deficiency signs ranged from 24.1 to 34.8%. The adequacy of dietary intake of
      vitamin A ranged from 8 to 12% when compared with the recommended dietary
      allowance. The dietary intake of children with and without vitamin A deficiency
      was not different (p greater than 0.05). The main source of beta carotene in the
      diet was cereals accounting for 47.9% of the total beta carotene intake.

PMID- 2276771
TI  - Empyema in infancy and childhood.
AB  - A study of 108 cases of empyema during 18 months period showed the incidence of
      empyema to be 2.17%. Staph. aureus (17.6%) was the common causative organism.
      Response to a combination of cloxacillin and gentamicin was better than that of
      crystalline penicillin and gentamicin. Only 30.3% cases needed intercostal
      drainage for more than 2 weeks. Almost 43% cases could be discharged by 3-4 weeks
      after hospitalisation and 38.1% by 30-57 days. The mortality rate was 12.1%.
      Among the survivors, excluding 8 children who left against medical advice, all
      had complete recovery excepting one child in whom AFB was isolated and who
      developed bronchiectasis and recurrent hemoptysis, inspite of antituberculous
      treatment. Age of the child, antibiotic combination given and nutritional status
      appear to be the main factors influencing the recovery and prognosis.

PMID- 2276772
TI  - Neonatal osteomyelitis and septic arthritis.
AB  - The records of seventeen neonates (13 males and 4 females) with osteomyelitis and
      septic arthritis, who were admitted over a 3 year period, were reviewed. Neither
      prematurity nor low birth weight seemed to be a predisposing factor. The majority
      of the neonates (88.2%) had some antecedent illness or were subjected to certain
      procedures in the neonatal period. Paucity of movement of limb, fever and local
      swelling of the joint were the most frequent presenting symptoms. Deep soft
      tissue swelling was the frequently noted radiographic change (58.8%). Bone
      scintigraphy was abnormal in 7 out of 11 cases. Of the 21 sites involved, femur
      and humerus accounted for 76.1% of cases. Four of seventeen neonates had multiple
      bone involvement. Arthritis was present in fifteen neonates. Of the organisms
      isolated, Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest.

PMID- 2276773
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal disorders in Delhi.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal disorders was carried out in 144 samples of
      amniotic fluid during 1986-1989. The commonest indication was pregnancy in women
      having a previous child with Down syndrome. Cultures were successful in 104
      (72.2%) of 144 cases. Three (2.9%) abnormal karyotypes were detected. Of 53 women
      who had a previous child with Down syndrome, recurrence of trisomy 21 occur d in
      one (1.9%); while considering all abnormal karyotypes, there were three
      recurrences (2.9%).

PMID- 2276774
TI  - Role of cimetidine in prevention and treatment of stress induced gastric bleeding
      in neonates.
AB  - Gastric bleeding from stress ulcers in acutely sick infants frequently signals
      impending mortality. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of
      cimetidine in preventing and treating stress ulcers in such neonates. One hundred
      babies were included in this study. Out of this, 32 babies were given
      prophylactic cimetidine and 68 neonates acted as controls. It was observed that
      the babies on prophylactic cimetidine fared better than controls. In the second
      part of study, 77 neonates with clinical evidence of hemorrhage were included, 43
      were put on cimetidine and 34 acted as controls. It was observed that babies on
      cimetidine therapy showed a better response. The gastric bleeding stopped
      earlier, and more babies responded favourably to this therapy. Use of cimetidine
      in stress induced bleeding in high risk neonates is recommended.

PMID- 2276775
TI  - Amniotic band syndrome.

PMID- 2276776
TI  - Bromhexine.

PMID- 2276777
TI  - Neonatal morbidity and mortality in ICDS urban slums.

PMID- 2276778
TI  - Substance abuse: knowledge and perception in adolescents.

PMID- 2276779
TI  - Normal testicular volume among rural school-going boys of Bhilwara.

PMID- 2276780
TI  - Cystic fibrosis: postmortem report on two cases.

PMID- 2276781
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis of Parenti-Fraccaro type achondrogenesis.

PMID- 2276782
TI  - Multiply resistant Hemophilus influenzae 'b' meningitis.

PMID- 2276783
TI  - Drug misuse in prescriber's practice.

PMID- 2276784
TI  - Rational drug therapy.

PMID- 2276785
TI  - Sweet killers.

PMID- 2276786
TI  - Hypothyroidism in newborn presenting as hyponatremic edema.

PMID- 2276787
TI  - Baby walkers.

PMID- 2276788
TI  - Evaluation of cardiac function in malnourished children by noninvasive methods.

PMID- 2276789
TI  - Integrated child development services programme.

PMID- 2276790
TI  - Ketamine anesthesia for painful procedures in pediatric practice.

PMID- 2276791
TI  - Trauma centres.

PMID- 2276792
TI  - Reception of severely injured patients at hospital: organizational requirements.
AB  - All trauma admissions to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, in 1987 were
      entered in a computerized trauma register. Analysis of these patients by severity
      showed that only 3.8 per cent had ISS scores of 16 and over. Of these, 42 per
      cent arrived at hospital between midnight and 0900. Only 24 per cent arrived in
      normal office hours. The specialties involved in the treatment of these patients
      are analysed. It is argued that we cannot instantly leap from the present
      arrangements to fully developed trauma centres. The most efficient and cost
      effective way of initiating better systems would be to appoint sufficient
      accident and emergency consultants to a number of pilot scheme hospitals so that
      there would always be a senior doctor present, day or night, in the accident and
      emergency department to carry out the initial resuscitation and to mobilize the
      correct trauma team for the severely injured patients.

PMID- 2276793
TI  - Patterns of accidental fractures and dislocations in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - A study of 4320 confirmed cases of accidental fractures and dislocations was
      conducted. The aims were to study and analyse the patterns of fractures and
      dislocations, age and sex distribution, and the cause of injury. It was found
      that dislocations are relatively uncommon, upper limb injuries are more frequent
      than lower limb and axial skeleton injuries, and the radius and ulna were the
      most commonly fractured bones. A young adult male was found to be the person most
      at risk of an injury, and children of both sexes were the second age group most
      commonly involved. The overall results showed that road traffic accidents
      accounted for 14 per cent of the cases, but this incidence increased in the young
      adult and the over 40 years age group, and this cause was more evident with the
      more serious fractures, such as those of the axial skeleton and lower limbs.

PMID- 2276794
TI  - Diplopia following head injury.
AB  - Two cases of traumatic fourth cranial nerve palsy are described. The treatment is
      discussed.

PMID- 2276795
TI  - Impact of acute alcohol intoxication on the severity of injury: a cause-specific
      analysis of non-fatal trauma.
AB  - The impact of alcohol on the severity of injury was studied by using injured
      patients from an emergency room in Helsinki, Finland. Blood alcohol content was
      estimated either clinically or with a breath test and then was recorded using a
      three-grade intoxication code (Ethyl sign). The study population was comprised of
      14,995 men aged 15-64 years. The Ethyl sign was positive in 19.7 per cent.
      Hospitalization was used as an indicator of the severity of injury.
      Hospitalization was almost as common among sober (9.3 per cent) as among
      intoxicated patients (9.6 per cent) and the odds of being hospitalized, if
      considered 1.0 among the sober, was 1.03 among the intoxicated. However, the
      severity of injury correlated positively with the alcohol intoxication in the
      injured car occupants with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.1 (95 per cent confidence
      interval (CI) 1.7-5.6) and in those injured in falls from stairs (OR = 2.6; 95
      per cent CI 1.4-4.7), but negatively in those injured in unspecified falls on the
      same level (OR = 0.3; 95 per cent CI 0.2-0.6). The effect of alcohol on injury
      severity seems to vary with the cause of injury.

PMID- 2276796
TI  - Operative treatment of Smith-Goyrand fractures.
AB  - Optimal treatment of Smith's fracture remains controversial. Conservative
      management of type III fractures is acceptable, but results are moderate for
      types I and II. This study includes 53 patients operated on during the past 10
      years; six of type I, 17 of type II and 30 of type III. The functional end result
      was good in 32 cases (60.3 per cent) and excellent in nine cases (16.9 per cent).
      Functional results of types I, II and III were comparable when the excellent and
      good groups were added together. There was no correlation between anatomical
      result and functional outcome (kappa = 0.07), although a good anatomical result
      usually accompanied a good to excellent functional end result. Operative
      treatment of Smith's fractures have good functional end results in our hands,
      regardless of the fracture type.

PMID- 2276797
TI  - A study of the influence of technical adequacy on the clinical result of Moore
      hemiarthroplasty.
AB  - The Moore and Thompson hemiarthroplasties are still commonly used for the
      displaced subcapital fracture in the elderly. The cemented Thompson has been
      claimed to be superior to the uncemented Moore prosthesis. However, the use of
      cement is associated with greater risks and the uncemented Moore appears to give
      good results in approximately two-thirds of patients. The technical adequacy of
      uncemented hemiarthroplasty has rarely been considered in assessing the outcome.
      This study indicates that, on the basis of four radiological criteria, incorrect
      insertion of the prosthesis leads to a high chance of a poor clinical result at 6
      months. Good results are more likely when the postoperative radiograph shows the
      prosthesis to have been inserted accurately. This is possible in most cases,
      except where the femur is grossly osteoporotic with a wide intramedullary canal.
      Uncemented hemiarthroplasty can produce satisfactory results but, like uncemented
      total joint replacement, is a more demanding procedure.

PMID- 2276798
TI  - Subtrochanteric fractures following Gouffon pinning of subcapital femoral
      fractures.
AB  - Of the first 158 patients in a series of 292 consecutive patients treated for a
      femoral neck fracture with multiple pinning according to Gouffon's method
      (Howmedica Inc.), four (2.5 per cent) subsequently suffered a subtrochanteric
      fracture at the site of the distal pins. The configuration of the fractures was
      identical. These fractures occurred spontaneously while walking, and one occurred
      after slight direct trauma. Re-osteosynthesis was required in all four cases
      using a screw-plate device. If necessary, one or two pins were left in place to
      secure rotational stability. After a review of these cases and the literature,
      various modifications to Gouffon's method were introduced, and none of the
      following 134 patients suffered secondary fractures.

PMID- 2276799
TI  - Operation in hip fracture patients--analysis of the time factor.
AB  - The time that elapsed between the fracture, arrival at the hospital and
      subsequent surgery was studied retrospectively in 274 hip fracture patients. In
      8.8 per cent of the patients the time of fracture could not be established. In
      14.6 per cent there was delay before arrival at the hospital. Operative delay for
      medical conditions occurred in 6.6 per cent. When these groups were excluded,
      there was no difference in the mortality or hospital stay between patients from
      their own homes or old people's homes who had immediate surgery (within 8 h of
      arrival) and those in whom surgery was delayed for up to 48 h.

PMID- 2276800
TI  - Open pelvic fractures.
AB  - We reviewed 32 patients with open pelvic fractures treated over a 5-year period.
      Eleven patients had isolated fractures of the ilium and in 21 patients pelvic
      ring disruption was associated with a perineal laceration. Three patients died
      from massive haemorrhage soon after admission and one patient from severe sepsis.
      Early pelvic stabilization and meticulous attention to the soft tissue injury
      proved invaluable in the management of open unstable pelvic fractures.

PMID- 2276801
TI  - Evans' classification of trochanteric fractures: an assessment of the
      interobserver and intraobserver reliability.
AB  - The reliability of Evans' classification of trochanteric femoral fractures was
      examined using kappa (Kappa) statistics. Radiographs of 50 randomly chosen
      trochanteric fractures were evaluated by six observers. One set of radiographs
      was uniformly classified as a subtrochanteric fracture by all observers and was
      excluded from further analysis. Only 18 per cent of the fractures were classified
      identical by all observers and 57 per cent when differentiating between stable
      and unstable fractures. The corresponding kappa values showed moderate agreement
      ranging from 0.38 to 0.68.

PMID- 2276802
TI  - Natural history of impacted subcapital femoral fractures and its relevance to
      treatment options.
AB  - A study of 123 patients with impacted, subcapital femoral fractures was
      undertaken to determine the natural history of this injury. It was found that the
      angle of the fracture, the degree of valgus and the degree of retroversion were
      without significant effect on the incidence of subsequent disimpaction. Age was
      important, with a 20 per cent incidence of disimpaction in patients over the age
      of 68 years. In patients younger than this the incidence was only 2 per cent.
      These results indicate that conservative treatment may be appropriate for some
      younger patients, but the advantages of this approach must be compared with the
      medical, social and economic benefits of early mobilization that the relatively
      simple operative procedure permits.

PMID- 2276803
TI  - 'Buttonholed' femoral shaft fracture in adolescents: an indication for internal
      fixation?
AB  - Four patients aged 11 to 14 years sustained femoral shaft fractures. The
      fractures proved to be irreducible by conventional closed methods. At operation;
      either the proximal or distal end of the fracture was found to have 'buttonholed'
      through the lateral intermuscular septum, preventing reduction. The case
      histories and clinical results are presented. To our knowledge this complication
      has not been described previously, and we believe that it is an indication for
      open reduction and internal fixation, for reasons that will be discussed. In the
      patients described here there was no important leg length inequality as a result
      of the internal fixation.

PMID- 2276804
TI  - Locked intramedullary nailing of fractures of femur and tibia.
AB  - The results of 194 consecutive interlocking nailings for 95 fractures in the
      tibia and 99 fractures in the femur with a median observation time of 22 months
      are presented. Three fractures were not consolidated radiologically at follow-up;
      three deep infections were recorded, all of which healed. Shortening greater than
      1 cm was recorded in 17 fractures, rotatory malalignment greater than 5 degrees
      in 21, and angular malalignment greater than 5 degrees occurred in 17. The end
      result was excellent in 121 fractures, good in 41, fair in 28, and poor in 4.

PMID- 2276805
TI  - Anterior decompression of burst fractures with neurological deficit.
AB  - We reviewed 30 patients with burst fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine
      treated by anterior surgical decompression and fusion between January 1983 and
      December 1987; 21 had partial neurological involvement while nine had complete
      paraplegia. At follow-up all patients with partial neurological involvement
      improved by one to three Frankel grades, whereas of the nine patients with
      complete paraplegia only one improved. Late kyphotic deformity was seen in 12
      patients.

PMID- 2276806
TI  - Figure eight tension band in the treatment of fractures and pseudarthroses of the
      medial malleolus.
AB  - Between 1 January 1981 and 30 June 1987, 104 closed medial malleolar fractures
      and seven pseudarthroses of the medial malleolus were treated by tension band
      wiring. The ligaments, capsule and other fractures were reconstructed. Most of
      the fractures had healed after 8 weeks. We re-examined 97 of the fresh fractures
      and all seven of the pseudarthroses at an average of 3.8 years after the
      operation. Of the medial malleolar fractures 92.3 per cent were excellent. In
      type A fractures 90 per cent were excellent, in type B fractures 92.5 per cent
      were excellent and in type C fractures 89.36 per cent were excellent. In the
      group of pseudarthroses six were excellent.

PMID- 2276807
TI  - Injury of knee ligament associated with ipsilateral femoral shaft fractures and
      with ipsilateral femoral and tibial shaft fractures.
AB  - A series of 110 patients with 114 fractures of the femur were reviewed an average
      of 3.9 years after injury. Demonstrable knee ligament laxity was present in 31
      (27 per cent) of these patients, while 13 (11 per cent) complained of
      instability. Thirty-three patients with 34 ipsilateral femoral and tibial shaft
      fractures were examined an average of 3.7 years after injury. Demonstrable knee
      ligament laxity was present in 18 (53 per cent) of these patients, while 6 (18
      per cent) complained of instability. Most of the patients with instability had a
      rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament with or without damage to other
      ligaments. We conclude that knee ligament injury is more common with ipsilateral
      fracture of the femur and tibia than with just a single ipsilateral femoral
      fracture. We advocate careful assessment of the knee in all cases of fracture of
      the femur.

PMID- 2276808
TI  - Spinal injuries in children.
AB  - We reviewed 47 children with spinal injuries. Three distinct patterns of injury
      were observed: subluxations and dislocations without a fracture (type 1), spinal
      cord injury without radiographic abnormality (type 2), and spinal fractures which
      may be associated with subluxation or dislocation (type 3). The neurological
      recovery was poor in complete lesions associated with type 2 injuries.

PMID- 2276809
TI  - Posterior dislocation of the shoulder due to a hypocalcaemic fit.

PMID- 2276810
TI  - Damage to the abdominal aorta following crush injury.

PMID- 2276811
TI  - Undiagnosed bilateral anterior dislocation of the shoulder.

PMID- 2276812
TI  - Steel coil embolization of a post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the superficial
      femoral artery.

PMID- 2276813
TI  - Carpometacarpal dislocation of the thumb associated with fracture of the
      trapezium.

PMID- 2276814
TI  - Extensive femoral vessel damage after blunt injury.

PMID- 2276815
TI  - Penetrating craniocerebral injury caused by a metal rod: an unusual case report.

PMID- 2276816
TI  - HIV infection in 1990: rapid spread in several developing countries and still
      insufficient preventive strategies.

PMID- 2276817
TI  - Cardiovascular parameters and scoring systems in the evaluation of response to
      therapy in sepsis and septic shock.
AB  - In 47 medical and postoperative ICU patients with 57 episodes of sepsis and
      septic shock, cardiovascular parameters including systemic vascular resistance
      (SVR), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI), left ventricular stroke
      work index (LVSWI) as well as six scoring systems (APACHE II, Elebute, Goris,
      HIS, SAPS and SSS) were studied regarding their usefulness in the assessment of
      disease progression and evaluation of response to supplemental sepsis therapy
      (immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis). Among the hemodynamic parameters, only a
      prompt SVR improvement significantly discriminated between ultimate survivors and
      nonsurvivors. Thus, an increase in SVR (greater than 160 dyn*cm-5*sec, within
      days 0 to 4, persisting for greater than 24 hours) can serve as a prognostically
      validated "response" criterion (responders/non-responders: 26/31; mortality: 27%
      vs. 77%). Non-invasively, the APACHE II score was best suited (specificity: 88%,
      sensitivity: 67%) to classify hemodynamically defined responders to supplemental
      sepsis treatment (score-reduction greater than or equal to 4 on day 4 after onset
      of therapy).

PMID- 2276818
TI  - Long-term persistence of specific T- and B-lymphocyte responses to Borrelia
      burgdorferi following untreated neuroborreliosis.
AB  - Follow-up studies on 56 patients who suffered from antibiotically untreated,
      acute, monophasic neuroborreliosis five to 23 years ago revealed significant
      positive levels of IgG antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) in the serum and
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 20 patients (IFT, ELISA, Bb-specific IgG Western
      blot, Bb-specific IEF-IgG immunoblot). Nine of 10 tested patients had a
      definitely positive T-cell proliferative response to whole B. burgdorferi, with a
      mean (+/- -SEM) stimulation index of 7.2 +/- 1.8. Because the patients studied
      exhibited no, or only mild to medium sequelae without any evidence of a chronic
      progressive disease, we interpret the long-term persistence of specific T- and B
      lymphocyte responses to B. burgdorferi as an "immunological scar syndrome".
      Finally, diagnostic criteria of active neuroborreliosis are proposed.

PMID- 2276819
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in patients after liver transplantation.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime including formation of its active metabolite
      desacetyl-cefotaxime were assessed after liver transplantation in three groups of
      patients (four patients per group): --during the postoperative recovery phase
      (group 1), --during an episode of allograft nonfunction (group 2), --during an
      episode of allograft rejection (group 3). All patients received a single dose of
      1 g cefotaxime intravenously. Concentrations of cefotaxime and its metabolite
      were determined in plasma and urine until 6 to 72 h after medication. The
      terminal half-life of cefotaxime increased and total clearance decreased due to
      an impairment of drug metabolism, mainly in patients with a nonfunctioning
      allograft and during rejection. Thus, no desacetyl-cefotaxime was detectable in
      urine of any patient and none in plasma of 2/4 patients with a nonfunctioning
      allograft. In addition, a moderate impairment of renal function in several
      patients contributed to the delayed elimination of cefotaxime and its metabolite.
      It can be concluded that liver function after transplantation is correlated with
      the ability to eliminate cefotaxime. Therefore, administration of half the normal
      dose is recommended particularly in patients with a nonfunctioning allograft or
      during rejection.

PMID- 2276820
TI  - Clearance of Candida colonizing the urinary bladder by a two-day amphotericin B
      irrigation.
AB  - The minimum duration of continuous amphotericin B irrigation (50 mg/liter/day)
      required to clear the candida colonizing the urinary bladder was investigated.
      Eleven in vitro experiments revealed a consistent candidicidal effect within 48
      hours with 25 and 5 mg/l of amphotericin B concentrations attainable in the
      bladder. Hospitalized nursing home patients with candiduria were treated with two
      day irrigation according to the protocol. The protocol consists of the use of a
      newly inserted catheter for the irrigation, subsequent washout of the residual
      drug, and immediate sampling of urine for microscopic examination and culture
      after the procedure. In 47 of 65 (72.3%) cases yeast was cleared. In the
      remaining 18 the candida persisted. Of the latter, ten received additional
      irrigation for an average of 7.3 days (range: 4-12 days). In all ten cases
      funguria continued. Two-day irrigation saves time and expense, and is as
      effective as the five-day procedure in eradicating the yeast on bladder mucosa.
      Because of the relatively short irrigation time, the protocol may be useful in
      clinical evaluation of the site of urinary candidiasis.

PMID- 2276821
TI  - Nasopharyngeal culture in the pneumonia diagnosis.
AB  - The diagnostic value of bacterial cultures from nasopharynx (NPH) was
      prospectively studied in 261 patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring
      hospitalization. NPH culture results were compared with those of other diagnostic
      methods: Culture from blood and sputum, pneumococcal antigen detection, enzyme
      immuno assay (EIA) for detection of antibodies against pneumococcal hemolysin and
      in selected cases bronchoscopy. Pneumococcal pneumonia was diagnosed by these
      other methods in 121 patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae was detected in NPH in 33
      of these patients (27%, or 36% if only cultures obtained before start of
      antibiotics are considered), but in only four of the other 140 patients. For
      other species the relevance of NPH culture was uncertain. Because of its
      simplicity and high specificity NPH culture can be a valuable supplement to other
      diagnostic methods, particularly when sputum samples are difficult to obtain.

PMID- 2276822
TI  - Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis in a patient with a hypersensitivity
      reaction to penicillin. Successful treatment with partial resection of the
      posterior mitral valve leaflet and antibiotic therapy with cefazolin.
AB  - A 43-year-old patient with preexisting mitral valve prolapse and Cardiobacterium
      hominis endocarditis with partial destruction of the posterior mitral valve
      leaflet is described. Successful treatment was achieved with partial resection of
      the posterior mitral valve leaflet and antibiotic therapy. Because of a
      hypersensitivity reaction, initial therapy with penicillin G and gentamicin was
      stopped and substituted with cefazolin. No relapse of endocarditis was observed
      after 12 months of follow-up. Using micro broth dilution technique the isolated
      strain was shown to be most susceptible to penicillin G, cephalothin, and
      ciprofloxacin, with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.00025, 0.004, and
      0.002 mg/l, respectively; and with minimal bactericidal concentrations (99.9%
      killing) of 0.25, 0.12, and 0.008 mg/l, respectively. We conclude that
      cephalosporins of the first generation or ciprofloxacin may be good alternatives
      to penicillin G in the treatment of C. hominis infection in patients known to be
      hypersensitive to penicillin.

PMID- 2276823
TI  - A new plasmidic cefotaximase in a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli GRI was isolated from an ear exudate of a newborn. The strain
      was highly resistant to cefotaxime (MIC 128 mg/l). Resistance to cefotaxime and
      the majority of beta-lactam antibiotics was readily transferred to an Escherichia
      coli recipient strain. Both the wild type and the transconjugant strains are
      different in their resistance phenotype from TEM-3 beta-cefotaximase producers by
      higher MICs to the majority of beta-lactams and lower MICs to ceftazidime. The
      isoelectric point of the cefotaximase of E. coli GRI was 8.9 in comparison with
      6.3 for TEM-3. Thus, the enzyme produced by E. coli GRI represents a new
      plasmidic (plasmid pMVP-3) broad spectrum beta-lactamase (CTX-M) which may not be
      closely related to either the TEM- oder SHV-family of extended broad spectrum
      beta-lactamases.

PMID- 2276824
TI  - Comment on Short-term parenteral antibiotics used as a supplement to SDD regimens
      (Infection Suppl. 1, 1990, S14-S17). Reply to F. Daschner (Infection 18 [1990]
      249)

PMID- 2276825
TI  - Comment on Otogenic brain abscess with pneumocephalus (Infection 18, 1990, 191
      192)

PMID- 2276826
TI  - Treatment of nosocomial infections in children undergoing antimicrobial
      chemotherapy.
AB  - Patients under immunosuppressive therapy with malignant diseases, malformations,
      premature infants or children after major surgical interventions and trauma are
      particularly susceptible to infections. In these patients nosocomial infections
      with multiply resistant organisms may occur despite broad spectrum antibiotic
      prophylaxis or antimicrobial chemotherapy of existing infections. In an open
      clinical study 31 infants and children with an overall 45 episodes of life
      threatening hospital-acquired infections occurring under broad spectrum
      antimicrobial coverage were treated with imipenem/cilastatin alone or in various
      combinations. All the patients were immunocompromised. The most frequent single
      diagnosis was sepsis--documented by a positive blood culture--followed by
      nosocomial pneumonia, urinary tract infection and peritonitis. In seven patients
      an infection of implanted biomaterial was present which could not be controlled
      by the previously administered antimicrobial therapy. Imipenem/cilastatin was
      given in a dose of 50 mg/kg BW. Therapy was well tolerated, no side effects were
      observed. A total of 34 of 45 episodes could be successfully treated with
      imipenem/cilastatin alone or in various combinations. One child died from
      refractory candida sepsis; five further children died from the underlying
      disorder, the respective infectious complications having been controlled
      adequately. Treatment failures were due to infection with Candida albicans,
      Pseudomonas cepacia and resistant Streptococcus faecium. Imipenem/cilastatin
      proved to be a suitable antibiotic for the treatment of life-threatening
      nosocomial infections and reinfections in children.

PMID- 2276827
TI  - Concentrations of sulbactam/ampicillin in serum and lung tissue.
AB  - The penetration of sulbactam plus ampicillin into lung tissue was studied in 15
      patients undergoing thoracic surgery for pneumonectomy after the administration
      of 1 g of sulbactam plus 2 g of ampicillin as a 15 min intravenous short
      infusion. Ampicillin serum concentrations declined from 40.8 mg/l at 1 h to 18.8
      mg/l 2-4 h after administration. Concomitant serum concentrations of sulbactam
      were 25.5 mg/l and 11.8 mg/l, respectively. In lung tissue, peak ampicillin
      concentrations of 35.6 mg/kg were reached 1.5 h after administration declining
      slowly to 26.8 mg/kg after 2-4 h. The respective sulbactam concentrations were
      8.6 and 5.5 mg/kg. In our study sufficient sulbactam and ampicillin levels active
      against important pathogenic organisms causing community- and hospital-acquired
      respiratory tract infections have been achieved in lung tissue, suggesting that
      the combination sulbactam/ampicillin is suited for the treatment of most
      community- and hospital-acquired respiratory tract infections as well as for
      chemoprophylaxis and treatment of postoperative lung infections after thoracic
      surgery.

PMID- 2276829
TI  - Lasers in dentistry: new possibilities with advancing laser technology?
AB  - Although there are a considerable number of published papers on the role of laser
      treatment in dentistry, a critical review shows that laser technology is used
      only by specialists in a small therapeutic field. Most lasers are heat-producing
      devices converting electromagnetic energy into thermal energy. These lasers find
      uses in oral surgery for cutting or coagulating soft tissues or in the welding of
      dental prostheses. More recently, new types of lasers have offered non-thermal
      modes of tissue interaction, called photoablation, photodisruption and
      photochemical effects. Basic and clinical research is being carried out into the
      application of these devices in dentistry. However, much development will be
      required before lasers can replace conventional surgical methods for treating
      oral cancer or indeed replace the conventional bur for excavating carious
      lesions.

PMID- 2276828
TI  - Piperacillin and netilmicin combination therapy for febrile episodes in
      neutropenic patients.
AB  - We assessed the efficacy of a piperacillin (3 x 4 g/d) and netilmicin (5 mg/kg/d)
      combination therapy for infections in febrile neutropenic patients. The study was
      conducted over a 30-month period and 203 patients were included. Bone marrow
      transplant recipients were not included in this study. Origin of infection was
      documented in 101 (50%) episodes: 33 fungal, viral or parasitic infections and 68
      bacterial infections mainly composed of septicemia. Of the 169 evaluable patients
      with proved bacterial infections or non-documented infections, 129 (76%)
      recovered with the piperacillin and netilmicin combination treatment. All gram
      positive bacterial infections failing first line therapy were cured after the
      addition of vancomycin. Piperacillin and netilmicin appeared very effective in
      this large monocentric prospective study. It does not seem necessary to include
      vancomycin in first line therapy of infections of the neutropenic patients in our
      institution; however, vancomycin must be added early in the case of suspected or
      documented staphylococcal infection failing empiric treatment.

PMID- 2276830
TI  - A comparison between measurements made with a conventional periodontal pocket
      probe, an electronic pressure probe and measurements made at surgery.
AB  - This study compared clinical measurements using a manual periodontal probe and an
      electronic pressure probe using a 0.25 N force, and related them to measurement
      of the bone levels at the time of surgery. All measurements were taken from the
      cemento-enamel junction at specified sites. It was found that neither probing
      technique provided a means for accurately measuring bone level. In the presence
      of healed tissue, little difference was found between the two instruments;
      whereas the manual probe more closely approximated the actual level of bone in
      the presence of inflammation. It was therefore concluded that under the
      conditions of present study the manual probe depth measurements were the more
      applicable for routine clinical use.

PMID- 2276831
TI  - Temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis and internal derangement. Part I: Clinical
      course and initial treatment.
AB  - A certain natural sequence exists in the occurrence of the major clinical
      symptoms of 'craniomandibular dysfunction', usually leading to a final stage in
      which the disease is burned out. Most clinical symptoms can be explained by an
      internal derangement. As long as we do not know the real cause of, and the exact
      relationship between, osteoarthrosis and internal derangement, management should
      be primarily directed at the symptoms. In this paper, the major stages of the
      disorder are described and illustrated with three characteristic cases.

PMID- 2276832
TI  - Temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis and internal derangement. Part II:
      Additional treatment options.
AB  - In some cases of temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis and internal derangement,
      the initial treatment needs to be supported by additional treatment modalities.
      In this paper, the basic principles of the most common additional modalities used
      are discussed. Orthopaedic appliances are used to either stabilize, or reposition
      the mandible. Consequently, there are two splint types: the stabilization splint
      and the repositioning splint. The major indication for applying the former is to
      decrease the load imposed on the joint. Secondary effects are stabilization of
      the occlusion and masticatory muscle relaxation. The repositioning splint may be
      used in some cases to reduce a displaced articular disc. Physical therapy is
      often used to mobilize the joint and to re-educate mandibular movement patterns.
      Based on the stages of temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis and internal
      derangement, guidelines are given for the treatment strategy to be followed in
      the management of this common disorder.

PMID- 2276833
TI  - The failed restoration: causes of failure and how to prevent them.
AB  - Ceramic restorations lack tensile strength and suffer from static fatigue. The
      margins of safety required to prevent fracture are much greater than for metal.
      Composite restorations, even laboratory cured, have yet to be fully tested over
      long periods. The hydrolytic stability of these materials still requires
      improvement. Glass-ionomer cements lack fracture toughness and will not accept a
      high polish due to their porous surfaces. Failure in restorations can only be
      avoided by recognizing the deficiencies in physical properties of all our
      restorative materials and using them in areas where the hostile oral environment
      causes minimal damage. The cast-gold restoration will probably remain supreme for
      crown and inlay work. The unique properties of the metallic bond are ideally
      suited to withstand maximum occlusal stress under most clinical conditions.

PMID- 2276834
TI  - Allergy to dental materials with special reference to the use of amalgam and
      polymethylmethacrylate.
AB  - The increase in new clinical materials with questionable biological properties
      and the corresponding increase in awareness in patients to health hazards from
      dental materials are two important problems of modern clinical dentistry. Based
      upon evidence from clinical research the hypersensitivity problems related to the
      use of silver amalgam and acrylic denture base materials are reviewed to define
      possible risk groups among dental patients. In silver amalgam therapy the main
      risk group is patients with contact lesions in the oral mucosa adjacent to the
      restorations, as this group exhibits a high frequency of skin sensitivity to
      mercury and other base materials in dental amalgam. Among denture wearers a
      corresponding risk group has been observed among patients with previous allergic
      diseases and burning mouth syndrome. In these cases a high incidence of skin
      sensitivity reactions to denture allergens has been observed, usually to
      methylmethacrylate monomer and formaldehyde. Some possible pathogenic mechanisms
      leading to a contact allergy of the oral mucosa in these patient groups are
      discussed.

PMID- 2276835
TI  - The European Community and dental education.
AB  - This paper traces the impact of the Rome Treaty of March 1957 on the countries of
      the European Economic Community relative to dental education. It also reviews the
      studies that have been conducted to help determine how best to implement the
      freedom of movement of dentists throughout the Community.

PMID- 2276836
TI  - Anterior open bite and gingival recession in children and adolescents.
AB  - Gingival recession is a manifestation of periodontal breakdown. Plaque
      microorganisms are the primary aetiological factor, but other secondary
      conditions are also associated with its presence. This study examined the
      hypothesis that localized gingival recession is more prevalent in open-bite
      cases. The study included 26 children with untreated anterior open bite and a
      matched control group. Clinical crown length, recession depth, oral habits and
      periodontal indices were recorded for each individual. Although the plaque index
      was not significantly different between the two groups, the open-bite group
      showed significantly greater clinical crown length and gingival inflammation.
      This may be attributed to increased virulence of dehydrated plaque and it is
      suggested that open bite may predispose to the development of localized gingival
      recession in the anterior segments of young individuals.

PMID- 2276837
TI  - Psychic and psychosomatic disorders as supposed side-effects of dental amalgam.

PMID- 2276838
TI  - WHO epidemiological surveys on oral health.

PMID- 2276839
TI  - IgG4 antibodies in hay fever patients. Difference in IgG4 response to tree pollen
      and grass pollen allergens.
AB  - Total IgE and IgE and IgG4 antibodies to offending allergens were studied in 118
      hay fever patients allergic to tree pollen and grass pollen allergens. No
      difference in the level of total IgE and IgE antibodies was found between these
      two groups while the IgG4 antibody level was significantly higher in tree pollen
      allergic patients. It is suggested that the IgG4 antibodies to tree pollen
      allergens can be stimulated by structurally related allergens of vegetable food
      and are probably involved in tree pollen-associated food hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2276840
TI  - IgE suppressor factor induced by phytohemagglutinin.
AB  - Suppression of IgE response induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) inoculation near
      the time of immunization is studied. Donor spleen cells injected with PHA on day 
      1 before transfer were either depleted from Lyt 1+ or Lyt 2+ T cells and
      inoculated to isogenic recipients. Animals were immunized with ovalbumin in
      aluminum hydroxide gel 1 h later. IgE response was determined by passive
      cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction and ELISA. Results show that suppression of
      the IgE response caused by PHA only affects PCA reaction. In contrast, IgE
      response measured by ELISA is not modified. Depletion of Lyt 1+ T cell abolished
      the PHA effect. Thus, as a provocative notion, we propose the generation of an
      IgE suppressor factor which inhibited the PCA reaction. It was present in the
      sera of treated animals. IgM and/or IgG production was not affected.

PMID- 2276841
TI  - Effect of oral or parenteral sensitization to cow's milk on mucosal permeability
      in guinea pigs.
AB  - The systemic and local immune responses and the intestinal barrier function were
      examined in orally or parenterally milk-sensitized guinea pigs. Both types of
      sensitization led to positive passive cutaneous anaphylactic responses and high
      IgG titers against beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG), especially in parenterally
      immunized animals. In Ussing chambers, sensitized jejunum had higher short
      circuit current (Isc) than control jejunum, with and without beta-LG challenge.
      The further increase in Isc induced by serosal beta-LG treatment was higher in
      parenterally than orally sensitized animals. Barrier function was tested as the
      intestinal transport and degradation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the
      presence and absence of beta-LG. There was a 5-fold increase in degraded HRP
      transport in sensitized versus control animals, with and without beta-LG
      challenge. Serosally applied beta-LG enhanced the transport of intact HRP in
      sensitized but not in control animals. These results indicate that sensitization
      of guinea pigs to cow's milk permanently increases endocytic and electrogenic
      activities. The challenge with beta-LG induced a further transient rise in Isc
      and increased intact HRP transport.

PMID- 2276842
TI  - Elevated concentrations of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A anti-cow's milk
      protein in newborns at risk of allergy.
AB  - Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) anti-casein and SIgA anti-beta-lactoglobulin
      (BLG) were determined in the saliva of 158 healthy mature infants at birth and in
      breast milk samples using a direct Elisa technique. IgG anti-casein and anti-BLG
      were measured in serum samples from mothers and newborns (cord blood). A high
      risk of allergy was defined in 66 infants who had cord blood (CB)-IgE levels
      greater than or equal to 0.9 IU/ml and/or parents with atopic diseases. Thirty
      infants had CB levels less than 0.9 IU/ml and parents without clinical symptoms
      of atopy but with elevated serum IgE concentrations or type I skin reactions to
      common allergens (low risk). Sixty-two infants had CB-IgE levels less than 0.9
      IU/ml and healthy parents (no risk). The groups were matched for social status,
      smoking and dietary habits. SIgA anti-casein and anti-BLG were detected in all
      newborns. SIgA anti-casein was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in high
      risk infants (medium 157; 50% confidence limits 45-270) than in no risk (48; 25
      150) or low risk infants (43; 21-130). SIgA anti-casein values correlated with
      maternal allergy, maternal allergy plus CB-IgE, but not with paternal allergy.
      Breast milk SIgA anti-BLG was depressed (p less than 0.05) in mothers with
      manifest allergy compared to healthy mothers. Determination of salivary SIgA anti
      casein may represent an additional screening method for early detection of
      infants with atopic disposition.

PMID- 2276843
TI  - Protective milk O antibodies induced in guinea pigs by parenteral Shigella
      ribosomal vaccine.
AB  - IgG and IgA O antibodies were studied in milk and sera of guinea pigs
      subcutaneously immunized at various stages of pregnancy with Shigella ribosomal
      vaccines (SRV) from Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. Both vaccines induced
      O antibodies in milk, the level of IgA antibodies being significantly higher than
      that of IgG antibodies. The immune milk provided a clear-cut protection against
      experimental Shigella-induced keratoconjunctivitis. These results are consistent
      with the previously shown ability of parenteral SRV to stimulate gut-associated
      lymphoid tissue and confirm the involvement of secretory IgA O antibodies in the
      protection induced by the parenteral SRV. The high level of milk antibodies in
      vaccinated guinea pigs suggests the possibility to use the parenteral SRV for
      developing lactogenic immunity.

PMID- 2276844
TI  - Influence of IgE fragments on IgE determination.
AB  - IgE fragments were detected by polyclonal and monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies
      using Western blot techniques and immunoassays. Other antibodies detected only
      intact IgE molecules. In the presence of IgE fragments, higher IgE levels were
      estimated, depending on the epitope specificity of the antibodies used in the IgE
      determination assays. IgE fragments have been found together with intact IgE in
      isolated material from different human sera and also from culture supernatant of
      an IgE-producing cell line. Our data demonstrate that IgE fragments may be
      assessed and represent a potential pitfall in diagnostic IgE determinations.

PMID- 2276845
TI  - Mast cell activation in sterile bladder and prostate inflammation.
AB  - Sterile inflammation of the bladder has often been associated with interstitial
      cystitis (IC), a urologic condition of unknown etiology, predominantly affecting
      young and middle-aged females, for which no effective therapy is known. Recent
      reports have indicated that IC is associated with an increased number of bladder
      mast cells. Here we report the case of a middle-aged man with chronic sterile
      hematuria, dysuria and lower abdominal pain associated with a high number of
      bladder and prostate mast cells. Following therapeutic transurethral resection of
      the trigone area, bladder neck and prostate, samples of bladder and prostate were
      examined with light and electron microscopy and contained many mast cells (about
      150 cells/mm2) which were not degranulated. Nevertheless, mast cells contained
      many altered granules and urinary levels of histamine were elevated, implying
      secretion without exocytosis. These findings are discussed in the context of the
      pathophysiology of IC and possible therapeutic interventions.

PMID- 2276846
TI  - Immunoglobulin E responses and lung pathology resulting from aerosol exposure of
      calves to respiratory syncytial virus and Micropolyspora faeni.
AB  - Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection of calves has been associated
      with a type-I hypersensitivity syndrome not unlike respiratory syncytial virus
      associated pulmonary symptomatology in humans. To study the mechanism of
      pulmonary pathology in calves and define the relationship with both viral
      specific IgE response and IgE titers to concurrent aerosol of Micropolyspora
      faeni (Mf) we subjected groups of calves to inhalation of Mf during acute BRSV
      infection. The calves were divided into 4 groups: exposed to virus only (group
      1); exposed to aerosolized Mf over a 24-day period and then challenged with Mf
      during BRSV infection (group 2); similarly exposed to aerosolized Mf and then
      challenged with Mf without BRSV infection (group 3) and exposed to aerosolized
      Mf, infected with virus but not challenged with Mf (group 4). All calves were
      followed for appearance of IgE-specific responses to both BRSV and Mf, clinical
      disease expression, and pulmonary pathology including viral and allergen
      localization by immunohistology. Our data indicate an association of BRSV
      specific IgE with increased development of lung pathology and clinical disease
      expression and an enhancing effect of aerosolized Mf on induction of virus
      specific IgE. The presence of BRSV-specific IgE was solely in calves with the
      most significant macroscopic and microscopic pneumonic lesions.

PMID- 2276847
TI  - Seasonal variation of the conjunctival provocation test, total and specific IgE
      in children with birch pollen allergy.
AB  - In 20 children with birch pollinosis, conjunctival provocation tests (CPT) with a
      birch pollen preparation were performed and blood was drawn on five different
      occasions during 1 year. From November to February there was a decrease in the
      activity of the atopic disease as measured by CPT (p = 0.03), total serum IGE (p
      = 0.02) and birch pollen-specific serum IgE (not significant). Then all
      parameters increased until August (p less than 0.05). From August to November
      there was a decrease, significant for total IgE and birch-specific IgE (p less
      than 0.01). The correlation between CPT and the in vitro tests was poor. The
      conclusion is that the seasonal variations of CPT, total and specific IgE are
      similar but without close correlation between CPT and the antibody levels. The
      priming during the season is retained at least for 1 year.

PMID- 2276848
TI  - Allergens of horse epithelium. I. Physicochemical and immunochemical
      characterization of five different horse epithelium raw materials used for
      allergen extract preparation.
AB  - We investigated five horse epithelial allergen extracts prepared from different
      qualities of raw material by several biochemical and immunochemical methods.
      Horse serum albumin and horse serum were used to identify serum-related antigens.
      We found high similarities as well as marked differences between the extracts.
      There were strong differences in the protein contents, the protein patterns
      obtained by isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, the total allergenic activities obtained by radioallergosorbent
      test inhibition assays and the amounts and numbers of serum-related proteins. The
      patterns of dander-related allergens in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis were
      similar but showed partly strong differences in allergen concentrations. Allergen
      compositions determined by blotting methods showed only minor differences between
      the investigated epithelial extracts. It appears that some of the differences,
      e.g. the content of serum-related proteins, depend on the way the different raw
      materials are prepared. Because serum-related extract components are not
      considered as major allergens, their content should be low in horse epithelial
      allergen extracts. For this reason whole skin cannot be recommended as starting
      material for horse epithelium allergen extract preparation.

PMID- 2276849
TI  - Telecommunication in medicine--the 3I project.
AB  - Telecommunication in medicine is becoming increasingly important. This
      contribution describes a national project in the Netherlands aimed at developing
      standards for electronic messages and evaluation of cost and benefits of
      electronic data exchange.

PMID- 2276850
TI  - Reduced gradient bubble model.
AB  - An approach to decompression modeling, the reduced gradient bubble model (RGBM),
      is developed from the critical phase hypothesis. The phase limit is introduced,
      extended, and applied within bubble-nucleation theory proposed by Yount. Much is
      different in the RGBM algorithm, on both theoretical and applied sides, with a
      focus on permissible bubble excesses rather than just dissolved gas buildup,
      something of a departure from traditional models. Overall, the approach is
      conservative, with changes in parameter settings affording flexibility. Marginal
      profiles permitted by tables and meters are restricted by the bubble algorithm.
      Highlighted features of the conservative algorithm include: (1) reduced no-stop
      time limits from the varying-permeability model (VPM); (2) short safety stops (or
      shallow swimming ascents) in the 10-20 feet of sea water (fsw) zone; (3) ascent
      and descent rates of 60 fsw/min, or slower; (4) restricted repetitive exposures,
      particularly beyond 100 fsw, based on reduced permissible bubble excess; (5)
      restricted spike (shallow-to-deep) exposures based on excitation of additional
      micronuclei; (6) restricted multi-day activity based on regeneration of
      micronuclei; (7) consistent treatment of altitude diving within model framework;
      (8) algorithm linked to bubble-nucleation theory and experiment. Coupled to
      medical reports about the long term effects of breathing pressurized gases and
      shortcomings in dissolved gas models, conservative modeling seems prudent.

PMID- 2276851
TI  - Formulas predicting the percentile of heart weights by body weight in subjects
      from birth to 19 years of age.
AB  - The values reported by Scholz and his coworkers [Mayo Clin Proc, 63 (1988) 126
      136,637] show that distributions of normal heart weights in the period of body
      growth from birth to 19 years of age are age and sex dependent and actually more
      dependent on body weight. General formulas are constructed on the basis of the
      values of Scholz and his coworkers to predict percentile in the population for
      heart weights by body weight. A mathematical model and a computer program
      previously published by the author are employed in this study. Analysis of the
      computer-assisted predicted values and the data on heart weights for specific
      body weights and percentiles reported by Scholz and his coworkers indicates that
      the designed computer program for calculating the formula is accurate and
      reliable. The formulas can determine the mathematical relationship among body
      weight, heart weight and population percentile. It seems to the author that the
      computer-assisted predictive formula has limited values in its clinical
      application since heart weights are to be evaluated practically only in autopsy
      service in pathology, but that a similar mathematical model as used in this study
      would be applicable in analysis of other clinical, age- and sex-dependent
      measurable parameters.

PMID- 2276852
TI  - Image analysis of biological systems with microcomputers.
AB  - A microcomputer based system was developed to acquire and analyse images of
      biological specimens for the purpose of identification, classification and
      quantification. The system uses a video camera to capture images of biological
      samples either directly or through a microscope. The signal from the camera is
      digitized by an imaging board for subsequent processing through a PC-XT. From the
      processed image, simple features such as the cell enclosed area and the cell
      optical density were extracted for the purpose of cell identification or
      quantification. Two examples: (a) the quantification of DNA in blood cells and
      (b) the identification of hybridoma cells are given to illustrate the use of the
      system. The method is versatile and can easily be modified to adapt to other
      biological applications.

PMID- 2276853
TI  - Obesity: historical development of scientific and cultural ideas.
AB  - The concept that obesity is a risk to health was clearly identified in the works
      of Hippocrates and frequently over the ensuing centuries. Obesity was originally
      discussed as part of more general texts. Scholarly theses on this subject began
      to appear in the late 16th century with the first monographs published in the
      18th century. The value of dietary restriction, increasing exercise and reducing
      the amount of sleep were identified early in medical history dating at least from
      the time of Hippocrates. These concepts were often framed in a manner which
      implied a 'moral' weakness on the part of the overweight individual. The most
      spectacular dietary success was published by a layman in 1863 and was the
      forerunner to many subsequent diet books. Cases of massive obesity were
      identified in stone age carvings and have been described frequently since the
      time of Galen and the Roman Empire. More specific types of obesity began to be
      identified in the 19th century. Following the identification of the cell as the
      basic building block of animals and plants, fat cells were described and the
      possibility that obesity was due to too many fat cells was suggested. After the
      introduction of the calorimeter by Lavoisier, the suggestion that obesity might
      represent a metabolic derangement has been suggested and tested. Standards for
      measuring body weight appeared in the 19th century. The possibility that familial
      factors might also be involved was clearly identified in the 18th and 19th
      century. In conclusion, most of the concepts which are currently the basis for
      research in the field of obesity had their origin in the 19th century and often
      earlier.

PMID- 2276854
TI  - Effects of sucrose on resting metabolic rate, nitrogen balance, leucine turnover
      and oxidation during weight loss with low calorie diets.
AB  - Our research has shown that 800 kcal/day sucrose diets, unlike pure protein
      diets, maintained resting metabolic rate (RMR) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels.
      Concern that thermogenesis from sucrose might reflect protein catabolism led to
      this study, in which 23 obese women were studied as inpatients for 2 weeks on
      diets (kcal = 50 percent of RMR) containing either 93 percent sucrose (S, n = 7),
      sucrose plus protein (75 percent/20 percent, SP, n = 9), or fat plus protein (75
      percent/20 percent, FP, n = 7). RMR, leucine kinetics (1-14C)leucine method) and
      nitrogen balance were measured. RMR fell (P less than 0.03) with SP and FP (-8.4
      +/- 2.5 percent, -7.5 +/- 2.5 percent), but was maintained by S (+ 0.3 +/- 2.4
      percent, P = 0.05 vs. SP and FP). Plasma leucine decreased (P less than 0.01)
      with S and SP by 36.6 +/- 4.0 percent and 17.0 +/- 4.7 percent, but increased by
      +52.8 +/- 9.0 percent (P less than 0.01) with FP (P = 0.0001 vs. S or SP).
      Leucine turnover, oxidation, and nonoxidative disposal all decreased (P = 0.0001)
      with S and with SP, in contrast to FP, in which these parameters were unchanged
      (all P = 0.0001 vs. S or SP). Cumulative (2 week) nitrogen loss was least (P =
      0.001) in SP (-2.56 +/- 0.41 mol) compared with S (-4.37 +/- 0.19 mol) and FP (
      4.76 +/- 0.12 mol), which did not differ. Since inclusion of sucrose in
      hypocaloric diets maintained RMR while decreasing leucine turnover, oxidation,
      and nitrogen loss, we conclude that the thermogenic effects of sucrose do not
      depend on protein catabolism.

PMID- 2276855
TI  - Serum lipids after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity.
AB  - Thirty-eight of 151 consecutive patients (25 percent) undergoing bypass surgery
      for morbid obesity had increased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC),
      triglycerides (TG) or both preoperatively. Ten patients had isolated TC
      elevation, six had isolated TG elevation and 22 had both TC and TG elevation.
      High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were subnormal in 28 of the
      38 patients (74 percent). Fasting lipid profiles were determined in the 38
      hyperlipidemic patients at 6-month intervals postoperatively. Mean follow-up
      period was 29 months. By 6 months postop, patients had a greater than or equal to
      20 percent mean reduction in TC and greater than or equal to 50 percent mean
      reduction in TG which were significant in comparison with preop levels and
      correlated with weight loss (P less than or equal to 0.05). Mean HDL-C levels had
      increased significantly vs. preop levels by 12 months postop (P less than 0.05).
      Lipid profiles became normal in 32 of the 38 patients (84 percent). Improvements
      in lipid profile were sustained in all patients with satisfactory weight loss but
      regressed after 12 months in patients who did not lose greater than or equal to
      50 percent of their excess weight. These results suggest that abnormal serum
      lipid profiles can be permanently improved with sustained weight loss after
      gastric restriction surgery for morbid obesity.

PMID- 2276856
TI  - Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in brain regions of
      genetically obese Zucker rats.
AB  - The levels of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone (ir-CRH) were
      measured in discrete brain regions and pituitary of obese Zucker rats and their
      lean littermates. Ir-CRH levels were lower in the hypothalamus and
      neurointermediate pituitary but higher in the striatum and cerebellum of obese
      Zucker rats than those of lean littermates. These results suggest some
      abnormalities in the CRH regulating system in obese Zucker rats.

PMID- 2276857
TI  - Effects of diet and exercise on the in vivo rates of the triglyceride-fatty acid
      cycle in adipose tissue and muscle of the rat.
AB  - The effects of feeding a low-protein diet (5 percent w/w) and daily exercise on
      the rates of substrate (futile) cycling between triglyceride and fatty acids (TG
      FA cycle) were studied in rats in vivo using a radiochemical assay that involves
      following the incorporation of tritium from 3H-H2O into the fatty acid and
      glycerol moieties of triglyceride. Sixty-four rats were fed either a purified
      control diet (COND) consisting of 70 percent carbohydrate, 20 percent protein, 5
      percent fat or an experimental low protein (LPD) diet consisting of 80 percent
      carbohydrate, 5 percent protein and 10 percent fat (w/w) and were either
      exercised six days weekly or remained sedentary for six weeks. Both LPD and
      exercise training (EXT) were found to increase significantly the rate of TG-FA
      substrate cycling above the rates observed in dietary and sedentary control
      groups. The LPD increased significantly the rate of cycling in interscapular
      brown adipose (IBAT), while adipose (WAT) and diaphragm muscle. EXT increased the
      rates of substrate cycling in soleus, heart, and diaphragm muscle and WAT. Rate
      of cycling in cardiac or skeletal muscle was one-twentieth that found in adipose
      tissue. There were also sex differences in the rate of substrate cycling.
      Substrate cycling in soleus and heart muscle of male animals were consistently
      higher than respective female treatment groups. Sedentary and EXT LPD animals
      weighed significantly less than but consumed a similar amount of food to the
      respective COND animals. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that the
      rate of substrate cycling can be increased by diet or by exercise training. The
      possible importance of TG-FA and other substrate cycles on efficiency of energy
      metabolism and etiology of obesity are discussed.

PMID- 2276858
TI  - Population dynamics of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep: computer model to
      simulate grazing systems and the evolution of anthelmintic resistance.
AB  - A computer model was developed to simulate Trichostrongylus colubriformis
      populations, their level of resistance to the common anthelmintics, host
      mortalities and acquired immunity. Predictions were based on sheep management
      practices such as lambing, weaning, sheep/paddock rotation, anthelmintic
      treatment, the use of controlled release devices (capsules) for anthelmintic
      delivery and daily meteorological records to determine the development and
      survival of infective larvae (L3) on pasture. Evolution of drug resistance was
      determined by a simple genetic system which allowed for up to three genes, each
      with two alleles, to give a maximum of 27 genotypes associated with one drug or
      three genotypes for each of three drugs. The model was validated against egg
      counts, L3 counts on pasture and host mortalities observed in a grazing trial,
      however, aspects of the model such as the development of drug resistance and use
      of the model in a variety of climatic zones have yet to be tested against field
      observations. The model was used to examine the impact of grazing management and
      capsule use on anthelmintic resistance and sheep production over 20 years using
      historical weather data. Predictions indicated that grazing management can play a
      dominant role in parasite control and that capsule use will reduce sheep
      mortalities and production losses, and in some circumstances will not cause a
      substantial increase in anthelmintic resistance for up to 5 years.

PMID- 2276859
TI  - The life cycle of Toxocara vitulorum in Asian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
AB  - A procedure for labelling hatched Toxocara vitulorum larvae with 75 selenium is
      described. Labelled larvae are infective when administered into the small
      intestine and portal vein of buffalo of all ages. Only very young calves are
      infected after oral administration. The labelled larvae are used with an enhanced
      fluorographic autoradiographic procedure to study the dynamics of the infection
      in non-pregnant and pregnant buffalo. Larvae penetrate the wall of the small
      intestine between 2 and 8 h after administration. Most larvae go straight to the
      liver via the portal vein but a few enter the mesenteric lymph nodes. Over the
      next 90 h some larvae migrate to the lung and a few to muscle, brain, kidney and
      peripheral lymph nodes. Most remain in the liver. Over the next 3-7 weeks the
      larvae grow by about 10% and no moulting is observed. In a pregnant host larvae
      grow to 500-600 microns in liver and lung 1-8 days before parturition and migrate
      to the mammary gland around the time of parturition. In the mammary gland they
      grow to about 1200 microns and pass into the milk during the 7 days after
      parturition.

PMID- 2276860
TI  - The role of the host in the regulation of end-product formation in two strains of
      the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta.
AB  - Individual worms from rats infected with different strains of Hymenolepis
      diminuta were incubated in vitro and the products lactate, succinate, acetate and
      ammonia assayed. Variability in excretion was not confined to differences between
      strains. Two metabolic types were identified. Where succinate was above 20 mumol
      g-1 h-1, lactate excretion was low. Where succinate was not detected, lactate
      excretion was high. Acetate excretion was variable. Lactate and ammonia excretion
      were positively correlated. All worms from one rat were of the same type but
      could be of either type from different rats. The host strain had no effect. A
      relationship was shown between lactate excretion and the number of worms from a
      standard inoculum present at 21 days of infection. The incidence of high lactate
      excretion was increased in worms from secondary infections. Components of the
      host immune response may thus exert effects on the metabolism of H. diminuta,
      manifest as shifts in emphasis on cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolism.

PMID- 2276861
TI  - Ovine coccidiosis: the pathology of Eimeria crandallis infection.
AB  - Doses of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria crandallis ranging from 50 to 300,000,000
      were given to 27 housed lambs aged between 4 and 12 weeks that had been reared
      coccidia-free. Lambs were killed between 1 and 22 days after inoculation and
      their tissues examined histologically. Clinical effects were very variable and
      not closely related to inoculating dose. Some lambs showed intermittent
      diarrhoea, sometimes watery and sometimes containing muco-fibrinous material,
      either in the form of intestinal casts or as a greyish discoloration. Loss of
      surface epithelial cells and villus atrophy in the small intestine were
      associated with first generation meronts and the release of merozoites from them;
      in some lambs apoptosis of crypt cells also occurred, leading to crypt atrophy.
      Severe diffuse crypt hyperplasia was associated with pro-gamonts in the small and
      large intestines. In a minority of the lambs this stage was associated with what
      appeared to be crypt destruction by host cells in the lamina propria, leading in
      some cases to denudation and severe diarrhoea.

PMID- 2276862
TI  - Levamisole resistance in Trichostrongylus colubriformis: a sex-linked recessive
      character.
AB  - Reciprocal crosses between susceptible and levamisole resistant strains of
      Trichostrongylus colubriformis produced F1 offspring consistent with resistance
      being inherited as a sex-linked recessive character. The resistance status of the
      offspring of the backcrosses of the F1 to both parental strains supported this
      hypothesis. The results are consistent with resistance being controlled by a
      single gene, or a tightly linked group of genes, but indicate that other
      autosomal loci have minor effects. The results contrast with the reported
      observations that resistance to the benzimidazole anthelmintics is polygenic and
      autosomal. The results are discussed relative to a general evolutionary model for
      anthelmintic resistance which predicts that selection from the upper extreme of
      an anthelmintic tolerance distribution results in polygenicity.

PMID- 2276863
TI  - Biogenic amines, metabolites and monoamine oxidase in the filarial worm Setaria
      cervi.
AB  - Analysis of biogenic monoamines and their metabolites in Setaria cervi adults by
      reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed dopamine as
      the major monoamine followed by norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). 5
      Hydroxy indole acetic acid and tryptophan were also detected in significant
      amounts. A particulate-bound monoamine oxidase (MAO, EC 1.4.3.4.) catalysing the
      oxidative deamination of several amines was also demonstrated in both
      microfilariae and adults. The enzyme from the parasites exhibited unusually high
      Km values for various monoamines. Dopamine was oxidized at the maximum rate while
      putrescine was not utilized as the substrate. MAO was predominantly associated
      with the mitochondrial fraction and concentrated mainly in the cuticle-muscle
      hypodermis layer of the filariid. The enzyme was most active around pH 7.5 and 37
      +/- 2 degrees C, relatively stable in the frozen state but was thermolabile. The
      specific MAO inhibitors, clorgyline and deprenyl, inhibited the enzyme with Ki
      values of 2 x 10(-7) M and 5 x 10(-6) M, respectively. Diethylcarbamazine,
      suramin, levamisole and centperazine significantly inhibited MAO activity. (The
      characteristics of the enzyme indicated that it may have a role in host-parasite
      interactions).

PMID- 2276864
TI  - In vitro adherence of erythrocytes infected with Babesia bigemina and Babesia
      rodhaini to thrombospondin.
AB  - The adherence of erythrocytes infected with Babesia bigemina and Babesia rodhaini
      to thrombospondin (TSP) in vitro is demonstrated. Blood with a range of
      parasitaemias was used and counts of cells which bound to TSP on plastic were
      significantly different from the controls with both Babesia species. These
      studies indicated that TSP receptors are present on the surface of red blood
      cells infected with the two Babesia species, although these parasites do not
      alter the membranes of infected erythrocytes obviously and do not cause cerebral
      symptoms in their hosts. Erythrocytes infected with either B. bigemina or B.
      rodhaini do not adhere to other erythrocytes in vivo, probably because these
      parasites induce mild infections in their hosts, but they can adhere to TSP in
      vitro.

PMID- 2276865
TI  - Complement-mediated leucocyte adherence to newly excysted and 4-day-old
      Hymenolepis diminuta.
AB  - Four-day-old and newly excysted H. diminuta were exposed in vitro (37 degrees C;
      5% CO2/air atmosphere) to serum and peritoneal cells (1.7-4.4 X 10(5] obtained
      from rats. Four-day-old worms incubated in serum alone were lysed in titres of
      less than 16. In assays containing peritoneal cells, leucocytes, predominantly
      eosinophils and macrophages, adhered to the posterior end of the parasite in
      serum titre 32, but not in serum titres 64 and 128. In this region of the worms
      phagocytosis of microtriches by macrophages, microthrix denudation and loss of
      tegument were noted. Serum-mediated lysis of newly excysted cysticercoids
      occurred at a serum titre of 64 and leucocyte adherence and phagocytosis of
      microtriches occurred in serum titres 128 and 256. Attachment of peritoneal cells
      to worms did not occur in assays containing heat-inactivated serum and it is
      suggested that regional leucocyte adherence and subsequent parasite damage is
      complement-mediated.

PMID- 2276866
TI  - A mathematical model for the evolutions of anthelmintic resistance in a direct
      life cycle nematode parasite.
AB  - Some of the elements required of a mathematical model for the evolution of
      anthelmintic resistance in strongylid nematodes are described. The model
      comprises a series of coupled first order differential equations and assumes the
      parasite has a direct life cycle with overlapping generations. The parasite-host
      system involved only a single host. In all the cases considered, drug resistance
      was assumed to be determined by two alleles at a single autosomal locus. The
      pretreatment allelic frequencies were maintained by heterozygote advantage
      involving the mortality of the free-living stages of the parasite. The model
      suggests that alternating anthelmintic with different modes of action may be a
      less effective resistance management strategy than administering the same drugs
      simultaneously.

PMID- 2276867
TI  - Echinostoma caproni in mice: ultrastructural studies on the formation of immune
      complexes on the surface of an intestinal trematode.
AB  - The binding of mouse antibodies to the surface antigens of juvenile and 7 and 28
      day old Echinostoma caproni was examined by transmission electron microscopy of
      thin sections of parasites, which were treated with antibodies in a double
      sandwich technique with ferritin-conjugated antibody. The surface of freshly
      recovered mature adult parasites was covered with an irregular but often rather
      intensive mouse antibody containing matrix, which probably represents a layer of
      mouse antibody/parasite antigen complexes. The complexes were lost after in vitro
      culturing of the parasites for 24 h, but incubation of the in vitro-maintained
      antibody-negative adult parasites with immune mouse serum led to reformation of a
      similar but less intensive cover with immune complexes. Juvenile and young stages
      of E. caproni, which had never been exposed to host antibodies, obtained a layer
      of immune complexes on their surface after incubation with immune mouse serum in
      vitro. In both young and mature parasites, the antibody-antigen complexes were
      observed to be rather loosely attached to the outer surface of the parasites,
      where the antigens probably constitute a part of the irregular glycocalyx of the
      organisms. It may also be that the antigens are present as isolated excretion
      along the surface of the parasites. Several sections indicated that the parasite
      surface antigens may be present in the tegument in vesicles which fuse with the
      outer membrane of the parasite whereby their contents are released to the
      exterior.

PMID- 2276868
TI  - A recombinant antigen with potential for serodiagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus
      infection in dogs.
AB  - Antibodies specific for Echinococcus granulosus were affinity purified from dog
      serum on transfer blots containing putative serodiagnostic antigens. These
      antibodies and serum pools derived from dogs with E. granulosus infections were
      used to screen a lambda gt11 cDNA library constructed using E. granulosus
      protoscolex mRNA. Nine definitive antigenic clones were isolated and
      characterized, of which one (c10P1) gave strong specific reactions in plaque
      immunoassay with sera from E. granulosus infected dogs. These clones were all
      subcloned into the plasmid vector pGEX-1. Antigenicity of clones was confirmed in
      colony immunoassay and/or immunoblot. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion
      proteins of individual subclones were produced in Escherichia coli, purified by
      affinity chromatography and evaluated in ELISA using sera from dogs with
      infections of E. granulosus, Taenia spp. or nematodes, and helminth-free dog
      sera. The GST fusion protein 10P1 showed a specificity of 100% in ELISA for
      diagnosis of E. granulosus infection in dogs despite its relatively low
      sensitivity. Further investigations aim to identify additional recombinant
      antigens and test 10P1 expressed in alternative expression systems to increase
      diagnostic sensitivity of the ELISA.

PMID- 2276869
TI  - Scanning electron microscopical observations on the shedding of the tegument of
      adult Schistosoma mattheei.
AB  - In search of indications of membrane turnover the teguments of male Schistosoma
      mattheei from cattle and laboratory rodents were studied by means of scanning
      electron microscopy. A number of slightly elevated circular patches of tegument
      which appeared to peel off on the edges were seen on the outer membrane of a
      limited number of specimens from both rodents and cattle. It is suggested that
      this phenomenon may represent limited rapid turnover of the outer layer in
      response to host immunological action.

PMID- 2276870
TI  - Immunization of cattle (Bos indicus X Bos taurus) against Hyalomma anatolicum
      anatolicum using antigens derived from tick salivary gland extracts.
AB  - Studies were conducted on 41 cross-bred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) calves which
      were less than 1 year old. Three types of salivary gland antigens (SG Ag) viz. SG
      Ag-I (whole), SG Ag-II (supernatant) and SG Ag-III (sediment), prepared from the
      ixodid tick, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, were used for immunizing these
      calves. The calves were divided into five groups. The first three groups were
      immunized with SG Ag-I, -II and -III with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA),
      respectively. The fourth group was immunized with SG Ag-I (without adjuvant), and
      the fifth group remained as an unimmunized control inoculated with FCA only. In
      all the groups, immunization was carried out on days 1 and 14 and the animals
      were challenged on the 21st day. Significant resistance developed in the calves
      of the SG Ag-I and SG Ag-II (both with FCA) groups. Of all, SG Ag-I with FCA
      proved the most potent immunogen. Both humoral and cellular immune responses were
      demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro tests. The capillary tube agglutination test
      and double diffusion test gave positive reactions 21 days after first
      immunization. The immunized calves showed a significant increase in the levels of
      serum gamma globulin and per cent 'E' rosettes. Tick salivary gland antigens
      therefore seem to have promising potentials in inducing resistance in calves.

PMID- 2276871
TI  - Synthesis and properties of cholecystokinin-releasing peptide (monitor peptide),
      a 61-residue trypsin inhibitor.
AB  - A 61-residue cholecystokinin-releasing peptide (monitor peptide), which was
      obtained from rat pancreatic juice and found to stimulate pancreatic enzyme
      secretion, was recently reported to inhibit bovine trypsin and to possess
      epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like activities, at a concentration of about 10 nM.
      However, monitor peptide is structurally different from the EGF family of growth
      factors. To investigate whether monitor peptide contains the supposed EGF-like
      activities, it has been synthesized together with its [Ala23, Ala47] analog. The
      purified peptides, which were fully characterized by a range of methods including
      Cf-252 ionization mass spectrometry and enzymatic digestion to establish the
      locations of disulfide linkages, were shown to belong to the pancreatic secretory
      trypsin inhibitor family and not to the EGF family. Neither synthetic monitor
      peptide nor its analog were able to compete with 125I-EGF in A-431 cells or to
      stimulate growth of Swiss 3T3 and NRK 49F cells, up to 1 microM concentration.
      However, synthetic monitor peptide was as effective as the native product in the
      inhibition of trypsin. Replacement of the essential Arg23 in the [Ala23, Ala47]
      analog led to loss of trypsin inhibition activity.

PMID- 2276872
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of a subunit from rapeseed high molecular weight
      protein.
AB  - A subunit (Mr 15,600) from the high molecular weight protein from rapeseed was
      separated and isolated; its purity and homogeneity were ascertained. The subunit
      was cleaved with cyanogen bromide, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and Staphylococcus
      aureus V8 protease. The fragments were separated and isolated by polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis, gel filtration, column chromatography on Dowex 1 x 2, and
      paper electrophoresis. The amino acid compositions of the intact subunit and
      different fragments obtained from enzymatic and chemical cleavages were
      determined. The subunit and its fragments were sequenced by manual Edman method.
      The phenylthiohydantoin amino acids obtained after each step were identified by
      thin-layer chromatography and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The complete amino acid
      sequence of the subunit consisting of 125 amino acid residues has been
      established by the overlapping method.

PMID- 2276873
TI  - Further studies on proctolin analogues modified in position 2 of the peptide
      chain and their influence on heart-beat frequency of insects.
AB  - Seven proctolin analogues (I-VII) modified in position 2 of the peptide chain by
      Phe (p-guanidino) (I), Phe (p-OEt) (II), Tyr (3'-NH2) (III), Tyr (3'-NO2) (IV),
      Afb (p-OH) (V) (Afb = 3-amino-4-phenyl-L-butyric acid), Afb (p-NH2) (VI), Afb (p
      NO2) (VII), and the tetrapeptide Tyr (3'-NH2)-Leu-Pro-Thr (VIII) were synthesized
      by the classic liquid-phase method. The biological effects of the peptides were
      investigated in cardioexcitatory tests on two insect species, the cockroach
      Periplaneta americana L., and the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. Within
      physiological concentrations (10(-9)-10(-7) M) peptides II, III, and IV
      stimulated the heart action of P. americana like proctolin itself. Under
      identical conditions, in the case of T. molitor, only peptide III showed
      cardiostimulatory properties, whereas other compounds (including II and IV) were
      inactive at concentrations up to 10(-7) M. Results reported here reflect, with
      reference to the analogues I-VII, selective recognition of receptors on
      myocardium of both insect species. The tetrapeptide VIII revealed a weak
      deacceleratory effect on P. americana and T. molitor heart action.

PMID- 2276874
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of goose VLDV-neurophysin. Traces of a putative gene
      conversion between promesotocin and provasotocin genes.
AB  - Goose VLDV-neurophysin (mesotocin-associated neurophysin) has been purified from
      posterior pituitary glands through molecular sieving on Sephadex G-75 and high
      pressure reverse-phase liquid chromatography on Nucleosil C-18 columns. Despite
      apparent molecular mass of unreduced VLDV-neurophysin measured by polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecylsulfate appeared near 17 kDa, this value
      fell to 11 kDa after reduction with mercaptoethanol, suggesting the existence of
      a homodimer. Complete amino acid sequence (93 residues) of goose VLDV-neurophysin
      has been determined. N- and C-terminal sequences of the protein have been
      established by Edman degradation (microsequencing) and use of carboxypeptidase Y,
      respectively. Peptides derived from oxidized or carboxamidomethylated neurophysin
      by trypsin or staphylococcal proteinase hydrolyses have been isolated by high
      pressure liquid chromatography and microsequenced, allowing determination of the
      complete sequence. Comparison within the vertebrate VLDV-neurophysin lineage,
      namely goose VLDV-neurophysin to mammalian VLDV-neurophysins and to deduced toad
      VLDV-neurophysin, reveals a residue insertion between positions 66 and 67 in the
      nonmammalian VLDV-neurophysins. When goose MSEL-neurophysin (vasotocin-associated
      neurophysin) and goose VLDV-neurophysin are compared to their bovine
      counterparts, identical substitutions are found in positions 17 (Asn in both
      goose neurophysins instead of Gly in both ox neurophysins), 18 (Arg instead of
      Lys), 35 (Tyr instead of Phe), and 41 (Thr instead of Ala). Identity of the
      sequences 10-74 in both ox neurophysins has been explained by partial gene
      conversion between oxytocin and vasopressin genes, and identical substitutions in
      both goose neurophysins might reveal a similar gene conversion between mesotocin
      and vasopressin genes in birds.

PMID- 2276875
TI  - Side reaction of pyrenylalanine-peptides containing NG-tosylarginine during
      detosylation with hydrogen fluoride.
AB  - Formation of by-products of pyrenylalanine-peptides was observed during the
      cleavage of a tosyl group in pyrenylalanine-peptides containing an Arg(Tos)
      residue with HF. NMR and fluorescence experiments showed that by-products were
      compounds in which a pyrenyl group was modified with a tosyl group(s). The side
      reaction was little suppressed by the addition of usual scavengers such as
      anisole, 1,2-ethanedithiol, thioanisole and p-cresol. Under the conditions used
      for the cleavage of N alpha-Boc group, i.e., trifluoroacetic acid or 4 M HCl in
      dioxane, the pyrenylalanine residue was stable. No side reaction was,
      furthermore, observed in the reductive cleavage with sodium in liquid ammonia.
      These results suggest that the side reaction may be due to an electrophilic
      attack of tosyl cations to the electron-rich pyrenyl group in the pyrenylalanine
      residue under the HF-mediated acidic conditions.

PMID- 2276876
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of 2,4-disubstituted-5(4H)-oxazolones,
      anhydrides and other activated forms of N-acyl- and N-alkoxycarbonylamino acids.
AB  - Normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography has been achieved of the
      common activated forms of valine on a LiChrosorb-CN or a muPorasil (underivatized
      silica) column using hexane containing 1.5 or 5% tert.-butanol as solvent.
      Compounds examined include the 2-alkoxy-5(4H)-oxazolones and symmetrical and
      mixed anhydrides of N-tert.-butoxycarbonyl-, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-, and N-9
      fluorenylmethoxycarbonylvaline, the chloride of the latter, a p-nitrophenyl
      ester, 2-methyl-4-isopropyl-5(4H)-oxazolone, valine-N-carboxyanhydride, and the N
      and O-ethoxycarbonyl adducts of l-hydroxybenzotriazole. The 5(4H)-oxazolones
      from N-tert.-butoxycarbonylvaline and N-benzyloxycarbonylglycylvaline decomposed
      during chromatography on the muPorasil but not the LiChrosorb-CN column. The
      method allows direct monitoring of reactions involving generation or consumption
      of activated forms of amino acids.

PMID- 2276877
TI  - Vitamin A deficiency in pre-school age Congolese children during malarial
      attacks. Part 1: Utilisation of the impression cytology with transfer in an
      equatorial country.
AB  - The vitamin A status of 454 pre-school age Congolese children was evaluated by
      the impression cytology method with transfer (ICT) and by the determination of
      plasma retinol. The absence of goblet cells and the presence of enlarged
      epithelial cells indicate a peripheral deficit of vitamin A. A level of plasma
      retinol lower than 10 micrograms/dl is an indicator of vitamin A deficiency. The
      subjects were children in good health or suffering from malaria, measles or
      various infectious diseases. Advantages, disadvantages, sensitivity and
      specificity of the ICT are discussed. We suggest its use in a mass screening
      program for vitamin A deficiency in developing countries.

PMID- 2276879
TI  - Vitamin A potency of carrot and spinach carotenes in human metabolic studies.
AB  - Changes in plasma retinol and carotenoids was measured in 17 young males after
      daily ingestion of grated carrots, carrot juice or spinach leaves for 2 weeks.
      Regression equations showed that the supply of 3350 and 4750 micrograms carotenes
      from 78 ml carrot juice (prepared from 185 g carrots) or 91 g grated carrots,
      respectively were adequate in maintaining plasma retinol at a constant level in
      subjects with initial plasma retinol of 1.2 mumol/l. Under similar experimental
      conditions, 280 g boiled spinach leaves providing 12,700 micrograms carotenes
      were required to maintain plasma retinol at a constant level. Apparent carotene
      digestibilities of 47 and 81% were obtained with carrot and spinach,
      respectively.

PMID- 2276878
TI  - Vitamin A deficiency in pre-school age Congolese children during malarial
      attacks. Part 2: Impact of parasitic disease on vitamin A status.
AB  - The vitamin A status of 454 pre-school age Congolese children was evaluated by
      the impression cytology method with transfer (ICT) and by the determination of
      plasma retinol. During malarial attacks, the vitamin A status is abnormal
      (deficient or marginal) in 40.8% of the children according to the ICT test and in
      37.5% of the children who have plasma levels of retinol lower than 10
      micrograms/dl. The mean concentration of plasma retinol in patients during
      malarial attacks (14.8 +/- 9.5 micrograms/dl) is significantly lower than the
      values found in other subjects (31.5 +/- 14.3 micrograms/dl) (p less than 0.001).
      A significant correlation was established between the results of the ICT test and
      two biochemical parameters (retinol, transthyretin). We conclude that there is a
      significant relationship between vitamin A deficiency and a malarial attack.

PMID- 2276880
TI  - Interaction of ethanol, cholesterol and vitamin A on phospholipid methylation in
      hepatic microsomes of rats.
AB  - Effect of ethanol, cholesterol and vitamin A either alone or in combination has
      been studied on cyt P450 and phospholipid methylation in hepatic microsomes of
      rats. Ethanol increased cyt P450 activity and decreased phospholipid methylation.
      Cholesterol effects were opposite to ethanol. Combination of cholesterol and
      ethanol decreased cyt P450 activity and increased phospholipid methylation.
      Vitamin A, which alone did not affect cyt P450 activity and phospholipid
      methylation behaved like cholesterol when given along with ethanol.

PMID- 2276881
TI  - Hypocholesterolemic effect of vitamin E on cholesterol-fed rabbit.
AB  - Serum cholesterol level increased sharply in rabbits fed an atherosclerosis
      promoting diet containing 0.25% or 0.5% cholesterol. Oral supplementation with
      2100 IU of vitamin E per week manifested a hypocholesterolemic effect only after
      four weeks, with 50% reduction attained on the 8th week. Changes in low density
      and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels paralleled those in the
      serum. Liver total cholesterol level and the ratio of free to ester forms were
      not different between vitamin E-supplemented and nonsupplemented rabbits, whereas
      a 4-5 fold increase in hepatic cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase activity,
      elevation of bile salt concentration and improvement in bile lithogenic index
      were observed in the vitamin E-supplemented groups.

PMID- 2276882
TI  - Antibiotic-induced vitamin K deficiency and the role of the presence of
      intestinal flora.
AB  - Cephalosporin antibiotics with N-methyl-thio-tetrazole (NMTT) side chains have
      been known to be associated with the development of hypoprothrombinemia. However,
      it has not been fully established whether these symptoms are induced by an
      inhibition of vitamin K production by intestinal microorganisms or by an
      inhibitory action of these antibiotics on endogenous vitamin K metabolism.
      Therefore, an attempt has been made to clarify the above-mentioned ambiguity by
      using germfree mice in which primary vitamin K deficiency can be established
      within a short experimental period. Germfree (GF) and conventional (CV) ICR male
      mice, 8-13 weeks old were used in this experiment. Vitamin K deficient (Def) and
      menaquinone-4 supplemented diet (MK-4) were fed to the mice in both rearing
      conditions. In the antibiotic-treated group, sodium latamoxef (LMOX, 300 mg/kg
      B.W./day) was intraperitoneally administered once a day, and in the control group
      the same volume of saline (Saline) was administered. Severe vitamin K deficient
      symptoms were observed in the GF-K-Def-LMOX group, and both prothrombin time (PT)
      and activated-partial thromboplastin time (APTT) values were prolonged on the 8th
      day of the experimental period compared with the GF-K-Def-Saline group.
      Furthermore the mortality rate of GF-K-Def-LMOX group was comparatively higher
      than that of the Saline group. This study has provided evidence that vitamin K
      deficiency is amplified by an administration of LMOX even in the absence of
      intestinal flora.

PMID- 2276883
TI  - Influence of vitamin B2 deficiency on polychlorinated biphenyls-induced liver
      lipid peroxides formation in rats.
AB  - The present study is carried out to explore whether the liver microsomal drug
      metabolizing enzymes induced by PCB are associated with the PCB-induced liver
      lipid peroxide formation in rats. For this purpose, variations of the drug
      metabolizing enzyme activities mediated by vitamin B2 deficiency were utilized.
      The administration of PCB to rats induced the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450
      and vitamin B2 deficiency promoted the induction. The cytochrome b5 was also
      induced by PCB but no further induction by vitamin B2 deficiency was observed.
      The flavoenzyme, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, was induced by PCB when the
      vitamin B2-supplemented PCB diet was fed to rats, but the activity of the enzyme
      was decreased by vitamin B2 deficiency and PCB further decreased the activity.
      The liver lipid peroxide levels increased in PCB groups with and without vitamin
      B2 compared with each PCB-free group, but the lipid peroxide level in vitamin B2
      deficient PCB group was significantly lower than in vitamin B2-supplemented PCB
      group. From these results, the PCB-induced liver lipid peroxide formation was not
      necessarily related to the variations of the liver microsomal drug-metabolizing
      enzymes.

PMID- 2276884
TI  - Investigation of the role of phagocytes and anti-oxidant nutrients in oxidant
      stress mediated by cigarette smoke.
AB  - In this study we have correlated the plasma levels of the anti-oxidant vitamins C
      and E, and beta-carotene with smoking histories, the release of reactive oxidants
      from circulating phagocytes and spirometry in asymptomatic cigarette smokers.
      Smoking histories, the generation of reactive oxidants by activated phagocytes
      and spirometric abnormalities were strongly inter-correlated. However, plasma
      levels of the anti-oxidant nutrients did not correlate with any of the other
      measured parameters. These findings indicate that plasma levels of vitamins C and
      E, and beta-carotene are apparently not predictive of predisposition to oxidant
      mediated-spirometric abnormalities in cigarette smokers.

PMID- 2276885
TI  - Nutritional status and food habits assessed by dietary intake and
      anthropometrical parameters in anorexia nervosa.
AB  - A nutritional study was carried out on 43 adolescents females (5 hospitalized and
      38 ambulatory) suffering from anorexia nervosa and on a control group matched for
      sex and age. The study consisted of an interview, a "48 h. recall" and
      anthropometric measurements. The results have demonstrated that the nutritional
      status of anoretics are characterized by a total energy restriction resulting in
      a drastically reduced intake of macronutrients and selected micronutrients, an
      increased proportion of energy derived from protein. Finally, preferences and
      aversions are conditioned by calories content of food.

PMID- 2276886
TI  - Liver cholesterol concentrations in rats fed diets containing various fats of
      plant origin.
AB  - Plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations were measured in rats fed high
      cholesterol (1%, w/w), semipurified diets containing various fats of plant
      origin. Palm oil produced significantly higher plasma cholesterol concentrations
      than soybean oil, rapeseed oil, coconut fat and palm kernel oil. The content of
      liver cholesterol in rats fed rapeseed oil was significantly higher than in rats
      fed the other fats except for soybean oil. When comparing the fatty acid
      compositions of the fats used, this study suggests that oleic acid induces higher
      liver cholesterol concentrations than linoleic acid.

PMID- 2276887
TI  - A decrease in serum retinol by in vivo exposures of rats to ozone.

PMID- 2276888
TI  - Dietary maltitol causes increased serum and liver cholesterol concentrations in
      rats.

PMID- 2276889
TI  - The determination of vitamin E in buccal mucosal cells.

PMID- 2276890
TI  - Coenzyme Q can control the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation.
AB  - Energy of metabolic oxidations is conserved in the form of ATP by the process of
      oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The possibility to recognize
      alterations in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in pathological states
      and to improve this efficiency in order to correct diseases requires knowledge of
      the mechanisms controlling the rate of ATP synthesis. This task is hampered by
      uncertainties still existing on the organization and mechanism of the enzymes
      carrying out oxidative phosphorylation. The authors have collected experimental
      evidence that coenzyme Q concentration in the mitochondrial membrane
      phospholipids in physiologically not saturating for maximal electron-transfer
      rate: in fact the Km of the redox enzymic complexes, using the oxidized and
      reduced form of coenzyme Q, for these substrates, are in the range of their
      concentrations in the membrane. The addition of exogenous coenzyme Q enhances the
      respiratory turnover above the physiological rate but without reaching
      theoretical Vmax, owing to the limited miscibility of ubiquinones with the
      membrane phospholipids. On the contrary, a decrease of ubiquinone content in the
      membrane lowers electron-transfer activity in a reversible fashion. Taking
      account that the rate of lateral coenzyme Q diffusion in the membrane does not
      appear to control electron transfer, it is suggested that only ubiquinone
      concentration affects the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, with
      interesting pathological and pharmacological implications.

PMID- 2276891
TI  - Coenzyme Q10: blood levels and metabolic demand.
AB  - Blood levels of CoQ10 were found to be lower in patients affected by
      hyperthyroidism and in athletes during a severe training period. In patients who
      had received a kidney transplant decreasing CoQ10 levels were found, during the
      first 30 min after transplant, in the blood leaving the newly transplanted organ.
      No decrease was detectable in patients who had received the kidney from a
      sibling. It may reasonably be hypothesized that the ischaemia/reperfusion damage
      is responsible for a certain degree of impoverishment of CoQ10, leading to a
      CoQ10 uptake from perfusing blood. A comparable trend was also evident in liver
      transplants. Low CoQ10 plasma levels may therefore reflect increased metabolic
      needs from various tissues, on the basis of increased overall metabolic rate
      and/or peroxidative damage.

PMID- 2276892
TI  - Plasma and tissue concentrations of coenzyme Q10 in the rat after intravenous,
      oral and topical administrations.
AB  - Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) distribution into rat liver, heart, kidney and plasma was
      investigated after intravenous and oral administrations in different vehicles.
      Moreover, CoQ10 skin levels following topical treatment were evaluated. The liver
      represented the target organ for this compound in all the cases examined. In the
      heart, high and persistent CoQ10 concentrations were achieved particularly after
      solution injection while, following oral treatment, high doses of the drug were
      needed to reach the same CoQ10 levels. High concentrations of CoQ10 may be
      achieved also in the skin by topical treatment.

PMID- 2276893
TI  - Coenzyme Q10: clinical benefits with biochemical correlates suggesting a
      scientific breakthrough in the management of chronic heart failure.
AB  - There are obviously several causes of myocardial dysfunction but energy
      deficiency of the myocytes may play a significant role and probably is a common
      mechanism during the progression of myocardial failure. Theoretically, a poor
      utilization efficiency of oxygen may be due to exhaustion of the myocardial
      stores of bioenergetics. In this report the authors review their biochemical
      results from measurements of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) levels in blood and human
      endomyocardial biopsies using an HPLC method from patients with suspected
      myocardial disease (n = 45). The levels of CoQ10, which has a key role in the
      respiratory chain and the synthesis of ATP, was found to be significantly
      decreased in various groups of patients with myocardial failure (dilated and
      restrictive cardiomyopathy and alcoholic heart disease) as compared to "normal"
      myocardium (0.42 +/- 0.04 micrograms/mg dry weight). The deficiency of CoQ10 was
      more pronounced with increasing symptoms; e.g. patients with dilated
      cardiomyopathy in NYHA Classes III and IV had lower tissue CoQ10 content than
      those of Classes I and II (0.28 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.37 +/- 0.06 micrograms/mg, p less
      than 0.001). Nearly two thirds of a series of 40 patients in severe heart failure
      (Classes III and IV) treated with CoQ10, 100 mg daily, in an open, controlled
      design showed subjective and objective improvement. Clinical responders were 69%
      and 43% of patients with cardiomyopathy and ischaemic heart disease,
      respectively. The results suggest that CoQ10 is a novel and effective
      breakthrough in heart-failure therapy and it appears safe, as no adverse
      reactions were registered. The through in heart-failure therapy and it appears
      safe, as no adverse reactions were registered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2276894
TI  - Pronounced increase of survival of patients with cardiomyopathy when treated with
      coenzyme Q10 and conventional therapy.
AB  - During 1982-86, 43/137 patients with cardiomyopathy, Classes II, III and IV, had
      ejection fractions (EF) below 40%, and a mean EF of 25.1 +/- 10.3%. During
      treatment of these 43 patients with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), EF increased to 41.6 +/
      14.3% (p less than 0.001) over a mean period of 3 months (range, 2-4 months). At
      four subsequent periods up to 36 months. EF ranged from 43.1 +/- 13.3 to 49.7 +/-
      6.4% (each period, p less than 0.001). The mean CoQ10 control blood level was
      0.85 +/- 0.26 micrograms/ml which increased on treatment to 1.7 to 2.3
      micrograms/ml for five periods up to 36 months (each period, p less than 0.001).
      The survival rates for all 137 patients treated with CoQ10 and for the 43
      patients with EF below 40% were both about 75%/46 months. These two survival
      rates were comparable between 24 and 46 months, which is of extraordinary
      significance and importance when compared to survival of about 25%/36 months for
      182 patients with EF below 46% on conventional therapy without CoQ10. The
      improved cardiac function and pronounced increase of survival show that therapy
      with CoQ10 is remarkably beneficial due to correction of CoQ10 deficiency in
      mechanisms of bioenergetics.

PMID- 2276895
TI  - A six-year clinical study of therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10.
AB  - One hundred and forty-three cases of chronic, stable, non-secondary, non
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 98% of whom were in NYHA Classes III and IV, were
      given 100 mg of coenzyme Q10 orally in addition to their conventional medical
      programme in an open-label long-term study. Blood CoQ10 levels, clinical status,
      myocardial function and survival have been recorded now for almost 6 years. Mean
      control/CoQ10 levels of 0.85 micrograms/ml rose to 2 micrograms/ml in 3 months
      and remained stable at that level. Mean ejection fraction of 44% measured by
      systolic time interval analysis rose to 60% within 6 months and stabilized at
      that level with 84% of patients showing statistically significant improvement.
      Eighty-five percent of patients improved by one or two NYHA Classes. Survival
      figures were encouraging with an 11.1% mortality in 12 months and 17.8% mortality
      in 24 months, comparing favourably with several reports in the literature. There
      was no positive evidence of toxicity or intolerance in a total of 368.9 patient
      years of exposure. Coenzyme Q10 is safe and effective long-term therapy for
      chronic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2276896
TI  - Coenzyme Q10 in dilated cardiomyopathy.
AB  - The authors have tried to study the therapeutic efficacy of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
      in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In fact, CoQ10 has been shown to
      be deficient in myocardial tissue biopsies taken from DCM hearts, compared to
      normal hearts. Thirty patients with histological diagnosis of DCM were orally
      treated with CoQ10 (100 mg/die) for 2 months. Before and after treatment a
      clinical examination with determination of NYHA class and an echocardiographic
      examination with determination of ejection fraction (EF) and of telediastolic
      (TDV) and telesystolic (TSV) volumes were performed, and blood was drawn for
      plasma CoQ10 determination. In seven patients the pretreatment endomyocardial
      level of CoQ10 was also assayed. Seven patients left the study because of poor
      therapeutic compliance. In 47% of patients the clinical symptomatology regressed,
      with improvement of NYHA class. The EF improved from 0.31 +/- 0.09 to 0.37 +/-
      0.11 (p less than 0.001). The TDV passed from 262.2 +/- 85 ml to 203.3 +/- 83 ml
      (p less than 0.05), and the TSV from 166.13 +/- 75 ml to 126.9 +/- 56 ml (ns).
      The CoQ10 plasmatic levels improved in 95% of the patients: from 0.74 +/- 0.37
      micrograms/ml to 2.27 +/- 0.99 micrograms/ml (p +/- 0.0001). The CoQ10 myocardial
      levels did not show univocal values, but the patients with lower myocardial
      levels seemed to have a better therapeutic response. These data suggest that the
      CoQ10 deficiency in DCM may be reversible and that the therapeutic effects depend
      on the basal plasmatic and myocardial levels. Therapy with coenzyme Q10 may be
      considered to be an efficacious aid in the traditional treatment of chronic
      cardiac failure.

PMID- 2276897
TI  - Biochemical profile of vulnerable neurons in neurodegenerative disorders.
AB  - The regional vulnerability to peroxidative damage in mice brains has been
      characterized with respect to glutathione, vitamin E, ubiquinols, Fe3+ and
      malonialdehyde, and the experiments support the hypothesis that products of
      peroxidation are a factor that correlates with both the rate of neuronal loss in
      aging and vulnerability to agents responsible for production of parkinsonian
      syndromes. It is suggested that studies on the involvement of the Q system may
      shed some light on the physiology and pathology of aging.

PMID- 2276898
TI  - Carnitine and coenzyme Q10: biochemical properties and functions, synergism and
      complementary action.
AB  - The mechanisms by which carnitine and coenzyme Q10 intervene in the energetic
      metabolism are described. In particular, the metabolic stages in which the action
      of carnitine is complementary to the action of coenzyme Q10 are illustrated. The
      synergism of the pharmacological and therapeutic actions that is found when these
      compounds are administered together is explained on the basis of their
      biochemical and metabolic complementarity.

PMID- 2276899
TI  - Protection of adenylate pool and energy charge by L-carnitine and coenzyme Q
      during energy depletion in rat heart slices.
AB  - The effect of coenzyme Q, of L-carnitine, and of their combination, on the
      adenine nucleotide pool and the energy charge has been investigated in rat heart
      slices subjected to energy depletion and recovery. The addition of coenzyme Q or
      of L-carnitine alone results in a higher value of the energy charge and of the
      adenine nucleotide pool after hypoxia, reperfusion and rotenone inhibition of the
      respiratory chain, as compared to controls without additions. The protective
      effect is much stronger when the two compounds are given together.

PMID- 2276900
TI  - Protective synergic effect of coenzyme Q10 and carnitine on hyperbaric oxygen
      toxicity.
AB  - The comparative biochemical activities of coenzyme Q10 and carnitine can explain
      the protective synergistic effect of combination of these two substances in
      preventing the hyperbaric oxygen toxicity in mice. Both convulsions and mortality
      percentages are more significantly reduced in treated animals with these two
      substances in combination rather than separately.

PMID- 2276902
TI  - Leininger clarifies transcultural nursing.

PMID- 2276901
TI  - Synergic and complementary effects of L-carnitine and coenzyme Q on long-chain
      fatty acid metabolism and on protection against anthracycline damage.
AB  - Exogenous L-carnitine and coenzyme Q are used to protect the heart against
      anthracycline damage and to enhance energy metabolism in the heart and in the
      muscle. Though their metabolic function is well known and their effects on
      anthracycline damage have been largely studied, their combined action has not
      been investigated. Therefore we have used partially CoQ-depleted bovine
      mitochondria to evaluate the synergic action of CoQ and carnitine on palmitoylCoA
      oxidation, as an experimental model in which either CoQ or L-carnitine may be the
      limiting factor in the oxidation of activated fatty acids. The protective effect
      exerted by the combined use of L-carnitine and CoQ against damage by the
      anthracycline derivative doxorubicin has been compared to the protection exerted
      by each compound alone. The effect was evaluated by assessing oxygen consumption
      and 14C-leucine incorporation in rat heart slices. The results obtained suggest
      that the administration of an association of L-carnitine and CoQ exerts a
      stronger protection against anthracycline damage and induces a greater
      utilization of fatty acids as compared to the effects of each compound alone.

PMID- 2276903
TI  - A nurse's experience on a disaster-preparedness team.
AB  - Taking steps to coordinate international, regional and national efforts to
      minimize damages caused by natural disasters, the United Nations has declared the
      1990s the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. To make nurses
      aware of how they can join these efforts, INR has dedicated this special issue on
      the subject, an issue that would not be complete without a description of the
      invaluable work contributed by Marie Farrell and other members of the EURO
      disaster-preparedness team who are often the first persons on the scene after a
      disaster in the European Region.

PMID- 2276904
TI  - The role of women and NNAs in disaster management.
AB  - To date female participation in disaster management planning committees in the
      Caribbean has been limited; yet women are a valuable resource for organized
      action at all levels of the managerial process. Below, some guidelines on how
      women, nurses and national nurses' associations can take a more active part in
      managing disasters.

PMID- 2276906
TI  - Disaster reduction: what it means for nurses.
AB  - Nurses have a special role to play in strengthening the disaster reduction
      capacities of their communities. Below, Ailsa Holloway outlines the opportunities
      for nurses to cooperate with WHO and the International Decade for Natural
      Disaster Reduction and to apply their knowledge and skills in confronting the
      natural and other hazards.

PMID- 2276905
TI  - Nurses to the rescue in the Philippines.
AB  - On 16 July 1990 at 4:45 p.m., an earthquake rocked the Northern part of the
      Philippines. Lasting only 45 seconds, the seismic shock that measured 7.8 to 8 on
      the Richter scale created havoc and destruction in three provinces of the Luzon
      Island. Anita A. Karganilla, RN, and Josefina A. Tuazon, MN, report on how nurses
      quickly mobilized to provide direct assistance and support.

PMID- 2276907
TI  - Mitigating disasters: power to the community.
AB  - The average Japanese disaster, according to the British environmental agency
      Earthscan, kills 63 people. In Peru, however, the average death toll is 2,900
      persons. This is because poor countries, and the poorest people within poor
      countries, are the most vulnerable--and it is vulnerability that kills.

PMID- 2276908
TI  - Role of the nurse in treating trauma patients.
AB  - Nurses, as the initial advanced life support providers at the scene of a
      disaster, can have great impact on the trauma patient's outcome. Below, their
      role at a disaster scene, with special emphasis on successful management of
      traumatized patients.

PMID- 2276909
TI  - AIDS impact on women and children in Africa.
AB  - Some 2 million women around the world are infected with HIV and it is estimated
      that the number of infected women may overtake the number of infected men by the
      mid-1990s. But the effect of AIDS on women does not stop here. An incalculable
      number of women are affected by the economic and social consequences of the
      disease. Below, the plight of the women in Africa.

PMID- 2276910
TI  - An economic model for nurse manpower planning in the Caribbean: Part II-
      Strategies.
AB  - Figure 5 illustrates the key ingredients of manpower planning. Whatever model or
      framework that have or will be considered for the Region must be based on cost
      containment necessitated by the scarcity of resources. Since the health sector is
      labour intensive, health manpower is critical for its successful functioning.
      Approximately 65-70% of the Ministries of Health's recurrent budget is allocated
      for health personnel. Budgetary restrictions as a result of economic downturn
      have therefore impacted severely on the manpower resources resulting in a
      decreased supply of all categories of health workers in the health service. Even
      the most minimum level of services is therefore jeopardized. Most countries of
      the Region are at present suffering from a net loss in most of the health
      professional groups and some countries are without auxiliary groups. In providing
      quality care, certain questions need to be answered. In the light of decreasing
      economic resources and accompanying decreasing nurse manpower resources: 1. What
      degree of substitutability between categories of health manpower generally and
      specifically, between different categories of nurses will affect their efficient
      use and provide quality care? 2. What are the least cost combinations of nurse
      manpower that will ensure greater productivity and quality care? 3. What are the
      policy restrictions that may hinder substitutability? 4. What are the market
      forces that affect the demand and supply of nurses? In all of the above, it is
      necessary to understand that the basis of any nurse manpower policy and plan and
      the economic analysis of these is guided by the demand for health care and
      services as well as economics within a given country.

PMID- 2276911
TI  - [Venous leg ulcer--diagnosis].

PMID- 2276912
TI  - [Polymerase chain reaction in the demonstration of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA].
AB  - Borrelia burgdorferi is the etiological agent of Lyme disease. Certain diagnostic
      problems associated with Lyme disease could be solved if a sensitive detection
      method were available for the pathogen: the polymerase chain reaction for the
      sensitive detection of Borrelia burgdorferi is a possible candidate. The latest
      methods for the amplification of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA are discussed. In
      particular, a method for the amplification of a Borrelia burgdorferi flagellin
      (41 kDa antigen) gene segment by the polymerase chain reaction is presented.
      Owing to its high degree of conservation between different Borrelia burgdorferi
      isolates, the flagellin gene is a suitable target sequence for gene
      amplification. In conclusion, the polymerase chain reaction is now ready to be
      used on clinical specimens. This technique will allow investigation of aspects
      concerning latency and recurrency of Borrelia burgdorferi in infected
      individuals.

PMID- 2276913
TI  - [Inflammation-inhibiting effect of magnesium ions in contact eczema reactions].
AB  - Water containing high concentrations of magnesium ions (e.g. Dead Sea water) is
      effective in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Therefore, we examined
      the influence of Mg2+ on inflammation in allergic contact dermatitis induced by 1
      chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) in BALB/c mice. Animals challenged with 0.125%
      DNCB in the presence of magnesium chloride (28% and 14%) demonstrated
      significantly less pronounced contact dermatitis (ear swelling) than did animals
      challenged with DNCB alone (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01). In mice
      challenged with DNCB in combination with sodium chloride (14%) there was no
      statistically significant difference in the degree of ear swelling. These results
      were borne out in 5 patients known to be allergic to nickel, in whom magnesium
      chloride but not sodium chloride, suppressed nickel sulphate-induced contact
      dermatitis.

PMID- 2276914
TI  - [Atopic eczema: psychophysiological reactivity with standardized stressors].
AB  - In 18 atopic eczema patients with active symptomatology and 15 control subjects a
      comparison of reactivity to psychological stressors was made. The physiological
      measures were heart rate, peripheral vasomotor response, skin resistance level,
      spontaneous fluctuations of the skin resistance, and forearm skin temperature. In
      addition, self-ratings of subjective state, situational anxiety, and social
      anxiety were assessed. Mental arithmetic performed undisturbed and in distracting
      conditions, and anticipation of the latter and of having to speak in public
      served as stressors. The results show higher reaction values of the eczema
      patients for heart rate, peripheral vasomotor response, fluctuations of skin
      resistance and subjective tension. A subgroup of patients with extreme skin
      irritation (itching) reacted with an elevation of skin temperature, in contrast
      to control subjects and patients with less marked itching, in whom skin
      temperature dropped slightly. The results suggest that atopic eczema may have a
      psychophysiological component.

PMID- 2276915
TI  - [Early syphilis and the skeletal system].
AB  - Eleven patients with early syphilis were selected at the University Dermatology
      Clinik in Frankfurt/M, and bone scintigraphy was performed to check for bone
      lesions as sign of a systemic character of the disease. The 99mTc-methylene
      diphosphonate scintigrams were compared with those in a control group of 50
      patients. Focal hot spots indicating early metabolic changes in bone were found
      in all 11 patients with early syphilis. The difference between the two groups was
      statistically significant. The most frequent sites of hot spots were the joints
      of the palmar and plantar first digits. Foci were also found at the tibial
      tuberosities. The results support the hypothesis that reactive focal osteitis is
      caused by penetrating treponemes in the very early stages of syphilis. Also, we
      can confirm the high sensitivity of bone scintigraphy for the early detection of
      metabolic changes in bone compared with conventional X-ray images.

PMID- 2276916
TI  - [Cutaneous myofibroma--late manifestations].
AB  - Infantile myofibromatosis is a rare, but nevertheless well-known, entity that was
      first described in 1954 in Stout's classic article on juvenile fibromatosis.
      Usually the tumour mass is noted at birth or during the first weeks of life.
      Solitary lesions are at least twice as common as multiple lesions. A case of a 17
      year-old woman with a tumour macroscopically resembling a basal cell epithelioma
      is presented. This tumour did not develop until the patient was 17 years old and
      cannot be distinguished histologically from an infantile myofibroma. Because of
      the very late appearance of this tumour the term "cutaneous myofibroma" is
      proposed for it. In young patients with a basal cell epithelioma-like lesion the
      diagnosis of cutaneous myofibroma has to be considered.

PMID- 2276917
TI  - [Solitary encapsulated neuroma].
AB  - Solitary encapsulated neuroma (EN) is a true neuroma that is seldom diagnosed
      clinically. EN is the most frequently excised benign neuroma of the skin and has
      to be included in the differential diagnosis of small nodular facial tumours of
      middle-aged people. We report histological studies of 79 EN. EN are distinctive
      true neuromas that can easily be distinguished from all other benign neural
      neoplasms except the neuromas in the multiple mucosal neuroma syndrome.

PMID- 2276918
TI  - [2 cases of melanomatous erysipelas--differential diagnosis and terminology].
AB  - Erysipelas carcinomatosum can be differentiated on the one hand from other
      special forms of cutaneous metastasis, such as carcinoma teleangiectaticum,
      carcinoma en cuirasse or carcinoma eburne and on the other from secondary tumour
      specific or non-tumour-specific erythematous lesions. Two cases of erysipelas
      melanomatosum and transitional forms of the different types of cutaneous
      metastasis will be discussed with special reference to melanoma.

PMID- 2276919
TI  - [Treatment of vitiligo using phenylalanine and UVA irradiation].

PMID- 2276920
TI  - [Nail extraction as an isomorphous irritant for lichen ruber?].

PMID- 2276921
TI  - [3d Congress of the German Dermatological Society 1891 in Leipzig].
AB  - The course and subject matter of the 3rd congress of the German Dermatological
      Society held in Leipzig 100 years ago, are described. The main topics were
      tuberculosis, eczema, theory of psorospermoses and venereology, and these,
      together with the clinical presentations, reflect the level of research at that
      time and the charisma of the personalities in dermatology. Some of the subjects
      discussed are still topical and are still providing the stimulus for future
      research activity.

PMID- 2276922
TI  - [Comment on W. Roth' article: Malignant lentigo and pigmented and hairy nevus on
      oil paintings of the National Gallery in London; Hautarzt (1989) 40:320-321].

PMID- 2276923
TI  - Can BatMan save lives in Wandsworth?

PMID- 2276924
TI  - AIDS: government strategy 'suicidal'.

PMID- 2276925
TI  - Mixed reactions to UKCC report.

PMID- 2276926
TI  - Public health. The health of towns and cities.

PMID- 2276927
TI  - Achieving immunisation targets: the health visitor's role.

PMID- 2276928
TI  - Primiparity and maternal perceptions.

PMID- 2276929
TI  - Community: putting Kirkby in the picture of health.

PMID- 2276930
TI  - Social Fund: no need for a bed.

PMID- 2276931
TI  - Do real DOs practice manipulation?

PMID- 2276932
TI  - Have we forgotten our osteopathic heritage?

PMID- 2276933
TI  - Retain general practitioners' identity.

PMID- 2276934
TI  - Measuring our success in meeting 1990 hypertension health objectives.

PMID- 2276935
TI  - Estimation of fetal weight by means of ultrasound: a comparison of methods.
AB  - An accurate prediction of birth weight during gestation can provide useful
      information for assessing fetal and newborn health status, enabling the clinician
      to better predict infant morbidity and mortality. Two previously reported
      standard methods for birth-weight estimation used data collected in utero to
      derive formulas by least-squares linear regression. The rationale for the
      inclusion of particular variables in these equations, however, has not been
      clearly defined. This study was undertaken to examine the efficacy of some
      previously used variables as well as some new variables in estimating fetal birth
      weight. The authors used measurements of femur length, biparietal diameter, and
      abdominal circumference from 107 fetuses (2500 to 4000 g) as variables to compare
      the two standard methods of birth-weight estimation. A new formula is presented
      that is derived from a simple model based on the known relationship between
      volume and weight. The head is represented as a sphere and the body as a
      cylinder. This study presents a more systematic approach to formula development
      in which statistical biases are minimized by examining the underlying
      distributions of the variables used to predict birth weight.

PMID- 2276936
TI  - Effect of an upper-arm constricting device on arm blood pressure measurements.
AB  - Thousands of blood pressure measurements are done daily without the patients'
      disrobing. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the validity of such
      measurements, especially those taken when the patient's armsleeve has been rolled
      up onto the proximal aspect of the arm. An inflatable constricting device was
      applied to the proximal aspect of the arm and a standard sphygmomanometer was
      applied distal to the inflatable cuff. The constricting cuff was inflated to 0,
      20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mm Hg in random sequence, and the blood pressure was
      recorded at each level. Statistically significant elevations in the mean systolic
      blood pressure were detected at proximal constricting pressures of 80 mm Hg (P
      less than .01) and 100 mm Hg (P less than .001), and in the mean diastolic blood
      pressure at 20 mm Hg (P less than .005). However, the magnitude of the elevations
      was small: 3.9, 4.4, and 2.5 mm Hg, respectively. We conclude that though a
      proximal constricting device may induce statistically significant alterations in
      blood pressure measurements these alterations are small and not likely to affect
      treatment decisions.

PMID- 2276937
TI  - Combination antihypertensive therapy: rational selection.
AB  - Traditionally, diuretics have been the only agents considered appropriate for
      initial antihypertensive treatment, and other drugs have been added sequentially.
      Diuretics may cause a number of adverse metabolic effects as well as a decrease
      in the quality of life for some patients. Currently, physicians are modifying
      their approach to treating hypertension and using alternatives to diuretics as
      initial therapy. Diuretics are often used in combination with many of the newer
      antihypertensive drugs. Some antihypertensive agents, such as the angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors, may blunt the adverse metabolic effects of the
      diuretics with which they are combined. This review discusses the advantages and
      disadvantages of beta-adrenergic blocking agents, calcium-channel blockers, and
      alpha-adrenergic blocking agents.

PMID- 2276938
TI  - Polysplenia in a fetus with bradycardia from 26 to 36 weeks' gestation, complex
      cardiac malformations, and heart block.
AB  - Polysplenia is one of several splenic anomalies. Frequently, as in the case
      presented here, significant cardiac anomalies coexist. These cardiac
      malformations determine the clinical course. In this case, early death was
      expected and occurred. This patient is different from others described in the
      literature in that persistent fetal bradycardia was noted at 26 weeks' gestation.

PMID- 2276939
TI  - Towards a process paradigm in psychophysiology.
AB  - This article discusses a theory and method for classifying psychophysiological
      phenomena as processes prior to considering them as experimental responses. The
      initial aim then is to construe experimental units as continuous subject-centered
      processes whose beginning and end depends on the individuals' actions. Boundaries
      of such processes are systematically defined by first identifying the process as
      a dimension. Activities are then classified relative to this dimension. Process
      units are specified by considering two classes of activity which form opposite
      ends of the dimension of process. The two classes are equivalent in all respects
      save along the one dimension. These two classes are termed 'pro'- and 'null'
      equivalence and are the process methods version of familiar H1 and H0 of
      hypothetico-deductive procedures. Proportional presence or absence of a parameter
      value during pro- and null-equivalence of a process is the basis for inferring
      that a particular measure does or does not typify the process. Actual parameter
      values of a measure can then form credible limits by which to classify other
      processes as equivalent or not. These limits can indicate for example whether two
      experimental effects are dealing with the same or a different process. There are
      some difficulties in applying this process method, but the general conclusion is
      that classifying psychophysiological responses at the outset in terms of process
      clarifies technical and inferential issues in experimentation.

PMID- 2276940
TI  - Relaxation pretraining, pulse wave velocity and thermal biofeedback in the
      treatment of essential hypertension.
AB  - Twelve white male subjects with a physician's diagnosis of essential hypertension
      participated in the study over a 3- to 4-month period (23-38 sessions). Subjects
      were assigned to one of four sequences of training in which the order of
      presentation of pulse wave velocity (PWV) or thermal feedback, and presence or
      absence of relaxation pretraining were varied. The overall effectiveness of the
      treatment program was demonstrated by average blood pressure decreases of 8.8 mm
      Hg/4.1 mm Hg from initial session measures to follow-up one month after
      completion of the program. Systolic pressures were significantly lower at follow
      up but not diastolic. In addition, 3 subjects had ceased taking any blood
      pressure medication by follow-up, and maintained normal pressure. The
      effectiveness of relaxation pretraining was demonstrated by the fact that
      relaxation pretrained subjects attained significantly greater blood pressure
      decreases from baseline to the last 3 sessions of training, and by the fact that
      relaxation pretraining appeared critical in the acquisition of PWV feedback
      training.

PMID- 2276941
TI  - Topographic segmentation of waking EEG in medication-free schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Lehmann has demonstrated that EEG topography can be used to segment EEG map
      series into a sequence of spatially stationary segments characterized by location
      of potential maxima and minima. We employed topographic segmentation techniques
      to study 9 channel EEGs recorded from 11 medication-free schizophrenic patients
      and 10 normal controls during resting and active task conditions, retesting 8
      patients after neuroleptic treatment. To define EEG segments, average reference
      potential maps corresponding to global field power peaks in theta, alpha, and low
      beta activity were classified according to locations of extreme minimum and
      maximum values. Normals and schizophrenics did not differ in the number or types
      of switches between segments, or the frequency of hemisphere crossing of
      potential extrema. However, EEGs of normal subjects were characterized by
      significantly more (P less than 0.003) unused theta segment types (of a
      theoretically possible 36). Moreover, medication significantly (P less than 0.02)
      increased the number of unused theta segment types in EEGs of schizophrenics. We
      interpret these findings as evidence of increased spatial variability of brain
      electrical activity in schizophrenics and discuss their functional implications.

PMID- 2276942
TI  - Normal variation of P300 in children: age, memory span, and head size.
AB  - The P300 (P3) event-related brain potential was elicited in a group of 50
      children and young adults (4-20 years). A simple auditory task was employed in
      which subjects indicated with a finger movement when a randomly occurring target
      tone (high pitch) was presented in a series of standard (low pitch) tones. The
      probability of the target tone was varied across conditions at 10%, 30%, or 50%
      to assess possible developmental changes in P300 amplitude. Memory capacity was
      assessed with forward and reverse digit spans. Circumference of the head also was
      measured. P300 latency decreased with age, and P300 amplitude tended to become
      larger with age. Polynomial regression analyses revealed significant quadratic
      trends in these relationships, with changes leveling off for older subjects.
      Digit span and head circumference also were related curvilinearly to P300 values.
      Multiple regression analysis indicated that changes in age and memory span both
      predicted significant changes in P300 latency and amplitude. Target stimulus
      probability generally affected all subjects in a similar fashion, although the
      strength of the correlational relationships tended to decline with increases in
      probability. Developmental changes for the N1, P2, and N2 components from the
      standard stimuli also were obtained. The results are discussed in terms of
      previous P3 findings for children and their implications for future studies.

PMID- 2276943
TI  - Alpha-contingent stimulation with binocular and monocular viewing.
AB  - The method of alpha-contingent stimulation was evaluated under conditions of (1)
      binocular viewing, (2) monocular viewing, dominant eye, and (3) monocular
      viewing, non-dominant eye. Twelve normal young adults with normal vision and
      unequivocal alpha rhythms were tested. There was no evidence against generalizing
      the alpha contingent stimulation (ACS) method to monocular modes of viewing. The
      same methodological advantages, e.g. reduced random variability of the latency
      and duration of alpha blocking, were observed for all modes of viewing, which
      extends the range of possible applications of ACS method.

PMID- 2276944
TI  - Effects of rare non-target stimuli on brain electrophysiological activity and
      performance.
AB  - In order to assess the effects of non-target stimuli on task performance and
      electrophysiological activity, 16 subjects performed reaction time (RT)
      experiments under 3 conditions. In all conditions, subjects had to press a button
      upon detection of rare (15%) target stimuli (1600 Hz) presented among frequent
      (85%) non-target stimuli. The 3 conditions differed based on their non-target
      stimuli. In one condition, the non-targets consisted of 'standard' stimuli (900
      Hz). In the two other conditions, rare and deviant non-target stimuli were
      randomly added to the standard stimuli. These deviant non-target stimuli
      consisted of either constant (700-Hz tones) or novel (buzzes, filtered noises and
      other unusual sounds) stimuli. Both the rare target and non-target stimuli
      elicited P300, responses. Behavioral (RT) and electrophysiological (event-related
      potential) data showed that stimuli that followed standard stimuli were processed
      differently compared to stimuli that followed deviant non-target stimuli. In the
      conditions containing deviant non-target stimuli, the P3b to the target stimuli
      was smaller and later, and the mean RT longer than in the condition with no
      deviant stimuli. These behavioral and electrophysiological changes induced by the
      deviant non-target stimuli were discussed with reference to two factors,
      distraction and increased level of task difficulty. It was suggested that each of
      these factors were differentially sensitive to the novelty of the rare deviant
      stimuli.

PMID- 2276945
TI  - Preliminary study on subcortical slow potentials related to the readiness
      potential in monkey.
AB  - Two female rhesus monkeys with cortical and subcortical DC-electrodes were
      studied during self-paced operant responding to determine the feasibility of
      mapping the intracerebral distribution of readiness potentials (RP). These
      potentials reflect preparatory aspects of motor activation and may be useful
      indicators of subcortical areas involved in preparatory set. The monkeys had
      learned to execute the task appropriately after 17 and 28 sessions respectively;
      one monkey's performance was very stable, and the other's erratic. However,
      relatively comparable RPs were recorded from the monkeys when recordings from
      sessions involving good performance were considered. RPs of relatively large
      amplitude appeared in electrodes positioned near the substantia nigra and
      pretectal/collicular region; smaller responses were observed in cortex and
      midbrain reticulum and, in one monkey, the caudate nucleus. These findings
      indicate the feasibility of such studies and suggest that, like the contingent
      negative variation, RPs occur in many subcortical regions.

PMID- 2276946
TI  - EEG power and coherence while male adults watch emotional video films.
AB  - Quantitative EEG analysis recorded at F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, P4 was performed for a
      group of healthy right-handed male adults (n = 9) viewing video films varying in
      their inductiveness on the affective valence dimension. Digital EOG-correction
      permitted the inclusion of trials with eye movements. Muscle artifacts were
      statistically treated by means of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The
      configuration of topographically motivated EEG parameters corresponded to the
      subjective valence rating of different video films. Low broad band coherences
      (COHs) ranked films along the subjective ratings within each hemisphere by the
      fronto-temporal COHs and interhemispherically by the T4-T3 COH, as did,
      restricted to the right hemisphere, similarity of beta 2 band power topography
      over time. High frequencies may be involved in the processing and low frequencies
      in the transmission of differential affective information, which to integrate
      seemed to utilize resources of both hemispheres. Alpha 2 and beta 1 COHs were
      sensitive to variations in an integrality/disassociation dimension with regard to
      the arrangement of verbal-visual affective cues. Power fluctuations at frontal
      leads pointed to difficulties in interpreting interhemispheric EEG asymmetries in
      emotion research, if information on time dynamics is discarded.

PMID- 2276947
TI  - N1 and P2 of frequent and rare event-related potentials show effects and after
      effects of the attended target in the oddball-paradigm.
AB  - The effects of serial order of the stimuli on event-related potentials (ERPs) in
      an auditory oddball paradigm with 700 ms ISI were studied in 19 normals,
      recording from Fz, Cz, Pz and combined ears. N1 and P2 to the last preceding
      frequent stimulus, the rare (attended target) stimulus, and the following two
      frequent stimuli were evaluated using 6 reference-independent measures: latency
      (time of maximal potential range between any two locations), amplitude of maximal
      potential range, global field power, vertex (Cz) current source density, location
      of extreme potential, and location of potential centroid. Exploratory statistics
      were used to determine differences of interest. Eighteen of the 36 comparisons
      for N1, and 4 of the 36 comparisons for P2 showed double-ended P-values of less
      than 5%, 6 times the overall incidence expected by chance. For the ERP evoked
      1400-ms post-target, global field power and location of N1, and latency and
      location of P2 still differed from pre-target ERP values. This suggests a new and
      temporarily persisting change of brain state following the target stimulus. The
      first 3 measures showed 'undershoot' below pre-target levels, contradicting a
      simple 're-habituation' model. All 6 measures of N1, as well as latency and
      location of P2 increased or anteriorized for the attended target; the location
      changes indicate that processing the attended target activates additional neural
      processes, and does not only increase the activation of the same neural processes
      which operate on frequent stimuli.

PMID- 2276948
TI  - Cortical initiation of phasic electrodermal activity.
AB  - In order to investigate the role of the cerebral cortex in elicitation of
      spontaneous electrodermal responses (EDRs), electrocortical activity (EEG)
      preceding peripheral fluctuations was investigated. During one 30-min session,
      subjects imagined arousing situations. EEG and EDR average waveforms were
      computed with respect to the EDR maxima. In Grand Average EEG waveforms,
      transient activity preceding EDR onset at about 2.3 seconds, lasting for about 1
      s, was observed. The main power of this phasic event was in the alpha frequency
      band. Digital filtering of EEG waveforms supported the assumption of a visceral
      control process at cortical level, responsible for triggering peripheral EDRs.
      Whereas the phenomenon occurred slightly earlier frontally than centrally, it was
      strongest at the vertex. The possible interpretation of this electrocortical
      phenomenon, related to the evocation of electrodermal responses, as a final
      common pathway of different EDR generating systems is discussed.

PMID- 2276949
TI  - Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1989.
AB  - In 1989, 4,808 cases of rabies in animals other than human beings were reported
      to the Centers for Disease Control, 1.8% more (4,724 to 4,808) than in 1988.
      Eighty-eight percent (4,224/4,808) of those affected were wild animals and 12%
      (584/4,808) were domestic animals. Cases were reported from 49 states, the
      District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico; Hawaii remained rabies-free. Skunks
      (1,657) continued to be the most commonly reported rabid wild animal. For the
      second consecutive year, more cats (212) were reported to be infected with rabies
      virus than any other domestic species. Compared with their 1988 reports, 5 states
      reported increases of greater than 100% (Alaska, 109%; New Jersey, 233%; Ohio,
      133%; Oklahoma, 168%; and Washington, 125%), and 5 states reported decreases of
      greater than 50% (Connecticut, 63%; Mississippi, 56%; Montana, 67%; Nevada, 55%;
      and West Virginia, 53%) in 1989.

PMID- 2276950
TI  - W.W. Williams--a pioneer in fertility and infertility in animals and man.

PMID- 2276951
TI  - Decision analysis and economic evaluation of the use of the rapid milk
      progesterone assay for early detection of pregnancy status of cows.
AB  - The economic feasibility of the use of rapid milk progesterone assays (RMPA) for
      early detection of pregnancy status in cows, to reduce the cost associated with
      reproductive inefficiency, was evaluated by use of decision analysis techniques.
      A decision tree was formulated and used to compare the RMPA to the alternative of
      palpation per rectum alone for the determination of pregnancy status. A computer
      spreadsheet was used to examine the effect of manipulating the values of inputs
      affecting the optimal decision (ie, cost of a day a cow is not pregnant,
      conception rate, cost of the RMPA, test sensitivity and specificity, cost of
      insemination) over the range of values likely to be encountered. The sensitivity
      of the optimal decision was greatest to the variables for cost of a day a cow is
      not pregnant, conception rate, and cost of the RMPA. When the cost of a day a cow
      is not pregnant is +2.00 and the cost of the RMPA is +6.00, the best decision is
      to use the RMPA when the herd conception rate is between 20 and 77%. When the
      herd conception rate is 60%, the best decision is to use the RMPA as long as the
      cost of a day a cow is not pregnant is greater than +1.44. Indifference curves
      were calculated, allowing both the cost of a day a cow is not pregnant and
      conception rate to vary, and used to select the most economical decision. Use of
      the RMPA for early detection of pregnancy status is likely to be economically
      advantageous in most dairy operations.

PMID- 2276952
TI  - Food for thought for food animal veterinarians. There is more than science.

PMID- 2276953
TI  - Industrial veterinary medicine: career in a young company.

PMID- 2276954
TI  - Client hopes, client expectations.

PMID- 2276955
TI  - Taste responses of dogs to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol
      based antifreeze.
AB  - Although it is widely believed that ethylene glycol-based antifreeze (AF) is an
      attractive tastant to dogs and other animals, empirical data on this point are
      not available. In experiment 1, we examined the propensity of 178 adult mixed
      breed dogs to approach, sniff, and lick a concentration of AF commonly used in
      automotive cooling systems (50%). Despite the fact that most of the dogs
      approached and sniffed the AF in these 5-minute tests, only 9% initiated lick
      responses and most of these were brief and not followed by additional licking. In
      experiment 2, the lick responses of five gastric-cannulated dogs to aqueous
      solutions of 20% sucrose, 50% ethylene glycol, 50% propylene glycol, water, and
      50% AF were examined in 14-minute tests before and after periods of food and
      water deprivation. Under the latter conditions, 2 of the 5 dogs drank amounts of
      ethylene glycol that would have been lethal to uncannulated dogs. None of the
      five dogs drank potentially lethal amounts of AF. The preference order for these
      tastants was sucrose greater than water greater than ethylene glycol greater than
      AF = propylene glycol. Although these findings question the general belief that
      AF is highly palatable to most dogs, they do imply that large individual
      differences in responsiveness exist and that AF ingestion is likely influenced by
      motivational state. Furthermore, they suggest the possibility that unpleasant
      tasting additives could be successfully developed to eliminate the ingestion of
      AF, because the initial attractiveness of AF is relatively low. Such additives
      would have to be stable in vehicular cooling systems and not adversely affect the
      functional aspects of AF performance.

PMID- 2276956
TI  - Treatment of atrial fibrillation in horses by intravenous administration of
      quinidine.
AB  - Intravenous administration of quinidine gluconate converted atrial fibrillation
      (AF) to sinus rhythm in 9 of 12 horses. Twelve horses that were diagnosed by ECG
      to have AF were administered up to 11 mg of quinidine gluconate/kg of body weight
      in 1.0- to 1.5-mg/kg bolus injections every 10 to 15 minutes. The total dose of
      quinidine administered IV ranged from 1.8 to 5.8 g. Increased ventricular rate,
      apprehension, and mild depression were observed during treatment. Other signs of
      toxicosis were not observed. One horse was successfully treated with IV
      administered quinidine gluconate on 3 occasions. Intravenous administration of
      quinidine is a safe and effective alternative for treatment of AF in some horses.

PMID- 2276958
TI  - Acute primary toxoplasmic hepatitis in an adult cat shedding Toxoplasma gondii
      oocysts.
AB  - A 3-year-old 4-kg neutered male domestic shorthair cat died within 5 days after
      onset of fever and respiratory distress. At necropsy, all tissues were icteric,
      and the liver had a diffuse reticular pattern. Histologically, hepatitis and
      encephalitis were associated with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Toxoplasma
      gondii female gamonts and oocysts were found in epithelial cells of intact villi
      and in epithelial cells desquamated into the lumen. Finding of acute hepatitis
      and T gondii oocysts in an adult cat without detectable immunodeficiency is
      unusual, because adult cats rarely have clinical signs of toxoplasmosis during
      the oocyst-shedding phase.

PMID- 2276957
TI  - Evaluation of intraperitoneal and intrahepatic administration of a euthanasia
      agent in animal shelter cats.
AB  - One hundred eighty-one adult cats, with body weight greater than 1.8 kg, were
      obtained from animal shelters, then were administered a sodium pentobarbital
      lidocaine euthanasia agent by either the intraperitoneal (IP; n = 77) or
      intrahepatic (IH; n = 85) route. A preliminary study (n = 19 cats) indicated that
      most cats gave no indication of perception of injection (responding) if restraint
      was minimal and injection was rapid. During IP injection, 3 of the 77 cats (4%)
      responded (turned the head backward or vocalized). Of the 85 cats given IH
      injection, 8 (9%) responded; however, no response approached the magnitude of
      that observed after IM injection of ketamine hydrochloride. After either
      injection route, cats were observed for excitement (any exaggerated activities of
      stage-I and -II anesthesia (eg, vocalizing, flopping, sneezing, licking, running,
      paddling), and after cardiac standstill, cats were necropsied to identify exact
      location (final site) of the injection. Of 53 initial IP injections, final site
      for 22 (42%) was in the peritoneal cavity (PC). Use of a sideport needle (n = 24)
      did not significantly increase accuracy of IP injection. The small and large
      intestines were penetrated by 27% (15/55) of the IP injections from the right
      side, and the spleen was penetrated by 32% (7/22) of the left-side injections.
      Intrahepatic injection was significantly (P less than 0.05) more accurate, with
      70 of 85 (82%) of the final sites being the liver only, the liver/PC, or the PC
      only. Twenty-five percent (13/53) of IP injections resulted in excitement (all
      stage-I and -II anesthesia-exaggerated activities cumulative to 30
      seconds).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2276960
TI  - Leukemoid blood response and bone infarcts in a dog with renal tubular
      adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Neutrophilic leukocytosis (136,800 WBC/microliters) and multiple bone infarcts
      were detected in a dog with renal tubular adenocarcinoma. The causes of the
      leukocytosis and bone infarcts were not determined, but these syndromes appear to
      be uncommon manifestations of cancer in animal and human patients.

PMID- 2276959
TI  - Glucagon-producing pancreatic endocrine tumors in two dogs with superficial
      necrolytic dermatitis.
AB  - A newly recognized disease in dogs, ulcerative dermatosis associated with
      diabetes mellitus (diabetic dermatopathy), was diagnosed in 2 dogs with
      pancreatic endocrine tumors that had immunohistologic evidence of glucagon
      production. Dogs developed diabetes mellitus in the later stages of the illness,
      months after the skin disease was first observed. Liver disease was identified
      and characterized by high serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase
      activities. Clinically, erythema and crusting involved the footpads, the face,
      perioral and genital skin, and ventrum. Histologically, skin lesions were
      intercellular and intracellular edema and necrosis of the upper half of the
      epidermis and diffuse parakeratosis. Clinically and histologically, skin lesions
      closely resembled necrolytic migratory erythema of people, a skin disease that
      usually is associated with a glucagon-secreting pancreatic endocrine tumor and
      diabetes mellitus (glucagonoma syndrome): The morphologically descriptive term,
      superficial necrolytic dermatitis, was preferred over the previously proposed
      names hepatocutaneous syndrome and diabetic dermatopathy, which each connote only
      a single feature of the disease.

PMID- 2276961
TI  - Ascorbic acid as suspected cause of oxalate nephrotoxicosis in a goat.
AB  - Oxalate nephrotoxicosis was determined, by renal biopsy, to be the cause of
      azotemia in a goat. The origin of the oxalate was determined to be a high
      concentration of ascorbic acid that had been administered parenterally to the
      goat. Ascorbic acid has been documented as a cause of oxalate nephrotoxicosis in
      human beings.

PMID- 2276962
TI  - Surgical treatment of a mural teat abscess in a cow.
AB  - A 6-year-old multiparous Holstein cow was admitted for evaluation of progressive
      milk flow obstruction of one quarter of the udder. Physical examination findings
      suggested the presence of a mural teat abscess. Ultrasonography substantiated the
      physical examination findings and delineated the extent of the lesion. Surgical
      excision of the abscess en bloc yielded satisfactory functional and cosmetic
      results.

PMID- 2276963
TI  - Bovine viral diarrhea virus-induced cerebellar disease in a calf.
AB  - Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was isolated from buffy coat cells of a 10-day
      old calf with signs of cerebellar disease--ataxia, hypermetria, and intention
      head tremor. The tentative diagnosis was BVDV-induced cerebellar hypoplasia. At
      necropsy, gross lesions were not identified. Histologic findings suggested BVDV
      induced diffuse hypomyelination throughout the CNS, as reported in the United
      Kingdom and The Netherlands.

PMID- 2276964
TI  - Congenital atresia of the parotid salivary duct in a 7-month-old quarter horse
      colt.
AB  - A 7-month-old Quarter Horse colt was examined because it had had a tortuous,
      distended vessel on the side of its head since birth. An abnormality of the
      parotid salivary duct was suspected on the basis of location and course of the
      vessel. Atresia of the duct near the parotid papilla was diagnosed by use of
      contrast sialography. Surgical transpositioning was attempted, but failed because
      of stricture formation. Chemical ablation of the salivary gland has been used to
      treat traumatic rupture of the duct. It proved to be an effective and practical
      method of resolving the problem in this case. Cosmetic outcome was excellent, and
      functional problems associated with loss of the gland were not observed.

PMID- 2276965
TI  - Hypothyroidism and respiratory insufficiency in a neonatal foal.
AB  - Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in a neonatal Thoroughbred foal that was weak,
      hypothermic, and septicemic. Administration of thyroid-releasing hormone elicited
      attenuated increases in concentrations of free and total triiodothyronine and
      thyroxine, as compared with a clinically normal, age-matched foal. The foal died
      of apparent respiratory insufficiency, pre- and postmortem findings compatible
      with hypothyroidism included hypothermia, large thyroid glands with distended,
      colloid-filled follicles, and severe, diffuse atelectasis, with thickened
      alveolar septae and degenerating alveolar squamous epithelial cells.

PMID- 2276966
TI  - Elective cesarean section in mares: eight cases (1980-1989).
AB  - From 1980 to 1989, 8 cesarean sections were performed on an elective basis in 5
      mares. Four mares had partially obstructed pelvic canals; 2 of these mares had
      previously lost foals because of dystocia. Cervical adhesions that might obstruct
      passage of the fetus through the pelvic canal was suspected in the fifth mare.
      Cesarean section was performed prior to mares entering the first stage of labor.
      Readiness for birth was estimated by development of the mare's mammary gland and
      the presence of colostrum in the udder. A ventral midline celiotomy provided
      excellent exposure and healed without complications in all instances. Eight
      viable foals were produced. One foal developed bacterial pneumonia and septicemia
      after surgery and died. Follow-up evaluation of the 7 foals discharged from the
      hospital failed to reveal complications associated with elective cesarean
      section. All mares survived the procedure. Fetal membranes were retained for up
      to 72 hours following surgery; however, systemic complications secondary to
      retained placenta did not develop. Three mares were bred subsequent to elective
      cesarean sections, with each mare conceiving the year following surgery. Three
      foals were produced by 1 mare and 2 foals have been produced by another mare by
      elective cesarean sections.

PMID- 2276967
TI  - Prolongation of anesthesia with xylazine, ketamine, and guaifenesin in horses: 64
      cases (1986-1989).
AB  - On 74 occasions, 54 horses and 6 foals were anesthetized with xylazine and
      ketamine or xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine, with or without butorphanol. On
      64 occasions, anesthesia was prolonged for up to 70 minutes (34 +/- 15 min) by
      administration of 1 to 9 supplemental IV injections of xylazine and ketamine at
      approximately a third the initial dosage. All horses except 5 were positioned in
      lateral recumbency, and oxygen was insufflated. In adult horses, the time from
      induction of anesthesia to the first supplemental xylazine and ketamine injection
      was 13 +/- 4 minutes and the time between supplemental injections was 12.1 +/-
      3.7 minutes. These results were consistent with predicted plasma ketamine
      concentration calculated from previously published pharmacokinetic data for
      ketamine in horses. Respiratory and heart rates and coccygeal artery pressure
      remained consistent for the duration of anesthesia. The average interval between
      the last injection of ketamine and assumption of sternal position was
      approximately 30 minutes, and was the same regardless of the number of
      supplemental injections. The time to standing was significantly longer (P less
      than 0.05) in horses given 2 supplemental injections, compared with those not
      given any or only given 1, but was not longer in horses given 3 supplemental
      injections. Recovery was considered unsatisfactory in 5 horses, but did not
      appear to be related to prolongation of anesthesia.

PMID- 2276968
TI  - Employment of 1990 male and female graduates of US veterinary medical colleges.

PMID- 2276969
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Focal hepatic lucency caused by gas accumulation within
      the lumen of the gallbladder and the pericholecystic hepatic parenchyma.

PMID- 2276970
TI  - The kapurimycins, new antitumor antibiotics produced by Streptomyces. Producing
      organism, fermentation, isolation and biological activities.
AB  - As a result of screening for antitumor agents from actinomycetes, the
      kepurimycins were isolated from Streptomyces sp. DO-115. The antibiotics were
      produced in a fermentation medium supplemented with high porous polymer resin
      which adsorbs antibiotics and results in an increase of titer. The active complex
      was isolated from the polymer resin by a solvent extraction procedure and was
      separated by column chromatography, into two minor and one major component, named
      A1, A2 and A3. The kepurimycins were active against bacteria, particularly Gram
      positive organisms, and were cytotoxic to HeLa S3 human cerivical cancer cells
      and T24 human bladder carcinoma cells in vitro. Among the individual components
      of the kapurimycins, kapurimycin A3 exhibited the strongest antibacterial and
      cytotoxic activities. It showed a potent antitumor activity against murine
      leukemia P388 in vivo.

PMID- 2276971
TI  - The kapurimycins, new antitumor antibiotics produced by Streptomyces. Physico
      chemical properties and structure determination.
AB  - The kapurimycins A1, A2 and A3 were revealed to be new antitumor antibiotics with
      molecular formula of C27H26O9, C26H24O9 and C27H24O9, respectively. The
      structures of the kapurimycins were determined by NMR spectroscopic analysis. The
      kapurimycins are new class of polycyclic microbial metabolites having the
      tetrahydroanthra-gamma-pyrone skeleton and the beta, gamma-unsaturated delta-keto
      carboxylic acid structure. The individual components of the kapurimycins differ
      from one another in the side chain at the pyrone ring of the molecule.

PMID- 2276972
TI  - Isolation and structural elucidation of new cyclotetrapeptides, trapoxins A and
      B, having detransformation activities as antitumor agents.
AB  - New cyclotetrapeptides, trapoxins A and B were isolated from the culture broth of
      Helicoma ambiens RF-1023. These compounds exhibit detransformation activities
      against v-sis oncogene-transformed NIH3T3 cells (sis/NIH3T3) as antitumor agents.
      The structures were found to be new cyclotetrapeptides, cyclo[(S)-phenylalanyl
      (S)-phenylalanyl-(R)-pipecolinyl- (2S,9S)-2-amino-8-oxo-9,10-epoxydecanoyl-] for
      trapoxin A and cyclo[(S)-phenylalanyl-(S)-phenylalanyl-(R)-prolyl-2- amino-8-oxo
      9,10-epoxydecanoyl-] for trapoxin B, by X-ray analysis, mass spectrometric, NMR
      and chemical studies.

PMID- 2276973
TI  - BE-14348 substances, new specific estrogen-receptor binding inhibitors.
      Production, isolation, structure determination and biological properties.
AB  - Streptomyces graminofaciens BA14348, isolated from a soil sample, was found to
      produce new specific inhibitors of estrogen binding to its receptor. Five related
      substances, BE-14348A approximately E, were isolated, and their structures were
      determined by analyses of spectral properties. Of these substances, A was
      identical with the known flavanone, naringenin. On the other hand, B, C, D and E
      were all new compounds; the structure of B was determined to be 2(S): 3(S)-3
      methyl-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone, C was a racemic mixture of 2(S): 3 (R) and
      2(R): 3(S)-3-methyl-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone; D and E were 8-chloro derivatives
      of B and C, respectively.

PMID- 2276974
TI  - The structures of atpenins A4, A5 and B, new antifungal antibiotics produced by
      Penicillium sp.
AB  - The structures of atpenins A4, A5 and B, new antifungal antibiotics produced by
      Penicillium sp., have been deduced to be I, II and III, respectively, on the
      basis of spectroscopic and 1H and 13C NMR spectral data. The molecular structure
      of atpenin A4 with absolute configurations was finally confirmed to be
      2'S,4'S,5'S-5,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy-5'-chloro-2',4'- dimethyl-1'-oxoheptyl-2
      hydroxypyridine (I') by the single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis. The
      absolute configurations of atpenins A5 and B were also expected to be 2'S,4'S,5'R
      II (II') and 2'S,4'R-III (III'), respectively.

PMID- 2276975
TI  - Improved synthesis of an ester-type prodrug, 1-acetoxyethyl 7-[(Z)-2-(2
      aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydroxyiminoacetamido]-3-[(Z)-1- propenyl]-3-cephem-4
      carboxylate (BMY-28271).
AB  - 1-Acetoxyethyl 7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydroxyiminoacetamido]-3- [(Z)-1
      propenyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylate (BMY-28271) is an ester-type prodrug of
      cephalosporin for oral use. Methods suitable for large scale preparation were
      investigated. The yield was improved by esterification of 7-[(Z)-2-(2
      aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-trityloxyiminoacetamido]cep hem-4-carboxylic acid (11)
      followed by removal of the trityl group and, in addition, column chromatographic
      purification at each step was eliminated by optimization of the reaction
      conditions.

PMID- 2276976
TI  - Deoxyspergualin therapy in autoimmune MRL/1pr mice suffering advanced lupus-like
      disease.
AB  - The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic activity of a novel
      immunosuppressive agent, deoxyspergualin (DSG, NKT-01) in male MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr
      (MRL/lpr) mice suffering advanced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like
      lesions. Treatment with DSG in the early phase of the disease at doses of 1.5 and
      3 mg/kg strongly suppressed the development of SLE-like lesions. When DSG was
      administered from week 21 through 29 to MRL/lpr mice in advanced phases of the
      disease, a daily iv dose of 3 mg/kg (5 days/week) markedly reduced the symptoms,
      whereas a dose of 1.5 mg/kg did not. Moreover, DSG treatment at a dose of 3mg/kg,
      started at the time when the blood urea nitrogen levels were over 50
      mg/deciliter, significantly prevented deterioration of the hyperuremia. Taking
      these findings into consideration, DSG was found to be a promising agent for
      curing such established autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2276977
TI  - Isolation and biosynthesis of 3 alpha-hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L.
AB  - 3 alpha-Hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L acid (acid form), a new compound related
      to monacolin K (mevinolin), was isolated from the culture broth of a strain of
      Monascus ruber. The structure of the compound was determined by a combination of
      physical techniques. 4a,5-Dihydromonacolin L was converted to 3 alpha-hydroxy-3,5
      dihydromonacolin L by a cell-free extract of M. ruber in the presence of
      molecular oxygen. The results demonstrate that the former is the direct precursor
      in the biosynthesis of the latter.

PMID- 2276979
TI  - Synthesis of 5,6-cis-penems.

PMID- 2276978
TI  - Isolation and structure of a new phenoxazine antibiotic, exfoliazone, produced by
      Streptomyces exfoliatus.

PMID- 2276980
TI  - Synthesis of 6"-chloro-6"-deoxyamikacin and some its analogs.

PMID- 2276981
TI  - Riboflavin, a testosterone 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor.

PMID- 2276982
TI  - Comparison of transport pathways of catechol-substituted cephalosporins, BO-1236
      and BO-1341, through the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2276983
TI  - Biosynthesis of monacolins: conversion of monacolin J to monacolin K (mevinolin).

PMID- 2276984
TI  - Biosynthesis of carbazomycin B. II. Origin of the whole carbon skeleton.

PMID- 2276985
TI  - The cutaneous microbiology of haired and hairless mice.
AB  - The cutaneous microflora of the mid-dorsal area of hairless and haired mice was
      studied by processing skin biopsies. In both C3H and CBA hairless genotype
      animals the prevalence of colonization and the bacterial density were
      significantly greater than in the haired animals. The dominant bacteria were
      staphylococci and aerobic coryneforms. No propionibacteria were isolated.
      Temporal studies with C3H mice showed that from 0 to 9 days after birth the
      cutaneous microflora reduced and from then on the haired genotype animals
      maintained a low cutaneous microflora, whilst hairless genotype animals gradually
      lost hair from head to tail and the microflora density increased. Reciprocal skin
      grafting between haired and hairless animals showed that the donor skin acquired
      the microflora characteristics of the recipient animal after 15 d post-grafting
      even though the donor skin remained morphologically true to genotype.

PMID- 2276986
TI  - A comparison of the sterol content of multiple isolates of the Candida albicans
      Darlington strain with other clinically azole-sensitive and -resistant strains.
AB  - The mechanism of azole resistance of Candida albicans NCPF 3310 (the deposited
      culture of the Darlington strain) has been investigated but never fully
      explained. Seven isolates of this strain, from various sources, were examined by
      gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect changes in the sterol composition
      following passage through many laboratories over several years. Five of the
      seven, including one recently isolated from the patient, were found to be similar
      to each other in sterol content, containing large amounts of fecosterol. Of the
      remaining two, one was thought to be a sensitive variant, both produced only
      small quantities of fecosterol and resembled the normal clinical strains and
      other azole-resistant strains in sterol content. The sterol composition of the
      Darlington strain was unique and apparently stable to prolonged in vitro
      experimentation and passage through the patient.

PMID- 2276987
TI  - Growth of Bacteroides fragilis group in agar and broth media.
AB  - The rate of bacterial growth of four Bacteroides fragilis group organisms was
      determined in agar and broth media. Exponential bacterial growth occurred in agar
      media within 4 to 8 h, while such growth was delayed in broth media and occurred
      within 12-24 h after inoculation. This phenomenon may explain why antimicrobials
      which manifest an 'inoculum effect' may show increased resistance to
      antimicrobials when tested in agar media.

PMID- 2276988
TI  - A note on the antibacterial properties of 3-(3'-isocyanocyclopent-2'
      enylidene)propionic acid in the ovine rumen.
AB  - The concentration of 3-(3'-isocyanocyclopent-2'-enylidene)propionic acid after
      introduction into the ovine rumen declined by 50% during 30 min. Its
      antibacterial activity in the rumen could be demonstrated by the decline in
      numbers of cellulolytic rumen bacteria from about 10(6)/ml to about 10(2)/ml.

PMID- 2276989
TI  - Alterations in the major heterotrophic bacterial populations isolated from a
      still bottled mineral water.
AB  - The heterotrophic bacterial population of a bottled mineral water stored in
      returnable glass bottles and in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bottles at room
      temperature was studied over 9-12 months. The plate counts in R2A medium
      incubated at 22 degrees and 37 degrees C were low initially, increasing to 10(4)
      10(5) cfu/ml within a few days of bottling. The number of bacteria recovered at
      22 degrees C from PVC bottles was fairly constant during the storage period, but
      the population isolated at 37 degrees C decreased markedly after storage for 1
      year. The major components of the population were Pseudomonas strains, one of
      which was identified as Pseudomonas vesicularis. Major changes took place during
      storage; two groups of bacteria (B and C) were dominant initially, but during the
      latter period of storage other groups (F, G and H) increased in number.

PMID- 2276990
TI  - Thermophilic campylobacters in surface waters around Lancaster, UK: negative
      correlation with Campylobacter infections in the community.
AB  - The incidence of campylobacter enteritis in Lancaster City Health Authority is
      three times the UK average for similar sizes of population and has marked
      seasonal peaks in May and June. Environmental monitoring of surface waters around
      Lancaster showed that thermophilic campylobacters were absent from drinking water
      from the fells and from the clean upper reaches of the River Conder but were
      present in the main rivers entering Morecambe Bay, the lower reaches of the River
      Conder, the Lancaster canal, and seawater from the Lune estuary and Morecambe
      Bay. All the surface waters tested showed the same seasonality, namely, higher
      numbers in the winter months and low numbers or none in May, June and July. The
      absence of thermophilic campylobacters in the summer months may be due to high
      sunshine levels because experiments on the effects of light showed that
      campylobacters in sewage effluent and seawater were eliminated within 60 and 30
      min of daylight respectively but survived for 24 h in darkness. As the
      concentrations of campylobacters in surface waters were at their lowest precisely
      at the time of peak infections in the community it is unlikely that surface
      waters form Lancaster's reservoir of campylobacter infection for the community.

PMID- 2276992
TI  - Adaptation of rat histiocytoma cells AK-5, to growth in culture.

PMID- 2276993
TI  - Insoluble iron compound is able to stimulate growth of cultured cells.

PMID- 2276991
TI  - Mitogens and hepatocyte growth control in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2276994
TI  - Adaptation of a Quackenbush hybridoma cell line to grow successfully in Balb/c
      mice.

PMID- 2276995
TI  - Quantitation of in vitro ciliated cell growth through image analysis.
AB  - Ciliated cell cultures can be produced in outgrowths from explants of human
      respiratory epithelium. An image analysis technique was developed to quantify the
      percentage of active ciliated cells present in these cultures. The subtraction 2
      by 2 of five successive video images of the cultures, followed by the addition of
      the resulting images, allowed the determination of the culture surface covered by
      ciliated cells. The percentage of this surface varied according to the region of
      the explant (27.7% in the outgrowth near the explant and 4.1% at the periphery of
      the outgrowth). High variations were observed within the same region of an
      outgrowth, as well as from one outgrowth to another. However, maximal
      differentiation was observed after 4 d of culture. The quantitation technique
      described in the present work might be useful for studying in vitro the
      respiratory epithelial injury and the subsequent repair processes.

PMID- 2276996
TI  - Emergence of flat cells from glia in stationary cultures of embryonic chick
      neural retina.
AB  - When embryonic retina is dissociated into a single cell suspension and maintained
      in stationary culture, a population of flat cells is found on the culture dish.
      We have carried out a morphologic and immunologic study of the emergence of this
      population in vitro. Ten- and fourteen-day-old chick embryo retinas were
      dissociated with trypsin, seeded on glass cover slips for various times, and
      prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunofluorescence (IF) for
      Vimentin, an intermediate filament protein. SEM indicates that the characteristic
      flat cell morphology is initiated in some cells in as little as 30 min after the
      start of the culture. Not all of the cells that attach flatten. As incubation
      proceeds, small clusters of cells that had formed in suspension attach to the
      substrate, and flat cells emerge from them. The flattened cells are positive for
      Vimentin by IF within 10 min of attachment. The percent of fluorescent cells
      found on the substrate is constant during the time in culture. This suggests that
      flat cells do not attach first, followed by neural cells, but that the neural
      cells and flat cells attach to the dish at the same rate. When aggregates that
      had formed in suspension attach to the substrate, they are anchored by flat cells
      that migrate out of the aggregate. Since Vimentin appears in the cultured cells
      within 10 min, it is unlikely that it has been newly synthesized. Thus, the same
      cells that contained Vimentin in the retina now express it as flat cells. This
      supports the hypothesis that flat cells derive from the same cells in the retina
      that give rise to Muller cells. We have also observed the emergence of a
      population of cells with short (0.5 micron) microvilli that appear within 8 h of
      culture. They seem to be a distinct subpopulation of the cells on the upper
      portion of attached clusters.

PMID- 2276997
TI  - Normal human colon cells suppress malignancy when fused with colon cancer cells.
AB  - Normal human colon mucosa cells and cells obtained from histologically normal
      tissues near that cancer were fused with human colon cancer cells. Resultant
      hybrid populations of normal and malignant cell fusions behaved as nonmalignant
      cells in culture, were unable to grow in soft agar, did not express tumor
      associated antigens, and were nontumorigenic in nude mice. Autofusion of the
      cancer cell population led to a phenotype intermediate between normal and
      malignant cells. That is, the cultures had a much lower plating efficiency in
      soft agar, and the tumors had a longer latency and slower growth rate in nude
      mice. This is the first cell culture system to demonstrate that normal epithelial
      cells can suppress malignancy of their autologous cancer cells, and is a prelude
      to more extensive studies of genetic events involved in malignant conversion of
      human colonic epithelium.

PMID- 2276998
TI  - Chinese hamster ovary cells continuously secrete a cysteine endopeptidase.
AB  - The protease activity in serum-free conditioned medium of chinese hamster ovary
      (CHO) cells was measured using peptidyl (or aminoacyl)-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amides
      (MCAs) as the substrates. Aminopeptidase increased in level as amounts of
      nonviable cells increased during cultivation in serum-free medium, indicating
      that the activity seems to be originated from intracellular proteases. The
      activity toward Boc-Leu-Arg-Arg-MCA, which was strongly inhibited by p
      chloromercuribenzonate and N-ethylmaleimide, was the strongest among those toward
      peptidyl-MCAs in the conditioned medium within 48 h-cultivation in serum-free
      medium. In contrast to the case of aminopeptidase activity, the endopeptidase
      activity decreased in level after 48 h-cultivation although amounts of nonviable
      cells increases. Thus, CHO cells continuously secrete the cysteine proteases.

PMID- 2276999
TI  - Percutaneous transhepatic venous sampling of the pancreas in localizing
      insulinomas.
AB  - Fourteen percutaneous transhepatic venous samplings of the pancreas were
      performed in 13 patients. Ten patients undergoing 11 samplings were operated,
      while 3 patients were not operated. Surgical intervention disclosed a single
      tumor in 8 patients, a double tumor in 1 patient and diffuse hyperplasia in 1
      patient. The method allowed correct localization of 5 insulinomas and correct
      regionalizing of 4 insulinomas in 9 of 10 small tumoral lesions. In 1 double
      localization of the pancreatic body percutaneous venous sampling only detected 1
      lesion. In 1 case of diffuse hyperplasia of the pancreatic tail, the venous
      sampling was suggestive for a tumor in the pancreatic tail. The method appears to
      be highly accurate in diagnosing and localizing insulinomas of the pancreas.
      However, a need persists for 3-dimensional localization of the lesions to
      facilitate enucleation. Intraoperative ultrasound could become the method of
      choice for localization of insulinomas.

PMID- 2277000
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: short- and long-term results].
AB  - We reviewed the results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
      in 200 consecutive patients from January 1988 to January 1989. The mean age was
      55.8 years. Twenty-two per cent had unstable angina, 66% had stable angina and
      the other 12% had atypical chest pain or were asymptomatic after a myocardial
      infarction. Five percent had left ventricular function less than 45%. The
      angioplasty procedure was angiographically successful in 184 patients (92%).
      There was no significant difference in success rate in the different vessels or
      indications. Coronary bypass surgery was required in 3% of patients as an
      emergency procedure; myocardial infarction occurred in 2% less than 24 hours
      after the procedure. There has been no in-hospital death. The recurrence rate of
      ischemic symptoms was 26.5%. Considering lesions treatment, the procedure was
      successful in 71% of the 200 patients over a long-term follow-up period.

PMID- 2277001
TI  - A comparative ultrasonographic study of the structure and findings in the mammary
      gland in women aged 35 and 40 years.
AB  - All women aged 35 and 40 resident in one municipality in the Uusimaa province of
      Finland were invited for a breast examination. Hundred and thirty-eight of the
      subjects were 35 years old and 95 were 40 years old. Examination was performed by
      ultrasonography. Mammary glands were observed to contain normal glandular tissue
      or to have an increasingly fibrotic structure in 69.6% of the younger age group
      and in 72.6% of the older age group; a mastopathic structure was observable in
      54.3% and 46.3%, respectively. Local findings such as solid tumors and cysts
      (greater than or equal to 3 mm) were present in 41.3% of the 35-year-olds and in
      35.8% of the 40-year-olds. Structural and size distributions of local changes
      were similar in both age groups. No changes clearly suggestive of malignancy were
      observed in either group. On the other hand, in 13.2% of the younger age group
      and in 9.1% of the older age group there were borderline changes considered to
      fulfil at least one of the criteria for malignancy. In both groups, there were
      statistically significantly more (p less than 0.001) local tumors in mastopathic
      than in normal breasts. Ultrasonography can be used both to study mammary gland
      structure and to search for local changes, tumors and cancer of the breast.

PMID- 2277002
TI  - Duplex Doppler evaluation of renal allograft dysfunction: Doppler signal
      quantitation and pathologic correlation.
AB  - The value of quantitative duplex Doppler sonography in discriminating the
      different possible causes of renal transplant dysfunction was prospectively
      studied in 60 patients during 65 episodes of renal function impairment. Final
      diagnosis at histology was acute rejection (n: 30), acute tubular necrosis (n:
      4), cyclosporin nephrotoxicity (n: 16) and chronic rejection (n: 15). Duplex
      sonography was done the day a percutaneous biopsy was taken and before any
      therapy was started. Arterial Doppler signals obtained from the segmental,
      interlobar and arcuate arteries were both morphologically and quantitatively
      analysed. For quantitative analysis we used the resistive index as proposed by
      Pourcelot on the one hand, and introduced a variant resistive index on the other
      hand. Morphological analysis yielded no discriminative value. Comparing both
      quantitative methods--the resistive index of Pourcelot and the variant resistive
      index--clearly higher specificities--71% using the variant resistive index, 28%
      using the resistive index of Pourcelot--for excluding acute rejection from the
      other possible causes of renal function impairment could be achieved. A
      nephrectomy was done on 7 patients with severe transplant dysfunction.
      Microangiographies performed on these nephrectomy specimens were correlated with
      previous Doppler studies and with histology.

PMID- 2277003
TI  - [Evaluation of diagnostic efficacy in radiology. Literature review].
AB  - The recent development of new imaging procedures has lead the radiologists to
      assessing the diagnostic efficacy of the available examination techniques in
      order to reduce medical care costs. In cooperation with epidemiologists and
      statisticians, several methods of statistic analysis of the diagnostic efficacy
      of the procedures such as sensitivity and specificity evaluation, ROC analysis,
      disease prevalence, predictive value of tests, etc... have been developed.
      Benefit-cost and cost-efficiency analyses have also been performed, with a view
      to improving the quality of long-term medical care for the patient at a lower
      cost both for himself and the society.

PMID- 2277004
TI  - Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery.
AB  - Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery is a rare and benign disease.
      The appearance of claudication in a young non-smoking male and the typical
      angiographic findings usually confirm the pathology.

PMID- 2277005
TI  - [Nodular fasciitis: a case at the level of the zygomatic arch].
AB  - The case of a man who developed a nodular fasciitis at the zygomatic arch after a
      minor facial trauma is presented. Nodular fasciitis is a benign fibroblastic
      proliferation with unknown etiology; in a number of cases, a recent trauma is
      mentioned as the triggering cause. The CT characteristics are discussed and the
      recent literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2277006
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in central pontine myelinolysis.
AB  - The MRI findings at 1.5 Tesla of central pontine myelinolysis in 2 alcoholic
      patients are reported. The lesion was confined to the pons in both cases, with
      strong hyperintensity on T2-weighted and hypointensity on T1-weighted images. In
      both cases MRI revealed typical symmetrical sparing of the ventrolateral tracts
      in the pons.

PMID- 2277007
TI  - Duplex sonographic findings in a popliteal vein aneurysm.
AB  - We report on a new case of popliteal vein aneurysm, a rare anomaly almost always
      presented by pulmonary emboli. Usually the lesion is demonstrated on
      phlebography. However it is possible to establish the diagnosis with duplex
      sonography. A short review of the literature is included.

PMID- 2277008
TI  - Intracerebral venous angioma.

PMID- 2277009
TI  - Os odontoideum.

PMID- 2277010
TI  - Primary adrenal carcinoma.

PMID- 2277011
TI  - Primary osseous presentation of acute myeloblastic leukemia.

PMID- 2277012
TI  - Congenital absence of inferior vena cava.

PMID- 2277013
TI  - Germinoma of the pineal region.

PMID- 2277014
TI  - Astrocytoma of the cervical medulla.

PMID- 2277015
TI  - Intrapericardial teratoma.

PMID- 2277016
TI  - Hematuria due to glandular cystitis.

PMID- 2277017
TI  - Pseudogynecomastia.

PMID- 2277018
TI  - Adamantinoma of the tibia.

PMID- 2277019
TI  - Depakine-induced embryopathy.

PMID- 2277020
TI  - Subacute intracerebral hemorrhage: CT and MR characteristics.

PMID- 2277021
TI  - Fibrosis of the breast with papillomatosis and calcifications.

PMID- 2277022
TI  - Pseudotumoral edema in intramural impacted ureteral lithiasis.

PMID- 2277023
TI  - Textiloma.

PMID- 2277024
TI  - Segmental bronchial atresia.

PMID- 2277025
TI  - Stress fracture of the distal tibia.

PMID- 2277026
TI  - Direction and speed of actin filaments moving along thick filaments isolated from
      molluscan smooth muscle.
AB  - The active movement of fluorescence-labeled actin filaments along thick filaments
      isolated from molluscan smooth muscle was observed. Along a single thick
      filament, actin filaments moved toward the center of the thick filament at the
      speed of 1.19 +/- 0.38 microns s-1 (mean +/- SD, n = 42) and detached themselves
      from it upon reaching the central zone. Movement of actin also occurred in the
      opposite direction, i.e., away from the center, albeit at a much lower velocity
      (0.09 +/- 0.07 microns s-1, n = 17). Thus, the thick filament shows functional
      bipolarity in terms of velocity but does not determine the direction of the
      movement.

PMID- 2277027
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of full-length cDNA coding for mouse
      contrapsin.
AB  - Four overlapping cDNA clones encoding contrapsin were isolated from a mouse liver
      cDNA library constructed in the expression vector, lambda gt11. M13 vector
      sequence analysis revealed that contrapsin cDNA contained an open reading frame
      of 1,254 bases encoding 418 amino acids. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of
      the isolated contrapsin matched residues 30 to 48 of the sequence deduced on
      nucleotide analysis. One clone, which had the longest 3' untranslated region,
      contained two sets of tandem polyadenylation signals, AATACA and AATAAA, which
      were located 497 bases apart, while the remaining three clones terminated at the
      first signal. The entire reading frame sequence of contrapsin cDNA showed 64%
      homology with that of human alpha-1-antichymotrypsin.

PMID- 2277028
TI  - Amino acid sequence of silkworm (Bombyx mori) hemolymph antitrypsin deduced from
      its cDNA nucleotide sequence: confirmation of its homology with serpins.
AB  - A cDNA clone of silkworm (Bombyx mori) larval hemolymph antitrypsin (sw-AT) has
      been isolated from a fat body cDNA library. The cDNA has an open reading frame
      which codes a 392-amino acid residue polypeptide comprising a 16-residue signal
      peptide and a 376-residue mature sw-AT of Mr 41,805. The reactive site of sw-AT
      for inhibition of bovine trypsin [Sasaki, T. et al. (1987) J. Biochem. 102, 433
      441] was identified as Lys343-Val344. Alignment of the sw-AT amino acid sequence
      with those of 11 members of the serpin superfamily of proteins clearly confirmed
      the homology of sw-AT with serpins. The amino acid sequence of sw-AT is 56%
      identical with that of the proteinase inhibitor from a lepidopteron, Manduca
      sexta [Kanost, M.R. et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 965-972], but the sequence
      around the reactive site shows no homology and the inhibitory specificity for
      proteinases is very different.

PMID- 2277029
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of bacterial alpha
      amylases.
AB  - Crystallization of bacterial alpha-amylases has been achieved by the hanging-drop
      vapor diffusion method. The crystals of Bacillus licheniformis and B.
      licheniformis 584 amylases are isomorphous to each other. The crystals of B.
      licheniformis amylase belong to the tetragonal system, space group P4(2)2(1)2
      with cell dimensions of a = 119.3 and c = 85.4 A. The asymmetric unit contains
      one molecule of amylase, with a volume per molecular mass, Vm, of 2.75 A3/Da. The
      crystals of B. licheniformis and B. licheniformis 584 amylases diffract beyond
      2.5 A resolution and are suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystals of
      B. amyloliquefaciens amylase are orthorhombic, and have space group C222(1), with
      cell dimensions of a = 154, b = 298, and c = 90 A. The asymmetric unit contains
      three to five molecules. In the crystallization of B. licheniformis and B.
      licheniformis 584 amylases, the addition of EDTA was indispensable to obtain
      large single crystals, while it had an adverse effect on the crystallization of
      B. amyloliquefaciens amylase, producing a large amount of small crystals.

PMID- 2277030
TI  - Chemical modification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in prothrombin
      elicits a conformation similar to that of abnormal (des-gamma
      carboxy)prothrombin.
AB  - Chemical modification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues in human
      prothrombin to gamma-methyleneglutamic acid (gamma-MGlu) residues elicited a
      conformation similar, if not identical, to that of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin
      or PIVKA-II, i.e., prothrombin molecules induced by vitamin K antagonists or
      vitamin K deficiency states. The reaction seems to proceed sequentially by
      preferentially modifying a Gla at residue 32 that is located innermost among 10
      Gla residues of human prothrombin. The initial modification resulted in nearly
      50% losses of barium salt adsorption, the procoagulant activity and thrombin
      generation by the prothrombinase complex. The subsequent modification of two Gla
      residues at positions 6 and 16 gave rise to the immunoreactivity to an
      established monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the des-gamma
      carboxy prothrombin. Further modification of Gla residues increased the
      reactivity to the antibody, indicating that the conformation recognized by the
      antibody was stabilized so as to more readily fit the recognition site of the
      antibody. The appearance of the immunoreactivity was obviously related to the
      modification of Gla residues in prothrombin, since all other similarly treated
      derivatives of prothrombin lacking the Gla-domain failed to react with the
      antibody. Such chemically modified prothrombins may serve as models for studying
      abnormal des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin produced in vitamin K deficiency states.

PMID- 2277031
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of the endo-cellulase cDNA from Robillarda sp. Y-20.
AB  - An endo-cellulase cDNA has been screened from a Robillarda sp. Y-20 cDNA
      expression library using polyclonal antibodies (immunoscreening). Western blot
      analysis showed that recombinant CMCase I fused to beta-galactosidase with the
      molecular weight of approximately 150,000 was expressed in Escherichia coli
      Y1090. Sequence analysis of the cloned cDNA revealed that it consisted of 1,136
      nucleotides. By comparison of the amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA and
      the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified protein (residues 1 to 18,
      determined by protein sequencing), the cDNA was found to lack 44 nucleotides at
      its 5' end corresponding to residues 1 to 15. Therefore, the mature cellulase
      (CMCase I) was deduced to be composed of 375 amino acid residues and the
      molecular weight of its protein was calculated to be 41,004. Yaguchi et al.
      reported that the N-terminal amino acid sequence of an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase
      (endo-cellulase) from Schizophyllum commune was homologous with the active site
      of various hen egg-white type lysozymes, and the homology offered evidence for a
      lysozyme-type mechanism in enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulase [Biochem. Biophys.
      Res. Commun. (1983) 116, 408-411]. Pentilla et al. also pointed out that some
      amino acid homology was found between endo-glucanase I from Trichoderma reesei
      and the lysozyme of the phage T4 [Gene (1986) 45, 253-263]. From the result of
      sequence alignment of the endo-cellulase from Robillarda sp. Y-20 and four kinds
      of lysozymes, there was a possibility that the endo-cellulase from Robillarda sp.
      Y-20 also hydrolyzes carboxymethyl cellulose by a lysozyme-type mechanism.

PMID- 2277032
TI  - Human genetically polymorphic deoxyribonuclease: purification, characterization,
      and multiplicity of urine deoxyribonuclease I.
AB  - A deoxyribonuclease I was purified from the urine of a 46-year-old male (a single
      individual) by using a series of column chromatographies to a homogeneous state
      as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The
      enzyme was found to be a glycoprotein, containing 1 fucose, 7 galactose, 10
      mannose, 6 glucosamine, and 2 sialic acid residues per molecule. The N-terminal
      amino acid sequence up to the 27th residue of the enzyme was similar to that of
      pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I from bovine and other species. The catalytic
      properties of the enzyme derived from a single individual closely resembled those
      of deoxyribonuclease I purified from human urine collected from several
      volunteers [Ito, K. et al. (1984) J. Biochem. 95, 1399-1406]. The purified enzyme
      was found to consist of multiple forms with different pI values. These findings
      are compatible with the existence of genetic polymorphism of deoxyribonuclease I
      in human urine previously reported [Kishi, K. et al. (1989) Hum. Genet. 81, 295
      297]. This multiplicity of the urine enzyme might be due to variations in the
      primary structure and/or differences in the content of sialic acid.

PMID- 2277033
TI  - Surveying cis-acting sequences of pre-mRNA by adding antisense 2'-O-methyl
      oligoribonucleotides to a splicing reaction.
AB  - We chemically synthesized antisense 12 mer 2'-O-methylribonucleotides and
      surveyed a scanning (signal-tracking) process as well as sequences within a beta
      globin transcript acting in the splicing reaction in vitro. The pre-mRNA
      transcript contained the sequences of the first exon, first intron, and a major
      part of the second exon of the human beta-globin gene. We found that the
      antisense 2'-O-methylribonucleotides could anneal effectively to the target site
      in the pre-mRNA during the splicing reaction. A 2'-O-methylribonucleotide
      complementary to the donor (5') splice site completely inhibited authentic
      splicing and activated an upstream cryptic donor site. A 2'-O
      methylribonucleotide complementary to the branch site inhibited normal branch
      formation and greatly reduced subsequent generation of the spliced product. Six
      other 2'-O-methylribonucleotides complementary to loci in the exons or the
      intronic region between the donor and branch sites had no significant effect on
      the splicing reaction. These observations suggest that an extensive scanning of
      the present pre-mRNA across the six regions tested is not essential for the
      splicing reaction. We propose that a short antisense 2'-O-methylribonucleotide
      provides a practical and convenient method to examine cis-acting sequences of
      RNA. The advantages of this method in comparison with site-directed mutagenesis
      or deletion are discussed.

PMID- 2277035
TI  - Reaction of hen egg-white lysozyme with tetranitromethane: a new side reaction,
      oxidative bond cleavage at glycine 104, and sequential nitration of three
      tyrosine residues.
AB  - We found that the reaction of hen egg-white lysozyme with an equimolar amount of
      tetranitromethane (TNM) at pH 8.0 and room temperature yielded derivatives in
      which the N-C bond of Gly104 is oxidatively cleaved, and a mono-nitrotyrosine
      lysozyme in which Tyr23 is nitrated. This bond cleavage occurred more
      predominantly with a decrease in the nitration of Tyr23, when the reaction was
      carried out under more dilute conditions. A possible mechanism in which a
      phenoxyl radical of Tyr 23 (an intermediate of nitration) is involved was
      proposed for this oxidative bond cleavage. When lysozyme was reacted with a 10
      times molar excess of TNM, in addition to a mono-nitrotyrosine lysozyme in which
      only Try23 is nitrated, a di-nitrotyrosine lysozyme in which Tyr20 and Tyr23 are
      both nitrated and a tri-nitrotyrosine lysozyme in which Tyr20, Tyr23, and Tyr53
      are all nitrated were obtained. However, no other possible mono- or di
      nitrotyrosine lysozymes could be isolated. Thus, it is concluded that the three
      tyrosine residues in lysozyme are essentially nitrated sequentially with TNM in
      the order of Tyr23, Tyr20, and Tyr53. Since the derivatives obtained here were
      all active, none of the three tyrosine residues or the residues around Gly104 are
      considered to be very important for the lysozyme activity.

PMID- 2277034
TI  - Significance of catalase in peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA beta-oxidation: NADH
      oxidation by acetoacetyl-CoA and H2O2.
AB  - To clarify the significance of catalase in peroxisomes, we have examined the
      effect of aminotriazole treatment of rats on the activity of beta-hydroxybutyryl
      CoA dehydrogenase in liver peroxisomes. When the effect of H2O2 on the
      dehydrogenase activity was examined using an extract of liver peroxisomes from
      aminotriazole-treated rats, the acetoacetyl-CoA-dependent oxidation of NADH was
      found to increase considerably on the addition of dilute H2O2. Such an effect of
      H2O2 was not seen on the beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA-dependent reduction of NAD nor
      with extracts from untreated animals. We then noticed that similar NADH oxidation
      was caused non-enzymatically by a mixture of acetoacetyl-CoA and H2O2. The
      oxidation was dependent on both acetoacetyl-CoA and H2O2, and was blocked by
      scavengers of oxyradicals such as ascorbate and ethanol. Degradation products
      formed during the reaction of acetoacetyl-CoA with H2O2 had no NADH oxidizing
      activity, indicating that effective oxidant(s) were generated during the reaction
      of H2O2 with acetoacetyl-CoA. No other fatty acyl-CoA so far examined nor
      acetoacetate could replace acetoacetyl-CoA in this reaction. Therefore, if H2O2
      were to be accumulated in peroxisomes, it would decrease both NADH and
      acetoacetyl-CoA, thus affecting the fatty acyl-CoA beta-oxidation system. These
      results, together with our previous finding that peroxisomal thiolase was
      significantly inactivated by H2O2 [Hashimoto, F. & Hayashi, H. (1987) Biochim.
      Biophys. Acta 921, 142-150] suggest that the role of catalase in peroxisomes is
      at least in part to protect the fatty acyl-CoA beta-oxidation system from the
      deleterious action of H2O2.

PMID- 2277036
TI  - ATP, ADP, and magnesium mixed solutions: in vitro 31P NMR characterization and in
      vivo application to lens.
AB  - The difference between the 31P NMR resonance position of the beta-peak of ADP and
      the gamma-peak of ATP at a fixed monovalent ion concentration level and pH is
      shown in vitro to depend only on free magnesium concentration. This difference
      can vary by more than 1 ppm depending on the pH of the solution and free
      magnesium concentration. Using 31P NMR and ion-selective electrodes we have
      constructed experimental curves to show how calibration of experimental results
      can be achieved. Theoretical calculations can be used to predict the functional
      dependence of the chemical shift difference on the above parameters. However,
      using the reported ion dissociation constants the fit was not exact and the
      discrepancy increased at higher pH values. To demonstrate that this technique can
      yield valid in vivo results and to analyze a previously unreported system where
      free magnesium levels vary, sample spectra from lenses and enucleated eyes are
      given. The data show a disagreement between the present methods and the more
      conventional ATP method. The reason for this difference is not known although
      some possible reasons are suggested.

PMID- 2277037
TI  - Purification, catalytic properties, and thermal stability of threo-Ds-3
      isopropylmalate dehydrogenase coded by leuB gene from an extreme thermophile,
      Thermus thermophilus strain HB8.
AB  - Threo-Ds-3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase coded by the leuB gene from an extreme
      thermophile, Thermus thermophilus strain HB8, was expressed in Escherichia coli
      carrying a recombinant plasmid. The thermostable enzyme thus produced was
      extracted from the E. coli cells, purified, and crystallized. The enzyme was
      shown to be a dimer of identical subunits of molecular weight (4.0 +/- 0.5) x
      10(4). The Km for threo-Ds-3-isopropylmalate was estimated to be 8.0 x 10(-5) M
      and that for NAD 6.3 x 10(-4) M. The optimum pH at 75 degrees C in the presence
      of 1.2 M KCl was around 7.2. The presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ was essential for the
      enzyme action. The enzyme was activated about 30-fold by the addition of 1 M KCl
      or RbCl. The high salt concentration decelerated the thermal unfolding of the
      enzyme, and accelerated the aggregation of the unfolded protein. Based on these
      effects, the molecular mechanism of the unusual stability of the enzyme is
      discussed.

PMID- 2277038
TI  - Evidence for identifying fatty acids in rat liver glutathione S-transferase and
      its possible involvement in the secondary structure.
AB  - A rat liver glutathione S-transferase isozyme (GST 3-3) has been purified to
      apparent electrophoretic homogeneity by procedures including Sephadex G-100, S
      hexylglutathione-linked Sepharose, and CM-cellulose column chromatographies. The
      present study provides evidence for the existence of endogenous fatty acids in
      the purified GST 3-3 by gas-liquid chromatographic and mass-spectrometric
      analyses. The liver GST isozyme associated long chain fatty acids such as 14:0,
      16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 and the molar ratio of fatty acids to the protein was
      estimated to be around 3.2. When the enzyme preparation was freed of fatty acids
      by a mild delipidization technique using Lipidex, the GST activity was
      significantly decreased. Computer analysis of the circular dichroism spectra
      revealed that rat liver GST 3-3 contained approximately 49% alpha-helix and 24%
      random coil. By delipidizing, the enzyme's alpha-helix was decreased to 4% and
      the random coil was in turn increased to 62%. The enzymatic and structural
      properties of the delipidized enzyme, however, could be restored to nearly the
      original levels by recombining with the fatty acids. These findings suggest that
      weakly bound fatty acids are responsible for the functional capacity of the GST
      by virtue of changing the protein conformation.

PMID- 2277040
TI  - Two distinct ferredoxins from Rhodobacter capsulatus: complete amino acid
      sequences and molecular evolution.
AB  - Two distinct ferredoxins were purified from Rhodobacter capsulatus SB1003. Their
      complete amino acid sequences were determined by a combination of protease
      digestion, BrCN cleavage and Edman degradation. Ferredoxins I and II were
      composed of 64 and 111 amino acids, respectively, with molecular weights of 6,728
      and 12,549 excluding iron and sulfur atoms. Both contained two Cys clusters in
      their amino acid sequences. The first cluster of ferredoxin I and the second
      cluster of ferredoxin II had a sequence, CxxCxxCxxxCP, in common with the
      ferredoxins found in Clostridia. The second cluster of ferredoxin I had a
      sequence, CxxCxxxxxxxxCxxxCM, with extra amino acids between the second and third
      Cys, which has been reported for other photosynthetic bacterial ferredoxins and
      putative ferredoxins (nif-gene products) from nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and with
      a unique occurrence of Met. The first cluster of ferredoxin II had a
      CxxCxxxxCxxxCP sequence, with two additional amino acids between the second and
      third Cys, a characteristics feature of Azotobacter-[3Fe-4S] [4Fe-4S]-ferredoxin.
      Ferredoxin II was also similar to Azotobacter-type ferredoxins with an extended
      carboxyl (C-) terminal sequence compared to the common Clostridium-type. The
      evolutionary relationship of the two together with a putative one recently found
      to be encoded in nifENXQ region in this bacterium [Moreno-Vivian et al. (1989) J.
      Bacteriol. 171, 2591-2598] is discussed.

PMID- 2277039
TI  - Bacteria of the human intestinal microbiota produce glycosidases specific for
      lacto-series glycosphingolipids.
AB  - Five strains of human fecal bacteria, of the Ruminococcus and Bifidobacterium
      genera, produce extracellular alpha- and beta-glycosidases that degrade
      intestinal mucin oligosaccharides and glycosphingolipids of the lacto-series type
      1 chain. We have tested the activities and substrate specificities of these
      enzymes using para-nitrophenyl glycosides and glycosphingolipids of different
      core chains (lacto, neolacto, globo, isoglobo, galabio, and ganglio), carrying
      different blood group determinants (A, H, X, Y, Forssman, and para-Forssman), and
      with different degrees of sialylation (mono- to tetra-sialo).
      Lactotetraosylceramide and neolactotetraosylceramide were the only core
      glycosphingolipids degraded by enzymes from these strains, resulting in
      lactosylceramide and glucosylceramide as the major end products. R. gnavus strain
      VI-268 did not degrade lactotetraosylceramide but only neolactotetraosylceramide
      yielding lactotriaosylceramide and lactosylceramide as the major end products.
      All strains but R. gnavus VI-268 also produced lactosylceramide from a bi
      antennary 10-sugar glycosphingolipid with two blood group H determinants based on
      a lactotetraosylceramide core. Apart from strain specific blood group A-degrading
      (R. torques strain VIII-239 and IX-70, R. gnavus strain VI-268 and B. infantis
      VIII-240) and Forssman-degrading (R. torques VIII-239 and IX-70) activities, all
      strains also degraded the H-5, X-5, and Y-6 glycosphingolipids. All strains
      released N-acetylneuraminic acid from the gangliosides sialosyl
      neolactotetraosylceramide, GD3, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b corresponding to 2,3
      alpha- and 2,8-alpha-N-acetylneuraminidase activities. The R. torques strains
      VIII-239 and IX-70 also partially desialylated GM1 to lactotetraosylceramide. The
      para-nitrophenyl glycoside degradations were often incompatible with the data
      from the glycosphingolipids degradations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277041
TI  - Transmembrane signal transduction and osmoregulation in Escherichia coli: I.
      Analysis by site-directed mutagenesis of the amino acid residues involved in
      phosphotransfer between the two regulatory components, EnvZ and OmpR.
AB  - Previously, the transfer of a phosphoryl group between the EnvZ and OmpR
      proteins, which are involved in expression of the ompF and ompC genes in response
      to the medium osmolarity, was demonstrated in vitro. In this study, the histidine
      (His) residue at position 243 of the EnvZ protein, and the aspartate (Asp)
      residues at positions 12 and 55 of the OmpR protein were changed, respectively,
      by means of site-directed mutagenesis. We characterized the mutant proteins in
      terms of not only their in vitro phosphotransfer reactions but also their in vivo
      osmoregulatory phenotypes. The mutant EnvZ protein was defective in its in vitro
      ability not only as to EnvZ-autophosphorylation but also OmpR-phosphorylation and
      OmpR-dephosphorylation. This particular mutant EnvZ protein seemed to exhibit
      null functions as to the in vivo osmoregulatory phenotype. The mutant OmpR
      protein with the amino acid change at position 12 was clearly phosphorylated in
      vitro, but at a very low rate as compared with the wild-type OmpR protein. In
      vitro phosphorylation of the mutant OmpR protein with the amino acid change at
      position 55 was more severely affected. This mutant OmpR protein appeared to
      exhibit null functions as to the in vivo osmoregulatory phenotype. These results
      suggest that the histidine residue at position 243 of the EnvZ protein and the
      aspartate residues at positions 12 and 55 of the OmpR protein are deeply involved
      in the phosphotransfer between the EnvZ and OmpR proteins.

PMID- 2277042
TI  - Transmembrane signal transduction and osmoregulation in Escherichia coli: II. The
      osmotic sensor, EnvZ, located in the isolated cytoplasmic membrane displays its
      phosphorylation and dephosphorylation abilities as to the activator protein,
      OmpR.
AB  - The EnvZ protein is presumably a membrane-located osmotic sensor, which
      specifically phosphorylates the activator protein, OmpR, involved in expression
      of the ompF and ompC genes in Escherichia coli. In this study, we developed an in
      vitro system for analyzing the intact form of the EnvZ protein located in the
      isolated cytoplasmic membrane. This particular form of the EnvZ protein exhibited
      its in vitro ability not only as to OmpR-phosphorylation but also OmpR
      dephosphorylation. It was found that when a high concentration of a mono-cation
      (K+, Na-, or Li+) was present during the in vitro reactions, OmpR
      dephosphorylation was preferentially inhibited and consequently the
      phosphorylated from of the OmpR protein was accumulated under the in vitro
      conditions used, although the K+ ion appears to be essential for the OmpR
      phosphorylation reaction. Procaine, a local anesthetic, is known to affect the
      osmotic regulation of the ompF and ompC genes in vivo. In this study, procaine
      was also found to preferentially inhibit OmpR-dephosphorylation mediated by the
      EnvZ protein in vitro.

PMID- 2277043
TI  - A study on large radial motion of arteries in vivo.
AB  - This study analyses the radial periodic motion of an artery which is modelled as
      a thin cylinder of uniform cross-section subjected to dynamic inner pressure
      using the theory of finite deformation of elastic materials. The arterial tissue
      properties (anisotropy, homogeneity and incompressibility) are taken into account
      in an analysis based on the use of the strain energy function. The validity of
      the mathematical analysis is illustrated through numerical computation applying
      the available in vivo data for elastic constants of the canine middle descending
      thoracic aorta to the expressions for the intramural pressure and circumferential
      stresses obtained by solving the necessary equation of motion together with the
      boundary conditions. Results obtained in this study indicate very low stresses
      which suggest that the arteriosclerosis resulting from high stress gradients is
      effectively ruled out in this model.

PMID- 2277044
TI  - The mechanics of asymmetric retraction loops used in fixed appliance therapy.
AB  - In order to move a tooth bodily without tipping, both a force P and an anti-tilt
      couple N of a suitable constant magnitude are required. Although many different
      spring components are available to orthodontists for this purpose, a comparison
      of the merits of different designs has not been possible because analytical
      solutions to the deformation behaviour have only been generally available for the
      atypical case in which the loop is centrally positioned. The asymmetric case,
      with two redundancies, for open and closed U-loops both with or without helices
      has been solved using the complementary (strain) energy method on the assumption
      that the effect of a longitudinal tension or compression on the bending of a
      cantilever beam by lateral forces (the tie-bar effect) is small. Unless the arms
      are of equal length it is then found that unequal couples M and N act at the
      posterior and anterior ends of the appliance, and in addition equal but
      oppositely directed forces Q are induced at either end. Check measurements were
      carried out on enlarged model components using a special jig utilizing a mixed
      dead-load and strain-gauge system. Agreement with theory was generally within the
      known errors of measurement. The main characteristics of these retraction
      components in the clinical situation can consequently be predicted. The
      characteristics examined are the lateral and vertical stiffnesses (S and dQ/dy,
      respectively), the N/P and Q/P ratios, the self-righting ability (SRA) and dN/d
      beta, the change in anti-tilt couple per degree change in gable angle (the angle
      of the mesial arm with respect of a horizontal in the unactivated appliance).

PMID- 2277045
TI  - The elastic moduli of human subchondral, trabecular, and cortical bone tissue and
      the size-dependency of cortical bone modulus.
AB  - The elastic moduli of human subchondral, trabecular, and cortical bone tissue
      from a proximal tibia were experimentally determined using three-point bending
      tests on a microstructural level. The mean modulus of subchondral specimens was
      1.15 GPa, and those of trabecular and cortical specimens was 4.59 GPa and 5.44
      GPa respectively. Significant differences were found in the modulus values
      between bone tissues, which may have mainly resulted from the differences in the
      microstructures of each bone tissue rather than in the mineral density.
      Furthermore, the size-dependency of the modulus was examined using eight
      different sizes of cortical specimens (heights h = 100-1000 microns). While the
      modulus values for relatively large specimens (h greater than 500 microns)
      remained fairly constant (approximately 15 GPa), the values decreased as the
      specimens became smaller. A significant correlation was found between the modulus
      and specimen size. The surface area to volume ratio proved to be a key variable
      to explain the size-dependency.

PMID- 2277046
TI  - Biomechanical measurements on scaphoid bone screws in an experimental model.
AB  - A number of screws commonly used for internal fixation in scaphoid bone fractures
      and nonunions are compared regarding biomechanical properties and clinical
      applicability. The experiments were carried out on models made of ash-wood,
      representing a reconstruction and fixation as is performed in a cortico
      cancellous inlay bone graft for scaphoid non-union. For fixation use was made of
      2.7 and 3.5 AO/ASIF cortical screws respectively, 4.0 AO/ASIF cancellous screws,
      Herbert screws, and a newly designed screw called the three components screw
      (D.K.S.). The models with implanted screws were tested for bending strength,
      tensile strength and torsion stability. No large differences between the various
      screws were found regarding the measured parameters, so that a small intra-osteal
      implant such as the Herbert screw and the D.K.S., which can be inserted easily
      and which gives a certain amount of interfragmentary compression, will be
      sufficient for osteosynthesis of the scaphoid bone. In case an intra-osteal
      implant is not available a single 3.5 AO/ASIF cortical screw, inserted following
      lag-screw principles, is recommended.

PMID- 2277047
TI  - Analysis of standing up and sitting down in humans: definitions and normative
      data presentation.
AB  - A formal definition of human standing up and sitting down movements based on
      sagittal plane goniometric and force plate data from 20 normal subjects is
      presented. This definition is comparable to the established gait cycle diagram,
      and consists of defined characteristic events and relative time intervals between
      them. The characteristic events are selected primarily on changes in ground
      reaction forces. The terminology proposed may be valuable for introducing more
      formalized and standardized reporting of both qualitative and quantitative
      studies in both normals and in patients. This presentation is directed toward the
      process of defining generally acceptable standards for human standing up and
      sitting down movements.

PMID- 2277048
TI  - Ultrasound speed in equine cortical bone: effects of orientation, density,
      porosity and temperature.
AB  - Ultrasound speed, as measured by a transmission technique in equine cortical
      bone, was found to vary markedly with the direction of the ultrasound path
      through the bone. Using bone samples from the mid-site of the third metacarpus of
      20 horses, the ultrasound speed was measured as 4125 m s-1 in the longitudinal
      direction, 3442 m s-1 in the circumferential or transverse direction, and 3428 m
      s-1 in the radial direction. These results confirm the anisotropic properties of
      compact bone. Ultrasound speed had a positive linear relationship when compared
      with bone specific gravity of cortical bone (r = 0.773, n = 35, p less than
      0.0001), and an inverse linear relationship with porosity. Specific gravity has
      an inverse correlation with porosity (r = 0.857, n = 35, p less than 0.0001).
      Over the temperature range of 4-42 degrees C, ultrasound speed varied inversely
      according to temperature with a logarithmic function giving the best fit. These
      results have important implications for the clinical applications of ultrasound
      speed in assessing bone quality in racehorses and provide important basic
      information for the understanding of the passage of ultrasound through cortical
      bone, which has possible clinical applications in humans.

PMID- 2277049
TI  - The nonlinear characteristics of soft gels and hydrated connective tissues in
      ultrafiltration.
AB  - A one-dimensional ultrafiltration problem of fluid flow through a soft permeable
      tissue or gel under high pressure and compressive strain is solved. A finite
      deformation biphasic theory is used to model the behavior of the soft porous
      permeable solid matrix. This theory includes a Helmholtz free energy function
      which depends on the three principal invariants (I, II, III) of the right Cauchy
      Green tensor and which satisfies the Baker-Ericksen inequalities on the principal
      stresses and strains. The dependence of the porosity phi f and the solidity phi s
      on deformation is deduced and a generalization of the exponential strain
      dependent functional form for the permeability, k = k0 exp (M epsilon), of Lai
      and Mow (Biorheology 103, 111-123, 1980) is proposed. In this one-dimensional
      problem, we show that the dependence of the permeability on phi f, phi s, and III
      is equivalent to its dependence on hydration as proposed by Fatt and Goldstick
      (J. Colloid Sci. 20, 962-988, 1965). The exact solution of the ultrafiltration
      problem is derived and asymptotic and numerical methods are used to evaluate it.
      For high pressures and finite strains, the solution provides some surprising
      effects. The theory predicts that a material starting with a homogeneous porosity
      will have a strongly non-homogeneous porosity throughout the column during
      ultrafiltration. The resulting change in pore size through the filtration column
      may be very important in understanding its filtration characteristics. It is also
      found that there is a long delay time, up to 10 to 15 min, before the filtration
      velocity reaches an equilibrium. In filtration experiments where the rate of mass
      transport across the tissue or column of gel is important, sufficient time must
      be allowed for the steady state to be reached.

PMID- 2277050
TI  - Three-dimensional finite element analysis of glass-ceramic dental crowns.
AB  - Because of the improved esthetic potential of glass-ceramic crowns as dental
      restorations, they are sometimes preferred over metal-ceramic crowns for
      restoration of anterior teeth. Because of their relatively high strength, these
      ceramic crowns are also frequently used for restoration of posterior teeth.
      However, due to the larger magnitude of biting forces on posterior teeth,
      intraoral fracture of all-ceramic crowns tends to occur more frequently in
      posterior crowns (Moffa, 1988). The objective of this study was to determine the
      relative influence of load orientation and the occlusal thickness of posterior
      ceramic crowns on the stress distribution which develops under these loading and
      design conditions. Three-dimensional finite element models for a molar crown were
      developed to determine the stress distribution under simulated applied loads.
      Glass-ceramic crowns with occlusal thicknesses of 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 mm were
      considered. The largest principal tensile stresses induced in ceramic due to a
      distributed load of 600 N applied in a cuspal region were approximately 12 and
      182 MPa for vertical and horizontal loading orientations, respectively. Stresses
      which developed in the facial and lingual marginal regions were primarily
      compressive under vertical loads. However, tensile stresses developed when the
      load was applied horizontally. Differences in stress distribution within crowns
      with the three occlusal thicknesses occurred only near the site of loading.
      Because of the relatively large failure rates of ceramic crowns in the posterior
      regions, these restorations should be strengthened by improvement in design,
      composition, and thermal processing conditions. Before any significant progress
      is made in these areas, these restorations should be used for the anterior teeth.
      The results of this study suggest that orientation of the applied load has a more
      important effect on development of large tensile stresses than the occlusal
      thickness of ceramic.

PMID- 2277051
TI  - Three-axial strain controlled testing applied to bone specimens from the proximal
      tibial epiphysis.
AB  - Reproducibility of the determination of Young's modulus and energy absorption
      along the three axes of trabecular bone cubes was analysed by non-destructive
      compression to 0.5% strain using different testing protocols. These protocols
      included testing with and without pre-conditioning to a viscoelastic steady
      state, and different orders of test directions. Reproducibility of conditioned
      tests was generally better than that of non-conditioned tests. No major effect of
      changing the order of the test direction was found. Three-axial conditioned
      testing of cubes from the proximal tibial epiphysis of five humans revealed a
      global transverse isotrophy while most cubes showed orthotropy. The ratio between
      stiffness along the long axis of the tibia and the stiffness in the transverse
      plane was 3.7 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- 2 SE). The corresponding ratios for elastic
      energy storage and viscoelastic energy dissipation were 2.5 +/- 0.2. There was no
      difference between the relative energy loss during a testing cycle (loss tangent)
      in the three axes.

PMID- 2277052
TI  - Determination of mechanical properties of human femoral cortical bone by the
      Hopkinson bar stress technique.
AB  - The Hopkinson bar stress technique and a universal testing machine (Instron 1125)
      have been used to investigate the dynamic and static mechanical properties of
      cortical bone taken from a human femur respectively. We found that the average
      dynamic Young's modulus value (Ed = 19.9 GPa) to be 23% higher than the average
      static Young's modulus value (Ed = 16.2 GPa). Furthermore, the Poisson's ratio
      did not exhibit any significant variation for the two different types of loading.
      No difference was observed between the values of the dynamic Young's modulus in
      tension and those found in compression. A comparison was made of the results of
      this study with those found by other researchers using different techniques, such
      as ultrasonics, and it was found that they agree well with most of the results of
      previous studies. Finally, the viscosity for cortical bone found in this study
      correlates with viscosity reported by Tennyson et al. [Expl Mech. 12, 502-507
      (1972)] for ten days post mortem age specimens.

PMID- 2277053
TI  - Marrow cell induced osteogenesis in porous hydroxyapatite and tricalcium
      phosphate: a comparative histomorphometric study of ectopic bone formation.
AB  - To investigate the bone formation ability of porous hydroxyapatite (HA) and
      tricalcium phosphate (TCP), ceramic discs were implanted with or without rat
      marrow cells into subcutaneous sites in syngeneic rats. The discs of HA and TCP
      had identical microstructures: pore size was 190-230 microns, porosity was 50
      60%, and they were fully interconnected. Implants without marrow cells (discs
      themselves) did not show bone formation, whereas implants with marrow cells
      showed bone formation in the pores of the ceramics. The bone formation of both HA
      and TCP occurred initially on the surface of the ceramic and progressed towards
      the center of the pore. The de novo bone was quantitated from decalcified serial
      sections of the implants. One month after implantation with marrow cells, the
      percentage fractions of the pore area filled with bone for implanted HA and TCP
      were 16.9 and 15.1, respectively. At 2 months after implantation with marrow
      cells, the fractions of bone were 34.3 and 30.9, respectively. These results
      indicate that both HA and TCP ceramics can show comparable osteogenic ability in
      the presence of marrow cells.

PMID- 2277054
TI  - The effect of glass-ceramic implants on matrix vesicle calcification after two
      weeks of rat tibial bone healing.
AB  - Type, size and distribution of extracellular matrix vesicles (MV), known
      mediators of primary calcification, were studied around bone-bonding and metal
      oxide containing, nonbonding, glass-ceramic implants. This was performed in order
      to further understand the different effects of implants on bone healing. At 14
      days after implantation in adult rat tibial bone the effects of different
      implants on MV were studied by transmission electron microscopy and computerized
      morphometry. A total number of 4607 MV in 245 electron micrographs were counted
      and grouped according to diameter, distance from the calcifying front, and
      classified as four types: "empty," "amorphous," "crystal," and "rupture." The
      sequence of types according to diameter and distance was recorded as follows
      around both implants tested: "rupture" MV were the closest to the front with the
      largest diameter, followed by "crystal," "amorphous," and "empty," MV with the
      largest distance from the front and the smallest diameter. Most vesicles were
      concentrated in a distance of less than 2.4 microns from the front and between
      diameters of 0.06 microns and 0.22 microns. The noncalcified extracellular matrix
      around bone-bonding implants contained more MV than the matrix around the
      nonbonding type (26.24 MV/10 microns2 and 18.76 MV/10 microns2). MV distribution
      according to types showed that around bonding implants there was a higher
      percentage of "crystal" and a lower percentage of "rupture" when compared to the
      nonbonding type. These results indicate that bonding implants affect osteoblastic
      function by increasing the vesicular number and retardation of intravesicular
      crystal formation. It might be suggested that bonding implants induce an increase
      in the process of primary calcification and a decreased rate of crystal formation
      resulting with the highest organization of the healing bone.

PMID- 2277055
TI  - Compositional analysis of Biomer.
AB  - Biomer, a segmented polyether polyurethane, has been analyzed via hydrolysis/gas
      chromatography to determine its composition. In addition to the previously
      reported 4,4'-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), polytetramethylene glycol
      (PTMO), and ethylenediamine, we now report the presence of diethylamine, 1,3
      diaminocyclohexane and poly(diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-decyl
      methacrylate), Biomer's cloudy insoluble phase. In addition, a method is
      presented to characterize the methacrylate additive by molecular weight based on
      GPC. Also found by chromatography were the antioxidants Santowhite Powder and
      BHT. XPS shows no Si (silicone) on the Biomer surface, and a total chloride
      analysis reports no chloride (less than 0.03%). Time-of-flight SIMS data suggest
      evidence for the methacrylate additive at the surface, and mass spectroscopy can
      be interpreted as evidence for a diaminocyclohexane.

PMID- 2277056
TI  - Amount and surface structure of albumin adsorbed to solid substrata with
      different wettabilities in a parallel plate flow cell.
AB  - In this article we studied the adsorption of serum albumin to substrata with a
      broad range of wettabilities from solutions with protein concentrations between
      0.03 and 3.00 mg.mL-1 in a parallel-plate flow cell. Wall shear rates were varied
      between 20 and 2000 s-1. The amount of albumin adsorbed in a stationary state was
      always highest on PTFE, the most hydrophobic material employed and decreased with
      increasing wettability of the substrata. Increasing stationary amounts of
      adsorbed albumin were observed with increasing wall shear rates at the lowest
      protein concentration. Inverse observations were made at the highest protein
      concentration. Transmission electron micrographs of replicas from the albumin
      coated substrata showed that proteins were mostly adsorbed in islandlike
      structures on the hydrophobic substrata. The tendency to form islandlike
      structures was shear rate- and concentration-dependent and disappeared gradually
      going to more hydrophilic substrata. On glass, the most hydrophilic material
      employed, a homogeneous, well distributed, fine knotted, reticulated structure
      was found. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that both the amount of
      adsorbed albumin as well as the surface structure of the adsorbed proteins are
      regulated by the substratum wettability. This observation may well account for
      the fact that substratum properties can be transferred by an adsorbed protein
      film to the interface with adhering cells or microorganisms.

PMID- 2277057
TI  - Impact resistance of highly crosslinked plastic denture teeth.
AB  - The impact resistance of highly cross-linked plastic denture teeth materials such
      as SR-Orthosit (R), Crystal-ND (R), and Mitel-OM (R) was investigated and
      compared to that of conventional denture teeth materials. Dentures with upper
      second molars were placed on a metal model. The thicknesses of the denture teeth
      were 1.4, 1.0, and 0.4 mm. An impact force was repeatedly applied to the central
      fossae of the denture teeth with an impact test machine. Impact resistance was
      defined as the number of impacts sustained by the tooth material prior to
      fracture. The results showed that the impact resistance of highly crosslinked
      plastic teeth decreased with decreasing thickness, but was comparable to that of
      conventional plastic teeth when the teeth were 1.4 mm thick and supported by
      denture base resin. It is hypothesized that the layer of PMMA denture base resin
      beneath the denture teeth functions as a shock absorber during impact.

PMID- 2277058
TI  - Internuclear exchange of an inner nuclear membrane protein (p55) in
      heterokaryons: in vivo evidence for the interaction of p55 with the nuclear
      lamina.
AB  - The movement between nuclei of an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane
      has been studied in rat/mouse and rat/hamster heterokaryons. This protein, p55,
      was found to equilibrate between nuclei over a period of approximately 6 h in the
      absence of new protein synthesis. When rat/mouse heterokaryons were constructed
      using an undifferentiated murine embryonal carcinoma (P19), which lacks lamins A
      and C, no accumulation of p55 in the mouse cell nucleus was observed. However,
      P19 nuclei could be rendered competent to accumulate p55 by transfecting the
      parent cells with human lamin A before cell fusion, supporting the notion that
      p55 may interact with the nuclear lamina. Since p55 does not appear to be able to
      dissociate from the nuclear membrane, it is concluded that this exchange between
      nuclei does not occur in the aqueous phase and instead is probably membrane
      mediated. It is proposed that this protein may be free to move between the inner
      and outer nuclear membranes via the continuities at the nuclear pore complexes
      and that transfer between nuclei occurs via lateral diffusion through the
      peripheral ER, which appears to form a single continuous membrane system in these
      heterokaryons. One implication of these observations is that accumulation of at
      least some integral proteins in the inner nuclear membrane may be mediated by
      interactions with other nuclear components and may not require a single defined
      targeting sequence.

PMID- 2277059
TI  - A lamin-independent pathway for nuclear envelope assembly.
AB  - The nuclear envelope is composed of membranes, nuclear pores, and a nuclear
      lamina. Using a cell-free nuclear assembly extract derived from Xenopus eggs, we
      have investigated how these three components interact during nuclear assembly. We
      find that the Xenopus embryonic lamin protein LIII cannot bind directly to
      chromatin or membranes when each is present alone, but is readily incorporated
      into nuclei when both of the components are present together in an assembly
      extract. We find that depleting lamin LIII from an extract does not prevent
      formation of an envelope consisting of membranes and nuclear pores. However,
      these lamin-depleted envelopes are extremely fragile and fail to grow beyond a
      limited extent. This suggests that lamin assembly is not required during the
      initial steps of nuclear envelope formation, but is required for later growth and
      for maintaining the structural integrity of the envelope. We also present results
      showing that lamins may only be incorporated into nuclei after DNA has been
      encapsulated within an envelope and nuclear transport has been activated. With
      respect to nuclear function, our results show that the presence of a nuclear
      lamina is required for DNA synthesis to occur within assembled nuclei.

PMID- 2277060
TI  - Depletion of yeast ribosomal proteins L16 or rp59 disrupts ribosome assembly.
AB  - Two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were constructed that are conditional for
      synthesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit protein, L16, or the 40S ribosomal subunit
      protein, rp59. These strains were used to determine the effects of depriving
      cells of either of these ribosomal proteins on ribosome assembly and on the
      synthesis and stability of other ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNAs.
      Termination of synthesis of either protein leads to diminished accumulation of
      the subunit into which it normally assembles. Depletion of L16 or rp59 has no
      effect on synthesis of most other ribosomal proteins or ribosomal RNAs. However,
      most ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNAs that are components of the same
      subunit as L16 or rp59 are rapidly degraded upon depletion of L16 or rp59,
      presumably resulting from abortive assembly of the subunit. Depletion of L16 has
      no effect on the stability of most components of the 40S subunit. Conversely,
      termination of synthesis of rp59 has no effect on the stability of most 60S
      subunit components. The implications of these findings for control of ribosome
      assembly and the order of assembly of ribosomal proteins into the ribosome are
      discussed.

PMID- 2277061
TI  - Dissociation of a 110-kD peripheral membrane protein from the Golgi apparatus is
      an early event in brefeldin A action.
AB  - Brefeldin A (BFA) has a profound effect on the structure of the Golgi apparatus,
      causing Golgi proteins to redistribute into the ER minutes after drug treatment.
      Here we describe the dissociation of a 110-kD cytoplasmically oriented peripheral
      membrane protein (Allan, V. J., and T. E. Kreis. 1986. J. Cell Biol. 103:2229
      2239) from the Golgi apparatus as an early event in BFA action, preceding other
      morphologic changes. In contrast, other peripheral membrane proteins of the Golgi
      apparatus were not released but followed Golgi membrane into the ER during BFA
      treatment. The 110-kD protein remained widely dispersed throughout the cytoplasm
      during drug treatment, but upon removal of BFA it reassociated with membranes
      during reformation of the Golgi apparatus. Although a 30-s exposure to the drug
      was sufficient to cause the redistribution of the 110-kD protein, removal of the
      drug after this short exposure resulted in the reassociation of the 110-kD
      protein and no change in Golgi structure. If cells were exposed to BFA for 1 min
      or more, however, a portion of the Golgi membrane was committed to move into and
      out of the ER after removal of the drug. ATP depletion also caused the reversible
      release of the 110-kD protein, but without Golgi membrane redistribution into the
      ER. These findings suggest that the interaction between the 110-kD protein and
      the Golgi apparatus is dynamic and can be perturbed by metabolic changes or the
      drug BFA.

PMID- 2277062
TI  - The lytic granules of natural killer cells are dual-function organelles combining
      secretory and pre-lysosomal compartments.
AB  - Cytolytic lymphocytes contain specialized lytic granules whose secretion during
      cell-mediated cytolysis results in target cell death. Using serial section EM of
      RNK-16, a natural killer cell line, we show that there are structurally distinct
      types of granules. Each type is composed of varying proportions of a dense core
      domain and a multivesicular cortical domain. The dense core domains contain
      secretory proteins thought to play a role in cytolysis, including cytolysin and
      chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. In contrast, the multivesicular domains contain
      lysosomal proteins, including acid phosphatase, alpha-glucosidase, cathepsin D,
      and LGP-120. In addition to their protein content, the lytic granules have other
      properties in common with lysosomes. The multivesicular regions of the granules
      have an acidic pH, comparable to that of endosomes and lysosomes. The granules
      take up exogenous cationized ferritin with lysosome-like kinetics, and this
      uptake is blocked by weak bases and low temperature. The multivesicular domains
      of the granules are rich in the 270-kD mannose-6-phosphate receptor, a marker
      which is absent from mature lysosomes but present in earlier endocytic
      compartments. Thus, the natural killer granules represent an unusual dual
      function organelle, where a regulated secretory compartment, the dense core, is
      contained within a pre-lysosomal compartment, the multivesicular domain.

PMID- 2277063
TI  - Effect of nocodazole on vesicular traffic to the apical and basolateral surfaces
      of polarized MDCK cells.
AB  - A polarized cell, to maintain distinct basolateral and apical membrane domains,
      must tightly regulate vesicular traffic terminating at either membrane domain. In
      this study we have examined the extent to which microtubules regulate such
      traffic in polarized cells. Using the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expressed
      in polarized MDCK cells, we have examined the effects of nocodazole, a
      microtubule-disrupting agent, on three pathways that deliver proteins to the
      apical surface and two pathways that deliver proteins to the basolateral surface.
      The biosynthetic and transcytotic pathways to the apical surface are dramatically
      altered by nocodazole in that a portion of the protein traffic on each of these
      two pathways is misdirected to the basolateral surface. The apical recycling
      pathway is slowed in the presence of nocodazole but targeting is not disrupted.
      In contrast, the biosynthetic and recycling pathways to the basolateral surface
      are less affected by nocodazole and therefore appear to be more resistant to
      microtubule disruption.

PMID- 2277064
TI  - Actin mRNA localizes in the absence of protein synthesis.
AB  - Actin mRNA is localized in chicken embryo fibroblasts to the distal regions of
      leading lamellae, but not within the ruffling edges. In this investigation we
      have addressed the role of actin translation in this process. The translocation
      of actin mRNA to the cell periphery was studied by monitoring the distribution of
      actin mRNA in cells during spreading. Within 90 min, actin mRNA moved from a
      perinuclear to a peripheral distribution. Formation of lamellipodia preceded
      actin mRNA localization, indicating that localization is not a prerequisite for
      this event. Neither puromycin (which dissociates ribosomes from mRNA) nor
      cycloheximide (which stabilizes ribosomes on mRNA) had any effect on this
      movement of actin mRNA. Anchoring of actin mRNA was studied using cells with
      peripherally localized actin mRNA. No change in actin mRNA localization was
      observed for 30 min in the same inhibitors. These data indicate that the presence
      of the nascent polypeptide is not necessary for translocation of actin mRNA to
      the cell periphery, or anchoring at that site. This suggests that the mRNA
      contains information concerning its spatial distribution within the cytoplasm.

PMID- 2277065
TI  - Developmental regulation of myosin gene expression in mouse cardiac muscle.
AB  - Expression of the two isoforms of cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC), MHC alpha and
      MHC beta, in mammals is regulated postnatally by a variety of stimuli, including
      serum hormone levels. Less is known about the factors that regulate myosin gene
      expression in rapidly growing cardiac muscle in embryos. Using isoform-specific
      35S-labeled cRNA probes corresponding to the two MHC genes and the two myosin
      alkali light chain (MLC) genes expressed in cardiac muscle, we have investigated
      the temporal and spatial pattern of expression of these different genes in the
      developing mouse heart by in situ hybridization. Between 7.5 and 8 d post coitum
      (p.c.), the newly formed cardiac tube begins to express MHC alpha, MHC beta, MLC1
      atrial (MLC1A), and MLC1 ventricular (MLC1V) gene transcripts at high levels
      throughout the myocardium. As a distinct ventricular chamber forms between 8 and
      9 d p.c., MHC beta mRNAs begin to be restricted to ventricular myocytes. This
      process is complete by 10.5 d p.c. During this time, MHC alpha mRNA levels
      decrease in ventricular muscle cells but continue to be expressed at high levels
      in atrial muscle cells. MHC alpha transcripts continue to decrease in ventricular
      myocytes until 16 d p.c., when they are detectable at low levels, but then
      increase, and finally replace MHC beta mRNAs in ventricular muscle by 7 d after
      birth. Like MHC beta, MLC1V transcripts become restricted to ventricular
      myocytes, but at a slower rate. MLC1V mRNAs continue to be detected at low levels
      in atrial cells until 15.5 d p.c. MLC1A mRNA levels gradually decrease but are
      still detectable in ventricular cells until a few days after birth. This dynamic
      pattern of changes in the myosin phenotype in the prenatal mouse heart suggests
      that there are different regulatory mechanisms for cell-specific expression of
      myosin isoforms during cardiac development.

PMID- 2277066
TI  - Normal myogenic cells from newborn mice restore normal histology to degenerating
      muscles of the mdx mouse.
AB  - Dystrophin deficiency in skeletal muscle of the x-linked dystrophic (mdx) mouse
      can be partially remedied by implantation of normal muscle precursor cells (mpc)
      (Partridge, T. A., J. E. Morgan, G. R. Coulton, E. P. Hoffman, and L. M. Kunkel.
      1989. Nature (Lond.). 337:176-179). However, it is difficult to determine whether
      this biochemical "rescue" results in any improvement in the structure or function
      of the treated muscle, because the vigorous regeneration of mdx muscle more than
      compensates for the degeneration (Coulton, G. R., N. A. Curtin, J. E. Morgan, and
      T. A. Partridge. 1988. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 14:299-314). By using x-ray
      irradiation to prevent mpc proliferation, it is possible to study loss of mdx
      muscle fibers without the complicating effect of simultaneous fiber regeneration.
      Thus, improvements in fiber survival resulting from any potential therapy can be
      detected easily (Wakeford, S., D. J. Watt, and T. A. Patridge. 1990. Muscle &
      Nerve.) Here, we have implanted normal mpc, obtained from newborn mice, into such
      preirradiated mdx muscles, finding that it is far more extensively permeated and
      replaced by implanted mpc than is nonirradiated mdx muscle; this is evident both
      from analysis of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase isoenzyme markers and from
      immunoblots and immunostaining of dystrophin in the treated muscles.
      Incorporation of normal mpc markedly reduces the loss of muscle fibers and the
      deterioration of muscle structure which otherwise occurs in irradiated mdx
      muscles. Surprisingly, the regenerated fibers are largely peripherally nucleated,
      whereas regenerated mouse skeletal muscle fibers are normally centrally
      nucleated. We attribute this regeneration of apparently normal muscle to the
      tendency of newborn mouse mpc to recapitulate their neonatal ontogeny, even when
      grafted into 3-wk-old degenerating muscle.

PMID- 2277067
TI  - Supercontracted state of vertebrate smooth muscle cell fragments reveals
      myofilament lengths.
AB  - Isolated cell preparations from chicken gizzard smooth muscle typically contain a
      mixture of cell fragments and whole cells. Both species are spontaneously
      permeable and may be preloaded with externally applied phalloidin and antibodies
      and then induced to contract with Mg ATP. Labeling with antibodies revealed that
      the cell fragments specifically lacked certain cytoskeletal proteins (vinculin,
      filamin) and were depleted to various degrees in others (desmin, alpha-actinin).
      The cell fragments showed a unique mode of supercontraction that involved the
      protrusion of actin filaments through the cell surface during the terminal phase
      of shortening. In the presence of dextran, to minimize protein loss, the
      supercontracted products were star-like in form, comprising long actin bundles
      radiating in all directions from a central core containing myosin, desmin, and
      alpha-actinin. It is concluded that supercontraction is facilitated by an
      effective uncoupling of the contractile apparatus from the cytoskeleton, due to
      partial degradation of the latter, which allows unhindered sliding of actin over
      myosin. Homogenization of the cell fragments before or after supercontraction
      produced linear bipolar dimer structures composed of two oppositely polarized
      bundles of actin flanking a central bundle of myosin filaments. Actin filaments
      were shown to extend the whole length of the bundles and their length averaged
      integral to 4.5 microns. Myosin filaments in the supercontracted dimers averaged
      1.6 microns in length. The results, showing for the first time the high actin to
      myosin filament length ratio in smooth muscle are readily consistent with the
      slow speed of shortening of this tissue. Other implications of the results are
      also discussed.

PMID- 2277068
TI  - The cytoskeletal and contractile apparatus of smooth muscle: contraction bands
      and segmentation of the contractile elements.
AB  - Confocal laser scanning microscopy of isolated and antibody-labeled avian gizzard
      smooth muscle cells has revealed the global organization of the contractile and
      cytoskeletal elements. The cytoskeleton, marked by antibodies to desmin and
      filamin is composed of a mainly longitudinal, meandering and branched system of
      fibrils that contrasts with the plait-like, interdigitating arrangement of linear
      fibrils of the contractile apparatus, labeled with antibodies to myosin and
      tropomyosin. Although desmin and filamin were colocalized in the body of the
      cell, filamin antibodies labeled additionally the vinculin-containing surface
      plaques. In confocal optical sections the contractile fibrils showed a continuous
      label for myosin for at least 5 microns along their length: there was no obvious
      or regular interruption of label as might be expected for registered myosin
      filaments. The cytoplasmic dense bodies, labeled with antibodies to alpha-actinin
      exhibited a regular, diagonal arrangement in both extended cells and in cells
      shortened in solution to one-fifth of their extended length: after the same
      shortening, the fibrils of the cytoskeleton that showed colocalization with the
      dense bodies in extended cells became crumpled and disordered. It is concluded
      that the dense bodies serve as coupling elements between the cytoskeletal and
      contractile systems. After extraction with Triton X-100, isolated cells bound so
      firmly to a glass substrate that they were unable to shorten as a whole when
      exposed to exogenous Mg ATP. Instead, they contracted internally, producing
      integral of 10 regularly spaced contraction nodes along their length. On the
      basis of differences of actin distribution two types of nodes could be
      distinguished: actin-positive nodes, in which actin straddled the node, and actin
      negative nodes, characterized by an actin-free center flanked by actin fringes of
      4.5 microns minimum length on either side. Myosin was concentrated in the center
      of the node in both cases. The differences in node morphology could be correlated
      with different degrees of coupling of the contractile with the cytoskeletal
      elements, effected by a preparation-dependent variability of proteolysis of the
      cells. The nodes were shown to be closely related to the supercontracted cell
      fragments shown in the accompanying paper (Small et al., 1990) and furnished
      further evidence for long actin filaments in smooth muscle. Further, the
      segmentation of the contractile elements pointed to a hierarchial organization of
      the myofilaments governed by as yet undetected elements.

PMID- 2277069
TI  - Microinjection of villin into cultured cells induces rapid and long-lasting
      changes in cell morphology but does not inhibit cytokinesis, cell motility, or
      membrane ruffling.
AB  - Villin, a Ca2(+)-regulated F-actin bundling, severing, capping, and nucleating
      protein, is a major component of the core of microvilli of the intestinal brush
      border. Its actin binding properties, tissue specificity, and expression during
      cell differentiation suggest that it might be involved in the organization of the
      microfilaments in intestinal epithelial cells to form a brush border. Recently,
      Friederich et al., (Friederich, E., C. Huet, M. Arpin, and D. Louvard. 1989.
      Cell. 59:461-475) showed that villin expression in transiently transfected
      fibroblasts resulted in the loss of stress fibers and the appearance of large
      cell surface microvilli on some cells. Here, we describe the effect of villin
      microinjection into cells that normally lack this protein, which has allowed us
      to examine the immediate and long-term effects of introducing different
      concentrations of villin on microfilament organization and function.
      Microinjected cells rapidly lost their stress fibers and the actin was
      reorganized into abundant villin containing cortical structures, including
      microspikes and, in about half the cells, large surface microvilli. This change
      in actin organization persisted in cells for at least 24 h, during which time
      they had gone through two or three cell divisions. Microinjection of villin core,
      that lacks the bundling activity of villin but retains all the Ca2(+)-dependent
      properties, disrupted the stress fiber system and had no effect on cell surface
      morphology. Thus, the Ca2(+)-dependent activities of villin are responsible for
      stress fiber disruption, and the generation of cell surface structures is a
      consequence of its bundling activity. Microinjection of villin led to the
      reorganization of myosin, tropomyosin, and alpha-actinin, proteins normally
      associated with stress fibers, whereas both fimbrin and ezrin, which are also
      components of microvillar core filaments, were readily recruited into the induced
      surface structures. Vinculin was also redistributed from its normal location in
      focal adhesions. Despite these changes in the actin cytoskeleton, cells were able
      to divide and undergo cytokinesis, move, spread on a substratum, and ruffle.
      Thus, we show that a single microfilament-associated protein can reorganize the
      entire microfilament structure of a cell, without interfering with general
      microfilament-based functions like cytokinesis, cell locomotion, and membrane
      ruffling.

PMID- 2277070
TI  - Microinjection of nonmuscle and smooth muscle caldesmon into fibroblasts and
      muscle cells.
AB  - Caldesmon is present in a high molecular mass form in smooth muscle and
      predominantly in a low molecular mass form in nonmuscle cells. Their biochemical
      properties are very similar. To examine whether these two forms of caldesmon
      behave differently in cultured cells, we microinjected fluorescently labeled
      smooth muscle and nonmuscle caldesmons into fibroblasts. Simultaneous injection
      of both caldesmons into the same cells has revealed that both high and low
      relative molecular mass caldesmons are quickly (within 10 min) and stably (over 3
      d) incorporated into the same structures of microfilaments including stress
      fibers and membrane ruffles, suggesting that nonmuscle cells do not distinguish
      nonmuscle caldesmon from smooth muscle caldesmon. The effect of calmodulin on the
      incorporation of caldesmon has been examined by coinjection of caldesmon with
      calmodulin. We have found that calmodulin retards the incorporation of caldesmon
      into stress fibers for a short period (10 min) but not for a longer incubation
      (30 min). The behavior of caldesmon in developing muscle cells was also examined
      because we previously observed that caldesmon disappears during myogenesis
      (Yamashiro, S., R. Ishikawa, and F. Matsumura. 1988. Protoplasma Suppl. 2: 9-21).
      We have found that, in contrast to its stable incorporation into stress fibers of
      fibroblasts, caldesmon is unable to be incorporated into thin filament structure
      (I-band) of differentiated muscle.

PMID- 2277071
TI  - Comparative behavior of membrane protein-antibody complexes on motile
      fibroblasts: implications for a mechanism of capping.
AB  - A characteristic feature of fibroblast locomotory activity is the rearward
      transport across the leading lamella of various materials used to mark the cell
      surface. The two processes most frequently invoked as explanations for this
      transport phenomenon, called capping, are (a) retrograde membrane flow arising
      from directed membrane insertion and (b) rearward cortical cytoskeletal flow
      arising from cytoskeletal assembly and contraction. The retrograde lipid flow
      hypothesis, the most current form of the membrane flow scheme, makes explicit
      predictions about the movement of membrane proteins subjected to the postulated
      rearward lipid flow. Several of these predictions were tested by comparing the
      behavior of four membrane proteins, Pgp-1, Thy-1, H-2, and influenza HA0,
      identified by fluorescent antibodies. With the exception of Pgp-1, these proteins
      were uniformly distributed under nonaggregated conditions but were capped when
      aggregated into patches. In contrast, Pgp-1 was capped in similar time frames in
      both nonaggregated and aggregated states where the lateral diffusion coefficients
      were very different. Furthermore, the capping behavior of two tagged membrane
      proteins was markedly different yet both had similar diffusion coefficients. The
      results from these tests disprove the bulk membrane flow hypothesis and are at
      odds with explicit predictions of the retrograde lipid flow hypothesis for the
      mechanism of capping. This work, therefore, supports the alternative cytoskeletal
      based mechanism for driving capping. Requirements for coupling cytoskeletal
      movement to membrane components are discussed.

PMID- 2277072
TI  - Mechanics of fibroblast locomotion: quantitative analysis of forces and motions
      at the leading lamellas of fibroblasts.
AB  - Shapes, motions, and forces developed in lamellipodia and ruffles at the leading
      edges of primary chick embryo heart fibroblasts were characterized by
      differential interference contrast microscopy and digital video enhancement
      techniques. The initial extension of the cell edge to form a thin, planar
      lamellipodium parallel to the substrate surface was analyzed in two dimensions
      with temporal and spatial resolution of 3 s and 0.2 micron, respectively. An
      extension begins and ends with brief, rapid acceleration and deceleration
      separated by a long period of nearly constant velocity in the range of 4-7
      microns/min. Extensions and retractions were initiated randomly over time. As
      demonstrated by optical sectioning microscopy, the extended lamellipodia formed
      ruffles by sharply bending upward at hinge points 2-4 microns behind their tips.
      Surprisingly, ruffles continued to grow in length at the same average rate after
      bending upward. They maintained a straight shape in vertical cross section,
      suggesting the ruffles were mechanically stiff. The forces required to bend
      ruffles of these cells and of BC3H1 cells were measured by pushing a thin quartz
      fishpole probe against the tip of a ruffle 7-10 microns from its base either
      toward or away from the center of the cell. Force was determined by measuring the
      bending of the probe monitored by video microscopy. Typically the probe forced
      the ruffle to swing rigidly in an arc about an apparent hinge at is base, and
      ruffles rapidly, and almost completely, recovered their shape when the probe was
      removed. Hence, ruffles appeared to be relatively stiff and to resist bending
      with forces more elastic than viscous, unlike the cell body. Ruffles on both
      types of cells resisted bending with forces of 15-30 mudyn/microns of
      displacement at their tips when pushed toward or away from the cell center. The
      significance of the observations for mechanisms of cell locomotion is discussed.

PMID- 2277074
TI  - Assembly intermediates of the mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in
      stably transfected fibroblasts.
AB  - We have used fibroblast clones expressing muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
      alpha and gamma, and alpha and delta subunits to measure the kinetics of subunit
      assembly, and to study the properties of the partially assembled products that
      are formed. We demonstrate by coimmunoprecipitation that assembly intermediates
      in fibroblasts coexpressing alpha and delta subunits are formed in a time
      dependent manner. The alpha and gamma- and the alpha and delta-producing
      transfected cells form complexes that, when labeled with 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin,
      migrate in sucrose gradients at 6.3S, a value consistent with a hetero-dimer
      structure. An additional peak at 8.5S is formed from the alpha and gamma subunits
      expressed in fibroblasts suggesting that gamma may have more than one binding
      site for alpha subunit. The stability and specificity of formation of these
      partially assembled complexes suggests that they are normal intermediates in the
      assembly of acetylcholine receptor. Comparison of the binding of 125I-alpha
      bungarotoxin to intact and detergent-extracted fibroblasts indicate that
      essentially all of the binding sites are retained in an intracellular pool. The
      fibroblast delta subunit has the electrophoretic mobility in SDS-PAGE of a
      precursor that does not contain complex carbohydrates. In addition, alpha gamma
      and alpha delta complexes had lectin binding properties expected of subunits
      lacking complex oligosaccharides. Therefore, fibroblasts coexpressing alpha and
      gamma or alpha and delta subunits produce discrete assembly intermediates that
      are retained in an intracellular compartment and are not processed by Golgi
      enzymes.

PMID- 2277073
TI  - BIK1, a protein required for microtubule function during mating and mitosis in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae, colocalizes with tubulin.
AB  - BIK1 function is required for nuclear fusion, chromosome disjunction, and nuclear
      segregation during mitosis. The BIK1 protein colocalizes with tubulin to the
      spindle pole body and mitotic spindle. Synthetic lethality observed in double
      mutant strains containing a mutation in the BIK1 gene and in the gene for alpha-
      or beta-tubulin is consistent with a physical interaction between BIK1 and
      tubulin. Furthermore, over- or underexpression of BIK1 causes aberrant
      microtubule assembly and function, bik1 null mutants are viable but contain very
      short or undetectable cytoplasmic microtubules. Spindle formation often occurs
      strictly within the mother cell, probably accounting for the many multinucleate
      and anucleate bik1 cells. Elevated levels of chromosome loss in bik1 cells are
      indicative of defective spindle function. Nuclear fusion is blocked in bik1 x
      bik1 zygotes, which have truncated cytoplasmic microtubules. Cells overexpressing
      BIK1 initially have abnormally short or nonexistent spindle microtubules and long
      cytoplasmic microtubules. Subsequently, cells lose all microtubule structures,
      coincident with the arrest of division. Based on these results, we propose that
      BIK1 is required stoichiometrically for the formation or stabilization of
      microtubules during mitosis and for spindle pole body fusion during conjugation.

PMID- 2277075
TI  - Mutational analysis of muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit assembly.
AB  - The structural elements required for normal maturation and assembly of the
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit were investigated by expression of
      mutated subunits in transfected fibroblasts. Normally, the wild-type alpha
      subunit acquires high affinity alpha bungarotoxin binding in a time-dependent
      manner; however, mutation of the 128 and/or 142 cysteines to either serine or
      alanine, as well as deletion of the entire 14 amino acids in this region
      abolished all detectable high affinity binding. Nonglycosylated subunits that had
      a serine to glycine mutation in the consensus sequence also did not efficiently
      attain high affinity binding to toxin. In contrast, mutation of the proline at
      position 136 to glycine or alanine, or a double mutation of the cysteines at
      position 192 and 193 to serines had no effect on the acquisition of high affinity
      toxin binding. These data suggest that a disulfide bridge between cysteines 128
      and 142 and oligosaccharide addition at asparagine 141 are required for the
      normal maturation of alpha subunit as assayed by high affinity toxin binding. The
      unassembled wild-type alpha subunit expressed in fibroblasts is normally degraded
      with a t1/2 of 2 h; upon assembly with the delta subunit, the degradation rate
      slows significantly (t1/2 greater than 13 h). All mutated alpha subunits retained
      the capacity to assemble with a delta subunit coexpressed in fibroblasts;
      however, mutated alpha subunits that were not glycosylated or did not acquire
      high affinity toxin binding were rapidly degraded (t1/2 = 20 min to 2 h)
      regardless of whether or not they assembled with the delta subunit. Assembly and
      rapid degradation of nonglycosylated acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunits and
      subunit complexes were also observed in tunicamycin-treated BC3H-1 cells, a mouse
      musclelike cell line that normally expresses functional AChR. Hence, rapid
      degradation may be one form of regulation assuring that only correctly processed
      and assembled subunits accumulate, and ultimately make functional receptors in
      AChR-expressing cells.

PMID- 2277076
TI  - Three-dimensional structure of the acetylcholine receptor by cryoelectron
      microscopy and helical image reconstruction.
AB  - Long tubular vesicles have been grown from isolated Torpedo postsynaptic
      membranes, in which the receptors are arranged helically on the vesicle surface.
      The structures of these tubes have been analyzed by cryoelectron microscopy of
      specimens embedded in thin films of ice, combined with helical image
      reconstruction. Complete data sets from tubes belonging to several helical
      families have been obtained to a resolution of 17 A in all directions. Confirming
      a preliminary study (Toyoshima, C., and N. Unwin. 1988. Nature (Lond.). 336:247
      250), the central ion channel has an almost constant diameter throughout the
      molecule except for the portion extending through the hydrophobic part of the
      lipid bilayer, where the pore is too small to be resolved. However, the density
      on the pseudo fivefold axis running through the pore is consistently highest in
      the cytoplasmic half of the bilayer, suggesting the gate is located in that
      region. The path followed by each subunit has been identified throughout the
      length of the receptor. The two alpha subunits follow equivalent paths. All
      subunits have similar features which change in character at the same level
      relative to the membrane.

PMID- 2277077
TI  - Neuron-specific membrane glycoproteins promoting neurite fasciculation in Aplysia
      californica.
AB  - We have generated a library of mouse monoclonal antibodies against membrane
      proteins of the nervous system of the marine snail Aplysia californica. Two of
      these antibodies, 4E8 and 3D9, recognize a group of membrane glycoproteins with
      molecular masses of 100-150 kD. We have called these proteins ap100, from the
      molecular mass of the most abundant species. Based on Western blots, these
      proteins appear to be specific for the nervous system. They are enriched in the
      neuropil of central nervous system ganglia, and are present on the surface of
      neurites and growth cones of neurons in culture. They are not expressed on the
      surface of nonneuronal cells. Staining of living cells with fluorescently labeled
      mAb demonstrates that the epitope(s) are on the outside of the cell. The
      antibodies against the proteins defasciculate growing axons and alter the
      morphology of growth cones, but affect much less adhesion between neuritic
      shafts. In addition, the level of expression of these molecules appears to
      correlate with the degree of fasciculation of neurites. These observations
      suggest that the ap100 proteins are cell adhesion molecules that play a role in
      axon growth in the nervous system of Aplysia. The fact that they are enriched in
      the neuropil and possibly in varicosities suggest that they may also be relevant
      for the structure of mature synapses.

PMID- 2277078
TI  - Schwann cell proliferation in vitro is under negative autocrine control.
AB  - In healthy adult peripheral nerve, Schwann cells are believed to be generally
      quiescent. Similarly, cultures of isolated rat sciatic nerve Schwann cells hardly
      proliferate in serum-supplemented medium. The possibility that Schwann cells
      negatively regulate their own proliferation was supported by the demonstration
      that conditioned media from Schwann cell cultures inhibited the proliferation of
      mitogen-stimulated test cultures. The inhibition could be complete, was dose
      dependent, and was exhibited when the test Schwann cells were under the influence
      of different types of mitogens such as cholera toxin, laminin, and living
      neurons. The inhibition of proliferation was completely reversible and a rapid
      doubling of cell number resulted when treatment with conditioned medium was
      withdrawn from mitogen-stimulated Schwann cells. Conditioned medium from cholera
      toxin-stimulated and immortalized Schwann cell cultures contained less
      antiproliferative activity than that found in medium from quiescent Schwann cell
      cultures. However, media conditioned by two actively proliferating rat Schwannoma
      cell lines were rich sources of antiproliferative activity for Schwann cells.
      Unlike the mitogen-stimulated Schwann cells, whose proliferation could be
      inhibited completely, the immortalized and transformed Schwann cell types were
      nearly unresponsive to the antiproliferative activity. The antiproliferative
      activity in Schwann and Schwannoma cell conditioned media was submitted to gel
      filtration and SDS-PAGE. The activity exists in at least two distinct forms: (a)
      a high molecular weight complex with an apparent molecular mass greater than
      1,000 kD, and (b) a lower molecular weight form having a molecular mass of 55 kD.
      The active 55-kD form could be derived from the high molecular weight form by gel
      filtration performed under dissociating conditions. The 55-kD form was further
      purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. These results suggest that Schwann cells
      produce an autocrine factor, which we designate as a "neural antiproliferative
      protein," which completely inhibits the in vitro proliferation of Schwann cells
      but not that of immortalized Schwann cells or Schwannoma lines.

PMID- 2277079
TI  - Structure and chromosomal localization of the gene for the oligodendrocyte-myelin
      glycoprotein.
AB  - Utilizing a cDNA clone encoding the oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp) to
      screen a human genomic DNA library, we have obtained a clone that contains the
      OMgp gene. The genomic clone was restriction mapped and the OMgp gene and its 5'
      and 3' flanking regions were sequenced. A single intron is found in the 5'
      untranslated region of the gene, while the coding region is uninterrupted by an
      intron. This placement of a single intron in the OMgp gene is identical to that
      of the gene for the alpha-chain of platelet glycoprotein Ib, which, along with
      OMgp, belongs to a family of proteins sharing two distinct structural domains: an
      NH2-terminal cysteine-rich domain and an adjacent domain of tandem leucine-rich
      repeats. Hence, it is possible that this family of proteins is not only related
      in terms of primary structure, but also through similar gene structure. Sequence
      comparison of the 5' and 3' flanking regions did not reveal striking similarities
      to other DNA sequences, and no obvious promoter elements were noted. By
      hybridization of the genomic clone to metaphase cells, we have localized the
      human OMgp gene to chromosome 17 bands q11-12, a region to which the
      neurofibromatosis type 1 gene has been previously mapped.

PMID- 2277080
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a 60-70-kD plasma membrane glycoprotein
      involved in the contact-dependent inhibition of growth.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that plasma membrane compounds are involved in the
      contact-dependent inhibition of growth of human diploid fibroblasts. The
      purification of the active plasma membrane glycoprotein is described in this
      report. The glycoprotein has an apparent molecular mass of 60-70 kD and, due to
      differential sialylation, isoelectric points between pH 5.5. and 6.2. Treatment
      with sialidase yielded one spot in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with an
      isoelectric point of 6.3. After removal of the N-glycosidically linked
      oligosaccharide chains, the apparent molecular mass is reduced by approximately
      22 kD. Treatment was diluted NaOH, which removes the O-glycosidically linked
      portion of oligosaccharides, resulted in a reduction of the apparent molecular
      mass by approximately 5 kD. The addition of 50 ng/ml of this glycoprotein-for
      which the term "contactinhibin" is proposed-in immobilized form to sparsely
      seeded human fibroblasts resulted in a reversible 70-80% inhibition of growth.
      The inhibition was not confined to human fibroblasts as other cells were also
      inhibited, with the exclusion of transformed cells, which are refractory to
      contactinhibin. The inhibitory activity was abolished by treatment with beta
      galactosidase or glycopeptidase F, indicating that the glycan moiety is the
      biologically active part of the molecule. Confluent cultures treated with
      antibodies raised against contactinhibin were released from the contact-dependent
      inhibition of growth. In addition to enhanced saturation density, these cultures
      exhibited a crisscross growth pattern and the formation of foci.
      Immunocytochemical studies showed that contactinhibin was associated with
      vimentin. Furthermore, contactinhibin was found to be not expressed in a species-
      or organ-specific manner.

PMID- 2277081
TI  - A cell cycle analysis of growth-related genes expressed during T lymphocyte
      maturation.
AB  - Fetal liver or bone marrow-derived T lymphocyte precursors undergo extensive,
      developmentally regulated proliferation in response to inductive signals from the
      thymic microenvironment. We have used neonatal mouse thymocytes size-separated by
      centrifugal elutriation to study the cell cycle stage-specific expression of
      several genes associated with cell proliferation. These include genes involved in
      the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotide precursors, such as dihydrofolate
      reductase (DHFR), thymidylate synthase (TS), and the M1 and M2 subunits of
      ribonucleotide reductase, as well as c-myc, a cellular oncogene of unknown
      function. Using nuclear run-on assays, we observed that the transcription rates
      for these genes, with the exception of TS, are essentially invariant not only
      throughout the cell cycle in proliferating cells, but also in noncycling (G0)
      cells. The TS gene showed a transient increase in transcription rate in cells
      which bordered between a proliferating and nonproliferating status. Studies of an
      elutriated T cell line, S49.1, yielded similar results, indicating that the
      process of immortalization has not affected the transcriptional regulation of
      these genes. Analysis of steady-state mRNA levels using an RNase protection assay
      demonstrated that the levels of DHFR and TS mRNA accumulate as thymocytes
      progress through the cell cycle. In contrast, only the M2 subunit of
      ribonucleotide reductase showed cyclic regulation. Finally, in contrast to
      cultured cell models, we observed an abrupt fivefold increase in the steady-state
      level of c-myc mRNA in the transition from G1 to S-phase. We conclude from these
      studies that the transcriptional regulation of specific genes necessary for
      cellular proliferation is a minor component of the developmental modulation of
      the thymocyte cell cycle.

PMID- 2277082
TI  - Role of the extracellular matrix protein thrombospondin in the early development
      of the mouse embryo.
AB  - The distribution of the extracellular matrix protein thrombospondin (TSP) in
      cleavage to egg cylinder staged mouse embryos and its role in trophoblast
      outgrowth from cultured blastocysts were examined. TSP was present within the
      cytoplasm of unfertilized eggs; in fertilized one- to four-cell embryos; by the
      eight-cell stage, TSP was also densely deposited at cell-cell borders. In the
      blastocyst, although TSP was present in all three cell types; trophectoderm,
      endoderm, and inner cell mass (ICM), it was enriched in the ICM and at the
      surface of trophectoderm cells. Hatched blastocysts grown on matrix-coated
      coverslips formed extensive trophoblast outgrowths on TSP, grew slightly less
      avidly on laminin, or on a 140-kD fragment of TSP containing its COOH terminus
      and putative cell binding domains. There was little outgrowth on the NH2 terminus
      heparin-binding domain. Addition of anti-TSP antibodies (but not GRGDS) to
      blastocysts growing on TSP strikingly inhibited outgrowth. Consistent with its
      early appearance and presence in trophoblast cells during implantation, TSP may
      play an important role in the early events involved in mammalian embryogenesis.

PMID- 2277085
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis and modeling of cell-cell adhesive interactions: the
      neutrophil as a model.
AB  - The immune function of granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and other
      specialized cells depends upon intercellular adhesion. In many cases the
      molecules mediating leukocyte cell adhesion belong to the Leu-CAM superfamily of
      adhesive molecules. To elucidate the events of homotypic aggregation in a
      quantitative fashion, we have examined the aggregation of neutrophils stimulated
      with formyl peptides, where aggregate formation is a transient reversible cell
      function. We have mathematically modeled the kinetics of aggregation using a
      linear model based on particle geometry and rates of aggregate formation and
      breakup. The time course was modeled as a three-phase process, each phase with
      distinct rate constants. Aggregate formation was measured on the flow cytometer;
      singlets and larger particles were distinguished using the intravital stain LDS
      751. Aggregation proceeded rapidly after stimulation with formyl peptide (CHO-nle
      leu-phe-nle-tyr-lys). The first phase lasted 30-60 s; this was modeled with the
      largest aggregation rate and smallest rate of disaggregation. Aggregate formation
      plateaued during the second phase which lasted up to 2.5 min. This phase was
      modeled with an aggregation rate nearly an order of magnitude less than that of
      the initial fast phase, whereas the disaggregation rate for this phase did not
      change significantly. A third phase where disaggregation predominated, lasted the
      remaining 2-3 min and was modeled with a four to fivefold increase of the
      disaggregation rate. The mechanism of cell-cell adhesion in the plateau phase was
      probed with the monoclonal antibody IB4 to the CD18 subunit of the adhesive
      receptor CR3. Based on these studies it appears that new aggregates do not form
      to a large degree after the first phase of aggregate formation is complete.
      However, new adhesive contact sites may form within the contact region of these
      adherent cells to keep the aggregates together.

PMID- 2277083
TI  - Extracellular matrix molecules and cell adhesion molecules induce neurites
      through different mechanisms.
AB  - It has recently become clear that both extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins
      and various cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) can promote neurite outgrowth from
      primary neurons, though little is known of the intracellular mechanisms through
      which these signals are transduced. We have previously obtained evidence that
      protein kinase C function is an important part of the neuronal response to
      laminin (Bixby, J.L. 1989. Neuron. 3:287-297). Because such CAMs as L1
      (Lagenauer, C., and V. Lemmon. 1987. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:7753-7757)
      and N-cadherin (Bixby, J.L. and R. Zhang. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 110:1253-1260) can
      be purified and used as substrates to promote neurite growth, we have now tested
      whether the response to CAMs is similarly dependent on protein kinase C. We find
      that inhibition of protein kinase C inhibits growth on fibronectin or collagen as
      well as on laminin. In contrast, C kinase inhibition actually potentiates the
      initial growth response to L1 or N-cadherin. The later "phase" of outgrowth on
      both of these CAMs is inhibited, however. Additionally, phorbol esters, which
      have no effect on neurite growth when optimal laminin concentrations are used,
      potentiate growth even on optimal concentrations of L1 or N-cadherin. The results
      indicate that different intracellular mechanisms operate during initial process
      outgrowth on ECM substrates as compared to CAM substrates, and suggest that
      protein kinase C function is required for continued neurite growth on each of
      these glycoproteins.

PMID- 2277084
TI  - Recognition of the A chain carboxy-terminal heparin binding region of fibronectin
      involves multiple sites: two contiguous sequences act independently to promote
      neural cell adhesion.
AB  - Cellular interactions with fibronectin-treated substrata have a complex molecular
      basis involving multiple domains. A carboxy-terminal cell and heparin binding
      region of fibronectin (FN) is particularly interesting because it is a strong
      promoter of neurite outgrowth (Rogers, S.L., J.B. McCarthy, S.L. Palm, L.T.
      Furcht, and P.C. Letourneau, 1985. J. Neurosci. 5:369-378) and cell attachment
      (McCarthy, J.B., S.T. Hagen, and L.T. Furcht. 1986. J. Cell Biol. 102:179-188).
      To further understand the molecular mechanisms of neuronal interactions with this
      region of FN, we screened two peptides from the 33-kD heparin binding fragment of
      the FN A chain, FN-C/H II (KNNQKSEPLIGRKKT) and CS1 (Humphries, M.J., A.
      Komoriya, S.K. Akiyama, K. Olden, and K.M. Yamada. 1987. J. Biol. Chem. 262:6886
      6892), for their ability to promote B104 neuroblastoma cell-substratum adhesion
      and neurite outgrowth. Both FN-C/H II and CS1 promoted B104 cell attachment in a
      concentration-dependent and saturable manner, with attachment to FN-C/H II
      exceeding attachment to CS1. In solution, both exogenous FN-C/H II or CS1
      partially inhibited cell adhesion to the 33-kD fragment. Similar results were
      obtained with anti-FN-C/H II antibodies. In contrast, soluble GRGDSP did not
      affect B104 cell adhesion to FN-C/H II. These results indicate that both FN-C/H
      II and CS1 represent distinct, RGD-independent, cell adhesion-promoting sites
      active within the 33-kD fragment, and further define FN-C/H II as a novel neural
      recognition sequence in FN. B104 adhesion to FN-C/H II and CS1 differs in
      sensitivity to heparin, yet each peptide inhibited adhesion to the other peptide,
      suggesting cell adhesion is somehow related at the cellular level. Within the A
      chain 33-kD fragment, FN-C/H II and CS1 are contiguous, and might represent
      components of a larger domain with greater neurite-promoting activity since only
      the 33-kD fragment, and neither individual peptide, was effective at promoting
      B104 neurite outgrowth. These data further support the hypothesis that cell
      responses to FN are mediated by multiple sites involving both heparin-sensitive
      and -insensitive mechanisms.

PMID- 2277088
TI  - Characteristics of cells that give rise to the central nervous system.

PMID- 2277086
TI  - Requirement for sialic acid on the endothelial ligand of a lymphocyte homing
      receptor.
AB  - The entry of blood-borne lymphocytes into most secondary lymphoid organs is
      initiated by a highly specific adhesive interaction with the specialized cuboidal
      endothelial cells of high endothelial venules (HEV). The adhesive receptors on
      lymphocytes that dictate interactions with HEV in different lymphoid organs are
      called homing receptors, signifying their critical role in controlling organ
      selective lymphocyte migration. Considerable work has established that the mouse
      peripheral lymph node homing receptor (pnHR), defined by the mAb MEL-14,
      functions as a lectin-like adhesive protein. We have previously shown that
      sialidase treatment of peripheral lymph node (PN) HEV abrogates lymphocyte
      attachment to the HEV both in vivo and in vitro. We extend this evidence by
      demonstrating that Limax agglutinin (LA), a sialic acid-specific lectin, when
      reacted with HEV exposed in cryostat-cut tissue sections, blocks lymphocyte
      attachment to PN HEV and, unexpectedly, to the HEV of Peyer's patches (PP) as
      well. Using a recombinant form of the pnHR as a histochemical probe for its
      cognate adhesive site (HEV-ligand) on PN HEV, we demonstrate that both sialidase
      and Limax agglutinin functionally inactive this ligand. It is concluded that the
      requirement for sialic acid is at the level of the pnHR interaction with its HEV
      ligand. A distinct sialyloligosaccharide may encode the recognition determinant
      of a PP HEV ligand.

PMID- 2277087
TI  - Integrin-associated protein: a 50-kD plasma membrane antigen physically and
      functionally associated with integrins.
AB  - Phagocytosis by monocytes or neutrophils can be enhanced by interaction with
      several proteins or synthetic peptides containing the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence.
      Recently we showed that an mAb, B6H12, specifically inhibited this enhancement of
      neutrophil phagocytosis by inhibiting Arg-Gly-Asp binding to the leukocyte
      response integrin (Gresham, H. D., J. L. Goodwin, P. M. Allen, D. C. Anderson,
      and E. J. Brown. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 108:1935-1943). Now, we have purified the
      antigen recognized by B6H12 to homogeneity. Surprisingly, it is a 50-kD molecule
      that is expressed on the plasma membranes of all hematopoietic cells, including
      erythrocytes, which express no known integrins. On platelets and placenta, but
      not on erythrocytes, this protein is associated with an integrin that can be
      recognized by an anti-beta 3 antibody. In addition, both the anti-beta 3 and
      several mAbs recognizing the 50-kD protein inhibit Arg-Gly-Asp stimulation of
      phagocytosis. These data demonstrate an association between integrins and the 50
      kD protein on several cell types. For this reason, we call it Integrin-associated
      Protein (IAP). We hypothesize that IAP may play a role in signal transduction for
      enhanced phagocytosis by Arg-Gly-Asp ligands.

PMID- 2277089
TI  - Localization of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in CHO cells transfected
      with PDGF A- or B-chain cDNA: retention of PDGF-BB in the endoplasmic reticulum
      and Golgi complex.
AB  - Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a powerful mitogen for connective tissue
      cells. It is made up of two polypeptide chains (A and B) and exists in three
      dimeric forms (AA, AB, and BB). Transfection experiments have indicated that PDGF
      AA and -AB are secreted as 30 x 10(3) Mr products, whereas PDGF-BB is processed
      into a 24 x 10(3) Mr product and remains associated with the cells. Here, CHO
      cells were transfected with PDGF B- or A-chain cDNA and the intracellular
      distributions of the respective gene products were compared by indirect
      immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, using primary antibodies
      specific for PDGF B- and A-chain homodimers. PDGF-BB was most conspicuous in
      stacked Golgi cisternae. It was also found in the endoplasmic reticulum and in
      lysosomes. Upon treatment of the cells with the microtubule-disruptive drug
      nocodazole, the Golgi complex was broken up and its stacks of cisternae were
      dispersed throughout the cytoplasm together with clusters of lysosomes. After
      this structural disorganization, the concentration of PDGF-BB to the Golgi stacks
      was even more prominent than before. Weak reactivity for PDGF-AA was detected in
      the endoplasmic reticulum and groups of vacuoles, both in control and nocodazole
      treated cells, whereas Golgi stacks and lysosomes only seldom were positive. The
      observations suggest that PDGF-BB is processed and retained within the
      endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Eventually, it may also be transferred
      to lysosomes for degradation. In contrast, PDGF-AA is likely to follow a pathway
      for bulk flow, including rapid passage through the endoplasmic reticulum and
      Golgi complex, package in secretory vacuoles, and extracellular release by
      exocytosis.

PMID- 2277090
TI  - Characterization of the ZO-1 protein in endothelial and other cell lines.
AB  - A high molecular weight tight junction-associated protein, ZO-1, has been
      demonstrated in liver (hepatocytes) and in both epithelium and endothelium. We
      carried out studies to examine the presence of the protein in vascular
      endothelial cell cultures and several other types of cultured cells, and the
      relationship between the ZO-1 protein content and confluency of endothelial cell
      monolayers. Immunofluorescence labelling of endothelial monolayers and two types
      of epithelial monolayers, IEC-6 and MDCK, with monoclonal antibody against ZO-1
      protein localized the protein to the cell peripheries. Its association with the
      cell periphery only occurred when cells had contact with one another as
      demonstrated in endothelial cells. We have been able to show a positive
      correlation between the ZO-1 content of the cells and the extent of monolayer
      confluency in the endothelial cells by immunoblotting. The protein is much less
      expressed in nonconfluent endothelial cell monolayers and totally absent from
      mouse myeloma cultures. The presence and confluence-related expression of the
      protein in endothelium give support to the hypothesis that tight junctions exist
      in confluent endothelial cells and that the ZO-1 protein is expressed under the
      conditions where tight junction interactions occur.

PMID- 2277091
TI  - Desmosomal glycoproteins 2 and 3 (desmocollins) show N-terminal similarity to
      calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules.
AB  - The N-terminal sequence of a mixture of desmosomal glycoproteins 2 and 3 (dg2/3,
      desmocollins) from bovine nasal epidermis, prepared by electro-elution from
      polyacrylamide gels, was determined by solid-phase Edman degradation. A sequence
      of 23 amino acids was obtained. This showed 43% identity with that of the N
      terminus of the calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule, N-cadherin. A lesser
      degree of identity with other members of the cadherin-uvomorulin-L-CAM family was
      also found. In order to confirm that the sequence was derived from the dg2/3
      molecules a rabbit antiserum was raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding
      to the sequence, conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). The antiserum
      obtained showed high (titre) activity against both the peptide and KLH in ELISA.
      Each activity could be specifically adsorbed with the appropriate ligand. The
      antiserum reacted specifically with both dg2 and dg3 of bovine nasal epidermis on
      immunoblots, this binding was blocked by the N-terminal peptide but was
      unaffected by KLH. The identity of dg2 and -3 in these preparations was confirmed
      by immunoblotting with two monoclonal antibodies and one polyclonal antiserum
      raised against the whole molecules. The N-terminal peptide antiserum was shown to
      bind to the intercellular space of desmosome profiles by immunoelectron
      microscopy on ultra-thin frozen sections. One of the two monoclonal antibodies
      (07-4D) also reacted with the desmosomal intercellular space. dg2 and -3 were
      shown by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease digestion to have identical one
      dimensional peptide maps. Both the N-terminal antiserum and 07-4D reacted with a
      V8 fragment of 19,000 Mr derived from dg2 and dg3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2277092
TI  - Desmoplakin II expression is not restricted to stratified epithelia.
AB  - Desmosomes are major intercellular junctions found in association with
      intermediate filaments in epithelial, cardiac and arachnoidal tissue.
      Desmoplakins I and II (DPI and II) are highly related proteins localized in the
      innermost part of the desmosomal plaque and are candidates for linking
      intermediate filaments (IF) to the desmosomal complex. While investigators agree
      that DPI is present in all epithelia, they disagree on the distribution of DPII.
      Some have reported DPII to be restricted to stratified tissue and have
      furthermore suggested that the expression of DPII may be linked to
      stratification. We have compared the expression of DPI and II at the mRNA and
      protein levels in cell lines derived from simple, transitional and stratified
      epithelia. Northern blot analysis revealed DPI and II mRNA to be present in all
      cell lines as well as simple and stratified epithelial tissues. However, DPII
      mRNA could not be detected in cardiac muscle tissue. Immunoblotting and
      immunoprecipitation demonstrated the presence of DPI and II in all cell lines at
      the whole-cell protein level as well as in association with cytoskeletal
      fractions. Immunofluorescence staining was used to correlate the biochemical
      findings with the localization of DPI and II. While most cell lines exhibited
      typical intercellular and in many cases cytoplasmic DP staining, T24 cells
      exhibited predominantly diffuse and dotty cytoplasmic staining. In addition, we
      investigated whether changes in DPI and II expression occurred following calcium
      induced cell contact formation and stratification in the human pharyngeal cell
      line, FaDu. No significant changes in mRNA or whole-cell protein levels were
      observed during a period of 5 days following the calcium switch. However,
      immunoblotting revealed a significant increase in DPI and II levels in the
      insoluble protein pool during desmosome formation. These observations indicated a
      possible recruitment of soluble DPI/II into an insoluble pool after induction of
      desmosome assembly by the calcium switch, consistent with earlier reports for
      MDCK cells. In summary, our results suggest that the expression of DPII is not
      strictly linked to stratification or differentiation; however, the apparent
      absence of DPII mRNA from cardiac muscle suggests it may not be a constituent of
      all desmosomes.

PMID- 2277093
TI  - Interzonal microtubules are dynamic during spindle elongation.
AB  - The pattern and extent of microtubule assembly during spindle elongation has been
      examined in PtK1 cells by microinjection of biotin-tubulin and immunolocalization
      of biotin-tubulin-containing microtubules using antibodies to biotin. PtK1 cells
      were microinjected at 30 degrees C, incubated for various intervals to allow
      incorporation of biotin-tubulin into microtubules, then lysed, fixed and stained
      for biotin-tubulin and total tubulin. When mid- to late anaphase cells were
      examined at short times post-injection, using conventional fluorescence light
      microscopy, rapid incorporation of biotin-tubulin was detected throughout the
      interzonal region, between the separating chromosomes, and in the spindle asters.
      Using confocal fluorescence microscopy, the segments of biotin-labeled
      microtubules in the interzonal region were found to be continuous with the
      distal, or plus-ends, of unlabeled microtubules. When teleophase cells were
      examined, a marked decline in the extent of incorporation was apparent.
      Quantitative analysis of the total length of labeled polymer in the interzonal
      region of cells from mid-anaphase through telophase further reveals that the
      extent of incorporation was maximal during late anaphase, and decreased during
      telophase. The measured rate of interzonal microtubule growth remained relatively
      constant during this period. Our results provide direct evidence for plus-end
      elongation of interzonal microtubules during spindle elongation and further
      reveal that interzonal microtubules are highly dynamic during late anaphase
      spindle elongation. The implications of these results for the mechanism of
      anaphase B are discussed.

PMID- 2277094
TI  - Microinjection of covalently cross-linked actin oligomers causes disruption of
      existing actin filament architecture in PtK2 cells.
AB  - Experiments were performed to determine the effects of interrupting the flux of
      actin monomers between unpolymerised and polymerised pools in PtK2 cells by (1)
      microinjecting exogenous polymerisation nuclei and (2) blocking endogenous
      assembly sites with low concentrations of cytochalasin D. Fluorescent actin
      oligomers were prepared by glutaraldehyde cross-linking F-actin derivatised at
      cysteine-374 with 5-iodoacetamido-fluorescein. These oligomers caused rapid
      nucleation of polymerisation of pyrene-labelled actin in vitro. Different numbers
      of polymerisation nuclei were injected into PtK2 cells and the cells were
      incubated for various times. Microinjection of between 1.2 X 10(4) and 1.8 X
      10(4) nuclei per cell resulted in the complete disassembly of existing actin
      filament structures in nearly half of the cells within 15 min. Existing
      structures in such cells were replaced by foci of polymerised actin, which co
      localised with concentrations of nuclei. Injection of increasing numbers of
      nuclei between 3 X 10(3) and 1.2 X 10(4) caused fragmentation of stress fibres in
      an increasing proportion of cells, whereas injection of less than 3 X 10(3)
      caused no obvious effects even over a 90 min incubation period. These data
      indicate that the degree of disruption of stress fibres was a function of the
      number of nuclei injected, but that it was less dependent on the incubation time.
      The minimum number of injected nuclei causing complete disruption of actin
      filament structures provides an estimate for the number of endogenous nuclei
      involved in filament turnover, whereas the minimum period for reorganisation
      (about 15min) implies a maximum time for the complete turnover of actin in the
      system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277096
TI  - Subpopulations of chondrocytes from different zones of pig articular cartilage.
      Isolation, growth and proteoglycan synthesis in culture.
AB  - Articular cartilage varies in ultrastructure and composition with distance from
      the articular surface. We have cultured chondrocytes from different zones of pig
      articular cartilage and investigated whether there are intrinsic differences in
      their behaviour that might account for the variation observed in intact tissue.
      On isolation, cells from the upper third of the cartilage were smaller than those
      of the lower third, but this difference was not maintained in culture. Upper zone
      cells attached and spread more slowly than lower zone cells; morphological
      differences between the two populations could be seen for several weeks. The
      growth rates of the two populations were similar, but upper zone cells reached a
      lower confluent density. Levels of protein synthesis were similar for both
      populations, but upper zone cells deposited less proteoglycan in the cell layer.
      On isolation, the percentage of upper zone cells that stained positive with MZ15,
      a monoclonal antibody to keratan sulphate, was smaller than the percentage of
      lower zone cells, but this difference was lost after several days in culture.
      Nevertheless, the keratan sulphate content of proteoglycan synthesised by lower
      zone chondrocytes at high density was greater than of that synthesised by upper
      zone cells. The proportion of nonaggregating proteoglycan was greater in upper
      than lower zone cartilage and this difference was also observed in long-term
      cultures. proteoglycans were further characterised by composite and
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunoblotting; differences detected in
      cartilage extracts were not, however, maintained in culture; instead, the small
      proteoglycans synthesised by both upper and lower zone cells varied with plating
      density. Finally, alkaline phosphatase, a marker of hypertrophic, calcifying
      cartilage, was only expressed in lower zone cultures. We conclude that some of
      the observed heterogeneity of articular cartilage reflects intrinsic differences
      between the cells of different zones, whereas some may reflect the response of
      chondrocytes to different environmental conditions.

PMID- 2277095
TI  - Use of conjugates made between a cytolytic T cell clone and target cells to study
      the redistribution of membrane molecules in cell contact areas.
AB  - In many models of cell-cell adhesion, it was reported that some cell membrane
      molecules might be redistributed into contact areas. However, this phenomenon was
      not subjected to precise quantification. In the present work, fluorescence
      microscopy, immunolabelling and digital image processing were combined to analyse
      quantitatively the spatial organization of specific or nonspecific conjugates
      made with a cytolytic T (CTL) lymphocyte clone (BM3.3) and target cells (EL4 or
      RDM4). Binding was achieved under calcium-free conditions to study the earliest
      steps of cell interaction, preceding CTL activation. Fluorescent antibodies were
      used to label class I histocompatibility molecules on both killer and target
      cells, and T cell receptor, CD3, CD8 and LFA-1 (CD18/CD11a) on the killer cells.
      Membrane bilayers were stained with a fluorescent phospholipid, glycoconjugates
      were labelled with periodic oxidation and Lucifer Yellow uptake, and polymerized
      actin was revealed with a fluorescent phallacidin derivative. Also, the fine
      geometry of killer-target interaction area was studied with electron microscopy
      and computer-assisted contour analysis. It is concluded that: (1) qualitative
      examination of fluorescence photomicrographs cannot permit accurate comparison
      between different fluorescence densities. (2) The cell-cell contact area was
      about fourfold higher in specific conjugates than in non-specific ones. (3) The
      surface density of adhesion molecules exhibited similar increases (between 30 and
      80%) in the contact areas of both specific and nonspecific conjugates. (4)
      However, the amount of redistributed surface molecules was higher when cell-cell
      interaction was enhanced either by specific immunological recognition (in
      specific conjugates) or periodate oxidation. (5) Since redistribution did not
      require extracellular calcium and it was detected on nonspecific conjugates, this
      did not require full lymphocyte activation. Spatial reorganization of cell
      surface molecules may thus be a general consequence of adhesion, cell surface
      mobility and intermolecular forces.

PMID- 2277097
TI  - Phenotypic modulation in sub-populations of human articular chondrocytes in
      vitro.
AB  - Human articular cartilage has been separated into surface (approx. 15% of tissue
      depth) and deep zones (remaining tissue) and the constituent chondrocytes
      released by enzymic digestion. Subsequent culture either as a low density
      monolayer or as a suspension over agarose revealed distinct morphological and
      synthetic behaviour in the two populations. Whilst in monolayer these
      morphological differences disappeared with time in culture, over agarose they
      remained. Surface zone cells formed two types of cell cluster; one that was
      highly cellular with little extracellular matrix, and the other less frequent,
      which formed copious amounts of fibrillar matrix. Both types of cluster were
      surrounded by a layer of flattened chondrocytes. In contrast, deep cells formed a
      single cluster type that lacked a surrounding cell layer, but formed large
      amounts of sparse cartilage-like matrix and comprised morphologically typical
      chondrocytes. In monolayer, both populations gradually ceased to synthesise
      cartilage matrix components with the exception of link protein. In suspension,
      whilst the chondrogenic phenotype per se was preserved, there was, nevertheless,
      a loss in qualitative synthetic heterogeneity, which exists between surface and
      deep cells, that was not accompanied by changes in the differential rate of 35S
      incorporation into proteoglycan. Under these conditions, surface cells that
      normally do not synthesise keratan sulphate initiated de novo synthesis of this
      glycosaminoglycan. Consequently, it appears that the observed modulation in
      synthetic ability of the cell sub-populations is independent of the cluster
      morphology, which, once established, remains constant throughout the culture
      period.

PMID- 2277098
TI  - Convergence of apical and basolateral endocytic pathways at apical late endosomes
      in absorptive cells of suckling rat ileum in vivo.
AB  - Absorptive cells of the intestinal epithelium endocytose proteins from both
      apical and basolateral membrane domains. In absorptive cells of suckling rat
      ileum, luminal protein tracers first enter an apical tubulovesicular endosomal
      system, then enter larger apical endosomal vesicles and multivesicular bodies
      (MVB), and finally are delivered to a giant supranuclear lysosomal vacuole. To
      determine whether proteins endocytosed from the basolateral domain in vivo enter
      the same endosomal or lysosomal compartments as those taken up from the apical
      side, we simultaneously applied cationized ferritin (CF) apically (by intra
      luminal injection) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) basally (by intravenous
      injection), and examined absorptive cells after 3 min to 60 min using light,
      electron and fluorescence microscopy. At early times, CF and HRP entered separate
      endosomal compartments at apical and basolateral poles. At no time did HRP enter
      the apical tubulovesicular system, and CF never entered early basolateral
      endosomes. After 15 min, however, both tracers appeared together in large late
      endosomes and MVB located apically, above the giant vacuole. From 15 to 60 min
      both tracers accumulated in the giant vacuole. Membranes of some apical late
      endosomes, all apical MVB, the giant vacuole, and occasional sub-nuclear vesicles
      contained immunoreactive Igp120, a glycoprotein specific to late compartments of
      the endosome-lysosome system. These results show that highly polarized intestinal
      epithelial cells have separate apical and basolateral early endosomal
      compartments, presumably to maintain distinct membrane domains while allowing
      endocytosis and recycling of membrane from both surfaces. Apical and basolateral
      endocytic pathways, and presumably vesicles delivering hydrolytic enzymes and
      lysosomal membrane components, converge at the apical late endosome.

PMID- 2277099
TI  - Use of radio-gas chromatography and tritium label to optimize derivatization
      procedures.
AB  - A sensitive determination of gas chromatographic peak yields by a new radio-gas
      chromatograph equipped with a synchronized accumulating radioisotope detector is
      described. Peak yields could be easily determined by the radio-gas chromatograph
      using [3H]hexadecane or [3H]androstenedione as a standard substance. The
      usefulness of the determination of peak yields was demonstrated by optimizing the
      derivatization conditions of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha.

PMID- 2277100
TI  - Fully automated high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the analysis of
      free catecholamines in urine.
AB  - A totally automated and reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic method
      is described for the routine determination of free catecholamines
      (norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) in urine. The catecholamines were
      isolated from urine samples using small alumina columns. A standard automated
      method for pH adjustment of urine before the extraction step has been developed.
      The extraction was performed on an ASPEC (Automatic Sample Preparation with
      Extraction Columns, Gilson). The eluate was collected in a separate tube and then
      automatically injected into the chromatographic column. The catecholamines were
      separated by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography and quantified by
      fluorescence detection. No manual intervention was required during the extraction
      and separation procedure. One sample may be run every 15 min, ca. 96 samples in
      24 h. Analytical recoveries for all three catecholamines are 63-87%, and the
      detection limits are 0.01, 0.01, and 0.03 microM for norepinephrine, epinephrine
      and dopamine, respectively, which is highly satisfactory for urine. Day-to-day
      coefficients of variation were less than 10%.

PMID- 2277101
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of serum
      prolidase activity.

PMID- 2277102
TI  - Simple fractionation of phospholipase A2 analogues from snake venom by high
      performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2277103
TI  - Determination of detomidine residues in horse meat by negative-ion chemical
      ionization mass spectrometry.

PMID- 2277104
TI  - Determination of ambroxol in biological material by gas chromatography with
      electron-capture detection.

PMID- 2277106
TI  - Improved stability of phenylbutazone for its determination by liquid
      chromatography.

PMID- 2277105
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography-chemiluminescence determination of
      methamphetamine in human serum using N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol as a
      chemiluminogen.

PMID- 2277107
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of mexiletine in plasma.

PMID- 2277108
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of tacrine and its
      metabolites in plasma.

PMID- 2277109
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay to determine midazolam and
      flumazenil simultaneously in human plasma.

PMID- 2277110
TI  - Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of
      ciprofloxacin, fenbufen and felbinac in rat plasma.

PMID- 2277111
TI  - Determination of 7-dehydrocholesterol in human skin by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - A two-stage chromatographic procedure has been devised for the measurement of 7
      dehydrocholesterol in human skin. Extracts containing ergosterol as internal
      standard underwent preparative chromatography on a Spherisorb S5W column using
      hexane-1% isopropanol as solvent, and an eluted fraction was analysed with an
      Ultrasphere 5-microns ODS column with methanol-tetrahydrofuran-17.5 mM KH2PO4
      (95:1:4, v/v) as solvent and using an amperometric detector at 1.7 V. 7
      Dehydrocholesterol could be reliably assayed in human skin samples as small as 5
      mm in diameter. In hospital patients skin 7-dehydrocholesterol concentrations
      ranged from 12 to 81 micrograms/g dry weight.

PMID- 2277112
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of iodo-doxorubicin and fluorescent
      metabolites in plasma samples.

PMID- 2277113
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pentazocine in plasma.

PMID- 2277115
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) as the o-phenylenediamine complex.

PMID- 2277116
TI  - Liquid-liquid extraction and analysis of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and its
      major metabolites in biological fluids by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography.

PMID- 2277114
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of the metabolites of nitrendipine and
      investigation into the metabolic pathways of this dihydropyridine.

PMID- 2277117
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of rat and mouse islet polypeptides:
      potential risk of oxidation of methionine residues during sample preparation.
AB  - After preparative high-performance liquid chromatography of mouse islet culture
      medium, concentrated on disposable C18 cartridges (Sep-Pak), an unexpected
      insulin immunoreactive peak eluting earlier than mouse insulin I and II was
      detected. Molecular mass determination by mass spectrometry supported its
      suspected identity as methionine sulphoxide insulin II. We have examined the
      formation of Met-O derivatives of insulin II, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide
      during sample preparation (Sep-Pak and Speed-Vac concentrating). The oxidation of
      methionine residues was found to depend very much on the buffer, the organic
      modifier and the procedure. In particular the use of methanol-trifluoroacetic
      acid resulted in extensive oxidation. The oxidation could be minimized by adding
      2 mM dithiothreitol to the buffer and by degassing and/or nitrogen-bubbling of
      the buffer. Minimal formation of Met-O derivatives is important for the
      quantitation of methionine-containing polypeptides.

PMID- 2277118
TI  - Efficient large-scale purification of non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and
      HMG2 by using Polybuffer-exchanger PBE94.
AB  - A method for the efficient and practical large-scale purification of high
      mobility group (HMG) non-histone chromosomal proteins, HMG1 and HMG2, from
      porcine thymus applying Polybuffer-exchanger PBE94 gel as anion-exchanger has
      been developed. This method affords higher resolution, purity and yield, than the
      conventional procedure of CM-Sephadex C-25 ion-exchange column chromatography.
      Furthermore, use of Polybuffer-exchanger PBE94 column chromatography led to
      direct preparation of HMG1 and HMG2 from loosely bound non-histone chromosomal
      protein fraction of chromatin without prefractional precipitation with
      trichloroacetic acid or prior extraction with perchloric acid. Thus, the
      application of PBE94 gel as an anion-exchanger to the subfractionation of other
      kinds of homologous protein is possible.

PMID- 2277119
TI  - Concurrent on-line sampling of melatonin in pineal microdialysates from conscious
      rat and its analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection.
AB  - Dynamic changes of melatonin in microdialysates from the pineal gland of a freely
      moving rat were repeatedly determined by using on-line high-performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection. The detection limit for melatonin,
      ca. 5 pg, was well below that achieved with other systems. We observed a drastic
      increase of extracellular pineal melatonin during the transitional phase from the
      light period to the dark period. This application of microdialysis is a useful
      tool in the study of the physiological role of the mammalian pineal body.

PMID- 2277120
TI  - Simultaneous determination of allopurinol and oxypurinol by liquid chromatography
      using immobilized xanthine oxidase with electrochemical detection.
AB  - A novel liquid chromatographic method using an immobilized xanthine oxidase
      reactor and an electrochemical detector was developed for the simultaneous
      determination of allopurinol and oxypurinol in rat plasma, intestinal wash and
      bile. Xanthine oxidase was immobilized on 5-microns aldehyde silica (prepacked
      into a 2 mm x 10 mm cartridge) in a simple procedure. Allopurinol eluted from an
      analytical column was converted to oxypurinol in the enzyme reactor with the
      eluent as the reaction medium and detected with high selectivity using an
      amperometric detector with a glassy carbon electrode at the applied potential of
      +0.85 V. High specificity of the enzymatic reaction combined with selectivity of
      the electrochemical detection eliminated the need for an extensive sample
      preparation. The assay was linear in the range 15-500 ng/ml of rat plasma,
      intestinal wash and bile with a low limit of detection of 10 pg on-column (signal
      to-noise ratio = 4) for both allopurinol and oxypurinol.

PMID- 2277121
TI  - Analysis of oxolinic acid in fish by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for assaying oxolinic
      acid, a chemotherapeutic agent, in fish tissues has been developed. Nalidixic
      acid is used as an internal standard. The drugs are separated on an internal
      surface reversed-phase column. The sample clean-up is minimized. Serum samples
      are analysed by direct injection on the column; muscle and liver samples are
      analysed after solid-phase extraction. The recoveries of oxolinic acid from
      spiked rainbow trout serum, muscle tissue and liver are 99.7, 87.7 and 83.6%,
      respectively. The lowest measurable amount of the drug is 0.01 microgram/g in all
      three tissues.

PMID- 2277122
TI  - Analysis of metoprolol enantiomers in human serum by liquid chromatography on a
      cellulose-based chiral stationary phase.
AB  - Metoprolol is a lipophilic, cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent
      commercially available as a racemic compound. A normal phase high-performance
      liquid chromatographic method was developed to directly determine individual
      enantiomeric concentrations of metoprolol in human serum. Separation of the
      enantiomers was accomplished by a cellulose-tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)
      chiral stationary phase. Metoprolol enantiomers were detected by means of
      fluorescence with excitation and emission wavelengths of 275 and 315 nm,
      respectively. Standard curves were linear over the concentration range 12.5-400
      ng/ml for each enantiomer. Within-day coefficient of variation was less than 15%
      at all concentrations and the between-day coefficient of variation ranged from
      4.1 to 11.2%. The limit of detection was determined to be 5 ng/ml for each
      enantiomer and the stereoselective resolution (alpha) of R- and S-metoprolol was
      3.08. The assay was employed to determine enantiomeric serum concentrations of
      metoprolol in healthy male volunteers.

PMID- 2277124
TI  - Who's practicing medicine.

PMID- 2277123
TI  - Rapid determination of unsubstituted alkylglyceryl ethers by gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry.

PMID- 2277125
TI  - Reduced systemic absorption of intrabronchial lidocaine by high-frequency
      nebulization.
AB  - Serum lidocaine concentrations were measured in a series of patients during and
      after topical administration of lidocaine used to anesthetize the nasal mucosa,
      pharynx, and larynx for diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy. In one group of
      patients (N = 9) the trachea and bronchi were sprayed with a 2% lidocaine
      solution administered in 2 mL volumes. Another group (N = 14) received a 2%
      lidocaine solution which was administered by inhalation of lidocaine dispensed by
      a high-frequency nebulizer. Multiple serum samples drawn over a 1-hour period
      were analyzed by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorous detection. In the
      spray group versus the inhalation group, there were no differences in mean age
      (54 vs 55 years), total lidocaine dose (572 vs 525 mg), or time of peak serum
      lidocaine concentration (43 vs 41 minutes after dose). However, the peak serum
      lidocaine concentrations were significantly lower in the inhalation group vs the
      spray group (1.40 vs 3.63 micrograms/mL). Thus, administration of lidocaine via
      inhalation by ultrasonic nebulization results in lower peak serum concentrations,
      and a reduction in the likelihood of toxicity, than when administered by
      conventional topical spray.

PMID- 2277126
TI  - Circadian variation in serum amikacin levels.
AB  - Variable serum amikacin levels have been reported in the same patient even after
      a steady state presumably has been reached. Therefore, the authors investigated
      the optimal schedule for monitoring serum levels of the drug in 50 neutropenic
      patients receiving continuous infusion amikacin therapy for infections. We found
      that levels obtained in the early morning hours were significantly higher than
      those obtained for the same patient in the evening. As these differences parallel
      those previously demonstrated for renal function, they may be explained by the
      pattern of drug clearance by the kidneys. We recommend that blood specimens for
      the detection of rising serum amikacin levels in a therapeutic setting be
      obtained in the early morning and at the same time each day so that meaningful
      comparisons of peak concentrations can be made. However, late evening samples
      should also be tested whenever dosage modifications are considered so that
      continuous therapeutic serum concentrations can be ensured.

PMID- 2277127
TI  - Interaction of etretinate with methotrexate pharmacokinetics in psoriatic
      patients.
AB  - Combined treatment of psoriasis with methotrexate and etretinate may be
      associated with hepatoxicity. This study investigated the potential effects of
      steady state etretinate administration on methotrexate pharmacokinetics in six
      psoriatic patients. When compared with a matched group a significantly higher
      mean value for the maximum plasma concentration Cmax (992 nmol/L +/- 94 SE vs 721
      nmol/L +/- 35 SE) for methotrexate was found (P less than .05) after
      intramuscular administration of 0.2 mg/kg body weight of the drug. In accordance
      with this finding mean values of the time (tmax) to reach Cmax, half-life of the
      absorption (t1/2ka) and the apparent volume of distribution at steady state Vss
      were also lower than in the control groups but did not deviate significantly.
      Total clearance differed very little and insignificantly between the two groups.
      Absorption and disposition rates of etretinate during combined treatment with
      methotrexate were not significantly altered compared with previous results in
      psoriatic patients only receiving etretinate. Overall, these results indicate
      that the apparently increased risk for developing hepatotoxic reactions during
      coadministration of methotrexate and etretinate cannot be explained by drug
      accumulation due to pharmacokinetic interaction. A possible influence on
      potential hepatotoxicity of an increase of Cmax for methotrexate cannot be
      excluded.

PMID- 2277129
TI  - A single-dose study of the efficacy and safety of FS 205-397 (250 mg or 500 mg)
      versus aspirin and placebo in the treatment of postsurgery dental pain.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of two dose levels of FS 205-397 (either 250 or 500 mg)
      were compared with the efficacy and safety of aspirin 650 mg and placebo in a 6
      hour, single-dose, double-blind study in 161 patients who had undergone
      extraction of third molars. Each of the doses of FS 205-397, as well as aspirin,
      produced analgesia. However, the analgesic effects of both the 500 mg dose of FS
      205-397 and aspirin were at times significantly better and more prolonged than
      those produced by the lower dose of FS 205-397. On the other hand, both doses of
      FS 205-397 had a significantly faster onset of action than aspirin. Side effects,
      reported by 17% of the 161 patients, did not differ significantly among the four
      treatment groups with respect to frequency, type, or severity. The most commonly
      reported side effects were nausea (7%) and drowsiness (6%). The results indicated
      that FS 205-397, administered in single doses of either 500 or 250 mg, is a safe
      and effective analgesic for the relief of pain following dental surgery, and may
      offer particular advantages in terms of onset of effects.

PMID- 2277130
TI  - American College of Clinical Pharmacology nineteenth annual meeting. November 4
      8, 1990, Las Vegas, Nevada. Abstracts.

PMID- 2277128
TI  - Effects of tiaprofenic acid on the concentration and metabolism of proteoglycans
      in normal and degenerating canine articular cartilage.
AB  - The effects of tiaprofenic acid (TPA), a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with
      high potency as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, on the metabolism of normal and
      degenerating articular cartilage were examined. When present in the culture
      medium in clinically relevant concentrations encompassing those achieved in
      synovial fluid of patients treated with the drug, TPA had no significant effects
      on net proteoglycan synthesis in organ cultures of normal, osteoarthritic or
      atrophic canine articular cartilage. When fed to dogs for 8 weeks in a daily dose
      of 100 mg, TPA had no apparent effect on cartilage water content or uronic acid
      concentration. The suppression of net cartilage proteoglycan synthesis caused by
      immobilization was not affected by administration of TPA nor did the drug affect
      the proportion of newly synthesized glycosaminoglycans recovered from the spent
      culture medium, suggesting that it did not increase proteoglycan catabolism or
      affect the integrity of the cartilage matrix.

PMID- 2277131
TI  - Systemic and local administration of cyclosporine in the treatment of psoriasis.
AB  - Since 1984, cyclosporine has been used increasingly for indications other than in
      prophylaxis of transplant rejection. Current awareness that psoriasis is, at
      least in part, a T cell-mediated condition has led to the initiation of several
      studies of cyclosporine's role in the treatment of this disease. The remarkable
      efficacy of systemically administered cyclosporine, even in severely refractory
      cases of psoriasis, has not only provided us with a new therapeutic option but
      also has helped further our understanding of the pathophysiology of psoriasis.
      Although it has been hailed as a breakthrough, systemic cyclosporine usage is
      associated with undesirable sequelae, principally hypertension and decreased
      renal function. These effects limit its more widespread use. This review assesses
      current knowledge of the capabilities and prospects of systemic cyclosporine in
      the treatment of psoriasis, as well as the status of topical preparations.

PMID- 2277132
TI  - Cyclosporine in nonpsoriatic dermatoses.
AB  - This article reviews the indications, efficacy, and possible mechanisms of action
      of cyclosporine in the treatment of nonpsoriatic dermatoses. These dermatoses can
      be categorized according to their responsiveness to cyclosporine therapy as
      excellent, moderate, variable, and nonresponsive. The advantages and
      disadvantages of cyclosporine are discussed and guidelines are proposed for its
      use in nonpsoriatic dermatoses.

PMID- 2277133
TI  - Topical cyclosporine for oral mucosal disorders.
AB  - Topical cyclosporine may be effective in the treatment of various oral mucosal
      disorders. In three open trials and in one double-blind study, a topical
      formulation of this drug produced significant improvement in oral lichen planus.
      Cyclosporine blood levels were generally low in these studies and no
      abnormalities of laboratory values resulted during use. Of six patients with oral
      bullous diseases treated with topical cyclosporine, four showed a decrease in
      erythema, partial healing of ulcerations, and a reduction in pain. Three patients
      relapsed shortly after cyclosporine was discontinued. Four of eight patients with
      persistent aphthous stomatitis remained virtually free of ulcers during 8 weeks
      of topical cyclosporine therapy. These results indicate that topical cyclosporine
      is beneficial as a therapy for oral lichen planus and possibly other mucosal
      diseases.

PMID- 2277134
TI  - Management of patients and side effects during cyclosporine therapy for cutaneous
      disorders.
AB  - Cyclosporine has been used in the experimental treatment of multiple inflammatory
      diseases of presumed autoimmune origin, including insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus, uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, Graves'
      disease, and myasthenia gravis. In dermatology, the drug has been used
      successfully as primary therapy for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, alopecia
      areata, pyoderma gangrenosum, Behcet's disease, atopic dermatitis, and lichen
      planus. At a dose of 3 to 5 mg/kg per day, cyclosporine is well tolerated by most
      patients. However, because of concerns about its potential short- and long-term
      side effects, patients who use this drug require close monitoring. This review
      discusses appropriate clinical and laboratory evaluations, common and unusual
      side effects and their management, drugs that might alter the pharmacokinetics of
      cyclosporine metabolism, and criteria for dosage adjustments.

PMID- 2277135
TI  - Laboratory monitoring of cyclosporine levels: guidelines for the dermatologist.
AB  - The following guidelines are recommended for laboratory monitoring of circulating
      levels of cyclosporine in dermatology patients. Measurements should be determined
      as trough levels in whole blood, not plasma or serum. The measurements should be
      performed with an assay that is specific for the parent cyclosporine compound
      (e.g., a high-performance liquid chromatography method or a specific monoclonal
      immunoassay). The results of nonspecific immunoassays that detect cyclosporine as
      well as its metabolites are difficult to interpret and cannot readily be compared
      among different studies or laboratories. In psoriasis patients, the circulating
      concentration of cyclosporine does not correlate reliably with the therapeutic
      response. Some patients may achieve an excellent response with blood levels in
      the range of 50 ng/ml; others may show little or no response despite blood levels
      as high as 200 ng/ml. In patients with a poor clinical response, monitoring of
      cyclosporine levels may be useful to confirm that the drug has been taken and may
      provide an estimate of the degree of absorption and metabolism of the parent
      compound. Because an upper limit of safety for the circulating concentration of
      cyclosporine has not been clearly defined, one should attempt to achieve a
      therapeutic response with the lowest possible dose. Clinicians must carefully
      monitor patients for signs of cyclosporine toxicity, regardless of the
      circulating concentration of the drug. Whole blood levels exceeding 250 ng/ml
      should be avoided.

PMID- 2277136
TI  - Renal effects of cyclosporine.
AB  - Renal dysfunction is a frequent consequence of cyclosporine administration, even
      when cyclosporine blood concentrations are maintained within proper therapeutic
      levels. As dermatologic indications for this compound expand, it is important for
      clinicians to understand the relevant pharmacology and physiology that underlie
      cyclosporine-induced renal dysfunction. This article reviews the clinical
      pharmacology of cyclosporine, the principles of renal function testing, and the
      clinical manifestations of this drug's effects on the kidney. Sudden declines in
      kidney function, long-term cyclosporine nephrotoxicity, hemolytic-uremic
      syndrome, and hypertension are discussed from a clinical and experimental
      standpoint. Finally, practical suggestions are provided to aid the dermatologist
      in managing cyclosporine-treated patients.

PMID- 2277137
TI  - Effects of cyclosporine on renal function in psoriasis patients.
AB  - Several prospective studies have documented the effectiveness of oral
      cyclosporine in the treatment of psoriasis. Despite this, the use of cyclosporine
      has been limited because of concern about the possibility of drug-induced renal
      dysfunction. We review the effects of cyclosporine on renal function.

PMID- 2277138
TI  - Immunity during cyclosporine therapy.
AB  - Cyclosporine is not cytotoxic but it inhibits the production of immunologic
      memory-building growth factors by CD4+ T lymphocytes. It also may have inhibitory
      effects on the effector phase of certain immune reactions. These inhibitory
      effects are largely reversible and when treatment is stopped, the immune
      competence of cyclosporine-treated patients returns to normal. In contrast,
      conventional cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents tend to exterminate the
      lymphocyte clones that are activated during therapy, and such clonal deletions
      may cause permanent loss of immunologic memory to those antigens because T
      lymphocytes are not readily restored in adults with involuted thymus. Most
      transplant patients have received cyclosporine in combination with various other
      immunosuppressive agents, and reports suggest that a combination of this drug and
      conventional immunosuppressive agents may be associated with increased early
      appearance of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, possibly, endocrine-related tumors. An
      increase in cancers has not been observed in patients treated with cyclosporine
      alone for such conditions as psoriasis and autoimmune diseases. Treatment of
      adults with cytotoxic immunosuppressive drugs may permanently delete T-lymphocyte
      clones that are required for control of latent oncogenic viruses or certain
      malignant cells. Because of this, when such patients are treated with
      cyclosporine, further suppression of T-cell function combined with impairment of
      cytokine-mediated stimulation of natural killer cells and cytotoxic macrophages
      may facilitate tumor growth. Consequently, it is predicted that if cyclosporine
      monotherapy is associated with an increased incidence of tumors, it would
      primarily affect psoriasis patients who are treated with cyclosporine after PUVA
      or methotrexate therapy. Eventually, comparison of cancer incidence in different
      categories of patients should resolve this issue.

PMID- 2277139
TI  - The role of cytochromes P-450 in cyclosporine metabolism.
AB  - In most patients, the rate-limiting step in the elimination of cyclosporine from
      the body is its conversion to metabolites by cytochrome P-450 IIIA enzymes in the
      liver and, possibly, intestine. The significant differences found among patients
      in the daily dose of cyclosporine required to attain target blood levels has been
      attributed directly to corresponding interpatient differences in the catalytic
      activities of P-450 IIIA enzymes. Competitive inhibition or induction of P-450
      IIIA activity appears to explain most of the clinically significant interactions
      of drugs with cyclosporine metabolism that have been reported. The critical
      importance of P-450 IIIA in the body's handling of cyclosporine has made it
      possible to identify potential drug interactions before they are reported. Future
      investigations in this field are likely to result in reduction in the cost and
      toxicity associated with cyclosporine therapy.

PMID- 2277140
TI  - Interactions of epidermal cells and T cells in inflammatory skin diseases.
AB  - Multiple cell types and their factors and cytokines are involved in regulating
      the immune response in inflammatory skin diseases. Stimulatory and inhibitory
      factors interact to determine whether the immune response is regulated up or
      down. Normally, stimulatory signals are counteracted by inhibitory signals to
      prevent an immune reaction from being initiated. However, exogenous antigens and
      irritants or endogenous factors and altered immunogenic self-peptides can upset
      this balance. When that occurs, T cells are activated and an inflammatory skin
      reaction develops. Lymphokines released from such activated T cells can modify
      the phenotype and function of normal keratinocytes. They can induce the
      expression of adhesion molecules and receptors involved in antigen presentation.
      Furthermore, they can also stimulate keratinocyte proliferation. This may be
      important in development of the hyperplasia seen in inflammatory skin diseases,
      especially in psoriasis. Cytokines released from the activated keratinocytes can
      both stimulate and attract T cells to the epidermis and thereby continue the
      ongoing immune reaction.

PMID- 2277141
TI  - Effects of cyclosporine on immunologic mechanisms in psoriasis.
AB  - A major impetus for further investigation of cellular immunologic mechanisms in
      psoriasis has been the discovery that cyclosporine, a potent immunosuppressive,
      is highly effective in the treatment of psoriasis. Cyclosporine has significant
      inhibitory effects on the ability of T cells to become activated. However, a
      direct activity of this drug on human keratinocyte signal transduction or growth
      has been difficult to demonstrate at relevant concentrations. Nevertheless,
      treatment of psoriasis or of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate-treated murine
      skin with cyclosporine does reverse many epidermal abnormalities that are common
      to these two systems. This suggests that the compound exerts an indirect effect
      on epidermal keratinocytes in vivo, perhaps through immunocyte inhibition. During
      treatment of psoriasis patients, cyclosporine therapy resulted in selective
      changes in the numbers and functions of certain antigen-presenting cell subsets
      (which were distinct from Langerhans cells) and T-cell subsets. These changes
      were accompanied by indirect evidence of decreased T-cell lymphokine release.
      Lesional activity of cyclosporine-treated psoriasis patients was closely
      correlated with the degree of T-cell activation caused by antigen-presenting
      cells. Cyclosporine inhibition of lymphokine or cytokine release may result in
      decreased recruitment of non-Langerhans antigen-presenting cells into the
      epidermis and thus decreased immunoreactivity in the lesion.

PMID- 2277142
TI  - Intracellular targets of cyclosporine.
AB  - Since cyclosporine was first reported to improve psoriasis, investigators have
      been trying to determine its mechanism of action. In addition to the well
      documented effects on cytokine production by T lymphocytes, a direct effect on
      keratinocytes has been proposed. Cyclophilin and calmodulin, two proteins that
      are present in both lymphocytes and keratinocytes, have been considered as
      possible intracellular targets for cyclosporine. Cyclophilin binds cyclosporine
      with high affinity and the ability to bind cyclophilin correlates with the
      immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine analogs. Cyclophilin is identical to
      peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes refolding of
      proteins. The process of protein folding may be important in DNA-protein and
      protein-protein interactions. Calmodulin is an intracellular calcium-binding
      protein that is important in the regulation of cell proliferation. Cyclosporine
      binds to calmodulin with low affinity, and such binding of cyclosporine isomers
      does not reflect their immunosuppressive activity. The physiologic importance of
      calmodulin-to-cyclosporine binding is controversial.

PMID- 2277143
TI  - A comparative study of fluorescence in malignant melanoma and nevocellular nevus
      using a fluorescence microscope and formalin-fixed specimens.
AB  - Fluorescence in malignant melanoma cells was investigated. The specimens from 18
      cases of malignant melanoma and 26 cases of nevocellular nevus, which were fixed
      with formalin and embedded in paraffin wax, were studied by the fluorescence
      microscopic method. On the fluorescence microscope, the malignant melanoma cells
      emitted intense fluorescence from the cytoplasm. The nevus cells with large
      amounts of melanin granules showed moderate fluorescence. The tumor cells of
      melanoma in situ and nevus cells with few melanin granules emitted little
      fluorescence. Not only malignant melanoma cells but also nevus cells in the
      formalin fixed specimens had various degrees of fluorescence. Many cases of
      malignant melanoma emitted intense fluorescence, but this was rarely found in
      nevocellular nevus. This method is also useful in differentiating melanoma from
      nevocellular nevus.

PMID- 2277144
TI  - Treatment of a case of mycosis fungoides and one of parapsoriasis en plaque with
      topical PUVA using a monofunctional furocoumarin derivative, 4,6,4'
      trimethylangelicin.
AB  - A case of plaque stage mycosis fungoides and one of parapsoriasis en plaque were
      treated with topical PUVA therapy using a monofunctional furocoumarin derivative,
      4,6,4'-trimethylangelicin (TMA). Both patients showed complete clearance of
      eruptions within 16 treatments. The therapeutic effectiveness of TMA was
      confirmed by the fact that those eruptions exposed to UVA alone, without TMA
      application, showed slower and less significant improvement. Histologically,
      dermal infiltrates of mycosis cells and associated epidermotrophism disappeared
      almost completely in response to TMA PUVA. No side effects or changes in values
      in laboratory examinations were observed during treatment.

PMID- 2277145
TI  - Dermal nerve sheath myxoma.
AB  - A case of dermal nerve sheath myxoma on the left palm of 26-year-old Japanese man
      is presented. We examined this tumor by light and electron microscopies. On light
      microscopic examination, this tumor was characterized by a multilobulated myxoid
      tumor composed of stellate cells in an abundant mucous matrix. This histological
      feature resembled previously reported cases of dermal nerve sheath myxoma. On
      electron microscopic examination, the findings of these tumor cells were similar
      to those of the perineurial cells. These microscopical examinations have provided
      evidence for an origin from perineurial cells rather than Schwann cells.

PMID- 2277146
TI  - Intradermal Spitz nevus differentiated from reticulohistiocytic granuloma by
      immunoreactivity to S-100 protein.
AB  - A firm, dark reddish, smooth surfaced nodule on the forearm of a 16-year-old boy
      was diagnosed as a Spitz nevus with the aid of a strong positive reactivity to S
      100 protein. Histological examination revealed an intradermal epithelioid cell
      tumor with prominent multinucleated giant cells, suggesting the diagnosis of
      reticulohistiocytic granuloma. However, immunoperoxidase staining of the tumor
      cells showed strong positive reactivity to S-100 protein and vimentin; it was
      negative for lysozyme and alpha-1 antitrypsin. Although a few melanosomes in the
      tumor cells seen in electron microscopic examination provided crucial proof for
      the diagnosis of Spitz nevus, the positive reactivity to S-100 protein in
      ordinary formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues proved to be very useful in
      the differentiation of Spitz nevus from tumors of histiocytic origin, especially
      those of the mononuclear phagocytic system.

PMID- 2277147
TI  - The local recurrence of pigmented Spitz nevus after removal.
AB  - A seventeen-month-old female had a pigmented nodule on her left lower leg. The
      excised lesion was histologically diagnosed as a Spitz nevus, composed mainly of
      spindle-shaped melanocytes containing large amounts of melanin pigment. When
      nodular regrowth was seen at the operative site, the recurrent lesion was
      radically excised as nodular melanoma. However the histological characteristics
      of the second excised specimen were essentially the same as those in the
      initially excised one except for the existence of the newly formed collagen
      fibers, which may suggest an involuting stage in the central portion of the
      lesion.

PMID- 2277149
TI  - Anaphylactic response.

PMID- 2277148
TI  - Linear epidermal nevus with acantholytic dyskeratosis in an infant.
AB  - A 7-month-old boy came to use with flat papules and small erosions on the
      extensor aspect of his left forearm and a linear arrangement of verrucous papules
      on the dorsum of his left hand. Histological examination revealed hyperkeratosis,
      parakeratosis, irregular acanthosis, and marked acantholysis from suprabasal
      through upper epidermis. This is the first reported case of linear epidermal
      nevus with acantholytic dyskeratosis in Japan.

PMID- 2277150
TI  - Whitening agents.

PMID- 2277151
TI  - Advances in dental research.

PMID- 2277152
TI  - Operation Desert Shield.

PMID- 2277153
TI  - A matter of unity.

PMID- 2277154
TI  - Reviewing the unicystic ameloblastoma: report of two cases.
AB  - Classification of ameloblastoma into solid, multicystic, unicystic, and
      peripheral types based on clinical appearance and effects has gained recent
      recognition. The unicystic ameloblastoma is a less encountered variant of the
      ameloblastoma. It appears more frequently in the second or third decade with no
      sexual or racial predilection. It is almost exclusively encountered
      asymptomatically in the posterior mandible. The following report of two cases
      discusses the pathophysiology, demographics, histology, and prognosis of the
      unicystic ameloblastoma.

PMID- 2277155
TI  - Microleakage at gingival dentin margins of Class V composite restorations lined
      with light-cured glass ionomer cement.
AB  - This study compared the microleakage of light-cured and auto-set glass ionomer
      liners used in Class V composite laminated glass ionomer restorations by
      determining the amount of microleakage at the gingival cementum/dentin margins.
      Standardized nonundercut V-shaped Class V cavities with gingival margins below
      the cementoenamel junction were prepared on the mesial and distal surfaces of 40
      molars, establishing a total of 80 cavities, which were randomly divided into
      four groups. Each was lined with glass ionomers: group 1, Ketac-Bond (ESPE
      Premier), which served as the control; group 2, XR-Ionomer (Kerr); group 3, XR
      Ionomer with polyacrylic acid (PAA) pretreatment (Kerr); and group 4, Vitrabond
      (3M). Specimens were thermocycled for 300 cycles in 0.5% aqueous solution of
      basic fuchsin between 4 and 55 C with a 1-minute dwell time, and individually
      embedded in an epoxy resin. Statistical analysis indicated no differences among
      groups using the light-cured glass ionomer (groups 2 to 4), and they showed
      significantly less leakage than the control (group 1) at P less than 0.00001).
      Removal of the smear layer using 10% polyacrylic acid solution did not influence
      microleakage in restorations with light-cured glass ionomer liners.

PMID- 2277156
TI  - Effect of endodontic access preparation on resistance to crown-root fracture.
AB  - This investigation involved the creation of coronal-radicular fractures in vitro
      and compared the fracture resistance of intact human mandibular molars, with
      molars after varied tooth preparation. Forty freshly extracted, non-carious,
      nonrestored human mandibular molars were randomly divided into four treatment
      groups. The molars were subjected to constantly increasing occlusal load until
      coronal-radicular fracture occurred. Tooth preparations significantly diminished
      resistance to coronal-radicular fracture.

PMID- 2277157
TI  - Dental implant biomaterials.
AB  - Synthetic materials for surgical implant devices have evolved from the early
      metallic systems to a variety of material combinations and composites. Current
      biomaterial and biomechanical properties provide relatively optimal stable bone
      and soft tissue interfaces and simplified restorative treatments. Further
      improvements in existing systems require a continuation of the multidisciplinary
      approach to laboratory, experimental animal, and human clinical research.

PMID- 2277158
TI  - Evaluating and influencing periodontal diagnostic and treatment behaviors in
      general practice.
AB  - Providers' periodontal diagnostic and treatment behaviors were assessed in 34
      practices in two North Carolina counties. Regularly attending patients had a low
      prevalence of gingival pocketing on index teeth, moderate attachment loss, and
      fairly prevalent bleeding and calculus. Treatment frequency and patient knowledge
      were generally adequate, but the notation of periodontal status in the patient
      record was insufficient. A continuing education intervention resulted in
      substantial and significant improvement in notation rates. Changes in rates with
      which services were provided, and changes in patient periodontal status were
      smaller and mixed. The study shows that continuing education can be effective in
      helping some but not all providers adopt needed, appropriate behaviors.

PMID- 2277159
TI  - Continuing education course listing for January to June 1991. Council on Dental
      Education.

PMID- 2277160
TI  - Asymptomatic periapical radiolucent lesion found in an area of previous trauma.
AB  - The case of an anterior mandibular radiolucent area, which unexpectedly yielded
      salivary gland tissue, is described. Salivary gland depressions in the posterior
      mandible are readily recognized because of their almost pathognomonic
      radiographic appearance. A salivary gland inclusion in the anterior mandible in
      the proximity of teeth may create a diagnostic dilemma where superimposed
      periapical pathosis is present. The clinical importance lies in the recognition
      and appropriate treatment of the lesion. For the anterior salivary gland
      inclusion, a biopsy and a microscopic examination provide the most reliable
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2277161
TI  - [The association of acute polyradiculoneuritis, transitory diabetes insipidus and
      pregnancy. Apropos of a case and review of the literature].
AB  - This is the first report of the association of transitory diabetes insipidus with
      acute infective polyneuritis (landry Guillain-Barre Syndrome) occurring in
      pregnancy. The authors try to establish the inter-relationship between each
      pathological condition and pregnancy. Polyneuritis in its severe form does not
      seem to increase the risk of prematurity significantly. The severe forms of more
      generalised neurological condition as compared with the more limited condition
      has been noted in the literature but it is not possible to state how pregnancy
      effects the outcome. Plasma exchange procedures are now possible in pregnant
      women and the benefits of this treatment have been illustrated in severe forms of
      polyneuritis. There is difficulty still in selecting what criteria are sufficient
      to start on a therapy that is not without risk. Finally, the association between
      transitory diabetes insipidus and pregnancy has been reviewed in the literature
      and a description is given of the many physiopathological mechanisms associated
      with it. Diabetes insipidus is rarely found in pregnancy. All authors describe a
      placental factor with these troubles. The most recent theories suggest that
      prostaglandins and placental vasopressin are implicated. Treatment is suggested
      and consists of DDAVP (deamino 8-d-arginine vasopressin), which seems to be the
      most effective. Close collaboration between the obstetrician, the recovery
      services and the paediatrician is necessary to get the best results for this very
      severe pathological condition occurring in pregnancy.

PMID- 2277163
TI  - [Diagnostic echography of extrauterine pregnancy (EUP). Apropos of 228 EUP
      confirmed by laparotomy].
AB  - The department of gynaecology and obstetrics of the University Hospital in
      Libreville carried out in the five years between 1984 and 1988 8,688 ultrasound
      examinations of which 1,234 (14.2%) were performed because an ectopic pregnancy
      was considered possible. 213 correct diagnoses (32.8%) were confirmed by
      laparotomy. 649 surgical procedures for ectopic pregnancy were carried out of
      which 228 (35%) were helped by the ultrasound examination. The diagnosis was made
      138 times (60.5%) accurately and suspected 75 times (32.9%). On the other hand,
      diagnosis was wrong 15 times (6.6%). These false negatives are worrying: in 4
      cases there was an intra-uterine pregnancy as well and in these cases the intra
      uterine zygote gave a false sense of security for the diagnosis. The 11 other
      cases were false diagnoses of adnexal infections which were diagnosed correctly
      by laparoscopy or culdocentesis. There were also 27 false positive diagnoses
      mainly in tubo-ovarian infectious and rarely where an ovarian cyst or
      pedunculated fibroid had twisted or the pregnancy was developing in a blind hemi
      uterus. The assessment of the results makes its possible to show that in 88.75%
      the procedure was valuable in making the diagnosis and in 98.5% was valuable for
      excluding the diagnosis. Since the sensitivity of the test is 93.4% and its
      specificity is 97.3% it follows that ultrasound examination should have a very
      important place in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy particularly because in our
      unit we cannot at present carry out biological tests (beta HCG estimations). The
      test is rapid, cheap and easy to perform (as long as one avoids the
      traps).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277162
TI  - [Sex chromosome aberrations in patients with menstruation disorders].
AB  - We studied 150 women with primary/secondary amenorrhea and/or oligomenorrhea; in
      61 cases we found an abnormal karyotype (i.e. 40.7%): 51 cases in the first group
      of 110 patients with amenorrhea (i.e. 46%) and 10 cases in the second group of 40
      patients with oligomenorrhea and/or secondary amenorrhea (i.e. 25%). The
      chromosome aberrations we found consisted in X aneuploidy, male karyotype and the
      different structural changes as mono- and dicentric X isochromosomes, dicentric,
      ring, deleted or inverted X chromosomes. Our results suggest a cytogenetic
      examination in patients with primary amenorrhea as well as in patients with
      oligomenorrhea and/or amenorrhea secundaria.

PMID- 2277164
TI  - [A psychological study, using interviews and projective tests, of patients
      seeking anonymous donor artificial insemination].
AB  - A Thematic Aperception Test was used with 13 male and 16 female patients who were
      requesting A.I.D. The following main psychological reactions were found in women:
      anxiety and depression (fear of rejection by their family and friends; lowering
      the image of the husband--the donor being considered as a rival), aggression (the
      narcissistic woman "demands" A.I.D.; the donor is esteemed highly); mother is
      protective ("true" paternity comes through love of the child and the need to
      forget the donor). They found, in men: an inability to abandon fertility as lost
      (with denial of sterility); ambivalence, castration anxiety and a feeling of
      being excluded from the mother-child symbiosis with later acceptance of loss of
      fertility and (sometimes excessively) identification with the "mother". Most
      subjects studied were not intending telling the child about his true origin;
      because disclosure would be tantamount to transgressing twice over the laws of
      paternity and the rules against Oedipus behaviour. There is often a great
      difference between the ways the partners view the matter and inter-relate. We
      strongly recommend that psychological advice should be taken before treatment
      with A.I.D. is started.

PMID- 2277165
TI  - [Ovarian cysts. The respective role of clinical examination, echography,
      biological markers and cytology].
AB  - The authors assess the value of clinical examinations and para-clinical
      examinations carried out when an ovarian cyst is discovered. They try to find out
      whether a diagnosis of the aetiology is possible before the operation and
      particularly whether the cystic forms of cancer can be detected pre-operatively.
      The study is concerned with a retrospective assessment of 358 patients. The first
      line of investigation was seen to be ultrasound which is effective in 91% of
      cases. When the level of CA-125 is above 35 U/ml that suggests that there may be
      a malignant neoplasm present. The test is sensitive to about 78.6% and specific
      at 76%. 96 cysts were considered to be benign using clinical and para-clinical
      examinations and were punctured under ultrasound control or laparoscopically. The
      cytology could not be interpreted in 15%. Only one borderline tumour of the ovary
      was found. 25.3% of cysts that had been aspirated recurred and this is a high
      figure. Given these figures, the authors suggest a diagnostic and therapeutic
      program for ovarian cysts.

PMID- 2277166
TI  - [Pure primary retroperitoneal seminoma in a woman. Apropos of a case].
AB  - The authors report a case of a stage IV retroperitoneal seminoma in a patient of
      43 years of age diagnosed after histological examination of a biopsy specimen
      from the left sub clavicular lymph mode showed metastatic seminomatosis. After
      complete assessment including and abdominal and pelvic ultrasound, a CT scan of
      the abdomen and pelvis, an intravenous urogram, a lymphogram and serial
      estimations of tumour markers (alpha feta protein and beta HCG) a laparotomy was
      carried out. This made it possible to take a retroperitoneal biopsy as well as to
      carry out a total hysterectomy without conservation of the ovaries. From all this
      we concluded that we were dealing with a straightforward very large
      retroperitoneal seminoma. The treatment was continued with large doses of
      chemotherapy using Vinblastin, Cisplatin and Bleomycin (V.C.B.). She received 5
      treatments of this and then had radiotherapy. The authors report this first case
      described in the literature (because they found no other in women) and what made
      them decide on the therapy.

PMID- 2277167
TI  - [Peritonitis and cerclage of the cervix uteri].
AB  - Authors report a case of peritonitis following uterine cervical cerclage in a
      patient with twins. This observation leads to two problems: complications of
      cerclage and its real indications. Two recent controlled studies conclude that in
      a singleton pregnancy, there is no advantage in cervical cerclage in prolonging
      the gestation period and in decreasing the perinatal mortality. However, the last
      MRC/RCOG study, still in progress, shows that in a preliminary study, there is a
      small advantage in cervical cerclage in high-risk-pregnancy with two previous mid
      trimester spontaneous abortions and/or with premature labor. In multiple
      pregnancies especially in twin pregnancy, the problem remains unsolved.

PMID- 2277168
TI  - [Gynecologic and breast granulocytic sarcomas. Review of the literature. Apropos
      of a case in the cervix uteri].
AB  - We report a case history of a woman of 66 years of age who had a granulocytic
      sarcoma of the cervix which presented as metrorrhagia and which at first was
      thought to be an anaplastic cancer. The poor general state of the patient made it
      impossible to start any anti-leukaemic treatment and the patient died two months
      after the diagnosis was made. A review of the literature shows that 62 cases of
      granulocytic sarcoma have been reported of which 22 were in the breast, 19 in the
      ovary, 13 in the cervix or the uterus, 6 in the vagina and 2 in the vulva. The
      cells seem to invade the blood and the bone marrow in all occasions by the time
      of diagnosis or at the most a few weeks later and cases of granulocytic solitary
      sarcoma are very rare. It blood has not been attacked it is difficult to make a
      histological diagnosis unless immunological marking and Giemsa staining is
      carried out together with Leder's reaction. The treatment should be similar to
      those used for acute myeloid leukaemia.

PMID- 2277169
TI  - [The outcome of continuing pregnancies in patients with intrauterine devices. A
      retrospective study from the Maternity Unit of the University Hospital Center at
      Caen during the period 1985-1988].
AB  - This study has been carried out to investigate whether the presence of an intra
      uterine contraceptive device in pregnancy is a risk factor for the pregnancy, for
      the fetus and for the mother. We have concerned ourselves with pregnancies that
      led to a viable fetus. We wanted to know whether early removal of the device
      altered the bad effects of the device. The same types of pathology such as
      bleeding, threatened premature labour, premature rupture of the membranes and
      premature delivery occurred whether the device was removed or not; but the
      incidence of the various complications was increased if the device remained in
      place the whole pregnancy. It seems absolutely necessary for every woman who
      becomes pregnant with an intra-uterine device to have the pregnancy diagnosed as
      early as possible and for the device to be removed to lessen the risk of
      complications. When this is not done the pregnancy should be considered a high
      risk pregnancy.

PMID- 2277170
TI  - [Diagnostic and prognostic elements of non-immunologic feto-placental anasarca.
      Review of the literature apropos of 7 new cases].
AB  - Non immunologic hydrops fetalis (NIHF) is relatively more frequent now since
      prevention and treatment of blood incompatibilities are common. Seven cases of
      NIHF were observed between November 1984 and April 1987; antenatal diagnosis by
      ultrasound scanning was possible in six of these seven cases. Fetal prognosis is
      usually poor. Only one of the seven children survived, four infants died shortly
      after birth; two women chose an elective termination of pregnancy at 18 and 23
      weeks of gestation, respectively. The review of the literature shows that more
      than 150 etiologies are associated with this condition. An etiology was found in
      five of our seven cases, these were all different; renal vein thrombosis, cardiac
      malformation, cystic hygroma, osteogenesis imperfecta and one case of recurrent
      NIHF (four affected siblings). Two cases remained idiopathic. Diagnosis of NIHF
      is best oriented by three investigations: obstetrical ultrasound scanning, fetal
      echocardiography and any kind of amniocentesis, either for karyotype alone, or to
      evacuate pleural, pericardial of peritoneal effusions. Ultrasound scanning can
      evaluate the importance of these effusions and help to choose other etiological
      investigations. Fetal echocardiography is mandatory because out of the 150
      etiologies described in association with NIHF, 25% are cardiac (malformation or
      dysrhythmias). As already mentioned, fetal prognosis in our series was poor, but
      perhaps more aggressive in utero treatment could have improve it.

PMID- 2277171
TI  - [Intracranial hemorrhage during hemorrhagic disease of the newborn infant at
      term].
AB  - The authors report a case of intra-cerebral hematoma in a patient with
      hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. This hematoma had to be taped, and after
      that, an hydrocephalus shunted. The state of deficiency of vitamin K in the
      newborn should be treated systematically. The oral route is as good as the intra
      muscular route for the baby.

PMID- 2277173
TI  - [Fertilization in vitro with failure of cleavage. A proposal of therapeutic or
      diagnostic management for future trials].
AB  - This is a retrospective study of IVF cycles with failure of cleavage at the PMA
      centre of the University Hospital, Pitie-Salpetriere occurring between May 1985
      and December 1988. Failures of cleavage occurred in 23% of the cycles where at
      least one oocyte was recovered (170 out of 729 cycles). There were three groups
      of conditions which were analysed: 1. The male factor which was known about
      before the attempt at IVF (38 cycles - 23% of failures of cleavage). 2. No
      previously known male factors (126 cycles-74% of failures of cleavage). 3. IVF
      with frozen donor sperm (6 cycles-3% of failures of cleavage). These couples had
      a total of 340 cycles with 25 pregnancies. The prognosis differs according to the
      category mentioned above. If there is a male factor, one attempt at IVF with this
      partner's sperm seems absolutely justified before proceeding to IVF with donor
      sperm or to AID. If there is no male factor the oestradiol curve does not make it
      possible to foresee a failure of cleavage and it is necessary to carry out a
      second IVF cycle to handle these couples.

PMID- 2277172
TI  - [Metrorrhagia and tamoxifen. Apropos of 22 patients treated for cancer of the
      breast].
AB  - The authors report 22 cases of metrorrhagia occurring in the course of adjuvant
      hormonal therapy for breast cancer using tamoxifen. The anti-oestrogenic effect
      of this drug is associated with a variable agonistic effect that has been
      observed in organs with steroid receptors, and especially in the uterus. In this
      series, the cause of the abnormal bleeding is explained in 17 out of the 22 cases
      (ie, 3 out of 4) as a paradoxical oestrogen-like effect on the mucosa of the
      uterus. Two cancers of the endometrium were diagnosed.

PMID- 2277174
TI  - [Outcome beyond the 1st trimester of 305 pregnancies conceived by fertilization
      in vitro].
AB  - The obstetrical outcome of 305 pregnancies obtained by in vitro fertilization
      were reviewed: out of 275 pregnancies following fresh embryo transfers, 205
      (74.5%) were single, 64 (23.3%) double and 6 (2.2%) triple). We observed
      increased frequencies of high blood pressure linked to older maternal age,
      bleeding in the late pregnancy and breech presentation, which could be associated
      to abnormal insertion of umbilical cord and/or placenta. Multiple pregnancies,
      especially the triple ones, are of the highest risk (intra-uterine growth
      retardation, low birth weight). Nevertheless the total fetal mortality remains
      low in our experience. Data about 22 pregnancies following cryopreserved embryo
      transfer, 5 after oocyte donation and 3 therapeutic abortions are also given.

PMID- 2277175
TI  - [The value of antibiotic prophylaxis during intrauterine procedures during
      vaginal delivery. A comparative study of 500 patients].
AB  - This comparative study carried out on 550 patients has made it possible for us to
      show how valuable prophylactic antibiotic therapy is when certain intra-uterine
      manipulations (such as forceps delivery, manual removal of the placenta or
      exploration of the cavity of the uterus) are carried out during vaginal delivery.
      Furthermore, we have been able to show that there are certain risk factors of
      which the most important are premature rupture of the membranes, infected liquor,
      birth weight of the infant less than 2,500 g and epidural analgesia. The
      financial study has shown that it is cheaper to use prophylactic antibiotics when
      the comparison is made with the cost of treating complications of infection
      associated with these intra-uterine procedures.

PMID- 2277176
TI  - [Does endoscopic surgery have a role in radical surgery of cancer of the cervix
      uteri?].

PMID- 2277177
TI  - Maternal to fetal transfer of free fatty acids in the in situ perfused rabbit
      placenta.
AB  - The transfer of free fatty acids (FFA) across the placenta perfused in situ was
      studied in anaesthetised rabbits in late gestation. [14C]Palmitic acid and
      antipyrine were infused into 11 pregnant rabbits and samples collected for up to
      90 min from the mother and the umbilical vessels. Levels of total FFA,
      radioactivity and antipyrine, a marker of placental integrity, were measured. Net
      FFA flux across the placenta increased with maternal FFA concentrations,
      confirming observations made using different methods. The specific activity of
      [14C]palmitic acid in perfusate also related to maternal levels and indicated
      that almost half of the FFA crossing the rabbit placenta must be derived from
      sources other than circulating maternal FFA. The composition of the perfusate FFA
      had a profile similar to that of circulating maternal FFA, except for an increase
      in a number of long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings are
      consistent with maternal triacylglycerol as the other fatty acid source, with the
      placenta adding the longer chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids.

PMID- 2277178
TI  - Absence of relationship between the postnatal development of ileal active
      taurocholate transport and microvillus membrane fluidity.
AB  - Concurrent measurements of ileal microvillus membrane vesicle transport and
      fluorescence anisotropy were performed on magnesium precipitated membranes from
      rats of various ages during the third postnatal week. At age 14 and 18 days,
      taurocholate uptake was comparable in the presence of NaCl and KCl gradients. At
      age 20 days, a 'sodium effect' and at age 21 days an 'overshoot' were observed in
      the presence of NaCl gradients. No significant change in fluorescence anisotropy
      was observed between postnatal days 14 and 21. These studies suggest it is
      unlikely that changes in microvillus membrane fluidity modulate the postnatal
      development of ileal active bile salt transport.

PMID- 2277179
TI  - Plasma catecholamines and their physiologic thresholds during the first ten days
      of life in sheep.
AB  - We studied serial plasma catecholamine levels in healthy newborn sheep over the
      first ten days of life. The results show that plasma norepinephrine values in
      newborn sheep are 3-4 fold higher, and plasma epinephrine values are two-fold
      higher than values in term fetal sheep. These elevations are sustained over the
      first 10 days of life. Cardiovascular (heart rate and blood pressure) and
      metabolic parameters (glucose and free fatty acids) are also significantly
      elevated above fetal levels. We performed graded catecholamine infusions in
      newborn animals and adult ewes to determine the minimum plasma catecholamine
      concentrations necessary for discernible physiologic effects. In response to step
      wise increases in epinephrine or norepinephrine infusion rates, there were
      immediate increases in blood pressure and other physiologic responses. This
      pattern was seen in both newborn and adult animals, and differed from previous
      observations in fetal sheep where log-linear, dose response curves characteristic
      of a threshold response were seen. These results suggest that during the first
      two weeks of life plasma catecholamine levels are elevated above the threshold
      value for physiologic responses. These sustained elevations in circulating
      catecholamines are important in the maintenance of physiologic homeostasis.

PMID- 2277180
TI  - The effects of brain-stem section on the breathing and behavioural response to
      morphine in the fetal sheep.
AB  - In the unanesthetized fetal sheep the administration of morphine causes initial
      apnoea followed by hyperpnoea. We thought that a section of the brain at
      midcollicular level might separate these two effects. Therefore we sectioned the
      brain stem of five fetuses at 132 +/- 1 (SEM) days of gestation and compared
      their responses to morphine (17 experiments) with that observed in seven intact
      fetuses at similar gestational ages (15 experiments). Brain stem sections were
      confirmed morphologically and histologically. Morphine, 1 mg/kg was injected in
      the fetal jugular vein during low-voltage electrocortical activity (ECoG). We
      measured ECoG, eye movements, diaphragmatic activity, blood pressure and amniotic
      pressure. Sectioned fetuses before the administration of morphine had a complete
      dissociation between ECoG and breathing activity. With the administration of
      morphine we found: (i) the length of the apnoea was 139.8 +/- 15.5 min in
      sectioned fetuses and 17.0 +/- 5.8 min in intact fetuses (P less than 0.01); and
      (ii) there was no hyperpneic response in the sectioned fetus whereas the length
      of hyperpnoea in the intact group was 99.1 +/- 11.8 min (P less than 0.001). The
      results support the idea of two central distinct areas of action of morphine in
      the fetal brain. The absence of hyperpnoea in the sectioned fetuses suggests that
      neurons inhibiting the 'respiratory neurons' are located rostrally to the mid
      collicular line.

PMID- 2277181
TI  - Role of the carotid chemoreceptors in the respiratory response of newborn lambs
      to alternate pairs of breaths of air and a hypoxic gas.
AB  - We measured the reflex respiratory response to a 2-breath alternation in
      fractional inspired oxygen in two groups of lambs. Test runs where F(I),O2 was
      made to alternate (between 0.21 and 0.14) were compared with control runs in
      which it was held at 0.21. Within 36 h of birth we cut the carotid sinus nerves
      bilaterally in one group of lambs (n = 5) whilst in a second group (n = 5) sham
      operations were carried out. The alternating responses in seven respiratory
      variables were compared between test and control runs in each group of lambs at
      postnatal days 5-6 and again at postnatal days 10-11. In sham-operated lambs at
      days 5-6 there was a significant response in most respiratory variables during
      test runs and by days 10-11 the response was increased, primarily as a
      consequence of an increase in the tidal volume component of the response,
      indicating a postnatal maturation of the responses. The time-scale of this
      maturation is appropriate to that of peripheral chemoreceptor resetting. There
      was no significant response to the test in the denervated lambs at 5-6 days but
      by days 10-11 a small response was measured in some variables. Our results
      therefore indicate that the reflex respiratory response to alternations in FI,O2
      is primarily mediated by the carotid chemoreceptors. The development of a
      response mediated by the aortic chemoreceptors may account for the small
      alternating response in the denervated lambs at days 10-11.

PMID- 2277182
TI  - Effect of hyperthermia on the plasma concentrations of prolactin and cortisol in
      the fetal lamb and pregnant ewe during late gestation.
AB  - Exposing pregnant sheep to an ambient temperature of 43 +/- 1 degree C for 8 h
      was associated with a 1-1.5 degrees C increase of maternal and fetal core
      temperatures, and a 11-fold and 3-5 fold increase in maternal and fetal plasma
      prolactin concentrations respectively. Hyperthermia did not change maternal or
      fetal plasma cortisol concentrations. We conclude that maternal and fetal
      hyperprolactinaemia may occur in late pregnancy during hyperthermic conditions
      and that the increase in fetal plasma prolactin is due to either increased
      secretion or decreased metabolic clearance of prolactin in the feto-placental
      compartment.

PMID- 2277183
TI  - Studies on the growth of the fetal guinea pig. The effects of nutritional
      manipulation on prenatal growth and plasma somatomedin activity and insulin-like
      growth factor concentrations.
AB  - In guinea pigs between days 41-46 of pregnancy prenatal growth has been
      manipulated by alteration of nutritional state. Three methods were used. Uterine
      artery ligation at day 30 of pregnancy depressed fetal growth rate by greater
      than 50% and was associated with falls in plasma insulin, IGF-1, cortisol,
      thyroid hormone, glucose, acetate and free fatty acid concentrations and rises in
      that of IGF-2, glucagon and amino acids. Fetal plasma was inhibitory to sulphate
      incorporation into pig costal cartilage. Complete food withdrawal from pregnant
      guinea pigs for 2 days at days 43-44 of pregnancy caused mild fetal growth
      retardation and similar changes in plasma constituents, except in that plasma IGF
      2 concentrations were now depressed and plasma was not inhibitory to sulphate
      incorporation into pig costal cartilage. Production of hypoglycaemia by 4-times
      daily maternal injections of glucose between days 41-46 of pregnancy accelerated
      fetal growth rate. It also elevated fetal plasma concentrations of insulin, IGF
      1, IGF-2, sulphation-promoting activity, thyroid hormones, glucose and free fatty
      acids and depressed that of glucagon and amino acids. Fetal growth rate during
      the experimental period showed a good correlation with plasma glucose, insulin
      and IGF-1 and, to a certain extent, with sulphation-promoting activity. It did
      not correlate closely with fetal plasma IGF-2 concentration. Hepatic glycogen
      concentrations showed a good correlation with plasma IGF-2 levels.

PMID- 2277184
TI  - Effects of hypoxia on contractility of isolated fetal lamb cerebral arteries.
AB  - We studied the contractile properties of isolated cerebral arteries in near term
      fetal lambs, as well as the magnitudes and rates of relaxation during moderate
      hypoxia. Paired 5-mm segments of basilar, middle cerebral, posterior
      communicating, and common carotid arteries were suspended in a temperature
      controlled bath and isometric tension measured during 122 mM K(+)-induced
      contractions. In one vessel of each pair hypoxia was imposed by switching the
      bubbling gas from 95% O2 + 5% CO2 to 95% N2 + 5% CO2 4 minutes into a K+
      contraction, thus lowering the bath PO2 to approximately 15 Torr. After 15 min
      exposure to hypoxia the middle cerebral artery had relaxed 61%, the posterior
      communicating 46%, the basilar 44%, and the common carotid only 18% compared to
      normoxic controls. All cerebral arteries relaxed relatively rapidly (relaxation
      rates of 42-45 x 10(-4) s-1), whereas the common carotid relaxed slowly (20 x 10(
      4) sec-1). The data indicate that these cerebral arteries play an important role
      in regulating blood flow responses during hypoxemia in intact fetuses.

PMID- 2277185
TI  - Interdependence of arterial PO2 and O2 consumption in the fetal sheep.
AB  - These experiments were undertaken to measure the effects of changing arterial
      oxygen tension (PaO2) on oxygen use by the fetal body (VO2). Six fetal sheep at
      130-140 days gestation were prepared with an endotracheal tube, carotid artery
      catheter, body-core thermistor, cooling coil and loosely-applied umbilical cord
      snare. The next day the cord was occluded and the fetal lungs were ventilated
      with gas mixtures containing different concentrations of oxygen. While fetal core
      temperature was kept constant, fetal arterial PO2 was cycled between high and low
      values (span = 7 to 359 mmHg, n = 103) and O2 consumption was measured by the
      rate of O2 uptake from a closed-rebreathing circuit. VO2 changed directly with
      changes in PO2 from 10 to 40 mmHg but became insensitive to changes in PO2 above
      about 50 mmHg. The results were well described over the entire range by the
      equation: VO2 (ml/min per kg fetal wt) = -9.62 + 6.99 ln PO2(mmHg)-0.66 ln2 PO2.
      Thus the oxygen consumption of the near-term fetal sheep varies with changes in
      arterial PO2 in the physiologic range. This finding is distinctly different than
      the adult at rest but resembles adult tissues such as exercising muscle at
      VO2max. This finding is consistent with differences in fetal metabolic controls,
      limited cardiac reserve, and limited tissue diffusion rates in actively
      metabolizing tissues.

PMID- 2277186
TI  - Influence of sleep on the cardiovascular and metabolic responses to a decrease in
      ambient temperature in lambs.
AB  - Experiments were done on seven lambs between the ages of 10 and 24 days to
      investigate the effects of sleep on the cardiovascular and metabolic responses to
      a decrease in ambient temperature. Each lamb was anesthetized and instrumented
      for recordings of electrocorticogram, electro-oculogram, and nuchal
      electromyograms and measurements of cardiac output, systemic and pulmonic
      pressures and hemoglobin oxygen saturations as well as body core temperature. No
      sooner than three days after surgery, measurements were made during periods of
      quiet wakefulness, quiet sleep and active sleep at ambient temperatures of 25
      degrees C and 18 degrees C. Decreasing the environmental temperature from 25
      degrees C to 18 degrees C elicited a similar thermogenic response during quiet
      wakefulness, quiet sleep and active sleep as evidenced by an increase in total
      body oxygen consumption. The increased metabolic oxygen demand was met by an
      increase in systemic oxygen transport as well as by an increase in total body
      oxygen extraction. Since shivering was absent during active sleep, it is likely
      that nonshivering thermogenesis played a major role in the metabolic response.
      Our data provide evidence that sleep does not significantly alter the
      cardiovascular and metabolic responses to a modest decrease in ambient
      temperature in young lambs.

PMID- 2277187
TI  - Adenosine causes a biphasic response in the ovine fetal placental vasculature.
AB  - We have reported in a previous study that adenosine infusion causes fetal
      placental vascular resistance to increase after 2 min. To determine whether this
      action is followed by a more prolonged vasodilation, we studied 7 mature fetal
      lambs. At surgery, catheters were inserted into the fetal hindlimb arteries and
      veins. After a five day recovery period, control blood flow measurements were
      made by radiolabeled microsphere technique immediately after an infusion of 0.9%
      NaCl, (vehicle, 1.03 ml.min-1) into a fetal vein for 2 min. Within 5 min of the
      control blood flow measurement, adenosine (10 mg/min) was infused for 2 min.
      Blood flow measurements were repeated 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min after the end of
      the infusion period. Fetal arterial blood pressure dropped from 50 +/- 1 to 34 +/
      5 mmHg immediately after the adenosine infusion and returned to the control
      value within 5 min after the infusion. No further blood pressure response was
      detected. However, placental vascular resistance fell from 0.334 +/- 0.040 to
      0.269 +/- 0.027 (P less than 0.05) at the 15 min measurement, remained low
      through the 20 min measurement (P less than 0.001) and was not different from
      control levels 30 min after the adenosine infusion. We conclude that the fetal
      placental vasculature responds to systemic adenosine infusion in a biphasic
      manner. The immediate reaction to adenosine is a transient vasoconstriction in
      the fetal placental vasculature followed by vasodilation 15 to 20 min after the
      initial exposure to adenosine.

PMID- 2277188
TI  - Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of meningitis.
AB  - Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of
      meningitis have occurred primarily through the use of experimental animal models.
      These models have proven to be particularly valuable in experimental bacterial
      meningitis, focusing on the bacterial virulence factors responsible for the
      initiation of infections, CNS invasion, and induction of SAS inflammation. Recent
      studies have examined the formation of host inflammatory cytokines in response to
      these virulence factors. These cytokines may be responsible for many of the
      pathophysiologic consequences of bacterial meningitis (eg. increased BBB
      permeability, cerebral edema, and increased intracranial pressure). Meningitis
      due to C. neoformans occurs most commonly in patients with defects in cell
      mediated immunity (eg, AIDS), and the depletion of T helper cells in AIDS
      patients may allow unrestricted cryptococcal growth. Viral meningitis is an
      illness of low prevalence when compared with the overall occurrence of viral
      infections at other sites. CNS infection usually occurs by means of traversal
      across barriers that normally exclude viral invasion of the CNS, primarily
      through hematogenous dissemination from initial sites of infection. These
      advances in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial, fungal, and viral
      meningitis may lead to the development of innovative treatment strategies for
      these disorders.

PMID- 2277189
TI  - Meningitis.

PMID- 2277190
TI  - Approach to diagnosis of meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation.
AB  - CSF evaluation is the single most important aspect of the laboratory diagnosis of
      meningitis. Analysis of the CSF abnormalities produced by bacterial,
      mycobacterial, and fungal infections may greatly facilitate diagnosis and direct
      initial therapy. Basic studies of CSF that should be performed in all patients
      with meningitis include measurement of pressure, cell count and white cell
      differential; determination of glucose and protein levels; Gram's stain; and
      culture. In bacterial meningitis, Limulus lysate assay and tests to identify
      bacterial antigens may allow rapid diagnosis. Where there is strong suspicion of
      tuberculous or fungal meningitis, CSF should also be submitted for acid-fast
      stain, India ink preparation, and cryptococcal antigen; unless contraindicated by
      increased intracranial pressure, large volumes (up to 40-50 mL) should be
      obtained for culture. If a history of residence in the Southwest is elicited,
      complement-fixing antibodies to Coccidioides immitis should also be ordered.
      Newer tests based on immunologic methods or gene amplification techniques hold
      great promise for diagnosis of infections caused by organisms that are difficult
      to culture or present in small numbers. Despite the great value of lumbar
      puncture in the diagnosis of meningitis, injudicious use of the procedure may
      result in death from brain herniation. Lumbar puncture should be avoided if focal
      neurologic findings suggest concomitant mass lesion, as in brain abscess, and
      lumbar puncture should be approached with great caution if meningitis is
      accompanied by evidence of significant intracranial hypertension. Institution of
      antibiotic therapy for suspected meningitis should not be delayed while
      neuroradiologic studies are obtained to exclude abscess or while measures are
      instituted to reduce intracranial pressure.

PMID- 2277191
TI  - The acute aseptic meningitis syndrome.
AB  - The acute aseptic meningitis syndrome is an entity that presents a diagnostic
      challenge to the clinician. Although many infectious and noninfectious etiologies
      exist for this syndrome, viruses, especially nonpolio enteroviruses, are the
      classic and most important agents encountered. The incidence of polio and mumps
      meningitis has declined dramatically in the vaccine era, but recently described
      pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus and Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme
      disease agent) are now important considerations in the differential diagnosis.
      Specifically treatable entities (eg, mycobacterial or fungal meningitis, herpes
      simplex encephalitis, parameningeal infection) that may mimic aseptic meningitis
      in their initial presentations must not be overlooked. A careful approach to the
      patient and a rational use of laboratory studies are the basis for establishing a
      specific diagnosis and assuring a favorable outcome.

PMID- 2277192
TI  - Bacterial meningitis in neonates and children.
AB  - A high index of suspicion of meningitis is needed when evaluating neonates and
      young infants because clinical findings can be minimal and are often subtle and
      nonspecific. Analysis of the CSF constitutes the most effective method to
      document meningeal bacterial infection, although overlap with normal CSF values
      can occur, especially in newborns and very young infants. The introduction of
      highly active third-generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime) and their
      safety and efficacy in treating a broad array of bacterial pathogens that cause
      meningitis in all age groups has simplified selection of initial antibiotic
      therapy. In neonates, however, conventional antibiotic therapy with ampicillin
      and an aminoglycoside is appropriate because of its proven record of safety and
      efficacy, and because routine use of cephalosporins in the hospital nursery could
      lead to selection of resistant strains among gram-negative enteric bacilli.
      Despite the availability of modern intensive care management of infants and
      children with bacterial meningitis and the advent of potent antibiotics, case
      fatality rates and morbidity remain high. Because of this, recent research has
      focused on the complex interaction between bacteria and the host and on means to
      attenuate the meningeal inflammatory response. The clinical benefits demonstrated
      recently with the use of dexamethasone therapy in infants and children with
      bacterial meningitis underscore the importance of anti-inflammatory therapy to
      reduce audiologic and neurologic sequelae. Future studies of new methods to
      modulate meningeal inflammation such as the use of monoclonal antibodies directed
      against cytokines or of agents that interfere with leukocyte-endothelial
      interactions are indicated. The implication of routine H. influenzae type b
      immunization in young infants with the conjugated vaccines and optimal
      intrapartum prophylaxis against group B streptococcal disease in newborns will
      have an important impact on the incidence of meningitis in infants and children.

PMID- 2277193
TI  - Bacterial meningitis in adults.
AB  - Bacterial meningitis continues to be an important cause of morbidity and
      mortality despite the availability of effective bactericidal antibiotics.
      Penicillin or ampicillin remains the drug of choice for meningitis caused by
      Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. The third generation
      cephalosporins have revolutionized the treatment of gram-negative meningitis.
      Future therapy for bacterial meningitis will use recent developments in the
      understanding of pathogenic and pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying this
      disease.

PMID- 2277194
TI  - General principles of therapy of pyogenic meningitis.
AB  - In bacterial meningitis, several pharmacodynamic factors determine therapeutic
      success-when defined as sterilization of the CSF: (1) Local host defense deficits
      in the CNS require the use of bactericidal antibiotics to sterilize the CSF. (2)
      CSF antibiotic concentrations that are at least 10-fold above the MBC are
      necessary for maximal bactericidal activity. Protein binding, low pH, and slow
      bacterial growth rates are among the factors that may explain the high antibiotic
      concentrations necessary in vivo. (3) High CSF peak concentrations that lead to
      rapid bacterial killing appear more important than prolonged suprainhibitory
      concentrations, probably because very low residual levels in the CSF prevent
      bacterial regrowth, even during relatively long dosing intervals. (4) Penetration
      of antibiotics into the CSF is significantly impaired by the blood-brain barrier
      and thus, very high serum levels are necessary to achieve the CSF concentrations
      required for optimal bactericidal activity. Beyond these principles, recent data
      suggests that rapid lytic killing of bacteria in the CSF may have harmful effects
      on the brain because of the release of biologically active products from the
      lysed bacteria. Since rapid CSF sterilization remains a key therapeutic goal, the
      harmful consequences of bacterial lysis present a major challenge in the therapy
      of bacterial meningitis. Currently, dexamethasone represents that only clinically
      beneficial approach to reduce the harmful effects of bacterial lysis, and novel
      approaches are required to improve the outcome of this serious infection.

PMID- 2277195
TI  - Meningitis in the neurosurgical patient.
AB  - In the patient with a basilar skull fracture and CSF leak, the risk of meningitis
      is greatly increased. The diagnosis of both leak and infection can be obscured by
      the patient's other injuries, and requires aggressive investigation of symptoms
      that suggest infection. Although the diagnosis is made with CSF cultures, when
      clinically suspected, treatment should begin after appropriate cultures have been
      obtained. Treatment should be directed against the most likely organisms,
      Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and the other organisms common
      to the upper respiratory tract. There are no good indications for prophylactic
      antibiotic usage in patients with known CSF leaks. The patient with a shunt or
      other CNS prosthetic device may have various manifestations of infection,
      depending on the type of device and its termination. Frank meningitis or
      ventriculitis is not always present. Diagnosis requires direct culturing of the
      shunt milieu, with the most frequent isolates being staphylococcal species and
      gram-negative enteric bacilli. The most effective therapy, for both eradication
      of the infection and minimization of the duration and morbidity of therapy,
      involves removal of the infected shunt, external drainage during parenteral
      antibiotic therapy, and complete replacement of hardware at the time of
      internalization. The postsurgical patient will not develop meningitis very
      frequently, but like the posttrauma patient, concurrent factors can make the
      diagnosis difficult. Differentiating infectious from chemical meningitis must
      often be initially based on CSF cell counts and chemistries alone. Treatment to
      cover the most likely organism, staphylococcal species and respiratory flora,
      should be started before the culture results are finalized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277196
TI  - Spirochetal infection of the central nervous system.
AB  - Four spirochetal diseases frequently involve the central nervous system:
      syphilis, leptospirosis, relapsing fever, and Lyme borreliosis. In particular,
      syphilis and Lyme borreliosis are increasing problems. During the spirochetemic
      phase there is seeding of the nervous system. After a quiescent latent period,
      there may be late disease flareups producing a variety of neurologic syndromes.
      Cerebrospinal fluid examination is very helpful in these infections.

PMID- 2277197
TI  - Persistent neutrophilic meningitis.
AB  - Persistent neutrophilic meningitis is an unusual but distinct clinical variant of
      chronic meningitis characterized by CSF neutrophilia with hypoglycorrhachia which
      persists for more than 1 week on serial CSF studies. Documented etiologies
      include selected bacteria and higher bacteria such as Brucella, Nocardia and
      Actinomyces as well as "opportunistic" fungi such as Candida, Aspergillus, the
      Zygomycetes, and Pseudallescheria. Recognition of the syndrome is important, as
      empiric therapy (e.g., cotrimoxazole and amphotericin B) may differ significantly
      from that used for classic chronic meningitis.

PMID- 2277198
TI  - Tuberculous meningitis.
AB  - Tuberculous meningitis is an uncommon but potentially devastating form of
      tuberculosis. Current antituberculous drugs are highly effective when treatment
      is initiated early, before the onset of altered mentation or focal neurologic
      deficits. Because the clinical outcome depends greatly on the stage at which
      therapy is initiated, early recognition is of paramount importance. Patients with
      the meningoencephalitis syndrome and CSF findings of low glucose levels, elevated
      protein levels, and pleocytosis should be treated immediately if there is
      evidence of TB elsewhere in the body, or if prompt evaluation fails to establish
      an alternative diagnosis. Examination of CSF is the best diagnostic approach;
      with sufficient diligence, serial AFB smears and cultures will usually yield
      positive results, even days after therapy has been started. The CT scan is an
      important and highly effective tool for the diagnosis and management of patients
      with TBM. In a patient with compatible clinical features, the combination of
      basilar meningeal enhancement and any degree of hydrocephalus is strongly
      suggestive of the diagnosis of TBM. Serial evaluation by CT scanning is useful
      for following the course of hydrocephalus and tuberculoma, particularly in
      reference to the need for, or response to, adjunctive therapy with
      corticosteroids and surgery. The decision to administer corticosteroids should be
      based on careful correlation of the clinical and radiographic features of the
      case. Surgical shunting should be considered early in the patient with
      hydrocephalus and symptoms of raised intracranial pressure. Tuberculomas are best
      treated medically, often in conjunction with corticosteroids where cerebral edema
      is believed to contribute to neurologic decline. The recommended chemotherapy
      regimen is isoniazid and rifampin in all patients, together with pyrazinamide for
      the first 2 months.

PMID- 2277199
TI  - Fungal meningitis.
AB  - Fungal meningitis tends to be a subacute or chronic process; however, it may be
      just as lethal as bacterial meningitis if untreated. There are many similarities
      between the pathogenic fungi. Most of the fungi are aerosolized and inhaled, and
      initiate a primary pulmonary infection which is usually self-limited.
      Hematogenous dissemination may follow the initial infection, with subsequent
      involvement of the CNS. Rarely, trauma or local extension provides the route to
      CNS infection. The host is frequently, although not always, immunosuppressed. The
      hyphae of molds generally cause focal disease with hemorrhagic necrosis secondary
      to vascular thrombosis. The yeasts tend to cause a more diffuse process with the
      base of the brain being primarily affected, such that hydrocephalus is seen as a
      frequent complication of chronic disease. Diagnosis may be difficult, as the CSF
      may be normal, with negative smears and sterile cultures, although more often
      there is at least one abnormality indicating disease. Serologies (if available,
      depending on the fungus) may point towards the proper diagnosis, as may a careful
      travel history. Currently, amphotericin B is still the drug of choice in most
      situations; however, the newer azole antifungal agents offer great promise,
      especially in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. The precise role of such
      agents will remain unclear until appropriate large-scale studies of their
      effectiveness have been completed. The treatment of the unusual CNS mycoses will
      continue to be based on clinical experience, and reports of the use of new azoles
      in these diseases need to be critically evaluated.

PMID- 2277200
TI  - Meningitis due to protozoa and helminths.
AB  - This article reviews the microbiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical
      manifestations, diagnostic tests, and recent advances in the therapy of protozoan
      and helminthic infections of the central nervous system, with more emphasis given
      to protozoan than to helminthic infections.

PMID- 2277201
TI  - [Effect of antisperm antibodies in males on in vitro fertilization].
AB  - To investigate the effect of antisperm autoantibodies on the process of in vitro
      fertilization, sperm immobilization test and sperm agglutination test with serum,
      and direct immunobead test with semen were conducted on the male partners of 101
      infertile couples. Fourteen patients were positive in at least one of these three
      antisperm antibody tests. Six of them were associated with a low fertilization
      rate (= LFR group, less than 50% of mature oocytes were fertilized), while the
      other 8 patients had a normal fertilization rate (= NFR group). The spermatozoa
      in the LFR group were bound to immunobeads of both IgG and IgA classes. In
      contrast, the spermatozoa in the NFR group were not bound to IgA. The results of
      the tests with serum were not related to the outcome of fertilization. By rapid
      dilution and washing of the semen containing antisperm autoantibodies, the
      percentage of spermatozoa bound to IgG decreased significantly. However, the rate
      of fertilization was not improved. Six pregnancies were achieved after 13 embryo
      transfers in the 14 patients. We conclude that the fertilization rate is reduced
      when spermatozoa are bound to both IgG and IgA antisperm autoantibodies, or to
      IgA alone. Antisperm autoantibodies do not seem to hamper embryonal development
      and implantation.

PMID- 2277202
TI  - [Evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of extension in
      uterine cervical cancer cases with special attention to imaging planes].
AB  - To prove the usefulness of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in determining the
      invasion of uterine cervical cancer with imaging planes, we evaluated 44 patients
      with histologically proved cervical cancer. MRI was performed with a Signa 1.5 T
      (General Electric), and a T2-weighted image was used. In coronal planes, the
      accuracy was 75.0% for parametrial invasion. It was impossible to diagnose in
      77.8%, 92.1% and 63.2% the invasion of the uterine body, bladder and rectum,
      respectively. In axial planes, the accuracy was 76.3%, 92.1% and 78.9% for the
      invasion of parametrium, bladder and rectum, respectively. It was impossible to
      diagnose in 72.2% the invasion of the uterine body. In sagittal planes, the
      accuracy was 80.6%, 97.4% and 89.7% for invasion of the uterine body, bladder and
      rectum, respectively. In all 39 cases it was impossible to diagnose parametrial
      invasion. In five cases, MRI failed to detect the tumor in any of the three
      planes, but in three cases it was able to detect the tumor in at least one of the
      three. We conclude as follows: 1) MRI is a useful method in determining the
      invasion of cervical cancer. 2) Coronal planes are recommended for the
      determination of parametrial invasion, axial planes for the parametrium, bladder
      and rectum, and sagittal planes for the uterine body, bladder and rectum. 3) All
      three planes are needed to determine cervical cancer.

PMID- 2277203
TI  - [Lipoperoxidation and antioxidant substances in the human placenta during
      gestation].
AB  - Recently particular interest has been shown in the relationship of the aging
      phenomenon to lipid peroxidation by free radicals. We studied changes in lipid
      peroxidation in the human placenta by measuring lipoperoxides from early
      pregnancy to term. In addition, we studied changes in the activities of
      superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and the concentration of
      alpha-tocopherol in the placental tissues. The degree of lipid peroxidation in
      placental tissue in early pregnancy was significantly higher than that in late
      pregnancy. Lipid peroxidation in the case of spontaneous abortion was slightly
      higher than that in normal pregnancy. The activities of SOD and catalase
      increased significantly, but glutathione peroxidase activity remained almost the
      same throughout development. On the other hand, the alpha-tocopherol
      concentration decreased gradually as gestation progressed. These results suggest
      that early placental tissue is functionally immature, then gradually suppresses
      lipoperoxide formation as pregnancy advances. The placental tissue protects the
      fetus from many kinds of radicals in the feto-maternal circulation.

PMID- 2277205
TI  - [Epidemiological study on Chlamydia trachomatis infection among sexually active
      female adolescents].
AB  - Sexual behaviour in 141 female adolescents, from 15 to 20 (average 17.4) years
      old, detained in a remedial institution was investigated from an epidemiological
      viewpoint, with special reference to Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection, from
      April, 1985 to March, 1986. All had experienced sexual intercourse. Nineteen
      subjects (13.5%) were found to be CT-antigen positive by either cell cultures (16
      cases) or immunofluorescence tests (9 cases). The immunotypes of CT belonged to
      types D-K. CT-antigen was isolated more frequently (25.5%) from girls with
      uterine cervicitis than from those without inflammation (5.8%) (p less than
      0.001). Younger girls seemed to be more susceptible to chlamydial infection,
      because CT-antigen was detected at a higher rate (21.1%) in the 15-17 year age
      group than in the 18-20 year group (4.6%) (p less than 0.01). Anti-CT IgG
      antibody (CT-antibody) was found in 65 sera (46.1%). CT-antigen was detected more
      frequently in CT-antibody positive girls than in those with negative tests (p
      less than 0.001). Such results suggest that serum antibody does not effectively
      prevent chlamydial infections in the genital tract. The duration of persistent
      chlamydial infection was estimated to be from 41 to 367 days, based on the period
      between the last intercourse and the latest CT-antigen positive day. CT-antigen
      disappeared spontaneously in some girls (9 of 15) during a 100 day period of
      abstinence.

PMID- 2277204
TI  - [Effect of low-dose aspirin therapy on utero-placental blood flow and
      malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of its therapeutic effect].
AB  - Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and preeclampsia develop when an imbalance
      occurs between prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production. PGI2
      promotes vasodilation and decreases platelet adhesiveness, while TXA2 acts as a
      vasoconstrictor and enhances platelet aggregation and adhesion to vascular walls.
      The PGI2/TXA2 ratio appears to be important in pregnancy and the development of
      the functioning uteroplacental unit. Recently, antiplatelet treatment such as low
      dose aspirin therapy has been effective in preventing the development of PIH and
      preeclampsia. TXA2 breaks down spontaneously into a stable substance, TXB2, which
      is inactive. Another stable, inactive metabolite, malondialdehyde (MDA), is
      formed via the same pathway. TXB2 and MDA are produced in approximately equimolar
      quantities. We studied the effects of a low-dose aspirin prescription. Production
      of MDA was remarkably suppressed during the low-dose aspirin therapy.
      Furthermore, pulsed doppler ultrasound assessment of blood flow was performed in
      the fetal descending aorta, umbilical artery and uterine artery of the low-dose
      aspirin therapy patients. Doppler abnormalities were improved during the therapy.
      It is concluded that low-dose aspirin improves the uteroplacental blood flow
      assessed by pulse doppler waveform and that determination of MDA is useful as an
      indicator of platelet thromboxane synthesis.

PMID- 2277206
TI  - [Study on the accuracy of uterine endometrial dating].
AB  - In order to examine the accuracy of endometrial dating, endometrial dating from
      52 infertile women with normal luteal function was investigated. Dating from the
      histological findings was evaluated from three time points, the onset of the next
      menstrual period (NMP), the last day of the low phase of basal body temperature
      (BBT) and the urinary LH peak determined with the "Organon LH Color" kit (LH).
      Beside microscopic observation, morphometric analysis of endometrial findings was
      done by means of a high speed color image analysis system "Olympus SP-500". On
      the day of LH Color (+2), the serum LH level showed a maximum of 35.5 +/- 12.6
      mIU/ml (Mean +/- S.D.) (n = 27). The correlation coefficients for histological
      dating and chronological dating based on NMP, BBT and LH were 0.685, 0.728 and
      0.879 in gland and 0.620, 0.737 and 0.833 in stroma, respectively. The multiple
      correlation coefficient for histological dating evaluated by morphometric
      analysis and chronological dating based on LH was 0.959. So we conclude that
      endometrial dating evaluated by morphometric analysis seems to be the most
      objective and useful.

PMID- 2277207
TI  - [Sperm survival test assessing the change of sperm motility after long-term
      incubation].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to establish a new screening test to assess the
      sperm fertilizing potential. This test was named sperm survival test (SST). At
      the beginning, following 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hour incubation, sperm motility was
      examined. It was defined that the SST result was positive when only motile swim
      up sperm existed at the estimating point and negative when non-motile sperm
      existed. 1. The result of the SST was stable when there was a concentration of
      10(5)-10(7) sperm/ml. 2. The SST could be used to assess sperm function that
      conventional semen analysis could not assess. 3. The result of the SST was
      positive at 36 hrs in 8 proven fertile men. In infertile men there was a
      significant correlation between a 36 hr positive SST result and the pregnancy
      rate (p less than 0.01). This result indicated that a 36 hr positive SST showed
      good sperm fertilizing potential and a 36 hr negative result poor fertilizing
      potential. 4. In IVF-ET, the fertilization rate was 92.9% at a 48 hr positive
      SST, 85.4% at a 36 hr positive SST, 68.1% at a 24 hr positive SST, 15.4% at a 12
      hr positive SST and 0% at a 6 hr positive SST. Furthermore, the fertilization
      rate for a sperm concentration less than 10 x 10(6)/ml was 17.6% (0% at a 6 hr
      positive SST and 25% at a 12 hr positive SST) and at motility less than 30% was
      28.9% (0% at a 6 hr positive SST, 18.2% at a 12 hr positive SST and 69.2%). In
      conclusion, SST is an accurate clinical test for predicting sperm fertilizing
      potential and the fertilization rate in IVF-ET.

PMID- 2277209
TI  - The current therapeutic approaches to advanced ovarian cancer.
AB  - One hundred and fifty-nine cases of stage III or IV ovarian cancer treated at
      Kurume University and affiliated hospitals over the decade from 1978 to 1987 were
      analysed for their clinical outcome in relation to the therapeutic methods. The
      following results were obtained. 1) Two definite groups of patients were
      identified, one having a favourable prognosis with all patients surviving for at
      least three years after the initial treatment and the other, group of patients
      with poor prognosis who died within two years. There were significant differences
      in the clinical features of the two groups mentioned, i.e. in the performance
      status, the clinical stage, the type of operation carried out, the residual
      tumor, the application of second look laparotomy (SLO), the type of anti-cancer
      drug given and the use of maintenance chemotherapy. 2) The operations performed
      were primary surgery, including hysterectomy, bilateral adnexectomy and
      omentectomy or exploratory laparotomy. There was also a significant difference in
      the prognosis of those who received primary surgery compared to those given
      exploratory laparotomy. 3) A significant difference was also noted in the
      prognosis of cases with residual tumors less than 1 cm in diameter when compared
      to those which had larger residual tumors. 4) The application of SLO did not
      affect the prognosis. 5) Favourable results were obtained in the survival rate of
      cases who received cisplatin and also, 6) Favourable results were obtained in the
      survival rate of those patients who were given maintenance chemotherapy.

PMID- 2277208
TI  - The charge-dependent materno-fetal barrier in the rat.
AB  - The charge-dependent materno-fetal barrier of near-term rats was examined with
      two pairs of radiolabelled proteins differently charged. When the proteins were
      injected intra-arterially, the maternal blood concentrations of the two
      cationized proteins (BSA and human IgG) exceeded those of native proteins in the
      chorioallantoic placenta and fetus during the period of examination (15-180 min).
      In the yolk sac placenta, these percentages were essentially the same as those of
      native proteins. Following intra-placental injection, the amounts of the
      cationized proteins in the chorioallantoic placenta and fetus were significantly
      (p less than 0.01) greater than those of native proteins at the particular times
      examined (5 and 60 min). In contrast, the amounts of cationized proteins in the
      yolk sac placenta were basically the same as those of native proteins. The data
      presented above indicate the charge on proteins that considerably influenced
      their materno-fetal transfer, particularly via the chorioallantoic placenta.

PMID- 2277210
TI  - Comparison of ultrastructure adenomyotic glandular epithelium with that of
      attached epithelium of inner wall of chocolate cyst, with particular reference to
      histogenesis of endometriosis.
AB  - Clinically we rather frequently treat infertile women with endometriosis, either
      external or internal. Nowadays the study of the histogenesis of endometriosis is
      urgently required by patients who suffer from sterility because of endometriotic
      foci. To evaluate the histogenesis of endometriosis, we first electron
      microscopically examined the adenomyotic glandular epithelium as a distinct
      candidate for endometriosis interna. Furthermore we studied the chocolate cyst of
      the ovary as representative of endometriosis externa which is very important from
      the standpoint of the infertility clinic. In this report we carefully compared
      the ultrastructure of the adenomyosis with the ovarian chocolate cyst, and
      endeavoured to explore the histogenesis of endometriosis through this
      ultrastructural comparison. As a result it was found that the nuclear membrane
      showed tremendous irregularity in the ovarian chocolate cyst compared with the
      smooth nuclear membrane in the adenomyotic glandular epithelium.

PMID- 2277211
TI  - [Observation of lesions in uterine cervix with videomacroscope].

PMID- 2277212
TI  - [A case report of recurrent nonimmune fetal ascites due to lysosomal storage
      disease].

PMID- 2277213
TI  - [Evaluation criteria for chemotherapeutics for malignant skin carcinomas].
AB  - Malignant skin carcinomas occur in a large variety of forms, among them malignant
      melanoma with a poor prognosis, such as squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell
      carcinoma, appendix tumors of skin (e.g., sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland
      carcinoma), metastatic carcinomas of skin, intraepidermal carcinomas (e.g.,
      Bowen's disease, Paget's disease) and mesenchymal carcinomas including mycosis
      fungoides (cutaneous T cell lymphoma). Furthermore, not only do they present with
      varied clinical symptoms, some forming tumors or erythemas, some being
      infiltrative in nature and some being flat in shape, but the clinical symptoms
      also vary with time during treatment. All these conditions conspire to make the
      evaluation of chemotherapeutics complicated and difficult. In the field of
      dermatology topical drugs provide a no less powerful weapon than drugs for
      systemic administration with which to combat skin carcinomas and are simple and
      easy to administer. In consideration of those clinical and therapeutic aspects of
      malignant skin carcinomas new evaluation criteria for chemotherapeutics for
      topical and systemic administration have been established by adding three-way
      measurement to the conventional methods of one- and two-way measurement for
      measurable lesions along with the evaluation of the response of clinical symptoms
      to chemotherapeutics in unmeasurable carcinomas. The new version of criteria is
      based in its general framework on the Japan Society for Cancer Therapy's
      Evaluation Criteria for Chemotherapeutics for Solid Carcinomas by Koyama and
      Saito and the new version has been approved at the 26th general meeting of the
      Japan Society for Cancer Therapy (1988, Niigata).

PMID- 2277214
TI  - [Clinical analysis of renal cell carcinoma with intravenous tumor thrombus].
AB  - We reviewed treatment and prognosis in 7 operative and 7 non-operative cases of
      renal cell carcinoma with venous tumor thrombosis formation, 14 cases in total.
      Treatment after around 1983 involved the use of biological response modifier
      (BRM), chiefly interferon (IFN), and operation by thoracoabdominal approach.
      Before that, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and operation by peritoneal approach were
      used, with many cases judged inoperable. Even in non-operative cases, life
      prolongation was frequently achieved by embolization of the renal artery and
      administration of various BRMs. On the other hand, in cases judged operable which
      were always treated by resection, early postoperative death sometimes occurred.
      These facts brought home to us the difficulty of choosing appropriate treatment.
      Though it is hard to determine the relative merits of various treatments from the
      present data, since the series is small and contains cases from 1963 onwards, the
      clinical and pathological pictures should be carefully evaluated for each case,
      and the most suitable course of treatment should be selected individually. We
      describe a non-operative case in which a combined use of embolization, IFN-gamma
      and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) elicited a lasting partial response, and an
      operative case in which postoperative complications such as pulmonary infarction
      and renal failure occurred after operation under extracorporeal circulation and
      patient died at 2 months after operation.

PMID- 2277215
TI  - [Anticancer effect of high voltage pulses combined with concentration dependent
      anticancer drugs on Lewis lung carcinoma, in vivo].
AB  - Using high voltage pulse (initial electric field strength 3kV/cm, duration 4
      msec, applied energy 14.9 joule) as a local load, and concentration dependent
      anticancer drugs such as peplomycin (PEP) 20 mg/kg, cyclophosphamide (CPA) 100
      mg/kg, mitomycin C (MMC) 3 mg/kg and cisplatin (CDDP) 5 mg/kg administrated
      intraperitoneally, the effects on the suppression of primary lesions and on
      formation of pulmonary metastasis in the spontaneous pulmonary metastatic system
      of Lewis lung carcinoma were investigated. Though only CPA among single
      administrated anticancer drugs showed a suppressive effect against tumor growth,
      remarkable reduction in the size of primary lesions was obtained with a
      combination of high voltage pulse and an anticancer drug, regardless of various
      kinds of drug. A maximal ratio of size before and after treatment was 0.05 in
      PEP, 0.2 in CPA, 0.38 in MMC and 0.14 in CDDP. A combination of PEP or CPA with
      high voltage pulse had a particularly good effect, reducing the volume of the
      primary tumor after treatment less than levels before treatment throughout 2
      weeks. The use of high voltage pulse alone did not affect any growth kinetics of
      the primary lesion. The number of pulmonary metastatic nodules was significantly
      reduced only by CPA among various kinds of single administrated drugs, whereas it
      was reduced by all treatments with a combination of high voltage pulse and each
      anticancer drug. The use of high voltage pulse alone did not result in any
      increase of the number of pulmonary metastatic nodules.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2277217
TI  - [An evaluation of excisional biopsy for tongue carcinoma].
AB  - An evaluation of excisional biopsy for tongue carcinoma (T1, T2) as a surgical
      treatment was performed. Forty-seven patients who received excisional biopsy
      among 394 patients with tongue carcinoma (T1, T2) treated in National Cancer
      Center Hospital during 24 years were examined. These patients were divided into
      following three groups: group a) patients treated with excisional biopsy only,
      group b) those treated with excisional biopsy and cryosurgery, group c) those
      treated with excisional biopsy and radiotherapy. We examined local control rate
      of these groups, degree of differentiation in histopathological examination, and
      median cancer free surgical margin. From these we obtained following results: 1)
      There was no significance in local control rate among these three groups (group a
      77%, group b 84%, group c 45%) 2) There were no local recurrences in the patients
      with cancer free margin of 5 mm or more except when the histopathology showed
      perineural invasion, lymphatic vessel invasion, and/or deep invasion to the
      muscle. 3) Even if we had cancer positive surgical margin with excisional biopsy,
      we could obtain high local control rate (75%) with additional cryosurgery. We
      conclude that excisional biopsy for tongue carcinoma (T1, T2) is a good method
      for primary therapy.

PMID- 2277216
TI  - [Studies on liposomal ferromagnetic particles and a technique of high frequency
      inductive heating--in vivo studies of rabbits].
AB  - The tumor can be more selectively heated by applying of high frequency inductive
      heating after administration of ferromagnetic particles into a tumor. In order to
      devise a technique used for the selective hyperthermia of a tumor with high
      frequency inductive heating, we continued fundamental studies using liposomal
      ferromagnetic particles (HP-LM), which were prepared as follows: triiron
      tetoraoxide (Fe3O4) particles were coated with liposomal membrane contained
      hematoporphyrin with neoplastic affinity. In Vivo Studies of Rabbits: We used
      high frequency inductive heater (NIHON KOSHUHA CO. LTD. YKN-10), frequency: 400
      kHz, out put: 10 kW, coil diameter: 90 mm. VX-2 tumor cells at 1.5 X 10(7) were
      implanted to the lower thigh of rabbit. When the implanted tumor grew up 3 cm in
      diameter, A-D group were heated and studied. Group A: In a dose of 200 mg/kg of
      HP-LM was administered into the femoral artery, Group B: In a dose of 100 mg/kg
      of Fe3O4 was administered into the femoral artery, Group C: Ligation of femoral
      artery, Group D: Nonadministrated, and then was immediately heated. Group A: In a
      dose of 200 mg/kg of HP-LM, with heating for 10 minutes, temperature was elevated
      14. 8 degrees C at center of tumor. Group B: In a dose of 100 mg/kg of Fe3O4,
      with heating for 10 minutes, temperature was elevated 10.6 degrees C at center of
      tumor. Group C: In a ligation of femoral artery, with heating for 10 minutes,
      temperature was elevated 6.5 degrees C at center of tumor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277218
TI  - [Radiation therapy of CNS lymphoma].
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 22 patients with central nervous system (CNS) non
      Hodgkin's lymphomas seen from 1978 to 1989 at Hamamatsu University Hospital was
      carried out. These were corresponding to 16% (22/137) of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
      treated by irradiation during the same period. Six patients had primary
      intracranial involvement, six had secondary one, five had leptomeningeal
      involvement and five had spinal cord compression. Median survival of these groups
      29 months, 7 months, 6 months and 4 months, respectively. On the case primary
      intracranial involvement, neurological signs and symptoms and performance status
      (PS) were improved in most patients. Whole brain irradiation with a dose of 45 Gy
      to 50 Gy followed by systemic chemotherapy was considered as effective treatment
      modalities. On the other hands, for the secondary intracranial lymphomas,
      clinical symptoms and PS were excellently improved by radiation therapy, however
      these were not reflected to survival. The conditions having primary site on
      gastrointestinal tract and relapse as systemic dissemination were considerable
      risk factors for the control of CNS involvement. For these patients, prophylactic
      chemotherapy should be necessary. Improvement of PS on patients with
      leptomeningeal lymphomas was obtained in only 3 of 5 cases. These were treated by
      irradiation on whole spine or neuroaxis and intrathecal MTX injection. We
      observed 2 cases dying from cerebrovascular accident and one case from
      leukoencephalopathy. This showed that such combination therapy should be
      carefully attempted. Five patients having spinal cord compression suffered from
      paraplegia and none of them had been improved on their symptoms.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277219
TI  - [Probability of the combination use of cisplatin and carboplatin].
AB  - To investigate whether each of cisplatin (CDDP) and carboplatin (CBDCA) was AUC
      (Area Under the Curve)-dependent or time-dependent drug, Human Tumor Clonogenic
      Assays (HTCA) were performed in various exposure times of CDDP or CBDCA using PC
      9 cells. From the result of this study, it was shown that CDDP and CBDCA were AUC
      dependent drugs. Furthermore, to evaluate the combination effect of CDDP and
      CBDCA, we carried out HTCA using PC-9 and PC-14 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell
      lines) cells, and evaluated the combination effect by the median effect analysis
      of Chou, T.C. and Talalay, P. The combination effects were above the additive
      effects at the AUC ratios of free Pt in the exposure medium of 3.2, 6.5, 13.1
      (CBDCA/CDDP). Especially in the combination of 3 hours exposure of CBDCA followed
      by 1 hour exposure of CDDP, the Combination Index by median effect analysis was
      from 0.74 to 0.86 at the AUC ratio of 13.1. But the combination effect was
      antagonistic at that of 19.5. CDDP and CBDCA, which are AUC dependent drugs, have
      shown different side effects in previous clinical practice. And the combination
      effect of both drugs is more than additive effect at the AUC ratios of free Pt of
      3.2, 6.5, 13.1 (CBDCA/CDDP). It is considered that the combination chemotherapy
      of CDDP and CBDCA for patients of lung adenocarcinoma may be useful.

PMID- 2277220
TI  - [Post radiation changes in the rectum: assessment by MR imaging].
AB  - MRI findings of pelvic radiation changes in 42 patients were correlated with the
      tumor and critical tissue dose, time post treatment, and clinical symptoms. The
      severity of tissue changes was graded. The ability of MRI to differentiate post
      radiation tissue changes from residual or recurrent tumor was also correlated.
      Radiation tissue toxicity increased significantly when the dose exceeded 4,500
      cGy, with the incidence of marked rectal changes rising from 8% to 44% with a
      dose greater than 4,500 cGy. All grades of tissue change were seen in the rectum
      of time from start of therapy. All patients who exhibited clinical grade 2 or 3
      rectal changes showed moderate or severe changes on MRI. Grade 1 MRI changes
      indicative of mucosal edema were present in 33% of patients with no clinical
      symptoms. In conclusion, the gradation and sequence of MRI changes following
      radiation therapy to the pelvis have been documented and correlated with clinical
      findings. With its potential for distinguishing radiation change from recurrent
      tumor. MRI should prove to be of value in the assessment of the post-radiation
      pelvis.

PMID- 2277221
TI  - [Preoperative discrimination between benign and malignant ovarian tumors by
      multivariate analysis].
AB  - To obtain a precise preoperative diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian
      tumors, multivariate analysis was performed using a combination of tumor markers,
      diagnostic imagings, clinical findings and epidemiological data. Twenty-eight
      factors were selected for a discriminant analysis, which included 10 factors for
      tumor markers, 8 for diagnostic imagings, 4 for clinical features and 6 for
      epidemiological data. On 235 patients (malignant: 100, benign: 135), the
      usefulness of the discriminant analysis was evaluated retrospectively. As a
      results, an accuracy of preoperative discrimination was 82% for a discriminant
      analysis of tumor markers alone, 91% for diagnostic imagings, 84% clinical
      findings and 65% for epidemiological data. Twenty-one factors were selected by
      chi-square test or T-test. When 21 factors were used, the sensitivity and the
      specificity for the diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumor were 98% and 88%
      respectively. The results indicate that the discriminant analysis is valuable for
      preoperative discrimination of patient with ovarian tumors.

PMID- 2277222
TI  - [Intra-arterial chemotherapy with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) for primary
      mediastinal seminoma].
AB  - Primary mediastinal malignant germinoma is a rare disease, and only about 15
      patients have been reported in Japan. We treated a patient with this disease by
      intra-arterial CDDP infusion and observed good effects. A 29 year-old male was
      admitted to our hospital due to SVC syndrome in 1980. A right mediastinal tumor
      was detected, and the resection of this tumor was performed. Histological
      examination showed seminoma. Though postoperative Co irradiation was performed,
      radiation pneumonitis developed in the right lung. Subsequently, the tumor
      metastasized to the right kidney and spinal cord. After removal of the right
      kidney followed by Co irradiation, the clinical course was good. In 1987, a mass
      (10 x 6 cm) was detected in the left mediastinum, suggesting recurrence. Four
      courses of CDDP infusion into the left bronchial artery and left internal
      thoracic artery (1 course: 45-70 mg) were performed, and good effects were
      obtained. No side effects were observed, and the clinical course has been good
      until now. This case is of interest in evaluating the multidisciplinary treatment
      for mediastinal seminoma.

PMID- 2277224
TI  - Nasal polyposis.
AB  - Nasal polyps are the most common tumors arising in the nasal cavities. They are
      thought to affect between 1% and 4% of the population. Various conditions
      predispose to nasal polyp formation, and the mechanisms of these associations are
      in some instances still undefined. We herein present current theories on the
      etiology and pathophysiology of this entity and discuss current recommendations
      with regard to medical and surgical treatment of the disease.

PMID- 2277223
TI  - [Combined treatment in patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder
      using intravesical pirarubicin, irradiation and hyperthermia].
AB  - The treatment with hyperthermia in combination with radiation and intravesical
      pirarubicin (THP-ADM) was preliminary investigated in 5 patients with urinary
      bladder carcinoma in situ. Following intravesical administration of 30 mg THP
      ADM, external irradiation of 3.0 Gy was delivered to the urinary bladder.
      Immediately then, hyperthermia using Thermotron RF-8 was performed for 50 min
      (intravesical temperature: 42-43 degrees C for 35 min). After five courses of the
      treatment, complete response has been maintained for 6, 8, and 9 months in 3
      patients. However, in a patient with complete response, urinary cytology became
      positive in the 6th month after the treatment. In the remaining patient treatment
      was interrupted after only 3 courses due to urinary irritation, urinary cytology
      didn't become negative. The side effects of the combined treatment were limited
      to the transient symptoms of bladder irritation in all patients and thermal burn
      in 2 patients. These preliminary results suggest that this combined treatment may
      represent an effective conservative therapy for patients with urinary bladder
      carcinoma in situ.

PMID- 2277225
TI  - Granular cell tumor of the breast.
AB  - Granular cell tumors are rare tumors occasionally located in the breast. They are
      generally benign, but can mimic breast carcinoma thus complicating diagnosis and
      treatment. The etiology of these tumors remains obscure, but may be neurogenic in
      origin. We report a case of granular cell tumor of the breast and present a
      review of the topic.

PMID- 2277226
TI  - The Weill-Marchesani syndrome: report of two cases and a review.
AB  - Two cases of the Weill-Marchesani syndrome are reported. The diagnosis very
      likely is being missed in some cases in which the skeletal abnormalities are
      minor and the patients are not referred for systemic examination. Medical therapy
      has not been successful in most patients for the management of the pupillary
      block angle-closure glaucoma encountered in this syndrome. Laser iridectomy,
      which does not risk vitreous fluid loss and other serious surgical complications
      in this disorder, probably is a safer choice as an initial procedure than is the
      use of peripheral iridectomy. A review of the pathogenesis of the syndrome and of
      its treatment is included.

PMID- 2277227
TI  - In response to Timothy B. Norbeck.

PMID- 2277229
TI  - ECG of the month. Reciprocal or not? Acute inferior wall myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2277228
TI  - Paecilomyces lilacinus infection in an immunocompromised patient.
AB  - Systemic infections caused by saprophytic fungi are being diagnosed more
      frequently. We describe the second reported instance of Paecilomyces lilacinus
      causing infection in an immunocompromised host. The diagnosis and treatment of
      this unusual pathogen are discussed.

PMID- 2277230
TI  - Violence in medicine.

PMID- 2277232
TI  - Emotional distress claims in medical malpractice cases.

PMID- 2277233
TI  - Contingent fees and medical-legal consulting services. Economical or unethical?

PMID- 2277231
TI  - Reproductive technology for procreation, experimentation, and profit. Protecting
      rights and setting limits.

PMID- 2277234
TI  - Stability and parameter dependency analysis of a facilitation tectal column (FTC)
      model.
AB  - Mathematical models and computer simulations have been widely used to study the
      spatio-temporal characteristics of the processing of information carried out by
      the central nervous system. When trying to show whether or not a neural model
      accounts for the phenomena under study, if the number of parameters whose values
      need to be calculated becomes large, then computer simulations alone become very
      inefficient to define such values. Here, we developed stability and parameter
      dependency analyses of the mathematical representation of a single facilitation
      tectal column (FTC) model, to show how by using techniques from non-linear
      systems theory we can define the ranges of parameter values under which the model
      would explain the required performance of the neural net model. The benefits of
      these analyses can be grouped in two parts: first, the advantage of using non
      linear systems techniques to analyze, analytically, the dynamics of neural net
      models; and second, we get a deeper understanding of why the hypotheses embedded
      in the models yield the appropriate behaviors and what are the critical
      situations (parametric combinations) under which these behaviors are displayed.

PMID- 2277235
TI  - Models for contact-mediated pattern formation: cells that form parallel arrays.
AB  - Kinetic continuum models are derived for cells that crawl over a 2D substrate,
      undergo random reorientation, and turn in response to contact with a neighbor.
      The integro-partial differential equations account for changes in the
      distribution of orientations in the population. It is found that behavior depends
      on parameters such as total mass, random motility, adherence, and sloughing
      rates, as well as on broad aspects of the contact response. Linear stability
      analysis, and numerical, and cellular automata simulations reveal that as
      parameters are varied, a bifurcation leads to loss of stability of a uniform
      (isotropic) steady state, in favor of an (anisotropic) patterned state in which
      cells are aligned in parallel arrays.

PMID- 2277236
TI  - The coalescent and the genealogical process in geographically structured
      population.
AB  - We shall extend Kingman's coalescent to the geographically structured population
      model with migration among colonies. It is described by a continuous-time Markov
      chain, which is proved to be a dual process of the diffusion process of stepping
      stone model. We shall derive a system of equations for the spatial distribution
      of a common ancestor of sampled genes from colonies and the mean time to getting
      to one common ancestor. These equations are solved in three particular models; a
      two-population model, the island model and the one-dimensional stepping-stone
      model with symmetric nearest-neighbour migration.

PMID- 2277237
TI  - Biological research and reality. Introduction to the theme.

PMID- 2277238
TI  - On the uniqueness of biological research. 1949.
AB  - The significance of the behavior of biological entities cannot be fully explained
      in terms of the physical and chemical processes upon which contemporary
      biological and medical research depends. The characteristic proper of biological
      entities is that they are systems marked by 'inwardness', that is, a capacity to
      interpret meanings in order to reach goals. The significance of this
      characteristic is given in examples from the author's morphological research.

PMID- 2277239
TI  - The unity of the natural sciences: comment on Portmann. 1949.
AB  - Is Portmann's concept of inwardness objectively useful in understanding
      biological phenomena? If it is, it would seem that there is no unity to the
      physical sciences, because biology is as fundamental as physics. On the other
      hand, Portmann's interpretation of inwardness as a meaning or significance that
      we have to give our interpretation of biological phenomena suggests that it is
      sheerly subjective, and so should be reduced to objective correlates. This
      dilemma is false, however. One should realize that scientists construe physical
      and chemical processes as processes devoid of intrinsic meaning, just as they
      construe biological processes as having this meaning, which is Portmann's
      inwardness. From this angle we can integrate the significance of physical and
      biological processes in a way which does not reduce the latter to the former.

PMID- 2277241
TI  - Reconsidering the wisdom of the body: an epistemological critique of Claude
      Bernard's concept of the internal environment.
AB  - Claude Bernard's concept of the internal environment (milieu interieur) played a
      crucial role in the development of experimental physiology and the specific
      medical therapeutics derived from it. This concept allowed the experimentalist to
      approach the organism as fully determined yet relatively autonomous with respect
      to its external environment. However, Bernard's theory of knowledge required that
      he find organismic functioning as the result of an external necessity. He is
      therefore unable to explain adequately the origin or operation of organismic
      autonomy. A more complete conception of biological autonomy must include a theory
      of knowledge that can accommodate the organism as a source of discrimination and
      determination. Only in this way will it be possible to see organisms as active as
      well as reactive, as ordering as well as ordered. This shift in perspective is
      crucial if medicine is to be able to characterize, for example, susceptibility to
      disease. A cognitive sense of the organic interior is proposed as an alternative
      to Bernard's internal environment.

PMID- 2277240
TI  - Faustian phenomena: teleology in Goethe's interpretation of plants and animals.
AB  - J.W. von Goethe was a daring and wide-ranging biologist as well as a great
      playwright. His work was a whole: for him, theory and theatre were both based on
      keen observation of life. Even 'Faustian' striving, the blind upward urge of
      life, can be found in significant details of organisms and their evolution,
      according to Goethe. Such observations cannot be dismissed as sheer poetry. On
      the contrary, his teleology provides a broad empirical background for the
      organismic approach in bio-medical science, while exposing inconsistencies in
      strict reductionist doctrines.

PMID- 2277242
TI  - The discursive formation of the body in the history of medicine.
AB  - The principal argument of the present paper is that the human body is as much a
      reflective formation of multiple discourses as it is an effect of natural and
      environmental processes. This paper examines the implications of this argument,
      and suggests that recognizing the body in this light can be illuminating, not
      only for our conception of the body, but also for our understanding of medicine.
      Since medicine is itself a discursive formation, a science with both a history,
      and a future, it is argued that much can be learned by reflecting on the
      progression of models, or "paradigm-shifts,", in terms of which modern medicine
      has articulated the human body that figures at the heart of its discourse. Four
      historical periods of medicine will be considered, each one governed by its own
      distinctive paradigm. It is argued, finally, that, with the emergence of
      behavioural medicine, and, more particularly, psychoneuroimmunology, a new
      discursive formation in medicine, one can see a new conceptualization of the
      human body beginning to take shape; and that this new figure of the body makes it
      possible for the very first time to conceive the construction of testable
      hypotheses regarding correlations between the objective body of science and the
      phenomenological body of experienced meaning.

PMID- 2277243
TI  - The poverty of neurophilosophy.

PMID- 2277244
TI  - Declaring independence: why we should be cautious.

PMID- 2277245
TI  - Induced abortion as cancer risk factor: a review of epidemiological evidence.

PMID- 2277247
TI  - Morbidity variation and RAWP.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: Resource allocations from the central government to the English
      health regions are determined by population levels adjusted by relative
      standardised mortality ratios (SMRs). The White Paper Working for Patients
      proposes that allocations should in future be based on capitation adjusted by
      some other measures of health. The aim of this paper was to investigate the
      effect of using morbidity data in the weighting algorithm instead of relative
      SMRs. DESIGN: Morbidity data were obtained from the Health and Lifestyle Survey,
      1986. Three different measures of self reported morbidity were used (Long
      Standing Illness, Any Declared Condition, Any Handicap). Population weightings
      were calculated by national average bed use for these conditions and again for
      SMRs. SETTING: This was a national survey using data from all the English health
      regions. MAIN RESULTS: All three measures of morbidity showed a wider variation
      between regions than SMRs, and the weighted populations showed a correspondingly
      wide variation (approximately double that obtained when using SMRs). CONCLUSION:
      The weighting of populations will be crucial in determining resource allocations
      to budget holders, whether in the hospital or primary care sector. However
      without a prior agreement on what counts as "need", the choice of these
      alternative measures will be arbitrary.

PMID- 2277246
TI  - Magnitude and causes of socioeconomic differentials in mortality: further
      evidence from the Whitehall Study.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to explore the magnitude and causes of the
      differences in mortality rates according to socioeconomic position in a cohort of
      civil servants. DESIGN: This was a prospective observational study of civil
      servants followed up for 10 years after baseline data collection. SETTING: Civil
      service offices in London. PARTICIPANTS: 11,678 male civil servants were studied,
      aged 40-64 at baseline screening between 1967 and 1969. Two indices of
      socioeconomic position were available on these participants--employment grade
      (categorised into four levels), and ownership of a car. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Main outcome measures were all cause and cause specific mortality, with
      cause of death taken from death certificates coded according to the eighth
      revision of the ICD. Employment grade and car ownership were independently
      related to total mortality and to mortality from the major cause groups.
      Combining the indices further improved definition of mortality risk and the age
      adjusted relative rate between the highest grade car owners and the lowest grade
      non-owners of 4.3 is considerably larger than the social class differentials seen
      in the British population. Factors potentially involved in the production of
      these mortality differentials were examined. Smoking, plasma cholesterol
      concentration, blood pressure, and glucose intolerance did not appear to account
      for them. The pattern of differentials was the same in the group who reported no
      ill health at baseline as it was in the whole sample, which suggests that health
      selection associated with frank illness was not a major determinant. The
      contribution of height, a marker for environmental factors acting in early life,
      was also investigated. Whereas adjustment for employment grade and car ownership
      attenuated the association between short stature and mortality, height
      differences within employment grade and car ownership groups explained little of
      the differential mortality. CONCLUSION: The use of social class as an index of
      socioeconomic position leads to underestimation of the association between social
      factors and mortality, which may be reflected in public health initiatives and
      priorities. Known risk factors could not be shown to account for the
      differentials in mortality, although the degree to which this can be explored
      with single measurements is limited.

PMID- 2277248
TI  - Child growth and duration of breast feeding in urban Zambia.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the relationship between duration of
      breast feeding and growth of children. DESIGN: The study was a survey of randomly
      selected clusters of households. SETTING: The study was community based and took
      place in an urban township with a population of over 43,000 people in Lusaka, the
      capital city of Zambia. PARTICIPANTS: The sample consisted of 438 children aged 0
      to 59 months surveyed between October 1984 and June 1986. Due to missing
      information, 394 children were used in the analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: After controlling for confounding variables, duration of breast feeding
      was found to be associated with height for age among children in their first two
      years of life, but not in the later years of life. There was no significant
      protective effect of breast feeding on undernutrition and acute malnutrition as
      measured by weight for age and weight for height. CONCLUSIONS: The findings
      suggest that, in this community, duration of breast feeding is strongly
      associated with the linear growth experiences of children and the association
      changes with the infant's age. One strong risk factor suspected to be responsible
      for the poor growth performance of children in this study is the low nutritional
      quality of the weaning foods which are used to supplement breast milk during the
      lengthy weaning period.

PMID- 2277249
TI  - Risk factors for cancer of the buccal and labial mucosa in Kerala, southern
      India.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate risk factors for cancer of the buccal
      and labial mucosa in Kerala, southern India. DESIGN: The investigation was a case
      control study. SETTING: Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, and local
      teaching hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Cases were all those registered with oral
      cancers at the Regional Cancer Centre during 1983 and 1984 (n = 414). Controls (n
      = 895) were selected from admissions to the cancer centre who were found to have
      non-malignant conditions, or from patients attending outpatients in teaching
      hospitals of Trivandrum medical college with non-malignant conditions.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The risk in males of the following habits was
      investigated: pan (betel)-tobacco chewing, bidi and cigarette smoking, drinking
      alcohol, and taking snuff. Only pan-tobacco chewing was investigated in females
      as very few indulged in other habits. Among males predisposing effects were found
      for pan-tobacco chewing (p less than 0.001), bidi smoking (p less than 0.001),
      drinking alcohol (p less than 0.001), and taking snuff (p less than 0.01). As in
      males, pan-tobacco chewing also had a predisposing effect in females (p less than
      0.001). Duration of use was a better predictor of risk than either daily
      frequency of use or total lifetime exposure, both for pan-tobacco chewing
      (especially if the habit started before age 21 years) and bidi smoking. However,
      there were also very high risks associated with the current occasional use of
      both factors. Pan-tobacco chewing was the most important risk factor, with
      relative risk of 13.24 with 31-40 years' use, and 37.75 with greater than 40
      years' use among males. Corresponding relative risks in females were 21.30 and
      54.93. No effect of cigarette smoking was observed (relative risk 0.64, p greater
      than 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: A substantial majority of cases of buccal and labial
      cancers are attributable to chewing pan-tobacco. This has obvious implications
      for instituting preventive measures.

PMID- 2277250
TI  - Survival among women with cancer of the uterine cervix: influence of marital
      status and social class.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate whether the survival of women with
      cancer of the uterine cervix is associated with their marital status and social
      class. DESIGN: The study was a survey of survival up to 5 years from diagnosis of
      women with cancer of the cervix registered in the South Thames Cancer Registry,
      using Cox regression to adjust for marital status, social class, age, and stage
      at registration. Because of deficiencies in social class data held by the
      Registry (social class was assigned in only 51% of cases, as opposed to 93% for
      marital status), the findings were compared with survival data from the OPCS
      Longitudinal Study. SETTING: During the period of study (1977-81) the South
      Thames Cancer Registry covered a female population of about 3.5 million in the
      south east of England. PATIENTS: Data on 1728 women were analysed. MEASUREMENTS
      AND AND MAIN RESULTS: Apparent differences in crude survival by marital status
      and social class were examined. These were found to be accounted for by
      adjustment for age and stage. The better survival of those whose social class was
      unknown was found to be an artefact of the way in which cancer registries assign
      social class, but this did not appear to bias registry based studies of social
      class survival seriously. CONCLUSIONS: (1) After adjusting for age, factors
      affecting survival in women with cancer of the cervix, such as stage at
      presentation or host resistance, appear to be similarly distributed in the
      different marital status and social class groups; (2) for cervical cancer, the
      marked social class gradient and unusual marital status distribution found in
      cross sectional mortality data reflect the incidence of the disease, not
      differences in survival; (3) explanations for these patterns in incidence and
      mortality data are to be found in the aetiology of the disease.

PMID- 2277252
TI  - Alcohol use in pregnancy, craniofacial features, and fetal growth.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to study the relationship between the level of
      alcohol consumption in pregnancy and craniofacial characteristics of the neonate.
      DESIGN: This was a prospective survey of a sample of pregnant women, stratified
      on prepregnancy level of alcohol consumption. SETTING: The study was carried out
      at the public antenatal clinic of Roubaix maternity hospital. PARTICIPANTS:
      During an eight month period, 684 women (89% of those eligible) were interviewed
      in a standardised way at their first antenatal clinic visit. Of these, all who
      were suspected of being alcoholic or heavy drinkers (at least 21 drinks per week)
      were selected for follow up, as was a subsample of light (0-6 drinks per week)
      and moderate (7-20 drinks per week) drinkers. Of 347 women selected in this way,
      202 had their infants assessed by a standardised morphological examination.
      MEASUREMENTS AND AND MAIN RESULTS: Suggestive craniofacial characteristics of the
      infants, present either in isolation or in association with growth retardation
      ("fetal alcohol effects"), were compared in relation to maternal alcohol
      consumption (alcoholic 12%; heavy drinking 24%; moderate drinking 28%; light
      drinking 36%). No differences were found between light and moderate drinkers.
      Infants born to alcoholics had a greater number of craniofacial characteristics
      and the proportion with features compatible with fetal alcohol effects was
      higher. There was a similar trend for infants of heavy drinkers. Infants of heavy
      drinkers who had decreased their alcohol consumption during pregnancy had fewer
      craniofacial features. Infants of heavy smokers were also found to have increased
      numbers of craniofacial characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Craniofacial morphology
      could be a sensitive indicator of alcohol exposure in utero. Altered morphology
      is usually considered specific for alcohol exposure, but the relation observed
      with smoking needs further exploration.

PMID- 2277251
TI  - Is there a fetal effect with low to moderate alcohol use before or during
      pregnancy?
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the effect of low or moderate alcohol
      consumption upon fetal outcome. DESIGN: This was a prospective randomised cohort
      study with mother and infant follow-up sample stratified on level of maternal
      alcohol intake. SETTING: A large maternity hospital in Western Australia.
      PARTICIPANTS: 2002 randomly selected pregnant women were recruited over a 3 year
      period for questionnaire survey (19 mothers refused participation). From 665
      women in a stratified subsample selected on the basis of prepregnancy alcohol
      consumption, 605 newborns were available for study. INVESTIGATION AND MAIN
      RESULTS: All 2002 women completed a comprehensive questionnaire on demographic,
      lifestyle (including diet), health, and obstetric factors. Of the 665 mothers who
      were followed through pregnancy, 605 liveborns were available at birth for
      measurement and detailed clinical evaluation. Low to moderate prepregnancy
      maternal alcohol intake was not associated with any untoward effect upon weight,
      length, head circumference at birth, or clinical well-being as indicated by Apgar
      score, respiratory distress syndrome, and overall clinical state. Other factors,
      particularly nicotine, were of much greater importance. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      fails to show any significant relationship between low to moderate prepregnancy
      maternal alcohol intake and newborn clinical status. The outcome suggests that
      cautionary advice to pregnant women warning that any alcohol taken during
      pregnancy is potentially harmful to the fetus is inaccurate and therefore
      probably counterproductive.

PMID- 2277253
TI  - Models for forecasting hospital bed requirements in the acute sector.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the current approach to forecasting
      hospital bed requirements. DESIGN: The study was a time series and regression
      analysis. The time series for mean duration of stay for general surgery in the
      age group 15-44 years (1969-1982) was used in the evaluation of different methods
      of forecasting future values of mean duration of stay and its subsequent use in
      the formation of hospital bed requirements. RESULTS: It has been suggested that
      the simple trend fitting approach suffers from model specification error and
      imposes unjustified restrictions on the data. Time series approach (Box-Jenkins
      method) was shown to be a more appropriate way of modelling the data. CONCLUSION:
      The simple trend fitting approach is inferior to the time series approach in
      modelling hospital bed requirements.

PMID- 2277254
TI  - Reliability of routine hospital data on poisoning as measures of deliberate self
      poisoning in adolescents.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the extent to which routinely collected
      data on poisoning in adolescents reflected deliberate self poisoning and, in
      doing, so to assess the accuracy of the diagnostic information on poisoning in
      the routine hospital abstracts which form the joint data base of Hospital
      Activity Analysis and the Oxford Record Linkage Study (ORLS). DESIGN: A
      comparison was made (a) of all eligible ORLS records during the study period with
      an independent source of records; and (b) of a random sample of records from an
      independent source with ORLS. SETTING: Records of patients admitted to the John
      Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford were used. SUBJECTS: These were (a) patients aged 10
      20 years between 1980 and 1985 with a diagnosis of poisoning by drugs and
      medicaments in ORLS; (b) a random sample of 500 patients selected from the self
      harm monitoring files at the hospital (12 patients were not eligible for
      inclusion in ORLS and were therefore excluded from the rest of the study).
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The recorded diagnosis was compared on the records
      selected from the two files. Of the 1123 events of poisoning identified in ORLS,
      1081 (96.3%) were correctly coded as poisoning and 1065 (95%) of these were
      deliberate self poisoning. Of the 488 cases from the monitoring files, 467
      (95.7%) of all cases had a correct diagnosis of injury or poisoning on the ORLS
      file. Of the 453 poisoning cases 436 (96.2%) were correctly recorded in ORLS.
      CONCLUSIONS: Deliberate self poisoning in adolescents can be identified through
      routinely collected hospital statistics. A very high percentage of the diagnostic
      information on poisoning in ORLS files is correctly recorded.

PMID- 2277255
TI  - Postal survey on airborne occupational exposure and respiratory disorders in
      Norway: causes and consequences of non-response.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine causes for non-response in a community
      survey, and how non-response influences prevalence estimates of some exposure and
      disease variables, and associations between the variables. DESIGN: This was a
      cross sectional questionnaire study with two reminder letters. The questionnaire
      asked for information on smoking habits, occupational airborne exposure and
      respiratory disorders. SETTING: A random sample of 4992 subjects from the general
      population aged 15-70 years of Hordaland County, Norway. MAIN RESULTS: The
      overall response rate was 90%, with a 63% response to the initial letter. The
      response rates to the first and second reminder letters were 56% and 36%
      respectively. In 20% of the non-respondents an uncompleted questionnaire was
      returned with cause for non-response; in two thirds of these the cause for non
      response was that the subject was not resident at the mailing address. A home
      visit to a random sample of 50 urban non-respondents provided further information
      on 29 subjects. A wrong address at the Central Population Registry and the
      subject's feeling of lack of personal benefit from a postal survey were the major
      reasons for non-response. Smokers were late respondents and subjects with
      respiratory disorders tended to be early respondents. CONCLUSION: The main
      reasons for non-response were a wrong mailing address and a feeling of lack of
      personal benefit from responding. Using only the initial letter would have
      changed the estimated prevalence of smokers from 39% to 35%. Otherwise, the
      estimated prevalence of the exposure and disease variables as well as the
      associations between them were only slightly changed after including the
      respondents to the first and second reminder letters.

PMID- 2277257
TI  - The role of series elastic structures in prestretch-induced work enhancement
      during isotonic and isokinetic contractions.
AB  - The influence of series elastic structures on the dynamics of the contractile
      machinery was examined in the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) of five male Wistar
      rats, with respect to enhancement of work of a muscle-tendon complex after active
      stretch. Imposed isotonic and isokinetic contractions were preceded by either an
      isometric phase (PI) or an active stretch (PS). The effects of fibre length
      differences at the onset of shortening, due to differences of extension of
      tendinous structures, were studied. For the isotonic experiments fibre length and
      shortening velocity were estimated 30 ms after release and compared with the PI
      length-velocity curve determined at the same force level. For shortening above
      the optimum length, about half of the enhanced shortening found after prestretch
      could be explained by PS-PI fibre length differences. Below the optimum length,
      PS shortening velocity was somewhat lower than expected on the basis of length
      velocity characteristics. Enhancement of work output due to stretch was different
      for isokinetic and isotonic shortening. In isokinetic shortening, following
      prestretch, fibre work was limited because of enhanced shortening of the
      tendinous structures. In stretch-shortening cycles imposed on a muscle-tendon
      complex, the length of the complex affected all prestretch effects, i.e.
      potentiation of the contractile element, contractile element interaction with the
      tendinous structures, and elastic energy release. It is concluded that, besides
      potentiation effects and enhanced elastic energy release, the influence of series
      elastic structures on fibre dynamics determines active stretch-induced work
      enhancement. The contribution by these mechanisms to this work enhancement
      depends largely on the type of stretch-shortening cycle.

PMID- 2277256
TI  - Air pollution and cause specific mortality in Athens.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the reported association between air
      pollution and cause specific mortality in the city of Athens. DESIGN: Cause
      specific mortality was contrasted between 199 d with high values of air pollution
      and 2*199 comparison days with low pollution, matched in a 1:2 ratio on the basis
      of various confounding factors. Statistical analysis was done, taking matching
      into account, using analysis of variance for randomised blocks. SETTING: The
      study was confined to the city of Athens, using data obtained between 1975 and
      1982. PARTICIPANTS: Cause of death was assessed in all 25 138 persons dying in
      the 3*199 d studied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Causes of death were
      evaluated blindly by two medically qualified investigators on the basis of
      information in the death certificates. Mortality was generally higher during the
      high pollution days but the difference was more pronounced and more significant
      for respiratory conditions, even though the number of deaths in this category was
      smaller than the corresponding numbers in the other two categories examined
      (cardiac and "other" deaths). CONCLUSION: The results show that the short term
      association between air pollution and overall mortality in Athens is likely to be
      causal, since it is particularly evident with respect to respiratory conditions,
      for which a biological air pollution link is more plausible.

PMID- 2277258
TI  - The influence of temperature on muscle velocity and sustained performance in
      swimming carp.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate how fish locomote at different muscle
      temperatures. Sarcomere length excursion and muscle shortening velocity, V, were
      determined from high-speed motion pictures of carp, Cyprinus carpio (11-14 cm),
      swimming steadily at various sustained speeds at 10, 15 and 20 degrees C. In the
      middle and posterior regions of the carp, sarcomeres of the lateral red muscle
      underwent cyclical excursions of 0.31 microns, centered around the resting length
      of 2.06 microns (i.e. from 1.91 to 2.22 microns). The amplitudes of the sarcomere
      length excursions were essentially independent of swimming speed and temperature.
      As tail-beat frequency increased linearly with swimming speed regardless of
      temperature, the sarcomeres underwent the same length changes in a shorter time.
      Thus, V increased in a linear and temperature-independent manner with swimming
      speed. Neither temperature nor swimming speed had an influence on tail-beat
      amplitude or tail height. Our findings indicate that muscle fibres are used only
      over a narrow, temperature-independent range of V/Vmax (0.17-0.36) where power
      and efficiency are maximal. Carp start to recruit their white muscles at swimming
      speeds where the red muscle V/Vmax becomes too high (and thus power output
      declines). When the V/Vmax of the active muscle falls too low during steady
      swimming, carp switch to 'burst-and-coast' swimming, apparently to keep V/Vmax
      high. Because Vmax (maximum velocity of shortening) of carp red muscle has a Q10
      of 1.63, the transition speeds between swimming styles are lower at lower
      temperatures. Thus, carp recruit their white anaerobic muscle at a lower swimming
      speed at lower temperatures (verified by electromyography), resulting in a lower
      maximum sustainable swimming speed. The present findings also indicate that, to
      generate the same total force and power to swim at a given speed, carp at 10
      degrees C must recruit about 50% greater fibre cross-sectional area than they do
      at 20 degrees C.

PMID- 2277259
TI  - Foreign connections are formed in vitro by Aplysia californica interneuron L10
      and its in vivo followers and non-followers.
AB  - Aplysia californica interneurone L10 forms a set of presynaptic connections with
      many postsynaptic 'follower' cells in the abdominal ganglion. These followers do
      not connect back to L10. The present study tests whether the direction and sign
      of these connections are obligatory and are reconstructed when neuronal processes
      regenerate in vitro. L10 was co-cultured with one of six different followers and
      two non-followers. 1. In vitro connections that preserve the sign of those formed
      in vivo were made by L10 onto neurones L11, L12 and L13. The connections
      consisted of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) with characteristic fast
      and slow components. 2. In vitro connections that did not preserve the sign of
      connections found in vivo were made by L10 onto R15, R16 and L7. Neurones R15 and
      R16 receive excitatory inputs from L10 in vivo and L7 receives a dual-action
      input in vivo, with inhibition followed by excitation. A purely inhibitory
      connection from L10 was formed in vitro onto all these cells. 3. Connections that
      have never been observed in vivo in terms of both direction and sign were formed
      in vitro. Followers L7, L11, L12, L13 and R16 and non-follower L14A formed novel
      connections onto L10. All these connections were inhibitory and some were strong.
      For example, IPSPs with a magnitude of 20 mV were observed in L10 following a
      single action potential in L13. Our results show that identified Aplysia neurones
      can form stereotyped specific connections in vitro. The specificity is different
      from that in the intact ganglion. The ubiquity of novel connections suggests that
      restrictions imposed on synaptogenesis in the animal are distinct from those
      regulating synapse formation in culture.

PMID- 2277260
TI  - The work and energetic cost of locomotion. I. The effects of limb mass
      distribution in quadrupeds.
AB  - Does limb design influence the cost of locomotion in quadrupedal mammals? If not,
      morphologists must dismiss the economy of locomotion from consideration when
      assessing the adaptive factors shaping limb structure. Several studies have
      recently used externally applied loads to demonstrate a relationship between limb
      mass distribution and energy costs in human subjects. It is not clear whether a
      similar correlation would hold for quadrupeds, given their very different gaits.
      The present study addresses this question by measuring the rate of oxygen
      consumption in domestic dogs running on a treadmill with mass added either to the
      limbs or to the back. Trials with no additional mass were used as a control. The
      use of externally applied loads has the advantage of allowing limb mass to be
      altered in a system in which other aspects of physiology that might influence
      cost of locomotion are held constant. The cost of adding mass to the limbs in
      dogs was found to be significantly greater than that of adding it at the center
      of mass. Limb mass distribution does affect the cost of locomotion in quadrupeds.
      A comparison of the results from a variety of studies in which the energetic cost
      of adding external loads has been measured in animals across a wide size range
      suggests a qualitative difference in the factors determining the cost of
      locomotion in large and small animals.

PMID- 2277261
TI  - The work and energetic cost of locomotion. II. Partitioning the cost of internal
      and external work within a species.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that large animals have systematically lower mass
      specific costs of locomotion than do smaller animals, in spite of there being no
      demonstrable difference between them in the mass-specific mechanical work of
      locomotion. Larger animals are somehow much more efficient at converting
      metabolic energy to mechanical work. The present study analyzes how this
      decoupling of work and cost might occur. The experimental design employs limb
      loaded and back-loaded dogs and allows the energetic cost of locomotion to be
      partitioned between that used to move the center of mass (external work) and that
      used to move the limbs relative to the center of mass (internal work). These
      costs were measured in three dogs moving at four speeds. Increases in the cost of
      external work with speed parallel increases in the amount of external work based
      on data from previous studies. However, increases in the cost of internal work
      with speed are much less (less than 50%) than the increase in internal work
      itself over the speeds examined. Furthermore, the cost of internal work increases
      linearly with speed, whereas internal work itself increases as a power function
      of speed. It is suggested that this decoupling results from an increase with
      speed in the extent to which the internal work of locomotion is powered by non
      metabolic means, such as elastic strain energy and transfer of energy within and
      between body segments.

PMID- 2277262
TI  - Regional variation in the current flow across an insect blood-brain barrier.
AB  - One notable characteristic of the insect and vertebrate central nervous system is
      the presence of a clearly defined blood-brain barrier. In the insect this barrier
      is made up of the perineurial glial cells, and shows a heterogeneity in structure
      and possibly function between the connectives and ganglia. In this paper we have
      used a two-dimensional vibrating probe to investigate the net flow of electrical
      current across the barrier at various locations in the abdominal nervous system.
      The results show clear differences between different areas. There is a strong and
      consistent outward current flow (3.16 microA cm-2) perpendicular to the ganglion
      surface over the equatorial plane. Current returns through the peripheral nerves
      and the connectives. A detailed study of the latter shows that the net inward
      flow is principally over the initial section, immediately adjacent to the ganglia
      (2.11 microA cm-2). The different current polarities can be correlated with
      structural differences in the underlying glial cells.

PMID- 2277264
TI  - The effect of sampling rate on the analysis of digital electromyograms from
      vertebrate muscle.

PMID- 2277263
TI  - An interneurone mediating motor programme switching in the ventilatory system of
      the crab.
AB  - The central pattern generator controlling ventilation in the crab can generate
      two distinct motor programmes, which determine the direction of water flow during
      irrigation of the gills. An interneurone has been identified that depolarizes
      when the ventilatory motor output switches from forward to reverse ventilation
      and remains depolarized for the duration of the reverse motor programme.
      Depolarization of this neurone by intracellular current injection causes a switch
      in the motor programme from forward to reverse ventilation, which persists for
      the duration of the current step. Hyperpolarization of this cell during reverse
      ventilation terminates the reverse motor programme. The possible role of this
      reversal switch interneurone is considered in the context of the observed changes
      in the activity of other ventilatory interneurones and motor neurones during
      reverse ventilation.

PMID- 2277265
TI  - From dystrophia muscularis progressiva to dystrophin. On the 150th anniversary of
      Wilhelm Erb's birthday.

PMID- 2277266
TI  - A multicentre follow-up study of 1152 patients with myasthenia gravis in Italy.
AB  - A multicentre retrospective study was carried out on the characteristics and
      course of myasthenia gravis (MG) in Italy. Data from 1152 patients, fairly
      representative of the myasthenic population seeking medical advice, were analysed
      for diagnostic criteria, clinical aspects and therapeutic approaches. Mean follow
      up was 4.9 years. The disease was correctly diagnosed within 2 years of the onset
      in 80% of cases. Onset of symptoms peaked in the second and third decade in
      females and fell between 20 and 59 years in males. At first observation 87% of
      the patients had generalized MG. Maximal worsening was observed within 3 years in
      77% of patients. At the last follow-up, 35% of cases were symptom-free
      (pharmacological remission 24%, remission without treatment 11%). The more severe
      the disease at the first observation and at the maximal worsening of symptoms,
      the lower was the proportion of remissions. Steroids were given in 54% and
      immunosuppressants in 18%. Thymectomy was performed in 72%, mostly in women,
      younger than age 40, and with generalized MG. Thymectomy seemed to improve the
      course of the disease, mostly in patients operated on shortly after diagnosis and
      those with generalized mild-to-moderate disease and with a normally involuted
      thymus. MG was lethal in 4% of patients, principally men, older than 40, in grade
      3 or worse at first observation, with a short history of disease, and with
      thymona.

PMID- 2277267
TI  - Genetic data and natural history of Friedreich's disease: a study of 80 Italian
      patients.
AB  - The clinical and genetic features of 80 patients with Friedreich's disease from
      64 families are described. Diagnostic criteria were: no evidence of dominant
      inheritance, onset by the age of 20 years, progressive unremitting ataxia of
      limbs and gait, and absence of knee and ankle jerks. Furthermore, at least one of
      the following accessory signs was present: dysarthria, extensor plantar response
      and echocardiographic evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Two peaks of onset
      age were evident at 6-9 and 12-15 years. Analysis of intra-family variation of
      onset age and absence of clustering of cardiomyopathy and diabetes did not
      suggest genetic heterogeneity. Peripheral nerve impairment was an early finding
      and showed slight further progression, whereas involvement of the cerebellar and
      corticospinal pathways appeared later and mainly accounted for the progressive
      worsening of the disease.

PMID- 2277268
TI  - Search for retroviral sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and brain
      tissue of multiple sclerosis patients.
AB  - DNAs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 21 patients with multiple
      sclerosis (MS), 1 patient with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) as well as DNAs
      from brain and spinal cord of 5 MS cases and 3 controls were examined for human T
      cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-related sequences by polymerase chain reaction.
      The primers used were derived from the HTLV-I gag, env and tax genes. Amplified
      products were separated on agarose gels, blotted onto nylon membranes and
      hybridized to specific radiolabelled oligonucleotides. The sensitivity of
      amplification and hybridization was one copy of target DNA in 10(5) cellular
      genomes. None of the specimens was positive for HTLV-I sequences except the TSP
      probe. These negative data are all the more significant because brain material
      from MS patients was used in these studies. Our studies thus fail to support
      speculations that HTLV-I is involved in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2277269
TI  - Traumatic and spontaneous extracranial internal carotid artery dissections.
AB  - Seventy patients with spontaneous and 21 with traumatic extracranial internal
      carotid artery dissections were studied clinically and angiographically with mean
      follow-ups of 64 (spontaneous group) and 40 months (traumatic group). Sixty
      percent of the patients in the spontaneous group and 71% in the traumatic group
      also had follow-up angiograms. In traumatic dissections aneurysms were common,
      significantly fewer aneurysms resolved or became smaller and fewer stenoses
      resolved or improved, whereas more stenoses progressed to occlusion. Traumatic
      dissections were more likely to leave the patients with neurological deficits. A
      significantly higher percentage of the patients with spontaneous dissections were
      asymptomatic at follow-up compared with the traumatic group. Although both
      spontaneous and traumatic dissections of extracranial internal carotid arteries
      mostly carry a good prognosis, the outcome may be somewhat less favorable for the
      traumatic group.

PMID- 2277270
TI  - Motor dysfunction in HIV-infected patients without clinically detectable central
      nervous deficit.
AB  - Motor tests were performed in 50 HIV-infected patients in all stages according to
      the current CDC classification, but without any clinically evident central
      nervous system deficit, and the results compared with an age-matched control
      group. Patients were excluded from the study if there was alcohol or drug abuse,
      fever and/or opportunistic cerebral infection. The parameters tested were
      postural tremor of the outstretched hands, most rapid voluntary alternating index
      finger movements (MRAM) and rise time of most rapid index finger extensions
      (MRC). Whereas tremor peak frequencies did not differ significantly in the
      patients and controls, MRAM and rise times of MRCs showed significant slowing in
      the patient group. Morphologically, the motor test performance of the HIV
      infected patients was similar to that of patients with manifest basal ganglia
      disease (Parkinson's, Huntington's and Wilson's diseases). MRI scans of all
      patients were normal. It is concluded that in HIV-infected patients there is a
      very early subclinical central nervous system affection, especially of the basal
      ganglia, which is detectable with appropriate, quantitative motor function tests.
      These functional abnormalities precede the structural alterations in the MRI
      scans.

PMID- 2277271
TI  - Oculo-bulbar myasthenic symptoms as the sole sign of tumour involving or
      compressing the brain stem.
AB  - Four patients with tumours involving or compressing the brain stem are described
      whose initial clinical symptoms of fluctuating paresis of the external ocular
      muscles and/or the pharyngeal muscles without other neurological deficits led to
      the primary diagnosis of focal myasthenia. The combination of an unusual clinical
      pattern, involvement of muscles of only one ocular nerve or severe
      dysphagia/dysarthria without extension of the myasthenic symptoms, should lead to
      further investigation to exclude other reasons of a focal myasthenic syndrome
      such as a brain-stem tumour.

PMID- 2277272
TI  - Fluctuations of interictal brain imaging in repeated 123I-IMP SPECT scans in an
      epileptic patient.
AB  - Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scans with N-isopropyl
      (iodine 123) p-iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP) were performed three times in
      interictal periods in a 35-year-old man with intractable frontal lobe epilepsy
      and normal X-ray CT findings. The first scan showed decreased 123I-IMP uptake in
      the right frontal lobe. This abnormal image was regarded as the primary focus of
      his epilepsy on the basis of its regional agreement with focal epileptic
      discharges on EEGs. In the second scan, he showed normal imaging, while the third
      scan showed the same abnormal image as before, in the right frontal lobe. The
      frequency of his clinical seizures was almost unchanged during the intervals
      between scans and further EEGs recorded soon after each scan showed almost no
      changes in the basic activities and frequency of the epileptic discharges. Such
      fluctuations in SPECT brain imaging suggest that the severity of functional
      inactivation underlying the focal hypoperfusion image as an epileptic focus may
      fluctuate considerably in the interictal state with no relation to the clinical
      features of epilepsy.

PMID- 2277273
TI  - Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis: the relation to VEP,
      SEP and CSF immunoglobulins.
AB  - One hundred patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were analysed retrospectively
      with respect to investigations of brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP),
      pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEP), somatosensory evoked potentials
      (SEP), and cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins (CSF-IG). BAEP were abnormal in
      42% of those with normal VEP and SEP examinations, and in 38% of patients with
      normal CSF-IG. The chance of obtaining at least one abnormal EP was lower in
      patients with normal CSF-IG than in patients with abnormal CSF. When a
      "dispersion ratio" was included in the criteria for BAEP abnormality, the
      sensitivity increased compared with conventional BAEP criteria. We recommend that
      BAEP should still be included in the EP test battery for patients with suspected
      MS.

PMID- 2277275
TI  - Primary intracerebral sarcoma in childhood: case report with electron-microscope
      study.
AB  - A case of a primary intracerebral sarcoma is described in a 5-year-old girl.
      Histology and immunohistochemistry excluded the diagnosis of a leiomyosarcoma, a
      malignant haemangiopericytoma or a fibrosarcoma; electron-microscopical findings
      indicated that the origin of the sarcoma was in the pia mater.

PMID- 2277274
TI  - Progressive inflammatory lesions of the brain parenchyma in localized scleroderma
      of the head.
AB  - A patient with localized scleroderma of the head, uveitis, and Raynaud's
      phenomenon presented with generalized seizures, spastic hemiparesis, and local
      IgG production in the cerebrospinal fluid. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed
      progressive cortical and subcortical brain parenchymal lesions mainly adjacent to
      the cutaneous and bony lesions and probably of inflammatory origin.

PMID- 2277276
TI  - Aberrant regeneration in a case of syringobulbia: selective co-activation of
      abducens and facial nerves during saccades.
AB  - A patient suffering from syringobulbia and syringomyelia exhibited a phasic
      contraction of the ipsilateral facial muscles, mainly the levator labii, whenever
      he looked to the left or right. Facial muscle twitches occurred exclusively with
      saccades. The selective co-activation of abducens and facial nerves is
      interpreted as the result of bilateral misrouting of regenerating neurons from
      the parapontine reticular formation to the facial nerve in the tegmentum pontis.

PMID- 2277278
TI  - Held hostage: a new twist.

PMID- 2277277
TI  - Familial eating epilepsy.
AB  - Eating-related seizures affecting 20 individuals among 59 siblings belonging to
      nine families are presented. The type of epilepsy was partial in all the affected
      individuals, and the seizures complex in 15 and simple in 5, secondarily
      generalized in the majority. The onset of epilepsy, in most cases, was in the
      second decade of life. A remarkable degree of intra-family consistency was
      observed with regard to age at onset, symptomatology of seizures and timing of
      eating seizures. The study demonstrates sibling clustering in a partial epilepsy,
      implicating for the first time genetic susceptibility in the aetiology of eating
      epilepsy.

PMID- 2277279
TI  - Polyhydramnios and perinatal outcome.
AB  - Of 2081 high-risk pregnancy patients who underwent antepartum fetal surveillance
      tests, 72 (3.5%) patients demonstrated evidence of polyhydramnios using the
      amniotic fluid index to assess the amniotic fluid volume. In these patients, an
      increased incidence of fetal macrosomia, premature births, non-reactive nonstress
      tests, perinatal morbidity, and fetal anomalies was observed. These data suggest
      that if polyhydramnios is encountered during an ultrasound evaluation,
      consideration should be given to the possibility of latent or uncontrolled
      diabetes mellitus or fetal macrosomia or anomaly; fetal surveillance and genetic
      evaluation also should be considered.

PMID- 2277280
TI  - Bacteremia due to anaerobic bacteria in newborns.
AB  - Awareness of the role of anaerobic bacteria in neonatal bacteremia has increased
      in recent years. The incidence of recovery of anaerobes in neonatal bacteremia
      varies, according to different studies, between 1.8% and 12.5%. Of the 178 cases
      reported in the literature, 73 were due to Bacteroides species (69 were the
      Bacteroides fragilis group), 57 Clostridium species (mostly Clostridium
      perfringens), 35 Peptostreptococci, 5 Propionibacterium acnes, 3 Veillonella
      species, 3 Fusobacterium species, and 2 Eubacterium species. Predisposing factors
      were perinatal maternal complications (especially premature rupture of membranes
      and chorioamnionitis), prematurity, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Organisms
      similar to those recovered in blood were concomitantly isolated in lung aspirates
      and cerebrospinal and peritoneal fluids. The overall mortality noted is 26% and
      is highest with B fragilis group (34%). Inappropriate antimicrobial therapy was
      often a contributory factor for such mortality. Correction of underlying
      pathology, surgical drainage, and the use of proper antimicrobials are critical
      to successful resolution of the infection. Penicillin G is the drug of choice for
      anaerobic infection other than beta-lactamase-producing Bacteroides.
      Antimicrobials useful for therapy of beta-lactamase-producing Bacteroides include
      clindamycin, metronidazole, chloramphenicol, imipenem-cilastatin, and the
      combination of a penicillin plus a beta-lactamase inhibitor.

PMID- 2277281
TI  - Control of infection due to Klebsiella pneumoniae in an intensive care nursery.
AB  - Because of an increased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) temporally
      related to Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization noted in several infants, a study
      was undertaken to identify the source and to eradicate the infection. Twenty
      infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and 51 in the well-baby
      nursery were prospectively studied. Cultures were done on all infants. In
      addition, cultures were done on all employees and parents who regularly visited.
      Our results showed an increased incidence of infection during this period--8.3%
      as compared with 4.79% overall. Colonization with K pneumoniae was eradicated, at
      least temporarily, by establishing a cohort system in both the NICU and the well
      baby nursery and by the administration of antibiotics to all infants in these
      nurseries. Colonized parents and employees were also treated. Follow-up cultures
      showed clearing of Klebsiella, and the cohort system was abolished. Serotyping of
      all affected infants later showed that different strains were present, making it
      unlikely that there was a common source for the Klebsiella. (Initially the source
      of infection had been thought to be a mother whose premature triplets were
      colonized. We feel that the eradication of this organism and the subsequent
      decline in NEC was enhanced by the combination of cohorting and handwashing. The
      selected use of antibiotics may have prevented an extension of the outbreak, but
      this could not be proven.

PMID- 2277282
TI  - Use of diagnostic ultrasound, X-ray examinations, and electronic fetal monitoring
      in perinatal medicine.
AB  - Obstetrical technologies such as electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) and selected
      diagnostic imaging procedures can be integral components of perinatal care. The
      Center for Devices and Radiological Health, a unit within the Food and Drug
      Administration, collaborated with the National Center for Health Statistics in
      the design and conduct of a National Maternal and Infant Health Survey to collect
      information from prenatal care providers, hospitals, and mothers on the use of
      EFM, diagnostic ultrasound, and x-ray examinations during pregnancy, labor, and
      delivery. A pretest, conducted some months before the survey began, showed that
      78.8% of the pregnancies surveyed received a diagnostic ultrasound examination
      during pregnancy. Approximately 58.3% of the ultrasound-exposed mothers had two
      or more such examinations. Approximately 10.1% of the ultrasound examinations
      were performed in the first trimester of pregnancy, 57.0% in the second
      trimester, and 32.9% in the third trimester. The most common indication for an
      ultrasound examination was to establish dates or gestational age. Approximately
      15.3% of the pregnancies surveyed received an x-ray examination. Approximately
      74.6% of the pregnancies were monitored with EFM during labor. External EFM was
      used alone during 54.9% of the labors and along with internal EFM during 19.7% of
      the labors. The implications of these pretest findings are discussed, along with
      a review of the medical literature on the safety and effectiveness of these
      medical device technologies.

PMID- 2277283
TI  - Evaluation of changes made to an infant home apnea monitoring program in response
      to findings from a national consensus panel.
AB  - A comparison was made of two different management methods that were developed to
      help follow high-risk infants on home apnea or bradycardia monitors. With the
      first method (group 1), used before 1986, decisions were based partly on home
      pneumogram results. The second method (group 2), based partly on suggestions
      about monitoring from a national consensus panel, mainly uses clinical history to
      assist with making decisions. Comparisons were made between the two groups of
      infants in a retrospective clinical analysis. The infants in group 2, on the
      average, had significantly fewer days on a monitor than group 1 (174 vs 324) and
      had much fewer pneumogram tests (0.3 vs 1.6). Several advantages in using a
      specific monitoring follow-up procedure were noted, including the benefits to the
      parents from using a consistent plan for management.

PMID- 2277284
TI  - Echocardiographic correlates of survival in severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
AB  - To define potential echocardiographic correlates of survival in infants with
      severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a retrospective analysis of
      echocardiograms was performed. Between 1982 and 1986, 27 infants with severe BPD
      had at least two echocardiographic studies. Echocardiograms were divided into
      early (less than 30 days of age), intermediate (45 to 120 days of age), and late
      (more than 145 days of age) periods, and survivors were compared with patients
      who subsequently died of causes related to BPD. Right ventricular size did not
      differ between survivors and nonsurvivors in any of the periods. Nonsurvivors had
      significantly smaller left ventricular internal dimensions than survivors in both
      the middle and late periods. Noninvasive estimates of pulmonary artery pressure
      (the right ventricular pre-ejection period/right ventricular ejection time ratio)
      did not differ between survivors and nonsurvivors until the late period. These
      data suggest that measurements of left ventricular size may have value in
      predicting survival of infants with severe BPD.

PMID- 2277285
TI  - Early discharge of low birthweight infants as a hospital policy.
AB  - All 123 infants with birthweights less than or equal to 2000 g born at a private
      institution between February 1, 1987, and January 31, 1988, were eligible for
      early discharge if they met the following criteria: weight about 1800 g,
      medically stable, feeding well by nipple, satisfactory weight gain,
      thermostability, and parents and home prepared. Forty-one of 48 (85.4%) infants
      who satisfied these criteria were discharged at birthweights less than 2100 g.
      None of the 35 infants for whom follow-up was possible were rehospitalized, had a
      serious illness, or died as a result of the policy. The policy was universally
      accepted by the staff. Such a policy has the potential to unite babies and
      families sooner, promote the mental health of the families, save medical dollars,
      and make the medical resources of newborn intensive care units available for
      critically ill infants.

PMID- 2277287
TI  - Physicians' refusal of requested treatment. Views from the Journal's editorial
      board.

PMID- 2277286
TI  - Accidental heparinization in the newborn: a case report and brief review of the
      literature.

PMID- 2277288
TI  - Home phototherapy with the fiberoptic blanket. The nurse's role in caring for
      newborns and their caregivers.

PMID- 2277289
TI  - Chronic fetal distress with subsequent cerebral palsy.

PMID- 2277290
TI  - Neonatal radiology casebook. Pericardial effusion as a complication of umbilical
      catheterization.

PMID- 2277291
TI  - Cardiology casebook. Perinatal cardiac tumors and tuberous sclerosis.

PMID- 2277292
TI  - Nursing organization in an NICU.

PMID- 2277293
TI  - A working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of
      heart and lung rejection: Heart Rejection Study Group. The International Society
      for Heart Transplantation.

PMID- 2277294
TI  - A working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of
      heart and lung rejection: Lung Rejection Study Group. The International Society
      for Heart Transplantation.

PMID- 2277295
TI  - Special considerations for heart transplantation in congenital heart disease. The
      Paediatric Heart Transplant Group.
AB  - Congenital heart disease as an indication for heart transplantation accounts for
      a small number of the total heart transplant experience--less than 3% in most
      centers. We have performed heart transplantation in eight such patients,
      accounting for 4% of our total experience. All these patients had specific
      anatomic anomalies relevant to transplantation. None had morbidity directly
      related to their anatomic defect and subsequent transplant. Six of the eight had
      undergone no prior palliative or corrective repairs. One child had a left Blalock
      Taussig shunt, and one had bilateral Glenn shunts and a Fontan repair. Technical
      considerations for orthotopic heart transplantation are described for
      transposition of the great arteries, left superior vena cava with and without
      bridging innominate vein, common atrium, presence of Blalock-Taussig shunt,
      bilateral Glenn shunts, and Fontan repair. Anatomic congenital heart disease is
      becoming a more frequent indication in heart transplantation. Heart
      transplantation in the presence of structural congenital heart disease may be
      technically challenging. Nevertheless, transplantation offers an effective
      therapeutic alternative for patients with end-stage congestive heart failure and
      congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2277296
TI  - Pediatric heart transplantation: surgical considerations for congenital heart
      diseases.
AB  - Congenital anomalies of the atrium, of the pulmonary and systemic venous return,
      and of the great vessels are sometimes regarded as contraindications to heart
      transplantation. Among 10 children who underwent heart transplantation in our
      institution, five, aged 4 to 15 years and weighting 9 to 32 kg, previously
      operated on, had congenital anomalies. These lesions, encountered singly or in
      association, were single atrium (2), previous Mustard operation (1), hypoplastic
      left atrium (1), anomalous systemic venous return (3), anomalous pulmonary venous
      return (2), transposition or malposition of the great vessels (5), pulmonary
      artery hypoplasia (1). To enable correction of these lesions and to perform heart
      transplantation, the donor heart preparation was modified in four ways. The
      surgical techniques used for correcting these anomalies in this group were atrial
      septation, atrial enlargement, superior and inferior reroofing, double venous
      rerouting, septal realignment, full-length mobilization of the great vessels, and
      pulmonary artery reconstruction. All children survived operation and left the
      hospital in excellent condition. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 3 years. All
      children are totally asymptomatic. As demonstrated by echocardiography, heart
      catheterization, and angiography, there are no stenoses, no shunts, and there is
      good atrial size and good orientation of the great vessels. On the basis of our
      experience, we conclude that with appropriate surgical techniques, most atrial,
      venous return, and intrapericardial great vessel anomalies are correctable at the
      time of orthotopic transplantation and that these techniques allow for a
      successful outcome in children.

PMID- 2277297
TI  - Low incidence of neoplasia in heart and heart-lung transplant recipients
      receiving triple-drug immunosuppression.
AB  - The risk of neoplasias developing after solid organ transplantation is markedly
      increased by immunosuppressive therapy. Lymphoma has been reported to develop in
      13% of heart and in 33% of heart-lung transplant recipients treated with
      cyclosporine, and the incidence of skin carcinoma ranges between 6% and 16%. The
      incidence of posttransplant neoplasias with the use of lower loading and
      maintenance doses of cyclosporine as used in triple-drug immunosuppression is
      unknown. From December 1983 through August 1988, 134 heart and seven heart-lung
      transplants were performed at the University of Minnesota. All patients received
      a combination of cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone. Survival was 94% at
      1 and 90% at 3 years in heart recipients. Probability of acute rejection was 9%
      at 3 months and 12% at 1 and 3 years. B-cell lymphoma developed after heart
      transplant in only two patients for an incidence of 1.5%. Episodes of acute
      rejection and mean cyclosporine blood level did not predict the occurrence of
      posttransplant lymphoma. The incidence of skin carcinoma was 6.4%. No neoplasia
      occurred in heart-lung transplant recipients. All neoplasias were observed in
      patients older than 50 years. Our data indicate that the risk for developing
      lymphoproliferative disorders, but not for basal cell carcinoma, is reduced in
      heart and heart-lung transplant recipients receiving triple-drug
      immunosuppression. Older recipients may be at increased risk, suggesting that
      lower doses of immunosuppressive therapy should be considered in this group.

PMID- 2277298
TI  - Malignant tumors after heart transplantation.
AB  - Three hundred-thirteen heart transplant procedures were performed in 303 patients
      in the 10 years between January 1979 and December 1988. The incidence, histologic
      type, and site of malignant disease have been analyzed in the 275 patients (91%)
      who survived more than 1 month after heart transplantation. Four
      immunosuppressive regimens have been used during this period. Patients 1 through
      29 received azathioprine and steroids with 28 days of intravenous antithymocyte
      globulin. Patients 30 through 89 received cyclosporine and low-dose steroids; the
      next 61 patients were randomized between cyclosporine and low-dose steroids and
      cyclosporine and azathioprine; and after patient 150 we have used triple therapy.
      All cyclosporine-based regimens have included a short course of prophylactic
      antithymocyte globulin. Eleven malignant tumors have been diagnosed, between 2
      months and 6 years after the transplant procedure, and these have been treated by
      a variety of means. These tumors were two squamous cell carcinomas of the skin; a
      malignant anal wart that recurred after excision and radiotherapy and
      necessitated abdominoperineal resection: two small-cell carcinomas of the lung:
      one squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and one of the larynx; two
      carcinomas of the kidney were found at postmortem examinations; and there were
      two malignant lymphomas, one of which disseminated rapidly, whereas the other has
      had prolonged remissions with reduction in immunotherapy with acyclovir. These 11
      tumors were responsible for four deaths. No relationship has been demonstrated
      between type of immunosuppression and tumor development. All patients who are
      immunosuppressed remain at increased risk for malignant changes. Close
      surveillance is needed to detect tumors at an early stage.

PMID- 2277299
TI  - Heart transplantation in patients with malignant disease.
AB  - We have traditionally pushed the limits of conservative candidate criteria for
      heart transplantation. We have been gratified by our results in the aged, the
      diabetic, and the mortally ill. Our inclusion of patients with malignant disease
      underscores our philosophy to include patients as candidates for transplantation
      for whom the procedure has reasonable expectation of success. We report here our
      early results of heart transplantation in 11 patients with malignant disease. Our
      survival rate in this group is 100%, and all patients are leading active lives
      with no evidence of recurrent or metastatic tumor. Immunosuppression protocols
      were adjusted on an individual basis determined by the chemotherapy dosage,
      duration, and relation to transplantation. Whenever possible a 1-year disease
      free interval after completion of adequate cancer therapy is desired before
      transplantation.

PMID- 2277300
TI  - Liver and kidney function in patients undergoing mechanical circulatory support
      with Jarvik-7 artificial heart as a bridge to transplantation.
AB  - Changes in liver and kidney function were reviewed in 32 patients who received a
      Jarvik-7 total artificial heart (TAH) as a bridge to transplantation.
      Preoperatively, seven (22%) had significant isolated kidney dysfunction, five
      (15%) had isolated liver impairment, and 13 (41%) had combined disorder,
      affecting 25 (78%) of the 32 recipients. Immediately after TAH implantation,
      vigorous diuresis occurred, and biochemical indices improved in 17 patients: 71%
      of isolated kidney, 60% of isolated liver, and 38% of combined organ disorder
      were reversed irrespective of severity in preoperative dysfunction. In contrast,
      urine output remained poor, and biochemical indices continued to deteriorate in
      15 patients regardless of preoperative status; as a result, kidney (28%), liver
      (17%), and combined organ failure (33%) accounted for a total of 78% of failure
      in this series. Although preoperative liver and kidney dysfunction were frequent
      and severe, they did not correlate with postoperative functional recovery and
      later transplantation. Recipient body size and initial postoperative urine output
      were found to be the variables discriminating patients with or without subsequent
      transplantation. Because liver/kidney failure remained as the leading cause of
      death, knowledge of the underlying cause of the organ failure would increase the
      success of TAH as a bridge to transplantation.

PMID- 2277301
TI  - Use of the total artificial heart and ventricular assist device as a bridge to
      transplantation.
AB  - The proliferation of transplant programs has not been paralleled by a similar
      increase in the availability of organ donors. This has significantly prolonged
      the waiting period and consequently has resulted in increased mortality of the
      patients with end-stage heart disease who are awaiting transplantation. Between
      1984 and 1987, 104 orthotopic heart transplants were performed at Loyola
      University Medical Center. During the same period, 25 patients died while waiting
      for a suitable donor. To reduce the mortality of our patients waiting for
      transplantation, we began using the total artificial heart and a ventricular
      assist device as a bridge to transplantation in 1988. Of 29 patients who
      underwent transplant procedures in 1988, 18 required either a total artificial
      heart (15) or a ventricular assist device (3) as a bridge to transplantation. The
      underlying heart conditions were ischemic cardiomyopathy (11), dilated
      cardiomyopathy (5), giant cell myocarditis (1), and allograft failure (1). The
      average duration of mechanical support was 10 days (range, 1 to 35 days).
      Seventeen of the supported patients had successful transplants. One patient had
      brain death and did not receive a heart transplant. Of the 17 patients who
      survived surgery, two died within 30 days: one at 17 days because of acute
      rejection, the other at 14 days because of a cerebral vascular event. Fifteen
      patients (83%) were long-term survivors. Nine of the supported patients required
      reoperation because of bleeding after device implantation. There was no
      mediastinal or incisional infection. While the mechanical device was in place,
      the activated clotting time was maintained between 170 and 200 seconds with the
      administration of heparin (400 to 1000 units per hour).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2277302
TI  - Prostacyclin in the management of pulmonary hypertension after heart
      transplantation.
AB  - Right ventricular failure after heart transplantation has been well documented as
      a major determinant of patient outcome. In 50 patients undergoing orthotopic
      heart transplantation, nine male patients with an average age of 41 years had in
      the immediate postoperative period a syndrome that consisted of low cardiac
      index, high right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures, and high pulmonary
      vascular resistance. The preoperative data showed: right atrial pressure, 9 +/- 6
      mm Hg; pulmonary pressure, 38 +/- 10 mm Hg; cardiac index, 1.6 +/- 0.4 L/min/m2;
      pulmonary vascular resistance, 466 +/- 91 dynes/sec/cm-5; pulmonary wedge
      pressure, 15 +/- 6 mm Hg; and systemic vascular resistance, 2089 +/- 290
      dynes/sec/cm-5. The immediate postoperative data revealed: right atrial pressure,
      17 +/- 5; pulmonary artery pressure, 32 +/- 8; cardiac index, 2.2 +/- 0.7;
      pulmonary vascular resistance, 421 +/- 368; pulmonary wedge pressure, 15 +/- 6;
      systemic vascular resistance 1318 +/- 263. All of these patients were receiving
      inotropic and vasodilator drugs with no improvement after volume challenge.
      Prostacyclin was started, and the dose increased from 0.5 to 5.0 ng/kg/min, until
      an increase in cardiac index and a reduction in pulmonary resistance were
      achieved. The final profile was right atrial pressure, 12 +/- 5; pulmonary artery
      pressure, 24 +/- 6; cardiac index, 3.7 +/- 1.2; pulmonary vascular resistance,
      122 +/- 42; pulmonary wedge pressure, 14 +/- 4; systemic vascular resistance, 870
      +/- 263. The use of prostacyclin enabled the weaning of other drugs within a 48
      hour period with no side effects and no worsening of the hemodynamic conditions
      after discontinuation of prostacyclin.

PMID- 2277303
TI  - Successful use of mechanical assist device for right ventricular failure after
      orthotopic heart transplantation.
AB  - A 22-year-old woman underwent orthotopic heart transplantation, resulting in
      acute failure of the donor right ventricle caused by a raised pulmonary vascular
      resistance. This was successfully managed by mechanical assistance of the right
      ventricle, with use of a centrifugal pump. After a complicated early
      postoperative course, the patient made a complete recovery.

PMID- 2277304
TI  - Antimyosin monoclonal antibodies for early detection of cardiac allograft
      rejection.
AB  - Sixty-eight indium 111-labeled antimyosin Fab-DTPA imaging studies (0.5 mg
      intravenously with a radioactivity of 65 to 75 MBq) were executed on 37 of 116
      patients undergoing heart transplantation to assess diagnostic accuracy and
      clinical utility. As controls, 21 patients with cardiomyopathy (n = 8), unstable
      angina (n = 9), and myocardial infarction (n = 4) were selected. After 48 hours,
      single photon emission computed tomographic images were evaluated visually, and
      heart/lung ratios were measured, using the "region of interest" technique. They
      were compared with echocardiographic and endomyocardial biopsy results. In 40
      studies a heart/lung ratio less than or equal to 1.6 corresponded to a negative
      biopsy result in 98% (40/41). Echocardiography enabled correct identification of
      95% of the patients with normal biopsy findings. In 91% (22/24) a positive biopsy
      finding correlated with a heart/lung ratio greater than 1.6 including 20 mild
      rejections, but in only 64%, with an increase in wall thickness and/or decrease
      of fractional diameter shortening seen on echocardiogram. In addition, the
      various stages of rejection episodes determined the amount of the heart-lung
      ratio. There was a significant relationship between the histologic findings and
      the antimyosin uptake. In 13 patients a second investigation was performed after
      rejection therapy. All patients had a negative biopsy result, and the heart/lung
      ratio decreased to normal ranges (less than or equal to 1.6). Five antimyosin
      antibody studies were excluded, as in these cases, negative uptake results were
      found during rejection therapy with high-dose steroids. The overall sensitivity
      was calculated at 93% and the specificity at 98%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2277305
TI  - Some histopathologic aspects regarding onset of antirejection therapy after heart
      transplantation.
AB  - The histopathologic indication for starting antirejection therapy has so far been
      given by the diagnosis of moderate rejection in endomyocardial biopsies, that is,
      rejection with necroses of myocytes and predominantly lymphocytic infiltrates
      (corresponding to the descriptive diagnosis of moderate rejection in the Stanford
      classification, grade 4 and more in the Texas classification, and A-3 moderate
      rejection in the Hannover classification). Our present results, however, have
      shown that the critical limit for the onset of antirejection therapy may be fixed
      somewhat higher on the scale of severity of acute rejection and that it may be
      reasonable to define an affection of more than 20% of the total biopsy material
      by morphologic changes corresponding to the traditional definition of moderate
      acute rejection as the decisive histopathologic finding that should induce
      antirejection therapy. This means that the diagnosis of moderate rejection has to
      be divided into two groups: (1) A-3a moderate acute rejection not yet requiring
      therapy that, however, does necessitate bioptic control within 7 to 10 days; (2)
      A-3b moderate acute rejection requiring antirejection therapy. The introduction
      of this differentiation of histopathologic diagnoses is not just another
      sophisticated scientific theorem; its practical significance may be seen in a
      definitive restriction of the application of antirejection therapy, which means a
      reduction of the risks and side effects imposed on heart-transplanted patients by
      chemotherapy and particularly by steroid therapy.

PMID- 2277306
TI  - 15-Deoxyspergualin and primate heart transplantation.
AB  - 15-Deoxyspergualin is a synthetic polyamine that exhibits a novel spectrum of
      immunosuppressive activity in lower mammals. To define the clinical potential of
      this drug, we performed 25 abdominal heterotopic heart transplants in Macaca
      fasicularis. Donor and recipient pairs were selected from ABO-identical animals
      with negative erythrocyte crossmatches. All recipients received one dose of
      methylprednisolone sodium succinate at graft reperfusion. Five control recipients
      received no subsequent immunosuppression. Five recipients received high-dose 15
      deoxyspergualin (7.5 mg/kg IM). Five recipients received low-dose 15
      deoxyspergualin (2.0 mg/kg IM). Five recipients received cyclosporine (1.0 mg/kg
      IM). Five recipients received both 15-deoxyspergualin (2.0 mg/kg IM) and
      cyclosporine (1.0 mg/kg IM). Immunosuppressive agents were administered daily,
      beginning with the morning of operation, and were continued until the animal was
      killed or 30 days had elapsed. Graft function was assessed by daily palpation.
      Median graft survival among control recipients was 9 days (range, 6 to 34 days).
      At the dose used, cyclosporine alone did not influence either graft survival time
      (median survival, 13 days; range, 7 to 23 days) or rejection grade. Graft
      survival and rejection grade among recipients treated with low-dose 15
      deoxyspergualin were not different from control recipients or those treated with
      cyclosporine alone (median survival, 10 days; range, 8 to 39 days). One
      recipient, killed on postoperative day 8, had an intraadominal abscess. In each
      of the recipients treated with high-dose 15-deoxyspergualin systemic toxicity
      developed, and the animal was killed when death appeared imminent, although graft
      contraction remained vigorous (median survival, 28 days; range 25 to 30
      days).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277307
TI  - Heterotopic heart transplantation: mid-term hemodynamic and echocardiographic
      analysis--the concern of arteriovenous-valve incompetence.
AB  - To assess the hemodynamic contribution of both hearts after heterotopic heart
      transplantation, we examined recipients by cardiac catheterization and Doppler
      echocardiography. Since September 1984, immunosuppression consisted of
      cyclosporine, azathioprine, methylprednisolone, and antithymocyte globulin. In
      this time interval, 55 orthotopic and 14 heterotopic transplants have been
      performed. The indications for heterotopic transplant were elevated pulmonary
      vascular resistance (greater than 4 Wood units), in 10 patients, or gross
      (greater than 20%) donor-recipient weight mismatch, in six patients. Two patients
      belonged to both groups. The 1-year survival rate was 63%; currently seven of the
      14 patients are alive. Cardiac output (as measured by dye dilution curves and by
      the Fick method) increased from 4.2 L/min preoperatively to 6.1 L/min in both
      groups postoperatively (mean follow up, 5.3 months; p less than 0.0005); the
      transpulmonary gradient fell from 18.5 to 12.3 mm Hg, the pulmonary vascular
      resistance from 4.4 to 2.4 Wood units (p less than 0.01). The echocardiographic
      findings were as follows: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm) in the
      recipient heart was 67.4 +/- 12 and in the donor heart, 42.6 +/- 8.7. Fractional
      shortening (%) in the recipient heart was 7.1 +/- 2.9 and in the donor heart,
      30.4 +/- 10.4. The Doppler technique revealed a cardiac output contribution-ratio
      (CO donor/CO recipient) of 3.0 +/- 0.61 on average. In all recipient hearts mild
      and moderate mitral and tricuspid regurgitation was discovered. In the donor
      heart all mitral and tricuspid valves were found to be incompetent; this was
      severe in 66% and 11% of the mitral and tricuspid valves, respectively.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277308
TI  - Left ventricular systolic function and diastolic filling at rest and during
      upright exercise after orthotopic heart transplantation: comparison with young
      and aged normal subjects.
AB  - To evaluate the hemodynamic response to upright exercise of heart transplant
      recipients, we had 10 patients aged 46 +/- 14 years undergo rest and exercise
      radionuclide ventriculography 6 to 26 (mean, 14) month after orthotopic heart
      transplantation. Results were compared with those obtained in 18 young subjects,
      aged 22 +/- 3 years, and 17 older subjects, aged 56 +/- 5 years. Radionuclide
      ventriculography was performed at rest and at three levels of exercise,
      representing 50%, 70%, and 90% of the maximal physical workload. At rest, heart
      rate was higher in transplant patients than in normal subjects, but during
      exercise, heart rate increased only 33% compared with a 142% increase in the
      young subjects and a 111% increase in the older group. During exercise, left
      ventricular ejection fraction increased in the three groups, but, as compared
      with the transplant group, the increase of ejection fraction was higher in the
      young group. End-diastolic volume increased both in transplant patients (+16%)
      and in older subjects (+13%), whereas it decreased (-20%) in the young subjects
      during exercise. End-systolic volume decreased in the young group and in the
      transplant group with exercise, and it did not change in the older group. Cardiac
      index increased throughout the three levels of exercise in the three groups of
      subjects, but cardiac index was higher during exercise in young and older normal
      subjects. With exercise, all three groups showed increases in peak filling rates,
      but young subjects had a significantly higher value compared with the transplant
      group. Filling fraction in the first third of diastole did not change with
      exercise in the transplant and the older group but increased in the young group.
      We conclude that in transplant patients, increase in cardiac index during upright
      exercise is mediated by an increase in end-diastolic index during submaximal
      exercise and by increased heart rate and augmented contractility at peak
      exercise. Early diastolic filling is altered in these patients, and this
      alteration is independent from the changes in heart rate and cardiac volumes.
      When compared with normal persons, this pattern of hemodynamic response to
      exercise is similar to older subjects but differs from young subjects in whom the
      increase in heart rate and reduction in end-systolic volume are the chief
      mechanisms of enhancing cardiac index during exercise.

PMID- 2277309
TI  - Early graft function after heart-lung transplantation.
AB  - Sixty patients underwent heart-lung transplantation at our institution between
      April 1984 and March 1989. The first five donor organs were removed in an
      adjacent operating room. Subsequently, organs were removed from distant centers.
      The method of preservation consisted of cold crystalloid cardioplegic arrest of
      the heart followed by a cold colloid pulmonary artery flush of a perfusate
      developed at Papworth Hospital. The lung perfusate is preceded by an infusion of
      prostacyclin into the pulmonary artery, during preliminary dissection of the
      donor organs. The total ischemic time ranged from 48 to 51 minutes (mean, 49.6
      minutes) for the near-procurement group and from 70 to 249 minutes (mean, 157.6
      minutes) for the distant-procurement group. Function of the lungs was assessed by
      gas exchange, pulmonary function tests, extubation, and survival data. Serial x
      ray films were used to monitor graft performance in the postoperative period. We
      record our clinical experience of early graft function after heart-lung
      transplantation.

PMID- 2277310
TI  - Experimental heterotopic heart transplantation without ischemia or reperfusion.
AB  - Current experimental models of heart transplantation include a period of ischemia
      after donor harvest, resulting in rhythm disturbances, myocardial distention, and
      reperfusion injury on implantation. A model of cervical heterotopic heart
      transplantation that avoids ischemia by using retrograde perfusion was developed.
      More than 100 consecutive successful transplantations have been performed both as
      control protocols and as a part of experimental protocols. The advantages of this
      technique include: avoidance of ischemia and reperfusion injury, prevention of
      myocardial damage caused by overdistention, and potential evaluation of
      pretreatment regimens for transplanted hearts.

PMID- 2277311
TI  - A suggested technique for harvest of the cardiac graft from the heart-lung
      recipient in domino heart transplantation.
AB  - The performance of the domino heart transplant operation presents unusual
      technical problems related to preservation of the sinus node and integrity of the
      venae cavae. An alternative technique that may simplify this procedure is
      suggested.

PMID- 2277312
TI  - Smooth muscle cells and macrophages in rabbit cardiac allograft atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2277313
TI  - Comments on the calculation of sterility assurance levels.

PMID- 2277314
TI  - Sterility assurance from post-filling heat treatment.

PMID- 2277315
TI  - GMP and quality trends in Europe.

PMID- 2277316
TI  - Deamidation of asparaginyl residues in proteins: a potential pathway for chemical
      degradation of proteins in lyophilized dosage forms.

PMID- 2277317
TI  - Control of particle contamination of solutions for pharmaceutical use: selection
      of a suitable method.

PMID- 2277318
TI  - Development of a parenteral formulation of trimelamol, a synthetic S-triazine
      carbinolamine-containing cytotoxic agent.
AB  - Trimelamol is a synthetic s-triazine carbinolamine-containing agent exhibiting
      poor aqueous solubility and stability characteristics. The present studies were
      conducted to provide a stable parenteral dosage form of trimelamol, which could
      be used for clinical evaluation of the drug and also be manufactured on a
      commercial scale without undue drug decomposition occurring. Solubility and
      stability of trimelamol were found to increase in the presence of aqueous
      polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions of increasing average PEG molecular weight
      (up to mol wt = 1000); PEG 1000 (75%) in water provided the optimum formulation
      vehicle. In contrast to the optimum liquid formulation of the drug (detailed
      above) it was necessary to make various compromises to the formulation in terms
      of drug solubility and stability, because of the problems encountered in
      processing (e.g., sterile filtration, lyophilization, and reconstitution). Freeze
      drying of the formulation extended the product shelf-life relative to the liquid
      formulation. Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC) studies, to determine the
      freeze-drying cycle parameters, showed that the freezing and melting
      characteristics of the trimelamol-PEG formulations were dependent upon the rate
      of cooling, as well as the concentration and average molecular weight of PEG
      used. The prototype containing 30 mg/mL trimelamol in a 50% PEG 3400-aqueous
      vehicle was found to be the optimal formulation for sterile filtration,
      lyophilization, and subsequent reconstitution. Through the use of in vitro
      techniques, the possibility of hemolysis occurring upon injection resulting from
      the inclusion of high molecular weight PEGs in the vehicle, was shown to be
      unlikely.

PMID- 2277320
TI  - Internal pressure of sealed containers during autoclaving.
AB  - The use of steam as a sterilizing media for rigid, fixed volume containers is
      routine. When applied to less rigorous packages this process can cause package
      failure and product contamination or loss. A study has been carried out verifying
      the validity of a previously developed equation by measuring the actual pressures
      generated during sterilization in a small container system.

PMID- 2277319
TI  - An evaluation of preservative adsorption onto nylon membrane filters.
AB  - Pharmaceutical drug products often contain antimicrobial agents as a preservative
      in their formulation. These excipients are required to destroy or impede the
      growth of microorganisms that inadvertently enter the product during
      manufacturing. Unfortunately, these preservatives may also interfere with
      microbiological assays used to determine product sterility or bioburden levels.
      The extent of interference by these preservatives can be quite significant, but
      varies depending on the method used. The most frequently used method for testing
      parenteral drug products is the membrane filtration technique. Membrane filters
      are composed of a wide variety of materials such as cellulose, polycarbonate,
      acrylic polypropylene, Teflon, and nylon. This study evaluated the adsorption
      characteristics that nylon filters, obtained from five different manufacturers,
      had on the filtration of solutions of four different antimicrobial compounds
      (phenol, methylparaben, propylparaben, and benzalkonium chloride). The adsorption
      properties were determined using both HPLC and microbiological assay techniques.
      The data revealed that there was a wide range in the amounts of antimicrobial
      agent (2.3 to 94.1%) bound to the membrane filters when direct product filtration
      was used without a subsequent rinse step. However, when a rinse step is included,
      only propylparaben showed any significant "true" adsorption (less than 1 to
      33.3%), but showed only marginal bacterial inhibition. Interestingly, the
      microbiological assays indicated that with a saline rinse step, only benzalkonium
      chloride was lethal for the two challenge organisms even though the percent
      adsorbed as measured by HPLC was below 1%. This discrepancy is significant
      because it demonstrates the analytical limitation when using HPLC to detect
      minimal concentrations of benzalkonium chloride that may be deleterious to
      microorganisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277321
TI  - Technical report: bioburden recovery validation. PDA Bioburden Recovery
      Validation Task Force. Parenteral Drug Association.

PMID- 2277322
TI  - Naproxen parenteral formulation studies.
AB  - Naproxen sodium has been formulated in a parenteral dosage form. After a series
      of experiments involving solubility, pH, and excipient compatibility using
      Placket Burman experimental design, the formulation has been finalized. The
      accelerated stability studies on samples stored at high temperatures projected
      the shelf life to be 4.2 years. Toxicological, therapeutic efficacy, and other
      aspects of this formulation are being reported separately.

PMID- 2277323
TI  - Failure of prazosin to mimic the effects of melatonin under in vivo and in vitro
      conditions.
AB  - The gonads of male hamsters exposed to short photoperiod (LD, 10:14) or treated
      with melatonin in the late afternoon under long photoperiod (LD, 14:10) had
      undergone complete regression by the end of the treatments (8 weeks). Animals
      treated for the same period of time with prazosin (a putative melatonin analogue)
      under the same conditions failed to show a difference in their gonadal status as
      compared to the long photoperiod controls. Prazosin was unable to prevent
      melatonin-induced gonadal atrophy when injected either in the morning or 30 min
      before melatonin. Moreover, prazosin was without any effect on (and unable to
      prevent the melatonin-stimulated) progesterone production by rat adrenals under
      in vitro conditions. These data demonstrate that prazosin, which reportedly
      inhibits 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding in the hamster brain in an affinity
      related manner, does not possess properties of a biological melatonin analogue
      under conditions of two different model systems in two species.

PMID- 2277324
TI  - The effect of sleep/wake state on nocturnal melatonin excretion.
AB  - Twenty-four hour patterns of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin excretion were
      monitored in eight healthy adult subjects in two bed rest constant routines, one
      with normal nocturnal sleep and one with continuous wakefulness. The
      implementation of dim light "constant routines" enabled the effect of the sleep
      wake/state on melatonin to be tested without the confounding effects of body
      activity and normal room lighting. In both conditions 6-sulphatoxymelatonin
      excretion was significantly higher during the nighttime hours (2200-1000) than
      during the daytime hours (1000-2200) producing averages of 80% and 78.5% of the
      total 24 hour output in the sleep and wakeful conditions, respectively. The large
      differences between subjects in nocturnal melatonin excretion (38 to 150 nmol)
      were highly consistent between the two conditions. There were no differences
      between the nocturnal wakeful and sleep conditions in total nighttime melatonin
      excretion nor in the nighttime percentage of the 24 hour total melatonin
      excretions. Therefore, the sleep/wake state alone had no effect on nocturnal
      melatonin excretion. On the other hand, a significant correlation between the
      nighttime melatonin percentage and sleep length suggested the need to investigate
      further the relation between the amplitude of the melatonin circadian rhythm and
      sleep length and quality.

PMID- 2277325
TI  - The pineal gland in newborn southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina.
AB  - In the newborn southern elephant seal the pineal gland is very large, and both
      pineal and plasma melatonin concentration is elevated. The pineal gland was
      investigated during the first 24 h, and up to 20 days of age, in elephant seal
      pups. A primary aim of this investigation was to determine whether there are
      obvious ultrastructural characteristics of pinealocytes that are exhibiting
      extraordinarily high levels of activity. Blood and pineal glands were collected
      from thirty seven pups of known age which were sampled at random from early
      September to early November (1985) at Macquarie Island. The pineal gland is large
      (mean weight, 4.71 +/- 0.35 gm, range 1-9.3 gm) and actively secreting melatonin
      at birth. Melatonin concentrations were extremely variable, yet very high in pups
      during the first 24 h post-partum. Mean melatonin plasma concentration for pups 0
      24 h was 17632.8 +/- 5723.8 pmol/l (4090.8 +/- 1327.9 pg/ml), ranging from 126
      pmol/l (29 pg/ml) to 297000 pmol/l (68904 pg/ml). Electron microscopic
      examination did not reveal any marked changes in pinealocyte ultrastructure
      suggestive of increased secretory activity during this period. The large and
      extremely active pineal gland in newborn southern elephant seal suggests that it
      is actively involved in thermoregulation.

PMID- 2277326
TI  - Type II thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity in the rat brown adipose tissue, pineal
      gland, Harderian gland, and cerebral cortex: effect of acute cold exposure and
      lack of relationship to pineal melatonin synthesis.
AB  - The effect of acute cold exposure for 6 hours on nocturnal type II thyroxine 5'
      deiodinase (5'-D) activity was studied in brown adipose tissue (BAT), Harderian
      gland, cerebral cortex, and pineal gland of the rat. Moreover, the effect of
      iopanoic acid (IOP), a potent inhibitor of 5'-D activity, on both pineal N
      acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin content in rats maintained in a
      cold environment was also examined. Results show that acute cold exposure
      significantly increases 5'-D activity in BAT but not in either the pineal gland,
      Harderian gland, or cerebral cortex. In all tissues, the injection of IOP reduced
      dramatically 5'-D activity, while exposure of the animals to light at night
      reduced 5'-D activity in pineal gland but not in either the Harderian gland or
      BAT while light exposure at night increased cerebrocortical 5'-D activity. Cold
      exposure did not change either pineal NAT activity or the melatonin content of
      the gland. Finally, when pineal 5'-D activity was inhibited by IOP treatment,
      neither nocturnal pineal NAT activity nor melatonin content was affected.

PMID- 2277327
TI  - Alteration of plasma cation levels in rats kept in constant light.
AB  - A variety of reports indicate that some kind of interaction may exist between the
      pineal gland and cations. Of particular interest are the reports that indicate
      comparatively high levels of copper, manganese, and zinc in the pineal gland and
      that the pineal gland exhibits a circadian rhythm in calcium, magnesium,
      potassium, and sodium. There are, unfortunately, no reports suggesting a
      functional role for these findings. This study investigated circadian rhythms in
      circulating plasma cations in rats under 12/12 h light-dark cycle and in rats
      whose pineal function had been suppressed by exposure to constant light for 1 and
      7 days. Neither of the treatments affected circulating potassium levels but had
      some significant effects on sodium concentration at a number of time points
      without affecting the total amount of sodium circulating in a 24 h period.
      Calcium, magnesium, and zinc plasma concentrations were little affected by 1 day
      of constant light, while 7 days of constant light caused a dramatic and highly
      significant increase in the circulating levels of the three cations. The plasma
      levels of copper, on the other hand, while also being unaffected by 1 day were
      significantly depressed by 7 days of constant light. It is apparent, therefore,
      that the pineal gland may be involved in regulation of circulating levels of the
      cations measured. The functional significance of these observations is not clear
      at this stage but warrants further investigation.

PMID- 2277328
TI  - Computer applications in the nursing home dietary department.
AB  - The computer is neither the curse or the savior of the modern dietary department.
      However, it is a most useful tool that can save hundreds of man-hours and a
      significant percentage of total costs due to more careful planning and usage of
      supplies.

PMID- 2277329
TI  - Differences in the technical and applied nutrition knowledge of older adults.
AB  - Although elder adults are much more knowledgeable about nutrition than ever
      before, diet behavior is not consistent with nutrition knowledge. One of the
      reasons for this inconsistency may be that the ability to apply technical
      nutrition knowledge is still inadequate. To test the hypothesis that technical
      nutrition knowledge is superior to applied nutrition knowledge, 96 volunteer
      seniors were given technical nutrition knowledge tests associated with heart
      disease, cancer, and high blood pressure. After the technical knowledge tests,
      subjects were asked to choose from among pairs the item that contained: (a)
      cholesterol, (b) more saturated fat, (c) more polyunsaturated fat, (d) substances
      that help to lower blood cholesterol, (e) more fiber, and (f) less sodium.
      Results support the notion that, in general, elder ability to apply nutrition
      knowledge is not as adequate as their technical nutrition knowledge.

PMID- 2277330
TI  - The relationship between dietary habits and beliefs in elderly people compared
      with younger people.
AB  - This study examined the habits and attitudes of a group of people aged 65 and
      over, in relation to their dietary beliefs and habits when compared with younger
      individuals. It was found that these older people had similar attitudes to food
      as those under 65, and these were in line with dietary advice given by health
      promotion experts. However they had not changed their habits to the same extent,
      nor did they intend to do so. Reasons for these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2277331
TI  - Modification of a Nutritional Questionnaire for Older Adults and the ability of
      its knowledge and attitude evaluations to predict dietary adequacy.
AB  - This paper outlines the modification of the Nutritional Questionnaire for Older
      Adults (NQOA) to determine the extent to which knowledge and attitude can predict
      dietary adequacy. Aged adults (65 years or older) who participate in the Title
      III-C congregate meal program at a small community Senior Center in Alabama (n =
      22) served as subjects for this study. Knowledge and attitude were shown to be
      weak predictors of dietary adequacy with regard to specific components, but were
      found to significantly predict adequate nutritional intake as measured by both
      RDA and by food group standards.

PMID- 2277332
TI  - An exploratory investigation of elders' views on diet, nutrition and cancer
      prevention.
AB  - The goal of this exploratory investigation was to describe views related to diet
      and cancer prevention among the residents of a southwestern retirement community.
      Ethnographic interviews were conducted with twelve residents, providing over 500
      data bits for this investigation. Several categories representative of the
      elders' views related to diet and cancer prevention were identified using content
      analysis. These included Determinants of food choices, Vigilance and diet and
      Expectations related to diet and cancer prevention. Two cultural themes
      illustrated the semantic relationships among the categories: "It's not easy to
      change your diet, especially when you are all alone," and "Eating right helps you
      resist disease but it is just too late for us." As diet becomes a primary means
      of reducing one's risk for certain types of cancer, the informed expertise of
      nutrition educators and health practitioners is needed to assist the public in
      adopting dietary guidelines. Qualitative data, as presented here, will be useful
      in developing effective education materials to meet this need.

PMID- 2277333
TI  - Nutrition identified as a risk factor for elderly Medicare patients' hospital
      readmission.
AB  - A retrospective chart review of Medicare patients was conducted to investigate
      possible variables which might contribute to rehospitalization of the patient
      within 15 days of prior discharge. If variables could be identified it might be
      possible to prevent the readmission through proactive measures. The findings
      revealed that variables reoccurred as the charts were reviewed and out of those
      several were nutrition-related. Further studies must be conducted to determine if
      nutrition and appropriate nutrition care is included in discharge planning.

PMID- 2277334
TI  - Focus group interviews with seniors.
AB  - The focus group interview technique provides in-depth information on a specific
      topic in a group discussion setting and can be effectively used with older
      adults. Successful focus group interviews include careful question preparation
      and participant recruitment as well as securing a capable moderator and
      comfortable setting. The technique is used as a preliminary research step to
      elicit feelings, attitudes and perceptions about a topic. However, results should
      not be generalized without further quantitative research.

PMID- 2277335
TI  - Chronic compartment syndrome of the leg.
AB  - Chronic compartment syndrome is an uncommon but important cause of exercise
      induced leg pain. The author provides a comprehensive review of chronic
      compartment syndrome of the leg. Case reports are presented to stress the
      clinical importance of chronic compartment syndrome to the podiatric physician.

PMID- 2277336
TI  - Improvements in the design of viscoelastic heel orthoses. A clinical study.
AB  - A heel orthosis combining the principles of weight redistribution and shock
      attenuation was dispensed to 30 subjects with heel pain. Relief or cessation of
      pain occurred in 73% of the cases. The factor most clearly and significantly
      associated with the effectiveness of the orthosis was a lesser degree of
      overweight. Within this prescriptive guideline, such a device has the potential
      of becoming a cost-effective and time-efficient way of treating heel pain of
      mechanical origin.

PMID- 2277337
TI  - Adenocarcinoma. Case of metastasis to the foot.

PMID- 2277338
TI  - Epidermal inclusion cyst of the heel.
AB  - An inclusion cyst develops from the introduction of epidermal fragments into a
      heterotopic location, where it grows through accumulation of epithelial and
      keratinous debris. This is caused by a combination of increased physical activity
      and the imposition on the site. Inclusion cysts are seen most frequently in
      younger and more active patients, rather than in older individuals. This case is
      unique because the epidermal inclusion cyst occurred on the plantar aspect of the
      foot of an elderly, sedentary patient who had not sustained any injury to the
      area.

PMID- 2277339
TI  - Research process. Conducting the research project.
AB  - Conducting the research study should be a methodical process in which the details
      of the planning process are executed. This fourth article in a series of six on
      the research process presents guidelines with supporting recommendations to
      increase the likelihood that the study indeed will be conducted as planned. The
      guidelines emphasize the importance of 1) record-keeping systems, 2) detailed
      work schedules, 3) communications, and 4) monitoring progress.

PMID- 2277340
TI  - Anaphylaxis.

PMID- 2277341
TI  - Pediatric nutritional assessment.
AB  - Nutritional assessment is an important facet of the medical care of infants and
      children. An accurate assessment allows for the early detection and treatment of
      nutrient deficiencies. The traditional nutritional assessment includes
      anthropometric measurements, biochemical evaluation, clinical examination, and
      dietary evaluation. Newer techniques include the assessment of body composition
      using total body electrical conductivity or bioelectrical impedance. The
      sophistication of nutritional support makes it necessary to identify more
      sensitive methods for accurate nutritional assessment.

PMID- 2277342
TI  - Testing mothers' knowledge of breastfeeding: instrument development and
      implementation and correlation with infant feeding decision.
AB  - A simple educational curriculum designed for use in promoting breastfeeding among
      low income prenatal women was developed along with reliable instruments suitable
      for use as pre- and posttests in such a group. Using these instruments women who
      received the prenatal education about breastfeeding were shown to learn and
      retain this information when compared to a control group who received no special
      instruction. Furthermore, those who chose breastfeeding scored higher on the
      posttest than those who bottle fed their infants. Widespread use of such
      interventions has the potential to improve the incidence of breastfeeding among
      low income groups in this country.

PMID- 2277343
TI  - Preconceptional nutrition.
AB  - Preconceptional nutrition assessment and intervention is essential for optimal
      pregnancy outcome. Attainment of an appropriate prepregnancy weight is crucial to
      the success of a subsequent pregnancy. Metabolic stabilization of disease states
      or surgery induced imbalances are vital in any woman in which these problems
      occur. The effect of medications on nutrient status and use of nutrient
      supplements should be evaluated. Prior to conception women should be counseled to
      increase the nutrient density of their diet with special emphasis on iron,
      calcium, magnesium, zinc, folate, and vitamin B-6.

PMID- 2277344
TI  - Prenatal nutrition protocol.
AB  - This Protocol contains basic nutrition concepts relevant to the prenatal period.
      It is intended for use in a prenatal clinic as a base from which to provide
      nutrition counseling for the normal prenatal patient.

PMID- 2277345
TI  - Reflex inhibition of human soleus muscle during fatigue.
AB  - 1. Human soleus muscles were fatigued under ischaemic conditions by intermittent
      stimulation at 15 Hz. When maximal voluntary plantarflexion was then attempted,
      the loss of torque was found to be associated with a reduction in voluntary EMG
      activity. 2. The decrease in EMG activity could not have been due to 'exhaustion'
      of descending motor drive in the central nervous system since fatigue had been
      induced by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve fibres. Similarly, the
      decrease could not be explained by changes at the neuromuscular junction or
      muscle fibre membrane, since changes in the M wave (evoked muscle compound action
      potential) were relatively modest. 3. When the excitability of the soleus
      motoneurones was tested during fatigue, using the H (Hoffmann) reflex, it was
      found to be significantly reduced. Control experiments with ischaemia or
      electrical stimulation, but without fatigue, failed to demonstrate any
      significant effects on reflex excitability. 4. The findings in this study favour
      the concept of reflex inhibition of alpha-motoneurones during fatigue.

PMID- 2277346
TI  - The somatosensory intercollicular nucleus of the cat's mesencephalon.
AB  - 1. Unitary, neural activity was sampled with tungsten electrodes in the
      mesencephalic, intercollicular region of cats anaesthetized with chloralose. The
      units' stereotaxic co-ordinates were noted and they were tested for activation by
      adequate tactile, visual and acoustic stimuli as well as electrical nerve
      stimulation. The units' geometrical gradations were afterwards translated into
      morphological terms by means of unbiased, cytoarchitectonic identifications of
      those structures which had been penetrated by the electrodes. 2. The primary
      objectives were the conventional, somatosensory units, which had reliable, low
      threshold, tactile receptive fields and could not be activated by the two other
      types of adequate stimulation. There were 139 such units from a total sample of
      495. 3. These somatosensory units were found to occupy many of the region's
      structures, notably the intercollicular nucleus (INC), the nucleus of the
      brachium of the inferior colliculus, the stratum griseum intermedium and the
      stratum griseum profundum of the superior colliculus. INC was the only structure
      which had an exclusively somatosensory input. 4. The units of INC had tactile
      receptive fields varying between one and several hundred square centimetres.
      Convergence of afferent input from outside these fields could sometimes be
      demonstrated by nerve stimulation. The latencies of activation from the
      contralateral sciatic nerve were, on average, shorter for units of INC than for
      the somatosensory units of the other intercollicular structures, and INC units
      could also follow higher stimulation frequencies. 5. The findings support the
      assumption that INC may constitute a distinct mesencephalic centre for
      somatosensory function.

PMID- 2277348
TI  - Locations and properties of angiotensin II-responsive neurones in the
      circumventricular region of the duck brain.
AB  - 1. In brain slice preparations from the hypothalamus of domestic ducks, single
      unit activity was recorded extracellularly to investigate location and properties
      of angiotensin II (AngII)-responsive neurones in various periventricular regions.
      2. When exposing the slice to 10(-7) M-AngII in the perfusion medium, more than
      65% of the neurones recorded in the subfornical organ (SFO) were activated (49
      out of 75) and none inhibited. In the magnocellular (MC) region of the
      paraventricular nucleus (PVN) only four out of eighty-one neurones were
      influenced by AngII; one was inhibited and three were activated. In the anterior
      third ventricle region (A3V) two out of twenty-one neurones were activated by
      AngII. In the dorsal periventricular (PeV) region, one out of thirty-seven
      neurones was activated and one inhibited. The changes in firing rate of AngII
      responsive neurones at comparable doses of AngII were generally large in the SFO
      and A3V but were small in neurones from the MC and PeV regions. 3. Analysis of
      AngII-responsive SFO neurones consistently revealed a dose-dependent stimulation
      with a threshold at 10(-9) M-AngII. The AngII antagonist 1Sar-8Ile-AngII (4 x 10(
      7) to 10(-6) M) caused reversible, complete or partial suppression of
      responsiveness to 10(-7) M-AngII. Synaptic blockade with a medium low in Ca2+ and
      high in Mg2+ did not abolish AngII responsiveness in eight out of ten SFO
      neurones tested. 4. Angiotensin III affected neither AngII-responsive nor AngII
      insensitive neurones. When eighteen AngII-responsive neurones were exposed to
      hypertonic stimulation (+20 to +30 mosmol/kg) by adding NaCl to the perfusion
      medium, only one neurone was stimulated and two were inhibited. 5. The results
      indicate that: (a) the SFO is a specific target for circulating AngII; (b)
      although neurones in the A3V responsive to AngII are rare, the pronounced
      excitation of those which were found suggest that neurones in this region might
      serve as targets for AngII acting from the brain side; (c) neurones in the MC
      region do not seem to function as direct AngII targets; (d) neuronal AngII
      responsiveness in the duck's hypothalamus seems to be specific inasmuch as
      activation by AngII (i) is readily blocked by an AngII antagonist, (ii) cannot be
      induced by AngIII, and (iii) is not associated, as a rule, with responsiveness to
      hypertonic stimulation.

PMID- 2277347
TI  - Private inhibitory systems for the X and Y pathways in the dorsal lateral
      geniculate nucleus of the cat.
AB  - 1. Inhibitory connections of X- and Y-type principal cells in the cat's dorsal
      lateral geniculate nucleus were studied with intracellular recording techniques
      in barbiturate-anaesthetized animals. Cells were identified as principal cells by
      antidromic activation from the visual cortex and as X or Y types by their
      responses to visual stimulation. 2. Graded electrical stimulation was used to
      obtain selective activation of X and Y ganglion cell axons. The optic nerves were
      stimulated through ring electrodes behind the eye bulbs and the evoked nerve
      volley was monitored by an optic tract electrode. The nerve volley consisted of
      two well-segregated components, an early, low-threshold Y component and a late,
      high-threshold X component. 3. All principal cells received monosynaptic
      excitation and disynaptic feed-forward inhibition from optic nerve fibres. The
      excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were evoked by Y axons in Y
      cells and by X axons in X cells. Thus, the feed-forward inhibitory pathway to
      principal cells is type selective. 4. Recurrent inhibition was evoked in all
      cells by antidromic activation of principal cell axons in the visual cortex. The
      recurrent inhibitory potentials had significantly shorter latencies in Y than in
      X cells but with considerable overlap between the two samples. This overlap
      presumably reflects a similar overlap in antidromic conduction times for X and Y
      principal cell axons. 5. Recurrent inhibitory potentials evoked in the
      orthodromic direction by optic nerve stimulation originated from Y axons in Y
      principal cells and from X axons in X cells as would be expected for a type
      selective recurrent inhibitory pathway. 6. It is concluded that X and Y principal
      cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus have similar but functionally
      separate inhibitory circuits.

PMID- 2277349
TI  - Intracellular regulation of enzyme secretion from rat osteoclasts and evidence
      for a functional role in bone resorption.
AB  - 1. Osteoclasts are known to secrete acid phosphatase, an iron-containing
      phosphohydrolase. We have investigated (a) the possibility that acid phosphatase
      has a functional role in bone resorption and (b) the factors controlling enzyme
      secretion from isolated rat osteoclasts. 2. Osteoclasts were freshly
      disaggregated from neonatal rat long bones and dispersed at low densities on
      devitalized cortical bone slices or on plastic substrate. The levels of acid
      phosphatase in culture medium were measured spectrophotometrically using 4
      nitrophenyl phosphate as hydrolysable substrate. The total plan area of bone
      resorbed was quantified by scanning electron microscopy in combination with image
      processing and analysis. 3. Ninety-three per cent of the total enzyme activity
      detected in the supernatant exposed to bone-osteoclast preparations was resistant
      to inhibition by D-tartaric acid and was bound to an antibody known to be highly
      specific for the osteoclast-derived isoenzyme, showing that it originated from
      osteoclasts. 4. A diminution in the level of supernatant enzyme activity achieved
      by incubating bone-osteoclast preparations with an antiserum specifically binding
      the osteoclast isoenzyme, or with a non-competitive inhibitor, molybdate or with
      competitive inhibitors, disphosphonates, led to a marked reduction of
      osteoclastic bone resorption. 5. The rate of the enzyme released into the culture
      supernatant, whether from resorbing (cultured on bone) or non-resorbing (cultured
      on plastic) osteoclasts declined gradually over 22 h, but that from the former
      was significantly depressed within the first 30 min of incubation. The
      supernatant enzyme concentration increased linearly up to 3 h; the levels
      released from resorbing osteoclasts remained consistently lower than those from
      non-resorbing cells. 6. Exposure of osteoclasts for 18 h to elevated [Ca2+]o
      levels produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of supernatant acid
      phosphatase levels. In the presence of 20 mM [Ca2+]o enzyme secretion from
      resorbing osteoclasts was significantly lower than that from non-resorbing cells.
      7. Exposure of bone-osteoclast preparations to pertussis toxin produced no
      significant change of acid phosphatase release, while cholera toxin, dibutyryl
      cyclic AMP and forskolin produced a marked elevation of enzyme secretion.
      Ionomycin was found to inhibit enzyme release and this was less marked when
      osteoclasts were incubated on plastic substrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2277350
TI  - Increase in basal firing rate and sensitivity to angiotensin II in subfornical
      organ neurones of ducks adapted to salt water.
AB  - 1. The influence of salt adaptation on spontaneous firing rate of subfornical
      organ (SFO) neurones and on their responsiveness to angiotensin II (AngII) (10(
      10)-10(-7) M) were studied in vitro on hypothalamic brain slices taken
      alternately from ducks kept on either fresh water (FW ducks) or saline of 500
      mosmol/kg for 8 weeks (SW ducks) as their only water supply. The animals were of
      the same age and were housed and fed identically. In SW ducks plasma osmolality
      and AngII plasma concentrations were typically increased. 2. Recording SFO single
      unit activity in the AngII-free control perfusion medium disclosed significantly
      higher spontaneous firing rates in SW than in FW ducks with an average difference
      of 2.5 spikes/s. 3. With approximate threshold concentrations of AngII for
      activation of SFO neurones of 10(-10) M in slices from SW ducks and of 10(-9) M
      in slices from FW ducks, the fractions of neurones excited by AngII increased
      dose dependently in each group and were consistently larger in the slices from SW
      ducks. Average maximum increases in discharge rate during AngII-induced
      excitation also increased dose dependently and were higher at each AngII dose in
      SFO neurones from SW as compared to FW ducks. 4. Mean latencies of neuronal
      excitation decreased with increasing AngII doses in both groups of neurones but
      were significantly shorter in slices from SW than FW ducks. The shorter latencies
      in SW ducks corresponded to their enhanced sensitivity to AngII. Mean half-times
      of the disappearance of AngII-induced activation were determined after
      stimulation with 10(-7) M-AngII and were identical in SW and FW ducks, indicating
      no difference in kinetics in AngII-neurone interaction. 5. AngII-responsive SFO
      neurones in slices from SW ducks did not respond to AngIII and activation by
      AngII was abolished in the presence of the specific antagonist 1Sar-8Ile-AngII.
      6. In the magnocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus, the occurrence of
      AngII-responsive neurones was as infrequent in SW ducks (2 out of 45) as in FW
      ducks (0 out of 36). 7. The results indicate that adaptation to salt water in
      ducks selectively enhanced basal activity and responsiveness to AngII of the SFO
      neurones. This is a functional correlate of the up-regulation of AngII-receptor
      density observed in the SFO of the same species in the course of adaptation to
      salt water. Both adaptive adjustments seem to provide tighter coupling between
      systemic and central control of salt and fluid balance in conditions of chronic
      salt stress.

PMID- 2277351
TI  - Task-dependent changes in gain of the reflex response to imperceptible
      perturbations of joint position in man.
AB  - 1. It has been demonstrated recently that, when suitably instructed, subjects
      could alter the stiffness at the elbow in response to a slowly and imperceptibly
      changing elastic load. Although evidence was provided in favour of this occurring
      via changes in gain of the reflex response to stretch, changes in the degree of
      co-contraction could not be entirely ruled out. The major objective of the
      present experiments was to determine if subjects could alter stiffness at the
      wrist in a similar task, and then to determine whether they retained this ability
      when co-contraction was made impossible by anaesthetizing the nerve to the wrist
      extensors. A second objective was to determine if changes in stiffness could be
      controlled independently at the wrist and elbow. 2. Subjects, with eyes closed,
      initially held position constant against a constant force that loaded the
      flexors. For the wrist, they were instructed: (i) to keep the hand as still as
      possible (keep position constant) or (ii) to let the hand be moved by the
      perturbation (keep force constant). The perturbation was an initially
      imperceptible elastic load whose direction (loading or unloading) could not be
      predicted. Subjects were also asked to indicate when the perturbation was first
      perceived. 3. When asked to hold position constant or force constant at the
      wrist, subjects demonstrated task-dependent changes in stiffness prior to
      perception of the perturbation. These changes in stiffness were still achieved
      when the nerve to the wrist extensors was anesthetized and thus co-contraction
      was prevented. 4. Five subjects demonstrated the ability to control stiffness
      independently at the wrist and the elbow although most subjects had difficulty
      with the task we employed to demonstrate this. 5. The results demonstrate: (i)
      that for the wrist, set-dependent changes in stiffness that occur prior to
      perception of a slowly developing perturbation can be mediated by changes in gain
      of reflex responses to those perturbations, and (ii) that stiffness can be
      controlled independently at the wrist and elbow, presumably in part by changes in
      gain of stretch reflexes.

PMID- 2277352
TI  - Changes in arterial K+ and ventilation during exercise in normal subjects and
      subjects with McArdle's syndrome.
AB  - 1. We have examined the relationship between ventilation (VE), lactate (La) and
      arterial plasma K+ concentrations [( K+]a) during incremental exercise in six
      normal subjects and in four subjects with McArdle's syndrome (myophosphorylase
      deficiency) who do not become acidotic during exercise. 2. In normal subjects,
      [K+]a rose to ca 7 mM at the point of exhaustion. The time courses of the
      increases in VE, La and [K+]a were all similar during the exercise period. La
      reached its peak concentration during the recovery from exercise when both VE and
      [K+]a were returning to resting levels. 3. McArdle's subjects, like normal
      subjects, had a non-linear ventilatory response during incremental exercise.
      Their [K+]a was closely related to VE throughout exercise and recovery. 4. The
      arterial pH of McArdle's subjects, rather than remaining constant, actually rose
      from the onset of exercise. 5. For a given level of exercise, the levels of VE
      and [K+]a were greater in the McArdle's subjects than in normal subjects. 6.
      These findings are consistent with the idea that hyperkalaemia may contribute
      significantly to the drive to breathe, especially during heavy exercise.

PMID- 2277353
TI  - Regional changes in ventricular excitability during load manipulation of the in
      situ pig heart.
AB  - 1. The effect of load manipulation on myocardial excitability was studied in the
      anaesthetized, in situ pig heart. 2. A 33% increase in systolic left ventricular
      pressure achieved by aortic clamping reduced the mean effective refractory period
      by 11 ms (7.6%, P less than 0.01); whereas a 15% reduction in ventricular
      pressure achieved by intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside increased the
      mean effective refractory period by 4 ms (3.2%, P less than 0.05). 3. Changes in
      action potential duration, measured to 70% repolarization, roughly paralleled
      those of the effective refractory period. 4. The changes in effective refractory
      period were inhomogeneous, with a greater change occurring at the apex compared
      to the base in response to an increase in load, i.e. there was an increase in
      regional dispersion of refractoriness across the left ventricle. 5. Since
      inhomogeneity of repolarization and refractoriness is known to be potentially
      arrhythmogenic, these findings suggest that mechanical factors may contribute
      directly to the arrhythmias commonly seen clinically in high load states such as
      congestive cardiac failure and may also have consequences for the treatment of
      such arrhythmias.

PMID- 2277354
TI  - Electrical resistance across the blood-brain barrier in anaesthetized rats: a
      developmental study.
AB  - 1. Ion permeability of the blood-brain barrier was studied by in situ measurement
      of transendothelial electrical resistance in anaesthetized rats aged between 17
      days gestation and 33 days after birth, and by electron microscopic examination
      of lanthanum permeability in fetal and neonatal rats aged up to 10 days old. 2.
      The blood-brain barrier in 17- to 20-day fetuses had a resistance of 310 omega
      cm2 but was impermeable to lanthanum, and therefore had properties intermediate
      between leaky and tight epithelia. 3. From 21 days gestation, the resistance was
      1128 omega cm2, indicating a tight blood-brain barrier and low ion permeability.
      There was little further change in barrier resistance after birth, and in 28- to
      33-day rats, when the brain barrier systems are mature in other ways, vessels had
      a mean resistance of 1462 omega cm2. 4. In the tight blood-brain barrier,
      arterial vessels had a significantly higher resistance than venous vessels, 1490
      and 918 omega cm2 respectively. In vessels less than 50 microns diameter and
      within the normal 60 min experimental period, there was no significant variation
      in vessel resistance. 5. Hyperosmotic shock caused a rapid decay in resistance
      (maximal within 5 min), and after disruption of the blood-brain barrier, vessel
      resistance was 100-300 omega cm2 in both arterial and venous vessels, and the
      effect was reversible. After the application of metabolic poisons (NaCN plus
      iodoacetate) and low temperature there was a similarly low electrical resistance.
      6. It is concluded that the increase in electrical resistance at birth indicates
      a decrease in paracellular ion permeability at the blood-brain barrier and is
      required for effective brain interstitial fluid ion regulation.

PMID- 2277355
TI  - Permanent release of noradrenaline modulates respiratory frequency in the newborn
      rat: an in vitro study.
AB  - 1. Respiratory activity was recorded on ventral cervical roots during in vitro
      experiments performed on superfused newborn rat brain stem-cervical cord
      preparations. 2. Eliminating the pontine structures by performing a transection
      at the level of the ponto-medullary junction resulted in a sustained increase in
      respiratory frequency, which suggests the existence of a pontine inhibitory drive
      impinging on the medullary rhythm generator. 3. Noradrenaline (NA) and drugs
      affecting NA efficiency were added to the bathing medium and the resulting
      changes in respiratory frequency were analysed. NA decreased the respiratory
      frequency, and this effect was potentiated by pargyline (an inhibitor of the NA
      degradation by monoamine oxidases) and blocked by yohimbine (an alpha 2
      antagonist). 4. Yohimbine or piperoxane (which blocks the alpha 2-adrenoceptors)
      increased the resting respiratory frequency to the level reached after ponto
      medullary transection, whereas pargyline or desipramine (which potentiates NA
      efficiency) decreased the respiratory rate. Since these effects were no longer
      observed after elimination of the pons, it is suggested that a permanent release
      of endogenous NA by pontine areas may modulate the activity of the medullary
      respiratory rhythm generator. 5. When alpha-methyltyrosine (an inhibitor of NA
      biosynthesis) was applied to the pons, the respiratory frequency was increased,
      whereas when tyrosine (a precursor of NA) was applied, the respiratory frequency
      decreased. This decrease was enhanced by pargyline, suppressed by alpha
      methyltyrosine and blocked by piperoxane. 6. To conclude, it is suggested that
      the mechanisms underlying NA biosynthesis (i) continue to function under these in
      vitro experimental conditions and (ii) are responsible for a permanent release of
      endogenous NA, which slows down the respiratory frequency. These results are
      discussed as regards the possibility that the medullary respiratory rhythm
      generator may be modulated via the noradrenergic area A5 in the newborn rat.

PMID- 2277356
TI  - Afferent inhibition and facilitation of transmission through the spinocervical
      tract in the anaesthetized cat.
AB  - 1. Extracellular microelectrode recordings were made from single spinocervical
      tract (SCT) neurones in the lumbosacral spinal cord of cats anaesthetized with
      chloralose and paralysed with gallamine triethiodide. 2. Pairs of air-jet
      stimuli, 60 ms in duration, were used to investigate in-field afferent inhibition
      in SCT cells. One jet was used to condition the responses to another jet located
      at a different position within the excitatory receptive field and occurring at
      times from 100 to 1800 ms later. Fifteen neurones were tested and significant in
      field inhibition was observed in all of them. 3. The in-field afferent inhibition
      was organized spatially in the sense that inhibition was generally strongest when
      conditioning and testing stimuli were close together and became weaker as they
      were moved apart. There was also a weak effect due to the strength of the
      conditioning response; when conditioning produced a strong response, from near
      the most excitable part of the receptive field, there was often a weak reduction
      in the test response from distant sites. The inhibitory areas defined in these
      experiments were generally less than 100 mm in length in units with excitatory
      receptive fields much longer than this. 4. The in-field afferent inhibition had a
      time course that lasted from 300 to about 1000 ms. 5. Afferent inhibition was
      also evoked by applying either air-jet stimuli to hairy skin outside, but close
      to, the excitatory receptive field or by applying a vibratory stimulus from a
      piezoelectric transducer (200 Hz) to glabrous skin of the toe pads or the central
      foot pad. These conditioning stimuli had durations of 20 or 60 ms. For
      convenience we call this inhibition 'out-of-field' afferent inhibition. 6. Out-of
      field afferent inhibition was evoked from both glabrous and hairy skin areas
      outside the excitatory receptive field. It was common in neurones with receptive
      fields on the toes and of twenty-eight such neurones tested it was observed in
      twenty-four. This inhibition had a short latency (usually about 10 ms or less but
      occasionally up to 30 ms) and lasted for about the duration of the test stimulus
      (30 or 80 ms when the test stimulus was 20 or 60 ms respectively). It was often
      followed by a further period of inhibition, with a latency of between 50 and 100
      ms and lasting for 60 up to 130 ms. 7. In thirteen SCT neurones more complex
      effects were seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2277357
TI  - Potassium currents in hair cells isolated from the cochlea of the chick.
AB  - 1. Potassium currents were characterized in tall hair cells of the chick's
      cochlea. Outward potassium currents were found to flow through two distinct
      classes of channels. 2. Individual hair cells were isolated from 200 microns long
      segments of the apical half of the chick's cochlea. Whole-cell voltage-clamp and
      current-clamp recordings were made from these cells. 3. Voltage responses to
      injected current ranged from high-frequency (100-250 Hz) oscillations in some
      cells, to slowly repetitive Ca2+ action potentials or slow oscillations (5-20 Hz)
      in others. 4. Ionic currents recorded in voltage clamp also varied in different
      hair cells. Cells with high-frequency voltage oscillations had rapidly activating
      Ca2(+)-dependent outward K+ current, IK(Ca). Cells that generated action
      potentials had slow delayed rectifier outward K+ current, IK, and inward
      rectifier current, IIR. All hair cells had inward Ca2+ current. 5. IK(Ca)
      activated positive to -45 mV. Tail currents reversed at the K+ equilibrium
      potential. This current was eliminated in Ca2(+)-free solutions, or when exposed
      to 10 mM-TEA. This outward current was fully activated within 1-3 ms at 0 mV. The
      whole-cell current was noisy and ensemble variance analysis suggested a single
      channel conductance of 63 pS near 0 mV. 6. IK activated positive to -50 mV. Tail
      currents reversed at the K+ equilibrium potential. This current was not
      eliminated in Ca2(+)-free solutions, and was relatively resistant to external
      TEA. IK activated slowly, reaching peak values in 10-20 ms at 0 mV. This current
      showed little variance and the average single-channel conductance based on
      macroscopic noise near 0 mV was 8 pS. 7. External tetraethylammonium (TEA) or
      Ca2(+)-free saline eliminated the high-frequency voltage oscillations seen in
      many basal cells. In contrast TEA had little effect on slow action potentials (or
      low-frequency oscillations) seen in cells with IK. 8. IK(Ca) was prominent in
      hair cells originating 1.0-2.0 mm from the cochlear apex. IK and IIR dominated
      the membrane conductance of tall hair cells originating within 0.5 mm of the
      cochlear apex. 9. The frequency of voltage oscillation in apical cells was
      temperature-dependent, nearly doubling for each 10 degrees C rise in temperature.
      10. IIR activated at membrane potentials negative to -75 mV. The average time
      constant of activation at -100 mV was 2 ms. Tail currents reversed at the K+
      equilibrium potential and did not depend on the external Na+ concentration. IIR
      was blocked by 5 mM-Cs+ or 100 microM-Ba2+ in the external saline.

PMID- 2277360
TI  - Immunohistochemical investigations of estrogen receptors in normal and neoplastic
      squamous epithelium of the vulva.
AB  - Atrophic disease of the vulvar epithelium can be treated with steroids, but
      carcinoma of the vulva cannot be influenced with any hormone therapy. Seventy-one
      vulvar specimens were tested for estrogen receptor (ER) content by means of
      immunohistochemistry. Slight ER staining was found in nonkeratinizing squamous
      epithelium in 17 of 22 cases. A weak ER reaction in the basal and parabasal
      layers was found in only 2 of 17 specimens of keratinizing squamous epithelium.
      However, no ER was found in any neoplastic tissue of the vulva or the adjacent
      stroma. The loss of ER in neoplastic cells could explain the clinical experience
      that antihormonal treatment of vulvar carcinomas produces no appreciable
      improvement.

PMID- 2277358
TI  - Adenosine is not essential for exercise hyperaemia in the hindlimb in conscious
      dogs.
AB  - 1. The contribution of endogenous adenosine to the increase in hindlimb blood
      flow that occurs during treadmill exercise was evaluated in conscious dogs. We
      postulated that if adenosine is essential for the hindlimb hyperaemic response,
      then pharmacological treatment of the animals with adenosine receptor antagonists
      should decrease hindlimb blood flow during treadmill exercise. 2. A total of
      twenty-three dogs were chronically instrumented for measurement of aortic blood
      pressure and hindlimb blood flow using electromagnetic or Doppler flow probes on
      the left external iliac artery. Measurements of arterial blood pressure, hindlimb
      blood flow and heart rate were made during steady-state treadmill exercise in
      both the presence and the absence of adenosine receptor antagonists. Four
      different protocols were performed using different routes of administration of
      two adenosine receptor antagonists. Aminophylline was used in most of the
      experiments, and the effects of the more potent antagonist, 8-phenyltheophylline,
      were also evaluated. In addition, the dogs exercised at varying intensities
      ranging from a low level of 5.5 km h-1 at 0% gradient to a high intensity of 5.5
      km h-1 at 21% gradient. 3. Aminophylline given as a single intravenous dose, or
      as a constant infusion either intravenously or directly into the hindlimb artery,
      did not decrease hindlimb blood flow at low, moderate or high intensities of
      exercise. Likewise, the blockade of adenosine receptors with 8
      phenyltheophylline, given systemically or as a bolus injection administered
      directly into the hindlimb circulation during moderate exercise, did not
      attenuate the hindlimb blood flow response. 4. Our data demonstrate that exercise
      hyperaemia of the hindlimb is not reduced by antagonism of adenosine receptors.
      These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that adenosine is not an
      essential mediator of hindlimb vasodilatation during exercise.

PMID- 2277359
TI  - Behavioral and neurophysiological assessment of lateral line sensitivity in the
      mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi.
AB  - 1. The unconditioned feeding response of the mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi, was
      used to measure threshold sensitivity of the lateral line system to a vibrating
      sphere as a function of stimulus position (i.e., sphere near head, trunk or tail)
      and vibration frequency. In addition, extracellular recording techniques were
      used to measure threshold sensitivity curves for posterior lateral line nerve
      fibers for the same stimulus positions used for measuring trunk sensitivity in
      behavioral measurements. 2. For all stimulus positions, behaviorally-measured
      threshold sensitivity was relatively independent of vibration frequency from 10
      to 100 Hz when defined in terms of water acceleration, rather than velocity or
      displacement. Best thresholds for stimuli placed 15 mm away from the head were
      around -75 dB re: 1m/s(2), approximately 20 dB less than that for stimuli placed
      at the same distance near the tail. Trunk sensitivity was intermediate. 3.
      Physiologically-measured threshold sensitivity, in terms of acceleration, was
      also relatively independent of of frequency from 10 to 100 Hz in most fibers. A
      smaller number of fibers showed a decline in acceleration sensitivity after 10-30
      Hz, with the rate of decline being equivalent to equal velocity sensitivity. Best
      sensitivity of all fibers fell between -40 and -70 dB re: 1m/s (2). 4. These
      results indicate that (a) behavioral thresholds are based on acceleration
      sensitive endorgans--most likely lateral line canal (rather than superficial)
      neuromasts, (b) behavioral performance can be accounted for on the basis of
      information from a single population of fibers, and (c) sensitivity varies along
      the fish's body in a manner that corresponds to the size and distribution of
      neuromasts.

PMID- 2277361
TI  - Granular cell tumors of the vulva.
AB  - Granular cell tumor (GCT), although nearly ubiquitous, is seen infrequently in
      the vulva. A review of the surgical pathology files from Grady Memorial Hospital,
      Atlanta, Georgia, from 1983 through 1987 identified eight cases of vulvar GCT.
      Five of the eight patients had more than one skin and soft tissue lesion. Two of
      the five had biopsy-proven multicentric GCT with a unique clinical course. One of
      the patients was a 32-year-old woman with multiple vulvar, lingual, laryngeal,
      bronchial and pulmonary GCT, necessitating multiple excisions and ultimately
      pneumonectomy. The second patient had multiple GCTs in the vulva and inguinal
      area and finally in both lungs, resulting in her death at age 39. No dependable
      microscopic features could be identified to distinguish benign GCT from its more
      aggressive variant. However, Feulgen DNA histomorphometry demonstrated aneuploidy
      in the patient with apparent lung metastases, whereas the tumors from patients
      with a benign course as well as from the patient with multiorgan involvement were
      diploid. In three of five patients who could be interviewed there was a history
      of soft tissue tumors in members of the family. The multifocal nature and
      possible familial component of GCT need to be explored further.

PMID- 2277362
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptors in the vulva and vagina.
AB  - A rat monoclonal antibody against human estrogen receptor (ER) was used to
      localize nuclear ER in frozen tissue sections with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase
      technique. Premenopausal and postmenopausal vaginal, vulvar and nongenital skin
      was examined. ER was demonstrated in some but not all of the nuclei of basal and
      suprabasal differentiated epithelial cells of the vagina. ER was seen in the
      fibroblasts and smooth muscle, but not in the vessel endothelium, of the
      underlying stroma. ER was demonstrated in epidermal keratinocytes and dermal
      fibroblasts of the vulva and perineum, hair and non-hair bearing, but at a much
      lower frequency than in the vagina. Specific ER staining was not detected in the
      majority of skin specimens for extragenital sites. These findings have
      implications for the hormonal regulation of the vulva and for the use of estrogen
      cream in managing vulvar conditions.

PMID- 2277363
TI  - Periurethral colonic-type polyp simulating urethral caruncle. A case report.
AB  - A 50-year-old, black woman presented with a 1-cm, polypoid lesion on the
      posterior edge of the urethral meatus that had the gross appearance of a urethral
      caruncle. The histologic features, however, revealed a superficially ulcerated
      lesion composed of colonic-type mucosal glands with focal regenerative atypia in
      response to inflammation. A similar histologic pattern is also found in so-called
      solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and inflammatory cloacogenic polyps arising in the
      anorectal area. Based upon an English-language literature review, this case
      appears to be the second reported one of an intestinal-type polyp in this
      location. The patient had no further problems after excisional biopsy.

PMID- 2277365
TI  - Surgical-procedure terminology for the vulva and vagina. Report of an
      International Society for the Study of Vulvar Disease Task Force.

PMID- 2277364
TI  - Multimodality therapy for advanced and recurrent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.
      A pilot project.
AB  - From 1985 to 1989 eight women with advanced or recurrent vulvar carcinoma were
      treated at the Women's Cancer Center of the University of Minnesota Hospital and
      Clinic. Each received a combination of 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C and cisplatin
      during radiotherapy. Five of the eight women who underwent posttreatment radical
      vulvectomy had acceptable operative morbidity. Six patients experienced a
      complete clinical response. Of them, one had microscopic residual disease in the
      surgical specimen. One patient with recurrent vulvar carcinoma experienced
      progression of disease on therapy. One death was attributable to chemotherapy
      toxicity, and two patients died of intercurrent disease. The overall survival
      rate at 27 months was 33%. This multimodality approach to the treatment of
      advanced vulvar carcinoma should be considered when designing a therapeutic
      approach to treating extensive or resistant vulvar carcinoma.

PMID- 2277366
TI  - Irritant effect of a model surfactant on the human vulva and forearm. Age-related
      differences.
AB  - The reactivity of forearm and vulvar skin to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was
      studied in two groups of 20 healthy women each, 10 before and 10 after menopause.
      Vulvar skin was less reactive to SLS in both low and high concentrations than was
      forearm skin. Transepidermal water loss measurement did not seem to be an
      indicator of irritant dermatitis in vulvar skin. Capacitance measurements,
      reflecting changes in skin hydration, seemed to be more suitable for monitoring
      vulvar irritant dermatitis. Age-related differences in irritant reaction were
      more apparent in low-grade irritant dermatitis induced by low concentrations of
      SLS than in intense reactions to higher SLS concentrations.

PMID- 2277367
TI  - Value of four models for selecting patients for local excision of invasive
      squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.
AB  - For 75 women with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva who underwent radical
      vulvectomy and inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy, the authors assessed the efficacy
      of four models for selecting patients who could have been treated adequately with
      local excision of the tumor. Each of the three models proposed by Andreasson and
      Nyboe covered 25% of the patients, none of whom had groin metastases or died of
      cancer. Local recurrence in the vulva occurred in 10%. A model suggested by the
      International Society for the Study of Vulvar Disease covered almost 10% of the
      patients. One of seven patients had groin metastases, none died of cancer, and
      one of seven developed local recurrence in the vulva. The criteria of the
      clinically best suited model are tumor not situated on the clitoris and less than
      4 cm in diameter, with only slight hyperchromasia. This model ought to be tested
      in a randomized study.

PMID- 2277368
TI  - Quantitative and qualitative tests for urinary luteinizing hormone. Comparison in
      spontaneous and clomiphene-citrate-treated cycles.
AB  - A study was performed to evaluate conditions in which false-positive and 
      negative predictions of ovulation occur with qualitative urinary luteinizing
      hormone (LH) tests. Three urine specimens and a serum sample were collected daily
      for LH determination from five anovulatory women treated with clomiphene citrate
      and from six spontaneously cycling women. The urinary LH was determined with one
      quantitative and three qualitative tests, and the serum LH was determined with a
      quantitative assay. Ovulation was determined with transvaginal ultrasound and a
      serum progesterone level on day 22 of the menstrual cycle. There were six
      ovulatory and five anovulatory cycles. In those 11 cycles the qualitative urinary
      LH tests were falsely positive twice and falsely negative thrice. All the false
      positive and -negative tests except for one occurred when the quantitative
      urinary LH was 24-28 mIU/mL. Two false-positive tests occurred one to two days
      after clomiphene administration. Two false-negative tests occurred in a cycle in
      which follicular development appeared suboptimal, and one occurred in a cycle
      with a brief urinary LH surge.

PMID- 2277369
TI  - Endometrial ablation with the roller ball electrode.
AB  - Endometrial ablation for control of menorrhagia is a safe, effective alternative
      to hysterectomy in selected patients. Endometrial ablation with a resectoscope
      equipped with a roller ball electrode was used on 12 patients. The technique
      appears to be as effective as Nd:YAG laser endometrial ablation and offers
      gynecologists the advantages of speed, low cost and safety when compared to the
      laser approach.

PMID- 2277370
TI  - Severe preeclampsia presenting as dysphonia secondary to uvular edema. A case
      report.
AB  - In addition to hypertension and proteinuria, generalized edema is seen commonly
      in women with severe preeclampsia. A patient presented to us at term with the
      complaint of dysphonia. Upon examination she appeared to be clearly preeclamptic
      and had a grossly edemetous uvula, which we think occurred secondary to
      generalized edema. This case might be the first reported one of preeclampsia
      presenting as dysphonia and of uvular edema in association with preeclampsia.

PMID- 2277371
TI  - The 1989 presidential address. International Society for the Study of Vulvar
      Disease.
AB  - Major changes in the terminology for vulvar disease have taken place in the past
      20 years under the influence of the members of the International Society for the
      Study of Vulvar Disease. Major terminology changes have been made for vulvar
      nonneoplastic disorders, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and superficially
      invasive squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2277373
TI  - Contemporary trends in the management of OB/GYN infections: A symposium. 38th
      annual meeting of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. May
      1990. Proceedings.

PMID- 2277372
TI  - Terconazole for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
AB  - A double-blind, randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and
      safety of terconazole for vulvovaginal candidiasis. Treatment consisted of daily
      intravaginal application of one of the following regimens: 80-mg terconazole
      suppositories for 3 days, miconazole nitrate suppositories for 7 days or placebo
      suppositories for 7 days. The terconazole and miconazole nitrate groups had
      significantly higher therapeutic cure rates than did the placebo group.
      Evaluation of vaginal secretions with microscopic examination showed no evidence
      of leukocyte proliferation. Proline aminopeptidase activity, present in patients
      who have bacterial vaginosis, could not be detected in the vaginal secretions
      from patients with yeast vulvovaginitis.

PMID- 2277374
TI  - Role of cephamycins in obstetrics and gynecology.
AB  - Infections of the female upper genital tract are usually polymicrobic, often
      involving mixed aerobic (facultative) and anaerobic bacteria. Optimal therapy
      provides coverage against aerobes (both gram positive and gram negative and
      especially the Enterobacteriaceae) and anaerobes (especially the beta-lactamase
      producing gram-negative species, such as Bacteroides). A variety of antibiotics
      provide the broad spectrum of activity needed for these infections, including
      clindamycin plus an aminoglycoside, cephalosporins and cephamycins, imipenem,
      extended-spectrum penicillins and the beta-lactam agents combined with a beta
      lactamase inhibitor. The cephamycins--cefoxitin, cefotetan and cefmetazole--have
      been shown to have a high rate of clinical efficacy and bacteriologic response.
      The cephalosporins are usually used for prophylaxis at the time of obstetric and
      gynecologic surgery. The cephamycins have recently undergone extensive evaluation
      for prophylaxis and have demonstrated comparable microbiologic and clinical
      efficacy. A pharmacokinetic comparison of cefoxitin, cefotetan and cefmetazole
      points to cefmetazole as a cost-effective alternative to cefoxitin and cefotetan
      for both prophylaxis and treatment of pelvic infections.

PMID- 2277375
TI  - Role of new cephamycins in the management of obstetric and gynecologic
      infections.
AB  - The results of in vitro and in vivo studies of cefmetazole, a second-generation
      cephamycin, were reviewed. Cefmetazole's spectrum of activity includes clinical
      coverage of many Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, streptococci, Haemophilus
      species, pathogenic Neisseria organisms, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis and
      anaerobic bacteria. Cefmetazole is generally two to eight times more potent than
      cefoxitin against organisms within their spectra and is most active against
      staphylococci (minimal inhibitory concentration90 = 2.0 micrograms/mL).
      Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains are more susceptible to
      cefmetazole, alone or in combination with fosfomycin, than to any other
      cephamycins, and cefmetazole is remarkably resistant to the beta-lactamases
      produced by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The incidence of adverse drug
      reactions is low (8.8% in the United States, 2.2% in Japan), and the drug has
      been demonstrated to have cost-containment potential.

PMID- 2277376
TI  - The challenge of prophylaxis in cesarean section in the 1990s.
AB  - Physicians have evaluated the role of antibiotics in the prevention of
      perioperative infections since these drugs were discovered, but not until it was
      determined that antibiotics prevented staphylococcal wound infections in the
      animal model did surgeons consider their use for prophylaxis. In the 1970s,
      improved techniques in isolating and identifying anaerobic microorganisms and the
      unacceptably high incidence of infection-related complications convinced
      obstetricians to study, and ultimately accept, the use of perioperative
      antibiotic administration to prevent these infections. Recent progress has
      included refinement of the guidelines for patient selection and drug regimens.
      Although a single dose of an antibiotic given to the patient undergoing primary
      cesarean section has been demonstrated to be effective prophylaxis when
      administered after clamping the umbilical cord, this practice has not been widely
      accepted. With the discovery of cephamycins the role of these broad-spectrum
      antibiotics in obstetric and gynecologic surgery was investigated. One of the
      studies compared the efficacy of cefmetazole with that of cefotetan in preventing
      post-cesarean section infection. Eighteen patients in each group received a 2-g
      dose of one of the two drugs when the umbilical cord was clamped. Predetermined
      elevations in temperature were used to evaluate the presence of ensuing
      infections. Four subjects in each group developed some type of morbidity.
      Postoperative complications included wound infection, endometritis, bladder
      infection and cellulitis. Cefmetazole and cefotetan seemed equally effective in
      preventing post-cesarean section infections.

PMID- 2277377
TI  - Cefmetazole and cefonicid. Comparative efficacy and safety in preventing
      postoperative infections after vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy.
AB  - A single 1-g dose of cefmetazole was compared with a single 1-g dose of cefonicid
      for prophylaxis in vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy to determine their efficacy
      and safety. The antibiotics were administered intramuscularly 15-90 minutes
      before the incision was made. Cefmetazole and cefonicid had similar activity
      against most of the aerobic organisms recovered, but cefmetazole was
      significantly more active against anaerobic gram-negative microorganisms. The
      patterns of regrowth of vaginal flora were similar in the two treatment groups.
      Patient demographic characteristics and surgical procedures were similar in both
      groups. The difference in primary prophylactic failure (e.g., cuff cellulitis)
      with the two study drugs (1 of 53 [1.9%] with cefmetazole and 2 of 28 [7.1%] with
      cefonicid) did not reach statistical significance, and the results were similar
      for the two routes of hysterectomy. Cefmetazole, at a dose of 1 g intramuscularly
      preoperatively, is a safe and effective agent for prophylaxis during
      hysterectomy.

PMID- 2277378
TI  - Therapeutic dilemmas in the treatment of pelvic infections.
AB  - The identification of pathogens and the early recognition of pelvic infections in
      patients after hysterectomy, cesarean delivery and vaginal delivery were
      analyzed. Criteria for administering cephamycin therapy were established, as were
      guidelines for evaluating the progress of the infection. In a comparative study
      of the safety and efficacy of cefmetazole and cefoxitin in 145 hospitalized
      patients with pelvic infections there were no significant differences between
      either the bacteriologic or clinical cure rates of the two antibiotics. Both were
      efficacious and safe for the treatment of obstetric-gynecologic soft tissue
      infections.

PMID- 2277379
TI  - Pancreatic function and gene deletion F508 in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - In view of the possible relation between pancreatic function and cystic fibrosis
      (CF) gene mutations, a detailed study on Italian patients was performed. Seventy
      pancreatic insufficient and 48 pancreatic sufficient patients were included after
      very accurate characterisation of their pancreatic and digestive function, all
      performed in the same CF centre. The CF gene deletion F508 was tested to define
      the patients' genotypes. The results confirm that the mutation correlates with
      pancreatic insufficiency, and is recessive to other, as yet unreported, mutant
      alleles that determine pancreatic sufficiency. An indication that duodenal
      bicarbonate output is more severely reduced in the presence of deletion F508 is
      also presented. The data are discussed in relation to a hypothesis on the primary
      effects of CF gene deletion F508.

PMID- 2277381
TI  - In vitro gene amplification for prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal
      hyperplasia.
AB  - A simple, rapid, non-radioactive method for detecting homozygous
      deletions/conversions of the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene is described. In our
      experience this method will be useful for first trimester prenatal diagnosis of
      congenital adrenal hyperplasia in 17% of families of a child with the salt losing
      form. This test includes an internal control to monitor the success of
      amplification.

PMID- 2277380
TI  - Adrenoleucodystrophy: a molecular genetic study in five families.
AB  - A genetic study has been performed on five adrenoleucodystrophy families using
      DNA probes from Xq28. Members of each family had previously been tested for
      carrier status using the biochemical assay for very long chain fatty acids
      (VLCFAs), but several persons at risk had equivocal results. DNA analysis with
      four DNA probes St14-1 (DXS52), DX13 (DXS15), MN12 (DXS33), and hs7 showed no
      crossovers between them and the disease locus in persons who were clinically
      affected or had high levels of VLCFA or both. Thus, the genotypes provided by the
      DNA probes could be used for accurate carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis
      could be offered. Of the 17 at risk females with VLCFA levels in the normal (1
      SD) range, five were defined as carriers and 12 were considered not to be.

PMID- 2277383
TI  - Theoretical considerations on germline mosaicism in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - A newly formulated mutation selection equilibrium for lethal X linked recessive
      traits such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy is presented, which allows for both
      male and female germline mosaicism. Estimates of the additional parameters used
      are given, thus allowing the incorporation of germline mosaicism into the
      calculation of genetic risks.

PMID- 2277382
TI  - Deletion analysis of DMD/BMD families from the German Democratic Republic and
      selected regions of Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
AB  - Over the last two years we have screened 183 DMD/BMD families requesting prenatal
      diagnosis. Using cDNA probes cf56a,b we have detected exon deletions in 72 of
      them. In 62 cases the deletion was also detectable with currently available PCR
      primers. Deletion analysis for exons 8, 17, and 19, using either PCR or Southern
      blotting techniques, was performed for 65 of the 111 families which showed no
      deletions with cf56a,b. Eight of them were deleted for one or more of these
      exons. PCR offers new possibilities for deletion analysis in families without a
      living patient using either Guthrie papers or histologically conserved material
      from the dead patient. In 20 of 25 patients, we observed concordance between the
      clinical picture and the molecular deletion analysis in accordance with the open
      reading frame hypothesis. Five patients, however, presented with DMD in spite of
      our analysis showing an in frame deletion. Carrier determination in families in
      which DMD is caused by a deletion using linkage, dosage, or breakpoint analysis
      is discussed.

PMID- 2277385
TI  - Recessive metaphyseal dysplasia without hypotrichosis. A syndrome clinically
      distinct from McKusick cartilage-hair hypoplasia.
AB  - Among children with recessive metaphyseal dysplasia involving the knees and
      extremities, two types can be distinguished. In true cartilage-hair hypoplasia,
      as described by McKusick, many patients show clinical hair involvement and
      variable immunodeficiency. We present a series of six patients with the same
      radiological changes, but without apparent hypotrichosis. We suggest that they
      should be considered as having a variant form of cartilage-hair hypoplasia, with
      a clinically distinct phenotype, which could be as common as 'true' cartilage
      hair hypoplasia among non-Amish populations. Microscopic examination of the hair
      may show reduction in the diameter of the hair shaft. This form of metaphyseal
      dysplasia may result from allelic heterogeneity.

PMID- 2277384
TI  - MASA syndrome: new clinical features and linkage analysis using DNA probes.
AB  - We describe a two generation family in which two males have the X linked
      recessive MASA syndrome (mental retardation, aphasia, shuffling gait, and
      adducted thumbs). A third male in this family died at the age of 15 years from
      congenital hydrocephalus. In the present family cerebral abnormalities are
      reported for the first time. Linkage analysis confirms the chromosome
      localisation at Xq28. A crossover between the coagulation factor VIII locus (F8C)
      and MASA syndrome, but not with DXS52 and DXS305, locates the gene on the same
      side of F8C as DXS52 and DXS305. The possible relationship between MASA syndrome
      and X linked hydrocephalus is discussed.

PMID- 2277386
TI  - Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia.

PMID- 2277387
TI  - Teaching of clinical genetics in Britain: a report from the Royal College of
      Physicians of London.
AB  - A report from the Royal College of Physicians of London shows support from a wide
      range of specialties for the teaching of a core curriculum and basic skills in
      clinical genetics. However, there is a marked variation in the hours timetabled
      for clinical genetics, averaging 20 in the preclinical and six in the clinical
      section.

PMID- 2277388
TI  - Delivery of genetic services.

PMID- 2277389
TI  - Genetic services in Britain: a strategy for success after the National Health
      Service and Community Care Act 1990.

PMID- 2277391
TI  - Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum in trisomy 18 Edwards syndrome.
AB  - Three cases of ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum (AFA) in infants with Edwards
      syndrome are described. The case for a fifth subgroup of AFA is reinforced.

PMID- 2277390
TI  - Familial congenital laryngeal abductor paralysis: different expression in a
      family with one male and three females affected.
AB  - A brother and two sisters of remotely consanguineous parents had congenital
      laryngeal abductor paralysis and moderate mental retardation. In the two older
      sibs, mental deficiency could have resulted from birth asphyxia, but the youngest
      girl was already microcephalic at birth and had no apparent asphyxia. The mother,
      who was healthy and of normal intelligence, was found on laryngoscopy to have
      unilateral laryngeal abductor paralysis. This is the first family with both
      mentally retarded and nonretarded affected members with congenital laryngeal
      abductor paralysis. Inheritance is most likely autosomal dominant with variable
      expression, but autosomal recessive inheritance, with both parents carriers and
      the mother an affected homozygote, and X linked inheritance are also possible.

PMID- 2277392
TI  - Distal long arm deletions of the X chromosome and ovarian failure.

PMID- 2277393
TI  - Triploidy arising from a first meiotic non-disjunction in a mother carrying a
      reciprocal translocation.
AB  - We report on a 22 year old mother, a carrier of a 6;14 balanced reciprocal
      translocation, who aborted a triploid conceptus carrying a similar translocation.
      We showed the maternal origin of this triploidy, after non-disjunction at meiosis
      I. The phenotypic expression as a non-molar pregnancy, the contribution of the
      maternal translocation, and possible aetiological factors of triploidy are
      discussed.

PMID- 2277394
TI  - Estimate of germinal mosaicism in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2277395
TI  - Transrectal ultrasound appearance of granulomatous prostatitis.
AB  - Granulomatous prostatitis is an uncommon condition that can masquerade as
      prostatic carcinoma on both digital rectal exam and prostate ultrasound. It
      occurs most often after acute urinary tract infection, transurethral prostate
      resection, or needle biopsy. It can be seen in systemic granulomatous diseases
      and after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for bladder
      carcinoma. In some cases it is idiopathic. Six patients who underwent transrectal
      ultrasound of the prostate and subsequent transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy
      had histologic diagnosis of granulomatous prostatitis. One patient was undergoing
      BCG therapy for bladder cancer. Two patients had recent urinary tract infections.
      The other three patients had no known predisposing conditions. Sonographically,
      the glands were enlarged in five patients, with multiple large and small
      hypoechoic zones throughout the peripheral, transition, and central zones. The
      appearance was similar to that seen in diffuse prostatic carcinoma. In one
      patient, a solitary hypoechoic lesion in the peripheral zone, indistinguishable
      from carcinoma, was present. Granulomatous prostatitis should be considered in
      the differential diagnosis of focal and diffuse abnormality with prostatic
      ultrasound.

PMID- 2277396
TI  - Suggested "owl eye sign" in fetal sonography.

PMID- 2277397
TI  - Meckel-Gruber syndrome. Importance of prenatal diagnosis.
AB  - Prenatal sonographic findings are reported in six fetuses with the Meckel-Gruber
      syndrome to illustrate the variety of sonographic findings associated with this
      disorder and to emphasize the importance of prenatal sonography in helping to
      establish the correct diagnosis. All six fetuses demonstrated evidence of renal
      cystic dysplasia. In five cases the kidneys were large and echogenic,
      demonstrating small discrete cysts in the range of 2 to 5 mm. The remaining fetus
      demonstrated unilateral renal cystic dysplasia and contralateral renal agenesis.
      Oligohydramnios was noted in all cases and was evident as early as 14 weeks. An
      occipital cephalocele was demonstrated on sonography in each case although the
      size and contents of the cephalocele varied significantly. Two fetuses, both in
      the same family, also demonstrated a cystic mass in the posterior fossa and
      partial absence of the cerebellum consistent with a Dandy-Walker variant or
      cerebellar hypoplasia. The concurrence of marked oligohydramnios and bilateral
      severe renal anomalies should initiate a search for anomalies of the central
      nervous system indicative of the Meckel-Gruber syndrome. Recurrence of Meckel
      Gruber syndrome may be evaluated as soon as 14 weeks, but it may not be reliably
      excluded until 20 weeks.

PMID- 2277398
TI  - Sonographic characteristics of small cerebral blood vessels. An in vivo and
      postmortem study.
AB  - The ultrasound appearance of small cerebral blood vessels was investigated with
      in vivo and postmortem sonography. Linear echoes corresponding in distribution to
      small branches of major cerebral blood vessels, particularly deep medullary
      veins, were seen during cranial sonography of living neonates, neonatal
      postmortem brains, and adult postmortem brains following intravascular injection
      of a barium sulfate-gelatin suspension. Ease of visualization of the echoes was
      angle dependent, a phenomenon termed anisotropy. When imaged in cross-section,
      these reflectors appeared as tiny, closely spaced dots, demonstrating their
      tubular nature. Additionally, the barium-injected adult postmortem specimens were
      studied by computed tomography and plain-film radiography, enabling correlation
      between radiography and sonography. This study demonstrates that small branches
      of the major intracranial blood vessels can be imaged as linear echoes and
      closely spaced dots by high-resolution sonography. It is important to recognize
      the vascular origin of these echoes to avoid the pitfall of misinterpreting them
      as originating from pathologic processes such as periventricular leukomalacia.

PMID- 2277399
TI  - Feasibility spectrum for Doppler flowmetry of splanchnic vessels. In normal and
      cirrhotic populations.
AB  - The calculation of absolute blood flow by Doppler flowmetry requires adequate
      visualization of a vessel in both transverse and longitudinal planes and an
      insonating angle less than 60 degrees. The percentage of the splanchnic vessels
      in a given population in which these criteria could be fulfilled (ie, the
      feasibility spectrum) is not known. To identify this spectrum in our patient
      sample, 100 consecutive nonselected patients (58 female, 42 male) and 34
      cirrhotics (31 male, three female) were prospectively studied. In addition, from
      the group of 42 nonselected patients, 31 males with no evidence of liver disease
      were matched for age, weight, and height with the 31 male cirrhotics. The echo
      Doppler feasibility (EDF; success percentage) was determined for the hepatic,
      superior mesenteric, and splenic arteries and portal, superior mesenteric, and
      splenic veins. In the nonselected sample, the EDF varied from 86% for the portal
      vein to 60% for the superior mesenteric artery. In cirrhotics, the EDF ranged
      from 88% for portal vein to 29% in splenic artery. The total EDF for the
      nonselected sample (68%) was significantly higher than the EDF for cirrhotics
      (54%; P less than .001). Physical factors (weight, age, height, and sex) affected
      the EDF in the nonselected patient sample but not in cirrhotics. We conclude that
      analysis of EDF of splanchnic vessels in these groups clearly demonstrates that
      the composition of the patient sample has an important bearing on the feasibility
      spectrum of Doppler study. Female subjects who are thin, young, and short and
      lighter male patients are better candidates for abdominal Doppler flowmetry.

PMID- 2277400
TI  - Diagnosis of viability in early pregnancy with vaginal sonography.
AB  - The detection rate of embryonic heart action using vaginal sonography was
      evaluated in 363 normal singleton pregnancies in the first trimester. Visible
      cardiac activity was present at the earliest at a gestational age of 40 days; in
      addition, the smallest chorionic cavity had a mean diameter of 9.3 mm, the lowest
      human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) concentration (calibrated against the
      first international reference preparation) measured 6,770 mIU/mL, the thinnest
      trophoblast was 1 mm, and the shortest crown-rump length was 2 mm. Cardiac
      pulsations were identified in all cases either at a menstrual age greater than or
      equal to 46 days, a beta-hCG greater than or equal to 47,171 mIU/mL, a mean
      chorionic cavity diameter greater than or equal to 18.3 mm, or a trophoblast
      thickness greater than or equal to 5 mm. The heart rate (mean +/- SD) increased
      from 110 +/- 8 beats per minute (bpm) at 5 weeks menstrual age to 170 +/- 6 bpm
      at 9 weeks and declined thereafter to 159 +/- 3 bpm at 13 weeks. Vaginal
      sonography enables a rapid and reliable assessment of embryonic life in early
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2277402
TI  - Prenatal ultrasonographic appearance of the agnathia malformation complex.

PMID- 2277401
TI  - Translabial ultrasound of the third-trimester uterine cervix. Correlation with
      digital examination.
AB  - This prospective blinded study compared translabial ultrasound (TLU) and digital
      palpation of the cervix among women whose cervix could not be visualized
      adequately or at all with transabdominal ultrasound during the third trimester of
      pregnancy. The cervical canal and internal cervical os were adequately visualized
      during 109 of 113 TLUs (96%). The TLU was well tolerated by the patients; only
      two patients refused the TLU pending discussion of the technique with their
      obstetrician. Among 43 examinations of patients without clinical cervical
      effacement, TLU showed a cervical length of 2.5 to 4.2 cm (mean, 2.9 cm). An
      excellent correlation (R = 0.90) was noted between cervical length on TLU and
      percentage of cervical effacement on digital examination. The correlation between
      amount of cervical dilatation on TLU and on digital examination was not high (R =
      0.58). We conclude that the measurements of cervical length on TLU correlate well
      with the amount of cervical effacement on digital examination and that TLU
      provides a rapid and well-tolerated alternative technique to visualize the third
      trimester uterine cervix.

PMID- 2277403
TI  - Preoperative sonographic diagnosis of a unilateral tubal twin gestation with
      documented fetal heart activity.

PMID- 2277404
TI  - Extra-amniotic pregnancy. A trip to the extraembryonic coelom.

PMID- 2277405
TI  - Intrauterine growth retardation mimicking skeletal dysplasia on antenatal
      sonography.

PMID- 2277406
TI  - Phonocardiographic approach to the detection of right ventricular myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Right ventricular myocardial infarction (RVMI) is not as rare as was previously
      thought and, if present, is almost always complicated with inferior myocardial
      infarction (IMI). On the basis of hemodynamic criteria, RVMI was identified in
      33.7 percent of 98 cases with IMI. RVMI may induce a low cardiac output, if not
      often, resulting in cardiogenic shock. It is clearly desirable therefore to have
      an early and sensitive diagnostic clue to the presence or possibility of RVMI.
      Although much investigative attention in the diagnosis of RVMI has been focused
      on electrocardiography, echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography,
      technetium-99 m stannous pyrophosphate scintigraphy, and thallium-201
      scintigraphy, there has been little study of phonocardiography (PCG). The present
      study was therefore undertaken in an attempt to assess whether or not PCG
      information is useful for the identification of RVMI. PCG recordings were made
      during unforced natural respiration for at least 8 consecutive beats. From among
      several PCG parameters, the delta QP2 interval was found to be the most reliable
      for the identification of RVMI in patients with IMI. The delta QP2 interval was
      defined as the difference between Max QP2 and Min QP2, where Max QP2 and Min QP2
      represent the maximal and minimal interval between Q and P2, respectively. Using
      delta QP2 less than or equal to 10 msec, the sensitivity and specificity for the
      diagnosis of RVMI were 90.9% and 84.6%, respectively. These results were superior
      to those obtained by radionuclide ventriculography, electrocardiography and
      echocardiography. We consider therefore that PCG should be recorded as soon as
      possible in the presence of IMI, and conclude that a small range (less than or
      equal to 10 msec) of delta QP2 carries a reasonably high sensitivity and
      specificity for the diagnosis of RVMI.

PMID- 2277407
TI  - Treatment of canine acute pulmonary embolic shock--effects of isoproterenol and
      norepinephrine on hemodynamics and ventricular wall motion.
AB  - To determine indications for isoproterenol and norepinephrine, the effects of
      each drug on acute pulmonary embolic shock were compared with those of mechanical
      occlusion of the descending aorta (AO). In 18 dogs, we measured the changes in
      the hemodynamics and the ventricular wall motion in experimental pulmonary
      embolic shock. When the left ventricular systolic pressure decreased to 70 mmHg
      (shock), dogs were treated with isoproterenol, norepinephrine or AO. At the
      shock, the difference between the left and right ventricular pressures became
      negative. The changes in the left and right ventricular septum-free wall diameter
      (LVD, RVD) resulted in a significant leftward shift of the interventricular
      septum (IVS), and systolic shortening in LVD was extremely diminished.
      Isoproterenol administration decreased left and right ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure (LVEDP, RVEDP), but did not improve the reversion in RVEDP and LVEDP.
      The leftward shift of the IVS was not restored to normal. Following either
      norepinephrine administration or AO, the difference between the left and right
      ventricular pressures was restored to normal. Improvements in left ward shift of
      the IVS and systolic shortening of each diameter were observed. The similarity of
      norepinephrine administration to AO suggests that in the treatment of acute
      pulmonary embolic shock, restoration of systemic pressure for the maintenance of
      coronary perfusion, may be of primary importance. We concluded that
      norepinephrine is superior to isoproterenol for improvement of hemodynamics and
      ventricular wall motion in severe pulmonary embolic shock.

PMID- 2277408
TI  - Histological and histometrical study of myocardial fibrosis in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats of the stroke-prone strain.
AB  - In order to obtain fundamental information about the developmental mechanisms of
      myocardial fibrosis in chronic hypertension, the hearts of male spontaneously
      hypertensive rats of the stroke-prone strain (SHRSP) and Wistar rats of the Kyoto
      strain (WKY) were histologically and histometrically examined. Fibrosis was a
      prominent histological feature of the hearts in SHRSP. In consisted of focal,
      interstitial, and perivascular fibrosis. For histometrical analysis the
      percentage areas of interstitial and perivascular fibrosis were calculated by
      using a color image processor. The percentage area of myocardial fibrosis
      increased with advancing age in both SHRSP and WKY. However, it was significantly
      higher in SHRSP than in WKY at 18 and 30 weeks of age. In SHRSP perivascular
      fibrosis of small arteries had already appeared at 8 weeks of age, while
      perivascular fibrosis of arterioles and interstitial fibrosis developed later. It
      is supposed that perivascular as well as interstitial fibrosis is induced by the
      exudation of some growth factors due to an increased vascular permeability. On
      the other hand, the focal fibrosis observed in old SHRSP is suspected to occur as
      a result of injury in myocardium due to stenosis or occlusion of vessels.

PMID- 2277409
TI  - Prospective study of late potentials to predict cardiac sudden death and
      ventricular tachycardias in patients with myocardial infarction surviving over 4
      weeks.
AB  - We studied, prospectively, the predictive value of late potentials to cardiac
      sudden death and sustained ventricular tachycardias in 385 patients with
      myocardial infarction surviving over 4 weeks. Signal averaged electrocardiogram
      was performed over a 4 week period from the onset of acute myocardial infarction
      in all patients. Late potentials were observed in 118 of 385 patients. During the
      mean follow up period of 24.3 months, 17 patients had cardiac sudden death and 15
      patients had symptomatic sustained ventricular tachycardias. In 16 of 17 patients
      with cardiac sudden death and 14 of 15 patients with sustained ventricular
      tachycardias, late potentials were observed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive
      predictive value, negative predictive value, and predictive accuracy of late
      potentials to cardiac sudden death in these 385 patients were 94.1%, 72.3%,
      13.6%, 99.6% and 73.2% respectively. Also, these predictive values of late
      potentials to sustained ventricular tachycardias in the group of patients were
      93.3%, 71.9%, 11.9%, 99.6% and 72.7%, respectively. We concluded that the
      clinical usefulness of late potentials in patients with myocardial infarction
      surviving over 4 weeks in the negative predictive value to cardiac sudden death
      and sustained ventricular tachycardias is superior to that of positive predictive
      value. Sensitivity of late potentials to these events is also higher.

PMID- 2277410
TI  - The role of electrophysiologic study for prediction and treatment of life
      threatening arrhythmias.
AB  - The prognostic significance of drug therapy based on the electrophysiologic study
      (EPS) was examined during a mean follow-up period of 32 months in 45 patients
      with sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT) and in 87 with nonsustained VT
      (NSVT), and in 7 survivors of cardiac arrest. The drug treatment during the
      follow-up period was divided into EPS-guided therapy and empirical therapy; in
      the former therapy, an effective drug for prevention of induced VT by EPS was
      given and in the latter therapy, an empirical drug was used because there was no
      effective drugs by EPS. Occurrence of SVT or sudden cardiac death was considered
      as an arrhythmic event. Of 45 patients with SVT, Group I consisted of 32 cases
      with organic heart disease (OHD) and Group II, 13 without OHD. In Group I,
      arrhythmic event occurred in only 2 of 15 patients with EPS-guided therapy,
      whereas 9 of 13 cases with empirical therapy had arrhythmic event (p less than
      0.01). In Group II, no arrhythmic event was observed in the 9 patients with EPS
      guided therapy, whereas it was seen in 3 of the 4 patients with empirical therapy
      (p less than 0.05). Of 87 patients with NSVT, 61 cases had OHD (Group III). SVT
      was induced by EPS in 13 patients in Group III. Arrhythmic event was not observed
      in 8 patients with EPS-guided therapy, whereas it was seen in 3 of the 5 patients
      with empirical therapy (p less than 0.05). Arrhythmic event occurred in 2
      survivors of cardiac arrest who underwent empirical therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277411
TI  - Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic studies in patients with torsades de
      pointe--role of monophasic action potentials.
AB  - The study group consisted of 26 patients with a history of documented Torsade de
      Pointes (TdP) who were divides into 3 groups according to the causes of TdP.
      Group I consisted of 5 patients with congenital long QT syndrome. Group II
      consisted of 15 patients with TdP caused by antiarrhythmic drugs. Group III
      consisted of 6 patients with TdP caused by bradycardia resulting from third
      degree atrioventricular block. The QT interval was determined from a 12-lead
      electrocardiogram. Monophasic Action Potential (MAP) was recorded by a 6 F USCI
      electrode catheter. Isoproterenol infusion resulted in TU abnormality in all
      patients in Group I and induced a hump at phase 3 slope of MAP in all 3 patients
      tested. The QT interval change before and after IA administration was
      significantly larger in Group II patients compared to those without TdP (0.132 +/
      0.062 vs 0.029 +/- 0.31 sec, less than 0.005). Injection of 100 mg. of
      disopyramide in 2 patients in Group II resulted a hump at phase 3 slope of the
      MAP in both of them. The QT prolongation associated with decreasing the pacing
      rate from 70 to 50/min was significantly larger in patients with Group III
      compared to patients with bradycardia but without TdP (0.02 +/- 0.04 vs 0.07 +/-
      0.05 sec, p less than 0.005). The results suggests: 1) different approaches are
      necessary for evaluation of TU abnormalities in patients with TdP according to
      the causes of TdP, 2) MAP might be a useful method for evaluating TU abnormality
      in patients with TdP.

PMID- 2277412
TI  - Prediction of a fatal atrial fibrillation in patients with asymptomatic Wolff
      Parkinson-White pattern.
AB  - Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) in patients with manifest WPW syndrome can
      be a life-threatening arrhythmia by deterioration into ventricular fibrillation.
      In patients with asymptomatic WPW pattern, the first PAF may lead to ventricular
      fibrillation or sudden death. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to predict
      a fatal PAF in patients with asymptomatic WPW pattern. The patient population was
      divided into two groups: (1) 145 patients with manifest WPW syndrome, excluding
      intermittent ones (32 with an episode of PAF, 49 with AV reciprocating
      tachycardia alone, and 64 without any episode of paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia), and
      (2) mixed group of patients with and without WPW syndrome (36 with an episode of
      PAF and 66 without PAF). The results were as follows: (1) (a) out of 32 patients
      with WPW syndrome and PAF, 8 patients were observed to have both the shortest
      preexcited R-R interval of less than 200 msec during PAF and the shortest
      antegrade effective refractory period of the accessory pathway (ERP-AP) of less
      than 250 msec, 7 of whom had dizziness or syncope during PAF and 2 died suddenly
      during the follow-up period; (b) 21 (32.8%) out of 64 patients with asymptomatic
      WPW pattern showed the shortest antegrade ERP-AP less than 250 msec; (2) patients
      with PAF had a higher tendency to develop repetitive atrial firing (RAF), as well
      as fragmented atrial activity (FAA), which were induced using programmed atrial
      stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277413
TI  - Requirements of non-pharmacologic interventions in the treatment of recurrent
      sustained ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Sixty-five patients (pts) with sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) and 1
      patient with symptomatic nonsustained VT were included in this study. Of these, 5
      had died before electrophysiologic study (EPS) or determination of effective
      antiarrhythmic drugs. Inducibility of VT by our protocol varied from 69 to 100%
      according to underlying diseases. Drug efficacy was evaluated by using
      conventional drugs in all and using flecainide and amiodarone in some. However,
      more than 50% of pts with inducible VT were found to be resistant to
      pharmacological therapy. Fourteen of 26 pts with drug-refractory VT, underwent
      surgical therapy. In all pts, the site of VT origin was determined and VT was
      either eradicated or clinically controlled in 86% of the patients. Catheter
      ablation was tried in 9 pts at the earliest activation site of VT or at the site
      where pace-mapping produced the best result in configuration in the QRS complex
      as the clinical VT. Prophylactic effect was confirmed in 60% but VT recurred in 3
      pts. These VT became responsive to anti-arrhythmic drugs in 2 pts. In thirteen
      pts who died suddenly during the follow up period, none had adequate
      antiarrhythmic drugs. One patient died after operation because of residual VT
      among four different QRS morphologies found preoperatively. In conclusion, the
      success rate antiarrhythmic drug prophylaxis against VT induction or recurrence
      did not exceed 50%, therefore non-pharmacological interventions such as surgery
      or catheter ablation may be required.

PMID- 2277414
TI  - Surgical management of life-threatening arrhythmias.
AB  - Map-guided direct surgery was performed in 408 patients with various
      tachyarrhythmias at our institution. Of 355 patients with WPW syndrome, 5 had
      experienced an episode of ventricular fibrillation (Vf), 180 had atrial
      fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response, and 76 had other heart diseases.
      These patients were regarded as being at risk for sudden death. The shortest R-R
      interval between pre-excitation (215 +/- 38 msec) was significantly shorter than
      the antegrade effective refractory period (270 +/- 35 msec) of accessory pathway
      (ACP) in 126 patients (p less than 0.001). The shortest R-R interval of the
      patients with Vf was 200 msec or less. The ACP was successfully interrupted in
      334 patients (94%). Simultaneous operations were carried out for other types of
      heart disease in 58 patients. Surgery was performed in 43 patients with
      ventricular tachycardia (VT), 39 non-ischemic and 4 ischemic, who were
      unresponsive to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy. Three patients with non
      ischemic VT required emergency operation. The principle of surgery for non
      ischemic was excision plus cryocoagulation of right ventricle and incision plus
      cryocoagulation of left ventricle. Thirty non-ischemic patients (76.9%) were
      cured of VT, while 7 still take medication prophylactically (3 for sporadic
      premature beats, and 4 for VT). All 4 patients with ischemic VT were also treated
      successfully. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the therapeutic value of map
      guided direct surgery for life-threatening arrhythmias.

PMID- 2277416
TI  - [The problems in the ultrasonography and its countermeasure].
AB  - The problems in the ultrasonographic examination are discussed in four categories
      as follows; 1) Problems arising from the characteristics of the ultrasonographic
      equipment such as limited field of view, poor resolution in the far field, dead
      space in examination of the liver, etc. 2) Problems related to the operation of
      the equipment such as optimizing the gain, STC, dynamic range, and selection of
      the focal depth and dynamic focus technique. 3) Problem concerning the
      interpretation of the ultrasonic images such as determining the orientation of
      the organ displayed on the image, intra-observer divergence in interpretation of
      the ultrasonogram. 4) Financial problems about ultrasonography.

PMID- 2277415
TI  - Efficacy and safety of catheter electrical ablation for ventricular tachycardia-
      experimental and clinical studies.
AB  - We studied the factors determining the extent of myocardial damage induced by
      catheter electrical ablation in 23 mongrel dogs and evaluated the efficacy and
      safety of catheter electrical ablation in 6 patients with medically refractory
      ventricular tachycardias (VT). Electrical shocks were delivered on the epicardium
      (EPI) and endocardium (END) of the ventricular wall of open-chest anesthetized
      dogs through a 6F USCI electrode catheter. Effect of the extent of electrode
      contact pressure was examined by the presence or absence of monophasic action
      potential using the contact electrode technique. The former was defined as the
      hard touch condition and the latter was defined as the soft touch condition. The
      myocardial lesion induced by EPI fulguration was larger than that by END
      fulguration (EPI-100 J soft touch: 10.2 +/- 2.9 mm in diameter, 6.6 +/- 1.6 mm in
      depth vs END-100 J soft touch: 7.7 +/- 1.7 mm in diameter, 5.0 +/- 1.2 mm in
      depth; p less than 0.05, p less than 0.05). The lesion diameter and lesion depth
      were enlarged by increasing the amount of delivered energy. The lesion depth by
      the hard touch condition was significantly greater than by the soft touch
      condition. The transmural perforation was observed in all EPI fulguration in the
      hard touch condition of the right ventricular wall. In the clinical study, one to
      three shocks (mean 1.8 +/- 0.7) of 60 to 200 J (mean 151 +/- 48 J) were delivered
      per session in 6 patients with medically refractory VT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2277417
TI  - [Super conductive MR imaging of small acoustic tumor].
AB  - Eight patients with acoustic tumor were studied with a superconductive MR
      imaging. T1-weighted images with Gd-DTPA most accurately showed the margin of the
      seventh and eighth nerves in the internal auditory canal and were most sensitive
      in detecting small tumors. T2-weighted images were inferior to T1-weighted
      images, that could fail to detect small tumors. High resolution, thin slice, MR
      imaging using surface coil is particularly useful for small acoustic tumor
      because of its higher specificity compared with air-CT, cisternography.

PMID- 2277418
TI  - [CT findings of watershed infarction; comparison of 123I-IMP SPECT and IV-DSA].
AB  - A watershed infarction is a specific type of a cerebral infarction. This occurs
      at the border zone between major cerebral arteries. Its CT findings are
      characteristic as a wedge shaped low density appearing either in the superior
      frontal region (watershed between anterior and middle and posterior cerebral
      artery), and always involving the deep white matter onto the ventricle wall. Even
      though the CT feature is small, a patient, without exception, suffers from
      neurologic deficit. We studied four cases of a watershed infarction on X-ray CT
      and compared with 123I-IMP SPECT. DSA was also made to demonstrate an obstruction
      of an artery which was usually found at the more proximal segment then what we
      expected from the CT feature. The findings on the 123I-IMP SPECT were better
      predictable of neurologic symptoms and they were larger in extent than the CT
      findings.

PMID- 2277419
TI  - [High-resolution CT in evaluation of temporal bone trauma].
AB  - High-resolution CT (HRCT) examinations were performed in 22 patients with
      temporal bone trauma. The CT findings were correlated with the clinical signs and
      symptoms, routine head CT findings were also examined. HRCT was able to
      demonstrate fracture lines, ossicular chain disruptions, facial nerve injuries,
      and hemotympanums in majority of cases. Associated many severe head injuries
      (brain contusion etc.) were noted in the routine head CT.

PMID- 2277421
TI  - [CT in gallbladder cancer; especially the extension of the tumor].
AB  - An efficacy of CT in the preoperative staging diagnosis of gallbladder cancer was
      evaluated. CT findings were recorded following general rules for surgical and
      pathological studies on cancer of biliary tract proposed by Japanese society of
      biliary surgery. Serosal invasion (S factor), direct hepatic invasion (H inf
      factor), lymph node metastasis (N factor), bile duct invasion (B factor),
      duodenal invasion (Du factor) and finally preoperative staging diagnosis were
      included in this study. Conclusion is as follows. 1) False positive results were
      predominating in S and H inf factor, sensitivity was 76.0% and 50.0%
      respectively. 2) In B factor, the result was poor, the sensitivity 44.4%. 3) In N
      factor, CT was effective, the sensitivity 77.6%. 4) Finally it was concluded that
      CT can play an important role in staging diagnosis of gallbladder cancer, the
      sensitivity was 93.1%.

PMID- 2277420
TI  - [Comparative study between film mammography and xeromammography; including
      specimen radiography].
AB  - We retrospectively evaluated preoperative film- and xeromammography of 23 cases
      with breast cancers, and compared with postoperative specimen radiography to
      assess tumor delineation and microcalcification detectability. In tumor detection
      and margin delineation, film mammography was superior to xeromammography, and in
      microcalcification, film mammography was equal to xeromammography. These results
      had a effect on the diagnosis of breast cancers.

PMID- 2277423
TI  - [Current status of national indemnity and bilateral hilar adenopathy in Siberian
      silicosis].

PMID- 2277422
TI  - [Computed tomographic findings of peripheral-type schwannoma; comparative study
      with histology].
AB  - Computed Tomographic (CT) findings of peripheral-type schwannomas were reviewed
      and compared with the histology. Ten patients were examined. Plain CT showed all
      tumors as hypodense mass. After injection of contrast material, they were
      enhanced in various fashions. The enhancement patterns were divided into four
      types. On enhancement CT, highly enhanced area in the tumor was consistent with
      hypercellular region or vascular rich area, whereas poorly stained area revealed
      hypocellular area, interstitial xanthomatous change or cystic degeneration. It is
      concluded that the inter-tumoral difference in special distribution of hyper- and
      hypocellular areas leads to the variety of enhancement pattern on CT images.

PMID- 2277424
TI  - [Intrapleural rupture of pulmonary arteriovenous aneurysm].

PMID- 2277425
TI  - [Gallium scintigraphy of myocardial sarcoidosis].

PMID- 2277427
TI  - [Dural arteriovenous malformation of the spine].
AB  - A case of dural arteriovenous malformation of the spine was reported. The patient
      was admitted to our hospital because of paraparesis, and selective angiography
      revealed dural AVM of spine. Myelo-CT and MR imaging showed abnormal vessels in
      the spinal canal. After embolization, dural AVM was disappeared.

PMID- 2277426
TI  - [Embolization of multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in a case of Rendu
      Osler-Weber syndrome with brain abscess].
AB  - A forty-year-old woman who developed brain abscess was found to Rendu-Osler-weber
      syndrome with multiple arteriovenous fistulas of the left lung. Therapeutic
      embolization of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas was performed for the prevention
      against brain abscess and improvement of hypoxia.

PMID- 2277428
TI  - [Hemangioma of the hypopharynx; a case report and value of MRI].
AB  - A case of 23-year-old female with histologically verified hemangioma of the
      hypopharynx was reported. MRI revealed slight hyper-intense mass on T1-weighted
      image while it was very high-signal intensity on T2-weighted image. The dynamic
      MRI showed peak contrast at 80 seconds after administration of Gd-DTPA. In the
      present paper the value of MRI for diagnosing hemangioma of the hypopharynx is
      discussed.

PMID- 2277429
TI  - [Increased gallium-67 citrate uptake in the breast of a patient with
      gynecomastia].
AB  - The patient was a 60-year-old male. He had undergone orchiectomy 5 years earlier
      because of prostatic cancer. During this interval, he has taken the estrogen.
      Scintigraphy revealed on accumulation of Ga-67 citrate in the primary/metastatic
      foci. Of interest, the image of the accumulation of in the breast demonstrated a
      "doughnut" pattern.

PMID- 2277430
TI  - [A case of aplasia of the pancreatic body and tail accidentally detected on
      computed tomography].
AB  - A 51-year-old female was diagnosed as diabetes mellitus and pointed out of the
      abnormal data on CA 19-9. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated the absence of
      pancreatic body and tail, and showed gall stone and thickening of the gallbladder
      wall. So we diagnosed this case as aplasia of the pancreatic body and tail,
      without operation. This is 59th case in Japan.

PMID- 2277431
TI  - [Metastasis of uterine cervical cancer to the biceps muscle of right upper arm;
      report of a case].
AB  - A hematogenic metastasis to the biceps muscle of right upper arm was reported in
      a 48-year-old women with recurrent uterine cervical cancer who had undergone
      radiotherapy. Cancer metastasis to the limb skeletal muscle is very rare. We have
      not known the similar case report in uterine cervical cancer.

PMID- 2277433
TI  - [A case of tuberculous arthritis of shoulder].
AB  - A rara case of tuberculous arthritis of right shoulder was reported. Plain X ray
      and CT showed bone destruction in humerus and glenoid process and soft tissue
      swelling with calcification was also demonstrated. T2 weighted images showed
      extension of abscess clearly. And extension to bone marrow was showed on CT and
      T1 weighted MR images.

PMID- 2277432
TI  - [Three cases of alveolar soft part sarcoma and MRI findings].
AB  - Three cases of alveolar soft part sarcoma were reported with characteristic MRI
      findings. On MRI findings, slightly higher signal intensity than muscles on T1
      weighted image and remarkably high signal intensity on T2 weighted image were
      thought to be characteristic of alveolar soft part sarcoma.

PMID- 2277434
TI  - [Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study on penetrating and superficial
      spreading type of early gastric cancers].
AB  - Specific type of early gastric cancer based on the cancer surface area and the
      degree of invasion were studied by measuring digital values of the cancer surface
      area in early gastric cancer patients. The results indicated that the pen and
      super type of early gastric cancer had many clinicopathological characteristics
      as compared with common type of early gastric cancer. An immunohistochemical
      study also revealed that the pen type of early gastric cancer had a high growth
      activity. Moreover, it was suggested that EGF was involved in its specific
      invasion and growth, and that EGF and TGF-beta affected its scirrhous growth. The
      possibility that the poorly differentiated pen type is an early lesion of linitis
      plastica type gastric cancer was also considered. From these findings, it was
      assumed that the immunological staining of EGF and TGF-beta in biopsy specimens
      might be useful in the diagnosis of the pen type of early gastric cancer and also
      in diagnosis of early lesion of linitis plastica type gastric cancer.

PMID- 2277435
TI  - [Detection of proliferative cells in colorectal carcinomas and adenomas by
      monoclonal antibody to DNA polymerase alpha].
AB  - DNA polymerase alpha is an endogenous DNA replication enzyme expressed in all
      cells in a proliferation cycle. An immunoperoxidase method and the monoclonal
      antibody to DNA polymerase alpha were used to identify proliferating cells in
      colorectal carcinomas (n = 35) and adenomas (n = 43). The labeling index (L.I.)
      in colorectal carcinomas was 51.6%, being significantly higher than 28.6% in
      adenomas. The L.I. in colorectal carcinomas correlated with clinical staging
      (stage I: 33.1%, stage II and III: 49.5%, stage IV and V: 66.9%). Furthermore,
      the L.I. had a tendency to elevate as carcinoma deeply invaded (pm: 25.8%, ss-s
      or a1-a2: 52.2%, si or ai: 67.5%). The L.I. in adenoma was related to the degree
      of atypia. The L.I. in adenomas with mild atypia, with moderate atypia, and
      cancer in adenoma were 18.3%, 31.5%, and 47.0%, respectively. And the L.I. of
      cancer in adenoma had no significant difference in advanced carcinomas (47.0% vs
      51.6%). These results suggest that the L.I. is useful as a marker for evaluating
      the degree of biological malignancy of human colorectal carcinomas and the degree
      of histopathological atypia of adenomas.

PMID- 2277436
TI  - [A new autoantibody, anti-210kDa microtubule associated protein antibody,
      detected in the serum of patients with various liver diseases and SLE].
AB  - A new autoantibody to 210kDa microtubule associated protein (MAP) obtained from
      rabbit liver excrude was detected in the serum with various liver diseases and
      SLE. As there were no reports concerning autoantibodies to MAPs in animals and
      human, it may say that anti-210kDa MAP autoantibody we detected was a new
      cytoskeleton antibody. Using western blotting method, the anti-210kDa MAP
      autoantibody was frequently found in the patients with alcoholic liver diseases
      (52.5%), PBC (55.6%), autoimmune hepatitis (83.3%), SLE (71.4%) but rarely in the
      patients with viral liver diseases (26.4%) and none in normal controls at a serum
      dilution of 1:10. In addition, at a serum dilution of 1:100, the anti-210kDa MAP
      autoantibody was found in the patients with alcoholic liver diseases (22.5%), PBC
      (44.4%), autoimmune hepatitis (66.7%), SLE (71.4%), viral liver diseases (17.0%)
      and none in normal controls. It was confirmed that the anti-210kDa MAP
      autoantibody was frequently detected in cases of alcoholic liver diseases, PBC,
      autoimmune hepatitis and SLE than in those of viral liver diseases and normal
      control.

PMID- 2277437
TI  - [Increased levels of serum soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL2R) in patients
      with chronic liver diseases].
AB  - sIL2R in the sera of patients with viral liver diseases and primary biliary
      cirrhosis (PBC) were quantified with a solidphase enzyme immunoassay using two
      monoclonal antibodies against the receptor. As IL2 upregulated sIL2R release in
      vitro and in vivo, the serum levels of sIL2R might be a useful marker for T cell
      mediated immune responses. The sIL2R in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic
      hepatitis (CH) and PBC were significantly higher than those in control subjects.
      Serum sIL2R in patients with CH and PBC was capable of binding IL2 and did not
      affect IL2 depended immune responses of blastoid lymphocytes. These results
      suggest that IL2 production and sIL2R release increase significantly in patients
      with CH and PBC, and IL2 depended cytotoxic T cells may play a role of
      pathogenesis of CH and PBC.

PMID- 2277438
TI  - [The effects of a truncal vagotomy on the gallstone formation].
AB  - We have conducted an experiment to examine the effects of a truncal vagotomy on
      the gallstone formation. Chosen for this experiment were ICR male mice that were
      given an abdominal vagotomy. While the postoperated mice were on a cholesterol
      free diet, we found that, due to the vagotomy, the mole fraction of the
      cholesterol in the mice's gallbladder bile increased, as did the total protein
      concentration in their bile. When being fed foods to promoted a gallstone, the
      postoperated mice clearly demonstrated a higher rate of gallstones formation than
      without the vagotomy, and while the cholesterol concentration in their bile did
      not show a significant increase, total protein concentration did increase
      significantly. The rate of a biliary infection also increased. Considering the
      above, we have concluded that a truncal vagotomy is a factor that promotes the
      gallstone formation.

PMID- 2277439
TI  - [Study of glycosaminoglycan in human bile--especially in relationship to
      gallstone formation].
AB  - Human bile glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was examined in eight normal controls and 87
      patients with hepatobiliary diseases, in order to elucidate a role and
      significance of GAG in gallstone formation. Each crude mucopolysaccharides (c-MP)
      were examined by carbohydrate analysis, additional two dimensional
      electrophoresis and DEAE Sephacel column chromatography. The yield of c-MP and
      total hexosamine concentration, a marker for mucin, were significantly higher in
      gallstone patients than controls both in gallbladder and hepatic bile. They were
      marked high values especially in cholestatic bile. Electrophoresis of GAG from
      normal and pathological bile identically showed single spot at unique position
      which mobility were similar to standard hyaluronic acid, but lower at both run,
      and they resisted enzymatic digestion. More detail analysis by chromatography
      revealed three peaks and second peak eluted at 0.85 M NaCl was thought to be the
      most important fraction. This fraction was rich in neutral sugar and its amino
      acid was composed almost entirely of glucosamine. Present results suggested that
      these GAG were peculiar to human bile and played a significant role in gallstone
      formation by quantitative change.

PMID- 2277440
TI  - [Utility of percutaneous biliary drainage in patients with hepatic hilar
      carcinoma in reference to prognosis and associated complication].
AB  - We investigated prognosis in 48 patients with hepatic hilar carcinoma (35 treated
      with percutaneous biliary drainage (PBD) and 13 without PBD) and complication
      associated with PBD. Survival rate in 20 patients who had no cholangitis within 1
      month after PBD was significantly superior to that in 15 patients with
      cholangitis. The former was 51.9% at 6 months and 13.0% at 1 year. We thought
      that this result would be helpful in estimating prognosis in patients with
      hepatic hilar carcinoma treated with combined therapy. Cholangitis within 1 month
      after PBD was caused from inadequate drainage for separated intrahepatic bile
      ducts, ERC before PBD and dislodgement of drainage catheter. Survival rate in
      patients with PBD not accompanied by cholangitis in 1 month after was superior to
      that in those without PBD. So we thought that PBD could improve prognosis in
      patients with hepatic hilar carcinoma if they had no cholangitis within 1 month
      after PBD.

PMID- 2277441
TI  - [Diagnostic capability and clinical usefulness of percutaneous histological
      biopsy of the pancreas under control on ultrasound image using 21 gauge needle].
AB  - We evaluated diagnostic capability and clinical usefulness of histological
      diagnosis of the pancreas by percutaneous biopsy controlled on ultrasound image.
      Thirty seven patients with pancreas carcinoma and 11 with chronic pancreatitis
      underwent the procedure using 21 guage-Sonopsy C1 needle (Hakko co. Ltd.).
      Specimens of the tissue obtained were adequate for histological interpretation in
      95.8% of all the 48 patients. The histological judgement referring to the nature
      of the lesion corresponded in 91.3% with the final diagnosis established surgical
      exploration, autopsy or long follow up more than one year. In cases of pancreas
      carcinoma with a successful procedure of the biopsy, histological type of
      carcinoma was confirmed in 91.4% of the tumors. It proved accordant
      pathologically with the conclusion based on the resected tumors in 5 of 8
      patients operated on after the biopsy. Chronic pancreatitis was histologically
      diagnosed in 9 of the 11 patients with the biopsy. A confident diagnosis could
      not be obtained by imaging modalities including ultrasound, X-ray CT, ERCP and
      angiography in 7 of 37 patients with pancreas carcinoma and 3 of 11 with chronic
      pancreatitis. Biopsy by this method was so useful as to obtain the correct
      diagnosis in all these cases but one. Abdominal pain happened most frequently as
      a adverse effect during the procedure, but disappeared soon after that. There
      were no serious complications requiring intensive care. In conclusion,
      percutaneous histological biopsy controlled on ultrasound image may be
      recommended as a reliable method for making a definite diagnosis providing more
      valuable information than cytological biopsy, when diagnostic imaging modalities
      are unsuccessful in elucidating pathology of the pancreas.

PMID- 2277443
TI  - [A case report of extrahepatically growing liver cyst].

PMID- 2277442
TI  - [A case of gastric cancer (IIb) on the submucosal tumor (leiomyoma) of the
      stomach].

PMID- 2277444
TI  - [A case of Reye's syndrome occurred during administration of calcium
      hopantenate].

PMID- 2277445
TI  - [A case of intraductal adenoma developing in the main pancreatic duct of the tail
      with localized dilatation].

PMID- 2277446
TI  - [Effectiveness of disintegration of a pancreatic duct stone with extracorporeal
      shock wave lithotripsy].

PMID- 2277447
TI  - Small round structured virus associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis
      in Chiba, Japan.
AB  - In an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis which originated in a restaurant in
      Chiba, Japan, in December, 1987, small round structured virus (SRSV) particles
      were observed by electron microscopy in 14 of 16 stool specimens from patients.
      The particles were 30 to 35 nm in diameter, possessed amorphous surface structure
      surrounded by fine projections and had a buoyant density of 1.36 to 1.37 g/ml in
      cesium chloride. Serological responses to the SRSV were found by immune electron
      microscopy and Western blot (WB) assay in paired sera of 12 of 19 patients.
      Furthermore, WB analysis revealed that the antibody against SRSV was cross
      reactive to other SRSV, Tokyo 86/510.

PMID- 2277448
TI  - Amebiasis in institutions for the mentally retarded in Kanagawa Prefecture,
      Japan.
AB  - A parasitologic survey of 620 mentally retarded patients, institutionalized in
      five different facilities in Kanagawa Prefecture, revealed a high incidence
      (12.6%) of infection with Entamoeba histolytica. A concomitant serologic survey,
      by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, gave a much higher incidence (26.5%).
      Moreover, most zymodeme patterns of the amebae isolated from infected individuals
      were of a pathogenic type (Zymodeme II). Our findings demonstrate that the
      mentally retarded in Japan, as in the United States, still are plagued by a high
      rate of amebic infection.

PMID- 2277449
TI  - [Effects of cigarette smoking on I-123 IMP clearance from the lung].
AB  - N-isopropyl-p-I-123-iodoamphetamine (I-123 IMP), originally developed as a brain
      scanning agent, is also taken up by the lung. To evaluate the cigarette smoking
      on the uptake of IMP by the lung, we studied I-123 IMP clearance from the lung of
      14 volunteers; 5 non-smokers and 9 smokers. After the injection of 111 MBq (3
      mCi) of I-123 IMP into the medial cubital vein, the time-activity curve for 60
      minutes and the regional activity using 1 frame per minute and a 64 x 64 matrix
      was obtained. I-123 IMP clearance curve was described as follows: C(t) = A1e-k1t
      + A2e-k2t (A1, A2: intercepts, and k1, k2: slopes of the exponential components).
      I-123 IMP clearance was delayed in smokers, and k2 was smaller in smokers. Also a
      significant correlations between k1, k2, and the number of cigarettes smoked per
      day were found. In conclusion, this study suggests that the delayed clearance and
      retention of I-123 IMP in the lung indicate the lung metabolic disorders due to
      cigarette smoking.

PMID- 2277450
TI  - [Fundamental study on nuclear medicine imaging of cholinergic innervation in the
      brain: changes of neurotransmitter and receptor in animal model of Alzheimer's
      disease].
AB  - A fundamental study was performed on the nuclear medicine imaging of cholinergic
      innervation in the brain. In a cholinergic denervation model prepared by
      producing an unilateral basal forebrain lesion in the rat, which is reported to
      be one of animal models of Alzheimer's disease, quantitative determination of
      acetylcholine in parietal cortices revealed statistically significant 31%
      decrease on an average in the ipsilateral side relative to the contralateral side
      to the lesion. In vitro receptor autoradiography showed no significant
      differences in total, M1 and M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors between the
      ipsilateral and contralateral cortices to the lesion. Simultaneous mapping of
      presynaptic cholinergic innervation using 3H-2-(4-phenylpiperidino) cyclohexanol
      (AH5183) demonstrated significant 14% decrease of AH5183 binding on an average in
      the ipsilateral relative to the contralateral fronto-parieto-temporal cortices to
      the lesion. These results suggest that AH5183 is a promising ligand for mapping
      cholinergic innervation in nuclear medicine imaging.

PMID- 2277451
TI  - [Estimation of pulmonary intravascular and extravascular spaces by 99mTc-albumin
      lung distribution ratio and 201Tl lung uptake ratio].
AB  - In order to estimate the pulmonary extravascular and intravascular spaces, lung
      uptake ratio of 201Tl (L/T) and lung distribution ratio of 99mTc-albumin (H/T'),
      expressed as ratios of total counts of the bilateral lungs to the administered
      doses of the radionuclides, were obtained from the both scintigrams with 201Tl
      and 99mTc-albumin respectively, using a scintillation camera coupling to a
      minicomputer. Mean values of L/T and H/T' were 2.8 +/- 0.8% and 4.9 +/- 1.4% in
      the controls, 3.9 +/- 1.8% and 5.3 +/- 1.9% in heart diseases without left heart
      failure, and 7.0 +/- 2.2% and 7.1 +/- 2.9% in those with left heart failure,
      respectively. Ratios of L/T to H/T' in diffuse interstitial pneumonia and heart
      diseases, especially in cases with left heart failure were higher than those in
      controls. The values of H/T' and L/T were inversely proportional to cardiac
      output and cardiac index, and the values of L/T were directly proportional to
      pulmonary artery wedge pressure, but the discrepancies of the relationship
      between these values and some clinical findings including cardiac output, cardiac
      index, pulmonary artery wedge pressure and other findings of left heart failure,
      were observed in not a few cases. In the regional pulmonary areas, lung uptake of
      201Tl was in parallel with pulmonary perfusion in many cases, but the
      discrepancies between them were demonstrated in some cases, too. These methods
      seem to be useful for the estimation of the pulmonary extravascular and
      extravascular spaces, and for the detection of dysfunction of the left ventricle.

PMID- 2277452
TI  - [Utility of peak systolic pressure/left ventricular end-systolic volume
      (PSP/LVESV) ratio in diagnosis of coronary artery disease--assessment by
      radionuclide ventriculography].
AB  - To evaluate the accuracy of PSP/LVESV as a detector of coronary artery disease,
      exercise radionuclide ventriculography was performed. In 26 patients with angina
      pectoris, the changes of LVEF, LVESV and PSP/LVESV were more sensitive for the
      detection of exercise-induced ischemia than the appearance of chest pain and the
      changes of ECG. In 112 patients with coronary artery disease and 55 subjects
      without coronary artery disease, the sensitivity, specificity, and overall
      accuracy of the change of PSP/LVESV were 96%, 98% and 96%, respectively. In
      present study, the sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of EF and LVESV
      were 96%, 91% and 95%, and 95%, 93% and 94%, respectively. Although the change of
      PSP/LVESV was considered to be the most usefull parameter, we can not detect the
      exercise-induced ischemia by these three global parameters in patients with
      coronary artery branch stenosis. In conclusion, diagnosis of coronary artery
      disease using radionuclide ventriculography should be performed using not only
      global LV parameters but also the regional indexes, such as regional wall motion,
      regional EF and other parameters.

PMID- 2277453
TI  - [Indium-111 antimyosin monoclonal antibody uptake in patients with cardiomyopathy
      and myocarditis].
AB  - Prognostic significance of myocardial uptake of indium-111 antimyosin antibody
      was evaluated in 17 patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy; 10 patients with
      dilated cardiomyopathy and 7 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Seven of
      10 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy showed positive images. Three of these 7
      patients with strongly positive scans died after scintigraphic examination. Six
      of 7 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy showed positive images. Three of
      the patients with dilated left ventricle had prominent positive scans and higher
      heart to lung ratio. The heart to lung ratio of antimyosin uptake in total
      patients was correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and
      ejection fraction measured by echocardiography. In patients with myocarditis, all
      three patients showed positive scintigrams within 4 weeks after the onset of the
      disease and 1 of 6 patients was positive thereafter, who had dilated ventricle
      and decreased cardiac function. Thus, indium-111 antimyosin antibody imaging may
      be useful to evaluate prognosis of patients with cardiomyopathy and myocarditis.

PMID- 2277454
TI  - [Measurement of myocardial blood flow using N-13 ammonia dynamic PET-theory and
      methodology].
AB  - Positron emission tomography (PET) offers the potential capability of noninvasive
      measurement of regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) in man. Because N-13 ammonia
      exhibits properties which to some extent resemble those of the radioactive
      microsphere, we developed a first-pass flow method for noninvasive measurement of
      RMBF. In the present method, RMBF was determined by dividing myocardial activity
      at time T by arterial input integrated from the injection start to that time,
      where time T is the endpoint of first circulation of N-13 ammonia. Also in the
      present method a time-activity curve of left atrium was used as the arterial
      input function to make the procedure totally noninvasive. To validate the present
      method, we compared it with the compartment analysis. 5 patients with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and with a considerably thickened ventricular
      wall, were selected for the comparison between the first-pass flow method and the
      compartment analysis. The relationship of RMBFs by the two methods was y = 1.8 +
      1.097x-0.002037x2 (n = 30, SEE = 5.5), where x (ml/min/100 g) was obtained by the
      compartment analysis, while y (ml/min/100 g) by the first-pass flow method. The
      result indicated that both were almost identical in physiological flow range
      (less than 100 ml/min/100 g), but that the first-pass flow method underestimated
      RMBF in the higher flow range due to venous leakage of N-13 ammonia. As the
      conclusion, we could at least measure RMBF of HCM patient in the physiological
      flow range by the present method. The future extension of the method was
      discussed.

PMID- 2277455
TI  - [Skin peripheral perfusion pressure (SPPP) in the leg using a technique of 133Xe
      clearance method].
AB  - We developed a new technique for measuring skin peripheral perfusion pressure
      (SPPP) in the leg by 133Xe clearance method and studied the SPPP in 50 normal
      volunteers and 86 diabetic patients, including 16 diabetics with gangrene. The
      SPPP in normal subjects, diabetics without gangrene and diabetics with gangrene
      were 41.9 +/- 8.6 cmH2O, 30.2 +/- 12.7 cmH2O and 19.4 +/- 10.3 cmH2O,
      respectively. Our result revealed that the SPPP in diabetics with gangrene was
      significantly lowest in three groups. The decrease of the SPPP in the diabetics
      may be due to the steal phenomenon of the blood flow through the abnormally
      dilated arteriovenous shunt vessels caused by the diabetic neuropathy. The
      measurement of the SPPP is very useful to assess the impairment of peripheral
      circulation.

PMID- 2277456
TI  - [Generation of brain scintigram reports with a speech recognition device
      controlled by a personal computer].
AB  - Radiology reporting system using a speech recognition apparatus was applied to
      generation of reports on brain scintigram and SPECT. The number of words or
      phrases that were selected for the reporting system by the authors was 259. Rates
      of correct recognition at the first, second, and third or more utterance of the
      voices were 91.1, 5.0, and 3.9%, respectively. The recognition rates decreased
      from 96.6 to 88.0% when the mean lengths of the words or phrases varied from 6.4
      to 3.3. Net time for the generation of 8 reports by the system was 21 minutes 26
      seconds, while that by the traditional dictation-transcription method was 15
      minutes and 53 seconds. This system seems to be useful because of much longer
      input time expected for an average doctor, who usually is not well trained in
      using a Japanese-word processor, and convenience for database management offered
      by the system.

PMID- 2277458
TI  - [A method of reducing measurement time for platelet survival study].

PMID- 2277457
TI  - [A case of cardiac amyloidosis showing the ischemic change by exercise Tl-201
      myocardial scintigraphy].
AB  - A case of cardiac amyloidosis, which was recognized as an ischemic change by
      exercise Tl-201 myocardial scintigraphy, was studied. The case was 41 year-old
      woman, whose initial symptom was pretibial edema and died of ventricular
      fibrillation. Ischemic change was ascertained by the treadmill exercise test and
      exercise Tl-201 myocardial scintigraphy, however, the significant coronary
      stenotic lesion was not detected by coronary angiography. Our data suggested that
      ischemic change may be related with the disturbance of microcirculation caused by
      deposit of amyloid in the vessels and/or around the vessels from the pathological
      findings.

PMID- 2277459
TI  - [A case of cardiac ischemic lesion detected by a new myocardial perfusion imaging
      agent SQ30217].

PMID- 2277461
TI  - [Fundamental and clinical evaluation of IRMA for serum cardiac myosin light chain
      I].

PMID- 2277460
TI  - [123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) cardiac imaging in patients with
      dilated cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2277462
TI  - [Observation on the scales of tuberculosis control in Tochigi prefecture].
AB  - The annual the incidence rate of tuberculosis in Tochigi prefecture has been
      slowed in decreasing or rather been increasing since 1980. The purpose of this
      study is to clarify the factors influencing the yearly changes of the incidence.
      The incidence rate of tuberculosis, positive rate in bacteriological findings,
      average duration with active tuberculosis, and etc were observed from 1981 to
      1987 by tuberculosis control analytical chart. The results thus obtained were as
      follows: 1. The incidence rate of tuberculosis has increased since 1982 in
      Tochigi prefecture. 2. In Tochigi prefecture, the proportion of patients with
      bacteriological examinations was lower, and the rate of patients with positive
      findings was higher than that of Japan. 3. The incidence rate in the age group of
      5-14 years in Tochigi prefecture was higher than that of Japan. Younger age group
      should be given health education of tuberculosis. 4. While the duration of active
      tuberculosis had been being shortened until 1984 in Tochigi prefecture, but since
      then the average duration became as long as that of whole Japan. 5. The
      proportion of infectious patients without medical treatment in Tochigi prefecture
      had decreased until 1983, but since then it became as high as that of Japan. The
      surveillance system of tuberculosis should be used to find infectious patients
      without medical treatment.

PMID- 2277463
TI  - [Usefulness of demand oxygen delivery system for patients with chronic
      respiratory failure due to mainly tuberculosis sequelae].
AB  - To evaluate the usefulness of a new oxymatic conserver, Demand Oxygen Delivery
      System (DODS), we compared DODS breathing with Standard steady flow (SF)
      breathing in thirteen subjects with chronic respiratory failure due to mainly
      tuberculosis sequelae. The value of the DODS (Oxymatic) is that it delivers
      oxygen only during early inspiration, so as to minimize loss from delivery during
      expiratory phase. Improvement of SaO2, measured by BIOX 3740, and PaO2 were
      observed at rest and on exercise. The oxygen consumption ratio of the DODS to the
      SF method was between 0.5 and 0.3, favoring the DODS over the SF method. In some
      patients DODS hardly ran at rest. But no problems are observed during exercise.
      The results indicate the effectiveness of DODS in advancement of quality of life
      patients with chronic respiratory failure.

PMID- 2277464
TI  - [A study of the coexistence of pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchogenic carcinoma:
      results of a questionnaire in Chugoku and Shikoku areas].
AB  - A study to obtain information on the relation between tuberculosis and carcinoma
      of the lung was carried out in 24 hospitals in Chugoku and Shikoku areas during
      the period from January 1979 to December 1988 using a questionnaire. As a result
      of this survey, 142 cases of coexisting active pulmonary tuberculosis and
      bronchogenic carcinoma were reported during the period. The incidence of
      coexisting cases was 2.32% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 2.22% of
      patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. The foci of tuberculosis and carcinoma were
      found more often in the same lobe than in different lobes. The proportions of
      histological types of bronchogenic carcinoma were as follows: squamous cell
      carcinoma 43.9%, adenocarcinoma 36.0%, small cell carcinoma 16.5% and large cell
      carcinoma 3.6%. These findings were not significantly different from those in the
      general population. No significant difference in the proportions of histological
      types was found by coexisting lobe. some cases indicated that coexisting
      tuberculosis gave a favorable influence to the prognosis of lung cancer.

PMID- 2277465
TI  - [Bactericidal activity of ofloxacin against Mycobacterium kansasii].
AB  - Bactericidal activity of ofloxacin against Mycobacterium kansasii was observed in
      in-vitro experiment. Tested bacteria were suspended to a concentration of one mg
      wet weight per ml in 10 ml of Dubos liquid medium containing no drug or
      containing 1 or 3 micrograms/ml ofloxacin and incubated at 37 degrees C. The
      number of colony-forming units contained in a 0.02 ml-sample of the Dubos liquid
      medium was counted after incubation for 0, 1, 3 and 7 days. The number of
      colonies was counted in Ogawa egg medium, to which was inoculated a 0.02 ml
      sample of dilutions of the medium by a spiral loop that can deliver a 0.02 ml
      sample by one inoculation. The bactericidal activity of ofloxacin against M.
      kansasii appeared after incubation of 3 days or later. This characteristic was
      different from the bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
      which appeared after incubation of 24 hours.

PMID- 2277466
TI  - [A case of pulmonary aspergillosis complicated with perforated empyema-
      indication of thoracoplasty, cavernoplasty and extraperiosteal detachment].
AB  - We reported one case of pulmonary aspergillosis secondary to pulmonary
      tuberculosis, which perforated to the pleural space and was complicated with
      chronic empyema. We performed thoracoplasty, cavernoplasty and extraperiosteal
      detachment. The type and indications of cavernoplasty we use are also described.

PMID- 2277467
TI  - [A new approach to tuberculosis case management].
AB  - Some characteristics of the Japan's recent tuberculosis epidemiology are
      discussed. Slowing-off of the decreasing trend of the incidence during the last
      10 years has not been well explained. Furthermore, the incidence of
      bacteriologically confirmed cases has remained almost constant during these
      period, and the incidence of smear positive cases is even on the increasing trend
      among old ages. These newly shown features of tuberculosis cast a shadow on the
      prospects of tuberculosis elimination of the county. The generation gap in the
      prevalence of tuberculosis infection is very sharp today, and it will be more in
      the future, which will lead to the greater chance of outbreak of tuberculosis
      microepidemics in the future. The coverage of chemoprophylaxis as shown by the
      number of new infections and the registered chemoprophylaxis cases is estimated
      as about 15%. The contact examination should be more important in the future. The
      number of examinations in relation to one index case is increasing.

PMID- 2277468
TI  - [Family contact examination for tuberculosis--the current situations and
      perspective].
AB  - To clarify the recent problems of family contact examination for tuberculosis,
      studies were conducted from August 1989 through to Mach 1990. 1) The examinations
      were carried out in 405 (94%) out of 431 household contacts of 119 index cases
      with bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis who were newly registered in 1988 in
      Yamagata prefecture. The contacts of smear-positive cases had a significantly
      higher incidence rate of active tuberculosis (4.8%) and a markedly shorter
      interval between discovery of the index cases and their household examinations
      than did the contacts of smear-negative cases (i.e. bacilli positive only on
      culture). 2) The study on the disease history of 129 cases with bacillary
      pulmonary tuberculosis, newly registered in 1988 in Yamagata, revealed that one
      third of them might be have been "preventable", if the existing prevention and
      control methods had been effectively used. Especially, the preventable cases
      under 20 years of age occurred among those with inadequate family contact
      examinations. 3) 21 families were specially investigated because they had more
      than one active tuberculosis. Half of them underwent insufficient family contact
      examinations. It was indicated that tuberculin skin tests were necessary even to
      those aged 16 and above as well as to those aged 15 and below, when they were
      family contacts of smear-positive cases. 4) The policy and methods of family
      contact examination were evaluated by a mail questionnaire to 74 Health Centers
      in Tohoku Districts. The response rate was 95% (70/74).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2277469
TI  - [Practical use of surveillance system information to tuberculosis control].
AB  - In Japan as a low prevalence country in tuberculosis, national computerized
      tuberculosis surveillance system in Japan has started since in 1987. The volume
      of information has much increased in comparison with previous annual reports, and
      its practical use to tuberculosis control programme is more expected. In this
      symposium, I presented two analyses, utilizing the information obtained from the
      surveillance system in Aichi Prefectural Government. 1) Surveillance of
      chemoprophylaxis 805 children were registered for chemoprophylaxis for seven
      years from 1980. This comprised of 19.0 percent of the average annual bacillary
      pulmonary cases. In this study, we chose 553 cases of them who were detected in
      contact examinations and/or in medical institutions. Their information was sought
      at health centers. The treatment periods were insufficient in 10 percent, and the
      infectious sources were detected in 80 percent. 50 percent of them satisfied the
      criteria for chemoprophylaxis. The effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis was
      confirmed, though 4 cases developed tuberculosis later. 2) Surveillance of
      microepidemics 632 so called "danger group" patients of, infants, school
      students, teachers and medical staffs, were registered during six years from
      1981. 71 contact surveys had been made. Survey was made more frequently when the
      index case was bacillary positive. 3 microepidemics were found in this 6 years.
      Coordination among health centers were needed in one third of them to make
      examinations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277470
TI  - [Recent status and control measurement of tuberculous patients in the aged].
AB  - Percentage of aged patients tends to increase year by year in Japan. The
      mortality and incidence of tuberculous cases is still higher among the aged 60
      years or more, those of male are about two times higher than of female. A survey
      was made on the newly registered tuberculosis patients in Osaka Prefectural
      health centers during the periods from January 1 to December 31 in 1984, 1987,
      1989 respectively. It was the survey regarding their background factors such as
      sex, age group, occupation, type of tuberculosis, previous history of
      tuberculosis, bacteriological findings at registry, mode of detection, history of
      X-ray examinations, X-ray classification of tuberculosis at detection, symptoms,
      patient's delay, doctor's delay, kinds of first visiting medical facilities and
      kinds of diagnostic ones, the number of family members living together and
      tuberculous history of family living together, etc. The coverage by the survey
      was 80.9% in 1984, 86.9% in 1987, 86.7% in 1989 for the newly registered cases.
      The proportion of patients with previous history of tuberculosis was higher in
      the aged groups of 60 and over than in the other age groups. The proportion of
      patients detected by visiting doctors was higher in the aged groups than the
      other age groups. The rate of taking chest X-ray examinations during past one
      year was lower in the aged than the young age groups. The proportions of the
      cavitary tuberculosis was higher in the aged than the young groups.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277473
TI  - [Ultrasonographic evaluation of pulmonary to systemic flow ratio. Personal
      experience].
AB  - Usefulness of a noninvasive, ultrasound method for pulmonary to systemic flow
      ration evaluation (one of the basic parameters characterizing hemodynamic
      disorders in cardiac defects with a left-to-right intracardiac shunt) was
      assessed. For that reason 153 systemic and pulmonary flows examinations of 116
      patients were performed. 4 of them due to unsatisfactory quality were excluded
      from the further analysis. 112 remainings were divided into three groups: I. The
      control group without an intracardiac shunt. II. The group with a left-to-right
      intracardiac shunt. III. Before and after defect repair. ASD or VSD were proved
      or excluded basing on 2-DE. Blood flows were simultaneously with 2cDE detected
      using pulsed, continuous and color doppler methods. Pulmonary and systemic flow
      volumes were calculated by means of a combined echocardiographic and doppler
      method. Those volumes ratio is equal to the parameter in question. In 12 cases
      due to disturbed flow in mai pulmonary artery, pulmonary blood flow was measured
      on the mitral valve (in 11 cases) or on the right ventricular outflow tract level
      (in 1 patient). Systemic blood flow volume was always measured on the aortic
      valve level. High concordance of noninvasive calculations of pulmonary and
      systemic blood flow volumes was stated with differences between them not exceeded
      more than 20% and with correlation ratio r = 0.94. Increased pulmonary flow and
      pulmonary to systemic flow ratio were stated in patients with intracardiac shunt.
      That ratio became normal after surgical correction. There were studied changes in
      pulmonary and systemic flow volumes before and after a defect closure. Obtained
      results proved usefulness of noninvasive, ultrasound assessment of pulmonary to
      systemic flow ratio in a left-to-right intracardiac shunt. Some potentially
      encountered difficulties of the method, when its applied, was also discussed.

PMID- 2277471
TI  - [Management in sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis (chronic respiratory failure)].
AB  - 1. The high risk groups for chronic respiratory failure due to pulmonary
      tuberculosis were identified based on the chest X-ray sketches on the TB
      Registration Cards in a health center. They showed 10.8-14.8% of mortality which
      was highly related to respiratory failure (ca 64%). To prevent developing acute
      exacerbation, they were educated collectively in daily care at the health center
      and were introduced to medical services immediately upon demand. 2. The 248
      patients suffering from chronic respiratory failure or pre-respiratory failure
      due to pulmonary tuberculosis were divided into three groups; A: 83 cases without
      past history of admission due to acute exacerbation, B: 138 cases with past
      history of short term (under 1 year) admission, C: 27 cases with past history of
      long term (over 1 year) admission. We analyzed these cases by background,
      symptoms, pulmonary function tests, therapeutic effects, and prognosis
      retrospectively. The frequency of exertional dyspnea, O2 demand, acute
      exacerbation, and artificial ventilation increased in the order A-B-C.

PMID- 2277472
TI  - [Value of endomyocardial biopsy in the assessment of the degree of the changes in
      myocarditis].
AB  - Right ventricular diagnostic biopsy was performed in 25 patients (12 females and
      13 males) aged 19-48 (mean 32) with suspicion of acute or subacute myocarditis
      for definitive diagnosis verification and to determine indications for therapy
      with corticosteroids or azathioprine. 3-4 specimens taken from different sites of
      ventricle were estimated under the light microscope according to Dallas
      classification distinguishing active myocarditis with or without fibrosis from
      borderline myocarditis with inflammatory infiltration not causing myocytes
      damage. Routine clinical and laboratory tests, echocardiographic examination, ECG
      Holter monitoring and nuclear examination to evaluate left ventricular ejection
      fraction were performed in all patients. 6 patients underwent coronarography to
      exclude atherosclerotic changes in coronary arteries. Bioptic examination result
      confirmed myocarditis suspicion in all patients. Active inflammation was stated
      in 18 patients including 7 with coexisting fibrosis. Borderline myocarditis was
      stated in 7 cases. Comparison of clinical examination results with those of
      pathomorphologic study made possible to state, that tachycardia, cardiac murmur,
      arrhythmias and left ventricular function impairment were frequent observed in
      the group of active myocarditis. Ejection fraction less than 30% was observed
      only in patients with active myocarditis and mainly in those with coexisting
      fibrosis. Based on performed study we consider that myocardial biopsy allows not
      only to diagnose myocarditis but also is helpful for lesion extent assessment in
      myocardium with all clinical implications.

PMID- 2277474
TI  - [Myocardial bridging as an isolated angiographic change in the anterior
      descending branch of the left coronary artery].
AB  - Review of 1,900 cineangiograms revealed myocardial bridging in 15 patients. 6
      patients with more than 75% systolic narrowing in LAD, no evidence of significant
      atherosclerotic coronary disease, and normal ventricular wall motion underwent
      further investigation which included clinical examination, ECG and exercise test.
      All patients suffered from uncharacteristic chest pain. Abnormal ECG showed no
      specific changes of ST segment. In 4 patients an exercise was positive. All
      investigated patients were treated with nifedipine. After 6 month therapy
      myocardial perfusion was evaluated by exercise radionuclide Th-201 myocardial
      scintigraphy. Normal perfusion was stated in 2 patients. In 4 others perfusion
      deficits were observed in LAD distribution. Exercise test repeated during therapy
      was positive in 2 of cases. Chest pain was less severe in all treated patients
      and Ecg became normal in 2 of them.

PMID- 2277475
TI  - [Intravenous treatment with streptokinase of acute myocardial infarction. II.
      Effect of patency of the artery supplying the infarction area on the infarction
      size and post-infarction impairement of left-ventricular function].
AB  - 153 patients with a first acute myocardial infarction underwent the study. 90 of
      them received 1.000.000 units of streptokinase intravenously, followed by
      intravenous heparin administration for 5-7 days. The control group consisted of
      63 remaining. In all patients serum CK-MB activity was determined every 4 hours
      for 72 hours: the infarct mass was calculated from the obtained curves. In 118
      patients selective coronarography and left ventriculography was performed in the
      2-nd or 3-rd week of hospitalisation. Left ventricular ejection fraction (E.F.)
      and dyssynergy index were calculated from ventriculographic data. Coronarography
      revealed a patent infarct-related artery in 76.7% of patients treated with
      streptokinase and in 44.4% of the control group (p less than 0.001). Among
      patients with a patent infarct-related artery an early peak of serum CK-MB
      activity (suggesting early recanalisation) occurred in 72.2% of streptokinase
      patients but in only 42.1% of the control group. Patients with a patent infarct
      related artery had a significantly lower infarct mass (45 +/- 28 g vs 56 +/- 30
      g), a lower left ventricular dyssynergy index (229 +/- 243 vs 348 +/- 247) and a
      significantly higher E.F. (63 +/- 12% vs 54 +/- 15%) compared with patients with
      an occluded artery.

PMID- 2277476
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the results of Holter monitoring and programmed
      ventricular stimulation in patients with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - 24-hour ECG Holter monitoring and programmed ventricular stimulation were
      performed in 81 patients (64 males and 17 females aged 35-65). No ++anti
      arrhythythmic agents nor beta-blockers were administrated. 58 patients suffered
      from myocardial infarction in the past, and 38 had a history of ventricular
      tachycardia. Right atrial and ventricular stimulation (in 7 patients also left
      ventricular stimulation) was performed using stimuli of a 2 ms pulse width. 24
      hour ECG Holter monitoring was recorded on a magnetic tape from two bipolar
      precordial leads. Both examinations results were compared to assess correlation
      between ECG Holter monitoring parameters and inducibility of VT or VF by
      programmed stimulation. Significant correlation was stated among occurrence of:
      1) spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia and induced by stimulation
      monomorphic sustained VT (p less than 0.005) as well as estimated both sustained
      and nonsustained VT (p less than 0.010) 2) spontaneous nonsustained VT and
      induced by stimulation sustained or nonsustained monomorphic VT (p less than
      0.025). There was no correlation between spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias
      estimated by Lown and Wolf's classification and possibility to induce monomorphic
      VT as well as between any of ECG Holter monitoring parameters and polymorphic VT
      or ventricular fibrillation induced by stimulation. Aggressiveness extent of
      stimulation protocol necessary to induce monomorphic VT was similar in patients
      with or without VT recorded by Holter method.

PMID- 2277477
TI  - [Dissection of the accessory conduction pathways with simultaneous mitral valve
      surgery].
AB  - The case of surgical treatment of a 44-years old female with a double atrio
      ventricular accessory pathway and mitral stenosis was described. Fast ventricular
      rates due to conduction through the accessory pathways during atrial fibrillation
      in course of mitral stenosis caused severe heart failure, occasionally with deep
      hypotonia. Combined treatment with prajmaline and propafenone blocked conduction
      through accessory pathways. The ventricular rate slowed from approx. 200/min to
      150/min. Addition of digoxin slowed the ventricular rate down to approx 80
      100/min. There were no signs of preexcitation. Treatment with diuretics and
      vasodilators was continued. The state of patient improved. Echocardiographic and
      hemodynamic evaluation revealed: mitral stenosis (orifice - 75 mm2) with moderate
      regurgitation, small aortic and tricuspid regurgitation. The coronary arteries
      were normal. On the base of the ECG recordings during atrial fibrillation both
      accessory pathways were localized on lateral and posterior parts of the left free
      wall. The patient was operated on. Both atrio-ventricular by-pass tracts were
      dissected using Sealy's method in Cox modification and then mitral valve
      prosthesis Medtronic-Hall 27 mm was implanted. Prajmaline and propafenone were
      discontinued and preexcitation did not recovered. The sinus rhythm was restored
      by electroversion. The patient had no overt heart failure on discharge from the
      Institute.

PMID- 2277478
TI  - [Experimental studies of assisted circulation using left-ventricular assist
      devices with the pneumatic system (LVAD)].
AB  - The results of short-term (acute) studies of assisting artificially produced
      (reversible) left ventricle insufficiency with an artificial, pneumatically
      driven left ventricle are discussed. Both mechanical left ventricle and driving
      devices are of Polish manufacture. The studies involved mongrel dogs and sheep
      and were fully hemodynamically and biochemically monitored. The results obtained
      with each design of the device were given to the producers. It seems that recent
      models are near to clinically acceptable ones and enable to assist left cardiac
      ventricle for a short time preceding elective transplantation of the heart.

PMID- 2277479
TI  - [Latent retrograde atrioventricular conduction in healthy persons].
AB  - 45 patients (13 females and 32 males; mean age-37 years) without an organic heart
      disease underwent the study, on condition that effective transesophageal,
      ventricular stimulation was achieved. The transesophageal pacemaker SP-5 made by
      OBR TEMED ZABRZE was used. Ventricular stimulation threshold and a lock of
      evident retrograde conduction was estimated during ventricular stimulation with a
      constant cycle length of 500 ms. To assess concealed retrograde atrioventricular
      conduction, programmed ventricular stimulation of a 50 ms cycle length was
      applied between late diastole and left ventricular refraction. Concealed
      retrograde atrioventricular conduction was diagnosed of a sinus impulse reached
      later ventricles than that during sinus rhythm preceding an examination. There
      was no evident atrioventricular retrograde conduction in 15 patients (33%). In 9
      of them (60%) programmed stimulation revealed concealed retrograde
      atrioventricular conduction reaching atrioventricular node. Obtained results
      indicate, that the transesophageal programmed ventricular stimulation enables to
      examine concealed a-v conduction phenomenon and can be helpful in approximate
      localization of retrograde atrioventricular block.

PMID- 2277480
TI  - [Is there a correlation between serum dopamine level and blood pressure during
      upright posture?].
AB  - In the face known antihypertensive action of small dopamine (DA) concentrations,
      serum free and conjugated dopamine levels were determined during orthostatic
      impulse. It was also estimated, whether correlation between blood pressure
      changes and serum dopamine concentration existed under those conditions. 9
      patients with borderline hypertension, 8 with fixed hypertension and 5 healthy
      volunteers (control group) underwent the 10 minute passive tilt up test. It
      caused significant decrease of free DA concentration in healthy men as well as in
      those with borderline hypertension and conjugated DA level in both groups of
      patients with primary hypertension. Blood pressure increased only in patients
      with borderline hypertension. Most expressed changes in dopamine concentration
      were also observed in those patients and they only had increased serum DBH
      activity. Blood pressure changes inversely correlated with changes of serum free
      and/or conjugated DA levels in the control group and in patients with primary
      hypertension. Authors stated basing on this study results, that serum DA level
      lowering caused by the orthostatic impulse can be one of phenomenons enable
      adaptation for a vertical position.

PMID- 2277481
TI  - [Changes in left-ventricular function in chronic congestive heart failure treated
      with digoxin, furosemide and vasodilators].
AB  - 48 patients (62.8 +/- 9.1 yrs) with III or IV NYHa class congestive heart failure
      after 2-week therapy with digoxin (D) and furosemide (F) underwent two
      dimensional echocardiographic examination to assess left ventricular function.
      Then in 25 patients (group I) DF and nifedipine (N) were given within 2 weeks, D,
      F, N and captopril (C) within 4 weeks and again D, F, N within 2 weeks. In 23
      patients (group II) isosorbide dinitrate (S) was administered instead of
      nifedipine. 2-DE examination had been performed at the end of the each study
      stage. Optimal daily drug dose were: D-0.34 +/- 0.07 mg, F-40.7 +/- 12.5 mg, S
      44.3 +/- 10.4 mg and 75.8 +/- 26.4 mg. Nifedipine and isosorbide dinitrate
      administrated with digoxin and furosemide did not improve left ventricular
      function in comparison with a standard therapy (DF). The best positive changes
      were observed in both groups during treatment with captopril. Ejection fraction
      by Teichholz increased from 42.9 +/- 15.0% during DF stage to 45.2 +/- 11.5%
      (DFNK stage) in group I (p less than 0.001) and from 35.3 +/- 10.5% to 36.4 +/-
      10.4% in group II respectively (p greater than 0.01). Left ventricular systolic
      and diastolic internal diameters significantly decreased (p less than 0.05)
      whereas stroke volume and cardiac indices nonsignificantly increased (p greater
      than 0.05). Captopril with digoxine, furosemide and nifedipine caused significant
      hemodynamic improvement. Effect of captopril with nifedipine was greater that of
      captopril with isosorbide dinitrate.

PMID- 2277482
TI  - [False results of measuring digoxin levels in patients with renal failure.
      Comparison of the RIA--FPIA methods].
AB  - During last few years were reports concerning a new endogenous digoxin -like
      immunologic factor (DLIF) in patients not receiving digitalis. DLIF was stated in
      pregnant women's blood umbilical and neonatal blood as well as in patients with
      renal failure or hepatopathy. This phenomenon could be related to hormones
      changes (pregnancy) as well as alterations of cholesterol, triglycerides, free
      fatty acids, albumins or total protein level (nephropathy, hepatopathy). DLIF
      overstated determination of serum digoxin concentration, which in the case of
      exceptional narrow digoxin therapeutic spectrum as well as its concentration
      dependent toxicity became a significant clinical problem. Effect extent of DLIF
      on serum digoxin level could be also related to applied analytic technics. The
      aim of the study was to compare two routinely applying analytic methods:
      polarized immunofluorescence (FPIA-TDx Abbott) with radioimmunological assay
      (RIA). The study was performed in patients with renal failure to estimate DLIF
      effect on real serum digoxin concentration as well as on extent and DLIF
      elimination velocity during dialysis. DLIF occurrence in patients with renal
      failure not receiving digitalis was experimentally stated using both RIA and FPIA
      methods. However, RIA revealed DLIF in all cases: before and after dialysis as
      well as in not dialyzed patients with a concentration above 0.3 ng/ml, when FPIA
      values were respectively: 0.087; 0.043; 0.078 ng/ml, which was less than 10% of
      digoxine therapeutic range (0.9-2.0 ng/ml). DLIF lowered in a course of dialysis
      to FPIA advantage, which was proved by FPIA/RIA ratio decrease nearly of a half
      of its predialysis value. Pre- and postdialysis values of FPIA/RIA ratio were
      0,204 and 0,134 respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277484
TI  - [Principles of the treatment of myocardial failure].

PMID- 2277483
TI  - [Long-term supraventricular tachycardia in a patient with triiodothyronine
      toxicosis].
AB  - There was presented a case of a therapy-resistant paroxysmal supraventricular
      tachycardia 130-140/min lasting about 100 days in a 21 years old barmaid drinking
      5-6 glasses of natural coffee a day within last 3 years. Supraventricular
      tachycardia did not impair her working abilities; she was treated with
      propranolol within last 3 weeks before the admission to hospital. After 4 day
      therapy with 800 mg of quinidine, 10% potassium chloride and 75 mg of hydroxyzine
      performed electrocardioversion restored the sinus rhythm 90/min, but
      unfortunately supraventricular tachycardia returned 4 hours later. Thyroid
      hormones examination revealed isolated increase of serum T3 level to 3.0 ng/ml
      (normal value range 0.8-1, 6 ng/ml). Ultrasound examination showed mild
      parenchymatous goitre. Authors diagnosed a rare type of thyrotoxicosis
      triiodothyronine toxicosis+, which was only manifested by long-lasting
      supraventricular tachycardia without clinical state impairment. Thiamazole-40
      mg/day (60 mg from the 28th day of therapy), propranolol-160 mg/day as well as
      sedatives, 10% KCl and vitamins C and B6 were started to be given. After 72 days
      of treatment, when serum T3 level lowered to 2.35 ng/ml sinus rhythm 88/min
      returned, which was proved by 24 hour ECG Holter monitoring. The woman put on
      weight 10.5 kg during hospitalization and discharged from hospital to out-patient
      follow-up in good condition. Other authors emphasized that T3-Thyrotoxicosis did
      not clinically stray from the toxic multinodular or Graves-Basedow's goitre.
      Three year coffee overdosage deceived physicians at the start of therapy, because
      its abuse is a known factor inducing supraventricular tachycardia.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277486
TI  - [Atrio-ventricular conduction in patients with permanent right-ventricular
      stimulation. I. Possibilities of evaluation by the method of trans-esophageal
      electrocardiogram].
AB  - We analyzed 214 patients with permanent, VVI mode stimulation divided in 5
      groups. Group I 89 patients (pts) with sick sinus syndrome (sss) (mean age 60 +/-
      14 yrs), group II 21 pts with sss and atrioventricular (a-v) conduction
      disturbances (mean age 54 +/- 19 yrs), group III 72 pts with a-v block, but
      without intraventricular conduction disturbances (mean age 68 +/- 11 yrs), group
      IV 20 pts with a-v block and registered bundle branch block (mean age 67 +/- 7)
      and group V 12 pts after His bundle ablation (mean age 51 +/- 20 yrs). In all pts
      we recorded leads I, II, III, V1, V6 and oesophageal (oe) on Mingophon 7 (Siemens
      Elema) with paper speed 50 mm/s. All recordings were performed during basic and
      magnetic rate of the pulse generator. We could analyzed ventriculo-atrial (v-a)
      conduction in group I-IV respectively in 89.9%, 95.3%, 84.7%, 100%, 83.3% and in
      all population in 89.2% cases. In 23 pts (10.8%) we could not analyzed v-a
      conduction due to atrial flutter or fibrillation. V-a conduction was present in
      groups I-IV in 61.2%, 35%, 21.4%, 45% and 10% cases respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 1.
      In group patients with sick sinus syndrome and VVI stimulation ventriculo-atrial
      conduction was recorded in most cases. 2. Ventriculo-atrial conduction was
      recorded in part of the population with atrio-ventricular block. 3. Frequency of
      ventriculo-atrial conduction phenomenon is dependent on degree of a-v block. 4.
      Transesophageal recording of ventriculo-atrial conduction phenomenon in patients
      with implantable VVI pacemaker is simple, noninvasive and useful method for
      clinical practice.

PMID- 2277487
TI  - [Atrio-ventricular conduction in patients with permanent right- ventricular
      stimulation. II. Atrio-ventricular conduction time in patients with normal and
      impaired atrio-ventricular conduction].
AB  - We analyzed transesophageal ECG recordings of 79 patients (42 men and women aged
      17-85 mean 61 +/- 16 yrs) with present ventriculo-atrial conduction phenomenon
      during permanent VVI stimulation. All measurements we performed on basic and
      magnetic rate of the pulse generator. V-a conduction time was defined as mean
      (from 5 measurements) time from spike of the pulse generator to the first
      deflection of P wave recorded from esophagus and expressed in miliseconds. We
      compared v-a conduction time (v-act) on basic and magnetic rates of a stimulator
      and between groups with normal (group A, 49 pts) and prolonged a-v conduction
      time (group B, 30 pts). Group B was divided on group B-1 (19 pts without bundle
      branch blocks) and B-2 (11 pts with bundle branch blocks during observations). V
      act during magnetic rate (cycle 596 +/- 70 ms) was significantly longer than
      during basic rate (cycle 834 +/- 66 ms) (191 +/- 48 ms vs 185 +/- 44 ms, p 0.05).
      V-act in patients with a-v block (group B) was significantly longer than in
      patients with normal a-v conduction (group B) (219 +/- 45 ms vs 190 +/- 47 ms, p
      0.02). The longest v-act was observed in group B-2 (236 +/- 32 ms). CONCLUSIONS:
      1. Ventriculo-atrial conduction time could be measured in patients with permanent
      VVI stimulation using esophageal ECG recording. 2. Shortening of the stimulation
      cycle prolonges ventriculo-atrial conduction time. 3. Ventriculo-atrial
      conduction time is longest in group with atrio-ventricular conduction
      disturbances, especially in group with registered bundle branch block.

PMID- 2277485
TI  - Echocardiographic evaluation of fetal arrhythmias.
AB  - When during routine prenatal care, the auscultation++ of the fetal heart beat
      reveals an abnormal rate or rhythm, two things are needed: 1) the accurate
      diagnosis of the arrhythmia, and 2) the hemodynamic impact of the rhythm
      disturbance on the fetus. In Poland, external cardiotocography is the most widely
      Supported in part by the American Heart Association, Delaware Affiliate, Grant =
      41161 available diagnostic system used by obstetricians, but it records only the
      mean heart rate or the instantaneous heart rate. Cardiotocography is therefore
      useful only in identifying tachycardia or bradycardia. The most frequent tape of
      fetal arrhythmia is an irregular rhythm, especially premature contractions (1,
      15, 18). We believe that any disturbance in fetal cardiac condition should be
      evaluated more fully by fetal echocardiography.

PMID- 2277488
TI  - [Trans-esophageal stimulation of the heart: electrophysiological properties of
      the heart of healthy subjects IV].
AB  - The aim of the study to compare left atrial and ventricular electrophysiological
      properties determined by transesophageal stimulation with those of right atrium
      and ventricle measured by other authors using transvenous cardiac stimulation. 45
      healthy persons (13 females and 32 males) with average age 37 years underwent the
      study. Transesophageal pacemaker SP-5 made by TEMED and an universal diagnostic
      electrode for atrial as well as ventricular stimulation were used to obtain
      ++noise-free recordings. ECG was recorded by 6-channel Mingograph 61 (Simens
      Elema) with a paper speed - 100 mm/s. Left atrial effective refractory period
      (ERP LA), left ventricular effective refractory period (ERP LV), ERP of a-v
      conduction system measured from atrium and ventricle (ERP AVCS A, ERP AVCS R)
      were determined basing on generally acceptable criteria. Parameters were measured
      during sinus rhythm as well as atrial and ventricular stimulation with a pacing
      cycle length of 700 and 500 ms. There were also determined maximal antero- and
      retrograde 1:1 conduction via a-v node and a-v conduction time in both directions
      during atrial and ventricular pacing with a cycle length of 600 ms. No retrograde
      a-v conduction was stated in 33% of patients. Shortening of left atrial and
      ventricular effective refractory periods was respective to shortening of pacing
      cycle length from 700 to 500 ms: ERPLA-256-245-235 ms, for ERPLV-278-248-241 ms
      for ERP AVCS A-301, 405, 360 ms and for ERP AVCS R during sinus rhythm-312 ms.
      Maximal anterograde 1:1 a-v conduction was 162/min and retrograde one
      156/min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277489
TI  - [Coronarography in 1000 consecutive patients--clinical aspects].
AB  - Between 1984 and 1987 1000 consecutive patients with stated or suspected ischemic
      heart disease underwent selective coronarography and left ventriculography.
      Patient's age ranged from 23 to 70 years (mean - 47 yrs). Atherosclerotic lesions
      in three main coronary arteries: left anterior descending, circumflex and right
      coronary artery were assessed. Stenosis exceeding 50% of a vessel lumen was
      considered as a significant one. Changes were evaluated in the whole group of
      patients and in two subgroups in relation to patients age (younger and older than
      40 years). Besides assessment of atherosclerotic changes in coronary arteries a
      presence of IHD risk factors, family occurrence, disease progress and methods of
      further therapy were analyzed. 60.9% of patients had a documented history of
      myocardial infarction in the post. Unchanged coronary arteries were found in 77
      patients (7.7%), one isolated coronary artery stenosis in 145, single coronary
      artery stenosis with nonsignificant atherosclerotic lesions in other arteries in
      328. Two significantly narrowed arteries were found in 285 patients and 101
      subjects had significant changes in three coronary arteries. Analysis of further
      therapy revealed following results: 520 patients underwent PTCA or CABG (270 -
      PTCA and 250 - CABG), 439 were conservatively treated and only 41 did not need
      further cardiological care. Comparing atherosclerotic changes in patients younger
      and older than 40 years, a statistically significant correlation between
      patient's age and a number of coronary artery stenosis was stated. Diffuse
      coronary atherosclerosis more frequently occurred in patients more than 40 years.
      In youngers changes mainly concern a single coronary artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277490
TI  - [Physiological and pathological human skeletal growth].

PMID- 2277491
TI  - [What is the importance of secretolytics and mucolytics?].

PMID- 2277492
TI  - [Etiology, clinical aspects and therapy of enuresis].

PMID- 2277493
TI  - [Current trends in stoma care].

PMID- 2277494
TI  - [Ambulatory nursing special. Reorganization of ambulatory assistance].

PMID- 2277496
TI  - [Spironolactone].

PMID- 2277495
TI  - [Questions about the need for care].

PMID- 2277497
TI  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the neonate.
AB  - ECMO is a modified heart-lung bypass system for treatment of moribund neonates.
      The techniques are described. Our experience with 19 patients reveals a survival
      rate of 79 percent. In the future, with advances in technology, ECMO may become
      less invisible and extended to a larger population of newborns.

PMID- 2277498
TI  - Emotions and the process of ethical decision-making.
AB  - Emotions play a central role in our daily lives. They influence our behavior as
      well as the development and direction of our relationships. Clinically, emotions
      may signal the presence of ethical conflicts between patients, physicians, and
      others involved in the patients' care. Emotions need to be recognized as
      physicians work toward empathic interactions, while both reason and emotion need
      to be integrated into the process of ethical decision making to ensure balanced
      outcomes.

PMID- 2277500
TI  - Medical ethics: a promise fulfilled.

PMID- 2277499
TI  - Living ethics: homeostasis and ethical principle.
AB  - Adopting a life-systems perspective and an ethics based on the Good of systems
      homeostasis opens up new levels of analysis and argument as we deal with the
      complex questions facing the medical community today. An ethics based on our
      science of life systems is satisfactory philosophically in that it corresponds to
      our understanding of biological "truth" and clinically in that it is
      understandable and communicable in physiological terms.

PMID- 2277501
TI  - Penicillin is no longer recommended for treatment of gonorrhea.

PMID- 2277502
TI  - Some evolutionary properties of parental investment per offspring in a
      heterogeneous environment.
AB  - The possibility of protected polymorphisms and of monomorphic evolutionarily
      stable strategies for parental investment per offspring in a heterogeneous
      environment is theoretically analysed. A high density two-niche model of the
      classical soft selection kind is used, although it incorporates the possibility
      of rare strategies invading an empty niche the contribution of which is not
      constant. Protected polymorphisms can be found whether or not both strategies
      included produce surviving offspring in both niches. However, a monomorphic
      evolutionarily stable strategy exists unless offspring of the optimal size in one
      of the niches cannot survive in the other. The robustness of the model is
      graphically illustrated under a variety of circumstances, and some evolutionary
      consequences are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2277503
TI  - Evolution of increased susceptibility to infectious diseases in age structured
      populations.
AB  - Current theory on the epidemiology of infectious diseases in genetically
      heterogeneous host populations ignores age structure. Thus, the possibility that
      microparasites might have negative effects on fitness in different ways during
      different phases of the lives of their hosts is not accounted for. For example,
      infections causing mortality and morbidity among juveniles might also have an
      impairing effect on reproduction among adults, as is the case in many so called
      childhood diseases. I demonstrate that when this is the case there may be a
      selective pressure for the host to evolve a higher level of susceptibility to an
      infection, provided it has the following properties: it should (i) provide life
      long immunity, (ii) have a negative effect on reproduction and (iii) not cause
      too many mortalities.

PMID- 2277505
TI  - Genetic algorithms and evolution.
AB  - The genetic algorithm (GA) as developed by Holland (1975, Adaptation in Natural
      and Artificial Systems. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press) is an
      optimization technique based on natural selection. We use a modified version of
      this technique to investigate which aspects of natural selection make it an
      efficient search procedure. Our main modification to Holland's GA is the
      subdividing of the population into semi-isolated demes. We consider two examples.
      One is a fitness landscape with many local optima. The other is a model of
      singing in birds that has been previously analysed using dynamic programming.
      Both examples have epistatic interactions. In the first example we show that the
      GA can find the global optimum and that its success is improved by subdividing
      the population. In the second example we show that GAs can evolve to the optimal
      policy found by dynamic programming.

PMID- 2277504
TI  - An exercise in rational taxonomy.
AB  - The quest for a rational taxonomy of living forms began in the 17th century.
      Since the general acceptance of Darwin's theory of descent with modification,
      however, students of morphology became preoccupied with a systematics based on
      the genealogy of groups; and the rise of molecular phylogenies in recent years
      results in a further decline in the science of morphology. Reconstructing
      phylogenies by itself brings us no closer to the goal of rational taxonomy, which
      is to uncover the natural order inherent in the forms of living things. It is
      proposed that the rational taxonomy of forms should be derived from a study of
      development, much as von Baer had envisaged. To illustrate the method, a set of
      segmentation abnormalities in Drosophila larvae (previously exposed to either
      vapour) is considered, which can be individually classified as distinct
      disturbances in the process responsible for establishing normal segmental
      pattern. The process consists of a hierarchy of four successive bifurcations
      dividing the embryo's body first into two parts, then four, eight, and finally 16
      subdivisions or segments. This gives rise to a taxonomic map of all possible
      transformations which contains the "phylogeny" of the actual forms and provides a
      natural system for classifying them. Attempts to recover the "true" phylogeny by
      various numerical methods are summarized and their implications for the validity
      of the basic assumptions of contemporary systematics discussed.

PMID- 2277506
TI  - Knowledge-based prediction of protein structures.
AB  - We propose a knowledge-based approach to the prediction of protein structures in
      cases where there is no sequence-homology to proteins with known spatial
      structure. Using methods from Artificial Intelligence we attempt to take into
      account long-range interactions within the prediction process. This allows not
      only the assignment of secondary but also of supersecondary structure elements.
      In particular, the patterns used as conditions of prediction rules are generated
      by learning methods from information contained in the Protein Data Base. Patterns
      on higher levels of the protein structure hierarchy are used as constraints to
      reduce the combinatorial search space. These patterns may also be used to search
      for specified structure motifs by interactive retrieval.

PMID- 2277507
TI  - On the validity of Shannon-information calculations for molecular biological
      sequences.
AB  - The usefulness of information-theoretic measures of the Shannon-Weaver type, when
      applied to molecular biological systems such as DNA or protein sequences, has
      been critically evaluated. It is shown that entropy can be re-expressed in
      dimensionless terms, thereby making it commensurate with information. Further, we
      have identified processes in which entropy S and information H change in opposite
      directions. These processes of opposing signs for delta S and delta H demonstrate
      that while the Second Law of Thermodynamics mandates that entropy always
      increases, it places no such restrictions on changes in information.
      Additionally, we have developed equations permitting information calculations,
      incorporating conditional occurrence probabilities, on DNA and protein sequences.
      When the results of such calculations are compared for sequences of various
      general types, there are no informational content patterns. We conclude that
      information-theoretic calculations of the present level of sophistication do not
      provide any useful insights into molecular biological sequences.

PMID- 2277508
TI  - A mathematical model for insulin kinetics. III. Sensitivity analysis of the
      model.
AB  - A non-linear mathematical model involving four variables and several constants
      incorporating beta-cell kinetics, a glucose-insulin feedback system and a
      gastrointestinal absorption term had been applied in earlier papers to various
      forms of diabetes mellitus. In this paper, we examine the response of the system
      to variations in the parameters and to initial conditions using sensitivity
      analysis. It is found that such a method leads to results that are consistent
      with clinical findings. Further, it is suggested that such an analysis could help
      in making some predictions regarding future directions in the therapy of diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 2277509
TI  - Effect of convection in capillaries on oxygen removal from arterioles in striated
      muscle.
AB  - Based on experimental data that show the presence of significant oxygen
      saturation gradients in precapillary arterioles, it has been suggested that the
      in vivo permeability to oxygen of resting striated muscle may be significantly
      higher than the corresponding in vitro value obtained in unperfused tissue
      samples (Popel et al., 1989b, Adv. expl. Med. Biol. 247, 215). The present study
      performs two analyses to further compare theoretical predictions with
      experimental data obtained under control conditions and during hemodilution and
      hemoconcentration. First, it is shown that, in principle, a capillary-perfused
      tissue layer with a thickness of a few hundred microns is necessary to
      convectively carry the experimentally determined amount of oxygen released by
      precapillary arterioles under control and hemodiluted conditions. This capacity
      to convect oxygen depends strongly on the resting tissue oxygen tension. Second,
      a more general version of a previous model (Weerappuli & Popel, 1989, J. Biomech.
      Eng. 111, 24) is used to examine whether changes made in the model parameters
      within the physiological range of values can explain the experimentally measured
      flux. The results show that the theoretical predictions can be made compatible
      with experimental observations if the in vivo permeability of perfused tissue to
      oxygen is assumed to be one to two orders of magnitude higher than the in vitro
      value. Furthermore, the predicted in vivo permeability for perfused tissue
      surrounding an arteriole varies with the arteriolar luminal oxygen tension and
      flow. This may be due to simplifying approximations made in the model or possible
      experimental artifacts. Alternatively, it could also be speculated that this
      variability indicates the flow dependency of the permeability of perfused tissue
      to oxygen.

PMID- 2277510
TI  - Personal experience on acupuncture treatment of diarrhea.

PMID- 2277511
TI  - Treatment of 910 cases of atrophic gastritis with wei you decoction.
AB  - In treatment of 910 cases of chronic atrophic gastritis with Wei You Decoction,
      the overall effective rate was 96.9%. The disease was considered as due to
      deficiency of vital energy with stagnation of cold, and therefore treatment was
      to invigorate blood circulation. The Wei You Decoction had functions of
      replenishing vital energy, warming the middle burner, invigorating blood
      circulation, and resolving stasis, thus reversing the morbid process in the
      gastric mucosa. It was nontoxic, and the side-effects were minimal. The
      therapeutic effect was prompt and persistent. No malignant change was observed
      after taking the drug.

PMID- 2277512
TI  - Simple analgesia for abdominal pain and toothache by digital pressure.

PMID- 2277513
TI  - Insomnia treated by auricular pressing therapy.

PMID- 2277514
TI  - Personal experience on acupuncture treatment of peripheral facial paralysis.

PMID- 2277515
TI  - Acupuncture treatment of syncope based on differentiation of signs and symptoms.
AB  - 1. The three typical cases reported above were syncopic patients of different
      types. Case 1 belonged to yin-depletion syndrome, case 2 pertained to yang
      depletion syndrome, and case 3 Jue syndrome due to disturbance between qi and the
      blood induced by deficiency of qi and accumulation of phlegm. All of the three
      cases were satisfactorily cured with acupuncture and moxibustion though they did
      not respond to western medicines. 2. The rationale of acupuncture treatment for
      syncope includes: 1) Regulating yin and yang: For yin-depletion syndrome,
      reinforcing method is mainly adopted for nourishing water to promote reproduction
      of the body fluids and replenishing yin to restore yang; in case of yang
      depletion syndrome, moxibustion and needle-warming methods are mainly used for
      recuperating the depleted yang to rescue the patient from collapse and for
      invigorating yang to restore yin. 2) Resuscitating the patient by regulating qi
      and the blood and dredging the channels to activate the circulation. After a
      successful resuscitation, the patient should be radically treated with
      appropriate herbal medicines so as to consolidate the therapeutic efficacy. 3. An
      emergency treatment for syncopal patients with acupuncture and moxibustion must
      be based on a conscientious differentiation of the signs and symptoms. The
      treatment should strictly follow the therapeutic principles: reinforce for the
      deficiency, reduce for the excess, cool the heat and warm the cold.

PMID- 2277516
TI  - Treating neurotic headache by point-injection with Novocain.

PMID- 2277517
TI  - Observations on treatment of pediatric epilepsy with a herbal antiepileptic
      tablet.

PMID- 2277518
TI  - Case report of subgaleal hematoma treated with the blood stasis-removing
      decoction.

PMID- 2277519
TI  - Treatment of adverse reactions following facial cosmetic surgical abrasion with
      auricular pellet pressure.

PMID- 2277520
TI  - Treatment of alopecia areata with acupuncture.

PMID- 2277521
TI  - Acupuncture treatment of cervico-omalgia in 62 cases.

PMID- 2277522
TI  - Acupuncture treatment for sprains of the ankle joint in 354 cases.

PMID- 2277523
TI  - Treatment of periarthritis of the shoulder with acupuncture at the zhongping
      (foot) extrapoint in 345 cases.

PMID- 2277524
TI  - The investigation of antiepileptic action of qingyangshen (QYS)--influences of
      QYS on the development of rat brain and memory behavior.
AB  - As an anticonvulsant, the influences of Qingyangshen (QYS) on the development of
      brain and memory behavior were observed in four-week-old male rats. The dosage of
      QYS was 100 mg/kg/QOD and the period of administration was one month. The results
      showed that QYS had less influence on the development of body weight and brain
      wet weight in young-aged rats than diphenylhydantoin (DPH). However, QYS
      inhibited the establishment of passive avoidance conditional reflex and had
      influence on memory behavior in young-aged rats.

PMID- 2277525
TI  - Facial cosmetic massage.

PMID- 2277526
TI  - Famous doctor's experience on treatment of epigastralgia.

PMID- 2277527
TI  - Personal experience on acupuncture treatment of diarrhea.

PMID- 2277528
TI  - Treatment of hiccough with auriculo-acupuncture and auriculo-pressure--a report
      of 85 cases.

PMID- 2277529
TI  - Treatment of allergic rhinitis by medicinal injection at fengmen acupoint.

PMID- 2277530
TI  - The application of bloodletting in acupuncture therapy.

PMID- 2277531
TI  - Effect of radix Salviae miltiorrhizae extract injection on survival of allogeneic
      heart transplantation.
AB  - The effect of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM), a commonly used herbal blood
      circulation invigorator for the treatment of blood stasis in traditional Chinese
      medicine, on the duration of allograft survival following heterotopic heart
      transplantation in experimental animals was observed. The results in three heart
      transplantation models--auricular free graft in mice, abdominal graft in rats and
      cervical graft in rabbits--suggested that RSM injection in an appropriate dosage
      prolonged the survival time of cardiac allograft. The herb showed no significant
      toxicity. It was also found that RSM injection had a synergic effect with
      corticosteroids against graft rejection.

PMID- 2277532
TI  - The characters and functions of traditional Chinese drugs.

PMID- 2277533
TI  - Is it possible for AIDS to be transmitted by acupuncture treatment?

PMID- 2277534
TI  - A brief introduction to medical history museums in mainland China.

PMID- 2277535
TI  - A single-unit recording system, contact thermal probe and electromechanical
      stimulator for studying cellular mechanisms related to nociception at brain stem
      level of awake, freely moving rats.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to describe a simple, light-weight (3 g) device
      bearing a fine platinum-irridium Teflon-coated wire (50 microns) used to record
      single-unit activity extracellularly at brain stem level in the totally conscious
      freely moving rat. The up and down movements of the electrode through a guide
      cannula are insured by a small nut and a spring; the distance between the
      electrode and the end of the guide cannula is measured with a nut index. The
      system is directly connected to an amplifier (no FET or preamplifier) and allows
      for long term recordings necessary for a complete neuronal characterization and
      pharmacological experiments. The device is easy to make, entirely recoverable,
      and can be implanted from an animal to another. Further improvements are possible
      such as tungsten microelectrodes and telemetric or microinjection systems. In
      order to study some neuronal brain stem mechanisms involved in nociception, we
      have also designed a contact thermal probe and an electromechanical stimulator.
      The thermode is stuck to the shaved skin on the back of the rat, allowing heat
      pulses up to 51 degrees C to be applied. The mechanical stimulator is used
      manually and delivers reproducible innocuous stimuli to the skin. The fact that
      both types of stimulations are driven electrically enables the elaboration of
      cumulated peristimulus histograms which will reflect the neuronal activities in
      response to the application of noxious and non noxious stimuli.

PMID- 2277536
TI  - Characterization of the cutaneous input to the ventral horn in vitro using the
      isolated spinal cord-hind limb preparation.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from 21 ventral horn neurones including 7
      flexor motoneurones in a 10-12-day-old rat isolated spinal cord-hind limb
      preparation. The cutaneous input to these neurones was assessed using natural
      mechanical stimulation within the cutaneous mechanoreceptive field or electrical
      stimulation of the sural nerve. The receptive fields of 10 ventral horn neurones
      including 3 flexor motoneurones were characterized: 60% of cells responded to
      both low (touch) and high (pinch) threshold mechanical stimulation of the skin
      while the remaining 40% responded only to noxious mechanical stimuli. The
      postsynaptic response consisted of either purely subthreshold polysynaptic EPSPS
      (n = 8) or graded sub- and suprathreshold EPSPS (n = 2). The duration of the EPSP
      was typically prolonged by as much as a factor of ten compared to duration of the
      mechanical stimulation. In another 11 neurones (4 flexor motoneurones) the
      pattern of the postsynaptic response was related to the intensity of sural nerve
      stimulation. A low intensity single shock produced a short latency (30 ms), short
      duration EPSP (less than 500 ms) while higher intensities elicited a longer
      duration (greater than 1 s), more complex EPSP. In 36% of cells tested the EPSP
      remained subthreshold for cell firing even at the highest stimulus intensity.

PMID- 2277537
TI  - A simple and effective method for preventing the formation of salt bridges
      between barrels of a multibarrel microiontophoresis electrode.
AB  - Several kinds of multibarrel glass blanks are available commercially for making a
      multibarrel microiontophoresis electrode. Among them are the ones that consist of
      fused straight lengths of tubing available in three to nine barrels. Although
      they enjoy many advantages over the other kinds of assemblies, salt bridges form
      easily between the barrels of the electrodes made from these blanks. These
      bridges, when they form, render the multibarrel pipette unusable. Here, we
      describe a simple and effective way to prevent the formation of salt-bridge by
      coating the end of the barrels with paraffin. The paraffin coated electrode
      exhibits excellent recording properties which are equivalent to those made from
      more expensive blanks.

PMID- 2277538
TI  - High-quality recording of bioelectric events. Part 1. Interference reduction,
      theory and practice.
AB  - In the first part of the review the various mechanisms that could be the cause of
      interference in bioelectric recordings are considered. It is demonstrated that
      the performance of a good amplifier can be seriously degraded in its functioning
      if the whole measurement situation is not taken into account. Several techniques
      used to reduce interference, of which guarding and driven right leg circuits are
      the most important, are analysed. In the second part of the review some examples
      of the application of the theory in practical situations are presented. The
      instrumentation amplifier circuit normally used in bioelectric recordings is
      improved for measurements under difficult circumstances. Another application is a
      low-cost 64-channel amplifier for multichannel ECG recordings. The third
      application is a device that can be added to bioelectric measurement systems and
      will provide a major reduction in interference.

PMID- 2277539
TI  - Pattern recognition in biomagnetic signals by spatio-temporal correlation and
      application to the localisation of propagating neuronal activity.
AB  - A combined correlation analysis of temporal and spatial patterns in a biomagnetic
      multichannel recording is proposed to extract patterns of transient, randomly
      repetitive physiological events from biomagnetic data sets with a low signal-to
      noise ratio. This method is especially sensitive in the differentiation of
      signals from different source propagation pathways. The recognition and
      subsequent averaging of spike events in the MEG of an epileptic patient by this
      method is shown to provide an essential improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio.
      The source localisation from the averaged data showed electrical activity which
      propagated from the primary epileptogenic focus to distant parts of the brain.

PMID- 2277540
TI  - Technique for the evaluation of derivatives from noisy biomechanical displacement
      data using a model-based bandwidth-selection procedure.
AB  - Smoothing and differentiation of noisy signals are common problems whenever it is
      difficult or impossible to obtain derivatives by direct measurement. In
      biomechanics body displacements are frequently assessed and these measurements
      are affected by noise. To avoid high-frequency noise magnification, data
      filtering before differentiation is needed. In the approach reported here an
      autoregressive model is fitted to the signal. This allows the evaluation of the
      filter bandwidth and the extrapolation of the data. The extrapolation also
      reduces edge effects. Low-pass filtering is performed in the frequency domain by
      a linear phase FIR filter and differentiation is performed in the frequency
      domain. The reported results illustrate the accuracy of the algorithm and its
      speed (mainly due to the use of the FFT algorithm). Automatic bandwidth selection
      also guarantees the homogeneity of the results.

PMID- 2277541
TI  - New image-processing system for analysis, display and measurement of static and
      dynamic foot pressures.
AB  - A new image-processing system, using a video digitiser with an IBM-compatible
      PC/AT, is developed for acquisition and processing of low-contrast, low-intensity
      barographic images of both feet for assessment of pressure distribution during
      standing and walking. Data displays, in the form of centres of pressures,
      isopressures contours, perspective views of pressures, grey scale image and
      walking pressure patterns, combined image of walking pressures, paths of centres
      of pressures and pressure variations with time, are developed. These have
      provided very useful and early information regarding the internal structural
      changes in the bones of the foot and sites at risk of ulcer development in
      leprosy subjects and enable suitable corrective orthopaedic procedures to be
      adopted.

PMID- 2277542
TI  - Changes in the distribution of ventricular ectopic beats in long-term
      electrocardiograms.
AB  - Only simple methods have been used to assess antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic
      effects when comparing baseline and on-therapy Holter recordings taken from the
      same patient. The paper suggests a new method for definition of these effects
      based upon comparisons of statistical distributions of ectopic beats. The method
      is based on multiple random sampling of the recordings and on application of the
      Smirnov test to compare the samplings. The results of these multiple comparisons
      are subsequently evaluated using the chi-squared test. An analysis is reported of
      Holter recordings made on seven patients suffering from ventricular arrhythmia
      but with anatomically normal heart. In each patient, one baseline recording and
      one recording on each of three different drugs were made. The results show that
      the definition of proarrhythmic effects can be partly addressed in a precise
      mathematical way. The method can also detect a significant change in the
      character of arrhythmia which can neither be classified as antiarrhythmic nor as
      proarrhythmic.

PMID- 2277543
TI  - Spectral analysis and acoustic transmission of mitral and aortic valve closure
      sounds in dogs. Part 3. Effects of altering heart rate and P-R interval.
AB  - A surgical protocol was designed to implant, in seven dogs, a programmable
      sequential atrioventricular pacemaker after destruction of the bundle of His to
      produce a chronic heart block. The heart rate and P-R interval were then varied
      independently and their influence on the spectra and acoustic transmission of the
      mitral M1 and aortic A2 valve closure sounds was studied. Results indicate that
      the major effects of varying the P-R interval are a strong change in the
      intensity of M1 and modifications of its acoustic transmission across the
      heart/thorax acoustic system. No similar influence is observed on the intensity
      and acoustic transmission of A2. Varying the heart rate has a small effect of the
      intensity of M1 but none on the intensity of A2. In addition, changes in either
      the P-R interval or the heart rate do not seem to modify the spectral profile of
      the intracardiac and thoracic M1 and A2 components.

PMID- 2277544
TI  - Spectral analysis and acoustic transmission of mitral and aortic valve closure
      sounds in dogs. Part 4: Effect of modulating cardiac inotropy.
AB  - A surgical protocol was designed to implant in dogs a programmable
      atrioventricular pacemaker and to destroy the bundle of His with one to four 0.1
      ml formaldehyde injections. The heart rate and P-R interval were paced at 100
      beats min-1 and 75 ms, respectively. Cardiac inotropy was then varied in five
      animals by using injections or infusions of cardiotonic drugs (Dobutamine,
      Betalol and Quinidine). Their effect on the spectra and acoustic transmission of
      the mitral M1 and aortic A2 closure sound components produced within the left
      heart and transmitted up to the body surface was studied. Results indicate that
      changes in cardiac inotropy strongly modify the intensity of M1 and A2 but do not
      markedly affect their spectral distribution. They also affect the transfer
      function of the heart/thorax acoustic system, but this influence is small
      compared with that of a 12 min reference interval. In addition, it was shown that
      the intensity of M1 is more sensitive to the cardiotonic agents than the
      intensity of A2.

PMID- 2277545
TI  - Force interval relationship (FIR) related to the global function of the left
      ventricle: a computer study.
AB  - A model which relates the left ventricular (LV) geometry, structure and sarcomere
      properties to its global function, recently proposed by the authors, is extended
      to account for contractility changes which are a function of the heart rate,
      prematurity of the beat and calcium transients within the cell. To characterise
      LV function and relate it to fibre function under varying rhythm conditions, a
      model of muscle force restitution, based on calcium kinetics, was used to
      calculate the maximum fibre stress at the optimum sarcomere length sigma o as the
      parameter which depends on the heart rate, the test pulse interval TPI, the
      action potential duration APD and the restitution time constant. The global LV
      force interval relationship FIR was then calculated, and by comparing the
      calculated FIR to the experimental measurement (in dogs) at the ventricular
      level, the constants of the restitution of force at the fibre level were derived.
      Based on these constants, the LV function under ejecting conditions at various
      rhythm disturbances was calculated and related to the local, distributed
      parameters. This approach provides a tool to describe ventricular function as
      well as transmural distribution of stress and sarcomere length at a wide variety
      of loading and rhythm conditions based on given 'muscle level' parameters.

PMID- 2277546
TI  - Effect of compliance mismatch on flow disturbances in a model of an arterial
      graft replacement.
AB  - Flow disturbances in a model of an interposition graft in an arterial segment
      were measured using an ultrasound Doppler velocimeter. The effect of the degree
      of compliance mismatch between a stiff' graft' and compliant 'arterial' segments
      was investigated. In steady flow, disturbances were detected when the compliance
      ratio (stiff to compliant segments) was less than or equal to 0.1 and the
      Reynolds number greater than or equal to 2200. A recirculation zone just
      downstream of the distal anastomosis was observed at a Reynolds number greater
      than or equal to 2400. Disturbances were also measured under pulsatile flow which
      consisted of a time-varying component superimposed on a steady flow component.
      The time-varying flow component was either quasiphysiological or sinusoidal in
      shape. The Reynolds number was 500 but the frequency parameter varied from 4.2 to
      8.5. Significant disturbances were observed for conduits with compliance ratio
      less than or equal to 0.19. The disturbance intensity tended to increase as the
      compliance ratio decreased and the frequency parameter increased. The magnitude
      of the disturbance was also greater with the quasiphysiological than the
      sinusoidal input flow waveform.

PMID- 2277547
TI  - Theoretical model for assessing haemodynamics in arterial networks which include
      bypass grafts.
AB  - The paper presents a theoretical model which can be used to simulate a vascular
      network which includes loops and bypass grafts, a feature not possible with
      previous models. Using the linearised Navier-Stokes equations, the linearised
      equation of a uniform thick-walled viscoelastic tube, and the equation of
      continuity, the model is applied to a vascular network which includes a bypass
      graft. This method represents each segment of an artery or graft by a four
      terminal-network whose A, B, C, D parameters are functions of the frequency and
      physical characteristics of the segment. The model predicts the flow and pressure
      waveforms at any point in the human arterial network very accurately when
      compared with data obtained from normal patients, patients with arterial stenoses
      and for hypertensive patients. The model also gives results which are in close
      agreement with hydraulic experimental data for the input impedance of systems
      with bypass loops.

PMID- 2277548
TI  - Artificial-reflex stimulation for FES-induced standing with minimum quadriceps
      force.
AB  - A control strategy is proposed to decrease quadriceps activity during standing.
      Modified on/off (or artificial reflex) control is used: a non-numerical or finite
      state control scheme based on feedback of knee angle and angular velocity. The
      control strategy is evaluated in paraplegic patients in an experimental setup
      using transcutaneous stimulation. The stability of the system and its sensitivity
      to various control parameters are determined. It is concluded that the control
      scheme will enable reduction of muscle force independent of additional mechanical
      bracing or specific posture, and may result in continuous dynamic activation of
      muscle.

PMID- 2277549
TI  - Investigation into the use of colour and image processing techniques in nuclear
      medicine.

PMID- 2277550
TI  - Influence of a frequency-dependent medium around a network model, used for the
      simulation of single-fibre action potentials.

PMID- 2277551
TI  - PCSCOPE: a general-purpose acquisition system. A first application in the
      recording of EMGs.

PMID- 2277552
TI  - Graphical representation of eight-channel sphincter pressure profiles on a
      personal computer.

PMID- 2277553
TI  - Inexpensive and universal PC-based bus system for process control and data
      acquisition.

PMID- 2277554
TI  - The need for new and short lists of classifications in health care. A proposed
      management classification for primary health care services: the 4-P
      classification.
AB  - In this paper we analyse the development of the International Classification of
      Diseases (ICD) and other World Health Organizations (WHO) classification
      families. We identify their limitations in supporting the managerial process of
      primary care and the supply of relevant information, especially for developing
      countries and present the alternative of using unified shorter lists in primary
      care and hospitals that can be adapted to suit the country's needs. The study
      presents a new comprehensive classification for primary care encounters (4-P
      Classification), which gathers together, on a single form, information on
      providers, place of encounter, problem-oriented diagnoses and procedure provided.
      The proposed classification can be easily coded and collated by health providers,
      with minimal paperwork; alternatively, a sample of the encounter forms can be
      collated and analysed at central or regional statistical units, using personal or
      microcomputers.

PMID- 2277555
TI  - Specialized PC software package for creation of computer systems supporting
      partial diagnostics based on numerical results of medical examinations.
AB  - Computer scientists creating computer systems supporting partial diagnostics
      based on numerical results of medical examinations always follow a similar
      method. Why not algorithmize this procedure? This was the main reason for
      preparation of the specialized PC software presented in the paper. The software
      is addressed to clinicians-scientists and enables such users to create by
      themselves (with no need of programming) practically useful computer systems for
      differential diagnosis of chosen diseases. These generated systems are assigned
      to an end-user, i.e. any physician interested in a partial diagnosis of the
      considered type. They perform classification of patients on the basis of
      numerical results of the examinations selected for the training databases. The
      software is based on a statistical approach; multi-dimensional variance analysis
      and discriminant analysis methods have been used. The pilot version of the
      software (experimentally implemented in a Warsaw clinic) and an outline of
      planned work are presented.

PMID- 2277556
TI  - Towards relevant medical information systems.
AB  - The successful development of computer information systems in medicine is fraught
      with problems. Structured methods of analysis and design are becoming
      increasingly popular and are seen as the means of overcoming many of the
      technical problems associated with these systems. Information systems, however,
      are notoriously complex and require socially oriented as well as technically
      oriented solutions. A fundamental problem, in which these two distinct
      perspectives are intertwined, is the effective communication of requirements
      between users and designers of medical information systems. In this paper, data
      modelling is proposed as a means of integrating these approaches by assisting in
      socio-technical design. One specific diagrammatic variant of this established
      technique is introduced by means of a case study in ambulatory care. The case
      study is also used to illustrate a unique participative approach intended to
      facilitate discussion of the user's requirements. This more active approach to
      modelling is discussed in relation to the softer perspective of problem setting
      rather than the traditional one of problem solving.

PMID- 2277557
TI  - Vascular network segmentation in subtraction angiograms: a comparative study.
AB  - The three-dimensional reconstruction of vascular trees from a very limited number
      of two-dimensional projections is an active research field. The quality of the
      results (resolution in terms of vessel size and geometrical location) is highly
      dependent on the overall distortions introduced in the data acquisition process
      but is also related to the reliability of feature detection. A new approach based
      on mathematical morphology is proposed in this paper for extracting the
      centrelines and edges of coronary vessels from digital subtracted angiograms.
      These results are compared with those from an alternative method based on
      vectorial tracking and a directed contour finder.

PMID- 2277558
TI  - Computer simulation of optimum personnel assignment in hospital pharmacy using a
      work-sampling method.
AB  - A computer simulation of the dispensing work performed in a hospital pharmacy was
      undertaken, based on analysis data from a work-sampling method and utilizing a
      personal computer. As a result it was found to be possible to estimate the
      complete work volume of a day based on the number of prescriptions in the day,
      and hence to predict fairly precisely the number of pharmacists required to
      complete that work. The method also enables the users to assign the optimum
      number of staff for dispensing duties according to the estimated number of
      prescriptions and the optimum waiting time of patients. A correlation has been
      noted between the total residence time of prescriptions and the mean waiting time
      of patients. Using this simple and effective technique to efficiently assign
      personnel makes it possible to cope with an increasing workload and limited
      number of staff.

PMID- 2277560
TI  - [Endoscopy--quo vadis?].

PMID- 2277559
TI  - The development of personal computer-based medical consultation system for
      diagnosis of congenital malformation syndromes using MUMPS.
AB  - This paper describes a medical consultation system for diagnosis of congenital
      malformation syndromes. The system consists of a personal computer, NEC PC-98XL
      (MS-DOS), using SP-MUMPS for the retrieval of knowledge data, and BASIC for the
      input/output of image data. This system displays pictorial knowledge and is
      designed so users can build up the knowledge base, as needed, by adding knowledge
      from medical literature and records of patients actually treated.

PMID- 2277561
TI  - [Liver hemangioma. II. Surgical indications, choice of procedure, results].
AB  - From our point of view surgical therapy for liver hemangioma is indicated for
      tumors with a diameter exceeding 5 cm, with superficial position, and complaints.
      Further criteria are changes in size or internal structure of the tumor.
      Treatment of choice are atypical and anatomical resections, respectively,
      according to the size of the hemangioma. Elective surgery can be performed with
      considerable low risks with respect of the spontaneous course.

PMID- 2277562
TI  - [Gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma].
AB  - The clinical course of 12 patients was analyzed in a retrospective study; all of
      these patients were operated on a gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma. The most
      common site of metastasis was the liver (33%). These data confirm that histologic
      grade, size and the extent of resection are the most important prognostic
      factors. Because the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant smooth
      muscle tumors is often quite difficult and a high risk of local recurrence the
      enucleation of these tumors is insufficient.

PMID- 2277563
TI  - [Type I or IIa early stomach carcinoma. Comparative studies of the prognosis
      following limited or radical therapy].
AB  - In a retrospective study of 190 patients with type I (n = 100) or type IIa (n =
      90) early gastric carcinoma, we investigated the question as to whether after
      limited therapy--endoscopic polypectomy (n = 49), large forceps biopsy (n = 4) or
      local surgical excision (n = 14)--or surgical resection (n = 123), differences in
      prognosis are to be found between the groups. In comparison with the age-adjusted
      5-year survival rate, no differences were found between the limited therapy group
      and the resected group. Postoperative mortality was 3.0% in the limited therapy
      group and 17.1% in the resected group. Up to the fourth year of follow-up the
      prognosis was better for malignancy grade 1 than for malignancy grade 2 or 3, and
      also for tumours with a diameter of less than 3 mm than for those with larger
      diameters. No difference in 5-year survival rates was to be found with respect to
      the histological classification, depth of invasion, gross tumour type or multiple
      tumours. The results of these investigations indicate that limited treatment can
      be considered for type I or type IIa early gastric carcinoma when the carcinoma
      is restricted to the mucosa and is of the intestinal cell type of malignancy
      grade 1 or 2.

PMID- 2277564
TI  - [Acute abdomen in eosinophilic colitis].
AB  - Eosinophilic colitis represents a seldom known syndrome characterized by
      peripheral blood eosinophilia, eosinophilic infiltrates of the gut and abdominal
      pain. Whereas an association with autoimmune disorders or with food allergy is
      described, the etiology of the disease remains uncertain. A case report, where
      the spontaneous benign course of the disease is shown, is presented and
      discussed. In the clinical practice it is important to evaluate this syndrome in
      the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain and peripheral eosinophilia in order
      to avoid unnecessary therapeutic measures.

PMID- 2277565
TI  - Study of plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY) and catecholamines levels during isoflurane
      anesthesia.
AB  - Twelve ASA physical status I-II patients were studied after obtaining
      institutional approval and informed contents. All patients were free from
      endocrine and metabolic disease undergoing elective low risk operation. Pethidine
      1 mg/kg i.m. and benzodiazepine 0.01 mg/kg p.o. were given as premedication one
      hour before anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental 4 mg/kg and
      succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg for tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with
      2% isoflurane and 50% N2O in oxygen. Ventilation was controlled and adjusted to
      maintain an end-tidal CO2 concentration of 25-35 torr. Atracurium 0.4 mg/kg was
      given as muscle relaxant. Blood samples were obtained from radial arterial
      catheter, 15 minutes before induction of anesthesia and 5 min after anesthesia,
      15 min, 30 min, 60 min during operation and 30 min after operation in
      postanesthesia recovery room. The results showed that there were no statistically
      significant changes in plasma levels of NPY and catecholamines during operation
      underwent isoflurane anesthetic technique. This result indicates that isoflurane
      anesthesia can block the plasma NPY as well as catecholamines during surgical
      stress.

PMID- 2277566
TI  - General anesthesia with propofol (continuous intravenous infusion) supplemented
      with nitrous oxide: comparison with isoflurane.
AB  - Thirty adult surgical patients (ASA I-II) undergoing superficial operations of
      short duration (about 1h) were arbitrarily divided into two groups. In group A (n
      = 15), anesthesia was induced with propofol, 2 mg/kg, iv. After endotracheal
      intubation with the aid of succinylcholine (1 mg/kg, iv), anesthesia was
      maintained by continuous iv infusion of propofol (0.05-0.2 mg/kg/min) with
      nitrous oxide and oxygen (2:1). In group B (n = 15), induction and endotracheal
      intubation were accomplished using thiopental (4 mg/kg, iv) and succinylcholine
      (1 mg/kg). Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (0.5-2.0%), nitrous oxide
      and oxygen (2:1). Atracurium was used in both groups as muscle relaxant.
      Hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation and during
      operation were not significantly different between the two groups. However,
      recovery to verbal command and orientation was significantly more rapid in the
      propofol group (7.8 +/- 4.8 min and 11.2 +/- 5.1 min) than in the isoflurane
      group (15.6 +/- 4.9 min and 22.6 +/- 6.0 min). In conclusion, continuous propofol
      infusion combined with nitrous oxide and muscle relaxant is suggested as a better
      method compared with isoflurane for short operations because of more rapid
      complete recovery.

PMID- 2277567
TI  - Comparison of lower concentrations of lidocaine to suppress bucking before
      extubation during recovery of general anesthesia.
AB  - Thirty females, aged 25-50 years old, scheduled for abdominal total hysterectomy
      were randomly divided to two groups. For patients in group I, 2 mL 1% lidocaine
      solution was injected through the catheter on the tube to desensitize the trachea
      while surgeon started to close the peritoneum. In group II, 2 mL 2% lidocaine was
      used. The peak cuff pressures generated in the awakening group I patients were
      49.0 +/- 2.5 cmH2 O (mean +/- SD) which shows greater than that in group II (27.9
      +/- 7.2 cmH2 O), p less than 0.01. Bucking before awakening was also evaluated
      clinically. One hundred % (15/15) in group I patients bucked compared with 13.3%
      (2/15) in group II patients (p less than 0.01). Gag reflex was preserved in all
      patients and none suffered from aspiration postoperatively. Intratracheal
      administration of two mL 2% lidocaine through the catheter of modified
      endotracheal tube showed significant effect for suppressing bucking during
      recovery of general anesthesia.

PMID- 2277568
TI  - Demarcation and localization of primary sensor and motor areas in human cortex by
      cortical somatosensory. Evoked potential (Co-SEP) during operation in surgery for
      epilepsy and intracranial tumor.
AB  - In neurosurgical operation, when the focus is close to the central fissure,
      precise delineation of the precentral motor and postcentral somatosensory areas
      is cardinal in defining the extent of the surgical resection. Eight ASA II-III
      patients scheduled for neurosurgery for intractable complex partial seizure (n =
      5) and intracranial tumor (n = 3) were enrolled in the study. Subdural grids of
      electrodes were used for recording cortical evoked somatosensory potentials
      elicited by stimulating the median nerves to locate the primary somatosensory
      cortex and to delineate the central fissure through demonstration of phase
      reversal pattern across the rolandic fissure. In all cases under general
      anesthesia, we were able to determine precisely the location of the central
      fissure. At the same time, we detected the evoked potential from SII (second
      sensory area) in one patient with intracerebral tumor. In conclusion, Co-SEP
      under general anesthesia is feasible and recommended to be performed as a routine
      intraoperatively for intractable epilepsy and tumor originating close to the
      primary motor or sensory strip in order to avoid iatrogenic damage to the vital
      cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2277569
TI  - Diclofenac sodium and low dose epidural morphine for postcesarean analgesia.
AB  - A randomized double-blind study of parturients after Cesarean section was
      undertaken to assess the efficacy of the combination of single dose intramuscular
      diclofenac sodium and low dose epidural morphine (EM) for postoperative
      analgesia. 50 parturients under epidural anesthesia were divided into 2 treatment
      groups: group A received 2 mg EM 30 min after the last dose of lidocaine and 3 ml
      normal saline i.m. at recovery room; group B received the same EM and 75 mg
      diclofenac i.m. postoperatively. Pain scores were compared at the 2nd, 4th, 8th,
      12th, 18th, and 24th h. Results showed that group B was superior to group A in
      analgesic quality from the 8th h and thereafter (P less than 0.05) and 100%
      patients in group B were in the excellent to good analgesia categories at the 8th
      and 12th h record compared to 92% and 72% patients in group A respectively. Side
      effects were similar in both groups. The combination of NSAIDs with low dose EM
      could improve the analgesic quality after Cesarean section.

PMID- 2277570
TI  - [Painless labor and instrumentation].
AB  - This report is a retrospective study of painless labor and its relation to the
      instrumentation. It consists of 200 cases of primigravida in labor. In the study
      group, 100 consecutive cases of primigravida receiving painless labor was chosen
      and compared to another 100 consecutive primigravida in labor without receiving
      painless labor. We found that painless labor with epidural analgesia would
      decrease the rate of cesarean section, but increase the frequency of using
      forceps and vacuum for labor. The rate of normal spontaneous delivery is low as
      compared with those not receiving epidural analgesia for painless labor. However,
      painless labor bears no relation to the labor course nor discernible significance
      to the Apgar Score of the newborn babies. We strongly recommend painless labor to
      those poor pain tolerated primigravida.

PMID- 2277571
TI  - Ilioinguinal nerve block with 0.375% marcaine for postoperative pain relief in
      cesarean section.
AB  - Bilateral ilioinguinal nerve block with local anesthetic drugs to treat
      postoperative pain in lower segment cesarean section (Pfannestiel incision) under
      general anesthesia had show profound effective by P. Bunting and I. McConachie.
      We used the same method but with lower concentration 0.375% marcaine 10 ml to
      each side in 12 patients. We compare the pain score and the requirement for
      pethidine intramuscular injection to 12 patients as control group. Pain score
      were less in the block patients within 8h after surgery, and total amount of
      pethidine given was 700 mg. In control group, the pain score were higher at the
      first 8 h than nerve block group during the study (p less than 0.05), and the
      total amount of pethidine requirement was 1250 mg. There were no observed adverse
      effect during the study.

PMID- 2277572
TI  - [Effects of lidocaine cervical epidural blockade on respiratory function].
AB  - Cervical epidural anesthesia with 2% lidocaine has been shown to reduce
      ventilatory capacity in patients with normal lungs by Dr. Bromage. It is
      important to evaluate the respiratory effect of this technique which may induce
      intercostal and phrenic nerve paralysis. After institutional approval and
      informed content had been obtained, 50 patients undergoing OR & IR of upper
      limbs, mean age 24 +/- 4 yrs mean weight 65 +/- 6 kg, ASA status I-II without
      preoperative pulmonary dysfunction were studied. C7-T1 intervertebral space was
      identified by the hanging-drop technique using a 16G Tuochy needle. A catheter
      was inserted cranially to a distance of 12 cm. Pulmonary function measurement and
      arterial blood gas data were obtained before and 20', 50', 105' min after
      injection of 12 ml 2% plain lidocaine. The anesthesia levels were between C3-T3
      and obtained at 13 +/- 2 min. Mean arterial blood gas analysis showed mild
      respiratory acidosis at 20 min (PaCO2: 46.0 +/- 3.5 mmHg). The measured values of
      IVC, VC, FVC, FEV1, PEF, when compared with control values were decreased over
      15.60% of control values and 20% of predicted data at 20 min. The ratio of
      FEV1/VC, FEV1/FVC were still within normal limit (greater than 80%). The result
      was significantly compatible to the criteria of mild type of pulmonary function
      test. No respiratory distress was complained of and only cause little change of
      arterial blood gas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277573
TI  - Is it necessary to rotate the epidural needle to obtain successful sacral segment
      block?
AB  - The effect of rotating the level of touhy needle to obtain successful sacral
      blockade was controversial. During the rotation, dural puncture was reported by
      some studies. In our study, we divided forty patients into two groups randomly.
      They all belonged to ASA I-II, receiving epidural needle insertion at L 2-3
      epidural space, before epidural catheter was inserted. Total of 10 mL of 2%
      xylocaine was injected into the epidural space. In group A, the level of Touhy
      needle was pointed upward, that is, parallel to the ligament flavum. In group B,
      the level was pointed caudally. We determined the cutaneous extension of loss of
      cold sensation by using a swab of cotton wool soaked with alcohol 15 min and 25
      min after the test injection. Our result showed no different in loss of cold
      sensation in sacral area between these two groups. So we concluded that there is
      no need to rotate the epidural needle for sacral blockade.

PMID- 2277574
TI  - [The study of pretreatment with diphenylhydantoin or D-tubocurarine on
      succinylcholine-induced adverse effects].
AB  - Intravenous succinylcholine (SCh) is widely used as a muscle relaxant but it is
      often associated with adverse effects, including muscle fasciculations,
      postoperative myalgia, elevated serum potassium (K+) and creatine phosphokinase
      (CPK), etc. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of
      pretreatment with Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) or d-Tubocurarine (d-TC) on SCh-induced
      adverse effects. 54 ASA I-II adult patients were randomly divided into 3 groups
      of 18 patients each. Four min before injection of SCh, group A received 1 ml of
      normal saline as a control group, group B DPH 2.5 mg kg-1 and group C d-TC 50
      micrograms kg-1. Anesthesia was induced with thiopentone 3-4 mg kg-1 and then SCh
      was given to facilitate tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with
      isoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Muscle fasciculations, postoperative 24
      hours myalgia, intubating conditions and levels of serum K+, CPK and DPH were
      recorded in every patient. All data were analyzed with Chi-Square and ANOVA
      tests. DPH and d-TC significantly decreased the incidence of fasciculations,
      whereas there were no differences regarding intubating condition, post-operative
      myalgia, and serum K+ among three groups. DPH concentration was 8.49 +/- 1.55
      micrograms ml-1. Serum CPK was increased postoperatively in three groups.
      Pretreatment with DPH 2.5 mg kg-1 or d-TC 50 micrograms kg-1 effectively
      decreased SCh-induced fasciculations and did not affect intubating condition
      facilitated with SCh 1.5 mg kg-1. Nevertheless, these pretreatment did not
      improve postoperative myalgia and decrease serum CPK.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2277575
TI  - [Anesthesia for the low body weight neonates].
AB  - 58 newborns weighting under 2500 gm were collected, who received surgery in the
      past five years (1985-1989) in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, and followed
      up the survivors until April 1990. We classified these 58 cases by physical
      status that 31 cases (53%) were in ASA II, 26 (45%) in ASA III, 1 (2%) in ASA IV;
      by body weight that 9 cases (16%) were under 1500 gm, 17 (29%) between 1501 and
      2000 gm, 32 (55%) over 2000 gm; by gestational age that 26 cases (45%) were in
      term pregnancy, 14 (24%) in borderline prematurity, 16 (28%) in moderate
      prematurity, 2 (3%) in extreme prematurity. All these 58 cases were under
      endotracheal general anesthesia, the majority of surgery (32 cases) were
      abdominal procedures. They were all sent to pediatric intensive care unit after
      operation. The mortality rate was 42% (25 cases), 4 cases of those were dead
      within the post-operative 24 hours. In this study, the change of temperature
      during operative procedures was significantly correlative to the neonatal
      mortality (p less than 0.005).

PMID- 2277576
TI  - [Effect of drug volume on spinal anesthesia with isobaric tetracaine].
AB  - The effects of drug volume on spinal anesthesia with 10 mg tetracaine in 1 ml or
      2 ml isobaric solution were studied in 100 demographically compatible patients in
      a randomized double-blind manner. Identical technique was used for every patient
      in the study except for the volume of anesthetic solutions. Drugs were
      administered in a lateral decubitus position and patients remained horizontal
      during the study. Hoghest cephalad spread of analgesia varied from T12-T3, with a
      median sensory level of T7 in those who received 2 ml solutions, compared with
      T12-T5 and a median level of T10 in those who received 1 ml solutions. The time
      for maximum spread was longer in 2 ml--group (7.54 +/- 1.76 min vs 4.85 +/- 1.54
      min). The 2-segment regression times were 180 +/- 53.44 min (mean) with a range
      of 75-270 min, and 219 +/- 34.11 min (mean) with a range of 150-300 min
      respectively for the 2 ml--group and the 1 ml--group. The differences were
      statistically significant. Complete motor blockade of the lower extremities as
      assessed by the modified Bromage scale was achieved in 35 out of 50 patients
      given 2 ml solutions, while all those who received 1 ml solutions achieved
      complete motor blockade. The onset times of maximum blockade were 5.42 +/- 1.59
      min (mean) with a range of 2-10 min, and 5.98 +/- 1.79 min (mean) with a range of
      2-12 min respectively. The difference between the degree of maximum motor
      blockade was also statistically significant but was insignificant regarding the
      time to maximum motor blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277577
TI  - [Clinical study of awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation for difficult opening
      mouth patients].
AB  - The intubation technique for those surgical patients considered to be difficult
      intubation were classically managed by blind nasotracheal intubation,
      tracheostomy and so forth. These procedures are rather invasive and resulted in
      post-operative complications. 30 adult patients of ASA class II-III with
      difficulty in intubation were chosen to receive awake fiberoptic nasotracheal
      intubation. Our aim of study is to evaluate the change of blood pressure, heart
      rate and SaO2 of these patients at 4 stages: I) preanesthesia II) transtracheal
      local block III) during intubation IV) post-intubation. As a result, there were
      no significant difference in comparing the parameters among these 4 stages.
      Additionally, fiberoptic guiding provide a direct vision on the way of
      intubation, enhance the successful rate of difficult intubation and minimize
      further trauma and discomfort to the patients. Therefore fiberoptic intubation
      may suitable in patients with difficult intubation.

PMID- 2277578
TI  - [Ilioinguinal nerve blockade with or without epinephrine for analgesia after
      caesarean section].
AB  - The analgesic effect of bilateral ilioinguinal nerve blockade with or without
      epinephrine after caesarean section with Pfannenstiel incision was investigated
      in 36 ASA class 1-2 parturients. They were randomly classified into 3 groups of
      12 each. Before the patients were extubated from standard general anesthesia,
      bilateral ilioinguinal nerve blockade was performed. Group A patients were the
      control group. Group B patients received 0.375% plain marcaine 10 mL to each
      side. Group C patients received 0.375% plain marcaine with 1:200000 epinephrine
      10 mL to each side. The pain scores and requirement for post operative analgesia
      of group B and C were compared with the control group A. The pain scores of group
      B and C were decreased 30% and 37% respectively during the first eight hours
      after operation. However, group C patients had lower pain scores during the first
      day after operation. There was an increased time from anesthesia to the first
      injection of pethidine in group B and C when compared with group A (4.57 +/-
      2.94, 4.38 +/- 2.72 and 1.8 +/- 0.9 hr, respectively). However, no significant
      difference between group B and C. The total pethidine requirement were decreased
      in group B and C although the mean pethidine dose was not statistically
      significant. The results suggest that bilateral ilioinguinal nerve blockade
      improve the quality of postoperative analgesia. The adding epinephrine can
      prolong the duration of nerve blockade.

PMID- 2277579
TI  - [P6 acupoint injection reduced postoperative nausea and vomiting].
AB  - Despite improvements in anesthetic techniques postoperative vomiting still
      remains a problem, particularly in ambulant outpatients, and when an opioid is
      given before or during anesthesia. Anti-emetic are of limited value and often
      cause drowsiness or other side effects. We report a study in which a simple
      acupuncture procedure was used in patients undergoing fraction D & C under
      standard intravenous anesthesia. Sixty-four patients were included and allocated
      randomly into one of the two groups: control group receiving standard fentanyl
      valium-thiopentone anesthesia alone, and the other group receiving injection of 3
      mL normal saline into the P6 acupuncture point after the anesthesia. Ten out of
      the 32 control patients experienced nausea or vomiting compared with only 2 out
      of 32 patients receiving acupoint injection. The reduction in nausea was
      significant. These findings cannot be well explained, but it is recommended that
      the use of acupuncture as an anti-emetic should be explored further.

PMID- 2277580
TI  - Application of hypnoanalgesia for the treatment of chronic cancer pain--report of
      one case.

PMID- 2277581
TI  - Mediastinal mass and tracheal obstruction during induction of general anesthesia.

PMID- 2277582
TI  - [Etiologies of unilateral block of epidural anesthesia: a case report].
AB  - We would like to present a patient, who was a 60 years old man, 160 cm tall,
      weighing 55 kg, which received debridement for his pressure sores under epidural
      anesthesia. While inserting the Touhy needle, there was obvious loss of
      resistance at the level of 9 cm below the skin. When the test dose was injected,
      the compliance was good. Later, the anesthesia behaved as unilateral block. After
      the operation, the computerized tomography revealed the epidural catheter was
      between the facia of right psoas major muscle. Form this case, there were some
      lesions: (1) The distance from the skin to the lumbar dura mater is seldom longer
      than 7 cm. (2) The obvious loss-of-resistance and good compliance of test dose
      are not the guarantee of epidural anesthesia. (3) The psoas block may be another
      cause of unilateral block of lumbar epidural anesthesia.

PMID- 2277583
TI  - Perioperative neurological complication--report of one case.

PMID- 2277585
TI  - Anesthesia for cesarean section with acute pulmonary edema.

PMID- 2277584
TI  - Anesthesia for tracheomalacia--case report.

PMID- 2277586
TI  - Yersinia enterocolitica aroA mutants as carriers of the B subunit of the
      Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin to the murine immune system.
AB  - Plasmid p5F which directs the expression of the Escherichia coli heat-labile
      enterotoxin B subunit (LT-B) from the ptac promoter was introduced into the
      attenuated Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 aroA mutant strain YAM.1. YAM.1 (p5F)
      expressed high levels of cell-associated and secreted LT-B in a stable fashion
      when grown on normal laboratory medium. The strain was used as a live oral
      vaccine in BALB/c mice and vaccinated mice developed high levels of gut
      associated and systemic antibodies to both LT-B and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      of the vaccine strain. Anti-LT-B and anti-LPS responses in the sera were
      predominantly of the IgG class whereas gut-associated antibodies were
      predominantly IgA. ELISPOT assays carried out on selected tissues prepared from
      vaccinated mice showed significant numbers of cells synthesising IgG and IgA
      antibodies to LT-B. These results show that Y. enterocolitica aroA mutants can be
      used effectively as carriers of heterologous antigens to the murine immune
      system.

PMID- 2277587
TI  - Immunological cross-reactivity between Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella
      capsular polysaccharides.
AB  - Enterobacter aerogenes capsular polysaccharides (CPS) which cross-react with
      Klebsiella K3, K21, and K68 CPS were purified. Humans immunized with a vaccine
      containing Klebsiella K3 and K21 CPS produced antibody which recognized these E.
      aerogenes CPS. The magnitude of the immune response to the E. aerogenes CPS
      varied among the serotypes. Passive transfer of an immunoglobulin produced from
      the plasma of donors immunized with the above vaccine afforded significant
      protection against challenge with an E. aerogenes strain bearing a capsule which
      cross-reacts with Klebsiella K3 CPS.

PMID- 2277588
TI  - Detection of capsule in strains of Clostridium difficile of varying virulence and
      toxigenicity.
AB  - Nine toxigenic and six non-toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile, of varying
      virulence in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis, were examined
      for the presence of a capsule. Antibody stabilisation of the capsule with
      heterologous and/or homologous antiserum fixed in glutaraldehyde, or direct
      fixation in glutaraldehyde/diamine, were used with added ruthenium red to stain
      the capsular glycocalyx. All strains possessed a capsule which was either loose
      knit or compact, sometimes with attached globular masses. Better capsule
      preservation was achieved in some strains with glutaraldehyde/diamine/ruthenium
      red fixative than with homologous or heterologous antibody stabilisation. The
      possession of a capsule following in vitro growth does not appear to correlate
      with the virulence status of these strains of C. difficile.

PMID- 2277589
TI  - Evidence for participation of the macrophage in Shiga-like toxin II-induced
      lethality in mice.
AB  - Seven strains of inbred mice were compared for their susceptibility to the lethal
      effects of Shiga-like toxin II (SLT II). A/J mice, which are unable to produce
      the C5 component of complement, did not differ from C5 normal mice in
      susceptibility to SLT II. CBA/NJ mice (hemizygous for X-linked immunodeficiency)
      did not differ from the B-cell sufficient CBA/J strain. C3H/HeJ mice, defective
      in macrophage response to lipopolysaccharide (Lpsd), showed a consistently and
      significantly longer mean time to death than did the normally responsive C3H/HeN
      strain. C57BL/10ScN mice, which also carry the Lpsd allele, showed a similar but
      smaller difference in mean time to death compared with the C57BL/10SnJ strain.
      Production of tumor necrosis factor could be induced in vitro by SLT II treatment
      of C3H/HeN, but not C3H/HeJ macrophages. These results imply that antibody and
      complement production do not modulate SLT II lethality in mice, but that the
      macrophage may contribute to SLT II-induced injury.

PMID- 2277590
TI  - Isolation and characterization of mycoplasma virus L3 temperature-sensitive
      mutants.
AB  - Mycoplasma virus L3 virions are morphologically similar to coliphage T7, contain
      linear double-stranded DNA of about 39 kilobase pairs, and produce a nonlytic
      cytocidal infection in Acholeplasma laidlawii host cells. Following nitrous acid
      mutagenesis, ninety-eight L3 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were isolated
      from a total of 57,000 plaque-forming units (PFU), using 37 degrees C as the
      permissive temperature and 41 degrees C as the nonpermissive temperature, with
      reversion frequencies of 10(-5) to 10(-8). Complementation tests allowed fifty
      seven of the L3 ts mutants to be placed into twenty-one complementation groups.
      In mixed infections, recombination frequencies between mutants in different
      complementation groups were 10(-2) to less than 10(-6). Studies of protein
      synthesis in L3-infected cells showed synthesis of about twenty virus-specific
      proteins, including ten L3 virion proteins. After infection with L3 ts mutants
      from each complementation group, several different patterns of cell- and virus
      specific protein synthesis were observed.

PMID- 2277591
TI  - Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: specific
      activity and influence on the production of acetic acid, ethanol and higher
      alcohols in the first 48 h of fermentation of grape must.
AB  - The changes in the specific activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-I and ADH-II)
      and aldehyde dehydrogenases [AIDH-NADP+ and AIDH-NAD(P)+] from Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae during the first 48 h of fermentation of grape must were investigated.
      The biosynthesis of ADH-I and AIDH-NADP+ took place basically during the
      adaptation of the yeasts to the must (first 4 h), while that of ADH-II occurred
      immediately after exponential growth (after 12 h). From the products produced by
      the yeast, only the specific rate of production of ethanol was found to be
      directly related to the specific activity of ADH-I.

PMID- 2277592
TI  - [Tanning, leather and shoe industries: carcinogenic risk and preventive measures.
      From identification to prevention of risks].

PMID- 2277593
TI  - [Preventive measures in the tanning industry].
AB  - The paper presents the results of a survey of preventive measures in the tanning
      industry ten years after the introduction of the National Health Service in
      Italy. The aims and procedures of the Occupational Health Service programmes of
      the Local Health Units in northern, central and southern Italy are described. A
      marked difference was observed between the southern and central-northern regions
      as regards size and quality of the occupational health services and the number of
      programmed activities aimed at risk assessment and preventive measures.

PMID- 2277594
TI  - [Preventive measures in shoe and leather industry].
AB  - The paper presents the results of a survey of the organization and implementation
      of preventive medicine programmes in the shoe and leather industries 10 years
      after the introduction of the National Health Service in Italy. There was a
      marked difference between the resources available in central and northern Italy
      where, although unevenly, prevention at the workplace has improved, and the
      regions of southern Italy were the situation is decidedly less comforting. The
      methods used by the Occupational Health Services in the territories under study
      are described, which are characterised by programmed or planned activities
      (according to industrial sector) mainly aimed at acquiring better knowledge of
      the risk factors and their effective elimination.

PMID- 2277595
TI  - [Epidemiologic studies on carcinogenic risk and occupational activities in
      tanning, leather and shoe industries].
AB  - A review is made of the epidemiological studies of occupational cancer risks
      among tannery, leather and shoe industry workers. The risk of nasal cancer
      associated with exposure to leather dust, which had already been stressed at the
      beginning of the 1970's, was confirmed in recent studies. However, a decreasing
      trend of RR was observed among shoe industry workers. The excess of leukemia
      among shoe workers, which was mainly based on the description of numerous cases
      of acute myeloblastic leukemia, has also been confirmed by two cohort studies
      carried out in Italy and the U.K. In addition to the evident increase in these
      two diseases, there are indications of an excess of cancer of other sites among
      leather and shoe workers, particularly bladder cancer, both among workers
      assigned to leather finishing operations and in leather goods and shoe production
      workers. Another interesting result is the excess of lung cancer among tannery
      workers. This evidence is unanimous in the studies carried out in Italy but is
      not supported by the majority of studies performed in other countries. For this
      reason, we consider it extremely important to carry out a multicentric study in
      Italy, with particular attention to the definition of occupational exposures to
      carcinogens. There are also other isolated reports of excesses of other cancers
      in the shoe and leather industries but in our opinion they are of dubious
      interpretation.

PMID- 2277596
TI  - [Identification of genotoxic compounds used in leather processing industry].
AB  - The release of mutagens from 7 carbon black-based leather dyes and from leather
      samples at various stages of finishing was determined. After vigorous treatment
      with toluene, 4 commercial dyes yelded mutagenic extracts on Salmonella
      typhimurium in the presence of microsomal enzymes. Only in one case were the
      responsible chemicals identified as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The low
      bioavailability of mutagens contained in carbon black and their low mutagenic
      activity suggest that the risk associated with the use of these dyes is probably
      negligible. Soxhlet extracts with ethanol from finished leather were mutagenic on
      strain TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium in the absence of S9 mix. Analysis of
      extracts of leather samples at various intermediate stages of processing showed
      that mutagenic activity was detectable after the colouring process. The
      responsible compound was identified as a nitroazo dye (Colour Index: Acid Brown
      83), with a mutagenic potential of about 4 revertant/micrograms. Eighteen
      commercial tannins containing mainly Cr(III) sulphates were assessed for
      genotoxicity. Most were contaminated with Cr(VI), a known mutagenic and
      carcinogenic agent, at levels sufficient to induce an increased frequency of SCE
      (sister chromatid exchanges) in mammalian cells (CHO, chinese hamster ovary)
      tested in vitro.

PMID- 2277597
TI  - [Leather azo dyes: mutagenic and carcinogenic risks].
AB  - The paper reviews the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity data on azo dyes used in
      the leather industry. Two water soluble benzidine-based dyes were classified as
      "probably carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on
      Cancer (IARC). No other dyes have been evaluated by the IARC. Of the 48 azo dyes
      assayed in the Salmonella/microsome test, 20 gave positive results. Attention is
      drawn to the important role of the in vivo metabolism of azo compounds, which
      includes a preliminary reduction of the azo bonds and subsequent release of the
      aromatic amines of the dye. A useful assay (Prival test) for evaluating the
      mutagenic properties of azo dyes involves a reductive step that permits the
      release of any genotoxic agents present in the compounds. A list of leather azo
      dyes is furnished that are considered as potentially harmful due to the presence
      of a carcinogenic aromatic amine (benzidine, p-aminobenzene and derivatives) in
      their formulae.

PMID- 2277598
TI  - [Environmental impact of tanning industry].
AB  - Airborne hydrogen sulphide was monitored continuously for 91 hours in the
      residential area of the Chiampo Valley in northern Italy, where about 150
      tanneries are located; 74 air samples were taken to detect the environmental
      concentrations of solvents. Hydrogen sulphide concentrations obtained every 2.5
      min in the residential area of Arzignano, the main town in the Chiampo Valley,
      were averaged over one hour. The mean values were plotted against time and wind
      direction: the tridimensional plot showed that the highest concentrations (over
      300 ppb) were statistically detected between 10 a.m. and 12 a.m. with an east
      southeast wind direction. About 40 tanneries are located over a distance of 1 km
      along this direction. The main causes of air pollution were the discharge of
      unhairing liquid and pickling operations in the factories, and the sewage system
      and waste water treatment plant. As regards solvents, a preliminary study showed
      that the 149 tanneries located in this area used about 17,700 tons/year of
      coating materials to finish about 40 million square metres of leather. Thirty
      more solvents were released into the atmosphere from these materials, the most
      important of which being: aromatic hydrocarbons (3,100 tons/year), acetates
      (2,800 tons/year), ketones (1,500 tons/year), alcohols (1,350 tons/year) and
      glycol ethers (520 tons/years). The average concentrations detected in the air
      were: 326 micrograms/m3 for aromatic hydrocarbons, 302 micrograms/m3 for
      acetates, 139 micrograms/m3 for ketones, 125 micrograms/m3 for alcohols and 16
      micrograms/m3 for glycol-ethers. The cumulative concentration was more than 1
      mg/m3 for 30% of the samples and more than 2 mg/m3 for 7%. The percentage of
      airborne solvents agreed well with that of solvents in the coating materials,
      thus demonstrating that most of these compounds originated from the tanneries.

PMID- 2277599
TI  - [Carcinogenic risk and epidemiology: thoughts on experience in the tanning and
      shoe industries].
AB  - An epidemiological method is described that was applied to the study of cancer
      risk in tanning and shoe industries. The limitations of the epidemiological
      research carried out so far are stressed and priorities are discussed. In
      particular, methods for the surveillance of cancer risk need to be implemented
      and etiological studies with adequate statistical power should be planned for the
      future.

PMID- 2277600
TI  - The mechanism of muscle injury in the crush syndrome: ischemic versus pressure
      stretch myopathy.
AB  - Crush injuries are ubiquitous, common sequelae in victims of seismic, industrial
      and military catastrophes, and were considered to be mainly due to ischemia of
      the affected limbs. Our clinical experience suggests that early in the crush
      syndrome, interference with the circulation may occur but is rare. The
      predominant earliest lesion in the crush syndrome is postulated to be pressure
      stretch myopathy, rather than ischemic myopathy. It is proposed that at the
      membrane level, stretch increases sarcoplasmic influx of Na, Cl, H2O and Ca down
      their electrochemical gradient. Energy-requiring cationic extrusion pumps work at
      maximal capacity, but are unable to cope with the increased load. This results in
      cell swelling and increase in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium with activation
      of autolytic destructive processes and interference with cellular respiration.
      Extensive muscle swelling may cause late muscle tamponade and myoneural ischemic
      damage (compartmental syndrome). Thus, whereas prevalent theory suggests that the
      sarcolemmal cationic pump activity is attenuated in the crush syndrome due to
      early ischemia, we propose that the cationic extrusion pump is maximally
      activated as in the amphotericin B model. Because the cationic pump is maximally
      activated in the stretched muscle and in cells exposed to amphotericin, these
      models rapidly deplete their scarce ATP stores and are susceptible to hypoxia in
      the face of initially normal circulation.

PMID- 2277601
TI  - Relation of adenosine to medullary injury in the perfused rat kidney.
AB  - In isolated perfused rat kidneys the medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) is
      uniquely vulnerable to cellular injury produced by its hypoxic milieu and
      exacerbated by active transport. Endogenous inhibitors of transport might
      therefore be expected to reduce cell injury. We studied the possible role of
      adenosine in altering mTAL damage in isolated rat kidneys perfused for 60 min.
      When adenosine deaminase was added to the recirculating perfusate in 8
      experiments, severe damage to mTAL cells adjacent to the inner medulla was
      significantly exacerbated to involve 89.4 +/- 3% of them as compared to 74.9 +/-
      4.7% in 9 controls (p less than 0.025). Similar results were obtained when 6
      nitrobenzylthioinosine, which inhibits adenosine efflux from hypoxic cells, was
      added to the perfusion (n = 5, p less than 0.025). The addition of the adenosine
      analogue R(-)-phenylisopropyladenosine [R(-)-PIA] conferred protection, so that
      now only 12.5 +/- 2.5% of deep mTAL cells exhibited severe morphological damage
      (n = 7, p less than 0.005). The protective effect of R(-)-PIA was minimized by 8
      phenyltheophylline, which blocks adenosine receptors. The S(+)-isomer of PIA was
      significantly less potent than R(-)-PIA in protecting against hypoxic injury.
      These results suggest that endogenous adenosine may play a role in modifying the
      injurious effects of anoxia on medullary cells, by inhibiting active transport.

PMID- 2277602
TI  - Measurement of intracellular pH in suspensions of renal tubules from potassium
      depleted rats.
AB  - Intracellular pH was estimated from the fluorescence of 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)
      5,6-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) in isolated renal cortical tubules from control,
      potassium-depleted (KD) and NH4Cl-induced metabolic acidosis (MA) rats. While pHi
      was not different among control, short- and long-term KD, and NH4Cl MA rats, in
      vitro rates of ammonium production were increased in rats with metabolic acidosis
      and both short- and long-term potassium depletion. Mitochondrial matrix pH, and
      the pH gradient across the mitochondrial membrane were not different in tubules
      from KD rats compared to those from controls. These results are interpreted to
      indicate that a signal other than intracellular acidosis maintains the high rate
      of renal ammoniagenesis seen in KD.

PMID- 2277603
TI  - Intracellular alkalosis induced by increasing extracellular potassium. Ionic
      dependence and effects of amiloride and DIDS.
AB  - The intracellular alkalinization produced when extracellular potassium
      concentration is increased above its normal levels was studied in the rat
      diaphragm muscle by determination of the steady-state distribution of [14C]-5,5
      dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO). Replacement of external Na+ with sucrose and
      Mg2+ or N-methyl-D-glucamine prevented the rise in intracellular pH. Amiloride (1
      mM) also abolished the elevation of intracellular pH, while the removal of
      external Cl- (replaced by gluconate) or addition of 0.1 mM 4-acetamido-4'
      diisothyocyanostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid (DIDS) did not prevent intracellular
      alkalinization from taking place. These results suggest that in the rat diaphragm
      muscle a Na(+)-dependent, amiloride-sensitive transport mechanism, perhaps Na+/H+
      exchange, plays a major role in the K(+)-induced intracellular alkalinization.
      This mechanism might account for the metabolic acidosis produced by hyperkalemia.

PMID- 2277604
TI  - Early effects of subtotal nephrectomy and food restriction on urinary calcium in
      the rat.
AB  - Urinary calcium excretion (UCa) is normal several weeks following subtotal
      nephrectomy (Nx) in the rat, despite factors such as magnified solute load per
      nephron which should promote hypercalciuria. To define the levels of UCa during
      the first few weeks after Nx and to determine if the development of compensatory
      mechanisms governing renal conservation of calcium are detectable, we measured
      UCa in Nx and sham Nx rats with matched food intake (10 g/day) from 10 days
      before through 20 days following Nx. In the sham Nx animals, UCa rose during the
      first 5 days following surgery from 27 +/- 8 to 66 +/- 5 microM/day and then
      plateaued for the remaining time. In Nx rats, UCa also rose during the first 5
      postoperative days from 23 +/- 5 to 110 +/- 10 microM/day (Nx vs. sham Nx, p less
      than 0.05), but then fell over the next 3 days to levels observed simultaneously
      in sham Nx animals. The rise in UCa after Nx, but not after sham Nx, was
      associated with a doubling of urine flow rate and increased urinary titratable
      acid excretion. In parathyroidectomized rats, UCa also rose following Nx;
      however, maximum UCa was then sustained for at least 4 days. In an additional
      sham Nx group fed 20 g/day, no increase in UCa occurred following surgery. Thus,
      hypercalciuria is present following Nx in the rat, in part possibly attributable
      to increased acid excretion. The transient nature of calciuria reflects an
      adaptive phenomenon, most likely hyperparathyroidism. Diminished food intake
      following surgery independently contributes to hypercalciuria, regardless of the
      status of renal mass.

PMID- 2277605
TI  - Respective roles of 25 hydroxy-vitamin D, PTH, phosphate and renal function for
      the 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity in primary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - Forty-three women (mean age 67 years, range 34-84 years) with primary
      hyperparathyroidism were investigated in an effort to examine the regulation of
      the 1-alpha-hydroxylase. This enzyme catalyzes the 1-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxy
      vitamin D [25(OH)vit D] to 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D [1,25(OH)2vit D]. Serum
      25(OH)vit D, 1,25(OH)2vit D, PTH, ionized calcium, phosphate and the 24-hour
      clearance of creatinine were measured. Different linear regression models were
      calculated with 1,25(OH)2vit D as the dependent variable. 25(OH)vit D was found
      to be definitely important for the regulation. The role of PTH for the
      1,25(OH)2vit D production was discussed. Both renal function and phosphate
      concentration were found to influence the 1-alpha-hydroxylation.

PMID- 2277607
TI  - Comorbidity of personality disorders: two for the price of three.
AB  - Clinicians who treat individuals with personality disorders must remain alert to
      the presence of concurrent mood disorders, anxiety disorders; or schizophrenia.
      Comorbid disorders can significantly affect a patient's presentation, treatment,
      and prognosis.

PMID- 2277606
TI  - Aminoaciduria of phosphate depletion manifests at the renal brush border
      membrane.
AB  - Vitamin-D deficiency is associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism,
      hypophosphatemia, generalized aminoaciduria, phosphaturia and, late in its
      course, hypocalcemia. The tubulopathy has been attributed to the elevated levels
      of circulating parathyroid hormone. To further delineate the mechanisms
      responsible for aminoaciduria, vitamin-D deficiency and/or phosphate depletion
      were induced by placing weanling Sprague-Dawley rats on one of the following
      diets for 5 weeks: (1) control = 0.7% P, 5.5 micrograms % vitamin D; (2) D-P- =
      0.1% P, 0 microgram % vitamin D; (3) D+P- = 0.1% P, 5.5 micrograms % vitamin D;
      (4) D-P+ = 0.3% P, 0 microgram % vitamin D, and (5) D-P++ = 0.7% P, 0 microgram %
      vitamin D. Short-term P depletion was produced in a group of animals fed D-P++
      for 4 weeks, then fed D-P- for another week. To study the effects of acute
      supplementation with a pharmacological dose of calcitriol on the transport of
      amino acids by renal brush border membrane vesicles, the latter experimental
      group received 500 pmol of calcitriol (and is known as the SUPP group), or an
      equal amount of the vehicle (and is referred to as the ETH group). The uptake of
      taurine and proline by renal brush border membrane vesicles was blunted by 50 +/-
      3 and 40 +/- 5%, respectively, at the peak of the overshoot, in all diets except
      D-P++. No changes were observed in vesicle size or Vmax.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277608
TI  - Dual diagnoses: substance abuse and personality disorders.

PMID- 2277609
TI  - Personality disorders: theory and psychotherapy.
AB  - A framework for the psychotherapeutic treatment of individuals with personality
      disorders is presented utilizing psychodynamic concepts. The therapeutic process
      is illustrated by clinical examples that show how the issue of interactive fit
      applies to each phase of treatment.

PMID- 2277610
TI  - Personality disorders: treatment of the nonpsychotic chronic patient.
AB  - Nonpsychotic chronic patients are troublesome not only because of their
      psychosocial dysfunction, cognitive and affective impairments, and behavioral
      problems but also because they fail to meet the expectations of health care
      providers. All of these conditions can cause problems of interactive fit between
      these patients and their clinicians.

PMID- 2277611
TI  - The inpatient treatment of severe personality disorders: the borderline spectrum.

PMID- 2277612
TI  - Organic disorders of personality.
AB  - Organic illnesses may produce alterations in behavior that closely resemble
      personality disorders. Careful differential diagnosis is necessary in formulating
      appropriate treatment.

PMID- 2277613
TI  - [Correlation between DNA ploidy patterns and tumor progression, prognosis, and
      tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in human esophageal cancer].
AB  - Cytophotometric DNA analyses were performed on 35 primary esophageal cancer.
      Histograms of DNA measurement were classified into three patterns (diploid
      pattern, aneuploid pattern and mosaic pattern) and were compared with
      histological findings, prognosis, and degree of lymphocytes infiltration around
      the tumor. Survival rate was worse in patients with mosaic pattern than the
      others, and 4-year survival rates of each patterns were 66.7% (diploid), 53.6%
      (aneuploid) and 25.4% (mosaic). Diploid cell line was observed frequently in the
      superficial cancers, and as the cancers infiltrated more deeply, mosaic cell line
      increased. Mosaic cell line appeared more frequently in well differentiated
      squamous cell carcinomas. In patients with mosaic pattern, there was high
      frequency of lymphnode metastasis and vascular invasion, as compared with diploid
      pattern. The rate of vascular invasion tended to increase in the following order;
      diploid, aneuploid and mosaic types. Furthermore in the diploid tumors, the
      degree of lymphocyte infiltration around tumor tended to increase. These findings
      suggest that the change of DNA content may occur frequently during tumor
      progression and may be affected by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. So the DNA
      ploid pattern will be also to be one of the conjecturable factors of the
      prognosis of esophageal cancer.

PMID- 2277614
TI  - [Preoperative assessment for the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications in
      patients with esophageal cancer].
AB  - Retrospective study was carried out to assess pulmonary complications in 50
      patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy over the last 5
      years. Spirometrical parameters such as V25 and V50/V25, which reflect small air
      way closure of the lung, were studied preoperatively and compared with the
      incidence of postoperative expectoration disorders such as atelectasis and/or
      pneumonia. All patients developed the pulmonary complications after the operation
      in following conditions: 1) V25 less than 0.3 l/sec and V50/V25 greater than 4 in
      patients without thoracotomy; 2) V25 less than 1.0 1/sec and V50/V25 greater than
      3 in patients with thoracotomy; 3) V25 less than 1.0 l/sec and V50/V25 less than
      3 with closed pattern of the V-V curve in patients with thoracotomy. Although the
      causes of postoperative pulmonary complications are multifactorial, the
      preoperative values of V25 and V50/V25 are considered to be useful indices to
      decide the optimal operative procedure and predict the postoperative pulmonary
      complications.

PMID- 2277615
TI  - [Myoelectrical appraisal of the operative procedure with preservation of the
      right gastroepiploic neurovascular peduncle in selective gastric vagotomy plus
      antrectomy].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to investigate movements of residual stomach after
      selective vagotomy plus antrectomy (SVA). Electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded
      chronically from the stomach and intestine of unanesthetized mongrel dogs using 4
      different procedures: (1) sham operation (control), (2) SVA with preservation of
      right gastroepiploic neurovascular peduncle (SV+A'), (3) SVA with peduncle
      transected (SV+A) and (4) antrectomy alone. The results were as follows: 1.
      Migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) appeared less in SVA dogs, while frequency of
      basic electric rhythm (BER) with spike potentials (SP) per MMC period in the
      duodenum was normally maintained in SV+A'. 2. Postprandial ectopic excitation
      occurred in SVA, but less frequently in SV+A' than SV+A. SV+A' dogs showed a
      slower propagation of BER than control, but percent changes from the control
      nearly equaled that of antrectomized dogs, while in SV+V it was more slowed. 3.
      Under insulin hypoglycemia, occurrence of BER with SP was normally maintained in
      SV+A' dogs, but in SV+A it had apparently decreased, suggesting that the
      cholinergic nerve fiber was in the peduncle. A comparative study was also made of
      EMG responses to insulin hypoglycemia among SV+A' dogs. The results suggested
      posterior vagal truncus carries cholinergic fibers to the right gastroepiploic
      nerve. In conclusion, preservation of the right gastroepiploic neurovascular
      peduncle had the advantage of preventing the retention of gastric contents
      following SVA.

PMID- 2277616
TI  - [A comparison of gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid
      obesity].
AB  - We evaluated the effects of gastric bypass (GB) and vertical banded gastroplasty
      (VBG) for morbid obesity. Among 44 cases of obesity, 10 cases were treated with
      GB and 34 cases were treated with VBG. The obesity index in GB group was 199 +/-
      20% preoperatively, and decreased to 136 +/- 15% at six months, 130 +/- 13% at
      one year, 131 +/- 14% at three years and 136 +/- 19% at five years
      postoperatively. On the other hand, the preoperative obesity index 212 +/- 26% in
      VBG group decreased to 149 +/- 17% at six months, 143 +/- 19% at one year and 144
      +/- 18% at three years postoperatively. Obesity index was significantly smaller
      in GB group within 2 years following surgery, however no difference was seen in
      weight reduction. Obesity-related complications were markedly relieved
      postoperatively in both groups in accordance with weight reduction. The results
      demonstrate that GB and VBG are equally effective to reduce excess weight as well
      as complications of morbid obesity.

PMID- 2277617
TI  - [Immunohistochemical studies on Lewis blood group antigens in carcinomas and
      adenomas of the sigmoid colon and rectum].
AB  - The presence of Lewis blood group antigens (Lewis(a), Lewis(b)) was determined
      immunohistochemically in 75 carcinomas and 58 adenomas of the sigmoid colon and
      rectum. 1. The rate of positive Lewis(b) staining of adult normal mucosa was 100%
      in the ascending colon, 100% in the transverse colon, 25% in the sigmoid colon
      and 30% in the rectum, respectively. The incidence of Lewis(b) was high in the
      proximal colon but low in the sigmoid colon and rectum. 2. The rate of positive
      Lewis(b) staining was 97% in cancer, 57% in adenoma and 26% in normal mucosa,
      respectively. The difference between the incidence of positive Lewis(b) staining
      in normal mucosa, and those in cancer and adenoma was significant (p less than
      0.01). 3. The rate of positive Lewis(b) staining was 42% in mild and moderate
      dysplastic adenoma and 68% in severe dysplastic adenoma. There was a significant
      difference between the percentage of Lewis(b) staining in mild or moderate
      dysplastic adenoma and that of severe dysplastic adenoma (p less than 0.05). The
      expression of Lewis(b) antigen correlated with the size of adenoma. These results
      suggest that Lewis(b) antigen has a cancer-associated nature and Lewis(b)
      staining might be useful as an indicator of malignant potential of adenoma of the
      sigmoid colon and rectum.

PMID- 2277618
TI  - [Prognostic significance of flow cytometric DNA analysis in colorectal cancer].
AB  - Significance of flow cytometric DNA analysis for assessing malignant potential
      and survival of colorectal cancer was investigated using paraffin-embedded
      materials from 144 patients with primary colorectal cancer who had been treated
      from 1971 to 1985. Forty-four percent of colorectal cancer were composed of
      diploid and 56 percent were aneuploid. DNA indices (DI) of aneuploid tumors
      showed a bimodal distribution. There was no significant correlation between
      ploidy pattern and clinicopathological factors. While, DI level showed
      significantly higher in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and in
      clinicopathological stage III and V tumors. Overall survival in the patients with
      aneuploid tumor was significantly worse than that in those with diploid tumor (p
      less than 0.001). Survival rate was poorer in the patients with aneuploid tumor
      than in those with diploid tumor, who were stratified according to categories of
      curable resection, stage, histological type, negative peritoneal or hepatic
      involvement and negative node metastases. However, there was no significant
      relation between DI and survival among the patients with aneuploid tumor. From
      these results, it was concluded that the nuclear DNA content of colorectal cancer
      may represent biological malignant potential of the disease, and that the DNA
      ploidy pattern may be an important prognostic indicator, being independent of
      clinicopathological factors.

PMID- 2277619
TI  - [A study on postoperative bile duct stricture with intrahepatic stones].
AB  - From January 1976 through December 1988 we encountered ninety nine cases of
      intrahepatic stones. Eight of them were complicated with postoperative bile duct
      strictures which were formed on cholangiojejunostomy in 5 cases,
      cholangioduodenostomy, hepatic hilum and common hepatic duct in 1 case,
      respectively. Six cases of them are anastomotic strictures. The stones were
      mainly composed of bilirubin calcium. We guessed that the bile duct stricture
      resulted from cholangiojejunostomy without Roux-en-Y in 1 case and anastomotic
      insufficiency in 5 cases. Intrahepatic stones were removed by percutaneous
      transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS), and the treatment for the stricture was
      cholangiojejunostomy in 1 case and the dilatation by PTCS in 5 cases, including 3
      endoprostheses by pig-tail silicone catheter and 2 internal-external biliary
      drainage. Two patients who did not undergo cholangioscopic dilatation died of
      sepsis due to cholangitis. Three of 5 patients who underwent endoscopic
      dilatation by PTCS could return to social life without recurrence of gallstones.
      In other two cases an endoprosthetic catheter was removed by PTCS because of
      dislodgement or obstruction of the catheter after confirming anastomotic
      strictures had improved. Authors recommended that PTCS should be applied for
      postoperative bile duct stricture complicated with intrahepatic stone.

PMID- 2277620
TI  - [Experimental study on function of regenerated splenic tissue after splenic
      autotransplantation].
AB  - To prevent postsplenectomy overwhelming sepsis, splenic autotransplantation has
      been clinically attempted. However, function of regenerated splenic tissue after
      splenic autotransplantation has not been completely understood. Changes in weigh
      of regenerated splenic tissue, splenic blood flow, splenic immune responses and
      phagocytic function were studied for one year after splenic autotransplantation
      using Sprague-Dawley rats. At one year after autotransplantation, the weight of
      regenerated splenic tissue was increased to 80% of the originally implanted
      spleen and the blood flow was increased to 80% of the control spleen. The counts
      of lymphocytes and macrophages in the regenerated splenic tissue were
      significantly low at eight weeks after transplantation, however lymphocytes was
      increased to 58.8% and macrophages was increased to 29.5% of the control spleen
      at 16 weeks after transplantation. The blast formation of splenic lymphocytes was
      lower at the early stage after transplantation, thereafter, it was increased at
      the later time after transplantation. Microangiography of the regenerated spleen
      showed new capillaries around the implanted tissue 2 weeks after transplantation.
      These results suggested that the transplanted splenic tissue was regenerated to
      the similar structure to normal spleen and immunological function was recovered
      close to the normal splenic tissue.

PMID- 2277621
TI  - [Mass-screening for breast cancer using C-mode display ultrasonography].
AB  - In order to elevate the detection rate of breast cancer in mass-screening, we
      examined whether the C-mode display ultrasonography is useful for detection of
      breast cancer. 1) Diagnostic sensitivity of C-mode ultrasonography was 88.2%,
      specificity was 66.7% and predictive value was 58.8%, respectively. 2) The
      detection rate of C0mode ultrasonography was 100% for tumors more than 5.0cm,
      87.5% for 2.0-5.0cm, 74.2% for less than 2.0cm. Especially, the diagnostic value
      of lesser than 1.0cm breast cancer was high, 66.7%. 3) In findings of C-mode
      ultrasonography, images characteristic of carcinoma can be obtained regarding
      their unclear margin (70.6%), heterogenous (88.2%) and hypoechoic (70.6%)
      internal echoes and malignant halo (61.8%). Our present data suggest that C-mode
      ultrasonography is very useful for the mass screening for breast cancer.

PMID- 2277622
TI  - [Experimental studies on canine tracheal preservation].
AB  - Thirty-five adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized and a five-ring segment of
      cervical trachea was excised. The tracheal defect was restored by end-to-end
      anastomosis. The autografts were divided into 4 groups as follows; no
      preservation (control) group (n = 4), graft preserved in Collins solution (n =
      11), graft preserved in phosphate buffered extracellular solution (Ep4) (n = 11),
      and graft preserved in physiological saline solution (n = 11) for 24 or 48 hours
      at 4 degrees C. After preservation, laparotomy was performed on the animals and
      the tracheal autograft was wrapped in the distal portion of the omentum. After 21
      days all grafts were excised and examined by macroscopically, microscopically and
      scanning electron microscopically (SEM). The changes of the epithelia glands, and
      cilia were evaluated, with each item being rated on a point scale (1-3) according
      to the degree of regeneration and summed to form a total score. The total score
      of the Collins group was significantly higher than those of the Ep4 and saline
      groups. The present data suggest that tracheal autografts can be preserved for up
      to 48 hours in each of the solutions and that Collins solution is preferable for
      use in canine tracheal preservation.

PMID- 2277623
TI  - [Hepatic artery reconstruction grafting with the right gastroepiploic artery for
      surgical treatment of upper bile duct cancer].
AB  - The right gastroepiploic artery (GEA) was used as hepatic artery graft in 2
      patients with advanced upper bile duct cancer. The pedicle, including the right
      GEA and surrounding tissues, was mobilized along greater curvature of the
      stomach. The GEA pedicle was raised up beyond the gastric pylorus and was
      anastomosed to the distal right hepatic artery by interrupted suture technique
      using 7-0 monofilament-nylon stitches. The patients recovered well without
      evidences of anastomotic dehiscence of hepatico-jejunostomy and prolonged liver
      dysfunction beyond three postoperative days. Angiograms at one week after
      operation showed good patency of the GEA graft. The method of hepatic artery
      grafting with the right GEA is very simple and useful for surgical treatment of
      upper bile duct cancer.

PMID- 2277624
TI  - [Effects on leukemia cells by high energy shock waves: preliminary report].

PMID- 2277625
TI  - [Reconstruction of the mediastinal trachea with esophageal flap--an experimental
      study: preliminary report].

PMID- 2277626
TI  - [Effect on the cell-mediated immunity of the recombinant erythropoietin after
      open heart surgery: preliminary report].

PMID- 2277627
TI  - [Correlation between expression of E-cadherin and metastases in human esophageal
      cancer: preliminary report].

PMID- 2277629
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of katG of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 and characterization of
      its product, hydroperoxidase I.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of katG from Salmonella typhimurium was determined
      revealing an open reading frame of 2181 bp that could encode a 727 amino acid
      protein. The predicted sequence of the encoded hydroperoxidase I (HPI) was found
      to be 90% similar to HPI from Escherichia coli and was one amino acid longer. The
      physical and enzymatic properties of HPI from both Salmonella typhimurium and
      Escherichia coli were found to be virtually identical despite the 10% divergence
      in sequence.

PMID- 2277628
TI  - Cloning and characterization of two tandemly arranged DNA methyltransferase genes
      of Neisseria lactamica: an adenine-specific M.NlaIII and a cytosine-type
      methylase.
AB  - The gene encoding the Neisseria lactamica III DNA methyltransferase (M.NlaIII)
      which recognizes the sequence CATG has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia
      coli. DNA sequencing of a 3.125 kb EcoRI-PstI fragment localizes the M. NlaIII
      gene to a 334 codon open reading frame (ORF) and identifies, 468 bp downstream, a
      second ORF of 313 amino acids, which is referred to as M.NlaX. Both proteins are
      detectable in the E. coli coupled in vitro transcription-translation system; they
      are apparently expressed from separate N. lactamica promoters. The N-terminal
      half of the previously characterized M.FokI, which methylates adenine in one of
      the DNA strands with its asymmetric recognition sequence (GGATG), is found to
      have 41% sequence identity and a further 11.7% sequence similarity with M.NlaIII.
      Among the conserved amino acids is the wellknown DPPY sequence motif. With one
      exception, analysis of the nucleotides coding for the DP dipeptide in all known
      DPPY sequences shows the presence of an inherent DNA adenine methylation (dam)
      recognition site of GATC. A low level of expression of M.NlaX in E. coli prevents
      the elucidation of its sequence recognition specificity. Sequence analysis of
      M.NlaX shows that it is closely related to the group of monospecific 5
      methylcytosine DNA methyltransferases (M.EcoRII, Dcm, M.HpaII and M.HhaI) which
      all have a modified cytosine at the second position of the recognition sequences.
      Both M.EcoRII and Dcm amino acid sequences are about 50% identical with M.NlaX; a
      considerable degree of sequence identity is found in the so-called variable
      region which is believed to be responsible for sequence recognition specificity.
      M.NlaX is probably the counterpart to the E. coli Dcm in N. lactamica.

PMID- 2277630
TI  - Specific truncations of an acetolactate synthase gene from Brassica napus
      efficiently complement ilvB/ilvG mutants of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The expression of an acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene isolated from the
      cruciferous plant Brassica napus was investigated in Salmonella typhimurium.
      Using an expression plasmid containing the highly active trc (trp-lac) promoter,
      several plant ALS constructs were made containing successive in-frame truncations
      from the 5' end of the coding region. Functional complementation by these plant
      ALS constructs of a S. typhimurium mutant devoid of ALS enzymic activity was
      assayed on minimal medium. Truncations which eliminated a large portion of the
      transit peptide coding sequence proved to act as efficient ALS genes in the
      bacterial host. Truncations close to the putative processing site of the plant
      protein were inactive in the complementation test. A full length copy of the
      gene, including the entire transit peptide coding region, was also inactive. The
      efficiency of the complementation, estimated by comparison to the growth rate of
      wild-type S. typhimurium, was found to correlate with levels of ALS activity in
      the transformed bacteria. Specific mutations, known to produce herbicide
      resistance in plants, were introduced into the truncated ALS coding sequence by
      site-directed mutagenesis. When expressed in bacteria these constructs conferred
      a herbicide resistance phenotype on the host. The potential of this system for
      mutagenesis and enzymological studies of plant proteins is discussed.

PMID- 2277631
TI  - N-terminal truncated forms of the bifunctional pi initiation protein express
      negative activity on plasmid R6K replication.
AB  - The replication initiation protein pi of the Escherichia coli plasmid R6K is a
      dual regulator in the control of plasmid copy number, functioning both as a
      specific initiator and inhibitor of replication. While the biochemical basis of
      these activities is not known, initiator activity requires binding of the protein
      to the seven 22 bp direct repeats within the gamma-origin region. By deleting C
      terminal segments of the pi coding region, we have found that the N-terminal
      polypeptides of pi that are produced, corresponding to the first 117 and 164
      amino acids, respectively, retain the negative activity of the bifunctional
      protein, i.e. these truncated pi proteins specifically inhibit R6K replication in
      vivo. These negatively acting polypeptides, however, are incapable of initiating
      replication in vivo and fail to bind to the gamma-origin of the R6K DNA in vitro.
      A correspondence between the observed negative activity of the N-terminal peptide
      and the negative regulatory activity of the intact pi protein is supported by the
      finding that point mutations introduced into the 164 amino acid N-terminal
      peptide that result in a decrease in its inhibitory activity also produce a
      plasmid high-copy phenotype when these mutations are incorporated into the full
      length pi protein. These findings demonstrate that the negative domain of pi
      resides in the N-terminal segment of the protein. Furthermore, the data obtained
      suggest that inhibition of R6K replication by pi does not require direct binding
      to DNA.

PMID- 2277632
TI  - A GCN4 protein recognition element is not sufficient for GCN4-dependent
      regulation of transcription in the ARO7 promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The gene ARO7 encodes the monofunctional enzyme chorismate mutase, a branch point
      enzyme in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. We investigated the transcription of the ARO7 gene. Three 5' ends at
      positions -36, -56 and -73 and the 3' end of the transcripts 146 bp downstream of
      the translational stop codon were mapped. As in the promoters of other aromatic
      amino acid biosynthetic genes, a recognition element for the GCN4 transcriptional
      activator of amino acid biosynthesis is located 425 base pairs (bp) upstream of
      the first transcriptional start point. This element binds GCN4 specifically in
      vitro. Northern analysis and determination of the specific enzyme activity
      reveals however, that the element is not sufficient to mediate transcriptional
      regulation by GCN4 in vivo. We thus suggest that in addition to a consensus
      sequence capable of binding the GCN4 protein other factors like, for example,
      chromatin structure, determine whether a recognition site for a transcription
      factor functions as an upstream activation sequence.

PMID- 2277633
TI  - A yeast mutant, PRP20, altered in mRNA metabolism and maintenance of the nuclear
      structure, is defective in a gene homologous to the human gene RCC1 which is
      involved in the control of chromosome condensation.
AB  - We report on the characterization of the yeast prp20-1 mutant. In this
      temperature-sensitive mutant, multiple steps of mRNA metabolism are affected. The
      prp20-1 mutant strain showed alterations in mRNA steady-state levels, defective
      mRNA splicing and changes in transcription initiation or termination when shifted
      from the permissive to the non-permissive temperature. In addition, a change in
      the structure of the nucleus in these cells became apparent. Electron microscopy
      revealed an altered structure of the nucleoplasm of prp20-1 mutant cells when
      grown at the non-permissive temperature that was not observed in cells grown at
      the permissive temperature or in wild-type cells. The wild-type PRP20 gene was
      isolated and sequenced. The putative PRP20 protein has a molecular weight of 52
      kDa. We found that the PRP20 gene is identical to the yeast SRM1 gene (Clark and
      Sprague 1989). In addition, the PRP20 protein sequence shows significant sequence
      similarity to the human RCC1 protein (Ohtsubo et al. 1987). This protein has been
      implicated in the control of chromosome condensation. Based on the phenotype of
      the prp20-1 mutant and the observed sequence similarity to the human RCC1
      protein, we postulate that the yeast PRP20 protein is involved in the control of
      nuclear organization.

PMID- 2277634
TI  - Light-harvesting proteins of diatoms: their relationship to the chlorophyll a/b
      binding proteins of higher plants and their mode of transport into plastids.
AB  - We have cloned and characterized members of a gene family encoding polypeptide
      constituents of the fucoxanthin, chlorophyll a/c protein complex, a light
      harvesting complex associated with photosystem II of diatoms and brown algae.
      Three cDNA clones encoding proteins associated with this complex in the diatom
      Phaeodactylum tricornutum have been isolated. As deduced from the nucleotide
      sequences, these light-harvesting proteins show homology to the chlorophyll a/b
      binding polypeptides of higher plants. Specifically, the N-terminal regions of
      the fucoxanthin, chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins are homologous to the
      chlorophyll a/b binding proteins in both the third membrane-spanning domain and
      the stroma-exposed region between membrane-spanning domains 2 and 3. Like the
      chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins, the mature fucoxanthin, chlorophyll a/c
      polypeptides have three hydrophobic alpha-helical domains which could span the
      membrane bilayer. The similarities between the two light-harvesting proteins
      might reflect the fact that both bind chlorophyll molecules and/or might be
      important for maintaining certain structural features of the complex. There is
      little similarity between the N-terminal sequences of the primary translation
      products of the fucoxanthin, chlorophyll a/c proteins and any transit sequences
      that have been characterized. Instead, the N-terminal sequences have features
      resembling those of signal sequences. Thus either transit peptides used in P.
      tricornutum show little resemblance to those of higher plants and green algae or
      the nuclear-encoded plastid proteins enter the organelle via a mechanism
      different from that used in higher plants.

PMID- 2277635
TI  - Promoter sequences from a maize pollen-specific gene direct tissue-specific
      transcription in tobacco.
AB  - A set of 5' promoter deletions from Zmg13, a genomic clone of a pollen-specific
      gene of maize, has been transcriptionally fused to a beta-glucuronidase (GUS)
      reporter gene in the binary vector pBI101. Tobacco leaf disks were transformed
      and mature plants analyzed for GUS activity directed by the Zmg13 promoter
      constructs. Transgenic plants containing the 375 bp Zmg13 sequence from -314 to
      +61 relative to the transcription start site transcribed GUS RNA and expressed
      active GUS enzyme in mature pollen but not in leaves. Plants transformed with a
      35S CaMV promoter-GUS transcriptional fusion expressed GUS RNA in leaves but not
      in pollen. Neither GUS RNA or active enzyme could be detected in pollen or leaves
      from plants containing a 124 bp Zmg13-GUS transcriptional fusion missing the
      putative Zmg13 TATA box. No GUS RNA or enzyme expression was not detected in non
      transformed tobacco. RNA and GUS histochemical analysis of the T1 generation
      confirmed that the temporal expression pattern of Zmg13-GUS transcription in
      tobacco followed that of the native gene in maize and that the Zmg13 promoter
      sequences from the maize gene are able correctly to direct genetically stable,
      tissue-specific gene expression in transgenic tobacco plants.

PMID- 2277636
TI  - Proteolytic processing of MucA protein in SOS mutagenesis: both processed and
      unprocessed MucA may be active in the mutagenesis.
AB  - The mucAB operon carried on plasmid pKM101, which is an analogue of the umuDC
      operon of Escherichia coli, is involved in UV mutagenesis and mutagenesis induced
      by many chemicals. Mutagenesis dependent on either the umuDC or mucAB operon
      requires the function of the recA gene and is called SOS mutagenesis. By treating
      the cell with agents that damage DNA, RecA protein is activated by conversion
      into a form (RecA*) that mediates proteolytic cleavage of the LexA repressor and
      derepresses the SOS genes including mucAB. Since UmuD protein is proteolytically
      processed to an active form (UmuD*) in a RecA*-dependent fashion, and MucA shares
      extensive amino acid homology with UmuD, we examined whether MucA is similarly
      processed in the cell, using antiserum against a LacZ'-'MucA fusion protein. Like
      UmuD, MucA protein is indeed proteolytically processed in a RecA*-dependent
      fashion. In recA430 strains, MucAB but not UmuDC can mediate UV mutagenesis.
      However, MucA was not processed in the recA430 cells treated with mitomycin C. We
      constructed, by site-directed mutagenesis, several mutant mucA genes that encode
      MucA proteins with alterations in the amino acids flanking the putative cleavage
      site (Ala25-Gly26). MucA(Cys25) was processed and was as mutagenically active as
      wild-type MucA; MucA(Asp26) and MucA(Cys25,Asp26) were not processed, and were
      mutagenically inactive; MucA-(Thr25) was not processed, but was mutagenically as
      active as wild-type MucA. The mutant mucA gene that encoded the putative cleavage
      product of MucA was as active as mucA+ in UV mutagenesis. These results raise the
      possibility that both the nascent MucA and the processed product are active in
      mutagenesis.

PMID- 2277637
TI  - Regulation of a stylar transmitting tissue-specific gene in wild-type and
      transgenic tomato and tobacco.
AB  - We have characterized a gene, 9612, that is expressed predominantly in the styles
      of tomato pistils according to a tightly regulated temporal program. 9612 RNA
      levels were maximal in mature pistils from flowers at anthesis, with transcripts
      undetectable in pistils from flowers collected 5-7 days prior to anthesis. In
      situ localization of mRNA in tissue sections showed that expression of the gene
      is confined in the pistil to the outer five cell layers of the strands of
      transmitting tissue within the upper two-thirds of the style. The maximal levels
      of 9612 RNA detected in anthers and vegetative organs were more than 50-fold and
      250-fold lower than the level in pistils, respectively. A homolog to the 9612
      gene was detected in tobacco and was also found to be expressed predominantly in
      the style. The ability of the 5' flanking region of the tomato gene to
      appropriately regulate expression of a heterologous coding sequence was examined
      in transformed tomato and tobacco plants. In contrast to results with previously
      described regulated genes, the 9612 promoter functions correctly in the pistils
      of tomato plants, but fails to direct correct expression in tobacco plants. The
      sequence of the 9612 cDNA includes an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide
      of 404 amino acids with a highly hydrophobic amino-terminal region that may
      represent a signal peptide.

PMID- 2277638
TI  - Positive and negative regulation of expression of the L-sorbose (sor) operon by
      SorC in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - In Klebsiella pneumoniae the gene products involved in the degradation of the
      ketose L-sorbose are encoded in the sor operon. It comprises, besides structural
      genes for uptake and catabolism, a promoter-proximal gene sorC, encoding a
      protein SorC of Mr 40 kDa, for which no enzymatic function has been detected. All
      sor genes are coordinately expressed and inducible by L-sorbose. Polar insertions
      and frameshift mutations in sorC cause a pleiotropic negative effect on the
      expression of all other sor genes. This defect is complemented in trans by the
      wild-type sorC+ allele for frameshift mutations, but not for polar insertions. A
      single promoter for all sor genes, for which SorC is the activator, thus seems to
      be located in front of sorC. The repressor activity of SorC was demonstrated by
      complementation of constitutive sorC alleles with a sorC+ allele leading to
      inducible expression of all sor genes, including sorC, which, as visualized by
      the use of a series of lacZ fusions, thus autoregulates its expression, both as
      an activator and a repressor.

PMID- 2277640
TI  - The yeast mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase is a splicing factor for the
      excision of several group I introns.
AB  - The Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear gene NAM2 codes for mitochondrial leucyl
      tRNA synthetase (mLRS). Herbert et al. (1988, EMBO J 7:473-483) proposed that
      this protein is involved in mitochondrial RNA splicing. Here we present the
      construction and analyses of nine mutations obtained by creating two-codon
      insertions within the NAM2 gene. Three of these prevent respiration while
      maintaining the mitochondrial genome. These three mutants: (1) display in vitro a
      mLRS activity ranging from 0%-50% that of the wild type: (2) allow in vivo the
      synthesis of several mitochondrially encoded proteins; (3) prevent the synthesis
      of the COXII protein but not of its mRNA; (4) abolish the splicing of the group I
      introns bI4 and aI4; and (5) affect significantly the excision of the group I
      introns bI2, bI3 and aI3. Importation of the bI4 maturase from the cytoplasm into
      mitochondria in a nam2- mutant strain does not restore the excision of the
      introns bI4 and aI4 implying that the splicing deficiency does not result from
      the absence of the bI4 maturase. We conclude that the mLRS is a splicing factor
      essential for the excision of the group I introns bI4 and aI4 and probably
      important for the excision of other group I introns.

PMID- 2277639
TI  - Analysis of the haemolysin secretion system by PhoA-HlyA fusion proteins.
AB  - We studied the efficiency of the pHly152-derived haemolysin transport system
      using PhoA-HlyA fusion proteins and different constructs which provide HlyB/HlyD
      in trans. The optimal C-terminal HlyA signal consists of the last 60 amino acids.
      Longer stretches of HlyA do not improve the transport efficiency of PhoA-HlyA
      fusion proteins. The introduction of deletions and/or replacements in the 60
      amino acid HlyA signal domain revealed at least three functional regions with
      different degrees of specificity. Amino acids 1-21 (numbered from the N-terminal
      part of the 60 amino acid HlyA signal), termed region I, could be replaced by a
      Pro-containing peptide. The other two regions II and III (amino acids 22-40 and
      41-60, respectively) seem to interact directly with the HlyB/HlyD translocator
      since a PhoA fusion protein which contains either of the two regions was still
      secreted in a HlyB/HlyD-dependent mode, albeit at low efficiency. An efficient
      trans-complementing HlyB/HlyD system was only obtained from the pHLy152-encoded
      hly determinant when the regulatory hlyR element was provided in cis. Secretion
      of the PhoA-HlyA fusion protein did not interfere with the secretion of HlyA even
      when the fusion protein was induced to a high level. This suggests that the
      capacity of the HlyB/HlyD translocation system is high and not normally saturated
      by its natural HlyA substrate.

PMID- 2277641
TI  - Detection of a protein encoded by a class II mitochondrial intron of Podospora
      anserina.
AB  - In the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina, the amplification as circular DNA
      molecules of the first intron (intron alpha) of the CO1 mitochondrial gene,
      encoding the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1, is known to be strongly associated
      with aging of strains. In this study we have attempted to detect the protein
      potentially encoded by the open reading frame (ORF) contained in this intron.
      This was done by the Western blot technique using specific antisera raised
      against three polypeptides encoded by three non-overlapping fragments of this ORF
      adapted to the universal code and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. We examined
      about thirty independent subclones of Podospora derived from two different
      geographic races (A, s), using wild-type and mutant strains, young and senescent
      cultures. A 100 kDa polypeptide, encoded by the class II intron alpha, was
      detected in five senescent subclones which all showed strong amplification of the
      intronic alpha sequence (Sen DNA alpha).

PMID- 2277642
TI  - A chromosomal linkage map of Azotobacter vinelandii.
AB  - A chromosomal map of Azotobacter vinelandii strain UW was constructed. The map
      was based on measures of cotransfer of various markers mediated by plasmids
      R68.45 and pJB3JI, on results obtained from conjugal experiments with R-primes,
      and on recombinants obtained by chromosomal transfer mediated by RP4/Tn5-Mob.

PMID- 2277643
TI  - Induction of "General Control" and thermotolerance in cdc mutants of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - In Saccharomyces cerevisiae starvation for a single amino acid activates the
      transcription of a set of genes belonging to different amino acid biosynthetic
      pathways (General Control, GC). We show that mutants affected in GC regulation
      are also affected in their response to thermal stress. Moreover, growth
      conditions that are known to induce heat shock proteins induce the GC response.
      However, unlike heat shock proteins, the transcriptional activator of GC, GCN4,
      is not induced after a short exposure to heat, and in gcn mutant strains
      induction of heat resistance is normal.

PMID- 2277644
TI  - An electrophoretic karyotype of Aspergillus niger.
AB  - An electrophoretic karyotype of Aspergillus niger was obtained using contour
      clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis. Chromosome-sized
      DNA was separated into four bands. Seven of the eight linkage groups could be
      correlated with specific chromosomal bands. For this purpose DNA preparations
      from seven transformant strains of A. niger each carrying the heterologous amdS
      gene of Aspergillus nidulans on a different chromosome were analysed. Some of the
      assignments were confirmed with linkage group-specific A. niger probes. The
      estimated sizes of the A. niger chromosome range from 3.5 to 6.6 Mb, based on gel
      migration relative to the chromosomes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains,
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae and A. nidulans. The total genome size of A. niger
      significantly exceeds that of A. nidulans and is estimated to be about 35.5-38.5
      Mb. Electrophoretic karyotyping was used to allocate non-mutant rRNA genes and to
      estimate the number of plasmids integrated in a high copy number transformant.

PMID- 2277646
TI  - Interaction of an immature seed-specific trans-acting factor with the 5' upstream
      region of a rice glutelin gene.
AB  - The 5' flanking region of a glutelin gene was analyzed for interactions with
      nuclear proteins from immature rice seed. The specific region between positions 
      272 and -99 was shown to interact with nuclear proteins from immature seeds, but
      not with those of leaves and roots. Methylation interference experiments revealed
      that one factor interacted with a specific sequence element between positions 
      130 and -120 relative to the transcriptional start site. The sequence specificity
      of this DNA-protein interaction was confirmed by competition experiments using
      synthetic oligonucleotides. By using a synthetic oligonucleotide as a probe it
      was also shown that the binding activity was closely correlated with the mRNA
      levels of this gene during seed maturation.

PMID- 2277645
TI  - Isolation and molecular analysis of the orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase gene
      (pyrG) of Phycomyces blakesleeanus.
AB  - The pyrG gene of Phycomyces was isolated from a Phycomyces genomic library,
      constructed in the cosmid pHS255, by hybridization with a 170 bp fragment of the
      pyrG gene of Aspergillus niger. This fragment includes a consensus sequence found
      in almost all species in which the orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase
      (OMPdecase) gene has been sequenced. The complete nucleotide sequence of the
      cloned pyrG gene from Phycomyces was determined and the transcription start sites
      mapped. In the predicted amino acid sequence there are regions of strong homology
      to the equivalent genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, A. niger, Schizophyllum
      commune and Homo sapiens. Analysis of the sequence revealed the presence of two
      introns. The precise length and location of these introns was determined by
      sequencing the pyrG cDNA and comparing it with the genomic clone. Non-coding
      flanking regions showed obvious homology to the consensus TATA and CAAT boxes,
      and the polyadenylation signal "AATAAA". The pyrG gene is the second Phycomyces
      gene that has been cloned and analysed. This is the first time that introns have
      been reported in Phycomyces.

PMID- 2277647
TI  - Development of a homologous transformation system for Aspergillus parasiticus
      with the gene encoding nitrate reductase.
AB  - The nitrate reductase structural gene (niaD) and an niaD mutant strain were
      isolated from Aspergillus parasiticus and used to develop a homologous
      transformation system. A transformation frequency of 110 to 120 transformants per
      microgram linear DNA was obtained with the 10.9 kb plasmid pSL82, which contained
      the niaD gene of A. parasiticus. Plasmid pSL82 was also capable of complementing
      Aspergillus nidulans FGSC A691, a niaD mutant, though at lower frequencies.
      Southern hybridization analyses of A. parasiticus niaD transformants showed that
      the niaD gene of pSL82 had integrated into the fungal genome. In addition, vector
      (bacterial plasmid) sequences were also present in one of the niaD transformants.

PMID- 2277649
TI  - Defining roles in the dialysis unit: a historical perspective.

PMID- 2277648
TI  - Sequence analysis of two null-mutant alleles of the single Arabidopsis Adh locus.
AB  - Data presented in this paper deal with a further molecular characterization of 2
      out of 32 EMS-induced Arabidopsis ADH null mutants that we isolated previously.
      In order to localize and characterize each mutation at the molecular level, we
      have cloned and completely sequenced the R002 and R006 null mutant alleles. For
      mutant R002, which does not contain any detectable levels of ADH protein and
      mRNA, we have found that the mutation is due to a single C to T base pair
      substitution in the reading frame; this leads to the incorporation of a TAG stop
      codon (amber nonsense mutation). For mutant R006, which contains normal levels of
      inactive protein and mRNA levels, we found a G to A base pair transition. This
      gives rise to a Cys to Tyr amino acid substitution in the active site of the ADH
      enzyme.

PMID- 2277651
TI  - How a user-friendly water treatment layout can benefit quality control.

PMID- 2277650
TI  - Untangling the regulatory requirements to dialysate--Part I.

PMID- 2277652
TI  - Quality of Life Award--a difficult choice.

PMID- 2277653
TI  - Epidural opiate analgesia for postoperative pain prevention.

PMID- 2277654
TI  - Post traumatic anal incontinence.
AB  - A study of twenty-nine patients suffering from post-traumatic anal incontinence
      is presented. Twenty-eight patients had reconstructive surgery with a 96% overall
      success rate. Careful patient selection, preoperative evaluation and preparation,
      meticulous surgical technique and careful postoperative management insure a
      successful therapeutic result.

PMID- 2277655
TI  - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): CT, MRI, and histopathology
      correlation.

PMID- 2277656
TI  - [The parasellar osteo-dural chamber and the vascular and neural elements that
      traverse it. An anatomical concept that would replace the cavernous sinus of
      classical anatomy].
AB  - On each side of the sella turcica, because of the existence of vascular and
      nervous elements, the two aspects of the parasellar segment of the tentorium
      cerebelli diverge and with the wall of the sphenoid bone form an extradural
      lodge. In this space are included a venous pathway (the cavernous sinus of the
      classics), the internal carotid artery and the three oculo-motor cranial nerves.
      The venous pathway is a plexus of small sized veins, mainly draining the orbital
      blood, and has neighborhood relations with the carotid. The morphology of the
      region and the relations of the internal carotid artery and the cranial nerves
      with the dura propria are the result of the embryonnic development of the brain
      and the formation of the anterior and middle cerebral fossae. In the parasellar
      space the cranial nerves have a dural sheath as well as a leptomeningeal one.
      Nerves III and IV are very close to the lateral wall explaining its multilayered
      aspect. The internal carotid artery, extradural in its parasellar segment, at the
      level of the anterior clinoid process, is involved by dura propria to become
      intradural (the artery does not pierce the dura). Because of the adhesion of the
      dura propria to the intracranial periosteum the artery is attached to the bone
      whereas in its extradural and intradural segments it has some mobility. Recent
      studies have confirmed and completed this topographical concept, first presented
      in 1949, allowing successful approaches to vascular and tumorous lesions
      considered inoperable.

PMID- 2277657
TI  - [The value of a computer tomography scanner and controlled arteriography in the
      study of the results of aneurysm surgery. A series of 100 consecutive cases].
AB  - A total of 100 consecutive patients, (93 with ruptured aneurysms, 7 with
      asymptomatic aneurysms) were managed following a radio clinical investigation
      protocol. Preoperative evaluation included clinical grading (Hunt and Hess) (20
      patients were GR I, 43 GR II, 19 GR III, 9 GR IV and 9 GR V) angiography and
      CTScan grading. The timing of surgery was determined according to angiographic,
      clinical and CTScan data: 73.2% of ruptured aneurysms were operated on between
      Day 0 and Day 3. Control angiography and control CT were performed 10-12 days
      after surgery (earlier in case of clinical deterioration). Post operative CTScan
      hypodensities were evaluated according to preoperative CT, preoperative
      angiography and post operative angiography: 32 hypodensities (8 without any
      symptom) were related to initial hemorrhage, vasospasm or post surgical
      thrombosis. In five cases the etiology was dobble. Angiographic control data
      showed 18 cases of vasospasm and 12 cases of post surgical thrombosis. We did not
      find any complication due to the control angiography. The outcome was classified
      according to the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS): of 82 GR I.II.III (H & H) cases,
      the outcome was 73 GOS 1-2 cases, 3 GOS 3 Cases, 1 GOS 4 case and 5 GOS 5 cases.
      of 18 GR IV.V (H & H) cases, the outcome was 4 GOS 1-2 cases, 1 GOS 3 case, 1 GOS
      4 case and 12 GOS 5 cases. In 28 GOS 2-3-4-5 cases, the cause of disability or
      death was under the main responsibility of the initial hemorrhage 13 times, of a
      thrombosis 11 times, of the vasospasm 4 times with associated non neurological
      problems in seven cases. When the control angiography is not performed and when
      the thrombosis is unrecognized sequellae or death can be erroneously attributed
      in many cases to the sole vasospasm or to the initial hemorrhage.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277659
TI  - [Orbital and/or zygomatic removal in an approach to lesions near the cranial
      base. Surgical technic, anatomic study and analysis of a series of 24 cases].
AB  - The authors describe the technique of removal of the orbital rim, the zygomatic
      arch and the combination of both, i.e., the orbito-zygomatic arch. Then they give
      the summary of an anatomical study in human cadavers (13 approaches), measuring
      the field view angle (F.V.A.) of various intra-cranial targets in the vicinity of
      the skull base after orbital and/or zygomatic removal associated to fronto
      temporal craniotomy. Thanks to orbital and/or zygomatic removal, F.V.A. was
      increased on average, by 75% in the sub-frontal approach, 46% in the pterional
      approach, and 86% in the sub-temporal approach. Finally the authors illustrate
      the usefulness of these combined approaches in a series of 24 cases of various
      difficult lesions located in the vicinity of the skull base, operated on during
      the last 3 years.

PMID- 2277658
TI  - [The prognosis of medulloblastoma in adults].
AB  - We studied retrospectively the series of 24 patients (17 men, 7 women), median
      age 25.5 years (range: 16-57), operated upon for a cerebellar medulloblastoma
      from March 1979 to June 1988. The tumors were diagnosed for all the patients by
      C.T. scan and by M.R. imaging for the six last patients. Seven tumors (29.2%)
      were located in the fourth ventricle, 2 in the vermis (8.3%), 9 in the cerebellar
      hemisphere (37.5%), 5 in the vermis and cerebellar hemisphere (20.8%). One
      patient had a diffuse infiltration of the cerebellum. All patients have been
      operated on (complete removal: 15 patients (62.5%), subtotal removal: 8 patients
      (33.3%), biopsy: 1 patient). Operative mortality was 8.3% (2/24). One patient
      died at two months from septicemia. The twenty-one surviving patients received
      radiotherapy. Twelve patients received both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Six
      patients (25%) died during the follow up at 17, 22, 24, 60, 84 and 85 months. One
      patient is lost to follow up at 45 months and 13 patients are living at the
      closing date (June 1989). For the total group (n = 24) the probability of
      survival at 5 years was 64.8% (C.I. 95%: 42.8%-86.8%). Among the 21 patients who
      received radiotherapy alone or radiotherapy and chemotherapy the probability of
      survival at 5 years was 74.4% (C.I. 95%: 52.2%-96.7%). We studied the following
      predictors of poor outcome: age, sex, prognosis subgroups as defined by Chang et
      Coll., extension of tumor removal, adjunction of chemotherapy, histology. None of
      these factors was statistically related to the survival duration.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277660
TI  - [Edematous cerebellar infarction. A clinico-pathological study of 16 cases].
AB  - Sixteen cases of cerebellar infarction with brain stem compression and tonsillar
      herniation were studied post-mortem. None was operated. Cardiac embolism was the
      most common cause (75% of the cases). Infarction involved the superior cerebellar
      artery territory in 8 cases, and multiple cerebellar artery territories
      (including in each case the posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory) in 8
      cases. It involved the cerebellum only in 10 cases. In the 6 other cases, it was
      associated with an infarct in the paramedian territory of the brain stem. The
      oedematous swelling was linked to the large size, the rostral site and the
      embolic causes of the infarct. Cases with massive infarction of the brain stem
      differed from others by severe motor weakness of the limbs in 5 cases and a deep
      coma in the 6th. On the contrary, only one of the 10 cases with lone cerebellar
      infarct had a mild hemiparesis. Thus, when a hemi- or tetraplegia occurred in the
      course of an oedematous cerebellar infarction, an associated massive paramedian
      infarction of the pons must be suspected rather than a brain stem compression.
      This can be taken into account when a surgical treatment is discussed.

PMID- 2277662
TI  - [The Laitinen stereo-adapter: use in cerebral fractionated irradiation under
      stereotaxic technics].

PMID- 2277661
TI  - [Extradural intracavernous epidermoid cyst. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - The authors report two cases of intracranial, extradural, intracavernous
      epidermoid cyst. In one case the cyst was ruptured into the subarachnoid space
      and in the substance of the temporal lobe. The two cysts had to be subtotally
      resected because of dense adherences with the internal carotid artery. In both
      cases the post-operative periods were uneventful.

PMID- 2277663
TI  - The influence of the probability of random performance of a reaction to be
      developed on the rate of formation of an instrumental reflex.
AB  - An instrumental defense reflex of pedal pressing during the action of a
      conditional signal (light) was developed in rats. The process of learning given a
      varying probability of the random performance of the instrumental reaction, p(a),
      which depends in particular on the duration of the intervals between the action
      of the conditional stimulus, was studied. It was shown that the rate of formation
      of a conditioned reflex is higher for p(a) = 0.25 than for p(a) = 0.05. The rate
      of formation of the conditioned reflex also depends on the frequency of the
      positive reinforcement of the correct reactions (from 50 to 100%). With a high
      p(a), the rate of formation of the reflex in question does not depend on the
      frequency of reinforcement of the positive responses; a feedback relationship is
      observed in the case of a low p(a). The hypothesis is advanced that not only does
      the behavior itself change the probability of contact with the external object
      but the original (a priori) probability substantially influences the formation of
      the behavior as well.

PMID- 2277664
TI  - Prolonged changes in synaptic efficiency and cellular excitability during
      learning.
AB  - A temporal analysis of changes in the response of the pyramidal tract using a
      model of prolonged potentiation revealed the substantial role of the mechanism of
      the heightening of total excitability of the cell at the initial stage of the
      formation of trace processes (an analog of the "dominant") which apparently
      promote the greater strengthening of the underlying mechanism of the CR, namely,
      the increase in the efficiency of synaptic associations. In the development of a
      CR in response to the stimulation of two points of the cortex, the increase in
      cell excitability was more marked in those experiments in which reinforcement was
      supplemented by the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, stimulation
      eliciting an alimentary reaction. These data make it possible to consider
      membrane plasticity as a cortical mechanism of the motivational component of
      reinforcement, a mechanism determining the dominant properties of the stage of
      generalization of the CR.

PMID- 2277665
TI  - The influence of microiontophoretic application of acetylcholine on the formation
      of conditioned reactions of neurons of the motor cortex.
AB  - The activity of neurons of the motor cortex with simultaneous application to them
      of acetylcholine was recorded in awake rabbits in the process of the development
      of a conditioned defense reflex. The conditioned reflex changes were found
      primarily in cholinosensitive neurons. It was shown that iontophoretic
      application of the mediator promotes the establishment of the conditioned
      neuronal responses and leads to an increase in their magnitude as compared with
      reactions recorded in the absence of acetylcholine. It is hypothesized that the
      influence of acetylcholine on the conditioned reflex cellular process is
      accomplished through an effect on the state of excitability of the cortical
      neurons.

PMID- 2277666
TI  - Monosynaptic connection: identifiable synapses in the CNS of the edible snail.
AB  - The microanatomy of the pre- and postsynaptic neurons and the structure of the
      monosynaptic connection LPa7-LPa3 are described on the basis of planar
      reconstruction of sections of preparations of the CNS of the edible snail with
      neurons marked by heavy metal salts. Some physiological features of the
      presynaptic neuron and the monosynaptic connection were studied. The criteria for
      the identification of the LPa7 neuron according to its position in the ganglion,
      to the physiological reaction of LPa3, and to its microanatomy were determined.
      The position in the ganglion of three other neurons which form monosynaptic
      connections with LPa3 is described. The plasticity of the LPa7-LPa3 connection is
      demonstrated. The possibility of the realization of plasticity through the
      cutting off of individual synapses composing the connection is hypothesized. The
      results of 65 experiments on the identification of LPa7, the physiological
      characteristics of this cell, and its monosynaptic connection with LPa3, are
      summarized in this study. One preparation with a monosynaptic connection is
      reconstructed.

PMID- 2277667
TI  - The activity of neurons of the sensorimotor cortex of the rabbit with constant
      and partial reinforcement of a defensive reflex.

PMID- 2277668
TI  - Long-lasting post-tetanic potentiation in the sensorimotor cortex of the awake
      rabbit.

PMID- 2277670
TI  - Features of glial growth in tissue cultures of rat cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2277669
TI  - The reaction of neurons of the amygdaloid complex in the dynamics of the estrous
      cycle.

PMID- 2277671
TI  - The recovery of locomotion following partial extirpation of the motor cortex and
      transplantation of cortical tissue in the white rat.
AB  - The changes in the parameters of locomotion in three groups of white rats at ages
      from 5 to 16 weeks were investigated in this study: 1) following unilateral
      extirpation of an area of cerebral cortex in the zone of the motor representation
      of the hind limb at the age of 5 weeks; 2) following homotypical transplantation
      of cortical tissue from newborn rats to the zone of decortication at the same
      age; 3) intact animals of the same litters (control). An age-related increase in
      the step length took place in the rats of all groups. By contrast with the intact
      rats, in which the increase in the values of the step length and width took place
      smoothly over the course of the entire period, a lag in the locomotion parameters
      investigated was observed in the operated animals. After two to five weeks the
      features of recovery were already observed in the grafted rats, while a tendency
      toward an alteration in the character of the gait was detected after 9 to 11
      weeks: their step length exceeded that of both the operated and intact rats.
      Histological control confirmed the taking of all grafts without signs of
      rejection or necrotic changes. The possible mechanisms of participation of
      endogenous and exogenous factors in the elimination of the hemiparetic sequelae
      are discussed.

PMID- 2277673
TI  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a disease of growing importance in urban population
      groups.

PMID- 2277674
TI  - Fusarium and the immunocompromised host: liaisons dangeureuses.

PMID- 2277672
TI  - Method of visual evoked potentials in the assessment of the condition of the
      central nervous systems in newborns.

PMID- 2277675
TI  - Pott's disease in urban populations. A report of five cases and a review of the
      literature.
AB  - Five patients were treated at the Queens Hospital Center between 1987 and 1989
      for tuberculosis of the spine. All were members of low socioeconomic status
      minority groups: four were black and one was Asian. Three were intravenous drug
      abusers and were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), one was
      homeless and suffering from alcoholism, and one had just arrived in the United
      States from a region in Asia endemic for tuberculosis. All three HIV positive
      patients had negative tuberculin skin test results, had no radiographic signs of
      pulmonary involvement, and were anemic on presentation; one of them had a bone
      marrow biopsy that was positive for acid-fast bacilli. Since there may be a
      prolonged delay without significant radiographic findings, a high index of
      suspicion is necessary to make the diagnosis of tuberculosis of the spine.

PMID- 2277676
TI  - Prevalence and characteristics of violent patients in a general hospital.
AB  - A survey was conducted in an inner city general hospital to determine the
      prevalence and characteristics of violent patients. The patients were evaluated
      by psychiatrists in the psychiatric emergency and psychiatric consultation
      services during a six-month period, and in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) consultation service during a one-year period. Of 1,506 patients seen in
      the psychiatric emergency service, 103 (6.8%) exhibited violent behavior. The
      majority of these patients were diagnosed as having schizophrenic disorder or
      substance abuse disorder. Of 390 patients seen in the psychiatric consultation
      service, 17 (4.4%) were evaluated for violent behavior. The majority of these
      were diagnosed as having organic mental disorder or personality disorder. Of 256
      patients seen by the AIDS consultation service, 11 (4.3%) were evaluated for
      violent behavior, of which seven patients were diagnosed as having organic mental
      disorder and four as having adjustment disorder. The authors conclude that
      violent behavior in their institution was not as prevalent as previously
      believed.

PMID- 2277677
TI  - Multiple addictions: co-synchronous use of alcohol and drugs.

PMID- 2277678
TI  - Central nervous system malignancies in children.

PMID- 2277679
TI  - Disseminated infection caused by Fusarium solani in a patient with aplastic
      anemia.

PMID- 2277680
TI  - Carcinoma of the lung presenting with spontaneous pneumothorax.

PMID- 2277681
TI  - A large pericardial effusion in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus type
      1.

PMID- 2277682
TI  - Upper airway obstruction due to Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.

PMID- 2277683
TI  - Combining parenthood and practice.

PMID- 2277684
TI  - Fibrous disease of the breast in juvenile diabetes.

PMID- 2277685
TI  - Birth outcomes in New York State.

PMID- 2277686
TI  - Pesticide poisoning a reportable disease in New York.

PMID- 2277687
TI  - Long term study of AIDS focuses on disease progression and therapeutic
      alternatives.

PMID- 2277688
TI  - Immunoscintigraphy with 111In antimyosin Fab.
AB  - Monoclonal 111In antimyosin Fab is a marker for myocytes which have lost their
      membrane integrity. Because of the slow blood pool clearance of the
      radiopharmaceutical, imaging is usually started 24-48 h after intravenous
      injection of 74 MBq of the tracer. This long postinjection interval restricts its
      utilization in the primary diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. However,
      antimyosin may help to differentiate between necrotic and viable myocardium in
      the subacute stage of incomplete myocardial infarction. Serial endomyocardial
      biopsy for early detection of transplant rejection after heart transplantation
      may be partially replaced or supplemented by antimyosin scintigraphy. The
      compound may facilitate the diagnosis of myocarditis. Other potential indications
      may be prognostic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy, monitoring cardiotoxic
      side-effects of chemotherapeutics, recognition of cardiac contusion as well as
      diagnosis of rhabdo- and leiomyosarcoma. In specific clinical situations 111In
      antimyosin Fab immunoscintigraphy may provide valuable diagnostic information.

PMID- 2277690
TI  - Evaluation of bile duct complications after orthotopic liver transplantation by
      hepatobiliary scanning.
AB  - A new radiopharmaceutical for hepatobiliary scanning, 99Tcm Iodida, which has
      significant advantages in patients with high bilirubinaemia, was used to assess
      biliary tract complications in 30 consecutive liver transplant patients. There
      was adequate hepatic extraction and excretion for diagnostic imaging even in
      patients with serum bilirubin levels up to 877 mumol l-1 (51.6 mg dl-1). Twelve
      out of 12 cases (100%) without any biliary complication were correctly diagnosed.
      Extrahepatic obstruction was recognized in 5 out of 7 cases (71%). In one case
      the scintigraphic findings showed no perfusion of the transplanted liver caused
      by vascular thrombosis due to acute rejection. One small biliary leak was missed.
      The correct diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis was made in 3 out of 9
      patients. However six equivocal studies were observed in profoundly jaundiced
      patients with bilirubin levels above 400 mumol l-1 due to difficulties in
      differentiating extrahepatic obstruction from severe intrahepatic cholestasis.
      Quantitative analysis of the kinetics of 99Tcm Iodida may permit better
      discrimination between the wide variety of disease in the posttransplant period.

PMID- 2277689
TI  - Localization of inflammation with 111In IgG and 99Tcm albumin colloid labelled
      leukocytes in a rabbit model.
AB  - Localization of inflammation with two recently described radiotracers, 111In
      labelled polyclonal IgG and 99Tcm albumin colloid labelled leukocytes (Tc-WBC),
      was studied. Accumulation of activity was compared with 111In-labelled leukocytes
      (In-WBC) using 131I human serum albumin as a control. Ratios of activity in a
      chemically induced abscess in the thigh of rabbits compared with normal muscle
      tissue were measured. The results showed that all agents localize in inflammation
      but Tc-WBC consistently localizes to a greater degree than the other agents. At 2
      h the inflammed-to-normal ratios for Tc-WBC were 4, IgG 2.1, albumin 1.9 and In
      WBC 1.7. The pattern of the ratios remained similar over the 18 h period of the
      study. The short time in which leukocytes can be labelled and the quality of the
      images obtained suggest that Tc-WBC imaging is the method of choice for this
      model.

PMID- 2277691
TI  - The evaluation of a gastric bile probe.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to validate a new technique for measuring
      duodenogastric bile reflux in the human subject. A custom built cadmium telluride
      gamma detector (Radiation Monitoring Devices, Mass), small enough to be passed
      into the oesophagus and stomach, was developed and tested for sensitivity to
      99Tcm and 75Se radioisotopes. When immersed in radiolabelled water, the detector
      was capable of measuring gamma radiation in quantities as low as 0.1 microCi
      (0.0037 MBq) per ml. Two patients (A and B) with endoscopically proven bile
      reflux, and three normal volunteers (C, D and E) underwent oesophageal manometry
      to map the position of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS). The gamma probe was
      passed via the nose, to a position in the gastric fundus, 5 cm below the LOS.
      Each subject was placed supine under a gamma camera (Siemens LFOV 37 ZLC head),
      centred on the epigastrium. A 4 mCi (148 MBq) dose of radiolabelled 99Tcm-HIDA
      was administered intravenously, and simultaneous internal/external scanning was
      performed for between 45 and 90 min. Internal gamma probe data was transferred by
      a screened cable to a Memolog 600 portable recorder, using a 5 s counting
      interval, and from the gamma camera to a Nodecrest Micas III computer, using a 15
      s counting interval. Gamma camera counts from a region of interest over the
      fundus of the stomach were then correlated with counts from the internal probe
      using a linear regression analysis program on the Nodecrest. The internal gamma
      probe functioned well at body temperature in the acidic gastric environment.
      Radiolabelled bile refluxed into the stomach during HIDA scanning in three out of
      the five subjects (one patient and two normal volunteers). There was a strong
      correlation between internal and external gamma counts (A, r = +0.79; C, r =
      +0.53; E, r = +0.54; P greater than 0.01). In the other two cases, there was no
      bile reflux, but still a significant correlation between internal and external
      gamma counts (B, r = +0.89; D, r = +0.75; P greater than 0.01). The mean
      correlation coefficient for the series of five cases was +0.70. We conclude
      firstly that the newly developed internal gamma detector is capable of measuring
      the reflux of radiolabelled bile into the human stomach and, secondly, that bile
      reflux may occur in normal subjects as well as those with upper gastrointestinal
      pathology.

PMID- 2277692
TI  - The radiation dosimetry of 99Tcm-exametazime.
AB  - The biodistribution of the regional cerebral perfusion imaging agent, 99Tcm
      exametazime, has been studied with volunteer subjects at Aberdeen, Homburg,
      Manchester and Milan. Data from these studies have been pooled and analysed to
      formulate a kinetic biodistribution model, allowing estimation of time integrals
      of activity in various body organs. Estimates of radiation dose to humans
      injected with this material have been made by applying the MIRD formalism to
      these data. The highest doses occur to the lachrymal glands, gallbladder and
      kidneys (33, 27 and 18 mSv, respectively, per 500 MBq administered.) The
      lachrymal glands were visualized in only 6 of the 26 volunteer studies. The
      effective dose equivalent, for the worst case individual, is 8.3 mSv. In the
      majority of subjects where there was no uptake in the lachrymal gland, the
      effective dose equivalent reduces to 6.9 mSv.

PMID- 2277693
TI  - Conversion of an old gamma camera to a bone mineral densitometer.
AB  - A 1974-vintage 25 cm field of view gamma camera was converted to a bone mineral
      densitometer using a purpose-built converging collimator with attached C-arm
      holding a 250 mCi gadolinium (Gd) 153 source. After addition of a second pulse
      height analyser, increasing the high voltage gain and connecting to a digital
      computer, spinal and hip bone mineral density measurements were made. Accuracy of
      2% and long-term reproducibility of 2.7% were obtained using an anthropomorphic
      bone phantom. For lumbar spine measurements in normal volunteers, long-term
      reproducibility was 3.2% and for osteoporotic (spinal fracture) patients (mean
      density 831 mg cm-2) reproducibility was 3.7%.

PMID- 2277695
TI  - Innovative products and services improve all aspects of job health.

PMID- 2277694
TI  - Team uses two tests to evaluate performance of 62 spirometers.

PMID- 2277696
TI  - Adequately insulated gloves, boots vital for working in extreme cold.

PMID- 2277697
TI  - Proper glove selection can help reduce costs and hand injuries.

PMID- 2277698
TI  - [Supportive care for cancer patients].

PMID- 2277699
TI  - [Oral pain therapy with morphine].

PMID- 2277701
TI  - [Aspects of suicide].

PMID- 2277700
TI  - [Pain in the patient and in his caregivers].

PMID- 2277702
TI  - [The significance of diabetes education in diabetes therapy].

PMID- 2277703
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery for malunited intra-articular fractures].

PMID- 2277705
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery of malunited elbow fractures].
AB  - Fractures of the elbow may result in deformity, pseudarthrosis and arthritis,
      which lead to painful and restricted use of the joint. The operative treatment of
      these late complications includes osteotomies, surface reconstruction,
      arthrolysis, arthroplasty, alloarthroplasty and arthrodesis. Indications,
      operative techniques and results are described and discussed.

PMID- 2277704
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery following malunion of fractures of the proximal humerus
      in adults].
AB  - Malunion, avascular necrosis of the head segment and nonunion of the neck are the
      most frequent complications of displaced fractures of the proximal humerus.
      Malunion of the tuberosities may be well tolerated or it can require surgical
      treatment. Cranial displacement of the greater tuberosity appears to be much
      better tolerated than dorsal displacement. If power and active mobility are
      maintained but pain persists, the malunion may have led to impingement, which can
      be relieved by coraco-acromioplasty. If active mobility is reduced, tubercular
      osteotomy and relocation using tension band wiring techniques may be warranted.
      Malunion at the neck level may be treated with subcapital, usually flexion
      abduction, osteotomies and yield excellent results. A collapsed head segment
      after avascular necrosis of the head requires either hemiarthroplasty or total
      joint replacement. As the nonunions are usually fairly distal and almost always
      extra-articular, they are treated with open reduction and internal fixation using
      tension band-wiring techniques and autogenous bone grafting. Arthrodesis has
      essentially lost its role in reconstructive surgery after fracture complications
      and is only used if severe additional problems are present such as infection,
      neurological problems, or severe soft tissue defects.

PMID- 2277706
TI  - [Arthrolysis of the elbow in posttraumatic contracture].
AB  - Intra- and periarticular fractures about the elbow joint are treated with open
      reduction and internal fixation. This allows early functional after-treatment.
      Nevertheless, the range of motion remains more or less unsatisfactory. In these
      cases open arthrolysis provides a considerable improvement in joint function. We
      therefore recommend this operation when the hardware is removed about 9 months
      after the accident. The reasons for post-traumatic contracture of the elbow could
      be intrinsic such as interposed fragments, intra-articular adhesions, incongruity
      of the articular surfaces--or extrinsic--like contractures of the capsule and
      ligaments, adhesions of different layers, ectopic bone formations. In most cases
      a combination of both can be found. Important conditions for successful
      arthrolysis are mostly intact joint surfaces, failure of all conservative efforts
      to improve the arc of motion, a motivated patient who understands clearly the
      risks and benefits that could reasonably be expected by the operative procedure
      and rehabilitation and, last but not least, a skilled, experienced surgeon. The
      choice of the approach depends on the main location of the post-traumatic changes
      and on previous incisions. Osteotomy of the radial epicondyle gives a much better
      view of the joint and should be performed whenever necessary. The exact course of
      the operation may not be standardized. The main point is to remove scarred
      adhesions and bony irregularities. An individually modified rehabilitation
      program is as important as the operative procedure itself to achieve the best
      results possible. In general, the exercises should not cause pain. In the first
      few days plaster casts in flexion and extension are used. Physiotherapy is
      supported by CPM machines as early as possible. Patients must be prepared with
      the help of drugs and the application of ice bags. Even after months improvement
      of motion can be obtained. In a retrospective follow-up study, 125 out of 168
      patients with arthrolysis of the elbow joint were reviewed. Most patients
      sustained a fracture of the distal humerus. In 77%, the results were graded as
      very good, good or satisfactory, i.e., the average relative improvement amounted
      to at least 40% according to the criteria of W. Blauth. Patients with very severe
      (preoperative ROM 0-30 degrees) and severe (preoperative ROM 30-60 degrees)
      contractures profited more (relative improvement 60%) than the others (relative
      improvement 45%). Overall, the average arc of total motion increased 49 degrees;
      the relative improvement of motion increased by 58%.

PMID- 2277707
TI  - [Corrective osteotomy of malunited distal radius fractures].
AB  - The malunion of the distal radius may result in shortening, radial impaction,
      volar angulation, dorsal displacement or rotatory deformity. For restoration, the
      anatomy and kinematics of the distal radioulnar joint and the triangular
      fibrocartilaginous complex (TFCC) are of importance. This nonunion consists of
      the articular disk, a meniscus homologue, the ulnar collateral ligament, and the
      dorsal and palmar radioulnar ligaments. Malunion of the distal radioulnar joint
      leads to an increase in loading on the individual parts, as well as pain and a
      decrease in supination and pronation. Osteotomy is indicated if the angulation of
      the malunion is more than 20 degrees in the frontal or sagittal plane. Corrective
      osteotomy requires detailed preoperative planning with calculation of the correct
      position in all planes. The most common operation that has proved to be effective
      is osteotomy of the radius, insertion of a trapezoidal bone graft in place, and
      internal fixation with a dorsal or volar plate.

PMID- 2277708
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery of malunited joint fractures of the hand].
AB  - Malunion of fractures, joint fractures and pseudoarthroses leads to therapy
      resistant pain during function and loading, especially in the wrist, with a risk
      of early arthrosis. In spite of the extraordinary adaptability of the hand,
      malunion in the axis and rotation can lead, for example, to cross-finger
      malfunction. Because of the relatively thin layer of soft tissue, secondary
      operations to correct the axis, rotation and the length of the phalanx are
      possible. Each reoperation on the hand diminishes the blood flow, and the
      anatomical structures change with cicatrices. Thus, the risk of damaging blood
      vessels or nerves is increased. Operative correction of the position,
      arthroplasties, joint prostheses, arthrodeses, arthrolyses and denervation are
      all part of the operative repertoire. It is necessary to repair the joint surface
      as well as the capsule-ligament structures. Furthermore, we also express our
      opinion regarding the indications and contraindications of secondary operations.
      We discuss the risks and complications during operations and especially stress
      the aspect of having enough patient information. Finally, we describe the
      operative techniques in special cases. The necessity for reconstructive secondary
      operations is increasing as more and more replantations are being done and hand
      lesions in polytraumatized patients are being neglected. To date, not enough
      attention has been given to these problems in the scientific literature.

PMID- 2277709
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery following malunited injuries of the hip region].
AB  - Severe post-traumatic deformities of the hip are most often treated by total
      joint replacement. However, in certain circumstances a joint-preserving approach
      is appropriate, especially in younger patients. There is minimal literature on
      this topic and the cases reported are few in number. In this paper we describe
      our experience with afflictions of the acetabulum, proximal femur and juxta
      articular soft tissues where conservative procedures may best be employed. We
      include some new entities and their treatment options.

PMID- 2277710
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery following malunion of intra-articular fractures of the
      knee joint].
AB  - The anatomical reduction of intra-articular knee fractures is a major challenge
      if a satisfying functional result and limited post-traumatic arthrosis is to be
      obtained. In some cases even after malunion a good result can be achieved. In
      this paper, our experience with reconstructive surgery is described after a
      description of possible extended approaches to the knee and osteotomy techniques
      and advanced osteosynthesis. Four illustrated cases of distal femoral and three
      of proximal tibial reconstruction are discussed. In all patients the primary
      treatment led to malunion of the comminuted fractures. The only complication seen
      was the breaking of an angulated plate at the distal femur and even here, after
      re-osteosynthesis, normal healing occurred. In all cases a satisfactory knee
      motion was achieved: 90 degrees of flexion in the femoral group and 120 degrees
      in the tibial group was reached without any extension deficit. Alignment and
      axial correction were optimal in all patients. From these results we believe that
      reconstructive surgery can ba advocated for malunited knee fractures and that it
      represents a primary alternative to joint replacement surgery and arthrodesis.

PMID- 2277711
TI  - [Arthrolysis of the knee joint].
AB  - This publication consists of two parts, the first of which is concerned with the
      definition of arthrolysis as a mere soft tissue procedure. This is delineated
      from arthroplasty. In the second part, arthrolysis results are presented. Three
      different means of treatment are possible for knee joint stiffness: manual joint
      mobilization under anaesthesia, arthroscopic operation, and "open" arthrolysis.
      The authors concentrate on the third type of treatment because of the great
      amount of long-term experience they have made. In the majority of cases knee
      joint stiffness is caused by immobilization and posttraumatic and postoperative
      effects on the joint itself or in the area of the joint. Morphological findings
      are intraarticular adhesions in the recessus, as well as between the joint
      surfaces, retraction of the capsular-ligament system, and extra-articularly
      located impediments caused by shrinkage and scars in the muscles, tendons, and
      sliding laminas of the soft tissue. Open arthrolysis is indicated after failure
      of conservative treatment and in cases of severe stiffness of the knee joint. For
      operative arthrolysis many requirements must be met, which are specified in
      detail. The preoperative information about the treatment given to the patient is
      of particular interest. The operative methods, including postoperative
      management, are described only briefly, because the presentation of the results
      is the main purpose of this paper. Eighty-five patients (94%) who underwent open
      arthrolysis were personally examined. Information about the other patients was
      obtained from medical records such as the examination at discharge or the last
      presentation in the outpatient clinic. The average follow-up time was 5 years and
      4 months ranging from 6 months to 14.25 years. The results are differentiated in
      many respects whereas the so-called relative improvement of joint mobility
      following an operation is of main interest. Well-defined criteria have been
      published and were applied. The results are listed according to the severity of
      joint stiffness. Four grades of joint stiffness are created, ranging from grade
      IV, the most severe form with a preoperative maximum of joint mobility of 30
      degrees, to grade I with a maximum of 90 degrees joint mobility. In all,
      operative procedures led to an improvement in nearly 100% compared to the
      preoperative findings. The results are presented in relation to age, operative
      methods, previous operations, and different stages during the follow-up.

PMID- 2277712
TI  - [Secondary interventions in malunited fractures of the ankle joint].
AB  - When pain persists and activity is limited as a result of lack of union in a
      fracture of the upper ankle joint, for us this is a clear indication for a
      secondary procedure. The goal, of course, is to reconstruct the normal anatomy
      and correct any deformities present. The time interval between the trauma and
      secondary reconstruction is no contraindication. The arthrosis present and the
      patient's age are also not drawbacks. The only contraindication is how severely
      is function impaired. The final result is not dependent on the degree of
      malposition nor the arthrosis present before the procedure. In general, this is
      not predictable. Therefore, secondary reconstruction is the first step in the
      treatment of post-traumatic malpositioning. Other therapeutic measures such as
      nettoyage (cleaning up), extra-articular osteotomy, and arthrodesis must be
      implemented where indicated on an individual basis.

PMID- 2277713
TI  - The role of descending noradrenergic systems in regulation of nociception: the
      effects of intrathecally administered alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and
      clonidine.
AB  - It has been proposed that descending noradrenergic systems exercise a tonic
      inhibition of nociception at the spinal level. The recent finding that changes in
      tail skin temperature (TT) may have a strong effect on the tail-flick latency
      makes a reevaluation of this hypothesis necessary. The alpha-adrenoceptor agonist
      clonidine injected intrathecally (i.th.) in a dose of 60 micrograms increased the
      response temperature in the increasing hot plate test 10 min after injection, and
      prolonged the tail-flick latency 30-60 min after injection. A considerable part
      of the change in tail-flick latency was caused by a reduction in TT. The alpha 1
      antagonist prazosin (30 and 60 micrograms) tended to increase the response
      temperature in the increasing hot plate test after 60 min, and to prolong the
      latency in the tail-flick test. These effects were not statistically significant.
      Clonidine and prazosin induced sensorimotor impairment and a reduction in body
      temperature after 30-60 min. The alpha 2-antagonist yohimbine had no effect in
      the increasing hot plate test, but reduced the tail-flick latency 10 min after
      drug administration. This reduction could be explained by an increase in TT. The
      results suggest that the reduced latency in the tail-flick test after i.th.
      injection of yohimbine is caused by an increase in the tail blood flow, and does
      not support the hypothesis of a tonic bulbospinal noradrenergic inhibition of
      nociception. The time course of response latencies suggests that supraspinal
      mechanisms may be involved in the effects of i.th. clonidine and prazosin in the
      tail-flick test, while there seems to be a spinally mediated antinociceptive
      effect of clonidine that can be demonstrated in the increasing hot plate test.

PMID- 2277716
TI  - A comment on the Schmidt/Fordyce discussion.

PMID- 2277715
TI  - Comments on the paper of Hampf et al. (Pain, 40 (1990) 241-248)

PMID- 2277714
TI  - The role of conditioning and verbal expectancy in the placebo response.
AB  - Both conditioning and expectancy models have been offered in recent years as
      explanations for the placebo response. Following our earlier work on conditioning
      placebo responses in human subjects the current study examined the relative
      contribution made by conditioning and verbal expectancy. Group 1 received a
      Combined Expectancy and Conditioning Manipulation; group 2 received Expectancy
      Alone; group 3, Conditioning Alone; and group 4 was the control group. Subjects'
      responses were compared with and without a placebo cream, using iontophoretic
      pain stimulation. The results suggest that conditioning was more powerful than
      verbal expectancy in creating a placebo response.

PMID- 2277717
TI  - Steady-state infusions of opioids in human volunteers. I. Pharmacokinetic
      tailoring.
AB  - We report a method for controlling and adjusting plasma opioid concentration to
      preselected target values in individual human subjects in order to study
      analgesic and other effects of opioids at steady state. The method employs a
      computer-controlled infusion pump and an algorithm that utilizes individual
      subject pharmacokinetic parameters predetermined with tailoring bolus opioid
      doses. We used this approach to produce 3-step increases in plasma concentrations
      of alfentanil, fentanyl and morphine in each of 15 subjects. We maintained each
      plasma concentration plateau for 70 min, measured plasma opioid concentrations
      achieved during the infusions and analyzed the results for bias and precision of
      the individually tailored infusions. Our results show that pharmacokinetically
      tailored opioid infusions produce stable plasma opioid concentrations within 10
      min for alfentanil and morphine; with each drug overall prediction error was 20%
      or less. Fentanyl was somewhat more difficult to control by this method than were
      the other 2 opioids. We conclude that individual tailoring of opioid infusions
      minimizes the impact of individual pharmacokinetic differences on achieving
      preselected plasma opioid concentrations and provides an accurate means of
      controlling steady-state drug concentrations for studies of concentration-effect
      relationships and comparisons of side-effect intensities produced by
      equianalgesic plasma opioid concentrations.

PMID- 2277718
TI  - Neglected factors in chronic pain treatment outcome studies--referral patterns,
      failure to enter treatment, and attrition.
AB  - An increasing number of chronic pain treatment outcome studies have appeared in
      the literature. In general, these studies support the efficacy of
      multidisciplinary pain programs, as well as specific treatment modalities such as
      biofeedback and relaxation. Reviews of this literature have tended to be
      cautiously optimistic. Some concerns, however, have been raised about the
      methodological adequacy of these studies, particularly in terms of the lack of
      control groups, the brief duration of follow-up periods, and the vague criteria
      used for establishing the success of the therapeutic interventions. Other factors
      that mitigate conclusions regarding the generalizability of the favorable results
      reported need to be considered. In this paper 3 rarely discussed topics that are
      implicit within most treatment outcome studies and that need to be given greater
      attention are examined. These topics include: (1) referral patterns to pain
      clinics (who are referred to pain clinics, when, and how representative is the
      referred sample?); (2) failure to enter treatment (e.g., exclusion criteria, lack
      of available financial support to cover the cost of treatment, patient's refusal
      to accept recommendations), and consequently, the representativeness of the
      treated sample; and (3) patient's attrition. In this paper we discuss each of
      these factors as they underscore important qualifications that have to be made in
      evaluating treatment outcome studies.

PMID- 2277719
TI  - Heart rate changes as an autonomic component of the pain response.
AB  - Autonomic variables have been recommended as measures of the affective
      motivational component of the pain response in objective algesimetry. In the
      present study components of heart rate responses to painful heat stimuli and
      their relation to stimulus and sensation variables were analyzed. Twelve healthy
      subjects served. Sixty phasic stimuli of varying temperatures above and below
      pain threshold were delivered through a Marstock thermode in 1 session. Heart
      rate, respiration, and subjective stimulus ratings were recorded simultaneously.
      Phasic heat stimulation above and below pain threshold induced a tonic increase
      of the heart rate lasting up to more than 20 sec. High intensity stimulation
      generated steeper rises and greater mean increase than low intensity stimulation.
      In general, heart rate responses were more closely related to subjective
      sensation than to stimulus intensity. However, differential temporal analysis
      demonstrates that, until about 3 sec after stimulation, the autonomic response is
      determined solely by stimulus temperature, whereas, after approximately 6 sec, it
      is related only to subjective judgement. Accordingly, the heart rate responses
      reflect both a brief nocifensive reflex induced by the sensory component and,
      subsequently, a longer-lasting response which seems to be related to affective
      and/or cognitive evaluation. This separation of different stages of pain
      processing by an autonomic indicator may be useful in clinical algesimetry.

PMID- 2277720
TI  - Opiates suppress carrageenan-induced edema and hyperthermia at doses that inhibit
      hyperalgesia.
AB  - This study determined whether opiates alter vascular components of inflammation
      (hyperthermia, edema and plasma extravasation) in addition to the suppression of
      hyperalgesia. Rats were administered carrageenan into one hind paw and saline
      into the other hind paw, followed by i.p. injection of morphine (0.2-5.0 mg/kg)
      or saline at 60 min, and testing at 90 min after hind paw injections. Morphine
      produced a dose-dependent reduction in carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia (17-53%),
      hyperthermia (39-53%) and edema (24-36%). Morphine treatment did not alter the
      temperatures of the contralateral saline-injected paws, indicating that opiate
      suppression of hyperthermia was not confounded by alterations in systemic body
      temperature or blood flow. The opiate effects on inflammation were stereospecific
      since levorphanol (1 mg/kg), but not dextrorphan (1 mg/kg), suppressed
      carrageenan-evoked hyperalgesia, hyperthermia and edema. Pre-treatment with
      naltrexone (1.5 mg/kg) blocked the effects of a 5 mg/kg dose of morphine sulfate
      on hyperalgesia, hyperthermia and edema. In a separate study, i.v. injection of
      morphine sulfate (2 mg/kg) reduced plasma extravasation by 41% (P less than
      0.01). Morphine administration resulted in significantly greater increases in paw
      withdrawal latencies in the inflamed (38-139%) than the contralateral, saline
      treated paws (4-19%). The results indicate that opiates exert a moderate, though
      significant, reduction in the vascular signs of inflammation in addition to their
      reduction of hyperalgesia. The mechanisms for this vascular effect involve
      inhibition of both vasodilation (as indicated by a decrease in hyperthermia) and
      inhibition of vascular permeability. In addition, opiates exhibit enhanced
      antinociceptive effects in inflamed paws, even when compared to uninjured paws in
      the same animal.

PMID- 2277721
TI  - [The spermatozoid today].

PMID- 2277722
TI  - [Treatment of salmonellosis and shigellosis with the new quinolones].
AB  - Sixty patients with enterocolitis (36 men, 24 females), mean age thirty seven (12
      to 84) have been treated with new quinolones. Two groups have been constituted.
      First group included patients without bacteremia despite enterocolitis. Among
      them, 9 patients suffered from shigellosis (8 S. flexneri, 1 S. sonnei). Twenty
      two patients had a minor salmonellosis (13 S. typhimurium, 4 S. enteritidis, 1 S.
      blockley, 1 S. Virchow, 1 S. london, 1 S. baildon, 1 S. C2 group). Patients in
      the second group underwent a septicemic salmonellosis (18 S. typhi, 3 S.
      paratyphi, 8 other Salmonella serotypes). All patients but one received an oral
      treatment. Forty-seven patients received 400 mg/day ofloxacin, 8 patients 1.500
      mg/day ciprofloxacin, 5 patients 800 mg/day pefloxacin. Treatment lasted an
      average of 10 days (5 to 31 days). Apyrexia was observed within an average of 3
      days (1 to 8 days). Blood culture have always been sterile after a two days
      treatment duration. No more shigella or salmonella was found in feces, five days
      after beginning of treatment. No relapse has been observed within a 30 days mean
      background (1 to 180 days). Not any intolerance needed to stop treatment.
      Patients have been hospitalized on an average of 11 days. Therefore, new
      quinolones will represent an effective, well tolerated treatment for
      salmonellosis or shigellosis.

PMID- 2277723
TI  - [Comparison of four human growth hormone (hGH) immunoassay kits and analysis of
      recognition of circulating forms].
AB  - Three immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) kits (Pharmacia, bioMerieux and Cis-ELISA)
      and one competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit (Cis-SB) designed for routine hGH
      quantitation were compared. Reproducibility was better with the IRMAs than with
      the RIA, especially when hGH levels were low (less than 3 mUI/l). This
      substantial advantage was responsible for a decrease in the qualitative detection
      threshold from 1.22 mUI/l for the RIA to approximately 0.08 mUI/l for the IRMAs.
      Analysis of accuracy showed that the Cis-ELSA kit overestimated recovery of added
      hGH (1st IRP 66/217) and demonstrated a marked influence of matrix effects with
      Cis-ELSA and Cis-SB. Pharmacia and bioMerieux kits were more accurate and showed
      less sensitivity to matrix effects. hGH concentrations obtained with the four
      kits were determined in 113 normal or abnormal sera. Despite the above-mentioned
      differences in accuracy, the three IRMAs yielded comparable results.
      Concentrations measured using the RIA were higher than those obtained with the
      other kits. Two sera were submitted to gel filtration chromatography. hGH assays
      in the fractions obtained showed that the immunologic systems used in the kits
      display different levels of immunoreactivity towards the circulating oligomeric
      and dimeric forms of hGH that they recognize. These data suggest that normal
      reference values should be established for each kit.

PMID- 2277724
TI  - [Detection of self-administration of testosterone as an anabolic by determination
      of the ratio of urinary testosterone to urinary epitestosterone in adolescents].
AB  - Testing for illicit self-administration of testosterone by athletes requires
      quantitative analysis by gas chronomatography-mass spectrometry combined with
      stable isotope dilution. International Sports Authorities have adopted the ratio
      of urinary excretions of testosterone and epitestosterone for drug testing. This
      ratio is required to be under 6. The authors studied the statistical distribution
      of this ratio in teenage athletes and found that the likelihood of false-positive
      results is 15/10,000.

PMID- 2277725
TI  - [Age-related changes in plasma androstanediol glucuronide in men].
AB  - Plasma 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta diol (Adiol) glucuronide levels were
      determined using a reliable radioimmunoassay involving hydrolysis with E. coli
      beta-glucuronidase, diethylether extraction, and Celite column chromatography.
      Conditions ensuring optimal hydrolysis were determined as well as quality control
      criteria. Sixty-eight male out-patients wre studied. These subjects were divided
      into three age groups: I (n = 21; age 20-35 years), II (n = 21; age: 36-50
      years), and III (n = 26; age: 51-70 years). Patients under 50 years of age had
      infertility with no abnormalities upon sperm analysis. Older patients had
      erectile dysfunction. All subjects had serum gonadotropin (FSH and LH) and
      prolactin levels within the normal range for age. Adiol glucuronide levels (mean
      +/- SD) were as follows: 5.0 +/- 2.2 ng/ml (range: 1.6-9.5), 5.4 +/- 3.8 ng/ml
      (range 1.4-16.0) and 4.5 +/- 2.5 ng/ml (range 1.2-9.3) in groups I, II and III
      respectively. A trend towards lower Adiol glucuronide levels with advancing age
      was found but there was no significant difference between group III and the other
      two groups. Similarly, no significant correlation was found between Adiol
      glucuronide levels and age (r = -0.12). Conversely, a significant correlation (r
      = 0.37; p less than 0.01) was observed between Adiol glucuronide levels and
      bioavailable testosterone (T) levels. This finding might be the consequence of a
      certain enhancement of 5 alpha-reductase activity with age and/or the non
      significant decrease with age of another precursor.

PMID- 2277726
TI  - [Characterization of activated and non-activated estrogen receptor using
      monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies (D547, H222 and H226) prepared against the human
      estrogen receptor interact with the estrogen receptor from fetal guinea pig
      uterus depending on its activation state. The D547 antibody, whose epitope is
      located between the hormone-binding and DNA-binding domains, recognizes only the
      activated receptor. The H226 antibody, whose epitope is in the N-terminal region
      of the receptor ("A/B" region), recognizes both the activated and non-activated
      receptor. However, the H226 epitope seems to be partially masked in the non
      activated receptor (oligomeric form 9 S) but completely exposed following
      activation. This antibody detects the formation of an activated dimer, which is
      the only form retained in the nuclei. The H222 antibody, whose epitope is in the
      hormone-binding domain, reacts with all the hormone-binding subunits present in
      the non-activated receptor. However, only one H222 epitope is accessible in the
      activated dimer, suggesting that this epitope and consequently the hormone
      binding domain, are located close to the dimerization site. According to these
      results, the activation process involves a structural transformation of the
      receptor that modifies the exposure of functional domains.

PMID- 2277727
TI  - [Antibodies and immunity].

PMID- 2277728
TI  - More help on traumatic hyphema management.

PMID- 2277729
TI  - A pediatrician's view.

PMID- 2277730
TI  - Toxicologic emergencies.
AB  - Following toxic ingestions, attention must first focus on the stabilization of
      the patient with concurrent attention to the prevention of absorption and the
      enhancement of excretion of the toxic substance ingested. A careful history and
      physical examination supported by laboratory data should assist in defining
      ingested toxic agents.

PMID- 2277731
TI  - Respiratory emergencies in children.

PMID- 2277732
TI  - Office management of neurologic emergencies.

PMID- 2277733
TI  - Equipping and preparing the office for emergencies.
AB  - It is the practitioner's responsibility to have a prepared office to aid the
      emergently ill child. Basic equipment and staff training are essential. The
      pediatrician and family practitioner are on the front lines of pediatric
      emergency care and, with minimal equipment and training, can serve a vital role
      in the initial stabilization of the critically ill child.

PMID- 2277734
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in human lung at different growth stages.
AB  - We measured glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in human lung at different
      stages of alveolar growth. Lung tissue was obtained from 9 surgically aborted or
      stillborn fetuses of 15 to 28 weeks gestational age, and from 6 infants and
      children, aged 2 months to 9 years, after lobar resection or at autopsy. Samples
      were taken from macroscopically healthy areas. Lung histology was performed in
      all cases. The receptor assay was done by establishing saturation curves for
      labeled dexamethasone in the absence or presence of a hundredfold excess of
      unlabeled dexamethasone. Total binding capacity and the dissociation constant
      were calculated from the saturation curves by the method of Scatchard. The
      receptor concentration in the fetuses was high (182 +/- 88 fmol/mg prot.),
      irrespective of gestational age. The lowest concentration (35 fmol/mg prot.) was
      found in a fetus with pulmonary hypoplasia. In the infants and children the mean
      receptor concentration was significantly lower (14.6 +/- 9.9 fmol/mg prot.);
      these included a case of sudden death in which the parenchymal structure was
      normal.

PMID- 2277735
TI  - Effects of chest physical therapy on lung function in children recovering from
      acute severe asthma.
AB  - The effects of chest physical therapy in acute severe asthma in children have
      been studied in 38 children aged 6 to 13 years in a randomized placebo controlled
      trial. The study began between 6 and 24 hours after admission to hospital; 19
      children received chest physical therapy (PT) and 19 children received placebo
      visits. Each child had 4 treatments over 2 days which were preceded by nebulized
      salbutamol. Lung volumes and flow rates were measured in a body plethysmograph
      before salbutamol and before and after either PT or placebo on the first and
      fourth treatments. Throughout the study standard asthma drug therapy was given.
      In both groups characteristics such as sex, race, age, height, weight, severity,
      and baseline lung function were similar. Taking into account the baseline, lung
      function at the end of the study was similar in both groups. Three 12 year old
      children in the PT group showed improvements in flows above those seen in any
      children in the placebo group. We conclude that chest PT, when combined with
      asthma drug therapy, does not improve lung function in most children in this age
      group with acute severe asthma.

PMID- 2277736
TI  - A comparison of lung lamellar body phospholipids from premature and term infants:
      is sphingomyelin a contaminant of surfactant?
AB  - Lamellar bodies were isolated from homogenates of lungs obtained at autopsy from
      premature infants (n = 9), and compared to lamellar bodies from three full term
      reference groups including 55 infants with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS),
      14 control infants, and 3 who succumbed to intra-uterine death (IUD) at term.
      Analysis of the phospholipids was expected to reveal a high proportion of
      sphingomyelin (Spm) in the lamellar bodies isolated from the lungs of premature
      infants (24 to 33 weeks gestational age) since at this stage of their development
      the percentage of Spm in the amniotic fluid is high. However, Spm was either
      absent or a small proportion of the total phospholipid in lamellar body
      surfactant from these premature infants. Spm was also a small percentage of
      phospholipid in the lamellar body surfactant of infants with SIDS and from
      control and IUD specimens. It is suggested that Spm may not be a normal
      constituent of lamellar body surfactant but rather a contaminant from membranes.

PMID- 2277737
TI  - Surfactant protein-A in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from neonates with RDS on
      conventional and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.
AB  - Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples
      from ventilated neonates in order to study the concentration of SP-A with regard
      to: 1) high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) vs. conventional mechanical
      ventilation (CMV); 2) the postnatal course and ontogeny of SP-A; and 3) the
      correlation with measurements of pulmonary function. Patients on HFOV had
      markedly lower BAL SP-A concentrations on days 1 and 2 compared to those on CMV,
      which may indicate influence of mode of ventilation on surfactant metabolism. The
      SP-A concentrations increased postnatally concurrent with resolution of acute
      respiratory distress syndrome. Finally, there were only weak correlations between
      BAL SP-A concentration and dynamic lung compliance and oxygen requirement.

PMID- 2277738
TI  - Aerosolized budesonide in asthmatic infants: a double blind study.
AB  - The efficacy of nebulized budesonide (0.5 mg b.i.d.) against placebo was
      evaluated in the management of asthma in 23 infants, aged 3 to 17 months, using a
      double blind crossover design. After an initial treatment period of 2 weeks
      placebo and budesonide were randomly administered during two consecutive
      treatment periods of 1 month. The progress of the patients was monitored using
      diary score cards, the number of salbutamol doses needed during the treatment
      periods, clinical examinations using standardized scoring cards, and registration
      of parents' preference period. Although there was a tendency toward fewer
      wheezing periods during budesonide, the results of the diary score cards were not
      significantly different between the budesonide period and the placebo period. The
      number of salbutamol doses used was also the same during both periods. Clinical
      examination after budesonide revealed less rhinitis and a less pathological lung
      auscultation, but the difference between the two periods was also not
      significant. Furthermore, the parents' preference could not distinguish between
      budesonide and placebo. We conclude that the trends in favor of nebulized
      budesonide are not significant and do not suggest that the suspension is
      effective in severe infantile asthma.

PMID- 2277739
TI  - Corticosteroids do not affect the clinical or physiological status of infants
      with bronchiolitis.
AB  - The treatment of infants aged 1.5-11.0 months suffering from acute bronchiolitis
      with a combination of inhaled albuterol and systemic corticosteroids or inhaled
      albuterol and placebo was compared in 50 infants in a double blind study. The
      mean initial clinical score and the rate of improvement was similar in the two
      groups. The mean +/- SD hospital stay was 5.0 +/- 1.2 days for the steroid group
      and 5.2 +/- 1.7 days for the placebo group. Lung function was measured in 14
      infants (7 from each group) and showed evidence of increased lung volumes and
      severe airway obstruction in the acute stage (the mean values for the steroid
      group were: TGV, 31 mL/kg; SGaw, 0.104 L/s.cmH2O; VmaxFRC, 12.9 mL/s/kg; for the
      placebo group: TGV, 35 mL/kg; SGaw, 0.104 L/s.cmH2O; VmaxFRC, 8.5 mL/s/kg) which
      had improved 2-4 weeks later (steroid group: TGV, 25 mL/kg; SGaw, 0.168
      L/s.cmH2O; VmaxFRC, 21.6 mL/s/kg; -placebo group: TGV, 24 mL/kg, SGaw, 0.198
      L/s.cmH2O, VmaxFRC, 17.5 mL/s/kg). There were no significant differences of
      thoracic gas volume, specific airway conductance, and forced expiratory flow at
      resting lung volume between the two groups, either in the acute or convalescent
      stages. We conclude that corticosteroids do not change the rate of clinical
      improvement in acute bronchiolitis, nor do they effect lung function 2-4 weeks
      later.

PMID- 2277740
TI  - On emergency management of the child with asthma.

PMID- 2277741
TI  - Consensus: varicella-zoster infections in pregnancy and the perinatal period.

PMID- 2277742
TI  - Acoustic reflectometry for assessment of hearing loss in children with middle ear
      effusion.
AB  - We sought associations between acoustic reflectometry and hearing loss in ears
      with and without middle ear effusion in 137 New Zealand children ages 3 to 16
      years. Reflectometry was significantly associated with conductive hearing loss.
      These associations were present in the entire sample; correlation coefficients
      varied between 0.31 at 2000 Hz (P less than 0.001) and 0.55 for a three frequency
      pure tone average (P less than 0.001). The associations persisted for the sample
      of ears deemed to be filled entirely by effusion; correlation coefficients varied
      between 0.27 at 4000 Hz (P = 0.026) and 0.47 at 500 Hz (P less than 0.001). Using
      a reflectivity of 6.0 or greater to detect a three frequency pure tone average
      loss of 30 dB or more, the sensitivity was 88% and the specificity was 44%. The
      technique of acoustic reflectometry should be explored and extended to permit
      rational decisions about management of middle ear effusions.

PMID- 2277744
TI  - Changes in the differential white blood cell count in screening for group B
      streptococcal sepsis.
AB  - We compared several previously defined scoring systems using white blood cell
      indices as part of a retrospective evaluation of infants with early onset Group B
      streptococcal (GBS) sepsis. Nineteen newborns were diagnosed with GBS sepsis
      between January, 1988, and April, 1990. Case controls (n = 33) were selected from
      patients admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for suspected sepsis.
      Complete blood counts obtained at admission and between 12 and 24 hours of age
      were reviewed. There was a significant change in the ratio of immature to total
      neutrophils in the GBS group over time. Scoring systems for neonatal sepsis by
      Manroe et al., Rodwell et al. and Spector et al. had poor sensitivity,
      specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value when initial
      white blood cell count criteria were used, but scoring systems by Manroe and
      Rodwell were 100% sensitive and had 100% negative predictive value when applied
      to the repeat white blood cell count. We conclude that a single early complete
      blood count may not be an adequate screening tool for early onset GBS sepsis and
      should not be used to rule out infection. Optimal screening for GBS sepsis
      requires a repeat complete blood count within the first 24 hours of age.

PMID- 2277743
TI  - Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in young children from Thailand.
AB  - A prospective evaluation of the epidemiology and presentations of acute
      respiratory infections in children younger than 5 years of age admitted to
      Children's Hospital Bangkok (1988 to 1989) was supported by the World Health
      Organization. There were 226 patients with the inclusion criteria: 1 to 5 years
      of age; duration of illness less than 2 weeks; no prior antibiotic therapy; and
      low socioeconomic status. The disease categories included: croup, 19 cases;
      bronchiolitis, 60 cases; and pneumonia, 147 cases. Pathogens isolated were:
      respiratory syncytial virus (40); parainfluenza III (1); influenza B (1); and
      adenovirus (1); bacterial infections were proved in 23 cases. No significant
      differences in clinical features between bacterial and viral pneumonia were
      found. Interstitial radiographic patterns were more common in viral pneumonia
      whereas alveolar patterns were more common in bacterial pneumonia. However, 91%
      of mixed radiographic patterns (interstitial and alveolar) in chest films were
      from viral pneumonia.

PMID- 2277745
TI  - Outbreak of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-associated lymphadenitis and abscesses in
      Jamaican children.
AB  - An outbreak of axillary lymphadenitis and abscesses after Bacillus Calmette
      Guerin (BCG) vaccination (Pasteur Paris, Batch N5122) occurred in 139 Jamaican
      children between January and July, 1988. The overall rate of this complication
      was 0.95%. The attack rate was 1.92% among the 0- to 6-week age group and 0.6% in
      the 7- to 52-week age group. Of 139 patients there were 77 males and 62 females
      and the mean age at presentation was 4 months. The mean size of the BCG scar,
      duration of healing and Mantoux reaction size differed significantly in patients
      compared with those of control infants (P less than 0.01). Mycobacterium bovis
      was isolated from 11 patients. Immunologically index patients and controls
      differed significantly only with respect to T lymphocyte subpopulation
      percentages and concanavalin A stimulation indices. Evaluation of the BCG vaccine
      did not reveal either increased potency or microbial contamination. We conclude
      that increased susceptibility to the Pasteur strain of BCG might have contributed
      to the increased incidence of complications in these Jamaican children and hence
      caution should be exercised in switching one vaccine for another as is often done
      in the developing countries.

PMID- 2277746
TI  - Evaluation and management of serious bacterial infections in the febrile young
      infant.

PMID- 2277747
TI  - Unusual systemic, pseudomalignant manifestations of cat-scratch disease in
      siblings.

PMID- 2277748
TI  - Pneumococcal abscess presenting as an anterior mediastinal mass in an eight-year
      old child.

PMID- 2277749
TI  - Neonatal Haemophilus influenzae type b sepsis.

PMID- 2277750
TI  - Lack of adverse effects of dexamethasone therapy in aseptic meningitis.

PMID- 2277751
TI  - Perinephric abscess in three children with underlying immunocompromising
      diseases.

PMID- 2277752
TI  - Very late onset of group B streptococcal disease in infants infected with the
      human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2277753
TI  - Mumps arthritis in children.

PMID- 2277754
TI  - Mother to child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection despite
      zidovudine therapy from 18 weeks of gestation.

PMID- 2277755
TI  - Neonatal clostridial infection.

PMID- 2277756
TI  - Possible role of newer cephalosporins in Haemophilus influenzae chemoprophylaxis.

PMID- 2277757
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial agents in organ function impairment. A review.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial drugs in various types of organ function
      impairment are reviewed. The influence of renal function impairment on
      antimicrobial agents is well-known, although less is known about the accumulation
      of metabolites during renal failure. Fewer data are available on liver function
      impairment and more information is needed on highly metabolized agents.
      Pharmacokinetic studies in severely ill patients are urgently needed to
      investigate the influence of disease states on pharmacokinetics and to study the
      possibility of oral administration to seriously ill patients.

PMID- 2277758
TI  - Continuation and maintenance therapy with antidepressive agents. An overview of
      research.
AB  - The literature was reviewed in order to ascertain the clinical benefits of long
      term antidepressant drug treatment in recurrent major depression. Articles
      describing randomized, controlled, double-blind trials of long-term
      antidepressant drug treatment, starting at a specified period after recovery from
      an affective episode, in patients with major depression, were identified and
      reviewed. The authors describe, evaluate and comment on the design and quality of
      over 25 identified studies, 18 studies of continuation therapy and 7 of
      maintenance treatment. The methodological problems which are encountered in this
      type of research and the sources of bias which invalidate study results, are
      dealt with systematically. On the basis of this survey, some treatment guidelines
      and suggestions for future research are given.

PMID- 2277759
TI  - Fluorescence of harmol, harmalol and 2-hydroxycarbazole in concentrated hydroxide
      solutions.
AB  - Room temperature electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of harmol,
      harmalol and 2-hydroxycarbazole have been obtained in concentrated aqueous
      potassium hydroxide solutions. The appearance of a new fluorescence band for all
      these compounds in media of H- greater than 16, has been ascribed to the emission
      of excited dianions formed by deprotonation. Acidity constants have been
      estimated from the Foster-Weller method.

PMID- 2277760
TI  - Side-effects of drugs in epileptic patients.
AB  - Drug therapy in patients suffering from various forms of epilepsy aims at the
      administration of such dosages of antiepileptic drugs as to produce significant
      reduction of seizures without the occurrence of serious side-effects. To assess
      these side-effects 75 patients (48 males, 27 females) with epilepsy, attending an
      out-patient clinic were studied prospectively and data were collected regarding
      diagnosis, drug use and side-effects. Primarily generalized epilepsy and partial
      complex epilepsy with secondary generalization are the most prevailing
      categories. 69% (52) Of the patients are treated with monotherapy, with
      carbamazepine as the drug most frequently prescribed (30/52). Side-effects were
      scored after examining and questioning the patient with the help of a standard
      questionnaire. A distinction was made between groups of side-effects, being
      systemic, anamnestic, dermatological, neurological or miscellaneous. Also,
      haematological and biochemical changes were looked for. In the monotherapy group
      26/52 (50%) of the patients showed side-effects (23 patients with 1, 2 with 2, 1
      with 3 side-effects), and in the polytherapy group 15/23 (65%) (8 patients with
      1, 7 with 2 side-effects). Adverse drug reactions were hardly related to the
      plasma concentration category. Between 50-60% of the patients at sub-therapeutic
      and low-therapeutic plasma levels complained of side-effects. No clear
      relationship between the clinical efficacy and the side-effects could be
      established. The clinical custom, among others, to titrate the dose according to
      the disappearance or appearance of side-effects seems open for discussion.

PMID- 2277761
TI  - Ascorbic acid prevents cimetidine-induced decrease of serum hydrocortisone
      concentrations.
AB  - A blind, parallel, prospective, clinical study was conducted to investigate the
      effect of ascorbic acid on human serum hydrocortisone concentrations which were
      decreased by the administration of cimetidine. The study population included 16
      male adults scheduled for major abdominal vascular surgery. The study was
      conducted in surgical patients under anaesthesia, in which steroidogenesis was
      inhibited by cimetidine. The results showed a reduction in serum hydrocortisone
      concentrations in patients receiving a placebo. In patients receiving ascorbic
      acid, there was a significant increase in serum hydrocortisone concentration.
      This reflects the normal serum hydrocortisone profile for this operation and
      anaesthetic technique. Cimetidine can bind to cytochrome P-450 covering the
      active haem group, the cytochrome proves to be of vital importance for
      hydroxylation reactions, involved in human steroidogenesis. Serum hydrocortisone
      concentrations will decrease when cytochrome P-450 becomes blocked. Intravenous
      administration of ascorbic acid was supposed to cause relief for this decrease.
      The reasons are undetermined yet. This investigation proved that ascorbic acid
      can prevent cimetidine-induced decrease of human serum hydrocortisone
      concentrations.

PMID- 2277762
TI  - A simple high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of
      fluorouracil to monitor patients on regional infusion for hepatic metastases.
AB  - A rapid and sensitive high pressure liquid chromatographic method has been
      developed for the routine monitoring in serum of the antineoplastic agent
      fluorouracil, during continuous intraportal administration. Serum spiked with
      internal standard, bromouracil, was gently shaken for 10 min with ethylacetate at
      an acidic pH. The evaporated extract was dissolved in the mobile phase containing
      potassium phosphate buffer. Assays were performed at ambient temperature on a
      Chrompack LiChrosorb RP 18 column (2 X 100 X 3.0 mm) equipped with a guard
      column. The retention time of fluorouracil was 2-6 min. The calibration curve was
      linear from 25 to 2,000 ng/ml. The coefficient of variation was less than or
      equal to 1.6% for within-run precision and less than or equal to 2.9% for day-to
      day precision. The mean recovery of fluorouracil was 57%.

PMID- 2277763
TI  - [Malignant ovarian tumor invasion to the uterus and bladder: assessment with
      magnetic resonance imaging].
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with ovarian malignant tumor were studied by means of
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The findings were compared with surgical
      findings concerning tumor invasion to the bladder and to the uterus. The bladder
      invasion was evaluated with MRI and classified as follows: (1) Huge amount of
      fat, colon or small intestine between the tumor and the bladder. (2) Thin fat
      layer between the bladder and the tumor, (3) No fat layer, and the bladder was
      smoothly compressed by the tumor, (4) No fat layer with local deformity of the
      bladder caused by the tumor existed, or tumor protruded into the bladder. In
      group (4), 4 of 5 cases were proved to have bladder invasion. However in group
      (3), half of the 14 cases showed bladder invasion and the others showed no
      invasion. Criteria used in MRI analysis of uterine invasion was as follows: (1)
      Fat layer between the uterus and the tumor, (2) Fat layer between the tumor and
      the bladder, and the uterine contour was indistinct, (3) No fat layer and
      deformity of the uterus was apparent. In group (3), many cases showed uterine
      invasion, but 4 cases out of 12 cases did not. In the group (2), 3 out of 11
      cases showed uterine invasion. The diagnostic ability of uterine invasion was not
      as accurate as in cases of the bladder invasion. The MRI sagittal plane can
      directly show the relationship between the uterus, the bladder and tumor, so that
      diagnosis of tumor invasion by MRI is superior to CT. However MRI could not
      differentiate between adhesion and invasion.

PMID- 2277764
TI  - [Nontraumatic hemorrhage in abdomen and retroperitoneum--CT, sonographic and
      clinical findings].
AB  - Sixteen patients with nontraumatic abdominal or retroperitoneal hemorrhage were
      examined with ultrasound (n = 16), and CT (n = 14). The lesions of the 10
      patients with signs on the onset of hemorrhage were four rectus sheath hematomas,
      three renal subcapsular and perirenal hematomas, and subcapsular hematoma,
      pararenal hematoma, perirenal and parenal hematoma, on each. Fall in periphery
      blood hematocrit values within 24 hours after the onset was observed in only
      three patients. As the hematocrit value was increased, fluid area of hematoma was
      replaced by high density on CT and by hypoechoic area on ultrasound. The lesions
      of the remaining 6 patients were four renal subcapsular hematomas, one hepatic
      parenchymal and subcapsular hematoma, and one iliopsoas hematoma. CT is superior
      to ultrasound in evaluation of the nontraumatic hematomas. However, clinicians
      require to pay more attention to this disorder which occasionally mimick other
      disorders.

PMID- 2277765
TI  - [Primary leiomyosarcoma of the pancreas].
AB  - Primary leiomyosarcoma of the pancreas is a very rare malignant tumor, with only
      12 cases reported. A case of primary pancreatic leiomyosarcoma in a 55 year-old
      female with diabetes mellitus is described. US and CT demonstrated tumor masses
      in the head and tail of the pancreas. By angiography, abundant tumor vessels
      corresponding to the pancreatic tumor masses were revealed in the pancreas. The
      patient underwent surgical resection of the tumor in the tail of the pancreas,
      and then, microscopically it was diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma. The tumor in the
      head of the pancreas was not resected on account of the presence of diabetes
      mellitus and the possibility of poor prognosis. Macroscopically, it seemed to be
      the same as the tumor in the pancreatic tail. By operative findings, there was
      invasion from the pancreatic head to the duodenum and there was nothing to
      justify suspicion of the extra-ductal growing type of primary leiomyosarcoma of
      the duodenum. There were no metastases noted at the time.

PMID- 2277766
TI  - [Biliary intervention for malignant obstructive jaundice. Treatment through PTCD
      fistula].
AB  - Currently, diagnosis of obstructive jaundice has become easier with CT and USEG,
      and percutaneous transhepatic cholangio -drainage (PTCD) for obstructive jaundice
      has also become much safer using USEG control. We have performed PTCD in 277
      cases, from December 1976 to May 1989 at Saitama Cancer Center with specially
      designed thin needle. And using a PTCD fistula, we have been attempted
      radiotherapy for 7 cases of the bile duct cancer using Remote After Loading
      System (RALS), and hyperthermia for 5 cases of bile duct cancer using antenna of
      microwaves. From autopsy cases, we evaluated treated lesion pathologically, and
      we obtained the following results. Dosage of biliary RALS need up to 50 Gy at the
      point of 1 cm from 60Co ++source. Biliary hyperthermia using microwave seem to be
      unsuccessful, and further improvement to the antenna of microwave were necessary.
      Furthermore, we have attempted biliary endoprosthesis 27 cases, for better
      quality of life to the patients with malignant obstructive jaundice. These method
      seems to be effective in prolonging patient's lives, comparing of cases in which
      PTCD of an external fistula has been performed.

PMID- 2277767
TI  - [Psoas lymph node metastasis in patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix].
AB  - Enlargement of lymph nodes between the psoas muscle and lumbar spine was
      demonstrated on CT in three of 14 cases having Stage IIb and III uterine cervical
      carcinoma with iliac or paraaortic lymphadenopathy. In two of these, the adjacent
      lumbar vertebral body was destroyed. We define psoas lymph nodes to include all
      lymph nodes located between the psoas muscle and the spine. Psoas lymph nodes may
      be divided into upper and lower groups: the upper group distributed along the
      lumbar arteries above in level of L4-L5 and the lower group distributed along the
      lumbar branches of the iliolumbar arteries below L5. There appears to be
      paravertebral communication between these two groups. The region of the psoas
      lymph nodes should be scrutinized in interpretating CT in patients with malignant
      pelvic tumors which have already spread to iliac or paraaortic lymph nodes.
      Obliteration of fat plane between psoas muscle and lumbar vertebra is a clue to
      the presence of enlargement of the psoas lymph nodes on CT. Massive enlargement
      of psoas lymph nodes may be difficult to distinguish from metastasis to psoas
      muscle. In such cases, MR imaging would be of help to differentiate these two
      conditions.

PMID- 2277768
TI  - [Insufficiency fracture of the pelvis after the radiotherapy for carcinoma of the
      uterine cervix].
AB  - Bone injury after the radiotherapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix has been
      reported since early days of this century. Recently, the concept of insufficiency
      fracture has been confirmed. Insufficiency fracture is one of the stress
      fractures and occurs when the elastic resistance of bone is inadequate to
      withstand normal or physiological stress. In the American and European studies,
      radiotherapy is known as a cause of insufficiency fracture. There are no reports
      on insufficiency fracture in the Japanese literatures. Four cases of carcinomas
      of the uterine cervix presented pelvic insufficiency fractures following
      radiotherapy. In the public bone, a vertical para-symphyseal fracture with mixed
      lytic and sclerotic changes of surrounding tissue is characteristic. Sacral
      insufficiency fracture shows a vertical or horizontal line with lytic and
      sclerotic appearance. Bone scintigraphy is a sensitive modality for the early
      detection. H-shaped configuration is diagnostic for sacral insufficiency
      fracture. CT is an accurate technique demonstrating a vertical fracture and
      excluding the malignant bony lesion. Although radiological findings of
      insufficiency fracture are similar to bone malignancy, differential diagnosis
      from malignant lesions is possible. Bony symptoms of all patients disappeared
      without specific treatments. In the follow-up study of patients with carcinomas
      of the uterine cervix after radiotherapy, it is important to have the
      consideration on insufficiency fracture.

PMID- 2277769
TI  - [Augmentation in mitogen-induced proliferation of rat splenocytes by low dose
      whole body X-irradiation].
AB  - The hypothesis of radiation hormesis has been proposed. To elucidate the hormetic
      effect on the immune system, we studied the effect of low dose whole body
      irradiation on the in vitro mitogen-induced proliferation of rat thymocytes and
      splenocytes. The rats were irradiated with low doses (0.01-2 Gy) of X-ray and the
      cells were cultivated in the presence of various mitogens. The cell proliferation
      was evaluated by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the cells. Concanavalin A
      (Con A)-induced proliferation of splenocytes prepared at 4 hr after irradiation
      was augmented with 0.05 Gy, whereas that of thymocytes was not affected.
      Irradiation of rats with 0.05 Gy also induced the enhanced proliferation of
      splenocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide, though their
      responses were lower than that by Con A. This augmentation in mitogen-induced
      proliferation of splenocytes was observed within a few hours after irradiation,
      being a temporary effect. These results suggest that very low dose whole body
      irradiation possibly induce a hormesis-like effect on the immune splenocytes.

PMID- 2277770
TI  - [Normal values in equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. Results of a
      multicenter study].
AB  - The Working Group on Cardiovascular Nuclear Medicine of the German Society of
      Nuclear Medicine has organised a multi-center study in which 13 institutes in the
      FRG participated. Data on equipment and methods employed in equilibrium
      radionuclide ventriculography and on results in 585 non-cardiac patients were
      obtained by means of a questionnaire. The global left-ventricular ejection
      fraction amounted, on average, to 64% but there were significant differences
      between participating institutes, probably due to differences in the selection of
      subjects and in the methods used. The majority of institutes reported an increase
      in EF by more than 10% after an ergometric workload of more than 100 W. End
      diastolic, end systolic and stroke volume agreed well throughout. However,
      whereas peak ejection and peak filling rates at rest showed good agreement
      between institutes, those after exercise differed widely, probably also because
      of differences in methods.

PMID- 2277771
TI  - [Parametric esophageal scintigrams of transit studies using the multiple swallow
      technique: a comparison of a new method with a standard esophageal transit test].
AB  - Established single-swallow techniques for the assessment of oesophageal motility
      disorders encompass a high potential of falsely positive/negative findings caused
      by the considerable variability between single swallows. In this study,
      therefore, a new form of parametric oesophageal scintigraphy (POeS) is introduced
      which allows simultaneous assessment of 15-20 consecutive swallows. To assess the
      value of this combined qualitative/semiquantitative method 166 patients with
      various oesophageal motility disorders were tested in an intraindividual
      comparison with a standard oesophageal transit test (OeTT). In contrast to OeTT,
      POeS yields specific image patterns which permit a differentiation between
      various forms of peristaltic disorder. By the use of POeS the bolus behaviour
      during its oesophageal passage is well characterized, the main location of the
      functional disorder can be identified and a correct classification of the
      severity can be achieved as well. In contrast to OeTT, diagnosis in POeS is based
      on a series of consecutive swallows. Misinterpretation due to possible variations
      between single swallows is often observed in OeTT, providing up to 30% false
      positive and 52% false-negative findings which are almost eliminated using POeS.

PMID- 2277772
TI  - Dynamic scintigraphy of the oesophagus in the evaluation of reflux oesophagitis.
AB  - A method is presented which combines gastro-oesophageal reflux quantification and
      oesophageal transit measurement so as to differentiate true reflux from residual
      oesophageal activity. A group of 33 subjects with gastro-oesophagitis reflux
      symptoms and endoscopically confirmed reflux oesophagitis and a group of 21
      asymptomatic subjects with normal oesophageal, gastric and duodenal endoscopic
      findings were examined. The subjects were given 37 MBq 99mTc-Sn-colloid in saline
      orally and then scintiscanned dynamically. The gastro-oesophageal quantification
      was done after transit measurement and after the oesophageal time activity (to
      detect residual oesophageal activity) reached its minimum. The difference in the
      reflux indices between the two groups was highly significant. In low-grade
      oesophagitis measured reflux was lower than in higher grades of disease. Only
      4.7% false-positive results were observed with a specificity of 95%, indicating
      that this method may be superior to methods published earlier.

PMID- 2277773
TI  - [The clinical relevance of human anti-mouse-antibody (HAMA) in
      immunoscintigraphy].
AB  - Murine monoclonal antibodies (MAb) are applied on a growing scale in
      radioimmunoscintigraphy (IS) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This
      increasing use of xenogeneic substances in rapidly growing numbers of patients
      raises questions of accuracy and reliability of the MAb and also the problem of
      potential human immunoreaction (human anti-mouse IgG antibodies--HAMA). The aim
      of this study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of HAMA following IS
      regarding allergic complications and in vivo effects on IS after repeated
      applications of MAbs. Out of over 800 immunoscintigraphic examinations performed
      during the last 5 years in our department 289 studies (in 190 patients) with up
      to 10 applications (13 different MAbs all together) were considered. Only 1
      patient with a high HAMA titer developed a mild allergic reaction (local
      urticaria) after the 3rd application of an anti-CEA MAb. In 171 intensively
      documented serum courses following IS, 50 (29%) showed elevated HAMA [1st
      application: 25/108 (23%); 2nd application: 20/41 (49%): 3rd application: 5/11
      (45%); 4th-10th application: no HAMA/11 (2 anti-CEA, 9 Antimyosin)]. Only with
      strongly increased HAMA values (five times the value before 1st application)
      there was an altered biodistribution of the MAbs in IS with partially inhibited
      (8/25 studies with repeated applications) tumor localization. Some patients still
      demonstrated positive tumor localization despite a HAMA reaction. The problem of
      HAMA in the diagnostic work-up using MAbs is not the allergic reaction but the
      potential effects on IS in repeated studies. HAMA should be measured prior to
      repeated immunoscintigraphic studies.

PMID- 2277774
TI  - Usefulness of the 99mTc-MDP scan in the detection of calcified liver metastases.
AB  - A 99mTc-MDP scan was done on a patient with liver metastases from a medullary
      thyroid carcinoma who, in addition, had a familial history of multiple endocrine
      neoplasm, type 2. The scan revealed accumulation in several areas of calcified
      liver metastases.

PMID- 2277776
TI  - [Five year survival rate in patients with malignant neoplasms treated for the
      first time in the Oncology Center, M. Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Cracow Branch
      in the years 1979-1981].
AB  - In the light of data from the admission register of the Cracow Branch of the
      Oncology Centre percent values are presented of actual 5-year survival rate of
      patients treated for the first time in the period 1979-1981. The group of
      neoplasms with relatively good prognosis (i.e. survival rate for 5 years over
      50%) included six sites: skin, lip, endometrium and cervix, larynx, and Hodgkin's
      disease. The group of poor prognosis (5-year survival rate below 30%) included:
      cancer of the kidney, nasopharynx and oropharynx, nasal cavity and nasal sinuses,
      tongue, rectum, prostate, bladder, lungs, stomach and oesophagus, and brain
      tumours. The present situation was compared with data from the preceding years
      and with the survival rates in the populations of Cracow and the USA.

PMID- 2277775
TI  - [Selected aspects of diagnosis and treatment of prostatic cancer].
AB  - Prostatic cancer is one of the most frequent malignant tumours in men. The
      chronic course of the disease and the opportunity of selecting of one of many
      available treatment methods make possible adjustment of the management to the
      individual problems of the patient. This leads, however, to various difficulties
      connected with the selection of optimal management in various clinical
      situations. The purpose of the paper was presentation of selected problems in the
      diagnosis and treatment of prostatic cancer in the light of own clinical
      experience, in the first place.

PMID- 2277777
TI  - [Survival of patients with anaplastic cerebral gliomas treated with a combination
      of surgery and radiotherapy].
AB  - The survival time was analysed in 42 patients with anaplastic cerebral gliomas
      after treatment by surgery and radiotherapy. The obtained therapeutic results
      were comparable with those reported in world literature: the 6-month survival
      rate was 60%, the 1-year survival rate was 31%, and at 2 years 19% of the
      patients were alive. A group of patients poorly tolerating radiotherapy was
      isolated, these patients required administration of brain-oedema-reducing drugs.
      The survival time after treatment in patients with well-controlled oedema was
      similar to that obtained in the whole group.

PMID- 2277778
TI  - [Evaluation of results in radical treatment of breast cancer in men].
AB  - A group of 43 men with breast cancer were retrospectively evaluated. They were
      treated radically, and they were a part of 77 men treated in the Warsaw Institute
      of Oncology in the years 1947-1984. The five-year survival rate of the patients
      treated in these years was 39.5%, and the ten-year survival rate in the years
      1947-1979 was 30%. In most cases (72%) these patients had far-advanced disease at
      the time of treatment beginning. The value of radiotherapy as an adjunct method
      after surgery, and radiotherapy as the only treatment (28.6% survival rate after
      5 years) was evaluated.

PMID- 2277780
TI  - [A case of laryngocele with laryngeal carcinoma].
AB  - A rare case of laryngocele and laryngeal cancer development in one patient is
      presented. The causative relationship between these conditions is analysed.
      Attention is focused on the possibility of using radiotherapy in case of
      laryngeal cancer which coexists with laryngocele.

PMID- 2277779
TI  - [Technique for postoperative irradiation of patients with breast cancer using
      electron and cobalt beams].
AB  - The method of chest wall and mammary lymph node irradiation using obliquely
      incident electron beams is presented. Dose distributions measured in Rando
      phantom and calculated by computer programme are discussed. The conditions for
      geting homogenous dose distribution within the target volume are given. The use
      of this technique is limited by the degree of curvature of the chest wall and
      depth of tumour volume where maximum obliquity occurs. In order to minimize the
      lung irradiation the use of compensating boluses is recommended.

PMID- 2277781
TI  - [Von Willebrand's disease].

PMID- 2277782
TI  - [Lipid proteinosis of pulmonary alveoli].

PMID- 2277783
TI  - [Superinfection with delta hepatitis virus--case report].
AB  - A 46-year-old patient with chronic active type B hepatitis is reported in whom
      superinfection with delta virus developed. This is the first prospectively
      observed case of delta virus superinfection in Poland.

PMID- 2277784
TI  - [Lipid proteinosis of the pulmonary alveoli--diagnostic difficulties].
AB  - It is the first polish case of diagnosis of alveolar lipid proteinosis diagnosed
      during life is described. The diagnosis was based on biochemical analysis and
      morphological assessment in electron microscope of the fluid obtained in
      bronchoalveolar large in a patient aged 18 years with disseminated radiological
      pulmonary changes. Diagnostic difficulties are discussed comparing them with the
      cases of this disease reported as yet in Poland. The importance of
      bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis is emphasized.

PMID- 2277785
TI  - [Pulmonary circulation in constrictive pericarditis].
AB  - Certain indices of pulmonary haemodynamics were determined at rest in 39 patients
      with constrictive pericarditis. The most frequent anomaly was raised value of
      total pulmonary resistance (in 82% of cases) and, in a lower percent, raised
      pulmonary vascular resistance. The systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery was
      raised in 30.8% of the patients, reaching values regarded as low or medium degree
      hypertension. In only 2 cases the systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery was
      100 mm Hg or more. The systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery showed a slight
      positive correlation with the end-diastolic pressure in the left ventricle, and
      the subgroup with pulmonary hypertension had higher average values of the end
      diastolic pressure in the left ventricle than patients with normal pressure in
      the pulmonary circulation (means = 21.0 +/- 5.7 vs 15.2 +/- 6.5 mm Hg). These
      results show a significant role of increased filling pressure of the left
      ventricle in the mechanism of pulmonary hypertension in patients with
      constrictive pericarditis.

PMID- 2277786
TI  - [Assessment of hemostasis in patients with myocardial infarction complicated by
      deep venous thrombosis].
AB  - The study was carried out of 53 patients with acute myocardial infarction
      receiving no anticoagulant treatment. Changes were traced in certain indices of
      the blood clotting system and fibrinolysis in plasma in the first 14 days of the
      disease, with particular attention given to patients in whom during the
      hospitalization signs of deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities appeared
      or a positive result was obtained of the test with 125I-fibrinogen. In a group of
      9 patients with deep vein thrombosis developing during the observation, on the
      first day of myocardial infarction shortening of the kaolin-cephalin clotting
      time and considerable rise of the level of fibrinogen-fibrin (FDP) degradation
      products were noted in serum, and on the 14th day raised fibrinogen level and
      reduced exogenous fibrinolytic activity of the plasma were noted. Increased level
      of fibrinogen and FDP and exogenous and endogenous plasma fibrinolytic activity
      observed on the 7th day of the disease were not related to the development of
      thrombotic complications. The thrombin clotting time, platelet count, factor X
      level, protein C concentration and antithrombin III activity in the plasma were
      not significantly changed during myocardial infarction. The obtained results
      suggest a limited usefulness of the basic tests of the clotting and fibrinolytic
      systems for early diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in acute myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2277787
TI  - [Results of treatment for severe congestive heart failure with digoxin,
      furosemide and vasodilating agents].
AB  - In 61 patients with class IV (NYHA) of chronic congestive cardiac failure treated
      for 2 weeks with digoxin (0.290 +/- 0.108 mg/d) and furosemide (13.0 +/- 4.1
      mg/d), for 2 weeks with digoxin, furosemide and isosorbide dinitrate (44.5 +/-
      9.8 mg/d) or nifedipine (42.0 +/- 12.2 mg/d), for 4 weeks with digoxin,
      furosemide, isosorbide or nifedipine and captopril (angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitor) (75.1 +/- 24.4 mg/d), and for the last 2 weeks with digoxin,
      furosemide, isosorbide or nifedipine without captopril, after each stage the
      clinical state, exercise tolerance and haemodynamic parameters determined
      echocardiographically were assessed. Ten weeks of treatment by this method caused
      regression of pulmonary congestion in 80%, oedema in 63.3% and hepatomegaly in
      33.3% of the patients. Moreover, 60.7% of the patients returned to class III,
      13.1% to class II, and 26.2% remained in class IV (NYHA). In the group treated
      with digoxin, furosemide, nifedipine with captopril (n = 30) a significant rise
      was observed of the value of the ejection fraction and cardiac index in relation
      to the treatment with digoxin and furosemide and the treatment with digoxin,
      furosemide, nifedipine (p less than 0.05). No drug improved significantly the
      tolerance of submaximal exercise. During the treatment with captopril no clinical
      improvement was achieved in 4 cases, and worsening occurred in 3 cases of severe
      cardiac failure (7 of 61 patients, 11.5%). The obtained results showed that
      vasodilating drugs are safe in congestive cardiac failure and in many cases of
      severe failure captopril contributed to rapid clinical and haemodynamic
      improvement.

PMID- 2277788
TI  - [Heart valve prosthesis, anticoagulants and pregnancy].
AB  - Patients with artificial valve prostheses require lifelong anticoagulation
      treatment. The risk of thrombotic complications increases greatly in pregnancy.
      Anticoagulant treatment in pregnant women with artificial heart valve prostheses
      in one of the most controversial problems in medical practice as anticoagulants
      which are beneficial and safe for the mother may by hazardous for the fetus.
      Recommended procedure is to administer heparin subcutaneously at last during the
      first 14 weeks and the last 2 weeks of gestation and coumarin derivates
      throughout the second and third trimesters. In asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic
      women who are willing to follow a strict regimen of antithrombotic prophylaxis in
      pregnancy the risk is not associated with an increased morbidity or mortality in
      the mother or fetus. Hence, recommendations against pregnancy in women with
      artificial heart valves are not always justified.

PMID- 2277789
TI  - [Effect of using nifedipine by patients with chronic congestive heart failure
      treated with digoxin and furosemide].
AB  - Nifedipine was administrated to 25 patients with chronic congestive heart failure
      treated with digoxin and furosemide++, nifedipine (NF) in a daily dose of 30-80
      mg for 14 days. Before and after the treatment with nifedipine chest X-ray, blood
      biochemical investigations, echocardiographic evaluation of the left ventricular
      function and submaximal exercise test were performed. Nifedipine induced
      significant decreases in the left ventricular systolic dimension, heart volume,
      blood serum potassium and uric acid concentrations and hematocrit . Resting and
      exertional heart rate, blood pressure, exercise power and duration, watt-pulse,
      myocardial oxygen demand index, ejection fraction, cardiac output, body weight,
      24-hour urinary output, blood serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, sodium
      and chloride changed insignificantly following nifedipine administration. The
      obtained results suggest that long-term nifedipine treatment of patients who were
      already given digoxin and furosemide neither improve nor worsen their clinical
      status.

PMID- 2277790
TI  - [Interactions of digoxin with nifedipine and diltiazem].
AB  - Biological serum halt-life, relative volume of distribution and digoxin clearance
      following a single oral dose of digoxin with diltiazem or nifedipine were
      evaluated. Blood serum digoxin following its administration with diltiazem and
      nifedipine for 8 days were assayed. It was found that diltiazem and nifedipine
      did not affect tested pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin and did not change
      digoxin serum levels during a 8-day administration in combination with diltiazem
      and nifedipine.

PMID- 2277791
TI  - [Effect of thymus extract TFX (Polfa) on hemoglobin level and peripheral blood
      erythrocyte count].
AB  - Calf thymus preparation (TFX-Polfa) was administered + to 25 patients with
      classic rheumatoid arthritis in the II and III phase of the disease. Only
      patients not tolerating gold or D-penicillamine because of allergy or other
      complications, were included into the study. TFX was administered in a daily dose
      of 10 mg TFX protein i.m. for 60 consecutive days, followed by the treatment in
      outpatient clinic for successive++ 10 months. Statistically significant increase
      in the hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte counts was produced by both a 2
      month intensive treatment and a 12-month of therapy with TFX.

PMID- 2277793
TI  - [Prognostic indicators in patients with a history of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2277792
TI  - [Effect of propranolol on lidocaine pharmacokinetics].
AB  - The study aimed at investigating an effect of propranolol on lidocaine
      pharmacokinetic parameters, especially elimination rate and total clearance rate.
      The study was carried out in 8 rabbits with cross-over technique. The animals
      were examined twice. Sequence of therapy was established randomly. Some group of
      the animals were given propranolol and lidocaine first while the remaining
      animals were given lidocaine alone. Sequence of drugs administration was changed
      after one week. Propranolol was given in a single dose of 0.05 mg/kg b.w.
      intravenously. Lidocaine was injected in a single dose of 3 mg/kg b.w. during 5
      minutes i.v. after a 30-minute interval. All drugs were injected into ear vein.
      Blood for assays was collected 8 times within 6 hours after lidocaine
      administration. TDx system manufactured by Abbott was used for drug concentration
      assay with immunofluorescence polarization method. One-compartment open model was
      used for calculations. The results were analysed with Student t-test for pairs.
      Significant decrease in AUC, marked decrease in distribution volume and total
      body clearance following lidocaine and propranolol were noted. The study has
      shown that there is interaction between propranolol and lidocaine leading to a
      decrease in total body lidocaine clearance.

PMID- 2277794
TI  - [Mechanical heart--only a step towards heart transplantation?].

PMID- 2277795
TI  - [Harmful medicine].

PMID- 2277796
TI  - [To preserve historical continuity !!!].

PMID- 2277798
TI  - Comparison of the uptake and O-methylation of isoprenaline by cardiac and
      respiratory tissues of guinea-pigs.
AB  - An attempt was made to correlate the extraneuronal uptake and O-methylation of
      isoprenaline in cardiac and respiratory tissues with the predominant beta
      adrenoceptor subtype known to mediate the sympathetic responses of these tissues.
      Papillary muscles, left atria, trachealis muscles and lung parenchymal strips of
      guinea-pigs were incubated with [3H]isoprenaline ([3H]ISO) (0.1 microM) for 60
      min. Levels of total radioactivity and of separated [3H]ISO and [3H]O
      methylisoprenaline ([3H]OMI) in each tissue and of [3H]OMI in the medium were
      determined. U-0521 (10(-4) M) inhibited tissue O-methylation and caused an
      elevation of unchanged [3H]ISO in the tissues. The latter effect was attributed
      to the fact that the normal conversion of [3H]ISO to [3H]OMI did not occur.
      Metanephrine (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) did not affect tissue levels of unchanged
      [3H]ISO, but reduced tissue levels of [3H]OMI. Levels of [3H]OMI in tissue and
      medium were only slightly reduced, indicating possible extracellular sites of O
      methylation. In the presence of U-0521, metanephrine (10(-4) M) reduced the
      accumulation of [3H]ISO, indicating that metanephrine was an inhibitor of the
      extraneuronal uptake of isoprenaline. It is concluded that two cellular
      compartments for O-methylation exist, access to one being dependent upon
      metanephrine-sensitive extraneuronal uptake. The extraneuronal uptake capacities
      of the tissues (when O-methylation was inhibited) was in the order papillary
      muscle less than lung = atria less than trachea. Cellular O-methylating
      capabilities, measured from tissue [3H]OMI, was in the order papillary muscle
      less than atria = trachea less than lung. These orders are discussed in relation
      to the beta-adrenoceptor mediating the response of each tissue and to the
      reported degree of sympathetic innervation.

PMID- 2277797
TI  - Effect of dantrolene pretreatment on heat stroke in sheep.
AB  - Dantrolene is effective in the management of malignant hyperpyrexia. Due to the
      similarities of malignant hyperpyrexia and heat stroke, we have investigated the
      effect of dantrolene on heat stroke in sheep. Our study indicates that dantrolene
      pretreatment decreases the extent of heat stroke signs and some of the induced
      changes in enzymes and hormones. These results indicate that dantrolene may be a
      valuable drug in the prophylaxis against heat stroke attack in susceptible
      individuals.

PMID- 2277799
TI  - Stimulatory effect of serum on 86Rb washout from vascular smooth muscle cells in
      culture.
AB  - In order to elucidate the effect of serum on passive K permeability of vascular
      smooth muscle cells (VSMC) membrane, outward passive K permeability yielded as
      washout rate constant (Kc) of 86Rb washout, was measured in the presence and in
      the absence of cation transport modulators using VSMC in culture. The overall Kc
      of 86Rb washout subjected to 1% serum was significantly larger than that in
      controls. This stimulated Kc was substantially blunted in the presence of 10(-4)
      M amiloride and was partially inhibited with 5 x 10(-4) M bumetanide. Angiotensin
      II of 10(-5) M exerted to a lesser extent, a similar significant stimulatory
      effect on Kc of 86Rb washout, which effect was inhibited with application of
      amiloride. Additionally, Ca-antagonist, 10(-5) M nifedipine reduced serum
      stimulated Kc to the basal level. It is concluded that both serum and angiotensin
      II increase K permeability in cultured VSMC. A part of this effect of serum may
      be attributable to angiotensin II in the serum. Furthermore, it is suggested that
      the stimulatory effect of serum on membrane permeability may be exerted, at least
      in part, via activation of both Na-H antiport and Na-K co-transport, possibly
      through mechanisms in conjunction with intracellular Ca.

PMID- 2277800
TI  - Inhibitory effect of diphenylhydantoin on myometrium from pregnant women in
      vitro. A comparative study with nicardipine and trifluoperazine.
AB  - In the isolated myometrium obtained from pregnant women, diphenylhydantoin
      inhibited both spontaneous and K(+)-evoked contractions within the same range of
      potency. Nicardipine was less effective in inhibiting spontaneous than K(+)
      induced contractions, whereas trifluoperazine was only effective against
      spontaneous contractions. These results indicate that diphenylhydantoin may
      directly induce in vitro human myometrium relaxation by mechanisms that differ
      markedly from those induced by nicardipine and trifluoperazine.

PMID- 2277801
TI  - In vitro rheological assessment of mucolytic activity induced by seaprose.
AB  - Proteolytic enzymes can act on the polymeric structure of the bronchial mucus,
      shortening the long chain of mucoproteins, DNA and other macromolecules, and thus
      reducing the viscosity of the mucus facilitating its expectoration. Seaprose
      (Flaminase, Puropharma) belongs to this class and is a proteinase from
      Aspergillus melleus and it is mainly used in traumatology, orthopaedics,
      gynaecology and pneumology. In the present study the in vitro activity of
      increasing concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1%) of seaprose incubated with bronchial
      mucus samples (1 ml) was investigated by a rheological technique (transient test)
      that assesses changes in viscosity and elasticity. A dose-effect relationship
      between increasing concentrations of seaprose and the corresponding reductions in
      bronchial mucus viscosity was found. There was also a parallel reduction in
      elasticity after incubation with 0.5%, but an unfortunate distribution of values
      for 0.25 and 1% concentrations does not allow us to state whether there is a dose
      effect relationship for elasticity.

PMID- 2277802
TI  - Dissociation between the renal and blood acid-base actions of acetazolamide in
      restraint-stressed rats.
AB  - Subcutaneous injection of acetazolamide (50 or 200 mg/kg) markedly increased the
      blood H+ and lowered the HCO3- concentrations in a dose-related manner. The
      urinary pH and HCO3- excretion were elevated. Restraint stress normalized the
      blood HCO3- levels but not the H+ concentrations; the high levels of urinary pH
      and the HCO3- content were unaffected in the acetazolamide-treated animals. These
      findings suggest that acetazolamide induces metabolic acidosis which appears not
      to be caused by depletion of blood HCO3- through increased urinary HCO3-
      excretion. Instead, an extra-renal mechanism could be responsible for the
      increased blood H+ concentration. Restraint stress significantly decreased the
      respiratory rate, which was prevented by acetazolamide pretreatment. The reversal
      of restraint-stress-induced respiratory depression by acetazolamide is probably
      due to the activation of both peripheral and medullary chemoreceptor sites by
      acidosis.

PMID- 2277803
TI  - Effects of endorphin derivatives on the EEG alterations induced by corticotropin
      releasing factor in the rabbit hippocampus.
AB  - Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), injected into the cerebral ventricles
      (i.c.v.) of rabbits, induced EEG limbic seizures, behavioural excitability,
      stereotyped behaviour and the tardive enhancement of hippocampal theta voltage
      and frequency. The beta-endorphin cleavage derivatives des-tyr-gamma-endorphin
      (DT gamma E) and des-enkephalin-gamma-endorphin (DE gamma E), when injected i.v.
      for 4 days prevented the EEG ictal seizures induced by CRF in the hippocampus of
      rabbits and partly prevented the tardive enhancement of theta wave amplitude and
      frequency. These results suggest the possibility that these peptides may have
      antiepileptogenic properties.

PMID- 2277804
TI  - Gentamicin ototoxicity: histological and ultrastructural alterations after
      transtympanic administration.
AB  - The histological and ultrastructural appearances of the inner ear vestibulum were
      studied after transtympanic administration of gentamicin in guinea-pigs. The
      animals were treated with a single transtympanic dose (0.2 cm3) of 4% gentamicin
      sulphate solution in the right ear; the left one was considered as control. After
      7 days they were sacrificed and the vestibula of both inner ears were removed to
      be examined both by light and electron microscopy. In the treated inner ear
      damage was not always evident at light microscopical level, even if a case of
      complete disepithelialization of cristae ampullares was found. The examination by
      TEM revealed evident damage in the vestibular non-sensorial cells, such as severe
      cellular vacuolation, whereas sensorial elements presented heterochromatinic
      thickenings and cytoplasmic wrinkling, as compared to controls. The tunica
      fibrosa presented an irregular fibrillar plot, as well as that of the myelinic
      lamellae in the vestibular nerve fibres.

PMID- 2277805
TI  - Advances in understanding the pharmacology of agents used to treat bacterial
      meningitis.
AB  - Recently, substantial progress has been made in the therapy of bacterial
      meningitis related in part to better understanding of and predictions about the
      pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in the central nervous system. This review
      summarizes new data on pertinent anatomy and physiology of penicillin and
      cephalosporin transport in the central nervous system, focusing on the choroid
      plexus, which transports many antibiotics out of the central nervous system.
      These new pharmacological data provide the scientific basis for understanding
      recent advances in therapy of meningitis.

PMID- 2277806
TI  - Effect of pregnancy on rabbit urinary bladder physiology. 1. Effects of
      extracellular calcium.
AB  - Recent advances in imaging technology have allowed for the diagnosis of many
      congenital urologic abnormalities through the use of antenatal ultrasonography.
      There is controversy in the literature as to whether antenatally detected
      dilatations of the urinary tract are always secondary to obstruction or if in
      select cases the dilatations are physiologic in nature and will spontaneously
      regress. Benign dilatations of the fetal urinary tract are postulated to be
      secondary to the increased fetal diuresis and a more compliant fetal urinary
      tract. No one has investigated the possibility that such dilatations might be a
      consequence of the hormonal changes seen with pregnancy. In this study we present
      evidence for a change in bladder function with pregnancy. A summary of our
      results shows that in the presence of bethanechol, strips from the urinary
      bladders of pregnant rabbits generate 50% less tension in response to calcium
      than those from nonpregnant rabbits. Such a suppression in smooth muscle function
      might also help explain the benign dilatations of the upper urinary tract which
      are seen frequently during pregnancy.

PMID- 2277807
TI  - Pressure-induced contractions in bovine pulmonary artery preparations.
AB  - Experiments were conducted in a superfusion bioassay system in which the effluent
      of a bovine main pulmonary artery (generator) was allowed to superfuse a spirally
      cut precontracted bovine arterial strip (detector), which had been deprived of
      endothelium. Effluents of endothelium-intact generator relaxed the precontracted
      detector by an average of 22 +/- 4.1%. Following removal of endothelium of the
      generator, the relaxing effect of the effluent was only 1%. A rapid increase of
      transmural pressure in the generator to about 40 mm Hg for 3 min induced
      contraction of the detector (8.4 +/- 2%) above the histamine-induced tension. In
      the absence of endothelium, smaller contractions were obtained from the
      pressurized generator (4.9 +/- 1.8%). This effect was reversible after pressure
      release. Effluents of endothelium-deprived generator showed no significant
      vasoactivity. NG-Mono-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 3.3 x 10(-5) mol/l), a specific
      inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO), also depressed endothelium-dependent relaxation
      and caused a 10.5% increase in contraction of the endothelial effluent. When the
      endothelium-intact generator was exposed to both pressure and L-NMMA, an additive
      effect was noted. Based on these observations, it was concluded that transient
      increase of transmural pressure in bovine main pulmonary arteries depresses the
      endothelium-dependent relaxation and unmasks a small but significant contractile
      activity of the endothelial effluent.

PMID- 2277808
TI  - Response of isolated intracerebral arterioles to endothelins.
AB  - The effects of endothelin-1, -2 and -3 (ET-1, -2, -3) on lumen diameter of
      intracerebral arterioles isolated from rat brain were examined. All three ETs
      produced concentration-dependent decreases in lumen diameter with EC50 values of
      0.7, 1.5 and 58 mmol/l for ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3, respectively. The calcium channel
      antagonist, nicardipine, had no significant effect on ET-1-induced contractions
      except at a concentration of 1 mumol/l which attenuated the maximum response to
      ET-1, but had no effect on the EC50 value. The potent vasoconstrictor action of
      ET on intracerebral arterioles suggest an important role for this peptide in the
      regulation of the cerebral microvasculature.

PMID- 2277809
TI  - Effects of vinpocetine on local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization seven
      days after forebrain ischemia in the rat.
AB  - A marked neuronal cell loss has been determined in the hippocampal CA1-subfield
      of the rat 7 days after 10 min of ischemia. The purpose of the present study was
      to evaluate the consequences of ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal damage on
      local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) and blood flow (LCBF). Forebrain
      ischemia of 10 min duration was induced in male Wistar rats. Seven days after
      ischemia LCGU was measured with the [14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose method, and LCBF was
      determined with the [14C]-iodoantipyrine technique in sham-operated and in
      ischemic rats. Furthermore, postischemic LCGU and LCBF were determined in
      vinpocetine-treated ischemic rats. Vinpocetin (14-ethoxycarbonyl-(3 alpha, 16
      alpha-ethyl)-14,15-eburnamine) has already proved to protect hippocampal neurons
      against ischemic damage. In comparison with sham-operated rats, LCGU increased
      and LCBF decreased significantly in the CA1-subfield 7 days after ischemia. Both
      effects were abolished by preischemic vinpocetine treatment supporting the
      presumption that this drug is protective against ischemic damage.

PMID- 2277810
TI  - Actions of the opioid antagonist, nalmefene, and congeners on reperfusion cardiac
      arrhythmias and regional left coronary blood flow.
AB  - Opioid antagonists have been shown to prevent the occurrence of lethal
      arrhythmias following coronary reperfusion. In this study, we have examined the
      effect of a new, long-lasting, potent opioid antagonist, nalmefene, and congeners
      in the prevention of reperfusion arrhythmias in dogs. Nalmefene given at a dose
      of 1 mg/kg i.v. reduced the incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias significantly
      when compared to the saline control. Neither N-methyl nalmefene, a quaternary
      analog that does not cross the blood brain barrier, nor (+) nalmefene, an isomer
      with no anti-opioid actions, provided any protection against reperfusion
      arrhythmias. Regional myocardial blood flow profiles, during and after coronary
      occlusion, were not different between the nalmefene- and saline-treated groups.
      We conclude that nalmefene prevents the occurrence of reperfusion-induced
      arrhythmias by blocking opioid receptors in the brain.

PMID- 2277812
TI  - Gradient effects of fundamental frequency on stop consonant voicing judgments.
AB  - The post-stop-release rise or fall of fundamental frequency (F0) is known to
      affect voicing judgments of syllables with ambiguous voice onset times (VOTs). In
      1986, Silverman claimed that the critical factor was not direction of F0 change
      but rather its direction relative to the intonational contour. He further claimed
      that only F0s that start above and fall to the contour have an effect
      proportional to the size of the frequency change; F0s that rise to the contour by
      different amounts were claimed to be equivalent. In our first experiment, we
      examined the effect on voicing judgments of five onset F0s preceding a single,
      flat contour. Only falling F0s were differentiated in the first set of judgments,
      but after increased exposure to the syllables, even F0s below the contour
      differentially affected the voicing judgment. In a second experiment, the contour
      of the final part of the syllable was flat, rising or falling. F0 contour
      affected the judgments, as did onset F0s, but the two factors did not interact,
      indicating that the onset values were not being judged by reference to the
      contours. However, the contour which was predicted to result in more voiceless
      judgments also ended at a higher F0 in the vowel, and another effect of voicing
      is that the F0 is higher throughout the vowel after voiceless stops. In a third
      experiment, F0 contours were created to contrast contour and mean F0. The effect
      of the F0 during the vocalic segment appeared to be attributable to the average
      F0 rather than the contour. In all three experiments, the F0 onset values
      contributed to the voicing judgment whether they were above or below the putative
      intonation contour. The contribution of the lower F0s, while significant, was not
      as great as that of the higher F0s, which argues for a noncategorical
      contribution of intonation.

PMID- 2277811
TI  - Effects of peripheral administration of naloxone on beta-adrenergic mediated
      responses.
AB  - A possible interaction between the opiate and beta-adrenergic systems in
      controlling body temperature, heart rate and water intake was investigated using
      adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Peripheral administration of isoproterenol (8 and
      50 micrograms/kg, s.c.) produced significant elevations of heart rate and tail
      skin and colonic temperatures, respectively. Peripheral pretreatment with
      naloxone (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was without effect on these beta-adrenergic responses.
      Administration of isoproterenol (25 micrograms/kg, s.c.) produced a significant
      increase in water intake which was abolished by peripheral pretreatment with
      naloxone (1 mg/kg, s.c.). Previous studies have suggested that the dipsogenic
      response to isoproterenol is mediated through angiotensin II. In the present
      study the angiotensin II-induced (200 micrograms/kg, s.c.) dipsogenic response
      was abolished by naloxone pretreatment. However, pretreatment with an equimolar
      dose of naloxone methobromide, an opiate antagonist which does not cross the
      blood-brain barrier, was ineffective in altering the dipsogenic response produced
      by peripheral administration of either angiotensin II or isoproterenol.
      Collectively, the data suggest that opiates do not alter peripheral beta
      adrenergic responses and that the blocking effects of naloxone on the
      isoproterenol-induced drinking response is mediated centrally and may be due to
      blocking angiotensin II dipsogenesis.

PMID- 2277813
TI  - [The sex of the child, the sex of the doll].
AB  - We wanted to describe the playful behavior of young children of both sexes from
      two and a half to six years of age who have been given a set of toys evoking
      motherhood. A girl doll or a boy doll was among the toys. Analysis points up two
      factors that allow us to explain the relative differences in behavior as noted in
      girls and boys while playing: The first factor is what we'll call the positive
      experience of mothering (girls play more than boys, older children are more
      involved than younger ones); a second factor, called a distant, defensive
      attitude, probably more closely characterizes boys with a girl doll (distance,
      aggressivity). The most positive "mothering" (various activities and outward
      tenderness) in a sub-group of older girls playing with a boy-doll. The doll's sex
      appears to be a determining element in child behavior. More general remarks are
      brought up regarding the theoretical questions of how the child perceives the
      beginning of the parents' role and how a sexual identity in the largest sense of
      the word are inter-related. The problem of a child's wants are also considered,
      inasmuch as they might come up in the cultural, social and psychological
      dimensions of childhood.

PMID- 2277814
TI  - [Family therapy: what is at stake in its evolution and its present application].
AB  - Applying family therapy remains marginal in several child psychiatric clinics in
      spite of a favorable theoretical context. The author describes certain
      difficulties that the family therapist faces and places them into the context of
      the development of family therapy. Secondly, he shows the basic mechanisms that
      support this kind of intervention and the constant that is revealed in present
      practice. At the same time, the author offers a practical model allowing both the
      use of a psychoanalytical perspective and the systemic approach.

PMID- 2277815
TI  - [Evaluation of the change process during treatment of adolescent psychotics].
AB  - This study rests on work comparing the processes of change in the mental
      functioning of eleven psychotic teenagers through two perspectives: a
      psychological perspective centered on the comparison of two psychological
      examinations carried out at intervals of one and a half and three years; a
      psychiatric perspective taking into account elements supplied by the doctor and
      the nursing staff in the facility and concerning the evolution of each patient
      between the first and second psychological examination. The evolution was judged
      according to three factors liable to explain the therapeutic effects: the ability
      of psychic movement through the appearance or the reappearance of a function in
      the primal process; setting up limits and defenses of a narcissistic order; the
      improvement in the ability to make bonds. In spite of the difficulties in
      regrouping the subjects, the comparative results between the tests and the
      clinical setting generally confirmed our initial hypotheses.

PMID- 2277816
TI  - [Changes in maternal behavior and care practices in migrant women from Western
      Africa].
AB  - A study on the various kinds of behavior in mothering and the ways of taking care
      of children by 26 migrant mothers coming from West Africa was carried out in
      order to evaluate and analyze changes in these practices when coming into contact
      with French society. The data was gathered during observations and interviews in
      the home setting. Massage techniques and posturo-motor exercises, as well as the
      physical contact between the adult and the child, and breast-feeding, were
      examined. Acculturation can be rapid in the ways children are fed. Massage
      techniques and bodily exercises, which are bound up with the way the child and
      its development are perceived, are harder to change. Children having gone through
      these exercises walk significantly earlier than those who haven't. As regards
      sickness, resorting to modern medicine is obvious, but doesn't basically change
      the traditional way of interpreting it, which makes of sickness the expression of
      a disorder affecting the family group in its entirety.

PMID- 2277817
TI  - [Dysphasia].
AB  - "Dysphasia" has been chosen to cover the severe problems related to the awareness
      and organization of language by the child overall in this study. Using this
      purely descriptive definition, we usually distinguish clinical forms, emphasizing
      a group of signs or a psychic movement, which are compared to an etiological
      value. Then, the theoretical choice justifies the therapeutic treatment and
      sometimes limits its action and effectiveness. During treatment related in
      detail, understanding the dysphasia of the child being treated develops as child
      and parents combine their efforts. Whether it's a question of "therapy" or
      "psychotherapy" isn't really relevant.

PMID- 2277818
TI  - [The breast and the breasts].
AB  - Is the breast taken into the mouth the same as both breasts as seen by the
      infant? In no way does taking the breast into the mouth exclude a certain erotic
      pleasure for both parties as has been shown by several studies that try to claim
      that the breast is no longer significant merely as a so-called "partial" object.
      This is what the iconography in Roman and Christian charity confirms.

PMID- 2277819
TI  - [Mood disorders in adolescence].
AB  - Mood disorders are seen frequently in adolescents. They may range from normative
      developmental events through the gamut of psychopathologies--dysthymia, unipolar
      depression, bipolar disorder. This paper reviews the varied developmental and
      psychosocial factors that contribute to such disorders and discusses
      psychotherapeutic approaches that have proved helpful with such problems.

PMID- 2277820
TI  - Repetitive suicidal crises: characteristics of repeating versus nonrepeating
      suicidal visitors to a psychiatric emergency service.
AB  - The present study involves a retrospective chart review of all patients who
      visited the Emergency Mental Health Service during the period of July 1, 1985 to
      June, 30, 1986 (total visits = 2,772). It compares those 'suicidal' patients seen
      only once during the index year with those seen multiple times (comparison of
      first visit only for both 'one-timers' and 'repeaters'). The 'repeaters' were
      generally found to be older and were more likely to have a diagnosis of
      schizophrenia and personality disorder. Unlike previous studies, substance abuse
      and affective disorder did not significantly differentiate the two groups. The
      'repeaters' were also more likely to be taking antipsychotic and antiparkinson
      medications, have histories of past psychiatric hospitalizations in the public
      sector, be living alone, and most importantly, to have made a previous suicide
      attempt.

PMID- 2277822
TI  - Thought disorder and relapse in schizophrenia.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with chronic schizophrenia were evaluated for a variety of
      psychiatric symptoms. These variables along with demographic data were used to
      predict relapse over a 24-month period in a multiple regression model. Initial
      formal thought disorder was a strong predictor of relapse (F = 79; p less than
      0.001). The predictive value of this symptom was enhanced by the addition of age
      of onset of psychosis but not by the addition of other symptomatic or demographic
      variables.

PMID- 2277821
TI  - Syndrome metamorphoses in anorexia nervosa--an example of integrative
      psychopathology.
AB  - In connection with the current knowledge of interdisciplinary results of
      research, we discuss clinical syndrome transitions of psychotic and non-psychotic
      quality in the course of anorexia nervosa. According to its internal and external
      conditions, anorexia nervosa can in principle occur in any person and in any
      phase of life during a critical trial situation as an ontologically given
      possibility of specific psychosomatic reaction. In the course of a mainly
      neurobiologically determined protopathic change of psychologically initiated
      cross-sectional psychopathology, very heterogenous secondary syndromes
      (impulsive, phobic, obsessive-compulsive, addictive, autoaggressive, depressive
      and schizophreniform) may facultatively become manifest. The similarity of such
      anorexia nervosa metamorphoses with classical nosological disease entities is
      likely to be based on a common disturbance of biological feedback systems. As a
      touchstone of classical 'intermediate area' in psychiatry the changing clinical
      picture of anorexia nervosa provokes a unitarian view of mental disease. It
      exemplifies a hesitant change of paradigm in an up till now dualistic conception
      of organic/biological and psychological models. This complementary approach tries
      to integrate psychic phenomena into a holistic understanding of complex
      psychopathological realities on the basis of qualitative and dimensional aspects
      in order to counteract the nowadays threatening loss of information in
      psychiatric phenomenology.

PMID- 2277823
TI  - Predictive value of two endogenicity measures.
AB  - Endogenicity has been considered to have a major predictive value as to the
      therapeutic response to antidepressants. Two recently introduced measures of
      endogenicity (the Michigan Discriminant Index and the Hamilton Endogenomorphy
      Subscale) were investigated regarding their potential predictive value. It was
      concluded that, in a group of selected depressive patients, neither the Michigan
      Discriminant Index, nor the Hamilton Endogenomorphy Subscale, had a predictive
      value concerning short-term response to antidepressants.

PMID- 2277824
TI  - Factors associated with adolescent suicidal attempts in Greece.
AB  - The cultural characteristics of a population may affect the relevant importance
      of the various factors involved in suicidal attempts. This study investigated the
      factors which led Greek adolescents to such attempts. Family disruption was
      significantly greater in the attempters than in the control subjects. However,
      parental restriction of the youngsters' personal freedom emerged as the major
      factor resulting in suicidal attempts. It was reported by 55% of the attempters
      and only by 17% of the control subjects. In 48% of the attempters, restriction of
      freedom was the reason for quarrels and strained relationship between them and
      their parents. Psychiatric disorders were significantly more frequent in the
      attempters (57%) than in the control subjects (3%). Youngsters with multiple
      attempts (41% of the cases) were more frequently associated with psychiatric
      disorders than youngsters with one attempt. The findings indicate that
      suppression of personal freedom by the parents is a major risk factor for
      suicidal attempts in Greek adolescent girls.

PMID- 2277825
TI  - Psychiatric assessment of Cleopatra--a challenging evaluation.
AB  - There was conducted a retrospective study of a remarkable personality in history
      of two millennia ago: Cleopatra, the Great. Though there was a paucity of hard
      facts about her early years, yet considerable pertinent information could be
      gleaned from scholarly writings about this versatile queen to render a diagnosis.
      Cleopatra was a complex, dynamic woman who rose to power in the Mediterranean
      world, but eliminated herself dramatically when she could not bear defeat in her
      narcissistic personality.

PMID- 2277826
TI  - Prolonged fear of AIDS as an early symptom of schizophrenia.
AB  - A modern complaint--fear of AIDS--is making its way into the world of
      psychopathology and is becoming a symptom of a wide range of psychiatric
      disorders, including severe ones. We present a case of a young man who developed
      a pathological bizarre preoccupation of having AIDS and underwent various
      unnecessary medical procedures, until finally he was diagnosed as suffering from
      a paranoid schizophrenic disorder. With the high media profile that AIDS has
      achieved in recent years, it is expected that AIDS has become the object of
      psychopathological processes. However, the length of time elapsed between the
      onset of symptoms and the appropriate psychiatric diagnosis, despite being
      examined by other medical professionals, is surprising. The discussion focuses on
      the diagnostic questions and on issues related to primary and secondary
      psychiatric prevention.

PMID- 2277827
TI  - [Hyperthermia in tumor therapy].
AB  - The application of hyperthermia in tumor therapy is expanded to a high degree. As
      affecting point in biological tissue the following is discussed: Cytotoxic effect
      with temperatures of 43 degrees C with alterations on cell membrane and in
      intermediate metabolism, injury of microcirculation, where--because of a
      pathological vascularisation--tumor tissue is affected in a stronger way than the
      better adapted vessel net of normal tissue. The radiosensitizing effect between
      40 and 42 degrees C is of interest for radiologist. Degree and duration of
      temperature and the interval between irradiation and thermal application modify
      the amplifying thermal factor. As adjuvant therapeutic modality the hyperthermia
      can decrease the hypoxic radioresistant part of cells and is an additional
      palliative therapeutic measure. Indications within a curative radiotherapy are
      elaborated at present globally.

PMID- 2277828
TI  - [Afterloading contact therapy in childhood tumors].
AB  - Two examples are presented to apply high dose rate afterloading therapy in
      treatment of tumors in childhood. The AL-therapy can be indicated in tumors in
      natural or artificial openings of the body that are limited locoregionally or
      were operated in sano. Applying brachytherapy radiogenic late-effects can be
      prevented in normal tissue like gonads and skeleton predominantly. On the other
      hand a tumor dimension greater than the target volume attainable by contact
      therapy has to be excluded certainly to avoid local recurrences.

PMID- 2277829
TI  - [The concept of injury in radiotherapy from the point of view of the expert].
AB  - Starting from different definitions of the term "radiation injuries" published in
      literature considerations are made to term of injury in medicine generally and in
      radiotherapy particularly. It is suggested to use the term "radiogenic injury of
      health" instead of the term "radiation injury" and to speak of "complications in
      connection with medical application of rays" before causal explanation of the
      state of affairs.

PMID- 2277830
TI  - [Radiotherapy-induced emergencies in the x-ray picture].
AB  - Acute symptoms have to be noted by the roentgenologist in diagnosis of emergency
      as direct consequence of irradiation. Above all they pertain to organs of
      thoracal area (lung, heart) and of abdomen (small intestine, colon).
      Roentgenologic pictures are presented with exemplary case reports.

PMID- 2277831
TI  - [Avoidable radiogenic damage to health as a result of radiotherapeutic measures].
AB  - Resulting from statements recorded in law directions of the GDR to the duty in
      profession of a physician and to restitution in injuries of health in consequence
      of breach of these duties experiences are reported that were collected with the
      report of complications in connection with medical use of radiation in almost 20
      years. As a conclusion it is referred to data and discharge material that is
      necessary to reconstruct the irradiation. Report and quality criteria are
      specified exemplarily, that belong to a commentary to directives for reports num.
      11 and, partly deduced from it, to directives for radiotherapy, came into force
      in 1986. Some casuistic contributions complete the representations.

PMID- 2277832
TI  - [A universal verification and protocol system for teletherapy].
AB  - To increase the quality of radiotherapy a verify and record system (VPS) was
      developed for teletherapy equipments, that takes control of manually adjusted
      irradiation parameters and of recording all relevant data of radiotherapy. The
      VPS can be adapted to special wishes of the user and it lends itself to
      application on different irradiation equipments. In the represented paper
      especially the extent of efficiency of the system is shown which is characterized
      by high operating comfort, flexible reacting to exceptional cases and by high
      date and operating security. The testing phase on an accelerator model has been
      brought to a close, actually the system is installed to an electron linear
      accelerator "Neptun 10p" and led to clinical trial.

PMID- 2277833
TI  - [The determination of the RBE of neutrons based on the hydroxyproline
      concentration in the lung tissue of irradiated piglets].
AB  - To test the radiogenic reaction of normal lung tissue experiments were done in 99
      young pigs altogether. The radiation field included the total right lobe of the
      lung, 5 fractions of photons or neutrons (mean energy 6.2 MeV) were applied in a
      total treatment of 5 or 35 days. After killing the animals and taking the lungs
      the examination of tissue samples and others has been done for contents of
      hydroxyproline (HP) that has been used to register radiogenic injuries where the
      relation of irradiated and non-irradiated half of the same animal was estimated
      as measuring value. Above a limit of 1.13 for the HP-quotient (estimated in non
      irradiated controls) there was a significant correlation with dose. Between the
      results of HP-quotients and histopathological findings a very good correlation
      was found. Calculation of RBE was done from relation of the dose values of
      photons and neutrons on base of the same level of injuries. In the tested total
      dose limit (photons: 14.25-38 Gy, neutrons 3.0-8.5 Gy) RBE-values of 3.8-4.5 were
      reached that correlates well with other tested criteria of the study in young
      pigs.

PMID- 2277834
TI  - [Diagnostic imaging of the breast--a survey].
AB  - Clinics and self inspection of the breast have not led to improved diagnostics of
      breast carcinoma. Diagnostics imaging meanwhile has become the turning point of
      tumour detection at a prognostically favourable stage. Mammography is the
      recognized method for the diagnostics of breast disease. For the detection of
      early occult breast carcinoma it is the method of choice. In mammographically
      dense breasts, difficulties occur. Here sonography is used for differentiation of
      cystic and solid space occupations. With fine needle biopsy a preoperative
      dignity evaluation is more and more possible. Radiation planning becomes more
      effective. Computed tomography is more important for primary diagnostics and the
      spreading of the disease. Magnetic resonance (MRT) becomes important in case of
      discrepancies between clinical mammographic and cytologic results. For the
      problematic differentiation of scars and recurrences Gadolinium-MRT is the
      favoured method. In short surveys the scope of the various imaging methods is
      shown.

PMID- 2277835
TI  - [Radiogenic pneumopathy in irradiated breast cancer--a follow-up assessment based
      on chest radiographs].
AB  - In 232 surgically treated and irradiated patients with breast carcinoma 27 cases
      of radiogeneous pneumopathia were found and analyzed in the chest radiograph.
      Special attention was given to the evaluation of the stage and the course of the
      radiation pneumonitis. No correlation between clinical results and x-ray symptoms
      was seen. Not every roentgenologically diagnosed pneumonitis is seen in the late
      follow-up as a fibrosis. The reasons for this are discussed. For the improved
      detectability of pneumonitic changes in the p.a. or lateral image no significant
      differences were found and no general rules. Additional CT-investigations of the
      chest demonstrated the radiogeneous lung changes more clearly and more exactly in
      its depths. Therefore an exact use of CT in the diagnostics of pneumonitis can be
      useful, but must be seen under the aspects of relevant therapy the availability
      of methods and economy.

PMID- 2277836
TI  - [What sociomedical significance has the mortality from breast cancer for a
      mammographic preventive strategy?].
AB  - Mortality is seen as the most significant criterium for the prognosis of the
      disease in a population and with respect to the effectiveness of prophylactic and
      therapeutic measures. The extraordinary high-mortality from breast carcinoma
      causes more psychological strain for women in working age. Breast carcinoma is
      the most frequent cause of death between the ages of 40 and 60 in the population
      of the GDR. Relevant data are the sex and age related mortality. From its
      reduction the cost and benefit for secondary prevention and especially of
      mammography can be evaluated.

PMID- 2277837
TI  - [Causes and problems of false negative detection of cancer in mammography].
AB  - As every diagnostics also roentgenological diagnostics of breast carcinoma
      involves misinterpretations. By exact evaluation technique, profound clinical
      investigation and profound knowledge of x-ray symptoms errors can be reduced. The
      close cooperation of referring physician, radiologist and pathologist is an
      essential for the improvement of the diagnostics of carcinoma. The radiologist
      must know possible errors exactly to achieve high rates of correct diagnosis.
      Especially in the evaluation of mammography clinical and pathologic-anatomic
      knowledge is required besides much experience in image analysis.

PMID- 2277838
TI  - [Computed tomographic measurements of breast density].
AB  - From histogram analysis the value of computed tomography for early detection of
      breast carcinoma or differentiation of benign and malign processes of the breast
      was evaluated. The results show, that CT is not applicable and gives no
      improvement of diagnostics.

PMID- 2277839
TI  - [The problem of mammography in patients with breast cancer following organ
      preserving surgery and irradiation].
AB  - In our study therapy induced early and late effects on the breast were
      investigated with mammography. All patients with breast carcinoma were treated
      with conserving surgery and then irradiated. Criterium for the evaluation of the
      changes was a postoperative mammogram for comparison with the found changes.
      Severe limitations for the diagnosis of tumour recurrence did not result for this
      form of therapy.

PMID- 2277840
TI  - [The reduction of radiation burden in mammography using film-screen combination
      systems].
AB  - The comparison of mammographic image recording systems TF-13-nonscreen film and
      ORTHO-MA with MIN-R screens leads to the necessary conclusion, that mammography
      should be carried out only with screen film combinations and an anti-scatter
      grid. This means improved contrast and a reduction of radiation dose to 1/3 of
      the dose of TF 13. Since in the GDR the film XR 10 still is used as mammographic
      film the fourfold of the internationally possible dose is required. The urgent
      change of the situation can only be achieved with respective imports.

PMID- 2277841
TI  - [The computer assisted mammography information system--MADMBS].
AB  - The paper reports on the development of an evaluation system for mammography. It
      describes the background of programming and points out future development.

PMID- 2277843
TI  - [MR angiography].
AB  - MR angiography allows the imaging of vessels comparable with the vessels imaged
      with digital angiography. MR-angiograms were also generated by image subtraction.
      Basis are the different magnetic properties of moved and stationary spins.
      Contrast media are not required. In recent years the various techniques of image
      subtraction with the aim of good imaged vessels were developed. The most
      important are described in this paper.

PMID- 2277842
TI  - [Spinal injuries from the radiologic point of view in children in intensive
      training for competitive sports].
AB  - From 192 gymnastic athletes and 216 swimmers the spine radiographs were
      evaluated. The risks for a too early start of high performance training in
      gymnastics for the spine are shown. Juvenile osteochondroses before the 10 year
      were found. Requirements for the elimination of spine diseases are pointed out.

PMID- 2277844
TI  - [The determination of the density of the tissue in selected muscles of normal
      subjects--a prerequisite to the computed tomographic diagnosis of myopathies].
AB  - Radio-density analysis of selected muscles of normal probands exhibited
      differences in dependence on age and sex of the probands. Men have a higher
      muscle density than women. With increasing age muscle densities decrease but with
      different extent for various muscles. The main value for the decreasing muscle
      density is 2 HE in 10 years. Well trained sportsmen exhibit slightly increased
      densities with a significant decreased range of derivations from the mean values.
      That means their muscles show a more homogeneous density distribution than the
      controls.

PMID- 2277845
TI  - [A method of hemostasis in blunt splenic trauma].
AB  - Experiences with embolization of the spleen artery after blunt spleen trauma in
      32 patients are reported. Haemostasis by selective application of 60% glucose
      solution with aminocaproic acid. The method is technically simple, requires no
      embolization materials, and is free of postembolization complications. It
      preserves the organ and its function, diminishes the need for donor blood and
      shortens the period of hospitalization. Intraarterial application of 60% glucose
      solution can be used as single method of treatment or before surgery.
      Contraindications are massive lesions of the spleen that require immediate
      surgical treatment.

PMID- 2277846
TI  - [Modern photofluorography in the diagnosis of colon cancer].
AB  - A basic improvement of the diagnostics of colorectal carcinoma (KK) in risk
      groups requires a complex program for a standardized fluorography of the colon
      and indication related endoscopy in ambulant treatment. For this we devised
      principles for the use of colon photofluorography as a screening method for the
      detection of colorectal carcinoma. In respect of organization this means the
      selection of risk groups and the use of new elements in colon photofluorography
      "prescopic period", that is carried out without radiation and automatic remote
      controlled air application into the rectum. We investigated 3120 patients in 96
      cases and found one KK and 91 benign tumours. Our experiments show, that with
      this program the diagnostics of tumours can be significantly improved.

PMID- 2277847
TI  - [Transrectal and transvaginal ultrasonic diagnosis of rectal cancer].
AB  - In 48 patients with rectal carcinoma diagnostic means for ultrasound
      investigation USU were tested. The high quality of transrectal and transvaginal
      ultrasound scanning (US) facilitated a detailed evaluation. The stage of the
      malign tumor was correctly evaluated in 95.8% of the cases. In one case a false
      negative evaluation of the function of the muscular layer was given and in
      another inflammatory infiltration was seen as a tumour. Changes of the pararectal
      lymph nodes were found in 62% of the patients, of the regional lymph nodes in 5
      patients (10.3%). Their metastatic status was proven with fine needle puncture
      aspiration biopsy (FNPAB) under sonographic and lymphographic control. In 10
      patients with US-scanning the found focuses in the liver parenchyma. In 90% of
      the cases by aspiration biopsy the malignity was cytologically and histologically
      proven.

PMID- 2277848
TI  - [Results of testicular sonography in boys. 1. Sonographic determination of
      testicle size and evaluation of the internal structure of the testicle in boys].
AB  - With ultrasound the testicle sizes of 665 boys aged from 0 to 15 were measured.
      After computation of linear regression a nomogram of testicle growth in childhood
      was obtained. Besides testicle size the evaluation of intratesticular structure
      is another important information for the evaluation of maturity of testicles.

PMID- 2277849
TI  - [Results of testicular sonography in boys. 2. Sonographic detection and
      differentiation of diseases in the scrotal region in boys].
AB  - We evaluated 249 boys with various intrascrotal diseases. Sonography has in the
      scrotal region a high sensitivity and specificity as well as good capability for
      differential diagnosis. It is especially in childhood for intrascrotal disease
      the technical method of first choice for diagnostics.

PMID- 2277850
TI  - Preclinical and clinical studies with cysteamine and pantethine related to the
      central nervous system.
AB  - 1. Cysteamine is formed by degradation of coenzyme A (CoA) and causes
      somatostatin (SS), prolactin and noradrenaline depletion in the brain and
      peripheral tissues. 2. Cysteamine influences several behavioral processes, like
      active and passive avoidance behavior, open-field activity, kindled seizures,
      pain perception and SS-induced barrel rotation. 3. Cysteamine has several
      established (cystinosis, radioprotection, acetaminophen poisoning) and
      theoretical (Huntington's disease, prolactin-secreting adenomas) indications in
      clinical practice. 4. Pantethine is a naturally occurring compound which is
      metabolized to cysteamine. 5. Pantethine depletes SS, prolactin and noradrenaline
      with lower efficacy compared to that of cysteamine. 6. Pantethine is well
      tolerated by patients and has been suggested to treatment of atherosclerosis. The
      other possible clinical indications (alcoholism, Parkinson's disease, instead of
      cysteamine) are discussed.

PMID- 2277851
TI  - Neurobehavioral studies of forced swimming: the role of learning and memory in
      the forced swim test.
AB  - 1. Immobility in the forced swim test ("behavioral despair test") has often been
      regarded as an animal model of despair or depression. 2. Behavioral studies of
      forced swimming ("behavioral despair") are reviewed and compared with certain
      behavioral effects of exposure to inescapable shock (i.e., "learned
      helplessness"). 3. Exposure to inescapable shock clearly impairs subsequent
      coping responses. However, detailed behavioral studies of forced swimming
      indicate that immobility during forced swimming is not a failure of coping but
      instead reflects a relatively successful coping strategy that employs energy
      conserving behaviors. 4. Certain neurobiological studies of forced swimming are
      reinterpreted in light of the behavioral evidence that immobility during forced
      swimming reflects effects of learning and memory rather than effects of despair
      or depression. 5. Some implications for future neurobehavioral studies of forced
      swimming and uncontrollable shock are discussed.

PMID- 2277852
TI  - Multidimensional behavioral effects of marijuana.
AB  - 1. Five groups of three healthy adult male volunteers (n = 15), all reporting
      occasional, controlled marijuana use, gave written consent and participated in
      residential studies lasting 6 to 15 days. 2. Subjects smoked marijuana cigarettes
      (0, 1.3, 2.3 or 2.7% THC, w/w) at 0945, 1330, 1700 and 2030 every day, and each
      subject received both active and placebo marijuana cigarettes in 2-5 consecutive
      day phases, with placebo and active doses presented in an alternating fashion. 3.
      In comparison with placebo, active marijuana produced a variety of effects on
      measures of human behavior, including increases in food consumption and errors on
      psychomotor tasks, decreases in bouts of tobacco-cigarette smoking and verbal
      interactions and no changes in rates of task performance, time spent under social
      conditions or social cooperation. 4. Dimensions of human behavior were
      differentially sensitive to the effects of smoked marijuana. 5. The simultaneous
      measurement of multiple dimensions of human behavior is a useful procedure for
      determining dose potency following marijuana administration.

PMID- 2277853
TI  - Measurement of haloperidol reductase activity in red blood cells and reduced
      haloperidol/haloperidol ratios in plasma in oriental psychiatric patients.
AB  - 1. The authors established a method for measuring haloperidol (HAL) reductase
      activity in human red blood cells. 2. Characteristics of the HAL reductase in red
      blood cells were examined. This enzyme reaction was NADPH dependent, and the
      optimum pH was at 8.2-8.9. Vmax and Km were calculated as 25-150 pmol/hr/10(6)
      RBC and 160-2600 microM respectively. 3. HAL reductase activities in red blood
      cells from 14 patients treated with HAL were in a range of 9.7-20.8 pmol/hr/10(6)
      RBC. So far we did not find any significant correlation between HAL reductase
      activities and reduced HAL/HAL ratios in plasma.

PMID- 2277854
TI  - Behavioural effects of chronic manipulations of dietary choline in senescent
      rats.
AB  - 1. Senescent rats were maintained on choline-deficient and choline-enriched
      diets. The modifications in rat behaviour caused by the chronic manipulations of
      dietary choline were studied in two schedules of operant conditioning. 2. In the
      "periodic conditioning" test, the schedule of reinforcement, in a 100 min trial,
      was changed from a fixed ratio to a fixed interval schedule. In the "reversal"
      test the contingency for food delivery was switched four times from one lever to
      the other in a two lever Skinner box. 3. In the "periodic conditioning" test, the
      choline enriched group (430 mg/Kg/day) showed the same reduction of
      responses/reinforcement as controls, from the beginning to the end of trial; in
      the same group the time course reduction of responses/reinforcement became
      significant earlier than in the control group. The deficient-choline group in the
      last 40 min of "periodic conditioning" trial gave a reduction of
      responses/reinforcement greater than controls and one rat in the group did not
      learn the change of experimental schedule and extinguished its operant behaviour.
      4. In the "reversal" test, the choline-enriched diet (320 mg/Kg/day) improved the
      reinforced responses in the IV reversal; one rat of the deficient-choline group
      could not learn the new operant schedule since the first reversal and continued
      to respond on the same lever during the whole of the test.

PMID- 2277855
TI  - Demographic factors reshaping ties to family and place.
AB  - This article explores the broad topic of how the selective character of human
      migration and changing family circumstances may shape the intensity of local need
      among the future elderly. At origin, it is the healthier, better educated, and
      more affluent elderly who venture to migrate; and although people migrate from a
      broad spectrum of origins, they flow selectively to a narrow spectrum of
      destinations. At the same time, contemporary changes in family makeup and
      internal division of labor alter their capacity to care for elderly members.
      These demographic realities define a policy issue ripe for study. 1990 census
      data can reveal how the pressures of population aging will diffuse spatially, in
      terms of timing and intensity and, given the complex interaction of migration
      selectivity and family transformation, who will be distanced from whom, and with
      what consequences. Scattered evidence from earlier years casts light on certain
      facets of this issue: (a) the ties between elderly and their children, (b) the
      differing configurations of migration flows generating elderly concentration in
      locales, and (c) the changing nature of elderly concentration in recent decades.
      With 1990 census data, it will be possible to extend certain findings and
      consider their implications for how future aging and dependency may express
      themselves locally.

PMID- 2277856
TI  - Appalachian elderly migration: patterns and implications.
AB  - This article seeks to explore the patterns of population aging and elderly
      migration in Appalachia, with a focus on two distinct and different subregions:
      eastern Kentucky and western North Carolina. Although the framework of the study
      is demographic, the foundation is more related to overarching concerns of the
      implications of migration, particularly with respect to local economies and
      services, and the potential use of elderly migration as a development strategy.

PMID- 2277857
TI  - Elderly mobility and mobility outcomes: households in the later stage of the life
      course.
AB  - Recent research has demonstrated that elderly residential mobility is conditioned
      more often by economic factors than is mobility in general. This article explores
      these issues, specifically those related to the effects of mobility, aging in
      place, and migration on elderly economic well-being. Using the American Housing
      Survey national file for 1985, different types of mobility and migration for
      households in the later stages of the life course are examined. The evidence
      reiterates central city/suburban locational differences for the elderly,
      emphasizes the role of house costs, and house cost/income ratios in creating
      stress for the elderly, and strongly suggests that the elderly population is not
      simply grouped into young-old, old, and old-old, but is better treated in a
      continuum of life course changes.

PMID- 2277858
TI  - Household patterns of older women. Some international comparisons.
AB  - Comparative analyses based on aggregate data have shown that the percentage of
      older women living alone has risen dramatically during recent decades, a pattern
      repeated in many European and North American countries. This article investigates
      the correlates of the decision to live alone, using individual-level data from
      five countries and a parallel analytic approach. The major categories of factors
      analyzed here are kin availability, financial resources, and disability and
      health status. Several common patterns of findings emerge for the group of
      countries considered: Larger kin networks and the presence of severe disabilities
      reduce the probability of living alone, whereas higher income increases the
      probability of living alone. Despite these similarities in individual-level
      correlates, there remain some differences across countries in the levels of
      single-person households, and these might be attributable to macrolevel forces
      such as housing and social welfare policies.

PMID- 2277859
TI  - Household composition among the nonmarried elderly. A comparison of black and
      white women.
AB  - Differences in household composition between Black and White women have often
      been explained as resulting from differences in the resources of the two groups,
      particularly economic differences. A competing viewpoint holds that living
      arrangements reflect the cultural context within which life choices are
      negotiated. The purpose of this article is to assess the relative merits of these
      arguments. In this analysis, the extensive data available in the 1984 panel of
      the Survey of Income and Program Participation are employed. Indicators of
      health, kinship, income, and wealth are included in the analysis of living
      arrangements among Black and White women aged 55 and over. The results indicate
      that these resources are associated with choice of living arrangements among
      members of the two groups, but the Black and White women respond differently to
      levels of wealth and health when making decisions about household composition.

PMID- 2277860
TI  - Race/sex comparisons of elderly living arrangements. Factors influencing the
      institutionalized of the unmarried.
AB  - This article describes recent trends in the total institutionalization rates
      among unmarried Black and White populations, by sex. In addition, an analysis is
      provided that evaluates the individual attributes associated with the probability
      of institutionalization for these same groups in 1980. To accomplish these goals,
      U.S. Census data from the 1960, 1970, and 1980 Public Use Samples are employed.
      The evidence suggests convergence over time in age-standardized rates across both
      race and sex groups. Also, there is considerable consistency among the groups in
      the factors that predict the likelihood of being in a formal long-term care
      situation. Although the Black population continues to access formal institutions
      less frequently than does the White population, the findings suggest that
      forecasters and planners need to take into account the increasing rate of elderly
      Black institutionalization along with the individual characteristics that
      influence these rates.

PMID- 2277861
TI  - The aging of the gender revolution: what do we know and what do we need to know?
AB  - Over the last decade, research on the elderly family has been glowing, portraying
      strong marital and family relationships. But the currently elderly, while they
      hve benefited from the demographic and economic transformations of modernity, did
      not participate in the family revolutions that have followed. Cohorts who will
      become the elderly of the 21st century have been on the leading edge of the
      family revolution, the rapid growth of labor force participation among women, the
      tremendous rise in divorce and in childrearing out of marriage, and the overall
      decline in marriage and remarriage. Increasingly, the elderly will not be married
      or not in their first marriage. Research has focused on women and children as the
      sufferers from divorce, but in old age, as family relationships based on marriage
      and parenthood grow in importance, it is males who are at risk. This article
      presents a series of research findings that specify these risks.

PMID- 2277862
TI  - Remarriage of older Canadians: description and interpretation.
AB  - The remarriage experience of Canadian men and women aged 55 and over at time of
      survey are described using data from the Canadian Family History Survey, carried
      out in 1984 by Statistics Canada. Data pertain to approximately 1,300 women and
      1,100 men. Remarriage is put in the context of total life cycle experience by
      means of a simple decomposition of the lifetime probability of remarriage. The
      analysis highlights the greater exposure of women to remarriage (due to high
      rates of widowhood) but their lower remarriage rates compared to men. The sex
      differential in remarriage remains when age at dissolution is controlled. A major
      regional differential is found in remarriage patterns in Canada, with residents
      of Quebec showing appreciably lower remarriage rates following divorce than the
      rest of the country. An interpretation of the observed patterns suggests the need
      for more attention to motivation in the study of remarriage behavior.

PMID- 2277863
TI  - Effect of calvatic acid and its analogs on ornithine decarboxylase activity in
      tumour cells.
AB  - Calvatic acid (p-carboxyphenylazoxycyanide) is an antibiotic containing an
      azoxycyano group that displays carcinostatic activity. In the present work it has
      been shown that in AH-130 hepatoma and K562 leukemia cells the antibiotic, at low
      concentration, decreases ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) levels. The change depends
      on two summative effects of the drug, impairment of overall protein synthesis and
      inhibition of enzyme activity. Some analogs of calvatic acid have been tested in
      order to gain more insight into the structure-activity relationship. The
      decarboxylated derivative phenylazoxycyanide proved to be more effective in
      reducing protein synthesis and ODC activity in the whole tumor cells. The rapidly
      growing K562 cells displayed high sensitivity to this compound. Calvatic acid
      analogs devoid of the cyano group were less effective on the same parameters.

PMID- 2277864
TI  - Comparison of formaldehyde-preperfused frozen and freshly frozen tissue
      preparation for the in situ hybridization for alpha-tubulin messenger RNA in the
      rat brain.
AB  - In situ hybridization histochemistry, using the alpha-tubulin oligonucleotide
      probe, was performed employing two tissue freezing methods, the preperfuse
      freezing method and the freshly frozen method, to evaluate methodological
      differences in the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the brain. The mRNA levels in
      the sections from the freshly frozen groups were lower than those in the
      preperfused group, particularly in the cerebral cortex, the striatum, the
      hippocampal Ca1 and CA4 fields, and the habenular nuclei. Therefore, employing
      the freshly frozen method, there is a possibility that the mRNA levels in these
      regions may be underestimated. The hybridization signals of groups placed on an
      ice-bed for 5 min and 15 min were lower than those of the immediately frozen
      group in the cingulate, the temporal, and the retrosplenial cortex, the CA1
      field, and even in the medial and the lateral thalamic nuclei where no
      significant difference was seen between the perfused group and the immediately
      frozen group of tissues. When employing the freshly frozen method, the removed
      brain should be frozen as fast as possible and the period from decapitation to
      freezing should be kept strictly constant.

PMID- 2277865
TI  - Existence of a flip-flop kinetic model for zidovudine (AZT) after oral
      administration.
AB  - Using a three-way crossover experimental design, the effects of food and
      propantheline bromide on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered zidovudine
      (AZT; 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine) were assessed in six adult male Sprague-Dawley
      rats by the urinary excretion rate method. Accordingly, a single-10 mg/kg oral
      dose of AZT was administered as an aqueous solution to either fasting (F) rats,
      nonfasting (NF) rats or fasting rats pretreated with a 5 mg/kg oral dose of
      propantheline bromide (P; an inhibitor of GI motility). Quantitative urine
      collections were made at predetermined intervals for 24-32 hr after AZT
      administration, and each urine specimen was assayed for unmetabolized AZT by a
      sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The mean
      extent of AZT absorption, as reflected by mean total urinary excretion values
      expressed as % of AZT dose, ranged from 72.9% to 75.2% and was unaffected by
      study condition. Kinetic interpretation of the terminal linear phase of the
      urinary excretion rate vs. time data yielded mean (+/- SD) half-lives of 4.35 +/-
      2.1 hr for NF and 3.42 +/- 0.86 hr for P, which were significantly greater than
      the mean 1.58 +/- 0.63 hr half-life observed for F. The reported mean biological
      half-life of AZT after a 10 mg/kg intravenous dose to the same strain of rats is
      0.76 +/- 0.35 hr (n = 6). After intravenous AZT administration, the terminal half
      life reflects drug elimination. However, after oral AZT administration, the
      observed terminal half-lives reflect drug absorption rather than drug elimination
      (i.e., a flip-flop kinetic model is operable). There is some evidence to suggest
      that the disappearance of AZT from the blood of orally dosed AIDS patients may
      also be controlled by drug absorption.

PMID- 2277866
TI  - Effect of mancozeb on hydrolytic metabolism of xenobiotics.
AB  - The present investigation reports the effect of chronic oral administration of
      mancozeb, a fungicide, on hepatic microsomal carboxylesterases/amidases or B
      esterases responsible for hydrolytic metabolism of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid
      or ASA) at pH 5.5 and 7.4, 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), acetanilide and p
      nitrophenylacetate (NPA) and cholinesterase in rat. Oral administration of
      mancozeb (250 mg/kg/day) for 30 days caused significant stimulation of ASA
      esterase I (pH 5.5), ASA esterase II (pH 7.4), AAF N-deacetylase and acetanilide
      N-deacetylase in liver. However, the activities of NPA esterase and
      cholinesterase remained unaffected. Evaluation of induction kinetics demonstrated
      that the pattern and magnitude of responses of these microsomal hydrolases to
      mancozeb treatment for 7 days were comparable to those obtained after treatment
      for 30 days. The activities of hydrolases were not altered in animals killed 4 hr
      after an oral dose of mancozeb. Mancozeb did not affect these hydrolases in
      vitro.

PMID- 2277867
TI  - Increasing effect of sodium 3-ethyl-7-isopropyl-1-azulenesulfonate 1/3 hydrate
      (KT1-32), a novel antiulcer agent, on gastric mucosal blood flow in anesthetized.
AB  - Effect of a novel azulene derivative KT1-32 on gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF)
      was studied to elucidate its mucosal defensive mechanisms underlying the
      antiulcer action. The GMBF was measured by two methods which were based on heat
      clearance and laser Doppler velocimetry in the rat. Intravenous administration of
      KT1-32 produced a dose-dependent increase in GMBF at doses of 0.3-10 mg/kg;
      significant increases in GMBF were observed at doses not less than 1 or 3 mg/kg
      by the laser Doppler or heat clearance method, respectively. The duration of
      action was about 10 min at 10 mg/kg of KT1-32. A good parallelism in these GMBF
      changes was noted between both methods. Cetraxate, an antiulcer agent, elicited
      an increase in GMBF at 30 mg/kg, i.v., when GMBF was measured by the heat
      clearance method. Sodium guaiazulene 3-sulfonate, another azulene antiulcer
      agent, showed no increase in GMBF. It is suggested that the increasing effect of
      KT1-32 on GMBF contributes to its antiulcer activity through strengthening
      mucosal defensive mechanisms.

PMID- 2277868
TI  - Cucumber-mosaic-virus-associated RNA-5. XII. Symptom-modulating effect is
      codetermined by the helper virus satellite replication support function.
AB  - In tomato, the disease-modulating effects of a cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
      satellite isolate from Belgium, here designated T-CARNA-5 (CARNA-5 = CMV
      associated RNA-5), were found to be different depending on the supporting helper
      virus strain. With two CMV strains, T-CARNA-5 induced lethal necrosis, but with a
      third strain from Ixora spp. (CMV-Ix), aggravated stunting was observed. However,
      the primary structure of the T-CARNA-5 contained within virus isolated from
      tobacco or tomato infected with each of these three CMV strains, conformed to the
      conserved sequence profile of CARNA-5 isolates which are necrogenic in tomato.
      Dilution endpoint bioassay of T-CARNA-5 established a direct cause-effect
      relationship between it and tomato necrosis or stunting, depending on the helper
      virus. Total nucleic acid extracts taken at different times from tomato plants
      infected with the above CMV strains and T- or S-CARNA-5 (used as non-necrogenic
      control) showed viral RNA, ssCARNA-5 and dsCARNA-5 to be present in significant
      amounts, but in sometimes dissimilar proportions depending on the combination;
      except in CMV-Ix/S-CARNA-5 infection where neither ss-nor dsCARNA-5 was found.
      The experiments established that CARNA-5 biological expression studies in CMV
      infected tomato have to take into account the helper virus satellite replication
      support function, which may be a primary codeterminant of quantitative or
      qualitative differences in the symptom modulation observed.

PMID- 2277869
TI  - Further-attenuated measles vaccine: virus passages affect viral surface protein
      expression, immunogenicity and histopathology pattern in vivo.
AB  - Measles vaccine viruses Leningrad-16 (L-16) and Moscow-5 (M-5, an L-16-derived
      clonal variant), at passage levels used for vaccination and after ten further low
      multiplicity passages on quail embryo (QE) cells, were compared for (1)
      immunogenicity, (2) histopathological lesions induced in vivo and (3) surface
      protein expression within infected cells and on the virion surface. At the 10th
      passage, viruses evoked a poorer neutralizing antibody response in guinea pigs,
      induced an earlier appearance of more pronounced pathological lesions and
      replicated faster in Vero cells than the original viruses. H protein expression
      increased 1.8-2.3-fold after 10 passages of the L-16 variant, but remained
      virtually unaltered for the M-5 variant. F protein expression of both 10th
      passage variants was 0.5-0.8 that of the original virus variants. A similar two
      fold decrease in F protein expression was noted after a single virus passage in
      guinea pigs. The data implicate the loss of F protein as a cause of reduced
      immunogenicity of further attenuated measles vaccines.

PMID- 2277870
TI  - Detection of anti-HIV IgA in tears of children born to seropositive mothers is
      highly specific.
AB  - In order to improve the diagnosis of HIV infection in children born to
      seropositive mothers, 86 children were previously tested by Western blotting for
      anti-HIV IgA in tears and IgG in serum, at a median age of 9.2 months. To
      determine the exact value of the assay, 68/86 children of the same cohort were
      retested 9 months later. Nine children (13.4%) were seropositive and all had anti
      HIV IgA in tears. Eight of them had possessed lachrymal antibodies 9 months
      earlier. The ninth child was seronegative when 9 months old and then
      seroconverted. Four children (6%), known to be seronegative, had an indeterminate
      Western blot pattern and no HIV IgA in tears. Fifty four (80.6%) were
      seronegative at 18 months; none of them had ever had anti-HIV IgA in tears. This
      highlights the fact that only the children without lachrymal HIV IgA at the age
      of 9 months became seronegative at the age of 18 months. Our results clearly show
      that the detection of anti-HIV IgA in tears is a highly specific and reliable
      diagnostic test in children aged less than 15 months, born to seropositive
      mothers.

PMID- 2277871
TI  - A reduced panel of anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies for bat rabies virus
      identification in Europe.
AB  - A reduced panel of 4 anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mAb) was set up to
      distinguish viruses of terrestrial mammal origin from viruses of bat origin in
      Europe. Four additional mAb were necessary to identify each one of the four
      serotypes of lyssavirus. These 8 mAb were selected out of 25 mAb secreted by
      hybridomas obtained from mice immunized with either serotype 1 lyssavirus (rabies
      virus PV4) or serotype 3 lyssavirus (Mokola). They were screened with 32 viruses
      representative of the four lyssavirus serotypes and the two types of European bat
      lyssavirus. The panel was tested by immunofluorescence assay with 25 cell-culture
      adapted European wildlife isolates and in routine rabies identification with 65
      rabid animal brain smears. Two isolates from Eptesicus serotinus in France were
      identified as European bat lyssavirus 1 with the reduced panel.

PMID- 2277872
TI  - Practical aspects of dealing with cancer therapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
AB  - Nausea and vomiting are so distressing to some patients receiving chemotherapy
      that they are often the reasons for refusing further potentially curative
      treatment. This article reviews the practical measures that can be taken to
      support these patients.

PMID- 2277874
TI  - International Society for Clinical Biostatistics tenth international meeting.
      Maastricht, 11-14 September 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2277873
TI  - Psychologic aspects of the treatment of emesis in cancer nursing.

PMID- 2277875
TI  - Analysing clinical decision analyses.
AB  - We present a critical review of aspects of clinical decision analysis which uses
      an application to screening for familial intracranial aneurysms. The analysis is
      reported together with methods for assessing decision trees. These methods appear
      to be powerful checks on the usually rather intuitive way in which decision trees
      are built. The problem of assessing the uncertainty in the results of a decision
      analysis is discussed in detail. In practice, sensitivity analysis covers nearly
      every calculation apart from the standard evaluation of the decision tree.
      Different forms of sensitivity analysis are distinguished and given appropriate
      names: influence analysis, threshold analysis, full Bayesian analysis, Bayesian
      influence analysis, attribute analysis, generalization analysis and scenario
      analysis. The biostatistical community may well contribute to the much needed
      methodological improvement in decision analysis and its different forms of
      sensitivity analysis, especially if prepared to look beyond the standard
      statistical techniques.

PMID- 2277876
TI  - The marriage of clinical trials and clinical decision science.
AB  - Clinical decision science is concerned with rational clinical decisions. All
      branches of medical research contribute here, but controlled clinical trials of
      the pragmatic variety carry a particular responsibility. Usually, however, they
      are not conducted and reported so that they can be used directly as input to a
      decision analysis. We suggest that the forces of the two methodologies should be
      united, and point out some areas where this 'marriage' will have a non-trivial
      impact: choice of end points, style of outcome recording, adaptive designs, and
      style of result presentation. Special attention is given to the decision-analytic
      setting of research priorities, the role of utility calculus in quantifying the
      ethical dilemmas that surround clinical trials, and the use of patient attitude
      towards outcomes of treatment as a covariate in its own right.

PMID- 2277877
TI  - Quality adjusted survival analysis.
AB  - We present a technique, quality adjusted survival analysis, for the analysis of
      controlled trials where patients may experience several health states which
      differ in their quality of life. When the data are censored, a survival analysis
      of the quality adjusted life years achieved may involve informative censoring,
      and produce biased estimates. To overcome this, we partition the survival curve;
      the resulting areas, which represent the mean time in each state, are multiplied
      by utility weights to provide an unbiased estimate of (restricted) quality
      adjusted survival. If the appropriate weights are in doubt, the results are best
      presented as a threshold analysis over the utility weights, allowing individual
      recommendation to be read from a simple graph. The certainty of the conclusions
      can be presented as confidence bands on the threshold line. The techniques are
      illustrated with a re-analysis of a large three-arm trial of adjuvant
      chemoendocrine therapy for stage II breast cancer in postmenopausal women. This
      shows that if the value of time spent in toxicity is greater than the time spent
      in relapse, we can be 95 per cent confident that chemoendocrine therapy is the
      preferred option.

PMID- 2277878
TI  - An improved approximation for calculation of confidence intervals after a
      sequential clinical trial.
AB  - A method for the calculation of confidence intervals following a sequential
      clinical trial is proposed which is more accurate than methods based solely on
      continuous monitoring assumptions, but is not as computationally laborious as
      previous methods suggested for group sequential trials. The calculation takes
      account of the excess of the sample path over the boundary at the final
      inspection of the trial, which may be substantial after group sequential
      monitoring, and is ignored when continuous monitoring is assumed. Accuracy of
      such confidence intervals after a triangular test is investigated by simulation
      of coverage probabilities, individual confidence limit probabilities and p-value
      curves.

PMID- 2277879
TI  - The graphical representation of clinical trials with particular reference to
      measurements over time.
AB  - Clinical trials are frequently analysed as if they were surveys when they are in
      fact experiments. In particular the experimental basis of clinical trials is
      rarely reflected in the graphs which are used to illustrate them. Proposals are
      made, and illustrated by example, as to how appropriate figures may be devised,
      both for parallel-group designs and for crossover trials, to illustrate the
      experimental nature of clinical trials with measurements over time.

PMID- 2277880
TI  - Predictive value of statistical models.
AB  - A review is given of different ways of estimating the error rate of a prediction
      rule based on a statistical model. A distinction is drawn between apparent,
      optimum and actual error rates. Moreover it is shown how cross-validation can be
      used to obtain an adjusted predictor with smaller error rate. A detailed
      discussion is given for ordinary least squares, logistic regression and Cox
      regression in survival analysis. Finally, the splitsample approach is discussed
      and demonstrated on two data sets.

PMID- 2277881
TI  - Quantifying misclassification bias in cohort studies of vaccine efficacy.
AB  - A simple mathematical model is presented to quantify the bias due to
      misclassification in prospective cohort studies of vaccine efficacy. Limitations
      of methods based on quantifying misclassification in 2 x 2 tables are discussed.
      The model is applied to data from three examples of the design and analysis of
      studies of pertussis vaccine efficacy.

PMID- 2277882
TI  - Adjusting for misselection using subsampling in epidemiological studies.
AB  - In epidemiological research it is sometimes necessary to conduct a case-control
      study in a part of the population which is not exposed to certain risk factors.
      Such a study design may be useful to investigate the risk related to a weak
      carcinogen in presence of other strong risk factors. It may happen that some
      individuals are wrongly included in the study group due to misreporting of the
      true exposure status. This misselection may cause biased odds ratio estimates of
      the factors of interest. It is therefore recommended that an evaluation study to
      validate the selection procedure is undertaken. We propose a two-stage sample
      design, consisting of a case-control study and a validation study in a subsample.
      Misselection rates in cases and control for different exposure groups may be
      estimated in the subsample and used to correct the odds ratio estimation from the
      first stage. It is shown how the total sample size should be attributed to the
      case-control sample and to the second-stage sample in order to give an unbiased
      estimate with minimal variance. The allocation is shown to be dependent on a
      number of parameters which is illustrated numerically and graphically. Efficiency
      considerations are also addressed.

PMID- 2277883
TI  - Design methods for some dose-response models.
AB  - A recently described design method for one-parameter biomedical models such as
      limiting or serial dilution assays is generalized to two-parameter models for
      which the dose-response relationship can be expressed as a linear regression
      model with parameters alpha (intercept) and beta (slope). Design formulae are
      proposed for three different cases in which prior information about the unknown
      regression parameters alpha and beta is available (alpha known, beta known and
      neither known, respectively). A suitable transformation of the two-parameter
      model enables the direct application of the one-parameter design method to the
      first two cases, while the third needs more advanced considerations. Two
      experimental designs, taken from the literature, are reproduced as closely as
      possible using the methods described, thus showing under which circumstances
      these designs are suitable.

PMID- 2277884
TI  - Principles, problems and a paradox with the measurement of energy expenditure of
      free-living subjects using doubly-labelled water.
AB  - Many aspects of the study of human nutrition would benefit from the ability to
      measure the energy which is expended by subjects as they go about their normal
      activities. The doubly-labelled water technique is a method which allows such
      measures to be made. The technique depends on the principle that a measure of
      carbon dioxide production is possible from the difference in the rates at which
      isotopic labels of hydrogen and oxygen are eliminated from the body. This simple
      explanation however conceals a host of assumptions. Several issues have emerged
      as important in the application of the technique to humans. These issues include
      first, the use of two samples (an initial and final sample) or multiple samples
      to estimate the rates of isotope elimination, and secondly the appropriate use of
      dilution spaces. This paper reviews the current status of the debates concerning
      these two issues. Paradoxically, improvements in our understanding of the
      technique, in the methods for calculating carbon dioxide production and in the
      accuracy of mass spectrometry, have not led to improvements in the accuracy of
      the technique. The mean deviation of estimates of carbon dioxide production using
      the technique from estimates made by conventional methods averages 7 per cent.

PMID- 2277885
TI  - [Homage to Doctor Charles Edouard Pfister].

PMID- 2277886
TI  - [Coxitis in Lyme disease].

PMID- 2277887
TI  - [Cancer of the kidney and renal polycystosis in adults].

PMID- 2277888
TI  - [Blue toe syndrome. Description of a case (etiology, diagnosis and treatment of
      arterio-arterial embolisms)].

PMID- 2277889
TI  - [Digestive tract lesions in patients with renal insufficiency].

PMID- 2277890
TI  - [The practice of medicine].

PMID- 2277891
TI  - [A centenary which has not kept all its promises: tuberculin].

PMID- 2277892
TI  - [Fibrinolytics. The nursing care].

PMID- 2277894
TI  - [Therapeutic communication and care].

PMID- 2277893
TI  - [Rationality in health policy and its limitations].

PMID- 2277895
TI  - [Parkinson's disease. Nutrition as therapy].

PMID- 2277896
TI  - [Is our consumption of drugs correct?].

PMID- 2277897
TI  - [Continuing education. 53. Subject: medical-surgical. Topic: care of the patient
      with retinal detachment].

PMID- 2277898
TI  - [Promoting the health of the elderly].

PMID- 2277899
TI  - [Preventing drug dependence. A program of behavioral intervention].

PMID- 2277900
TI  - [3-way central venous catheters. Their use in oncology].

PMID- 2277901
TI  - [The new orientations of European nursing].

PMID- 2277902
TI  - [The structure of a dream: a proposal for an advanced nursing course].

PMID- 2277903
TI  - [The nursing student between the theory and the practice of the profession].

PMID- 2277905
TI  - [Communicating with English-speaking patients].

PMID- 2277904
TI  - [The image of nursing via the social communication media in Galicia].

PMID- 2277906
TI  - Institut Policlinic Plato.

PMID- 2277907
TI  - [Something is happening...].

PMID- 2277908
TI  - [The bibliographic review (I). Essential documentary sources for nursing].

PMID- 2277909
TI  - [Is it satisfying to work in primary care?].

PMID- 2277910
TI  - [Hypothermia].

PMID- 2277911
TI  - [Protected floors. A rehabilitation alternative for mental patients].

PMID- 2277912
TI  - [The tobacco habit in nursing. A study conducted in the community of Valencia].

PMID- 2277913
TI  - [To do research in nursing. Priorities and strategies].

PMID- 2277914
TI  - [Acute chest pain. The practical application of primary nursing care].

PMID- 2277915
TI  - [Dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and heart disease. Epidemiology and prevention].

PMID- 2277916
TI  - [The operating table].

PMID- 2277917
TI  - [Continuing education. 54. Subject: mother-child. Topic: child abuse].

PMID- 2277919
TI  - [Women and AIDS].

PMID- 2277918
TI  - [The new study plan has been approved: something has been lost].

PMID- 2277920
TI  - [CT and MRT in mediastinal and hilar space-occupying lesions].
AB  - Thirty-eight patients with mediastinal and/or hilar masses were imaged by
      computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results were
      analyzed retrospectively regarding the ability to demonstrate the masses, their
      number, size, definition, location and tissue characteristics. CT and MRI showed
      equivalent results in 32 cases; additional information was obtained in two
      patients by CT, in four patients by MRI. In view of the specific advantages and
      limitations of both CT and MRI we believed that in patients with mediastinal
      and/or hilar masses, contrast enhanced CT remains the procedure of choice after
      performing plain chest radiographs; in certain cases MRI will prove useful for
      further evaluation.

PMID- 2277921
TI  - [Computed tomographic diagnosis of primary mediastinal tumors].
AB  - 61 Patients with histologically proved primary mediastinal tumour were examined
      by computed tomography (CT) of the thorax prior to surgery. The retrospective
      analysis of the CT scans led to the correct diagnosis in 77% of cases. CT-values
      (HE), calcifications or form of tumour growth was found to be unreliable in the
      classification of tumour status.

PMID- 2277922
TI  - [An unusual x-ray picture in sarcoidosis of the lung].
AB  - The chest x-ray film of a 33-year-old man revealed circular densities which were
      suspected to be metastases combined with hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathies.
      Histology of a paratracheal lymph node gave the diagnosis sarcoidosis. Nine
      months later the intrapulmonary densities had disappeared. Radiological findings
      are now stage II sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2277924
TI  - [CT in the preoperative clarification of Kartagener's syndrome].
AB  - A case of Kartagener's syndrome with situs inversus totalis that was seen on CT
      is presented. CT was employed to obtain important preoperative information.

PMID- 2277923
TI  - Endobronchial histiocytoma.
AB  - Histiocytoma is an inflammatory pseudotumor usually found in the lung parenchyma
      or pleura. Endobronchial localisation is rare and can cause atelectasis or air
      trapping. Conventional chest X-ray can show the tumor and secondary pulmonary
      changes. Conventional tomograms and CT can give additional information about
      tumor extension. However, to make the final diagnosis, biopsy is necessary.

PMID- 2277925
TI  - Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis.
AB  - We report a case of osteopathia striata, which is an osseous dysplasia with
      linear striations of the metaphyses of long bones. Our case is very unusual as
      there are no associated abnormalities of the bones. Osteopathia striata should
      not be mistaken for osteopoikilosis. Osteopathia striata is not only a peculiar
      roentgenologic feature: when it is diagnosed other abnormalities should be looked
      for, especially cranial osteosclerosis, which may result in complications.

PMID- 2277926
TI  - X-ray evaluation of supraacetabular sclerotic zone in the long-term results of
      total hip replacement.
AB  - The present study has been undertaken to analyse variability in the supra
      acetabular sclerotic zone during a follow-up of 2-10 years after a total hip
      replacement. The material comprises 124 cases of Mc Kee Farrar and Weller total
      hip prosthesis. The criteria of clinical and radiological evaluation were based
      on literature data. The size of the supra-acetabular sclerotic zone was assessed
      planimetrically. A relationship between the size of the supra-acetabular
      sclerotic zone, the acetabular cup inclination and its fixation was found. In
      cases of excellent and good clinical results the size of the supra-acetabular
      zone had been decreasing. In cases of poor and fair results, in our study, the
      size of the supra-acetabular sclerotic zone increased.

PMID- 2277928
TI  - [A pseudosarcoma of the duodenum].
AB  - Pseudosarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm composed of both carcinomatous and
      sarcomatous elements. It occurs most frequently in the uterus. When located in
      the gastrointestinal tract the lethality is almost 100% one year after the
      diagnosis. Clinical observations and radiological findings in a 52-year old
      patient with pseudosarcoma of the duodenum are presented in this report.

PMID- 2277927
TI  - Intussusception in children: plain abdominal radiograph and reduction by barium
      enema in relation to clinical features.
AB  - A retrospective study of 98 patients representing 104 instances of
      intussusception is reviewed. Criteria for inclusion in the study were: the
      patients primary admitted to the department of diagnostic radiology, plain
      abdominal radiographs performed prior to barium enema (BE) and/or surgery and
      diagnosis confirmed by BE or surgery. A success rate of BE reduction of 58.6% was
      achieved. The clinical features are described and the value of plain abdominal
      radiograph in ruling out the diagnosis of intussusception is discussed.

PMID- 2277929
TI  - [Computed tomographic detection of a polypous form of eosinophilic
      gastroenteritis in the duodenum].
AB  - The eosinophilic granuloma of the intestine is a relatively uncommon lesion which
      is unrelated to the eosinophilic granuloma of lung or bone. We describe one case
      of this disease in the duodenum evaluated by hypotonic duodenography and computed
      tomography (CT). The radiographs showed sharply delineated circular intra-luminal
      filling defect. CT demonstrated a homogeneous soft tissue mass and excluded an
      extraluminal extension of the lesion. Histological examination is essential for
      confirming the diagnosis.

PMID- 2277930
TI  - [A duplication artifact of an intrahepatic tumor in ultrasonography].
AB  - A so-called "duplication artifact" is outlined by means of a case report.
      Retrospective examination of 311 sonograms of the upper abdomen reveals a
      relative incidence of 0.96%. Knowledge of these phenomena helps to avoid false
      diagnoses.

PMID- 2277932
TI  - [Percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty in the elderly. Evaluation in 1990].
AB  - Percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty was used to treat aortic stenosis in elderly
      patients after attempts performed on the pulmonary and aortic valves of children
      had proved successful. The technique was initially intended for palliative
      treatment of aortic stenosis in elderly subjects for whom surgery was
      contraindicated, but its indications were later extended to younger subjects with
      the purpose of postponing surgical valve replacement. Aortic valvuloplasty is a
      delicate procedure with fairly frequent complications of its own and a mortality
      rate ranging from 3 to 8 p. 100. It consists fo separating the fused aortic valve
      commissures and breaking the plaques on calcified aortic cusps. The increase in
      aortic valve area obtained is modest (at the end of procedure this area is less
      than 1 sq cm in most patients), but valvuloplasty reduces the transvalvular
      gradient, thereby improving left ventricular function and reducing the
      symptoms... At least for a while, since a rapid loss of the benefits provided by
      the procedure is observed in a number of patients. Restenosis may occur within
      hours or days after valvuloplasty, and 9 months later its incidence reaches about
      50 p. 100. Recurrence of symptoms that have led to valvuloplasty is frequent and
      justifies valve replacement in a second stage. Only about 30 p. 100 of the
      subjects remain with functional improvement and a sufficient aortic valve area at
      long term. For these reasons, it is now generally agreed that percutaneous aortic
      valvuloplasty should be envisaged only in those elderly patients for whom surgery
      is absolutely contraindicated.

PMID- 2277931
TI  - Food-stimulated cholescintigraphy as a supplement to ERC in patients with
      suspected bile flow obstruction. A preliminary study.
AB  - Cholescintigraphy after food stimulation was carried out in 40 patients (13
      patients with biliary enteric bypass, 14 patients with bile duct stenosis,
      demonstrated by ERC, 5 patients with endoprothesis and 8 patients with clinically
      suspected post-cholecystectomy syndrome. Biliary-bowel transit time of one hour
      or less was considered to be normal. In patients with biliary enteric bypass 11
      had a normal transit time; however, one with a concomitant anastomotic leakage,
      and 2 patients had prolonged transit time and a significant obstruction by the
      anastomosis. All 14 patients with demonstrated biliary stricture had normal
      transit time. In 5 patients with endoprothesis, 2 had prolonged transit time in
      spite of patent endoprothesis. Finally, in the 8 patients with suspected post
      cholecystectomy syndrome, 4 had normal sphincter of Oddi manometry and normal
      transit time, and 4 had abnormal sphincter of Oddi manometry, but only one with
      prolonged transit time. It is concluded that in patients with biliary enteric
      bypass (hepatico-jejunostomia) or biliary strictures a biliary-bowel transit time
      of one hour will be discriminatory between normal and abnormal conditions. This
      is in contrast to patients with endoprothesis and suspected sphincter of Oddi
      dysmotility, where a transit time of one hour only will have limited predictive
      value.

PMID- 2277933
TI  - [Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty].
AB  - Since its introduction as an alternative to surgical commissurotomy, percutaneous
      mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) has been performed in a large number of patients with
      mitral valve stenosis. PMV significantly improves valvular function, the final
      increase in mitral valve area being about 2 sq cm. The quality of the results
      obtained is principally related to the anatomy of the valve. The overall
      incidence of complications is low. The mortality rate ranges from 0.5 to 4 p. 100
      in severe mitral stenosis. Left-to-right atrial shunting is detected by oximetry
      in 20 p. 100 of the cases, but it subsequently disappears in two thirds of the
      patients; late results are only known at medium term. When the initial result is
      satisfactory functional improvement is the rule and the incidence of restenosis
      is low. When the initial result is insufficient, or when mitral stenosis develops
      open heart surgery is usually necessary. The decision to perform PMV should only
      be made after exclusion of its contraindications: left atrial thrombosis,
      moderate to severe mitral stenosis. Because of the encouraging results obtained,
      PMV can be envisaged as first choice treatment of mitral stenosis with flexible
      cusps. In calcified mitral stenosis the standard treatment is mitral valve
      replacement, PMV being reserved to some particular cases.

PMID- 2277934
TI  - [Transluminal balloon coronary angioplasty. Indications and results].
AB  - Thirteen years after its introduction transluminal balloon catheter angioplasty
      is a widely used technique. Owing to major technological advances and to the
      experience acquired by surgical teams, the primary success rate now reaches 90 p.
      100. Hospital mortality has fallen down to 1 p. 100 and the need for emergency
      aorto-coronary bypass has been reduced to 4 p. 100 of the cases. However, despite
      repeated attempts at pharmacological or mechanical prevention, the restenosis
      rate remains around 30 p. 100. Coronary angioplasty is part of a wider strategy
      of myocardial reperfusion. Its indications are roughly the same as those of
      surgery. In patients with one-vessel coronary disease angioplasty is the first
      choice treatment, except for unprotected restenosis of the common trunk or very
      proximal lesions of the anterior interventricular artery. In multiple vessel
      disease the more complex the anatomical situation the more pronounced the left
      ventricular dysfunction and the greater the need for surgery. The acute phase of
      myocardial infarction is a legitimate indication for angioplasty, notably when
      thrombolytic agents are contraindicated or have failed when given intravenously,
      or in case of recurrence after an initially successful thrombolysis.

PMID- 2277935
TI  - [Interventional rhythmology].
AB  - Interventional cardiorhythmology was born with the invention of electrical
      catheter ablation of the common atrioventricular bundle of His as a palliative
      treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias refractory to medicinal treatment. This
      method is now used as a curative treatment. In Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome,
      all accessory pathways, whatever their location, can be destroyed with a very
      high success rate (96 p. 100) and very low morbidity and mortality rates.
      Reentrant nodal tachycardias can also be treated by catheter ablation with,
      however, a low risk of atrioventricular block which, for the moment, limits its
      indications. In intractable ventricular tachycardias, its indications will
      certainly be extended and its efficacy will increase since numerous recent
      studies have identified a limited, slow-conduction area (arrhythmogenic
      substrate) as being the real target for ablation. Other sources of energy are
      also used for the same purposes, including radiofrequency currents with results
      that are promising but vary according to the type of arrhythmia treated. Thus,
      interventional cardiorhythmology is progressively replacing surgery.

PMID- 2277936
TI  - [Pediatric interventional cardiology].
AB  - Interventional catheterization is performed in children as a palliative or
      curative treatment during venous, arterial or cardiac exploratory
      catheterization. It is used to create an interatrial shunt; to suppress venous or
      arterial stenosis by balloon catheter angioplasty; to dilate stenotic cardiac
      valves, also with balloons; to occlude arteriovenous shunts by different methods
      (metallic spirals, detachable balloons, Spongel fragments, biological glues), or
      to close a ductus arteriosus by means of an umbrella introduced through a femoral
      vein.

PMID- 2277937
TI  - [Laser and arterial recanalization].
AB  - Interventional cardiorhythmology was born with the invention of electrical
      catheter ablation of the common atrioventricular bundle of His as a palliative
      treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias refractory to medicinal treatment. This
      method is now used as a curative treatment. In Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome,
      all accessory pathways, whatever their location, can be destroyed with a very
      high success rate (96 p. 100) and very low morbidity and mortality rates.
      Reentrant nodal tachycardias can also be treated by catheter ablation with,
      however, a low risk of atrioventricular block which, for the moment, limits its
      indications. In intractable ventricular tachycardias, its indications will
      certainly be extended and its efficacy will increase since numerous recent
      studies have identified a limited, slow-conduction area (arrhythmogenic
      substrate) as being the real target for ablation. Other sources of energy are
      also used for the same purposes, including radiofrequency currents with results
      that are promising but vary according to the type of arrhythmia treated. Thus,
      interventional cardiorhythmology is progressively replacing surgery.

PMID- 2277939
TI  - [What can be expected from continuous measurement of pulmonary gas exchanges in
      intensive care?].

PMID- 2277938
TI  - [Other techniques of arterial recanalization].
AB  - During the last few years several new instruments have been added to the
      armentarium of endovascular procedures. They are aimed at destroying atheromatous
      plaques and recalibrating the arteries. The plaque destruction techniques include
      atherectomy which may be directional (as with Simpson's Atherocath) and
      applicable only to very proximal vascular segments, or rotational, pulverizing
      the plaques with a bur. In this category are the flexible Auth's rotablator and
      Stack's transluminal extraction catheter (TEC) where planning is combined with
      extraction. To traverse complete occlusions, Kaltenbach's rotating guide
      increases the success rate, but its use must always be completed by conventional
      angioplasty. Vascular recalibration can be achieved by stents or heating
      balloons. Numerous types of stent are now available. The best known are the
      Medivent stent which is self-expansive and stents with expanding balloons, such
      as the Palmaz Schatz stent or the radio-opaque Wiktor stent made of tantalum.
      These stents require an important anticoagulant therapy. These technique have
      widened the limits of angioplasty by tackling stenoses that have long been
      regarded as inaccessible. They have also made it possible to treat a number of
      acute occlusions. On the other hand, none of them has yet proved effective in the
      prevention of restenosis.

PMID- 2277940
TI  - [Tissue expansion].

PMID- 2277941
TI  - [Acquired genetic abnormalities in cancer of the breast].

PMID- 2277942
TI  - [Pruritus. Diagnostic approach and management].

PMID- 2277943
TI  - [Acute salpingitis. Etiology, diagnosis, course and prognosis, principles of the
      treatment].

PMID- 2277944
TI  - [Cystitis syndrome. Diagnostic approach and management].

PMID- 2277945
TI  - [Hyperhydration. Etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, treatment].

PMID- 2277946
TI  - [Alcoholic liver diseases excluding cirrhosis. Diagnosis, course and prognosis,
      principles of the treatment].

PMID- 2277947
TI  - [Extradural, subdural, intracerebral hematoma. Diagnosis and principles of the
      treatment].

PMID- 2277948
TI  - [Demography: an irreplaceable and unrecognized discipline].
AB  - In this introduction to demographic analysis the author emphasises the role of
      the population structure (sex and age distribution) resulting from the interplay
      and changes of demographic factors (births, deaths, migrations). Examples are
      given of errors to be avoided in the interpretation of demographic data, the
      apparent simplicity of which may be misleading.

PMID- 2277949
TI  - [Home care teams].
AB  - In order to keep the elderly in their own homes, the general practitioner looking
      after them has to enlist the help of various social services such as welfare
      officers, home-helps, housing allowances, help with income budgeting, etc. The
      main people involved in the process of home care are the elderly themselves. In
      geriatrics, prevention is better than cure. The general practitioner is a long
      term fieldworker. He is therefore the most suitable person to help his patients
      prepare for old age. Analysing income, housing, health, moral and social living
      standards contribute to prevention. At home, help must be continuous and long
      term and it is feasible to create an adequate supporting network for each
      individual case. Even very handicapped patients can grow old and die at home, if
      they are well looked after.

PMID- 2277950
TI  - [Out-of-hospital geriatric facilities].
AB  - In France there are many and varied housing structures for the elderly. They were
      created after the war in response to the progressive ageing of the population,
      bringing in its wake an ever increasing dependence. These structures consist of
      accommodation equipped for almost complete nursing care. There is a large number
      of such establishments situated between individual homes and long-term hospital
      care: homes in the form of small family type reception units (such as sheltered
      housing), living with a family, rest-homes and sun-homes for the least disabled.
      Service-flats provide a further large group of private establishments at all
      prices with various levels of medical care. Retirement homes with medical cures,
      the MAPAD, can look after the dependent chronically ill. The biggest problem
      concerns provision for intellectually dependent patients who are cared for in
      psychogeriatric units of the MAPAD or their equivalent and in structures based on
      very different concepts: "the cantous" or the "Jardins d'Eleusis".

PMID- 2277951
TI  - [Geriatric hospital facilities].
AB  - Nowadays (and prior to any hospital reform), geriatric hospital structures rest
      on medium or long length stay units and on acute geriatry departments when these
      are available. However, to limit relations between hospital and the elderly to
      these three structures would be an oversimplification. The organization of
      emergency admission units for the elderly, the medico-social preparation of these
      patients before they return home, the setting up of geriatric consultations in
      both out-patient clinics and specialized hospital departments are all major
      topics not to be neglected. Moreover, geriatric day-hospitals offer hospital
      treatment without accommodation which is a solution desired by many old people.
      What can be suggested for the mentally deficient or demented old patient admitted
      to a hospital, if not the cooperative efforts of geriatric and psychiatric teams
      working in suitable architectural structures? Finally, we must insist on the need
      for coordination between hospital and non-hospital structures, so that the entire
      "geriatric network" becomes reality without any break in care between structures.

PMID- 2277952
TI  - [Psychiatric facilities].
AB  - The traditional psychiatric structures, such as large mental hospitals, are not
      ideally suitable for the care of elderly psychiatric patients. Specialized
      structures are therefore necessary, including small psychogeriatric hospital
      units, specialized out-patient units, day-hospitals, accommodation in families,
      sheltered flats and community workshops. In order to create such structures, not
      only financial resources are needed but also the will to coordinate medical
      services with social welfare.

PMID- 2277954
TI  - [Implantable pumps in the treatment of diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2277953
TI  - [Local chemotherapy of bladder tumors].

PMID- 2277955
TI  - [Can tobacco dependence be treated?].

PMID- 2277956
TI  - [Leg ulcers. Etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, course and prognosis,
      treatment].

PMID- 2277957
TI  - [Atherosclerosis. Epidemiology and risk factors, physiopathology, principles of
      preventive treatment].

PMID- 2277958
TI  - [Stable angina pectoris. Physiopathology, diagnosis, course and prognosis,
      treatment].

PMID- 2277959
TI  - [Unstable angina pectoris. Physiopathology, diagnosis, course and prognosis,
      treatment].

PMID- 2277960
TI  - [Platelet antiaggregants].

PMID- 2277961
TI  - [Acute hypodermitis. Diagnostic approach and management].

PMID- 2277962
TI  - Clinical indications for anorectal function investigations.
AB  - Interest in anorectal function investigation tests has increased, and new
      investigation techniques have been introduced, gaining new insight in the
      pathogenesis of fecal incontinence and constipation. Normal values in anorectal
      function tests have shown a large overlap between controls and patients with
      fecal incontinence or constipation. Therefore, the pure clinical indications for
      the individual anorectal function tests are small, and the strength comes from
      combining these test results. When the patient is not eligible for surgery or
      biofeedback, there is no indication to perform anorectal function tests.
      Guidelines for selective use of anorectal function tests are given. In patients
      with fecal incontinence, the clinical consequence of demonstrating severe
      pudendal neuropathy is not yet clear. Defecography is important to demonstrate an
      intussusception as a treatable cause of incontinence. In patients with
      constipation an anal EMG (of defecography) can diagnose the spastic pelvic floor
      syndrome, which should be treated with relaxation exercises or biofeedback.
      Patients with other anorectal diseases, patients receiving a stoma, and patients
      considered for reanastomosis operation after (partial) colectomy may benefit from
      anorectal function tests.

PMID- 2277963
TI  - Life expectancy in liver cirrhosis after the first variceal hemorrhage: how can
      survival be improved?
AB  - A first hemorrhage from esophageal or fundal varices in a patient with liver
      cirrhosis marks the onset of a period with a high risk of rebleeding and death.
      The risk of rebleeding can be decreased by serial sclerotherapy, esophageal
      transection, or shunt surgery. However, the influence of these treatments on long
      term survival is unconvincing. After endoscopic sclerotherapy the 4-year survival
      is 35-60%. After liver transplantation the 5-year survival is 65%. Endoscopic
      sclerotherapy, transection, and shunt surgery should be considered symptomatic
      treatments, primarily devised to decrease the rebleeding risk. Liver
      transplantation improves survival and, in addition, decreases the rebleeding risk
      in patients with esophageal varices.

PMID- 2277964
TI  - Concluding remarks. Interferon therapy of diseases of the liver and
      gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - The contribution on interferon therapy of chronic viral hepatitis published in
      this supplement has attracted special attention. In that article it is reported
      that interferon is a promising treatment of various forms of chronic viral
      hepatitis. Interferon treatment is also efficacious in the treatment of some
      gastrointestinal tumours. including metastatic endocrine gastrointestinal and
      pancreatic tumours and Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome. However, the treatment is accompanied by many side effects. Further,
      especially long-term, studies are needed to determine the place of interferon
      treatment in these gastrointestinal and liver diseases.

PMID- 2277965
TI  - Psychologic factors in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of functional
      abdominal complaints.
AB  - Functional abdominal complaints are frequently a reason to refer a patient to an
      outpatients' clinic for internal medicine. According to general views, certain
      psychologic and anamnestic data can constitute an indication for the diagnosis
      'functional'. However, in our experience patients with functional complaints
      cannot be distinguished from patients with organic disease on such data. These
      same anamnestic and psychologic data, however, do have value in predicting the
      outcome of the complaints. Apparently, psychologic factors play a role in the
      course of functional abdominal complaints. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis
      that prognosis of functional abdominal complaints can be improved by psychologic
      intervention, and we offered our patients such a psychologic intervention in the
      form of a cognitive-behavioural group treatment. The first, encouraging, results
      are presented.

PMID- 2277967
TI  - Prevention of stress ulcer bleeding: a review.
AB  - The pathophysiology of stress ulcers is complex. There is either too much acid
      and pepsin or inadequate mucosal defenses. The incidence of upper GI bleeding due
      to stress ulcers in the ICU is 5-25% depending upon the minimum criterion of
      bleeding. For the individual patient the risk of bleeding is determined by his
      underlying condition and the number of risk factors. SAPS and APACHE II may
      assist in identifying those patients. Attainment of an increase in intragastric
      pH is effective and frequently necessary to prevent stress ulcer bleeding and
      reduces the incidence of overt bleeding. Based on presently available information
      the most suitable regime for prevention of stress ulcer bleeding is a continuous
      infusion or fixed bolus dosing of cimetidine or ranitidine. With respect to the
      side effects, ranitidine appears to be the more favorable of these two H2
      blockers. The position of sucralfate in the prophylaxis has not yet been
      established.

PMID- 2277966
TI  - New insights into the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent inheritable disease with a lethal
      course during childhood. The characteristic high viscosity of the mucoid
      secretion products in the lungs, pancreas, and gut cause plugging and secondary
      damage of these organs. In the past 20 years effective treatment of intestinal
      obstruction in the neonatal period and the infections of the lungs has improved
      the prognosis significantly. Many patients will reach adulthood in the near
      future. In the past 10 years new insights into the cause of the disease changed
      diagnostic procedures and, it is to be hoped, soon also treatment. The first
      development was the estimation of brush-border enzymes in amniotic fluid. With
      this method prenatal diagnosis is possible in the 17th-18th week of pregnancy.
      The recent discovery of the gene on chromosome 7 and its structure is the most
      important breakthrough. At the same time the process of Cl- transport across the
      mucosal membrane of many types of epithelium was subject to investigation by
      several laboratories. We have studied the transport of ions in the small and
      large intestines of CF patients. The effect of all three types of intracellular
      signal transfer is abnormal, although the second messengers themselves (cAMP,
      cGMP, and Ca2+) are present. Evidence is found for K+ instead of Cl- secretion
      after addition of secretagogues.

PMID- 2277968
TI  - High doses of ranitidine in patients with reflux oesophagitis.
AB  - As in duodenal and gastric ulcer patients, a highly significant correlation
      between suppression of 24-h intragastric acidity and healing rates in reflux
      oesophagitis patients was demonstrated by meta-analysis of data obtained from the
      literature (r = 0.90; p less than 0.001). Furthermore, we have demonstrated in
      eight patients with reflux oesophagitis that 2-week treatment courses with 300 mg
      ranitidine twice daily and 300 mg four times daily progressively decreased 24-h
      intraoesophageal acidity but only moderately elevated basal and meal-stimulated
      serum gastrin concentrations, significantly below gastrin values obtained after a
      2-week treatment course with 20mg omeprazole once daily. Further studies are
      awaited to demonstrate long-term effects on both healing rates and serum gastrin
      responses with high doses of histamine H2-receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2277969
TI  - The value of 24-hour combined esophageal pressure and pH recording in the
      detection of esophageal function abnormalities.
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal motor abnormalities are suspected of being
      the source of chest pain when a cardiac origin of the pain has been excluded.
      Because of the usually intermittent character of the motility disturbances, short
      conventional manometry, with or without provocation tests, often fails to
      establish the diagnosis. Therefore, 24-h esophageal pressure and pH recording was
      developed and has been proposed as a diagnostic tool in the study of patients who
      suffer from intermittent substernal pain. In this paper the value of 24-h
      combined esophageal pressure and pH recording in detecting disordered esophageal
      function in noncardiac chest pain and other esophageal disorders is discussed.

PMID- 2277970
TI  - High doses of ranitidine in maintenance therapy of duodenal ulcer patients.
AB  - Chronic duodenal ulceration is a recurrent disease. Acute exacerbations may be
      treated effectively with H2-receptor blockers and a variety of other agents.
      Intermittent treatment may pose risks of recurrence and complication, and these
      may be greatly reduced by maintenance treatment. Operative management also
      reduces recurrence rates, which, however, are commoner in patients coming to
      surgery nowadays. Full-dose maintenance therapy is an effective option for
      selected patients.

PMID- 2277971
TI  - Clinical relevance of gastric and duodenal polyps.
AB  - Gastric and duodenal epithelial polyps are almost always diagnosed incidentally
      and constitute a clinical problem for treatment and follow-up. All histologic
      types of these polyps are described, as are the clinical settings in which they
      are found. Endoscopy, often with snare polypectomy, is essential to obtain a
      certain histologic diagnosis. Guidelines are given for treatment and follow-up.

PMID- 2277972
TI  - Maintenance therapy of duodenal and gastric ulcer with H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - Maintenance therapy with either ranitidine or cimetidine has been administered
      for up to 5 years to several hundred patients suffering from duodenal or gastric
      ulcer disease. Maintenance treatment prevented symptomatic ulcer relapse in
      approximately three-quarters of patients over this period of time. About half of
      symptomatic ulcer relapses occurred during the 1st year of maintenance therapy,
      and thereafter the symptomatic recurrence rate was extremely low. Potentially the
      most important effect of maintenance therapy was to reduce the incidence of ulcer
      complications, particularly haemorrhage (from 6.2% to 0.4% during the 1st year of
      duodenal ulcer maintenance). Maintenance therapy is therefore likely to reduce
      ulcer morbidity and to be cost-beneficial in patients who have previously
      experienced an ulcer complication and are at an increased risk of the same
      complication in the future. Maintenance therapy with 300 mg ranitidine daily was
      more effective than 150 mg ranitidine at night in smokers and may be a useful
      therapeutic option for smokers who relapse during maintenance therapy with 150 mg
      ranitidine at night or for smokers in whom it is mandatory to prevent ulcer
      recurrence because of a previous complication. Asymptomatic ulcers occurring
      during maintenance therapy are clinically benign, and rehealing such ulcers does
      not alter the subsequent clinical course. Point prevalences of asymptomatic
      reulceration should not be used when assessing the clinical value of maintenance
      therapy.

PMID- 2277973
TI  - Upper gastrointestinal manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis patients: intrinsic
      or extrinsic pathogenesis?
AB  - Apart from the complication of gastrointestinal vasculitis it is not known
      whether the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract has any special disease
      characteristics in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, oesophageal motility
      disorders have been reported in 30% of RA patients. Hypergastrinaemia has been
      found in 23-43% of RA patients, usually in combination with a decreased gastric
      acid output. Another finding suggestive of a decreased secretory state, namely a
      decreased level of pepsinogen A, was found in RA patients with the sicca syndrome
      and in patients with active disease. The risk for peptic ulcer disease with
      regard to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is possibly higher in RA
      patients than in patients with other rheumatic diseases. These findings suggest
      that in RA patients intrinsic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of the
      oesophageal motility disorders, in hypergastrinaemia and hypopepsinogenaemia and
      the related decreased gastric secretory state, and possibly in the increased
      susceptibility to NSAID-related ulcers. However, there are also indications that
      oesophageal motility disorders, hypergastrinaemia, and NSAID-related ulcers in RA
      are the result of extrinsic factors, mainly the use of NSAIDs. The effects of
      NSAIDs and gold compounds on infection with Helicobacter pylori, a possible
      pathogenetic factor in ulcer disease, is discussed. It is clear that the
      discussion about intrinsic and extrinsic factors as a cause of the UGI
      manifestations in RA remains an intriguing but difficult subject for further
      studies.

PMID- 2277974
TI  - Value of indium-111 tropolonate autologous granulocyte scintigraphy in the
      assessment of inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Indium-111 autologous leucocyte scanning is a non-invasive and reliable technique
      for the detection of abdominal abscesses. In the past decade several papers have
      been published concerning the use of this technique in the assessment of
      inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with variable results. We conducted a
      prospective study of 62 patients with IBD attending the Leiden University
      Hospital, to assess the diagnostic value of indium-111 tropolonate autologous
      granulocyte scanning. Fifty-one patients had Crohn's disease (CD) (30 with
      involvement of the small bowel, 18 the colon only, and 3 patients had both
      localizations), and 11 had ulcerative colitis (UC). Twenty-one of 26 patients
      with evidence of active disease of the small intestine had a true-positive scan
      (sensitivity, 80%). However, accurate assessment of localization and extent of
      disease were often difficult. The other five patients had a false-negative scan.
      Seven patients had a true-negative scan. No false-positive scans were found.
      Thus, the diagnostic accuracy for small-intestinal Crohn's disease was 85%. In
      contrast, of 32 patients with colonic disease (CD and UC), 26 had a true-positive
      scan corresponding in localization and extent with standard investigations, 3
      patients had a false-negative scan (sensitivity, 90%), and 3 had a true-negative
      scan (diagnostic accuracy, 91%). The patients' acceptability of this procedure
      was definitely superior to that for radiology and endoscopy. In conclusion, this
      technique has a definite place in evaluating localization and extent of active
      colonic disease and in severely ill patients in whom invasive techniques are
      contraindicated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2277975
TI  - Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion in the
      rat.
AB  - Whereas pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat varies considerably depending on
      the condition under which a study is performed, it is of great importance to
      study pancreatic pathophysiology in vivo, while the rat is conscious. In recent
      years several studies were performed in the conscious rat with a cannulated
      pancreatic duct, and much progress was made in delineating the role of
      cholecystokinin (CCK) in the regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion in more
      detail. This progress was mainly due to the development of specific and sensitive
      radioimmunoassays for CCK and the availability of specific CCK-receptor
      antagonists. In the rat it was shown that a negative feedback regulation
      mechanism of pancreatic enzyme and CCK secretion exists in which intraluminal
      trypsin and, to a lesser extent, bile acids and plasma CCK, plasma secretin, and
      the cholinergic system play important roles. Probably by interference with this
      feedback mechanism in the rat, casein is a stronger stimulant of plasma CCK
      release and pancreatic exocrine secretion than fat. Finally, CCK does not play an
      important role in bombesin-stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat.

PMID- 2277976
TI  - [Consumers' wishes: information, transparency and assistance in hardship cases].

PMID- 2277977
TI  - [In-vitro test results of the evaluation of dental restoration systems.
      Correlation with in-vivo results].
AB  - The wear of amalgam- and composite-inlay MODs after loading in a new in vitro
      test was compared with clinical results quantitatively and qualitatively. The
      quantitative evaluation showed a high correlation between in vivo and in vitro
      data for both filling materials. The qualitative wear patterns were also very
      similar. It was concluded, that the results from the new in vitro test are
      clinically relevant.

PMID- 2277978
TI  - [Age-related changes of the pulpal dentin wall in human front teeth].
AB  - A total of 55 extracted, vital human teeth (i.e. central and lateral incisors of
      the maxillary [n = 17] and the mandibular [n = 38]jaws) of patients between 40
      and 97 years of age has been used to study the age-related restriction of the
      pulp chamber, in particular the root canal, and the structure of the inorganic
      dentinal wall of the pulp chamber by means of X rays and scanning electron
      microscopy. In addition, the density of the openings of the dentinal tubules was,
      under standardized conditions, determined at the coronal pulp chamber, in the
      middle of the root canal and apically on each of the four aspects of the pulp
      chamber, i.e. vestibular, mesial, oral and distal. The results demonstrated that
      the pulp chamber, in particular the root canal, with increasing age of the
      patient becomes restricted in the mesio-distal, but not or much later in the
      vestibulo-oral direction. This is because a network of tubule-free fibrodentin or
      more regular secondary dentin with or without tubules is deposited at these pulp
      chamber walls. The density of the tubules was at vestibular and oral aspects of
      the dentinal walls and also in upper incisors higher than at mesial and distal
      walls and in lower incisors. It also decreased mainly from the middle of the root
      canal towards the apex. However, because of the very heterogeneous structures at
      the pulp chamber walls, the tubule density was enormously variable.

PMID- 2277980
TI  - [Perioprosthetic treatment concept. Planning and treatment concept for patients
      with complicated perioprosthetic problems].

PMID- 2277981
TI  - [Periodontology in general practice].

PMID- 2277979
TI  - [Optimization of the powder application in the Cerec method with environment
      friendly propellant systems].
AB  - This study compared the thickness of powder layers sprayed on Cerec inlay cavity
      preparations before taking the "optical impression". 6 different powder
      propellant methods were evaluated. 60 MOD inlay cavities were prepared in vitro
      in extracted human molars and mounted in phantom-head jaws. 10 clinicians
      powdered 1 cavity each for each of the 6 methods. The powdered teeth were
      embedded in acrylic and the preparations sectioned parallel to the cavity floor,
      mesio-distally and bucco-lingually. The powder layer thickness on the proximo
      lateral walls (PLW), cavity floors (CF) and occlusal margins (OM) were measured
      using a light microscope. The means and SD are: [Table; see text] This study
      showed that propane-butane propellants were as effective as the fluoridated
      hydrocarbons. A wet system (5) was good despite the transient surface cooling (
      43 degrees C) effect. However, the air-flow system (6) produced acceptable powder
      layers as well, avoiding any chemical contamination of the room air.

PMID- 2277982
TI  - [Perioprosthetics (III)].

PMID- 2277983
TI  - [Possible HIV infection transmission from dentist to patients during dental
      surgery].

PMID- 2277984
TI  - Unusual transient erythroblastopenia in a nine year old boy.
AB  - The case of erythroblastopenia in a nine-year old boy who was healthy prior to
      the rapid onset of anemia is presented. There was no previous personal or family
      history of anemia or congenital anomaly. The initial Hgb was 4.0 gram/dl
      requiring the need for PRBC transfusions; the MCV was elevated throughout the
      course of disease. Continued erythroblastopenia after 8 weeks of observation
      prompted treatment with prednisone to which the anemia rapidly responded; and
      hematologic values have remained normal more than 1 1/2 years after
      discontinuation of steroid therapy. The case is discussed in the context of a
      diagnostic differentiation between transient erythroblastopenia of childhood
      (TEC) and Diamond-Blackfan Anemia (DBA); since it does not clearly fit either
      category it could either be an unusual TEC presentation with extended macrocytic
      anemia dependent on steroid therapy for remission, or a late onset DBA with
      potential for eventual relapse.

PMID- 2277985
TI  - Diabetes? and the Native American.

PMID- 2277986
TI  - Who can decide?
AB  - The constitutionally provided "right of self-determination" can be lost when a
      individual's mental "capacity to choose" is affected by medical or psychiatric
      illness. "Competency" is a court-determined definition. However, physicians are
      expected to know how to determine "capacity to choose". This medical
      responsibility has become clear in the light of recent United States Supreme
      Court and South Dakota legislative action. The complexity of this issue is
      discussed, and a testing method for "capacity" is described.

PMID- 2277987
TI  - McKennan Poison Control Center annual report 1989.

PMID- 2277988
TI  - Diabetes 2000. Elimination of preventable blindness from diabetes by the year
      2001.

PMID- 2277989
TI  - Theophylline toxicity.

PMID- 2277990
TI  - [The Church facing the double challenge of AIDS. Prevention worthy of human
      beings and completely understanding care].

PMID- 2277991
TI  - [The psychological aspects of AIDS patients].

PMID- 2277992
TI  - [AIDS. Some data].

PMID- 2277993
TI  - [AIDS attacks the brain].

PMID- 2277994
TI  - [AIDS and the missions].

PMID- 2277995
TI  - [Surgery on HIV-positive patients. Interview by P. Langlos].

PMID- 2277996
TI  - [The current situation of research into a vaccine for AIDS].

PMID- 2277997
TI  - [Maternity and AIDS].

PMID- 2277998
TI  - [The condom and AIDS prevention].

PMID- 2278000
TI  - [Ratzinger talks about AIDS. The condom question is marginal].

PMID- 2277999
TI  - [AIDS in American children and youths].

PMID- 2278001
TI  - [Digestive endoscopy and HIV].

PMID- 2278002
TI  - [Professional confidentiality and AIDS].

PMID- 2278003
TI  - [Effects of noradrenaline and acetylcholine on electric activity of
      paraventricular neurons of rat hypothalamic slices].
AB  - The effects of noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh) on 90 paraventricular
      neurons from 31 hypothalamic slices prepared from rat were observed. After
      perfusing the brain slices with NA (10(-6) mol/L, 3 min), discharge rate of 14/73
      (17%) nonphasic and 7/12 (58.3%) phasic neurons was significantly increased,
      while that of 10/73 (12%) nonphasic and 2/12 (16.6%) phasic neurons was
      significantly decreased, even ceased. 50/73 (64%) of the nonphasic and 3/12 (25%)
      of the phasic neurons were non-responsive. The effects of NA on the nonphasic
      neurons were completely blocked by alpha receptor blocker phentolamine. The
      effects of NA on phasic neurons were partly blocked by phentolamine or
      propranolol (beta receptor blocker). After perfusing hypothalamic slices with ACh
      (10(-7) mol/L, 3 min), the firing rate of 15/73 (19%) nonphasic and 6/12 (50%)
      phasic neurons was increased, while that of 9/73 (11%) nonphasic and 2/12 (16.6%)
      phasic neurons was decreased. 54/73 (69%) nonphasic and 4/12 (33.3%) phasic
      neurons were non-responsive. The effect of ACh on the neurons could be reversed
      by atropine. The effect of scopolamine (M blocker) is similar to that of
      atropine. The experimental results suggest that the excitatory or inhibitory
      effect of NA or ACh on paraventricular neurons has mediated respectively by
      alpha, beta or M receptors.

PMID- 2278004
TI  - [Effects of simulated space rhythm (L:D = 0.75h:0.75h) on circadian rhythm in
      tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis)].
AB  - It is known that contemporary space station revolves at the altitude of 400-500
      km in the outer space. The present study was undertaken to investigate the
      effects of simulated space rhythm (L:D = 0.75 h:0.75 h) at this altitude on
      circadian rhythm in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) and the effects of
      endogenous sleep inducing neuropeptide Asp5-alpha-DSIP on the space-rhythm
      entrained circadian rhythm. This primitive stock serves as one species of
      Tupaiidae and is a unique native of South China. Our previous studies have shown
      that this species showed striking differences in natural circadian rhythm between
      day and night (e.g. 3.03 degrees C of rectal temperature). Results showed that
      the above mentioned space rhythm (L:D = 0.75h:0.75h) could drastically disturb
      the inherent circadian rhythm of Tupaia belangeri chinensis. The maximal peak of
      motor activity dropped significantly in the morning (0600-1200) and a new
      enhanced peak (more than 20 times greater than that of the control) was found
      between 1800-2400, whereas the maximal trough of motor activity (2400-0600)
      remained basically unchanged. Concurrently, the total amount of 24-h motor
      activity was significantly decreased and the recovery after the cessation of
      space rhythm was slow. Experimental results also demonstrated that consecutive
      administration of Asp5-alpha-DSIP (30 micrograms/kg, i.p.) for 5 days (2 days
      before and 3 days during space rhythm) did not prevent the basic disturbance of
      circadian rhythm of Tupaia belangeri chinensis caused by the space rhythm (L:D =
      0.75h:0.75h). Nevertheless, no decrease or even some enhancement of the total
      amount of 24th motor activity was observed during space rhythm or after its
      cessation.

PMID- 2278005
TI  - [Effects of corticosterone on spontaneous discharges of rat hypothalamic
      paraventricular neurons in vitro].
AB  - Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of corticosterone on
      electrical activities of paraventricular neurons in rat hypothalamic slices. In
      unstimulated conditions, most of the neurons had either a slow irregular (48.1%)
      or fast continuous pattern (42.5%) of discharge. Only a small portion (9.4%) of
      the cells shows phasic activity. During perfusion of the slices with
      corticosterone (10(-7), 10(-6) mol/L), 25 out of 104 paraventricular neurons were
      profoundly inhibited with a short latency, 8 neurons were excited and the
      remaining cells showed no response. The response, the magnitude of the cells
      which depended upon the concentration of corticosterone, could be reversed by
      concomitant application of RU38486 (10(-7), 10(-6) mol/L), a competitive
      antagonist of glucocorticoid's cytosolic receptor. These results provide further
      evidence that corticosterone has rapid effects on rat hypothalamic
      paraventricular neurons, and suggests the existence of membrane receptors for
      glucocorticoid in paraventricular neurons.

PMID- 2278006
TI  - [Effects of stimulation of dorso-medial area of nucleus facialis on respiration
      related units in ventro-lateral region of nucleus tractus solitaris in rabbits].
AB  - In urethane-anesthetized, vagotomized and paralyzed rabbits, effects of
      electrical stimulation of the dorso-medial area of the nucleus facialis (DMNF) on
      the respiration-related units (RRUs) in ventro-lateral region of nucleus tractus
      solitaris (VLNTS) were observed. The experimental results showed that during
      electrical stimulation of DMNF the majority of the inspiratory (I) neurons
      (64.4%) were increased in frequency and duration of discharge, some to a marked
      extent. During electrical stimulation of DMNF the expiratory neurons (35%) were
      decreased in their frequency and duration of discharge, some to a marked extent
      too. The responses of RRUs in ipsilateral and contralateral VLNTS to stimulation
      of DMNF was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). It is suggested
      that DMNF may have a facilitating effect on the inspiratory neurons and an
      inhibiting effect on the expiratory neurons in VLNTS.

PMID- 2278007
TI  - [Alterations of the sympathetic activity, plasma catecholamine content and
      pulmonary surfactant in neurogenic pulmonary edema in rats].
AB  - Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) was induced by microinjection of kainic acid
      into bilateral preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus in rats. Sympathetic
      discharge of the left adrenal branch was recorded, plasma catecholamine (CA) was
      assayed and the physical properties of pulmonary surfactant (PS) of the lung
      lavage were measured. The results showed that some physical properties of PS were
      changed in NPE, i.e. maximal surface tension (gamma Max) decreased, minimum
      surface tension (gamma Min) increased, recruitment index (RI), stability index
      and area of hysteresis loop (H-area) decreased. After injection of kainic acid
      into POA, the sympathetic discharge increased by 22.8 +/- 7.20% and 32.2 +/- 8.0%
      respectively at 30 and 60 min after injection and paralleled by a marked
      elevation of plasma catecholamine (CA). The results showed that PS activity had
      decreased at an early stage of NPE and the change of the plasma CA level was
      parallel to that of sympathetic discharge. It is suggested that generation of NPE
      may be related to some disorder of the autonomic nervous system at the level of
      hypothalamus, increase of sympathetic discharge, elevation of plasma CA level and
      fall of PS activity.

PMID- 2278008
TI  - [Age-dependent changes of some body functions in male Wistar rats].
AB  - It was shown in this experiment that many systematic functions in male Wistar
      rats gradually declined during aging. Compared with young rats, thymus weight or
      the weight index decreased significantly in the 13- and 24-month rats (P less
      than 0.001). Age-dependent decreases of proliferation rate of splenic T
      lymphocyte, plasma testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) level, concentration of
      cytochrome P-450 and activity of mixed functional oxidase (MFO) in liver
      microsomes were also observed.

PMID- 2278010
TI  - Skeletal Radiology: volume 19, 1990.

PMID- 2278009
TI  - [Changes of the microcirculating blood volume in the reproductive axis during
      estrous cycle of the rats].
AB  - The microcirculating blood volume of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in
      the female rats was measured using radiobiomicrosphere method during the estrous
      cycle. The blood flow volume of the hypothalamus and the pituitary was not
      significantly different between each phase of the estrous cycle. The ovarian
      blood flow volume was the highest in metestrus and the lowest in estrus. The
      difference between them was significant (P less than 0.02). The uterine blood
      flow volume was the highest in metestrus and remained at higher level in diestrus
      and then changed to the lowest in estrus. The values in metestrus and diestrus
      were significantly higher than that in estrus (P less than 0.01, P less than
      0.05, respectively). The blood flow volume of the oviduct in proestrus was
      significantly lower than that in estrus (P less than 0.05). The above results
      suggest that the cyclic changes of the blood volume of the ovary, uterus and
      oviduct are closely related to their functional state and the hormonal changes.

PMID- 2278011
TI  - Scintigraphy in the diagnosis of occult fractures of the calcaneus.
AB  - Four toddlers presented with acute limp due to fracture of the calcaneus. Such
      fractures were originally described as rare, a contributory factor for this view
      almost certainly being the absence of radiographic abnormalities in a significant
      number of cases. The importance of bone scintigraphy early in the course of
      investigation is emphasized.

PMID- 2278012
TI  - Tumoral calcinosis-like lesion of the proximal linea aspera.
AB  - Tumoral calcinosis is presently a poorly defined disease. In its classic form, it
      consists of multiple large foci of benign mineralization in the soft tissue
      adjacent to bone near large joints. Patients are generally of African descent and
      are adolescents or young adults at presentation. Both metabolic and traumatic
      etiologies have been proposed. We report six adult Caucasian patients with
      lesions that pathologically resembled tumoral calcinosis. All lesions were small
      (less than 3 x 3 cm) and were located along the proximal linea aspera of the
      femur. All patients presented with pain. Because of the atypical patient
      population and the unusual size and location of the lesions, we refer to this
      process as a "tumoral calcinosis-like lesion." A typical radiographic appearance
      and location, together with appropriate clinical history, can strongly suggest
      this diagnosis.

PMID- 2278014
TI  - Patellofemoral relationships in normal subjects determined by computed
      tomography.
AB  - The normal relationships of the patellofemoral joint with the knee in extension
      were measured with computed tomography (CT) in 43 normal adults. The upper and
      lower halves of the joint were examined. The range in measurement of the sulcus
      angle was 115 degrees - 172 degrees, of the congruence angle 43 degrees - 27
      degrees, and of the lateral patellofemoral angle 26 degrees - 11 degrees. No
      significant differences were found between men and women or between the right and
      left sides. There were some differences between the measurements of the upper and
      lower halves of the joint. These data may serve as a basis for the evaluation of
      patients with abnormalities of the patellofemoral joint.

PMID- 2278015
TI  - Case report 626: Osteosarcoma arising in a solitary osteochondroma of the femur.

PMID- 2278013
TI  - Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome in siblings. Report of three new cases.
AB  - The Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is a rare, inherited, pediatric
      condition with features of premature and accelerated aging. The pattern of
      inheritance is uncertain though both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive
      modes have been proposed. The patients usually present after the 1st year of life
      with progressive skin and skeletal changes that give rise to a characteristic
      physical appearance. Three siblings seen at the University of Benin Teaching
      Hospital are described in this report, the third documenting the occurrence of
      progeria in African black patients. The two older siblings show the classic
      physical and radiologic changes described in progeria whereas the third, a 2-year
      old boy, manifests only the early physical and radiologic changes of the disease.
      We compare the radiologic features of progeria with those of other progeroid
      conditions: acrogeria, Werner's and Cockayne's syndromes.

PMID- 2278016
TI  - Case report 640: Well-differentiated, primary squamous cell carcinoma of the
      thumb.

PMID- 2278017
TI  - Case report 641: Chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2278018
TI  - Case report 642: Traumatic scapulothoracic dissociation in a child.

PMID- 2278019
TI  - Case report 643: Osteosarcoma of ribs with giant rosettoid structures.

PMID- 2278021
TI  - Social Security technical panel report to the 1991 Advisory Council on Social
      Security.

PMID- 2278020
TI  - Case report 644: Localized Paget's disease of the lesser trochanter of the right
      femur.

PMID- 2278022
TI  - Ovulation induction and neural tube defects.

PMID- 2278023
TI  - Critical review of articles regarding pregnancy exposures in popular magazines.
AB  - To determine the scope of teratogen information available to the public through
      the media, a survey of 15 popular magazines was conducted. All 1985 issues of the
      selected magazines were reviewed for articles addressing pregnancy exposure
      concerns, yielding 56 articles from 10 magazines. The remaining 5 publications
      provided no pertinent articles. Two health professionals, both experienced
      teratology counselors, independently rated each article for accuracy of content
      and quality of presentation based on standardized evaluation criteria. The
      findings were compared and agreement for all criteria in each article was reached
      by the 2 reviewers. Regarding the quality of the information in the 56 articles,
      31 (55.4%) were scored as misleading or inaccurate. On examination of overall
      presentation, 26 (46.4%) were rated as alarming and 8 (14.3%) presented a false
      sense of security; 22 (39.3%) provided a balanced presentation. A review of the
      types of articles rated revealed 19 (33.9%) general overviews of pregnancy
      issues, 18 (32.1%) news stories, 17 (30.4%) question-and-answer columns, and 2
      (3.6%) feature stories. Of the reviewed papers, 7 (12.5%) included a citation
      from which the primary data could be obtained and only 14 of the articles (25%)
      suggested that the reader contact her/his healthcare provider regarding the
      issues. We conclude that the information available in popular magazines regarding
      exposures in pregnancy is frequently misleading, alarming, and unsupported by the
      scientific literature.

PMID- 2278024
TI  - Cyclophosphamide teratogenesis: evidence for compensatory responses to induced
      cellular toxicity.
AB  - Cyclophosphamide (CP) administered ip to pregnant mice on day 10 of gestation
      (day of plug = day 0) is teratogenic (exencephaly, cleft palate, and limb
      malformations) at 20 mg/kg and embryolethal at higher doses. In the present
      study, CP was administered at 1, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg on day 10 of gestation.
      Embryos were removed at 8 and 28 hr postdosing, and two embryos from each litter
      were immediately stained with Nile blue sulfate (NBS) to identify areas of cell
      death. The remaining embryos were frozen and forelimb buds subsequently removed
      for flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of the cellular DNA synthetic cycle.
      Additional litters were examined near term (day 17) for morphological
      abnormalities; these data were correlated with embryonic toxicity as detected by
      NBS staining and FCM analysis. Only the highest dose produced malformations. In
      marked contrast, a dose-related increase in the percentage of limb bud cells in
      the S (DNA synthetic) phase of the cell cycle was detectable at all doses.
      Inhibition of DNA synthesis was detected at all doses 8 hr post exposure and
      persisted through 28 hr for doses greater than or equal to 10 mg/kg. NBS staining
      indicated increased cell death in the alar plate of the neural tube 28 hr after
      exposure to 10 mg/kg CP and generally increased cell death in areas of rapid cell
      proliferation throughout the embryo at 20 mg/kg. The absence of an overt
      teratogenic response at dose levels that produced significant perturbation of the
      cell cycle indicates that a measure of embryonic damage can be compensated for or
      repaired. The implications of these findings for the existence of thresholds in
      developmental toxicity are discussed.

PMID- 2278025
TI  - Maternal vitamin A supplementation in relation to selected birth defects.
AB  - High doses of vitamin A cause birth defects in animals. Concern over vitamin A
      teratogenicity in humans has been prompted by reports of teratogenic effects of
      the vitamin A analogue, isotretinoin. The pattern of defects observed among
      isotretinoin- and vitamin A-exposed infants and animals suggests a possible
      mechanism involving cranial neural crest cell activity. Data from a case-control
      study were used to assess maternal use of vitamin A supplements alone and vitamin
      A-containing multivitamin supplements in relation to the occurrence of certain
      birth defects involving structures derived, at least in part, from cranial neural
      crest cells. Cases were 2,658 infants with such defects (primarily craniofacial
      and cardiac malformations). Controls were 2,609 infants with other malformations.
      Vitamin A supplementation was defined as daily use for at least 7 days of retinol
      alone or with vitamin D, or of fish oils. Information on vitamin A dose and
      nutrition was not available. The mothers of six controls used vitamin A
      supplements in each of the first three lunar months of pregnancy in comparison to
      the mothers of 15, 14, and 10 cases in lunar months 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
      Relative risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals were 2.5(1.0-6.2) for lunar
      month 1, 2.3(0.9-5.8) for lunar month 2, and 1.6(0.6-4.5) for lunar month 3.
      These findings should be considered tentative because no dose information was
      available, small numbers of cases and controls were exposed to vitamin A
      supplements, and relative risk estimates were not statistically
      significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2278026
TI  - Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of multiple malformations
      in isotretinoin embryopathy surveillance.
AB  - Isotretinoin causes serious birth defects in about 25% of babies exposed in the
      first trimester of pregnancy. Despite warnings about the drug's teratogenicity,
      cases of isotretinoin embryopathy continue to occur; more than 80 such cases have
      been reported since 1982. The true magnitude of the problem is unknown, however,
      and case estimates range to more than 1,000. The need for isotretinoin
      embryopathy (IE) surveillance is therefore great. Sixty-one known cases were
      evaluated to determine the sensitivity (proportion of cases with a given defect
      pattern) of various defect combinations. Using data from the Metropolitan Atlanta
      Congenital Defects Program for the period before isotretinoin was available, we
      evaluated the specificity (proportion of malformed infants without exposure who
      do not have the pattern of defects) for the various defect combinations. Ear
      malformations (microtia, anotia, absence or stricture of auditory canal, missing
      pinnae) have an associated sensitivity of 70.5% and a specificity of 99.5%. Ear
      defects combined with central nervous system (CNS) defects (microcephalus,
      hydrocephalus, reduction deformities of the brain) and cardiovascular (CVS)
      defects (conotruncal defects, aortic arch abnormalities) have an associated
      sensitivity of 19.7% and a specificity of 100.0%. The case definition of ear
      defects combined with either CNS or CVS defects maximizes both specificity
      (99.9%) and sensitivity (45.9%). The investigators are now evaluating the
      feasibility of using this pattern of defects to monitor for IE within a national
      monitoring program.

PMID- 2278027
TI  - Eliciting principles of hazard identification from experts.
AB  - National experts in the field of developmental toxicology were interviewed in
      order to elicit the principles, or rules-of-thumb, they use in determining if a
      compound or agent is likely to be a developmental hazard during pregnancy.
      Several levels of individual and cumulative consensus activity were carried out
      that resulted in consensus in 71 rules and partial consensus in an additional 24
      rules of 145 rules initially elicited. Rules could be divided generically into
      those affecting the expert's confidence in a piece of scientific evidence and
      those determining the weight of importance of that evidence in deciding about
      hazard identification. Topically, the rules also divided into those about the
      general nature or characteristics of a compound, animal studies testing for an
      effect of the compound, and human reports about the presence of absence of
      developmental effects associated with the compound. Several conclusions about the
      methodology include the following: 1) expert systems must be based on the
      knowledge of more than one expert; 2) considerable human effort is expended in
      evaluating the certainty of scientific evidence before combining the evidence for
      problem solving; 3) how experts use evidence of different degrees of uncertainty
      in their decisions is a major area that is yet to be determined and that may
      greatly affect subsequent efforts in artificial intelligence; and 4) knowledge
      elicitation by interview has limitations but is a workable methodology for
      medical decision making.

PMID- 2278028
TI  - Interlitter variability and developmental stage of day 11 rat embryos produced by
      overnight and morning short-period breeding regimens.
AB  - Day 11 rat embryos produced by overnight and morning short-period breeding
      regimens were compared for differences in interlitter variability and stage of
      development. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were mated either overnight (5 PM-9 AM, n
      = 22) or for 3 hr in the morning (8-10 AM, n = 20), and the presence of a vaginal
      plug was determined (day 0). At 11 AM on day 11 of gestation, rats were killed
      and embryos were examined for crown-rump length, somite number, and general
      morphology; protein content was determined later. There were no differences in
      mean number of implantations, live embryos, and abnormalities between the two
      regimens. There were significant differences in mean crown-rump length, somite
      number, and protein content but not in the magnitude of their variances. The
      difference in mean somite number was 1.2 (23.7 vs. 24.9), which corresponds to a
      time difference in development of approximately 2 hr. The range of mean somite
      number in morning short-period breeding group was 3.2 (22.2-25.4), corresponding
      to approximately 5.3 hr. These results are inconsistent with the popularly held
      hypothesis that the timing of fertilization is the major cause of interlitter
      variability.

PMID- 2278029
TI  - Effects of sustained dietary ethanol on the ultrastructure of the visceral yolk
      sac placenta of the rat.
AB  - The present investigation reports ultrastructural alterations in endodermal
      epithelial cells of the rat visceral yolk-sac placenta that accompany alcohol
      induced changes in intracellular trafficking of endocytosed maternal serum
      proteins. Fine structural changes include restructuring of mitochondrial cristae
      (foliate to vesicular and tubular forms), beading of cisterns of granular
      endoplasmic reticulum, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of Golgi elements,
      differentiation of the Golgi membranes to a GERL configuration, and a notable
      increase in numbers of primary lysosomes. Such changes in ultrastructure suggest
      that exposure of this developing maternofetal exchange system to high levels of
      ethanol in maternal blood increases the production of primary lysosomes near term
      for proteolysis of maternal serum proteins within the visceral yolk-sac
      epithelium. Near term, targeting of endocytosed protein to secondary lysosomes
      for proteolysis appears to be augmented; transcellular routing of maternal
      protein (e.g., IgG) for placental transport may be impeded. Thus significance of
      the observed changes in the fine structure of this placenta may relate to the
      mechanism(s) of action of maternal alcohol consumption on the acquisition of
      neonatal immunity, intrauterine growth retardation, and the production of
      congenital malformations.

PMID- 2278030
TI  - Biochemical basis for D,L,-beta-hydroxybutyrate-induced teratogenesis.
AB  - Previous investigations have demonstrated that a potential mechanism for D,L,
      beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB)-induced teratogenesis in neurulating mouse embryos (5
      6 somite stage) after 24 hours of exposure in vitro is mediated by an inhibition
      of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) (Hunter, et al. '87). Employing
      conceptuses of an earlier stage (2-3 somite stage), the biochemistry of BOHB
      induced abnormalities was examined further by exposing embryos to 32 mM BOHB for
      24 hour and comparing results with controls with respect to the rate of
      metabolism via the PPP, de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis (PB), and BOHB
      utilization. Moreover, the capability of these BOHB-exposed embryos to recover
      from such an insult was also assessed by transferring them to fresh control
      medium and allowing them to grow for an additional 36 hours. Both controls and
      BOHB-exposed embryos showed a progressive increase in rate of BOHB utilization
      between days 9 and 11.5 of gestation in vitro. Exposure to ketone body produced a
      100% rate of neural tube defects and a 25.2% decrease in total embryonic protein
      content. In contrast to results obtained at the 5-6 somite stage, no inhibition
      of the PPP in whole conceptuses, embryos, or visceral yolk sacs was observed in
      the group exposed to BOHB at the 2-3 somite stage. Furthermore, a 7.5 mM D-ribose
      supplement, an intermediate in the PPP, was unable to rescue the younger embryos
      from BOHB-induced abnormalities and growth retardation. On the other hand, BOHB
      produced a 34.3% decrease in pyrimidine biosynthesis in the 2-3 somite embryos,
      but not in the visceral yolk sac. In addition, embryos recovered biochemically
      after being transferred to control medium, demonstrating a 25.5% overshoot in
      pyrimidine biosynthesis. Therefore, the mechanism of BOHB-induced teratogenesis
      appears to differ depending on the stage of embryonic development at the time of
      initial exposure.

PMID- 2278031
TI  - Phenylalanine and its metabolites induce embryopathies in mouse embryos in
      culture.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the teratogenicity of phenylalanine (Phe)
      and Phe metabolites in neurulating mouse embryos. Therefore, the system of whole
      embryo culture was employed and D9 (neurulating) mouse embryos were exposed to
      Phe, phenylethylamine (PEA), phenylpyruvic acid (PPA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), 2
      OH phenylacetic acid (2-OH PAA), and phenyl-lactic acid (PLA) at concentrations
      ranging from 0.01 mM to 10 mM for 24 hours. After 24 hours, embryos were examined
      for morphological abnormalities and protein content by the Lowry method. Phe at 1
      and 6 mM concentrations was not teratogenic; however, 10 mM inhibited cranial
      neural tube closure in 82% of the embryos. PEA was the most toxic factor and
      concentrations of 1 and 10 mM were embryo-lethal, whereas neural tube closure
      defects (NTDs) were observed in 67% of the embryos at 0.1 mM. 2-OH PAA was the
      second most toxic metabolite with concentrations of 1 and 10 mM producing NTDs in
      10 and 100% of the embryos, respectively. PLA and PAA produced no NTDs at
      concentrations of 1 mM, 60% at 5 mM, and 100% at 10 mM. Finally, PPA produced
      approximately 50% NTDs at both 1 mM and 10 mM concentrations. PLA, PAA, 2-OH PAA,
      and PPA produced a significant reduction in embryonic protein, and PEA and 2-OH
      PAA reduced yolk sac protein values. PEA, 2-OH PAA, PPA, PAA, and PLA also
      produced craniofacial abnormalities, i.e., incomplete expansion of the forebrain,
      collapse of the optic vesicle, and hypoplasia of the mandible and/or the
      maxilla.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2278033
TI  - Ultrastructure of murine trisomy 1 optic cup.
AB  - The optic cups of two gestational day 11 trisomy (ts) 1 mouse embryos and a
      normal littermate control were examined using transmission electron microscopy
      (TEM). One trisomic embryo had a small lens with a lens stalk; the other was
      aphakic. The resolution available with TEM allowed detailed evaluation of cell
      organelles, spatial relationships, and the intra- and extracellular structural
      environment of the optic cup in normal and abnormal mouse embryos. Differences
      between the normal littermate and the trisomic optic cups, as well as between the
      two ts 1 structures, included the following: 1) melanin granules in the retinal
      layer and intraretinal space as well as in the pigment layer, 2) neither
      pseudostratified nor cuboidal neuroepithelium in trisomic optic cups, 3)
      increasing cell lysis with severity of eye defect, 4) fusion between retinal and
      pigment layer cells and cells from the pigment layer and head mesoderm. This
      investigation not only confirmed some of the abnormal morphology found in light
      microscopic studies of ts 1 at this gestational age but also identified other
      anomalies in the ts 1 eye that may play a part in the dysgenesis of this organ.
      The roles of larger than normal intercellular lacunae, disorganized microtubules,
      and the connections between different cell types in the ts 1 optic cup require
      further investigation.

PMID- 2278032
TI  - Genetic control of the survival of murine trisomy 16 fetuses.
AB  - A mouse model that allows for the experimental induction of an aneuploid state
      has been employed to investigate the factors that control the survival of trisomy
      16 fetuses. The prevalence of trisomy 16 fetuses on day 15 of gestation was shown
      to vary significantly with the genetic background of the female parent. The
      ability to spontaneously abort a trisomy 16 conceptus was shown to be higher in
      the mouse strain with a low prevalence of trisomy 16, compared to those mouse
      strains with a high prevalence of trisomy 16. Furthermore, the maternal ability
      that selects against, or promotes the survival of a trisomic conceptus was shown
      to be specific for the trisomy in question.

PMID- 2278034
TI  - Protective effects of ONO-3307, a new synthetic protease inhibitor against
      experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation in rats.
AB  - The effects of ONO-3307 (4-sulfamoylphenyl 4-guanidinobenzoate methanesulfonate),
      a new synthetic protease inhibitor, on endotoxin-induced experimental
      disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) were studied in rats. Experimental
      DIC was induced by a 4-h sustained infusion of endotoxin at a dose of 100 mg/kg.
      The rats were infused continuously with ONO-3307 at a dose of 1, 10 or 100
      micrograms/kg/h into a femoral vein for 4 h. Simultaneously with the agent
      infusion, endotoxin (100 mg/kg/4h) was administered into the contralateral
      femoral vein. A protective effect against DIC was noted in the rats treated with
      10 or 100 micrograms/kg/h of ONO-3307 in the following parameters: fibrinogen and
      fibrin degradation products, fibrinogen level, prothrombin time, partial
      thromboplastin time, platelet count and the number of renal glomeruli with fibrin
      thrombi. Therefore, ONO-3307 inhibited the aggravation of endotoxin-induced
      experimental DIC in rats.

PMID- 2278035
TI  - Endothelin-1 does not affect human platelet aggregation in whole blood and
      platelet rich plasma.

PMID- 2278036
TI  - Localization of the structural domain responsible for the chemotactic properties
      of thrombin on polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Human alpha thrombin at 1.1.10(-5) M is chemotactic for human polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes. This thrombin property disappears when the alpha thrombin (1.1.10(-5)
      M) hirudin (1.32.10(-5) M) mixture is realized. The same result is obtained when
      the thrombin at 1.1. 10(-5) M is inhibited by antithrombin III in a ratio of 1
      mol of thrombin for 4.5 mol of antithrombin III. The hirudin and the antithrombin
      III appear therefore to mask, by their binding the structural domain responsible
      for the chemotactic properties of thrombin on polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

PMID- 2278037
TI  - Polymorphism of a platelet polypeptide.
AB  - Polymorphism of a platelet protein is described. The gene products are
      represented by two peptides of MW around 30 kD. The allele frequency was
      estimated to 0.85 and 0.15, the common variant being of slightly higher MW and
      about 2 charge units more acidic than the other. The peptides were neither
      released nor phosphorylated, and subcelluar fractionation indicated localization
      to the cytosol. Attempts to raise antibodies failed, and further characterization
      could not be done, but the peptides seem to differ from all reasonably well
      characterized platelet proteins so far.

PMID- 2278039
TI  - Purification and characterization of platelet factor XI.
AB  - Factor XI activity and antigen was purified about 300 fold from human platelets
      through chromatography on Con-A Sepharose, SP-Sephadex C-50, immobilized goat
      anti-factor XI, and SP-Sephadex. The partially purified platelet factor XI (Pt
      XI) could be activated by activated factor XII generated in situ from single
      chain factor XI in a reaction requiring high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK)
      and a surface. Native Pt-XI migrated as a molecule of Mr = 245,000 on sodium
      dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) as identified by
      Western blotting. On reduction, Pt-XI appeared to have a Mr = 52,000. Neither
      form was affected by exposure to trypsin. Incubation of Pt-XI with purified
      factor XII, HMWK, and kaolin produced activated platelet factor XI clotting
      activity and, concomitantly, the generation over time of a new chain on reduced
      SDS-PAGE of Mr = 44,500. The coagulant activity of the activated form could be
      neutralized by diisopropyl flurophosphate (DFP). Incubation of the activated
      mixture with 3H-DFP followed by reduced SDS-PAGE showed the active site to be
      associated with a unit of Mr = 44,500. The adsorption domain as defined by
      adsorption to kaolin was localized to the Mr = 44,500 chain containing the active
      site. Hence, both active site and adsorption functions, properties of separate
      chains in plasma factor XI, reside in the same chain of Mr = 44,500 of platelet
      factor XI.

PMID- 2278038
TI  - Studies in patients with bleeding disorders show that platelet-vessel interaction
      is important for thromboxane formation in bleeding time wounds.
AB  - The production of thomboxane B2, the primary metabolite of thromboxane A2, and 6
      keto prostaglandin F1 alpha, the primary metabolite of prostacyclin, were
      measured in response to a standardized vascular injury, the bleeding time, in
      patients with von Willebrand's disease and in patients with platelet function
      defects. Compared to controls, thromboxane B2 levels in bleeding time blood were
      significantly lower in subjects with von Willebrand's disease. In patients with
      platelet function defects associated with a deficient response to thromboxane A2,
      thromboxane B2 production in bleeding time blood was similar to controls. In
      subjects with other platelet function defects, thromboxane production was
      significantly lower than normal. 6-keto PGF1 alpha production in bleeding time
      blood was not significantly different in patients compared to controls. The
      results suggest that bleeding time thromboxane production is influenced by the
      extent of platelet-vessel interaction.

PMID- 2278040
TI  - Activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulate platelet function.

PMID- 2278041
TI  - Relationship between prostacyclin and nitric oxide in the thrombotic process.

PMID- 2278042
TI  - Searching for the thrombogenic mechanism(s) of fibrinogen.

PMID- 2278043
TI  - Familial Mediterranean fever--linkage studies with genetic markers on chromosome
      6.
AB  - Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive disease manifested
      by recurrent short episodes of fever associated with polyserositis. Although the
      biochemical defect is unknown, there are several immunologic abnormalities which
      have been described in this disease. To examine critically whether there is
      linkage between FMF and the immunogenetic region (major histocompatibility
      complex-MHC) on chromosome 6, including the HLA, BF, and GLO1 loci, blood samples
      from members of 13 nuclear Armenian families were tested for these genetic
      markers. These 13 families included 28 affected and 42 unaffected family members.
      Linkage could be excluded at 7.5% recombination with the HLA ABC and D loci.
      Linkage could be excluded at 2.5% recombination for GLO1. Linkage could not be
      excluded with BF individually, but can be rejected based on the haplotype data.
      No association was found with either BF, GLO1, and HLA DQ alleles. HLA DR4 was
      found more often in affected cases than in controls; however, after adjusting for
      the number of antigens tested this was not significant. Our results would appear
      to exclude the immunogenetic region on chromosome 6 from linkage with FMF in the
      Armenian population.

PMID- 2278044
TI  - Functional analysis of cis-linked regulatory sequences in the HLA DRA promoter by
      transcription in vitro.
AB  - Two consensus sequences, called X and Y boxes, capable of binding nuclear
      proteins and regulating expression in B cells have been defined within the
      immediate upstream region of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II
      promoters. Unlike other class II promoters, the HLA-DR alpha (DRA) promoter also
      contains one element identical to the "octamer" motif of immunoglobulin variable
      region promoters that is responsible for B cell-specific transcription. This
      "octamer" in the context of DRA appears capable of binding both the ubiquitous
      (OTF-1) and lymphoid-specific (OTF-2) "octamer" binding proteins, but at least
      one other distinct "octamer" complex was found. In order to characterize the
      function of cis-acting elements, we have developed an in vitro system in which a
      DRA promoter construct is transcribed more efficiently in extracts from B cells
      than in extracts from class II-negative HeLa cells. 5' deletion constructs which
      lacked the Y box, but retained the "octamer" motif and TATA box were completely
      inactive, and internal deletion of the Y box reduced transcription by 95%. Using
      supercoiled, but not linear templates, we observed differences in transcription
      efficiencies from templates lacking or disrupting the X consensus element that
      reflect effects of random replacement of X box sequences in transient expression
      assays. Demonstration of the complete dependence on the Y box in this system
      suggests that, despite its demonstrated importance in the DRA promoter, the DRA
      "octamer" does not utilize OTF-2 in a manner analogous to immunoglobulin
      promoters in B cells.

PMID- 2278045
TI  - Analysis of HLA-DP in HLA-DR/GLO recombinant families and in the population of
      south-western France.
AB  - The existing estimates of the recombination fraction between DR and DP are quite
      variable and often based on anecdotal observations. We have estimated the DR/DP
      crossover frequency on the basis of families typed for HLA markers and GLO. The
      frequency of DR/GLO crossing over was 8.7% (23/264 informative meioses), maternal
      recombinations being about twice as frequent as paternal ones. Of 17 DR/GLO
      recombinant families typed for DPw1-6, DP was informative in 11 (13
      recombinations) but only one of these gave rise to a DR/DP crossover. According
      to these data the DR/DP recombination fraction is below 1%, in contrast to some
      earlier published materials. HLA-DR/DP haplotypic associations on 127 informative
      Caucasoid haplotypes have been evaluated. In agreement with previous studies, DR3
      was positively associated with DPw1 and, in addition, DR7 was found to be
      positively associated with DP-blank (not DPw1-6). The rare DPw6 allele is
      possibly associated with the DR4, Dw14 allele. The DR-DP haplotype profiles
      suggest other associations which might become significant if larger materials are
      tested. The frequency of DP alleles in a random material (N = 201) was found to
      be in accordance with most of the previously published frequences on European
      Caucasoids with DPw4 as the predominating frequency (gene frequency 40%) and a
      blank frequency of 27%.

PMID- 2278046
TI  - HLA frequencies in black Zimbabweans.
AB  - One-hundred-and-nineteen normal Black Zimbabweans were typed for HLA antigens. We
      found a close similarity between the HLA antigen frequencies in Zimbabweans and
      Black South Africans (Xhosa), another Bantu-speaking group. The only significant
      differences noted were for HLA-Aw36, -Bw53, -Cw6, -DR4 and -DQw3 (p less than
      0.01). The most common HLA haplotypes in significant positive linkage
      disequilibrium in the two groups were different. The differences that were noted
      may be due to gene flow from the San to the Black South Africans, since it is
      thought that the Zimbabweans had little if any contact with the San.

PMID- 2278047
TI  - The association between HLA and rheumatoid arthritis in Zimbabwean blacks.
AB  - HLA-A, B, C, DR and DQ typing was done on 26 black Zimbabweans with rheumatoid
      arthritis and the respective antigen frequencies were compared with those in a
      group of 119 normal individuals from the same ethnic background. Only the DR4
      antigen was significantly increased in frequency in the patients, confirming the
      association with this disease seen in other Black African populations.

PMID- 2278048
TI  - Carboxypeptidase B differentiates HLA-A and -B molecules in one-dimensional
      isoelectric focusing (1D-IEF).

PMID- 2278049
TI  - The primary association of celiac disease to a given HLA-DQ alpha/beta
      heterodimer explains the divergent HLA-DR associations observed in various
      Caucasian populations.

PMID- 2278050
TI  - Differential estimated HLA haplotype frequencies in young and adult insulin
      dependent diabetics.

PMID- 2278051
TI  - Kinetics of class II MHC expression on cytotoxic T cells generated by skin
      allograft.
AB  - In the present work the kinetics of class II MHC expression on OX8+ lymphocytes
      generated by skin allograft and its relationship to the lytic activity were
      studied. Mononuclear cells from the spleen of LEW (RT1(1) rats bearing BN (RT1n)
      skin graft for 3, 5 or 7 days were sorted out by sequential immune affinity using
      columns of Degalan-V26 beads treated with anti-rat or anti-mouse Ig. After
      depletion of B cells, T cells were precoated with W3/25 MoAb (anti-CD4
      equivalent) and sorted out using an anti-mouse Ig column. The W3/25-/OX8+ cells
      (CD8 equivalent) were then coated with OX4 MoAb (anti-RT1.B) or murine A.TH anti
      A.TL alloantiserum (anti I-E, cross-reacts with RT1.D) and were passed through a
      new anti-mouse Ig column in order to obtain the four subpopulations, RT1.B+, .B-,
      .D+ and .D-. Their specific lytic activity against BN Con A-stimulated cells
      increased from the 3rd to the 7th d after the skin graft. The lytic activity
      observed on the 3rd and 5th d was associated with all four subpopulations
      analyzed. In contrast, on the 7th d, the lytic activity was concentrated in the
      RT1.B+ subpopulation. These results, associated with the increase in the number
      of OX8+/RT1.B+ cells along with days after graft, suggest that RT1.B expression
      is not essential but is associated with the effectiveness of the cytotoxic
      activity. It is also possible that RT1.B expression is a marker of cytotoxic T
      cell differentiation.

PMID- 2278052
TI  - A method for improved resolution for fluorescence microscopy using plastic
      embedded material subjected to resin extraction.
AB  - A protocol is given that uses NaOH, benzene, acetone and methanol to extract
      epoxy resins from semithin sections. Such sections appear superior to paraffin or
      unsectioned materials for fluorescence microscopic observations. Use of
      ultrarapid films (e.g., Kodak T-Max P3200) at ISO 3200 minimizes fading without
      use of antifading agents and without introducing unacceptable photographic grain
      size.

PMID- 2278053
TI  - Future prospects for the chemotherapy of human trypanosomiasis. 1. Novel
      approaches to the chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis.
AB  - Chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis is far from satisfactory and
      the discovery of new drugs has been slow. Emphasis on the empirical approach to
      drug development is now shifting towards a more rational, directed approach,
      which employs the modern tools of science. This is illustrated with respect to
      the newly discovered drug target, trypanothione, a unique metabolite which is
      critical for survival of Trypanosoma and Leishmania and absent from the host.

PMID- 2278054
TI  - Future prospects for the chemotherapy of human trypanosomiasis. 2. Combination
      chemotherapy and African trypanosomiasis.
AB  - This paper reviews the progress which has been achieved with combination
      chemotherapy of experimental murine central nervous system trypanosomiasis.
      Successful treatments have been achieved with suramin followed by 5
      nitroimidazoles; difluoromethylornithine in combination with bleomycin, 9
      deazainosine, suramin, arsenicals, antimonials and diamidines; and also the
      arsenicals in combination with the 5-nitroimidazoles or nifurtimox. Pretreatment
      with prednisolone and azathioprine, to minimize reactive encephalopathies, and
      supportive treatment with oxygen are both indicated.

PMID- 2278055
TI  - Control of intestinal nematode infections by chemotherapy: mass treatment versus
      diagnostic screening.
AB  - There is increasing interest in the implementation of programmes to control
      nematodiases by chemotherapy, but no consensus on whether diagnostic screening
      before treatment is an essential component of such programmes. It is estimated
      that a screening component increases costs by a factor of 2-6 and may be beyond
      the economic and skill resources of endemic areas, but accords with accepted
      medical practice since only infected individuals are treated. In an attempt to
      examine this issue quantitatively, the relative risks of mass treatment and
      morbidity due to helminthiasis are compared. Age- and locality-targeting of mass
      treatment at populations at high risk of morbidity are proposed as procedures for
      further enhancing this risk differential. It is suggested that resolving the
      question of screening versus mass treatment requires more quantitative
      information than is currently available on the risk of side effects with
      treatment and the risk of morbidity with variable intensities of infection.

PMID- 2278056
TI  - Combination of quinine, quinidine and cinchonine for the treatment of acute
      falciparum malaria: correlation with the susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum
      to the cinchona alkaloids in vitro.
AB  - Thirteen patients with acute symptomatic uncomplicated falciparum malaria were
      enrolled in an open, randomized, phase 2, dose-finding clinical trial of a fixed
      dosage combination of quinine, quinidine and cinchonine (LA40221, Sanofi
      Recherche, France), which contained equal parts of the 3 alkaloids and was
      administered orally every 8 h in doses of 400 mg (7 patients) or 500 mg (6
      patients) for 7 d. There was prompt clearance of parasitaemia and fever in all
      patients. The mean clearance times (+/- standard deviation) of parasitaemia,
      fever and other symptoms were 29 +/- 11.0 h, 10.7 +/- 4.1 h and 14.9 +/- 9.7 h
      respectively for the 400 mg dose group, and 35 +/- 20.0 h, 16 +/- 7.0 h and 17.6
      +/- 8.7 h respectively for the 500 mg dose group. There was no recrudescence of
      parasitaemia during the 28 d observation period. Minor gastrointestinal side
      effects occurred in 2 patients, but there was no major side effect.
      Haematological, biochemical and other measurements were not adversely altered by
      treatment. QTc prolongation occurred in 3 patients--2 from the 400 mg and 1 from
      the 500 mg dose group. Testing in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum isolates
      from 47 patients (including the 13 patients enrolled in the trial) of the
      combination and its individual components suggested that the relative potencies
      in vitro, in decreasing order, were quinidine, LA40221, cinchonine and quinine.
      The minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.32, 0.64, 0.64 and 1.28 mumol/litre
      of blood-medium mixture respectively, and the 50% inhibitory concentrations were
      0.083, 0.11, 0.12 and 0.22 mumol/litre of blood-medium mixture. The respective
      99% inhibitory concentrations were 0.27, 0.45, 0.50 and 1.20 mumol/litre of blood
      medium mixture.

PMID- 2278057
TI  - Diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria using a specific deoxyribonucleic acid
      probe.
AB  - A deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probe which specifically distinguishes Plasmodium
      vivax from P. falciparum malaria has been derived from a P. vivax genomic DNA
      library. This probe, VPL101, consists of 3.2 kilobase pairs and does not
      hybridize with up to 6 micrograms of human or P. falciparum DNA. VPL101 contains
      at least two copies of a 205 base pair repeat sequence. The subcloned repeat
      probe, VPL101/5, reacted with 73 of 76 microscopically diagnosed P. vivax samples
      but not with any of 17 human DNA samples or any of 8 P. falciparum DNA samples
      from cultured parasites. It was possible to detect P. vivax in mixed infections
      in which only P. falciparum parasites were identifiable by microscopy. This P.
      vivax DNA probe provides a useful epidemiological tool for malaria control
      programmes.

PMID- 2278058
TI  - In vitro activity of artemisinin, its derivatives, and pyronaridine against
      different strains of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - The activities of artemisinin (qinghaosu), dihydroartemisinin (dihydroqinghaosu),
      artemether and pyronaridine were tested in a 48 h in vitro assay against 3
      chloroquine-sensitive and one chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium
      falciparum. Growth inhibition was modelled with a sigmoid Emax model. All
      compounds markedly inhibited the growth of all strains although, for the
      chloroquine-resistant strain, merozoites were detected at concentrations as high
      as 10(-4) M of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin and artemether.
      Dihydroartemisinin, artemether and pyronaridine appeared to be more potent than
      artemisinin, with EC50 values of 4.7-23 nM, 0.98-6.1 nM and 4.4-18 nM
      respectively, while the EC50 value of artemisinin was 3-108 nM against all 4
      strains.

PMID- 2278059
TI  - A national survey of the prevalence of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium
      falciparum malaria in The Gambia.
AB  - In The Gambia, 760 children less than 10 years of age with Plasmodium falciparum
      malaria were treated with chloroquine (25 mg/kg) and followed-up 2 and 9 d after
      the start of treatment. 700 children (92.1%) completed the study. The level of in
      vivo resistance to chloroquine varied by area from 0.4% to 16.4%. Of the 28
      children found to have chloroquine resistant malaria, none was ill when seen at
      the 9 d follow-up and only 3 (10.3%) required further treatment with alternative
      antimalarials because of persistent high levels of parasitaemia. However, the
      fact that 30.4% of the children who completed the study had chloroquine in their
      urine at presentation may have masked the true level of resistance and led to
      underestimation of the clinical significance of these findings. The blood film at
      day 2 did not usefully predict resistance. 67 isolates were tested in vitro for
      chloroquine sensitivity. The mean EC50 was 15.5 nmol/litre, an eight-fold
      decrease in sensitivity from that of isolates tested in 1982. 8 (11%) of the
      isolates had EC50s above the WHO reference value for sensitive isolates of 18.3
      nmol/litre, with values ranging from 22 to 65 nmol/litre of culture medium.
      Gambian isolates were sensitive to quinine (mean EC50 = 49.6 nmol/litre).

PMID- 2278060
TI  - Parenteral sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar): an effective and safe but under
      used method of anti-malarial treatment.
AB  - One hundred and eighteen patients with acute falciparum malaria were randomized
      into treatment with either intramuscular or oral sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine
      (Fansidar, Roche) and the results were compared with those from 68 patients
      treated in parallel with chloroquine. Parasitological cure rate was 97% with oral
      sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, 95% with the injection, and only 63% with chloroquine.
      The time for the disappearance of parasitaemia in sensitive cases was the same
      with oral and intramuscular sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and shorter than with
      chloroquine. Side effects occurred in only 3 of the patients treated with
      intramuscular sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine compared with 8 of those treated with the
      tablets and 13 of those treated with chloroquine. The results showed that
      intramuscular sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is as effective as, and probably better
      tolerated than, the oral drug. Increasing failure of response to chloroquine in
      Nigeria was also demonstrated.

PMID- 2278061
TI  - Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of halofantrine in falciparum
      malaria in Ibadan, Nigeria.
AB  - Fifty subjects with acute symptomatic uncomplicated falciparum malaria were
      treated orally with halofantrine hydrochloride 500 mg 6 hourly for 3 doses if
      their body weight was 40 kg and above, or 8 mg/kg body weight 6 hourly for 3
      doses if their weight was below 40 kg. Parasitaemia cleared in all subjects
      within 72 h. There was recurrence of parasitaemia in 9 subjects after day 14, and
      retreatment with halofantrine resulted in prompt clearance of parasitaemia in all
      but one of these patients. The mean clearance times of parasitaemia, fever and
      other symptoms were 33.6 +/- 13.0 h, 20.7 +/- 15.3 h, and 35.0 +/- 10.7 h
      respectively. Minor gastrointestinal side effects occurred in 2 subjects and
      pruritus in 7 subjects. The pruritus was mild in all but one subject.
      Haematological and biochemical indices were not adversely affected by treatment
      except in one subject in whom liver enzymes were elevated before treatment and
      more than doubled following treatment.

PMID- 2278062
TI  - In vitro resistance patterns of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine--a
      reflection of strain-specific immunity?
AB  - Studies in vitro among children on the response of Plasmodium falciparum to
      chloroquine were conducted as part of the national long-term monitoring of drug
      resistance in a holo- to hyperendemic malarious area of Tanzania between 1983 and
      1989. Overall, no significant increase in chloroquine resistance was observed.
      However, in children under 5 years old resistance increased during this period,
      whereas in schoolchildren resistance decreased from 1986 to 1989. A hypothesis
      based on antigenic differences between resistant and sensitive strains is
      proposed to explain this age-specific pattern. If immunity develops principally
      against the most frequent parasite strains, then as it develops the numbers of
      the most frequent strains will be reduced, whilst, the rare strains may become
      predominant and thus be detected in the blood of immune patients. Thus, in an
      endemic area, the observed resistance pattern in non-immune infants will differ
      from that in immune schoolchildren, as was observed in the present study. These
      findings may have important implications for the control of malaria and the
      development of vaccines.

PMID- 2278063
TI  - Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to Maloprim after five years of targetted
      chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of The Gambia.

PMID- 2278064
TI  - The in vitro response of Plasmodium falciparum to mefloquine at Lubwe and Kalene
      in Zambia.
AB  - The in vitro response of Plasmodium falciparum to mefloquine was assessed using
      WHO standard test kits. Mefloquine resistance at concentrations greater than or
      equal to 16 pmol/well (3.2 microM) was observed in 15.2% (5/33) and 3.6% (1/28)
      of the isolates from Lubwe and Kalene respectively. 48.5% of the isolates from
      Lubwe and 21.4% of those from Kalene had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs)
      greater than or equal to 3.2 microM. Mefloquine effective concentration 99%
      (EC99) values were 2.16 microM for Lubwe and 1.19 microM for Kalene. Cross
      resistance between mefloquine and chloroquine was recorded in 4 of the resistant
      isolates from Lubwe. Mefloquine effective concentrations 99% (EC99) observed for
      these isolates ranged from 2.8 microM to 7.69 microM. The sensitivity pattern of
      mefloquine at both localities seemed to follow that of chloroquine. Although
      mefloquine is not yet in use in the study area, some P. falciparum isolates have
      shown the capacity to develop resistance in vitro. These findings might have an
      important bearing on the usefulness of mefloquine in its eventual introduction
      into the area for clinical use.

PMID- 2278066
TI  - Electrical conductivity of human erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum
      and its modification following quinine therapy.

PMID- 2278065
TI  - In vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Burkina Faso.

PMID- 2278067
TI  - Pre- and post-treatment antibody levels in visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the direct agglutination test (DAT)
      were employed to test sera obtained from a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) endemic
      area, the Aba-Roba focus in south-west Ethiopia. Thirty sera of untreated VL
      patients, 37 sera 6-90 months after treatment, 18 sera from endemic controls, 8
      sera from non-endemic controls and 23 sera from patients with other diseases
      (schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis) were tested. Based on
      ELISA, the percentages negative were found to be 50% up to one year and 89% from
      2 to 8 years after treatment. In contrast, these rates based on DAT were 0% in
      one year and 33% from 1-8 years after treatment. The relevance of persisting
      antibodies in the kinetics and profile of antibody production during treatment is
      discussed. The use of ELISA in the evaluation of clinical prognosis and patient
      follow-up is recommended. Serum from a diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis patient
      cross-reacted with the DAT and ELISA for VL.

PMID- 2278068
TI  - Lutzomyia evansi, an alternate vector of Leishmania chagasi in a Colombian focus
      of visceral leishmaniasis.

PMID- 2278069
TI  - Antigenic differences of Leishmania amazonensis isolates causing diffuse
      cutaneous leishmaniasis.
AB  - Six geographically distinct isolates of Leishmania amazonensis causing diffuse
      cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) (from Bahia and Maranhao, in Brazil and Guarico, in
      Venezuela) were characterized by immunoblot analysis to see whether any
      geographical or strain-related differences existed in antigenic composition.
      Western blots of promastigote homogenates were reacted with polyclonal sera from
      patients infected with L. amazonensis with the various forms of clinical disease.
      The pattern of antigenic reactivity of these strains revealed the presence of
      shared antigenic components between geographically distinct L. amazonensis
      isolates causing DCL, when tested with the sera of the infected patients. In
      certain cases, however, some polyclonal sera also detected antigenic fractions
      unique to the strains examined. Variation was observed between the antigenic
      components of some isolates of L. amazonensis that were recognized by a single
      serum, and between the antigenic components of a single isolate of L. amazonensis
      that were recognized by the different patients' sera. However, no constant
      association was found between the antigenic components identified in these
      isolates and the geographical area of isolation. These results indicate that,
      although these parasites appear to be closely related antigenically, they also
      possess some strain-related antigenic differences.

PMID- 2278070
TI  - A double-blind clinical trial of the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with
      paromomycin ointment.

PMID- 2278071
TI  - The isolation of Leishmania aethiopica from the ground squirrel Xerus rutilus.

PMID- 2278072
TI  - Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi in the coati from the Pantanal region of Mato
      Grosso do Sul State, Brazil.

PMID- 2278073
TI  - Large-scale production of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in polyxenic
      culture.

PMID- 2278074
TI  - Mebendazole and metronidazole in giardial infections.

PMID- 2278075
TI  - Potential clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis in Egypt.

PMID- 2278076
TI  - Identification of the surface polypeptide antigens of the infective larvae of
      Onchocerca volvulus.
AB  - The surface polypeptide antigens of third-stage infective larvae (L3) and adult
      males of Onchocerca volvulus have been compared after iodogen-catalysed
      radioiodination, separation by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis in beta-mercaptoethanol followed by autoradiography. L3 surfaces
      contained polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 14, 18.5, 26, 34, 51,
      68 and 130 kDa, whereas the adults contained 14, 19, 26, 34, 37.5 and 68 kDa
      components. By immunoprecipitation with patient's sera, only the 14 and 18.5 kDa
      components were shown to be antigenic on the L3, the other components being
      unreactive with patients' antibodies. Under similar conditions, 4 of the 6 adult
      male polypeptides reacted with patients' antisera, confirming their antigenic
      nature. Lentil lectin and immunosorbent chromatography of the surface components
      revealed the 18.5 kDa and 68 kDa antigens of L3 and adult males respectively to
      be glycoproteins. The apparently weak reactivity of L3 surface components with
      host antibody may be part of an escape mechanism that favours the establishment
      of O. volvulus in human hosts.

PMID- 2278077
TI  - Serum-dependent interaction of granulocytes with Onchocerca volvulus
      microfilariae in generalized and chronic hyper-reactive onchocerciasis and its
      modulation by diethylcarbamazine.
AB  - The adherence and cytotoxicity of granulocytes to microfilariae of Onchocerca
      volvulus were examined in vitro. Reactivity and modulation by diethylcarbamazine
      of isolated eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes from patients with
      generalized and chronic hyper-reactive onchocerciasis (sowda or localized form)
      from endemic foci in Liberia were evaluated under varying serum conditions. In
      the presence of pooled sera from patients with generalized onchocerciasis
      granulocytes from both polar groups of patients exhibited similar adherence
      rates, whereas immobilization rates were higher for eosinophils than for
      neutrophils. In localized onchocerciasis, the use of autologous serum resulted in
      a significant decrease in adherence and immobilization rates for both eosinophils
      and neutrophils. After preincubation of eosinophils, but not of microfilariae,
      with diethylcarbamazine autologous serum-mediated adherence and cytotoxicity were
      enhanced to rates similar to those found with pooled serum from individuals with
      generalized onchocerciasis. These results suggest that granulocytes from both
      forms of onchocerciasis did not differ with respect to their anti-parasitic
      reactivity and that antibodies as well as additional serum factors appear to
      contribute to the functional activity of these effector cells. The findings
      indicate that predominantly eosinophils, compared to neutrophils, damage the
      larvae of O. volvulus and support earlier observations which suggest that
      diethylcarbamazine influences the effector cells rather than the parasite itself.

PMID- 2278078
TI  - In vitro effects of ivermectin on Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae assessed by
      observation and by inoculation into Simulium damnosum sensu lato.

PMID- 2278079
TI  - Control of Bancroftian filariasis by integrating therapy with vector control
      using polystyrene beads in wet pit latrines.
AB  - In the town of Makunduchi, Zanzibar, wet pit latrines provided breeding places
      for Culex quinquefasciatus and there were few other mosquito breeding places
      available. The adult mosquito population in bedrooms was monitored for a year and
      found to consist almost entirely of Cx quinquefasciatus of which 2.45% carried
      infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti. It was estimated that each person
      received about 24,993 bites per year, of which 612 were potentially infective.
      After a year of baseline data collection, polystyrene beads were expanded in
      boiling water and applied to form floating layers on all infested pits.
      Subsequently the adult mosquito population declined remarkably so that the
      estimated number of bites per person per year was only about 439. To retain
      control, surveillance for newly wet pits continued to be necessary. Initially the
      microfilarial rate in the human population was 49.5%, with many cases of filarial
      disease. The microfilarial rate was reduced to 10.3% by mass treatment with
      diethylcarbamazine, with no sign of resurgence a year after treatment. The
      infective rate among mosquitoes was reduced to 0.41% and the combined effect of
      the vector and microfilarial control was to reduce the number of infective bites
      per person per year by 99.7%.

PMID- 2278080
TI  - Rate of expulsion of Necator americanus and the false hookworm Ternidens
      deminutus Railliet and Henry 1909 (Nematoda) from humans following albendazole
      treatment.

PMID- 2278081
TI  - Serodiagnosis of human trichinosis using a gel filtration antigen and indirect
      IgG-ELISA.

PMID- 2278082
TI  - Intestinal helminths in pregnant Vietnamese refugees.

PMID- 2278083
TI  - Decrease in litter size of female mice with Toxocara canis.

PMID- 2278084
TI  - HIV seropositivity and tuberculosis in a rural Malawi hospital.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the extent to which human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) infection has increased hospital admissions for tuberculosis (TB) in
      a rural population of southern Malawi. The notes and chest X-rays of TB patients
      admitted to Malamulo hospital in 1983 and 1984, before the recognition of
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Malawi, were compared with those of
      patients admitted in 1987 and 1988. We found a 160% increase in TB admissions
      between the 2 periods. Extrapulmonary TB, especially pleural TB, was much
      commoner in 1987-1988 and occurred in a younger age group. HIV seroreactivity was
      measured in a third group of 152 tuberculosis patients admitted during 1988-1989.
      HIV seropositivity was found in 52% of all tuberculosis admissions and in 75% of
      those with extrapulmonary disease. There was no difference in clinical response
      to TB therapy between the HIV seropositive patients and those who were
      seronegative. Extrapulmonary TB should be considered in all HIV seropositive
      patients, especially in areas where the prevalence of TB is high. Health
      personnel involved in TB programmes where HIV and TB infections are prevalent
      should plan for a large increase in the TB case load secondary to the HIV
      pandemic.

PMID- 2278085
TI  - One year surveillance of HIV-1 infection in Johannesburg, South Africa.
AB  - A sero-epidemiological surveillance study to monitor the prevalence of HIV-1
      infection in Johannesburg, South Africa, was commenced in February 1988. The
      population selected for study were attenders at clinics for sexually transmitted
      diseases (STD) and at family planning (FP) clinics. In the 12 months of the study
      6631 sera were tested. Of the STD attenders, 15 of 1224 black females (1.2%) and
      21 of 2482 black males (0.8%) were positive. Of the 449 white males tested 49
      were homosexual, amongst whom 10 (20.4%) were positive; in the heterosexual white
      male group 4 of 400 (1.0%) were positive. Of the FP clinic attenders, 4 of 1459
      black females (0.3%) were positive. 68 of the 6631 sera tested were indeterminate
      for infection. No attenders were positive for HIV-2 infection. These data
      confirmed the entry of HIV infection into the black population in South Africa.

PMID- 2278086
TI  - Antibodies to haemorrhagic fever viruses and to selected arboviruses in monkeys
      from the Central African Republic.

PMID- 2278087
TI  - Preparation of murine monoclonal antibodies against the yeast phase of the
      dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii.
AB  - Three murine monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were raised against a cytoplasmic
      antigen of the yeast phase of the pathogenic fungus Sporothrix schenckii using a
      modification of standard hybridoma technology incorporating the immunosuppressive
      drug cyclophosphamide. When tested for species-specificity within the pathogenic
      dimorphic fungi one of these Mabs (S5) showed little cross-reactivity by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot, though there was some recognition of
      Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen. This Mab recognized a 70-75 kDa molecule
      on reduced Western blots of S. schenckii antigen. The other two Mabs (S12 and
      S15) showed cross-reactivity with all dimorphic fungal antigens tested, though
      they appeared to recognize a molecule of similar molecular weight. This is the
      first report of any attempt to raise species-specific Mabs against this important
      causative agent of dermatological disease.

PMID- 2278088
TI  - Tuberculosis in developing countries and methods for its control.
AB  - Tuberculosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries.
      It is estimated that one-fifth of the world population is infected, 12-16 million
      people have the disease, every year 6-8 million develop tuberculosis and 2-3
      million die from it. Four methods for the prevention of tuberculosis are
      available: improvement of socio-economic conditions, case-finding and treatment,
      chemoprophylaxis, and vaccination. Each of these methods is examined in relation
      to a model of the chain of transmission and development of disease. Improvement
      of socio-economic conditions, responsible for the decline of tuberculosis in the
      developed world, must be seen as a long-term solution. Case-finding and treatment
      is the only method expected to have an important short-term impact on
      transmission. A summary of the results of 35 studies shows the estimated efficacy
      of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination ranging from 96% to none. Follow-up
      results from 10 controlled trials are consistent with waning of BCG protective
      efficacy with time since vaccination. Chemoprophylaxis and vaccination are
      expected to protect the individual but not to have a significant short-term
      impact on transmission.

PMID- 2278089
TI  - The tropical bedbug Cimex hemipterus near the southernmost extent of its range.
AB  - The average degree of infestation of Cimex hemipterus in Zulu huts in South
      Africa is the same as that of C. lectularius. Nymphal stages of C. hemipterus can
      be distinguished by head-width measurements and numbers of lateral pronotal
      hairs.

PMID- 2278090
TI  - Wound myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in humans in Libya.

PMID- 2278091
TI  - Results of echocardiographic examinations in a regional hospital of central
      Sudan.
AB  - Sixty-seven patients were examined with a small portable echocardiograph in Wad
      Medani Teaching Hospital in central Sudan. The cardiac alterations detected in
      the referred patients, namely valvular disease and pericardial effusion,
      suggested a high prevalence of inflammatory heart disease in this area. Other
      findings were dilatative cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, mitral valve
      prolapse and a cardiac mass. Echocardiographic examination of patients with
      advanced hepatosplenic schistosomiasis revealed no evidence of cardiac
      alterations or abnormal right heart function. For echocardiography a general
      purpose ultrasound scanner, as defined by the World Health Organization, was
      used, additionally equipped with M mode facilities. It was concluded that
      echocardiography is applicable even in remote tropical areas and that its value,
      considering costs, therapeutic consequences and clinical benefit in developing
      countries, can be substantial. It was particularly helpful with pericardial
      disease.

PMID- 2278092
TI  - Aetiology of tropical ulcer.

PMID- 2278093
TI  - Mebendazole in giardial infections: inappropriate doses.

PMID- 2278094
TI  - Are cattle a reservoir host of kala-azar in India?

PMID- 2278095
TI  - Evaluation of inhibitors of lipolytic enzymes.

PMID- 2278096
TI  - Citric acid cycle redux.

PMID- 2278097
TI  - Viewing stereopictures in three dimensions with naked eyes.

PMID- 2278099
TI  - Errors in representing protein and nucleic acid structures.

PMID- 2278098
TI  - Nucleation in protein folding--confusion of structure and process.
AB  - The term 'nucleation' is currently used to denote two distinctly different
      aspects of folding: the kinetic and the structural. This gives rise to ambiguity
      in the use of the word 'nucleation', which is compounded by the fact that the
      word 'nuclei', as used in the structural sense, has more aliases than cats have
      lives.

PMID- 2278100
TI  - Misuse of PCR.

PMID- 2278101
TI  - Eukaryotic protein elongation factors.
AB  - In eukaryotes, peptide chain elongation is mediated by elongation factors EF-1
      and EF-2. EF-1 is composed of a nucleotide-binding protein EF-1 alpha, and a
      nucleotide exchange protein complex, EF-1 beta gamma, while EF-2 catalyses the
      translocation of peptidyl-tRNA on the ribosome. Elongation factors are highly
      conserved among different species and may be involved in functions other than
      protein synthesis, such as organization of the mitotic apparatus, signal
      transduction, developmental regulation, ageing and transformation. Yeast contains
      a third factor, EF-3, whose structure and function is not yet well understood.

PMID- 2278102
TI  - The 3-D structure of HIV-1 proteinase and the design of antiviral agents for the
      treatment of AIDS.
AB  - A proteinase is essential for replication of HIV. Cloning and chemical synthesis
      have provided a sufficient supply of HIV-1 proteinase for the determination of
      its three-dimensional structure. Analogies between the structures of HIV-1
      proteinase and the mammalian enzyme renin, which is involved in the control of
      blood pressure, have given important clues concerning the design of specific
      inhibitors that have antiviral activity.

PMID- 2278103
TI  - Involvement of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and other proteins in group I and group
      II intron splicing.
AB  - Group I and group II introns catalyse their own splicing, but depend on protein
      factors for efficient splicing in vivo. Some of these proteins, termed maturases,
      are encoded by the introns themselves and may also function in intron mobility.
      Other proteins are encoded by host chromosomal genes and include aminoacyl-tRNA
      synthetases and various proteins that function in protein synthesis. The splicing
      factors identified thus far appear to be idiosyncratic, even in closely related
      organisms. We suggest that some of these protein-assisted splicing reactions
      evolved relatively recently, possibly reflecting the recent dispersal of the
      introns themselves.

PMID- 2278104
TI  - Medical education in the United States.

PMID- 2278105
TI  - The self and its brain.

PMID- 2278106
TI  - The changing pattern of fetal hydrops.
AB  - Fetal hydrops (hydrops fetalis) remains a significant cause of fetal and neonatal
      mortality. The decreased incidence of rhesus iso-immunisation due to prophylaxis
      with rhesus immune globulin (anti-D), improved antenatal ultrasound screening,
      and advances in neonatal intensive care have greatly altered the clinical outlook
      in this condition. A retrospective review of all 27 liveborn cases of hydrops in
      the Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast in the period 1974-89 showed that in the
      last five years 40% of cases were non-immune in origin. The mortality rate fell
      from 100% in the first part of the study to 50% in the second.

PMID- 2278107
TI  - The failed back syndrome: the diagnostic contribution of computed tomography.

PMID- 2278108
TI  - Cardiac pacing in Northern Ireland 1979-1988.
AB  - The implantation rate of cardiac pacemakers in Northern Ireland rose from 55.8
      per million population in 1979 to over 180 per million in 1988, with the
      emergence of a second pacemaker implantation centre. However, the implantation
      rate in Northern Ireland remains less than that of many other countries. Over the
      period complete heart block fell as an indication from 45% to 34% and sinus node
      disease rose from 16% to 28%. Symptoms necessitating pacing remained unchanged,
      syncope being the most common. Ventricular demand pacemakers constituted a lower
      proportion of implants than anywhere else in the world and more atrial demand and
      dual chamber pacemakers were implanted than in most other countries. Insufficient
      patients are being referred for pacing in Northern Ireland but a high proportion
      of those who are referred receive modern sophisticated pacemakers.

PMID- 2278109
TI  - Clinical Q fever in Northern Ireland 1962-1989.
AB  - Q fever was diagnosed in 443 patients in Northern Ireland between 1962 and 1989.
      From 1986 onwards there was an increase, which peaked in 1989 with 107 cases of
      whom 47 were infected in Ballycastle, Co Antrim. There were three outbreaks and
      21 clusters of patients with Q fever. Most cases were in April and May which
      correlated with the peak lambing and calving season. Q fever mainly affected
      males in the 40-49 year old age group. County Antrim had the highest prevalence
      rate of 40/100,000 population and also had the most sheep. The number of sheep in
      Northern Ireland has doubled in the past ten years. Q fever was strongly
      associated with occupation and animal contact. Eighty-seven patients (19.6%)
      drank unpasteurized milk. The commonest presenting illnesses were pneumonia
      (62.8%), influenza-like illness (24.6%), involvement of the heart (9.0%) and
      hepatitis (1.6%). Thirty-two patients (7.2%) had endocarditis, 20 of whom had
      prosthetic valves and three of whom died. Coxiella burnetii was present on valves
      removed from seven patients.

PMID- 2278110
TI  - Preoperative measurement of haemoglobin concentration.
AB  - Haemoglobin concentrations were estimated in 1158 patients admitted to hospital
      for elective surgical procedures. Haemoglobin concentration below 10 g/dl was not
      seen in male patients who were fit and healthy, or had mild or severe non life
      threatening systemic diseases. In female patients haemoglobin concentration below
      10 g/dl was seen in 0.3% of normal fit healthy patients, 2% of patients with mild
      systemic diseases, 6.4% of patients with severe, non life threatening diseases,
      and 18.7% of those with severe incapacitating diseases. Routine haemoglobin
      measurement is unnecessary in fit healthy patients, or in those with mild
      systemic disease (American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 1 or 2), but
      should be done in those with more severe systemic diseases (American Society of
      Anesthesiologists grades 3, 4 or 5).

PMID- 2278111
TI  - Visual analogue measurement of pain.
AB  - Two separate studies were carried out to determine if three visual analogue
      scales for various feelings including pain could be marked consistently by
      patients, without reference to previously completed scales. Sixty patients
      undergoing extraction of their lower third molars had measurements of acute
      preoperative anxiety, expected postoperative pain and postoperative perceived
      pain three times in quick succession. There was no significant difference between
      the three measurements for any of the feelings. Although a correlation was
      detected between expected pain and preoperative anxiety, there was no meaningful
      relationship between perceived postoperative pain and expected pain or
      preoperative anxiety. Eighty patients suffering from a wide range of chronic
      painful states completed three identical scales for pain, anxiety, depression and
      mood during their first visit. These measurements were repeated at a later time
      following a treatment, with the addition of a visual analogue scale for pain
      relief. Mean scores for anxiety, mood and pain relief were consistent, but mean
      pain scores were more variable. There was a very close correlation between any
      two feelings expressed on these visual analogue scales during both the initial
      and second visits. Litigation or social problems were not associated with
      increased pain scores.

PMID- 2278112
TI  - Incidence and site distribution of colorectal cancer in Northern Ireland.
AB  - Death rates from colorectal cancer in Northern Ireland are higher than in most of
      the rest of the United Kingdom. Although local surgeons have recognised this
      problem for some time it has remained unclear whether this reflects a greater
      underlying incidence or a worse mortality. We have reviewed all histological
      diagnoses of colorectal cancer in the province over a three year period and we
      report the incidence and site distribution for this disease in this population of
      one and a half million. With the exception of rectal cancer in females the
      incidence of colorectal cancer, whether histologically diagnosed or registered,
      is higher than in England, Wales or Scotland. The site distribution accords with
      that in other high risk countries. These results indicate that Northern Ireland
      has the highest underlying incidence of colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom.

PMID- 2278113
TI  - Audit in intensive care. The APACHE II classification of severity of disease.
AB  - The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation System (APACHE II) was used in
      451 patients admitted to the intensive care unit, Belfast City Hospital, in 1988
      and 1989. Mortality in the patients studied was 15.5% which is slightly less than
      that predicted for patients with equal severity of disease (18.8%). Within the
      limitations discussed the APACHE II system has valuable potential both in terms
      of predictive power and as a means of audit.

PMID- 2278114
TI  - Psychiatric rehabilitation--does it work? A three year retrospective survey.
AB  - To evaluate the effectiveness of a rehabilitation unit in returning psychiatric
      patients to community settings, a survey was undertaken of all patients referred
      to the rehabilitation unit at Holywell Hospital (Bush House) from 1985 to 1987.
      The location of 96 patients at the end of 1987 was recorded; 38 were living in
      the community and 38 had either failed to make this transition or had attempted a
      community placement but were back in hospital. Comparison of these two sub-groups
      showed those living successfully in the community to be older and to have had
      fewer hospital admissions, although the total number of years in hospital was
      similar. A number of other clinical findings have been helpful in planning future
      services and in modifying rehabilitation programmes at this unit. The
      deficiencies of this quantitative evaluation process were identified and there is
      a need for further qualitative investigations.

PMID- 2278115
TI  - Medical treatment of impotence with papaverine and phentolamine intracavernosal
      injection.
AB  - Intracavernosal injection of papaverine and phentolamine was used in 20 patients
      with impotence. After six months 14 patients were still using the self-injection
      treatment. Two patients failed to respond and two patients developed priapism
      which responded to venesection and metaraminol injection.

PMID- 2278116
TI  - Validation of two methods of long-term epidemiological follow-up.
AB  - Two methods of long-term epidemiological follow-up were compared by using each to
      study the survival of 1622 myocardial infarction patients registered by the
      Belfast MONICA Project. Length of follow-up ranged between 3 and 5 years during
      which time 277 deaths were recorded. A computer-based method for linking MONICA
      Project registration records with the Registrar General's death certification
      data identified 273 of the 277 deaths. Follow-up supplied by the Northern Ireland
      Central Services Agency through the flagging of patients in their master patient
      index identified 271 deaths; four of the six deaths which were missed occurred
      before computerisation of the index was complete. The study illustrates the value
      of computer-based linkage with death certification data and of flagging in the
      Central Services Agency master patient index.

PMID- 2278117
TI  - Radical hysterectomy for stage 1 cervical carcinoma in Northern Ireland. A five
      year review.
AB  - Forty-four radical hysterectomy operations were performed between 1981 and 1986
      for stage 1 cervical carcinoma. The five year survival rate, (actuarial) was 84%.
      All deaths were directly attributable to disease recurrence. Five year mortality
      was higher in those under age 45 years, and who had more than two pregnancies.
      Histology and node status did not show significant correlation with outcome. In
      comparison with results of radiotherapy for this condition in Northern Ireland,
      (five-year survival rate 67.6%), radical hysterectomy produced better survival
      for stage 1 cervical carcinoma.

PMID- 2278118
TI  - The Anatomy Museum at the Queen's University of Belfast.

PMID- 2278119
TI  - The centenary of the admission of women students to the Belfast Medical School.

PMID- 2278120
TI  - Vincent Ketelaer did not describe tropical or non-tropical sprue or coeliac
      disease in his book De Aphthis Nostratibus seu Belgarum Sprouw.

PMID- 2278121
TI  - Pneumothorax following breast aspiration.

PMID- 2278122
TI  - Self-mutilating behaviour and deliberate ingestion of foreign bodies.

PMID- 2278124
TI  - Pseudo-tetanus following trifluoperazine.

PMID- 2278123
TI  - Idiopathic acute fatty liver of pregnancy: three cases including a subsequent
      normal pregnancy.

PMID- 2278125
TI  - Oral Crohn's disease: the distinction from the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.

PMID- 2278126
TI  - Neuropathology and host-parasite relationship of acute experimental toxoplasmosis
      of the blue fox (Alopex lagopus).
AB  - The neuropathology and host-parasite relationship of experimental infection with
      the RH-strain of Toxoplasma gondii were studied in 27 blue foxes (Alopex lagopus)
      aged 0 to 23 days, using light microscopy, including immunohistochemical
      staining, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. All cases displayed
      multifocal necrotic lesions with numerous parasitic tachyzoites in the brain and
      spinal cord. The gray matter and the meninges were most seriously affected.
      Although a wide variety of cell types were parasitized, neurons and astrocytes
      seemed to be the main target cells. Individual parasitophorous vacuoles usually
      contained only a few tachyzoites, with rosette formations as a prominent feature.
      The present ultrastructural study supports the theory that the parasites actively
      invade the host cells by mechanisms that are different from those of
      phagocytosis. This is apparently the first report indicating that the formation
      of the network of tubular structures within the parasitophorous vacuole of T.
      gondii is associated with a transient, sack-like formation in the posterior end
      of the tachyzoites.

PMID- 2278127
TI  - Effects of large granular lymphocyte leukemia on bone in F344 rats.
AB  - Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia was induced in 40 F344 rats by
      inoculating them with neoplastic cells to evaluate the effect of acute leukemia
      on bone remodeling and calcium balance. The rats developed leukemia and
      splenomegaly by 9 days after inoculation. The rats had reduced body weight (day
      12), food intake (days 4, 8, 12), urine production (day 12), and fecal output
      (day 12). Serum calcium and phosphorus and urinary excretion of calcium and
      phosphorus were decreased on days 8 and 12 in leukemic rats. Static bone
      histomorphometry of trabecular bone in lumbar vertebrae demonstrated reduced bone
      area, no change in the number of osteoclasts, and reduced osteoclast perimeter at
      day 12. Dynamic bone histomorphometry revealed reduced double labeled perimeter,
      mineralizing perimeter, trabecular mineral appositional rate, and bone formation
      rate in rats with LGL leukemia at days 9 and 12. There was no change in
      periosteal mineral appositional rate. Rats with leukemia and intramedullary
      neoplastic cells had a reduction in bone formation rate that resulted in a loss
      of trabecular bone.

PMID- 2278128
TI  - Serial syngeneic transplantation of large granular lymphocyte leukemia in F344
      rats.
AB  - A spontaneous large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia was serially transplanted
      in 92 male F344 rats kept under standard laboratory conditions. Serial
      transplantation into groups of four rats each resulted in a rapid reduction in
      the latent period of the disease. After 23 serial transplantations, F344 rats in
      groups that were injected intraperitoneally with 10(7) cells died between 12 and
      16 days after transplantation. At necropsy, "transplanted" rats had enlarged
      mesenteric lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. Neoplastic cells were detected in the
      spleen on day 3 and in peripheral blood on day 6. Extreme leukocytosis with
      leukemia was present on day 9. Severe hemolytic anemia coincided with a sharp
      increase in osmotic fragility on day 12. Splenic lymphoid depletion was observed
      histologically and confirmed by differential cell counts of isolated spleen
      cells. Analysis for surface markers of splenic lymphocytes by monoclonal
      antibodies and flow cytometry indicated that cells with T helper/inducer
      phenotypes were disproportionately decreased, while the number of T suppressor
      cells did not significantly change. The T helper/T suppressor lymphocyte ratio
      (normal = 2.09 +/- 0.35) was decreased on day 9 (0.76 +/- 0.10) and day 12 (0.25
      +/- 0.04). Hemolytic anemia was not related to a decrease in the number of T
      suppressor cells. The passaged leukemia cell model should provide investigators
      with an easily maintained neoplasm of short latency with which to study
      pathogenesis of leukemia-related disorders.

PMID- 2278129
TI  - Lesions in fetal pigs with transplacentally-induced toxoplasmosis.
AB  - Two sows (Nos. 1, 2) were each fed 1,000 Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Sow No. 1 was
      fed oocysts at 60 day of gestation and was euthanatized 49 days later. Sow No. 2
      was fed oocysts at day 45 of gestation and euthanatized 62 days later. Sow No. 1
      had eight dead fetuses of which one was mummified and unsuitable for histologic
      study. Sow No. 2 had 11 fetuses, of which four fetuses were mummified and
      unsuitable for histologic examination, two fetuses were dead and five were live.
      Lesions and Toxoplasma parasites were identified in seven fetuses from sow No. 1
      and three fetuses from sow No. 2. No lesions were found in four fetuses from sow
      No. 2. Toxoplasma gondii was present in trophoblasts and produced areas of
      necrosis of the chorioallantois with focal placental separation. The predominant
      lesions were necrotizing placentitis, non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, and
      myocardial degeneration, necrosis and mineralization. Numerous tachyzoites were
      seen in trophoblast cells lining areolae in placenta.

PMID- 2278130
TI  - The clinicopathologic, light, and scanning electron microscopic features of
      eperythrozoonosis in four naturally infected llamas.
AB  - The hematologic, biochemical, and light and scanning electron microscopic
      features of eperythrozoonosis in four llamas are described. One female and three
      male yearling llamas were presented for evaluation of chronic weight loss. Three
      of four llamas had historical evidence of chronic inflammatory conditions. On
      examination, multiple clinical problems were apparent, including poorly to non
      regenerative anemia, inflammatory disease, and hypoproteinemia. Coccoid- and ring
      shaped basophilic organisms were present on the erythrocytes of all the llamas.
      On scanning electron microscopy, individual, pairs, and clusters of coccoid
      shaped organisms were present on the erythrocytes. The organisms measured 0.4 to
      0.6 micron in diameter and caused no marked deformation of the erythrocyte
      membrane. A rare organism could be found that produced a slight indentation into
      the erythrocyte membrane. The light and scanning electron microscopic morphologic
      features suggested that the organism was an Eperythrozoon. Serial evaluation of
      serum iron concentrations of the llamas showed a decrease serum iron in all
      animals, with a concurrent decrease in the total iron binding capacity and
      percent transferrin saturation in two of the llamas. Common abnormalities seen on
      serum electrophoresis included a decrease in albumin and beta serum fraction in
      all llamas and a decrease in the gamma globulin fraction of two individuals.

PMID- 2278131
TI  - Fordyce's granules of the incisor and molar gingiva in F344 rats.
AB  - Fordyce's granules were observed in the gingiva of the upper incisor and molar
      teeth in F344 rats. The data were based on 734 males and 722 females that were
      used as control and treated animals in 26-week, 65-week, and 2-year studies by
      the National Toxicology Program. The incidence of Fordyce's granules was markedly
      different when comparing sex, age, and site of the lesion. Fordyce's granules
      were very common in the midsagittal gingiva of the upper incisor in males and
      increased in incidence with age (34.2, 50, and 56.3% in 26-week, 65-week, and 2
      year studies, respectively). The granules of the incisor gingiva were rare in
      females (0,0, and 2.8% in 26-week, 65-week, and 2-year studies, respectively).
      Fordyce's granules of the molar gingiva were very rare in both sexes and were
      found only in 9/734 (1.2%) males and in 3/722 (0.4%) females. Only three
      unilateral granules of the molar were grossly recognized as focal swelling of the
      gingiva or a white nodule with a huge cyst in the third upper molar.
      Histologically, Fordyce's granules were arranged as a collection of sebaceous
      glands unassociated with hair follicles. In addition, the granules of the molar
      gingiva were associated with cystically dilated ducts filled with sebum.
      Ultrastructurally, the sebaceous cells were characterized by varying numbers of
      cytoplasmic lipid droplets and occasional desmosome and hemidesmosome formation.
      Fordyce's granules previously reported in rats of other strains were also
      reviewed and compared with those in F344 rats in regard to incidence, location,
      and age.

PMID- 2278132
TI  - Unilateral degeneration of retina and optic nerve in Fischer-344 rats.
AB  - Unilateral degeneration of the retina and optic nerve was observed among Fischer
      344 (F-344) rats fed a semi-purified synthetic feed. Further studies were
      conducted using standard cereal-based and synthetic diets. Beginning at 4 weeks
      of age, all experimental rats (169 F-344 rats) were fed various diets and were
      examined for morphologic and functional changes in the retina and optic nerve. No
      ocular lesions were observed in any F-344 rats prior to 21 weeks of age, whether
      fed a synthetic diet or a standard diet; however, approximately 16% (13/86) of
      the F-344 rats examined between 57 and 64 weeks of age developed unilateral
      degeneration of the retina and optic nerve. On the other hand, the F-344 rats fed
      the synthetic diet developed the degenerative lesions by 30 weeks of age, while
      the F-344 rats fed the standard diet did not develop lesions over this shorter
      time period. Degenerative changes of the affected retinas and optic nerves were
      closely related with functional abnormalities evaluated by electroretinogram and
      visual evoked potentials. In contrast with the F-344 rats, Long-Evans rats that
      were fed either the synthetic or standard diet up to the age of 68 weeks (77
      rats) did not develop the ocular lesions. There was no apparent relationship of
      the development of the lesions with dietary modification, toxicity or trauma;
      thus, these observations appear to indicate that spontaneous unilateral
      degeneration of the retina and optic nerve occurs in F-344 rats and that these
      ocular lesions may be accelerated by the feeding of certain semi-purified
      synthetic diets.

PMID- 2278133
TI  - Multinucleate enterocytes associated with experimental group A porcine rotavirus
      infection.

PMID- 2278134
TI  - Juvenile renal disease in miniature schnauzer dogs.

PMID- 2278135
TI  - Spontaneous epicardial fibrous fronds on the atria of beagle dogs.

PMID- 2278136
TI  - Colonic ganglioneuromatosis in a steer.

PMID- 2278137
TI  - Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in a spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris).

PMID- 2278138
TI  - Chronic mastitis caused by Candida maltosa in a cow.

PMID- 2278139
TI  - Basal cell tumor in a sheep.

PMID- 2278140
TI  - Early history of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists: 1947-1960.

PMID- 2278141
TI  - [Studies on the presence of polychlorinated insecticides (pesticides) in human
      organs].
AB  - The content was determined of polychlorinated pesticides in samples of internal
      organs obtained during autopsy: liver, heart, adrenals in 25 dying patients. The
      content of gamma-HGH, DDT and DDT metabolites was determined by gas
      chromatography. The obtained results expressing the content of pesticides and
      their metabolites in mg/kg of the tissues were analysed statistically using
      Wilcoxon's rank summation test.

PMID- 2278142
TI  - [Evaluation of large doses of vitamin E in the treatment of anemia in patients
      with chronic renal failure].
AB  - The studied group comprised 10 patients with chronic renal failure on a programme
      of extracorporeal haemodialyses continued since 4 to 52 months, in whom the
      haematocrit value obtained during monthly laboratory investigations was below
      21%, and who required at least one blood transfusion in three months. Before the
      study, after 3 months of treatment with vitamin E 600 mg in 24 hours, and 3
      months after the completion of this treatment the following parameters were
      analysed: haemoglobin level, erythrocyte count, volume of blood transfused in
      various periods of the treatment. A slight rise of haematocrit value, haemoglobin
      level and erythrocyte count was observed after vitamin E treatment, but this rise
      was not significant statistically. No effect of vitamin E was noted on the
      osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes and the amount of blood transfused in the
      observed time periods. No side effects of vitamin E were noted.

PMID- 2278143
TI  - [CA-125 antigen in patients with cancer of the uterine body].
AB  - In 72 patients with malignant neoplasms of uterine body the serum concentration
      was determined of CA 125 antigen. In 38 cases serum samples were taken before
      oncological treatment and in 34 cases after the first stage of treatment. It was
      found that CA 125 concentration was significantly higher in patients before the
      treatment, with higher values in more advanced cases and in poorly differentiated
      tumours. The sensitivity of the CA 125 test was however low in the studied
      material (19.4%) at cut-off threshold 35 IU/ml, and routine determination of this
      antigen in serum to be without diagnostic value in uterine body malignancy.

PMID- 2278144
TI  - [Clinical trial of the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with TFX (thymus factor
      X)].
AB  - The results of rheumatoid arthritis treatment with the preparation TFX (extract
      of calf thymus) are reported. The drug was given to 11 patients with intense
      inflammatory process treated previously in typical fashion without evident
      improvement and in whom immunological studies demonstrated disturbances of cell
      mediated and humoral response. The duration of treatment and observation was 6
      months. In 9 patients clinical improvement was achieved. We observed no
      correlation between clinical improvement and immunological indices besides
      statistically significant changes of skin tests. The results (assessment of
      health state, laboratory investigations) encourage to TFX use in the treatment of
      rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2278145
TI  - [Tobacco and alcohol use among Lublin students].
AB  - On the basis of 361 anonymous inquiries the authors tried to establish the extent
      of cigarette smoking and alcohol and narcotics use by Lublin students. Cigarette
      smoking is the greatest health risk in the population of students in Lublin, one
      third of them are heavy smokers. Over three-fourth of students drink alcohol, and
      6.6% drink it at least once weekly. In the student population alcohol dependence
      is a marginal problem, but alcohol abuse occurs. Similarly only few students are
      narcotic addicts, most frequently occasional hashish smoking or drug taking were
      reported. Students taking narcotics show a greater tendency for alcohol drinking
      and heavy smoking as compared to other students. Alcohol, tobacco and narcotics
      are taken more frequently by male students than by females.

PMID- 2278146
TI  - [Disorders of carbohydrate-lipid metabolism in cerebral ischemia].

PMID- 2278147
TI  - [Patellar fractures--an ever present problem in the knee joint pathology].
AB  - The ever present problem of patellar fracture in knee joint pathology is
      discussed. The pathological mechanism of fractures and methods of treatment are
      described. The clinical material comprised 102 cases of patellar fractures. The
      introduction of a new device for reposition of fractures gave better
      postoperative results.

PMID- 2278148
TI  - [Leigh disease in a 17-year-old boy].
AB  - A boy aged 1.5 year with deficient weight and height, retardation of motor
      development, decreased muscle tonus, finger tremor and periodic tachypnoea
      without detectable respiratory system changes is presented. Gasometry
      demonstrated metabolic acidosis with respiratory alkalosis, high concentration of
      lactic acid in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, increasing metabolic acidosis after
      glucose load, and lack of hyperglycaemic response after alanine load, and
      cortical atrophy in CT. On the basis of these changes Leigh's disease was
      diagnosed.

PMID- 2278149
TI  - [Incarcerated obturator hernia].

PMID- 2278150
TI  - [Priapism as a complication of the treatment of impotence by local injections of
      papaverine].
AB  - A case of priapism is described which complicated treatment of impotence with
      local injections of papaverine. A review is presented of the pertinent literature
      on the principles and complications of local pharmacotherapy of erection
      disturbances.

PMID- 2278151
TI  - [A case of periodic hypersomnia in a 14-year-old boy].
AB  - A 14-years-old boy is reported with paroxysmal sleep disturbances associated with
      bulimia. Despite absence of EEG verification it seems that it was Kleine-Levine
      syndrome developing probably after cranial trauma.

PMID- 2278152
TI  - [Superimposition of IgA nephropathy upon membranous glomerulonephritis in a 13
      month-old boy].
AB  - A rare is reported of superimposition of IgA nephropathy upon membranaceous
      glomerulonephritis in a boy aged 13 months with fatal outcome. Attention is
      called to unresponsiveness of the disease to the trials of treatment, high
      dynamics of inflammatory changes and rapidly progressing impairment of renal
      function.

PMID- 2278153
TI  - [Use of echocardiography in ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2278154
TI  - [Effects of a retrograde arterial perfusion by arteriovenous anastomosis on
      normal and postischemic skeletal muscles. Clinical observations and morphologic
      studies of the hind leg of the rat].
AB  - Arterio-venous anastomosis were recommended by some authors for tens of years
      especially in the revascularisation of acute and chronic ischemic extremities. A
      retrograde arterial perfusion was produced by microsurgical end-to-end
      anastomosis of the proximal femoral artery with the distal femoral vein in the
      pelvic extremity of rat in an experimental study. The morphologic consequences of
      the arterio-venous anastomosis were investigated with reference to the normal
      skeletal muscle structure and the muscular recovery phase after acute ischemic
      damage. The light microscopic changes of the muscular morphology were served as
      indirect proof of the effect, because the skeletal muscles showed the slightest
      tolerance in face of ischemia of all tissues of an extremity. The arterio-venous
      anastomosis for prophylaxis of postischemic skeletal muscle damages appears unfit
      in this experiment similar to clinical conditions. The light microscopic
      investigations of the skeletal muscles demonstrated an involution of the
      pathohistologic changes in combination of acute ischemic loading and adjunctive
      arteriovenous anastomosis.

PMID- 2278155
TI  - [The effect of the oxygen content of the air breathed in on the passive
      electrical properties of muscle tissue].
AB  - Due to a want of oxygen in the breathing air there appears a change of the volume
      of muscle cells, of ion concentrations inside and outside the cells as well as
      disturbances the structure and membrane potential. These changes are connected
      with changes of the passive electrical properties of the muscle tissue. Measuring
      the electrical impedance of the muscle it is possible to diagnose alterations as
      shock and disorder of microcirculation in an easy way continuously.
      Investigations with rats show that a decrease of the oxygen content in the
      inspiration air effects characteristic changes in muscle impedance. These changes
      are reversible in normoxia.

PMID- 2278157
TI  - [Quality assurance in clinical studies: a necessity].
AB  - Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), and Good
      Clinical Practice (GCP) are the constituents of a new concept for quality
      assurance in pharmaceutical research. They are to establish standards for
      preclinical and experimental research in animals (GLP), for the manufacturing of
      drugs (GMP), and for trials on medical products in human beings (GCP),
      respectively. Each of the 3 entities is characterized by the same principles of
      control; these involve written instruction describing the general operations to
      be performed, the so called Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), and Quality
      Assurance Units being responsible for surveying the operations in accordance with
      the SOP, and ensuring that the generated data will satisfy the requirements for
      quality. As far as clinical trials are concerned, the SOP is represented by the
      study protocol and a Monitor provides for the surveying of the trial. GCP is
      further characterized by ethical principles, which aim primarily at protecting
      personal integrity and welfare of the trial subjects. The Declaration of Helsinki
      is the accepted basis for clinical trial ethics. Following the Declaration of
      Helsinki during the planning, conducting, surveying and evaluating of clinical
      trials provides for a degree of seriousness being the real hallmark of Good
      Clinical Practice.

PMID- 2278156
TI  - [Transcutaneous pO2-measuring for the estimation of the vascularization behavior
      in omental vascularized and peduncled abdominal flaps. An experimental study in
      swine].
AB  - To evaluate the tissue vascularizing potency of omentum majus different types of
      pig skin flaps supplied by omentum were risen within an experimental surgical
      study. The reorientation process of blood flow from autochthonal epigastric to
      omental vessels was followed up by means of flap transcutaneous pO2 measurements.
      The fitness of tissue tpO2 method which results were found to be in good
      accordance with clinical experiences of flap surviving and healing will be
      discussed.

PMID- 2278158
TI  - [Thirty years of hemodialysis treatment at Martin Luther University in Halle
      Wittenberg].
AB  - An artificial kidney has been taken into operation in the clinic for surgery of
      the University of Halle-Wittenberg since 1959. This was the second clinical
      arrangement in the DDR. The indication of the application evolved by the acute
      renal failure, about the chronic renal insufficiency, within to the hemodialysis
      as an additive for kidney transplantation. Coworkers of our clinic were engaged
      vigorously in the technical development of this method in the GDR.

PMID- 2278159
TI  - [The effect of different factors on the immediate transplant function. A
      retrospective study of 172 kidney transplants].
AB  - The influence of different factors on the immediate function of the transplant
      was investigated retrospectively in 172 patients. The immediate function of the
      transplanted kidney was influenced negatively by dehydration of the patient, by
      intraoperative decrease in blood pressure above 30 mmHg, by an prolonged cold
      ischemia time, and by the "handling time".

PMID- 2278160
TI  - [Biochemical serum parameter changes during and after autologous small intestine
      transplantation in animal experiments. I. Intra- and immediate postoperative
      period].
AB  - Biochemical parameters sodium, potassium, lactate, alkaline phosphatase, ASAT,
      and ALAT were examined at the beginning of the operation, before, and 0, 2, 4, 6
      hours after implantation of a small bowel autograft in an autologous model of
      intestinal transplantation in dogs. By the way of these early biochemical studies
      we have got information about metabolic situation during organ transplantation,
      efficiency of preservation and vitality of the graft. Using the given method safe
      preservation of small bowel can be guaranteed. Postoperatively only little
      changes of laboratory parameters occur.

PMID- 2278161
TI  - [A technique for pancreatic juice collection in the rat].
AB  - Monitoring of exocrine graft function and pancreatic juice cytology have proved
      to be a reliable method of detection of pancreas allograft rejection. In order to
      confirm these clinical findings and to define further parameters, experimental
      work is still needed. The rat was chosen for these experiments and a technique of
      pancreatic juice procurement developed. In five animals a fully implantable
      closed reservoir-catheter system was used. For the prevention of bacterial
      contamination it was necessary to install a mixture of antibiotics and culture
      medium into the reservoir. Pancreatic juice was procured daily under general
      anaesthesia. During the observation time of 14 days no further complications were
      encountered with the exception of one catheter dislocation. The mean amount of
      juice of 1 cc per day has proved to be sufficient for various enzyme estimations
      as well as for juice cytology.

PMID- 2278162
TI  - [The use of collagen fleece (Tachocomb) in pancreatic surgery].
AB  - Collagenic fleece (Tachocomb) was applied to for hemostasis in areas of
      pancreatectomy and in the retroperitoneum after resection on the left side in 30
      patients with necrotising pancreatitis, carcinoma of the pancreas head, and
      chronic pancreatitis. Diffuse hemorrhages in the pancreatic bed could be stopped
      by means of collagenic fleece despite disturbance of coagulation without
      additional surgical measures for controlling hemorrhage. The application of
      collagenic fleece was not necessary after resection, because of chronic
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 2278163
TI  - [Continuous intracorporeal glucose measurement using enzyme electrodes].
AB  - An enzyme electrode (GOD, Pt-Ag/AgCl) is introduced for amperometric measurement
      of the intracorporal glucose concentration in the subcutaneous tissue. Changes of
      the glucose concentration in the peripheral blood (PG) were induced by glucose-
      respectively insulin-infusion in healthy dogs. PG was compared with values found
      by out means of a sensor implanted in the necks of the dogs (SG). The regression
      equation SG = 0.81 PG - 1.39 was calculated by analysing 62 steady state levels.
      The regression delta SG = 0.83 delta PG + 0.22 submitted for the deviation of the
      normoglycemic base-level. A sensibility loss of the sensor of about 10% appears
      after an implantation duration of 7.5 hours in medium. Conclusions for the
      further development of the sensors follows especially with the in vivo functions
      (biocompatibility, diminution, sterilisation).

PMID- 2278164
TI  - [Measuring place for the detection of ultra-weak photon radiation].
AB  - A measuring method for the detection of ultra-weak photon-radiation from living
      matter is described. Also the fluorescence-radiation is provable. The latter is
      of necessity for special-fluorescence investigations. A proof-sensibility of phi
      = 1.483 10(-16)W (respectively 7.63 10(-17)W for the distance of 65.5 mm-filter -
      slide replaced by trial-slide) is calculable for lambda = 554 nm with the device
      constant found out.

PMID- 2278165
TI  - [Magnesium and potassium content in patients with heart failure and in healthy
      persons. Determination in lymphocytes, erythrocytes and plasma].
AB  - Therapy with diuretics and/or digitalis, as well as the compromised cardiac
      function, contributes to electrolyte alterations (magnesium, potassium) in
      patients with congestive heart failure. We determined in 29 patients with heart
      failure (NYHA classes II-IV) the magnesium and potassium content in lymphocytes
      and in erythrocytes, as well as in 25 healthy subjects. In patients with heart
      failure, lymphocyte magnesium (4.4 +/- 0.6 fmol/cell) and lymphocyte potassium
      (50.4 +/- 6.0 fmol/cell) were only slightly (n.s.) lower compared to controls
      (Mg++: 4.7 +/- 0.6 fmol/cell; K+: 54.6 +/- 6.8 fmol/cell). Only in healthy
      subjects did we find a positive correlation between magnesium and potassium in
      lymphocytes (r = 0.83). The electrolyte content in erythrocytes was also not
      different in patients with heart failure (Mg++: 2.2 +/- 0.1 mmol/l; K+: 96.6 +/-
      6.1 mmol/l) and controls (Mg++: 2.2 +/- 0.1 mmol/l; K+: 97.8 +/- 4.0 mmol/l).
      There was no correlation between the intracellular electrolyte content and the
      electrolyte levels in plasma, either for lymphocytes, or for erythrocytes in both
      groups. It is concluded that 1) determinations of magnesium and potassium in
      plasma do not reflect intracellular electrolyte content; 2) the magnesium and
      potassium content of lymphocytes and erythrocytes were not different in patients
      suffering from heart failure compared to controls; and 3) in heart failure, the
      relationship of magnesium and potassium in lymphocytes may be altered.

PMID- 2278166
TI  - [24-hour blood pressure and renal function in cardiac failure during the
      titration phase of captopril and enalapril].
AB  - In 33 patients with heart failure (NYHA II-III) 24-h blood pressure was examined
      during the titration of two ACE-inhibitors. Blood pressure was measured by the
      oscillometric method using the blood pressure monitor 90202 from SpaceLabs, Inc.
      The measurements were taken from 06.00 to 22.00 hours every 20 min, and from
      22.00 to 06.00 hours every 1 h. All patients received an additional therapy,
      either with captopril (group 1, n = 17) or enalapril (group 2, n = 16) in random
      order. Serum-electrolytes, serum-creatinine, and plasma-renin activity were
      measured before and during therapy with both ACE-inhibitors. 24-h blood pressure
      measurements were taken before and on the first and fifth day of the treatment
      with ACE-inhibitors. The groups did not different in respect to the degree of
      heart failure, the concomitant medication, or the 24-h profiles of blood pressure
      and heart rate. The mean initial doses of captopril was 9.2 +/- 1.2 mg. Each
      patient of group 2 received an initial dose of 2.5 mg enalapril. The maximal
      decrease of diastolic blood pressure occurred after 1 h in group 1 and after 4 h
      in group 2 and was similar in both groups (8 vs, 7 mmHg). The 24-h blood pressure
      values on day 5 were consistently below the pretreatment values (p less than
      0.005). Heart rate was not affected by either ACE-inhibitor. The groups did not
      differ significantly during ACE-inhibition in their 24-h blood pressure and heart
      rate profiles. Before treatment, serum-sodium, -potassium and -creatinine were
      within the normal range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2278167
TI  - [Mitochondria number as a prognostic parameter in dilated cardiomyopathy. A long
      term follow-up study].
AB  - According to morphological criteria of the myocardium, patients with clinical and
      hemodynamic signs of dilated cardiomyopathy were divided into three groups. Group
      I: patients with 1-2 mitochondria per 2 sarcomeres (n = 46); Group II: patients
      with more than 2 mitochondria per 2 sarcomeres (n = 47); Group III: patients with
      histological findings of myocarditis in the past (n = 33). Mean follow-up in
      groups I, II, III was 29, 22, 26 months, respectively (6-58, 3-52, 3-62/median
      29, 18, 22). Clinical parameters were evaluated at the beginning and at the end
      of the prospective observation and were classified clinically as "improved,
      unchanged, deteriorated"; "heart transplantation", "death of cardial causes",
      "death of other than cardial causes" or "lost to follow up" were the other
      endpoints of the observation. At the beginning there were no hemodynamic
      differences between groups I, II, III, except significant difference in ejection
      fraction and mean ventricular shortening velocity between groups I and II. Scored
      together with the clinical symptoms "deterioration" and "death of cardial causes"
      as endpoints, survival rates without event up to 5 years in group I were 83 +/-
      7% compared with group II 33 +/- 13% and group III 86 +/- 8%. There were
      significant differences (p less than 0.01). We conclude that the increased number
      of mitochondria per 2 sarcomeres in biopsy specimen of patients with dilated
      cardiomyopathy can be a significant parameter of deteriorated prognosis.

PMID- 2278168
TI  - [Noninvasive detection by Doppler and M-mode echocardiography of acute rejection
      reaction after heart transplantation: preliminary results of a prospective
      study].
AB  - Diagnosis of acute cardiac allograft rejection is still based on the results of
      endomyocardial biopsy. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes of
      left ventricular (LV) diastolic function associated with rejection using Doppler
      and M-mode echocardiography. The study patients, consisting of 29 cardiac
      allograft recipients (12 female, 17 male) aged 27 to 58 (mean 41) years, were
      classified into two groups on the basis of histopathologic findings: 13 patients
      without rejection (mean age 40 years) and 16 patients with moderate to severe
      allograft rejection (mean age 42 years) at myocardial biopsy. All patients
      underwent serial echocardiographic examination 4-10 weeks after transplantation
      and 8 +/- 2 days later on the day of myocardial biopsy. Twenty-five healthy
      volunteers (11 female, 14 male; mean age 39 years) served for assessing normal
      values. Echocardiographic assessment included peak velocity (PEV), pressure half
      time (PHT), velocity-time integral (VTI-E) of early mitral flow (E-wave), and
      isovolumic relaxation period (IVRP). In transplant recipients, significantly
      higher values as compared to normals were found for PEV (72 vs 55 cm/s; p less
      than 0.01), PHT (51 vs 42 ms; p less than 0.001), VTI-E (71 vs 56 mm; p less than
      0.001), and IVRP (91 vs 73 ms; p less than 0.001). During rejection, heart rate
      increased significantly from 78 to 93 beats/min (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2278169
TI  - [Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow-ups of children after dilatation
      of aortic isthmus stenosis (CoA)].
AB  - Aortic aneurysm and stenosis are the most severe post-interventional
      complications after angioplasty of CoA and require regular follow-up. Twenty
      children (4 2/12-13 11/12 years old) underwent MRI within 3 months to 5 7/12
      years after dilatation. All children were in a good state of health and showed no
      signs of heart failure. Three patients suffered from arterial hypertension; seven
      children showed hypertension on exertion. In six children, a resting gradient
      (minimal 20 mm Hg, maximal 40 mm Hg) between the upper and lower extremities
      could be measured. Four children showed pathological changes of the ascending
      aorta, three had a moderate ectasia, one had severe dilatation of more than 5 cm
      in diameter. In three cases, a circumscript aneurysm of the descending aorta was
      found. In many cases, there were mild changes in the aortic wall in the region of
      dilatation. In 12 children, there was a moderate spindly dilatation distal to the
      aortic isthmus, which, however, could be seen in the pre-dilatation angiography.
      After dilatation of CoA, several patients continue to have hypertension and
      pathological changes of the thoracic aorta. With regard to adequate therapy,
      regular controls are necessary. Besides routine examinations, MRI is an effective
      non invasive imaging method for the initial investigation and short-time follow
      up evaluation of CoA.

PMID- 2278170
TI  - [Dynamic magnetic resonance tomography in pediatric cardiology: broadening of
      diagnostic possibilities by flow-rephasing gradient-echo sequences].
AB  - Based on the phase difference method as described by Nayler et al., we developed
      a gradient-echo sequence, which refocuses flow-related phase shifts. With regard
      to the higher peak velocity and higher acceleration in infants, we reduced the
      echo time (TE) to 5 ms. This is effective in rephasing the flow signals even for
      faster heart rates. Phase shifts are further minimized by reducing the voxel
      size. The slice thickness down to 2 mm also improves anatomic resolution. A
      repetition time (TR) of 15 ms provides high temporal resolution for dynamic
      studies. Modification of the flow-rephasing gradient-echo sequence allows blood
      flow measurements in the great arteries and the calculation of blood flow volume
      to assess left and right ventricular stroke volume. This can also be achieved by
      calculating the ventricular volume from contiguous slices of the whole heart;
      however, it results in excessive measuring times. Compared with conventional spin
      echo techniques, anatomical analysis is improved. The size of atrial septal
      defects (ASD) can be measured more exactly. Small atrial or ventricular septal
      defects (VSD), which are not detectable on spin-echo images, are demonstrated on
      the gradient-echo images and semi-quantitative estimation of the pressure in the
      right and left ventricle can be made. Pulmonary arteries and veins are clearly
      differentiated from bronchial structures and are traced to subsegmental levels.
      Without ECG-gating, contiguous slices of interesting parts of the cardiovascular
      system can be obtained and successfully used for secondary angiographic
      reconstructions.

PMID- 2278171
TI  - [Effects of transluminal angioplasty on the prognosis after non-Q-wave
      infarction].
AB  - The long-term prognosis in non-Q-wave infarction (NQWI) has proven to be
      unfavorable due to frequent cardiac events. This study aimed at defining the
      impact of transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA) on the prognosis, angina
      pectoris, ischemic ECG changes, and fitness for work in NQWI. TCA was performed
      on 114 patients at a mean of 3.8 months after NQWI with a success rate of 78%
      (success vs failure = 89 vs 25 patients). Clinical follow-up was obtained in 96%
      of patients at a mean of 49 months after successful TCA or 53 months after
      unsuccessful TCA, and 90% of patients had angiographic follow-up. Recurrent
      stenosis was recorded in 17 patients (21%): seven had a second TCA, one a bypass
      operation, and nine showed only lowgrade stenosis and were treated medically.
      Another seven patients had dilatation of a new stenosis. Seventy percent of the
      unsuccessfully dilated patients were subsequently treated with surgery.
      Differences in coronary morphology between both groups could be responsible for
      the success of the intervention, but not for the parameters analyzed.
      Reinfarction and death were found to occur more frequently during the follow-up
      period after unsuccessful angioplasty and exclusively in those who were treated
      medically. Most patients with unsuccessful TCA had a long-term benefit regarding
      improvement in symptoms, exercise-induced ischemia, and fitness for work.
      Coronary revascularization should consequently be indicated in patients with NQWI
      for prognostic reasons. The favorable long-term results observed regarding
      symptoms, myocardial ischemia, and fitness for work give evidence supporting
      coronary angioplasty as the primary revascularization procedure, if coronary
      anatomy permits.

PMID- 2278172
TI  - [A 58-year-old woman with unstable angina pectoris and restenosis after PTCA:
      successful therapy with ketanserin].
AB  - This case report describes a 58-year-old female suffering from unstable angina
      pectoris showing two-stem disease with occlusion of the left anterior descending
      artery at angiography. Due to continuous symptoms and ECG-deviations,
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of the occlusion was performed
      twice with primary success. However, acute re-occlusion with angina and ECG
      changes developed after 6 and 2 h, respectively. For technical reasons, immediate
      bypass surgery was impossible and thus, patient underwent a third dilatation
      followed by infusion of ketanserin (0.1 mg/min), a S2-serotonergic receptor
      antagonist, for 24 h. During this period, patient was without complaints and
      showed normal ECG. Hematocrit fell and viscosity as well as elasticity improved
      markedly by ketanserin. Renewed angina and ECG-deviations developed 2 h after
      discontinuation of ketanserin therapy and patient had to undergo coronary artery
      bypass grafting.

PMID- 2278173
TI  - [Third replacement of the tricuspid valve in combined aortic-tricuspid defect].
AB  - The implantation of valvular prostheses in tricuspid position is problematic due
      to the slow blood flow in the low-pressure system with the risk of valvular
      thromboses. Today there are prostheses with supportable low transvalvular
      gradients; nevertheless, the risk of valvular thromboses is, in spite of
      anticoagulation, increased by using mechanical prostheses in tricuspid position.
      We report on a 51-year-old woman in whom a dysfunction of the Starr Edwards ball
      prosthesis 15 years after its implantation in the tricuspid position was
      diagnosed. The prosthesis, which was unable to function due to connective tissue
      proliferation, was replaced by a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve, which also
      presented a disturbed function a few days after the implantation. Because of a
      suspected valve thrombosis the patient was treated with rt-PA-lysis which proved
      to be ineffective. Thus it was inevitable to implant a third tricuspid valve;
      this time a bioprosthesis was used.

PMID- 2278174
TI  - [Ultrastructure of myocardial microcirculatory bed in patients with ischemic
      heart disease at various stages of aortocoronary bypass].
AB  - Changes in the ultrastructure of microcirculatory vasculature were studied on 136
      puncture biopsy samples of the left ventricular myocardium taken from 56 ischemic
      heart disease patients before aortic compression, at terminal cardioplegia, and
      after coronary flow reconstruction. It was found, that changes in the endothelial
      cells gradually grow during cardioplegia, becoming statistically significant in
      the reconstructive post-cardioplegia period lasting over 60 min, which affects
      the capillary permeability, status of homeostasis and metabolism, and
      contractility of cardiomyocytes in the postoperative period.

PMID- 2278175
TI  - [Heart valve dysplasia as a cause of valvular insufficiency in cardiac surgery
      (clinico-morphological correlations)].
AB  - Dysplasias underlying the mitral and aortic valve diseases in the presence of
      valvular incompetence were identified in 110 patients with a history of valve
      replacement. The morphological and electron microscopy evidence together with
      combinations of valvular changes with Marfan's syndrome and Erdheim's disease,
      and in some cases with minimal changes in the aorta and peripheral vessels, which
      followed the type of idiopathic cystic medionecrosis without aneurysm formation
      support the idea of the dysplastic etiology of the detected abnormalities. The
      occurrence of a heart disease in the presence of dysplasia is determined by the
      extent of a valvular process and attending complications, such as chordal rupture
      or septic endocarditis.

PMID- 2278176
TI  - [Various aspects of the status of humoral immunity in patients after surgical
      correction of rheumatic heart defects under artificial circulation].
AB  - The serum concentrations of immunoglobulins A, M, and G were studied in 70
      patients with rheumatic heart diseases and in 72 patients with spontaneous and
      pokeweed mitogen-induced production of these immunoglobulins and mononuclear
      peripheral blood cells. The investigations were done before and 1-2 and 7-8 days
      after surgery. Some patients received myelopid in the early postoperative period
      in addition to the conventional methods of therapy. With high serum IgA, IgM, and
      IgG levels, reduced humoral immunity was noted. Within the first two days after
      the operation, the capability of cells to produce IgA and IgG in response to
      pokeweed mitogen stimulation was lost, the induced IgM production was reduced
      considerably, and the serum IgA and IgM levels fell significantly. Eight days
      after surgery, the immune response was partially recovered. Myelopid facilitates
      complete restoration of humoral immunity and reduces the incidence of
      postoperative pneumonia more than threefold.

PMID- 2278177
TI  - [Current approach to the surgical treatment of recurrent mitral valve stenosis].
AB  - In the period of 1971-1989, 266 patients with mitral restenosis were operated on:
      82 closed mitral recomissurotomies and 184 operations under artificial
      circulation were performed. Complicated mitral diseases were found in 94% of the
      patients operated on. The causes of the mitral restenosis are analysed, and the
      features of its surgical correction together with the short- and long-term
      results are discussed. Comparison of the closed and open methods of the therapy
      for mitral stenosis showed that open-heart interventions under artificial
      circulation are most effective, prevent recurrences, and thus may be considered
      the operation of choice due to significantly lower hospital mortality rates in
      the recent five years.

PMID- 2278178
TI  - [Characteristics of immunologic homeostasis in the late period after
      reconstructive operations on the heart valves].
AB  - The immune status, i.e. T and B lymphocytes and their populations, was assessed
      after heart valve replacement or reconstruction in 70 patients with acquired
      heart defects. In 30%, the immune status was found to be normal which
      corresponded to inactive rheumatic process in these patients; 40% showed
      activated immunity manifested by increased T-active, T-total, T-helper, and T
      suppressor numbers compared to the first group, which corresponded to activation
      of a rheumatic process in these patients. The rest 30% patients showed suppressed
      immunity, i.e. diminished subpopulations of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.
      These changes were detected in patients with circulatory insufficiency and
      progressive septic endocarditis. This allows for a conclusion that determination
      of the status of immunity and its correction are essential for cardiac surgery
      patients.

PMID- 2278179
TI  - [Current problems of reconstructive surgery in patients with lesions of the
      visceral branches of the abdominal aorta].
AB  - This work is devoted to a current topic of vascular surgery, treatment of
      patients with such severe ailments as vasorenal hypertension and chronic
      abdominal ischemia. These diseases are secondary to the affections of the
      visceral branches of the abdominal aorta. The possibilities for their complete
      cure by means of reconstructive surgery are discussed. Results of surgery are
      analysed in 830 patients with affection of the visceral branches of the abdominal
      aorta, in whom reconstructive operations were performed: in 774 patients on the
      renal arteries and in 56 patients on unpaired visceral branches. Specific
      reconstructive operations are discussed in terms of their etiology and clinical
      manifestations. The immediate and long-term postoperative results were studied in
      these patients with the follow-up period lasting to 25 years. The necessity to
      assign such categories of patients to reconstructive surgery is demonstrated.

PMID- 2278180
TI  - [Effect of preserved subvalvular apparatus on regional left- ventricular function
      after mitral valve prosthesis in patients operated on for mitral insufficiency].
AB  - Mitral valve replacement with preservation of the chordo-papillary apparatus of
      the posterior mitral cusp was done in 24 patients with mitral valve incompetence.
      In nine patients, in addition to the conventional flow manometry, myocardiography
      was performed to study regional left ventricular myocardial contraction. For
      comparison, nine other patients were examined, who had been operated on for
      mitral valve incompetence by conventional mitral valve replacement with total
      resection of all its supravalvular structures. A significant difference in the
      improvement of left ventricular myocardial contraction was seen in patients with
      preserved chordo-papillary apparatus as compared with the other group.
      Improvement of the contractile function is believed to be secondary to enhanced
      myocardial compliance during the relaxation phase, rapid filling and pre
      ejection. Enhanced compliance may be a factor governing the left ventricular
      myocardial performance.

PMID- 2278181
TI  - [Transplantation of the kidney from living related donor].
AB  - Ninety-nine alive related kidney donor transplantations were done in patients
      with terminal chronic renal failure in the Department for Transplantation of the
      All-Union Research Surgery Centre of USSR AMS in 1965-1989. The donors were
      mothers (n = 49), fathers (n = 22), sisters (n = 18), and brothers (n = 10).
      Donors were selected according to the criteria accepted at the Centre. To assess
      the degree of operative risk for the donor and the functional status of the
      preserved kidney, the course of the postoperative period was studied.
      Complications were seen in 20.2% of the donors, of which severe in 3.1%. All the
      complications were managed successfully and the donors were discharged quite
      healthy with normal blood levels of nitrogenous residues. Based on their own
      findings, the authors conclude that the operative risk faced by an alive related
      donor is insignificant, while the favourable transplantation outcomes make the
      risk justifiable. Besides, taking into account the deficient hemodialysis centres
      in this country and their poor technical equipment, the problem of alive related
      renal transplantation becomes especially significant.

PMID- 2278182
TI  - [Compression stenosis of the trachea caused by a vascular ring].

PMID- 2278183
TI  - [Methods of correction and prevention of cicatricial strictures and fistulas of
      the bile ducts].
AB  - Two hundred and eighty one patients with cicatricial biliary strictures were
      examined to reveal external biliary fistulas in 72 of the patients. The
      strictures and fistulas developed after surgery on the stomach and biliary ducts
      due to an accidental surgical injury to these organs, or at later terms after a
      ++hepato-choledochal intervention. The biliary lesions were repaired with 149
      operations with formation of a biliodigestive anastomosis without tube drainage,
      117 with tube drainage (mostly transhepatic), six plastic operations with
      reconstruction of the ++hepato-choledochal integrity, and 47 ++radio
      endoscopically guided interventions. Complications after cavitary++ operations
      were observed in 36.9 per cent cases with the fatal outcome in 13 of the patients
      (4.7 per cent). ++Radio-endoscopically guided interventions included:
      radioendobiliary prosthetics of the biliary ducts, recanalization, balloon
      dilatation of short strictures with endoscopic guidance, elimination of
      concretions by means of external drainage, and endoscopic papillosphincterotomy
      in distal choledochal strictures. Long-term findings were related to the level of
      the biliary lesion, the period that had elapsed since the stricture formation,
      and the number of operations in the medical history. Good or satisfactory results
      were achieved in 87.9 per cent cases. Considering the results of treatment for
      biliary strictures and fistulas disappointing, the main effort should be aimed at
      their prophylaxis. With this purpose, measures to prevent surgical injury to the
      biliary tract have been elaborated.

PMID- 2278184
TI  - [Plasma levels of various gastrointestinal polypeptides in patients with
      cholelithiasis and different degree of functional disorders of the major duodenal
      papilla].
AB  - Findings of dynamic cholangiomanometry with the analysis of the tension curves
      are overviewed. This technique helped reveal different functional ailments of the
      bile papilla in major variants of the cholelithiasis course (acute obstructive++
      cholecystitis, recurrent pancreatitis, and choledocholythiasis with obstructive
      jaundice). Parallel radioimmunoassay-based studies of a series of
      gastrointestinal polypeptides (insulin, glucagon, gastrin, vasoactive peptide,
      bombesin , and somatostatin) were conducted to determine the importance of these
      polypeptides in the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis complications. The levels of
      certain polypeptides were found to be related to the clinical manifestations of
      the disease. The complex assessment of the bile papilla function and
      gastrointestinal polypeptide concentrations offers a possibility for elaborating
      the pathogenetically relevant methods of therapy for this group of diseases.

PMID- 2278185
TI  - [Current possibilities of diagnostic and surgical endoscopy in cicatricial
      esophageal stenosis].
AB  - Endoscopic methods of examination have been employed in 153 cases of burn and
      peptic strictures of the esophagus. The experience has shown that the use of
      small-diameter (including ultrathin) fiber endoscopes provides maximum
      information of the status of the esophagus along its whole length as well as of
      the stomach and duodenum, which is of importance in the choice of therapeutic
      tactics in this category of patients. Eighty one patients with cicatricial
      stenosis of the esophagus and esophageal anastomoses were subjected to various
      endoscopic interventions: balloon hydrodilation, bougienage, electrocision, and
      endoprosthesis . Balloon hydrodilatation was the major technique and in many
      cases was combined with other modes of therapeutic endoscopy. The authors'
      experience suggest that endoscopy adds to the available treatments for
      cicatricial strictures of the esophagus and esophageal anastomoses.

PMID- 2278186
TI  - [Recurrence of stenocardia after aortocoronary bypass and the possibility of
      repeated myocardial revascularization].
AB  - The causes of angina pectoris recurrences after aortocoronary bypass surgery have
      been studied. Indications for repeated myocardial revascularization and the
      possibilities for its performance have been analyzed. The long-term results of
      aortocoronary bypass surgery performed in 358 patients were evaluated at 30
      months, on the average, after the operation. A gradual rise in the rate of angina
      recurrences was noted mostly within the first postoperative year. Repeated
      coronary angiography with bypass contrasting was done in 100 patients, 37 of whom
      presented angina recurrence. Impaired patency of the aortocoronary bypass was
      found to be the major cause of a recurrence (83.8%), this could be secondary to
      bypass thrombosis, fibrous hyperplasia of the graft intima, and atherosclerosis.
      Among other causes were incomplete revascularization of the myocardium and
      progression coronary atherosclerosis. All patients with pronounced angina
      pectoris were recommended repeated coronary angiography with bypass contrasting
      to specify indications for operation and possibilities for its performance. It
      was noted, that repeated revascularization may be hindered not by a factor
      responsible for the current recurrence, but primarily by the poor status of the
      distal portion of the diseased arteries due to diffuse atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2278187
TI  - [Immunoenzyme analysis with capillary blood in the serodiagnosis of syphilis].
AB  - The technique of enzyme immunoassay with capillary blood was developed to be used
      in the diagnosis of syphilis. Analysis of the assay technique with blood serum
      and capillary blood from 170 syphilis patients and control subjects has shown a
      high sensitivity and specificity of the more convenient and simple procedure with
      capillary blood.

PMID- 2278188
TI  - [The social characteristics of minor patients with venereal diseases].
AB  - Questionnaires distributed among 137 syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis patients
      under age evidence that one of the causes for contracting sexually transmitted
      diseases by young people is inadequate family up-bringing, no links between
      family upbringing and school education. Methodology of lessons in sexual
      education should be improved. Specialists in moral and labor education of young
      people should take part in activities on the control of sexually transmitted
      diseases.

PMID- 2278189
TI  - [The socioepidemiological aspects of a conceptual model of venereal lesions in
      men].
AB  - The authors present the results of a sociopsychological examinations of male
      patients with sexually transmitted diseases of the urogenital organs. The data
      were collected with the use of two specially developed questionnaires, primary,
      including 19 questions, and secondary (27 questions).

PMID- 2278190
TI  - [The epidemiological characteristics of the spread of syphilis in different age
      groups].
AB  - Presents analysis of syphilis incidence in different sex and age groups of the
      population in 1967 through 1986, discusses specific features of its prevalence in
      the total morbidity structure and in the examined age groups over 20 years,
      defines age groups at risk of contracting the disease.

PMID- 2278191
TI  - [Plasmapheresis in the therapy of refractive forms of psoriasis].
AB  - Plasmapheresis efficacy was assessed in 18 patients with psoriasis running a
      prolonged and torpid course resistant to therapy administered before.
      Intermittent flow plasmapheresis method was employed. The course of treatment
      consisted of 5-8 sessions, 600-1050 ml of plasma was removed per session. Good
      effect was achieved in all the patients. Plasmapheresis was well tolerated, no
      grave side effects or complications were recorded.

PMID- 2278192
TI  - [Hemostasis in patients with systemic skin diseases].
AB  - Examinations of the hemostasis system parameters in patients with scleroderma,
      psoriatic arthritis, malignant lymphoma of the skin have revealed a significant
      elevation of fibrinogen concentration, acceleration of blood clotting time,
      increased prothrombin consumption in all the patients. Elevation of the
      prothrombin index was detected in the patients with scleroderma and psoriatic
      arthritis. A direct relationship between the disease severity, size of the
      involvement of the skin integument, inflammation activity in the joints, and
      severity of hemostasis impairment has been revealed.

PMID- 2278193
TI  - [The principles of the combined conservative treatment of trophic ulcers of the
      lower extremities].
AB  - Conservative treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower limbs should be combined,
      prolonged and continuous, universal and individualized with due consideration for
      the condition of the ulcer and the underlying process. Continuity of therapeutic
      measures carried out on an inpatient and outpatient basis is of great importance.
      Conservative treatment includes resting with the limb elevated, compensation of
      trophic ulcer activity symptoms, excess body mass control, prolonged intake of
      present-day angiotrophic drugs, courses of drug therapy to improve reparative
      processes, external therapy to improve trophic ulcer tissue condition.

PMID- 2278194
TI  - [A comparative evaluation of antibiotic-enzyme therapy and of generally accepted
      methods for treating gonorrhea patients].
AB  - The authors analyze the immunity-correcting effect of antibiotic and enzyme
      therapy in 32 patients with gonorrheal orchidoepididymitis and 31 with gonorrhea
      relapses and compare it to the results of routine therapy in 60 patients with
      chronic and complicated gonorrhea. They come to a conclusion that combined
      administration of proteolytic enzymes and antibiotics more effectively corrects a
      number of disordered immunity nonspecific defense parameters (blood serum levels
      of circulating immune complexes and lysozyme).

PMID- 2278195
TI  - [The immune status indices of children with atopic dermatitis during sodium
      nucleinate therapy].
AB  - The immune status of 110 children, aged 6 months to 14 years, suffering from
      atopic dermatitis, was under study. The efficacy of sodium nucleinate included in
      combined therapy of these patients and its immunomodulating characteristics were
      examined in the children of various age groups. T- and B-cellular immunity
      components were found changed in all the patients, the most marked being shifts
      in the counts of B- and 0-lymphocytes, the ophyllin-resistant and autologous T
      lymphocytes. Addition of sodium nucleinate to combined therapy improved the
      efficacy of treatment: the skin process activity was reduced, the periods of
      hospitalization shortened, and length of remissions prolonged.

PMID- 2278196
TI  - [The mother-placenta-fetus functional system of pregnant women with gonorrhea].
AB  - A total of 166 pregnant patients with gonorrhea (92 new cases and 74 chronic
      ones) were examined for the plasma levels of prolactin, progesteron, estradiol,
      estriol, chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactogen, and urinary levels of total
      estrogens, 17-ketosteroids, pregnanediol and pregnanetriol. Hormonal
      concentrations were found changed, these changes depending on the disease length.
      These data evidence an impaired status of the mother-placenta-fetus functional
      system in pregnant women with gonorrhea.

PMID- 2278197
TI  - [The efficacy of using chymotrypsin in the combined treatment of syphilis
      patients].
AB  - Clinical, serologic, and immunologic studies carried out before and after
      treatment in 102 patients treated with benzylpenicillin according to the scheme
      developed at the Kuibyshev Medical Institute and chymotrypsin and in 55 patients
      treated with penicillin alone evidence the efficacy of chymotrypsin. The drug
      favorably influenced the terms of syphilid regress, negative answers were sooner
      obtained in classical serologic tests, and the time course of cellular
      immunologic tests was more favorable.

PMID- 2278198
TI  - [Voltaren gel in the combined treatment of patients with psoriatic arthritis].
AB  - One percent voltaren gel, a new drug manufactured by Ciba-Geigy [correction of
      Sib-Geigi], Switzerland, was used in the treatment of 57 patients with psoriasis
      in the progressive stage and psoriatic arthritis symptoms. The drug is
      characterized by antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. No side
      effects or complications were recorded in the course of voltaren gel therapy. The
      drug has proved highly effective and is recommended for wide practice.

PMID- 2278199
TI  - [Papillary pigmented dystrophy of the skin].
AB  - A clinical case with a rare dermatosis of children, papillary pigmented dystrophy
      of the skin, is reported. Clinical and morphological picture of the disease is
      fairly typical and is not difficult to diagnose; however since the condition is
      very rare, it is often misdiagnosed. This dermatosis runs a benign course in
      children, but the patients should be followed up on an outpatient basis.

PMID- 2278201
TI  - [The gangrenous form of herpes zoster in a patient with disseminated psoriasis].

PMID- 2278200
TI  - [A case of Laugier's disease].
AB  - A 60-year-old male patients with an extremely rare condition, Laugier's disease
      (idiopathic lenticular pigmentation of buccal and labial mucosa) is described.
      The clinical picture of the disease is presented, as are results of examination
      and differential diagnosis of the dermatosis. Possible predisposing (dark skin
      integument, quite a number of pigmented nevi) and provoking (chronic and acute
      insolation) factors may be important in elucidating the disease origin.

PMID- 2278202
TI  - [Systemic scleroderma in childhood (a clinical observation of 2 cases)].

PMID- 2278203
TI  - [A case of Norwegian scabies in a female patient with hypoparathyroidism].
AB  - For the first time in Soviet and foreign literature the authors describe a girl
      suffering from hypoparathyrosis developing Norwegian scabies. Since all family
      members have contracted condition, a conclusion on its high contagiosity is made.

PMID- 2278204
TI  - [Undiagnosed early secondary syphilis with horny palmar and plantar papules].
AB  - A 20-year-old female patient is described who contracted syphilis in a rape
      attempt. She consulted a dermatovenereologist twice but the disease was not
      diagnosed, for despite the fact that the patient had hard chancre fragments on
      the posterior adhesion of the vagina, polyscleradenitis, abundant roseolar
      eruption on the trunk skin, horny palmar and plantar papular efflorescence,
      erythematous syphilitic tonsillitis, she was not examined nor serological tests
      were carried out. The condition was diagnosed as callosity and acute respiratory
      viral disease, antihistaminic and antibiotic drugs were prescribed. The condition
      was diagnosed only in a month after the first visit to a doctor.

PMID- 2278206
TI  - [A method for the long-term preservation of Trichomonas vaginalis strains].

PMID- 2278205
TI  - [The combined therapy of foot mycoses and eczema in hypertension patients].

PMID- 2278207
TI  - [The copper content of the blood and skin in children with circumscribed
      scleroderma].
AB  - The authors have demonstrated the pathogenetic significance of elevated copper
      levels in the blood and involved skin in development of collagen metabolism
      disorders in children suffering from focal scleroderma. A correlation between
      elevation of blood serum copper level and the skin process dissemination and
      activity was revealed. Copper concentration in involved skin of these children
      surpassed 7-fold the normal value.

PMID- 2278208
TI  - [Results of surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases].
AB  - During the period from 1. 1. 1980-31. 12. 1989 71 patients underwent lung
      resection for pulmonary metastases. In 21 cases, the primary tumours were
      sarcoma, in 19 cases carcinoma of the kidney, and 14 cases of melanoma. There
      were 9 cases of testicular carcinoma, 5 of colorectal carcinoma, and in 1 case
      each larynx-, oesophagus-, and oral cavity-carcinoma. In 51 patients we could
      perform an atypical wedge resection, lobectomy was carried out in 19 patients. 1
      patient underwent segmental resection. Hospital lethality counted with 0.7%. For
      all patients, the cumulative survivals revealed an one-year actuarial about 60%,
      a 3-year actuarial survival of 40%, and a 5-year actuarial survival rate of 38%.

PMID- 2278209
TI  - [Indications for surgical treatment of pleural carcinosis].
AB  - In patients with pleural carcinosis the indication for operative treatment
      results from their signs and symptoms and from the diminution in quality of life.
      The functional operative risk should be minimal. Additional to the tumour
      manifestation limiting indication for operation must be excluded. The operation
      is indicated for patients with expanding effusions after ineffective pleurodesis,
      for patients with chambered effusions, for reduction in tumour size and to
      improve chemotherapeutic results, for alleviation of pain in expanding tumour
      masses, as well as by suspected pleural mesothelioma and by solitary tumour
      findings. The parietal pleura is resected to prevent fluid production. The
      visceral fine-decortication allows for reexpansion of the lung.

PMID- 2278210
TI  - [Study of procreation capacity of men after treatment of their malignant tumors
      (melanoblastoma, thyroid carcinoma) with ionizing radiation and cytostatic
      agents].
AB  - 5 patients suffered from melanoblastoma or thyroid cancer were treated with
      irradiation and cytostatics. The results of spermiograms before, and after
      treatment show with regard to fertility a moderate prognosis.

PMID- 2278211
TI  - [Carcinoma in transposed stomach].

PMID- 2278212
TI  - [Elastofibroma dorsi: a rare benign peudotumorous hyperplasia].

PMID- 2278213
TI  - [Comments on the publication on "Benign papillary stenosis", Zent.bl. Chir. 114
      (1989) 421-447, by J. Horntrich, U. Lange and coll. and S. A. Schalimow and
      coll].

PMID- 2278214
TI  - [Does nothing else work after cisplatin in ovarian carcinoma?].

PMID- 2278215
TI  - [Microsurgical therapy in tubal sterility].
AB  - In spite of the advances in the field of in vitro-fertilization, microsurgery
      still offers the best chances for treatment of tubal infertility. Because of the
      irreversible tubal wall pathology the results following microsurgical repair of
      the postinfectious tubal disease are limited to approximately 30%. No further
      improvement of the surgical technique is to be expected. According to the birth
      rate and the rate of extrauterine gestation, microsurgery gives the best results
      in the correction of filmy adhesions, fimbrial phimosis and proximal tubal
      occlusion. Distal tubal occlusion with development of hydrosalpinx and extremely
      thickness of the wall should be treated by IVF-ET. If higher rates of pregnancy
      are to be achieved in the future in tubal sterility, the treatment of methods
      (microsurgery, endoscopy and extracorporeal fertilization) must be combined.

PMID- 2278216
TI  - [Surgical microscopy in various stages of vaginal hysterectomy].
AB  - This article reports on a new application for operating microscopes to reduce
      risks when performing a vaginal hysterectomy. Magnification helps to perform the
      following steps: dividing the vesicocervical ligament, mobilizing the rectum,
      opening the plica vesicouterine and opening the pouch of douglas.

PMID- 2278217
TI  - [Labor induction in intrauterine fetal death].
AB  - The particulars of 78 patients with fetal demise of the last 14 years were
      evaluated retrospectively. The most important reason of fetal death was
      hypoxaemia or anoxaemia. 31 patients were delivered by cesarean section or had
      spontaneous uterine contractions. Induction of 47 abortions were started with
      oxytocin or prostaglandins. Within 12 hours 54% of the oxytocin and 67% of the
      prostaglandin group succeeded in spontaneous delivery. In both groups there were
      5 management failure of therapy, so that alternative medication or a cesarean
      section lead to delivery.

PMID- 2278218
TI  - [Pregnancy outcome following cerclage. 2. Multiple pregnancy].
AB  - In a retrospective study pregnancy and labour after cerclage had been studied in
      comparison to 160 patients with singleton pregnancies and a matched pair control
      group of multiple pregnancies without operative cervix closure. Cervical
      incompetence in multiple pregnancy observed more frequently than in singleton
      ones is not correlated to obstetric history, but has a bad prognosis because of
      necessity of tocolysis during pregnancy, marked shortening of duration of
      pregnancy, lowering of length and weight of newborns. An increase in frequency of
      amniotic infections had to be calculated following cerclage in multiple
      pregnancies, too. Our results especially in multiple pregnancies are not so
      optimistic. This statement is valid also for the indication to its prophylactic
      use.

PMID- 2278219
TI  - [Prognosis-oriented diagnosis, treatment protocol and after care in uretero
      vaginal fistula following gynecological surgery from the urological viewpoint].
AB  - It is reported on 20 cases of ureterovaginal fistula after hysterectomy. In all
      cases renal protection (nephrostomy) was compulsory. Spontaneous healing without
      stenosis occurred in 6 cases, in 10 cases urethral reimplantation was successful,
      in 4 cases nephrectomy had to be carried out. Tactics of the therapy are
      described from the urologic viewpoint. Pre- and postoperative marks with
      relevance for prognosis and the special following-up are especially emphasized in
      this connection.

PMID- 2278220
TI  - [Thermal intestinal lesions in bipolar electrocoagulation of the fallopian
      tubes].
AB  - It is demonstrated a case of intestinal burns caused by bipolar high frequency
      coagulation of Fallopian tubes for sterilization. Reasons and advice for
      prevention of these complications are discussed.

PMID- 2278221
TI  - [Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and pregnancy].
AB  - There is reported about pregnancy and delivery of a 31 year old woman with Ehlers
      Danlos syndrome type VIII. In the present case there were no complications.
      Occurrence of perilous injuries in other subtypes is discussed.

PMID- 2278222
TI  - [The need for neonatal intensive care in Taiwan: historical perspectives].
AB  - Recent vital statistics data reveals that in most of the developed countries the
      infant mortality has decreased reaching less than 15 per 1000 live births. The
      major component of this decline has been in neonatal mortality, which has been
      brought by neonatal intensive care. Presently a steady movement for the
      development of neonatal intensive care in some of the leading developing
      countries, including Taiwan area of Republic of China has been noticed. In these
      countries, however, a question has risen as to priority and justification for
      developing neonatal intensive care. This stems mostly from relatively high cost
      and additional health care manpower required for the neonatal intensive care.
      This communication reviews the evolution of neonatal intensive care in the
      Western World and with this historic perspective, attempts to access the need of
      neonatal intensive care in Taiwan area. The results also could be used as a basis
      for future research and public health policy.

PMID- 2278223
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor-I in prednisolone-treated children.
AB  - Impaired linear growth is a well-known side effect of long-term steroid therapy
      in children. To assess the steroid effects on plasma insulin-like growth factor 1
      (IGF-I), 11 children with prednisolone treatment were evaluated for longitudinal
      study of IGF-I changes. The mean plasma IGF-I level without prednisolone use was
      1.39 +/- 1.03 mu/ml, while that on prednisolone therapy for a minimum of 10 days
      was 2.95 +/- 1.16 mu/ml. A significant increase in plasma IGF-I concentrations
      was noted during long-term (more than 10 days) prednisolone therapy (P less than
      0.001), but not found shortly after prednisolone administration. Our findings
      suggest that growth suppression of the steroid is not due to impaired IGF-I
      production, but rather, due to a defective IGF-I action either by end-organ
      unresponsiveness or via somatomedin inhibitors.

PMID- 2278224
TI  - Indomethacin for the prevention of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in very
      low birth weight infants.
AB  - To assess the efficacy of prophylactic indomethacin in reducing the incidence of
      symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus, thirty two preterm infants weighing 750
      1500 gm at birth were randomized to receive oral indomethacin or placebo. Fifteen
      infants received oral indomethacin with a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg at the 24th, 36th
      and 60th hour of age as the study group. The other 17 infants received 1 ml 0.33%
      saline in 5% G/W solution at the same schedule. Birth weight, gestational age,
      male/female ratio and severity of respiratory distress syndrome were similar for
      both groups. Nine of the 16 survivors of control group developed symptomatic
      patent ductus arteriosus. On the contrary, only two of the 14 survivors who
      received prophylactic indomethacin developed symptomatic PDA (P less than 0.05).
      There were no significant difference in the development of bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia, duration of oxygen therapy, duration of endotracheal intubation, days
      required to regain birth weight or complication between these two groups. The
      results indicated that the use of prophylactic oral indomethacin is beneficial in
      the prevention of symptomatic PDA in very low birth weight infant.

PMID- 2278225
TI  - [Relationship of chest roentgenographic features and outcome in meconium
      aspiration syndrome].
AB  - Aspiration of meconium may produce respiratory distress of various severity and
      outcome. It is the purpose of this study to evaluate the relationship between
      roentgenographic feature of initial chest roentgenogram (less than 10 hours old)
      and outcome in infants with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). We analyzed
      retrospectively the clinical data and initial chest roentgenograms of 65 infants
      who had MAS and who were admitted to NICU of Mackay Memorial Hospital in 1987.
      The incidence and the mortality rate in this hospital were 0.33% and 15.4%
      respectively. Infiltration was seen in 52, consolidation or atelectasis in 18,
      hyperinflation in 17, air leak in 11, and cardiomegaly in 4. The outcome was
      similar between infants with the first four features. Four infants with
      cardiomegaly also had other types of roentgenographic feature and PH value of
      initial blood gas less than 7.0, which means that their poor outcome was
      influenced by multiple factors. From this observation we concluded that the
      initial chest roentgenogram is a useful aid for the diagnosis and treatment of
      MAS, but it is not suitable for predicting the outcome of infants with MAS.

PMID- 2278226
TI  - Cerebral gigantism: report of one case.
AB  - One case with the chief complaint of large head was diagnosed as cerebral
      gigantism (Sotos syndrome) according to the clinical picture and brain
      computerized tomography. This case, a one-year-old female infant, experienced
      rapid growth. Her height and head girth were excessive. Some degree of
      psychomotor retardation was present. Physical features included macrocrania,
      dolichocephaly, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, high-arched palate, large hands
      and feet. Cerebral ventricles were mildly dilated on brain computerized
      tomography. The diagnosis lied mainly on clinical characteristics. Diseases need
      to be differentiated from Sotos syndrome include fragile X syndrome, arrested
      hydrocephalus, Canavan disease and Alexander's disease.

PMID- 2278228
TI  - A fatal case of viral pneumonia in a child infected with adenovirus type 3.
AB  - This report describes the clinical, roentgenologic, pathologic, and virologic
      findings in a 2 years and ten months old girl who died from a severe pneumonia.
      Initially, the patient presented with fever and cough for 2 days. Physically, the
      patient appeared lethargic, and breathing sounds revealed diffuse rales and
      wheezing. Hemogram showed mild leukocytosis and lymphocyte predominant. Chest X
      ray revealed diffuse interstitial infiltration of the right upper lung, left
      upper and left lower lung field. Bacteria infection was first impressed. Although
      treated with several antibiotics (ampicillin, cefuroxime, amikacin, penicillin,
      cephazolin, imipenem and vancomycin) in three different hospitals, the patient's
      condition went downhill and the patient died 2 weeks later. Finally, adenoviurs
      type 3 was isolated from sputum specimen taken before death and necropsy lung
      tissue. The lung pathology showed diffuse necrotizing inflammation with
      fibrinopurulent exudate, and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were also
      noted in the alveolar cells. These data proved the diagnosis of adenovirus
      pneumonia. This case adds to the evidence that adenovirus type 3 infection during
      childhood may cause fatal disease.

PMID- 2278227
TI  - Eosinophilic granuloma of sternum. Report of one case.
AB  - A rare case of solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the sternum in a 5-year-old boy
      is reported. He presented anterior chest pain and a nodular, somewhat tender mass
      over the sternum. Chest x-ray, tomography, CT scanning of the sternum and total
      body Gallium scanning revealed an isolated lytic lesion 5 cm below the sternal
      angle. An excisional biopsy of the mass showed the typical histologic appearance
      of eosinophilic granuloma. An isolated eosinophilic granuloma of sternum is
      rarely reported in the English literature. The differential diagnosis of sternal
      tumors and a review of eosinophilic granuloma of sternum is discussed.

PMID- 2278230
TI  - [Kawasaki disease complicated with hemorrhagic enteritis mimicking intestinal
      obstruction: report of one case].
AB  - A 6-month-old little boy presented with fever and cervical lymphadenopathy for
      four days. On admission, he was found to have conjunctival congestion of both
      eyes, reddened and fissured lips, straw-berry tongue, macular rash at the trunk
      and erythematous change on the BCG injection site. The diagnosis of Kawasaki
      disease was made and aspirin therapy (100 mg/kg/day) was started. On the 3rd
      hospital day, he developed abdominal distention, jaundice, poor activity and
      tachypnea. Bowel sound was silent on auscultation. Nasogastric tube was inserted
      for decompression and bilious material was drained out continuously. In addition,
      bloody, mucoid stool passage was noted. An abdominal radiography revealed
      dilatation of the small bowel and paucity of the colon gases. On the abdominal
      ultrasound, hydrops of gallbladder, marked ascites and silent and dilated bowel
      loops were found. Despite of supportive care, abdominal symptoms persisted and
      condition deteriorated. Laparotomy was done on the following day. At operation,
      it was found that the patient developed severe petechia on the long segment of
      small intestine from 15cm distal to the Treitz ligament to ileocecal valve and
      some fibrin plagues on the terminal ileum at 25cm proximal to the ileocecal valve
      were also found.

PMID- 2278229
TI  - [Neonatal chylous ascites: report of two cases].
AB  - Chylous ascites in neonates is an unusual and etiologically poor understood
      entity. Our first case was a female newborn who suffered from abdominal
      distension and recurrent vomiting after birth. The history, physical, laboratory,
      and radiologic evaluations were not diagnostic except the evidence of obvious
      ascites. Paracentesis was performed and ascitic fluid was obtained. She was later
      discharged on a strict low-fat medium-chain triglycerides formula. She was found
      to have continue increase in abdominal girth, poor growth and development, and
      respiratory distress in which led her to readmission at 8 months of age.
      Exploratory laparotomy was done in order to rule out an anatomical lesion in
      which may be obstructing the lymphatic flow; but no such lesion could be found.
      She expired at 1 year of age with chylothorax, chylopericardium and lobar
      pneumonia. The second case, a 37-day-old male baby, who was admitted because of
      right inguinal hernia. Milky ascitic fluid in the abdomen was incidentally found
      during herniorrhaphy. Analysis of the fluid revealed protein 1,616 mg/dl, glucose
      487 mg/dl, and triglyceride 796 mg/dl. Culture of peritoneal fluid grew no
      bacteria. Other laboratory findings were: serum protein 4.8 mg/dl, and BUN 14
      mg/dl. A plain film of abdomen and sonogram showed massive ascites. The infant
      was then put on Pregestimil with the hope that the medium-chain triglyceride
      formula would improve his condition. Since then the child's abdominal girth did
      not increase and he continued to growth and develop normally at 4 months follow
      up.

PMID- 2278231
TI  - [Idiopathic scoliosis and pneumonia complicated with cor pulmonale. Report of one
      case].
AB  - A 10-year-old boy with idiopathic scoliosis presented with exertional dyspnea,
      lower leg edema since two weeks prior to admission. Physical examination revealed
      neck venous engorgement, moist rales, mild hepatomegaly, ascites and lower leg
      edema in addition to the scoliosis. Chest x-ray films showed cardiomegaly,
      pulmonary congestion and pneumonic infiltration of both lower lobes with
      bilateral pleural effusion. Electrocardiograms showed right axis deviation and
      right atrial hypertrophy. Two-dimensional echocardiography revealed dilatation of
      the right heart chambers and pulmonary artery. He was treated initially with
      mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, bronchodilators, diuretics, vasodilators,
      and digoxin with improvement. Unfortunately the patient became comatose after an
      episode of cardiopulmonary arrest. He did not recover from this tragedy and was
      discharged against medical advice in comatose state. Scoliosis may be complicated
      with pneumonia and cor pulmonale in children. Early surgical correction of the
      scoliosis may prevent the development of cor pulmonale. Combined medical and
      surgical managements should be carried out aiming at scoliotic heart disease.

PMID- 2278232
TI  - Button battery ingestion: a review.

PMID- 2278233
TI  - [Morphology of corneal endothelium].

PMID- 2278234
TI  - [Viral diseases of the outer eye--rapid diagnosis by immunohistochemistry].
AB  - Rapid diagnosis of viral diseases of the outer eye was attempted by means of
      immunohistochemical methods. Specimens were obtained with a nitrocellulose
      membrane, used as a blotter of immunoblotting test. An impression of the corneal
      or conjunctival surface was obtained by anesthetizing the eye and lightly
      pressing the membrane against the tissues. In some cases, scraping materials were
      taken on a slide glass. Viral antigens in the specimens were detected by
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method, ABC system (Vectastain), or
      immunofluorescence. Four common diseases were studied. Dendritic corneal lesions
      caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) were impressed on the membrane, and
      exhibited exact duplicates of lesions which were composed of PAP-positive
      epithelial cells. Under a high magnification, pathologic changes such as
      margination of chromatin, intranuclear inclusion bodies, and multinucleated giant
      cells were observed. Of 27 cases of epithelial herpetic keratitis, 25 showed
      positive results. The impression can permit examination of a minute lesion,
      therefore, is superior to scraping. Dendritic lesions caused by varicella-zoster
      virus (VZV) have a characteristic morphology different from those of HSV.
      Impressions showed the virus antigen, when treated with fluorescein-labeled anti
      VZV monoclonal antibody. Appearance of such a dendrite in disorders of unknown
      cause indicates the etiology. Conjunctival impressions of adenovirus (Adv)
      conjunctivitis examined by the PAP method revealed Adv-antigen containing cells.
      Of 64 cases analyzed, 24 PAP-positive cases were compared with the 35 culture
      proven cases. The sensitivity of PAP method was 69%, and the specificity was 97%.
      The detection rate varied according to serotype, and was especially low (33%) in
      type 3. Guinea pig antisera with high titers against enterovirus type 70 (EV70)
      and a variant of coxsackievirus A type 24 (CA24v), the causative viruses of acute
      hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), were obtained. Using these sera as the primary
      antibody, the antigen of each virus was localized in the cytoplasm of infected
      HeLa cells by either ABC, or immunofluorescence. Conjunctival cells from patients
      with EV70 AHC were antigen-positive for 3 days after the onset of disease. Though
      epidemics of CA24v AHC have only been experienced in Okinawa, sporadic cases have
      been observed in other districts of Japan.

PMID- 2278235
TI  - [Cataract--clinic and pathology].
AB  - Clinicopathological studies were performed on 156 lenses of human senile cataract
      obtained by cataract operations between 1970 and 1988. It became clear that the
      aging influences the functional destruction of the equatorial region, the
      pathological changes of the bow area, and changes of the extralens environment.
      After operation for the atrophic type of the posterior subcapsular cataract,
      aftercataract easily develops on the intraocular lens and this requires
      treatment. Long-term observations were carried out in 180 Wistar male rats under
      the same laboratory condition and histological studies were performed. The
      similarities between the senile Wistar rat cataract and the human senile cataract
      indicate that the Wistar rat cataract is useful as a model for studying the human
      senile cataract. These rats were initially classified into six groups (control,
      vitamin E diet, EPC eye drops, catalin eye drops and reduced catalin eye drops).
      To study the effects of the agents (vitamin E, ARI, EPC, catalin, reduced
      catalin) on the cataract in senile Wistar rats the mean cell density of lens
      epithelia were measured at 2 or 3-month intervals. There were no statistically
      significant differences in treated groups and the control group. The results
      suggest that these agents affect another factor of lens apart from the
      proliferative activity of lens epithelial cell. Effects of anti-cataract agents
      were investigated using cultured lens epithelial cells. When cultured rat lens
      epithelial cells were incubated in medium containing selenite, super-oxide
      dismutase (SOD) activity and GSH in the cells markedly decreased, and GSSG was
      markedly increased. When cultured rabbit lens epithelial cells were incubated in
      medium contained selenite and glutathione, SOD activity was maintained normal
      level. When cultured lens epithelial cells were incubated in medium contained
      selenite and pirenoxin, SOD activity also maintained a normal level. These
      results suggest that both glutathione and pirenoxin are effective as anti
      cataract agents. Cataracts in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was
      investigated on male of Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), stroke resistant SHR (SHRSR) and
      stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) rats aged 3 to 9 months. Cataracts in these rats were
      classified as follows: Type 0: no opaciiy, Type 1: nuclear opacity, Type 2:
      posterior subcapsular opacity, Type 3: nuclear opacity associated posterior
      subcapsular opacity and Type 4: complete opacity in both lenses. Incidence of
      cataract in WKY was 2.6%, SHRSR, 76.8% ant SHRSP, 88.2%. Incidence of nuclear
      opacity was remarkably higher in SHRSP (48.5%). In SHR aged from 3 to 5 months,
      nuclear opacity was ahead of the appearance of posterior subcapsular opacity
      which was increased during aging.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2278236
TI  - [Movement of corneal endothelium after penetrating keratoplasty. Observation of
      sex chromatin as a cell marker].
AB  - There is a hypothesis that corneal endothelial cells migrate after penetrating
      keratoplasty from the areas of higher cell density to the lower cell density
      areas. In order to confirm this hypothesis, the author performed exchange
      penetrating keratoplasty in normal albino rabbits using four combinations of sex
      and age and examined the movement of the endothelium between donors and
      recipients by observing the density and sex chromatin of the endothelial cells.
      As a result, there was no significant difference of the rate of decrease of the
      endothelial cell density of the postoperative grafts between young and old
      grafts. In the experiment using the sex chromatin of the endothelial cells as a
      cell marker, it was concluded that the endothelium of the rabbit cornea migrate
      from the young grafts to the old recipients or from the young recipients to the
      old grafts. In the control study exchanging rabbit grafts between animals of
      different sex but the same age the count of the sex chromatin of the endothelium
      of the grafts and recipients did not change postoperatively. The results
      confirmed the above hypothesis concerning the migration of the transplanted
      corneal endothelial cells in the rabbit cornea.

PMID- 2278237
TI  - [Identification of cells in deposits on the intraocular lens surface].
AB  - We performed posterior chamber lens implantation in a monkey eye and removed the
      lens on the 14th day after implantation. Cellular deposits on the IOL were
      observed by a dissecting microscope. Two kinds of cells, large and small, were
      observed on the lens surface. The large cells constituted the major proportion of
      the deposits. The same cellular deposits, which were observed by the dissecting
      microscope, were examined by scanning electron microscopy and then by
      transmission electron microscopy. The large cells had the structural features of
      multinucleated giant cells, and the small cells were macrophages.

PMID- 2278238
TI  - [Retinal ganglion cell topography during prenatal development].
AB  - A fundamental feature of the human visual system is nonuniform distribution of
      ganglion cells across the retinal surface. In adults, the density of ganglion
      cells peaks around the fovea and declines sharply towards the periphery, whereas
      in fetal retina it does not. In the fetal retina, the retinotopic map is
      dominated by nonuniform expansion and/or ganglion cell death. We examined how the
      numbers and distributions change according to the horizontal eccentricity from
      the foveola, using toluidine blue stained vertical sections of the human fetal
      retina (gestational age 32W and 40W). The vertical section of the fovea showed
      almost similar density at 32 weeks, 40 weeks and in adults. This fact suggested
      that the fundamental structure of the fovea is already established at 32W. In the
      nasal retina, the cellular density was higher than that in the temporal half at
      32W, then markedly decreased at 40W and in adults. We assume that in the nasal
      retina, it is impossible to account for the cell decrease only with nonuniform
      expansion and that even after 32W ganglion cell death occurs. On the other hand,
      in the mid-temporal retina, the cellular density was almost similar at 32W, 40W
      and in adults. It suggested that in the mid-temporal retina, the topography is
      already established at 32W. In the peripheral temporal retina, the cellular
      density was relatively high at 32W and decreased at 40W and in adults. In this
      area, the topography is still changing. We assume that in the fetal retina,
      retinotopic map is dominated by several factors and the dominant factor differs
      according to stage and retinal area.

PMID- 2278239
TI  - [Image analysis of morphologic features of the corneal endothelium including
      hexagonality].
AB  - We developed an analysis system for the evaluation of corneal endothelial
      photographs. Morphological parameters including hexagonality were analyzed
      semiautomatically with this system. The image analyzer used consists of an image
      processor MC68000 and image memories 512 x 512 x 17bytes in size. The algorithm
      that measures the number of apices of each cell is as follows. First, all
      crossing points of cell borders are detected. Then, each cell is enlarged in
      order by three pixels in eight directions. The number of crossing points which
      are overlapped with an enlarged cell is detected as the number of apices of the
      cell. The analysis time was 7.44 +/- 1.48 min. (mean +/- standard deviation) for
      40 endothelial photographs which needed no manual trace for contrast enhancement.

PMID- 2278240
TI  - [Corneal endothelial examination of pseudoexfoliation syndrome].
AB  - Specular microscopic observation of corneal endothelial changes in
      pseudoexfoliation syndrome was performed. The images of corneal endothelium were
      recorded by a video camera, traced and put into an image analyzer to obtain cell
      density, coefficient of variation in cell area (C.V.), and hexagonality. In both
      affected eyes and fellow eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome, cell density and
      hexagonality were significantly decreased and C.V. value had a tendency to be
      higher than normal subjects. Corneal endothelium was damaged morphologically and
      quantitatively not only in affected eyes but also in unaffected fellow eyes in
      case of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. The necessity to assess the corneal
      endothelium in the patients of pseudoexfoliation syndrome before intraocular
      surgery was emphasised.

PMID- 2278241
TI  - [The normal response process of the dynamic topography of pattern visual evoked
      potentials].
AB  - The dynamic topography of pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) were studied
      in 20 normal subjects. PVEPs, recorded from 16 electrodes referenced to balanced
      non-cephalic electrode (BNE), were elicited by a binocular checkerboard pattern
      (15 min) that alternated at 1 Hz rate on a 14 x 8.5 degree TV monitor 1m distant
      from the eyes. N70, P100, N100, N150 and P200 components were recorded each time.
      In 65% of subjects the P100 components appeared in the lateral region in 120-150
      msec. In flash VEP, the P100 component did not appear in the lateral region.
      Recorded on lateral electrodes, N100 components first appeared in the deep
      frontal region and gradually distributed throughout the frontal region while the
      P100 component was localized at the occipital pole. In the focused state, the
      peak latency of the N100 component was the same as that of the P100 component,
      but in the moderately defocused state, the peak latency of the N100 component was
      delayed compared with that of the P100 component. This study suggested that the
      appearance of the P100 component in the lateral region is related to form
      recognition, and that the N100 component is not the inverse dipole of the P100
      component.

PMID- 2278242
TI  - [Retinitis pigmentosa with uveal effusion syndrome, a case report].
AB  - We reported a 65 year old female patient with retinitis pigmentosa accompanied by
      unilateral uveal effusion syndrome. Reduction in visual acuity and loss of depth
      of the anterior chamber were followed by peripheral choroidal detachment and then
      by retinal detachment. Subretinal fluid shifted to the lower part of the fundus
      for a short period and easily shifted to the posterior pole in a supine position.
      The axial length of both eyes was 21.3 mm. Fluorescein angiography revealed no
      definite points of leakage or abnormally dilated vessels. Chorioretinal
      detachment gradually disappeared with systemic steroid therapy. After that two
      recurrences, both of which were accompanied with loss of depth of the anterior
      chamber, we found during a follow-up period of two years. We thought this
      combination of retinitis pigmentosa and uveal effusion syndrome to be incidental.
      Since the exudative fluid easily accumulated in the subretinal space and shifted
      according to the head position, retinochoroidal adherence in retinitis pigmentosa
      may not be so strong as previously presumed.

PMID- 2278243
TI  - The conundrum of charitability: reassessing tax exemption for hospitals.
AB  - Tax exemption is an ancient, honorable and expensive tradition. Tax exemption for
      hospitals is all of these three, but it also places in sharp focus a fundamental
      problem with tax exemption in general. Organizations can retain their tax
      exemption while changing circumstances or expectations undermine the rationale
      that led to the exemption in the first place. Hospitals are perhaps the best
      example of this problem. The dramatic changes in the health care environment have
      eliminated most of the characteristics of a hospital that originally persuaded
      the citizenry to grant it an exemption. Hospitals have entered into competition
      with tax-paying businesses, and have increasingly behaved like competitive
      actors. Such conduct may well be beneficial, but it does not follow that tax
      exemption is appropriate. Rather than an undifferentiated subsidy, a shift to
      focused goals will provide charitable hospitals with the opportunity and
      incentive to "do the right thing."

PMID- 2278244
TI  - The advent of DNA databanks: implications for information privacy.
AB  - Genetic identification tests -- better known as DNA profiling -- currently allow
      criminal investigators to connect suspects to physical samples retrieved from a
      victim or the scene of a crime. A controversial yet acclaimed expansion of DNA
      analysis is the creation of a massive databank of genetic codes. This Note
      explores the privacy concerns arising out of the collection and retention of
      extremely personal information in a central database. The potential for
      unauthorized access by those not investigating a particular crime compels the
      implementation of national standards and stringent security measures.

PMID- 2278245
TI  - Educated guesses: health risk assessment in environmental impact statements.
AB  - Environmental pollution threatens public health. The search for solutions has
      advanced the frontiers of science and law. Efforts to protect the environment and
      public health begin with describing potential adverse consequences of human
      activities and characterizing the predicted risk. The National Environmental
      Policy Act requires the preparation of environmental impact statements to
      describe the effects of proposed federal projects and provide information for
      agency decisionmakers and the public. Risks to public health are particularly
      difficult to quantify because of uncertainty about the relation between exposure
      to environmental contamination and disease. Risk assessment is the current
      scientific tool to present estimates of risk. The methodology has created
      controversy, however, when underlying assumptions and uncertainties are not
      clearly presented. Critics caution that the methodology is vulnerable to bias.
      This Note evaluates the use of risk assessment in the environmental impact
      statement process and offers recommendations to ensure informed decisions.

PMID- 2278247
TI  - AIDS--Medicaid coverage--Weaver v. Reagen.

PMID- 2278246
TI  - AIDS--health insurance--Health Insurance Association of America v. Corcoran.

PMID- 2278248
TI  - Panel recommends changes to expedite approval of cancer, AIDS drugs.

PMID- 2278249
TI  - Potassium chloride injection mix-up.

PMID- 2278250
TI  - Glove selection for handling cytotoxic and hazardous drugs.

PMID- 2278251
TI  - Misuse of Digibind is costly.

PMID- 2278253
TI  - Comments on the "pharmaceutical-care index".

PMID- 2278252
TI  - Computerized order entry: hospital versus pharmacy-based systems.

PMID- 2278254
TI  - Influencing hospital administrators.

PMID- 2278256
TI  - Candor on the pricing of pharmaceuticals.

PMID- 2278255
TI  - Number of observations in workload sampling.

PMID- 2278258
TI  - Role of a pharmacist in a seizure clinic.
AB  - The involvement of a clinical pharmacist in a Department of Veterans Affairs
      seizure clinic is described. A pharmacist who had served a residency in
      ambulatory care began working in a seizure clinic in 1988 after obtaining the
      cooperation of a neurologist interested in a multidisciplinary approach to
      patient care. A clinical protocol was developed to guide the pharmacist's
      participation. The seizure clinic is staffed by the clinical pharmacist, a
      pharmacy resident, and a neurologist and is currently treating 162 adult male
      veterans. Of the 162 patients, 159 are receiving anti-convulsant therapy. The
      role of the pharmacist is to assist the neurologist in providing patient-care
      services. The pharmacist interviews each patient, performs a neurological
      assessment and mental status evaluation, and orders laboratory tests. Information
      is recorded by the pharmacist on a history form and a subjective and objective
      assessment and planning form. The pharmacist presents the findings to the
      neurologist, and the patient is then interviewed jointly by the pharmacist and
      the neurologist. Between appointments, the pharmacist follows up on abnormal
      laboratory test values and informs patients of any necessary dosage adjustments.
      More time is available for patient care, there has been an increase in the
      detection of adverse drug reactions and disease states, and record keeping has
      improved. A pharmacist assumed a primary-care role in a seizure clinic by
      interviewing and assessing patients, ordering laboratory tests, and participating
      in the selection and adjustment of anticonvulsant therapy.

PMID- 2278257
TI  - Analysis of workload and staffing requirements for a critical-care satellite
      pharmacy.
AB  - A study to determine the workload and the staffing requirements of a proposed
      critical-care satellite pharmacy is reported. Data for all patients admitted to
      the adult surgical intensive-care units (SICUs) of an acute-care teaching
      hospital were recorded for 30 days. Both clinical and distributive data were
      collected, such as the number and times of patient admissions to the SICUs, the
      times medication orders were written and their nature, the number and types of
      drugs administered per patient per day, the number of medication profile reviews
      per day, and the number and types of interventions. Productivity standards were
      determined for specific clinical and distributive tasks and used to project the
      staffing requirements of the new satellite pharmacy. It was determined that
      proposed changes in distributive services, including expansion of the i.v.
      admixture program and implementation of a syringe-pump infusion system, would
      increase the pharmacist and technician staffing requirements by 1.91 and 6.77
      hours per day, respectively. Expansion of clinical services, such as
      pharmacokinetic monitoring, would increase the pharmacist staffing requirements
      by 8.68 hours per day. It was estimated that the SICU satellite pharmacy could
      save the hospital more than $200,000 per year. Hospital administration approved a
      request to increase staffing by 3 full-time-equivalent (FTE) pharmacists and 1.6
      FTE technicians. Workload analyses and projections of staffing requirements must
      incorporate measurements for clinical as well as distributive services.

PMID- 2278259
TI  - Electronic data interchange for pharmacy inventory control.
AB  - The use of electronic data interchange (EDI) for controlling pharmacy inventory
      at a 303-bed hospital is described. The hospital, which belongs to a group
      purchasing consortium, uses EDI to exchange information with its primary drug
      wholesaler. The pharmacy's personal computer and software provided by the
      wholesaler are used. EDI enables the pharmacy to (1) select and order items by
      using hand-held bar-code scanning devices, (2) upload this information into the
      pharmacy's computer, (3) review the order before transmission, and (4) access the
      wholesaler's inventory. The pharmacy also uses EDI with its primary i.v.
      supplier. Using EDI for placing the daily pharmaceutical and i.v.-supply orders
      reduces by one half the daily time expenditure for purchasing. In addition, EDI
      provides various inventory-related reports. EDI provides an efficient and
      effective way to control pharmacy inventory.

PMID- 2278260
TI  - Spreadsheet interface for transfer of drug-use data from a mainframe to a
      personal computer.
AB  - The development of spreadsheets and automated instructions for transfer of drug
      use data from a hospital's mainframe computer to the pharmacy department computer
      is described. Drug-use data are down-loaded from the mainframe as an ASCII file
      on a floppy disk. Instructions within the spreadsheet ("macros") are used to
      import the data into the first spreadsheet, arrange the data to be compatible
      with the database portion of the spreadsheet, and transfer the data to another
      spreadsheet where drug use and cost are calculated and placed in the column for
      the appropriate month. A series of formulas are used to arrange the imported data
      to account for items that have not been used. By eliminating the need for manual
      data input into the spreadsheets, the macros and associated formulas saved
      pharmacists substantial time.

PMID- 2278261
TI  - Comparison of automated and manual methods of syringe filling.
AB  - A study to measure the time and cost associated with an automated and a manual
      method of syringe filling is reported. A stopwatch was used to measure the time
      needed by an experienced pharmacy technician to prepare batches of 200 syringes
      of each of seven drugs by a manual method and an automated method, the Multi-Ad
      Fluid Dispensing System. For each drug and method, time-and-motion data were
      collected during the preparation of four batches. The accuracy of each method was
      determined by dividing the actual by the expected number of syringes filled per
      batch. Material costs were calculated by summing the contract costs of the
      necessary equipment. The total cost of each method was determined by adding the
      labor and material costs. For all the drugs, the mean total time required to
      prepare one batch of syringes by the automated method was significantly less than
      that for the manual method. There was no significant difference in accuracy
      between methods for any of the drugs. The annual labor costs of the automated and
      manual methods were $4056 and $5761, respectively, and the annual material costs
      were $3364 and $2260, respectively. The total annual cost of the automated method
      was $7419, compared with $8021 for the manual method. The Multi-Ad system was
      significantly faster and somewhat less costly overall than a manual method for
      batch preparation of syringes of seven drugs.

PMID- 2278262
TI  - Stability of milrinone and epinephrine, atropine sulfate, lidocaine
      hydrochloride, or morphine sulfate injection.
AB  - The stability of both drug components of admixtures of milrinone and epinephrine,
      atropine sulfate, lidocaine hydrochloride, morphine sulfate, calcium chloride, or
      sodium bicarbonate injections was studied. Duplicate solutions of admixtures of
      milrinone injection 1 mg/mL and epinephrine injection 1:10,000, atropine sulfate
      injection 1 mg/mL, lidocaine hydrochloride injection 1%, morphine sulfate
      injection 8 mg/mL, calcium chloride injection 10%, or sodium bicarbonate
      injection 7.5% were prepared and stored in glass containers at 22-23 degrees C
      under fluorescent light. Samples were taken immediately and after 20 minutes for
      assay by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Milrinone at initial
      concentrations of 0.10-0.73 mg/mL showed no degradation in any of the solutions
      during the study period, nor was any degradation observed for lidocaine,
      morphine, atropine, or epinephrine. Milrinone 0.10-0.73 mg/mL is compatible with
      atropine sulfate, lidocaine hydrochloride, epinephrine, calcium chloride, or
      sodium bicarbonate in glass containers stored for 20 minutes at room temperature.
      These results support the use of milrinone in combination with these agents
      immediately after the preparation of admixtures.

PMID- 2278263
TI  - Sterility of insulin in prefilled disposable syringes.
AB  - The sterility of insulin in prefilled syringes that had been prepared by visiting
      nurses in patients' homes and stored in their refrigerators for one month was
      studied. Twenty elderly diabetic patients requiring weekly home-nursing visits
      were enrolled in the study. At the initial study visit, a nurse filled 15
      syringes with the type and amount of insulin being used by the patient. Seven
      syringes constituted the patient's supply for the coming week; the remaining
      eight syringes were appropriately labeled and placed in a separate part of the
      refrigerator. Upon returning to replenish the patient's insulin supply during
      each of the following four weeks, the nurse removed two of the stored syringes
      for subsequent culturing. The culture medium used was appropriate for bacteria
      that are usual skin flora and therefore are most likely to cause touch
      contamination during the syringe-filling process. Control-positive cultures were
      prepared by intentionally contaminating two vials of 0.9% sodium chloride
      injection and two vials of NPH insulin with Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis.
      Insulin from 159 syringes was tested, and no bacterial growth was detected by
      daily readings of cultures for one week. Of the contaminated control syringes,
      those containing sodium chloride injection produced positive cultures at each of
      the study weeks; the contaminated insulin samples, although positive at week 0,
      had become negative by week 3, confirming the bactericidal activity of one or
      more of the components of this insulin product. Prefilled insulin syringes that
      are prepared by nurses using good aseptic technique and are stored in the
      patient's refrigerator appear to remain sterile for up to one month after
      preparation.

PMID- 2278265
TI  - Use of "dispense-as-written" on prescriptions for targeted drugs: influence of a
      newsletter.

PMID- 2278264
TI  - Drug-use evaluation program for postpartum bromocriptine therapy.

PMID- 2278266
TI  - Use of psychoactive drugs for nontherapeutic reasons by pharmacy students in
      Puerto Rico.

PMID- 2278267
TI  - Update on room-temperature stability of drug products labeled for refrigerated
      storage.

PMID- 2278268
TI  - Visual compatibility of amsacrine with selected drugs during simulated Y-site
      injection.

PMID- 2278269
TI  - The news from Lake Mindbegone.

PMID- 2278270
TI  - Nontraditional programs help practicing pharmacists earn Pharm.D. degree.

PMID- 2278271
TI  - Federal appeals court says no to Baxter's regional compounding centers.

PMID- 2278272
TI  - Preparing an injectable drug from nonsterile raw chemicals.

PMID- 2278273
TI  - Maximizing hospital externship experiences.

PMID- 2278275
TI  - How to prepare and deliver an inservice presentation for nurses.

PMID- 2278274
TI  - When a pharmacist is an alcoholic.

PMID- 2278276
TI  - Venous irritation from the use of a nafcillin sodium 2 g i.v. minibag product.

PMID- 2278277
TI  - Adjustments in etoposide infusion flow rates when using controllers.

PMID- 2278278
TI  - Apparent compatibility of methotrexate and vancomycin.

PMID- 2278279
TI  - Patient information for home infusion of narcotic analgesics.

PMID- 2278280
TI  - Automatic stop-orders.

PMID- 2278281
TI  - Ethics of diagnosis by pharmacists.

PMID- 2278282
TI  - Ciprofloxacin as an alternative to i.v. therapy.

PMID- 2278283
TI  - Current status of hospital pharmacy practice.

PMID- 2278284
TI  - ASHP national survey of hospital-based pharmaceutical services--1990.
AB  - The results of a national mail survey of pharmaceutical services in community
      hospitals conducted by ASHP during May through July 1990 are reported and
      compared with the results of earlier ASHP surveys. A sample of community
      hospitals (short-term, nonfederal) was selected randomly from the population of
      community hospitals registered by the American Hospital Association.
      Questionnaires were mailed to each director of pharmacy. The adjusted gross
      sample size was 881. The net response rate was 66% (582 usable replies). The
      average number of hours of pharmacy operation per week reported by the
      respondents was 96. Complete unit dose drug distribution was offered by 89% of
      the respondents (up from 74% in 1987). About 70% offered complete, comprehensive
      i.v. admixture programs (essentially unchanged from 1987). Most of the hospitals
      (70%) had centralized pharmaceutical services. A computerized pharmacy system was
      present in 64% of the departments, and 75% had at least one microcomputer. More
      than 90% reported participation in adverse drug reaction and drug-use evaluation
      programs. Some 80% participated in drug therapy monitoring. Almost half of the
      respondents regularly provided written documentation of pharmacist interventions
      in patients' medical records. Approximately one third provided patient education
      or counseling, and one third provided drug management of medical emergencies. A
      well-controlled formulary system was in place in 58% of the hospitals;
      therapeutic interchange was practiced by 49%. A total of 98% of the respondents
      participated in group purchasing, and 96% used a prime vendor. Half of the
      departments served as training sites for pharmacy students. Less than half had a
      staff development program, but about two thirds supported continuing-education
      activities for pharmacists. The 1990 survey revealed a continuation of the
      changes in many hospital-based pharmaceutical services documented in earlier
      surveys and identified static areas that merit the attention of pharmacy leaders.

PMID- 2278285
TI  - An overview of the FDA publication Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic
      Equivalence Evaluations.
AB  - The history, purpose, and content of FDA's Approved Drug Products with
      Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (the "Orange Book") are described. When cost
      guidelines established in the 1970s for Medicare reimbursement prompted most
      states to permit generic drug product selection, an official list of
      interchangeable drug products was needed. Regulations for determining
      bioavailability and bioequivalence were published in 1977, and FDA first
      published Approved Drug Products in 1980. The Orange Book includes products that
      have been fully reviewed by FDA for both safety and effectiveness and for which
      new drug applications (NDAs) or abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) and
      special applications (From 5s or 6s) for antibiotics have been approved. Pursuant
      to the 1984 Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, FDA added
      approved nonprescription products to the Orange Book along with information about
      patents and periods of marketing exclusivity. Orphan drug products and certain
      testing and application procedures are also provided. Equivalence evaluations are
      provided in the Orange Book only for multisource prescription drug products that
      contain the same active ingredients and can be expected to have the same clinical
      effect when administered to patients under the conditions specified in the
      labeling. A coding system is used to indicate the products' equivalence
      evaluations according to FDA criteria, and indexes by product name and
      manufacturer are included. Monthly Cumulative Supplements are issued. The Orange
      Book contains public information and advice, but it is not an official national
      compendium; FDA has no position on state regulation of drug product selection by
      pharmacists. The equivalence evaluations do not relieve practitioners from
      exercising care in prescribing and dispensing products according to patients'
      individual needs.

PMID- 2278286
TI  - Four years' experience with a clinical intervention program: cost avoidance and
      impact of a clinical coordinator.
AB  - Four years of data are reported on the drug cost avoidance and the net cost
      savings associated with a clinical pharmacy intervention program. In 1986 the
      pharmacy department at a 324-bed nonprofit community medical center began a
      clinical intervention program by adding one full-time equivalent for providing
      clinical services. A new clinical pharmacist position was created in 1988. A
      reorganization in 1989 resulted in further increases in staffing, including the
      creation of a clinical coordinator position to oversee the intervention program,
      and in administrative time. Staff pharmacists self-report a broad range of
      interventions on a clinical documentation form. During the period 1986-1989,
      monthly data on the number of types of interventions recommended, the percentage
      of recommendations accepted by the medical staff, and drug cost avoidance were
      tabulated. Cost avoidance was calculated by subtracting the cost of therapy
      ordered by the physician from the cost of therapy initiated as a result of the
      intervention. Net drug cost savings were calculated by subtracting from cost
      avoidance the cost of pharmacist time required for performing the interventions.
      The average number of interventions per month ranged from 170 in 1986 to 292 in
      1990. During an 18-month period before the clinical coordinator was added,
      average monthly cost avoidance and net savings were $4932 and $3739,
      respectively. Average monthly cost avoidance increased to $6244 and savings to
      $4644 in a 12-month period after the clinical coordinator was added. A four-year
      study of a clinical intervention program showed that the dollar value and impact
      outlasted the initial success expected for such programs.

PMID- 2278287
TI  - Pharmacy-managed patient-controlled analgesia service.
AB  - The implementation and functioning of a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
      service operated by staff pharmacists are described. The pharmacy-managed PCA
      service was introduced into the hospital in 1988. Pharmacists initiate PCA
      therapy upon physician request. Standard narcotic-dosing guidelines were
      developed for patients receiving PCA; criteria were also developed to allow the
      pharmacist to adjust the narcotic dose based upon the patient's response. The
      dosing guidelines were approved by the pharmacy and therapeutics committee. A
      hospitalwide education program introduced nurses and physicians to the pharmacy
      managed PCA service. Of 299 patients who received PCA therapy in 1989, more than
      90% were managed by staff pharmacists. Pharmacists calculate and program initial
      narcotic doses and are responsible for daily patient monitoring to determine the
      success of therapy. Using the established guidelines, pharmacists adjust the
      narcotic dose based upon patient response. A quality assurance review of the PCA
      service has documented its safety and success. A pharmacy-managed PCA service has
      increased the clinical involvement of pharmacists and provided safe and effective
      pain management for postsurgical patients.

PMID- 2278288
TI  - Documenting pharmacists' interventions on a hospital's mainframe computer system.
AB  - The development and implementation of a code that enables pharmacists to document
      their clinical interventions in the hospital's computerized patient records is
      described. To allow data to be entered in patient records from terminals
      throughout the hospital that are linked to the mainframe computer, a code was
      developed to summarize each pharmacist recommendation. The coded information is
      added to the computer entry for the specific drug requiring intervention. A
      computer program was developed inhouse for generating daily reports of the
      pharmacist interventions. During an initial 25-day study period, 300
      interventions were documented; house staff physicians accepted the pharmacists'
      recommendations in 257 (85.7%) of these interventions. An additional 17 (6%) of
      the interventions resulted from physicians' requests for pharmacists'
      recommendations. In addition to review of all pharmacist clinical interventions,
      this system allows review of a specific target drug to determine compliance with
      institutional drug-use guidelines. Through use of the computer program developed
      at this hospital, information that documents pharmacists' clinical services can
      be entered directly into patients' records on the hospital's mainframe computer
      system and retrieved as useful reports.

PMID- 2278289
TI  - Need for clear and convincing evidence of a patient's wishes before artificial
      nutrition and hydration may be withdrawn.

PMID- 2278291
TI  - Supervision guidelines for certified occupational therapy assistants.

PMID- 2278290
TI  - Leadership is everybody's practice.

PMID- 2278292
TI  - Entry-level role delineation for registered occupational therapists (OTRs) and
      certified occupational therapy assistants (COTAs).

PMID- 2278293
TI  - Listing of educational programs in occupational therapy.

PMID- 2278294
TI  - Evaluating the potential for powered mobility.
AB  - It has been 5 years since Chris was evaluated for a powered wheelchair, and she
      has had two occupational therapists and three physical therapists since the
      evaluation and training process began. It has been a long and arduous process,
      full of triumphs and setbacks. Chris's level of functional mobility, self
      confidence, and ability to socialize, however, have increased dramatically as a
      result of her perseverance. The powered wheelchair, which she can control
      herself, has increased her ability to explore her environment and to master the
      increased activities made available through an expanded environment.

PMID- 2278295
TI  - The disparity between educational preparation and the expectations of practice.

PMID- 2278296
TI  - [The preliminary period].

PMID- 2278297
TI  - [The prenatal diagnosis of congenital developmental defects in a multiple
      pregnancy].

PMID- 2278298
TI  - [Doppler measurement of the uterine, umbilical and fetal vessels in the 3d
      trimester of a normal pregnancy].

PMID- 2278299
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation and lysosomal enzyme activity in pregnant women with heart
      defects].
AB  - Free radical lipid oxidation and activity of lysosomal enzymes have been tested
      in 87 pregnant women with acquired and congenital heart diseases and pulmonary
      circulatory failure. Activation of lipid peroxidation directly correlated with
      the severity of circulatory failure. These processes aggravated maternal and
      fetal hypoxia. A management protocol was designed and tried using medical and
      nonmedical methods. Its use was associated with an appreciable reduction in
      perinatal morbidity and mortality rates in this pool of pregnancies.

PMID- 2278300
TI  - [The characteristics of kidney function in pregnant women based on the data from
      an in-depth biochemical study of the urine].
AB  - Serial biochemical urinary tests have been done in 141 pregnant women (46 were
      healthy, 58 apparently healthy and 37 had late toxemia) and in normal nonpregnant
      women. Urine was tested for lipids, phospholipids, ethanolamine acylic compounds
      and certain qualitative characteristics which depict functional abnormality of
      the renal interstitial tissues in pregnancy. Late toxemia was found to be
      associated with marked evidence of dysmetabolic nephropathy which may be
      identified at an early phase using 10% calcium chloride precipitation of lipids,
      a highly revealing specific test for calciphylaxis.

PMID- 2278301
TI  - [The diagnostic and prognostic significance of transcutaneous PO2 dynamics during
      a functional test in "pretoxicosis" and the initial stage of gestosis].
AB  - This study has simultaneously examined the kinetics of oxygen metabolism (KOM)
      and clinical symptoms of "pretoxemia" and edema of pregnancy. It was found out
      that estimates of KOM obtained before and after the hypoxia test may allow
      identification of abnormal tissue respiration typifying "pretoxemia",
      differentiation between "pretoxemia" and early-stage late toxemia (edema of
      pregnancy), and prediction of the risk and time of late toxemia, and potential of
      the body to adapt to hypoxia. Evaluation of KOM before and after the hypoxia test
      may be employed as a test for subclinical late toxemia.

PMID- 2278302
TI  - [The work of the Committee of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on Women's Affairs
      and Family, Maternal and Child Protection].

PMID- 2278303
TI  - [The prostaglandin E content of the blood serum in mother and fetus during the
      reflex regulation of premature labor].
AB  - Prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis is promoted by enzyme activation induced by
      neurohormonal regulation, an important determinant of labor. However,
      contribution of PG to premature labor is largely uncertain. Maternal and fetal
      blood PGE levels have been determined during the reflex regulation of premature
      labor in 39 women and in 20 patients with spontaneous labor. The reflex
      regulation was performed as transcutaneous suprapubic and sacral electric
      stimulation. Comparison of PGE levels in the women and their newborns led to the
      conclusion that the reflex regulation of premature labour has modulating effects
      on PGE biosynthesis both in the mother and fetus, thereby modifying progress of
      labor.

PMID- 2278304
TI  - [Artificial late abortion for medical genetic indications].
AB  - Late abortions have been induced for genetic indications in 96 women using intra
      amniotic administration of 20% sodium chloride or Enzaprost. The results were
      compared within this group and with a control group of 90 women whose pregnancies
      were terminated for other indications at similar dates and with the same agents.
      The use of 20% sodium chloride was associated with significantly higher blood
      loss and greater lengths of abortions. Patterns and rates of complications were
      comparable in both groups. These data suggest a utility of 20% sodium chloride
      and, especially Enzaprost, in late pregnancy termination for genetic indications.

PMID- 2278306
TI  - [Secondary immunodeficiency and its correction with thymus preparations in
      patients with postabortion endometritis].
AB  - The immune status has been assessed in 73 patients with postabortal endometritis
      and thymalin and T-activin have been evaluated as an intervention for secondary
      immunodeficiency associated with this condition. These drugs were found to have
      immunomodulating effects on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of T-
      and B-lymphocytes and their subpopulations and on phagocytic function of
      polynuclears. Comprehensive therapy using thymalin and T-activin improves the
      efficacy of management of postabortal endometritis.

PMID- 2278305
TI  - [The use of acetomepegrenol in the therapy of threatened abortion].

PMID- 2278307
TI  - [The clinical picture, diagnosis and therapy of duplication of the uterus and
      vagina with partial aplasia of one vagina in adolescents].
AB  - Fifteen girls aged 12 to 18 years have been evaluated and operated for unilateral
      hematocolpos related to uterus didelphys with a partially aplastic vagina. It
      most commonly occurred at puberty and characteristically presented as the onset
      of algomenorrhea at a few months following menarche, with deterioration of it
      during every menstruation, and suppurative discharge refractory to any therapy.
      The most revealing diagnostic approach was the gynecologic examination supported
      by pelvic and renal ultrasound scans. Surgical approach to this malformation
      consists in dissection of the walls of the rudimentary vagina.

PMID- 2278308
TI  - [The epidemiology of infertility in families].
AB  - This study of epidemiology of infertility in families has employed the guidelines
      of the WHO Program on Human Reproduction. The study involved 1976 infertile
      couples. It elucidated major diagnosis-related groups in the female and male
      population and data sets of the couples. The basis of infertility remained
      uncertain in only 2.1% of the families. Infertility was underlied only by a
      female reproductive disease in 44.4% of the families, with about half of these
      cases being endocrine disorders. Diseases of husbands, primarily varicocele and
      primary testicular lesions, accounted for infertility in 19.3% of the families.
      Determinants of infertility in both spouses were identified in 34.2% of the
      families, mostly genital inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 2278309
TI  - [Norsteroids: their biological activity and clinical use].

PMID- 2278310
TI  - The lipid composition of the blood serum in certain forms of ovarian amenorrhea.
AB  - A study of serum lipids in 68 women with ovarian forms of amenorrhea has
      documented prominent lipid abnormalities in most women with ovarian dystrophy and
      gonadal dysgenesis. It presented as elevation of cholesterol, triglyceride, low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and a decrease in high density lipoprotein
      cholesterol levels, with Types IV and IIb dyslipoproteinemia. These findings
      suggest that the women with ovarian dystrophy and gonadal dysgenesis are at a
      high risk of early onset of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2278311
TI  - [The hormonal status and steroid receptor system of the endometrium in patients
      with benign tumors and endometrioid cysts of the ovaries].
AB  - Plasma concentrations of protein hormones (LH, FSH, prolactin) and steroid
      hormones (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol) have been assayed
      during the follicular and luteal phase of the cycle in patients with benign cysts
      and endometrioid cysts of the ovaries. Endometrial estradiol and progesterone
      receptors were also examined in these patients in the midluteal phase. These
      studies described steroid and gonadotropic hormone secretion of both the luteal
      and follicular phase in the two populations, as well as steroid receptors of the
      secretory endometrium. The most serious abnormalities were found in the
      endometrium of the patients with endometrioid ovarian cysts. These disorders
      suggest their relationship with infertility in the patients with benign ovarian
      neoplasms.

PMID- 2278312
TI  - [The potentials of transvaginal echography in the diagnosis of hyperplastic
      processes and cancer of the endometrium].
AB  - Ultrasonograms of 69 patients suspected for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer
      have been surveyed in retrospect. Transvaginal ultrasonographic findings were
      compared with clinical data and hysteroscopic findings and verified by
      morphologic examination of endometrial biopsy samples. The study demonstrated
      that transvaginal ultrasonography identified 88.4% of these conditions and the
      clinical examination and hysteroscopy 46.4% and 89.4%, respectively. It suggests
      that diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer should recruit transvaginal
      ultrasonographic scanning, especially in mass screening.

PMID- 2278313
TI  - [The therapeutic effect of parlodel in the polycystic ovary syndrome].
AB  - Parlodel (2.5-50 mg/day) has been given for 1 to 7 days to 33 patients with the
      polycystic ovary syndrome (POS). The ovulatory menstrual cycle returned in 10
      (30%) patients and 4 of them conceived. Pretreatment cycle disturbance persisted
      in 6 (18%) patients. Parlodel reduced mid-follicular mean blood LH levels to
      values of normal women. Some decrease in blood testosterone levels occurred only
      in the second phase of the cycle. Estradiol test in 6 patients showed normal
      positive and negative feedbacks in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.
      Parlodel treatment reduced basal and estradiol stimulated pituitary gonadotropin
      secretion. It is suggested that parlodel may be used in ovulation induction in a
      proportion of POS patients.

PMID- 2278314
TI  - [The assessment of uterine functional competence in pregnant women with a history
      of cesarean section: clinico-morphological comparisons].
AB  - Clinical and morphologic determinants of uterine competence have been compared in
      316 pregnant women with a previous cesarean section. The comparison identified
      populations with different functional states of the uterus. The findings
      suggested involvement of the lower uterine segment in the contractile function
      during a prelabor phase. Clinical, functional, structural and histochemical
      uterine abnormalities accounted for abnormal prelabor progress of these women.

PMID- 2278315
TI  - [The antitrichomonal activity of the sodium salts of anthranilic acid].

PMID- 2278316
TI  - [A method for creating an acoustic window in tumors of the lesser pelvis in
      women].

PMID- 2278317
TI  - [Consensus and controversy in the problem of suppurative-inflammatory diseases of
      the adnexa uteri].

PMID- 2278318
TI  - [The endovascular prevention of thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery in
      obstetrics and gynecology].

PMID- 2278319
TI  - [The first Moscow scientific schools in obstetrics and gynecology].

PMID- 2278320
TI  - [The current concept of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of the
      polycystic ovary syndrome].

PMID- 2278321
TI  - Safety in numbers.

PMID- 2278322
TI  - Arterial oxygen saturation during induction of anaesthesia.
AB  - Three groups of 10 ASA 1 patients were studied to determine the incidence of
      hypoxaemia (oxygen saturation less than or equal to 90%) using pulse oximetry
      during induction of 'mask' anaesthesia, and whether simple oxygenation techniques
      could prevent its occurrence. We also surveyed all anaesthetists in three major
      hospitals to ascertain their techniques for this method of anaesthesia.
      Anaesthesia was induced in all patients with thiopentone and maintained with
      nitrous oxide and isoflurane. The first group received 33% oxygen in nitrous
      oxide as carrier gases, a second group a few normal breaths of 100% oxygen during
      thiopentone administration followed by 33% oxygen in nitrous oxide, while a third
      group received 100% oxygen after loss of eyelash reflex until spontaneous
      breathing was established. No patient received positive pressure ventilation
      before spontaneous breathing was established. Six of the 10 patients in the first
      group became hypoxaemic compared to none in the second group, and three patients
      became hypoxaemic in the third group. Thirty-seven percent of anaesthetists who
      responded to the survey either did not apply positive pressure ventilation before
      establishment of spontaneous breathing, or only did so if apnoea was prolonged.
      Only one anaesthetist fully pre-oxygenated patients lungs. We conclude that to
      avoid the likely occurrence of hypoxaemia during induction of mask anaesthesia, a
      minimum of a few breaths pre-oxygenation is necessary.

PMID- 2278323
TI  - The effects of midazolam on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption.
      Interaction with nitrous oxide in patients undergoing craniotomy for
      supratentorial cerebral tumours.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen were measured in 30
      patients during craniotomy for supratentorial cerebral tumours by a modification
      of the Kety-Schmidt technique using Xenon 133 intravenously. Anaesthesia was
      induced with midazolam 0.3 mg/kg, fentanyl and pancuronium, and maintained with
      midazolam as a continuous infusion, fentanyl, pancuronium and nitrous oxide in
      oxygen or oxygen in air. The concentration of midazolam in the blood of 10
      patients was about 300 ng/litre during two measurements; the patients' lungs were
      ventilated with N2O in oxygen. The concentration of midazolam in the blood of
      another 10 patients was doubled to about 600 ng/litre during the second flow
      measurement; the patients' lungs were ventilated with N2O/O2. The concentration
      of midazolam in the blood of the third group of 10 patients was doubled to 600
      ng/litre during the second flow measurement; the patients' lungs were ventilated
      with oxygen in air. No relationship was found between the dose of midazolam and
      cerebral blood flow or oxygen consumption. Nitrous oxide in combination with
      midazolam also had no effect on these variables.

PMID- 2278324
TI  - Obstetric epidural analgesia with mixtures of bupivacaine, adrenaline and
      fentanyl.
AB  - We performed a double-blind comparison of six solutions for epidural analgesia in
      90 healthy Chinese women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Patients were randomly
      allocated to receive 10 ml bupivacaine 0.125% or 0.25% plain, bupivacaine 0.125%
      with adrenaline 1.25 micrograms/ml, bupivacaine 0.25% with adrenaline 2.5
      micrograms/ml or the latter two solutions with added fentanyl 50 micrograms.
      Analgesia was unsatisfactory in 30% of the bupivacaine 0.125% groups without
      fentanyl. The addition of adrenaline, compared with bupivacaine 0.25% plain, gave
      faster onset and longer duration of analgesia (p less than 0.05) which was
      similar to that found in both fentanyl groups. There were no differences in
      method of delivery or neonatal Apgar scores among groups. The least concentrated
      mixture that gave the best analgesia was the combination of bupivacaine 0.125%
      with adrenaline 1.25 micrograms/ml and fentanyl 50 micrograms.

PMID- 2278325
TI  - A randomised double-blind study of interpleural analgesia after cholecystectomy.
AB  - Continuous interpleural analgesia provided by 4 hourly injections of 20 ml
      bupivacaine 0.5% with adrenaline 5 micrograms/ml was compared with placebo in a
      randomised, double-blind study after cholecystectomy. All patients self
      administered intravenous morphine using a patient-controlled analgesia device.
      There was a highly significant difference in mean morphine consumption between
      the groups (72 mg as compared with 22 mg). Visual analogue pain scores tended to
      be lower in the bupivacaine group throughout and this was significant at 2 hours.
      Respiratory function measurements were not significantly different between the
      groups. The mean peak venous plasma bupivacaine concentration after the sixth
      dose was 3.03 micrograms/ml and no symptoms suggestive of local anaesthetic
      toxicity occurred. It is concluded that this regimen can provide effective and
      continuous analgesia after cholecystectomy and that combined administration of
      interpleural bupivacaine and systemic morphine is more effective than morphine
      alone in the immediate postoperative period. The doses of bupivacaine required
      for optimal use of the technique lead to significant total plasma bupivacaine
      concentrations within 24 hours.

PMID- 2278326
TI  - Propofol infusion for control of status epilepticus.
AB  - Two patients with status epilepticus who were resistant to conventional treatment
      but responded to propofol infusions are reported. An electroencephalogram
      confirmed the seizures and their successful treatment.

PMID- 2278327
TI  - Pregnancy associated with Gorlin's syndrome.
AB  - A pregnant woman with Gorlin's syndrome presented for the removal of malignant
      ovarian tumours. The main problem encountered by the anaesthetists was an
      unexpected increase in arterial blood pressure. This was most probably associated
      with surgical manipulation of the ovaries with an increase in prorenin/renin
      production.

PMID- 2278328
TI  - 32-gauge spinal catheters through 26-gauge needles.
AB  - Small diameter intrathecal catheters potentially combine the certainty of
      intrathecal injection and the advantage of repeatability, without the risk of a
      high incidence of headache after dural puncture. We report problems placing such
      catheters.

PMID- 2278329
TI  - Pressure generated during insertion of lumbar epidurals. A comparison with the
      Portex epidural injection simulator.
AB  - The aim of this study was to measure pressures exerted during insertion of lumbar
      epidurals in obstetric patients. The pressures were compared with those obtained
      when the Portex epidural injection simulator was used, and were significantly
      greater when a saline technique was used compared to those when air was used (p
      less than 0.05). There were no differences between the pressures obtained with
      the simulator and those measured in vivo.

PMID- 2278330
TI  - Antireflux valves in patient-controlled analgesia.
AB  - Antireflux valves are widely used in conjunction with patient-controlled
      analgesia devices. It is important to appreciate the limitations and dangers of
      these systems. They can achieve a potential 'stored volume' if occluded and they
      may, as part of the administration set, retard fluid administration. Seven
      antireflux systems currently available were tested in conjunction with three
      patient-controlled analgesia pumps. The systems' volume, time to occlusion alarm
      and flow rates were measured. Results showed that the sets with low stored
      volumes were less efficient as administration sets. A potentially dangerous bolus
      could result after release of occlusion if sets with large stored volumes were
      used in conjunction with pumps that utilised concentrated solutions of opioid.
      This study has identified the ideal antireflux valve system.

PMID- 2278331
TI  - The Ohmeda 9000 syringe pump. The first of a new generation of syringe drivers.
AB  - The Ohmeda 9000 syringe pump was developed in response to the need for an
      infusion apparatus to administer intravenous anaesthetic agents. It incorporates
      a bolus facility for the rapid, controlled delivery of loading infusions, or
      incremental dosing over a background maintenance infusion, and may be interfaced
      with a controller for computer-driven infusions. The Ohmeda 9000 pump has
      undergone bench testing and detailed evaluation in clinical practice using a
      variety of syringe sizes and makes. It is capable of accurate delivery over a
      range of infusion rates provided the recommended manufacturers' syringes are used
      with the appropriate pump setting. The pump was easy to use and reliable in
      clinical research and routine clinical practice. It should find its niche as the
      first genuinely 'anaesthetist-friendly' infusion pump.

PMID- 2278332
TI  - Use of the oesophageal detector device in children under one year of age.
AB  - The efficacy of a modified oesophageal detector device was evaluated in a single
      blind study of 20 healthy infants. It was found to be unreliable as a method to
      discriminate oesophageal from tracheal intubation in this age group.

PMID- 2278333
TI  - Nasal pulse oximetry overestimates oxygen saturation.
AB  - Ten surgical patients were monitored with nasal and finger pulse oximetry
      (Nellcor N-200) for five study periods with alternating mouth and nasal breathing
      and switching of cables and sensors. Nasal pulse oximetry was found to
      overestimate arterial oxygen saturation by 4.7 (SD 1.4%) (bias and precision).

PMID- 2278334
TI  - Patients' expectations of patient-controlled analgesia.
AB  - Patient-controlled analgesia is an increasingly popular method of postoperative
      pain relief. However, patients often worry about new therapies. Eighty ASA 1 and
      2 patients aged 18-65 years were asked to list the advantages and disadvantages
      of using patient-controlled analgesia. The most important advantage as perceived
      by patients was the reduced time spent by nurses in giving medication, but there
      was concern that direct personal contact would also be lessened. Preservation of
      self control, autonomy, rapid onset of analgesia, ability to titrate analgesia
      and lack of injections were seen as an advantage. Addiction and machine faults
      were seen as minimal problems. Preservation of patient-nurse contact is of great
      importance to ensure success of postoperative analgesia.

PMID- 2278335
TI  - Patient-controlled analgesia in children.
AB  - We report our experience in introducing patient-controlled analgesia at the Royal
      Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow. Twenty-five children used the technique
      after orthopaedic or general surgery using the Graseby system. The pump was
      loaded with 1 mg/kg morphine sulphate in 50 ml. A bolus dose of 0.02 mg/kg (1 ml)
      and a lockout interval of 10 minutes were the initial settings. The dose used,
      pain and sedation scores, respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation were
      recorded. Ages ranged from 5-15 years (mean 9.6) and the method was used for a
      mean of 48 hours after operation. Morphine requirements averaged 26
      (micrograms/kg)/hour (SD 10.6). Pain control was good and sedation minimal.
      Adverse effects were few and minor. Education of patients, parents and nurses is
      essential for its success and safety. The technique is an effective and safe
      means of providing good quality analgesia in school age children.

PMID- 2278336
TI  - Paraesthesia with lumbar epidural catheters. A comparison of air and saline in a
      loss-of-resistance technique.
AB  - The epidural space was located in 32 obstetric patients using loss of resistance
      to air, while in a further 35 saline was used. The incidence of paraesthesia was
      56% in the air group and 57% in the saline group. There was no significant
      difference between the groups in terms of other complications or in the quality
      of analgesia provided.

PMID- 2278337
TI  - Effects of hypnotics on sleep and psychomotor performance. A double-blind
      randomised study of lormetazepam, midazolam and zopiclone.
AB  - Lormetazepam, midazolam and zopiclone were compared as night medication in
      patients scheduled for elective surgery the next morning. Sixty patients divided
      at random into three groups, received double-blind lormetazepam 1 mg, midazolam
      15 mg or zopiclone 7.5 mg, by mouth at 2200 hours. The quality of sleep was
      assessed at 0700 hours from responses to a questionnaire, and psychomotor
      function by comparing paper and pencil (p-deletion) and Maddox Wing tests with
      reference values from the day before. The three hypnotics were equally effective
      as sleep medication for time until onset of sleep, duration of sleep and
      condition upon awakening, whereas zopiclone provided significantly fewer (p less
      than 0.05) spontaneous awakenings. The p-deletion test did not differ in any of
      the three groups from the reference values. The ocular imbalance test in all
      three groups was significantly different (p less than 0.01) from control. The
      lormetazepam group scored significantly better (p less than 0.05) than the
      zopiclone group. No side effects were seen.

PMID- 2278338
TI  - Purity of cylinder nitrous oxide.

PMID- 2278339
TI  - Intrathecal diamorphine and multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2278340
TI  - Ginger root, a new antiemetic.

PMID- 2278341
TI  - Route for major vein cannulation.

PMID- 2278342
TI  - A difficult cannulation of the right internal jugular vein.

PMID- 2278343
TI  - Atropine during halothane anaesthesia for children.

PMID- 2278344
TI  - Hyoscine derivatives in children.

PMID- 2278345
TI  - Transient blindness.

PMID- 2278346
TI  - Cold statistics.

PMID- 2278347
TI  - A faulty monitor.

PMID- 2278348
TI  - Laryngeal mask airway for caesarean section.

PMID- 2278349
TI  - Standard colours for cannulae.

PMID- 2278350
TI  - Hypercapnia and raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure.

PMID- 2278351
TI  - Whitacre and pencil-point spinal needles: some points to consider.

PMID- 2278352
TI  - An adaptor for a microcatheter.

PMID- 2278353
TI  - Too long plastic obturator of 18-G Portex epidural needle.

PMID- 2278354
TI  - Late postspinal headache treated with epidural morphine.

PMID- 2278355
TI  - 25- or 26-G needles for spinal anaesthesia in young patients?

PMID- 2278356
TI  - Spinal anaesthesia in obstetrics: headache and special needles.

PMID- 2278357
TI  - Anxiety before operation and serum potassium.

PMID- 2278358
TI  - Mouthwash sweetens ketamine anaesthesia.

PMID- 2278359
TI  - A drawover breathing system for weaning.

PMID- 2278360
TI  - Author and subject index, volume 45 (1990).

PMID- 2278361
TI  - [70th birthday--Otto Mayrhofer].

PMID- 2278362
TI  - [The multidisciplinary outpatient pain clinic in relation to anesthesia. An
      important task for the anesthesiologist].
AB  - Anesthesiologists have always played a leading role in research into pain and its
      treatment. Their efforts, however, have been focused on acute or postoperative
      pain problems. It was the American anesthesiologist John J. Bonica who fought for
      an increased interest in chronic pain. The establishment of the first
      Multidisciplinary Pain Center at the University of Washington in Seattle, the
      foundation of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) and
      Melzack and Wall's now 25 year old gate control theory were the driving forces
      behind rapid developments in research and treatment in the area of chronic pain.
      The realization that chronic pain was the most frequent cause of disability in
      the United States also gave an impetus for new efforts in treatment. The classic
      anesthesiological topics, such as operative anesthesia emergency medicine and
      intensive care, have been extended to include acute pain services and chronic
      pain treatment facilities. This reflects the understanding that anesthesiological
      knowledge and techniques can be valuable to patients in severe acute pain and
      those in lingering long-term chronic pain phases. Anesthesiologists are skilled
      in the use of opioid narcotics and in the administration of strong analgesics.
      Many severe pain problems can be solved by correct use of the analgesic regimen.
      Special ways of administering narcotic analgesics, such as epidural infusion or
      patient-controlled analgesia, have already alleviated the pain problems of many
      patients. Anesthesiological techniques are also crucial in diagnosis. Sequential
      differential blockade and simple nerve blocks can be helpful in the diagnosis and
      classification of the pain problems. Anesthesiological contributions to a chronic
      pain service are not restricted to medical interventions. Organizational skills
      are also needed for efficient running of multidisciplinary pain treatment
      facilities. Clinical practice in surgical anesthesia means that anesthesiologists
      are experienced in interdisciplinary work and familiar with the advantages and
      dangers of team work. Despite international acceptance of the multidisciplinary
      approach to chronic pain, there is still a lack of appropriate facilities in the
      German-speaking countries, and we consider it important that anesthesiologists
      commit themselves to increasing general awareness of what is needed.

PMID- 2278363
TI  - [The concept of an emergency admission unit in a major community hospital].
AB  - The main task of a central interdisciplinary emergency admission unit (EAU)
      staffed and administered by the anesthesia department is to provide primary
      hospital treatment for emergency patients. The EAU serves also as a base for the
      emergency ambulance and functions as a 24-hour resuscitation unit for the whole
      hospital. The placement of the unit in the underground floor of the hospital
      makes it easy accessible for ambulances but excludes walk-in patients. The shock
      room has a floor area of 152 m2 and is optimally equipped, while two smaller
      emergency rooms provide reserve accommodation. On the same level are the X-ray
      department, emergency operating room, trauma team taking care of minor injuries
      and the medical house officer. The last two and the admissions clerk are
      responsible for selecting the real emergencies out of 9000 of urgent cases and
      patients with minor traumas entering the hospital on this level. In the first 40
      months of EAU activity 1.2% of total hospital admissions (300-400 patients from a
      total number of 33,000 a year) were treated in the EAU; 71% of emergencies
      arrived by our own emergency ambulance or by helicopter, while others were
      brought by the Red Cross Emergency Service. The majority of acute cases (42.7%)
      are traumatic; 17.4% have circulatory problems, 10.8% neurological problems,
      10.1% are suicidal, 1.5% are dead on arrival and the rest (17.5%) has other
      origins. From the total number of 1046 living admissions, 99 patients required
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation (21 = 20.6% were discharged), 25.0% of the total
      number underwent emergency surgery, and 43% needed intensive care. A general
      admission unit for pure emergencies is still a unique organizational feature in
      hospitals. The main objective of the EAU is to increase patient's safety during
      transition from prehospital to primary hospital acute care. EAU anesthesia staff
      ensures the competency in acute care and even the continuity of care by the same
      person from the emergency ambulance to the operating room or ICU.

PMID- 2278364
TI  - [The results of prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the initial years of
      a mobile emergency care system].
AB  - In this study the outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) was analyzed
      during the first 3 years after installation of a mobile intensive care unit
      (MICU). The unit is staffed by an anesthesiologist as the emergency-care
      physician and specially trained health-care personnel. The success of
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was classified into three stages: (1) CPR
      with temporary cardiac output; (2) CPR primarily successful with spontaneous
      rhythm and a palpable pulse; (3) CPR, definitely successful resulting in the
      patient's discharge from the hospital without important neurological sequelae.
      All patients are grouped according to the disease underlying the CA. The
      performance of bystander CPR was recorded. The influence the factors sex, age,
      response time, cardiac rhythm, location of the collapse and period of
      investigation (1st year, 2nd year, 3rd year) had on the outcome was analyzed.
      RESULTS. Eighty-nine patients (32.96%) had a temporary cardiac output; 56
      patients (20.74%) were primarily successfully resuscitated; and 12 patients
      (4.44%) survived without important neurological sequelae. Most of the diseases
      underlying the CA were in the internal disease group. Only 16 cases of bystander
      CPR performance were recorded. In the group with primarily successful CPR,
      significantly important factors arose with the increasing CPR success rate due to
      the period of investigation (1st year: 10.00%, 2nd year: 19.61%, 3rd year:
      30.77%) and due to cardiac rhythm "ventricular fibrillation" (34.62%) and
      "asystole" (11.88%). Furthermore, significantly important factors were found for
      definite CPR success when comparing males (1.72%) and females (10.64%) and
      comparing the location of the collapse "in public places" (9.80%) and "at home"
      (2.00%). CONCLUSION. Our study shows that in spite of installing a MICU, the
      outcome of CPR is poor without supplementary measures. We consider that
      systematically teaching the public about basic life support measures and teaching
      medical students about emergency medicine will lead to a better CPR success rate
      in combination with continuing education of the MICU personnel.

PMID- 2278365
TI  - [Etomidate using a new solubilizer. Experimental clinical studies on venous
      tolerance and bioavailability].
AB  - Pain following intravenous injection as well as thrombophlebitis are substantial
      side effects of etomidate that have been reported from the first clinical study
      (1972-1973) onwards. Investigations of our own and by Gran et al. have pointed
      out that injectable etomidate with intralipid as a solvent removes side effects
      without impairing the good hypnotic action. The idea of using a lipid emulsion as
      a solvent was presented a few years later, inducing two further studies. METHOD.
      Both pharmacodynamic (continuous EEG registration) and pharmacokinetic
      [determination (HPLC) of plasma levels of the active substance] investigations
      were carried out on volunteers. At random 16 volunteers received etomidate in
      propylene glycol or etomidate in lipid emulsion for general anesthesia. A dose of
      0.3 mg kg-1 was given over 60 s. In a clinical study 100 patients were divided
      into two independent groups of 50 each. They received either the commercially
      available etomidate in 35% propylene glycol (group I) or the new formulation
      containing 20 mg etomidate in 10 ml of a lipid-emulsion (Lipofundin MCT 20%)
      (group II). A dose of 0.3 mg kg-1 etomidate was given. RESULTS. There was a
      higher concentration of etomidate for 8 min after injection in lipid emulsion
      compared with etomidate in propylene glycol. The plasma concentration of
      etomidate (200 ng/ml) correlates with C2 corresponding to the light sleep stage
      after etomidate in propylene glycol, but with D0 according to the deep sleep
      stage after etomidate in lipid emulsion. At lower plasma concentrations, the
      hypnotic action of etomidate in propylene glycol is stronger than the effect of
      the lipid emulsion. This result means that it is possible that a part of the
      etomidate remains in the lipid particles. In the clinical study the anesthetic
      induction time was nearly identical in both groups; blood pressure and heart rate
      were stable. Following etomidate in propylene glycol, 36% of the patients
      complained of a painful injection. On the first postoperative day, 9 of 47
      patients showed signs of phlebitis and three others thrombosis. On the 7th day a
      venous reaction was evident in 22% of these patients; 2 patients had developed
      phlebitis, 5 thrombosis and 4 thrombophlebitis. After etomidate in lipid
      emulsion, there were no signs of local irritation. The same results have been
      obtained in the study with volunteers. CONCLUSION. Two unpleasant side effects of
      etomidate, pain on injection and postoperative thrombophlebitis, were abolished
      by the solvent "lipid emulsion".

PMID- 2278366
TI  - [Myocardial metabolism during the pre-ischemic administration of metabolic
      myocardial protection in coronary surgical patients].
AB  - Metabolic myocardial preservation by means of preischemic insulin administration
      (glucose-potassium-insulin, GPI; acute parenteral alimentation, APA) with the aim
      of a preischemic myocardial glycogen enrichment was performed in 20 consecutive
      CABG patients (12 in the APA group, 8 in the control group). Before and after 30
      min of an infusion (APA or 0.9% NaCl solution), blood levels of potassium,
      glucose, NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) and lactate were determined from
      arterial (a), central venous (cv) and coronary sinus (cs) blood. The cs potassium
      level in the APA group decreased from 4.06 to 3.56 mmol/l, whereas in the control
      group an increase from 3.78 to 4.36 mmol/l occurred. The difference between the
      two groups (interaction) was significant, p less than 0.002. The myocardial
      glucose extraction (a-cs difference) in the APA group increased from 3.83 to
      10.08 mg/dl, whereas in the control group a change from 3.37 to 0.87 mg/dl
      occurred (p less than 0.0003). The myocardial NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids)
      extraction in the APA group decreased from 0.25 to -0.06 mmol/l, whereas in the
      control group no change (0.08 to 0.13 mmol/l) occurred (p less than 0.05). The
      myocardial lactate extraction in the APA group increased from 0.13 to 0.70
      mmol/l, whereas in the control group no change occurred (0.47 to 0.51 mmol/l),
      interaction p less than 0.0001. It is concluded that a preischemic insulin
      administration (APA) for metabolic preservation leads to: (1) myocardial
      potassium extraction, obviously caused by intracellular potassium shifting; (2)
      increased myocardial glucose extraction; (3) decreased myocardial NEFA
      extraction, the last two obviously caused by a shift of the myocardial metabolism
      from predominant lipolysis to predominantly glycolysis; and (4) surprisingly,
      increased myocardial lactate extraction (decreased lactate production), obviously
      caused by the avoidance of a myocardial lactate accumulation by way of stimulated
      pyruvate oxidation. Increased anaerobically, available ATP without myocardial
      lactate production must be considered a metabolic contribution to myocardial
      protection against ischemic damage.

PMID- 2278367
TI  - [The intraoperative use of falipamil (AQ-A39), a new calcium antagonist with
      specific bradytropic properties].
AB  - Tachycardia caused by surgical stimulation can compromise the myocardial oxygen
      balance and may also lead to a reduction of cardiac output. Conventional drugs
      with negative chronotropic effects also cause reduction of inotropy. Recent so
      called specific bradytropic agents are expected to act merely upon chronotropy
      without affecting pressure of the systemic or coronary circulation. The goal of
      this study was to investigate the effects of a calcium channel blocker.
      Falipamil, on the circulation controlling excessive intraoperative tachycardia.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS. In this study 15 patients, aged 32 to 73 years, mean 55 +/-
      12 were investigated. The cardiac risk classes included classification I-III,
      according to Goldman. The patients underwent major abdominal or thoracoabdominal
      operations. Monitoring consisted of a radial arterial cannula, as well as a 7
      French Swan-Ganz catheter, which was introduced via the internal jugular vein.
      Determination of cardiac output was done using the thermodilution technique with
      a Kimray Medical Association Oklahoma City model 3500; related indexes were
      calculated. Electrophysiological data were read from the ECG. The recorded QT
      interval was corrected for heart rate according to the formula of Hegglin and
      Holzmann. Anesthesia consisted of premedication with diazepam, 0.1 mg/kg, 1 h
      preoperatively. Anesthesia was induced with thiopentone, 5 mg/kg, and fentanyl,
      1.5 micrograms/kg. After giving 1 mg alcuronium, succinylcholine, 1 mg/kg, was
      used for intubation. Anesthesia was continued using ventilation with O2: N2O 1:2
      and intermittent doses of fentanyl and alcuronium. When tachycardia occurred at a
      rate higher than 100 beats per minute, a dose of 2 micrograms/kg fentanyl was
      administered to deepen the anesthesia. If this had no influence, control readings
      were taken and subsequently falipamil 2 mg/kg was injected. After that the
      hemodynamic parameters were monitored for 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 20 min. Statistical
      analysis was performed using the analyses of variance, followed by the Newman
      Keuls test. The level of significance was p less than 0.05. RESULTS. The means
      and standard deviations of the hemodynamic parameters following induction of
      anesthesia (0) and at the peak rate are shown in Table 1. The mean increase in
      heart rate at that time was 38 +/- 18% and the QT and RR interval were reduced
      concomitantly. Both times the QT measured and the QT corrected for rate did not
      significantly differ from each other. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2278368
TI  - [Tube-free translaryngeal superposed jet ventilation].
AB  - Microsurgical operations on the larynx require sufficient space for the surgeon
      in order to achieve the best surgical result. After preliminary experimental
      studies we integrated two jets of a specific size into the Kleinsasser tube.
      Simultaneously, we developed a "superimposed jet-ventilation system", which
      consists of a low-frequency jet ventilation and superimposed high-frequency jet
      ventilation. Respiration was maintained with a mixture of oxygen and air, whereby
      an additional increase in air and volume via the Kleinsasser tube, which is open
      on the outside, can be sustained on account of the Venturi effect. We tested this
      tubeless translaryngeal superimposed jet-ventilation system in 48 patients.
      Anesthesia was carried out by continuous intravenous administration of Propofol
      and intermittent doses of Sufentanil and Vecuronium as required. The clinical
      results showed optimal ventilation without hypercapnia. The arterial pC0(2)
      levels were below 42 mmHg. The arterial p0(2) levels were above 120 mmHg with a
      FIO2 of 40%. No complications were observed with regard to respiration during any
      of the operations. The surgeon had optimal conditions to carry out the operation.
      Because of the absence of a plastic tube, inhalation anesthetics and nitrous
      oxide, laryngeal laser surgery is another field of application for which this
      form of tubeless jet ventilation is excellently suited. We tested it with 12
      patients, and no complications due to laser anesthesia were observed. We consider
      this form of a tubeless superimposed translaryngeal jet ventilation to be a great
      improvement in microlaryngeal surgery.

PMID- 2278369
TI  - [The automated determination of the dibucaine number using the Greiner G450
      selective analyzer. A routine parameter of significance?].
AB  - Patients who are homozygous for an atypical pseudocholinesterase enzyme (PCHE)
      suffer a prolonged neuromuscular block after succinylcholine application. In
      order to determine which patients have atypical PCHE preoperatively, an automated
      method using the Greiner G450 analyzer was developed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The
      contribution of blocked and unblocked PCHE by dibucaine hydrochloride (optimal
      concentration 10(-4) mol/l;) was determined in 113 patients (ASA groups 1-2) and
      the dibucaine number (DN) was evaluated. RESULTS: According to the DN, the
      patients were subdivided into three groups: group A (PCHE 5.01 +/- 1.64 kU/l, DN
      74.47 +/- 0.87); group B (PCHE 4.28 +/- 3.41 kU/l, DN 64.95 +/- 3.41); group C
      (PCHE 1.33 +/- 0.54 kU/l, DN 13.08 +/- 2.19;). PCHE and DN of group A
      corresponded with normal standard values, whereas the patients in groups B and C
      could be considered to be patients with heterozygous and homozygous atypical
      PCHE, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that an automated analysis of
      blocked and unblocked PCHE with the Greiner G450 can be easily done in a routine
      laboratory. By interpreting the DN, the possible risks of delayed succinylcholine
      degradation can probably be prevented.

PMID- 2278370
TI  - [Tramadol in postoperative pain therapy. Patient-controlled analgesia versus
      continuous infusion].
AB  - Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a well-proven procedure for individual pain
      relief in the post-operative period. Despite its superior approach regarding
      pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations, PCA equipment is not
      available to many in the clinical practice. The goal of this study was to compare
      the efficacy and safety of PCA with continuous infusion (CI), an easily feasible
      method, using tramadol (T) as a centrally acting opioid with minor side effects
      on circulation and ventilation. METHODS: The study was conducted on 20 ASA I or
      II patients aged 20-60 years undergoing gynecological operations under
      standardized general anesthesia. They were randomly allocated to two groups
      receiving i.v. T for postoperative pain relief via Lifecare PCA 4200 Infuser.
      Group 1 (G1, PCA, n = 10): loading dose 3 mg/kg T, demand dose 30 mg T, lock-out
      time 5 min, concurrent infusion 5 mg/h T; group 2 (G2, CI, n = 10): loading dose
      3 mg/kg T, continuous infusion 0.35 mg/kg per h T. If the analgesia was
      inadequate, additional doses of 50 mg T were available in G2. During a mean trial
      period of 20 h, the heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and blood gas
      analysis were documented. The plasma levels of T and beta-endorphins were
      determined. The quality of analgesia was assessed by using a verbal and a visual
      analogue scale. RESULTS: The mean applied doses of T were 339 +/- 100 mg and 364
      +/- 46 mg (G1 and G2, respectively) after 6 h and 565 +/- 243 mg and 707 +/- 139
      mg (G1 and G2, respectively) in total (NS). Interindividual differences were
      substantial in G1. Five patients in G2 required an additional dose of 50 mg T.
      Pain scores decreased rapidly in both groups. The pain relief achieved was
      comparable and excellent after 6 h. The next morning, G2 reported significantly
      better analgesia in accordance with the higher availability of T as CI during the
      sleeping period. Mean plasma T levels were 994 +/- 440 ng/ml and 1170 +/- 357
      ng/ml (G1 and G2, respectively). No correlation was found between T-levels and
      pain scores. The plasma levels of beta-endorphins were substantially elevated
      after the operation. They returned to normal during T-administration in both
      groups. No correlation was found between plasma levels of beta-endorphins and
      pain scores or T-consumption. Hemodynamic changes were minor and without clinical
      significance. PaO2 and paCO2 remained within small deviations from the
      physiological range. The respiratory rate, which was initially increased, dropped
      slightly in both groups. A high incidence of nausea and vomiting was observed,
      starting in the early phase of the loading dose. CONCLUSIONS: T is well suitable
      for postoperative pain relief after major gynecological surgery using both PCA
      and CI. PCA ensures adjustment of the medication to the individual demand,
      whereas CI provides better analgesia after sleeping periods. We recommend
      antiemetic prophylaxis before treatment with T.

PMID- 2278371
TI  - [The effects of propofol bolus administration on the intracranial pressure in
      craniocerebral trauma].
AB  - Previous investigations have revealed that propofol has a beneficial effect on
      intracranial dynamics in patients undergoing elective neurosurgery. In the
      present study we evaluated the impact of propofol in patients with normal or
      compromised intracranial compliance. METHODS. Epidural ICP probes were implanted
      in 14 patients with head injury. The heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP),
      intracranial pressure (ICP) and end-tidal CO2 were recorded continuously, and
      propofol was given in doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg; there were 15 min between
      each application. The data were evaluated 1, 2, 5 and 10 min after each
      application. The patients were allocated to group I (ICP less than 20 mmHg) or
      group II (ICP greater than 20 mmHg) according to their ICP baseline level. A
      statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. A P value of less than 0.05
      was regarded as significant. RESULTS. In group I decreases in MAP at all
      measuring points were detected with 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg propofol; ICP with 1.0 and
      2.0 mg/kg and CPP with 2.0 mg/kg fell significantly. In group II MAP decreased
      with all doses studied, as did ICP with 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg; however, CPP was not
      particularly influenced. CONCLUSION. Propofol decreased ICP in patients with
      normal and compromised intracranial compliance, particularly with 2.0 mg/kg. As
      the responses to the hypotensive effects of propofol were mild and almost similar
      in both groups, no inadvertent CPP drops were observed with any of the doses
      studied. Thus, propofol as a bolus can be used safely for the sedation of ICU
      patients with head injury and normal or compromised intracranial compliance.

PMID- 2278372
TI  - [Noradrenaline in the "high output-low resistance" state of patients with
      abdominal sepsis].
AB  - We investigated the impact of norepinephrine administration on hemodynamics,
      oxygen metabolism and renal function in patients in severe septic shock. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS. Twenty-six patients with extremely low resistance who were between
      24 and 87 years of age were included in the study. In 7 patients, acute
      necrotizing pancreatitis and superinfection was diagnosed; 19 patients suffered
      from diffuse peritonitis. The entrance criteria for the study were: a mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) of below 60 torr or, in chronic hypertensive patients, a
      decrease in systolic pressure of more than 50 torr compared to previous values,
      despite volume optimization, and dopamine greater than 20 micrograms/kg per min
      and cumulative doses of dopamine/dobutamine greater than 30 micrograms/kg per
      min, respectively. Cases with tachycardia greater than 140/min were also included
      in the study even when the inotropic medication dose was lower. After
      registration of baseline values, dopamine was reduced to 2.5 micrograms/kg per
      min, and norepinephrine was administered starting at a dose rate of 0.05
      micrograms/kg per min, until a MAP of greater than 60 torr could be maintained.
      RESULTS. Of the 26 patients investigated, 16 survived; 10 patients with
      persisting sepsis died due to multiple organ failure (mortality: 38.5%). During
      the study period, a norepinephrine dosage ranging between 0.1 and 2 micrograms/kg
      per min was necessary to stabilize the arterial pressure. The mean dose rate was
      0.3 micrograms/kg per min. The mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular
      resistance index showed a statistically significant increase of 30 and 20%,
      respectively, just after 1 h and distinctly remained above the initial values in
      the further course. The cardiac index remained constant or increased slightly.
      After 24 h a statistically significant increase in stroke volume and a decrease
      in heart rate could be observed. Creatinine clearance increased significantly
      from the control value of 73 +/- 48 ml/min to 114 +/- 37 ml/min after 48 h under
      norepinephrine treatment. O2-delivery and O2-consumption did not change
      significantly, although they showed a slight tendency to increase. CONCLUSION.
      When patients are in a septic high output-low resistance condition, particular
      attention must be paid to maintaining sufficient mean arterial pressures. Our
      results suggest that this essential goal can be achieved by norepinephrine. The
      mean arterial pressure and glomerular filtration rate improved markedly, and
      there was no evidence of bad effects such as an increased afterload on critical
      parameters like cardiac index, O2-delivery and O2-consumption.

PMID- 2278373
TI  - [Acute lung failure following thoracic trauma].
AB  - Pulmonary failure is almost always present in the early or late phase of multiple
      organ failure (MOF). Acute lung failure (ALF) is a uniquely constant response to
      direct or indirect insults to the lung. Increased pulmonary microvascular
      permeability (PMVP) is associated with the onset of lung permeability edema, the
      hallmark of ALF. The sequence of PMVP and the development of ALF caused by direct
      insults are studied. METHODS. A series of 255 trauma patients admitted to our
      intensive care unit (ICU) from 1987 to 1988 were enrolled in this prospective
      study. ALF was defined as stage III of the Posttraumatic Pulmonary Insufficiency
      Score; sepsis syndrome, according to Montgomery; organ failure, as stage II of
      the MOF score, and MOF was recorded when at least two organs had failed. Thoracic
      injury and aspiration were expected as direct, sepsis and shock alone as indirect
      insults to the lung. A computerized large field of view gamma camera was used to
      measure PMVP simultaneously over both lungs by means of 113mIn-transferrin and
      99mTc-erythrocytes. The pulmonary microvascular permeability index (PMVPI; %/h)
      was used to quantify PMVP in the dynamic scintigraphic measurement. RESULTS. Of
      the 255 trauma patients (ISS = 33.9 +/- 18.7), 21% (52) patients (ISS = 41 +/-
      17.8) developed ALF. 50 (or 96%) of the ALF patients developed MOF in addition,
      and 27 (72%) of the patients with directly induced ALF developed sepsis syndrome
      later. Direct lung injury was present in 77% (37) of the patients with
      posttraumatic ALF. Thoracic injury was the main cause of ALF: 58% (30) of 52
      patients with ALF had a thoracic injury, which was true of only 30% of the non
      ALF group (P less than 0.05). 33 (or 89%) of the ALF patients with direct injury
      developed ALF less than 72 h after injury (early ALF), and only 11% (4) later
      than 72 h after injury (late ALF). Indirect injury of the lung was present in 22%
      (12) of the patients with posttraumatic ALF. Indirectly induced ALF occurred in
      less than 72 h in 36% (4) and more than 72 h after injury in 64% (7) trauma
      patients. PMVP was determined in 21 of the 30 patients with thoracic injury.
      Initial evaluation of these patients with direct induced ALF showed significantly
      elevated (P less than 0.01) PMVP for the traumatized (PMVPI = 10.8 +/- 5.1%/h)
      but normal values for the nontraumatized lung (PMVPI = 3.9 +/- 3.4%/h), whereas 4
      days later the PMVP increased significantly (P less than 0.05) on the primarily
      healthy side (PMVPI = 8.0 +/- 5.0%/h) while remaining elevated for the
      traumatized lung (PMVPI = 10.9 +/- 6.0%/h). In the control group the PMVPI was
      2.6 +/- 2.8%/h for the right and 2.0 +/- 2.8%/h for the left lung. Similar values
      were found in mechanically ventilated ICU patients without ALF. DISCUSSION.
      Direct injury seems to be the dominant mechanism for early manifestation (less
      than 72 h) of posttraumatic ALF. The thoracic trauma seems to damage the
      pulmonary endothelium directly, thus increasing PMVP in a circumscribed region.
      An overwhelming inflammatory response may cause the later increase in PMVP in the
      primarily healthy lung areas.

PMID- 2278374
TI  - [The course of extravascular lung water in severely injured patients in intensive
      care with and without thoracic trauma].
AB  - In patients with multiple injuries, the development of permeability edema can be
      assumed. However, no uniform shape of this fluid accumulation can be found even
      in the presence of severe injuries. Based on the first clinical observations, our
      aim was to search for correlations between the development of extravascular lung
      water (EVLW) and the individual injury pattern in severely traumatized ICU
      patients. PATIENTS and METHODS. Our investigations were performed in 48
      artificially ventilated ICU patients. According to the prevailing injury pattern
      patients were divided into three groups: group A: 18 patients (mean age: 32
      years, mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) = 29) with isolated thoracic trauma;
      group B: 10 patients (mean age: 27 years, mean ISS = 42) with severe multiple
      trauma but without any thoracic injury; group C: 20 patients (mean age: 33 years,
      mean ISS = 43) with severe multiple trauma and concomitant thoracic trauma. In
      all patients (group A, B, C), EVLW was determined by means of a double indicator
      method on a daily basis from the patient's admission to the ICU (day of trauma)
      until day 10. Additionally, the hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, mean arterial
      pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
      and cardiac index) were determined at the same time. RESULTS. As shown in Fig 1,
      EVLW was slightly elevated on day 1. However, on day 2 EVLW decreased within
      normal values and remained in that range until the end of the observation period.
      On day 3 a slight and fleeting increase of EVLW, but within normal range, can be
      seen. In group B (Fig.2), EVLW can be observed within normal range within a
      period of 4 days. Starting from day 5 until day 7 a marked increase (p greater
      than 0.01) in EVLW can be seen. From that maximum point EVLW development reverses
      slightly until day 10--however, without returning to the normal range. In group
      C, a marked biphasic pattern can be seen due to EVLW maximum values on post
      traumatic days 3 and 7. However, in this group the EVLW was in the pathological
      range during the whole observation period. No statistically significant
      differences could be seen, when looking at hemodynamic variables. CONCLUSION.
      Isolated thoracic trauma will not lead to a marked pathological elevation of EVLW
      within the lungs. Moreover, EVLW decreases rapidly within a short time period.
      Based on our results, it seems that severe extrathoracic injuries will intensify
      microvascular injury in the initial period, as shown in our patients in group C.
      Increase of EVLW at a later time (day 7), as observed in groups B and C, is
      possibly the expression of a mediator and activator-induced "septiformal" injury
      of the microvascular endothelium. This may be caused by the underlying massive
      peripheral soft-tissue trauma. Specific elevations of EVLW subsequent to the
      individual injury pattern can indicate that that process has begun and is
      responsible for the origin of the microvascular injuries.

PMID- 2278375
TI  - [Hemofiltration in acute kidney failure. Experiences of a surgical intensive care
      station].
AB  - Until recently acute renal failure (ARF) in critically ill patients has been
      known to have a very poor prognosis, particularly when associated with multiple
      organ failure (MOF). Mortality rates for ARF in combination with at least two
      other failing organ systems have ranged over 90%. Despite the use of intermittent
      hemodialysis no better outcome was possible until continuous arteriovenous
      hemofiltration (CAVH) was introduced by Kramer in 1977. From several
      extracorporeal clearance methods we chose to evaluate the pump-driven
      intermittent venovenous hemofiltration (HF) system in the ICU and its effect on
      mortality in MOF. PATIENTS and METHODS. Over a period of 39 months we evaluated
      63 patients, 58 of them with MOF undergoing altogether 532 sessions of HF. The
      reason for the development of ARF was prerenal in 47% (circulatory shock,
      hypovolemia), renal in 43% (septic) and other problems in 10% (ARDS, cardiac
      failure). After special optimizing therapy for patients with ARF (10), HF was
      required for treatment as defined by a serum creatinine greater than 3 mg/dl (BUN
      greater than 150 mg/dl), oliguria of less than 30 ml/h or a creatinine clearance
      of less than 20 ml/min. Vascular access was obtained by a double lumen venous
      cannula inserted into the subclavian vein. HF was performed by a machine equipped
      with 3 roller pumps and an electronic fluid equilibration system using a hollow
      fiber filter running for 6-8 h. The average flow of ultrafiltrate was 74 ml/min.
      RESULTS. The average decrease per hemofiltration of creatinine levels was 1.97 +/
      0.77 mg/dl, of BUN 73.5 +/- 28.3 mg/dl. Moreover, we noticed decreasing platelet
      counts, fibrinogen and osmolarity levels, as well as a slight increase in pH
      values. Mortality was 37%. DISCUSSION. When comparing HF with other clearance
      methods such as hemodialysis there are some remarkable advantages: easier
      handling of the fluid and electrolyte balance; the possibility of total i.v.
      alimentation in septic, hypercatabolic patients, safe and precise administration
      of antibiotics, glycosides and sedatives because of their highly predictable and
      steady elimination rates throughout HF; last but not least, the removal of renal
      and vasoactive toxins. There was practically no impairment of the cardiovascular
      system during HF. Our experiences in the ICU show that HF has been successfully
      used with decreasing mortality. This kind of treatment improved the fate of the
      critically ill patient with ARF alone or combined with MOF to the extent that the
      patient's prognosis was excellent if the main surgical problems could be solved.

PMID- 2278376
TI  - [Is TNF-alpha "ripe" for routine diagnosis in sepsis?].
AB  - Mortality of the septic syndrome is around 40-60% and can rise to 100% if
      multiple organ failure (MOF) develops. It is generally assumed that the high
      mortality of sepsis can only be reduced by early diagnosis and prevention of
      subsequent MOF. The aim of our study was to investigate the validity of routine
      TNF-alpha determination for the diagnosis of septicemia and, in combination with
      clinical scoring systems [MOF score and Acute Physiological and Therapeutic
      Intervention Score (APATIS)], to define a "therapeutic window" during which an
      anti-TNF-alpha agent could be applied with the greatest chance of success.
      METHODS. TNF-alpha serum levels were measured and APATIS and MOF scores were
      calculated daily in 87 ICU patients. TNF-alpha serum levels were determined by
      means of an immunoradiometric assay (TNF-alpha IRMA, Medgenix, Belgium). Sepsis
      was diagnosed in 24 patients according to clinical criteria. To quantify the
      severity of sepsis, we set up the APATIS. The MOF score was used to assess the
      severity of MOF. Data were analyzed using the SAS software package (SAS
      Institute, Cary, N.C.) and are expressed as mean +/- SEM. RESULTS. The mean
      values of all sequential TNF-alpha determinations were significantly higher in
      the septic patients compared to the nonseptic patients (73.2 +/- 4.3 vs 8.5 +/-
      0.4 pg/ml; P less than 0.01). Similarly, the maximum TNF-alpha values were
      significantly higher in the septic group (156.9 +/- 26.5 vs 20.1 +/- 1.3 pg/ml; P
      less than 0.01). To differentiate between sepsis and nonsepsis we set the cut-off
      point at a TNF-alpha serum level of 40 pg/ml and calculated a sensitivity of
      70.8%, a specificity of 98%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 91.3%. None of the
      patients with a maximum TNF-alpha level above 250 pg/ml survived. Mortality was
      80% above a maximum TNF-alpha serum concentration of 200 pg/ml, whereas only 40%
      of patients with a TNF-alpha maximum below 150 pg/ml died. The mean APATIS and
      MOF scores were significantly higher for septic than for nonseptic patients
      (APATIS: 20.3 +/- 0.5 vs 8.1 +/- 0.2 and MOF: 9.8 +/- 0.1 vs 4.6 +/- 0.1). To
      differentiate between survival and nonsurvival, we set the cut-off point at 25
      for APATIS and calculated a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 93%. At a MOF
      score of 8, the sensitivity was 89% and the specificity 82%. In our series
      cumulative mortality at a maximum MOF of less than 8 was 4% and at MOF greater
      than 10, 68%. We found an interval of 2.9 +/- 0.9 days between the time TNF-alpha
      serum levels first exceeded 40 pg/ml and the development of severe MOF (MOF
      greater than 10) in 13 patients. CONCLUSION. Sequential TNF-alpha serum level
      determinations are useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of septicemia. We found
      an interval of 3 days between rising TNF-alpha serum levels and the development
      of severe MOF. This latency may represent the "therapeutic window" during which
      an anti-TNF-alpha-agent, e.g., a monoclonal anti-TNF-alpha-antibody, could be
      applied as a therapeutic consequence.

PMID- 2278378
TI  - [PC-based computer monitoring in an intensive care unit].
AB  - The lack of direct communication with the intensive care patient means the
      medical staff have to try to achieve a realistic picture of the condition of the
      patient from numerous pieces of detailed information fitted together something
      like a jigsaw. The immense amount of data thus gained means an overall
      interpretation of the many individual data would be hardly imaginable without the
      use of a computer. PC networks in conjunction with a high-level language provide
      an ideal basis for building up a background monitoring system that can be used at
      the bedside. Simple PC-ATs and software developed in house in Turbo-Pascal have
      enabled us to realize a useful and very economical computer-aided background
      monitoring system. Any online and offline data important for an operative
      critical care unit can be collected, documented, displayed and processed in
      secondary parameters.

PMID- 2278379
TI  - Cytogenetic methods for the mouse: preparation of chromosomes, karyotyping, and
      in situ hybridization.
AB  - The ability to examine the chromosomes of murine cells is rapidly becoming
      essential to the mouse molecular geneticist. Although these technologies exist,
      the protocols are scattered throughout the literature, and in some cases
      different protocols exist for the same procedure. We attempt here both to augment
      and to consolidate this body of work. This review provides a complete set of
      procedures for manipulating mouse chromosomes. Prospective sources of metaphase
      chromosomes are discussed and detailed protocols are outlined for their
      preparation and characterization. We assume that the reader has little or no
      cytogenetic background and have included a troubleshooting guide to assist the
      process. Protocols for in situ hybridization to metaphase spreads that allow the
      rapid localization of sequences using nonradioactive probes are also included.
      Variations in the protocols described here abound and alternatives are indicated.

PMID- 2278377
TI  - [Continuous application of morphine is more effective than a bolus administration
      in the postoperative analgesia and sedation of children].
AB  - In ventilated children the cardiorespiratory and metabolic reserve capacities can
      be extremely limited. Therefore, these children have low thresholds of tolerance
      for additional stress factors. One of the most obvious aims in the critical
      postoperative period after heart surgery in children is protection of the
      cardiorespiratory system against stress reactions. Pain and restlessness are such
      stress factors. The aim of this study was to identify the most effective form for
      the application of opiates for analgesia and sedation. The randomized study was
      performed in 12 ventilated normothermic children after intracardiac surgery. No
      child was catecholamine-dependent. The biometric and clinical data are shown in
      Table 1. After stabilization of cardiorespiratory functions in the early
      postoperative period, the effects on VO2 of morphine hydrochloride, infused
      continuously (group I, 0.5-1.0 microgram/kg per min), and morphine administered
      as bolus injections on demand (group II, 0.05 mg/kg) were compared. The mean
      arterial blood pressure, heart rate, body temperatures and blood gases were
      measured during a 6-h period in the postoperative intensive care unit. During
      this time VO2 measurements were done continuously with the DELTATRAC Metabolic
      Monitor 100 (Datex). Mean values were calculated hourly (T1-T7). In addition, a
      scoring system according to recently published data was used hourly. Mean values
      and standard deviations (SD) were calculated and comparisons were carried out
      with paired two-tailed t-tests. Probability values below 0.05 were considered to
      indicate statistical significance. The study was accepted by the ethical
      committee. The score used for postoperative pain showed no difference between the
      two treated groups. Nevertheless, in the course of VO2, shown in Fig. 1, a
      difference between groups was detected. During the first hour of the
      investigation, VO2 increased in both groups. Thereafter, VO2 was significantly
      lower under continuous morphine application than under bolus injections. VO2
      decreased slowly under both regimes but remained significantly lower under
      continuous application. Continuous application of morphine was more effective in
      sparing VO2 than bolus injections in ventilated children after cardiac surgery.
      We conclude that continuous application of morphine represents stress prevention
      whereas bolus application of morphine is stress therapy. From the clinical point
      of view it is more effective to prevent than to treat pain and other stress
      factors in pediatric patients.

PMID- 2278381
TI  - Use of water-soluble 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide for the
      fluorescent determination of uronic acids and carboxylic acids.
AB  - Reaction between glucuronic acid and 1-ethyl-3-(3
      dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) was monitored by the o-phthalaldehyde
      (OPA) method, which was developed for the fluorescent assay of compounds
      containing an amino group. About 1 nmol of glucuronic acid was detected by this
      method. This EDC-OPA method was effective in detecting not only acidic sugar but
      also carboxylic acid. Although the sensitivity of the EDC-OPA method was somewhat
      lower than that of amino acid determination by OPA, a very simple and convenient
      assay was attained for compounds containing a carboxyl group.

PMID- 2278380
TI  - Isocratic reverse-phase liquid chromatography assay for amino acid metabolic
      disorders using eluates of dried blood spots.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous
      determination of the amino acids methionine, valine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,
      isoleucine, and leucine extracted from dried blood spots used in neonatal
      screening is described. The amino acids are eluted from a 3-mm filter paper disc
      of dried blood with an absolute ethanol:norleucine internal standard solution
      (1.5:1, v/v), derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde prior to injection, and separated
      on a C-18 reverse-phase column with subsequent fluorescent detection. The
      analysis time is under 9 min at the described sample dilution and the assay is
      linear from 15 to 300 mumols/liter for five of the amino acids and from 15 to 500
      mumols/liter for valine. The interrun coefficients of variation are less than 10%
      (except for tryptophan) and the analytical recoveries exceed 85%. Results from
      patient samples correlate well with those from a Waters Pico-Tag amino acid
      analysis system and no apparent interferences were encountered. The rapid
      analysis time and the specificity of the assay will facilitate the presumptive
      diagnosis of the inherited amino acidopathies phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine
      disease, and homocystinuria/methioninemia as well as monitoring blood levels of
      diagnosed patients.

PMID- 2278383
TI  - An ultrafiltration assay for nucleotide binding to ribonucleotide reductase.
AB  - Direct partition through ultrafiltration was applied to develop a method for the
      study of nucleotide binding to ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli.
      The assay involved a 0.5- to 1-min centrifugation step where bound and unbound
      nucleotides are separated over an ultrafiltration membrane. No effects were seen
      due to hyperconcentration of protein at the membrane surface. The method was
      verified by measuring binding of dATP, ATP, dTTP, dGTP, and GDP at 25 and 4
      degrees C with dissociation constants ranging from 0.1 to 80 microM. The results
      were in good agreement with earlier data obtained by other techniques and extend
      our knowledge in the case of ATP and dGTP binding at 25 degrees C.

PMID- 2278382
TI  - Separation of DNA fragments by high-resolution ion-exchange chromatography on a
      nonporous QA column.
AB  - A nonporous QA column (a strong anion exchanger) was used for HPLC of DNA
      fragments. This column was successfully employed to separate small (ca. 10 bp)
      and intermediate size (ca. 10 kbp) DNA fragments from each other. The column also
      separated double-stranded DNA from its single-stranded form, and circular DNA
      molecules from linear ones. The entire separation process was completed within 60
      min. The recovery of DNA fragments in each run was above 95%. High resolution was
      obtained both at an analytical level (microgram scale) and at a preparative level
      (100 micrograms scale). In view of time efficiency, recovery, and resolution, the
      nonporous QA column is superior to other porous ion-exchange columns and expected
      to be a very useful tool in molecular biological studies.

PMID- 2278384
TI  - Increased resolution of large DNA fragments by a two dimensional pulse field gel
      electrophoresis.
AB  - An electrophoretic method for separating well-defined large DNA fragments from
      higher and lower molecular weight molecules is described. It combines in a first
      dimension either a contour-clamped homogeneous electric field or an orthogonal
      field alternation gel electrophoresis technique followed by a perpendicular field
      inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) in a second dimension. A complex migration
      curve after the FIGE run is obtained depending on the applied pulse time, the
      forward/reverse ratio being kept constant at 3. However, a part of the curve
      appears as a straight line where the migration is inversely proportional to the
      molecular weight of the DNA fragments. In this zone, DNA molecules are
      particularly well separated from other fragments. When the forward pulse time
      increases, this part is displaced toward the higher molecular weights. Moreover a
      simple relationship between the middle part of the straight line and the forward
      pulse time has been established.

PMID- 2278385
TI  - Determination of dehydroascorbic acid using high-performance liquid
      chromatography with coulometric electrochemical detection.
AB  - A method for the detection of dehydroascorbic acid using high-performance liquid
      chromatography with coulometric electrochemical detection is described. Samples
      were first assayed for ascorbic acid, then reduced with 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol
      to convert dehydroascorbic acid in the sample to ascorbic acid, and subsequently
      reassayed for total ascorbic acid. The dehydroascorbic acid content was the
      difference between the two measurements. The dehydroascorbic acid assay provides
      complete recovery of dehydroascorbic acid, without affecting the ascorbic acid
      content present prior to reduction. The assay is highly sensitive and
      reproducible with both standards and biological samples, and was used for routine
      detection of less than or equal to 1 pmol per sample injection of dehydroascorbic
      acid. Prior to reduction, dehydroascorbic acid standards frozen at -80 degrees C
      were stable for at least 1 month; after reduction, stability was limited to 3
      days. Dehydroascorbic acid was added to human neutrophil samples; the samples
      were reduced and ascorbic acid was measured. Ascorbic acid in these samples was
      stable for greater than or equal to 12 h in a refrigerated autosampler (0-2
      degrees C). With a run time for each sample of only 4 min, multiple samples can
      be prepared and placed in the autosampler for unattended assaying.

PMID- 2278387
TI  - Adapting the polymerase chain reaction to a double-stranded RNA genome.
AB  - We have adapted the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to a double-stranded RNA
      (dsRNA) target without possessing unambiguous sequence information. Infectious
      bursal disease virus of chickens, a member of the binavirus group, has a dsRNA
      genome which is resistant to denaturation and subsequent enzyme modification. The
      only published sequence information was for a strain of virus unavailable to us.
      We have used a quick primer binding assay to select appropriate primers and have
      combined a simple denaturation method with reverse transcription and subsequent
      polymerization using the cDNA template to yield amplified product easily
      detectable by ethidium bromide staining. By varying the times of denaturation,
      annealing, and polymerization and by reducing the total number of amplification
      cycles, artifacts have been eliminated when using purified genome as the
      template. This allowed us to obtain partial sequence information for one viral
      strain. We have enhanced the utility of our method by optimizing a rapid cell
      lysis and capsid digestion protocol such that no purification steps are required
      from initial tissue handling through final PCR product. Total time for all
      procedures involved no more than 6 h. This technique should be applicable to all
      other members of the Birnaviradae family and to any other species of dsRNA.

PMID- 2278386
TI  - Identification and quantitation of corrinoid precursors of cobalamin from
      Pseudomonas denitrificans by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - After initial pretreatment for removal of interfering substances, corrinoid
      precursors of cobalamin from cultures of Pseudomonas denitrificans were separated
      by HPLC with a gradient elution system. In this system, all the following
      compounds are separated in their dicyano form, and retention times are given:
      cobyrinic acid; cobyrinic acid a-amide; cobyrinic acid c-amide; cobyrinic acid g
      amide; cobyrinic acid a,g-diamide; cobyrinic acid c,g-diamide; cobyrinic acid a,c
      diamide; cobyrinic acid a,c,g-triamide; cobyrinic acid triamide, tetraamide, and
      pentaamide isolated from P. denitrificans; cobyric acid; cobinamide; cobinamide
      phosphate; GDP-cobinamide; cyanocobalamin 5'-phosphate; and cyanocobalamin.
      Application of this HPLC method to culture samples of P. denitrificans revealed
      that in this microorganism the level of cobyrinic acid and cobyrinic acid
      monoamide is far lower than that of all other corrinoid precursors of cobalamin
      and suggested that (i) the (R)-1-amino-2-propanol group is incorporated only
      after completion of all the other amidations and (ii) the amidations follow only
      one sequence. The usefulness of this HPLC method was further demonstrated by
      identifying the 57Co-labeled corrinoid precursors of cobalamin accumulated by
      cobalamin-deficient mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A TLC system that
      separates the different corrinoid intermediates (in their dicyano form) and
      cyanocobalamin is also described.

PMID- 2278388
TI  - Quantitation of Cu-containing metallothionein by a Cd-saturation method.
AB  - A rapid and sensitive method for determining Cu-containing metallothionein (MT)
      is described. The main features of this Cd-saturation assay are: high-molecular
      weight Cd-binding compounds are denatured with acetonitrile (50% final
      concentration), Cu bound to MT is removed with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate,
      excessive tetrathiomolybdate and its Cu complexes are removed with DEAE-Sephacel,
      apothionein is saturated with Cd, and excessive Cd is bound to Chelex 100. The
      thiomolybdate assay is capable of reliably detecting 14 ng MT and thus is
      particularly suitable for measuring MT in small tissue samples (e.g., biopsies),
      in extrahepatic tissues, and in cultured cells. Moreover, the combination of the
      thiomolybdate assay with the recently developed Cd-Chelex assay also makes it
      possible to determine the portion of MT which binds Cu (Cu load of MT), provided
      that the amount of non-Cu-thionein exceeds 100 ng, the detection limit of the Cd
      Chelex assay.

PMID- 2278389
TI  - Applications of magnetic beads with covalently attached oligonucleotides in
      hybridization: isolation and detection of specific measles virus mRNA from a
      crude cell lysate.
AB  - A novel, rapid, one-step isolation procedure utilizing oligonucleotides end
      attached to magnetic beads (Dynabeads) has been developed. The beads and their
      captured target nucleic acids were separated after 2 h from the hybridization
      solution using an external magnet. This procedure was used to isolate measles
      virus hemagglutinin (H) mRNA from infected cells dissolved in 5 M guanidine
      thiocyanate. The yield of the specific, undegraded H-mRNA was found to be near
      the estimated total amount of H-mRNA present in the cells. The magnetic beads
      were also used for detection of measles virus H-mRNA in a crude cell lysate by
      sandwich hybridization. The experimental detection limit was 630 amol H-mRNA.

PMID- 2278390
TI  - Phosphorescent zinc sulfide is a nonradioactive alternative for marking
      autoradiograms.
AB  - Phosphorescent zinc sulfide is a nonradioactive alternative for making
      orientation and identification markings on autoradiograms. Measurements with a
      luminometer show that light emission is linear with respect to ZnS concentration.
      A minimum activation time of 5 s has been determined, using an incandescent lamp
      as a light source. Emission decay kinetics show light emissions reached
      background levels within minutes, depending on the ZnS concentration. This time
      period is sufficient for X-ray films to be permanently marked. Because of its
      efficiency and nontoxicity, this autoradiogram marker could be extremely useful
      in many protocols, including high-throughput radioactive DNA sequencing. This
      nonradioactive marker will also be useful in protocols utilizing nonradioactive
      detection systems, such as those calling for biotinylated and chemiluminescent
      probes.

PMID- 2278391
TI  - Determination of 11 alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxo-2,3,4,5,20-pentanor-19
      carboxyprostan oic acid and 9 alpha,11 alpha-dihydroxy-15-oxo-2,3,4,5,20-pentanor
      19-carboxyprostanoi c acid by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization
      triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometry.
AB  - 11 alpha-Hydroxy-9,15-dioxo-2,3,4,5,20-pentanor-19-carboxyprostano ic acid (PGE
      M) and 9 alpha,11 alpha-dihydroxy-15-oxo-2,3,4,5,20-pentanor-19-carboxyprostanoic
      acid (PGF-M) in urine were determined in an isotope dilution assay by gas
      chromatography/triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometry. After addition of the
      2H7-labeled internal standard, O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride in acetate
      buffer was added either directly (PGE-M) or after standing overnight at pH 10
      (PGF-M) to form the methoxime. The sample was acidified to pH 2.5 and PGE-M and
      PGF-M were extracted with ethyl acetate/hexane. Then the prostanoids were
      derivatized to the pentafluorobenzyl ester and purified by thin-layer
      chromatography and the trimethylsilyl ether was formed. The products were
      quantified by gas chromatography/triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometry. For
      PGE-M, the fragment ions m/z 349 and m/z 356 (2H7 standard) (daughter ions of m/z
      637 and m/z 644 (2H7 standard] were used. The results of the PGE-M assay were
      compared with those of an assay using the [2H3]methoxime as the internal
      standard. For determination of PGF-M, the daughter ions m/z 484 and m/z 491 (2H7
      standard) with the parent ions m/z 682 and m/z 689 (2H7 standard) were chosen.

PMID- 2278393
TI  - Pooling and comparing estimates from several experiments of a Michaelis constant
      for an enzyme.
AB  - Often the Michaelis constant of an enzyme will be determined several times. This
      may be done for various reasons such as ensuring reproducibility, comparing
      different enzyme preparations, or examining the effects of variations in
      experimental conditions. In these circumstances, two questions arise. First, how
      can the various estimates of the Michaelis constant be compared to determine
      whether they are the same within the limits of experimental variation? Secondly,
      if they are all the same, how can the values be combined to give an overall
      estimate? These questions are addressed here and a solution proposed in which the
      sets of data are pooled and analyzed with a separate maximum velocity for each
      set but a common Michaelis constant. The pooled data are partitioned in suitable
      ways and reanalyzed to examine, by means of a variance ratio test, whether a
      single Michaelis constant gives a satisfactory fit to the data.

PMID- 2278392
TI  - How to evaluate the distribution of an "invisible" amphiphile between biological
      membranes and water.
AB  - To evaluate the distribution of an amphiphile or its binding to membranes whose
      properties are affected by such binding, it is only necessary to establish to
      what extent the dose-response to the amphiphile depends on the membrane
      concentration. The measured response only needs to reflect local events. This
      method of evaluation does not depend on the precise shape of the dose-response
      curve and is particularly useful for amphiphiles devoid of properties like
      fluorescence or radioactivity which would allow their direct assay. In this work,
      we establish the validity of this approach by comparing it with direct
      conventional determinations. Two parameters are especially suitable for such
      evaluation: the perturbation of an enzyme's activity, produced by many
      amphiphiles, and the fluorescence quenching of membrane-embedded proteins by
      chromophoric amphiphiles through long-range Forster transfer. We illustrate this
      approach in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes containing Ca2(+)-ATPase as the main
      protein constituent. The equilibrium distribution of the antioxidant 4
      nonylphenol was deduced from its inhibition of ATPase activity, whereas the
      equilibrium distribution of the calcium ionophore calcimycin (A23187) and of its
      brominated analog 4-bromo-A23187 were determined from their quenching of ATPase
      fluorescence. Apparent partition coefficients K* in the range of 10(5) (expressed
      as (moles of lipid/liter)-1) were obtained for these highly hydrophobic
      molecules.

PMID- 2278394
TI  - Exponential gradient maker using a disposable syringe.
AB  - With a simple modification, any disposable syringe can become a reliable and easy
      to use exponential gradient maker. The modification consists of two notches, made
      with a razor blade, in the borders of the rubber sealing tip of the plunger. A
      clamp in the tube connected to the syringe allows control over solution flow.
      With the clamp prohibiting drainage, the body of the syringe is filled with the
      desired volume of starting solution I. A magnetic stir bar, small enough to spin
      inside the syringe is included. The notched plunger is introduced until no air
      space remains. This forms the fixed volume, closed mixing chamber, while the rest
      of the volume of the syringe forms the open chamber. The two chambers are
      connected through the notches in the plunger. The ending solution II is poured
      after the introduction of the plunger. Opening the clamp allows solution I in the
      closed chamber to flow out, and the solution II in the open chamber flows through
      the notches and mixes with solution I. This exponential gradient maker can be
      reused many times, but the low cost of the components makes it potentially
      disposable. This feature is especially useful when using toxic chemicals, or when
      pouring polyacrylamide gradient gels, since the apparatus may be disposed of
      after contamination or eventual polymerization.

PMID- 2278395
TI  - Influence of type of linkage and spacer on the interaction of beta-galactoside
      binding proteins with immobilized affinity ligands.
AB  - Affinity chromatography provides a powerful tool for isolation of carbohydrate
      binding proteins. However, the choice of the ligand and spacer has an important
      impact on effectiveness. The influence of several different ligands on
      qualitative and quantitative aspects of the purification of two beta-galactoside
      specific lectins has been evaluated. Sepharose was modified by coupling four
      types of neoglycoproteins (galactosylated or lactosylated bovine serum albumin
      with increasing sugar content) and two naturally occurring asialoglycoproteins at
      similar densities. Carbohydrate ligands at essentially equal density were made
      accessible to the lectins by seven commonly used methods. The yield of mistletoe
      lectin was high when lactosylated neoglycoproteins were used for separation. For
      these resins the sugar incorporation exceeded 10 sugar groups per protein carrier
      molecule. The yield was similarly high with the asialoglycoproteins and with
      lactose; the sugar was coupled to the resin as a p-aminophenyl derivative or by
      means of divinyl sulfone activation. An epoxy group in linkages of galactose or
      lactose decreased the binding capacity. A quantitatively similar degree of
      protein yields was obtained for the beta-galactoside-binding protein of bovine
      heart, although different proteins were obtained when neoglycoproteins were used
      as ligand. The nature of the affinity ligand in lectin purification can increase
      the yield and may also influence the profile of the carbohydrate-binding
      proteins.

PMID- 2278396
TI  - Determination of imipramine and seven of its metabolites in human liver
      microsomes by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method.
AB  - The metabolism of the widely used antidepressant drug imipramine is subject to
      marked interindividual variation. A sensitive and specific reversed-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of
      imipramine and seven of its metabolites in human liver microsomal preparations
      was developed. These metabolites include 10-hydroxy-desipramine, 10
      hydroxyimipramine, 2-hydroxydesipramine, 2-hydroxyimipramine, desipramine,
      didesmethylimipramine, and imipramine N-oxide. The detection limit for imipramine
      and the metabolites was approximately 20 pmol. At concentrations of 100 and 500
      pmol per tube, the reproducibility showed a coefficient of variation less than
      10%, except for the 2-hydroxy-desipramine (16%), 2-hydroxyimipramine (15%), and
      imipramine N-oxide (17%), all three at 100 pmol per tube. Linear standard curves
      were obtained for all the compounds within a concentration range of 50 to 1000
      pmol per tube. This assay will provide a tool to assess the contribution of
      different enzymes to the formation of imipramine metabolites.

PMID- 2278397
TI  - Quantitation of abnormal 67Ga uptake in pulmonary interstitial vascular disease-
      a new test to detect diffuse lung disease.
AB  - Gallium 67 has been used as a modality to diagnose and follow the clinical course
      of diseases such as tumors, infections, inflammatory disorders, and interstitial
      lung disease. It has been appreciated, however, that mild to moderate changes in
      scan activity, when these disorders are followed over time, are less than
      optimal. SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) scanning is a new
      technique designed to obviate this problem. SPECT scanning utilizes computer
      acquisition to provide three-dimensional scanning and the additional benefit of
      colorization to aid in discerning differences of uptake. SPECT scanning was
      performed on 22 patients with interstitial lung disease of various etiologies.
      Additionally, 7 patients had follow-up SPECT scanning to determine their response
      to treatment. Two patients are presented as examples.

PMID- 2278398
TI  - Active drainage of cardiac lymph in relation to reduction in size of myocardial
      infarction: an experimental study.
AB  - Active drainage of cardiac lymph using hyaluronidase was attempted in dogs. The
      results were satisfactory and the ischemic myocardium was salvaged. The infarct
      risk area (I/R) ratio decreased after drainage. Regional myocardial ischemia and
      infarction were provided by means of ligature of the left coronary artery for 120
      and 240 minutes respectively. Cardiac lymph was collected by conventional
      procedures. Enzymes released from the myocardium increased significantly in the
      cardiac lymph. The volume of cardiac lymph gradually increased after ligature of
      the coronary artery. Administration of hyaluronidase further increased the
      cardiac lymph flow and significantly decreased the I/R ratio as determined by
      triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) and methylene blue staining. Drainage of the
      cardiac lymph salvaged the ischemic myocardium. Reduction of interstitial edema
      and augmentation of cardiac lymph flow with the hyaluronidase prevented the
      development of the infarction. This is the first documentation of the effect of
      active drainage of cardiac lymph on the development of infarction through
      observation of the I/R ratio.

PMID- 2278399
TI  - Coronary artery calcification detected by CT: clinical significance and
      angiographic correlates.
AB  - Cardiac computed tomography (CT) to detect coronary calcification was performed
      on 161 patients undergoing coronary angiography for proven or suspected coronary
      artery disease. Among 108 patients in whom coronary calcifications was
      identified, 90% had significant coronary stenosis angiographically (greater than
      75% stenosis), and 80% of 121 patients with significant coronary stenosis showed
      calcification by CT. The relationship between the calcification site and the
      significance in stenosis of each vessel was determined. Calcification was present
      in 133 arteries among 205 stenotic coronary arteries (sensitivity = 65%) as
      compared with 59 of 439 entire arteries with normal coronary angiograms
      (specificity = 87%). In the younger age group the sensitivity of calcification
      for stenosis of each coronary artery was lower and the specificity and predictive
      value were generally higher than those in the elderly group. These results
      demonstrate that CT is a valuable procedure for detecting coronary arterial
      disease, since this examination is easy to conduct, noninvasive, and widely
      applicable for screening a large population.

PMID- 2278400
TI  - Therapy of ischemic cardiomyopathy with pentoxifylline.
AB  - Abnormal blood rheology is a known characteristics of coronary artery disease.
      The authors evaluated the effects of pentoxifylline on the exercise capacity
      ejection fraction and symptoms of 9 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. All
      patients had signs and symptoms of left ventricular dysfunction. All had at least
      two major vessels obstructed as determined by coronary angiography.
      Pentoxifylline 400 mg three times daily was administered for twelve weeks. Seven
      of 9 patients responded with increases in ejection fraction and exercise
      tolerance. Exercise tolerance correlated with improvement or lack of improvement
      in ejection fraction. For all patients at twelve weeks post-therapy mean ejection
      fraction increased 9.8% over baseline (p = .07), total treadmill time increased
      15% (p = .27), and mean double product increased 13% (p = .03). Anginal symptoms
      were significantly improved over baseline at twelve weeks of therapy (p greater
      than .001), as well as dyspnea on exertion (p = .03). Pentoxifylline was well
      tolerated. Pentoxifylline may benefit ischemic cardiomyopathy by improving
      coronary perfusion owing to favorable alterations in hemorheologic properties.

PMID- 2278401
TI  - Microcirculation and hemorheology in NIDDM patients.
AB  - The authors studied 10 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and
      5 controls matched for age, sex, blood lipids, and smoking habit. The two groups
      were also comparable for hemorheologic characteristics as evaluated by
      viscosimetry on whole blood, plasma and serum, erythrocyte filtration and
      aggregation. The microcirculation was studied in the subjects of both groups by
      microalbuminuria determination, retinal fluorangiography, and capillaroscopic
      examination of the bulbar conjunctive and nail folds. None of the patients
      presented microalbuminuria values higher than the upper limit of normal
      (20mg/24h). Fluoroangiographic alterations were observed in 4 patients, and all
      10 presented capillaroscopic alterations at the bulbar conjunctiva
      (microaneurysms, erythrocyte aggregates) and nail folds (more frequently of the
      fingers than toes). Similar alterations were detected in controls. Thus these
      abnormalities seem independent of hemorheologic values.

PMID- 2278402
TI  - High density lipoprotein inhibits low density lipoprotein binding and uptake by
      bovine aortic endothelial cells.
AB  - The antiatherogenic effect of high density lipoprotein (HDL) has been attributed
      to either an inhibition of cholesterol uptake or to reversed cholesterol
      transport from peripheral cells. In order to determine whether HDL competitively
      blocks receptor-mediated low density lipoprotein (LDL) binding and uptake, bovine
      aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagles
      Medium (DMEM) containing 10% LDL-free fetal bovine serum, and incubated with 125I
      LDL in concentrations of either 10 or 25 micrograms protein/mL. Varying amounts
      of HDL (0-200 micrograms/mL) were added to the media. Following a twenty-four
      hour incubation period at 37 degrees C, 125I-LDL binding and uptake were
      measured. At the lower concentration of 125I-LDL, which represents high-affinity
      receptor binding, there was no significant difference in either binding or uptake
      within the range of HDL concentrations studied. At the higher concentration of
      LDL, however, there was a marked inhibition of 125I-LDL binding (p less than
      .006) and uptake (p less than, 001; ANOVA), which did not saturate at the highest
      HDL concentrations used. These data suggest that HDL does not influence high
      affinity, receptor-mediated binding and uptake of LDL but that its effect is seen
      at a concentration of LDL representing nonspecific binding. The lack of
      saturation at increasing concentrations of HDL also indicates that HDL-receptor
      interaction is not essential for the effect.

PMID- 2278403
TI  - Hemophilic pseudotumor treated with transcatheter arterial embolization: case
      report.

PMID- 2278404
TI  - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a case report.
AB  - The authors report a case of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, in whom massive
      pulmonary embolism occurred in spite of heparin anticoagulation. Successful
      pulmonary thrombectomy was carried out under cardiopulmonary bypass, with
      limitation of platelet clumping during bypass by aggregation inhibitors. This
      report is a comprehensive contribution to a better understanding of this rare
      immunoallergic complication of heparin administration, with a high incidence of
      serious thromboembolic events. The optimal management for cases of unavoidable
      reexposure to heparin is discussed.

PMID- 2278405
TI  - Right-to-left shunting through a patent foramen ovale caused by pulmonary
      hypertension associated with rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome: a case
      report.
AB  - This case report presents a fifty-four-year-old woman with right-to-left shunt in
      the atrium. It seemed clinically at first that the shunt was due to atrial septal
      defect. However, she also had pulmonary disease associated with rheumatoid
      arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome. At autopsy atrial septal defect was not
      evident, but a patent foramen ovale and pulmonary artery disease were observed.
      This case suggests that pulmonary hypertension secondary to rheumatoid arthritis
      and Sjogren's syndrome could lead to right-to-left shunting through a patent
      foramen ovale.

PMID- 2278406
TI  - Aortic dissection with a fistulous communication into the right atrium: a case
      report.
AB  - A case of aortic dissection (type 1, De Bakey) with a rent into the right atrium
      (RA), diagnosed by echocardiography (echo) and confirmed by aortography, is
      reported. The patient presented with cardiac failure and a continuous murmur in
      the right second and third intercostal spaces. The patient has survived for two
      years with medial treatment.

PMID- 2278407
TI  - [Determination of trace elements in the hair: significance and limitations].
AB  - Trace elements analysis in hair is sometimes used by clinician for a diagnosis of
      nutritional deficiency. Hair contents are supposed to reflect the elements status
      on an extended period. Hair may be contaminated by environment and its mineral
      composition may be modified in the different steps of the analytical process.
      Experiments in well known physiological conditions show a wide variability of the
      analytical results. These results are poorly correlated to the nutritional status
      so their interpretation is difficult. An epidemiological use of samples obtained
      from a wide population may provide worthwhile informations to the clinician. It
      is necessary to be very careful interpreting results coming from isolated
      samples.

PMID- 2278408
TI  - [Appearance of Escherichia coli strain with high production of cephalosporinase
      during treatment with an amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination].
AB  - In the course of an Escherichia coli cholecystitis, demonstrated by positive
      blood cultures, the authors observed a therapeutic failure with
      amoxicillin/clavulanate, probably related to the isolation in blood cultures,
      nine days after the beginning of the treatment, of a beta-lactam resistant E.
      coli strain (MICs of the amoxicillin combined with clavulanate was 64 mg/l and
      ceftazidim 16 mg/l). The strains which were recovered before and after treatment
      were shown to have the same biotype and the same electrophoretic profile for
      bacterial esterases. The second strain exhibited a high level production of the
      mediated chromosomal cephalosporinase. In the agar diffusion test, this mutant
      was more easily detected by ceftazidim than by other third generation
      cephalosporins. In the middle-stay unit where the patient was cured,
      cephalosporinase high producing mutants of E. coli were recovered in 0.6 p. cent
      of the strains versus 5, 1 p. cent for strains with cephalosporinase phenotype
      and 46.6 p. cent for strains with penicillinase phenotype. This report
      illustrates the importance of associating two synergistic antibiotics to prevent
      the emergence of beta-lactam resistant mutants in the course of severe E. coli
      infections.

PMID- 2278409
TI  - Determination of haloperidol and hydroxy haloperidol in human plasma by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A method has been developed for the separation and measurement of haloperidol and
      hydroxy haloperidol in human plasma through high performance liquid
      chromatography. The method uses chlorohaloperidol as an internal standard and
      provides a limit of detection of about 0.7 nmol/l for haloperidol and 0.67 nmol/l
      for hydroxy haloperidol. HPLC and RIA radioimmunoassay methods are compared.

PMID- 2278410
TI  - Criteria for the selection of a solid phase to be used in immunoassays.
AB  - Heterogeneous immunoassays are very sensitive and only limited in terms of
      performance by non specific binding. They require separation of free from bound
      fractions and concomitant use of a solid phase coated with an immunoreactive
      component (i.e. immunosorbent). The improvement of these key immunosorbents is
      crucial and involves a great deal of expertise and capabilities. Specifications
      differ according to procedure (e.g. capture or competitive assay). Each routinely
      used solid phase, such as polystyrene wells, porous membrane or dispersible
      microbeads, presents specific performance characteristics, advantages, and
      drawbacks. Among the tasks to be implemented are optimization of the spatial
      orientation of immunological reagents, selection of the surface neutral
      hydrophilic support, acceleration of reactions by increasing the reactive surface
      area of the supports, streamlining and simplification of procedural steps. These
      various aspects are abundantly described and emphasized here.

PMID- 2278411
TI  - Engineered human antibodies as immunologic quality control reagents.
AB  - This study demonstrates the utility of a panel of genetically-engineered human
      mouse chimeric antibodies with variable region specificity for a hapten, NP, and
      constant regions analogous to the different human immunoglobulin isotypes as
      quality control reagents. They performed well as isotype-restricted human
      immunoglobulin proteins to test the specificity to total serum Ig
      immunoenzymetric assays and as antibodies to validate selected conjugated
      reagents used in human antibody immunoassays. The chimeric antibodies studied
      have several advantages over human paraproteins as quality control reagents for
      clinical assays. They possess single isotypes, are free of other human
      immunoglobulin isotypes, can be produced in large quantities in cell culture, and
      have a defined specificity for NP, an antigen that can be conjugated to BSA and
      isolubilized on most solid phase surfaces.

PMID- 2278412
TI  - DNA hybridization: comparison of liquid and solid phase formats.
AB  - In nucleic acid hybridization an oligo- or polynucleotide probe is allowed to
      anneal to its complementary strand which possibly is present in the sample. This
      offers an extremely specific way to identify and quantify given genes and thus,
      for instance, given microbes. The annealing reaction is, however, slow since the
      reactants are present at very low concentrations and the diffusion rate of DNA is
      slow. To overcome this problem high concentrations of probe are used in order to
      "drive" the reaction in a pseudo-first order fashion. As a result a positive
      hybridization is easily masked by the large excess of unreacted probe molecules,
      unless a powerful fractionation system is used which removes the free probes. A
      frequently used method is to immobilize the nucleic acids of the sample on a
      solid support which then after the reaction is easy to wash. The solid support
      introduces, however, a diffusion barrier which significantly reduces the reaction
      rate. Thus kinetically solution phase reactions are preferable to solid phase
      ones. In this communication a test format is described in which the advantages of
      both solid and solution phase assays are combined. Two probes are used, one
      carrying a detectable label (the detector probe) and the other an affinity
      moiety, e.g. biotin (the capture probe). After hybridization in solution a
      sandwich hybrid is formed in which the target nucleic acid is annealed to the two
      probes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2278413
TI  - Amplified detection of viral nucleic acid at subattomole levels using Q beta
      replicase.
AB  - A sensitive, amplified assay for HIV-1 pol region RNA was developed using RNA
      probes which are replicated by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Q beta
      replicase. A synthetic target RNA was hybridized in cell lysates prepared with
      guanidine thiocyanate with an RNA reporter probe and four deoxyoligonucleotide
      "capture" probes. The RNA reporter probe was a recombinant MDV RNA molecule
      generated by transcription from a cloned cDNA template. Capture probes are
      synthetic oligonucleotides that are complementary to the target nucleic acid and
      that bear 3' poly d(A) tails. The ternary hybrids (of target RNA with capture
      probe and reporter probe) were captured on oligo d(T)-derivatized paramagnetic
      particles by hybridization with the d(A) tails of the capture probes. Non
      hybridized reporter probes were removed by washing and successively eluting and
      recapturing the ternary hybrids on fresh particles. After three cycles of elution
      and capture, the hybrids were eluted in a low ionic strength buffer and the MDV
      RNA reporter probes were amplified directly by Q beta replicase. Amplified
      product RNA was detected by fluorescence using propidium iodide. The assay
      detects one femtogram (600 molecules) of a synthetic target RNA containing the
      pol region of HIV-1. The complete assay takes about 2.5 hours.

PMID- 2278414
TI  - Unique features of the self-sustained sequence replication (3SR) reaction in the
      in vitro amplification of nucleic acids.
AB  - The development of a transcription-based amplification system and its application
      to a retrospective analysis of HIV-1-infected clinical samples demonstrated the
      specificity and sensitivity of this in vitro amplification procedure. The TAS
      protocol has been modified to mimic the retroviral strategy of replication,
      resulting in a self-sustained sequence replication (3SR) amplification reaction
      which operates under isothermal conditions (37 degrees C). The ability to
      specifically amplify only RNA sequences in the presence of DNA genomic copies
      containing the same sequence and the rapid kinetics of the 3SR reaction
      distinguish it from the well-used PCR protocol.

PMID- 2278415
TI  - Non-isotopic probe labelling: advantages and drawbacks for diagnostic
      specifications.
AB  - Nucleic acid probes represent an essential tool for molecular investigation in
      both basic and applied research. In this last field they are particularly useful
      for diagnosis or prognosis and even for therapy. In the diagnosis, the nucleic
      probes theoretically allow to reach a sensitive level of reliability never
      obtained before. Nevertheless, the use of nucleic probes in diagnosis routine
      need to respect a drastic schedule of conditions since: nucleic probes have to be
      perfectly specific. nucleic probes have to be sensitive and to allow the
      detection of less than 100 femtogram of nucleic acid target in routine. In some
      cases this threshold has to be less than 1 femtogram (for instance HIV detection
      cases). Nucleic probes have to be absolutely reliable without risk to obtain
      false positives or negatives. Complete hybridization results must be obtained
      fast (within 2 or 3 hours in most cases). Labelling systems of nucleic acids must
      be non-isotopic. Numerous labelling systems, isotopic or non isotopic, have been
      described during the last fifteenth years. Since some time, the non-isotopic
      labelling is allowing to contemplate a widespread diagnostic use of it in daily
      medical, veterinary and agronomy practice. At the present time, some old
      labelling systems are ahead and new systems are going to be developed worldwide.
      The future of nucleic probes for the diagnosis needs to assume the schedule of
      conditions described above. In addition, uses and results obtained with these
      probes have to be standardized (what is not done yet). Automation and use of
      amplification of target nucleic acids must be viewed for some
      applications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2278416
TI  - [Antishock trousers in the prevention of air embolism].
AB  - This study aimed to assess the efficiency and safety of military anti-shock
      trousers (MAST) in preventing venous air embolism in children undergoing
      neurosurgical procedures in the sitting position. It included 26 children, 7.7 +/
      4-year-old and weighing 25.4 +/- 10.5 kg. All had the same anaesthetic protocol
      including premedication with oral lorazepam, induction with thiopentone or
      propofol with fentanyl and vecuronium, and maintenance with isoflurane and a
      continuous infusion of fentanyl. In 10 patients, a retrograde central venous
      catheter was inserted for measurement of pressure in the superior bulb of the
      internal jugular vein. Haemodynamic measurements were carried out with the
      patient supine; with the patient sitting, the MAST not being inflated; 10 min
      after inflation of the MAST (40 mmHg in the limbs, 30 mmHg in the abdominal
      part); after starting 10 cmH2 O positive end expiratory pressure; and after fluid
      administration with 5 ml.kg-1 macromolecules (Plasmion). The criterion for air
      embolism was a decrease in PetCO2 of more than 5 mmHg over more than 30 s, not
      preceded by respiratory or cardiovascular impairment. Inflation of the MAST
      resulted in a dramatic rise in venous pressure, still reinforced by minor PEEP.
      Transmission of pressure from the right atrium to the dural sinus was linear, and
      seemed to be sufficient to prevent occurrence of detectable venous air emboli. No
      deleterious side-effects were noted. This method would therefore seem to be very
      efficient, preserving the advantages of the sitting position, and restricting its
      disadvantages. Unfortunately, the limited availability of different paediatric
      sizes of MAST reduces the possible uses of this method.

PMID- 2278417
TI  - [Hemodilution and peroperative autotransfusion during harvest for bone marrow
      graft].
AB  - In order to avoid the infectious and immunological complications of homologous
      blood given to autologous bone marrow graft recipients, intraoperative
      haemodilution together with delayed salvage of the red blood cells contaminating
      the marrow graft were used prospectively over a period of 6 months. This was
      carried out in 74 patients, i.e. 2 allogenic and 72 autologous donors (mean age
      27.2 +/- 19.7 years). A mean of 13.66 +/- 7.10 ml.kg-1 bone marrow were
      harvested. Fluid replacement was carried out, volume for volume, with a modified
      fluid gelatin (Plasmion) (n = 73; 14.6 +/- 6.6 ml.kg-1), glucose 5% (n = 54; 9.64
      +/- 4.88 ml.kg-1) and Ringer solution (n = 33; 8.1 +/- 3.3 ml.kg-1). No
      haemodynamic problems occurred. Autologous blood transfusion was possible in 54
      patients; mean volume of bone marrow harvested was 631 +/- 298 ml, and a mean of
      293 +/- 154 ml of blood was retransfused to the patients (mean haematocrit of the
      blood units: 0.536 +/- 0.048). Nine of these patients were also given homologous
      blood. In the other 20, the volume of bone harvested marrow was significantly
      lower than in the autologous transfusion group (430 +/- 202 ml; p less than
      0.05), and red blood cell salvage was not possible; only 3 patients received
      homologous blood. Finally only 16.2% of the patients in this series were given
      homologous blood. It is concluded that intentional isovolaemic haemodilution
      together with autotransfusion of salvaged blood can reduce the need for
      homologous blood during bone marrow harvesting.

PMID- 2278418
TI  - [Changes in renal function induced by anesthesia].
AB  - The rate of urine formation and its composition are influenced by the different
      drugs used during surgery. Anaesthetics act on renal function, not only directly,
      but also by producing changes in cardiovascular function and in neuroendocrine
      activity. Many factors may be incriminated: lowered blood pressure and cardiac
      output, increased sympathetic outflow (renal nerve stimulation and increased
      plasma catecholamines), increased release of renin, angiotensin and vasopressin.
      The effects of anaesthetics on the kidney go beyond a simple change in basal
      haemodynamics and include, for some drugs, an alteration in the ability for the
      kidney to autoregulate its blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Studies on
      toad bladders showed a decrease in transport of water, sodium and organic anions.
      But, in fact, renal effects of anaesthetics in man and animals depend on the
      species, the anaesthetic and the method used to study the effect. Most
      barbiturates and inhalational anaesthetics tend to decrease renal blood flow
      (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). These trends are gradually reversed
      during recovery. The effects of ketamine and diazepam are not clearly defined.
      Morphine and fentanyl decrease urine flow and GFR, whilst RBF increases or
      decreases, depending on whether a direct or indirect measurement technique was
      used. Muscle relaxants have little effect on renal function. Spinal and epidural
      anaesthesia only slightly decrease GFR and RBF in proportion to the decrease in
      mean arterial pressure. Obviously, the preexisting intravascular volume and the
      quantity of intravenous fluids given strongly influence the renal response to
      spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Some studies have shown that urine flow rate,
      creatinine clearance, urinary sodium excretion and RBF are reduced during
      mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure. Surgery itself
      influences renal function by inducing alterations in prerenal haemodynamics.
      Operative stress leads to an increase in circulating catecholamines and
      angiotensin. Significant fluid shifts, excessive blood loss and redistribution of
      a third space may lead to a prerenal oliguric state, increasing secretion of
      vasopressin. Acute renal failure (ARF) is a frequently lethal complication of
      critical surgical illness, due to a variety of factors which interfere with
      glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption, such as renal hypoperfusion or
      nephrotoxic insults. In fact, the initiating aggression ultimately culminates in
      the development of one or more of the maintenance factors (decreased tubular
      function, tubular obstruction, decreased GFR and RBF) that reduce urine flow and
      osmolar excretion. Good management during the perioperative period tends to
      minimize the risk of developing ARF.

PMID- 2278419
TI  - [Cachectin or TNF (tumor necrosis factor): clinical implications].
AB  - Septic shock remains an acute condition with a bad prognosis and a high mortality
      rate. This could be related to our incomplete understanding of the
      pathophysiological mechanisms involved, especially in the immunological field.
      Recently, several studies have stressed the key role of cytokines. Amongst these,
      the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) seems to be the most important. This peptide is
      a hormone secreted by monocytes and macrophages under the effect of various
      stimuli such as lipopolysaccharides or endotoxin. Giving TNF mimicks the clinical
      and biological patterns of septic shock. Moreover, high concentrations of TNF
      have been found in patients suffering from septic shock. Pretreatment with
      monoclonal antibodies against TNF prevents the occurrence of septic shock after
      endotoxin administration. TNF acts directly via ubiquitous specific receptors;
      this probably explains its diffuse activity. The therapeutic implications of
      these recent advances are not clear. It is not known, for the moment, whether TNF
      secretion is beneficial or deleterious for the patient.

PMID- 2278420
TI  - [Hypertonic sodium chloride and hemorrhagic shock].
AB  - Numerous experimental studies on the effects of hypertonic saline in haemorrhagic
      shock have been published and controlled clinical studies are now beginning to be
      reported. Animals suffering from an otherwise lethal haemorrhagic shock survived
      when given hypertonic sodium chloride solution (7.5%, 2,400 mosmol.1-1). In most
      studies, this solution was more efficient than isotonic fluids in treating
      controlled haemorrhage. Although the mechanisms involved are not yet fully
      understood, they certainly include the following: 1) plasma volume expansion due
      to osmotic fluid shifts into the vascular compartment from intra- and extra
      cellular fluid reservoirs, as hypertonic saline induces hypernatraemia and
      hyperosmolarity, both effects linked to the sodium load; 2) non specific
      precapillary vasodilation of renal, coronary and splanchnic vessels; 3) arterial
      and venous vasoconstriction in muscle and skin, due to a vagal reflex set off by
      the lung osmoreceptors, the efferent pathway of which is likely to be the
      sympathetic nervous system; 4) increased myocardial contractility. Hypertonic
      saline also decreases intracranial pressure, and improves lung function during
      resuscitation of haemorrhagic shock. However, hypertonic saline should not yet be
      used routinely in man, except in controlled clinical studies. Indeed, there are
      as yet not enough data concerning humans. Moreover, during uncontrolled
      haemorrhage, hypertonic saline increased blood pressure, and therefore bleeding,
      thus reducing survival rates. Further clinical studies are required before
      hypertonic saline could be safely recommended for treatment of haemorrhagic
      shock.

PMID- 2278421
TI  - [Diagnosis of severe pulmonary embolism by transesophageal echocardiography].
AB  - A 56-year-old woman was admitted to the Emergency Department for profuse
      diarrhoea, associated with hypokaliemia and dehydration. A subclavian venous
      catheter was inserted after she had a cardiac arrest. Six days later, the
      subclavian and innominate veins were thrombosed. Prophylactic low molecular
      weight heparin was then replaced by sodium heparinate. The patient's platelet
      count decreased to 65 G.1-1. It was nevertheless decided to remove her villous
      tumour. After the operation, the patient became shocked, with worsening
      thrombocytopaenia (15 G.1-1). She was unresponsive to fluid replacement.
      Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was carried out, as pulmonary arterial
      catheterization was considered too dangerous. A "white" thromboembolus was
      discovered in the right pulmonary artery. Embolectomy was successfully performed
      without extracorporeal circulation. Flow was completely restored in the main
      pulmonary artery, but only partially in the right branch. Oral anticoagulation
      was started postoperatively. It is concluded that TEE might be a very helpful
      technique to promptly diagnose acute pulmonary embolism; moreover, it could be an
      alternative to pulmonary angiography, especially in patients in a poor state.

PMID- 2278422
TI  - [Hepatic veno-occlusive disease caused by Deticene: a cause of acute hypovolemic
      shock].
AB  - A case is reported of severe hypovolaemic shock occurring in a 53-year-old female
      patient undergoing a second course of chemotherapy with intravenous DTIC for a
      malignant melanoma. A few hours after the injection of DTIC, she became shocked,
      with loss of peripheral pulses, polypnoea and cutaneous vasoconstriction. She
      also had pain and guarding of the right hypocondrium. She was given 4 litres of
      colloids within 2 hours, together with 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 dopamine.
      Abdominal echography showed hepatomegaly, with a permeable portal vein. However
      biological investigations revealed lactic acidosis with hepatic cytolysis and
      hepatic failure. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging displayed a reduced portal
      venous flow, with abnormally small hepatic veins. Fluid replacement was
      continued, together with administration of small doses of heparin (1 mg.kg-1.day
      1) and hydrocortisone hemisuccinate 5 mg.kg-1.day-1. The status of patient
      worsened over the next few hours, because of the development of a very large
      volume of exudative ascites and bilateral pleural effusions. Despite continuing
      fluid replacement (91), she became anuric at the 24th hour, requiring
      haemodialysis. However, her condition became stable, and then slowly improved.
      Fluid replacement was stopped after 72 h, steroids after a fortnight. Liver
      function tests returned to normal after the third week, together with diuresis.
      The patient was able to leave the ICU after 24 days. Physicians should be aware
      of this rare, often fatal side-effect, probably of immuno-allergic origin.

PMID- 2278423
TI  - [Fatal pulmonary edema in a pernicious malaria attack].
AB  - A case is reported of a 40-year-old woman presenting with cerebral malaria
      complicated by an adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The patient was
      admitted to the intensive care unit in a coma, scored 5 on the Glasgow scale.
      Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia was, at the time, 50%. A continuous
      intravenous quinine infusion (25 mg.kg-1.day-1) was started, together with the
      required symptomatic treatment. Blood was transfused because of increasing
      anaemia (haemoglobin 60 g.l-1). After 24 h, parasitaemia was 12%, consumption of
      clotting factors broke out (prothrombine 43%, fibrin degradation products greater
      than 40 micrograms.ml-1, platelets 45 G.l-1). Hypoxaemia (PaO2 = 46 mmHg) and
      hypocapnia (PaCO2 = 32 mmHg) became obvious, together with bilateral diffuse
      alveolar infiltrates on chest X-ray. Haemodynamic data suggested non cardiogenic
      oedema: PEEP 20 cm H2O, cardiac output 6.15 l.min-1, mean pulmonary arterial
      pressure 35 mmHg, pulmonary wedged pressure 15 mmHg. The hypoxia worsened and the
      patient died on the 15th day after associated with high levels of parasitaemia.
      Several reports have suggested that it may be related to increased capillary
      permeability. Initial fluid overload should therefore be avoided. Parenteral
      quinine remains the mainstay of treatment, because of its rapid schizonticidal
      activity. Although exchange transfusion seems to be a valuable adjunct to
      chemotherapy, it requires further assessment.

PMID- 2278424
TI  - [Subarachnoid hematoma and spinal anesthesia].
AB  - Two cases of spinal subarachnoid haematoma occurring after spinal anaesthesia are
      reported. In the first case, lumbar puncture was attempted three times in a 81
      year-old man; spinal anaesthesia trial was than abandoned, and the patient given
      a general anaesthetic. He was given prophylactic calcium heparinate soon after
      surgery. On the fourth day, the patient became paraparetic. Radioculography
      revealed a blockage between T10 and L3. Laminectomy was performed to remove the
      haematoma, but the patient recovered motor activity only very partially. The
      second case was a 67-year-old man, in whom spinal anaesthesia was easily carried
      out. He was also given prophylactic calcium heparinate soon after surgery. On the
      fourth postoperative day, pulmonary embolism was suspected. Heparin treatment was
      then started. Twelve hours later, lumbar and bilateral buttock pain occurred,
      which later spread to the neck. On the eighth day, the patient had neck stiffness
      and two seizures. Emergency laminectomy was carried out, which revealed a
      subarachnoid haematoma spreading to a level higher than T6 and below L1, with no
      flow of cerebrospinal fluid, and a non pulsatile spinal cord. Surgery was
      stopped. The patient died on the following day. Both these cases are similar to
      those previously reported and point out the role played by anticoagulants.
      Because early diagnosis of spinal cord compression is difficult, the prognosis is
      poor, especially in case of paraplegia.

PMID- 2278425
TI  - [New facts related to the mechanism of action of local anesthetics: decreasing
      conduction and differential nerve block].

PMID- 2278426
TI  - [Cervical cellulitis: a complication caused by a misplaced nasogastric tube].

PMID- 2278427
TI  - [Report of a new case of rubber allergy].

PMID- 2278428
TI  - [Monitoring of oxygen venous saturation (SvO2) and septal rupture].

PMID- 2278429
TI  - [Pre-oxygenation before a difficult intubation].

PMID- 2278430
TI  - [Detecting the epidural space with a Foley catheter].

PMID- 2278431
TI  - [A new needle for combined spinal and epidural anesthesia].

PMID- 2278432
TI  - [Consensus conference on anesthesia recovery and emergency medicine. 6th
      conference. Emergency thoracic and skull radiographies (Tours, May 4, 1990)].

PMID- 2278433
TI  - [The role of immunology in celiac disease].

PMID- 2278434
TI  - [Management of chronic non-terminal renal failure in childhood. Estimation of
      mean annual cost].
AB  - We have calculated the mean annual cost (MAC) referred to 1,988 pesetas derived
      from the treatment and surveillance of 15 patients diagnosed of non terminal
      chronic renal failure (NT-CRF). The patients were aged between 1 month and 12
      years at the moment of diagnosis and they were followed-up for five years at
      least. We have differentiated among costs from hospitalization, pharmacological
      treatment and outpatient control which were respectively 455,400, 47,798 and
      57,917 pesetas/patient year. The costs from hospitalization decreased
      progressively every year after diagnosis being of 21,211 pesetas/patient year at
      the 5th year from diagnosis. The 30.1% of pharmacological treatment costs were
      due to the use of alkalines, 23.4% to phosphorus quelants (calcic carbonate
      mainly) and 27.3% to the active forms of vitamin D3. The outpatient surveillance
      costs corresponded 24,000 pesetas/year to staff expenses, 27,492 pesetas/year to
      laboratory work-up and 6,424 pesetas/year to radiological examination. We
      conclude that the total MAC for children with NT-CRF eas 561,115 pesetas/patient
      being the hospitalizations costs the most important concept (81.2%), followed by
      ambulatory care (10.3% and drug treatment (8.5%).

PMID- 2278436
TI  - [Retinoblastoma: multidisciplinary treatment in a group of 32 patients].
AB  - Thirty-two children with retinoblastoma (RTB) were treated in our oncology unit
      between September 1981 and October 1989. There were 18 unilateral RTB and 14
      bilateral. The median age at diagnosis was 24 months. Leukocoria was the most
      common sign of presentation (66%). All patients were treated with a protocol
      based on Reese-Ellsworth classification and the anatomo-clinic extension. Thirty
      patients were enucleated (7 bilaterally), 14 of which needed coadjuvant
      chemotherapy and 6 orbital radiotherapy. Two patients died, one from each group.
      The disease-free survival rate is 90.6% with a medium follow-up of 43.5 months.
      Seven children went blind because of bilateral enucleation and seven present
      facial deformity caused by radiotherapy. We underline the importance of improving
      the effectiveness of conservative treatment in order to reduce the number of
      enucleation.

PMID- 2278435
TI  - [Prevalence of sensitivity to contact allergens among atopic and non atopic
      children without dermatitis].
AB  - Epicutaneus tests were used to study 168 children without dermatitis (aged 6
      months to 14 years) divided into two groups: 88 atopic cases (53 males and 35
      females) and 76 non atopic children (44 males and 31 females). Epicutaneous
      testing proved positive in 22.7 of atopic children, and in 17.3 por 100 of non
      atopic cases; there were no statistically significant differences between the two
      groups, and vesicular reactions predomined in both. Nickel was the contact
      allergen of greatest predominance among the atopic and non atopic children (17
      and 9.3% respectively), followed by mercury derivatives (5.5%), neomycin (2.4%)
      and dichromates (1.8%).

PMID- 2278437
TI  - [Relationship between sexual maturation and subcutaneous fat].
AB  - Due to the great variability at the beginnings and the period of the puberty,
      authors have studied the modifications of the subcutaneous-fat and their relation
      with the sexual maturating. They have measured the skinfold thickness of biceps,
      triceps, subscapular and suprailiac in 358 boys from 10 to 15 years old and 424
      girls from 8 to 14 years old inrelation to sexual maturating through the stages
      described by Tanner. It has been found more subcutaneous fat in girls than in
      boys (p less than 0.05). The boys increase their subcutaneous fat until the stage
      3 (except the skinfold triceps) and decrease later (except the skinfold
      subscapular). In boys, the analysis of varianza, show that the variations are
      related with the sexual maturating and not with chronologic age.

PMID- 2278438
TI  - [Prevalence of febrile seizures in the school population of Valladolid].
AB  - We have carried out a study of population to estimate the prevalence of febrile
      seizures among the infant population in Valladolid. By means of a mixed type of
      inquiry (mailing and door-to-door) we have studied a sample of 5,100 primary
      school children (6-14 years) and 48 students from special education units (SEU)
      of state schools. In the same way, we have studied the whole of the students from
      SEU from private schools and special educations centres (SEC) of the same age
      range (90 and 145 students respectively). The prevalence of febrile seizures
      among schoolchildren, dated on December 1st 1987 was of 22.7 cases per 1,000
      inhabitants. Our results are comparable with the ones obtained by other authors
      in occidental countries.

PMID- 2278439
TI  - [Behavior of adiposity indices in relation to body weight and height between the
      ages of 3 and 17 years].
AB  - We studied the coefficients of correlation between weight and height and four
      adiposity indices (weight/height 0,5; weight/height; weight/height2;
      weight/height3), year to year, in 1676 schoolchildren of both sexes (663 boys and
      1,013 girls), aged between 3 and 17 years. Weight-for-height index should be
      uncorrelated with height and highly correlated with weight. In our study,
      Quetelet index (w/h2) in females and Rohrer index (w/h3) in males, are
      independent from height. Between two indices, Quetelet index had better
      correlations with weight.

PMID- 2278440
TI  - [Intestinal invagination: clinico-therapeutic study in a pediatric emergency
      service].
AB  - Sixty four infants with intussusception diagnosed in one year period are
      reviewed. The atypical form of presentation with only neurological signs,
      observed in six patients, is emphasized. These children consulted at an earlier
      time than those with the classic clinical picture. So that, a high degree of
      awareness is necessary. There was a significant association between bloody stools
      and need of surgery (p less than 0.05). We think that barium enema hydrostatic
      reduction is the primary form of diagnostic and treatment. Only 14 patients (22%)
      eventually required surgery.

PMID- 2278441
TI  - [Program of coordination between primary and tertiary care in the follow up of
      children with HIV infection].

PMID- 2278442
TI  - [Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II occurring in twins].

PMID- 2278443
TI  - [Carcinoid tumor of the appendix. Review in connection with a clinical case].

PMID- 2278444
TI  - [Choreoathetosis induced by diphenylhydantoin in and infant with CHARGE
      syndrome].

PMID- 2278445
TI  - [Spinocerebellar syndrome of early onset associated with retinal degeneration.
      Report of a case].

PMID- 2278446
TI  - [Entrance examinations in pediatrics for a tenured position at the Social
      Security Administration of Spain].

PMID- 2278447
TI  - [4th annual reunion of the Section of Extra-Hospital Pediatrics of the Spanish
      Pediatric Society. Torremolinos (Malaga), 4-6 October 1990. Proceedings].

PMID- 2278448
TI  - [Management of children of short stature. Introduction].

PMID- 2278449
TI  - [Drug therapy monitoring in pediatrics].

PMID- 2278450
TI  - [Iatrogenic diseases induced by drugs].

PMID- 2278451
TI  - [Clinical orientation about short stature].

PMID- 2278452
TI  - [Drug addiction in pediatrics. Maternal drug addiction].

PMID- 2278453
TI  - [Guilty before being born].

PMID- 2278454
TI  - [Psychopathologic aspects of adolescence and the problem of drug addiction].

PMID- 2278455
TI  - [Workshop on arterial hypertension in childhood].

PMID- 2278456
TI  - [Treatment of children of short stature].

PMID- 2278457
TI  - [Echography: guidelines for extra-hospital pediatricians].

PMID- 2278458
TI  - [Extra-hospital follow up of the patient with chronic respiratory disease].

PMID- 2278459
TI  - [Anti-asthma inhalation therapy].

PMID- 2278460
TI  - [Congenital hip dislocation].

PMID- 2278461
TI  - [Epileptic crisis in extra-hospital pediatric practice].

PMID- 2278462
TI  - [Current aspects and treatment of nutritional obesity in childhood].

PMID- 2278463
TI  - [Amenorrhea in adolescence].

PMID- 2278465
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis and maternal and child health].

PMID- 2278464
TI  - [Genital injuries in childhood and adolescence].

PMID- 2278466
TI  - [Iatrogenic diseases in pediatrics].

PMID- 2278467
TI  - [Registering with a child care center : how do we select the right one?].

PMID- 2278468
TI  - [Botany and phytotherapy in Brazil].
AB  - After a general survey of botanical exploration in Amazonia in the past and a
      summary of the present situation, an account is given of the work carried out in
      the field and the herbarium is search of plant species of potential therapeutic
      interest. The potential resources of these vast forests are far from being
      completely explored and still contain a number of unstudied species. Despite the
      low probability of major discoveries in this field, a promising approach involves
      the rational collection of data on traditional medicine, the precise
      identification of species utilized, and the scientific evaluation of their true
      properties. As an example, a short list of plants commonly utilized for folk
      medicine in Amazonia and north-eastern Brazil illustrates the importance of
      phytotherapy for peoples often deprived of other therapeutic means.

PMID- 2278469
TI  - [Isolation of human thrombin by affinity chromatography with silicate to be used
      in the preparation of biological glue].
AB  - At present the preparations of fibrin glue used a thrombin from equine or bovine
      origin. In order to remove the problems of antigenicity we developed a method of
      purification from acidified plasma. We used one affinity chromatography on
      benzamidine-Spherodex and compared three methods of elution: non specific (sodium
      chloride gradient) and biospecific competitors (arginin methylester or
      benzamidin). The yield is evaluated between 64 and 84% and the purification
      factor close to 160. The obtained thrombin is better than animal thrombin in the
      preparations of fibrin glue.

PMID- 2278470
TI  - [Fungal spores in the atmosphere at Besancon, France: seasonal and annual
      variations during 1988 and 1989].
AB  - Airborne spora in the atmosphere of Besancon were weekly determined, searching
      links between appearance of species and seasonal allergies. By comparison of the
      results of the two years, it is easy to see many variations. At first, the number
      of colonies collected is very different, 2,990 colonies in 1988, 9,841 in 1989.
      During 1989, some genera are present in greatest quantities. It is the case of
      Cladosporium and Epicoccum in summer and Aspergillus in autumn. For the
      allergologists, Alternaria, very abundant during 1989, is perhaps the outstanding
      incident, this genus being considerated as very allergenic.

PMID- 2278471
TI  - [Paradoxic effect of anti-T-2 toxin antibodies in the curative treatment of acute
      poisoning in mice].
AB  - We have obtained polyclonal anti-T-2 toxin antibodies with high affinity to T-2
      toxin (K = 0.34 x 10(9) l/M at 4 degrees C), crossreacting with HT-2 toxin, one
      of the major metabolites. We have assessed these antibodies in prevention and
      therapy of the acute intoxication. When given 24 h before 1 or 2 LD50 of T-2
      toxin (5 or 10 mg/kg), the antibodies decreased the mortality from 67% to 37%, or
      from 100% to 83% respectively with an optimal antibody dosage of 100 mg/kg. In
      contrast when given 30 mn after the toxin, anti-T-2 toxin antibodies increased
      the mortality; in the same way non specific antibodies increased the mortality of
      mice intoxicated with T-2 toxin.

PMID- 2278472
TI  - [Effect of some GABA, glycine, or glutamic acid derivatives on the forced
      swimming test in mice].
AB  - Three GABA derivatives, the GABA-steatamide (GS), the GABA-linoleamide (GL) and
      the progabide, two glycine derivatives, the glycine-steatamide (SG) and the
      glycine-linoleamide (LG) and, lastly, a glutamic acid derivative, the glutamic
      acid palmitamide (PGt), were studied in the forced swimming test (Porsolt's test)
      on mice. The anti-immobility effect, referring to the existence of antidepressive
      properties, was significant for the SG, LG, GL and PGt. It seems that the
      relative intensity of the anti-immobility effect on the one hand and the sedative
      properties on the other, could operate on the experimental profile of these
      derivatives in the Porsolt's test.

PMID- 2278473
TI  - [Contribution of parachor to the study of structure-activity relationship.
      Aromatase inhibitor activity of androstenediones].
AB  - Parachor has been used extensively in physical organic chemistry for structure
      determination, but rarely in quantitative correlation of structure and biological
      activity. The purpose of this study is the contribution of the parachor in the
      QSAR of androstenediones derivatives and their inhibition of aromatase enzyme.
      Good correlations were obtained for two classes of steroids inhibitors of
      oestrogens biosynthesis.

PMID- 2278474
TI  - Clinical utility of serum fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in the diagnostic
      and prognostic evaluation of oral cancer.
AB  - Serum Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP) were determined in 50 oral cancer
      patients and 50 normal individuals prior to any kind of treatment. The mean FDP
      values were significantly increased with the advancement of stage of oral cancer
      patients in comparison to the normal individuals.

PMID- 2278475
TI  - And what of the providers of geriatric dental services?
AB  - The changing demographic characteristics of the dental profession are reviewed in
      an effort to stimulate consideration of the evolving relationship that exists
      between the providers and the geriatric population.

PMID- 2278476
TI  - Serum levels of iron and proteins in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF).
AB  - Serum proteins, serum iron and total iron binding capacity were estimated in 50
      patients with oral submucous fibrosis and 50 patients with oral leukoplakia. The
      values were compared with that of 50 age- and sex-matched controls. A significant
      depression in hemoglobin and serum iron was observed in both groups of patients,
      whereas total iron binding capacity showed significant change only in the oral
      submucous fibrosis patients. Serum protein values were significantly lower in all
      the patients. The role of iron deficiency anemia in the causation of this
      premalignant lesion is discussed.

PMID- 2278477
TI  - Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome.
AB  - Prader-Labhart-Willi Syndrome is a complex, multisystem sporadic disorder which
      presents during childhood and proceeds into adulthood. The major features include
      infantile hypotonia, developmental delay, hypogonadism with abnormal sexual
      maturation, mental retardation and behavior abnormalities, short stature with
      small hands and feet, massive obesity with diabetes mellitus, dysmorphic facial
      features, and marked dental caries and enamel hypoplasia. Recently, a deletion of
      chromosome 15 has been found in a large percentage of these patients, but the
      exact cause and genetic transmission has not yet been determined. Two cases of
      Prader-Labhart-Willi Syndrome are presented with emphasis on the differential
      diagnosis of enamel hypoplasia associated with sexual maturation.

PMID- 2278479
TI  - Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: two case reports.

PMID- 2278480
TI  - Peace on earth takes sacrifices.

PMID- 2278478
TI  - Circulating immune complexes in diabetic patients with periodontitis.
AB  - Circulating immune complexes were estimated in the sera of 50 patients with Type
      II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 50 nondiabetic patients
      with periodontitis. The values were compared with that of 50 age- and sex-matched
      controls. There was a significant rise in circulating immune complexes (CIC) in
      both the groups of patients compared to controls. The levels of CIC were
      significantly higher in diabetic patients with periodontitis compared to
      nondiabetics. The study shows that the circulating immune complexes may have a
      role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease in diabetic patients.

PMID- 2278481
TI  - Anesthetist elaborates on OR nursing law column.

PMID- 2278482
TI  - British and American nurses share common problems, goals.

PMID- 2278483
TI  - Vesico-psoas hitch procedure. A method of repairing ureteral injuries.

PMID- 2278484
TI  - Surgery outside the OR. When the patient cannot be moved.

PMID- 2278485
TI  - Positioning principles. An anatomical review.

PMID- 2278486
TI  - Radical hysterectomy. Treatment for advanced cervical carcinoma.

PMID- 2278488
TI  - Words can hurt. Dealing with verbal abuse in the operating room.
AB  - There are rewards for nurse administrators who challenge organizational norms and
      physician behaviors to support nurses. We found that the term verbal abuse had
      sparked anger and fear. The spark kindled interest and energy that we converted
      into a process to support staff nurses in their roles. As we enter the 1990s, the
      focus is on finding solutions to problems that concern nurses. The advocacy role
      of the nursing leader requires constant awareness of the nurses' situation within
      the health care environment and a sensitivity to their needs and rights as
      professionals. Dealing with the issue of verbal abuse demonstrated to the nursing
      staff our commitment and support.

PMID- 2278487
TI  - Mobile lithotripsy. Strategies for implementing a mobile system.

PMID- 2278490
TI  - Looking for a peer recognition award? Try a COW.

PMID- 2278489
TI  - Interim OR managers. A viable alternative for hospitals.

PMID- 2278491
TI  - Pain management for the elderly: alternative interventions (Part I).

PMID- 2278492
TI  - [The computer system of monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenetic
      bacteria causing suppurative-septic diseases].
AB  - A system for surveillance of drug resistance of etiologically important
      microorganisms in obstetric units and burn and sepsis centres was developed.
      Realization of the system with various methods is possible in case of permanent
      control and comparison of the results. The overwhelming majority (up to 90 per
      cent) of the etiologically important microorganisms were multiresistant. An
      information bank was filed. It could be used as a basis for developing principles
      of strategy and tactics in rational antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2278493
TI  - [Chemotherapy and antisepsis].

PMID- 2278494
TI  - [Dynamic of use of chemotherapeutic preparations: quantity, nomenclature, main
      trends and the problems in medical practice].
AB  - Data on the amounts, nomenclature and trends in the dynamics of the use of
      chemotherapeutic drugs in medicine and agriculture in the RSFSR in 1971-1983 were
      examined. It was shown that the amounts of their use for these purposes
      permanently increased. The levels of the use of antibacterial drugs in
      agriculture markedly exceeded (1.5 to 9 times in different years) those in
      medicine. On the whole tetracyclines, penicillins and nitrofurans were the drugs
      most widely used in both medicine and agriculture. The proportions of their use
      amounted to 39.7-61.2, 9.8-28.1 and 8.3-17.9 per cent, respectively. The use of
      chloramphenicol and aminoglycosides was somewhat lower, i.e. 10.6-15.8 and 6.5
      9.2 per cent, respectively. The proportion of the use of the drugs of other
      groups did not exceed 2.1 per cent. It was stated that the chemotherapeutic drugs
      used in medicine for treatment of patients were widely used for nonmedical
      purposes. Among them are tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides and
      lately nitrofurans. The levels of the use of some chemotherapeutic drugs and
      variability in their MICs for the Shigella populations tested were compared. It
      was concluded that the level of the drug use was not the only factor influencing
      development of the resistance in Shigella spp.

PMID- 2278495
TI  - [Problems and prospects of chemotherapy of bacterial infections].

PMID- 2278496
TI  - [Problems of the development of liposomal dosage forms of antibiotics].

PMID- 2278497
TI  - [Methodological aspects of the optimal use of combined chemo- and immunotherapy].
AB  - Methodical aspects of developing rational schemes of combined use of antibiotics
      and immunomodulators are discussed. Chemotherapeutic drugs are synergists of the
      factors of nonspecific resistance i. e. enzymes, cationic proteins, etc. However,
      prediction of the effect of both etiotropic agents and immunomodulators on
      resistance and immunity is rather complicated. A system for estimating efficacy
      of combined chemo- and immunotherapy based on multifactorial analysis is
      described. The main steps of the system are the following: choice of the quality
      criteria, determination of the experimental factors and levels, choice of the
      experimental design, performance of the experiment, computer processing of the
      results, construction of a polynomial statistic model and solution of the therapy
      problems. The method is universal and applicable to any combination of
      chemotherapeutics and immunomodulators.

PMID- 2278498
TI  - [Use of the automated system for bacteriological diagnosis of suppurative
      complications].
AB  - The use of the microbiological analyzer Cobas-Bact made it possible to markedly
      widen the possibilities of identifying pathogenic enterobacteria at the account
      of the species usually not detected with the routine methods. Rapid assay of
      antibiotic sensitivity with the Cobas-Bact system provided earlier and adequate
      antibacterial therapy of severe purulent complications.

PMID- 2278499
TI  - [Cloning of aacC2 gene from a clinical strain of Escherichia coli].
AB  - The 2.3-kb Hind-III fragment containing the gentamicin resistance aacC2 gene was
      cloned from a clinical strain of E. coli with the aminoglycoside resistance
      pattern indicative of ++aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC (3)-II. An approach
      based on the phenomenon of the replicon dissociation of high molecular weight
      plasmids was applied. The restriction map of the cloned fragment was constructed.
      It was shown by subcloning the fragment that the aacC2 gene was localized within
      the 1.1-kb Alu I-Sal I fragment.

PMID- 2278500
TI  - [Nucleotide sequence of aacC2 gene from a clinical strain of Escherichia coli].
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the aacC2 gene encoding ++aminoglycoside
      acetyltransferase AAC(3)-II was determined. The structural part of the 852-bp
      aacC2 gene encoded the protein with the molecular weight of 30.6 consisting of
      286 amino acids. The promotor region and the structural part of the gene were
      compared with the known sequences of the aacC2 gene. Evolutionary changes in the
      regulatory region as well as a number of nucleotide substitutes in the structural
      part of the gene and amino acid substitutes in the enzyme molecule were detected.

PMID- 2278501
TI  - [New antineoplastic antibiotics. New drugs, new producers and new representatives
      of the known classes].

PMID- 2278502
TI  - [Micro-ecological aspects of carcinogenesis].

PMID- 2278503
TI  - [Impalement following a fall from a great height].
AB  - A case of impalement caused by an accidental fall from height is reported. A
      wooden pile had penetrated the soft parts of the left gluteal region and of the
      adjacent thigh.

PMID- 2278504
TI  - [Fatalities in west Austrian prisons].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to review 23 causes of death that have occurred in
      Western-Austrian prisons from 1974 to 1989. The majority of them (11 cases) were
      due to suicides. Among 9 cases of natural death there was a 25 years old man, who
      died of an unknown purulent meningoencephalitis. Two drunken prisoners had not
      been supervised and therefore died of alcohol poisoning. In one case the police
      jail physician did not recognize an epidural hematoma.

PMID- 2278505
TI  - [2 fatalities due to hyperthermia in infancy. A contribution to forensic medicine
      case reports of death caused by heat].
AB  - Two infants aged 4 1/2 and 8 months are reported to have been exposed to
      overheating by an electric blanket and a heating fan in bed for a period of up to
      approx. 19 hours. Dehydration complicated the effects of overheating. Due to the
      case history in combination with the autopsy and histological findings as well as
      the absence of toxicological findings the following diagnosis could be
      established: "Death from exhaustion as a consequence of long-lasting heat effect
      and dehydration." The necessity of thorough investigations in causes of death
      during infancy is shown by means of the two cases above. If possible, the rectal
      temperature should already be taken by the coroner. The public should get
      informed about the risks caused by the use of electric cushions, heating fans as
      well as floorboard heating.

PMID- 2278506
TI  - [Self-mutilation and autophagia].
AB  - The case history of a 51 year-old man with paranoid-hallucinatory schizophrenia
      is presented. Very intensive autoaggressive actions (cutting off the ears,
      partial amputation of the penis, eating of the amputated pieces, sawing off the
      left lower leg) led to very unusual autopsy findings (i.e. the glans of the penis
      was found in the colon). The cause of death was prolonged exsanguination.

PMID- 2278507
TI  - [Oligonucleotide fingerprinting using (GTG)5 and (GACA)4 probes for the
      differentiation of body fragments].
AB  - For the detection of postmortem stability of DNA and for the identification of
      parts of dead bodies of unknown origin the oligonucleotide probes (GTG)5 and
      (GACA)4 can be used. (GTG)5 is a highly discriminating probe which allows to
      differentiate in the 4 to 25 kilobase range of DNA fragments. DNA fingerprints
      obtained by (GACA)4 show useful results especially in the short fragment range.
      The (GACA)4 probe can therefore be used to analyze partially degraded DNA.

PMID- 2278508
TI  - [ABO determination in blood stains on stain carriers pretreated with usual
      household products].
AB  - Linen has been treated with 20 different remedies for clothes (impregnating
      agents, fabric softeners, detergents, finishes, and stainremovers; see tab. 2) in
      "normal" and "high" concentration. After short, intentionally incomplete washing
      and after successive drying 5 microliters and 10 microliters blood each of the
      six major ABH types have been applied. Stains have been ABH typed by the
      absorption-inhibition test according to Holzer, the absorption-elution test using
      stain extracts according to Chisum, and another absorptions-elution test
      performed in tubes. Only 3 of the 20 remedies had no effect on the results
      (tab.3). The AI-test showed no false results, but partly reduced absorption and
      haemolysis of the added red blood cells. Both AE-tests gave false-positive and
      false-negative results. Compared with the tube test the method described by
      Chisum was more reliable. The rate of false results depended on the concentration
      of the remedies used for the treatment of the linen. The majority of the
      incorrect results (but not all!) could have been recognized by processing
      controls analogously (see tab. 4 and 5; legend in English under tab. 5).

PMID- 2278509
TI  - Genetic mapping and biochemical analysis of mutants in the maltose regulatory
      gene of the MAL1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The MAL1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae comprises three genes necessary for
      maltose utilization: a regulatory (MALR), a maltose transport (MALT) and a
      maltase gene (MALS). A fine structure genetic map of the MAL1R gene was
      constructed and the order of mutations was confirmed by plasmid-mediated
      chromosomal recombination. The mutations cluster non-randomly within the 5' half
      of the gene, where the putative DNA binding domain of the encoded protein is
      located. Only mutations mal1R-22 and MAL1R-72 map in the 3' terminal half of the
      gene; these mutations cause a different pattern of transcriptional regulation of
      plasmid-borne MAL6T genes. Experiments supporting a direct involvement of the
      MALR-encoded protein in carbon catabolite repression of MAL gene expression are
      reported.

PMID- 2278510
TI  - Studies of hydroxy-aluminum phosphates obtained from pentahydroxy-dialuminum
      chloride and monosodium phosphate.
AB  - Structural studies of hydroxy-aluminum phosphates with antacid application are
      performed. The antacid properties of the products depend on their chemical
      composition and way of preparation. Scanning electron microscope, X-ray- and IR
      spectroscopy have evidenced the formation of a one-phase product. The IR-spectra
      indicate an Al-PO4 containing compound with an Al-PO4 bond. The high-temp.
      exothermic effect at 730-780 degrees C exhibited by the DTA curves of the hydroxy
      aluminum phosphates studies are due to polymorphic conversions which are not
      found with the sample having the best antacid properties. On the basis of these
      results it is not easy to prove that the higher acid-binding ability of this
      sample is due to the more favourable position of its acid-binding groups and the
      absence of phases undergoing polymorphic transformations at high temp. Probably
      the low pH value of precipitation favours the acid-binding ability. Toxicologic
      investigations on aluminum ion absorption in blood plasma have shown an
      admissible aluminium level.

PMID- 2278511
TI  - Synthesis and biological properties of a 1-(6-aziridinylhexyl)-2-phenylindole, a
      potential fluorescence label for estrogen receptors.
AB  - 2-Phenylindole derivative 8, linked to aziridine by a hexamethylene spacer group,
      was synthesized and tested. It binds to the estrogen receptor with an RBA-value
      of 4.0 (estradiol = 100). In vitro, it shows a selective cytostatic activity in
      hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells (41% T/C at 10(-6) M). In vivo, it
      exerts a strong estrogenic effect. The binding to the estrogen receptor is
      largely reversible.

PMID- 2278512
TI  - Synthesis of novel naphtho[2,1-b]-1,4,5-oxa- or thiadiazepines as potential
      antimicrobial and anticancer agents.
AB  - Two novel series of quinone derivatives have been synthesized. Thus, condensation
      of 2-ethoxycarbonylmethylthio-; 3-ethoxycarbonylmethylthio-2-methyl- and 3
      ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-2-methyl derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinone with substituted
      phenylhydrazines afforded the corresponding hydrazones, while cyclization of the
      same quinones with the same substituted hydrazines in glacial acetic acid gave
      the corresponding naphtho[2,1-b]-1,4,5-oxa- or thiadiazepine derivatives. The
      antimicrobial and anticancer activities of the synthesized compounds were
      studied.

PMID- 2278513
TI  - [Aggregation inhibiting and anticoagulant effects of oligoamines. 13. Improvement
      in the storage of whole blood and erythrocyte suspensions with oligoamines].
AB  - The impairment of the functions of red blood cells or their destruction during
      storage can be delayed or even inhibited by oligoamines especially RE 1492
      (N,N',N''-Tris-(4-phenylbutyl)benzene-1,3,5-trimethanamine). When citrated whole
      blood (WB) is stored at 4 degrees C for 7 d half of the red blood cells (RBC)
      have lost their ability to form rouleaux. Addition of 100 mumols/L RE 1492
      maintains 50% reaggregability up to day 28th of storage. When citrated WB is
      stored at 37 degrees C the reaggregability has declined to 40 percent after 10 h.
      With 100 mumols/L RE 1492 no reduction of this property is observed up to 48 h.
      These results are correlated with the maintainance of the discocyte form of RBC
      and a persistent filtrability of RBC suspensions through a 5 microns microporous
      membrane. With 100 mumols/L RE 1492 only one fifth of the haemolysis of untreated
      WB occurs. The efflux of potassium ions from RBC into the blood plasma during a
      72 h storage is bisected by RE 1492. The binding of oxygen to RBC remains
      unchanged.

PMID- 2278514
TI  - [Synthesis and CNS- activity of cis-pyrano[2,3-b]-[1,4]dioxane derivatives ].
AB  - The alcohols 2, the amines 5, 7 and 10, the indole- and quinoline-derivatives 13
      and 14, the enamines 3 and 4 and the silylenolethers 17 and 18 were prepared
      starting with the title compound 1. The 1-(7-phenyl-7-pyranodioxinyl)-piperidines
      10-cis and 10-trans show striking CNS-activity. The transisomer is about twice as
      active as the cis-isomer.

PMID- 2278515
TI  - Molecular pharmacological aspects of antiarrhythmic activity, II: Interaction of
      class I compounds with calmodulin.
AB  - We have tested the calmodulin (CaM) inhibitory potency of class I antiarrhythmics
      in the phosphodiesterase (PDE) assay. The lipophilicity of the test compounds has
      been quantified by two experimental (log P, RM) and two calculative (sigma f, C
      log P) procedures. Five antiarrhythmics (asocainol, aprindine, lorcainide,
      propafenone, and ethmozine) exhibit IC50 values less than 250 microM for the
      inhibition of the CaM-stimulated PDE activity. Lipophilicity seems to be a prime,
      but not the sole descriptor of CaM inhibitory potency. The functional means of
      CaM inhibition by the test compounds for their antiarrhythmic properties remains
      to be clarified in further investigations.

PMID- 2278516
TI  - Inotropic activities of imidazopyridines.
AB  - A series of 2-substituted 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines and the isomeric 1H
      imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine derivatives has been prepared and evaluated as inotropic
      agents. The 1H-imidazo-[4,5-b] derivatives were found to be consistently more
      potent than their isomers in the [4,5-c] series in isolated guinea pig papillary
      muscle preparations. Structure-activity relationships and the species-dependence
      of inotropic potencies are discussed.

PMID- 2278517
TI  - Cardiotonic 'C' ring modified isomazole analogues.
AB  - Isomazole analogues which have achiral electron withdrawing substituents at the
      4'-position and analogues with heterocyclic 'C' rings have been synthesized and
      evaluated as inotropic agents. It was found that pyridyl could replace phenyl in
      the 'C' ring without loss of activity. The 4'-methylsulphonyl, -cyano, 
      carboxamido, and acetyl analogues had similar inotropic potencies to Isomazole
      whilst displaying superior cardiovascular profiles in in vivo studies.

PMID- 2278518
TI  - [Hypertensive action of 5-(omega-aminoalkyl)aminoisoxazole: synthesis and testing
      of compounds with a sulfamide or carboxyl group on the end of side chain].

PMID- 2278519
TI  - [A modification of the flat-chamber method for determination of binding of drugs
      to human serum albumin].

PMID- 2278520
TI  - Abstracts of papers presented at the session of the German Pharmaceutical
      Society. March 7-9, 1990, Regensburg.

PMID- 2278522
TI  - Osteomyelitis of temporal bone associated with tonsillar focal infection.
AB  - We report here on two cases wherein it is conceivable that the osteomyelitis of
      the temporal bone was brought on by secondary complications associated with
      tonsillar focal infection. The main change to the bone was non-specific
      osteomyelitis. Cryptitis of the tonsils or fibrosis surrounding the blood vessels
      (onion skin lesion) was characteristic findings in the pathological studies.

PMID- 2278521
TI  - Type I allergic reactions of the middle ear and eustachian tube: an experimental
      study.
AB  - To clarify the role of type I allergic reactions in etiology and pathogenesis of
      otitis media with effusion and to determine whether or not the middle ear is an
      allergic "shock" organ, we made animal models of nasal allergy in guinea pigs by
      passive sensitization with serum of homologous animals containing specific IgE
      antibodies. We also examined the eustachian tube, tympanic cavity
      (histologically), and tubal function after the induction of type I allergic
      reactions of the nose. However, the involvement of histologic changes was limited
      only up to the area near the pharyngeal orifice. The tubal dysfunction evoked by
      nasal allergic reactions was transient, culminating in no middle ear effusion.
      Upon direct antigen-challenge into the tympanic cavity, allergic changes were
      observed in the mucosa lining the tympanic bulla, even though no microscopic
      effusion was present. Findings of the present study suggest that type I allergic
      reactions of the nose are not an etiologic factor for otitis media with effusion,
      although the middle ear is potentially an allergic shock organ.

PMID- 2278523
TI  - Chronic otitis media and tympanoplasty in aged patients.
AB  - Results of tympanoplasty in patients over 60 years old were analyzed mainly in
      terms of hearing and postoperative course. Tympanoplasty was carried out in 78
      ears of 67 patients during the last ten years. The following types of
      tympanoplasty were employed: type I in 34 ears, type III-Columella in 23 ears,
      type IV-Columella in 13 ears, and other types in 8 ears. The results were
      compared to those of 145 ears from 119 patients ranging from 20 to 59 years of
      age who had undergone tympanoplasty during the last 3 years. In tympanoplasty
      type I, closure of the air-bone gap within 20 dB was attained in 70% of the
      patients over 60 years old, 90% in the 50-59 year age group, and 100% in the 20
      49 year age group. In type III-Columella, these values were 60, 78, and 94%,
      respectively. During the postoperative follow-up, perforation of the eardrum
      recurred in 5 of 78 ears (6.4%) in the patients over 60, in 5 of 52 ears (9.6%)
      in the 50-59 year group, and in 7 of 93 ears (7.5%) in the 20-49 year group.
      These results suggested that hearing results were worse in patients over 60 than
      in the other age groups, even though the incidence of graft failure did not
      greatly differ by age.

PMID- 2278524
TI  - Otitis media with effusion associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in
      children.
AB  - In an attempt to discover the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in the pathogenesis
      of middle ear diseases, we examined middle ear effusions (MEEs) from 69 patients
      with otitis media with effusion (OME) for the presence of C. trachomatis and
      antibodies to the organism. Age distribution was 1 to 14 years (mean age 6.1
      years). C. trachomatis was isolated by the culture method from MEE of 11 of 31
      (35.5%) patients and from 2 of 5 (40.0%) nasopharyngeal specimens. Chlamydial
      antigen, however, was found in 29 MEEs from 57 patients (50.9%) using an
      immunofluorescent method (Syva, 'MicroTrak'). Antibodies to the agent were found
      in 23 MEEs of 40 patients (57.5%) using the Micro-IF test. Antigen and antibodies
      were determined at the same time and both were detected in 20 of 40 (50.0%)
      patients. Although the isolation rate for C. trachomatis from MEE was low,
      antigen and antibodies were detected in 50.0% of patients with OME. These results
      suggest the possibility that immune complexes are formed with C. trachomatis in
      the middle ear, and that these immune complexes cause the mucosal damage
      responsible for chronic middle ear mucosal irritation.

PMID- 2278525
TI  - Audiological findings of prolonged Meniere's disease.
AB  - As Meniere's disease progresses, the fluctuations becomes less marked and the
      hearing level gradually declines. In the more established and advanced stages of
      the disease, a permanent and progressive hearing loss develops. It has been
      reported, however, that hearing acuity in some patients with Meniere's disease
      significantly improved after having had the disorder for many years. Such
      observation suggests that the inner ear pathology in late stages of Meniere's
      disease may not be necessarily irreversible. The purpose of this investigation
      was to assess whether or not various audiological evaluations including EcochG
      may be of value in predicting the irreversibility of hearing deficit in patients
      suffering from advanced stages of Meniere's disease. The audiological studies
      included pure tone audiogram, SISI test, Bekesy audiometry, glycerol (or urea)
      test, speech discrimination test, and electrocochleography. A combination of the
      recruiting type of response in the EcochG and the narrowing of the tracing width
      of continuous sound in the Bekesy pattern seemed to be indicative for
      irreversible hair cell damages. Patients who had a low score in the speech
      discrimination test as well as an absence of ABR response were suspected of
      having retrocochlear lesions. Our investigations suggest that the irreversibility
      of hearing impairment in patients with later stages of Meniere's disease may be
      predicted to some extent in the use of various audiological evaluations including
      the EcochG.

PMID- 2278526
TI  - A simple, effective method of treating vertigo patients.
AB  - Medical treatment of vertigo even today is far from satisfactory. A controlled
      clinical trial of treating vertigo patients by 1% ephedrine hydrochloride nasal
      douche has been conducted in 84 patients; 74.3% patients were either completely
      or partially relieved of their dizziness. The therapy was well accepted by
      patients and side effects were minimal.

PMID- 2278527
TI  - Inner ear impairment following combined CDDP (platinum preparation) and radiation
      therapy.
AB  - Hearing ability was examined in patients with head and neck cancer treated by
      combined CDDP and electron beam therapy. In 3 of 7 patients with maxillary
      cancer, hearing impairment apparently attributable to the therapy was noted on
      the affected side. In one of these 3 patients, the temporal bone was observed,
      but the cause of hearing impairment could not be determined. We present patients
      with cancer of the external ear in whom radiation-caused hearing impairment
      worsened probably due to combined CDDP and electron beam therapy.

PMID- 2278528
TI  - The epithelium lining the orifice of the laryngeal gland of the Suncus murinus,
      with special reference to the "intermediate epithelium (Nakano)".
AB  - In the lateral wall of the laryngeal ventricle of the Suncus murinus, only a few
      excretory ducts of the laryngeal gland opened that drained the extensive lobular
      system. The ducts opened into the "intermediate epithelium (NAKANO, T.: Acta
      Anat. 127: 22-47, 1986)," which lined the transitional zone between the ciliated
      columnar epithelium and the stratified squamous one, and that showed gradations
      ranging from the ciliated stratified low-columnar through stratified cuboidal to
      stratified squamous type. The orifice of the laryngeal gland was relatively wide
      for the size of the animal and, therefore, the epithelium within the orifice was
      clearly observed by use of SEM. As the number of the ciliated cells decreased in
      the intermediate epithelium surrounding the orifice, the ciliated cells within
      the orifice reduced in number. Considering from these findings, it is suggested
      that the epithelium within the orifice has morphologically close resemblance to,
      and is influenced by, the epithelium surrounding the orifice.

PMID- 2278529
TI  - Morphological study of normal and tumor cells in the head and neck region using
      irradiated collagen gel embedding technique: morphological study using collagen
      gel.
AB  - Fourteen specimens of normal, benign, or malignant tumor cells from the head and
      neck region were subjected for culture using 0.2% of irradiated collagen gel
      embedding technique. Re-differentiation of glands within the gel in serum-free
      medium was observed. There were marked differences in the growth patterns within
      the gel between normal or benign and malignant cells. Four normal glands and 5
      out of 6 benign tumors showed branch-like growth patterns. On the other hand,
      malignant tumors showed no branch-like pattern, or could not grow at all. The
      results showed that the collagen gel technique could be useful for the
      differential diagnosis of malignancy in head and neck tumors.

PMID- 2278530
TI  - Putting our best face forward.

PMID- 2278531
TI  - AIDS/HIV: implications for speech-language pathologists and audiologists.
AB  - Great strides have been made in the past year in uncovering the pathogenesis of
      AIDS/HIV, in administering certain drugs to retard the course of AIDS/HIV, in
      allaying the concerns of the general public, and in dispelling the many myths
      regarding AIDS/HIV. ASHA's Committee on Quality Assurance has provided this
      update as a result of obtaining the most current information from CDC and related
      AIDS/HIV literature. Human service providers are not at high risk of getting
      AIDS/HIV as a result of their work with clients, even if they regularly care for
      persons with AIDS/HIV (American College Health Association Task Force on AIDS,
      1987). The risk is associated with coming in contact with blood and body fluids
      containing visible blood and from needle stick injuries. Guidelines for
      prevention of transmission of the AIDS virus to caregivers are similar to those
      of transmission of Hepatitis B. All practitioners should be aware of these
      guidelines and diligently observe them. This update has relaxed a more stringent
      approach to guidelines for practitioners when coming into contact with all body
      fluids since the most recent CDC recommendations caution practitioners to adhere
      to Universal Precautions if it is anticipated that they might be exposed to blood
      or body fluids containing visible blood. Also, disposal of materials need not be
      extraordinary, because only needles, lab waste, and infectious material require
      the use of hazardous waste red bag container. When practitioners have a question
      regarding cleaning and maintenance of equipment, it is suggested that they
      consult manufacturer's instructions. Materials that may come in contact with
      blood or body fluids should ideally be disposable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2278532
TI  - Defining the viability of avulsed skin flaps by harvesting partial-thickness skin
      grafts.

PMID- 2278533
TI  - The spectrum of vitamin B12 deficiency.
AB  - Low serum vitamin B12 levels are not uncommon in the elderly. Patients with
      vitamin B12 deficiency manifest a spectrum of clinical findings. Pernicious
      anemia and malabsorption syndrome are the usual causes of vitamin B12 deficiency.
      Pernicious anemia is confirmed by the presence of intrinsic factor blocking
      antibody or abnormal results on the Schilling test. Patients with
      neuropsychiatric symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency may have a normal Schilling
      test and no evidence of macrocytic anemia. In such patients, vitamin B12
      deficiency is confirmed by determining serum levels of homocysteine and
      methylmalonic acid.

PMID- 2278534
TI  - Fatal air embolism.

PMID- 2278535
TI  - Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: a replication with
      psychiatric outpatients.
AB  - A prospective study of 1,958 outpatients found that hopelessness, as measured by
      the Beck Hopelessness Scale, was significantly related to eventual suicide. A
      scale cutoff score of 9 or above identified 16 (94.2%) of the 17 patients who
      eventually committed suicide, thus replicating a previous study with hospitalized
      patients. The high-risk group identified by this cutoff score was 11 times more
      likely to commit suicide than the rest of the outpatients. The Beck Hopelessness
      Scale thus may be used as a sensitive indicator of suicide potential.

PMID- 2278536
TI  - Teenage pregnancies and the recriminalization of abortions.

PMID- 2278537
TI  - Anticholinergic antidepressants decrease marital hostility.

PMID- 2278538
TI  - Sweet's syndrome.
AB  - Two women are reported both of whom exhibited, after an episode of an upper
      respiratory tract infection, painful, erythematous, sharply demarcated plaque
      like lesions on the extremities, in combination with fever. In addition, one
      woman also had acute polyarthritis and episcleritis. The histological features of
      the lesions showed a perivascular neutrophilic infiltration in the dermis without
      signs of vasculitis, pathognomonic of Sweet's syndrome. One patient was
      successfully treated, initially with aspirin and later prednisone, the other with
      potassium iodide. Recognition of this syndrome is important in view of the
      dramatic response to treatment, particularly corticosteroids.

PMID- 2278539
TI  - Ashkenazi-Jewish and non-Jewish adult GM2 gangliosidosis patients share a common
      genetic defect.
AB  - The adult form of Tay-Sachs disease, adult GM2 gangliosidosis, is an autosomal
      recessive neurological disorder caused by a partial deficiency of beta
      hexosaminidase A. We had previously identified, in Ashkenazi-Jewish adult GM2
      gangliosidosis patients, a Gly269----Ser mutation in the beta-hexosaminidase
      alpha-subunit. All of the Ashkenazi patients were found to be compound
      heterozygotes with an allele containing the Gly269----Ser mutation together with
      one of the Ashkenazi infantile Tay-Sachs alleles. We have now found the same
      Gly269----Ser mutation in six adult GM2 gangliosidosis patients from four
      different non-Jewish families. Genomic DNA from three of the patients, two of
      whom were brothers, exhibited a hybridization pattern consistent with
      homozygosity for the Gly269----Ser mutation. The remaining non-Jewish patients
      were compound heterozygotes of the Gly269----Ser mutation together with an
      unidentified alpha-subunit mutation. The results demonstrate that individuals
      homozygous for the Gly269----Ser change can be clinically affected. The same
      Gly269----Ser mutation in both the Ashkenazi and non-Jewish patients may be the
      result of a common ancestor, given that the ancestry of these non-Jewish
      patients, like the Ashkenazim, can be traced to eastern Europe.

PMID- 2278540
TI  - Gallium inhibits bone resorption by a direct effect on osteoclasts.
AB  - Gallium nitrate has been used clinically to treat cancer-related hypercalcemia.
      It has been suggested that gallium may reduce calcium release from bone by
      inhibiting bone resorption, but the mechanism(s) involved remain to be
      elucidated. Therefore, we have examined the effect of gallium on bone resorption
      in vitro using osteoclasts isolated from neonatal rat long bones cultured on
      slices of cortical bone. Gallium nitrate (0.01-100 micrograms/ml) produced a
      concentration-dependent inhibition of bone resorption. Morphological studies
      showed that even (100 micrograms/ml) gallium nitrate induced no light
      microscopical change in osteoclast morphology and did not affect their survival
      on bone slices. Pretreatment of bone slices with gallium nitrate (100
      micrograms/ml for 18 h), followed by extensive washing also inhibited subsequent
      osteoclastic bone resorption. These results suggest that gallium can be adsorbed
      onto the calcified surface of bone and inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption.

PMID- 2278541
TI  - Delayed traumatic intracerebral hematomas: "Spat-Apoplexie". Report of two cases.
AB  - Two patients who suffered a head trauma experienced sudden clinical deterioration
      more than 1 week after their injury. The initial computerized tomography (CT)
      scan demonstrated a small hematoma underlying a depressed skull fracture in one
      patient and a small interhemispheric subdural hematoma in the other. Both
      patients had made a complete recovery and follow-up CT scans were normal when
      clinical deterioration suddenly occurred. Both patients developed a large
      intracerebral hematoma and underwent emergency evacuation of the mass. The first
      patient recovered with the exception of a moderate hemiparesis and dysphasia, but
      the second patient died. Delayed traumatic intracerebral hematomas have been
      described in the literature. Since the advent of CT scanning, the incidence of
      this phenomenon has been estimated as between 1.7% and 7.4% of closed head
      injuries. In 1891, Otto Bollinger described four patients who suffered head
      injury, followed days to weeks later by death from an apoplectic event. His
      criteria for diagnosis of "traumatische Spat-Apoplexie" included the absence of
      preexisting vascular disease, a definite history of trauma, an asymptomatic
      interval of at least several days, and an apoplectic episode. These two cases
      reemphasize the existence of Spat-Apoplexie as a rare clinical condition. In the
      presence of CT findings of even small traumatic intracerebral or extracerebral
      hematomas, the possibility of this late complication should be kept in mind.

PMID- 2278542
TI  - Mild measles and secondary vaccine failure during a sustained outbreak in a
      highly vaccinated population.
AB  - A prolonged school-based outbreak of measles provided an opportunity to study
      "vaccine-modified" mild measles and secondary vaccine failure. Thirty-six (97%)
      of 37 unvaccinated patients had rash illnesses that met the Centers for Disease
      Control clinical case definition of measles, but 29 (15%) of 198 vaccinated
      patients did not, primarily because of low-grade or absent fever. Of 122 patients
      with seroconfirmed measles, 10 patients (all previously vaccinated) had no
      detectable measles-specific IgM and significantly milder illness than either
      vaccinated or unvaccinated patients with IgM-positive serum. Of 108 vaccinated
      patients with seroconfirmed measles, 17 patients (16%) had IgM-negative serology
      or rash illnesses that failed to meet the clinical case definition; their mean
      age (13 years), age at the time of vaccination, and time since vaccination did
      not differ from those of other vaccinated patients. The occurrence of secondary
      vaccine failure and vaccine-modified measles does not appear to be a major
      impediment to measles control in the United States but may lead to underreporting
      of measles cases and result in overestimation of vaccine efficacy in highly
      vaccinated populations.

PMID- 2278543
TI  - Pediatrics.

PMID- 2278544
TI  - Invited letter concerning: amiodarone and quinidine for postoperative atrial
      arrhythmias.

PMID- 2278545
TI  - A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment
      of acute spinal-cord injury. Results of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord
      Injury Study.
AB  - Studies in animals indicate that methylprednisolone and naloxone are both
      potentially beneficial in acute spinal-cord injury, but whether any treatment is
      clinically effective remains uncertain. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of
      methylprednisolone and naloxone in a multicenter randomized, double-blind,
      placebo-controlled trial in patients with acute spinal-cord injury, 95 percent of
      whom were treated within 14 hours of injury. Methylprednisolone was given to 162
      patients as a bolus of 30 mg per kilogram of body weight, followed by infusion at
      5.4 mg per kilogram per hour for 23 hours. Naloxone was given to 154 patients as
      a bolus of 5.4 mg per kilogram, followed by infusion at 4.0 mg per kilogram per
      hour for 23 hours. Placebos were given to 171 patients by bolus and infusion.
      Motor and sensory functions were assessed by systematic neurological examination
      on admission and six weeks and six months after injury. After six months the
      patients who were treated with methylprednisolone within eight hours of their
      injury had significant improvement as compared with those given placebo in motor
      function (neurologic change scores of 16.0 and 11.2, respectively; P = 0.03) and
      sensation to pinprick (change scores of 11.4 and 6.6; P = 0.02) and touch (change
      scores, 8.9 and 4.3; P = 0.03). Benefit from methylprednisolone was seen in
      patients whose injuries were initially evaluated as neurologically complete, as
      well as in those believed to have incomplete lesions. The patients treated with
      naloxone, or with methylprednisolone more than eight hours after their injury,
      did not differ in their neurologic outcomes from those given placebo. Mortality
      and major morbidity were similar in all three groups. We conclude that in
      patients with acute spinal-cord injury, treatment with methylprednisolone in the
      dose used in this study improves neurologic recovery when the medication is given
      in the first eight hours. We also conclude that treatment with naloxone in the
      dose used in this study does not improve neurologic recovery after acute spinal
      cord injury.

PMID- 2278546
TI  - Cutaneous vasculitis in patients with myelodysplasia.

PMID- 2278547
TI  - Effect on physician-scientists of the low funding rate of NIH grant applications.

PMID- 2278548
TI  - Stomach cancer and cigarette smoking among U.S. veterans, 1954-1980.

PMID- 2278549
TI  - Ayurvedic treatment of obesity: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled
      clinical trial.
AB  - Seventy obese subjects were randomised into four groups. Ayurvedic drug
      treatments were given for three months while one group received a placebo.
      Physical, clinical and pathological investigations were carried out at regular
      intervals. A significant weight loss was observed in drug therapy groups when
      compared with the placebo. Body measurements such as skin fold thickness and hip
      and waist circumferences were significantly decreased. Decreases in serum
      cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed. No side effects of any kind
      were observed during the treatment period.

PMID- 2278550
TI  - Cell surface markers, inositol phosphate levels and membrane potential of
      lymphocytes from young and old human patients.
AB  - It is well known that most physiological functions change with aging, including
      the immune response. Data concerning the aging of lymphocyte subpopulations are
      conflicting. The antigen density of peripheral blood lymphocytes has been
      determined by fluorescently tagged OKT-3, OKT-4, OKT-8, OKT-11 and OKM1
      monoclonal antibodies in a carefully selected aged (over 87 years) population,
      and compared to that of young subjects. A substantial difference was found in the
      percentage distribution of OKT8 and OKM1 subsets. The volume of lymphocytes of
      the elderly population was significantly less than that of the young. The effect
      of various monoclonal antibodies on phosphatidylinositol breakdown has also been
      studied. It was found that only OKT3, acting through the CD3 antigen receptor,
      was able to induce inositol phosphate formation in both young and elderly,
      although in the latter population this occurred at a lower level. Because the
      plasma membrane plays a regulatory role in this process, an important and
      sensitive functional parameter, the membrane potential, was also monitored and
      influenced by changing the extracellular K+ concentration. The lymphocytes of the
      elderly population responded less sensitively to changes in extracellular
      potassium concentration.

PMID- 2278551
TI  - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the United States.

PMID- 2278552
TI  - Behavioural breathlessness.

PMID- 2278553
TI  - Intravenous sedation: the risk to the dentist.
AB  - The risk of intravenous sedation to the patient is well documented. It now
      appears that there is also a risk to the dentist, not so much one of health but
      one of illegality, loss of career and personal esteem. Martyn Fields looks at
      some of the evidence, and gives advice on how to avoid a dangerous predicament.

PMID- 2278554
TI  - The cholesterol controversy.

PMID- 2278555
TI  - Coronary excimer laser angioplasty.

PMID- 2278556
TI  - Disputes over monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2278557
TI  - Postexposure rabies vaccination during pregnancy: experience from post-marketing
      surveillance with 16 patients.

PMID- 2278558
TI  - 'Patient transfer from the CDS to the GDS'.

PMID- 2278559
TI  - Two types of acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anaemia.

PMID- 2278560
TI  - Comment on the increase in the inappropriate use of jargon in the bone and
      mineral field.

PMID- 2278561
TI  - Clomipramine for OCD.

PMID- 2278562
TI  - Re: The effects of simple hysterectomy on vesicourethral function.

PMID- 2278563
TI  - Royal College policies questioned.

PMID- 2278564
TI  - Patient identity.

PMID- 2278566
TI  - High frequency ventilation.

PMID- 2278565
TI  - The evolution of anaesthesia as a specialty in Canada.

PMID- 2278567
TI  - Effect of diabetes education on self-care metabolic control and emotional well
      being.

PMID- 2278568
TI  - Response to Schmidt and Merkle (on the equivalence of the "LQ + time" model and
      the NSD)

PMID- 2278569
TI  - Clarification of reporting requirements for Animal Welfare Act.

PMID- 2278570
TI  - Electrocardiographic clues for multiple accessory pathways in patients with pre
      excitation syndromes.

PMID- 2278572
TI  - Inflammation imaging.

PMID- 2278571
TI  - The forgotten block.

PMID- 2278573
TI  - Use of chlorhexidine to prevent alveolar osteitis.

PMID- 2278574
TI  - The general practitioner's use and expectations of an accident and emergency
      department.

PMID- 2278575
TI  - Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal approach for aortic reconstruction: a
      randomized prospective study.

PMID- 2278576
TI  - Risk of chlamydial PID and oral contraceptives.

PMID- 2278577
TI  - Inappropriate diagnosis of necrotising arachnidism.

PMID- 2278578
TI  - Iron status of Australian children.

PMID- 2278579
TI  - Allergic reactions to rubber in patients with myelodysplasia.

PMID- 2278580
TI  - A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment
      of acute spinal-cord injury.

PMID- 2278581
TI  - Strategic ethics.

PMID- 2278582
TI  - Lactose-reduced formulas for the treatment of persistent diarrhea.

PMID- 2278583
TI  - Efficacy of sponging vs. acetaminophen for reduction of fever.

PMID- 2278584
TI  - Asymptomatic patients with HIV infection.

PMID- 2278585
TI  - Comparison of digital and conventional musculoskeletal radiography: observer
      performance study.

PMID- 2278586
TI  - Aspiration cytology of cat scratch disease of the breast.

PMID- 2278587
TI  - DNA typing in the forensic arena.

PMID- 2278588
TI  - Grand rounds revisited: results of a survey of U.S. Departments of Medicine.
AB  - Medical grand rounds is a time-honored weekly conference at United States
      teaching hospitals. We surveyed 122 departments of medicine to test the
      hypothesis that grand rounds may have changed with the changing training
      environment. Our goal was to gain a new perspective on the way physicians learn
      clinical medicine and maintain their fund of information. A questionnaire was
      designed to assess several aspects of grand rounds, including format, objectives,
      popularity, and changes over time. The questionnaire was directed to department
      heads of 122 U.S. medical schools. Seventy-five percent of respondents were
      department chairs; the remainder were chief residents and other faculty. Survey
      response rate was 96%. According to respondents, the major objective of grand
      rounds was to provide "updates in diagnosis and treatment." Case presentations
      were regularly included in about one third of departments; patients were rarely
      present for examination or interview. The popularity of grand rounds was thought
      to have decreased. These data support the impression that medical grand rounds is
      still considered important in most academic medical centers. Suggestions are made
      for increasing the clinical relevance of the conference. New techniques for
      presenting clinical material are reviewed, and an argument is made for returning
      to a basic strategy of "solving the patient's problem."

PMID- 2278589
TI  - Preeclampsia--an endothelial cell disorder plus "something else"?

PMID- 2278590
TI  - Multiple personality diagnostic criteria.

PMID- 2278591
TI  - Pruritus and nocturnal wakenings.

PMID- 2278592
TI  - Improving keratometric measurements.

PMID- 2278593
TI  - Vitamin B12 deficiency.

PMID- 2278595
TI  - Cancer is on the move in the Arctic.

PMID- 2278594
TI  - The new class of abortifacients.

PMID- 2278596
TI  - Associations of early childhood infections and reduced hemoglobin levels in a
      historic cohort of Alaska Native infants.
AB  - A retrospective study was carried out to determine the effect of common childhood
      infectious diseases on the hemoglobin level of a cohort of Alaskan Eskimo
      children born between 1960 and 1962. Hemoglobin and health records were available
      on 308 children between 6-11 and 12-17 months of age. Additional records were
      available on 187 of these children at 18-23 months of age. Episodes of
      chickenpox, measles, pertussis, and lower respiratory infections were reviewed.
      Between 38 and 50% of infants between 6 and 23 months of age had hemoglobin
      levels below 11.0 g/dl. The mean hemoglobin level of infants 6-11 and 12-17
      months of age decreased with increasing number of total infectious episodes
      occurring within the 3 months before hemoglobin measurement. This trend was not
      apparent for infants in the 18-23 months age interval nor were low hemoglobins
      predictive of illness during the 3 months after the hemoglobin determination. At
      the 6-11 and 12-17 month age interval the number of lower respiratory infectious
      were most significantly associated with a decreased hemoglobin value. These
      observations are consistent with more recent reports that document iron
      deficiency anemia among children with antecedent infections and again emphasize
      the role of infection in the development and maintenance of anemia in children
      about 1 year of age.

PMID- 2278598
TI  - The eastern Cree bush-kit program evaluation; its usefulness.
AB  - In 1982 the Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay in northern
      Quebec created the bush-kit program to provide hunters and trappers with the
      technical skills to handle medical problems in the bush. A formative evaluation
      of the program revealed a decrease in calls and in medical evacuations from the
      bush and high levels of satisfaction among the participants, health professionals
      and community leaders. However, specific service accessibility problems were
      identified at the time of the evaluation as indicated by participation rates of
      only 50% of the targeted hunters and trappers. These findings as well as
      discussions with bush-kit administrators led to subsequent improvements in the
      program and an increased participation rate the following year.

PMID- 2278597
TI  - Obesity, hypertension, hyperuricemia and diabetes mellitus among the Cree and
      Inuit of northern Quebec.
AB  - In the last thirty years, sociocultural and political changes have profoundly
      affected the way of life of the Cree and Inuit of Northern Quebec. Their health
      status profile has also changed. This study presents the main results of a health
      survey performed among the Cree and Inuit in 1982-1984 by a multidisciplinary
      team. Obesity, arterial hypertension, hyperuricemia and diabetes mellitus while
      almost unknown in the past, have now been added to the list of Cree and Inuit
      health problems. Crees have the highest risk for obesity, hypertension and
      diabetes mellitus. Hyperuricemia for unknown reasons seems more prevalent among
      the Inuit. Our findings suggest that further in-depth studies of chronic
      conditions in these communities are needed.

PMID- 2278599
TI  - The pattern of medical contacts in a geographically isolated mine village in
      Greenland.
AB  - 315 persons represented 708 consecutive episodes of illness during a one year
      period. 13% of the episodes and 22% of all days of sick leave were due to
      occupational reasons. The most frequent occupational complaints were hearing
      impairment and back pain. The most frequent type of occupational injury were
      lesions of the eyes, hands and wrists. Only 32% of all occupational episodes were
      notified to the authorities of health and safety at work as the work was resumed
      at least the day after the injury in 73% of the cases. The surveillance of blood
      lead concentration worked satisfactorily. Only one employee was a suspected
      victim of lead poisoning. The modest medical equipment and the isolated character
      of the mine village made it necessary to refer patients for further treatment
      elsewhere in 14% of the cases.

PMID- 2278600
TI  - William Barents's wintering in Novaja Zemlja 1596-1597.

PMID- 2278601
TI  - Prospects of the noospheric development of the circumpolar territories.

PMID- 2278602
TI  - The structure of Siberian medical research.

PMID- 2278603
TI  - Bedside monitoring in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Evoked responses, hemispheral
      blood flow, and flow-velocity measurements.
AB  - Bedside measurements of a somatosensory-evoked response, of hemispheral blood
      flow, and of Doppler flow velocity, therefore, add objective criteria to the
      other available means of assessment of the condition of an aneurysm patient.
      Angiography can never be superseded; CT scan with the assessment of the density
      and distribution of subarachnoid blood has been shown to be of considerable value
      in relation to spasm, and the fundamental analysis, the view from the foot of the
      bed by an experienced clinician, can, therefore, be expanded in a variety of
      collateral ways, all of which will lead over the next few years, to fresh and
      increased understanding of the vexing question of vasospasm.

PMID- 2278605
TI  - Structural and conformational analysis of metal-containing peptides by one- and
      two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The case of thymulin.
AB  - Thymulin (formerly called FTS) is a well-defined nonapeptide hormone produced by
      thymic epithelial cells. Its biological activity and antigenicity depend on the
      presence of the metal zinc in the molecule. The interaction between this metal
      ion and thymulin has been investigated by means of one- and two-dimensional NMR
      experiments. These experiments were performed in dimethyl-d6 sulfoxide solution
      and in aqueous medium with different metal:peptide ratios. The results are
      compared with those obtained for complexes of thymulin with other metal ions
      (Cu2+ and Al3+) and for the [Ala4]- and [Ala8]-analogs in terms of biological
      activity. These comparative studies suggest that the 1:1 complex is the only
      conformation recognized by the antibodies. From the NOESY data, a spatial
      conformation has been proposed for this complex. This conformation should be the
      physiological one and could lead to a better insight into the conformation
      requirements at receptor sites.

PMID- 2278604
TI  - Immunocytochemical detection of beta-endorphin in mouse spinal motoneurons
      cocultured with astrocytes from spinal cord and forebrain.
AB  - Beta-endorphin was detected by immunocytochemistry in motoneurons from mouse
      embryo spinal cord enriched by differential sedimentation and plated onto
      cultures of embryonic astrocytes from appropriate (cord) and inappropriate
      (cerebral cortex) sources. Growth of motoneurons on astrocytes for 5 d in vitro
      improved cell differentiation and suppressed beta-endorphin immunoreactivity.
      Immunoreactivity was suppressed to a greater degree in motoneurons plated onto
      cortical rather than spinal cord astrocytes. Some small, dense spinal cord cells
      also exhibited beta-endorphin immunoreactivity, but staining was unaffected by
      cultivation on astrocytes. Cell contact and/or hormonal factors deriving from
      glia may contribute to the regulation of beta-endorphin, a trophic neuropeptide
      conditionally expressed in normal and pathologic motoneurons.

PMID- 2278606
TI  - Laser-Doppler flowmetry. A review of its application for measuring cerebral and
      spinal cord blood flow.
AB  - Laser-Doppler flowmetry is a new technique for noninvasive and continuous
      measurement of local microcirculatory cerebral and spinal-cord blood flow. The
      flow estimate by this technique is based on the assessment of the Doppler shift
      of low-power laser light, which is scattered by moving red blood cells. Laser
      Doppler flowmetry has been validated for various organs, including the central
      nervous system. These studies revealed a linear relationship between relative
      changes of the Doppler signal and blood flow over a wide range of pharmacological
      as well as pathological flow alterations, including cerebral ischemia. The
      usefulness of laser-Doppler flowmetry in experimental as well as clinical
      applications has received growing attention. The superiority of the technique
      lies in its high spatial and temporal resolution. Disadvantages are the
      difficulty of obtaining absolute flow values and the sensitivity to artifacts.
      The versatility and on-line capacity of laser-Doppler flowmetry might allow new
      insights into the pathophysiology of alterations of the cerebral and spinal-cord
      microcirculation.

PMID- 2278607
TI  - Oxidant stress and adult respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - Several experimental and theoretical lines of evidence implicate oxidant
      mechanisms in the diffuse lung injury which leads to the clinical syndrome called
      the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The fact that the injury is
      characterized by diffuse lung inflammation and that neutrophils can injure lung
      cells by producing reactive oxygen species provide all of the events necessary
      for extracellular oxidant stress as an important mechanism of injury. In
      experimental models and in the clinical syndrome, biochemical evidence of oxidant
      injury can be measured in the form of lipid peroxidation products. In some
      models, antioxidants, even antioxidant enzymes which do not access cell
      interiors, can protect the lungs from injury. There is also evidence that
      reactive oxygen species generated within lung cells may provide an additional
      oxidant mechanism of injury. Gram negative bacterial endotoxin can directly
      injure lung endothelial cells in culture. This injury is unaffected by superoxide
      dismutase or catalase (antioxidant enzymes which do not enter cells), but is
      prevented by several antioxidants which penetrate cells (including dimethyl
      sulphoxide, dimethyl thiourea and allopurinol). The fact that allopurinol can
      inhibit direct lung cell injury by endotoxin suggests that xanthine oxidase may
      be a source of oxidant generation in lung endothelial cells. Current data suggest
      a two stage oxidant process of lung cell injury where there is both direct injury
      of the cell by intracellular generation of toxic oxidants and triggering of the
      inflammatory response. Activated inflammatory cells adherent to lung cells then
      enhance the injury by the generation and release of extracellular oxidants.

PMID- 2278608
TI  - Oxygen transport and utilization in ARDS.
AB  - The process of tissue O2 transport and utilization is complex and incompletely
      understood. It depends on the successful interaction of the respiratory and
      cardiovascular system in order to deliver O2 in sufficient amounts and at a high
      enough capillary partial pressure to allow for adequate diffusion into the cell.
      Normally, adequate amounts of O2 are available and the system can easily augment
      transport to meet increased metabolic demands. Under these circumstances O2
      utilization is the independent variable. In adult respiratory distress syndrome
      (ARDS) it appears that O2 transport is not sufficient to provide for the aerobic
      production of all the required energy and O2 utilization becomes limited by O2
      transport. The mechanism of this supply dependency is unknown, but has been shown
      to be associated with a poor clinical outcome.

PMID- 2278609
TI  - Right ventricular performance in adult respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - In adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the pulmonary artery hypertension
      is followed by increases in right ventricular diastolic and systolic volumes and
      a decreased ejection fraction. The stroke volume is preserved by the Frank
      Starling mechanism as preload increases, even in the presence of severe pulmonary
      artery hypertension. In contrast, if there coexists a depression of the right
      ventricle contractility, as during right ventricular contusion, septic shock or a
      viral myocarditis, the compensatory Frank-Starling mechanism, that maintains
      right ventricular pump function, seems limited. Thus, it appears that the
      contractile state of the right ventricle can influence the clinical course of
      ARDS. In addition, patients with ARDS require mechanical ventilation with
      positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), which has a detrimental effect on right
      ventricular loading conditions. Most investigators agree that the most important
      effect is a decreased right ventricular preload, secondary to the increased
      pleural pressure due to PEEP. However, in patients with severe pulmonary artery
      hypertension, the PEEP-induced increase in right ventricular afterload may become
      more preponderant, and inotropic support to maintain right ventricular stroke
      volume may be necessary.

PMID- 2278610
TI  - Potential of N-acetylcysteine as treatment for the adult respiratory distress
      syndrome.
AB  - The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), often referred to as non-cardiac
      pulmonary oedema, is now regarded as a very complicated inflammatory process with
      oedema being only one facet. In recognition of this, pharmacologic therapy with
      anti-inflammatory corticosteroids was used widely until the completion of
      randomized clinical trials. Unfortunately, corticosteroids have not been proved
      to be useful in preventing ARDS in septic patients nor in patients with
      established ARDS and this has led to investigations with pharmacologic agents
      which are safer and more specifically targeted to certain parts of the
      inflammatory process. We have examined the role of the glutathione anti-oxidant
      system in the sheep model of ARDS as well as in patients with established ARDS
      through use of intravenous N-acetylcysteine (NAC). We have found that the
      response to endotoxin is markedly blunted in sheep treated with NAC. In our
      controlled clinical trials with NAC we found that patients with ARDS have
      depressed plasma and red cell glutathione concentrations, that these levels are
      substantially increased by therapy with intravenous NAC and there are measurable
      clinical responses to treatment with regard to increased oxygen delivery,
      improved lung compliance and resolution of pulmonary oedema.

PMID- 2278611
TI  - Pulmonary microembolism and lung vascular injury.
AB  - Pulmonary microembolism results in lung vascular injury characterized by an
      increase in the transport of the pulmonary micro- vascular barrier into proteins.
      The increase in lung vascular permeability is a primary factor responsible for
      the protein-rich oedema associated with pulmonary microembolism. The
      microembolism can result from a variety of causes, but an essential feature of it
      is the "plugging" of pulmonary microvessels with thrombi; that is, the entrapment
      of fibrin and blood-formed elements in pulmonary microvessels. Neutrophil-derived
      products released subsequent to neutrophil activation are primary mediators of
      lung vascular injury. The attachment of neutrophils to the endothelial cell is a
      requisite for the development of endothelial injury. Fibrin itself plays another
      important role in that fibrin promotes neutrophil adhesiveness and releases
      factors such as fibrin degradation products which may increase endothelial
      permeability. Therefore, pulmonary microembolism is a determinant of acute lung
      microvascular injury and is a factor in the pathogenesis of the adult respiratory
      distress syndrome. Neutrophils are important effector cells mediating lung
      microvascular injury, although the factors that are responsible for neutrophil
      sequestration and activation remain unclear.

PMID- 2278612
TI  - Present role of sleep studies in lung disease: methods and applications in
      adults.

PMID- 2278613
TI  - Organization of a sleep laboratory.

PMID- 2278614
TI  - Pulse oximeter and transcutaneous O2 monitoring: criteria for a choice.

PMID- 2278615
TI  - Ear oximetry for polysomnographic investigations in actual practice.

PMID- 2278616
TI  - Sleep disorders and oxygen therapy in chronic bronchitis-emphysema.

PMID- 2278617
TI  - Sleep disordered breathing and pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2278618
TI  - Digital processing of snoring sounds.

PMID- 2278619
TI  - A screening method for sleep-apnoea detection.

PMID- 2278620
TI  - Computerization of polysomnographic data.

PMID- 2278621
TI  - Sleep rhythm disorders in COPD patients.

PMID- 2278622
TI  - Non-apnoeic nocturnal O2 desaturations in COPD patients with daytime borderline
      hypoxaemia.

PMID- 2278623
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnoea: is prevention ever possible?

PMID- 2278624
TI  - Validation of oximetry as a screening test for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.

PMID- 2278625
TI  - Transmural pulmonary artery pressure during CPAP in obstructive sleep apnoea
      syndrome.

PMID- 2278626
TI  - Non-invasive cardiorespiratory monitoring during sleep.

PMID- 2278627
TI  - Screening study of nocturnal hypoxia in COPD patients with different clinical
      features.

PMID- 2278628
TI  - Clinical presentation of sleep apnoea.

PMID- 2278629
TI  - Innovative funding for cancer research: California's antismoking initiative.

PMID- 2278630
TI  - Tumor suppressor genes: possible functions in the negative regulation of cell
      proliferation.

PMID- 2278631
TI  - Detection of genomic alterations in carcinogen-induced mouse liver tumors by DNA
      fingerprint analysis.
AB  - DNA fingerprint analysis was used to study structural abnormalities in the genome
      of mouse liver tumor cells. Liver tumors were induced in three strains of mice,
      namely C57BL/6J, C3H/He and B6C3F1, by a single injection of 20 micrograms/g body
      wt. diethylnitrosamine on day 15 after birth. DNA from liver tumors was digested
      with Hinfl restriction enzyme and hybridized on Southern blots with wild-type
      bacteriophage M13 DNA as probe. The resulting fingerprints of tumor DNA were
      compared with those of DNA from normal liver tissue. Genomic aberrations were
      detected in two out of 68 tumors analyzed, one stemming from a C57BL/6J and the
      other from a C3H/He mouse.

PMID- 2278632
TI  - Effects of ionizing radiation on expression of genes encoding cytoskeletal
      elements: kinetics and dose effects.
AB  - We examined the modulation in expression of genes encoding three cytoskeletal
      elements (beta-actin, gamma-actin, and alpha-tubulin) in Syrian hamster embryo
      (SHE) cells following exposure to ionizing radiations. Early-passage SHE cells
      were irradiated in plateau phase with various low doses (12-200 cGy) of neutrons,
      gamma-rays, or x-rays. RNA samples were prepared from cells at different times
      postexposure and were analyzed for levels of specific transcripts by northern
      blots. The results revealed that alpha-tubulin was induced by both high-linear
      energy of transfer (LET) (neutrons) and low-LET (gamma-rays and x-rays)
      radiations with similar kinetics. The peak in alpha-tubulin mRNA accumulation
      occurred between 1 and 3 h postexposure; for gamma-actin mRNA, accumulation was
      similarly induced. For both gamma-actin and alpha-tubulin, the higher the dose
      during the first hour postexposure (up to 200 cGy gamma-rays), the greater the
      level of mRNA induction. In contrast, mRNA specific for beta-actin showed
      decreased accumulation during the first hour following radiation exposure, and
      remained low up to 3 h postexposure. These results document the differential
      modulation of genes specific for cytoskeletal elements following radiation
      exposure. In addition, they demonstrate a decrease in the ratio of beta
      actin:gamma-actin mRNA within the first 3 h following gamma-ray exposure. These
      changes in mRNA accumulation are similar to those reported in some transformed
      cell lines and in cells treated with tumor promoters, which suggests a role for
      changes in actin- and tubulin-mRNA expression in radiation-mediated
      transformation.

PMID- 2278633
TI  - Expression of c-myc, c-raf-1, and c-Ki-ras in azaserine-induced pancreatic
      carcinomas and growing pancreas in rats.
AB  - We examined the pattern of expression of several proto-oncogenes during
      nonneoplastic growth and in acinar cell neoplasms in the rat pancreas. The levels
      of c-myc, c-raf-1, and c-Ki-ras mRNAs were increased in regenerating pancreata
      following surgical partial pancreatectomy and following administration of
      camostat. We also investigated proto-oncogene expression associated with the
      progression of pancreatic cancers in azaserine-treated rats. Injection of a
      single dose (30 mg/kg) of azaserine (O-diazoacetyl-L-serine) to 14-d-old rats
      leads to a variety of neoplastic lesions in the rat pancreas. Total RNA was
      isolated from lesions in various stages of tumor progression, including adenomas,
      carcinomas in situ, and invasive carcinomas. We observed increased expression of
      c-myc, c-raf-1, and c-Ki-ras in azaserine-induced adenomas and carcinomas. Actin
      expression was also increased in these tissues, whereas amylase expression was
      variable. However, when compared to the normal growing pancreas, the level of
      proto-oncogene expression in the adenomas and carcinomas was disproportionate to
      the degree of cellular division in those tissues. Thus, the alterations induced
      by azaserine apparently caused a deregulated increase in expression of cellular
      oncogenes associated with growth regulation.

PMID- 2278634
TI  - Activating missense mutations in Ha-ras-1 genes in a malignant subset of bladder
      lesions induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine or N-[4-(5-nitro-2
      furanyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide.
AB  - Urothelial cell cultures generated from urinary bladders from a series of N-butyl
      N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN)- or N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)-2
      thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT)-treated Fischer 344 rats were examined for activating
      missense mutations in Ha-ras-1 genes. Our overall objective was to identify
      oncogene-activating mutations in this system and to determine what altered
      biological properties correlate with such genetic changes. The urinary bladders
      from the treated animals showed a spectrum of histopathologies, from simple
      hyperplasia to transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Using restriction analysis,
      oligonucleotide hybridization, and DNA sequencing, we found that approximately
      20% (3/14) of the bladder cell cultures had acquired oncogenic single-base
      substitutions in codon 61 of Ha-ras-1 genes (CAA----AAA or CGA). The donor
      bladder lesions for these three cultures, which also harbored the same ras
      activating mutations, were all classified as stage A or B TCCs. However, four
      other TCCs also arising in this series were found to have normal Ha-ras genes.
      Whereas approximately half of the bladder cultures derived from the carcinogen
      treated rats were nontumorigenic in athymic mice, the three cultures containing
      ras oncogenes were all highly tumorigenic (forming tumors within 5 wk of
      injection into athymic mice). These cultures also displayed a high degree of
      anchorage-independent growth and NIH 3T3-transforming activity in gene transfer
      assays. The nontumorigenic cultures were derived from bladder lesions that
      included three hyperplasias and three stage A TCCs. We conclude that ras
      activating missense mutations were present in a malignant subset of bladder
      lesions induced by BBN or FANFT, but most of the lesions in this system appeared
      to involve genetic alterations elsewhere. Thus other oncogenes besides activated
      Ha-ras may apparently be associated with the same bladder histopathologies and
      transformation markers.

PMID- 2278635
TI  - Interleukin production by human colostral cells after in vitro mitogen
      stimulation.
AB  - Human colostral cells were pulsed with PHA, Con A, or LPS and cultivated in serum
      free medium. The culture supernatants were tested for IL-1 activity in C3H/HeJ
      thymocyte assay and for IL-2 activity on human lymphoblasts. The IL-1 activity
      was the highest at the 24th h of cultivation and IL-2 activity at the 48th h of
      cultivation.

PMID- 2278636
TI  - Reproductive immunology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection.

PMID- 2278637
TI  - Induction of immunological tolerance to self.

PMID- 2278639
TI  - Myelofibrosis: a review of clinical and pathologic features and treatment.
AB  - The purpose of this review is to discuss and clarify the current understanding of
      the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of MF. MF may be either
      a primary or secondary disorder. It is characterized by an increased deposition
      of bone marrow collagen, fibronectin, and laminin. Present evidence indicates
      that MF may be mediated by platelet or megakaryocyte growth factors, decreased
      prostaglandin mediated stem cell inhibition, immune complex deposition, and both
      fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation. Recently acute MF has been
      recognized to be identical to acute megakaryocytic leukemia. Secondary MF usually
      responds to appropriate treatment of the underlying disease. Primary MF is
      usually treated by blood product support, but may be responsive to androgens,
      splenectomy, splenic irradiation, chemotherapy, or bone marrow ablation with
      marrow reconstitution.

PMID- 2278638
TI  - Maternal-fetal interactions on the regulation of the autoimmune response.
AB  - Adult female rats were immunized with 5 mg or 25 mg of modified rat male
      accessory glands (MRAG) incorporated to complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) before,
      during, and after pregnancy. The mothers and litters were exchanged between the
      experimental and normal groups. The offspring were brought up to 20 days of age
      and immunized with 5 mg of MRAG-CFA and 5 mg of human serum albumin (HSA)-CFA.
      Anti-MRAG antibodies were detected in the offspring brought up by the immunized
      mothers and the titers were similar to those of the foster mothers whereas in the
      offspring of the experimental group fostered by normal mothers antibodies to MRAG
      were not detected. The DTH performed in the offspring 13 days after the
      immunization was significantly diminished in male and female offspring from the 5
      mg and 25 mg experimental group fostered by normal mothers (P less than 0.0005
      for all groups). Similar results were found when the offspring from normal
      mothers were suckled by mothers immunized with MRAG-CFA. To assess whether MRAG
      or HSA administered to female rats reached the offspring via the placenta or the
      milk, female rats were immunized with 3 mg of 125I-MRAG-CFA or with 3 mg of 125I
      HSA-CFA. When radioactivity was measured in neonates (n = 11) that were suckled
      by the 125I-MRAG-CFA immunized mothers, the specific activity was 116 in stomach
      (0.4 micrograms of MRAG) and 940 in the total organs (3.8 micrograms of
      MRAG).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2278640
TI  - Endometrial carcinoma: current concepts and future perspectives.
AB  - Endometrial carcinoma is increasing worldwide and, in most of western Europe and
      the U.S., it is now the most common malignancy in the female pelvis. The most
      common parameters in deciding therapy are staging, according to the International
      Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) and histopathological
      grading, and evaluation of myometrial invasion. The treatment results in terms of
      a 5-year survival rate, are about 90% for well and moderately differentiated
      stage I to II endometrial carcinomas, whereas that for poorly differentiated ones
      is about 70%. The latter figures point towards the need for further prognostic
      parameters to identify subgroups with a fatal form of the disease. One such
      parameter might be the concentration of steroid receptors and promising results
      have been published recently but still better prognostic parameters have been
      proposed recently. It is known that the DNA content in individual tumor cells is
      a prognostic parameter. Due to the development of flow cytometry such
      determinations are rapid and more precise, and the prognostic significance has
      been proved to be superior to the more commonly used parameters.

PMID- 2278641
TI  - The human basophil.

PMID- 2278642
TI  - [New challenges for the general pediatrician: high technology applied to the
      patients].
AB  - New technologies are concentrated and managed in large urban centers at highly
      developed hospitals. These technologies reach primary health care (HC) level
      through a "sui generis" intra-national transfer of technology: incorporated to
      patients. Patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are
      emblematic of this model of technological transfer. One patient with CAPD is
      taken as case study for analysis and discussion about problems in HC primary
      level. The lack of an adequate and efficient primary health care develops a quasi
      vital dependence on distant hospitals. As a consequence, primary pediatricians
      are limited to routine and bureaucratic activities to comply with tertiary level
      staff prescriptions. The outcome is negatif both for patients and health
      professionals i.e. strict dependence with HC tertiary level, high amount of
      unnecessary hospitalizations, severe interference with patients and their family
      social life, frustration, fear, insecurity and potential progressive difficulties
      in the access to health care. Real participation of all levels of HC staff
      constitute a sine que non necessity for the attaining of patients rehabilitation
      through family-centered, community-based care and for equity in the access to HC
      facilities. The reaching of these goals requires primary pediatricians to become
      involved in a program of continuous training education on new technologies
      tailored to their needs, possibilities and wishes if a comprehensive coordination
      between primary and tertiary health care levels is to be expected.

PMID- 2278643
TI  - [Influence of work status of mothers on the weight of full-term newborns].
AB  - Birth weight is considered as the most important indicator of growth and
      intrauterine development as well as the nutritional status of the newborn.
      Several reports have demonstrated the influence of both biological and social
      variables on low birth weight, among which being discussed is the influence of
      the mothers work activities. Two hundred and thirty-two newborns were studied at
      the Regional Hospital "20 de Noviembre" of the Institute de Seguridad y Servicios
      Sociales para los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE) and selected based on
      inclusion and exclusion criteria which homogenized the sample and allowed to
      associate the work status of the mother with the low birth weight of the child.
      The somatometric data of the newborns was obtained from official registrars from
      the Perinatology Ward and directly from the mothers who were interviewed. The
      results did not significant statistical differences in the weight of the newborns
      of those mothers who do work than in those who don't. It was concluded that for
      this sample, the favorable socioeconomic fund established by a double family
      income apparently compensates any disadvantages which the work activity could
      have on the newborns' weight.

PMID- 2278644
TI  - [Blood levels of phenytoin. Pharmacokinetics and individualization of dosages in
      controlled children with crises and with persistence of crises].
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of phenytoin was evaluated using the Michaelis-Menten
      technique in children with seizures seen at the Outpatient Ward, in order to
      adjust their medication dosages based on a clinical-pharmacological relation. The
      children were divided into two groups: Group A (controlled seizures) and group B
      (persistent seizures). Each group of children were orally given 7 mg/kg of
      phenytoin. Their serum levels were measured using enzymatic immunoassay at one,
      two, four, eight and 12 hours after taking the medication. There was a
      significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between the average saturation
      constant (Km) and the maximum speed (Vmax) with age and the doses administered in
      group A, which showed a lesser metabolic capacity than group B. There was also a
      significant correlation (P less than 0.05) when predicting the levels in each
      group. Clinically, the patients group A were controlled while those in group B
      witnessed a lesser frequency and intensity of the seizures in six patients, two
      were controlled and two others remained the same. The data shows a clinical
      pharmacological correlation in children difficult to control, and improves the
      dosaging criteria used each individuals needs.

PMID- 2278645
TI  - [Medicine, mathematics and statistics. Practical aspects].
AB  - To identify the statistical methods more frequently used in the medical
      literature, we reviewed 4,218 papers equivalent to 26 years/periodical. 26% of
      the papers did not have any statistical method. In the remaining 74% only
      descriptive (24.5%) or inferential (75.5%) methods were used. Overall there were
      3,882 inferential test done. Based on a probability analysis we propose a
      framework to rationalize the teaching of statistics to improve the decision
      making process in medicine.

PMID- 2278646
TI  - [Usefulness of clobazam in the treatment of refractory epilepsy in children].
AB  - Below is report on our experience using a relatively new benzodiazepine as
      treatment for refractory epilepsy in 30 children. All of the patients had a
      severely fixed encephalopathy; 17 presented mixed epilepsy, 9 had Lennox-Gastaut
      syndrome and 4 others, West Syndrome. The seizures were totally controlled in 20%
      of the children; in a proportion superior to 75%, seizures were decreased in 46%
      of the patients. There were positive results in 6% of the cases and side-effects
      were seen in 13%. The usefulness of the clobazam as a co-adjuvant medication in
      the control of refractory epileptic seizures was demonstrated since the number of
      seizures decreased from 15 to 3 per day.

PMID- 2278647
TI  - [Mucoviscidosis: clinical and laboratory aspects of 29 cases].
AB  - The following is a preliminary report on 29 patients with mucoviscidosis. The
      study was conducted within the hospital and included clinical history, laboratory
      examinations and X-rays. The patient's ages ranged from four months to 20 years;
      15 of them were males, 22 of them began their illness with respiratory
      symptomatology, 24 of them were previously hospitalized on one or more occasions.
      Bronchial secretions were examined for pathological and opportunistic bacteria.
      Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus predominated and were found to be highly
      resistant to antibiotics. Mortality was high among the group: 13.7%.

PMID- 2278648
TI  - [Simple ureterocele diagnosed in utero. Presentation of a case].
AB  - We report a case of simple ureterocele which was diagnosed in utero using
      prenatal ultrasonography at 32 weeks and subjected to serial observations in
      order to spot hydronephrosis and hydroureter. The diagnosis was confirmed at
      birth using ecosonography and the newborn was submitted to corrective surgery
      during the immediate neonatal period, obtaining excellent results.

PMID- 2278649
TI  - [Epiploon cysts. Report of 2 cases].
AB  - This report includes two cases of omental cysts, with detailed clinical and
      radiological findings. The main clinical finding in these patients was a massive
      cystic growth, producing an increase in abdominal volume undistinguishable from
      ascites. In both cases the preoperative diagnosis was done using abdominal
      ultrasonography. Although omental cysts are infrequent, it should be thought of
      as a possibility in the differential diagnosis in children with intraabdominal
      fluid. Omental cysts; intraabdominal cystic masses; abdominal ultrasound.

PMID- 2278650
TI  - [Massive neonatal hemorrhage of the adrenal glands].
AB  - We report the case of a three week old newborn who developed bilateral adrenal
      hemorrhage. This is an extraordinary case because of the late presentation of the
      hemorrhage as well as the excessive amount of blood involved. The newborn was the
      product of a normally evolved to full-term pregnancy, with a prolonged and
      traumatic delivery. The child had severe neonatal hypoxia and encephalopathy
      which required intensive care. The child was discharged in good conditions a week
      later. A week after that, the child is readmitted due to circulatory collapse,
      extreme paleness and a hemoglobin count of 3 g/dL. The newborn was treated for
      hypovolemic shock and improved substantially. The bilateral intraabdominal mass
      was detected and using an intravenous pyelography, ultrasonography and a CAT
      scan, a severe bilateral adrenal hemorrhage was seen. Adrenal failure was
      excluded and the child's care allowed for him to be discharged a week later in
      excellent conditions an followed as an outpatient until the hematomas subsided.
      This problem should be suspected in hypoxic newborns for which they should be
      submitted to abdominal ultrasonography before being discharged.

PMID- 2278651
TI  - [Chiari malformation].
AB  - The Chiari malformation (CHM) is a congenital disease of unknown etiology. It is
      presumed that a defective closure of the neural tube produces at least one of its
      three types. It has also been related to traumatic delivery. Type II is closely
      associated to the myelomeningocele. The clinical picture is determined by the
      chronic compression of the cervical cord by the cerebellar tonsils. Low cranial
      nerve palsy and muscular hypotonia are some of its predominant features.
      Syringomyelia complicates type I. CAT scan and NMR are the preferred radiological
      studies for diagnosing MCH. Treatment is surgical. Posterior fossa decompression
      and cervical laminectomy are sufficient if the ventricular shunt is patent. If
      treatment is installed before permanent structural damage is present, up to 88%
      of the patients have significant remission of the symptoms.

PMID- 2278652
TI  - [Anthropometric evaluation of nutritional status in children. Procedures,
      standardization and significance].
AB  - A major concern for pediatrician is evaluate the infant nutritional status for
      clinical, epidemiological and research purposes. This paper describes different
      anthropometric procedures such as weight, length or height, as well as head and
      arm circumferences and skinfolds; give some relevant hints in order to prevent
      subjects, instruments and operator errors. Standardization methods are discussed
      and cut point to accept consistency and validity between operators are suggested.
      It's also discussed how to manage the raw data in order to evaluate nutritional
      status in terms of size, growth tendency or weight/age, length/age and
      weight/length indices; besides, the most important classification of the
      nutritional status are given. Finally, the procedures for calculating muscular
      and fat arm areas and corporal adiposity in order to obtain body composition are
      presented.

PMID- 2278653
TI  - Influence of visual blur on object-motion detection, self-motion detection and
      postural balance.
AB  - We have compared the influence of visual blurring (either by use of plastic foils
      or by plus lenses) on detection of object-motion and self-motion, and on visual
      control of postural balance. Three experiments were performed--in all of which
      object-motion and self-motion detection latencies (response times) and postural
      sway (sway path) increased with increasing visual blurring. We conclude that
      visual blurring either by foils or by glasses affects object- and self-motion
      perception and postural sway in a similar way.

PMID- 2278654
TI  - Genotypic dependency of spontaneous yawning frequency in the rat.
AB  - By inbreeding we have obtained two sublines of Sprague-Dawley rats which differ
      significantly in spontaneous mean yawning frequency (MYF). In generation F21 of
      the high-yawning (HY) subline MYF was 21.5 yawns/h (y/h) in males and 1.95 y/h in
      females, at the age of 2 months. In the low-yawning (LY) subline, in generation
      F16 the MYF was 0.9 y/h in males and only 0.5 y/h in females. During the first 15
      days there are no differences in yawning frequency between HY and LY rats.
      Thereafter yawning increases with age, more steeply in the HY subline. The
      results of reciprocal crosses between both sublines indicate that the LY
      character is partially dominant over the HY one.

PMID- 2278655
TI  - Effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine injections in the fornix-fimbria on locomotor
      activity in photocell cages and the open field.
AB  - Microinjections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) into the fornix-fimbria (FF)
      reduced dorsal hippocampal [3]5-HT uptake to 40% of control levels. The FF 5,7
      DHT lesions increased nocturnal activity in photocell cages, but reduced central
      ambulation in diurnal open field tests. The lesions also disrupted both
      habituation of rearing across days in the open field and alternation in a Y-maze.
      Hence FF-derived hippocampal 5-HT terminals participate in controlling activity,
      but their role depends on the test apparatus and procedures.

PMID- 2278656
TI  - The notion of response invariance in trade-off studies of self-stimulation.
AB  - Trade-off profiles, displaying the co-variations of 2 electrical parameters
      required to maintain a constant magnitude of brain stimulation reward (BSR), have
      been used extensively in order to characterize the self-stimulation (SS) neurons.
      It has often been assumed that constancy in the magnitude of BSR can be achieved
      more accurately by holding SS at a constant proportion of the maximum rate,
      rather than at a constant rate. The validity of this assumption was tested in 2
      experiments using rats. In Exp. 1, we first computed the function that relates SS
      barpressing rate to pulse frequency (RF function) for two different pulse
      intensities, separately. The peak SS rate was found to be lower in the low
      current than in the high current RF function. The rats were then placed in a 2
      lever box and were allowed to select either a fixed frequency of the high current
      pulses or a variable frequency of the low current pulses. In Exp. 2, the RF
      function was first computed for 2 different lever weights, separately. The peak
      SS rate was found to be lower in the heavy-lever RF function than in the light
      weight lever RF function. The rats were then allowed to select either a fixed
      pulse frequency delivered by the heavy lever or a variable pulse frequency
      delivered by the light-weight lever. Isopreference was noted in both experiments,
      for pulse frequencies which, in the single-lever box, elicited the same
      proportion of the maximum SS rate, not the same SS rate. The data thus validate
      the idea that a constant magnitude of BSR is translated into a constant
      proportion of the maximum SS rate, not a constant SS rate.

PMID- 2278657
TI  - Cerebral lateralization of olfactory-mediated affective processes in rats.
AB  - To determine whether processing of information is lateralized in the brain of non
      human mammalian species, rats that had undergone ablation of the left or right
      olfactory bulb were compared to sham-operated animals and to bilaterally
      bulbectomized animals in their response to emotionally positive or negative
      social odours. Left-bulbectomized rats were impaired in their behavioural
      reaction but not in their hormonal response to an odour from a stressed
      conspecific. They fully retained, however, their ability to recognize a
      nonstressed juvenile conspecific on the basis of its olfactory characteristics.
      These results suggest that hemispheric asymmetries develop in mammals not for
      recognition of emotional stimuli but for association of emotional experiences
      with appropriate adaptive behaviour.

PMID- 2278659
TI  - Effect of ethanol on memory consolidation in mice: antagonism by the
      imidazobenzodiazepine Ro 15-4513 and decrement by familiarization with the
      environment.
AB  - Three sets of experiments were carried out with CD1 mice tested in a one-trial
      inhibitory avoidance task. In a first set of experiments the posttraining
      administration of ethanol (1 or 2 g/kg) impaired, while that of the
      imidazobenzodiazepine Ro 15-4513 (5 or 10, but not 2.5 mg/kg) improved the
      retention performance of the animals. In a second set of experiments a by itself
      ineffective dose of Ro 15-4513 (2.5 mg/kg) antagonized the effect of ethanol (1
      and 2 kg/kg). These results are discussed on the basis of the interaction of
      these drugs with the GABAergic system. In a third set of experiments, in which
      the performances of mice familiarized with the apparatus were compared with those
      of non-familiarized mice, ethanol was less effective in impairing memory
      processes of the experienced subjects. These results are discussed in terms of
      attenuation of emotionality, resulting in impaired retention, following
      posttraining ethanol administration.

PMID- 2278658
TI  - Three-dimensional retinal image stability during visual tilt discrimination in
      the rabbit.
AB  - Rabbits trained to discriminate vertical vs. oblique striations are unable to
      discriminate angular differences of 5 degrees. In the present study the
      instabilities around the roll axis of the eyes were measured during visual
      discrimination. The results indicate that these instabilities are one of the
      causes of the rabbit's inability to discriminate angular differences of 5
      degrees.

PMID- 2278661
TI  - Visuomotor feeding perturbations after lateral telencephalic lesions in pigeons.
AB  - Pigeons with lesions of the lateral part of the telencephalon, visual Wulst, and
      fronto-archistriatal tract were compared with sham-operated controls in 2
      procedures. In one of them the time it took the pigeons to grasp and eat a
      certain number of grains was recorded. In the other experiment the number of
      grains was counted that the pigeons consumed out of a mixture of grains and
      pebbles within a fixed time interval. Only the pigeons with lateral telencephalic
      lesions were impaired. While in the first experiment the lateral ablated birds
      improved with time there was no recovery of performance in the second experiment.

PMID- 2278660
TI  - Hippocampus and medial temporal cortex: neuronal activity related to behavioural
      responses during the performance of memory tasks by primates.
AB  - Neuronal activity was recorded in the hippocampal formation, the parahippocampal
      gyrus and medial inferotemporal cortex of monkeys performing memory tasks. In a
      modified delayed matching to sample task in which 2 sequentially presented
      stimuli were compared on each trial, a match condition required a right panel
      press, whereas a non-match condition required a left panel press. The activity of
      336/736 (45.7%) neurons was related to the behavioural responses (left or right
      panel presses) in this task. The incidence of response-related activity was 57.4%
      in cortical areas adjacent to the rhinal sulcus plus medial inferotemporal
      cortex, and 40.2% for the hippocampal formation. For 58.9% of these response
      related neurons, the activity change associated with the behavioural response was
      greater than that during presentation of the sensory stimuli, though neurons
      commonly responded (33.2% of all recorded neurons) to both sensory and motor
      events. The activity of 198 neurons (26.9%) differed between go-left and go-right
      trials; such neurons were found in all areas but were nearly twice as common in
      the posterior as in the anterior hippocampal formation. The importance of visual
      stimuli for the response-related neuronal activity was examined during the
      performance of a delayed alternation task without visual cues indicating
      direction of response. The response-related activity of 8 neurons recorded during
      the delayed alternation and the delayed matching tasks was similar in both tasks,
      indicating that memory for the behavioural responses influences the activity of
      the response-related neurons. In order to test the effects of stimulus
      familiarity and non-spatial responses on medial temporal neurons, recognition
      memory and visual discrimination tasks requiring lick responses were performed.
      The activity of 2/375 (0.5%) neurons was related to the lick responses; 3/68
      neurons in the inferomedial temporal cortex responded on the basis of stimulus
      novelty and none reflected their reinforcement value. It is concluded that the
      hippocampal formation, the parahippocampal gyrus and medial inferotemporal cortex
      all have a role in the utilisation of sensory, mnemonic and motor information
      underlying the selection of spatially-directed behavioural responses.

PMID- 2278662
TI  - Chronic infusions of GABA into the medial frontal cortex of the rat induce a
      reversible delayed spatial alternation deficit.
AB  - The effects of bilateral infusions of GABA into the medial frontal cortex of the
      rat were studied in a delayed spatial alternation task. It was found that GABA
      (500 mM, 1 microliter/h during 7 days) impaired the performance of the rats in
      the previously learned task. Upon interruption of the treatment, the animals
      rapidly recovered normal performance scores. The results show that GABA infusions
      produce functional deficits similar to those produced by lesions of the frontal
      cortex. Moreover, the deficits are reversible upon interruption of the treatment.
      This technique may therefore be a useful tool for studying frontal lobe functions
      and the involvement of GABAergic mechanisms in cognitive processes.

PMID- 2278663
TI  - Gastrointestinal manifestations of Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
AB  - We report a case of the intestinal lesion in Henoch-Schonlein purpura, presented
      with an acute abdomen in a 4 year old boy. Five days after sudden colicky
      abdominal pain, skin purpura and painful joint swelling developed. These
      manifestations were associated with abdominal distension, hematemesis,
      hematochezia and hematuria. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a marked bowel
      distension with edema and patchy dark reddish discoloration of the jejunum and
      ileum. These patchy areas showed transmural hemorrhage and necrosis associated
      with characteristic leukocytoclastic vasculitis in and around the hemorrhagic
      lesions. These vasculitis was thought to be related to Henoch-Schonlein purpura.

PMID- 2278664
TI  - Polymorphic reticulosis with colonic lesion--a case report.
AB  - A 38-year-old man was admitted with a high fever, sore throat, and right upper
      quadrant pain. Nine months before his admission, he had undergone right
      hemicolectomy under the impression of intestinal lymphoma. But there had been no
      evidence of lymphoma on microscopic examination. Under the postoperative
      diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, corticosteroid therapy was tried without
      response. On the follow-up colonoscopic examination, an ovoid ulcer, with
      convergence of the surrounding mucosal folds at the descending colon and an
      irregularly shaped ulcer at the ileocolic anastomotic site, were found. The
      colonoscopic diagnosis was Behcet's colitis. After pathologic slides of biopsy
      and surgical specimens obtained from the palatine tonsil and colon were reviewed,
      the diagnosis of polymorphic reticulosis was made. The patient received
      anticancer chemotherapy, including cyclophophamide and glucocorticosteroid. To
      date, colonic involvement of polymorphic reticulosis has not been reported.
      Because of the similarity of the colonoscopic findings to those of Behcet's
      colitis, polymorphic reticulosis should be included in the differential diagnosis
      of inflammatory bowel disease. We assume that this is the first case of
      polymorphic reticulosis involving the colon with characteristic colonoscopic
      findings.

PMID- 2278665
TI  - Symptomatic subependymoma--a case report.
AB  - Subependymoma is a rare, slow-growing, benign noninvasive tumor of the central
      nervous system that may be located in the fourth ventricle, the septum
      pellucidum, the third and the lateral ventricles, the aqueduct, and the proximal
      spinal cord. Symptoms, if any, usually result either from direct compression of
      the brain stem or from acute hydrocephalus due to occlusion of the foramen of
      Monro or aqueduct of Sylvius. In this report, we describe a case of subependymoma
      of the lateral ventricle with headache in a young female patient. This is the
      first reported case subependymoma in Korea that was documented along with
      Magnetic resonance image.

PMID- 2278666
TI  - MR imaging findings of moyamoya disease.
AB  - The brain MR images of 23 patients with angiographically proved moyamoya disease
      were reviewed to evaluate the capability of MR to demonstrate vascular and
      parenchymal abnormalities. All the MR images were obtained on a 2.0 T
      superconducting system and included T1-weighted sagittal and T2-weighted axial
      images without implementation of flow compensation (FC). The vascular
      abnormalities demonstrated on MR images were narrowing of the cavernous internal
      carotid artery (ICA) (73%), narrowing or occlusion of the supraclinoid ICA (87%)
      and proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) (91%), and multiple collateral vessels
      in the basal ganglia and/or thalamus (96%). The parenchymal abnormalities
      included ischemic infarctions (74%), predominantly located in watershed areas,
      hemorrhagic infarctions (26%), intracerebral hematomas (13%), and
      intraventricular hemorrhage (13%). In conclusion, MR imaging was a useful
      diagnostic modality for detecting both vascular and parenchymal abnormalities
      associated with moyamoya disease. This may obviate the need for invasive
      angiography as far as the diagnosis is wanted at the non-quantitative level.

PMID- 2278667
TI  - Congenital malignant melanoma--a case report.
AB  - Herein reported is a case of congenital malignant melanoma in a premature male
      baby from a 25-year-old healthy mother who was found to have hydramnios at the
      29th week of gestation. The pregnancy was interrupted because of a large
      posterior neck mass detected by ultrasonography. The large neck mass of the baby
      was a malignant melanoma involving deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The skin
      over the mass showed a large area of pigmentation with hairs and the pigmentation
      involved the occipital scalp and posterior neck. Microscopically, the tumor cells
      were monotonous and showed polygonal and epithelioid appearance with prominent
      nucleoli indicative of malignant melanoma of a minimal deviation variety. Neither
      junctional components nor benign dermal nevus cells were noted. There were no
      distant metastasis or underlying leptomeningeal melanosis. This tumor is presumed
      to have developed from either preexisted congenital giant pigmented nevus with
      loss of benign components or de novo origin.

PMID- 2278668
TI  - Abdominal Burkitt's lymphoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology--a case
      report.
AB  - A case of abdominal Burkitt's lymphoma diagnosed through aspiration cytology is
      described. This 9-year-old boy presented with abdominal pain and distention for
      three months accompanied by fever and night sweat during the last month. An
      abdominal sonography and CT scan showed hepatosplenomegaly and an intrahepatic
      mass with celiac lymph node enlargement, ascites, and pleural fluid. A peripheral
      blood smear showed a few blast cells. Aspiration of the abdominal mass revealed
      very cellular aspirates consisting of diffusely scattered small monotonous round
      cells. The cells had little cytoplasm, along with round nuclei that showed clear
      cut nuclear membrane, coarse chromatin pattern, and multiple small prominent
      nucleoli. Differential diagnoses considered were small round cell sarcomas such
      as malignant lymphoma, neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Of
      these, malignant lymphoma of the small noncleaved cell type was most consistent
      with the results of several studies including immunohistochemical staining,
      peripheral blood smear, and bone marrow biopsy. The cells were positive for
      leukocyte common antigen (LCA) and showed finely vacuolated basophilic cytoplasm
      in both the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy, characteristic of
      Burkitt's lymphoma cells.

PMID- 2278669
TI  - Mechanism of age-related differences in frequency discrimination with backward
      masking: speed of processing or stimulus persistence?
AB  - In Experiment 1, frequency-discrimination thresholds were estimated in a 2
      interval, forced-choice, backward masking procedure with a masker acoustically
      dissimilar to the targets. Young subjects were more efficient in escaping the
      effects of masking than were their elderly counterparts. In Experiment 2, young
      and elderly subjects performed the same task, with a masker acoustically similar
      to the targets and with a target-dissimilar masker. Under target-similar masking
      and at short target-masker intervals, the elderly demonstrated significant
      improvement, reaching the level of performance of the young, whereas under the
      target-dissimilar masker, the age-related differences were restored. Both age
      related slowing of information processing and increase in stimulus persistence
      can account for the results of Experiment 1, but only increased stimulus
      persistence explains the results of Experiment 2.

PMID- 2278670
TI  - The Memory Functioning Questionnaire for assessment of memory complaints in
      adulthood and old age.
AB  - The results of psychometric analyses of the Metamemory Questionnaire (MQ;
      Zelinski, Gilewski, & Thompson, 1980), developed to evaluate perception of
      everyday memory functioning, are presented for a sample of 343 men and 435 women
      aged 16 to 89. Exploratory factor analysis yielded 4 correlated factors--General
      Frequency of Forgetting, Seriousness of Forgetting, Retrospective Functioning,
      and Mnemonics Usage--which accounted for 36.7% of the variance in responses to
      the MQ. Factor structure was invariant across age groups (16-54 vs. 55-89 years),
      2 independent samples, and over 3 years. Because some of the original MQ scales
      did not load on the factors, only 64 of the original 92 items were retained for
      inclusion in the Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ). Internal consistency of
      MFQ scores is high. The MFQ is therefore reliable for evaluating memory self
      appraisals.

PMID- 2278671
TI  - Life stressors, social resources, and late-life problem drinking.
AB  - Life stressors and social resources among late-middle-aged problem and nonproblem
      drinkers were studied. Problem drinkers (n = 501) reported more negative life
      events, chronic stressors, and social resource deficits than did nonproblem
      drinkers (n = 609). In a comparison of problem drinkers, men reported more
      ongoing stressors involving finances and friends, and fewer resources from
      children, extended-family members, and friends than did women. Women who are
      problem drinkers reported more negative life events, more ongoing difficulties
      with spouses and extended-family members, and fewer resources from spouses. Among
      both the problem and nonproblem drinkers, more stressors were associated with
      fewer social resources, but only within certain life domains. Late-middle-aged
      adults' chronic stressors and social resources helped explain their drinking
      behavior, depression, and self-confidence even after sex, marital status, and
      negative life events were considered.

PMID- 2278672
TI  - Relationship orientation, quality of prior relationship, and distress among
      caregivers of Alzheimer's patients.
AB  - Communal orientation and closeness of the caregiver-patient relationship were
      investigated as predictors of distress among caregivers of Alzheimer's patients.
      Persons high in communal orientation were less depressed than those low in
      communal orientation. Caregivers reporting a close relationship with the patient
      before illness onset felt less burdened than those whose relationship had not
      been close. Communal orientation interacted with closeness when data were
      analyzed separately for men and women. Among men, being low in communal
      orientation and having a relatively poor prior relationship were associated with
      the highest levels of depression, levels that put them at risk for clinical
      depression. Among women low in communal orientation, higher levels of depression
      were related to having a close prior relationship with the patient.

PMID- 2278673
TI  - Relation of socioeconomic status to logical and sociomoral judgment of middle
      aged men.
AB  - Empirical links between socioeconomic status and logical and sociomoral judgment
      were studied. Logical judgment was measured with adaptations of the pendulum and
      correlations tasks devised by Inhelder and Piaget (1958); sociomoral judgment was
      scored with the standard Kohlberg interview. Measures of socioeconomic status
      (SES) were status of family of origin and subject's educational attainment and
      occupational prestige. In a sample of 83 middle-aged men, the 3 measures of SES
      accounted for 25% and 12% of the variance in logical and sociomoral judgment,
      respectively. Adult occupational prestige accounted for 6% of the variance in
      logical judgment beyond that explained by family status and education, suggesting
      that adult cognitive functioning may be related to occupational placement,
      occupational experience, or both.

PMID- 2278674
TI  - Evaluations of older and younger adult speakers: influence of communication
      effectiveness and noise.
AB  - University students (N = 96) performed 3 communication tasks presented to them
      either by young men (mean age = 26 years) or by older men (mean age = 77 years).
      In counterbalanced order, students heard speakers in 3 message conditions
      (effective, ineffective, and noise). The messages of older men and the older men
      themselves were evaluated less positively than were younger men. In line with the
      hypothesis of age-biased behavioral interpretation, older adults speaking
      effectively were not accorded the same evaluative benefits over their less
      effective guises, especially on competence ratings, as were younger speakers.
      Furthermore, the noise condition was predictably more detrimental to ratings of
      the older speakers, who were more vulnerable to generalized negative affect.

PMID- 2278675
TI  - Age differences in everyday memory: laboratory analogues of telephone number
      recall.
AB  - Three experiments were conducted to examine age differences in memory for
      telephone numbers by adults ranging from 18 to 85 years of age. In the first 2
      studies, using visual simultaneous presentation, age declines in immediate recall
      were evident on 10-digit numbers, but not on 3-digit numbers. With 7-digit
      numbers, the youngest group performed significantly better than the oldest (70-85
      years) group. In the second study, more marked age declines occurred when
      subjects had to redial a number after a busy signal. The third experiment
      replicated the observed aging pattern with auditory sequential presentation.
      Also, chunked presentation of local telephone numbers resulted in high
      performance for old and young in sequential recall. The findings were discussed
      in relation to task processing demands and practical issues related to telephone
      number recall.

PMID- 2278676
TI  - Adult age differences in memory for massed and distributed repeated actions.
AB  - Adult age differences in memory for actions were investigated in 2 experiments in
      which actions were repeated with massed or distributed spacing. In Experiment 1,
      subjects received a mixed series of actions, half performed once, the others
      twice, with repetitions either massed or distributed. Young subjects recalled
      more actions than did the elderly, and more distributed actions were recalled
      than massed actions. However, the Age X Spacing interaction was not significant.
      A probable inhibitory mechanism with a mixed list was avoided in Experiment 2 by
      use of unmixed series. Actions were performed once only, twice only in massed
      repetitions, or twice only in distributed repetitions. The age difference was
      significant, and more actions were recalled in the distributed condition than in
      either of the other conditions, the results of which did not differ from one
      another. The Age X Conditions interaction was negligible. These results imply
      that elderly subjects are as likely as young subjects to encode contextual
      information while performing actions.

PMID- 2278677
TI  - Facets of support related to well-being: quantitative social isolation and
      perceived family support in a sample of elderly women.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and interactive
      relationships of measures of network embeddedness and perceived social support
      with mental and physical health measures from responses of a sample of 271
      community-dwelling elderly women. Quantitative social isolation was measured as
      the co-occurrence of low network embeddedness with family and with friends. There
      was a threshold effect such that quantitatively isolated participants had poorer
      psychological well-being and functional health than did nonisolated participants.
      This effect was independent of perceived support levels. The pattern was
      different for perceived social support. Elderly women with low perceived family
      support had poorer psychological well-being regardless of perceived support from
      friends or network embeddedness. Implications are discussed for several
      unanswered questions in the social support literature, including possible
      interventions for the quantitatively isolated and for those with low levels of
      perceived support.

PMID- 2278678
TI  - Encoding variability and age-related retrieval failures.
AB  - The hypothesis that an age-related decrease in consistency of processing may
      contribute to age-related deficits in episodic remembering was examined in 2
      experiments. Older and younger adults generated properties to a series of target
      words on 2 occasions. Encoding variability was determined by calculating the
      degree of intra- and intersubject overlap of properties generated on both
      occasions. Experiment 1 showed that older adults' interpretations varied more
      than those of younger adults. Furthermore, older adults were less idiosyncratic
      in their descriptions than were younger adults. Experiment 2 replicated this
      pattern of results and showed that the observed age-related decrease in
      consistency of processing was associated with age-related retrieval failures. An
      age-related decrease in distinctiveness of encoding was proposed as a factor
      underlying age differences in consistency that, in turn, is assumed to contribute
      to age-related deficits in episodic remembering.

PMID- 2278679
TI  - Age and management team performance.
AB  - One hundred eighty male managers participated as age-homogeneous 4-person teams
      in a validated all-day decision-making simulation. Fifteen teams consisted of 28-
      to 35-year-old participants (young), 15 teams were in the 45-55 age range (middle
      aged), and 15 teams consisted of 65- to 75-year-old (older) persons. More than 40
      objective performance measures (loading on 12-15 factors) were calculated on the
      basis of team decision making, planning, and other indicators. Performance by
      young and middle-aged teams was generally similar. Older teams made fewer
      decisions and were less strategic and less responsive to incoming information.
      Their overview of the task was less broad; action diversity and information
      search was reduced. However, older teams used opportunities and handled a
      simulated emergency as effectively as their younger and middle-aged counterparts.
      Alternative explanations for the obtained differences are presented.

PMID- 2278680
TI  - Individual-differences assessment of the relationship between change in and
      initial level of adult cognitive functioning.
AB  - Methodological factors may have been partially responsible for the inconsistency
      in findings from previous investigations into the relationship between change in,
      and initial level of, adult cognitive functioning. An alternative data-analytic
      procedure is proposed and applied to data from 277 men (25-76 years of age at
      initial testing) over 3 measurement occasions (interwave intervals of 6.7 years).
      Performances on both the Benton Revised Visual Retention Test (BVRT) and the
      Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Vocabulary subtest were analyzed. The
      findings demonstrate that the significant negative relationships between change
      and initial status, found on both tests, were partially a function of measurement
      error. Once adjustments were made for errors of measurement, the previously
      significant negative relationship for the BVRT data became significantly
      positive, whereas for the WAIS the relationship remained significantly negative,
      although to a lesser degree. The importance of accounting for errors of
      measurement is discussed.

PMID- 2278681
TI  - Validity of the Sheltered Care Environment Scale: conceptual and methodological
      issues.
AB  - The Sheltered Care Environment Scale (SCES) was developed primarily to measure
      social climate as an attribute of a setting. As such, the SCES was designed to
      maximize differences between facilities and minimize differences among
      individuals within a setting. However, Smith and Whitbourne (1990) assessed the
      validity of the SCES as a measure of individual differences in perceptions of a
      shared environment. Moreover, they redefined the content coverage of 2 of the
      SCES subscales (Independence and Physical Comfort), to encompass attributes the
      SCES is not intended to measure. In general, preliminary evidence indicates that
      the SCES subscales provide reasonably reliable and valid indices of the social
      climate of group residential facilities.

PMID- 2278682
TI  - Validity of the Sheltered Care Environment Scale: rejoinder to Lemke and Moos
      (1990).
AB  - In a previous article, based on open-ended interviews with residents of 1
      facility, questions were raised about the construct validity of 3 of the 7
      subscales of the Sheltered Care Environment Scale. Lemke and Moos (1990)
      criticized the sampling of a single facility as having an inappropriate focus on
      individual differences. Their criticisms are addressed, and a dialectic approach
      is recommended for use in qualitative analyses for construction and validation of
      quantitative measures of geriatric residential settings.

PMID- 2278683
TI  - Preserved organization of semantic attributes in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - This study investigated whether Alzheimer's disease (AD) disrupts the basic
      organization of the semantic attributes of concepts. Young and normal older
      subjects and AD patients were presented with a target concept followed by a
      stimulus word and were to decide whether the stimulus was related to the target.
      On those trials where it was, the stimulus was either a high-, medium-, or low
      dominance attribute of the target. The higher the normative dominance, the more
      important the attribute to concept meaning. In all 3 subject groups, decision
      time varied as a function of dominance. The higher the dominance, the faster the
      decision. Attribute dominance affected the performance of AD patients more than
      that of normal subjects. These results suggest that AD patients retain their
      knowledge of the relative importance that the different attributes of a concept
      have for concept meaning.

PMID- 2278684
TI  - A measure of relational competence for community-dwelling elderly.
AB  - A measure of relational competence was developed to assess the skills necessary
      for peer friendship development among the elderly. Participants were required to
      respond to a series of social problem vignettes that were constructed to tap
      empathy, assertion, and role-taking skills. Validation data were collected as
      part of a larger project designed to establish indigenous, elderly peer-support
      telephone dyads among low-income, community-dwelling elderly women. Results
      indicated that the measure of relational competence was related to initial
      friendship formation, telephone conversational skills, and rated social
      competence as determined by judges' ratings of 2 telephone conversations between
      participants and staff members. The research illustrates the usefulness of moving
      away from trait conceptions of social competence to a more focused consideration
      of particular task demands and the skills needed to solve age-linked social
      problems.

PMID- 2278686
TI  - Age-related decrement in auditory selective attention.
AB  - Young (n = 30), middle-aged (n = 32), and old (n = 28) adults repeated (shadowed)
      words presented to the left ear at 60 words per minute with and without
      distracter words presented to the other ear. Dichotic shadowing error rate
      increased with age. An attempt to eliminate the age effect by adjusting for age
      differences in monaural shadowing errors, fluid intelligence, and pure-tone
      hearing loss did not succeed. When the analyses were confined to subjects who
      made no monaural shadowing errors, dichotic shadowing errors still increased
      linearly with age. These results showed that there are selective-attention
      deficits in older adults that cannot be accounted for by the uncertainty of the
      target location.

PMID- 2278685
TI  - Aging and the stability of activation and sampling in cued recall.
AB  - Age effects in cued recall were investigated as a function of activation and
      sampling of preexisting associates of the test cue. Young adults, community
      dwelling elderly, and elderly patients studied lists of unrelated words and were
      tested with extralist cues. Preexperimental strength between test cues and
      studied words was manipulated to discern differences in activation, and normative
      size of the set of associates was manipulated to discern differences in sampling.
      Test delay and prior testing were also manipulated in Experiment 1. Although
      large age effects were found with phonemic and taxonomic test cues, young and
      older subjects showed comparable effects of strength and set size, suggesting
      that age effects were not due to activation and sampling differences. Test delay
      and prior testing also had comparable effects. Implications for age effects in
      episodic cued recall are discussed.

PMID- 2278687
TI  - Age, gender, and individual differences in memory failure appraisal.
AB  - Young adults (22 men and 24 women) and older adults (24 men and 24 women) rated
      12 gender-neutral vignettes describing short-term, long-term, and very-long-term
      memory failures. Vignette target persons were young (21-32) or older (65-75) men
      or women. Subjects of both age and gender groups used a double standard: Failures
      of older targets of both genders were rated as signifying greater mental
      difficulty than failures of young targets; failures of young targets were
      attributed to lack of effort and attention. Young subjects judged very-long-term
      failures more harshly than did older subjects. Subjects' objective memory
      performance, self-rated memory failure frequency, memory failure discomfort, and
      depression made little difference in their target person ratings.

PMID- 2278688
TI  - Bender-Gestalt Test performance in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.
AB  - Bender-Gestalt Test performances of 144 persons with very mild, mild, or moderate
      senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) and 96 healthy older adults ranging
      in age from 63 to 95 were compared. Total scores and error types according to the
      modified Hutt-Briskin scoring system are reported. The Bender-Gestalt Test does
      not appear to be useful in differentiating very mild or mild SDAT from normal
      aging.

PMID- 2278689
TI  - When bad things happen to older people: age differences in attributional style.
AB  - This study expanded on earlier attributional work with the elderly by examining
      age differences in the generality, as well as the locus and stability, of causes
      for bad events and the relationship of these attributions to self-reported
      health. One hundred twenty young (mean age = 18.3) and elderly (mean age = 74.39)
      adults rated the internality, stability, and globality of causes for good and bad
      events using the Attributional Style Questionnaire (Peterson et al., 1982). Older
      adults were more likely than younger adults to see bad events as being due to
      stable and specific factors. Older adults who attributed negative outcomes to
      more internal and global factors also reported their health to be poorer than
      that of others.

PMID- 2278691
TI  - Adaptive processes in the temporomandibular joint.

PMID- 2278690
TI  - Note on doctor/pharmacist relations.

PMID- 2278692
TI  - Odontogenic infections.

PMID- 2278693
TI  - Some dental aspects of the Phillips explosion.

PMID- 2278694
TI  - Not negligent! But...!

PMID- 2278695
TI  - Dental office computerization: common pitfalls and how to avoid them.

PMID- 2278697
TI  - Immunohistochemical findings in the vestibular ganglion from a patient with
      Meniere's disease.
AB  - Immunofluorescent staining techniques were performed on a series of cryostat
      sections of the vestibular ganglion taken during ganglionectomy from a patient
      with Meniere's disease. The direct technique using FITC-labelled antiserum proved
      the presence of immunoglobulins in the patient's blood vessels and endoneural
      connective tissue. Preincubation with unlabelled antiserum blocked this reaction.
      An additional positive reaction of ganglion cells was demonstrated by incubating
      tissue with the patient's serum. These findings prove antibodies in the patient's
      serum against the autologous ganglion cells. The vestibular ganglion from a
      patient with dizziness following a skull base fracture served as a control
      specimen. No autoimmune reaction was found in the ganglion cells when incubation
      was carried out with the patient's serum. A positive reaction in the blood
      vessels and connective tissue was less pronounced. The findings of the present
      study underline the occurrence of immunological reactions in the vestibular
      ganglion of patients with Meniere's disease. A subsequent degeneration of
      ganglion cells could provoke clinical Meniere's attacks.

PMID- 2278696
TI  - A longitudinal electrocochleographic study of a case of long-standing bilateral
      Lermoyez's syndrome.
AB  - An 18-year follow-up of a case of bilateral Lermoyez's syndrome is presented. The
      left ear having reached a stabilized hearing loss about 9 years after the onset
      of the disease, the right ear, apart from some isolated early periods of hearing
      loss, started to show the full extent of clinical symptoms after about 16 years.
      Electrocochleographic observations are presented. Studies were performed twice in
      the right ear during a period of strongly fluctuating hearing thresholds, once in
      an impaired and once in a relatively good condition. Electrocochleography of the
      stabilized left ear was performed as well. The data are compared with
      electrocochleographical observations in the left ear in its early fluctuating
      stage. Variation of cochlear physiological data during the fluctuating stage of
      the disease shows remarkable correspondence between the two ears. The stabilized
      Lermoyez ear is shown to have developed considerable hair cell loss, but may
      still have preserved its endolymphatic hydrops. These findings in Lermoyez's
      syndrome fit well into the observations reported in patients with Meniere's
      disease.

PMID- 2278698
TI  - Iontophoresis with an adrenergic alpha-blocker in acoustic overstimulation.
AB  - To study the influence of sympathetic innervation on the amount of threshold
      shift (TS) induced by sound overstimulation, iontophoresis with phentolamine, a
      known adrenergic alpha-blocker, was performed on awake guinea pigs. The sound
      exposure following this induced a significantly lesser degree of TS when compared
      with the control group. These findings indicate that iontophoresis may be of
      great help in transporting specific ionized chemical compounds through the intact
      cochlear walls in a completely non-invasive manner for studying cochlear
      physiology.

PMID- 2278699
TI  - Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction of the osseous and membranous
      labyrinths.
AB  - In order to obtain an adequate knowledge of the stereoscopic anatomy of the
      temporal bone, it is very useful to make three-dimensional reconstructions of the
      bone. By using the histological sections of a human temporal bone processed for
      routine evaluation, we have undertaken computer-aided reconstruction of the
      osseous and the membranous labyrinths, as well as the inner ear sensory organs.
      Reconstructions were done either separately or simultaneously. Owing to the
      "semitransparent display" function of the computer system, it was possible to
      observe the reconstructed membranous labyrinth through the simultaneously
      reconstructed osseous labyrinth, and the sensory organs through the membranous
      labyrinth. The results were satisfactory for understanding the spatial
      relationships among these structures. We also attempted computer-aided
      measurements of the reconstructed sensory organs and calculated the length of the
      organ of Corti and the angle between the saccular and the utricular maculae.

PMID- 2278700
TI  - Epithelial migration in the healing process of tympanic membrane perforations.
AB  - The healing process in 10 human tympanic membrane perforations after trauma and
      20 myringotomies was observed under the microscope and was photographed. The
      movement of the healing process was from the central portion of the perforation
      to the periphery and followed the same direction as the drum's epithelial
      migration. At the central portion of the perforation's margin, the keratin layer
      proceeded to the periphery and was followed by the epidermal cell layer. Only
      slight movement was observed at the peripheral portion of the perforation.
      Histopathological examination confirmed these observations. These findings
      demonstrate that epithelial migration on the tympanic membrane plays a great role
      in the healing of a perforation.

PMID- 2278701
TI  - Evaluation of otoacoustic emissions in high-risk infants by using an easy and
      rapid objective auditory screening method.
AB  - Ninety-five ears of 53 infants at high risk for hearing impairment were examined
      using brainstem-evoked response audiometry (BERA), stapedial reflex audiometry
      (SRA) and click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs). By taking BERA as a
      reference, the results obtained were compared in order to evaluate the
      significance of EOAEs for auditory screening. EOAEs were present in more than 90%
      of the ears when the BERA threshold was below 30 dB. In this group of infants,
      the stapedial reflex was positive in about 80% of the ears examined. In contrast,
      EOAEs were never observed with BERA thresholds exceeding 40 dB. In several cases
      with BERA thresholds above 30 dB, elevated SRA values could also be recorded. A
      further advantage of EOAEs and SRA was a recording time of less than 3 min. Since
      the non-invasive recording of EOAEs was fast and easy to perform and the results
      obtained were reproducible, we conclude that click-evoked otoacoustic emissions
      are a reliable technique for demonstrating normal cochlear function.

PMID- 2278702
TI  - The effects of pressure on cochlear microphonics in experimentally induced
      hydropic ears in the guinea pig.
AB  - The effect of perilymphatic pressure on the cochlear microphonics (CM) threshold
      was examined in guinea pigs with experimentally induced hydrops. When a pressure
      of 300 mm H2O was applied to the scala tympani of the basal turn, the 500 Hz CM
      threshold shifts in ears during the 1st week following obliteration of the
      endolymphatic sac and duct were significantly smaller when compared with shifts
      in normal ears. Larger threshold shifts were then regained at 4-12 weeks after
      surgery. When acetazolamide was administered to hydropic animals, the effect of
      the increase of perilymphatic pressure on the CM threshold was also investigated.
      During the 1st postoperative week (4-7 days after surgery), CM threshold shifts
      were larger when compared to changes in hydropic animals without medication. The
      CM depression as the result of pressure is probably due to a mechanical effect on
      the intracochlear partition.

PMID- 2278704
TI  - The difference in endocochlear and endolymphatic sac d.c. potentials in response
      to furosemide and canrenoate as diuretics.
AB  - We investigated the effects of furosemide, a loop diuretic, and canrenoate, an
      aldosterone antagonist, on the endocochlear potential (EP) and the endolymphatic
      sac potential (ESP) in the guinea pig. Furosemide produced no significant change
      in the ESP at a dose of 100 mg/kg after an intravenous infusion for 20 min.
      However, this dose decreased the EP to a negative level. Canrenoate produced no
      significant change in the EP at an intravenous dose of 300 mg/kg for 20 min, but
      it did decrease the ESP. The differences in the EP and ESP in the response to the
      diuretics indicate a dissimilarity of the origin of both d.c. potentials in the
      endolymphatic space.

PMID- 2278703
TI  - Relationships of vitamins A and E and beta-carotene serum levels to head and neck
      cancer patients with and without second primary tumors.
AB  - Second primary tumors constitute one of the most challenging problems in head and
      neck cancer. Their etiology is not yet fully understood. For this reason, we
      studied the relationships of vitamins A and E and beta-carotene serum levels in
      patients with head and neck cancer with and without second primary tumors. The
      results indicate lowered levels of beta-carotene in both groups of patients,
      while the levels of vitamin A and vitamin E were statistically significantly
      lower in patients with second tumors than in the group with a single head and
      neck cancer. This suggests that low vitamin A and vitamin E levels may play a
      role in the etiology of second tumors in head and neck cancer patients.

PMID- 2278705
TI  - Sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap for intraoral reconstruction.
AB  - The results of healing of the sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap in 22
      patients operated upon because of cancer of the tongue and floor of the mouth are
      presented. An inferiorly based island flap was used in 5 patients. Although total
      or partial cutaneous necrosis occurred in 4 of the patients, the wound healed
      without fistula formation in all cases. A superiorly based compound flap was used
      in 17 patients and in 5 of them the oral part of the skin underwent total or
      partial necrosis.

PMID- 2278706
TI  - Hemangiopericytoma of the nasal septum.

PMID- 2278708
TI  - Botulinum toxin to suppress hyperkinesias after hypoglossal-facial nerve
      anastomosis.
AB  - Facial hyperkinesias are a common side effect of hypoglossal-facial nerve
      anastomoses. We report a patient whose facial hyperkinesias were suppressed by
      botulinum toxin injections a treatment recently introduced in the therapy of
      craniocervical dystonias. EMG studies are used to document the effect of
      botulinum toxin on the facial hyperkinesias as well as on voluntary muscle
      activation.

PMID- 2278709
TI  - Relation between three-dimensional geometry of the inflow tract to the orifice
      and the area, shape, and velocity of regurgitant color Doppler jets: an in vitro
      study.
AB  - The relation between three-dimensional geometry of the inflow tract to the
      orifice and the area, shape, and velocity of regurgitant jets was studied in a
      pulsatile in vitro color Doppler flow model. A 2.5 MHz transducer connected to a
      diagnostic ultrasound machine was placed in a water tank facing pulsatile jets
      (duration, 0.5 second) obtained by a calibrated injector. Flow rate from 6 to 52
      ml/sec were tested through a 5 mm diameter circular orifice. Four different three
      dimensional inflow tract geometries were compared: (A) sharp-edged, (B) Venturi
      (funnel), (C) converging conical, and (D) diverging conical. Mean velocities of
      jets were measured by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. Driving pressures
      were also measured by means of a fluid-filled catheter. Two observers
      independently digitized contours of maximal color jet areas by computer system
      from two separate sets of experiments. Results are given as the mean values of
      the four measurements for each parameter. Jet areas were correlated to flow rate,
      with no difference from A through D. The shape (eccentricity) of jets was
      different between A and B (p less than 0.05), between B and D (p less than 0.01),
      and between C and D (p less than 0.01). The shape of jets was correlated with
      flow rate, continuous-wave velocity, and pressure gradient in B, C, and D but not
      in A. Measured pressure gradients and estimated gradients by continuous-wave
      Doppler echocardiography were similarly correlated from A through D.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2278707
TI  - Immunosuppressive retroviral-related factors in sera of patients with head and
      neck cancer.
AB  - The chemotactic responsiveness of mononuclear phagocytes has often been found
      defective in patients with various malignancies. We have previously reported a
      defective chemotactic responsiveness in patients with head and neck cancer. Low
      molecular-weight factors (LMWFs) have been isolated from tumors and can be held
      responsible for the inhibitory effect on monocyte chemotactic responsiveness. It
      is an intriguing new finding that these LMWFs can be neutralized by antibodies
      reactive to P15E, a structural envelope protein of murine leukemia retroviruses.
      In this report we describe a relatively easy and rapid method for the detection
      of immunosuppressive P15E-like factors in the sera of patients with head and neck
      cancer. The test is based on the monocyte polarization assay. Although only nine
      head and neck cancer patients were included in this study, the findings indicate
      that the test might be of value for clinical application. An early detection of a
      recurrence after treatment might be possible by the finding of a reappearance of
      the P15E-like factors in patients' sera during follow-up.

PMID- 2278710
TI  - The reproducibility of intravascular ultrasound imaging in vitro.
AB  - To determine which factors may affect the image quality when an intravascular
      ultrasound catheter is used in vivo, the influence of blood, temperature change,
      and contrast media were evaluated. In addition, to confirm the reproducibility of
      intravascular ultrasound imaging to measure cross-sectional lumen area,
      intraobserver and interobserver variability were determined. The findings
      indicated that ultrasound images in blood are mildly attenuated, that changes
      from room temperature to body temperature do not have a significant impact on the
      image quality, that contrast media attenuates the image intensity in a dose
      dependent manner, and that the intravascular ultrasound imaging catheter provides
      a reproducible method for measuring arterial lumen area with excellent
      intraobserver and interobserver correlation.

PMID- 2278711
TI  - Instantaneous cross-sectional flow velocity profiles: a comparative study of two
      ultrasound Doppler methods applied to an in vitro pulsatile flow model.
AB  - Two methods based on different techniques for construction of cross-sectional
      flow velocity profiles from Doppler ultrasound signals were compared: an
      intraluminal method using pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography and an
      extraluminal method using two-dimensional (color) Doppler ultrasound. The methods
      were applied to an in vitro pulsatile flow model. With the intraluminal method,
      pulsed Doppler recordings obtained throughout several flow pulses at different
      positions across a tube were digitized, and cross-sectional flow velocity
      profiles were obtained by matching the onset of flow velocity at the various
      positions. With the extraluminal method, cross-sectional flow velocity profiles
      were obtained by time interpolation between the digital flow velocity data
      obtained from several flow velocity maps. The first flow velocity map was
      recorded at onset of flow and the following maps were incrementally delayed with
      20 msec from one flow pulse to the next. The time lag caused by the time needed
      to update each of the flow velocity maps was compensated for by time
      interpolation between the sequentially recorded flow velocity maps. The cross
      sectional flow velocity profiles obtained with the two methods were compared at
      identical positions within the tube model at equal flow settings and throughout
      the pulsatile flow periods. At three different flow settings with peak flow
      velocity of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 m/sec, the difference (mean +/- SD) between the
      obtained velocities were 0.01 +/- 0.04, -0.01 +/- 0.05, and -0.03 +/- 0.07 m/sec,
      respectively. The findings suggest that cross-sectional flow velocity profiles
      from pulsatile flow velocity recordings can be obtained equally well with both
      methods.

PMID- 2278712
TI  - The natural history of left ventricular spontaneous contrast.
AB  - Spontaneous contrast in the left ventricle is an unusual entity. We
      retrospectively studied 16 patients who were found to have spontaneous contrast
      present on two-dimensional echocardiograms, specifically noting their clinical
      characteristics, the reproducibility of this phenomenon, the presence of thrombi
      and embolic events, and prognostic implications. Diagnoses included ischemic
      heart disease in nine patients, dilated cardiomyopathy in six patients, and
      hypertensive cardiomyopathy in one patient. The mean ejection fraction was 17.6%.
      There were six thromboembolic events in four patients. The spontaneous contrast
      was reproducible for periods of time up to 39 months. Patients who had
      improvement in their left ventricular dysfunction or who underwent aneurysmectomy
      had disappearance of the spontaneous contrast. Those patients who had spontaneous
      contrast reproduced on subsequent echocardiograms did not seem to have a worse
      prognosis than patients with similarly depressed ventricular function, but a
      larger study is necessary to verify this.

PMID- 2278713
TI  - Quantitative echocardiographic analysis of global and regional left ventricular
      function: a problem revisited.
AB  - We recorded two-dimensional echocardiograms simultaneously with the respiration
      measurements of 20 normal subjects and 20 patients with anterior myocardial
      infarction. The apical long-axis and four-chamber views were quantitatively
      analyzed. Measurement variability of global ejection fraction and regional
      ejection fraction of 100 regions was calculated during inspiration and at end
      expiration for two observers. To minimize variability, the endocardial contour
      was redefined and traced with an improved computer-assisted tracing system.
      Variability (absolute mean difference) between two beats at end-expiration was
      significantly less than during inspiration (p less than 0.05): for ejection
      fraction the variability at end-expiration was 3.4% and the variability during
      inspiration was 6.4% (mean, 54%; SD, 7%); for regional ejection fraction the
      variability at end-expiration was 11.8% and the variability during inspiration
      was 21.5% (mean, 56%; SD, 15%). Intraobserver and interobserver variability
      values of one beat at end-expiration for ejection fraction were 3.1% and 3.8%,
      respectively, and 9.5% and 12.8%, respectively, for regional ejection fraction.
      Variability in patients with myocardial infarction was comparable. This method of
      recording respiration and analyzing left ventricular function at end-expiration,
      with a new contour definition and tracing system, provides a measurement
      variability that is considerably less than that reported in previous
      echocardiographic studies and that is comparable to angiographic methods.

PMID- 2278714
TI  - Video viewing as an alternative to sedation for young subjects who have cardiac
      ultrasound examinations.
AB  - Sedation is often required for extended or quantitative echocardiographic
      examination of young patients. To test the hypothesis that patient viewing of
      entertaining videotapes during echocardiographic examinations would reduce the
      need for sedation and that Doppler pressure gradients so obtained would
      correspond satisfactorily with subsequent catheterization pressure gradients, 38
      patients (age, 5 to 64 months; mean age, 18.6 months) with a variety of cardiac
      defects were studied. Because of excessive activity, resistance, fear, or crying,
      all of these patients would have normally been sedated. Instead, an age
      appropriate videotape was used for patient viewing. In 35 of 38 patients,
      complete examinations were obtained with video viewing with no sedation. Twelve
      study patients later underwent catheterization while receiving sedation. The
      Doppler pressure gradients obtained while patients were viewing videotapes
      corresponded well with catheterization (r = 0.94). However, those pressure
      gradients were higher than those obtained with catheterization (mean, 8.3 mm Hg),
      but there was only one significant discrepancy of 22 mm Hg. In this series,
      complete examinations were obtained without sedation in 92% of subjects who would
      have normally required sedation (p less than 0.001), with minimal reduction in
      the accuracy of prediction of subsequent sedated catheterization pressure
      gradients. This suggests that near baseline conditions existed while patients
      were viewing television. Video viewing during echocardiographic examinations
      appears to be advantageous.

PMID- 2278715
TI  - Normal fetal foramen flap and transatrial Doppler velocity pattern.
AB  - To define the normal size of the foramen ovale and the transatrial Doppler
      velocity pattern in the fetus, we examined foramen ovale size, foramen flap
      angle, and motion in 48 consecutive normal human fetal ultrasound studies. The
      maximal foramen diameter was similar in size to aortic root diameter at all
      gestational ages, differing by no more than 1.0 mm in any study. Attachment angle
      at the junction of the foramen with the rim of the foramen varied from 30 degrees
      to 50 degrees; at least a 30-degree angle was present at some point in the
      cardiac cycle in all studies. A redundant flap, defined as flap reaching greater
      than one half of the way across to the left atrial free wall, was observed in
      only three (6%) fetuses. Seventeen patients had transatrial Doppler velocities
      recorded with sample volume placed in the trough of the foramen flap on the left
      atrial side of the foramen ovale. A triphasic pattern was evident in systole with
      predominantly right-to-left flow in all fetuses. A biphasic pattern was present
      in diastole with bidirectional flow in all fetuses; this is toward the left
      atrium in early diastole and toward the right atrium in late diastole. Maximal
      right-to-left velocity ranged from 15 to 40 cm/sec (mean, 23 cm/sec) and was
      always less than or equal to mitral A wave velocity. Maximal left-to-right
      velocity ranged from 5 to 20 cm/sec (mean, 13 cm/sec). These data indicate that
      normal foramen ovale size is similar to aortic diameter, and foramen flap angle
      should reach 30 degrees or greater.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2278716
TI  - Prenatal detection of foramen ovale obstruction without hydrops fetalis.
AB  - A case of prenatal echocardiographic diagnosis of obstruction of the foramen
      ovale is described. Presentation was the ultrasound detection of unexplained
      marked right atrial and right ventricular dilation without fetal hydrops. It is
      speculated that fetal outcome depends on the severity and time of onset of
      foramen ovale obstruction in utero.

PMID- 2278717
TI  - Fenestrated atrial septal aneurysm: diagnosis by transesophageal
      echocardiography.
AB  - The diagnosis of atrial septal defect by transthoracic echocardiography remains
      difficult in a small subset of patients because of either suboptimal acoustic
      windows or unusual anatomy, for example, fenestrated defects. We report the case
      of a 55-year-old woman with a fenestrated atrial septal aneurysm that was
      incompletely visualized by transthoracic echocardiography. Subsequent
      transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated three defects within the atrial
      septal aneurysm with left-to-right shunting across each defect. Normal pulmonary
      venous connections were also defined. All echocardiographic findings were
      confirmed at surgery. This case demonstrates the additional diagnostic accuracy
      of transesophageal echocardiography for detecting disease of the atrial septum.

PMID- 2278718
TI  - Giant breast hematoma requiring blood transfusion: an unusual complication after
      an echocardiographic study during thrombolytic therapy.
AB  - We report on a patient in whom significant bleeding occurred during thrombolytic
      therapy. The bleeding occurred after an echocardiographic study, and it resulted
      in blood transfusion.

PMID- 2278719
TI  - Failure of preventing 5-fluorouracil cardiotoxicity by prophylactic treatment
      with verapamil.
AB  - The most common cardiotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are chest pain and
      ischemic ECG abnormalities. Coronary vasospasm may be the underlying mechanism.
      If so, prophylactic treatment with calcium channel blockers might have a
      beneficial effect. In the present study, prophylaxis with verapamil (120 mg three
      times daily) was given to 58 patients with esophageal or advanced head and neck
      carcinoma during induction chemotherapy with cisplatin and continuous infusion
      with 5-FU. Signs of ischemia appeared in 12% of the patients as compared to 13%
      in a previously studied compatible group of patients not receiving prophylaxis.
      The study does not support the hypothesis that prophylactic treatment with
      verapamil reduces the incidence of ischemia in patients undergoing 5-FU
      treatment. Verapamil might, however, modify the adverse cardiac effects of 5-FU
      by preventing supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.

PMID- 2278720
TI  - Comparison of antiemetic activity of chloropromazine and high doses of
      metoclopramide in cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
AB  - High dose metoclopramide and different phenothiazines are widely used antiemetics
      in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. In a prospective randomized study we
      compared the antiemetic efficacy of high dose metoclopramide (M) and
      chloropromazine (C). We also tested the role of dexamethasone (D) when combined
      with either of these drugs. A total of 165 patients were randomly allocated to 5
      groups with 33 patients in each group. Group A received only M, group B: M + D,
      group C: C + D, group D: M + D + C and group E: M + C. All patients received
      combination chemotherapy with cisplatin for the first time and were evaluated
      only once in order to exclude anticipatory nausea and vomiting. Patients in group
      C had less antiemetic protection than the other groups (p less than 0.001).
      Groups A, B, D, E, had more or less equal antiemetic efficacy, although the
      efficacy in group B was somewhat better; this difference was not statistically
      significant. Side-effects were minimal. Chloropromazine seemed to protect
      patients who received metoclopramide from extrapyramidal manifestations. In
      conclusion the results suggest that high dose metoclopramide has a better
      antiemetic effect than chloropromazine, dexamethasone is a helpful adjuvant drug
      when used in combination with an effective antiemetic agent, and chloropromazine
      and dexamethasone may prevent the extrapyramidal side-effects that can occur when
      metoclopramide is used as single antiemetic drug.

PMID- 2278721
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. An unselected material from a 5-year
      period.
AB  - Three hundred and four patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity
      were treated at the Finsen Institute in cooperation with the ENT-surgical
      departments between 1978 and 1982. The primary treatment consisted of
      radiotherapy alone in 74%, surgery alone in 4%, and a combination of radiotherapy
      and surgery in 15% of the patients. Two per cent received other treatment
      (cryotherapy), 5% did not complete the planned radiotherapy, and 1% were not
      treated at all. Of 203 patients with tumour remnant or first recurrence, 45% were
      operated, 2% received radiotherapy, and 2% combined treatment. This treatment
      strategy made 38% of the patients free of disease in the follow-up period (3 1/2
      to 8 years) or until the patients died from other causes. Fifty-nine per cent of
      the patients died from their oral carcinomas. Tumour size (T), lymph node status
      (N), and tumour stage were as expected important prognostic factors.

PMID- 2278722
TI  - Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Doxorubicin, hyperfractionated radiotherapy and
      surgery.
AB  - Sixteen consecutive patients with anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid were
      prospectively treated according to a combined regimen consisting of
      hyperfractionated radiotherapy, doxorubicin and debulking surgery. The
      radiotherapy was preoperatively administered to a target dose of 30 Gy in 3
      weeks, and postoperatively to an additional dose of 16 Gy in 1.5 weeks.
      Radiotherapy was administered twice daily, 5 days a week, with a target dose of 1
      Gy per fraction and with a minimum interval of 6 hours. A dose of 20 mg
      doxorubicin was administered intravenously 1 to 2 hours before the first
      radiotherapy session every week. Debulking surgery was feasible in 9 patients.
      Local complete remission was achieved in 5 patients and 3 of these are still
      alive disease-free at 10, 30, and 30 months respectively after diagnosis. Only 6
      patients succumbed to a local failure. This combination regimen was well
      tolerated despite the patients' high age and advanced disease.

PMID- 2278723
TI  - The use of microwave-induced hyperthermia in conjunction with afterloading
      irradiation of vaginal carcinoma. A preliminary report.
AB  - Technically improved microwave antennas for clinical hyperthermia induction have
      made it possible to combine this treatment modality with external and
      intracavitary irradiation of vaginal and cervical carcinomas. A microwave
      applicator with a frequency of 915 MHz was used in tissue phantom measurements
      and inserted into perspex vaginal obturators for measurement of the specific
      absorption rate in different planes. A Lund Science Hyperthermia System 4010 with
      a 200 W generator and a separate thermometry system (ATS 100) was used in the
      patient treatments. Nine patients with vaginal squamous cell carcinomas have been
      treated with this applicator and obturator setup as an adjunct to intracavitary
      irradiation with high dose-rate afterloading technique. The treatments of two
      patients are described in this preliminary report.

PMID- 2278724
TI  - Haematological effects from radioiodine treatment of thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - The changes in peripheral blood counts and number of colony forming cells (CFU-c)
      in the bone marrow after 131I treatment for thyroid cancer were followed in 24
      patients. The median WBC declined to 78% and the median blood platelet count to
      69% of the pretreatment values after 4 treatments. In 4 patients a moderate
      pancytopenia developed and in 1 patient additionally treated with chemotherapy
      and preleukaemia was suspected. In 19 bone marrow samples obtained from 13
      patients no difference in number of CFU-c could be found related to cumulated
      131I activities given to those patients. In 5 of 7 patients examined between the
      9th and the 19th day afer a treatment the number of CFU-c had declined by 50% or
      more. It is concluded that radioiodine exerts a protracted suppressive effect on
      the bone marrow which is seldom severe. Agar culture of bone marrow cells with
      counting of CFU-c was not found to be more sensitive than the peripheral blood
      counts in predicting bone marrow damage and cannot be recommended for routine
      use.

PMID- 2278726
TI  - Oesophageal carcinoma following internal mammary chain irradiation for carcinoma
      of the breast--a report of six cases.

PMID- 2278725
TI  - Determination of a suitable dosage of lysine-vasopressin and triglycyl-lysine
      vasopressin, given in a gel-solution locally in the rectum of rats for possible
      radioprotective purposes.
AB  - In order to develop a method for selective radioprotection of the rectal mucosa,
      a dose-response study was carried out using triglycyl-lysine-vasopressin and
      lysine-vasopressin. The vasopressin was dissolved in a gel-solution of either
      Blanose (sodium-carboxymethyl-cellulose), Klucel (hydroxypropyl-cellulose) or
      Natrosol (hydroxyethyl-cellulose). The solution had a higher viscosity than water
      thus enabling rectal administration of the drug without any operative measures.
      The maximum vasopressin dose that can be given without causing any significant
      changes in systemic circulation was determined for the different solutions and
      vasopressins. For triglycyl-lysine-vasopressin this dose was 1,600 micrograms
      when it was dissolved in Blanose and 128 micrograms when dissolved in Natrosol.
      Lysine-vasopressin could be given in a maximum dose of 16 micrograms dissolved in
      Natrosol. Klucel solution did not seem suitable for this purpose. For further
      investigations, 16 micrograms lysine-vasopressin dissolved in Natrosol seems to
      be the most promising combination.

PMID- 2278727
TI  - Is an oesophagobronchial fistula an absolute contraindication for treatment in
      cases of oesophageal cancer?

PMID- 2278728
TI  - Epidemiological studies of geographic variations of cancer incidence in Sweden.
      Choice of variables and statistical units.
AB  - The Swedish Cancer-Environment Registry has been used for studies of the parts of
      cancer incidences and of their variations between subpopulations, which, in a
      statistical sense, can be 'explained' by environmental variables. In previous
      studies the dependence of age-standardized incidences in municipalities (279 in
      Sweden) on population density, socio-economic variables, smoking habits and a
      variable for 'diagnostic intensity', assumed to allow for variations in under
      diagnosing and under-reporting, was studied in, i.a., multiple-regression
      analyses. Due to intrinsic variation in potentially etiologic factors and in
      size, municipalities are less suitable as geographic units. Therefore a system
      was developed to build up, from parishes (about 2,600), pseudo-municipalities
      standardized with respect to size and some environmental variable(s), in the
      present study population density. This paper shows, for a number of cancer
      diseases and for total cancer, the superiority of pseudo-municipalities to
      municipalities with respect to power of explaining variation and, preliminarily,
      also incidence.

PMID- 2278729
TI  - Over- and underestimation of the sensitivity of a diagnostic malignancy test due
      to various selections of the study population.

PMID- 2278730
TI  - Interaction between immobilized and soluble protein subunits. Analysis and
      applications.
AB  - A distinctive property of oligomeric and self-associating proteins is the high
      specificity of the subunit recognition process. Protein subunits immobilized
      covalently on a solid matrix maintain this characteristic and are able to bind
      soluble subunits of the same or a closely related protein under conditions that
      allow the establishment of a finite association/dissociation equilibrium. The
      basic theory for studying the immobilized-soluble subunit interaction is
      presented together with the methodology for a proper protein immobilization.
      Specific examples are discussed to illustrate on the one hand benefits and
      caveats of using immobilized protein subunits to measure interaction constants,
      and on the other preparative applications of subunit affinity columns.

PMID- 2278731
TI  - Purines in tRNAs required for recognition by ATP/CTP:tRNA nucleotidyltransferase
      from rabbit liver.
AB  - Recognition of tRNA by the enzyme ATP/CTP:tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from rabbit
      liver was studied using 12 tRNAs, previously treated with the chemical modifier
      diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP). Such chemically modified tRNAs were labeled with 32P
      by nucleotidyltransferase, using alpha-[32P]ATP as a cosubstrate. A
      carbethoxylated purine at position 57 in the psi-loop interfered with recognition
      of the tRNA in all instances. DEP-modified purines at other positions (58 in the
      psi-loop, 52 or 53 in the psi-stem, and 71-73 in the acceptor stem), also
      interfered with the interaction, but in only a few tRNAs. The mammalian enzyme
      was more similar to the homologous enzyme from yeast than that from bacteria, in
      its requirements for chemically unmodified purines. The extent of exclusion of
      modified bases from 32P-labeled material diminished as the concentration of
      enzyme increased, demonstrating that interference was not due to the inability of
      the chemically altered tRNA to refold into a recognizable conformation. The
      degree of purification of the enzyme did not affect the identity of bases that
      inhibited the reaction when modified.

PMID- 2278732
TI  - Cleavage of double helical DNA by Cu2+ ion in the presence of bisintercalator
      containing penta(ethylene glycol) connector chain.
AB  - In designing new DNA recognizing and cleaving reagents, we introduce herein a
      bisacridine derivative (referred to as bisacridine) in which two acridine
      heterocycles are connected by a penta(ethylene glycol) bridging chain. This
      compound offers two possible functions: 1, stabilization of DNA bisacridine
      intercalator complex by metal ion. The penta(ethylene glycol) chain stabilizes
      metal ions binding to the phosphate site of DNA, where the penta(ethylene glycol)
      chain constitutes a part of a pseudomacrocyclic ligand for metal binding; and 2,
      enhancement of metal-assisted hydrolytic cleavage of DNA by means of a metal
      concentration effect by the pseudomacrocyclic ethereal chain. The binding
      isotherms of bisacridine with DNA in the presence of metal ions showed that the
      binding was mainly governed by the cation exchange reaction on the anionic DNA
      polymer chain, i.e., the exchange between metal ions and the cationic
      bisacridine. The bisacridine showed an increase DNA binding ability compared to
      quinacrine, the monoacridine counterpart, and caused an enhancement of DNA
      cleavage in the presence of Cu2+ ions. Additional experiments which included
      DNase 1 footprinting in the presence of bisacridine and the DNA cleavage by
      Cu2+/bisacridine using a 32P end-labelled DNA fragment, suggested that the Cu2(+)
      assisted DNA cleavage sites in the presence of bisacridine were in reasonable
      overlap with the DNA binding sites of bisacridine.

PMID- 2278733
TI  - X-ray crystal structure of the bovine alpha-chymotrypsin/eglin c complex at 2.6 A
      resolution.
AB  - The crystal structure of the molecular complex formed by bovine alpha
      chymotrypsin and the recombinant serine proteinase inhibitor eglin c from Hirudo
      medicinalis has been solved using monoclinic crystals of the complex, reported
      previously. Four circle diffractometer data at 3.0 A resolution were employed to
      determine the structure by molecular replacement techniques. Bovine alpha
      chymotrypsin alone was used as the search model; it allowed us to correctly
      orient and translate the enzyme in the unit cell and to obtain sufficient
      electron density for positioning the eglin c molecule. After independent rigid
      body refinement of the two complex components, the molecular model yielded a
      crystallographic R factor of 0.39. Five iterative cycles of restrained
      crystallographic refinement and model building were conducted, gradually
      increasing resolution. The current R factor at 2.6 A resolution (diffractometer
      data) is 0.18. The model includes 56 solvent molecules. Eglin c binds to bovine
      alpha-chymotrypsin in a manner consistent with other known serine
      proteinase/inhibitor complex structures. The reactive site loop shows the
      expected conformation for productive binding and is in tight contact with bovine
      alpha-chymotrypsin between subsites P3 and P'2; Leu 451 acts as the P1 residue,
      located in the primary specificity S1 site of the enzyme. Hydrogen bonds
      equivalent to those observed in complexes of trypsin(ogen) with the pancreatic
      basic- and secretory-inhibitors are found around the scissile peptide bond.

PMID- 2278734
TI  - Ligand-binding properties of estrogen receptor proteins after interaction with
      surface-immobilized Zn(II) ions: evidence for localized surface interactions and
      minimal conformational changes.
AB  - The site- or domain-specific immobilization of steroid receptor proteins with
      preserved structure and function would facilitate the identification and
      purification of receptor-associated regulatory components and nucleic acids. We
      have demonstrated previously that restricted surface regions of the estrogen
      receptor protein contain high affinity binding sites for immobilized Zn(II) ions.
      Possible conformational changes in receptor at the stationary phase immobilized
      metal ion interface were evaluated by monitoring alterations in the equilibrium
      dissociation constant (Kd) for [3H]estradiol. Soluble estrogen receptor proteins
      (unliganded) present in immature calf uterine cytosol were immobilized via
      surface-exposed Zn(II)-binding sites to beads of agarose derivatized with
      iminodiacetate (IDA)-Zn(II) ions. The IDA-Zn(II) bound receptor was incubated
      with increasing concentrations of [3H]estradiol (0.01-20 nM) in the presence and
      absence of unlabeled competitor (diethylstilbestrol) to determine the level of
      specific hormone binding. Steroid-binding experiments were performed in parallel
      with identical aliquots of soluble receptor. Analyses of the equilibrium binding
      data revealed the presence of a single class of high-affinity (Kd = 2.44 +/- 1.5
      nM, n = 10) steroid-binding sites which were only marginally affected by receptor
      immobilization via surface-exposed Zn(II) bindings sites (Kd = 2.58 +/- 0.56 nM,
      n = 4). These data are consistent with the location of surface accessible Zn(II)
      binding site(s) on the receptor at or near the DNA binding domain which, upon
      occupancy, do not influence the steroid binding domain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2278735
TI  - [Digestive cancer mortality in a Mediterranean urban area (Barcelona, 1983
      1987)].
AB  - This study presents the main epidemiologic features of general, site and age
      specific, and premature mortality due to digestive cancer in Barcelona residents
      in the 1983-87 period, selecting death certificates where digestive cancer was
      coded as the primary cause of death (codes 150 to 159 of the ICD-9). Eight
      percent (6,269) of all deaths were due to malignant neoplasms of the digestive
      system, representing 30.3% of all deaths due to neoplasms. The main contribution
      was due to gastric cancer (18.8 cases per 100,000) and colon cancer (17.2 per
      100,000), followed by rectal cancer (8.8 per 100,000) and pancreatic cancer (8.7
      per 100,000). The annual increase in colon cancer among women--where it is the
      main digestive cancer site was statistically significant. Premature deaths due to
      digestive cancer yielded 3.5 years of potential life lost per 1,000 people (21.8%
      of all premature cancer deaths). In men, most cases of these premature deaths
      were due to gastric cancer (24.3%), while in women premature deaths were more
      often due to colon cancer (25.3%). Excess mortality due to esophagus, stomach and
      liver cancer was observed in Ciutat Vella, the most socioeconomically deprived
      district in Barcelona.

PMID- 2278736
TI  - [The effects of pirenzepine on regenerating parietal cells].
AB  - In this work, we have carried out a stereological and ultrastructural study in
      order to verify the action of pirenzepine on regenerating parietal cells. We have
      used a control group and operated or nonoperated groups treated with 1, 5 and 25
      mg/kg/day pirenzepine. In operated groups an ulcer was provoked by cauterization
      with a metallic plate in the gastric fundus. Parietal cells in operated groups
      showed mitochondria with altered crests, a fine granular matrix and a large
      number of tubulo-vesicles. The comparative stereological analysis demonstrates a
      generalized decrease in the mitochondria, canaliculi and lysosomal volume
      density, and an increase in the tubulo-vesicle volume density. Changes detected
      in these cellular structures would originate a decrease in the production of HCl
      [correction of ClH].

PMID- 2278737
TI  - [Fournier's disease: a report of 9 cases].
AB  - Nine cases of Fournier's gangrene diagnosed between 1982 and 1989 are reported.
      All were males with a mean age of 76 (47-82 years). Seven had a history of
      alcoholism and one had non insulin-dependent diabetes. Six patients also had an
      anal fistula which may have been the starting point of the infection. The causal
      agents were two anaerobes (Clostridium perfringens and Bacteroides fragilis) two
      gram-negatives (Morganella morgagni and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one, an
      unidentified gram-positive. In three patients a mixed intestinal flora was
      isolated and in another no germs were found. All were treated with broad-spectrum
      antibiotics and surgery. Seven patients survived and two died.

PMID- 2278738
TI  - [Anal fistula. Its treatment and results].
AB  - Between January, 1986 and December, 1988, 84 patients with anal fistula were
      operated on. Sixty-six were males and 18 females, with a mean age of 36 years.
      There was 100% follow-up. Parks' classification (1976) was used, with the
      following distribution: 65% transsphincteral 23% intersphincteral, 10%
      subcutaneous and 1% suprasphincteral fistulas. Fistulotomy and flattening were
      performed in every case but four, in which a seton ligature was used, performing
      a partial fistulotomy. Goodsall's rule was followed in 96.5% of the cases. The
      mean length of hospital stay was 2.1 days. Morbidity was 3.5% and the recurrence
      and gas incontinence rates were 4.7% and 3.5%, respectively. It was concluded
      that Parks' classification and Goodsall's rule are very useful in fistular
      surgery and that section of 3/4 of the sphincter does not increase the rate of
      incontinence, although a seton must be used in 5% of the cases with a 50% failure
      rate.

PMID- 2278739
TI  - [Bacteremia in patients with chronic hepatopathy: a study of 54 cases].
AB  - The authors reviewed 54 cases of bacteremia in 48 patients with chronic liver
      disease over a period of two years. Thirty-three were outpatients and 21 were
      hospitalized. Fifty-eight microorganisms were detected, which represented 10.3%
      of the total number of germs isolated in all the cases of bacteremia in the
      hospital during that same period of time. Gram-negative bacilli were predominant,
      especially Escherichia coli (19 cases); among the gram-positive ones, the most
      frequent was Staphylococcus aureus (8 cases). There was ascites in 62.9% of the
      patients, but the predominant symptom was fever. The most frequent sources of
      infection were: unknown (29.6%), urinary (22.2%), catheter (16.6%) and lung
      (14.8%). All the in-hospital cases were preceded by an aggressive diagnostic or
      therapeutic technique. The rate of mortality was 29.6%, and it was highest among
      patients with gram-negative bacteremia, ascites, Child C (p less than 0.05),
      complications (hepatic encephalopathy, hemorrhage and/or septic shock) (p less
      than 0.03), unknown origin or originating from catheter and in-hospital episodes.

PMID- 2278740
TI  - [Locoregional recurrence of colorectal cancer].

PMID- 2278741
TI  - [Disquisitions on the medical treatment of ulcer].

PMID- 2278742
TI  - [Gastric lipoma: an infrequent cause of upper digestive hemorrhage].
AB  - The authors report a case of gastric lipoma which was discovered because of
      severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The entity is seldom reported in the
      literature; only 17 cases have been reported in our country. The diagnostic
      possibilities are analyzed. In most cases they only confirm the diagnosis of a
      benign tumour and pathological verification is necessary. Surgical treatment is
      recommended in the light of the frequent complications of this tumor.

PMID- 2278743
TI  - [Hyperplastic gastropathy with acid hypersecretion. A case report].
AB  - The case of a 60-year-old male patient with hyperplastic hypersecretory
      gastropathy. The diagnosis was reached by means of the histologic study of a
      sample obtained by endoscopic macrobiopsy. Examination of the gastric secretions
      showed stimulate and basal hypersecretion; gastrinemia was normal and albumin
      levels were at the lower limit. Several observations are made concerning the acid
      secretion clinical aspects and treatment of this rare disorder.

PMID- 2278744
TI  - [Angiodysplasia of the colon and Crohn's disease. A study with vascular resin
      casts].
AB  - All the previous studies which have associated arteriovenous malformations of the
      colon with chronic inflammatory disease have always been performed on a diseased
      intestine. This study, which uses the intravascular injection of resin, shows
      morphological evidence that angiodysplasia of the colon and intestinal
      inflammatory disease can coexist independently. This fact suggests that in cases
      of severe hemorrhage in a patient with inflammatory disease of the small
      intestine, it cannot simply be assumed that it originates in the macroscopically
      abnormal intestine, and that angiographic examination is a wise measure to rule
      out the possibility of arteriovenous malformations in the "normal" intestine.

PMID- 2278745
TI  - [Measles-related appendicitis. A report of a new case].
AB  - We present a case of "Measles Appendicitis" treated recently in our unit. We
      point out the lack of bibliographic references on this pathology, despite its
      relatively high rate of incidence. The possible coexistence of appendicitis and
      measles; along with the possibility of a bacterial superinfection of the
      obliterated appendix due to submucous lymphoid hyperplasia, in our opinion,
      justifies an initial surgical approach in patients with measles who suffer from
      bouts of diagnostically uncertain pain in the lower right abdomen.

PMID- 2278746
TI  - [Rupture of an aneurysm of the hepatic artery proper and acute cholecystitis].
AB  - The authors report the case of a hepatic artery aneurysm which ruptured into the
      peritoneal cavity in the course of acute, gangrenous cholecystitis, which was
      treated successfully. The clinical aspects of the case, its evolution and the
      histological study, which appeared to indicate that adjacent inflammation was the
      cause of the rupture, are discussed. Treatment of hepatic artery aneurysms is
      conditioned to a great degree by the gravity of the onset, and in most cases
      ligature is the only feasible procedure. Other forms of treatment may be possible
      when the aneurysm is intrahepatically located or it is diagnosed before rupture.

PMID- 2278747
TI  - [Acute intestinal obstruction as a form of presentation of carcinoid tumor of the
      terminal ileum: apropos a case].

PMID- 2278748
TI  - [Angiodysplasia of the colon: apropos a case with pancolonic involvement].

PMID- 2278749
TI  - [Epilepsy, medical therapy and relation to dentistry. Report of 3 clinical cases
      of hydantoin gingival hypertrophy].
AB  - Following a discussion of the etiopathogenetic, clinical and therapeutical
      aspects of epilepsy, the paper examines the relation between gingival hyperplasia
      and diphenylhydantoin in three cases reports.

PMID- 2278750
TI  - [Osteosarcoma of the mandible. Clinical case and review of the literature].
AB  - Following a brief review of the literature, the paper describes a case report of
      mandibular osteosarcoma and discusses the prognostic and therapeutic aspects.

PMID- 2278751
TI  - [Case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the maxillary bone].
AB  - The paper describes a case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the maxillary antrum
      which, according to the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) protocol, was
      treated with a protocol which included cycles of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

PMID- 2278753
TI  - [Lethal midline granuloma (LMG). Review of the literature and report of a case].
AB  - After accurate review of current knowledge on etiology, pathogenesis,
      immunological studies and the clinical aspects of Lethal Midline Granuloma, the
      Authors report a recently observed case.

PMID- 2278752
TI  - [Local anesthesia in children's dentistry].
AB  - Following a brief analysis of the mechanisms of action of local anesthesia, the
      paper discusses indications and controindications for their use in infantile
      dentistry.

PMID- 2278754
TI  - [Third molar: evaluation and indications for extraction from an orthodontic point
      of view].
AB  - The Authors review the literature concerning the effective indications for
      extracting the third imbedded molar. Data are assessed in relation to orthodontic
      treatment.

PMID- 2278755
TI  - [Dyslalia and orofacial dysmorphism].
AB  - In the light of reported data and personal experience, relations between
      malocclusions and dyslalias are examined. Although the coexistence of
      malocclusions and dyslalia is a frequent clinical observation, correlations
      between the two conditions do not appear to be closely linked by any clearly
      identifiable cause-effect relationship. Considering the high number of
      aetiological factors involved, stress is laid on the need for a multidisciplinary
      approach to cases that present contemporaneously malocclusions and dyslalias in
      the interests of correct diagnosis and rational therapeutic orientation.

PMID- 2278757
TI  - Plan of action for implementing the world declaration on the survival, protection
      and development of children in the 1990s.

PMID- 2278758
TI  - Public health academic linkages--a look at the past and a vision for the future.

PMID- 2278759
TI  - Prof. Kazue K. McLaren Leadership Achievement Award: acceptance speech.

PMID- 2278760
TI  - The expanded program on immunization in Vietnam.

PMID- 2278756
TI  - [Elastic traction in orthodontics and clinical implications].
AB  - A survey in made of the technologic and clinical characteristics of different
      types of intraoral elastics, through experimental tests, aimed overall at
      defining the possible difference of residual force between stretched out or non
      stretched out elastics before they are inserted in the mouth. Twelve patients,
      male and female, aged 10 through 14, were examined and elastics from three
      different manufactures were applied. The Authors conclude that the evidence
      obtained is reliable in the choice between the preliminary stretching out or non
      stretching methods in the clinical use of these elastics.

PMID- 2278761
TI  - Vaccination of children in Japan.
AB  - The coverage rates of six vaccines (BCG, polio, DPT, measles, mumps and
      varicella) and the prevalence of these diseases in Japan were investigated. It
      was found that 82.2% of children had been inoculated with BCG before their first
      birthday, and 85.4% were given two doses of polio vaccine before their second
      birthday. The high acceptance rates of these vaccines seem to be attributable to
      mass inoculations at health centers. On the other hand, the median age when the
      first dose of DPT vaccine was given was as late as 22 months. Mass administration
      of this vaccine during infancy should be performed since about one-quarter of the
      patients with diphtheria, pertussis or tetanus were less than one year old. The
      cumulative percentage for measles inoculation failed to reach 60% by the second
      birthday. Considering that the incidence of measles has not yet been satisfactory
      lowered and that infants under 23 months of age account for about one-half of
      this incidence, more children less than 18 months old should be immunized. The
      ineffective rate of varicella vaccine was found to be 18.2%, although
      reestimation of its effectiveness may be necessary.

PMID- 2278762
TI  - Types of antenatal care and other related factors associated with low birth
      weight in southern Thailand.
AB  - This study investigates the relationship between low birth weight (LBW) and
      antenatal care (ANC) when provided by different categories of care givers in
      Thailand. Two types of care providers are distinguished: western trained and
      traditionally trained. The socioeconomic, biological, and obstetric
      characteristics of 602 cases and 705 controls were compared based on standardized
      interviews with postpartum women. The results of the study show that women who
      receive care from different types of care providers have differing levels of risk
      of LBW delivery. Women who receive no ANC and those who receive care only from
      traditionally trained care providers have about twice the level of risk of LBW as
      women who are attended either by western trained care providers or by a
      combination of western trained and traditionally trained care providers. Even
      when major potential confounders, such as maternal age or mother's level of
      education are controlled, this relationship is still maintained.

PMID- 2278763
TI  - The impact of training traditional birth attendants in improving MCH care in
      rural Bangladesh.
AB  - This study evaluates the impact of training in changing the knowledge and
      practices of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) with regard to antenatal,
      intranatal and postnatal care of mothers and newborn babies. Training has
      improved the quality of their care. Most TBAs (71.2%) had traditional beliefs as
      to the cause of neonatal sickness, and training has led them to change their
      beliefs in favour of infection. Prior to training, a majority (58%) of the TBAs
      never used to make antenatal visits, while after training 72% of them began
      making such visits. They also have learned the importance of antiseptic measures
      during delivery. Training also has helped to eliminate harmful practices such as
      septic abortion.

PMID- 2278764
TI  - Causes of infant mortality in a multiethnic population.
AB  - Causes of infant mortality and their change over time in five ethnic groups were
      investigated using linked infant death and live birth certificates from the State
      of Hawaii, 1968-1983. Over the study period, there were 3,324 deaths of which 31
      percent were to Whites, 26 percent to Hawaiians, 17 percent to Asians, 15 percent
      to Filipinos and 10 percent to other ethnic groups. Significant changes in the
      proportion of deaths by cause occurred over the period. Perinatal causes remained
      the most frequent, but their relative contribution to annual infant deaths
      declined from 61 percent to 47 percent. The proportion of deaths from congenital
      anomalies increased from 19 percent to 30 percent, while the proportion of deaths
      from infectious diseases declined from 14 percent to 4 percent. There was a
      significant difference in the proportion of deaths by cause between ethnic groups
      in the early years of the study period. However, during the last four years 1980
      1983, no significant difference between ethnic groups was observed.

PMID- 2278765
TI  - The relationship of siblings to the size of rural Nigerian preschoolers.

PMID- 2278766
TI  - Tobacco smoking among 847 residents of East Beijing, People's Republic of China.
AB  - A survey of 847 residents aged 15 and older of East Beijing, People's Republic of
      China was conducted to determine smoking prevalence, patterns of smoking behavior
      and related attitudes (response rate = 99.6%). The overall age-adjusted smoking
      prevalence was 32.2% (56.6% among men and 11.4% among women). Smoking prevalence
      was highest in the age groups under 45 among males and in the age groups over 45
      among females. The most commonly smoked cigarettes were domestically
      manufactured, unfiltered brands high in tar and nicotine content. Most
      respondents were aware of the deleterious effects of smoking, and the majority
      felt that current antismoking measures were effective in discouraging smoking.
      Health policy implications are discussed in the context of various social
      practices in China that encourage cigarette smoking.

PMID- 2278767
TI  - Public and private sectors in health system development.

PMID- 2278768
TI  - Epidemiological study of mortality from cancer among chromium platers.
AB  - Cancer mortality was studied among 265 male workers in 40 small plating factories
      (chromium, copper and nickel) where bicycle parts are plated. The study utilized
      record linkage with the Osaka Cancer Registry file between January 1, 1965 and
      December 31, 1979. The results showed that seven workers had died of cancer, and
      the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) calculated for all cancers, stomach cancer
      and lung cancer were 1.13, 1.23 and 1.11, respectively, with no significant
      relationship found between the observed and expected values. The SMR for lung
      cancer among those workers with a high degree of skin ulceration and with
      perforation of the nasal septum was high, 11.22 and 5.13, respectively, although
      not statistically significant because of the small sample size in the study. The
      results suggest that lung cancer occurs in those subjected to a high degree of
      exposure to chromium.

PMID- 2278769
TI  - Ventilatory function among metal workers in Singapore.
AB  - The ventilatory function of 634 workers in small scale metal working industries
      was evaluated. Almost five percent (4.7%) of the workers were found to have
      FEV1.0/FVC ratio of less than 75%. Compared with the lung function of industrial
      workers reported by Zee, 10.9% were found to have low ventilatory function.
      Comparison of the ventilatory function obtained from the metal workers with those
      of occupational groups previously reported shows that the metal workers have
      lower FVC and FEV1.0 values. Mid and end expiratory flow rates were also
      measured. These measures have been shown to be very sensitive in detecting
      obstructions in small airways. It is recommended that future studies should be
      carried out to obtain ventilatory functions for the normal population. The values
      reported here of FEV25%-75% and FEF75%-85% would be useful for future
      investigations in forced expiratory flow rates.

PMID- 2278770
TI  - Field training in public health: Thailand's experience.

PMID- 2278771
TI  - A SAS program to perform the chi-square test for trend in proportions when the
      exposure variable is either quantitative or ordinal.

PMID- 2278772
TI  - Evening the score: the neglected girl child of Asia.

PMID- 2278773
TI  - Blood as tracer for CSF circulation after subarachnoidal hemorrhage.
AB  - The amount and distribution of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid following
      subarachnoid hemorrhage can be monitored with CT. An investigation of 110
      patients was performed retrospectively in 100 patients with a total of 132 CT
      examinations, and prospectively in 10 patients with 40 CT examinations. During
      the days following the hemorrhage, the blood was redistributed within the
      subarachnoid space and eventually reabsorbed. The blood in the basal cisterns was
      cleared first, whereas the amount of blood in the cortical sulci appeared to
      increase after a few days, later to be cleared. It is concluded that the
      redistribution of the blood reflects the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid,
      and that the erythrocytes thus act as tracers of this circulation. The amount of
      blood within the ventricular system was correlated to the size of the ventricles;
      patients with large amounts of blood within the subarachnoid space had
      hydrocephalus more often than other patients.

PMID- 2278774
TI  - Spect bone scintigraphy in assessment of cranial Paget's disease.
AB  - Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) bone scintigraphy was used in
      the assessment of Paget's disease in 3 patients with skull involvement. In
      comparison with conventional scintigraphy, SPECT improved the three-dimensional
      perception and made precise outlining of involved bones possible. The
      radionuclide uptake in lesions expressed as counts per pixel was 1.5 to 10 times
      that of normal bones. Routine use of SPECT in cranial Paget's disease for staging
      and monitoring the effect of treatment is proposed.

PMID- 2278775
TI  - Lumbar disc degeneration. Correlation between CT and CT/discography.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) images of 59 discs in 30 patients suffering from low
      back pain were compared with CT/discography images of the same discs in order to
      assess the correlation between intradiscal damage and changes in annular
      configuration and density. The discs were graded in CT as not bulging, slight
      protrusion, advanced protrusion or disc herniation, and were checked for local
      areas of hypodensity. General degeneration and annular disruption in
      CT/discography were evaluated separately according to the Dallas Discogram
      Description, on a scale of non-existent, slight, moderate, or severe. Most discs
      with a slight protrusion in CT showed severe annular disruption in
      CT/discography. Discs with advanced protrusion showed in addition a severe
      general degeneration. Disc herniation was associated only with severe annular
      disruption. Local hypodensity proved to be a specific but insensitive sign of
      annular disruption. It is concluded that a bulging disc is a sign of intradiscal
      damage and should be noted even when there is no nerve entrapment present.

PMID- 2278776
TI  - Size of lumbar disc hernias measured using computed tomography and related to
      sciatic symptoms.
AB  - The change in the relative size of lumbar disc hernias and its relation to
      sciatic symptoms was investigated in 30 consecutive patients after conservative
      treatment of CT verified lumbar disc herniations. CT and clinical examination
      were performed before the start of therapy (CT1), as well as 3 months (CT2) and
      24 months (CT3) after institution of treatment. In each patient the size of the
      lumbar disc herniation in relation to the size of the spinal canal was measured
      on identical CT slices and expressed as an index. The disc herniation index
      decreased markedly from CT1 to CT2 (p less than 0.001). Between CT2 and CT3 the
      reduction of the hernias was less pronounced and not significant for hernias
      located centrally but still significant for intermediate (p = 0.03) and lateral
      (p = 0.04) hernias. The degree of sciatic symptoms also decreased markedly
      between CT1 and CT2 (p = 0.001) while no further improvement occurred from CT2 to
      CT3. There was a significant positive correlation between the improvement from
      sciatic pain and the reduction in the size of the individual hernia (CT1-CT2 p =
      0.02, CT2-CT3 p less than 0.001). Thus, the disc herniation index provided a
      method to study the anatomic effect of conservative treatment as well as a method
      to evaluate sciatic symptoms in relation to anatomic changes.

PMID- 2278777
TI  - Postoperative discitis. Radiology of progress and healing.
AB  - The roentgenologic course of postoperative discitis is described in 111 patients
      examined with laminar tomography. The earliest lesion was blurring of the end
      plate or minor destructions, leading to cavitation of the vertebral body. Mean
      time from operation to the first clinical symptoms was 3 weeks. Mean time from
      operation to first radiologic lesions was 2 months, from operation to maximal
      lesions 4 months, and to the first radiologic sign of healing 5.5 months. A
      follow-up study was carried out and the radiologic findings were compared to
      those of a matched control group. A significantly higher incidence of decrease in
      disc height, intercorporal fusion and major osteophytes was found in the discitis
      group. The usefulness of laminar tomography, CT, MRI and isotope studies in the
      diagnosis of discitis is discussed. It is concluded that laminar tomography is a
      good alternative, when MRI is not available.

PMID- 2278778
TI  - Soft-tissue radiography, computed tomography, and ultrasonography of partial
      Achilles tendon ruptures.
AB  - Ultrasonography (US) was compared with soft-tissue radiography (STR) and computed
      tomography (CT) for demonstration of partial Achilles tendon ruptures. Thirty
      nine patients suffering from chronic localized painful Achilles tendon swelling
      were examined. The patients had all undergone a previous clinical examination,
      resulting in a suspicion of a non-healed partial tear in 62 out of the 78
      tendons. STR showed unspecific tendon pathology such as thickening and diffuse
      tendon margins. CT resulted in a better delineation of intra- as well as
      extratendinous abnormalities compared to STR. Various pathologic changes were
      seen on CT in 54 tendons and in 29 of these, localized intratendinous
      hypodensities indicated partial ruptures. At US, abnormal changes were observed
      in 69 tendons, of which 54 had discontinuity of tendon fibers, focal hypoechoic
      areas, and localized swelling indicating partial ruptures. In 9 cases with
      surgically proven partial ruptures, US was correct in all cases, while CT was
      false-negative in 3. STR only showed localized swelling. It was concluded that US
      was a better method than STR and CT for the detection of partial ruptures and the
      US findings correlated well with the surgical findings.

PMID- 2278779
TI  - Deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. A venographic study.
AB  - The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in 62 consecutive patients under
      dextran thromboprophylaxis after total hip replacement, was examined by
      venography of the legs on the second postoperative day. The venography was
      repeated on day 9 after the operation in 43 patients to study the development of
      thrombi. Twenty-one patients were found to have venographically deep vein
      thrombosis on the second postoperative day, but had no clinical signs of DVT. All
      thrombi were located distally in the leg and equally distributed between the
      operated and the non-operated leg. Distally located asymptomatic DVT were not
      given specific treatment. Thrombolysis between postoperative day 2 and day 9
      seemed to dominate over thrombus formation and propagation. Even large thrombi in
      the legs may dissolve during the first postoperative week. Thus, the timing is
      essential for the screening of DVT.

PMID- 2278780
TI  - Aberrant right gastric vein directly communicating with left portal vein system.
      Incidence and implications.
AB  - In 3 patients with primary hepatic malignancies, a communication between the
      right gastric vein and the left portal vein system was recognized at angiography.
      The right gastric vein entered directly into the left lateral portal veins in 2
      patients and into the left medial portal veins in one. Portal angio-CT performed
      in one patient demonstrated a specific defect only in the left lateral superior
      area of the liver, consistent with the segmental opacification of the portal vein
      branch recognized on the angiogram. This rare communication was seen in 3 (1.5%)
      of 200 consecutive patients who underwent celiac angiography and is most likely
      an anomaly in which the right gastric vein directly enters the left portal vein
      instead of the portal vein trunk. When interpreting a filling defect not
      associated with a mass lesion on portal angio-CT for hepatic neoplasms or the
      right gastric vein communicating with the left portal vein system on the
      angiogram, this particular anomaly should be considered.

PMID- 2278781
TI  - Computed tomography after modified Whipple procedure with pancreatic duct
      occlusion.
AB  - Eighty-two CT examinations performed on 28 patients who had undergone a modified
      Whipple procedure including pancreatic duct occlusion were reviewed. Reduction of
      the antero-posterior diameter of the body and tail of the pancreatic remnant was
      observed on consecutive scans in 8 patients (29%). Decreasing liver attenuation
      was seen in 4 patients (14%) postoperatively, and pseudocysts in the pancreatic
      remnant in 6 (21%). In 10 examinations performed because of suspected
      intraabdominal abscess postoperatively, abscess was diagnosed in 2 patients. In
      62 routine follow-up CT examinations, significant positive findings were
      diagnosed in 5 patients: tumor recurrence or metastases in 4, and a large
      pseudocyst in one. CT is of value in the early postoperative phase to reveal
      postoperative complications and in the follow-up of patients with specific
      symptoms indicating tumor recurrence or metastases.

PMID- 2278782
TI  - Computed tomography of the urinary bladder shortly after radiation therapy for
      rectal carcinoma.
AB  - Eighteen patients with rectal carcinoma were examined with computed tomography
      (CT), before and shortly after preoperative irradiation. Changes in the bladder
      that could be mistaken for tumor growth did not occur at CT. However,
      considerable individual variations were seen. Radiation therapy did not result in
      increased contrast enhancement of the bladder wall after irradiation. The bladder
      wall thickness increased somewhat during and after treatment and the bladder
      volume was reduced. Localized thickening with little contrast enhancement was
      seen in the anterior bladder wall in 3 patients. One case of irradiation cystitis
      was noted. Edema was seen in the perivesical fat, but could in no case be
      mistaken for tumor growth.

PMID- 2278783
TI  - Computed tomography of cystic lymphangioma in a wandering spleen.
AB  - A large cystic lymphangioma in a wandering spleen was discovered by chance in a
      young woman, 2 months after she delivered her first child. The clinical finding
      was that of a pelvic mass, which at CT was found to be a wandering spleen,
      containing multiple cystic lesions. The diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma was made
      at the pathological examination of the specimen after splenectomy. The
      association of cystic lymphangioma in a wandering spleen has not been reported
      previously.

PMID- 2278784
TI  - Gallbladder volume and contraction measured by sum-of-cylinders method compared
      with ellipsoid and area-length methods.
AB  - Gallbladder volume, determined by ultrasonography (US) using the sum-of-cylinders
      (SOC) method, is tedious and time-consuming. We therefore examined whether
      ellipsoid (ELL) or area-length (A-L) methods, which are easier to perform, could
      reliably replace the SOC method. Fasting gallbladder volume and emptying were
      determined according to these 3 methods in 20 normal subjects and 20 gallstone
      patients. Excellent correlations were found but the ELL method yielded
      significantly larger mean volumes and the A-L method revealed significantly
      smaller volumes than the SOC method. Analysis of differences between methods
      revealed a considerable lack of consistency. Volumes according to the ELL method
      were 35 percent larger to 46 percent smaller for normal subjects and 34 percent
      larger to 41 percent smaller for gallstone patients than volumes according to the
      SOC method. Volumes according to the A-L method were 35 percent larger to 15
      percent smaller for normal subjects and 51 percent larger to 17 percent smaller
      for gallstone patients. Maximal decrement of gallbladder volume in ml and in
      percentage according to the 3 different methods did not differ. Regardless of the
      method used, both fasting and minimal gallbladder volumes were significantly
      larger in gallstone patients than in normal subjects, whereas maximal decrement
      of gallbladder volume in ml and percentage was not different. The present study
      indicates that the SOC method remains the method of choice for US determination
      of gallbladder volume for scientific purposes.

PMID- 2278785
TI  - Transrectal ultrasonography compared to histopathological assessment for local
      staging of prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - Transrectal ultrasonography (US) was used to predict tumor stage prior to radical
      prostatectomy in 59 patients with clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate.
      In 35 cases, US-guided biopsy was done. Histopathological examination of whole
      tissue mounts was compared with US findings in 49 cases. The remaining 10 had US
      guided biopsies proving extracapsular extension of the tumor. Tumor size, as
      measured by US, was inadequate to distinguish between organ-confined disease and
      locally advanced tumor. Strategically taken US-guided biopsies of the
      periprostatic tissue or seminal vesicles were necessary. In the first 30 (group
      I) in this series of 59 cases, 18 of 22 tumors with extraprostatic spread (pT3)
      were understaged. In the last 29 cases (group II) only 6 of 19 pT3 tumors were
      understaged. After an initial training period, transrectal US, in combination
      with US-guided biopsy, can prove valuable for the pretherapeutic assessment of
      local spread of prostatic cancer, and can thus aid in the choice of appropriate
      treatment.

PMID- 2278786
TI  - Iohexol for contrast enhancement of bowel in pediatric abdominal CT.
AB  - Abdominal CT scans from 160 examinations performed on pediatric patients using
      iohexol 2 percent as contrast medium for bowel enhancement were evaluated
      retrospectively. When diluted with a beverage of the child's choice, iohexol has
      a neutral taste and cannot be detected, and 139 out of 142 patients drank the
      full amount of dilute contrast offered to them. The enhancement of bowel in the
      area of interest was graded as good (58%), reasonable (23%), or poor (19%). The
      contrast medium was prepared from leftovers from our angiocardiography studies.
      We conclude that the use of water-soluble contrast medium in a low concentration
      is a safe and cost-effective way of facilitating ingestion of sufficient amounts
      of the medium in oncologic pediatric patients undergoing cytotoxic and/or
      radiation treatment.

PMID- 2278787
TI  - Immunologic basis for adverse reactions to radiographic contrast media.
AB  - The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was used to elucidate whether certain
      side effects induced by radiographic contrast media have an immunologic etiology.
      Groups studied were: 8 patients who had previously experienced adverse reactions
      in association with urography, 6 patients who underwent urography without notable
      side reactions, 17 occupationally exposed nurses, and 9 unexposed controls. The
      lymphocytes from 2 hypersensitive patients and from 11 nurses exhibited a
      positive proliferative response to amidotrizoate. Five nurses who had shown a
      positive response, had a previous history of hypersensitivity reactions when
      handling contrast media, whereas the remaining 6 were free of symptoms.
      Amidotrizoate-specific memory cells were absent in patients who underwent
      urography without signs of hypersensitivity and in 7/9 of unexposed control
      subjects. Lymphocytes from patients sensitive to amidotrizoate cross-reacted to
      structurally related ionic contrast media while non-ionic contrast agents did not
      induce proliferation of the lymphocytes. Thus, ionic radiographic contrast agents
      have antigenic properties in man. Irradiated mixtures of radiographic contrast
      media and serum proteins were, in general, not effective in inducing an LTT
      response.

PMID- 2278788
TI  - Low sodium diet, indomethacin, and contrast media. A comparison between renal
      effects of diatrizoate and iohexol in rats.
AB  - Urine profiles were followed for 3 or 9 days after intravenous injection of
      diatrizoate, iohexol, or saline in 30 adult Wistar rats, which received a low
      sodium diet for 14 days, and indomethacin intravenously 2 hours and immediately
      before contrast medium or saline injection. A control group of 10 rats, which
      also received low sodium diet, got saline alone and no indomethacin or contrast
      medium. Diatrizoate increased albuminuria during the first 22 hours after its
      injection whereas iohexol did not have any significant effect on albuminuria.
      Both contrast media caused tubular dysfunction, but there was significant
      difference between them during the first 2 hours after injection. Compared to the
      effect of saline, iohexol but not diatrizoate caused increased excretion of
      lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase for 2 days. Iodine
      measurements showed delayed excretion of both media. Light microscopy showed
      focal location of dilated tubular profiles with hydrophia, which were only
      present in kidneys exposed to contrast media. It is concluded that in rats fed on
      a low sodium diet administration of indomethacin in relation to iohexol has a
      greater tubular cell effect than diatrizoate, which in turn has a greater effect
      on the glomerular permeability. The excretion of both media is delayed.

PMID- 2278789
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial infarction in pigs using Gd-DTPA.
AB  - Six pigs with coronary artery occlusion were investigated with MR imaging before
      and subsequently for about 2.5 hours at repeated intervals after the intravenous
      administration of Gd-DTPA (0.4 mmol/kg). The animals were sacrificed after a
      total occlusion time of 6 hours and the hearts were excised. The excised hearts
      were then reexamined in the MR equipment and stained with TTC (triphenyl
      tetrazolium) in order to define areas of infarction. Four control hearts with 6
      hour-old infarctions were only imaged ex vivo without any previous administration
      of contrast media. In vivo, there was no clear demarcation of infarction with or
      without Gd-DTPA. Ex vivo, without any contrast media, the infarctions were poorly
      discriminated with a discretely increased signal intensity relative to normal
      myocardium in the T2 weighted images. Gd-DTPA was found to accumulate in the
      infarctions, which caused an elevated signal intensity most pronounced in the T1
      weighted images. This considerably improved the delineation of the infarcted
      area.

PMID- 2278790
TI  - Transrectal ultrasound findings of prostate cancer mimicking primary rectal
      tumor.
AB  - Two patients with disseminated prostatic cancer underwent transrectal
      ultrasonographic examination. In the rectal wall, at the prostatic level, tumor
      infiltration was seen without obvious communication to the prostate. Biopsy
      demonstrated adenocarcinoma, and immunohistochemic staining for prostatic
      specific antigen (PSA) was positive. We recommend the application of PSA staining
      in biopsy specimens of unclear rectal masses.

PMID- 2278792
TI  - Computer independent sidemarker for CT scanners.

PMID- 2278791
TI  - Femoral cortical/cancellous bone related to age.
AB  - The femoral cancellous/cortical relationship with age has been determined in 53
      dissected femoral specimens. By means of computed tomography (CT) values related
      to bone density and mass were assessed in the femoral head, neck, trochanter,
      shaft, and condyles. In the neck and trochanter separate measures were made in
      cortical and cancellous bone. The results were analyzed by means of correlation
      and regression analyses. There were significant negative linear correlations
      between the CT measures and age for all measures except for the isolated
      cancellous measures in the femoral neck and trochanter. Our results indicate that
      in the femoral neck and trochanter the cortical bone mass constitutes a
      substantial amount of the total bone mass. We conclude that, since bone strength
      to a large part is a function of the total bone mass, loss of cortical bone may
      be more important than loss of cancellous bone.

PMID- 2278793
TI  - A computer-based system for measurements and analyses in radiology.
AB  - A computer-based system for direct measurements on images and for analyses of
      data is presented. Distances, angles, and areas are measured on a backlighted
      digitizer table. Calibration corrects for actual magnification. Data are analyzed
      and compared to normal values by a microcomputer. The system is precise and time
      saving.

PMID- 2278794
TI  - An ultrasonic multipurpose/multiplane endoprobe.

PMID- 2278795
TI  - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the elderly.

PMID- 2278796
TI  - Six year follow up of a consecutive series of patients presenting to the coronary
      care unit with acute chest pain: prognostic importance of the electrocardiogram.
AB  - In a retrospective 6 year follow up data were obtained for 536 of 566 (95%)
      consecutive patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute chest pain.
      Their diagnoses were acute myocardial infarction in 290 (54%), myocardial
      ischaemia in 164 (31%), pericarditis in 16 (3%), and non-cardiac in 66 (12%). Six
      year mortality was 36%, 24%, 0%, and 16% respectively. In patients with acute
      myocardial infarction a higher mortality rate during follow up was associated
      with a higher than average age, a higher than average creatine kinase, previous
      myocardial infarction, Q wave infarction, and the presence of reciprocal changes.
      The presence of reciprocal changes was associated with higher than average
      concentration of serum creatine kinase, indicating more extensive infarction.
      Infarction complicated by ventricular fibrillation or left bundle branch block
      was associated with a higher death rate. The electrocardiogram recorded at the
      time of acute myocardial infarction contains much useful prognostic information.

PMID- 2278797
TI  - Sustained improvement in left ventricular function after successful coronary
      angioplasty.
AB  - The short and long term effects of successful percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty on left ventricular function, at rest and on exercise were
      investigated in 49 patients. Thirty-four had had no previous infarction (group 1)
      and 15 had (group 2). Technetium-99m gated blood pool images were obtained at
      rest and during exercise before, six weeks after, and a mean of fifteen months
      after successful angioplasty. Before angioplasty the mean (SD) ejection fraction
      fell significantly on exercise in both groups from 58 (10)% to 53 (13)% in group
      1 and from 48 (10)% to 40 (16)% in group 2. This change was paralleled by a
      worsening wall motion score (from 0.6 (0.4) to 1.6 (1.2) in group 1 and from 2.3
      (1.9) to 3.3 (2.4) in group 2). Six weeks after the procedure there was little
      change in resting ejection fraction but it increased significantly on exercise
      (to 62 (11)% in group 1 and to 53 (13)% in group 2). There was a concomitant
      significant improvement in the exercise wall motion score (to 0.4 (0.6) in group
      1 and to 1.8 (1.1) in group 2). This improvement in exercise ejection fraction
      and wall motion was maintained at later follow up with no significant
      deterioration in either variable and a clearly sustained improvement in ejection
      fraction (60 (10)% in group 1 and 51 (10)% in group 2) and wall motion score (0.2
      (0.2) in group 1 and 1.3 (0.8) in group 2) compared with values before
      angioplasty. The initial improvement in left ventricular function on exercise
      after successful angioplasty was maintained for at least 9-24 months both in
      patients with previous myocardial infarction and in those without.

PMID- 2278798
TI  - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without hypertrophy: two families with myocardial
      disarray in the absence of increased myocardial mass.
AB  - Two families are described in which individuals showed widespread myocardial
      disarray at histological examination, in the absence of macroscopic cardiac
      hypertrophy. In one family the clinical presentation was that of sudden
      unexpected cardiac death in four family members; members of the other family
      presented with electrocardiographic repolarisation changes and abnormalities of
      left ventricular diastolic function. The finding of myocardial disarray, the
      characteristic histological abnormality of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in the
      absence of increased cardiac mass suggests a wider range of abnormality in
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy than is currently recognised.

PMID- 2278799
TI  - Streptokinase treatment for femoral artery thrombosis after arterial cardiac
      catheterisation in infants and children.
AB  - Data on 205 children who underwent retrograde arterial catheterisation were
      studied to assess the frequency of femoral artery thrombosis and the safety and
      efficacy of systemic streptokinase treatment for this complication. In 29 (14%) a
      transarterial balloon dilatation was performed. In 15 (7.3%) patients impaired
      arterial perfusion due to vascular spasm with or without thrombus formation was
      seen in the cannulated leg after catheterisation. Despite heparinisation, signs
      of impaired arterial circulation persisted in nine patients (4.4% of the total).
      In these patients femoral artery thrombosis was strongly suspected. Six (53%) of
      these had undergone a balloon dilatation. Therefore in this study the risk of
      femoral artery thrombosis developing was 12 times greater after transarterial
      balloon dilatation than after arterial catheterisation without dilatation (20.6%
      v 1.7%). Systemic infusion of streptokinase was started in all patients with
      femoral artery thrombosis. Arterial perfusion became normal in all patients,
      though in one this was delayed. Haematological monitoring showed lengthening of
      the thrombin time and a decrease of the fibrinogen concentration during
      streptokinase treatment. There were no serious complications. Systemic infusion
      of streptokinase is a safe and useful treatment in children with persistent
      femoral artery thrombosis after arterial cardiac catheterisation.

PMID- 2278800
TI  - Evaluation of pulmonary arterial pressure by Doppler colour flow mapping in
      patients with a ductus arteriosus.
AB  - Blood flow in the pulmonary artery was studied by Doppler colour flow mapping and
      cardiac catheterisation in 19 patients with a ductus arteriosus and different
      pulmonary artery pressures. In the four patients with normal pulmonary artery
      pressures colour Doppler flow mapping showed multicoloured wide and long systolic
      and diastolic jets in the pulmonary artery. In the 15 patients with raised
      pulmonary arterial pressure the systolic jets varied from multicoloured to red
      and were thinner: in patients with considerably raised pulmonary arterial
      pressure the jets became redder during diastole. The Doppler velocity tracings
      showed that in patients with normal pulmonary artery pressures the mean peak
      systolic velocity was higher than the mean end diastolic velocity--so that in all
      four the ratio of peak systolic velocity to end diastolic velocity was less than
      2. The mean peak systolic velocity was much higher than the mean end diastolic
      velocity in 13 of the 15 patients with raised pulmonary artery pressure; this
      meant that the ratio of peak systolic velocity to end diastolic velocity was
      greater than 2 in 10 of 11 patients. The end diastolic velocity was significantly
      lower in those patients with raised pulmonary artery pressure than in those with
      normal artery pressure. There was an inverse linear correlation between the mean
      pulmonary artery pressure and end diastolic ductal jet velocity in 17 of the 19
      patients. Colour flow mapping and this quantitative Doppler technique can detect
      pulmonary artery hypertension in patients with a ductus arteriosus.

PMID- 2278801
TI  - Preoperative measurement of pulmonary vascular resistance in complete
      transposition of the great arteries.
AB  - Transposition of the great arteries is frequently complicated by the early onset
      of pulmonary vascular disease. It is difficult to measure pulmonary blood flow by
      the Fick principle because the pulmonary arteriovenous oxygen content difference
      is small and bronchial blood flow is increased in this condition. In eight
      patients (mean age 7.7 years, range 3 months to 29 years) with transposition of
      the great arteries mass spectrometry was used to measure oxygen uptake and
      predict pulmonary end capillary blood oxygen content. The effects of the
      bronchial circulation were studied by computer modelling. There was close
      agreement between pulmonary end capillary and pulmonary vein blood oxygen
      contents but the resultant percentage difference in arteriovenous content
      difference was significant (mean (SE of difference)) (14.5(3.8)%). The effect of
      the bronchial circulation was to give spuriously high estimates of pulmonary
      blood flow. The error was greatest when oxygen consumption was low and aortic
      blood was very desaturated.

PMID- 2278802
TI  - Early diastolic clicks after the Fontan procedure for double inlet left
      ventricle: anatomical and physiological correlates.
AB  - M mode echocardiograms and simultaneous phonocardiograms were recorded in four
      patients with early diastolic clicks on auscultation. All had double inlet left
      ventricle and had undergone the Fontan procedure with closure of the right
      atrioventricular valve orifice by an artificial patch. The phonocardiogram
      confirmed a high frequency sound occurring 60-90 ms after aortic valve closure
      and coinciding with the time of maximal excursion of the atrioventricular valve
      patch towards the ventricular mass. One patient had coexisting congenital
      complete heart block. The M mode echocardiogram showed "reversed" motion of the
      patch towards the right atrium during atrial contraction. Doppler flow studies
      showed that coincident with this motion there was forward flow in the pulmonary
      artery with augmentation when atrial contraction coincided with ventricular
      systole. The early diastolic click in these patients was explained by abrupt
      cessation of the motion of the atrioventricular valve patch towards the
      ventricular mass in early diastole. In one patient atrial contraction led to a
      reversal of this motion and was associated with forward flow in the pulmonary
      artery.

PMID- 2278803
TI  - Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with normal left ventricular mass.
AB  - An active, healthy, and symptom free 16 year old boy with a family history of
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy died suddenly while walking home from school.
      Necropsy showed absence of left ventricular hypertrophy (that is, normal heart
      weight), though the characteristic histological abnormalities of hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy, such as cardiac muscle cell disorganisation and abnormal
      intramural coronary arteries, were present. It is likely that this patient had
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and died before left ventricular hypertrophy
      developed.

PMID- 2278804
TI  - Dilated and contracted forms of primary endocardial fibroelastosis: a single
      fetal disease with two stages of development.
AB  - Left ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis was diagnosed by echocardiographic
      scanning in a fetus at 20 weeks' gestation. Repeated prenatal examination over
      the next 20 weeks' gestation showed the development of the left ventricle from a
      chamber with a dilated cavity to a small cavity with a very thick wall. These
      findings were confirmed at necropsy and by the absence of other morphological
      anomalies. The contracted form of primary fibroelastosis in the fetus must have
      followed an insult that prevented any further increase in the size of the left
      ventricular cavity.

PMID- 2278805
TI  - Cor triatriatum dexter: antemortem diagnosis in an adult by cross sectional
      echocardiography.
AB  - Cor triatriatum dexter is a rare cardiac abnormality in which the right atrium is
      subdivided into two distinct chambers. This anomaly is generally attributed to
      the persistence of the right sinus venosus valve and it is frequently associated
      with severe malformations of other right heart structures. The antemortem
      diagnosis of the membrane may be difficult and its presence is often only
      established at necropsy. In a woman of 56 with Ebstein's anomaly the
      echocardiographic features of cor triatriatum dexter were examined before and
      during cardiac catheterisation. These investigations showed the position of the
      membrane, that there was no gradient between the two atrial chambers, and that
      there were perforations in the centre of the membrane.

PMID- 2278806
TI  - Proposals for a new training programme for cardiology. Joint Training and
      Manpower Group representing the Specialty Advisory Committee and the Cardiology
      Committee of the Royal College of Physicians of London, and the British Cardiac
      Society.

PMID- 2278807
TI  - Inhibitors of protein kinase C selectively enhanced leukotriene D4-induced
      calcium mobilization in differentiated U-937 cells.
AB  - U-937 cells differentiated with dimethylsulphoxide for 3-4 days express receptors
      for leukotriene D4 (LTD4), which are coupled to Ca2+ mobilization and
      phosphatidylinositol (PI) metabolism. Treatment of U-937 cells with an inhibitor
      of protein kinase C (PKC) [staurosporine (100 nM)] augmented the Ca2+ mobilized
      by LTD4. The peak concentration of the LTD4-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was 1500
      nM in untreated cells and 3000 nM in cells treated with staurosporine for 30 s.
      Maximal mobilization responses were observed at 1-10 microM LTD4 in both control
      and staurosporine-treated cells. The increased Ca2+ response to LTD4 after
      staurosporine treatment occurred within 30 s and was attributable to both
      intracellular and extracellular stores. Additionally, a second phase of Ca2+
      mobilization occurred after stimulation with LTD4, which was elevated by
      pretreatment with staurosporine--this effect was maximal after 5-10 min of
      treatment. Staurosporine either had no effect or decreased the Ca2+ mobilization
      response of differentiated U-937 cells to other agonists, such as LTB4, platelet
      activating factor, ATP or the chemotactic peptide f-Met-Leu-Phe. Although
      staurosporine alone had no effect on basal PI metabolism it increased LTD4
      induced PI metabolism. Staurosporine did not prevent the tachyphylaxis observed
      upon second challenge with LTD4, nor did it prevent LTD4-induced homologous
      densensitization. Other compounds which inhibit PKC (sphingosine and 1-O
      hexadecyl-2-O-methylglycerol), also enhanced the Ca2+ response of U-937 cells to
      LTD4, but not to other agonists. These data show that inhibition of PKC enhanced
      responses of LTD4, suggesting that PKC plays a role in determining the
      responsiveness of LTD4 receptors.

PMID- 2278809
TI  - Action to improve national policies on antidiarrhoeal drugs: results from WHO
      Eastern Mediterranean Region.

PMID- 2278810
TI  - [Clinical diagnosis of bleeding disorders].

PMID- 2278808
TI  - Recombinant human tumour necrosis factor increases cytosolic free calcium in
      murine fibroblasts and stimulates inositol phosphate formation in L-M and
      arachidonic acid release in 3T3 cells.
AB  - Stimulation of murine L-M and 3T3 fibroblasts with human recombinant tumour
      necrosis factor (rTNF) resulted in an increase in the cytosolic free Ca2+
      concentration ([Ca2+]i). In 3T3 cells rTNF also induced release and
      metabolization of arachidonic acid, whereas in L-M cells rTNF provoked rapid
      increases in the levels of inositol mono-, bis- and trisphosphates (IP1, IP2 and
      IP3). In these cells the Ca2+ response was also observed in Ca2+ free medium,
      suggesting that rTNF promotes mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. In
      3T3 cells, however, Ca2+ originated from the extracellular space, since the
      response was abolished in medium containing 1 mM EGTA. Both rTNF-induced calcium
      responses were inhibited by a specific rabbit IgG antibody to rTNF but not by 1
      verapamil, a blocker potential-operated calcium channels. These results suggest
      that increased formation of inositol phosphates, arachidonic acid release and
      increased cytosolic free Ca2+ are involved in the biological effects of rTNF.
      However, rTNF generate these signals by different mechanisms depending upon the
      target cell.

PMID- 2278811
TI  - [In England as a pediatric nurse: Gannon Ward--Staff Nurse].

PMID- 2278812
TI  - [Topic: pediatric nursing. A letter to the chiefs of pediatric hospitals and
      wards].

PMID- 2278813
TI  - [Ambulatory care and counseling in pediatric oncology--a report on the extended
      activities of a pediatric nurse].

PMID- 2278814
TI  - [Hospital admission contract. The sole signature of one marriage partner may
      cause the co-liability of the other spouse].

PMID- 2278815
TI  - [Commemorative publication on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Work
      Group of Pediatric Nurses on June 8, 1990 in Hannover].

PMID- 2278816
TI  - [10 years Work Group of Pediatric Nurses].

PMID- 2278818
TI  - [The Imperial Society of Newborn and Infant Care Nurses].

PMID- 2278817
TI  - [The sick child in our society].

PMID- 2278820
TI  - [Pediatric nursing during the time of national socialism].

PMID- 2278819
TI  - [The unity of medicine and nursing in the pediatric hospital].

PMID- 2278822
TI  - Effects of turpentine-induced inflammation on the hypoxic stimulation of
      intestinal Fe3+ absorption in mice.
AB  - Chronic subcutaneous turpentine administration (weekly for 6 weeks) induced a
      mild normocytic anaemia in mice. In-vitro and in-vivo intestinal Fe3+ absorption
      parameters were, however, not significantly altered from values in saline-treated
      or untreated mice. Normal mice, when exposed to 3 days hypoxia demonstrated a 2-3
      fold increase in iron absorption in vivo, mainly due to changes in the amount of
      iron transferred from the mucosa to the plasma and thence to the carcass. A 2-3
      fold increase in Vmax was also observed in in-vitro uptake experiments using
      isolated duodenal fragments. In contrast, turpentine-treated animals, though
      demonstrating an enhanced in-vitro maximal uptake capacity, failed to elicit an
      adaptive response in vivo following hypoxic exposure. These findings suggest that
      a circulating (humoral) factor may be responsible for the inhibition in
      absorption in vivo in this turpentine-induced inflammatory model.

PMID- 2278821
TI  - A morphological control for ventricular pathology in man: a morphometric and
      morphologic assessment of LV myofibres in secundum ASD.
AB  - Ethical considerations preclude the biopsy of normal human myocardium. As a
      consequence, morphological investigations of diseased human heart muscle are
      hampered by a lack of suitable normal control tissue. The left ventricular (LV)
      myocardium of patients with isolated secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is
      considered to be normal. This study was designed to investigate the possibility
      that the fine-structure of LV myofibres in hearts with ASD could be used as
      normal controls for myofibre pathomorphology. Wedge biopsies from the LV of four
      adults undergoing elective surgery for the repair of ASD were examined by light
      and electron microscopy. Bivariant myofibre morphometry showed that the LV
      myocardium of one specimen was 'normal' while three specimens exhibited varying
      degrees of hypertrophy. There was a correlation between the diameter (FD) and
      morphology of individual myofibres within and between specimens. In general,
      myofibres with FD less than 25 microns were similar in fine-structural appearance
      to those described as morphologically normal in animal models whereas those with
      FD greater than 25 microns exhibited hypertrophic features that increased in
      'severity' with increase in myofibre size. It is proposed that although the LV
      myocardium in ASD may be mildly hypertrophied, myofibres with FD less than 25
      microns are probably normal and may be used as fine-structural controls for
      myofibre pathomorphology in hearts suspected of disease.

PMID- 2278823
TI  - Experimental visceral leishmaniasis: sequential events of granuloma formation at
      subcutaneous inoculation site.
AB  - Hamsters were inoculated with IO7 Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi amastigotes in
      the hind footpads and killed at 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after
      infection. We observed mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates with many parasites
      on the 7th and 15th days of infection. On the 30th day there was early granuloma
      formation. After 45 days the lesion was characterized by well defined epithelioid
      granuloma with multinuclear giant cells whose cytoplasm showed Schaumann bodies.
      Non-particulate antigenic material was present in the macrophage cytoplasm and
      between the lamellae of the Schaumann bodies. Granuloma formation has an
      important role for the control of infection at the inoculation site. The results
      indicate that dissemination of the infection must occur in the first 45 days,
      before granuloma formation has taken place.

PMID- 2278824
TI  - Ceroid accumulation by murine peritoneal macrophages exposed to artificial lipid
      containing particles: the role of the hydrophilic component.
AB  - Murine resident peritoneal macrophages were maintained in cell culture in a
      medium containing 10% lipoprotein-deficient foetal calf serum to which various
      artificial lipid-containing particles were added. These had a core of oxidizable
      lipid, generally cholesteryl linoleate, and were stabilized in aqueous suspension
      by one of a variety of poly-L-amino acids, proteins or polysaccharides. Most
      particles, except those containing poly-L-lysine or poly-L-arginine (both
      strongly basic), were readily taken up by the macrophages to form typical ceroid
      inclusions, the morphological form of which was determined by the nature of the
      core lipid. The hydrophilic stabilizing component seemed largely irrelevant in
      this respect. The role of the latter appears largely to be to allow the cellular
      uptake of lipid, although it may also participate in ceroid formation.

PMID- 2278825
TI  - Interleukin-1 and -2 in sera of patients with chronic hepatitis (type B).
AB  - IL-1 beta and IL-2 values in serum from 28 patients with chronic hepatitis B
      diagnosed by liver biopsy and 23 healthy controls were measured by the
      radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. Though both values in patients seropositive for
      anti-HBe were slightly higher than those in patients seropositive for HBeAg, the
      differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. In
      contrast, the relationship between IL-1 beta and IL-2 in patients with chronic
      hepatitis was statistically significant (P less than 0.001). In general, high
      values of serum IL-1 beta and IL-2 were seen in patients with chronic persistent
      hepatitis and low values of serum IL-1 beta and IL-2 were seen in patients with
      chronic active hepatitis (severe) and in some of these with chronic persistent
      hepatitis. Serum IL-1 beta and IL-2 values of all patients with chronic hepatitis
      were higher than in healthy controls (P less than 0.001). Serum IL-1 beta and IL
      2 in chronic hepatitis (B) are important indicators of the grade of the
      inflammatory state of the liver.

PMID- 2278826
TI  - Endocytosis of cationized horseradish peroxidase by glomerular epithelial cells
      is reduced in puromycin glomerulopathy.
AB  - Rats were treated with a single intravenous injection of aminonucleoside of
      puromycin and were sacrificed between 1 and 21 days after injection. The
      conjugate of horseradish peroxidase with a poly-L-lysine (HRP.PL) was used to
      reveal endocytotic activity in glomerular epithelial cells (GEC). This conjugate
      was injected intravenously 2 h before each sacrifice. Renal tissue was taken and
      treated cytochemically with a conventional DAB technique and observed by light
      and electron microscopy. The assessment of endocytosis by glomerular epithelial
      cells was performed on 1-micron sections by counting HRP.PL grains in the GEC and
      expressing this in terms of the area of glomerulus examined. The results were
      compared to those found in normal rats. Our results show that GEC endocytotic
      function was reduced during the whole period of the experiment. It fell quickly
      from 1 day after puromycin injection and reached the most marked reduction on the
      4th day, preceding the peak of proteinuria which was between 7 and 12 days. From
      the 5th day onward the endocytotic function gradually recovered, but was still
      abnormal at the end of the experiment.

PMID- 2278827
TI  - The role of the spleen in the immune response following naturally acquired
      exposure to encapsulated bacteria.
AB  - Female New Zealand White Rabbits following splenectomy (n = 9), splenectomy with
      50% splenic autotransplantation (n = 8) and sham laparotomy (n = 9) have been
      serially exposed to type 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae by
      aerosol inhalation. Animals were sampled for 3 weeks after exposure and the IgG
      and IgM type-specific antibody response measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay. Haemophilus influenzae initiated a substantial anti-haemophilus IgG
      response which was not diminished by splenectomy. The anti-haemophilus IgM
      response was present in sham-operated animals, absent following splenectomy, and
      partially restored by splenic autotransplantation. Type 2 Streptococcus
      pneumoniae induced a minimal IgG and IgM antibody response in all animals
      irrespective of the presence or absence of a spleen. The results support the role
      of the spleen in mediating IgM production against polysaccharide encapsulated
      bacteria. The differential degree of immune response produced by the two
      organisms may explain in part the differential frequency with which these two
      organisms infect man following splenectomy.

PMID- 2278828
TI  - Antigen-induced arthritis in the rabbit: ultrastructural changes at the
      chondrosynovial junction.
AB  - Structural changes at the chondrosynovial junction of the lateral border of the
      lateral femoral condyle have been studied by electron microscopy in rabbits with
      antigen-induced arthritis of 6 h-27 days duration. Rapid changes in the collagen
      fibrils of the extracellular matrix in the synovial lining and articular
      cartilage were noted. Collagen fibrils with unusually large diameters were
      observed. Overgrowth of cartilage by inflamed synovium was seen within 3-6 days
      of induction of arthritis and by day 12 the interface between these two tissues
      was largely indistinguishable. The synovial pannus at this time was fibrotic and
      infiltrated with plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages. Few polymorphonuclear
      leucocytes were found in the developing pannus. Macrophages were found with
      extended processes which enveloped neighbouring cells. Some blood vessels had
      thickened endothelial cells though lymphocytes were not observed in their
      vicinity. This study reveals the rapidity with which synovial pannus can develop
      and suggests that there are a number of mechanisms operating to cause cartilage
      breakdown in antigen-induced arthritis.

PMID- 2278829
TI  - A sequential ultrastructural study of rat lungs infected with Pneumocystis
      carinii to investigate the appearances of the organism, its relationships and its
      effects on pneumocytes.
AB  - A sequential study of the lungs of rats infected with Pneumocystis carinii is
      reported. The aim was to investigate variations in the appearance of the organism
      from the inception of infection until the death of the host and, during this
      period, the relationships of the organism with one another and changes occurring
      within pneumocytes. Trophozoites predominated at all stages of infection and were
      those first recognized but no clear role for the filopodia was evident. Organisms
      were related with both Type I and Type II pneumocytes but were not found within
      these cells. There was no obvious method of linkage to pneumocytes and the way in
      which lung damage is caused is unclear. However, from analogy with similar
      pulmonary disorders, lung damage probably involves a number of factors.

PMID- 2278830
TI  - Endocrine treatment for breast cancers: biological rationale and current
      progress.
AB  - Endocrine therapy is a major treatment modality for the systemic management of
      breast cancer. In comparison with alternatives such as chemotherapy, hormone
      manipulations have the advantage of lower toxicity but suffer from the
      disadvantages of producing responses in only 30-40% of patients with metastatic
      disease and seldom being curative. Nevertheless in recent years there have been
      significant advances in the endocrine treatment of breast cancer which have
      stemmed from a better understanding of the sources from which breast tumours may
      be supplied with hormones, the mechanism by which hormones regulate tumour
      proliferation and the more accurate identification of hormone sensitive tumours.
      As a result agents such as antioestrogens, aromatase inhibitors. LHRH agonists
      have largely superseded surgical and radiological ablation of endocrine organs.
      The major reduction in morbidity associated with these medical regimes means that
      they are much more acceptable to patients and may be used as adjuvants to local
      treatment of the breast in patients with "earlier" stages of the disease. At the
      same time patients can now be offered rational treatment selected on the basis of
      tumour biology rather than on more empirical criteria. The aims of this review
      are to provide details of the research which has led to this progress in
      endocrine treatment of breast cancer and to put into perspective the prospects
      for further advances.

PMID- 2278831
TI  - The steroid-binding properties of recombinant glucocorticoid receptor: a putative
      role for heat shock protein hsp90.
AB  - The steroid-binding domain of the human glucocorticoid receptor was expressed in
      Escherichia coli either as a fusion protein with protein A or under control of
      the T7 RNA polymerase promoter. The recombinant proteins were found to bind
      steroids with the normal specificity for a glucocorticoid receptor but with
      reduced affinity (Kd for triamcinolone acetonide approximately 70 nM). Glycerol
      gradient analysis of the E. coli lystate containing the recombinant protein
      indicated no interaction between the glucocorticoid receptor fragment and heat
      shock proteins. However, synthesis of the corresponding fragments of
      glucocorticoid receptor in vitro using rabbit reticulocyte lystate resulted in
      the formation of proteins that bound triamcinolone acetonide with high affinity
      (Kd 2nM). Glycerol gradient analysis of these proteins, with and without
      molybdate, indicated that the in vitro synthesised receptor fragments formed
      complexes with hsp90 as previously shown for the full-length rat glucocorticoid
      receptor. Radiosequence analysis of the recombinant steroid-binding domain
      expressed in E. coli and affinity labelled with dexamethasone mesylate identified
      binding of the steroid to Cys-638 predominantly. However, all cysteine residues
      within the steroid-binding domain were affinity labelled to a certain degree
      indicating that the recombinant protein has a structure similar to the native
      receptor but more open and accessible.

PMID- 2278833
TI  - Characteristics of the calf uterine androgen receptor.
AB  - The highest molecular weight form of the calf uterine androgen receptor separates
      as an 11S form in glycerol gradients. This "cytosolic" receptor, prepared in the
      presence of molybdate, polyethyleneimide and low ionic strength, dissociates into
      9S and 7.2S forms with increasing KCl concentration. A 4.5S androgen binding
      component appears as the predominant form of the receptor in the absence of
      polyethyleneimide and this unit quantitatively converts to a stable 3.5S form in
      the absence of molybdate. Renaturation of partially purified protein, separated
      by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, demonstrates the presence of an androgen binding
      component in the 110 kDa region of the gel. This renatured protein separates as a
      4.5S component in glycerol gradients and has a Stokes radius of 6 nm.
      Photoaffinity labelling of partially purified receptor preparations, followed by
      SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, reveals the presence of an androgen binding component
      having a molecular weight of 115 kDa. The binding characteristics and specificity
      of the receptor binding to R1881 have been studied and a DHT-affinity
      chromatography resin used to purify the receptor.

PMID- 2278832
TI  - Reciprocal modulation by sex steroid and calciotrophic hormones of skeletal cell
      proliferation.
AB  - We have demonstrated previously that 17 beta-estradiol (E2) stimulates cell
      proliferation in skeletal tissues, as measured by increased DNA synthesis and
      creatine kinase (CK) specific activity, and that calciotrophic hormones modulate
      E2 activity in rat osteoblastic sarcoma cells (ROS 17/2.8). Moreover, E2 failed
      to stimulate DNA synthesis in vitamin D-depleted female rat bone in the absence
      of prior i.p. injections of 1.25(OH)2D3. We have, therefore, studied the effects
      of pretreatment of cells by one hormone on their response to challenge by a
      second hormone. We now report reciprocal interactions of sex steroids and other
      hormones modulating bone formation on cell proliferation parameters in primary
      bone and cartilage cell cultures: these interactions can selectively augment or
      diminish cell responsiveness to a given hormone. Pretreatment of rat epiphyseal
      cartilage cell cultures with 1.25(OH)2D3, 24.25(OH)2D3 or parathyroid hormone
      (PTH) for 5 days, followed by E2 treatment for 24h, resulted in increased DNA
      synthesis compared to cultures pretreated with vehicle. Prostaglandin (PGE2)
      pretreatment blocked further response to E2. In the reciprocal case, rat
      epiphyseal cartilage cells, pretreated with E2, showed an increased response to
      PTH, a loss of the response to PGE2 or 24.25(OH)2D3 and an inhibition of CK
      activity and DNA synthesis by 1.25(OH)2D3, similar to the characteristic
      inhibitory action of 1.25(OH)2D3 in osteoblasts. By contrast, rat epiphyseal
      cartilage cells pretreated with testosterone showed no changes in response to
      PTH, 24.25(OH)2D3 or PGE2 and a decreased response to E2, but were stimulated by
      1.25(OH)2D3. Rat embryo calvaria cell cultures behaved similarly to epiphyseal
      cartilage cultures except that 24.25(OH)2D3 pretreatment did not increase the
      response to E2. Reciprocally, pretreatment with E2 before exposure to
      calciotrophic hormones did not change the responses of rat embryo calvaria cell
      cultures to 1.25(OH)2D3 or 24.25(OH)2D3. These findings suggest that the mutual
      interactions between calciotrophic hormones and E2, demonstrated here in vitro,
      could selectively affect the responses of bone and cartilage cells to E2 by
      several mechanisms. These possibilities include increased E2 receptors and E2
      stimulated differentiation of cartilage cells to more E2 responsive cells showing
      some characteristics of osteoblasts.

PMID- 2278835
TI  - Immunoaffinity purification and characterisation of p29--an estrogen receptor
      related protein.
AB  - p29, a 29 kDa protein recognised by D5, a monoclonal antibody prepared against
      partially purified cytosolic estrogen receptor (ER), has been purified to
      homogeneity from ZR-75-1, a human breast cancer cell line. Ammonium sulphate
      fractionation followed by immunoaffinity chromatography on a three column system
      using Protein A-Sepharose coupled D5, produced purified p29. Silver stained SDS
      one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and two-dimensional
      PAGE showed p29 to have been purified to homogeneity. Amino acid analysis showed
      no unusual characteristics. Partial N-terminal sequencing studies showed that
      purified p29 shared a 100% homology with the sequence of a pp89, murine
      cytomegaloviral protein.

PMID- 2278834
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in uterine and
      intrauterine tissue during human pregnancy and labour.
AB  - Oestrogen and progesterone receptors were studied in the non-pregnant state, in
      early pregnancy and at term using monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassays.
      Receptors for both steroids were found in tissues from non-pregnant patients and
      patients in early pregnancy. At term oestrogen receptors were undetectable in all
      tissues studied. Progesterone receptors were undetectable in chorion, amnion and
      placenta at term, while present in extremely low concentrations in decidua and
      myometrium.

PMID- 2278836
TI  - Epithelial and adipose cells isolated from mammary glands of pregnant and
      lactating rats differ in 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity.
AB  - Both adipose and epithelial cells isolated from the mammary glands of pregnant
      and lactating rats show 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-HSD) activity,
      as measured by conversion of corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone. Activity
      in adipose cells from pregnant rats is 3-fold higher than in lactating rats.
      Epithelial cells from pregnant rats show one-twentieth of the activity of adipose
      cells, and activity is lower still in epithelial cells from lactating rats.
      Explants incubated for 48 h extensively metabolized corticosterone to 11
      dehydrocorticosterone, and to a much lesser extent to a second unknown metabolite
      which is found in tissue extracts but not conditioned medium. Mammary gland 11
      HSD may thus constitute one of the physiological mechanisms preventing premature
      milk production in response to glucocorticoids.

PMID- 2278837
TI  - Characterization of the purified pituitary cytosolic NADPH:5 alpha
      dihydroprogesterone 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase.
AB  - The purified cytosolic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (3 alpha-HSOR) from
      female rat pituitary which catalyzes the reversible conversion of 5 alpha
      dihydroprogesterone (5 alpha-DHP) to 3 alpha, 5 alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone (3
      alpha, 5 alpha-THP) has been characterized in terms of its steroid substrate
      specificity, dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity and inhibition by drugs such as
      medroxyprogesterone and indomethacin. The purified enzyme has a strong preference
      for the C21 progestin steroid substrates, 5 alpha-DHP and 3 alpha, 5 alpha-THP,
      over the corresponding C19 androgenic steroid substrates, 5 alpha
      dihydrotesterone (5 alpha-DHT) and 3 alpha, 5 alpha-tetrahydrotestosterone (3
      alpha, 5 alpha-THT). The apparent Km for 5 alpha-DHP (80 nM) is about 250 times
      lower than the Km for the androgenic steroid, 5 alpha-DHT (21 microM). In the
      oxidative direction, the apparent Km for 3 alpha, 5 alpha-TP (1.4 microM) is
      about 3-fold lower than the Km for the androgenic steroid, 3 alpha, 5 alpha-THT
      (4.2 microM). A number of other naturally occurring 3-keto- and 3 alpha(beta)
      hydroxy-steroids were assessed for their ability to act as inhibitors (alternate
      substrates) of the 3 alpha-reduction of 5 alpha-DHP catalyzed by the purified 3
      alpha-HSOR. None of the 3 beta- or 5 beta-isomers had any effect. Of the other 3
      keto and 3 alpha- steroids tested, only deoxycorticosterone and the ovarian
      progestins showed any significant inhibition. These may be acting as inhibitors
      since there was little, if any, direct 3 alpha-reduction of progesterone to 3
      alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one. Unlike the liver cytosolic 3 alpha-HSOR, the
      pituitary enzyme has no associated dihydrodiol (quinone) dehydrogenase activity.
      This enzyme is similar to other cytosolic 3 alpha-HSORs from liver and brain in
      that it is potentially inhibited by indomethacin and by medroxyprogesterone.

PMID- 2278838
TI  - Androgen binding in peripheral tissues of fetal rhesus macaques: effects of
      androgen metabolism in liver.
AB  - In rhesus monkeys sexual differentiation of the brain and reproductive tract (RT)
      is androgen-dependent. Presumably these effects are mediated through the androgen
      receptor (AR). The AR has not been characterized in fetal tissues such as liver,
      kidney, heart, spinal cord and RT in this species. We characterized AR binding
      using [3H]R1881 as the ligand in cytosols from tissues obtained on days 100-138
      of gestation. Scatchard analyses revealed a single, saturable, high affinity AR
      in liver, kidney, heart, spinal cord and RT. The apparent dissociation constant
      (Kd) ranged from 0.52 to 0.85 nM with no significant tissue differences. The
      number of AR (Bmax; fmol/mg protein) differed significantly (P less than 0.01)
      between tissues (liver greater than RT much greater than kidney greater than or
      equal to heart greater than or equal to spinal cord). Radioinert testosterone (T)
      and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) but not androstenedione, progesterone,
      estradiol-17 beta, estrone or cortisol in a 50-fold molar excess inhibited
      [3H]R1881 binding to the AR in spinal cord, heart, kidney and RT. However, in
      liver only DHT competed significantly (P less than 0.01) for binding. This
      difference in binding of DHT vs T in the liver was further investigated by
      incubating liver and kidney cytosols with [3H]DHT and [3H]T at 4 degrees C. We
      identified the metabolic products by mobility on Sephadex LH-20 columns and
      reverse isotope dilution. Liver cytosols metabolized [3H]DHT to 5 alpha
      androstane- 3 alpha,17 beta-diol (5 alpha-diol) and [3H]T to 5 beta-androstane-3
      alpha, 17 beta-diol (5 beta-diol) at 4 degrees C. In contrast, kidney cytosols
      metabolized [3H]DHT while [3H]T remained unchanged. Further studies indicated
      that a 50-fold molar excess of 5 alpha-diol inhibited the binding of [3H]R1881 in
      liver cytosols by about 50% whereas the same molar concentration of 5 beta-diol
      had no effect. These data demonstrate the presence of AR in peripheral tissues of
      fetal rhesus monkeys and suggest that androgens through their receptors may
      affect development of these tissues. Liver cytosols are capable of metabolizing T
      and DHT at 4 degrees C at conditions similar to those used for measuring
      cytosolic AR. However, T and DHT are metabolized differently, generating
      different isomers which have different affinities for hepatic AR.

PMID- 2278839
TI  - Up-regulation of androgen receptor binding in male rat fat pad adipose precursor
      cells exposed to testosterone: study in a whole cell assay system.
AB  - Binding of androgens to adipocytes has previously been evaluated using cytosol
      fractions without taking into account nuclear binding, although the latter is
      suggested to be close to the physiological site of action. In the present study,
      performed in differentiated fat pad adipose precursor cells, we describe a
      simple, reliable and reproducible androgen binding assay in a system with intact
      cells. Tritiated and unlabeled methyltrienolone (R1881) were used to define
      specific and unspecific androgen binding. Triamcinolone acetonide was added to
      prevent the binding of R1881 to other types of receptors. Differentiated adipose
      precursor cells contain a homogeneous class of high affinity androgen binding
      sites, and binding is saturable and reversible. Binding apparently occurs at one
      site, with a Kd in the range of physiological androgen concentration (about 4
      nM). Competition studies indicate that the receptor is specific for R1881,
      testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, which have approximately the same affinity,
      while progesterone, estradiol and dexamethasone show much lower affinity.
      Androgen binding was markedly enhanced after cellular exposure to R1881 and
      testosterone but not dihydrotestosterone, and this increase was dependent on
      protein synthesis, suggesting the formation of new receptors by these androgens.
      In conclusion, fully differentiated adipocytes contain a specific, high affinity
      receptor, the density of which is dependent on androgens.

PMID- 2278840
TI  - Effects of antiandrogens on growth of androgen-dependent mouse mammary tumor
      (Shionogi carcinoma 115) in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Binding affinities of modified steroidal anthrasteroids, 3 beta-hydroxy-3a beta,6
      dimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,8,9,10,10a beta,11,11a beta, 11b alpha-dodecahydro-1H
      cyclopenta[a]anthracene-8-one (1) and 3a beta,6-dimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,8,9,10,10a
      beta,11,11a beta,11b alpha-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]anthracene-3,8-dione (2),
      the steroid oxendolone and the nonsteroid AA560, for the androgen receptor (AR)
      of Shionogi carcinoma 115 (SC115) and their effects on the growth of SC115 were
      investigated in vivo and in vitro. The inhibitory effects of these compounds on
      testosterone 5 alpha-reductase of SC115 tissues were also measured. The relative
      binding affinities of these compounds were 3.17-0.03% of that of
      dihydrotestosterone, and their rank order was (1) greater than AA560 greater than
      oxendolone much greater than (2). In the presence of 10(-9) M testosterone,
      anthrasteroids and AA560 inhibited the growth of SC115 cells at 10(-7) M in a
      serum-free medium, but oxendolone did not. In the absence of testosterone, (1),
      (2) and oxendolone promoted cell growth at 10(-6), 10(-7) and 10(-7) M,
      respectively. However, AA560 nearly completely blocked cell growth at 10(-5) M.
      At a 2 mg daily dose for 13 days, (1) and AA560 powerfully inhibited tumor growth
      in castrated DS mice treated with testosterone propionate but oxendolone had
      almost no effect. Anthrasteroids and oxendolone showed weak but significant
      agonistic activity in vivo. Anthrasteroids markedly inhibited 5 alpha-reductase
      activity of SC115, oxendolone weakly and AA560 not at all. The remarkable
      antiandrogenic activities of (1) and AA560 may partially result from their higher
      affinities for the AR of SC115 but other yet unknown mechanisms may also
      contribute to these activities.

PMID- 2278841
TI  - Purification and characterization of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from
      chicken hepatic cytosol.
AB  - From the cytosol fraction (supernatant fluid at 105,000 g) of chicken liver, 3
      alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was purified to an apparently homogeneous
      state by differential precipitation with ammonium sulfate, followed by column
      chromatographies with DE 51, DEAE-Toyopearl, and Sephadex G-100. Finally the
      dehydrogenase was purified 103-fold on the basis of the cytosol fraction.
      Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis in the presence of sodium dodecyl
      sulfate (SDS) revealed that molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 66 kDa,
      while that of the native dehydrogenase in the absence of SDS was estimated as 660
      kDa or more from the peak of the enzyme in elution profile from Sephacryl S-200
      column chromatography. The dehydrogenase required NADPH specifically for
      reduction of 3-oxo group of 5 beta-androstanedione (Km = 1.6 microM). Optimal
      temperature for 3-oxo reduction was 50 C in incubation for 10 min.

PMID- 2278842
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of steroid 5 alpha-reductase inhibition by 3-carboxy A
      ring aryl steroids.
AB  - The mechanism of interaction between two 3-carboxy A-ring aryl steroids, 17 beta
      (N,N-diisopropylcarboxamide)-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-carboxy lic acid (1) and 17
      beta-(N-t-butylcarboxamide)-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-carboxylic acid (2), with
      rat hepatic and human prostatic steroid 5 alpha-reductases has been investigated.
      Dead-end inhibition plots with 1 and 2 versus both substrates (testosterone and
      NADPH) were linear-uncompetitive using either enzyme, while double-inhibition
      analyses indicated cooperative binding to enzyme between NADP+ and 1 or 2. These
      results were interpreted within the ordered kinetic mechanism of steroid 5 alpha
      reductase to result from the preferential association of 3-carboxy A-ring aryl
      steroids to the enzyme-NADP+ complex. The direct displacement by 2 of a
      radioligand known to associate to this same enzyme form provides further support
      for these conclusions.

PMID- 2278843
TI  - Cholesterol side-chain cleavage and 11 beta-hydroxylation are inhibited by
      gossypol in adrenal cortex mitochondria.
AB  - Cholesterol side-chain cleavage and 11 beta-hydroxylation were assessed in
      isolated adrenal cortex mitochondria by formation of pregnenolone and
      corticosterone, respectively, in the presence and absence of gossypol.
      Pregnenolone biosynthesis was inhibited when increasing concentrations of
      gossypol were added. The control value of 4 nmol min-1 mg-1 dropped to 2 nmol min
      1 mg-1 with 30 microM of the drug in the incubation medium. A more pronounced
      inhibitory effect was observed upon 11 beta-hydroxylation of steroids; I50 was 11
      microM. Seventy-five percent of corticosterone production was impaired when 30
      microM of gossypol were present. Bovine serum albumin prevented and reversed the
      inhibitory action of the drug. Kinetic studies showed a linear mixed type
      inhibition, suggesting a direct action of the drug upon the enzymatic complex.
      This study demonstrates a direct inhibitory effect of gossypol upon the
      steroidogenic enzymes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the adrenal
      cortex.

PMID- 2278844
TI  - Radioimmunoassay of 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone and investigation of its
      pharmacokinetics in animals.
AB  - A method for the measurement of 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone (7MENT) in
      serum/plasma by radioimmunoassay (RIA) is described. The antiserum, raised
      against 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone-3-O-oxime-bovine serum albumin, had a
      low titer (final dilution = 1:4500) and low affinity (Ka = 1.17 x 10(9) l/mol)
      but showed little or no cross-reactivity with several of the steroids tested. The
      sensitivity of the RIA was 28.2 pg/ml and the mean recovery of added cold steroid
      was 86 to 100%. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 4.3
      to 7.3% and 7.3 to 8.4%, respectively. This RIA was used to follow plasma 7MENT
      levels after a single i.v. injection of the steroid in rats and rabbits. The
      metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of 7MENT as determined from the plasma
      disappearance curve for rats and rabbits were 50 l/day and 336 l/day,
      respectively. The MCR of 7MENT in rats and rabbits lies in the same range as for
      testosterone. When compared to other nortestosterone derivatives such as
      norethisterone, 7MENT is metabolized relatively faster.

PMID- 2278845
TI  - Synthesis of 19-nor-aldosterone, 18-hydroxy-19-nor-corticosterone and 18,19
      dihydroxycorticosterone in the human aldosterone-producing adenoma.
AB  - The recently synthesized 18-C-steroid derivative, 19-nor-aldosterone(19-nor-
      aldo) and 18-hydroxy-19-nor-corticosterone(18-OH-19-nor-corticosterone) possess
      mineralocoroticoid and hypertensinogenic activity. They and an additional newly
      synthesized steriod, 18,19-dihydroxycorticosterone[18,19(OH)2-corticosterone],
      may play a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of disorders thought to be
      caused by steroids with mineralocorticoid and hypertensionogenic properties. In
      this study we provide evidence that 19-nor-aldo, 18-OH-19-nor-corticosterone and
      18,19(OH)2-corticosterone are produced in vitro by aldosterone-producing adrenal
      adenomas and adenomas and adenoma of Cushing's syndrome. "silent" adrenal
      adenomas and the adjacent adrenal tissue. Measurable amounts of these steroids
      were found in the incubation fluids of adrenal tissues using specific RIAs
      performed after a sequence of HPLC systems. The rates of production of the three
      steroids were high in the aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas and in adrenal
      hyperplasia compared with in either Cushing's adenoma or "silent" adenoma.

PMID- 2278846
TI  - Progesterone metabolism by major salivary glands of rat--II. Parotid gland.
AB  - The metabolism of [4-14C]progesterone in the parotid salivary glands of
      nonpregnant female, pregnant female and male rats were investigated in vitro. The
      metabolic activity of the male rats was significantly lower than in either of the
      female groups. The pregnant group was metabolically more active than the
      nonpregnant female group, but his differences was not statistically significant.
      I homogenates and soluble fractions the main metabolite was 20-alpha-hydroxy- 4
      pregnen-3-one in female rats. In male rats the main metabolites were 20-alpha
      hydroxy-4- pregnen-3-one and 3-alpha-hydroxy-5-alpha-pregnan-20-one in
      homogenates and 20-alpha-hydroxy-4- pregnen-3-one in soluble fractions. In the
      microsomal fractions of both sexes polar compounds predominated. The results
      indicated the presence of at least the following progesterone metabolizing
      enzymes in art parotid salivary glands; 3-alpha-, 3-beta-, 20-alpha- and 20-beta
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5-alpha-and 5-beta-steroid hydrogenase and 17-alpha
      steroid hydroxylase activities. Ind the homogenates and soluble fractions of
      female rats 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was significantly
      higher than in males.

PMID- 2278847
TI  - In vitro metabolism or testosterone by breast microcysts.
AB  - Breast microcysts are considered to be a normal findings in the adult female
      breast without any increased risk of developing carcinomatous change. Breast
      cysts fluid contains steroid but not studies have been reported on the ability of
      breast microcysts to metabolise steroid hormones. It was, therefore, the aim of
      this study to identify the metabolites formed on incubation of radiolabelled
      testosterone with microcysts. In all instances dihydrotestosterone and
      androstenedione were formed. Oestrogens were not identified. Tis study,
      therefore, provides evidence for th presence of 5-alpha-reductase and 17
      oxidoreductase enzyme systems in breast microcysts.

PMID- 2278848
TI  - Estrogen receptors, progestin receptors and DNA synthesis in the macaque
      endometrium during the luteal-follicular transition.
AB  - We have suggested that in the nonhuman primate endometrium, stromal cells might
      play a role in mediating the effects of estrogen on the epithelium, especially
      during the luteal-follicular transition (LFT) when target cells normally escape
      from the inhibitory influence of progesterone (P). We now report that like
      estrogen receptors (ER), endometrial progestin receptors (PR) are detectable only
      in stromal cells until the fifth day of the LFT. With a technique that combined
      immunocytochemistry and autoradiography on the same sections, we characterized
      the cellular distribution of ER or PR coincidentally with the localization of
      [3H]thymidine taken up in vitro by endometria from monkeys undergoing an LFT. DNA
      synthesis in the glands of the upper endometrium was E2-dependent, but the
      distribution of [3H]thymidine was not positively correlated with the presence of
      ER or PR. Readministration of P to animals on days 3 or 4 of the LFT
      significantly reduced the [3H]thymidine labeling index of the glandular
      epithelium and caused stromal ER to decline, but P did not block the eventual
      appearance of ER in epithelial cells on day 5 of the LFT. Thus, E2 stimulated DNA
      synthesis in epithelial cells that lacked ER, and P suppressed DNA synthesis in
      these cells even though PR was only detected in the stroma when P treatment
      began. These data are consistent with a role for endometrial stromal cells in
      mediating the effects of E2 and P on the epithelium during the LFT.

PMID- 2278849
TI  - Discrepancies between antibody (EIA) and saturation analysis of oestrogen
      receptor content in breast tumour samples.
AB  - The use of different techniques for assay of oestrogen receptors (ER) in breast
      cancer raises the question of their relative effectiveness in measuring
      concentrations of functional receptors. Data were obtained on soluble receptors
      from supernatants from 58 primary breast tumour homogenates, using the ligand
      ([3H]oestradiol) binding assay with dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) separation,
      either at a single saturating ligand dose, or by Scatchard analysis, and by using
      the Abbott enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. As previous reports have shown, the two
      methods gave reasonably good correlation (r = 0.8), but EIA values were
      systematically higher than DCC (slope = 3.0). Similar values were obtained when
      the ER + ve/progesterone receptor (PR) + ve subgroup were examined separately (n
      = 34, r = 0.86, slope = 3.0). However the two sets of data were in much better
      agreement in the ER + ve/PR - ve subgroup (n = 10, r = 0.98, slope = 1.24). When
      analysed by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels (IEF), two major specific
      binding components were identified, at pI 6.1 and at pI 6.6. Both isoforms were
      present in 50/66 ER + ve PR + ve breast tumour samples, but only the pI 6.6 (4S)
      was present in most ER + ve/PR - ve samples (13/20). It appears that, compared
      with DCC, the EIA method gives much higher values for the 8S isoform, whereas the
      two methods detect the 4S isoform with similar sensitivity. In assays on the
      tumour cell lines, T47D and MCF-7, still greater discrepancies, at least 10-fold,
      were found between EIA and DCC data.

PMID- 2278850
TI  - Steroid receptors in the developing and the adult rabbit endocervix and in
      endocervical epithelial cells isolated by flow cytometry.
AB  - Immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies H222 and JZB39 was used to study
      nuclear estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) receptors, respectively, in the
      cervix during differentiation and in the adult rabbit. The undifferentiated state
      of the cervix of 2-week-old rabbits correlates with a paucity of immunoreactive
      nuclear ER, while the epithelium of most of these animals showed moderate
      immunostaining for the nuclear PgR. The cervical epithelium, stroma and muscle
      cells of 1-month-old rabbits, showed weak immunostaining for the ER, while
      staining for PgR remained comparable to that of 2-week-old rabbits. For 2-4-month
      old rabbits the epithelium was characterized by moderate immunostaining for the
      nuclear ER and strong immunostaining for the PgR. Strong, heterogeneous
      immunostaining for nuclear ER and PgR receptors in endocervical epithelial cells
      from 6-month-old (adult), estrous rabbits suggested there are subpopulations of
      cells that express differential sensitivity to steroid hormones. In order to
      characterize such subpopulations, live endocervical epithelial cells were sorted
      with a flow cytometer on the basis of forward angle light scatter (FSC) and side
      scatter (SSC) signals which correlated with cell size and secretory granule
      content, respectively. Secretory cells, as verified by ultrastructural analysis
      and histochemical staining, expressed the highest FSC and SSC signals and were
      designated fraction "a". Changes in the hormonal status of the animals altered
      the intrinsic light scatter properties of fraction "a" cells as follows: maximum
      FSC and SSC signals were reported for cells from estrous animals; ovariectomy or
      progesterone-dominance decreased cell size (FCS) and secretory granule content
      (SSC), while treatment of ovariectomized rabbits with estradiol increased both
      parameters. When fraction "a" cells from estrous rabbits were incubated with the
      monoclonal antibodies, two distinct subpopulations of secretory cells were
      identified by intensity and pattern of nuclear staining for the ER and PgR.
      Changes in the hormonal status of the animals produced changes in the intensity
      of nuclear immunostaining, however both cell types remained distinguishable on
      the basis of immunostain pattern reflecting either permanent or transitory
      differences in them, and differential hormone sensitivity. The presence of
      nuclear ER and PgR proteins in these cells confirms their function is bireceptor
      mediated.

PMID- 2278851
TI  - Displacement by tamoxifen of the estradiol-estrogen receptor binding: a
      functional assay for breast cancer studies.
AB  - Displacement curves with estradiol (E2) and Tamoxifen (Tam) of the [3H]E2-ER
      binding in 49 ER+ mammary neoplasia showed a great heterogeneity suggesting the
      existence of more than one population of ER+ tumors when the relative binding
      affinity of both ligands for the ER was considered. The (D50E2/D50Tam) x 100
      ratio was called Displacement Index (DI) with values asymmetrically distributed
      from 0.05 to 2.90. The range from 0.18 to 0.54 was adopted as central interval
      given by the median +/- SE (median: 0.36; SE: 0.09). DI values below 0.18 (24% of
      the tumors in our series) were considered as "lower", indicating that higher Tam
      doses would be necessary to displace the E2-ER binding. The potency of Tam as
      displacer is dependent not only of its own affinity for the ER, but also of that
      of E2 for the same receptor. The DI expresses their relative binding "strength".
      DI values were not correlated with ER and progesterone receptor content nor with
      the D50 Tam and D50E2 taken separately. Antiestrogen binding sites (AEBS) were
      determined in the cytosol (AEBSc) and in the microsomal fraction of 10 ER+ tumors
      from our series. The AEBSc/ER ratio was inversely correlated with the DI, that
      is, displacement of 3HE2 from the E2-ER complex by Tam would be lower in tumors
      with higher AEBSc/ER ratio. The DI is another parameter to be considered in the
      study of the sensitivity of breast neoplasias to antiestrogen treatments.

PMID- 2278852
TI  - Binding of estradiol-peroxidase conjugate to estrogen receptor.
AB  - The binding of estradiol-horseradish peroxidase conjugate to rat uterine
      cytosolic estrogen receptor was studied. The conjugate having a steroid to enzyme
      ratio of 2.8:1 was allowed to bind to protamine precipitated receptor in presence
      or absence of 100-fold excess of free estradiol. The bound enzyme activity was
      measured and the data subjected to Scatchard analysis to obtain the dissociation
      constant and the number of binding sites. Although the binding parameter so
      obtained differed from values obtained using radiolabelled estradiol, the method
      may be used for comparative studies.

PMID- 2278853
TI  - Specific binding of androgen and androgen-receptor complex by microsomes from rat
      ventral prostate.
AB  - Microsomes from rat ventral prostate show the presence of a high affinity-low
      capacity population of androgen-binding sites with affinity for ionic exchange
      resin similar to that of cytosol androgen receptor (AR), as manifested by similar
      results obtained with hydroxylapatite. The affinity for mibolerone was similar
      for both forms (Ka = 0.5-2.9 x 10(10) M-1). The membrane-bound form can be
      extracted in hypotonic buffer, with retention of binding properties. Isotonic
      sucrose allowed higher degree of extractability of the microsomal AR than 10%
      (v/v) glycerol. The presence of hormone lends stability to the microsomal AR,
      while high salt or nonionic detergents have a deleterious effect on their
      longevity. The microsomal receptor form is not sensitive to serine-proteases as
      opposed to the cytosol AR. After exhaustive extraction of binding sites,
      microsomes are capable of accepting cytosol mibolerone-receptor complexes to a
      level corresponding to the concentration of depleted binding sites; microsomes
      from non-target tissue do not manifest such capability. Microsomal AR complexes
      do not bind DNA and they are not activated after heat treatment. Mixed
      preparations of extracted microsomal complexes with cytosol complexes showed heat
      induced increased ability to bind DNA to the same level of diluted cytosol
      complex alone, indicating the absence of a microsomal inhibitor of DNA binding.
      The results indicate the co-existence of a non-DNA binding form of the AR in the
      microsomal membranes with the classical DNA binding form of the AR present in the
      cytosol of ventral prostate homogenates.

PMID- 2278854
TI  - Estrogen sulfatase and steroid sulfatase activities in intrauterine tissues of
      the pregnant guinea pig.
AB  - The possible role of intrauterine estrogen sulfatase and steroid sulfatase around
      the time of parturition in the guinea pig was investigated. [3H]Estrone sulfate
      or [3H]pregnenolone sulfate was incubated with intrauterine tissues. Estrogen
      sulfatase was found in placenta, endometrium, decidua basalis, amnion and
      chorion. The presence of steroid sulfatase was established in endometrium and
      decidua basalis but not in placenta or the fetal membranes. Examination of
      activities in early (days 32-35), mid (days 44-46) and late (within 5 days of
      parturition) gestation revealed no significant change in estrogen sulfatase
      specific activity in decidua basalis. However, in chorion and endometrium this
      activity was seen to increase approx. 12-fold (P less than 0.001) and 2.8-fold (P
      less than 0.001), respectively, from early to late gestation. In placenta,
      estrogen sulfatase activity appeared to increase 2.4-fold (P less than 0.001) and
      in amnion it decreased 2.8-fold (P less than 0.002). Steroid sulfatase activity
      in decidua basalis did not change during gestation, while activity in endometrium
      was found to increase by a factor of 5.3 (P less than 0.001), from early to late
      gestation. The increases, both in estrogen sulfatase activity in chorion,
      endometrium and placenta and in steroid sulfatase activity in endometrium,
      occurred primarily within the final 3 weeks of gestation. In contrast, the
      decrease in estrogen sulfatase activity in amnion occurred principally between
      the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation. Analysis of radiolabelled metabolites
      indicated that estradiol and progesterone could be produced via estrogen
      sulfatase and steroid sulfatase activities in certain tissues. Subcellular
      fractionation of tissues revealed that the greatest specific activity and total
      activity, in all cases, was associated with the 105,000 g pellet. Significant
      activity was also detected in the 750 and 10,000 g pellets but not in the 105,000
      g supernatant. Radioimmunoassay of endogenous estradiol-17 beta (estradiol) in
      chorion extracts revealed a 6.3-fold increase in the hormone from mid to late
      gestation. Estradiol levels in endometrium and myometrium did not appear to
      change during this time. It was concluded that increased estrogen sulfatase
      activity in guinea pig chorion in late gestation occurs along with elevated
      levels of the hormone estradiol which may be important for parturition in this
      species.

PMID- 2278855
TI  - Purification of 5 beta-reductase from hepatic cytosol fraction of chicken.
AB  - From the cytosol fraction (supernatant fluid at 105,000 g) of chicken liver, 4-en
      3-oxosteroid 5 beta-reductase (EC 1.3.1.23) was purified by ammonium sulfate
      precipitation, followed by Butyl Toyopearl, DEAE-Sepharose, Sephadex G-75 and
      hydroxylapatite column chromatographies. The enzyme activity was quantitated from
      amount of the 5 beta-reduced metabolites derived from [4-14C]testosterone. During
      the purification procedures, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which was
      present in the cytosol fraction was separated from 5 beta-reductase fraction by
      the Butyl Toyopearl column chromatography. By the DEAE-Sepharose column
      chromatography, 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were able to be
      removed from 5 beta-reductase fraction. The final enzyme preparation was
      apparently homogeneous on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purification
      was about 13,600-fold from the hepatic cytosol. The molecular weight of this
      enzyme was estimated as 37,000 Da by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      also by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. For 5 beta-reduction of 4-en-3-oxosteroids,
      such as testosterone, androstenedione and progesterone, NADPH was specifically
      required as cofactor. Km of 5 beta-reductase for NADPH was estimated as 4.22 x
      10(-6) M and for testosterone, 4.60 x 10(-6) M. The optimum pH of this enzyme
      ranged from pH 5.0 to 6.5 and other enzymic properties of the 5 beta-reductase
      were examined.

PMID- 2278856
TI  - Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on cell growth and the
      secretion of the estrogen-induced 34-, 52- and 160-kDa proteins in human breast
      cancer cells.
AB  - The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the growth of
      estrogen-responsive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in the presence of 17 beta
      estradiol was determined. After treatment with 17 beta-estradiol (1 nM), TCDD (10
      nM) and 17 beta-estradiol (1 nM) plus TCDD (10 nM) the cells were monitored daily
      for cell growth and DNA content for 7 days. The results showed that TCDD
      inhibited cell proliferation and DNA content of untreated cells and inhibited the
      17 beta-estradiol-stimulated cell proliferation and increase in cellular DNA
      content. In contrast, TCDD did not effect the growth of estrogen non-responsive
      MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. TCDD (0.1-10 nM) also caused a
      concentration-dependent decrease in the 17 beta-estradiol-induced proliferation
      in MCF-7 cells. The effects of TCDD on the 17 beta-estradiol-induced secretion of
      the 52-kDa protein (i.e. procathepsin D), the 34-kDa (cathepsin D) and 160-kDa
      proteins were also determined in the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer
      cell lines. The levels of the proteins were determined by autoradiographic
      analysis of the incorporation of [35S]methionine into the secreted proteins which
      were separated by denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 17 beta-estradiol (1 nM), TCDD (10
      and 100 nM) and 17 beta-estradiol (1 nM) plus TCDD (10 nM) resulted in levels of
      the 52-kDa protein which were 497, 63.6, 98.1 and 66.3%, respectively, of the
      corresponding levels observed in control (untreated) cells. Using the same
      concentrations, the levels of the 34-kDa protein secreted into the media were
      372, 42.3, 64.0 and 43.8% of control values, respectively, and the corresponding
      levels of the 160-kDa protein were 381, 52.9, 71.2 and 76.6% of the control
      values, respectively. In contrast, treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with 17 beta
      estradiol (1 nM), TCDD (10 and 100 nM) and 17 beta-estradiol (1 nM) plus TCDD (10
      nM) resulted in a 31-39% reduction in the secretion of the 52-kDa protein however
      these effects were not statistically different from the control values. In
      addition, the treatments did not cause any significant effects on the secretion
      of the 34- and 160-kDa proteins by MDA-MB-231 cells. These results clearly
      confirm and extend the range of antiestrogenic effects caused by TCDD in estrogen
      responsive MCF-7 cells and indicate that the MDA-MB-231 cells are not responsive
      to the antiestrogenic effects of TCDD.

PMID- 2278857
TI  - Estrogen and androgen regulation of sex hormone binding globulin secretion by a
      human liver cell line.
AB  - Both estrogens and androgens have been shown to stimulate sex hormone binding
      globulin (SHBG) secretion in vitro in the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Hep
      G2, in contrast to the expected inhibition by androgens from in vivo studies.
      However, such in vitro stimulation was only demonstrated at high steroid doses,
      generally in serum-containing medium, with added Phenol Red. In the present
      study, Hep G2 cells were grown in serum-free medium, without Phenol Red, under
      the influence of testosterone (T) (0, 0.5-500 nM) and ethinyl estradiol (EE2) (0,
      50 pM-500 nM). Levels of secreted SHBG and albumin were correlated with androgen
      receptors in cytosolic (ARc) and nuclear (ARn) fractions and with DNA levels. In
      the presence of increasing T levels, SHBG levels fell to 39% of control values at
      5 nM T (P = 0.047), rising to 97% of control at 500 nM. Conversely, incubation
      with EE2 produced a rise in SHBG secretion of more than 100% at 0.5 nM (P less
      than 0.02) which was sustained to 50 nM (P less than 0.005). DNA levels did not
      change with the addition of testosterone or EE2, with the exception of a 15%
      reduction at 5 nM EE2 (P less than 0.05). Albumin levels in the medium were not
      significantly altered by either steroid. However, in response to T, androgen
      receptor (AR) levels were reduced in cytosolic (42% of control) and nuclear (22%)
      fractions at 5 nM, and these changes in ARc and ARn correlated with SHBG levels
      over the range of T concentrations (P = 0.04 and P = 0.017, respectively).
      Nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) increased over 10-fold at 5 and 50 pM EE2 (P less
      than 0.001) and maintained 50 nM (P less than 0.001). Cytosolic ER was reduced at
      0.5 and 5 nM but recovered at 50 nM, correlating with SHBG levels (P less than
      0.001). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that estrogens and
      androgens regulate SHBG synthesis in man by direct, specific, probably receptor
      mediated effects on hepatocytes. Hep G2 cells grown in serum-free medium are a
      suitable experimental system for further study of this phenomenon.

PMID- 2278858
TI  - Distribution and cyclic change of aromatase cytochrome P-450 activity in human
      uteri.
AB  - Activities of aromatase cytochrome P-450 in the columnar epithelial region (CE),
      squamous epithelial region (SE) and connective tissue (CT) of uterine cervix, and
      endometrium (EM) during the menstrual cycle were determined using [4-14C] and [1
      beta-3H]androstenedione. Aromatase activities in the proliferative phase (n = 8)
      were 15.0 +/- 7.9, 10.9 +/- 10.3, 9.4 +/- 10.6 and 8.0 +/- 7.3 (mean +/- SD)
      fmol/h/mg protein in CE, SE, CT and EM, respectively, and aromatase activities in
      the secretory phase (n = 6) were 31.5 +/- 7.6, 19.1 +/- 7.1, 5.6 +/- 4.6 and 6.3
      +/- 1.5 fmol/h/mg protein, respectively. The results show that the aromatase
      activities in these regions in the proliferative phase were not significantly
      different from each other. On the other hand, the aromatase activity in the
      secretory phase was significantly higher in CE than in any other regions (P less
      than 0.05), and significantly higher in SE than in CT or EM (P less than 0.05).
      There was no significant difference in aromatase activity between CT and EM. By
      comparison of aromatase activity between these two phases, the activity in CE was
      significantly higher in the secretory phase than in the proliferative phase (P
      less than 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in other regions.

PMID- 2278859
TI  - Nuclear textural changes preceding endotoxin mediated enhancement of
      thromboplastin synthesis in human endothelial cells in vitro.
AB  - Human vascular endothelium plays a major role in hemostatic processes. Human
      venous endothelial cells (HEC) may promote coagulation by generation of
      thromboplastin. This tissue factor production is enhanced by bacterial
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the mechanisms of this enhancement remain
      unclear. In order to quantify by image analysis the nuclear modifications induced
      by LPS on HEC, umbilical cord vein HEC were cultured in vitro with or without E.
      coli LPS (10 micrograms/ml) for 0 to 6 h. At the end of culture, tissue factor
      expression was evaluated by the ability of a cellular extract to shorten the
      coagulation time of human citrated plasma. Simultaneously, the morphology of LPS
      treated and control HEC was analysed using a SAMBA 200 cell image processor after
      Feulgen staining. This analysis indicates that LPS treatment induces nuclear
      modifications as early as 1 h after culture onset, before any tissue factor
      expression. This activity appears only between 2 and 4 h of culture with LPS. Our
      data show that image analysis permits the detection of very early nuclear events
      in HEC and that these events precede the expression of functional properties
      which may be implicated in thrombotic processes.

PMID- 2278860
TI  - Classification applied to smears in hormone cytology.
AB  - Hormone cytology smears have been classified using a standard method of graph
      theory. The Euclidean distance was chosen as a suitable measure of the
      dissimilarity between smears. Maximum cliques were defined as groups to which no
      further element can be added without invalidating the group-defining distance.
      Both the type and number of cells found in the smear influence the
      classification. The absolute number of cells appears to be especially appropriate
      for the discrimination of the different proliferation stages of vaginal
      epithelium. However, the elaboration of an adequate sampling procedure is
      necessary for obtaining smears from the lateral wall of the vagina, as well as
      for the improved preparation of the smears themselves.

PMID- 2278861
TI  - Automatic cytogenetic systems.

PMID- 2278862
TI  - Selected bibliography.

PMID- 2278863
TI  - Automated recognition of cell images in high grade malignant lymphoma and
      reactive follicular hyperplasia.
AB  - In the past, the comparison of results of studies on malignant lymphomas has been
      biased by the use of different classifications of the diseases and to an even
      greater extent by subjective interpretation in the classification of the tumour
      cells. To overcome these short-comings, we have developed cytometric features
      specifically for automated recognition of cell images from high grade malignant
      non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) and reactive lymphoid lesions. This study used a
      colour TV-microscope system, high resolution scanning (13.3 pixel/microns), and
      image processing to study a total of 3600 lymphoid cells from 15 high grade
      malignant NHL and three tonsils. Sixteen out of 64 features, especially developed
      for image analysis in cytological preparations, have been evaluated. Because of a
      considerable overlap of all the single features, no feature on its own allows
      reliable discrimination. But, multivariant analysis of suitable feature
      combinations resulted in reliable identification and discrimination of the most
      frequently occurring cell types. We show that the lymphocytes, centrocytes,
      centroblasts, immunoblasts and lymphoblasts, as they are defined by subjective
      morphological criteria in the Kiel-classification of malignant NHL, also form
      distinctive subpopulations on the basis of their objective mathematical cell
      features. Furthermore, we have shown that there are distinctive differences
      between the lymphoma cells and their benign counterparts derived from reactive
      lymphoid lesions.

PMID- 2278864
TI  - DNA content of Hurthle cell nodules in autoimmune thyroiditis.
AB  - Hurthle cells are found in thyroid neoplasms and in reactive nodules in
      thyroiditis or goitrogenic processes. Cytometric studies have evaluated Hurthle
      cell neoplasms but not their reactive counterparts. DNA content of Hurthle cells
      in 22 cases of autoimmune thyroiditis was measured by flow cytometry and image
      content of Hurthle cells in 22 cases of autoimmune thyroiditis was measured by
      flow cytometry and image processing using nuclei extracted from paraffin-embedded
      tissue after microdissection of the Hurthle cell nodules. All 22 autoimmune
      thyroiditis Hurthle cell nodules were diploid, including 16 without associated
      neoplasms and six with associated malignant neoplasms (four papillary carcinomas,
      one follicular carcinoma and one follicular adenoma with papillary carcinoma).
      Concordance between flow cytometry and image processing was 100%. These findings
      indicate that the markedly atypical Hurthle cells in autoimmune thyroiditis are
      diploid by DNA quantitation. This suggests that atypia in Hurthle cells due to
      reactive or neoplastic processes may be differentiated by quantitative DNA
      analysis.

PMID- 2278865
TI  - Flosequinan for congestive heart failure: what promise does it hold?

PMID- 2278866
TI  - Calcium handling by renal tubules during oxygen deprivation injury to the kidney
      prior to reoxygenation.
AB  - Efforts to more precisely define the mechanism(s) of ischemic injury to renal
      epithelial tissue, both during O2 deprivation and reflow, have led to the
      expanding use of freshly isolated renal tubules. This tissue is prepared in a
      manner that eliminates the impact of changes in vascular resistance and
      influences of hormones, as well as temporal changes in pH and in regional pO2,
      and has permitted investigators to focus on the definitive cellular responses to
      O2 deprivation itself. When such studies are evaluated it becomes clear that in
      vitro anoxia, for up to 60 minutes, is not associated with any increase in total
      tissue Ca2+ as measured by atomic absorption techniques, whereas severe hypoxia
      is attended by a time-dependent increase in total tissue Ca2+. In both severe
      hypoxia and anoxia, however, the Ca2+ uptake rate is increased, but during
      hypoxia the less severe acidosis, as well as the continued, albeit modest,
      mitochondrial energization, appears to facilitate mitochondrial (and thus total
      tissue) Ca2+ accumulation. In vivo and in vitro, the administration of calcium
      channel blockers (CCB) attenuates renal oxygen-deprivation-induced injury and
      one, often overlooked, effect of verapamil, a prototypical CCB, is to reduce K+
      loss from treated tissue via inhibition of Ca2(+)-mediated K+ efflux pathways.
      This may be the cause of the higher levels of K+ reported for several tissues,
      including kidney tubules, during CCB treatment. In addition, reduced rates of
      Ca2+ uptake effected by CCB may modify cytosolic free Ca2+ levels such that
      activation of phospholipases is impaired.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2278867
TI  - Impact of calcium entry blockers on glomerular injury in experimental
      hypertension.
AB  - A major problem for patients with kidney disease and their physicians is that
      most chronic renal diseases progress to global glomerular sclerosis and end-stage
      renal failure. Studies in experimental models of hypertension and renal
      insufficiency have advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of progressive
      kidney damage. In a number of settings, sclerosis has been related to the
      presence of intrarenal hypertension, a consequence of the hemodynamic adaptation
      to a reduction in the number of functioning nephrons. A growing body of evidence
      also supports the hypothesis that kidney and glomerular hypertrophy constitute an
      independent risk factor for glomerular sclerosis. Recent studies suggest that
      calcium antagonists can reduce glomerular injury in experimental hypertension.
      Renal protection may be related to the ability of these agents to inhibit
      compensatory renal growth.

PMID- 2278868
TI  - Effects of calcium antagonists on the hypertensive kidney.
AB  - This review focuses on the effects of calcium antagonists on renal function in
      hypertensive human subjects. Specifically assessed are the acute and chronic
      effects of diltiazem, verapamil, amlodipine, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine,
      nifedipine, and nitrendipine on glomerular filtration rate; effective renal
      plasma flow/renal blood flow; renal vascular resistance; and urinary protein
      excretion. Among the calcium antagonists, only the dihydropyridine derivatives
      have been demonstrated consistently to acutely increase effective renal plasma
      flow/renal blood flow. The acute effects on glomerular filtration rate are
      variable. With respect to chronic therapy, many of the calcium antagonists have
      been reported to produce sustained increases in the effective renal plasma
      flow/renal blood flow and/or the glomerular filtration rate. Renal vascular
      resistance is reduced. Although calcium antagonists preserve or improve renal
      perfusion and glomerular filtration, long-term clinical trials are required to
      determine their potential therapeutic benefit to modify the natural course of
      hypertensive renal disease.

PMID- 2278870
TI  - KT-362 related effects on intracellular calcium release and associated clinical
      potential: arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and hypertension.
AB  - The following discourse addresses the pharmacologic profile of KT-362, its
      clinical potential as an anti-arrhythmic agent with associated hypotensive
      effects, as well as its additional related potential in myocardial ischemia and
      related sequellae, and the specific cellular actions that may be responsible for
      these potential therapeutic effects. Although these include specific actions on
      both sodium and calcium entry, the focus is on the relevance of independent
      effects on calcium release. KT-362 relaxes arterial smooth muscle, concomitantly
      reducing the total peripheral resistance and mean arterial blood pressure.
      Vascular relaxing actions are attributed primarily to inhibitory effects on
      calcium release and secondarily to inhibitory effects on calcium entry via both
      potential-gated and receptor-linked channels. The "intracellular calcium
      antagonist" properties are correlated with a decrease in the production of the
      major second messenger, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which is responsible for
      calcium release and a concurrent ryanodine-like action that further decreases the
      amount of calcium released. Ventricular arrhythmias associated with coronary
      occlusion, cardiac glycosides, catecholamines, and chloroform are prevented by KT
      362. General antiarrhythmic properties are associated with a use-dependent block
      of the "fast" sodium channel, primarily in the activated state, with ancillary
      effects on the "slow" calcium current. More selective effects on arrhythmias
      specifically associated with delayed after-depolarizations are attributed to
      effects on calcium release. In myocardial ischemia, KT-362 primarily reduces
      myocardial oxygen consumption rather than increases oxygen supply. The former is
      accomplished by depressing myocardial contractility and reducing afterload, while
      the latter is associated with a limited effect on coronary collateral blood flow.
      The negative inotropic effect is fundamentally related to its effects on calcium
      release, with additional contributions from its effects on calcium entry. Thus,
      the one intrinsic property of KT-362 that consistently emerges as significant and
      relevant in cardiovascular disease is the capacity to diminish calcium release.

PMID- 2278869
TI  - French multicenter trial of anistreplase versus heparin in acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Eighty-four patients aged less than 71 years with less than 4-hour duration acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI) were randomized in a multicenter study to 30 U
      anistreplase or heparin (single injection of 6500 IU followed by 1000 IU/hr).
      Early reperfusion was assessed from ECG changes (50% of sum ST decrease 2 hours
      postdosing) and the CK release profile (CK peak less than 16 hours after onset of
      symptoms, CK slope greater than 10%/hr). Reperfusion rates in patients meeting at
      least two criteria of reperfusion were 62.5% on anistreplase versus 27.5% on
      heparin. On delayed angiogram (13.7 +/- 3.4 days), patency rates were 66% with
      anistreplase versus 47% (NS) with heparin in 76 patients. Global LVF was similar
      in both groups. With anistreplase, the mean lowest fibrinogen level was 0.43 +/-
      0.55 g/l, plasminogen was 20 +/- 9%, and the highest F.D.P. was 1447 +/- 548
      micrograms/ml. All values recovered by hour 48. In-hospital and 1-year follow-up
      mortality was 7.2% (three patients) with anistreplase versus 10.2% (four
      patients) with heparin. Bleeding occurred in 9.7% and 5.1% of the patients (NS),
      respectively. No intracranial hemorrhage occurred. Thus, with combined clinical
      criteria or reperfusion, anistreplase is twice as efficient as heparin, has a
      good tolerance, and is easy to use as a single injection.

PMID- 2278871
TI  - The role of calcium in the control of vascular tone as assessed by the Ca2+
      indicator aequorin.
AB  - An overview is given of the current understanding of the mechanism of contraction
      of vascular smooth muscle. The regulation of vascular tone by intracellular
      ionized calcium levels appears to occur primarily through calcium-dependent
      phosphorylation of the myosin light chains by the enzyme myosin light chain
      kinase. Evidence is presented that additional relatively calcium-independent
      processes also exist and contribute to the regulation of vascular tone. A scheme
      is presented whereby vasoconstriction may occur in the absence of any change in
      cytoplasmic ionized calcium levels. The multiplicity of excitation-contraction
      coupling pathways in vascular smooth muscle predicts a multitude of rational
      therapeutic approaches to vascular pathologies.

PMID- 2278874
TI  - Effects of therapy with diet and simvastatin on atherosclerosis in
      hypercholesterolemic patients.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of cholesterol reduction on atherosclerotic coronary
      artery lesions using diet and simvastatin, a potent HMG CoA reductase inhibitor.
      Fifteen subjects aged 28-69 years (mean 44), each of whom demonstrated
      significant (greater than 50%) narrowing of a coronary artery and a baseline
      cholesterol level greater than 278 mg/dl, were studied. Coronary arteriography
      was performed prior to and after 20 +/- 2.5 months of therapy. A 42% reduction in
      total serum cholesterol, a 52% reduction in LDL cholesterol, and an 87% increase
      in the HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio (p less than 0.01) were achieved. Pretreatment
      and posttreatment angiograms were reviewed by three experienced angiographers
      with temporal order masked. Improvement in the overall status of coronary
      atherosclerotic lesions was demonstrated in two patients (13%), while
      deterioration occurred in one patient (7%). No overall change was found in the
      remaining 12 patients (80%). We conclude that a cholesterol-lowering regimen
      using a nonatherogenic diet and simvastatin therapy may at least stabilize
      coronary atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2278873
TI  - Clinical relevance of hyperlipidemia.
AB  - This review concerns the clinical impact of treating hyperlipidemia. The U.S.
      Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, the Helsinki Heart
      Study, and the Oslo Primary Prevention Trial all consistently showed that
      intensive and long-term (5-7 years) lipid-lowering treatment is successful in
      reducing the incidence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction. Secondary
      prevention trials (Coronary Drug Project and the Stockholm Ischaemic Heart
      Disease Secondary Prevention Study) have overall confirmed this result.
      Assessment of progression/regression of atherosclerosis by invasive or
      noninvasive methods has shown that an important mechanism underlying the
      reduction of coronary events with long-term lipid-lowering treatment is that
      involving stabilization or regression of arterial lesions. An additional
      advantage from lipid-lowering treatment might come from useful hemodynamic
      changes, occurring shortly after the start of an intensive cholesterol-lowering
      treatment with low-density lipoprotein apheresis.

PMID- 2278875
TI  - Sotalol in patients with life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
AB  - To assess the antiarrhythmic efficacy of oral d,l-sotalol, 68 patients with
      sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT) (n = 62) or ventricular
      fibrillation (VF) (n = 6) were studied by programmed ventricular stimulation
      (PVS). Fifty-one patients had coronary artery disease with a previous myocardial
      infarction and there were 17 patients without coronary disease: 11 patients had
      right and/or left ventricular dysplasia, one patient an aortic-valve replacement,
      and five patients had no visible heart disease. Prior to sotalol patients were
      treated with a mean of 3.6 +/- 1.3 antiarrhythmic class I drugs. None of these
      drugs prevented SMVT or VF. During control PVS (PVS 1), VF was induced in 8
      patients (12%), SMVT in 47 patients (69%), and nonsustained ventricular
      tachycardia (NSVT) in 13 patients (19%). After loading with oral d,l-sotalol (320
      mg/day), PVS (PVS 2) was repeated 4.2 +/- 3.3 weeks after PVS 1. In one of the
      patients (1%) VF was inducible, in 15 patients (22%) SMVT was induced, and in 18
      patients (26%) NSVT was induced. In 34 patients (50%) either no or a short
      ventricular response was inducible. Our data show that oral d,l-sotalol is an
      effective antiarrhythmic agent in patients with SMVT or VF.

PMID- 2278872
TI  - ACE inhibitors for the treatment of myocardial ischemia?
AB  - Apart from their established use in the treatment of hypertension and heart
      failure, ACE inhibitors have been suggested to exert anti-ischemic effects. This
      article reviews the mechanisms of systemic and intracardiac angiotensin
      formation, as well as its interaction with the bradykinin, the prostaglandin, and
      the sympathetic nervous system. While high doses of angiotensin can precipitate
      myocardial ischemia. experimental data on a potential beneficial effect of ACE
      inhibitors on ischemic myocardial blood flow and function are inconsistent and
      controversial. Pooling the few available clinical data, several ACE inhibitors
      may attenuate myocardial ischemia at rest and during exercise. However, a
      significant fraction of patients does not benefit or even deteriorates. Recent
      experimental studies suggest a beneficial role of ACE inhibitors in attenuating
      reperfusion arrhythmias and postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. Unless
      the mechanisms and determinants of potential anti-ischemic actions of ACE
      inhibitors can be better defined, their use for treatment of myocardial ischemia
      cannot be recommended at present.

PMID- 2278876
TI  - A protein complex expressed during terminal differentiation of monomyelocytic
      cells is an inhibitor of cell growth.
AB  - A protein complex (PC) composed of the MRP8 and MRP14 proteins has previously
      been shown to be a specific inhibitor of casein kinase I and II. This PC is
      expressed during the late stages of terminal differentiation induced in human
      promyelocytic HL-60 leukemia cells by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and in human
      monocytic THP-1 leukemia cells by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. This
      expression is associated with terminal cell differentiation because incubation of
      HL-60 cells with an agent or condition that causes suppression of growth but not
      induction of differentiation does not result in expression of the PC. At
      concentrations of 5-15 nM, the purified PC inhibited the growth of HL-60 cells
      and THP-1 cells, as well as other cell types belonging to different cell
      lineages. This growth inhibition was preceded by a reduction in [32P]phosphate
      incorporation and, at the higher PC concentrations, was associated with a
      reduction in [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine, and [32S]methionine incorporation. The
      specific expression pattern and growth-inhibitory character of the PC suggests
      that the complex may have a role in suppressing cell growth during monomyelocytic
      terminal differentiation induced by specific chemical stimuli and during
      physiological and pathological events associated with monomyelocytic cell
      functions.

PMID- 2278877
TI  - The mouse int-2 gene exhibits basic fibroblast growth factor activity in a basic
      fibroblast growth factor-responsive cell line.
AB  - The int-2 protein is related to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) by amino
      acid sequence homology. To assess its biological activity, we constructed
      retroviral vectors containing four variants of mouse int-2 complementary DNA
      under the transcriptional control of the beta-actin promoter and tested their
      effects on human SW13 adrenal cortical tumor cells. This cell line specifically
      requires bFGF, interleukin 1, or transforming growth factor e for anchorage
      independent growth in soft agar. Despite encoding a signal sequence that should
      direct the protein to the secretory pathway, vectors containing unmodified int-2
      complementary DNA, or a form optimized for translation initiation at the AUG
      codon, were incapable of inducing SW13 growth in soft agar. However, SW13
      transfectants expressing a construct (pSP1), in which a mouse immunoglobulin
      signal peptide sequence is linked to the int-2 coding sequences, grew well in
      soft agar. The concentrated conditioned medium from these pSP1-transfected cells
      supported anchorage-independent growth of SW13 indicator cells and competed with
      bFGF for binding to receptors. Western blot analysis with an int-2-specific
      antiserum detected Mr 30,000-32,000 int-2 products in cell extracts and
      conditioned medium from pSP1-transfected clones, whereas the conditioned medium
      from these and other SW13 clones contained only low levels of bFGF as measured in
      a specific radioimmunoassay. These data suggest that the product of the int-2
      gene can functionally replace bFGF in modulating the anchorage-independent growth
      of SW13 cells.

PMID- 2278878
TI  - Chicken cardiac tropomyosin and a low-molecular-weight nonmuscle tropomyosin are
      related by alternative splicing.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding chicken
      cardiac muscle tropomyosin and a low-molecular-weight nonmuscle tropomyosin. The
      cardiac muscle cDNA (pCHT-4) encodes a 284-amino acid protein that differs from
      chicken skeletal muscle alpha- and beta-tropomyosins throughout its length. The
      nonmuscle cDNA (pFT-C) encodes a 248-amino acid protein that is most similar (93
      94%) to the tropomyosin class including rat fibroblast TM-4, equine platelet
      tropomyosin, and human fibroblast TM30pl. The nucleotide sequences of the cardiac
      and nonmuscle cDNAs are identical from the position encoding cardiac amino acid
      81 (nonmuscle amino acid 45) through cardiac amino acid 257 (nonmuscle amino acid
      221). The sequences differ both 5' and 3' of this region of identity. These
      comparisons suggest that the chicken cardiac tropomyosin and low-molecular-weight
      "platelet-like" tropomyosin are derived from the same genomic locus by
      alternative splicing. S1 analysis suggests that this locus encodes at least one
      other tropomyosin isoform.

PMID- 2278879
TI  - An inducible enhancer controls the expression of the human interleukin 1 beta
      gene.
AB  - This paper describes regulatory sequences responsible for the control of human
      interleukin 1 beta gene expression in cells of the monocytic lineage. Hybrid
      plasmids containing different regions of the interleukin 1 beta gene and the
      bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene were transfected into human
      monocytic THP-1 or U937 cells. After treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
      acetate, which triggers cell differentiation, we have identified an enhancer
      sequence which mediates the induction of gene activity by 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The enhancer, approximately 180 base pairs long,
      is located between positions -2982 and -2795 upstream from the transcriptional
      start site. Further analysis has shown that 132 base pairs immediately upstream
      from the start site of transcription are sufficient to promote constitutive
      expression of the gene. Additional promoter elements, located within the first
      intron, maximize the level of gene expression. Although activated monocytes and
      macrophages are the main producers of interleukin 1 beta, both the enhancer and
      the constitutive promoter can function in monocytic cells as well as in
      nonmonocytic HeLa cells.

PMID- 2278880
TI  - Lovastatin blocks N-ras oncogene-induced neuronal differentiation.
AB  - ras p21 must be posttranslationally processed in order to be localized to the
      inner plasma membrane. The first obligatory processing step is the farnesylation
      of ras p21. Lovastatin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
      coenzyme A reductase, may prevent the farnesylation of de novo synthesized ras
      p21. We demonstrate that N-ras oncogene-induced neuronal differentiation of UR61J
      rat pheochromocytoma cells is blocked by lovastatin. Our data show that this
      effect is due to the inhibition of ras p21 farnesylation. The results suggest
      that ras oncogene-induced phenotype in mammalian cells may be eliminated by
      preventing the proper processing of ras p21.

PMID- 2278881
TI  - Oncogenes at viral integration sites.

PMID- 2278883
TI  - Reconstituted basement membrane enhances neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells induced
      by nerve growth factor.
AB  - Rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) respond to nerve growth factor (NGF) by
      elaborating neurites. We have studied the effect of extracellular matrix proteins
      on responsiveness of PC12 cells to NGF. NGF elicited neurite outgrowth in cells
      plated on collagen, fibronectin, or laminin within 48-72 h. In contrast, cells
      entrapped in reconstituted basement membrane prepared from the Engelbreth-Holm
      Swarm tumor (EHS-BM) responded within 24 h. Cells plated on collagen or
      fibronectin required a minimal dose of 50 ng/ml NGF to achieve the same effect as
      cells entrapped in EHS-BM at 1 ng/ml NGF. Neurites displayed by cells plated in
      EHS-BM were more extensively branched and remained intact up to 21 days following
      a single administration of NGF.

PMID- 2278882
TI  - Phorbol esters activate proteoglycan metabolism in human colon cancer cells en
      route to terminal differentiation.
AB  - Tumor-producing phorbol esters [e.g., 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)]
      induce changes in a human colon cancer cell line, VACO 10MS, that mimic terminal
      differentiation: a rapid blockade of DNA replication and cell division, a marked
      increase in cell adhesion properties with striking changes in morphology, and the
      acquisition of ion-transporting activities. The present report shows that the
      triggering of this terminal differentiation sequence by TPA is associated with a
      rapid release of heparan sulfate proteoglycans from the cell surface that is soon
      followed by an acceleration of proteoglycan synthesis. The activation of the
      release mechanism is independent of ongoing protein synthesis, whereas the
      resynthesis of the proteoglycans requires the production of new proteins. A
      persistent high rate of proteoglycan synthesis and release appears correlated
      with the progression of the colon cell into the terminal differentiation state.
      Bryostatin 1, an agent which has been shown previously to block the TPA-induced
      terminal differentiation of this cell line, also largely prevents the TPA effects
      on proteoglycan metabolism. Since both TPA and bryostatin 1 produce their effects
      through the activation of members of the protein kinase C class of enzymes, it is
      proposed that the differentiation state of these colon cancer cells may be
      regulated by a differential activation of isozymes or a ligand-directed
      phosphorylation of proteins that are involved in proteoglycan metabolism.

PMID- 2278884
TI  - Expression of human proliferation-associated nucleolar antigen p120.
AB  - The amount of human nucleolar protein p120 is small or nondetectable in most
      normal resting cells but increases greatly in some actively proliferating cells.
      The time course was compared for accumulation of mRNAs for p120, c-myc, and
      histones in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The
      mRNAs for p120 and c-myc were undetectable in unstimulated peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells; phytohemagglutinin stimulation increased the p120 mRNA level
      within 2 h, and it reached a maximum within 24-48 h. The c-myc mRNA level
      increased within 4 h and had a biphasic maximum at 4 h and 24 h. Indirect
      immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis showed an increase in the
      level of p120 protein in the nucleolus following the increase in its mRNA level,
      which suggests that p120 expression is transcriptionally controlled. Both p120
      mRNA and c-myc mRNA levels were significantly decreased in 12-O-tetradecanoyl
      phorbol-13-acetate-differentiated HL-60 leukemic cells and in confluent normal
      immortalized human fibroblasts (WSI). These data indicate that p120 is expressed
      very early in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and suggest that it has an important
      function in the cell cycle.

PMID- 2278885
TI  - Definition of the activities and properties of c-myc required to inhibit cell
      differentiation.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that high levels of c-myc inhibit cell
      differentiation. The goal of this study was to define the activities and
      properties of c-myc that are necessary and/or sufficient for this effect. A
      series of mutant human c-myc genes were stably transfected into the 3T3-L1
      preadipocyte cell line and assayed for their capacity to block differentiation
      into adipocytes. Results of the differentiation tests were then correlated with
      other known activities and properties of the mutants. Our studies show that the
      ability of c-myc to inhibit 3T3-L1 cell differentiation requires its transforming
      activity, and the ability of c-myc to bind sequence-nonspecific DNA and to form
      oligomers is not sufficient for this effect. Thus, the ability of c-myc to
      inhibit cell differentiation may be central to its role as a transforming
      oncogene.

PMID- 2278887
TI  - Hormone replacement therapy for women with a past history of breast cancer.

PMID- 2278886
TI  - Murine c-rel transcription is rapidly induced in T-cells and fibroblasts by
      mitogenic agents and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
AB  - The c-rel protooncogene is here shown to be a member of the early response gene
      family. Expression induced by different agents is regulated by both
      transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. In quiescent fibroblasts, c
      rel expression is maximally induced by serum or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
      acetate within 60 min and is superinduced in serum-stimulated fibroblasts by
      cycloheximide. In T-cells, although 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and
      concanavalin A both rapidly activate c-rel expression, the kinetics of induction
      mediated by these agents differs markedly. Nuclear run-on analysis demonstrates
      that induced c-rel expression is due primarily to increased transcription, and
      the rapid decrease in expression observed in serum- and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol
      13-acetate-stimulated cells results from mRNA turnover. In the B-lymphoid
      lineage, c-rel is constitutively transcribed, with the differentiation stage
      specific decrease in c-rel expression seen in plasmacytomas reflecting
      posttranscriptional regulation.

PMID- 2278888
TI  - Oestrogen and progesterone receptors in carcinoma of the cervix.
AB  - Oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors have been measured in 102 cervical
      carcinomas. With positive levels defined as concentrations exceeding 20 fmol/mg
      protein for cytoplasmic receptor and/or 200 fmol/mg DNA for nuclear receptor, 24%
      of tumours were dual receptor positive and 51% were dual receptor negative. The
      majority of adenocarcinomas (81%: 13/16) expressed ER (P less than 0.001) though
      only 54% (7/13) of these tumours co-expressed PR. There was a significant
      correlation between tumours positive for ER and those arising in premenopausal
      women (P = 0.011), with good or moderate differentiation (P = 0.027) and of
      smaller size (P = 0.025). Median follow-up is 19 months. Apart from advanced
      stage, tumour bulk (greater than 5 cm) was the only parameter associated with
      inferior progression-free survival, and most larger tumours were of advanced
      stage. No prognostic significance could be detected for receptor status.

PMID- 2278889
TI  - Lymphadenectomy in the management of endometrial carcinoma stage I and II.
      Retrospective study of 155 cases.
AB  - In our institution endometrial carcinomas Stage I and II were treated with
      initial uterovaginal brachytherapy 60 Gy followed by modified radical
      hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. We have studied the results in order to
      assess the value of lymphadenectomy in the treatment strategy. Between 1976 and
      1986, 155 patients were treated (107 Stage I, 48 Stage II mean age 60.2 years).
      Twenty-six patients also received postoperative pelvic external beam irradiation
      on account of lymph node involvement and/or deep tumour invasion into the
      myometrium. Fourteen patients (9%) had lymph node involvement. External iliac
      lymph nodes were involved in 78.5% of these cases. Lymph node involvement rate
      was higher for stage II, grade 3 tumours and when there was deep tumour invasion
      of the myometrium. The rate of local (pelvic) treatment failure was 12% for node
      negative patients and 36% for node-positive patients and the 5-year actuarial
      survival rates for the two groups were 83% and 41% respectively. As a consequence
      of our interpretation of the findings and influenced by the high complication
      rate which we attribute to lymphadenectomy and the information given by other
      prognostic indicators, we have changed to a policy of carrying out pelvic
      external radiotherapy for all Stage II, grade 2 or 3 cases and those with deep
      myometrial invasion. Lymphadenectomy is not performed in these cases. For
      patients with Stage I grade 1 tumours without deep tumour invasion only external
      iliac node sampling is performed. If this shows tumour, external irradiation is
      given in addition to vaginal vault brachytherapy.

PMID- 2278890
TI  - Selection of patients with breast cancer for routine follow-up bone scans.
AB  - Routine radionuclide bone scans have not been considered cost-effective for the
      routine follow-up after treatment of primary breast cancer. However subgroups of
      patients exist in whom early relapse in the skeleton is likely and this study
      examines again the role of the bone scan in routine follow-up. Serial
      radionuclide bone scans were performed every 6 months during the first 2 years of
      follow-up of 560 patients with breast cancer. Tumor characteristics which predict
      early relapse in bone were identified and the scan conversion rate from negative
      to positive determined for each prognostic group. A total of 199 (28%) of
      patients have relapsed, 50 (9%) with first recurrence in bone within two years of
      diagnosis. All were identified on the bone scan with a median lead time of 4
      months over radiological evidence of bone involvement. The overall scan
      conversion rate was 2.8%. This was significantly higher in poor prognosis
      patients with T4 tumours (6.3%), more than four involved axillary lymph nodes
      (6.1%) and inoperable tumours (6.5%), than in good prognosis patients with T1
      tumours (1.1%), negative axillary lymph node involvement (1.2%) or well
      differentiated ductal grade tumours (1.1%). We do not recommend routine bone
      scans in the follow-up of all patients with breast cancer. In patients with a
      good prognosis after primary treatment they cannot be considered cost-effective.
      However, in those with features which predict early recurrence in the skeleton
      the frequency of scan conversion is sufficient to justify serial bone scanning
      during the first two years of follow-up.

PMID- 2278891
TI  - A new technique of brachytherapy for malignant gliomas with caesium-137: a new
      method utilizing a remote afterloading system.
AB  - Failure of conventional treatment to cure malignant gliomas has stimulated
      interest in various forms of brachytherapy. We describe a new method of using
      intracranial radiation utilizing a remotely-controlled afterloading system with a
      modified endotracheal tube as the applicator. The system used is the Selectron
      LDM/MDR (Nucleotron) which is a sophisticated machine widely available at
      radiotherapy centres and primarily used to treat gynaecological malignancies. It
      uses Caesium-137 in the form of spherical pellets in a linear source train within
      a sealed system. The applicator is implanted at the time of surgical resection.
      The inflated balloon stabilises the applicator and allows a suitable dose
      distribution at a distance from the source train to be achieved. Details of the
      implantation and radiation procedures as well as the dosimetry calculation are
      presented. The advantages are simplicity of use, the elimination of radiation
      risk to personnel and the combination of cytoreduction and applicator
      implantation in one surgical procedure.

PMID- 2278892
TI  - Radiotherapy of brain tumours: reduced irradiation of normal brain.
AB  - We analysed the dose-volume distribution in normal brain in eight patients
      undergoing localized external beam radiotherapy for brain tumours. The results
      have been represented as integral dose-volume histograms and show that large
      volumes of normal brain receive clinically significant doses of radiation. A mean
      of 43% (range 24%-57%) of normal brain volume received more than 50% and a mean
      of 22% (range 9%-38%) received more than 85% of the maximum tumour dose. The
      amount of normal brain irradiated increased with enlarging target volume. With
      the use of customized shielding blocks the mean volume reduction of normal brain
      receiving more than 50% and 85% maximum tumour dose was 178 ml (median 183 ml;
      range 89-244 ml) and 110 ml (median 110 ml; 40-179 ml) respectively. This
      represents an average reduction of 13% and 8% of normal brain volume. Although
      clinically important this may not be sufficient for a significant improvement in
      therapeutic ratio.

PMID- 2278893
TI  - Long-term survival in adult hemispheric glioma: prognostic factors and quality of
      outcome.
AB  - Between 1983 and 1985 111 patients with hemispheric gliomas were treated with
      whole brain irradiation in the Department of Clinical Oncology in Edinburgh. Of
      these, 52 patients were treated with mixed photons and neutrons and 51 patients
      with photons only. The 5-year actuarial survival is 6.1%. Age and tumour grade
      were confirmed as significant prognostic factors (P less than 0.001). Assessment
      of all six adult survivors forms the basis of the morbidity report. All survivors
      had a degree of ataxia, spasticity and most of them showed radiological evidence
      of brain damage. Psychometric assessment confirmed impairment of cognitive
      function in all patients, as well as disruption of the socioeconomic units
      surrounding them. This could have been partially relieved if support was
      available.

PMID- 2278894
TI  - The Crookshank lecture: biological response modifiers in the treatment of cancer.

PMID- 2278896
TI  - Epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma of the conjunctiva: considerations for radiotherapy.
AB  - A case of epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma involving the conjunctiva is reported. The
      lesion responded completely to local irradiation without the loss of normal
      tissue tolerance which has been described at other sides. A review of the
      literature and guidelines for therapy are presented.

PMID- 2278895
TI  - HTLV-1 associated T-cell lymphoma in a patient with a 10-year history of non
      epidermotropic T-cell skin infiltrates.
AB  - We report a patient who had non-epidermotropic T-cell infiltrates of the skin for
      10 years prior to the development of a HTLV-1 associated disseminated T-cell
      lymphoma. The presentation and initial course of the lymphoma were unusual and we
      believe this is the first report of such an association. We therefore feel that
      patients of Caribbean origin with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma should be tested for
      HTLV-1 so that appropriate chemotherapy can be instituted at the outset in this
      poor prognosis group.

PMID- 2278897
TI  - Reversal of vocal cord paralysis by tamoxifen.

PMID- 2278898
TI  - Kidd and MNS gene frequencies in Algeria.
AB  - Red blood cell phenotyping using micro-methods was carried out for Kidd (JK) and
      MNS systems in Algeria. The number of subjects tested was 3495 and 4388
      respectively. Gene frequencies were estimated by the maximum likelihood method.
      The distribution of JKa seems to follow a West-South East-South gradient, whereas
      the MNS haplotypes show a heterogeneous distribution. Our results indicate an
      intermediate status of the Algerian population between Negroids and Caucasoids:
      JKa and MS haplotypes are medium, while MSU and NSU show low frequencies.

PMID- 2278900
TI  - Genetic polymorphisms of HLA class III and GLO1 in Chinese Yao nationality.
AB  - Yao is one of the minority nationalities located mainly in the South of China
      (Guang Xi province). The purpose of this study was to examine HLA class III and
      GLO1 in Yao nationality to identify the difference between Yao and Han. Han is
      the major nationality in China. Yao has the lowest C2*C frequency (0.9336) in the
      world. Before this study the lowest C2*C frequency known was that of the Japanese
      (0.9386). Gene frequencies in Yao are the following: C2*C = 0.9336, C2*B =
      0.0664; BF*S = 0.9071, BF*F = 0.0929; C4A*4 = 0.0253, C4A*3 = 0.6061, C4A*2 =
      0.2121, C4A*1 = 0.0152, C4A*Q0 = 0.1414; C4B*3 = 0.0051, C4B*2 = 0.0657, C4B*1 =
      0.7071, C4B*92 = 0.0455, C4B*95 = 0.0253, C4B*96 = 0.0253, C4B*12 = 0.0051,
      C4B*Q0 = 0.1212; GLO1*1 = 0.1161, GLO1*2 = 0.8839. We have compared these data
      with those reported for Han.

PMID- 2278899
TI  - Frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants and deficiency in Arabia.
AB  - Several variants of G6PD were found in different regions of Saudi Arabia. The
      variants were separated on the basis of their electrophoretic mobility and
      activity towards glucose-6-phosphate. G6PD*B was the most common enzyme found in
      all regions investigated. Variants included G6PD*A, G6PD*A-, G6PD*B weak and
      G6PD*def. The frequency of the variants shows significant differences among the
      regions of Saudi Arabia examined.

PMID- 2278901
TI  - C3 polymorphism and NADH diaphorase types in Sardinia (Italy).
AB  - C3 and DIA1 types were studied in Sardinians from four provinces. C3 showed a
      heterogeneous distribution in the four subsamples and C3*F gene varied between
      0.235 (Province of Sassari) and 0.154 (Province of Oristano). No rare types were
      found in Sardinia in contrast to mainland Italy. There are significant
      differences compared with some Italian populations on the mainland. DIA1*2 allele
      varies between 0.0026 (Province of Cagliari) and 0.0157 (Province of Nuoro). Also
      DIA1 showed a heterogenous distribution.

PMID- 2278902
TI  - Polymorphism of haptoglobin (HP), group specific component (GC) and alpha-1
      antitrypsin (PI) in the resident population of the Basque Country (Spain).
AB  - The Basque Country is inhabited by three populations: indigenous inhabitants,
      immigrants from other regions of the Iberian peninsula and descendants from a
      mixture of both groups. The principal component analysis of gene frequencies at
      HP, GC and PI loci shows two groups in the Basque Country: one comprising the
      indigenous inhabitants and those of mixed descent, the other of immigrants. The
      first group presents gene frequencies similar to those of inhabitants of the
      Pyrenees and Central Europe areas, while the second group has frequencies similar
      to other European and Mediterranean inhabitants.

PMID- 2278903
TI  - Genetic polymorphisms in Transkei Bantu.
AB  - Data are presented on blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme
      polymorphisms in a sample of Transkei Bantu. The gene frequencies, compared with
      those in other populations in Southern Africa, show general similarity to other
      Bantu from Transkei and neighbouring regions, and particularly to the southern
      Sotho and Nguni. Some admixture from San is suggested by the directions in which
      frequencies in a number of systems diverge.

PMID- 2278904
TI  - Effect of albendazole on human hydatid cysts: an ultrastructural study.
AB  - Five patients with hepatic (3), pelvic (1) or spinal (1) hydatid cysts received
      10 mg/kg/d albendazole for 1-3 months prior to surgery. Daughter cysts were
      present in the spinal hydatid and in one patient with hepatic disease. Electron
      microscope examination of the cyst tissue of the pelvic and the 2 hepatic cysts
      lacking daughter cysts showed no evidence of germinal layer, and the
      protoscoleces were dead. The primary cyst of the hepatic hydatid with daughter
      cysts (1 month therapy) was also judged dead but some pieces of the daughter cyst
      germinal layer appeared normal and had unaffected protoscoleces. The daughter
      cyst tissue of the spinal hydatid (3 month therapy) appeared normal and the
      protoscoleces viable. In view of the undetermined viability of human hydatids
      before chemotherapy, treatment of longer than 1 month is advocated for hepatic
      cysts, particularly if daughter cysts are present, and longer therapy is
      indicated for spinal disease.

PMID- 2278905
TI  - Echinococcal disease of the liver in pregnancy.
AB  - Although echinococcal disease of the liver is common in some parts of the world,
      it is rarely seen in the United States. Even from endemic areas, few reports deal
      with its treatment during pregnancy. A 25 year old 18 week pregnant Italian woman
      presented with pruritus and right upper quadrant pain. Ultrasound revealed a
      cystic lesion in the left lobe of the liver. The cyst was treated by operative
      insertion of hypertonic saline and capsulorrhaphy. The patient and her fetus had
      no postoperative complications. We believe that the pregnant patient with
      symptomatic hepatic echinococcal disease should be treated operatively and that
      insertion of hypertonic saline and capsulorrhaphy is the safest and most
      effective technique for both the mother and fetus.

PMID- 2278906
TI  - Juxtacaval liver resections with the use of an internal IVC shunt tube.
AB  - Almost one tenth of more than 370 hepatectomies, mostly for tumors, involved
      resection of major parts of the caudate lobe, subsegment 1. Five of them were for
      tumors or hemangiomas here, compressing or invading the vena cava; two were for
      metastases of colorectal cancer located very close to the junctions of the right
      and middle hepatic veins with the vena cava. We would previously have deemed
      these tumors unresectable. In these patients the vein was banded above and below
      the liver, an internal shunt tube placed in preparation for shunting of blood,
      and the afferent liver blood flow controlled. Control of the vena cava by
      tightening of the bands was needed in two cases. Tumor-invaded parts of the vein
      wall were resected in two other cases, in whom the presence of the tube
      facilitated the resection but the bands did not have to be tightened. The
      procedure did not cause morbidity and we conclude that tumors close to the vena
      cava can often be resected without complex vascular exclusion techniques, even
      when they invade the vein.

PMID- 2278908
TI  - Cell kinetics of hepatic metastases as a prognostic marker in patients with
      advanced colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - Cell kinetics was determined, as 3H-thymidine labeling index (LI), in hepatic
      lesions from 36 patients with primary colorectal carcinoma: LI values ranged from
      0.9% to 23.5% and were normally distributed. Cell kinetics was not related to sex
      or age of the patient, or to liver function. For clinical studies the median LI
      value of 10% was used to separate slowly and rapidly proliferating lesions.
      Univariate analysis showed that patients radically resected and with a low LI
      tumor have a longer disease-free interval and a better probability of 12-month
      survival than those non-radically resected and with a high LI tumor. When
      treatment and cell kinetics were taken into consideration, the probability of 12
      month survival was 100% for patients with slowly proliferating and radically
      resected hepatic metastases. Patients with rapidly proliferating tumors,
      regardless of type of treatment, had the worst prognosis.

PMID- 2278907
TI  - Hydatid cysts of liver and portal hypertension.
AB  - Two cases of portal hypertension due to hydatid cysts of the liver are reported.
      In one of the patients, symptoms were secondary to obstruction of inferior vena
      cava and hepatic outflow tract. The other patient was operated on with a
      diagnosis of extrahepatic presinusoidal portal hypertension caused by extrinsic
      compression of the liver by an hydatid cyst. Although hydatidosis is a benign
      disease, it can produce serious complications as in these reported cases.
      Therefore hydatidosis should be remembered amongst the causes of portal
      hypertension in countries where the disease is endemic.

PMID- 2278909
TI  - Liver resection for intrahepatic stones.
AB  - Intrahepatic stones are difficult to manage, especially when they are associated
      with bile duct stricture, cholangitis and destruction of liver parenchyma.
      Suggested modes of treatment include surgical bile duct exploration, endoscopic
      procedures, transhepatic cholangiolithotomy and liver resection. This paper
      reports 2 patients in whom liver resection was performed because of intrahepatic
      ductal stones, bile duct strictures and repeated episodes of cholangitis. Liver
      resection was uncomplicated and long-term results were satisfactory. Our results
      support the view that liver resection is indicated in rare instances of
      intrahepatic bile duct stones associated with bile duct strictures.

PMID- 2278910
TI  - Cholecystitis without gallstones.

PMID- 2278912
TI  - Perioperative prophylactic chemotherapy of Echinococcus granulosus: determination
      of minimum effective length of albendazole therapy in in vitro protoscolex
      culture.
AB  - Protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus were cultured in vitro in 500, 250 or
      100 micrograms/l albendazole sulphoxide for 1,3,7,10,14d and then 'rescued' (R)
      into drug-free medium for the remainder of the culture period. Successful minimum
      lengths of therapy were much longer than for praziquantel, and only at 500
      micrograms/l was the 10dR treatment as effective as continuous therapy for 28d.
      Treatment with 100 micrograms/l both in continuous culture and in the 'R'
      experiments was ineffective over a 35d period. The results are compared with
      those from similar experiments using praziquantel.

PMID- 2278911
TI  - Early and late results following choledochoduodenostomy and
      choledochojejunostomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and complications of choledochoduodenostomy
      and choledochojejunostomy for benign and malignant disease and to review them in
      the light of the survival of the underlying disorders. DESIGN: Retrospective
      analysis of medical records completed by a thorough inquiry for all patients who
      were lost to follow-up. SETTING: Referrals for primary and secondary surgery for
      obstructive biliary disease to a university hospital from 1974-1987. PATIENTS:
      After exclusion of patients who underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer
      (Whipple procedure) 113 patients were included in the study
      (choledochoduodenostomy = CD,N = 64 and choledochojejunostomy = CJ, N = 49). A
      complete follow-up was achieved in 105 of 113 patients (93%). INTERVENTIONS: An
      inquiry was made at the civil registration office if the patients were alive or
      not. The general practitioners of the patients who had died were contacted about
      the cause of death and the possible biliary symptoms preceding death and the
      patients who were still alive received a questionnaire which scrutinized all
      possible complications and side effects of the operation. ENDPOINTS: Cholangitis,
      recurrence of the underlying disease or death of the patient. MEASUREMENTS AND
      MAIN RESULTS: Operative mortality was 4.7% following CD and 12.2% following CJ.
      Procedure-related complications were found in 10.9% and 28.6% respectively.
      Recurrent cholangitis was not seen after CD and in three patients with a CJ
      (6.1%). Survival following biliodigestive anastomosis for benign obstruction was
      comparable for age and sex matched survival. CONCLUSIONS: Although CD for
      choledocholithiasis has largely been replaced by endoscopic papillotomy and
      although the choice between the two procedures in malignant disease is most
      frequently dictated by the operative findings, we conclude that the
      choledochoduodenostomy is a relative simple operation with a low risk of
      cholangitis.

PMID- 2278913
TI  - Cystic neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas.
AB  - Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are rare and their diagnosis and treatment can
      be difficult. This report details 7 patients who had histologically proven serous
      cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenoma and cystadeno carcinoma. Computed tomography
      and sonography allowed excellent preoperative assessment but to attempt a
      distinction between the histological variants may be hazardous. Two tumours were
      only autopsy findings and 5 patients underwent laparotomy. It is confirmed that
      potentially malignant mucinous cystadenomas and cytadenocarcinomas should be
      resected whenever possible; serous cystadenomas are always benign and should
      therefore be resected only when the diagnosis is doubtful or if they cause
      symptoms.

PMID- 2278914
TI  - Acute biliary septic shock.
AB  - Forty-seven cases of biliary tract infection with septic shock are presented. The
      sepsis was caused by empyema of the gallbladder in 23 cases and by cholangitis in
      the remainder. Gallstones were most frequently the cause of the sepsis. An
      appropriate diagnostic description of the syndrome of biliary tract infection and
      septic shock should therefore include a description of the underlying biliary
      disease as well as the term acute biliary shock. In this series, emergency
      surgical management by removal of gallstones and drainage of suppuration was felt
      to be the most appropriate treatment. There was a high incidence of gallbladder
      rupture (10.6%) and intrahepatic stones (53.2%). Of the 13 patients who died, 8
      might have survived if early operation had been performed after the diagnosis of
      acute biliary septic shock was established.

PMID- 2278916
TI  - Segmental liver transplantation from living donors. Report of the technique and
      preliminary results in dogs.
AB  - A technique of orthotopic liver transplantation using a segmental graft from
      living donors was developed in the dog. Male mongrel dogs weighing 25-30 kg were
      used as donors and 10-15 kg as recipients. The donor operation consists of
      harvesting the left lobe of the liver (left medial and left lateral segments)
      with the left branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct, and the
      left hepatic vein. The grafts are perfused in situ through the left protal branch
      to prevent warm ischemia. The recipient operation consists of two phases: total
      hepatectomy with preservation of the inferior vena cava using total vascular
      exclusion of the liver and veno-venous bypass, implantation of the graft in the
      orthotopic position with anastomosis of the left hepatic vein to the inferior
      vena cava and portal, arterial and biliary reconstruction. Preliminary
      experiments consisted of four autologous left lobe transplants and nine non
      survival allogenic left lobe transplants. Ten survival experiments were
      conducted. There were no intraoperative deaths in the donors and none required
      transfusions. One donor died of sepsis, but all the other donor dogs survived
      without complication. Among the 10 grafts harvested, one was not used because of
      insufficient bile duct and artery. Two recipients died intraoperatively of air
      embolus and cardiac arrest at the time of reperfusion. Three dogs survived, two
      for 24 hours and one for 48 hours. They were awake and alert a few hours after
      surgery, but eventually died of pulmonary edema in 2 cases and of an unknown
      reason in the other. Four dogs died 2-12 hours postoperatively as a result of
      hemorrhage for the graft's transected surface. An outflow block after reperfusion
      was deemed to be the cause of hemorrhage in these cases. On histologic
      examination of the grafts, there were no signs of ischemic necrosis or
      preservation damage. This study demonstrates the technical feasibility of living
      hepatic allograft donation. It shows that it is possible, in the dog, to safely
      harvest non ischemic segmental grafts with adequate pedicles without altering the
      vascularization and the biliary drainage of the remaining liver. We propose that
      this technique is applicable to human anatomy.

PMID- 2278915
TI  - Percutaneous management of pyogenic hepatic abscesses.
AB  - Twelve patients (9 men, 3 women) with a mean age of 65 (54-78) years, with
      pyogenic hepatic abscesses were managed by percutaneous drainage between 1979 and
      1987. Biliary origin was most common (4 patients), followed by hepatic abscesses
      as a late postoperative complication (seen in 3 patients) and hepatic abscesses
      occurring in association with acute appendicitis (2 patients). The origin was
      unknown in 3 patients. Diagnosis was reached by computed tomography or
      ultrasonography with a diagnostic delay of in mean 11 days. Seventeen abscesses
      were found among the 12 patients. The median abscess size (maximal diameter) was
      7 (1-12) cm. Nine patients were treated with percutaneous drainage with an
      indwelling catheter within the abscess cavity for up to 3 weeks, while 3 patients
      were managed with percutaneous puncture and aspiration alone. The most commonly
      isolated organism from the drained hepatic abscess was E. coli. The course
      following percutaneous treatment was uneventful, without mortality and recurrence
      of the hepatic abscess during follow-up. One patient required surgical drainage
      of an additional hepatic abscess. Percutaneous drainage of hepatic abscesses,
      independent of origin, thus seems as a safe and reliable method, which should be
      considered as the treatment of choice if facilities and knowledge of percutaneous
      management are provided.

PMID- 2278917
TI  - Primary leiomyosarcoma of the gallbladder. Case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - The case of a 64 year old female who was known to have gallstones is presented.
      She was admitted to the Hospital following an attack of acute cholecystitis. Ten
      days after vigorous conservative treatment cholecystectomy was performed. The
      histological examination showed the presence of the gallbladder leiomyosarcoma.
      Primary sarcomas of the gallbladder are rare, leiomyosarcoma being the most
      infrequent type, their preoperative diagnosis almost impossible and their
      prognosis poor.

PMID- 2278918
TI  - Can high risk patients with cholangitis be identified?

PMID- 2278919
TI  - The current place of shock-wave lithotripsy for bile duct stones.

PMID- 2278920
TI  - Does cholangiovenous reflux cause cholangitis?

PMID- 2278921
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for gallstones: the shock of the eighties.

PMID- 2278922
TI  - Preeminence of lesser splanchnic blood flow in selected patients with generalized
      portal hypertension.
AB  - Although restricted transhepatic portal flow is necessary for development of
      generalized portal hypertension (GPH), increased splanchnic arterial inflow also
      contributes to GPH and its clinical sequelae. In this context, we describe 7 male
      and 6 female patients (mean age 48 years) in whom the lesser splanchnic
      (gastrosplenic) system played a key role in the signs and symptoms of GPH. These
      13 patients (9 with hepatic cirrhosis, 3 with primary myeloproliferative
      disorder, and 1 with extrahepatic portal block) shared common features of massive
      splenomegaly, huge splenofundic gastric varices, often with a prominent natural
      shunt to the left renal vein. Total or near total splenectomy alone or combined
      where appropriate with coronary vein ligation was effective in controlling varix
      hemorrhage (10 patients), ascites (3), or complications of an enlarged spleen
      anorexia and abdominal pain (3), hemolytic anemia (1) and profound
      thrombocytopenia with severe epistaxis (1). Intraoperative jejunal portal
      venography was crucial in operative management in order to establish definitively
      the presence or absence of coronary venous collaterals, and when present, to
      verify their operative ligation. These distinctive patients illustrate: 1) GPH is
      a heterogeneous syndrome of divergent splanchnic circulatory patterns, a feature
      which should be taken into account in selecting operative treatment; 2) one well
      defined subgroup displays prominent hyperdynamic lesser splanchnic and
      specifically, splenic blood flow as a major contributor to clinical
      complications; and 3) within this subgroup, splenectomy combined with documented
      absence or surgical interruption of coronary venous collaterals as corroborated
      by intraoperative portography is effective alternative treatment.

PMID- 2278923
TI  - The postoperative appearance of the liver on ultrasonography following hydatid
      cyst surgery.
AB  - The postoperative ultrasound pattern in 33 patients with previous surgery for
      unilocular hydatid disease of the liver was investigated. Each patient was
      submitted to liver scanning with 99mTc pertecnate, as well as to real time
      ultrasound examination. The patients were divided into three groups according to
      the type of surgery performed, namely; omentopexy, introflexion and omentoplexy
      with introflexion. Postoperative liver scans revealed defects similar to those
      detected during initial diagnosis in 88% of the patients, regardless of the
      surgical procedure performed. On the contrary, ultrasonography gave separate
      specific patterns for each surgical procedure.

PMID- 2278924
TI  - Implantable drainage after major abdominal surgery in compromised patients.
AB  - The risk of superinfection following routine abdominal drainage after major
      surgery is debated. Especially in patients with malignant diseases and a
      compromised host defense, this might be a factor increasing morbidity and
      mortality. During a 3-year period (1986-1988) 41 patients operated on for
      malignant abdominal conditions received a peritoneal catheter connected to a
      subcutaneous portal inserted in order to participate in a trial on postoperative
      intraperitoneal chemotherapy using 5-Fluorouracil. No abdominal drains were
      inserted. In 15 patients, the subcutaneous portal was used for evacuation of
      postoperative fluid accumulation within the abdomen. The mean age was 53 (range
      41-70) years. Inserted catheters were used for drainage up to 14 days
      postoperatively. The daily amount of fluid drained varied from 20 to 2,000 ml
      with a mean of 610 ml/patient and day. One patient required removal of the
      catheter due to infection around the subcutaneous chamber. Otherwise, the
      catheter system was not associated with any other complications or complaints.
      One patient developed a postoperative left subphrenic abscess drained
      percutaneously by the guidance of ultrasonography, a complication that could not
      be attributed to the catheter system but merely to the major operation per se. An
      implantable device for peritoneal access thus also seem useful for drainage of
      postoperative fluid collection, as evaluated in this preliminary report.

PMID- 2278925
TI  - Evaluation of a biopsy gun for guided biopsy of impalpable liver lesions using
      intraoperative ultrasound.
AB  - A biopsy gun which can be operated by one hand has been evaluated at post-mortem
      to determine its accuracy in biopsying impalpable lesions within the liver under
      intraoperative ultrasound control. Of 20 impalpable metastases identified
      positive histology was obtained in 90% demonstrating that this technique is of
      value in identifying and localising metastases in the liver.

PMID- 2278926
TI  - Treatment of symptomatic non-parasitic liver cysts--surgical treatment versus
      alcohol injection therapy.
AB  - Fourteen patients with benign symptomatic non-parasitic cysts of the liver were
      either surgically treated, had alcohol injected into the cysts, underwent
      deroofing of the cyst or in 5, a cystectomy was done. Alcohol was injected into 6
      patients and there has been no recurrence for as long as 5 years and 8 months
      after the treatment. Liver dysfunction occurred in 3 patients given blood
      transfusion during the surgery and/or postoperative course, an elevated
      temperature (over 39 degrees C) occurred in one patient. Adverse effects of
      alcohol injections were minor and transient. Based on our experience, the
      injection of alcohol is an effective treatment for benign symptomatic cyst of the
      liver. When a malignancy is suspected on imaging and/or cytologic studies, or
      when alcohol administration is ineffective, then surgery is indicated.

PMID- 2278927
TI  - Heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation with portal flow. Gradual development
      of the collateral circulation.
AB  - One of the causes of auxiliary liver transplantation failure is the inter-liver
      competition between the host liver and the graft for the hepatotrophic factors of
      the portal blood. We have developed an experimental model of heterotopic partial
      (30%) liver isotransplant using Wistar rats so as to study this competition.
      Splenoportography and dissection demonstrate the existence of collateral
      circulation. The collaterals at 90 days post-transplant (PT) consisted of veins
      from the portal vein to the host liver (PR), paraesophageal veins (PE) and
      splenorenal veins (SR). At 60 days P.T., PR and SR veins but not PE ones
      appeared, and at 30 days P.T., there were only PR veins. Graft atrophy at 90 days
      P.T. was associated with a severe degree of bile duct proliferation. The gradual
      development of portal hypertension causes porto-systemic collateral circulation
      and the graft loses the portal hepatotrophic factors. The late development of the
      portal hypertension and the biliary proliferation could be caused by the hepatic
      arterial ischemia in this experimental model. Thus, as has been described in the
      orthotopic liver transplantation, the heterotopic one might require a double
      vascularization, both portal and arterial.

PMID- 2278928
TI  - Gallbladder carcinoma: radical surgery?

PMID- 2278929
TI  - Liver resection with inflow occlusion.

PMID- 2278930
TI  - Can pancreatic phlegmon be diagnosed?

PMID- 2278931
TI  - A light- and electron-microscopic investigation of the optic tectum of the frog,
      Rana pipiens, I: The retinal axons.
AB  - There are several different groups of ganglion cells in the retina of the frog.
      Although their axons are thought to terminate in different layers of the optic
      tectum, little is known about the morphology of their terminal arbors or their
      synaptic targets. The present paper reports the results of a layer-by-layer study
      of horseradish peroxidase labeled retinal axons in the optic tectum of Rana
      pipiens. Light and electron microscopy was used to study the axon's laminar
      distribution, patterns of arborization, and synaptic contacts. Labeled retinal
      axons were found in all of the superficial layers of the tectum (A-G). From layer
      to layer, the retinal axons differed markedly in the diameter of their parent
      axons (0.2-3.0 microns) and in the morphology and horizontal extent of their
      terminal arbors. Five classes of synaptic terminals could be distinguished in the
      tectum. The retinal terminals belonged to a class characterized by round, medium
      sized synaptic vesicles. They made synaptic contact with dendrites and other axon
      terminals in each of the layers. They were always the presynaptic component. The
      postsynaptic dendrites were often the vertically oriented processes of cells
      located in the deeper layers. The postsynaptic terminals belonged to a class
      distinguished by their flat, medium-sized vesicles. These terminals in turn
      contacted what appeared to be dendrites. In layer eight, the retinal axons were
      often large, spoon-shaped boutons that ended in apposition with the somata of the
      layer.

PMID- 2278932
TI  - A light- and electron-microscopic investigation of the optic tectum of the frog,
      Rana pipiens, II: The neurons that give rise to the crossed tecto-bulbar pathway.
AB  - The superficial layers of the frog's optic tectum, Potter's (1969) layers A-G,
      comprise a complex neuropil made up of many afferent axons, the somata of a few
      neurons, and many dendrites from the neurons located in the deeper layers.
      Different types of retinal axons are believed to terminate in different layers
      (Maturana et al., 1960; Kuljis & Karten, 1988; Sargent et al., 1989), but little
      is known about the relationships between each type of input and the dendrites of
      the deep tectal neurons that extend into these superficial layers. The present
      study used the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase to study
      the synaptic contacts on the dendrites of the neurons that give rise to the
      crossed tecto-bulbar pathway. These cells have apical dendrites that ascend
      through the superficial retino-recipient layers. The somata of the cells that
      give rise to the crossed tecto-bulbar pathway are located in the superficial half
      of layer 6, preferentially clustered along the caudal, lateral, and rostral
      margins of the tectum. The somata of these cells range from 8-30 microns in
      diameter. Their axons are large (2-4 microns in diameter) myelinated fibers that
      arise from either their somata or proximal dendrites. Their axons travel within
      the deep medullary layer to leave the tectum at the lateral margin. Their
      dendritic arbors extend obliquely through the superficial layers to reach layer B
      where they turn and extend within the layer for up to 0.5 mm. The somata of these
      cells receive only a scant synaptic input. In contrast, their dendrites receive
      input in every layer, but the nature of this input varies from layer to layer.
      Synaptic terminals that resemble retinal ganglion cell boutons contact the
      labeled dendrites in layers B, F, and G. This indicates that the dendrites may
      receive monosynaptic input from several types of retinal ganglion cells.
      Terminals with small, flattened vesicles also contact the dendrites of these
      cells in each layer. In layer F and below, the terminals with flattened vesicles
      constitute 15% of the contacts; above layer F they constitute only 5-8% of the
      contacts. Terminals with medium-sized, flattened vesicles also contact the
      dendrites of these cells in every layer and constitute a large proportion of
      their input (33-95%). The latter terminals resemble those that are often
      postsynaptic to retinal terminals.

PMID- 2278933
TI  - Dendritic distribution of two populations of ganglion cells and the retinopetal
      fibers in the retina of the silver lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis).
AB  - The distribution of ganglion cells in the retina of the silver lamprey,
      Ichthyomyzon unicuspis, was revealed by retrograde labeling from the optic nerve
      with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorescent-labeled dextrans in live
      animals and with the fluorescent dye DiI in aldehyde-fixed tissue. The majority
      of ganglion cells (74%) termed the "outer ganglion cells," are multipolar and are
      located at the vitread boundary of the inner nuclear layer. The remaining
      ganglion cells (26%), termed the "inner ganglion cells" are bipolar and are
      distributed in a sublamina within the inner plexiform layer. The dense, dendritic
      meshwork of the outer ganglion cells is largely restricted to the sclerad half of
      the inner plexiform layer with some cells possessing dendrites which pass through
      the inner nuclear layer to terminate within the outer plexiform layer. The
      dendrites of the inner ganglion cells form a thin, dendritic network apposing the
      inner limiting membrane. Axons from both populations of ganglion cells originate
      from dendrites or the soma and form fascicles lying adjacent to the outer
      ganglion cell somata. Retinopetal fibers, originating from bilaterally
      distributed neurons of the tegmental midbrain, were thin and varicose and ran
      parallel to the ganglion cell axons to terminate either with a varicose
      enlargement or a few short sidebranches in the sclerad third of the inner
      plexiform layer. The unusual organization of the lamprey retina and outgroup
      comparison with hagfish suggests that agnathans share a presumably primitive type
      of retinal ganglion cell organization compared to that of gnathostomes.

PMID- 2278934
TI  - Anatomical segregation of two cortical visual pathways in the macaque monkey.
AB  - A number of lines of evidence suggest that, in the macaque monkey, inferior
      parietal and inferotemporal cortices process different types of visual
      information. It has been suggested that visual information reaching these two
      subdivisions follows separate pathways from the striate cortex through the
      prestriate cortex. We examined directly this possibility by placing injections of
      the retrograde fluorescent tracers, fast blue and diamidino yellow, in inferior
      parietal and inferotemporal cortex and examining the spatial pattern of cortical
      areas containing labeled cells in two-dimensional reconstructions of the cortex.
      The results of injections in inferotemporal cortex show that TEO receives
      afferents from areas V2, ventral V3, V3A, central V4, V4t, and DPL in prestriate
      cortex and from areas IPa, PGa, and FST in the superior temporal sulcus (STS).
      Area TEp receives afferents only from V4 in prestriate cortex and from IPa, PGa,
      and FST in the anterior STS. Area TEa receives no prestriate input and is
      innervated by IPa, PGa, FST, and TPO in the anterior STS. The results of
      injections in inferior parietal cortex demonstrate that POa receives afferents
      from dorsal V3, V3A, peripheral V4, DPL, and PO in prestriate cortex, from MST
      and *VIP and from IPa, PGa, TPO, and FST in anterior STS. Area PGc (corresponding
      to 7a) is innervated by PO, MST, and by TPO in the anterior STS. Examination of
      the two-dimensional reconstructions of the pattern of labeling after combined
      injections of fast blue and diamidino yellow in areas POa and TEO revealed that
      these areas are principally innervated by different prestriate areas. Only a
      small region, centered on area V3A and extending into V4 and DPL, contained cells
      labeled by either injection as well as a small number of double-labeled cells. In
      contrast, areas POa and TEO receive afferents from extensive common regions in
      the anterior STS corresponding to areas IPa, PGa, and FST. These results directly
      demonstrate that visual information from the striate cortex reaches inferior
      parietal and inferotemporal cortices through largely separate prestriate cortical
      pathways. On the other hand, both parietal and inferotemporal cortices receive
      common inputs from extensive regions in the anterior STS which map play a role in
      linking the processing occurring in these two cortical subdivisions of the visual
      system.

PMID- 2278935
TI  - Shift of edge-taxis to scototaxis depends on mean luminance and is predicted by a
      matched filter theory on the responses of fly lamina LMC cells.
AB  - The strength of the flanking inhibitory regions of the receptive fields of fly
      lamina cells (LMC) decreases as the mean luminance is lowered. Simultaneously,
      the biphasic temporal flash (impulse) response of the lamina cells becomes
      monophasic on lowering luminance. For a moving-edge stimulus at high mean
      luminance, this implies that the spatial integration by the lamina cell yields a
      temporal waveform which is congruent to the waveform of the temporal impulse
      response of the lamina cell. In other words, the temporal waveform generated by
      the moving edge is matched to the temporal waveform most preferred by the lamina
      cell. The edge is the stimulus causing the largest amplitude response at high
      (above 1 cd/m2) levels of luminance. On lowering luminance, the now monophasic
      nature of the spatial and temporal impulse responses of the lamina gives a
      preference not for the edges but for the center of a uniform region. We describe
      this theory and its behavioral corroboration in walking flies (Lucilia cuprina).

PMID- 2278936
TI  - Direction-selective responses of units in the dorsal terminal nucleus of cat
      following intravitreal injections of bicuculline.
AB  - Extracellular recordings from single units in the dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN)
      of the cat accessory optic system (AOS) were made before and after intravitreal
      injections of the GABA antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI). Direction
      selective responses of DTN cells elicited through the contralateral, injected eye
      were abolished 7-12 h following the injection. For the concentrations tested,
      direction-selective responses through the contralateral (injected) eye did not
      recover within 26 h. Direction-selective responses through stimulation of the
      ipsilateral (uninjected) eye were also dramatically depressed for 1-9 h after
      contralateral eye injections. However, direction-selective responses through the
      ipsilateral eye eventually returned and were often more vigorous in the final
      stages. BMI injections into the ipsilateral eye failed to block direction
      selective responses through the ipsilateral eye. The effects of intravitreal BMI
      on contralateral eye responses imply that DTN units receive input from direction
      selective retinal ganglion cells. In addition, these results suggest that
      direction-selective input to the DTN from the visual cortex is independent of the
      retinal pathway. Using pharmacological methods described here, for the first time
      direction-selective responses of AOS units driven through the ipsilateral eye can
      be experimentally isolated.

PMID- 2278937
TI  - NADPH-diaphorase neurones of human retinae have a uniform topographical
      distribution.
AB  - We have examined the morphology and distribution of neurones that contain
      nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase in human retinae.
      NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was observed in three different classes of amacrine
      cells (ND1, ND2, ND3 cells) and in the cone photoreceptors. ND1 cells had
      relatively large somata (mean, 12.3 microns) located in the inner nuclear layer
      (INL) and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Their dendrites were often strongly
      labeled and spread into either the middle or outer strata of the inner plexiform
      layer (IPL). The somata of ND2 cells were medium-sized (mean, 8.2 microns) and
      located in the INL and in the GCL; their dendrites were usually beaded and often
      spread in either the middle or outer strata of the IPL. ND3 cells had small,
      round somata (mean, 5.2 microns) located in either the INL or GCL, and were
      without labeled processes. The total number of NADPH-diaphorase cells (all
      classes) was estimated at 118,000, with a mean density of about 100/mm2. The most
      striking feature of NADPH-diaphorase cells in humans was that their distribution
      was relatively uniform across the retina, with no evidence of a peak in density
      at the foveal rim.

PMID- 2278938
TI  - Binocular convergence of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic pathways onto neurons
      of cat visual cortex.
AB  - When a cortical neuron receives synaptic input from both eyes, do the synaptic
      pathways that mediate the input from each eye match? In this study, inputs from
      the two eyes were compared by measuring the latencies of EPSPs and IPSPs evoked
      by electrical stimulation of the two optic nerves. For binocular neurons, these
      latencies invariably matched closely, indicating that the pathways from the two
      eyes contain the same number of synapses; monosynaptic input from lamina A of the
      lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is always matched by monosynaptic input from
      lamina A1. Conversely, polysynaptic input from one eye, either excitatory or
      inhibitory, is invariably accompanied by similar input from the other eye. In
      addition, the match between the two eyes in latency indicates that for each eye a
      synaptic potential is mediated by the same type of afferent, either X or Y.
      Judging from intracellular recording, 75% of the neurons studied were binocular,
      that is, EPSPs could be evoked from either eye. In the remaining 25%, EPSPs could
      be evoked from only one eye, in agreement with extracellular receptive field
      studies in which 30% of cortical neurons are monocular.

PMID- 2278939
TI  - Short latency ocular-following responses in man.
AB  - The ocular-following responses elicited by brief unexpected movements of the
      visual scene were studied in human subjects. Response latencies varied with the
      type of stimulus and decreased systematically with increasing stimulus speed but,
      unlike those of monkeys, were not solely determined by the temporal frequency
      generated by sine-wave stimuli. Minimum latencies (70-75 ms) were considerably
      shorter than those reported for other visually driven eye movements. The
      magnitude of the responses to sine-wave stimuli changed markedly with stimulus
      speed and only slightly with spatial frequency over the ranges used. When
      normalized with respect to spatial frequency, all responses shared the same
      dependence on temporal frequency (band-pass characteristics with a peak at 16
      Hz), indicating that temporal frequency, rather than speed per se, was the
      limiting factor over the entire range examined. This suggests that the underlying
      motion detectors respond to the local changes in luminance associated with the
      motion of the scene. Movements of the scene in the immediate wake of a saccadic
      eye movement were on average twice as effective as movements 600 ms later: post
      saccadic enhancement. Less enhancement was seen in the wake of saccade-like
      shifts of the scene, which themselves elicited weak ocular following, something
      not seen in the wake of real saccades. We suggest that there are central
      mechanisms that, on the one hand, prevent the ocular-following system from
      tracking the visual disturbances created by saccades but, on the other, promote
      tracking of any subsequent disturbance and thereby help to suppress post-saccadic
      drift. Partitioning the visual scene into central and peripheral regions revealed
      that motion in the periphery can exert a weak modulatory influence on ocular
      following responses resulting from motion at the center. We suggest that this may
      help the moving observer to stabilize his/her eyes on nearby stationary objects.

PMID- 2278940
TI  - Multi-microelectrode investigation of monkey striate cortex: link between
      correlational and neuronal properties in the infragranular layers.
AB  - Recordings were taken from infragranular layers of area 17 of anesthetized
      monkeys with an array of 30 microelectrodes matching about one hypercolumn. From
      intracortical spike-train correlations, the novel neuronal property "delay scale
      position" related to retino-cortical delays, was derived. Relationships were
      established to the degree of spike isolation and to classical response
      properties. Direction selectivity, spike rate, spike-isolation quality, delay
      scale, and color selectivity could be linked to an underlying factor upon which
      the latter variables depend in a fixed way. Neurons with similar factors were
      characterized by non-delayed correlations. The link was more strict in layer VI
      than in layer V, and it was related to the parvo/magnocellular subdivision of the
      visual system.

PMID- 2278941
TI  - Endogenous dopamine and cyclic events in the fish retina, I: HPLC assay of total
      content, release, and metabolic turnover during different light/dark cycles.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the potency of dopamine for being an intrinsic
      signal for cyclic events in the fish retina. Dopaminergic activity was measured
      during different light/dark cycles, during continuous darkness, and during short
      term light and dark adaptation within 1 h. During a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle,
      the total content of endogenous dopamine was high during the dark phase and low
      during the light phase. The potassium-induced release of endogenous dopamine
      followed a parallel time course. The concentration of the dopamine breakdown
      product 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), which reflects the endogenous
      dopaminergic activity, was high during the light phase and low during the dark
      phase. Similar alterations occurred in accelerated 6-h light/6-h dark cycles,
      again indicating a strong coupling of dopaminergic activity with light. The
      cyclic alterations in the total endogenous dopamine content persisted during
      continuous darkness after an entrainment of the fish to a 12-h light/12-h dark
      cycle. Although the magnitude of the change was weaker, changes in dopamine
      content, potassium-induced dopamine release, and DOPAC were also measured during
      1 h of light or dark adaptation. During a 1-h period of dark adaptation, the
      total content of dopamine and the potassium-induced release of endogenous
      dopamine increased, while DOPAC values decreased. These values changed in the
      opposite direction during 1 h of light adaptation. Our findings strongly suggest
      that dopamine is the intrinsic signal for light during both the light and dark
      phases and during short-term adaptation. Light seems to be the major trigger for
      dopaminergic activity within the fish retina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2278942
TI  - Termination of thalamic intralaminar nuclei afferents in visual cortex of
      squirrel monkey.
AB  - The projection of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei (ILN) upon the visual cortex
      in the squirrel monkey was studied using anterograde, autoradiographic
      techniques. In area 17, the ILN afferents terminate in the inner and outer
      portions of lamina V, whereas in areas 18 and 19 the fibers terminate more
      diffusely along the laminae V-VI boundary. Widespread labeling of layer I is seen
      throughout the occipital cortex.

PMID- 2278943
TI  - Differences between ipsilaterally and contralaterally evoked potentials in the
      visual wulst of the zebra finch.
AB  - The telencephalic target of the thalamofugal visual pathway in birds, the visual
      wulst, is part of the hyperstriatum accessorium/dorsale in the bird's brain. In
      this study, we tried to determine the exact location of the visually responsive
      area in the zebra finch by recording visually evoked potentials (VEPs) from
      different sites throughout the hyperstriatum and calculating current source
      densities (CSDs). In addition, we examined the influence of ipsilateral and
      contralateral stimuli on stimulus processing within this area, and tried to get
      insight into the neuronal machinery of the thalamofugal pathway by application of
      drugs such as tetrodotoxin (TTX) and picrotoxin. About two-thirds of the
      hyperstriatum is responsive to contralateral stimuli but only a small portion
      responds to ipsilateral stimuli. Contralateral visual information arrives in the
      hyperstriatum dorsale (HD) and is processed further to the hyperstriatum
      accessorium (HA). The small influence of ipsilaterally evoked potentials is not
      due to inhibition by the activity of the contralateral eye, as could be
      demonstrated previously for the ectostriatum. Instead, our results show that
      ipsilaterally evoked potentials are inhibited at least in part by a projection
      from the contralateral visual wulst.

PMID- 2278944
TI  - Cortical connections of MT in four species of primates: areal, modular, and
      retinotopic patterns.
AB  - Cortical connections were investigated by restricting injections of WGA-HRP to
      different parts of the middle temporal visual area, MT, in squirrel monkeys, owl
      monkeys, marmosets, and galagos. Cortex was flattened and sectioned tangentially
      to facilitate an analysis of the areal patterns of connections. In the
      experimental cases, brain sections reacted for cytochrome oxidase (CO) or stained
      for myelin were used to delimit visual areas of occipital and temporal cortex and
      visuomotor areas of the frontal lobe. Major findings are as follows: (1) The
      architectonic analysis suggests that in addition to the commonly recognized
      visual fields, area 17 (V-I), area 18 (V-II), and MT, all three New World monkeys
      and prosimian galagos have visual areas DL, DI, DM, MST, and FST. (2)
      Measurements of the size of these areas indicate that about a third of the
      neocortex in these primates is occupied by the eight visual areas, but they
      occupy a somewhat larger proportion of neocortex in the diurnal marmosets and
      squirrel monkeys than the nocturnal owl monkeys and galagos. The diurnal primates
      also have proportionally more neocortex devoted to areas 17, 18, and DL and less
      to MT. These differences are compatible with the view that diurnal primates are
      more specialized for detailed object and color vision. (3) In all four primates,
      restricted locations in MT receive major inputs from short meandering rows of
      neurons in area 17 and several bands of neurons in area 18. (4) Major feedforward
      projections of MT are to two visual areas adjoining the rostral half of MT, areas
      MST and FST. Other ipsilateral connections are with DL, DI, and in some cases DM,
      parts of inferotemporal (IT) cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. (5) In
      squirrel monkeys, where injection sites varied from caudal to rostral MT, caudal
      parts of MT representing central vision connect more densely to DL and IT than
      other parts. Both DL and IT cortex emphasize central vision. (6) In the frontal
      lobe, MT has dense connections with the frontal ventral area (FV), but not with
      the frontal eye field (FEF). (7) Callosal connections of MT are most dense with
      matched locations in MT of the other hemisphere, rather than with the outer
      boundary of MT representing the vertical meridian. Targets of sparser callosal
      connections include FST, MST, and DL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2278945
TI  - Function of the corpus callosum in the representation of the visual field in cat
      visual cortex.
AB  - Interposed between areas 17 and 18 of cat cerebral cortex is an architectonically
      distinct zone that represents a substantial portion of the ipsilateral visual
      field. The extent of this representation was assessed following severance of the
      corpus callosum by recording the activities of neurons and plotting their
      receptive fields. The results show that, even after the hemispheres are
      disconnected, the transition zone still contains a representation of part of the
      ipsilateral visual hemifield, albeit a reduced one. The extent of this
      representation is contracted towards the midline so that just one-half to one
      third of the azimuths mapped in intact cats can be plotted. As in the intact cat,
      the width of the region represented is not equal at all elevations, for it
      extends to only -1.4 deg near the visual axis whereas it extends to -6.6 deg at
      an elevation of -20 deg. The retention of this representation after the
      transition zone neurons have been disconnected from the opposite hemisphere
      indicates that other pathways make a functional contribution to the
      representation of the ipsilateral field in this region of cortex.

PMID- 2278946
TI  - Childhood victimization and violent offending.
AB  - The relationship between childhood victimization and violent offending is
      examined using a prospective cohorts design. Official criminal histories for a
      large sample of substantiated and validated cases of physical and sexual abuse
      and neglect (N = 908) from the years 1967 through 1971 were compared to those of
      a matched control group (N = 667) of individuals with no official record of abuse
      or neglect. Sex-specific and race-specific effects of childhood victimization and
      other characteristics of violent offending (chronicity, age of onset, temporal
      patterns, and continuity) are assessed. Childhood victimization increased overall
      risk for violet offending and particularly increased risk for males and blacks.
      In comparison to controls, abused and neglected children began delinquent careers
      earlier. Temporal patterns of violet offending were examined and childhood
      victims did not differ in age of arrest for first violent offense, nor were they
      more likely to continue offending. The findings and their limitations are
      discussed, as well as directions for future research.

PMID- 2278947
TI  - Magnitude and patterns of family and intimate assault in Atlanta, Georgia, 1984.
      Collaborative Working Group for the Study of Family and Intimate Assaults in
      Atlanta.
AB  - A sample of police incident reports was used to examine the magnitude and
      patterns of family and intimate assault involving weapon use or threat, bodily
      force, or verbal threat of assault in a defined urban population during 1984.
      More than half of the incidents involved partners (spousal and nonspousal), about
      a fourth involved prior or estranged partners, and the remainder involved family
      members and relatives. The 1984 rate of nonfatal family and intimate assault was
      estimated at 837 per 100,000 population--the fatal rate was 7 per 100,000
      population. Fatal and nonfatal victimization rates for blacks and other races
      were three times the rates for whites. Fatal incidents predominantly involved
      handguns, and nonfatal incidents most often involved bodily force. Most nonfatal
      victims (66%) and some perpetrators (13%) suffered physical injuries. Data on
      prior police contacts suggest that family and intimate assaults occur within a
      context of repeated violence. Information about prior incidents might contribute
      to preventive efforts by identifying people at high risk of being victims or
      perpetrators.

PMID- 2278948
TI  - Police response to domestic violence: the influence of individual and familial
      factors.
AB  - Although police officers are often the first group outside the family to
      intervene in domestic violence situations, little is known about how individual
      and family characteristics influence the male police officer's responsiveness in
      these situations. This study addressed this issue with data from 72 midwestern
      male police officers. The officers were asked to respond to vignette scenarios in
      which husbands had assaulted their wives. Three variables previously related to
      spouse abuse (sex role egalitarianism, approval of marital violence, and marital
      stress) and the officer's use of violence in his own marriage were entered into a
      path model to predict three different possible police responses (i.e., mediating
      response, arrest, and antivictim response). The model predicted significant
      variance in the officer's hostile response to victims of domestic violence but
      not to his likelihood of arresting abusers or mediating between the abusive
      couple. Implications for understanding domestic violence and police response are
      presented.

PMID- 2278949
TI  - Premarital violence: the impact of family of origin violence, stress, and
      reciprocity.
AB  - Four hundred and fifty-four premarital undergraduates reported their stress and
      observation and experience of violence in their families of origin. They also
      reported the violence they have expressed and received in adult love
      relationships. Among females 53% to 71% of the variance in their expression and
      receipt of violence was accounted for by their own receipt and expression of
      violence (respectively) and by their having been abused as a child. This suggests
      that what they do is closely related to what is done to them. In contrast, among
      males less than 1% to 10% of the variance in their expression and receipt of
      violence was accounted for by the same variables. Neither negative stress ratings
      or the observation of violence were important explanatory variables.
      Surprisingly, positive stress contributed to males expressing violence.

PMID- 2278950
TI  - Certificates of confidentiality under the Public Health Service Act: strong
      protection but not enough.

PMID- 2278951
TI  - Public perceptions of criminal justice policy: does victimization make a
      difference?
AB  - In this paper we examine public perceptions of criminal justice policy and public
      attitudes toward victims. We are particularly interested in exploring the
      relationship between the use of social science data and the adoption of public
      policy affecting victims of crime. To do this we analyze a representative sample
      of over 450 residents of the Chicago metropolitan area in 1983. The specific
      issues examined include attitudes toward rape (e.g., whether caused by victim's
      behavior), prosecution of marital rape, plea bargaining, sentencing of predatory
      offenders, and the relative importance and efficacy of rehabilitation,
      incapacitation, and retribution as goals of punishment. Overall, the results
      suggest that age and education have the most important influence on public
      attitudes regarding these criminal justice policies. Surprisingly, victimization
      status does not emerge as a salient predictor of criminal justice perceptions. We
      conclude with a call for greater use of social science surveys as information
      input into local and federal decision making on criminal justice policy.

PMID- 2278952
TI  - Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces.
AB  - In recent years, the existence of a significant problem in workplaces has been
      documented in Sweden and other countries. It involves employees "ganging up" on a
      target employee and subjecting him or her to psychological harassment. This
      "mobbing" behavior results in severe psychological and occupational consequences
      for the victim. This phenomenon is described, its stages and consequences
      analyzed. An ongoing program of research and intervention that is currently being
      supported by the Swedish government is then considered.

PMID- 2278953
TI  - Impediments to the recovery of restitution by crime victims.
AB  - Restitution is unique among criminal justice policies by virtue of the widespread
      support it has attained from many diverse constituencies. Restitution has
      received such universal praise as a panacea for victims of crime that in recent
      years a number of American jurisdictions have adopted legislation that creates a
      presumptive norm that restitution be awarded in appropriate cases. Despite
      popular support for its increased use and enactment of enabling legislation,
      restitution continues to be underutilized in actual case dispositions. The
      authors suggest that the underuse problem will not be cured and the powerful
      potential that restitution holds as a criminal justice sanction will not be
      realized until a consensus regarding the definition of restitution is achieved,
      significant gaps in the technical data about how restitution is effectuated are
      closed, and practical impediments to awarding and collecting restitution are
      dissolved. These goals, in turn, cannot be met until policy makers confront and
      begin to resolve the inherent conflicts posed when a restorative sanction, such
      as restitution, is pursued in a criminal justice system that is primarily
      punitive in nature.

PMID- 2278954
TI  - Traditions in social science and victim policy.

PMID- 2278955
TI  - Self-reported offending, victimization, and the British Crime Survey.
AB  - Both the 1982 and 1984 British Crime Surveys contained questions on self-reported
      offending. In 1984 the questions were changed in order to try and improve
      admission rates. This article looks at the effect of this change. Admission rates
      in 1984 are shown to be approximately double those in 1982. Also examined are
      differences between offenders and non-offenders, what offenses 1984 respondents
      saw other people as engaging in most often, and who saw other people as least law
      abiding. The relationship between self-reported offending and victimization in
      both this and Gottfredson's (1984) analysis of BCS data is taken up.

PMID- 2278956
TI  - Vulnerability: towards a better understanding of a key variable in the genesis of
      fear of crime.
AB  - Previous research on fear of crime has identified, among women and other sub
      groups of the population, high fear levels which could not be adequately
      explained by measures of exposure to risk. Several authors have argued,
      therefore, that vulnerability may be the key variable behind the observed
      distribution of fear of crime. In this paper, three dimensions of vulnerability
      (exposure to risk, seriousness of consequences, loss of control) are identified
      and integrated into an analytical framework which also takes into account
      physical, social, and situational factors of vulnerability. A selective
      international review of research reveals considerable support for the suggested
      model.

PMID- 2278957
TI  - Mutational analysis of human NRAS genes in malignant melanoma: rapid methods for
      oligonucleotide hybridization and manual and automated direct sequencing of
      products generated by the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - Three methods to detect single base mutations in codon 61 of the human NRAS gene
      from human melanoma DNA are described and compared: oligonucleotide hybridization
      analysis and direct manual and automated sequence analysis. Point mutations are
      detected by oligonucleotide hybridization and direct manual and direct automated
      sequence analysis of in vitro amplified genomic DNA. Heterozygosity for mutant
      alleles is reliably detected by oligonucleotide hybridization and by direct
      manual, but not by direct automated, sequence analysis. Generating single
      stranded DNA via "asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR)" and utilizing alpha
      35S-dATP as radiolabel for manual sequencing and fluorescent-dye labeled primers
      for automated sequencing (Applied Biosystems, Inc.), we can obtain sequence
      information from either strand. The use of several of these methodologies to
      detect single base changes in the human NRAS gene is illustrated. In addition,
      the use of these and other related techniques to define the involvement of RAS
      oncogenes in human melanomas more precisely is reviewed.

PMID- 2278958
TI  - Sequential karyotypes in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: their nature and significance.
AB  - The examination of sequential karyotypes in hematologic disorders has
      demonstrated that karyotypic changes are often associated with concurrent changes
      in clinical behavior. Acquired abnormalities that recur among different patients
      may also suggest genomic areas important to tumor progression. We therefore
      examined sequential karyotypes in 21 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
      Sixteen of the 21 karyotypes demonstrated changes, including the majority of 6
      small lymphocytic, 11 follicular, and 4 intermediate and high-grade diffuse
      lymphomas. The t(14;18)(q32;q21) occurred in ten initial karyotypes was retained
      in all cases. The band most frequently affected by newly acquired abnormalities
      was 14q32 (n = 5); chromosomes 1 and 2 (n = 5, each), and the 17p arm (n = 4)
      were also commonly affected. The acquired deletion of all or part of 17p appeared
      to be associated with a poor prognosis. Histologic transformation and karyotypic
      change did not correlate. This study of sequential karyotypes in NHL 1) confirms
      the primary importance of the t(14;18), 2) suggests that the 14q32 band is
      involved frequently in both primary and secondary cytogenetic events, and 3)
      suggests other genomic regions of potential significance to progression.

PMID- 2278959
TI  - Use of fluorescent in situ hybridisation to confirm trisomy of chromosome region
      1q32-qter as the sole karyotypic defect in a colon cancer cell line.
AB  - The sole chromosome defect in a colon cancer cell line derived from a patient
      with inherited nonpolyposis colorectal cancer was karyotypically designated as
      46,XY,-13,+der(13)t(1;13)(q32.1;p11) on the basis of banding homology. We have
      obtained molecular confirmation that the additional chromosome material is
      derived from chromosome region 1q32-qter by the use of a highly specific
      fluorescent in situ hybridisation technique on G-banded chromosomes and also by
      Southern hybridisation.

PMID- 2278960
TI  - Molecular and cytogenetic studies of a patient with Philadelphia-negative, BCR
      positive chronic myeloid leukemia and t(12;12)(q13;p12).
AB  - A patient with Philadelphia (Ph1)-negative, breakpoint cluster region (bcr)
      positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is reported. Pulsed-field gel
      electrophoretic analysis demonstrated the comigration of both ABL and BCR
      sequences on the same BssHII and SacII fragment. Moreover, in situ hybridization
      studies demonstrated that ABL sequences had been moved from band 9q34 to 22q11
      and that the additional t(12;12)(q13;p12) was not involved in the ABUBCR related
      translocation. Nevertheless, a possible role of oncogenes or regulatory sequences
      activated or inhibited by the additional translocation cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2278961
TI  - Multiple methylation-free islands flank a small breakpoint cluster region on
      11p13 in the t(11;14)(p13;q11) translocation.
AB  - The t(11;14)(p13;q11) translocation is one of the most frequent chromosomal
      abnormalities in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Ten different
      leukemias carrying this translocation have been analysed and all 10 breakpoints
      fall within a region of less than 25 kb on chromosome band 11p13. We have used
      PFGE and cosmid cloning to assess the presence of potential genes by analysing
      methylation-free islands in the vicinity. Four methylation-free islands, within
      270 kb, flank the t(11;14)-associated breakpoint cluster region (T-ALLbcr), one
      occurring about 25 kb on the telomeric side and one about 100 kb on the
      centromeric side of the T-ALLbcr. Evidence for eight further methylation-free
      islands on both sides of the T-ALLbcr region is also presented. Thus multiple
      methylation-free islands exist on 11p13 flanking the t(11;14)(p13;q11)
      translocation-associated breakpoint cluster region, representing multiple
      potential transcription units whose chromosomal environment is altered by
      chromosome translocation.

PMID- 2278962
TI  - Karyotypic changes identified by HaeIII restriction endonuclease banding in a
      patient with M2 acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - A patient with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia, FAB type M2, showed a complex
      karyotype involving chromosomes 1 and 11. The breakpoints could not be exactly
      identified by GTG and QFQ banding. A subsequent analysis with Alul and HaeIII
      restriction enzyme staining allowed the detection of a translocation of the
      heterochromatic region of chromosome 1 to 11q21.

PMID- 2278963
TI  - Trisomy 5 and loss of the Y chromosome as the sole cytogenetic anomalies in a
      cavernous hemangioma/angiosarcoma.
AB  - Cytogenetic analysis of a cavernous hemangioma with transition to angiosarcoma
      revealed the mosaic karyotype 47,XY,+5/46,X,-Y,+5/45,X,-Y/46,XY. No
      cytogenetically analyzed hemangiomas or angiosarcomas have been reported before.

PMID- 2278965
TI  - Uterine leiomyoma cytogenetics.
AB  - Uterine leiomyoma--a benign smooth muscle tumor--has recently been found to
      contain tumor-specific chromosome aberrations. Although only normal karyotypes
      were detected in 50 to 80% of cytogenetically investigated tumors, 104 leiomyomas
      with karyotypic aberrations have already been reported. At least four
      cytogenetically abnormal subgroups have been identified thus far, characterized
      by rearrangements of 6p, del(7)(q21.2q31.2), +12, and t(12;14)(q14-15;q23-24).
      The remaining abnormal tumors have had various nonrecurrent anomalies. Secondary
      karyotypic rearrangements, sometimes including ring chromosomes, have been found
      in one-third and reflect clonal evolution. Occasional leiomyomas have contained
      multiple numerical and structural rearrangements. Though benign, these
      cytogenetically grossly aberrant tumors often displayed more atypical
      histological features than are usually seen in leiomyoma. Multiple leiomyomas
      have been investigated from 69 patients, with detection of chromosome anomalies
      in at least two separate tumors from the same uterus in ten cases. In half of
      these patients unrelated aberrations were found in different leiomyomas from the
      same uterus. On other occasions the aberrations were identical, indicating that
      although some uterine leiomyomas originate independently, others may develop by
      intra-myometrial spreading from a common neoplastic clone. Some common features
      are discernible between the karyotypic pictures of uterine leiomyoma and
      angioleiomyoma; rearrangements of 6p, 13q, and 21q have been described in both
      tumor types. The cytogenetic similarities so far detected between leiomyoma and
      the malignant muscle tumors--leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma--are few and may
      be fortuitous. The cytogenetic profiles of leiomyoma and lipoma are strikingly
      similar; both tumor types have nonrandom rearrangements of 12q13-15, t(12;14) in
      leiomyoma and t(3;12) in lipoma, as well as variant rearrangements of the same
      12q segment. Both also have cytogenetic subgroups characterized by changes in 6p
      and ring chromosomes. Finally, karyotypic similarities exists also between
      leiomyoma and pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland, which includes a subset
      of tumors with anomalies of 12q13-15, and with myxoid liposarcoma, which has
      t(12;16)(q13;p11) as a tumor-specific rearrangement.

PMID- 2278964
TI  - Leukemia characterized by multiple sub-clones with unbalanced translocations
      involving different telomeric segments: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A 68-year-old man presented with t(4;11)(q21;q23), B-lineage acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL) which was negative for C-ALL antigen and TdT. Clonal evolution to
      five different, but related karyotypes, in which chromosomal material distal
      either to 1q11 or 1q21 was translocated to the terminal regions of 4q-, 11q, 16q,
      and 19p resulted in partial or total trisomy of 1q. The patient, having achieved
      a short remission, died 14 weeks after diagnosis. Five reports of jumping
      translocations in hematological malignancies, four with B-lineage malignancy, are
      reviewed. One (four cases) or both (one case) of the same 1q breakpoints were
      consistently found and 11q and 16q were repeatedly involved. Such cases, having
      multiple subclones with trisomy 1q, may form a distinct subgroup of ALL.

PMID- 2278966
TI  - No difference in expression of chromosomal fragile sites in patients with solid
      malignant tumours and normal controls.
AB  - The frequency and distribution of rare and common chromosomal fragile sites in
      metaphases derived from peripheral lymphocytes were compared in 26 patients with
      malignant solid tumours and 24 normal controls. In order to avoid bias in
      evaluation, the identity of each individual as patient or control was disclosed
      only after the study was completed. Rare heritable folic acid inducible fragile
      sites were found in five patients (2q13; 6p23; 8q22; 16p12) and two controls
      (8q22). Common fragile sites were present in 21 of 26 patients and in 19 of 24
      controls. These differences are statistically not significant in the Fisher test.
      We conclude that the expression of fragile sites does not indicate a
      predisposition for solid tumours.

PMID- 2278967
TI  - RAS gene activation in acute myelogenous leukemia: analysis by in vitro
      amplification and DNA base sequence determination.
AB  - RAS protooncogene activation has been repeatedly demonstrated in neoplastic cell
      DNA from patients with AML. Despite the convincing demonstration that activating
      RAS gene point mutations are critical in model systems, their precise prevalence
      and importance in human cancers such as AML remain speculative. The technology
      for identifying RAS mutations has changed considerably in recent years. We
      examined a prospective cohort of 43 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients
      admitted to the University of Maryland Cancer Center for first and second exon
      mutations of NRAS and KRAS using PCR and DNA sequence analysis. Six (14%) 1st
      exon NRAS mutations were identified. No clinical or biologic parameter has yet
      been observed to segregate with RAS activation, although a larger study may be
      needed to demonstrate this.

PMID- 2278968
TI  - A gene that encodes for a leukemia-associated phosphoprotein (p18) maps to
      chromosome bands 1p35-36.1.
AB  - The cytosolic protein p18 which is expressed in increased amounts in acute
      leukemia cells is variably phosphorylated as a function of growth and
      differentiation. Proteins with identical amino acid sequence were independently
      found to be highly expressed in normal brain tissue and neuroendocrine tumor
      cells. Here we described the mapping of the recently cloned p18 gene to
      chromosome 1, band p35-36.1 by Southern blot analysis of human-rodent somatic
      cell hybrid DNA and by chromosome in situ hybridization using a p18 genomic
      probe. This region of the distal short arm of chromosome 1 is a frequent site of
      deletions or loss of heterozygosity in tumors derived from neural crest cells,
      particularly neuroblastomas and melanomas. The high levels of expression of p18
      in brain and neuroendocrine tumor cells, its possible role in growth regulation,
      and its chromosomal location in a region frequently deleted in neuroectodermal
      tumors suggest that this gene may be involved in common genetic events occurring
      in these tumors.

PMID- 2278969
TI  - Clinical, morphologic, and cytogenetic characteristics of patients with lymphoid
      malignancies characterized by both t(14;18)(q32;q21) and t(8;14)(q24;q32) or
      t(8;22)(q24;q11).
AB  - Six patients with an aggressive leukemia/lymphoma disorder had a t(14;18) as well
      as either a t(8;14) (three patients) or a t(8;22) (three patients). Leukemia
      cells from all three patients with the t(8;22) had a mature B cell phenotype
      (Smlg + and TdT-), whereas two of three patients with the t(8;14) had a pre-B
      phenotype and were Smlg-. None of the patients with the t(8;22) had a prior
      history of follicular lymphoma, whereas two of the three patients with the
      t(8;14) had had a follicular lymphoma. The clinical, cytogenetic, and morphologic
      characteristics of these six patients along with eight previously reported cases
      with both the t(14;18) and the t(8;14), the t(8;22) or the t(2;8) are discussed.

PMID- 2278970
TI  - RAS gene mutations in childhood acute myeloid leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology
      Group study.
AB  - Mutations at codon 12, 13, and 61 of the HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS genes were
      evaluated in 99 cases of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) using
      oligonucleotide hybridization to polymerase chain reacted derived products.
      Twenty-four mutations were identified in the NRAS gene, 13 in the KRAS gene, and
      none in the HRAS gene. The mutations occurred in a broad spectrum of cases, and
      there was no specific association of RAS gene mutations with patient subsets
      defined on the basis of clinical or hematologic features. These data demonstrate
      that RAS gene mutations are at least as common in childhood AML as in adult AML
      and suggest that RAS gene mutations play a role in myeloid neoplasia in both age
      groups.

PMID- 2278971
TI  - t(11;22) in three cases of peripheral neuroepithelioma.
AB  - Short-term cultures of three cases of peripheral neuroepitheliomas were studied
      using G-banding technique. A t(11;22)(q24;q12) was recognized in all three
      tumors. The results strengthen the hypothesis of a common histogenesis for
      neuroepithelioma, Ewing's sarcoma, and the Askin tumor.

PMID- 2278972
TI  - Chromosome abnormalities in multiple meningiomas of a child.
AB  - We report the cytogenetic findings in two meningiomas from a child presenting
      with multiple meningiomas. In contrast to the chromosomal profile of adult
      meningiomas, both tumors studied revealed excess of chromosomes in addition to
      monosomy 22. This difference is remarkable considering several reports indicating
      that childhood meningiomas behave differently and have a worse prognosis than
      those in adults.

PMID- 2278973
TI  - Cloning and characterization of the t(15;17) translocation breakpoint region in
      acute promyelocytic leukemia.
AB  - A reciprocal chromosomal translocation, t(15;17)(q22;q11.2-12), is characteristic
      of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) of French-American-British (FAB) subtype
      M3, and is not associated with any other human malignancy. The non-random pattern
      of the APL translocations suggests that specific genes on chromosomes 15 and 17
      are somehow altered or deregulated as a consequence of the rearrangement.
      Translocation breakpoints in APL patients provide physical landmarks that suggest
      an approach to isolating the APL gene(s). Genetic and physical maps constructed
      for the APL breakpoint region on chromosome 17 have indicated that two fully
      linked DNA markers, defining loci for THRA1 and D17S80, map to opposite sides of
      an APL breakpoint yet reside on a common 350-kb Clal fragment. Cosmid-walking
      experiments to clone this APL breakpoint have revealed a 38-kilobase deletion on
      chromosome 17. Studies in additional APL patients have shown that the breakpoint
      region on chromosome 17 spans at least 80 kilobases.

PMID- 2278974
TI  - Recurrence of hallucinations in consecutive episodes of schizophrenia and
      affective disorder.
AB  - 48 patients with episodic psychosis (18 schizophrenia, 30 MDP) were studied to
      examine whether they had similar hallucinations in consecutive episodes. 34 cases
      reported hallucinations, 23 of whom had hallucinations in consecutive episodes.
      In 22 of these 23 cases, the same type of hallucination (in the same sense organ
      modality) recurred. A recurrence of similar content was found in nearly half of
      the cases. In cases in whom the hallucinatory content persisted, however, there
      was no persistence of delusional content. Similar neurophysiological disturbances
      in similar neuroanatomical regions may result in the persistence of the same
      hallucinations.

PMID- 2278975
TI  - Positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenia. A follow-up study from India.
AB  - 98 schizophrenic patients who were initially studied to examine the concept of
      positive and negative subtyping, were followed up for a period ranging from 18 to
      30 months. Follow-up data were available for 79 patients. The major findings of
      the study are significant reduction in positive symptom scores and the number of
      patients in the positive subtype of schizophrenia. The mixed subtype of
      schizophrenics increased in number and at follow-up there were significantly more
      mixed subtype schizophrenics who did not meet criteria for either the positive or
      negative subtype, i.e., who had little of either type of symptomatology. The
      number of schizophrenics categorized as negative subtype, as well as negative
      symptom scores did not change appreciably. The results of the study indicate that
      the negative symptoms seem to become more stable over a period of time.

PMID- 2278976
TI  - Neuropsychological differences between young and old schizophrenics with and
      without associated neurological dysfunction.
AB  - Age differences among 134 schizophrenics with associated neurological
      dysfunction, 160 schizophrenics without such dysfunction, 285 nonschizophrenics
      with neurological dysfunction and 240 patient controls on the Halstead-Reitan
      neuropsychological Test Battery (HRB) were examined by splitting subjects at
      their median ages and performing two way analyses of variance for each HRB
      component test with diagnosis and age category as the independent variables. In
      the case of the schizophrenics with neurological dysfunction, significant
      interactions were found for several subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence
      Scale (WAIS), and for the Speech Perception, Trail Making and Aphasia Screening
      Test. In the case of the neurologically intact subgroup, significant interactions
      were only found for the WAIS Comprehension subtest and Part B of the Trail Making
      Test. Only WAIS Comprehension produced a significant interaction in the
      nonschizophrenic group with neurological dysfunction. It was concluded that age
      differences in neurologically intact schizophrenics were generally comparable to
      those found in the controls, but that was less the case for the neurologically
      impaired schizophrenics. Furthermore, this pattern of findings is unlikely to be
      based upon the presence of associated neurological dysfunction alone, but
      probably reflects the particularly detrimental effect of compounding
      schizophrenia with neurological dysfunction.

PMID- 2278977
TI  - Lack of relationship of auditory gating defects to negative symptoms in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - The differences between schizophrenic patients with positive and negative
      symptoms have been the subject of extensive investigations. Psychophysiologists
      have proposed that there are elementary auditory sensory processing deficits in
      schizophrenia, but their prevalence in particular positive or negative subtypes
      has not been described. Our previous studies have shown that schizophrenics have
      impaired auditory sensory gating relative to normal controls, as demonstrated by
      the P50 auditory evoked potential conditioning-testing paradigm. In this
      paradigm, schizophrenics fail to show the normally expected diminished response
      to the second or 'test' stimulus. In the present study we assessed the possible
      relationship of this defect to negative symptoms in 20 schizophrenic patients
      treated with neuroleptics. Nine patients met the Andreasen criteria for
      predominantly 'negative schizophrenia'. 12 normal controls with no family history
      of schizophrenia were also studied electrophysiologically. Negative
      schizophrenics showed greater impairment than patients without such symptoms on
      the Trails B test of organic impairment, but there were no differences between
      groups on electrophysiological measurements of auditory sensory gating. Both
      schizophrenic groups showed impaired P50 auditory gating compared to normal
      controls. Both groups of schizophrenics also had a significantly diminished
      amplitude of the N100 waveform in the conditioning response, compared to normal
      controls. Auditory sensory processing defects in schizophrenia appear to be
      independent of negative symptoms.

PMID- 2278978
TI  - Bilateral hemispheric processing deficits in schizophrenia.
AB  - Schizophrenics are known to have an early visual processing deficit, but the
      exact nature of that deficit is unclear. The present research was undertaken in
      order to establish the difference between schizophrenic and normal subjects in
      their processing of visual stimuli. Previous studies have shown that short
      duration stimuli activate a transient visual system which is associated with the
      right hemisphere, while longer duration stimuli activate the sustained system
      associated with the left hemisphere. The present study was designed to determine
      the effects of activation/inactivation of both the sustained and transient
      channels on hemispheric processing in normal compared to schizophrenic patients.
      The task was a forced choice continuity of form. The subject was required to
      detect two grating pulses, separated by a blank interval (interstimulus interval
      ISI) vs. a single grating pulse, which was shown for the same total duration as
      the two pulse condition. Threshold ISI was obtained and used as the index of
      visible persistence/speed of visual processing, 19 schizophrenics, 12
      depressives, 6 schizoaffectives, and 11 controls participated in the study.
      Stimuli were sinusoidal spatial frequency (SF) gratings of 0.9 and 15 c/degrees
      presented independently to the left and right hemisphere for durations of 50 and
      250 ms. The results revealed statistical significance for Diagnosis, Diagnosis x
      SF, and Position x Diagnosis. Normal controls and depressed subjects did not
      statistically differ from each other, while schizophrenic and schizoaffectives
      differed from both control groups and on some conditions from each other. No
      hemispheric asymmetries were observed for any group. The results are discussed in
      terms of differential deficits in schizophrenics in the absence of early
      occurring asymmetries.

PMID- 2278979
TI  - Shape distortion of the corpus callosum of monozygotic twins discordant for
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 2278980
TI  - The Lieber Award acceptance lecture. September 8, 1989.

PMID- 2278981
TI  - Gender differences in affective, schizoaffective, and schizophrenic disorders. A
      review.
AB  - The authors review the literature on sex differences in four DSM-III diagnoses:
      schizophrenia, schizoaffective psychoses, unipolar and bipolar affective
      disorders. The findings indicate that (1) gender differences occur most
      frequently in schizophrenic patients: schizophrenic women exhibit a less
      deteriorated course of illness; (2) sex differences in affective disordered
      patients support the unipolar-bipolar subtype distinction; and (3) sex
      differences are less compelling but also less studied in schizoaffective
      disorder. Theories attempting to explain sex differences in schizophrenia are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2278982
TI  - A randomized clinical trial of inpatient family intervention. IV. Followup
      results for subjects with schizophrenia.
AB  - This is the last of a series of four papers, here focussing on schizophrenia,
      which report followup data up to 18 months from a randomized clinical trial of a
      psychoeducational family intervention (IFI), which was added to medication and
      limited to the inpatient phase of treatment, after which post-hospital care was
      not controlled. Our data suggested that patients with poor prehospital
      functioning (i.e., the chronic patients) may benefit from inpatient family
      intervention, but this therapeutic effect appears to be limited to females and
      does not appear until 18 months postadmission. Families of patients with
      schizophrenia also show benefit from having received IFI, the effect is seen
      earlier than with the patients, and is associated with achieving the goals of
      IFI. The results in the IFI group could not be accounted for by improved post
      hospital medication compliance, but they may be related to this group's greater
      tendency to obtain further family treatment after discharge.

PMID- 2278983
TI  - Current concepts in functional psychosis. The case for a loosening of
      associations.
AB  - The recent explosion in knowledge in the neurosciences has heightened both the
      expectation of significant progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms
      involved in the psychoses as well as frustration over the failure of such
      progress to occur. As biological sophistication increases, it contrasts with the
      obsolescence of our nosological tools, which, through their influence upon
      research strategy, constitute a potential obstacle to progress. Currently
      dominant nosological paradigms are heavily based upon assumptions concerning the
      links between pathophysiology and symptoms, and between symptoms and the more
      distal consequences of disease. This review seeks to illustrate that the linkages
      between disease and its consequences are in fact much looser and more plastic
      than acknowledged by existing paradigms, which are constrained by tradition.
      Since faulty assumptions concerning these linkages are so fundamental to the
      current nosology, it is argued that major reform is necessary. While this can be
      justified on research grounds alone, there are also compelling clinical reasons
      why reform of this kind is important and overdue.

PMID- 2278984
TI  - A family with Alport syndrome and psychosis.
AB  - A family is described with a history of both hereditary nephritis (Alport
      syndrome) and chronic psychosis in multiple family members. Although the
      disorders do not segregate together in all cases, the finding of this family may
      provide a clue for the location of a psychosis gene. Alport syndrome has been
      mapped to the long arm of the X chromosome. Some studies also support a genomic
      locus on the X chromosome in at least some cases of manic-depressive disorder and
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 2278985
TI  - Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow with performance on
      neuropsychological tests in schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was determined by the 133Xe inhalation
      technique (Headtome II: ring detection SPECT) in 53 DSM-III schizophrenic
      patients. The rCBF values were corrected by using end-tidal carbon dioxide
      concentration values (PECO2). After rCBF measurement, neuropsychological tests-
      Word Fluency Test, Maze Test and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test--were performed.
      There were significant correlations between frontal rCBF and scores on each
      neuropsychological test. In particular, a moderate correlations between the
      frontal rCBF and the performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was noted. It
      seems likely that decrease of rCBF in prefrontal regions at rest reflects a
      disturbance of frontal lobe function in schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2278986
TI  - A depression rating scale for schizophrenics.
AB  - Scales for assessing depression are well developed for non-psychotic populations
      but have been criticized for being inappropriate for psychotic populations. As a
      result we have developed a new rating scale for the measurement of depression in
      schizophrenia based on items selected from the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
      and the Present State Examination. The selection was based on a three stage
      procedure first factor analysis then measures of internal consistency and finally
      face validity. Ratings of depression were made on 50 acutely ill schizophrenics
      meeting DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia assessed at two points in time. Our
      results indicate that several items from both scales form a superior instrument
      for measuring depression in schizophrenia. The eleven items generated a
      Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 at time one and 0.89 at time 2.

PMID- 2278988
TI  - Antibodies specific for Ig idiotype, but not isotype, can substitute for antigen
      to induce IgM secretion by a B cell clone.
AB  - Cells of the mouse B cell clone, CH12.LX, secrete IgM when cultured with nominal
      antigen (sheep erythrocytes, SRBC) and mAbs which bind their membrane Ek
      molecules. To determine whether anti-Ig antibodies can substitute for antigen in
      the induction of IgM secretion by CH12.LX, the B cells were cultured with anti-Ek
      mAbs and anti-IgM or anti-idiotype antibodies. Anti-IgM antibodies were capable
      of cross-linking the membrane IgM of CH12.LX, and inhibited mitogen-induced
      differentiation of the B cells. However, anti-IgM could not substitute for SRBC
      in delivering a major histocompatibility complex-restricted differentiative
      signal. In contrast, either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the
      CH12.LX Ig idiotype were fully capable of substituting for antigen in the
      induction of IgM secretion by CH12.LX. The binding of anti-IgM antibodies did not
      prevent anti-idiotype antibodies from delivering a differentiative signal. Thus,
      binding of ligand to different parts of the membrane Ig molecule can result in
      the delivery of different biological signals to the B cell.

PMID- 2278987
TI  - Failure to differentiate bipolar disorder from schizophrenia on measures of
      neuropsychological function.
AB  - 30 inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were compared to 35 inpatients with
      bipolar affective disorder, manic type, on a large group of neuropsychological
      measures. Separate factor analyses were performed on measures of verbal, spatial,
      and speed variables in order to generate summary scales. Controlling for the
      effects of age, education, sex, duration of illness, number of previous
      hospitalizations, and medications at time of testing, there were no significant
      differences between diagnostic groups on the three factors or on individual test
      variables. Patients on medication performed more poorly on speed variables than
      those off medication. These findings call into question the notion of
      differential patterns of cognitive deficit among psychotic diagnoses.

PMID- 2278989
TI  - Engulfment and intracellular killing of F9 teratocarcinoma cells by non-activated
      murine macrophages.
AB  - Activated macrophages kill several types of tumor cells in vitro, whereas non
      activated macrophages lack this capacity. We, however, observed that non
      activated macrophages efficiently kill F9 teratocarcinoma as well as other
      teratocarcinoma cell lines. Dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid known to prevent
      macrophage activation, did not perturb the killing of F9 teratocarcinoma cells.
      Neither tumor necrosis factor alpha, nor the reactive oxygen intermediates, i.e.
      hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radical, nor serine proteases
      participated in this killing, shown by employing various agents which interfere
      with their production, secretion, or function. Using acridine orange/ethidium
      bromide vitality staining, the F9 teratocarcinoma cells were shown to be
      phagocytized alive by macrophages and subsequently killed intracellularly. Intact
      lysosomal function is required for the killing of F9 cells, as the lysosomotropic
      drugs chloroquine and ammonium chloride markedly inhibited this killing without
      perturbing their engulfment. The signal transduction pathway induced in the
      macrophages upon interaction with F9 teratocarcinoma cells seems to differ from
      that induced by macrophage activation. Neither the protein kinase C inhibitors
      polymyxin B and H-7 [1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methyl piperazine] nor the
      protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate affected the killing
      of F9 cells. However, chlorpromazine (a powerful inhibitor of calmodulin),
      dibutyryl cAMP (a cAMP analog), and prostaglandin E2 inhibited the macrophage
      mediated killing of F9 cells. In vivo studies indicate that an increased number
      of macrophages at the F9 tumor inoculation site (the peritoneal cavity) as a
      result of elicitation by thioglycollate prevents F9 tumor development. Our
      findings indicate that non-activated macrophages kill teratocarcinoma cells using
      a mechanism which differs from that employed by activated macrophages in the
      killing of other tumor cells.

PMID- 2278990
TI  - Effect of Gm allotypes on IgG2 antibody responses and IgG2 concentrations in
      children and adults.
AB  - Earlier studies have suggested that in adults the n-positive allele of the human
      IgG2 gene is more productive than the n-negative allele. This superiority was
      seen to be manifested in IgG2 antibody responses to polysaccharides, in the
      higher serum concentration of total IgG2 in the n/n than in -/- individuals, and
      in the higher concentration of n-positive than n-negative IgG2 in heterozygotes.
      The present study shows that in 1- or 2-year-old children, the concentration of
      IgG2 was independent of allotype G2m(n), and both alleles of a heterozygote
      contributed an average of one-half of the total IgG2. On the other hand, the
      superiority of the n-positive allele was also seen in young children in IgG2
      antibody responses induced by the Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide
      (Hib). The effect of allotype n on antibody responses was evident only when the
      immunogen was the Hib polysaccharide. When the immunogen was a conjugate of Hib
      and diphtheria toxoid, the IgG2 antibody responses of n-positive and n-negative
      vaccinated individuals were almost equal, both in adults and in children.

PMID- 2278991
TI  - Murine CD4+ T cell clones vary in function in vitro and in influenza infection in
      vivo.
AB  - Several CD4+ Th1 clones specific for influenza haemagglutinin or nucleoprotein
      were transferred into syngeneic mice after intranasal influenza infection to
      examine whether they accelerate viral clearance in vivo similarly to CD8+
      cytotoxic T cells. We observed changes in functional properties of the CD4+
      clones in vitro and variable effects on the course of infection in vivo. While
      some clones resulted in more rapid virus clearance, others had no protective
      effect, but rather exacerbated illness symptoms. Our results reflect problems in
      the in vivo use of CD4+ T cell clones maintained in long-term culture. Their IL-2
      and IL-5 release and cytolytic activity varied, while IL-3 and gamma-IFN
      production as well as DTH induction were more stable. CD4+ T cells primed by
      infection became cytolytic only after prolonged culture. The data point to the
      fine balance between exacerbation of disease and protection by CD4+ T cells.

PMID- 2278992
TI  - Cellular basis for the age-associated increase in autoimmune reactions.
AB  - The mechanisms that lead to the increased expression of autoantibodies with age
      are poorly understood. We have studied the number, size, and density of spleen
      and peritoneal cells from young and old BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice as well as the
      frequency of clonal precursors for antibodies to mouse erythrocytes,
      thyroglobulin, and IgG in these lymphoid preparations. Old mice have a 6-fold
      increase in the number of resident peritoneal cells and a 2-fold increase in the
      absolute number of Ly1-bearing B cells in this population. Furthermore, old mice
      have twice as many large, low density splenic B cells as young mice. The
      frequencies of B cell clonal precursors for anti-BrMRBC and anti-thyroglobulin
      antibody-forming cells in old mice were 3-10 times greater than in young mice. In
      the same cultures, however, no increase in the frequencies of B cell clonal
      precursors for anti-IgG or anti-DNA antibody forming cells was detected in old
      compared to young mice. These findings and other data suggest that there are at
      least two families of B cell autoantibody precursors, one including anti-BrMRBC
      and anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies, the other including anti-IgG and anti-DNA
      antibodies. Studies of the differential regulation of these two families of
      autoantibody precursors might contribute to a greater understanding of autoimmune
      phenomena in age and disease.

PMID- 2278993
TI  - The role of tumor necrosis factor in the regulation of antigen presentation by
      human monocytes.
AB  - Human peripheral blood monocytes pretreated with human recombinant tumour
      necrosis factor alpha (rTNF) showed an enhanced ability to present a soluble
      antigen, a purified protein derivate of tuberculin, to autologous T lymphocytes
      as assessed by their increased proliferation in vitro. This enhancing activity
      was due to TNF and not impurities in TNF preparations as anti-TNF antibodies
      abolished this phenomenon. The rTNF-treated monocytes showed an increased
      expression of HLA-DR molecules and enhanced co-stimulatory activity in the murine
      thymocyte assay. Pretreatment of monocytes before an antigen pulse with anti-TNF
      mAb inhibited antigen presentation, which indicated that endogenously produced
      TNF was involved. These studies thus suggest that TNF acts in an autocrine
      fashion and enhances the ability of monocytes to present protein antigen. It is
      unclear at present whether this effect is due to the modification in antigen
      processing, expression of MHC class II molecules, or other factors (IL-1, IL-6,
      adhesion molecules, etc.) that are important for the induction of T cell response
      to a nominal antigen. The enhancement of the antigen presenting capacity of
      monocytes/macrophages may be the additional mechanism of pro-inflammatory
      activity of TNF.

PMID- 2278994
TI  - Genetic basis of the neonatal antibody repertoire: germline V-gene expression and
      limited N-region diversity.
AB  - We report here on the molecular characterization of heavy and light chain V
      regions of antibodies isolated from the highly connected idiotypic network of the
      newborn BALB/c mouse. Nucleotide sequence analysis of eight hybridomas confirmed
      their germline origin. Furthermore, in contrast to most hybridomas and myelomas
      derived from adult mice, the majority of these clones were found to lack N-region
      sequences. These data show that somatic processes amplifying junctional diversity
      are relatively inactive early in ontogeny, and that germline gene expression
      alone ensures idiotypic complementarities in the developing immune system.

PMID- 2278995
TI  - Amelioration of intrathymic T cell development and peripheral T cell reactivities
      in autoimmune mice undergoing therapy with a novel immunomodulator.
AB  - MRL lpr/lpr mice develop a generalized autoimmune disease associated with a
      massive accumulation in the peripheral lymphoid organs of abnormal,
      phenotypically immature T cells. Both the lymphoadenopathy and the autoimmunity
      are thymus-dependent and likely to arise from an aberrant pathway of intrathymic
      differentiation. We here present the marked beneficial effects acquired in MRL
      lpr/lpr mice after in vivo administration of a novel immunomodulator called
      linomide. The highly altered pattern of thymic subpopulations in MRL lpr/lpr mice
      is normalized after linomide-treatment. Concomitantly, the peripheral T cell
      compartment, which in MRL lpr/lpr is highly deficient in producing and responding
      to IL-2, gains substantial functional reactivities. We propose that linomide acts
      by correcting the abnormal T cell development in autoimmune MRL lpr/lpr mice.
      This new immunomodulator may be a useful tool for providing insight into both the
      pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and intrathymic differentiation.

PMID- 2278996
TI  - Selective IgG deficiency with a transcriptional disorder of the gamma switching
      region gene and the IL-4 gene.
AB  - A primary immunodeficiency patient was analysed whose serum IgG and IgE were
      extremely low but whose IgM and IgA levels were within the normal range or
      elevated. Southern blot analysis indicated no deletion of structural genes coding
      for C gamma, C epsilon, or C alpha. The majority of the patient's peripheral B
      cells expressed IgM and IgD on the surface yet IgG-positive B cells were not
      detected, suggesting that the defect is in a switch-recombination process from
      IgM to IgG. The RFLP pattern detected with the S mu and S gamma DNA regions
      revealed that there was no deletion or large mutation in the switch region DNA.
      An in vitro IgG production system with pokeweed mitogen showed an abnormality at
      the transcriptional level and the defects were in both the patient's T and B
      cells. Addition of recombinant IL-4 (rIL-4) to the normal B cells enhanced IgG
      production but the patient's B cells did not respond to rIL-4, although the IL-4
      receptor was present at the normal level. Messenger RNA and IL-4 protein were not
      produced in the patient's T cells upon stimulation with phorbol ester and calcium
      ionophore, whereas IL-2 was normally produced. The patient's lymphocytes showed a
      proliferative response to various mitogens, including phorbol ester. The
      transcripts of unrearranged C gamma region genes were not detected in the
      patient's lymphocytes, suggesting that the chromatin structure of the S gamma
      region may not be open. These results suggest that the transcriptional defects at
      the S gamma region gene in B cells and at the IL-4 gene in the T cells may be
      responsible for the present IgG immunodeficiency. There might be a common
      transcriptional system operating in a certain step in the activation of both
      genes.

PMID- 2278998
TI  - Perforin, a pore-forming protein detectable by monoclonal antibodies, is a
      functional marker for killer cells.
AB  - Perforin is one of the important cytolytic factors in cytotoxic T lymphocytes
      (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. In this paper, we report rat mAbs against
      mouse perforin established by immunization with a recombinant mouse perforin
      fragment. These mAbs reacted with purified mouse perforin prepared from
      cytoplasmic granules of an NK-like cell line in ELISA and Western blot analysis.
      However, none of these mAbs blocked the hemolytic activity of mouse perforin or
      absorbed it when fixed in the solid phase. These results indicate that all of
      these mAbs react with denatured but not with native mouse perforin. By using a
      combination of the mAbs, we established a sandwich ELISA, for quantitating the
      cellular contents of perforin. These mAbs were also useful for
      immunohistochemical staining analysis, and perforin was detected in the
      cytoplasmic granules of CTL and NK cell lines. Perforin was also detected in a
      minor population of lymphocytes of the spleen, liver, and lymph node. In normal
      spleen cells of 5- to 8-week-old mice, 12-15% of asialo GM1+ cells and 7-21% of
      CD8+ T cells were perforin-positive, but CD4+ T cells, B cells, and macrophages
      were totally negative. These data clearly show that perforin is expressed in
      cells of a cytotoxic character in normal mice, in the same way as in primed mice.

PMID- 2278997
TI  - Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding the human interleukin 4 receptor.
AB  - Using the mouse interleukin 4 (IL-4) receptor cDNA as a probe, we isolated a cDNA
      encoding the human IL-4 receptor (hIL-4 receptor) from a multifactor-responsive
      human myeloid cell line, TF1. The cDNA encodes for an open reading frame of 825
      amino acids including a signal sequence (25 amino acids), the external domain
      (207 amino acids), a transmembrane domain (24 amino acids), and a large
      cytoplasmic domain (569 amino acids). The human IL-4 receptor has a 65% identity
      with the mouse IL-4 receptor at the nucleic acid level and retains the typical
      structural motif of the previously described cytokine receptor family. COS7 cells
      transfected with the full-length cDNA expressed high levels (140,000 sites/cell)
      of IL-4 binding sites, with a Kd = 80 pM, an affinity identical to that of the
      original TF1 cells. Similar to IL-4 responsive cells, cross-linking of [125I]IL-4
      to COS7 cells transfected with the cDNA showed a major protein of 130-150 kd and
      minor species of 55-85 kd.

PMID- 2278999
TI  - Structural similarity between a primitive chordate membrane heterodimer and
      lymphocyte antigen receptors.
AB  - Botryllus schlosseri is a colonial tunicate that shared a common ancestor with
      the lineage leading to mammals about 450 million years ago, and flourishes today
      along the California coast. Prior studies of Botryllus populations have
      demonstrated the presence of a co-dominantly expressed, highly polymorphic
      histocompatibility locus (Fu/HC) controlling the acceptance (fusion) or rejection
      of new individuals into a parabiotic colony. Intercolonial blood cell contact,
      and recognition of self/not self, precedes both fusion and rejection reactions.
      Efforts to understand the evolution of the immune system necessitate study of
      cell surface molecules involved in cell-cell recognition events in primitive
      species. In mammals, birds, amphibians, and fishes clonally distributed
      lymphocyte surface molecules that are responsible for antigen recognition (B cell
      immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) can be distinguished by the disulfide
      linkage that pairs two or more polypeptides containing constant and variable
      regions. We have identified a disulfide-linked, heterodimeric (alpha beta) cell
      surface molecule in Botryllus with biochemical resemblance to mammalian
      lymphocyte antigen receptors. Observed charge variants of constituent chains of
      the tunicate protein described here do not correlate with Fu/HC allelic
      diversity. Both chains of this heterodimer can be resolved into several isoforms
      which are not based upon post-translational carbohydrate or phosphate additions.
      Comparisons of iodinated tryptic peptides from two beta chain isomorphs reveal
      one distinct and several common peptides.

PMID- 2279000
TI  - The response of human B cells to Mycobacterium leprae. Identification of target
      antigens following polyclonal activation in vitro.
AB  - We have investigated the B cell response to Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy
      patients and healthy controls. A comparison of Western-blotted proteins separated
      by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and probed with pooled sera from LL and BT
      patients revealed distinct antigen recognition patterns for the two
      classifications of the disease. To characterize the circulating B cells capable
      of producing anti-M. leprae antibodies in vitro, peripheral blood lymphocyte
      cultures were activated polyclonally with an anti-CD3 mAb. The resulting culture
      supernatants were used to probe Western-blotted M.leprae proteins and contained
      antibody reactive with a 10 kd M.leprae antigen. This antibody was absent in
      stimulated culture supernatants from healthy occupational contacts or unexposed
      controls, suggesting the specificity of the response. Distinct repertoires of
      serum and culture supernatant anti-M.leprae antibodies were observed when Western
      blotted antigens were probed after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This
      method for assay of specific antibody production against individual components
      present in a complex mixture of antigens after polyclonal activation in vitro may
      be used to study the regulation of B cell activation in leprosy and other
      diseases.

PMID- 2279001
TI  - Somatic mutations in antibodies expressed by germinal centre B cells early after
      primary immunization.
AB  - We have studied the maturation of the immune response by looking at the
      generation of antibody diversity in germinal centre B cells. Mice were immunized
      with the antigen 2-phenyloxazolone. Germinal centre B cells, defined by their
      strong binding to peanut agglutinin (PNA(hi], were sorted from the spleen and
      fused. Ten days after immunization high numbers of antigen specific hybridoma
      lines were obtained from the PNA(hi) subset of B cells, suggesting that the small
      fraction of B cells which are PNA(hi) harbour the antigen activated population.
      The majority of the day 10 sequences from PNA(hi) cells were shown to be mutated.
      However, in contrast to results from later stages of the immune response, most of
      the mutations found were silent. The preferential expansion of B cell clones
      expressing the mutations characteristic of the mature response was not observed
      at this stage. Among these hybridoma lines was at least one which, apparently
      through somatic mutation, had lost the ability to bind antigen. We conclude that
      in the micro-environment of the germinal centre the B cell repertoire is
      diversified by hypermutation.

PMID- 2279002
TI  - The intraclonal diversity and control of antibody isotype switch recombination.
AB  - The configuration of the expressed and unexpressed IgH alleles within two groups
      of hybridomas, both derived from single clones of B cells at an intermediate
      stage of the immune response of one mouse, were characterized. The data obtained
      confirm that individual 'naive' B cells are totipotent in their capacity to
      generate, via deletions in the IgH locus, offspring that express different IgG
      isotypes. Further, the number of distinct isotype switch deletions that took
      place during the proliferation and differentiation of these clones was enormous.
      Nevertheless, switching within one clone occurred exclusively to the IgG1 isotype
      at expressed and unexpressed IgH alleles. The data support the conclusion that,
      despite the fact that isotype switch recombination is occurring on a global scale
      within responding clones during the immune response, exclusive intraclonal
      expression of only one isotype can result from the direct control of the
      switching process.

PMID- 2279003
TI  - Double-stranded RNA and bacterial lipopolysaccharide enhance sensitivity to TNF
      alpha-mediated cell death.
AB  - The effect of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the
      sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-mediated cell death was studied
      in an in vitro system. Since secretion of TNF-alpha is a part of the early host
      response to viral and bacterial infection, we examined whether mimicking the
      infection with viral and bacterial products could affect the response of cells to
      TNF-alpha. Incubation of WEHI 164 fibrosarcoma cells with dsRNA or
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly increased their sensitivity to TNF-alpha
      mediated lysis and to TNF-secreting inflammatory T cell-mediated lysis. Thus,
      these products could induce increased sensitivity to TNF-alpha in cells in an
      inflammatory focus, possibly contributing to selective elimination of infected
      but not healthy cells by this non-specific cytokine. Additionally, our data show
      that both dsRNA and LPS, as well as TNF-alpha itself, rapidly induce nuclear
      factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), a DNA-binding protein implicated in regulation of
      gene expression. We suggest that NF-kappa B could regulate genes crucial for the
      induction of cell death by TNF-alpha.

PMID- 2279004
TI  - Inhibition of Theiler's virus-induced demyelination in vivo by tumor necrosis
      factor alpha.
AB  - Employing a murine model of multiple sclerosis which utilizes intracranial
      injection of Theiler's virus murine encephalomyelitis (TMEV) into SJL/J mice, we
      tested the potential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in
      ameliorating CNS demyelination. Infection with TMEV caused early grey matter
      inflammation (7 days post-infection) in the brain and spinal cord followed by
      chronic demyelination (35 days post-infection) in the spinal cord. Administration
      of recombinant human or mouse TNF-alpha starting 12 h prior to infection and then
      three times weekly had minimal effect on development of grey matter inflammation
      in the spinal cord. In contrast, TNF-alpha dramatically reduced demyelination
      present in spinal cord on days 14 and 35 after TMEV infection (P less than 0.01)
      when compared to controls. CNS virus titers of TMEV were not modified by TNF
      alpha administration as measured on days 7, 14, and 35 following infection. In
      vivo administration of TNF-alpha inhibits TMEV-induced demyelination in
      susceptible SJL/J mice without affecting virus replication in the CNS.

PMID- 2279005
TI  - Leaching of antioxidants and vulcanization accelerators from rubber closures into
      drug preparations.
AB  - A thin-layer chromatographic method was used to highlight the leaching into drug
      preparations of several constituents of elastomeric closures. Among the 150
      preparations analysed, the twenty-eight local anaesthetics presented in single
      dose delivery syringe-cartridges, one Epinephrine injection in prefilled
      syringes, eight insulin preparations and two Prednisolone acetate suspensions in
      the form of small volume flasks (less than or equal to 20 ml) were contaminated
      by one or more of the following: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), 2
      mercaptobenzothiazole disulphide and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI). Prednisolone
      acetate suspensions also contained 2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6-alpha
      methylcyclohexylphenol). No contamination was found in drug preparations
      presented in large volume flasks (250-1000 ml). 2-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)
      benzothiazole was not present, which indicated that the rubbers had not been
      sterilized with ethylene oxide. Elastomeric parts of drug closures analysed in
      the same way contained the same compounds as those found in drugs, one case
      excepted, which confirms the origin of the contamination. The lowest and the
      highest concentrations were found in syringe-cartridges; they ranged from 8.3 to
      13.8 micrograms ml-1 for MBT, from 2.9 to 9.3 micrograms ml-1 for MBTS and from
      2.8 to 11.1 micrograms ml-1 for MBI. Variable results were obtained, for a same
      preparation, depending upon the batches analysed, which indicates that rubber
      formulations and/or vulcanization conditions differed. The allergenic, toxic,
      embryotoxic and mutagenic properties of the compounds leached are discussed.

PMID- 2279006
TI  - Protein adsorption on polymer surfaces: calculation of adsorption energies.
AB  - In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of protein adsorption at the solid
      liquid interface, we have calculated the interaction potential energy between the
      protein and the polymer surface by a computer simulation approach. The adsorption
      of four proteins--lysozyme, trypsin, immunoglobulin Fab, and hemoglobin--on five
      polymer surfaces was examined. The model polymers used for the calculation were
      polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and
      poly(vinyl alcohol). All possible orientations of the protein on the polymer
      surfaces were simulated and the corresponding interaction energies for the
      initial contact stage of protein adsorption were calculated. In the calculation
      of interaction energies, the hydrophobic interaction was not treated explicitly
      owing to the difficulty in the theoretical treatment. The results showed that the
      interaction energy was dependent on the orientation of the protein on the polymer
      surfaces. The energy varied from -850 to +600 kJ/mol with an average of about 
      155 kJ/mol. The interaction energy was also dependent on the type of polymer. The
      average interaction energies of the four proteins with poly(vinyl alcohol) were
      always lower than those with the other polymers. The interaction energy was not
      dependent on the protein size. It was found that the dispersion attraction played
      the major role in protein adsorption on neutral polymer surfaces.

PMID- 2279009
TI  - A new tool for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of protein surfaces
      using B-spline and density of surface neighborhood.
AB  - To improve the qualitative and quantitative analysis of surfaces of protein, two
      new methods are proposed: one that smoothes the MS surface of Connolly with B
      spline smoothing functions to highlight the significant features of the surface,
      and one that computes the density of surface neighborhood to allow quantitative
      comparison.

PMID- 2279008
TI  - Visualization of molecular flexibility and its effects on electrostatic
      recognition.
AB  - To study the effect of protein flexibility on electrostatic recognition, we have
      devised two novel computer graphic representations of the changes in the
      electrostatic field of a protein resulting from its internal motions. The atomic
      structure of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase was minimized, and the 200 lowest
      frequency normal modes of the enzyme were determined. Individual and combined
      normal-mode vibrations were visualized interactively with the program Flex.
      Normal-mode motions are fast enough (approximately 10(-11) s cycle-1) to evade
      solvent damping, thus allowing long-range electrostatic interactions to dominate.
      The changing electrostatic environment of the protein was examined by animating
      precalculated frames of electrostatic field vectors with GRAMPS. With Vu, changes
      in electrostatic potential were displayed as variations in the color-coding of
      dots lying on a consensus surface that maintains the protein's shape. The
      consensus surface was calculated with the program Sphinx, and was derived from
      spherical harmonic approximations of expanded molecular surfaces. The ability to
      view the effects of molecular motions interactively should be useful in
      understanding the relationships of protein structure to function.

PMID- 2279007
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(ethylene oxide)
      heparin CBABC type block copolymers.
AB  - Heparin and poly(ethylene oxide) were coupled to a central anchoring block of
      poly(dimethylsiloxane) in order to investigate its blood compatible properties.
      Diamino telechelic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS-(NH2)2, Mw = 20,000) was first
      modified to isocyanate functionalities using toluene 2,4-diisocyanate. This
      modified PDMS was then coupled to diamino-telechelic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO
      (NH2)2, Mw = 2000, 4000, 6000) to create BAB type copolymers having terminal free
      amino groups. These amino groups were covalently coupled to heparin containing
      terminal aldehyde groups using sodium cyanoborohydride to yield a bioactive,
      CBABC type block copolymer. The physical characterization of these copolymers was
      performed with IR, NMR, sulphur elemental analysis, Wilhelmy plate contact angle,
      and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). CBABC block copolymer surfaces
      demonstrated heparin bioactivity in in vitro evaluation, and improved
      nonthrombogenic properties during ex vivo A-A shunt experiments.

PMID- 2279010
TI  - New determinations and simplified representations of macromolecular surfaces.
AB  - Several new methods or improvements of older algorithms determining the different
      pieces of molecular surface are presented. Their improvement in time and their
      complexity are discussed. Only the indexes of the atoms on which the pieces are
      relying are, in fact, determined, since their explicit representation from these
      numbers varies according to the 3D capabilities of the graphic workstation (dots,
      grid, etc.), and this generation is not C.P.U. consuming. To have a simplified
      representation of the surface of macromolecules, a polyhedron with planar
      triangular faces is then introduced: Each concave triangular surface piece is
      replaced with planar triangles relying on its three atomic centers, while saddle
      shaped rectangles and convex pieces are wholly ignored. A minimal data structure
      of the polyhedron is then proposed, which contains only topological informations,
      since no coordinates have been generated. If the atomic radius is then considered
      to be constant (independent of atomic type), the surface of a set of N points is
      now defined by the choice of a subset with a topology. This choice is controlled
      by a parameter of rugosity (the atomic radius). Contrary to Voronoi polyhedrons
      partition, which gives a topology for a set of N points, our approach gives a
      topology only for the exterior points of this set. A few applications of this
      very simple definition of molecular surface are then discussed: the 3D
      interactive manipulation of macromolecules, the steric intermolecular
      recognition, and the determination of local and global properties of the surface.

PMID- 2279011
TI  - Lipophilicity force field profile: an expressive visualization of the
      lipophilicity molecular potential gradient.
AB  - This paper proposes a new tool that allows us to see the following in the same
      frame: (1) 3D geometrical features of a molecule, and (2) pseudo-3D
      representation of the lipophilicity molecular potential. It thus becomes very
      easy to compare the lipophilicity molecular potential gradient of different
      molecules having the same pharmacological properties. An example of two
      structurally dissimilar anti-PAF molecules is given.

PMID- 2279012
TI  - Protein modeling of human prorenin using the molecular dynamics method.
AB  - To study the activation-inactivation mechanism of the renin zymogen, prorenin, a
      tertiary structural model of human prorenin was constructed using computer
      graphics and molecular dynamics calculations, based on the pepsinogen structure.
      This prorenin model shows that the folded prosegment polypeptide can fit into the
      substrate binding cleft of the renin moiety. The three positively charged
      residues, Arg10, Arg15, and Arg20, in the prosegment make salt bridges with
      Asp225, Glu331, and Asp60, respectively, in renin. Arg43, which is in the
      processing site, forms salt bridges with the catalytic residues of Asp81 and
      Asp269. These ionic interactions between the prosegment and the renin may
      contribute to keeping the prorenin structure as an inactive form.

PMID- 2279013
TI  - Molecular volumes and surfaces of biomacromolecules via GEPOL: a fast and
      efficient algorithm.
AB  - A triangular tesselation approach to build up surfaces has been adapted to the
      study of biomolecules. By using a data-coded generic pentakisdodecahedron each
      atom is assigned a particular sphere whose radii are chosen according to any
      suitable property. Different types of surfaces have been adapted to this method:
      van der Waals, surface accessible, and Richard's molecular surface. A simple
      method is used to eliminate all triangles found at the intersection volume of the
      atomic spheres and a fast algorithm is employed to calculate the area of the
      envelope surface and the volume therein. The data about the surface are given by
      the coordinates of the center of each triangle, elementary surface value, and
      vector coordinates of the normal to the surface. Color coding of standard
      properties such as charge densities, potential energy, or any scalar property can
      be easily done with standard graphics libraries. Fairly detailed information on
      vector properties, such as electric field and atom velocity, can also be
      graphically represented by using projections along the normals with adequate
      color coding.

PMID- 2279014
TI  - A note on graphing helical parameters of dynamics structure of DNA.
AB  - A graphical procedure for analysis of helical parameters in dynamic structure of
      DNA is described. The performance of the procedure is illustrated by analysis of
      a 20 ps dynamics simulation of the non-self-complementary ninemer,
      5'CAAACAGGA:5'TCCTGTTTG, which is a part of DNA from lacI gene. The dynamics
      trajectory of the duplex shows sequence-dependent fluctuations of helical
      parameters.

PMID- 2279015
TI  - Can the withdrawal bleed following oestrogen replacement therapy be avoided?

PMID- 2279016
TI  - Prenatal screening and diagnosis: some psychological and social issues.

PMID- 2279017
TI  - Fish-oil and pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 2279019
TI  - The importance of the behavioural state in biophysical assessment of the term
      human fetus.
AB  - We have examined how the different behavioural states exhibited by 78 healthy
      fetuses at term influence the result of the non-stress test (NST) and biophysical
      profile score (BPS). In association with state 1F the average recording time to
      obtain a satisfactory NST and BPS was 27.0 and 26.3 min respectively, and 52.6%
      and 44.0% respectively failed to achieve a 'normal' result. In contrast,
      satisfactory results were always obtained in the two active states (2F and 4F),
      and the average time was 3-5 min. Mature fetuses spend on average one third of
      the time in state 1F, and knowledge of its characteristics is therefore
      important, for the interpretation of biophysical tests. Our results suggest that
      continuation of biophysical recording for at least 40 min is necessary before an
      unreactive NST or low BPS should be regarded as suspicious. We suggest that
      interpretation of the NST and BPS should be made in the light of knowledge of
      normal patterns of behavioural development rather than using an arbitrarily
      defined scoring system.

PMID- 2279018
TI  - Polyhydramnios and associated maternal and fetal complications in singleton
      pregnancies.
AB  - During the 10-year period 1 January 1979 to 31 December 1988, polyhydramnios
      occurred in 537 patients with singleton pregnancies delivered at the Mercy
      Maternity Hospital. Associated maternal and fetal complications and the perinatal
      outcome of these pregnancies with polyhydramnios were analysed. In 248 of the 537
      pregnancies (46%) in this group there were no maternal complications or fetal
      malformations and the perinatal mortality (PNM) rate was 2.4%. The PNM rate
      increased significantly to 13.1% when there was associated pre-eclampsia, 10%
      with gestational diabetes, and to 7.6% with miscellaneous complications. When
      polyhydramnios was associated with a fetal or placental malformation the PNM rate
      was 61.4%. The commonest malformations were central nervous system (31%),
      musculoskeletal (12%) and gastrointestinal system anomalies (10%). Placental
      chorioangioma occurred in two patients (0.4%) and both babies died. In women with
      low oestriol excretion (18% of the 455 tested) the PNM rate increased five times
      to 22.7%.

PMID- 2279020
TI  - Outcome of a second pregnancy after a previous elective caesarean section.
AB  - At Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital from 1980 to 1987, 195 women had a trial
      of scar in their second ongoing pregnancy, having been delivered previously by
      elective caesarean section. Overall 154 (79%) achieved a vaginal delivery.
      Patients who went into spontaneous labour had a significantly better chance of
      being delivered vaginally than those who were induced. A past history of early
      pregnancy loss had no influence on the outcome, nor was outcome compromised in
      the group of patients whose elective caesarean section had taken place before 32
      weeks gestation.

PMID- 2279021
TI  - Maternal haematocrit in labour is related to fetal cord pH at delivery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a correlation exists between maternal haematocrit
      in labour and umbilical cord pH values at delivery. DESIGN: An observational
      study. SETTING: The delivery suite. SUBJECTS: 200 pregnant women in labour. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Umbilical artery and vein blood pH values. RESULTS: A
      statistically significant inverse correlation was observed between maternal
      haematocrit levels during labour and umbilical vein pH (r = -0.22; P = 0.001) and
      umbilical artery pH (r = -0.18; P = 0.008) at delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Although an
      inverse correlation does appear to exist between maternal haematocrit and cord pH
      values, it is unlikely that this weak association will prove to be of clinical
      value in the management of labour.

PMID- 2279022
TI  - Persistent fetal sinus bradycardia associated with maternal anti-Ro antibodies.
      Case report.

PMID- 2279024
TI  - Creativity in scientists: do we know it when we see it?

PMID- 2279023
TI  - Cardiac rhabdomyoma as a marker for the prenatal detection of tuberous sclerosis.
      Case report.

PMID- 2279025
TI  - New approaches to chromatin function.
AB  - Our current knowledge of chromatin structure raises the major issue of the
      accessibility of DNA to the proteins involved in macromolecular processes such as
      replication, recombination, and transcription. Recent genetic and biochemical
      analyses have both proven that chromatin structure plays a role in specifically
      repressing the initiation of transcription of several genes and suggested how
      this repression might be overcome in vivo. Such progress in understanding how
      genes are transcribed in a chromatin environment provides us with important
      insights into the means by which specific protein-DNA interactions occur within
      the nucleus.

PMID- 2279026
TI  - Molecular biology in Japan. The 1989 Annual Meeting of the Molecular Biology
      Society of Japan, Sendai, Japan, November 29-December 2, 1989.

PMID- 2279027
TI  - Of mice and molecules. Myelination and Dysmyelination, sponsored by the New York
      Academy of Sciences, Arlington, VA, USA, November 16-18, 1989.

PMID- 2279028
TI  - Path-ology: the cartography of life. The Regulation of Growth and Development-
      the Elucidation of Signal Pathways, the Fifth Annual Symposium on Biotechnology,
      sponsored by the Biological Council, London, UK, December 14-15, 1989.

PMID- 2279029
TI  - Specific high-affinity binding of host cell proteins to the 3' region of rubella
      virus RNA.
AB  - Replication of rubella virus is initiated at the 3' end of the genomic RNA. An
      inverted repeat sequence of 12 nucleotides that is capable of forming a stem-loop
      structure is located at the 3' end of the RNA, 59 nucleotides upstream from the
      poly (A) tail. We screened the 158-bp region of the 3' end of the virus,
      including the stem-loop structure, for its ability to bind to host-cell proteins.
      Specific high-affinity binding of three cytosolic proteins with relative
      molecular masses (Mr) of 61, 63 and 68 kD to the stem-loop structure was observed
      by UV-induced covalent crosslinking. Altering the stem structure by removal of
      specific bases abolished the binding interactions. The binding of the host
      proteins is greatly increased after infection and coincides with the appearance
      of negative strand RNA synthesis. The increase in binding is dependent on new
      protein synthesis. The amount of the 61-kD protein that binds varies in
      uninfected cells and is maximal in cells that are in the stationary phase of
      growth. All binding activity could be abrogated by alkaline phosphatase treatment
      of cell lysates. A possible role of these host proteins in the replication of
      rubella virus is discussed.

PMID- 2279031
TI  - Scientific hype.

PMID- 2279030
TI  - Bending of the origin of replication of E. coli by binding of IHF at a specific
      site.
AB  - In studies of DNA replication in Escherichia coli, an important question concerns
      the role of the initiator protein DnaA. This protein is known to bind to a
      specific 9-bp sequence in the origin of replication, but it is not understood how
      it can recognize another, relatively distant, 13-bp sequence that has no homology
      to the binding site but is where the DnaA protein serves its catalytic function
      in the initiation of DNA replication. This effect of DnaA might be achieved by
      bending of DNA in this region. I have searched for putative binding sites for
      integration host factor (IHF), a protein known to bend DNA. Here I report the
      finding of an IHF binding site in the E. coli origin and present direct evidence
      that IHF binds and causes DNA bending in this region. On the basis of these
      results I propose a model wherein formation of a higher-order nucleoprotein
      structure would facilitate the action of DnaA protein in the initiation events.

PMID- 2279032
TI  - Growth factor-induced gene expression: the ups and downs of c-fos regulation.
AB  - Many growth factor-inducible immediate-early genes, including c-fos, encode
      transcription factors that are believed to propagate the mitogenic signal by
      activating a program of gene expression critical for cell proliferation. This
      review summarizes work aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which a
      growth factor-induced signal effects a change in gene expression. In the case of
      c-fos, both the activation and repression of transcription are mediated by the
      serum response element, a dyad symmetrical sequence found upstream of the c-fos
      gene. This element binds a complex of proteins, a component(s) of which may be
      the target of the growth factor-induced signal. Recent progress made towards
      understanding the roles of these factors in the regulation of c-fos transcription
      will be described.

PMID- 2279033
TI  - Participation of the Escherichia coli heat shock proteins DnaJ, DnaK, and GrpE in
      autorepression of the P1 plasmid repA promoter.
AB  - The replicon of the low copy number plasmid P1 uses the three Escherichia coli
      heat shock proteins DnaJ, DnaK, and GrpE for the efficient initiation of its DNA
      replication. The only P1-encoded protein required for plasmid replication is the
      initiator, RepA. Binding of RepA to the origin also represses the promoter for
      the repA gene, which is located within the origin. We found that repression is
      incomplete in E. coli strains with mutations in the dnaJ, dnaK, or grpE genes.
      Since there is no decrease in RepA concentration in the mutant strains, the
      mutations are likely to affect the protein-DNA or protein-protein reactions
      required for repression, thereby decreasing RepA binding at its promoter. We also
      showed that the deficit in repression can be overcome by providing excess RepA,
      implying that the mechanism of repression is not altered in the mutant strains.
      Since repression requires RepA binding to the origin, a binding deficit might
      account for the replication defect in the heat shock mutants.

PMID- 2279034
TI  - The requirement of IHF protein for extrachromosomal replication of the
      Escherichia coli oriC in a mutant deficient in DNA polymerase I activity.
AB  - It is shown here that plasmids containing the replication origin of Escherichia
      coli (oriC) cannot replicate in an extrachromosomal state in E. coli cells with
      the polA1hip3 double mutation. This E. coli mutant is deficient in the
      polymerizing function of DNA polymerase I (Pol I) and is unable to produce
      functional IHF protein. The inability of the oriC minichromosomes to replicate in
      the absence of IHF is dependent on the absence of Pol I; cells with the polA+himA
      or polA+hip- mutation, which are deficient in the alpha and beta subunits of the
      IHF heterodimer, respectively, can support replication of the oriC replicons. We
      propose that IHF-deficient cells utilize an alternative pathway of the DNA
      replication in which Pol I is required. In vitro DNA binding assays revealed that
      the IHF binding site resides between the oriC coordinates 110 and 122 and is
      adjacent to the DnaA "box" 1. Within the area protected by IHF we found at least
      1 out of 11 GATC methylation sites present in oriC. The consequences of lack of
      IHF protein binding to the oriC and the indirect effects of the IHF deficiency on
      the oriC replication are discussed.

PMID- 2279035
TI  - A microbiological and clinical review of the acute dentoalveolar abscess.
AB  - Early microbiological studies of acute suppurative dental infection implicated
      streptococci or staphylococci as the causative microorganisms but recent studies
      suggest that the microbial flora of acute dentoalveolar abscess is usually
      polymicrobial, predominantly involving CO2-dependent streptococci, strictly
      anaerobic Gram-positive cocci and strictly anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli. These
      differences are probably due to poor sampling techniques and inadequate culture
      methods used in the early investigations. It is now accepted that specimens
      should be obtained by aspiration to avoid contamination and processed promptly
      using strict anaerobic culture. Traditionally the bacterial strains isolated have
      been regarded as members of the normal oral commensal microflora but it is
      becoming increasingly apparent from experimental infections that they have
      pathogenic properties. Although the vast majority of isolates have been found to
      be sensitive to a variety of antimicrobial agents there would not appear to be a
      uniformly effective drug. At the present time a penicillin, such as amoxycillin,
      would probably be the first choice antimicrobial agent with the addition of
      metronidazole if clinical improvement does not occur.

PMID- 2279036
TI  - Gentamicin impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads in the treatment of
      primary chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible.
AB  - Primary chronic osteomyelitis (chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis) of the
      mandible is an uncommon condition, probably arising as a consequence of infection
      with bacteria of low virulence, in which bone deposition rather than bone
      resorption occurs. These bacteria are most likely derived from skin or oral
      mucosa gaining access to bone from the periodontium or through the circulation.
      Furthermore, delayed hypersensitivity and ischaemic changes within bone may
      contribute to the inflammatory response, which once initiated is very difficult
      to eradicate. When the likely aetiological factors are considered a logical
      approach to management includes the surgical removal of affected bone and the
      topical application of a broad spectrum antibiotic to the resultant surgical bed.

PMID- 2279037
TI  - Oral carcinoma of the mandibular region.
AB  - Of the various oral carcinoma subsites, those related to the mandibular region
      are associated with the highest rate of recurrence. To try to find out reasons
      for this, 162 patients with squamous cell carcinoma in the mandibular region
      treated between 1973 and 1985 in the three major university hospitals in Finland,
      were analysed retrospectively, with particular emphasis on clinical features and
      pretreatment evaluation. The analysis showed that 72% of the patients had stage
      III-IV disease. Primary tumour size seemed to be a major factor governing
      prognosis. The presence of palpable lymph nodes was merely a further sign. The
      poor survival statistics were at least partly attributable to inadequate
      pretreatment examination and tumour evaluation. Few attempts had been made to
      evaluate mandibular bone infiltration and tumour extension before treatment.

PMID- 2279038
TI  - Evidence of field change in oral cancer.
AB  - Evidence of field change in oral cancer was assessed using quantitative
      cytomorphometric analysis of smears taken from normal buccal mucosa in oral
      cancer and cancer-free patients. The nuclear areas (NA) and cytoplasmic areas
      (CA) were calculated using a semi-automatic image analysis system. A
      statistically significant reduction in CA (p = 0.002) but no change in NA was
      observed for the oral cancer group. This change occurred irrespective of tobacco
      and alcohol usage. We believe this to be the first evidence for true field change
      since Slaughter's original hypothesis in 1946.

PMID- 2279039
TI  - Model surgery for orthognathic planning.
AB  - A modification of a popular North American model surgery technique is described,
      with a brief comparison with the key-spacer planning system of Lockwood. This
      technique enables bimaxillary movements to be planned with greater accuracy than
      with the Lockwood system.

PMID- 2279040
TI  - Eyelid grafting as a preprosthetic measure for restoring facial defects.
AB  - Prosthetic restoration of a facial defect involving the loss of an eye and
      associated orbital tissues may be restricted by incorrect orientation of the
      prosthesis if the reconstructed tissue bed is uniform and without distinctive
      orbital landmarks. A surgically grafted eyelid is useful in this situation. The
      lower eyelid graft serves to provide an anatomical guide with which to position
      the ocular component of the orbital prosthesis in relation to its established
      visual axis. This assists the subsequent orientation of the adjoining tissue
      portion of the orbital prosthesis, contributing to a well-positioned and
      cosmetically pleasing result.

PMID- 2279042
TI  - Cat scratch disease in the parotid gland presenting with facial paralysis.
AB  - Facial paralysis due to cat scratch disease (CSD) has not been described
      previously. A case is reported where this self limiting benign condition
      presented in a child with a parotid lump and a lower motor neurone facial
      paralysis affecting the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve simulating
      a malignant tumour of the parotid gland. This case demonstrates a highly unusual
      presentation of CSD.

PMID- 2279041
TI  - Unilateral enlargement of the parotid gland in a patient with sialosis and
      contralateral parotid aplasia.
AB  - A case of unilateral aplasia of the parotid gland with sialosis of the
      contralateral parotid is described, together with a review of the literature.
      Aplasia and sialosis are both rare conditions of the major salivary glands and do
      not appear to have been reported previously as occurring together.

PMID- 2279043
TI  - Pilomatrixoma of the preauricular region.
AB  - Pilomatrixoma is a relatively rare benign skin neoplasm, which is generally
      present as a single, asymptomatic dermal or subcutaneous nodule, which occurs
      most often in the first 2 decades of life with a higher incidence in females. The
      usual sites are the face and upper extremities. This paper describes a case of
      such a tumour presenting in the right preauricular region of a 14-year-old
      Japanese girl.

PMID- 2279044
TI  - A simple appliance to correct mandibular deviation following hemimandibulectomy.
AB  - An appliance is described for the rehabilitation of patients following
      hemimandibulectomy. It has the advantages, over traditional prostheses, of being
      quick, simple and cheap to produce.

PMID- 2279045
TI  - Pectoralis major muscle flap with bone graft.

PMID- 2279046
TI  - Surfactant replacement in spontaneously breathing babies with hyaline membrane
      disease--a pilot study.
AB  - In a neonatal unit which, at that time, had no facilities for artificial
      ventilation, 14 newborn infants with birth weight greater than or equal to 1,500
      g fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for severe hyaline membrane disease (HMD)
      were treated by tracheal instillation of bovine surfactant (200 mg/kg). Twelve of
      these babies showed increased transcutaneous PO2/FiO2 ratio within 2 min, the
      average therapeutic response being sustained for at least 72 h. One of the two
      babies who did not respond to treatment was later diagnosed as a case of group B
      streptococcal pneumonia. One baby with favorable initial response died from
      sepsis at the age of 7 days; the other patients survived without sequelae. We
      conclude that treatment with exogenous surfactant might be considered as an
      alternative to ventilator treatment in babies with severe HMD.

PMID- 2279047
TI  - Effects of maternal hyperoxygenation on atrioventricular velocity waveforms in
      healthy and growth-retarded fetuses.
AB  - In order to assess whether maternal hyperoxygenation induces modifications of
      Doppler-measured velocity waveforms across atrioventricular valves, 15 healthy
      and 15 growth-retarded fetuses were studied in basal conditions and during the
      maternal administration of 60% humidified oxygen. Recordings were performed at 5
      min intervals before, during and after maternal oxygen administration. In basal
      conditions, growth-retarded fetuses exhibited significantly lower ratios between
      the velocities during early passive ventricular filling and active ventricular
      filling (E/A ratio) at the level of both mitral and tricuspid valves when
      compared to healthy fetuses. Furthermore in healthy fetuses the velocity time
      integral across the tricuspid valve always slightly exceeded that across the
      mitral valve, whilst growth-retarded fetuses showed an inversed ratio between
      these velocities. During oxygen administration no changes were found between the
      two groups of fetuses with regard to the E/A ratios. Similarly the velocity time
      integrals were unaffected by oxygen administration in the healthy fetuses.
      Besides growth-retarded fetuses exhibited significant temporary modifications
      during oxygen administration as expressed by an increase in the velocity time
      integral across the mitral valve associated with a decrease of that across the
      tricuspid. These changes result in an inversion of the ratio between
      transtricuspid and transmitral velocity time integrals reaching values similar to
      those of healthy fetuses. Short-term oxygen administration affects the
      intracardiac flow redistribution present in growth-retarded fetuses bringing it
      to a pattern similar to that of healthy fetuses whereas the E/A ratios were not
      affected by the treatment.

PMID- 2279048
TI  - Renal effects of caffeine in preterm infants.
AB  - Renal functions were assessed during two 12-hour periods, before and after the
      administration of a single oral dose of caffeine (15 mg/kg) in 13 preterm
      infants. Each infant acted as his own control. Heart rate, mean blood pressure,
      hematocrit, blood pH, arterial PO2 and PCO2 remained stable throughout the two
      successive periods. Mean protein serum level slightly increased from period I to
      period II. Urine flow rate (+63 +/- 57%), water output/input ratio (+49 +/- 54%)
      and creatinine clearance (+79 +/- 102%) increased significantly after the
      administration of caffeine.

PMID- 2279049
TI  - Simultaneous estimation of neonatal total body water by antipyrine and H2(18)O
      dilution.
AB  - Total body water was estimated simultaneously by dilution of antipyrine
      (antipyrine space; APS) and H2(18)O (18O-space; 18OS) in 5 baboon neonates and 2
      two-month-old lambs (total of 14 studies). Calculations of 18OS were made either
      from a single plasma delta 18O measured 4 h after injection of the marker (18OS4)
      or by extrapolation to time zero of several plasma delta 18O obtained at
      precisely timed interval (18OS0). Mean (+/- SD) 18OS4 was on the average 23%
      lower than mean 18OS0 (796 +/- 70 ml/kg vs. 650 +/- 67 ml/kg, p less than 0.001).
      Mean APS was not statistically different from mean 18OS0 (664 +/- 127 ml/kg vs.
      658 +/- 57 ml/kg), but APS ranged from 41% lower to 30% higher than 18OS0. These
      data and information from the literature suggest that antipyrine is of doubtful
      reliability and should be abandoned as a marker for total body water.

PMID- 2279051
TI  - An explanation for ketogenesis by the intestine of the suckling rat: the presence
      of an active hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A pathway.
AB  - Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase is present in the mucosa of
      the proximal small intestine of the suckling rat, as are acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase
      and HMG-CoA lyase. At weaning the activity of HMG-CoA synthase decreases by 90%.
      This change in activity parallels a change in the rate of ketogenesis in vitro by
      mucosal scrapings. Starvation of the pups decreases the rate of ketogenesis. It
      is concluded that the mucosa of the developing rat has an active HMG-CoA pathway
      and that there may be a relationship between intestinal ketogenesis and milk
      consumption in the suckling rat. The possible physiological significance of this
      finding is discussed.

PMID- 2279050
TI  - Regulation of hepatocyte-specific gene expression in cultures of human embryonic
      hepatocytes.
AB  - The aim of this study was to see whether the rat embryo can serve as a model
      system for hepatocyte-specific gene expression in the human embryo.
      Carbamoylphosphate synthetase was used as a hepatocyte-specific marker molecule.
      Despite the earlier developmental appearance of this enzyme in human than in
      murine liver, the hormonal regulation of gene expression in cultures of embryonic
      hepatocytes was found to be the same. Therefore, a relatively early developmental
      appearance of regulatory hormones rather than differences in regulatory
      mechanisms of gene expression appears to be responsible for the early
      accumulation of the enzyme in human liver, when compared to murine liver.

PMID- 2279052
TI  - Impaired random migration and special reactivity to methylprednisolone in young
      guinea pig macrophages.
AB  - Macrophage (M psi) migration ability and its susceptibility to methylprednisolone
      (MP) action, both in vivo and in vitro, were compared in young and adult guinea
      pigs. The random migration of oil-induced peritoneal M psi was tested by the
      capillary tube method. The observation of M psi locomotion from 4 to 44 h of
      incubation showed that cells obtained from young animals had a smaller migration
      ability than those of adults. Besides that, differences in reactivity to MP were
      observed between the compared groups. The application of MP in vivo led to the
      stimulation of young M psi migration in vitro, but inhibited adult M psi
      migration. The exposure of adult M psi to MP in vitro did not affect their
      motility, but migration of the young M psi, as previously, was stimulated. Thus,
      the presented findings report about the immaturity of young M psi random
      migration and its special reactivity to MP.

PMID- 2279053
TI  - Effects of the antiglucocorticoid RU 486 on the initiation of ultrastructural
      type-II cell differentiation in fetal rat lung.
AB  - The possible early role of endogenous glucocorticosteroids on the further ultra
      structural development of the fetal rat lung epithelium was investigated in vitro
      using a potent antiglucocorticoid drug, RU 486. Lung primordia were explanted on
      day 13 of gestation and cultured for 4-6 days in the presence of fetal calf
      serum, with or without RU 486 in excess. The results obtained show that
      osmiophilic lamellar bodies specific for morphologically differentiated type-II
      cells did appear in a number of epithelial cells, even though the
      glucocorticosteroids possibly present in the culture medium, or transferred at
      explantation were antagonized by RU 486. The number of lamellar bodies stored in
      these pneumocytes was not different from that in controls. In contrast, their
      total surface area per cell profile was transiently decreased. Taken together the
      reported data strongly suggest that endogenous glucocorticosteroids are not
      necessary for the initiation of type-II cell differentiation.

PMID- 2279054
TI  - Effect of calcium phosphate coating characteristics on early post-operative bone
      tissue ingrowth.
AB  - The synthesis of model porous metal-CPC materials, and their use in one
      parametric studies of bone tissue ingrowth enhancement were considered. By using
      the same starting calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite powder, three different
      coatings, CAP1, CAP2 and CAP3, were obtained of thicknesses 50 +/- 5, 75 +/- 5
      and 75 +/- 5 microns, respectively. CAP1 and 2 were either the starting powder
      mixed in a 3:1 ratio CPC: poly(lactic acid) or the powder by itself. The CAP3
      coating was the result of a thermal treatment producing a mixture of
      oxyhydroxyapatite, alpha- and beta-tricalcium phosphate. Orderly oriented wire
      mesh porous coated specimens were implanted, along with the same specimens lined
      with CAP 1, 2 or 3. Subsequently, the total of 156 specimens was retrieved at 2,
      4 or 6 wk, and tested mechanically and processed for histomorphometry. The data
      produced considerable evidence for the CPC-dependent enhancement of bone tissue
      ingrowth in porous metals immediately after implantation. They prove that the
      materials processing of CPC coatings influences the resulting biological
      behaviour substantially. Furthermore, they support the hypothesis that ceramic
      dissolution is a causative factor on the bone tissue growth enhancement
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2279055
TI  - Utilization of composite laminate theory in the design of synthetic soft tissues
      for biomedical prostheses.
AB  - There are several advantages of using composite design considerations for the
      preparation of biomedical soft tissues. Using a composite laminate design, a wide
      range for compliance results, proving that the prosthesis compliance can be
      altered without a concomitant variation of other properties. The trend of
      compliance as a function of the reinforcement angle is discussed for an angle-ply
      composite of low compliance constituents, as well as the implications for stress
      strain behaviour. Experimental examples pertinent to prosthetic arterial design
      are presented.

PMID- 2279056
TI  - Polyurethane elastomer with PEO-PTMO-PEO soft segment for sustained release of
      drugs.
AB  - Blood-compatible segmented polyurethanes and polyurethaneureas were evaluated as
      drug delivery matrices using crystal violet and benzethonium chloride as model
      drugs. These polymers were synthesized from ABA-type triblock copolyether as a
      prepolymer, where A stands for poly(ethylene oxide) and B for poly(tetramethylene
      oxide). Microphase separation was observed in segmented polyurethaneureas,
      including drug-doped films. Crystal violet dissolved more in the hard segment
      domain than in the soft segment matrix, whereas benzethonium chloride was easily
      dissolved in the soft segment matrix. The drug release behaviours from these
      films were analysed by the exponent relation Mt/M infinity = ktn, where k and n
      are constants and Mt/M infinity is the fraction of drug released until time, t.
      The constant k grew with increasing poly(ethylene oxide) content in the
      prepolymer, i.e. increased swelling. The constant n was found to be close to 0.5
      in many samples, which suggests the release of drug from these polymers is
      explained by the Fickian diffusion model. However, the mechanism became non
      Fickian with increased swelling of the devices.

PMID- 2279057
TI  - Oxidized cellulose mesh. I. Biodegradable membrane in periodontal surgery.
AB  - Regeneration of tissues after surgery has been demonstrated using a variety of
      membranes placed after surgical exposure of periodontal defects. In this study,
      biodegradable oxidized cellulose mesh was used in human subjects to improve post
      operative healing. Healing was good, with all pockets less than 3 mm post
      operatively. Less recession occurred in some of the sites which received the
      mesh, but this was not significantly different from the sites which did not
      receive the mesh. A varied healing response was noted in different sites and in
      different individuals. A number of factors may determine the nature and extent of
      the healing response, but these are ill defined. Histological investigation of
      the healing response of the tissues was not possible in this clinical study. The
      study has shown that oxidized cellulose mesh has the potential to enhance healing
      after surgery, and it may be useful as an alternative biodegradable material for
      use in the technique of guided tissue regeneration.

PMID- 2279058
TI  - Oxidized cellulose mesh. II. Using hydroxy-apatite bone grafting material in the
      treatment of infrabony defects.
AB  - Biodegradable oxidized cellulose mesh has been used in conjunction with
      hydroxyapatite synthetic bone grafting material to enhance retention of the graft
      material and to improve post-operative healing of infrabony defects treated
      surgically. Initially a good healing response was achieved, but there was a
      tendency for the sites to relapse in the 8 wk following surgery. A tendency to
      relapse in reconstructive dentistry is well known, and the possible factors which
      limit the amount of regeneration of tissues are considered. Although there appear
      to be limitations on the regeneration possible in tissues, the factors that
      determine these limitations are poorly understood at present.

PMID- 2279059
TI  - Formulation of tissue conditioners.
AB  - Dental tissue conditioners are compliant gels, formed in situ under a denture
      from a polymer powder and a plasticizer system. Hitherto, the powder has been
      poly(ethyl methacrylate) and the liquid a phthalate/ethanol mixture. These
      materials are temporary, because they harden from plasticizer leaching. The
      current work has been aimed at producing material with extended oral lifetimes. A
      range of n-butyl/ethyl methacrylate copolymers have been studied, together with
      various ester-ethanol liquid systems, with respect to gelation behaviour with
      various alcohols and esters, viscoelastic behaviour of the set gels, and water
      extraction. Materials based on poly(ethyl methacrylate) show that gelation speed
      depends upon particle size, and the degree of ball milling of the powder, and the
      molar volume of the plasticizer. Systems based on n-butyl/ethyl methacrylate
      copolymers need less or no ethanol in the liquid system, although gelation speed
      is very temperature dependent. The gels from these last materials are more
      compliant, and retain their compliance longer in aqueous media than those based
      on poly(ethyl methacrylate).

PMID- 2279060
TI  - Glycidyl acrylate plasma glow discharged polymers.
AB  - A homogeneous glycidyl acrylate polymer (GAP) has been grafted on to
      polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyethylene (PE) using a modified plasma glow
      discharge technique with glycidyl acrylate. The polymeric layer appears to be
      extremely stable to acidic media and to common organic solvents. The modified
      surface can be derivatized via epoxy groups with hydroxy and amino compounds
      including sugars and amino sugars. These derivatized surfaces have been
      characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and contact angle
      measurements. The wide variety of compounds which can be attached provides
      flexibility in the design of surfaces for the study of a range of biological
      interactions.

PMID- 2279061
TI  - In vitro model for the degradation of alkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles.
AB  - A photometric assay was developed to study the surface erosion of polymeric
      nanoparticles. The hydrolytic degradation of polyalkylcyanoacrylate particles was
      studied in different environments (NaOH, buffer, cell culture medium and serum).
      The influence of particle modification on the degradation rate was assessed.
      Particularly, the effect of polymer coating for particle targeting and
      fluorescence labelling was investigated. From the absorption data, a t50% and
      t100% can be calculated for fast degrading particles and obtained by an
      extrapolation in case of a slow degradation process. The degradation rate was
      found to decrease with increasing alkyl chain length from methyl-, ethyl-,
      isobutyl- to isohexylcyanoacrylate particles. Polymer coating and fluorescent
      labelling had little effect on the rate of degradation.

PMID- 2279062
TI  - Method for ultrastructural studies of the intact tissue-metal interface.
AB  - Samples were prepared for ultrastructural studies of the intact interface between
      metallic implants and tissue by transmission electron microscopy. The method is
      based on plastic embedding of implant and tissue and subsequent removal of the
      bulk metal by electrochemical dissolution (electropolishing), to facilitate
      preparation of ultrathin sections for transmission electron microscopy. Surface
      sensitive spectroscopy (Auger electron microscopy and X-ray photoemission
      spectroscopy) and transmission electron microscopy EDX results show that the
      method produces samples with an intact interface, containing the implant surface
      oxide and the adjacent tissue. Examples of application of the method on titanium,
      zirconium and aluminium implants in soft tissue are given.

PMID- 2279064
TI  - Dynamic bending rigidity of DNA.
AB  - Rapidly relaxing components in the decay of the transient electric dichroism of
      DNA restriction fragments were reported by Diekmann et al. [(1982) Biophys. Chem.
      15, 263-270] and Porschke et al. [(1987) Biopolymers 26, 1971-1974]. These are
      analyzed using a new normal mode theory for weakly bending rods and assigned to
      bending. The longest bending relaxation times for fragments with 95-250 base
      pairs coincide with the theoretical curve calculated for a dynamic bending
      rigidity corresponding to a dynamic persistence length Pd = 2100 A. Analysis of
      the relative amplitudes of fast and slow components following weak orienting
      pulses is also consistent with a rather large dynamic persistence length. The
      enhancement of the relative amplitude of the fast component in large electric
      fields is attributed to steady-state bending of initially perpendicular DNAs by
      the field. Several reasons are proposed why the dynamic bending rigidity is 4
      times larger than the apparent static bending rigidity inferred from equilibrium
      persistence length measurements on the same fragments.

PMID- 2279063
TI  - Vacuum cell seeding: a new method for the fast application of an evenly
      distributed cell layer on porous vascular grafts.
AB  - The study was to develop a method to induce rapid endothelial coverage of
      vascular prostheses by cell seeding. The method uses vacuum pressure and is
      therefore called vacuum cell seeding. A special seeding device was constructed,
      in which grafts of different length and/or inner diameter could be positioned.
      Microporosity of the grafts was a prerequisite for this method. Two types of
      commercially available microporous grafts were tested. The ePTFE graft routinely
      used clinically needed pretreatment to enable the method, whilst a polyurethane
      based graft could be seeded as received. Vacuum cell seeding applied cells from a
      suspension in culture medium within 10 min in an evenly distributed cell layer on
      to the luminal graft surface. The adhering cells immediately started flattening,
      thereby completely covering the luminal surface. It was concluded that the vacuum
      cell seeding method rapidly introduced a confluent layer of seeded cells on
      porous vascular grafts in a simple way, which in the clinical setting could
      easily be performed on the operating table.

PMID- 2279066
TI  - Studies on the conformation of and metal ion binding by teichoic acid of
      Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Teichoic acid (TA) isolated from the gram-positive bacteria S. aureus binds
      cationic dyes like pinacyanol (PCYN), 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue, acridine
      orange, etc., depicting blue-shifted metachromasia, and they bind the cationic
      dye carbocyanine depicting the red-shifted J band. TAs do not show any uv
      absorption band, and exhibition of tailing CD in the short uv region hints at its
      chiral conformation. Chiral conformation of TA has been confirmed from the
      induction of strong biphasic CD in the TA-carbocyanine system. Relative
      affinities for Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ have been probed from the disruption of
      metachromasia of the TA-dye system by these ions. Results show Ca2+ and Mg2+ to
      be almost equally effective in destroying the metachromasia of the TA-PCYN
      system, thus not supporting the hypothesis of special affinity for Mg2+ ion.

PMID- 2279065
TI  - The solution conformations of ferrichrome and deferriferrichrome determined by 1H
      NMR spectroscopy and computational modeling.
AB  - We have applied computational procedures that utilize nmr data to model the
      solution conformation of ferrichrome, a rigid microbial iron transport
      cyclohexapeptide of known x-ray crystallographic structure [D. van der Helm et
      al. (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 4224-4231]. The Al3+ and Ga3+ diamagnetic
      analogues, alumichrome and gallichrome, dissolved in d6-dimethylsulfoxide (d6
      DMSO), were investigated via one- and two-dimensional 1H-nmr spectroscopy at 300,
      600, and 620 MHz. Interproton distance constraints derived from proton Overhauser
      experiments were input to a distance geometry algorithm [T. F. Havel and K.
      Wuthrich (1984) Bull. Math. Biol. 46, 673-691] in order to generate a family of
      ferrichrome structures consistent with the experimental data. These models were
      subsequently optimized through restrained molecular dynamics/energy minimization
      [B. R. Brooks et al. (1983) J. Comp. Chem. 4, 187-217]. The resulting structures
      were characterized in terms of relative energies and conformational properties.
      Computations based on integration of the generalized Bloch equations for the
      complete molecule, which include the 14N-1H dipolar interaction, demonstrate that
      the x-ray coordinates reproduce the experimental nuclear Overhauser effect time
      courses very well, and indicate that there are no significant differences between
      the crystalline and solution conformations of ferrichrome. A similar study of the
      metal free peptide, deferriferrichrome, suggests that at least two conformers are
      present in d6-DMSO at 23 degrees C. Both are different from the ferrichrome
      structure and explain, through conformational averaging, the observed amide NH
      and CH alpha multiplet splittings. The occurrence of interconverting peptide
      backbone conformations yields an increased number of sequential NH-CH alpha and
      NH-NH Overhauser connectivities, which reflects the mean value of r-6 dependence
      of the dipolar interaction. Our results support the idea that, in the case of
      structurally rigid peptides, moderately accurate distance constraints define a
      conformational subspace encompassing the "true" structure, and that energy
      considerations reduce the size of this subspace. For flexible peptides, however,
      the straight-forward approach can be misleading since the nmr parameters are
      averaged over substantially different conformational states.

PMID- 2279067
TI  - Mechanical properties of DNA films.
AB  - The Young's dynamical modulus (E) and the DNA film logarithmic decrement (theta)
      at frequencies from 50 Hz to 20 kHz are measured. These values are investigated
      as functions of the degree of hydration and temperature. Isotherms of DNA film
      hydration at 25 degrees C are measured. The process of film hydration changing
      with temperature is studied. It is shown that the Young's modulus for wet DNA
      films (E = 0.02-0.025 GN m-2) strongly increases with decreasing hydration and
      makes E = 0.5-0.7 GN m-2. Dependence of E on hydration is of a complex character.
      Young's modulus of denatured DNA films is larger than that of native ones. All
      peculiarities of changing of E and theta of native DNA films (observed at
      variation of hydration) vanish in the case of denatured ones. The native and
      denatured DNA films isotherms are different and depend on the technique of
      denaturation. The Young's modulus of DNA films containing greater than 1 g H2O/g
      dry DNA is found to decrease with increasing temperature, undergoing a number of
      step-like changes accompanied by changes in the film hydration. At low water
      content (less than 0.3 g H2O/g dry DNA), changing of E with increasing
      temperature takes place smoothly. The denaturation temperature is a function of
      the water content.

PMID- 2279068
TI  - Conformational studies on peptides with proline in the right-handed alpha-helical
      region.
AB  - The proline residues in proteins are known to play an important structural role.
      Recently, the role of a proline residue in the middle of right-handed alpha
      helical segments of peptides has been the focus of attention. This role seems to
      be particularly important in the case of membrane proteins and in the tight
      packing of globular proteins. In the present study the right-handed alpha-helical
      region of the Ala-Pro dipeptide and of polypeptides containing this group have
      been investigated. Crystal structures of proline-containing alpha-helices from
      some proteins have been analyzed and energy minimization studies on some model
      fragments containing Ala-Pro in the right-handed alpha-helical conformation have
      been carried out using flexible geometry. The present calculations indicate that
      the right-handed alpha-helical region of conformational space is an energetically
      favored region that can also accommodate Ala-Pro in longer segments of right
      handed alpha-helix. This is achieved due to minor variations in some of the
      internal parameters. Deviations in the backbone parameters of proline in the
      right-handed alpha-helix lead to a kink of about 23 degrees in the helix axis.
      These deviations have been characterized and a set of standard values has been
      suggested for producing such a kink. These values can be used for model building
      and as starting points for further minimization studies. Previous energy
      minimization studies have been done using rigid geometry. This may explain why
      the minimum for Ala-Pro in the right-handed alpha-helical region has not been
      recognized thus far.

PMID- 2279069
TI  - A hierarchical "nesting" approach to describe the stability of alpha helices with
      side-chain interactions.
AB  - A straightforward hierarchical statistical-mechanical approach is shown to enable
      one to describe the stability of the alpha helix in the presence of side-chain
      interactions. The formulation can be used with even the simple nearest-neighbor
      models and it is demonstrated explicitly with the popular 2 x 2 Zimm-Bragg model
      [B. H. Zimm and J. K. Bragg (1959) J. Chem. Physics 31, 526-535]. It involves a
      conceptual dissection of the polypeptide chain into interacting blocks; the
      behavior of any block with side-chain interactions is treated then with
      conventional binding polynomial techniques. This dissection is a manifestation of
      "nesting," which is a hierarchical framework for the description of the behavior
      of complex macromolecules [C. H. Robert, H. Decker, B. Richey, S. J. Gill, and J.
      Wyman (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84, 1891-1895]. The method is demonstrated
      through applications to existing, detailed data for the pH and salt dependences
      of the helix-coil transition in the S peptide and in synthetic peptides.

PMID- 2279070
TI  - Thermal unfolding of helices of a C-peptide analogue of ribonuclease A in sodium
      dodecyl sulfate solution.
AB  - The conformation of a 13-residue C-peptide analogue of ribonuclease A, suc-AET
      AAAKFLRAHA-CONH2, in NaDodSO4 solutions with respect to temperature was studied
      with CD. The equilibrium constant of unfolding yielded a straight line in a van't
      Hoff plot. In 10 mM NaDodSO4, delta G mu = 120 cal/mol, delta H mu = 700 cal/mol,
      and delta S mu = 2.0 entropy units all on per helical residue. These values
      compared fairly well with the thermodynamic parameters of the uncharged helix
      coil transition of (Glu)n in 0.1 M NaCl based on the theories of Zimm and Bragg
      and Zimm and Rice. The peptide was not unfolded at 75 degrees C completely. Even
      in water without surfactant it was not a "random coil."

PMID- 2279071
TI  - Synthetic and conformational studies on dehydroalanine-containing model peptides.
AB  - Three model dipeptides containing a dehydroalanine residue (delta Ala) at the C
      terminal, Boc-X-delta Ala-NHCH3 [X = Ala, Val, and Phe,] have been synthesized
      and their solution conformations investigated by 1H-NMR, IR, and CD spectroscopy.
      NMR studies on these peptides in CDCl3 clearly indicate that the NH group of
      dehydroalanine is involved in an intramolecular hydrogen bond. This conclusion is
      supported by IR studies also. Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) studies are also
      accommodative of an inverse gamma-turn-type of conformation that is characterized
      by conformational angles of phi approximately -70 degrees and psi approximately
      +70 degrees around the X residue, and a C alpha i + 1 H-Ni + 2H interproton
      distance of 2.5 A. It appears that unlike dehydrophenylalanine or dehydroleucine,
      which tend to stabilize beta-turn type of structures occupying the i + 2 position
      of the turn, dehydroalanine favors the formation of an inverse gamma-turn,
      centered at the preceding L-residue in such solvents as CDCl3 and (CD3)2SO. A
      comparison of solution conformation of Boc Val-delta Ala-NHCH3 with the
      corresponding saturated analogue, Boc-Val-Ala-NHCH3, is also presented and shows
      that dehydroalanine is responsible for inducing the turn structure. It may be
      possible to design peptides with different preferred conformations using the
      suitable dehydroamino acid.

PMID- 2279072
TI  - Temporary network formation of hyaluronate under a physiological condition. 1.
      Molecular-weight dependence.
AB  - The dynamic shear moduli at various frequencies and stress growth after the
      sudden start of steady shear were measured for 1% HA (hyaluronic acid) solutions
      with different molecular weights. From the results of the zero shear viscosity,
      eta 0, the steady shear compliance, J 0e, and delta eta defined as delta eta =
      eta 0 - eta a (infinity), where eta a (infinity) is the apparent viscosity at the
      steady state, it was shown that the molecular mechanism of flow of 1% HA
      solutions was classified into four regions with respect to molecular weight: (I)
      the viscosity-average molecular weight Mv less than 35 X 10(4), HA chains are
      dispersed molecularly in solution; (II) 35 X 10(4) less than Mv less than 100 X
      10(4), the polymer chains form a weak entanglement network observed only through
      eta 0; (III) 100 X 10(4) less than Mv less than 160 X 10(4), the network is
      strengthened with increasing molecular weight and becomes detectable through both
      eta 0 and J 0e and also through the overshoot phenomenon; and (IV) 160 X 10(4)
      less than Mv, the network is "saturated" or "completed" dynamically. This is the
      conjecture presented for the first time by the present work.

PMID- 2279073
TI  - Bond-optimized ring closure for proline: comparison of conformations and
      semiempirical energies with small molecule X-ray structures.
AB  - A method is described for generating proline ring structures by successive
      addition of atoms, wherein ring closure is achieved by optimizing the fit to
      known ring bond-angles and one closing bond-length ("bond-optimized ring
      closure"). Two ring torsion angles are fixed independently within broad, allowed
      ranges, and the remaining torsion angles are determined uniquely in most cases.
      The independent torsion angles are chosen as phi and chi 2, and ring closure is
      achieved without prohibitive strain through most of the ranges -130 degrees less
      than phi less than -20 degrees and -60 degrees less than chi 2 less than 60
      degrees. Comparisons of predicted ring structures to 191 X-ray diffraction
      structures from the literature, starting with the known values of phi and chi 2,
      yielded root-mean-square deviations of 4.8 degrees in chi 1, 4.7 degrees in chi
      3, 8.3 degrees in chi 4, and 0.3-2% in the ring bond angles and the N-C delta
      distance. Semiempirical energies were calculated for the optimized structures
      using three sets of energy parameters from the literature. The energy surfaces
      show broad minima coinciding with the torsion angle regions in which the highest
      concentrations of observed structures are found. Two of the sets of energy
      parameters produce double minima corresponding to the "up" and "down" puckered
      conformations.

PMID- 2279075
TI  - [Effects of auricular electrostimulation and naloxone on nociceptive sensitivity
      in rabbits].
AB  - Auriculo-acupuncture electrostimulation (AES) (15 H2) decreased the amplitude of
      somatosensory evoked potential (EP) in response to tooth pulp electrostimulation
      in 64% of acupuncture-sensitive unanesthetized rabbits and didn't induce the
      changes of EP in 36% of animals (acupuncture-resistant rabbits). The systemic
      naloxone (0.2 mg/kg) injection reversed the AES analgetic effect and induced the
      hyperalgesic one in acupuncture-sensitive rabbits but induced the analgetic
      effect in acupuncture-resistant animals. It has been suggested that the
      differences of individual characteristics of endogenous opioid system determined
      different naloxone action in acupuncture-sensitive and acupuncture-resistant
      rabbits.

PMID- 2279074
TI  - On the physicochemical properties of gellan gum.
AB  - This paper concerns the behavior in dilute and demidilute solutions of
      deacetylated gellan. The conformational transition, controlled by temperature and
      ionic strength, is investigated. It corresponds to a double-helix single-chain
      transition. Large ionic selectivity is observed in the helical conformation th at
      controls the degree of aggregation upon gelation. Potentiometry and conductivity
      measurements are interpreted in terms of the Manning polyelectrolyte theory in
      the sol state.

PMID- 2279076
TI  - [Dependence of search activities on the probability of random execution of
      instrumental reaction].
AB  - The increase in rat search activity was found to develop in early stages of the
      learning when probability of random performance of instrumental reaction to light
      was equal to 0.25. This phenomenon was not depended on duration of conditioned
      signal and/or/of intersignal period at the invariable probability. The
      probability of random performance of instrumental reaction is suggested to
      determine search activity and to be able to influence leaning rate.

PMID- 2279077
TI  - [Increasing resistance to emotional stress by endogenous peptide prolactin].
AB  - In real work we studied ability of endogenic peptide prolactin to raise the
      resistance of emotional stress under existing conditions of experimental model.
      Emotional stress was formed in the course of 5 days during 5 hours with fixation
      of groups of rats. All experimental animals were divided into three groups. The
      experiments showed the ability of the prolactin to raise the resistance of
      emotional stress.

PMID- 2279078
TI  - [Effects of organic calcium antagonists and magnesium on the development of
      corazol kindling].
AB  - In experiments on rats it was shown that i.p. administration of finoptin
      (verapamil), magnesium sulfate or ryodipine (an 1,4-dihydropyridine) 15 min
      before each daily injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in a subconvulsive dose
      (30 mg/kg i.p.) significantly (for 10-12 days delayed the development of
      pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and attenuated kindled seizure reaction as
      compared with the controls. In animals sensitive to PTZ which were selected on
      the test of their reaction to previous single PTZ injection in a dose of 40 mg/kg
      finoptin, magnesium or finoptin + magnesium resulted in suppression of kindling
      development at late stages (after 2-week administration of drugs together with
      PTZ). After the withdrawal of the drugs there was a tendency to an increase of
      seizure reaction to the testing PTZ dose (30 mg/kg). The enhanced seizure
      susceptibility to test PTZ dose has being persisted during all observation period
      (8 months). Finoptin administered 15 min prior to PTZ had no effect on the
      severity of seizure reaction of fully kindled animals which had not received the
      drugs. The results obtained show that organic Ca-antagonists and magnesium delay
      the development of kindling induced seizure susceptibility, but cannot completely
      prevent it. The results also suggest that mechanisms of the chronic
      epileptogenesis (development of kindling induced seizure susceptibility) and
      those of the acute convulsive reaction to the epileptogen are not similar.

PMID- 2279079
TI  - [Changes in the incorporation of labeled amino acids into separate protein
      fractions of the cerebral tissue in rats after intrauterine hypoxia].
AB  - Incorporation of 14C-amino acid mixture into the cortex and cerebellum protein
      was studied in 7, 15, 30 days old rats after prenatal hypoxia. Prenatal hypoxic
      rats was shown to have alteration of the pattern of incorporation of label
      predecessors into brain protein. Prenatal hypoxia led to significant decrease of
      incorporation value at 30,000 molecular weight fractions. It is assumed that
      prenatal hypoxia results in selective changes of the brain protein synthesis.

PMID- 2279080
TI  - [Dynamics of the rythm of the isolated and intact frog heart].
AB  - This study was designed to examine the changes of the isolated frog's heart rate
      as a function of the time in the two time intervals: 20-95 min and 95-170 min
      after hearts were prepared. The heart rate decreased in these intervals quite
      linear but average slope between 20-75 min was significantly steeper than in the
      time interval 95-170 min. It was shown that the difference in the heart rate
      response induced by the increasing temperature in intact animals and isolated
      hearts partly might be explored by this decrease in the isolated frog's heart
      rate with time.

PMID- 2279081
TI  - [Experimental bases of endoscopic correction of the secretory function of the
      stomach].
AB  - The article gives experimental data proving the usage of the method of bloodless
      reduction of gastric secretion through endoscope in case of peptic ulcer.
      Pricking around the secretory zones of the stomach with hypertonic glucose
      solution conducted on 35 mongrel dogs led to a stable reduction of acid producing
      function of the stomach. Morphological changes of the stomach mucous membrane
      were mainly expressed in the atrophy of glands. The analysis of the test results
      gives opportunity to recommend the clinical introduction of the method in complex
      treatment of peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2279082
TI  - [Disorders of supporting mechanisms of resting membrane potentials of the
      cardiomyocytes during stress and their prevention].
AB  - Incubation of the rats' hearts in low temperature (4 degrees C) in the course of
      1.5 h reduced the rest membrane potential (RP) of the cardiomyocytes from 86 +/-
      2 to 60 +/- 2 mv. Rapid rewarming to 36 degrees C resulted in hyperpolarization
      of the membrane potential to 103 +/- 3 mv with maximal speed of restitution of RP
      about 0.35 mv/sec. These results were determined by electrogenic Na-pump. In the
      heart of rats, exposed to 6-hour immobilization stress, the speed of restitution
      of RP decreased to 0.15 +/- 0.01 mv/sec and the hyperpolarization effect was
      eliminated. This was indicated on the disturbance of Na-pump of the
      cardiomyocytes membranes. Preliminary treatment with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid or
      antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and ionol prevented stress-induced disturbances of
      the cardiomyocytes.

PMID- 2279083
TI  - [Effects of repeated skin applications of heavy pyrolysis resin on cytochrome P
      450 level and glutathione transferase activity in liver microsomes and cytosol in
      rats in relation to the level of toxic effects of pyrolysis resin on internal
      organs].
AB  - Rats received 20 skin applications of heavy pyrolysis resin, containing about 30%
      of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The every exposure duration was 4 hours a
      day. Applications have been carried out daily 5 days a week in the course of 4
      weeks. Induction of cytochrome P-450 (P-450) by 79%, significant induction of
      microsomal (GTm) and cytosol (GTc) glutathione-S-transferase activity (by 46 and
      85%, respectively) and small increase of reduced glutathione level (by 9%) also
      were registered as a result of these exposures. Lipid peroxidation level
      determined by TBK-reactive products quantity didn't alter significantly. Close
      correlation between ratio values of P-450/GTm levels and P-450/GTc levels and
      toxic effect indices of heavy pyrolysis resin on rat immune and endocrine
      systems.

PMID- 2279084
TI  - [Comparison of the protective effects on the erythrocytes of ceruloplasmin from
      the blood of healthy donors and patients with hepatocerebral dystrophy].
AB  - The binding of the ceruloplasmin (CP) from the healthy donor's blood and of
      ceruloplasmin--like protein (p-CP) isolated from the Wilson disease patient's
      blood with erythrocytes (RBC) of healthy donors and with RBC of Wilson's patients
      (p-RBC) was investigated. It was shown, that the CP number of binding sites both
      on the RBC and p-RBC was significantly lower than that for p-CP, but Kd value for
      p-CP binding of the both types of erythrocytes was approximately 10 times higher
      than Kd value for CP. The protective action of CP on copper stimulated hemolysis
      is almost 3 times higher than that of p-CP. The protective action of CP on
      ferrous ion stimulated hemolysis doesn't correlate with its ferroxidase activity.
      On the contrary the protective effect of p-CP which has no ferroxidase activity
      is more powerful than that of CP.

PMID- 2279085
TI  - [Dynamics of DNA-binding activity of cytoplasmic proteins in autoproteolysis].
AB  - The quality proteolysis changing of DNA-binding proteins of cytosol mice liver
      was studied by affinity chromatography on DNA-cellulose. It is shown that neutral
      proteolysis leads to the second peak of DNA binding.

PMID- 2279086
TI  - [Effects of elemental sulphur on the activity of adenylate kinase and performance
      of isolated rabbit heart].
AB  - The experiments performed have shown that elemental sulphur inhibited only
      cytoplasmic isoenzyme of adenylate kinase without having any effect on
      mitochondrial isoenzyme. Effect of sulphur is related to its reaction with SH
      groups of enzyme. Sulphur also by 50% inhibited cytoplasmic adenylate kinase in
      intact myocardium during perfusion of isolated rabbit heart. Under this
      circumstances the amplitude of contractions is diminished but perfusate flow is
      increased. Thus elemental sulphur must be considered as a new specific SH-reagent
      and vasodilator drug.

PMID- 2279087
TI  - [Effects of nifedipine and riodipine on biochemical processes in intact
      erythrocytes].
AB  - Cardiovascular drugs nifedipine and riodipine (1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives)
      were studied as to their effect on some biochemical characteristics of
      erythrocytes. Both compounds failed to effect 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
      concentration in intact erythrocytes, but slightly decreased the level of
      adenosinetriphosphate. The drugs inhibited the process of acid hemolysis, this
      inhibition being particularly manifest in the case of nifedipine.

PMID- 2279088
TI  - [Effects of oxiracetam and piracetam on the electrical activity of neurons of the
      cerebral cortex].
AB  - The effect of oxiracetam and piracetam on the spontaneous impulse neuronal
      activity of the somatosensory cortex of the cat and rabbit was studied.
      Oxiracetam and piracetam when applied microiontophoretically changed neuronal
      activity by depressing in the majority of the cases studied or sometimes
      facilitating the spontaneous firing rate. A small percentage of neurons (about
      30%) remains unaffected by the application of the nootropics. In some cases
      oxiracetam and piracetam diminished the depress effect of morphine and DADLE on
      the spontaneous impulse neuronal activity.

PMID- 2279089
TI  - [Emoxipin pharmacokinetics in normal conditions and in models of experimental
      pathology].
AB  - The experimentally induced infarct and postoperative stress were shown to alter
      the kinetics of emoxipine consumption revealed in the increase of drug level in
      the blood. Elimination rate declines resulting in the increase of emoxipine
      bioavailability. This tendency is especially appreciable during elimination. The
      high emoxipine concentration appears to be the result of feedback regulation of
      its delivery from depot. Therefore pathological conditions have a significant
      effect on pharmacokinetics of emoxipine; this phenomenon seems to intensify the
      pharmacological action of this drug.

PMID- 2279090
TI  - [Effects of liposome form of triombrast on the state of blood and organ lipids in
      experimental animals].
AB  - The authors studies the effect of liposomes carrying triombrast on blood and
      organ lipids contents in rats. Free triombrast doesn't influence the blood and
      organ lipids content; only in plasma it induced an increase in triglycerides
      content.

PMID- 2279091
TI  - [Effects of triofen on platelet aggregation].

PMID- 2279092
TI  - [Clinical and biochemical parameters of parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl
      1,2,2,6-tetrahydropyridine and its methyl-phenyl and methoxy-phenyl derivatives
      in C57Bl/6 mice].
AB  - Possibility of ortho-, para-, meta-methylphenyl and methoxyphenyl-derivates of
      MPTP to produce parkinsonism was investigated. Only ortho-methylphenyl- and ortho
      methoxyphenyl-derivates of MPTP cause a persistent loss in dopamine content in
      the brain and produced the clinical symptoms of parkinsonism. All substances
      produced Parkinsonian-like syndrome gives the symptoms of activation of nervous
      system during 0.5-1 h after injection and symptoms of depression in following 3 h
      of observations.

PMID- 2279093
TI  - [Effects of dalargin on the processes of cell division in the gastric epithelium
      during stress].
AB  - Influence of dalargine on cell division in stomach epithelium of male rats,
      stressed by 4-hour immobilization was studied using autoradiographic 3H-thymidine
      test. Norepinephrine and diene conjugates content in stomach tissue were also
      determined in these animals spectrofluorometrically. Dalargine (10 micrograms/kg)
      gas injected to experimental group 40 min before stressing. Dalargine prevented
      stress-induced DNA-synthesis disturbances and stabilized proliferating cells pool
      just after the stress. It also decreased proliferation processes depression in 12
      and 24 hours after stress and accelerated compensatory DNA-synthesis.

PMID- 2279094
TI  - [Study of the action of immunomodulator T-activin on electric properties of
      plasma membranes of thymus cells by the use of fluorescent probes].
AB  - T-activin alters the electric properties of plasmatic membranes of the T-activin
      treated suspension of mouse (CBAX X057B1) F1 thymic cells. These alterations were
      registered by means of negative charged fluorescent probe l-anilino-naphthalene-8
      sulfonate (ANS) and positive charged 4-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium
      (DSM) by measurement of their fluorescence in the individual thymic cell.
      Apparently, T-activin leads to depolarization of transmembrane potential on
      plasmatic membrane of thymic cells. It seems that action of T-activin is similar
      to the effect of polycations, which alter cells ionic streams during lymphocyte
      activation. However, there is a version, that T-activin acts like neuraminidase,
      but it is activity less expressed.

PMID- 2279095
TI  - [Kinetics of lymphocytes in mice with alloxan diabetes].
AB  - Alloxan diabetes (sucrose blood concentrate greater than or equal to 14 mmol/l
      decreased the life time of blood lymphocytes and increased the migration of these
      cells from lymphatic organs in BALB/c male mice. The proliferation pools of
      lymphoblasts and prolymphocytes in the thymus of diabetic mice were depressed,
      but in the lymphatic nodes remained unchanged. It has been shown that in lymphoid
      cells of the thymus of mice with diabetes the generation time and the time of G1-
      and G2-phase were significantly increased, but the time of the S-phase of the
      life cycle of these cells was normal. Proliferation of the lymphoid cells in
      lymphatic nodes was insulin-dependent. It has been shown that in the
      prolymphocytes of lymphatic nodes from diabetic mice the duration of the G1-phase
      was significantly decreased.

PMID- 2279096
TI  - [Effects of Rodiola extract on the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells of
      the liver, spleen, lungs and small intestine in rats after partial hepatectomy].
AB  - In experiments on Wistar rats the cytotoxic activity of NK on the 1, 2, 10 days
      after partial hepatectomy (PH) and the application of Rodiola extract (RE) was
      studied. After 5 injections of RE the NK activity in gut increased by 112%, and
      after 12 ones (towards the end of experiment) by 222% in the spleen. The
      decreasing of this index in a first day after PH in lung, liver and gut was shown
      to restore in these tissues to the end of experiment. The absence of NK
      cytotoxicity diminishing just after PH in all the tissues was shown in operated
      animals, receiving RE and the decreasing of this index was found only in the
      lungs (by 335%).

PMID- 2279098
TI  - [Process of fibrin depolymerization and non-enzymatic fibrinolysis in rabbits
      receiving atherogenic rations with addition of antioxidants].
AB  - The rabbits were kept on atherogenic ration for 2 months. This diet contained 0.3
      mg/kg of cholesterol. In blood plasma of animals the authors observed a sharply
      reduced non-enzymatic fibrinolysis and depolymerization activity of non
      stabilized fibrin. The addition of antioxidants and alpha-tocopherol (10 + 10
      mg/kg) for 1 month to the atherogenic ration protected from the disturbance of
      the system hemostasis and normalized the depolymerization of non-stabilized
      fibrin.

PMID- 2279097
TI  - [Antimicrobial effect of irradiation with ionized plasma].
AB  - Ion plasma light flux has been found to possess bacteriostatic effect in vitro
      and in vivo. Three-fold irradiation with ion plasma of a wound infected by a
      pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strain reduced phase I of wound healing by three
      days and the overall time of healing by four-five days.

PMID- 2279099
TI  - [Effect of arginine-vasopressin on the rat thyroid gland in vitro].
AB  - The response of the rat thyroid gland to arginine-vasopressin in vitro was
      studied to clear a possibility of a direct regulation of this gland by
      hypothalamic nonapeptide neurohormones. The function of the thyroid gland was
      estimated by thyrocyte height and quantity of the autoradiographs on a thyrocyte.
      AVP makes more active hormone synthesis in thyrocytes after 30 min of incubation
      and it stimulates both synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones in 2 hours
      of incubation. The higher concentrations of AVP activate the thyroid hormone
      synthesis but not the secretion.

PMID- 2279100
TI  - [Effects of undecapeptide hydra morphogen on processes of cell division in the
      corneal and tongue epithelium of white rats].
AB  - We studied the effects of one and five time administration of peptide morphogen
      of hydra (PMH) in a dose of 10 micrograms/kg on cell division and DNA-synthesis
      in corneal and tongue epithelium of white rats. PMH stimulated cell proliferation
      considerably. This was revealed in acceleration of mitosis, and in rising of
      quantity of DNA-synthesis nuclei in 1.5-2.1 time after a single injection. In 24
      hours after the five time administration the number of DNA-synthesis nuclei
      increased 1.5 and 1.9 time in corneal and tongue epithelium, correspondingly.
      This data reflects the possible role of PMH in structural homeostasis regulation.

PMID- 2279101
TI  - [Increase of the negative charge of erythrocyte membrane proteins in hereditary
      neuromuscular diseases].
AB  - The parameters of erythrocyte ghost protein's fluorophores by nitrate's anions
      were studied in patients with various hereditary myodystrophy. In all the groups
      under examination the share of fluorophores accessible to a quencher was close to
      1. In erythrocyte membranes of healthy donors the relevant constant quenchering
      was about 17.3 +/- 1.9 M-1 while those of patients were decreased by 3.1
      (Duchenne's myodystrophy) and by about 2.0 (other forms of primary and secondary
      progressive muscular dystrophies). The most probable reason for the decreasing
      constant of quenchering is the increase of negative charges on the erythrocyte
      membrane proteins.

PMID- 2279102
TI  - [Regeneration of neuron processes of the spinal ganglion after its experimental
      section in rats].
AB  - Sensory fibers regeneration after dorsal root ganglion (DRG) section was studied
      in the rat. After middle cross-section of DRG-13 (left side) there were neurons
      in the proximal part with damage to peripheral processes and in the distal part
      with damage to central processes. Axonal ionophoresis of cobalt salts was used
      for the study of sensory fibers regeneration through the scar in DRG during 3, 7,
      15, 30, 120 and 180 days after the damage. Peculiarity regeneration of the
      sensory fibers was shown in spite of damage localization near ganglion cells
      body, the regeneration of peripheral and central processes of ganglion cells
      started already on the 3rd day, and sprouting sensory fibers through the scar of
      DRG--on the 7th day.

PMID- 2279103
TI  - [Quantitative characteristics of microcirculation bed in aseptic inflammation of
      the rat uterus and with the background of the use of carbon-mineral sorbents].
AB  - We studied the volume compactness of the arterial, capillary and venous parts of
      the microcirculation channel after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of the aseptic
      inflammation and after local application of the carbon-mineral sorbents in the
      rat's uterus. The local sorption decreased the reaction of the inflammation in
      the endo- and myometrium.

PMID- 2279104
TI  - [Reorganization of regenerates of the dermal type in rats].
AB  - Skin regenerates being formed on the stomach of rats were exposed to dosed
      injuries by needles. These injuries have significantly hastened formation of
      definitive regenerates.

PMID- 2279105
TI  - [Morphofunctional changes in the kidneys in venous stasis during early period and
      during recovery of blood outflow from the organ].
AB  - Short-term (3 days) 50% constriction of the left renal vein with the following
      recovery of outflow from the kidneys (30 days) was carried out on (180-210 g)
      white mongrel adult rats of both sexes. By means of light optical,
      electronmicroscopic and radioisotopic methods it was established that venous
      haemostasis in early period leads to the slowing-down of regional renal
      circulation and the development of dystrophic changes both in the wall of
      intrarenal veins and in the edge and cubical cells of proximal and distal
      departments of nephron. With the recovery of renal circulation from kidneys canal
      vascular formation acquire normal morphological structure. Compensatory-adaptive
      processes in the separate parts are noted.

PMID- 2279106
TI  - [Control of lymph-drainage tracts of the eye by the use of dalargin].
AB  - The objective was to study dalargin in experiment and its effect on drainage
      tracts in norm and with experimental hypertension, modulating secondary glaucoma.
      Investigations have been made on 82 rabbit eyes. The overall results show, that
      subconjunctival and electrophoretic dalargin injection of (0.1%-0.2-0.5 ml)
      causes the expansion of anterior and posterior lymph-drainage tracts of the eye
      and have hypotensive effect for ocular hypertension and secondary glaucoma.

PMID- 2279108
TI  - [Use of lectin histochemistry method in the characterization of biopolymer
      glycosylation processes in duodenal gland cells].
AB  - Potentialities of lectin histochemistry method for analysis of glycosylation
      processes within secretory epitheliocytes have been investigated using duodenal
      glands of cow and sheep as a model system. It has been ascertained, that con A-
      and LCA-binding sites (mannosglycans) localize exclusively in basal cytoplasm of
      duodenal gland epitheliocytes, which corresponds to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
      Manifestation of D-galactose, L-fucose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues within
      oligosaccharide changes (PNA-, RCA-, WGA- and LAA-reactivity) was detected in the
      supranuclear region and apical cytoplasm of glandulocytes, that corresponds to
      Golgi complex, SBA-reactive glycoconjugates were determined only in poorly
      differentiated cells, forming initial parts of glandular ducts, but were absent
      in more differentiated cells of superficial and profound acini. The results
      obtained demonstrate fine prospects that are opened by the use of lectin
      peroxidase kits in precise analysis of glycopolymers processing within
      functionally active and differentiating glandular cells.

PMID- 2279107
TI  - [Autoradiographic and immunohistochemical analysis of 3H-melatonin distribution
      in endocrine and non-endocrine organs].
AB  - The comparison of the results of the autoradiographical and immunohistochemical
      study showed the discrepancy between the distribution of the radioactive label
      and the histotopographical localization of the melatonin-immunoreactive cells in
      the suprarenal glands, duodenum, pancreas and spleen after five minutes, one and
      three hours of the 3H-melatonin injection. It was shown that the exogenous 3H
      melatonin is metabolizing rapidly and the products of its metabolism are
      spreading all over the organism. The exogenous 3H-melatonin may be accumulating
      in the separate endocrine and non-endocrine cells of the different organs. The
      results of this investigations open the perspectives for the future study on the
      behavior of the melatonin in the organism.

PMID- 2279109
TI  - Fluoride content of children's teeth in one district in Japan with high fluoride
      content in water.

PMID- 2279110
TI  - Lead, iron, copper, zinc and ash in deciduous teeth in relation to age and
      distance from a lead smelter.

PMID- 2279111
TI  - Effect of air pollution chemical components on the acidity of rain water in
      Japan.

PMID- 2279112
TI  - Variability in sorption of diazinon through microporous fabrics.

PMID- 2279113
TI  - Determination of trace concentrations of volatile organic compounds in ground
      water using closed-loop stripping, Edwards aquifer, Texas.

PMID- 2279114
TI  - Mutagen formation and nitration by exposure of phenylphenols to sunlight in water
      containing nitrate or nitrite ion.

PMID- 2279115
TI  - Soil differences in the biodegradation of carbofuran and trimethacarb following
      pretreatment with these insecticides.

PMID- 2279116
TI  - Trace metals in tropical coastal lagoon bivalves, Crassostrea corteziensis.

PMID- 2279117
TI  - Trace metals in tropical coastal lagoon bivalves, Mytella strigata.

PMID- 2279119
TI  - Transfer of toxic concentrations of selenium from parent to progeny in the
      fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).

PMID- 2279118
TI  - Uptake and release of cadmium in various organs of the common mussel, Mytilus
      edulis (L.).

PMID- 2279120
TI  - Effects of tributyltin oxide on the skeletal structures of developing and
      regenerating limbs of the axolotl larvae, Ambystoma mexicanum.

PMID- 2279121
TI  - Toxic effects of phosphamidon on the testes of Swiss albino mice.

PMID- 2279123
TI  - Acute toxicity to juvenile Pacific salmonids and rainbow trout of butoxyethyl
      esters of 2,4-D, 2,4-DP and their formulated product: Weedone CB and its carrier.

PMID- 2279122
TI  - Pulmonary biochemical assessment of fenitrothion toxicity in rats.

PMID- 2279124
TI  - Detoxification of copper by Nitzschia obtusa Wm. Sm., a pennate diatom.

PMID- 2279125
TI  - Quinoline increases ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase activity
      in Vicia faba nodules.

PMID- 2279126
TI  - Exposure to non-asbestos refractory materials: corrections of fiber counts for
      comparable risk assessment.

PMID- 2279127
TI  - Exposure to non-asbestos refractory materials: morphological changes of airborne
      particulate following attrition and recrystallization.

PMID- 2279128
TI  - Behavior of the formed blood elements in Rana esculenta L. after repeated
      contacts of the animal with a therapeutic dose of foschlor.

PMID- 2279129
TI  - Influence of smoking, alcohol, and dietary habits on blood Pb and Cd levels.

PMID- 2279130
TI  - Detection of lead in blood, seminal plasma, and spermatozoa of bulls. Effect in
      vitro of lead acetate on sperm motility.

PMID- 2279132
TI  - Use of flow cytometry to screen for the effects of environmental mutagens:
      baseline DNA values in cottonmouth snakes.

PMID- 2279131
TI  - Modification of benzo(a)pyrene induced chromosomal damage in mouse bone marrow by
      vitamin A.

PMID- 2279133
TI  - Volatilization and redistribution of propoxur from a formulation used for control
      of the German cockroach.

PMID- 2279134
TI  - Liquid chromatographic and thermal energy analyzer detection of N
      nitrosodiphenylamine in formulations of diphenylamine.

PMID- 2279135
TI  - Daminozide residues in apple orchards: concentrations in fruit, trees, and soil.

PMID- 2279136
TI  - Use of sediment bags as a monitor of fecal pollution in streams.

PMID- 2279137
TI  - Organochlorine contaminants in eggs and tissue of wood ducks from Mississippi.

PMID- 2279138
TI  - Pesticide perturbation of sperm cell function.

PMID- 2279139
TI  - Acute toxicity to freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates of fluoride ion (F-) in
      soft water.

PMID- 2279140
TI  - Seasonal lethality of pentachlorophenol to juvenile Atlantic salmon.

PMID- 2279142
TI  - Trace and heavy metals in the oyster Crassostrea virginica, San Andres lagoon,
      Tamaulipas, Mexico.

PMID- 2279141
TI  - Toxicity of mercury to the freshwater male and female field crabs, Paratelphusa
      hydrodromous (Herbst) (Decapoda: Brachyura).

PMID- 2279143
TI  - Toxicity of Chautauqua Lake bridge runoff to young-of-the-year sunfish (Lepomis
      macrochirus).

PMID- 2279144
TI  - A new method for the high performance liquid chromatographic determination of TA
      870, a dopamine prodrug (catechol ester compound).
AB  - A new method for the high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination
      of N-(N-acetyl-L-methionyl)-O,O-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)dopamine (TA-870), a dopamine
      prodrug, in biological fluid has been developed. In order to measure with an
      electrochemical detector (ECD), TA-870 was passed first through an immobilized
      carboxylesterase column to be converted to the electrochemically active
      deethoxycarbonylated TA-870 (DEC-TA-870). The properties of this carboxylesterase
      immobilized on Sepharose 4B were examined by this flow injection system.
      Hydrolysis of TA-870 with this immobilized carboxylesterase was a maximum at pH 7
      8 and 50 degrees C, and the activity decreased in the presence of organic solvent
      such as acetonitrile. For the determination of TA-870 in biological fluids, an
      HPLC-immobilized enzyme-ECD system using a column-switching technique was
      developed. The blood was deproteinized with ethanol, and TA-870 in the ethanol
      extracts was adsorbed in Bond Elut C18. The dichloromethane eluate from Bond Elut
      C18 was injected into the HPLC system. The HPLC apparatus was composed of three
      pumps, two separation columns (LiChrosorb Si 60 and mu Bondasphere), a trap
      column (Bond Elut), an enzyme column, ECD and the column-switching system. The
      calibration curve for TA-870 in blood was linear in the range from 2 to 200
      ng/mL. This new assay method might be useful also for the determination of other
      catechol ester compounds.

PMID- 2279145
TI  - Determination of lipoperoxide in animal tissue by ion-pair reversed phase high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - An ion-pair reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was
      developed for the quantitative determination of lipoperoxide (as malondialdehyde,
      MDA) in animal tissue using a ODS column and a mobile phase of methanol +
      phosphate buffer (53:47 v/v, pH 6.5). Tetrabutylammonium bromide was used as an
      ion-pair reagent and the detection wavelength was set at 532 nm. The method was
      sensitive, accurate and simple. A linear relationship was obtained between the
      peak height and the amount of MDA from 50 nmol/L to 1200 nmol/L and the lower
      limit of detection of MDA was 15 nmol/L (signal-to-noise ratio greater than 2),
      and the coefficient of variation at the 200 nmol/L level was 3.7% (n = 7). The
      results correlated well with those from the 2-thiobarbituric acid colorimetric
      method. The method has been used in the pathogenic studies of cerebral ischemia
      and acute renal failure for the determination of trace lipoperoxide.

PMID- 2279146
TI  - Separation of glycoprotein-N-glycans by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography.
AB  - A series of high-mannose and complex type glycoprotein-N-glycans was subjected to
      high-pH anion-exchange chromatography. The results revealed that this method
      represents a useful tool for analytical characterization of single
      oligosaccharides as well as preparative separation of complex mixtures of
      carbohydrate side-chains. On the other hand, it became evident that in several
      cases a combination of different chromatographic techniques is required for
      efficient separation of individual oligosaccharide species.

PMID- 2279147
TI  - Solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic determination
      of doxophylline in plasma.
AB  - A sensitive and selective high performance liquid chromatographic doxophylline
      assay with ultraviolet detection has been developed for plasma samples. The drug
      is isolated from biological samples with a reversed phase C18 disposable
      extraction column. Plasma standard curves are linear for concentrations of
      doxophylline from 0.03 to 10 mg/L. At the therapeutic range concentrations, the
      recoveries are better than 96.9%. The coefficients of variation for the procedure
      are 4.1% and 2.7% for the concentrations 0.03 mg/L and 10 mg/L, respectively. By
      this method, pharmacokinetic profiles are obtained for six adult volunteers.

PMID- 2279148
TI  - High performance liquid chromatographic determination of methylxanthines in
      canine serum, gastric and pancreatic juices.
AB  - A convenient high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination
      of methylxanthines in biological samples is described. Separation was achieved by
      reversed phase chromatography using a mobile phase consisting of tetrahydrofuran
      + methanol + 0.01M potassium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 3.5 (1:20:79, v/v/v), on a
      7 microns C18 column and a C18 Lichrosorb precolumn at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min.
      Levels varying from 0.25-16 mg/L could be detected by UV at 280 nm. In this
      range, standard curves were established for 4 methylxanthines: theobromine,
      paraxanthine, theophylline and caffeine in 4 media: mobile phase, serum, gastric
      and pancreatic juices, and were found to be linear (r greater than or equal to
      0.9975). Overall characteristics of the method were determined as: percent
      recovery (89.54%), accuracy (greater than or equal to 99.4%) and reproducibility
      (greater than or equal to 95%). Retention times ranged from 4.21 +/- 0.01 (1
      methyluric acid) to 10.8 +/- 0.03 min (caffeine). Animal experiments (5 and 10
      mg/kg boluses) were used to determine caffeine half life in dog's blood (310 +/-
      46 and 453 +/- 59 min, respectively) and its secretion into pentagastrin
      stimulated gastric juice (mean concentrations 2.51 and 6.04 mg/L; mean outputs
      351 and 1206 micrograms/2.25 h; both statistically different at p less than 0.001
      level).

PMID- 2279149
TI  - A simple and rapid method for the purification of cytochrome P-450 (form LM4).

PMID- 2279150
TI  - If preventable, why not...?

PMID- 2279151
TI  - Cancer services.

PMID- 2279152
TI  - Chasms in communication.

PMID- 2279153
TI  - Archives of contemporary medicine and science.

PMID- 2279154
TI  - Longevity of men capable of prolonged vigorous physical exercise: a 32 year
      follow up of 2259 participants in the Dutch eleven cities ice skating tour.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the long term survival of a group of athletes taking
      prolonged vigorous physical exercise to that of the general population. DESIGN:
      Follow up of a cohort of participants in the Dutch eleven cities ice skating tour
      (a race and recreational tour) over a distance of 200 kilometers. SETTING: Data
      on participation from the organising committee and data on mortality from all
      municipalities in The Netherlands. SUBJECTS: 2259 Male athletes. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Comparison of all cause mortality in male participants in the tour with
      that in the general population of The Netherlands. RESULTS: The standardised
      mortality ratio for all participants during 32 years of follow up was 0.76 (95%
      confidence interval 0.68 to 0.85), and 0.90 (0.48 to 1.44) for participants in
      the race, and 0.72 (0.60 to 0.86) for participants in the recreational tour who
      finished within the time limit. CONCLUSIONS: The capacity for prolonged and
      vigorous physical exercise, particularly if the exercise is recreational, is a
      strong indicator of longevity.

PMID- 2279155
TI  - 50 years on: the crush syndrome.

PMID- 2279156
TI  - Bell ringers' bruises and broken bones: capers and crises in campanology.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, aeriology, and outcome of injuries due to
      bell ringing. DESIGN: Retrospective review of the last six years' issues of
      Ringing World, advertisement in Ringing World, and a postal questionnaire sent to
      20 active ringing towers. SUBJECTS: Regular bell ringers. RESULTS: Seventy nine
      injuries were identified both from review and by advertisement in Ringing World.
      The incidence of injury among 221 ringers identified by postal questionnaire was
      1.8% a year. CONCLUSION: Although sonerous, bell ringing can be dangerous and
      occasionally even fatal. Doctors should be aware of the dangers to which
      campanologists expose themselves.

PMID- 2279157
TI  - An audit of the BMJ's correspondence columns.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To see whether some sections of the BMJ attract more comment than
      others, whether letters submitted in response to different sections of the
      journal are rejected at different rates, and whether the balance between letters
      that agree and disagree with articles in the published correspondence reflects
      that in submitted letters. DESIGN: Retrospective audit of letters submitted for
      publication in the correspondence columns of the BMJ in response to articles
      published between 1 January and 21 May 1989. SUBJECTS: A total of 1319 letters
      received by the journal, 974 submitted in response to the 1501 published articles
      and a further 345 raising new issues. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The total numbers of
      letters submitted in response to the four main sections of the journal-
      editorials, news, papers, and middles--and the numbers published. Submitted and
      published letters were analysed according to whether they agreed or disagreed
      with articles. RESULTS: The overall rejection rate was 63% (831/1319), but among
      letters relating to articles it was 56% (543/974). Editorials and middles
      attracted proportionately more letters than papers, but letters relating to
      papers had a lower rejection rate (43% v 57% for editorials and 43% v 66% for
      middles). For all sections more letters disagreed than agreed, but a higher
      proportion of letters in response to editorials and middles disagreed than those
      submitted in response to papers (64% and 72% v 53%). Among the published letters,
      however, broadly equal numbers of letters agreed and disagreed with articles,
      irrespective of section. CONCLUSION: Those sections of the journal that aim at
      stimulating debate succeeded in attracting the most comment. The relative
      importance of original scientific research papers was reflected by the priority
      given to letters submitted in response to papers, and the final correspondence
      column was a balanced platform of debate despite an unequal submitted response in
      terms of letters that agreed and disagreed with different sections of the
      journal.

PMID- 2279158
TI  - Urological myths.

PMID- 2279159
TI  - St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight: a suitable background for caring.

PMID- 2279160
TI  - Are orthopaedic surgeons really gorillas?

PMID- 2279161
TI  - The surgeon's scissor-jaw reflex.

PMID- 2279163
TI  - Diet, diabetes, and male chauvinism.

PMID- 2279162
TI  - Can orthopaedic surgeons walk on water?

PMID- 2279164
TI  - Dry haricot bean: a new continence aid for elderly men?

PMID- 2279165
TI  - Natural history of the disappearance of various products in the course of the
      transfer from socialist economy to regulated market.

PMID- 2279167
TI  - The Kimbanguist Hospital at Kinshasa, Zaire.

PMID- 2279166
TI  - Over 8000 pairs of specs for Africa.

PMID- 2279168
TI  - Medicine in the outback.

PMID- 2279169
TI  - Health in rural south India: new approaches.

PMID- 2279170
TI  - Project Orbis.

PMID- 2279171
TI  - Professor Sir Ronald Fisher, FRS.

PMID- 2279172
TI  - The Hospital of Santa Maria della Scala, Siena, 1090-1990.

PMID- 2279173
TI  - The early days of insulin use in Edinburgh.

PMID- 2279174
TI  - The medical muse.

PMID- 2279175
TI  - "Human guinea pigs"--a history.

PMID- 2279176
TI  - Turning the BMA into print.

PMID- 2279177
TI  - The royal colleges golf club, 1890-1990.

PMID- 2279178
TI  - The bombing of St Thomas's.

PMID- 2279180
TI  - It helps to remember faces.

PMID- 2279179
TI  - Christmas 1941.

PMID- 2279181
TI  - Java 1942-5: extracts from the diary of a medical officer.

PMID- 2279182
TI  - Deception by immunisation, revisited.

PMID- 2279183
TI  - All in a day's work.

PMID- 2279184
TI  - The last game.

PMID- 2279185
TI  - A modern day Iona.

PMID- 2279186
TI  - Inside madness.

PMID- 2279187
TI  - Noel's resurrection.

PMID- 2279188
TI  - OK surgical technology.

PMID- 2279189
TI  - Why me?

PMID- 2279190
TI  - Thanks for caring.

PMID- 2279191
TI  - My "one in a million" chance.

PMID- 2279193
TI  - A model of DNA sequence evolution.
AB  - Statistical studies of gene populations on the purine/pyrimidine alphabet have
      shown that the mean occurrence probability of the i-motif YRY(N)iYRY (R = purine,
      Y = pyrimidine, N = R or Y) is not uniform by varying i in the range, but
      presents a maximum at i = 6 in the following populations: protein coding genes of
      eukaryotes, prokaryotes, chloroplasts and mitochondria, and also viral introns,
      ribosomal RNA genes and transfer RNA genes (Arques and Michel, 1987b, J. theor.
      Biol. 128, 457-461). From the "universality" of this observation, we suggested
      that the oligonucleotide YRY(N)6 is a primitive one and that it has a central
      function in DNA sequence evolution (Arques and Michel, 1987b, J. theor. Biol.
      128, 457-461). Following this idea, we introduce a concept of a model of DNA
      sequence evolution which will be validated according to a schema presented in
      three parts. In the first part, using the last version of the gene database, the
      YRY(N)6YRY preferential occurrence (maximum at i = 6) is confirmed for the
      populations mentioned above and is extended to some newly analysed populations:
      chloroplast introns, chloroplast 5' regions, mitochondrial 5' regions and small
      nuclear RNA genes. On the other hand, the YRY(N)6YRY preferential occurrence and
      periodicities are used in order to classify 18 gene populations. In the second
      part, we will demonstrate that several statistical features characterizing
      different gene populations (in particular the YRY(N)6YRY preferential occurrence
      and the periodicities) can be retrieved from a simple Markov model based on the
      mixing of the two oligonucleotides YRY(N)6 and YRY(N)3 and based on the
      percentages of RYR and YRY in the unspecified trinucleotides (N)3 of YRY(N)6 and
      YRY(N)3. Several properties are identified and prove in particular that the
      oligonucleotide mixing is an independent process and that several different
      features are functions of a unique parameter. In the third part, the return of
      the model to the reality shows a strong correlation between reality and
      simulation concerning the presence of a large alternating purine/pyrimidine
      stretches and of periodicities. It also contributes to a greater understanding of
      biological reality, e.g. the presence or the absence of large alternating
      purine/pyrimidine stretches can be explained as being a simple consequence of the
      mixing of two particular oligonucleotides. Finally, we believe that such an
      approach is the first step toward a unified model of DNA sequence evolution
      allowing the molecular understanding of both the origin of life and the actual
      biological reality.

PMID- 2279194
TI  - An accurate approximation to the distribution of the length of the longest
      matching word between two random DNA sequences.
AB  - An accurate approximation is derived to the distribution of the length of the
      longest matching word present between two random DNA sequences of finite length,
      using only elementary probability arguments. The distribution is shown to be
      consistent with previous asymptotic results for the mean and variance of longest
      common words. The application of the distribution to assessing the statistical
      significance of sequence similarities is considered. It is shown how the
      distribution can be modified to take account of non-independence of neighbouring
      bases in real sequences.

PMID- 2279192
TI  - Experimental determination and mathematical model of the transient incorporation
      of cholesterol in the arterial wall.
AB  - Experimental data of the radial incorporation of labeled cholesterol [14C-4] into
      the artery wall is regressed against a mathematical model that predicts
      macromolecular transport in this biological system. Data is obtained using
      excised canine carotid arteries that are perfused in vitro under pulsatile
      hemodynamic conditions for 2 hr. Vessels are exposed to either normotensive
      hemodynamics, hypertensive hemodynamics, or simulations in which the rate of flow
      or vessel compliance is deliberately altered. Several arteries are studied under
      normotensive conditions following balloon catheter deendothelialization.
      Transmural concentration profiles of [14C-4] activity are determined by
      microcryotomy of longitudinal sections of perfused vessels. Nonlinear Marquardt
      regression on 12 experimental cases yields parameter estimates of effective
      diffusivity, D and solute filtration velocity, V. Results of this experimental
      investigation support our hypothesis that hemodynamics and the endothelial lining
      influence wall flux in intact vessels. Exposure to altered (vs normotensive)
      hemodynamics is associated with increased incorporation of labeled cholesterol. A
      similar observation is made for deendothelialized vessels (e.g. a greater
      accumulation of label and a rise in convective flux). Based upon our companion
      measurements of vessel wall forces and endothelial cellular morphology
      accompanying hemodynamic simulations, we suggest that hemodynamically induced
      alterations to endothelial structures lead to the increased permeability,
      convection and incorporation that we observe in this work.

PMID- 2279195
TI  - Cochlear implants: some consensus at last?

PMID- 2279196
TI  - Residual frequency selectivity in the profoundly hearing-impaired listener.
AB  - The extent to which auditory frequency analysis is retained in profoundly hearing
      impaired listeners has major implications for hearing aid design. We have
      measured simplified psychoacoustic tuning curves in nine such listeners, using
      sinusoidal probes at 125 and 250 Hz, and 80-Hz wide narrow-band noise maskers.
      Two listeners showed PTCs at 125 and 250 Hz whose shapes were independent of
      probe frequency and parallel to their absolute thresholds, indicating the
      complete absence of frequency selectivity. Seven listeners showed evidence of
      frequency selectivity at 125 or 250 Hz or at both frequencies; at 250 Hz,
      frequency selectivity was evident in the six listeners whose 250-Hz hearing level
      was 95 dB or less, but not in the listeners with 250 Hz hearing levels above 95
      dB. Where conventional 'v'-shaped PTCs were observed, estimated 3-dB auditory
      filter bandwidths were two to three times larger than those typically found in
      normal listeners. Notched-noise masking results at 250 Hz from the least hearing
      impaired listener gave an estimated 3-dB bandwidth in reasonable agreement with
      that from the same listener's PTC data. Listeners who retain some frequency
      selectivity are able to make some use of first formant information in vowel
      identification, and preliminary results from one patient showed the ability to
      distinguish a variety of noise spectra. Both of these abilities could be of
      potential importance as a basis for the recoding of speech spectral patterning
      through stimulation matched to the listener's residual frequency selectivity.

PMID- 2279197
TI  - The effects of two different speech-coding strategies on voice fundamental
      frequency control in deafened adults.
AB  - Control of voice fundamental frequency (Fx) during reading of a standard passage
      was assessed for four profoundly deafened adults receiving auditory feedback in
      one of two conditions: (i) with an extended low-frequency response amplifying
      aid; (ii) with the SiVo aid, which provided only Fx information. A third
      condition, where the subjects were unaided, was also included. For each feedback
      condition, quantitative analyses of laryngograph recordings were used to provide
      measures of Fx mode, 90% Fx range and the regularity of vocal fold vibration. In
      baseline unaided recordings, three subjects (S1, S2 and S4) showed some aspects
      of Fx control outside the normal range, while the other (S3) had appropriate Fx
      control. In the three subjects with impaired control, simplified Fx feedback led
      to better control than feedback from amplified speech. In two of these subjects,
      these differences were statistically significant. S3, who showed unimpaired Fx
      control, did not show any changes in Fx control under the different feedback
      conditions. Although the patterns of data were different in the individual
      subjects, simplified Fx feedback led to either improved or unimpaired control of
      Fx relative to speech feedback or to not feedback. These findings have important
      implications for speech-processing strategies implemented in hearing aids and
      cochlear implants, where the effects of different speech-coding strategies on
      production have been largely ignored.

PMID- 2279198
TI  - Electrode placements for cochlear implants: a review.
AB  - Of the variety of different sites that have been proposed and used for cochlear
      implants, only two are now seeing widespread use. For single-channel electrodes,
      it appears that a placement at the round window, or just inside it, leads to no
      disadvantages (and perhaps some advantages) over deeper insertions. For
      multichannel implants, it appears that intra-cochlear electrodes are, generally
      speaking, preferable to extra-cochlear ones in a variety of ways, especially as
      the early fears about the dangers of intra-cochlear placement now seem
      exaggerated. One way in which extra-cochlear approaches may play an important
      accessory role in multichannel intra-cochlear implants is in allowing access to
      the apical end of the cochlea where residual nerve survival is likely to be best.
      Special considerations may apply for groups of patients who until recently have
      been implanted relatively infrequently--adults with significant residual hearing
      and children.

PMID- 2279199
TI  - Differential sensitivity of newborns to synthetic vowel stimuli.
AB  - Three-day-old babies were presented with synthetic speech stimuli and some no
      sound trials. Three factors of the speech stimuli were examined: vowel quality
      change, pitch (F0) change, and stimulus presentation rate. The motor behaviour of
      the neonates was assessed using a multi-response observation method. The babies
      responded more when the vowel quality changed than when it did not. In some
      conditions, pitch variation and stimulus presentation rate also affected d'. The
      work extends previous findings on newborn auditory sensitivity showing
      differential responding to steady state vowels and that alterations in F0 can
      affect behaviour. The method has advantages in permitting several stimuli to be
      compared as well as studying neonates in states of arousal typical of perinatal
      experience.

PMID- 2279200
TI  - ADA's commission on the Young Professional. What the Commission is doing for the
      young dentists.

PMID- 2279201
TI  - Genetic linkage in mental illness. Limitations and prospects.
AB  - Advances in genetic linkage strategies, including techniques of molecular
      genetics, augur well for the discovery of disease-related genes in mental
      disorders. Recent studies showing linkage of chromosomal loci to bipolar
      affective illness and schizophrenia attest to the potential in the 'new
      genetics'. However, the failure to replicate some of the early findings has led
      to calls for re-evaluation of the methodology in psychiatric research. Problems
      in studying complex (psychiatric) disorders include diagnostic uncertainties,
      unclear mode of transmission, aetiological heterogeneity, cohort effects, and
      assortative mating. Knowing the potential pitfalls in linkage analysis of mental
      illness should avert spurious findings and will increase the prospects of
      success.

PMID- 2279202
TI  - Projective identification in general psychiatry.
AB  - Projective identification is a psychoanalytic concept encompassing functions of
      defence and communication. It is invaluable in a variety of settings in general
      psychiatry, including patient assessment, ward management and work with families.

PMID- 2279203
TI  - The assessment of psychiatric disability in the community. A comparison of
      clinical, staff, and family interviews.
AB  - Assessments of some of the symptoms and behaviour problems of long-term
      psychiatric patients living in the community were obtained independently from
      clinical interviews with such patients, and from interviews with day staff,
      residential staff and families caring for them. In general, interviews with
      residential staff and family members revealed much higher levels of symptoms and
      behaviour problems than either of the other two interviews. These findings have
      implications for research and clinical practice including the fact that adequate
      assessments should include the testimony of family or residential staff.

PMID- 2279204
TI  - The attitude of parents to the use of computer-assisted interviewing in a child
      psychiatry service.
AB  - Before undergoing interview, parents reported that a computer-assisted interview
      would lack the friendly and personal approach of one conducted by a clinician
      but, after completing the interview, parents showed more acceptance of the
      procedure. Computer-assisted interviewing has the potential to play an important
      role in the collection of clinically relevant information from both parents and
      children referred to child psychiatry services.

PMID- 2279205
TI  - The Interval General Health Questionnaire.
AB  - An adaptation of the LIFE procedure was used with a self-report questionnaire to
      assess 173 medical students, close to their enrollment and again about six months
      later. The assessment procedure enabled changes in symptoms of anxiety and
      depression over the interval between interviews to be recorded and the subsequent
      classification of the symptom patterns into course categories. While women scored
      markedly higher than men at initial assessment, this was not so at follow-up.
      Almost 25% of students reported the co-occurrence of at least five psychological
      symptoms at some time during the six months. For many students these were of a
      persistent nature. The adapted GHQ meets the dual demands of restricted interview
      time and the need to assess the more minor psychological conditions.

PMID- 2279207
TI  - Chronically ill psychiatric patients in a district general hospital unit. A
      survey and two-year follow-up in an inner-London health district.
AB  - A survey was undertaken at the end of 1984 of all patients occupying psychiatric
      beds for more than six months in an inner-London health district. Excluding those
      with senile dementia, 30 patients were identified. Two years later, a follow-up
      survey traced the original cohort and the accumulation of additional patients on
      the wards. The finding that the rate of discharge from the original group matches
      the accumulation of new patients into the survey suggests a need for new types of
      community provision within the district.

PMID- 2279206
TI  - The Interval General Health Questionnaire and its relationship with psychiatric
      disorder in community and general practice samples.
AB  - This paper contrasts the usual scoring of the GHQ-30 with scoring based upon a
      criterion approach applied to only 12 of the GHQ items that takes account of the
      'diagnostic significance' of the chosen items. Repeat assessments with this
      shorter form of the questionnaire (the I-GHQ), coupled with procedures to assess
      change, can be used to provide summary measures of symptom course in those
      research situations where available interview time precludes the use of more
      formal assessment methods.

PMID- 2279208
TI  - Vasopressin in chronic psychiatric patients with primary polydipsia.
AB  - Twelve chronic in-patients with primary polydipsia were studied, during free
      drinking and after fasting, by concurrent measurements of plasma AVP, serum
      sodium and osmolality, and urine volume, AVP, osmolality, and creatinine. A
      majority of the patients showed inappropriately high levels of AVP: plasma AVP
      estimations demonstrated that seven had Type I SIADH and two had Type II SIADH.
      Urinary AVP estimations confirmed inappropriately raised AVP in seven of the
      subjects tested, and there was a significant agreement between the plasma and
      urine diagnoses. Although able to concentrate their urine in response to fluid
      deprivation, the patients showed a decreased renal sensitivity to AVP. Despite
      the mitigating effect of decreased renal sensitivity to AVP, the SIADH seen in
      these patients appears to contribute to the development of water intoxication
      caused by polydipsia.

PMID- 2279209
TI  - The efficacy of lithium in prophylaxis of unipolar depression Evidence from its
      discontinuation.
AB  - Forty unipolar patients satisfying DSM-III criteria for major depression who
      discontinued lithium therapy were retrospectively compared with 105 similar
      patients who continued the drug and served as a control group. The time to
      readmission from starting lithium was compared while both groups were still on
      lithium, and after discontinuation in one group and further continuation in the
      control group. The progressive increase in the probability of recurrence over two
      years was the greatest after discontinuation of lithium. For the patients who
      eventually discontinued lithium, the cumulative probability of recurrence in two
      years was 0.08 on lithium and 0.58 after stopping it. The probability of
      recurrence was unchanged over the duration of the study for patients who
      continued to take lithium. There was no evidence of a lithium withdrawal syndrome
      within three months of stopping the drug. The results support the view that the
      everyday clinical use of lithium as prophylaxis is beneficial in unipolar
      depression.

PMID- 2279210
TI  - A neuroendocrine view of ECT.
AB  - "A neuroendocrine hypothesis to explain the clinical activity of convulsive
      therapy is described. The hypothesis is based on the diabetes/insulin model and
      suggests that hypothalamic dysfunction with an insufficiency of a mood
      maintaining peptide is the basis for affective disorders. Repeated seizures
      enhance the production and release of the hypothalamic peptide antidepressin -
      the active principle that relieves both neuroendocrine and behavioral
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2279211
TI  - The systematic collection of patient data in a centre for child and adolescent
      psychiatry.
AB  - Computerisation of case records has been slow to take place in child psychiatry,
      partly because of the amount of detailed and sometimes complex information
      required. A program for storing case records has been developed and it has proved
      of great value in epidemiological work, for example, regarding patient age
      structures and family compositions.

PMID- 2279212
TI  - Acute blocking of naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal symptoms by
      methohexitone.
AB  - In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 18 patients, methohexitone blocked
      objective signs of opiate withdrawal caused by a bolus injection of naloxone.
      Furthermore, in continuing the naloxone therapy for 48 hours, no withdrawal signs
      appeared. Levels of withdrawal distress returned to normal levels within six
      days. This approach can be regarded as an effective and well tolerated withdrawal
      therapy with low drop-out rates.

PMID- 2279213
TI  - To weigh or not to weigh? Frequency of weighing and rate of weight gain in
      patients with anorexia nervosa.
AB  - The present study compares the rate of weight gain during refeeding in 15
      anorectic patients who were weighed daily with that of 15 who were weighed three
      times per week. There was no significant difference between the two groups.

PMID- 2279214
TI  - Anorexia nervosa in an 80-year-old woman.
AB  - A woman aged 80 years had suffered with anorexia nervosa in adolescence and the
      condition was rekindled after 50 years of remission. The remission was seen in
      the light of affective disorder and a chronic grief reaction.

PMID- 2279215
TI  - Psychosis following use of proprietary antidiarrhoeal medicines.
AB  - Anticholinergic psychosis was observed to follow ingestion of proprietary
      antidiarrhoeal preparations by a 63-year-old woman. Possible abuse or accidental
      overuse of such medicines in the acutely psychotic patient should always be
      considered.

PMID- 2279216
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced priapism, hepatotoxicity and subsequent impotence in a
      patient with depressive psychosis.
AB  - A 59-year-old man experienced priapism five days after taking neuroleptics and
      abnormal liver function after 28 days. These side-effects are possibly explained
      as hypersensitivity reactions to the drug.

PMID- 2279217
TI  - Camptocormia.
AB  - Camptocormia is a rare conversion syndrome found mainly in soldiers from World
      War I and II. No case has been reported since, but this paper reports the
      syndrome in a former soldier of the Nicaraguan army. It is characterised by
      severe frontal flexion of the spinal cord and knees, with passive dropping of
      both arms, and sometimes behavioural abnormalities.

PMID- 2279219
TI  - Kleptomania in a 13-year-old boy. A sequel of a 'lethargic'
      encephalitic/depressive process?
AB  - A 13-year-old boy developed severe kleptomania after a depressive illness. This
      was a response to psychological trauma, and appeared in the context of a probable
      'lethargic' encephalitic process.

PMID- 2279220
TI  - The 'new cross-cultural psychiatry'.

PMID- 2279218
TI  - Paraphilic infantilism. A rare case of fetishistic behaviour.
AB  - A rare case of infantile behaviour of a fetishistic nature in an 80-year-old man
      was possibly related to a head injury at the age of six, when his regression
      first began. Treatment was deemed unwarranted.

PMID- 2279221
TI  - Progesterone prophylaxis?

PMID- 2279222
TI  - ECT in neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2279223
TI  - Anorexia nervosa and OCD.

PMID- 2279224
TI  - Toad-lickers psychosis--a warning.

PMID- 2279225
TI  - Self-catering during rehabilitation.

PMID- 2279226
TI  - A Freudian lacuna?

PMID- 2279227
TI  - Genetic origins of psychosis.

PMID- 2279228
TI  - Post-traumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 2279229
TI  - Malaria presenting as atypical depression.

PMID- 2279230
TI  - Anorexia nervosa in people of Asian extraction.

PMID- 2279231
TI  - Temporal lobe in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2279232
TI  - The minor events approach to stress: support for the use of daily hassles.
AB  - Everyday minor stressors (hassles) have been proposed as an alternative to major
      life-events as a measure of stress. This article examines three aspects of
      hassles as a stress measure: group contextual differences in hassles reported,
      the stability and consistency of hassles over time, and the effectiveness of
      hassles in predicting adaptational outcomes. Results showed that there are clear
      contextual differences in hassles. Groups report quite different patterns of
      hassles reflecting their particular social contexts. These patterns also appear
      to be stable across time, probably as a result of consistency in both group roles
      and situational factors. Finally, hassles are found to be substantially better
      than life-events in predicting psychological well-being and mental health
      dimensions. Taken together, these findings support the use of hassles as a valid
      and reliable measure of stress which has significant relationships to important
      adaptational outcomes.

PMID- 2279233
TI  - The visual pathways of eutherian mammals and marsupials develop according to a
      common timetable.
AB  - Data from cats, ferrets, hamsters, macaques, mice, rabbits and rats concerning
      the time of occurrence of 26 developmental events involved in the establishment
      of the retinofugal, geniculocortical, corticogeniculate and corticocollicular
      pathways were analysed. For each species the timing of developmental events was
      expressed as a proportion of the period between conception and eye opening
      ('caecal period'). For 6 of these events, the values for all species fell within
      a range of 1-5% of the caecal period, the values for 11 other events fell within
      a range of 6-10% of the caecal period, 4 events had ranges of 11-15% of the
      caecal period, and only 5 events were spread over more than 15% of the caecal
      period. The 26 events had an overall mean variation of about 11% of the caecal
      period, suggesting that the visual pathways of eutherian mammals develop
      according to a common 'timetable' that is related to the duration of the caecal
      period. One of the roles of this common timetable may be to assist the
      establishment of orderly interconnections between the visual centres. Relatively
      few data are available concerning the timing of developmental events in marsupial
      visual pathways. However, it is apparent that, during the first half of the
      caecal period, most events occur much earlier in marsupials than in eutherians,
      whereas during the second half of the caecal period most events occur at the same
      stages of the caecal period in both marsupials and eutherians. The accelerated
      rate of visual development during the first half of the caecal period in
      marsupials may be related to the precocious development that they undergo prior
      to their very early birth.

PMID- 2279234
TI  - Comparative physiology of sound localization in four species of owls.
AB  - Bilateral ear asymmetry is found in some, but not all, species of owls. We
      investigated the neural basis of sound localization in symmetrical and
      asymmetrical species, to deduce how ear asymmetry might have evolved from the
      ancestral condition, by comparing the response properties of neurons in the
      external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICx) of the symmetrical burrowing
      owl and asymmetrical long-eared owl with previous findings in the symmetrical
      great horned owl and asymmetrical barn owl. In the ICx of all of these owls, the
      neurons had spatially restricted receptive fields, and auditory space was
      topographically mapped. In the symmetrical owls, ICx units were not restricted in
      elevation, and only azimuth was mapped in ICx. In the barn owl, the space map is
      two-dimensional, with elevation forming the second dimension. Receptive fields in
      the long-eared owl were somewhat restricted in elevation, but their tuning was
      not sharp enough to determine if elevation is mapped. In every species, the
      primary cue for azimuth was interaural time difference, although ICx units were
      also tuned for interaural intensity difference (IID). In the barn owl, the IIDs
      of sounds with frequencies between about 5 and 8 kHz vary systematically with
      elevation, and the IID selectivity of ICx neurons primarily encodes elevation. In
      the symmetrical owls, whose ICx neurons do not respond to frequencies above about
      5 kHz, IID appears to be a supplementary cue for azimuth. We hypothesize that ear
      asymmetry can be exploited by owls that have evolved the higher-frequency hearing
      necessary to generate elevation cues. Thus, the IID selectivity of ICx neurons in
      symmetrical owls may preadapt them for asymmetry; the neural circuitry that
      underlies IID selectivity is already present in symmetrical owls, but because IID
      is not absolutely required to encode azimuth it can come to encode elevation in
      asymmetrical owls.

PMID- 2279235
TI  - Origins of descending spinal pathways in prehensile birds: do parrots have a
      homologue to the corticospinal tract of mammals?
AB  - In mammals, the supraspinal descending projections that influence distal limb
      muscles are the rubrospinal and corticospinal tracts. The former, which is found
      in other vertebrates, shows greater somatotopy in mammals that are 'dextrous'
      (e.g. monkeys) than those that are not (e.g. opossums). Similarly, the
      corticospinal tract, which is found only in mammals, has more extensive
      connections (i.e. direct corticomotoneural) in mammals that are dextrous than in
      mammals that are not. Descending spinal pathways have been described in 'non
      dextrous' avian species (chickens, ducks, geese and pigeons), and the purpose of
      this study was to determine if there are any differences in the origins of
      descending projections to the spinal cord in 'dextrous' or prehensile parrots
      (sulphur-crested cockatoo, Cacatua galerita, and eastern rosella, Platycerus
      eximius). True Blue or wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase was injected
      into the lumbar or cervical spinal cord. The distribution of retrogradely
      labelled cells was similar to that previously reported for non-prehensile birds.
      We found no evidence of any direct spinal projections from the telencephalon
      (including any pathway homologous to the corticospinal tract of mammals), nor any
      specialized anatomical organization of the descending pathways that could account
      for the pedal dexterity of these species.

PMID- 2279236
TI  - Neural pathway for aggressive display in Betta splendens: midbrain and hindbrain
      control of gill-cover erection behavior.
AB  - Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify parts of the presumptive neural
      pathway for gill cover erection, a behavioral display pattern performed by
      Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) during aggressive interactions. Motor,
      motor integration and sensory areas were identified in the medulla and
      mesencephalon. Motor neurons of the dilator operculi muscle, the effector muscle
      for gill cover erection, are located in the lateral and medial parts of the
      caudal trigeminal motor nucleus. Iontophoretic injections of HRP into the lateral
      trigeminal motor nucleus resulted in labeled cell bodies in two motor areas
      (medial part of the trigeminal motor nucleus, anterior part of the motor nucleus
      of cranial nerve IX-X), two parts of the reticular formation (medial and inferior
      reticular areas), and two nuclei of the octavolateralis system (nucleus medialis,
      magnocellular octaval nucleus). The HRP injections in the medial part of the
      caudal trigeminal motor nucleus resulted in labeled cells in the lateral part of
      the nucleus and in the medial reticular nucleus. Discrete injections of HRP into
      nucleus medialis revealed a strong axonal projection that terminated in the torus
      semicircularis. The medial reticular area and both of the octavolateralis nuclei
      received projections from their contralateral counterparts. Connections between
      motor areas, and between parts of the reticular formation, may coordinate the
      performance of gill cover erection with other behavioral patterns used during
      aggressive display. Connections with the octavolateralis system may provide
      information on the strength of an opponent's tail beats via the lateral-line
      system, as well as vestibular information about the fish's own orientation during
      aggressive display. The organization of inputs to the trigeminal motor nucleus in
      Betta, a perciform fish, was found to differ from that reported in the common
      carp, a cypriniform fish. These differences may underlie the different behavioral
      capabilities of the two groups of fish.

PMID- 2279237
TI  - Auditory cortex of the long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus). I. Boundaries
      and frequency representation.
AB  - The boundaries of the primary auditory cortex of the long-eared hedgehog,
      Hemiechinus auritus, were determined by single-cell recordings, myeloarchitecture
      and retrograde horseradish peroxidase labeling in the medial geniculate, using
      anesthetized animals. The auditory cortex is located on the lateral surface of
      the temporal cortex, medial to the rhinal fissure. Responses to pure tones
      revealed an orderly representation of best frequencies in the primary auditory
      cortex, with low frequencies represented rostrally and high frequencies caudally.
      A second auditory field caudal to the primary one was indicated.

PMID- 2279239
TI  - Recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides as malaria vaccine candidates.

PMID- 2279238
TI  - Glucose oxidase as the antifungal principle of talaron from Talaromyces flavus.
AB  - Analysis of an authentic sample of the antifungal antibiotic talaron from the
      biocontrol fungus Talaromyces flavus indicated that approximately 40% of the
      solid sample was glucose oxidase. High-performance liquid chromatography elution
      profiles of the antimicrobial activity of talaron coeluted with those of glucose
      oxidase. Fluorescence emission and excitation wavelength maxima for talaron were
      similar to those of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger. The molecular weight
      of talaron was 152,000 with a subunit molecular weight of 71,000. The isoelectric
      point of talaron was pH 4.2. Mobilities of talaron on native, sodium
      dodecylsulfate, and isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gels were identical with
      those of glucose oxidase produced by T. flavus. Furthermore, talaron had
      antimicrobial activity only in the presence of glucose. Hydrogen peroxide
      produced by the action of glucose oxidase is toxic to Verticillium dahliae. This
      study indicates that the antifungal activity of authentic talaron resulted from
      glucose oxidase produced by T. flavus.

PMID- 2279240
TI  - G.l.c.-m.s. of partially methylated and acetylated derivatives of L-glycero-D
      manno- and D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranoses and -heptitols.
AB  - Methylated or acetylated heptopyranose derivatives were prepared variously from L
      glycero-D-manno- and D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose, O-L- glycero-alpha-D-manno
      heptopyranosyl-(1----3)-L-glycero-D-manno- heptopyranose, O-L-glycero-alpha-D
      manno-heptopyranosyl-(1----7)-L-glycero- D-manno-heptopyranose, and O-L-glycero
      alpha-D-manno- heptopyranosyl-(1----7)-O-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno- heptopyranosyl
      (1----3)-L-glycero-D-manno- heptopyranose, which are structural elements of the
      heptose region of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides. Each derivative was
      investigated by g.l.c. and g.l.c.-m.s., and the retention times and fragmentation
      patterns were used to identify partial structures of the heptose region of the
      core oligosaccharide of bacterial LPS.

PMID- 2279241
TI  - Structure of the extracellular polysaccharide secreted by Rhizobium leguminosarum
      var. phaseoli CIAT 899.
AB  - The structure of the extracellular polysaccharide secreted by Rhizobium
      leguminosarum var. phaseoli CIAT 899 has been studied by methylation analysis. 1H
      n.m.r. spectroscopy, and partial acid hydrolysis. The repeating unit is an
      octasaccharide made up of D-glucose, D-galactose, pyruvic acid, and acetic acid
      in the molar ratios 6:2:1.5:1.5. Half of the terminal Gal groups are 4,6
      substituted by pyruvic acid acetal groups and the other half by O-acetyl groups
      at position 3. Also, one of the 3-linked glucosyl residues carries a pyruvic acid
      4,6-acetal group and one of the 4-linked glucosyl residues is acetylated at
      position 6.

PMID- 2279242
TI  - The effect of bismuth on the selective oxidation of lactose on supported
      palladium catalysts.
AB  - The selective oxidation of lactose by molecular oxygen has been studied in a
      batch reactor containing an aqueous slurry of 0.5 kmol m-1 reactant and 1.0 kg m
      3 catalyst. The in situ Bi promotion of a commercial Pd-C catalyst resulted in
      100% selectivity to sodium lactobionate up to conversions of 95% in the pH range
      7-10 and at temperatures up to 333 K. Performing the reaction under such
      conditions that the oxygen transfer to the liquid phase was rate-controlling
      allowed the production of sodium lactobionate in high yields in approximately 1
      h. A maximum initial reaction-rate of 0.47 mol kg-1 s-1 was found at a molar Bi
      to Pd ratio of 0.50-0.67. Fifteen batches of lactose were oxidized with the same
      charge of catalyst without significant loss in initial activity or selectivity.
      Such other aldoses as maltose, glucose, and galactose could be oxidized
      analogously with similar selectivities.

PMID- 2279243
TI  - Heparin, carboxyl-reduced sulfated heparin, and Trestatin A sulfate.
      Antiproliferative and anticoagulant activities.
AB  - Human smooth muscle cells were used to investigate the antiproliferative
      activities of sulfated carbohydrates. The antiproliferative potencies of coarse
      heparin fractions prepared by ultrafiltration increased with the mean molecular
      weight, whereas the anticoagulant activities of a high-molecular-weight fraction
      had submaximal values. Furthermore, the dependence of antiproliferative activity
      on sulfate content is discussed. Carboxyl-reduction of heparin abolished both
      antiproliferative and anticoagulant activities. Sulfation of this compound
      yielded CRS-heparin with restored antiproliferative potency but devoid of
      antithrombin III-mediated anticoagulant activity. Sulfation of the pseudo
      nonasaccharide, Trestatin A, yielded a compound having the highest
      antiproliferative activity, so far observed for a low-molecular-weight compound,
      and having only weak anticoagulant properties.

PMID- 2279244
TI  - Synthesis of specifically deoxygenated ligands related to (1----6)-beta-D-galacto
      oligosaccharides, and studies on their binding to monoclonal antigalactan
      antibodies.
AB  - Synthetic deoxygenated derivatives of methyl beta-glycosides of (1----6)-beta-D
      galacto-oligosaccharides were prepared, and their binding to antigalactan
      monoclonal antibodies X24 and J539 (Fab') was studied. The results suggest the
      involvement of an additional, critical hydrogen bond in the highest affinity
      subsite (A), which now appears to require two hydrogen bonds from the 2- and 3
      hydroxyls of the galactosyl residue to the protein, and one from the protein to O
      4 of that residue. The data obtained with a series of oligosaccharides
      deoxygenated at position 3(1), 3(2), 3(3), 4(1), 4(2), or 4(3) support the
      binding patterns and subsite-arrangement inferred previously from studies with
      large numbers of deoxyfluoro-substituted ligands and this family of antibodies.

PMID- 2279245
TI  - Binding of isomaltose and maltose to the glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger, as
      studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry and steady-state kinetics.
AB  - The binding of maltose, isomaltose, and D-glucono-1,5-lactone to the glucoamylase
      [E.C.3.2.1.3] from Aspergillus niger was monitored by the fluorescence-intensity
      change (delta F) based on the tryptophan residues of the enzyme, and the binding
      parameters (Kd and delta Fmax) were evaluated from the dependence of delta F on
      the concentration of substrate and analogue. Maltose caused the fluorescence
      intensity change, but isomaltose did not, although it is hydrolyzed by the
      enzyme. Both substrates bind to the glucoamylase of Rhizopus niveus and cause
      delta F, suggesting that some difference exists in the conformation of the
      isomaltose-binding subsites between the two glucoamylases.

PMID- 2279246
TI  - In vitro action of human and porcine alpha-amylases on cyclomalto
      oligosaccharides.
AB  - The vitro action of human and porcine pancreatic alpha-amylases on cyclomalto
      oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) was investigated both by a high-performance
      liquid chromatographic analysis and a quantitative analysis of the reducing power
      of cyclodextrin hydrolyzates. Cyclomalto-octaose (gamma-cyclodextrin) was
      hydrolyzed to produce mainly maltose, but cyclomalto-hexaose and -heptaose were
      little affected both by human and porcine alpha-amylases. Quantitative analysis
      of reducing power revealed that the ring-opening rate of gamma-cyclodextrin
      catalyzed by human pancreatic alpha-amylase was 2.8 times slower than that
      catalyzed by the porcine enzyme. The number of multiple attacks on gamma
      cyclodextrin and its inhibitor constants for human pancreatic alpha-amylase and
      porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase were almost the same.

PMID- 2279247
TI  - Synthesis and characterisation of methyl 2-O-(beta-D- glucopyranosyl)-6-O-(alpha
      L-rhamnopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
AB  - The branched trisaccharide, 2-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-(alpha-L
      rhamnopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranos e (2), is regarded as the sugar moiety of an
      anthocyanin pigment isolated from the fruits and flowers of certain Begonia,
      Clivia, Rubus, Prunus, and Ribis species. The cyanidin-3-glycoside of 1 has been
      identified as one of the major pigments of Montmorency cherries (Prunus cerasus).
      It has also been isolated as quercetin and kaempherol glycosides from the flowers
      of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Synthesis of the methyl glycoside of 1, methyl 2-O
      (beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucop yranoside
      (2) is reported.

PMID- 2279248
TI  - Structural investigation of the capsular polysaccharide from Lactobacillus
      kefiranofaciens K1.

PMID- 2279249
TI  - Enzymic synthesis of HexNAc-containing disaccharide glycosides.
AB  - The following disaccharide glycosides were obtained from the appropriate donor
      and acceptor glycosides by employing glycosidases from the mollusc Chamelea
      gallina as catalysts: alpha-D-Galp-OMe (N-acetyl-alpha-D- galactosaminidase),
      beta-D-GalpNAc-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-OMe, beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-OMe,
      and beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----6)-alpha-D-Manp-OMe (N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase).
      The regioselectivity of the N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase-catalysed reactions
      depended on the anomeric configuration of the acceptor. Thus, alpha-D-Galp-OMe
      gave beta-D-GlcpNAc- (1----6)-alpha-D-Galp-OMe almost exclusively, whereas beta-D
      Galp-OMe gave beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-OMe and beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----6)
      beta-D-Galp-OMe in almost equal amounts. The isolation of the products by
      chromatography was straightforward.

PMID- 2279251
TI  - The safety profile of ibopamine, an alternative substance for treatment of
      chronic heart failure.
AB  - Before a new drug can be recommended for treatment of chronic heart failure,
      efficacy and safety have to be fulfilled. In this paper, the safety aspect of
      ibopamine, a congener of dopamine, is investigated by reviewing the available
      reports on this drug. A trend towards reduced mortality was found for patients
      with chronic heart failure during long-term treatment. No change in the potassium
      serum concentration has been found, whereas the plasma renin activity, plasma
      norepinephrine levels and the aldosterone secretion were decreased. It is
      concluded that ibopamine is a safe drug which may become an interesting
      alternative or additive therapy for patients with chronic heart failure.

PMID- 2279250
TI  - Isolation and characterisation of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulopyranosonate 7-(2
      aminoethyl phosphate) from the inner core region of Escherichia coli K-12 and
      Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharides.
AB  - The title compound (PE-Kdo) was isolated after hydrolysis of the
      lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3100 and Salmonella
      minnesota strains R4 and R7, and the location of the 2-aminoethyl phosphate group
      at position 7 was established by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Derivatives of PE-Kdo
      were acetylated, silylated, and methylated in order to evaluate their usefulness
      for analysis by g.l.c.-m.s.

PMID- 2279252
TI  - Ibopamine in the management of congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2279254
TI  - Ibopamine does not affect insulin resistance in patients with type I diabetes.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus was assessed by investigating 8 type I diabetic patients, in
      good metabolic control and with congestive heart failure, who were studied after
      3 weeks of placebo and ibopamine (100 mg t.i.d.) treatment. Metabolic control and
      daily insulin dose did not change in any patient during the study. The insulin
      mediated glucose uptake during the clamp studies showed no variation after
      placebo or ibopamine therapy. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and
      triglycerides concentrations remained unchanged. This study clearly suggests that
      ibopamine administered at a daily dose of 300 mg for 3 weeks presents a metabolic
      safety in type I diabetic patients.

PMID- 2279253
TI  - Safety of ibopamine in type II diabetic patients with mild chronic heart failure.
      A double-blind cross-over study.
AB  - Twelve outpatients with type II diabetes mellitus and mild clinical signs and
      history of cardiac failure were studied to assess the effects of ibopamine on
      glucose and lipid metabolism. For the assessment of cardiac failure a clinical
      score was computed, based on the evidence of dyspnea and ankle oedema. The
      patients were randomly allocated to ibopamine 100 mg t.i.d. or placebo in a
      double-blind cross-over 3 weeks design. Daily plasma glucose profile, glycaemia
      and plasma insulin during glucose tolerance test, serum C-peptide, lactacidemia,
      free fatty acids, triglycerides, urinary glucose, diuresis and clinical
      evaluation were the studied parameters. During the study, a clinically favourable
      trend for ibopamine was observed, as far as cardiac failure was concerned. No
      significant differences were found between ibopamine and placebo in any of the
      metabolic parameters. No change in diet or in the previous dosage of the
      antidiabetic drugs occurred during the study in any patient. We conclude that
      ibopamine 100 mg t.i.d. does not affect metabolic control and lipid pattern in
      type II diabetic patients, therefore representing a safe tool for the treatment
      of chronic heart failure in these patients.

PMID- 2279255
TI  - Treatment of mild chronic congestive heart failure with ibopamine,
      hydrochlorothiazide, ibopamine plus hydrochlorothiazide or placebo. A double
      blind comparative study.
AB  - This multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised parallel group study in
      247 patients with mild chronic congestive heart failure compared the efficacy and
      tolerability of ibopamine, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), ibopamine plus HCTZ and
      placebo during an 8-week treatment period. The combination of ibopamine and HCTZ
      resulted in a significantly greater reduction in body weight (p less than 0.05)
      than HCTZ alone. Trends in favour of the combination as compared to ibopamine or
      HCTZ alone and in favour of ibopamine as compared to HCTZ were observed. All
      active treatments were superior to placebo. All active treatments were well
      tolerated. There was a trend towards a higher incidence of hypokalemia in
      patients treated with HCTZ, alone or in combination, compared to those receiving
      ibopamine alone or placebo.

PMID- 2279256
TI  - Ibopamine versus digoxin in the treatment of mild congestive heart failure. A
      double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - We describe a randomized double-blind 4-week study on the efficacy of monotherapy
      with ibopamine 200 mg b.i.d. in comparison to placebo and open titrated digoxin
      in patients with mild congestive heart failure NYHA class I and II. A total of 60
      patients (22 males and 38 females) were evaluated for body weight, signs and
      symptoms score and the need for additional diuretic treatment for adequate
      symptom control. Mean decreases in body weight in the ibopamine group exceeded
      mean decreases in body weight in the placebo group (3.03 kg). The signs and
      symptoms score was improved in 7 out of 20 patients in the placebo group, in all
      patients treated with ibopamine and in 21 of 22 patients of the digoxin subgroup
      while the patient-questionnaire score improved in 23.5% (placebo), 100%
      (ibopamine) and 81.2% (digoxin) of the cases, respectively. There were no
      treatment failures in the ibopamine and digoxin group. However, 8 of 20 patients
      receiving placebo had need of additional diuretic therapy. No adverse drug
      reactions were reported in the ibopamine-treated patients. We conclude that
      ibopamine monotherapy over 4 weeks has favourable effects on body weight and
      signs and symptoms of mild congestive heart failure without exerting major side
      effects. The efficacy is comparable to digoxin therapy.

PMID- 2279257
TI  - Extracardial effects of oral ibopamine versus furosemide in patients with mild or
      moderate heart failure. A double-blind, randomized trial.
AB  - Ibopamine is a novel oral dopamine analogue with vasodilatory, positive inotropic
      and diuretic effects. In a double-blind, randomized study, the drug was
      investigated in 12 patients (mean age 49 +/- 10 years, 8 male, 4 female) with
      mild or moderate heart failure (NYHA classes II:8 patients, III:4 patients).
      Effects of single oral doses of 200 mg ibopamine, of 40 mg furosemide and of 200
      mg ibopamine + 40 mg furosemide were compared in each patient at 3-day intervals.
      1 h after administration, systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased from
      120 +/- 11 to 124 +/- 9 and from 76 +/- 5 to 81 +/- 6 mm Hg in the ibopamine
      group. During 4 h after drug ingestion, urinary flow was significantly raised
      from 124 +/- 81 to 228 +/- 166 ml/2 h in the ibopamine group (p less than 0.05),
      while the administration of furosemide (with or without ibopamine) resulted in
      several folds increases of urinary flow. After ibopamine, the 2-h creatinine
      clearance rose from 123 +/- 73 to 131 +/- 85 ml/min (not significant). Sodium and
      potassium excretion remained essentially unchanged by ibopamine, while effects of
      furosemide were several folds of those of ibopamine. Plasma renin activity was
      lowered to 65% by ibopamine (p less than 0.01). No additive effects of ibopamine
      in the presence of furosemide were observed for all parameters tested. These
      results indicate that ibopamine has smaller renal effects than furosemide with
      regard to water diuresis and kaliuresis. These effects of ibopamine could reflect
      direct changes of renal function or secondary effects of neurohumoral origin.
      Ibopamine does not produce undesirable renal side effects, but affects the
      neurohumoral status favourably. This drug, thus, could be useful as an adjuvant
      therapy in mild heart failure.

PMID- 2279258
TI  - Ibopamine in the treatment of mild chronic heart failure in elderly patients. A
      double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
AB  - This double-blind, randomized, multicenter clinical study assessed the efficacy
      and safety of ibopamine 100 mg t.i.d. as monotherapy vs. placebo in 52 patients
      with mild chronic heart failure aged over 60 years during a 12-week treatment
      period. Ibopamine produced a statistically significant increase in exercise
      tolerance and reduction in fatigue during effort compared to placebo. A trend
      towards decreased requirement of concomitant diuretic therapy was noted in the
      ibopamine-treated group. Ibopamine was well tolerated throughout the study. This
      study indicated that ibopamine is an effective and safe agent as monotherapy in
      the treatment of mild chronic heart failure in elderly patients.

PMID- 2279260
TI  - Kinetic properties of two transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase of Biomphalaria
      alexandrina snails, intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - Aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferase together with lactate
      dehydrogenase (LD) from the tissue homogenate of the Biomphalaria alexandrina
      snails, were partially characterized by measuring the Michaelis constant (km) and
      the maximum velocity (Vmax). The isoenzymatic pattern of lactate dehydrogenase
      was investigated through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2279259
TI  - Studies on the role of c-fos in TSH-stimulated thyroid cell proliferation.
AB  - TSH stimulates proliferation of FRTL5 rat thyroid cells, and also increases c-fos
      mRNA levels in these cells. We therefore investigated the role of c-fos in TSH
      mediated FRTL5 cell proliferation. FRTL5 cells were stably transfected with
      plasmid constructs that transcribe, under the control of the dexamethasone
      inducible MMTV promoter, a 5'-fragment (84 nucleotides) of c-fos mRNA, either in
      the sense or in the antisense orientation. Four c-fos antisense clones (A1, A2,
      A3, A4), one sense clone (S2), and wild-type (untransfected) FRTL5 cells were
      studied. Southern blot analysis indicated similar levels of transgenome in all
      transfected cell lines. Antisense clone A3 exhibited the greatest dexamethasone
      induced growth inhibition, two times (59% vs. 30%) greater than that in control,
      sense c-fos-transfected or wild-type FRTL5, cells. Consistent with the degree of
      growth inhibition, northern blot analysis revealed that c-fos antisense clone A3
      expressed the highest levels of c-fos antisense transcript. However, we did not
      observe dexamethasone induction of the antisense c-fos-beta globin hybrid mRNA in
      any clone, including clone A3. Taken together, our results provide circumstantial
      evidence that c-fos, at least in part, may play a role in TSH-mediated thyroid
      cell growth.

PMID- 2279261
TI  - Partial characterization of a highly conserved aspartyl kinase (AK) in normal
      human liver.
AB  - Subcellular fractions from human liver were assayed for aspartyl kinase (AK)
      activity measured by standard spectrophotometric methods. Along the purification
      procedure three different fractions displayed the expected enzyme activity.
      Interestingly, two of these fractions were specifically recognized by antibodies
      raised against E. coli aspartate kinases, suggesting a high degree of
      evolutionary conservation for these ubiquitous enzymes for prokaryotes. Since
      their known function in bacteria is not strictly required in eukaryotes, these
      observation imply that the presence and activity of aspartyl kinase(s) in mammals
      might represent putative regulatory roles for these enzymes in eukaryotic cell
      metabolism.

PMID- 2279262
TI  - Aspartate kinase as an enzyme able to phosphorylate aspartate in the nervous
      system. Immunocytochemical study.
AB  - An immunohistochemical method using antibodies against bacterial aspartate kinase
      has been carried out in order to localize this enzyme in the cerebellar cortex of
      rat. The results obtained with light microscope have demonstrated a positive
      immunoreaction in both the granular and molecular layers. Electron microscopic
      observation has also revealed the reaction in several dendrites, axons and
      myelinated fibers. These facts lead us to think that aspartate kinase could be
      involved in the phosphorylation of aspartate in the nervous tissue.

PMID- 2279263
TI  - The action of progesterone on sodium transport of isolated toad skin. Further
      evidences of a metabolic action.
AB  - To understand the mechanism of progesterone inhibition of the sodium influx in
      the toad skin, the effects of the hormone on the active sodium transport and
      oxidative metabolism of the transporting cells were examined. A direct
      relationship was observed between the initial value of the short circuit current
      and the sensitivity of a given skin toad preparation to progesterone.
      Progesterone had a higher effect on the sodium potential than on any other
      parameter of an equivalent electrical circuit of toad skin. Direct measurement of
      oxygen consumption indicated that progesterone can act as a blocking agent of the
      respiratory chain of the sodium transporting cells of toad skin.

PMID- 2279264
TI  - Influence of adenosine analogs on morphine tolerance and dependence in mice.
AB  - A number of adenosine agonists were investigated for possible actions on
      tolerance to morphine withdrawal in mice. The induction of tolerance to a
      sustained release preparation of morphine was assessed by measuring the analgesic
      effect induced by a test dose of the drug. The concomitant treatment with L- and
      D-phenylisopropyl adenosine, (L- and D-PIA), cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) or
      chloroadenosine (CADO) during the period of morphine absorption did not alter the
      induction of the process. In contrast cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) significantly
      decreased the intensity of tolerance. The administration of naloxone 30 hrs,
      after the priming dose of morphine induced an intense withdrawal reaction. The
      intensity of the abstinence syndrome was decreased by the administration of L
      PIA, CHA or CADO; CPA and D-PIA were ineffective. These results suggest that
      adenosine analogs may interfere with the known morphine effects on calcium
      disposition in nerve terminals.

PMID- 2279265
TI  - Immunohistochemical study of cat Pacinian corpuscles: co-localization of vimentin
      and S-100 protein-like in the inner core.
AB  - The presence of vimentin and S-100 protein in cat Pacinian corpuscles of cat
      mesentery has been investigated immunohistochemically (streptavidin-biotin
      method) using monoclonal antibodies. A positive reaction for both vimentin- and S
      100 protein-like was found only in the lamellae of the inner core. The presence
      of vimentin and the co-expression of vimentin/S-100 protein-like in sensory
      corpuscles is reported for the first time. The authors discuss the origin of the
      inner core and capsule of sensory corpuscles on the basis of their
      immunohistochemical characteristics.

PMID- 2279266
TI  - Uterine epithelial cells in primary culture: a model system to study cell
      proliferation.
AB  - Guinea-pig uterine glandular epithelial cells were grown in primary culture.
      During the 4-day initial culture period, a 6.7 fold increase in DNA synthesis and
      a doubling time of approximately 30 hours were observed. Then the cells were
      submitted to serum depletion (60 hours) and the quiescent cells were stimulated
      with 15% fetal calf serum (FCS). The control cells were submitted to 1% heated
      and dextran-coated charcoal stripped FCS. In stimulated cells, the DNA synthesis
      increased and peaked between the 12th and 24th hour. In these cells, c-fos mRNAs
      increased rapidly, within 30 min., peaked at 75 min. (ratio to the control =
      2.5), and returned to basal level within 90 min. These results prove that uterine
      epithelial cells in primary culture are able to respond to unspecific mitogen by
      both rapid expression of c-fos gene and DNA synthesis, suggesting that this cell
      culture system will be useful in studying the growth regulation in endometrium.

PMID- 2279267
TI  - New thymocyte growth factor from thymic epithelial cell line.
AB  - Three polypeptide fractions were separated from the culture supernatant of a
      thymic epithelial cell line, TAD3, by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      equipped with gel-filtration column (GFC). One (estimated molecular weight: 10
      kD) of the polypeptide fractions possessed the capacity to induce thymocyte
      proliferation. The sensitive cells for the growth factor in the fraction seem to
      be immature thymocytes which exist in the outer-cortical or the subcapsular area
      of thymic lobule. Furthermore, the mechanism to proliferate the thymocytes
      appears to differ from that of other cytokines. Thus, the fraction might possibly
      contain a previously unidentified thymocyte growth factor.

PMID- 2279268
TI  - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study on kidney preservation. Effect
      of verapamil.
AB  - 31P NMR spectroscopy has been used to evaluate the usefulness of verapamil, a
      calcium channel blocker, in preventing ischemic renal damage. Phosphorylated
      metabolites have been investigated before, during and after 48 hrs of hypothermic
      storage. The rapidity in adenosine triphosphate resynthesis and the
      phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters levels after reperfusion at the end of the
      storage period (48 hrs), were significantly higher in verapamil-treated kidneys.
      Phosphomonoesters to inorganic phosphate ratio, during the storage period, is
      even higher. These findings suggest that verapamil may protect against ischemic
      renal damage and so it can be useful for renal preservation. Furthermore, it has
      been shown that 31P NMR spectroscopy puts into evidence the biochemical recovery
      and allows the assessment of the viability of organs.

PMID- 2279269
TI  - The origin and role of confronting cisternae in selected fetal mouse and rat
      tissues.
AB  - Confronting cisternae (CC) are described for the first time in normal fetal rat
      and mouse liver and intestinal epithelial cells. In these cells, CC
      characteristically consist of 2 parallel cisternae which are devoid of ribosomes
      on their juxtaposed surfaces. The intracisternal spacing is consistently 20 nm.
      While CC occur in rapidly proliferating tissues such as fetal liver and
      intestinal epithelium, they do not occur in hepatocytes following partial
      hepatectomy. Although it has been postulated that the intact CC profiles
      represent a mechanism of assuring the presence of pre-formed nuclear envelope
      (NE) or rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in cells, it is more likely that the
      subunits which result from CC degradation serve as a pool of membrane precursors
      for new NE or RER.

PMID- 2279270
TI  - Competition of contacting heterotypic epithelial sheets for the territory in
      culture.
AB  - Co-cultured epithelial cells of various lines formed mixed cohesive sheets.
      Contact interactions of different cells in the sheets were studied by phase
      contrast and interference reflection microscopy, time-lapse microcinematography,
      transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that heterotypic
      cells in the combined sheets were locked together by the complexes of specialized
      contacts and were metabolically coupled, as shown by the dye transfer. At the
      same time heterotypic cells continued to extend pseudopods at the contacting
      lateral surfaces and to attach these pseudopodies to substratum. Due to
      competition of pseudopod attachments one group of cells in the sheet often
      progressively pushed another group from the substratum. This competition of cells
      for substratum may provide an important mechanism for morphogenetic
      reorganisation of epithelial sheets and of other groups of interacting cells in
      vivo.

PMID- 2279271
TI  - Neuritogenesis in mouse NB2a/d1 neuroblastoma cells: triggering by calcium influx
      and involvement of actin and tubulin dynamics.
AB  - Ionophore (A23187)-mediated calcium influx induced rapid neurite outgrowth in
      NB2a/d1 cells. This outgrowth was prevented by colchicine but not by
      cycloheximide, demonstrating a requirement for microtubule assembly but not de
      novo synthesis. Cytochalasin B induced rapid, colchicine-sensitive outgrowth,
      indicating that depolymerization of the submembrane actin network may be
      sufficient to allow neurite outgrowth under conditions which permitted
      microtubule assembly. Neurites induced by serum-deprivation or calcium influx
      were rapidly retracted by colchicine unless cytochalasin B was first added,
      indicating that the actin network may provide the retractile force which mediates
      neurite retraction following microtubule depolymerization. We conclude that
      neurite outgrowth can be initiated in NB2a/d1 cells by calcium influx, and may
      involve alterations in actin and microtubule dynamics.

PMID- 2279272
TI  - Association of EGF and LDL receptors with the cytoskeleton of cultured
      keratinocytes.
AB  - In this paper we demonstrate that isolated cytoskeletons of normal keratinocytes
      cultured under differentiation inducing conditions exhibit a high level of
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding. This binding is approximately 300% higher
      than the binding of intact cells. In contrast, various squamous carcinoma cell
      lines or normal keratinocytes cultured under differentiation retarding conditions
      exhibit EGF binding to isolated cytoskeletons which is around 10-20% of the
      binding to intact cells. Incubation of normal keratinocytes in the presence of
      arotinoid ethyl sulfone resulted in a marked decrease of the ability of the cells
      to differentiate, and a decrease of EGF binding to isolated cytoskeletons. These
      results suggest a close relationship between the differentiation capacity of the
      cells and the presence of cytoskeleton-associated EGF receptors. Similar results
      were obtained for low density lipoprotein (LDL) binding.

PMID- 2279273
TI  - Opioid influence on the adherence of granulocytes to human umbilical vein
      endothelial cells in vitro.
AB  - Recent studies revealed the existence of opioid receptors on human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (hPMN) and reported the effects of endogenous
      opioids on hPMN migration and adherence on glass or serum coated glass. Extending
      these studies, two different assay systems served to quantify the two basic
      events of adherence: attachment and spreading. hPMN in suspension were allowed to
      settle under the influence of beta-endorphin on human umbilical vein endothelial
      cells. After 30 and 240 sec the number of attached cells was enhanced 2.5-fold.
      Studying the spreading of cells, beta-endorphin increased the area 1.5-fold.
      Since adherence precedes the migration of hPMN through the endothelial layer
      towards foci of inflammation, the results suggest a modulatory role of endogenous
      opioids in defence mechanisms.

PMID- 2279274
TI  - Cytochemical and morphometric analysis of autophagy in energy depleted rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - The energy dependence of lysosomal enzyme acquisition by autophagosomes was
      studied in isolated rat hepatocytes by ultrastructural analysis for acid
      phosphatase activity. Reduction of the intracellular ATP content by addition of
      atractyloside or fructose decreased the flux through the autophagic proteolytic
      pathway to a similar extent (40-50%). Unexpectedly, in the presence of
      atractyloside the volume density of autophagosomes was reduced by 65%, whereas in
      the presence of fructose this reduction was only 20%. The volume density of
      lysosomes was not significantly affected by either of the two compounds. It is
      concluded that partial ATP depletion by fructose not only inhibits sequestration
      of cytoplasmic material in autophagosomes, but also affects the fusion between
      autophagosomes and lysosomes. Since fructose, in contrast to atractyloside, does
      not affect the cytosolic phosphate potential, it is proposed that autophagic
      sequestration is more sensitive to changes in the cytosolic phosphate potential
      whereas the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes is more responsive to
      changes in the ATP concentration.

PMID- 2279275
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of BP, a conceptus secretory protein, in
      trophectoderm during pig trophoblast elongation.
AB  - Tissue sections of periimplantation pig conceptuses (days 9-15 of pregnancy) were
      incubated with antiserum to the basic protein (BP), a major secretory protein of
      filamentous pig blastocysts. Bound antibody was detected by the peroxidase
      antiperoxidase method. BP was restricted to trophectoderm in conceptuses which
      had made the transition from a spherical to an ovoid shape having a diameter of
      greater than 5 mm (day 11). Tubular (day 11, 10-20 mm) and filamentous (day 11
      15) conceptus trophectoderm contained BP. These results suggest that BP synthesis
      commences at the time of rapid trophoblast growth.

PMID- 2279276
TI  - The expression of the TGF beta 1 gene in the first trimester human eye and other
      embryonic organs.
AB  - We have examined the expression of the transforming growth factor beta 1 gene in
      a variety of tissues in the developing human embryo. Northern blot analysis
      revealed the presence of TGF B1 mRNA in the 10-12 week old eye as well as in most
      first trimester organs with the notable exception of the yolk sack. In an attempt
      to determine the topographical distribution of TGF B1 transcripts within the eye,
      we found that messenger RNA levels were higher in the posterior regions of the
      eye globe.

PMID- 2279277
TI  - Interactions of lecithin and pig apolipoproteins of high density lipoproteins at
      the surface monolayer of reconstituted very small particles.
AB  - Cosonication of egg yolk lecithin and triolein with apolipoproteins isolated from
      pig high density lipoprotein (apoHDL) gave us reconstituted high density
      lipoprotein particles (r-HDLs) of 9 nm in average diameter. They were smaller
      than microemulsion particles (MEs) composed of the lipids (35 nm). The
      protein/egg yolk lecithin ratio in the fractionated r-HDLs was higher in the
      smaller particles. Binding of a hydrophobic probe, 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6
      sulfonate (TNS), to MEs, r-HDLs and apoHDL were evaluated on the basis of Halfman
      and Nishida's method. The reconstitution of apoHDL into MEs led to a 68%
      reduction in the binding of TNS and a small increase in the alpha-helix content
      as compared with free apoHDL. The binding experiments also showed the
      condensation of lecithin molecules at the r-HDL surface. The amphipathic helixes
      of apoHDL are located in the surface monolayer of egg yolk lecithin surrounding
      the triolein core. The intercalation of the hydrophobic residues of apoHDL
      between egg yolk lecithin molecules brings about a pronounced curvature of the
      surface and a decrease in the particle diameter.

PMID- 2279278
TI  - Amino acids and peptides. XXVI. Synthesis of Agaricus bisporus metallothionein
      and related peptides and examination of their heavy metal-binding properties.
AB  - A pentacosapeptide corresponding to the entire amino acid sequence of Agaricus
      bisporus metallothionein (MT) and related cysteine-containing peptides were
      prepared by the conventional solution method and their heavy metal-binding
      properties were examined. The Cu2(+)- or Cu(+)-binding activities of various
      peptides were not greatly dependent on the peptide structure, so far as examined,
      although the pentacosapeptide, A. bisporus MT, exhibited slightly higher binding
      activity than the other peptides. On the contrary, the Cd2(+)-binding activities
      of these peptides were fairly structure-dependent.

PMID- 2279279
TI  - Synthesis of fluorine analogues of protoporphyrin potentially useful for
      diagnosis and therapy of tumors.
AB  - With the aim of obtaining a porphyrin derivative useful for diagnosis and therapy
      of cancer, fluorine analogues of protoporphyrin, in which the vinyl group(s) were
      replaced by difluorovinyl group(s), were synthesized by the reaction of the
      formylporphyrins with sodium chlorodifluoroacetate in the presence of
      triphenylphosphine. Some improvements in the reported procedures for the
      synthesis of formylporphyrins are also described. Preliminary results of
      biological tests of the products showed that 8(2),8(2)-difluoroprotoporphyrin
      accumulates to gastric cancer more selectively than other fluorine analogues and
      that 3(2),3(2),8(2),8(2)-tetrafluoroprotoporphyrin is taken up by rat hepatoma
      cells more readily than the others.

PMID- 2279280
TI  - Studies on cardiotonic agents. II. Synthesis of novel phthalazine and 1,2,3
      benzotriazine derivatives.
AB  - A series of phthalazine and 1,2,3-benzotriazine derivatives which have
      heterocyclylpiperidino groups was synthesized and tested for cardiotonic activity
      in anesthetized dogs. Several 6,7-dimethoxyphthalazine derivatives showed
      relatively potent cardiotonic activity comparable to that of amrinone.

PMID- 2279281
TI  - Quantitative structure-activity relationships for calmodulin inhibitors.
AB  - Using the discriminant analysis method, we completely distinguished 24 calmodulin
      inhibitors in three groups, as classified by Zimmer et al. The resultant
      discriminant functions distinguished the three groups in terms of positive
      potential surface area on the side chain, as well as the total and neutral
      surface areas on the ring in the inhibitor molecules. Group assignment of
      additional calmodulin inhibitors from other sources was then estimated according
      to the discriminant functions. The relationship between structure and inhibitory
      potency on calmodulin-activated phosphodiesterase for group I inhibitors,
      together with those estimated, was studied using the adaptive least squares
      method with several parameters dependent on molecular conformations. A "best
      conformer" was selected for each inhibitor on the basis of quantitative structure
      activity relationship (QSAR). The results of QSAR analysis of group I inhibitors
      showed that hydrophobicity was important for the ring moiety but not for the side
      chain. The negative potential surface area of the side chain is necessary for
      activity. It is desirable for the nitrogen atom in the side chain, which is
      considered the center of the negative potential area, to be located far from the
      ring moiety. Thus, the ring moiety and side chain may possibly play different
      roles in interactions with the receptor system.

PMID- 2279282
TI  - Hepatoprotective compounds from Canarium album and Euphorbia nematocypha.
AB  - Successive purification of the extract from Canarium album and Euphorbia
      nematocypha, guided by antihepatotoxic activity in primary cultured rat
      hepatocytes, led to the isolation of brevifolin (1), hyperin (2), ellagic acid
      (3) and 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid (4) as hepatoprotective compounds. Compounds
      1,3 and 4 also reduced carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in mice.
      The hepatoprotective activities of 1, 2, 3 and 4 in vitro and in vivo are
      apparently due to their antioxidative effects, which were exhibited by further
      studies using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and CCl4-induced
      lipid peroxidation systems.

PMID- 2279283
TI  - Inorganic chemical approaches to pharmacognosy. VII. X-ray fluorescence
      spectrometric studies on the inorganic constituents of crude drugs. (5). The
      relationship between inorganic constituents of plants and the soils on which they
      are grown.
AB  - Inorganic constituents of the leaves of several kinds of plants growing on
      different soil types were investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence
      spectrometry. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) Each plant exhibited
      a characteristic metals profile, even if they were grown on similar soil types.
      (2) As we would expect, the metals profile of the plant leaves depends on the
      inorganic constitution of the soil on which it is grown. However, the degree of
      the influence of the soil types on the metals profile of the plant differs
      according to the kind of inorganic element: Ca and Cu are almost independent of
      the soil types, but the Ti and Fe content is dependent upon the soil types. (3)
      Sr content of plant leaves is closely related to the ratio of Sr to Ca of the
      soil on which the plants are grown. (4) This information should be helpful in
      identifying the producing district or original plant of a crude drug by its
      metals profile.

PMID- 2279284
TI  - Inorganic chemical approaches to pharmacognosy. VIII. Determination of selenium
      in crude drugs by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.
AB  - Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry following sample decomposition
      and preconcentration was developed to determine selenium in crude drugs. Samples
      were decomposed with conc. HNO3 and conc. H2SO4 in a flask with a reflux
      condenser. Evaporation of HNO3 had to be avoided to prevent serious loss of this
      element. Selenium was preconcentrated from the digestion liquid by two-step
      reduction with 4M HCl and ascorbic acid, the elemental selenium formed was
      adsorbed on activated carbon and then collected on a Nuclepore membrane filter
      for direct irradiation in an X-ray spectrometer. This analytical method
      (detection limit, 0.03 ppm) was used to determine selenium in many kinds of crude
      drugs. The analytical results indicated vegetable drugs to be low in selenium
      content: more than 0.5 ppm in only a limited number of samples and less than
      detection limit (0.03 ppm) in nearly all the samples. Animal drugs contain
      selenium at higher levels, Lumbricus and Cantharis being 7.46 and 1.67 ppm,
      respectively.

PMID- 2279285
TI  - Studies on the formation of aliphatic aldehydes in the plasma and liver of
      vitamin E-deficient rats.
AB  - The effects of vitamin E (E) deficiency on the formation of aliphatic aldehydes
      in rat plasma and liver were studied. Three-week-old Wistar male rats were fed
      either an E supplemented diet (2-ambo-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 20 mg/kg diet,
      designated as E supplemented diet group) or an E deficient diet (E deficient diet
      group). After 8 weeks, n-hexanal and (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HN) in the plasma
      of the E deficient diet group were found to be 2.0 and 2.5-fold greater than
      those of the E supplemented diet group, respectively. The contents of aldehydes
      such as n-pentanal, n-hexanal, 4-HN in the liver were also significantly higher
      in the E deficient diet group than in the E supplemented diet group. These
      results indicate that some aldehydes, arising possibly from lipid peroxides, are
      produced and detected in the plasma and liver of rats under the condition like E
      deficiency. In this study we further found that the activity of the liver
      aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH, EC 1.2.1.3) was significantly changed; 5 and 8
      weeks after the start it was lower in the E deficient diet group when compared to
      that in the E supplemented diet group. The decrease of enzyme activity was
      related to the increase of aldehydes such as n-hexanal in the liver. the aldehyde
      increase in the plasma of the E deficient diet group was thought to raise the
      injury of cells, namely, a strong hemolysis on erythrocytes prepared from the
      blood of rats fed the E deficient diet.

PMID- 2279286
TI  - Heat induced generation of the mitogenic substance(s) responding to murine
      splenocytes obtained from sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum IFO 9395.
AB  - We have demonstrated that hot water extracts of sclerotia of Sclerotinia
      sclerotiorum IFO 9395 (TSHW) show various immunomodulating activities and
      mitogenic substance(s) were recovered from the beta-1,3-glucanase resistant
      fraction (EDP) (Shinohara et al. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 37, 2174 (1989]. In this
      paper, we examined whether or not the mitogenic substance(s) were also obtained
      from the other methods, phosphate buffer extraction. Although the native extracts
      (3S-M) sterilized with a membrane filter showed a slight mitogenicity to murine
      splenocytes, 3S-M denatured in boiling water (3S-MB) showed significant activity.
      Treatment of 3S-M for only 1 min in boiling water or 10 min at 70 degrees C was
      sufficient to show significant mitogenic activity. After heat treatment of 3S-M
      in boiling water for 30 s, the main band corresponding to that of 3S-M was not
      clearly observed. Instead, new bands appeared at the top of the gel in normal
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (normal-PAGE), suggesting that many
      physicochemical changes occurred during the heat treatment. These findings
      suggest that heat denaturation of the substance(s) from sclerotia was one of the
      triggering mechanisms expressing mitogenic activity to murine splenocytes.

PMID- 2279288
TI  - Effect of grinding on dehydration of crystal water of theophylline.
AB  - The effect of grinding on the dehydration of crystal water of theophylline has
      been studied. It was observed that the water content of theophylline hydrate
      decreased with increased grinding time. As the grinding time proceeded, the
      results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that crystal water
      of ground theophylline hydrate dehydrated in three steps at ca. 58, 44, and 17
      degrees C, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction study revealed that the crystal
      lattice of theophylline monohydrate collapsed by grinding, and part of the
      theophylline molecules subsequently rearranged the collapsed lattice to form
      theophylline anhydrate. The result of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy
      demonstrated that the hydrogen bonds between crystal water molecules and
      theophylline molecules were weakened or destroyed to some extent by grinding. It
      was supposed that crystal water in the ground theophylline hydrate might exist at
      least in three molecular states of different hydrogen-bonding. From DSC study, it
      was suggested that the ruptured hydrogen bonds of water molecules in the ground
      theophylline hydrate were strengthened after storage under 96.5% relative
      humidity at 30 degrees C.

PMID- 2279287
TI  - Interaction of liposomes with human erythrocytes.
AB  - Interaction of liposomes (phospholipid vesicles) with human erythrocytes was
      studied by means of a spectroscopic method. Transfer of hemoglobin between
      liposomes and erythrocytes was observed. This transfer was mediated by a
      migration of band 3 proteins. In this case, a transfer of band 4.5 also was
      observed by means of electrophoresis. An interaction of lipid monomers from the
      liposomes with the erythrocyte membranes seemed to be closely correlated to the
      transfer of these proteins. It was presumed that this interaction induced some
      changes in the molecular organization of the cell membranes around band 3,
      resulting in release of the proteins from the erythrocyte membranes.

PMID- 2279289
TI  - Physiochemical properties of phenobarbital solid dispersion with
      phosphatidylcholine.
AB  - We prepared a phenobarbital (PB) solid dispersion (SD) with phosphatidylcholine
      (PC). PB was present in an amorphous state in SD if its mole fraction was under
      0.75. An infrared (IR) spectra study suggested a hydrogen bond between NH in PB
      and phosphate in PC, with a ratio of about 1:1. When the mole fraction of PB was
      less than 0.50, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves showed endothermic
      peaks at 57, 90 and 145 degrees C, and an exothermic peak at 60 degrees C. The IR
      spectrum and X-ray diffraction pattern changed after holding at 70 degrees C, so
      at this point it is considered that the metastable state of SD changed into a
      stable state, and extra energy was released. When the mole fraction of PB was
      high, PB also arranged near hydrophobic group because an endothermic peak was
      observed at 46-52 degrees C, which was lower than fully hydrated PC. PB is
      similar to indomethacin (IM) in molecular shape and to phenytoin (PHT) in
      chemical structure. Its DSC curve and IR spectra are similar to PHT, and the
      limit ratio of its amorphous state is the same as IM. It is considered that the
      chemical structure is an important factor in its interaction to PC, and also, the
      molecular shape is important to arrange into PC lattice.

PMID- 2279290
TI  - Multiple binding of inhibitors in the complex formed by bovine trypsin and
      fragments of a synthetic inhibitor, 4-[4-(N,N-
      dimethylcarbamoxylmethoxycarbonylmethyl)phenoxycarbonylphenyl+ ++] guanidinium
      methanesulfonate (FOY-305).
AB  - The crystal of bovine trypsin complexed with a potent inhibitor, 4-[4-(N,N-
      dimethylcarbamoylmethoxycarbonylmethyl)phenoxycarbonylphenyl ]guanidinium (FOY
      305) in the novel orthorhombic from with a low molecular packing density was
      studied by the X-ray diffraction method. Using synchrotron radiation, the
      intensity data were collected to 1.8 A resolution. The structure was solved by
      molecular replacement methods, and refined to an R-factor = 18.0% for 14364
      reflections by the restrained least-squares method. The final difference Fourier
      maps revealed that hydrolyzed inhibitor fragments bind with the protein at
      multiple sites around the active center of trypsin. The structural feature in the
      crystalline state probably corresponds to a statistical average of several
      complexes which would be formed between the inhibitor and trypsin during the
      binding and releasing process in solution.

PMID- 2279291
TI  - Synthesis of 4-carboxymethylthio-substituted steroids for enzyme immunoassay.

PMID- 2279293
TI  - Ga-labeling of immunoglobulin G with high specific radioactivity.
AB  - To obtain radiogallium labeled immunoglobulin G with a high specific
      radioactivity for in vitro use, a 67Ga source was purified by extraction from
      67Ga-gallium citrate with butyl acetate, and a 67Ga-labeling solution was
      produced. This solution was then used to label a deferoxamine-immunoglobulin G
      conjugate. Both a very high specific radioactivity (872 +/- 56 MBq/mg) and a high
      labeling efficiency (94.0%) were achieved.

PMID- 2279292
TI  - Anti-inflammatory constituents of topically applied crude drugs. IV. Constituents
      and anti-inflammatory effect of Paraguayan crude drug "alhucema" (Lavandula
      latifolia Vill.).
AB  - The anti-inflammatory active fraction of the Paraguayan crude drug, "Alhucema,"
      Lavandula latifolia Vill. afforded four compounds: coumarin (1), 7
      methoxycoumarin (2), trans-phytol (3) and caryophyllene oxide (4). 1 showed a
      weakly inhibitory effect on carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats on topical
      application and 4 showed an inhibitory effect on histamine-induced contraction in
      guinea pig ileum.

PMID- 2279294
TI  - An enzymatic assay of chloramphenicol coupled with fluorescence reaction.
AB  - An alternative method for the assay of chloramphenicol using an enzymatic
      reaction coupled with a fluorescence detection system has been developed.
      Chloramphenicol was enzymatically acetylated by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
      in the presence of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) as the acetyl-donor, after
      which the liberated CoA-SH was derivatized with a fluorogenic reagent, 4
      (aminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. The assay was linear over the
      range of 2.5-40 micrograms/ml. Analytical recoveries of chloramphenicol at
      concentrations of 7.5 and 22.5 micrograms/ml, added to human serum, plasma, or a
      slightly hemolyzed serum, were in the range of 93.3 to 106.2%. The enzymatic
      assay was not affected by the presence of ten other antibiotics tested.

PMID- 2279295
TI  - 1,2-Diarylethylenediamines as pre-column fluorescence derivatization reagents in
      high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of catecholamines in urine
      and plasma.
AB  - Meso- and dl-1,2-diarylethylenediamines (14 species) were evaluated for pre
      column fluorescence derivatization reagents in the high-performance liquid
      chromatographic determination of catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine and
      dopamine) in human urine and plasma. Of the compounds, meso-1,2-bis(4
      methoxyphenyl)ethylenediamine was most preferable for all the catecholamines in
      terms of sensitivity and selectivity. The detection limit for each catecholamine
      is approximately 0.5 fmol in a 50-microliters injection volume.

PMID- 2279296
TI  - Isolation of cytotoxic substance, kalafungin from an alkalophilic actinomycete,
      Nocardiopsis dassonvillei subsp. prasina.
AB  - An alkalophilic actinomycete, strain OPC-553 regarded as Nocardiopsis
      dassonvillei subsp. prasina, produced the cytotoxic substance, TS-1, which showed
      a marked inhibitory activity against L5178Y mouse leukemic cell in vitro. The
      cytotoxicity of TS-1 on this cell was very strong and its ID50 was 0.018
      micrograms/ml. Through direct comparison of its spectral data with those of an
      authentic sample, TS-1 was identified as the antifungal antibiotic, kalafungin,
      already isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces tanashiensis. However,
      the isolation of kalafungin from an alkalophilic actinomycete and its
      cytotoxicity are reported for the first time in this paper.

PMID- 2279297
TI  - Synthesis of a thymosin beta 4-like peptide, thymosin beta Met9, and its effect
      on low E-rosette-forming lymphocytes of lupus nephritis patients.
AB  - A thymosin beta 4-like peptide, thymosin beta Met9 isolated from pork spleen, was
      synthesized using a conventional solution method. The deprotection of the
      protected thymosin beta Met9 was achieved by treatment with Zn-90% AcOH to remove
      C-terminal p-nitrobenzyl ester and then with 1 M trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
      thioanisole (molar ratio, 1:1) in trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of
      dimethylselenium. Finally, the deprotected peptide was incubated with
      dithiothreitol to reduce sulfoxide on the methionine side chain. The increase of
      the E-rosette-forming lymphocytes was obtained after incubation of peripheral
      blood from lupus nephritis patients with the synthetic thymosin beta Met9. The
      synthetic thymosin beta Met9 was approximately equal in potency to that of our
      synthetic calf thymosin beta 9.

PMID- 2279299
TI  - Disintegration test to measure lot-to-lot variations of vaginal tablets.
AB  - Attempts were made to investigate the disintegration test for vaginal tablets.
      Disintegration tests were done for four different commercial vaginal tablets
      (three lots each) by the watch glass method and Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP)
      disintegration method, and the resulting profiles were compared to those by the
      modified British Pharmacopoeia (BP) method on a point of lot-to-lot variation of
      the disintegration times. The disintegration time of every tablet by the modified
      BP method was longest, followed by the watch glass method, and finally by the JP
      disintegration method. The results for lot-to-lot differences in disintegration
      times by the modified BP method were similar to those by the watch glass method.
      However, such lot-to-lot differences as found by the modified BP method and watch
      glass method were not always observed by the JP disintegration method. It was
      concluded from these results that the modified BP method was most suitable for
      investigating lot-to-lot differences in the disintegration of vaginal tablets.

PMID- 2279298
TI  - Regucalcin-induced Ca2+ release from rat liver microsomes: the effect is
      inhibited by heparin.
AB  - The effect of heparin on the calcium-binding protein regucalcin-stimulated Ca2+
      release from rat liver microsomes was investigated. Ca2+ release was assayed by
      the method of Millipore filtration to estimate microsomal 45Ca2+ accumulation
      following the addition of 10 mM adenosine triphosphate. The addition of
      regucalcin (1.0 microM) or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3; 1.0
      microM] stimulated 45Ca2+ release from rat liver microsomes. These effects were
      completely inhibited by the presence of heparin (10.0 micrograms/ml). Regucalcin
      did not enhance the effect of Ins(1,4,5)P3. These results suggest that regucalcin
      affects 45Ca2+ release involved in Ins(1,4,5)P3 action in rat liver microsomes.

PMID- 2279300
TI  - Asymmetric synthesis of a chiral norbornene derivative by lipase-catalyzed
      transesterification of cis-endo-5-norbornene-2,3-dimethanol and its application
      to the synthesis of an optically active TXA2 antagonist.

PMID- 2279302
TI  - [Progress in the pathology of soft part tumors].

PMID- 2279301
TI  - Isolation of limonin and obacunone from phellodendri cortex shorten the sleeping
      time induced in mice by alpha-chloralose-urethane.

PMID- 2279303
TI  - [The histogenesis of alveolar soft part sarcoma: a clinicopathological analysis
      of 135 cases].
AB  - 135 cases of alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) are presented. It is the largest
      series of ASPS currently reported in the medical literature. Follow-up clinical
      data were available in 51 cases. 68 of the patients were male and 67 were female.
      The mean age of the patients when making the diagnosis was 35.5 years. Most of
      the tumors were located at the extremities (72.1%), particularly on the thigh and
      buttock (36.1%). The five year survival rate was 45.9%, the recurrence rate was
      47.1%, and the metastatic rate was 35.3%. The most common sites of metastases
      were the lung, brain and liver. Microscopially, all the tumors gave a typical
      organoid structure. Electron microscopic study showed special crystals in the
      tumor cells. 33 cases of ASPS were examined immunohistochemically with 16 kinds
      of antibodies in order to clarify the histogenesis of alveolar soft part sarcoma.
      The presence of desmin, actin, myoglobin and myosin suggests the myogenic
      character of this tumor.

PMID- 2279304
TI  - [Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 118 cases of
      rhabdomyosarcoma].
AB  - 118 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma are reported. Specimens from 30 of these cases were
      stained with Masson Trichrome and phosphotunstic acid haemotoxylin. 36 cases were
      studied immunohistochemically by PAP, and ABC methods. Specific antibodies
      against myoglobin, desmin and vimentim were used. Positive immunostaining for
      myoglobin and desmin was found in 72.7% and 55.5% of the cases studied
      respectively. The positivity was dependent on the degree of cell differentiation.
      Results suggest that immunohistochemistry is a useful tool for the diagnosis of
      poorly differentiated rhabdomyosarcomas. Cross--striations were found in only 6
      of the thirty cases (20%). It is now generally accepted that demonstration of
      cross--striations is not essential for the diagnosis; nevertheless, the
      characteristic features of fibrillary material arranged in whorls around the
      nucleus are of diagnostic significance. Histologically, it is also believed that
      searching for early differentiated rhabdomyoblasts combined with the histological
      pattern is of vital importance for an accurate diagnosis.

PMID- 2279305
TI  - [Pathohistology of progressive muscular dystrophy and the relationship between
      necrotic and regenerative fibers].
AB  - Enzyme histochemistry and acridine orange (AO) fluorescence techniques were used
      for studying muscle biopsy specimens of progressive muscular dystrophy in 75
      cases. Five characteristic pathologic patterns for diagnosis were summarized. The
      level of serum CPK was be used as a marker for judging necrotic fibers. The
      result of AO staining showed that the number of regenerating IIc type fibers in
      DMD increased by 5-20%. This indicates that the numbers of the IIc type fibers
      are also related to necrotic fibers. The authors consider that the regenerative
      course is a compensatory repair reaction on necrotic fibers. But clinically, the
      speed of necrosis development is much higher than that of regeneration. Thus,
      enhancing the synthesis of proteins and promoting the capacity of regeneration
      should be considered as a new approach to effective therapy for DMD patients.

PMID- 2279306
TI  - [Electron microscopic study on the diagnosis of 223 neoplasms].
AB  - 223 neoplasms were submitted to electron microscopic (EM) study and diagnosis
      during a three-year period. It was demonstrated that EM provided a more precise
      pathologic diagnosis in 135 cases (60%), corrected the original diagnosis by
      light microscopy (LM) in 11 cases (5%) and confirmed diagnosis made by LM in 62
      cases (28%). Anyhow, EM failed to give a good turn to the diagnosis in 15 cases
      (7%), because of unsatisfactory specimen provided or improperly processed. EM
      contributes greatly to the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors and the neoplasms
      from skin and soft tissue. The study verified that EM is of significant
      diagnostic value, for its capability of more accurately defining the histogenesis
      of certain tumors.

PMID- 2279307
TI  - [LM, EM and immunohistochemical observations on 10 cases of atypical carcinoid of
      the lung].
AB  - Twenty-two cases of neuroendocrine tumor comprising neurosecretory granules were
      identified ultrastructurally in 124 cases of resected pulmonary carcinoma. Among
      these, 10 cases of atypical carcinoid of the lung were examined by LM, EM and
      immunohistochemical staining for NSE. The diagnosis of atypical carcinoid is
      difficult by LM alone. Therefore light microscopic observation is required in
      combination with electron microscopic findings for obtaining an accurate
      diagnosis of atypical carcinoid of the lung. Based on the data observed in these
      10 cases, the diagnostic criteria of atypical carcinoid of lung are as follows:
      Microscopically: Increased cellularity with organoid architecture and rosette
      formation. Patchy necrosis at the center of cancer nests. Pleomorphism and
      irregularity of nuclei with hyperchromatism. Presence of abundant mitotic
      figures. NSE is positive immunohistochemically. Ultrastructurally: Various amount
      of neurosecretory granules found in cancer cells. Rich organelles, such as
      mitochondria, RER and ribosomes found in cytoplasm. Presence of basal lamina and
      desmosomes.

PMID- 2279308
TI  - [Distribution of three proteinases in tumor cells of malignant histiocytosis].
AB  - Tumor tissues from 36 autopsy cases of malignant histiocytosis were collected for
      studying the distribution of lysozyme (LyS), alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and
      alpha 1-antitrypsin (AT) by double peroxidase anti-peroxidase staining. The
      positive rates of LyS, ACT and AT were 97.14%, 91.67% and 77.78% respectively.
      LyS was seen mainly in the well-differentiated histiocytes. No phagocytosis was
      found in these cells. ACT existed in some well-differentiated histiocytes in
      which phagocytosis was often seen. A few atypical histiocytes also showed
      positive reaction to ACT. AT-positive cells were mainly atypical histiocytes and
      atypical multinuclear-giant-histiocytes. This study not only confirms that the
      tumor cels of malignant histiocytosis originate from histiocytes, but also
      indicates that staining of LyS, ACT and AT is useful for classification and
      differential diagnosis of tumor cells in malignant histiocytosis.

PMID- 2279310
TI  - [Influence of fluoride on induced bone formation and mineralization].
AB  - By using undecalcified bone sections, accompanied by tetracycline double labeling
      and bone histomorphometry, the influence of different concentrations of fluoride
      on induced ectopic bone formation and mineralization during the 21th-30th day of
      the experiment was observed. Results showed that on the 30th day, the induced
      bone formation in the group of 50ppm NaF was more active than that of the
      control; and from the 21th day to the 26th day as well as from the 26th day to
      the 30th day, no inhibition of mineralization was obtained in the same group. The
      induced bone formation and mineralization in the group of 200ppm NaF was severely
      inhibited from the 21th day to the 26th day; on the 30th day, the quantity of
      induced bone was markedly reduced, and many woven bones were also present there.

PMID- 2279309
TI  - [Immunohistochemical study of folliculo-stellate cells in human adenohypophysis
      and in pituitary adenomas].
AB  - Significance of the appearance of folliculo-stellate cells (FSC) was studied in
      59 human adenohypophyses and 58 pituitary adenomas after being stained with anti
      S100 protein and 6 anti-pituitary hormone antibodies. S100 protein positive
      cells, stellate in shape with expending cytoplasmic processes among endocrine
      cells (EC) appeared in all the human adenohypophyses and had a tendency to be
      clustered in small groups characterized by gathering of 3 to 5 cells in the
      alveoli. Age or sex difference seemed to have no influence on the distributive
      density of FSC. FSC in the pituitary adenomas may be derived from two origins.
      One was the residue of normal pituitary tissue left in adenomas, and the other
      one seemed to be the chief component of the tumor, known as folliculo-stellate
      cell adenoma.

PMID- 2279312
TI  - [Pathological changes in an animal model of acute pulmonary injury induced by
      hemorrhagic shock and E. coli infection].
AB  - An animal model of API similar to RDS was established by feeding the rabbits with
      live E. Coli (10(11)/kg B.W.) and bleeding them till a mean arterial pressure of
      6.0 kPa was maintained for 90 minutes. After resuscitation, there were decrease
      of PaO2, increase of respiratory rate as well as lung edema. Histological and
      electron microscopic examination showed interstitial and alveolar edema. The
      tight junctions both in alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium showed
      alterations including discontinuity, irregularity, and free-ended strands being
      present as early as the 4th hour by freeze-fracture technique. Impairment of the
      tight junctions is considered to be the main route of fluid leakage from
      pulmonary capillaries inducing pulmonary edema.

PMID- 2279311
TI  - [Study of transformation of hamster embryo cells and its application to
      identification of environment carcinogen].
AB  - Cultural cells used were embryo cells collected from pregnant (12-14 days) golden
      hamster. 3,4B[a] P was used to induce transformation of the cells in vitro. 24
      hours after the treatment, there appeared a random arrangement of the cells and
      loss of the contact inhibition and cell polarity. Some transformed foci were
      obtained on the 4th day with presence of atypical cells. Scanning electron
      microscopy showed presence of blebs, considerable ruffling particularly increase
      of small microvilli, and small projections on the surface of the transformed
      cells. Karyotypes of the cells showed decrease of diploid cells, but numbers of
      tetraploid, heteroploid as well as polyploid cells increased. Application of
      these criteria in identifying carcinogenesis of the industry dust from a zinc
      product factory in the west area of Liaoning Province indicated that changes
      obtained in cells treated by this dust were similar to those obtained by using
      B[a]P alone. It is considered that carcinogenetic agents of lung cancer are
      present in the dust in the area.

PMID- 2279313
TI  - [Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral nerve tumors].
AB  - Flow cytometric DNA analysis was performed on formalin fixed paraffin-embedded
      samples taken from 43 cases of peripheral nerve tumors. Fourteen samples were
      taken from benign tumors, 11 from actively proliferative tumors and 12 from
      malignant tumors. Ploidy pattern and proliferative index of tumors were
      estimated. All samples of benign tumors showed a diploid model of DNA content
      whereas DNA aneuploidy was encountered in 75% (12/16) of the malignant tumors and
      25% (4/16) of the actively proliferative tumors. The proliferative index (PI) of
      benign tumors (medium: 24.8%) was lower than that of proliferative tumors
      (medium: 42.7%). The proliferative index of malignant tumors was the highest in
      the experimental group (medium: 51.2%). These results were conformable to the
      malignant degree of histologic grading and prognosis.

PMID- 2279314
TI  - [A clinico-pathologic study of 31 cases of parathyroid hyperplasia and tumours].
AB  - 31 cases of primary hyperplasia and neoplasms of the parathyroid gland are
      reported. Among them, 23 cases were parathyroid adenoma, 6 cases parathyroid
      hyperplasia, one case adenoma associated with hyperplasia, and one case of
      parathyroid adenocarcinoma. Follow-up study demonstrated that prognosis in the
      adenoma group is better than that in the hyperplasia group, and one carcinoma
      patient died from metastasis. Regarding differential diagnosis, adenoma is
      usually single, with frequent presence of oppressed parathyroid tissue next to
      the tumor capsule; and cell atypical hyperplasia is often seen microscopically,
      which is usually multiple in sites, and some residual adipose tissue can be found
      under the microscope. Clinically, both groups manifested hypercalcemia and
      hypophosphatemia, especially in those cases with chief cell hyperplasia. Capsule
      infiltration and vascular embolism are emphasized as the differential features
      between benign and malignant parathyroid tumours.

PMID- 2279315
TI  - [Malignant Brenner tumor and transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary].
AB  - The clinical and pathologic features of 2 malignant Brenner tumors (MBT) were
      compared with those of 13 primary ovarian transitional cell carcinomas (TCC).
      Though histologically both tumors were invasive transitional cell carcinoma, TCC
      differed from MBT by the absence of benign Brenner component and stronger
      aggressiveness in behavior. Among tumors of both types in similar clinical stage,
      most of TCC (6/9) died within 1 to 2 years after the operation, but one of MBT
      died 4 years postoperatively. The distinction between MBT and TCC bearing on
      therapeutic as well as prognostic implications is discussed.

PMID- 2279316
TI  - [Immunofluorescence study of intermediate filament protein vimentin of CP
      activated macrophages].
AB  - Vimentin is an important cytoskeleton protein for the biological function of
      macrophages. Alterations of vimentin filaments of CP-activated macrophages
      stained with FITC-labeled anti-vimentin antibody were observed under
      immunofluorescence microscope. Activated macrophages showed changes with the
      following characteristics: the intensity of immunofluorescence of vimentin was
      increased; the filaments of vimentin became thicker than those of normal
      macrophages when they were treated with colchicine; and the arrangement of
      vimentin filaments was parallel in direction to the polarization of the activated
      macrophages.

PMID- 2279317
TI  - [Clinical pathology of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma].

PMID- 2279318
TI  - Jesuit ministry: a presence withstanding time.

PMID- 2279320
TI  - Stress happens.

PMID- 2279319
TI  - During a time of discrimination, Loyola provided opportunity for Japanese
      Americans.

PMID- 2279321
TI  - The distribution of M1 and M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in the
      developing cat visual cortex.
AB  - The binding site characteristics and ontogenesis of [3H]pirenzepine ([3H]PZ) (M1
      receptor) and [3H]oxotremorine-M ([3H]OXO-M) (M2 receptor) binding sites were
      investigated in the cat visual cortex. Scatchard analysis of [3H]PZ binding in
      adult cat visual cortex revealed a single site with a Kd of 17.3 nm and a Bmax of
      352.45 fmol/mg protein. [3H]OXO-M also bound to a single site with a Kd of 7.1 nM
      and a Bmax of 256.39 fmol/mg protein. Receptor autoradiography revealed that
      [3H]PZ binding sites were present only in telencephalic structures while [3H]OXO
      M sites were distributed heterogeneously throughout the brain. [3H]PZ binding
      sites in adult visual cortex were present in the superficial and deep cortical
      layers with the densest labeling in layer I and a distinct band in layer V.
      [3H]OXO-M sites also avoided the middle cortical layers, but were most prominent
      in layers V and VI with less pronounced binding in layers I and II.
      Deafferentation of extrinsic inputs to the visual cortex did not reduce [3H]PZ
      nor [3H]OZO-M binding, but neuron-specific excitotoxic lesions of visual cortex
      abolished both populations of binding sites. This indicates that both populations
      of binding sites are located on cells intrinsic to the cortex. In early postnatal
      life, both [3H]PZ and [3H]OXO-M binding sites were localized to intermediate
      cortical layers. Following this, the laminar distribution of both populations
      redistributed; each with its own idiosyncratic profile. By postnatal day 49,
      [3H]PZ binding sites redistributed into the superficial and deep layers, the
      pattern of adult animals, while [3H]OXO-M sites maintained a pattern similar to
      younger animals, with substantial binding persisting in layer IV. As late as
      postnatal day 70, well after [3H]PZ binding sites had achieved their mature
      laminar pattern, [3H]OXO-M binding sites in visual cortex had not achieved their
      characteristic adult pattern. In addition, the normal laminar redistribution of
      both [3H]PZ and [3H]OXO-M binding sites during postnatal development of the cat
      visual cortex was prevented by eliminating cortical afferents in early postnatal
      life. This indicates that muscarinic receptor rearrangement in development is
      dependent upon cortical input or output.

PMID- 2279322
TI  - Aberrant axon growth of the chick embryo retina during normal development.
AB  - Axon growth behavior in the optic nerve was examined using a carbocyanine dye,
      DiI, as a tracer, DiI facilitated clear visualization of the whole growth pattern
      of the optic nerve, i.e. the initial association of axons, fasciculated growth
      within the optic fiber layer and flattened growth cones in both living and fixed
      chick embryo retinae. Retrograde labelling with DiI in fixed retinae revealed
      that a considerable number of ganglion cells were apparently misdirected,
      extending their axons toward the periphery of the retina during normal
      development. The maximum proportion of aberrant ganglion cells reached about 15%
      of the total upon staining with a single DiI crystal. Misdirection was
      predominantly observed in retinae prepared from 6- to 8-day-old chick embryos. In
      embryos more than 9 days old, however, distinction of aberrant ganglion cells
      from normal ones became difficult, so that any degeneration of misdirected
      ganglion cells could not be clarified. Almost all of the misdirected ganglion
      cells were oriented centrifugally to the retinal periphery. These results
      indicate that misdirection occurs spontaneously during normal development even
      within the retina.

PMID- 2279323
TI  - Incidence of visual cortical neurons which have axon collaterals projecting to
      both cerebral hemispheres during prenatal primate development.
AB  - Fast blue was injected massively in extrastriate cortex of one hemisphere
      Diamidino yellow in area 17 of the other hemisphere, in adult and prenatal
      cynomolgus monkeys. After a suitable survival period the brains were processed
      for fluorescent dyes. Counts were made of the total number of labeled neurons and
      of those neurons which were labeled by both dyes and which project therefore to
      both hemispheres by means of bifurcating axon collaterals. At 122 and 135 days
      after conception (E122 and E135), shortly after cortico-cortical pathways are
      established, double-labeled neurons constituted 0.45% and 0.46% of the total
      population of labeled neurons in area V2. In V2 in the adult the range of values
      of double-labeled neurons was 0.03-0.08%.

PMID- 2279325
TI  - Stimulation of the brainstem reticular formation evokes locomotor activity in
      embryonic chicken (in ovo).
AB  - This study was designed to examine the period of embryonic chick development
      during which descending brainstem-spinal projections, originating from defined
      avian brainstem locomotor regions, become functionally active. Locomotor activity
      was examined using a new in ovo preparation for the focal electrical stimulation
      of embryonic brainstem locomotor regions. Embryos or hatchlings were anesthetized
      and mounted in a stereotaxic apparatus. Leg and wing muscle electromyographic
      (EMG) recordings were used to monitor any brainstem-stimulated motor activity. At
      present, we have been successful in demonstrating coordinated brainstem-evoked
      locomotion in embryos as early as embryonic day 15. The patterns of evoked
      locomotor activity were similar to locomotion evoked in hatchling chicks and were
      of 4 types: (1) alternating hindlimb movements ('stepping'), (2) synchronous (in
      phase) hindlimb movements ('hatching'), (3) synchronous wing movements
      ('flapping'), and (4) simultaneous 'stepping' and 'flapping'. The cycle durations
      of evoked embryonic hindlimb movements are shorter than those observed for
      hatchling chicks. The present results are the first direct demonstration of
      functional connections between descending supraspinal neurons and spinal
      locomotor circuits at such an early stage of embryonic development. With
      modifications in technique, it may be possible to demonstrate functional
      connections at even earlier stages of embryonic development.

PMID- 2279324
TI  - Whole-cell patch study of GABAergic inhibition in CA1 neurons of immature rat
      hippocampal slices.
AB  - Inhibitory processes mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were studied in
      immature rat hippocampal slices using the whole-cell patch clamp technique.
      Orthodromically evoked hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
      were observed in CA1 neurons of postnatal 2-5 (P2-5) and 7-13 (P7-13) day old
      rats under conditions of low internal [Cl-]. In the whole-cell voltage-clamp
      mode, applications of GABA evoked outwards currents which reversed at -55 mV and 
      62 mV in P2-5 and P7-13 CA1 neurons, respectively, with comparable reversal
      potential for the IPSPs for each age. An increase in internal [Cl-] caused a
      depolarizing shift of the GABA reversal potential which followed the Nernst
      equation. In both groups of neurons, the IPSPs and GABA currents were blocked
      with the bath applications of bicuculline (10 microM) and picrotoxin (100
      microM). We conclude that the GABAA-mediated inhibitory synaptic process exists
      in P2-5 CA1 neurons and hypothesize that the absence of such IPSPs noted in
      previous studies of immature CA1 neurons was likely due to higher internal [Cl-]
      in the more immature neurons.

PMID- 2279326
TI  - Evidence of non-maternally mediated acceleration of eye-opening in 'enriched'
      artificially reared rat pups.
AB  - Rat pups were artificially reared, without their mothers, from postnatal day 5.
      They were exposed thereafter to impoverished or enriched environmental
      conditions. The enrichment included gentling, social interaction and homing
      experience. Enriched rats showed accelerated eye-opening compared with their
      impoverished littermates (P less than 0.02). This is the first demonstration of
      stimulation-induced acceleration of development which cannot have been maternally
      mediated.

PMID- 2279327
TI  - GFAP turnover during astroglial proliferation and differentiation.
AB  - The expression and turnover of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were
      studied in astroglial primary cultures during postnatal proliferation and
      maturation. 1. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that in immature
      proliferating astrocytes. GFAP was expressed as a filamentous organized crown
      around the nucleus whereas in the maturating cells, a GFAP labelled network began
      to radiate throughout the cytoplasm and GFAP was highly expressed in the
      astroglial processes. 2. GFAP turnover was studied at 3 periods of culture. The
      decay of radioactivity from prelabelled GFAP was followed from day 4-12 (immature
      stage), 11-19 (maturing stage) and 21-29 (morphologically differentiated stage).
      GFAP displayed a biphasic decay kinetic at each considered period. Two pools of
      GFAP distinctly appeared. The first one was a fast decaying pool with a half life
      of 16-18 h and of 5-6 days for the stable one. The unstable pool decreased from
      70% to 30% of the total incorporated radioactivity from the proliferating stage
      to the most mature stage, whereas the stable pool increased proportionally.

PMID- 2279328
TI  - Differentiation of apical, basal and mixed dendrites of fusiform cells in the
      cochlear nucleus.
AB  - Many studies suggest that the details of morphogenesis (e.g. the length and
      number of dendrites) are determined by factors extrinsic to the cell, while the
      basic form of the neuron (e.g. the shape of the soma and the placement of the
      primary dendritic trunks) is determined by intrinsic factors. The following study
      describes the development of the dendrites of fusiform cells in the dorsal
      cochlear nucleus of the hamster using Golgi-stained brains from hamsters of
      various ages. Two basic types of dendrites are described--apical and basal--which
      emanate from opposite ends of the cell body and differ in their morphology. A
      third type of dendrite that exits the cell laterally can create a deflection in
      the perimeter of the cell body altering its shape. The morphology of these
      dendrites is described and compared to the apical and basal dendrites. Segments
      of laterally extending dendrites that are near apical dendrites are qualitatively
      and quantitatively identical to apical dendrites (that is they branch frequently
      and are spine-laden) and the converse is true of the segments near basal
      dendrites. The results suggest that during development, whether a dendritic will
      be apical-like or basal-like is determined by the location of its distal segment.
      Thus, extrinsic factors influence the overall form of these neurons.

PMID- 2279329
TI  - Postnatal development of adrenergic innervation in the tibial and vagus nerves of
      Fischer-344 rats.
AB  - Adrenergic innervation of rat tibial and vagus nerves was studied in male Fischer
      344 rats between 1 and 84 days of age, using sucrose-phosphate-glyoxylic acid
      (SPG) histochemistry and the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method.
      Adrenergic nerve fibers were found in epi-perineurial blood vessels of the vagus
      nerve at one day of age, whereas blood vessels in the tibial nerve received the
      first adrenergic nerve fibers at 3 days. A few adrenergic nerve fibers were seen
      in the endoneurium of both tibial and vagus nerves at 7 days. The densities of
      adrenergic innervation increased gradually during the first 4 postnatal weeks,
      and at 21 days the distributions of adrenergic innervation in both nerves
      resembled those in adult animals. The results suggest that development of adult
      adrenergic innervation in rat peripheral nerves occurs during the first postnatal
      month and that sympathetic innervation becomes available to regulate nerve blood
      flow within this period.

PMID- 2279330
TI  - Cocaine alters behavioral states in fetal sheep.
AB  - Intrauterine cocaine exposure causes subtle neurologic abnormalities in human
      newborn infants; however, the mechanism for these abnormalities is not known. To
      investigate whether cocaine alters fetal behavioral state, the electrocortical,
      electro-ocular and neck muscle electrical activity was monitored in 7 chronically
      instrumented fetal sheep before and during both saline and cocaine HCl infusions
      directly to the fetus. Saline infusion to the fetus had no effect on the
      percentage of time spent in rapid eye movement sleep compared to no infusion
      (37.5 +/- 11.6% vs 46.3 +/- 4.6%, mean +/- SD, P greater than 0.1). Cocaine
      infusion directly to the fetus had no effect on fetal arterial pO2, but did
      increase mean arterial pressure from 53.6 +/- 15 mmHg to 61.0 +/- 21 mmHg (P less
      than 0.01). In addition, during cocaine infusion, the percentage of time spent in
      rapid eye movement sleep dropped to 3.9 +/- 5.1% (P less than 0.0001) and the
      average duration of rapid eye movement epochs decreased from 10.1 +/- 3.0 min
      precocaine infusion to 1.9 +/- 2.6 min during cocaine infusion (P less than
      0.02). The influence of cocaine was noted in a frequency analysis of the
      electrocorticogram. The amplitude of the energy centered at 1 Hz during cocaine
      infusion (73.8 +/- 4.0 dB) was greater than the amplitude during rapid eye
      movement sleep (65.5 +/- 4.7 dB) and less than the amplitude during non-rapid eye
      movement periods (79.9 +/- 4.5 dB) (P = 0.01). Cocaine appears to alter fetal
      behavioral state directly and this may play a role in the abnormal behavior in
      newborn infants exposed to cocaine in utero.

PMID- 2279331
TI  - A morphometric study on the development of the lateral ventricle choroid plexus,
      choroid plexus capillaries and ventricular ependyma in the rat.
AB  - Morphometric changes in the rat lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium and
      endothelium and in the ventricular ependyma were studied between 16 days
      gestation and 30 days after birth, using stereological techniques. The epithelial
      apical surface density increased from 0.6 to 3.3 microns 2/microns 3 and the
      mitochondrial volume fraction from 3.2 to 7.6% during this period. The
      endothelial fenestrations increased from 0.05 to 0.39 micron-1. These changes may
      be related to postnatal increases in choroid plexus function. Morphological
      changes in basolateral surface density, cell height and nucleus and glycogen
      volume fraction have also been measured. The development of the lateral ventricle
      choroid plexus was qualitatively similar to the fourth ventricle plexus reported
      previously, but small quantitative differences occurred. The ventricular ependyma
      also showed a significant increase in mitochondrial volume fraction after birth,
      though to a lesser extent than the plexus epithelium. The total apical surface
      area of the choroid plexuses was estimated at 75 cm2 for 30-day-old rats. This
      figure, which takes into account the apical microvilli, is much greater than
      previous estimates and is similar to the surface area of the cerebral capillaries
      (155 cm2), and suggests that the choroid plexuses may play a more important role
      in the regulation of the brain microenvironment than previously thought.

PMID- 2279332
TI  - Generation patterns of immunocytochemically identified cholinergic neurons in rat
      brainstem.
AB  - Combined [3H]thymidine autoradiographic and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
      immunocytochemical techniques were used to answer questions concerning the
      generation of specific classes and subclasses of cholinergic neurons in rat
      brainstem. First, the generation of rostrally and caudally located neurons of the
      same class (i.e. somatic efferent oculomotor and hypoglossal nuclei,
      respectively) were compared. Results indicated that, although embryonic day 11
      (E11) was the peak birthday for both nuclei, hypoglossal neurons were generated
      significantly earlier than oculomotor neurons, indicating a caudorostral
      generation gradient for brainstem somatic motor nuclei. Second, the generation
      patterns of 3 different subclasses of motor neurons at the same brainstem level
      were compared; namely those of the somatic efferent hypoglossal nucleus (XII),
      the general visceral efferent dorsal nucleus of the vagus (X), and the
      predominantly special visceral efferent nucleus ambiguus. All 3 subclasses of
      cholinergic cells had the same peak day (E11) and overall period of generation
      (E11-12). However, statistical analyses indicated a precocious generation of
      nucleus ambiguus, but no developmental differences between N, XII and N. X. It is
      suggested that nucleus ambiguus is formed earlier than N. XII and N. X, due to
      its more ventral location within a ventrodorsal neurogenetic gradient. Third, the
      generation patterns of different classes of large cholinergic neurons were
      examined. Specifically, the birthdays of cholinergic non-motor projection neurons
      of the pedunculopontine-laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (PPT-LDT) were contrasted
      to those of the cholinergic brainstem motor neurons. The peak birthdays of both
      rostrally and caudally located motor neurons were two days earlier than those of
      the PPT-LDT neurons. Thus, large cholinergic cells projecting to peripheral
      targets are born significantly earlier than those projecting within the CNS, even
      though the former are located more rostrally on the caudorostral neurogenetic
      gradient. This represents an apparent exception to the emerging rule that
      cholinergic neurons obey the general gradients of neurogenesis manifest in the
      regions of the central nervous system where they reside.

PMID- 2279334
TI  - Formation of electrical connections between cultured identified neurons and
      muscle fibers of the snail Helisoma.
AB  - We studied the formation of connections between identified neurons removed from
      the buccal ganglion of the snail Helisoma and muscle fibers dissociated from the
      buccal mass. Three types of identified neurons--B19, B5, and B4--were placed into
      cell culture and muscle fibers from the supralateral tensor muscle (SLT),
      normally innervated by B19, were subsequently plated adjacent to the neuronal
      cell bodies. Growth cones from the neurons contacted the muscle fibers within 6
      12 h after isolation. Simultaneous intracellular recordings from the neuronal
      cell bodies and muscle fibers after 4 days in culture indicated that the neurons
      had formed electrical connections with the fibers. All 3 types of neurons coupled
      to the muscle fibers but displayed differing probabilities and strengths of
      connections. The role of growth cone contact in the formation of these
      connections was tested by plating muscle fibers onto fields of neurites after
      neuronal growth had stopped. Under these conditions, neurons still became
      electrically coupled to the muscle fibers, but the strength of these connections
      differed from those formed by neurons and fibers that were plated simultaneously.
      Thus, quantitative characteristics of electrical connections formed between
      cultured Helisoma neurons and dissociated muscle fibers are influenced by
      neuronal identity and the timing of neuronal contacts.

PMID- 2279333
TI  - Ipsilateral interpositorubral projection in the kitten and its relation to post
      hemicerebellectomy plasticity.
AB  - Hemicerebellectomy has been reported to induce aberrant ipsilateral projection
      from the nucleus interpositus (IN) of the remaining hemisphere to the red nucleus
      (RN) in the kitten but not in adult cats. The cellular mechanisms for this age-at
      lesion effect were investigated. The experiments were designed to compare
      interpositorubral (IN-RN) projections in normal kittens and in kittens
      hemicerebellectomized at corresponding ages. A sparse ipsilateral IN-RN
      projection was found in normal kittens aged 7-16 postnatal days (PND) with the
      PHA-L method, but was not found in those aged 26-43 PND. Among the
      hemicerebellectomized kittens, ipsilateral IN-RN projections were observed only
      in those which received the lesion on PND 17 or earlier. Such temporal
      coincidence between the two events strongly suggests that the exuberant
      ipsilateral IN-RN projection in normal kittens is related to the establishment of
      the aberrant ipsilateral IN-RN projection observed after hemicerebellectomy. This
      notion is strengthened by other lines of evidence; the fibers projecting to the
      ipsilateral RNs appeared to enter the nucleus from the contralateral one by
      recrossing the midline between them in both the normal and the lesioned animals.
      In kittens in which hemicerebellectomy induced the aberrant ipsilateral
      projection, labeling of fibers within the ipsilateral RNs was much more extensive
      than that in the normal kittens, while labeling on the pathway of the projection
      was comparable to that in the normal animals. These observations support the
      interpretation for aberrant projections observed after a neonatal lesion as being
      terminal proliferations of pre-existing exuberant projections.

PMID- 2279335
TI  - Personal construct systems of psoriatic patients.
AB  - Repertory grid techniques were employed to assess the personal construct systems
      of psoriatic patients (n = 35), controls with other skin conditions (n = 28) and
      controls with no skin condition (n = 29). A grid was designed with six supplied
      constructs representing previously reported subjective experiences of psoriatics,
      and 12 elements representing typical social conditions. Social adjustment was
      defined as the relationship between constructs. The results suggest that
      psoriatics are less well socially adjusted in highly visible situations. There
      was no difference in social adjustment between males and females specific to the
      psoriatic group, but body awareness in female psoriatics correlated positively
      with the severity of the condition.

PMID- 2279336
TI  - Malignant melanoma in West Glamorgan--increasing incidence and improving
      prognosis, 1986-88.
AB  - A prospective 3-year epidemiological study, from 1986 to 1988, of malignant
      melanoma (MM) in West Glamorgan has shown an increase in the number of patients
      presenting with this condition associated with a significant trend towards
      thinner lesions. A total of 116 cases was recorded with an annual crude incidence
      per 100,000 population of 7.4 for males, 13.7 for females and 10.6 overall.
      Although the numbers are relatively small and must be interpreted with caution,
      these are the highest incidence rates for MM recorded to date in the United
      Kingdom. These figures are almost double those recorded by the Welsh Cancer
      Registry for West Glamorgan (1979-83), wherein the corresponding rates recorded
      were 3.8 for males, 7.4 for females and 5.6 overall. The mean age of diagnosis
      was 56.9 years for males and 57 years for females. The mean depth of invasion
      measured on the Breslow scale was 2.68 mm for males and 1.55 mm for females.
      There was no change in depth of invasion for males, which was consistently higher
      than in females throughout, the mean depth being 2.77 mm in 1986 and 2.74 mm in
      1988 for males, and 2.00 mm in 1986 and 1.36 mm in 1988 for females. Overall
      there was a statistically significant trend towards thinner lesions over the 3
      year period. It is suggested that the incidence of MM continues to rise and that
      a very limited public education programme in England and Scotland has had a
      measurable effect by increasing the frequency of early presentation, gauged
      indirectly by depth of invasion of melanoma in female patients in areas
      geographically quite distinct from the original public education campaign
      centres.

PMID- 2279337
TI  - Treatment of leg ulcers with an allogeneic cultured-keratinocyte-collagen
      dressing.
AB  - A living cellular allogeneic dressing made up of cultured keratinocytes adhering
      to a collagen film was used to treat 20 leg ulcers of various aetiologies in 16
      patients. A reduction in pain was noted in 80% of cases, and promotion of
      granulation tissue in the ulcer bed in 70% of cases. In 10 patients,
      epithelialization of 71 +/- 29% of the ulcer was noted at Day 30.

PMID- 2279338
TI  - Angina bullosa haemorrhagica--a report of three cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Angina bullosa haemorrhagica (ABH) is a term that was first introduced by Badham
      in 1967 to describe a bullous disorder in which recurrent oral blood blisters
      appear in the absence of any identifiable systemic disorder. The aetiology of
      this condition remains obscure. Three cases are described, and their similarities
      and differences discussed. In one case the histopathology showed an intradermal
      blister; this feature has not previously been recorded for this condition.

PMID- 2279339
TI  - Papillary eccrine adenoma--a light-microscopic and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - We report a case of papillary eccrine adenoma. This benign cutaneous tumour had a
      diagnostic microscopic appearance that consisted of multiple dilated ducts lined
      by two or more layers of cells. The inner layer often formed intraluminal
      papillary projections of variable complexity. The lumina were filled by
      eosinophilic amorphous material. Immunoperoxidase studies showed carcino
      embryonic antigen in the luminal border of the ducts, but S-100 protein was
      absent for tumoral ducts. We discuss the eccrine and apocrine differentiation of
      this neoplasm on the basis of the immunoperoxidase results. The differential
      diagnosis includes other cutaneous neoplasms with intraductal papillary
      proliferation.

PMID- 2279340
TI  - Subungual exostoses--clinicopathological and ultrastructural studies of three
      cases.
AB  - Three patients with subungual exostoses, two involving the great toe and one the
      fourth toe, are presented. Local excision was performed, and the specimens were
      processed for light and electron microscopy. Light-microscopic study revealed
      that the tumours consisted of a proliferative fibrocartilaginous cap that merged
      into mature trabecular bone at its base. Electron-microscopic examination
      revealed that the tumour was composed of two types of cells: one was rich in cell
      organelles including rough endoplasmic reticulum, well-developed Golgi apparatus,
      and glycogen granules; the other cell had few such cell organelles. The former
      cells seemed to be osteoblasts actively engaged in bone formation, and the latter
      to be osteocytes related to those situated deeper in bone matrix in normal bone.
      However, ossification or calcification in subungual exostosis is rather casual,
      and osteocytes in this disorder may lack the capacity to elaborate compact bone.

PMID- 2279341
TI  - The clinical and histopathological spectrum of IgA-pemphigus--report of two
      cases.
AB  - Two new cases of neutrophilic bullous disease exhibiting bound and circulating
      intercellular IgA in vivo in both direct and indirect immunofluorescence (IF),
      for which the term IgA-pemphigus was recently proposed, are presented. The first
      case showed a unique constellation of clinical and histopathological features not
      previously described for IgA-pemphigus, resembling both dermatitis herpetiformis
      and pemphigus, for which the designation IgA-herpetiform pemphigus seems most
      appropriate. The second case showed clinical and histopathological features
      mimicking subcorneal pustular dermatosis for which the previously used term IgA
      pemphigus foliaceus seems most appropriate. The previously reported 11 cases
      showing similar direct IF findings, as well as our two patients, illustrate the
      main differences between IgA-pemphigus and classic forms of this condition: (a)
      different clinical manifestations with the absence of Nikolsky's sign; (b) scanty
      acantholysis; an abundance of neutrophils, with occasional neutrophilic
      spongiosis; (c) absence of C3 on direct IF; (d) the lower sensitivity of indirect
      IF and low levels of circulating antibodies; (e) the relatively benign course of
      the disease; (f) the apparent responsiveness to sulphones in many cases. It is
      suggested that IgA pemphigus should be considered as an entity separate from, but
      closely related to, classic pemphigus.

PMID- 2279342
TI  - Determination of the optimum site for diagnostic biopsy for direct
      immunofluorescence in bullous pemphigoid.
AB  - The distributions in deposition of immunoreactants in bullous pemphigoid before
      and after initiating treatment were investigated. Punch biopsies of skin were
      performed on each patient from up to five different sites and studied by direct
      immunofluorescence (DIF). Both groups showed the highest diagnostic yield for DIF
      from perilesional biopsies, with positivity of 78% from the pretreatment group
      and 83% from the post-treatment group. The percentage of positive DIF for
      remaining sites in the pre-treatment group were as follows: 50% lower back, 62%
      oral mucosa, 70% flexor aspect of forearm, 70% anterior aspect of thigh. The post
      treatment group had positive DIF of other sites biopsied as follows: 59% anterior
      aspect of thigh, 64% flexor aspect of forearm, 68% back. We conclude that a
      single perilesional biopsy is usually sufficient to provide positive DIF and more
      than two biopsies is seldom justified as it is unlikely to increase the yield of
      positive DIF. If it is not possible to obtain a perilesional biopsy, then the
      anterior aspect of thigh or flexor aspect of forearm is a suitable alternative
      site. If a second biopsy is considered after initiating treatment, it should be
      taken from the oral mucosa as this has been shown in a separate study to have a
      higher rate of positive DIF than uninvolved skin.

PMID- 2279343
TI  - Immunosuppressive therapy for pemphigus vulgaris complicated by malakoplakia of
      the bladder.
AB  - Pemphigus vulgaris is an uncommon auto-immune disease which responds well to
      treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprine. Malakoplakia is a rare
      granulomatous disease associated with coliform infections and an altered cellular
      immune response. We report a 68-year-old female patient with pemphigus vulgaris
      who, after 2 years on maintenance prednisone and azathioprine immunotherapy,
      developed malakoplakia of the bladder associated with chronic E. coli urinary
      tract infection. The malakoplakia responded well to treatment with cotrimoxazole,
      bethanechol chloride and ascorbic acid, combined with tapering of the
      corticosteroid dosage. Our patient presents an uncommon but interesting
      complication of long-term immunosuppressive therapy for pemphigus vulgaris.

PMID- 2279345
TI  - Mycobacterium kansasii infection limited to skin and lymph node in a patient with
      AIDS.
AB  - The case of a 36-year-old HIV-1-positive patient is presented. After an episode
      of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and cytomegalovirus retinitis a pruritic lesion
      developed on the thigh with subsequent intracutaneous abscess formation and
      regional lymph-node enlargement. Mycobacterium kansasii was demonstrated in lymph
      node and abscess material. With a tuberculostatic triple-drug regimen the lesions
      resolved completely. Cutaneous involvement in the course of non-tuberculous
      mycobacteriosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is discussed.

PMID- 2279344
TI  - Pigmented neurofibrosarcoma mimicking a large haemangioma.
AB  - A case of solitary pigmented neurofibrosarcoma involving the lateral side of the
      face in a 19-year-old female is described. Clinically it resembled a haemangioma,
      and angiography showed hypervascularity of the tumour. Light-microscopic study
      revealed that the major cellular element of the tumour was composed of bizarre
      neoplastic cells with large pleomorphic, hyperchromatic nuclei, conspicuous
      nucleoli and moderate to abundant amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm. Mitotic
      figures and multinucleate cells were present in most fields. Neurofibrosarcoma is
      one of the most highly malignant tumours; however, in the present case, there was
      no evidence of recurrence during a follow-up period of 5 years.

PMID- 2279346
TI  - Cutaneous abscesses due to systemic nocardiosis--a case report.
AB  - We report a patient with systemic nocardiosis who developed cutaneous abscesses
      following haematogenous spread from a primary infection in the lung. This case is
      unusual; first in that the organism assumed a granular form on histological
      section, and secondly that the patient was not immunocompromised, emphasizing the
      need to consider nocardiosis in any patient with pleuropulmonary infection and
      cutaneous abscesses.

PMID- 2279347
TI  - Semicircular lipoatrophy--a pressure-induced lipoatrophy?
AB  - A case of semicircular lipoatrophy, a rare form of localized lipoatrophy, is
      described in a 33-year-old woman. No precipitating factors such as trauma could
      be elicited by questioning. However, the patient subsequently realized that she
      had unwittingly been subjected to repeated daily trauma as she pressed the
      affected thigh against the edge of the wash bowl while applying make-up. This
      case thus supports a possible mechanical basis for this rare entity, and
      demonstrates the importance of taking a careful history in the search for the
      possible occurrence of minor episodes of trauma in such cases.

PMID- 2279348
TI  - Cyclosporin and gingival hyperplasia.

PMID- 2279349
TI  - Green hair due to copper in spectacle metal.

PMID- 2279350
TI  - Treatment of excessive granulation tissue with EMLA cream and 95% silver-nitrate
      pencils.

PMID- 2279352
TI  - Short term vitamin E supplementation has no effect on platelet function, plasma
      phospholipase A2 and lyso-PAF in male volunteers.
AB  - 1. Based largely upon in vitro studies, vitamin E has been reported to inhibit
      phospholipase A2 activity, to alter phospholipid metabolism and reduce platelet
      aggregation. 2. The effect of dietary supplementation with D-alpha-tocopherol
      (1500 iu/day for 14 days) was studied in nine males, 41-63 years old, comparing
      active treatment with a preceding placebo period. 3. Despite an increase from 2.6
      +/- 0.8 (s.d.) x 10(-5) mol/L to 6.0 +/- 1.8 10(-5) mol/L in plasma vitamin E
      there were no significant changes in the aggregation of diluted whole blood or
      platelet rich plasma to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or collagen, in plasma
      phospholipase A2 activity or plasma lyso-platelet-activating factor (lyso-PAF)
      (bioassay after in vitro acetylation to PAF). 4. High dose vitamin E dietary
      supplementation had no effect on these phospholipid and platelet parameters.

PMID- 2279351
TI  - Filtration failure induced by p-aminophenol in rats is due to raised intratubular
      pressure and not changes in glomerular function.
AB  - 1. The p-aminophenol (pAP) model of tubular necrosis displays elevated tubular
      pressures equivalent to 'stop-flow', with low glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
      but maintained blood flow and urine output. Renal function, micropuncture, and
      morphological studies were performed in anaesthetized rats to examine the causes
      of filtration failure. 2. At the height of pAP-induced renal failure proximal
      tubular fluid reabsorption (Jv(a] was markedly reduced while proximal and distal
      free-flow rates measured by tubular fluid collections during venting of the
      nephron were not significantly different from saline-injected controls. Renal
      blood flow was maintained over the 4 h observation period despite extensive and
      selective proximal tubular necrosis. There was no temporal relationship between
      increased tubular pressure and cast formation. 3. Maintained blood and tubular
      fluid flow rates indicate that activation of tubuloglomerular feedback plays
      little or no part in pAP-induced renal failure, which is apparently due to high
      fluid flow resistance in the region of the connecting tubule, late distal
      convolution or collecting ducts. Morphological appearances were consistent with
      compression of these segments.

PMID- 2279353
TI  - Characteristics of cardiovascular reflexes originating from 5-HT3 receptors in
      the heart and lungs of unanaesthetized rabbits.
AB  - 1. When phenylbiguanide (1-PBG) (6.25-400 micrograms) was injected into the left
      atrium, right atrium or pulmonary artery of unanesthetized rabbits it caused dose
      dependent falls of heart rate and arterial pressure, and short-lived hypopnoea or
      apnoea. The threshold dose was 50-100 micrograms. Maximal falls of heart rate (86
      108 beats/min) and arterial pressure (33-35 mmHg) occurred at a dose of 200
      micrograms. The latency between injection and onset of the bradycardia was 2.2
      2.6 s and did not depend on the route. Cardiac output fell transiently with heart
      rate, but at the time of the maximal fall of arterial pressure it had returned to
      normal. All effects were abolished by intrapericardial procaine. The haemodynamic
      effects were exaggerated by sino-aortic barodenervation. Intrapericardial 1-PBG
      (200-400 micrograms) was without effect. Injection of 1-PBG (greater than 50-100
      micrograms) into the aortic arch caused a variable increase in heart rate and
      arterial pressure. 2. When both cervical vagus nerves were crushed the depressor
      effects of atrial 1-PBG were reduced by only 76-84%. 3. The dose-response curves
      for left atrial and pulmonary artery injection of 1-PBG were shifted successively
      to the right by intravenous infusion of the 5-HT3 antagonist MDL72222 (0.1 and
      1.0 mg/kg). 4. We conclude that in unanesthetized rabbits left atrial 1-PBG
      selectively excites myocardial afferents, whereas right atrial or pulmonary
      artery 1-PBG excites afferents that originate close to the pulmonary vasculature.
      In each case 1-PBG acts through pharmacologically specific 5-HT3 receptors. The
      afferents run mainly, but not exclusively, in the vagus nerves. The reflex fall
      of arterial pressure is accounted for almost entirely by a decrease in peripheral
      resistance.

PMID- 2279355
TI  - Regulation of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins in transgenic plants.
AB  - Transgenic plants have been particularly useful in studying nuclear genes
      encoding for photosynthetic functions. The expression of these genes and their
      chimeric constructs in transgenic plants faithfully mimics their natural
      counterparts. The use of sensitive chimeric reporter genes has enabled localizing
      the activity of genes encoding photosynthetic proteins to individual cells. Cab
      and rbcS transgenes have been shown to retain sensitivity to light quality, which
      is modulated by phytochrome. Conditional light activation under the influence of
      a circadian rhythm has been shown for Cab transgenes. Transgenic plants
      containing truncated promoters have helped delineate cis-regulatory positive and
      negative elements involved in light-mediated transcriptional induction and tissue
      specificity.

PMID- 2279354
TI  - Chimeric genes and transgenic plants are used to study the regulation of genes
      involved in symbiotic plant-microbe interactions (nodulin genes).
AB  - Nodulin genes are plant genes specifically activated during the formation of
      nitrogen-fixing nodules on leguminous plants. These genes are interesting to
      study since they are not only induced in a specific developmental fashion by
      signals coming directly or indirectly from the rhizobial symbiont, but are also
      expressed in a tissue-specific manner. By examining the expression of chimeric
      nodulin-reporter genes in transgenic legume plants it has been shown that nodule
      specific expression is mediated by DNA sequences present in the 5 upstream region
      of several nodulin genes. Here we summarize the available data on these cis
      acting elements and the trans-acting factors interacting with them. We also
      review experiments designed to identify rhizobial "signals" which may play a role
      in nodule specific gene expression.

PMID- 2279356
TI  - Cell cycle-regulated gene expression in transgenic plant cells.
AB  - A majority of histone genes are expressed in the S phase during the cell cycle.
      Using the gene expression system of transformed sunflower cells into which wheat
      histone H3 gene was introduced by the Ti-plasmid gene transfer technique, we
      determined three cis-acting control sequences (hexameric, octameric, and
      nonameric motifs) which seemed to confer the S-phase-specific transcription of
      wheat histone genes. Furthermore, as candidates for regulatory transcription
      factors, three nuclear DNA-binding proteins HBP-1a, HBP-1b, and HBP-2 that
      interact with the hexameric and nonameric motifs were identified. The structural
      analysis of the cDNA of HBP-1a revealed that a nuclear protein has the leucine
      zipper structure and a DNA-binding motif. The hexameric motif in the H3 gene was
      also seen in cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter and shown to
      function as a regulatory element of this promoter. The wheat HBP-1b can interact
      with the hexameric motif of the CaMV 35S promoter. Much attention has been paid
      to the significance of the hexameric sequences within the H3 and CaMV 35S
      promoters and the DNA-binding proteins HBP-1a and HBP-1b.

PMID- 2279357
TI  - [Muscle regeneration in mdx mouse, and a trial of normal myoblast transfer into
      regenerating dystrophic muscle].
AB  - The most ideal therapeutic trial on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a
      transfer of normal myoblasts into dystrophic muscle which has been attempted on
      animal models in several institutes. In the process of muscle regeneration, the
      transferred normal myoblasts are expected to incorporate into the regenerating
      fibers in host dystrophic mouse. To know the capacity of muscle regeneration in
      dystrophic muscle, we compared the regenerating process of the normal muscle with
      that of the dystrophic muscle after myonecrosis induced by 0.25% bupivacaine
      hydrochloride (BPVC) chronologically. In the present study, C57BL/10ScSn-mdx
      (mdx) mouse was used as an animal model of DMD and C57BL/10ScSn (B10) mouse as a
      control. There was no definite difference in the behavior of muscle fiber
      regeneration between normal and dystrophic muscles. The dystrophic muscle
      regenerated rapidly at the similar tempo to the normal as to their size and fiber
      type differentiation. The variation in fiber size diameter of dystrophic muscle,
      however, was more obvious than that of normal. To promote successful myoblast
      transfer from B10 mouse into dystrophic mdx mouse at higher ratio, cultured
      normal myoblasts were transferred into the regenerating dystrophic muscle on the
      first and the second day after myonecrosis induced by BPVC. Two weeks after the
      myoblast injection, the muscles were examined with immunohistochemical stain
      using anti dystrophin antibody. Although dystrophin-positive fibers appeared in
      dystrophic muscle, the positive fibers were unexpectedly small in number (3.86 +/
      1.50%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279358
TI  - [Cases of numerous diffuse plaques in the neocortex but without severe senile
      changes in the hippocampus].
AB  - Using modified Bielschowsky method, we studied neuropathologically 159 aged
      subjects autopsied during the period from 1976 to 1988, of which we found 19
      cases (average age at death: 82.6 ys) with numerous diffuse plaques in the
      frontal and temporal neocortex and no severe senile changes in H1-H3 of Ammon's
      horn (dp group). Amyloid angiopathy had been excluded and one case was excluded
      because of considerable cerebrovascular lesions. The dp group was divided into 8
      demented (average age at death: 86.0 ys) and 10 nondemented patients (average age
      at death: 79.7 ys). We compared the number, type, and ratio of types of senile
      plaques in the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and putamen of the demented and
      nondemented groups, and obtained the following results: (1) Eight (14%) of the 59
      nondemented and 8 (40%) of the 20 demented cases in which no severe senile
      changes in the neocortex and hippocampus had been detected by Bodian stain showed
      numerous diffuse plaques in the neocortex when the modified Bielschowsky method
      was used. (2) The ratio of classic and primitive plaques to diffuse plaques in
      the frontal cortex was the same in both groups, but the nondemented group had
      exclusively diffuse plaques in the temporal cortex. (3) In the putamen 2
      nondemented cases (20%) and 6 demented cases (75%) had exclusively diffuse
      plaques. We considered that classic and primitive plaques are more closely
      related to dementia than are diffuse plaques in the temporal lobe in cases
      without severe senile changes in the hippocampus.

PMID- 2279359
TI  - [A case of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy with
      orthostatic hypotension].
AB  - A 27-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for his legs' numbness of subacute
      onset and discomfort while standing. No specific previous history was found and
      his family history was non-contributory. On admission, his general status was
      unremarkable except for arterial hypertension and mild tachycardia. Moderate
      impairment of superficial sensations and dysesthesia were noted in the distal
      extremities, tongue, oral cavity, and lips. Deep sensation was moderately
      impaired in the lower legs. Romberg sign was positive. He had mild weakness in
      the proximal muscles of the lower extremities. Hyporeflexia was noted in all
      extremities, but Achilles reflexes were absent. Pathologic reflexes were not
      noted. He fainted after two minute standing. On laboratory examination, serum
      IgM, C3, and C4 were mildly elevated. CSF protein level was prominently high
      without CSF pleocytosis. MCV was mildly decreased, and F wave conduction velocity
      was prominently decreased in the posterior tibial nerve, SCV was also mildly
      decreased in the right sural nerve. Needle electromyography showed mild
      neuropathic changes. Left sural nerve biopsy showed no abnormal finding in the
      myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. A 60 degree head-up tilting test caused a
      hypotensive attack, and Valsalva ratio was decreased. However, hand grip test and
      cold pressor test were normal. The response to noradrenaline infusion test and
      CVR-R were also normal. Muscle sympathetic activity (MSA) was recorded from the
      tibial nerve using a tungsten microelectrode (Iwase, et al.). His basic activity
      was higher and responsiveness was lower than age-matched normal controls. The
      regression line existed above the normal range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279360
TI  - [A case of sitosterolemia with spastic gait due to intradural-extramedullary
      xanthoma].
AB  - A forty-eight-year-old woman with a 30 years history of tendinous xanthomatosis
      developed spastic gait and mild urinary incontinence. Myelography, metrizamide
      enhanced CT and magnetic resonance image revealed multiple intradural
      extramedullary tumors extending from C1 to Th7. The gait disturbance entirely
      disappeared by the removal of the tumors. Morphological examination of the tumors
      showed xanthogranulomatosis. The analysis of her sera and tumors revealed
      increased amount of plant sterols, especially beta-sitosterol and the diagnosis
      was made as beta-sitosterolemia. Tendinous xanthoma and beta-sitosterolemia were
      seen in 2 of 6 her brothers but none showed neurological symptoms. This is the
      first case of sitosterolemia with neurological complication i.e., spinal cord
      compression due to extramedullary sitosterolemia xanthomas.

PMID- 2279361
TI  - [A case of brain stem infarction with bilateral hearing impairment and tinnitus
      at the onset].
AB  - We reported a 49-year-old male with brain stem infarction who had bilateral
      hearing impairment and tinnitus at the onset and subsequently developed various
      neurological symptoms, including bilateral lateral inferior pontine syndrome, one
      and a half syndrome and upward gaze palsy. Although CT scan failed to reveal any
      abnormalities initially, MRI revealed symmetrical foci bilaterally from the
      lateral inferior pons to the middle cerebellar peduncle, as well as in the
      paramedian portion of the mid-pons. Cerebral angiography: The left vertebral
      artery (VA) occluded at the 4th segment. The right VA showed severe stenosis at
      the 4th segment. The basilar artery (BA) was found to be occluded in the lower
      1/3 below the clivus. Furthermore, CAG demonstrated upper portion of the BA,
      bilateral superior cerebellar artery and posterior cerebral artery via the
      posterior communicating artery, but the bilateral anterior inferior cerebellar
      arteries (AICAs) were absent or occluded. Neuroradiological findings suggested
      ischemia in the bilateral AICA and the middle portion of the BA. Bilateral
      hearing impairment rarely accompanies cerebrovascular disorders. This case of
      bilateral hearing impairment, tinnitus at the onset, followed by bilateral
      lateral inferior pontine syndrome was considered to be an extremely rare
      pathological condition.

PMID- 2279362
TI  - [Acupuncture needles, straying in the central nervous system and presenting
      neurological signs and symptoms].
AB  - Acupuncture has been practiced in the treatment of many diseases in Japan.
      "Okibari" is one of the procedures in acupuncture treatment: a fine stainless
      steel or silver needle is inserted into the subcutaneous tissue through the skin,
      to remain in the subcutaneous tissue. A 57-year-old pharmacist was knocked down
      by a motorcycle in 1971, since then moderate weakness of left extremities and
      stiffness of muscles have remained as sequelae. She was consequently treated with
      acupuncture. Many small needles were inserted permanently in the nuchal,
      occipital and other areas of the body ten to twelve years before she developed
      gradual clumsiness and dysesthesia in her right hand in 1984. When she was
      admitted for the first time in 1985, neurological examination revealed left
      Horner's syndrome and diminished deep sensation in her right extremities with
      pseudo-athetosis of her right hand, along with spastic paresis of left
      extremities and right carpal tunnel syndrome. An old needle which had strayed
      into left dorsal medulla was considered to be responsible for these symptoms. In
      1988 loss of pain and temperature sensation in the right side of her body below
      the shoulder, and diminished deep sensation of left extremities were appended,
      and weakness of her left extremities became aggravated. Pseudo-athetosis of her
      right hand was seen less prominently. In plain X-ray films many needle shadows
      were visualized. On CT scan needle shadows could be seen also in the left dorsal
      medulla, right cerebellum and in the subarachnoid space of left dorsal C1-C2
      level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279363
TI  - [MRI study of three siblings of suspicious Sjogren-Larsson syndrome].
AB  - We report the characteristics of high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of
      three siblings with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), probably of autosomal
      recessive inheritance. The proband was a 25-year-old woman who manifested slowly
      progressive spastic paraplegia, mental deficit, decayed teeth since her
      childhood. The siblings of the proband, 29-year-old woman and 27-year-old man,
      also showed the same clinical course as hers, and the symptoms are more severe in
      elder siblings. The proband solely had ichthyosis on her neck and lower thighs,
      which suggested Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Sagittal and transverse slices of high
      field MRI (1.5T), T2-weighted (SE 2800/90) and T1-weighted (500/15) images were
      obtained. The cerebral atrophies were observed in the frontal and the parietal
      lobes, especially at the precentral and superior frontal gyri, whereas the
      occipital lobes were relatively spared. The atrophies of motor cortex seemed to
      be responsible for the disorder of voluntary movement. T2WI demonstrated a
      diffuse hyperintensity in the cerebral white matter, which suggested
      demyelination. T2WI also showed remarkable hypointensities in the globus
      pallidus, putamen, and thalamus. The degenerative involvement in these regions
      was also suspected. These abnormal intensities, both hyper- and hypo-intensities,
      were stronger in elder siblings, which indicated the intensity changes to be of
      progressive nature. Severe atrophy or hypoplasia of corpus callosum was also
      observed, however the cingulate gyri could be confirmed. We were not able to
      detect the callosal disconnection syndrome, because of their severe mental
      impairment. Spinal cord was slender and its degenerative changes were suggested.
      The high field MRI of a HSP family showed the extensive abnormal findings of the
      central nervous system in this HSP family, such as cerebral motor area,
      extrapyramidal system, corpus callosum, and spinal cord.

PMID- 2279364
TI  - [A case of senile onset rimmed vacuole myopathy with proximally dominant
      involvement].
AB  - A 73-year-old woman with progressive proximal-dominant muscular atrophy and
      weakness was described. She had been well until 70-year-old, when she found
      difficulty in standing up from sitting position. At age 72 years, she could not
      raise her arms. Neurological examination showed muscular wasting and weakness in
      the proximal parts of extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdle. In the thigh, the
      flexors and adductors were severely affected. Muscular weakness was also observed
      in m. tibialis anterior. Serum CK and aldolase were normal. Electromyography
      showed low voltage short duration motor unit potentials with positive sharp waves
      and fibrillations. Rimmed vacuoles were observed in 4.8% of muscle fibers in
      biopsy sample obtained from right m. quadriceps femoris. No inflammatory cells,
      PAS-positive materials and inclusion bodies were observed in the sample. This
      case differs from distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles, because the onset was
      very late and her muscular weakness and atrophy was proximal dominant. This case
      also differs from inclusion body myositis, because muscle biopsy revealed no
      inflammatory cells or inclusion body.

PMID- 2279365
TI  - [Trophic effect of angiotensin II, vasopressin and oxytocin on the ventral spinal
      cord of rat embryo].
AB  - We studied trophic effects of angiotensin II, vasopressin and oxytocin on
      explanted ventral spinal cord cultures derived from 13 to 14-old day rat embryos.
      There was a significant neurite promoting effect in angiotensin II and
      vasopressin-treated cultures. Angiotensin II had the most potent effect at any
      concentrations. It became clear that minimum effective concentration was 10(-8)M
      in both angiotensin II and vasopressin. However, oxytocin had no neurotrophic
      effect at any concentrations. Our results demonstrated that angiotensin II and
      vasopressin have a neurotrophic effect on ventral spinal cord in cultures, and
      may contribute to therapeutic strategy of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 2279366
TI  - Public policy in the AFRC: the first fifty years.

PMID- 2279367
TI  - Ethical factors in the allocation of experimental medical therapies: the chronic
      left ventricular assist system.

PMID- 2279368
TI  - Impact of a change in confidentiality law on enrollment of persons with AIDS in a
      clinical research study.

PMID- 2279369
TI  - Ethics of confidentiality: the special case of quality assurance research.

PMID- 2279370
TI  - Instrumentation and control in intensive care.

PMID- 2279371
TI  - Suitability of fetal scalp electrodes for monitoring the fetal electrocardiogram
      during labour.
AB  - As the limitations of heart-rate based intrapartum monitoring have become
      apparent, there is renewed interest in analysis of the fetal electrocardiographic
      waveform as obtained from a fetal scalp electrode. A high quality ECG signal is
      necessary for waveform analysis. This study examined the suitability of five
      commonly available scalp electrodes for collecting this signal by examining their
      physical and electrical characteristics, together with a randomised clinical
      trial in which the ECG trace quality was assessed in 50 patients. The frequency
      response of Copeland electrodes was such that they attenuate the ECG signal more
      than the baseline noise. Difficulties were experienced in obtaining optimum
      attachment and the long, semi-rigid design increased movement artefact resulting
      in significantly poorer quality ECG signals. Whilst the Hewlett-Packard double
      spiral electrode had a near ideal frequency response, certain design features
      made it difficult to apply and remain secure so the clinical signals were of
      intermediate quality. The Corometrics and Cetro single spirals had the most
      stable attachment to the scalp and a near ideal frequency response, so produced
      significantly better signal quality in the clinical trial. Currently, single
      spiral electrodes are the most suitable for electrocardiographic data collection.

PMID- 2279372
TI  - Gestational age: an important influence on the success of patient triggered
      ventilation.
AB  - We have evaluated a new patient triggered (PT) ventilator which has been produced
      as suitable for neonatal use. This ventilator, the Draeger Babylog 8000, is
      triggered by airflow changes detected by a hot wire anemometer. Laboratory
      assessment demonstrated maintenance of tidal volume and absence of inadvertent
      PEEP at flow rates up to 20 l min-1 and rates of 120 breaths min-1. The
      ventilator was then used in both conventional and trigger mode in 14 pre-term
      infants. The results were compared with PT ventilation delivered by the SLE
      ventilator. At all inflation times studied, using the Draeger ventilator 100% of
      respiratory efforts were detected in the majority of infants. The trigger delay
      varied from a median of 80-100 ms and was significantly shorter than the trigger
      delay of the SLE system (P less than 0.05). Oxygenation improved on Draeger PT
      compared with conventional ventilation, however, only in infants more mature than
      27 weeks gestation. We conclude the Draeger Babylog 8000 is an important advance
      in patient triggered ventilation, particularly at fast frequencies, but PT
      ventilation should still be restricted to relatively mature infants.

PMID- 2279373
TI  - Ultrasound imaging of digital arteries.
AB  - This study assessed the use of high frequency ultrasound (CUTECH DM70) in the
      measurement of digital artery diameters. The accuracy of the technique was
      assessed using a model. Four silicone tubes of different diameters were embedded
      in opaque agar. Three independent observers measured the diameter of the tubes
      using the CUTECH DM70 and the measurements obtained were compared with those
      obtained using a travelling light microscope. The technique was then evaluated on
      digital arteries. Ten recordings of digital artery diameter were made at a fixed
      point on the index finger in two subjects at 20 degrees C and at 30 degrees C.
      There was no statistical difference between the mean diameters obtained by the
      three observers using the CUTECH DM70 on the model. No statistical difference was
      noted when the mean diameters measured using the travelling microscope were
      compared with those obtained by the three observers. The diameter differences
      between the tubes were all highly significant (P less than 0.001 Mann Witney).
      The variability in the recordings of digital artery diameter in the two subjects
      was very low (maximum coefficient of variance less than 4%). A significant
      difference in the mean measured vessel diameter at the two different temperatures
      was obtained (P less than 0.001 Mann Witney). We conclude that digital artery
      diameter can be measured using the CUTECH DM70.

PMID- 2279374
TI  - The fibre Fabry Perot sensor. A long-term manometry sensor for quantitative
      intraluminal pressure measurement of the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Sensor dislocation of water perfused side-hole manometry catheters during longer
      periods of examination, as well as heavy expenditure on equipment and personal,
      are disadvantages of perfusion manometry. Such catheters have contributed
      substantially to the attempt to become independent of water as a transmitter
      medium in manometric pressure sensors for the upper gastrointestinal tract. Using
      the principle of the mirror interferometer of Fabry and Perot, we have developed
      and manufactured a fibre-optic Fabry Perot Sensor (FFP) which records local
      asymmetric pressure with constant sensitivity over the sensor surface area of 40
      mm length. The FFP signal was compared with the pressure measured with a
      conventional four-side-hole perfusion catheter. The signal corresponding to long
      term basal pressure of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) varied over a normal
      range, and the signal presenting the pressure in the tubular oesophagus had a
      normal range determined from 15 healthy volunteers. Due to the phase modulation
      of its laser, the FFP is nearly independent of substantial artefacts.

PMID- 2279375
TI  - Clinical comparison of two devices for detection of microemboli during
      cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Detection of gaseous microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass procedures is
      important for the clinical evaluation of equipment such as oxygenators and
      cardiotomy reservoirs. Comparison of published data can be difficult if different
      detectors are used. Two devices reported in the literature, the Technique
      Laboratories TM-8 and the Hatteland BD-100, are compared during clinical
      procedures. The relationship between the outputs of these devices was linear over
      two ranges, the difference in output amounted to a standard deviation of 11% in
      the lower range and 38% in the upper range.

PMID- 2279376
TI  - A comparative assessment of the ultraviolet radiation transmission of sunglasses
      for patients receiving photochemotherapy.
AB  - The suitability of 75 sunglasses for use by patients receiving 8-methoxypsoralen
      photochemotherapy (PUVA) was assessed by measuring their ultraviolet radiation
      (UVR) transmission spectra and comparing the results with some published proposed
      spectral limits. The sunglasses were classified according to whether their lenses
      were polarised, photochromic, reflective, graduated tint or of a miscellaneous
      type. The UVR transmission of 39 of these sunglasses was also measured using a
      PUVA source and a UVA sensitive detector. There was a difference of a factor of
      x7 between the maximum PUVA source transmission of the sunglasses with
      satisfactory spectral transmission and the minimum PUVA source transmission of
      those with unsatisfactory spectral transmission. Values of PUVA source
      transmission values corresponding to hypothetical transmission spectra close to
      the spectral limits were derived by calculation. It was concluded that
      photochromic sunglasses could be rejected for patient use without recourse to
      measurement unless they were claimed to have low UVR transmission, and that the
      transmission of all other types had to be assessed individually. It was also
      concluded that the PUVA source method could be adopted for routine use with a
      maximum acceptable transmission of 0.2%.

PMID- 2279377
TI  - Analysis of the sensitivity method of reconstruction using spectral expansion.

PMID- 2279378
TI  - Biotyping of coagulase-negative staphylococci. 108 isolates from nosocomial
      bloodstream infections.
AB  - Using simple, readily available typing methods, we evaluated 108 strains of
      coagulase-negative staphylococci that were causally related to bloodstream
      infections: 95% (103 of 108) of the isolates were identified as Staphylococcus
      epidermidis and were divided into 18 biotypes by API Staph-Trac. A single biotype
      (biotype A, 6606113) accounted for greater than 50% of the isolates of S.
      epidermidis. Biotype A was further divided into seven subtypes by slime
      production and synergistic hemolysis; however, 66% of the isolates in biotype A
      remained in two major subtypes, 1a (strongly slime-positive and synergistic
      hemolysis-positive) and 2a (strongly slime-positive and synergistic hemolysis
      negative). The addition of the antibiotype further separated the isolates into
      individual strains or into small groups of organisms. A significant correlation
      was noted between synergistic hemolysis and the three most resistant antibiotypes
      (p = 4.2 X 10(-5); OR = 5.8; CI95, 2.2-15.2). Each biotype, subtype, and
      antibiotype was further divided into multiple unique strains by plasmid pattern
      analysis. In most clinical situations the combination of API Staph-Trac,
      antibiotic profile, slime production, and synergistic hemolysis provides adequate
      strain discrimination. Plasmid pattern analysis adds important information in
      specific clinical situations and may be invaluable for epidemiologic
      investigations.

PMID- 2279380
TI  - The use of biotyping and DNA fingerprinting in typing Candida albicans from
      hospitalized patients.
AB  - The application of typing procedures for the purpose of strain differentiation
      among isolates of Candida albicans obtained from hospitalized patients has been
      limited. We have applied biotyping and DNA restriction fragment analysis (DNA
      fingerprinting) by using EcoRI to the study of C. albicans isolates obtained from
      hospitalized patients. A total of 68 isolates from 15 patients were studied.
      Thirteen subtypes were identified by biotyping, 8 by DNA fingerprinting, and 21
      by a combination of the biotyping and DNA fingerprinting approaches (composite
      subtype). Both techniques were highly reproducible. In examining the strain
      variation among isolates obtained from multiple anatomic sites over time, we
      found that similar, if not identical, strains were recovered from the oropharynx,
      urine, stool, and blood in a given patient, and these strains persisted. Only
      rarely did two patients share the same composite subtype suggesting sporadic
      nosocomial transmission. The combination of biotyping and DNA fingerprinting
      improved strain discrimination compared to either method alone. Further
      investigation with these and other epidemiologic typing methods will be necessary
      to enhance the understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of candidiasis
      in hospitalized patients.

PMID- 2279379
TI  - Epidemiologic typing of Enterobacter sakazakii in two neonatal nosocomial
      outbreaks.
AB  - Two unrelated hospital outbreaks of Enterobacter sakazakii, involving meningitis,
      bacteremia, and colonization of neonates, were investigated. In each of these
      outbreaks, E. sakazakii was isolated from both patients and dried infant formula.
      In previous outbreaks, the source and mode of transmission of E. sakazakii in
      neonatal infections was not determined. In this study, we used a combination of
      typing methods (plasmid analysis, antibiograms, chromosomal restriction
      endonuclease analysis, ribotyping, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis) to
      evaluate the isolates from each outbreak as to their relatedness. The typing
      results differed among outbreaks, but in each one, patient and formula isolates
      shared the same typing pattern. The only exceptions were disk antibiograms, which
      often varied among colonies selected from each of the isolates. Plasmid analysis,
      chromosomal restriction endonuclease analysis, ribotyping, and multilocus enzyme
      electrophoresis all were effective as epidemiological typing methods for E.
      sakazakii, especially when used in combination. By using this typing scheme, we
      have confirmed that E. sakazakii from intrinsically contaminated dried infant
      formula was the source of neonatal infection.

PMID- 2279381
TI  - In vitro activity of HRE 664, a penem antibiotic.
AB  - HRE 664, a new penem antibiotic, inhibited 90% of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella,
      Citrobacter diversus, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella, Shigella,
      Providencia, Aeromonas, and Morganella at less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml
      but was considerably less active than cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and imipenem. It
      did not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC greater than 128 micrograms/ml). HRE
      664 inhibited Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, and Serratia marcescens at
      1-8 micrograms/ml, two- to fourfold higher MICs than imipenem. HRE 664 inhibited
      methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis at
      less than or equal to 0.12 micrograms/ml, but methicillin-resistant S. aureus and
      S. epidermidis were resistant. Group A, C, and G streptococci and Streptococcus
      pneumoniae were inhibited by 0.06 micrograms/ml. Bacteroides and Clostridium
      species were inhibited by 0.25 micrograms/ml comparable to imipenem. HRE 664 was
      not hydrolyzed by beta-lactamases TEM-1, TEM-2, TEM-3, TEM-5, SHV-1, PSE-1, PSE
      4, OXA-2, OXA-3, K-1, P99, Morganella, P. vulgaris, and S. aureus PC-1 but was
      hydrolyzed by the beta-lactamase of Xanthomonas maltophilia.

PMID- 2279382
TI  - Successful treatment of Candida osteomyelitis with fluconazole. A noncomparative
      study of two patients.
AB  - We describe two patients with osteomyelitis due to Candida spp. treated with
      fluconazole, a new triazole antifungal. One patient had extensive involvement of
      ribs and costochondral regions of the anterior chest, and the other had vertebral
      infection. Both were cured with courses of 10 and 14 months, with greater than or
      equal to 1 year of follow-up after fluconazole was discontinued. Fluconazole is
      an attractive agent for the treatment of Candida osteomyelitis and deserves to be
      studied more extensively for this indication.

PMID- 2279383
TI  - Stomatococcus mucilaginosus bacteremias. Typical case presentations, simplified
      diagnostic criteria, and a literature review.
AB  - Even though Stomatococcus mucilaginosus is considered indigenous oral-pharyngeal
      flora, cited literature and case reports indicate that it can be the cause of
      infectious conditions. Tested strains were isolated from blood, the oral region,
      and wound sources. The organism was routinely misidentified or not identified by
      conventional or commercial systems (Vitek, STAPH-Trac). Four antimicrobial
      diagnostic disks for example, bacitracin (0.04 units; Taxo A), furazolidone (100
      micrograms), novobiocin (5 micrograms), and polymyxin B (300 units), were
      evaluated as possible addition to previously applied biochemical characteristics
      that differentiate between S. mucilaginosus, Micrococcus sp., and coagulase
      negative staphylococci. Consistent antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among
      our isolates to the diagnostic disks produced applicable characteristics for
      discriminating S. mucilaginosus from similar microorganisms. However, therapeutic
      choices of antimicrobial agents should be guided by individual organism
      susceptibility test results because of variable, often resistant patterns to beta
      lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, new fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides.

PMID- 2279384
TI  - Self-organising learning control and its application to muscle relaxant
      anaesthesia.
AB  - The concept of a self-organising control system is attractive in biomedicine
      because of the imprecise nature of available physiological models. In this paper
      a particular strategy called a self-organising controller (SOC) originating from
      the work of Barron on aerospace systems is applied to the control of muscle
      relaxant anaesthesia. The SOC algorithm, which requires no prior knowledge of
      system dynamics, is described, both in single variable and multivariable format.
      Simulation results are presented for SOC performance on a well-established
      pancuronium model. Three implementations are described, being the use of a
      general purpose language, a SUN workstation approach, and a parallel computer
      transputer solution. The latter approach becomes important for multivariable
      control because of the computing-intensive nature of SOC. The transputer is shown
      to be a suitable vehicle for implementation in terms of speed and parallelism for
      SOC.

PMID- 2279385
TI  - Constrained simulated annealing for optimized radiation therapy treatment
      planning.
AB  - A variation of simulated annealing optimization called 'constrained simulated
      annealing' is used with a simple annealing schedule to automatically optimize
      beam weights and beam angles in radiation therapy treatment planning. This
      optimization technique permits the straightforward utilization of any objective
      function and any set of dose constraints, even those described by non-analytic
      functions. Constrained simulated annealing is demonstrated using an objective
      function which minimizes the probability of normal tissue complications subject
      to the constraint that the entire target volume receive a tumoricidal dose within
      specified maximum and minimum limits. Target volume dose constraints are
      determined by points located on the perimeter of the target volume. Probabilities
      of normal tissue complications are based on published normal tissue complication
      probability functions and computed from dose-volume histograms calculated on
      points spread throughout the normal anatomy.

PMID- 2279386
TI  - The relationship between rate of venous sampling and visible frequency of hormone
      pulses.
AB  - In this paper, a stochastic model of episodic hormone secretion is used to
      quantify the effect of the sampling rate on the frequency of pulses that can be
      detected by objective computer methods in time series of plasma hormone
      concentrations. Occurrence times of secretion pulses are modeled as recurrent
      events, with interpulse intervals described by Erlang distributions. In this way,
      a variety of secretion patterns, ranging from Poisson events to periodic pulses,
      can be studied. The notion of visible and invisible pulses is introduced and the
      relationship between true pulses frequency and mean visible pulse frequency is
      analytically derived. It is shown that a given visible pulse frequency can
      correspond to two distinct true frequencies. In order to compensate for the
      'invisibility error', an algorithm based on the analysis of the original series
      and its undersampled subsets is proposed and the derived computer program is
      tested on simulated and clinical data.

PMID- 2279387
TI  - Application of a network structure in a knowledge-based system for medical
      diagnostics.
AB  - Systems supporting diagnostic decision making have been designed more often on
      the base of production rules than on semantic nets. One reason for that might be
      that concepts to process information on the latter structures are still rare. In
      this study the application of a semantic net is described. Via creation of
      various views, different sets of information are defined, depending on their
      meaning in the semantic net. Projections, which are in general a combination of
      mappings and set operations, are used to infer a set of information from another.
      The developed system was written in Pascal, the semantic net was implemented
      using a network-like pointer structure. The concept has been used to develop
      PROJECTOR, an expert system for differential diagnosis based on a semantic net.
      The structure has turned out to be fast and compact enough to allow large amounts
      of data to be handled easily even with a personal computer.

PMID- 2279388
TI  - A simple algorithm for generating neuronal dendritic trees.
AB  - A simple, efficient algorithm is presented for generating the codewords of all
      neuronal dendritic trees with a given number of terminal nodes. Furthermore, a
      procedure is developed for deciding if different codewords respond to
      topologically equivalent trees.

PMID- 2279389
TI  - Empirical tests of the intrinsic pseudorandom number generator on IBM-compatible
      microcomputers.
AB  - This paper reports results of frequency and serial correlation tests, for 30
      different seeds and two different seeding mechanisms (the RANDOMIZE statement and
      the RND function), of a Microsoft pseudorandom number generator available on IBM
      compatible (and some IBM) microcomputers. The generator is shown to perform well
      on these screening tests, in comparison to previously reported results for the
      Microsoft generator available on IBM-PC microcomputers. However, the generator
      seeding mechanisms--the RANDOMIZE statement and the RND function--exhibit
      anomalies similar to those of the IBM-PC generator, and could result in seeding
      which is inconsistent with the desire of the user. Furthermore, the differences
      in the randomness characteristics of sequences of numbers generated by IBM and
      IBM-compatible microcomputers have serious implications regarding the true
      compatibility of the two types of microcomputers.

PMID- 2279390
TI  - An expert system for the nutritional management of the critically ill.
AB  - While there have been considerable advances in the last several years in the
      nutritional management of the critically ill, these improvements are not always
      recognized in intensive care environments. In this paper we describe the
      development and testing of an expert system, NUTRITIONAL ADVISOR, which would be
      be an aid in providing nutritional assessment and support of critically ill
      patients. We discuss various approaches to treating time-varying data in the
      knowledge base in order to provide a recommended level of nutritional support
      which varies smoothly from day to day.

PMID- 2279391
TI  - An application of the D-optimal criterion to define the experimental design for a
      particular class of semi-parametric models.
AB  - An updated version of the computer program EXCAD [1] allows the user to optimize
      experimental design to estimate parameters of particular semi-parametric models.
      The semi-parametric models take the general form of a function of time (t): Y(t)
      = NL (c(t,alpha),beta). The function NL(C(t,alpha),beta), is, in general, a non
      linear transformation of a function, C(t,alpha), that in turn is the convolution
      of two others. One of these two functions is expressed in a non-parametric form,
      and is not of direct interest to the experimenter. The other is of direct
      interest: it is a parametric function depending on a set of parameters alpha.
      This semi-parametric model applies to numerous kinds of biological experiments,
      such as pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, physiological, circulatory flow
      experiments. This paper presents a new method for determining an optimal
      experimental design to estimate the parameters alpha and beta. The new approach
      adopts the D-optimal criterion, and is illustrated using real thiopental data.

PMID- 2279392
TI  - A Pascal program for computing the DNA concentration in cellular homogenates.
AB  - The use of manual graphical methods for evaluating the results of Brunk's
      fluorometric DNA concentration assay was found to be subjective and time
      consuming. That is why a short program (in Turbo Pascal, version 4) for
      fluorometric data processing was designed.

PMID- 2279393
TI  - The shikimate pathway--a metabolic tree with many branches.

PMID- 2279394
TI  - Graduate medical education in the community hospital.

PMID- 2279395
TI  - One-day review of surgical anatomy for third-year medical students: improved
      knowledge acquisition and retention.

PMID- 2279396
TI  - A review of data analysis for surgical research.

PMID- 2279397
TI  - Heat shock protects kidneys against warm ischemic injury.
AB  - The present work confirms previous observations made by others that heat shock is
      followed by a period of protection against tissue injury. Furthermore, this
      protection against associated with HSP 72 production. We have identified some
      detrimental effects of heat shock as a technique for induction of the HSR.
      Clearly there exists in living tissues a highly conserved, latent cellular
      mechanism that can be rapidly activated by stress, which can provide useful
      protection against additional stressful conditions. The ability to control the
      expression of this response should enable one to protect cells, tissues, and
      organisms against situations in which tissue injury is anticipated.

PMID- 2279399
TI  - The effect of calcium on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity during endotoxemia.

PMID- 2279398
TI  - Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: is there a role for postoperative steroids?

PMID- 2279400
TI  - Laser Doppler blood flow measurement as a predictor of viability of renal
      allografts.

PMID- 2279401
TI  - Role of cholecystokinin in gastric emptying of liquid and solid meals in dogs.

PMID- 2279403
TI  - Renal hypothermia: the metabolic importance of perfusion measurements.

PMID- 2279402
TI  - Acute postoperative hypokalemia.

PMID- 2279404
TI  - Intrinsic tendon healing in vitro: biomechanical analysis and effects of vitamins
      A and E.

PMID- 2279405
TI  - High mortality with an intraperitoneal antiadhesive in the rat.

PMID- 2279406
TI  - Increased hepatic artery flow following liver denervation.

PMID- 2279407
TI  - The effect of laser excision on host-tumor immunity in an experimental mammary
      tumor.

PMID- 2279408
TI  - Chronic venous stasis as a consequence of intravenous drug abuse.

PMID- 2279410
TI  - Mechanisms of pancreatic infection in acute pancreatitis in opossums.

PMID- 2279409
TI  - T lymphocyte activation following OKT3 treatment.

PMID- 2279411
TI  - [Affair of dentist Duchesne. Judgement that banned general anesthesia in dental
      offices].

PMID- 2279412
TI  - [Comparative development of oral pathology in 6 to 12-year old children in
      France].

PMID- 2279413
TI  - Specialization in vertebral surgery.

PMID- 2279414
TI  - The Ilizarov method for the treatment of non-union in the humerus.
AB  - The authors report 7 cases of septic and aseptic pseudoarthrosis in the humerus,
      with or without tissue loss, treated with the Ilizarov apparatus. The method
      proved to be therapeutically effective, guaranteeing a short amount of time
      required for consolidation, with bone callus of the periosteal type which was
      abundant and mechanically effective, immediate functional recovery, and no
      important complications.

PMID- 2279415
TI  - Two-level fractures of the tibia: indications for surgery.
AB  - The authors report 35 cases of two-level fracture of the tibia emphasizing the
      problems related to surgical treatment and local complications. Based on the
      results obtained, they propose several different methods according to precise
      indications: 1) for closed fractures or those with grade I exposure: internal
      fixation; 2) for grade II and III open fractures: external fixation and any
      necessary complementary surgical procedures.

PMID- 2279416
TI  - Fractures of the posterior apophyseal ring of the lumbar vertebral body in young
      patients. Three cases.
AB  - Three cases of posterior apophyseal fracture of a lumbosacral vertebral body are
      described. This disco-apophyseal lesion is typical of adolescents and sports
      related trauma. Like all acute and chronic apophysiolyses it is probably enhanced
      by a constitutional weakness of the apophyseal area, closely fused with the
      anulus fibrosus of the disc.

PMID- 2279417
TI  - Our experience in occipito-cervical fusion.
AB  - Occipito-cervical fusion for congenital and post-traumatic anomalies of the axis
      was used to treat 5 patients; the results obtained are analyzed. The authors also
      discuss the advantages of using autoplastic bone graft which remains stable in
      time, without creating disabling sequelae in the patient.

PMID- 2279419
TI  - Fat graft for the prevention of scar formation after laminectomy (macroscopic and
      microscopic findings in a case report).
AB  - Over recent years attempts have been made to prevent scar formation after
      laminectomy by placing biological and non-biological material between the dura
      mater and nervous structures and the paravertebral muscles. The author discusses
      his personal use of and preference for fat graft, and reports the surgical and
      histological findings in a patient submitted to surgery for a herniated disc 3
      months previously.

PMID- 2279418
TI  - The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance in disc pathology of the lumbosacral
      region.
AB  - An MRI tomograph was used to examine 396 patients with suspected disc pathology
      of the lumbosacral region. Forty two patients in whom disc herniation was
      diagnosed underwent surgery. MR proved to be a reliable and accurate method for
      the diagnosis of disc herniation, revealing its site and size as well as
      compression on the neural structures. The limits of MR are discussed and
      integrated diagnostic protocol in lumbosacral disc pathology is proposed.

PMID- 2279420
TI  - Vascularized nerve graft: a clinical contribution.
AB  - The authors present 4 cases of vascularized nerve graft. The results were better
      than those obtained with traditional grafting. The indication is a rare one, and
      the experimental results are contradictory. Indications are limited to Volkmann
      ischemic syndromes, post-actinic lesions of the brachial plexus, infections and
      finally, post-burning scarring. Nevertheless, traditional nerve grafts remain the
      treatment of choice for peripheral nerve lesions which cannot undergo direct
      suturing.

PMID- 2279422
TI  - Hip dislocation in spinal muscular atrophy.
AB  - Hip conditions in 49 patients affected with spinal muscular atrophy were studied:
      35 of these were affected with the intermediate form of the disease (patients
      were able to sit but not walk), and 14 with the mild form (patients were able to
      walk). The Perkins method was used to measure the migration percentage of the
      femoral head. Thirty-one percent of the patients affected by the intermediate
      form of the disease had normal hips, 38% had unilateral or bilateral subluxation,
      11% had hip dislocation. In the mild form of the disease, 50% of the patients had
      normal hips, 28% had unilateral or bilateral subluxation, and 22% had a hip
      dislocation. In the intermediate form of the disease there was a linear
      correlation between migration percentage and age, and between migration
      percentage and scoliosis. In the patients affected with the mild form of the
      disease who were able to walk, and in the patients affected with the intermediate
      form and fitted with orthoses who were able to stand, or to walk, there was no
      hip dislocation. Hence, walking with or without orthoses seems to be an important
      factor in preventing hip dislocation.

PMID- 2279421
TI  - The use of bone scan to evaluate total hip prostheses. A preliminary study.
AB  - The authors conducted a clinical and radiographic study on a group of 43 patients
      with hip arthroprostheses selected from the three-year period from 1984 to 1987,
      characterized by no immediate postoperative complications, no positional defects
      on X-ray examination, and with a Renther test greater than 1. Prostheses were
      cemented, cementless and combined. Scintigraphy was evaluated for areas of
      subdivision in the proximal end of the femur and acetabulum, making a semi
      quantitative comparison of the intensity of captation of each area with that of
      the skull and sacroiliac synchondrosis. The authors emphasize that this procedure
      is both reliable and easy for the early determination (pre-clinical and pre
      radiographic) of any complications. A scintigraphic examination of the single
      areas was also capable of revealing the site and entity of prosthetic bone-to
      implant interactions. According to the results reported, PCA prostheses seem to
      be characterized by better biocompatibility.

PMID- 2279423
TI  - Horizontal fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas: a case report.
AB  - A case of horizontal fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas is described.
      This is a rare lesion which occurs with trauma in hyperextension; it is a benign
      lesion and one which is easily treated.

PMID- 2279424
TI  - Echinococcosis: intramuscular localization.
AB  - Localization of hydatidosis in the musculoskeletal system is a rare occurrence,
      and generally involves the skeleton. A case reported here in which the muscular
      localization of hydatidosis followed hepatic and pulmonary localizations treated
      surgically. 1) Muscular localization seems to be related to the regional
      circulation; 2) diagnosis may be done by echography, CT scan, RMI and
      immunological tests with ELISA and RIA methods; 3) basic steps during surgery,
      which constitutes the treatment of choice, involve the prevention of anaphylactic
      shock and the inactivation of the cyst; 4) chemotherapy is limited to cases in
      which it is not possible to perform radical surgery, to the prevention of
      postoperative recurrence, and to cases which cannot be treated surgically.

PMID- 2279425
TI  - Quiz. Infantile myofibromatosis.

PMID- 2279426
TI  - [Mesenterico-atrial shunt in Budd-Chiari syndrome with inferior vena cava
      thrombosis. Report of 2 cases].
AB  - Two new cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with thrombosis of the inferior
      vena cava are reported. The predominant clinical sign was ascites, and the
      diagnosis was suggested by ultrasound and confirmed by angiography and the
      imaging techniques. In one case, the etiological assessment revealed an
      association with an oral contraceptive treatment; the etiological research
      remained negative in the other case. A mesenterico-atrial shunt was performed in
      both patients, and its patency was controlled with magnetic resonance imaging:
      both shunts are functional after 38 and 45 months respectively. On the basis of
      these two cases, the diagnostic process, the surgical indications and the choice
      of the techniques are discussed. The mesenterico-atrial shunt described by
      Cameron and Maddrey in 1978 seems to be an interesting and reliable therapeutic
      choice for the Budd-Chiari syndrome with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava.

PMID- 2279427
TI  - [Aneurysm of iliac arteries. Is it anatomo-clinical entity? Report of 18 cases].
AB  - 338 patients with aorto iliac aneurysms were operated in the Department of
      vascular surgery (Hosp. E.-Herriot-University A.-Carrel Lyon). Retrospective
      evaluation found 20 solitary iliac artery aneurysms (AAIS) in 18 patients (2
      bilateral AAIS). 77% of aneurysms were on the common iliac artery, 17% on the
      internal iliac artery, and one case of mycotic aneurysm on the external iliac
      artery. 8 patients (44.4%) were asymptomatic, 5 (27.8%) had non specific
      complaints. Rupture or acute ischemia occurred in 5 cases (27.8%). The incidence
      of non atherosclerotic cause (dysplasia 33.3%, infection 16.7%) in this series
      shows a real difference with AAA (atherosclerotic dominant etiologic factor). The
      value of C.T. scanning and sonographic evaluation and their extensive use in
      vascular and non vascular diagnostic problems are an obvious explanation for
      increasing AAIS reports. The risk of rupture is probably higher than in AAA
      because of the incidence of arterial dysplasias (1/3 in this study) and mycotic
      origin. This occurrence suggests an aggressive surgical management.
      Aneurysmorrhaphy with graft interposition by intraperitoneal approach is the
      routine technique for most of surgeons. An alternative procedure (retroperitoneal
      approach) was performed on ten of our patients (55.5%). No perioperative
      mortality and low morbidity rate (one case of phlebitis) in our cases support
      this surgical management. The survival rate based on actuarial method is
      estimated 64% at five years (all grafts patent).

PMID- 2279428
TI  - [Was Homer a surgeon?].
AB  - The exegesis of the Ilias provides us with ample information on the state of war
      surgery in archaic Greece. The accuracy of a number of details leads to wondering
      if a physician could have taken part in the redaction of Homer's epos.

PMID- 2279429
TI  - [Hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer. Should it be surgically treated? Report
      of 55 cases].
AB  - Surgical resection currently represents the best chance of improving survival for
      some patients with hepatic metastases (H.M.) of colorectal origin. Out of a total
      of 288 patients with H.M. from colorectal cancer, 55 only had a surgical exeresis
      (hepatectomy or removal of the metastasis). These were 36 cases of synchronous
      H.M. and 19 of metachronous H.M. The operative mortality is as high as 2%. The
      overall actuarial survival rate at 5 years is 19.6%. The single-factor analysis
      of the factors connected with survival reveals 2 deciding factors: the margin of
      normal peritumoral hepatic parenchyma resected (p less than 0.01) and the degree
      of tumoral differentiation (p less than 0.05). A preoperative CEA level higher
      than 30 ng/l may be a pejorative factor (p less than 0.05). The results of this
      series are likely to be improved: 1 degree by a better selection of the patients
      scheduled for resection, especially as it is necessary to extend resection into
      the normal parenchyma more than 1 cm from the tumor, and 2 degrees by the
      addition of an adjunctive regional chemotherapy.

PMID- 2279430
TI  - [Role of coloproctectomy with colonic-anal anastomosis in the treatment of rectal
      cancer].
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and long term results of
      straight colo-anal anastomosis (CAA) after resection for rectal carcinoma as
      described by Parks. From January 1986 to June 1989, 40 patients underwent this
      operation: 27 men and 13 women with a mean age of 63.5 years (range 37-81). In 36
      cases, the indication was for carcinoma of mid and low rectum and in 4 cases for
      carcinoma of the upper rectum associated with a low rectal benign tumour (3 Dukes
      A, 19 Dukes B, 13 Dukes C, and 5 Dukes D). A diverting colostomy was constructed
      in all cases. Operative mortality was one patient (2.5 per cent) by pulmonary
      embolism. Anastomotic dehiscence occurred in four patients. None of these
      patients required reoperation and all colostomies have been closed. 6 patients
      presented a local recurrence (15.4 per cent) 6 to 34 months after CAA, of whom
      two were treated by abdomino-perineal resection. 5 patients died 6 to 34 months
      after CAA from local recurrence (2 cases) or distant metastasis (3 cases) and one
      patient has liver disease. All others patients are alive free of disease with a
      mean follow-up of 21.7 months (range 3-46 months). Actuarial survival is 77 per
      cent at 40 months. Functional results were assessed in the 26 patients followed
      up more than one year. The mean stool frequency was 2.4 per day (range 0, 3-6).
      All patients are continent, with a good discrimination gas-stool. 4 patients
      (15.4 per cent) suffer from soiling, 5 (19 per cent) from stool frequency, and 2
      (7.7 per cent) from urgency. In conclusion, CAA is a good alternative of
      abdominoperineal resection for some mid and low rectal carcinomas. Functional
      results might be improved by the construction of a colonic reservoir.

PMID- 2279431
TI  - [Chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly and computerized tomography. Study of
      80 cases].
AB  - The pathogenesis of chronic subdural hematoma, especially the reason why it
      becomes chronic is still under discussion. A series of 80 patients older than 60
      years (47% older than 75 years) were studied clinically and by CT. As compared
      with angiography, CT allows the subdural hematoma to be detected earlier. In some
      cases the subdural hematoma might have been missed without CT. The indication for
      surgery remains unchanged and surgical techniques too. In 80% of the patients
      good results from the clinical point of view could be achieved. There was no
      correlation between clinical signs and the findings obtained by CT.
      Postoperatively it usually took 60 to 70 days for CT findings to disappear. The
      prognosis of subdural hematoma in the elderly remains guarded. The mortality rate
      in our series was 11% possibly as a consequence of age.

PMID- 2279433
TI  - [Reconstruction after traumatic destruction of the finger joints].
AB  - Miniaturized osteosynthesis still is the best solution for articular injuries,
      but in case of destruction the indications will depend on several patient-linked
      factors (age, handedness, profession...) and on the loss of substance. In case of
      limited loss of substance, Swanson's prosthesis provided an average mobility of
      48 degrees at the MP level and 34 degrees at the PIP level. In case of extensive
      osteoarticular loss, only island or free vascularized articular transfer allow
      avoiding arthrodesis. The transfers provided mobility exceeding 45 degrees at the
      MP level and 42 degrees at the PIP level, therefore better values than with free
      articular toe transfers (35 degrees for the MP joints and 23 degrees for the PIP
      joints).

PMID- 2279432
TI  - [Extensive skin losses of the upper limb].
AB  - The development of microsurgical techniques and of pedicled local flaps has
      improved the prognosis of major injuries of the upper limb. Pedicled muscle-skin
      flaps from the latissimus dorsi muscle allow repairing losses of substance in the
      arm-pit and arm while restoring the function of the elbow. In the forearm, the
      same flap, transferred by microsurgery, ensures the rehabilitation of the wrist
      and hand. In the hand, the Chinese and posterior interosseous flaps allow
      covering the losses of substance on both the palmar and the dorsal aspects. Here,
      the free flaps are used only if the palmar vascular arches of these interosseous
      anastomoses are affected. Lastly, remote flaps are required only for the
      contraindications of microsurgery. Thus, using this array of donor sites, the
      emergent replacement of the most complex losses of sin substance can be
      performed, thus fostering the repair and protection of fony, neurovascular and
      tendon lesions.

PMID- 2279434
TI  - [Current treatment of malformations of the hand].
AB  - Since 1976, the author has operated over 700 congenital malformations of the
      hand. This treatment was modified in several ways: 1) The age of the patients has
      become younger, treatment sometimes beginning before one year of age (syndactyly,
      radial clubhand). 2) A number of techniques, such as the removal of a
      supernumerary thumb or pollicization, have become much more complex and
      standardized, thus greatly improving the outcome. 3) Other malformations (aplasia
      of the fingers), which were left untreated before, can now be treated by growing
      bone grafts or the transfer of toes.

PMID- 2279435
TI  - [Arm lengthening in children. Report of 4 cases].
AB  - The principle of osteogenesis under stretch elaborated by Pr. G.A. Ilizarov
      around 1970 comfort our decision for limb lengthening for it does not need in
      most cases hemorrhagic operations nor use of bone grafts. Pathological shortening
      of the humerus may be due to various causes: monomelic dystrophy due to
      epiphysiodesis of humeral superior growing plate with or without humerus varus,
      sequelae of neonatal septic osteoarthritis of the shoulder joint are the more
      frequent etiologies. On the other hand, the fibrous dysplasia,
      osteochondromatosis (Ollier's disease), sequelae to trauma or iatrogenic
      etiologies are infrequent. Resulting length discrepancy are very important from
      11 to 15 cm and more when growth is achieved. Functional disorders are delayed as
      compared to the lower limb for each upper limb acts independently to each other.
      However above 6 cm discrepancy coordinated movements become more difficult or
      impossible especially above 8 cm discrepancy. The authors reported 4 cases of arm
      lengthening concerning teenagers by Ilizarov's technique with a discrepancy
      between 10 to 14 cm. One of the humerus was previously treated by Wagner's
      technique which allow us to make a comparative analysis of both methods.
      Technical instructions, incidents and accidents occurring during lengthening,
      healing delays and functional and esthetic results are discussed in recent
      publications on this subject.

PMID- 2279436
TI  - [Repair of unstable cuffs with a deltoid flap].
AB  - We have found that upper arthrolysis for major ruptures of the cuff affecting the
      supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles yielded only 40% of excellent and good
      clinical results at three years, with 1/4 of cases of exenteration of the humeral
      head on radiographs after 10 years, so that, as early as 1984, we had the idea of
      using a "tailor-made" active muscle flap taken from the anterior fibers of the
      middle deltoid muscle (Fick's fibers n degrees III) and sutured to the edges of
      the trophic perforation after exeresis reaching to the healthy tissue. In our
      opinion, this procedure is logical as we use a synergic transplant of the
      ruptured muscles of the cuff, preserving its nerves and blood vessels. This forms
      a living interposition material between the acromion and the greater tuberosity
      of the humerus, forming a real "three-bellies" muscle resisting the ascent of the
      humeral head. In fact, it reconstructs a contained cuff, which plays an important
      role to lower the humeral head. After a minimum of one year and an average of
      nineteen months for fifty shoulders, all of these have an esthetically
      satisfactory appearance, forty-seven are painless or painful only episodically;
      thirty-two have an active elevation exceeding 120 degrees; twenty-one have a
      symmetrical muscular strength for elevation and fifteen for outward rotation with
      90 degrees abduction. Thirty-nine patients (78%) show satisfactory clinical
      results. Seventeen humeral heads are realigned. Electromyograms performed after
      six months showed that the flap contracted synchronously with the supra- and
      infraspinatus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279437
TI  - [Surgery of rheumatoid polyarthritis of the upper limb in adults. Review of
      current data].
AB  - In a surgical population of adult patients with incipient rheumatoid arthritis,
      most often women aged 40 to 50 years, the various clinical pictures are difficult
      to outline, but they include: dominant involvement of the lower limbs,
      acroarthritis with essentially distal lesions of the wrists, hands and feet, and
      rheumatoid arthritis with multiple joint involvement, requiring multiple surgery
      in the upper and lower limbs. The involvement of the upper limb follows Eiken's
      phases of evolution, which must be studied along with Larsen's stages in order to
      accurately define the indications for treatment. Synovectomy is indicated at
      Larsen's stages II and III, but if instability is already noted, isolates
      synovectomy, whether chemical or surgical, is not to be used. It is essential to
      associate surgical synovectomy with a procedure aimed at realigning and
      stabilizing the joints, especially in the wrists and the fingers. Synovectomy,
      realignment and stabilization make up 75% of the current surgery of the
      rheumatoid wrist. At Larsen's stages IV and V, the extent of osteoarticular
      destruction makes either arthrodesis or arthroplasty necessary. The indications
      depend on the location of the lesions, and arthrodesis produces excellent results
      on the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb, the distal interphalangeal joints
      and the wrist. On the other hand, arthroplasty is indicated for the other joints,
      the mobility of which must be preserved, even more so as the over- and underlying
      joints are most often affected.

PMID- 2279438
TI  - [Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux by pexis to the round ligament. Report of
      100 operated patients followed-up for 16 to 23 years].
AB  - In a study of 1,491 patients operated with ligament cardiopexy from 1,694
      onwards, which we published in 1986, we reviewed 100 consecutive cases operated
      15 years earlier or more. The review was based on a radioclinical (100),
      fiberscopic (53) and manometric (71) study, as well as on a measurement of the pH
      in doubtful cases (22). The results were distributed into categories A (normal),
      B (occasional disorders), C (functional disorders without recurrence) and R
      (recurrence), as follows: A + B 81%, C 12% and R 6%. This recent study confirms
      the conclusions we drew in 1981: a 15-minute operation that cures 94% of the
      patients without recurrence after 15 years and more is an appropriate procedure.

PMID- 2279439
TI  - [Restoration of continuity after rectosigmoidectomy by colorectal intubation and
      transproctoanal anastomosis. An African experience with 10 cases].
AB  - On the basis of 10 cases (8 cases of rectosigmoid cancer and 2 of sigmoid
      volvulus), the authors report about their experience in the restoration of GI
      tract continuity using colorectal intubation into the rectal lumen and a
      transproctoanal anastomosis. This technique helps avoiding subperitoneal sutures,
      which are a cause of fistulae and shrinkage. It is simple enough to be performed
      by younger surgeons. This technique was initially developed for anterior
      resections for rectosigmoid cancer, and it can be utilized as an emergency
      procedure with single-piece resection without untwisting the sphacelous sigmoid
      loops, so that neither a temporary left iliostomy nor a second operation are
      needed.

PMID- 2279441
TI  - [Role of extracorporeal lithotripsy in the treatment of gallbladder lithiasis. A
      multicenter prospective study].
AB  - Extra corporeal shock-wave lithotripsy changed dramatically the treatment of
      renal calculi. This procedure is now used to treat biliary lithiasis. In
      gallstones, the impact will depend on its efficiency, risk, and easiness. The
      ACAPEM studied prospectively the results achieved with this method. They are
      currently available for 219 patients.

PMID- 2279440
TI  - [Right ileocolonic intubation after resection of the terminal ileum for
      generalized peritonitis caused by ileal perforation. An African experience with
      33 cases].
AB  - Generalized peritonitis due to ileal perforation is common in Africa, and is
      caused by typhoid fever in most cases. For various reasons, the patients arrive
      at hospital in a poor general condition. In spite of combined intensive care and
      surgery, the general evolution of the disease resulted in a high mortality rate.
      All surgical techniques requiring sutures on a poor-quality ileon, ie. excision
      and suture, limited segmental resection or extensive ileal resection, most often
      lead to the breakdown of suture lines, so that the patient enters the vicious
      circle of repeated peritonitis and hazardous re-operations. Even exteriorized
      suture lines turn into fistulae, and temporary terminal ileostomy requires an
      amount of maintenance that is sometimes difficult to ensure in Africa. The
      technique proposed by the authors was developed in the department of surgery of
      the Dakar Main Hospital and has several advantages: It is a simple and quick
      procedure, which does not require the surgeon to be very experienced and can be
      performed in underequipped hospitals. There is no procedure-associated mortality.
      Morbidity decreases as the surgeon's experience increases. GI continuity can be
      established even in a septic environment. No second-look operation is necessary,
      so that the stay at hospital becomes shorter and the costs of treatment lower.
      Lastly, this type of restoration can be applied to other indications such as
      right colectomy and ileocolic or transverse ileal intubation.

PMID- 2279442
TI  - [Dissolution of gallbladder lithiasis with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).
      Preliminary results in 9 cases].
AB  - Instillation of Methyl tert-butyl ether in the gallbladder permits the
      dissolution of cholesterol stones. Percutaneous transhepatic puncture of the
      gallbladder is the currently used approach; but shortcomings of this procedure
      could make the transpapillary cannulation of the cystic duct preferable. The
      reproducibility of this procedure, however, is not established. "In situ"
      dissolution is useful in cases of multiples stones which are not amenable to
      treatment with extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). It can also be
      complementary to standard ESWL by promoting rapid disappearance of stones
      fragments. Preliminary results obtained in 9 patients suggest the necessity of
      rigorous selection criterias particularly regarding the chemical nature of the
      stones.

PMID- 2279443
TI  - [Implantation of pancreatic islets in arteriolar epiploic flap. Preliminary note
      on 3 cases].
AB  - Presently, no long-term insulin withdrawal after islet graft in a diabetic
      patient has been reported. From October 1988 to December 1989 we have performed 3
      pancreatic islet grafts in 3 type I diabetic patients. Islets were isolated from
      pancreatic glands collected during multiple organs harvesting. Implantation was
      conducted in an original site, by an arteriolar embolization of an epiploic flap
      pedicled from the right gastroepiploic vessels. Those grafts were combined twice
      with a kidney and in one occasion with a liver transplant. After 15 months, this
      last case is an unique metabolic success with complete insulino-independence.
      Endogenous insulin-secretion determined by C-peptide measurement was not
      detectable before surgery but was normalized and stimulable 6 months after the
      graft. Insulin injections were stopped one month later. Blood glucose is fully
      normal since 8 months without insulin. For the two other cases with kidney
      transplants after two months, endogenous insulin is already detectable. Compared
      with 3 segmental pancreatic grafts performed during the same period, islet graft
      in diabetic patients appears as a promising approach.

PMID- 2279444
TI  - [Thalamic fractures of the calcaneus. Value of computed x-ray tomography in
      therapeutic decisions].
AB  - The authors have studied 35 fractures of the calcaneal thalamus and compared the
      information provided by plain radiology and CT scans of the calcaneal tuberosity,
      especially those connected with the condition of the posterior subtalar joint. In
      8 cases out of 35, the study of the CT sections yielded information that allowed
      changing the indications for treatment. The authors emphasize the quality of the
      data obtained, which makes it possible to justify a functional treatment or to
      establish a preoperative schedule.

PMID- 2279445
TI  - [Urologic complications after 333 kidney transplantations].
AB  - 26 urological complications were observed in 25 patients following 333 kidney
      transplantations. The low incidence of these complications (7.8%) is largely due
      to the systematic resort to the Leadbetter-Politano ureterovesical anastomosis,
      except in one case (uretero-ureterostomy due to the shortness of the graft). We
      recorded 9 urinary fistulae and 17 cases of ureteral obstruction. Urinary
      lithiasis was excluded from this work. Urinary fistulae occur almost only between
      the second week and the end of the first month. Ureteral obstructions occur
      relatively early (within 30 days in 14 cases and within the first 48 hours in 9
      cases). Two grafts were lost (8% of complications, but 0.6% of the entire
      series), and one patient died following transplantectomy. In 10 of 26 cases
      (38.5%), the etiology of the urological complication was related to the
      harvesting technique (2 short ureters, 8 ischemic ureters).

PMID- 2279446
TI  - [Decision-making for lymph node excision in surgery of thyroid cancer.
      Extemporaneous examination of the external supraclavicular lymph nodes].
AB  - Modified neck dissection (MND) is not recommended for surgery of thyroid
      carcinoma (TC) in the absence of grossly involved nodes, except for medullary
      thyroid carcinoma, and clinical node recurrence in uncommon at follow-up (3% for
      us). But several authors report metastatic cancer in non-palpable nodes up to 70%
      on MND specimens. The fear of overlooking occult metastatic nodes prompted us to
      sample even normal appearing nodes and to rely on frozen sections (FS) to make a
      decision whether or not a MND should be done. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 130 among 300
      consecutive patients operated for TC were submitted to supraclavicular node
      sampling with FS. All pathological varieties were covered. In 170 cases, sampling
      was not done purposely (lack of intraoperative diagnosis of carcinoma: 75) or for
      other reasons (absence of obvious nodes: 77; unavailable pathologist: 14;
      miscellaneous: 4). All specimens were reviewed by paraffin sections (PS).
      RESULTS: Among the 130 patients; 25 had gross metastatic node involvement,
      confirmed by FS+ and PS+; 1 had grossly equivocal nodes with FS- and PS+; 104 had
      grossly normal nodes. In 101 (97%) this was confirmed by FS- and PS-. In 3 (3%)
      FS was +, leading to MND, and PS confirmed metastatic involvement in 2. All 32
      specimens of routine node sampling done in 1988 have been reviewed by serial
      cross sections, one each millimeter (331 sections). One only disclosed one occult
      metastatic invasion. CONCLUSION: No more than 3% of the grossly normal
      supraclavicular nodes are metastatic at the time of surgery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279447
TI  - [Resection of the knee reconstructed with a massive prosthesis. Results after a 5
      to 9 years follow-up].
AB  - Since ten years, with the progress of the adjuvant chemotherapy we treated
      conservatively 170 osteosarcomas. We try to review the functional and mechanical
      results of the knee prosthesis with 5 years of follow-up or more. There were 64
      resections, 51 of the lower femur and 13 of the upper tibia. The early
      postoperative complications are few (less than 2%). The functional results are
      satisfying with 90% of excellent and good results. We observed 3 local
      recurrences (2 femur, 1 tibia). The survey is really increased by the adjuvant
      chemotherapy with a rate of 70% at 5 years. However for us the problem is the
      evolution of our reconstitution prosthesis. 3 kinds of mechanical failures
      occurred: a wear of the hinge, a fracture of the stem and a loosening of the
      massive component. The Guepar hinge was finally a good solution when it was
      metallic, but all the hinges with metal plastic. Articulation needed
      reinterventions because of quick wearing. For the tibial reconstitution
      prosthesis we did not observed any problem but for the femoral massive
      prosthesis, the failures were more frequent, perhaps because the mechanical
      situation is different. We observed 4 fractures of the stem, 5 loosening of
      femoral stem (bipolar loosening in one case). In all except one, the
      reintervention gave a good result. Finally, the result seems to be encouraging,
      the progress of the implant (Titanium stem, modular prosthesis, semi-constrained
      knee) may again decrease the rate of mechanical failures.

PMID- 2279448
TI  - [Blood saving in pediatric orthopedics. A study of 145 posterior vertebral
      arthrodesis].
AB  - The authors review 145 operations utilizing the Cotrel-Dubousset technique for
      scoliosis and/or cyphosis over a period of 4 years. From 1985 to 1989, the number
      of patients who received no homologous blood rose from 0% to 85% for the totality
      of cases. Inversely, the average quantity per patient of homologous blood used
      for transfusion decreased from 3,564 ml to 194 ml, ie. -94%. Among the 145
      operated patients, 47 (33%) have never received a transfusion, whether or not an
      autotransfusion procedure was planned; out of the 41 children prepared with
      preoperative autologous sampling, 39 (97%) received no homologous blood. The
      authors study the various means used to achieve these results in a particularly
      hemorrhagic surgical procedure: low blood pressure techniques, intraoperative
      installation and warming, peroperative recovery of blood, decrease in duration
      and bleeding using natural coral to avoid removing an iliac bone graft, study of
      evoked potentials to prevent intraoperative awakening, better postoperative
      control of bleeding by means of an original drain tube. As a conclusion, they
      state that, owing to better coordination between surgery, anesthesiology and
      blood biology, such definite progress may be extended to other operations in
      future.

PMID- 2279449
TI  - [Ganglioneuroma and scoliosis. Report of 3 cases].
AB  - This paper is the report of three cases of spinal deformities connected to a
      paravertebral ganglioneuroma: The first case was discovered during the anterior
      approach of a thoracic scoliosis of more than 100 degrees at the age of twelve;
      the child had been treated before the age of one year for a thoracic
      neuroblastoma; eleven years after removal of the ganglioneuroma and fusion of the
      spinal curve, the evolution is satisfactory. The second case was similar, but the
      initial findings during infancy were not well known; the result is good two years
      after excision of the tumor and fusion of the spine. The third case is simply a
      progressive kyphosis after removal of a thoracic ganglioneuroma by laminectomy at
      the age of five years. The sister of this child suffered of a malignant thoracic
      neuroblastoma. Are pointed out here below the nature of these ganglioneuromas,
      non-secreting tumors from neuroectodermic origin, their rarity in relation with
      spinal deformities, the difficulties of their detection by modern imaging, and
      the requirement of a close survey of these patients and their family.

PMID- 2279450
TI  - [Pheochromocytoma in black Africa. Report of 9 cases].
AB  - Pheochromocytoma exists in black African countries with the same frequency
      observed in other places. The characteristics of our series of nine patients are
      the followings: an average age of 19, 6 years old, a sex-ratio of 1, 25, a
      paroxysmal high blood pressure for six patients, no MEN neither malignant tumors,
      the measures of V.M.A. done positively eight times, a retropneumoperitoneum scan,
      seven arteriographies, three echographies which were consistently positive, one
      death post surgery by collapsus consecutive to tumor excision, only one
      contralateral recurrence and positive followings in all other cases.

PMID- 2279452
TI  - Can you benefit by computerizing your office?

PMID- 2279451
TI  - [Systematic preoperative evaluation].
AB  - The number of preoperative studies is soaring due to the increase in paraclinical
      investigational means. Some of these assessments are regarded as superfluous.
      Since the future evolution of technology will inevitably further increase this
      item of Health costs, we should consider our possibilities for action within the
      limits of professional liability case law.

PMID- 2279453
TI  - Anatomy and ultrastructure of the reproductive systems of Acarus siro (Acari:
      Acaridae).
AB  - Anatomy and ultrastructure of the female and male reproductive system in Acarus
      siro L. were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The female system
      consists of paired ovaries of nutrimentary type in which oogonia and oocytes are
      connected by bridges with a large central cell. The oviducts empty into the
      uterus, which passes into preoviporal duct lined by cuticle, and opening as a
      longitudinal slit (oviporus). An elongated accessory gland composed of one type
      of secretory cell is located along each oviduct. The copulatory opening occurs at
      the posterior margin of the body and leads, via the inseminatory canal, to the
      receptaculum seminis, consisting of the basal and saccular part. Both
      inseminatory canal and basal part of receptaculum seminis are lined by cuticle,
      whereas the wall of the sac is formed by cells covered only by long, numerous
      microvilli. The basal part of the receptaculum seminis joins the ovaries via two
      lumenless transitory cones. The male reproductive system contains paired testes,
      in which spermatogonia tightly surround the central cell. The proximal part of
      the paired vasa deferentia serves as a sperm reservoir, while the distal one has
      a glandular character. An unpaired, cuticle-lined ejaculatory duct opens into the
      apex of the aedeagus. The single accessory gland is located asymmetrically at the
      level of, or slightly posterior to, coxae IV. The structure of the genital
      papillae, which are topographically related to the genital opening in both sexes,
      is also briefly described.

PMID- 2279454
TI  - Transmission of Demodex flagellurus (Acari: Demodicidae) in the house mouse, Mus
      musculus, under laboratory conditions.
AB  - Transmission of Demodex flagellurus Bukva, 1985 inhabiting the preputial and
      clitoral glands of the house mouse, Mus musculus L., was studied in mating
      experiments using pairs of infested, feral X mite-free, white laboratory mice.
      Spontaneous transfer of mites between sexually active hosts of the opposite sex,
      presumably through copulation, is reported for the first time for the hair
      follicle mites under controlled conditions. Transfer of mites from host mother to
      her progeny was also proven. A comparatively low transmission effectiveness was
      observed in both modes of transmission, being 9.5% in adult-to-adult transmission
      and 14.8% in mother-to-young transmission.

PMID- 2279456
TI  - A hybridization model for Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. zambeziensis
      (Acarina: Ixodidae) using glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase isoenzymes.
AB  - In the Eastern Province of Zambia, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann) and R.
      zambeziensis (Walker) are sympatric. Intermediate forms as well as typical
      specimens are found. No morphological criteria could detect cross-breeding
      between these species in the field. Hybrids between R. appendiculatus and R.
      zambeziensis were produced and glucose-phosphate-isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9.; GPI)
      isoenzymes resolved by agarose electrophoresis. Phenotyping hybrids in the F1 and
      F2 generations was explained by the autosomal transmission of two loci of GPI
      genes. Identification of some hybrid phenotypes offers the possibility of showing
      presently undetected hybridization in the field. A genetic model is proposed to
      explain the patterns.

PMID- 2279455
TI  - Phoretic association between Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acari: Macrochelidae)
      and flies inhabiting poultry manure in Peninsular Malaysia.
AB  - The phoretic association between Macrocheles muscaedomesticae and flies that
      inhabited poultry manure in a poultry farm in Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
      was studied. The effects of temperature, relative humidity and fly abundance on
      phoretic rates also were investigated. The most abundant fly species found was
      Musca domestica; Musca sorbens, Chrysomyia megacephala and Ophyra chalcogaster
      were present in relatively large numbers. Representatives of ten families of
      mites were found on collected Mu. domestica. The most common mite was Ma.
      muscaedomesticae (Macrochelidae), found on all four species of flies mentioned
      above. The highest infestation (2.0%) occurred on O. chalcogaster but Mu.
      domestica had the highest average number infested (5.7). The ventral part of the
      housefly's abdomen was the most common site of mite attachment. Usually only one
      mite was found attached per fly. The highest phoretic rate recorded was 64.4 Ma.
      muscaedomesticae per 1000 Mu. domestica. There was no correlation between
      phoretic rates and Ma. muscaedomesticae abundance, nor was relative humidity a
      factor. However, a positive correlation was recorded in this host species between
      phoretic rates and temperature.

PMID- 2279457
TI  - [Significance of laundry detergent residues from a dermato-toxicological
      viewpoint].
AB  - Detergent residues are often accused to cause efflorescences of the skin. In the
      present studies different textiles were washed under standardized conditions and
      the residues analyzed. Textile probes were patch tested for 48 h on seborrheic
      and sebostatic volunteers. A second series of textiles was given to babies and
      small children. In all cases no reactions were observed. According to these
      results and further literature the contribution of detergent residues as a
      releaser of skin reactions is rather insignificant.

PMID- 2279458
TI  - Teratogenic evaluation of tributyltin chloride in rats following oral exposure.
AB  - The teratogenicity of tri-n-butyltin chloride (TBTC1) was examined in Wistar
      rats. The pregnant rats were administered orally 25, 15, 9, 5 and 0(Control) mg
      of TBTC1/kg of body weight/day from day 7 to 15 of pregnancy. Maternal toxicity,
      as evidenced by both of decreased body weight gain and food consumption was
      observed at 25, 15 and 9 mg/kg/day dose group. However, only in the 25 mg/kg/day
      dose group some clinical signs of toxicity (sedation, diarrhoea and salivation)
      were observed and 70 percent of the dams were dead. In the 25 mg/kg/day dose
      group, all fetuses were dead. Statistically significant reductions in the female
      fetal body weight were observed in 9 and 5 mg/kg/day dose groups. In all groups
      treated with TBTC1 except the 25 mg/kg/day dose group, no significant differences
      in the numbers of live fetuses and intrauterine death (dead fetuses and
      resorptions) or sex ratios of fetuses were found between the TBTC1-treated and
      control groups. Fetal external, skeletal and internal malformations were not
      observed at any of the dose levels. However, several types of skeletal and
      internal variations including delayed ossifications were observed in some groups
      treated with TBTC1, but the incidences were not significantly different from
      controls. Also, two fetuses with dilatation of the renal pelvis were found in 9
      and 5 mg/kg/day dose group. Statistically significant increases of placental
      weight in all TBTC1-treated groups were observed when compared to that of control
      group. In conclusion, TBTC1 administered orally to Wistar rats during days 7-15
      of pregnancy produced related signs of fetal toxicity but no evidence of
      teratogenicity and induced a marked increase in placental weight.

PMID- 2279459
TI  - Serum immunoglobulin levels in monkeys treated with methylmercury.
AB  - Observations on patients with Minamata disease and studies in mice and rabbits
      have demonstrated that MeHg decreases synthesis of antibodies toward pathogenetic
      and non-pathogenetic antigens. Our study was intended to verify this hypothesis
      by using monkeys as test animals. Four groups of Cynomologus monkeys were treated
      for 120 days with: 0, 0.4, 4.0 and 50 micrograms/kg b.w./day of MeHg. Every 15
      days each monkey was examined and given a blood test to evaluate immunoglobulins
      G, M, A (IgG, IgM, IgA). A dose-dependent transient reduction of gamma globulin
      was observed in all test groups as compared to the control. This effect was
      clearly evident after 30 days of treatment and disappeared after 60 days. At the
      highest dose the immunoglobulin G was significantly decreased as compared to the
      control after 45 and 60 days of treatment. After 120 days, all the exposed groups
      showed significantly lower levels of immunoglobulin G. Immunoglobulin M was
      significantly lower in the groups given 4.0 and 50 micrograms/kg b.w./day
      compared to the control, after 45, 60 and 120 days.

PMID- 2279460
TI  - Ocular toxicity in beagle dogs with lortalamine, a non tricyclic antidepressant
      compound.
AB  - During a preclinical safety evaluation study, an indication of ocular toxicity
      was noted in beagle dogs receiving orally (gelatin capsules) once a day, 7 days a
      week for, respectively, 7 and 91 days, 10 mg/kg/day of Lortalamine, a new non
      tricyclic anti-depressant compound. Lortalamine treated dogs showed,
      progressively, bilateral mydriasis, conjunctivitis, epiphora, corneal oedema and
      corneal erosions from day 2 to day 7. Thereafter, even though treatment goes on,
      ocular lesions were progressively improved, and inflammation and swelling of both
      cornea slowly reversed, especially from day 8 to 30. These ocular changes were
      very similar to those reported with sympathomimetic agents. It was speculated
      that these lesions, following chronic oral administration of Lortalamine which
      induced high levels of the compound and its metabolite in the cornea, were
      related to an increased binding of norepinephrine to adrenergic receptors since
      the compound inhibits the re-uptake of the transmitter into the storing vesicles.

PMID- 2279461
TI  - In vitro covalent binding of new brain tracer, para-125I-amphetamine, to rat
      liver and lung microsomes.
AB  - p-125I-amphetamine (I-Amp) is retained significantly in liver and lung during
      brain tomoscintigraphy. To attempt to explain this clinical observation, we have
      investigated the interaction of I-Amp with rat liver and lung microsomal
      proteins. Studies using spectral shift technique indicate that low concentration
      of I-Amp gives a type I complex and high concentration appears very stable type
      II complex with cytochrome P-450 Fe III. In the presence of NADPH, I-Amp gives
      rise to a 455 nm absorbing complex with similar properties to the Fe-RNO
      complexes. This complex formation was greatly enhanced with phenobarbital treated
      liver microsomes. The in vitro binding study shows that I-Amp and/or its
      metabolites was covalently bound to macromolecules in the presence of the
      molecular oxygen and NADPH-generating system. Incubation in the presence of
      glutathione, cystein and radical scavengers decreases binding. Mixed function
      oxydase (MFO) inhibitors diminish the amount of covalent binding and alter the
      extent of metabolite formation. The total covalent binding level increased with
      liver microsomes from PB pretreated rats as it was observed with the 455nm
      complex formation. The radioactivity distribution on microsomal proteins was
      examinated with SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. This
      experiment proves that the radiolabelled compounds are bound on the cytochrome P
      450. The radioactivity bound increased when the PB induced rat liver microsomes
      were used. All these results indicate that I-Amp was activated by an oxydative
      process dependent on the MFO system which suggests a N-oxydation of I-Amp and the
      formation of reactive entities which covalently bind to proteins.

PMID- 2279462
TI  - Partitioning of oxaminiquine into brain tissue following intravenous
      administration to female Wistar rats.
AB  - Brain and plasma concentrations of oxaminiquine were determined following
      intravenous dosing (15 mg kg-1) in female Wistar rats. Maximum brain
      concentrations were achieved one hour after dosing and at all sampling times
      oxamniquine levels were higher in brain tissues compared to the corresponding
      plasma samples. It is concluded that the reported adverse neurological effects
      associated with the clinical use of oxaminiquine in man may be due to the passage
      of sufficiently large quantities of this drug into the CNS.

PMID- 2279463
TI  - Effect of methionine on regional CDF-1 mouse brain monoamines.
AB  - The effect of methionine on cerebral content of dopamine, serotonin and major
      acidic metabolites was studied in distinct CDF-1 mouse brain regions. Methionine
      was administered 30 mg/kg for five trials over 24 h and mice were sacrificed 30
      min post the terminal treatment. Methionine exerted differential effects on
      regional brain concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and serotonin.
      The results suggest methionine-mediated decreases of dopamine turnover in the
      hippocampus and medulla compared to increases of serotonin turnover in the
      cerebral cortex and midbrain regions. The results indicate a central action for
      methionine as related to endogenous neurotransmitters measured which may precede
      the abnormal O- or N-dimethylation ascribed to methionine and the insuing adverse
      effects postulated in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2279464
TI  - Nephrotic syndrome in the tropics.

PMID- 2279465
TI  - The mercurial nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2279466
TI  - Management of lupus nephritis at the Kenyatta National Hospital.
AB  - In 7 years (1981-1988) at the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), Nairobi the
      diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was made in 67 patients. In 23 of
      these patients lupus nephritis complicated the SLE. Lupus nephritis was diagnosed
      through renal biopsy, haematuria and proteinuria in urine with positive lupus
      erythematosus (LE) cell phenomenon. The histology found in these patients
      included 5 patients with minimal lesion, 7 patients with membranous, 3 with
      focal, 4 with diffuse, 3 with crescenteric and one with membranoproliferative
      glomerulonephritis. While patients with minimal, membranous and focal nephritis
      had general good outlook on low dose maintenance or intermittent high dose
      steroid therapy the others with diffuse, crescenteric and membranoproliferative
      nephritis had poor prognosis. Patients with diffuse proliferative,
      membranoproliferative and crescenteric nephritis tended to have septicaemia,
      pulmonary oedema, fluid overload and chronic renal failure with poor prognosis.
      These patients responded poorly to oral and parenteral steroid therapy whether
      high or low dose.

PMID- 2279467
TI  - Assay of circulating immune complexes by immunonephelometry markers of
      immunonephropathy among young Nigerians.
AB  - Earlier workers had noted that chronic renal insufficiency accounts for 1.6% of
      the total medical admissions in a tertiary health institution of Nigeria. Most of
      cases occur among Nigerians under 40 years of age, which stimulated our interest
      in the present study. Using laser immunonephelometry, we quantitated the
      circulating immune complexes (CIC) and correlated the results with those of the
      routine renal biochemistry. We found a high load of CIC among all the subjects
      studied. These complexes were unrestricted to any particular immunoglobulin
      class. Higher correlation was obtained between the serum urea and the sum total
      of the immunoglobulin classes, suggesting that polyclonal antigens may be
      involved in the immunonephropathy. We observed a peculiar curvilinear trend, when
      a consistent rise in the serum urea was correlated with an increase, then a
      decline in all the Ig classes. This threshold may mark the development of immune
      paralysis and subsequent renal shutdown.

PMID- 2279468
TI  - The use of the bromine partition test in the diagnosis and prognosis of
      tuberculous meningitis.
AB  - The bromine partition test was successfully used to differentiate cases of proven
      tuberculous meningitis from patients with aseptic and non-tuberculous meningitis.
      Forty patients, 22 males and 18 females aged 5 to 30 years (mean 13.5 +/- 6.2),
      were included in the study. Nineteen patients were confirmed to have tuberculous
      meningitis, 12 had aseptic meningitis, and 9 bacterial meningitis. All patients
      received 0.6 mci/kg of bromine 82 administered through a nasogastric tube as
      ammonium bromide dissolved in 5 ml of isotonic sodium chloride. The serum to CSF
      bromine ratio was then calculated 48 hours after the dose. The test was then
      repeated 8 days later in patients with bacterial meningitis and 8, 90, and 180
      day later in patients with tuberculous meningitis. The test was very useful in
      quickly differentiating cases of aseptic from bacterial and tuberculous
      meningitis and was also a useful prognosticator in patients with severe
      tuberculous meningitis.

PMID- 2279469
TI  - Bacterial isolates involved in cases of septicaemia in a Nigerian hospital.
AB  - Of the nine hundred and twenty patients clinically diagnosed of having
      septicaemia at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife,
      Nigeria between 1980-1987, 233 (25.3%) had blood samples positive by culture.
      Thirteen different bacterial species were identified from positive blood cultures
      of which six predominated: Staphylococcus aureus (30.5%), Coliforms (17.6%),
      Klebsiella spp. (14.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.2%), Escherichia coli (7.9%)
      and Salmonella typhi (5.9%). The in vitro antibiotic, disc sensitivity pattern of
      the isolates showed they were relatively resistant to ampicillin and penicillin G
      but comparatively sensitive to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of
      infections caused by these organisms. Septicaemia cases were recorded in all age
      groups but incidence in females was slightly but not significantly higher than in
      males (p less than 0.05). The study reveals the predominance of S. aureus strains
      in case of septicaemia in Nigeria.

PMID- 2279470
TI  - A comparative study of the infectivity of T.b. rhodesiense isolates from man to 3
      species of small laboratory rodents.
AB  - To confirm an earlier observation, that some T.b. rhodesiense isolates from
      sleeping sickness cases had failed to infect normally susceptible Wistar rats,
      blood samples, freshly drawn from 21 patently parasitaemic SS patients, were each
      inoculated simultaneously into 3 Swiss T.O. White mice, 3 young Wistar rats and 3
      Mastomys natalensis. With the sole exception of one Mastomys, which failed to
      become infected, the 21 stocks infected all the inoculated rodents. Levels and
      durations of parasitaemias were significantly less in Mastomys than in either the
      Swiss mice or the Wistar rats suggesting that, although very susceptible to T.b.
      gambiense and thus eminently suitable for the isolation of this parasite sub
      species, they are much less so for the isolation of T.b. rhodesiense in Zambia.

PMID- 2279471
TI  - Hypomelanosis in tuberculosis--unrelated to anaemia.
AB  - Previous work has shown that hypomelanosis is a useful sign to aid suspicion of
      tuberculosis in patients with dark skins. This study has confirmed that it is
      unrelated to haemoglobin levels. A simple colour card 'melanometer' for clinical
      use is described. As hypomelanosis has not been noted in HIV infection in
      African, and as tuberculosis is an important differential in case-definition
      where diagnostic facilities are limited, it is suggested that more clinical
      research on hypomelanosis in relation to disease is urgent.

PMID- 2279472
TI  - Fluoride binding capacity of bone charcoal and its effects on selected micro
      organisms.
AB  - Water is a major source of fluoride ions in areas where skeletal and dental
      fluorosis are endemic. We investigated the capacity of bone char to remove
      fluoride from water and its effects on selected bio-indicator organisms. Under
      static and dynamic conditions, the capacity of bone char was in the order of 2.5
      mg of fluoride per g of bone char. Bone charcoal did not appear to support growth
      of yeast and S. aureus. E. coli and S. faecalis counts in the filtrate decreased
      with time but there was substantive growth in the bone charcoal.

PMID- 2279473
TI  - Some aspects of teenage pregnancy in Nairobi: a prospective study on teenage
      mothers at Kenyatta National Hospital and Pumwani Maternity Hospital.
AB  - In order to determine the magnitude of teenage pregnancy and also to determine
      the demographic and socio-economic problems associated with these pregnancies, a
      prospective study was conducted in two major delivery centres in Nairobi. The
      incidence of teenage pregnancy was found to be 10.5%. For Kenyatta National
      Hospital (KNH), the incidence was 13.1% and Pumwani Maternity Hospital (PMH)
      recorded an incidence of 8.8%. Most of the teenagers (82.8%) were from large
      families, and upto 59.4% had been pregnant at least once. They had low education;
      66.7% had only primary level education. Both the teenager and their parents were
      unemployed. Their average age at menarche was 14.2 years. 70% had had intercourse
      by 16 years. Up to 60% had no knowledge of contraceptives and; most of those who
      knew, had it from informal sources. Only 1% had used any known contraceptive
      method. It is concluded that intervention programme like adolescent antenatal
      clinics, adolescent sexuality education and appropriate use of contraceptives be
      provided as a matter of priority. All health facilities should open special units
      for handling adolescent sexuality. This should include both sexes. Teachers,
      parents and respectable community leaders should effectively be involved in
      formulation of programmes that would reduce teenage pregnancies. These measures
      should be started right at the primary school level.

PMID- 2279474
TI  - Prevalence and titre of ABO haemolysin antibodies in pregnant Nigerian women.
AB  - The prevalence and titre of anti-A and anti-B haemolysin antibodies was
      determined in pregnant and non-pregnant women in a Nigerian community. The
      results show that alpha haemolysin occurs less frequently than beta-haemolysin in
      both pregnant and non-pregnant subjects. However, the prevalence of alpha
      haemolysin was significantly higher in pregnant subjects than in the non-pregnant
      ones. Surprisingly, the prevalence of haemolysin was significantly lower among
      the pregnant group than the non-pregnant group. These findings seem to suggest
      that the foetus probably plays a dual role in alpha and beta-haemolysin
      production--it enhances the production of alpha-haemolysin while suppressing that
      of beta-haemolysin. These findings offer explanations for the usually observed
      low frequency of occurrence of haemolytic disease of the newborn due to ABO
      incompatibility.

PMID- 2279475
TI  - Radiological assessment of the patella position in the normal knee of adult
      Nigerians.
AB  - A method of determining the patella position as described by Insall and Salvati
      was re-evaluated. Lateral radiographs of 300 normal knee joints were obtained.
      The length of the ligamentum patella was compared with the longest diagonal
      length of the patella. Both measurements were found to be approximately equal and
      the normal variation did not exceed 20%. The ratio of the length of the
      ligamentum patellae to the diagonal length of the patella was found to be a
      useful index in determining patella height (position). The clinical value of
      these measurements is also discussed. It is therefore believed that these ratios
      irrespective of racial differences, are relatively simple, practical and
      reproducible. The Insall and Salvati method should therefore be preferred to
      other previously described methods of determining patella position.

PMID- 2279476
TI  - Management of head injuries at the Abu Hospital, Zaria.
AB  - From 1971 to 1980 in Zaria which is situated at the confluence of four major
      motor roads, 890 patients with head injuries were managed by general surgeons and
      their trainees. A review of 600 clinical records showed that 80% of the injuries
      resulted from road traffic accidents; 38% of the patients belonged in the third
      decade; 82% were males and extremity fractures were associated in 124 patients.
      Consciousness was not regained by 90 of the 464 patients who lost consciousness
      during their illness. Bur holes were placed in 254 and intracranial haematomas
      were evacuated in 180. Overall mortality was 29%.

PMID- 2279477
TI  - Chronic organo axial volvulus of stomach.
AB  - A male patient was hospitalised for recurrent epigastric pain, abdominal fullness
      and vomiting. Peptic ulcer was suspected. Barium studies revealed the presence of
      chronic organo-axial volvulus of stomach. Anterior gastropexy associated with
      subdiaphragmatic displacement of transverse colon was done with satisfactory
      results.

PMID- 2279478
TI  - Learning disabilities in epilepsy: neurophysiological aspects.
AB  - Subclinical generalized spike-wave discharges are often accompanied by transitory
      cognitive impairment, demonstrable by psychological testing during EEG recording.
      Transitory cognitive impairment is demonstrated most readily by difficult tasks
      and during generalized regular spike-wave bursts lasting for more than 3 s, but
      can also be found during briefer and even focal discharges. That this is not
      simply a consequence of global inattention is shown by the fact that focal
      discharges exhibit some specificity: left-sided focal spiking is more likely to
      produce errors on verbal tasks, for instance, whereas right-sided discharges are
      more often accompanied by impairment in handling nonverbal material. Both
      learning difficulties in general and specific abnormal patterns of cognitive
      functioning are well documented in children with epilepsy and are most pronounced
      in those with frequent interictal discharges. However, there is now evidence that
      intermittent cognitive impairment due to the discharges themselves contributes
      significantly to such neurophysiological abnormalities. The significance of
      transitory cognitive impairment accompanying subclinical EEG discharges for
      everyday functioning is uncertain, but there is experimental evidence that
      subclinical discharges may be accompanied by disruption of educational skills in
      children or by impairment of driving performance in motorists. In some
      individuals, suppression of discharges by antiepileptic drugs has demonstrably
      improved psychological function, but further work is required to determine the
      indications for such treatment.

PMID- 2279479
TI  - Education and epilepsy: assessment and remediation.
AB  - Learning difficulties in children with epilepsy may be caused by brain damage and
      should be investigated. In many cases, however, seizures and/or
      electroencephalographic (EEG) findings are the only signs of pathology. Frequency
      and type of seizures may be determining factors that should, if necessary, be
      evaluated by long-term EEG monitoring, preferably during school performance or in
      conjunction with neuropsychological assessment. This may prove that subclinical
      epileptiform discharges in the EEG can adversely affect the child's performance.
      Secondary psychological problems in epilepsy patients, combined with side effects
      of antiepileptic drugs, may cause or heighten learning problems. Prophylactic
      control of seizures with one appropriate drug may alleviate learning problems.
      Computerized neuropsychological testing with simultaneous EEG recording may
      reveal the influence of epileptiform discharges on cognitive function and also
      help to evaluate the effects of antiepileptic drugs. Objective assessment of
      subclinical epileptiform activity makes it easier to treat the pathology
      identified by the EEG with optimal dosage of the most appropriate drug. A balance
      is required because epileptiform discharges and even occasional seizures may be
      less disabling than side effects from large doses of several drugs. Information
      to the school and the parents concerning the patient's abilities and limitations
      may be as important as seizure control. Specialized teaching should be started
      early, when necessary, with the patient integrated into a normal school if
      possible. However, good functioning in a special school is preferable to marginal
      functioning in a normal school.

PMID- 2279480
TI  - Antiepileptic drugs, cognitive function, and behavior in children: evidence from
      recent studies.
AB  - The effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on cognitive function and behavior in
      children are reviewed on the basis of published studies. Individual AEDs have
      been shown to differ--the deleterious effects of phenytoin generally contrasting
      with the relatively minimal effects of valproate and carbamazepine. Some of the
      differences between results may be attributed to the psychological tests used and
      to age differences. However, there appears to be a dissociation between AEDs that
      affect higher cognitive function, e.g., phenytoin, and those mainly affecting
      motor function, e.g., carbamazepine, which appears to increase speed of
      performance, AEDs should be prescribed with care in children with epilepsy,
      taking account of their differing effects on cognitive function and behavior.

PMID- 2279481
TI  - Computerized neuropsychological assessment of cognitive functioning in children
      with epilepsy.
AB  - The value of a range of computer-aided tests in the neuropsychological assessment
      was investigated in 94-177 children with epilepsy, aged 8-18 years, compared with
      68-161 controls in the same age group. Children from the age of 8 years could
      cope with rather complex tests in a wide range of functions: reaction time
      measurements, motor speed, information processing, and memory. The speed of
      performance tended to increase with age in both groups, with differences in
      information processing becoming apparent from the age of 12 years. The precise
      control of stimulus and response required to define the mainly minor differences
      between the epilepsy and control groups can only be fulfilled by computerized
      testing, which should undergo further refinement including voice and language
      recognition, followed by artificial intelligence.

PMID- 2279482
TI  - Neuropsychological assessment of cognitive functioning in children with epilepsy.
AB  - The variety of cognitive dysfunctions related to learning disabilities in
      children with epilepsy have been studied by linking electroencephalogram (EEG)
      and computerized neuropsychological testing. This showed that "subclinical"
      discharges impaired performance in 61% of the patients on a simple and a choice
      reaction time test, although some discharges lasted 1 s only. Neuropsychological
      investigation of subclinical EEG discharges may help to determine their adverse
      effect on learning.

PMID- 2279483
TI  - Electroencephalographic parameters in assessing the cognitive function of
      children with epilepsy.
AB  - Many biological and psychological possibilities have to be considered when
      attempting to explain cognitive dysfunction in the individual child with
      epilepsy. Electroencephalographic (EEG) information, which may be particularly
      relevant in some children, has mainly been studied in relation to the possible
      direct effects of seizure discharges on learning and behavior. Such discharges
      can be divided into transient, brief or prolonged. Prolonged seizure discharges
      includes nonconvulsive status epilepticus during wakefulness and status
      epilepticus during slow-wave sleep. In addition to the influence of seizure
      discharges, preliminary findings suggest that some children with epilepsy might
      have a subtle disorder of arousal mechanisms in sleep, possibly associated with
      impaired daytime performance.

PMID- 2279484
TI  - Discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs in children who have outgrown epilepsy:
      effects on cognitive function.
AB  - Cognitive function is frequently impaired in children with epilepsy, compared
      with age-matched controls. It can be hard to evaluate the significance of various
      contributory factors. The effects of antiepileptic drugs may be studied in
      children who have outgrown their epilepsy but are still being treated. A
      multicenter study to assess various aspects of cognitive function in children
      with different forms of epilepsy, both during and after treatment with
      antiepileptic drugs, is currently under way. Definitive results are not yet
      available; interim analysis of the findings suggests that short-term memory is
      decreased in all subgroups of children being treated for epilepsy, compared to
      controls.

PMID- 2279485
TI  - Cognitive deficits in children: adaptive behavior and treatment techniques.
AB  - Impaired cognitive functioning impedes the development of age-appropriate
      adaptive behavior, thus adding to the burdens of many children with epilepsy.
      Detailed neuropsychological assessment can identify the underlying ability
      related impairments that contribute to the adaptive behavior deficiencies
      evidenced, particularly in the home and school settings. This information can
      serve as the basis for a multidisciplinary treatment plan tailored to individual
      needs. Ideally, the need for such a treatment plan should be perceived early in
      childhood, so that it can be developed and applied preventively. The same
      remedial principles also apply in older children and are here set out in detail.

PMID- 2279486
TI  - Educational policies.
AB  - It is vital that teachers, parents, and health professionals recognize the major
      educational problems that affect students with epilepsy. Children with epilepsy
      should be placed in the least restrictive schooling environment so that social,
      emotional, and educational requirements can be met in a setting best suited to
      the individual's present needs and future development. Personal assessment and
      monitoring of progress form an equally important part of a child's educational
      program in integrated schools, but there is a need to develop suitable
      instruments to assist teachers in their assessments and decision making. In
      Australia, the National Epilepsy Association has developed an "Alert Kit" based
      on the Epilepsy Foundation of Americas "School Alert Kit" to provide basic
      medical information on epilepsy to teachers and pupils.

PMID- 2279488
TI  - A quality control exercise of radionuclide calibrators among Belgian hospitals.
AB  - On the initiative of the Belgian Association of Hospital Physicists, eleven
      Belgian hospitals participated in a quality control of radionuclide calibrators
      conducted in collaboration with the Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements of
      the Commission of the European Communities. For practical reasons the nuclide
      57Co was chosen. The results from 20 different radionuclide calibrators show a
      fair agreement with a similar comparison carried out in 1980 in the UK.

PMID- 2279487
TI  - Neuropsychological aspects of learning disabilities in epilepsy.
AB  - Cognitive impairment is regarded as the link between epileptic conditions and the
      inability to learn in school. The neuropsychological approach to learning
      disabilities in epilepsy, therefore, first concentrates on analyzing the
      differential effects of epileptic factors on cognitive function. The impact of
      seizure activity, localization of epileptogenic foci, and antiepileptic treatment
      on cognitive functioning can be evaluated based upon the results of continuous
      assessment with a computerized neuropsychological test system. Second, learning
      disabilities may be evaluated on observations made during classroom performance.
      Three issues seem to predominate in learning studies among disabled children with
      epilepsy: test-retest variability, deterioration, and the supposed specificity of
      the learning disabilities.

PMID- 2279489
TI  - Experience with gated cardiac software phantoms for quality control of
      applications programmes.
AB  - Ten gated cardiac software phantoms, representing normal and abnormal clinical
      conditions, were transferred to 9 different computer systems and tested with 11
      cardiac programmes. Problems of inappropriate data format were encountered when
      analysing the phantoms on other systems. The global left ventricular ejection
      fraction (LVEF) values resulting from the different programmes were compared.
      Significant programme differences were found, the programmes falling generally
      into two groups. Few LVEF outlier values were identified. Full functional
      assessment of cardiac phantoms requires a set of different views which together
      form the phantom. Application of software phantoms for programme assessment and
      training requires prudence and attention to the acquired data format, frame time,
      and gating method for the appropriate use of phantoms.

PMID- 2279490
TI  - Analytical and clinical evaluation of a new one-step non-analogue
      radioimmunoassay for serum-free thyroxine.
AB  - We evaluated analytically and clinically the new one-step non-analogue free
      thyroxine (FT4) assay (Amerlex-MAB from Amersham), using a labelled monoclonal
      thyroxine-specific antibody as tracer, in comparison with the Gammacoat two-step
      FT4 kit (Baxter). Analytical performances of the new kit were excellent: within
      and between run coefficients of variation were less than 5% in the working range.
      Clinical sensitivities for hypo- and hyperthyroidism were comparable for both
      kits (FT4 Amerlex-MAB 95% confidence interval: 12-25 pM). When serum was
      supplemented with albumin we observed a slight decrease in FT4 values measured by
      both kits. When oleate was added to serum we noted a moderate increase with the
      Amerlex-MAB kit up to 10 mM oleate added and a much more marked increase with the
      two-step kit. Results obtained with patients from particular euthyroid
      populations, known to have low albumin or high free fatty acids concentrations or
      to have perturbed FT4 results when measured by an analogue-based method, agreed
      with those of the in vitro studies. With these patients the specificity of the
      Amerlex-MAB FT4 results was good but slightly decreased compared with the two
      step FT4 method, except for heparin-treated patients who were all classified
      according to their euthyroidal status (17/17 instead of 13/17 with the two-step
      kit).

PMID- 2279491
TI  - Estimates of the effective dose equivalent, HE, in positron emission tomography
      studies.
AB  - The effective dose equivalent, HE, can be used as a standard radiation dose
      parameter in all imaging modalities that use ionizing radiation, including
      positron emission tomography (PET). A simplified method for evaluating
      approximate HE values for the positron emitters carbon 11, nitrogen 13, oxygen 15
      and fluorine 18 is presented. HE values for a range of PET studies have been
      computed based on biodistribution data available in the scientific literature.
      Low-dose PET studies include a bolus administration of 1030 MBq CO15O (HE = 1
      mSv) and 74 MBq [18F]-L dopa (HE = 1.3 mSv). High-dose PET studies include a 1-h
      (steady-state) inhalation of a total of 9250 MBq C15OO (HE = 9.4 mSv). The mean
      HE value of 13 diverse PET studies was computed to be 4.5 mSv.

PMID- 2279492
TI  - A radiopharmaceuticals schedule for imaging in paediatrics. Paediatric Task Group
      European Association Nuclear Medicine.
AB  - There is no standard schedule for the amounts of radiopharmaceutical administered
      to children at present. Various alternative methods are currently in practice,
      all with some support from the literature. Optimization of the amount of
      radiopharmaceutical to be administered is discussed in relation to the radiation
      burden of such an examination. The Paediatric Task Group of the European
      Association of Nuclear Medicine has investigated the current situation and now
      suggests a method for standardization of administered amounts of
      radiopharmaceutical in paediatrics. The fraction of the adult amount of
      radiopharmaceutical to be administered should be calculated from the child's body
      weight according to the accompanying table. In small infants, the minimum amount
      of a radiopharmaceutical is discussed and suggested amounts to be administered
      are presented.

PMID- 2279493
TI  - Evaluation of reproducibility of solid-phase gastric emptying in healthy
      subjects.
AB  - Radionuclide gastric emptying studies are performed as a matter of clinical
      routine. Our aim was to evaluate the inter- and intra-individual variability and
      the reproducibility of gastric emptying studies in healthy young male volunteers
      using a single solid-phase, standard meal. The meal consisted of a pancake (500
      KJ) tagged with technetium 99m sulphur colloid and no additional liquid.
      Continuous acquisitions of gastric activity in anterior projection were taken
      during 90 min, starting from the onset of the meal. Gastric emptying was
      evaluated three times in a 3-week period. Five different parameters were
      evaluated. Our results show that there is important inter- and intra-individual
      variability in normal volunteers. In spite of this variability, no significant
      difference between the different series of gastric emptying studies was observed.

PMID- 2279494
TI  - Scintigraphic study of gallbladder emptying and duodenogastric reflux during non
      ulcerous dyspepsia.
AB  - Cholescintigraphy with technetium 99m hydroxy imino diacetic acid (99mTc-HIDA)
      was used to study gallbladder emptying (GE) and duodenogastric reflux (DGR)
      simultaneously during the postprandial period in humans. Two groups of subjects
      were examined prospectively; one was a group of healthy volunteers (n = 14) and
      the other a group of patients with non-ulcerous dyspepsia (NUD) (n = 22).
      Symptoms were quantified using a clinical score (CS). GE kinetics was quantified
      according to two indices. DGR episodes were detected by an image-subtraction
      method and quantified. The group of patients with NUD showed significant early
      acceleration of GE (P less than 0.01). One DGR episode equivalent to 1% of the
      injected dose was observed in 1 of the 14 control subjects, and greater than 1%
      in 3 of the 22 NUD patients. However, there was no correlation between the CS, GE
      kinetics and DGR episodes. The physiopathological mechanism and clinical
      significance of these digestive motility anomalies remain to be demonstrated.

PMID- 2279496
TI  - Imaging of bone infection with labelled white blood cells: role of
      contemporaneous bone marrow imaging.
AB  - The uptake of white blood cells (WBC) into normal bone marrow may lead to
      difficulty in detecting bone infection. Twenty-one patients in whom the WBC scan
      was equivocal or positive underwent a technetium 99m colloid scan to show the
      distribution of bone marrow. Six patients had a positive WBC scan, and in five of
      them a discordant colloid scan confirmed infection. However, in one the colloid
      scan was concordant, indicating that the WBC activity was not due to infection
      but the result of normal bone marrow uptake. Fifteen patients had an equivocal
      WBC scan. In 14, infection was excluded by a concordant scan, and 1 patient with
      a discordant scan was lost to follow-up. We conclude that the combination of a
      WBC scan and a colloid scan is an effective method to distinguish infection from
      normal bone marrow activity and, in particular, reduces the number of incorrect
      diagnoses of infection.

PMID- 2279495
TI  - The role of gallium 67 imaging in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the gastrointestinal
      tract.
AB  - To evaluate the clinical usefulness of gallium 67 imaging in the detection of
      gastrointestinal (GI) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and in the assessment of the
      therapeutic effects, images were reviewed in 24 cases (25 lesions: stomach, 20;
      ileum, 2; and terminal ileum and or cecum, 3) and were compared using barium
      studies and, in 16 cases, computerized tomography (CT). In all, 23 (92.0%) of the
      25 lesions were detected by 67Ga citrate imaging, the barium studies detected all
      25, and CT detected 15 of 16 lesions (93.8%). The two lesions not identified by
      imaging and the one not found by CT were the smallest of all. In 2 (8.7%) of the
      23 lesions positively identified by 67Ga-citrate imaging, both CT and imaging
      revealed the extent of the tumor more accurately than did the barium studies. In
      all but one of the patients, a close correlation existed between the imaging
      results and the therapeutic effects. These data suggest that 67Ga imaging is
      useful in conjunction with CT and barium studies for the detection of GI NHL and
      for the assessment of both the spatial extent of disease and the therapeutic
      effects, although a lack of 67Ga uptake after therapy does not always indicate a
      good therapeutic effect.

PMID- 2279497
TI  - The contribution of perfusion scintigraphy in the evaluation of children
      suffering from recurrent localized pneumonia.
AB  - The value of perfusion scintigraphy as a screening test for children who have
      suffered from several episodes of recurrent localized pneumonia was evaluated in
      32 patients aged 1-15 years. Perfusion studies were carried out using
      macroaggregated albumin (MAA) labeled with technetium 99m. In 9 patients (28%),
      large lobar or multisegmental perfusion defects were demonstrated. Their final
      diagnoses proved to be bronchiectasis (5 patients), bronchomalacia (2 cases),
      agenesis of a lobe (1 subject), and lobar sequestration (1 patient). In 23
      children (72%), the perfusion scintigraphic patterns were normal or diffusely
      nonhomogeneous. All of these patients improved clinically on a 1- to 2.9-year
      follow-up. We conclude that a normal perfusion scintigraphy is a useful screening
      test for excluding structural lung abnormalities in pediatric patients with
      recurrent localized pneumonia. Children showing a pattern of lobar or
      multisegmental perfusion defects should be further investigated to rule out
      structural abnormalities as an underlying cause of disease.

PMID- 2279499
TI  - Thyroid carcinoma mimicking a toxic adenoma.
AB  - A young woman with a thyroid papillary carcinoma behaving as an autonomously
      hyperfunctioning nodule is described. Only 17 similar patients have been seen in
      the past 25 years. It is emphasized that hyperthyroidism does not exclude
      malignant disease in hot nodules. This possibility suggests that all thyroid
      nodules, either cold or hot, require careful management. Therefore, in "at risk"
      cases, surgery could be the most useful treatment.

PMID- 2279500
TI  - A black adrenocortical adenoma causing Cushing's syndrome not imaged by
      radiocholesterol scintigraphy.
AB  - In a 33-year-old female patient with left adrenal tumour and Cushing's syndrome,
      adrenocortical scintigraphy with radiocholesterol did not image the tumour nor
      the suppressed contralateral gland. Histology showed a black adrenocortical
      adenoma composed only of compact cells; there was no evidence of malignancy. This
      demonstrates that non-visualization of the adrenal glands in a patient with
      Cushing's syndrome is not invariably due to adrenal carcinoma. The literature on
      black adrenal adenomas causing Cushing's syndrome is reviewed.

PMID- 2279501
TI  - Catabolism of 15-(p-iodophenyl)-R,S-beta-methylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) by
      isolated rat hearts.

PMID- 2279498
TI  - Nuclear medicine and atherosclerosis.
AB  - Although the pathomechanisms of atherosclerosis are well known, their
      radioisotopic monitoring is still in its early childhood. The current
      radioisotope techniques are of only limited value for contributing to the
      clinical diagnosis of atherosclerosis. The limited reaction time of cellular
      blood constituents (platelets, monocytes) with the vascular surface at the injury
      site makes it very difficult to catch the point of injury. Lipoproteins
      excellently allow receptor imaging, while vascular monitoring is only of
      scientific interest at present. Labelling and subsequent imaging of components of
      the coagulation cascade have not succeeded so far, nor have attempts using
      unspecific labels such as porphyrin, polyclonal IgG and Fc fragments, for
      example. Preliminary evidence indicates that radioisotopic techniques may be of
      great benefit in the future in elucidating functional aspects of the disease,
      while they do not contribute to examining the stage and extent of
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2279502
TI  - Townes-Brocks syndrome.
AB  - A 2-week-old male is presented with the clinical findings of the autosomal
      dominant Townes-Brocks syndrome in an otherwise unaffected family. The patient
      showed the full spectrum of anomalies including imperforate anus, perineal
      fistula, triphalangeal thumb, preaxial polydactyly, pre-auricular tags, and
      microtia. As there is considerable overlap with the VACTERL association, careful
      examination of the parents is necessary with regard to the genetic counselling
      risk.

PMID- 2279503
TI  - Isolated and combined deficiencies of NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) in muscle
      tissue of children with mitochondrial myopathies.
AB  - We describe eight children with complex I deficiency, four of them with an
      isolated, the other four with an additional deficiency of complex IV. Clinical,
      chemical and morphological findings were compared from patients with isolated and
      combined deficiency. In both groups, the age of onset of symptoms was between the
      1st day and the 4th month of life. Clinical and biochemical heterogeneity were
      observed. We found no correlation between residual activity of complex I in
      muscle, blood lactate level, and severity of clinical symptoms. Newborns
      presenting with severe lactic acidosis and children with later onset myopathy
      were seen in both groups. The group with combined complex I deficiency showed a
      more severe clinical course. By light microscopy ragged red fibres were only
      found in two patients with combined deficiency. However, by electron microscopy
      structural alterations of the mitochondria were observed in six out of seven
      muscle specimens.

PMID- 2279504
TI  - Scleroderma-like skin lesions in two patients with phenylketonuria.
AB  - Two patients with phenylketonuria and scleroderma-like skin lesions are
      presented. Since scleroderma is a rare collagen disease of childhood, the
      occurrence of these two disorders in the same patient does not seem to be
      coincidental but raises the possibility of a causal relationship. Improvement in
      the skin lesions of the patients after the commencement of a low-phenylalanine
      diet supports this hypothesis.

PMID- 2279505
TI  - Medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: electron microscopic
      differentiation from Reye syndrome.
AB  - Inborn errors involving the oxidative metabolism of fatty acids may present
      clinically with a Reye syndrome-like picture. This case report of a patient with
      medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency illustrates that electron
      microscopy may help to differentiate this disorder from Reye syndrome even if a
      liver biopsy is performed in a patient who recovered from an acute metabolic
      decompensation. Together with this case, a review of the few reports in the
      literature of pathological findings in MCAD deficiency is given. Changes
      uncharacteristic for Reye syndrome are a large-droplet steatosis and the presence
      of distinctive mitochondrial abnormalities on electron microscopy. The detection
      of an electron dense mitochondrial matrix and a widened space of inner
      mitochondrial membranes rules out Reye syndrome and is suggestive of a disorder
      of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.

PMID- 2279506
TI  - Type 4 renal tubular acidosis (subtype 2) in a patient with methylmalonic
      acidaemia.
AB  - A 10-month-old male infant with vitamin B12 non-responsive methylmalonic
      acidaemia is reported. Laboratory results revealed hyperkalaemic,
      hyperchloraemic, metabolic acidosis with slight azotaemia. The urinary pH
      decreased (below 5.5) to compensate for acidaemia. Levels of plasma renin
      activity and plasma aldosterone concentration were low. The renal biopsy showed
      tubulo-interstitial nephritis. We suggested the diagnosis of type 4 renal tubular
      acidosis, subtype 2, i.e. hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism. We suggest that
      chronic renal disease may be a common complication of methylmalonic acidaemia.

PMID- 2279507
TI  - A comparative study of two different percutaneous venous catheters in newborn
      infants.
AB  - Between 1985 and 1988 the use of percutaneous venous catheters in the intensive
      care of newborn infants was evaluated. A total of 140 polyurethane catheters used
      in 91 patients were compared with 143 silicone catheters in 121 neonates.
      Patients of both series were comparable regarding sex, weight, gestational age
      and severity of disease. Insertion technique, puncture site care and infusions
      remained the same for both observation periods. Peripheral insertion of silicone
      catheters required more venous cutdowns but threading them to a central vein or
      the right atrium was more often successful. Fewer local complications (i.e.
      reddening or swelling along the peripheral venous access) resulted in a longer
      catheter duration and a less frequent need for an additional venous access in the
      silicone group. On the other hand, silicone catheters caused more technical
      problems (i.e. rupture or obstruction). Upon removal, more silicone than
      polyurethane catheter tips were colonized with bacteria. This was independent of
      catheter duration and was never followed by clinical signs of infection. The
      silicone catheter gave better results, especially in very small newborn infants
      of low gestational age, but was associated with more technical problems.

PMID- 2279508
TI  - Sclerema neonatorum and subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn in the same
      infant.
AB  - Sclerema neonatorum (SN) is a rare disease of the newborn characterised by
      diffuse hardening of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. The condition is distinct
      from the localised violacious nodules observed in subcutaneous fat necrosis of
      the newborn (SCFN). Both conditions were diagnosed within the first 2 weeks of
      life in the same infant. SN and SCFN are unusual conditions in the newborn, the
      former usually associated with a severe clinical illness, following delivery or
      major surgery. The skin lesions of these two conditions are distinct and do not
      usually occur simultaneously. SN is associated with a poor prognosis.

PMID- 2279509
TI  - Prospective neurophysiological study in children treated for acute lymphoblastic
      leukaemia: serial EEG during treatment and long-term follow up with evoked
      potentials.
AB  - In 79 children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia according to protocol
      ALL-BFM 81, serial EEG examinations were performed before, during and after
      therapy. Diffuse changes of the background activity were observed in 64% of the
      children at the time of diagnosis. During induction and reinduction treatment
      with vincristine and L-asparaginase, and with some delay after CNS irradiation, a
      marked slowing developed in up to 65% of patients. Children who had not been
      irradiated showed transient disturbances during treatment with medium-dose
      methotrexate. Reinduction induced more abnormal EEGs in the children who had been
      irradiated. At the end of maintenance therapy, only slight EEG changes were
      found. No differences between the irradiated and non-irradiated group were then
      seen. Children with CNS leukaemia or seizures differed from those with an
      uncomplicated treatment in that they more often showed focal and persistent
      disturbances. In 39 patients who stayed in first remission for at least 18 months
      after the termination of treatment, a follow up investigation was performed. From
      the EEG examination, including power spectral analysis, no differences were found
      between irradiated and non-irradiated patients. Slowing of the dominant frequency
      was seen in the patients with more severe leukaemia and in those whose EEG had
      been markedly abnormal at diagnosis. The visually evoked potentials were normal
      in all groups of patients. In the brainstem auditory evoked potential, a
      prolongation of the latency of wave I and a decrease of the I-V interval was
      found in irradiated patients. We conclude that the diffuse EEG changes frequently
      emerging during treatment are reversible. Persistent or lateralized changes can
      indicate a neurological complication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279510
TI  - Severe neonatal asphyxia due to X-linked centronuclear myopathy.
AB  - Severe neonatal centronuclear myopathy is inherited as an X-linked condition
      characterized by primary asphyxia, extreme muscular hypotonia and absent
      spontaneous movements. We report seven cases from three families to point out the
      importance of diagnosis with regard to prognosis, outcome and genetic
      counselling. In hypotonic diseases, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid,
      electromyography, nerve conduction velocity creatine kinase and a skin biopsy for
      fibroblast cultures for metabolic investigations are usually carried out. Needle
      muscle biopsy is an additional valuable investigation to establish diagnosis. In
      all our patients we found an increased number of centrally located nuclei with
      perinuclear halos confirming the diagnosis of centronuclear myopathy. The
      diagnosis of this disorder will become of greater importance as soon as carrier
      detection and prenatal diagnosis by DNA-technology are routinely available.

PMID- 2279511
TI  - Transient cholestatic hepatitis in a neonate associated with carbamazepine
      exposure during pregnancy and breast-feeding.
AB  - We report a 3-week-old boy with cholestatic hepatitis, most likely due to
      carbamazepine exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Cholestasis resolved
      after cessation of nursing. Liver function test results and histological findings
      were compatible with a drug-induced hepatitis. Other causes were excluded. While
      carbamazepine-induced hepatitis is well known in children and adults, it has
      never been described in association with prenatal exposure and/or breast-feeding.

PMID- 2279512
TI  - Recurrent pneumonia caused by diffuse oesophageal spasm.
AB  - A 14-month-old severely retarded girl with a history of regurgitation,
      aspiration, and recurrent pneumonia was found to suffer from diffuse oesophageal
      spasm. This diagnosis was made by oesophageal cineradiography. This case suggests
      that diffuse oesophageal spasm is an oesophageal motility disorder that causes
      respiratory disease in the retarded child.

PMID- 2279513
TI  - Duplicate publication and related problems.

PMID- 2279515
TI  - The value of ultrasound in Schoenlein-Henoch purpura.
AB  - We report the results of ultrasound studies on 11 children with Schoenlein-Henoch
      purpura. In 8 children the ultrasound examination was normal. In two of three
      patients with macroscopic haematuria, haemorrhagic cystitis, a previously
      undescribed finding in Schoenlein-Henoch purpura, was found. In one case the gall
      bladder wall and the wall of several adjacent loops of bowel were markedly
      thickened. Follow up examinations after clinical recovery demonstrated complete
      resolution of these abnormalities. Our observations demonstrate that diagnostic
      ultrasound may have an important role before more expensive and invasive
      procedures are employed in patients with Schoenlein-Henoch purpura.

PMID- 2279514
TI  - The fasting test in paediatrics: application to the diagnosis of pathological
      hypo- and hyperketotic states.
AB  - A 24-h fasting test was performed in 48 control children, in 9 hypoketotic
      patients with inherited defects of fatty acid oxidation and in 2 hyperketotic
      patients with inherited defects of ketolysis. The control group was then divided
      into three age groups on the basis of different adaptation to fasting.
      Concentrations of blood glucose, lactate, free fatty acids (FFA), 3
      hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and carnitine were measured after 15 h, 20 h and 24
      h of fasting. Significant negative correlations were found in the control group
      between plasma total ketone bodies (KB) and plasma glucose (P less than 0.001),
      plasma carnitine (P less than 0.005) and the amplitude of glycaemic response to
      glucagon at the end of the fast (P less than 0.01). FFA/KB ratio and the product
      of final fasting values of glucose and ketones were useful to differentiate
      between hypoketotic or hyperketotic patients and normal subjects. In children
      with a suspected or definite hyperketotic or hypoketotic disorder, a fasting test
      must only be performed in healthy patients, in good nutritional condition with
      non-diagnostic basal biochemical investigations. Carefully supervised fasting
      should be continued sufficiently to allow ketogenesis and ketolysis to become
      activated.

PMID- 2279516
TI  - Sonographic diagnosis of biliary ascariasis.
AB  - In an 11.5-year-old boy with obstructive jaundice sonography revealed a worm-like
      structure within the dilated biliary tree. Cross-section showed a bull's eye
      configuration, whereas longitudinal planes demonstrated an echogenic strip with a
      central longitudinal anechogenic tube. Diagnosis of ascariasis was established by
      identification of ascarid eggs in the stool. After anthelminthic treatment
      several ascarid worms were excreted with the stool.

PMID- 2279517
TI  - Endothelin stimulates phosphatidylinositol turnover in rat right and left atria.
AB  - The effect of endothelin on phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover has been
      investigated in isolated rat atria by measuring the generation of inositol
      phosphates (IPs) following [3H]inositol phospholipid labelling. In the presence
      of 10 mM LiCl, endothelin caused dose-dependent increases in the accumulations of
      inositol mono-, bis- and tris-phosphate (IP1, IP2 and IP3) which were maximal at
      10(-6) M endothelin. The dose-response relationship was similar in right and left
      atria, but right atria showed a higher maximal IP response. Endothelin produced a
      rapid and transient stimulation of IP3 accumulation, which was maximal at 30 s
      followed by a slower increase which continued linearly past 20 min. During both
      the initial phase and the sustained phase the only isomer of IP3 present at
      detectable levels was the 1,4,5-isomer. As with endothelin, responses to
      noradrenaline also were higher in right atria compared with left atria and showed
      a biphasic pattern of release of IP3. These data demonstrate that endothelin
      receptors in rat atria are coupled to stimulation of the PI turnover pathway in
      an apparently similar manner to alpha 1-adrenoceptors. The PI pathway may be
      important in mediating the reported cardiac actions of endothelin.

PMID- 2279518
TI  - Perinatal hyperinsulinism and perinatal obesity as risk factors for
      hyperinsulinaemia in later life.
AB  - In the offspring of gestational or long-term diabetic mothers the following
      findings were obtained: (1) Immunoreactive plasma insulin levels on the first day
      of life were weakly correlated to the thickness of the skin-fold at the neck on
      the third day of life (n = 82; r = 0.27; P less than 0.05). (2) A significant
      correlation was found between the plasma insulin levels at birth and the basal as
      well as the maximal plasma insulin values after glucose loading (1.75 g/kg b.
      wt.) at 2 years of age (for basal values: n = 25; r = 0.53; P less than 0.01; and
      for maximal values: n = 21; r = 0.63; P less than 0.01). (3) A highly significant
      correlation was even observed between the thickness of the neck-fold at 3 days of
      age and the fasting plasma insulin levels at 3-8 years of age (n = 26; r = 0.61;
      P less than 0.001). These findings suggest that perinatal hyperinsulinism and
      perinatal obesity, induced by maternal hyperglycaemia and/or overnutrition during
      pregnancy, are risk factors for persistent hyperinsulinaemia predisposing to
      diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in later life.

PMID- 2279519
TI  - Indices of mineral metabolism in subjects with an impaired glucose tolerance.
AB  - An altered mineral metabolism has been described both in insulin dependent and
      non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In order to investigate if a disturbed
      mineral homeostasis was an early feature in the development of diabetes, 52
      middle-aged men who all had recently developed an impaired glucose tolerance
      (IGT) were compared to healthy control persons. The IGT subjects showed higher
      levels of serum calcium (2.38 +/- 0.081 mmol/l (SD) vs 2.35 +/- 0.065 in
      controls) but similar levels of plasma ionized calcium indicating an increased
      protein binding of serum calcium in IGT. Serum magnesium was significantly lower
      in the IGT subjects (0.79 +/- 0.060 mmol/l vs 0.85 +/- 0.065, p less than 0.001)
      while serum phosphate was unaltered. This study demonstrates indices of an
      impaired mineral metabolism in IGT subjects similar in characteristics to what
      has previously been reported in manifest diabetes mellitus suggesting that an
      alteration of mineral homeostasis could be part of a primary event.

PMID- 2279520
TI  - Influence of dorsal hippocampal stimulation and dorsal fornix lesions on hepatic
      glucose metabolism in rabbits.
AB  - We examined the effects of stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus and lesions of
      the dorsal fornix on glucose metabolism in liver slices of rabbits. Hippocampal
      stimulation decreased the 14C transfer rates from 14C-glucose into CO2, ketone
      bodies, cholesterol ester and free fatty acids, but increased the rates into
      triglyceride, phospholipids and glycogen. Fornix lesions had various effects on
      glucose metabolism, and the effects of hippocampal stimulation on glucose
      metabolism were abolished by fornix lesions. These observations support the
      hypothesis that the hippocampus is an integral part of the brain regulator system
      in the hepatic glucose metabolism.

PMID- 2279521
TI  - Estradiol benzoate decreases the blood flow through the tibia of female rats.
AB  - Effect of estradiol benzoate (EB, Agofollin Depot Spofa, CSSR, 1 mg s.c. once a
      week for 4 weeks) on local blood flow through the tibia of intact and
      oophorectomized (OOX) female rats was studied using the 85Sr-microsphere method.
      In experiment A, the 85Sr-microsphere uptake and blood flow was increased 4 weeks
      after OOX and significantly decreased after EB in both the intact and OOX
      animals. In experiment B (intact female rats), the decrease after EB was
      confirmed both in microsphere uptake and tibial blood flow (48.8% and 57.1%
      respectively). No changes in the cardiac output and the marked fall of the uptake
      of labelled microspheres suggest a local circulatory reaction.

PMID- 2279522
TI  - Effects of prolonged administration of lovastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol
      synthesis, on the morphology and function of rat Leydig cells.
AB  - We examined the effects of a prolonged treatment with lovastatin, a potent
      competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)
      reductase, on the morphology and function of rat Leydig cells. Twenty-four h
      after the first lovastatin injection, no conspicuous ultrastructural changes were
      found, but isolated Leydig cells showed a notable reduction in their basal and
      HCG-stimulated testosterone production. By prolonging lovastatin administration
      (daily injections for 3 and 5 days), Leydig cells progressively recovered their
      secretory activity, and this was associated with a striking proliferation of
      smooth endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes. The hypothesis is discussed that
      these morphologic changes are the counterpart of an enhanced newly synthesis of
      HMG-CoA reductase, that is the expression of a compensatory response of Leydig
      cells aimed at maintaining an adequate production of cholesterol (i.e.
      testosterone precursors) in spite of the chronic competitive inhibition of HMG
      CoA reductase by lovastatin.

PMID- 2279523
TI  - Involvement of sex hormone in body weight gain by selective D2 receptor
      antagonist sulpiride.
AB  - The effect of estrogen supplement on selective D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride
      induced weight gain was examined in ovariectomized (ovx.) rats. Sulpiride
      injection (10 mg/kg, s.c.) showed a significant increase of body weight and food
      consumption only in female rats. Bilateral ovariectomy completely abolished the
      weight gain and hyperphagia by sulpiride. Subcutaneous injection of estradiol
      benzoate (E2:5 micrograms/day, s.c.) for 14 days restored the effects of
      sulpiride on weight gain in ovx, rats and sulpiride injection with E2 supplement
      significantly increased the efficiency of food utilization. The present study
      suggested that estrogen should be involved in the induction of overweight and
      hyperphagia by sulpiride.

PMID- 2279524
TI  - Stud male protection of implantation in food-deprived mice: evaluation of the
      involvement of olfactory-vomeronasal systems.
AB  - The protection of implantation in food-deprived females provided by exposure to
      the stud males was not abolished following surgical ablation of the vomeronasal
      organ (VNO) from females. By contrast, stud males failed to protect implantation
      in food-deprived females made peripherally anosmic by intranasal irrigation with
      ZnSO4. The results suggest that the main olfactory system, and not the accessory
      olfactory system, is involved in the perception of the stud male-originating
      olfactory cue that protects implantation in nutritionally-stressed females. The
      findings also provide circumstantial evidence that the study male-originating
      olfactory cue involved in the protective effect is volatile (air-borne).

PMID- 2279525
TI  - Blood-spot 17-hydroxyprogesterone daily profiles in infants with congenital
      adrenal hyperplasia.
AB  - To define the optimum blood levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, the hormonal
      effects of glucocorticoid treatment were studied during the neonatal period and
      infancy in 20 patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Repeated daily profiles of
      blood spot 17-hydroxyprogesterone were used to monitor therapy and these data
      were related to serum concentrations of testosterone. A wide fluctuation of blood
      17-hydroxyprogesterone levels was observed in patients with a mean daily value
      higher than 150 nmol/l indicating poor control. Serum testosterone levels
      decreased into normal range in female patients with blood-spot 17-hydroxy
      progesterone levels between 50 and 150 nmol/l. Daily profiles with mean values
      less than 50 nmol/l showed low magnitude of circadian variation suggesting
      overtreatment. We conclude that the daily profile of blood-spot 17
      hydroxyprogesterone is a practical alternative in hormonal monitoring of infants
      treated for congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

PMID- 2279527
TI  - Impaired production of interleukin-2(IL2) in patients with Graves' disease by
      newly developed IL2 radioimmunoassay.
AB  - We have developed a sensitive, reproducible and specific radioimmunoassay for
      human interleukin-2. Using 125I-labeled interleukin-2 and polyclonal rabbit
      antisera raised against recombinant human interleukin-2, a competitive inhibition
      assay was described which could detect 1 U/ml of human interleukin-2. Substances
      such as interleukin-1 alpha, interferon beta, nerve growth factor, tissue
      necrotizing factor, various hormones, peptides and lectins did not affect the
      assay. Interleukin-2 was measured in supernatants of culture media of stimulated
      human blood mononuclear cells. Kinetics of interleukin-2 production in seven
      normal lymphocytes revealed that in both PHA- and Con A-stimulations, the peak
      levels of interleukin-2 were seen at the end of 72 hours (113.9 +/- 54.4 U/ml,
      111.6 +/- 37.3 U/ml, respectively) and then declined. Interleukin-2 levels in PHA
      and Con A-stimulations of untreated Graves' disease were significantly lower
      (14.5 +/- 15.5 U/ml, 12.3 +/- 12.7 U/ml, respectively) than normal controls.
      However, the improvement of decreased interleukin-2 production in methimazole
      treated patients with Graves' disease was observed (38.2 +/- 28.1 U/ml, 48.0 +/-
      35.6 U/ml, respectively). The present study demonstrates the usefulness of
      quantitating human interleukin-2 produced by human blood mononuclear cells and
      that there exists an impaired production of interleukin-2 in Graves' disease.

PMID- 2279526
TI  - Direct effects of cytostatic therapy on the functional state of the thyroid gland
      and TBG in serum of patients.
AB  - This study analysed the concentrations of thyroid binding globulin (TBG) in the
      serum as well as the level of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4),
      thyreostimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg) and T4/TBG coefficient,
      before therapy and on the fifth day of therapy in 27 patients of both sexes
      suffering from neoplasia. The patients were treated with cytostatic antibiotics,
      alkylating agents and podophyllines derivates, by protocol. Serum T3 gains in
      concentration already after 5 days since the beginning of treatment (from 1.65 +/
      0.20 to 1.73 +/- 0.18 nmol/l), but it is retained within physiological ranges as
      well as TSH, rT3 and Tg. Thyroxine remains within the permitted ranges, but
      slightly decreased after therapy (64.00 +/- 11.00 nmol/l, mean +/- SEM) in
      comparison to the value before (71.00 +/- 19.00), p(F) less than 0.1. A reduction
      of concentrations in total serum proteins at an average 7.88% was found. The
      level of inter-alpha globulin, TBG, in patients with proved malignancy is low
      before therapy (14.97 +/- 4.73 micrograms/l, mean +/- SEM, in males and 14.83 +/-
      3.70 in females) but, with application of cytostatics it decreases considerably
      to the level of 11.68 +/- 4.46 (p less than 0.05) in males and to 13.68 +/- 3.89
      in females (NS). In view of these facts, T4/TBG coefficient remains normal and
      contributes to the maintenance of euthyroid gland function.

PMID- 2279528
TI  - Growth rate reduction during energy restriction in obese adolescents.
AB  - The advantages of a non-restrictive diet for preservation of growth and
      maturation rates during the treatment of obese children at early stages of their
      puberty, were investigated comparing two groups of subjects with similar
      characteristics after one year undergoing two different therapeutic procedures.
      Both comprised diet, physical training, education and psychological support, and
      the only difference between them was that energy intake in the control group was
      restricted to 0.17 MJ/kg of expected body weight for stature, while in the
      experimental group energetic contents of the diet was fitted to the physiological
      requirements for age, sex and physical activity (0.25 MJ/kg). It could be found
      that restriction of energy intake for six months impairs the velocity of growth
      and maturation and lean tissue accretion. The incidence of desertions was
      slightly higher in the restricted group, and no relapses were registered in any
      groups. The applicability of Efficiency Index for the assessment of the results
      of the treatment was confirmed. The additional advantages of the non-restrictive
      method is that it is better tolerated and establishes favorable conditions for
      changing the individual and family style of life, and that it can be applied in
      the outpatient clinic at the primary level of health care.

PMID- 2279529
TI  - Changes in content of prolactin mRNA during the rat estrous cycle.
AB  - An attempt was made to clarify the relationship between the synthesis of
      prolactin (PRL) and its secretion during the rat estrous cycle by examining the
      changes in PRL messenger RNA (mRNA); PRL secretion and anterior pituitary PRL
      content. At various stages of the estrous cycle, pituitary and serum levels of
      PRL and growth hormone (GH) were measured by radioimmunoassay, while their
      respective mRNA contents were determined by the hybridization method. The content
      of pituitary PRL mRNA did not increase in parallel with the increment of the
      serum level of the hormone. Significant increase in PRL mRNA were observed as
      three peaks; 1st peak at 14:00 on the proestrus (PE) day, 2nd peak at 4:00 and
      3rd peak at 22:00 on the estrus (E) day. The GH levels in the pituitary and
      serum, or the change in PRL mRNA appeared to be unrelated to the rat estrous
      cycle. From the present results, we speculate that the three peaks of PRL mRNA
      content might be ascribable to the direct effect of estrogen on transcription,
      indirect activation of transcription followed by rapid and massive secretion of
      PRL, and mammotrope proliferation, respectively.

PMID- 2279530
TI  - Insulin metabolism in hypothalamic obesity.
AB  - Serum C-peptide and Immunoreactive Insulin (IRI) level was measured during per os
      glucose tolerance test as well as fasting specific insulin binding percentage and
      capacity of erythrocytes in hypothalamic obesity and in obese children due to
      hypercalorization, and was compared with ideal-weight controls. Integral values
      of curves (sigma) and sigma C-peptide/sigma IRI ratios were calculated. In 4
      cases fasting C-peptide content was substantially increased as compared to the
      other groups. The data suggest that hyperinsulinism in diencephalic obesity is
      primary. The ratio of the two peptides was normal or increased: insulin binding %
      of erythrocytes corresponded to that of the control group, which explains in
      these cases normal or favourable glucose metabolism. It is thought that in obese
      children high fasting C-peptide levels with an adequate clinical picture can
      indicate the functional examination of the hypothalamic-pituitary system. Sigma C
      peptide/sigma IRI ratio differing from normal indirectly shows the changes of
      receptor function.

PMID- 2279531
TI  - The effect of intracerebroventricular insulin on the hypothalamic and
      neurohypophysial oxytocin activity in euhydrated or dehydrated rats.
AB  - Rats dehydrated up to four days were given intracerebroventricularly insulin in a
      daily dose of 100 ng. Insulin decreased significantly the hypothalamic and
      neurohypophysial oxytocin content in euhydrated rats. In dehydrated animals the
      oxytocin activity in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, markedly depleted
      after deprivation of water, could be further reduced by intracerebroventricular
      treatment with insulin. These results seem to suggest a possible regulatory role
      of brain insulin in the mechanisms of oxytocin release.

PMID- 2279532
TI  - Effects of chronic administration of somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on the
      progression of chronic renal failure in subtotal nephrectomized rats.
AB  - The recent study has demonstrated the presence of somatostatin (SRIF) secretory
      cells in the rat glomerulus. Because of the polyvalent actions of this peptide,
      SRIF may play some roles in the evolution of chronic renal failure. The present
      study evaluated the effects of a long acting SRIF analogue, SMS 201-995 on the
      progression of renal failure in 3/4 nephrectomized (NPX) rats. Animals were
      divided into four groups; (1) normal control (C) (n = 9), (2) NPX-C (n = 10), (3)
      NPX treated with SMS 201-995 (0.5 micrograms/day) (NPX-0.5) (n = 9) and (4) NPX
      with SMS 201-995 (5.0 micrograms/day) (NPX-5.0) (n = 9). This drug was
      subcutaneously given daily for 6 weeks. Periodic observations were done at 0, 3
      and 6 weeks. Both hematocrit and systolic blood pressure showed significant fall
      and rise, respectively, in NPX rats compared with C at 3 and 6 weeks. Also both
      serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in these groups elevated significantly
      at 3 and 6 weeks compared with C. Not significant changes were observed in the 24
      h urine volume among the NPX rats. At 6 weeks, the urinary protein excretion in
      NPX-5.0 was significantly less than those in NPX-C and NPX-0.5 rats. Urinary
      sodium excretion in NPX-5.0 was significantly lower than that in NPX-C.
      Histologic examination of the kidney showed less proliferation of mesangial cells
      in NPX-5.0 than NPX-C. These results suggest that SMS 201-995 may limit the rate
      of progression of chronic renal failure in this experimental model.

PMID- 2279533
TI  - The effect of adriamycin on dentinogenesis and 3H-thymidine incorporation into
      the enamel organ of the rat incisor.
AB  - The effect of adriamycin (5 mg/kg) on 3H-thymidine incorporation and on dentin
      formation was studied in rat incisors. Male Sprague Dawley rats received an
      intravenous injection of adriamycin. Some of these also received a subcutaneous
      injection of 3H-thymidine at a dose of 2 mCi/kg one day later. One group of
      control animals received an intravenous injection of a volume of physiological
      saline equal to that of the adriamycin dose. Another group received physiological
      saline, and one hour later was given an additional injection of 3H-thymidine at a
      similar dose as above. All the animals were killed by perfusion with 2.5%
      phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde 1 h, 1 d, 4 d, 8 d, 16 d, 28 d, and 32 d after
      3H-thymidine treatment. Light microscopy revealed irregular dentin deposits
      between the mantle and circumpulpal layer of the labial dentin at 16 d. Within
      these deposits were trapped cells. The latter, through radioautographic
      labelling, appeared to be cells from the odontoblast layer. Also, the labelling
      pattern of the enamel organ in both the control and experimental groups indicated
      that the eruption rate of the tooth was not affected. Serial sectioning and
      examination of the lingual portion of the incisors at 28 d revealed a lack of
      dentin formation and a failure in the closure of the apical foramen. Electron
      microscopic observations showed an irregular and random arrangement of collagen
      fibers within the deposits of irregular dentin, and the presence of twisted
      odontoblastic processes. Examination of the lingual surface showed the presence
      of fibroblasts and collagen fibers bridging the gap that resulted from the
      failure in dentin formation. These cells, which were similar to periodontal
      ligament cells, appeared to have arisen from that area. These results indicate
      that adriamycin has no effect on tooth eruption, but has a reversible effect on
      the function of secretory odontoblasts, which manifested itself as a periodic
      deposition of irregular dentin on the labial surface, and on dentin formation on
      the lingual surface which manifested itself as a failure in dentin formation, and
      consequently, the closure of the apical foramen.

PMID- 2279534
TI  - Serum and biliary lipid pattern in rabbits feeding a diet enriched with
      unsaturated fatty acids.
AB  - Adult male New Zealand white rabbits were fed for 3 months a stock diet
      supplemented with 6% (w/w) soybean oil heated at 240 degrees C for 60 min. After
      the first month of treatment a significant increase in total lipid content of
      serum was observed mainly due to the cholesterol ester fraction. Simultaneously,
      grossly induced atherosclerosis and marked liver damage were histologically and
      clinically demonstrated. Lipid peroxide values, performed by thiobarbituric acid
      test in lipid extracts from liver, aorta and bile showed a significant increase
      as compared to controls. Lipoperoxidation rate increased with the duration of
      feeding. Parallel to this there was a marked reduction in the activities of
      glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in liver and aorta, all
      enzymes involved in the mechanism of detoxification of lipid peroxides. The
      results are in agreement with the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation can play a
      significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2279535
TI  - Additive benefit of PGI2 and PGE1 (via different mechanisms?) on inhibition of
      activation of human vascular smooth muscle cells?
AB  - It seems likely that the antiplatelet action of antiaggregatory prostaglandins
      (PGE1, PGI2) is not the pivotal mechanism of action involved in clinical
      improvement of peripheral vascular disease. Based upon earlier results that both
      of these agents may have a certain effect on proliferation of vascular smooth
      muscle cells, we approached that question of an "optimal therapeutic regimen"
      going one step further. Patients having to undergo amputation were given a
      randomized "last choice" therapy with either PGI2 (once or twice a day, 6 h, 5
      ng/kg/min i.v.), PGE1 (once or twice a day, 1 ng/kg/min i.a.) or a combination of
      both with a 6 h interval in between for 5 consecutive days. The ones who
      underwent surgery had a pathomorphological examination of vascular segments
      removed during amputation. The counting of activated smooth muscle cells
      indicates a significant drop induced by both of the PG's alone. A second infusion
      a day with the same compound, however, did not induce a further decrease in the
      activation state. In contrast administering the complimentary PG caused a
      comparable, significant decrease (p less than 0.01) in activation of smooth
      muscle cells in the intima and the media as well. It thus seems, that different
      mechanisms may be involved inducing additive therapeutic benefit. PGI2 is
      hypothesised to act predominantly by blocking PDGF-release and interference with
      PDGF, whereas PGE1 may have a more direct vascular action. From these findings,
      as well as the beneficial clinical results to be reported elsewhere, a combined
      therapy by the infusion scheme used may be the optimal one for a PG-therapy at
      the moment, based upon platelet and smooth muscle cell action.

PMID- 2279536
TI  - Influence of flavonoids and lanthanides on kappa-carrageenin rat tail thrombosis.
AB  - Rat tail thrombosis (RTT) induced by i.v. injection of kappa-carrageenin was not
      inhibited by p.o. or i.p. administration of the aglucon of rutin, quercetin, but
      it was slightly inhibited by rutoside-containing Venoruton. The RTT was
      significantly inhibited by didymlaevulinate, Helodym 88, whereas samarium
      containing Phlogosol gave inconsistent results because of the solvent propylene
      glycol. The RTT model is suitable to detect substances of the flavonoid and
      lanthanide types with weak antithrombotic activity.

PMID- 2279537
TI  - Therapeutic use of interferon alpha-2b.

PMID- 2279538
TI  - Induction and maintenance alpha-interferon therapy in myelofibrosis with myeloid
      metaplasia.
AB  - In 12 patients having myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM), recombinant-
      alpha interferon (r-alpha INF) was given for 16 weeks at an initial dose of 3 x
      10(6) U/day as a cytoreductive agent. At the end of the 16th wk, Hb showed minor
      changes; WBC were reduced from 43 x 10(9)/l, range 6.4-69.4, to 16 x 10(9)/l,
      range 5-39 (p = 0.05); platelets decreased from 845 x 10(9)/l, range 215-1748, to
      370 x 10(9)/l, range 96-730 (p = 0.005). 2 cases responded at the starting dose,
      while the effective dose was 5 x 10(6) U/d in the others. Minor changes in spleen
      size were noted, while no significant changes in bone marrow fibrosis occurred.
      After induction therapy, 3 patients were allocated to maintenance therapy (from
      10 up to 34 months). To maintain platelet count lower than 500 x 10(9)/l, the
      required r-alpha-INF dose was constantly 10 MU/wk, while the same result was not
      achieved in 1 case with hydroxyurea, 1 g/die. The association with hydroxyurea,
      500 mg/die, allowed reduction of the r-alpha INF dose to 6 MU/die in 1 other
      case.

PMID- 2279539
TI  - Therapy of essential thrombocythemia with alpha-interferon: results and
      prospects.
AB  - Conventional treatment of symptomatic essential thrombocythemia (ET) consists of
      long-term administration of myelosuppressive cytotoxic agents which, although
      efficacious in most cases, are associated with leukemogenic potential. Alpha
      interferon (IFN) exerts a dose-dependent inhibitory influence on thrombopoiesis
      through a direct antiproliferative effect on megakaryocytic precursors.
      Therefore, it may provide a biologic, potentially non-mutagenic alternative to
      conventional cytotoxic treatments. At daily doses ranging from 1 to 5 M.U., alpha
      IFN is efficacious in inducing a hematologic response in most patients with ET.
      Response to IFN is a gradual process. The median time to hematologic response
      varies from 1 to 3 months and a significant proportion of patients reach and
      maintain normal platelet counts with low doses (1-3 M.U./d). Normalization of
      marrow megakaryocytosis requires longer treatment (9-12 months). Also patients
      resistant to cytotoxic drugs may respond to alpha-IFN, suggesting a lack of cross
      resistance between the two treatment modalities. Side-effects, although not
      severe, represents a limit to the administration of adequate doses of IFN in
      about 25% of cases. Once hematologic response has been obtained, both low-dose
      IFN and cytotoxic drugs are effective as maintenance. The full potentialities of
      alpha-IFN in ET in combination with cytotoxic drugs or with other cytokines need
      to be further investigated.

PMID- 2279540
TI  - Alpha-2b recombinant interferon (Intron) in Hodgkin's lymphoma: therapeutic
      perspective.
AB  - In an ongoing phase II study we are evaluating the role of alpha-2b recombinant
      interferon in Hodgkin's disease; the study design includes patients with high
      risk parameters who are treated by combination chemotherapy MOPP, ABVD, MOPP +
      ABVD or equivalent combinations. At the end of the therapeutic program which
      could include also radiotherapy, patients will be randomly assigned to receive
      alpha-2b interferon at 3 MU/day over 3 months and then 3 MU/three times/week over
      9 months or no further treatment. Up to September 1989, 107 patients were
      randomized; evaluable patients with a minimum follow-up of 3 months are 95, 56 in
      the arm of interferon and 39 in the arm of no further treatment. The results are
      preliminary and differences could not be disclosed between the two arms
      concerning either the relapse rate or the incidence of infections. Tolerance and
      toxicity due to alpha-2b interferon in patients with Hodgkin's disease could be
      defined as acceptably good considering that mild and reversible hematological
      toxicity was experienced in 12 (21%) patients; objective clinical toxicity was
      recorded in 4 (7%) patients although 7 (12%) patients refused to continue the
      treatment. Definite conclusions will be drawn when 100 patients per arm become
      evaluable.

PMID- 2279541
TI  - Interferon alpha-2b as therapy for patients with Ph'-positive chronic myelogenous
      leukemia.
AB  - We treated 114 Ph'+ chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, 105 of whom were in
      chronic phase (CP) and 9 in accelerated phase (AP), with interferon alpha-2b (IFN
      alpha-2b) at intermittent or daily doses of 2-5 MU/m2. Of 35 previously untreated
      CP patients, 22 (63%) showed complete hematological response (CHR). This was
      significantly influenced by initial risk status. In 19 of the 22 CHR patients the
      median of Ph'+ cells decreased from 100% to 58%. Of 36 patients pretreated for
      less than 12 months, 19 (53%) achieved CHR. CHR rate was significantly related to
      IFN dose. Cytogenetic improvement was observed in 15 of the 19 patients, the
      median of Ph'+ cells dropping from 100% to 76%, with complete suppression of the
      Ph' chromosome in 1 case. Of the 34 patients pretreated for greater than 12
      months, 21 (62%) obtained CHR. Cytogenetic improvement was observed in 10 cases,
      the median of Ph'+ cells declining from 100% to 66%. 1 of 9 AP patients obtained
      CHR. After a median follow-up of 32 months for the 63 CHR patients, 49 (78%) are
      still in disease control: 34 on IFN therapy, 15 after bone marrow transplantation
      (BMT) (13 autologous and 2 allogeneic). Blastic transformation (BT) occurred in 9
      of 63 (14%) CHR patients and in 24 of 51 (47%) patients with less than CHR. IFN
      alpha-2b has proved to be an effective treatment for CML. Its combination with
      other treatment modalities represents an interesting and promising approach for
      future studies.

PMID- 2279542
TI  - Splenectomy after initial therapy with alpha-IFN in patients with hairy-cell
      leukemia (HCL): a multi-center study by the Italian Cooperative Group for HCL.
      Preliminary results.
AB  - Since December 1987, 115 patients with HCL have been enrolled in a prospective
      multicenter study to evaluate the role of splenectomy after an induction therapy
      with alpha interferon. The group of patients was divided into two categories:
      those younger and those older than 65 years. The schedule of treatment with IFN
      was, respectively, 1.8 MU/sm/daily and 1.0 MU/daily, 33 patients were treated
      with r-alpha-2a, 34 with r-alpha-2b, and 25 with alpha-Ly. To date, 92 patients
      are fully evaluable. The response was assessed every 3 months by bone marrow
      trephine biopsy. Patients in CR continued IFN therapy for 3 months and, if they
      were still in CR, could undergo an optional splenectomy. Patients in PR continued
      therapy for 12 months and subsequently were randomized for splenectomy or
      observation only. In these preliminary results of an ongoing protocol, CR was
      obtained in 5 cases (6%), PR in 59 (64%), MR in 25 (27%), NR in 3 (3%). Only 2 of
      the 5 patients in CR underwent splenectomy and are still in CR. Of the 59
      patients in PR, only 15 completed 12 months of therapy. 9 patients in Group A
      were randomized, 4 were splenectomized and 5 were in the observation arm. All
      patients were splenectomized safely and no complications occurred. These
      preliminary results suggest that splenectomy could be effective in consolidating
      the response obtained with IFN.

PMID- 2279543
TI  - Relationship between immunological phenotype and hematological response to alpha
      IFN treatment in 35 patients with hairy cell leukemia.
AB  - During the past 6 years, clinical trials employing alpha-interferon (alpha-IFN)
      in hairy cell leukemia (HCL) have shown dramatic improvement in the management of
      this disease. Complete remissions (CR), however, are relatively rare (10-15%) and
      a minority of patients (10-25%) do not respond adequately to alpha-IFN. The
      possibility that the poor response to alpha-IFN treatment could be related to a
      peculiar immunological phenotype of the hairy cell (HC) was investigated in this
      study. The results demonstrated that, in the majority of patients who failed to
      respond to alpha-IFN, HC showed an immunological phenotype characterized by
      positivity with the CD5 monoclonal antibody which is usually absent on HC and
      characteristically expressed on B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. In fact,
      among the 10 HCL patients who presented with this phenotype, only 5 partial
      remissions (PR) and 5 minor responses (MR) were achieved, as opposed to the 3
      complete remissions (CR), 19 PR and 3 MR observed in the 25 CD5-negative
      patients. The possibility that a more extensive immunological analysis of HCL
      patients at diagnosis may be predictive of the response to IFN treatment is
      postulated.

PMID- 2279544
TI  - Interferon alpha-2a in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - 23 newly diagnosed patients affected by cutaneous T-cell lymphoma were treated
      with sub-cutaneous interferon alpha-2a to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and
      the toxicity of this agent. IFN was administered daily with dose escalation from
      3 to 18 million units for 12 weeks; thereafter, patients induced into complete
      (CR) or partial (PR) remission were given IFN at maximal tolerated dose 3 times
      weekly for 6 or 9 months. The objective tumor response was observed in 17
      patients (74%): 8 (35%) were CR and 9 (39%) were PR. A 74-yr-old patient died
      because of neutropenia and sepsis at the end of induction phase, while receiving
      IFN at dose of 18 million units. Disease stage is the initial feature predictive
      of response to IFN therapy. The dose schedule of this study was well tolerated:
      only 3 patients developed liver toxicity, while leukopenia was evident in 6
      patients. Only 2 CR patients have relapsed, 18 and 24 months from response; the
      remaining 6 CR patients are in continuous complete remission with a median follow
      up of 41.8 months. 6 PR patients have progressed from 8 to 17 months after
      response, and in the 3 PR patients not yet progressed the response duration
      ranges from 20 to 24 months. In conclusion, interferon alpha-2a is a very
      effective agent in therapy of untreated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with an overall
      response rate of 74%.

PMID- 2279545
TI  - Alpha-2b-interferon as single therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia
      relapsing after T-cell depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - 20 CML patients with hematological (5 pts) or only cytogenetic (15 pts) relapse
      occurring after allogeneic BMT have been treated with alpha-2b-interferon (IFN)
      at a starting dose of 5 x 10(6) IU/m2, subcutaneously, three times a week. All 5
      patients with hematological relapse achieved hematological remission without
      reduction of bone marrow Ph1-positive cells. With a median follow-up of 43 months
      (range 6-48) from the hematological relapse, 3 patients are alive and 2 patients
      died from non-lymphoid blast crisis. 7 out of 15 patients with only cytogenetic
      relapse remain in hematological remission at a median of 37 months (range 3-45)
      from cytogenetic relapse, with 2 patients achieving complete cytogenetic
      remission confirmed at the molecular level by disappearance of the bcr rearranged
      band. With a median follow-up of 21 months (range 6-46), 8 patients progressed
      from cytogenetic to hematological relapse: 4 patients died from blast crisis and
      the other 4 patients are currently alive in chronic phase. For the 15 patients,
      the actuarial survival from BMT is 71% at 5 years.

PMID- 2279546
TI  - Clinical effects of interferon in patients with idiopathic mixed
      cryoglobulinemia.

PMID- 2279548
TI  - Quality assurance in haematology. Proceedings of the fifth Nordic meeting.
      Copenhagen, December 7-8, 1989.

PMID- 2279549
TI  - Relationship of quality goals and measurement performance to the selection of
      quality control procedures for multi-channel haematology analysers.
AB  - An approach is described for selecting QC procedures based on goals for
      analytical quality, the performance characteristics of the measurement procedure
      (imprecision, bias, frequency of errors), and the performance characteristics of
      the control procedure (probabilities for error detection and false rejection).
      Performance characteristics of stable sample QC procedures and patient data QC
      procedures (retained patient specimens, Bull's single-rule algorithm, Bull's
      multi-rule algorithm) are compared to determine when to apply these different QC
      procedures to multichannel hematology analysers. Precise, stable methods may be
      controlled using Bull's single-rule algorithm; less precise, less stable methods
      require Bull's multi-rule algorithm, retained patient specimens, or stable sample
      QC procedures; imprecise and unstable methods are best controlled using stable
      sample QC procedures. "Multi-stage" designs may employ stable samples for
      "startup" testing, retained patient specimens for short term monitoring, and
      Bull's single-rule algorithm for long term monitoring.

PMID- 2279547
TI  - Alpha-2b recombinant interferon (Intron-A) as maintenance treatment in multiple
      myeloma.

PMID- 2279550
TI  - Practical experience with a quality control procedure using retained patient
      specimens on Technicon H1 and COULTER S 880.
AB  - External quality assessment and internal quality control in hematology is
      complicated by the lack of good control materials. Commercial materials do not
      always behave as patient blood and they are expensive. Patient specimens are
      unstable, but may be used either within certain time limits or as in Bull's
      moving average for red cell indices. We have used retained patient specimens for
      internal quality control supplemented by a commercial control material. Three
      patient-specimens were run alternatively on a Technicon H1 and a Coulter 880 at
      regular intervals. The variations for each instrument and between instrument were
      computed. We used the 2 of 3 (2s) control rule. Our conclusion is that the
      Coulter 880 had an overall better performance than the Technicon H1 when using
      retained patient specimens. But both instruments practically met suggested
      analytical goals.

PMID- 2279551
TI  - Analytical goals for haematology tests.
AB  - All analytical methods can be defined in terms of their practicability and
      reliability performance characteristics. Desirable standards of performance, or
      analytical goals, are required for these, particularly for imprecision and
      inaccuracy. Goals for imprecision have been set using a variety of methods
      including reference values, opinions of clinicians, views of individuals, and
      data on biological variation. The last approach is currently favoured; desirable
      imprecision is equal to or less than one-half of the biological within-subject
      variation. If this goal is met, total variability of test results is increased by
      less than about 10% due to analytical variability. Valid estimates of within
      subject variability are available for the complete blood count. The goal for
      inaccuracy is that methods should have no bias so that results are comparable
      over time and geography; goals based on biological variation should be viewed and
      used, therefore, as goals for total error. In current practice, some of the goals
      cannot be met; they should be considered as targets worthy of achievement, not as
      inflexible criteria of acceptance or rejection of methods.

PMID- 2279552
TI  - Quality assurance in clinical laboratories. An updated supplement to a
      bibliography.
AB  - A supplement to a bibliography (Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1987;47 suppl. 187:1-96)
      dealing with quality assurance in the clinical laboratory is presented. The
      increasing role of national and international standardizing bodies is stressed as
      well as implementation of rules of "good laboratory practice". Objectively
      established quality goals for all services is highly needed in order to provide a
      rationale for the efforts dedicated to quality improvements. Quality goals for
      many clinical chemistry and haematology investigations are now available.

PMID- 2279553
TI  - A comparison of the differential white blood cell count using the Technicon H1,
      the Technicon H6000 and the Coulter VCS.
AB  - One hundred blood samples were analysed on Technicon H1, Technicon H6000, and
      Coulter VCS hematology analysers, and the white cell differential counts were
      compared. All three instruments showed very good agreement for neutrophils and
      lymphocytes, good agreement for eosinophiles, and acceptable agreement for
      monocytes. For the material analysed there were no disparities of clinical
      significance between the results obtained from the three instruments.

PMID- 2279554
TI  - Automated differential leukocyte counts in newborn infants. Comparison of Coulter
      VCS and Technicon H1 with manual counts.
AB  - There was good agreement between results obtained with Coulter VCS/Technicon H1
      and manual counting with respect to neutrophils and eosinophils. Coulter VCS
      overestimates the lymphocyte percentage compared to manual counting and to H1.
      If, however, the percentage of so called "naked" cells are added to the
      percentage of manually counted lymphocytes, the agreement between VCS and the
      manual method is improved. The alarms given by the two instruments are of little
      value in detecting left shift or nucleated red blood cells.

PMID- 2279555
TI  - External quality assessment of automated blood leukocyte differential counts and
      other simultaneous measured quantities.
AB  - An external quality assessment scheme (EQAS) of automated differential counts of
      leukocytes has been carried out using selected fresh blood specimens. The
      measurements were carried out one day after blood drawing because of the delay in
      the mail. Reference laboratories established target values for differential
      counts. They counted visually 600-700 cells in each specimen on smears. The
      consensus value among 12 laboratories for manual count of total leukocytes was
      used as target value, but was found on average 9% smaller than the average
      instrumental value. H1 results compared favorable with the target value for the
      differentials. The less advantageous findings on Coulter S + IV are partly
      explained by the age of the specimen when measured. The data indicated that
      better calibration of the instruments could decrease the overall variation of
      platelets counts and haemoglobin determinations. An EQAS involving measurement on
      fresh specimens is in progress.

PMID- 2279556
TI  - External quality assessment of haematology tests in Denmark.

PMID- 2279557
TI  - Coupling of H1 to a central laboratory computer, automated evaluation of
      instrument alarms.
AB  - Everyone who has worked with an H1 from Technicon knows that it pours out a vast
      number of asterisks and error flags and that the same information is hidden in
      different places. After comparing a great number of samples from H1 with manual
      methods, we found that we could reduce the number of alarms of medical
      significance to about 20. So we built a microcomputer which sends the test
      results, the asterisks and 20 user defined alarm flags to the host computer where
      the verification takes place. The verification program automatically approves of
      tests where no alarms, asterisks or high or low values occur. Tests with any kind
      of alarm or asterisk are displayed. Doubtful results are automatically deleted
      following specified rules, the meaning of the asterisks can be studied on a
      switch-screen like on H1, and the technician can take the appropriate action,
      microscopy, rerun or checking H1.

PMID- 2279558
TI  - Clinically based quality goals; a NORDKEM project.
AB  - The three main aspects of analytical quality are 'goals for analytical quality',
      'creation of analytical quality', and 'control of analytical quality'. In the
      NORDKEM-project 'medical need for quality specifications within laboratory
      medicine' the aspects of analytical quality are combined. The aims is to make an
      appraisal of the different approaches to goal setting, and to develop a practical
      procedure for assessing analytical quality requirements. The goals are used to
      define which demands should be met by the process of establishing and maintaining
      the quality, and for design of internal as well as external quality assurance
      procedures. The project is an umbrella project with three main subprojects and
      several satellite projects. In this presentation a model for evaluation of
      influence of analytical bias and imprecision on the outcome from a diagnostic
      classification based on bimodal distribution is described.

PMID- 2279559
TI  - Experiences with the "automated closed tube sampler".

PMID- 2279560
TI  - A device for easy removal of tubes from the "automated closed tube sampler".

PMID- 2279561
TI  - The disposal of chemical waste from hospital laboratories as background for the
      handling of waste from H1.

PMID- 2279562
TI  - What is the role of oral anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors in peripheral
      vascular surgery?

PMID- 2279563
TI  - Coagulopathy and abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - Coagulopathy has been described in association with intact, ruptured and repaired
      abdominal aortic aneurysm. This review examines the relationship and its clinical
      significance and outlines current management strategies.

PMID- 2279564
TI  - Surgical treatment of intestinal artery aneurysms.
AB  - Intestinal artery aneurysms are usually asymptomatic. However, occasionally they
      occur as a vascular emergency and when rupture occurs, mortality rates of up to
      75% have been reported. Therefore, elective surgery of asymptomatic intestinal
      artery aneurysms seems indicated provided that the procedure is safe with a low
      morbidity and mortality. We have reviewed the results of surgical treatment of
      eight patients with intestinal artery aneurysm who were operated on electively
      and seven who had emergency procedures over a 20 year period. Mortality was high
      when rupture had occurred, despite acute surgical intervention. After elective
      procedures however mortality and morbidity were substantially lower. Elective
      surgical intervention should therefore be performed as soon as an intestinal
      artery aneurysm is diagnosed.

PMID- 2279565
TI  - Electroretinography, retinal ischaemia and carotid artery disease.
AB  - Reduction in the amplitude of oscillatory potential (OP) on the B wave of an
      electroretinogram (ERG) is a sensitive index of experimental retinal ischaemia
      and is being used clinically to evaluate the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
      This study assessed whether electroretinography could detect retinal ischaemia in
      a group of patients with normal fluorescein angiograms and carotid
      atherosclerosis. Two groups of patients were studied. Group A (n = 15) had
      carotid atherosclerosis on duplex ultrasonography while a matched control group B
      (n = 15) had normal vessels. All patients in Group A had flurorescein angiograms.
      ERGs were recorded bilaterally using a Ganzfeld stimulator and Medelec
      oscilloscope. The OP amplitudes were determined using the peak-nadir method. Of
      the 60 eyes examined, 18 had abnormal OPs and all of these occurred in Group A;
      ten associated with ipsilateral non-stenosing carotid lesions and eight with
      critical stenoses. Twelve had normal OPs in Group A, only one of which was
      associated with severe disease. The mean OP amplitudes were 292 mu and 198 mu in
      Group A and 172.89 mu and 115.6 mu in Group B (P less than 0.005 Wilcoxon Rank
      Sum Test). (Two readings reflect Medelec readings before and after computer
      adjustments.) This study demonstrates by electroretinography significant retinal
      ischaemia in the presence of normal fluorescein angiography in patients with
      proven carotid artery disease. Further evaluation is required to determine the
      relative importance of flow reduction and silent micro-embolisation in the
      genesis of this ischaemia particularly in relation to pre- and postoperative
      evaluation.

PMID- 2279567
TI  - Aorto-iliac arteriosclerotic disease in young human adults.
AB  - A highly selected group of patients younger than 50 years of age operated on for
      isolated aorto-iliac arteriosclerotic disease over a 7 year period has been
      investigated. The group has a significant dominance of females, and the patients
      are further characterised by being apparently otherwise "healthy" individuals.
      The indication for surgery was intermittent claudication in 80% and rest
      pain/gangrene in the remainder, with a low postoperative morbidity and no
      mortality. The overall cumulative patency rate is 89% at 4 years. At follow-up, a
      large majority of the patients were free of symptoms and the long-term results
      were significantly better in females. The question arises whether our group of
      patients, especially the young females with isolated aorto-iliac arteriosclerotic
      lesion, represent a separate disease entity which, when properly treated, is a
      benign and curable condition.

PMID- 2279566
TI  - Recanalisation of occluded peripheral arteries by excimer laser.
AB  - Laser recanalisation was attempted in 24 patients with total segmental occlusions
      of the lower extremity arteries and the aortic arch branches. All patients were
      men aged 40-82 years, in 20 the lesions were caused by atherosclerosis, in three
      by Buerger's thromboangiitis and in one by postembolic occlusion. Angioplasty was
      performed using excimer lasers with a wavelength of 308 nm and with monofiber
      waveguides in the transcutaneous transcatheter mode. Recanalisation of the vessel
      throughout the length of the obliterated segment was successful in 13 out of 24
      patients. In all patients with thromboangiitis, energy losses were less than in
      atherosclerotic occlusions and no problems were experienced in patients with
      severe calcification. A high percentage of failures is a result of imperfect
      technology and low effectiveness of control, this must be improved. The
      Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery in collaboration with the Institute of General
      Physics has been developing a method of recanalisation of occluded arteries using
      excimer laser radiation. This paper is a preliminary analysis of our first
      clinical results.

PMID- 2279568
TI  - The triphasic pattern of skeletal muscle blood flow in reperfusion injury: an
      experimental model with implications for surgery on the acutely ischaemic lower
      limb.
AB  - A new model of acute lower limb ischaemia has been developed in the rat hind
      limb. The model has been used to examine the influence on skeletal muscle blood
      flow of increasing periods of ischaemia and reperfusion. Following restoration of
      blood flow after 2-6h ischaemia initial gastrocnemius muscle blood flow was
      reduced. The severity of initial low reflow, indicated by mean perfusion ratios
      at 0 and 10 min, correlated with the duration of preceding ischaemia (r = 0.83, p
      less than 0.05) and was greatest in limbs subjected to 6h ischaemia (p less than
      0.01 vs. controls at 0, 10 and 60 min after revascularisation). After 60-240 min,
      reperfusion muscle blood flow returned to normal in limbs subjected to 3, 4 or 5
      h ischaemia. In contrast, peak muscle blood flow in limbs that had been ischaemic
      for 6 h occurred after 120 min, although perfusion remained less than that
      measured in control limbs (p less than 0.05:6 h ischaemia, 120 min vs. control)
      (relative reperfusion). Limbs reperfused after 6 h ischaemia demonstrated a
      subsequent decline in muscle blood flow between 120 min and 240 min following
      revascularisation (p less than 0.05). In addition, muscle blood flow at 240 min
      was no different to that in a totally ischaemic limb (p less than 0.01 vs.
      controls; ns vs. ischaemic limb) thus representing reperfusion injury.

PMID- 2279570
TI  - Assessment of intermittent claudication by quantitation of exercise-induced
      microalbuminuria.
AB  - Urinary albumin excretion rates, expressed as albumin-creatinine ratios (ACR,
      mg/mmol) were measured before and after exercise in 23 claudicants and 10
      controls. The mean (range) resting ACRs in the claudicants and controls were 4.42
      (0.2-34.6) and 0.77 (0.3-2.8) respectively (P less than 0.001). ACR increased
      after exercise by a mean of 153% in claudicants to 9.7 (0.2-48.1; P less than
      0.001) with no change in controls, 0.79 (0.2-2.1). In patients with claudication
      there was a positive correlation between ankle pressure recovery time and the
      relative increase in ACR after exercise (r = 0.64, P less than 0.01). The post
      exercise increase in ACR was reduced in all nine patients who underwent bypass
      surgery. Measurement of ACR after exercise appears to be related to severity of
      muscle ischaemia and may assist in the assessment of patients with intermittent
      claudication.

PMID- 2279569
TI  - Transcranial Doppler sonography and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring in
      carotid surgery.
AB  - Ninety-seven patients undergoing 103 carotid operations were studied
      intraoperatively using somatosensory evoked potentials after median nerve
      stimulation (SEP) and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). SEP were recorded
      from the scalp (C3'-Fz or C4'-Fz) and from the second cervical vertebra. The
      amplitude of the primary cortical response (N20P25) was measured peak-to-peak.
      Central conduction time (CCT) resulted from the difference between the first
      negative cortical (N20) and cervical (N14) response. TCD was performed using a
      pulsed 2-MHz-Doppler device to record the mean blood flow velocity of the middle
      cerebral artery (Vm-MCA) transtemporally. TCD and SEP variables were registered
      prior to and after carotid clamping, at short intervals during the clamping
      period, and after declamping. Critical SEP alterations (N20P25 less than 50%
      and/or CCT greater than 20% compared to the preceding values) were regarded as
      significant indicators of cerebral ischaemia, and selective intraluminal shunting
      was generally based on SEP criteria. The incidence of critical SEP changes was
      compared to Vm-MCA reductions greater than 60% using the Chi2-test. With SEP
      always recordable, additional TCD monitoring was possible in only 78 patients in
      our series for technical or anatomical reasons. Vm-MCA reductions greater than
      60% were associated with critical SEP alterations in six cases. In five patients,
      Vm-MCA was reduced greater than 60% without relevant SEP changes, whereas one
      patient with critical SEP findings had only a minor Vm-MCA reduction (33%). In
      the remaining 66 cases, carotid clamping was tolerated without critical SEP
      changes associated with Vm-MCA reductions not exceeding 60%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279571
TI  - Penetrating trauma to the carotid vessels.
AB  - Over a 13 year period extending between April 1975 and June 1988, 510 neck
      injuries were treated at the American University of Beirut Medical Center; the
      carotid vessels were involved in 48 patients, resulting in 53 carotid injuries.
      The mean age of the patients was 25.3 years and shrapnel injuries were the
      commonest (45.8%), followed by bullet wounds (33%). Thirty-nine patients had a
      laceration and five had complete disruption of the carotid vessels and only three
      presented in coma. Shock was present in 14 patients, of whom five had a
      neurological deficit. In six the injured vessels were ligated, three of them were
      external carotid arteries. Nine patients were not initially operated on. Six of
      them had a chronic arterio-venous fistula and three were in coma. The remainder
      underwent surgical repair. Nine patients died, giving an overall mortality rate
      of 18.8%. Four of these died because of multisystem failure, thus giving a 10.4%
      mortality rate for the isolated carotid injury. There was definite improvement in
      the repaired group, but the haemodynamic status seemed to significantly affect
      the mortality rate (P less than 0.01). Follow-up of surviving patients has
      revealed five with persistent neurological deficits in the repaired group (33
      patients), and four patients with a chronic arterio-venous fistula. Two patients
      had a false aneurysm. Carotid artery injury seems to have a good prognosis if
      repaired promptly within 3 h.

PMID- 2279572
TI  - The imaging quality of angiodynography in the ilio-femoral tract.
AB  - The imaging quality of angiodynography (Quantum; Philips) in the ilio-femoral
      tract was compared with uniplanar angiography. One hundred ilio-femoral tracts
      were investigated with both translumbar conventional angiography and
      angiodynography. The ilio-femoral tract was divided into five parts; proximal and
      distal common iliac, proximal and distal external iliac and common femoral.
      Stenosis was scored from 0-24, 25-49, 50-74, 75-99 and 100% and the lengths of
      those of 25% or more were measured in centimeters. Because the thickness of the
      subcutaneous fat layer decreases the depth range (normally 11.5 cm) of the 5.0
      MHz transducer it was also measured in centimetres. The results showed that a
      significantly larger number of vessels were not seen (especially the common
      iliac) with an increasing thickness of the subcutaneous fat. The results based on
      the real-time imaging quality alone of angiodynography showed a reasonable
      accuracy of 83.9% when detecting stenoses graded from 0-24, 25-49, 50-74, 75-99
      up to 100%. The clinically more important discrimination between a
      haemodynamically important stenosis of more than 50% showed a sensitivity of 88%
      and specificity of 98% on visual information alone. By integrating the peak
      velocity measurements to the results, this sensitivity rose to 95% and the
      specificity became 99%. The correlation in length was within a range of 1 cm in
      94% and within 1-2 cm in 6% of the stenoses. In conclusion, angiodynography is a
      reliable technique for investigating the ilio-femoral tract.

PMID- 2279573
TI  - The pathogenesis of thrombosis in venous prostheses.
AB  - To evaluate the pathogenesis of thrombosis formation in synthetic venous grafts,
      the inferior vena cava of rabbits were replaced by woven Tetron (polyethylene
      terephtalate) grafts. Six animals were assigned as controls without medication
      (Group A), and 48 animals were randomly assigned to experimental groups as
      follows: ticlopidine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg/day) was administered orally from 5
      days prior to operation to the end of the experiment (Group B); warfarin sodium
      (0.33 mg/kg/day) was given orally for the same period (Group C); and a
      combination of ticlopidine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg/day) and warfarin sodium (0.16
      mg/kg/day) was administered for the same period (Group D). All the grafts in
      group A occluded within 3 h. All grafts harvested from groups B and D remained
      patent at least until the twenty-eighth day after grafting but the lumen was
      narrowed by intimal hyperplasia. Although the grafts from group C were patent at
      the seventh day, all grafts occluded with intimal hyperplasia on day 14 and day
      28. The dry weight of thrombus in the graft in group B and group D was 39 +/- 3
      mg and 30 +/- 2 mg, respectively on day 28. These figures were significantly
      lower than that of the control group 59 +/- 9 mg at 5 h after the initial
      heparinisation. Ultrastructural studies with scanning electron microscopy showed
      that the thrombus in the graft of the control group was composed of platelet
      aggregates anchored to synthetic fibres and of erythrocytes entrapped in the
      fibrin network. By day 7, in the groups modified with drugs, sheets of
      endothelial-like cells extended across both suture lines from the host stumps and
      extended to the middle of the graft thereafter. Light microscopy revealed that
      the initimal hyperplasia in groups B, C and D on day 28 were mainly composed of
      fibroblasts, myoblasts, collagenous fibres and micro-capillaries.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279574
TI  - The role of central haemodynamic monitoring in abdominal aortic surgery. A
      prospective randomised study.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that central haemodynamic monitoring is not necessary in
      all patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery, a prospective randomised study
      in 40 consecutive patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic surgery was
      carried out. Patients with unstable angina, recent myocardial infarction (less
      than or equal to 6 months), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less
      than 0.50 were excluded. Twenty-one patients had perioperative central
      haemodynamic monitoring while 19 patients had central venous pressure monitoring
      alone. Parameters studied included, perioperative haemodynamics and fluid
      balance, perioperative cardiac drug administration, operation time and clamp
      time, postoperative renal function, incidence of postoperative ventilation and
      line complications, duration of hospital and ICU stay, and 30 day postoperative
      outcome. Results obtained were compared with a high risk group of patients (LVEF
      less than 0.50) undergoing similar surgery. Statistical analysis failed to show
      any difference in outcome for any variable measured in either low risk group. All
      serious postoperative cardiac complications occurred in patients with LVEF less
      than 0.50 (P less than 0.0001). These data suggest that patients with LVEF
      greater than or equal to 0.50 are at low risk of developing postoperative cardiac
      complications and can be successfully managed perioperatively without the added
      potential risks and costs of central haemodynamic monitoring.

PMID- 2279575
TI  - Muscle ischaemia in peripheral vascular disease studied by 31P-magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy.
AB  - We have used 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to study foot
      muscle metabolism in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Sixteen patients
      with calf claudication, 32 patients with rest pain and 13 control subjects had
      spectra collected from the foot muscle, Extensor digitorum brevis, ankle
      pressures measured and, in most cases, transcutaneous O2 and CO2 recordings made
      over the foot. The intracellular pH and the ratio of inorganic phosphate to
      phosphocreatine (Pi/PCr) obtained from the MR spectra were significantly higher
      (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.02, respectively) in the muscle of patients
      with rest pain and were particularly high in those with gangrene or ulceration.
      Ankle pressures and transcutaneous O2 and CO2 measurements failed to distinguish
      those patients with advanced peripheral ischaemia. These results suggest that MRS
      measurements of metabolic changes in foot muscle are useful in the detection and
      quantitation of significant distal ischaemia.

PMID- 2279576
TI  - End-to-end anastomosis between two vessels of different size.
AB  - A technique enabling end-to-end anastomosis between two vessels of different size
      is described. This method reduces the larger vessel to a truncated cone by
      excision of a triangle the base of which corresponds to a part of its
      circumference. By this method, the diameters are easily adapted to one another
      and the end-to-end anastomosis remains centred.

PMID- 2279577
TI  - Caval thrombectomy in a ruptured aortic aneurysm associated with aorto-caval
      fistula.
AB  - Aorto-caval fistula is a rare but recognized complication of an aortic aneurysm.
      The association of pulmonary emboli has also been described and is attributed to
      paradoxical embolisation of the atheromatous contents of the aneurysm sac. This
      report describes a unique case of a fistula associated with a ruptured aneurysm
      in which a large intracaval thrombus was removed at the time of operation.

PMID- 2279578
TI  - Acute rupture of the abdominal aorta from cross clamp injury.
AB  - We report a case of rupture of the infrarenal abdominal aorta due to cross clamp
      injury. The mechanism of injury has been postulated and the literature on clamp
      injury has been reviewed.

PMID- 2279579
TI  - Seat-belt aortic injury.
AB  - A case of blunt injury to the abdominal aorta is presented. A deceleration injury
      with seat-belt compression caused dislodgement of atheromatous fragments as
      emboli from an atherosclerotic aorta. Atherosclerosis is common, and the
      compulsory wearing of seat-belts may make this injury more frequent.

PMID- 2279580
TI  - Non-atherosclerotic true aneurysm formation in a femoro-popliteal saphenous vein
      graft.

PMID- 2279581
TI  - Ischaemic colitis after aneurysm repair.

PMID- 2279582
TI  - Phagocytosis of synthetic particles in earthworms. Effect of antigenic
      stimulation and opsonization.
AB  - We examined the phagocytic activity of coelomocytes in earthworms Lumbricus
      terrestris. The synthetic polymeric HEMA particles were used in this study. The
      phagocytic capacity was increased after the protein administration or
      preincubation of HEMA particles with coelomic fluid. Furthermore, we isolated and
      characterized the proteins adsorbed on the surface of the particles which have
      opsonin-like properties.

PMID- 2279583
TI  - Enhancement of haemopoietic recovery in sublethally gamma-irradiated mice by the
      joint use of indomethacin and cystamine.
AB  - The effects of indomethacin and cystamine, administered prior to gamma
      irradiation of mice, were investigated. Synergistic enhancement of haemopoietic
      recovery was observed under the conditions of a joint use of both drugs. The
      reason for this synergistic action is probably a joint operation of two
      mechanisms, i.e., the lowering of the radiosensitivity of haemopoietic stem cells
      by cystamine and the increase of the proliferation of surviving haemopoietic
      cells by indomethacin.

PMID- 2279584
TI  - Active suppression of the proliferative response to interleukin-2 in tumour
      bearing mice.
AB  - Spleen cells from mice bearing progressively growing syngeneic methylcholanthrene
      induced sarcomas are immunologically hyporeactive and also their proliferative
      responses to interleukin-1 (IL-1) or interleukin-2 (IL-2) stimulation are
      considerably decreased. The hypo-reactivity to IL-2, but not to IL-1, is due to
      an active suppression: spleen cells from tumour-bearing mice inhibit the IL-2
      induced proliferation of cells from normal donors. Supernatants obtained after
      cultivation of spleen cells from mice bearing tumours show similar suppressive
      effects. The hyporeactivity to IL-2 and IL-1 in tumour-bearerers is not improved
      by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. The results show that
      the low reactivity to IL-2 in tumour-bearing mice is due to an active suppression
      mediated by spleen cells and their factor(s) and that more different mechanisms
      regulate responsiveness to interleukins in tumour-bearing hosts.

PMID- 2279585
TI  - Microtubular dynamics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae temperature-sensitive secretory
      mutants: the sec 1 product and polymerization of microtubules.
AB  - The relation of cytoplasmic microtubules to intracellular transport was studied
      in temperature-sensitive (ts) secretory mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at
      permissive and nonpermissive temperature using indirect immunofluorescence with
      monoclonal antibody TU-01 against alpha-tubulin. It was found that in the sec 1
      mutant, which at 37 degrees C accumulated secretory vesicles and in which
      therefore transport of secretory material from secretory vesicles to cytoplasmic
      membrane was inhibited, cytoplasmic and in some cases nuclear microtubules were
      impaired. After 4 h of postcultivation at 24 degrees C the altered phenotype
      reverted to the original state, the cells began to divide, and were comparable
      with control. Use of the sec 1 mutant protoplasts suggested that the product,
      whose gene is mutated, is probably involved in microtubular polymerization. The
      sec 7 mutant, which accumulates the Golgi complex under nonpermissive conditions
      and in which the transfer of secretory material from the Golgi complex to the
      secretory vesicles is thus inhibited, showed no significant changes in the length
      or number of cytoplasmic microtubules. As a result of secretory product
      accumulation, the cytoplasmic microtubules were displaced towards the periphery
      in some cells.

PMID- 2279586
TI  - The modulating influence of enkephalins on the bone marrow haemopoiesis in
      stress.
AB  - The influence of enkephalins on haemopoiesis was studied under conditions of
      stress. Administration of leu-enkephalin and dalargin to mice subjected to
      immobilization led to inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of
      haemopoietic precursor cells and to a reduction in the content of cellular
      elements of erythroid and granulocyte lineages of haemopoiesis. On the contrary,
      met-enkephalin produced a stimulating influence on the bone marrow haemopoiesis
      in stress. The regulatory influence of enkephalins is connected with reduction of
      glucocorticoid production and inhibition of migration to bone marrow of T
      lymphocyte regulators of haemopoiesis of the phenotype Lyt-1+, Lyt-2+ and with
      the direct action on the bone marrow cells. Participation of endogenous leu
      enkephalin in the haemopoiesis regulation in stress takes place at an early stage
      (the first 24 h) of the general adaptation syndrome formation.

PMID- 2279587
TI  - Cataract-related changes in protein aggregates of human lens studied by
      ultracentrifugation.
AB  - In human lens, cataract development causes an increase in the amount of protein
      aggregates. Their specific density of 1.25 g/ml is much higher than that of 1.14
      g/ml and 1.06 g/ml obtained for water-soluble proteins. During the formation of
      water-insoluble aggregates their size varies up to some micrometers. Infrared
      spectra of water-soluble protein and in the aggregates confirm that the content
      of bound water in aggregates decreases.

PMID- 2279588
TI  - Pretreatment with thymus cell-conditioned medium enhances the whole-animal
      survival of mice exposed to ionizing radiation.
AB  - Pretreatment with cell-free supernatant of thymus cell-conditioned medium (TCCM)
      protects mice in a dose-dependent manner from the lethal effect of ionizing
      radiation. A single dose of TCCM injected i.p. in a volume of 1.2 ml 8 h before
      lethal gamma irradiation with a dose of 9 Gy (LD95/30) protected 36% of C57BL/6
      mice. Four doses of TCCM injected i.p. in a volume of 0.8 ml once a day (i.e.,
      during four days), protected 50% of C57BL/6 mice. Application of five-fold
      concentrated supernatant of conditioned medium (cTCCM) in a volume of 1 ml i.p. 8
      h before irradiation with a dose of 9 Gy protected 75% of mice. On the other
      hand, no therapeutic effect of different doses of the supernatant fluids from
      thymus cell cultures was found. Our observations suggest that media conditioned
      by thymus cells can mediate a radioprotective effect.

PMID- 2279589
TI  - [Training and professional profile of dentistry in the EEC. 7].

PMID- 2279591
TI  - [Reduced cavities for amalgam fillings].
AB  - Teeth with small interproximal lesions can be treated with reduced cavities for
      amalgam. This kind of reconstruction produces a good retention while removing
      less healthy dental tissue and safeguarding the aesthetic appearance with the
      advantages of amalgam, which is better compared with composite resins, especially
      for proximal contact and marginal adaptation.

PMID- 2279590
TI  - [Diagnostic methods for pulp vitality. 2].

PMID- 2279592
TI  - [Sutures in dentistry. Traditional and PTFE materials].
AB  - Suture material in PTFE is successfully used in vascular and orthopaedic surgery
      since many years. More recently it has been applied also in periodontal
      surgeries, in the guided tissue regeneration technique, thanks to its chemical
      physical, mechanical and biological characteristics. The Authors tried to
      evaluate the indications for the use of this material in different situations in
      the dental practice. Furthermore a microbiologic study has been carried out, both
      in vivo and in vitro, and this material has been compared with the twisted coated
      silk to evaluate the different bacteriological characteristics. In particular it
      has been demonstrated the reduced adhesion of PTFE in comparison to the twisted
      silk. This characteristic seemed to be even more relevant after a longer stay of
      the materials in the oral cavity.

PMID- 2279593
TI  - [Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in ambulatory dentistry].
AB  - Recent advances in cardio-pulmonary resuscitation during cardiac arrest in
      odontoiatric center have been exposed.

PMID- 2279594
TI  - [Lever in tooth extraction. Physical and clinical principles].
AB  - In the present paper the physical principles of the lever applied on dental
      extraction have been discussed.

PMID- 2279595
TI  - [Doxa survey of dentistry in '90. Summary of results].

PMID- 2279596
TI  - [Financial relations between dentists and dental technicians in Luca Oddi].

PMID- 2279597
TI  - [Occlusal trauma and periodontal disease: review of the literature].

PMID- 2279598
TI  - [Mixed amalgam-composite restorations. A new conservative technique].
AB  - The Authors used two different materials: amalgam and composite, for the
      restoration of the same dental element. This type of reconstruction, defined as
      "mixed-restoration" is analysed both theoretically, demonstrating the principles
      which allowed its realization, and from a practical view-point, through the
      presentation of three clinical cases which clarify the technique used.

PMID- 2279600
TI  - [Neoplasms intrinsic to the cheek. Diagnostic and surgical approach].
AB  - In the light of nineteen personal observations during the past ten years, the
      Authors remember at first the anatomy of the cheek then the diagnostic approach
      and the surgery management of this complex region. They specify the variety of
      cheek space lesions and the possibility of rare or malignant masses involving the
      cheek. They emphasize the aesthetic results with the different surgery
      approaches.

PMID- 2279601
TI  - [Cystostomia. Preliminary surgery for a voluminous cyst].
AB  - The Authors present a case of voluminous dentigerous mandible cysts, treated by
      cystostomy as described by Partsch and resected after eighteen months, when the
      radiographical tests showed a remarkable reduction of its dimension. The Authors,
      even if they prefer the radical technique of operation as their choice in the
      treatment of the cystic forming of the jaw, underline the importance of an
      accurate clinical and X-ray valuation in the choice of the surgical protocol to
      follow in the treatment of the cysts of great dimension.

PMID- 2279599
TI  - [Bacampicillin in dentistry. Clinical efficacy and tolerance].
AB  - The efficacy and tolerability of the Bacampicillin was evaluated on 80 patients
      (40 males and 40 females) with infectious pathology. This antibiotic was
      delivered at different dosage, alone or in association with Fans. The Authors
      report the statistical results showing the good therapeutical activity, at full
      dosage, with minor side effects.

PMID- 2279602
TI  - [Dental photograph. Recording the front and profile. 8].

PMID- 2279603
TI  - [Anesthesia and resuscitation in dentistry. Professional responsibility. 1].

PMID- 2279604
TI  - [Correction of amalgam overhangs. Clinical considerations].
AB  - After a review about the gingival surface damages by amalgam alloy overhang, the
      Authors report a series of cases, which have been resolved either with a new
      amalgam or reducing the overhang.

PMID- 2279605
TI  - [Nimesulide and algo-edematous pathology of the oral cavity].
AB  - Nimesulide has been tested by the Authors on a group of 40 adults patients of
      both sexes that had undergone oral surgery. After careful clinical observation it
      was established that this drug has an excellent analgesic effect and is also
      effective as an antiedemigen and antiflogistic therapy. Furthermore the total
      tolerability of Nimesulide was established after noting the absence of
      gastroenteric or allergy symptoms.

PMID- 2279607
TI  - [Cardiovascular stress in dentists during orthodontic appointments].
AB  - Data from the present clinical research indicate that parental interference
      during an orthodontic session could influence the cardiovascular system of the
      dentist.

PMID- 2279606
TI  - [Magnetic resonance and TMJ. An elective diagnostic method].
AB  - The Authors consider magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with surface coils in the
      diagnosis of normal and abnormal temporomandibular joint. After describing
      technical data, the Authors discuss advantages and limitations of MR. The
      noninvasive and nonionizing characteristics of MR; the possibility to visualize
      at the same time soft and hard tissues of TMJ induce the Authors to maintain the
      validity of the technique and the potentiality for the future.

PMID- 2279608
TI  - [Gingival hyperplasia and hyper IgE syndrome].
AB  - The hyperimmunoglobulin E recurrent-infection syndrome is considered a primary
      immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by recurrent staphylococcal infections
      both cutaneous and pulmonary, chronic dermatitis, otitis and sinusitis. Our case
      report can be interesting for the age of the patient (39 years old), for the
      absence of visceral lesion and for the development of a peculiar gingival
      hyperplasia. The review of literature has shown that this kind of gingivitis is
      not usual but not extraordinary.

PMID- 2279609
TI  - [Tooth reimplantation. Clinical contribution].
AB  - The Authors show an original technical method to execute incisor teeth
      reimplantation. The clinical observation considers 8 cases of incisor teeth
      reimplantation.

PMID- 2279611
TI  - [Training and professional profile of dentistry in the EEC. 8].

PMID- 2279610
TI  - [White and red areas of the vestibular fornix].

PMID- 2279612
TI  - [Image of the office. Coordination of visual identity].

PMID- 2279613
TI  - Total etch, total seal, total success.

PMID- 2279614
TI  - Gut microflora and tissue protein turnover in vivo in animals.

PMID- 2279615
TI  - The membrane skeleton of erythrocytes: models of its effect on lateral diffusion.
AB  - The membrane skeleton, a network of structural proteins attached to the
      cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane, hinders lateral diffusion of integral
      proteins. 2. In some types of cells, such as epithelial cells and nerve cells,
      the obstruction of lateral diffusion by the membrane skeleton is one of the
      mechanisms by which proteins are localized to domains on the cell surface. 3. The
      effect of the membrane skeleton on lateral diffusion may involve steric
      hindrance, transient binding or both. Three pictures of the effect are reviewed,
      the discrete barrier model, the continuous barrier model and the transient
      binding model. 4. Experiments to distinguish the models are discussed.

PMID- 2279616
TI  - Calpains (intracellular calcium-activated cysteine proteinases): structure
      activity relationships and involvement in normal and abnormal cellular
      metabolism.
AB  - 1. Calpains (calcium-activated cysteine proteinases) have evolved by gene fusion
      events involving calmodulin-like genes, cysteine proteinase genes and other
      sequences of unknown origin. 2. The enzymes are composed of two non-identical
      subunits, each of which contains functional calcium-binding sequences. 3.
      Calpains are inhibited by the endogenous protein inhibitor, calpastatin and some
      calmodulin antagonists are also inhibitors of calpain. A number of synthetic
      proteinase inhibitors also inhibit calpains. 4. Calpains can be activated by
      phospholipids, an endogenous protein activator and some amino acid derivatives.
      5. Various protein substrates for calpains have been recognized in vitro, but the
      identity of in situ substrates remains unclear. 6. Proposals have been made for
      calpain function, including involvement in signal transduction, platelet
      activation, cell fusion, mitosis and cytoskeleton and contractile protein
      turnover. 7. Calpain and calpastatin expression is altered in a number of
      abnormal states including muscular dystrophy, muscle denervation and tenotomy,
      hypertension and platelet abnormalities.

PMID- 2279617
TI  - Identification of peptides from autolysates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that
      exhibit glucose tolerance factor activity in a yeast assay.
AB  - 1. Cationic fractions were isolated from a low chromium (less than 0.2 ppm)
      commercial yeast extract in an attempt to purify the material responsible for
      glucose tolerance factor (GTF) activity observed in a standard yeast assay
      system. 2. Following previously described procedures a fraction with GTF activity
      but containing negligible chromium was isolated, which on further purification
      was found to be composed of many separate small basic peptides. 3. Much of the
      activity of the yeast GTF material in the yeast assay could be attributed to the
      presence of basic peptides and free amino acids acting as nitrogen sources for
      the yeast. 4. Additional activity was present in the yeast GTF sample, which was
      not due to a synergistic effect of the mixed amino acids and peptides although
      the component of the yeast extract responsible for this activity was not
      identified. 5. The results show that the GTF fractions isolated according to most
      previously published procedures are highly impure, and conclusions drawn about
      the nature of GTF based on these isolates must remain open to question. 6. The
      activity due to the presence of peptides and amino acids is a major cause of lack
      of specificity of the yeast systems as an assay for GTF.

PMID- 2279618
TI  - Post mortem glycogenolysis is a combination of phosphorolysis and hydrolysis.
AB  - 1. Glycogen, glucose, lactate and glycogen phosphorylase concentrations and the
      activities of glycogen phosphorylase a and acid 1,4-alpha-glucosidase were
      measured at various times up to 120 min after death in the liver and skeletal
      muscle of Wistar and gsd/gsd (phosphorylase b kinase deficient) rats and Wistar
      rats treated with the acid alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose. 2. In all
      tissues glycogen was degraded rapidly and was accompanied by an increase in
      tissue glucose and lactate concentrations and a lowering of tissue pH. In the
      liver of Wistar and acarbose-treated Wistar rats and in the skeletal muscle of
      all rats glycogen loss proceeded initially very rapidly before slowing. In the
      gsd/gsd rat liver glycogenolysis proceeded at a linear rate throughout the
      incubation period. Over 120 min 60, 20 and 50% of the hepatic glycogen store was
      degraded in the livers of Wistar, gsd/gsd and acarbose-treated Wistar rats,
      respectively. All 3 types of rat degraded skeletal muscle glycogen at the same
      rate and to the same extent (82% degraded over 2 hr). 3. In Wistar rat liver and
      skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase was activated soon after death and the
      activity of phosphorylase a remained well above the zero-time level at all later
      time points, even when the rate of glycogenolysis had slowed significantly. Liver
      and skeletal muscle acid alpha-glucosidase activities were unchanged after death.
      4. The decreased rate and extent of hepatic glycogenolysis in both the gsd/gsd
      and acarbose-treated rats suggests that this process is a combination of
      phosphorolysis and hydrolysis. 5. Glycogen was purified from Wistar liver and
      skeletal muscle at various times post mortem and its structure investigated. Fine
      structural analysis revealed progressive shortening of the outer chains of the
      glycogen from both tissues, indicative of random, lysosomal hydrolysis. Analysis
      of molecular weight distributions showed inhomogeneity in the glycogen loss; in
      both tissues high molecular weight glycogen was preferentially degraded. This
      material is concentrated in lysosomes of both skeletal muscle and liver. These
      results are consistent with a role for lysosomal hydrolysis in glycogen
      degradation.

PMID- 2279619
TI  - Mechanism of proteolytic activation of rat liver protein kinase C generating
      Ca2(+)-phospholipid-independent form with apparent molecular mass of 80,000.
AB  - 1. New Ca2(+)-phospholipid-independent form of protein kinase C was produced by
      limited proteolysis with trypsin. 2. The molecular mass of this active enzyme was
      slightly smaller than that of original protein kinase C. 3. The active enzyme
      cross-reacted with antibody against the pseudosubstrate region on amino-terminal
      end of protein kinase C. 4. The active enzyme was inhibited by the peptide
      inhibitor derived from the pseudosubstrate region. 5. These results suggest that
      the limited proteolysis at or near the pseudosubstrate region made protein kinase
      C active without Ca2+ and phospholipid.

PMID- 2279620
TI  - Acid triacyglycerol lipase inhibitor in chicken plasma: purification and
      properties.
AB  - 1. Acid triacylglycerol lipase inhibitor was highly purified from chicken plasma
      by ammonium sulfate fractionation (0.6-1 saturation) followed by successive
      chromatographies on Hydroxyapatite, Blue-Cellulofine, Phenyl-Sepharose and
      Cellulofine GCL-2000 columns, and isoelectric focusing. 2. The lipase inhibitor
      showed its inhibitory action on triacylglycerol lipases in chicken erythrocytes
      ghosts and in chicken liver lysosome, but did not on pancreatic lipase, Rhizopus
      arrhizus lipase, or wheat germ lipase. 3. The inhibitor showed its molecular
      weight of 32,000 by Cellulofine GCL-2000 gel filtration. The inhibitor showed
      some heterogeneity on isoelectric focusing, and the main band had a pI of 5.10.
      4. The lipase inhibitor did not show any inhibitory action on trypsin or
      chymotrypsin.

PMID- 2279621
TI  - Cloning and analysis of the pseudogene for human epinephrine synthesizing enzyme,
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT).
AB  - 1. This gene completely lacks the intervening sequences. 2. This gene is
      truncated at the 5' end peptide encoding region by 433 base pairs (bp). 3. The
      502 bp of this gene containing poly(A) signal are completely identical to the 3'
      half of mRNA encoding region of functional gene. 4. This gene has a poly(A) tail
      and is flanked by direct repeat of 6 bp. 5. Here we report for the first time the
      complete sequence of a human pseudogene for phenylethanolamine N
      methyltransferase and this is the first report of cloning of pseudogene for
      catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes.

PMID- 2279622
TI  - Counseling clients about the pill.

PMID- 2279623
TI  - [Exogenous mineralocorticoid hypertension: pathogenetic and clinical
      considerations].

PMID- 2279624
TI  - [Cigarette smoking and group I pepsinogen levels. Study in a normal population].
AB  - Several studies have shown an influence of cigarette smoking on serum pepsinogen
      group I (PGI) levels in duodenal ulcer patients and in control subjects. The
      elevation of PGI in smokers has just been interpreted as reflecting some degree
      of smoking-induced inflammation of the gastric mucosa. We have determined fasting
      serum PGI by radioimmunoassay in 163 healthy subjects investigated by a survey
      conducted on a sample population of an urban area in the North-East of Italy by
      means of a random selection based on the public registers of home addresses. The
      data reported confirmed that PGI levels are increased by smoking in a healthy
      population. The main contribution of this study consists in demonstrating in a
      non-selected population an increase of the only parameter up to date claimed to
      be a possible serological predictive index for ulcer disease.

PMID- 2279626
TI  - [Clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: validity of a score system and its
      correlation with therapeutic choices in a case series of 51 patients].
AB  - The Authors have used, on a group of 51 patients, a score-system for the clinical
      diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. This system is based on clinical examination of
      the patients and utilizes a different value for each sign and symptom: each sign
      and symptom correspond to a positive number. Every patients was also undergone
      instrumental tests to confirm the diagnosis (i.e.: perfusion lung scanning and
      venous doppler) according to previously defined diagnostic program. A good
      relationship between the instrumental diagnosis and clinical probability was
      found with above mentioned score-system. The AA believe that this score-system is
      valid and that it can be used in elaborating diagnostic decision, particularly in
      those cases in which the diagnosis is not established by the instrumental tests
      and in which is not possible to perform pulmonary angiography.

PMID- 2279625
TI  - [Comparative assessment of arterial blood pressure and body composition in
      athletes practicing physical culture and in obese subjects].
AB  - The relationship between body weight excess and hypertension has been widely
      demonstrated. Some body-builders can reach an important body weight excess
      because of the skeletal muscle hypertrophy; their body mass index is comparable
      to that of obese subjects, although body fat excess is responsible for overweight
      in the latter. Blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and insulin, Na+, K+, Ca++
      urinary excretion have been compared in three groups of young males: 1. body
      builders with BMI greater than 27; 2. obese subjects with BMI greater than 27; 3.
      normal subjects with BMI less than 25. Systolic blood pressure was similar in
      body-builders and obese and significantly higher than in the control group.
      Diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and insulin were similar in
      normal subjects and in body-builders and significantly lower than in obese
      subjects. Although our results confirm the relationship between increased
      diastolic blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia and body fat excess, the finding of
      increased systolic blood pressure suggests caution in body-building, because
      systolic hypertension has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for vascular
      diseases.

PMID- 2279627
TI  - [Clonidine in the treatment of short stature: preliminary clinical experience].
AB  - Fourteen children between 5 and 12 years old at P1 B1 Tanner's pubertal stage
      were studied. Seven of them were affected by familiarly short height and seven
      had a constitutional growth delay. All those patients (responders) except two
      (hyporesponders) turned out positive to GH stimulation tests (GH to I.T.T., GH to
      clonidine test). We have treated with clonidine (0.100 mg/m2 for six months) all
      patients and there were significant results: higher values of basal GH and
      increase in the response to the clonidine test also in patients hyporesponders
      before treatment.

PMID- 2279628
TI  - Effect of dopamine on prostaglandin E2 content in gastric mucosa.
AB  - The effects of dopamine (DA) on the prostaglandin (PG) E2 content of rat gastric
      mucosa was investigated. There was a 17.5% increase in gastric mucosal blood flow
      (BF) after administration of DA (5 micrograms/kg/min iv). After pretreatment with
      fusaric acid (FA), an antagonist of dopamine beta hydroxylase, DA increased BF by
      27.8%. The PGE2 content in DA and DA + FA groups increased at rates of 45.8% and
      42.4%, respectively. The PGE2 content in gastric mucosa after incubation
      following Basso's method, increased in the DA, DA + FA and noradrenaline (NA)
      groups to 3.32 +/- 0.40 micrograms/g, 3.30 +/- 0.39 micrograms/g and 3.37 +/-
      0.42 micrograms/g respectively. It is concluded that there are no differences in
      PGE2 content among the DA, DA + FA and NA groups. The mechanism by which PGE2
      content increases after administration of DA is the direct action of DA and/or
      increasing BF. It is suspected that DA directly affects PGE2 synthesis, however
      the possibility that DA is metabolized to NA, which secondarily results in
      increased PGE2 synthesis, cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2279629
TI  - Gastric red spots in patients with cirrhosis: subclinical condition of gastric
      mucosal hemorrhage?
AB  - The present study was intended to assess the incidence and the nature of gastric
      red spots (GRS) in patients with liver cirrhosis. Endoscopically, GRS was more
      frequently observed in patients with cirrhosis (n = 146) than those without
      cirrhosis (n = 103) (43.2% vs. 4.8%; P less than 0.001). There was no
      relationship between the incidence of GRS and the severity of cirrhosis or the
      size of varices. Portal venous pressure was higher in cirrhotics with GRS (n =
      21) than those without GRS (n = 25) (33.7 +/- 6.0 mmHg vs. 28.2 +/- 4.8 mmHg; P
      less than 0.001). Morphometric analysis using the biopsied specimens was made in
      16 cirrhotics with GRS, 12 cirrhotics without GRS, and 15 non-cirrhotics. The
      capillary bed occupation ratio (vascular area/mucosal area) was higher in
      cirrhotics with GRS (9.3 +/- 4.0%) than those without GRS 84.1 +/- 1.1%) or the
      non-cirrhotics (3.4 +/- 9.8%) (P less than 0.005, P less than 0.005), while there
      was no significant differences in the number of capillaries per unit area.
      Infiltrating inflammatory cell count was similar among the three groups.
      Extravascular red blood cell count per unit area was higher in cirrhotics with
      GRS (29.7 +/- 31.4) than those without GRS (5.4 +/- 5.1) or non-cirrhotics (5.4
      +/- 6.3) (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01). Furthermore, extravasation of red
      blood cells through defective portion of the endothelium and interposition of red
      blood cells in interepithelial spaces were observed electron microscopically in
      cirrhotics with GRS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279630
TI  - Disorders of bone metabolism caused by small bowel resection in rats.
AB  - Disorders of bone metabolism caused by resection of three quarters of the small
      bowel in rats were investigated biochemically and histomorphologically. Metabolic
      bone disorders developing 90 days after in 75%-distal-small-bowel resected rats
      were characterized by reduction in ash content of the femur and by the
      disappearance of the trabecular bone in tibial metaphysis. Biochemical studies
      showed significant decrease in serum Ca and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
      concentrations in 75% distal small bowel resected rats. These data suggest that
      75% distal small bowel resection impairs intestinal absorption of calcium and
      results in a negative calcium balance, which may contribute to the development of
      bone metabolic disorder in rats. On the other hand, 75% proximal small bowel
      resection causes no obvious metabolic bone disorders in rats, possibly because of
      the adaptation by the remaining part of the intestine.

PMID- 2279632
TI  - Ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in cultured hepatocytes from chronic
      alcoholic rats.
AB  - In this study the authors analyzed ethanol (Et-OH) and acetaldehyde (Ac-CHO)
      metabolism in cultured hepatocytes isolated from chronic alcoholic rats.
      Hepatocytes were isolated and cultured from two groups of rats, one was fed with
      a liquid diet containing Et-OH and another was pair-fed with a control diet for 4
      weeks. After 48 hours of the primary culture, Et-OH was added to the culture
      medium at a final concentration of 5 mM with or without 2 mM 4-methyl pyrazole
      (Py). Serial changes of Et-OH and Ac-CHO levels in the medium for 48 hours were
      determined in 4 groups of the alcohol alone, alcohol-Py, control and control-Py
      groups. In the alcohol alone and control groups, Et-OH disappearance rates (EDR),
      which are roughly equivalent to Et-OH oxidation rates in the hepatocytes, were
      significantly higher than those in the corresponding Py treated groups. In the
      two alcoholic groups, the EDR was significantly higher than those in the
      corresponding control groups. In cultured hepatocytes, 75-80% of Ac-CHO produced
      from Et-OH was oxidized. The increasing rates of Ac-CHO (AcICR), a function of Ac
      CHO production and oxidation rates in the hepatocytes, increased in parallel with
      the increase in the EDR. However, the AcICR/EDR rate, which is a parameter of the
      Ac-CHO oxidation rate in the hepatocytes, was not different among the 4 groups.
      These results indicate that the cultured cells maintain the characteristics of Et
      OH metabolism in chronic alcoholic rats and may also be used for the study of Et
      OH and Ac-CHO metabolism as an in vitro model.

PMID- 2279631
TI  - Lymphoid cell subsets in colonic mucosa and HLA-DR antigens on colonic epithelia
      in colitis excluding ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
AB  - Lymphoid cell subsets, including T cells as well as Ig-containing cells in the
      colonic mucosa and HLA-DR antigens on colonic epithelia, were examined in non-IBD
      colitis (colitis excluding ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease) by the
      indirect immunoperoxidase staining method. Mouse anti-CD5, CD8, CD4, IgG, IgA1,
      IgA2, IgM, IgD, IgE, HLA-DR, and NuIa monoclonal antibodies were used as the
      first antibody. The results were compared to those of the normal controls and UC.
      T cell subsets in non-IBD colitis were almost similar to those of the controls
      and UC. The number of Ig-containing cells of all classes, except for IgA, tended
      to be increased in non-IBD colitis. In particular, both IgG- and IgE-containing
      cells were significantly increased compared to those in the controls. Compared to
      UC, IgG-containing cells were decreased in non-IBD colitis. Namely, in non-IBD
      colitis, as well as in UC, the change of Ig-containing cells (B cell lineage) was
      more pronounced than that of T cells. The frequency of the expression of HLA-DR
      antigens on colonic epithelia in non-IBD colitis was 70%, which was significantly
      higher than that in controls (0%), but significantly lower than that in UC
      (100%). Whether the differences in the number of IgG-containing cells, and the
      frequency of epithelial HLA-DR expression between non-IBD colitis and UC was due
      to the differences of the degree of local inflammation or due to the differences
      of the nature of the two diseases was not elucidated in this study.

PMID- 2279633
TI  - Discrimination of liver cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis by analysis of serum
      cholinesterase isozymes using affinity electrophoresis with concanavalin A or
      wheat germ agglutinin.
AB  - Isozymic alteration of serum cholinesterase (ChE) was investigated in patients
      with chronic liver diseases using affinity electrophoresis with concanavalin A
      (Con A) or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). On Con A-containing agarose gel
      electrophoresis, three bands with enzyme activity (named bands I to III, from the
      anodic side to the cathodic) were observed in sera of normal controls.
      Disappearance of band II was observed in 50% (15/30) of cirrhotic patients, but
      only one of 20 patients with chronic hepatitis lacked band II of the serum ChE
      isozymes. Meanwhile, WGA-containing agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that
      normal controls had four ChE isozymes (named bands I to IV from the anodic side
      to the cathodic). These four isozymes were also observed in patients with chronic
      hepatitis. However approximately 67% (20/30) of cirrhotic patients lacked band II
      of ChE isozymes. When these two affinity electrophoreses were used in
      combination, 22 (73%) of 30 cirrhotic patients had isozymic alteration of their
      serum ChE on either Con A-containing or WGA-containing agarose gel
      electrophoresis, or both. Thus, affinity electrophoreses with Con A and WGA
      seemed to be useful methods in differentiating liver cirrhosis from chronic
      hepatitis.

PMID- 2279634
TI  - Effect of a synthetic protease inhibitor (Fut-175) on coagulation abnormalities
      during experimental acute pancreatitis in dogs.
AB  - The coagulation disturbance observed during severe acute pancreatitis before and
      after the infusion of a new synthetic low molecular weight protease inhibitor
      (Fut-175) was compared. The coagulo-fibrinolytic changes after acute pancreatitis
      was induced by the intraductal injection of an autologous bile and trypsin
      mixture showed decreased platelet counts, decreased plasma fibrinogen levels,
      prolonged partial prothrombin time and increased fibrinogen degradation products.
      In addition, markers of hypercoagulation showed increased fibrin-peptide A and
      decreased antithrombin III. The two markers of fibrinolysis showed increased B
      beta 15-42 immunoreactive peptide and decreased alpha 2 antiplasmin. After the
      infusion of Fut-175, the coagulo-fibrinolytic abnormalities, which were observed
      during severe acute pancreatitis without infusion of Fut-175, were improved.
      Furthermore, Fut-175 could suppress the rise in fibrino-peptide A and B beta 15
      42 immunoreactive peptide and decrease in antithrombin III and alpha 2
      antiplasmin. Thus, Fut-175 seems to be an effective inhibitor of protease
      mediated hypercoagulation and fibrinolysis in severe acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2279635
TI  - Bile acid profile and decrement rate of serum total bilirubin after biliary
      drainage.
AB  - Non-esterified (non-sulfated and non-glucuronidated) bile acid profile in the
      serum and bile was assessed using mass fragmentation spectrometry in relation to
      the decrement rate of the serum total bilirubin after relief of the biliary
      obstruction by external biliary drainage in fourteen patients. Biliary excretion
      of the total bile acid was decreased and the serum ratio of cholic to
      cenodeoxycholic acid was low in the patients with refractory jaundice. An unusual
      bile acid, 3 beta,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid, was detected in
      the sera of all patients early after biliary drainage. Disappearance of this bile
      acid from the serum was delayed in refractory jaundice. These findings suggested
      that extremely prolonged jaundice after biliary drainage resulted from profound
      liver cell damage secondary to biliary obstruction.

PMID- 2279636
TI  - Adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach presenting "giant gastric folds".
AB  - We report a case of adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach. Grossly, the tumor
      showed "giant gastric folds" involving the fornix and body, and histologically
      was composed of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma components. Both
      components diffusely proliferated and infiltrated in the gastric wall, mainly in
      the mucosa and submucosa, where prominent inflammatory changes such as
      desmoplasia and edema were observed. There were many intermingled foci of both
      components, and direct transitions between them were frequently observed.
      Immunohistochemically, adenocarcinoma cells were positive for secretory component
      and carcinoembryonic antigen and negative for involucrin, while the squamous cell
      carcinoma component was positive for involucrin and negative for carcinoembryonic
      antigen. It was suggested in this case that squamous metaplasia might have arisen
      multifocally in a preexisting adenocarcinoma and that diffuse proliferation and
      infiltration of carcinoma cells with prominent inflammatory changes in the
      submucosa might be responsible for the formation of "giant gastric folds".

PMID- 2279637
TI  - A case report of primary fibrosarcoma of the liver.
AB  - A 75-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of right
      hypochondrial pain. Echo sonography and computed tomography demonstrated a large
      tumor with irregular internal density in the right lobe of the liver. Angiography
      revealed a moderately hypervascular tumor. She was treated with transcatheter
      arterial embolization. Three weeks later, the tumor ruptured. She died of
      accompanying acute myocardial infarction seven months after the onset of the
      illness. Autopsy revealed primary fibrosarcoma of the liver. The tumor appearance
      varied from firm whitish to soft myxomatous. A part of the tumor showed
      hemorrhagic necrosis. There was no intrahepatic metastasis. The tumor tissue was
      composed of spindle shaped cells and immunohistochemically stained with vimentin.

PMID- 2279638
TI  - Lymphoepithelial cyst in the pancreas: a case report.
AB  - A case of lymphoepithelial cyst in the pancreas was reported. A 64-year-old man
      without any specific complaints was found to have a cystic lesion in the anterior
      portion of the pancreas, as revealed by ultrasonography of the abdomen at an
      annual medical examination in 1988. This was dissected easily from the pancreas.
      Histologically, it was diagnosed to be a benign lymphoepithelial cyst in the
      pancreas. Cysts of this type are rare, and their histogenesis is also not well
      understood.

PMID- 2279639
TI  - A case of spontaneous mesenteric hematoma and a review of 17 cases in Japan.
AB  - A 47 year-old male was admitted to Miyazaki Medical college Hospital for further
      evaluation of an abdominal mass in the left upper quadrant. Abdominal ultrasound
      (US) and abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed two cystic masses in the
      mesenterium, which were suspected to be hematomas, but were not related to the
      pancreas, kidney or spleen. Superior mesenteric artery angiography and gallium
      (GA)-scintigraphy showed no definite findings. The patient underwent laparotomy
      on a suspicion of mesenteric hematoma. Two 4 x 3 x 3 cm soft tumors were found in
      the small intestinal mesenterium. These masses were histopathologically hematomas
      and surrounded by thick collagenous granulation tissue. The patient had no recent
      history of abdominal trauma, taking drugs capable of producing bleeding tendency,
      and/or vascular disease. The case was diagnosed as spontaneous mesenteric
      hematoma.

PMID- 2279640
TI  - Colonoscopy for investigation of unexplained rectal bleeding in a tropical
      country.
AB  - One hundred and forty four patients underwent colonoscopy to detect the cause of
      rectal bleeding. This was successful in either identifying the lesion or
      excluding the presume of lesions up to the cecum in 88.8% patients. The source of
      bleeding was diagnosed in 106 (73.61%) patients. Predominant lesions were
      nonspecific colitis and ulcers (62.26%), polyps (17.92%), cancer (8.49%), rectal
      varices (3.77%) and tuberculosis (1.88%). The remainder had other colonic
      conditions such as radiation colitis, ischemic colitis, vascular malformation,
      diverticulosis, right sided ulcerative colitis and pseudo-pancreatic cyst
      communicating with the descending colon. The majority (94.33%) of these lesions
      involved the left colon. Thus colonoscopic examination was useful in localizing
      the cause of rectal bleeding and the predominant lesions were differed from those
      reported in the western hemisphere.

PMID- 2279641
TI  - Minor papilla cannulation and dorsal ductography in pancreas divisum.
AB  - Until recently, pancreas divisum represented a major technical barrier to a
      complete evaluation of pancreatic ductal anatomy. Technical refinements have now
      made it possible to achieve minor papilla cannulation and dorsal ductography in
      more than 90% of attempts. In 120 consecutive dorsal ductograms, structural
      pathology was demonstrated in 36 subjects (30%): chronic pancreatitis in 23,
      pancreatic stones in 10, pseudocyst(s) in 4, ductal "cut-off" in 7, pancreatic
      cancer in 3, and partial agenesis in 1 (some patients had more than one finding).
      For patients in whom alcohol abuse was excluded, ductal pathology was present in
      25%. Abnormal ventral ductograms were present in only 8% of cases, demonstrating
      that dorsal ductography has an appreciable additional diagnostic yield. When the
      clinical situation indicates the need for pancreatography, minor papilla
      cannulation should be performed if major papilla cannulation fails or reveals
      only the ventral pancreatogram of pancreas divisum.

PMID- 2279642
TI  - Long-term follow-up in patients who have undergone balloon dilation for gastric
      outlet obstruction.
AB  - Although balloon dilation for gastric outlet obstruction has supplanted vagotomy
      plus drainage or resective therapy in some institutions, there are no long-term
      data which demonstrate what percentage of patients ultimately requires surgical
      intervention. Of 23 evaluable patients treated with hydrostatic balloon dilation
      in our institution, 70% were asymptomatic at a mean follow-up of 2.5 years. Five
      patients required surgery--one for acute perforation and the other four for
      symptoms of continued obstruction, despite one to three additional attempts at
      dilation. Only three of seven patients with previous gastric resection had a
      satisfactory long-term result. Whereas endoscopic therapy initially cost one
      tenth to one fifth that of surgical intervention, such figures do not factor for
      loss of productivity, on the one hand, or potential need for chronic H2 blockade,
      on the other. Despite instruction to the contrary, only 6 of 15 (40%) active
      patients continue acid-suppressive therapy. We conclude that balloon dilation
      remains a viable alternative for selected patients with gastric outlet
      obstruction.

PMID- 2279643
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasonography in diagnosis of the extent of gallbladder carcinoma.
AB  - Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was performed preoperatively in 39 patients with
      gallbladder carcinoma. Diagnosis of the anatomical extent of gallbladder
      carcinoma was compared with histologic analysis, and staging accuracy was
      evaluated according to the TNM classification. Carcinoma considered to be at an
      early stage with no lymph node metastasis was correctly diagnosed in 87.5%.
      Differential diagnosis between early and advanced staged tumors was possible in
      79.5%. Overall accuracy for depth of tumor invasion (T) was 76.9%. Limitations
      were due to many stones in the gallbladder and microinfiltration of carcinoma.
      Assessment of regional lymph node metastasis (N) was at a sensitivity of 81.8%
      and specificity of 92.9%, for an overall accuracy of 89.7%. We believe endoscopic
      ultrasonography is useful in the clinical staging of gallbladder carcinoma.

PMID- 2279646
TI  - Endoscopic and histologic appearance of the gastric mucosa in patients with
      portal hypertension.
AB  - To assess reliability of the endoscopic and histologic appearance of the gastric
      mucosa for diagnosing portal hypertension, 50 patients with portal hypertension
      and 1323 controls were studied. Endoscopic evidence of mild gastritis was seen
      more frequently in patients with portal hypertension than in the control group
      (42% vs. 13.1%, p less than 0.001). The mosaic sign was also seen more frequently
      in patients with portal hypertension compared with controls (14% vs. 0.9%, p less
      than 0.001). However, the mosaic sign was found to be nonspecific, and the
      sensitivity for diagnosis of portal hypertension was only 14%. Biopsy specimens
      from the stomach of all patients with portal hypertension and 100 controls with a
      normal endoscopic appearance revealed mucosal vascular congestion in 72% of
      patients with portal hypertension compared with 59% of controls (NS). There was
      no correlation between endoscopic and histologic evidence of congestive
      gastropathy. Similarly, there was no correlation between the severity of mucosal
      vascular congestion and the degree of inflammatory changes observed in the biopsy
      specimens; both in the control (r = 0.1) and in patients with portal hypertension
      (r = 0.14). It is concluded that endoscopic and histologic features of the
      gastric mucosa in patients with portal hypertension are of low sensitivity and
      nonspecific and cannot be used to diagnose portal hypertension.

PMID- 2279644
TI  - Prospective randomized comparison of esophageal variceal sclerotherapy agents:
      sodium tetradecyl sulfate versus sodium morrhuate.
AB  - We designed a prospective randomized study to evaluate differences in efficacy
      and complication rate between the two most commonly used sclerosing agents,
      sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STD) and sodium morrhuate (MOR). Of 41 patients with
      acute index variceal bleeding initially evaluated, 21 were randomized to receive
      0.75% STD and 20 to receive 1.6% MOR diluted with 50% dextrose. Overall mortality
      for the STD group was 38% and that for the MOR group was 25% (NS). Control of
      acute bleeding was achieved in 86% of the STD patients and 90% of the MOR
      patients (NS). Overall, obliteration was achieved in only 33% of the STD group
      and 25% of the MOR group; but in those patients who remained in the study over 3
      months, obliteration was achieved in 87 and 83%, respectively (NS). There was a
      trend toward higher rebleeding in the STD group compared with the MOR group (81%
      vs. 51%) (p = 0.078), but there was no significant difference between the STD and
      MOR patients with regard to transfusion requirements (8.4 units/patient vs. 8.7
      units/patient), ulceration (53% vs. 40%), or stricture formation (9.5% vs. 0.0%).
      The results of this study suggest that STD and MOR are clinically equivalent
      sclerosing solutions, and that bias favoring use of one agent over the other may
      be unfounded.

PMID- 2279645
TI  - Endoscopic variceal ligation in patients who have failed endoscopic
      sclerotherapy.
AB  - Endoscopic variceal ligation has been developed as an alternative to endoscopic
      sclerotherapy. We report a series of 12 men with a history of bleeding esophageal
      varices who were treated with endoscopic variceal ligation after they had failed
      sclerotherapy. Hemostasis was achieved in all 10 patients who were bleeding at
      the time of initial endoscopy and again in those who subsequently re-bled. Over a
      follow-up period of up to 22 months, varices have been and remain eradicated in
      five patients; in four others, a reduction in grade was noted before death (two
      patients), liver transplant, or loss to follow-up (one patient each); two
      patients died before they could be re-evaluated, while in the remaining patient,
      no reduction in variceal grade was noted before loss to follow-up. No
      complication was recorded after 35 endoscopic treatment sessions involving a
      total of 245 rubber band ligations. Our results indicate that endoscopic variceal
      ligation may be used with success in patients who fail sclerotherapy.

PMID- 2279647
TI  - Endoscopic findings in Yersinia enterocolitica enterocolitis.
AB  - The endoscopic findings in the colon and terminal ileum in eight cases of
      Yersinia enterocolitica enterocolitis infection were studied. The diagnosis was
      based on the isolation of Y. enterocolitica in the feces and/or elevated serum
      antibody titers to the organism. Total colonoscopy was performed between 7 and 38
      days (mean, 24 days) after the onset of symptoms. In all patients, the terminal
      ileum was affected, followed by frequent involvement of the ileocecal valve and
      the cecum, and less frequently, the ascending colon. In the terminal ileum, round
      or oval elevations with or without ulcers were detected. Small ulcers were
      detected on the ileocecal valve and in the cecum. These findings were observed
      even 4 to 5 weeks after the onset of symptoms, suggesting a relatively long
      course for this disease.

PMID- 2279649
TI  - Short-tipped Savary dilators.

PMID- 2279648
TI  - Endoscopic biopsy has limited accuracy in diagnosis of ampullary tumors.
AB  - Endoscopic biopsy specimens and surgically resected specimens in a collective
      series of 78 Japanese patients with ampullary tumor were retrospectively reviewed
      to investigate the clinical implications of endoscopic biopsy. Endoscopic biopsy
      specimens were classified into five groups based on the degree of epithelial
      atypia: group 1 (no atypia), group 2 (mild atypia), group 3 (moderate atypia or
      adenoma), group 4 (severe atypia or carcinoma in situ), and group 5 (invasive
      carcinoma). Final diagnosis of the 78 resected ampullary tumors was adenoma in
      five cases, carcinoma in 27 cases, and both adenoma and carcinoma in 46 cases.
      Biopsy accuracy of carcinoma (group 4 or 5) was 70% (51 of 73) overall in 73
      carcinoma cases. Biopsy accuracy was 50% (7 of 14) in the intramural protruding
      type, 64% (21 of 33) in the exposed protruding type, and 88% (23 of 26) in the
      ulcerating type. The diagnostic accuracy of adenoma (group 3) was 80% (4 of 5) in
      five cases of ampullary adenoma. In 18 (25%) of the 73 carcinoma cases, biopsy
      diagnosis was adenoma (group 3), whereas carcinoma was found in the deeper layers
      of surgically resected specimens. Biopsy diagnosis of adenoma does not rule out
      the possibility of deeper carcinoma in ampullary tumors.

PMID- 2279650
TI  - Multiple stent placement with a new steerable guide wire.

PMID- 2279651
TI  - Evaluation of a new catheter (ER-PT) suitable for both diagnostic ERCP and
      endoscopic papillotomy.

PMID- 2279652
TI  - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in the swine: a new model for endoscopic
      training and hepatobiliary research.

PMID- 2279654
TI  - Ectopic papilla of Vater.

PMID- 2279653
TI  - Disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS: an unusual case of esophageal involvement
      and gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2279655
TI  - Needle knife papillotomy for an impacted common bile duct stone during pregnancy.

PMID- 2279656
TI  - Pancreaticobiliary fistula and obstructive jaundice complicating 125I
      interstitial implants for pancreatic cancer: endoscopic diagnosis and management.

PMID- 2279657
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of patients with biopsy negative gastric
      linitis plastica.

PMID- 2279658
TI  - Anthracosis of the esophagus.

PMID- 2279659
TI  - Esophageal lichen planus.

PMID- 2279660
TI  - Inverted upper gastrointestinal endoscope in the esophagus: technique of
      endoscopic straightening with an auxiliary instrument.

PMID- 2279661
TI  - The evolution of the lesion in the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome.

PMID- 2279662
TI  - Gastric syphilis simulating linitis plastica type of gastric cancer.

PMID- 2279663
TI  - Endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of the AIDS victim.

PMID- 2279665
TI  - Afflicted endoscopists.

PMID- 2279664
TI  - Progress is a double-edged sword.

PMID- 2279666
TI  - Variant pancreatography.

PMID- 2279667
TI  - Nasobiliary remote high-dose rate radiation.

PMID- 2279668
TI  - The significance of small colonic polyps found at flexible sigmoidoscopy.

PMID- 2279669
TI  - Differential diagnosis of tumor-like appearance of the papilla of Vater.

PMID- 2279670
TI  - Intravenous glucagon facilitates removal of gastrostomy tube.

PMID- 2279671
TI  - Endoscopic severity index for Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2279672
TI  - Extended colonoscopy.

PMID- 2279673
TI  - Colonoscope incarceration: an avoidable event.

PMID- 2279674
TI  - Plastic bag precautions during testing for Helicobacter pylori.

PMID- 2279675
TI  - Achalasia and esophageal carcinoma: is surveillance justified?

PMID- 2279676
TI  - Videotape consultation.

PMID- 2279677
TI  - Balloon retrieval of biliary stents.

PMID- 2279679
TI  - Unclogging percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes.

PMID- 2279678
TI  - Replacement gastrostomy tube as a cause of gastric outlet obstruction.

PMID- 2279680
TI  - Endoscopic removal of solitary hamartomatous polyps of the duodenum.

PMID- 2279681
TI  - Variable stiffening device for colonoscopy.

PMID- 2279683
TI  - Pharmacological activity of adenine dinucleotides in the periphery: possible
      receptor classes and transmitter function.
AB  - 1. The pharmacological actions of adenine dinucleotides, in particular beta
      nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
      phosphate (NADP) and a homologous series of alpha,omega-adenine dinucleotide
      polyphosphates has been reviewed. 2. It is apparent that many actions of NAD can
      be explained in terms of activation of P1-purinoceptors, but actions of NADP
      cannot be explained in terms of activation of P1- or P2-purinoceptors. 3.
      Similarly, pharmacological activities of P1,P3-diadenosine triphosphate and P1,P4
      diadenosine tetraphosphate are not in keeping with activation of P1- or P2
      purinoceptors. 4. In the vas deferens and urinary bladder, P1,P4-diadenosine
      tetraphosphate, P1,P5-diadenosine pentaphosphate and P1,P6-diadenosine
      hexaphosphate act on P2x-purinoceptors and can cause desensitization of these
      receptors. 5. It is suggested that classes of receptors for adenine dinucleotides
      exist which are distinct from either P1- or P2-purinoceptors. 6. It is also
      suggested that in view of the finding of high concentrations of alpha,omega
      adenine dinucleotide polyphosphates in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, and of
      the involvement of the P2x-purinoceptor in the vas deferens and urinary bladder
      with purinergic neuromuscular transmission, that alpha,omega-adenine dinucleotide
      polyphosphates may yet be discovered in autonomic neurones and serve as
      neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2279682
TI  - Pyelo-choledochal fistula secondary to pancreatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2279684
TI  - Comparison of the effect of prazosin with that of dihydrobenzperidol and
      nifidepine on thermoregulatory responses produced by pyrogen in rabbits.
AB  - 1. Thermal responses to prazosin (0.75 mg/kg; i.v.), dihydrobenzperidol (0.75
      mg/kg or 2.25 mg/kg; i.v.), nifidepine (0.05 mg/kg or 0.16 mg/kg; i.v.)
      administered in the form of bolus injection or infusion were investigated in
      febrile rabbits. 2. Pyrogen (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, LPS, 1 mcg/kg;
      i.v.) produced a fever reaction resulting from stimulation of the metabolic rate
      and heat conservation responses. 3. Prazosin (PRA) and dihydrobenzperidol (DHBP)
      reduced the pyretic as well as metabolic activity of pyrogen. The former drug
      enhanced heat elimination from the ear. 4. Nifidepine (ADA) did not significantly
      affect postpyrogen thermoregulatory parameters. 5. It is suggested that alpha
      adrenergic receptor blockade might be responsible for the antipyretic activity of
      PRA and DHBP.

PMID- 2279685
TI  - Some behavioural effects of captopril in rats.
AB  - 1. Effects of inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) in
      brain on psychomotor, exploratory, stereotyped and cognitive behaviour in rats
      were investigated. To inhibit brain ACE captopril (D-3-mercaptopropanoyl-L
      proline) was given orally (p.o., 50 mg/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.,
      5 micrograms/rat). 3. Captopril given p.o. but not i.c.v. significantly enhanced
      stereotypy, overall number of conditioned avoidance responses, and decreased
      blood pressure. 4. No statistically significant influence of captopril given by
      either route on the number of crossings, rearings and bar approaches in the open
      field, performance of passive avoidance and number of correct choices as well as
      the speed of running for food in the T-maze was observed. 5. In conclusion, a
      small decrease of the activity of nigrostriatal dopaminergic system caused by the
      decrease of AII and/or increase of bradykinin, substance P, enkephalins and
      neurotensin in brain resulting from ACE inhibition is postulated.

PMID- 2279686
TI  - Different actions of aconitine and veratrum alkaloids on frog skeletal muscle.
AB  - 1. The electrophysiological effects of veratridine, cevadine and aconitine (10(
      8)-2 x 10(-4), 2 x 10(-7)-2 x 10(-6) and 2 x 10(-6)-10(-4) mol/l, respectively)
      were compared on frog muscle membrane using conventional microelectrodes. 2.
      Veratridine and aconitine were equally effective in depolarizing the resting
      membrane with the threshold concentration of 5 x 10(-5) mol/l. 3. Volleys of
      repetitive discharges and slow transient depolarizations were observed when
      single electrical stimuli were applied in the presence of veratridine (5 x 10(-8)
      2 x 10(-5) mol/l), but not aconitine. Volleys with aconitine could be evoked only
      by repetitive stimulation; however no tendency of repolarization was observed
      following these volleys. Two orders of magnitude more aconitine than veratridine
      was required to induce volleys with similar parameters. 4. The effects of
      cevadine were similar to those of the corresponding concentrations of
      veratridine. 5. The observed differences between the electrophysiological actions
      of aconitine and veratrum alkaloids may be explained in part with differences in
      Na+ channel inactivation produced by these toxins, in addition to differences in
      their use-dependent behavior.

PMID- 2279687
TI  - Antagonism of the acute pharmacological actions of morphine by panax ginseng
      extract.
AB  - 1. The effects of intraperitoneal administration of a standard extract of Panax
      ginseng alone and in combination with morphine were determined in male Sprague
      Dawley rats. 2. Ginseng extract at 200 mg/kg produced analgesia and hypothermia.
      These effects of ginseng were not reversed by naltrexone. 3. A dose of morphine
      (8 mg/kg) produced analgesia and hyperthermia. The analgesic response to morphine
      was antagonized by 25 and 50 mg/kg doses of ginseng but not by 12.5, 100 and 200
      mg/kg doses. 4. Morphine-induced hyperthermia was antagonized by 12.5-200 mg/kg
      doses of ginseng. 5. Administration of morphine (50 mg/kg) produced cataleptic
      effect which was antagonized by 25 mg/kg of ginseng. 6. The results suggest that
      ginseng extract at high doses produces analgesia and hypothermia in the rat by a
      non-opiate mechanism, and antagonizes the acute pharmacological effects of
      morphine.

PMID- 2279688
TI  - Differentiation between negative inotropic drugs by means of potentiated post
      rest contractions in guinea-pig heart.
AB  - 1. It was tested using isolated guinea-pig atria whether negative inotropic drugs
      could be differentiated by measuring force under both equilibrium conditions and
      after a rest period leading to potentiated beats. 2. A drug believed to interfere
      with sarcoplasmic reticular function, ryanodine, preferentially suppressed
      potentiated beats, whereas the calcium antagonists gallopamil and felodipine
      selectively depressed force under continuous stimulation. 3. Gentamicin and
      doxorubicin also exerted characteristic effects on the two force parameters, the
      former resembling calcium antagonists, the latter ryanodine. 4. The method used
      is suitable for a descriptive classification of negative inotropic drugs,
      possibly according to their cellular mode of action.

PMID- 2279689
TI  - Endothelin-1 induced contraction of rat aorta in Ca2(+)-free medium independent
      of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) breakdown.
AB  - 1. The mechanism of endothelin-1 (ET)-induced contraction of rat aorta in Ca2(+)
      free medium was investigated and compared with that of phenylephrine-induced
      contraction, measuring tension development and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)
      formation. 2. After Ca2(+)-deprivation for 10 min, ET (10 nM) induced only a slow
      sustained contraction, whereas phenylephrine (10 microM) evoked a rapid phasic
      contraction followed by a small sustained one. Prolonged incubation of the strips
      in Ca2(+)-free medium (for 100 min) abolished the phasic contraction evoked by
      phenylephrine, but had no effect on the sustained contraction by either
      stimulant. 3. ET (100 nM) and phenylephrine (10 microM) stimulated inositol
      trisphosphate formation and these effects were inhibited by TPA (5 microM). 4.
      TPA (5 microM) had no effect on ET (10 nM)-induced contraction in Ca2(+)-free
      medium, but inhibited the contraction by phenylephrine (10 microM). 5. The ET-
      and phenylephrine-induced contractions in Ca2(+)-free PSS were inhibited by H-7,
      a protein kinase C inhibitor. 6. The difference and similarity of signal
      transduction pathways between alpha 1-adrenoceptor and ET receptor systems were
      discussed.

PMID- 2279690
TI  - Biochemical changes associated with acute phosphorus poisoning (in humans).
AB  - 1. Thirty patients with acute phosphorus poisoning (APP) were chosen from the
      poison control centre, Cairo (PCCC), Ain Shams University, and classified into
      three groups according to the amount of ingested inorganic phosphorus (Pi). 2.
      Group I recorded high mortality rate (90%) with liver failure as a main cause of
      death. This group also showed hepatorenal failure, hypoglycemia and severe effect
      on the heart function. 3. Groups II and III recorded no mortality, but their
      patients showed an effect on the liver, which was severe in group II and mild in
      group III.

PMID- 2279691
TI  - Induction of metallothionein production by zinc in human mononuclear cells.
AB  - 1. Low mol. wt proteins with high Cd-binding capacity were found to be induced by
      Zn in cultured monocytes and lymphocytes. 2. In T cell cultures one protein was
      found to be induced by 125 microM Zn for 6 days, while in monocytes and B
      enriched cells under these conditions two proteins were found, of which the one
      with higher mol. wt had similar electrophoretic mobility to the T cell protein on
      polyacrylamide gels. 3. Mol. wt criteria and crossreactivity towards anti
      metallothionein (Mt) antibody identified these proteins to be Mts of about 23 and
      27 kDa mol. wt. 4. Metal binding studies indicated that monocyte and lymphocyte
      Mts had a higher affinity to Zn compared to Cd than rat liver Mt and Mts from Cd
      resistant substrains of a human epithelial and a murine fibroblast cell line. 5.
      The presence of the T cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was found not to be
      necessary for this Mt induction by Zn.

PMID- 2279692
TI  - Effect of the combination of the benzodiazepine tranquilizer medazepam and the
      nootropic agent meclofenoxate on the activity of rat brain muscarinic receptors.
AB  - 1. The effect of 7-day treatment with the benzodiazepine tranquilizer medazepam
      (5 mg/kg), the nootropic agent meclofenoxate (100 mg/kg) and their combination in
      the same doses on the binding activity of muscarinic receptors in four rat brain
      structures (cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus) were studied
      using the antagonist [3H]-1-quinuclidinyl benzylate [( 3H]-QNB) as radio-ligand.
      2. Medazepam treatment caused significant decrease of muscarinic receptor binding
      affinity (Kd) and of the receptor binding capacity (Bmax) in the brain structures
      studied. The number of muscarinic binding sites was unsignificantly decreased
      only in the hippocampus. 3. Meclofenoxate treatment caused an increase of
      muscarinic receptor affinity and a decrease of the binding capacity in the
      cerebral cortex and hypothalamus and an increase of the binding affinity in the
      striatum and hippocampus. 4. The combination of medazepam and meclofenoxate
      caused no significant changes of both muscarinic receptor characteristics in the
      hippocampus and of the receptor affinity in the striatum and hypothalamus in
      comparison with control rats. The Bmax values were decreased in the cerebral
      cortex, striatum and hypothalamus when compared with control animals. The
      differences observed were slighter than those determined after the comparison of
      medazepam treated rats with control rats. 5. The results obtained afford an
      opportunity to suggest that the nootropic agent meclofenoxate acts to moderate
      the effect of the benzodiazepine tranquilizer medazepam on the activity of rat
      brain muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2279693
TI  - Effect of chronic in vivo exposure to hypoxia on serotonin uptake by isolated
      rats lungs.
AB  - 1. Previously, we have shown that exposure to hypoxia stimulates serotonin uptake
      by cultured bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. 2. In the present study,
      lungs isolated from rats exposed to 24 h, 48 h or 14 days of hypobaric hypoxia
      (0.43 or 0.5 atm) manifested no alteration of serotonin uptake in comparison to
      lungs from normoxic controls. 3. In addition, hypoxic stimulation of serotonin
      uptake by cultured rat epididymal endothelial cells was much less than that
      occurring in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. 4. We conclude that
      chronic hypoxia does not stimulate serotonin uptake by rat lungs exposed in vivo
      as it does in endothelial cells exposed in vitro.

PMID- 2279694
TI  - Studies on inhibition of human platelet response by diltiazem.
AB  - 1. Aim of the present investigation was to investigate the effects of calcium
      blocking agent diltiazem on human platelet response to aggregating agents. 2.
      Results showed that diltiazem inhibits platelet aggregation induced by ADP,
      arginine vasopressin, adrenaline, collagen, Na arachidonate, thrombin and phorbol
      ester PMA in a dose-dependent way. 3. Diltiazem decreased also beta
      thromboglobulin release and Thromboxane B2 production from stimulated platelets.
      4. Intraplatelet cyclic AMP levels were not modified by the substance. 5. Data
      provide evidence that the modulation of human platelet function by diltiazem
      could be also related to inhibition of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2279695
TI  - Effects of amitriptyline and nortriptyline on cerebral activity of the CDF-1
      mouse strain.
AB  - 1. Equal dose regimens of amitriptyline, a tertiary amine tricyclic
      antidepressant, were more potent than nortriptyline, a secondary amine
      derivative, in suppressing CDF-1 mouse locomotor activity. 2. A suggestive
      increase in dopamine turnover rate in mouse cerebral cortex and striatal brain
      regions was apparent by amitriptyline but not nortriptyline. 3. A suggestive
      increase in serotonin turnover in mouse cerebellum and striatum was determined
      for nortriptyline. 4. Both antidepressants increased cerebral cortex, midbrain
      and cerebellum serotonin levels from saline control. 5. Increases of regional
      brain dopamine by amitriptyline and serotonin by nortriptyline concurrent with
      reuptake blockade of the respective serotonin and dopamine may contribute to
      their differential extrapyramidal and sedating side effects.

PMID- 2279696
TI  - Opposing effects of N-ethylmaleimide on the affinity of carbachol for muscarinic
      cholinoceptors of guinea-pig atrium.
AB  - 1. Inhibition of the binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate to homogenates of
      guinea pig right atrium (M2 receptors) by varying concentrations of carbachol was
      studied. 2. Pretreatment of membranes with 5 x 10(-5) M N-ethylmaleimide at 2
      degrees C shifted the carbachol inhibition curve to the right, indicating
      decreased affinity of the receptor for carbachol. However pretreatment at 37
      degrees C moved the curve to the left. 3. The ability of guanyl-5'-yl
      imidodiphosphate to reduce agonist affinity was largely eliminated by treatment
      with N-ethylmaleimide at both temperatures. 4. Conflicting reports in the
      literature and the present results can be explained by invoking a model in which
      N-ethylmaleimide has a high affinity for a heat-labile site and a lower affinity
      for a heat-insensitive site. Reaction with the first site decreases agonist
      affinity, but at 37 degrees C this site is largely inactivated and reaction with
      the second site, which leads to increased agonist affinity, predominates.

PMID- 2279697
TI  - New light on Myc and Myb. Part II. Myb.

PMID- 2279698
TI  - bag-of-marbles: a Drosophila gene required to initiate both male and female
      gametogenesis.
AB  - In Drosophila, male and female gametes begin development when a stem cell divides
      to produce a cyst precursor. Subsequently, four special divisions give rise to a
      cluster of 16 interconnected cystocytes that develop into a single egg or 64
      sperm. We identified and characterized a gene, bag-of-marbles (bam), that
      disrupts cyst formation in both sexes. An apparent null mutation causes abnormal
      cysts to form containing an excess number of cells that cannot differentiate into
      gametes. bam function resides within a simple 2.2-kb transcription unit encoding
      a single 442-amino-acid protein that shows similarity to the product of the
      ovarian tumor gene. The specific expression of bam RNA within female cystoblasts
      suggested that it might be involved in the specific cell-cycle alterations that
      occur during cystocyte divisions.

PMID- 2279699
TI  - Subcellular localization of yeast CDC46 varies with the cell cycle.
AB  - The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC46 protein accumulates in the nucleus of
      nondividing interphase cells. Soon after the cell has become committed to
      division, there is a rapid disappearance of CDC46 protein from the nucleus. This
      shift is not a consequence of variation in total CDC46 protein levels and is
      associated with DNA replication at the G1-S boundary. We propose that the CDC46
      protein, which is required for DNA replication, becomes mobilized quickly from
      the cytoplasm into the nucleus as mitosis is completed and persists there until
      the next round of division is initiated. This partitioning of proteins in a cell
      cycle-dependent manner illustrates a general means of regulating events that must
      occur only once in each cycle, such as DNA initiation.

PMID- 2279700
TI  - Expression of multiple novel Wnt-1/int-1-related genes during fetal and adult
      mouse development.
AB  - The mammary tumor-associated proto-oncogene Wnt-1/int-1 encodes a secreted
      protein implicated in the regulation of neural development in vertebrates and
      segmental pattern in Drosophila. Using a PCR-based strategy, we isolated cDNAs
      encoding six novel, related proteins that are expressed in fetal mice. Predicted
      proteins are of similar molecular masses (38-42 kD) and share between 50% and 85%
      of amino acids. All contain a putative hydrophobic signal sequence, and
      comparative analysis reveals 83 absolutely conserved amino acid residues,
      including 21 cysteines. Transcripts were detected throughout fetal development by
      Northern blot analysis. Detailed examination of the expression of two of these
      genes by in situ hybridization revealed complex temporal and spatial patterns of
      transcription. All new Wnt family members are expressed in adult tissues,
      particularly in brain and lung. These data support the view that the Wnt-1/int-1
      family constitutes a large family of signaling peptides with diverse roles in
      mouse development.

PMID- 2279701
TI  - Dominant-negative mutants of a platelet-derived growth factor gene.
AB  - Using site-directed mutagenesis of a PDGF-A cDNA clone, we identify two domains
      that are required to generate stable, mitogenically active PDGF-AA homodimers.
      Alteration of the tetra-basic amino acid sequence (Arg84-Arg-Lys-Arg to Arg-Ser
      Asn-Gly) results in the formation of stable pro-PDGF-A homodimers that lack
      mitogenic activity. Substitution of serine for Cys129 destabilizes PDGF-A
      subunits within the cell. Genes incorporating either the processing lesion or the
      cysteine substitution suppress wild-type PDGF-A gene expression in a trans
      dominant fashion. Suppression occurs because the mutant PDGF subunits dimerize
      with wild-type subunits to form inactive or unstable heterodimers. Suppression is
      exerted across phylogenetic boundaries; thus, the mouse PDGF-A chain mutants
      inhibit the activity of the wild-type Xenopus PDGF-A. The cysteine mutant gene
      suppresses expression of PDGF-B (c-sis), as well as PDGF-A. The processing mutant
      gene, however, suppresses only PDGF-A. Dominant-negative mutations of PDGF and
      other growth factors which, like PDGF, function as dimers may prove useful for
      creating animals models of growth factor deficiency disease states and for
      revealing the function of growth factors during early embryonic development.

PMID- 2279702
TI  - Liver-enriched transcription factor HNF-4 is a novel member of the steroid
      hormone receptor superfamily.
AB  - HNF-4 (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4) is a protein enriched in liver extracts that
      binds to sites required for the transcription of the genes for transthyretin
      (TTR), the carrier protein in the serum for vitamin A and thyroid hormone, and
      for apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII), a major constituent of chylomicrons and very
      low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Synthetic oligonucleotides derived from amino
      acid sequence of affinity-purified HNF-4 protein (54 kD) were used in the
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to isolate a cDNA clone encoding the protein. HNF
      4 is a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily with an unusual amino
      acid in the conserved "knuckle" of the first zinc finger (DGCKG). Studies with in
      vitro-translated HNF-4 protein show that it binds to its recognition site as a
      dimer, and cotransfection assays indicate that it activates transcription in a
      sequence-specific fashion in nonhepatic (HeLa) cells. Northern blot analysis
      reveals that HNF-4 mRNA is present in kidney and intestine, as well as liver, but
      is absent in other tissues. DNA-binding and antisera reactivity data suggest that
      HNF-4 could be identical to liver factor A1 (LF-A1), a DNA-binding activity
      implicated in the regulation of transcription of the alpha 1-antitrypsin,
      apolipoprotein A1, and pyruvate kinase genes. The similarity between HNF-4 and
      other ligand-dependent transcription factors raises the possibility that HNF-4
      and the genes it regulates respond to an as yet unidentified ligand.

PMID- 2279703
TI  - The seventh key to facial beauty and TMJ health. 2. Proper condylar position.

PMID- 2279704
TI  - [Development of the participation in early cancer screening of women].

PMID- 2279705
TI  - [Aspects in quality assurance in gynecological cytology].

PMID- 2279706
TI  - [Trends in the organization of gynecological cytology in universities].

PMID- 2279707
TI  - [Planning, execution and results of automated vaginal cytological diagnosis].

PMID- 2279708
TI  - [Current developments and applications in light microscopy].

PMID- 2279709
TI  - [Cytology of metastases of breast and ovarian carcinoma].

PMID- 2279710
TI  - [The value of aspiration cytology of the breast].

PMID- 2279711
TI  - [Estimation of the ionic mechanism of inotropic agents from the shifting pattern
      of frequency-force relationship in guinea pig ventricular myocardium].
AB  - Experiments were carried out to get information about the shifting mode of the
      frequency-force relationship curve (FFRC) of several well-established agents in
      guinea pig ventricular myocardium to estimate the ionic mechanism of inotropic
      action. The increase in [Ca2+]o or decrease in [Na+]o shifted the FFRC to the
      left and upwards, but no shift was observed when [Ca2+]o/[Na+]o2 ratio was kept
      constant. Drugs increasing [Na+]i (veratridine, asebotoxin) caused a parallel
      leftward shift of FFRC in the middle range of contraction frequency. Tetrodotoxin
      depressed the force of contraction (Fc) at higher frequencies, reflecting the
      fast Na influx inhibition. Nifedipine depressed, while BAY K 8644 augmented, the
      Fc at all frequency ranges, reflecting the Ca influx modulation. Ouabain and [c
      AMP]i-elevating agents (isobutyl methylxanthine, histamine) strengthened the Fc
      at all frequencies. The ionic mechanism of these two groups of cardiotonic agents
      depending primarily on either Na or Ca influx could be estimated from a distinct
      time difference of the peak in the "rested-state" contraction curves of guinea
      pig papillary muscle. The shifting pattern of FFRC will contribute to the
      estimation of the mechanism of inotropic agents.

PMID- 2279712
TI  - [Limitation of experimental infarct size by levo-carnitine chloride (LC-80), a
      new mitochondrial function-reactivating agent].
AB  - The effect of LC-80 on infarct size induced by 6 hr coronary occlusion was
      studied in anesthetized dogs. LC-80 at a dose of 100 mg/kg, i.v. was injected 5
      min after coronary occlusion and then infused at a rate of 50 mg/kg, i.v./hr
      until the heart was excised. The two risk areas were determined both by injecting
      a fluorescent dye (Thioflavin S) into the left atrium (in vivo) and by perfusing
      the non-occluded coronary bed with Monastral Blue (in vitro). The infarct size
      was determined by topographically tracing the area of myocardium unstained by
      triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Four zones such as Zone 1 (normal tissue), Zone 2
      (tissue characterized by collateral blood flow), Zone 3a (tissue developing
      necrosis), Zone 3b (necrotic tissue) were delimited . As a result, (1) LC-80
      significantly diminished the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. (2) LC-80
      significantly inhibited the decrease in myocardial free carnitine level in Zone 2
      and Zone 3b. (3) LC-80 significantly reduced the infarct size expressed as a
      percentage of the risk area and increased the size of Zone 2. (4) In the electron
      microscopic findings, LC-80 showed lesser morphological changes such as swollen
      mitochondria and intracellular and extracellular edema, especially in Zone 2. (5)
      LC-80 may be useful for inhibiting the evolution of myocardial ischemic cell
      death both by the protection of ischemic myocardium and presumably by the
      increase in the collateral blood flow.

PMID- 2279713
TI  - [The effect of aldioxa on the formation of gastritis induced with sodium
      hydroxide].
AB  - The effects of aldioxa and cetraxate hydrochloride on the formative process of
      gastritis induced with intragastric application of 2% sodium hydroxide were
      studied. Rats were given food including either aldioxa or cetraxate hydrochloride
      for 6 weeks after the sodium hydroxide application. After sacrifice, the stomachs
      were removed, and the gastric mucosa were observed macroscopically and
      histologically. Gastric mucosal injury was widely induced with sodium hydroxide,
      being histologically characterized by mucosal hypertrophy, cell infiltration and
      intestinal metaplasia. These lesions seem to be the early stage of chronic
      gastritis. The aldioxa group showed a decrease of mucosal hypertrophy and cell
      infiltration as compared with the control group. In the cetraxate hydrochloride
      group, the mucosal surface of white gray color and the mucosal bosselation were
      observed macroscopically. Histologically, these were found to be cell
      infiltration and cyst formation. Moreover, intestinal metaplasia occurred at high
      incidence in this group. These findings in the cetraxate hydrochloride group are
      recognized to be an aggravation of chronic gastritis. From the above results, it
      is suggested that aldioxa promotes good regeneration of mucosa and should be
      useful for the clinical therapy of chronic gastritis.

PMID- 2279714
TI  - [Effects of Shosaiko-to-go-keishikashakuyaku-to (TJ-960) on the valproic acid
      induced anomalies of rat fetuses].
AB  - Shosaiko-to-go-keishikashakuyaku-to (TJ-960) is an extract of nine herbal drugs
      (Paeoniae radix, Cinna momi cortex, Bupleuri radix, Zingiberis rhizoma,
      Glycyrrhizae radix, Ginseng radix, Scutellariae radix, Pinelliae tuber and
      Zizyphi fructus) that has a potent anticonvulsant action. The rat fetuses treated
      orally with TJ-960 during the organogenesis period (days 7-17 of gestation)
      revealed no anomalies (up to 3000 mg/kg/day). When TJ-960 was co-administered
      with sodium valproate (VPA, 400 mg/kg) during the organogenesis period, embryonic
      resorption, fetal body weight, ossification and skeletal variation or anomalies
      induced by VPA were markedly reduced. The maternal plasma and embryonic
      concentration of VPA with TJ-960, however, were not significantly different from
      VPA alone. These results suggest that TJ-960 has protective effects against the
      teratogenicity of VPA.

PMID- 2279715
TI  - [A neurochemical study on brain cholinergic neuron; a newly improved pyrolysis
      gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PY/GC/MS) method and its application].
AB  - A new method for measuring the endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch)
      levels using a PY/GC/MS was established, and then the alteration of cholinergic
      neurons in the iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) induced dyskinesia model rat brain was
      studied. In performing the determinations of small amounts of brain ACh and Ch
      levels using a curie point PY/GC/MS, the following points were improved upon in
      the present study: 1) We shortened the distance between the sample tube and
      injection port allowing the rapid transformation to an analytical system without
      sub-reaction and re-synthesis of demethylated products. 2) The suitable pyrolytic
      temperature (curie point) was adjusted to 333 degrees C. 3) Then the aqueous
      sample (2 microliters) was wrapped in a pyrofoil with a curie point of 333
      degrees C followed by drying at 80 degrees C. Subsequently, the pyrofoil was
      formed by a 200 kgf/cm2 press. 4) A fused silica capillary column (DB-5) was used
      instead of a pre-packed column (Jenden Phase). By these improvements, both
      calibration curves of ACh and Ch have high linearities (r = 0.988) between 1 pmol
      and 2 pmol, and the apparent peak of quasi-molecular ion and less fragment ion of
      each Ch analog was obtained. In the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, hippocampus
      and cerebellum of IDPN induced dyskinesia model rats, remarkable reductions of
      ACh levels were observed using our newly improved PY/GC/MS method. Thus, our
      improved method can be utilized for measuring ACh levels in small discrete brain
      regions.

PMID- 2279716
TI  - Estimation of the age of an individual based on times of eruption of permanent
      teeth.
AB  - This is a community based study of the times of eruption of permanent teeth to
      establish the age of an individual. The study is based on dental examination of
      1008 subjects in the age group 5-14 years, residing in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh,
      India. The median age of eruption was computed based on the concept of "Ex" which
      is defined as the age at which a specified percentage of individuals show
      eruption of a given permanent tooth. The median age "E50" was computed by
      transformation of percentages to probits and plotting a graph between age and
      probits. E50 was computed graphically corresponding to a probits value of 5.0 or
      50%. A mathematical regression equation [Kusri's] was computed for each graph.
      The age of an individual can be computed based on the E50 value of the permanent
      tooth which erupted last. The probability of the given individual being above or
      below the assessed age can be estimated by referring to graph and probit
      transformation table.

PMID- 2279717
TI  - Urinary catecholamines in hyperthermia-related deaths.
AB  - A group of five hyperthermia-related deaths is presented in which urinary
      noradrenaline (NA) concentrations were elevated (172.1 +/- 119.4 ng/ml) compared
      with a control group of rapid violent deaths (43.7 +/- 26.1 ng/ml). Urinary
      adrenaline (A) concentrations were not elevated in the hyperthermia cases, nor
      were there any significant differences in urinary dopamine (DA) concentrations
      between the two groups. All except one of the hyperthermia victims were under the
      influence of ethanol. It is suggested that a combination of heat stress and
      ethanol consumption was responsible for the elevated urinary NA in the
      hyperthermia cases, reflecting increased sympathetic nervous system activity. A
      combination of high urinary NA with low A seems to be characteristic of
      hyperthermia fatalities, in contrast to hypothermia deaths, where both NA and A
      are usually elevated.

PMID- 2279718
TI  - High performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of
      organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.
AB  - A method has been developed for the rapid quantitative analysis of
      organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides using HPLC. Good separation was
      obtained among the four major groups of organophosphorus pesticides [i.e. aryl
      phosphorothionate (methyl parathion), alkyl phosphorothionate (malathion),
      enolphosphate (phosphomidon, monocrotophos, dichlorvos), heterocyclic
      phosphorothionates (quinalphos)] and carbamates [viz. Carbaryl (Sevin) and Baygon
      (Dalf)] with a detection limit of 100 ng for all the pesticides. Separation was
      measured in terms of capacity factor (k') resolution (R) and selectivity factor
      (alpha ii). The method described can be used for the analysis of biological
      samples for the presence of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in the
      cases of poisoning. Recovery studies were made in the blood, lung and liver and
      found to be 85-97% with reproducibility at greater than 95%.

PMID- 2279720
TI  - Methamphetamine and amphetamine concentrations in postmortem rabbit tissues.
AB  - The feasibility of detecting methamphetamine and its major metabolite,
      amphetamine, in postmortem tissues over a 2-year period was examined. It is
      important to determine if the abuse and toxic effects of drugs can be proved from
      evidence found in decayed, submerged, or stained tissue materials. The blood,
      urine, liver, skeletal muscle, skin and extremity bones from rabbits given
      methamphetamine intravenously were kept at room temperature, under 4 different
      conditions: sealed in a test tube, dried in the open air, submerged in tap water
      and stained on gauze. Methamphetamine was present in all the samples, with slight
      change in concentration in case of sealed and air dried tissues. Changes varied
      in bones kept in water. There were considerable decreases in methamphetamine in
      blood and urine stains. Despite long term storage, drug abuse and/or toxicity
      could be determined, in all tissues examined.

PMID- 2279719
TI  - The determination of drugs of abuse in whole blood by means of FPIA and EMIT-dau
      immunoassays--a comparative study.
AB  - Six groups of common drugs of abuse (cannabinoids, benzoylecgonine, opiates,
      barbiturates, benzodiazepines and amphetamines) were determined in whole blood
      after acetone precipitation, using enzyme multiplied immunoassay (EMIT dau) and
      fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA--Abbott TDx and ADx) methods. Both
      methods, designed primarily for urine, allowed the determination of all above
      mentioned class of drugs but amphetamine. Only 1 ml of a pre- or postmortem blood
      sample was needed. The sensitivity of cannabinoids determination was higher by
      FPIA. The FPIA method gave more precise results, particularly in the case of
      autopsy blood. The method was applied for drug screening in autopsy and police
      blood samples. The results (both positive and negative) were in agreement with
      those obtained with chromatographic methods.

PMID- 2279721
TI  - Plasma versus bone marrow desipramine: a comparative study.
AB  - Correlation between plasma and bone marrow tricyclic antidepressants has not been
      studied before. Two groups of rabbits were given 10 and 20 mg of desipramine/kg
      body weight, respectively. Desipramine was administered to the animals once daily
      by mouth for 5 days. On the fifth day the animals were sacrificed and blood and
      bone marrow samples were collected and analyzed using a high performance liquid
      chromatographic (HPLC) method. Data showed that a correlation exists between bone
      marrow and blood desipramine. The bone marrow desipramine concentration increased
      as its blood levels increased. The average ratio of bone marrow to blood
      desipramine +/- S.D. (standard deviation) in both dosage groups was 37.2 +/- 4.46
      with a range of 30.99-44.82. This investigation is promising and shows that bone
      marrow could be used as an alternative tissue in the absence of a suitable blood
      sample.

PMID- 2279722
TI  - Determination of total hemoglobin in forensic blood samples with special
      reference to carboxyhemoglobin analysis.
AB  - For the determination of total hemoglobin (Hb) in blood containing elevated
      carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), a newly developed reagent containing a 100-fold
      concentration of ferricyanide (20 g/l) and a 2-fold concentration of Sterox SE
      was compared with a standard reagent (0.2 g/l ferricyanide), the reagent of van
      Kampen and Zijlstra, using forensic blood samples and experimentally heated blood
      samples. There were no significant differences between the spectra of
      hemiglobincyanide (HiCN) solution produced with our reagent and the van Kampen
      and Zijlstra reagent using experimentally heated blood samples. Although the
      spectra of HiCN changed gradually with increased heating time and with the
      passage of time after mixing, the absorbance at 540 nm (A540) did not change
      until at least 120 min for both the reagents. When forensic blood samples
      containing elevated COHb were mixed with the van Kampen and Zijlstra reagent,
      total-Hb concentrations determined 5 min after mixing were 10-20% higher than
      those determined after 180 min. The overestimates of total Hb determined after 5
      min resulted in comparable underestimates of percentage saturation of COHb
      (COHb%) when COHb% was obtained from the ratio of COHb content, determined by gas
      chromatogrpahy, to total-Hb concentration in blood. However, there was an
      extremely good correlation between the values of total Hb in forensic blood
      samples determined with the van Kampen and Zijlstra reagent after 180 min and
      those determined with our reagent after 5 min. From the results obtained, our
      reagent proved to be suitable for the determination of total Hb in forensic
      science practice.

PMID- 2279723
TI  - Arteriovenous malformation of the brain: imaging by postmortem angiography.
AB  - Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the brain, detected in 0.06% of medicolegal
      autopsies in Helsinki, was imaged in four cases by postmortem angiography using
      contrast medium which vulcanised at room temperature. Postmortem angiography
      visualized the location, extent and type of the malformation as well as its
      feeding vessels. Angiography was also useful in differentiating between AVM and
      cerebral artery aneurysm as a cause of haemorrhage and in identifying vascular
      complications following neurosurgical resection of malformations.

PMID- 2279725
TI  - [A real advance in therapy for clinical practice].

PMID- 2279724
TI  - Amyloid inclusions in choroid plexus epithelial cells. A simple autopsy method to
      rapidly obtain information on the age of an unknown dead person.
AB  - Different methods such as X-ray examination of the skeleton and inspection of the
      teeth have been described for estimation of the age of an unidentified dead
      person. These methods are more or less exact but the results will not be
      available until many days after the autopsy. In the present paper, we present a
      fairly simple method to obtain information on the age of a deceased using amyloid
      inclusions in the choroid plexus epithelial cells.

PMID- 2279726
TI  - [Wilhelm Erb (1840-1921)].

PMID- 2279727
TI  - [Listeriosis of the central nervous system].
AB  - Listeriosis of the CNS is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system
      that occurs mostly sporadically or occasionally as a limited epidemic. The
      pathogens are generally ingested with the food. Whether or not the infection
      becomes manifest in an exposed person depends on the number of pathogens
      ingested, on the virulence of the Listeria strain and on the individual
      disposition. It appears to be of decisive importance for an infection that the
      cellular immunodefense mediated by the T cells is disturbed; however, even
      persons without any previous disease worth mentioning may be affected. The
      characteristics of the various CNS manifestations are demonstrated via the case
      histories of 12 own patients (acute meningitis and meningoencephalitis, brain
      stem encephalitis, brain abscess, meningoencephalitis with infected cerebral
      infarct, chronic recidivating encephalitis). Early neurological focal signs and
      symptoms, combined with CSF findings atypical for bacterial CNS disease, should
      not be taken lightly and may point to listeriosis even though they are not
      specific for CNS listeriosis. The decisive criterion is the proof of the pathogen
      in the blood or CSF or the proof of antibody titre changes in the serum. Recent
      CSF diagnostic methods such as CSF lactate determination and the identification
      of IgG-positive B lymphocytes are useful in differentiating between viral and
      noninflammatory CNS disease; most important for follow-up are repeat CSF
      examinations. High-dosage ampicillin or amoxycillin treatment combined with
      gentamycin is the therapy of choice in CNS listeriosis. The bactericidal effect
      achieved thereby is desirable especially if immunodefense is disturbed. Prognosis
      of CNS listeriosis depends on the underlying disease in each case. The high
      mortality even among persons who had been healthy before the infection, is at
      least in part due to delayed diagnosis.

PMID- 2279728
TI  - [Neurologic and psychiatric disorders in vinyl chloride disease].
AB  - A literature review and an own case observation of neurological and psychiatrical
      disturbances in vinyl chloride disease are presented. In acute vinyl chloride
      intoxication, patients complain of vertigo, nausea and headache. At higher
      concentrations, vinyl chloride exerts a narcotic effect. In patients with chronic
      occupational exposure, neurological disturbances include sensory-motor
      polyneuropathy, trigeminal sensory neuropathy, slight pyramidal signs and
      cerebellar and extrapyramidal motor disorders. Psychiatric disturbances present
      as neurasthenic or depressive syndromes. Sleep disorders and disorders of sexual
      functions are frequently encountered. Pathological EEG alterations can be found
      in a high proportion of patients. The long term course and prognosis of the
      neurological and psychiatrical disorders in vinyl chloride disease are obscure.
      In an own case, a slight sensory polyneuropathy, bilateral hyposmia, a marked
      neurasthenic syndrome, typical EEG changes and computed tomography signs of
      cerebral atrophy were found in a 56-years-old patient as late as 16 years after
      the exposure to vinyl chloride.

PMID- 2279729
TI  - Physiologic aspects of relaxation of the myocardium.
AB  - To understand relaxation in the intact heart, an appreciation of myocardial
      relaxation in controlled isometric and isotonic twitches is a prerequisite. Load
      dependence of myocardial relaxation is manifest as the temporal separation of
      relaxation in isotonic and isometric twitches, i.e. rapid isotonic lengthening in
      contrast to slower isometric force decline. Although both isotonic and isometric
      relaxation modes are governed by the same determinants of crossbridge kinetics
      (life cycle of individual crossbridges along with regulatory properties of the
      contractile proteins, and calcium sequestration particularly by the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum), the contribution of these determinants in controlling onset and rate
      of relaxation is different in isometric force decline and in isotonic
      lengthening. In an isometric twitch, cooperative activity will, through a process
      of force development-induced increased sensitivity of the contractile proteins,
      upgrade the development and maintenance of force throughout contraction and
      relaxation. On the other hand, a functional calcium sequestration by the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum will, in the presence of a reduced effect of cooperative
      activity in the isotonic twitch, allow for load-induced rapid lengthening. Marked
      mechanical nonuniformity is observed in intact cardiac muscle. Nonuniformity in
      cardiac muscle mechanics is usually considered as a nuisance. Uniform behaviour
      of overall muscle does occur, however, despite or perhaps through nonuniform
      behaviour of longitudinal muscle segments. A limited but variable degree of
      nonuniformity therefore probably constitutes an essential property of the heart.
      A quantitative analysis of nonuniformity in isolated cat papillary muscle is
      proposed. Pathological considerations require extrapolation of our understanding
      from isolated muscle relaxation to ventricular relaxation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279730
TI  - Ventricular diastole and the role of the pericardium.
AB  - In order to understand the mechanics of left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling
      it has become important to understand the role of the pericardium. This is
      because it has been demonstrated that the LV pressure-volume relationship can be
      shifted by previously unrecognized changes in pericardial "pressure" and,
      therefore, LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) may be ambiguous as a measure of
      preload. The key to this understanding is to appreciate that (except in the case
      of pericardial effusion or tamponade) the pericardium impedes cardiac filling by
      exerting a stress, not by raising the pressure in the pericardial fluid, and that
      the magnitude of this stress is variable and relatively great. When animals or
      humans are volume loaded acutely, this stress is approximately equal to right
      ventricular (RV) filling pressure. Thus, while it may not be possible to estimate
      true preload from simple measurements of LVEDP, subtracting RV filling pressure
      from LVEDP may provide a useful estimate of transmural LVEDP. As an example of
      the effect of the pericardium, recent laboratory results indicated that the
      decrease in stroke volume which resulted from acute pulmonary embolization could
      be explained by reductions in LV preload. Transmural LVEDP and end-diastolic
      volume decreased in spite of the fact that LVEDP rose markedly. Since LVEDP
      increased while stroke volume decreased, it might have been concluded that
      contractility had decreased. However, this was shown not to be the case, since
      the reduction in stroke volume only corresponded to the reductions in transmural
      LVEDP and end-diastolic volume. Thus, appropriately accounting for pericardial
      constraint may allow many changes in LV systolic performance, hitherto thought to
      represent changes in contractility, to be explained on the basis of preload
      changes and the Frank-Starling mechanism.

PMID- 2279731
TI  - Invasive evaluation of left ventricular diastolic performance.
AB  - Diastole can be divided into four phases: 1. isovolumic relaxation; 2. early
      filling; 3. diastasis; and 4. atrial systole. The amount of left ventricular (LV)
      filling that occurs during each of these phases depends on: 1. myocardial
      relaxation; 2. the passive characteristics of the LV; 3. the characteristics of
      the left atrium, pulmonary veins and mitral valve; and 4. the heart rate. When
      diastolic function is normal, the net effect of these factors results in LV
      filling sufficient to produce an adequate cardiac output, while mean pulmonary
      venous pressure is maintained below 12 mm Hg. Diastolic dysfunction is normally
      manifest as pulmonary congestion. In the absence of systolic dysfunction,
      abnormal diastolic performance is usually due to abnormal relaxation and/or
      changes in the passive LV characteristics, external compression or disease of the
      mitral valve and left atrium. Invasive studies can quantify the rate of
      myocardial relaxation from the time course of the fall of LV pressure during
      isovolumic relaxation and the passive LV properties from the LV diastolic
      pressure-volume relation. In addition, frame-by-frame analysis of contrast
      ventriculography and conductance determination of LV volume can quantify the
      pattern of LV diastolic filling. Normally, at rest, most LV filling occurs early
      in diastole. Conditions that produce diastolic dysfunction, such as LV
      hypertrophy and ischemia, are associated with reduced early diastolic filling and
      an augmented importance of atrial systole. It is important to recognize that such
      patterns can occur in patients without clinically apparent diastolic dysfunction
      and in normals if left atrial pressure is sufficiently elevated. Furthermore, a
      normal pattern can occur in patients with severe diastolic dysfunction. Reduced
      early diastolic filling in the absence of pulmonary congestion indicates the loss
      of diastolic reserve, since the left atrium is being used as a booster-pump. This
      pattern of diastolic filling in a patient with symptoms of pulmonary congestion
      suggests diastolic dysfunction, even if systolic LV performance is normal.

PMID- 2279732
TI  - [Echocardiographic and Doppler echocardiographic characterization of left
      ventricular diastolic function].
AB  - For noninvasive assessment of diastolic ventricular function, in addition to
      echocardiography, more recently, in particular, Doppler echocardiography has been
      employed. M-mode echocardiogram velocity curves for diameter changes as well as
      Doppler-echocardiographically registered velocity curves of mitral flow
      characterize the temporal changes of diastolic flow into the left ventricle. They
      represent the overall result of factors which influence diastolic filling and are
      functions of the temporal course of the pressure difference between left atrium
      and left ventricle. Registration of M-mode and Doppler echocardiograms: For
      determination of M-mode parameters which should describe left ventricular
      diastolic function, in addition to the motion of the mitral valve, the left
      ventricular contours of septum and posterior wall between mitral leaflets and
      papillary muscles are recorded together with the ECG. For evaluation of the index
      of atrial emptying, an M-mode registration is obtained from the region of the
      aortic root. Determination of the Doppler echocardiographic parameters is based
      on analysis of the blood flow velocity in the region of the mitral valve in the
      apical four-chamber view with the pulsed Doppler method. Additionally,
      simultaneous to the Doppler curve, a phonocardiogram is registered or,
      alternatively, a continuous-wave Doppler registration is obtained which
      delineates the left ventricular outflow signal and the artefact of mitral valve
      opening. Parameters for characterization of left ventricular diastolic filling:
      The first peak of the velocity curve of the diameter change in the M-mode
      echocardiogram corresponds with the maximal diameter change resulting from early
      diastolic filling and the second peak with the maximal diameter change of the
      left ventricle associated with atrial filling. From this curve as well as the
      diameter curve relative to time and the mitral valve motion, the times for
      isovolumetric relaxation as well as the rapid, slow and atrial filling phase
      which characterize the ventricular filling and the diameter changes of the left
      ventricle during these time intervals can be derived. The maximal velocity of the
      diastolic diameter change (PFR) is used to characterize the maximal early
      diastolic flow. The atrial emptying index characterizes the fraction of filling
      volume in the first third of diastole with respect to total filling volume of the
      left ventricle. As an indirect parameter for description of the early-diastolic
      filling, the steepness of the early-diastolic closure of the anterior mitral
      leaflet is used. From Doppler velocity profiles of the mitral inflow, early and
      late diastolic maximal velocities and their velocity time integrals as well as
      the relationships of these parameters to each other are determined.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2279733
TI  - CD45RA is detected in all thymocyte subsets defined by CD4 and CD8 by using three
      colour flow cytometry.
AB  - In the mouse, using three-colour flow cytometry, the presence of CD45RA+ cells is
      demonstrated amongst all of the thymocyte subsets defined by expression of CD4
      and CD8, i.e. amongst the double negatives, immature CD8 single positives, double
      positive blasts and CD4 and CD8 single positives. This evidence is compatible
      with the existence of a continuous lineage of T cells expressing CD45RA which
      would develop from double-negative to mature single-positive T cells.

PMID- 2279734
TI  - Production of interleukin-1 by draining lymph node cells during the induction
      phase of contact sensitization in mice.
AB  - Biologically active interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been detected in supernatants of
      draining lymph node cells isolated from contact-sensitized mice. Induction of IL
      1 was dependent upon the concentration of sensitizer applied and occurred within
      2 hr of exposure. The IL-1 activity could not be attributed to other interleukins
      and was neutralized by a specific antiserum. Reduced concentrations of IL-1 were
      produced by cells isolated from the draining nodes of mice that had been pre
      exposed to the sensitizer. Since IL-1 has the potential to influence several
      aspects of lymphocyte activation, the production of significant concentrations of
      biologically active IL-1 by draining lymph node cells indicates that it is likely
      to play an important role in the afferent phase of contact sensitization.

PMID- 2279735
TI  - Inability of mitogen-stimulated spleen cells from newborn mice to synthesize
      interleukin-2 receptors.
AB  - Spleen cells from newborn mice do not respond by proliferation to concanavalin A
      (Con A) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. This non-reactivity
      cannot be reversed to a positive response by exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2). The
      stimulation with Con A of spleen cells from newborn mice, in contrast to cells
      from adult animals, does not result in synthesis of mRNA for inducible 55,000
      molecular weight (MW) IL-2 receptors (IL-2R). The failure of neonatal spleen
      cells to synthesize IL-2R mRNA is an intrinsic property of the cells themselves,
      and it is not due to activity of natural suppressor cells present in newborn
      animals. Since the expression of functional IL-2R represents one of the early and
      pivotal events in immune cell activation, we propose that the inability to
      synthesize IL-2R may be one of the primary reasons for the immunological
      immaturity of newborns.

PMID- 2279736
TI  - IL-2 receptors on rabbit T-cell lines and their transfectants expressing the
      human IL-2 receptor alpha chain.
AB  - Low-affinity (dissociation constant: Kd = 7 nM) and high-affinity (Kd = 27 pM)
      interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R) were detected on rabbit T-cell lines by IL-2
      binding studies. Chemical cross-linking studies using 125I-labelled IL-2 showed
      that rabbit low-affinity IL-2R was singly expressed alpha-chain (MW 55,000) and
      that high-affinity IL-2R was composed of at least alpha- and beta- (MW 75,000)
      chains, similar to the human and murine counterparts. The existence of an
      additional chain (MW 25,000) was suggested in the rabbit IL-2R. Rabbit T-cell
      transfectant lines were established by human IL-2R alpha-chain (IL-2R alpha) cDNA
      transfection. These transfectant lines possessed not only extremely large numbers
      of human IL-2R alpha (over 10 times more than endogenous rabbit alpha-chain) but
      also twice as many high-affinity sites as their parental lines. The number of
      high-affinity sites on the transfectants significantly decreased when human alpha
      chains were blocked, indicating that these transfectants expressed high-affinity
      receptor consisting of the exogenous human alpha-chain and rabbit beta-chain.
      This was confirmed by cross-linking experiments. The observation that expression
      of extremely large numbers of exogenous alpha-chains lead to an increase of the
      total number of high-affinity sites in the apparent absence of an increase of
      beta-chain expression raises the possibility that not only the beta-chain but
      also the alpha-chain may play an important role in regulating the number of high
      affinity receptors.

PMID- 2279737
TI  - Lymphocyte subsets and their proliferation in a model for a delayed-type
      hypersensitivity reaction in the skin.
AB  - A delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction was induced in the skin of young
      pigs, by local injection of phytohaemagglutinin, and evaluation was carried out
      on the resulting accumulation of lymphocyte subsets and lymphocyte production by
      incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine in the skin and the draining lymph node. There
      was a rapid increase in mononuclear cells, which were found in clusters around
      venules. These included very few B lymphocytes, and CD8+ lymphocytes far
      outnumbered CD4+ cells. Underlining the importance of determining absolute
      numbers, the relative and absolute numbers of lymphocyte subsets showed quite
      different patterns during the development of the skin reaction. Lymphocytes in
      the normal skin incorporated the DNA precursor bromodeoxyuridine at higher rates
      than have been found for peripheral lymphoid organs. After intradermal
      phytohaemagglutinin injections, all subsets showed high proliferation rates in
      the skin, with kinetics which differed from the reaction in the draining lymph
      node. The labelling indexes of cells labelled with bromodeoxyuridine in vitro and
      in vivo were comparable. The phytohaemagglutinin injections also caused a marked
      and rapid increase in the proliferation of the cells in the basal layer of the
      epidermis. This model DTH-like reaction in skin with major CD8+ T-cell
      accumulation and proliferation locally and in the lymph nodes provides a reliable
      model for study of such reactions and for investigation of the regulatory role of
      cytokines.

PMID- 2279738
TI  - Phenotypically distinct subpopulations of T cells in domes and M-cell pockets of
      rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissues.
AB  - Follicle epithelium and domes of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) contain
      populations of lymphocytes which first contact antigen taken up from the
      intestine. In order to study the association of lymphocytes with M cells in
      follicle epithelium, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were generated by immunizing
      BALB/c mice with lymphocytes populating GALT domes from NZW rabbits, and their
      specificity was assessed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. mAb 3C10
      (IgM) and 3B6 (IgG3) recognized subpopulations of intraepithelial lymphocytes
      associated with M cells. mAb 3C10 also identified macrophage-lymphocyte clusters
      in domes and tangible body macrophages in germinal centres of GALT but did not
      react with cells in T-dependent areas (TDA) or B cells in follicles. mAb 3B6
      recognized lymphocytes in domes and B cells in follicles but not T cells in TDA
      of GALT. The distribution of 3B6+ cells overlapped with, but was more restricted
      than, that of Ia+ cells. Analysis of lymphocytes in follicle epithelium showed
      that greater than 95% of lymphocytes associated with M cells were Ia+. T cells
      represented approximately 95% of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the appendix and
      approximately 65% in Peyer's patches. A majority of intraepithelial lymphocytes
      was recognized by mAb 3B6, but mAb 3C10 identified only approximately 30%.
      Because neither 3C10 nor 3B6 recognized lymphocytes in TDA of GALT, these results
      indicate that most lymphocytes associated with M cells are a distinct phenotype
      of Ia+ T cells.

PMID- 2279739
TI  - Analysis of B-cell abnormalities in autoimmune mice by in vitro culture system
      using two types of bone marrow stromal cell clone.
AB  - B-cell abnormalities in 4-week-old autoimmune NZB and NZB/WF1 mice were studied
      with an in vitro culture system using two types of stromal cell clone, ST2 and
      PA6. ST2 supports B lymphopoiesis, and PA6 maintains B progenitors which do not
      express a B-lineage antigen (B220), but does not allow their further
      differentiation into B220+ B-lineage cells. B progenitors developed into B
      lineage cells when transferred to the ST2 layer. B-lineage cells generated in
      this way showed hyperproliferation autoimmune mice, and the frequencies of B
      lineage cells in the bone marrow of these mice were high. In contrast, the
      frequencies of B progenitors in the bone marrow were low. These results suggest
      that abnormal B-cell formation in autoimmune bone marrow appears at a very early
      stage of B-cell differentiation, and that B-lineage cells are hyperactive on the
      ST2 layer in the absence of microenvironmental elements from autoimmune bone
      marrow. This study indicates that autoimmune B-cell abnormalities can be
      reproduced in vitro, giving new data at the level of committed B progenitors,
      suggesting that this culture system will be a useful tool for investigating
      haemopoietic stem-cell abnormalities in autoimmune mice.

PMID- 2279740
TI  - Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) in leishmaniasis. II. TNF-alpha-induced
      macrophage leishmanicidal activity is mediated by nitric oxide from L-arginine.
AB  - Peritoneal macrophages from CBA mice incubated with recombinant murine tumour
      necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) are effective in killing the protozoa parasite
      Leishmania major in vitro. The leishmanicidal activity is directly correlated
      with the level of nitrite (NO2-) in the culture supernatants. The killing of
      intracellular parasites can be completely inhibited by L-NG-monomethyl arginine
      (L-NMMA), a specific inhibitor of the L-arginine:nitric oxide (NO) pathway. The
      level of NO2-, which is also a measurement of NO production, in the culture
      supernatant of TNF-alpha-activated macrophages can be progressively decreased to
      basal level with increasing concentrations of L-NMMA, but not with its D
      enantiomer, D-NMMA. These data demonstrate that NO is an important effector
      mechanism in the TNF-alpha-induced macrophage killing of intracellular protozoa.

PMID- 2279741
TI  - Influence of ocular surface antigen on the postnatal accumulation of
      immunoglobulin-containing cells in the rat lacrimal gland.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to determine whether antigenic presence on
      the ocular surface might directly influence the development or expression of the
      lacrimal secretory immune system. Experiments were designed to: (i) analyse the
      temporal accumulation of IgA-, IgG- and IgM-containing cells in lacrimal tissue
      during postnatal development (6-27 days of age); (ii) examine whether prevention
      of antigenic exposure to the ocular surface by unilateral tarsorrhaphy might
      inhibit lymphocyte immigration into the ipsilateral gland during development; and
      (iii) assess whether a non-invasive antigen, after placement on the ocular
      surface of infant or adult rats, undergoes retrograde transfer to the lacrimal
      gland. Our results demonstrated that: (i) the accumulation of IgA-, IgG- and IgM
      containing cells in lacrimal tissue was most pronounced during the 6-day period
      after eyelid opening (15 days of age). The pattern of appearance of these Ig
      containing cells, which were predominantly IgA-positive, was identical in both
      left and right lacrimal glands. (ii) Closure of the left lid by tarsorrhaphy from
      10 to 18 days of age had no effect on the accumulation of IgA-, IgG- and IgM
      containing cells in the left lacrimal tissue compared to cell numbers in the
      right gland. (iii) Following placement of radiolabelled albumin on the ocular
      surface, antigen was almost completely cleared within 1-2 hr. Analysis of
      lacrimal glands showed no significant accumulation of radioactivity at any time
      point, either in the presence or absence of ocular inflammation. In contrast, up
      to 17.8% of radioactivity was found in the stomach 1-2 hr following topical
      antigen application. Overall, our results show that a rapid development of the
      lacrimal secretory immune system occurs between 15 and 21 days of age. This
      process does not appear to be dependent upon local antigenic stimulation. In
      addition, our findings indicate that a non-invasive antigen, when applied to the
      ocular surface, does not undergo retrograde transfer to the lacrimal gland.
      Instead, antigen appears to be cleared primarily through the gastrointestinal
      tract.

PMID- 2279742
TI  - IgG binding of monoclonal anti-nuclear antibodies from MRL-lpr/lpr mice.
AB  - To assess the specificity of anti-nuclear antibodies with cross-reactive
      rheumatoid factor (RF) activity, monoclonal anti-DNA and anti-Sm antibodies from
      MRL-lpr/lpr mice were tested for binding to a variety of IgG antigens. These
      antibodies had all been previously identified as binding heterologous IgG. By
      ELISA, antibodies in this panel all bound BALB/c myeloma proteins representing
      the different IgG subclasses, indicating broad reactivity with murine IgG as well
      as heterologous IgG. The determinant recognized by these antibodies was further
      investigated using the Fab, F(ab')2 and Fc fragments of both human as well as
      rabbit origin. All antibodies bound well to fragments as well as intact IgG
      antigens. These antibodies were further analysed by Western blotting,
      demonstrating that most bound to both heavy and light chains of human origin.
      Together, these observations suggest that some anti-nuclear antibodies bind a
      conserved antigenic determinant present widely on immunoglobulin chains. This
      determinant may represent a common sequence important in immunoglobulin domain
      structure.

PMID- 2279743
TI  - Curtailment of autoimmunity following parabiosis with a normal partner.
AB  - The development of thyroiditis in DA rats that had been exposed to 131I in utero
      was prevented by parabiosis to normal, syngeneic partners. However, if the normal
      partner had received sublethal irradiation before parabiosis, thyroid implants
      placed in either partner were likely to manifest spontaneous thyroiditis.

PMID- 2279744
TI  - [Evaluation of effectiveness and safety and quantitative evaluation of the use of
      fluocinolone acetonide in cream (0.025%) and medicated tape (8 micrograms/cm2) in
      the treatment of psoriasis].
AB  - Eighteen male patients, mean aged of 55.7 years, affected by psoriasis were
      treated for an average of 19 days with fluocinolone acetonide (FA) using an
      occlusive traditional dressing with a 0.025% cream or with a medicated plastic
      porous tape (8 micrograms/cm2), according to a controlled hemipart design. The
      average total quantity of FA administrated for each patient was 3.431 mg on the
      side treated with tape and 19.827 mg on the side treated with cream. Both the
      treatments showed excellent efficacy (ANOVA between times p less than 0.01),
      better with the tape than with the occlusive conventional dressing. The patients
      preferred the use of the tape to the cream. The tolerability was very good.
      Treatment with the medicated tape was shown to be more effective than the
      occlusive traditional dressing, and yielded a reduction of the quantity of
      corticosteroid administrated to the patients.

PMID- 2279745
TI  - [Alclometasone dipropionate (Legederm) for the treatment of steroid-sensitive
      dermatoses in the elderly].
AB  - This is a randomized single blind parallel comparison of alclometasone
      dipropionate cream 0.1% vs hydrocortisone butyrrate in 39 geriatric patients
      (greater than 60 years old) with steroid sensible skin diseases. The regimen
      consisted of dosing patients with two applications of the two drugs every day for
      4 weeks. Follow-up evaluations have been done weekly, and subjective and
      objective clinical symptoms, adherence to the study protocol, evolution of the
      disease, onset of adverse reactions including atrophy have been recorded.
      Furthermore possible side-effects on hypophysis-adrenal axis have been monitored
      in baseline conditions, after 7 days and at the end of therapy. In most patients
      bioptic skin patterns for histomorphometric examination have been drawn before
      and after therapy to be evaluated by a blind examinator. Alclometasone has
      reduced initial skin lesions by 82.2%, the extent as hydrocortisone butyrrate. In
      five patients the complete clearance of the disease has been obtained. Study
      drugs have been tolerated well by all patients, nor clinical signs of atrophy
      have been observed. Fluctuations of blood cortisol levels ranged between the
      normal values. In patients treated with alclometasone histomorphometry revealed a
      better skin trophism than in patients treated with hydrocortisone butyrrate.

PMID- 2279746
TI  - [Acquired melanocytic nevus. Epidemiologic clinical study of a healthy
      population].
AB  - Total body naevi counts have been performed on 3931 Italian subjects aged 5 to 79
      years (2063 males and 1868 females). Only naevi greater than or equal to 2 mm in
      diameter were recorded. The total mean naevi count was 15 (15 for males, 14 for
      females); in the first decade of life the count was 8, rising rapidly in the
      second decade to a mean of 18 and was 22 in the third decade. Thereafter the
      frequency of naevi declined with age; in the eight decade the number was similar
      to that seen in children. The association between total naevi count and place of
      birth of subjects or their parents was not significant. The frequency of naevi
      varied according to body site: the most common site was the trunk (6 naevi), the
      next most affected site was the upper arm (4 naevi). Distribution by eye colour,
      hair colour and number of naevi showed an increase in subjects with blue or green
      eyes and red or fair hair. High associations were found between large numbers of
      acquired melanocytic naevi and pale skin. Skin types 1 and 2 had a higher
      melanocytic naevi count than skin types 3 and 4.

PMID- 2279747
TI  - [Immunohistochemical study of neoplasms of the sweat glands].
AB  - The paper reports a study of 34 sweat gland tumours, 3 of which were malignant.
      In line with recent publications on the topic, no immunophenotype is identified
      which could differentiate between pathologies of an eccrine as opposed to
      apocrine origin. With regard to the possibility of distinguishing malignant from
      benign tumours, the paper reconfirms the importance of CEA which is the only
      immunomarker common to all the malignant forms examined.

PMID- 2279749
TI  - [Computer systems at a Center for sexually transmitted diseases. Considerations
      after 1 year's activities].
AB  - In January 1989, the Center for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) of Galliera
      Hospital-Genoa was equipped with a network of 5 Personal Computers connected by a
      Token Ring to another Personal Computer which is the "server" unit. The Authors
      report their experiences in the use of the computer system and examine the
      advantages of networking in the management of a Center for Sexually Transmitted
      Disease.

PMID- 2279748
TI  - [The Lupus Band Test and serology of lupus erythematosus. Our experience].
AB  - The Authors studied, from 1986 to 1988, 84 patients (24 men and 60 women, in an
      age group that went from 13 to 75 years, with an average of 42 years) in whom DLE
      was diagnosed. In these patients, a direct immunofluorescent assay was carried
      out on the affected skin, on the non-affected photoexposed skin, and on the non
      affected non-photoexposed skin: furthermore, the serum of these patients was
      tested for the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), antibodies to
      extractable nuclear antigens (anti-ENA), and antibodies to double-stranded DNA
      (anti-DNA). In the study, a significant correlation between the presence of ANA
      and entity of cutaneous involvement at the Lupus Band Test was found.
      Furthermore, it was noticed that anti-ENA and/or anti-nDNA tend to be present in
      association to a positive Lupus Band Test in all 3 biopsied tissues.

PMID- 2279750
TI  - [Epidermal nevus syndrome with multiple vascular hamartomas and malformations].
AB  - The authors described a 39 year old woman affected by epidermal nevus syndrome,
      with cutaneous (verrucous epidermal nevus), skeletal (thoracolumbar levoscoliosis
      and frontal bossing) and ocular (papillar coloboma and coroideal nevus) defects.
      Moreover the patient presented vascular malformations and hamartomas:
      lymphangioma circumscriptum of the mammary area, left peroneal Gorham's disease,
      artero-venous acral tumour of the left foot and multiple artero-venous shunts of
      the lower limbs. Since puberty, hemodynamic modifications have caused pseudo
      Kaposi of Bluefarb-Stewart of legs and feet and malleolar painful ulcers.
      Solomon's epidermal nevus syndrome is an heterogeneous entity. In our opinion,
      this is the first case report with a severe vascular involvement.

PMID- 2279751
TI  - [Lyell's syndrome and lymphoma].
AB  - The authors present the case of a patient affected by Lyell's Syndrome and
      Lymphoma that was revealed in the post-mortem examination. At onset the disease
      showed mucosal hyperaemia, oedema and erosions. In about ten days macular lesions
      with vesciculation and bullae appeared on the abdomen. General conditions did not
      seem to be affected. Three weeks later a fever was noted. No important illness,
      nor drug assumption were detectable in the history of the patient. At the
      beginning of the fourth week a dramatic worsening occurred with erythrodermic
      state and high fever. Death occurred at the sixth week in spite of therapy.
      Bacteriological and virological examinations were always negative. Post-mortem
      examination showed retroperitoneal and pelvic neoplastic tissue, involving
      lumboaortic lymph nodes. Histopathology demonstrated a low grade malignancy non
      Hodgkin Lymphoma, diffused type with small lymphocytes showing plasmocytic
      differentiation. The lack of drug intake or infectious disease in the history,
      underlines the peculiar association between the tumor and the syndrome. Rare
      cases of TEN associated with lymphoproliferative neoplasm are reported in the
      literature, and the pathogenetic problem of the syndrome is reviewed.

PMID- 2279752
TI  - [Tungiasis. A clinical case].
AB  - Tungiasis is a cutaneous infestation by the female sand flea, Tunga penetrans.
      Because of the increase in international travel, the disease is reported in
      Europe, in spite of it being formerly restricted to the equatorial zones. This
      report describes a case of tungiasis and discusses clinical features, diagnosis
      and treatment.

PMID- 2279753
TI  - [An unusual case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans].
AB  - A case of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) with unusual cystic features is
      described. It is difficult to evaluate the actual incidence of this feature on
      the basis of literature; on the other hand we observed it only once in a series
      of 27 patients studied from 1975-1989.

PMID- 2279754
TI  - [Lichen striatus: a clinical and histological study of 8 cases].
AB  - The authors describe eight patients with Lichen Striatus: history, clinical
      description and pathologic findings are discussed. Particularly, the histologic
      picture of Lichen Striatus is not uniform and changes, as it seems, with the
      "oldness" of the lesion.

PMID- 2279755
TI  - [Trigeminal neurotrophic ulcer. A case report].
AB  - A case of a 49-year-old woman affected by wide ulcerations on the face which have
      been caused by the patient herself, as she has admitted, is reported. The lesions
      were strictly limited to the area of innervation of the first and second branch
      of the trigeminal nerve. The patient presented parasthesias and analgesia in the
      trigeminal area as the consequence of a neurosurgical operation. She also
      suffered from important psychosis. All these elements enable us to diagnose
      "trigeminal trophic ulcers". The pathogenesis of this syndrome is discussed.

PMID- 2279757
TI  - [Perforating pilomatrixoma in adults].
AB  - Two rare cases of perforating pilomatrixoma similar to those reported in the
      literature are described. Clinical examination showed in two old-women a reddish
      inflammatory exophytic tumor, 1 cm in diameter, with central erosive surface,
      with a rapid growth (3-5 months). Histologic examination showed: multiple masses
      of basophilic cells situated in the upper dermis making contact with the
      epidermis in a "follicle-like" opening; occurrence of transepithelial elimination
      phenomena.

PMID- 2279756
TI  - [Granulosis rubra nasi].
AB  - The Authors report a case of Granulosis Rubra Nasi, a rare early childhood
      dermatitis that was also defined as "Acne papulo-rosacea of the nose". The
      hyperhidrosis the most conspicuous features of the disease and small beads of
      sweat and erythema on the tip of the nose may often occur. Sometimes small red
      papules and comedo-like lesions may be present.

PMID- 2279758
TI  - [Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans. A clinical case and review of the
      literature].
AB  - A case of a woman of 55-years-old with verrucous lesions localized on the dorsa
      of her feet and hands is reported. The light microecopy reveals marked
      hyperkeratosis with some degree of parakeratosis, epidermal atrophy and light
      lympho-histiocytic infiltrate in the papillary dermis. A diagnosis of
      hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans is made on the basis of the physical
      examination and histologic findings. A brief review of the literature on the
      genetic, ultrastructural characteristics and pathogenesis of the disease is made.

PMID- 2279759
TI  - [Early and late histologic aspects of atrophodermia vermiculata. A case study].
AB  - Atrophoderma Vermiculatum (AV) is a rare disease characterized by the occurrence
      on the face and the cheeks in particular, of fine, atrophic pits, with a
      bilateral distribution, producing a honeycomb, reticulate appearance. All the
      cases reported in the literature focus on the atrophic changes of the disease
      while no attention has been paid to the condition which causes atrophy. The early
      stages are not usually reported. MC is a girl aged 13. She had multiple, fine,
      pale-brown papules (1-2 mm in diameter) on her right cheek. The histopathological
      findings of these lesions predominantly showed lymphocytic perifolliculitis with
      perifollicular fibrosis. The epidermis was normal. No specific diagnosis other
      than perifolliculitis was possible. Eight months later the patient showed tiny,
      atrophic depressions and follicular plugs with reticulate teleangectases in the
      same area of the right cheek (with disappearance of the tiny papules). A clinical
      diagnosis of AV was done. The histological findings of a further biopsy showed
      atrophy of the epidermis, less severe perifollicular inflammation and decrease in
      number of the follicles. The hair follicles were widely dilated and were either
      empty or contained keratinous materials. Dermal atrophy and disappearance of
      elastic fibers was noticeable. In conclusion the late clinical features of the
      lesions, through unusual (asymmetry of the lesion, small and superficial atrophic
      scars), make the diagnosis of the early clinical and histological features of
      papules and perifolliculitis possible and suggest a specific name: early stages
      of AV.

PMID- 2279760
TI  - [Ulcerative herpes simplex as the first manifestation of AIDS].
AB  - We present the case of an ulcerative lesion of the nasal mucous membrane and of
      the cutis surrounding the nose, starting six months ago, in a 26 year-old woman.
      From the histological picture a necrotic Herpes-virus infection was diagnosed.
      This suggested the existence of a deficiency of cell-mediated immunity. In fact a
      selective quantitative defect in the helper/inducer subset of T lymphocytes, as
      observed in AIDS, was noticed. HIV infection was confirmed by the ELISA test and
      the Western Blot test. Viral cultures grew HSV I from the skin lesion, which
      rapidly recovered after treatment with Acyclovir. We emphasize the absence of
      other signs and symptoms that could make us suspect an HIV infection and the
      rarity in the literature of the occurrence of HSV infections in that particular
      location as an initial manifestation of AIDS.

PMID- 2279761
TI  - Potentiation of immune response against malaria in immunocompromised mice through
      glucan as an immunoadjuvant.
AB  - Untreated mice were fully immunocompetent but their treatment with various
      immunosuppressors rendered them immunocompromised with respect to one or the
      other or both limbs of immunity. Both, humoral immune response or cell mediated
      immune response suppressed mice were only partially protected against the
      challenge with Plasmodium berghei following their immunization. Hydrocortisone
      treated mice, in which both types of immune responses were suppressed, were not
      protected against the challenge with P. berghei following their immunization. In
      contrast, untreated immunized mice, were fully protected against the challenge
      with P. berghei. The results suggest that glucan potentiated both limbs of
      immunity and both were involved in the host defence against malaria.

PMID- 2279762
TI  - Bovine interleukin 2: production kinetics in normal and in vivo antigen-primed
      cattle.
AB  - Conditions influencing production kinetics of bovine interleukin 2 (IL-2), viz.
      cell concentration, mitogen and its concentration, length of incubation, nutrient
      medium and in vivo antigen-priming were investigated. Peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBL) of outbred cattle of different age groups showed
      considerable variation in their ability to secrete IL-2 which possibly reflects
      their immune competence. Of the cultures initiated with PBL, 5 x 10(6) cells/ml
      cultured in serum free Iscove's medium and stimulated with 5 micrograms Con A/ml
      for 24 hr produced maximal amount of IL-2 activity. In vivo antigen-priming of
      bovine lymphocytes with the live attenuated rinderpest virus revealed that IL-2
      production was not affected by rinderpest virus but the in vivo antigen-priming
      possibly resulted in concomitant production of suppressor factor(s) which
      suppressed the already produced IL-2. The implications of this factor(s) in
      relation to regulation of immune responses in the disease process are discussed.

PMID- 2279763
TI  - Increased concentration of prostatic inhibin following orchidectomy in rat.
AB  - Inhibin, a predominant secretory protein of prostate has been shown earlier to
      increase in proliferative prostatic diseases. Since the prostate gland is under
      the profound influence of androgens, it's withdrawal by orchidectomy is many a
      time included in the therapy to prostate cancer. Hence it was interesting to
      study the reflection of long term orchidectomy on prostatic inhibin. With this
      aim two groups of bilaterally orchidectomised male Sprague-Dawley rats were
      sacrificed 15 days and 30 days after castration respectively. Another group of
      rats was administered with testosterone enanthate after 30 days of castration. As
      protein concentration and weight showed a significant decrease after
      orchidectomy, inhibin concentrations (estimated by RIA) were expressed per gland.
      The inhibin concentration was increased to a 5-6 fold higher value after 15 days
      of castration. While a remarkable 10-15 fold elevation of inhibin concentration
      was observed in 30 day castrated prostates. Concurrently the circulating inhibin
      levels were also found to be heightened. All these effects of orchidectomy were
      almost reversed on androgen administration. Thus in contrast to the decrease in
      the weight and concentration of other prostatic proteins after orchidectomy, the
      increase in inhibin appears to be striking.

PMID- 2279764
TI  - Adrenocortical influence on histokinetics and lipid components of uropygial gland
      of immature chick.
AB  - Adrenocortical influence on uropygial gland of 10-day old male white leghorn
      chicken was assessed by suppressing glucocorticoid level with metyrapone and
      following corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOC) treatments (im),
      100 micrograms each on alternate day for a period of 15 days. Metyrapone
      treatment resulted in significant atrophy of the uropygial gland with a severe
      regression of the glandular alveoli due to cytopycnosis, cellular disintegration
      and drastic cell loss. Concomitantly, there was a depletion of glandular lipid
      and its diester wax fraction. Corticosterone, administered simultaneously with
      metyrapone, counteracted severe adverse effects of the latter on the uropygial
      gland. In the normal chicken also corticosterone alone caused glandular
      hypertrophy with increased rate of cell renewal and cell growth within the
      alveoli and, to a lesser extent, augmented output of the glandular lipids.
      Simultaneous administration of corticosterone and testosterone propionate (TP),
      on the other hand, caused a moderate suppressive influence on this gland. DOC
      treatment alone or with metyrapone and TP failed to exert any noteworthy change
      in the uropygial gland excepting a moderate reduction of gland weight and a rise
      of glandular lipids observed after combined injections of DOC with TP and with
      metyrapone respectively.

PMID- 2279765
TI  - Steroid receptors in mammary glands and tumors of hysterectomised rats.
AB  - Epidemiological survey suggests that longer exposure of the breast to sex
      steroids may be one of the factors involved in increased risk for cancer. Using
      an experimental model of bilaterally hysterectomised rats, the sex steroid
      receptors in the mammary glands during growth as well as incidence and hormonal
      characteristics of chemically induced mammary tumors have been studied. Though
      steroid receptors were detectable in the mammary glands of the model earlier than
      in intact rats, the incidence or hormone dependency of the mammary tumors in the
      two groups were not considerably altered.

PMID- 2279766
TI  - Biopharmaceutical studies of 3-substituted isatin derivatives.
AB  - The metabolic fate of isatin hydrazone (Ia), isatin-3-thiosemicarbazone (Ib),
      isatin-3-semicarbazone (Ic), isatin-3-phenylhydrazone (Id), isatin oxime (Ie) and
      3-hydroxy-3-acetonyl oxindole (II) was studied in rabbits. The compounds were
      administered orally in the dose of 300 mg/kg body wt. Isatin anthranilic acid,
      tryptophan and nicotinic acid were identified as the major metabolites excreted
      in urine. The 3-hydroxy-3-acetonyl oxindole (II) gave on additional metabolite,
      oxindole. The major metabolites were separated and identified unambiguously on
      thin layer silica gel plate. Metabolic pathways have been proposed to explain the
      biotransformation of the compounds investigated.

PMID- 2279767
TI  - Differential effect of retinoic acid on ADP and collagen induced platelet
      aggregation.
AB  - Retinoic acid (RA) was found to inhibit ADP induced but not collagen induced
      aggregation of human platelets and the differential action is related to
      intraplatelet Ca2+ reflux. RA was active at concentrations as low as 10(-7) M and
      required 20 min prior incubation with platelet suspension in order to inhibit
      aggregation by ADP. All the steps in ADP induced but not collagen induced
      platelet activation, viz. hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol, phosphorylation of
      20, 47 and 250 kDa proteins as well as increased association of actin with Triton
      X-100 insoluble cytoskeletal matrix were inhibited by RA. RA when used as an
      agent for differentiation induction of cell progenitor is likely to affect the
      platelet aggregation and thereby the haemostatic process.

PMID- 2279768
TI  - Effect of sub-chronic endosulfan exposures on plasma gonadotrophins,
      testosterone, testicular testosterone and enzymes of androgen biosynthesis in
      rat.
AB  - Insecticide endosulfan significantly inhibited testicular androgen biosynthesis
      in adult rats, when fed (po) at 7.5 and 10 mg/kg body weight dose levels,
      consecutively for 15 and 30 days. No appreciable alterations were apparent in
      body weights, testicular wet weights, and cytosolic and microsomal protein
      contents of testis in treated rats. Profound decrease in the levels of plasma
      gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) along with plasma testosterone and testicular
      testosterone were observed at both the doses of endosulfan, particularly after
      the longer exposure of 30 days. Activities of steroidogenic enzymes studied (3
      beta- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases) were considerably lowered on
      longer exposure of endosulfan. A significant decrease in the contents/activities
      of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and related mixed function oxidases (MFOs) in
      testis of treated rats was also observed, along with a marked inhibition in the
      activity of cytosolic conjugation enzyme, glutathione-S-transferase at both doses
      studied. These biochemical changes were reversed when the endosulfan treatment
      was withdrawn.

PMID- 2279769
TI  - Utilization of acrylonitrile by bacteria isolated from petrochemical waste
      waters.
AB  - A bacterium, utilising acrylonitrile as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen, was
      isolated from Indian Petrochemical Corporation Limited (IPCL) waste waters and
      identified as Arthrobacter sp. This strain could also utilize acetonitrile,
      acetamide and acrylamide individually as a source of carbon and nitrogen. The
      metabolic studies with the whole cells indicated the sequential conversion of the
      nitrile to the respective amide and then to the respective acid and ammonia. The
      rate of nitrile hydrolysis was slower than the corresponding amide hydrolysis.
      Acrylic acid, the end product of acrylonitrile breakdown, did not support the
      growth when provided as a carbon source.

PMID- 2279770
TI  - Basal metabolic rate, nonshivering thermogenesis and cold tolerance in rat during
      undernutrition and subsequent nutritional rehabilitation.
AB  - Nutritional deprivation induced by increasing the litter size and subsequent
      dietary restriction results in rats having lower body weights and body lengths.
      Such undernourished rats have lower body temperatures as well as lower basal
      metabolic rate and nonshivering thermogenesis on a metabolic body weight basis;
      they also succumb on cold exposure to 5 degrees C. Nutritional rehabilitation by
      access to unlimited food reverses these changes to levels comparable to their
      control values.

PMID- 2279771
TI  - Protective effect of coleonol on biochemical changes produced in coronary
      ligation induced ischemia.
AB  - Coleonol, a diterpine prevented biochemical changes induced by coronary artery
      ligation in rabbits at a dose of 10 mg/kg, iv. It increased the heart
      mitochondrial oxygen uptake and O ratio, which may be responsible for the
      stabilization of heart membrane. The decrease in serum creatine phosphokinase,
      glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase
      phospholipase and lipid peroxide and increase in cytochrome P450, glycogen and
      superoxide dismutase activity by coleonol treatment could have contributed to
      restore myocardial integrity and cardiac function disturbed by coronary artery
      ligation. The cardioprotective activity of coleonol was found to be comparable to
      propranolol.

PMID- 2279772
TI  - Reversal of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor induced vasodilatation
      by vasopressin in hindquarters of rat.
AB  - The effect of exogenously administered vasopressin was observed on captopril
      induced vasodilatation in hindquarters of anaesthetised rats. Drops of perfusate
      were counted for 6 min and mean of the outflow was expressed as drops per min
      (dpm). In the control group (n = 6) the rate of flow was 9.5 +/- 1.04 dpm which
      increased to 12.33 +/- 1.36 dpm following captopril (200 micrograms/ml) infusion.
      In test group (n = 6) pretreated with vasopressin (4 I.U./kg 1 hr before) the
      rate of flow was 9.16 +/- 0.98 dpm which was reduced to 5.5 +/- 1.04 dpm
      following infusion with captopril. It is concluded that vasopressin reverses the
      vasodilatory effect of captopril.

PMID- 2279773
TI  - Binary conjugational transfer system of vectors pRK290 and pLAFRI is proficient
      both ways between Escherichia coli and Rhizobium.
AB  - Wide host range vector plasmids pRK290 and pLAFRI carrying genomic fragments of
      Rhizobium are transferable both ways between R. meliloti and R. leguminosarum
      cells on the one hand and to E. coli cells on the other, in triparental matings
      involving E. coli cells carrying pRK2013, the helper for Tra functions to the
      vector plasmids. The vector plasmids pRK290 and pLAFRI can be employed for
      recovering clones harbored by R. leguminosarum and R. meliloti by transfer to
      Rhizobium cells by direct matings of the library with them.

PMID- 2279774
TI  - Role of temperature in regulation of ovarian cycle in bull frog Rana tigerina.
AB  - Effect of temperature on the ovarian cycle was studied in R. tigerina by exposing
      them to (1) constant low (22 degrees C) temperature during preparatory (active
      vitellogenic growth) phase (March-May) when the mean ambient temperature ranged
      from 26 degrees-28 degrees C and (2) to constant high (30 degrees +/- 1 degrees
      C) temperature during postbreeding regression phase (August-November) when the
      mean ambient temperature ranged from 22 degrees-26 degrees C. The ovaries of
      initial controls (biopsy samples taken prior to the commencement of the
      experiment) in March contained only first growth phase (FGP) oocytes with a
      maximum size range of 361-480 microns in diameter. In the frogs exposed to
      constant low temperature for 2 months, only 7% of FGP oocytes were recruited to
      second growth phase (SGP) with a mean largest diameter of 631 microns compared to
      31% large SGP oocytes with a mean diameter of 1114 microns in the frogs collected
      from natural fields. The number of atretic follicles (AF) was lower and fat body
      weights were significantly higher in low temperature exposed frogs. The exposure
      of the frogs to constant high temperature during postbreeding months caused an
      increase in the mean diameter and number of large FGP oocytes, numerical increase
      in AF and decrease in fat body weights over corresponding controls maintained at
      room temperature. The pituitary gonadotrophs of these frogs showed stimulatory
      changes such as increase in cell size and appearance of secretory granules in the
      cytoplasm. The results suggest that in R. tigerina high temperature stimulates
      oocyte growth while low temperature retards it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279775
TI  - Effect of multigeneration alcohol feeding on murine immune system.
AB  - Mice belonging to F8, F12, F14 and F20 generation of a multigeneration study
      reared on 20% (v/v) ethanol in water as the sole drinking source were
      investigated for their immune competence using various parameters. The results
      indicated lack of any significant effect on delayed type hypersensitivity to
      dinitro fluorobenzene (DNFB) or sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice consuming
      ethanol. Further, alloskin graft and tumor graft response was similar in both
      ethanol and water fed mice. Humoral response to SRBC was also intact. However, NK
      cell activity was reduced significantly in ethanol fed mice. Phagocytic index as
      assessed by the carbon clearance test was also reduced considerably in mice
      consuming ethanol. The results clearly indicate that ethanol per se has a
      significant effect on the nonspecific limb of the immune system, in chronically
      fed mice.

PMID- 2279776
TI  - Effect of subacute DDT on pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and liver function in
      rabbits.
AB  - DDT administration (30 mg/kg per day, po, for 21 consecutive days) to rabbits
      showed an increase in peak plasma concentration and a decrease in time to reach
      peak plasma concentration of isoniazid whereas no change was observed in
      elimination rate constant and area under the plasma concentration-time curve. DDT
      treatment caused increased absorption of isoniazid. Early signs of hepatic damage
      were also observed. Since there was no change in the levels of serum glutamate
      oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, it can be
      concluded that DDT does not significantly affect liver function at the dosage
      used. The observed elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase could be due to direct
      activation of the enzyme. Leukopaenia and neutropaenia with relative
      lymphocytosis indicated that DDT might have suppressant effect on granulocyte
      cell line of WBCs.

PMID- 2279777
TI  - Changes in succinate dehydrogenase activity of rats after intraventricular
      injections of GABA, muscimol and picrotoxin.
AB  - Effects of intraventricular injections of GABA, and a GABA agonist, muscimol and
      an antagonist, picrotoxin on succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme activity in
      plasma and a few hypothalamic nuclei of brain of rats have been investigated
      using biochemical, histochemical and cytophotometric techniques. Results show
      that SDH decreased by GABA and muscimol treatment, and increased after picrotoxin
      injection. From the above findings, it is apparent that GABA, muscimol and
      picrotoxin influence SDH activity of plasma and hypothalamic nuclei.

PMID- 2279778
TI  - Acute effects of heat on neuropsychological changes and physiological responses
      under noise condition.
AB  - To examine the effects of heat and noise individually and jointly on certain
      physiological responses and cognitive and neuromotor based functions, 12 male
      participants were tested under 6 experimental conditions which resulted by
      combining 3 levels of heat (25 degrees, 30 degrees and 35 degrees C) and 2 levels
      of white noise (70 and 100 dB). The experiment was carried out in a controlled
      climatic chamber following two 6 x 6 latin square designs. The results indicated
      elevations in heart rate, oxygen uptake and body temperature due to the
      independent effect of heat or the combined effects of heat and noise. The
      independent action of noise was found to be depressive on the first two
      responses. On the neuropsychological effects, the heat adversely affected the
      speed in card sorting (by design configuration) and digit symbol tests, and also
      the accuracy and error rate in the reasoning ability test. The noise caused
      performance improvements in critical flicker frequency (simultaneous) and in
      error rates in card sorting (by design configuration). The combined effects of
      heat and noise indicated higher error rates in card sorting (by face value),
      decreased accuracy in reasoning ability and improvements in performance in
      accuracy scores and error rates in digit symbol test.

PMID- 2279779
TI  - Genotoxic effect of isoproturon (herbicide) as revealed by three mammalian in
      vivo mutagenic bioassays.
AB  - Genotoxic effect of isoproturon was assessed by employing in vivo chromosomal
      aberration, micronucleus and sperm-shape abnormality assays. A significant dose
      responsive mutagenic effect was observed in chromosome aberration and sperm-shape
      abnormality tests whereas in micronucleus assay the effect was significant only
      at the highest dose (200 mg/kg). Only the result for the chronic dose and the two
      different fixation times (6 and 48 hr) were not statistically significant. The
      results indicate the genotoxic property of isoproturon in mammalian in vivo test
      system.

PMID- 2279780
TI  - Effect of undernutrition on succinate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase in
      developing rat brain.
AB  - Pups (5 days old) were undernourished by separating them for 14 hr daily from
      their mothers for 7, 10, 13, 16 and 20 days. The undernourished rats showed
      significant decrease in body and brain weight, protein and nucleic acid contents
      at all stages of observation as compared to controls. The activities of SDH and
      AChE enzymes were decreased significantly after 10 days and onwards in
      undernourished rat brain. However, maximum decrease in brain protein, nucleic
      acid contents and enzyme activities was observed during suckling-weaning
      transition (20-21 days). Such alterations in enzyme activities may be correlated
      with the reduced oxidative and neurotransmission function in undernourished
      developing rat brain.

PMID- 2279781
TI  - Enzymes of PEP-succinate pathway in Setaria cervi and effect of anthelmintic
      drugs.
AB  - Localization of different enzymes of PEP-succinate pathway has been done in
      Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial worm. Succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate
      reductase were localized in mitochondria rich particulate fraction while all
      other enzymes were cytosolic. The in vitro effect of certain
      antifilarial/anthelmintic agents on these enzymes was also investigated.
      Sumarmin, at low concentration, could cause a marked inhibition of most of the
      enzymes of this pathway. Centperazine, an antifilarial drug being developed by
      CDRI showed significant inhibitory action on pyruvate kinase, lactate
      dehydrogenase, fumarase and succinate dehydrogenase while CDRI compound 72/70
      showed significant inhibition of PEP-carboxykinase activity. Diethylcarbamazine
      and levamisole, however, were found to be more or less ineffective at lower
      concentrations against all the enzymes of this pathway.

PMID- 2279782
TI  - Sex-influenced population kinetics of Leishmania donovani in hamsters.
AB  - Susceptibility of animals to infections depends upon various factors including
      sex of the host which plays a pivotal role. The intake of L. donovani was
      investigated in male and female hamsters as also in gonadectomized and hormone
      (sex) treated animals. Male hamsters developed more parasites (55/100 cell
      nuclei) than their female counterparts (22/100 cell nuclei). The hamsters
      receiving testosterone (250 micrograms/animal for 7 days) exogenously (im) had
      enhanced parasitic count (1.1-fold in male and 1.5-fold in females with respect
      to their respective controls). Administration of estradiol (3 micrograms/animal
      for 3 days) suppressed the infection in males by 2.5-fold and in female by 1.94
      fold. Castration lowered the parasite 'in take' while ovarectomy promoted
      infection. In these (gonadectomized) animals the administration of testosterone
      in males restored parasite load while the estradiol therapy in females suppressed
      the infection. The results suggest a definite modulatory role of sex hormone, in
      the susceptibility of hamsters to L. donovani infection.

PMID- 2279783
TI  - Effect of cyclosporin-A, antimalarial drug, on lymphocyte proliferation of Balb/c
      mice in vitro.
AB  - Cyclosporin-A(CsA) caused inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation at higher doses
      (5 and 10 micrograms/ml) compared to controls. When spleen cells were
      preincubated with high doses of CsA and washed, the normal lymphocyte response to
      stimulation with mitogen (concanavalin-A) and lymphokine (interleukin-2) was not
      affected. The results indicate that CsA's suppressive effect at higher doses, was
      a temporary one and potential use of CsA to control parasitic infections should
      be examined.

PMID- 2279784
TI  - Impact of hyperprolactinaemia on testicular neutral lipids and phospholipids in
      mature bonnet monkeys, Macaca radiata (Geoffroy).
AB  - Impact of hyperprolactinaemia, induced by daily injection of ovine prolactin (250
      micrograms/kg body weight, ip for 30 days) on testicular lipids was studied in M.
      radiata. Wet weights of testis and accessory sex organs decreased in
      hyperprolactinaemic monkeys. Even though total lipids in the testis did not show
      any significant change, total cholesterol and total glyceride glycerol decreased.
      While all fractions of testicular neutral lipids showed a perceptible decrease,
      phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline increased
      in hyperprolactinaemic monkeys. Hyperprolactinaemia appears to influence male
      fertility by altering the composition of testicular neutral lipids and
      phospholipids.

PMID- 2279786
TI  - Phases in cancer control: intervention research.

PMID- 2279785
TI  - Cholesterol in serum, liver and small intestine under different dietary
      compositions.
AB  - Decrease in serum total cholesterol was noted in albino rats fed with low protein
      diet. Decrease was also noted in the tissues like liver, duodenum, jejunum and
      ileum in high protein diet, and jejunum and ileum in low protein diet. There was
      an increase of serum free cholesterol in low protein diet. All the tissues
      studied had less free cholesterol in high protein diet. Jejunum showed a decrease
      in low protein diet also. Serum total cholesterol increased in high fat diet.
      Free cholesterol increased in both the cases. Tissue total cholesterol was raised
      in low and high fat diets in liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Free cholesterol
      was raised in duodenum and ileum in both high and low fat diets while that of
      liver and jejunum was increased only in low fat group.

PMID- 2279787
TI  - Evaluating effectiveness of primary prevention of cancer. A workshop. Reykjavik,
      Iceland. Proceedings.

PMID- 2279788
TI  - Prevention of cancer: review of the evidence from intervention trials.

PMID- 2279789
TI  - WHO European Collaborative Trial in the multifactorial prevention of coronary
      heart disease. World Health Organization European Collaborative Group.

PMID- 2279790
TI  - Quantification of the effects of preventive measures.

PMID- 2279791
TI  - Changes in cancer incidence in North Karelia, an area with a comprehensive
      preventive cardiovascular programme.

PMID- 2279793
TI  - Primary prevention of cancer: relevant Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
      results.

PMID- 2279792
TI  - A primary prevention study of oral cancer among Indian villagers. Eight-year
      follow-up results.

PMID- 2279794
TI  - Cancer prevention. Other selected interventions.

PMID- 2279795
TI  - Community-based cardiovascular disease prevention programmes: models for cancer
      prevention.

PMID- 2279796
TI  - Current issues in cancer chemoprevention.

PMID- 2279797
TI  - Effectiveness of primary prevention of occupational exposures on cancer risk.

PMID- 2279798
TI  - Changes in tobacco consumption and lung cancer risk: evidence from national
      statistics.

PMID- 2279799
TI  - Changes in tobacco consumption and lung cancer risk: evidence from studies of
      individuals.

PMID- 2279800
TI  - Changes in diet and changes in cancer risk: observational studies.

PMID- 2279801
TI  - Neonatal behavioral assessment.

PMID- 2279802
TI  - Comparative evaluation of the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen and paracetamol.
AB  - An open multicentric trial was conducted on 175 patients to compare the
      antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen (7 mg/kg) and paracetamol (8 mg/kg). Children
      between the age of 4 months and 12 years with fever were admitted to the study,
      85 in the ibuprofen group and 90 in the paracetamol group. The axillary
      temperatures were recorded at half hourly intervals for 2 hours. The mean fall in
      temperature at 1, 1.5 and 2 hours was similar in both groups and the differences
      were not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). At half hour, the fall
      in temperature (mean +/- SEM) for ibuprofen was 0.1975 +/- 0.0409 and for
      paracetamol was 0.3843 +/- 0.0490. This absolute difference of 0.19 degrees C was
      statistically significant (p less than 0.05). We conclude that ibuprofen has
      antipyretic activity comparable to that of paracetamol and that it could be a
      valuable alternative antipyretic in clinical practice. There is a need to repeat
      this trial with higher doses of ibuprofen, to establish a dose response of the
      drug, if any, and to find an optimally effective dose.

PMID- 2279803
TI  - Comparison of temperatures at different sites in term and pre-term neonates.
AB  - Temperatures of 30 term and 20 preterm neonates were recorded by mercury-in-glass
      thermometer at 4 measurement sites; rectum (2 cm beyond anus), external auditory
      canal, axilla and between skin and mattress. Whereas, the mean rectal and aural
      temperatures in term infants were significantly higher than their preterm
      counterparts (p less than 0.01), axillary and skin mattress temperatures did not
      differ significantly in the two groups. The variation between stabilized
      temperature at four measurement sites was less marked in preterm as compared to
      term infants. The skin mattress temperature measurement is a simpler technique
      and it closely approximates the rectal temperature in preterm infants.
      Temperatures at all the measurement sites stabilized by 5 minutes both in term
      and preterm infants.

PMID- 2279804
TI  - Reliability of subjective assessment of fever by mothers.
AB  - To evaluate reliability of mother's subjective assessment of fever, we measured
      actual body temperature of 301 children and correlated these with assessment of
      fever (presence or absence) by the mother. Mothers could identify 88.9% (104/117)
      of febrile children and 88.6% (163/184) afebrile children correctly (positive and
      negative predictive values 83.2 and 87.6%, respectively). Palpation of more than
      one anatomical site for subjective assessment had a sensitivity of 100% and a
      specificity of 92.2%. The accuracy of the assessment was maximum in infants, and
      was not influenced by sex of the child, mother's educational status and the use
      of thermometer at home. In the situation where accurate measurement of
      temperature by thermometer is not available, mother's assessment about presence
      or absence of fever in her child can be relied upon by health-workers and
      physicians.

PMID- 2279805
TI  - Skinfold thickness in well-nourished school children in Haryana.
AB  - Skin fold thickness of 4405 (2212 male and 2193 female) well-nourished school
      children between 5 to 15 years of age in five public schools of Haryana was
      measured by standard accepted technique. The findings of the present study were
      comparable with earlier studies conducted in well-nourished Indian school
      children at Hyderabad and with the British children. Children belonging to low
      income groups had smaller fat folds at all ages as compared to the present study.

PMID- 2279806
TI  - Skinfolds in affluent Punjabi preschool children.
AB  - The skinfold thickness at three different sites (triceps, subscapular and
      suprailiac) were measured using Holtain Skin Fold Caliper in 941 children of 0-5
      years of age. The sample consisted of children from affluent families of Ludhiana
      (Punjab) in order to include only the optimally growing children. The skinfold
      thickness at all the three sites showed a progressive rise in mean values upto
      the age of 1 year and thereafter the trend was downwards till the age of 5 years
      in both the sexes. The values were higher in girls in all age groups. The mean
      triceps skinfold thickness was the highest followed by subscapular and suprailiac
      thickness in both sexes in almost all age groups. There was no correlation
      between the body weight and skinfold thickness values (mean r value = 0.09).
      Triceps and suprailiac skinfold thickness were significantly lower than the
      corresponding British values in both the sexes in all age groups. However, the
      subscapular values were comparable with British values in the females of all age
      groups and also in males above three years of age. Larger multicentric studies
      are recommended to frame the norms for Indian children.

PMID- 2279807
TI  - Premature infant feeding: role of diluted formula.
AB  - The role of half strength, double volume milk feeds for initiating feeding in
      preterm newborn infants was evaluated. Thirty eight premature infants were
      included in the study and divided into Groups A and B having 20 and 18 babies,
      respectively. Group A babies were fed half strength (10 cal/oz) formula feeds but
      the volume was doubled, while Group B babies were fed full strength formula feeds
      (20 cal/oz) with standard volume. A pre-set schedule was evolved for feed
      increments in the two groups. The amount of feeds was increased daily till a
      volume of 150 ml/kg/day was reached. The end point of the study was achieved when
      the caloric intake became 100 cal/kg/day. It was observed that Group A babies
      attained enteral energy intake of 100 cals/kg/day much earlier and experienced
      lesser complications, viz., persistent gastric aspirate and abdominal distension.
      They required intravenous supplementation for a shorter duration thus reducing
      the associated complications.

PMID- 2279808
TI  - Weight and height norms of 5-10 years old children of upper socio-economic
      status.
AB  - One thousand and twenty four school children (574 boys and 450 girls) between the
      ages of 5-10 years, belonging to upper socio-economic status were cross
      sectionally studied to establish regional weight and height norms. The boys were
      heavier till the age of 9 years while the girls were heavier than boys beyond
      that age. The boys were taller than the girls between 5-9 years and thereafter
      the girls over took the boys.

PMID- 2279809
TI  - Persistent pulmonary hypertension in the neonate.

PMID- 2279810
TI  - Congenital rickets.

PMID- 2279811
TI  - Awareness about infant feeding among young lady teachers.

PMID- 2279812
TI  - Childhood Paget's disease of bone.

PMID- 2279813
TI  - Congenital short small intestine.

PMID- 2279814
TI  - Placental extract--a teratogen.

PMID- 2279815
TI  - Harlequin fetus with polydactyly and renal dysplasia.

PMID- 2279816
TI  - Genu recurvatum--an unusual presentation.

PMID- 2279817
TI  - Role of elastase-alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor in early diagnosis of neonatal
      sepsis.

PMID- 2279818
TI  - Possible reason for false positive ELISA results in serodiagnosis of
      tuberculosis.

PMID- 2279819
TI  - Congenital absence of penis.

PMID- 2279820
TI  - Do young children need fluoride toothpaste?

PMID- 2279821
TI  - Double medial malleolus, double long saphenous vein and difficulty in
      venesection.

PMID- 2279822
TI  - HIV infection in the pediatric age group.

PMID- 2279823
TI  - [Endodontic obturation: daily application of current concepts for the general
      practitioner. Reality or utopia?].

PMID- 2279824
TI  - [Professional toxic pathology in the dental office].

PMID- 2279825
TI  - [Pulpotomy of deciduous teeth].

PMID- 2279827
TI  - [Rejuvenation surgery of the face: lifting--eyelids].

PMID- 2279826
TI  - [A new plaque disclosing gel for structured brushing education].

PMID- 2279828
TI  - Cryopreservation of cartilage.
AB  - We have investigated the viability and function of cells in cartilage slices
      after various methods of preservation, and have examined the viability of cells
      by measuring the incorporation of Na2(35)SO4 at different concentrations,
      temperatures and times of exposure to cryopreservatives. We have assessed the
      viability of cells when exposed to pre-freezing temperatures, and after
      preservation at -80 degrees C. The best survival rate was found to be with a
      concentration of cryopreservatives of approximately 10%, with pre-freeze exposure
      for four hours at 4 degrees C. In the stage cooling technique, the best initial
      cooling was at -30 degrees C for 30 minutes, followed by rapid cooling of the
      cartilage to -80 degrees C. The best survival rate for cryopreserved cartilage in
      10% DMSO was, on average, 19% in intact slices and 34% when holes had been made
      in the slices. Proteoglycan synthesis after thawing appeared normal, and
      proteoglycan labelled after 48 hours in culture also showed a normal pattern.

PMID- 2279829
TI  - Bone allografts sterilised by irradiation. Biological properties, procurement and
      results of 150 massive allografts.
AB  - Massive bone allografts from cadavers have been sterilised by gamma-radiation
      from radioactive cobalt at a dose of 25,000 gray (Gy). The biological effects of
      radiation are discussed. Human cortical bone showed an acceptable 20% decrease in
      strength on bending tests after 27,000 Gy irradiation, but higher doses are more
      damaging and should be avoided. The procurement protocol used at the Cochin
      Hospital is described, and the importance of dosimetry and record-keeping
      emphasised. The clinical results of 150 massive bone allografts are reported. The
      infection rate was low. The evolution of the graft in each type of reconstruction
      is analysed and appears to be comparable to nonirradiated allografts. Very few
      complications occurred after composite reconstructions in the lower limb. Pelvic
      reconstructions had the highest complication rate, but most were not related to
      the use of the allograft.

PMID- 2279830
TI  - Experiments on antigenicity and osteogenicity in allotransplanted cancellous
      bone.
AB  - This experimental study was undertaken in mice to investigate the procedures for
      storage of allogenic cancellous bone. Cancellous grafts were were stored at -80
      degrees C, -196 degrees C or freeze dried. Grafts were implanted into a defect in
      the recipient's femur and after one week the cellular kinetic activity was
      analysed by autoradiography. For immunological study, the grafts were implanted
      into the recipient's muscle, and 2 weeks later the sensitising properties were
      examined by killer T-cell toxicity and the complement dependent cytotoxicity
      test. The capacity for osteogenesis of grafts frozen at -196 degrees C was
      similar to or higher than those freeze dried, but it was low when storage was at 
      80 degrees C. Immunogenicity was not affected by these three methods of storage
      and was very similar to that of fresh autografts. Antigenicity of allografts can
      be decreased by the freezing procedure. We suggest that the greater osteogenic
      potency after freezing at 196 degrees C is related to the lesser degree of
      degeneration of the bone matrix.

PMID- 2279831
TI  - Massive bone allografts in children.
AB  - A group of ten children and adolescents with malignant bone tumours (eight
      osteosarcomas, two Ewing's tumours) were treated with chemotherapy and resection
      with allograft reconstruction. Intercalary grafts were used in three cases and
      terminal osteoarticular grafts at the knee in seven. The mean follow up was 22
      months. Functional results were satisfactory, but there were some complications
      related to the graft. Although these are early results, we believe that the
      method is justified and is preferable to the use of an endoprosthesis,
      particularly in children.

PMID- 2279832
TI  - [The use of coral in bone surgery. Results following 4 years of utilization].
AB  - The authors have used Porites coral as a bone substitute in more than 200
      patients since 1985, initially for reconstruction after craniotomy or removal of
      graft from the iliac crest. Encouraging results have prompted wider use. No
      complications have occurred. The biological properties of coral are described. It
      is easily available and appears to be a promising bone substitute.

PMID- 2279833
TI  - Experimental studies on half-joint transplantation. Antigenicity of fresh
      allografted articular cartilage and changes in the articular cartilage.
AB  - This study was undertaken to examine the fate of articular cartilage in isogenic
      half-joint grafts implanted after storage by two-stage freezing. The antigenicity
      was evaluated quantitatively with regard to humoral and cellular immunological
      responses: none was seen in allogenic cartilage grafts. In the half-joint
      transplantations, the antigenicity of the cartilage need not be considered; only
      the antigenicity of cortical and cancellous bone must be reduced. Histologically,
      half-joint grafts stored at -196 degrees C were superior to fresh allografts. Two
      stage freezing, therefore, appears to be useful for the storage of articular
      cartilage.

PMID- 2279834
TI  - [A large vascularized allograft of the femoral diaphysis in man].
AB  - A fresh vascularised femoral allograft was used to replace a 27 centimetre
      section of the diaphysis of the femur following a crush injury in a 35 year old
      man. The technique of operation and details of management are described. After
      nine months the graft junctions were incorporated, and vascular perfusion was
      satisfactory.

PMID- 2279835
TI  - Bone allografts after segmental resection of tumours.
AB  - Massive cryo-preserved bone allografts were implanted in 17 patients after
      segmental resection, 10 for malignant and 7 for benign bone tumours. A segmental
      graft alone was used in 6 cases, a bone graft with an arthrodesis in 8, and a
      combination of graft and prosthesis in 1. The tumours were resected widely; the
      average length of graft was 6.4 cm in benign tumours and 11 cm in malignant
      tumours. Chemotherapy was given for one year after operation. There were 2 local
      recurrences, one severe infection, sloughing of the wound in 2, graft absorption
      in 3 and breakage of metal in 2. Follow up was from 14 months to 12 years. Bone
      healing was assessed by radiography in 13 cases. All grafted bone in patients
      receiving chemotherapy failed to heal primarily, as did 3 of the grafts for
      benign tumours. Secondary rigid fixation and an additional autogenous graft
      resulted in healing of the bone junction within a year.

PMID- 2279836
TI  - Changes in walking ability after knee replacement.
AB  - Walking ability has been assessed in 20 patients before and after knee
      replacement. In 8, who had severe osteoarthritis, a bicompartmental ICLH
      (Imperial College-London Hospital) prosthesis was used; in 12, with moderate
      arthritis, the medial side of the joint was replaced by a unicompartmental
      Brigham prosthesis. Knee function was assessed with the British Orthopaedic
      Association assessment chart, and walking capacity by the oxygen cost of level
      walking. Before operation, the function was the same in both groups, but patients
      with moderate osteoarthritis could walk faster with a lower energy cost than
      those with severe osteoarthritis. One year after operation, all the patients had
      improved clinically, alignment had been corrected, and the knees were stable with
      a satisfactory range of movement. Walking speed was improved; pain and perceived
      exertion were reduced. The oxygen cost of walking was decreased in patients with
      a unicompartmental arthroplasty, but not in patients with a total replacement. An
      uneconomic walking pattern, acquired before operation in those with severe
      osteoarthritis, was considered to be the reason why walking efficiency was not
      improved. The walking ability in patients with moderate osteoarthritis recovered
      to almost normal after unicompartmental replacement.

PMID- 2279838
TI  - Innervation of the anterior cruciate ligament.
AB  - The innervation of 21 human anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL) obtained at autopsy
      or during operation was studied by light microscopy. Nerves and nerve endings
      were found in the synovium and interfascicular connective tissue. The nerves were
      myelinated and/or unmyelinated and had terminal nerve structures with free nerve
      endings which provide nociception and supply the blood vessels, Ruffini
      corpuscles and Pacini corpuscles, which are mechanoreceptors in the ligaments.

PMID- 2279837
TI  - Percutaneous tension band wiring for minimally displaced fractures of the
      patella.
AB  - Percutaneous tension band wiring was carried out on 26 minimally displaced
      transverse fractures of the patella. Plaster immobilisation was not necessary and
      knee movements were encouraged after the 5th day. Excellent function was regained
      in every case.

PMID- 2279839
TI  - [Dynamic stabilization of a total hip arthroplasty. Apropos of 100 total
      prostheses of which 52 dislocations].
AB  - This paper outlines the principal factors which stabilise a normal hip, and
      describes the modifications which occur following total joint replacement.
      Deficiencies in muscle function and mechanical restraints due to the prosthesis
      may be present. A biomechanical mathematical model has been devised which
      examines the variations in length of the middle gluteal muscle during movement,
      particularly in hip flexion, when there is the greatest risk of dislocation. This
      enables a critical evaluation of the muscle forces surrounding the hip, and
      allows identification of patients with a high risk of dislocation. These
      observations have been applied to a group of 100 patients, 52 of whom had
      experienced a dislocation and 48 with stable prostheses. Patients at high risk
      according to the statistical model tended to dislocate from one month after
      operation onwards, and are to be distinguished from those who dislocate early due
      to malposition of the prosthesis.

PMID- 2279840
TI  - Grosse-Kempf nail combined with a Scan hip prosthesis.
AB  - A Grosse-Kempf nail was used with a Scan femoral hip prosthesis to manage a
      patient who sustained a pathological fracture of the neck of the femur after the
      previous introduction of the interlocking nail for a similar fracture of the
      lower end of the femur.

PMID- 2279841
TI  - Expansive laminoplasty for lumbar spinal stenosis.
AB  - Expansive laminoplasty, a procedure used for cervical myelopathy, was carried out
      in 4 patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. The method was used in
      relatively young patients with severe low back and sciatic pain who had
      intraspinal ossification at multiple segments, with or without developmental
      spinal stenosis. The advantages of osteoplastic enlargement of the lumbar spinal
      canal with reinforcement of spinal stability are confirmed by our follow up of 2
      to 5 1/2 years. The results were very satisfactory in each case. The indications
      and operative technique are described.

PMID- 2279842
TI  - The Guildford elbow.
AB  - A new unconstrained elbow replacement is described and the results of 44 primary
      and 5 revision operations assessed. A high incidence of pain relief (82%) and
      functional improvement (73%) was achieved. However 23% of primary replacements
      later underwent loosening as assessed radiologically and 12% have undergone
      revision for pain. Minor complications not affecting the final result occurred in
      28%. The causes and significance of the complications are analysed.

PMID- 2279843
TI  - Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against rabbit growth
      cartilage.
AB  - Growth cartilage (GC) cells of young rabbits were cultured in vitro and their
      homogenates were injected into mice. Hybridomas were prepared by the cell fusion
      technique between the myeloma cells and the spleen cells of the immunized mice.
      Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were produced by the hybridomas in the peritoneal
      cavities of the mice, and some of these, temporarily named MoAbs A, B, D, N, P,
      and S, were studied. The localization of the antigens of each of the MoAbs in the
      GC or adjacent resting cartilage (RC) was examined by indirect fluorescent
      antibody staining. The molecular weight of the antigens was examined by
      immunoblot staining after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. MoAb A and MoAb
      N stained RC cells and GC cells, except calcified GC. MoAb B stained the
      hypertrophic and calcified GC, and matrices in the RC and proliferating GC. MoAb
      D stained the calcified GC. MoAb P and MoAb S stained the RC cells and the
      matrices in the GC, intensively in the hypertrophic GC and perichondrium. The
      molecular weights of the antigens of MoAbs A, P, and S were 40-70 KD, 35-40 KD
      and 30 KD, respectively.

PMID- 2279844
TI  - Rapid determination and NMR assignments of antiparallel sheets and helices of a
      scorpion and a cobra toxin.
AB  - An NMR method is described which should provide a rapid means for determining and
      assigning antiparallel sheets and helices in small proteins. It begins by
      locating apparent NOESY crosspeaks which suggest the presence of the secondary
      structure; this is followed by searches for MCD patterns (Englander & Wand (1987)
      Biochemistry 22, 5953) which are characteristic of these structures. As a result,
      only spin-systems of the amino acids within the secondary structure need to be
      defined. A triple-stranded, antiparallel sheet and a helix have been found and
      assigned for both alpha-cobratoxin and the scorpion toxin AaH III.

PMID- 2279845
TI  - Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of peptide-amides in the solid state.
AB  - The hydrolysis of peptide-amides in the solid state at 4 degrees due to the
      presence of residual strong acid was investigated. It was found that even small
      molar excesses of these acids cause substantial deamidation in one day. The
      degree of amide hydrolysis depends not only upon the pKa and the volatility of
      the acid, but also upon the accessibility of the amide function; peptides with
      bulky C-terminal residues are more stable than the less-hindered ones.

PMID- 2279846
TI  - Predicting isomorphic residue replacements for protein design.
AB  - The replaceability of amino acids as reflected in their neighbourhood selectivity
      is analyzed in this paper. Neighbourhood selectivity was found to be more
      characteristic of the individual amino acids than the other commonly used
      parameters. The residue replacement rank obtained was compared with other
      proposed ranks and was tested on naturally accepted point mutations in homologous
      proteins.

PMID- 2279847
TI  - Cyclization under mild conditions of salicyloyl-dipeptides.
AB  - Carboxy-activated linear peptides 6(a-c) of general formula Sal-Xaa-Pro-ONp (Xaa
      = Phe: Gly; Aib) were synthesized and treated at room temperature with 1,8
      diazabicyclo [5,4,0] undec-7-ene (DBU) in benzene solution. The tetrahedral
      adducts (oxa-cyclols) 7, 11 and 12, tautomeric forms of the corresponding 10
      membered cyclodepsitripeptides, have been isolated in each of the three models
      examined. These adducts, which contain the hydroxylated carbon atom located at
      the junction between two 6-membered rings, do not show a tendency to isomerize
      into the corresponding macrocyclic lactones, regardless of the nature of the
      substituents on the C alpha carbon atom of the central residue. Partially
      cyclized dimeric products 8 and 13, identified as N-(Sal-Xaa-Pro)
      dioxopiperazines (Xaa = Phe;Aib), have been also isolated from the cyclization
      reactions.

PMID- 2279849
TI  - A cleavage method which minimizes side reactions following Fmoc solid phase
      peptide synthesis.
AB  - The success of solid phase peptide synthesis utilizing 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl
      (Fmoc) amino acids is often limited by deleterious side reactions which occur
      during TFA peptide-resin cleavage and side-chain deprotection. The majority of
      these side reactions modify susceptible residues, such as Trp, Tyr, Met, and Cys,
      with TFA-liberated side-chain protecting groups and linkers. The purpose of this
      study was to assess the relative effectiveness of various scavengers in
      suppressing these side reactions. We found that the cleavage mixture 82.5% TFA :
      5% phenol : 5% H2O : 5% thioanisole : 2.5% EDT (Reagent K) was maximally
      efficient in inhibiting a great variety of side reactions. Synthesis and cleavage
      of 10 peptides, each containing 20-50 residues, demonstrated the complementarity
      of Fmoc chemistry with Reagent K for efficient synthesis of complex peptides.

PMID- 2279850
TI  - Solid-phase synthesis of peptides containing phosphoserine using phosphate tert.
      butyl protecting group.
AB  - In this paper, we report the solid-phase synthesis of peptides containing O
      phosphonoserine using BOP as coupling reagent. Commercially available Fmoc amino
      acids linked to p-alkoxybenzyl resin were used in the first step and Alloc amino
      acids in the following. Alloc group was removed by catalytic hydrostannolytic
      cleavage. Acid-labile side-chain protecting groups (including phosphate residue)
      were used. Thus, both removal of side-chain protecting groups and cleavage of the
      phosphopeptide from the resin were achieved in one step by treatment with TFA.
      Alloc serine was phosphorylated by the phosphoramidite method. This strategy
      enables the preparation of peptides with selectively phosphorylated residue and
      overcomes problems due to repetitive treatments with TFA and final cleavage with
      HF.

PMID- 2279848
TI  - Conformations of the central transforming region (Ile 55-Met 67) of the p21
      protein and their relationship to activation of the protein.
AB  - The GTP-binding p21 protein, encoded by the ras-oncogene, becomes transforming if
      amino acid substitutions are made at critical positions in the polypeptide chain,
      e.g., at Gly 12, Gly 13, Ala 59, Gln 61 and Glu 63. Most of these substitutions
      occur in two phosphate-binding loop regions, Tyr 4-Thr 20, herein designated as
      segment 1, and Ile 55-Met 67, herein designated, as segment 2. These two segments
      are homologous to two corresponding regions in the two purine nucleotide binding
      proteins, bacterial elongation factor (EF-tu) (Val 12-Thr 28 corresponds to
      segment 1; His 78-Ile 92 corresponds to segment 2) and adenylate kinase (ADK)
      (Lys 9-Cys 25 corresponds to segment 1 and Tyr 95-Arg 107 corresponds to segment
      2). We find that the conformations of the segment 1 region in the p21 protein, EF
      tu and ADK are similar to one another and that the conformation of the segment 2
      region of EF-tu is superimposable on that of segment 2 of ADK. Furthermore, the
      relative position of the two segments in EF-tu is strikingly similar to that of
      the two segments in ADK. In the originally proposed X-ray structure for the p21
      protein, the conformation of segment 2 in the p21 protein is not similar to that
      found for the other two proteins, and its disposition relative to segment 1 and
      the remainder of the protein is also different from that observed for the other
      two proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279851
TI  - Conformation of cyclo-(D-phenylalanyl-trans-4-fluoro-D-prolyl).
AB  - cyclo(D-Phenylalanyl-trans-4-fluoro-D-prolyl), c(D-Phe-D-FPro), was synthesized
      and its conformation determined both in solution and in the solid state by 1H NMR
      and X-ray analysis, respectively. In the crystals the 2.5-diketopiperazine (DKP)
      ring assumes the uncommon conformation, for cyclodipeptides containing Pro
      residue, of a flattened chair, which seemingly results from a compromise between,
      on the one hand, the DKP-aromatic intramolecular ring-ring attraction (folding),
      requiring the C alpha--C beta bond of the Phe to be axial, and, on the other
      hand, the intrinsic tendency of the Pro residue to have its C alpha--C beta bond
      equatorial. Unlike the solid state, the 1H NMR data in CDCl3 and C6D6 demonstrate
      that in both solutions the DKP ring assumes a boat-like shape, typical for the
      Pro-containing cyclodipeptides, with the equatorial C alpha--C beta bonds in both
      amino acid residues, which preclude ring-ring folding. A similar conformation was
      encountered in the closest analog of c(D-Phe-D-FPro), viz, in c(Phe-Pro), both in
      solution (21, 22, 26) and in the solid state (12). A subtle interplay of
      intramolecular interactions introduced into a cyclodipeptide by a Pro-type and a
      Phe-type residue is emphasized.

PMID- 2279852
TI  - Structure and absolute configuration of pyrophen, a novel pryrone derivative of L
      phenylalanine from Aspergillus niger.
AB  - Pyrophen, a novel 4-methoxy-2-pyrone derivative of L-phenylalanine isolated from
      cultures of Aspergillus niger, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group
      P2(1)2(1)2(1), with a = 8.918(1), b = 9.199(3), and c = 18.092(4) A. The
      structure was solved by direct methods and the absolute configuration assigned by
      the Bijvoet method. Refinement gave R = 0.045 and S = 1.78 for 1677 reflections
      with I greater than 3 sigma (I). Though numerous other pyrone natural products
      are known, including other products of A. niger, this is the first report of an
      amino acid-pyrone derivative.

PMID- 2279853
TI  - Non-mammalian "big" neurophysins--complete amino acid sequence of a two-domain
      MSEL-neurophysin from goose.
AB  - Vasotocin-associated neurophysin (MSEL-neurophysin) has been purified from goose
      neurohypophysis through molecular sieving and high-pressure reverse-phase liquid
      chromatography (HPLC). The protein has a molecular mass (measured by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of 17 kDa in contrast to 10 kDa found for the
      mammalian MSEL-neurophysins. Complete amino acid sequence (131 residues) has been
      determined mainly through tryptic or staphylococcal proteinase peptides derived
      from carboxyamidomethylated neurophysin, isolated by HPLC and microsequenced. N-
      and C-terminal sequences have been established by Edman degradation or action of
      carboxypeptidase Y, respectively, applied on the native protein. Goose MSEL
      neurophysin is homologous to the two-domain "big" MSEL-neurophysin previously
      identified in the frog. It appears that in non-mammalian tetrapods, namely birds
      and amphibians, the proteolytic processing of the pro-vasotocin involves only one
      cleavage, releasing the hormone moiety and a "big" neurophysin with two domains
      homologous to mammalian MSEL-neurophysin and copeptin, respectively. Comparison
      of the avian protein with its mammalian and amphibian counterparts reveals that
      the first half of the polypeptide chain is evolutionarily much less variable than
      the second and that the goose protein resembles the frog protein much more than
      the mammalian one.

PMID- 2279854
TI  - Separation of a complete set of basic, diastereomeric pentapeptides by reversed
      phase ion-pair chromatography.
AB  - The resolving power of liquid chromatography systems containing 1-pentane
      sulfonate, previously used to analyze basic hydrophilic peptides related to
      substrates of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, has been studied with respect to
      diastereomeric peptides. A set of peptides comprising RRASV and its five
      diastereomers containing one D-amino acid were used as model compounds. Complete
      resolution of all the peptides could be accomplished both with ethanol and
      acetonitrile as organic modifiers. The separation of the various peptides within
      the set turned out to be only modestly changed under the conditions investigated.
      These new results clearly demonstrate the potential of the chromatography systems
      studied.

PMID- 2279855
TI  - Reactive hyperaemia in skin of the human foot measured by laser Doppler
      flowmetry: effects of duration of ischaemia and local heating.
AB  - The effect of duration of ischaemia and of local heating on reactive hyperaemia
      in dorsal foot skin was determined in normal subjects using laser Doppler
      flowmetry. In the nine subjects studied, peak post-ischaemic blood flow continued
      to increase significantly with up to 10 min ischaemia and mean peak response was
      positively correlated with duration of ischaemia (r = 0.997, p less than 0.0002).
      This is in contrast to whole limb plethysmographic studies which have reported
      maximal peak flow responses after 3-5 min arterial occlusion. Resting blood flow
      was found to increase rapidly at skin temperatures above 33 degrees C. In ten
      subjects, local conductive heating from a median (range) skin temperature of
      29.8(26.5-31.0) to 32.5(32.2-33.1) degrees C increased peak flow response after 4
      min ischaemia from a mean (95% confidence interval) of 0.778(0.630-0.926) to
      0.965(0.788-1.142) arbitrary units, p less than 0.001. The time course of the
      hyperaemic response was not altered. Local skin warming reduced the within
      subject coefficient of variation for peak response, calculated from 10 paired
      recordings, in two out of three subjects. These results show that the duration of
      ischaemia required to produce a maximal post-ischaemic peak flow response is
      longer for foot skin than for the whole limb and are consistent with temperature
      differences being the cause of this. A standard skin temperature (32-33 degrees
      C) may be useful for studying cutaneous blood flow responses.

PMID- 2279856
TI  - An improved closed cranial window technique for investigation of blood-brain
      barrier function and cerebral vasomotor control in the rat.
AB  - A modification of the closed cranial window technique for small laboratory
      animals is presented. The method facilitates investigation of blood-brain barrier
      permeability in association with studies of the cerebrovascular response under
      normal and pathological conditions. Following trephination and preparation of the
      pia-arachnoid surface, the skull defect is closed again by sealing a cover glass
      onto a wall of dental cement surrounding the cranial window. The intracranial
      pressure can then be studied and experimentally manipulated. Care is taken to
      maintain normal blood-brain barrier function to a small barrier indicator (Na(+)
      fluorescein, MW: 376). This is accomplished by opening the skull and dura mater
      under a column of paraffin oil to avoid exposure of brain tissue to atmospheric
      pressure. Reactivity of the cerebral surface vessels was assessed during
      hypercapnia at an arterial PaCO2 of 50.8 +/- 1.1 mm Hg. It was found that small
      arterioles of 20-50 microns phi had a significantly larger CO2-response than
      large arterioles of 50-100 microns phi. Pial venules did not respond at all.
      Superfusion of the cranial window preparation at a rate of 5 ml/h with buffered
      artificial CSF was tolerated for hours. No alterations of arteriolar or venular
      diameters nor opening of the blood-brain barrier to Na(+)-fluorescein was
      observed. These technical modifications enable us to employ a closed cranial
      window model in small laboratory animals for studies of cerebral microcirculation
      and blood-brain barrier function under normal as well as under pathological
      conditions related to brain damage.

PMID- 2279857
TI  - Skeletal muscle microcirculation: the effects of limited blood supply and
      treatment with torbafylline.
AB  - The effects of one and two week arterial occlusion on the microcirculation of
      fast glycolytic skeletal muscle (rat tibialis anterior) were assessed by direct
      observation. Ligation of the right common iliac artery resulted in a greater
      proportion of the capillary population exhibiting intermittent flow, and
      reduction of capillary diameters. Terminal arterioles showed a lack of
      responsiveness to acute contractions of the muscle, while those in control
      muscles dilated. Acute infusion of torbafylline reduced the heterogeneity of flow
      by reducing the population of capillaries with intermittent flow and the time
      spent stationary by red cells. It also improved the pO2 at the muscle surface.
      Chronic oral administration of torbafylline for one week, started one week post
      ligation, resulted in a similar response of the arterioles to muscle contractions
      as in control muscles and marginally improved the heterogeneity of flow.

PMID- 2279858
TI  - Seeding of endothelial cells in perfused microporous glass capillaries.
AB  - The aim of the studies has been to develop an in vitro model which is suitable to
      study endothelial cell function, especially transendothelial transport phenomena
      under flow conditions. Microporous glass capillaries, inserted into specially
      designed perfusion chambers, served as carriers for endothelial cells (EC). A
      method is described, how to prepare and seed the capillaries in order to have
      them completely endothelialized. The capillaries were perfused for up to 6 days
      with 0.2-2.0 ml culture medium/min and wall shear stress was calculated as 0.05
      0.5 N/m2. The cells inside the capillary lumen have been observed by phase
      contrast microscopy and photographed during flow. Our results show that both,
      vessel geometry and low flow influence the shape and the orientation of EC in
      vitro. Our model offers a new facility to observe and study a variety of EC
      functions during flow and under simultaneous microscopic observation.

PMID- 2279859
TI  - Evaluation of blood flow measurements with microspheres and rubidium--an
      experimental study in rats.
AB  - The microsphere method has been widely used for blood flow measurements in normal
      and tumour tissues. The microsphere method was evaluated for repeated
      measurements of cardiac output and regional blood flow in anesthetised rats and
      in anesthetised rats given noradrenalin and thereby having altered haemodynamics
      with special emphasis on liver blood flow. Comparing the microsphere method with
      the soluble indicator method (86Rubidium) gave equal cardiac output values. The
      liver blood flow was lower and the spleen blood flow was higher with the
      microsphere method. Two microsphere injections at 10 min intervals were performed
      on anesthetised rats. In one group 817 +/- 10(3) microspheres were injected each
      time, in a second group 436 +/- 10(3) and in a third noradrenalin was added and
      then 430 +/- 10(3) microspheres injected twice. There was good reproducibility
      for cardiac output and for most organ and tissue blood flows between first and
      second microsphere injection. No influence on arterial liver blood flow was seen.
      A blood pressure fall and a decreased heart rate was registered after the first
      injection in the group given 817 x 10(3) spheres. There was also a blood pressure
      fall in the group given noradrenalin after the first microsphere injection. The
      microsphere method with two injections of 436 x 10(3) microspheres seems adequate
      to use in arterial blood flow studies of the liver and simultaneous cardiac
      output measurements.

PMID- 2279860
TI  - In vivo modulation of the immune system by enkephalins.

PMID- 2279861
TI  - Possible alternate splicing or initiation of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene in
      lymphocytes.

PMID- 2279862
TI  - Beta-endorphin production by lymphocytes.

PMID- 2279863
TI  - Immunorestorative activity of methionine-enkephalin in senescence.

PMID- 2279864
TI  - Cerebrally mediated modulation of anaphylactic shock by methionine-enkephalin.

PMID- 2279865
TI  - VIP inhibition of monocyte respiratory burst ex vivo during prolonged strain and
      energy deficiency.

PMID- 2279866
TI  - Methionine-enkephalin inhibits adoptive transfer of experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis in the rat.

PMID- 2279867
TI  - Modulatory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on immune functions of spleen
      and lymphoid cells.

PMID- 2279868
TI  - Behavioral and electrocortical power spectrum effects after intracerebral
      microinfusion of interleukin-2 in rats are antagonized by naloxone.

PMID- 2279869
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in Langerhans cells from patients with
      atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 2279870
TI  - The effect of micromagnetic fields applied to the brain on humoral and cell
      mediated immune responses in the rat.

PMID- 2279871
TI  - Neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying stress-induced changes in immune reactions.

PMID- 2279872
TI  - Stress and anaphylactic shock.

PMID- 2279873
TI  - Acute, not chronic, exposure to unpredictable noise periods affects splenic
      lymphocytes and plasma corticosterone in the mouse.

PMID- 2279875
TI  - Psychosocial stress, personality and blood platelet behavior: implications for
      psychophysiologic and psychoneuroimmunologic research.

PMID- 2279874
TI  - Immunosuppressive properties of halothane anesthesia and/or surgical stress in
      experimental conditions.

PMID- 2279876
TI  - Comorbidity of depression and allergy: possible correlations between
      aggressiveness and immune dysfunction.

PMID- 2279877
TI  - Recovery of PFC in mice exposed to high pressure stress by olfactory stimulation
      with fragrance.

PMID- 2279878
TI  - Role of physical training on immune function: preliminary data.

PMID- 2279879
TI  - Growth hormone influence on thymic endocrine activity in humans.

PMID- 2279880
TI  - Early experience and development of cancer in later life: implications for
      psychoneuroimmunologic research.

PMID- 2279882
TI  - Modulatory effect of prolactin on the DNA synthesis rate and NK activity of large
      granular lymphocytes.

PMID- 2279881
TI  - Lymphocyte abnormalities in patients with macro- and micro-prolactinoma:
      different effects of bromocriptine treatment in the two groups.

PMID- 2279883
TI  - Thymulin and zinc circulating levels in patients with GH and PRL secreting
      pituitary adenomas.

PMID- 2279884
TI  - Role of pituitary-thyroid axis on basal and lymphokine-induced NK cell activity
      in aging.

PMID- 2279885
TI  - The development of the age-dependent natural killer (NK) activity in mouse is
      controlled by hypothalamus.

PMID- 2279886
TI  - Psychological status of institutionalized aged: influences on immune parameters
      and endocrinological correlates.

PMID- 2279887
TI  - Thymic involution and aging processes.

PMID- 2279888
TI  - A physiological role for the neuropeptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
      (LHRH) during the maturation of thymus gland function.

PMID- 2279889
TI  - Lack of mimicry between the effects of pyrogenic cytokines and monoamines on the
      activities of hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons.

PMID- 2279890
TI  - NK activity in patients with pathological hyperprolactinemia: effect of
      bromocriptine.

PMID- 2279891
TI  - Cerebral anaphylaxis in the rat.

PMID- 2279892
TI  - Interleukin-1 amplifies the action of pituitary secretagogues via protein
      kinases.

PMID- 2279893
TI  - Experimental epilepsy: electroconvulsive shock induces production of anti-brain
      autoantibody.

PMID- 2279894
TI  - Human T cell intrathymic ontogeny: differences between myasthenic and normal
      thymus.

PMID- 2279895
TI  - Immunological consequences of lesions of nucleus basalis in rats.

PMID- 2279896
TI  - Lymphocyte responsiveness and autoantibody production are associated with a
      functional brain asymmetry in mice.

PMID- 2279897
TI  - Basic mechanisms and pathways of neuroimmunomodulation (NIM): triggers (and
      problems for future research).

PMID- 2279898
TI  - Aging-postponing effects of circadian melatonin: experimental evidence,
      significance and possible mechanisms.

PMID- 2279899
TI  - Blood and brain relationships in schizophrenia and depression: histochemical and
      ultrastructural correlates: an overview.

PMID- 2279900
TI  - Viral infections, immune responses and cognitive performance.

PMID- 2279901
TI  - Major depressive disorder, endogeneicity and natural killer cell numbers and
      activity.

PMID- 2279902
TI  - Infectious disease and sleep: involvement of neuroendocrine-neuroimmune
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2279903
TI  - Immune and neuroendocrine modulation with thymosins: current status of recent
      clinical trials in the United States.

PMID- 2279904
TI  - Thymic peptides as anti-aging drugs: effect of thymic hormones on immunity and
      life span.

PMID- 2279905
TI  - A neuroendocrine-immune theory of aging.

PMID- 2279906
TI  - Neuroendocrine-immune interactions during ontogeny.

PMID- 2279907
TI  - AUR Memorial Award 1990. The physiologic basis of the radiodense renal medulla
      after the administration of blood pool contrast agent PFOB.
AB  - The hypothesis that the greater CT enhancement of the renal medulla relative to
      cortex after the administration of perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB) was due to the
      renal medullary osmotic gradient was tested in eight dogs infused with 10 g/kg
      PFOB. Urine osmolarity and CT attenuation of the cortex and medulla of each
      kidney under the full effect of antidiuretic hormone were measured before and
      after 40 mg of furosemide given intravenously, which is known to destroy the
      renal osmotic gradient. In an attempt to measure the fractional blood volume of
      the cortex and medulla, which could account for the observed difference on CT, 10
      mCi of 99mTc-labeled erythrocytes were given and cortical and papillary tip
      tissue samples harvested within 1 minute of the animals' death. Cortical blood
      volume was eight times that of the medulla (21.6 +/- 5.1% vs 2.7 +/- 0.5%, P less
      than 0.01) and was not significantly affected by furosemide. Furosemide markedly
      decreased urine osmolarity (1473 +/- 176 mOsm to 454 +/- 45 mOsm, P less than
      0.01), had a minor effect on cortical attenuation (decreased from 90.4 +/- 8.2 to
      85.1 +/- 8.1 HU, P less than 0.01), and a marked effect on medullary attenuation
      (decreased from 140.9 +/- 12.4 to 85.9 +/- 8.9 HU, P less than 0.01) which
      resulted in total loss of corticomedullary contrast (decreased from 20.0 +/- 3.1%
      to 0.1 +/- 2.2%, P less than 0.01). Thus, the observed greater CT attenuation of
      the medulla than cortex following the administration of PFOB, a blood pool agent,
      is due to the osmotic gradient across the medulla which increases the
      concentration of the agent in the vasa rectae.

PMID- 2279908
TI  - Effect of sampling technique on specimen size in fine needle aspiration biopsy.
AB  - The effect of the sampling technique in fine needle aspiration biopsy for
      cytology (FNAC) on the specimen size obtained was studied in vitro. The specimen
      size increased rapidly and linearly (P less than .001) with the number of needle
      passes, if the needle was angled between the passes into different directions in
      a fan-like fashion. However, if the needle was stroking repeatedly into the same
      channel, less and less tissue was detached per pass. The effect of the amplitude
      of needle passes (needle excursion) on the specimen weight was linear (P less
      than .001) after an initial plateau; when needle excursion was less than 3 to 4
      mm, no tissue was detached. The specimen weight was significantly larger when a
      few passes with long needle excursions were used compared with a large number of
      passes with small needle excursions. Given an equal number of needle passes, the
      time interval (frequency) between these passes was less important. The sampling
      technique is important in determining the size of the specimen. The high
      incidences of unsatisfactory specimens reported and the wide variation in the
      accuracy rates of FNAC could be explained partly by differences in sampling
      techniques.

PMID- 2279909
TI  - Lipid-coated ultrastable microbubbles as a contrast agent in neurosonography.
AB  - Lipid-coated microbubbles can be synthesized from selected lipid monolayer
      systems for use as ultrasonic contrast. These microbubbles have the property of
      longevity of weeks in vitro (ultrastability) and longevity of hours in vivo. The
      bubbles can be manufactured with a mean diameter of approximately 2 microns in a
      tight diameter distribution; all are less than 6 microns and 99% are smaller than
      4.5 microns. The current study compared the in vivo survival characteristics of
      these lipid-coated microbubbles with microbubbles produced by saline. The
      comparison was made in the rat brain using direct intraparenchymal injections and
      injections into a previously created cyst/coagulum. The echogenic enhancement by
      the lipid-coated microbubbles persisted in vivo for over 24 hours in both the
      intraparenchymal environment and in the cyst/coagulum. The saline bubble echos
      were not detectable by 3 hours in a cyst/coagulum, and not detectable in the
      parenchyma after 2 hours. The sonographic characteristics and longevity of lipid
      coated microbubbles make this agent a potentially useful clinical contrast
      material for neurosonography.

PMID- 2279910
TI  - Applications of voxel shifting in magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Due to the nature of three-dimensional Fourier transform (3-DFT) data acquisition
      in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the spatial relation between a resolved
      volume element (a voxel) and the object can be manipulated easily. Those
      manipulations have practical consequences in terms of registering slice positions
      with respect to features of interest in producing oblique reformatted images
      where volume resolution is preserved, and in generating reformatted images that
      project the viewing plane onto a surface through the object that has an arbitrary
      shape.

PMID- 2279911
TI  - The calcar femorale. An anatomic, radiologic, and surgical correlative study.
AB  - In order to define the anatomy of the calcar femorale, a radiologic and surgical
      study was done on ten paired cadaver femurs. After radiography and computed
      tomographic (CT) scans, the specimens were subjected to medullary reaming by an
      experienced orthopedist, simulating total hip arthroplasty procedures. The
      imaging studies were repeated and compared with the prereaming studies. The
      calcar femorale was dissected from surrounding medullary bone, and sections of
      this structure were examined histologically. The calcar femorale is a
      condensation of cancellous bone. It is not affected by the reaming procedure but
      may play a role in guiding the reamer. This structure is separate from the calcar
      area described in relation to bone resorption after hip arthroplasty.

PMID- 2279912
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of blood and clots in vitro.
AB  - The effects of variations in blood clot composition on magnetic relaxation rates
      and magnetic resonance (MR) image have been characterized in vitro. Both 1/T1 and
      1/T2 were found to be linear functions of hematocrit for blood and clot, with
      increases in hematocrit resulting in progressive decreases in image signal
      intensity. Clot formation in fully oxygenated samples produced no change in
      relaxation rates or MR images compared with unclotted blood, but clot retraction
      was associated with a significant increase in 1/T2 that resulted in a decreased
      signal. Retraction resulted in a heterogenous image with appearance of a
      hypointense peripheral rim; differences in the method of clot preparation
      resulted in significant image inhomogeneity. The pattern of fibrinolysis was
      found to depend on the type of plasminogen activator used and its site of initial
      application. Injection of tissue plasminogen activator into the clot resulted in
      lysis, primarily in the clot interior, whereas placing the enzyme in the
      surrounding serum caused degradation from the outside of the clot. Both
      observations are consistent with the high binding affinity of tissue plasminogen
      activator for fibrin. By comparison, streptokinase, with low fibrin binding
      affinity, dissolved thrombi in a peripheral pattern whether injected into the
      thrombus or introduced in the serum. These findings identify several variables of
      clot composition and structure that influence MR images of thrombi and should be
      considered in their interpretation.

PMID- 2279913
TI  - Magnetic susceptibility effects and their application in the development of new
      ferromagnetic catheters for magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Newly developed ferromagnetic catheters (Fe-Caths) are more conspicuous than
      conventional radiographic catheters (Rad-Caths) on magnetic resonance (MR) images
      because they produce recognizable ferromagnetic signal patterns (FSPs). To
      determine how MRI parameters influence these patterns, the imaging
      characteristics of nine Fe-Caths (ferromagnetic concentration 0.01 to 1.0
      weight/weight %) were studied systematically and compared with three Rad-Caths.
      All catheters were studied in stationary and moving phantoms at mid-field (0.38
      T) and high-field (1.5 T) strength using spin-echo and gradient-echo pulse
      sequences. Rad-Caths always produced a signal void. Fe-Caths produced FSPs, the
      size of which depended on the orientation of the catheter with respect to the
      main magnetic field, the concentration of ferromagnetic agent in the catheter,
      and the direction and strength of the frequency encoding gradient. When Fe-Caths
      were positioned perpendicular to the main magnetic field, they produced FSPs;
      however, when they were parallel to the main magnetic field, Fe-Caths produced no
      FSP, thus having a similar appearance to the Rad-Caths. Ferromagnetic catheters
      produce conspicuous patterns on MR images that depend on catheter orientation in
      the main magnetic field and vary predictably with the MRI parameters.

PMID- 2279914
TI  - The Gold Medal Awards.

PMID- 2279915
TI  - Professional responsibilities concerning tobacco use by dental patients.

PMID- 2279916
TI  - Making accurate final impressions for the fabrication of complete dentures. 1:
      Maxillary impressions.
AB  - Fabrication of complete dentures is dependent upon making accurate final
      impressions that capture the movable tissues in their functional state. Border
      molding a custom tray with compound prior to making final impressions is a well
      established technique for recording these tissues. However, many practitioners
      avoid or abandon this technique because there appear to be more cost effective
      and/or easier techniques available. This article reviews proper border-molding
      procedures for maxillary impressions and graphically demonstrates the difference
      between impressions made with and without border-molding.

PMID- 2279917
TI  - Euthanasia in The Netherlands.

PMID- 2279918
TI  - In re A.C.

PMID- 2279919
TI  - Fosmire v. Nicoleau.

PMID- 2279920
TI  - Doe v. Wilson.

PMID- 2279921
TI  - Papa Ola Lokahi.

PMID- 2279922
TI  - The clinical significance of microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Diabetic nephropathy is the major cause of death in patients with type I diabetes
      mellitus and accounts for one forth of all patients with end stage renal disease.
      Once the renal disease becomes established, glycemic control does not
      significantly delay its progression. Microalbuminuria has been shown to be an
      early marker for the subsequent development of diabetic nephropathy. Recent
      evidence suggests that intensive therapy started during this subclinical phase
      might delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy to renal failure. Methods for
      measuring microalbuminuria are now commercially available.

PMID- 2279923
TI  - Office screening of pituitary reserve.
AB  - Deficiency of the anterior lobe of the pituitary due to disease in the pituitary
      hypothalamic area may involve any or all pituitary hormones to varying degrees
      but, usually, growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropins (FSH and LH) are more
      commonly affected than thyrotropin (TSH), corticotropin (ACTH) and prolactin. Of
      these 6 hormones TSH and ACTH are of life sustaining importance.

PMID- 2279925
TI  - Urban health care: solutions for the 1990s. Proceedings of a symposium. November
      1989.

PMID- 2279924
TI  - Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): its diagnostic value in endocarditis.
AB  - Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography (TTE) has been an accepted
      noninvasive procedure used to diagnose infective endocarditis by demonstrating
      the presence of vegetations and other complications such as ring abcess, mycotic
      lesions or sinus of valsalva aneurysm. Moreover, complementary Doppler and Color
      Flow imaging are very useful in detecting early valvular regurgitation and in
      evaluating the severity of such regurgitant lesions. Occasionally, TTE fails to
      provide an adequate quality of imaging because of the patient's obesity, chest
      deformity or emphysema. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) on the other hand,
      a relatively new technique, allows ultrasonic imaging of the heart through the
      esophagus and provides a clear visualization of all cardiac structures without
      any interference from the lungs, chest wall or rib cage. We present a case of
      aortic valve endocarditis diagnosed by TEE.

PMID- 2279926
TI  - Health care: a universal right.

PMID- 2279927
TI  - The national health agenda: the troubling future of the American people.

PMID- 2279928
TI  - Access to health care: a U.S. congressional staffer's perspective on a national
      problem.

PMID- 2279929
TI  - Senator Kennedy's proposal to guarantee basic health benefits for all Americans.

PMID- 2279931
TI  - The AIDS epidemic: casting light into the darkness.

PMID- 2279930
TI  - The San Diego County Medical Services program.

PMID- 2279932
TI  - Approaches to financing care for the uninsured.

PMID- 2279933
TI  - The basic health plan of the state of Washington.

PMID- 2279935
TI  - The role of Group Health Cooperative in the development of Washington State's
      basic health plan.

PMID- 2279934
TI  - Implementation of the Washington State Basic Health Plan.

PMID- 2279936
TI  - Primary care: the urban hospital's role.

PMID- 2279937
TI  - Subacute care in urban hospitals: a case for urban swingbeds.

PMID- 2279938
TI  - Infant mortality and prenatal care.

PMID- 2279939
TI  - Healthy Infant Program: an alternate approach to families of drug-exposed
      infants.

PMID- 2279940
TI  - Children: their future is now.

PMID- 2279941
TI  - Urban health: challenges and opportunities.
AB  - Urban health issues are multidimensional. Some effort has been made to identify
      their complexities in this presentation. Health providers working with inner-city
      populations must consider an array of social, health, and environmental factors
      in their assessments of health problems. Many of the societal issues which
      negatively impact health, such as poverty, lack of a universal health program,
      unemployment, violence, drugs, and other factors, can be corrected in our society
      only if the political will to do so is present. Health workers have a
      responsibility to advocate for programs and environments in which all citizens
      can maximize their full potential. Populations in urban areas who are at risk for
      disease, disability, and premature death make cities special places for focusing
      on the promotion of health and the prevention of disease. The contributions that
      can be made by health workers should be directed toward improving the quality of
      life for urban residents. The challenges to do so are essentially unlimited.

PMID- 2279942
TI  - The challenges of urban health care delivery.

PMID- 2279943
TI  - CountyCare summary.

PMID- 2279944
TI  - The real-world issues in access to care.

PMID- 2279945
TI  - Epidemiology for identifying community problems.

PMID- 2279946
TI  - Adolescent health problems: a model for their solution.

PMID- 2279947
TI  - Community-based primary care.

PMID- 2279948
TI  - Fighting the pushers in minority America.

PMID- 2279949
TI  - Minority health and public policy: developing an agenda toward the year 2000.

PMID- 2279950
TI  - The Office of Minority Health, Michigan Department of Public Health: expanding
      the bridges of access to close the gap.

PMID- 2279951
TI  - The epidemic of violence and its impact on the health care system.

PMID- 2279952
TI  - Policy options to improve access to health care for the unemployed uninsured.

PMID- 2279953
TI  - The other national debt.

PMID- 2279954
TI  - Localization of Forssman glycolipid and GM1 ganglioside intracellularly and on
      the surface of germ cells during fetal testicular and ovarian development of
      mice.
AB  - Changes in the expression pattern and intracellular localization of Forssman
      glycolipid (FA) and GM1 ganglioside (GM1) in fetal mouse gonads were examined
      during germ cell differentiation by immunofluorescence microscopy and
      immunoelectron microscopy. In male germ cells from the 12th to 14th day p.c.,
      anti-FA binding was localized in granular structures aggregated on one side of
      the cytoplasm and/or in the plasma membrane. On day 16 p.c., some germ cells
      still showed patch-like positive reactions in the plasma membrane, but by day 18
      p.c., positive reactions for FA had completely disappeared. The female germ cells
      showed granular bindings of anti-FA scattered throughout their cytoplasm during
      the 13th to 16th day p.c., although the positive reactions in female germ cells
      on day 12 p.c. tended to be found in one side of cytoplasm and/or plasma membrane
      similar to those in male germ cells from 12th to 14th day p.c. On day 18 p.c.,
      positive reactions remained in the plasma membrane of some germ cells, but these
      positive reactions disappeared before birth. Immunoelectron microscopic
      observation showed that the sites of anti-FA bindings were equivalent to the
      "small dense bodies" (SDB) and the Golgi lamellae both in male and female germ
      cells. On the other hand, GM1 was not detected in male germ cells at any time
      during fetal testicular development, whereas an anti-GM1 reaction was detected in
      the plasma membrane of female germ cells from the 16th to 18th day p.c. (oocytes
      in the first meiotic prophase).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2279955
TI  - Appearance of parvalbumin-specific immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex and
      hippocampus of the developing rat and gerbil brain.
AB  - Developmental changes in the distribution of parvalbumin-specific
      immunoreactivity in the brain, in particular in the cerebral cortex and
      hippocampus, were followed immunohistochemically in two different species, the
      rat and the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) using an antibody raised
      against for rat parvalbumin. The gerbil is known to develop its auditory and
      visual capacity later than rat. In both the rat and gerbil, parvalbumin-specific
      immunoreactivity appeared after birth in both the cerebral cortex and
      hippocampus. The timing of the development of expression of parvalbumin varied
      among different parts of the cerebral cortex. The parietal cortex showed evidence
      of the earliest expression of parvalbumin whilst the occipital and temporal
      cortices expressed parvalbumin at a later stage of a development. This feature
      was common to both the rat and gerbil but occurred at a relatively later stage in
      the gerbil. The profile of the distribution of parvalbumin in the brain of the
      developing and adult gerbil was similar to that of the rat, but there were some
      differences. The frequency of bead-like structures on the dendrites of the
      parvalbumin-positive cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was markedly
      lower in the gerbil; instead, straight non-beaded fibers which ran vertically
      into the pyramidal layer were stained. Parvalbumin-positive fibers were also
      found in the cerebral cortex of the gerbil.

PMID- 2279956
TI  - Prothymosin alpha expression is associated to cell division in rat testis.
AB  - Using immunohistochemical methods, we have investigated the cellular distribution
      of prothymosin alpha (ProT) in adult rat testis. A policlonal antibody raised
      against thymosin alpha 1 conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin was used. ProT
      immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of spermatogonia and
      primary spermatocytes in initial phases of the first meiotic division,
      preleptotene, leptotene and zygotene. However, in pachytene phase they already
      showed a weak or negative staining. On the other hand, secondary spermatocytes,
      spermatids, spermatozoa and Sertoli cells were not stained. Based on this fact we
      suggest that ProT is present in the proliferative cycle in the final steps of G1
      phase, throughout the S and G2 phases and in initial steps of the prophase.

PMID- 2279957
TI  - Electron microscopic demonstration of lectin binding sites in the taste buds of
      the European catfish Silurus glanis (Teleostei).
AB  - Taste buds in the European catfish Silurus glanis were examined with electron
      microscopic lectin histochemistry. For detection of carbohydrate residues in
      sensory cells and adjacent epithelial cells, gold-, ferritin- and biotin-labeled
      lectins were used. A post-embedding procedure carried out on tissue sections
      embedded in LR-White was applied to differentiate between the sensory cells: The
      lectins from Helix pomatia (HPA) and Triticum vulgare (WGA) bound to N-acetyl
      galactosamine and to N-acetylglucosamine residues occurring especially in
      vesicles of dark sensory cells. This indicates a secretory function of these
      cells. Most light sensory cells--with some exceptions, probably immature cells--,
      are HPA-negative. The mucus of the receptor field and at the top of the adjacent
      epithelial cells was strongly HPA-positive. Pre-embedding studies were performed
      in order to obtain information about the reaction of the mucus with lectins under
      supravital conditions. The mucus of the taste bud receptor field exhibited
      intensive binding to WGA, but not to the other lectins tested. Most lectins bound
      predominantly to the surface mucus of the nonsensory epithelium and to the
      marginal cells close to the receptor field. The strong lectin binding to mucins
      and the relatively weak lectin binding to cell surface membranes in pre-embedding
      studies suggest that the mucus possibly serves as a barrier which is passed
      selectively only by a small amount of lectins or lectin-carbohydrate complexes.
      Lectin-carbohydrate interactions may play a role in recognition phenomena on the
      plasmalemmata of the taste bud sensory cells. Recognition processes directed to
      bacteria or viruses should be considered as well.

PMID- 2279958
TI  - Immunoenzyme localization of cathepsins in the Golgi region of rat hepatocytes
      and renal tubule cells.
AB  - Localization of carboxyl proteinase (cathepsin D) and cysteine proteinases
      (cathepsins B, H, and L) in Golgi region was studied using an immunoenzyme
      technique. Rat livers and kidneys were used. The results obtained from the livers
      were similar to those from the kidneys. All cathepsins were detected in lysosomal
      compartments such as secondary lysosomes, multivesicular bodies (endosomes), and
      autophagosomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), including nuclear envelope was
      focally stained. Most of Golgi cisternae were negative, but sometimes only one
      cisterna or the terminal portion of the cisterna were stained focally. Rarely,
      the trans Golgi network (TGN) was positive for the proteinases. Among numerous
      Golgi vesicles, only a few of them were stained. The positive vesicles were
      divided into two groups, one had a bristle coat and heavily stained, and other
      were smaller than 40 nm in diameter and weakly stained. The small vesicles seemed
      to bud from the ER and to fuse with the Golgi cisternae, while the large clathrin
      coated vesicles seem to bud from the TGN. The results suggests that cathepsins
      are transported by vesicular system from the rER to lysosomes via Golgi
      apparatus. In addition, it is suggested that the small vesicles transport the
      proteinases from the ER to the Golgi cisternae and the large clathrin-coated
      vesicles from the Golgi cisternae to the lysosomes.

PMID- 2279960
TI  - Politics cloud state of osteopathic medical residency programs.

PMID- 2279959
TI  - An ultrastructural double-labelling method: immunohistochemical localization of
      cell adhesion molecule L1 on HRP-labelled developing corticospinal tract axons in
      the rat.
AB  - A double electronmicroscopical (EM) staining was developed which enabled the
      ultrastructural localization of cell adhesion molecules on the outer axonal
      membrane of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labelled axons in the developing central
      nervous system (CNS). HRP was used to anterogradely trace outgrowing
      corticospinal tract (CST) axons in ten-day-old rats. After visualization of HRP
      using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a chromogen and ammoniumheptamolybdate (AHM)
      as a stabilizer at pH 6.0 as described previously (Joosten et al. 1987, J
      Histochem Cytochem 35: 623-626) an additional diaminobenzindine (DAB)-Ni
      incubation was carried out for further stabilization. Subsequently a preembedding
      immunoperoxidase (DAB) staining was executed for detection of cell adhesion
      molecule L1. Using this procedure anterogradely HRP-labelled CST axons were
      recognizable by a granular black TMB-AHM-DABNi reaction product at the light
      microscopic (LM) level, which clearly contrasts to the relatively homogeneous
      brown L1-immunostaining. Electronmicroscopically HRP-labelled CST axons were
      characterized by the presence of an intracellular crystaloid TMB-AHM-DABNi
      reaction product which made identification of CST axons rather easy, whereas the
      L1-DAB precipitate could be noted on the outer axonal membrane of the HRP
      labelled CST axons, marking the presence of the L1 cell adhesion molecule. In
      addition the procedure described in this report preserves ultrastructural details
      of developing neural tissue. In conclusion, the method presented can be employed
      in combined HRP-tracing and immunohistochemical electronmicroscopic studies.

PMID- 2279961
TI  - "A pitifully small" number of persons infected with the human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) are involved in clinical trials.

PMID- 2279962
TI  - Practicing what we teach: integrating osteopathic principles into practice.

PMID- 2279963
TI  - Ethmoid sinus disease and nasal septal deformities as etiologies of chronic
      cephalgia: results of surgical management.
AB  - Results of a retrospective chart review of 80 patients, in conjunction with
      recently completed questionnaires, document the effects of sinus and nasal
      surgeries on chronic headache symptoms believed to originate within the ethmoid
      sinuses or nose. Seventy (88%) of the patients in this study experienced a
      dramatic improvement of their headache symptoms after undergoing surgical
      treatment. The authors conclude that this type of cephalgia is more common than
      expected, that its cause goes largely undiagnosed by the majority of physicians,
      and that an effective method of treatment is available to improve the quality of
      life of these patients.

PMID- 2279964
TI  - Current concepts in management of sinus disease.
AB  - All the paranasal sinuses originate embryologically from the lateral nasal wall
      or ethmoid air cells. This common development also determines the ability of the
      paranasal sinuses to function normally. Disease affecting the common drainage
      area of the sinus ostia, the ostiomeatal complex, also affects the function of
      the closely associated paranasal sinuses. Therapy directed toward any sinus
      without efforts to identify and correct the pathologic process of the ostiomeatal
      complex often leads to less-than-satisfactory results. Determination of the
      etiology of chronic paranasal sinus disease depends on the clinical history,
      endoscopic rhinoscopy, and computerized imaging. Therapy is directed toward
      relief of the sinus ostial obstruction and restoration of the normal mucociliary
      clearance. After medical therapy has failed to reverse the pathophysiology of
      acute or chronic paranasal sinus disease, surgical intervention may be
      considered.

PMID- 2279965
TI  - Update on infections in neutropenic hosts.
AB  - The incidence of neutropenia has increased owing to more aggressive treatment of
      cancer. The most frequent complication seen in neutropenic patients is infection.
      Over the past several years, there has been a change in the types of organism
      seen as major pathogens in neutropenia-induced infections. With the emergence of
      new antimicrobial agents and other immunomodulating agents, there has been much
      change in the therapy for these infections. The author provides an update on the
      causes of and the therapy for infections in neutropenic patients.

PMID- 2279966
TI  - Aerotitis: cause, prevention, and treatment.
AB  - Aerotitis, an acute inflammation of the middle ear caused by the difference in
      air pressure between the airplane cabin and the middle-ear space, is becoming
      more common in the United States as our society becomes increasingly mobile. We
      describe a case in which a 33-year-old woman with a resolving upper respiratory
      tract infection and mildly blocked eustachian tubes flew on a business trip.
      During ascent, her ears became blocked. This blockage was partially alleviated by
      a Valsalva's maneuver. On descent, however, her ears became severely blocked, she
      experienced intense pain, and her tympanic membranes ruptured. She became
      nauseated and vomited. Her hearing became significantly diminished and she
      experienced vertigo. On landing, she was taken to a local emergency room and
      treated with penicillin and antivertiginous medication. Subsequent otologic
      evaluation revealed severe permanent sensorineural hearing loss. The vestibular
      symptoms lasted several months. She now requires hearing aids on a permanent
      basis. Suggestions are presented for prevention and treatment of aerotitis.

PMID- 2279968
TI  - Growth hormone response to L-dopa and clonidine in autistic children.
AB  - Studies have shown abnormal pituitary hormone responses to neuroendocrine
      agonists in autistic subjects. Two probes (clonidine and L-Dopa) were used to
      investigate neuroendocrine responses through changes in growth hormone levels.
      Seven medication-free autistic subjects (ages 6.6 to 19.1) were evaluated and
      compared to 14 normal controls. Growth hormone was collected at 30-min intervals
      during the entire study. Clonidine was administered first (dose: 0.15 mgm2), and
      samples were collected for 180 min. L-Dopa was then administered (dose: 250 mg
      for subjects less than 70 lb and 500 mg for subjects greater than 70 lb), and
      samples were collected for 120 min. There was no difference in the amplitude of
      the clonidine or L-Dopa peak growth hormone responses in the control versus the
      autistic subjects. In the autistic subjects, the L-Dopa-stimulated growth hormone
      peak was delayed and the clonidine growth hormone peak was premature. A
      statistical difference with the control subjects was found when consideration was
      given to both the premature response of growth hormone to clonidine and the
      delayed response to L-Dopa (p = .01, Fisher's Exact Test). These findings suggest
      possible abnormalities of both dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission
      in subjects with autism.

PMID- 2279969
TI  - Training social initiations to a high-functioning autistic child: assessment of
      collateral behavior change and generalization in a case study.
AB  - The present case study used a multiple treatment design to assess the effects of
      two interventions--peer social initiations and target child initiations--on the
      social and disruptive behavior of a high-functioning autistic child. Intervention
      included initiation training and videotaped feedback highlighting successful and
      unsuccessful initiations. During Interventions 1 and 2, nonhandicapped peers were
      trained to initiate social interaction with the autistic child, resulting in an
      increase in social interaction which dramatically decreased in a reversal phase.
      Social interaction quickly increased again in Intervention 3 when the autistic
      child was trained to initiate interaction using the same procedures. During
      Interventions 1 and 2 no decrease in the autistic child's disruptive behaviors
      was observed; however during Intervention 3 these behaviors decreased to a low
      rate. Social validation, generalization, and maintenance of these behavior
      changes are discussed.

PMID- 2279967
TI  - Naturalistic observations of spontaneous communication in autistic children.
AB  - Thirty children with autism were observed during their everyday school activities
      in order to examine patterns of spontaneous communication. The forms, functions,
      and targets of their communication were recorded by trained observers. The
      prototypical communicative event consisted of a child directing a motoric form of
      communication toward the teacher to request something or to attract attention to
      himself or herself. However, communication patterns were found to vary as a
      function of the child's cognitive level and severity of autism. Deficits in joint
      attention functions were observed, and were most striking in the subgroup of
      children who did not use speech. Results are discussed with reference to
      Wetherby's (1986) model for the development of communicative functions in
      autistic children.

PMID- 2279971
TI  - Parental report of social behaviors in autistic preschoolers.
AB  - The aim of this study was to identify specific social behaviors that
      differentiate autistic preschoolers from other children at comparable
      developmental levels. A parent report measure, the Preschool Social Behavior
      Checklist (PSBC), was developed for this purpose. The PSBC consists of 22 items
      representing social milestones usually achieved within the first 4 to 5 years of
      life. Results obtained from a sample of 20 parents of children with autism and 14
      parents of children with mental retardation revealed group differences in
      specific aspects of imaginative play, peer play, and imitation skills. The
      importance of examining the specific manifestations of social deficits and
      implications for the diagnosis of autism are discussed.

PMID- 2279970
TI  - Relationships of whole blood serotonin and plasma norepinephrine within families.
AB  - Whole blood serotonin (5HT) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels were determined
      in 47 families of autistic probands to study relationships within families of
      these measures. Whole blood 5HT, but not plasma NE, was significantly positively
      correlated between autistic children and their mothers, fathers, and siblings.
      Twenty-three of the 47 families studied had at least 1 hyperserotonemic member.
      Of these 23 families, 10 (43.5%) had 2 or more hyperserotonemic members; 5
      families were identified in which each family member studied had hyperserotonemia
      (whole blood 5HT greater than 270 ng/ml). If the autistic child of a family was
      hyperserotonemic, the first-degree relatives were 2.4 times more likely to be
      hypersertonemic than if the autistic child was not hyperserotonemic. Mean whole
      blood 5HT levels were higher in autistic subjects than their parents or siblings.
      Siblings were found to have lower plasma NE than autistic probands. This study
      replicates a previous study showing familial relationships of hyperserotonemia
      within families with autistic children.

PMID- 2279973
TI  - A comparative study of autistic subjects' performance at two levels of visual and
      cognitive perspective taking.
AB  - This study extended previous investigations of autistic subjects' perspective
      taking abilities through a within-subjects contrast between two levels each of
      both visual and cognitive problems with stringent controls against guessing. When
      compared with normal and mentally retarded subjects', the autistic group's
      performance supported Baron-Cohen's (1988) hypothesis of a selective deficit for
      cognitive perspective taking among autistic subjects. Both levels of visual
      perspective taking demonstrated virtually unimpaired performance for autistic
      subjects with no significant difference between them and control groups. On the
      cognitive perspective-taking tasks, however, the performance of the three groups
      was significantly different, with the vast majority of autistic subjects unable
      to do even the most basic level of this task. Possible explanations and
      educational implications were discussed.

PMID- 2279972
TI  - Siblings of autistic children: their adjustment and performance at home and in
      school.
AB  - The research examined the adjustment of siblings of autistic children. The
      relationship between sex and family size of the siblings and the sibling's
      performance on achievement, self-concept, home behavior, and school behavior was
      examined. Six 2 x 2 analyses of variance were completed. Results indicated that
      there was little variance as a function of sex or family size. Overall the
      sibling's performance was not suggestive of needing special intervention. These
      results are discussed in terms of how they relate to previous findings and
      implications for clinical intervention and future research.

PMID- 2279974
TI  - Brief report: autism of the Asperger type associated with an autosomal fragile
      site.

PMID- 2279975
TI  - Brief report: a 48XXXY/49XXXXY male with expressive speech defect.

PMID- 2279977
TI  - Initial aggravation of self-injurious behavior in autistic patients receiving
      naltrexone treatment.

PMID- 2279976
TI  - Brief report: neuropsychological testing of autistic children through an
      exploration with frontal lobe tests.

PMID- 2279978
TI  - The wear behavior of ion-implanted Ti-6A1-4V against UHMW polyethylene.
AB  - Nitrogen-ion-implanted Ti-6A1-4V against UHMW polyethylene was tested on a joint
      simulator to evaluate the wear behavior under different conditions. It was
      concluded that the polymer wear rate was not affected by ion implantation. The
      metallic wear, on the other hand, was substantially reduced by this treatment. It
      was also found that ion implantation resulted in good protection of the metal
      surface against third-body wear by PMMA, while the introduction of C.P. titanium
      particles in the joint initiated tremendous wear. Although ion implantation
      improved the wear of titanium alloy against UHMW polyethylene, the durability of
      the implanted layer needs further study.

PMID- 2279979
TI  - Adherence of HDPE powder coating on Co-Cr surfaces: effect of substrate
      preparation and gas sterilization.
AB  - As part of the development of a hemiarthroplasty implant with a compliant surface
      layer, the effect of surface preparation of a cast Co-Cr alloy substrate on the
      adhesion of a polymeric coating was studied. High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
      coatings were deposited on Co-Cr alloys without adhesive by spraying powder onto
      the surface of specimens maintained at a controlled temperature. Prior to
      deposition, two different types of surface preparation were carried out: chemical
      etching and grit-blasting. Adherence tests were performed in order to study the
      effect of the surface preparation of a Co-Cr alloy on the adherence of the HDPE
      film. The etching process enhanced the adherence by a factor of 10 compared to
      the grit-blasting process. For coatings deposited on grit-blasted Co-Cr surfaces,
      rupture occurred at the interface (adhesive mode) as well as in the coating
      (cohesive mode). A full cohesive mode was observed for films deposited on etched
      surfaces. Gas sterilization with an ethylene oxide and Freon 12 solution did not
      change significantly the adherence of the film deposited on etched surfaces.
      Examination of the surfaces indicated that the etching process created a specific
      type of porosity consisting of dendritic cavities whereas grit-blasting produced
      surface irregularities. Cavities produced by etching were larger that the polymer
      powder particles and could be easily filled. The coating of an etched Co-Cr alloy
      substrate with a layer of HDPE provided an interface that could probably sustain
      the physiological loading in a normal synovial joint.

PMID- 2279980
TI  - Quantitative in vivo studies of hyperemia in the course of the tissue response to
      biomaterial implantation.
AB  - Hyperemia associated with an inflammatory response has been investigated in rats,
      by using four different experimental models, i.e., "positive" and "negative"
      polymer implants from the pharmacopea, operative control, and abscess induced by
      turpentine oil. 133Xenon clearance, infrared thermography and Laser Doppler
      Flowmetry (LDF) were used to monitor the subcutaneous local hemodynamic changes
      from 1 to 40 postoperative days. LDF proved to be a sensitive, reproducible
      method, able to discriminate positive from negative implants already at the 3rd
      postoperative day and up to 40 days. This increased local blood flow was also
      visualized at the site of positive implants at the 14th and 21st postoperative
      days by means of 133Xe Clearance. Additional information obtained by infrared
      thermography allowed discrimination between positive implants and control sites
      but only at the very early stage (1 to 3 days). The significance of the different
      data collected by the three techniques was correlated with histological events
      occurring at the different implant sites. LDF may therefore represent a useful
      technique for noninvasive semiquantitative assessment of tissue response to
      biomaterials.

PMID- 2279982
TI  - A parametric study of the factors affecting the fatigue strength of porous coated
      Ti-6A1-4V implant alloy.
AB  - The high cycle fatigue strength of porous coated Ti-6A1-4V is approximately 75%
      less than the fatigue strength of uncoated Ti-6A1-4V. This study separates the
      effects of three parameters thought to be responsible for this reduction:
      interfacial geometry, microstructure, and surface alterations brought about by
      sintering. To achieve the goal of one parameter variations, hydrogen-alloying
      treatments, which refined the lamellar microstructure of beta-annealed and porous
      coated Ti-6A1-4V, were formulated. The fatigue strength of smooth-surfaced Ti-6A1
      4V subjected to hydrogen-alloying treatments is 643-669 MPa, significantly
      greater than the fatigue strength of beta-annealed Ti-6A1-4V (497 MPa) and also
      greater than the fatigue strength of pre-annealed, equiaxed Ti-6A1-4V (590 MPa).
      The fatigue strength of porous coated Ti-6A1-4V, however, is independent of
      microstructure. This leads to the conclusion that the notch effect of the surface
      porosity does not allow the material to take advantage of the superior fatigue
      crack initiation resistance of a refined alpha-grain size. Thus, sinternecks acts
      as initiated microcracks and fatigue of porous coated Ti-6A1-4V is propagation
      controlled.

PMID- 2279981
TI  - Poly(anhydride) administration in high doses in vivo: studies of biocompatibility
      and toxicology.
AB  - Poly(anhydrides) proposed for use as vehicles for controlled drug delivery were
      administered subcutaneously in Sprague-Dawley rats at two dosage levels (800
      mg/kg rat and 2400 mg/kg rat) for a period of eight weeks. Biocompatibility was
      assessed using a number of methods. Thirty-six clinical chemistry and hematology
      parameters were monitored throughout the study. Blood values were statistically
      analyzed for any possible effects due to the implanted polymer. After 8 weeks,
      rats were sacrificed and complete necropsies were performed. Histological
      evaluations of 33 organ sites including heart, lung, liver, kidney, and brain
      were performed. In addition, subcutaneous implant sites were excised and examined
      both grossly and microscopically. Results from evaluations of blood chemistry and
      hematology data, organ analyses and local implant site analyses overall
      demonstrated that the poly(anhydride) biomaterial possessed excellent in vivo
      biocompatibility.

PMID- 2279983
TI  - Friction properties of the interface between porous-surfaced metals and tibial
      cancellous bone.
AB  - Friction tests between cancellous bone cubes and porous-surfaced metal plates
      were conducted in order to determine the mechanical properties of the interface
      in a knee porous-surfaced metal implant. Bone specimens were obtained from fresh
      frozen amputated tibiae and three metal plates were chosen: titanium bead porous
      surfaced, titanium fiber mesh porous-surfaced, and smooth stainless steel.
      Results show that the friction curve is highly nonlinear. Friction coefficients
      measured vary between 0.3 and 1.3. The friction coefficient of the interface is
      independent of the excision site of the bone cubes and of the magnitude of the
      rate of relative displacement at the interface. The friction coefficient appears
      to vary slightly with the normal contact pressure for all the metal surfaces.
      Both porous surfaces have statistically a higher friction coefficient than the
      smooth surface. This is likely due to the presence of surface asperities whereby
      the metal ploughs the bone surface. However, no significant differences is
      observed between bead and fiber mesh types.

PMID- 2279984
TI  - A hydrophilic plasma polymerized film composite with potential application as an
      interface for biomaterials.
AB  - A hydrophilic polymer composite film (approx. 420 nm thick), with potential
      application as an interface for biomaterials has been prepared on nonorganic
      substrates, which include glass, silicon, and aluminum foil, using a glow
      discharge plasma polymerization technique. A thin film (110 nm thick) polymerized
      from hexane provided an adherent protective coating for the substrate material,
      and covalent bonding sites for the outer layer polymerized from N-vinyl-2
      pyrrolidone. This outer layer provided the hydrophilic surface or interface. The
      two layers were copolymerized for a short period during transition between
      monomers to provide an intimate covalently bonded diffuse interphase. Preliminary
      in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility studies indicate that the hydrophilic film
      is non-cytotoxic, and does not increase the inflammatory response when compared
      with negative controls.

PMID- 2279985
TI  - The effects of bulk versus particulate titanium and cobalt chrome alloy implanted
      into the rabbit tibia.
AB  - Twenty-eight mature New Zealand white female rabbits were allocated into 4 groups
      of 7 rabbits. Group 1 received a coiled wire of cobalt chrome alloy (Vitallium)
      (16 gauge x 1 cm). Group 2 received an equal weight of cobalt chrome particles
      averaging 15.4 microns in diameter. Group 3 received a coiled wire implant of
      commercially pure (C.P.) titanium (16 gauge x 1 cm). Group 4 received the same
      weight of C.P. titanium particles averaging 3.8 microns. The implants were placed
      through a drill hole in the proximal right tibia; the left tibia served as a
      prepared but nonimplanted control. The animals were killed after 16 weeks and
      quantitative histology was performed on undecalcified sections of the implant
      area. Bulk cobalt chrome and titanium implants were surrounded by a thin,
      incomplete, fibrous tissue layer with decreased numbers of cells. Trabeculae of
      bone were present within this connective tissue envelope. Fingerlike projections
      of bone enveloped the implant where it abutted endosteal bone. Clumped and
      loosely scattered cobalt chrome and titanium particles were surrounded by a
      minimal amount of fibrous connective tissue. Smaller particles were present
      within cells. Hematopoietic cells abutted the bulk or particulate implants
      directly. There was no evidence of acute or chronic inflammation or foreign body
      reaction. These results should be contrasted with those of Howie et al. in which
      intraarticular cobalt chrome particles stimulated a rapid proliferation of
      macrophages and synovial degeneration after 1 week. This may be due to a direct
      toxic effect of metals in an intra-articular environment, the smaller particle
      size used in that study, or to abrasive injury to the hyaline cartilage and
      subsequent synovitis. Our results underscore the general inert properties of
      these metals in the short term, when implanted into bone in the sizes and
      physical forms chosen.

PMID- 2279986
TI  - Exposure to mercury vapor during setting, removing, and polishing amalgam
      restorations.
AB  - The level of mercury vapors in the oral cavity was determined by analyzing 242
      samples of intra-oral air before and after removing, setting, and polishing
      dental amalgam. The analysis was effected using atomic absorption spectrometry in
      cold vapors with the detection limit of 6 micrograms/m3. A score of 1 to 3 was
      assigned to each restoration to adjust the differences of the amalgam sizes. The
      present study showed that the vapor was released during any procedure: removing,
      setting, and polishing amalgam. The mean levels were between 85 and 326
      micrograms/m3. However, before the restorative procedures, no mercury vapors had
      been detected in the oral cavity. This investigation has also demonstrated a
      significant direct correlation between Hg vapor concentrations in intra-oral air
      and the sizes of amalgam restorations during each procedure: removing, setting,
      and polishing. The statistic analysis showed no significant difference of mercury
      vapors in the oral cavity between the use or nonuse of water coolant during the
      amalgam polishing.

PMID- 2279987
TI  - Neisseria elongata subsp. nitroreducens subsp. nov., formerly CDC group M-6, a
      gram-negative bacterium associated with endocarditis.
AB  - CDC group M-6 is the vernacular name given to a gram-negative, oxidase-positive,
      aerobic, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacterium. This organism is biochemically similar
      to Kingella denitrificans and displays a cellular fatty acid profile consistent
      with CDC groups M-5 and EF-4 and with Neisseria elongata. Of the 95 M-6 strains
      referred to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for identification, 32 (64%) of
      the first 50 were from the throat or sputum and only 3 (6%) were from blood; only
      5 (11%) of the next 45 isolates were from the upper respiratory tract and 23
      (51%) were from blood, with many of these (15 or 65%) being associated with
      endocarditis. The major characteristics of CDC group M-6 include reduction of
      nitrate and nitrite with no gas formation; positive reaction for oxidase;
      negative reactions for catalase, urease, indole, and motility; and no acid
      production from carbohydrates. Guanine-plus-cytosine content determined
      spectrophotometrically by thermal denaturation was 55 to 58 mol % for six M-6
      strains tested: 56 mol % for the N. elongata subsp. elongata type strain and for
      the N. elongata subsp. glycolytica type strain. By the hydroxyapatite method,
      DNAs from 24 M-6 strains showed an average of 78% relatedness to M-6 reference
      strain B1019 in reactions at 60 degrees C and 73% relatedness in reactions at 75
      degrees C. M-6 strain B1019 was 79% related to the N. elongata type strain at 60
      degrees C and 71% related at 75 degrees C; it was 75% related to the type strain
      N. elongata subsp. glycolytica at 60 degrees C and was 66% related at 75 degrees
      C. DNAs from CDC group EF-4, K. denitrificans, and CDC group M-5 were all less
      than 14% related to CDC group M-6 at 75 degrees C. The DNA relatedness data
      showed conclusively that all the M-6 strains belong in the species N. elongata. M
      6 is different from N. elongata subsp. elongata in that M-6 reduces nitrate and
      sometimes weakly acidifies D-glucose, and it is different from N. elongata subsp.
      glycolytica in that it reduces nitrate and is negative for glucose and catalase.
      Because of the apparent clinical significance of M-6 compared with the clinical
      significance of N. elongata subsp. elongata and N. elongata subsp. glycolytica
      and the ease in distinguishing it biochemically, we propose M-6 as a third
      subspecies of N.elongata, N. elongata subsp. nitroreducens subsp. nov.

PMID- 2279988
TI  - Outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infection traced to contaminated chocolate and
      caused by a strain lacking the 60-megadalton virulence plasmid.
AB  - We describe an outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infection, caused by
      contaminated chocolate produced by one Norwegian company, which occurred in
      Norway and Finland in 1987. A total of 349 bacteriologically verified cases were
      recorded in Norway, and 12 cases were recorded in Finland. There was a
      predominance of young children among the patients (median age, 6 years), many of
      whom developed acute hemorrhagic diarrhea. The outbreak strain exhibited a rare
      phage lysis pattern and a characteristic plasmid profile lacking the 60-MDa
      virulence-associated plasmid. DNA hybridization failed to demonstrate any DNA
      sequence homology between the outbreak strain and the virulence plasmid. The
      outbreak strain was nonlethal for orally infected mice. The finding of only less
      than or equal to 10 S. typhimurium cells per 100 g of chocolate in about 90% of
      the positive samples obtained from retail outlets suggested that an inoculum of
      fewer than 10 organisms may have been sufficient to cause symptomatic disease.

PMID- 2279989
TI  - Antifusion activity in sera from persons infected with human immunodeficiency
      virus type 1.
AB  - Cell-to-cell fusion plays an important role in the pathogenesis of human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections. An assay to measure the
      antifusion activity of serum has been developed by using the fusion event that
      occurs between H9 cells chronically infected with HIV-1 (H9IIIB) and fusion
      susceptible MT-2 cells. The endpoint is determined by measuring neutral red
      uptake in cells after syncytium formation is allowed to occur in the presence of
      various serum dilutions. The assessment of antifusion activity in serum by
      neutral red uptake has been shown to correlate with syncytium reduction as
      determined by direct counting. The optimal number and ratio of cells in the
      suspension for efficiency and speed of the assay have been determined. With this
      assay it was shown that 50% of 36 serum specimens capable of neutralizing cell
      free virions failed to inhibit syncytium formation. The assay can thus measure a
      distinct activity in HIV-1-immune human sera which is a subset of neutralization
      activity. Because of the potential role of this activity in the rate of disease
      progression and protective immune responses, the antifusion assay will be an
      important tool for the investigation of disease pathogenesis and for acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome vaccine development. The assay can also be applied to
      the investigation of the pathogenesis of the fusion event at the cellular level.
      The ability to use absorbance measurements rather than syncytium counts as the
      endpoint facilitates direct computer-assisted data analysis, which expedites the
      performance of the assay.

PMID- 2279990
TI  - Expression of type 8 capsular polysaccharide and production of toxic shock
      syndrome toxin 1 are associated among vaginal isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - A colony immunoblot method was developed for serotyping the capsular
      polysaccharides expressed by Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The method was rapid
      and specific and was performed with either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies
      specific for each of the capsule types. S. aureus isolates were obtained from
      patients with toxic shock syndrome (TSS) or other staphylococcal infections and
      from asymptomatic women with vaginal colonization. Among the vaginal isolates of
      S. aureus, expression of the type 8 capsule was significantly (P less than 0.001)
      more frequent among strains that produced TSS toxin 1 (TSST-1) than it was among
      TSST-1-negative strains. In contrast, the frequency of type 8 capsule expression
      was similar among both TSST-1-positive and -negative strains of S. aureus from
      patients with nonvaginal TSS. When all vaginal and nonvaginal isolates were
      compared, TSST-1-negative S. aureus strains were equally distributed among the
      type 5 and 8 and nontypeable capsule groups, whereas TSST-1-positive strains were
      predominantly capsule type 8.

PMID- 2279991
TI  - Trivalent heat-labile- and heat-stable-enterotoxin probe conjugated with
      horseradish peroxidase for detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by
      hybridization.
AB  - A 1,268-bp polynucleotide probe for heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins
      (LTh, STIa, STIb) was conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The HRP
      conjugated trivalent probe was applied to the detection of enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli (ETEC) by colony and stool hybridizations. The binding of the
      probe to its targets was assayed by the addition of HRP substrates hydrogen
      peroxide and luminol in the presence of an enhancer, and the chemiluminescence
      was recorded by exposure to X-ray film. Slot blot hybridization demonstrated that
      the HRP-conjugated trivalent probe specifically hybridized with the DNA isolated
      from ETEC strains. The trivalent probe also specifically identified bacterial
      colonies of ETEC that produced LTh, STIa, STIb, LTh-STIa, or LTh-STIb. Treatment
      of targets with sodium dodecyl sulfate and proteinase K remarkably reduced
      nonspecific hybridization to DNAs of non-ETEC strains. Furthermore, this probe
      was able to detect stool specimens seeded with 10(2) original ETEC cells per 5 mg
      of feces. These results suggest that the HRP-conjugated trivalent probe is a
      candidate for use in the clinical laboratory to detect ETEC.

PMID- 2279993
TI  - Toxoplasma antigens recognized by human immunoglobulin A antibodies.
AB  - The immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody response to antigens of Toxoplasma gondii
      during the acute and chronic stages of T. gondii infection was studied by
      immunoblotting with a nonreduced antigen (NRA) preparation. Serum samples were
      from individuals with acute or chronic T. gondii infection, and sequential
      samples were from women who seroconverted during gestation or congenitally
      infected infants. IgA antibodies to a variety of antigens were present in sera
      from each of the groups, irrespective of the titer in an IgA enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. The predominant NRA recognized by IgA antibodies in sera
      from each of the four groups had an approximate molecular weight of 30,000. Other
      prominent NRAs had approximate molecular weights of 35,000 and 5,000; however,
      the latter NRA was not present in sera of congenitally infected infants.

PMID- 2279994
TI  - Detection of circulating excretory secretory antigens in human fascioliasis by
      sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - We developed a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect circulating
      parasite antigen in humans with fascioliasis. The assay uses antibodies against
      Fasciola hepatica excretory secretory (ES) antigens. A monoclonal antibody was
      used to capture circulating ES antigens, and a human polyclonal antibody
      peroxidase conjugate was used to identify circulating ES antigens. Optimal
      dilutions of all reagents were determined by block titration. The antigen
      concentration in sera from patients was estimated by comparing the optical
      density at 492 nm of test sera with a standard curve. All of the serum samples
      from 25 patients with parasitological evidence of fascioliasis had a detectable
      antigen concentration (more than 10 ng/ml). None of the serum samples from 80
      patients infected with parasites other than F. hepatica showed a positive
      reaction, suggesting the absence of cross-reactions in this assay.

PMID- 2279992
TI  - Coaggregation of oral Candida isolates with bacteria from bone marrow transplant
      recipients.
AB  - In vitro coaggregation between Candida species isolated from immunosuppressed
      bone marrow transplant recipients and oral bacteria was investigated. Each
      Candida strain showed a different pattern of coaggregation with the 22 bacterial
      strains studied. Two strains of Lactobacillus amylovorus isolated from separate
      bone marrow transplant patients and Fusobacterium nucleatum (VPI 10197)
      coaggregated with all Candida strains. Ten bacterial strains showed no
      coaggregation with the Candida strains. A variety of inhibition patterns were
      observed when coaggregating strains were first incubated with various sugars or
      subjected to heat treatment. Positive and negative results were generally
      consistent with all Candida strains. On the basis of the culture characteristics
      of the oral rinse specimens, relationships between the colonization of bacteria
      and yeasts and in vitro coaggregation were suggested.

PMID- 2279995
TI  - Serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood.
AB  - Sera from 100 children (ages, 6 to 16 years) presenting with upper
      gastrointestinal symptoms were examined for antibodies to Helicobacter pylori by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on crude, loosely cell-associated
      antigens and a partially purified urease antigen preparation. All children
      underwent endoscopy, and 20 children were shown to have H. pylori infection by
      histology or direct culture. Serum anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels
      (crude antigen) were clearly raised in the infected group, particularly after
      preabsorption of sera against a Campylobacter jejuni antigen preparation, while
      IgM and IgA ELISA determinations did not discriminate between infected and H.
      pylori-negative patients. Only 14 children in the infected group had raised anti
      urease IgG levels. Two patients in whom the organism was not demonstrated or
      cultured had raised specific IgG levels against both crude and urease antigens
      and pathological features consistent with H. pylori disease. Immunoblotting
      studies did not reveal any single protein antigen or simple combination of
      antigens that could be considered as a candidate for a more defined
      serodiagnostic reagent. Anti-H. pylori antibody determinations (crude antigen)
      performed on posttreatment samples from children in whom the organism could no
      longer be demonstrated suggested that sustained IgG levels may not be a reliable
      index of treatment failure. An IgG ELISA based on crude, loosely cell-associated
      antigens of H. pylori can be used for the serodiagnosis of H. pylori infection in
      childhood.

PMID- 2279996
TI  - Profiles of serological reactivity against cytosoluble antigens of Brucella ovis
      in experimentally infected rams.
AB  - Sera from rams infected with and excreting Brucella ovis in the semen (shedders),
      as well as from animals which had recovered from previous experimental challenge
      with B. ovis, were analyzed for their serological reactivities against cytosolic
      antigens of the bacterium. Membrane vesicles, including outer and inner membrane
      components, were precluded from the analyses by subjecting French-pressed
      bacteria to ultracentrifugation. The resulting cytosolic supernatant was
      fractionated into four major antigenic fractions, fractions A, B, C, and D, by
      high-pressure liquid chromatography. Temporal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
      with the A antigen revealed that all shedder rams displayed a rise-and-surge
      response, while rams which recovered from experimental challenge showed a rise
      and-fall profile. The B antigen was less discriminatory in detecting a difference
      between the two ram groups, while C and D antigens were serologically unreactive
      in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In contrast to the reactivity patterns
      shown by native high-pressure liquid chromatography-fractionated cytosolic
      supernatant antigens, immunoblotting of C and D polypeptides generated by boiling
      in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol was particularly
      useful in distinguishing between sera collected at the mid-surge phase of
      infected rams from sera obtained at the mid-fall stage of recovered animals. It
      is likely that native or denatured antigens of different cytosolic fractions may
      provide useful serological reagents for differentiating between infected rams and
      those which have recovered from exposure to B. ovis.

PMID- 2279997
TI  - Development and evaluation of a human T-cell leukemia virus type I serologic
      confirmatory assay incorporating a recombinant envelope polypeptide.
AB  - A recombinant protein derived from the gp21 region of the human T-cell leukemia
      virus type I (HTLV-I) env gene was synthesized in Escherichia coli and purified
      by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified protein
      was free of contaminating bacterial proteins and retained reactivity with human
      HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-positive sera and a gp21 monoclonal antibody. An immunoblot
      procedure using the recombinant polypeptide in conjunction with native viral
      proteins was more sensitive than the conventional immunoblot and
      radioimmunoprecipitation confirmatory assays for detection of antibodies to HTLV
      I and HTLV-II env-encoded gene products. The recombinant protein was equally
      reactive with sera from polymerase chain reaction-confirmed HTLV-I or HTLV-II
      infections. Furthermore, on the basis of the differential reactivities of gp21
      positive sera with the HTLV-I p19 and p24 gag-encoded proteins, an algorithm was
      proposed to distinguish exposure to HTLV-I from exposure to HTLV-II. These
      results establish the utility of a modified immunoblot assay incorporating a
      recombinant envelope polypeptide as an alternative to existing HTLV-I
      confirmatory assays.

PMID- 2279999
TI  - Detection of Lassa virus RNA in specimens from patients with Lassa fever by using
      the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - Suitable oligonucleotide primers and probes were synthesized to amplify Lassa
      virus (Josiah strain)-specific nucleoprotein and glycoprotein gene fragments by
      using reverse transcription combined with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
      Our primers did not amplify the related lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. By
      using PCR, about 50 50% tissue culture infective doses could be detected in the
      supernatant of infected cells. Furthermore, in all five serum specimens and four
      of five urine specimens of patients with acute Lassa fever, viral RNA could be
      demonstrated. Negative results were obtained with all serum and urine specimens
      of healthy subjects. Our data suggest that PCR may be applied as an alternative
      to virus isolation in the rapid diagnosis of Lassa fever.

PMID- 2279998
TI  - Polymerase chain reaction for detection of adenoviruses in stool samples.
AB  - The usefulness of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for diagnosing
      adenovirus infections was investigated. Several primers, including primers
      specific for the hexon-coding region and for enteric adenovirus types 40 and 41,
      were evaluated. The PCR method was validated against cell culturing in routine
      diagnostic work and against restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA. Sixty
      diagnostic specimens were selected for evaluation by the PCR method. Twenty of
      the 60 specimens were found positive on the basis of cytopathic effects and latex
      agglutination (Adenolex [Orion Diagnostica, Helsinki, Finland]), and 16 were
      identified and typed as adenoviruses by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PCR
      was performed on all 60 specimens in parallel directly on diluted stool samples
      and on viral DNA extracted from cells inoculated with the same stool samples.
      When the general hexon primers were used 51 of the 60 specimens from infected
      cell cultures were found positive by PCR, whereas only 13 specimens were found
      positive when PCR was performed directly on stool samples. With the use of
      selective primers for enteric adenoviruses 16 of the 60 cell cultures were found
      to exhibit amplification products by PCR, whereas 4 were detected in stool
      samples. None of the 60 specimens were found positive by PCR when an adenovirus
      type 40-specific primer pair was used. PCR was found to be a fast, sensitive, and
      reliable method for the detection of adenoviruses in diarrheal disease, provided
      the amplifications were performed directly on diluted stool samples.

PMID- 2280000
TI  - Infectious but nonpathogenic isolate of Borrelia burgdorferi.
AB  - We document for the first time an infectious but nonarthritogenic variant of
      Borrelia burgdorferi. Strain 25015, previously isolated from an Ixodes dammini
      larva collected in upstate New York, was infectious but failed to produce
      arthritis or carditis in laboratory rats and mice. By contrast, pathogenic strain
      N40 invariably caused arthritis. This nonarthritogenic variant, with proteins
      with molecular weights different from those of the standard B31 strain, was
      frequently isolated from normal joint tissues of experimentally infected rats.
      Outer surface proteins A and B of strain 25015 have molecular weights of about
      32,500 and 35,500, respectively, in contrast to molecular weights of
      approximately 31,000 and 34,000, respectively, for outer surface proteins A and B
      of strains B31 and N40. A prominent low-molecular-weight protein of about 23,500
      also characterizes strain 25015. Test animals infected for 30 to 60 days had
      relatively high antibody titers (greater than or equal to 1:1,280). The
      nonarthritogenic variant will be useful, along with pathogenic strains, in
      providing comparative insight into the pathogenesis of Lyme borreliosis.
      Homologous immunoblotting of sera from rats and mice inoculated with both the
      arthritogenic and nonarthritogenic strains revealed antibody reactivities to
      proteins of B. burgdorferi different from those revealed in the heterologous
      tests.

PMID- 2280001
TI  - Specific detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b lipooligosaccharide by
      immunoassay.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based immunoassays were developed for specific
      detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) lipooligosaccharide (LOS). (i)
      Hib LOS was captured onto microtiter plates by polyclonal Hib-directed antibodies
      and detected with MAbs to the oligosaccharide component of Hib LOS in an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay, (ii) The high affinity of polymyxin B for lipid A was
      used to bind Hib LOS to microtiter wells, and the oligosaccharide-specific MAbs
      were used as the detection system in the polymyxin B-MAb assay. (iii) Hib LOS
      solubilized in detergent was captured by MAbs, and the immobilized LOS was
      detected with a chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate method in the immunolimulus
      assay. Endotoxin concentrations were measured in in vitro samples and
      cerebrospinal fluid samples from rabbits with experimental Hib meningitis. The
      results were compared with those obtained with the standard chromogenic Limulus
      amebocyte lysate assay. There were significant correlations between the results
      of all four assays. These new immunoassays provide methods for specific detection
      of Hib LOS in laboratory fluids and in research involving quantification of Hib
      endotoxin in experimental animal models.

PMID- 2280002
TI  - V factor-dependent members of the family Pasteurellaceae in the porcine upper
      respiratory tract.
AB  - A study was performed to obtain a better understanding of the diversity and
      ecology of members of the family Pasteurellaceae in the porcine respiratory
      tract. A collection of 132 V factor-dependent strains of Pasteurellaceae selected
      from porcine field isolates mainly from the respiratory tract were subjected to
      detailed characterization. In addition to the three hitherto recognized species
      Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis, and Haemophilus taxon
      "minor group," three distinct taxa were observed. Some of these taxa, which are
      provisionally designated taxa D, E, and F, would by traditional criteria be
      mistaken for H. parasuis but differed by several biochemical characteristics. To
      study the ecology of the V factor-dependent species, swabs from the nasal and
      oral cavities of 29 pigs were cultivated on selective and nonselective media. By
      studying approximately 30 isolates from each sample, the distribution and
      relative proportion of the individual taxa were determined. A. pleuropneumoniae
      was detected in samples from the tonsil areas of only two acutely ill animals. H.
      parasuis was isolated from the nasal cavities of four out of nine healthy pigs
      but from the oral cavities of only two animals. In contrast, taxon "minor group"
      and taxa D, E, and F were present in the oral cavities of the majority of pigs
      but were not detected in samples from their nasal cavities. The results indicate
      that all the observed V factor-dependent species of Pasteurellaceae except A.
      pleuropneumoniae, are members of the resident microflora of various mucosal
      surfaces of the porcine upper respiratory tract.

PMID- 2280003
TI  - Cefotaxime-resistant Nocardia asteroides strains are isolates of the
      controversial species Nocardia farcinica.
AB  - A recent study of Nocardia asteroides revealed that 95% of clinical strains had
      one of five antibiotic resistance patterns. We found the pattern of resistance to
      cefotaxime and cefamandole in 19% of 200 clinical N. asteroides isolates.
      Isolates with this drug resistance pattern were from numerous geographic sources
      and were associated with significant clinical disease (56% of patients had
      disseminated infections). Phenotypic studies revealed that these isolates were
      relatively homogeneous and matched previous descriptions and reference strains of
      the controversial species N. farcinica. Growth at 45 degrees C, acid production
      from rhamnose, ability to utilize acetamide as a nitrogen and carbon source, and
      resistance to tobramycin and cefamandole were features of N. farcinica that could
      be tested in the clinical laboratory and allowed their distinction from N.
      asteroides. The serious nature of disease due to N. farcinica and its resistance
      to the newer cephalosporins suggest a clinical need for laboratory identification
      of this species. (Current tests used in clinical laboratories do not distinguish
      N. farcinica from N. asteroides.) This is the first recognition that N. farcinica
      has a specific drug resistance pattern and confirms the previously described
      concept that drug resistance patterns of N. asteroides may be associated with
      specific taxonomic groups.

PMID- 2280004
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassays for specific serum
      immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the fusion protein (F), attachment protein (G),
      and nucleoprotein (N) of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus were evaluated for use
      as detector antibodies in immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM capture enzyme
      immunoassays. MAb assays were tested against assays using polyclonal antibodies
      (PAbs) with serum specimens from patients with and without evidence of recent RS
      virus infection. Assays developed with N MAbs were comparable to or better than
      PAb assays for detecting specific IgG and IgM antibodies but were somewhat less
      sensitive for IgA. F MAb assays were less sensitive for IgG and IgM antibodies
      but identified specific IgA in some specimens negative by N MAb assay. G MAb
      assays were insensitive for IgG and IgM antibodies but did detect about 50% of
      the IgA antibodies identified by the PAb assay. The basis for the low sensitivity
      of the G MAb assays is unclear, since many of these specimens were positive for
      IgG antibodies to G by Western immunoblot. The sensitivity of MAb assays varied
      with patient age: N MAb assays detected specific antibody responses to RS virus
      in all immunoglobulin classes in both adults and infants less than 1 year of age,
      F MAb assays detected specific IgG responses in adults and IgA responses in both
      adults and infants, and G MAb assays only detected IgA responses in adults. A
      mixture of N and F MAbs was complementary overall, identifying 54 of 55 (IgG), 51
      of 52 (IgA), and 16 of 17 (IgM) serum specimens positive by PAb assay. These MAb
      assays were also specific with specimens tested from persons without a history of
      recent RS virus infection. The availability of these MAb-based assays offers
      other laboratories the opportunity to have long-term, standardized reagents and
      tests for serological diagnosis of RS virus infection.

PMID- 2280005
TI  - Leptomyxid ameba, a new agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and
      animals.
AB  - Amebae belonging to the order Leptomyxida are regarded as innocuous soil
      organisms incapable of infecting mammals. We report here the isolation of a
      leptomyxid ameba from the brain of a pregnant baboon (Papio sphinx) that died of
      meningoencephalitis at the San Diego Zoo Wild Animal Park. By using rabbit anti
      leptomyxid serum in the immunofluorescence assay, we have identified the
      leptomyxid ameba in the brain sections of a number of human encephalitic cases
      from around the world as well as a few cases of meningoencephalitis in animals in
      the United States, which suggests that the leptomyxid amebae are potential
      etiologic agents of fatal meningoencephalitis in humans and animals.

PMID- 2280007
TI  - Longitudinal study of the biotypes of Gardnerella vaginalis.
AB  - Gardnerella vaginalis is the predominant vaginal microorganism in women with
      bacterial vaginosis. However, this organism is also frequently isolated from
      women without signs or symptoms of vaginitis. Earlier studies have not revealed
      whether certain biotypes of G. vaginalis are more often associated with bacterial
      vaginosis or are more common in women who acquire bacterial vaginosis. We used a
      typing scheme based on tests for beta-galactosidase, hippurate hydrolysis, and
      lipase, using oleate as a substrate. Of 261 strains tested, the distribution of
      biotypes observed was as follows: 1, 13%; 2, 9%; 3, 5%; 4, 7%; 5, 41%; 6, 15%;
      and 8, 10%. Biotype 7 was not observed. The distributions of biotypes from women
      with and without bacterial vaginosis were found to be significantly different,
      with the lipase-positive biotypes (biotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4) being more
      predominant in women with vaginosis (41 versus 23%, P = 0.003). Of 40 women with
      normal vaginal flora at the index visit who remained normal at follow-up, 23
      (57%) acquired a new biotype of G. vaginalis. By comparison, 90% of the 30 women
      who developed bacterial vaginosis acquired a new biotype of G. vaginalis (P =
      0.003). Women with bacterial vaginosis at the index visit who were not treated
      were no more likely than normal women to have a shift in G. vaginalis biotype.
      However, 86% of the 30 women with bacterial vaginosis who were treated with an
      antibiotic at the index visit acquired a different biotype (P = 0.04 compared
      with the value for untreated women) regardless of treatment success. A trend
      toward the acquisition of a new biotype was observed among women who had contact
      with a new sexual partner (81 versus 65%, P = 0.15). These data demonstrate that
      the lipase-positive isolates of G. vaginalis are associated with bacterial
      vaginosis. Women who acquire bacterial vaginosis are more likely to have a shift
      in biotype than women who had normal flora at he follow-up, suggesting that the
      G. vaginalis isolates recovered from women who develop bacterial vaginosis
      represent newly acquired strains rather than overgrowth of previously colonizing
      biotypes.

PMID- 2280006
TI  - Defining Staphylococcus epidermidis cell wall proteins.
AB  - Three Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates of differing bacteriophage types were
      studied to define proteins confined to the cell wall, which were surface exposed
      and thus available to interact with the host. Three major proteins of 37, 41, and
      51 kDa were identified in all whole-cell lysates and cell wall extracts by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Two additional
      proteins of 18 and 25 kDa became evident by using 125I labeling to delineate
      surface-exposed proteins. A classification scheme using P1 to P5 to delineate the
      51-, 41-, 37-, 25- and 18-kDa proteins is proposed. Additionally, murine immune
      sera were used to identify two immunodominant proteins of 51 and 25 kDa (P1 and
      P4, respectively).

PMID- 2280008
TI  - Mycobacterium gordonae pseudoinfection associated with a contaminated
      antimicrobial solution.
AB  - At Yale-New Haven Hospital, 46 specimens submitted for mycobacterial culture
      during an 8-week period in 1989 were positive for Mycobacterium gordonae, a
      nontuberculous acid-fast bacterium (AFB) of low pathogenicity. The specimens were
      submitted from 34 patients who came from various inpatient and outpatient
      services. Four patients were begun on antimycobacterial therapy on the basis of
      an AFB isolate which was later identified as M. gordonae. Isolation of M.
      gordonae was associated with use of the BACTEC TB system (BACTEC TB; Becton
      Dickinson Diagnostic Instrument Systems, Towson, Md.) and an antimicrobial
      solution, BACTEC PANTA PLUS (PANTA; Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Instrument
      Systems). The manufacturer reported that two lots (B9K1 and C9K1) of PANTA kits
      containing a single production lot (N8C1) of PANTA, which had been shipped to 173
      laboratories, had been contaminated with M. gordonae. A survey of
      mycobacteriology laboratories in the United States revealed that, during April to
      July 1989, the M. gordonae isolation rate was 5.8/1,000 AFB specimens processed
      at laboratories that did not use BACTEC TB, 11.4/1,000 AFB specimens at
      laboratories that used BACTEC TB but not the implicated lot of PANTA, and
      23.5/1,000 AFB specimens at laboratories that used BACTEC TB and the lot of
      implicated PANTA. Intrinsic contamination of PANTA was attributed to ineffective
      sterilization of water used in the manufacturing process and was not detected
      prior to product shipment because cultures for AFB were not part of the quality
      control regimen. This episode emphasizes that clinical laboratories can detect
      pseudoepidemics promptly if they are alert to abrupt increases in isolation
      rates, especially of unusual or generally nonpathogenic organisms.

PMID- 2280010
TI  - Association of coagulase-negative staphylococcal slime production and adherence
      with the development and outcome of adult septicemias.
AB  - The relationship of coagulase-negative staphylococcal slime production and
      adherence with the development and outcome of bloodstream infections in two
      Finnish hospitals was evaluated. Analysis of 64 strains from 62 adult septicemias
      disclosed 34 (53%) adherent slime producers. In comparison, only 142 (29%) of 489
      single blood culture isolates were adherent slime producers. Although tube
      adherence test-positive strains were significantly (P less than 0.001) more
      common among the septicemia strains than among clinically insignificant isolates,
      almost half of the septicemia cases were caused by tube test-negative strains.
      Thus, regarding any single patient isolate, a cautious posture to the clinical
      impact of positivity in the tube adherence test seems warranted. Moreover,
      adherence and slime production, as such, apparently played no role in the
      clinical outcome of these infections. The epidemiologic findings revealed that
      slime-producing coagulase-negative staphylococci were common in the hospital
      environment and suggested that epidemic spread of such strains was influenced by
      antimicrobial therapy. Collectively, these results indicate that, at least in
      these two hospitals, positivity in the tube was of minor importance in guiding
      clinical decisions in treating adult septicemias.

PMID- 2280009
TI  - Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in bovine feces by monoclonal
      antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to
      detect Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in bovine feces. Fecal oocysts were
      concentrated by centrifugation through Formalin-ethyl acetate solution and
      captured with monoclonal antibody 18.280.2 reactive with C. parvum oocysts.
      Captured oocysts were detected with goat anti-oocyst serum, following the
      addition of a peroxidase conjugate of rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulin and O
      phenylenediamine substrate. The assay was specific for Cryptosporidium sp.
      oocysts and did not detect oocysts of Eimeria auburnensis, Eimeria bovis, Eimeria
      ellipsoidalis, or Eimeria zuernii. Assay sensitivity allowed detection of 3 x
      10(5) oocysts per ml of feces, compared with 1 x 10(6) oocysts per ml detected by
      examination of acid-fast-stained fecal smears and 1 x 10(3) oocysts per ml
      detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The capture ELISA was suitable for
      diagnostic analysis of bovine fecal samples and for assessment of oocyst shedding
      in experimentally infected calves. This assay may also prove useful for
      diagnostic assessment of humans in which cryptosporidiosis is suspected.

PMID- 2280011
TI  - Detection of Mycobacterium leprae antigens in the sera of leprosy patients by
      sandwich immunoradiometric assay using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - An immunological technique for demonstration of Mycobacterium leprae antigen in
      sera was developed by using specific as well as cross-reactive monoclonal
      antibodies. The sandwich immunoradiometric assay which we developed is a simple,
      robust assay that is sensitive to the nanogram level. Sera from 72 leprosy
      patients were screened for the presence of antigen by this assay. A total of 69%
      of untreated tuberculoid leprosy patients showed 35-kDa antigen positivity, and
      45% of these patients showed anti-35-kDa antibody positivity. Consistently higher
      antigen positivity rates for the 35-, 12-, and 30- to 40-kDa components of M.
      leprae were observed in lepromatous leprosy patients than in tuberculoid leprosy
      patients. During the course of therapy the antigen positivity rate gradually
      declined, and the antigen could not be detected in any of the 15 patients with
      subsided cases of leprosy. As antigen is presumably in excess before the antibody
      response is evoked, our experimental approach for antigen detection is likely to
      be useful by itself or along with antibody detection for diagnosis of early
      leprosy.

PMID- 2280012
TI  - Use of tri-gas incubator for routine culture of Campylobacter species from fecal
      specimens.
AB  - We evaluated a tri-gas incubator for Campylobacter isolation to be used instead
      of an anaerobic jar. Fecal specimens were cultured in duplicate onto charcoal
      selective medium and incubated at 43 degrees C for 48 h in two different
      environments: a tri-gas incubator (Forma Scientific) adjusted to provide an
      atmosphere of 10% CO2, 10% O2, and the balance N2; and evacuated anaerobic jars
      with a replacement gas mixture of 10% CO2, 5% O2, and 85% N2. A total of 106
      Campylobacter jejuni and 8 Campylobacter coli isolates were obtained from 2,348
      stool specimens. Of the positive specimens, 113 isolates came from the incubator
      and 111 isolates came from the anaerobic jars. An additional 32 previously
      positive specimens were replated onto charcoal selective medium and retested by
      both methods. We recovered 27 C. jejuni isolates, 26 isolates by each method. The
      isolates from the incubator typically produced discrete colonies, while the
      isolates from the anaerobic jar showed some degree of swarming in colony
      formation. The tri-gas incubator provided a cost-effective method for culturing
      Campylobacter spp.

PMID- 2280013
TI  - Quality control criteria for testing the susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to
      meropenem.
AB  - Reference values for quality control of in vitro susceptibility tests with
      meropenem against anaerobic bacteria were determined in a multilaboratory study
      by the approved National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards agar
      dilution method for the four quality control strains. The study protocol also
      included the evaluation of microdilution testing, medium additives, and multiple
      lots of media. The recommended MIC control ranges for three of the control
      organisms are as follows: Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285, 0.06 to 0.125
      micrograms/ml; Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29741, 0.125 to 0.5
      micrograms/ml; and Eubacterium lentum ATCC 43055, 0.125 to 0.5 micrograms/ml. The
      modal MIC for Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 was at or below the lowest
      concentration of meropenem tested, and no values are recommended.

PMID- 2280014
TI  - Multicenter evaluation of Microring YT, a new method of yeast identification.
AB  - Microring YT was evaluated and compared with established methods for the
      identification of 142 clinical yeast isolates. Only 75 isolates (52.8%) were
      correctly identified by Microring YT. Results with this test were often difficult
      to read and subject to interlaboratory variations.

PMID- 2280015
TI  - Bedside inoculation of blood culture bottles with ascitic fluid is superior to
      delayed inoculation in the detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
AB  - Ascitic fluids from patients suspected of having spontaneous bacterial
      peritonitis were inoculated into blood culture bottles (i) at the bedside and
      (ii) in the laboratory after a delay. In 29 episodes in which the bedside bottles
      were culture positive, only 22 (75.9%) of the laboratory-inoculated sets
      demonstrated growth; this difference was statistically significant (P less than
      0.02).

PMID- 2280016
TI  - Evaluation of a novel solid-phase immunoassay, Clearview Chlamydia, for the rapid
      detection of Chlamydia trachomatis.
AB  - Clearview Chlamydia (Unipath Limited, Bedford, United Kingdom) is a rapid
      immunoassay for the direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen. This assay
      was evaluated against the tissue culture method by using 376 paired endocervical
      specimens. The Clearview assay had a sensitivity of 93.5% and a specificity of
      99% when it was compared with the tissue culture method. This assay does not
      require specialized equipment or trained personnel and yields results within 30
      min from the time that a specimen is collected.

PMID- 2280018
TI  - Patterns of morphologic variation among isolates of Trichosporon beigelii.
AB  - We observed considerable variability in colony and microscopic morphology among
      isolates of Trichosporon beigelii. Deeply invasive clinical isolates showed four
      distinct morphotypes and spontaneous conversions among certain morphotypes and
      grew well at 37 degrees C. In contrast, superficial clinical and environmental
      isolates did not demonstrate such morphotypes or conversions, and most grew
      poorly at 37 degrees C. Thus, the morphologic and physiologic features of
      invasive clinical isolates of T. beigelii follow certain patterns distinct from
      those of superficial clinical and environmental isolates.

PMID- 2280017
TI  - Anaerobic endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus saccharolyticus.
AB  - The first case of infective endocarditis caused by the anaerobe Staphylococcus
      saccharolyticus is reported. The infection occurred in a previously healthy 61
      year-old male with no known predisposing valvular heart disease. The patient was
      successfully treated with a combination of 2 g of nafcillin every 4 h and 90 mg
      of gentamicin every 8 h for 6 weeks.

PMID- 2280019
TI  - Detection of hippurate hydrolysis by Legionella spp. by using a rapid high
      performance liquid chromatography method.
AB  - A rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to determine
      hippurate hydrolysis by Legionella spp. Benzoic acid, an end product of enzymatic
      activity, was directly detected by high-performance liquid chromatography after 1
      and 24 h of incubation in 1% sodium hippurate. Because of its sensitivity, this
      procedure offers more precise identification of some Legionella spp.

PMID- 2280021
TI  - Properties of group B streptococci with protein surface antigens X and R.
AB  - A total of 128 bovine and 134 human group B streptococci were serotyped by
      conventional methods. Among the bovine cultures, 60 (47%) had type antigen X, and
      among the human cultures, 53 (39%) had type antigen R. The occurrence of type
      antigens X and R was significantly related to the growth pattern of the bacteria
      in fluid media. Type X- and R-positive cultures and most of the nontypeable
      cultures predominantly formed long chains and grew as granular sediment with
      clear supernatant. In addition, group B streptococci with surface antigen X or R
      showed compact colony formation in soft agar and reacted positively in the salt
      aggregation test. These properties, possibly caused by the surface charges of the
      X- and R-positive cultures, might be related to bacterial pathogenicity.

PMID- 2280020
TI  - Neutralization receptor-based immunoassay for detection of neutralizing
      antibodies to Escherichia coli verocytotoxin 1.
AB  - The NeutRELISA, a modification of the receptor enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      developed for the detection of verocytotoxin 1 (VT1) which permits the rapid
      detection of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against this toxin, has been
      performed. A standard concentration of VT1 was preincubated with VT-immune or
      nonimmune rabbit serum. The serum-toxin mixtures were then added to microtiter
      plates coated with deacylated globotriosyl ceramide (lyso-Gb3). The reduction of
      VT1 binding to lyso-Gb3 in the immune serum-toxin mixtures compared with the VT1
      Gb3 binding in the nonimmune serum-toxin mixtures was detected by using mouse
      monoclonal antibody to VT1. After standardization of the NeutRELISA with rabbit
      sera, 57 human control serum samples were tested to establish a cutoff value
      below which NeutRELISA results would be considered positive. Thirty-three single
      serum samples known to demonstrate NAb to VT1 by biological assay reproducibly
      demonstrated VT1 NAb when tested by the NeutRELISA. There was a close correlation
      between the biological VT1 neutralization assay and the NeutRELISA. This assay
      offers a practical, rapid, and reliable approach for the detection of NAb to VT1
      and other verocytotoxins.

PMID- 2280022
TI  - Fatal encephalitis caused by Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava in a snowy owl
      chick (Nyctea scandiaca).
AB  - Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava (Cooke) Salkin et Dixon was found to cause
      fatal encephalitis in a 28-day-old, captivity-bred snowy owl chick (Nyctea
      scandiaca). The previously healthy bird suddenly developed ataxia, severe
      torticollis, and extensor rigidity of the legs. Since the animal did not improve
      with antibiotic or vitamin-mineral supplement therapy, the chick was euthanized 5
      days after the onset of neurologic signs. At necropsy, all tissues except the
      brain were grossly normal. Cultures inoculated with blood from the brain and
      heart yielded a dematiaceous mould that subsequently proved to be D. constricta
      var. gallopava. This is the first report of natural central nervous system
      infection caused by D. constricta var. gallopava in a snowy owl.

PMID- 2280025
TI  - Frequency of glove perforations.

PMID- 2280023
TI  - Kluyvera mediastinitis following open-heart surgery: a case report.
AB  - Reports of serious infections caused by Kluyvera spp. have been rare. A case of
      Kluyvera sp. mediastinitis and bacteremia in a man after open-heart surgery is
      described. The clinical significance of Kluyvera sp. isolates was debated in
      early descriptions of the organism. More recent reports, as well as the present
      case, suggest that the pathogenic potential of this organism is being
      increasingly recognized by clinicians and microbiologists.

PMID- 2280024
TI  - Hepatitis B virus replication within the human spleen.
AB  - Southern blot analysis of splenic DNA from three patients with chronic hepatitis
      B revealed the presence of replicative intermediate forms of viral DNA. Hepatitis
      B viral RNA was detected in splenic RNA from two cases. Thus, hepatitis B virus
      appears to replicate in the human spleen, although at a lower level than in the
      liver.

PMID- 2280026
TI  - Fixed-removable approach to presurgical orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 2280027
TI  - Holographic storage of dental casts.

PMID- 2280028
TI  - Effective oral hygiene for orthodontic patients.

PMID- 2280029
TI  - Debonding ceramic brackets.

PMID- 2280030
TI  - Esthetic extrusion of a nonrestorable tooth.

PMID- 2280031
TI  - Suggestions for implementing infection control guidelines in your office.

PMID- 2280032
TI  - Potentially dangerous advice: "take these antibiotics and come back in a week".
      Report of four cases.

PMID- 2280033
TI  - Glass ionomer cements.

PMID- 2280034
TI  - Effects of an AIDS education program on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of
      low income black and Latina women.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the effects of an AIDS education program on
      the knowledge, attitudes and practices of low income black and Latina women. A
      pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design was used with a 2-3 month
      retest of the experimental group. The sample consisted of 506 experimental and
      206 control group women who were clients of the Public Health Foundation's
      Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children in Los Angeles County. The
      program included a slide-tape presentation, and educational and resource
      brochures in English and Spanish. Knowledge, attitudes, and sexual and drug use
      practices were measured using a structured questionnaire that was developed in
      English and Spanish. Content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were
      established. A 2-way repeated measures ANOVA examined differences in pretest
      posttest knowledge, attitudes, and practices for experimental and control groups
      and for both racial/ethnic groups. The experimental group made significant gains
      over the control group on pretest-posttest measures of knowledge and attitudes.
      Both experimental and control groups made significant changes in practice.
      Changes in knowledge were retained on retest; changes in practices came close to
      significance on retest. Blacks and Latinas differed on pretest knowledge and
      attitudes but not practices. Blacks had more knowledge and positive attitudes on
      pretest. However, posttest improvements for both knowledge and attitudes were
      greater in Latinas than in blacks. A multiple regression analysis revealed that
      the best predictors of knowledge, attitudes and practices were racial/ethnic
      group, education, and religion. It is concluded that a didactic audio visual
      program can positively affect the knowledge and possibly the practices of
      participants and that these are retained over time but that changes in attitudes
      will take further efforts.

PMID- 2280035
TI  - Effects of social supports on attitudes, health behaviors and obtaining prenatal
      care.
AB  - The influence of social support on attitudes, health behaviors and attaining
      prenatal care was assessed in 300 postpartum patients. Demographic, medical,
      sociocultural, attitudinal and behavioral factors were assessed by interview and
      review of the medical chart. Three discrete social support factors (intimacy,
      comfort, security) were identified by factor analysis. The presence of social
      support was correlated with positive prenatal attitudes, not using drugs, and
      adequate health resources. Stepwise multiple-regression analysis demonstrated
      that one social support factor (intimacy), two health behaviors (not drinking and
      not smoking while pregnant), and parity accounted for 22% of the variance in
      amount of prenatal care.

PMID- 2280036
TI  - The role of focus groups in health education for cervical cancer among minority
      women.
AB  - Focus groups were used in the development of community-based public health
      education designed to reduce mortality from cervical cancer among black women in
      Forsyth County, North Carolina. The educational goals of this National Cancer
      Institute (NCI) funded project were to increase the proportion of black women,
      age 18 and older, who obtain Pap smears on a regular basis and return for
      followup care when necessary. A series of four focus groups were conducted to
      help develop the conceptual basis for designing educational messages and
      materials. The groups were led by a black, female professional focus group
      moderator, and explored a variety of health-related topics ranging from general,
      ordinary concerns of daily living to knowledge and attitudes about cancer
      screening. The group discussions suggested that health is regarded as very
      important to the target population, particularly when related to family
      functioning. Regarding the Pap smear, most women knew about the test, but had
      little awareness of its role in the early detection of cervical cancer. Fear and
      fatalism were clearly the dominant, top-of-mind reactions to cancer, and there
      was little differentiation among sites or types of cancer. Despite the overall
      pessimism, the groups agreed that early diagnosis and treatment provide the best
      hope for good outcomes with cancer.

PMID- 2280037
TI  - Exploratory cluster analysis of behavioral risks for chronic disease and injury:
      implications for tailoring health promotion services.
AB  - Identifying population subgroups with similar behavioral risks could assist in
      the social marketing of health promotion programs by providing target segments to
      whom services and outreach could be specifically matched. In this paper we
      describe an exploratory application of cluster analysis to health behavior data
      from a representative telephone sample of Michigan adults (n = 2,285). In
      addition to replication of the cluster solution through cross validation, we
      found significant between cluster demographic differences further confirming
      cluster validity. Demographic and risk profiles of four clusters are presented,
      and key health promotion services appropriate to each cluster are discussed.
      Although further research on the construct validity of the clusters is critical,
      we conclude that this approach can be useful in tailoring health promotion
      messages, materials, and services.

PMID- 2280038
TI  - "Vignettes" or a portrayal of Horace Wells.

PMID- 2280040
TI  - 150 years of anesthesia in dentistry: the sesquicentennial approaches 1844-1994.

PMID- 2280039
TI  - Wells' death and Hartford burial sites.

PMID- 2280041
TI  - Fluoride in Connecticut water supplies and prescribing dietary fluoride
      supplements.

PMID- 2280042
TI  - Nursing caries: an overview.

PMID- 2280043
TI  - Oral cancer in Connecticut.

PMID- 2280044
TI  - Stein v. Katz, rude awakening for slumbering dental malpractice suits?

PMID- 2280045
TI  - Effects of the bipyridylium herbicides diquat dibromide and paraquat dichloride
      on growth and development of Neobellieria bullata (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
      larvae.
AB  - Diet containing diquat dibromide (1,000 or 2,000 ppm) caused an extension of the
      first-instar stadium of Neobellieria bullata (Parker); the first molt was
      primarily disturbed. Pupariation was delayed when early-wandering larvae had been
      injected with diquat dibromide (18 micrograms/larva; approximately to 150 ppm).
      This effect of diquat dibromide was eliminated by simultaneous injection of 20-OH
      ecdysone (0.02 micrograms/larva). After larvae in the red spiracle stage were
      injected with diquat dibromide (5 micrograms/larva; approximately 42 ppm),
      evagination of the pupal head was inhibited. Paraquat dichloride was less active
      than diquat dibromide and appears to be a safer herbicide for use around
      decomposer fly species.

PMID- 2280046
TI  - Formamidines as synergists of cypermethrin in susceptible and pyrethroid
      resistant house flies (Diptera: Muscidae).
AB  - Mechanisms of formamidine synergism of pyrethroid insecticides were investigated
      in the house fly, Musca domestica L. A bioassay method was developed to show
      formamidine synergism of cypermethrin in adult house flies. Flies were exposed to
      a residue of cypermethrin with and without formamidine for 30 min and then
      transferred to a clean container. Mortality was recorded 24 h later. Synergism of
      cypermethrin occurred in flies exposed simultaneously to cypermethrin plus
      formamidines and in flies exposed to cypermethrin either before or after exposure
      to a formamidine. Synergism ranged up to 11.8-fold and was greater in susceptible
      than in resistant house flies. A monomeric derivative of amitraz (BTS 27271) was
      the most active synergist, chlordimeform was intermediate, and amitraz was least
      active. Synergism of cypermethrin also occurred in flies injected with octopamine
      and then exposed to cypermethrin, suggesting that formamidines may be acting as
      octopamine agonists. Measurements of the effects of formamidines on uptake of
      cypermethrin showed that BTS 27271 increased uptake less than chlordimeform and
      that amitraz had almost no effect. Both target site and behavioral effects are
      discussed as possible mechanisms of formamidine synergism of cypermethrin and
      other pyrethroids.

PMID- 2280047
TI  - Microplate adaptation of Gomori's assay for quantitative determination of general
      esterase activity in single insects.
AB  - Esterase activity is monitored in mosquitoes and other arthropod species because
      high levels of these enzymes can be associated with pesticide resistance. In the
      1950s, G. Gomori devised a colorimetric method to detect esterase activity based
      on their capacity to hydrolyze aryl-esters. We modified this method for use in
      microtiter plates. Mosquito homogenates (Culex quinquefasciatus Say and C.
      pipiens L.) from strains susceptible and resistant to insecticides were allowed
      to hydrolyze alpha-naphthyl acetate in the presence of Triton X-100 and a
      specific acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The alpha-naphthol product was detected
      colorimetrically by a diazo-coupling reaction with Fast Garnet GBC salt. Triton X
      100 improved the extraction of esterases and maintained the azo compound in
      solution. The linear range of the method was 2-20 nmoles of alpha-naphthol; this
      high sensitivity permitted accurate determinations in 1/30 portions of single
      adult mosquitoes from the strain with the lowest esterase activity. To avoid
      variations due to changes in temperature and duration of assay, results were
      normalized to equivalent enzyme activity units obtained in a spectrophotometer at
      25 degrees C. Depending on the number of homogenate dilutions required,
      performance of the assay in microplates allowed the simultaneous analysis of 20
      80 samples. Female mosquitoes showed higher enzyme activity than males when
      expressed in nmoles/min per mosquito, but differences were reduced when results
      were expressed as specific activity (nmoles/min per mg protein). A mosquito
      strain resistant to organophosphates due to the presence of high levels of
      esterases showed about 200 times more esterase activity than a susceptible strain
      or a strain resistant due to insensitive acetylcholinesterase.

PMID- 2280048
TI  - Toxicity of several insecticide formulations against adult German cockroaches
      (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).
AB  - Toxicity of bendiocarb, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate,
      hydramethylnon, malathion, propetamphos, propoxur, and pyrethrins against the
      adult German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), was investigated. At LD50,
      cyfluthrin was the most toxic insecticide to adult males (0.53 microgram/g),
      adult females (1.2 micrograms/g), and gravid females (0.85 microgram/g).
      Malathion was the least toxic insecticide to adult males (464.83 micrograms/g),
      adult females (335.83 micrograms/g), and gravid females (275.90 micrograms/g).
      Males and gravid females were generally more sensitive than nongravid females to
      the insecticides that we tested. In tests with malathion, however, males were
      more tolerant. The order of toxicity of the insecticide classes varied among the
      stages of adult German cockroaches. The order of toxicity for males and nongravid
      females was pyrethroids greater than pyrethrins = organophosphates (except
      malathion) greater than carbamates = amidinohydrazone. The order of toxicity for
      gravid females was pyrethroids greater than pyrethrins = organophosphates (except
      malathion) greater than carbamates greater than amidinohydrazone. These
      differences in toxicity suggest that sex differences should be considered when
      determining insecticide toxicity for German cockroaches.

PMID- 2280049
TI  - Response of late-instar Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) to
      dietary insect growth regulators.
AB  - Late-instar German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), were used to evaluate
      the relative effects of single treatments and combinations of three insect growth
      regulators (IGRs): pyriproxyfen, fenoxycarb, and diflubenzuron. Groups of 15
      males or 15 females were held for 2 wk on food treated with varying amounts of
      IGRs. After removal, newly mature adults were placed with untreated adults of the
      opposite sex. Mortality, adult phenotype (normal wings, divergent wings, curly
      wings, and nymphoids), and reproduction were assessed. Mortality occurred largely
      in the nymphal stage except when all three IGRs were combined. Neither the
      average number of nymphs per egg case nor hatch of egg cases from phenotypically
      normal cockroaches (normal wings, occasional darkening of the body) was affected
      in single treatments or in combinations of two IGRs, but nymphal numbers were
      reduced when the three IGRs were combined. Hatch from matings of insects with
      divergent wings varied. At low concentrations (3-10 ppm), hatch was generally
      normal; at high concentrations, most mating tests were unproductive. Mating tests
      of cockroaches with curly wings were almost always unproductive. When males with
      curly wings were mated, females dropped either unfertilized egg cases (no mating)
      or partially fertilized egg cases. Curly-wing females either dropped unfertilized
      egg cases or failed to form egg cases because of deleterious effects on ovarian
      development. Nymphoids did not mate. Diflubenzuron at 100 ppm had no effect other
      than causing the appearance of a few insects with divergent wings. Effects on
      phenotype and reproduction began at 3 ppm of both pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb and
      at a comparable concentration in the combination of pyriproxyfen + fenoxycarb (1
      ppm each). Female sterility was complete at 100 ppm of pyriproxyfen and
      fenoxycarb. When pyriproxyfen or fenoxycarb was combined with equal amounts of
      diflubenzuron, the number of productive matings was not reduced at 6 ppm (3 ppm
      per each IGR). At 20 ppm (10 ppm per each IGR), a reduction in productive matings
      coincided with the appearance of curly wings. Complete female sterility occurred
      only at 600 ppm (300 ppm per IGR). The most severe effects occurred in the
      experiment with equal amounts of pyriproxyfen, fenoxycarb, and diflubenzuron. In
      addition to reduced hatch from normal phenotypes, this experiment caused complete
      male sterility (300 ppm; 100 ppm of each IGR). Female sterility was complete at
      greater than or equal to 90 ppm (30 ppm of each IGR).

PMID- 2280050
TI  - Egg production, larval development, and adult longevity of cat fleas
      (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) exposed to ultrasound.
AB  - Adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouche), on cats (Felis catus) were
      exposed to emissions from an ultrasonic flea collar worn by the cat. No
      significant differences were found in total numbers of eggs produced per day
      (mean = 524 control, 614 treatment), in length of larval development time (mean =
      7.7 d control, 7.7 d treatment), or in total daily pupal production (mean = 485
      control, 445 treatment) between the treatment and the control groups. Tests off
      the host were conducted to determine whether ultrasonic exposure caused mortality
      in adult fleas; no significant differences were found in daily mortality between
      the treated and control fleas during 1 wk of exposure.

PMID- 2280051
TI  - Non-surgical periodontal therapy on molar teeth with furcation involvement.

PMID- 2280052
TI  - Gies Award presented to Carlton H. Williams.

PMID- 2280053
TI  - The use of competitive affinity chromatography for the isolation of proteins
      which promote transcription.
AB  - A method is described for isolating proteins which bind preferentially to
      specific sequences of DNA and is used to enrich preparations in proteins
      promoting eukaryotic gene transcription. An ion-exchange fraction which promotes
      the transcription of the ovalbumin gene in in vitro runoff assays was isolated
      from the oviducts of diethylstilbesterol-stimulated chicks. This fraction was
      recirculated between two coupled columns, one containing random sequences of
      prokaryotic DNA and the other a specific cloned DNA fragment from the 5' region
      of the ovalbumin gene. Recirculation was performed in the presence of a
      decreasing salt gradient, after which columns were disconnected and separately
      eluted. The eluate obtained from the column containing cloned DNA showed a
      preference for binding to DNA fragments derived from the ovalbumin gene when
      examined in nitrocellulose filter binding assays. This fraction retained the
      ability of its precursor to promote gene transcription in a concentration
      dependent manner. Active preparations were also examined in assays measuring
      total RNA synthesis from native DNA templates. Although the fraction isolated
      from the column of specific DNA had no detectable RNA polymerase activity itself,
      it enhanced the activity of calf thymus RNA polymerase II. The method presented
      should find general application in the purification of factors which regulate
      biological processes by binding to specific sequences of DNA.

PMID- 2280054
TI  - Determination of the physicochemical constants and spectrophotometric
      characteristics of the metallochromic Zincon and its potential use in biological
      systems.
AB  - In this work we report a detailed characterization of the metallochromic Zincon.
      Zincon forms complexes with Zn2+ and Cu2+, producing change in colour; the
      complexes with Fe2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+ cause the bleaching of the Zincon solutions.
      Mg2+ does not interact with Zincon nor does it change its spectral
      characteristics. The presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ does not interfere with the
      spectral characteristics of the Zn-Zincon complex. The Kd, Ks and delta epsilon
      values for the complexes were determined. The delta epsilon values were very
      high, making this spectrophotometric method very sensitive. The complex Zn-Zincon
      is fully reversible; however, the complex Cu-Zincon is only partially reversible.
      The free Zincon, and the complexes Zn-Zincon and Cu-Zincon, does not partition
      into organic solvents, does not permeate liposome membrane, and neither does it
      interact with biological membranes. All these characteristics make the
      metallochromic Zincon useful in biological systems.

PMID- 2280055
TI  - Detection of radioactivity on microtiterplates in situ using a photon-counting
      imager.
AB  - A position-sensitive single-photon counting imaging system, which can determine
      intensity and location of a light source, has been used for the detection of 125I
      labeled Interleukin-1 and [3H]thymidine in 96 wells of a microtiter plate (MTP)
      simultaneously. 4 Bq (1 Bq = 1 Bequerel = 1 disintegration/s), 22 and 150 Bq of
      125I and 3, 10 and 100 Bq of 3H were visualized and quantified by transforming
      the radioactivity into light in the visible range by means of Xtalscint, a solid
      scintillator. After only 1 min of photon accumulation time, the highest
      radioactivity of both isotopes could be clearly distinguished from background.
      Photon counts correlate well with radioactivity measured in a beta-counter (for
      3H) and a gamma-counter (for 125I). The overall counting efficiency was about 5%
      for 125I and 3% for 3H.

PMID- 2280056
TI  - Direct identification and characterization of llama (Lama glama L.) whey proteins
      by microsequencing after western blotting.
AB  - Amino acid sequence determination is the most reliable and powerful tool to
      identify a protein or to classify a new one by comparison of its primary
      structure with already known sequences. A rapid and simple purification procedure
      is an essential pre-requisite for routine sequence determination. Structural
      characterization of llama whey proteins was undertaken for evolutionary as well
      as economic purposes. N-terminal sequence analyses directly on an immobilon
      polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane, following Western blotting of both
      native and SDS-denatured llama whey proteins after polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, revealed three different forms of glycosylated alpha
      lactalbumin, and a protein with a high degree of homology with a camel whey
      protein of unknown function. Furthermore, by immunoblotting techniques, the
      electrophoretic band corresponding to serum albumin was identified.

PMID- 2280057
TI  - A new method for stoichiometric analysis of proteins in complex mixture-
      reevaluation of the stoichiometry of E. coli ribosomal proteins.
AB  - A novel way is presented for determination of the stoichiometry of ribosomal
      proteins in the ribosome. The 70S E. coli r-proteins, completely separated on a
      two-dimensional gel system, were used throughout our experiments. The method is
      based on our previous observation that the amount of Coomassie R bound to a
      protein molecule is directly proportional to the number of positive charges on
      that protein. By plotting the amount of bound Coomassie as a function of the
      number of positive charges of each r-protein, and relating the experimental
      amount of the dye bound to each r-protein to the value obtained from the linear
      regression line based on all (a total of some 50 proteins), one can obtain the
      molar concentration of every protein in the ribosome. A parallel experiment can
      be carried out, which relates the radioactivity contributed by 3H-labeled amino
      acid in each r-protein to its amino acid content in that molecule. The two sets
      of data, which are completely independent of each other, are well correlated.
      Further verification of the validity of our procedure is provided by the fact
      that we found the known proportions of four copies of L7/L12 and one copy of S6
      per ribosome. The rationale behind the present study was our finding that
      recalculation of Hardy's data (Hardy, S.J.S. (1975) Mol. Gen. Genet. 140, 253
      274), with the accurate molecular weight value of the r-proteins provided by Giri
      et al. (Adv. Protein Chem. (1984) 36, 1-78), raises some doubt with regard to his
      experimental results, although we agree with his final conclusion that E. coli
      ribosome is homogeneous with respect to its proteins.

PMID- 2280059
TI  - From the museum.

PMID- 2280058
TI  - A new method for determining concentrations of Endod-S (Phytolacca dodecandra) in
      water during mollusciciding.
AB  - A hemolytic method was developed for the quantitative determination of oleanane
      saponin (Endod-S) in Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccaceae), a plant with potent
      molluscicidal properties. A chemical method based on thin-layer chromatography
      (TLC) was used as a control for comparison with a hemolysis test. Standard curves
      for calibration of both tests of Endod-S gave high correlation coefficients. The
      hemolysis method gave a correlation coefficient of 0.98 for saponin (Endod-S)
      levels ranging from 1.6 to 4.2 mg/l. The TLC method gave a correlation
      coefficient of 0.99 for saponin levels above 1.5 micrograms. Due to the action of
      saponins on erythrocytes, the hemolysis method could not be used at levels below
      1.6 and above 4.2 mg/l. Similarly, sample size limited TLC quantitation of these
      saponins at levels below 1 microgram. Both the TLC and the hemolysis methods on
      identical Endod-S water samples gave comparable results at saponin levels between
      2 and 6 mg/l. A snail bioassay showed that the LC50 and the LC90 concentrations
      of Endod-S to the snail Biomphalaria glabrata (albino) were 2.57 and 2.92 mg/l
      respectively. These values fell in the standard curve range for the hemolysis
      method thus indicating that the hemolysis method is of practical value for
      testing Endod-S concentrations that would actually be used in field applications
      for snail control. The hemolysis method is less expensive than TLC and can be
      easily adapted to field conditions.

PMID- 2280060
TI  - Evaluation of swallowing disorders: the modified barium swallow.
AB  - Swallowing is a complex process. The diagnosis and treatment of swallowing
      dysfunction are more objective due mostly to recent research. The performance of
      a barium swallow, modified to study the dynamics of swallowing and its value in
      the management of patients with swallowing dysfunction, is described. The
      conventional barium swallow assesses structure and function of the thoracic
      esophagus, including gastroesophageal reflux and its sequelae. The modified
      barium swallow is a dynamic technique designed to evaluate swallowing function
      and dysfunction as it relates to the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing.

PMID- 2280062
TI  - Familial dilated cardiomyopathy: a case report.
AB  - The role of genetics in dilated cardiomyopathy is not well-known. The following
      case report exemplifies the importance of family history in cases of idiopathic
      dilated cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2280061
TI  - Acute anterior cruciate ligament injury.
AB  - This article covers a retrospective investigation of the time from an acute
      anterior cruciate ligament tear to the intra-articular reconstruction of the
      tear. The study was conducted to find a specific time that would result in
      greater knee strength, range of motion (ROM) and/or patient satisfaction after
      surgery. The patient population was divided into three groups, and the Cybex, ROM
      and modified Noyes' questionnaire scores were evaluated for each group. The
      patient data base was collected through the Physical Therapy Department at
      Methodist Sports Medicine Center in Indianapolis. The analyses indicated that
      patients who delayed surgery for 22 or more days had better ROM scores,
      specifically full extension. The results did not show any correlation between the
      time from injury to surgery and the postoperative strength or patient
      satisfaction of the involved knee. Further analyses also indicated that patients
      who delayed surgery for one week or more and who underwent an accelerated
      rehabilitation program after surgery attained full range at a similar rate as
      those who delayed surgery for 22 or more days.

PMID- 2280063
TI  - 35-year-old woman with a lung mass.

PMID- 2280064
TI  - Osteoarthritis of the proximal interphalangeal joint.

PMID- 2280065
TI  - Forced retirement and the ADEA.

PMID- 2280066
TI  - Safe disposal of radioactive wastes needs physician support.

PMID- 2280067
TI  - Physicians respond to indigent care survey.

PMID- 2280068
TI  - Surgeons in general and surgery in rural area.

PMID- 2280069
TI  - IMC Act (Amendment) Bill 1989: IMA opposes retrograde steps.

PMID- 2280070
TI  - An experience with diagnostic paracentesis in 100 cases of acute abdomen.
AB  - Prognosis of acute surgical conditions of abdomen of both traumatic and non
      traumatic origin depends on accurate diagnosis and early surgical intervention.
      However, the diagnosis in acute abdomen is quite difficult. The problem becomes
      more complex when 24 hours services of radiology and laboratories are not
      available. Abdominal tap gives a valuable clue to diagnosis. A 10 ml syringe
      fitted with a 20 gauge intravenous needle was used for the purpose. Both the
      flanks and the four quadrants of the abdomen were selected for site of the tap
      according to the suspected pathology. Results were indicated as positive when
      abnormal fluid (clear, turbid, purulent, bloody, serosanguinous, bile stained and
      urine, etc) were aspirated. Accurate diagnosis were made in 84.3% in blunt
      abdominal trauma and 76.47% in non-traumatic acute abdomen. High incidence of
      accurate results were obtained in gastroduodenal perforations (92%), ruptured
      ectopic gestation (100%) and burst amoebic liver abscess (100%). The procedure is
      very simple which could be done at bed side without much disturbance to the
      severely ill patients. It is safe and free from any complications even if the
      bowel is also punctured during the tap.

PMID- 2280072
TI  - Pulmonary complications of septicaemia in women.
AB  - Twenty-five female patients of septicaemia aged 15-50 years comprised this study.
      Twenty-three patients (92%) were in the reproductive age group (15-35 years).
      Sixteen patients (64%) had some relation to parity, suggesting an increased risk
      of septicaemia in women with puerperal sepsis. The commonest primary source of
      infection was the female genital tract (48%). Gram-negative septicaemia was the
      commonest. The pleuropulmonary complications observed were pneumonia (10 cases),
      lung abscess (7 cases), empyema (3 cases), septic pulmonary embolisation (4
      cases) and adult respiratory distress syndrome (4 cases). Seven cases of the
      total 25 died. Adult respiratory distress syndrome with septicaemia was the
      commonest cause of mortality in these patients.

PMID- 2280071
TI  - Immunological status of women with prolonged oral contraceptives and occurrence
      of giardiasis.
AB  - Immunological status of 14 women taking oral contraceptive for prolonged period
      (more than 6 months, low dose pill) was studied. Phytohaemagglutinin induced
      lymphocytes stimulation (PILT) was found to be significantly depressed in these
      subjects though T-lymphocyte subpopulation was found to be normal. Serum IgA and
      IgG levels in these cases were found to be normal but IgM level was increased.
      Though incidence of G lamblia infection was reported to be high in
      immunocompromised subjects, it was found only one out of 14 subjects taking oral
      contraceptive harboured the protozoa.

PMID- 2280073
TI  - A curative operation for extra-articular ankylosis of knee.
AB  - For the extra-articular ankylosis of knee a new surgical operation has been
      described, which is a simple technique by which the adhesion of the quadriceps
      femoris is released from the shaft of femur (corrective release operation).
      Operative result in 5 cases has been also described. All these patients showed
      satisfactory improvement of the flexion movement of the knee following this
      surgical procedure.

PMID- 2280074
TI  - Interstitial pregnancy.

PMID- 2280075
TI  - Apert's disease.

PMID- 2280076
TI  - Haemorrhagic chickenpox.

PMID- 2280078
TI  - Surgical services by generalists in rural areas.

PMID- 2280077
TI  - Developing efficient surgical care in an underdeveloped rural area: a 12-year's
      experience.

PMID- 2280079
TI  - NRI-supported hospital.

PMID- 2280080
TI  - Immunisation schedule: uses and abuses.

PMID- 2280082
TI  - [pTa bladder tumors. II--Is it possible to predict ulterior infiltration?].
AB  - Among 534 patients with pTa bladder cancers, followed between 1 month and 17
      years, 12% presented progression of their tumor (greater than or equal to pT1).
      We found three factors which could predict their progression: grade greater than
      or equal to G2, Mitotic index greater than or equal to 10, and 2 "non
      infiltrative" recurrences before 30 months.

PMID- 2280081
TI  - [Stimulation of antigenicity of renal adenocarcinoma cells].
AB  - It was hypothesized that membrane rigidification of tumor cells could enhance the
      expression of tumor associated antigens (6) For this purpose, we treated in vitro
      hypernephroma cell with cholesterol hemisuccinate (CHS) or 25-hydroxysterol
      (250HC) and we evaluated their immunogenicity by skin-tests in 26 patients after
      radical nephrectomy. The skin-tests were positive in 50% cases with CHS treated
      cells, and in 35% with 250HC treated cells. The immune responses were
      characterized as delayed hypersensitivity. However determinations of all membrane
      fluidity suggested that membrane rigidification was not the unique factor
      involved. These results could therefore be of clinical interest in the treatment
      of renal carcinoma by active immunotherapy.

PMID- 2280084
TI  - [DNA content in 51 deparaffinized pT1 urothelial tumors. A follow-up of more than
      6 years. Clinical evaluation, correlation with survival].
AB  - We present 51 paraffin embedded pT1 bladder cancer ADN content measured by
      flowcytometry. We found good correlation between initial tumor ploidy and
      survival of patients. This ADN content appears more discriminative than
      histological parameters to predict survival.

PMID- 2280083
TI  - [Vesicorenal reflux and ureteral duplication. Study of 62 cases].
AB  - On the basis of a series of 62 files gathered over 18 years, the authors study
      vesicorenal reflux in duplication of the ureters. The abnormally was bilateral in
      10 cases, and a total of 206 ureters was analyzed. Clinically, fever and a
      urinary infection are the usual expression. While intravenous pyelography allows
      assessing the condition of the upper urinary tract, retrograde cystography
      demonstrates the reflux and indicates its degree. This study confirms that the
      reflux mainly occurs in the lower pelvis and that it is very marked (stage II +
      stage III = 62.9%). Three categories of patients should be distinguished: infants
      younger than age 2; children from age 2 to age 15; and adults. Purely medical
      treatment was disappointing, and surgery seems to by far the best solution.
      However, the solution is different according to whether or not another
      malformation is associated with duplication and reflux. In the latter case, the
      surgical procedure is simple, while in the former there often is a complex
      pathology which sometimes raises difficult surgical problems, especially in
      children.

PMID- 2280085
TI  - [One stage surgical treatment of complex urethral strictures with a pedicled skin
      graft. Report of 104 cases].
AB  - The technique of one stage operations using pedicled skin grafts represent an
      undeniable progress in the treatment of urethral strictures. The same operator in
      1984-1990 performed 104 urethroplasties by using this technique. The proposed
      technique, originally inspired by Orandi and Blandy was performed as surgical
      treatment to all of the urethral strictures encountered most often, to broaden a
      stenosed urethra by the use of the pedicled skin graft as a patch, for other
      cases, by making a tubular graft meant to replace a segment of the urethra and
      for 2 extreme cases to replace pratically the entire damaged urethra. The
      urethral strictures were of different localisations: 19 were penien, 55 were
      bulbar perineal, 30 were bulbar membranous. The majority of the cases were
      qualified as "difficult and complex urethral strictures" due to: accompanying
      infections and iatrogenic diseases, 31 of them were fistular stenosis, 37 were
      multi-operated, half of the total number of the cases suffered upstream
      repercussions of the stenosis, and 17 cases had an associated pathology. The
      author used the pedicled skin graft as a patch to broaden the stenosed urethra on
      91 patients, made a tubular graft to replace a segment of the urethra for 11
      patients and for 2 extreme cases, to replace practically the entire urethra.
      Follow-up for half of the cases operated extended up to 2 years, the longest
      being up to 5 years, showed that 96% of the patients were satisfied. The criteria
      used for judging the quality of the results were clinical, radiographic and
      endoscopic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280086
TI  - [Endoscopic section of the band for urinary retention following aponeurotic
      supporting of the neck of the bladder].
AB  - The authors report on 15 cases of severe dysuria following the formation of an
      aponeurotic support for the neck of the bladder leading to more or less complete
      vesicle retention. An endoscopic section through the entire thickness of the band
      was performed in all patients via an incision in the neck of the bladder. The
      band was identified in all cases. Vesical retention disappeared in 13 of 15 cases
      and was noticeably reduced in the other two. Perfect continence was maintained in
      11 of these patients. The 4 others presented with slight problems of continence
      consisting in discrete leaks at night in three cases and in a few leaks when
      standing up or changing position in one. No vesicovaginal fistula was noted. The
      authors review the literature on the occasion of their work.

PMID- 2280087
TI  - [Percutaneous fixation of the bladder neck under endoscopic control in the
      treatment of stress urinary incontinence].
AB  - After reviewing the technique of the endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck,
      the authors report their experience about the use of paravaginal tissue from
      either side of the bladder neck to treat female stress incontinence. The authors
      operated upon 20 female patients with clinically demonstrable stress incontinence
      of mine between January 1985 and June 1989. With periods of follow up of 6 to 53
      months, the results are good in 91% of cases. The characteristics of this
      procedure are emphasised. It is quick, simple, allowing an easy access even
      though for multi-operated and fat patients, with possibility of simultaneous
      treatment of an associated cystocele or rectocele. The post-operative morbidity
      and the tissular lesions are minimal. Thus, the post-operative hospital stay
      could be reduced and an eventual second intervention easy. The simplicity of this
      procedure and the good functional results make the authors indicate it in all
      urinary stress incontinence.

PMID- 2280088
TI  - [Unstable bladder and kinesitherapy. The concept of deficient unstable bladder].
AB  - The authors present a series of 30 unstable bladders treated only by perineal
      muscular reeducation by contact. The best results are obtained in the group
      presenting with pelvic floor hypotonia and USI (efficiency 71.5%), especially
      when the closure pressure is normal (100%). The urodynamic control and the
      ominious disappearance of the associated USI confirm a muscular role of the
      treatment rather than a psychogenic one, the stabilization of the bladder being
      achieved through the perineo-detrusor inhibitory reflex. Because of this specific
      and efficient treatment the attention is drawn to the pelvic muscular weakness in
      the genesis of detrusor instability which is then called "deficitory
      instability". The interest of a clinical classification of detrusor instability
      is discussed.

PMID- 2280089
TI  - [Systematic bilateral aspiration biopsy in the screening of prostatic cancer].
AB  - Systematic fine-needle aspiration biopsies and core biopsies were simultaneously
      obtained on 200 patients with suspected prostatic cancer over a 12-month period.
      The technical aspect of cellular aspiration and fixation was carefully adjusted.
      6 to 8 transrectal bilateral aspirations per patient were performed, and their
      results were compared to those of core biopsies guided on suspicious areas
      revealed by rectal examination or transrectal ultrasound. The sensitivity of
      aspiration for the diagnosis of prostatic cancer is 87%. The specificity is 95%,
      with a positivity in 3 cases of prostatic cancer in which core biopsy is
      negative. No cytologic specimen is inadequate for diagnosis. The correlation
      between cytologic and histologic patterns shows that the proportion of Gleason
      grade 2 decreases with the cytologic grade, whereas the proportion of Gleason
      grade 5 increases gradually. Both results show the importance of multiple
      sampling in the cytological procedure, and confirm the diagnostic value of
      prostatic fine-needle aspiration method.

PMID- 2280090
TI  - [Clinico-statistical analysis of the prognostic factors in patients underwent
      Bentall procedure].
AB  - Between March, 1972, and December, 1988, 93 patients had replacement of the
      ascending aorta and aortic valve with a composite graft (Bentall procedure and
      its modification). Annuloaortic ectasia was the most common indication for
      operation (61 patients), followed by DeBakey type I aortic dissection (20
      patients) and DeBakey type II dissection (12 patients). Method of the coronary
      reimplantation included direct one lane coronary orifice anastomosis in 22
      patients; direct two lane coronary orifice anastomosis in 52; interposition graft
      in 9; combination of direct two lane coronary orifice anastomosis and
      interposition graft in 2; direct two lane anastomosis and brachiocephalic
      coronary bypass grafting with saphenous vein in 7; interposition graft and
      brachiocephalic-coronary bypass grafting in 1. A multivariate logistic regression
      analysis was made of associations with early mortality. Postoperative severe
      ventricular arrhythmias were the only independent risk factor (p = 0.0498) and
      its incidence has declined after the use of cardioplegia for myocardial
      protection (p = 0.12). The Cox method proportional hazard model was used to
      identify the incremental risk factors with the late death, which indicated that
      the anastomotic leakage (p = 0.2394), the preoperative aortic dissection (p =
      0.0079), and the residual dissection (p = 0.0035) were the prognosis-related or 
      determinant factors. As there was the relatively high incidence of anastomotic
      leak occurring at the coronary artery orifice-graft anastomosis with one lane
      suture, we have circumferentially buttressed the coronary suture line with
      several pledget-supported mattress suture--direct two lane coronary orifice
      suture--for reinforcement. At 10 years after surgery, the actuarial survival rate
      for the 22 patients with the direct one lane suture was 55% and for the 59
      patients with the direct two lane suture, 76% (p = 0.09). The actuarial freedom
      from reoperation at 10 years for the patients with one lane suture was 64% and
      for those with two lane suture was 93% (p = 0.05). Further, the interposition
      graft technique with Piehler method and brachiocephalic-coronary bypass grafting
      were effective to prevent the anastomotic leakage for those patients with mild
      dilatation of Valsalva sinus (maximum transverse diameter less than 50 mm) and
      slight cephalad displacement of coronary ostia (coronary ostia located less than
      15 mm above the aortic annulus). For the patients with the dissection of the
      remaining thoracic and abdominal aorta, the careful follow-up with enhanced CT
      scan and subsequent operation seemed to be required to improve the late surgical
      results. The actuarial survival rate for the entire group at 5 and 10 years was
      77% and 66%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2280091
TI  - [A new experimental model of pulmonary hypertension in dog using an adjustable
      pulmonary artery band].
AB  - In order to study pathogenesis, reversibility, and treatment of pulmonary
      hypertension in congenital heart disease, a new experimental model to induce
      pulmonary vascular diseases has been designed. Previous models by other
      investigators were anastomosis between a systemic artery and pulmonary artery of
      one lung lobe, and these could not provide constant induction of pulmonary
      vascular diseases. Furthermore the postoperative mortalities in their experiences
      were quite high and acute iatrogenic pathological changes such as bleeding, edema
      and emphysema developed in the pulmonary vasculature and parenchyma of the
      anastomosed lobe. Use of our adjustable pulmonary artery band has eliminated such
      unwanted complications. The surgical procedure includes an end-to-side
      anastomosis of the left main pulmonary artery to the descending thoracic aorta,
      and banding of the anastomosed pulmonary artery using the adjustable band. The
      band was gradually loosened by extrathoracic manipulation during three to four
      weeks observation after operation. This technique provided dogs to survive
      sufficiently long enough and with a high success rate, and to produce extremely
      advanced pulmonary vascular diseases. Of the twenty dogs operated such, eighteen
      survived the first postsurgical week and thirteen dogs developed hypertensive
      pulmonary vascular diseases. Development of the medial hypertrophy was evident at
      one week and gradually advanced. In eight weeks, intimal cellular proliferation
      (Grade 2 of the Heath & Edwards' classification) became apparent. In twelve
      weeks, the intimal proliferation became fibrous and acellular (Grade 3) and
      caused complete obstruction of the lumen of some muscular arteries. In twenty
      weeks specimen, typical plexiform lesions (Grade 4) and dilatation lesions (Grade
      5) involved the small muscular arteries in the whole left lung.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280092
TI  - [Results of re-thoracotomy for the management of early postoperative
      complications after bronchoplastic operations].
AB  - We reviewed cases of re-thoracotomy performed for early complications after
      bronchoplastic procedures. One hundred and sixteen bronchoplasties were performed
      in our department over 20 years. The diseases for which bronchoplasty was
      undertaken were lung cancer in 102 patients (87.9%), tuberculous stenosis of the
      bronchus in eight, esophageal cancer in three, and trauma in three. The most
      frequent postoperative complication was difficulty of expectoration and
      atelectasis, which generally improved with conservative treatment. Re-thoracotomy
      was performed for early postoperative intrathoracic complications on 11 patients.
      The reasons for re-thoracotomy were bronchial anastomotic dehiscence in five
      cases, obstruction of bronchial anastomosis in two, atelectasis in two, and
      occlusion of anastomosis of pulmonary arterial angioplasty in two cases. All
      except two underwent re-thoracotomy within two weeks of the first operations. The
      operative procedures performed were completion pneumonectomy in six cases, re
      bronchoplasty in three, suture of anastomotic dehiscence in two, patch closure of
      pericardial defect with aspiration of secretions in the atelectatic lobe in one,
      and partial decortication with suture closure of the alveolar fistula in one.
      Pedicled omental wrapping was applied to two patients with re-bronchoplasty and
      one with completion pneumonectomy. Post-operative complications after re
      thoracotomy were anastomotic insufficiency in two cases, bronchopleural fistula
      in two, and pneumonia in one. Two patients underwent a third thoracotomy. There
      was no anastomotic dehiscence or bronchopleural fistula in the patients with
      pedicled omental wrapping. One patient died due to bronchopleural fistula within
      30 days of re-thoracotomy. Six patients died of recurrence or pneumonia from 39
      days to one year after re-thoracotomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280093
TI  - [Late results of CABG for postinfarction angina--relation to preoperative
      myocardial infarct size].
AB  - We evaluated the late results of coronary bypass grafting (CABG) in 85 patients.
      The patients were divided into two groups according to preoperative MI size
      estimated by the Selvester QRS score; 24 with MI size of larger than 20% of LV
      muscle (group A; average 28 +/- 11%), and 61 with MI size smaller than 20% (group
      B; average 10 +/- 9%). New York Heart Association classes of both groups
      following CABG improved significantly (from 2.8 +/- 0.7 to 1.3 +/- 0.4 in group
      A; p less than 0.01, from 2.5 +/- 0.6 to 1.2 +/- 0.5 in group B; p less than
      0.01). There was higher incidence of serious ventricular arrhythmias in group A
      than in group B (83% vs. 21%, p less than 0.01). In Group A, LVEF and LVESVI did
      not improve following CABG (from 17 +/- 9 to 16 +/- 8 mmHg, from 39 +/- 15 to 40
      +/- 15%, from 66 +/- 28 to 69 +/- 40 ml/M2), while in Group B, those improved
      significantly (from 13 +/- 6 to 11 +/- 5 mmHg; p less than 0.01, from 53 +/- 14
      to 58 +/- 10%; p less than 0.01, from 39 +/- 23 to 32 +/- 14 ml/M2; p less than
      0.05). The exercise-to-rest LVSWI ratios increased significantly following CABG
      in both groups (from 86 +/- 25 to 160 +/- 56% in group A; p less than 0.05, from
      92 +/- 31 to 140 +/- 37% in group B; p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2280094
TI  - [Hemodynamic evaluation of the prosthetic heart valves implanted in the aortic
      position].
AB  - In order to solve the problems of "valve-patient mismatch", hemodynamic problems
      with prosthetic heart valves implanted in the aortic position, and to clarify
      suitable size of the prostheses, in vivo hemodynamic studies and studies on the
      postoperative reduction of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy were performed in 68
      aortic valve replacement patients with various types of prosthetic valves. The
      pressure gradient across the valve (LV-Ao PG) and effective orifice area (EOA)
      were measured by perioperative pressure study and by continuous-wave Doppler
      echocardiography during the postoperative period. The postoperative reduction of
      LV hypertrophy was evaluated from the reductions of LV mass volume (LVM) on the M
      mode echocardiogram, cross sectional area (CSA) on the two-dimensional
      echocardiogram, CTR on chest X-ray film and SV1 + RV5 on the electrocardiogram. A
      linear relationship was observed between cardiac output (CO) and LV-Ao PG in each
      type of prosthetic valve, and the slope of their correlation equation, showing
      the rate of increase in LV-Ao PG with the increase in CO, was steeper in the
      prosthesis with a smaller orifice area. The mean value of EOA-echo was 1.4 cm2 in
      the 19 mm St. Jude Medical valve, 1.6 cm2 in 21 mm Bjork-Shiley (BS), 1.9 cm2 in
      23 mm BS, 1.7 cm2 in 21 mm Medtronic Hall (MH) and 2.1 cm2 in 23 mm MH.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280095
TI  - [The measurement of extra vascular lung water using a thermal-sodium double
      indicator dilution technique in patients undergoing surgery for esophageal
      cancer].
AB  - The Extra Vascular Lung Water (EVLW) was measured using the thermal sodium double
      indicator dilution technique in 21 patients undergoing surgery for esophageal
      cancer. This measurement is an important parameter in the control of the
      respiratory function. In the 16 cases without pulmonary complications, the
      preoperative EVLW was 5.3 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SEM) ml/kg and the immediate
      postoperative EVLW was 4.8 +/- 0.4 ml/kg. This change was significant (p less
      than 0.05), but within 24 hours the EVLW returned to almost the same levels as
      those recorded before surgery. In only 3 cases, the EVLW were elevated beyond 7.5
      ml/kg, but these high EVLW levels did not continue for more than 12 hours. Of the
      5 patients with pulmonary complications, only two experienced pulmonary edema.
      Their preoperative EVLW levels were normal, but the immediate postoperative EVLW
      levels were significantly elevated beyond 10 ml/kg. These elevated levels were
      observed before the PaO2, the portable chest roentgenograms and the other test
      results changed following surgery. The high EVLW levels beyond 7.5 ml/kg
      continued for 72 hours after surgery. We found no correlation between the EVLW
      and measureable hemodynamic parameters (Cardiac Index, Pulmonary Wedge Pressure,
      Colloid Osmotic Pressure-Pulmonary Wedge Pressure gradient) during the
      observation period. In the other cases with pulmonary complications (2 cases were
      pneumonia, one was atelectasis with pneumonia), the changes in the EVLW levels
      were the same as for the cases without pulmonary complications. These results
      indicate that the EVLW is the optimum parameter for the control of the
      respiratory function and early diagnosis of pulmonary edema after surgery for
      esophageal cancer.

PMID- 2280096
TI  - [Influences of intra-aortic balloon pumping on superior mesenteric flow
      dynamics].
AB  - The influences of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) on arterial flow of the
      superior mesenteric artery were assessed by Doppler echocardiography. The
      subjects were 13 patients postoperatively, requiring IABP support to control low
      cardiac output state, in which distal aspects of balloons were distal to the
      superior mesenteric artery. Superior mesenteric flow velocity integral in systole
      (IntS) and that in diastole (IntD) were measured from superior mesenteric flow
      pattern, and the sum of IntS and IntD (IntS + IntD) was calculated ON and OFF
      balloon pumping (IABP ON-OFF test). The same parameters were obtained with
      balloon inflating on every other beat (IABP 1:2 test); the cardic cycle with
      balloon assist was defined as "1:2 ON", and that without balloon assist was
      defined as "1:2 OFF". 1) IABP ON-OFF test. IABP increased IntS from 7.07 +/- 2.56
      cm to 9.20 +/- 3.19 cm (p less than 0.05), IntD from 3.00 +/- 1.18 cm to 3.62 +/-
      1.40 cm (p less than 0.05), and IntS + IntD from 10.07 +/- 3.48 cm to 12.82 +/-
      4.04 cm. Cardiac output increased from 3.89 +/- 1.34 l/min to 4.24 +/- 1.64 l/min
      with IABP support. The increments in IntS, IntD and IntS + IntD with IABP are
      attributed, to a large extent, to an increase in cardiac output. 2) IABP 1:2
      test. Without balloon inflation, IntS increased (1:2 ON; 7.16 +/- 2.91 cm, 1:2
      OFF; 8.41 +/- 3.30 cm, p less than 0.05), and IntD decreased (1:2 ON; 3.51 +/-
      1.60 cm, 1:2 OFF; 2.33 +/- 1.25 cm, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2280097
TI  - [Have the results of mitral valve replacement improved?].
AB  - The operative mortality following valvular surgery remains substantial for
      specific high risk groups despite recent improvement in surgical techniques,
      anesthetic managements, and postoperative care. To test the contention that the
      results of valvular surgery are better in recent years, we examined patients
      undergoing isolated or combined mitral valve replacement in an earlier era (1980
      1984; n = 68) and a later era (1985-1989; n = 106). There were no significant
      differences concerning the clinical characteristics between an earlier era and a
      later era, although patients in an earlier era were more seriously in
      hemodynamics, and in a later era were older, a higher prevalence of reoperations
      and a combined tricuspid valve surgery. The operative mortality was 10.3% in an
      earlier era, 6.6% in a later era, and so it is not significantly improved in a
      recent 5 years, however the incidence of premature death (death within 30 days)
      except valve re-replacement was significantly improved. Using univariate multiple
      logistic model, the predictors for operative death after mitral valve replacement
      in an earlier era were advanced NYHA functional class, larger CTR, higher
      systolic pulmonary pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, associated
      preoperative organ dysfunction and heart lung machine time. In a later era, these
      were advanced NYHA functional class, higher right atrial mean pressure,
      associated preoperative organ dysfunction, valve re-replacement, heart lung
      machine time and aortic cross clamp time. Multivariate analysis including these
      significant factors could not demonstrated the most independent predictors of
      operative mortality after mitral valve replacement in both an earlier era and a
      later era.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280098
TI  - [Cardiac output control of total artificial heart during exercise--a predictive
      control method based on objective functions obtained from changes in cardiac
      output of the natural heart with respect to time].
AB  - In order to establish a total artificial heart (TAH) control method during
      exercise, a predictive control method was developed to increase the cardiac
      output (CO) during exercise in a profile similar to that of a natural heart; this
      was achieved by predicting changes in CO as a time function at various treadmill
      speeds. During exercise, the CO of the TAH was controlled to follow the time
      function by changing operating parameters such as the positive and negative
      pressures, S/D ratio, and pulse rate of both artificial heart pumps under a
      computerized control algorithm. To evaluate this control method, four TAH goats
      were exercised on a treadmill. The hemodynamics were recorded before, during, and
      after exercise; the blood lactate, blood catecholamine, A-V oxygen difference,
      and blood hemoglobin were measured before and immediately after exercise. The
      predictive control method was then compared with both the natural heart and also
      the fixed control method, in which the operating parameters remained unchanged
      during exercise. It was concluded that 1) with the predictive control method,
      changes in the CO of the TAH were almost the same as in the natural heart. On the
      other hand, no increase in CO occurred with the fixed control method. 2) with the
      predictive control method, changes in the blood lactate, blood catecholamine and
      A-V oxygen difference were significantly lower than with the fixed control
      method. This study showed that the TAH goat with the predictive control method
      resulted in being subjected to less stress than with the fixed control method,
      and that this method can be usefully employed until such time as an ideal
      feedback control method for the TAH can be developed.

PMID- 2280099
TI  - [The influence of pulmonary regurgitation on left ventricular function after
      repair of tetralogy of Fallot].
AB  - The influence of right ventricular (RV) volume overload by pulmonary
      regurgitation (PR) on left ventricular (LV) function was evaluated
      postoperatively in 23 patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TF). The age at
      operation was 3.1 +/- 1.7 (mean +/- SD) years. The age at postoperative study was
      5.9 +/- 2.0 years. We determined RV end-diastolic volume (%RVEDV), RV ejection
      fraction (EF), %LVEDV, LV end-systolic volume (%LVESV), LVEF, and LV end-systolic
      stress (ESS)/%LVESV. Patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of presence
      or absence of RV volume overload by PR as follows: The %RVEDV (175 +/- 23%) of
      group 1 (n = 10) was 150% greater than normal RVEDV. Group 2 (n = 13) had normal
      %RVEDV (108 +/- 23%). Preoperatively, there had been no differences in
      hemoglobin, %RVEDV, RVEF, %LVEDV, LVEF, and in the ratio of average cross
      sectional area of the left and right pulmonary arteries to cross-sectional area
      of the normal right pulmonary artery between the 2 groups. Moreover, there were
      no differences in age at repair, or during postoperative study, nor in the
      postoperative ratio of RV to LV systolic pressure between the 2 groups. RVEF was
      significantly less in group 1 than in group 2 (0.53 +/- 0.05 vs 0.58 +/- 0.05, p
      less than 0.05). %LVEDV and %LVESV in group 1, 138 +/- 10% and 171 +/- 30%
      respectively, were significantly greater than those in group 2, 116 +/- 11% and
      133 +/- 20% respectively (p less than 0.001 in %LVEDV and p less than 0.01 in
      %LVESV).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280100
TI  - [Tighter tricuspid annuloplasty with DeVega technique for secondary tricuspid
      regurgitation].
AB  - More effective surgical treatment of secondary tricuspid regurgitation was
      investigated on the basis of intraoperative assessment of tricuspid regurgitation
      (TR) and clinicopathological study of right ventricular muscle biopsy. From March
      1986 to February 1989, more aggressive narrowing of tricuspid valve ring using
      DeVega's method was performed on 29 patients. They were 8 men and 21 women, with
      the age of 28 to 71 (mean 53.5). Tricuspid annular diameter before procedure
      ranged from 31 to 45 mm in size, with the mean of 36.9 mm. Tricuspid annuli were
      constricted to 27 mm in 20 patients, and to 25 mm in 9 patients. Intraoperative
      evaluation of TR was done by digital examination from right atrium, contrast
      echocardiography, and filling regurgitation test on arrested or rebeating heart.
      But these intraoperative assessment of regurgitation did not predict
      postoperative residual tricuspid regurgitation. There was no early mortality.
      Postoperative residual tricuspid regurgitation was observed in only two patients
      (8.7%) of total cases within a follow-up period of 12 months. Quantitative study
      of extent of diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the right ventricular wall and
      diameter of right ventricular myocardial cells obtained by open transmural biopsy
      were done. The degree of diffuse interstitial fibrosis was assessed by the point
      counting method, and mean percentage fibrosis (%fibrosis) was noted as 27.9%.
      Mean diameter of right ventricular myocardial cells was 19.5 microns in size. The
      diameter of right ventricular myocardial cell was correlated with pulmonary
      arterial pressure (r = 0.56).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280101
TI  - [Evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias late after coronary artery bypass graft
      surgery--relation to clinical variables].
AB  - This study was undertaken to evaluate ventricular arrhythmias (VA) using
      ambulatory ECG monitoring in 150 patients 33 +/- 22 months (mean +/- SD) after
      successful CABG in relation to severity of coronary artery disease (LS: Leaman
      score, Circulation 1981), revascularization ratio (RI: preop. LS
      postop.LS/preop.LS), preoperative myocardial infarct size (Selvester score: SQS,
      Circulation 1982), LV function and other variables. They were divided into two
      groups according to the Lown classification; 42 patients with serious VA (group
      A: grade 4 to 5), and 108 without them (group B: grade 0 to 3). Group A was older
      than group B (60 +/- 5 vs. 57 +/- 9; p less than 0.05). There were no significant
      differences in follow-up period, coronary risk factors, LS and RI between the
      groups. Group A had significantly higher SQS (7.5 +/- 3.2 vs. 2.6 +/- 1.9; p less
      than 0.01), LVEDP (preop.: 14 +/- 7 vs. 11 +/- 5 mmHg; p less than 0.05, postop.:
      14 +/- 7 vs. 11 +/- 5 mmHg; p less than 0.05), LVESVI (preop.: 53 +/- 27 vs. 31
      +/- 17 ml/M2; p less than 0.01, postop.: 53 +/- 35 vs. 30 +/- 14 ml/M2; p less
      than 0.01), LVEDVI (preop.: 93 +/- 28 vs. 72 +/- 22 ml/M2; p less than 0.01,
      postop.: 90 +/- 36 vs. 74 +/- 21 ml/M2; p less than 0.01), and lower LVEF
      (preop.: 44 +/- 15 vs. 58 +/- 11%; p less than 0.01, postop.: 44 +/- 15 vs. 60 +/
      10%; p less than 0.01) than group B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280102
TI  - [Surgical treatment for a patient with respiratory failure due to annulo-aortic
      ectasia and aortic arch aneurysm].
AB  - It is not always easy to determine the causes of preoperative respiratory failure
      when either cardiac failure due to annuloaortic ectasia (AAE) or compression of
      the bronchus by aortic arch aneurysm are involved. A 64-year-old man was admitted
      to the emergency room of our hospital because of dyspnea and disturbance of
      consciousness. The findings of chest X-ray, UCG and CT scan on admission revealed
      AAE and aortic arch aneurysm, so we performed an emergency operation using
      Bentall's procedure. In spite of improvement of the cardiac failure after
      operation, hypercapnemia still remained, which was considered to be due to
      compression of the bronchus by the aortic arch aneurysm. Therefore, at the second
      stage, resection and replacement of the aortic arch aneurysm was performed with
      the aid of selective cerebral perfusion. After this operation, he could be weaned
      from the respirator.

PMID- 2280103
TI  - [A case of giant cell tumor originating in the rib].
AB  - A rare case of giant cell tumor originating in the rib is reported. A 23-year-old
      female was admitted because of a mass in the right chest wall, right back pain
      and bloody pleural effusion. Exploration revealed tumor originating from the 2nd
      or 3rd rib and invading the intercostal muscles and the right lung. We completely
      resected the tumor with chest wall and performed right pneumonectomy. The defect
      of the chest wall was reconstructed using polyester mesh covered with a Gore-tex
      soft tissue patch. The pathological diagnosis was a malignant giant cell tumor of
      the rib. She is now doing well and has had no recurrence for 18 months since the
      operation.

PMID- 2280104
TI  - [Partial closure of the atrial septal primum defect and biventricular repair for
      a case of hypoplastic right ventricle with partial atrioventricular canal
      defect].
AB  - An eight-year-old girl with partial atrioventricular canal defect and hypoplastic
      right ventricle was treated successfully by a palliative open-heart surgery. The
      preoperative right ventricular pressure was 58/7 mmHg (RVP/LVP = 0.67) and
      morphology of the right ventricle showed severe tricuspid stenosis and small
      outflow portion. The preoperative RVEDVI was 31 (41% of normal and tricuspid
      annulus was 17 mm (47% of normal). The right ventricular outflow was
      reconstructed with insertion of MVOP and the ASD was partially left open (the
      amplitude of the interatrial communication was 7 mm). Angiocardiogram two and
      half years after the operation demonstrated significant right ventricular growth
      with no right to left shunt through interatrial communication. The RVEDVI was 46
      (56% of normal) and tricuspid annulus was 36 mm (90% of normal). This technique
      can be a procedure of choice in patient with right ventricular hypoplasia, who is
      not candidate for simple right ventricular reconstruction nor Fontan procedure,
      as the growth of the right ventricule is expected in the future.

PMID- 2280105
TI  - [Successful repair of an acute type A dissection during pregnancy].
AB  - We report a successful repair of an acute type-A aortic dissection during
      pregnancy. A 29-year-old pregnant woman in the 32 weeks of gestation with Marfan
      Syndrome was admitted to our hospital for the treatment of anterior chest and
      back pains. An urgent aortogram through pulmonary artery revealed an aortic
      dissection beginning from the ascending aorta to the aortic bifurcation. On the
      following day, an emergent Cesarean section was performed and a baby weighing
      1944 g was delivered. Thereafter, cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted and the
      ascending aorta was opened. An intimal tear was found 2 cm above the aortic
      valve. The dissected space was closed with reinforcement of Teflon felt strip. A
      Dacron gusset was sutured to restore aortic continuity. During the weaning from
      the CPB, a retrograde aortic dissection developed and the heart became arrested.
      Therefore we immediately converted the aortic perfusion cannula from the right
      external iliac artery to graft of the ascending aorta, and the operation was
      completed successfully with a good recovery of the heart. The mother and her
      child have been alive and well for 3 years and 5 months after the operation.

PMID- 2280106
TI  - [Evaluation of combined resection of aortic wall in lung cancer invaded aorta].
AB  - Left pneumonectomy with combined resection of aortic wall was performed for three
      patients with lung cancer invaded aorta. In clinical and pathological
      examination, the following results were obtained. 1: In all three cases,
      metastasized subaortic lymphnodes invaded to medial wall of the descending aorta.
      2: Microscopically, invasion of aortic wall was limited to the adventitia
      adjacent to the muscle layer. We think that the resection of whole layer of the
      aortic wall was preferable. 3: The resections of aortic wall were performed under
      partial clamp of aorta in one case, and under total clamp with the use of
      cardiopulmonary bypass in two cases. If the area of invasion is wide, total clamp
      was recommended. 4: Two patients died of recurrent disease 56 months and 20
      months after surgery. In the other one, postoperative empyema was occurred. He
      died of bleeding from the suture line of Dacron patch to the aortic wall three
      months postoperatively. Covering of the bronchial stump and the patch of the
      aorta should be considered to prevent postoperative empyema.

PMID- 2280107
TI  - [Three cases of occult thyroid cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastasis
      manifesting as a mediastinal cyst].
AB  - We experienced three cases (one 38-year-old male, 58-year-old and 67-year-old
      females) whose resected mediastinal cysts proved to be metastatic lymph nodes
      from occult thyroid cancer. Primary lesions in thyroid gland were detected by
      echography in all three cases though they were detected in one case out of two by
      CT, in one out of three by 201T1 scintigraphy, in two out of three by 123I
      scintigraphy. After these examinations on thyroid gland, operations (one
      lobectomy, one hemithyroidectomy, one total thyroidectomy) were performed.
      Primary lesions in thyroid gland were all papillary carcinomas, and ranged 4 x 3
      mm to 12 x 10 mm in size. Multiple foci were found in two cases, many
      intrathyroidal metastases in one case, cervical lymph node metastases in two
      cases. In cases of mediastinal cyst, thyroid gland should be examined by
      echography paying attention to the mediastinal lymph node metastasis from occult
      thyroid cancer. When occult thyroid cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastasis
      is diagnosed, total thyroidectomy followed by 131I radiation therapy is
      recommended as the treatment for a primary lesion, because of multiple foci in
      thyroid gland and intrathyroidal metastases.

PMID- 2280108
TI  - [Coronary revascularization for patients requiring steroids. A report of three
      cases].
AB  - Three patients with systemic disease requiring steroids, in whom coronary artery
      bypass grafting (CABG) was performed, are reported in this paper, Anesthetic
      problems and operative managements for such patients are also discussed. Patient
      1, 57-year-old male with thrombocytosis underwent emergency double CABG using
      saphenous vein and the Bioflow graft. He discharged with freedom from angina.
      Patient 2, 59-year-old male with polymyositis who had been receiving steroid for
      10 years underwent quadruple CABG using bilateral internal thoracic arteries with
      sequential technique and the Bioflow graft, but he died of multiple organ failure
      on 16 days after operation. Postmortem examination revealed that coronary artery
      sclerosis progressed more severely than we had expected from angiography. All the
      graft anastomosed were completely patent. Histological examination showed that
      the saphenous vein was fragile. The pathological changes might be due to steroid
      administration. On the other hand, arterial grafts were completely normal.
      Patient 3, 37-year-old male with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura who had been
      on steroids underwent combined triple CABG using internal thoracic artery,
      gastroepiploic artery and the Bioflow graft and splenectomy. He discharged with
      freedom from angina and tendency to bleed. Postoperative angiography showed both
      arterial grafts were well patent and left ventricular wall motion vastly
      improved. From our experience, a careful consideration of the bypass conduit is a
      major problem in such patients requiring steroids.

PMID- 2280109
TI  - [Surgical treatment of valvular heart disease associated with Behcet's disease].
AB  - We experienced two patients of valvular heart disease associated with Behcet's
      disease. First patient presented aortic regurgitation (AR) due to perforation of
      left coronary cusp of the aortic valve and underwent valve replacement (AVR).
      Second patient showed AR due to shortening of the aortic valve along with mitral
      regurgitation caused by dilatation of the annulus, and received AVR as well as
      mitral annuloplasty by Kay's method. Each patient has been doing well for 5 and 2
      years after operation, respectively. Patients with Behcet's disease often have
      perivalvular leakage after valve replacement. We treated our patients as follows
      to prevent this serious postoperative complication. 1. The operation was
      performed when the inflammatory signs and findings subsided with enough adrenal
      steroids. 2. At operation, the prosthetic valve of one size smaller than the size
      considered suitable was selected for valve replacement. 3. The adrenal steroids
      have been continuously administrated and adjusted according to the values of CRP
      and ESR as well as the cutaneous and mucous manifestations of this disease.

PMID- 2280110
TI  - [Prosthetic valve implantation without removal of tricuspid apparatus for an old
      case of corrected transposition of the great arteries].
AB  - Prosthetic valve implantation was performed for the systemic atrioventricular
      regurgitation in an old patient with corrected transposition of great arteries.
      SJM27M prosthesis was implanted without removing posterior and septal leaflet,
      chordae and papillary muscles with respect to preserve the function of the
      morphological right ventricle. It is important to preserve the function of the
      morphological right ventricle because it must continuously play a role of
      systemic ventricle even after surgical procedure.

PMID- 2280111
TI  - [A case report on the repair of an anterior mitral leaflet chordal rupture using
      PTFE suture].
AB  - Surgical repair of ruptured or elongated chordae tendineae of the mitral valve is
      one of the most complex reconstructive techniques in cardiac surgery. Various
      surgical procedures have been described to repair chordal abnormalities of the
      anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. This case report describes a simple repair
      technique with a double-armed, pledge-supported, expanded polytetrafluorethylene
      (PTFE) suture. A 48 year-old-man who had mitral regurgitation due to ruptured
      chordae tendineae of the anterior mitral leaflet underwent successful chordal
      reconstruction using 3--0 PTFE suture. Mitral regurgitation was completely
      repaired as shown by left ventriculogram and echo cardiogram more than one year
      postoperatively. In this experience, this procedure could be used to treat both
      elongated and ruptured chordae tendineae.

PMID- 2280112
TI  - [Aortic resection for lung cancer with use of biomedicus centrifugal pump--a case
      report].
AB  - A 56-year-old woman with lung cancer that is invading the descending aorta, a
      part of the left atrial wall, and the esophagus was treated. The treatment
      included a pneumonectomy, resections of the descending aorta, resections of part
      of the left atrial wall and resections of the thoracic esophagus. For the
      resection of aorta and for its reconstruction, partial left heart bypass from the
      left atrium to the femoral artery by a Bio pump was used. The Bio pump proved to
      be simple, safe and effective, and capable of protecting the peripheral viscera
      from ischemia during the descending aortic cross clamping.

PMID- 2280113
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery for supravalvular aortic stenosis after arterial switch
      operation for simple transposition in the early neonate].
AB  - Recently, many papers have reported the development of severe pulmonary stenosis
      after an arterial switch operation (ASO) for the transposition of the great
      arteries (TGA) with intact ventricular septum (IVS) in the early neonate.
      However, supravalvular aortic stenosis after the same procedure is very uncommon.
      We experienced supravalvular aortic stenosis which developed gradually after
      successfully performing the Lecompte maneuver for TGA with IVS in a 6-day-old
      baby. We underwent Doty's extended aortoplasty in his 11th-month. We approached
      the aorta through the transection of the pulmonary trunk which was located just
      before the aorta. At the stenotic parts of the aorta, a discrete projection of
      cicatricial tissue was observed mainly at the posterior wall. The projection of
      the cicatricial tissue seemed to be induced as a consequence of the contraction
      of the aortic wall where a continuous suture was tied too tightly with non
      absorbable suture materials. To prevent this complication after the Lecompte
      maneuver for TGA with IVS in the neonate, it is important to take care not to tie
      the suture too tightly and to use absorbable suture materials for construction of
      the aorta. There are the recommendations which we observed would prevent the post
      operative complication of supravalvular aortic stenosis. As a final note, in
      repairing the supravalvular aortic stenosis, an approach through the transection
      of the pulmonary trunk was very useful.

PMID- 2280114
TI  - A longitudinal study of the incidence of leprosy in a hyperendemic area in Zaire,
      with special reference to PGL-antibody results. The Yalisombo Study Group.
AB  - Between 1984 and 1988, yearly surveys for leprosy were done among the 1500 people
      living in a previous leprosy segregation village in Zaire. In 1984 lepromin tests
      and phenolic glycolipid (PGL) antibody tests were done in a significant part of
      the population. The prevalence of the disease at that time was 16.1%, the
      proportion of multibacillary cases was 11.3% overall and 22% among active cases.
      Prior to 1984, 23% of paucibacillary cases and 56% of multibacillary cases had
      presented themselves spontaneously to the Leprosy Service. The exposure to the
      infection is uniform, but there is a suggestion of family clustering of cases. In
      spite of a rapidly bactericidal treatment of all known cases in 1984 and
      thereafter, the annual incidence of 0.34% did not decrease during the 4 years of
      the study. The PGL antibody test did not contribute to the diagnosis,
      classification or prognosis of the disease.

PMID- 2280115
TI  - Prospective immunological follow-up in household contacts of Mexican leprosy
      patients.
AB  - A 6-year prospective study of 79 household contacts of leprosy cases was made in
      order to correlate the development of the disease with their specific T-cell
      immunity, measured by the Mitsuda test, and levels of anti-Mycobacterium leprae
      antibodies determined in three consecutive observations with the FLA-ABS test.
      Overall in the contacts, 71.7% were Mitsuda positive and 93.6% showed
      seropositivity, without regard to their age, sex, or leprosy type of their index
      case. Households were divided into lower-risk and higher-risk groups according to
      either the paucibacillary or multibacillary character of their index case. The
      lower-risk group consisted of 19 contacts of 2 tuberculoid (TT) and 5
      indeterminate cases. The higher-risk group was made up of 60 household contacts
      of 18 active lepromatous (LL) cases. All but two contacts in the former group had
      a positive Mitsuda reaction; the most common antibody titer was 1:160, with a
      tendency to stabilize or decrease over time. In the two Mitsuda-negative
      contacts, increased antibody levels were observed. In the higher-risk group,
      61.6% were Mitsuda positive and showed a humoral profile similar to those Mitsuda
      positive in the lower-risk group. In most of the Mitsuda-negative LL contacts,
      the antibody levels remained constant or progressively increased, suggesting a
      high probability of active subclinical infection. This assumption was partially
      supported by the finding of a new borderline lepromatous (BL) leprosy case in the
      Mitsuda-negative LL contact group. Nevertheless, the contribution of the close
      and extensive contact with a multibacilliferous case as a risk factor was
      difficult to evaluate because of the small size of the sample studied.

PMID- 2280116
TI  - Sexually transmitted diseases in leprosy patients in north and northeastern
      India. A futile search for human immunodeficiency virus antibody.
AB  - Three-hundred-eighty-four leprosy patients were clinically examined for sexually
      transmitted diseases (STD) in north and northeastern India, revealing a high
      incidence (5.2%) of STD among them. Eighteen males, one female, and one eunuch
      were found to have chancroid ulcer, gonococcal urethritis, lymphogranuloma
      inguinale, and primary chancre. Of these patients, only 100, selected randomly,
      could be screened serologically for STD due to Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex
      (type 1 and 2), Entamoeba histolytica, hepatitis-associated virus,
      cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia trachomatis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV);
      100 control sera were included for comparison. In addition, sera from another 133
      normal subjects and another 176 lepromatous patients were also screened for HIV
      antibody. Thus, a total of 233 normal sera and 276 leprosy sera were tested for
      HIV antibody. Although our leprosy patients have shown significantly high
      incidences of clinical STD and also high seropositivity against T. pallidum,
      herpes-simplex viruses types 1 and 2, hepatitis-associated virus, and
      cytomegalovirus, the search for antibody against HIV was negative. Our clinical
      and serological data suggest promiscuity in our patient population. The absence
      of HIV antibody in this high-risk population, however, seems to be an enigma.

PMID- 2280117
TI  - Effects of lepromatous leprosy (LL) serum factor(s) on normal blood lymphocytes.
AB  - To investigate the clastogenic activity of sera from leprosy patients, normal
      peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in both inactivated and noninactivated
      lepromatous leprosy (LL) sera. An increase in the frequency of chromosome
      aberrations was observed in normal lymphocyte cultures supplemented with both
      inactivated (5.2%) and noninactivated (5.0%) LL serum compared to that of
      cultures supplemented with normal human AB+ serum (2.4%). An enhanced frequency
      of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was also observed in normal lymphocyte
      cultures supplemented with both inactivated (8.2 +/- 3.85) (mean +/- S.D.) and
      noninactivated (8.3 +/- 4.61) LL serum compared to that of controls (6.8 +/-
      3.45). The normal blood lymphocyte cultures with LL serum have revealed a slow
      cell-cycle kinetics at a 48-hr incubation period, but a slightly faster
      proliferation rate was observed at 72 hr compared to cultures supplemented with
      normal human AB+ serum, indicating a depressive effect of LL serum on normal
      blood lymphocyte proliferation. The results obtained from the inactivated LL
      serum showed that the factor(s) which induce chromosomal damage, depress the
      mitotic index and the cell proliferation rate were not destroyed at 56 degrees C.
      These results are the first documentation of cytogenetic effects of LL sera on
      normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

PMID- 2280119
TI  - The disease of CBA and BALB/c mice that follows inoculation of a small number of
      Mycobacterium lepraemurium into the hind foot pad.
AB  - To learn if the lack of an immune response in mice infected with Mycobacterium
      lepraemurium (MLM) was a consequence of the organisms, we studied the disease
      that followed inoculation of less than or equal to 5000 organisms into the hind
      foot pads of CBA and BALB/c mice. The mice of both strains demonstrated a rapid
      increase of bacterial numbers soon after inoculation, with a slowing of the rate
      of multiplication once the number of organisms per foot pad passed 3 x 10(7). By
      1 year after inoculation, the numbers of organisms had reached levels greater
      than or equal to 10(11) in the spleen and liver, and greater than or equal to
      10(8) in the femoral bone marrow. In mice that had been inoculated with as few as
      5 MLM or 50 MLM, the organisms had multiplied to numbers greater than 10(8) in
      the foot pads and to greater than or equal to 10(9) in the spleens, suggesting
      that the ID50 of viable MLM may be less than or equal to 5 organisms per foot
      pad. No protection against superinfection could be demonstrated. On the other
      hand, initial multiplication of MLM in the foot pads was followed virtually
      immediately by the death of at least 97% of the organisms.

PMID- 2280118
TI  - Effect of presensitization with BCG and Mycobacterium leprae on granuloma
      formation to M. leprae.
AB  - Granulomas which develop in draining lymph nodes, following the intradermal
      injection of cobalt-irradiated Mycobacterium leprae into the ear of the guinea
      pig 2 and 5 weeks earlier, were studied in animals which had been presensitized
      with BCG vaccine or M. leprae and compared with granulomas that developed in
      previously unsensitized guinea pigs. Presensitization with mycobacteria
      accelerated the development of the granulomas. Granulomas in previously
      unsensitized guinea pigs were found ultrastructurally to contain phagocytosing
      macrophages similar to those in lepromatous leprosy, and M. leprae
      presensitization did not alter the type of granuloma found. Those in BCG
      presensitized guinea pigs contained secretory epithelioid cells with rough
      endoplasmic reticulum similar to those found in borderline tuberculoid leprosy or
      reversal reactions. The significance of these findings in relation to the current
      use of vaccines in leprosy is discussed.

PMID- 2280121
TI  - Granuloma multiforme in India.

PMID- 2280120
TI  - The chemotherapy of leprosy. Part 1.

PMID- 2280122
TI  - Remarks on criterion of nerve function alteration as a sign of relapse in leprosy
      patients during surveillance or postsurveillance periods.

PMID- 2280123
TI  - Anti-cardiolipin antibodies in Mexican lepromatous leprosy patients.

PMID- 2280124
TI  - Trichosporon beigelii infection in Hansen's disease.

PMID- 2280125
TI  - Isolation and identification of a substance from serum of leprosy patients.

PMID- 2280127
TI  - [Recent problems in coronary disease].

PMID- 2280126
TI  - New findings on the mode of entry of Mycobacterium leprae in nude mice.

PMID- 2280128
TI  - [Epidemiology and etiology of coronary disease].

PMID- 2280129
TI  - [Characteristics of risk factors in coronary disease in Japanese population].

PMID- 2280130
TI  - [Etiologic mechanism of coronary disease due to coronary vasospasm and
      atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2280131
TI  - [Clinical significance of asymptomatic ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2280132
TI  - [Progress on diagnostic methods of ECG].

PMID- 2280133
TI  - [Pathophysiology and therapy of coronary vasospasm].

PMID- 2280134
TI  - [Image and biochemical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2280135
TI  - [Diagnosis and pathophysiology of post-infarct angina pectoris].

PMID- 2280136
TI  - [Progress on the treatment of acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2280137
TI  - [Application of invasive therapy for emergency cases of coronary diseases].

PMID- 2280138
TI  - [Rehabilitation and exercise therapy of coronary diseases].

PMID- 2280139
TI  - [A case of adult T cell leukemia with calcium deposits in the liver].

PMID- 2280140
TI  - [A case of HTLV-I infection complicated with multiple arthropathy and Sjogren's
      syndrome].

PMID- 2280141
TI  - [A case of tetany and hypomagnesemia due to restrictive diet and galactorrhea].

PMID- 2280142
TI  - [A case of scleroderma with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and abdominal
      gas].

PMID- 2280143
TI  - Foreign bodies in thyroid gland.

PMID- 2280144
TI  - Audiological findings following head trauma.
AB  - Traumatic head injury is the principal cause of death and serious physical
      disability in adolescents and young adult. Hearing loss is a common sequela of
      head trauma. The results of pure tone and auditory brain-stem response (ABR)
      assessment of minor head injury revealed that 20 per cent of these cases showed
      impairment of hearing including both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
      mostly in the high frequencies loss. ABR findings showed a significant difference
      of absolute wave V latency and interwave (III-V) latencies at repetition rate
      11.1 click/sec., and a highly significant difference at a repetition rate of 51.1
      click/sec., compared with the control group. In severe head injury, conductive
      hearing loss was found in only one case, in which a longitudinal fracture of the
      temporal bone was identified radiologically. No ABR could be recorded at a
      repetition rate of 11.1 click/sec. in either ear of this case; this patient died
      a few days later. Three cases were found with a mixed sensorineural hearing loss;
      one of them showed a longitudinal fracture radiologically. ABR findings in two
      cases showed prolongation of wave V and I-V interwave latencies, and the third
      case showed absence of ABR recording. In comatose patients, an ABR grading system
      is a more sensitive index of brainstem dysfunction than the simple division of
      normal versus abnormal ABR waves and interwave latencies. Presence or
      prolongation of wave V and interwave latency I-V even in one ear is of good
      prognostic value in the comatosed patient.

PMID- 2280145
TI  - Point and period prevalence of otitis media with effusion evaluated by daily
      tympanometry.
AB  - Previous studies on daily tympanometric screening using an automatic impedance
      tympanoscope indicated relatively high incidences of type B tympanograms of one
      day's duration, which is contrary to our conceptions of the pathogenesis and
      pathology of otitis media with effusion. We therefore repeated the study in 51
      otherwise healthy children (100 ears) attending kindergarten. Tympanometry was
      performed daily for one month using both the conventional impedance apparatus AZ7
      and the automatic impedance tympanoscope ZS 331. The impedance apparatus did not
      indicate any one-day type B tympanograms and only a few short-lasting episodes
      occurring either in the beginning or end of the study period. Several ears had
      type B tympanograms on all days examined. The point prevalence was 15 per cent
      and the period prevalence 17 per cent, which accord well with findings of
      previous epidemiological studies of secretory otitis. The impedance tympanoscope
      indicated 16 cases of B-curves lasting only one day and considerably higher point
      and period prevalences, which make the impedance tympanoscope unsuited for both
      scientific and clinical purposes.

PMID- 2280146
TI  - Tympano-cartilago-stapediopexy: a method to improve hearing in open technique
      tympanoplasty.
AB  - Canal wall-down technique tympanoplasty was indicated in about 41 per cent of our
      cases with chronic suppurative otitis media. In this series done during the last
      four years, of 576 tympanoplasties, 240 cases needed type III tympanoplasty. In
      145 cases, myringostapediopexy was carried out using temporalis fascia grafting
      over the head of the stapes. Tympano-cartilago-stapediopexy was performed in the
      other 95 cases by using tragal cartilage and perichondrium over the stapes. A
      comparison between the results of both methods of grafting is discussed.
      Improvement in hearing was achieved after tympano-cartilago-stapediopexy. This
      method proved to be suitable for those cases which need open technique
      tympanoplasty.

PMID- 2280147
TI  - Inner ear cholesteatoma and the preservation of cochlear function.
AB  - Labyrinthine destruction by direct cholesteatoma invasion has always been
      considered a serious threat to the inner ear function. A number of reports in the
      literature have cited both patients who had preservation of hearing despite
      widespread erosion of the labyrinth by cholesteatoma and patients who had
      retained auditory function despite surgical removal of the matrix from the
      labyrinth. In most cases the vestibular portion of the inner ear was invaded but
      cases of cochlear involvement have been described as well. Twelve cases with pre
      operative auditory function preservation despite extensive labyrinthine
      destruction treated at our Institution are reported. Seven cases retained
      cochlear function post-operatively. Possible explanations of this occurrence and
      implications of related with hearing preservation in the presence of widespread
      inner ear destruction by chronic inflammatory disease are discussed.

PMID- 2280148
TI  - Lateral sinus thrombosis: a problem still with us.
AB  - Lateral sinus thrombosis is now a rare complication of ear disease in the
      developed world, since the advent of the widespread use of antibiotics. The
      classic picture is often modified by previous antibiotic treatment making
      diagnosis and management difficult. Lack of familiarity with this condition
      amongst present day otologists may lead to late diagnosis and treatment. We
      review three cases that we have managed recently and compare their clinical
      courses with the classic description of the disease.

PMID- 2280149
TI  - A new syndrome: hearing loss and familial salivary gland insensitivity to
      aldosterone in two brothers.
AB  - Two male siblings presented in infancy with hyponatremia. The levels of plasma
      renin activity and aldosterone were elevated. Sodium supplement was necessary to
      maintain normal sodium balance. The salivary sodium concentrations were markedly
      elevated, with sweat sodium levels being in the upper normal range. Urinary
      sodium concentration and renal epithelial exchange between sodium and potassium
      were normal. This was felt to be due to an autosomal recessive disorder. Both
      siblings were later diagnosed as having a bilateral moderate to severe
      sensorineural hearing loss with intermittent conductive overlay due to middle ear
      fluid. The sensorineural loss was also felt to be autosomal recessive in origin,
      but the possibility of a disturbance of sodium balance in the inner ear has been
      questioned.

PMID- 2280151
TI  - Enlarged adenoid and adenoidectomy in adults: endoscopic approach and
      histopathological study.
AB  - Adenoid enlargement is uncommon in adults and because examination of the
      nasopharynx by indirect posterior rhinoscopy is inadequate, many cases of
      enlarged adenoid in adults are misdiagnosed and accordingly maltreated. This
      study was conducted on 35 cases of enlarged adenoid aged between 20 and 42 years.
      The nasal endoscope was utilized to identify the adenoid mass. Adenoidectomy
      under transnasal endoscopic control was performed and all the excised material
      was sent for histopathological examination. Adenoidectomy resulted in marked
      improvement in 94 per cent of cases without major complications.
      Histopathological examination revealed non-specific inflammatory reaction in 15
      cases (43 per cent), pure reactive changes, predominantly follicular hyperplasia,
      in two cases (6 per cent) and mixed pattern in 18 cases (51 per cent). Endoscopic
      follow-up for an average 17 months identified recurrence in only two patients. It
      was concluded that enlarged adenoid tissue in adults has some histopathological
      differences from that in children and adenoidectomy under transnasal endoscopic
      control is safe and reliable.

PMID- 2280152
TI  - Mandibular involvement in oral cancer.
AB  - It is difficult to predict the tumour invasion into the mandible by oral cancer
      pre-operatively, and consequently the decision to preserve or sacrifice the
      mandible is largely individualistic. The present study of 44 cases analyses the
      reliability of pre-operative parameters to assess mandibular involvement.
      Clinical, radiological and scintigraphic features have been compared with the
      detailed histology of the bone. This study confirms the usefulness of superior
      marginal resections in lesions which are close to but not involving the mandible,
      as well as for superficial lesions which are actually seen to involve the
      mandible but their CT and bone scans are negative for tumour invasion.

PMID- 2280153
TI  - Non-Hodgkins lymphoma of the head and neck: experience in the Grampian area.
AB  - The records of 44 cases of non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) presenting to the ear,
      nose and throat department in the Grampian area from 1980-1988 were examined in
      relation to site of occurrence, histology, age at presentation, clinical stage,
      treatment and survival. The median age was 67 years and there was a preponderance
      of high grade histology, especially in disease affecting the tonsil. Most deaths
      occurred in the first year; patients with high grade disease and those in stages
      three and four had a significantly poorer survival during the first year. The
      site of disease had no influence on survival.

PMID- 2280154
TI  - Control of upper jugular haemorrhage.

PMID- 2280155
TI  - Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia.
AB  - Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia is a rare condition and is poorly
      recognized in the otolaryngological literature. The condition is characterized by
      the appearance of cutaneous nodules within the head and neck region especially
      around the external ear. Variable lymphadenopathy and peripheral eosinophilia can
      occur and the condition can mimic neoplasia. It is important to be aware of this
      disease entity in order to avoid overtreatment. Surgical removal is the treatment
      of choice; however, this often multilobulated and poorly delineated lesion often
      precludes initial wide excision and local recurrence is common. We present three
      cases of this unusual condition and a brief resume of the literature.

PMID- 2280150
TI  - Immunopathology of olfactory mucosa following injury to the olfactory bulb.
AB  - Removal of the olfactory bulb was performed on rats in an attempt to elucidate
      the processes of olfactory dysfunction following head injury. Degeneration and
      regeneration of the olfactory mucosa were examined, histopathologically and
      immunohistochemically. We used antisera to olfactory marker protein (OMP) and
      neuron specific enolase (NSE) as a marker of the mature olfactory receptor
      neurons. Following rapid degeneration after bulbectomy, the olfactory receptor
      neurons regenerated. OMP and NSE containing cells re-appeared 49 days later.
      However, the cell population of the neuroepithelium did not revert to the numbers
      observed in the non-operated neuroepithelium, even three months later. The lack
      of a connection between regenerated axons and the olfactory bulb may result in
      immature neuronal replacement and reduce the number of olfactory receptor
      neurons.

PMID- 2280156
TI  - Isolated congenital round window absence.
AB  - An adult with unilateral round window atresia is presented. With care, CT
      scanning may be used to demonstrate round window occlusion. Cochlear fenestration
      resulted in only a modest hearing improvement. Previously reported cases are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2280157
TI  - Postauricular cerebellar encephalocoele secondary to chronic suppurative otitis
      media and mastoid surgery.
AB  - Cerebellar herniation into the mastoid through the posterior aspect of the
      temporal bone as a result of chronic suppurative otitis media and mastoid surgery
      is a rare event. A case is reported in which such a hernia presented
      subcutaneously behind the pinna; its repair is discussed.

PMID- 2280158
TI  - Temporal bone findings in two cases of head injury.
AB  - Temporal bone findings in two cases of head injury are reported. In one patient,
      longitudinal fractures occurred in both temporal bones, and extended to the
      middle ear bilaterally. Bleeding was seen in the tympanic cavity, mastoid air
      cells, internal auditory meatus and facial nerve canal. Bleeding was observed in
      the scala tympani, cochlear aqueduct and endolymphatic sac, but there were no
      fractures. In the other patient, bleeding was seen in the internal auditory
      meatus and facial nerve canal. In the right ear, endolymphatic hydrops was
      observed in all turns of the cochlea.

PMID- 2280159
TI  - Septic shock and death due to occult sinusitis.
AB  - We report a case of septicaemia and death due to occult sinusitis in an otherwise
      healthy adult. Septicaemia was diagnosed on clinical grounds and blood culture
      grew Streptococcus pneumoniae. Maxillary sinusitis was discovered incidentally on
      a CT scan four days after the onset of symptoms. A sinus wash-out revealed pus
      which on culture was positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae. The patient
      deteriorated gradually and died despite appropriate therapy. We conclude that
      sinusitis should be suspected in any case of septicaemia where the primary focus
      is not known and the patient does not respond quickly to treatment.

PMID- 2280160
TI  - Burkitt's lymphoma of the tonsil.
AB  - A case of Burkitt's lymphoma involving the tonsil in a 10-year-old Bedouin boy,
      is presented. The biological behaviour and the clinical presentation of this
      unusual neoplasm are discussed and the English language literature is reviewed.
      The diagnosis was made by histological examination, electron microscopy and
      confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The patient showed an excellent symptomatic
      response to surgery and chemotherapy.

PMID- 2280161
TI  - Prospective cochlear implant in a case of bilateral transverse fracture of the
      petrous bone.

PMID- 2280162
TI  - Haemangiopericytoma of the temporal bone.
AB  - Haemangiopericytoma is an uncommon vascular tumour with a widespread
      distribution. Although meningeal involvement is well recognized, only a few
      sporadic cases of temporal bone lesions have been documented, all with doubtful
      sites of origin. Late presentation together with the restrictive anatomy of this
      region often precludes its effective removal and even minimal residual disease
      may progress rapidly. A series of three such patients are presented in order to
      discuss the natural history, histological features and treatment of this disease.

PMID- 2280163
TI  - Paradigms.

PMID- 2280164
TI  - Health fraud.

PMID- 2280165
TI  - LD definition.

PMID- 2280166
TI  - The effects of Irlen colored lenses on students' specific reading skills and
      their perception of ability: a 12-month validity study.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that a specific visual-perceptual dysfunction not
      normally assessed by eye examination should be considered as a significant cause
      of reading problems. The use of tinted nonoptical (Irlen) lenses to minimize this
      dysfunction has been hypothesized to result in significant improvement in reading
      and other visual-processing skills. The present study involved 44 subjects with
      reading disabilities (33 males, 11 females), aged between 9 years 1 month and 15
      years 11 months, who had been provided with Irlen lenses. Assessment of subjects'
      perception of their own ability (Student's Perception of Ability Scale) 6 and 12
      months after the fitting of Irlen lenses indicated a significant improvement in
      attitude to school and to basic academic skills. Subjects also demonstrated
      significant improvements in reading comprehension and reading accuracy, but not
      in rate of reading, when assessed using the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability at
      3-, 6-, and 12-month intervals after lens fitting. Differences in the pattern of
      improvement are discussed in light of previous findings.

PMID- 2280167
TI  - Reading disabilities and the effects of colored filters.
AB  - The efficacy of a controversial treatment, using colored filters to remediate
      reading disabilities, was measured empirically, with colored overlays placed over
      reading material on white paper. Irlen's (1983) method is to prescribe specific
      tinted filters as lenses that she claims filter specific light frequencies and
      remove a range of perceptual disorders that adversely affect reading and related
      learning performance. Irlen calls this condition "scotopic sensitivity" and
      claims it is a significant factor in a high percentage of people with learning
      disabilities. Ninety-two children with significant reading disabilities were
      classified as either scotopic or nonscotopic using the Irlen Differential
      Perceptual Schedule, and were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups
      using colored or clear overlays. Reading performance (rate, accuracy, and
      comprehension) as measured by the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability (Neale, 1987)
      and the Formal Reading Inventory (Wiederholt, 1986) improved significantly when
      the scotopic children read with the preferred colored overlay filter compared to
      clear or different-colored overlay filters. Nonscotopic children showed no
      change.

PMID- 2280168
TI  - The effectiveness of Irlen filters for improving reading performance: a pilot
      study.
AB  - The objectives of this pilot study were to investigate the effectiveness of Irlen
      filters for improving comfort and reading performance and to determine whether
      traditional optometric intervention would be effective in relieving the symptoms
      commonly reported by people seeking help through the use of Irlen filters. Thirty
      subjects were included in the study: 12 males and 18 females. The ages of the
      subjects ranged from 9 to 51 (mean = 23.6). They were randomly placed in either
      an Irlen filter treatment group (n = 11), a vision therapy treatment group (n =
      11), or a control group (n = 8). Pre- and posttesting on all subjects included a
      vision evaluation, reading and intelligence testing, the Irlen scotopic
      sensitivity screening test, and a symptom questionnaire. Results revealed that
      subjects in both treatment groups were more comfortable after treatment, although
      only the vision therapy group showed improvement in vision functioning. The
      subjects in the Irlen filter group did not show any significant gains in reading
      rate, word recognition in context, or comprehension.

PMID- 2280169
TI  - Power, control, and validity in research.

PMID- 2280170
TI  - An appraisal of the Irlen technique of correcting reading disorders using tinted
      overlays and tinted lenses.

PMID- 2280172
TI  - On defining learning and disability: exploring the ecology.

PMID- 2280171
TI  - Irlen lenses and reading difficulties.

PMID- 2280173
TI  - Explaining speech production deficits in poor readers.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to further examine speech production
      abilities of young poor readers. Fourteen poor readers and 14 age-matched
      nondisabled subjects were taught to produce four novel, multisyllabic nonsense
      words. A recognition task was part of the training procedure. Retention of the
      words was also probed. The poor readers took significantly longer than the
      nondisabled children to produce three of the four words. The recognition data
      indicated that encoding limitations, rather than speech production limitations,
      were primarily responsible for the longer acquisition times. Speech production
      deficiencies seemed to account for only a small portion of the difficulty the
      poor readers experienced learning the novel words. The data are consistent with
      previous research that has documented encoding limitations in poor readers.

PMID- 2280174
TI  - Self-perceptions of first- and second-grade children with learning disabilities.
AB  - The present study addressed the question of the effects of developmental positive
      bias and repeated experiences of failure on the self-perception of mainstreamed
      first-and second-grade Israeli children with learning disabilities. The self
      perceptions of 44 children with learning disabilities and their 36 nondisabled
      classmates were assessed. In addition, teachers' evaluations and objective
      measures of cognitive performance and social acceptance were gathered. The
      children with learning disabilities were found to have a greater positive bias
      and lower self-perception in the cognitive competence domain than their normally
      achieving peers. Self-perceptions of peer acceptance among children with learning
      disabilities are similar to their normally achieving peers' self-perceptions, in
      spite of their significantly lower sociometric ratings and teacher evaluations in
      the social domain. These findings are analyzed in the context of the globality
      specificity dimension of self-perceptions at the age level studied. The obtained
      pattern of self-perceptions is discussed in the light of the interrelationships
      between cognitive deficit and experimental factors among mainstreamed first- and
      second-grade children.

PMID- 2280175
TI  - To bleach or not to bleach.

PMID- 2280176
TI  - Sinus lifts--a possible solution to the atrophic maxilla.

PMID- 2280177
TI  - Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100: a mutation of apolipoprotein B that
      causes hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 is a genetic disorder of apolipoprotein B
      100 that causes moderate to severe hypercholesterolemia. A single amino acid
      mutation in apolipoprotein B diminishes the ability of low density lipoproteins
      to bind to the low density lipoprotein receptor. Low density lipoproteins
      accumulate in the plasma because their efficient receptor-mediated catabolism is
      disrupted. This mutation has been identified in the United States, Canada, and
      Europe and is estimated to occur at a frequency of approximately 1/500 in these
      populations. Thus, it appears that this newly described disorder may be a
      significant genetic cause of hypercholesterolemia in Western societies.

PMID- 2280179
TI  - Effects of oxidatively modified LDL on cholesterol esterification in cultured
      macrophages.
AB  - Oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins (LDL) has been shown to cause
      accelerated degradation of LDL via the scavenger receptor pathway in cultured
      macrophages, and it has been proposed that this process might lead to cholesterol
      accumulation in macrophages in the arterial wall in vivo. However, oxidation of
      LDL is accompanied by a substantial reduction in LDL total cholesterol content
      and hence the amount of cholesterol delivered by oxidatively modified LDL may be
      less than that delivered by scavenger receptor ligands such as acetyl LDL which
      results in massive cholesterol accumulation in cultured macrophages. The present
      studies were done to determine whether the decrease in total cholesterol content
      during LDL oxidation was due to oxidation of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester,
      and to determine whether the resulting oxidized sterols could affect cholesterol
      esterification in cultured macrophages. It was found that when LDL prelabeled
      with [3H]cholesteryl linoleate was oxidized, there was a decrease in cholesterol
      mass but no change in radioactivity. The radioactive substances derived from
      cholesteryl linoleate appeared more polar than the parent compound when analyzed
      by reverse-phase liquid chromatography, but were not identical with free
      cholesterol. Thin-layer chromatography of oxidized LDL lipids confirmed the loss
      of esterified cholesterol, and revealed multiple new bands, some of which matched
      reference oxysterols including 7-ketocholesterol, 5,6-epoxycholesterol, and 7
      hydroxycholesterol. In addition to oxysterols, oxidized cholesteryl esters were
      also present. Quantitation by gas chromatography indicated that 7-ketocholesterol
      was the major oxysterol present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280178
TI  - Lipolytic effects on diacylglycerol accumulation in human adipose tissue in
      vitro.
AB  - When fragments of rat or human adipose tissue, or isolated adipocytes, are
      incubated with [14C]glucose in vitro, [14C]diacylglycerol accumulates rapidly: it
      comprises 20-50% of newly synthesized (14C-labeled) acylglycerols, compared to
      less than 1% diacylglycerol accumulated in the bulk lipid store in vivo. The
      experiments reported in this study were performed to test the possibility that
      agents that influence the rate of lipolysis might differentially affect the
      accumulation of di- and triacylglycerol in human adipose tissue, and perhaps
      account for the discrepancy between the early labeling and the later accumulation
      of diacyglycerol. Fragments of gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from
      obese men and women were incubated with isoproterenol, epinephrine plus
      yohimbine, adenosine deaminase, or dibutyryl 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate
      to stimulate lipolysis. Tissue fragments were also incubated with clonidine,
      adenosine, or insulin to inhibit lipolysis. No agent had any effect on the rate
      of accumulation of newly synthesized triacylglycerol. The effects of these agents
      on the rate of lipolysis were negatively correlated with their effects on
      accumulation of newly synthesized diacylglycerol. Newly synthesized
      diacylglycerol may be preferentially hydrolyzed by hormone sensitive lipase. This
      increased susceptibility to lipolytic stimulation, compared to newly synthesized
      triacylglycerol, may account for the minute accumulation of diacylglycerol in
      adipose tissue in vivo.

PMID- 2280180
TI  - Differential uptake of proteoglycan-selected subfractions of low density
      lipoprotein by human macrophages.
AB  - Macrophages and arterial chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) are probably
      associated with extracellular and intracellular lipoprotein deposition during
      atherogenesis. We found that human arterial CSPG can be used to select subclasses
      from low density lipoprotein (LDL) with different structural properties and
      capacities to interact with human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM). Four
      subclasses, LDL(PG)1 to LDL(PG)4, in order of decreasing CSPG-complexing
      capacity, were prepared and characterized in terms of their ability to interact
      with HMDM. The LDL subclasses with highest avidity for CSPG, LDL(PG)1 and
      LDL(PG)2, were bound, internalized, and degraded more efficiently than those of
      lower avidity for CSPG. From LDL(PG)1 to LDL(PG)4, the gradual decrease in uptake
      by HMDM and decreasing avidity for CSPG were associated with a gradual decrease
      in isoelectric point (from 5.93 to 5.68) and an augmented ratio of surface polar
      lipid to core nonpolar components (from 0.35 to 0.54). Competition experiments
      indicated that the proteoglycan-selected subfractions shared the binding sites
      and uptake mechanisms of native LDL. The results suggest the existence of a
      structurally related gradation in the avidity of LDL subpopulations for cells and
      matrix components. The presence within LDL subpopulations of a differential
      capacity to interact with intimal extracellular and cellular elements could be
      associated with a similar heterogeneity in their atherogenic potential.

PMID- 2280181
TI  - Differences in the processing of chylomicron remnants and beta-VLDL by
      macrophages.
AB  - To gain a detailed understanding of those factors that govern the processing of
      dietary-derived lipoprotein remnants by macrophages we examined the uptake and
      degradation of rat triacylglycerol-rich chylomicron remnants and rat cholesterol
      rich beta-very low density lipoprotein (beta-VLDL) by J774 cells and primary
      cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The level of cell associated 125I
      labeled beta-VLDL and 125I-labeled chylomicron remnants reached a similar
      equilibrium level within 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. However, the
      degradation of 125I-labeled beta-VLDL was two to three times greater than the
      degradation of 125I-labeled chylomicron remnants at each time point examined,
      with rates of degradation of 161.0 +/- 36.0 and 60.1 +/- 6.6 ng degraded/h per mg
      cell protein, respectively. At similar extracellular concentrations of protein or
      cholesterol, the relative rate of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis from
      [3H]cholesteryl oleate/cholesteryl [14C]oleate-labeled chylomicron remnants was
      one-third to one-half that of similarly labeled beta-VLDL. The reduction in the
      relative rate of chylomicron remnant degradation by macrophages occurred in the
      absence of chylomicron remnant-induced alterations in low density lipoprotein
      (LDL) receptor recycling or in retroendocytosis of either 125I-labeled
      lipoprotein. The rate of internalization of 125I-labeled beta-VLDL by J774 cells
      was greater than that of 125I-labeled chylomicron remnants, with initial rates of
      internalization of 0.21 ng/min per mg cell protein for 125I-labeled chylomicron
      remnants and 0.39 ng/min per mg cell protein for 125I-labeled beta-VLDL. The
      degradation of 125I-labeled chylomicron remnants and 125I-labeled beta-VLDL was
      dependent on lysosomal enzyme activity: preincubation of macrophages with the
      lysosomotropic agent monensin reduced the degradation of both lipoproteins by
      greater than 90%. However, the pH-dependent rate of degradation of 125I-labeled
      chylomicron remnants by lysosomal enzymes isolated from J774 cells was 50% that
      of 125I-labeled beta-VLDL. The difference in degradation rates was dependent on
      the ratio of lipoprotein to lysosomal protein used and was greatest at ratios
      greater than 50. The degradation of 125I-labeled beta-VLDL by isolated lysosomes
      was reduced 30-40% by preincubation of beta-VLDL with 25-50 micrograms oleic
      acid/ml, suggesting that released free fatty acids could cause the slower
      degradation of chylomicron remnants. Thus, differences in the rate of uptake and
      degradation of remnant lipoproteins of different compositions by macrophages are
      determined by at least two factors: 1) differences in the rates of lipoprotein
      internalization and 2) differences in the rate of lysosomal degradation.

PMID- 2280182
TI  - Effects of dietary cholesterol and fatty acids on plasma cholesterol level and
      hepatic lipoprotein metabolism.
AB  - The effects of dietary cholesterol and fatty acids on the plasma cholesterol
      level and rates of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol secretion and
      low density lipoprotein (LDL) transport through LDL receptors in the liver of the
      hamster were investigated. Increases of plasma VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol levels
      and VLDL-cholesterol secretion from hepatocytes were observed in animals fed a
      diet enriched with 0.1% cholesterol for 2 weeks in comparison with animals fed a
      control diet. The addition of dietary palmitic acid accelerated the effect of
      dietary cholesterol on plasma VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol levels and VLDL
      cholesterol secretion from hepatocytes. Dietary linoleic acid accelerated the
      effect of dietary cholesterol on VLDL-cholesterol secretion from hepatocytes and
      diminished the effect on the plasma LDL-cholesterol level. Hepatic LDL receptor
      activity was considerably suppressed by a control diet containing 0.05%
      cholesterol and a further small suppression was induced by a diet enriched with
      0.1% cholesterol with or without 5% palmitic acid. However, dietary linoleic acid
      diminished the effect of dietary cholesterol on the suppression of hepatic LDL
      receptor activity. These results suggest that dietary palmitic acid augments the
      effect of dietary cholesterol in elevating the plasma LDL-cholesterol level
      through acceleration of VLDL-cholesterol secretion from the liver, and that
      dietary linoleic acid diminishes the effect of dietary cholesterol in elevating
      the plasma LDL-cholesterol level by preventing the suppression of hepatic LDL
      receptor activity induced by cholesterol.

PMID- 2280183
TI  - Mechanism of free fatty acid re-esterification in human adipocytes in vitro.
AB  - Within adipose tissue, free fatty acids liberated by lipolysis may be re
      esterified into newly synthesized triacylglycerol. We hypothesized that re
      esterification may occur via an extracellular route, such that free fatty acids
      arising from lipolysis must leave the adipocyte and be taken up again before they
      can be re-esterified. We simultaneously measured rates of lipolysis, acylglycerol
      synthesis, and free fatty acid re-esterification in human adipose tissue and
      isolated adipocytes in vitro, utilizing a dual-isotopic technique. We manipulated
      incubations to increase mixing of released free fatty acids with the incubation
      medium. Such manipulations should decrease the probability that released free
      fatty acids would be taken up and re-esterified. We found that re-esterification
      was decreased in isolated adipocytes compared to fragments of tissue, in shaken
      compared to unshaken incubations, and in low adipocyte concentrations compared to
      high adipocyte concentrations. Rates of acylglycerol synthesis and lipolysis were
      unaltered by these manipulations, indicating that changes in free fatty acid re
      esterification are not secondary to effects on these processes. The results are
      consistent with an extracellular route for free fatty acid re-esterification.
      Such a mechanism suggests that adipose tissue blood flow may play an important
      role in the regulation of free fatty acid release from adipose tissue.

PMID- 2280184
TI  - Bile acid structure-activity relationship: evaluation of bile acid lipophilicity
      using 1-octanol/water partition coefficient and reverse phase HPLC.
AB  - Two independent methods have been developed and compared to determine the
      lipophilicity of a representative series of naturally occurring bile acids (BA)
      in relation to their structure. The BA included cholic acid (CA),
      chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), deoxycholic acid
      (DCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), ursocholic acid (UCA), hyocholic acid (HCA),
      as well as their glycine and taurine amidates. Lipophilicity was determined using
      a 1-octanol/water shake-flask procedure and the experiments were performed at
      different pH and ionic strengths and at initial BA concentrations below their
      critical micellar concentrations (CMC) and the water solubility of the protonated
      form. The experimental data show that both the protonated (HA) and ionized (A-)
      forms of BA can distribute in 1-octanol, and consequently a partition coefficient
      for HA (logP' HA) and for A- (logP' A-) must be defined. An equation to predict a
      weighted apparent distribution coefficient (D) value as a function of pH and pKa
      has been developed and fits well with the experimental data. Differences between
      logP for protonated and ionized species for unconjugated BA were in the order of
      1 log unit, which increased to 2 for glycine-amidate BA. The partition
      coefficient of the A- form increased with Na+ concentration and total ionic
      strength, suggesting an ion-pair mechanism for its partition into 1-octanol.
      Lipophilicity was also assessed using reverse phase chromatography (C-18-HPLC),
      and a capacity factor (K') for ionized species was determined. Despite a broad
      correlation with the logP data, some BA behaved differently. The logP values
      showed that the order of lipophilicity was DCA greater than CDCA greater than
      UDCA greater than HDCA greater than HCA greater than CA greater than UCA for both
      the protonated and ionized unconjugated and glycine-amidate BA, while the K' data
      showed an inversion for some BA, i.e., DCA greater than CDCA greater than CA
      greater than HCA greater than UDCA greater than HDCA greater than UCA. The logP
      data fitted well with other indirect measurements of BA monomeric lipophilicity
      such as albumin binding or accessible total hydrophobic surface area data
      calculated by energy minimization and molecular computer graphics. Differences
      between unconjugated and amidated BA are consistent with the presence of an amide
      bond and a lower pKa when pH dependence was studied. Capacity factors, on the
      other hand, were related to properties of BA micelles such as cholesterol
      solubilizing capacity and membrane disruption, reflecting the BA
      detergency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2280185
TI  - Identification and quantitation of all-trans- and 13-cis-retinoic acid and 13-cis
      4-oxoretinoic acid in human plasma.
AB  - Human plasma was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for the
      presence of retinoic acid and 4-oxoretinoic acid isomers. Peaks that coeluted
      with the reference compounds all-trans-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, and
      13-cis-4-oxoretinoic acid were routinely observed in human plasma. These
      retinoids were unequivocally identified by the following methods: comigration
      with reference compounds under several high performance liquid chromatographic
      conditions; comparison of ultraviolet spectra with those of reference compounds;
      derivatization with diazomethane and coelution of the methyl esters with
      reference compounds in a high performance liquid chromatographic system as well
      as in a gas chromatography system with a mass selective detector. In vitro
      formation of 13-cis-retinoic acid and 13-cis-4-oxoretinoic acid as artifacts
      during the analytical procedure was excluded by control experiments. The mean
      plasma concentrations of the vitamin A metabolites in ten male volunteers were:
      all-trans-retinoic acid: 1.32 +/- 0.46 ng/ml; 13-cis-retinoic acid: 1.63 +/- 0.85
      ng/ml; and 13-cis-4-oxoretinoic acid: 3.68 +/- 0.99 ng/ml. After oral dosing with
      vitamin A (833 IU/kg body weight) in five male volunteers, mean plasma all-trans
      retinoic acid increased to 3.92 +/- 1.40 ng/ml and 13-cis-retinoic acid increased
      to 9.75 +/- 2.18 ng/ml. Maximal plasma 13-cis-4-oxoretinoic acid concentrations
      (average 7.60 +/- 1.45 ng/ml) were observed 6 h after dosing which was the last
      time point in this study. Concentrations of all-trans-4-oxoretinoic acid were low
      or not detectable. Our findings suggest that, in addition to all-trans-retinoic
      acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid and 13-cis-4-oxoretinoic acid are present in normal
      human plasma as metabolites of vitamin A.

PMID- 2280186
TI  - Lipoprotein lipase stored in adipocytes and muscle cells is a cryptic enzyme.
AB  - The status of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) has been examined in different cell types
      (adipose, skeletal muscle, and heart muscle cells) and different tissues
      (adipose, muscle, and cardiac tissues) from mouse, rat, and human. Cell and
      secreted activities were compared in cycloheximide-, heparin-treated cells
      present in culture. A gross underestimation of cell LPL activity was found;
      excess of LPL over substrate and/or apolipoprotein C-II was excluded as well as
      inhibition by cell component(s) or detergent molecules used to disrupt membrane
      structures in the cell lysates. Unmasking of LPL activity occurred upon dilution:
      the higher the concentration of LPL, the higher were the dilution factor and the
      concentration of heparin required to reach a plateau of activity. This maximal
      value was found to be identical to that determined in the secretion medium,
      indicating that the cell LPL activity can be determined in toto. The unmasking
      effect of dilution upon LPL activity was extended to adipose, muscle, and cardiac
      tissues from rat and to adipose tissues from mouse and human. In agreement with
      previous results (Vannier et al., 1989, J. Biol. 264: 13199-13205), our results
      are in favor of LPL as being cryptic within the cell. A model is proposed, in
      which potentially active LPL molecules are present as aggregates in various
      membrane compartments. It is concluded that the determination of the pool size of
      catalytically active cell LPL has to be estimated in vitro under the appropriate
      conditions described herein.

PMID- 2280187
TI  - Clofibrate-inducible rat hepatic P450s IVA1 and IVA3 catalyze the omega- and
      (omega-1)-hydroxylation of fatty acids and the omega-hydroxylation of
      prostaglandins E1 and F2 alpha.
AB  - Cytochromes P450IVA1 and IVA3 display 72% amino acid sequence similarity and are
      expressed in livers of rats treated with the hypolipidemic drug clofibrate. The
      catalytic activities of IVA1 and IVA3 were examined by cDNA-directed expression
      using vaccinia virus. cDNA-expressed IVA1 and IVA3 had relative Mrs of 51,500 and
      52,000, respectively, on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Both enzymes displayed reduced,
      CO-bound absorption spectra with lambda max of 452.5 nm. IVA1 and IVA3
      hydroxylated lauric acid at the omega and omega-1 positions with equivalent
      omega/omega-1 ratios of about 12.5. IVA1 had a substrate turnover of 21 min-1
      which was about fourfold higher than that of IVA3. The omega and omega-1
      hydroxylation of palmitic acid was also catalyzed by these P450s with combined
      turnover numbers for both metabolites of 45 min-1 or 18 min-1 for IVA1 and IVA3,
      respectively. The omega/omega-1 oxidation ratio of IVA1 for palmitate was 1.25
      which was almost fourfold higher than that obtained for IVA3. These enzymes also
      catalyzed omega oxidation of the physiologically important eicosanoids
      prostaglandins E1 and F2 alpha with turnover numbers of about one-tenth those
      calculated for fatty acid oxidations. No omega-1 hydroxy metabolites were
      produced. These studies indicate that the P450 enzymes IVA1 and IVA3 are able to
      catalyze the oxidations of both fatty acids and prostaglandins.

PMID- 2280188
TI  - Retinol-binding protein mRNA is induced by estrogen in the kidney but not in the
      liver.
AB  - Vitamin A is mobilized from the liver and transported in plasma as retinol bound
      to retinol-binding protein (RBP). In addition to the liver, several extrahepatic
      tissues including the kidney have been shown to contain RBP mRNA. A study was
      conducted to explore the role of sex hormones in the regulation of RBP mRNA
      levels in the kidney compared to those in the liver. Treatment of female rats
      with a single dose of testosterone or chronic treatment with testosterone had
      only a slight effect on the steady-state level of RBP mRNA in the kidney and the
      liver. However, treatment of male rats with estrogen caused an increase in the
      steady-state level of RBP mRNA in the kidney but not in the liver. A single
      injection of 17 beta-estradiol, either 1.0 or 0.1 micrograms/g body weight,
      resulted in a rapid rise in the level of RBP mRNA in the kidney which was maximal
      at 3-6 h (fivefold induction) after treatment. In addition, treatment of
      ovariectomized female rats with estrogen also resulted in a rapid rise in the
      accumulated level of RBP mRNA in the kidney while having no influence in the
      liver. Finally, studies using the anti-estrogen drug, hydroxytamoxifen, resulted
      in blockage of the estrogen-related induction of RBP mRNA in the kidney,
      suggesting that the induction of RBP mRNA in the kidney by estrogen may be
      mediated by the nuclear estrogen receptor. Taken together these data suggest that
      the regulation of RBP mRNA, levels in the liver and kidney, at least with respect
      to estrogen, is different.

PMID- 2280189
TI  - Hypersecretion of VLDL, but not HDL, by hepatocytes from the JCR:LA-corpulent
      rat.
AB  - The JCR:LA-corpulent male rat, when homozygous for the cp gene (cp/cp) is
      hyperlipidemic and prone to atherosclerosis. Both male and female cp/cp rats have
      markedly elevated serum levels of triacylglycerols and phospholipids [Dolphin,
      P.J. et al. 1987. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 919: 140-148]. In the present study,
      monolayer cultures of hepatocytes were prepared from male and female, corpulent
      and lean, rats. There was a marked hypersecretion of all very low density
      lipoprotein (VLDL) lipid and apoprotein components from corpulent-derived cells.
      The increased secretion most likely accounts for the increased levels of VLDL
      lipids and apoproteins previously observed in serum. In contrast, there was no
      difference between the corpulent and lean hepatocytes in their secretion of high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) lipids and apoproteins. The difference in
      triacylglycerol secretion between the lean and corpulent cells was sustained even
      when the cells were cultured for 24, 48, and 72 h prior to the experiment, by
      which time the hormonal differences between the corpulent and lean animals would
      have been largely eliminated. The magnitude of the difference in triacyglycerol
      secretion did not diminish with increasing time in culture. The biochemical basis
      responsible for the hypersecretion of VLDL has not yet been established. However,
      preliminary results suggest that there is an inherent difference in glycerolipid
      metabolism in the two types of hepatocytes.

PMID- 2280190
TI  - Apolipoprotein E distribution among human plasma lipoproteins: role of the
      cysteine-arginine interchange at residue 112.
AB  - Human apolipoprotein (apo) E occurs as three common isoforms (apoE4, E3, and E2),
      all of which influence plasma cholesterol levels. Although both apoE4 and E3 bind
      with equal effectiveness to the low density lipoprotein receptor, they associate
      preferentially with different classes of plasma lipoproteins: apoE4 with very low
      density lipoproteins, apoE3 with high density lipoproteins. The primary structure
      of apoE3 differs from that of apoE4 at only a single site; apoE3 has its sole
      cysteine residue at position 112, while apoE4 contains arginine at position 112
      and completely lacks cysteine. The present study investigated how this structural
      difference between apoE4 and E3 determines their distribution among plasma
      lipoproteins, and analyzed the role of the disulfide-linked heterodimer apoE-A-II
      (which apoE4 cannot form) in determining the distribution. Human plasma was
      incubated with 125I-labeled apoE, and lipoproteins were separated by agarose
      chromatography. Both apoE3 that had been reduced and alkylated with iodoacetamide
      and apoE3-A-II distributed with high density lipoproteins, indicating that a
      combination of an inherent property of the monomeric apoE3 structure and apoE-A
      II formation account for distribution of apoE3 to the high density lipoproteins.
      Cysteamine modification of apoE3 resulted in an apoE4-like distribution,
      demonstrating that a positive charge at position 112 determined the apoE4
      distribution and that the effect was not exclusively due to the presence of
      arginine at this position.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280191
TI  - Silicic acid HPLC of cardiolipin, mono- and dilysocardiolipin, and several of
      their chemical derivatives.
AB  - A silicic acid HPLC system in hexane-2-propanol-1 mM H3PO4 50:50:3.5 (v/v/v) is
      described for the analysis and/or purification of cardiolipin (CL),
      monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), dilysocardiolipin (DLCL), and several of their
      chemical derivatives. Derivatives that have been successfully analyzed include CL
      that is acetylated, succinylated, or tetrahydropyranylated at the 2-hydroxyl;
      MLCL acetylated at the 2 and 2'-hydroxyls; DLCL acetylated at the 2-hydroxyl and
      both 2'-hydroxyls; and MLCL tetrahydropyranylated at only the 2-hydroxyl. Water
      can replace 1 mM H3PO4 in the eluting solvent, but prior conditioning of the
      silicic acid column with the phosphoric acid solvent is necessary for acceptable
      chromatography. The most significant factor affecting the elution times of these
      compounds is the percentage of aqueous component, i.e., water or 1 mM H3PO4.

PMID- 2280192
TI  - Size exclusion chromatography for extraction of serum bile acids.
AB  - A major problem in the measurement of serum bile acids is their quantitative
      extraction from the high molecular protein matrix. In our hands, the standard
      techniques of adsorption and reversed-phase chromatography have yielded
      incomplete recovery for different bile acids (33-93%) and poor reproducibility.
      In contrast, with the novel extraction procedure of size exclusion
      chromatography, recovery was nearly quantitative (75-104%) and reproducibility
      was satisfactory. The described method allowed for a reliable determination of
      serum bile acids in healthy subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis. We
      conclude that size exclusion chromatography for serum bile acid extraction is
      more reliable than alternative techniques, because the separation by size is
      independent of solubility, charge, and polarity.

PMID- 2280193
TI  - An efficient synthesis of phosphatidylcholines.
AB  - This article deals with two of the major steps involved in phospholipid
      synthesis: the preparation of the optically pure precursors, sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine (GPC) and -ethanolamine, from a convenient lipid source such as
      egg yolk, and acylation of hydroxyl groups present in those precursors involving
      an acid to yield the corresponding phospholipid. Phosphatidylcholines and
      phosphatidylethanolamines were separated from lipids extracted from egg yolk
      using low-pressure column chromatography. The advantages of this method include
      the use of smaller volumes of solvents and silica gel and reuse of adsorbent.
      Acylation of GPC is aided by ultrasound from a common laboratory bath cleaner.
      Ultrasound-assisted base-catalyzed esterification of GPC is accomplished between
      2-6 hours providing a phospholipid in more than 80% yield. This scheme is
      particularly valuable in the synthesis of polymerizable phospholipids.

PMID- 2280194
TI  - Periodontics: the future is now.

PMID- 2280195
TI  - Preventive dentistry in private practice: a survey of Massachusetts offices.

PMID- 2280196
TI  - Thirty-year history of Tufts University School of Dental Medicine--1960-1990.

PMID- 2280197
TI  - Enamel color modifications by controlled hydrochloric acid pumice abrasion: a
      review with case summaries.

PMID- 2280198
TI  - Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test in the diagnosis of
      tuberculous meningitis.
AB  - The detection of immunoglobulin G antibody in the CSF to purified protein
      derivative in patients with tuberculous meningitis and non-tuberculous meningitis
      patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed at the
      Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital Medical School from 1986 to 1988.
      Seventeen proven tuberculous meningitis patients showed 14 positive results. This
      yielded the sensitivity of the test as 82.4 per cent only nine of the thirty non
      tuberculous meningitis patients showed a positive result. Thus demonstrating the
      specificity of the test as 70.0 per cent. The ELISA test for detecting the
      antibody of tuberculosis in the CSF is a rather sensitive test for diagnosis of
      tuberculous meningitis but it is not so specific for the condition.

PMID- 2280199
TI  - Clinico-physiological status of Thai COPD patients.
AB  - We examined the relationships between certain clinical and physiological data
      from 56 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and have formulated
      15 relevant equations from which various respiratory indices can be estimated.
      Multiple linear regressions thus obtained evidently suggest that airway
      resistance and ventilatory drive are the main factors in the control of breathing
      among Thai COPD subjects; the exercise tolerance test showed some correlation
      with airflow obstruction and with respiratory muscle strength. Clinical
      implementation of certain findings has been outlined.

PMID- 2280200
TI  - Discriminant analysis among septicemic melioidosis and other bacterial
      septicemia.
AB  - The clinical manifestations of septicemic melioidosis and other bacterial
      septicemia were studied at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University. Forty
      three cases of septicemic melioidosis and 68 non-melioidosis septicemia cases
      were analysed. By univariate analysis, the following clinical features are
      associated with septicemic melioidosis: male patients; age below 45 years;
      underlying diabetes mellitus or renal failure; pulmonary infection, impending
      respiratory failure and multiorgan involvement, while abdominal pain and urinary
      tract infection were more common in non-melioidosis septicemia. By using
      discriminant analysis and logistic regression, 3 features (diabetes mellitus,
      multiorgan involvement, and no abdominal pain or pulmonary infection) could
      discriminate the two groups with the accuracy of more than 85 per cent.

PMID- 2280201
TI  - Health status of Thai volunteers in a cholera vaccine trial.
AB  - One hundred and seventy-one male adults were screened in recruitment of
      volunteers for a cholera vaccine trial. A full medical history and a physical
      examination were performed on each subject. The percentages of subjects
      vaccinated against cholera and typhoid within twelve months were 4 and 1 per cent
      respectively, while 88 and 15 per cent respectively had been vaccinated more than
      a year. Biochemical screening revealed abnormal liver function tests in 40.7 per
      cent, specifically alkaline phosphatase (8%), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
      (8%), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (4.7%), total bilirubin (10%) and globulin
      (34%). Ten (6%) of the volunteers were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen
      (HBs-Ag). The total white cell count was elevated in 13.5 and 81.9 per cent had
      eosinophilia. Stool examination revealed infection with Hookworm (54.9%),
      Opisthorchis viverrini (29.8%), Strongyloides stercoralis (5.3%), Endolimax nana
      (3.5%), Giardia lamblia (5.3%) and Taenia saginata (2.9%). Few volunteers (13.4%)
      had abnormal microscopic examination of urine sediment. Only 57 subjects were
      considered suitable to be volunteers. Each of these subjects had no significant
      past medical, surgical or psychological illness. None had been vaccinated against
      cholera within the previous 12 months and no subject had abnormalities on
      physical examination or routine biochemical and haematological screening. The
      large number of subjects excluded from recruitment (67%) emphasized the
      importance of proper screening of volunteers for any vaccine trial.

PMID- 2280203
TI  - Computed tomography of intraventricular masses.
AB  - The CT appearances in 87 patients with intraventricular mass lesion were analyzed
      in order to verify the characteristic finding. The pathological diagnoses
      included medulloblastoma in 27, astrocytoma in 16, craniopharyngioma in 15,
      ependymoma in 9, meningioma in 7, AVM in 4, choroid plexus papilloma and
      epidermoid cyst in 2 each. One each had teratoma, ependymal cyst, cysticercosis,
      cavernous hemangioma and hemangioblastoma. The histologic diagnosis could be
      suggested by the frequency, location, density, age and sex of the patients. The
      differential features of each diagnosis are discussed.

PMID- 2280202
TI  - Severe hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patients
      during viral hepatitis.
AB  - Nine G-6-PD subjects developed acute hemolysis and severe hyperbilirubinemia (up
      to 61.1 mg/dl) following viral hepatitis. All except one had fever at
      presentation. Neutrophilic leukocytosis was a common feature. Elevation of both
      alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) and extremely high level of aspartate
      aminotransferase (SGOT) were prominent. Three developed acute renal failure. All
      patients survived, one after peritoneal dialysis. Recognition of the clinical
      picture is essential to prevent serious complications and for successful
      management.

PMID- 2280204
TI  - Early detection of oesophageal carcinoma in southern Thailand.
AB  - The use of balloon cytology technique for detection of oesophageal carcinoma has
      been tested in 73 non-symptomatic patients and 53 patients with symptoms of
      oesophageal carcinoma from the high incidence of Southern Thailand. Cytological
      findings were compared with findings of esophagoscopy and oesophageal biopsy.
      Among symptomatic patients, scope/biopsy revealed 29 positive for carcinoma,
      against which balloon cytology yielded 9 false negatives (sensitivity 69%), but
      no false positives. All false negatives were of the stenosing type of tumour. One
      of 3 early cases of carcinoma revealed by the balloon technique among
      asymptomatic patients could not be detected by oesophagoscopy, biopsy or
      oesophagogram, but was confirmed by repeated cytological examination. The basic
      properties of the balloon cytology technique appear to justify its use as a
      routine diagnostic tool among high-risk patients for oesophageal carcinoma in
      Southern Thailand.

PMID- 2280205
TI  - Massive chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation in Burkitt's
      lymphoma: the first two patients successfully treated in Thailand.
AB  - Massive chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) have been
      successfully used for the treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma. We report our first
      success with such treatment in two children with Burkitt's lymphoma in Thailand.
      Both patients had massive abdominal tumors with ascites and minimal bone marrow
      metastasis at the first presentation. They received induction chemotherapy and
      intensive treatment including central nervous system prophylaxis with cranial
      irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate until being in complete remission before
      starting massive chemotherapy, comprising the combination of BCNU, cytosine
      arabinoside, cyclophosphamide and 6-thioguanine followed by ABMT. Both patients
      recovered completely following intensive supportive treatments post ABMT and are
      still good health without evidence of the disease for 18 and 8 months after
      transplantation respectively. The role of massive chemotherapy and ABMT for the
      treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma especially Burkitt's lymphoma was discussed.

PMID- 2280206
TI  - Concomitant disseminated varicella and generalized staphylococcal scalded skin
      syndrome in a leukemic patient.
AB  - We report a case of nosocomial fatal varicella infection in a 13-year-old boy
      with acute lymphoblastic leukemia complicated with staphylococcal scalded skin
      syndrome. His underlying leukemia, immunosuppressive drugs, disseminated
      varicella, S. aureus colonization, and acute renal insufficiency were all
      contributing factors that were pathogenetically linked in the development of his
      generalized SSSS.

PMID- 2280207
TI  - Evidence for extended maintenance of the corpus luteum by uterine infusion of a
      recombinant trophoblast alpha-interferon (trophoblastin) in sheep.
AB  - Ovine trophoblastin (oTP) is a natural interferon of the class-II interferon
      alpha subfamily. Recombinant ovine trophoblastin (r.oTP), produced by genetic
      engineering, was purified by anion-exchange HPLC. The product exhibited a high
      degree of homogeneity (greater than 98%), and similar immunological cross
      reaction and antiviral activity to natural oTP. Antiluteolytic activity of r.oTP
      was established by intrauterine injection in two groups of cyclic recipient ewes.
      Control group A included 10 ewes which received sterile BSA in saline twice daily
      for 8 days (from day 10-12 of oestrous cycle). Experimental group B included 17
      ewes which received 80 micrograms (4 ewes), 170 micrograms (8 ewes) or 340
      micrograms (5 ewes) r.oTP daily for 8 days. Maintenance of functional corpora
      lutea for 1 month or more was observed in 4 out of 5 ewes which received high
      doses of r.oTP. These results indicate that oTP alone extends luteal secretory
      activity.

PMID- 2280208
TI  - The endothelium--the body's largest endocrine gland?

PMID- 2280209
TI  - Enhanced potency of truncated insulin-like growth factor-I (des(1-3)IGF-I)
      relative to IGF-I in lit/lit mice.
AB  - The relative potencies of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and the N-terminal
      truncated derivative, des(1-3)IGF-I, have been compared in lit/lit mice.
      Injection of 30 micrograms IGF-I, 30 micrograms des(1-3)IGF-I or 3 micrograms
      des(1-3)IGF-I daily for 3 weeks increased total length and nose-rump length of
      the animals substantially more than in controls or animals treated with 3
      micrograms IGF-I daily. Body weight changes were not statistically significant.
      The lower dose of des(1-3)IGF-I, but not that of IGF-I, led to increases in
      kidney and heart weights relative to controls, while the higher dose of either
      IGF-I or des(1-3)IGF-I also increased the weights of liver, lungs and stomach.
      These results indicate that the higher potency of des(1-3)IGF-I demonstrated in
      cultured cells also applies in vivo to at least one strain of GH-deficient
      animals.

PMID- 2280210
TI  - Stress responsiveness of hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor and
      pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin mRNAs following high-dose glucocorticoid treatment
      and withdrawal in the rat.
AB  - In-situ hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes was used to determine
      the mRNA content of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and proenkephalin A
      mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus, and of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA in
      the anterior pituitary gland of male rats immediately after, and during recovery
      from, chronic high-dose prednisolone treatment. Levels of transcripts for mRNA
      for both CRF and POMC were markedly reduced after the treatment, but there was a
      rapid return to control values for CRF mRNA within 18 h of steroid withdrawal. In
      untreated animals, the stressful stimulus of i.p. hypertonic saline increased CRF
      and proenkephalin A mRNA within 4 h with no significant difference in response
      seen whether the tissues were removed at 13.00 or 20.00 h. The increase in POMC
      mRNA did not reach statistical significance in these animals. Although
      prednisolone resulted in a marked reduction of basal CRF mRNA, the stress-induced
      increment of CRF mRNA remained comparable with that found in untreated animals.
      On the day following cessation of prednisolone treatment at 09.00 h, basal and
      stress levels of CRF mRNA were significantly higher in rats killed at 20.00 h
      than at 13.00 h. Proenkephalin A mRNA transcripts were below quantifiable levels
      of detection in control or non-stressed prednisolone-treated animals at all the
      time-points studied. Stress, however, resulted in the accumulation of
      proenkephalin A mRNA in control animals. This response was inhibited by
      prednisolone treatment and only returned 18 h after withdrawal. Prednisolone
      treatment reduced POMC mRNA below the levels detected in untreated animals, with
      no detectable response to stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280211
TI  - Thyroid hormones during development of a marsupial, the tammar wallaby, Macropus
      eugenii.
AB  - The levels of thyroid hormones in the plasma and the activities of 5'-deiodinase
      activity in liver and kidney were determined in the tammar wallaby, Macropus
      eugenii, from early pouch life to adulthood. The total concentration of plasma
      thyroxine (T4) was below 15 nmol/l before day 75 of pouch life, rose to about 75
      nmol/l at day 160, and then decreased to about 12 nmol/l in the adult. The total
      concentration of plasma tri-iodothyronine (T3) was below 0.4 nmol/l before day
      120, increased to 3 nmol/l by about day 220 and then decreased to 1.0 nmol/l in
      adults. Concentrations of free T4 and free T3 followed a similar pattern but
      peaked at 45 and 160 pmol/l respectively. Concentrations of reverse T3 (rT3) were
      extremely variable, ranging from 0 to 1 nmol/l at day 100, and from 0 to greater
      than 2 nmol/l at day 180. After about day 230, rT3 levels fell rapidly and were
      below 0.3 nmol/l in adults. Liver and kidney 5'-deiodinase activities, which were
      undetectable before day 80, reached adult levels by day 220. Half-maximal
      activity of both these enzymes occurred at about day 205, mid-way between the
      peaks of T4 and T3. These findings suggest that the systems supporting synthesis
      and release of hormones from the thyroid gland are probably mature by about day
      160 of pouch life in the tammar, while peripheral deiodinase activity, which is a
      major factor in the production of T3 in the plasma, matures by about day 220.
      These events thus precede the development of physiological independence of the
      young tammar from its mother.

PMID- 2280212
TI  - Regulation of the photoperiod-induced cycle in the peripheral blood
      concentrations of beta-endorphin and prolactin in the ram: role of dopamine and
      endogenous opioids.
AB  - In a group of adult Soay rams housed indoors under an artificial light cycle of
      alternating 16-week periods of long and short days, there was a conspicuous long
      term cycle in the peripheral plasma concentrations of beta-endorphin and
      prolactin. The levels of beta-endorphin were highest under short days and lowest
      under long days (15-fold change), and inversely related to the changes in the
      plasma levels of prolactin (120-fold change). The role of dopamine in the control
      of beta-endorphin and prolactin was investigated in a series of experiments,
      conducted under both long and short days, in which rams were treated with
      dopamine receptor agonists (dopamine and bromocriptine) and antagonists (pimozide
      and sulpiride). Naloxone (opioid antagonist) was also administered to assess the
      additional involvement of endogenous opioids. Dopamine injected i.v. (6.6 mg/kg
      every 10 min) did not significantly affect the mean plasma concentrations of beta
      endorphin and prolactin under either long or short days. Pimozide (0.08 mg/kg
      i.m. every 2 h) caused a large increase in the mean plasma concentrations of beta
      endorphin and prolactin under long days but not short days. Naloxone (1.6 mg/kg,
      i.v.), administered alone or in combination with dopamine or pimozide, had no
      effect on the mean plasma concentrations of beta-endorphin and prolactin, except
      under short days when, combined with pimozide, it induced an increase in the
      plasma concentrations of the two polypeptides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280213
TI  - Potentiation of the growth-promoting activity of porcine growth hormone (pGH)
      with an antibody generated in rabbits to the peptide sequence pGH110-118.
AB  - An effort was made to identify the antigenic epitope(s) of porcine GH (pGH)
      capable of inducing antibodies which would enhance the growth-promoting activity
      of the hormone. Several peptide sequences of the pGH molecule were synthesized
      and the antibodies to these peptides were generated in rabbits. The majority of
      these antibodies were found to be immunoreactive with both intact pGH and their
      respective peptide antigens. The biological activity of the antibodies was tested
      in growth-retarded hypophysectomized rats. Daily injections with pGH alone
      significantly increased their growth rate and treatment with a combination of pGH
      and antibody specific to the peptide sequence 110-118 further heightened the
      somatogenic effect. Administration of this antibody alone did not enhance the
      growth rate of hypophysectomized rats, neither did antibodies raised to intact
      pGH or the other peptide sequences. The present findings suggest that antibody
      with a particular pGH epitope specificity is able to increase the somatogenic
      activity of pGH and that the peptide corresponding to pGH amino acids 110-118 may
      prove useful in the development of growth promoting vaccines.

PMID- 2280215
TI  - Responses to protein deficiency of plasma and tissue insulin-like growth factor-I
      levels and proteoglycan synthesis rates in rat skeletal muscle and bone.
AB  - The relative biological importance of plasma levels of insulin-like growth
      factors (IGFs) is uncertain since the IGFs may act through endocrine mechanisms
      involving circulating IGFs secreted by the liver, or by autocrine/paracrine
      mechanisms with IGF production in or close to their target cells. We report here
      studies in rats designed to examine this problem with an investigation of the
      changes in plasma and tissue concentrations of IGF-I in relation to the
      inhibition of bone and muscle growth and proteoglycan synthesis, a putative IGF-I
      sensitive process, by protein deficiency. Over a 3-week period in young well-fed
      growing rats, there were marked increases in plasma IGF-I, whereas in the protein
      deficient animals in which growth was inhibited concentrations fell markedly. In
      bone, concentrations of IGF-I were initially 20% of plasma, did not increase with
      age and were minimally influenced by protein deficiency. In skeletal muscle,
      concentrations of IGF-I were initially 3% of plasma, did not increase with age,
      but did fall with protein deficiency. In bone, the inhibition of proteoglycan
      synthesis by the protein deficiency was not correlated with changes in tissue IGF
      I concentrations and was poorly correlated with changes in plasma hormone
      concentrations, although in the latter case an exponential relationship could be
      fitted to the data from the initial control and subsequent protein-deficient
      animals. In muscle, the changes in proteoglycan synthesis were significantly
      linearly correlated with changes in tissue IGF-I compared with an exponential
      relationship with plasma concentrations from the initial control and subsequent
      protein-deficient animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280214
TI  - Changes in the hypothalamic contents of LHRH-I and -II and in pituitary
      responsiveness to synthetic chicken LHRH-I and -II during the progesterone
      induced surge of LH in the laying hen.
AB  - The contents of LHRH-I and -II in the anterior hypothalamus and posterior
      hypothalamus (including the mediobasal hypothalamus and median eminence) were
      measured at 90, 180 and 360 min after the i.m. injection of laying hens with
      progesterone. Whilst no changes were observed in the content of LHRH-I in the
      anterior hypothalamus, LHRH-I in the posterior hypothalamus tended to fall at 90
      and 180 min after injection of progesterone in hens maintained on 16 h light:8 h
      darkness (16L:8D) and 8L:16D respectively. Pretreatment of laying hens with
      tamoxifen significantly increased the hypothalamic contents of LHRH-I and -II,
      raised the basal plasma concentration of LH and modified the LH response to
      progesterone injection. In hens in which tamoxifen prevented an increase in the
      plasma concentration of LH after progesterone injection, the content of LHRH-I in
      the posterior hypothalamus remained unchanged. In contrast, in hens in which
      progesterone stimulated a steep increase in LH within 90 min, there was a
      pronounced and significant fall in LHRH-I content of the posterior hypothalamus.
      No change in the hypothalamic content of LHRH-II was observed during the
      progesterone-induced surge of LH until plasma concentrations had attained maximal
      values or started to decline. Then, in hens maintained on 16L:8D, a significant
      fall in the content of LHRH-II in the anterior hypothalamus was found at both 180
      and 360 min after injection with progesterone. Tests in vitro and in vivo of the
      responsiveness of the pituitary gland to synthetic LHRH-I and -II revealed no
      change at 90 min after injection of laying hens with progesterone, when plasma
      concentrations of LH were increasing, but a pronounced reduction when plasma LH
      concentrations were maximal or falling. These results suggest that LHRH-I
      mediates in the progesterone-induced increase in the plasma concentration of LH.
      Although the subsequent decline in plasma LH was associated with a reduced
      responsiveness of the pituitary gland to LHRH, a significant correlation between
      the contents of LHRH-I and -II in the anterior hypothalamus and a fall in the
      hypothalamic content of LHRH-II when plasma LH was maximal or declining allows
      the possibility of an involvement of this peptide in the neuroendocrine events
      preceding ovulation.

PMID- 2280216
TI  - Autoantibody to growth hormone in a patient with myasthenia gravis.
AB  - An autoantibody to GH was detected in the serum from a patient with myasthenia
      gravis (MG) who had never been prescribed GH. Using an immunoprecipitation
      technique, this autoantibody was found to belong to the IgG class and had a kappa
      chain. The dissociation constant of the antibody was 56.8 nmol/l and the binding
      capacity was 37 nmol/l. Serum samples from another 130 patients, including 37
      with MG, were examined, but the GH autoantibody could not be detected. To our
      knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the presence of a GH
      autoantibody.

PMID- 2280217
TI  - Applicability of the product isolation and the radiometric aromatase assays for
      the measurement of low levels of aromatase: lack of aromatase activity in the
      human endometrium.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to assess the applicability of two well
      established procedures: (i) the product isolation assay and (ii) the radiometric
      3H2O assay for the determination of very low levels of aromatase activity. The
      methods were validated and used to assess the capacity of normal and neoplastic
      human endometrium to synthesize oestrogens from androgens. Using the product
      isolation assay, various specimens (n = 27) of normal and neoplastic endometrium
      were incubated with [1,2,6,7-3H]testosterone either by a standard incubation
      procedure or by a superfusion technique. Following the incubation, carrier
      oestrone and oestradiol or [14C]oestrone and [14C]oestradiol were added, and the
      oestrogens were isolated and purified by paper chromatography and high
      performance liquid chromatography. The radiochemical purity of oestrone and
      oestradiol was checked by the isotope dilution technique. In all samples, the 3H
      associated with oestrone and oestradiol failed to recrystallize as oestrone and
      oestradiol. No radioactivity was detectable in the oestrone and oestradiol
      crystals after acetylation. Similarly, 16 endometrial samples were tested for
      aromatase activity by the 3H2O release assay using [1 beta-3H]androstenedione as
      substrate. The results indicate that 3H2O was indeed released during these
      incubations, but this activity could not be inhibited by the aromatase inhibitor
      4-hydroxyandrostenedione, by excess substrate or by heat inactivation of the
      tissue. Furthermore, the release of 3H2O from [1 beta-3H]androstenedione under
      the incubation conditions used (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium or RPMI-1640
      containing fetal bovine serum and NADPH) also occurred in the absence of any
      tissue. This activity was not inhibited by 4-hydroxyandrostenedione nor by excess
      substrate. The results demonstrate that the human endometrium does not contain
      detectable levels of aromatase activity and that the radiometric assay can give
      rise to false-positive results if used for detection of very low levels of
      aromatase activity.

PMID- 2280218
TI  - Synapse formation. A symposium. Batam Island, Indonesia.

PMID- 2280219
TI  - Cell recognition and pattern formation in the developing nervous system.
AB  - The topographic map of cell position in the avian retina is conserved and
      inverted when retinal ganglion neurons synapse with neurons in the optic tectum.
      Developmental mechanisms based on molecular gradients that specify positional
      information and pattern formation have been postulated in the establishment of
      these topographic maps of cells in retina and optic tectum. Two cell surface
      proteins in retina, TOP(DV) and TOP(AP), are distributed in dorsoventral and
      anteroposterior topographic gradients, respectively. Corresponding gradients of
      TOP molecules present in the tectum are inverted with respect to the retinal
      gradients. These orthogonal gradients of TOP(DV) and TOP(AP) molecules provide a
      possible Cartesian coordinate system for designation of cell position at all
      points in the retinotectal map.

PMID- 2280220
TI  - The formation of cooperative cell assemblies in the visual cortex.
AB  - During a critical period of postnatal development of the mammalian visual cortex,
      synaptic connections are susceptible to use-dependent modifications. Synaptic
      connections strengthen if pre- and postsynaptic elements are active
      simultaneously and postsynaptic depolarization is sufficient to allow for the
      activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-gated conductances. By
      contrast, synaptic gain decreases if postsynaptic activation exceeds a critical
      threshold and presynaptic afferents are not capable of activating NMDA-receptor
      dependent conductances. These processes lead to selective stabilization of
      connections between neuronal elements which often exhibit correlated activity and
      thus modify connectivity according to functional criteria. It is suggested that
      such experience-dependent selection of circuits serves different purposes at
      different levels of visual processing. At the input stage to the striate cortex
      it contributes to optimize the match between the representations of the two eyes.
      At a later stage of processing it participates in the development of selective
      connections between cortical columns and thereby serves to establish neuronal
      representations for frequently occurring constellations of features. Use
      dependent changes of synaptic gain can also be induced in the mature visual
      cortex. These modifications follow the same rules as those occurring during early
      development and appear to depend on similar molecular mechanisms. However, in the
      adult the changes of synaptic gain do not seem to be followed by major
      rearrangements of connectivity. This suggests developmental alterations in
      mechanisms responsible for growth, removal and stabilization of synaptic
      connections. Actually, many of the cellular mechanisms thought to be involved in
      use-dependent synaptic plasticity change during development but it is still
      unclear which of them are responsible for the definitive stabilization of
      functionally confirmed pathways.

PMID- 2280221
TI  - Synaptic connections made by axons regenerating in the central nervous system of
      adult mammals.
AB  - The restoration of connections in the injured central nervous system (CNS) of
      adult mammals is hindered by the failure of axons to grow back to their natural
      fields of innervation. Following transection of the optic nerve of adult rodents,
      the guided regeneration of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons along a transplanted
      segment of peripheral nerve (PN) has shown that these neurones retain their
      capacities to form well-differentiated synapses in both normal and abnormal
      targets. The main aim of this review is to describe the anatomical and functional
      characteristics of some of these connections and to suggest that their terminal
      distribution and morphology may be the result of a persistence in these targets
      of molecular determinants that influence normal connectivity in the intact
      animal.

PMID- 2280222
TI  - Cerebellar synaptogenesis: what we can learn from mutant mice.
AB  - Examination of perturbations in the adult cerebellar connectivity, that follow
      well-defined lesions produced by gene mutations in the mouse, reveals a few of
      the numerous and intricate cellular interactions taking place during
      synaptogenesis. In weaver and in the central ectopia of reeler, Purkinje cells
      form innumerable dendritic spines, despite the absence of parallel fibers. Only a
      small proportion of these spines are innervated, and their presynaptic partners
      are mossy fibers (heterologous synapses) originating from spinal cord, but not
      from pontine nuclei. Hence, the early phase of membrane recognition is based more
      on a hierarchical choice between a wide range of graded preferences, than on the
      complementarity of a narrow range of synaptic affinities. The comparative
      analysis of weaver, reeler, staggerer and hyperspiny Purkinje cell has allowed us
      to establish that the late phase of synapse stabilization or elimination, leading
      to the numerical matching of one climbing fiber per Purkinje cell, is not based
      on climbing fiber translocation. Conversely, this regression appears to be the
      result of a process of competition between climbing fibers and parallel fibers.
      Whatever the mechanisms of the competition are, the results obtained with the
      mutants suggest that activity of the forming cerebellar circuitry is involved in
      their regulation. Finally, a new mutation is reported, the nodding mouse, to
      illustrate the fact that the ultimate morphology of presynaptic boutons results
      from an interplay between intrinsically regulated factors (features of
      presynaptic organelles) and the morphogenetic influence of postsynaptic partners.
      This accounts for the size and shape of the boutons as well as for the class of
      synaptic junction. Furthermore, this morphogenetic influence is not restricted to
      early life but occurs whenever the originally established balance between pre-
      and postsynaptic elements is upset.

PMID- 2280223
TI  - Morphological plasticity of postsynaptic neurones in reactive synaptogenesis.
AB  - Partial deafferentation of certain brain regions (septal nuclei, hippocampus,
      etc.) in adult animals results (1) in the disappearance of degenerating axon
      terminals and (2) in the short-term persistence of vacant postsynaptic sites.
      These postsynaptic sites have been shown to be re-supplied by sprouted axon
      terminals of intact axons. This paper will demonstrate that, in brain regions
      (e.g. cerebellar cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus) where axonal sprouting of
      local elements or of persisting afferent axons is negligible or absent, synaptic
      reorganization involves the active participation of postsynaptic dendritic and
      somatic elements of surviving local nerve cells. Synaptic regeneration can be
      demonstrated by morphological means both in developing and in adult central
      nervous system. The dendrites may show two types of response to deafferentation:
      (1) the formation of presynaptic specializations along their otherwise
      'classical' postsynaptic membrane (the axonization of dendrites) resulting in the
      formation of new, dendrodendritic synapses, and (2) the 'adaptive' (structural)
      reduction in size ('atrophy') of the denervated nerve cell dendritic
      arborization, leading to a relative increase in density of the surviving (though
      non-sprouting) afferent axon terminals. In both cases a partial functional
      recovery can be demonstrated.

PMID- 2280224
TI  - The influence of action potentials on the development of the central visual
      pathway in mammals.
AB  - The development of the mammalian visual system begins prenatally at distributed
      sites, where cells generated at different embryonic ages are destined to
      interconnect and form the visual pathways, and ends postnatally with the
      functional tuning of neuronal receptive-field properties. It is reasonable to
      assume that the earliest stages in this developmental sequence are completed
      prior to the onset of neural activity, and also that activity may play only a
      minor role or even none at all in primary axon outgrowth and pathway finding
      (Harris, 1981; Harris and Holt, 1990). However, recent evidence indicates that
      subsequent events in development, such as the sorting of axons at their targets,
      the cellular differentiation of target cells and the formation of synaptic
      contacts by developing axons, are all influenced by action potentials. Action
      potentials in the developing retino-geniculo-cortical pathway can be eliminated
      by blocking the voltage-gated sodium channel with tetrodotoxin. Prenatal blockade
      prevents the laminar segregation of retinogeniculate axons. Postnatal blockade
      interrupts the formation of retinogeniculate synaptogenesis, slows the
      cytoarchitectonic differentiation of the lateral geniculate nucleus and produces
      abnormalities in the responses of lateral geniculate neurons. In the visual
      cortex, the development of cells and synapses is retarded and the eye-specific
      separation of geniculocortical axons is halted, thereby blocking the formation of
      ocular dominance columns. While the cellular mechanisms underlying these effects
      are not understood, a partial restoration of normal development can be produced
      by stimulating blocked axonal pathways electrically.

PMID- 2280225
TI  - Synapse formation in the adult brain after lesions and after transplantation of
      embryonic tissue.
AB  - Some years ago it was demonstrated that when the adult rat septal nuclei are
      partially deafferented the remaining afferent fibres form new connections. The
      conclusion that new synaptic connections form in the adult central nervous system
      (CNS) was greeted initially with much scepticism, later with over-enthusiasm and
      unwarranted generalisation to all lesion situations, together with even less
      warranted attribution of various beneficial functional properties. Today, as the
      pendulum swings into a more reasonable position, some of the original
      observations, which at the time attracted little attention, have become more
      interesting. (1) The observation that in the normal septal nuclei the ratio of
      spine to shaft synapses is extraordinarily constant (to an accuracy better than
      1%) from one animal to another. How could such almost crystalline rigidity of
      structure be produced in normal development and maintained in the face of major
      lesion-induced changes in connectivity? (2) The observation that synaptic re
      occupation by sprouting axons restores exactly the normal number of synapses,
      presumably indicating that the neurones have a fixed number (as well as
      spine/shaft distribution) of postsynaptic sites. Thus, the septal lesion paradigm
      is as strong a method for investigating synaptic rigidity as for investigating
      plasticity. In the intervening years, the use of embryo to adult transplantation
      has made it obvious that considerable reconstruction of adult brain synaptology
      is possible, and that many of the normal rules of connectivity are maintained
      (most prominently for the 'point-to-point' axonal systems). What could lead to
      further fruitful investigation is the extent to which the observations (e.g.
      relating to hierarchies of axonal preference, the need for denervation, and the
      involvement of glial cells) in partially deafferented adult systems, such as the
      septal nuclei, are retained, or modified, in face of the ingrowing fibres from
      embryonic transplants.

PMID- 2280226
TI  - Development of the rodent cerebellum and synaptic re-formation of donor climbing
      terminals on spines of the host Purkinje dendrites after chemical
      deafferentation.
AB  - Reinnervation of host Purkinje cells by donor climbing fibers was observed in the
      following experiments. Medullary primordial tissue (from E14-E16) containing the
      inferior olive was grafted into a host rat cerebellum, in which the inferior
      olivary complex and climbing fibers had been destroyed by intraperitoneal
      injection of 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP). After 3 weeks, immature as well as mature
      types of climbing fiber terminals bearing packed round vesicles were found that
      had established synaptic contacts on dendritic spines of the host Purkinje cells.
      Quantitative analysis at the ultrastructural level has been carried out. The main
      results are as follows. (1) The number of preterminals that formed synaptic
      contacts with spines of the host Purkinje dendrites in the transplanted material
      increased by 3.4-fold compared to the control (3-AP-treated non-grafted
      material). (2) The number of mature climbing-type preterminals increased from 0.3
      0.9% to 5% after grafting (cf. 22% in normal brain tissue), and the number of
      immature climbing-type preterminals also increased from 2-10% (control) to 20%
      after grafting. These changes were statistically significant (P less than 0.01).
      (3) The number of parallel-type preterminals increased from 13% (control) to 27%
      after grafting, which was also statistically significant (P less than 0.01).
      Thus, it appears that the donor climbing fibers grow and develop to find
      unoccupied spines on the host Purkinje dendrites and establish synaptic contacts,
      and also that the host parallel fibers may generate axonal sprouts to search
      their new targets and ultimately to form synaptic contacts with unoccupied
      spines. In the process of re-modeling the brain, competition for targets is
      likely to occur between the two kinds of axonal processes, i.e. the donor
      climbing fibers and the host parallel fibers.

PMID- 2280227
TI  - In vitro experiments on axonal guidance and growth-cone collapse.
AB  - In the retinotectal projection, nasal retinal axons project to posterior tectum,
      while temporal axons project to the anterior part of the tectum. In in vitro
      experiments, a similar specificity can be observed: the nasal and temporal
      retinal axons can be guided by tectal membrane components so that, for example,
      temporal retinal axons, when growing on a striped substratum consisting of
      anterior and posterior tectal membranes, express a very strong preference for the
      anterior stripes. This preference is not due to attractivity of anterior
      membranes but rather to avoidance of posterior material, although the pure
      posterior membranes are a very good substratum for growth of temporal axons. The
      repellent guidance molecule has been identified. Interestingly, besides guidance
      this molecule causes another reaction: when growing temporal axons are exposed to
      medium containing either posterior membranes or artificial lipid vesicles
      containing the repellent guidance molecule, the axonal growth cones collapse. As
      in guidance, there is a clear regional specificity: e.g. the repellent guidance
      molecule derived from posterior tectum induces collapse of temporal but not of
      nasal axons. Since the guiding and the collapse-inducing activity are expressed
      by one and the same glycoprotein molecule (Mr 33 x 10(3), linked to the membrane
      by phosphatidylinositol) and since another molecule has been identified by
      Keynes' group which also expresses both guiding and collapse-inducing activity,
      one might speculate that axonal guidance and axonal collapse have something in
      common. Models of axonal guidance will be discussed.

PMID- 2280229
TI  - Specification of synaptic connections mediating the simple stretch reflex.
AB  - A variety of mechanisms underlie the specification of synaptic connections during
      development. In the monosynaptic stretch reflex in vertebrates, sensory neurones
      innervating muscle spindles are not determined until they make contact with a
      particular muscle. Instead, the muscle they supply appears to specify the pattern
      of central connections they establish with motoneurones. Developing thoracic
      sensory neurones made to project to novel peripheral targets in the forelimb of
      tadpoles project into the brachial spinal cord, something they never do in normal
      frogs. Moreover, these foreign sensory neurones make monosynaptic connections
      with the now functionally appropriate brachial motoneurones. Normal patterns of
      neuronal activity are not necessary for the formation of specific central
      connections. Neuromuscular blockade of developing chick embryos with curare
      during the period of synaptogenesis does not prevent the formation of correct
      sensory-motor connections. Competitive interactions among the afferent fibres
      also do not appear to be important in this process. When the number of sensory
      neurones projecting to the forelimb is drastically reduced during development,
      each afferent fibre still makes central connections of the same strength and
      specificity as normal. Together, these results suggest that peripheral targets
      induce some molecular change in developing sensory neurones such that they can
      recognize their appropriate synaptic partners in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2280228
TI  - In situ analysis of neuronal dynamics and positional cues in the patterning of
      nerve connections.
AB  - Recently developed imaging techniques permit individual cells to be uniquely
      labeled and followed over time as development proceeds in intact vertebrate
      embryos. Small groups of cells in the developing eye rudiment of the frog Xenopus
      have been labeled with the vital dyes DiI, lysinated fluorescein dextran (LFD) or
      lysinated rhodamine dextran (LRD). Individual optic axons and their growth cones
      were clearly visible in the intact living animal using confocal microscopy or
      epifluorescence microscopy with a low light level video camera and computer-based
      video image enhancement. To follow the dynamics of single optic nerve fiber
      terminal arborizations, small groups of cells, or even single retinal ganglion
      cells, were labeled with DiI, and the resulting labeled optic nerve fibers were
      imaged using a confocal microscope. The images show a profound alteration in
      morphology from day to day, demonstrating that optic nerve terminal arborizations
      are dynamic structures constantly extending and retracting branches. To follow
      the topography of the developing projection and analyze the cues that guide its
      formation, small groups of eyebud cells from LFD- and LRD-labeled donor embryos
      were grafted to an unlabeled host in either a location equivalent to that from
      which they had been removed (homotopic grafts) or a non-equivalent location
      (heterotopic grafts). Axons from homotopic grafts projected to the tectum as
      expected from the adult topography of the retinotectal projection. Dorsoventral
      topography was present from the time that the optic nerve fibers were observable
      in the tectum, in agreement with previous work. Nasotemporal topography was
      subtle or absent for the first few days, and then slowly refined. The importance
      of positional cues was tested by performing heterotopic eyebud grafts, in which
      the labeled eyebud cells are grafted to inappropriate places in the host eyebud.
      The heterotopic grafts appeared to integrate with the ectopic site in the eyebud
      in a functional manner. They should, therefore, project to the tectum together
      with their new neighbors if neighbor interactions or activity-based cues were of
      primary importance in the initial patterning of the map. However, the experiments
      showed that the axons from heterotopic grafts always behaved in a fashion
      appropriate to their position of origin in the donor, regardless of their final
      position in the host. These observations indicate that small groups of eyebud
      cells (as small as a single cell) possess positional information that plays a
      dominant role in guiding the optic nerve fibers to their target sites in the
      tectum.

PMID- 2280231
TI  - Musings on medical education in the United States.

PMID- 2280230
TI  - Development of the mammalian retinogeniculate pathway: target finding, transient
      synapses and binocular segregation.
AB  - This review is concerned with the development of the mammalian retinogeniculate
      projection from the perspective of our studies on the hamster and to a lesser
      extent on the cat. In these, and other mammalian species, axons from the two eyes
      initially spread throughout the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and thus
      completely overlap. Later they segregate, the axons from each eye coming to
      occupy discrete, non-overlapping territories within the dLGN. The process of
      segregation to establish the adult pattern coincides with the death of retinal
      ganglion cells projecting to inappropriate areas of the dLGN and with the loss,
      by degeneration or retraction, of the axons and/or axonal branches initially
      located within inappropriate territory of the dLGN. These events occur in the
      early postnatal period in hamsters, before the eyes have opened, and in cats and
      monkeys they occur entirely during embryonic life: thus, they do not depend on
      the onset of normal visual function. If one eye is removed before segregation has
      begun, the terminal fields of the crossed and uncrossed axons from the remaining
      eye do not segregate, suggesting that segregation in normal development may
      depend on some form of interaction between retinal ganglion cells from the two
      eyes. Attractive and/or repulsive influences exerted by the dLGN on
      retinogeniculate axons may also be involved in the formation of eye-specific
      territories. Experimental ultrastructural studies in hamster and cat show that
      the overlap phase is associated with the formation, by inappropriately located
      axons, of transient synapses similar to those made by retinogeniculate axons in
      appropriate parts of the dLGN. In the cat, the transient synapses are made by the
      axon trunk and by side branches of retinogeniculate axons with terminal arbors in
      appropriate parts of the nucleus; the transient synapses disappear as the side
      branches are shed or retracted during the segregation period. Because of good
      evidence that electrical activity of the retinogeniculate axons may be involved
      in binocular segregation of inputs, we suggest that the formation and elimination
      of transient synapses play a significant role in the development of the orderly
      retinogeniculate projections.

PMID- 2280232
TI  - Alcohol consumption and synthesis of ethyl esters of fatty acids in adipose
      tissue.
AB  - Ethyl esters of fatty acids (EEFA) have been found to be formed during ethanol
      metabolism. Human adipose tissue contains high concentrations of free fatty
      acids, the substrate for EEFA synthesis, and might therefore be a tissue with
      great potential for EEFA formation. In order to explore their potential
      usefulness as markers of alcohol abuse, the EEFA concentration and the activity
      of EEFA-synthesizing enzyme were therefore determined in adipose tissue from men
      belonging to the following categories: teetotalers, social drinkers, alcoholics
      under treatment, or established alcoholics found to have died as a result of
      alcohol intoxication. In order to estimate the half-life of EEFA and the synthase
      activity induction, the alcoholics were examined after different time periods of
      abstinence from alcohol. Comparisons were also made with several established
      markers of alcohol abuse. EEFA were not found in teetotalers, and were found in
      low concentrations in some of the social drinkers. EEFA were found in several
      alcoholics, and the forensic cases had high concentrations. EEFA-synthesizing
      enzyme activity was found in all subjects, increasing from teetotalers to social
      drinkers, and being 2-fold higher in alcoholics and 5-fold higher in dead
      alcoholics. The induction of the enzyme after abstinence appeared to have a half
      life of the order of several weeks. Correlations were found between EEFA synthase
      activity and previously established markers of alcohol abuse known to remain for
      a long time period after abstinence, such as mean erythrocyte corpuscular volume.
      This preliminary study suggests the possibility that EEFA synthase induction in
      adipose tissue might have a longer half-life than previously used markers of
      alcohol abuse. It is therefore suggested that the induction of EEFA synthase
      might be a potentially useful new marker for alcohol abuse because of its
      apparent proportionality to alcohol intake over a prolonged time period, its
      presumed specificity, and long-term elevation after alcohol abstinence. This
      potential marker should be analysed further.

PMID- 2280233
TI  - Influence of dietary cod liver oil on fatty acid composition of plasma lipids in
      human male subjects after myocardial infarction.
AB  - A randomized crossover study was carried out to investigate the fatty acid
      profile and concentrations of plasma lipids in male patients with myocardial
      infarction (MI) who supplemented their diet with 20 ml cod liver oil daily for 6
      weeks. Subjects were divided into two groups, A and B. Group A received cod liver
      oil daily for 6 weeks after hospital discharge, but none for the subsequent 6
      weeks. Group B did not start taking cod liver oil until 6 weeks after hospital
      discharge, and they then took cod liver oil for 6 weeks. Diet, medication or
      smoking habits were kept as constant as possible during the study. During the
      period of cod liver oil intake, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 (n-3), EPA) and
      docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 (n-3), DHA) increased significantly in phospholipids
      (PL), triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol esters (CE), whereas linoleic acid (18:2
      (n-6), LA), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3 (n-6), DHGLA) and arachidonic acid
      (20:4 (n-6), AA) were significantly decreased in phospholipids. The plasma level
      of TG was significantly decreased during the cod liver oil intake. Total
      cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and levels of
      apolipoproteins A1 and B were not affected by cod liver oil in these MI patients.

PMID- 2280234
TI  - Atrioventricular plane displacement in severe congestive heart failure following
      dilated cardiomyopathy or myocardial infarction.
AB  - Echocardiographic recording of the atrioventricular (AV) plane displacement
      during the cardiac cycle was used to assess left ventricular (LV) global function
      in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The study population consisted
      of 70 patients with chronic CHF (NYHA functional groups III and IV) following
      dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or myocardial infarction (MI), and 35 age-matched
      healthy subjects. The AV plane displacement was recorded from the apical 4- and 2
      chamber views at four LV sites located about 90 degrees apart and representing
      the septal, anterior, lateral and posterior parts of the LV wall. A mean value
      was calculated from the above sites (AV-mean). Patients with CHF showed a
      significant generalized reduction of AV plane displacement compared to healthy
      subjects (5.6 mm vs. 14.5 mm, P less than 0.001). Thirty CHF patients also
      underwent radionuclide angiography in order to determine the ejection fraction
      (EF). The correlation between AV-mean and EF was good (r = 0.82, P less than
      0.001). The selection of an AV-mean of less than 7 mm to define a severely
      depressed LV function (EF less than 30%) gave a sensitivity of 92% and a
      specificity of 67%. It is concluded that the AV plane displacement can be used to
      estimate LV systolic function in patients with CHF.

PMID- 2280235
TI  - Elevation of plasma neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity and noradrenaline during
      myocardial ischaemia in man.
AB  - Plasma levels of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) and noradrenaline
      were studied for 25 h in 22 patients with acute ischaemic heart disease. On
      admission, NPY-LI levels were above normal in 16 patients, and 20 patients had
      increased noradrenaline levels. The initial plasma NPY-LI did not differ between
      patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and angina pectoris. Initial
      plasma noradrenaline levels were higher in patients with AMI than in those with
      angina pectoris. Plasma levels of noradrenaline remained elevated in AMI
      patients, but decreased towards normal values in patients with angina pectoris.
      Levels of NPY-LI returned to normal within 25 h in all patients. Tachycardia and
      left ventricular failure were related to high NPY-LI and noradrenaline levels. A
      positive correlation was found between noradrenaline and NPY-LI in plasma. It is
      suggested that neuropeptide Y (NPY), an endogenous vasoconstrictor peptide,
      should be considered as one of the mediators involved in the cardiovascular
      response to sympathetic activation induced by myocardial ischaemia.

PMID- 2280236
TI  - Unnecessary deaths from valvular aortic stenosis.
AB  - The annual mortality from aortic valvular stenosis was calculated among potential
      candidates for surgical replacement of the aortic valve. From the Swedish Central
      Register of Causes of Death, 70 patients below the age of 80 years who had died
      from aortic stenosis during a 1-year period in the County of Stockholm
      (population 1.5 million), were identified. A retrospective analysis of their
      medical records showed that 37 individuals were suitable candidates for surgery.
      The presence of aortic stenosis had been verified at autopsy in 31 (84%)
      patients. The remaining six patients (16%) had their aortic stenosis diagnosis
      established by a thorough non-invasive investigation performed before death.
      Although typical signs and symptoms of aortic stenosis were recorded in all 37
      patients, only six (16%) of them had been considered by their physicians to be
      suitable candidates for surgery prior to death. The deceased patients were
      compared with a group of 68 patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement
      for aortic stenosis during the same period. There were no significant differences
      between the two groups with regard to symptoms and clinical findings, except for
      a higher incidence of syncope in the operated group. It is concluded that, of 105
      (68 surgically treated and 37 deceased) eligible patients with aortic stenosis,
      37 individuals did not receive surgical care in time. The reason for this was
      probably insufficient knowledge of the curability of the disease.

PMID- 2280237
TI  - Antihypertensive drugs and glucose metabolism: comparison between a diuretic, a
      beta-blocker and felodipine, a new calcium antagonist in subjects with arterial
      hypertension and diabetes.
AB  - Felodipine, a new antihypertensive calcium antagonist, was compared with
      metoprolol, a beta-blocker, and hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic, with respect to
      glucose tolerance in a randomized double-blind cross-over study consisting of 11
      patients, of age range 50-70 years, who had developed diabetes during
      antihypertensive treatment. Each treatment period lasted for 10 weeks. The blood
      pressure was similar irrespective of treatment. Serum glucose levels during the
      oral glucose tolerance test were significantly lower when the patients were
      treated with felodipine than when they were taking hydrochlorothiazide. Serum
      insulin levels appeared to decrease at an earlier stage of the test when the
      patients were treated with felodipine, the calcium antagonist, than with the
      other two antihypertensive substances, which suggests that glucose tolerance is
      impaired to a lesser extent during treatment with the calcium antagonist. Glucose
      tolerance was never completely normalized with any of the drugs tested.

PMID- 2280238
TI  - Very high blood pressure in acute stroke.
AB  - In a study sample consisting of 388 unselected, consecutive acute stroke
      patients, 27 with systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 200 mmHg and
      diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 115 mmHg were compared with the
      other 361 patients. The patients with high blood pressure were younger (65 vs. 73
      years) and much more often had a history of hypertension (78 vs. 42%). Cardiac
      and vascular hypertensive manifestations were more frequent, particularly when
      only those patients with a history of hypertension were compared in the two
      groups. Alcohol abuse was mentioned in a higher proportion of hypertensives in
      the summaries of their medical records. No definite conclusions could be drawn
      with regard to the size and location of the brain lesions. Clinical symptoms did
      not differ between the groups, neither did the proportion of patients who could
      be discharged from hospital immediately. Mortality was higher in the high blood
      pressure group (30 vs. 14%, P less than 0.05). Thus the characteristics of
      patients with very high blood pressure were: younger age, much more frequent and
      severe previous hypertension. Alcohol abuse might be an important factor. The
      type, size and location of the brain lesion itself could not be statistically
      related to the high blood pressure, but very large lesions, particularly
      haemorrhages, might be associated with a reactive blood pressure response.

PMID- 2280239
TI  - Increased whole blood viscosity combined with decreased erythrocyte fluidity in
      untreated patients with essential hypertension.
AB  - Erythrocyte fluidity and other haemorheological variables were studied in 22
      patients with essential hypertension and compared with age- and sex-matched
      healthy controls. Hypertensive patients displayed a significantly lower
      erythrocyte fluidity (P less than 0.001). Similarly, significantly elevated
      values for haematocrit, plasma and whole blood viscosity, as well as aggregation
      tendency were observed compared to controls. Although differing in these respects
      from controls, there were no obvious relationships between these rheological
      variables and either systolic or diastolic blood pressure. The significantly
      lower erythrocyte fluidity and other changes in haemorheological variables of red
      blood cells found in hypertensive patients may be explained by an enlarged
      metabolic pool of free calcium ions in these red blood cells. It is suggested
      that the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of essential hypertension
      are multifactorial rather than being based on a single molecular derangement.
      Primary events resulting in altered physicochemical properties of the red blood
      cells may work in concert in the development of essential hypertension, in
      addition to the increased availability of calcium ions and their potential role
      in smooth muscle contraction.

PMID- 2280240
TI  - Acetazolamide-associated aplastic anaemia.
AB  - Eleven cases of acetazolamide-associated aplastic anaemia were reported in Sweden
      during a 17-year period. There were six women and five men with a median age of
      71 years (range 63-85 years). The median dose of acetazolamide was 500 mg, and
      the median duration of treatment was 3 months (range 2-71 months). Ten of the
      eleven patients died, all within 8 weeks after detection of their aplastic
      anaemia. The relative risk of developing aplastic anaemia when taking
      acetazolamide was 13.3 (95% confidence limits (CL); 6.8-25.3). The estimated
      incidence of reported acetazolamide-associated aplastic anaemia is approximately
      one in 18,000 patient years. The results strongly indicate that acetazolamide
      treatment is associated with a substantial increase in the risk of developing
      aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 2280241
TI  - Modern haemophilia treatment: medical improvements and quality of life.
AB  - Adequate replacement therapy in haemophilia has been available for two decades.
      This has led to considerable improvements in the life expectancy and physical
      status of haemophilia patients. A study was conducted to investigate whether this
      has also led to improvements in quality of life. With this aim, information was
      obtained from 935 Dutch haemophiliacs by mailed questionnaires on relationships,
      marriage, family life and employment. Haemophilia patients were less often
      married than men in the general population (13% fewer) and had a lower total
      number of children (30% lower, 17% for those who were married). Twenty-two per
      cent of the patients were not employed and received an income from the disability
      funds. While severity of haemophilia, joint damage and age increased the risk of
      disability, it was noted that home treatment was associated with a 50% reduction
      in this risk. Remarkably, haemophilia patients did not differ from the general
      population in their view of the quality of their own health. The results of this
      study show a positive influence of modern haemophilia treatment on quality of
      life. At present, AIDS overshadows all optimistic feelings one may have about
      this field. However, the results described here demonstrate the benefits that can
      be achieved with adequate replacement therapy, and justify the expectation of
      further improvements in the near future.

PMID- 2280242
TI  - The relationship between symptomatic and biochemical hypoglycaemia in insulin
      dependent diabetic patients.
AB  - The relationship between symptomatic (subjective feelings) and biochemical (blood
      glucose concentration less than 3 mmol l-1) hypoglycaemia was studied in 66
      randomly selected insulin-dependent diabetic out-patients under normal conditions
      of daily life with conventional insulin injection regimens. The patients (a)
      collected 7-point diurnal blood glucose profiles at home on three consecutive
      days and then once weekly for 3 weeks, (b) indicated whether they felt
      hypoglycaemic at sampling times, and (c) collected extra samples if they felt
      hypoglycaemic at any time during the study period. The weekly frequencies of
      symptomatic and biochemical hypoglycaemia were 0.99 and 1.75 per patient,
      respectively. Biochemical hypoglycaemia was present in 29% of the symptomatic
      episodes, and symptomatic hypoglycaemia accompanied 16% of the biochemical
      episodes. Symptomatic hypoglycaemia was experienced at a median blood glucose
      concentration of 3.4 mmol l-1 (range 1.4-14.9 mmol l-1). Fifty per cent of both
      symptomatic and biochemical episodes occurred before lunch, while the remainder
      were evenly distributed throughout the day. The occurrence of biochemical
      hypoglycaemia, but not of symptomatic hypoglycaemia, was inversely correlated
      with HbA1c and median blood glucose concentration. Thus symptomatic hypoglycaemia
      is an unreliable indicator of biochemical hypoglycaemia and of the degree of
      glycaemic control. Blood glucose measurements are a prerequisite for the
      diagnosis of hypoglycaemia.

PMID- 2280243
TI  - Fatal pulmonary embolism caused by streptokinase treatment of deep venous
      thrombosis of the leg?
AB  - During the last 10 years, four of 150 (2.7%) patients with deep venous thrombosis
      (DVT) treated with streptokinase (SK) at our department have died of pulmonary
      embolism (PE). A retrospective study of 1393 DVT patients treated with heparin
      during the period 1973-1986 showed that five (0.36%) of these patients died of PE
      while still on heparin. In this paper we describe the four patients treated with
      SK who developed fatal PE. In our opinion this increase in mortality does not
      warrant the use of SK in routine treatment of DVT of the leg before a proper
      trial has been conducted to compare the frequencies of pulmonary embolism after
      both treatments.

PMID- 2280244
TI  - Forty years of neuroglycopenia: neuropsychiatry for the internist.
AB  - The case of a 65-year-old patient with an insulin-secreting pancreatic tumour and
      a 40-year history of neuropsychiatric disease is reported. The physiopathology
      and clinical features of acute, subacute, and chronic neuroglycopenia in patients
      with endogenous insulin hypersecretion are discussed.

PMID- 2280245
TI  - No effect of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside on red cell filterability in patients
      with acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2280246
TI  - Link between insulin resistance, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia.

PMID- 2280247
TI  - Sperm histones and chromatin structure of the "primitive" sea urchin Eucidaris
      tribuloides.
AB  - The "primitive" sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides resembles the advanced sea
      urchins (euechinoids) in many respects, yet some features of its biochemistry and
      morphogenesis are more similar to other echinoderms such as starfish or sea
      cucumbers. Two unique characteristics of the sperm chromatin of all known
      euechinoids are an extremely long average nucleosomal repeat length and the
      presence of two male germ-line-specific histone variants, Sp H1 and Sp H2B.
      Histone composition and nucleosomal repeat length of the sperm chromatin of
      Eucidaris were compared to those of several euechinoids and a starfish. Eucidaris
      sperm chromatin contained large H1 and H2B histone variants typical of
      euechinoids. The H1 was about nine amino acids smaller than Sp H1 of the advanced
      urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Its Sp H2B molecules were the same size as
      in the euechinoids. Peptide maps showed that N-terminal regions of Sp H1 and Sp
      H2B contained repeating basic amino acid motifs characteristic of euechinoids.
      The smaller size of Eucidaris H1 is accounted for by a smaller C-terminal region.
      The repeat length of Eucidaris sperm chromatin was slightly shorter than that of
      two euechinoids, but significantly larger than starfish, which lacks a large H2B.
      The Sp H2B gene of Eucidaris was expressed during spermatogenesis in the same
      cell types as for S. purpuratus. Thus Sp histone subtype expression and chromatin
      structure in this distantly related echinoid closely resemble the euechinoids.
      The presence of an Sp H2B and a very long repeat length appear to be
      characteristic of the echinoids only.

PMID- 2280248
TI  - Rat renal papillary tissue explants survive and produce epithelial monolayers in
      culture media made hyperosmotic with sodium chloride and urea.
AB  - The capacity of papillary cells to adapt to elevated osmotic concentrations is
      unusual among mammalian cells. This capacity was evaluated by using primary
      tissue culture. Viability and growth of cells in rat renal papillary tissue
      explants were assessed after culture in media adjusted with urea and sodium
      chloride to various osmotic concentrations between 300 and 1,500 mOsm/kg water.
      The survival of cells, including cells resembling those of the collecting ducts
      and the loop of Henle, was greatest in medium adjusted to 1,000 mOsm with
      equiosmolar amounts of the two solutes. At 1,500 mOsm only cuboidal tubular
      epithelium resembling collecting duct epithelial cells survived. In contrast,
      cells of cortical tissue survived and grew at 300 and 640 mOsm, but not at 1,000
      mOsm or above. Epithelial monolayers appeared to proliferate from collecting
      ducts and spread over the surface of the explants as well as onto the glass
      surface in the culture dish. Epithelial growth of medullary tissue was most rapid
      at 300 mOsm and was slower at 700 and 1,000 mOsm. Monolayers did not form at
      1,500 mOsm; however, epithelial overgrowth of explants did occur. Hydropenia in
      the donor animal did not significantly affect the viability or growth of cultured
      papillary tissue. Explants cultured for 5 days at 300 mOsm followed by a stepwise
      increase in medium osmolality to 1,100 or 1,500 mOsm and cultured for 3 more days
      showed low or no survival whereas explants cultured at 700 mOsm survived such
      increases. Explants cultured for 5 days at 1,500 mOsm survived and grew
      monolayers when lowered to 300 mOsm. Poor viability and no epithelial
      proliferation were observed in explants cultured in medium adjusted to 900 mOsm
      with either urea or sodium chloride alone, suggesting that a mixture of the two
      solutes in the extracellular space, as found in vivo, may be essential in
      achieving elevated osmolalities.

PMID- 2280249
TI  - Ultrastructural evidence for an association between an oviductal glycoprotein and
      the zona pellucida of the golden hamster egg.
AB  - The ultrastructural localization of an oviductal glycoprotein, designated ZP-0 in
      golden hamster oviductal eggs, was investigated by immunolabeling methods using a
      monoclonal antibody (C11E8). Immunofluorescence staining showed that C11E8
      specifically reacted with the zona pellucida of the oviductal egg but not the
      ovarian egg. In an immunoelectron microscopic study applying the protein-A gold
      technique, gold particles were distributed throughout the zona pellucida of the
      oviductal eggs and were also associated with the perivitelline matrix. Structures
      within the eggs and cumulus cells did not react with C11E8. Quantitative
      evaluations of the degree of labeling demonstrated that a large number of gold
      particles was bound to the zone pellucida, especially in the middle layer.
      Moreover, in bovine testicular hyaluronidase-treated eggs the density of labeling
      decreased only in the outer third of the zona pellucida. These results show that
      ZP-0 to the was associated with the zona pellucida and perivitelline matrix of
      the golden hamster egg after ovulation and suggest that there are topographical
      differences in the binding activity of ZP-0 to the zona pellucida. In addition,
      the decrease in labeling density of ZP-O induced by hyaluronidase appears to be
      related to changes in the properties of the outer layer of the zona pellucida.

PMID- 2280250
TI  - Developmental potential of biopsied mouse blastocysts.
AB  - The health of a preimplantation embryo can be diagnosed in one or more cells
      biopsied from the conceptus. Here, we tried to evaluate the impact of biopsy of
      some trophectoderm cells from hatching mouse blastocysts on their further in
      vitro implantation and early egg cylinder formation. Of 374 blastocysts evaluated
      112 hours after hCG, 34% initiated hatching with a small number of mural, polar,
      or intermediate trophectoderm cells. Half of 59 embryos that underwent induction
      of hatching by zona puncturing herniated some cells through this opening. After
      removal of cells with a glass microneedle from spontaneously hatching
      blastocysts, viability assessed by vital FDA staining was impaired, as well as
      the in vitro zona pellucida shedding and implantation. When polar trophectoderm
      cells were biopsied, a significantly lower number of embryos reached the egg
      cylinder stage.

PMID- 2280251
TI  - Stretch of active muscle during the declining phase of the calcium transient
      produces biphasic changes in calcium binding to the activating sites.
AB  - In voltage-clamped barnacle single muscle fibers, muscle shortening during the
      declining phase of the calcium transient increases myoplasmic calcium. This extra
      calcium is probably released from the activating sites by a change in affinity
      when cross-bridges break (Gordon, A. M., and E. B. Ridgway, 1987. J. Gen.
      Physiol. 90:321-340). Stretching the muscle at similar times causes a more
      complex response, a rapid increase in intracellular calcium followed by a
      transient decrease. The amplitudes of both phases increase with the rate and
      amplitude of stretch. The rapid increase, however, appears only when the muscle
      is stretched more than approximately 0.4%. This is above the length change that
      produces the breakpoint in the force record during a ramp stretch. This positive
      phase in response to large stretches is similar to that seen on equivalent
      shortening at the same point in the contraction. For stretches at different times
      during the calcium transient, the peak amplitude of the positive phase has a time
      course that is delayed relative to the calcium transient, while the peak decrease
      during the negative phase has an earlier time course that is more similar to the
      calcium transient. The amplitudes of both phases increase with increasing
      strength of stimulation and consequent force. When the initial muscle the active
      force. A large decrease in length (which drops the active force to zero)
      decreases the extra calcium seen on a subsequent restretch. After such a
      shortening step, the extra calcium on stretch recovers (50 ms half time) toward
      the control level with the same time course as the redeveloped force. Conversely,
      stretching an active fiber decreases the extra calcium on a subsequent shortening
      step that is imposed shortly afterward. Enhanced calcium binding due to increased
      length alone cannot explain our data. We hypothesize that the calcium affinity of
      the activating sites increases with cross-bridge attachment and further with
      cross-bridge strain. This accounts for the biphasic response to stretch as
      follows: cross-bridges detached by stretch first decrease calcium affinity, then
      upon reattachment increase calcium affinity due to the strained configuration
      brought on by the stretch. The experiments suggest that cross-bridge attachment
      and strain can modify calcium binding to the activating sites in intact muscle.

PMID- 2280253
TI  - Membrane currents in taste cells of the rat fungiform papilla. Evidence for two
      types of Ca currents and inhibition of K currents by saccharin.
AB  - Taste buds were isolated from the fungiform papilla of the rat tongue and the
      receptor cells (TRCs) were patch clamped. Seals were obtained on the basolateral
      membrane of 281 TRCs, protruding from the intact taste buds or isolated by micro
      dissection. In whole-cell configuration 72% of the cells had a TTX blockable
      transient Na inward current (mean peak amplitude 0.74 nA). All cells had outward
      K currents. Their activation was slower than for the Na current and a slow
      inactivation was also noticeable. The K currents were blocked by
      tetraethylammonium, Ba, and 4-aminopyridine, and were absent when the pipette
      contained Cs instead of K. With 100 mM Ba or 100 mM Ca in the bath, two types of
      inward current were observed. An L-type Ca current (ICaL) activated at -20 mV had
      a mean peak amplitude of 440 pA and inactivated very slowly. At 3 mM Ca the
      activation threshold of ICaL was near -40 mV. A transient T-type current (ICaT)
      activated at -50 mV had an average peak amplitude of 53 pA and inactivated with a
      time constant of 36 ms at -30 mV. ICaL was blocked more efficiently by Cd and
      D600 than ICaT. ICaT was blocked by 0.2 mM Ni and half blocked by 200 microM
      amiloride. In whole-cell voltage clamp, Na-saccharin caused (in 34% of 55 cells
      tested) a decrease in outward K currents by 21%, which may be expected to
      depolarize the TRCs. Also, Na-saccharin caused some taste cells to fire action
      potentials (on-cell, 7 out of 24 cells; whole-cell, 2 out of 38 cells responding
      to saccharin) of amplitudes sufficient to activate ICaL. Thus the action
      potentials will cause Ca inflow, which may trigger release of transmitter.

PMID- 2280252
TI  - Intracellular pH recovery from alkalinization. Characterization of chloride and
      bicarbonate transport by the anion exchange system of human neutrophils.
AB  - The nature of the intracellular pH-regulatory mechanism after imposition of an
      alkaline load was investigated in isolated human peripheral blood neutrophils.
      Cells were alkalinized by removal of a DMO prepulse. The major part of the
      recovery could be ascribed to a Cl-/HCO3- counter-transport system: specifically,
      a one-for-one exchange of external Cl- for internal HCO3-. This exchange
      mechanism was sensitive to competitive inhibition by the cinnamate derivative UK
      5099 (Ki approximately 1 microM). The half-saturation constants for binding of
      HCO3- and Cl- to the external translocation site of the carrier were
      approximately 2.5 and approximately 5.0 mM. In addition, other halides and
      lyotropic anions could substitute for external Cl-. These ions interacted with
      the exchanger in a sequence of decreasing affinities: HCO3- greater than Cl
      approximately NO3- approximately Br greater than I- approximately SCN- greater
      than PAH-. Glucuronate and SO4(2-) lacked any appreciable affinity. This rank
      order is reminiscent of the selectivity sequence for the principal anion
      exchanger in resting cells. Cl- and HCO3- displayed competition kinetics at both
      the internal and external binding sites of the carrier. Finally, evidence
      compatible with the existence of an approximately fourfold asymmetry (Michaelis
      constants inside greater than outside) between inward- and outward-facing states
      is presented. These results imply that a Cl-/HCO3- exchange mechanism, which
      displays several properties in common with the classical inorganic anion
      exchanger of erythrocytes, is primarily responsible for restoring the pHi of
      human neutrophils to its normal resting value after alkalinization.

PMID- 2280254
TI  - Changes in intracellular pH caused by high K in normal and acidified frog muscle.
      Relation to metabolic changes.
AB  - We examined the effect of depolarization on intracellular pH (pHi) of normal (pHi
      approximately 7.37) and acidified (pHi 5.90-6.70) frog semitendinosus muscle
      using microelectrodes. A small bundle was superfused with a Na(+)-free buffered
      solution (10 mM HEPES, 100% O2, pH 7.35) containing either 2.5 or 25 mM K+. An
      NH4Cl prepulse was used to lower pHi. At normal pHi, depolarization usually
      produced a slight (0.04) alkalinization, followed by a fall in pHi of
      approximately 0.2. In contrast, in all 25 acidified bundles pHi rose by 0.1-0.7.
      The rise was greater the lower the initial pHi. It could be imitated by caffeine
      and blocked by tetracaine and thus was, most likely, initiated by release of
      calcium. We ascribed the alkalinization to hydrolysis of phosphocreatine (PCr);
      2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene abolished it. Biochemical analysis on fibers at the peak
      of alkalinization showed PCr to be reduced by one-half, while PCr in normal
      fibers that had been depolarized for the same period (4-6 min) showed no change.
      We postulated that low pHi slows glycolysis with its associated ATP formation by
      reducing glycogenolysis and particularly by reducing conversion of fructose-6
      phosphate to fructose-1,6-diphosphate through inhibition of phosphofructokinase
      (PFK), an enzyme which is known to be highly pH sensitive. Thus PCr hydrolysis
      would be required to replace much of the hydrolyzed ATP. This postulated effect
      on PFK is in agreement with the finding that glucose-6-phosphate (in near
      equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate) was increased nearly fivefold in the
      depolarized acid fibers, but not in the depolarized normal fibers. However,
      fructose-1,6-diphosphate also increased significantly; 3-phosphoglycerate was not
      affected. This suggests an additional acid-induced bottleneck between the latter
      two substrates. We measured the intrinsic buffering power, beta, of frog
      semitendinosus muscle with small pulses of NH4Cl. It was found to vary with pHi
      according to beta = 144.6 - 17.2 (pHi).

PMID- 2280255
TI  - Effects of membrane potential on electrically silent transport. Potential
      independent translocation and asymmetric potential-dependent substrate binding to
      the red blood cell anion exchange protein.
AB  - Tracer anion exchange flux measurements have been carried out in human red blood
      cells with the membrane potential clamped at various values with gramicidin. The
      goal of the study was to determine the effect of membrane potential on the anion
      translocation and binding events in the catalytic cycle for exchange. The
      conditions were arranged such that most of the transporters were recruited into
      the same configuration (inward-facing or outward-facing, depending on the
      direction of the Cl- gradient). We found that the membrane potential has no
      detectable effect on the anion translocation event, measured as 36Cl(-)-Cl- or
      36Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange. The lack of effect of potential is in agreement with
      previous studies on red cells and is different from the behavior of the mouse
      erythroid band 3 gene expressed in frog oocytes (Grygorczyk, R., W. Schwarz, and
      H. Passow. 1987. J. Membr. Biol. 99:127-136). A negative potential decreases the
      potency of extracellular SO4= as an inhibitor of either Cl- or HCO3- influx.
      Because of the potential-dependent inhibition by SO4=, conditions could be found
      in which a negative intracellular potential actually accelerates 36Cl- influx.
      This effect is observed only in media containing multivalent anions. The simplest
      interpretation of the effect is that the negative potential lowers the inhibitory
      potency of the multivalent anion by lowering its local concentration near the
      transport site. The magnitude of the effect is consistent with the idea that the
      anions move through 10-15% of the transmembrane potential between the
      extracellular medium and the outward-facing transport site. In contrast to its
      effect on extracellular substrate binding, there is no detectable effect of
      membrane potential on the competition between intracellular Cl- and SO4= for
      transport sites. The lack of effect of potential on intracellular substrate
      binding suggests that the access pathway leading to the inward-facing transport
      site is of lower electrical resistance than that leading to the extracellular
      substrate site.

PMID- 2280256
TI  - A precore-defective mutant of hepatitis B virus associated with e antigen
      negative chronic liver disease.
AB  - The pathogenesis of chronic liver disease (CLD) due to persistent hepatitis B
      virus (HBV) infection has not been defined, but the disease activity is believed
      to correlate with the presence of hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) antigenemia and
      high viremia. The molecular characterization of an HBV mutant isolated from an
      HBeAg-negative patient with severe CLD required amplification of the circulating
      HBV DNA (2 pg/ml) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Direct sequencing of
      the nucleotides from five independent amplifications of the conserved precore
      region consistently revealed a G to A mutation in each of the two terminal codons
      of the precore region. Codon 28 was mutated from tryptophan-encoding TGG to a
      translational stop codon, TAG; codon 29 preceding the core initiation codon was
      changed from GGC to GAC. For biologic evaluation of these mutations on HBV
      replication and expression of HBeAg in vitro, HepG2 cells were transfected with
      cloned, recircularized mutant HBV DNA. The transfected cells contained subviral
      core particles in the cytoplasm and secreted mature HBV, without HBeAg, into the
      medium. The findings present the first evidence that complete HBV genomes can be
      amplified by PCR and are replication-competent in vitro. The data also indicate
      that HBeAg is not necessary for replication of HBV and furthermore suggest that
      HBeAg is not required for the progression of HBV-induced CLD.

PMID- 2280257
TI  - Hepatitis B pre-S1 and pre-S2 proteins: clinical significance and relation to
      hepatitis B virus DNA.
AB  - Pre-S proteins may have an important role in virus assembly and virus entry into
      the host cell. The presence of pre-S proteins in serum has also been thought to
      correlate with active viral replication. To investigate whether pre-S proteins in
      serum might have additional diagnostic and/or predictive value for liver sequelae
      in HBV infection, sera from six different serological groups of patients with HBV
      markers (total number 363) and different manifestations of liver histology were
      examined for the presence of pre-S1 and pre-S2 proteins using micro-ELISAs. Pre
      S1 and pre-S2 proteins were detected significantly more often in HBV-DNA-positive
      than in HBV-DNA-negative sera from HBsAg carriers. However, pre-S1 and pre-S2
      proteins were also found in HBV-DNA-negative HBsAg carriers irrespective of serum
      HBeAg/anti-HBe or liver histologic findings. These results suggest that the
      presence of the pre-S1 and or pre-S2 proteins in serum either does not seem to
      reflect the presence of active viral replication and active liver disease or pre
      S proteins are more readily detectable than HBeAg and HB-DNA as measured by a dot
      blot technique. Furthermore, the presence of pre-S proteins in serum is strongly
      correlated with that of HBsAg.

PMID- 2280258
TI  - Protein analysis of newly isolated variants of echovirus type 18 by
      electrophoresis and western blotting.
AB  - The protein patterns of two newly isolated antigenic variants of echovirus type
      18 were compared with those of the prototype strain. Electrophoretic mobilities
      of VP1 and VP2 of the variants differed from those of the prototype strain. The
      antiserum against the prototype strain reacted to VP0 and VP2 in the Western
      blotting experiment. In addition, the variants differed from the prototype strain
      in growth behavior in the cultured cells.

PMID- 2280259
TI  - Prevalence of human T-cell leukemia virus antibody among heterosexuals living in
      Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
AB  - To determine the heterosexual spread of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I)
      infections, a cohort of 472 individuals with more than 5 heterosexual partners in
      the 6 months before entry was studied. They were recruited from visitors to the
      Clinic for Sexually Transmitted Diseases of the Municipal Health Service. Half of
      the study group was born in the Netherlands, 13% in Surinam or the Dutch
      Antilles, and 8% in Turkey or Morocco. Seventy percent were involved in
      commercial sex. Three persons were positive for HTLV-I, with serum antibodies
      against p19, p24, p28, gp46, and gp61 in Western immunoblot (WIB) and radio
      immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA). Two of them originated from Surinam and the
      third was a Dutch woman. Two other individuals were HIV-positive, 19% had
      hepatitis B virus (HBV)-markers and 6% Treponema pallidum reacted in the
      hemagglutination assay (TPHA). It is concluded that HTLV-I circulates in the
      Surinamese population in Amsterdam and there was no evidence of appreciable
      heterosexual transmission.

PMID- 2280260
TI  - Development and evaluation of the TD97 measles virus vaccine.
AB  - The TD97 strain vaccine virus was prepared from the Tanabe strain measles virus
      by low-temperature passages in primary cell cultures and ultraviolet (UV)
      mutagenesis. The TD97 strain exhibited the following characteristics: highly
      temperature sensitive, neither multiplying nor forming any plaques at 40 degrees
      C in Vero cells; genetically stable, maintaining high temperature sensitivity
      after ten successive passages in CE cells at 30 degrees C or 35 degrees C; and M
      proteins of this virus about 1 KD slower in mobility in SDS-PAGE than that of the
      Tanabe strain. The TD97 strain was further confirmed to be attenuated by an
      inoculation test into primate brain. In field trials, 752 healthy children were
      inoculated with a live virus vaccine prepared with this strain, and the following
      results were obtained: the seroconversion rate was 97% (517/533), and the average
      HI antibody titer was 2(5.2). An antibody-increasing effect was also observed in
      children who were initially seropositive. In children who seroconverted, the
      rates of fever were 15.7% (55/351) for 37.5 degrees C or higher and 4.0% (14/351)
      for 39 degrees C or higher. The rash rate was 7.7% (27/351), and the incidence of
      local reaction was 5.4% (19/351). The TD97 strain is thus considered to be
      suitable in use for an attenuated measles vaccine.

PMID- 2280261
TI  - Molecular similarity: the introduction of flexible fitting.

PMID- 2280262
TI  - The conformational preferences of gamma-lactam and its role in constraining
      peptide structure.
AB  - The conformational constraints imposed by gamma-lactams in peptides have been
      studied using valence force field energy calculations and flexible geometry maps.
      It has been found that while cyclisation restrains the psi of the lactam, non
      bonded interactions contribute to the constraints on psi of the lactam. The gamma
      lactam also affects the (psi, psi) of the residue after it in a peptide sequence.
      For an L-lactam, the ring geometry restricts psi to about -120 degrees, and psi
      has two minima, the lowest energy around -140 degrees and a higher minimum (5
      kcal/mol higher) at 60 degrees, making an L-gamma-lactam more favourably
      accommodated in a near extended conformation than in position 2 of a type II'
      beta-turn. The energy of the psi approximately +60 degrees minimum can be lowered
      substantially until it is more favoured than the -140 degrees minimum by
      progressive substitution of bulkier groups on the amide N of the L-gamma-lactam.
      The (psi, psi) maps of the residue succeeding a gamma-lactam show subtle
      differences from those of standard N-methylated residues. The dependence of the
      constraints on the chirality of gamma-lactams and N-substituted gamma-lactams, in
      terms of the formation of secondary structures like beta-turns is discussed and
      the comparison of the theoretical conformations with experimental results is
      highlighted.

PMID- 2280263
TI  - Triangulation algorithms for the representation of molecular surface properties.
AB  - A triangulation algorithm for a dotted surface (i.e. a surface defined by point
      coordinates in three dimensions) is given. The individual triangles are generated
      on the basis of a hierarchy of strategies according to increasing surface
      complexity. While for small molecules an elementary algorithm is sufficient to
      triangulate the surface, large molecules-like proteins-generally need all steps
      of the hierarchy. Although this program has been developed with the aim of
      triangulating molecular surfaces, it can in principle be applied to any surface
      defined by 3D point coordinates.

PMID- 2280264
TI  - Automated conformational analysis: algorithms for the efficient construction of
      low-energy conformations.
AB  - The method of constructing low-energy conformations using template joining can
      provide an efficient means of searching the conformational space of molecules.
      The simplest algorithm to perform this task would construct each potential
      conformation from scratch. However, new algorithms, some of which use techniques
      from Artificial Intelligence, have been developed which can greatly improve the
      efficiency of this approach.

PMID- 2280265
TI  - Molecular modelling of poly(aryl ether ketones). I. Aryl..aryl interactions in
      crystal structures.
AB  - Non-bonded potentials for the aryl..aryl interaction have been derived using
      crystal structure data of a number of small aromatic molecules. The potentials,
      based on atom-centered interactions, give an accurate reproduction of the benzene
      crystal geometry and sublimation energy when used in conjunction with coulombic
      energies evaluated using point atomic charges. An examination of the charge
      distribution on benzene suggested values of 0.13e (H) and -0.13e (C) to be
      suitable. The transferability of the potentials has been shown by prediction of
      crystal geometries and sublimation energies of other hydrocarbon molecules and,
      with additional interactions for the oxygen atom included, preliminary polymer
      crystal structure calculations have been carried out. These demonstrate the
      validity of the derived parameters by successfully predicting crystallographic
      unit cell dimensions and ring conformations in the poly(phenylene oxide) and
      poly(aryl ether ketone) crystals.

PMID- 2280266
TI  - Molecular structure matching by simulated annealing. I. A comparison between
      different cooling schedules.
AB  - This paper outlines an application of the theory of simulated annealing to
      molecular matching problems. Three cooling schedules are examined: linear,
      exponential and dynamic cooling. The objective function is the sum of the
      elements of the difference distance matrix between the two molecules generated by
      continual reordering of one molecule. Extensive tests of the algorithms have been
      performed on random coordinate data together with two related protein structures.
      Combinatorial problems, inherent in the assignment of atom correspondences, are
      effectively overcome by simulated annealing. The algorithms outlined here can
      readily optimize molecular matching problems with 150 atoms.

PMID- 2280268
TI  - Formation of flossing habit using a floss-holding device.
AB  - The population for this survey consisted of participants from a previous flossing
      study that employed crossover design in which subjects alternately used a floss
      holding device or hand-held floss during consecutive two-month periods. Although
      both flossing techniques were equally successful in removing interproximal plaque
      and reducing gingivitis, at the end of the study 70% of the subjects preferred
      the floss holder over finger flossing. The purpose of this follow-up survey was
      to determine, six months after completion of the flossing study, the number of
      former participants who were still flossing regularly and the flossing method
      they were using. The results from 32 respondents demonstrated that 50% of the
      previous nonflossers were still flossing regularly (i.e., two or more times per
      week) and of these new regular flossers, 85% were using the floss-holding device
      while the remaining 15% preferred flossing by hand. The regular floss-holder
      users reported flossing slightly more often than the hand-flossers. Overall, the
      survey demonstrated that the floss-holding device was significantly more
      effective in helping patients establish a long-term, regular flossing habit.

PMID- 2280267
TI  - Molecular structure matching by simulated annealing. II. An exploration of the
      evolution of configuration landscape problems.
AB  - This paper considers some of the landscape problems encountered in matching
      molecules by simulated annealing. Although the method is in theory ergodic, the
      global minimum in the objective function is not always encountered. Factors
      inherent in the molecular data that lead the trajectory of the minimization away
      from its optimal route are analysed. Segments comprised of the C alpha atoms of
      dihydrofolate reductase are used as test data. The evolution of a reverse
      ordering landscape problem is examined in detail. Where such patterns in the data
      could lead to incorrect matches, the problem can in part be circumvented by
      assigning an initial random ordering to the molecules.

PMID- 2280269
TI  - Methods of charging and the fees charged for dental hygiene services in
      traditional and nontraditional settings.
AB  - The information presented in this paper was obtained as part of an ongoing
      longitudinal study of 1982 dental hygiene graduates. This portion of the study
      was contracted by the American Dental Hygienists' Association and investigated
      the methods of charging for dental hygiene services and the fees charged for
      these services. In September 1986, mail questionnaires were sent to a cohort of
      1,008 dental hygienists who graduated in 1982. Responses were received from 766
      subjects--a 76% response rate overall and a 77% response rate from subjects with
      valid addresses and who had received the questionnaires. Data were analyzed for
      clinical dental hygienists in traditional and nontraditional settings. Results
      showed that the methods of charging for services and the fees charged were
      similar in both settings. Although most hygienists provided many services, only
      one fee for these services was charged in most settings. The mean prophylaxis fee
      for child patients at traditional settings was $23.52, and $23.38 at
      nontraditional settings. The mean prophylaxis fee for adult patients at
      traditional settings was $31.23, and $32.61 at nontraditional settings.

PMID- 2280270
TI  - Improved technique for adhesion of calcium hydroxide in direct pulp capping
      during crown preparation.

PMID- 2280271
TI  - UMDNJ and Bloomfield High School unite to create dental assisting program.

PMID- 2280272
TI  - Enforceability of restrictive covenants in professional employment contracts.

PMID- 2280273
TI  - Dental educators should become professional educators.

PMID- 2280274
TI  - Composites: how well do you know them?
AB  - Advances in dental polymers have created cosmetic applications for the
      restoration of teeth and the sealing of cavities. The most well-known of these
      polymers are the composite systems. Today, the probability of a dental practice
      not needing to provide a cosmetic service utilizing one or more of these systems
      is extremely low. Yet, these systems are very technique and site sensitive. To
      improve, they will undergo more constant revisions than any other dental
      restoratives. Therefore, it is more difficult to develop a flawless routine for
      the practitioner's handling of each composite. A simple presentation of the
      composite systems from their technical design to their final clinical design
      should enhance the dental practitioner's ability to restore teeth successfully
      with any present or future restorative polymer. Composites can be chosen as a
      restorative in almost any situation where esthetics, convenience and
      reinforcement are required. Wider applications for the composite in dentistry
      have become available as a result of developments in the mechanical and physical
      properties of the resins, fillers, coupling agents and bonding agents within
      these materials.

PMID- 2280275
TI  - Porcelain laminate retained fixed bridge: two case reports.
AB  - With the recent introduction of new high strength dental porcelains, laminate
      veneers and all porcelain crowns, inlay and onlay restorations are becoming
      increasingly popular. Because these materials possess such high strength and
      hardness, it is possible, in certain carefully selected clinical situations, to
      construct short-span anterior fixed bridges by incorporating a pontic with two
      modified laminate retainers. Two clinical cases are presented to illustrate how
      this technique can be successfully utilized to achieve an excellent esthetic and
      functional result in a truly conservative manner.

PMID- 2280276
TI  - Radiopacity with vertical indentations.
AB  - An elliptical radiopacity with vertical indentations at its border was seen in
      the radiograph of an edentulous patient. Interpretation of the image was based on
      a correlation of the clinical findings with a review of the image projection that
      occurs during exposure of a maxillary posterior periapical radiograph.

PMID- 2280277
TI  - Truth or consequences encoded.

PMID- 2280278
TI  - Human growth hormone and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
AB  - For more than 20 years cadaver-derived human growth hormone (HGH) was used
      successfully to enhance linear growth in short children. In 1985 the US Food and
      Drug Administration (FDA) stopped use of the hormone in response to reported
      deaths due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) agent in 3 former HGH recipients. To date,
      a total of 9 patients have been identified who both received HGH and became
      infected with CJD agent (7 in the United States, 1 in Britain, and 1 in New
      Zealand). Circumstances make it likely that HGH contaminated with a slow growing,
      viral-like particle may have been responsible for these fatalities. In Oklahoma
      at least 60 children and adolescents previously received HGH and are potentially
      at risk of developing CJD. It is important that health care providers responsible
      for the care of these individuals be aware of this fatal illness and remain
      informed of new developments in the field.

PMID- 2280280
TI  - Hine sight.

PMID- 2280279
TI  - Experience with cardiorespiratory support devices in patients undergoing heart
      and heart-lung transplantation.
AB  - During the 2-year period 1987 through 1988, 124 patients were assessed for heart
      or heart-lung transplantation. Sixty were accepted for heart transplantation, of
      whom 49 received transplants. Nine required pretransplant intra-aortic balloon
      pump support (+/- positive-pressure ventilation) for periods ranging from 2 to 15
      days (mean 5 days). One patient was supported successfully by a pneumatic
      biventricular assist device for 70 days pretransplant. The 30-day survival in
      this group of 10 critically unstable patients was 100% and the 6-month survival
      90% (one death). This experience compares well with survival rates of 100% at 30
      days and 92% at 6 months in the 39 patients who required no form of pretransplant
      circulatory support. The biventricular assist device also has been used in 2
      other patients; one did not survive to transplant and the other was deemed
      unsuitable by virtue of cerebral injury. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
      supported 2 posttransplant patients (one heart and one heart-lung) with grossly
      impaired pulmonary function for periods of 5 and 2 days respectively, but both
      died before lung function had recovered.

PMID- 2280282
TI  - Recent predoctoral clinical developments at Indiana University School of
      Dentistry.

PMID- 2280281
TI  - Dental health status and treatment needs of economically disadvantaged older
      noninstitutionalized adults: a survey.

PMID- 2280283
TI  - Provisional reestablishment of occlusal vertical dimension.

PMID- 2280284
TI  - A.B.C's periodontics--"O" is for Occlusal adjustment.

PMID- 2280285
TI  - Eye protection: something for everyone.

PMID- 2280286
TI  - "Nothing endures but change." Plato.

PMID- 2280287
TI  - Indiana Dental Association 1990 Roster/Yearbook.

PMID- 2280288
TI  - Indications and contraindications for molar root resection: a report of two
      cases.

PMID- 2280289
TI  - Orthodontic education at Indiana University: a new philosophy of specialty and
      general practice.

PMID- 2280290
TI  - Searching Information Online (IO) effectively: tips and techniques.

PMID- 2280291
TI  - Periodontal diseases: failure to diagnose and treat.

PMID- 2280292
TI  - Early dental chair manufactured in Indianapolis.

PMID- 2280293
TI  - North Central Dental Society.

PMID- 2280294
TI  - Understanding addiction.

PMID- 2280295
TI  - What nicotine addiction and alcoholism teach us about other chemical
      dependencies.

PMID- 2280296
TI  - Overcoming tobacco and alcohol dependencies: effective treatment options.

PMID- 2280297
TI  - How Indiana dentists can get help for chemical dependency problems.

PMID- 2280298
TI  - "Moderation in all things" Terence (190-159 BC).

PMID- 2280300
TI  - Dentistry for the disadvantaged.

PMID- 2280299
TI  - Hitting home: two dentists share their battles with chemical dependency.

PMID- 2280301
TI  - Access programs take various forms.

PMID- 2280302
TI  - Marian Lewis: Oregon's first hygienst.

PMID- 2280303
TI  - [Clinical observation on the dip location of industrial deafness and
      physiological consideration on the dip origin].
AB  - It has generally been agreed that the industrial deafness is characterized by the
      hearing loss of dip type at 4 kHz, so-called c5 dip, in the early stage of the
      deafness. When the hearing tests were to be made at each 1 kHz on either side of
      4 kHz, however, the hearing pattern of so-called c5 dip which was shown clearly
      on the octave audiogram disappears so often and the accurate locations of the dip
      could occur at 5 kHz or 6 kHz. In short, it was reconfirmed through this
      observation that the early dip was found not only at 4 kHz but also frequently at
      5 kHz or 6 kHz, as already reported by some investigators. Then, it is
      indispensable to measure the hearing thresholds at 5kHz and 6kHz for the early
      diagnosis and control of the industrial deafness. Furthermore, it should be
      emphasized that the term "c5 dip" is replaced by the term "high frequency dip".
      As the origin of inducing high frequency dip, the vaso-constriction of cochlear
      blood vessels which present the sympatheticotonic condition by chronic exposure
      to the intense sounds seems to be the most possible factor. At present, the
      vascular hypothesis has been put forward as the most reliable one, attributing
      the origin of the dip to the chronic blood flow disturbance at the operating area
      of basilar membrane which corresponds with the dip frequency. From the anatomical
      viewpoint, it would possibly be suggested that the blood flow disturbance is
      liable to occur at the anastomosing region between the cochlear proper artery and
      the cochlear branch of vestibulo-cochlear artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2280304
TI  - [A study of microdensitometric evaluation of opacity of maxillary sinuses in
      patients with nasal allergy].
AB  - The opacity of the maxillary sinuses on X-ray film in Waters' view in patients
      with nasal allergy was evaluated by a microdensitometer. The patients with nasal
      allergy were diagnosed with the positive results of the following; 1)
      eosinophilia in nasal secretion, 2) nasal provocation test, 3) intradermal skin
      test or radioallergosorbent test (RAST). The ratio of density of the maxillary
      sinuses and orbits was determined by a microdensitometer, and the ratio of the
      average degree of the opacity of the maxillary sinus to that of the ipsilateral
      orbit was designated as the M/O ratio. The normal range of the M/O ratio was set
      over the mean value -2 standard deviations in the normal group. The results are
      followings. 1) The abnormal shadows in the maxillary sinuses were found out to be
      36.9% in patients with nasal allergy. 2) Patients under 15 years old had
      significantly higher incidence of abnormal shadows, especially in the bilateral
      sinuses compared with patients over 15 years old. 3) Polyps in the maxillary
      sinus were recognized in 5.0% of all the sinuses. 4) There were no significant
      differences for the incidence of abnormal shadow among the patients with nasal
      allergy caused by different antigens.

PMID- 2280305
TI  - [Conductive deafness without perforation of tympanic membrane with reference to
      cases of undetermined incudostapedial joint disorder].
AB  - In order to elucidate the pathophysiology of an undetermined conductive deafness
      without perforation of the tympanic membrane, comparative study was made in
      several factor with conductive deafness which has normal tympanic membrane and
      may be due to inflammation. Differences and similarities in the manner of
      ossicular damage were discussed in these conductive deafness. The morbidity rate
      of conductive deafness without perforation of the tympanic membrane which was
      undetermined cause, was found in wide age group 7 to 56 years of age. The site of
      damage was found at portion of the incudostapedial joint. The origin of etiology
      was estimated may take part in inflammatory process. We emphasized that such as
      undetermined conductive deafness may increase according to increase of otitis
      media with effusion.

PMID- 2280306
TI  - [Influence of liquid volume in the middle ear on tympanic membrane vibration
      (experimental study by holographic interferometry)].
AB  - The influence of middle ear liquid on the tympanic membrane (TM) vibration was
      studied using the holographic interferometry. The physiological saline solution
      was injected into the middle ear cavity of the canine temporal bone. The liquid
      volume in the middle ear cavity was changed into 3 grades in order to observe the
      difference of the vibration pattern between them. The vibratory patterns of a
      normal canine TM remained unchanged in their first mode up to a frequency of
      approximately 2 kHz. In this mode, there were peak displacement regions in the
      posterior and anterior quadrants. The TM vibrations showed sectional patterns,
      above 3 kHz in the posterior and above 4 kHz in the anterior. After liquid
      retention, the following were observed. 1. The frequency at which sectional
      patterns occurred shifted to a lower frequency in the immerged portion, but
      showed no definite tendency in the unimmerged portion. 2. Maximum amplitudes of
      the anterior and posterior quadrants of the TM and the mallar tip shifted to
      somewhat higher frequencies for the liquid volume below the level of the tip
      portion, but contrary, shifted to lower frequencies for the liquid volume there
      above. 3. The ossicular chain tended not to make normal function for the TM
      vibration with an increase of liquid volume.

PMID- 2280307
TI  - [Five-choice speech discrimination test].
AB  - In order to overcome defects of dictation method, a new 5-choice method
      introduced into Japanese mono syllables discrimination test. A new 20-items mono
      syllables list was developed on the principle of equal probability of the
      Japanese consonant phonetics, instead of the present mono syllable frequencies
      among the 100 Japanese mono syllables. The choice items for the each stimulus
      syllables were selected on the analysis of perceptual confusions data among hard
      of hearing persons. Comparison of discrimination scores and consonant confusions
      of the dictation method speech test and 5-choice method revealed that the two
      tests were parallel with some advantages of easiness of test procedure, and
      easiness and objectivity of scoring on the side of 5-choice method.

PMID- 2280308
TI  - [Acute hearing loss in the contralateral ear after acoustic tumor removal].
AB  - Two patients suffered from acute hearing loss of the contralateral side after
      acoustic tumor surgery were reported. The first patient was a 42-year-old-male.
      He had had a right progressive hearing loss over two years and CT scan revealed a
      mass of 20mm in diameter in the right cerebellopontine angle. The patient noticed
      the contralateral hearing loss on next morning after the total removal of tumor
      by translabyrinthine approach. However he had no complaint of vertigo or facial
      palsy. An audiogram of the contralateral side just after the onset showed flat
      type audiogram of sensorineural hearing loss with positive recruitment. With
      steroid therapy for two weeks, hearing and ABR findings improved and returned to
      nearly normal. The second case was a 47-year-old male. The patient had chronic
      renal failure treated by hemodialysis. His hearing loss in the right ear had
      gradually decreased over two years and an acoustic tumor of 2.5cm in diameter was
      demonstrated by CT scan. The tumor was removed by translabyrinthine approach.
      Nine day after the operation, he noted total deafness in contralateral ear and
      vertigo. He was given steroid hormone and his hearing improved up to 68 dB. Four
      cases have been reported in the literature. The mechanisms of acute sensorineural
      hearing loss observed in these cases were discussed. The cause remained unknown,
      however there were some hypothesis such as the compression to the opposite
      brainstem, peripheral nerve or feeding vessels by tumor or brain edema after
      operation, and local vasospasms might be also the cause of hearing
      impairment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280310
TI  - [Suppression of evoked otoacoustic emissions by contralateral noise exposure in
      humans].
AB  - The effects of contralateral noise exposure on evoked otoacoustic emission (e
      OAE) were investigated in 10 normal hearing subjects and 3 cases with unilateral
      deafness. The e-OAE was recorded by ILO88 and weighting noise was given to the
      contralateral ear (impaired side in unilateral deafness cases). The air conducted
      noise exposure showed suppressive effect on e-OAE along with the increase of
      noise stimulus intensity in normal hearing subjects, but did not in unilateral
      deafness cases. The degree of suppression in e-OAE was most remarkable in highest
      peak power between 1 kHz and 2 kHz in FFT picture and the mean value of maximal
      suppression in 10 normal hearing subjects was 2.2 dB. The bone conducted noise
      exposure showed no effects on e-OAE in either normal hearing subjects or
      unilateral deafness cases. It was suggested that the contralateral noise exposure
      could suppress the function of cochlear micromechanics probably via crossed
      olivocochlear bundle.

PMID- 2280309
TI  - [Clinicostatical study on the sensorineural hearing loss accompanying otitis
      media with effusion].
AB  - It is pointed out that sensorineural hearing loss sometimes accompanies otitis
      media with effusion. In order to clarify the incidence and clinical features of
      sensorineural hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion, the cases
      over the past ten years were reviewed. During the period from January 1979
      through December 1988, 1338 patients were diagnosed to have otitis media with
      effusion and showed reliable audiograms in our clinic. Among these patients, 237
      patients (17.7%) showed sensorineural hearing loss, defined as a bone conduction
      loss of 25 dB or more at any one of the frequencies of 500 through 4 kHz. The
      incidence of sensorineural hearing loss increased as the age of the patients
      increased. By analyzing their clinical course, these 237 patients were classified
      into 3 groups according to the etiological relationship of sensorineural hearing
      loss and otitis media with effusion. In Group A which comprises 14 patients
      (1.0%), a strong causal relationship was suspected. This group was further
      divided into 2 subgroups. In one subgroup of 4 patients, sensorineural hearing
      loss developed rather rapidly during the course of otitis media with effusion and
      recovered gradually. In the other subgroup of 10 patients, sensorineural hearing
      loss progressed and did not recover. The clinical features of these 2 subgroups
      were quite different. In Group B which comprises 50 patients (3.7%), causal
      relationship was suspected but was not confirmed. Many of the patients in this
      group showed unilateral otitis media with effusion and the sensorineural hearing
      loss in the same ear, which was characteristically demonstrated as bone
      conduction loss at 2 and 4 kHz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280311
TI  - [Localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivities in the
      vestibular nuclei of the rat by light and electron microscopic studies].
AB  - The distribution and fine structure of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like
      immunoreactive (CGRP-LI) cells and fibers in the vestibular nuclei of the rat
      were investigated by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. In
      addition to the previous report that CGRP-LI cells were found in the lateral
      vestibular nucleus, the present study clarified that they are found also in the
      inferior vestibular nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus and nucleus X. The lateral
      vestibular nucleus contains a high density of CGRP-LI cells. They are medium in
      size and multipolar in shape. CGRP-LI cells in the inferior vestibular nucleus
      are small to medium in size and triangular or pea shaped. CGRP-LI cells in the
      medial vestibular nucleus and nucleus X are both few in number and small in size.
      Possible colocalization of CGRP with acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid or
      substance P in the single neuron of the vestibular nuclei might be suggested.
      CGRP-LI fibers are more extensively distributed in various areas throughout the
      vestibular nuclei, though previous studies reported that they were found in the
      lateral vestibular nucleus and inferior vestibular nucleus. A number of CGRP-LI
      fibers are clearly observed in the inferior vestibular nucleus. Under electron
      microscopic analysis, CGRP-LI endoproducts are diffusely localized throughout the
      cytoplasm and some of CGRP-LI dendrites are identified to receive synaptic inputs
      form non-immunoreactive axon terminals with small spherical vesicles. It seems
      likely that CGRP is participated both in the intrinsic neurons in the vestibular
      nuclei or in the reciprocal innervations between the vestibular nuclei and the
      reticular formation or the cerebellum.

PMID- 2280312
TI  - [Neuro-otological studies on the correlation between vision and oculomotor
      function tests].
AB  - The vision of 35 subjects with normal oculomotor function was artificially
      reduced with the use of convex and concave lenses and neutral density filters.
      The effects of blurred vision on the oculomotor function test were subsequently
      studied. In using neutral density filters, abnormal findings tended to be
      confirmed in the eye tracking test (ETT) and optokinetic nystagmus test (OKNT)
      for vision of 0.5 or less. However, the ratio of abnormal findings to the ETT
      markedly decreased as the intensity of the target luminance increased. Blurred
      vision due to refractive abnormality using lenses, had hardly any effect was
      detected on either test even in the cases of severe blurred vision. In
      conclusion, the effects on the oculomotor function test varied according to
      causes of blurred vision.

PMID- 2280313
TI  - Society for Personality Assessment, Inc. distinguished contribution award. The
      Rorschach: a test of perception or an evaluation of representation.

PMID- 2280315
TI  - The clinical inference process and the role of theory.
AB  - Perhaps the most challenging and creative aspect of clinical testing is the
      clinical inference process, the sequential steps the examiner takes in
      transforming the raw test data into a clinically relevant testing report.
      Unfortunately, this part of the testing process has received little attention in
      the testing literature. In this article, the specific steps in the inferential
      process are outlined. In addition, the ways in which theory enter into the
      inferential process are also discussed.

PMID- 2280314
TI  - Rorschach characteristics of mothers of incest victims.
AB  - Investigated the Rorschach characteristics of 28 mothers of incest victims, using
      the Rorschach Comprehensive System. Their characteristics were compared to those
      from a control group of 28 women, matched with the target group for socioeconomic
      status (SES), age, education, marital status, and the presence of children. Chi
      square, analysis of variance, and a stepwise linear discriminant function
      analysis were used to evaluate Rorschach differences between the control and
      target groups. Major findings indicate that mothers of incest victims
      demonstrated significantly greater weaknesses in reality testing, more frequent
      signs of depression, and greater interpersonal guardedness than control group
      mothers. Discriminant function analysis, based on scores from the schizophrenia
      index (SCZI), conventional form (chi + %), and texture responses (t), yielded an
      overall accurate classification rate of 87.5% for placement of women into the
      target and control group categories.

PMID- 2280317
TI  - The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI): a review.
AB  - This article reviews research conducted to date on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial
      Inventory (MCMI), a self-report test of psychopathology. The composition of the
      test and its theoretical basis are described. Data regarding its internal
      psychometric structure are reviewed. Finally, the article summarizes the research
      on the validity of the MCMI.

PMID- 2280316
TI  - Psychological assessment of catatonic schizophrenia.
AB  - Probably due to the rarity of the disorder and the general inability of catatonic
      patients to cooperate with standardized assessment, no data exist documenting the
      psychological features associated with catatonic schizophrenia that may appear on
      psychological tests. This study utilized standard assessment techniques to
      examine clinical hypotheses regarding the psychogenic correlates of catatonic
      conditions from the performance of one man on psychological tests. In accordance
      with previous theory, test findings indicated frequent constriction, rigidity,
      and negativism in conjunction with compulsive traits. Experiences of cognitive
      and self-fragmentation were juxtaposed with a formal, mechanistic body ego;
      disorganization and discontinuity were countered with attempts at self-cohesion.
      Depressed feelings and human interest were apparent, although interpersonal
      relatedness was frequently characterized by an avoidant, distancing style.

PMID- 2280318
TI  - A multitrait-multimethod analysis of the MCMI-II clinical syndrome scales.
AB  - Multitrait-multimethod procedures and factor analyses were utilized to assess
      convergent/discriminant validity of the revised version of the Millon Clinical
      Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-II) clinical syndrome scales and effects of item
      overlap on scale performance. Except for the Delusional Disorder Scale (PP),
      convergent validity was supported, but poor discriminant validity was found for
      the Alcohol Dependence (B) scale, Drug Dependence (T) scale, and Scale PP. Item
      overlap did not influence performance for many scales. In fact, results indicate
      that some scales, such as Bipolar:Manic (N), may perform better in overlapping
      form, whereas others, such as Somatoform (H) and Scales B and T, are most
      affected by item overlap. Factor structure was generally stable, regardless of
      whether overlapping or nonoverlapping scales were utilized. However, substance
      abuse/dependence emerged as an independent factor when common item artifact was
      removed. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for clinical
      practice and further research.

PMID- 2280319
TI  - MCMI characteristics of DSM-III-R bulimics.
AB  - The literature on bulimia has suggested that bulimic women exhibit a number of
      pathological personality characteristics. However, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial
      Inventory (MCMI), an objective measure of personality functioning, has not
      previously been utilized to assess the personality characteristics of a bulimic
      population. The MCMI was administered to 37 female bulimics, 32 female general
      psychiatric outpatients, and 30 normal female controls in order to assess the
      relationship between bulimia and pathological personality traits. Bulimic women
      were found to score higher than the other groups on MCMI Scales 1 (Schizoid), 2
      (Avoidant), and 3 (Dependent). They also scored lower than the other two groups
      on Scale 6 (Antisocial). Results are discussed within the framework of parallels
      between the MCMI profiles of bulimics and the existing literature on bulimics'
      personality characteristics.

PMID- 2280320
TI  - Assessment of adult relatedness: a review of empirical findings from object
      relations and attachment theories.
AB  - Assessment techniques designed to measure adult behavior and mental
      representation that emphasize relatedness constructs are reviewed. These measures
      grow out of two traditions, object relations and attachment theories. Although
      these two paradigms are fairly well elucidated theoretically, the relevant
      assessment literature is only more recently expanding, especially that focusing
      directly on adult attachment as opposed to childhood attachment. In addition to a
      presentation of various projective and objective measures, this review highlights
      the clinical and research implications for integration of these two paradigms
      around the cognitive, affective, and behavioral vicissitudes of adult
      relatedness.

PMID- 2280321
TI  - Construction of circumplex scales for the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems.

PMID- 2280322
TI  - Differentiating ego functions of borderline and narcissistic personalities.
AB  - This study investigated differences in ego functions of borderline and
      narcissistic personality disorders through examining responses to Rorschach
      structural and content variables. Reality testing, thought process, affective
      regulation, impulse control, and the defenses of splitting and grandiosity were
      examined from Rorschach protocols of 50 borderlines and 26 narcissists. The
      borderlines produced greater distortion in reality testing, p less than .05; the
      narcissists produced more insidious thought process disturbance, p less than .05;
      and higher functioning groups demonstrated greater control of impulses, p less
      than .05. Borderlines in this sample demonstrated more affective constriction
      than the narcissists and used more splitting, p less than .05; narcissists used
      more grandiosity, p less than .05. Implications of this study are (a) ego
      functions mature inconsistently, (b) affective responsivity influences ego
      disorganization, and (c) level of functioning and IQ are related to the
      production of Rorschach variables.

PMID- 2280323
TI  - Assessment of children's fantasies with the Make a Picture Story: validity and
      norms.
AB  - One purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the Make A Picture Story
      (MAPS) for assessment of children's fantasies. Children from a university
      laboratory school who were exhibiting good adjustment comprised our first sample.
      The second sample was composed of children from special education classes who
      were experiencing behavioral and/or academic difficulties. Children told stories
      to seven MAPS backgrounds. Stories created by special education children
      contained more dysphoric and fanciful fantasies than did nonproblem children's
      stories. Behavior disordered children had more aggressive fantasies in their
      stories than did nonproblem and learning disabled children. Another purpose of
      this study was to provide norms for children's choice of figures, number of
      figures used, moving and adding figures, story length, and choice of backgrounds.
      These norms should facilitate clinicians' interpretations of children's responses
      to the MAPS.

PMID- 2280324
TI  - Gender bias on the Thematic Apperception Test.
AB  - Thirty male and 30 female college students generated stories to a set of nine
      Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) cards with either male or female stimulus
      characters. The Fine scoring system was factor analyzed to produce seven factor
      clusters plus three outcome variables. Multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA)
      revealed a main effect for type of card. The female TAT cards elicited
      significantly more responses on the General Concerns scale than did the male TAT
      cards. A main effect for subject gender showed the females gave more responses
      than males on the Interpersonal Relations scale. No differences were found on the
      outcome variables.

PMID- 2280325
TI  - Developmental changes in the response types versus aggression categories on the
      Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study, Children's Form.
AB  - To examine the developmental changes on the Children's Form of the Picture
      Frustration (P-F) Study, the instrument was administered to 291 children between
      the ages of 6 and 13, from two schools. Developmental changes in the 11 response
      types were compared with changes in the six aggression category scores, which
      were combinations of the 11 response types. In contrast to the findings for the
      aggression categories, changes in the response types were consistent with
      developmental research on children's aggression. The findings supported the
      validity of the P-F Study as a measure of children's thought content in response
      to frustration and supported previous research indicating that the response types
      may be more meaningful data from the instrument than from the aggression category
      scores.

PMID- 2280326
TI  - Psychometric characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social
      Support.
AB  - The initial study describing the development of the Multidimensional Scale of
      Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) indicated that it was a psychometrically sound
      instrument (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley, 1988). The current study attempted to
      extend the initial findings by demonstrating the internal reliability, factorial
      validity, and subscale validity of the MSPSS using three different subject
      groups: (a) 265 pregnant women, (b) 74 adolescents living in Europe with their
      families, and (c) 55 pediatric residents. The MSPSS was found to have good
      internal reliability across subject groups. In addition, strong factorial
      validity was demonstrated, confirming the three-subscale structure of the MSPSS:
      Family, Friends, and Significant Other. Finally, strong support was also found
      for the validity of the Family and Significant Other subscales.

PMID- 2280327
TI  - Emotional reliance and social loss: effects on depressive symptomatology.
AB  - A reactive form of dependence has been proposed to occur when a person is
      undergoing a period of substantial stress and change. The present study assessed
      114 psychiatric inpatients categorized according to the presence or absence of
      social loss and their level of emotional reliance on others. Both emotional
      reliance and social loss were related to a variety of depressive symptoms. A
      significant interaction was observed between emotional reliance and social loss
      on depression severity as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). In
      general, subjects high in emotional reliance but experiencing no social loss
      displayed higher levels of depression than emotionally reliant subjects who had
      undergone a social loss. Patients reporting high emotional reliance on others, in
      the aftermath of a social loss, may be reacting to the loss and suffer from less
      severe and less-chronic pathology. Subjects reporting excessive emotional
      reliance in the absence of any precipitating exit event may be displaying more of
      a trait-like pathology. Personality disorder pathology should occur with such
      frequency and intensity so it can be observed even when obvious eliciting stimuli
      are absent.

PMID- 2280328
TI  - Brief Rorschach records with children and adolescents.
AB  - In order to determine the frequency with which children and adolescents give
      brief Rorschach (R less than 14) records and to test the hypothesis that brief
      records represent a resistance to testing, the psychological evaluations of 439
      admissions to an inpatient unit were reviewed. Of the records reviewed, 16.6%
      were found to contain less than 14 responses. When the complete test protocol of
      those subjects who provided brief records were compared with those of a matched
      group, it was found that the group with brief records failed to complete the
      other parts of the evaluation significantly more often than did those subjects
      who did not give brief records. There was no significant difference between the
      two groups on IQ scores or on self-report scores of depression, anxiety, and
      social desirability. Result are interpreted as supporting Exner's (1988)
      hypothesis that brief records represent a form of resistance to being tested.

PMID- 2280329
TI  - The effect of inquiry on the Exner Comprehensive System.
AB  - The effect of inquiry on the Comprehensive System was tested by scoring 130
      protocols of patients and normals with and without inquiry. The absence of
      inquiry significantly reduced the means for Developmental Quality-vague (DQv),
      Form Quality-unusual (FQu), the sum of color responses (SumC), the sum of shading
      responses (Sum Shading), and the weighted thought disorder measure (W Sum6 SP
      SC), but significantly increased pure form (F). The effect for W Sum6 SP SC was
      strongest for schizophrenic protocols. Liberalized scoring rules were established
      in an attempt to restore the interpretative validity of the scoring categories
      distorted by the lack of inquiry. The new rules significantly improved the
      accuracy of color and shading categories, but did not improve the special scores
      measure of thought disorder.

PMID- 2280330
TI  - The utility of the MAPI in the assessment of depression.
AB  - The relationships between the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory (MAPI;
      Millon, Green, & Meagher, 1982) and depression, as assessed by the Multiscore
      Depression Inventory (MDI; Berndt, 1968) were examined. Elevations on the MDI
      subscales were positively related to elevations on MAPI personality style Scale 2
      (Inhibited) and Scale 8 (Sensitive) and on six of the eight MAPI expressed
      concerns scales. MAPI personality style Scale 4 (Sociable) and Scale 5
      (Confident) were negatively correlated with the MDI. MAPI code types containing
      either Scale 2 or 8 were associated with a high MDI full-scale score. The
      subjects who received a MAPI computer-generated diagnosis of borderline
      personality disorder also had elevated MDI full-scale scores. The findings of
      this study appear consistent with the existing body of MAPI research, and the
      data suggest that the MAPI personality style scales may have both state and trait
      qualities.

PMID- 2280331
TI  - MAPI code types in an inpatient crisis-unit sample.
AB  - Limited data is available concerning the use of the Millon Adolescent Personality
      Inventory (MAPI; Millon, Green, & Meagher, 1982) and high-point code combinations
      of its personality style scales. Our study reports on the frequency of high-point
      codes in an inpatient crisis-unit sample. Data analyses comparing personality
      style codes using MAPI expressed concerns scale elevations and Rorschach data are
      reported. Results comparing the personality style codes and expressed concerns
      scales were consistent with the findings of Millon et al. (1982). Analyses
      comparing Rorschach and MAPI data revealed only the presence or absence of vista
      responses as having any appreciable relationship to MAPI codes or personality
      scales.

PMID- 2280332
TI  - Stability of the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory in an incarcerated
      delinquent population.
AB  - Clinical use of the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory (MAPI) depends on
      computerized interpretation of the pattern of scale score elevations in the
      profile beyond certain cutoff scores rather than the elevations of single scales.
      There has been no reported work on the stability of the scale scores or the
      stability of the 2-point codes in a delinquent population. The MAPI was
      administered to 46 incarcerated male juvenile delinquents and was readministered
      after a period of 2 to 4 weeks. The test-retest correlations of the base-rate
      scale scores ranged from .33 to .89 with a mean of .74, which compare favorably
      to Millon's (1982) standardization sample. However, only 41% of the 2-point codes
      were judged to be congruent between administrations. The poor congruence of the 2
      point codes across administrations raises doubts about interpretive statements
      based on these codes.

PMID- 2280333
TI  - The relationship between the MCMI personality scales and DSM-III, axis II.
AB  - Compared were the personality scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
      (MCMI) to the diagnosis of personality disorder, according to the Diagnostic and
      Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. [DSM-III]; American Psychiatric
      Association, 1980), obtained by means of the Structured Interview for the DSM-III
      Personality Disorders (SIDP). The results from 272 psychiatric outpatients show a
      good correspondence for the Avoidant and the Dependent scales, a fairly good
      correspondence for the Schizotypal, the Histrionic, the Borderline, the
      Narcissistic, and the Paranoid scales, and no correspondence for the Schizoid,
      the Passive-Aggressive, and the Compulsive scales. The Passive-Aggressive scale
      seems to be positively correlated to personality disorders in general, whereas
      the Compulsive scale seems to be negatively correlated to a number of personality
      disorders.

PMID- 2280334
TI  - MacAndrew versus MacAndrew: the relative efficacy of the MAC and the SAP scales
      for the MMPI in screening male adolescents for substance misuse.
AB  - MacAndrew (1965) constructed the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC) using adult
      male alcoholic outpatients and male psychiatric outpatients. Later, he developed
      the Substance Abuse Proclivity Scale (SAP; MacAndrew, 1986), specifically for
      screening younger males, using adolescent and young adult substance misusing and
      nonmisusing males 16 to 22 years of age. Because clinicians frequently apply the
      MAC to adolescents, we compared the efficacy of the MAC and the SAP scales using
      a sample of 436 young males between the ages of 13 and 25, who were hospitalized
      because of substance abuse, and 770 normal young males between the ages of 13 and
      25. Results suggest that clinicians should use these scales with great caution.

PMID- 2280335
TI  - MMPI characteristics of drug abusers with and without histories of suicide
      attempts.
AB  - Compared to drug addicts without histories of suicidal attempt (n = 50), drug
      addicts who have attempted suicide (n = 50) were characterized by higher levels
      of maladjustment--particularly in the areas of depression, feelings of
      alienation, and use of projection and externalization--and were more emotionally
      withdrawn. Certain Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) codetypes
      appeared in the attempt group that were not present in the no history group. Drug
      addicts with suicidal ideation but no history of attempt (n = 13) were not
      significantly different from the other two groups, and their inclusion as a
      comparison group masked the real differences between the other two groups. The
      MMPI results suggest it may be possible to identify a suicide attempt group in
      substance abusers but not when contrasted with a suicidal ideation group.
      Treatment implications are considered.

PMID- 2280336
TI  - Two promising shame and guilt scales: a construct validity comparison.
AB  - This study compared the validity of two promising measures of shame and guilt
      proneness: revisions of the Harder Personal Feelings Questionnaire (PFQ2; Harder
      & Lewis, 1987) and the Hoblitzelle Adapted Shame and Guilt Scale (ASGS;
      Hoblitzelle, 1982). Internal consistency, test-retest stability, factor
      structure, and construct validity with convergent and discriminant personality
      dimensions were examined for both scales. In addition to the shame and guilt
      measures, 63 (37 male, 26 female) mostly freshman college students completed a
      randomly ordered battery of personality scales theoretically relevant to shame
      and guilt proneness. Results support the reliability and shame/guilt factor
      structure of each scale. ASGS Shame correlations appeared marginally more valid
      with 11 external construct variables than PFQ2 Shame, whereas PFQ2 Guilt was
      clearly more valid than its corresponding ASGS subscale. New, potentially
      improved scales were constructed from the factor analyses and from item analyses.
      However, the resulting scales did not show improved validity.

PMID- 2280338
TI  - Potential space and the Rorschach: an application of object relations theory.
AB  - This article examines the concept of potential space, developed by Winnicott
      (1971), and its relevance for Rorschach assessment. I propose that the response
      process can be viewed as occurring in the potential space between reality and
      fantasy and that various forms of psychopathology can be conceptualized as forms
      of the collapse of potential space. I suggest that this model can be of utility
      in interpreting the Rorschach protocols of a variety of difficult-to-diagnose
      patients. Examples from the Rorschach of a patient diagnosed with a dissociative
      disorder are presented to illustrate these points.

PMID- 2280337
TI  - The empirical foundations of psychoanalytic approaches to psychological testing.
AB  - The view that psychoanalytic approaches to psychological testing lack empirical
      foundations is disputed by systematically examining the ways in which
      psychoanalytic theory expands the sources of data available to the psychological
      tester at each step in the assessment process. The contention is made that it is
      unscientific to restrict the concept of what constitutes scientific rigor to
      formal experimentation with statistical analysis.

PMID- 2280339
TI  - An external construct validity study of Rorschach personality variables.
AB  - This study examined (a) hypothesized relationships between Rorschach variables
      and self-report test measures relating to nominally similar aspects of
      personality functioning and (b) interrelationships among Rorschach variables.
      Sixty-two undergraduates were administered the Rorschach, Barron Ego Strength
      Scale, Kaplan Self-Derogation Scale, Eagly Self-Esteem Scale, Multiple Affective
      Adjective Checklist (MAACL), Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and the
      Rotter Locus of Control Scale. Only a few of the predictions received
      confirmation: inanimate movement (m) correlated, as expected, with MAACL anxiety
      and hostility, the egocentricity index (3r + 2)/R (R = total responses)
      correlated significantly with self-esteem, and human movement with minus form
      level (M-) correlated (inversely) with ego strength. Among the unpredicted
      findings were some that appear inconsistent with standard Rorschach
      interpretation. Rorschach variables human movement (M), and experience actual
      (EA), generally interpreted as reflecting coping resources, related significantly
      with self-report measures of poor coping and of dysphoric affect. In general, the
      Rorschach appears better at identifying weaknesses in the ego rather than
      strengths.

PMID- 2280340
TI  - The Rorschach and traumatic loss: can the presence of traumatic loss be detected
      from the Rorschach?
AB  - Loss, an expected part of everyone's life, can be a catalyst promoting
      significant growth. But all losses are not the same or affect everyone in like
      manner. Some losses are of such magnitude and intensity that individuals cannot
      cope, and, therefore, they keep reliving them (posttraumatic stress syndrome) as
      if through repeated attempts (Freud, 1923-1922/1961) they might master what had
      been initially so overwhelming. This study, using an inpatient hospital sample,
      examines the Rorschach protocols of individuals who had experienced traumatic
      loss in childhood or early adolescence and compares them with a control group of
      individuals who appear to have no such history. Our hypotheses that victims of
      early trauma have a distinguishing Rorschach profile was validated in the
      exploratory study. Further study is needed to clarify whether factors other than
      traumatic loss may be contributing to this profile.

PMID- 2280341
TI  - Recommendations for the clinical use of the Apperceptive Personality Test.
AB  - The Apperceptive Personality Test (APT) is a new technique that combines the
      traditional story-telling method with a questionnaire about the characters in the
      story, to be filled out by the person being tested. The resulting information is
      tabulated, and a variety of scores are generated which yield information about
      the person's personality. The identified clinical signposts indicated by such
      scores are summarized in this article, along with two illustrative protocol
      fragments showing how to usual interpretive method is supplemented by the
      information from the questionnaire.

PMID- 2280342
TI  - What is the TAT? A review of ten years of research.

PMID- 2280344
TI  - New members, associates, and student affiliates of the Society for Personality
      Assessment.

PMID- 2280343
TI  - A factor analysis of six commonly used instruments associated with suicide using
      college students.
AB  - Determined whether six commonly used inventories which are associated with
      suicide (Hopelessness Scale, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Scale for Suicide
      Ideation, Reasons for Living Inventory, Suicide Probability Scale, and the
      Suicide Ideation Questionnaire) overlap; all six were given to 308
      undergraduates. A principal components factor analysis yielded four factors with
      Eigenvalues greater than 1.00. These four factors were labeled Suicidal/Negative
      Ideas, Reasons for Living, Self-Doubt, and Suicide Desire. Each scale or subscale
      had a factor loading of .4 or greater on one factor. Only the Survival and Coping
      Beliefs subscale of the Reasons for Living Inventory and the Suicide Ideation
      Questionnaire loaded on two factors. Thus, each of these six instruments accounts
      for unique variance in suicidality. A suicide screening battery that includes all
      six inventories would take approximately 20 min for college students to complete,
      and would be valuable in identifying different aspects of suicidality.

PMID- 2280345
TI  - L-carnitine metabolization and osmotic stress response in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Growth of Escherichia coli 044 K 74 in liquid medium of raised osmotic strength
      was stimulated by exogenous L-carnitine, crotonobetaine and gamma-butyrobetaine,
      respectively. L-Carnitine was accumulated within the cells in dependence on the
      salt concentration of the media. Osmotic stress during aerobic or anaerobic
      growth with glucose triggered the L-carnitine uptake in E. coli 044 K 74 whereas
      L-carnitine uptake by cells of this organism grown anaerobically on
      glycerol/fumarate was only slightly modified. Synthesis of the enzymes
      metabolizing L-carnitine to gamma-butyrobetaine in glycerol/fumarate growing
      bacteria was found to be completely repressed by high NaCl-concentrations.
      Together, these results indicate that most likely the L-carnitine metabolization
      sequence does not play a role in osmoregulation in E. coli 044 K 74.

PMID- 2280346
TI  - Steroid-1-dehydrogenases in nocardioform bacteria studied by electrophoresis and
      immuno blotting techniques.
AB  - Fifteen noncardioform bacteria strains, capable of transforming steroid compounds
      were investigated with regard to their range of inducible steroid-1-dehydrogenase
      (St1DH)1 activities. The St1DHs of these bacteria were compared due to their
      immuno reactivity in Western blot experiments with a rabbit antiserum raised
      against the purified St1DH of Rhodococcus rhodochrous 7030. Four strains
      exhibited a strong immuno reactivity, irrespective of differences in the
      electrophoretic mobility of the enzymes. Five strains revealed significantly
      diminished reactivities, and in five strains with a very low St1DH content, no
      reactivity was found. One strain, designated as Nocardiaspec. 7151, exhibited a
      high, inducible St1DH activity, but no immunoreaction was found. The absence of
      immuno reactivity is discussed in connection with the considerably diminished
      electrophoretic mobility of this enzyme.

PMID- 2280347
TI  - Characterization of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli serotype 0164 by means of
      plasmid analysis and virulence assay.
AB  - Escherichia coli 0164 is the most prevalent serotype among the enteroinvasive E.
      coli in Bulgaria and is annually isolated in sporadic, as well in epidemic cases.
      We studied 243 strains of this serotype, isolated in different regions of the
      country over the period 1954-1988. The plasmid analysis performed revealed that
      the presence of large plasmid DNA with molecular size of 140 MDa was related to
      the virulence of the strains, assessed by the test of SERENY. The absence of this
      plasmid or its deletion led to the loss of virulence. In 92% of the strains two
      small plasmids were demonstrated with molecular size of 6.0 MDa and 4.8 MDa,
      which appeared to be serotype-specific. On the basis of the plasmid content of
      the strains, 7 plasmid profiles were differentiated. The stability of the plasmid
      profile within a given epidemic focus was confirmed.

PMID- 2280348
TI  - Nonlinear kinetics of the thiamine cation in humans: saturation of nonrenal
      clearance and tubular reabsorption.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of thiamine in plasma and urine was investigated in 13
      healthy and 3 renal-insufficient volunteers. Doses ranging from 5 to 200 mg
      thiamine hydrochloride were administered either as an iv bolus or a 50-min
      infusion. A sum of 3 exponentials was used as the unit impulse response function
      to characterize plasma kinetics. Drug input was mathematically described as a
      rectangular pulse of length 2 or 50 min. Total clearance, defined as the
      reciprocal of the area under the unit impulse response function, was found to
      depend on dose and creatinine clearance, as shown by a multiple nonlinear
      regression analysis. The nonrenal component of the total clearance was
      demonstrated to be dose-dependent, whereas its mean renal component was only
      dependent on creatinine clearance. At high plasma concentrations renal clearance
      approached renal plasma flow, and remained constant during the decline to near
      physiological plasma levels. With further decline under a characteristic
      threshold concentration, renal clearance decreased far below the glomerular
      filtration rate, indicating tubular reabsorption. Binding to plasma proteins was
      excluded by ultrafiltration experiments. The process of renal excretion can be
      described by a combination of glomerular filtration, flow-dependent tubular
      secretion, and saturable tubular reabsorption. The concentration dependency of
      renal clearance was reflected in its mean value, which was only 76% of its
      maximum value measured in the higher concentration range. In the dose range
      studied, most of the given dose had already been linearly excreted before tubular
      reabsorption became evident, and consequently the measured mean renal clearances
      did not differ enough from one another to exhibit the expected dose dependency.
      With increasing dose a shift of the cleared dose fraction from the nonrenal to
      the renal side was observed. Saturated nonrenal clearance alone could explain
      this effect.

PMID- 2280350
TI  - Generalized stochastic compartmental models with Erlang transit times.
AB  - This paper considers the use of semi-Markov process models with Erlang transit
      times for the description of compartmental systems. The semi-Markov models seem
      particularly useful for systems with nonhomogeneous "poorly-stirred"
      compartments. The paper reviews the Markov process models with exponential
      transit times, and illustrates the application of such models, describing the
      clearance of calcium in man. The semi-Markov model with Erlang transit times is
      then developed, and the solutions for its concentration-time curves and residence
      time moments are given. The use of semi-Markov models is illustrated with the
      same calcium data, and the results from the two models are compared. The example
      demonstrates that these semi-Markov models are physiologically more realistic
      than standard models and may be fitted to pharmacokinetic data using readily
      available software.

PMID- 2280349
TI  - Analysis of enterohepatic circulation of cefixime in rat by fast inverse Laplace
      transform (FILT).
AB  - The enterohepatic circulation of cefixime in rat was evaluated by a nonlinear
      least square analysis program, MULTI(FILT), into which the fast inverse Laplace
      transform (FILT) was incorporated. The plasma time course in the bile duct
      cannulated rat exhibited a biexponential curve after the rapid iv administration
      of cefixime. Several pharmacokinetic models for the enterohepatic circulation
      were constructed based on the recirculatory concept and the Laplace-transformed
      equations corresponding to these models were derived by means of the method of
      transfer function. The transformed equations were simultaneously fitted to the
      time courses of plasma concentration in rats with laparotomy and with bile duct
      cannula. The optimum model was selected based on the Akaike's information
      criterion (AIC). The local moment characteristics for a single pass through
      enterohepatic circulation were further calculated from the time courses of both
      the plasma concentration and the amount excreted into the bile. The recovery
      ratio (Fc) and the mean circulatory time (-tc) through a single pass of
      enterohepatic circulation were estimated 27.9% and 1.07 hr, respectively. The
      recovery ratio (Fa) and the mean absorption time (-tc) for the absorption process
      from the intestinal tract into the systemic circulation were 68.3% and 0.0234 hr,
      respectively. The recovery ratio (Fb) and the mean transit time (-tb) for the
      disposition process through the systemic circulation into the bile were 40.8% and
      1.05 hr, respectively.

PMID- 2280351
TI  - Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and preparative thin-layer
      chromatography isolation of tocainide carbamoyl-O-beta-D-glucuronide: structural
      characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fast atom
      bombardment-mass spectrometry.
AB  - Tocainide carbamoyl-O-beta-D-glucuronide, a major urinary metabolite of the
      antiarrhythmic drug tocainide [2-amino-N-(2',6'-xylyl)propanoxylidide], was
      isolated by preparative-TLC and preparative-HPLC. The isolated glucuronide was
      hydrolyzed in sodium hydroxide (pH greater than 12) to 3-(2',6'-xylyl)-5
      methylhydantoin. This hydantoin product was also identified when tocainide was
      reacted with urea in urine. Structural characterization of the isolated tocainide
      glucuronide was carried out using GC-MS of the permethylated derivative. The
      molecular ion of the permethylated glucuronide was not observed, but ion
      fragments at m/z 232(244), 277(288), and 334(349) were found to correspond to the
      postulated novel carbamoyl ester structure of the permethylated
      (perdeuteromethylated) glucuronide. Structural evidence for the underivatized
      tocainide glucuronide was obtained using fast atom bombardment-MS. The [M + H]+
      ion at m/z 413 was observed. Characteristic sodium ion adducts [M + Na]+ and [M-H
      + 2Na]+ were also observed at m/z 435 and 457, respectively.

PMID- 2280352
TI  - Effect of liposome and cyclodextrin entrapment on retardation of glutathione
      decomposition of nitroimidazolyl sulfones.
AB  - A new class of radiosensitizing pharmaceuticals derived from 4-nitro-5-imidazolyl
      sulfones has its clinical potential compromised by a metabolic reaction with
      plasma glutathione which leads to a much less active metabolite. Entrapment of
      two members of the class in three different liposomes, one polymerized liposome,
      and a beta-cyclodextrin system has shown that this glutathione condensation can
      be suppressed by a rate factor of nearly 50-fold. Stabilizations of these
      metabolically labile radiosensitizers appear to relate to their lipid-buffer
      partition coefficients and to the fluidity of the liposome membrane in which they
      are entrapped.

PMID- 2280353
TI  - Topical effects of absorption enhancing agents on the rectal mucosa of rats in
      vivo.
AB  - In the present study, attempts have been made to assess the effects of cefoxitin
      formulations with various absorption promoters on mucosal integrity after rectal
      delivery in rats. Observations were made at 2 and 24 h following drug
      administration. On macroscopic and histologic evaluation, all drug formulations
      affected mucosal structure in terms of hyperemia, edema, loss of goblet cell
      vacuoles, detachment of enterocytes, and increase of the number of inflammatory
      cells; these effects were not reversible in 24 h. The effects of formulations
      with MGK (a mixture of glyceryl-1-monooctanoate, glyceryl-1,2-dioctanoate,
      glyceryl-1,3-dioctanoate, glyceryl trioctanoate, glycerol, and octanoic acid),
      monoglycerides, 3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1-diphosphonate, and 4% (w/v)
      sodium tauro-24,25-dihydrofusidate (STDHF) tended to exceed those observed with
      sodium salicylate, medium-chain fatty acids, Azone, and lower STDHF
      concentrations. The clinically used suppository bases Witepsol H15 and PEG
      1540/6000 and indomethacin suppositories also affected mucosal structure.
      Although the interanimal variability in scores was very substantial, results
      indicate that rectal absorption enhancement is associated with modification of
      paracellular transport after detachment of enterocytes. However, the extent of
      drug absorption enhancement appeared not to be directly related to the extent of
      mucosal damage.

PMID- 2280354
TI  - Inhibition of DNA synthesis in P388 lymphocytic leukemia cells of BDF1 mice by
      cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and its derivatives.
AB  - cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin; cDDP) derivatives were found to
      afford T/C% values greater than 200 against the growth of P388 lymphocytic
      leukemia cells in vivo. The parent compound, cDDP, preferentially inhibited DNA
      synthesis. The RNA synthesis was elevated, whereas protein synthesis was
      unaffected after two or three daily ip doses. Radiolabeled drug studies
      demonstrated cellular uptake and binding of cDDP derivatives to the DNA molecule.
      cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cDDP) treatment resulted in DNA strand scission
      after a single dose, but caused cross-linking of DNA strands after two or three
      ip doses. There was an accumulation of deoxynucleoside triphosphates [d(NTP)s] on
      day 2 and 3, indicating that incorporation of nucleotides into the DNA strand had
      been blocked. Thymidine kinase, thymidine monophosphate kinase, carbamoyl
      phosphate synthetase, and aspartate transcarbamoylase activities were inhibited
      in vivo after three doses of cDDP at 1.5 mg/kg/day. However, only the inhibition
      of a cytoplasmic preparation of DNA polymerase alpha by cDDP appeared to be
      directly related to the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the accumulation of
      d(NTP) pool levels. Thus, the primary target for cDDP appears to be DNA itself,
      although direct inhibition of DNA polymerase alpha may play a minor role in the
      inhibition of DNA replication by cDDP.

PMID- 2280355
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of atenolol enantiomers in humans and rats.
AB  - Single dose pharmacokinetics of atenolol (AT) enantiomers was studied in human
      volunteers and in rats. After oral administration of 50 mg of racemic AT to
      humans, the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUCs; mean +/- SD)
      were 1640 +/- 602 and 1860 +/- 652 (ng/mL)h for the S(-)- and R(+)-enantiomers,
      respectively (p less than 0.05). The small difference in the AUC was a reflection
      of a slight, but statistically significant (p less than 0.05) difference in the
      renal clearance (CLr, mL/min) of the enantiomers [129 +/- 32, S(-)-AT; 120 +/-
      29, R(+)-AT]. However, the two enantiomers were not different from each other (p
      greater than 0.05) with respect to the volume of distribution (V lambda, L/kg)
      [0.879 +/- 0.342, S(-)-AT; 0.790 +/- 0.255, R(+)-AT] or the terminal elimination
      rate constant (lambda z, h-1) [0.113 +/- 0.038, S(-)-AT; 0.114 +/- 0.036, R(+)
      AT]. After iv administration of 10 mg/kg of the racemic AT to rats, the R(+)
      enantiomer achieved higher AUC values [(ng/mL)h] compared with its antipode (p
      less than 0.05) [3630 +/- 1040, S(-)-AT; 4020 +/- 1080, R(+)-AT]. Similar to the
      human results, this difference was due to a stereoselective renal clearance
      (mL/min/kg) in favor of S(-)-AT [14.9 +/- 5.78, S(-)-AT; 13.0 +/- 4.88, R(+)-AT;
      p less than 0.05].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280356
TI  - Ionic inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase: pyridinium and phenyl carboxylate
      derivatives of 3-alkyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide.
AB  - A series of pyridinium and phenyl carboxylate derivatives of 3-alkyl-N
      hydroxysuccinimide has been synthesized; the compounds have been shown to be
      highly effective, time-dependent inactivators of human leukocyte elastase. The
      cationic inhibitor having an isobutyl side chain as the P1 residue (3) was found
      to be the most effective. Human leukocyte cathepsin G and chymotrypsin are also
      inactivated by these compounds.

PMID- 2280357
TI  - Solubilization of salicylamide and acetaminophen by antihistamines in aqueous
      solution.
AB  - The effect of self-association of the antihistaminic drugs pheniramine,
      chlorpheniramine, and brompheniramine as their maleate salts on the
      solubilization of salicylamide and acetaminophen in aqueous solution has been
      investigated. The total solubility of salicylamide increased nonlinearly at lower
      antihistamine concentrations (less than 0.4 M), but reached limiting linearity
      (slope = 0.34 mol/mol of antihistamine) at higher concentrations (up to 0.8 M).
      Salicylamide solubility increases are approximately 10-fold at high
      concentrations (0.6-0.8 M) of antihistamine, while acetaminophen solubility
      increases are about fivefold at similar antihistamine concentrations. The
      solubilization data were analyzed with a stepwise self-association model. Based
      on a dimer model, the experimental and theoretical log excess salicylamide
      solubility profiles were in good agreement (r2 = 0.982) except at the lowest
      chlorpheniramine maleate concentrations. Such deviation at the lowest
      concentrations increased when trimer and 11-mer models were utilized. To account
      for this deviation, a monomer-dimer model based on interaction with both the
      chlorpheniramine maleate monomer and dimer was proposed. This model was in
      excellent agreement (r2 = 0.996) with the solubility data.

PMID- 2280358
TI  - High pressure and anesthesia: compressibility, molal volume, and partial molal
      volume of volatile anesthetics.
AB  - This study was undertaken to provide volume data of volatile anesthetics under
      high pressure. Molal volumes of liquid halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane and
      their partial molal volumes in water and in 1-octanol were determined by high
      precision solution densitometry at 25.000 +/- 0.0005 degrees C over the pressure
      range from ambient to 34.56 MPa (341 atm). The isothermal compressibilities of
      the pure anesthetics and their isothermal partial molal compressibilities at
      their infinite dilution in water and in 1-octanol have also been calculated at
      0.1013 MPa (1 atm).

PMID- 2280360
TI  - Michaelis-Menten metabolite formation kinetics: equations relating area under the
      curve and metabolite recovery to the administered dose.
AB  - A computational approach which concomitantly determines the capacity-limited rate
      constants of parent drug elimination and metabolite formation is presented. The
      approach applies both the presently derived total excretory recovery versus dose
      relationships of the metabolite and the AUC versus dose relationships of the
      parent drug to identify the parameters. Three parent drug elimination conditions
      were assessed: pooled first-order, pooled Michaelis-Menten, and parallel first
      order and pooled Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Model and parameter identification
      criteria are discussed. Literature data for theophylline and two of its
      metabolites in rats were examined to reveal pooled Michaelis-Menten elimination
      kinetics of theophylline and capacity-limited formation of the metabolites. The
      proposed technique is useful for quantitating commonly obtained nonlinear drug
      disposition data such as AUC and amount of metabolites excreted.

PMID- 2280359
TI  - Differential scanning calorimetry study of the interaction of antidepressant
      drugs, noradrenaline, and 5-hydroxytryptamine with a membrane model.
AB  - Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the interaction of a membrane
      model with two neuromediators [noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin)]
      and four antidepressant drugs (imipramine, indalpine, citalopram, and
      milnacipran), known to be uptake inhibitors of these neuromediators. The study
      was carried out on dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes, a bilayer
      phospholipid system taken as a simplified model of biological membranes. Analysis
      of the thermograms led us to classify the molecules according to their lipophilic
      action, as in the conventional measurement of the water-octanol partition
      coefficient, and also enabled us to precisely determine their location along the
      phospholipid bilayer. A hypothesis based on this localization is put forward
      concerning the competitive, or otherwise, character of the blocking of uptake of
      the neuromediators. The extreme cases of interaction and localization of
      imipramine and milnacipran, a new antidepressant, relative to the bilayer are
      also analyzed in terms of side effects.

PMID- 2280361
TI  - Oxidation kinetics of an antiasthmatic, 2-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)amino]-5
      methoxybenzenemethanol, and stabilization with ascorbic acid.
AB  - A novel antiasthmatic, 2-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)amino]-5-methoxybenzenemethanol (1),
      oxidizes to the corresponding iminoquinone in aqueous solutions. The reaction was
      monitored by a paired-ion reversed-phase HPLC method. The oxidation rate was
      highly dependent on the solution pH, with a large rate increase occurring above
      pH 6.1. In nonaqueous solution, the oxidation reaction was significantly slower.
      Ascorbic acid protects 1 from oxidation. The aqueous solution of the decomposed
      product is reduced to 1 in the presence of ascorbic acid.

PMID- 2280362
TI  - In vitro hydrolysis of steroid acid ester derivatives of prednisolone in plasma
      of different species.
AB  - The in vitro hydrolysis of two new classes of steroid acid esters synthesized
      from prednisolone as local anti-inflammatory steroids was investigated in rat,
      rabbit, and human plasma. One class was synthesized by incorporating
      methoxycarbonyl groups at the 16 position of prednisolone to produce 16 alpha
      methoxycarbonyl prednisolone (P16CM) and its 17-deoxy analogue (DP16CM). The
      other class was synthesized by modifying the ketol side chain of prednisolone to
      produce methyl 20 alpha- and methyl beta-dihydroprednisolonate (P4 alpha and P4
      beta). The P16CM and P4 beta were rapidly and completely hydrolyzed within 1 h of
      incubation in rat and rabbit plasma and within 4 h in human plasma. There was a
      marked species difference in the hydrolysis of DP16CM which occurred in the
      following order: rat greater than human greater than rabbit. The in vitro
      hydrolysis of P4 alpha was much slower than that of P4 beta; the process
      continued over 24 h in rat plasma. As expected, no change in the initial
      concentration of prednisolone was found over 120 h of incubation in rat plasma.
      This marked species difference in the hydrolysis of these steroid acid esters is
      probably related to the differences in the amounts, types, and activities of the
      hydrolyzing enzymes (e.g., esterases) in the plasma of the three species. From
      this study it can be concluded that the existence of an hydroxyl group at C-17
      and the orientation of hydroxyl groups at C-20 play an important role in the
      systemic hydrolysis rate of the carboxy ester group on the steroid nucleus.

PMID- 2280363
TI  - Lactic acid oligomer microspheres containing hydrophilic drugs.
AB  - A new method was developed for preparation of biodegradable lactic acid oligomer
      microspheres containing hydrophilic drugs. The microspheres were obtained by
      removal of solvent from an O/O (oil-in-oil) emulsion through evaporation. The
      solvent used for the dispersed phase solution was an acetonitrile: water mixture,
      while the continuous phase medium was cottonseed oil. Doxorubicin hydrochloride
      (ADR) and insulin were successfully entrapped in the microspheres with high
      trapping efficiencies of 80 to 90%, and their release profiles were not
      accompanied with the significant burst effect. The release rate of the drugs from
      the microspheres was greatly affected by the initial loading of the drugs and the
      molecular weight of the lactic acid oligomer.

PMID- 2280364
TI  - Theophylline tablets coated with aqueous latexes containing dispersed pore
      formers.
AB  - Constant drug release was achieved from theophylline tablets coated with a
      multiporous membrane in an aqueous environment. The tablets were coated with an
      aqueous acrylic latex containing a dispersed pore-forming agent with pH-dependent
      solubility characteristics. The pore former, dibasic calcium phosphate, was
      insoluble in the latex but leached out rapidly in 0.1 M HCl. Theophylline was
      then released at a constant rate through the multiporous membrane. The drug
      release was a function of the level of the pore-forming agent and the membrane
      thickness, but independent of the pH of the dissolution medium and the degree of
      agitation.

PMID- 2280365
TI  - Effect of surface geometry and morphic features on the flow characteristics of
      microsphere suspensions.
AB  - In this paper we present a study on the effect of surface ruggedness of
      microspheres on the rheological behavior of their suspensions. For this purpose,
      different types of ragweed pollen grains were selected as models of natural
      microspheres. A computer-image processing system based on Fourier and fractal
      analysis of the contour was used to quantitate the micromorphology and surface
      roughness. The viscosity of suspensions, prepared by the dispersion of the
      different types of microspheres in heavy liquid paraffin, was determined. It was
      found that an increase in surface roughness causes an increase in the viscosity
      of the suspension. Additional resistance to flow could be attributed to internal
      friction within the suspension due to an increase in the area of contact (during
      collision or aggregation) among the microspheres, and between microspheres and
      liquid environment. These findings suggest that the surface geometry of solid
      particles (e.g., microcapsules, beads, and microspheres) could have a significant
      effect on the performance of these microparticles in suspension.

PMID- 2280367
TI  - Rational storage conditions for accelerated testing of stability of solid
      pharmaceuticals.

PMID- 2280366
TI  - Release of highly water-soluble medicinal compounds from inert, heterogeneous
      matrixes. II: Melt.
AB  - The release from matrixes compressed from melts of hydrogenated castor oil and
      ephedrine hydrochloride or procaine hydrochloride has been studied and is
      compared with the release from matrixes prepared by compression of physical
      mixtures. In both, the release is dependent on the square root of time; however,
      the release is slower from the matrix prepared by the melt process. Parameters
      that affect the release are compared. The independence of release from stirring
      speed and the greater tortuosity of the matrix prepared by the melt process
      indicate that the release is by a matrix diffusion mechanism. In contrast,
      boundary layer diffusion is operative in the release from the matrixes prepared
      by compression of physical mixtures. It is demonstrated that for a given
      formulation, the method of processing may alter the mechanism and rate of
      release.

PMID- 2280368
TI  - Consensus report from "Bio International '89": issues in the evaluation of
      bioavailability data.

PMID- 2280369
TI  - Hydrolysis of peptides in the nasal cavity of humans.

PMID- 2280370
TI  - Benzodiazepines: therapeutic, biologic, and psychosocial issues. Boston,
      Massachusetts, September 30-October 1, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2280371
TI  - Panic disorder: genetic considerations.
AB  - Panic disorder is a common illness that can have serious consequences, including
      increased long-term mortality. Family and twin studies suggest that it is a
      genetic disorder and transmission patterns within families are compatible with a
      hypothesis of a disease gene predisposing to the condition. Recently, it has
      become possible to locate disease genes causing familial disorders through
      linkage analysis. A preliminary linkage analysis of panic disorder at the
      University of Iowa found suggestive but inconclusive evidence of linkage to the
      alpha-haptoglobin locus on chromosome 16q22. Future strategies for identifying
      disease genes in anxiety disorders are described.

PMID- 2280372
TI  - Panic and generalized anxiety: are they separate disorders?
AB  - Evidence that panic and generalized anxiety disorder are separate disorders is
      presented from a review of epidemiological, family, and twin studies. Generalized
      anxiety disorder and panic disorder have been shown to have different rates and
      risk factors in the community and different family aggregation, which is
      consistent with the separation of the disorders. The one small twin study using
      Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition criteria also supports the
      separation between these disorders. The concordance for panic disorder is greater
      among monozygotic than among dizygotic twins. There undoubtedly are overlaps
      between these disorders, and some patients with generalized anxiety disorder may
      later develop panic disorder; however, the results thus far support the
      separation of these disorders.

PMID- 2280373
TI  - The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA)
      experience.
AB  - According to the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study--one of the largest
      investigations of the prevalence of mental disorders ever conducted--anxiety
      disorders affect more than 7% of adults in the United States. Women, individuals
      under age 45, those who are separated or divorced, and those in low socioeconomic
      groups all have a higher rate of anxiety than individuals in other groups. This
      article will present prevalence rates of anxiety disorders based on data from the
      five ECA sites--New Haven, Conn; Baltimore, Md; St Louis, Mo; Durham, NC; and Los
      Angeles, Ca.

PMID- 2280374
TI  - [Aorto-arteriography of the legs in the elderly. Tolerability and value. Report
      of 100 tests carried out consecutively in patients over 70 years of age].
AB  - Over a period of 4 years, we have studied 100 consecutive cases of
      arteriographies, realized out of emergency, and concerning patients age 70 and
      above (average age 77). In 2/3 of cases, the arteriography was requested for a
      stage IV arteriopathy of the inferior limbs, the other 1/3 being equally
      distributed between stage II and III. On the technical plan, the femoral pathway
      with retrograde catheterization was mostly performed because femoral pulses were
      correct in most cases. Only one major complication occurred. The presurgery
      balance, patience and gentleness have permitted to reduce risks. We haven't
      observed any type of complications during the procedure in these elderly patients
      with polysystem disease (HT, diabetes, CVA, cardiopathology) latent renal
      insufficiency at this age did not create a problem because normal precautions
      were taken during procedure and new contrast products with low osmolarity used.
      The study of arteriographies by a personal scoring that we elaborated has clearly
      confirmed the distal and often bilateral nature of arterial lesions. The
      indications of this examination are of course already assessed by medico-surgical
      teams who select patients susceptible of enduring a by pass. The imagery obtained
      has allowed in almost 40% of cases either a revascularization act or a per
      cutaneous angioplasty, thus proving the advantages of this examination, finally
      little aggressive, in evaluation of these predominantly distal lesions in the
      elderly people.

PMID- 2280375
TI  - [Fractures caused by bone insufficiency of the proximal femoral epiphysis.
      Contribution of MRI].
AB  - The fractures by bony insufficiency are particularly well seen on MRI. On T1
      weighted images they are detected as a very hypointense line surrounded by a
      hypointense area. On T2 weighted images, the hypointense line is also recognized
      and represents the fracture surrounded by a hyperintense area due to oedema or
      hemorrhage. Five cases of bony insufficiency fracture of the femoral head are
      reported. The features of the superior subchondral locations of these fractures
      and some primary and limited epiphyseal osteonecrosis are similar and consistent
      with a common pathogeny.

PMID- 2280376
TI  - [The sign of the fibular head. An indication of torsion?].
AB  - The head of the fibula is posteriorly located on a lateral view of the knee. This
      location varies according to the rotation of the limb when the knee is positioned
      for the radiograph. Our study shows that the location of fibular head is an
      indirect sign of torsion disorder of the inferior limb.

PMID- 2280377
TI  - [Radiologic aspects of a case of Waldmann's disease].
AB  - The Waldmann's disease or intestinal lymphangiectasia is a rare disease. We
      observed a case which occurred in a 14 years old boy. The disease was discovered
      in the screening of an intermittent diarrhea. The diagnosis was suspected on
      biological signs of protein-losing enteropathy and the presence of
      lymphangiectasias seen during endoscopy. The lymphography was conclusive showing
      the abnormal opacification of the mesenteric region. The other examinations were
      also important to assert the idiopathic origin of the disease.

PMID- 2280379
TI  - [MRI diagnosis of epidural cervical hematoma. A case report].
AB  - The epidural hematoma of the spine is a seldom disease and a neurosurgical
      emergency. MRI allows an early diagnosis. Only surgery can provide a good
      anatomical and functional prognosis.

PMID- 2280380
TI  - [Experimental radiologic imaging of ulnar and median nerves].
AB  - This experimental study presents a new method of neurography of the ulnar and
      median nerves. Subcutaneous injection of water soluble iodine contrast medium
      (Urotrast 75%-Krka Yugoslavia) in the vicinity of the nerve immediately followed
      by 12V D.C. electrostimulation resulted in proximal flow of contrast medium along
      the epineural space versus all other structures of the nerve trunk. On X-ray
      films epineural space appeared as two parallel linear shadows delineating a
      lucent stripe which comprises all other nerve structures. By means of this method
      nerve X-ray images of very high quality have been accomplished for significantly
      shorter time than required in other procedures. The method is harmless for the
      patient and easily applicable.

PMID- 2280378
TI  - [The space surrounding the spinal cord. Constitution, organization and
      relationship with the cerebrospinal fluid].
AB  - This study describes the structures of the three meningeal envelopes surrounding
      the spinal cord and delineating the perispinal spaces. The pia mater is a
      membrane constituted of a deep and a superficial layer. This structural
      organization explains the relationship of the piamater with the spinal vessels
      and the cerebrospinal fluid. The morphology, the structure and the topographic
      value of the ligamentum denticulatum are then defined. After remaining the
      structure of the duramater and of the arachnoidea, the organization of the
      meningeal envelopes of the spinal nerves is described. Meningeal structures
      similar to cranial arachnoid granulations are described. The problem of the
      cerebrospinal fluid physiology is then discussed. After remaining the secretion
      and circulation of the cerebro spinal fluid, the problem of its spinal resorption
      is discussed. This resorption can be done by ascending pathways either lymphatics
      or veins.

PMID- 2280381
TI  - [Pricing system for costly equipment. Cost allocation adapted to technical
      operating costs].
AB  - 1. Our study consists on analysing annual technical operating costs (excluding
      professional fees) of computed tomography and extracorporeal lithotripsy in order
      to define a pricing system able to provide proper reimbursements of technical
      costs for costly equipment. 2. Economic and utilization data have been collected
      from physicians responsible for facilities and from equipment current
      manufacturers. Annual charges are assessed in function of annual volume of
      procedures. 3. Definition of mean costs (total mean cost, mean cost of one more
      procedure) and mean cost distribution analysis according to annual volume of
      procedures lead to propose a method for financing costly technical medical
      activities based on a two-price rate: until a defined number of procedures is
      reached, a full-rate reimbursement is applied and then, it is replaced by a
      reduced-rate reimbursement. 4. Such a pricing system is easy to manage and allows
      to fit annual technical receipts to annual technical expenditure on a wide range
      of patient procedure volume.

PMID- 2280382
TI  - Murine immune responses and immunization against Polyplax serrata (Anoplura:
      Polyplacidae).
AB  - Mice with restricted grooming capabilities were infested with the solenophagous
      louse, Polyplax serrata (Burmeister). Louse burdens on Cox/Swiss and C3H/HeSN
      mice increased for approximately 1 mo, reaching burden/host weight ratios of 1.14
      and 1.26 mg/g, respectively, followed by a steady decline. Fifty days after
      initial ectoparasite contact, both strains were resistant to lice. Resistance was
      anamnestic, lasting several months with second infestation weights reduced by 98
      and 78% on Cox/Swiss and C3H/HeSN, respectively. Furthermore, mice were
      systemically resistant because infestations on naive body sites of resistant
      hosts were reduced by 59%. Host resistance was associated with the development of
      antilouse immune responses. After the first week of a primary infestation, the
      draining lymph nodes contained cells that proliferated in vitro to louse
      antigens. Skin responses to louse antigens were also detected: (1) delayed, (2)
      immediate and delayed, and (3) no significant reactivity on days 19, 34, and 54,
      respectively. The presence of systemic antilouse responses provided an
      immunologic basis for immunization against lice. Intradermal injections of
      soluble louse components reduced primary infestation weights by 62%. Immunized
      mice had immediate and delayed skin responses containing an inflammatory
      infiltrate 1 wk following immunization. This study, using the natural host of P.
      serrata, demonstrates an inducible, anamnestic immune component in louse
      resistance.

PMID- 2280384
TI  - Survey of birds and lizards for ixodid ticks (Acari) and spirochetal infection in
      northern California.
AB  - A total of 138 birds (24 species) was captured in an oak woodland between
      December 1988 and June 1989 at the University of California, Sierra Foothill
      Range Field Station, Yuba County, Calif. Ticks were not found on 71 birds
      captured between December 1988 and March 1989. Five subadult Ixodes pacificus
      Cooley & Kohls were removed from 3 of 67 birds caught between April and June
      1989. These three birds, an orange-crowned warbler (Vermivora celata (Say], a
      lazuli bunting (Passerina amoena (Say], and a chipping sparrow (Spizella
      passerina (Bechstein], represent new host records for I. pacificus in California.
      Tissues from two ticks and thick blood films prepared from 126 birds tested
      negative for spirochetes by direct immunofluorescence (DI). A total of 172 larval
      and 197 nymphal I. pacificus was removed from 15 of 16 western fence lizards
      (Sceloporus occidentalis Baird & Girard) caught between April and June 1989 in
      the same location as were birds. Thick blood films prepared from all 16 lizards
      and tissue smears from 334 of the ticks (143 larvae and 191 nymphs) were DI test
      negative for spirochetes. One (1.1%) of 93 adult I. pacificus collected at the
      bird-lizard capture site in February 1989 was infected with spirochetes that
      resembled B. burgdorferi.

PMID- 2280385
TI  - Hyperendemic malaria in a Thai village: dependence of year-round transmission on
      focal and seasonally circumscribed mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) habitats.
AB  - In a longitudinal study of hyperendemic malaria in a village in eastern Thailand
      (from October 1985 to November 1987), man-biting anopheline mosquitoes were
      collected for 16 man-nights per month in 22 of 26 mo. Mosquitoes were separated
      according to collection sites (inner, central, more populated; outer, peripheral,
      more forested), biting period, and parity, and then they were tested for
      sporozoite antigen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Abundance
      of Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrison was greater in outer than inner village
      sites, with bimodal peaks in the postmonsoon (October-November) and early rainy
      (April or May) seasons. Parity rates at both sites were high in postmonsoon
      seasons (means about 67%), low in cool dry (December-January, less than 56%) and
      monsoon (June-September, less than 60%) seasons, and variable in other seasons.
      Of 1,861 An. dirus collected, 16 (0.9%) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum
      (PF) and nine (0.4%) for P. vivax (PV), whereas of 386 An. minimus, one (0.3%)
      and three (0.8%) were PF- and PV-positive, respectively. Entomological
      inoculation rates (EIR) were higher in outer (means PF = 0.91, PV = 0.34) than
      inner village sites (means = 0.01 for PF and PV). The EIR of PF appeared bimodal,
      high in postmonsoon (October-November) and early rainy (April or May) seasons,
      low in monsoon seasons, and variable in other seasons. The vectorial capacity of
      An. dirus was higher than that of An. minimus, indicating that the two species
      were primary and secondary vectors, respectively. Human malaria prevalence data
      indicated that transmission depended greatly on the higher year-round vector
      abundance in outer than in inner village sites.

PMID- 2280383
TI  - Effect of the anesthetizing agent triethylamine on western equine
      encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viral titers in mosquitoes (Diptera:
      Culicidae).
AB  - Triethylamine (TEA) is a chemical compound that provides an effective means to
      anesthetize mosquitoes. The mosquitoes remain alive but are incapacitated for
      several hours; they do not recover following treatment. There was no effect on
      the titers of infectious virus recovered from western equine encephalomyelitis or
      St. Louis encephalitis virus-infected Culex tarsalis Coquillett and Aedes
      dorsalis (Meigen) that were anesthetized with TEA prior to storage at -70 degrees
      C. Furthermore, TEA had no effect on isoenzyme profiles of uninfected Cx.
      tarsalis.

PMID- 2280386
TI  - Survivorship and gonotrophic cycle length of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)
      near Sheridan, Placer County, California.
AB  - A population of adult Culex tarsalis Coquillett was sampled daily from 9 through
      26 July 1985. Data on the abundance, trophic status, and parity were recorded.
      Abundance and parity data were analyzed by a time series method to estimate daily
      survivorship and the length of the gonotrophic cycle. Daily survivorship of blood
      fed females was estimated to be 0.84 with a gonotrophic cycle length of 5 d.
      Daily survivorship for unfed females was estimated to be 0.86 with a gonotrophic
      cycle length of 7 d. The 2-d difference in gonotrophic cycle lengths was
      interpreted as the duration of the teneral period during which newly emerged
      females underwent maturation and mating before seeking hosts.

PMID- 2280387
TI  - Effect of topically treating cattle with permethrin on blood feeding of
      Psorophora columbiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in a southwestern Louisiana rice
      pasture ecosystem.
AB  - The percentage of resting mosquitoes that had fed on blood or were gravid-parous
      was determined in two pastures associated with the riceland agroecosystem in
      southwestern Louisiana. In one pasture, all of the cattle were treated with
      permethrin every 14 d over a 22-wk period, whereas cattle in the other pasture
      were untreated. The percentage of blood-engorged Psorophora columbiae (Dyar &
      Knab) was significantly lower in the vicinity of the treated herd. The
      effectiveness of the permethrin treatment in reducing blood feeding decreased
      over the interval between applications and as a result of increased rainfall. The
      proportion of Ps. columbiae that was gravid or parous was not significantly
      affected by the treatment. Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say engorgement rates also
      were significantly reduced by the treatment; however, Anopheles crucians
      Wiedemann and Culex salinarius Coquillett engorgement rates did not differ
      between the two areas. The results indicate that host management by permethrin
      treatment has potential for controlling Ps. columbia and An. quadrimaculatus
      populations in the Louisiana riceland-pasture agroecosystem.

PMID- 2280388
TI  - Development of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae).
AB  - Developmental times (egg to adult) and fecundity of the European house dust mite,
      Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart), were determined for various
      temperatures that normally occur in the mite microhabitat in homes. Egg-to-adult
      developmental times were 122.8 +/- 14.5, 34.0 +/- 5.9, 19.3 +/- 2.5, and 15.0 +/-
      2.0 d (means +/- SD) at 16 (61 degrees F), 23 (73 degrees F), 30 (86 degrees F),
      and 35 degrees C (95 degrees F), respectively. Developmental times of individual
      life stages were consistent proportions of the total egg-to-adult developmental
      times regardless of temperature. Duration of the egg and protonymphal and
      tritonymphal life stages were 20-26% of the total development times and for the
      larval stage, 28-33%. At 23 degrees C, females lived 31.2 +/- 11.1 d and produced
      2.5 +/- 0.7 eggs per day during a reproductive period of 26.2 +/- 10.7 d. By
      comparison, at 35 degrees C, females produced 3.3 +/- 1.3 eggs per day, but
      female longevity and the reproductive period were reduced to 15.5 +/- 9.6 and
      11.6 +/- 6.4 d, respectively. During a lifetime, females produced 68.4 +/- 30.4
      and 48.0 +/- 29.6 eggs at 23 and 35 degrees C, respectively.

PMID- 2280389
TI  - Field evaluation of Nylar for control of cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in
      home yards.
AB  - Procedures were developed to evaluate juvenoid insect growth regulators in home
      yards as part of an ongoing program to identify photostable insecticides for
      control of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche). Nylar, an emulsifiable
      concentrate formulation of pyriproxyfen, was selected as the experimental insect
      growth regulator. Efficacy studies, yard survey, and pretreatment sampling
      techniques are described. Soil samples collected from the yards at intervals
      after treatment were taken to the laboratory, infested with flea larvae, and
      tested for juvenoid activity. Results indicated that Nylar applied at a
      concentration of 32 mg/m2 in 0.82 liter of water/m2 (20 gal/1,000 ft2) prevented
      development of approximately 80% of the fleas for a period of 3 wk.

PMID- 2280390
TI  - Prevalence and biology of endosymbionts of fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) from
      dogs and cats in Alachua County, Florida.
AB  - A study was conducted to determine the prevalence and biology of endosymbionts in
      local populations of fleas collected from dogs and cats in Alachua Co., Florida.
      Four hundred three Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), 194 Pulex simulans Baker, and
      44 Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood) were examined. Fleas were collected from 52
      dogs and 51 cats. From 1 to 20 fleas were dissected from each host. A variety of
      microorganisms and metazoa was observed, including a baculovirus, gram-negative
      bacteria, rickettsia-like organisms, amoebae, trypanosomatid flagellates,
      cephaline gregarines, and microsporidia. Microfilariae of the dog heartworm,
      Dirofilaria immitis, entomophilic nematodes, and metacestodes of the tapeworm
      Dipylidium caninum were also observed.

PMID- 2280392
TI  - Additional instances of human parasitism by the brown dog tick (Acari: Ixodidae).
AB  - Nine cases of humans parasitized by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus
      (Latreille), are reported. Eight cases occurred during 1989. Seven of the
      individuals were from an apparent focus of human biting in northern Texas and
      southwestern Oklahoma, one case was from San Antonio, Bexar County, Tex., and one
      case was from Homestead Air Force Base, Dade County, Fla. These cases suggest
      that the role of R. sanguineus in the transmission of the etiologic agent of
      canine ehrlichiosis and other pathogenic organisms to humans may be
      underestimated and warrants investigation.

PMID- 2280391
TI  - Laboratory method for measuring the attractiveness of pheromones to adult Musca
      domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).
AB  - A technique was developed for evaluating the effects of pheromones on adult house
      fly, Musca domestica (L.) feeding. U-shaped pipettes were placed next to Celotex
      blocks treated with (Z)-9-tricosene in cages with 200 adult house flies. The
      pipettes were filled with sucrose so that a positive meniscus formed where flies
      could feed. The amount of sucrose consumed was determined by measuring the amount
      needed to refill the pipettes after 24 h. Flies ingested significantly more
      sucrose solution placed near a Celotex block treated with (Z)-9-tricosene than
      from a control without pheromone. The cis and cis/trans isomers of (Z)-9
      tricosene were equally effective in increasing ingestion. Commercially available
      polyvinylchloride strips were not as effective as the Celotex block when both
      were treated with (Z)-9-tricosene. Evaluation of these (Z)-9-tricosene
      presentations using our new laboratory method precluded the need for more costly
      field evaluations.

PMID- 2280393
TI  - Microwave fixation: in situ tick (Acari: Ixodidae) histoanatomy, thin sectioning
      of tick tissues, and antigen preservation in mouse spleen.
AB  - Microwave irradiation was used for the fixation of eggs, nymphs, and adult
      Boophilus spp. ticks. Although optimal temperatures for fixation of the different
      tick stages varied, heating to 58 degrees C of adult ticks submerged in either
      PBS or fixative was found to be sufficient. After microwave fixation, whole adult
      ticks, hand held, were sectioned with a sharp razor blade. The resulting sections
      revealed the in situ histoanatomy of the tick. Thin sections of ticks were
      obtained after either paraffin or polyester wax embedding. Microwave fixation
      combined with polyester wax embedding made serial thin sections of the different
      stages of Boophilus ticks possible. The technique preserved antigens as
      demonstrated by the immunostaining of lymphocytes and erythrocytes infected with
      Babesia microti in mouse tissues subjected to the same treatment as the ticks.
      With the microwave fixation-polyester wax technique, the specimen preparation
      time from fixation to the section on the glass slide was reduced to less than 8
      h.

PMID- 2280394
TI  - Establishment and characterization of a cell line from the mosquito Culex (Culex)
      theileri (Diptera: Culicidae) and its susceptibility to infection with
      arboviruses.
AB  - The mosquito Culex (Culex) theileri Theobald is probably the major vector of Rift
      Valley fever (RVF) virus during epizootics on the inland plateau of southern
      Africa. A cell line was established from the tissues of this mosquito species to
      facilitate laboratory studies on RVF and other arboviruses. After temperature
      pretreatment, egg rafts from a laboratory colony were disinfected, mechanically
      disrupted, and grown in preconditioned Eagles minimum essential medium
      supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. The cells were characterized by their
      protein content, karyology, and their susceptibility to three arboviruses.
      Although high infectivity titers were obtained, no cytopathic effects were
      produced by these viruses. The cell line was shown to be free from latent
      viruses. These results show that this cell line may be employed fruitfully in
      arbovirus studies.

PMID- 2280395
TI  - Host-dependent differences in feeding and reproduction of Ixodes dammini (Acari:
      Ixodidae).
AB  - The frequencies with which adult Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman and
      Corwin feed upon white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), raccoons (Procyon
      lotor), opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and domestic cats were compared in a
      wooded site in northeastern United States. By combining estimates of the quantity
      of ticks feeding on each host species with host densities, we derived the
      relative contribution made by each kind of host to the feeding of the tick
      population. To compare engorgement success and reproductive efficacy, we weighed
      ticks found on these hosts and compared tick weights with the quantity of eggs
      produced. Deer harbored the most female ticks per individual and, although deer
      were less abundant than raccoons, they harbored 94.6% of the feeding tick
      population. Raccoons, cats, and opossums, respectively, provided blood meals to
      3.6, 1.6, and 0.2% of feeding adult ticks. Ticks engorged more successfully on
      cats and raccoons than on deer, and egg production correlated linearly with
      weight of female ticks collected from both cats and deer. Although these ticks
      engorged better on other hosts, the vast majority of eggs resulted from ticks
      that had fed on deer. We conclude that, in this site, the abundance of deer
      largely determines the abundance of I. dammini, the vector of the agent of Lyme
      disease.

PMID- 2280396
TI  - Resistance between stages of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari:
      Ixodidae).
AB  - The ability of one stage of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann to induce
      resistance in a host to the feeding of the next stage in the life cycle was
      studied using Bos taurus cattle and rabbits. Simple resistance within a stage and
      cross-resistance between stages was generally less than 50%. The cumulative
      effect of simple resistance and cross-resistance over the whole life cycle in
      this experiment was estimated at 97% resistance measured as reduction in
      engorgement mass, numbers detached, and survival. Potential antigens in salivary
      glands of the three stages were compared by microscopy and electrophoresis and
      found closely similar. Production of serum antibodies against salivary antigens
      was examined by Western blotting of the electrophoretically separated salivary
      peptides. Cross reactions occurred but with little consistency. Hypersensitivity
      reactions were observed directly and tested immunologically. Only delayed
      hypersensitive reactions were directly involved in simple resistance and cross
      resistance. These results can be applied in the selection of cattle for
      resistance to ticks, and this is discussed.

PMID- 2280397
TI  - N,N-diethylphenylacetamide--a new repellent for Periplaneta americana
      (Dictyoptera: Blattidae), Blattella germanica, and Supella longipalpa
      (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).
AB  - The residual repellency of N,N-diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA) was studied against
      American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.); German cockroach, Blattella
      germanica (L.); and brownbanded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (F.) at various
      concentrations. DEPA exhibited residual repellency for 4, 3, and 2 wk against
      American, German, and brownbanded cockroach, respectively, at a concentration of
      0.5 mg/cm2.

PMID- 2280398
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantifying antigens of Dermatophagoides
      farinae and D. pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) in house dust samples.
AB  - Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a
      monoclonal antibody as capture and detector antibodies was developed for
      quantifying antigens of Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes and D. pteronyssinus
      (Trouessart) mites contained in house dust samples. This monoclonal antibody was
      directed against mite antigens that were also reactive to immunoglobulin E
      antibody in all of 10 serum samples obtained from patients allergic to mites.
      Histological study using fluorescent antibody revealed that the monoclonal
      antibody was bound to the major part of the D. farinae mite body section
      including fecal matter and cuticles. The detection limit of the assay system was
      0.17 microgram of soluble antigens of both mite species and the antigen amount
      corresponding to 0.5 mites per microplate well, whether in live or dead mites.
      This system did not react to antigens of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and
      Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans. Slight inhibition of less than or equal to 21.3%
      was observed with nonspecific substances contained in house dust, such as wool,
      cotton, human dander, human hair, soil, and biscuit, but no direct ELISA
      reactions were obtained with any of these materials. In 49 house dust samples,
      ELISA was significantly correlated with the conventional microscopic observation
      method.

PMID- 2280400
TI  - History of the regional dental clinical examinations.

PMID- 2280399
TI  - Rubidium and cesium as host blood-markers to study multiple blood feeding by
      mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).
AB  - We have developed an experimental technique to quantify multiple blood feeding by
      mosquitoes during a single gonotrophic cycle on conspecific or closely related
      vertebrate hosts. Rubidium and cesium were detected in mosquitoes that fed on
      chickens injected with these elements 3 d earlier. Experimentally induced double
      blood meals were confirmed by the presence of both rubidium and cesium in
      individual mosquitoes. Multiple blood feeding by Culiseta melanura also was
      demonstrated in nature using this technique. This was the first simultaneous use
      of two alkali metals as host blood-markers for the study of mosquito blood
      feeding behavior.

PMID- 2280401
TI  - Reliability and validity of expert judgment.

PMID- 2280402
TI  - Use of human subjects in clinical examinations.

PMID- 2280404
TI  - Follow-up care and responsibility for patients used in clinical examinations.

PMID- 2280405
TI  - Current concepts of the relationship and management of temporomandibular
      disorders and auditory symptoms.

PMID- 2280403
TI  - Issues in responsibility for remedial education. Who pays for failure?

PMID- 2280406
TI  - Dentist to patient transmission of human immunodeficiency virus?

PMID- 2280408
TI  - Venom apparatus and toxicity of the centipede Ethmostigmus rubripes (Chilopoda,
      Scolopendridae).
AB  - The venom apparatus of Ethmostigmus rubripes, a generalized predator, consists of
      the telopodites of the postcephalic segment, the basal article of w which
      contains the venom gland. Within the gland, venom granules are concentrated in
      intracellular secretory granules, from which they are discharged into vacuoles in
      the cytoplasm of the secretory cells and thereafter by exocytosis into the lumen
      of the gland. A venom duct carries venom to the venom claw, which introduces it
      into prey via a subterminal pore on the outer curvature of the claw. Pits
      containing pegs, presumed to be sensory, are concentrated near grooves leading to
      a cutting ridge proximal to the point of the claw. The venom is toxic both to
      mammals and insects.

PMID- 2280407
TI  - Expression of the WE3 antigen in newt epithelium originating from subcutaneous
      grafts of skin.
AB  - mAb WE3 recognizes an antigen that is developmentally regulated in the wound
      epithelium of regenerating newt limbs. The antigen is precociously expressed when
      pieces of WE3-negative wound epithelium are grafted subcutaneously (Tassava et
      al.: Recent Trends in Regeneration Research. New York: Plenum Publishing Co., pp.
      37-49, 1989). In the present study, we investigated whether the WE3 antigen is
      expressed in epidermis of subcutaneous grafts of skin. Small pieces of limb skin
      were grafted into small tunnels in the lower jaw, limb, and tail, oriented either
      the same as (epidermis facing out) or opposite to (epidermis facing in) the
      orientation of the host skin. In most cases, the epithelium migrated from the
      graft along the wounded surface of the tunnel, closed onto itself, and formed a
      multilayered "emigrant" epithelium. Infrequently, the migrating epithelium
      combined with the wound epithelium of the insertion wound. In no case did the
      epithelium migrate over the cut edge of the grafted dermis. Reactivity to mAb WE3
      was first seen at 4 days after grafting, when the migrating epithelium had almost
      closed over onto itself. By 6 days and thereafter, the entire emigrant epithelium
      was reactive to mAb WE3. While initially restricted to the emigrant epithelium,
      at 10 days after grafting and thereafter, reactivity was also seen in the
      epidermis that remained in contact with the dermis. Expression of the WE3 antigen
      was not influenced by the orientation of the graft nor by the graft site. The
      results show that, compared to amputated limbs, the epithelium originating from
      these grafts precociously expresses the WE3 antigen. Also, epidermis of grafted
      skin is capable of expressing the WE3 antigen.

PMID- 2280409
TI  - Ultrastructure of pericytes in early stages of histamine-induced inflammation.
AB  - Physiological and ultrastructural assessment of changes in the walls of venules
      in the rat cremaster muscle after administration of histamine indicates that
      pericytes have essential roles in the normal functioning of venules during
      inflammation. Fluorescein-labelled albumin was used to quantitate macromolecular
      leakage and to select suitable venules for ultrastructural analysis 4 and 7
      minutes after addition of histamine. Pericytes were concentrated over endothelial
      cell junctions and gaps. At 4 minutes, when albumin leakage was becoming
      detectable, gaps between endothelial cells were observed in the venule wall. In
      24 serially sectioned gaps, pericytes formed covers, with contact points to the
      endothelial cells along the sides of the gaps. At 7 minutes, when albumin leakage
      was maximal, gaps with pericyte covers were still evident, but more commonly
      observed were pericyte covers over closed endothelial cell junctions. Spaces
      between the innermost pericytes and endothelial cells were enlarged by an order
      of magnitude, from 95 nm in controls to 872 nm at 4 minutes and 958 nm at 7
      minutes. Pericytes formed coverings or bridges over inclusions of extravasated
      cells, fluid, proteins, and the vascular label monastral blue. The data indicate
      that pericytes protect the endothelial lining of venules during histamine-induced
      inflammation by forming a cohesive covering across gaps.

PMID- 2280410
TI  - Comparative ultrastructure of ant spermatozoa (Formicidae: Hymenoptera).
AB  - Mature spermatozoa from spermathecae of founding queens were obtained from 5
      species of ants, representing the major subfamilies Myrmicinae (Acromyrmex
      versicolor, Crematogaster sp.) and Dolichoderinae (Tapinoma sessile, Conomyrma
      insana, Conomyrma wheeleri). The ultrastructure of ant spermatozoa has many
      features in common with that of higher insects and is similar to that of other
      Hymenoptera. Structural similarities to spermatozoa of other Hymenoptera include
      an acrosome containing an internal rod that extends into the nucleus, two
      elongate mitochondrial derivatives, a centriolar adjunct, and an axonemal
      arrangement of 9 + 9 + 2 that includes well-developed coarse, or accessory,
      tubules. Spermatozoa obtained from A. versicolor, a species that is known to
      store and utilize viable sperm from this supply for over 10 years, show greater
      development of the mitochondrial derivatives than do the other species. The most
      distinctive feature of ant spermatozoa in comparison to other Hymenoptera is the
      large size of the centriolar adjunct relative to the other organelles. The
      centriolar adjunct is located posterior to the nucleus, anterior to the
      mitochondrial derivatives, and opposite the axoneme.

PMID- 2280411
TI  - Interfiber tension transmission in series-fibered muscles of the cat hindlimb.
AB  - Several muscles of the cat hindlimb, including biceps femoris and tenuissimus,
      are composed of short, in-series muscle fibers with tapered intrafascicular
      terminations. Tension generation and transmission within such muscles requires
      that active fibers should be mechanically coupled in series via myomyous
      junctions, specialized connective tissue attachments, or the endomysium. This
      report establishes that the tapered fibers of the cat biceps femoris and
      tenuissimus muscles have insignificant numbers of either myomyous or specialized
      connective tissue junctions. Tension appears to be transmitted in a distributed
      manner across the plasmalemma of the tapered (and probably the non-tapered)
      portions of the fibers to the connective tissue of the endomysium, which is
      therefore an essential series elastic element in these muscles. Subplasmalemmal
      dense plaques were identified and may play a role in transmembrane force
      transmission. In addition to the endomysium, passive muscle fibers may also serve
      to transmit tension between active fibers, and therefore should also be
      considered to be series elastic elements.

PMID- 2280412
TI  - Myosin light chain and caldesmon phosphorylation in arterial muscle stimulated
      with endothelin-1.
AB  - Endothelin-1 contracts porcine carotid arterial smooth muscle with an ED50 of 10
      nM. Contraction is associated with phosphorylation of the 20,000 dalton
      regulatory light chain subunits of vascular myosin. Phosphopeptide mapping of
      light chains isolated from 32PO4-loaded muscle strips stimulated by endothelin-1
      (5 x 10(-8) M) and comparison with maps generated from light chains
      phosphorylated in vitro or muscles stimulated with KCl (110 mM) or angiotensin-II
      (5 x 10(-8) M) indicates that Ca2(+)-calmodulin activation of myosin light chain
      kinase is a biochemical pathway stimulated by all three agonists. However, a
      small amount of phosphate (17%) was detected in a light chain peptide
      phosphorylated by protein kinase C. Endothelin-1 also stimulated phosphorylation
      of the thin filament protein, caldesmon, (from 0.35 mol PO4/mol caldesmon to 0.52
      mol PO4/mol). Collectively, these results provide evidence that the effects of
      endothelin-1 on force generation and maintenance in vascular muscle may be
      dependent upon myosin light chain phosphorylation by Ca2+ calmodulin--requiring
      myosin light chain kinase and upon a thin filament mechanism that is modulated by
      phosphorylation of caldesmon.

PMID- 2280413
TI  - Negative lusitropic effect of DPI 201-106 and E4031. Possible role of prolonging
      action potential duration.
AB  - In open-chest anesthetized dogs, the time constant of isovolumic left ventricular
      pressure decay increased following the intravenous administration of either
      E4031, a class III antiarrhythmic agent which acts by K+ channel blockade, or DPI
      201-106 (DPI), a cardiotonic agent which acts by delaying Na+ channel
      inactivation. In addition to prolonging cardiac refractoriness, both E4031 and
      DPI increased left ventricular +dP/dt but without significantly altering -dP/dt.
      Consequently, the value of the ratio (+dP/dt)/(-dP/dt) increased. There were no
      significant changes in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, or left ventricular
      end diastolic pressure. Since both E4031 and DPI prolonged the action potential
      duration (APD) and the refractory period, and slowed relaxation in vivo, the
      possibility of a causal link between these effects was further investigated under
      in vitro conditions. In isometrically contracting rabbit papillary muscles, E4031
      and DPI increased peak developed tension (DT) and its maximal rate of rise (+T).
      Since the maximal rate of fall of DT (-T) did not increase by the same factor
      that +T increased, the value of the ratio +T/-T increased. Time to half
      relaxation increased, whereas time to peak tension was not significantly changed
      by either E4031 or DPI. These negative lusitropic effects produced by E4031 or
      DPI were not observed when equivalent increases in contractility were produced by
      increasing the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. The effective refractory period
      measured in the papillary muscles increased following superfusion with either of
      the two drugs, consistent with their known ability to increase APD. A causal link
      between the prolongation of APD and the negative lusitropic effects of E4031 and
      DPI is postulated as the possible mechanism.

PMID- 2280414
TI  - Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione transferase
      activities in the human artery, vein and heart.
AB  - The continuous exposure to blood components, including prooxidants, makes the
      blood vessel wall susceptible to oxidative stress and free radical mediated
      reactions (Henning and Chow, 1988; Stamm et al., 1989; Halliwell and Gutteridge,
      1984). Free radicals can be produced extracellularly via the respiratory bursts
      of activated neutrophils, or intracellularly, via oxidation of hypoxanthine by
      xanthine oxidase (Henning and Chow, 1988; Stamm et al., 1989; Rubanyi, 1988).
      Microsomal enzymes such as lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase may also be a source
      of reactive species of oxygen (Henning and Chow, 1988; Stamm et al., 1989;
      Rubanyi, 1988; Mason et al., 1980). It has been proposed that free radicals are
      involved in the initiation and progression of various cardiovascular diseases
      including arteriosclerosis (Henning and Chow, 1988; Stamm et al., 1989; Yagi,
      1988; Jurgens et al., 1987). Thus the adequacy of the defence systems against
      free radicals is critical for the susceptibility of blood vessel wall to
      oxidative damage. Among the enzymatic systems capable of protecting the cell
      against oxidative injury, selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-px),
      glutatione reductase (GSSG-rx) and glutathione transferase (GST) play a crucial
      role (Flohe' et al., 1976; Mannervik and Danielson, 1988). Using glutathione
      (GSH) as a cofactor, Se-GSH-px reduces H2O2 to water and organic hydroperoxides
      to the corresponding alcohols (Flohe' et al., 1976). This reaction leads to
      conversion of GSH into its oxidized form (GSSG). In the presence of NADPH, GSSG
      rx is able to reduce the oxidized glutathione.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280415
TI  - Effect of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone on choline uptake and
      phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in cultured chick cardiac myocytes.
AB  - The objective of the study was to examine the hypothesis that amiodarone and its
      major metabolite desethylamiodarone alter choline uptake and metabolism in
      cardiac myocytes. Myocardial cells were obtained from 7-day-old chick embryos and
      were maintained in culture. Choline uptake, examined using [methyl 3H] choline,
      involves saturable and non-saturable processes. Amiodarone and desethylamiodarone
      at 10(-6) to 10(-4) M produced a significant (P less than 0.05) dose dependent
      reduction in choline uptake and inhibited the specific or carrier-mediated uptake
      process. The highest concentrations of each of these agents profoundly reduced
      choline uptake. Pulse chase experiments using [methyl 3H] choline showed that
      after a 2-h incubation with choline, about 85% of the label was recovered in
      phosphocholine, with the majority of the rest in phospholipid that was mainly
      phosphatidylcholine. Amiodarone and desethylamiodarone did not produce relevant
      alterations in choline metabolism namely phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis as
      neither drug altered the rate of disappearance of the label from phosphocholine
      or the appearance in phospholipid. Amiodarone but not desethylamiodarone produced
      a small but significant (P less than 0.05) increase in the amount of label that
      accumulated in CDP choline. These data demonstrate that amiodarone and
      desethylamiodarone decrease choline uptake into cardiac cells that may
      potentially be involved in either the mechanism of action or toxicity of
      amiodarone.

PMID- 2280416
TI  - Minorities in the health professions.

PMID- 2280417
TI  - Health and social consequences of excessive military spending.

PMID- 2280418
TI  - Sodium-22 influx into erythrocytes from diabetic hypertensive patients on
      maintenance hemodialysis.
AB  - We have studied the percentage of 22Na+ uptake in cell suspensions; 0.4 to 2.0 x
      10(9) erythrocytes/mL from diabetic uremic patients with secondary hypertension
      and from normal subjects. Suspensions from diabetic uremic patients with
      secondary hypertension 0.42 +/- 0.06 to 2.05 +/- 0.28; normal subjects showed a
      percentage uptake of 22Na+ of 0.27 +/- 0.05 to 1.28 +/- 0.22. The uptake of 22Na+
      in 2.0 x 10(9) cells/mL was 60% more (P less than .05) in diabetic uremic
      patients than in the controls. These studies indicate that 22Na+ influx
      determinations may be used to distinguish secondary hypertensive patients from
      normal subjects.

PMID- 2280419
TI  - Physical activity, stress, and type A behavior in blacks.
AB  - We assessed the relationship between potential risk factors for coronary heart
      disease, including type A behavior, leisure time physical activity, and stress in
      a young black adult population. The study population consisted of 192 black
      college freshmen at the University of Pittsburgh. The mean age of male subjects
      was 18.4; the mean age of female subjects was 18.5 years. No significant sex
      differences were noted for body mass index, type A behavior, stress, or physical
      activity levels. For both men and women, type A (Framingham) was positively
      correlated with stress. Only among women was there a positive association between
      type A (Bortner) and physical activity.

PMID- 2280420
TI  - Crohn's disease in black patients.
AB  - Crohn's disease is less prevalent in blacks than in whites. However, when it does
      occur, it is associated with a high degree of morbidity and is frequently
      unrecognized at initial presentation. Forty-three patients with Crohn's disease
      presented to Howard University Hospital between 1965 and 1987. There were 156
      hospital admissions, 47 emergency room visits, and 76 clinic visits over this 22
      year period. Twenty-eight patients were female and 15 were male. The age of
      presentation for males ranged from 18 to 63 years and for females, 12 to 74
      years. Crohn's disease should be considered in black patients who present with
      chronic abdominal pain and diarrhea. With correct diagnosis and appropriate
      medical therapy, patients should have an enhanced quality of life with less
      morbidity.

PMID- 2280421
TI  - Acute spinal epidural abscess.
AB  - Acute spinal epidural abscess is an uncommon disease. Recommended management has
      been mainly surgical. We recently treated three cases within 4 weeks. Lowered
      immune resistance played a role in two of the cases. We suggest that acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome will increase the incidence of this uncommon entity and
      advise that acute spinal epidural abscess can be successfully treated by
      nonsurgical means in some cases.

PMID- 2280422
TI  - Trauma to the lower abdomen.
AB  - Various aspects of trauma to the lower abdomen are discussed. The initial
      assessment, including appropriate diagnostic tests, are outlined. Principles of
      management of specific injuries and indications for operation are discussed.

PMID- 2280423
TI  - Health care use patterns among Detroit African Americans: 1910-1939.

PMID- 2280424
TI  - Traumatic pseudocyst of the spleen.
AB  - A rare case of a patient with a large multiloculated symptomatic pseudocyst of
      the spleen is presented. The splenic pseudocyst was diagnosed preoperatively by
      ultrasonography and computerized tomography of the abdomen. Pathologic spleen
      sections demonstrated benign splenic parenchyma overlying a fibrous cyst wall,
      the inner lining of which contained no epithelial membrane.

PMID- 2280426
TI  - Non-compliance with antihypertensive drug therapy: a risk factor for stroke among
      black hypertensives.

PMID- 2280425
TI  - Cold subcutaneous abscesses.
AB  - Cold abscesses are defined as having no associated erythema, heat, or tenderness.
      They may be present in immunodeficiency disorders, deep mycoses, and other
      infectious diseases. As there is a dearth information on this subject in the
      dermatology, surgery, and infectious disease literature, we present a case of
      cold abscesses secondary to coccidioidomycosis and discuss the possible role of
      humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, prostaglandins, T cells, and other
      mediators in cold abscess pathogenesis. In addition, therapeutic guidelines for
      abscesses are reviewed.

PMID- 2280427
TI  - Tuberculosis is back: a call to action.

PMID- 2280428
TI  - Cerebral calcification and learning disabilities following cranial irradiation
      for medulloblastoma.
AB  - Six children who received craniospinal irradiation for medulloblastoma when they
      were under 10 years of age developed learning disabilities. Four exhibited
      associated temporal lobe calcification on computerized tomography of the brain.
      The pathogenetic mechanisms of postirradiation cerebral calcification and
      learning disabilities in these children are discussed. We present the hypothesis
      that irradiation-induced vasculopathy results in hypoxia, most pronounced in the
      hippocampus. Hippocampal damage can manifest radiologically as calcifications and
      clinically as memory and learning disabilities.

PMID- 2280429
TI  - Hypertension induction in Dahl rats.
AB  - There is experimental and epidemiologic evidence that some minerals and trace
      elements play a role in hypertension. We designed an experiment in which salt and
      water sources were manipulated to examine the possible impact of this
      relationship. A strain of rats (Dahl rats) known to become hypertensive with
      sodium chloride ingestion was used to study the effect of salt source and water
      source on the induction of hypertension. The group on tap water and table salt
      had blood pressures (184 mmHg +/- 19) significantly higher than every other group
      in the experiment. The experimental animals receiving tap water plus table salt
      had the highest blood pressure levels, although they consumed the lowest quantity
      of sodium. Analysis of the tap water samples showed "soft water" by analysis of
      calcium and magnesium concentration. This could adversely affect blood pressure.
      The relatively high magnesium concentration in sun evaporated sea salt may play a
      protective role in hypertension induction. The zinc and copper present in tap
      water may play an exacerbating role.

PMID- 2280430
TI  - Academic outreach: health careers enhancement program for minorities.
AB  - This article describes the 6-week Health Careers Enhancement Program for
      Minorities inaugurated in the summer of 1988 at Case Western Reserve University
      School of Medicine. The program was developed for minority and economically
      disadvantaged college undergraduates and postbaccalaureate premedical students.
      Its major objectives were to stimulate and maintain the interest of minority
      students in health careers and prepare these students for entry into health
      professions and for successful completion of these programs. A unique aspect of
      the program was academic outreach. Case Western Reserve University minority
      alumni and community minority physicians participated as clinical role models,
      mentors, and teachers; community and state minority leaders served as
      inspirational speakers and role models. The program was designed not only to
      incorporate cognitive and skill development activities, but to also include
      features distinctive to the Case Western Reserve University curriculum,
      specifically, organ system teaching, preceptor groups, medical apprenticeship
      program, and student tutors.

PMID- 2280431
TI  - Immunogenicity of vaccines.

PMID- 2280432
TI  - The effectiveness of small dose intradermal rabies vaccine.

PMID- 2280433
TI  - Placental transfer of tetanus antibodies and protection of the newborn.
AB  - The aim of the study was to compare the placental transfer of tetanus toxoid
      antibodies (TTAB) and total IgG in Africa, where we had previously demonstrated a
      lack of transmission from mother to the newborn of measles antibodies. Two series
      of mother-child pairs, 45 in Paris and 134 in Libreville, Gabon, Central Africa,
      were measured after full-term pregnancies and normal deliveries. Means of ratios
      of cord/mother concentrations for TT AB and IgG were, respectively, 2.52 and 1.28
      in Paris and 0.98 and 0.82 in Gabon. In 11 pairs from Libreville no TT AB were
      found in mother and cord blood, but in four other African newborns (3 per cent),
      the mother transmitted TT AB which were lower than protective level against
      tetanus. Other data (negative correlation between mother IgG and cord/mother
      ratio of corresponding TT AB concentrations, and better transmission of TT AB in
      the low range of maternal IgG) indicate that the limitation of active placental
      transfer of antibodies is related to the high maternal IgG level common in
      Africa.

PMID- 2280434
TI  - Pediatric HIV-1 disease in a Kampala Hospital.
AB  - Data of pediatric patients screened for HIV-1 infection between 1985 and 1989
      were studied retrospectively in one of the major mission hospitals of Kampala
      (Uganda). Symptomatic HIV-1 infection was mainly acquired perinatally and was
      diagnosed in 87 per cent in children under 2 years of age. The mortality rate was
      40 per cent in pediatric in-patients with symptomatic HIV-1 infection as compared
      to 12 per cent in overall pediatric inpatients. Symptoms included in the WHO
      clinical case definition for pediatric AIDS were mainly insensitive, unspecific
      and demonstrated a low positive predictive value. There was no difference in the
      prevalence of malaria and measles between HIV-1 positive and HIV-1 negative
      children.

PMID- 2280435
TI  - Children in an urban township in Zambia. A prospective study of children during
      their first year of life.
AB  - In a prospective study of 257 children in Lusaka during their first year of life
      the infant mortality rate was 118 per thousand live births. Deaths were due to
      prematurity and respiratory problems during the first few months of life, and
      diarrhoea, measles, and malnutrition during the later months. The low birth
      weight rate was 11 per cent. Growth was good during the first 6 months, but
      thereafter there was faltering in weight gain and gain in length faltered after 8
      months. By age year 1 only 12 per cent attained the average weight-for-age and 8
      per cent the average height-for-age. Breast feeding decreased in frequency very
      gradually over the first year with 66 per cent of children still being breast-fed
      more than six times a day at a year. Meals were usually given only three times a
      day and consisted mainly of maize porridge with vegetables, beans, or meat when
      it could be afforded. Over 70 per cent of children were fully immunized.
      Milestones were generally achieved at expected ages or even earlier. Where they
      were delayed most of the children affected died within a couple of months.
      Recommendations are made on the surveillance of infants in urban areas and the
      provision of a precooked fortified appropriate weaning food obtained at Health
      Centres.

PMID- 2280436
TI  - Malnutrition and childhood tuberculosis.
AB  - Cell-mediated immune status (CMI) of sixty-five children suffering from various
      clinical forms of tuberculosis and thirty age- and sex-matched healthy children
      aged between 1 and 5 years was investigated to understand the role of
      malnutrition in tuberculosis. A significant association between severe
      malnutrition and severe forms of infection was observed. Data on CMI showed
      immunosuppressive effect of tuberculosis per se in all children. Well nourished
      children had similar CMI status irrespective of the severity of the disease while
      malnourished children with severe forms of disease showed lowest CMI response.
      These data suggest not only the synergistic interactions of malnutrition and
      tuberculosis, but the contributory role of malnutrition in causing more severe
      immuno suppression. The results point out the importance of better nutritional
      status of the child in preventing the severe forms of the disease.

PMID- 2280437
TI  - Women and health in Choco, Colombia.

PMID- 2280438
TI  - A 10-year review of morbidity from childhood preventable diseases in Nigeria: how
      successful is the expanded programme on immunization (EPI)? An update.
AB  - Morbidity and mortality in children of developing countries are primarily due to
      preventable infectious diseases such as measles, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis,
      whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus. By 1990 WHO hopes to have every child in
      the world immunized against these six diseases, that was why the Expanded
      Programme on Immunization (EPI) was launched. In Nigeria, a nationwide execution
      of EPI began in 1979. In view of the huge population of Nigeria, an evaluation of
      the efficiency of the EPI programme at reducing morbidity and mortality from the
      six target diseases has national and global importance. One such analysis of
      disease trends showed that apart from tuberculosis and acute poliomyelitis there
      was no clear reduction in morbidity from the EPI target diseases between 1979 and
      1983. The programme was revised and relaunched nationwide in 1984. This paper
      attempts to update documented programme achievements by including information on
      EPI diseases from 1974 to 1988. An analysis of available data shows that there
      has been clear reduction in morbidity from measles and whooping cough since 1986,
      and that the incidence of tuberculosis is on the increase from 1984, despite a
      national BCG coverage of over 80 per cent. It is suggested that future
      evaluations should include data on community-based surveys on poliomyelitis and
      neonatal tetanus, and use the technique of decision analysis to estimate EPI
      impact on mortality. A similar effort in this paper predicted a 42 per cent
      morbidity and 37 per cent mortality reductions from EPI target diseases in
      Nigeria by the end of 1989.

PMID- 2280439
TI  - Blood lead levels in Omani children admitted to hospital.
AB  - Whole blood lead levels were estimated by atomic absorption analysis in 119 Omani
      children admitted to hospital. Eighteen per cent of the children were found to
      have a blood lead level of 1.2 mumol/l or more, 5 per cent were found to have a
      level above 2.4 mumol/l and 3 per cent had very high levels in excess of 3.4
      mumol/l. No overall relationship was demonstrated between age and blood lead
      levels. However, children less than 3 years old were three times more likely than
      those 3 years or above to have a blood lead level in excess of 2.4 mumol/l. The
      results of this study are sufficiently worrying to justify a more widespread
      community based survey of blood lead levels in Omani children.

PMID- 2280440
TI  - Iron status of adolescent females in three schools in an urban area of Sri Lanka.
AB  - Ninety-three females in the age group 14-18 years were randomly selected from
      three schools in Colombo. Their iron and nutritional status was assessed using
      clinical, anthropometric, haematological, and biochemical parameters. Haemoglobin
      levels less than 12 g/dl were seen in 3.7 per cent of adolescent females. Free
      erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels greater than 70 micrograms/dl and serum
      percentage transferrin saturation values less than 16 per cent indicate iron
      deficiency and were seen in 10 per cent and 14 per cent of the subjects,
      respectively. Serum ferritin levels less than 12 micrograms/l indicate depleted
      iron stores and were seen in 59 per cent of the subjects studied. Our results
      suggest that although overt anaemia was not common among the subjects studied, a
      large number of subjects belonging to the lower socio-economic groups were in the
      early stages of iron deficiency and had depleted iron stores. These subjects are,
      therefore, at risk of developing clinical manifestations of iron deficiency when
      the demand for iron is increased, as in pregnancy.

PMID- 2280441
TI  - Does growth monitoring work as it ought to in countries of low literacy?
AB  - The paper examines various aspects of the growth monitoring (GM) component of the
      Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme of India. Data of 3704
      rural children, 0-6 years of age revealed that growth of almost half of the
      children had never been monitored, and monitored inadequately in another 25 per
      cent of cases. While very few mothers (1 per cent) could interpret growth charts
      (GC) correctly, 87 per cent of the ICDS functionaries could do this. There was a
      significant and positive relationship between maternal knowledge and functionary
      knowledge of the growth chart (GC), and coverage of children for GM. Impact of
      mothers' GC knowledge on nutritional status of children was determined largely by
      their literacy status; however, only 17 per cent were literate. Analysis of
      covariance of the effect of GM on weight-for-age and morbidity controlling for
      socio-economic status and other programme services showed that GM did not have an
      impact on the nutritional or health status of children. It is therefore concluded
      that very high levels of illiteracy amongst mothers may be a major determinant to
      the success of GM programmes in India.

PMID- 2280442
TI  - Aetiology of acute lead encephalopathy in Omani infants.
AB  - Twenty-five Omani infants were admitted with acute lead encephalopathy. They
      ranged in age from 1 to 8 months with the majority less than 4 months old. The
      source of poisoning in 20 infants (80 per cent) proved to be a local medication
      called bint al dahab. In a further three infants (12 per cent) there was a strong
      recent history of administration of a local medication, but the agent could not
      be identified with certainty. As with older children acute lead encephalopathy
      has serious consequences and in this series only 44 per cent of infants were
      thought to be neurologically normal at the time of discharge. The administration
      of lead containing medications to young infants in Oman is a significant
      preventable cause of morbidity and mortality having implications, in particular,
      for physicians involved in the care of Arabic communities. In any infant
      presenting with an unexplained encephalopathy the diagnosis of lead poisoning
      should be considered.

PMID- 2280443
TI  - Birth spacing decision: issues and views on family planning services in Kabwe
      District, Zambia.

PMID- 2280444
TI  - Pattern of breast feeding practices in a rural community of Haryana.

PMID- 2280445
TI  - Otolaryngology in the developing world.

PMID- 2280446
TI  - Academia and health care delivery.

PMID- 2280447
TI  - Otology in Nepal.

PMID- 2280449
TI  - A Middle East experience with chronic otitis media.

PMID- 2280448
TI  - Otology in the South Pacific.

PMID- 2280450
TI  - Ear care for a Canadian native population.

PMID- 2280451
TI  - Training of native technicians in audiological techniques in northern Ontario: an
      update.
AB  - A native audiological technician is performing a useful service in the James Bay
      area. Major shortcomings in data gathering and supervision are being addressed,
      so that we may monitor quantity and quality of work more closely. Audiological
      supervision is considered to be particularly important, and has been upgraded.
      Telecommunication is being installed in the near future, and clerical assistance
      for the technician introduced.

PMID- 2280452
TI  - What have we learned about otitis media and hearing loss by studying the native
      peoples of Canada?

PMID- 2280453
TI  - Chronic otitis media in the Keewatin area of the Northwest Territories.

PMID- 2280454
TI  - Hearing health care: will we succeed?

PMID- 2280455
TI  - Ear surgery in rural Thailand: a trip diary.

PMID- 2280456
TI  - Rural ear camps in Thailand.

PMID- 2280457
TI  - Personal impressions of a visit to the Thai Rural Ear Foundation.

PMID- 2280458
TI  - [General aspects of antimicrobial agents].

PMID- 2280459
TI  - [Penicillins].

PMID- 2280460
TI  - [Cephem].

PMID- 2280461
TI  - [Beta-lactam antibiotics].

PMID- 2280463
TI  - [Macrolides and lincomycins].

PMID- 2280462
TI  - [Tetracyclines].

PMID- 2280464
TI  - [Aminoglycoside antibiotics].

PMID- 2280465
TI  - [Miscellaneous antibiotics].

PMID- 2280466
TI  - [Drugs used in tuberculosis and leprosy].

PMID- 2280467
TI  - [Combined antimicrobial preparations].

PMID- 2280468
TI  - [Antifungal agents].

PMID- 2280469
TI  - [Drugs used against protozoan infections in man].

PMID- 2280471
TI  - [Biliary tract infection and chemotherapy].

PMID- 2280470
TI  - [Drug therapy in infectious disease of the lungs].

PMID- 2280472
TI  - [Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2280473
TI  - [Treatment of urinary tract infection].

PMID- 2280475
TI  - [Postoperative infection].

PMID- 2280474
TI  - [Drug selection for the treatment of sepsis].

PMID- 2280476
TI  - [Antimicrobial therapy in obstetrics and gynecology].

PMID- 2280477
TI  - [Chemotherapy of infections in renal failure].

PMID- 2280478
TI  - [Drug therapy of respiratory tract infections in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2280479
TI  - [Fatal infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and incidence,
      types, predisposing factors, and prevention--comparative study of patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis and primary nephrotic syndrome].

PMID- 2280480
TI  - [Septic complications in hepatic failure].

PMID- 2280481
TI  - [Oncogenic transformation by the tax gene of HTLV-I].

PMID- 2280482
TI  - [An automated sequencing system for genomic DNA].

PMID- 2280483
TI  - [Proceedings of the 63rd annual meeting of Japan Association of Industrial
      Health].

PMID- 2280484
TI  - Immune mediated skin lesions in a dog with autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
AB  - A canine case of Coombs' test positive and antinuclear antibody-negative
      hemolytic anemia was examined because of the development of skin lesions after 18
      months treatment with prednisolone. Histopathological examination of biopsy
      specimens obtained from skin and oral mucosa revealed the acantholysis, edematous
      lesions of the stratum basale and mononuclear cell accumulation in the dermis.
      Deposits of immunoglobulin G and complement factor 3 were detected at the
      intercellular and dermoepidermal junction by the direct immunofluorescent test.
      From these results, the case was considered to be an autoimmune disease caused by
      distinct antibodies against different organs.

PMID- 2280485
TI  - Restriction endonuclease analysis of DNA from isolates of feline herpesvirus type
      1.
AB  - DNAs prepared from whole feline embryo cells infected with a standard laboratory
      strain of FHV-1, B927, and 50 wild type isolates were digested with a variety of
      restriction endonucleases. The resulting fragments were separated on agarose gels
      and Southern blotting performed. To visualize the fragments, B927 DNA was
      purified by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, labelled with alpha 32P and used as
      a hybridization probe. With most enzymes a large number of the isolates displayed
      altered mobilities of several fragments with some fuzzy band heterogeneity. A few
      isolates gave distinct cleavage patterns, in particular using the enzymes Bam HI,
      Cla I and Sac I. It is suggested that different strains of FHV-1 exist but that
      changes in the viral genome occur only sporadically and thus may not be readily
      detected.

PMID- 2280486
TI  - A comparative study on S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells in lymph nodes.
AB  - S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells of the lymph node were examined in the duck
      and 9 mammalian species, such as guinea pigs, dogs, cats, horses, pigs, goats,
      cows, Japanese serows and crab-eating monkeys. S-100 protein was detected in
      follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and tangible-body macrophages (TBM), sinus and
      parenchymal macrophage (MP), sinus endothelial cells (SEC) and interdigitating
      reticulum-like cells (IRC) in the node of mammalian species, but not in the duck
      except nervous elements. S-100-positive FDC and TBM were detected in germinal
      centers of the nodes in all mammalian species, but immunoreactivity of the other
      3 cell types varied according to animal species and individuals of the same
      species. S-100 alpha subunit was detected in FDC, with the exception of those of
      the duck and guinea pig. The subunit was also detected in SEC of the dog, cow and
      Japanese serow. In the guinea pig, a unique S-100 alpha-positive giant dendritic
      cell (GDC) was found in the subsinusal cortical area. In addition, S-100
      immunoreactive lymphocytes were observed in the paracortex-equivalent area of pig
      nodes. Arterial endothelial cells of the pig and cow were immunoreactive to S-100
      beta subunit.

PMID- 2280487
TI  - Development of artificial model of caval syndrome in canine heartworm disease.
AB  - In order to develop an artificial model of caval syndrome (dirofilarial
      hemoglobinuria), heartworm-like silicone tubes were inserted into the tricuspid
      valve orifice and right atrium of dogs. Fifteen to 25 tubes with some knots were
      inserted through the posterior vena cava in 6 dogs (knot-tube group), 7 to 12
      tubes without knot (small-number group) through the jugular vein in another 5
      dogs, or 25 to 35 tubes (large-number group) in yet another 5 dogs. The tubes
      remained in the right atrium, and a part of them protruded into the tricuspid
      valve orifice. The number of tubes at the tricuspid valve orifice was the
      greatest in the large-number group. After tube insertion, the signs of so-called
      "caval syndrome", such as systolic cardiac murmur, jugular pulse, anemia, and so
      on, were observed in almost all cases of the 3 groups, the signs were severest in
      the large-number group. Urine hemoglobin was detected in almost all cases of the
      knot-tube and large-number groups, and in 1 case in the small-number group.
      Ascites was observed in 1 case of the knot-tube group at 6 weeks, in 1 case of
      the small-number group at 7 days and in 3 cases of the large-number group at 7
      days after insertion.

PMID- 2280488
TI  - Studies on the binding and hemagglutinating properties of cholera toxin to human
      erythrocytes.
AB  - The binding and hemagglutinating properties of cholera toxin (CT) were studied by
      competitive binding assays and hemagglutination inhibition. The binding of 125I
      labeled CT to neuraminidase-treated human type B erythrocytes was most
      effectively inhibited by ganglioside GM1 among different inhibitors used. Other
      mono-, di-, and polysaccharides and glycoproteins were at least 10(5) times less
      potent inhibitors. On the other hand, hemagglutination of neuraminidase-treated
      human type B erythrocytes by CT was inhibited by lactose, galactose, hog A + H,
      bovine salivary mucin, porcine thyroglobulin, and fetuin, whereas that was not
      effectively inhibited by ganglioside GM1 at the highest concentration. These
      findings suggest that the predominant binding substance for CT on human type B
      erythrocytes is ganglioside GM1 and that hemagglutination requires some
      additional process since the interaction of CT with ganglioside GM1 is somehow
      different in hemagglutination.

PMID- 2280489
TI  - Effect of radical scavengers on canine peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocyte
      mediated cytotoxicity and production of active oxygen.
AB  - Production of active oxygen by canine peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes
      (PBLs) from beagle dog was examined by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence
      production. The canine PBLs rapidly produced the active oxygen in parallel with
      the number of cells when PBLs were cocultured with canine leukemia-derived CL-1
      cells as target cells. Cytolysis of the target cells and active oxygen production
      were inhibited linearly by the addition of benzoic acid and n-propyl gallate as
      hydroxyl radical scavenger. However, superoxide dismutase and tiron which are
      scavengers of superoxide anion did not inhibit the cytotoxicity so much at low
      concentrations that inhibited the induction of luminol-dependent
      chemiluminescence. These results suggest that hydroxyl radical production by
      stimulated PBLs might be playing a major role of cytotoxic action in the case of
      canine system.

PMID- 2280490
TI  - Ultrastructure of boar testis: spindle shape body of spermatid.
AB  - The fine structure of the spindle shape body (SSB) of boar spermatid was studied
      using testes samples fixed by perfusion. This structure appeared on the middle
      piece which served as the upper border of the fibrous sheath of principal piece
      during the transition period between the late acrosome phase to the maturation
      phase of spermiogenesis. The formation of this thread-like spindle form coincided
      with the development of the postnuclear sheath with perinuclear ring just prior
      to the growth of the equatorial segment of the acrosome. Likewise, the ribs of
      the fibrous sheath on the principal piece were observed to have already formed
      but have not yet completed the mitochondrial sheath. The total size of the SSB
      and its consisting microtubule were measured. The functional meaning of this
      transitory construction may involve a threshold condition on the sperm middle
      piece.

PMID- 2280491
TI  - Electroencephalogram of Japanese Black calves affected with cerebrocortical
      necrosis.
AB  - Electroencephalogram (EEG) examinations were carried out on three Japanese Black
      calves (1, 2 and 14 week old) affected with cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) in
      order to investigate the relationship between EEG abnormalities and encephalic
      lesions. Some neurologic signs such as circling, astasia, convulsion and
      opisthotonus appeared in two of the calves (case 1 and 3). The other calf (case
      2), however, showed no neurologic signs. The EEGs obtained from the two calves
      (case 1 and 2), in the awake state, showed constant high amplitude (50-160
      microV) and slow (1-4 Hz) activity (HASA). One of these (case 1) had necrosis
      mainly in the right hemisphere and showed a markedly asymmetric sharp wave. On
      the other hand, in case 3, the EEG showed diffuse lowered activity, and almost
      flat in some leads. A decrease in fast activity observed in common with all three
      animals. These findings suggest that one of the characteristic EEG patterns of
      CCN patient may be HASA and decreased fast activity. Histopathologic diagnoses of
      the calves were CCN in various degrees. The degrees of abnormality of the EEGs
      seemed to accord with the seriousness of the lesions. Because the EEG obtained
      from the calf having no obvious neurologic signs showed an abnormal pattern, it
      was considered that EEG examinations in the early stages of disorders are
      valuable to diagnose CCN.

PMID- 2280492
TI  - Growth activity of porcine adenoviruses in primary porcine testicular cell
      cultures.

PMID- 2280493
TI  - Forced vital capacity in cats.

PMID- 2280495
TI  - Spontaneous meningioma in a young Wistar rat.

PMID- 2280494
TI  - Immune state of dogs injected with rabies vaccines in the west Java, Indonesia.

PMID- 2280496
TI  - Low susceptibility of the laboratory-reared Afghan pika, Ochotona rufescens
      rufescens to Haemonchus contortus.

PMID- 2280497
TI  - Laboratory test results in artificial model of caval syndrome in canine heartworm
      disease.

PMID- 2280498
TI  - An outbreak of rabbit sudden death in Korea suspected of a new viral hepatitis.

PMID- 2280499
TI  - Location of motoneurons innervating thigh muscles in the cat spinal cord.

PMID- 2280501
TI  - Prevalence and characterization of Pasteurella multocida in rabbits and their
      environment in Japan.
AB  - Prevalence and some properties of Pasteurella multocida in rabbits kept at
      laboratory animal facilities and commercial rabbitries, and in their environment
      were investigated. A total of 1,147 nasal swab samples from 1,147 rabbits and 126
      samples from their environment were subjected to the isolation of P. multocida.
      The bacteria were isolated from 199 (29.8%) of 668 rabbits in laboratory animal
      facilities and from 1 (0.2%) of 479 rabbits in the rabbitries. Isolation rate of
      P. multocida was low (0.9%) or high (44.9%) in the facilities with or without the
      monitoring for the presence of the bacteria, respectively. The highest rate of
      the isolation from rabbits was recorded at 10 to 12 months of their housing time.
      Thirty-nine cultures (31.0%) of air and the surfaces of floors, tips of water
      bottles, and cages were positive for P. multocida and isolation rate of the
      bacteria was high (78.6%) in the air. Biological and biochemical properties of
      the isolates were identical except for indole production and raffinose
      fermentation. The isolates were susceptible to antibiotics tested except for
      clindamycin, serologically similar in the gel-diffusion precipitin test and
      weakly virulent for mice. The present results suggested that these P. multocida
      isolates were the causal agent of rabbits rhinitis (snuffles) in Japan.

PMID- 2280500
TI  - Biological activity of obiopeptide-1, a synthetic peptide derived from the native
      immune-regulator obioactin.
AB  - Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii were killed in mouse macrophage and human
      somatic cell monolayers by a novel synthetic peptide (Obiopeptide-1) which is a
      Glycil-penta-Glutaminate (GpG) derivative of native Obioactin. In view of the
      worldwide prevalence of this protozoan disease and the lack of effective
      treatments, Obiopeptide-1 may be a new and unique antimicrobial active substance
      of non-antibiotic chemotherapeutic agents for intracellular parasites, T. gondii
      and associated nonspecific hypoimmune responses that occur in infected hosts.

PMID- 2280502
TI  - Biological effects of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide to mouse B, T and NK cells.
AB  - Leptospiral lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) extracted from Leptospira interrogans
      serovars copenhageni and hebdomadis were tested for the biological effect to
      mouse B, T and NK cells. Each leptospiral LPS was a potent mitogen for spleen B
      cells. Activation of the cells was also expressed by polyclonal B cell
      activation. In contrast, mitogenicity for T cells, induction of interleukin-2 (IL
      2) secretion in T cells and increase of tumor-killing activity and
      chemiluminescence in NK cells were not observed after stimulation with
      leptospiral LPS. After intravenous injection of leptospiral LPS in mice, the
      spleen and lymphnodes were examined by histocytochemical technique. Increase of
      Ig-bearing lymphocytes was recognized while decrease of T cells was observed in
      the lymphoid organs. Mitogenic response to PHA, Con A and PWM decreased with
      relation to the T cell depletion. In conclusion, it is apparent that leptospiral
      LPS possess marked immunological potencies on B cells but not T and NK cells. The
      biological effects of leptospiral LPS were common ones as LPS but the level was
      considered to be different from classical LPS such as Escherichia coli LPS.

PMID- 2280503
TI  - Isolation and hemagglutinating activities of bovine immunoglobulins reactive with
      melibiose.
AB  - Calcium-dependent and -independent bovine immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) reactive
      with melibiose were isolated by affinity chromatography on melibiose-coupled
      Sepharose 4B. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition were carried out
      to study their carbohydrate specificities. Human and animal erythrocytes were
      agglutinated by these bovine IgM, whereas those were not by bovine IgG at the
      highest concentrations used. Neuraminidase- and pronase-treated erythrocytes were
      more strongly agglutinated by these IgM than untreated ones. On the other hand,
      melibiose-reactive human immunoglobulins isolated from AB serum showed strong
      hemagglutinating activities to rabbit erythrocytes. Hemagglutination of
      neuraminidase-treated human type B erythrocytes by calcium-independent bovine IgM
      reactive with melibiose was effectively inhibited by galactose, methyl alpha-D
      galactopyranoside and melibiose, whereas that was not by methyl beta-D
      galactopyranoside, lactose, and other substances at the highest concentrations
      used. Similar results were also obtained in hemagglutination inhibition with
      untreated rabbit erythrocytes and calcium-independent human immunoglobulins (IgM
      and IgG) reactive with melibiose. However, hemagglutination of pronase-treated
      human type A erythrocytes by calcium-dependent bovine IgM reactive with melibiose
      was not at all inhibited by these substances at the highest concentrations used.
      From these results, bovine serum is found to also contain antibodies with a
      specificity for alpha-linked galactosyl residues as found for human AB serum
      reported previously.

PMID- 2280504
TI  - Cysteine protease in bovine milk capable of hydrolyzing casein as the substrate
      and elevation of the activity during the course of mastitis.
AB  - Cysteine protease was found to be present in bovine milk that catalyzed casein as
      the substrate. The protease was activated by reducing agents such as 2
      mercaptoethanol and inhibited by monoiodoacetic acid, but not affected by the
      addition of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, calcium or ethylene glycol bis (beta
      aminoethyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. The protease activity was linear as a
      function of protein amount and incubation time, and showed maximum at pH 6.0. By
      Sephacryl S-200 chromatography, at least two types of cysteine proteases having
      molecular weights of 45 kDa and more than 150 kDa were detected. The activity was
      increased in mastitic milk, and well correlated with the stages of mastitis, as
      indicated by the California mastitis test, somatic cell count and protein
      concentration. These results suggested that cysteine protease(s) is involved in
      the pathogenesis of mastitis.

PMID- 2280505
TI  - Characterization of the subunit particles of feline calicivirus.
AB  - In the culture fluid from cells infected with feline calicivirus (FCV) F4 strain,
      the infectious and smaller non-infectious subunit particles were detected by
      complement fixation (CF) test after sucrose gradient centrifugation. The results
      of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot
      analyses confirmed the existence of the subunit particles of FCV, and showed that
      the infectious and subunit particles were mainly composed of 65K capsid protein.
      The subunit particles were further purified by ion-exchange chromatography and
      sucrose gradient centrifugation. The purified subunit and infectious particles
      had the same neutralizing epitope on 65K protein detected by immunoblot analysis
      with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Antigenic comparison between the
      infectious and subunit particles by the CF tests using an antiserum against
      heterologous strain of FCV F14 indicated that the subunit particles might have
      more highly conserved antigens of FCV than the infectious particles.

PMID- 2280506
TI  - Isolation of Staphylococcus species from the tonsils of healthy cattle and phage
      patterns of isolates.
AB  - Staphylococci were found in the tonsils of 121 (75.2%) of 161 cattle. There were
      15 different species, 10 belonging to novobiocin-sensitive species. The most
      predominant species was S. simulans (79.3% of the 121 carriers), followed by S.
      aureus (20.7%), S. chromogenes (10.7%) and S. epidermidis (8.3%). The other 11
      species were present in 0.8 to 5.8%. Twenty-six unidentifiable isolates were
      isolated from 26 (21.5%) carriers. Sixty-two (51.2%) of the 121 carriers yielded
      two to five Staphylococcus species together while only one species could be found
      in each of the other 59 (48.8%). Combinations of S. simulans and other species
      were most frequently encountered in 50 (41.3%) of the 121 carriers. Twenty-four
      (96.0%) out of 25 S. aureus isolates, 3 (42.9%) of 7 S. hyicus isolates and 45
      (25.4%) of 177 coagulase-negative staphylococci (13 species and unidentifiable
      isolates) isolates were phage typable. Most of S. aureus isolates were lysed by
      bovine phages 119 (n = 16) or 116 (n = 5). Thirty-three (25.4%) of 45 coagulase
      negative staphylococci typable isolates with Pulverer's phage set showed the
      phage pattern ph5/ph9/ph10/ph12/ph13/U4/U14/U16/++ +U20/U46. The tonsils of
      cattle thus appear to be a suitable environment for Staphylococcus species,
      particularly novobiocin-sensitive species.

PMID- 2280507
TI  - Changes of lymphocyte subpopulations and natural killer cells in mice sensitized
      with Toxoplasma lysate antigen before and after Babesia infection.
AB  - When 8-week-old BALB/c mice were sensitized with two intramuscular injections of
      Toxoplasma lysate antigen (TLA) at 2 week interval, the numbers of sIg(+), Thy
      1,2(+), Lyt-1,2(+) Lyt-2,2(+), and Asialo GM1(ASGM1)(+) cells in the spleen,
      liver and peripheral blood increased by 2 to 4 times over those found in
      unsensitized mice of the same age. When TLA-sensitized and unsensitized mice were
      infected with Babesia, 4 of 10 (40%) of the TLA-sensitized mice survived
      infection, while none of the unsensitized control mice lived longer than 14 days
      after Babesia infection. By contrast, sensitization of nude mice with TLA had no
      effect on survival, and mice did not live more than 12 days. The number of thymic
      Thy-1,2(+) cells decreased in TLA-sensitized and unsensitized BALB/c mice by
      almost 80% within 10 days after infection (AI). During the same time, the numbers
      of B cells, T cells, and NK cells increased in the spleen, liver and peripheral
      blood of both sensitized and unsensitized mice. Especially notable were increases
      in numbers of Lyt-2,2(+) cells in the spleen and blood and increases in numbers
      of NK cells in the spleen, liver and blood in both TLA-sensitized and
      unsensitized mice. When spleen cells from TLA-sensitized and unsensitized mice
      were cultured in the presence or absence of TLA for 6 days, assays for
      cytotoxicity using NK-insensitive P-815 target cells and NK-sensitive YAC-1
      target cells demonstrated higher rates of cytotoxicity in cultures of TLA
      sensitized spleen cells.

PMID- 2280508
TI  - Histological observations of canine cystic endometrial hyperplasia induced by
      intrauterine scratching.
AB  - Of eight mongrel bitches, the antimesometrial side of the nonpregnant left horn
      of the uterus at the pregnant or nonpregnant luteal phase was scratched with a
      Kirschner's wire. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) was induced in seven of
      the eight bitches (87.5%). No difference in the incidence of CEH in the left horn
      was seen between the pregnant and the nonpregnant groups. Histological
      examinations showed CEH with a dilatation of the basal glands, resembling "Swiss
      cheese endometrium".

PMID- 2280509
TI  - Antigenic identification of excretory-secretory products of adult Dirofilaria
      immitis.
AB  - Excretory-secretory (ES) products collected from adult Dirofilaria immitis
      cultured in vitro were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. ES products of male (M-ES) and
      female (F-ES) worms were separated into 16 and 21 bands by SDS-PAGE with
      Coomassie blue and silver staining, respectively. The antigenic bands were then
      analyzed by immunoblotting, using pooled sera from dogs that had naturally
      contracted D. immitis. Sera from dogs with microfilaremic infection showed 7
      bands in M-ES and 10 bands in F-ES, while those from dogs with occult infection
      revealed 3 bands in M-ES and 10 bands in F-ES. Among these bands, those of 14,
      18, 21, 22, 29, and 32 kilodaltons (Kd) were common to M-ES and F-ES, those of 39
      and 44 Kd were specific to M-ES, and those of 20, 38, 43, 53, 63, 90, 110, 125
      and 136 Kd were specific to F-ES.

PMID- 2280510
TI  - Primary care.

PMID- 2280511
TI  - Therapeutic apheresis: the St. Francis experience.

PMID- 2280512
TI  - Cecal villous adenoma causing acute perforative appendicitis in the elderly.

PMID- 2280513
TI  - Wide QRS tachycardia with RBBB configuration.

PMID- 2280514
TI  - [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of cranio-thoracic injuries in
      patients of different age].
AB  - The comparative analysis of the clinical manifestations and informative value of
      the adjuvant methods of investigation in 125 patients with ++cranio-thoracic
      injuries and 53 patients with isolated craniocerebral trauma was carried out.
      This permitted to define more precisely the possibilities of the methods of
      neurosurgical diagnosis and find the optimal methods for the treatment of
      patients of different age with ++cranio-thoracic injuries.

PMID- 2280516
TI  - [Anaerobic asporogenous infection in patients with postoperative empyema].
AB  - The results of treatment of 38 patients with postoperative pleural empyema caused
      by anaerobic asporogenous infection were summarized. The factors contributing to
      the development of anaerobic asporogenous infection, peculiarities of the
      clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment were revealed, the measures for
      prophylaxis were outlined. The clinical effectiveness was achieved in 92.1% of
      the patients with lethality of 2.6%.

PMID- 2280515
TI  - [Surgical treatment of patients with combined stenosis of the coronary arteries,
      abdominal aorta and arteries of the lower extremities].
AB  - The authors in 145 patients with combined atherosclerotic lesion of the coronary
      arteries, abdominal aorta and vessels of the lower extremities performed the one
      stage, staged operations, aortocoronary shunting alone, the vascular operations
      alone. The total lethality was 7.6%, the postoperative--6.3%.

PMID- 2280517
TI  - [Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in their preventive use in heart surgery with
      general artificial circulation].
AB  - Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in their prophylactic use was studied in 100
      operations with artificial circulation, which were performed in patients with
      rheumatic heart defects. It was established that at the time of operation and
      after it, the antibiotic excreted via the kidneys insignificantly++, within the
      whole period of intracardiac stage of the operation, the myocardium remained
      without the antibacterial protection, and required the local use of an
      antibiotic.

PMID- 2280518
TI  - [Changes in lymph coagulation in experimental myocardial infarction after mammary
      coronary artery anastomosis].
AB  - In the experiment on dogs, it was established that creation of the ++mammary
      coronary anastomosis in myocardial infarction didn't eliminate the impairment of
      the lymph outflow in the myocardium, which resulted from the increase in the
      lymph coagulability.

PMID- 2280519
TI  - [Reconstructive vascular operations in patients with an inoperable form of
      ischemic heart disease].
AB  - The authors performed 153 reconstructive vascular operations in patients with
      associated atherosclerotic lesion of the coronary arteries, abdominal aorta and
      arteries of the lower extremities. According to the findings of ventriculography
      and coronarograms, in 13 patients, the inoperable form of the ischemic heart
      disease was revealed. In all these patients, the vascular operations were
      performed. The indications for the different reconstructive vascular operations
      in inoperable coronary pathology have been developed.

PMID- 2280520
TI  - [Complications of endocardial electric stimulation].
AB  - The results of the operative treatment of 277 patients with atrioventricular
      block and sick sinus syndrome were analysed. The primary implantation of the
      electrocardiostimulators (ECS) was performed in 211 (73.5%), the repeated one--in
      76 (26.5%) patients. The complications of endocardial electrocardiostimulation
      developed in 58 (17.3%) patients, of them in 39 (14%), the repeated operative
      intervention was performed. Most frequently, the complications were conditioned
      by the quality of electrodes and ECG.

PMID- 2280521
TI  - [Pathogenesis and treatment of chronic lung abscesses].
AB  - The main causes of the development of chronic abscesses of the lungs in 41
      patient were the presence of the pulmonary tissue sequesters, interlobar location
      of a process, large (5 cm and more) diameter of the cavities. The infiltrative
      form of an abscess was distinguished. The process should be considered as chronic
      in ineffectiveness of all the types of treatment. With the use of the
      conservative methods, 14 patients were cured.

PMID- 2280522
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary echinococcosis in young patients].
AB  - Of the 55 young patients with echinococcosis of the lungs and pleura, in half the
      disease was revealed at prophylactic roentgenofluorography, in 11.5%--at
      examination for other disease, in 38.1%--when taking medical advice. The
      retrospective analysis of the roentgenofluorograms performed earlier has shown
      that in 18.2% of the patients no small, localized in the basal pulmonary segments
      echinococcal cysts were revealed. The complicated forms were diagnosed in 11%,
      multipole echinococcosis--in 7.3% of the patients. In complex examination, the
      correct preoperative diagnosis was established in 91% of the patients. The
      reaction of latex-agglutination with echinococcal diagnosticum was positive in
      the titer 1:8 and higher in 57.9% of the cases. All the patients were operated
      on. The outcomes of surgical treatment are good. The complications which didn't
      not require reintervention occurred in 9.1% of the patients.

PMID- 2280523
TI  - [Surgical treatment of lung cancer in elderly patients].
AB  - The immediate results of surgical treatment of pulmonary cancer in 217 elderly
      patients were studied. The dependence of the incidence of postoperative
      complications and lethality on the age, presence of concomitant pathology and
      extent of operative intervention was revealed. By means of the multifactor
      mathematical analysis, the decisive principles for individual prognostication of
      the course of postoperative period have been developed.

PMID- 2280524
TI  - [Treatment of acute nonspecific empyema].
AB  - The experience with treatment of 104 patients with non-specific pleural empyema
      without bronchial fistula is summarized. The local use of antibacterial agents in
      combination with proteolytic enzymes against the background of rational general
      immunocorrective therapy permitted to cure without operative intervention 124
      patients. Four patients were operated on. They underwent decortication of a lung
      with pleurectomy. One patient died.

PMID- 2280525
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies of the lungs and pleural cavity].
AB  - The foreign bodies of the lungs and pleural cavity were the cause of non-specific
      suppurative pulmonary diseases in 0.4% of the patients. They are conditioning
      pneumonia, blood spitting, pulmonary hemorrhage, circumscribed pleural empyema.
      The removal of foreign bodies is necessary, because the risk of their remaining
      is not justified.

PMID- 2280526
TI  - [Late results of surgical treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis].
AB  - The long-term results of thymectomy in 85 patients with generalized myasthenia at
      the age of from 16 to 65 years were studied. The complete recovery was noted in
      3.3% of the patients, a good result--in 16.7%, a satisfactory one--in 53.3%. In
      26.7% of the patients, the clinical effect was absent. At the late period after
      the operative intervention, in some of the patients, the impairement in the
      immunoreactivity of an organism preserved. This caused the recurrences of
      myasthenia and other autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 2280527
TI  - [Clinical course and diagnosis of the ocular form of myasthenia gravis].
AB  - The results of observation of the 60 patients with the ophthalmic form of
      myasthenia were analysed. In 34 of them, the subfascial thymectomy was performed,
      the rest were treated conservatively. At the late period after the operation, the
      recovery was noted in 20 patients, the improved state--in 14.

PMID- 2280528
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of tumors of the thoracic wall].

PMID- 2280529
TI  - [Rare complications in operations on the lungs, pleura and thoracic wall].

PMID- 2280530
TI  - [Clinical aspects of thoraco-abdominal injuries associated with brain injuries].
AB  - The results of treatment of 31 patients with thoraco-abdominal trauma in
      combination with the brain trauma were analysed. Detection of the leading injury
      which determined the severity of a state of the sufferers offered considerable
      difficulties. In choice of a method for treatment the preference was given to the
      least traumatic methods providing saving the life of a patient. Seven sufferers
      died.

PMID- 2280531
TI  - [Effect of postoperative hemosorption on pulmonary function in patients with
      acute intestinal obstruction].
AB  - The effect of postoperative hemosorption (HS) on the pulmonary functions in 55
      patients with acute ileus was studied. The severity of the state of the patients
      was conditioned by intoxication leading to ++over-stress of the non-respiratory
      pulmonary functions and development of I-II stage acute respiratory failure. HS
      contributes to detoxication of an organism, but is accompanied by the mean 30-35%
      loss of the oxygen on the adsorbent resulting in development of arterial
      hypoxemia. Thus, HS should be added with spontaneous breathing with positive
      pressure at the end of expiration.

PMID- 2280533
TI  - [A syndrome method in the training of subinterns in surgical diseases].

PMID- 2280532
TI  - [Normal variability of the immuno-physiological reactivity of the human body and
      its role in wound healing].
AB  - The authors studied the influence of constitutionally conditioned peculiarities
      of reactivity of an organism on the differences in the wound healing in 226
      surgical patients with the extensive wounds and in 274 healthy subjects from the
      aboriginal population of Siberia, Middle Asia and Transcaucasian region.

PMID- 2280534
TI  - [Use of the methods of gravitative surgery of the blood in cardiac surgery].

PMID- 2280535
TI  - [Clotted hemothorax caused by hemorrhage from the omentum in penetrating thoraco
      abdominal injuries].

PMID- 2280536
TI  - [Errors in the diagnosis of periodically incarcerating congenital diaphragmatic
      hernia].

PMID- 2280537
TI  - [Rare complication of the Lewis operation].

PMID- 2280538
TI  - [2-stage splenic rupture as a complication of pleural puncture].

PMID- 2280539
TI  - [Phytobezoars as a cause of acute esophageal obstruction].

PMID- 2280540
TI  - [Perforation of acute duodenal ulcer in a patient with a generalized form of
      myasthenia gravis].

PMID- 2280541
TI  - [Combined injuries of abdominal and thoracic organs].

PMID- 2280542
TI  - [Treatment of pulmonary angiomatosis in Osler-Rendu disease].

PMID- 2280543
TI  - [Successful treatment of chronic lung abscess by the method of operative
      selective occlusion of the bronchi].

PMID- 2280544
TI  - [Atypical clinical picture of a foreign body of the right main bronchus].

PMID- 2280545
TI  - [Kaposi's sarcoma of the lung].

PMID- 2280546
TI  - [Reflux esophagitis and its complications after operations on the esophagus,
      stomach and duodenum].

PMID- 2280547
TI  - [Leiomyosarcoma of the lung].

PMID- 2280548
TI  - [Multiple lymph node hyperplasia].

PMID- 2280549
TI  - [Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with cancer of the
      lung].

PMID- 2280550
TI  - [Surgical treatment of lung cancer associated with bullous lung disease].

PMID- 2280551
TI  - [Treatment of malignant tumor of the trachea].

PMID- 2280553
TI  - [Recanalization by laser of decompensated tumor-induced tracheal stenosis].

PMID- 2280552
TI  - [Removal of endocardial electrode by the method of long-term traction].

PMID- 2280554
TI  - [Simultaneous mitral commissurotomy and surgical treatment of echinococcosis of
      the left lung].

PMID- 2280555
TI  - [Successful treatment of paroxysmal ventricular reentry tachycardia by the method
      of radio-frequency stimulation].

PMID- 2280556
TI  - [Lipidosis of the gallbladder].

PMID- 2280558
TI  - [Prevention of air embolism in repeated operations on the heart valves in
      patients with rheumatic heart defects].

PMID- 2280557
TI  - [A method of surgical treatment of ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2280559
TI  - [A method of intraoperative estimation of the size of hiatal hernia].

PMID- 2280560
TI  - [Capitonnage using semi-purse string sutures in the surgical treatment of
      pulmonary echinococcosis].

PMID- 2280561
TI  - [Conicotomy under out-patient conditions].

PMID- 2280562
TI  - [Platon Ivanovich Tikhov (1865-1917)].

PMID- 2280563
TI  - [Immediate prognosis for dilated cardiomyopathy by evaluating the indications for
      heart transplantation].
AB  - In 202 patients with dilatative cardiomyopathy, the influence of clinical,
      electrocardiographic, phonocardiographic, roentgenological and echocardiographic
      indices, and as well as the findings of catheterization of the heart and
      angiocardiography on the outcome of the disease within a year after examination
      was studied. The risk factors of unfavourable prognosis, including the pronounced
      impairement in the functional state of the patients, subjection to
      thromboembolism, and as well considerable dilatation of the left ventricle and
      increase in the pressure of its filling were revealed.

PMID- 2280564
TI  - [Retino-hypothalamic pathways in vertebrates].
AB  - Forty years ago Hollwich (1948) introduced the conception of an "energetic
      portion of the visual pathway". Contributions to this conception of a direct
      connection of the retina with the hypothalamus accumulated since then and
      summarized here in tabular form give rise to the following conclusions: In fish
      the main hypothalamic termination of retinofugal axons is the nucleus
      hypothalamicus opticus. It may pass for the suprachiasmatic nucleus of fishes. In
      amphibians retino-hypothalamic fibres project to the area praeoptica. In reptiles
      retinofugal fibres innervate hypothalamic neuronal populations called either
      Nucleus suprachiasmaticus or Nucleus praeopticus. In birds retinohypothalamic
      axons project to a circumscribed anterior hypothalamic area termed
      "suprachiasmatic nucleus" by some authors. In mammals at last the main part of
      the retinohypothalamic tract terminates in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, especially
      favouring their caudal and ventrolateral parts. The interneuronal connections are
      axo-dendritic synapses of the Gray Types-I and II. Connections of retinal
      neurons, especially with suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nuclei or their homologues,
      are by now well established facts. They represent relatively constant and
      phylogenically stable components of the centripetal retinal projection. These
      projections are probably in all, certainly in most of the vertebrates bilateral.
      Some former but also newer methods of research (Stumpf and Sar, 1975) also
      depicted optic fibers which terminate in hypothalamic sites apart from the
      nucleus suprachiasmaticus and the area hypothalamica anterior (Conrad and Stumpf,
      1975). A review of the literature on the existence of nerve fibers directly
      connecting the retina with the hypothalamus is tabulated.

PMID- 2280565
TI  - [Morphology of capsular sack retraction in relation to capsulotomy technique,
      lens design and sulcus-/saccus fixation].
AB  - Over a period of several months the dynamics and morphology of capsular
      retraction were analyzed with various capsulotomy techniques and IOL types
      implanted into the capsular bag or the sulcus. The techniques compared were
      peripheral and intermediate canopener capsulotomy, intermediate and small letter
      box capsulotomy, intermediate and small capsulorrhexis with and without superior
      incisions. The posterior chamber IOLs implanted were one-piece and three-piece C
      loop lenses and, in a limited pilot study, one-piece disk lenses. The authors'
      results indicate that capsular retraction and the stable position of the implant
      depend on the type, form, and size of the capsulotomy, the type of IOL and its
      fixation in the bag or sulcus. Any irregularity of the anterior capsule induces
      irregular capsular retraction with the risk of IOL decentration. Free-floating
      anterior capsular flaps may induce formation of iridocapsular synechiae. Contact
      between the anterior capsular rim and the posterior capsule results in
      capsulocapsular adhesions, capsular wrinkling, and capsular opacification of the
      contact zone. In order to avoid these capsulocapsular adhesions the diameter of
      the IOL optics should exceed that of the capsular opening in endocapsular
      implantation. However, peripheral capsulocapsular adhesions are necessary to
      stabilize IOL haptics, which for this reason must be of open design.
      Capsulocapsular adhesions may inhibit migration of lens epithelial cells in
      secondary capsular opacification. The ideal anterior capsulotomy technique seems
      to be the symmetrical, small, circular, continuous capsulorrhexis, if
      endocapsular implantation is desired. However, the technique is mainly designed
      for phacoemulsification, as a small capsulorrhexis inhibits nuclear expression in
      extracapsular cataract extraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280567
TI  - [Glare test and bright light vision in cataract patients].
AB  - Cataract patients and healthy subjects have been examined with the Miller-Nadler
      Glare-Tester to prove if the results of the glare test show any correlation
      between the glare disability score and the outdoor visual acuity facing sun. The
      outdoor vision of cataract patients with a high glare disability score was
      clearly impaired compared with their indoor vision. Healthy eyes with a normal
      glare disability score did not show any impairment of visual acuity facing sun.
      The results of the glare disability examination can therefore be used as a
      reference for the decision of a cataract operation.

PMID- 2280566
TI  - [Abnormalities of the optic papilla in (peri)orbital encephaloceles--a
      contribution to the common pathogenesis of these abnormalities].
AB  - Eleven patients (6 female, 5 male) with unilateral (6) or bilateral (5)
      (peri)orbital encephaloceles (nasofrontal in 4 cases, naso-orbital in 3, spheno
      orbital in 4), were ophthalmologically examined. All had normal anterior
      segments, but ipsilateral or bilateral anomalies of the optic nerve head such as
      coloboma, pits, morning glory syndrome, dysplasia, tilted disk syndrome,
      hypoplasia, or a persistent hyaloid artery. In regard to the pathogenesis of
      (peri)orbital encephaloceles associated with optic disk malformations a common
      clefting defect in the neuroectodermal and neurocristal midline structures of the
      head is postulated, taking place in the fourth to sixth week of development.

PMID- 2280568
TI  - [Comparison of the Lithander (Kolt test) pediatric visual acuity test with the
      standardized Landolt ring test].
AB  - The visual acuity values obtained with the four test figures of Lithander's "Kolt
      test" have been compared with Landolt ring acuity under standardized conditions
      which meet the requirements of DIN 58,220 and ISO/DIS 8596/7. For a given test
      figure size, the Kolt-test optotypes turned out to be somewhat easier legible
      than the Landolt ring. On average, visual acuity measured with the Kolt-test
      exceeded Landolt ring acuity by 0.08 log (angle of resolution) units. Thus,
      according to DIN and ISO criteria, the legibility of the Kolt-test is not
      equivalent to the standard Landolt ring. Equal acuity values could be obtained by
      increasing the observation distance proposed by the manufacturer of the Kolt-test
      by 19%. The legibility of the four optotypes differs on adult subjects: "circle"
      is more difficult, "cross" is easier legible than "square" and "triangle".
      Confusion of Kolt-test figures is basically restricted to two pairs of two
      optotypes ("cross" - "triangle", "square" - "circle").

PMID- 2280569
TI  - [Comparison of tonometry with the Keeler air puff non-contact tonometer "Pulsair"
      and the Goldmann applanation tonometer].
AB  - Intraocular pressure (IOP) readings were performed with the Keeler Air-Puff Non
      Contact Tonometer "Pulsair" in 126 patients before (NCT1) and after (NCT2)
      applanation-tonometry with the Goldmann device (GAT). For the whole population of
      126 patients, in each of whom only one eye was selected, there was a significant
      difference of the mean IOP measurement, but the difference between the two
      measurement methods was only slightly significant when the NCT was applied before
      the GAT, and highly significant vice versa. Also the variation of the NCT
      measurements was significantly larger than that for the GAT, while the before-
      and after GAT measurements had equal variations. If only the measurements under
      18 mmHg mean GAT are taken into account (n = 101), the difference between GAT and
      NCT1 was not significant (p = 0.437), as opposed to the GAT-measurements above 18
      mmHg, where a highly significant difference between the means was found (p =
      0.0033). In most cases, the IOP-readings were underestimated using NCT. The Non
      Contact Tonometer "Pulsair" could be used for IOP-readings in patients with
      increased risk of infection, as well as in those with known allergic reactions to
      topical anesthetic agents, with poor or absent fixation ability, with corneal
      edema, and postoperative after anterior-segment surgery. The possibility of IOP
      measurement in a reclined position is a true advantage of the Non-Contact
      Tonometer presented here. A measuring strategy for the above-mentioned
      applications is presented.

PMID- 2280570
TI  - [Unilateral hemiarcus lipoides corneae inferior].
AB  - We document a case of unilateral hemiarcus lipoides, which developed de novo 10
      months after trabeculectomy in the left eye of a 54-year-old woman. The involved
      eye showed heterochromia complicata Fuchs and had undergone intracapsular
      cataract extraction 11 years and trabeculectomy one year earlier. Except for
      intermittent hypercholesterolemia, the patient did not present any signs of
      systemic disease. The possible roles of relative ocular hypotony and modified
      aqueous circulation after trabeculectomy in the development of unilateral
      hemiarcus lipoides are discussed.

PMID- 2280571
TI  - [A questionable parasitic macular cyst].
AB  - A 60 year old male patient is introduced who developed a loss of vision caused by
      chorioretinal cystic alteration in the macula of the left eye 9 months after a
      routine extracapsular cataract surgery with implantation of posterior chamber
      lens. There existed no other general symptoms, hematologic values and serology
      were regular. Having discussed literature the diagnosis of solitary Toxocara
      canis granuloma was produced.

PMID- 2280573
TI  - [Experience with a modification of cyclodialysis].

PMID- 2280572
TI  - [History of cyclodialysis. In memory of Leopold Heine 1870-1940].
AB  - Cyclodialysis, introduced 1905 by Leopold Heine and vehemently debated at first,
      has later been recognized all over the world, mainly for treating open angle
      glaucoma and glaucoma in aphacic eyes. Various modifications of the primary
      surgical technique have been recommended, among them the combination of
      cyclodialysis with other antiglaucomatous interventions as well as the
      implantation of tissue-components or foreign material into the cyclodialysis
      cleft. Apparently, successful cyclodialysis results in both an increased aqueous
      outflow into the suprachorioidal space and in a reduced aqueous production.
      Nowadays, cyclodialysis seems to be outdated almost completely by laser
      trabeculoplasty and by trabecelectomy. However, cyclodialysis may still be
      helpful in otherwise uncontrollable glaucomas or may regain a new importance, if
      microsurgically performed "ab interno."

PMID- 2280574
TI  - Regulation and localization of organic osmolytes in mammalian kidney.
AB  - Four organic small molecules belonging to the chemical groups of trimethylamines
      (betaine and glycerophosphorylcholine) and polyols (sorbitol and inositol) have
      been shown to act as organic osmolytes in the kidney. When measured along the
      corticopapillary axis, each exhibits a specific distribution pattern, indicating
      a specific localization and function. Studying their behaviour under vasopressin
      treatment in diabetes insipidus rats and after insulin treatment in diabetes
      mellitus rats confirmed this conclusion: AVP led to a steady increase of sorbitol
      and glycerophosphorylcholine over 7 days with no effect on inositol levels.
      Insulin treatment of diabetic rats, on the other hand, decreased sorbitol with a
      concomitant increase in glycerophosphorylcholine, again without any effect on
      tubular inositol concentrations. From this and in vitro studies it can be
      concluded that both hormones act by indirect mechanisms which alter interstitial
      osmolality. This in turn leads to a change in tubular osmolyte synthesis, uptake
      and release rates. In addition, the concentrations of the respective precursors
      glucose and choline influence the formation rates of sorbitol and betaine.

PMID- 2280576
TI  - [The significance of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring in the diagnosis and
      therapy of arterial hypertension].
AB  - The use of ABPM allows an improved assessment of blood pressure (BP) and
      therefore of the individual cardiovascular risk. It is able to identify patients
      who truly need therapy more exactly. Mostly patients with white coat hypertension
      who don't need therapy are identified. Furthermore, ABPM correlates more closely
      to target organ damage and to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This may be
      helpful to treat especially those patients who truly need therapy. BP exhibits a
      typical circadian rhythm with the highest values during the early morning hours
      and a decline during the night. A change of the day/night rhythm during shift
      work leads to an adaptation of BP rhythm. The early morning rise of BP and heart
      rate is accompanied by hemodynamic, rheological and biochemical alterations,
      which together may contribute to the increased frequency of vascular
      complications during the morning hours. The nightly decline of BP is often absent
      in patients with secondary hypertension and cardiac or renal organ damage. A lack
      of the nocturnal BP decline should therefore lead to further patients'
      evaluation. Elevated nocturnal BP seems to worsen the prognosis. ABPM offers
      better individual control of BP in patients on treatment and therefore is helpful
      to optimize the treatment. A more exact individual BP control during the
      awakening and sleeping period is possible as well as an avoidance of
      overtreatment. Patients could be protected both from prescription of too many
      drugs and from lowering BP too much. A further advantage lies in an improved
      control of patients with nocturnal hypertension.

PMID- 2280575
TI  - [Classification of renal cell carcinoma/tumors and their relationship to the
      nephron-collecting tubules system].
AB  - After a controversial phase of nomenclature (including--among others--the terms
      "hypernephroma" and "hypernephroid carcinoma") a cytomorphologically defined
      subtyping of renal cell tumours (adenomas, carcinomas, oncocytomas) is offered,
      based on new electron microscopical and histochemical observations. These data
      are in part supported by cytogenetical findings reported in the literature.
      Phenotypical/histogenetical relations to different parts or cell types,
      respectively, of the nephron-collecting duct system could be demonstrated.
      Chromophobe cell carcinoma and oncocytoma exhibit features of the intercalated
      cells.

PMID- 2280577
TI  - Proteinases and the glomerulus: their role in glomerular diseases.
AB  - Degradation of matrix in normal glomeruli occurs through the action of neutral
      metalloproteinases which are in turn regulated by specific inhibitors. Both of
      these proteins are secreted by mesangial cells. Macrophages and IL-1 enhance the
      secretion of the proteinase. Decreased production of the metalloproteinase and
      for increased secretion of its inhibitor may lead to matrix accumulation.
      Neutrophil serine paternases degrade glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in vitro.
      In both animal and human disease urine excretion of these enzymes is accompanied
      by proteinuria and the presence of GBM-fragments. Further knowledge of the
      processes involved in matrix degradation may lead to improved therapy of
      glomerular disease.

PMID- 2280578
TI  - [Serum level and organ deposits of beta 2-microglobulin in dialysis patients].
AB  - In radioimmunological estimation of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) significant
      higher serum values were found in 36 dialysis patients (44.4 +/- 20.3 mg/l) in
      comparison with healthy probands (1.5 +/- 0.2 mg/l). A significant relation to
      the duration of dialysis, diuresis, symptoms of the musculo-skeletal system, but
      not to radiologic changes or bone biopsy findings could be seen. Post mortem
      examinations carried out in 21 dialysis patients revealed AB-amyloid deposits in
      synovial tissue of different joints (particularly shoulder and hip joint) or
      intervertebral discs in eight patients (age 48 to 73 years, dialysis duration
      less than four years) without correlation to serum beta 2m level or
      radiographically suspect areas. In the tissue of cervical spine or intervertebral
      discs of two patients suffering from destructive spondylarthropathy no amyloid
      could be detected. These results suggest that AB-amyloid may occur in elderly
      patients early in the course of hemodialysis and may be asymptomatic in most
      cases.

PMID- 2280579
TI  - Diabetic autonomic neuropathy: abnormal cardiovascular reactions under general
      anesthesia.
AB  - The influence of diabetic autonomic neuropathy upon the behavior of the
      circulatory system was investigated in 56 patients who had undergone
      ophthalmological surgery. A standardized test combination (variability in heart
      rate during deep breathing. Valsalva ratio, 30:15 ratio, change in blood pressure
      from lying to standing, sustained handgrip test) was used to study the patients'
      cardiovascular reflectory reactions. The patients were then divided into the
      following groups: Group I, non-diabetics. Group II, diabetics without autonomic
      neuropathy. Group III, diabetics with autonomic neuropathy. The anesthetic
      (induction by barbiturates and conduction by inhalation agents) and the surgical
      procedure (pars plana vitrectomy) were standardized and always identical. During
      anesthesia patients in group III experienced hypotensive reactions (systolic
      blood pressure below 90 mm Hg) significantly more often (72.2%) than patients in
      group I (25%). In order to achieve stability in blood pressure the patients of
      group III had to be given vasoactive drugs much more often (77.8%) than the
      patients of group I (12.5%) and those of group II (35.7%). We found a significant
      correlation between the degree of autonomic dysfunction and the largest drop in
      blood pressure under narcosis (r = -0.60, P less than 0.001). However, marked
      variability in heart rate and cardiac rhythm disorders during anesthesia were
      seen only in patients of groups I and II. These results prove the atypical
      hemodynamic behavior and especially the extreme instability in blood pressure in
      diabetic autonomic neuropathy under general anesthesia. Therefore we consider it
      to be very helpful to check the cardiovascular reflectory status of diabetics
      preoperatively.

PMID- 2280580
TI  - Subtypes and proportions of cerebrovascular disease in an autopsy series in a
      Japanese geriatric hospital.
AB  - Of 1721 consecutive autopsies performed on patients over 60 years of age in Tokyo
      Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 550 (32% of all autopsied cases) revealed
      symptomatic cerebrovascular lesions. Among the 550 patients, intracranial
      hemorrhage was found in 19%, cerebral infarction in 75%, and coexisting cerebral
      hemorrhage and cerebral infarction in 6%. Twenty-eight percent of the cerebral
      infarctions were embolic infarctions of cardiac origin, half of which were caused
      by nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, and 69% were non-embolic infarctions of
      cardiac origin. Progressive subcortical vascular encephalopathy accounted for 15%
      of the cerebral infarctions. Two-thirds of all lobar cerebral hemorrhages were
      amyloid angiopathy-related. Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation is the most important
      cardiac source of embolic stroke. Progressive subcortical vascular encephalopathy
      is one of the characteristic features of ischemic lesions, and cerebral amyloid
      angiopathy is an important cause of lobar cerebral hemorrhage in the aged.

PMID- 2280581
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects of disopyramide on postischemic and normal myocardium].
AB  - The acute effects of i.v. disopyramide (1.5 mg/kg) on the hemodynamics of
      postischemic hearts were investigated in comparison to normal ventricles.
      Infusion (7 min) was started in rats 20 min after 3 x 4 min of global ischemia
      during the period of stable postischemic dysfunction. 15 minutes after
      disopyramide i.v. (vs. NaCl control data) the cardiac output was reduced to 82 +/
      4% (vs. 101 +/- 5%; p less than 0.01) and dp/dtmax to 77 +/- 5% (vs. 83 +/- 3%).
      The maximum isovolumic pressure generating capacity as load-independent index of
      myocardial contractility was reduced to 89 +/- 2% (vs. 95 +/- 2%; p less than
      0.05). In contrast to the results on postischemic myocardium no measureable
      change of the hemodynamics was detectable after the identical dose in normal
      animals without left ventricular dysfunction. Our results indicate an increased
      sensitivity of postischemic myocardium with modestly reduced contractile function
      to the hemodynamic effects of disopyramide, especially to the negative-inotropic
      effects.

PMID- 2280582
TI  - Complications of plasma exchange in patients with neurological diseases.
AB  - Plasma exchange has proven to be effective in diseases of established or presumed
      autoimmune etiology as well as in hyperviscosity syndromes and some rare
      metabolic disorders. Its application is thought to be relatively safe;
      nevertheless, severe complications may occur. We therefore analyzed the
      complications of 291 exchanges in 39 patients with neurological diseases. Minor
      complications developed in 4.8% and major complications in 2.7% of procedures,
      including one death. Severe infections and technical problems have been the most
      serious side effects, sometimes followed by organ failure or even death.

PMID- 2280583
TI  - [Regression of cerebral post-transplantation lymphoma under cyclosporin A
      reduction].
AB  - 4.5 months after successful kidney transplantation a Non-Hodgkin-lymphoma with
      polymorph centroblastic appearance of the tonsillar gland developed in a 21 years
      old male patient during immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine A and
      prednisone parallel to infection with Epstein Barr virus. Focal epileptic
      seizures occurred and were due to cerebral posttransplantation lymphomas as
      proven by brain biopsy. Reduction of immunosuppressive therapy led to complete
      remission as shown by CCT and MRI.

PMID- 2280584
TI  - Spontaneous recanalization of a pseudoocclusion of the internal carotid artery in
      a 70-year-old woman.
AB  - A 70-year-old woman suffered paresis of the left hand with dysaesthesia of the
      head lasting about 12 hours. The Doppler-flow study and duplex scan of the
      carotid arteries performed 14 days later showed an occluded right internal
      carotid artery. She refused angiography. However, 7 days later she was willing to
      undergo further investigation. This time the Doppler flow study and duplex scan
      demonstrated regular flow without stenosis, which suggested spontaneous
      recanalization of the formerly occluded right internal carotid artery.

PMID- 2280586
TI  - Lower extremity revascularization by percutaneous atherectomy.

PMID- 2280585
TI  - Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis flare-up in a patient with varicella
      infection.
AB  - A 15-year-old boy with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is described. During
      his recovery from nephritis he acquired varicella, which led to a flare-up of the
      glomerulonephritis with a transitory increase in blood pressure, body weight, and
      serum creatinine. We can only speculate on the pathogenetic mechanism of the
      flare-up. The glomerulonephritis may have been reactivated by immune complexes
      containing varicella antigens, or the varicella infection may have provoked
      immunologic changes leading to a new burst of immune complexes containing
      streptococcal antigens.

PMID- 2280588
TI  - Large diameter impalement.

PMID- 2280587
TI  - Tissue characterization of a parathyroid adenoma: sonographic-pathologic
      correlation.

PMID- 2280589
TI  - Radiology case of the month. (4) Epidural hematoma.

PMID- 2280590
TI  - An unusual cause of solitary pulmonary nodule.

PMID- 2280592
TI  - The privilege of peer review.

PMID- 2280591
TI  - An unusual cause of heart failure.

PMID- 2280593
TI  - Tennessee's regulation of lead in drinking water.

PMID- 2280594
TI  - Loss prevention case of the month. Fragmented evaluation.

PMID- 2280595
TI  - Address of the AMA President. The business at hand and the challenges ahead.

PMID- 2280597
TI  - Pretentiousness.

PMID- 2280596
TI  - When prowess outstrips prudence--muddy water.

PMID- 2280598
TI  - The girls from Ipanema.

PMID- 2280599
TI  - AIDS issue response.

PMID- 2280600
TI  - Phorbol myristate acetate treatment of normal human myeloid blast cells promotes
      monopoiesis and inhibits granulopoiesis.
AB  - Fractionation of mononuclear cells from human fetal liver provides a cell
      population at early stages of myeloid differentiation which, when cultured,
      generates neutrophils and macrophages for up to a month. These studies describe
      the further purification of an undifferentiated myeloid blast cell population by
      rosette sedimentation of unwanted cells, after coating these cells with
      monoclonal antibodies which identify macrophages and erythroblasts. In culture,
      the purified blast cells generated only neutrophils and macrophages. When treated
      with 10 nM PMA, 62% of the purified cells were induced to differentiate towards
      macrophages within 48 h. PMA-induced cells acquired morphological features of
      macrophages and synthesized alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase. The differentiation
      of the remaining blast cells towards neutrophils, seen in untreated cultures, was
      completely inhibited by PMA, as revealed by the absence of increases in the
      numbers of cells expressing lactoferrin and an antigen which appears at the
      promyelocyte stage of differentiation. Thus, PMA effects intracellular changes
      which both promote monopoiesis and inhibit granulopoiesis, suggesting a
      reciprocal interaction between intracellular processes which regulate the
      capacity for the two pathways of maturation. The purified blast cell population
      provides a good model system for studies of molecular events which regulate the
      expression of macrophage characteristics.

PMID- 2280601
TI  - Partial trisomy 1q in idiopathic myelofibrosis.
AB  - Three cases of idiopathic myelofibrosis with partial trisomy of the long arm of
      chromosome 1 are described. Partial trisomy 1q was the only karyotypic change
      detectable in unstimulated peripheral blood cell cultures of one and bone-marrow
      cultures of two patients at diagnosis. The extra segment from chromosome 1 was
      located on different karyotype sites, i.e. 1qter, 1p34 and 6p22-23; 1q21-32 was
      the shortest overlapping region and the only trisomic segment in one of the three
      patients. These findings suggest that partial trisomy 1q is a primary chromosome
      aberration in myelofibrosis relevant in the pathogenesis of this hematologic
      disorder.

PMID- 2280602
TI  - Expression of p53 in human leukemic cell lines.
AB  - The cell-encoded p53 antigen seems to be tightly associated with various human
      malignancies. We have analyzed biochemical properties of p53 in two different
      cell lines derived from patients with ALL or ANLL. p53 was found in elevated
      levels in both leukemic cell lines compared to unstimulated or stimulated normal
      lymphocytes. High levels of p53 in these cell lines are due to an extended
      stability of p53 protein rather than to different rates of synthesis. p53 from
      both cell lines formed low- and high-molecular weight oligomers which revealed
      that p53 exists in a heterogenous population in these tumor cells. The presence
      of immunologically different subsets of p53 was demonstrated by sequential
      immunoprecipitation experiments with different p53 specific monoclonal
      antibodies. Our results showed structural and immunological variabilities of p53
      in cell lines derived from human tumors and may thus provide an insight into the
      role p53 may play in human malignancies.

PMID- 2280603
TI  - de novo myelodysplastic syndromes in adults aged 50 or less. A report on 37
      cases.
AB  - We report on 37 adults aged 50 years or less with de novo myelodysplastic
      syndrome (MDS) (excluding cases secondary to chemo or radiotherapy), who
      represented 6.7% of our total cases of adult MDS. Median age was 42 (range 18
      50). At diagnosis, there were 9 RA, 6 RAEB, 13 RAEB-T, 9 CMML but no RARS. Five
      patients had a familial history of MDS, and 3 a history of occupational exposure
      to potential carcinogens. Twenty-one patients received intensive chemotherapy (at
      diagnosis or during the evolution) but only 8 (38%) achieved complete remission
      (CR), and median CR duration was 10 months. Five patients were allografted (3 of
      them as first line therapy): 2 remained disease free after 12 and 10 months, and
      3 died of transplant related complications. Median actuarial survival of the 37
      patients was 21 months. Significantly shorter survival was seen in patients who
      had circulating blasts, Bournemouth score greater than 1 or 2, abnormal karyotype
      (especially monosomy 7) and RAEB or CMML. When compared with our MDS aged more
      than 50, our MDS aged 50 or less were characterized by more familial cases, more
      cases of RAEB-T and less cases of RAEB and RARS, more frequent abnormal karyotype
      and monosomy 7, more frequent progression to AML, identical overall survival but
      longer survival in RAEB-T and shorter survival in CMML. MDS in younger adults
      seem relatively often familiar or associated to occupational exposure. They have
      a poor prognosis with conventional therapeutic approaches and therefore require
      allografting, whenever possible.

PMID- 2280604
TI  - Biochemical basis of the prevention of 6-thiopurine toxicity by the nucleobases,
      hypoxanthine and adenine.
AB  - Co-incubation of human leukemia cell lines with naturally occurring nucleobases
      (hypoxanthine or adenine) significantly prevented the cytotoxic activity of 6
      thiopurines. Extracellular hypoxanthine decreased the transport of 6
      mercaptopurine into cells, but adenine had no significant effect. However,
      intracellular thioinosine monophosphate accumulation in the presence of 10
      microM, 6-mercaptopurine was reduced to below 1% or 10% of that of the controls
      when 50 microM hypoxanthine or adenine was added, respectively. Finally, in
      adenine phosphoribosyl transferase deficient mutants, adenine provided no
      protective effect against 6-thiopurines, whereas hypoxanthine retained its
      modulating activity. These data suggest that the nucleobases compete with 6
      thiopurines for the ribose-phosphate donor, 5'-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate,
      thus preventing the formation of active metabolites of 6-thiopurines.

PMID- 2280605
TI  - Successful treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome with 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-stearylphosphate.

PMID- 2280606
TI  - Dysplastic features of peripheral blood polymorphs in myelodysplastic syndrome in
      children.

PMID- 2280607
TI  - Etiology of childhood leukemia: a possible alternative to the Greaves hypothesis.
AB  - Whenever a country has experienced a significant decrease in infant mortality
      there has always been a concomitant increase in childhood cases of acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). According to Greaves, this increase is the result
      of a new type of leukemia, which was first seen in Britain between 1920 and 1940.
      An alternative hypothesis is proposed which assumes that, for childhood cases of
      ALL, infections are competing causes of death and for juvenile myeloid leukemia
      (JML) the principal competitor is the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The
      SIDS association is the result of JML originating in undifferentiated (erythro
      myeloid) stem cells and having faulty erythropoiesis as a side effect. With this
      congenital anomaly as part of the disease process, the low oxygen pressures of
      deep sleep may be sufficient to cause sudden death from tissue anoxia.

PMID- 2280608
TI  - A regulatory role for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in ML-1 human myeloblastic
      leukemia cell maturation.
AB  - ML-1 human myeloblastic leukemia cells are induced to differentiate to monocytes
      by conditioned medium (CM) derived from tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)
      treated ML-1 cells. Antibodies to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibited the
      differentiation-stimulating activity of CM, indicating that this activity is due
      to the presence of TNF in CM. TNF added to non-conditioned medium was as
      effective as CM in stimulating ML-1 cell differentiation. In the presence of a
      low (0.12 ng/ml) concentration of TPA, TNF-induced maturation was synergistically
      increased and Type I macrophages were formed. With higher (1-10 ng/ml) TPA
      concentrations, Type II macrophages were also obtained. As the TNF/TPA
      concentration increased, ML-1 cell differentiation was increasingly inhibited.
      Mature cells derived from ML-1 cells were found to secrete TNF at concentrations
      ranging from less than 2 U/ml to greater than 180 U/ml, the amount depending upon
      the number of cells and the stage of cell maturation. These results indicate that
      TNF participates in the regulation of precursor cell maturation. Low
      concentrations of TNF produced by small numbers of mature cells stimulate
      differentiation, whereas high concentrations of TNF generated by elevated numbers
      of macrophages inhibit the maturation process, possibly in combination with other
      cytokines. Because TNF serves as a competence factor for ML-1 cells, (Guan X.-P.,
      Takuma T., Hromchak R. & Bloch A. (1990) Competence and progression in cell
      differentiation. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 31, 28.), the TNF-induced
      stimulation of differentiation depends additionally on the action of serum
      contained differentiation-specific progression factors.

PMID- 2280609
TI  - Oestrogen receptor (ER) analysis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia:
      correlation of biochemical and immunocytochemical methods.
AB  - Oestrogen receptors (ER) are present in neoplastic lymphoid cells and have been
      considered a physiological marker of growth rate or differentiation. Tamoxifen,
      an oestrogen antagonist, has been given in some patients with CLL and Hodgkin's
      disease, with dramatic response in single cases. Until now, ER status has been
      assessed using a steroid binding assay (SBA) which has many inherent problems.
      Recently, the development of monoclonal antibodies directed against ER has been
      applied to the study of breast carcinomas and results obtained show good
      correlation with the quantitative SBA. We studied 49 cases of B-cell chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) using immunostaining of cytospin preparations. In 30
      of these cases ER enzyme immunoassay (ER-EIA) was also performed. Cultured MCF-7
      cells, derived from a pleural effusion of a breast cancer patient, known to
      contain high levels of ER were used as a positive control (40-48% ER positive
      cells by immunocytochemistry; 200 fmol/mg protein by EIA). All of the CLL cases
      except two (96%) were negative for ER (less than 1% staining; less than 4 fmol/mg
      protein). The two positive cases expressed granular ER staining over the nucleus
      (9.2 and 12.1% positive cells) and were positive by EIA and SBA. It is concluded
      that (i) patients with CLL rarely express ER and (ii) immunocytochemical staining
      of cytospin preparations is a valid technique for the measurement of ER. It is of
      interest that one of the positive cases was diagnosed as CLL with Richter's
      transformation confirming earlier findings.

PMID- 2280611
TI  - Fusarium infections in patients with hematologic malignancies.
AB  - Two cases of Fusarium infection in patients with refractory hematologic
      malignancies are reported. In one patient septicemia progressed to death in
      septic shock. Miconazole showed some effect in clearing the lesions. There is
      some evidence that mycotoxins are related with Fusarium infections since severe
      myositis occurred in our patient. The other patient had a T-cell lymphoma,
      undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The course was also
      complicated by Fusarium infection of the skin. This patient died of multiorgan
      failure. Recent literature on Fusarium is reviewed.

PMID- 2280610
TI  - High affinity IL-2 receptors on a Hodgkin's derived cell line.
AB  - Hodgkin and Sternberg Reed (H and SR) cells, the putative malignant cells of
      Hodgkin's disease carry regularly T-cell activation antigens, like CD30 and CD25
      (low affinity IL-2 receptor). We have investigated the Hodgkin cell line L540,
      bearing characteristic markers of H and SR cells for its expression of the low
      affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and for IL-2. Expression of the low affinity IL-2R
      was found on mRNA level, by detection of specific 3.5 kb and 1.4 kb mRNA and on
      the protein level by immunoprecipitation of a 55,000 mol. wt molecule from
      detergent extracts of surface iodinated cells, however IL-2 specific mRNA was not
      detected. Scatchard plot analysis revealed the presence of 2 x 10(3) high
      affinity IL-2Rs. Crosslinking experiments directly demonstrated the high affinity
      IL-2R to consist of the 55,000 mol.wt light chain (L), and the 70/75,000 (H1/H2)
      heavy chains. IL-2 was rapidly internalized by these receptors, suggesting that
      they can be functional. The expression of functional IL-2Rs might be involved in
      induction or differentiation of Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2280612
TI  - Recombinant interleukin 2 for acute myeloid leukaemia in first complete
      remission: a pilot study.
AB  - We treated nine patients in first remission from AML with rhIL-2. The toxic
      effects of rhIL-2 infusion were, malaise, pyrexia, and hypotension, which
      resolved rapidly on cessation of rhIL-2 infusion. No patient required transfer to
      an intensive care unit. Following rhIL-2 infusions patients developed
      eosinophilia, and a modest lymphocytosis, involving both NK cells, and T
      lymphocytes. Relapse occurred in six patients at a median of 39 weeks from
      remission. A particular concern was rapid relapse in the two patients with AML
      FAB type M5. There was no survival advantage from rhIL-2 treatment when compared
      to a similar group of chemotherapy only treated AML patients from this
      institution.

PMID- 2280613
TI  - Competition among leukemic cells.
AB  - We investigated competition among leukemic cells induced by Moloney murine
      leukemia virus (MoLV) in order to understand the mechanisms involved in the
      generation of leukemia. We used six leukemic cells lines from Balb/C mice
      infected with MoLV. Each line had a unique genetic marker which enabled us to
      trace it in mixtures of cells either in vivo or in vitro. The markers were a
      unique rearrangement of T-cell receptors, the integration sites of the retrovirus
      and rearrangements in the Pim-1 oncogene. A mixture of two cell lines (1:1)
      injected into intact Balb/C mice usually produced a monoclonal tumor originating
      from one cell line. In most cases, the cell lines that were aggressive in vivo
      were also dominant in mixing experiments in vitro. In some lines, we could
      correlate the aggressiveness of the tumor to its superior growth rate and lower
      requirement for serum factors in vitro. In others, this correlation did not hold,
      and we assumed that host factors like the immune system contribute to the
      malignant potential of the leukemic cell.

PMID- 2280614
TI  - Early protooncogene expression during hemin-induced differentiation of human
      erythroleukemic cells.
AB  - In situ hybridization was used to study the effects of hemin on the expression of
      the oncogenes c-myc, c-fos, and myb, and on the mRNA level of erythroid
      porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D) and alpha-globin in HEL cells during
      differentiation. The technique was effective in detecting changes in mRNA levels
      in small numbers of HEL cells. Hemin stimulation of HEL cells results in an early
      increase in myb and c-myc expression and a decrease in c-fos mRNA, while
      increased PBG-D and alpha-globin expression is not seen until 8 h after hemin
      treatment. Blast-like cells display expression of c-myc, alpha-globin and PBG-D,
      while the more differentiated cells give a positive response to both c-fos and
      myb. During HEL cell differentiation, the mechanism of hemin stimulation appears
      to be through the up regulation of myb and c-myc mRNA and down regulation of c
      fos. The subsequent expression of PBG-D and alpha-globin may indicate that early
      increases in protooncogene expression are first required for the normal
      progression of erythropoiesis to occur.

PMID- 2280615
TI  - [A study of 158 cases of acute delta hepatitis].
AB  - We have prospectively studied 158 cases of acute hepatitis delta observed during
      the last 7 years in a general hospital. Among them 136 were male and 22 female.
      The mean age was 22.7 years with a range between 16 and 61 years. The
      epidemiologic factors were drug addiction by parenteral route in 145 cases (92%),
      sexual transmission in 5 (3%), post transfusional in 2 (1%) and unknown in 6
      (4%). With respect to the delta type infection, 105 cases (66%) were coinfections
      with type B and delta, and 53 patients had a type delta superinfection (34%). The
      clinical course was a fulminant hepatitis in three cases (two cases of
      coinfection B and delta an one case of delta superinfection), and an acute benign
      hepatitis in 155 patients. The follow-up of 118 patients revealed that 96% of
      coinfections by type B and delta evolved to the chronicity showing findings of
      active chronic hepatitis or hepatic cirrhosis. It should be noted that in 4 cases
      of superinfection delta type (11%) the HBsAg was negative after several months of
      positivity. In these patients the level of transaminases normalized and the
      hepatic histology evidenced alterations of chronic active hepatitis (2 cases) and
      hepatic cirrhosis (2 cases) without identification of tissular delta antigen.

PMID- 2280616
TI  - [Bone marrow autotransplantation in patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia in
      primary remission].
AB  - Fifteen bone marrow autotransplants (BMAT) in patients with acute myeloblastic
      leukemia (AML) were performed after the first remission. The mean age was 37
      years (range 12 to 60 years). According to the morphological classification FAB,
      8 patients had monocytic leukemia (M4, M5) and 7 myeloid leukemia (M1, M2, M3).
      The mean interval elapsed between the date of complete remission and the BMAT was
      3.9 months (range 1 to 5-9 months). In 8 patients this interval was longer than 6
      months and in 7 cases it was shorter than 6 months. After achievement of the
      complete remission all patients underwent certain cycles of intensification
      before the BMAT. Eight patients received only a cycle whereas 7 patients received
      more than one cycle (between 2 and 4). The conditioning protocol consisted of
      cyclophosphamide (CP) (60 mg/kg x 2) and total body radiotherapy (TBR) (10 Gy) in
      9 patients; CP and busulfan in five; and CP, cytarabine at high doses and
      melphalan in one case. Marrow extraction was performed after completion of
      chemotherapy of intensification. In 5 cases the bone marrow was depleted of
      leukemic cells by previous in vitro treatment with ASTA-Z. There are at present 8
      alive patients. The survival free of illness was 51.8%. Seven patients died: 3
      cases because relapse of the leukemia, 3 due to attachment failure of the
      transplantation, and one patient suffered a viral myocarditis. The survival free
      of illness was significantly longer in those patients transplanted after 6 months
      of the complete remission.

PMID- 2280618
TI  - [Patches: a new way for substitute estrogen therapy].

PMID- 2280617
TI  - [The clinical profile of hypertensive patients can predict the need for combining
      a second or third drug with atenolol in the initial treatment of light and
      moderate essential arterial hypertension].
AB  - In this study the clinical, biological, radiologic, electrocardiographic, and
      hormonal characteristics of 80 patients with slight or moderate essential
      arterial hypertension in whom the treatment with atenolol alone or associated
      with chlorthalidone or with a third agent normalized the arterial pressure during
      a period of one year, are revised. Atenolol given alone at the dose of 50 to 100
      mg per day normalized the blood tension in 44 (55%) patients, in 26 cases (32.5%)
      the association of chlorthalidone 25 mg/day was required, and in the remaining 10
      patients (12.5%) a third pharmacologic agent was needed. Patients who required
      the association of three agents (group C) had systolic arterial pressures
      significantly higher than those observed in patients treated with atenolol alone
      (group A) (176.6 +/- 14.3 vs 161.4 +/- 12.9 mmHg, p less than 0.01) and higher to
      those measured in patients who required the association of chlorthalidone (group
      B) (176.6 +/- 14.3 vs 162.8 +/- 15 mmHg, p less than 0.05). On the other hand the
      44 hypertensive patients controlled with monotherapy showed a lower incidence of
      cardiovascular complications (6.8% in group A, 38.5% in group B, and 30% in group
      C, p = 0.0042), they required acute treatment for hypertensive crisis (34.1% in
      group A, 73.1% in group B, and 66.7% in group C, p = 0.0041), and they showed
      electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy or overload (26.2% in
      group A, 60% in group B, and 42.9% in group C, p = 0.0228).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280619
TI  - [Intensive, intermediate and normal care].

PMID- 2280621
TI  - [Clandestine drug synthesis: past, present and future].

PMID- 2280620
TI  - [Hyperplasia of the pancreatic islets or nesidioblastosis in adults? Apropos 2
      cases].
AB  - Nesidioblastosis is an anatomopathological situation defined as the
      transformation or the exocrine ductal epithelium into endocrine tissue which can
      be hormonally active or inactive. In this study we present two cases which to our
      knowledge fulfil criteria for nesidioblastosis. Both patients were male (73 and
      45 years, respectively) who were admitted to our department because they
      presented hypoglycemia. Blood examination revealed the existence of an
      hyperinsulinism although axial computerized tomography, pancreatic
      echocardiography and selective angiography of the celiac arterial trunk failed to
      demonstrate the presence of the tumor in either of the two cases. Due to the
      persistence of the clinical picture in the first case and to the intolerance to
      the diazoxide in the second patient, a subtotal pancreatectomy was performed in
      both cases. The surgical procedure involved removal of the 80% and 75% of the
      head and body respectively. Both patients are presently free of symptoms although
      the first patient in under diazoxide therapy due to persistent hypoglycemia (more
      spaced crisis).

PMID- 2280622
TI  - [Neurological disorders in a 28-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus
      infection].

PMID- 2280623
TI  - [Thoracocentesis with a Tuohy needle].

PMID- 2280624
TI  - [The appropriateness of hospital admissions].

PMID- 2280625
TI  - [Apropos the first case of koro syndrome in Spain].

PMID- 2280626
TI  - [Is epidemiologic research reliable? Yes, but to make improvements is possible].

PMID- 2280627
TI  - [Vaccination in refugee camps can prevent potential epidemics].

PMID- 2280628
TI  - [Compulsion and autonomy can get you ahead].

PMID- 2280629
TI  - [Young people know a lot about STD and contraceptive methods but they have
      difficulties to put their knowledge into practice].

PMID- 2280630
TI  - [An outbreak of measles in a vaccinated community--a new situation].

PMID- 2280631
TI  - [Better surgical technique raises hope for decreasing mortality from stomach
      cancer].

PMID- 2280632
TI  - [Search for better asthma drugs in many research projects. Increasing mortality
      and underdiagnosing are alarming].

PMID- 2280633
TI  - [Intracellular protein transport--the cell as a mail carrier].
AB  - The eukaryotic cell has a highly developed machinery for routing proteins to
      their correct intra- or extra-cellular locations. Short stretches of amino acids
      ("signal peptides") serve as address labels that are recognized by receptors on
      the surface of the appropriate organelle, where-upon translocation across one or
      more membranes ensues. Premature folding of the nascent protein is prevented by
      cytoplasmic "chaperones", i.e. proteins that bind to unfolded or partially folded
      nascent chains. After import into the organelle, other chaperones are required
      for catalyzing the final folding of the protein, and for promoting its correct
      assembly into oligomeric protein complexes. Transport along the secretory pathway
      (endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi to trans-Golgi to plasma membrane) is mediated by
      vesicles that bud from a donor compartment and fuse with an acceptor compartment.

PMID- 2280634
TI  - [An inquiry among pediatric clinics. Kawasaki disease--common even in Sweden].

PMID- 2280636
TI  - [Urinary incontinence in women is treated differently depending on the type].

PMID- 2280635
TI  - [Resource planning should be based on factual utilization of health care].

PMID- 2280637
TI  - [Low dosage estrogen and toilet training are most important in the treatment of
      urinary incontinence].

PMID- 2280639
TI  - [Clinical chemical examinations in acute poisoning--an update].

PMID- 2280638
TI  - [Hormonal substitution after menopause--advantages and risks].

PMID- 2280640
TI  - [A new cancer treatment: better for maintaining sexual function and fertility].

PMID- 2280642
TI  - [The Swedish Society for Medical Ethics. How is the health care system solving
      conflicts between ethics and legislation?].

PMID- 2280641
TI  - [Normal and delayed puberty--when is androgen therapy justified?].

PMID- 2280643
TI  - [A medical controversy: is orthopedic medicine needed? (2). No need to invest
      resources in an activity lacking results].

PMID- 2280644
TI  - [A medical controversy: is orthopedic medicine needed? (3). We have a hypothesis
      on treatability. You must test, evaluate and explain].

PMID- 2280645
TI  - [The esophagus and the tracheobronchial system--a predetermined relationship].

PMID- 2280646
TI  - [Is bronchoscopy a useful additional preoperative examination in esophageal
      carcinoma?].
AB  - Between 1980 and 1987 95 patients with esophageal carcinoma had a bronchoscopy.
      In 67 patients (70.5%) no pathological findings could be detected. In 24 patients
      (25.3%) signs of impingement were present and in 4 patients (4.2%) tumor
      infiltration into the tracheobronchial tree was visible. The correlation between
      tumor length and bronchoscopic findings revealed a marked increase of direct and
      indirect tumor evidence in esophageal carcinomas of more than 5 cm in length.
      Pathologic bronchoscopic findings were detected twice as often in patients with
      carcinoma of the upper third of the esophagus in comparison with those of the
      middle third. In 5 patients (5.3%) bronchoscopy revealed an unknown additional
      bronchial carcinoma. 67 of the 95 patients underwent operation. In 59 patients
      the esophagus was resected. Among the normal bronchoscopic findings the
      operability rate was 77.6%. In contrast, only half of the patients with
      pathological bronchoscopic findings were operable, the other patients received
      radiotherapy. We recommend, therefore, preoperative bronchoscopy as an important
      investigation for assessment of operability and for evaluation of synchronous
      neoplasms in patients with an esophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 2280647
TI  - [Hematobilia--a rare complication after traumatic liver rupture].
AB  - Hematobilia is a rare complication after traumatic liver injury and has a high
      mortality. Clinical signs are hyperbilirubinemia and increase of bile acids in
      serum by rarely increased liver enzymes. Pathophysiologically there is a
      connection between bile duct system and liver veins. To determine the diagnosis
      giving rise to the clinical signs, after abdominal ultrasonography and computed
      tomography the ERCP seems to be the most suitable method. The treatment of
      hematobilia is not necessarily operative; a successful conservative therapy is
      also possible.

PMID- 2280649
TI  - [Power staple implantation--progress in the surgical technique of bone fixation].
AB  - Fixation with staples, which are driven into the bone by a special air-driven
      gun, provides a technical improvement over a hand-held device. Correct handling
      of the staple gun gives exact seating and placement into bone. Since January 1,
      1988, this method has been used in 43 patients with good results and few
      complications.

PMID- 2280648
TI  - [Progress in the diagnosis and therapy of C cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland].
AB  - Between 1986 and 1989 172 patients were operated on thyroid cancer. Twenty-nine
      (17%) of them had a medullary carcinoma. In 20 of these patients (69%) the
      carcinoma occurred in a sporadic and in 9 (31%) patients in a familial form.
      Eighteen patients (62%) had to be operated because of tumor recurrence and in 4
      of them additional surgery was necessary because of distant metastases. Due to
      tumor recurrence 7 patients underwent multiple operations during the above
      period. Adequate first operation was performed only in 6 patients (33%). Based on
      family screening a carcinoma was diagnosed in 4 patients in its occult stage.
      Diagnostic methods include biochemical and imaging methods. Calcitonin is the
      most sensitive tumor marker. Basal and stimulated serum calcitonin analysis
      provides a very efficient method to detect medullary carcinoma in early tumor
      stage and to treat the disease curatively. DNA-analysis improves early diagnosis
      of persons at risk.

PMID- 2280650
TI  - [Lotheissen-McVay repair of hernia. Late follow-up analysis after 1202 operations
      for inguinal and femoral hernias].
AB  - Of 1202 hernia repairs performed according to the modified Lotheissen-McVay
      technique 1020 (84.9%) were followed up. The frequency of hernia increases with
      increasing age. The total recurrence rate after an average follow-up of 9 years
      was 9.2% for primary hernias and 11.5% for recurrences. The recurrence rate
      depends on the follow-up time and on sex. For primary hernias the recurrence rate
      was 0.7% after 1 year, 5% after 5 years, 9.1% after 10 years and 11.5% after 15
      years. After 1 year the recurrence rate was 0.6% for women and 0.8% for men;
      after 5 years the corresponding figures were 3.9% and 5.2% and after 10 years,
      6.6% and 9.5%. The results after repair of recurrent hernias are not much worse
      than those obtained in the case of primary hernias. The recurrence rate depends
      on the surgeon's experience. We found a recurrence rate of 3.6% in 319 operations
      performed by our most experienced surgeon, as against 16.3% among those performed
      by inexperienced surgeons. Therefore, careful assistance is paramount for the
      inexperienced surgeon, because training is indispensable. The most frequent
      complications of primary operations were hematoma and seroma (4.4%), wound
      infections (1.7%), pulmonary embolism (0.9%), deep vein thrombosis (0.7%) and
      testicular atrophy (0.4%). The traditional Lotheissen-McVay technique for hernia
      repair still has a place in the surgical treatment of hernia. This technique can
      be used as the standard treatment for all kinds of inguinal or femoral hernias,
      without higher complication rates, and it yields especially good results in
      recurrent hernias.

PMID- 2280651
TI  - Subtotal pancreatectomy with stapling the pancreatic remnant.

PMID- 2280652
TI  - [Routine gastrostomy in the treatment of esophageal atresia: necessary or not?].

PMID- 2280653
TI  - Recent advances in the chemotherapy of leprosy.

PMID- 2280654
TI  - Relationships between PGL-1 antigen in serum, tissue and viability of
      Mycobacterium leprae as determined by mouse footpad assay in multibacillary
      patients during short-term clinical trial.
AB  - In connection with a 56-day controlled clinical trial for comparing the
      therapeutic effects between pefloxacin and ofloxacin in 21 lepromatous patients,
      we have studied the relationships between PGL-1 antigen level in serum and in
      skin and serum PGL-1 antibody titre on the one hand, and the viability of
      Mycobacterium leprae, as measured by serial mouse footpad inoculations, and other
      bactericidal parameters on the other. Before and during treatment, significant
      correlation was found between serum PGL-1 level and the morphological index (MI),
      and with the number of viable organisms per mg skin tissue. However, neither
      serum PGL-1 antibody titre nor skin PGL-1 antigen level showed significant change
      during the 56-day trial. Because the reduction of serum PGL-1 level was well
      correlated but less pronounced as compared with the evolution of viable organisms
      during treatment, the serum PGL-1 antigen assay may be useful as an early
      indicator of response to chemotherapy in short-term clinical trial, but it is
      unlikely to replace mouse footpad inoculation for the evaluation of viability of
      M. leprae.

PMID- 2280655
TI  - Anti-phenolic glycolipid 1 IgM antibodies in leprosy patients and in their
      household contacts.
AB  - Though they have no apparent protective action, the specific antibodies are
      important markers of the infection with Mycobacterium leprae. For their detection
      we employed an ELISA method using as substrate a synthetic immunodominant
      disaccharide of phenolic glycolipid 1 antigen of M. leprae, conjugated with
      bovine serum albumin (D-BSA). Increased levels of anti-D-BSA antibodies of the
      IgM class were detected in 61.5% of the 13 leprosy patients and in 13.3% of their
      53 household contacts, whereas they were not found in any of the 37 normal blood
      donors. A strong correlation (r = -0.846) was found between the antibody levels
      and the duration of the disease among the 12 patients with lepromatous leprosy.
      These preliminary data demonstrate the usefulness of this method for
      epidemiological studies and for the detection of cases with subclinical
      infection.

PMID- 2280656
TI  - Positive Mitsuda lepromin reactions in long-term treated lepromatous leprosy.
AB  - Twenty-four lepromatous (LL) patients, treated for 22 to 40 years with
      chemotherapy, including sulphones and with multidrug therapy, were tested with
      standard Wade-Mitsuda lepromin. Thirteen gave weak positive (3-4 mm) Mitsuda
      reactions, confirmed histologically in the ten whose reactions were biopsied. Six
      of the eleven negative reactors were partly accounted for by a history of
      relapse, and two others had probably taken dapsone irregularly. Eleven control LL
      patients, treated for less than 20 years, were uniformly lepromin negative.
      Spontaneous lepromin conversion appears to occur around 24 years after commencing
      successful chemotherapy. The late Mitsuda conversions are attributed to delayed
      clearance of the reservoir of bacterial antigen, but a poor correlation between
      Mitsuda and Fernandez positivity is not explained.

PMID- 2280657
TI  - Tuberculoid relapse in lepromatous leprosy.
AB  - It is commonly accepted that the attainment of bacteriological negativity fails
      to restore the immune state of leprosy patients who have downgraded to
      lepromatous. We report six patients who had been lepromatous (LLs), and who,
      after many years of chemotherapy and bacteriological negativity, were found upon
      relapse to have upgraded to borderline-tuberculoid (BT). Five had become Mitsuda
      lepromin positive. The relapses could be accounted for by proven or suspected
      dapsone resistance. The upgrading was associated with minimal signs of reaction,
      which was attributed to the low level of antigen in the almost resolved lesions.
      The manner of development of the new high immune lesions resembled the onset of a
      primary infection, clinically and histologically. The development of a positive
      Mitsuda reaction in longstanding LL leprosy is not necessarily an indication of
      cure.

PMID- 2280658
TI  - Disabilities in leprosy patients ascertained in a total population survey in
      Karonga District, northern Malawi.
AB  - This paper describes the pattern of disability among 1654 leprosy patients
      ascertained between 1973 and 1987 in Karonga District, Northern Malawi.
      Approximately 20% of patients identified prior to 1980 had some disability at
      registration, but this percentage fell to approximately 10% with the introduction
      of total population surveys in the Lepra Evaluation Project. The proportion of
      patients with disabilities at registration increased with age, was higher among
      males than females, was higher among borderline and lepromatous than tuberculoid
      patients, and was higher for passively than for actively detected patients. The
      risk of developing disabilities among patients without any disabilities at
      registration was approximately 5 per 1000 person years, and appeared to be
      slightly higher after the completion of treatment than during treatment.

PMID- 2280659
TI  - Preliminary observations on myiasis in leprosy patients.
AB  - Out of 3350 leprosy patients attending the surgical outpatient department for
      various ulcerative lesions, 18 patients had typical symptoms of myiasis. Maggots
      were collected in 5 cases from the nose, in 3 cases from ulcers of the hand and
      in 10 cases from ulcers of the foot. It was possible to rear the maggots into
      flies in 8 out of 18 cases. The flies were identified as Sarcophaga ruficornis
      and Chrysomyia bezziana.

PMID- 2280660
TI  - Leprosy in Saudi Arabia, 1986-89.
AB  - This study on leprosy includes information obtained from the Ibn Sina Hospital, a
      specialized centre established 27 years ago for treatment and management of the
      disease in Saudi Arabia. A total of 792 patients with leprosy were reported
      during the period of the study (1986-89). A steady decline was observed in the
      number of patients reported: 432 (54.55%) were non-Saudi and 360 (45.45%) were
      Saudi. Patients were reported from a total of 22 different countries. The
      majority of the non-Saudi patients were from the Yemen, 286 (36.11%). The male-to
      female ratio was 3.83:1. The age groups comprised: 133 (16.79%), 51 to 80; 575
      (72.60%), 21 to 50; and 84 (10.61%), under 20 years of age. The disease was
      classified into five categories (Ridley and Jopling classification): 295
      (37.25%), lepromatous type; 238 (30.05%), tuberculoid type; 146 (18.43%),
      borderline-tuberculoid type; 29 (3.66%), borderline type; and 84 (10.61%),
      borderline-lepromatous type. Although the number of registered patients is
      decreasing, this trend does not suggest an overall decline in the disease in the
      country. It is recommended, therefore, that the services being provided to
      patients with leprosy must be integrated with the nationwide network of the
      Primary Health Care Centres to implement effective control and prevention,
      including health education for the general population. Furthermore, mutual
      agreements must be developed with adjacent countries to study the geographic
      distribution of the disease.

PMID- 2280661
TI  - Basic requirements for implementation of multidrug therapy--ILEP Medical
      Bulletin.

PMID- 2280662
TI  - Multidrug therapy in paucibacillary leprosy.

PMID- 2280663
TI  - Are dapsone hypersensitivity reactions dose related?

PMID- 2280664
TI  - Implementation of multidrug therapy for leprosy control programmes.

PMID- 2280665
TI  - Comment: Assessment of histological response to treatment.

PMID- 2280666
TI  - Experiences with repeated quality controls of skin smears in different routine
      services in leprosy control programmes.

PMID- 2280667
TI  - Amyloidosis--a possible minor factor contributing to the disappearance of leprosy
      from northern Europe.

PMID- 2280668
TI  - Malignancy in plantar ulcers in leprosy.

PMID- 2280669
TI  - Pachydermoperiostosis and leprosy.

PMID- 2280670
TI  - Intermembrane cholesterol transfer: role of sterol carrier proteins and
      phosphatidylserine.
AB  - The effect of phosphatidylserine and sterol carrier proteins on cholesterol
      exchange was determined using an assay not requiring separation of donor and
      acceptor membrane vesicles. Sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP2, also called
      nonspecific lipid transfer protein), but not fatty acid binding protein (FABP,
      also called sterol carrier protein), enhanced the initial rate of sterol exchange
      between neutral zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles (SUV)
      2.3-fold. Phosphatidylserine at 10 mol% increased the initial rate of spontaneous
      and of SCP2-mediated (but not FABP-mediated) sterol exchange by 22% and 44-fold,
      respectively. The SCP2 potentiation of sterol transfer was dependent on SCP2
      concentration and on phosphatidylserine concentration. The SCP2-mediated sterol
      transfer was inhibited by a variety of cations including KCl, divalent metal
      ions, and neomycin. The data suggest that SCP2 increase in activity for sterol
      transfer may be partly ascribed to charge on the phospholipid.

PMID- 2280672
TI  - Comparison of the effect of six compactin-related compounds on cholesterol
      synthesis in five human cell types.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of six compactin-related compounds--mevinolin,
      compactin, ML-236A, monacolin X, monacolin L and dihydromonacolin L--on
      cholesterol synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, human small
      intestine epithelial cells, human hepatoma cell line HEP G2, normal human skin
      fibroblasts and in skin fibroblasts from a patient with familial homozygous
      hypercholesterolemia. The inhibition of cholesterol synthesis was found to depend
      on both the cell type and the type of compound used. The most effective compounds
      were mevinolin and compactin. Monacolin X, monacolin L and ML-236A were less
      effective, and dihydromonacolin L was the least efficacious. Endothelial and
      epithelial cells were sensitive to very low concentrations of inhibitors (IC50 =
      1.0-30 pg/mL), HEP G2 cells required higher concentrations (IC50 = 0.01-66 ng/mL)
      and fibroblasts needed even higher concentrations (IC50 = 0.1-200 ng/mL). Lactone
      and acid forms of the inhibitors were equally active. None of the inhibitors had
      any effect on either protein or fatty acid synthesis in any of the cell types
      studied. It can be concluded that different compactin-related compounds show a
      range of potencies as cholesterol synthesis inhibitors and a dose-dependent
      tissue-selectivity.

PMID- 2280671
TI  - Vasopressin stimulates phospholipase D activity against phosphatidylcholine in
      vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - It is now clear that various hormones and agonists can stimulate the production
      of lipid mediators from non-phosphoinositide phospholipids. We have investigated
      the production of diacylglycerol from nonphosphoinositide sources, and we
      demonstrated that vasopressin and other vasoactive agents stimulate hydrolysis of
      phosphatidylcholine in a variety of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells of rat
      and human origin. We used vasopressin to characterize this response and found
      that vasopressin stimulates phospholipase D activity against phosphatidylcholine
      in A-10 vascular smooth muscle cells. The vasopressin-stimulated
      phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis is both time- and concentration-dependent. The
      half-maximal dose of vasopressin required for phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis
      (ED50 approximately 1 nM) correlates well with vasopressin binding to A-10 cells
      (Kd approximately 2 nM). The phosphatidylcholine in A-10 cells can be
      preferentially radiolabeled with [3H]myristic acid; subsequent treatment with
      vasopressin stimulates a rapid increase in 3H-labeled phosphatidate
      (approximately 4 X control values at 3 min), and after a short lag, 3H-labeled
      diacylglycerol rises and reaches maximal levels at 10 min (approximately 2 X
      control values). Similar temporal elevations of phosphatidate and diacylglycerol
      occur in A-10 cells labeled with [3H] glycerol. In A-10 cells radiolabeled with
      [3H] choline, the elevation of cellular phosphatidate and diacylglycerol is
      concomitant with the release of [3H] choline metabolites (predominantly choline)
      to the culture medium. The temporal production of phosphatidate and
      diacylglycerol as well as the release of choline to the culture medium are
      consistent with vasopressin activating phospholipase D. In addition, vasopressin
      stimulates a transphosphatidylation reaction that is characteristic of
      phospholipase D. The transphosphatidylation reaction is detected by the
      production of phosphatidylethanol that occurs when A-10 cells are incubated with
      ethanol and stimulated with vasopressin. The phospholipase D is active in the
      absence of extracellular Ca++ whereas the vasopressin-stimulated mobilization of
      arachidonic acid is dependent on extracellular Ca++. The data indicate that
      vasopressin stimulates phospholipase D which hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to
      phosphatidate. The phosphatidate is then metabolized, presumably by a
      phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, to produce sustained levels of cellular
      diacylglycerol. These sustained levels of diacylglycerol may activate protein
      kinase C and thereby function in the "sustained phase" of cellular responses.

PMID- 2280673
TI  - Effects of Triton WR 1339 and heparin on the transfer of surface lipids from
      triglyceride-rich emulsions to high density lipoproteins in rats.
AB  - The influence of lipolytic mechanisms on the transfer of phospholipids and
      unesterified cholesterol from artificial emulsions, serving as chylomicron models
      to other plasma lipoproteins, mainly high density lipoproteins (HDL) were tested
      in vivo. The emulsions labeled with radioactive lipids were injected into the
      bloodstream of rats (controls) and the results were compared with those obtained
      from rats that had previously been treated with Triton WR 1339 or heparin. Plasma
      clearance and the distribution of cholesteryl esters, phospholipids and
      unesterified cholesterol in the different plasma lipoprotein fractions were then
      determined. Whereas virtually no cholesteryl esters were found in d greater than
      1.006 g/mL density fraction of the three experimental groups, 2.8 +/- 1.3% of the
      injected phospholipids were in the 1.063-1.210 g/L density fraction of the Triton
      treated rats, and 12.6 +/- 5.4% of the heparin treated rats, as compared to 10.1
      +/- 1.7% in controls. This indicates that lipolysis directly influences
      phospholipid transfer to HDL. In contrast, free-cholesterol transfer to HDL,
      besides being less pronounced than phospholipid transfer, was enhanced by Triton
      and diminished by heparin, indicating that lipolytic mechanisms were not
      important determinants in this process.

PMID- 2280675
TI  - Nonspecific and metabolic interactions between steroid hormones and human plasma
      lipoproteins.
AB  - Previous observations demonstrated that steroid hormones associate with plasma
      lipoproteins. The objective of this study was to estimate the relative importance
      of lipoproteins as steroid hormone binding agents in comparison to sex hormone
      binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, and albumin in both normal and
      hyperlipidemic human plasma. The 16 steroid hormones and related metabolites
      included in the study were: androstanediol, androstenediol, androstenedione,
      androsterone, corticosterone, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone,
      deoxycorticosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, estriol, estrone, 17 alpha
      hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone, progesterone, and testosterone. The binding
      activity of these 16 steroid hormones with purified high density lipoprotein
      (HDL), low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein were separately
      evaluated by equilibrium dialysis incubations to yield 48 steroid hormone
      lipoprotein combinations for further study. In incubations with HDL, six steroid
      hormones (androstenediol, dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol,
      pregnenolone, and progesterone) were identified as non-equilibrium, apparently
      due to metabolic conversion of the steroid hormones. The metabolic activity for
      the three delta 5-3 beta hydroxy steroids and estradiol appears to be fatty acid
      esterification by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. The computer program
      TRANSPORT, which was used to evaluate only the nonspecific steroid hormone
      lipoprotein association levels in a 16 x 6 matrix at simultaneous equilibrium,
      indicated that lipoprotein-bound steroid hormones ranged from 1% for cortisol to
      56% for pregnenolone in normal human blood. Simulated projections of the increase
      in nonspecific steroid hormone association with lipoproteins during
      hyperlipidemia are also presented. These results demonstrate how lipoproteins are
      likely to be important in the transport and metabolism of steroid hormones in
      human plasma.

PMID- 2280674
TI  - Effects of bile acid feeding on hepatic deoxycholate 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity
      in the hamster.
AB  - In order to investigate the effects of bile acid feeding on hepatic microsomal
      deoxycholate 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity, three different bile acids were
      administered (0.2% w/w in chow) to hamsters for two weeks. Deoxycholate 7 alpha
      hydroxylase activity was increased markedly by feeding of cholic acid (CA) and
      slightly by deoxycholic acid (DCA). Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) had little
      effect on the enzyme activity. Feeding each of the bile acids significantly
      inhibited the activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the order CDCA
      greater than or equal to DCA greater than CA. There was no correlation between
      deoxycholate 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
      activity. It is concluded that the activity of deoxycholate 7 alpha-hydroxylase
      is up-regulated by feeding DCA and CA and that the mechanism seems to be
      different from that of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. The increased activity of
      hepatic deoxycholate 7 alpha-hydroxylase by CA and DCA should be beneficial in
      minimizing the toxic effects of DCA in the hamster.

PMID- 2280676
TI  - Effects of dietary fats on prostanoid production and aortic and plasma fatty acid
      composition in rats.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets with 10%, 30%, or 50% of energy derived
      from fat for two weeks. The fats used were beef tallow, olive oil, peanut oil and
      butter. Aortic prostacyclin (PGI2) production, platelet aggregation and
      thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production and plasma and aortic phospholipid (PL) content
      were measured. Butter- and beef tallow-feeding reduced aortic PGI2 production and
      collagen-induced TXA2 production in a dose-dependent manner as the level of fat
      in the diet increased. Neither olive oil nor peanut oil had any effect on aortic
      PGI2 production or collagen-induced TXA2 production. Butter-feeding also resulted
      in a decrease in collagen-induced platelet aggregation; however, none of the
      other fats had any effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation. The observed
      decreases in aortic PGI2 and collagen-induced TXA2 production were paralleled by
      similar decreases in aortic and plasma PL arachidonic acid content and an
      increase in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Only the
      most saturated fats, butter and beef tallow, had significant inhibitory effects
      on prostanoid production and platelet aggregation.

PMID- 2280678
TI  - Analysis of cholesterol and desmosterol in cultured cells without organic solvent
      extraction.
AB  - Cultured cell sterols such as cholesterol and desmosterol are usually extracted
      into organic solvents before they are quantified with cholesterol esterase and
      oxidase. A method to quantify these cultured cell sterols using cholesterol
      enzymes without prior organic solvent extraction is described. In this method, a
      suspension or monolayer of cultured L-M, U-937, or PC-12 cells is digested with
      0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the digest treated with microbial
      cholesterol enzymes. The quantity of oxidized sterols produced by the reaction
      can be measured easily with high-pressure liquid chromatography, when a mixture
      of sterols is present, or by the production of hydrogen peroxide when only one
      sterol is present. This method is easier and safer to use than solvent extraction
      and can greatly expedite the quantitation of cultured cell sterols. Preliminary
      data show that other lipids such as choline phospholipids, triglycerides, and
      fatty acids can also be directly quantified in SDS cell digest by using specific
      enzymes to transform these lipids into hydrogen peroxides.

PMID- 2280677
TI  - Myocardial changes in newborn piglets fed sow milk or milk replacer diets
      containing different levels of erucic acid.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine whether the neonate was more susceptible
      to the effects of dietary erucic acid (22:1n-9) than the adult. Newborn piglets
      were used to assess the safety of different levels of 22:1n-9 on lipid and
      histological changes in the heart. Newborn piglets showed no myocardial lipidosis
      as assessed by oil red 0 staining, but lipidosis appeared with consumption of sow
      milk and disappeared by seven days of age. Milk replacer diets containing soybean
      oil, or rapeseed oil mixtures with up to 5% 22:1n-9 in the oil, or 1.25% in the
      diet, gave trace myocardial lipidosis. Rapeseed oil mixtures with 7 to 42.9%
      22:1n-9 showed definite myocardial lipidosis in newborn piglets, which correlated
      to dietary 22:1n-9, showing a maximum after one week on diet. The severity of the
      lipidosis was greater than observed previously with weaned pigs. There were no
      significant differences among diets in cardiac lipid classes except for
      triacylglycerol (TAG), which increased in piglets fed a rapeseed oil with 42.9%
      22:1n-9. TAG showed the highest incorporation of 22:1n-9, the concentration of
      22:1n-9 in TAG was similar to that present in the dietary oil. Among the cardiac
      phospholipids, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine had the highest, and
      diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) the lowest level of 22:1n-9. The low content of
      22:1n-9 in DPG of newborn piglets is not observed in weaned pigs and rats fed
      high erucic acid rapeseed oil. The relative concentration of saturated fatty
      acids was lowered in all cardiac phospholipids of piglets fed rapeseed oils,
      possibly due to the low content of saturated fatty acids in rapeseed oils. The
      results suggest that piglets fed up to 750 mg 22:1n-9/kg body weight/day showed
      no adverse nutritional or cardiac effects.

PMID- 2280679
TI  - Rapid analysis of fatty acids in plasma lipids.
AB  - A rapid and convenient procedure for the quantitative determination of the fatty
      acid composition of plasma lipids is described. Human plasma was applied directly
      to the preadsorbent zones of thin-layer silica gel plates with added antioxidant,
      internal standards and carriers. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates were
      partially developed with methanol followed by chloroform/methanol (1:1, v/v), and
      then they were fully developed in hexane/diethyl ether/acetic acid (80:20:1,
      v/v/v) to separate the major classes of lipids. Silica gel from regions
      containing the separated lipids was scraped into screw-capped tubes and treated
      with boron trifluoride-methanol prior to gas chromatography. The method of direct
      application to TLC plates gave yields and compositions of fatty acids very
      similar to the method of applying extracted plasma lipids. This relatively simple
      method is suitable for analyzing the fatty acids in plasma lipids from a 50
      microliter finger-tip blood samples from an individual, and it may be useful in
      wide-scale screening of different individuals to estimate the relative amounts of
      ingested polyunsaturated fatty acids.

PMID- 2280680
TI  - A method for the quantitative analysis of molecular species of alkylacylglycerol
      and diacylglycerol.
AB  - We describe a method for the quantitative analysis of molecular species of
      diacylglycerol and alkylacylglycerol as their diradylglycerobenzoate derivatives.
      Synthetic internal standards were used to provide quantitative determinations of
      the low levels of diacylglycerol and alkylacylglycerol and their individual
      molecular species in cultured cells. Diradylglycerols were isolated by thin-layer
      chromatography (TLC), converted to their benzoate derivatives and separated into
      subclasses by TLC. The molecular species of each subclass were analyzed by
      reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Thirty-six species of
      diglyceride-type molecules were identified in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
      These cells were shown to contain 7.88 nmoles of diacylglycerol and 3.97 nmoles
      of alkylacylglycerol per mumole of phospholipid. Both subclasses contain
      predominantly monoenoic and saturated species. This technique should be valuable
      for studies examining the origin and metabolism of these important intracellular
      mediators.

PMID- 2280681
TI  - Separation and quantification of heart and liver phospholipid classes by high
      performance liquid chromatography using a new light-scattering detector.
AB  - This work describes a one-step separation of rat tissue phospholipid classes by
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a silica column and a new
      light-scattering detector (LSD). Complete separation of phosphatidylcholine,
      phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol,
      phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and
      lysophosphatidylcholine was obtained. Direct quantification was achieved after
      detector calibration for each phospholipid class. The detector response was shown
      to be linear within the ranges used. The LSD results agreed well with those
      obtained by phospholipid phosphorus assay. The present method was applied to rat
      heart and rat liver phospholipid analysis.

PMID- 2280682
TI  - Is intestinal villus phospholipase A2/lysophospholipase bound pancreatic
      carboxylester lipase?
AB  - Similarities in substrate specificity, localization and molecular weight between
      villus membrane phospholipase A2/lysophospholipase and carboxylester lipase of
      pancreatic origin suggested their possible identity. To test this, a preparation
      of the phospholipase A2/lysophospholipase released from brush border vesicles by
      papain was compared to authentic, pancreatic carboxylester lipase. Susceptibility
      of both activities to the inhibitor, diisopropylfluorophosphate, was consistent
      with their identity, but inconclusive. It also indicated that two populations of
      phospholipase A2 species may be present in the papain-released preparation.
      However, comparison of binding of the activities to Sepharose-coupled, anti
      carboxylester-lipase IgG indicates that they are immunologically distinct.

PMID- 2280684
TI  - What are antibiotics? Archaic functions for modern activities.
AB  - Secondary metabolites are proposed to have played important roles in the
      evolution of the reactions of living forms on earth, in effecting and modulating
      reactions during biochemical evolution by chemical and structural interaction
      with 'receptor' sites in primitive macromolecular templates. For example, in the
      evolution of the translation system, as the polymerizing reactions became more
      complex and proteins became involved, the low molecular-weight effectors were
      functionally replaced by polypeptides, but retained their ability to interact
      with receptor sites in nucleic acids and proteins. Many of these low molecular
      weight effectors now play a different role, that of antagonists, by interacting
      with the original receptor sites in macromolecular structures; this explains
      their contemporary activity as antibiotics.

PMID- 2280683
TI  - Availability of linoleic acid from cereal-pulse diets.
AB  - Cereals and pulses alone provide nearly two-thirds of the daily linoleic acid
      requirement in habitual Indian diets. Two-thirds of the lipids present in cereals
      is in bound form. To investigate to what extent the essential fatty acids (EFA)
      present in cereals and pulses are biologically available, weanling rats were fed
      rice-pulse based diets either without supplementation or supplemented with one of
      three vegetable oils--coconut, palmolein or groundnut oil. Plasma phospholipid
      fatty acid composition was used to assess the EFA status, with ratios of
      eicosatrienoic/arachidonic acids (20:3n-9/20:4n-6) above 0.2, indicating linoleic
      acid deficiency. In the unsupplemented group, the levels of linoleic and
      arachidonic acids were low as compared to the groundnut oil fed group. However,
      the ratio of 20:3n-9/20:4n-6 was less than 0.2, indicating that there was no
      linoleic acid deficiency. This shows that the linoleic acid present in rice and
      pulse may be readily available.

PMID- 2280685
TI  - The influence of the Klebsiella pneumoniae regulatory gene nifL upon the
      transcriptional activator protein NifA.
AB  - The influence of the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifL gene product upon the interaction
      of the transcriptional activator protein NifA with the nifH promoter has been
      examined using in vivo dimethylsulphate 'footprinting'. Binding of NifA to the
      upstream activator sequence (UAS) of the nifH promoter in the presence of the
      NifL protein was observed under nitrogen-limiting growth conditions. Growth in
      the presence of NH4+ or addition of NH4+ to nitrogen-limited cells diminished the
      interaction of NifA with the UAS when NifL was present. Repression of nif
      transcription by NifL may therefore involve an interaction between NifL and NifA
      which reduces the affinity of NifA for the UAS.

PMID- 2280686
TI  - Identification and sequence analysis of the gene encoding the transcriptional
      activator of the formate hydrogenlyase system of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Through complementation of a trans-acting regulatory mutation a gene has been
      cloned whose product is required for the formate induction of the anaerobic
      expression of the formate hydrogenlyase structural genes. By restriction
      analysis, and from the size of the encoded protein, the gene could be identified
      as being equivalent to fhlA described by Sankar et al. (1988). The nucleotide
      sequence of the fhlA gene was determined and it was shown to code for a protein
      with a calculated Mr of 78,467. Analysis of the derived amino acid sequence
      showed that the carboxy-terminal domain of FHLA shares considerable sequence
      similarity with NIFA and NTRC, which are the 'regulators' of two-component
      regulatory systems. Carboxy-terminal truncation of, and introduction of amino
      terminal deletions in, the fhlA gene delivered inactive gene products. When
      overexpressed, FHLA mediates activation of expression of the formate
      dehydrogenase and hydrogenase structural genes in the presence of formate also
      under aerobic growth conditions. FHLA appears to bind to the upstream regulatory
      sequence (URS) in the 5' flanking region of the fdhF gene since activation of
      fdhF expression was dependent on the presence of the URS.

PMID- 2280687
TI  - Secretion of Ricinus communis glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A plasmid, pWEH1, was constructed containing a fusion of the DNA encoding the
      signal sequence of the Escherichia coli outer-membrane protein A to the 5'-end of
      a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase cDNA from Ricinus communis. When
      expressed in E. coli, the fusion protein was secreted by the normal membrane
      potential-dependent pathway. Processing by signal peptidase was inhibited by low
      concentrations of phenethyl alcohol. Quantitative cell fractionation was used to
      show that the mature plant protein was associated with the bacterial outer
      membrane. The protein could not be released from the membrane by washing with
      alkaline sodium carbonate. Radioactivity from [U-14C]-palmitate was incorporated
      into the heterologous protein. These results suggest that the sequence of this
      normally cytoplasmic enzyme contains a cryptic lipid-modification site, and the
      combination of a signal sequence plus a lipid-modification sequence results in
      specific targeting to the bacterial outer membrane.

PMID- 2280688
TI  - Lipid modification of the 15 kiloDalton major membrane immunogen of Treponema
      pallidum.
AB  - The 15 kiloDalton major membrane immunogen was included among the Treponema
      pallidum polypeptides selectively labelled with [3H]-palmitate. The cloned gene
      for this immunogen, tpp15, encoded a signal peptide of 17 amino acids, a
      consensus signal peptidase II cleavage site, and a mature protein of 124 amino
      acids (13,967 Daltons). As predicted by the DNA sequence, the recombinant 15
      kiloDalton immunogen labelled selectively with [3H]-palmitate, and globomycin
      inhibited processing of the precursor to the mature polypeptide. While the native
      and recombinant immunogens are amphiphilic, the 15 kiloDalton immunogen
      synthesized in a cell-free system was hydrophilic. The covalent attachment of
      fatty acids appears to be responsible for the amphiphilicity of the immunogen and
      its membrane attachment.

PMID- 2280689
TI  - The mobilization and origin of transfer regions of a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
      plasmid: relatedness to plasmids RSF1010 and pSC101.
AB  - The components for the mobilization function of a plasmid DNA during conjugation
      include a cis-acting sequence (the origin of transfer, oriT) and a transacting
      sequence coding for mobilization (Mob) proteins. By genetic and deletion
      analysis, we have located the mobilization region of pTF1, a cryptic plasmid
      previously isolated from a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain. Within a 2797 bse
      pair sequenced region, several open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted; two of
      the ORFs are divergently transcribed and they encode proteins of calculated
      molecular masses, 42.6kD (ORF2) and 11.4kD (ORF6). Surprisingly, these protein
      sequences are substantially similar to two of the previously characterized
      mobilization proteins of the Escherichia coli IncQ plasmid, RSF1010. Moreover,
      the pTF1 ORF2 (now designated MobL) sequence is also found to be similar to a
      presumed mobilization protein of plasmid pSC101. Regions of sequence identity of
      plasmids pTF1, RSF1010 and pSC101 include their oriT sites. By alkaline agarose
      gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing, we have established the location of the
      relaxation complex nick site within the oriT of pTF1. An identical nick site,
      which is adjacent to a characteristic 10 base-pair inverted repeat sequence, is
      also found for plasmid RSF1010. A recombinant plasmid containing a 42 base-pair
      synthetic piece of DNA encompassing the pTF1 inverted repeat and nick sequence
      was shown to be oriT-active.

PMID- 2280690
TI  - A rapid method for reconstitution of bacterial membrane proteins.
AB  - We have devised a simple method for the reconstitution of bacterial membrane
      proteins directly from small (1-20 ml) volumes of cell culture, thus eliminating
      the preparation of membrane vesicles. Cells are subjected to simultaneous
      lysozyme digestion and osmotic lysis, and after brief centrifugation ghosts are
      solubilized in 1.2% octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (octylglucoside) in the presence
      of added carrier lipid and an osmolyte. Aliquots of the clarified supernatant are
      suitable for reconstitution, as documented by using extracts from three different
      Gram-negative cells to recover both inorganic phosphate (Pi)-linked antiport and
      oxalate:formate exchange activities in proteoliposomes. These proteoliposomes are
      physically stable, non-leaky and can sustain a membrane potential and, because
      functional porins do not reconstitute, the artificial system has transport
      characteristics similar to those found when proteoliposomes are obtained using
      standard methods. This method should become an important tool for the screening
      and characterization of large numbers of strains, both wild-type and mutant.

PMID- 2280691
TI  - The benzoylarginine peptidase from Treponema denticola (strain ASLM), a human
      oral spirochaete: evidence for active-site carboxyl groups.
AB  - The benzoylarginine peptidase of Treponema denticola (strain ASLM; a human oral
      spirochaete) was progressively and irreversibly inactivated by 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)
      2-ethoxy-1, 2-dihydroquinoline, a carboxyl-group reagent. At acidic pH values,
      reaction of one mole of the modifier per active site of the enzyme resulted in
      total inactivation of the enzyme. Assuming that this modifier is a specific
      carboxyl reagent, the data suggest that the inactivation of the T. denticola
      benzoylarginine peptidase was caused by the modification of one carboxyl group
      located close to the active site of the enzyme. Results obtained with Woodward's
      reagent K (N-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium 3'-sulphonate) supported these findings.
      Carbethoxylation with diethylpyrocarbonate effectively inactivated the enzyme,
      and addition of hydroxylamine at pH 7.0 restored the activity almost totally,
      suggesting that the pyrocarbonate had reacted with tyrosyl or histidyl residues.

PMID- 2280692
TI  - Hydrocarbons and methylotrophy.

PMID- 2280693
TI  - Assay methods for long-chain alkane oxidation in Acinetobacter.

PMID- 2280694
TI  - Gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas acidovorans.

PMID- 2280695
TI  - Synthesis of 17O- or 18O-enriched dihydroxy aromatic compounds.

PMID- 2280696
TI  - Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenases.

PMID- 2280697
TI  - Muconate cycloisomerase.

PMID- 2280698
TI  - Muconolactone isomerase.

PMID- 2280699
TI  - cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene (NAD) oxidoreductase (cis-benzene
      dihydrodiol dehydrogenase) from Pseudomonas putida NCIB 12190.

PMID- 2280700
TI  - Primary alcohol dehydrogenases from Acinetobacter.

PMID- 2280701
TI  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation by Mycobacterium.

PMID- 2280702
TI  - Long-chain alcohol dehydrogenase of Candida yeast.

PMID- 2280703
TI  - Long-chain aldehyde dehydrogenase of Candida yeast.

PMID- 2280704
TI  - Aldehyde dehydrogenases from Acinetobacter.

PMID- 2280705
TI  - Methane monooxygenase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b.

PMID- 2280706
TI  - Methanol dehydrogenase from thermotolerant methylotroph Bacillus C1.

PMID- 2280707
TI  - Methylamine oxidase from Arthrobacter P1.

PMID- 2280708
TI  - Hydrocarbon monooxygenase system of Pseudomonas oleovorans.

PMID- 2280709
TI  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas W6.

PMID- 2280710
TI  - Toluene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida F1.

PMID- 2280711
TI  - 3-Hexulose-6-phosphate synthase from thermotolerant methylotroph Bacillus C1.

PMID- 2280712
TI  - 3-Hexulose-6-phosphate synthase from Mycobacterium gastri MB19.

PMID- 2280713
TI  - 3-Hexulose-6-phosphate synthase from Acetobacter methanolicus MB58.

PMID- 2280714
TI  - Cytochemical staining methods for localization of key enzymes of methanol
      metabolism in Hansenula polymorpha.

PMID- 2280715
TI  - Alcohol oxidase from Hansenula polymorpha CBS 4732.

PMID- 2280716
TI  - Dihydroxyacetone synthase from Candida boidinii KD1.

PMID- 2280717
TI  - Naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas NCIB 9816.

PMID- 2280718
TI  - Benzene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida, ML2 (NCIB 12190).

PMID- 2280719
TI  - Phthalate dioxygenase.

PMID- 2280721
TI  - Protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas testosteroni.

PMID- 2280720
TI  - Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Brevibacterium fuscum.

PMID- 2280722
TI  - Protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase from Bacillus macerans.

PMID- 2280723
TI  - Effect of Tween 80 on the growth of Mycobacterium avium complex.
AB  - The effect of Tween 80 on the growth of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in
      liquid culture condition was investigated. Observation of the colony-forming
      units (CFU) and the morphology of MAC with transmission and scanning electron
      microscopy showed that Tween 80 at 0.05% in the medium (ca. 0.5 mg/ml) had
      bacteriostatic action and caused cell elongation. Tween 80 at 0.5% or more in the
      medium (ca. 5 mg/ml) reduced the quantity of MAC glycolipids and also led to
      false positive or positive results in biochemical tests for mycobacterial
      identification using nitrate reductase, urease, or arylsulfatase. To determine
      whether or not surfactants could reduce the MAC permeability barrier, the minimal
      inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antituberculosis drugs on MAC was determined in
      liquid medium with or without several kinds of surfactants including Tween 80.
      Five surfactants including Tween 80 increased the activity of antituberculosis
      drugs to MAC. These findings suggest that Tween 80 acts directly on the cell wall
      of MAC.

PMID- 2280724
TI  - Electron microscopic observation of crystals of Escherichia coli K-12
      lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - Previously we showed that Salmonella minnesota Re and Ra lipopolysaccharides
      (LPSs) and Escherichia coli K-12 LPS formed three-dimensional crystals, either
      hexagonal plates or solid columns, when they were precipitated by the addition of
      2 volumes of 95% ethanol containing 375 mM MgCl2 and incubated in 70% ethanol
      containing 250 mM MgCl2, and stored at 4 C for 10 days. Later, Escherichia coli K
      12 LPS thus treated was found to form discoid crystals as well as hexagonal plate
      crystals and solid column crystals. Analysis by electron diffraction of the
      discoid crystals from the direction perpendicular to the basal plane showed that
      they consisted of hexagonal lattices with the a axis of 4.62 A. This result was
      quite the same as that of the hexagonal plate crystals. Electron micrographs of
      the edges of the discoid crystals revealed stacked sheets of the hexagonal plate
      crystals. From these results it was concluded that formation of the discoid
      crystals results from irregular overlapping of the hexagonal plate crystals.

PMID- 2280726
TI  - Comparison of two kinds of cell packets of Micrococcus luteus by scanning
      electron microscopy: outermost layer maintaining the packet structure.
AB  - Two kinds of cell packets of Micrococcus luteus, one having teichuronic acids
      (TUA) in the cell wall and the other lacking TUA, have been independently
      reported by two groups of workers. A comparison by scanning electron microscopy
      of these packets provided a possibly consistent interpretation for the seemingly
      conflicting opinions whether TUA were involved in packet induction. It was
      strongly suggested that the packets having TUA in the wall were rigidly
      maintained by a bridging structure of the outermost layer of the peripheral wall,
      while the packets lacking TUA showed low contribution of the outermost layer to
      the bridging structure probably due to the absence of TUA.

PMID- 2280725
TI  - Fecal IgA antibody responses after oral poliovirus vaccination in infants and
      elder children.
AB  - We investigated fecal IgA antibody responses after oral polyvalent poliovirus
      vaccination. Infants were given vaccines twice with an interval of 6 weeks.
      Specific IgA antibodies in the feces were determined by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay, and viruses were isolated in tissue cultures. We found that,
      after the first vaccination, antibody responses seemed to be elicited only
      against the serotypes of isolated viruses. After the second vaccination, however,
      antibodies were detected to all three serotypes with higher titers, suggesting
      that the first vaccination induced the immunologic memory. The IgA antibodies had
      virus-neutralizing activity, and existed in the feces as both intact 11S and
      fragmented 4S molecules. Next, children were given the third vaccination 3 or 9
      years later. Fecal IgA antibody responses were found to be poorer in elder
      children, while they responded with high serum neutralization titers. The
      secretory IgA memory seemed to last much shorter the serum IgG memory.

PMID- 2280728
TI  - Genetic transformation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and
      Vibrio cholerae non O-1 with plasmid DNA by electroporation.
AB  - An electroporation procedure for the plasmid-mediated transformation of the genus
      Vibrio was performed, as part of an effort to develop recombinant DNA techniques
      for genetic manipulation of the genus Vibrio. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V.
      alginolyticus, and V. cholerae non O-1 (9 different strains) were transformed
      with 3 vector plasmids (pACYC184, pHSG398, and pBR325). The efficiency of
      transformation was highly dependent on three parameters: the concentration of
      plasmid DNA; the strength of the electric field; and the combination of plasmid
      DNA and recipient strain. The drug-resistance genes on the vector plasmid were
      expressed in the Vibrio strains.

PMID- 2280727
TI  - Enhancement of natural resistance of mice to Rhodococcus equi infection by
      Dextran Sulfate 500.
AB  - The effect of intraperitoneal injection of Dextran Sulfate 500 (DS-500, 500,000
      Mr) on the intravenous clearance and host resistance to Rhodococcus equi in mice
      was studied. Contrary to the results seen with Listeria monocytogenes, DS-500
      enhanced murine resistance to R. equi and altered organ distribution and
      clearance.

PMID- 2280729
TI  - Signal strength in subsecond FLASH magnetic resonance imaging: the dynamic
      approach to steady state.
AB  - Subsecond fast low-angle shot (FLASH) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows
      single shot studies of the human heart within measuring times of about 100-300 ms
      depending on the data matrix. In contrast to conventional FLASH MRI subsecond
      applications acquire data during the approach to steady state. A detailed
      analysis of the saturation behavior of the signal is given for the ideal case of
      a rectangular slice profile. In a second step, realistic slice profiles assuming
      Gaussian-shaped excitation pulses were taken into account by means of a numerical
      solution of the Bloch equations. It turns out that the signal strength and the
      resulting image intensity is considerably higher than may be expected from steady
      state considerations. Correspondingly optimized flip angles depend on the number
      of phase-encoding steps. Assuming long T1 relaxation times as, for example,
      encountered in muscle and brain tissue and repetition times of 5 ms or less,
      optimum flip angles are 12 degrees-16 degrees. The use of even higher flip angles
      (greater than or equal to 20 degrees) causes heavily distorted slice profiles and
      a dynamic increase of the effective slice thickness. Flip angles of the order of
      the Ernst angle (6 degrees) correspond to steady-state conditions and lead to
      considerable signal losses. The theoretical results are confirmed by subsecond
      FLASH MRI studies of the human heart using a 2.0 T whole-body system (Siemens
      Magnetom).

PMID- 2280730
TI  - Improved quantification of radionuclide uptake using deconvolution and windowed
      subtraction techniques for scatter compensation in single photon emission
      computed tomography.
AB  - A comparison of two methods of scatter compensation in single photon emission
      computed tomography (SPECT) imaging is made on the basis of improvements in
      quantification. The methods, scatter-window subtraction and constrained
      deconvolution of an average point source response function (PSRF), are described;
      the theoretical basis of each method is also briefly assessed. Improvements in
      relative quantification offered by each method are measured by examining ratios
      of counts in hot cylinders to counts in a slightly radioactive background. The
      cylinder/background concentration ratio was varied by a factor of five; the sizes
      of the cylinders remained constant. Keeping the diameter of the cylinders
      constant allowed for an assessment of the effect of concentration differences,
      without the conflicting effect of variation in the size of the hot source.
      Results showed that while both scatter-window subtraction and constrained
      deconvolution offer quantification improvements in the final image, the method of
      prereconstruction deconvolution of a planar PSRF from each planar projection is
      substantially more successful than either scatter-window subtraction or other
      methods of implementing the deconvolution procedure.

PMID- 2280731
TI  - Coronary perfusion pressure and inflow resistance have different influence on
      intramyocardial flows during coronary sinus interventions.
AB  - A mathematical model is used to represent the vascular bed of the left coronary
      circulation by an arterial, a capillary and a venous compartment. The model is
      first adjusted so as to reproduce arterial hemodynamics known from measurements
      during normal perfusion. Additionally, measurements under coronary sinus
      occlusion are used to assess the venous section of the model. While the
      calculated phasic shapes of epicardial flows are seen to agree with measurements,
      intramyocardial flows, which are inaccessable to measurement, are predicted from
      the model. The model is run under stepwise changes of coronary perfusion pressure
      and coronary artery resistance for both the normal state and coronary sinus
      occlusion. Intramyocardial flow between capillaries and veins, being the main
      determinant for a possible therapeutic effect of coronary sinus interventions, is
      estimated.

PMID- 2280732
TI  - Dosimetry on transverse axes of 125I and 192Ir interstitial brachytherapy
      sources.
AB  - Dose rates along the transverse axes of 125I model 6702, 125I model 6711 and
      192Ir 0.2-mm steel sources for interstitial brachytherapy have been measured in a
      solid-water phantom for distances up to 10 cm using LiF thermoluminescent
      dosimeters (TLDs). Specific dose rate constants, the dose rates in water per unit
      source strength 1 cm along the perpendicular bisector of the source, are
      determined to be 0.90 +/- 0.03, 0.85 +/- 0.03, and 1.09 +/- 0.03 cGy h-1 U-1 for
      125I model 6702, 125I model 6711 and 192Ir 0.2-mm steel sources, respectively (1
      U = unit of air kerma strength = 1 microGy m2 h-1 = 1 cGy cm2 h-1). In older and
      obsolete units of source strength (i.e., mCi apparent), these are 1.14 +/- 0.03,
      1.08 +/- 0.03, and 4.59 +/- 0.15 cGy h-1 mCi-1 (apparent). Currently accepted
      values of specific dose rate constant for 125I sources are up to 20% higher than
      our measured values which are in good agreement with the results of our Monte
      Carlo simulations. But for 192Ir there is good agreement between our measured
      value of the specific dose rate constant and currently accepted values. The
      radial dose function for 125I model 6702 is found to be consistently larger than
      that for 125I model 6711, with an increasing difference as the distance from the
      source increases. Our measured values for the radial dose function for 125I
      sources are in good agreement with the results of our Monte Carlo simulation as
      well as the measured values of Schell et al. [Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.
      13, 795-799 (1987)] for model 6702 and Ling et al.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2280733
TI  - Determination of build-up region over-response corrections for a Markus-type
      chamber.
AB  - Over-response corrections for a widely used parallel plate ionization chamber
      were determined using contemporaneous measurement of build up for 4, 6, 10 and 18
      MV photon beams utilizing a commercially available extrapolation chamber (PTW
      model 23392). The resultant over-response corrections were essentially
      independent of field size (5 X 5 to 30 X 30 cm) and were less for increased depth
      (from the surface) and higher x-ray energy. The over-response of the parallel
      plate chamber (Markus-type, PTW model 329) was 13.8, 10.7, 6.2 and 4.7 percent
      (absolute) at the surface for 4, 6, 10 and 18-MV x-ray energies. At only 2 mm
      depth, the over-response of the Markus chamber under investigation decreased to
      50% of surface value over-response. These corrections, so derived, are applied to
      Markus parallel plate chamber build-up measurements by simple subtraction of the
      derived corrections. For example, a 6-MV percentage depth dose of 37.5% measured
      at the surface with the Markus chamber is reduced by 10.7% so to agree with the
      surface dose indicated by the PTW extrapolation chamber for this x-ray field,
      that is, 26.8%.

PMID- 2280734
TI  - Comparison of measured parameters from a 24-keV and a broad spectrum epithermal
      neutron beam for neutron capture therapy: an identification of consequential
      parameters.
AB  - Epithermal neutron beams are under development in a number of locations in the
      U.S. and abroad. The increased penetration in tissue provided by these neurons
      should circumvent problems associated with the rapid attenuation of thermal
      neutron beams encountered in previous clinical trials of neutron capture therapy
      (NCT). Physical and radiobiological experiments with two "intermediate energy" or
      "epithermal" beams have been reported. A comparison is made here between the 24
      keV iron-filtered beam at Harwell, England, and the broad-spectrum Al2 O3
      moderated beam at the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor (BMRR). In addition,
      parameters which are relevant for NCT, and which are best suited for evaluation
      and comparison of beams, are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the mean
      neutron energy which can be tolerated without significant reduction of
      therapeutic gain (TG), where TG is the ratio of tumor dose to maximum normal
      tissue dose. It is suggested that the simplest and most meaningful parameters for
      comparison of beam intensity and purity are the epithermal neutron fluence rate,
      and the fast neutron dose per epithermal neutron (4.2 X 10(-11) rad/neutron for
      the broad-spectrum beam and 29 X 10(-11) rad/neutron for the 24-keV beam). While
      the Al2O3 beam is close to optimal, the 24-keV beam produces a significant fast
      neutron dose which results in a lower TG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280735
TI  - Optimization of 125I ophthalmic plaque brachytherapy.
AB  - Episcleral plaques containing 125I sources are often used in the treatment of
      ocular melanoma. Within four years post-treatment, however, the majority of
      patients experience some visual loss due to radiation retinopathy. The high
      incidence of late complications suggests that careful treatment optimization may
      lead to improved outcome. The goal of optimization would be to reduce the
      magnitude of vision-limiting complications without compromising tumor control. We
      have developed a three-dimensional computer model for ophthalmic plaque therapy
      which permits us to explore the potential of various optimization strategies. One
      simple strategy which shows promise is to maximize the ratio of dose to the tumor
      apex (T) compared to dose to the macula (M). By modifying the parameters of
      source location, activity distribution, source orientation, and shielding we find
      that the calculated T:M ratio can be varied by a factor of 2 for a common plaque
      design and posterior tumor location. Margins and dose to the tumor volume remain
      essentially unchanged.

PMID- 2280736
TI  - Spatial resolution measurements for passive microwave radiometry using a tissue
      equivalent phantom.
AB  - A tissue-equivalent "hot" line source phantom is described for assessing spatial
      resolution in passive microwave radiometry systems. LSFs were measured for two
      rectangular waveguide antennas connected to a 4.7-GHz radiometer. The normalized
      LSFs and corresponding modulation transfer functions were found to be independent
      of line source temperature, but dependent upon antenna size, orientation, and
      line source depth.

PMID- 2280737
TI  - Legal aspects of public domain software.

PMID- 2280738
TI  - Propagation and reduction of error in three-dimensional structure determined from
      biplane views of unknown orientation.
AB  - We are developing a technique for determination of the three-dimensional (3-D)
      structure of vascular objects from two radiographic projection images acquired at
      arbitrary and unknown relative orientations. No separate calibration steps are
      required with this method, which exploits an inherent redundancy of biplane
      imaging to extract the imaging geometry as well as the 3-D locations of eight or
      more object points. The theoretical basis of this technique has been described
      previously. In this paper, we review the method from the perspective of linear
      algebra and describe an improvement, not heretofore reported, that reduces the
      method's sensitivity to experimental error. We then examine the feasibility and
      inherent accuracy of this approach by computer simulation of biplane imaging
      experiments. The precision with which 3-D object structure may be retrieved,
      together with the dependence of precision on the actual imaging geometry and
      errors in various measured quantities, is studied in detail. Our simulation
      studies show that the method is not only feasible but potentially accurate,
      typically determining object-point configurations with root-mean-square (RMS)
      error on the order of 1 to 2 mm. The method is also quite fast, requiring
      approximately one second of CPU time on a VAX 11/750 computer (0.6 MIPS).

PMID- 2280739
TI  - Measurement of the presampling modulation transfer function of film digitizers
      using a curve fitting technique.
AB  - A curve fitting technique combined with an angulated slit image has been
      developed for the measurement of the presampling modulation transfer function
      (MTF) of film digitizers. The noisy line spread functions (LSFs) acquired from an
      angulated slit image are fitted using a combination of two functions by means of
      a nonlinear least-square fitting technique. The parameters in the model function
      for each LSF are obtained by minimizing the residual root mean square (RMS), and
      then averaged over all the LSF fittings. The resulting analytical function is
      representative of the continuous presampled LSF. We have found that a combination
      of Gaussian and exponential functions provides a good fit to the LSFs obtained
      with film digitizers. The corresponding analytical Fourier transformation of the
      model function yields the presampling MTF, without Nyquist frequency limitation.
      Measurements of spatial resolution properties using this method were performed
      for two laser scanners and an optical drum scanner.

PMID- 2280740
TI  - Computed tomography scanning with simultaneous patient translation.
AB  - This paper deals with methods of reducing the total time required to acquire the
      projection data for a set of contiguous computed tomography (CT) images. Normally
      during the acquisition of a set of slices, the patient is held stationary during
      data collection and translated to the next axial location during an interscan
      delay. We demonstrate using computer simulations and scans of volunteers on a
      modified scanner how acceptable image quality is achieved if the patient
      translation time is overlapped with data acquisition. If the concurrent patient
      translation is ignored, structured artifacts significantly degrade resulting
      reconstructions. We present a number of weighting schemes for use with the
      conventional convolution/backprojection algorithm to reduce the structured
      artifacts through the use of projection modulation using the data from individual
      and multiple slices. We compare the methods with respect to structured artifacts,
      noise, resolution and to patient motion. Review of preliminary results by a panel
      of radiologists indicates that the residual image degradation is tolerable for
      selected applications when it is critical to acquire more slices in a patient
      breathing cycle than is possible with conventional scanning.

PMID- 2280741
TI  - An in-line optical image translator with applications in x-ray videography.
AB  - Many applications in radiography require, or would benefit from, the ability to
      translate, i.e. move, an optical image in the detector plane. In this paper, we
      describe the design and characterization of a prism-based optical image
      translator for insertion into existing XRII-video imaging systems. A pair of
      prisms rotatable about the optical axis form a very compact in-line optical image
      translator for installation in the parallel light path between an x-ray image
      intensifier and its video camera. Rotation of the prisms translates the XRII
      optical image on the camera target. With the addition of x-ray and light
      collimators to limit the image to a single video line, x-ray streak images may be
      acquired. By rotating an object in the x-ray beam during a streak, a complete
      computed tomography (CT) data set may be acquired. This image translator can
      translate an image anywhere in the focal plane of a 50-mm-output lens within a 40
      mm-diam circle. The prisms have an aperture of 50 mm, permitting an optical speed
      of F/2 with a 50-mm output lens. The design is insensitive to angular alignment
      errors. This image translator is achromatic, since the spectral width of the
      output phosphorus of image intensifiers is sufficient to introduce blurring in a
      nonacrhomatic design. A prism-based image translator introduces image distortion,
      since the prisms do not operate at minimum deviation. The distortion is less than
      4% over all parts of a typical detector area, and less than 1% in the central
      region of the image.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280742
TI  - On the measurement of half-value layer in film-screen mammography.
AB  - Sources of variations in the measurement of half-value layer (HVL) in film-screen
      mammography are evaluated. Two principal sources are the energy responses of
      ionization chambers and the elemental compositions of the 1100 aluminum-alloy
      attenuation materials. Methods in measuring the thickness of attenuation
      materials are also an important potential source of error. These factors as well
      as the influence of geometry of measurement, position of measurement in the
      field, and precision of radiation output are examined. Recommendations for
      consistency in measurement are provided.

PMID- 2280743
TI  - Effective dose equivalents, HE, in diagnostic radiology.
AB  - Values of the effective dose equivalent, HE, per unit entrance skin dose (+
      backscatter) are presented for twelve common radiological examinations. These HE
      data are derived from organ doses calculated for standard man using Monte Carlo
      techniques and are based on a specific beam size. The resultant HE data are
      presented as functions of x-ray kVp, beam filtration (mm A1) and the projection
      (anterior-posterior (AP); posterior-anterior (PA); lateral; or oblique) used. In
      addition, two methods are presented which permit the computation of HE values for
      standard man for radiological examinations, which employ different field sizes.

PMID- 2280744
TI  - Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) hypotension: intracranial pressure (ICP) and
      hemodynamics in pial arteriole in the rat.
AB  - A detailed description is made of an acute closed cranial window method. The
      method is used for the study of cerebral pial microcirculation by intravital
      microscopy in the rat. Using these methods and techniques, the effects of
      systemic hypotension by SNP, i.v., on pial microvessel hemodynamics and on ICP
      were simultaneously measured and characterized under normophysiological
      conditions. The pH, PO2, PCO2 and temperature of the artificial cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) in the closed cranial window, intermittently measured, remained
      relatively constant, 30 to 60 min following the period of stabilization of the
      preparation. The infusion of SNP (6.2-35.0 micrograms/kg/min, 0.02% sol., i.v.)
      significantly decreased BP (52.1 +/- 13.4 mm Hg, mean +/- SD). From measurement
      of microvessels internal diameter (I. D.) and microhemodynamics, significant
      increases in pial arteriolar I.D. (from 35.4 +/- 10.1, microns, to 47.1 +/- 5.7,
      microns, mean and S.D., 33.0%) and estimated bulk flow (51.2%), occurred during
      the hypotension. The changes in hemodynamic parameter were predominantly in the
      arteriolar system. Only minimal changes in the venular diameter occurred during
      the SNP hypotension. The observed moderate (22.0%) increase in ICP during SNP
      hypotension in pentobarbital anesthetized rat correlates well with the
      microhemodynamic changes of the cerebral microcirculatory system.

PMID- 2280745
TI  - Effect of nifedipine on endothelin induced contractions of skeletal muscle
      arterioles of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Endothelin is a potent vasoactive polypeptide isolated from cultured endothelial
      cells. However, there are relatively few studies of the action of endothelin on
      microvessels in vivo. To determine the effects of this compound on arterioles of
      normotensive and hypertensive rats, endothelin (1 x 10(-12) M to 1 x 10(-8) M)
      was dissolved in physiological salt solution and superfused over the cremaster
      muscle of 12-15 week old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their
      normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Endothelin caused about a 55%
      constriction of second order arterioles and complete closure of most third order
      arterioles and all fourth order arterioles studied. SHR arterioles tended to be
      more sensitive to endothelin than those of WKY, although this difference was
      significant for only the third order arterioles. Endothelin induced contractions
      were significantly inhibited by 10(-6) M nifedipine in both WKY and SHR. These
      studies demonstrate that endothelin is a potent constrictor of skeletal muscle
      arterioles, and suggest that activator Ca2+ for endothelin induced contractions
      of these vessels enters the vascular smooth muscle cells through dihydropyridine
      sensitive calcium channels.

PMID- 2280746
TI  - Propagated constriction in mouse pial arterioles: possible role of endothelium in
      transmitting the propagated response.
AB  - Two lines of evidence are presented demonstrating propagated constriction in
      mouse pial arterioles. First, a 2 second microapplication from a 6 micron pipette
      tip of approximately 12 nanoliters of BaCl2 or uridine triphosphate produced
      constrictions which spread to points 300 microns or more upstream from the point
      of application. Second, constrictions were elicited between 2 points of
      endothelial injury, each made with a focused laser beam 18 microns wide. A helium
      neon laser was used in the presence of intravascular Evans blue. The
      constrictions were produced when a very brief exposure at a downstream site was
      followed by a more prolonged exposure at an upstream site 300 to 1100 microns
      from the downstream injury. In approximately half the cases the upstream damage
      elicited a local platelet aggregate. Therefore, vasoconstrictors released by
      aggregating platelets may have played a role in initiating constriction.
      Constriction was limited to the segment between the two endothelial injuries. The
      necessity for 2 injuries, rather than one, suggests that local losses of
      endothelium derived vasodilators also played a role in initiating constriction
      and/or permitting its propagation. Abrupt cessation of constriction at the sites
      of endothelial damage suggests that endothelium plays a role in propagation of
      constriction. Propagated constriction may play a role in amplifying the spasmotic
      effects of local subarachnoid hemorrhage or in the spread of constriction beyond
      local areas of reduced metabolic demand.

PMID- 2280748
TI  - [The absolute threshold of the perception of thicknesses between antagonist teeth
      in contact].
AB  - An experimental technique has been evolved with the aim of identifying the
      perception threshold of widths between antagonist teeth using thin metal sheets
      of a known thickness either singly or as multiples. A reference sample was chosen
      from young subjects with integral dentition: 22 individuals, 13 women and 9 men,
      were included. Following statistical analysis, the results showed that, in spite
      of a wide individual variation, the absolute threshold may be located between 8
      and 45 mu, with no difference between sexes. Contrary to published findings, no
      significant variation between back and front teeth was observed.

PMID- 2280747
TI  - [Evoked phonomyography of the human masseter muscle].
AB  - Sounds obtained in normal man by electric stimulation of masseter muscle have
      been analyzed both in the domain of time and frequency. Data thus obtained have
      been compared with those obtained by the same technique in vastus lateralis and
      soleus muscles. Results suggest the feasibility of sound analysis in dentistry
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2280749
TI  - [A calcifying odontogenic cyst of the mandible. A case report].
AB  - The authors report a case of calcifying odontogenic cyst of the right mandible.
      The clinical and histopathological aspects of this rare entity are discussed.

PMID- 2280750
TI  - [Microcystic adnexal carcinoma. A case report].
AB  - Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a rare cutaneous neoplasm, locally
      aggressive, recently recognized as a clinicopathologic entity. Histologically,
      MAC shows both ductal and pilar differentiation. In this article we discuss a
      case of 52-year-old woman with MAC on the inferior lip, early recurred after
      initial excision.

PMID- 2280751
TI  - [Neoplasms of the floor of the mouth. Case reports].
AB  - The authors study a group of 61 patients treated for floor of the mouth neoplasms
      at the Istituto di Oncologia di Torino. They confirm a high incidence of deaths
      in the first 2 years after treatment in patients T greater than 2 N+, and better
      survival in patients with stage I-II tumours. The survival does not tend to fall
      between 5 and 10 years after treatment.

PMID- 2280752
TI  - [The classification of epulides with reference to their clinical and
      anatomicopathological aspects].

PMID- 2280753
TI  - [The nephropathic patient in ambulatory surgical practice].
AB  - The aim of this study was to define a correct preoperative approach to be used in
      patients affected by chronic renal insufficiency in order to neutralise possible
      risks associated with the pathology in question.

PMID- 2280754
TI  - [The prognostic assessment of dental reimplantations and autotransplants. Clinico
      statistical studies].
AB  - The identification of prognostic factors which influence the long-term results of
      dental retransplantation and autotransplantation is one of the main aims of
      clinical research whose principal scope is remove or alter those factors which
      have a negative influence on outcome, and to identify the causes of failure and
      areas for improvement. The paper reports the most significant results of a
      clinical survey which was carried out on 135 patients who had undergone
      retransplantation and/or autotransplantation and were then followed for 8 years.

PMID- 2280755
TI  - [Intramandibular inclusions of salivary gland tissue].
AB  - Salivary gland tissue inclusions in the mandible appear as well delimited
      radiolucency areas, asymptomatic, usually located in the mandibular angle and
      sometimes in the premolar canine and symphysis regions. The examination of 8,500
      radiographs has demonstrated an incidence of one radiolucent area at the
      mandibular angle every 500 radiographs. Our result is slightly inferior to the
      mean reported in the literature. Seven cases were examined. Six of them have been
      treated surgically and histologically. At exploration a defect in the lingual
      cortical plate was found. The cavities were filled by salivary gland tissue. The
      contents of the cavities were attached via the lingual cortical defect to the
      near salivary gland. The cause of such radiolucency situated in the mandibular
      angle seems to be an altered resorption and apposition process of the bone
      triggered by a modification of the salivary glands elasticity; on the contrary,
      the salivary inclusions in the symphysis region is referred to as embryonic
      origin. In the literature different terms are used often in relation with a
      pathogenetical hypothesis; in this paper we suggest rather a description
      terminology such as intramandibular salivary tissue.

PMID- 2280757
TI  - [Endoscopic diagnosis of the temporomandibular joint].
AB  - Clinical and radiographic examinations of the temporo-mandibular joint are
      difficult to perform. Alternative diagnostic methods, for example, double
      contrast arthrotomography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging,
      and arthroscopy raise hopes for improved diagnostic accuracy. The purpose of this
      paper is to review and evaluate the potentials and limitations of this new
      technique.

PMID- 2280756
TI  - [The quadrilateral of prevention. Comments and reflections on the operative
      methodology in dental prophylaxis in Italy].
AB  - The authors have evaluated their experience in the field of dental prevention
      accumulated over the course of the past few years. It is apparent that there is
      considerable interest in projects aimed at restricted target groups, in this case
      children between 6-7 years old. Attention is also focused on synergies deriving
      from the collaboration between doctors (dentists and non-dentists), teachers,
      parents and public officials.

PMID- 2280758
TI  - [Bonding between resins for bridges and crowns and composites: an experimental
      quantitative assessment].
AB  - Bonding between resin for bridges and crowns and composite substances: an
      experimental and quantitative assessment. Using a rigorous scientific protocol, a
      photopolymerizing composite was "stuck" in vitro to samples of four resins C + B
      using an enamel-dentine bonding and silanic primer. Subsequently, bonding was
      performed in two experimental conditions (dry and humid environments) in addition
      to analysing the site of fracture.

PMID- 2280760
TI  - Cardiac alpha-crystallin. II. Intracellular localization.
AB  - A major component of the soluble fraction of rat heart is a homopolymer (Mr about
      400-650 k) of a small protein (Mr about 20 k). This cardiac protein, which is
      highly homologous to alpha-B-crystallin, was isolated in its native state and
      visualized by electron microscopy. A homogeneous population of globular particles
      with an average diameter of about 14-16 nM could be seen using either negative
      staining or rotary shadowing procedures. The structures were globular in nature
      with a central depression (torus-like structures). Polyclonal antibodies, raised
      against the cardiac crystallin, were used for the immunocytochemical localization
      of the macromolecular complexes. Using fluorescent secondary antibodies, a clear
      and sharp striation of fixed and permeabilized rat heart myocytes could be
      observed, similar to that observed with anti-desmin antibodies and characteristic
      for the central region of the I-band. Cardiac crystallin was not found associated
      with F-actin in preparations of rat heart myofibrils. On the other hand, it was a
      major contaminant of cardiac desmin preparations. These observations suggest that
      cardiac crystallin is involved in the organization of cytoskeletal filaments of
      the Z-lines.

PMID- 2280759
TI  - Dicarboxylic acid anhydrides as dissociating agents of protein-containing
      structures.
AB  - Dissociation of protein-containing structures by modification of protein amino
      groups with dicarboxylic acid anhydrides is a mild procedure which, in some
      cases, offers advantages over treatment with alternative dissociating agents,
      such as urea, guanidine hydrochloride, detergents, high ionic strength, and
      extremes of pH. In addition to dissociating multimeric proteins and protein
      aggregates, dicarboxylic acid anhydrides are effective dissociating agents for
      membrane-bound proteins and nucleoprotein particles. With most dicarboxylic acid
      anhydrides reviewed, the introduced reagent residues can be eliminated under
      moderate acid conditions, which allows the purification of unmodified individual
      components, and the use of diassembly-reconstitution systems valuable for
      investigating the structural and functional roles played by the individual
      components of complex particles. Each reagent can be suitable for a particular
      purpose, depending on the required specificity of the modification and stability
      of the modified groups. The stability of the acylated amino groups ranges from
      the very stable succinylated amino groups to the very labile acylation obtained
      with dimethylmaleic anhydride. Between these extremes, the stability of the
      modified amino groups decreases stepwise in the following order: maleic, exo-cis
      3,6-endoxo-delta 4-tetrahydrophthalic, citraconic, and 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic
      anhydride. With respect to the selectivity of the produced modification, little
      or no modification of hydroxyamino acid and cysteine residues has been observed
      with dimethylmaleic, exo-cis-3,6-endoxo-delta 4-tetrahydrophthalic, and 3,4,5,6
      tetrahydrophthalic anhydrides. With the other reagents, the extent of
      modification of hydroxyamino acid residues increases in the order citraconic,
      maleic and succinic anhydride. Citraconic and maleic anhydrides can produce
      irreversible modification of cysteine residues, the reactivity of sulfhydryl
      groups being higher with maleic anhydride.

PMID- 2280761
TI  - Cardiac alpha-crystallin. III. Involvement during heart ischemia.
AB  - Rat hearts were perfused in the working heart or Langendorff mode and then
      subjected to total normothermic ischemia. The content of alpha-crystallin in the
      water soluble protein fraction obtained from these hearts diminished in a time
      dependent manner during ischemia. The protein was recovered in the low g pellet
      of the homogenate. The redistribution was dramatic, selective for alpha
      crystallin and irreversible. Large crystallin clumps formed also when exposing
      the soluble protein fraction of control hearts to slightly acidic pH (6.5-7.0).
      Electron microscopic analysis showed that aggregation of the globular homo
      oligomeric units of crystallin occurred. The aggregates probably represented
      denatured protein and were similar in appearance to lenticular alpha H
      crystallin. In purified form, however, cardiac crystallin particles did not
      cluster at pH 6.5. Aggregation only occurred in the presence of other protein
      components (including, probably, cytosolic actin) of the soluble fraction. A
      direct and selective interaction between actin and cardiac crystallin could be
      demonstrated using actin-Sepharose affinity chromatography procedures. The
      results suggest that large aggregates of cardiac crystallin form very early
      during ischemia, due to acidification of the cytosol. Cardiac crystallin is
      highly homologous to stress proteins and is localized on the Z-disks, where it
      plays probably a structural or protective role. Its rapid and complete
      denaturation could be involved in the genesis of the irreversible structural
      damages occurring during ischemia.

PMID- 2280762
TI  - Cadmium speciation studies in the intestine of Lumbricus terrestris by
      electrophoresis of metal proteins complexes.
AB  - Cadmium speciation of the intestinal compartment of the earthworm species,
      Lumbricus terrestris, has been investigated using polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions. Worms exposed to Cd(NO3)2
      supplemented soils have been studied and compared to control samples. Prior to
      electrophoresis, the worm intestines were removed and dissected. Proteins in the
      crude intestinal extracts were separated using polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The cadmium distribution in the proteins has also been
      described. In a second set of experiments, cadmium bound to proteins was first
      isotopically exchanged with labelled cadmium (109Cd) and then cadmium speciation
      was performed using gel electrophoresis. Autoradiography of this gel shows an
      intense band in the contaminated sample whereas this band was absent in the
      control sample. These results show that one type of major protein has a strong
      affinity for cadmium in the worm intestinal extract. This type of protein had a
      migration close of that of rabbit liver metallothionein used for comparison.

PMID- 2280763
TI  - Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to human hexokinase
      type I.
AB  - 1. Three different immunization protocols and several screening procedures were
      used to prepare seven mouse monoclonal antibodies to human placenta hexokinase
      type I. None of these monoclonals were able to recognize the native enzyme but
      all detected hexokinase when adsorbed onto polystyrene plates or on immunoblots
      after SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 2. All seven monoclonals recognize
      the two different subtypes of human hexokinase I equally well. Limited tryptic
      digestion of hexokinase followed by Western blotting and immunodetection show
      that these monoclonals recognize epitopes that lie in different tryptic peptides.
      3. Comparative ELISA studies showed that human hexokinase types I and II have
      great immunological similarities while hexokinase I from different mammalian
      species and yeast hexokinase are recognized with different affinities.

PMID- 2280764
TI  - Immunomodulation by liposome entrapped allergen.
AB  - Liposomes are non-toxic, biodegradable and feebly immunogenic lipid vesicles made
      from natural and synthetic lipids. They are known to act as immunopotentiating
      agents and can be used to formulate sustained release preparation by
      encapsulation. In the present study, liposome entrapped allergen and free
      allergen were used to inject in Balb/C mice at different time intervals and their
      immune response in terms of specific IgG and specific IgE levels was quantitated
      by ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno sorbent Assay). The results indicated that
      specific IgE response was significantly higher in mice injected free allergen as
      compared to that of mice given liposome entrapped allergen. However, the specific
      IgG response was not statistically significant. Experiments carried out with
      liposome entrapped allergen and liposome coupled allergen showed no statistically
      significant difference in specific IgE and specific IgG titre between the two
      groups of mice. This type of immunomodulatory effect of liposomes in reducing IgE
      levels and without affecting IgG levels may be useful in Type I allergic
      disorders.

PMID- 2280765
TI  - Alteration of 1,2-diacylglycerol content in ischemic and reperfused heart.
AB  - The myocardial 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG) and phospholipid levels during ischemia
      and reperfusion were studied in open-chest dogs by means of sequential epicardial
      minibiopsies, followed by quantification based on mass measurement technique. 1,2
      DG level increased as early as 5 min after coronary ligation but decreased at 30
      min. Also as early as 2 min after postischemic (35 min) reperfusion, 1,2-DG level
      increased transiently compared to pre-reperfusion level. Prazosin inhibited these
      changes significantly. A significant change in the incidence of reperfusion
      induced ventricular tachycardia (VT) was not obtained in the prazosin-treated
      group. However, the 1,2-DG level 2 min after reperfusion was significantly higher
      in the ischemic myocardium developed reperfusion-induced VT than in the
      undeveloped one. Phospholipid levels remained unchanged during ischemia and
      reperfusion. These results suggest that alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation occurs
      early in ischemia and reperfusion and leads to 1,2-DG accumulation, which may be
      involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic and reperfusion injury.

PMID- 2280766
TI  - Effect of calcium-binding protein regucalcin on hepatic protein synthesis:
      inhibition of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity.
AB  - The effect of regucalcin, a calcium-binding protein isolated from rat liver
      cytosol, on in vitro protein synthesis in the 5500 g supernatant fraction of rat
      liver homogenate was investigated. Addition of Ca2+ up to 5.0 microM in the
      reaction mixture caused a significant decrease in protein synthesis. This
      decrease was saturated at 10 microM Ca2+. The Ca2+ effect was not reversed by the
      presence of regucalcin (2.0 microM); the protein caused a remarkable decrease in
      hepatic protein synthesis, and it enhanced significantly the Ca2+ effect.
      Meanwhile, calmodulin (2.5-20 micrograms/ml), a calcium-binding protein, did not
      have an appreciable effect on the Ca2+ (10 microM)-induced decrease in hepatic
      protein synthesis. [3H]Leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity in the 105000 g
      supernatant fraction (cytosol) of liver homogenate was markedly decreased by
      addition of Ca2+ (1.0-50 microM). This decrease was not reversed by the presence
      of regucalcin (2.0 microM); the protein (1.0-2.0 microM) caused a remarkable
      decrease in the enzyme activity. The present results suggest that regucalcin can
      regulate protein synthesis in liver cells.

PMID- 2280767
TI  - Concentration-dependent effects of natural polyamines on peptide chain initiation
      and elongation in a cell-free system of protein synthesis.
AB  - Spermidine and spermine at submillimolar concentrations stimulate the rate of
      incorporation of amino acid into protein in a cell-free system, directed either
      by endogenous or exogenous mRNA (TMV, globin). The stimulatory effects of these
      polyamines are exerted at both the stages of initiation and elogation and are
      more pronounced in the case of TMV or globin mRNA, amounting to approximately 2.3
      fold stimulation over the polyamine-free system. The number of polysomes and the
      polysome-associated radioactivity increase approximately 2-fold in the presence
      of spermine. Synthesis of large polypeptides is a characteristic feature of the
      stimulatory event. However, elevated concentrations of spermidine and spermine
      strongly inhibit amino acid incorporation into protein. Inhibition is manifest at
      the stage of peptide elongation. In the case of endogenous mRNA the addition of
      an excess of polyamines results in a non uniform inhibition of amino acid
      incorporation. A most interesting finding is that, with increasing concentrations
      of polyamines, the intensity of four bands with Mr values of 63000, 44000, 15500
      and 12500 respectively, increases or leastwise remains constant while others
      fade, indicating differential translation of proteins in the presence of
      polyamines.

PMID- 2280768
TI  - Glucocorticoids regulate peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase gene
      expression in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.
AB  - Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) is a posttranslational
      processing enzyme which catalyzes the formation of biologically active alpha
      amidated peptides. The two major neuropeptides involved in the regulation of ACTH
      secretion [CRF and arginine vasopressin (AVP)], synthesized in the parvocellular
      part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), are amidated, and their
      synthesis and/or release is negatively regulated by glucocorticoids. In this
      study, using in situ hybridization, we have shown that PAM mRNA is abundantly
      expressed in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus. Surgical
      adrenalectomy (ADX) induced increases in PAM, CRF, and AVP mRNA in the
      parvocellular part of the PVN, while corticosterone treatment normalized these
      values. PAM and AVP gene expression were not changed in the magnocellular part of
      the PVN or in the supraoptic nucleus. These observations suggest that in addition
      to stimulation of CRF and AVP synthesis, ADX induces an increase in PAM synthesis
      in the PVN and, thus, support the hypothesis of increased secretion of both CRF
      and AVP after ADX.

PMID- 2280769
TI  - Thyroid hormone receptors form distinct nuclear protein-dependent and independent
      complexes with a thyroid hormone response element.
AB  - We have examined the binding of nuclear proteins and recombinant thyroid hormone
      receptors (TRs) to the palindromic thyroid hormone responsive element
      AGGTCATGACCT (TREp) using a gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Four
      specific protein-DNA complexes were detected after incubation of nuclear extracts
      (NE) from T3-responsive pituitary (GH3) cells with a TREp-containing DNA
      fragment. This was compared with the TREp binding of reticulocyte lysate
      synthesized TRs. TR alpha 1 and TR beta 2 each formed a single major TR:TREp
      complex which comigrated with the least retarded complex formed by GH3 NE, while
      TR beta 1 formed multiple complexes suggesting that it can bind to TREp as an
      oligomer. Interestingly, coincubation of 35S-TR alpha 1, GH3 NE, and unlabeled
      TREp resulted in not only the 35S-TR:TREp complex, but in two additional more
      greatly retarded complexes containing 35S-TR alpha 1 and comigrating with those
      formed by GH3 extract alone. Incubation of each of the TRs with NE from COS-7
      cells, which do not possess sufficient endogenous TRs to mediate T3-responses,
      resulted in formation of a new, more greatly shifted complex. A similar, heat
      labile activity which altered mobility of the TR:TRE complex was also present in
      NE from T3-unresponsive JEG-3 cells. At high concentration of NE, all of the TR
      bound to TREp was more greatly retarded than in the absence of NE. Truncation of
      TR alpha 1 at amino acid 210 prevented additional complex formation in the
      presence of NE without affecting DNA binding, suggesting that the carboxyl
      terminus of the TRs is essential for interaction with nuclear proteins.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280770
TI  - Cross-linking of estrogen receptor to chromatin in intact MCF-7 human breast
      cancer cells: optimization and effect of ligand.
AB  - To investigate the effect of ligand (be it hormone, antihormone, or no hormone)
      on the interaction between estrogen receptor (ER) and chromatin, we have used
      formaldehyde as a cross-linking agent in intact MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
      After a 1- to 2-h hormone treatment, the cells are exposed for 8 min to
      formaldehyde, which is added directly to their culture medium to minimize
      environmental perturbation. Nuclei are prepared from formaldehyde-treated cells
      and their contents are fractionated on CsCl density gradients to separate DNA
      protein complexes from free protein. Peak gradient fractions are assayed for the
      presence of specific proteins by immunoblot of sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel patterns. Using this approach, we find that 0.15% formaldehyde
      is optimal for cross-linking ER to chromatin. We detect ER and the large subunit
      of RNA polymerase II with DNA from formaldehyde-treated, but not from untreated
      cells. On the other hand, actin (a cytoplasmic protein) and small nuclear
      ribonucleoprotein particle proteins (nuclear RNA binding proteins) are not cross
      linked to DNA. Therefore, cross-linking appears to be selective and fractionation
      is efficient. Interestingly, we detect similar levels of ER (as well as RNA
      polymerase II) with DNA from formaldehyde-treated cells, regardless of whether
      the cells are preexposed to estrogen (17 beta-estradiol at 10(-8) M),
      antiestrogen (ICI 164,384 at 10(-7) or 10(-6) M), or no hormone. These results,
      using covalent cross-linking in intact cells, indicate that both ligand-occupied
      and unoccupied ER are associated with chromatin.

PMID- 2280771
TI  - Transcriptional analysis of the mouse beta-casein gene.
AB  - These studies were designed to further elucidate the relative contributions of
      transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms involved in beta-casein gene
      regulation in the mammary epithelial cell line designated COMMA-D and a clonal
      subline desginated HC-11. Primary transcripts were mapped under various hormonal
      and substratum conditions using the technique of nuclear run-on transcription and
      single stranded sense and antisense probes spanning the beta-casein gene. In the
      presence of insulin alone very little sense transcription is detectable, but
      antisense transcription is observed, which originates at least 150 basepairs
      upstream of the normal start site of transcription and is present regardless of
      hormonal, cell substratum, cell type, or gene activity. Antisense transcription
      is also detectable in the 3' end of the gene. Insulin, glucocorticoids, and PRL
      are all necessary for a maximal increase in transcription. A 2- to 4-fold
      increase in transcriptional activity is observed in the presence of insulin and
      PRL compared to insulin alone, and this is accompanied by a 125-fold increase in
      the level of beta-casein mRNA. All three hormones act synergistically to induce a
      10-fold increase in transcriptional activity, but the transcriptional increase
      across the gene is not equimolar. The 5' half of the gene is transcribed at a
      level that is 2- to 10-fold lower than that of the 3' half of the gene. These
      studies reveal a significant transcriptional component to beta-casein gene
      regulation which was not heretofore detected using double stranded cDNA probes
      representative of only the 3' half of the gene.

PMID- 2280773
TI  - Modulation of agonist-induced inositol phosphate metabolism by cyclic adenosine
      3',5'-monophosphate in adrenal glomerulosa cells.
AB  - Activation of the cAMP messenger system was found to cause specific changes in
      angiotensin-II (All)-induced inositol phosphate production and metabolism in
      bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. Pretreatment of [3H]inositol-labeled
      glomerulosa cells with 8-bromo-cAMP (8Br-cAMP) caused both short and long term
      changes in the inositol phosphate response to stimulation by All. Exposure to 8Br
      cAMP initially caused dose-dependent enhancement (ED50 = 0.7 microM) of the
      stimulatory action of All (50 nM; 10 min) on the formation of D-myo-inositol
      1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] and its immediate metabolites. This effect of
      8Br-cAMP was also observed in permeabilized [3H]inositol-labeled glomerulosa
      cells in which degradation of Ins(1,4,5)P3 was inhibited, consistent with
      increased activity of phospholipase-C. Continued exposure to 8Br-cAMP for 5-16 h
      caused selective enhancement of the All-induced increases in D-myo-inositol
      1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate [Ins(1,3,4,6)P4] and myo-inositol 1,4,5,6
      tetrakisphosphate. The long term effect of 8Br-cAMP on the 6-phosphorylated InsP4
      isomers, but not the initial enhancement of Ins(1,4,5)P3 formation, was inhibited
      by cycloheximide. The characteristic biphasic kinetics of All-induced
      Ins(1,4,5)P3 formation were also changed by prolonged treatment with 8Br-cAMP to
      a monophasic response in which Ins(1,4,5)P3 increased rapidly and remained
      elevated during All stimulation. In permeabilized glomerulosa cells treated with
      8Br-cAMP for 16 h, the conversion of D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate
      [Ins(1,3,4)P3] to Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 was consistently increased, whereas
      dephosphorylation of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and of D-myo
      inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate to Ins(1,3,4)P3, was reduced.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280772
TI  - Reconstitution of progesterone receptor with heat shock proteins.
AB  - Nonactivated chick progesterone receptor from hypotonic tissue extracts exists in
      a large complex containing the heat shock proteins hsp90 and hsp70 plus
      additional smaller proteins; activation of receptor to a DNA-binding form
      involves the dissociation of proteins from the complex. Whereas numerous attempts
      to reversibly bind components to the activated receptor have been unsuccessful,
      we now report conditions that promote the reassociation of hsp90 and hsp70 to
      progesterone receptor. Cytosolic receptor was dissociated from hsp90 and hsp70 by
      treatment with 0.5 M KCl and 10 mM ATP in the absence of progesterone. It was
      then purified by binding to immunoaffinity resins. After wash steps, the receptor
      resin complex was incubated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate at 30 C, rewashed, and
      analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Saturable
      binding of rabbit hsp90 and hsp70 to chick receptor was found after incubation
      with reticulocyte lysate; hsp binding was temperature dependent, but not
      dependent on exogenous ATP. Incubation of dissolved receptor with oviduct
      cytosol, from which receptor was obtained, or with purified hsp did not result in
      hsp binding. Furthermore, mixing oviduct cytosol with lysate inhibited hsp
      reconstitution, suggesting negative factors for hsp binding in oviduct cytosol.
      The steroid-binding domain of the receptor was required, since no hsp binding was
      observed in the reconstitution system using a receptor mutant lacking this
      domain. When the receptor was isolated in the presence of progesterone,
      reconstitution with hsp90 and hsp70 did not occur. This is consistent with the in
      vivo effects of progesterone in promoting hsp dissociation.

PMID- 2280774
TI  - Calcitonin exon sequences influence alternative RNA processing.
AB  - The pre-mRNA encoding calcitonin (CT) and CT gene-related peptide (CGRP) is
      differentially processed in a tissue-specific fashion to include exon 4 (which
      encodes CT) or exclude this exon and splice to exon 5 (which encodes CGRP). We
      have used a CT-specific in vitro RNA-processing system to identify cis-acting
      sequences required to prevent splicing to exon 5. Deletion mapping demonstrated
      the presence of an element within the first 45 nucleotides of the CT-specific
      exon 4 that was required to suppress splicing to the CGRP-specific exon 5. This
      element was able to function in a completely heterologous system to suppress
      splicing when the CGRP exon was replaced with a constitutive viral exon. The
      element was unable to suppress splicing in the absence of a proximal CT-specific
      3' splice site. Our results suggest that CT-specific splicing requires assisted
      recognition of its 3' splice site.

PMID- 2280775
TI  - Transcription of the human calcitonin gene is mediated by a C cell-specific
      enhancer containing E-box-like elements.
AB  - The calcitonin (CT) gene is expressed normally in thyroidal C-cells and in a
      restricted population of cells in the central and peripheral nerve system. To
      define the cis-elements within the 5'-flanking DNA of the human CT gene which
      mediate this cell-specific expression, we used DNA transfer techniques and a
      transient transfection approach. We found that a DNA sequence located between 
      1290 and -820 of the CT 5'-flanking DNA functioned as an enhancer of basal
      transcription in C-cells (from medullary thyroid carcinoma) but not in rat glioma
      (C6), hamster insulinoma (HIT), fibroblasts (3T3), or epithelial cells (HeLa and
      CV1). Further mapping revealed the presence of at least two elements within the
      enhancer region; an upstream element (USE, located between -1060 and -1030) which
      could not function independently but its removal caused 70-80% loss of enhancer
      activity and a downstream element (DSE, located at -1033 to -920) which
      functioned independently as a cell-specific enhancer but with reduced activity.
      The binding pattern of nuclear proteins from C-cells to the enhancer elements was
      studied by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. A protein-DNA complex was
      formed with the USE which could be competed, specifically, by an oligonucleotide
      containing the microE2 motif of the immunoglobulin gene enhancer. A similar
      complex was formed with the DSE fragment. Nuclear proteins from HeLa cells failed
      to form complexes with USE. Moreover, the binding pattern of proteins derived
      from HeLa cells to DSE was different from that of C-cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280776
TI  - Expression and translocation of cloned human estrogen receptor in the Xenopus
      oocyte does not induce expression of the endogenous oocyte vitellogenin genes.
AB  - Estrogen-receptor complex activates the genes coding for the egg yolk protein
      precursor vitellogenin in hepatocytes of oviparous vertebrates, while oocyte
      vitellogenin genes are unresponsive to the hormone. Localization of [3H]steroid
      hormones (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and dexamethasone) was assayed
      in 10% trichloroacetic acid-precipitated dissected Xenopus oocytes (germinal
      vesicle vs. the rest of the oocyte). Whether hormones were introduced by
      incubation in the medium surrounding the oocytes or by injection of an equivalent
      amount into the oocyte cytoplasm, all hormones partitioned into the nucleus at
      equivalent levels (approximately 5%), reflecting that portion of the oocyte
      volume occupied by its nucleus. Therefore, intracellular receptors for these
      hormones were not detectable. Subsequently, we introduced a species-heterologous
      estrogen receptor into the Xenopus oocyte via a recombinant plasmid containing
      the coding sequence for the human estrogen receptor (HER) housed in a vector that
      ensures highly efficient transcription and translation of inserted sequences. HER
      synthesis was directed from injected plasmid (2 ng/oocyte germinal vesicle) as
      shown by [35S]methionine incorporation into newly synthesized proteins; however,
      vitellogenin was not synthesized under these conditions. When HER plasmid
      injected oocytes were incubated in [3H]estradiol, they translocated to the
      nucleus 38% of the radiolabeled estradiol taken up by the cells, compared to 5%
      nuclear localization for vector-injected controls. Therefore, although the oocyte
      can readily transcribe and translate HER sequences as well as appropriately
      partition the completed protein in the nuclear compartment, the endogenous,
      potentially estrogen-responsive vitellogenin genes of the oocyte are not
      expressed.

PMID- 2280777
TI  - The uteroglobin promoter contains a noncanonical estrogen responsive element.
AB  - Uteroglobin is expressed in various tissues of the rabbit under complex hormonal
      control. In the endometrium the uteroglobin gene is transcribed only in
      epithelial cells after administration of ovarian hormones. In this paper we
      demonstrate that within the promoter region of the rabbit uteroglobin gene, there
      is a functional estrogen-responsive element (ERE) located between -265 and -252.
      Hybrid constructions containing sequences of the uteroglobin promoter up to -299,
      linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene of E. coli respond to
      estrogens in gene transfer experiments, whereas a deletion that removes half of
      the ERE does not. A synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to the putative ERE
      is able to confer estrogen inducibility to an otherwise unresponsive promoter.
      Binding experiments with purified estrogen receptor from calf uterus reveal a
      DNase-I footprint over the ERE. Within this protected region six guanine residues
      that have been shown to be contacted by the receptor in other EREs are protected
      against methylation by dimethylsulfate in the presence of the estrogen receptor.
      We compare this ERE with the vitellogenin A2 ERE from Xenopus and find that the
      relative affinity of the uteroglobin ERE is slightly lower than that of the
      vitellogenin ERE. Thus, this uteroglobin ERE could be involved in physiological
      regulation of uteroglobin expression in the genital tract.

PMID- 2280778
TI  - Thyrotropin regulation of malic enzyme in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells.
AB  - TSH-induced increases in malic enzyme mRNA levels in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells are
      paralleled by increases in malic enzyme activity and are mimicked by 8-bromo
      cAMP. Apparent approximately 4 h after TSH challenge and maximal after 16 h, they
      decline by 24 h and are at basal levels by 48 h. The increase occurs in the
      absence of a measurable effect of TSH on DNA synthesis related to cell growth,
      since [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA is still at basal levels 24 h after
      TSH challenge and is maximal only at 48 h. A protein(s) whose formation is
      inhibited by cycloheximide appears to be critical to the ability of TSH to
      increase malic enzyme mRNA levels. Thus, cycloheximide given 30 min before TSH
      prevents the hormone-induced increase in malic enzyme mRNA; also, when given 24 h
      after TSH, cycloheximide accelerates the loss of the TSH-induced increase in
      malic enzyme mRNA. In neither case does cycloheximide affect beta-actin mRNA
      levels. A second factor(s) whose formation is prevented by actinomycin-D appears
      to be important for the decrease in malic enzyme mRNA levels seen 24 and 48 h
      after TSH challenge. Thus, in experiments in which it is given 24 h after TSH,
      actinomycin-D preserves the hormone-induced increase in malic enzyme mRNA levels
      rather than accelerating the decrease, as does cycloheximide. In the same
      experiment, beta-actin mRNA levels decrease to less than 10-20% of control values
      over the same period; this factor also, therefore, appears to exhibit some degree
      of specificity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280779
TI  - Structural and functional analysis of the insulin receptor promoter.
AB  - The insulin receptor plays a critical role in the maintenance of glucose
      homeostasis. Regulation of this key function must be under stringent controls. In
      order to study the regulation of insulin receptor gene expression, we have
      cloned, sequenced and characterized its promoter. The first exon of the insulin
      receptor gene is embedded in an unusual segment of DNA composed of Alu repeats.
      The promoter has the characteristics typical of a housekeeping gene. It is GC
      rich and has multiple start sites of transcription. A 574 base pair fragment
      immediately upstream of the translation initiation site contains promoter
      activity when transfected into eukaryotic cell lines. Deletion analysis was
      performed to study promoter function. These studies showed that only 150 base
      pairs of promoter sequence were necessary for promoter function. This region
      contains three potential binding sites for the transcription factor, Sp1 and a TC
      box sequence. Furthermore, the fragment functions equally well in either
      orientation. We have defined an element in this region with enhancer function for
      both its homologous and a heterologous promoter. In addition, this region seems
      to contribute some degree of tissue specificity to insulin receptor gene
      expression.

PMID- 2280780
TI  - Tissue-specific expression and androgen regulation of different genes encoding
      rat prostatic 22-kilodalton glycoproteins homologous to human and rat cystatin.
AB  - 22-Kilodalton (kDa) protein cDNA clones were isolated from a rat prostatic
      library. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed three different cDNA sequences
      encoding two somewhat different open reading frames of 176 amino acids. The N
      terminal 24 amino acids of these sequences show the typical characteristics of
      signal peptides of secretory proteins. The C-terminal end of the derived protein
      sequences displays sequence similarity to a number of cysteine proteinase
      inhibitors, called cystatins, suggesting a common physiological function. Upon
      Northern blotting with a labeled cDNA fragment, three different 22-kDa protein
      mRNAs, i.e. 950 nucleotides (nt), 920 nt and 860 nt, could be detected in the rat
      ventral prostate and the lacrymal gland. In both tissues these messengers were
      regulated by androgens showing the most rapid androgen response for the 950 nt
      mRNA form. Administration of cycloheximide nearly completely abolished the
      observed androgen effect suggesting that a short-living protein is required for
      the full induction of the 22-kDa protein genes. Hybridization experiments with
      specific oligonucleotides which distinguish between the mRNAs encoding both 22
      kDa protein variants indicate that one protein form is less androgen dependent in
      the ventral prostate and not expressed in the lacrymal gland.

PMID- 2280781
TI  - Multiplex PCR amplification and immobilized capture probes for detection of
      bacterial pathogens and indicators in water.
AB  - Detection of pathogens (Legionella species) and indicator bacteria (coliform
      bacteria) was achieved by multiplex (simultaneous) PCR amplification of
      diagnostic gene sequences and by hybridization to immobilized poly-dT-tailed
      capture probes using a dot- or slot-blot approach. Complex manipulations of
      primer concentrations and staggered additions of primers were required in order
      to achieve equal amplification of multiple genes. Multiplex PCR amplification of
      two different Legionella genes, one specific for L. pneumophila (mip) and the
      other for the genus Legionella (5S rRNA), was achieved by staggered
      amplification. Multiplex PCR amplification using differing amounts of primers
      specific for lacZ and lamB genes permitted the detection of coliform bacteria and
      those associated with human faecal contamination, including the indicator
      bacterial species E. coli and enteric pathogens Salmonella and Shigella.
      Hybridization of biotin-labelled amplified DNA, in which the biotin was
      incorporated during PCR amplification from biotinylated-dUTP, to immobilized 400
      dT-tailed capture probes permitted specific and sensitive detection of target
      gene sequences. The sensitivity of colorimetric detection achieved by PCR
      amplification of target DNA was at a level equivalent to 1-2 bacterial cells,
      which is the same level of sensitivity obtained with radioactive detection. The
      simultaneous amplification of several genes and hybridization to immobilized
      capture probes with colorimetric detection is an effective, efficient and rapid
      detection method for various human bacterial pathogens.

PMID- 2280783
TI  - Combined use of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization to study beta
      thyroid-stimulating hormone gene expression in pituitaries of hypothyroid rats.
AB  - Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to demonstrate beta
      thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) immunoreactivity and beta TSH messenger RNA
      (mRNA) in the same tissue section of rat pituitary. Sections (10 micronsP of 4%
      paraformaldehyde-fixed pituitaries from surgically thyroidectomized and intact
      male rats were first hybridized with a 32P-labelled complementary RNA beta TSH
      probe and were then immunostained for beta TSH. In both sets of animals beta TSH
      mRNA and beta TSH immunoreactivity were simultaneously localized to many
      thyrotrophs, although there was considerable heterogeneity in mRNA labelling
      intensity between individual cells. In hypothyroid rats more cells were positive
      with both probe and antiserum, and the intensity of mRNA labelling in most
      quantified by direct apposition of hybridized sections to autoradiography film,
      and the image grey levels were measured using an image analyser to convert them
      into equivalent amounts of radioactivity. In hypothyroid rats this amount was 22
      times greater than in controls (control 4.77 +/- 0.84 attomoles mm-2; hypothyroid
      107.06 +/- 14.2 attomoles mm-2; mean +/- SEM p less than 0.001). In situ
      hybridization has been used in combination with immunocytochemistry, to
      demonstrate beta TSH and mRNA and immunoreactivity at a cellular level in rats
      with different thyroid status.

PMID- 2280782
TI  - The detection of Gardnerella vaginalis DNA sequences in uncultured clinical
      specimens with cloned G. vaginalis DNA as probes.
AB  - Cloned Gardnerella vaginalis DNA were selected from a plasmid DNA library
      constructed with partially restriction endonuclease Hind III-digested genomic DNA
      of G. vaginalis to serve as DNA probe in detecting G. vaginalis. The level of
      detection was determined to be approximately 10,000 cells by slot-blot DNA
      hybridization. This probe DNA will not cross-hybridize with DNA of a number of
      non-Gardnerella micro-organisms commonly found in female genital tract. The DNA
      probe-based hybridization test may become a useful tool for the identification of
      G. vaginalis in uncultured clinical specimens.

PMID- 2280785
TI  - [Statistical cephalometric study of the anterior cranial base].
AB  - The Authors have carried out a cephalometric and statistic study, running at
      right angles, searching for a reference parameter regarding the S.N. length
      (skulled front base) so that it can be used in the differential diagnosis of the
      skeleton Classes.

PMID- 2280784
TI  - PCR detection of Plasmodium falciparum by oligonucleotide probes.

PMID- 2280786
TI  - [Oro-facial-digital syndrome type II: clinical and cephalometric study of a
      case].
AB  - The Authors report a case of Oral-Facial-Digital syndrome type II (Mohr
      syndrome); three cephalometric tracings and a clinical study were carried out, in
      order to evaluate the oro-facial abnormalities. A complete cephalometric study
      has never been performed in this syndrome before.

PMID- 2280787
TI  - [Incidence of enamel fissures in a group of orthodontic patients. In vivo study].
AB  - In this paper, the Authors researched the frequence of enamel fissures in a group
      of 75 individuals. Particular attention was dedicated to the search of such
      anomalies on teeth treated with multibracket orthodontic appliances, in order to
      prove a causal nexus between the fissures and the appliances used. After a long
      term experience, it was found that enamel fissures are a frequent found in almost
      60% of the sample examined; moreover, the Authors cannot prove an increment of
      cracks in subjects treated with multibracket appliances. It was concluded that
      the whole of the fissures founded, would be considered as preexistent to the
      positioning of the brackets, even if it cannot be excluded that an excessive
      torque, or an inadequate debonding technique couldn't produce a mechanical stress
      on the enamel surface capable to enhance such cracks.

PMID- 2280789
TI  - [New methods for splint construction for dysfunctional patients].
AB  - The use of the splint is a very important step in the treatment of the
      dysfunctional patient. Considering the construction of the bite, beside the two
      usual procedures: a direct and indirect method with the different steps of the
      laboratory, we can realize a mixed one which all the advantages without the
      defects of both. That is made possible by the use of the new photopolimerizing
      resins, and by using the articulator with rapidity in the manufacturing and high
      quality of the splint, avoiding the steps of the laboratory. The methods are
      described in the different aspects until the final preparation of a repositioning
      splint.

PMID- 2280790
TI  - [New indirect method of orthodontic bracket application].
AB  - The latest improvements in orthodontic materials need an extremely accurate
      placement of brackets on the teeth. Such degree of precision, hardly obtainable
      with normal technique, led to develop many indirect techniques of bracket
      bonding: they had however many defects, limiting the clinical use such as: 1)
      impossibility to remove accurately the bonding excess from the tooth; 2)
      difficulty to control the accuracy of the applied system. The availability of
      brackets with individual height measuring devices made it possible to develop a
      new technique, actually in use at the Orthodontic Department at the Boston
      University directed by prof. A. Gianelly. The description of the technique shows
      the simplicity of the needed steps. The kind of acrylic splint allows to: 1)
      verify the accuracy of the system during the application; 2) absolutely control
      excess of bonding used during brackets application on the teeth. The advantages
      deriving from the use of this technique are principally: 1) the precision of
      placement of brackets on the teeth 2) the shortening of the time needed with the
      patient in the dental office.

PMID- 2280791
TI  - [Evaluation of upper arch dimensions in subjects with palatally impacted
      canines].
AB  - A sample of patients with palatally displaced cuspids and a sample of subjects
      with normally erupted maxillary cuspids were examined as far as arch dimention
      and tooth size are concerned.

PMID- 2280788
TI  - [Role of prolonged sucking in the development of dento-skeletal changes in the
      face. Review of the literature].
AB  - Thumbsucking is the earliest and most common habit in children, affecting almost
      the 45% of young population in the world, from birth through adolescence.
      Infantile digital sucking and other non-nutritive sucking habits have been
      significantly correlated with malocclusion in both primary and permanent
      dentitions. The severity of malocclusions correlated with such habits depends on
      the frequency, the duration, the intensity and the position of the thumb in the
      mouth. Prolonged fingersucking may cause an anterior open bite, diastema,
      proclination and protrusion of maxillary incisors, increased overjet and
      overbite, retrusive position of mandible, posterior cross-bite. Self correction
      of malocclusions may occur if the habit is discontinued before 4 y.o.

PMID- 2280792
TI  - [Continuous and intermittent mechanical forces in orthodontics].
AB  - Orthodontics is based upon the cellular response to biomechanical forces. To
      better investigate about the manner in which cells respond to such forces, we
      have devised an experimental model to permit morphologic and metabolic
      characterization of human cells subject to a range of cyclic or static mechanical
      stimuli similar to those which may prevail in orthodontic-orthopedic therapy. The
      most recent data in the literature indicated that cyclic forces could have bigger
      effect on cells than continuous ones. To better understand the rationale of the
      cyclic force effect, a morphological study on human fibroblast was performed. We
      found that stretching or compression delivered an immediate and proportional
      deformation on cells. After 10-15 minutes the morphology of cells readapt to the
      new mechanical environment, this causing the lost of the biological activation. A
      new mechanical stimuli should be necessary to determine a new biological
      reaction.

PMID- 2280793
TI  - [Industrial production of monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - Murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are produced in either mouse ascites or
      bioreactors (spinner culture, stirred-tank reactor, airlift reactor, hollow-fiber
      reactor). Human mabs are produced solely in bioreactors. Encapsulation represents
      a special technology. Hybridoma cells have to be adapted prior to growth in
      bioreactors. Of crucial importance is the construction of over-producing cell
      lines by cell- and gene-technological methods. Manipulated cell lines often
      produce modified mabs.

PMID- 2280794
TI  - Effects of potassium channel openers on single potassium channels in mouse
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - The patch-clamp technique was used to study the effects of the potassium channel
      openers cromakalim, pinacidil, RP 49356 and diazoxide on single potassium
      channels in mouse skeletal muscle. In excised patches in the inside-out
      configuration, one type of potassium channel, the ATP-sensitive potassium
      channel, could be activated by internally applied RP 49356 even in the absence of
      internal ATP. At a concentration of 0.4 and 0.8 mmol/l, RP 49356 increased the
      open-probability of the channels by a factor of 2.7 and 17.4 respectively. The
      stimulating effect of cromakalim (0.2-0.8 mmol/l) and pinacidil (0.4 mmol/l)
      depended on the presence of ATP (0.1 mmol/l) at the cytoplasmic side of the patch
      membrane. The two drugs were able to restore the open-probability of the channels
      blocked by internal ATP (0.1 mmol/l) to 50-90% of its value in ATP-free solution.
      No channel reactivation could be observed at a higher ATP concentration (1
      mmol/l). Diazoxide (0.4 mmol/l) had almost no effect. None of these channel
      openers could stimulate the other prominent type of potassium channel in skeletal
      muscle, the large-conductance Ca2(+)-activated potassium channel. The results
      show that cromakalim, pinacidil and RP 49356 are specific openers of ATP
      sensitive potassium channels in skeletal muscle. It is suggested that the drugs
      displace the channel blocker ATP and that RP 49356 in addition recruits inactive
      channels.

PMID- 2280795
TI  - Pharmacological characterization of mediators and vagal influence in the acute
      allergic bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs.
AB  - The allergic bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs has been attributed mainly to the
      release of mast cell mediators. Histamine has been involved in the first minutes
      of the anaphylactic reaction and new-formed compounds in the subsequent response.
      In this asthma model the vagal influence has been sparsely investigated. In the
      present work we evaluated the pharmacological modification of the acute allergic
      bronchoconstrictor response in guinea pigs sensitized to ovalbumin through
      aerosol exposure. Pyrilamine (20 micrograms/kg), diethylcarbamazine (a
      lipoxygenase inhibitor, 10 mg/kg) and dexamethasone (4 mg/kg) each reduced the
      antigen-induced bronchoconstriction throughout the 30 min studied. Indomethacin
      (3.1 mg/kg) did not modify the response to the antigen. Atropine (2 mg/kg) plus
      bilateral vagotomy also diminished this response from 5 min onward. On the other
      hand, from 5 min ahead pyrilamine-resistant bronchoconstriction was partially
      inhibited by dexamethasone, and it was almost completely blocked during all of
      the response when atropine plus bilateral vagotomy were added to dexamethasone.
      Dipyridamole (an inhibitor of the adenosine uptake, 0.4 mg/kg) enhanced the
      bronchoconstriction, though this was significant only in the 2-5 min time
      interval of the response. These results suggest that histamine and vagal
      influence play an important role in the whole response to antigen, that other
      mediators, probably leukotrienes, participate in this response from 5 min onward,
      and that adenosine could exert a potentiation effect on this response.

PMID- 2280796
TI  - Novel pharmacological profile of muscarinic receptors mediating contraction of
      the guinea-pig uterus.
AB  - The present study was designed to further characterize the muscarinic receptors
      mediating contraction of the guinea-pig uterus. The affinities of various
      selective muscarinic antagonists were determined and compared with those obtained
      at M1 (rabbit vas deferens), M2 (guinea-pig atria) and M3 receptors (guinea-pig
      ileum). The contractile responses of uterine smooth muscle from immature guinea
      pigs to carbachol (pD2 = 5.73) were competitively antagonized by pirenzepine (pA2
      = 7.04), AF-DX 116 (11-[[2-[(diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,11-
      dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1.4]benzo,diazepin-6-one) (pA2 = 6.96), himbacine (pA2 =
      7.92), methoctramine (pA2 = 7.52), 4-DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine
      methiodide) (pA2 = 8.87) and sila-hexocyclium (pA2 = 8.81). A comparison of
      affinity values indicates that the muscarinic receptors present in guinea-pig
      uterus display a novel pharmacological profile which is not consistent with the
      presence of either an M1, M2 or M3 receptor. The affinities determined for the
      different antagonists rather showed a close similarity to those obtained at
      muscarinic receptors present in rat striatum and NG108-15 cells which are
      considered pharmacological equivalents (M4 receptors) of the m4 gene product. We
      thus hypothesize that the guinea-pig isolated uterus preparation may serve as a
      simple functional assay system to study the pharmacology of M4 receptors.

PMID- 2280797
TI  - Involvement of cholecystokinin receptors in the control of striatal dopamine
      autoreceptors.
AB  - The interaction of locally perfused cholecystokinin-8 (sulphated) with
      systemically administered apomorphine was studied on the release of dopamine and
      its metabolites using microdialysis in the neostriatum of the halothane
      anaesthetized male rat. Dialysate levels of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
      acid and homovanillic acid were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography
      in combination with electrochemical detection. Perfusion with cholecystokinin-8
      (100 microM but not 1 microM or 10 nM) increased the dialysate levels of dopamine
      without affecting those of DOPAC or HVA. At low concentrations (1 microM and 10
      nM but not 1 nM), cholecystokinin-8 counteracted the inhibitory effect of
      apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg, s.c.) on dopamine release. This counteraction was
      antagonized by perfusion with the cholecystokinin-8 antagonist proglumide (3
      microM). At this concentration, proglumide perfused alone was without effect on
      basal or apomorphine-reduced levels of dopamine. The results indicate a
      facilitatory effect of cholecystokinin-8 on dopamine release in rat neostriatum
      only at high concentrations. At lower concentrations, cholecystokinin-8 appears
      to modulate dopamine release by an inhibitory effect on dopamine autoreceptors
      possibly involving an intramembrane interaction between presynaptic
      cholecystokinin-8 receptors and dopamine autoreceptors.

PMID- 2280799
TI  - Parallel increases in noradrenaline reuptake and release into plasma during
      activation of the sympathetic nervous system in rabbits.
AB  - Rates of noradrenaline reuptake and spillover into plasma were examined in
      conscious rabbits before and during activation of the sympathetic nervous system
      to determine whether neuronal reuptake varies disproportionately or in parallel
      with increases in noradrenaline release. The sympathetic nervous system was
      stimulated by nitroprusside-induced hypotension, 2-deoxyglucose-induced
      glucopenia or intravenous infusion of isoprenaline before and after
      administration of desipramine to block neuronal uptake. Spillover of
      noradrenaline into plasma was estimated from the dilution of intravenously
      infused 3H-noradrenaline with endogenous plasma noradrenaline. The amount of
      dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) in plasma that was derived from metabolism of
      recaptured noradrenaline, together with the desipramine-induced decreases in
      clearance from plasma of 3H-noradrenaline and appearance in plasma of 3H-DHPG,
      were used to estimate the rate of neuronal reuptake of noradrenaline. The mean
      (+/- SEM) resting noradrenaline reuptake rate (n = 28) was 0.62 +/- 0.04 nmol kg
      1 min-1, 5-fold greater than the rate of its spillover into plasma (0.12 +/- 0.02
      nmol kg-1 min-1). Intravenous infusion of nitroprusside at 3 rates titrated to
      cause graded increases in heart rate caused 74%, 129% and 240% increases in
      noradrenaline spillover into plasma and 66%, 104% and 198% increases in
      noradrenaline reuptake. At 15-30 min after intravenous injection of 2
      deoxyglucose (500 mg/kg) there was a 106% increase in noradrenaline spillover and
      a 93% increase in noradrenaline reuptake. Infusion of isoprenaline (0.25
      micrograms kg-1 min-1) caused a 102% increase in noradrenaline spillover and a
      130% increase in noradrenaline reuptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280798
TI  - Ghosts of chromaffin granules accumulate biogenic amines according to a "pump and
      leak system" without contribution of carrier-mediated efflux.
AB  - Unidirectional inward transport into, accumulation by and loss of biogenic amines
      from ghosts of bovine chromaffin granules were studied to determine whether a
      carrier-mediated process contributes to the outward passage of amines across the
      granule membrane. In the presence of ATP-Mg2+, incubated ghosts (30 degrees C; pH
      7.3) showed a reserpine-sensitive (IC50 2-5 nmol/l), unidirectional, inward
      transport of catecholamine (CA = 70% adrenaline/30% noradrenaline), 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and tyramine with different Km values (mumol/l: tyramine
      2; 5-HT 5; CA 8) but with the same Vmax [20 nmol/(mg protein.min)] during the
      first 3 min of incubation. During longer incubation, the rate of unidirectional
      inward transport declined rapidly with time to about 30 to 40%, at which level it
      stayed nearly constant from 50 to 100 min of incubation. As the decline of
      unidirectional transport was independent of the amine accumulated in the ghosts,
      it is concluded that it reflects ageing of the membrane vesicles. During
      incubation for up to 100 min with CA, 5-HT or tyramine (10- to 30-fold Km) in the
      presence of ATP-Mg2+, the amine content of the ghosts increased, approaching a
      steady-state content (nmol amine/mg protein: CA 400-500, 5-HT 250, tyramine 60),
      which was negatively correlated with the lipid solubility of the amine (tyramine
      greater than 5-HT greater than CA), whereas the rate of approach to steady state
      (t1/2 in min: CA 20-30, 5-HT 7-10, tyramine less than 5) was positively
      correlated. Low concentrations of reserpine (greater than or equal to 25 nmol/l)
      caused net loss of amine from amine-loaded ghosts by inhibition of inward
      transport. However, reserpine did not reduce the fractional rate of loss (FRL) of
      CA-loaded ghosts induced by NH+4 or uncoupling agents. Accelerated exchange
      diffusion was not found to occur at the granule membrane, as addition of high
      concentrations of 5-HT or dopamine to CA-loaded ghosts did not result in a higher
      FRL of CA than did blockade of inward transport by reserpine. Analysis of steady
      state kinetics revealed the following features of the granule transport. The
      approach to steady state (t1/2) was independent of the rate of inward transport.
      The steady-state amine content of ghosts approached a limiting value as the
      external concentration of the amine was increased; it was determined by the same
      kinetic constants (Km and the time-dependent Vmax) as found for the rate of
      carrier-mediated inward transport.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2280800
TI  - The relationship between ionization and affinity of nucleoside transport
      inhibitors.
AB  - The displacement of [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine from nucleoside transporter
      associated binding sites on calf lung tissue membranes by several transport
      inhibitors appeared to be pH dependent. These blockers, viz. dilazep,
      hexobendine, soluflazine and ST7092, provided to be more potent in this respect
      at pH 9.5 than at pH 6.6, although to differing extents. A further analysis
      showed that this behaviour could be related to the ionization characteristics of
      the compounds. For a quantitative evaluation of the findings presented in this
      study, we paid attention to the degradation of these labile compounds by
      esterases present in the membrane preparation. Degradation was almost fully
      prevented by the use of 10 mumol/l physostigmine, a potent ester hydrolase
      inhibitor, in the binding experiments. This concentration of physostigmine did
      not displace any [3H]NBI binding. From the aqueous ionization constants of the
      compounds the relative distribution of the diprotonated, monoprotonated and
      uncharged molecules at pH 6.6 and pH 9.5 was calculated. Combination of these
      data with the Ki values of the compounds, obtained from [3H]NBI displacement
      studies at both pH values and corrected for degradation, yielded the 'true'
      affinities of the monoprotonated and uncharged species. The relative paucity of
      the diprotonated species at pH 6.6 and its virtual absence at pH 9.5 made us
      assume that this species has only negligible affinity for the nucleoside
      transport protein. For all compounds it was found that the uncharged species has
      higher affinity than the monoprotonated molecule. This phenomenon was most
      pronounced for hexobendine, the difference in 'true' Ki values being more than 80
      fold.

PMID- 2280801
TI  - Protective effects of phosphatidylcholine against mechanisms of ischemia and
      reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in isolated guinea pig ventricular tissues.
AB  - The effects of exogenous phosphatidylcholine (PC) on some potential mechanisms of
      ischemia and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias were tested using the superfused
      right ventricular free wall of the guinea pig. Exposure of the preparation to
      simulated "ischemia" (hypoxia, acidosis, glucose deprivation and hyperkalemia)
      resulted in several electrophysiological derangements, including a marked
      depolarization of the maximum diastolic potential (MDP) in both endocardium and
      epicardium, shortening of the action potential duration (APD), and prolongation
      of the transmural conduction time followed by transmural conduction block. In a
      few preparations, coupled beats were also observed. Reperfusion was associated
      with arrhythmic activity in all preparations. Both the characteristics and the
      severity of reperfusion-associated arrhythmias were dependent upon the duration
      of the preceding "ischemia". In hearts exposed to ischemic conditions for 40 min,
      transmural conduction block persisted until 45 min of reperfusion and no
      electrical activity was present in the epicardium during this time. However, both
      coupled beats as well as abnormal automaticity were observed in the endocardium.
      When the period of "ischemia" was reduced to 20 min, recovery from transmural
      conduction block occurred sooner and coupled beats and abnormal automaticity were
      detected in both epicardial and endocardial layers. Superfusion with PC during
      both "ischemia" and reperfusion (PC1 group), or during reperfusion only (PC2
      group), significantly altered the response of the preparations to reperfusion.
      Following 40 min "ischemia", preparations treated with PC recovered from
      transmural conduction block more rapidly (PC1 group, 4 min, P less than 0.05; PC2
      group, 23 min, ns), compared to control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280802
TI  - Absorption and metabolism of capsaicinoids following intragastric administration
      in rats.
AB  - This study was performed to examine the metabolism and absorption of
      intragastrically administered capsaicinoids in the anaesthetized rat. [3H]
      dihydrocapsaicin ([3H]-DHC) and unlabelled capsaicin were readily absorbed from
      the gastrointestinal tract but were almost completely metabolized before reaching
      the general circulation. A certain degree of biotransformation already took place
      in the intestinal lumen. Unchanged compounds (identified by chromatography) were
      present in portal vein blood. There seems to be a saturable absorption and
      degradation process in the gastrointestinal tract and a very effective metabolism
      in the liver. Less than 5% of the total amount of extracted radio-activity
      consisted of unchanged [3H]-DHC in trunk blood and brain 15 min after
      gastrointestinal application. On the other hand, approximately 50% unchanged [3H]
      DHC was detected in these tissues 3 min after i.v. or 90 min after s.c.
      application of the capsaicinoids. Dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) or [3H]-DHC were
      metabolized when incubated in vitro with liver tissue but not with brain tissue.
      The metabolic product(s) did not show capsaicin-like biological activity. It can
      be concluded that rapid hepatic metabolization limits systemic pharmacological
      effects of enterally absorbed capsaicin.

PMID- 2280803
TI  - Gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in dementia: not specific to Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - Significant losses in the ability to detect the taste of glutamic acid and to
      recognize odorants were found in demented patients when compared with age-matched
      controls. These losses were not specific to patients with Alzheimer's disease
      (AD) but were also found in demented patients without AD. Detection thresholds
      for bitter-tasting quinine HCl were not higher in demented patients than in age
      matched controls but were higher than thresholds in young subjects. These data
      suggest that losses in taste in demented patients may vary with the chemical
      structure of the tastant. The degree of loss in the ability to recognize odorants
      was greater in patients with a family history of senile dementia.

PMID- 2280804
TI  - Direct comparison of cognitive facilitation by physostigmine and
      tetrahydroaminoacridine in two primate models.
AB  - Cognitive facilitation by physostigmine and tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) was
      compared in two primate models. Disruption of spatial delayed response
      performance by scopolamine (0.03 mg/kg) was fully reversed by coadministration of
      5 doses of physostigmine in the range 0.03-0.08 mg/kg, but by only one dose (4.0
      mg/kg) of THA; partial reversal of some effects of scopolamine was observed at 1
      and 3 mg/kg of THA. Visual recognition memory was enhanced following treatment
      with 4 doses of physostigmine in the range 0.001-0.03 mg/kg. The effect of THA
      across the group of animals was not significant but performance tended to improve
      using a dose of 0.8 mg/kg. Our findings indicate that THA does not have a
      superior profile to physostigmine as a cognitive enhancer in primates.

PMID- 2280805
TI  - Effects of aging on food-entrained circadian rhythms in the rat.
AB  - Twenty-four hour schedules of restricted food availability entrain a component of
      the circadian activity rhythm in rats via a food-entrainable pacemaker separate
      from the light-entrainable pacemaker. The effect of aging on food-entrained
      circadian rhythms was examined in 6 rats maintained on a restricted diurnal
      feeding schedule from age 3-21 months and again from 24-25 months. Food
      entrainment, measured as behavioral anticipation of a 1-hr daily mealtime during
      the middle of the light period and persistence of this anticipation rhythm during
      food deprivation, was apparent in the aged rats when recorded in wheel-running
      cages from 20-21 months of age. Despite the long duration of restricted diurnal
      food diurnal food access, the aged rats, like young rats, rapidly to nocturnal
      activity when transferred to ad lib feeding. When restricted diurnal feeding was
      reinstated at 24 months age, these rats, now recorded in food-bin monitoring
      cages, required more time for a food anticipation pattern to emerge and showed a
      lower amplitude food anticipation rhythm compared to a group of young adult rats.
      These age-related changes are similar to those that characterize photically
      entrained circadian rhythms and suggest that both components of the rat's
      multioscillatory circadian timekeeping system deteriorate in parallel over the
      life span.

PMID- 2280806
TI  - Changes in somatotropin and thyrotropin secretory patterns in aging rats.
AB  - In order to clarify whether pituitary enlargement influences the secretory
      patterns of growth hormone (GH) and thyrotropin (TSH) in old rats, we studied the
      correlation between pituitary weight and plasma levels of GH and TSH in Sprague
      Dawley rats of different age and sex. Young female (3-4 months; YF), old female
      (25 months; OF), and senescent female (33-35 months; SF) rats and young male (3-4
      months; YM) and old male (24-26 months; OM) rats carrying chronic intraatrial
      cannulas were used. Sequential blood samples were removed through the cannulas
      while the animals remained conscious and undisturbed. Plasma TSH and GH as well
      as serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured by
      radioimmunoassay. At two years of age, both males and females showed a consistent
      decline in GH pulse amplitude without change in trough levels. By 33-35 months of
      age, females showed a reversal in the previous pattern of change for GH
      secretion: pulse amplitude, trough levels, and mean plasma GH increased
      significantly with respect to the old females. The correlation between mean
      plasma GH and anterior pituitary (AP) weight was positive and significant (p less
      than 0.01) for females but nonsignificant for males. Old and senescent rats
      showed significantly lower serum T4, but not T3, than young animals while plasma
      TSH increased with age in both sexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280807
TI  - Twin studies of Alzheimer's disease: an approach to etiology and prevention.
AB  - Epidemiologic studies of environmental factors associated with risk of
      Alzheimer's disease (AD) have produced inconsistent and disappointing results. By
      contrast, family/genetic studies and case control investigations suggest that
      genetic causes of AD are important. The investigation of such genetic causes
      remains an important aim in all forms of AD including typical, late-onset disease
      where linkage work is impractical. But the public health burden of AD creates an
      especially urgent need to identify environment risk factors, if these exist,
      since they will more likely be susceptible to intervention. Such environmental
      factors may interact with genetic susceptibility to accelerate or retard disease
      expression, and environmental interventions that delay onset may constitute an
      important strategy for prevention. All these issues may be addressed by twin
      studies of AD, but the few such studies to date have been limited by small
      samples and other methodologic difficulties. This paper reviews the rationale for
      twin studies of AD, and describes briefly the work in this area to date. It also
      discusses a number of suggestions for methodologic improvements. We conclude that
      the time is ripe for twin studies of AD, and that such work holds considerable
      potential for the investigation of etiology and, possibly, for the identification
      of strategies for prevention.

PMID- 2280808
TI  - Dietary nimodipine improves associative learning in aging rabbits.
AB  - The effects of oral nimodipine on the acquisition of the conditioned eye-blink
      response in aging rabbits were examined. Three groups of rabbits were compared:
      young and aging controls fed NIH-09 rabbit chow and aging rabbits fed rabbit chow
      containing 860 ppm nimodipine. Aging control rabbits are dramatically impaired in
      the acquisition of this task compared to young controls. Aging rabbits receiving
      nimodipine reached a behavioral criterion of 4 conditioned responses in any block
      of 5 trials significantly faster than aging controls. Young controls reached this
      criterion faster than the aging controls. There were no significant group effects
      on either the amplitude or the latency of the conditioned response. This study
      extends earlier reports that IV nimodipine enhances the associative learning
      abilities of aging rabbits and examined the route of administration most likely
      to be used clinically in aging humans.

PMID- 2280809
TI  - X-ray microprobe analysis of the retina and RPE in sheep with ovine ceroid
      lipofuscinosis.
AB  - Ovine ceroid-lipofuscinosis (OCL) is one animal model for the human condition,
      and because autofluorescent lipopigments are prominent in the brain and eye, it
      may also prove useful as a model for aging. For example, a progressive decline in
      electrical recording from brain and retina are observed in both aging and OCL.
      Samples of retinal and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) tissues were obtained
      from a young control. 2 animals with OCL and a normal aged sheep. Specimens were
      cryo-fractured and examined by scanning electron microscopy/x-ray microanalysis.
      Measurements made of 6 individual cells in the ganglion layer of OCL specimens,
      the remainder of the retina, and RPE showed age-related changes in zinc, iron,
      and copper which were associated with lipopigment accumulation in the RPE. There
      was marked decrease in phosphate, sulfur, and manganese levels, as photoreceptor
      cells and their outer segments are lost in the disease process. This is the first
      report of metal analysis in the retina and RPE in a disease entity, and as a
      function of normal aging.

PMID- 2280810
TI  - [Epilepsy surgery in the MRI era].

PMID- 2280811
TI  - [Stereotactic radiosurgery in acoustic neurinomas].
AB  - The records of 57 patients with 61 acoustic neurinomas treated with stereotactic
      radiosurgery at the Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, from 1982 through 1984, were
      reviewed. Adequate radiological and clinical follow-up evaluations were available
      in these cases. An additional 8 patients were treated during this same period but
      were not included because of insufficient data. The tumors were evaluated with CT
      or MRI. Their post-operative follow-up period was 6-66 months (mean 28 months).
      Decrease of tumor size or no change was considered as a response to radiosurgery.
      This was found in 54 (88%) of the tumors. Small tumors with a diameter of less
      than 15 mm responded better (93%) than large ones (85%). Ninety-five percent of
      unilateral tumors and 74% of tumors associated with neurofibromatosis responded
      well. Seven tumors had definite radiographic signs of subsequent growth. Four
      were removed using standard microsurgical techniques and three have so far not
      required further treatment. Facial and trigeminal nerve function was evaluated in
      58 facial surfaces where tumors had been irradiated. Transient facial weakness
      developed in 9% and facial hypesthesia in 9% of the irradiated cases. The onset
      of these nerve dysfunctions appeared with a latency period of 4 to 15 months
      after radiosurgery. Excluding the ears which had been totally deaf before the
      treatment, forty-one ears were evaluated fully by audiometry prior to and one
      year after irradiation. 30% of them had no change in hearing, 68% had a more or
      less pronounced deterioration and 2% had improvement. We regard efficiency in
      arresting tumor growth without endangering life, preservation of facial nerve
      function, and only a day of hospitalization as major benefits of radiosurgery.

PMID- 2280812
TI  - [Intraventricular hematomas associated with hypertensive intracerebral
      hemorrhages: with special reference to third ventricular hematoma].
AB  - Intraventricular hematoma (IVH) is often associated with many kinds of
      intracranial hemorrhage; for example, hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage,
      subarachnoid hemorrhage, and so on. In this paper we discuss the clinical
      significance of IVH in the third ventricle, as well as the effects of surgical
      treatment. Forty-five patients were treated in our hospital because of massive
      IVH associated with small or mode-rate-size (hematoma volume less than or equal
      to 15 ml) thalamic or caudate-head hemorrhage between April, 1983 and April,
      1988. All cases had an intraventricular cast in at least one ventricle. The
      patients were divided into two subgroups (depending on the site of the dominant
      IVH): the third-fourth ventricle dominant type-IVH group, and the lateral
      ventricle dominant type-IVH group. The former was further divided into two
      subgroups based on the thickness of the IVH in the third ventricle (its thickness
      being greater than or equal to 1 cm and less than 1 cm), and the area of IVH in
      the fourth ventricle (its area being greater than or equal to 1 cm2 and less than
      1 cm2) as determined by CT scan monitoring. All cases were also divided according
      to continuous ventricular drainage (CVD), position of the catheter tip (in either
      the third ventricle or the lateral ventricle), and the intraventricular
      administration of urokinase (UK). For each group we checked the consciousness
      grade using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on day 0 and on day 7, as well as the
      interval between day 0 and the day on which the IVH in the third ventricle
      disappeared on the CT scan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280813
TI  - [Intraluminal thrombosis and growth-mechanism of giant intracranial aneurysms].
AB  - 12 giant intracranial aneurysms were studied by MRI. Intraluminal thrombosis was
      observed in 9 aneurysms. Thrombosis was found more frequently in larger
      aneurysms. Thrombi were formed posteriorly or inferiorly in the lumen of 4 among
      5 IC-cavernous aneurysms. Location of the neck of the aneurysms and stagnation of
      blood flow influenced by gravity may be causative factors determining the
      location of thrombi. In 6 aneurysms intraluminal thrombi were inhomogeneous on
      MRI, suggesting that the thrombi had been formed at different times. New thrombi
      were formed between the aneurysmal wall and the old thrombus in 3 cases.
      Dissection of the aneurysmal wall by residual blood flow in the lumen or
      hemorrhage in the aneurysmal wall may be one of the growth mechanisms of giant
      intracranial aneurysms.

PMID- 2280814
TI  - [Distal aneurysm of posterior inferior cerebellar artery: report of two cases-
      pitfall in diagnosis].
AB  - Two cases treating aneurysms of the distal PICA were reported, and 36 cases with
      39 aneurysms in the literatures in Japan were reviewed concerning the
      distribution of aneurysms and their findings on CT. Case 1; a 68-year-old female
      suffered from sudden onset of severe headache and nausea. On admission, it was
      found she was lethargic. However, her consciousness deteriorated down to semicoma
      with tetraparetic condition soon after. CT revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage in
      the basal, quadrigeminal and supravermian cisterns and blood clots in the entire
      ventricle. Cerebral angiography demonstrated an aneurysm located at the distal
      segment of the left PICA. She was initially treated conservatively because of
      being in Hunt and Kosnik Grade 5, and then, 3 weeks after onset, suboccipital
      craniectomy was performed and the aneurysm was clipped successfully. Case 2; a 60
      year-old, female, suddenly experienced severe suboccipitalgia and vomiting. CT
      revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage in the entire subarachnoid space and
      intraventricular hemorrhages in the 4th, 3rd and lateral ventricles. Subsequently
      cerebral angiography was performed and left VAG demonstrated an aneurysm at the
      left A2-A3 junction. She underwent bifrontal craniotomy and the aneurysm was
      clipped via the interhemispheric approach. Her postoperative course was
      uneventful. Postoperative left CAG showed successful clipping of the aneurysm.
      However, left VAG suggested an aneurysm-like shadow in the right PICA. Right BAG
      carried out one week later demonstrated an aneurysm at the distal segment of the
      right PICA. This aneurysm was then clipped successfully under suboccipital
      craniectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280815
TI  - [Fenestrated basilar artery with ruptured cerebral aneurysms: case report].
AB  - Two cases of aneurysms with basilar artery fenestration are presented. A 45 year
      old lady had a saccular aneurysm associated with a fenestrated basilar artery.
      The fenestration was located in the proximal third of the basilar artery. The
      aneurysm arose from the proximal end of the fenestration, projecting antero
      inferiorly. Via a left retromastoid craniectomy, the aneurysm was successfully
      obliterated through the space between the eighth cranial nerve and the lower
      cranial nerve complexes. Postoperative deficit in the lower cranial nerves was
      minimal and transient. The other patient, a 63 year-old lady, had multiple
      aneurysms arising from the anterior circulation associated with a basilar artery
      fenestration. These aneurysms were clipped uneventfully. Surgical approach to an
      aneurysm arising from the basilar artery fenestration is discussed with other
      related literature. Full study of posterior circulation with multiple projection
      is mandatory to detect basilar artery fenestration, and the possible presence of
      saccular aneurysm at the site of the anomaly.

PMID- 2280816
TI  - [Instrumentation surgery for tumor of the spine].
AB  - Spinal instrumentation surgery has come into wide use recently, especially for
      tumor of the spine. It is very effective for fixing the spine for relieving the
      patient from pain. But the decision about the indication of instrumentation
      surgery for tumor of the spine must be made carefully. In cases of double
      malignant tumors including spinal tumor, it is hard to decide how to treat tumor
      of the spine. We report a case of 78-year-old male with multiple myeloma of the
      cervical spine and cancer of the prostate. The patient had been in good health
      until one year previously, when he started to complain of nuchal pain. He became
      bedridden with loss of voluntary control of the right upper extremity for the
      last two months. Then he was admitted to our hospital and radiological
      examination was carried out. It revealed tumor of the cervical spine and it
      seemed to be bone metastasis. Further examination revealed that the patient was
      suffering from multiple myeloma and cancer of the prostate. The tumor of the
      spine was diagnosed as either multiple myeloma or metastasis of cancer of the
      prostate. Spinal instrumentation surgery using Luque-rod was carried out as one
      of the comprehensive treatment plans for double malignant tumors. The
      instrumentation surgery was effective for fixing the spine and improving the
      patient's quality of life. In operative procedures, intraoperative spinal cord
      monitoring was carried out. Intraoperative spinal cord monitoring was
      indispensable for preventing spinal cord injury. The tumor of the spine was
      diagnosed as multiple myeloma by pathological examination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280817
TI  - [A case of incarceration of the vertebral and basilar arteries in a longitudinal
      fracture of the clivus].
AB  - We report a case of incarceration of the right vertebral and basilar arteries in
      a longitudinal fracture of the clivus. A 80-year-old man was struck on the
      occiput in a traffic accident and was admitted to our hospital. He was in coma on
      admission. Neurological examination revealed that the left pupil was dilated, the
      light reflex was bilaterally sluggish, the left corneal reflex was absent, and
      the pharyngeal reflex was absent. Computed tomography showed fractures in the
      occipital bone and clivus. His general condition rapidly deteriorated, and he
      died 4 hours after the injury. The autopsy revealed a longitudinal fracture of
      the clivus incarcerating the right vertebral artery together with the origin of
      the basilar artery. It also revealed primary brain stem injury. We presented
      clinical features, mechanisms of the injury, and radiological findings for three
      types of clivus fracture; longitudinal, transverse, and a fracture of the lower
      clivus extending into the occipital condyle. It is unusual to see incarceration
      of the basilar or the vertebral artery in a longitudinal fracture of the clivus.
      We found only five reported cases. Each case presented a variety of brainstem
      dysfunctions. Three died of brainstem infarction, and one died of aspiration
      pneumonia. The remaining patient is in a chronic vegetative state. In our case,
      the history and autopsy findings suggested that the patient died of the primary
      brainstem injury. We proposed two mechanisms of incarceration; one is a midline
      occipital blow as in our case, and the other is axially transmitted force.

PMID- 2280818
TI  - [An elderly case of recurrent craniopharyngioma suffering from hemorrhage].
AB  - A case of a 63-year-old female with craniopharyngioma is reported. She first
      suffered from occult pituitary apoplexy and had recurrent enlargement and
      characteristic changes of a tumor during short periods. This patient was
      hospitalized after suddenly developing bitemporal hemianopsia. An intra-and
      suprasellar hematoma was revealed on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). At the first operation, the hematoma was removed totally
      by the transsphenoidal approach, but tumor tissues were not identified. During
      the following 12 months, operations were repeated three times due to the
      recurrence and/or enlargement of a tumor associated with visual symptoms.
      Pathological diagnosis was squamous-type craniopharyngioma without any
      malignancy. Microscopic appearance of the tumor apparently changed during the
      clinical course. The characteristic findings were revealed respectively on MRI
      and CT. On the first preoperative MRI, a lesion of diffuse high signal intensity
      was observed on both T1 and T2 weighted images. At the second operation, the
      lesion was also revealed as having high signal intensity on T1 and T2 weighted
      images but the tumor had a large cyst with serous-yellowish fluid contents. A
      differential diagnosis was made on CT. At the third and fourth operations, the
      tumor was solid and had atheromatous contents. The lesion was revealed as having
      low signal intensity on T1 image and high on T2 respectively. Occult pituitary
      apoplexy with intra and suprasellar hemorrhage is very rare in cases of
      craniopharyngioma and only nine cases have been reported until now. It is also
      interesting with this high-aged patient that repeated recurrence and/or
      enlargement of a tumor with different microscopic appearances occurred during
      such short periods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280820
TI  - Current bibliographies of neuropeptides prepared by the University of Sheffield
      Biomedical Information Service.

PMID- 2280819
TI  - [Metastatic Grawitz's tumor to the cauda equina: case report].
AB  - A case of Grawitz's tumor metastasizing to the cauda equina is presented. A 51
      year-old male was hospitalized due to severe low back pain radiating to the left
      lower extremity. Neurological examination showed only hyporeflexia of the left
      patella reflex and positive Lasegue's sign. MRI showed intradural mass at the L4
      level. Preoperatively, we diagnosed a cauda equina tumor. A laminectomy of both
      L3 and L4 was performed, and total removal of the cauda equina tumor was
      performed. Microscopically, the tumor cells were large, the appearance of the
      cytoplasm ranging from optically clear with sharply outlined boundaries, to
      deeply granular, with many transitional forms. These histological findings were
      typical findings of Grawitz's tumor, and were the same as those of this patient's
      renal tumor. Finally, we diagnosed Grawitz's tumor metastasizing to the cauda
      equina. Metastatic cauda equina tumor from outside the central nervous system is
      very rare and only 7 cases have been reported. This case is the first one of
      Grawitz's tumor spreading to the cauda equina.

PMID- 2280821
TI  - Rat brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) reduces water intake following dehydration.
AB  - The effect of rat brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) on drinking behaviour was
      examined in dehydrated and well-hydrated rats. Following dehydration for 18h,
      intracerebroventricular injections of 5 micrograms of rat BNP significantly
      reduced water consumption 0-2 h after the injections, but not 2-4 h afterwards.
      Rat BNP failed to decrease water intake in animals given water ad libitum. Thus,
      rat BNP is similar to alpha-atrial natriuretic polypeptide in that it only
      affects drinking in dehydrated rats. Following dehydration, plasma vasopressin
      levels were decreased by BNP, but BNP did not affect serum osmolality and
      electrolyte metabolism. These findings suggest that BNP may be involved in the
      central regulation of water consumption.

PMID- 2280822
TI  - Isoproterenol-stimulated release of beta-endorphin and related peptides from the
      rat pituitary neurointermediate lobe in vitro: evidence for preferential release
      of certain molecular forms of beta-endorphin.
AB  - The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland synthesizes the multifactorial
      precursor molecule pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), from which, through a process of
      post-translational enzymatic processing, beta-endorphin-(1-31) (beta E) and a
      variety of N alpha-acetylated and C-terminally shortened forms of this peptide
      are generated. Using an in vitro superfusion system, the release of these
      endorphins from intact rat neurointermediate lobes (NILs) was investigated under
      basal and isoproterenol (ISO) stimulated conditions. Superfusion of NILs with the
      beta-adrenergic agonist ISO (30 min pulse) resulted in a rapid, sustained and
      concentration-dependent stimulation of the release of beta E-like
      immunoreactivity (beta E-IR) over basal as determined with an antiserum directed
      against the C-terminus of the beta E- (1-31) sequence (10(-6) M: + 145%; 10(-7)
      M: + 73%; 10(-8) m: + 41%). The release of N(alpha)-acetylated-endorphin-like
      immunoreactivity (AcE-IR) was stimulated to a similar extent. These effects of
      ISO were antagonized by the competitive alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol
      in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating the involvement of alpha
      adrenoceptors. The beta-related peptides released from the NILs under basal and
      ISO-stimulated conditions were further characterized, based on their retention
      times in a reversed-phase HPLC system and their reactivity with specific antisera
      recognizing respectively the midportion of beta E, the N-terminus of acetylated
      endorphins, the C-terminus of tau-endorphin (beta E-(1-17); tau E), or the C
      terminus of alpha-endorphin (beta E-(1-16); alpha E). In HPLC fractionated
      superfusates 10 peaks were resolved that reacted with the midportion beta E
      antiserum. In superfusates collected under basal conditions, three major peaks
      possessed chromatographical and immunological characteristics of Ac beta E-(1
      26), Ac beta E- (1-27) Ac beta E-(1-31). In addition, a prominent peak was found
      eluting around the retention time of beta E-(1-31), that contained both
      acetylated and non-acetylated material. Six smaller peaks were observed, with the
      characteristics of beta E-(1-26) and beta E-(1-27) (these peptides were not
      resolved with the HPLC system used), Ac tau E, tau E, Aa alpha E, and des
      tyrosine-alpha E (DT alpha E), respectively. In superfusates collected during
      superfusion of NILs with ISO (10(-6) M) all peaks were increased. However, those
      eluting as beta E-(1-31), beta E-(1-26)/beta E-(1-27), Ac beta E-(1-26) and Ac
      tau E appeared to be preferentially stimulated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2280823
TI  - Antinociceptive profile of intracerebroventricular salmon calcitonin and
      calcitonin gene-related peptide in the mouse formalin test.
AB  - The effects of intracerebroventricularly administered salmon calcitonin (sCT) and
      calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on the behavioural response of the mouse
      to formalin injections were investigated. Mice lick their hindpaws for 5 min
      after formalin injections, then stop, and resume intensive licking for another 10
      min beginning 20 min after the injections. Both peptides reduced the nociceptive
      response in the two phases of the test (0-5 and 20-30 min after formalin
      injection). Antinociceptive A50 values were 3.3 micrograms/mouse and 4.7
      micrograms/mouse respectively in the first phase for sCT and CGRP. The effects of
      sCT and CGRP appeared to be dose-dependent in the first phase. Since in the
      second phase sCT appeared more effective and CGRP gave a bell-shaped curve,
      possible differences in the mechanisms of action of the peptides in the two
      response intervals of the test are suggested.

PMID- 2280824
TI  - Neuropeptide Y antagonistic properties of D-myo-inositol-1.2.6-trisphosphate in
      guinea pig basilar arteries.
AB  - The antagonistic properties on neuropeptide Y (NPY)-induced contraction of the
      guinea pig basilar artery of D-myo-inositol-1.2.6-triphosphate (PP56) has been
      examined using a sensitive in vitro system. It was observed that PP56 did not per
      se cause contraction or relaxation of precontracted vessel segments. However, it
      was found to be a non-competitive antagonist of NPY-induced contraction. This
      effect was observed in the concentration range 10(-8)-10(-6) M PP56. A slight
      potentiation of endothelin I-induced contraction was seen at high concentrations
      (10(-3) M). In contrast there was no modulation of the contractile effects
      elicited by bradykinin, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) apart from a slight reduction in maximum
      effect at 10(-4) M and 10(-3) M PP56. PP56 was observed to possess antihistaminic
      and anticholinergic properties in the concentration range 10(-5) M-10(-3) M. The
      relaxant effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related
      peptide, neurokinin A and substance P were only modified to a minor extent by
      PP56 in concentrations of 10(-4) M and 10(-3) M. In conclusion, PP56 appears to
      be the first non-peptide which potently and rather selectively antagonizes NPY
      induced contractions of the guinea pig basilar artery. In high concentrations,
      PP56 may modify the responses of other agents tested, including histamine and
      acetylcholine.

PMID- 2280825
TI  - A multivariate analysis of red blood cell membrane transports and plasma levels
      of L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan in depressed patients before treatment and after
      clinical improvement.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine whether biological variables, such as
      erythrocyte membrane transports and plasma levels of monoamine precursor amino
      acids (tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine), exhibit a particular pattern
      relatively to DSM-III depressive subgroups (dysthymic disorders, major recurrent
      depression and biopolar depression), when they are treated synthetically by a
      stepwise discriminant analysis. We conducted two tests in 97 subjects (64
      depressed patients vs. 33 controls): the first before any antidepressant
      treatment, and the second after pharmacotherapy and clinical improvement. Our
      results clearly indicate a satisfying homogeneity for the controls and bipolar
      depressed patients as opposed to dysthymic disorders and major recurrent
      depression in both tests. The most informative biological variables are the
      erythrocyte membrane transports before treatment, tryptophan parameters after
      clinical improvement. Evidence is provided that multivariate analysis constitutes
      an interesting approach in biological psychiatry.

PMID- 2280826
TI  - Prolactin and growth hormone responses to growth hormone-releasing hormone in
      acute schizophrenia.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) responses to the administration of
      growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) (1 microgram/kg) were evaluated in a
      group of 18 drug-free, acute, young male schizophrenics and in a group of age
      matched normal controls. Cortisol responses were also evaluated. No difference in
      mean plasma GH, PRL and cortisol plasma basal values or in GH and PRL responses
      to GHRH between schizophrenics and controls was observed. Our failure to
      demonstrate a difference in GH response to GHRH between schizophrenics and
      controls would seem to indicate that GH secretory pituitary reserve is intact in
      young acute male schizophrenics. Cortisol values did discriminate between
      schizophrenics and controls (p less than 0.05). In our sample, both
      schizophrenics and normal controls showed a slight but significant (p less than
      0.03) and transitory increase in plasma PRL response to GHRH.

PMID- 2280827
TI  - Plasma levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in depressed patients compared
      with normal controls.
AB  - Plasma levels of total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured in a
      group of 104 hospitalized depressed patients and a group of 104 age- and sex
      matched normal controls. Plasma MHPG levels were found to be normally distributed
      in both groups and significantly lower in depressives than in controls. However,
      this difference could be related to an increase in plasma MHPG levels with age
      found in controls (r = 0.601, d.f. = 102, p less than 0.01) but not in
      depressives (r = 0.013, d.f. = 102, NS). Men had significantly higher levels than
      women in both groups. There was no significant difference in plasma MHPG levels
      among any DSM-III-R diagnostic subgroups of depressives or between patients who
      were suppressors on the dexamethasone suppression test and those who were
      nonsuppressors. Significant correlations were found between AMDP Depression
      Rating Scale item and total scores and levels of plasma MHPG. Age, sex and
      clinical symptoms appeared to be main sources of variance in studying depressed
      patients and comparing them with normal controls.

PMID- 2280828
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced catatonia or a mild form of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
AB  - Neuroleptic-induced catatonia (NIC) and milder neuroleptic malignant syndrome
      (NMS) share parkinsonian features, catatonic symptoms, mild fever, and have been
      described in patients receiving antipsychotic agents. We report the case of a
      patient with a schizophreniform disorder and a mild mental retardation who
      developed a condition which can be diagnosed either as NIC or as a mild form of
      NMS and has been treated successfully with a combination of amantadine (600
      mg/day) and diazepam (30 mg/day). The overlapping between NIC and mild NMS cases
      might lead to an overestimation of the incidence of current NMS and reinforces
      the view of the existence of a 'neuroleptic toxicity spectrum'.

PMID- 2280829
TI  - Influences of the cholecystokinin analog ceruletide on human sleep and evoked
      potentials.
AB  - Two experiments are reported, investigating the effects of the cholecystokinin
      analog ceruletide on central nervous activation in man. In experiment I, 0.55
      micrograms/h ceruletide was infused at a constant rate during the night to study
      its effects on spontaneous EEG activity during sleep. In experiment II, we
      examined the effects of a bolus injection of ceruletide (0.5 micrograms) on
      components of the auditory evoked potential reflecting exogenously provoked
      central nervous arousal. While ceruletide had no effect on sleep, it attenuated
      stimulus-induced cortical arousal.

PMID- 2280830
TI  - Late auditory evoked potentials: a method for monitoring drug effects on the
      central nervous system.
AB  - An auditory event-related potential paradigm was designed to objectively quantify
      the effects of drugs on the central nervous system (CNS). A series of tones was
      presented at three random interstimulus intervals (ISI). The amplitude of N1-P2
      and the recovery of this complex across ISI appear to be rapid, reliable and
      sensitive measures of changes in brain function associated with drug intake. To
      illustrate, an acute dose of diazepam was administered orally to a small group of
      normal subjects. The amplitude of N1-P2 was reduced and the slope of recovery
      flattened, indicating a decrease in CNS excitability concomitantly with the
      established pharmacokinetics of the drug.

PMID- 2280831
TI  - Localization of unseen visual stimuli by humans with normal vision.
AB  - Thirty university students were shown tachistoscopically presented stimuli (half
      contained an open circle at one of six locations, half were blanks) at four
      durations. Short durations and a pattern mask reduced subjects' ability to detect
      the stimuli. For trials on which the subjects reported that the circle was
      absent, they nevertheless guessed the exact locations of the targets
      significantly better than chance. A signal detection theory analysis found that
      subjects were more sensitive for the location decision than for the detection
      decision. These findings show that the blindsight phenomenon of localization of
      "unseen" stimuli, previously reported for cortically blind patients, also occurs
      for humans with normal vision.

PMID- 2280832
TI  - The previous visual field: effects of lateralization and response accuracy on
      current performance.
AB  - The accuracy of performance in identifying syllables flashed to the RVF (right
      visual field) or LVF (left visual field) was strongly affected by the
      lateralization of and response accuracy for the previous stimulus, presented 10
      20 sec earlier. For both the LVF and RVF, performance was better on Pre-LVF
      trials (previous stimulus in LVF) than on Pre-RVF trials (previous stimulus in
      RVF). The Pre-LVF advantage was the same in subjects with a strong RVF advantage
      and those with no asymmetry. Their performance was better when a previous
      stimulus had received adequate attention for correct encoding (Pre-Correct) than
      when it had not (Pre-Wrong), for both fields on Pre-LVF trials and the LVF, but
      not RVF, on Pre-RVF trials. Relations are discussed in terms of the capacities
      and properties of the RH (right hemisphere) and LH (left hemisphere) cerebral
      arousal systems.

PMID- 2280833
TI  - A clear left hemisphere advantage for visuo-spatially based verbal
      categorization.
AB  - For a range of tachistoscopically presented stimuli that varied from modified
      complex Shepard and Metzler figures to simple lines, subjects had to judge
      whether or not the top or bottom of the stimuli contained the target feature. A
      marked and consistent right visual field (left hemisphere) advantage was observed
      for all such tasks. In addition, a task that required subjects to judge whether a
      solid black rectangle was in front of or behind a white rectangle also yielded a
      clear left hemisphere advantage. The results are explained in terms of a left
      hemisphere specialization for spatially based verbal categorizations in general
      support of Kosslyn's (Psychol. Rev. 94, 148-175, 1984) model.

PMID- 2280834
TI  - Right hemisphere sensitivity to feedback.
AB  - The present studies sought to determine whether feedback-related emotional states
      influence perceptual and/or response processes within the right hemisphere. The
      task involved the presentation of a positive, neutral or negative feedback signal
      followed by a target in the left (LVF) or right (RVF) visual field which was
      spatially compatible or incompatible with its assigned response. The first two
      studies demonstrated that when a LVF target required a left-hand response, RTs
      were delayed following negative feedback and facilitated following positive
      feedback. These effects occurred when the target followed the feedback signal by
      either 100 or 500 msec, and were evident when the response selection was based on
      either the target's spatial location or its form. Experiment 3 showed that these
      feedback effects disappeared when verbal information conveyed the appropriate
      response. These findings indicate that feedback-related emotional processes
      modulate sensory-response translation processes within the right hemisphere.

PMID- 2280835
TI  - Mouth asymmetry upon repeating words. A controlled study of bipolarly depressive
      patients in the remitted euthymic state.
AB  - In view of previous research concerning the lateral bias of hand movements
      accompanying speech, it was postulated that patients with bipolar depression
      should differ from normal controls with respect to the asymmetry of mouth opening
      when repeating speech sounds. This hypothesis was confirmed. Our patient group,
      consisting of 29 remitted euthymic out-patients, did not show the greater right
      sided mouth opening characteristic of the gender-matched normal controls.

PMID- 2280836
TI  - Memory for temporal order and conditional associative-learning in patients with
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - The performance of Parkinson's patients was compared to that of normal controls
      on memory for temporal order and conditional associative-learning tasks, each of
      which is sensitive to frontal-lobe dysfunction. Memory for temporal order
      involved reconstructing the presentation order of each of a series of drawings,
      words and designs. Recognition of similar stimuli was also examined. Parkinson's
      patients exhibited poor memory for the relative temporal relations between
      stimuli, though no group differences were observed in the number of stimuli
      placed in the correct position. Recognition was intact in the Parkinson's
      patients, and an absence of correlation between performance on the recognition
      and temporal order tasks indicates that the poor memory for temporal order is not
      simply a function of degraded memory for the individual stimuli. The conditional
      associative-learning task required subjects to learn, either by trial-and-error
      or with immediate correction, numbers paired with drawings, designs or spatial
      locations. Parkinson's patients were impaired only when learning by trial-and
      error was required. Results suggest that the strategic retrieval processes
      involved in both memory for temporal order and learning conditional associations
      by trial-and-error depend on the integrity of the fronto-striatal system, which
      is known to be affected in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2280837
TI  - EEG alpha asymmetries in stutterers and non-stutterers: effects of linguistic
      variables on hemispheric processing and fluency.
AB  - The EEG hemispheric alpha asymmetry technique was used to gather data from
      anterior and posterior language areas during a resting condition and in a
      sentence repetition task. Subjects were nine adult stuttering males and nine
      adult fluent male controls. Sentences were controlled for imagery, syntactic
      complexity, and rate. Significant within- and between-groups differences were
      found for both resting and testing conditions. Posteriorly, stutterers showed no
      differences between resting and testing conditions, while controls showed
      increased left hemisphere activation. Of the linguistic variables investigated,
      only imagery was involved in a significant interaction. Fluent males showed
      greater posterior left hemispheric activation for high and low visual imagery
      sentences, compared to greater posterior right hemispheric activation in
      stuttering males. Significantly greater alpha power was found for low vs high
      imagery sentences in the anterior and posterior left hemisphere sites for both
      subject groups, and in the right hemisphere sites for the stuttering group only.
      Fluency data is presented. Differences between groups in alpha power changes from
      resting to testing conditions are discussed.

PMID- 2280839
TI  - The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of
      spondylodiscitis.
AB  - Spondylodiscitis is a well-known as well unavoidable complication of lumbar disc
      surgery. For diagnosis typical clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedures such
      as x-ray and scintigram are important but MRI proved to be the most sensitive and
      reliable. However, meaningful results can only be obtained with MRI if the
      measurement parameters are carefully considered, where by the field strength of
      the magnet plays a subordinate role. Therapy of spondylodiscitis using a light
      cast corset is described and it's advantages over other methods are shown.

PMID- 2280838
TI  - Disturbance of rhythm sense following right hemisphere damage.
AB  - In a patient with right temporal lobe and additional right basal ganglia damage
      following a stroke, recognition and reproduction of simple rhythmical Gestalten
      were examined and found grossly undisturbed. In contrast to this undisturbed
      perception and production of rhythm, the patient could not tap or move
      rhythmically in beat with an auditory pacer such as a metronome or marching band
      music, yet he could do so to rhythmically presented light or touch stimuli. Thus,
      the impairment seems to be a previously undescribed, modality specific
      disturbance of auditorily paced predictive motor behaviour affecting, for
      example, walking, dancing, singing and speech.

PMID- 2280841
TI  - Significance of eosinophilic granulocytes in chronic subdural hematomas.
AB  - Despite a number of studies on infiltration of eosinophilic granulocytes into the
      outer membrane of chronic subdural hematomas, the significance of this phenomenon
      is not clear. We investigated histologically the membranes of 40 patients with
      chronic subdural encapsulated hematoma. Infiltrations with eosinophilic
      leucocytes were found in the granulation tissue of the inner layer of the outer
      membrane, either diffuse and sporadic (12 cases) or as massive agglomerations (28
      cases). Fifty percent of the patients with marked infiltrations were between 61
      and 80 years old. In 5 cases Charcot-Leyden crystals were identified. The
      numerous functions of the eosinophils play a more important role in repair than
      in maintenance of fluidity of hematomas.

PMID- 2280840
TI  - Neural tissue compatibility of Teflon as an implant material for microvascular
      decompression.
AB  - Teflon is utilized in neurosurgery as well as in plastic, vascular and heart
      surgery. Although the effect of Teflon on different types of cells and tissues
      has been previously studied, we are not aware of any study in which the effect of
      Teflon was tested on cells of the central nervous system. We have therefore
      examined the tissue compatibility of spongy and fibrous Teflon by directly
      exposing the Teflon to dissociated cerebellar cells containing both glia and
      neurons in tissue culture. Daily examination of the growth of the cells adjacent
      to Teflon fibers using an inverted phase contrast microscope revealed that Teflon
      has little or no effect on the growth of these cells. When the cells are fixed
      after 7 days in culture and stained by the Jenner-Giemsa method, adhesion of both
      glia and neurons to the surface of the Teflon was seen. Attachment of neural
      cells to the Teflon was not extensive, as was shown by indirect
      immunofluorescence technique in connection with double-label staining with
      antiGFAP as glia marker and anti-M6 as mouse neuron marker. Thus, these
      experiments show that Teflon is relatively inert when used as an implant in the
      central nervous system.

PMID- 2280842
TI  - Intracranial arterial aneurysms in children. Clinical, neuroradiological and
      histological findings.
AB  - Of our five cases of intracranial arterial aneurysms in children, there were two
      typical saccular aneurysms and three with fusiform or large peripheral vascular
      anomalies. Angiographic and histological examinations pointed to an additional
      arteriovenous malformation in the area of the aneurysm in two cases, combined in
      a third case with a cutaneous hemangioma of the brow. Other characteristics were
      typical of aneurysms in children such as low frequency, male preponderance, and
      location at the internal carotid artery bifurcation. Large peripheral aneurysms
      are not unusual in childhood. However, neuroradiological and neuropathological
      criteria reveal that such 'aneurysms' are often part of a complex arteriovenous
      malformation as has been presumed by some authors.

PMID- 2280844
TI  - Glossopharyngeal neuralgia associated with an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid
      gland. Case report.
AB  - A case of an idiopathic glossopharyngeal neuralgia associated with an
      autoimmunological disorder of the thyroid gland is reported here. The
      relationship between these two diseases is discussed. In conclusion we propose
      that in all cases of idiopathic glossopharyngeal neuralgia metabolic and
      autoimmunological disorders of the thyroid should be considered.

PMID- 2280843
TI  - Long-term follow-up of infratentorial pilocytic astrocytomas.
AB  - We present the data of 99 patients operated on for infratentorial pilocytic
      astrocytoma from 1955 to 1980 at the Neurosurgical Department of the University
      of Hamburg/West Germany. Twenty-two patients had died. From 56 patients long-term
      follow-up was obtained. A comparison was done for patients either operated on
      until 1969 or since 1970, the time when microscopes had been introduced into the
      operation theatre. The mortality rate clearly dropped with the beginning of the
      "microsurgical era", certainly due to other improvements as well, e. g.
      neurosurgical intensive care. The drop in mortality was not accompanied by an
      improvement in outcome. Future perspectives of possibly further improving the
      therapy of pilocytic astrocytomas are outlined.

PMID- 2280845
TI  - [Non-invasive monitoring of hemodynamic profile during general anesthesia].
AB  - This article presents a general vision of a new non-invasive cardiovascular
      monitoring technique applied to patients during general anaesthesia. This method
      employs an esophageal eco-Doppler, able to supply a continuous measurement of the
      aortic diameter (eco-TM) and of the velocity of aortic blood flow (pulsed
      Doppler) for the calculation of aortic output; a monitor to survey the ECG and a
      noninvasive device for the measurement of blood pressure. The resulting data,
      opportunely processed by the computer, supply the values of aortic output, of
      systemic peripheral resistances and of stroke volume. The last two parameters are
      indexed with aortic output. Through the computer analysis of ECG and of the
      aortic velocity curve, it is possible to trace back the systolic time intervals
      and find out the left ventricular ejection time, the pre-ejection period and the
      electromechanical systole. All these values are indexed with heart rate. The
      validation of this method gave good results. The comparison between aortic
      output, measured by the eco-Doppler, and the value obtained with the
      thermodilution gave a correlation of r = 0.97, and comparing it with the one
      obtained with the electromagnetic ring, the correlation was r = 0.96. The aortic
      diameter was calculated with computerized tomography and the correlation between
      the two diameters resulted in 0.978. This method is quite useful because it
      supplies continuous parameters in an automatic and noninvasive way. Therefore it
      is possible, through a compete hemodynamic profile, to diagnose the variations
      and control the evolutions of the hemodynamic profile induced by the
      therapeutical treatments, on the basis of a correct physiopathological
      interpretation.

PMID- 2280846
TI  - [Low T3 syndrome (3,3',5-triiodothyronine) in relation to the extent of surgical
      trauma].
AB  - Thirty patients undergoing extra-thyroid surgery were divided into two groups (A
      and B) according to the extent of surgical stress (Group A: major surgery; Group
      B; minor surgery). Thyroid hormone levels were measured before the operation and
      up to the 3rd postoperative day in Group B and up to the 7th postoperative day in
      Group A. A low T3 syndrome was observed in all 30 patients examined of the first
      postoperative day (reduction of T3 and increase in rT3 without alterations of
      total thyroxin or signs of hypothyroidism) with normalisation of thyroid values
      by 3rd postoperative in Group B and later in Group A. The persistence of the
      syndrome in the latter group was due to the extent of surgical stress, the
      duration of anesthesia, the presence of stress factors such as staying in
      intensive therapy, painful symptoms and a negative energy balance during the
      first days following operation. This syndrome is indicative of a physiological
      adaptation process to reduce O2 consumption, basal metabolism and in particular
      protein catabolism.

PMID- 2280847
TI  - [Quality of reawakening and dismissal after anesthesia with various techniques
      for minor surgical intervention. Clinical and medico-legal aspects].
AB  - Different drug combinations were compared in order to assess the quality of
      anesthesiological control, tolerability and the speed of reawakening and recovery
      of self-sufficiency in 60 patients undergoing minor surgery. Propofol, combined
      with fentanyl and N2O due to its inadequate analgesic cover, showed a quickness
      of action with scarse side-effects, prompt reawakening and rapid recovery of
      deambulatory self-sufficiency in comparison to the associations of
      thiopentonefentanyl and thiopentone-isoflurane, thus indicating its preferential
      use in short surgical operations which can be carried out under a day hospital
      regimen. In addition, some medico-legal aspects of dimissional of recent
      developments regarding professional responsibility.

PMID- 2280848
TI  - [Methylprednisolone sodium succinate in the profile of respiratory complications
      after thoracic surgical intervention].
AB  - Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) was compared in a randomized double
      blind study to placebo in the prevention of respiratory complications in 40
      patients submitted to thoracic surgery. The results indicate that the patients
      who received MPSS showed a lower incidence of respiratory complications, adverse
      reactions, chest pain and metabolic acidosis.

PMID- 2280849
TI  - [Analgesic treatment of paresthetic meralgia. Observation of 12 clinical cases ].
AB  - The Author report the personal experience of 12 clinical cases of "meralgia
      paresthetica", an unusual neurological disease of the lateral femorocutaneous
      nerve of the thigh often accompained by strong pain, disesthesia and other
      similar symptoms. The block of the nerve is done with a "nerve detector"
      connected to a special needle and with the administration of a mixture of
      bupivacaine 1% with glucose (hyperbaric) and a fluorurate steroid, the
      triamcinolone acetonide. The results obtained with this technique appear to be
      better than a similar block without the "nerve detector" and a mixture of
      bupivacaine 0.5% and acetate metylprednisolone. Moreover the fenolic block of two
      particular cases resistant to any kind of therapy are described.

PMID- 2280850
TI  - [Tranylcypromine and general anesthesia. Description of a clinical case].
AB  - The Authors report a collapsial reaction during general anaesthesia for total hip
      replacement in a patient treated with tranylcipromine, an inhibitor of MAO, as
      antidepressant agent. She had discontinued drug intake eight days before.
      Nevertheless a serious collapsial reaction appeared in association with general
      anaesthesia. It would be suitable, in their opinion, to stop antidepressant
      therapy with tranylcipromine at least three weeks (like with other IMAO) before
      general anaesthesia.

PMID- 2280851
TI  - [Hemorrhages of the upper gastrointestinal tract. A comparison of the diagnostic
      accuracy between endoscopic and radiological examinations].
AB  - One hundred and forty-eight patients admitted for upper gastrointestinal
      hemorrhage, but excluding esophageal varices, underwent optic fibre gastroscopy
      at the time of admission and were then examined using a barium meal after a 24-48
      h interval. The aim of the study was to compare the sensitivity, specificity and
      diagnostic accuracy of the two tests. A correct diagnosis was obtained using both
      procedures in 58.2% of cases. Endoscopy provided an accurate diagnosis in 35.1%
      of patients, whereas gastrointestinal x-rays showed the exact site of the lesion
      in only 6.7% of cases. Endoscopy had a sensitivity of 92.5% compared with 60.7%
      for the barium meal. Endoscopy also had a higher level of specificity (100%)
      versus the barium meal (33.3%). The results obtained from the pathological
      examination of specimens confirmed the accuracy of endoscopy. In conclusion,
      early endoscopy is a reliable procedure in the emergency assessment of the
      hemorrhaging patient; routine x-ray examination does not appear to add additional
      information and may be reserved for subsequent use if endoscopy gives doubtful or
      misleading indications of the site of bleeding.

PMID- 2280852
TI  - [Endarterectomy of the internal carotid. Clinical experience].
AB  - The authors report a clinical experience on 37 internal carotid endarterectomies
      of 33 patients classified as: group A (asymptomatic patients); 4 patients (13%),
      group B (RIA); 9 patients (27%), group C (stabilized neurological lesions); 19
      patients (56%), group D (acute cerebral ischemia): 1 patient (3%). Sixteen
      thromboendarterectomies (43%) were carried on for the prophylaxis of neurological
      lesions, 20 (54%) to increase and balance the cerebral blood flow in patients
      with stable neurological lesions, 1 (3%) for acute cerebral ischemia. The overall
      operative mortality was 6%, the operative morbidity was 22%. The clinical follow
      up concerned 26 patients: the overall mortality was 19%: in survivors the late
      results were excellent. The rate of postoperative stenosis was 18%: 80% of these
      arteries had been treated without a patch angioplasty.

PMID- 2280853
TI  - [Stripping of the internal and external saphenous veins in a day hospital].
AB  - The procedure used to carry out internal and external saphenectomy operations in
      a day-hospital is described. The choice of cases is conditioned by phlebographic
      examination, and by talks between patients, anaesthetist and surgeon. Anaesthesia
      is local and general at the time of stripping. The technique is the classical one
      of saphenectomy according to the school of Edmondo Malan, with some variations.

PMID- 2280854
TI  - [The correction of malformations of the internal carotid. A technical note].
AB  - A technical variation for the treatment of certain internal carotid malformations
      such as lengthening, bending and volvulus is reported. The variation consists in
      the creation of a "neobifurcation" that offers haemodynamic conditions very close
      to those of anatomical bifurcation.

PMID- 2280855
TI  - [Defibrotide and heparin in the prevention of deep venous thromboses. A
      controlled study].
AB  - Forty-one surgical patients at risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were treated
      with defibrotide (400 mg/b.i.d./i.v.) or with heparin (5000 UI/t.i.d./s.c.).
      Neither DVT nor pulmonary embolism was evidenced. In the heparin group the
      healing rate was longer and during the first three days bleeding from the
      surgical wound was more pronounced. In particular one patient of the heparin
      group had to interrupt the treatment for haemorrhage.

PMID- 2280856
TI  - [Idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the esophagus. A report of a symptomatic
      case].
AB  - A case of idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the esophagus in a 55 years old
      woman with a two months history of dysphagia is presented. Radiological,
      esophagoscopic and CT scanning appearance was of an infiltrating process, but
      intraoperative histological examination revealed the benign feature of the
      lesion. Thus adequate surgical treatment was performed.

PMID- 2280857
TI  - [The Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. Postgonococcal perihepatitis].
AB  - A case of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (post gonococcal perihepatitis) is reported.
      The patient proved to be affected by a typical case of the syndrome and the
      approach used concentrated on an accurate diagnosis and immediate therapy carried
      out during laparoscopic examination. A control examination after approximately
      one month confirmed the resolution of both perihepatitis and symptoms. The
      patient is now in good health some three years following the operation.

PMID- 2280858
TI  - [Carcinoid associated with pancreatic heterotopia in Meckel's diverticulum. The
      clinical, morphological and ultrastructural aspects of a case].
AB  - A case of carcinoid tumor associated with pancreatic heterotopy in Meckel's
      diverticulum, in a 35 years old man is presented. The lesion was not grossly
      evident. The diagnosis was suspected on histological examination, and confirmed
      by electron microscopy.

PMID- 2280859
TI  - [Fistula as a complication of inflammatory and neoplastic pathology of the
      colon].

PMID- 2280860
TI  - [Necrosis of the transverse colon: a rare complication acute necrotic-hemorrhagic
      pancreatitis].

PMID- 2280861
TI  - [A rare case of retroperitoneal tumor: malignant schwannoma].

PMID- 2280863
TI  - [Traumatic perforation of the duodenum. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems].
AB  - The treatment of traumatic ruptures of the duodenum is one of the greatest
      controversies in surgery. The injury mechanisms, diagnostic criteria and factors
      underlying the prognosis are analysed and indications suggested for the various
      types of intervention. The problem relating to the operating technique are
      specified.

PMID- 2280862
TI  - [The clinical relevance of epidemiology in the surgical treatment of esophageal
      carcinoma].
AB  - The paper reports the epidemiology and causal factors of esophageal carcinoma,
      and compares the authors' personal experience with already published data. The
      clinical importance of epidemiology is stressed as a means of identifying risk
      factors for esophageal carcinoma, thus aiding an early diagnosis. The authors
      underline the central role of surgery in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 2280864
TI  - [Extended and palliative surgery in the treatment of gastric cancer in advanced
      stage].
AB  - Five hundred and fifty patients operated between 1965 and 1983 for stomach
      carcinoma were included in the study. Of these, 244 (44.4%) underwent extended
      (54 patients) or palliative surgery (190 patients) due to the extragastric
      diffusion of the neoplasia. Global postoperative mortality for patients
      undergoing extended surgery was 16.7% and the five-year survival rate was 18.5%;
      in the case of those undergoing palliative surgery the postoperative mortality
      rate was 30.5% and the two-year survival rate was 14% for resection and 4% for
      derivatives. Patients who underwent a derivative operation showed an easing of
      symptoms and an improved quality of life. On the basis of these results the
      Authors consider that the possibility of extended surgery should still be
      carefully evaluated in patients in whom a stomach tumour has exceeded the gastric
      boundary, irrespective of its extent, since the limit of radical surgery is not
      related to the extension of surgical demolition but to the entity of the
      extragastric diffusion of the neoplasia. In addition, surgical abstention is not
      always justified even in patients in whom surgery cannot be curative since a 10%
      five-year survival rate was observed in patients undergoing palliative resection.

PMID- 2280865
TI  - [Endometriosis].
AB  - On the basis of two recently treated cases of endometriosis, the main aspects of
      this unusual pathology are examined; in particular its aetiopathogenesis,
      clinical picture and treatment still provide reasons of uncertainty. On the basis
      of an albeit limited experience, stress is laid on the importance of radical
      surgery, the only way to resolve the situation. Medical or conservative surgical
      measures are left to the early stages of the disease.

PMID- 2280866
TI  - [Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax].
AB  - Following an analysis of current treatment strategies for spontaneous
      pneumothorax and their surrounding controversies, the paper reports the Authors'
      personal experience. From 1 January 1984 to 31 December 1989 a total of 76 cases
      of spontaneous pneumothorax were treated, of which 3 were bilateral. The M:F
      ratio was 9:1 and the age of patients ranged between 16 and 77 years (mean age
      39.2); 22 cases were relapses (27.8%). Conservative therapy was used in 12 cases
      (15.1%); pleural drainage was introduced in 54 cases (68.3%) for a mean of 7.5
      days. Fourteen thoracotomies were performed in 13 patients (10.4%): bullectomy
      was performed 10 times with stapler, whereas pleurodesis was obtained in 9 cases
      using pleural abrasion and in 5 cases using apical pleurectomy plus pleural
      abrasion. Axillary thoracotomy at the 5th space was most commonly used. No major
      complications were observed during the postoperative period and, in spite of the
      minimum follow-up of 3 months, no cases of relapse were observed in operated
      patients.

PMID- 2280867
TI  - [A case of leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine. Clinical and anatomopathologic
      considerations].
AB  - Leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine is a malignant mesenchymal tumour composed
      of smooth muscle cells from the muscular coat or, rarely, from muscularis
      mucosae, which in the majority of cases is characterised by a clinically silent
      development and by an unfavorable prognosis. The considerable difficulty of
      obtaining a histological definition of the degree of malignancy of the
      leiomyosarcoma is also typical. The paper reports a clinical case and summarises
      its main clinical and anatomopathological aspects. In particular, the
      difficulties of clinical and histological diagnosis of the degree of malignancy
      are underlined, together with the fact that these have a considerable influence
      on the possibilities and results of surgical therapy and survival rates.

PMID- 2280868
TI  - [Traumatic perforation of the duodenum: report of 5 cases].
AB  - The results of surgery in 5 cases of traumatic rupture of the duodenum are
      presented. The site of the laceration, the time between trauma and operation,
      associated lesions, diagnostic routine and type of operation are specified. The
      mortality encountered (40%) should be related to the seriousness of the lesions.

PMID- 2280869
TI  - [Double hydatid cyst of the liver, one of them with a fistula and causing
      stenosis of the pyloric canal associated with calculous cholecystitis].
AB  - A case of double hydatid cyst of the liver (one fistulised into the pyloric canal
      where it had caused stenosis) and its association with calculous cholecystitis is
      reported. The therapy chosen to treat this rare phenomenon had a very
      satisfactory outcome in view of the complexity of the case given the need to
      perform several operations in contemporary (enucleation of the cyst, gastric
      resection and cholecystectomy) and the age of the patient.

PMID- 2280870
TI  - [Campylobacter pylori (C. pylori): an occasional finding or a constant
      pathogenetic factor in peptic and inflammatory gastroduodenal pathology? Personal
      observations].
AB  - The detection of CP in the mucosa of the gastric antrum had led to the
      supposition of this bacterium's potential pathogenetic role in the onset and
      continuation of peptic ulcer and/or inflammatory gastroduodenal disease. After
      reviewing the literature, the Authors report the incidence rate of the presence
      of C.P. in the mucosa of the gastric antrum in 110 symptomatic patients.
      Endoscopic examination revealed a negative diagnosis, or the presence of gastric
      and/or duodenal ulcer, or aspecific inflammatory disease. C.P. was detected using
      the quick urea test and histomorphological analysis after modified Giemsa
      staining on bioptic endoscopic specimens. C.P. were present in 86.6% of duodenal
      ulcers, 94.8% of gastro-duodenal inflammation, and 29.4% of endoscopical normal
      patients. These results confirm that C.P. should not be considered an occasional
      finding but almost a constant factors. The importance of performing the quick
      urea test during endoscopic examination is underlined, since if positive an
      appropriate therapeutic protocol can be started as soon as possible.

PMID- 2280871
TI  - [Primary esophageal motility disorders: medical treatment].
AB  - Primary esophageal motility disorders consist of a complex group of motor
      disturbances, affecting the characteristics of esophageal contractions,
      occurrence of peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter function. The medical
      treatment is still challenging because of the absence, except for Achalasia, of
      generally agreed criteria for diagnosis and the still unresolved relationship
      between esophageal symptoms and some motor abnormalities. In Achalasia, the
      medical therapy does not constitute a main role and should be reserved to
      selected conditions. Current medical therapies for Diffuse Esophageal Spasm and
      Esophageal Chest Pain are often considered less than satisfactory, however, a
      better physiopathological knowledge of these conditions might produce a more
      appropriate therapeutic management of the patients with continual and disabling
      symptoms.

PMID- 2280873
TI  - [Criteria of diagnostic evaluation and results of surgical treatment in chronic
      pancreatitis].
AB  - Correct diagnostic evaluation of chronic pancreatitis pictures must of necessity
      be directed to recognition of recurrent and stable forms and identification of
      the pathogenetic cause of the clinical forms. This objective seems to be achieved
      more than satisfactions by the diagnostic protocol employed personally, the first
      stages of which include X-ray of the abdomen for the identification of possible
      pancreatic calcification, ultrasonography and computed axial tomography for the
      analysis of organ's morphology and structure, intestinal absorption and
      pharmacodynamic tests of the papillary excretory complex for the evaluation of
      functional state of the pancreas. At a second time, this diagnostic protocol
      includes endoscopic pancreatography for the analysis of the excretory duct and
      identification of possible calcareous concretions in its lumen, and district
      angiography, for information on the extreme viscero-vascular implications and the
      possibility of coexistence of district portal hypertension pictures. The
      resulting information dominates therapeutic choices by indicating the usefulness
      of performing a papillo-sphincteroplasty to handle the biliary aetiology in
      recurrent forms and Wirsung septoplasty for ductal ostial stenoses. The choice of
      shunts and resections is confirmed to the stable forms, with the use of the
      former in the event of ductal dilatation and of the latter in the absence of this
      and in the presence of more or less marked gland fibrosis. Derivative procedures
      also control treatment of chronic post-pancreatitis pseudocyst, with a clear-cut
      prevalence of cysto-gastric shunts over all the other possibilities.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2280874
TI  - [Chronic generalized skin diseases caused by food intolerance to nickel salts].
AB  - A group of patients with a patch-test positive to nickel sulphate, was selected
      within a population suffering from pseudo-allergic chronic cutaneous
      manifestations. On the ground of the results of dietary restriction and oral
      challenge, the Authors reach the conclusion that the intolerance to nickel salts
      is to be considered in these patients the mayor factor in the development of skin
      disorders.

PMID- 2280872
TI  - [Prognosis of colorectal tumors in patients with synchronous polyps].
AB  - A retrospective study was carried out in 110 patients who underwent colon
      resection for cancer of the colon-rectum. Polypoid formation reappeared in 10
      (21.5%) patients in whom synchronous polyps were found around carcinoma during
      initial staging; during the follow-up polyps were only found in 3% of patients in
      whom synchronous polyps had not been documented. A similar ratio was found in the
      incidence of neoplastic recurrences which was greater (14%) in patients with
      synchronous polyps. This incidence was higher in cases with multiple polyps
      and/or polyps larger than 2 cm in size, and in relation to their histological
      type. The authors suggest that a more comprehensive operation, for example
      subtotal colectomy, should be performed in patients at greater risk to develop a
      second primary carcinoma, and/or that a particularly careful post-operative
      follow-up should be carried out in these patients.

PMID- 2280875
TI  - [Disease as a biological event].
AB  - The paper discusses the general concept of disease on which modern medicine is
      founded. Following a brief historical review of the various ideas which have been
      put forward over the centuries, the paper focuses on the concept of "homeostasis"
      and the "body's adaptation to the environment", demonstrating that the latter is
      an absolutely fundamental aspect for the continuation and transmission of life.
      The Authors sustain that our current use of the term "disease" is both vague and
      ambiguous, and that the concept of disease cannot be separated from that of
      hoemostasis and adaptation to the environment. In conclusion, disease represents
      an alteration of the living body's homeostatic mechanisms which impede normal
      physiological functions and make the body less able or incapable to adapt to
      environmental changes, thus leading to morphological, biochemical and
      physiological damage. In line with Konrad Lorenz's affirmations, it is clear that
      "pairs of concepts like 'healthy and ill', 'normal and pathological', can only be
      defined on the basis of a greater or lesser possibility of survival which every
      individual quality offers a living organism within a given environment". In
      addition, whereas physiological phenomena are characterised by a clear end
      (telos), pathological phenomena are closely linked to the difficulty of attaining
      this end. Other theses regarding the concept of disease are discussed in the
      second half of the paper: a) that disease represents a morphological alteration
      at a tissue or cellular level; b) that disease may be identified as subjective
      suffering; c) that disease is a purely physiological and chemical event; d) that
      disease is a bio-psychosocial phenomenon. The problems concerning all these
      hypotheses are analysed and it is underlined that disease above all represents a
      biological event marked by functional changes, which interrupts the coordination
      of vital activities and impedes the conservation of life.

PMID- 2280876
TI  - [Antiemetic properties of levo-sulpiride].
AB  - Levo-sulpiride is a substituted benzamide with antiemetic activity 3-8 times more
      potent than the racemic form and the d-isomer. Its mode of action is partially
      central (inhibition of dopaminergic receptors at the trigger zone for vomiting)
      and partially peripheral (normalization of motor activity of stomach and gall
      bladder). The drug was found effective in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced
      and post-operative vomiting as well as in the treatment of nausea and vomiting
      during hepatic, biliary and gastroduodenal disorders, organic and functional
      dyspepsia, motion sickness and vertigo. Levo-sulpiride is at least as effective
      as domperidone, antihistamines and neuroleptic agents. Compared with the latter
      drugs and with d-sulpiride and the racemus, l-sulpiride is much better tolerated.
      Drowsiness is reported only at high doses, and no clinical signs of
      hyperprolactinaemia are observed, even after prolonged treatment.

PMID- 2280877
TI  - [Clinical test on the efficacy of lincomycin administered by aerosol in acute
      sinusitis].
AB  - Twenty-seven patients with acute sinusitis have been treated with lincomycin by
      aerosol 600 mg once a day for 6 days. The evaluations have been made in
      accordance with resolution of the clinical symptoms and radiological pictures.
      The trial has shown a marked reduction of the symptoms after only 3 days of
      treatment and almost total disappearance at the final control. Lincomycin proved
      to be effective and well tolerated in all patients.

PMID- 2280878
TI  - [Ethics committees: international experience and of the National Institute for
      cancer research of Genoa].
AB  - The aim of the present study is to describe the constitutions and functions of
      Ethics Committees and Institutional Review Boards. In particular, the experience
      of the National Institute for Cancer Research of Genoa in which the Authors carry
      out their activity is presented.

PMID- 2280879
TI  - [Clinical course of HIV infection in a cohort of 100 drug addicts in prison from
      1984 to 1988].
AB  - A population of 100 drug addicts, two of whom were homosexual, all of them jailed
      has been considered. Patients were admitted on more than one occasion to a
      specially equipped ward for jailed patients at the "Amedeo di Savoia" of USL 4 of
      Turin. The clinical course of the condition brought on by HIV infection was
      compared with a similar sample of non-imprisoned subjects. In conclusion, some
      socio-assistential operative proposals for responding to the clinico-therapeutic,
      psychological and socio-familial needs of such patients are reported.

PMID- 2280880
TI  - [Clinico-epidemiologic study on the significance of various echographic signs in
      the diagnosis of thyroid diseases].
AB  - Randomised data on the epidemiology of thyroid cancer and the behaviour of a
      certain number of patients are presented. The survey also incorporated an
      assessment of thyroid echographic scans that reveal certain more frequent signs
      that might serve as preoperative diagnostic indicators of neoplasia.

PMID- 2280881
TI  - [Granuloma of the cecum].
AB  - The clinical problems facing the medical practitioner in the presence of an
      aspecific granuloma of the caecum were studied. Clinical and aetiopathogenic
      aspects are analysed as are the indications for surgery. The difficulty of
      diagnosis and the importance of histopathological assessment for accurate
      diagnosis are emphasised.

PMID- 2280882
TI  - [Renovascular hypertension: a clinical dilemma].
AB  - The case of a 63-year-old patient in whom serious hypertension of recent onset
      was recalcitrant to conventional anti-hypertensive therapy is reported. Clinical
      and biohumoral data suggested a form of nephro-vascular hypertension. This
      clinical case led to a review of the clinical and diagnostic criteria of this by
      means rare form of secondary hypertension. The correctness of the diagnostic and
      therapeutic approach was confirmed by the normalisation of plasma renin levels
      and by the good control of arterial pressure after right nephrectomy (rendered
      indispensable after the angiographic finding of complete stenosis of the right
      renal artery).

PMID- 2280883
TI  - [Multiple retrofascial abscesses caused by staphylococcal sepsis].
AB  - A case of multiple retrofacial abscesses (left psoas and left paraspinal muscles)
      due to septic embolization probably arising from a staphylococcus aureus
      infection of a phlebopathic ulcer of the leg is reported. The Authors stress the
      pathogenetic rarity of the clinical picture, the usefulness of computed
      tomography for a correct diagnosis and for the follow-up of the treatment's
      efficacy, the favourable clinical course with medical therapy.

PMID- 2280885
TI  - Effects of postsynaptic depolarization in the induction of synaptic depression
      between a granule cell and a Purkinje cell in rat cerebellar culture.
AB  - In a previous paper it has been reported that the repetitive conjunctive
      stimulation of both a granule cell and an inferior-olivary neuron depresses the
      synaptic transmission between a cerebellar granule cell and a Purkinje cell, and
      the repetitive stimulation of only a granule cell potentiates the transmission in
      a simple culture preparation. This paper demonstrates, by experiments controlling
      the membrane potential of a postsynaptic Purkinje cell, that the postsynaptic
      depolarization of a Purkinje cell during activation of a granule cell is both
      necessary and sufficient to induce the depression, and that the potentiation is
      induced without the postsynaptic depolarization.

PMID- 2280884
TI  - [A case of acute rhabdomyolysis and acute renal insufficiency caused by the
      simultaneous use of furosemide and bezafibrate].
AB  - A case of rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure associated with bezafibrate and
      furosemide treatment is reported. The possible interaction between these drugs in
      determining myopathic toxicity is underlined.

PMID- 2280886
TI  - Respiratory modulation of pre- and postganglionic lumbar vasomotor sympathetic
      neurons in the rat.
AB  - The respiratory contribution to the activity of lumbar vasomotor pre- and
      postganglionic neurons was compared with previously reported respiratory patterns
      in the activity of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM-SE). Two
      patterns of respiratory modulation were observed characterized by (1) a
      depression of activity during inspiration and a postinspiratory peak (n = 19),
      and (2) a peak of activity during inspiration (n = 3). These patterns were
      similar to those previously reported in RVLM-SE neurons. The latency from the
      phrenic burst to the onset of respiratory modulation was consistent with the
      conduction time from the RVLM to the sympathetic chain. This suggests that
      respiratory modulation observed in lumbar sympathetic activity originates, in
      part, in RVLM-SE neurons.

PMID- 2280887
TI  - Safety aspects of transcranial brain stimulation in man tested by single photon
      emission-computed tomography.
AB  - Single photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) using 99mTc-labelled
      hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO), a new method to visualize regional
      cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and epileptogenic foci, was used to study acute and
      long-term effects of transcranial brain stimulation. Magnetic and electric brain
      stimulation increase rCBF not more than voluntary muscle activation mimicking the
      motor effects of transcranial brain stimulation. Focal rCBF increase, typical for
      epileptogenic foci, or other pathological findings could not be detected even
      when the subject had received several thousand stimulations in the past.
      Transcranial brain stimulation does not produce rCBF patterns indicating acute or
      chronic adverse effects.

PMID- 2280888
TI  - Synthesis and release of acetylcholine by cultured bovine arterial endothelial
      cells.
AB  - Using cultured endothelial cells prepared from bovine carotid artery, and a
      specific radioimmunoassay for acetylcholine (ACh), the synthesis and release of
      ACh by vascular endothelial cells were investigated directly. ACh content in the
      culture medium after 24 h of incubation in the presence of isoflurophate, a
      nonspecific cholinesterase inhibitor, was about 16 times higher than that in
      endothelial cells, indicating that ACh synthesized inside the cells was released
      rapidly. The presence of ACh in the culture medium was further confirmed
      qualitatively using high-performance liquid chromatography with an electrocapture
      detection. These results represent the first direct evidence that endothelial
      cells can synthesize and release ACh, suggesting the possibility that ACh acts
      not only as a neurotransmitter but also as an autacoid under certain conditions.

PMID- 2280889
TI  - Non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists are potent activators of ventral
      tegmental A10 dopamine neurons.
AB  - The response of ventral tegmental (VTA) A10 dopamine neurons to a series of
      compounds covering the spectrum from high-affinity phencyclidine receptor ligands
      (MK-801, PCP) to high-affinity sigma-receptor ligands [+)-pentazocine, DTG) was
      measured using single-unit extracellular recording techniques in the rat. Dose
      response comparisons revealed that MK-801 was 3, 6, 19 and 119 times more potent
      at activating A10 neurons than PCP, (+)-SKF-10,047, ketamine and (+)-pentazocine,
      respectively. DTG (1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine), the most selective sigma-ligand, and
      U50,488H, a kappa-opiate, failed to produce any stimulation of firing. Also,
      pretreatment with haloperidol, a potent sigma-receptor ligand, did not prevent MK
      801-induced excitations. Thus, the activation of the A10-mesolimbic-mesocortical
      dopamine pathways by PCP, PCP-like drugs and sigma-psychotomimetics is mediated
      by the PCP receptor, not the haloperidol-sensitive sigma-receptor, with potencies
      directly correlated to their activity as non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) antagonists.

PMID- 2280890
TI  - Localization and synaptic effects of inhibitory vestibulocollic neurons activated
      by the posterior semicircular canal nerve in the cat.
AB  - Cellular locations, axonal projections, and synaptic effects of inhibitory
      vestibulocollic (VC) neurons activated by the ampullary nerve of the posterior
      semicircular canal (PCN) were studied in anesthetized cats. The inhibitory VC
      neurons were identified by their monosynaptic responses to PCN stimulation and by
      their antidromic responses to stimulation of the ipsilateral (i-) and
      contralateral (c-) neck extensor motoneuron pools, which are inhibitory targets
      of the PCN. They were classified as VCi (vestibulocollic neuron sending an axon
      to the i-neck extensor motoneuron pool) and VCc (vestibulocollic neuron sending
      an axon to the c-neck extensor motoneuron pool) neurons. Neither VCi nor VCc
      neurons were activated antidromically by localized stimulation of the ascending
      medial longitudinal fasciculus (asc. MLF) or the 3rd nuclei. Their cell somata
      were localized in the rostral part of the descending vestibular nucleus and the
      ventral part of the lateral vestibular nucleus. VCi and VCc neurons produced
      unitary IPSPs in neck extensor motoneurons in the C1 segment.

PMID- 2280891
TI  - Activation of supraoptic neurosecretory cells by osmotic stimulation of the
      median preoptic nucleus.
AB  - In urethane-anesthetized male rats extracellular recordings were obtained from
      neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) while each of electrical
      stimulation and local osmotic stimulation produced by pressure injection of
      hypertonic saline was applied to the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) or to the
      medial septal nucleus (MS). Electrical stimulation of the MnPO produced
      orthodromic excitation or initial inhibition followed by strong excitation in
      most SON cells (59/61), and local osmotic stimulation of the MnPO excited
      majority of cells (39/51). On the contrary, local osmotic stimulation of the MS
      did not excite SON cells, although electrical stimulation excited all the cells
      (5/5). The results suggest that the MnPO is one of the osmosensitive sites
      controlling electrical activity of SON neurosecretory cells.

PMID- 2280892
TI  - Estrogen-induced suppression of female rat forebrain neurons with axons to
      ventral midbrain.
AB  - In estrogen-treated and non-treated ovariectomized female rats under urethan
      anesthesia, 278 neurons were antidromically identified in the medial preoptic and
      other basal forebrain areas by electrical stimulation of their terminals in the
      ventral tegmental area. Responses from the estrogen-treated rats had a
      significantly higher threshold, longer latency and absolute refractory period
      than those from the non-treated rats. Estrogen may decrease excitability of the
      preoptic axons along its length.

PMID- 2280893
TI  - A pharmacological model of ischemia in the hippocampal slice.
AB  - The effects of various metabolic inhibitors on the time course of changes in
      membrane potential was studied using intracellular recordings from CA1
      hippocampal neurons in vitro. Concurrent application of cyanide and iodoacetic
      acid, agents which block oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis respectively,
      result in more rapid loss of membrane function than blockade of either pathway
      alone. This pharmacological regimen mimics the anoxia and the hypoglycemia
      encountered during ischemia in vivo, both in terms of the metabolic derangement
      as well as the time course of changes in membrane function. Thus, this treatment
      appears to represent a well-controlled pharmacological model of ischemia in
      vitro.

PMID- 2280894
TI  - Morphometric analysis of the developing optic nerve of the F1 heterotic mouse and
      its parental strains.
AB  - During the period of active myelination, the CNS of the F1 hybrid mouse, derived
      from DBA/2J (D2) and C57BL/6J (B6) parental strains, displays levels of myelin
      specific markers which are greater than in either parent. This so-called
      hypermyelination has been attributed to hybrid vigor or heterosis. Morphometric
      comparison of the optic nerves of F1 and parental strains revealed that the F1
      contains larger myelinated axons and fewer premyelinated axons. These
      observations suggest that, compared with its parental strains, the F1 hybrid
      shows an early onset and accelerated rate of myelination.

PMID- 2280895
TI  - Cholinergic stimulation enhances long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of rat
      hippocampus.
AB  - The effect of the cholinergic agonist carbachol on a putative substrate for
      memory (long-term potentiation; LTP) was investigated in slices of rat
      hippocampus (CA1 region). Carbachol (5 microM) increased LTP when the presynaptic
      depression of the EPSP was controlled. The results indicate that carbachol
      enhances the effectiveness of the tetanus, probably through postsynaptic
      mechanisms. This effect may have implications for the role of acetylcholine in
      memory and the use of cholinergics in memory disorders.

PMID- 2280896
TI  - [3H]arginine-vasopressin binding sites in the CNS of the golden hamster.
AB  - Tritiated arginine8-vasopressin [( 3H]AVP) was used to identify specific binding
      sites for this neuropeptide in the CNS of the golden hamster. [3H]AVP binding
      sites were concentrated in the dorsal, ventral and lateral septum, bed nucleus of
      the stria terminalis (BNST), central amygdala, hippocampus, dorsal thalamic
      nuclei, anterior cingulate gyrus and endopiriform nucleus. Septal-BNST [3H]AVP
      binding sites were further characterized using membrane preparations. Saturation
      analysis in septal-BNST membranes resulted in a Bmax of 12.4 +/- 0.82 fmol/mg
      protein and a Kd of 2.5 +/- 0.36 nM. Pharmacological studies indicate that the
      binding site in the septum-BNST membranes shows selectivity similar to a V1-type
      vasopressin receptor. Binding characteristics were similar to those obtained from
      crude septal membranes prepared from adult Long-Evans rat.

PMID- 2280897
TI  - Low dose, short term cyclosporin A does not protect the Schwann cells of
      allogeneic nerve grafts.
AB  - The question of whether Cyclosporin A, at the low doses reported to allow
      survival of nerve allografts, allows the allogeneic Schwann cells to survive has
      been investigated. Nerve allografts were inserted by microsurgical techniques
      into trembler mice treated with 10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg Cyclosporin A, daily for 12
      weeks post-operatively. Electrophysiological recordings were made one week prior
      to surgery, and at the end of the immunosuppression period, after which the
      grafts were processed for electron microscopy. All grafts showed signs of
      rejection and donor Schwann cells had been replaced by host cells. The results
      suggest that Cyclosporin A in these doses is insufficient to overcome rejection
      problems or to induce tolerance to donor Schwann cells.

PMID- 2280898
TI  - The identification of the motor nuclei innervating the tongue muscles in the
      mallard (Anas platyrhynchos); an HRP study.
AB  - Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry was used to identify the motoneurons
      innervating the tongue muscles in the mallard. Four nuclei are involved: the
      intermediate motor nucleus of N.VII innervating the stylohyoid, serpihyoid and
      ceratohyoid muscles, the retrofacial nucleus of N.IX innervating the m.
      geniohyoideus and the n. intermedius or motor nucleus of N.XII that innervates
      the mm. ceratoglossus and hyoglossus anterior and obliquus. The m.
      intermandibularis is innervated by a trigeminal motor subnucleus. There is no
      clear intranuclear organization. The results are summarized in Table I and
      discussed in connection with the role of each of the muscles during movements of
      the tongue.

PMID- 2280899
TI  - Protein kinase C is translocated to cell membranes during cerebral ischemia.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of PKC(alpha) and PKC(gamma) was studied in
      homogenates of cerebral cortex from rats subjected to 10 and 15 min of ischemia
      and 15 min of ischemia followed by 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days of
      reperfusion. During ischemia no significant changes in the levels of PKC (alpha)
      were seen. During the first hour of reperfusion, a transient 2.5-fold (P less
      than 0.05) increase in PKC (alpha) levels was observed in the particulate
      fraction. In contrast, a three-fold increase of PKC(gamma) in the particulate
      fraction concomitant with a 40% decrease in the cytosol was noted during
      ischemia. In the postischemic phase the levels in the cytosol decreased to 35% of
      control values at 2 days following ischemia, with a concomitant decrease in the
      particulate fraction to control levels. The redistribution of PKC to the cell
      membranes during and following ischemia could be due to ischemia induced receptor
      activation, increased levels of diacylglycerols, arachidonate and intracellular
      calcium, and may be of importance for the development of ischemic neuronal
      damage.

PMID- 2280900
TI  - Microdialysis studies on cortical noradrenaline release: basic characteristics,
      significance of extracellular calcium and massive post-mortem increase.
AB  - Extracellular noradrenaline was measured on-line in the cerebral cortex of the
      freely moving rat by microdialysis coupled to high performance liquid
      chromatography and electrochemical detection. High potassium concentrations in
      the perfusion fluid led to a strong increase, whereas tetrodotoxin led to almost
      undetectable levels of noradrenaline. This shows that noradrenaline in the
      dialysate was directly derived from active neuronal release. Noradrenaline levels
      were sensitive to calcium concentrations in the perfusion fluid: from 10% in
      calcium-free medium to 200% for 10 mM calcium. An overdose of anesthetic caused a
      60-fold increase of noradrenaline post-mortem.

PMID- 2280901
TI  - A circannual cycle in pinealocyte synaptic ribbons in the hibernating and
      seasonally reproductive 13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus).
AB  - Pinealocyte synaptic ribbons (SR) in the 13-lined ground squirrel were quantified
      at monthly intervals over a one-year period spanning the hibernating and
      reproductive cycles of these animals. SR numbers were high (70-90/20,000
      microns2) during periods of activity and reproductive quiescence (May-October).
      With the onset of hibernation (November-December) there was a rapid 6 to 7-fold
      reduction in SR frequency. During arousal (January-February) and sexual
      maturation (March-April) there was a gradual increase in SR frequency. The winter
      decline in SR frequency is consistent with the decline in pineal melatonin during
      hibernation and supports the hypothesis that pinealocyte SR play an important
      role in the neurotransduction of melatonin biosynthesis.

PMID- 2280902
TI  - Divalent cations effectively replace Ca2+ and support bradykinin induced
      noradrenaline release.
AB  - Bradykinin (BK), a nonapeptide acting at the B2-type BK-receptor, and
      depolarization with high KCl (50 mM), induce catecholamine secretion in
      pheochromocytoma cells (PC-12). The mechanism underlying the BK-induced release,
      which is absolutely Ca2(+)-dependent, is not yet understood. Alkaline metals,
      barium (Ba2+), strontium (Sr2+) and other metal cations, manganese (Mn2+) or
      lanthanum (La3+), support BK-induced [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) release. The
      extent of supporting transmitter release is dependent upon the specificity of the
      extracellular cation, with rank order potency of: Ba2+ greater than Sr2+ greater
      than Ca2+ greater than Mn2+La3+. The same rank order potency was observed for
      supporting both BK- and K(+)-induced release. [3H]NA release in the presence of
      Ba2+ or Sr2+ was much greater than in the presence of Ca2+, and unlike with Ca2+
      was not saturable at the highest concentration measured. La3+ and Mn2+ were
      significantly less effective than Ca2+ at supporting release. These results
      strongly suggest that extracellular Ca2+ entry is essential for release, and that
      BK mediates release via a receptor-operated Ca2+ channel.

PMID- 2280903
TI  - Triphenyltin: a potent excitatory neurotoxicant. Its reciprocal effects on
      voltage-dependent Na and K currents of mammalian brain neuron.
AB  - Effects of triphenyltin (TPT) on voltage-dependent sodium current (INa) and two
      respective potassium currents (delayed and transient potassium currents, IKD and
      IA) were examined on hippocampal neurons acutely isolated from Wistar rats using
      a conventional suction pipette technique. TPT at concentrations of 10(-7) to 10(
      5) M increased the peak amplitude of INa associated with a prolongation of
      current decay. On the other hand, TPT started to reduce the peak amplitude of IA
      at 10(-7) M and completely suppressed it at 10(-5) M or less. The peak amplitude
      of IKD was also reduced by TPT at 10(-6) M or more. Results suggest that TPT
      possesses an excitatory neurotoxic action and that TPT as a possible
      environmental hazard may be harmful for human health.

PMID- 2280904
TI  - Causes of schizophrenia.
AB  - The causes of schizophrenia are discussed in a speculative review in which the
      disease is considered as a whole body one which is not confined in its pathology
      or symptomatology to the brain. Both the genetic background and the possible
      effect of dietary factors are reviewed.

PMID- 2280905
TI  - Sporadic clinical human mycotoxicosis. A widespread new unitarian pathology?
AB  - Over hundreds of years, huge losses of human life have resulted from the
      ingestion of plant mycotoxins. These virulent toxins are manufactured at times by
      certain fungi which speedily infest cereals stored at moisture levels of more
      than 15%, a situation that is very common in subsistence farming. As these toxins
      can withstand both boiling, and gastric acid and they can pass the placental
      barrier, it is fair to say that huge numbers of humans are exposed to them from
      intra-uterine life to the very grave. It would be strange thus were they not
      responsible for wide-spread sporadic (non-epidemic) disease, either as a sole
      agent or one that conditions humans to the ill effects of other agents,
      especially when compared with effects upon animals. This paper sets out the bases
      for these suggestions, and reviews clinical patterns and details results of
      investigations upon hospitalised patients.

PMID- 2280907
TI  - A new approach to interdisciplinary health studies: the Koster Health Project.
AB  - The Koster Health Project, initiated in 1987, is an interdisciplinary development
      project with a focus on human ecology. The objectives are to use relatively
      simple methods of medical and odontological annual examinations to carry out a 10
      year longitudinal study of how life situations and life style factors may direct
      the development of individual's health in a sparse, geographically rather
      isolated and socially static, rural population in which it is possible to compare
      older and younger generations. An investigative model is established on the
      Koster islands and in this model assessments of given health criteria and other
      preventive medical, odontological and psychosocial measures may be followed up.
      Furthermore, the effects of environmental changes may be ascertained. Based on
      the experiences from the Koster Health Project, national and international
      seminars are arranged on the islands with emphasis on the impact of environment
      and life style on human health. The nutritional questions are the centre of
      specific interest.

PMID- 2280908
TI  - Where is the optimum position of the temporomandibular joint condyle?

PMID- 2280906
TI  - Food and longevity in 18th century Scotland.

PMID- 2280909
TI  - Ohio State University College of Dentistry: a brief history.

PMID- 2280910
TI  - Dental practice employees in the State of Ohio.

PMID- 2280911
TI  - Doctors and dentists.

PMID- 2280912
TI  - Treating persons with AIDS: report on a survey of Ohio dentists' knowledge,
      attitudes and practices in 1989.

PMID- 2280913
TI  - [The results of extracting a complicated cataract in patients with recurrent
      uveitis].
AB  - Comparative analysis of results after extracapsular cataract extraction (46 eyes)
      and intracapsular cataract extraction (58 eyes) in 88 patients with recurrent
      uveitis has shown that after extracapsular extraction complications occur rarer
      than after intracapsular cataract extraction. Exudative reaction was observed
      equally frequently both in surgical intervention at the period of remission, and
      in the presence of moderate signs of uveitis. Both methods allowed to achieve
      high visual acuity in 58% of cases; the cause of low visual acuity was atrophy of
      the optic nerve, chorioretinitis, opacification of the vitreous body, secondary
      cataract. In remote terms of observation, no recurrences of the disease were
      recorded in 82% of cases, this speaking about the fact that removal of opaque
      lens prevents possible autosensitizing influence of a lenticular antigen on the
      eye coats.

PMID- 2280914
TI  - [The surgical treatment of uveal glaucoma].
AB  - The paper describes results after surgical treatment of 17 eyes with uveal
      glaucoma. Since conservative treatment could not achieve normalization of
      intraocular pressure, the following surgical interventions were made; peripheral
      intralamellar iridencleisis (7 eyes), sinusotrabeculectomy with basal iridectomy
      (4 eyes), iridocycloretraction (2 eyes), diathermocoagulation of the ciliary body
      (2 eyes), drainage by a silicon tube (2 eyes). Surgical complications were
      hyphema in 2 eyes, injury of the lens capsule in 1 eye; in 4 eyes a slight
      aggravation of the uveal process after the surgery was arrested by
      antiinflammatory therapy. Intraocular pressure normalized in 15 eyes. Visual
      functions increased in patients with early diagnosed and operated glaucoma; in
      far-advanced cases the operation removed pains, but no functional effect was
      achieved.

PMID- 2280915
TI  - [Laser microsurgery in the sequelae of an inflammatory reaction of the uveal
      tract to IOL implantation].
AB  - Argon laser (intensity--0.4-0.6, exposition--0.1-0.2 seconds, spot diameter--100
      150 mm, the angle to the optic axis of the eye--45-50 degrees) was used for
      coagulation of precipitates on the anterior and posterior surfaces of intraocular
      lenses made of polymethyl methacrylate. Laser radiation, 1-2 sessions, was used
      in 40 patients with precipitates in the optic centre of intraocular lenses, 1-6
      months after intraocular correction. Remote observations, within 3 years, have
      shown rise of visual acuity in the postoperative period. No complications were
      recorded.

PMID- 2280916
TI  - [Laser iridectomy in tuberculous uveitis complicated by glaucoma and ophthalmic
      hypertension].
AB  - By means of an ophthalmological device "Iatagan", laser iridectomy, in personal
      modification, was made in 54 patients with chronic (in 40 cases--tuberculosis)
      uveitis in 67 eyes with predominantly organic changes in the anterior chamber
      angle. Before operation, ophthalmic hypertension was recorded in 55 eyes, of them
      glaucoma of different stages--in 43 (in 12 eyes intraocular pressure was normal).
      In immediate and remote terms, normalization of intraocular pressure was achieved
      in more than 60% of cases. Complications were rare and, as a rule, easily
      removed. There were no essential differences in effectiveness of laser iridectomy
      used in tuberculous and nontuberculous uveitis. The results obtained speak about
      the expediency of wide usage of laser iridectomy in chronic uveitis for both
      therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.

PMID- 2280917
TI  - [Epicorneal coatings with kerakol in the combined treatment of keratitis].
AB  - The paper analyses effectiveness of treatment of keratitis with cornea ulceration
      in 114 patients with and without epicorneal covering by keracol. The preparation
      is a dehydrated and powdered cattle cornea. It easily hydrates by the own corneal
      fluid to a jelly-like consistency in its epicorneal application. It is shown that
      epicorneal medicinal covering by keracol allows to have a necessary keratoplastic
      effect in diseases of the cornea accompanied by its ulceration. Microsurgical
      interventions, such as scarification of epithelium, dosed local keratectomy of
      superficial pathologically changed portions of the cornea with subsequent
      epicorneal covering by keracol, allowed to arrest the pathologic process within 3
      10 days in 85% of patients; in the control group--the same results were achieved
      in 68.4% of cases.

PMID- 2280918
TI  - [The treatment of vascular optic neuropathies].
AB  - The paper analyses results after treatment of 280 patients (467 eyes) with
      different forms of vascular optic neuropathies. Considering the method of
      treatment, the patients were divided into 5 groups. In group I--only traditional
      methods of treatment were used; in group II--inhalations of a 5% carbogen, 15
      minutes 1-2 times a day, were added; in group III--hyperbaric oxygenation, 6-10
      sessions, was added; in group IV--a blockade of sino-carotid zone by a 2%
      novocaine, 5 ml, 10 days, was added; in group V--a twenty-four-hour intracarotid
      infusion of medicinal preparation, 5-7 days, was made. The highest improvement of
      visual functions was recorded in group IV (90.2%), the lowest--in group I (41%).
      A conclusion is made that it is necessary to create wards of intensive therapy or
      vascular centers with a specially trained staff and a necessary store of
      infusional and other medicamentous preparations.

PMID- 2280919
TI  - [The efficacy of treating patients with intraocular hemorrhages with emoxypin].
AB  - Emoxipin, a home-made preparation approved by the Pharmacological Committee for
      clinical usage in 1986, is a retinal protector. Its usage is indicated for
      treatment of chorioretinitis, diabetic retinopathy, thrombosis of retinal vessels
      as well as to protects the retina from a damaging action of light of high
      intensity. In order to study therapeutic effectiveness of emoxipin in intraocular
      hemorrhages of different genesis, the preparation was used subconjunctivally, 0.5
      ml of a 1% solution daily for 10-15 days. Emoxipin was used in 29 patients (29
      eyes) with intraocular hemorrhages, of them, due to contusion of the eye--in 19,
      hypertonic disease--in 6, thrombosis of the central retinal vein--in 2, after
      intraocular operations--in 2 patients. As a result of the treatment, partial or
      almost total resolution of hemorrhages and a rise of visual acuity of different
      degree were recorded in all patients. Before treatment, visual acuity was from
      light perception to 0.04 in 26 eyes, from 0.09 to 0.3 in 3 eyes. After treatment,
      it rose to 0.1-0.2 in 12 eyes, to 0.3-1.0--in 17 eyes.

PMID- 2280920
TI  - [The use of Soviet-made flexible ophthalmic endoscopes during surgical
      interventions on the "closed" eye].
AB  - Possibilities of the usage of different models of flexible ophthalmic endoscopes
      in diagnosis and treatment of intraocular eye pathology have been studied. The
      paper presents data about the usage of endoscopes at the time of intraocular
      operations in the "closed" eye of 25 patients with pathologic changes of
      different etiology in the posterior segment of the eye (25 eyes). Comparative
      analysis of possibilities of the usage of different models has revealed
      advantages of endoscopes with combined observation and illumination channels and
      with a wide-angle objective. Different methods for the usage of flexible
      ophthalmic endoscopes are described. It is pointed out that ophthalmic endoscopy,
      by giving a surgeon additional information about intraocular changes, allows the
      operation of a closed type in vitreoretinal pathology to be much more effective.

PMID- 2280921
TI  - [Crystalline lens alloplasty in childhood].
AB  - Alloplasty of the lens by means of the N. M. Sergienko's anteroposterior model of
      intraocular lens was made in 20 children, aged from 5 to 15 years, with traumatic
      or congenital cataracts. In 16 patients visual acuity after surgery was 0.3-1.0.
      In children, the postoperative period has some peculiarities, one of them being a
      longer course of postoperative uveitis with almost a 100% exudative reaction of
      different degrees. The N. M. Sergienko's anteroposterior model of intraocular
      lens can be effectively used for intraocular correction in children with
      traumatic and congenital cataracts, providing reliable fixation and producing no
      undesirable and specific complications for the construction.

PMID- 2280922
TI  - [The experience of the surgical treatment of astigmatism].
AB  - The paper analyses results after 133 operations on occasion of a simple, mixed
      and compound astigmatism; 4 methods of surgical correction were used:
      longitudinal, tangential, radial and combined. The analysis has shown that
      corneal astigmatism of different kinds and degrees can be corrected by different
      methods of anterior keratotomy. As a result of surgical treatment, the degree of
      refraction of both spherical and cylindrical, reduced and visual acuity with
      tolerant correction increased. The choice of the method depends on the kind and
      degree of astigmatism and the degree of the spherical ametropia of the operated
      eye.

PMID- 2280923
TI  - [Laser puncture in the combined treatment of a weak degree of myopia in
      schoolchildren].
AB  - To increase effectiveness of treatment, the influence of laser puncture on some
      functional indices of myopic eyes has been studied. Comparative analysis of
      results after laser puncture used as an independent method in 45 children (85
      eyes)--group I, and in a complex accommodation-convergence system, of the eye in
      66 children (130 eyes)--group II, has shown that laser puncture has a positive
      influence on visual acuity and accommodation-convergence system. As compared with
      group I, in group II normalization of functional indices (reserves of
      accommodation, convergence and divergence) begins earlier and stability of the
      results obtained is higher.

PMID- 2280924
TI  - [The results of intracapsular extraction in uveal cataracts].
AB  - Remote results (from 10 to 20 years) after operation in 36 patients with uveal
      cataracts and adhesion and obliteration of the pupil have shown a slight rise of
      visual acuity to 0.09-0.1 in 24 eyes, this being connected with lesion of the
      choroid, retina, atrophy of the optic nerve, cornea, vitreous body, atrophy of
      the optic nerve. In 19 eyes uveitis recurred. Surgical technique and the choice
      for the terms of operation are pointed out. A conclusion is made that massive
      antiinflammatory therapy with prescription of corticosteroids should be carried
      out in the postoperative period.

PMID- 2280925
TI  - [The theoretical bases of refractogenesis].
AB  - Analysis of results after theoretic and experimental investigations of structural
      organization of vegetative nervous system, mechanisms of accommodation and its
      bioregulation allowed to make a conclusion that refractogenesis is formed under
      the influence of a double reciprocal principle of innervation and regulation
      (DRP) of effector apparatus of accommodation. According to the author's view, DRP
      ontogenesis, being genetically determined and characterized by individual
      character of development, has a decisive influence on the process of refraction
      formation. The latter is expressed in the fact that in prevailing activity of
      cholinergic component over adrenergic in their DRP, refraction is orientated
      towards myopia, and in prevailing activity of adrenergic component over
      cholinergic, on the contrary, towards hyperopia.

PMID- 2280926
TI  - [Age-related changes in the cells of the eye].
AB  - Histochemical investigations have shown that different eye changes take place in
      different eye structures. This speaks about heterotrophy in the aging of the eye.
      Labile (epithelium of the cornea and paraequatorial zone of the lens capsule) and
      stable (epithelium of the central zone of the lens capsule) cells show similar
      reaction on aging by preserving a high level of nuclear DNA content. In static
      cells (cellular element of the retina) the DNA content decreases with age.

PMID- 2280927
TI  - [The clinical picture and diagnosis of lens dislocations].

PMID- 2280928
TI  - [Experimental research on the effect of radial keratotomy on th e mechanical
      properties of the cornea].
AB  - Investigations were carried out in 4 rabbits. The right eyes of the animals were
      experimental, the left eyes--tentative (radial keratotomy with 8 incisions,
      maximum depth of the central zone--3.0 mm in diameter). Mechanical trial of
      isolated corneas with a scleral rim were made 6 months after surgery by means of
      a trial machine "Instron-1122" and a special clamping device. After trial, the
      specimens were investigated by a method of scanning electron microscopy. As a
      result of mechanical action, the rupture of the cornea in the zone of contact
      with the punch was recorded in all cases. In the control eyes, the area of the
      cornea was practically the same as the zone of the punch pressure on the cornea.
      In tentative eyes, the rupture was connected with keratotomy scars in all cases.
      The values of destructive load, transference of the punch at the moment pattern
      destruction and destructive tension along the punch contour were determined. The
      results obtained have shown that anterior radial and not crossing the limbus
      incisions in the cornea produce changes in mechanical characteristics of the
      cornea: in the sites of keratotomy scars, "conditionally" weak places of the
      corneoscleral coat are formed, the probability of breaks and tears of which in
      contusions of the increases.

PMID- 2280929
TI  - [A modernized cryoapplicator].

PMID- 2280930
TI  - [A modified aspiration cannula for the removal of lenticular masses in
      extracapsular cataract extraction].

PMID- 2280931
TI  - [Experience with the surgical treatment of the sequelae of uveal tract diseases].
AB  - The paper describes results of investigation of immunologic reactivity and
      analysis of outcomes after surgical treatment of patients with chronic anterior
      uveitis (14 persons), the Fuchs' syndrome (16 persons), pseudoexfoliative
      syndrome (25 persons) as compared with a control group (50 persons).
      Immunocorrection of patients with the Fuchs' syndrome was attempted, and analysis
      of the immunologic status before and after treatment by means of sodium
      nucleinate immunomodulator and traditional therapy was made. Cataract extraction
      was performed separately or in combination with sinusotrabeculectomy in case of
      uveal glaucoma. Immunodeficient syndrome was revealed in patients with chronic
      uveitis and the Fuchs' syndrome as well as the most severe course of the
      operation and the postoperative period in patients with chronic uveitis.
      Considering the important role of immunologic status of the body in the
      postoperative period, it is recommended to use immunomodulators in a complex
      treatment of patients with complicated cataract and glaucoma and diseases of the
      uveal tract.

PMID- 2280932
TI  - [Transposition of the intraorbital portion of the optic nerve in extreme ocular
      abduction in subjects with different degrees of myopia].

PMID- 2280934
TI  - [Additions to the theory of the dual nature of photoreception].
AB  - On the grounds of clinico-physiologic investigations the author revises the
      existing dual theory of photoreception. The paper describes complex clinical
      investigations of visual functions in patients with alimentary and essential
      hemeralopias and shows that rods and cones do not function in conditions of
      scotopic illumination without the presence of rhodopsin. On the grounds of
      investigations of the phenomenon of inversion and depression in the short-wave
      part of the visible spectrum in normal persons after dark adaptation in
      conditions of scotopic illumination, the author comes to a conclusion that there
      is a so-called "rhodopsin filter" just the presence of which in the process of
      dark adaptation creates conditions for appearance of this phenomenon. The author
      believes that there exist two kinds of photoreception: a direct disc two
      component and a mediated rhodopsin one-component, as well as the third,
      transitory, that corresponds to those conditions of illumination in which the
      Purkinje's phenomenon appears.

PMID- 2280933
TI  - [A rare variant of Sturge-Weber-Krabbe syndrome].

PMID- 2280935
TI  - [A method for modelling retinal detachment].
AB  - A new method of retinal detachment simulation includes subretinal administration
      of ferromagnetic fluid with subsequent action from without by a permanent
      magnetic field. Retinal detachment was induced in 24 eyes of experimental
      animals. Of them, clinical picture of total high fibrous detachment of the retina
      was simulated in 16 eyes, and high rigid detachment occupying 2-3 quadrants of
      the eye fundus--in 8 eyes. Histologically, the induced retinal detachment was
      characterized by development of degenerative-proliferative processes in all eye
      coats. The proposed model allows to obtain different variants of "fresh" and
      "old" retinal detachments. It is highly reproducible, creates conditions for
      studying all aspects of pathogenesis of complicated forms of retinal detachment
      and for development of methods for its treatment.

PMID- 2280936
TI  - [Experimental research on the accuracy of the method of fixation topogometry].
AB  - The accuracy of fixation topogometry that allows to assess the form of the cornea
      along its whole surface has been studied experimentally. For this purpose, a
      special metallic standard with a mirror surface has been manufactured,
      representing a paraboloid of rotation (by the formula Y2 = 2RX, where R = 7.7
      mm). The standard was fixated on a face support of ophthalmometers (of the firms
      "Rodenstock" and "Karl Zeiss") by means of a support providing transference of
      the standard in two reciprocally perpendicular meridians on the given (5-35)
      number of grades. The measurements were made in 15 points. At first sagittal
      radii of the cornea were determined, then the distance height of the points from
      the central axis (h) and the sag (P) were calculated. The position of points
      built with the help of P and h in coordinate axes was compared with the standard
      curve. The range of divergences was minimum (0.01-0.04 mm), this speaking about
      sufficient accuracy of the method of fixation topogometry.

PMID- 2280937
TI  - [The laser treatment of secondary cataracts].

PMID- 2280938
TI  - [The status of the corneal curvature in the microsurgery of cataract].

PMID- 2280939
TI  - [The combined use of torfot and vitamin B6 in ophthalmology].

PMID- 2280940
TI  - [A case of optic neuritis in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus].

PMID- 2280941
TI  - [Long-term spontaneous improvement in diabetic retinopathy].

PMID- 2280942
TI  - [The diagnosis of ophthalmomyiasis].

PMID- 2280943
TI  - [Late observations on the effectiveness of a new antiglaucoma operation-
      "concealed" sinusotrabeculotomy--in initial exfoliative glaucoma].
AB  - The paper describes results after surgical treatment of patients with initial
      exfoliative glaucoma in 150 eyes. Of them, sinusotrabeculectomy (STET) was made
      in 49 eyes, sinusotrabeculotomy (STT)--in 50, a new, proposed by the authors,
      operation--a "cap peak" sinusotrabeculotomy (CPSTT)--in 66 eyes; the latter
      excludes direct fistulization of the anterior chamber under the superficial
      scleral flap. It is noted that CPSTT at initial exfoliative stage of glaucoma
      leads to a remarkably lower incidence of complications at the time of operation
      and early postoperative period. Hyphema and anterior chamber emptying were
      recorded at the time of STET in 22.4% and 16.3%, of STT--in 8.0% and 10.0%, while
      at the time of CPSTT--only in 3.0% and 1.5%, respectively. Iridocyclitis, flat
      anterior chamber and detachment of the choroid were observed after STET in 32.6%,
      24.5% and 26.5%, after STT--in 22.0%, 14.0% and 16.0%, and after CPSTT--in 6.0%,
      4.5% and 1.5%, respectively. In remote terms (3 years after the operations),
      stabilization of visual acuity and visual field was recorded after STET in 69.3%
      and 85.7%, after STT--in 82.0% and 90.0%, and after CPSTT--in 87.9% and 92.4%,
      respectively. Stable normalization of intraocular pressure took place after STET
      in 93.8%, after STT--in 98.0%, and after CPSTT--in 96.9%. After STET and STT,
      hypotony was recorded in 28.5% and 18.0%, respectively, and after CPSTT--in none
      of the cases. The operation of a "cap peak" sinusotrabeculotomy is proposed as an
      operation of choice for treatment of exfoliative and common open-angle glaucomas
      in persons above 65 years of age.

PMID- 2280945
TI  - [The late results of sinusotrabeculectomy in initial open-angle glaucoma].
AB  - The paper analyses immediate and remote (from 3 to 10 years) results of
      sinusotrabeculectomy in initial open-angle glaucoma in 184 patients (300 eyes).
      Normalization of intraocular pressure was achieved in 77.7% of cases (20.12 +/-
      2.1 mm Hg, at the average). Tonographic and rheographic values in the operated
      patients achieved the normal levels (P0 = 15.3 +/- 0.68 mm Hg, C = 0.28 +/- 0.03
      mm3/min., P0/c = 68.08 +/- 3.12, RC = 2.7 +/- 06.09). The dynamics of visual
      functions showed stabilization of the process in 85.1% of cases. However, in 15%
      of cases the glaucomatous process progressed, mainly in persons who failed to
      receive medicamentous treatment regularly in the postoperative period.

PMID- 2280944
TI  - [The late results of the surgical treatment of glaucoma in patients with
      atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus].
AB  - In order to study effectiveness of surgical treatment in patients with glaucoma
      in association with atherosclerosis or diabetes mellitus, remote observations
      (from 1 to 8 years) were carried out over 216 patients operated at different
      stages of the glaucomatous process: at the initial stage--104 eyes, at the
      advanced--87, and the far-advanced--53 eyes. Sinusotrabeculectomy in the author's
      modification was used: at first the external wall of the Schlemm's canal was
      removed, then the trabecula was destroyed by a blunt spatula, gradually letting
      out the chamber aqueous. The observations carried out have shown that surgical
      treatment of glaucoma in patients with atherosclerosis is more effective at the
      initial and advanced stages. In patients with glaucoma and diabetes mellitus,
      surgical treatment was most effective in persons with initial stage of glaucoma.
      It should be noted here that surgical treatment at initial stage of glaucoma
      allows to preserve high visual functions for a long period of time. Stabilization
      of the process in persons operated at the initial stage was achieved in 95-97% of
      cases. This gives grounds to recommend surgical treatment of glaucoma in patients
      with atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus at the initial stage of the
      glaucomatous process. The fall of intraocular pressure is mainly connected with
      improvement of the aqueous outflow.

PMID- 2280946
TI  - [A comparative assessment of the effectiveness of sinusotrabeculotomy in
      different stages of open-angle glaucoma].
AB  - The paper analyses immediate and remote (to 4.5 years) results after
      sinusotrabeculotomy in 233 patients (244 eyes) with open-angle glaucoma. Among
      244 eyes, 93 had initial, 87--advanced, and 64--far-advanced stages of glaucoma.
      It is recorded that such postoperative complications, as detachment of the
      choroid and hypotony, appear rarer in initial (12.5% and 15.0%, respectively),
      than in far-advanced (18.7% and 20.3%, respectively) stage of glaucoma. In remote
      terms after operation, the incidence of visual acuity and visual field
      preservation is higher in initial (92.5% and 95.7%, respectively), than in
      advanced (78.2% and 87.4%), and, in particular, far-advanced (70.3% and 79.7%)
      stages of the disease. After surgery at initial stage of glaucoma, restoration of
      tonographic values is more expressed (C = 0.24 +/- 0.004, F = 2.1 +/- 0.03), than
      at advanced (C = 0.23 +/- 0.007, F = 1.8 +/- 0.06) and far-advanced (C = 0.19 +/-
      0.005, F = 1.1 +/- 0.04) stages. It is emphasized that in order to achieve the
      highest effectiveness of surgical treatment at the initial stage of open-angle
      glaucoma, the ophthalmic surgeon should be highly skilled in this field of
      surgical treatment of such patients.

PMID- 2280947
TI  - [The dynamic glaucomatous process based on the data from the long-term dispensary
      observations of patients operated on in the initial stage of the disease].
AB  - Effectiveness of surgical treatment of primary initial glaucoma in remote terms
      has been studied in 179 patients (185 eyes). The period of observation was 20
      years. Stable normalization of intraocular pressure in remote terms was recorded
      in 155 (83.77%) eyes, of them after a single operation in 121 (65.41%) eyes,
      after repeated operations in 16 (8.64%), after operation and pilocarpine
      instillations into the operated eye in 12 (6.48%) and clofeline or optimole
      instillations into the operated eye in 6 (3.24%) eyes. The cause of unstable
      normalization of intraocular pressure was cicatrization in the area of filtration
      zone and the presence of synechiae in the anterior chamber angle. Stabilization
      of glaucomatous process was achieved in 101 (54.59%) of 185 eyes operated on. The
      fall of central vision was connected with both progression of glaucoma and the
      presence of associated diseases (cataract, macular dystrophy, etc.).

PMID- 2280948
TI  - [Ultrasound in the system of combined treatment in the late periods after
      antiglaucoma operations].
AB  - Considering the tendency of dystrophic processes in the eye to progress, all
      patients after antiglaucomatous operations are prescribed courses of general
      dedystrophic therapy. Besides this, transscleral ultrasound stimulation of the
      drainage system of the eye was used. The state of visual functions is analysed in
      44 patients (48 eyes) with initial open-angle glaucoma, previously subjected to
      sinusotrabeculectomy. In remote terms after surgical intervention besides
      traditional treatment, they underwent local transscleral ultrasound stimulation
      of the drainage system of the eye. The results obtained were compared with those
      of the control group (20 persons--22 eyes) where only a course of general therapy
      was used in the postoperative period. The investigations carried out permitted to
      state that complex treatment including courses of local ultrasound (after 6
      months, at the average) and general dedystrophic therapy (1-2 times a year) is
      more rational and allows to stabilize the glaucomatous process at the initial
      stage within a long period of time in 90.5% of cases.

PMID- 2280949
TI  - [The immediate and late results of the combined treatment of open-angle
      glaucoma].
AB  - The paper analyses immediate and remote results after medicamentous-surgical
      treatment of open-angle glaucoma of stages II and III with preliminary
      vasosection of facial vessels of the ophthalmic artery basin in 110 patients,
      aged under 60 years (21), from 61 to 70 (43), above 70 (46). Atherosclerosis of
      retinal vessels was recorded in 83.6% of patients, hypertonic disease--in 61.8%.
      The results of a 5-year period of observation have shown that in glaucoma of
      stage II visual functions remained at the initial level in 84% of patients, and
      of stage III--in 78.2%. Positive results of vasosection used as a means for
      improvement of hemodynamics in the internal coats of the eye and the optic nerve
      after antiglaucomatous operations confirm that, besides antiglaucomatous
      operations, it is necessary to use a complex of preparations and vasosection,
      thus improving the hemodynamics of the eye and providing preservation of visual
      functions.

PMID- 2280950
TI  - [The effect of a pulsed electromagnetic field on ocular hydrodynamics in open
      angle glaucoma].
AB  - The influence of pulse electromagnetic field on the hydrodynamics of the eye in
      open-angle glaucoma has been studied using the method and the device suggested at
      the Filatov Institute. The characteristics of the action were: impulse frequency-
      50 Hz, duration--0.02 sec., pulse form--rectangular, rate of pulse rise--4/10(-4)
      sec., rate of magnetic induction rise--2/10(-4) mT/sec., amplitude value of
      magnetic induction at the pulse level--8.0-8.5 mT, duration of the procedure--7
      min. Ten session in a total. Observations over 150 patients (283 eyes) with
      latent, initial and advanced glaucoma have shown that the usage of pulse
      electromagnetic field exerts influence on the hydrodynamics of the eye in open
      angle glaucoma; stimulates the rise of aqueous outflow and production, the
      reduction of the Becker's coefficient. At the latent stage of the disease,
      normalization of outflow was recorded in 25% of cases, at the initial and
      advanced stages--in 17.8% and 16.0% of cases, respectively. The investigations
      carried out allow to recommend the mentioned method for a complex treatment of
      open-angle glaucoma.

PMID- 2280951
TI  - [The choice of treatment method for primary glaucoma patients at an advanced and
      far-advanced stage taking into account optic nerve tolerance].
AB  - The paper analyses results of observation over 100 patients (138 eyes) with
      advanced and far-advanced stages of primary glaucoma. The choice of the method of
      hypotensive therapy (conservative or surgical) was made considering the index of
      intolerance. Stabilization of the glaucomatous process was judged by the dynamics
      of visual field, hydrodynamic indices and the index of intolerance. In remote
      terms of observation (from 14 to 18 months), stabilization of the glaucomatous
      process at both stages of glaucoma in patients treated considering the index of
      intolerance was recorded in 92.15% of cases. The results obtained allow to
      recommend the proposed method to be a method of choice for treatment of primary
      glaucoma.

PMID- 2280952
TI  - [Pivovarov's scleroplasty operation--its morphological aspects, individualization
      and effectiveness].
AB  - To study regularities of donor flaps location in scleroplasty after Pivovarov, 13
      operations were performed on cadavers with fixation of the flaps with glue
      "Moment", subsequent removal of the eye ball and sketching of the grafts
      position. Three main variants of flap location were distinguished, when the flaps
      overlapped either the posterior pole or each other in 2-3 layers. By means of the
      method of factor-geometric analysis using a computer DVK-3, mathematic
      calculations of the effectiveness of the operation were made. With the help of
      the computer, a table was created showing the dependence between the
      anteroposterior axis of the eye and the length of the transplanted grafts, thus
      allowing to individualize the operation. A positive effect of 260 operations
      using the sclera dehydrated in the absolute alcohol was achieved in 94.0% of
      cases.

PMID- 2280953
TI  - [The characteristics of the therapeutic procedure in ophthalmological operations
      on diabetics].
AB  - The paper presents data about the influence of presurgical preparation, a special
      tactics of management on the day of operation and the first postoperative days on
      the incidence of complications, visual acuity and the term of the patient's stay
      in a specialized bed after cataract extraction and antiglaucomatous operations in
      patients of elderly and senile age, suffering from diabetes mellitus. It is
      substantiated that specialized ophthalmological hospitals of a surgical profile
      should have a therapist on staff with obligatory endocrinologic preparation.

PMID- 2280955
TI  - HARP. Dental practice standards for Ontario radiation protection regulations.

PMID- 2280954
TI  - [The incidence of myopia in the children of myopic parents and the outlook for
      the primary prevention of this type of refraction].
AB  - The paper analyses results after investigation of free selection of families,
      parents myopia selected by signs and a definite minimum age of their first-order
      offsprings, including 108 matrimonial couples with the total number of 209
      children. It was found that myopia is a hereditary sign manifesting itself in
      children at the age above 15 years and more in 90% of families of the first-order
      offsprings of the couples in whom one of the parents has this kind of refraction,
      and in 100% of families in whom both parents suffer from this kind of refraction.
      The incidence of myopic children in families in whom one or both parents have
      myopia ranges from 68% to 86%, and depends on the type of refraction.

PMID- 2280957
TI  - Real estate ownership.

PMID- 2280956
TI  - Workplace hazard reform.

PMID- 2280958
TI  - Cementifying fibroma. Case report.

PMID- 2280959
TI  - Total prosthetic joint replacement for the end-stage of TMJ disease.

PMID- 2280960
TI  - Management--a practice's lifeline.

PMID- 2280961
TI  - Dentistry in Shandong province: China.

PMID- 2280963
TI  - Recession.

PMID- 2280964
TI  - Office design.

PMID- 2280962
TI  - Niobium filter v. an aluminum filter.

PMID- 2280965
TI  - Effects of office art on the patient's mood.

PMID- 2280966
TI  - Hypnosis and story-telling. A remedy for thumb sucking.

PMID- 2280967
TI  - [A 35-kDa polypeptide of the crystalline lens in the common frog: its biochemical
      properties, tissue specificity and appearance in the developmental process].
AB  - The vertebrate lens contains so-called taxon-specific water-soluble proteins. One
      of them is p-crystallin with a molecular weight of 35 kDa characteristic of
      Ranidae family. We have identified a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 35
      kDa in the eye lens of Rana temporaria which: (1) can be extracted from the lens
      by aqueous salt solutions, (2) has a molecular mass of 36.1 +/- 0.4 kDa (by SDS
      electrophoresis) and 37 kDa (by gel filtration), (3) is heterogeneous in terms of
      isoelectric point (pI 6.5-8.0), (4) binds to heparin-agarose, (5) denatures in
      response to freezing-thawing, lyophilization and in solutions with low ionic
      strength. Thus, major biochemical parameters of this polypeptide differ from that
      of amphibian alpha, beta- and gamma-crystallins. In addition to lens, 35 kDa
      polypeptide was detected by immunoelectroblotting in retina, testes, liver,
      kidney, spleen, stomach, intestine and lungs. Its level (as percentage of water
      soluble protein) is 1.1 +/- 1.4% in the lens, 1.6 +/- 0.7% in retina. 0.05% in
      testes and liver and 0.01% or less in other organs. Thus, despite its wide tissue
      distribution, 53 kDa polypeptide is expressed predominantly in lens and retina.
      We studied the time-course of appearance and accumulation of this polypeptide in
      tissues where it is expressed at high or low levels. 35 kDa polypeptide was
      detected for the first time during larval development: (1) in the lens (some time
      after the mouth opening; stages 33-34 according to Dabagian and Sleptsova, 1975),
      (2) in the retina (by the time of anus opening; stages 36-37), (3) in the liver
      (at the stage of elongated hind limb bud; stages 40-41). Definitive expression
      level of this protein was achieved in the lens by the beginning of metamorphosis
      and in the retina and liver during first months of development. Hence, during the
      whole period of larval development 35 kDa polypeptide content of the lens exceeds
      that of retina or liver. A more substantial evidence is required to confirm the
      identity of studied polypeptide with rho-crystallin.

PMID- 2280968
TI  - [Somatotropic cell differentiation in an organ culture of the chick embryo
      adenohypophysis].
AB  - Morphogenetic potencies of the adenohypophysis tissue from 4.5 to 11-day old
      chicken embryos used for the differentiation of somatotropic cells were
      investigated by methods of organ tissue culture. STG-cells were detected in
      cultures by immunofluorescence using an antiserum to human STG. In vitro studies
      of organ cultures revealed differentiation of STG-cells when adenohypophysis
      tissue was cultured from the 5.5th, 7th, 9th and 11th day of development in the
      absence of the diencephalon. Differentiation of STG-cells occurred predominantly
      in embryo caudal lobe transplants after chorion-allantois culturing of Rathke's
      pocket fragments from 4.5-, 5.0- and 5.5-day old embryos. The data obtained
      suggest that at late stages of Rathke's pocket development differentiation of STG
      cells is preprogrammed and that determined precursors of these cells are located
      in the caudal lobe of the germ.

PMID- 2280969
TI  - [An analysis of the expression of the mutant angora-Y gene in the mouse].
AB  - We studied the rate and duration of the growth of G1 and G3 hairs in mice
      homozygous for angora-Y mutant gene (goY). The follicular diameter of G3 hairs
      and the growth rate of G1 and G3 hairs in goY/goY mice do not differ from normal.
      However, the duration of growth period of all four studied types of hairs in
      goY/goY mice is longer than in the normal phenotype. Growth of the guard hairs G1
      and G3 in mutants continues longer than in the normal phenotype by 7 and 3 days,
      respectively. For other hair types G1 and G3 (awl, auchene, zigzag) the duration
      of the growth period is approximately 3 days longer than in the control. As a
      result in goY/goY mice guard hairs G1 and G3 which have completed growth are 2
      and 1.5 times longer than in +/+ mice. Other types of G1 hairs in mutants are
      longer by 50% and G3 hairs by 30% than in the wild type.

PMID- 2280970
TI  - [The structure and transcription activity of the neuronal chromatin in the
      sensorimotor cortex during postnatal differentiation].
AB  - We report findings about age-related changes in the chromatin structure detected
      using ammoniacal silver and changes in the transcription rate in neurons by
      layers II-V of the sensomotor cortex of rats at days 7, 14 and 60 of postnatal
      life. Different types of neurons showed different average template activity but
      similar patterns of its age-related changes. The rearrangement of the chromatin
      structure in various types of cortical cells showed different orientation after
      day 14 of postnatal life.

PMID- 2280971
TI  - [Aleksandr Onufrievich Kovalevskii (on the 150th anniversary of his birth)].

PMID- 2280972
TI  - William Taylor and the Albino Fellowship.

PMID- 2280974
TI  - Retinal image quality in albinos. A review.
AB  - This paper describes two of the factors which affect retinal image quality in
      oculocutaneous albinos. Contrast detection thresholds were determined to quantify
      the effects of intra-ocular light scatter and the consequences of continuous
      retinal image motion. The implications of these results on the limits of visual
      performance are discussed in the light of the accompanying foveal hypoplasia.

PMID- 2280973
TI  - Localization of the X-linked ocular albinism gene (OA1) between DXS278/DXS237 and
      DXS143/DXS16 by linkage analysis.
AB  - Linkage analysis was performed in six families segregating for X-linked ocular
      albinism of the Nettleship-Falls type using four polymorphic DNA markers from the
      distal Xp. Linkage was found between the disease locus (OA1) and the loci DXS237
      (theta max = 0.06, Zmax = 2.82), DXS278 (theta max = 0.03, Zmax = 5.27) and DXS16
      (theta max = 0.10, Zmax = 2.33). The analysis of multiple informative meioses
      suggests that OA1 maps between DXS278/DXS237 and DXS143/DXS16. Multipoint linkage
      analysis slightly favours the order DXS278/DXS237-OA1-DXS16. These data refine
      the genetic localization of OA1 and may be useful for carrier detection in X
      linked ocular albinism by DNA analysis.

PMID- 2280975
TI  - Normal and abnormal visual field maps in albinos. Central effects of non-matching
      maps.
AB  - The abnormal chiasmatic crossing characteristic of all albino mammals brings two
      discordant representations of the visual field to the central visual relays. The
      representation from the nasal retina is normal whereas the one from the temporal
      retina is disrupted, a part representing the contralateral visual field as is
      normal and a part coming from the ipsilateral visual field as a mirror image of a
      part of the normal representation. Experiments that were designed to define the
      rules on the basis of which the abnormal representations can be established in
      the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex are described. These experiments
      are related to more recent studies of albino cats, and the observations of the
      visual pathways are related speculatively to abnormalities seen in the auditory
      pathways of albinos. The possibility is raised that the auditory abnormalities
      are secondary to the visual abnormalities, produced by a failure of the two
      systems to establish normally matching maps of sensory space.

PMID- 2280976
TI  - Childhood albinism. Visual electrophysiological features.
AB  - Flash ERGs and VEPs, and VEPs to pattern onset and pattern reversal stimulation
      were recorded in young albino children and compared to age-matched, normally
      pigmented, controls. In albinos, the ERG had a significantly larger a-wave, and
      significantly shorter latencies for both the a-wave and b-wave. VEPs to flash,
      pattern onset and pattern reversal stimulation all showed an occipital crossed
      asymmetry when comparing responses from each eye. However, the findings for flash
      stimulation were more consistent and reliable than those to either form of
      pattern stimulation.

PMID- 2280977
TI  - Visual anomalies associated with albinism.
AB  - All mammals with hypopigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium have abnormal
      visual systems. Albino mammals have been found to have: (1) reduced numbers of
      uncrossed optic fibers projecting to all visual centers, (2) disorganization of
      the pattern (lamination) of the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei, and (3)
      disorganization of projections from the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei to the
      visual cortex. The disorganization of central visual centers has catastrophic
      effects on stereovision and optokinetic nystagmus. Variable expression in
      oculocutaneous albinism suggests that affected individuals cannot always be
      identified by hypopigmentation, reduced visual acuity and nystagmus. Careful
      observation of foveal development in individuals even with normal vision is
      necessary to detect all persons with albinism. The scalp-recorded visually evoked
      potential designed to detect optic misrouting is the most reliable concomitant
      for determining albinism.

PMID- 2280978
TI  - The Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome. A new oculo-dermato-auditory
      syndrome.
AB  - We have seen a Yemenite sister and brother with cutaneous hypomelanotic and
      pigmented spots and patches, microcornea, coloboma, severe hearing loss and
      normal karyotypes. Histopathological examinations of the skin showed absent
      melanocytes in the depigmented areas; in the normal and hyperpigmented skin there
      was abundant melanotic pigment. Similar patients have not been described
      previously, but there are corresponding mutations in mice and rats.

PMID- 2280979
TI  - A hereditary syndrome association of oculocutaneous albinism, dysmorphic features
      and short stature.

PMID- 2280980
TI  - Assessment and educational implications of albinism.
AB  - Forty-seven visually impaired albino schoolchildren were identified from the
      Victorian school population. 28 (aged 7-18) who had had a standard ophthalmic
      examination including the LH5 Visual Acuity Test for Contrast Sensitivity agreed
      to try a battery of educational tests in addition. The tests were the Non-Verbal
      Ability Test, Visual Motor Integration Test, Torch Reading, reading miscue
      analysis and reading of test to measure sustained near visual acuity. The most
      useful of these was the Non-Verbal Ability Test (NAT) which indicated that this
      group of albinos was of above average cognitive ability. This was independent of
      the findings on ophthalmic examination. The NAT is also useful in identifying
      relative strengths and weaknesses in information processing abilities in albino
      subjects.

PMID- 2280981
TI  - Recent experiences in the management of visual impairment in albinism.
AB  - One hundred patients with albinism seen within two years in the Low Vision Clinic
      at Moorfields Eye Hospital are reviewed. They are predominantly young people
      within the definition of 'Partially-sighted' rather than blind. Clinical methods
      are described and the distribution of alternative types of appliance loaned
      surveyed. Emmetropia and low ametropia are rare in the group. Most patients are
      using telescopic lenses for distance vision, tending to select binocular devices.
      Over half are able to read print of newsprint size in a clinical situation
      without extra magnification, but often elect to use extra magnification for some
      tasks. The need for near vision aids increases with age.

PMID- 2280983
TI  - Arthroscopy Board of North America (ABNA)

PMID- 2280982
TI  - Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS). An epidemiologic study.
AB  - A study of albinism in Puerto Rico identified 693 persons with albinism. Among
      these, the type of albinism was determined in 595, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome
      (HPS) was found in 495. Approximately five of every six Puerto Rican albinos had
      HPS. The highest prevalence of HPS yet reported was in the northwestern quarter
      of the island where at least 1 in 1,800 persons had HPS, and approximately 1 in
      21 were carriers. The HPS albino pigment phenotype was variable, and HPS albinos
      phenotypically resembled other types of oculocutaneous and ocular albinos. Ceroid
      storage was also variable. The consistent finding in HPS was storage pool
      deficient platelets. HPS is best diagnosed by lack of platelet dense bodies seen
      by electron microscopy. Evidence from family studies indicates that HPS is a
      distinct disorder due to the pleiotropic effects of a single gene mutation or a
      small deletion.

PMID- 2280984
TI  - Diagnosis and management of vascular injuries associated with skeletal trauma.
AB  - The circulatory status of the extremity distal to skeletal trauma is evaluated
      routinely, but the implications of subtle physical findings are not always clear.
      Abnormal clinical findings associated with a fracture or dislocation near a major
      vessel often warrant intraoperative, "one-shot" angiography. Close cooperation
      between the orthopaedic and vascular teams is essential to ensure adequate
      revascularization within six hours of injury. Fracture fixation is usually
      performed first, using the method dictated by the fracture pattern and the nature
      of the soft-tissue damage. Fasciotomy should be performed in almost all cases.

PMID- 2280985
TI  - Tips of the trade #31. The use of a Charnley retractor for intertrochanteric hip
      fractures.
AB  - The use of a Charnley retractor enables a surgeon in a community hospital to
      perform an intertrochanteric hip fracture procedure with only the aid of a scrub
      technician. The Charnley retractor will hold Bennett retractors placed superiorly
      and inferiorly to the femoral neck--thus making it easy to obtain exposure.

PMID- 2280987
TI  - A pediatrician's view: Hib vaccination now!

PMID- 2280986
TI  - Orthognathic occlusal relator system and technique.

PMID- 2280988
TI  - The search for an improved pertussis vaccine.

PMID- 2280989
TI  - Measles vaccine.
AB  - Administration of measles vaccine has sharply reduced the occurrence of measles.
      However, "mini epidemics" occurring at increasing intervals through 1989 brought
      about the need for a routine two-dose schedule of measles vaccination. The
      prevention of preschool cases and school-based cases are two major goals of this
      new schedule. A two-dose schedule will address the latter goal, however, it will
      not affect the more difficult problem of measles among preschoolers, a group with
      lower immunization rates than school-age children. The use of Edmonston-Zagreb
      measles vaccine in developing countries offers the promise of reducing worldwide
      disease rates in young infants in the future. However, the major goal in the
      United States and other developed countries is to increase levels of measles
      immunity.

PMID- 2280990
TI  - Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccines.

PMID- 2280991
TI  - Activities of serum cathepsin (B, H and L) and metalloproteinase (MMP7-ase) in
      patients with gastrointestinal and bronchial malignant tumours.
AB  - Serum lysosomal cysteine proteinases cathepsin B, H, L and metalloproteinase
      (MMP7-ase) activities of 14 patients suffering from gastrointestinal and
      bronchial carcinomas were investigated. The serum cathepsin B and H activities
      were significantly diminished in the carcinoma group as compared to the controls,
      while the activity of cathepsin L and of MMP7-ase was normal.

PMID- 2280992
TI  - Incidence of rhythm disorders in hyperthyrosis with special respect of old age
      form.
AB  - Sinus tachycardia and atrial fibrillation are frequent features in hyperthyrosis
      while sinus node dysfunction is regarded as a rare complication. Bradycardia may
      cause diagnostic problems mainly in atypical hyperthyrosis of the old age. The
      authors analysed distribution and age related association of the rhythm disorders
      in hyperthyrosis. In case of the appearance of Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS),
      parameters representing the function of sinus node were studied by
      electrophysiological investigations. Above the age of 50 years incidences of
      atrial fibrillation and SSS were significantly increased. The abnormal sinus node
      function proved to be reversible in a portion of the cases. In old age, in case
      of occurrence of the symptoms of SSS, possibility of hyperthyrosis also should be
      considered, especially when indication of permanent pacemaker is established.

PMID- 2280993
TI  - Nonfatal myocardial infarction of women.
AB  - Five-hundred women admitted for rehabilitation to the State Hospital for
      Cardiology 1 to 10 months after myocardial infarction were divided into two
      groups, viz. group I containing patients less than 40 years of age and group II,
      in which the patients were older than 41 years. Forty-nine per cent of the
      patients were blue-collar, whereas 22% of them were white-collar workers; 16.5%
      had a high qualification, 28% were housewives or retired. The leading symptom at
      admittance, that is in the post-infarction period, was angina pectoris (32% in
      group I and 73% in group II). Heart failure, rhythm disturbance and hypertension
      occurred less frequently. The groups considerably differed from each other in the
      frequency of risk factors. In group I, smoking (81%), use of anticoncipients
      (41%) and hyperlipoproteinaemia (32%), while in group II hypertension (49%),
      smoking (45%), obesity (43%) and hyperlipoproteinaemia (41%) were the main risk
      factors.

PMID- 2280994
TI  - Pattern recognition in evaluation of haemorheological and haemodynamical
      measurements in the cardiological diagnostics.
AB  - The non-invasive differential diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and
      acute myocarditis or secondary cardiomyopathy following myocarditis can be
      difficult on the basis of the complaints, resting and exercise ECG and nuclear
      cardiological tests. 92 patients (mean age: 46 years) in the first step and 100
      patients (mean age: 44 years) in the second step all with heart troubles, were
      examined. Besides determination of the routine parameters, nuclear haemodynamical
      and haemorheological measurements were carried out. Then each group of the
      patients was classified into 4 subgroups: 1) myocardial infarction /n:9/, 2) IHD
      /52/, 3) myocarditis /28/, 4) chronic cor pulmonale (CCP) /3/ subgroups in the
      first group and 1) normal /n:20/, 2) IHD /50/, 3) myocarditis /16/, 4) chronic
      cor pulmonale /14/ subgroups in the second group. The patients were reclassified
      by our multivariate pattern recognition algorithm (PRIMA). The average
      effectiveness of our method was over 80%, the recognition abilities for the
      subgroups (classes) ranged between 71 and 100%. An analysis of the discrimination
      power of the properties has made it evident that the haemorheological features
      were more characteristic than the haemodynamic ones in distinguishing the two
      differential-diagnostically critical groups. Our results show that our
      multivariate statistical method can be useful for the computer-aided decision in
      cardiological diagnostics.

PMID- 2280995
TI  - Cellular and humoral autoimmune responses against human eye muscle membrane
      antigen in Graves' disease.
AB  - 75 patients with Graves' disease (54 with ophthalmopathy) were investigated using
      the tests of leucocyte adherence inhibition and immune adsorption with 125I
      labelled Staphylococcus Protein A, against human eye muscle "crude" membrane
      antigen. The results of positive leucocyte adherence inhibition (10 out of 26 vs.
      1 out of 28, P less than 0.05) and anti-human eye muscle membrane antibody index
      (mean +/- S.D.) (1.89 +/- 1.20 vs. 0.84 +/- 0.38, P less than 0.001) showed a
      correlation with the patients with clinically active eye disease and the HLA-B8
      antigen in Graves' ophthalmopathy (P less than 0.01). Positive leucocyte
      adherence inhibition was observed in 9 out of 21 cases of Graves' disease without
      ophthalmopathy, but its prognostic relevance has to be confirmed in the
      development of ophthalmopathy.

PMID- 2280996
TI  - Correlations between serum alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein concentration and conventional
      laboratory parameters in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Serum alpha 2HS-glycoprotein (A2HSG) concentrations of 63 patients with systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE) were determined, and found to be significantly low
      compared to those of 59 healthy blood donors. The diminution of serum A2HSG
      concentration was proportional to the degree of activity of SLE, and was not
      influenced by secondary infections. There was a statistically significant
      positive correlation between serum A2HSG and the C3 complement component levels.
      A negative correlation between serum A2HSG and IgG, IgA concentration and anti
      DNA activity was observed. Serum A2HSG was significantly low in cases of positive
      for the following laboratory parameters: anti-nuclear antibodies, circulating
      immune complexes and LE cell phenomenon. We found no correlation between serum
      IgM concentration, cryoglobulins, latex agglutination and serum A2HSG levels. The
      unusually good negative correlation between A2HSG pathogenetical role of this
      glycoprotein in SLE. The determination of A2HSG concentration may be of clinical
      importance in SLE.

PMID- 2280997
TI  - The measurement of the serum sex-hormone binding globulin in various thyroid
      diseases.
AB  - Synthesis of "sex-hormone binding globulin" (SHBG) is influenced by thyroid
      hormones and its concentration in the serum of female subjects may be a marker of
      thyroid hormone effect at the peripheral tissue (liver) level. Compared to the
      levels found in euthyroid females (n = 46), the mean (+/- S.D.) serum SHBG
      concentration was found elevated in overt hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease: n =
      56; 141.6 +/- 37.6 vs. 48.3 +/- 16.2; toxic nodular goiter: n = 16; 119.9 +/-
      50.7 vs. 48.3 +/- 16.2 nmol/l; P less than 0.001). In contrast, it was decreased
      in manifest hypothyroidism (n = 25; 24.9 +/- 14.8 vs. 48.3 +/- 16.2; P less than
      0.001). In the group of preclinical hyperthyroidism (n = 43), despite suppressed
      TSH secretion, the serum value of SHBG was normal (47.4 +/- 16.8), while its
      serum level approached the lower border of the normal range in subclinical
      hypothyroidism (n = 10; 33.6 +/- 6.1 vs 48.3 +/- 16.2 nmol/l; P less than 0.01).
      Data indicate that the pituitary responds more sensitively than the liver to a
      slight change of the serum thyroid hormone level. During thyroid hormone
      replacement for hypothyroidism, measurement of serum SHBG may provide help to
      assess the response of the target organ to the given therapy. In patients with
      generalized resistance to thyroid hormone, the serum SHBG level is within the
      normal range (51.3 +/- 9.8 nmol/l), thus, its determination supports the
      diagnosis of this disease.

PMID- 2280998
TI  - Gastric and colorectal cancer in the tropical part of Africa (a review).
AB  - Until recently the practitioners in Africa, and also those in the temperate
      climates, had to rely on literature written in an environment that is very
      different from the tropical circumstances. In the rapidly changing world the
      physician must be well-informed about the differences which exist between the
      medical practice of the tropical and of the temperate climates. In this article
      the characteristics of gastric and colorectal cancer in the tropical (sub
      Saharan) part of Africa are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2280999
TI  - Porphyrins and nucleic acid in some photosensitive skin diseases.
AB  - This study was suggested to evaluate the possible role of porphyrins and DNA, and
      their interaction, in some photosensitive premalignant and malignant dermatoses.
      Twenty-five patients with photosensitive skin diseases viz. xeroderma pigmentosum
      and basal cell carcinoma, were randomly selected at the outpatient clinic of
      Dermatology in Mansoura University Hospital. Twenty-five matched normal
      individuals were used as a control group. In basal cell carcinoma patients, a
      high increase in skin DNA and decrease in skin total porphyrin, haemoglobin and
      haem concentrations were observed. In xeroderma pigmentosum, a significant
      decrease in both skin DNA and skin total porphyrin were found, at the same time,
      there were elevations in urinary total porphyrin, PBG and ALA concentrations, and
      a high decrease in haemoglobin and haem levels.

PMID- 2281001
TI  - Overcoming barriers to educational mobility in nursing.
AB  - A shift in locus of responsibility from the individual to a program for
      facilitation of educational mobility in nursing calls for an explication and
      eradication of artificial barriers to such mobility. Drawing upon and extending
      the analysis found in the educational literature, this articles explores issues
      such as program autonomy, pedagogical assumptions about the nature of learning,
      adherence to questionable technical-professional distinctions, blindness to
      cultural-class differences, and employer practices as socially constructed
      barriers to educational mobility. The author argues that recognition of these
      barriers is a critical first step in exposing underlying motives restricting
      mobility. This article invites the nursing community, and in particular the
      nursing education community, to come to terms with their role in perpetuating
      barriers to educational mobility.

PMID- 2281000
TI  - The phenomena of care in Sicilian-Canadian culture: an ethnonursing case study.
AB  - This study examined the caring beliefs and behaviors of first- and second
      generation Sicilians who immigrated to Canada and now reside in an Ontario
      metropolitan area. Madeleine Leininger's ethnonursing model of "Cultural Care
      Diversity and Universality" (1978, 1985, 1988) provided the framework;
      qualitative information was gained from the perceptions and cognitions of two
      Sicilian-Canadian families. Emphasis was placed on cultural and social structure
      dimensions that depicted caring, health beliefs, and related practices. The
      research questions guiding this inquiry were: a) What care values, care beliefs,
      and behavior patterns are deemed to promote/preserve well-being in this culture?
      b) Who provides care in this culture and under what circumstances? Implications
      for nursing that emerged included: provision of continuity of care, the
      importance of the involvement of the family, and the development of innovative
      means to enhance self-care practices to prevent illness and to reduce aversion to
      the professional healthcare system.

PMID- 2281002
TI  - Said another way: Florence Nightingale: nursing's first environmental theorist.

PMID- 2281003
TI  - The last word: the "line-down-the-middle" theory of nursing.

PMID- 2281005
TI  - Anxiety and depression as secondary phenomena.

PMID- 2281004
TI  - Patient advocacy and whistle-blowing in nursing: help for the helpers.
AB  - This article examines the phenomenon of whistle-blowing and its antecedent
      dynamics, including invidious organizational tactics that are employed to silence
      patient advocates. Moral distress and moral outrage are identified and described
      as manifestations of the stress that nurses experience when acts of patient
      advocacy are subverted. Recommendations are offered to empower and protect
      present and future practitioners who may be faced with having to take on the role
      of whistle-blower. Research initiatives are also suggested.

PMID- 2281006
TI  - The concept of secondary depression and its relationship to comorbidity.
AB  - The data suggest that the primary/secondary concept is more appropriate than the
      concept of comorbidity. This is based on the fact that many psychiatric illnesses
      have very high frequencies of depression associated with them, far more than what
      would be considered expected by chance. The secondary concept is important in
      that it has considerable clinical meaning and is a way to predict response to
      treatment and course after the patient is seen by a clinician.

PMID- 2281007
TI  - The application of genetic methods to the study of disease associations in
      psychiatry.
AB  - The problem of multiple diagnoses in the same patient is a very real one in
      psychiatry. Theoretical causes of disease associations are reviewed and
      illustrated with examples from a variety of psychiatric conditions. These include
      Huntington's disease and depression, mitroprolapse and panic attacks, anxiety
      disorder and depression, and others.

PMID- 2281008
TI  - Depression and anxiety secondary to medical illness.
AB  - Mind and body remain stubbornly one. The distinction between primary and
      secondary disorders respects this unity. The distinction between "reactive" and
      "induced" carry causal implications and suggest the former is psychogenic and the
      latter organic--both of which are probably premature conclusions. The
      diagnostician, free of the demands on the pathologist, can pursue the correct
      nosology committed to demonstrating, not the pathophysiology, but the presence of
      adequate diagnostic criteria. Whenever a secondary disorder meets full criteria
      it may warrant the same treatment accorded to the primary disorder. Whether the
      disease is major or minor may also be of clinical significance. Only further
      application of psychiatric nosology to medically ill patients can resolve these
      issues. Karajgi et al recently found that the lifetime prevalence of panic
      disorder in a sample of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was
      8%. The only respectable offspring of neurotic depression in DSM-III-R is
      dysthymia. As with neurotic depression, dysthymia is not a condition thought
      appropriate for or responsive to antidepressant drugs. Clinicians dealing with
      depression in the medically ill think of depression itself as "serious," that is,
      major.

PMID- 2281009
TI  - Comorbidity for alcoholism and depression.
AB  - There has been a dramatic increase in attention to comorbidity between
      psychiatric disorders and substance abuse in both clinical and research settings.
      Patients with major psychiatric conditions and substance abuse often fall between
      the cracks in clinical settings because of administrative distinctions between
      substance abuse and mental health. This article reviews the evidence regarding an
      association between alcoholism and depression in clinical and epidemiologic
      studies. Longitudinal and family-genetic studies are also reviewed to address
      possible mechanisms for the association between alcoholism and depression.

PMID- 2281010
TI  - Depression secondary to anxiety: findings from the McLean Hospital Depression
      Research Facility.
AB  - Methodologic issues pertinent to the study of depression secondary to anxiety are
      reviewed. Data on the frequency and temporal sequence of comorbid DSM-III-R
      anxiety and depressive disorders in a sample from the McLean Hospital Depression
      Research Facility are presented. Patients with major depression secondary to
      anxiety are compared with major depressed patients without anxiety on a variety
      of demographic and clinical variables. Conceptual and practical frameworks are
      developed for assessing and understanding comorbidity and secondary depression.

PMID- 2281011
TI  - Secondary depression: observations in alcoholism, Briquet's syndrome, anxiety
      disorder, schizophrenia, and antisocial personality. A form of comorbidity?
AB  - This article deals with the diagnostic issue of secondary depression and relates
      it to the broader question of comorbidity. The primary focus of the article is to
      summarize certain data supporting the validity of the concept of secondary
      depression; these data are used to point up an appropriate strategy for studying
      comorbidity involving psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2281012
TI  - The relationship between panic disorder/agoraphobia and personality disorders.
AB  - This selective review of the relationship between panic disorder/agoraphobia and
      DSM-III personality disorders points to a preponderance of dependent, avoidant,
      and histrionic features and reveals a certain degree of covariation between
      severity of Axis I disorder and personality functioning. However, the link
      between panic/agoraphobia and Axis II disorders does not appear to be specific
      because (1) general features such as neuroticism, stress, dysphoric mood, and
      interpersonal sensitivity, rather than duration and severity of panic attacks and
      phobias, emerge as unique predictors or determinants of personality disorder; and
      (2) similar personality profiles are obtained in a heterogenous population of
      psychiatric outpatients or patients with social phobia, obsessive-compulsive
      disorder, and major depression.

PMID- 2281013
TI  - Anxiety secondary to depression.
AB  - Studies of familial transmission, twin concordance, epidemiologic patterns, and
      diagnostic stability on follow-up all support the fundamental separation of
      affective and anxiety disorders. The importance of subdividing cosyndromal
      conditions by the presumed primary illness follows logically from these data, and
      convention suggests the use of temporal sequencing to do this; however, evidence
      that this approach is successful is modest. At a practical level, panic attacks
      seem to indicate a depression of greater severity and poorer overall prognosis.
      Moreover, obsessions and compulsions that develop within depressive episodes tend
      to differ in their themes from those that develop autonomously, and depression
      may precipitate only certain types of phobias. Finally, panic attacks may predict
      better responses to MAOIs and poorer responses to conventional tricyclic
      antidepressants. All of these conclusions are based on a relatively small amount
      of literature. Interest in this topic has grown rapidly in the past decade, and
      subsequent reviews will draw different, or at least additional conclusions.

PMID- 2281014
TI  - Alcohol use and abuse secondary to anxiety.
AB  - The relationship between alcohol use and anxiety is complex. From a clinical
      standpoint, it is clear that psychiatrists caring for anxious patients must be
      aware of the possibility of secondary alcohol abuse. For the most part, anxiety
      disorders are highly treatable conditions, whereas alcoholism is less
      successfully treated. With this in mind, it is important for the clinician to
      accurately diagnose anxiety disorders in their patients. Failure to do so may
      lead a high percentage of patients to the major complication of substance abuse,
      which itself may be very difficult to treat. Further research to understand the
      relationship between anxiety and alcohol use is warranted. Future studies should
      focus on discovering which anxious patients are likely to abuse alcohol. Studies
      screening patients for the presence of alcoholic traits, such as antisocial
      behavior or a family history of alcoholism, may help identify anxiety disorder
      patients who are likely to go on to become alcohol abusers. Researchers
      interested in the treatment of substance abusers should become acutely interested
      in the recognition and treatment of anxiety disorder in their patients.
      Identifying patients with anxiety disorders would be a first step in
      individualizing treatment for a given alcoholic patient.

PMID- 2281015
TI  - The cultural bereavement interview: a new clinical research approach for
      refugees.
AB  - The large number of refugees in the world must cope with the loss of family and
      homeland. This paper proposes a new concept of cultural bereavement and presents
      a framework for its identification in the clinical interview with refugees. The
      cultural bereavement interview explores reactions to personal losses and to
      losses of both the social systems and the cultural meanings. Eleven areas are
      systematically explored, the first nine are indicators of bereavement and the
      tenth and eleventh are "antidotes" to cultural bereavement. The cultural
      bereavement interview can provide a clinical framework for exploring the
      patient's personal and cultural bereavement, clarify the "structure" of the
      patient's reactions to loss, complement the currently used psychiatric diagnostic
      categories, acknowledge the cultural system of meaning held by the patient, and
      provide information to be used in planning social supports or interventions.

PMID- 2281016
TI  - The effect of adenosine receptor agonists on analgesic effects of morphine.
AB  - The effect of adenosine, S-phenylisopropyladenosine (S-PIA) and dipyridamole (an
      adenosine reuptake inhibitor) on the analgesic action of morphine in mice and
      rats was investigated in the hot-plate (56 degrees C) and tail immersion (52
      degrees C) tests. Adenosine, 50 and 100 mg/kg, induced analgesia in mice and rats
      in the hot-plate test and potentiated the action of morphine (particularly in
      mice). The analgesic effects of adenosine were completely abolished by caffeine
      (10 mg/kg in mice and rats), and partially inhibited by naloxone (1 mg/kg, only
      in mice). S-PIA given alone (0.6 mg/kg) produced in mice some analgesic effect in
      the hot-plate test: the effect was abolished by caffeine and partially by
      naloxone. The effect of S-PIA on the action of morphine depends on the dose and
      the animal species. Dipyridamole alone did not affect the reactivity of animals
      in tests for analgesia, but potentiated the action of morphine.

PMID- 2281018
TI  - Properties of the melanin binding of p-bromo-methylamphetamine (V-111).
AB  - The aim of the present study was to obtain detailed information on the binding
      properties of p-bromomethylamphetamine (V-111) to melanins under in vitro and in
      vivo conditions. The results obtained by the methods of both equilibrium and
      dynamic dialysis revealed that the binding of V-111 to bovine eye melanin was
      reversible, at least for the part of the binding sites, whereas the dissociation
      of V-111-melanin adduct was slow. The binding capacity of two different classes
      of binding sites of bovine eye melanin and dissociation constants of the drug
      melanin complexes have been determined. The in vivo melanin binding of V-111-1
      14C was studied by the method of whole body autoradiography. Extensive
      accumulation and retention was observed in the eyes of the pigmented mice while
      in the albino animal uptake was low in the corresponding tissues. In conclusion,
      V-111 may most probably be accumulated and retained for long periods in the
      pigmented cells of intact animals. Our data also imply that melanin in the
      pigmented cells serves as a depot, which gradually releases p-bromo
      methylamphetamine resulting in a prolonged local effect of this compound.

PMID- 2281017
TI  - Anorexia induced by M-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) in rats.
AB  - 1-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] piperazine (TFMPP), a putative 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C and
      5-HT2 agonist decreased dose-dependently food intake over 4 h in freely feeding
      rats. The TFMPP-induced anorexia was blocked by mesulergine (a 5-HT1C and 5-HT2
      antagonist), metergoline (a 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 antagonist),
      mianserin (a 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 antagonist) and attenuated by ketanserin and
      ritanserin (5-HT2 antagonists). The examined anorexia was not antagonized by
      cyanopindolol and compound 21009 (5-HT1A and 5-HT1B antagonists). These results
      indicate that the TFMPP-induced anorexia in freely feeding rats is probably
      mediated by 5-HT2--and, may be also by 5-HT1C receptors.

PMID- 2281019
TI  - The effect of some antiinflammatory drugs on collagen of rat skin.
AB  - Collagen content and mutual relationship between type I and type III collagens in
      the skin of rats chronically treated with some antiinflammatory drugs were
      evaluated. It was found that prednisone, colchicine, acetylsalicylic acid,
      indomethacin and phenylbutazone induce a decrease of collagen content in rat
      skin. In the case of prednisone, acetylsalicylic acid and phenylbutazone
      modification of type I to type III collagen ratio in rat skin was observed. These
      observations suggest that non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs may exert similar
      effects on skin collagen as steroid hormones.

PMID- 2281020
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological investigations of 3-(aminoalkylene)-1-aryl-2-thioxo
      4,5-imidazolidinedione and 2,4,5-imidazolidinetrione derivatives.
AB  - New derivatives of 2-thioxo-4,5-imidazolidinedione (3-6, 10, 11) and 2,4,5
      imidazolidinetrione (7, 12) were synthesized by N,N'-acylation of asymmetric
      thioureas and ureas by oxalyl chloride. The obtained compounds were screened for
      their central action, mainly anticonvulsant activity.

PMID- 2281022
TI  - Synthesis and anticonvulsant properties of some arylsuccinate
      methylpyridylimides.
AB  - In reaction of alpha-phenyl, alpha-p-chlorophenyl and alpha-m
      chlorophenylsuccinic acid with various aminopyridines, N-pyridyl-substituted
      succinimides (compounds 1-14) were obtained. These compounds were investigated
      for their CNS activity. Compounds 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 displayed anticonvulsant
      properties in the maximum electroshock test. Compounds 5 and 6 were also active
      in the pentetrazole test.

PMID- 2281023
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological properties of some derivatives of 3
      phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine.
AB  - The one-pot synthesis and properties of some derivatives of 3-phenylimidazo [4,5
      b]pyridine (4a-g) were described. The central action of compounds 4a, 4f and 4g
      has been investigated using behavioral tests in mice and rats. The tested
      compounds showed a potent sedative effect. Compound 4f has central
      serotoninolytic properties in the m-CPP induced hyperthermia in rats.

PMID- 2281021
TI  - 1,3-disubstituted 2-thioxo-4,5-imidazolidinediones and 2,4,5-imidazolidinetriones
      and their anticonvulsant activity.
AB  - New unsymmetrically 1,3-disubstituted derivatives of 2-thioxo-4,5
      imidazolidinedione (3, 5-7, 9-12) and 2,4,5-imidazolidinetrione (2, 8, 13-15)
      were synthesized by condensation of the respective thioureas and ureas with
      oxalyl chloride. They were screened for their central, mainly anticonvulsant
      activity and only compound 8 revealed antianxiety and antiepileptic properties.

PMID- 2281024
TI  - Convulsive action of flunarizine in rabbits.
AB  - High doses of an anticonvulsant agent, flunarizine, given singly or repeatedly
      produce convulsions in rabbits. Albino rabbits were more vulnerable than mongrel
      ones. The flunarizine-induced convulsions are interrupted by diazepam.

PMID- 2281025
TI  - [Retention and locking of short crowns].

PMID- 2281027
TI  - [Topological classification of prefabricated attachments].

PMID- 2281026
TI  - [Internal bleaching technique].

PMID- 2281028
TI  - Mean interconversion times and distribution rate parameters for drugs undergoing
      reversible metabolism.
AB  - The mean interconversion time and recycling numbers are introduced as intrinsic
      metabolic interconversion and distribution parameters for drugs undergoing linear
      reversible metabolism. Equations for these parameters, the distribution
      clearance, and the mean transit time in the central and peripheral compartments
      are derived for a metabolic pair where interconversion and elimination occur in
      central compartments. These parameters can be calculated from plasma
      concentration versus time slopes and intercepts, AUC, and AUMC data of parent
      drug and its metabolite partner following iv administration of each compound. The
      mean time analysis is illustrated with disposition data obtained previously for
      methylprednisolone and methylprednisone in the rabbit. Examination of mean times
      and additional properties of the system reveals that total exposure time of
      methylprednisolone is weakly influenced by the metabolic interconversion process,
      whereas the total exposure time of methylprednisone is strongly influenced by the
      process. In addition, the tissue distribution process moderately influence the
      total exposure times of both compounds. The derived mean time parameters, along
      with previously evolved equations for clearances, volumes of distribution,
      moments, and mean residence times allow comprehensive analysis of linear,
      multicompartmental reversible metabolic systems.

PMID- 2281030
TI  - Phosphatidylserine as a determinant for the tissue distribution of weakly basic
      drugs in rats.
AB  - Interogan variation in tissue distribution of weakly basic drugs such as
      quinidine, propranolol, and imipramine was investigated as a function of binding
      to phosphatidylserine (PhS) in tissues. Tissue distributions of these drugs were
      determined using 10 different tissues at a steady-state plasma concentration and
      were expressed as tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients (Kp values). The
      concentration of PhS in the tissue was determined by two-dimensional thin-layer
      chromatography. Plotting of Kp values, except for brain, against the tissue PhS
      concentrations showed a linear relationship, indicating that PhS is a determinant
      in the interorgan variation of these tissue distributions. Further, differences
      in tissue distribution among the drugs was considered to be due to the difference
      in binding potency to PhS. Drug binding parameters to individual standard
      phospholipid were determined using a hexane-pH 4.0 buffer partition system.
      Binding was highest to PhS, and a linear relationship was found between the log
      nK [product of the number of binding sites (n) and the association constant (K)
      for PhS binding] obtained in vitro and Kp values of drugs in tissues in vivo. The
      empirically derived equation, Kp = 14.3 x (log nK) x (PhS conc.) - 8.09, was
      found to predict Kp values in vivo of weakly basic drugs. Thus, a determinant of
      interorgan variation in the tissue distribution of the weakly basic drugs studied
      was the tissue concentration of PhS and the drug binding affinity to PhS.

PMID- 2281029
TI  - Growth hormone (GH) secretory dynamics in animals administered estradiol
      utilizing a chemical delivery system.
AB  - We have utilized a redox chemical delivery system (CDS) for the brain targeting
      of estradiol (E2) to ascertain its effects on GH secretory patterns in adult
      intact male rats. The E2-CDS (1.0 mg/kg) dissolved in 20% hydroxypropyl
      cyclodextrin (HPCD), E2 (1.0 mg/kg) alone in 20% HPCD, or 20% HPCD was
      administered intravenously. GH secretory profiles, plasma steroid levels, and
      anterior pituitary levels of hormones were determined 1 week following steroid
      injection. Whereas E2 in HPCD and HPCD treatment did not alter masculine GH
      secretory patterns, animals administered the E2-CDS displayed disrupted GH
      patterns with attenuated individual pulse amplitudes and significantly elevated
      GH baseline levels. Moderate pituitary hyperplasia was evident only in the E2-CDS
      group of animals. Plasma testosterone (T) concentrations were reduced in only the
      E2-CDS group. T replacement reduced E2-CDS-associated pituitary hyperplasia and
      preserved the masculine GH secretory profiles, with only a slight reduction in
      individual GH peak amplitudes being observed. T replacement did not prevent the
      increase in pituitary and plasma levels of PRL associated with E2-CDS treatment
      but did block both the increase in pituitary GH content and the hyperplasia
      associated with prolonged E2 exposure. E2 given alone induced a significant
      increase in both GH and PRL in the pituitary without establishment of pituitary
      hyperplasia or elevated plasma PRL levels. These data indicate that E2-CDS is an
      effective mode of steroid administration. Changes in GH secretory dynamics,
      pituitary levels of GH, and degree of hyperplasia are dependent upon the chemical
      design of the delivery system for E2. Concomitant T therapy can prevent some of
      the changes in GH secretion associated with high-dose E2 exposure.

PMID- 2281031
TI  - Application of radiotelemetric technique in evaluating diclofenac sodium
      absorption after oral administration of various dosage forms in healthy
      volunteers.
AB  - A radiotelemetric technique with the Heidelberg capsule (HC) was used to improve
      the quality of data generated in a bioavailability study involving an enteric
      coated (EC) formulation. Further, changes in plasma levels of the drug from other
      dosage forms were related to changes in pH environment as determined by the HC.
      Eight healthy male subjects received the following treatments, 15 min after a
      light breakfast, according to a randomized, four-way crossover design: (A) HC and
      75 mg of a diclofenac sodium aqueous buffered solution: (B) HC and one 75-mg
      Voltaren EC tablet; (C) HC and one 100-mg Voltaren slow-release (SR) tablet; and
      (D) HC alone. Each treatment was separated by a 1-week washout period. Two
      additional subjects subsequently received Treatment B only. Multiple peaks were
      observed in the drug plasma level-time profiles for the buffered aqueous solution
      which, in all cases, occurred before gastric emptying of the HC. The multiple
      peaks were not observed for the Voltaren SR tablet, but a variable absorption lag
      time occurred which coincided with the gastric residence time of the SR tablet.
      For the EC tablet the variability of individual plasma level-time profiles was
      drastically reduced when the time after dosing was adjusted to coincide with
      gastric emptying of the HC. Finally, the lag time between gastric emptying of the
      EC tablet and the onset of drug absorption was consistently at 1 hr for all
      subjects. This lag time was longer than the in vitro disintegration or
      dissolution times measured under USP conditions.

PMID- 2281032
TI  - Evaluation of a noninvasive method for monitoring percutaneous absorption of
      lidocaine in vivo.
AB  - The pharmacodynamic measurement of in vivo skin penetration of lidocaine was
      explored with an instrument used in dentistry to determine tooth pulp vitality.
      The instrument delivers a low-current, pulsatile electrical waveform of
      increasing intensity with time. The readings, which are reproducible, are in
      arbitrary units on a scale of 0-80. Testing of naive sites showed variation as a
      function of location, even over relatively small distances. The response at a
      marked site over a 12-hr period generally was consistent in five subjects.
      Following intradermal administration of 1 or 2% lidocaine hydrochloride injection
      in one subject, the instrument reached its maximum value within 2 min. This was
      followed by a sustained plateau and then a gradual falloff of the effect. Topical
      formulations containing 5% lidocaine base and corresponding blank formulations
      were applied under occlusion within Hilltop chambers to intact skin on the
      forearms of human volunteers for 3 hr. While the response to a 40% propylene
      glycol formulation was not significantly different from the corresponding
      control, a cream exhibited slow development of profound anesthesia that lasted
      for several hours following chamber removal.

PMID- 2281033
TI  - Analysis of hepatic transport of cefpiramide in rats with obstructive jaundice by
      using isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - The mechanism of the diminished biliary clearance of cefpiramide (CPM) in rats
      with obstructive jaundice (OJ) was investigated by using isolated hepatocytes.
      The kinetics of CPM uptake by hepatocytes isolated from normal rats and rats with
      OJ could be explained by the combination of saturable carrier-mediated and
      nonsaturable first-order rate processes. The maximum uptake rate (Vmax) of the
      carrier-mediated process was significantly decreased in OJ, compared with normal
      hepatocytes, while the Michaelis constant (Km) and the first-order rate constant
      (kd) were not significantly different. This result indicated that the number of
      CPM transport carriers was decreased in OJ hepatocytes. Further, no CPM uptake
      occurred from the serum of OJ rats into normal hepatocytes. Partial recovery of
      CPM uptake after treatment of OJ serum with activated charcoal suggested the
      accumulation of inhibitors of CPM uptake in OJ serum.

PMID- 2281035
TI  - Topical drug delivery from thin applications: theoretical predictions and
      experimental results.
AB  - Stainless-steel templates of various thicknesses (75, 200, 800, and 1600 microns)
      were used to apply propylene glycol/water gels containing methyl or propyl p
      aminobenzoates to silicone rubber membranes, and drug delivery was studied with
      the use of the Bronaugh diffusion cell under conditions in which the drug was
      initially in thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to the application and
      membrane. Theoretical diffusion profiles were generated with the use of a model
      which assumes that diffusional gradients exist within the application. To use the
      model equation, previously derived for the initial condition in which the drug is
      in thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to the application and membrane, drug
      diffusivity in both the application and the membrane and the drug's
      membrane/vehicle partition coefficient were independently determined. In general,
      agreement between experimental and theoretical results was within 25%.

PMID- 2281034
TI  - Use of shed snake skin as a model membrane for in vitro percutaneous penetration
      studies: comparison with human skin.
AB  - The potential usefulness of shed snake skin as a model membrane for transdermal
      research was examined. There are similarities between shed snake skin and human
      stratum corneum in terms of structure, composition, lipid content, water
      permeability, etc. The permeability of various compounds and the contribution of
      several functional groups to the permeability were also found to be similar
      between shed snake skin and human skin. Moreover, the permeability of compounds
      through shed snake skin was increased by Azone, one of the most extensively
      studied transdermal penetration enhancers. Considering the similarities between
      shed snake skin and human skin, ease of storage and handling, and low cost, shed
      snake skin may offer a good model membrane for transdermal research.

PMID- 2281036
TI  - Binding of pyrimethamine to human plasma proteins and erythrocytes.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed for
      pyrimethamine in plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), and buffer for the purpose of
      studying its plasma protein binding and RBC partitioning. Pyrimethamine (1000
      ng/ml) was 94% bound to plasma proteins on average, depending on the pH of
      plasma. A comparison of the lower and upper range of plasma concentrations that
      would be achieved after a malaria prophylaxis dosing regimen (25 mg/week) showed
      that the fraction unbound was significantly lower at 120 ng/ml than at the upper
      plasma concentration of 360 ng/ml, 3.5 vs 4.9%, respectively. Nonlinear
      regression of the effect of albumin concentration (g/L) on plasma binding yielded
      the equation: fraction unbound = 1/[(0.421 * albumin concentration) + 1] (R2 =
      0.99). There was no binding to normal levels of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG).
      The mean ratio of the concentration of pyrimethamine in RBCs to that in plasma
      (RBC:plasma ratio) was 0.42, while the mean RBC:buffer ratio was 5.2. Binding to
      hemolysate did not account for all of the RBC uptake, suggesting that binding to
      or partitioning into RBC membranes may be important. Because pyrimethamine
      binding depends on both albumin concentration and pyrimethamine concentration in
      the plasma, these studies predict greater free fractions of pyrimethamine
      associated with the higher doses given for toxoplasmosis (75 mg/day) and with the
      hypoalbuminemia associated with AIDS and malaria.

PMID- 2281038
TI  - A method for determination of the absolute pulmonary bioavailability of inhaled
      drugs: terbutaline.
AB  - Terbutaline sulfate (4 X 0.250 mg) was given to 11 healthy volunteers by
      inhalation from a metered dose inhaler (MDI), with and without oral
      administration of a charcoal slurry. Before the inhalations, the adsorbing
      capacity of the charcoal slurry was tested. Deuterated terbutaline, 0.125 mg, was
      given intravenously at the same time as the test doses. The charcoal slurry
      adsorbed 97% of an oral dose. The oral contribution to the overall systemic
      bioavailability after inhalation, when charcoal was coadministered, could thus be
      neglected. After inhalation of terbutaline, 9.1% of the dose was deposited in the
      lungs and an additional 6.7% was systemically available via the oral route. The
      method presented measures the absolute pulmonary bioavailability after inhalation
      from a MDI. Since a deuterated analogue is given intravenously together with the
      inhalations, fewer subjects are needed to obtain reliable data.

PMID- 2281037
TI  - Dose and time-course evaluation of a redox-based estradiol-chemical delivery
      system for the brain. I. Tissue distribution.
AB  - Brain-enhanced delivery and sustained release of estradiol (E2) may be
      potentially useful in the treatments of vasomotor hot flushes and prostatic
      adenocarcinoma and for fertility regulation. Therefore, we have evaluated a redox
      based estradiol-chemical delivery system (E2-CDS) for the brain. The mechanism of
      this drug delivery is based on an interconvertible dihydropyridine in equilibrium
      pyridinium salt redox reaction. In this study, we investigated the dose- and time
      dependent effects of E2-CDS on the tissue distribution of E2-Q+ and E2, the
      inactive (intermediate) and active metabolites, respectively, of the E2-CDS.
      Ovariectomized rats received a single iv injection of E2-CDS at 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0
      mg/kg or an E2 dose of 0.7 mg/kg or the drug's vehicle, 2-hydroxypropyl-beta
      cyclodextrin (HPCD), on day 0. Tissue samples including brain and peripheral
      tissues were then analyzed for both E2-Q+ and E2 at 1, 7, 14, 21, or 28 days
      following the E2-CDS administration. Initially, both E2-Q+ and E2 were detected
      in all tissues analyzed. The dose-distribution and time-course study demonstrates
      that (1) at 24 hr (1 day) after administration of E2-CDS, all tissues showed a
      dose-proportional increase in concentrations of E2-Q+ and E2; (2) the enzymatic
      oxidation of E2-CDS to E2-Q+ was dose dependent over the 100-fold dose range
      examined; and (3) the disappearance of E2-Q+ as well as E2 was slow in whole
      brain and hypothalamus, with an apparent t1/2 = 8-9 days, while both of these
      metabolites were rapidly cleared from plasma, liver, fat, anterior pituitary,
      kidney, lung, heart, and uterus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281039
TI  - Pharmacokinetic screening of o-naphthoquinone 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors.
AB  - The o-naphthoquinone derivative, CGS 8515 (I), is a potent inhibitor (IC50, 0.1
      microM) of 5-lipoxygenase, but its therapeutic potential is compromised by a
      short plasma half-life (22 min) and extremely poor oral bioavailability (less
      than 2%). Poor biopharmaceutical properties of CGS 8515 were attributed to poor
      aqueous solubility and rapid in vivo hydrolysis of its methyl ester function to
      an inactive metabolite (IC50, 100 microM). An active amide analogue (II) was
      synthesized to prevent rapid hydrolysis. While analogue II appeared to be stable
      in vivo, its plasma half-life was also short (10 min), possibly because of rapid
      tissue distribution rather than metabolic elimination. Therefore, three potent
      analogues with increased aqueous solubilities were synthesized and compared with
      respect to their pharmacokinetic properties. The analogue with the highest
      aqueous solubility (V) demonstrated a plasma concentration vs time profile with
      the largest area under the curve (AUC) and the smallest distribution (alpha)
      phase of all the analogues studied. The percentage AUC of the terminal phase
      (beta) for three analogs paralleled their aqueous solubilities. The oral
      bioavailability of V was improved to 27%, compared to 2% for the parent compound,
      CGS 8515.

PMID- 2281041
TI  - Ultraviolet (UV) absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra of captopril.
AB  - The ultraviolet and circular dichroism spectra of authentic captopril have been
      obtained, since the reported literature data are inconsistent with those obtained
      on highly purified material. The UV absorption spectrum consists of a single band
      maximum at 200 nm, while the CD spectrum consists of a single negative peak
      located at 210 nm. The CD spectrum of captopril and its other three diastereomers
      can be explained largely in terms of a summation of the chirality of its
      individual components, (S)-proline and (2S)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropionic acid.

PMID- 2281042
TI  - A statistical approach for the development of an oral controlled-release matrix
      tablet.
AB  - Tablet matrix compositions for optimized prolonged release were selected by
      surface response methodology. The extreme vertices experimental design was used
      to develop a surface response model which mathematically defined the release of
      active component from the tablet matrix as controlled by the percentage of the
      excipient components. The model, a statistical quadratic equation with a standard
      error of 3.3, was validated for accurate prediction of drug release profiles and
      used to identify optimum formulations. This study demonstrated a new application
      of the extreme vertices experimental design, an efficient method for evaluating a
      complex mixture system for controlled release, where specific constraints are
      placed on one or more of the components.

PMID- 2281040
TI  - Microdialysis sampling for determination of plasma protein binding of drugs.
AB  - The use of microdialysis sampling to study the binding of drugs to plasma
      proteins was evaluated. Microdialysis sampling is accomplished by placing a short
      length of dialysis fiber in the sample and perfusing the fiber with a vehicle.
      Small molecules in the sample, such as drugs, diffuse into the fiber and are
      transported to collection vials for analysis. Larger molecules, such as proteins
      and protein-bound drugs are excluded by the dialysis membrane. Microdialysis was
      found to give values for in vitro protein binding in plasma equivalent to those
      determined by ultrafiltration. Microdialysis offers advantages in terms of
      maintaining equilibria and experimental versatility. Microdialysis sampling also
      provides potential use for in vivo determinations of protein binding.

PMID- 2281043
TI  - The development of USP dissolution and drug release standards.
AB  - Dissolution tests have been in use in the pharmaceutical industry for over 20
      years, and they are official in The United States Pharmacopeia since the early
      1960s. The dissolution test, reviewed primarily as a quality control tool,
      replaced the use of disintegration tests which had been official in The United
      States Pharmacopeia since 1950. Refinements in the dissolution test equipment and
      methodology have occurred over the years in order to enhance its relevance. The
      Subcommittees of the USP Committee of Revision dealing with these issues have
      developed and refined compendial dissolution standards and policies for
      conventional solid-oral dosage forms and modified-release dosage forms.

PMID- 2281044
TI  - Treating seriously ill patients with experimental drugs.

PMID- 2281045
TI  - Solute absorption from the airways of the isolated rat lung. III. Absorption of
      several peptidase-resistant, synthetic polypeptides: poly-(2-hydroxyethyl)
      aspartamides.
AB  - A series of samples of the synthetic polypeptide poly-alpha, beta-[N(2
      hydroxyethyl)-DL-aspartamide] (PHEA), containing covalently bound fluorophore,
      ethylcarbonyl-6-aminofluorescein, and exhibiting different molecular weight
      distributions with weight average molecular weights ranging from approximately 4
      to 43 kD, was prepared and characterized. Aqueous solutions of the polymers were
      administered to the airways of isolated perfused rat lung preparations, and
      transfer to the perfusate was measured. Polymers administered directly to the
      perfusate were not degraded during the experiment. Polymer transfer rates were
      dependent upon starting molecular weight distribution, larger molecules being
      absorbed more slowly. In the case of a polymer with a median molecular weight of
      7.2 kD, the absorbed species appeared to be smaller molecules than those which
      were originally administered. This was not the case for a 3.98-kD polymer;
      absorbed material had a gel permeation chromatography elution volume equivalent
      to that of the administered material. Absorption for the 3.98-kD polymer was
      found to be dose dependent. Approximately 70% absorption of a 0.2-mg dose
      occurred in 100 min. Much larger polymers (up to 11.65 kD) were also absorbed at
      finite rates. Results are discussed in the context of macromolecular delivery to
      the systemic circulation via the lung.

PMID- 2281046
TI  - In vitro skin permeation and bioassay of chlorhexidine phosphanilate, a new
      antimicrobial agent.
AB  - An in vitro technique was developed to study the permeation and antimicrobial
      activity of graded concentrations of a new antibacterial agent, chlorhexidine
      phosphanilate (CHP), in cream formulations using Franz diffusion cells.
      Formulations containing from 0.2 to 2% CHP were quantitatively applied to intact
      excised skin and to skin from which the stratum corneum and partial epidermis had
      been enzymatically removed. Receptor fluids from diffusion cells were sampled
      over time and assayed by HPLC methods for chlorhexidine and phosphanilic acid; 24
      and 48-hr samples of the diffusate from studies with damaged skin were also
      bioassayed using clinical isolates of appropriate microbial species. Through
      intact skin almost no permeation of CHP was observed over 48 hr. The failure of
      CHP to penetrate intact human skin suggests that normal stratum corneum is the
      rate-limiting barrier to penetration by this antimicrobial agent. In damaged skin
      lacking stratum corneum barrier, the release of CHP from the formulation becomes
      the rate-determining step. Coincident with penetrating damaged skin, CHP
      dissociates, and the molar ratio of the chlorhexidine and phosphanilate moities
      in the diffusate changes to favor phosphanilic acid. The extent of changes in the
      permeation rates of both moieties of CHP was directly related to the CHP
      concentration in cream. Both CHP moieties were found to reach equilibrium in the
      dermis within 24 hr after application. It was also observed that CHP creams down
      to 0.2% concentration yielded diffusates with activity exceeding the minimum
      inhibitory concentration of all test microorganisms within 24 hr.

PMID- 2281047
TI  - [New principles in determining the biological value of proteins].
AB  - Some new principles are suggested in determination of the protein biological
      values that take into account the amino acid composition and the processes
      occurring in the course of protein assimilation. Food proteins have a significant
      effect on the protein-amino acid metabolism of the organism by reducing oxidative
      catabolism of essential amino acids which are deficient in the utilized protein,
      i.e. they have a compensating effect on the deficiency of exogenous essential
      amino acids. The understanding of the process allowed the author to approach the
      solution of the problem of the replacement of the amino acid score with the
      biological value. For this purpose two new parameters which determine the quality
      and the second phase of protein assimilation have been introduced, i.e. potential
      biological value (BVp) and compensation coefficient (C), respectively. The
      experimental biological value (BV) is determined as the sum of the two
      parameters: BV = BVp + C.

PMID- 2281051
TI  - [Ciliary dysfunction].

PMID- 2281050
TI  - [Meeting of the Pediatric Pneumology Society. Giessen, March 22-24, 1990.
      Proceedings].

PMID- 2281049
TI  - [Use of bacterial luciferase for determining monoamine oxidase activity].
AB  - A bioluminescence assay is proposed for measuring monoamine oxidase activity in
      different biological specimens (platelets, mitochondria). The assay is based on
      the bioluminescent reaction catalysed by bacterial luciferase and coupled to
      monoamine oxidase. Two modifications of the bioluminescence assay were used. In
      the first case, the bioluminescent system was added to monoamine oxidase
      preincubated with the substrates, while in the second case, all the components of
      the coupled enzymatic systems were directly mixed in a cell. The proposed
      bioluminescence assay is simple, highly sensitive and rapid, and could be
      especially useful for biomedical examinations.

PMID- 2281048
TI  - [Study of the thrombolytic and fibrinolytic properties of thiol- dependent serine
      proteinase (TSP) from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris in vivo].
AB  - Experiments on male albino rats showed that the thyol-dependent serine proteinase
      (TSP) dissolved the thrombus in the jugular vein for 2-5 hr. Intravenous
      injection of TSP activated the fibrinolytic system of intact animals by
      increasing the levels of the plasminogen activator and plasmin in the euglobulin
      fraction. The response of the fibrinolytic system on the intravenous injection of
      TSP (2mg/200 g) was different: in some rats, fibrinolysis was activated, while on
      others, it was inhibited. TSP in high doses caused the death of 60% of
      experimental animals.

PMID- 2281052
TI  - [Methods in and predictive value of vital cytological smears from ciliary
      epithelium].
AB  - The method of viable cytological sampling from respiratory mucosa is detailed
      including the technique of measuring the ciliary beat frequency. Some studies
      using this tool are mentioned to exemplify its usefulness.

PMID- 2281053
TI  - [The modification of ciliary motility by salbutamol: a comparative study on
      subjects: oral vs inhalation administration].
AB  - 15 healthy adults received for 3 days twice daily 8 mg salbutamol orally. Ciliary
      beat frequency was measured before, on the day of drug administration, 1 and 3
      days after the beginning of the treatment, by means of nasal brush biopsy. In the
      same subjects ciliary beat frequency was determined before and 10 minutes
      following to the inhalation of 2.5 mg salbutamol with 2 ml of 0.9% saline.
      Findings suggest that by orally administered salbutamol a positive effect on
      ciliary beat frequency is yielded. The increase of frequency is more distinct in
      patients suffering from bronchial hyperreactivity. There was no statistically
      significant effect after inhalative administration of the drug.

PMID- 2281054
TI  - [Ion transport dysfunction in mucoviscidosis. Current status].

PMID- 2281056
TI  - [The effect of ambulatory care on the course of cystic fibrosis].
AB  - We analyzed the long-term follow-up of 97 patients with cystic fibrosis, who had
      been treated in our outpatient clinic for at least two years. Clinical,
      laboratory and lung function parameters were evaluated. At the first visit to the
      clinic, the patients were 0.1 to 25 years old (median: 4.6 years); CF had been
      diagnosed 2.9 years (median) earlier. Up to the age of 10 years, mean values for
      weight for height, vital capacity, pO2 and serum IgG were normal; however, during
      puberty the values declined into the pathological range. From the first to the
      second year of centralized treatment, the percentage of patients with underweight
      decreased from 42% to 31%. Abnormal IgG was found in 56% of patients during the
      first and in 42% of patients during the second year. No deterioration of the mean
      values was observed during the following five years, reflecting no progression of
      the disease. Centralized treatment of CF patients influences the course of this
      disease favourably. To permit the best possible prognosis for each patient, all
      children with CF should be transferred to a CF clinic soon after diagnosis has
      been established.

PMID- 2281055
TI  - [Elimination of secretions in CF patients under amiloride inhalation].
AB  - Inhaled amiloride reduces active absorption of sodium of respiratory epithelium
      in CF patients and so, transiently, diminishes loss of water. 10 CF patients, 8
      to 28 years of age, were examined on two days. First day, they inhaled in a
      randomised order isotonic saline and a solution of amiloride hydrochloride (0.3
      mg/ml) one after another, each inhalation taking twenty minutes. Second day,
      inhalations were performed in an inverse order. To intensify the effect of
      inhalation, the inhalation procedure was combined with "autogenic drainage", a
      special kind of physiotherapy. Main criterion for evaluation was the amount of
      expectorated sputum. Mean increase of sputum during amiloride inhalation in
      comparison to saline was +50.4%. Patients and physiotherapist observed a
      liquefaction of secretion and a decrease of coughing by amiloride and a support
      of physiotherapy. These results suggest a beneficial clinical effect of regular
      amiloride inhalation in CF patients.

PMID- 2281058
TI  - [Physiotherapy in obstructive airway diseases].

PMID- 2281057
TI  - [Doppler echocardiographic diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in children with
      mucoviscidosis].
AB  - Today Doppler echocardiography is a reliable noninvasive method in the diagnostic
      of pulmonary hypertension. We investigated 52 patients (age 1 to 19 years) with
      pulsed- or continuous-wave Doppler. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) was
      calculated about the equation of Akiba using acceleration time, corrected by
      heart rate. SPAP estimated in this way was less than 20 mmHg in 14% of the
      patients. 20-39 mmHg in 29%, 40-59 mmHg in 31% and about 60 mmHg in 26%. No
      correlation was found between age and SPAP and only low correlation between score
      of Shwachman (r = 0.37) or score of Norman-Crispin and SPAP. Between body fat,
      calculated from the thickness of skin folds, and SPAP was found a good
      correlation (r = -0.73, p = 0.01).

PMID- 2281060
TI  - [Hemoptysis in childhood].

PMID- 2281059
TI  - [Inhalation therapy in chronic mucus retention].

PMID- 2281061
TI  - [The development of pediatric bronchology].
AB  - The authors give a statistical survey about the development of paediatric
      bronchology in the German Democratic Republic since 1957. They draw conclusions
      from this survey about the future trends in this field, which is part of
      paediatric bronchopneumology.

PMID- 2281062
TI  - [High-grade tracheomalacia and tracheal stenosis in congenital esophageal atresia
      with lower esophagotracheal fistula (Type III b)].
AB  - Stenosis and malacia of the trachea wall can provoke chronic stridor and/or
      chronic bronchitis, but usually stenosis and malacia only exist separately. The
      finding of an infant born with atresia of the oesophagus and a lower
      tracheoesophageal fistula which was cured by surgery on the 1st day of life are
      discussed. During the following 8 months we observed persistent stridor, chronic
      cough and (4-times) relapsing episodes of respiratory insufficiency ("nearly
      sudden-infant-death-syndrome"/NSIDS) due to gastrooesophageal reflux (GER with
      aspiration) and severe tracheomalacia combined with tracheostenosis and bacterial
      infections (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The strategy of therapy for GER and for the
      tracheal abnormality are discussed.

PMID- 2281063
TI  - Oral immunization with a polyvalent bacterial lysate can reduce mortality by
      infection with S. pneumoniae or influenza A in mice.
AB  - We investigated the effect of oral immunization in of mice which were exposed to
      S. pneumoniae or influenza A. The results suggest that oral immunization reduces
      the mortality rate. We believe that this effect is partially due to nonspecific
      defense mechanisms.

PMID- 2281064
TI  - [Results of hardening in children with bronchial asthma].
AB  - In 40 girls between 10 and 16 years, 28 of them asthmatics, spirometry and body
      plethysmography was carried out before and after an air bath from the end of
      december at outside temperatures of -10 degrees C up to april at temperatures of
      +10 degrees C. In 50% of the asthmatic girls a bronchospasm occurred, which
      depended nearly linearly (r = 0.68) from the outside temperature. After the usual
      air bath at the beach in bathing suits in three quarters of these girls a
      regression of the bronchospasm nearly or completely to the initial values was
      observed. This change is interpreted as a sympathicotonic stimulation by the
      cutaneous system with bronchospasmolytic effect.

PMID- 2281065
TI  - [The effect of the Finnish dry sauna on bronchial asthma in childhood].
AB  - More than 400,000 sauna baths have been built in Germany. Frequently, children
      with bronchial asthma and their parents raise the question whether sauna bathing
      might be hazardous for the lungs. In present study the effects of sauna bathing
      on the ventilation have been evaluated by use of peak-flow meters. Only one 12
      years old girl suffered an attack of bronchial asthma while using a cold shower,
      probably as a result of breathing cold air. No other complications have been
      observed. Sauna bathing can be recommended for children with bronchial asthma,
      since advantages in the resistance against infections and in psychosocial
      development can be expected.

PMID- 2281066
TI  - [The effects of bronchodilating substances in acute obstructive bronchitis in
      early childhood].
AB  - In 120 infants and young children with wheezy bronchitis, pulmonary function
      examinations were carried out prior to and following inhalation of 1. ipratropium
      bromide, 2. fenoterol, 3. fenoterol after a prior single administration of
      prednisone, 4. adrenaline, 5. theophylline administered via a gastric tube, 6.
      isotonic saline solution. The results show that bronchodilator drugs may be
      effective in approximately 27% of the patients.

PMID- 2281067
TI  - [Sensitivity and specificity of multi-frequency oscillation methods, body
      plethysmography and spirometry in 5-8-year-old asthmatic patients].
AB  - We compared specificity and sensitivity of the forced oscillation technique with
      the standard methods of body plethysmography and spirometry in children suffering
      from asthma (age 5-8 yrs). We investigated 60 healthy and 66 asthmatic children
      by forced oscillation, plethysmography and spirometry. Mean FEV1% pred was 99.7
      and 82.4% in the healthy and asthmatic subjects, respectively, and mean SRaw was
      0.68 and 1.18 kPa*s, respectively. Forced oscillation and plethysmography could
      be measured in all children, whereas 29% of the investigated children failed to
      perform valid spirometry. Discriminant analysis was used to compare the optimal
      classification which could be obtained from the measured data with the clinical
      one. Fixing specificity to 95%, we computed sensitivities of 66% (forced
      oscillation), 68% (body plethysmography), and 76% (spirometry). We conclude that
      the diagnostic value of the three methods in young children with asthma is
      similar. However, the value of spirometry is limited by cooperation in these
      young children.

PMID- 2281069
TI  - [The effect of occlusion time in the measurement of compliance and resistance of
      the respiratory system using passive expiration in infants].
AB  - In a pilot study we examined the influence of occlusion time on compliance and
      resistance of the respiratory system in 17 infants. The values were calculated
      from a passive expiratory flow-volume-curve. Findings suggest that the ideal
      occlusion time is 300 to 400 msec.

PMID- 2281068
TI  - [Beyond normal values--practical experiences with the standard deviation score
      (SDS) for the assessment of lung function measurements in acute bronchial
      asthma].
AB  - Expressing results of pulmonary function tests as a percentage of the subject's
      predicted value (% predicted) has been widely adopted. This method has some
      serious disadvantages: The range of values % predicted in the reference
      population depends on the body height and varies from index to index. An
      alternative is to use the standard deviation score (SDS), which is derived by
      dividing the difference between the recorded and predicted value by the standard
      deviation of the residuals (SDS = (recorded-predicted)/SD).

PMID- 2281070
TI  - [Pulmonary transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLco) in healthy children and in
      children with chronic lung diseases, measured with an improved rebreathing
      technique].
AB  - TLco, FRC-He and IVC were tested in 86 subjects (5-29 years). 46 children were
      healthy, 21 patients had cystic fibrosis, 13 bronchial asthma and 6 allergic
      alveolitis. The test gas included 14% helium and 0.3% CO. The wash in time was 18
      s, the measuring time 20 s. All children were measured at rest and in a sitting
      position. The rebreathing volume was 3/4 of the VC plus 300 ml additional volume.
      The results showed a good reproducibility. The TLco increases with age, height,
      weight and body surface area, the correlation with VC, FRC and TLC was better. A
      differentiation between healthy children and patients suffering from lung disease
      is possible. The clearest results were shown in the case of patients suffering
      from CF.

PMID- 2281072
TI  - [Sources of errors and pitfalls in tuberculosis diagnosis].
AB  - Three cases of tuberculosis infection are presented (spondylitis, meningitis,
      pericarditis). Pitfalls and blunders delaying tuberculosis diagnosis are
      reported. The authors emphasize that: Children at risk have to be vaccinated with
      BCG (1.1). Health professionals must repeatedly be taught in the interpretation
      of tuberculin test results and chest X-rays. Tuberculous meningitis may be hidden
      by the presentation of only encephalitis symptoms and liquor analysis reveals an
      atypical result (3). Spontaneous resolution of the symptoms or an improvement
      under non-tuberculostatic therapy does not exclude tuberculosis. In fact
      encephalitic signs may improve or disappear spontaneously despite subsequent
      positive liquor culture (4).

PMID- 2281071
TI  - [A contribution to the frequency and assessment possibilities of chronic
      aspecific respiratory tract diseases (CARD)--an epidemiological study in the
      mostly agricultural district of Neubrandenburg].
AB  - A test was carried out in order to determine representative information on CNSRD
      prevalence in children at the age of 3 to 15 and to check possibilities of
      registration. A clinical examination was performed at a totality of 122,400
      children of a district, a sample test of 2,927 children was carried out. 10% of
      the children suffer from chronic diseases of the respiratory tract. In 3 to 4% of
      these children it is required to apply an acute or frequent therapy. The
      incidence of asthma bronchiale totals 1 to 2%.

PMID- 2281073
TI  - [The effect of radio- and chemotherapy on lung function in children with
      malignant diseases].
AB  - Treatment of malignant diseases in children has become more an more aggressive
      during the last 15-20 years. In order to detect unwanted side-effects on the lung
      we investigated several parameters of lung function in 78 children with different
      malignancies. 1.5-15 years after termination of therapy, 43 patients (55.1%)
      showed a disturbed lung function. In 33.3% we found a restriction; 22 of 64
      patients (34.9%) had a drop of PaO2 during exercise as an expression of disturbed
      diffusion. The number of patients with pathological pulmonary function raised
      with the intensity of irradiation of the lung. But also in 10 of 25 children who
      had only received a chemotherapy we could detect a disturbed lung function. Check
      up at different times after completion of therapy (5, 8 and 11 years) revealed
      nearly the same percentage of patients without normal pulmonary function. Younger
      children (at the time of therapy) were more concerned (66.7%) than older ones
      (33.7%).

PMID- 2281075
TI  - [Obliterating bronchiolitis following measles].
AB  - We report the complex clinical course over 15 years in a child who at the age of
      19 months developed patchy pneumonic infiltrates and bronchiolitis after measles.
      Chronic atelectasis led to resection of the right upper lung lobe. He developed
      bilateral bronchiectases, predominantly in the right lung. Ventilation/perfusion
      scans showed a major reduction of both ventilation and perfusion mainly on the
      right side. Early recognition of obliterative bronchiolitis is important in order
      to provide adequate supportive treatment of possible complications.

PMID- 2281074
TI  - [Clinical aspects, results of diagnostic pulmonary function tests and biochemical
      parameters in children with homozygote alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency].
AB  - The clinical course and pulmonary function tests of individuals with severe Alpha
      1-Antitrypsin (Alpha-1-AT) deficiency reveal a marked interindividual
      variability. 4 patients with PI type ZZ and 2 patients with PI type SZ had been
      identified by neonatal cholestasis. None had pulmonary symptoms at a mean age of
      13 (range 9-16) years. Lung function tests disclosed signs of incipient pulmonary
      emphysema in one girl. Bronchial hyperreactivity had led to the diagnosis of
      Alpha-1 AT-deficiency (PI type ZZ) in another girl at the age of 7 years. The
      biochemical analysis of the serum of three children (two PI ZZ and one PI SZ)
      revealed additional protease inhibitors that may be effective as compensatory
      mechanisms. The lack of those protective factors as well as the presence of
      environmental hazards may contribute to the increased risk of emphysema in
      individual patients.

PMID- 2281076
TI  - [Aerosol-pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: development and 4-year
      personal experiences].

PMID- 2281077
TI  - [The status of tuberculosis in the former GDR 1989].

PMID- 2281078
TI  - [Thrombosis of the left jugular-subclavian vein junction as a rare late
      complication of oleothorax].
AB  - Thirty years after bilateral pneumolysis followed by plombage with paraffin for
      bilateral upper lobe tuberculosis, a 58-year-old female patient suffered a
      thrombosis of the left jugular- subclavian vein junction. Compression of the
      vessel by the plombage in addition to chronic fibrous scar tissue reaction must
      be assumed as the main cause of thrombosis, since infection of the plombage space
      was excluded.

PMID- 2281079
TI  - Exocrine pancreatic function (serum immunoreactive trypsin, fecal chymotrypsin,
      and pancreatic isoamylase) in Indian diabetics.
AB  - Forty-nine patients with tropical calcific pancreatitis (TCP), 51 insulin
      dependent diabetics (IDDMs), 87 non-insulin-dependent diabetics (NID-DMs), and 66
      nondiabetic controls were studied to evaluate their exocrine pancreatic function
      by measurement of serum immunoreactive trypsin (IRT, normal for white caucasians
      from the U.K. of 140-414 micrograms/L), pancreatic isoamylase (PIA, normal of 35
      125 U/L), and fecal chymotrypsin (FCT, normal of greater than 6.6 u/g). The
      majority of patients were studied within 1 year of diagnosis. TCP subjects
      included 7 nondiabetics, 6 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT-TCP), and 36
      diabetics [fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD)]. There was evidence of
      active pancreatitis (IRT greater than 800 micrograms/L) and partial preservation
      of function in nondiabetic TCP subjects [median IRT of 220 micrograms/L (range of
      102-1,360 micrograms/L), FCT of 2.2 u/g (range 0.7-12.8 u/g)] and also in IGT-TCP
      subjects [IRT of 370 micrograms/L (range of 30-1,360 micrograms/L), FCT of 4.2
      u/g (range of 1-38 u/g)]. FCPDs showed severely diminished exocrine function [IRT
      of 50 micrograms/L (range of 0-184 micrograms/L), FCT of 0.23 u/g (range of 0
      10.4 u/g)]; none showed IRT greater than 800 micrograms/L. IDDMs and NIDDMs also
      showed diminished exocrine pancreatic function in approximately 30 and
      approximately 10%, respectively. Controls showed a wide range of IRT and FCT
      concentrations; IRT concentrations tended to be higher than those reported in
      white Caucasians from the U.K. Three controls, one IDDM, and two NIDDMs showed
      "pancreatic" IRT concentrations in the absence of symptoms. PIA concentrations
      were diminished in FCPD but were similar in IDDM and NIDDM subjects compared to
      controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281080
TI  - Cholecystokinin stimulates a specific ribosomal S6 kinase in rat pancreatic
      acini.
AB  - Stimulation of intact rat pancreatic acini with cholecystokinin (CCK) enhances
      the phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 in a dose-dependent manner with
      half maximal stimulation at 40 pM and maximal stimulation at 1 nM CCK
      octapeptide. Soluble cellular extracts contained S6 kinase activity assayed using
      purified rat pancreatic ribosomes as substrate. Stimulation by CCK of S6 kinase
      was concentration dependent, being half maximal at 50 pM and maximal at 1 nM CCK.
      The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), an activator of
      protein kinase C, also increased both S6 phosphorylation in intact acini and
      soluble S6 kinase activity. In order to determine whether S6 kinase mediated S6
      phosphorylation following CCK treatment of acini, two-dimensional phosphopeptide
      analysis was performed for S6 proteins phosphorylated under various conditions.
      These data suggest that a specific soluble S6 kinase, the activation of which
      appears to be directly or indirectly mediated by protein kinase C, is the
      functional enzyme in intact acini that mediates the action of CCK to increase S6
      phosphorylation and may be involved in increased protein synthesis in pancreatic
      acini treated with CCK.

PMID- 2281081
TI  - CCK-releasing activity of rat intestinal secretion: effect of atropine and
      comparison with monitor peptide.
AB  - A bioassay for studying the cholecystokinin (CCK)-releasing activity of
      intraluminal protease-sensitive bioactive peptides was developed. In conscious
      rats, bile and pancreatic juice were chronically diverted from the proximal
      intestine to the ileum to cause chronic stimulation of CCK release and pancreatic
      protein secretion. CCK-releasing activity of test substances was assayed during
      transient inhibition of CCK release by intraduodenal sodium taurocholate (78
      mumols/h). Intestinal secretion as a source of the putative trypsin-sensitive
      intestinal CCK-releasing peptide was obtained by rapid intestinal perfusion of
      isolated Thiry-Vella fistulae of jejunum in conscious rats, collected with or
      without atropine pretreatment. Partially purified rat pancreatic secretory
      trypsin inhibitor (PSTI, or "monitor peptide") was compared with ovomucoid
      trypsin inhibitor (OMTI) and with concentrated jejunal secretions for CCK
      releasing activity and trypsin inhibitor activity. Concentrated, heat-treated
      jejunal secretions were the strongest stimulants of CCK release and pancreatic
      protein secretion in this model. OMTI had no CCK-releasing activity in this
      model, whereas a larger amount (approximately 5x, based on trypsin inhibitor
      activity) of PSTI weakly but significantly stimulated CCK release. CCK-releasing
      activity manifested by pancreatic protein secretion was equivalent in intestinal
      washes from atropine-treated and control Thiry-Vella fistula donor rats.
      Concentrated jejunal secretions had no trypsin inhibitory activity, indicating
      that the putative intestinal CCK-releasing peptide and "monitor peptide" are
      different substances.

PMID- 2281082
TI  - Tuberculosis of the pancreas.
AB  - A 67-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of intermittent pain in
      the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. Ultrasound and computed tomography (CT)
      scan revealed a mass in the body of the pancreas, and angiography demonstrated
      encasement of the celiac trunk and splenic vein thrombosis. She was thought to
      have a pancreatic carcinoma and was surgically explored to obtain tissue for
      diagnosis. A hard and irregular tumor was found, and biopsies revealed
      granulomatous inflammation with caseous necrosis. The final diagnosis was
      tuberculosis, and treatment with rifampicin, isoniazid, and ethambutol was
      undertaken. One year later the patient is asymptomatic and new CT scan shows
      disappearance of the pancreatic mass.

PMID- 2281083
TI  - Automated docking of substrates to proteins by simulated annealing.
AB  - The Metropolis technique of conformation searching is combined with rapid energy
      evaluation using molecular affinity potentials to give an efficient procedure for
      docking substrates to macromolecules of known structure. The procedure works well
      on a number of crystallographic test systems, functionally reproducing the
      observed binding modes of several substrates.

PMID- 2281084
TI  - HERA--a program to draw schematic diagrams of protein secondary structures.
AB  - A program is described which generates hydrogen bonding diagrams of protein
      structures and optionally helical wheels and helical nets. The program can also
      beta-strands beta-strands and to automatically extract simple structural motifs
      such as hairpins or Greek keys. The program greatly reduces the effort required
      to produce these diagrams and offers considerable flexibility in the information
      which can be represented. The usefulness of the program is illustrated by several
      examples including comparing homologous families, correlating protein structure
      with attributes of individual residues, and extracting all examples of the psi
      loop motif from the Brookhaven Data Bank.

PMID- 2281085
TI  - Models of delta-hemolysin membrane channels and crystal structures.
AB  - Molecular modeling and energy calculations have been used to study how delta
      hemolysin and melittin helices may aggregate on membrane surfaces and insert
      through membranes to form channels. In these models adjacent antiparallel
      amphipathic helices form planar "raft" structures, in which one surface is
      hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic. Models of delta-hemolysin crystal
      structure were developed using these "rafts." These models are based on the unit
      cell constants and the crystal symmetry obtained from the preliminary crystal
      data. Energy calculations favor channel models of delta-hemolysin with six or
      eight monomers per channel.

PMID- 2281087
TI  - Normal mode analysis of human lysozyme: study of the relative motion of the two
      domains and characterization of the harmonic motion.
AB  - A normal mode analysis of human lysozyme has been carried out at room
      temperature. Human lysozyme is an enzyme constituted of two domains separated by
      an active site cleft, the motion of which is thought to be relevant for
      biological function. This motion has been described as a hinge bending motion.
      McCammon et al. have determined the characteristics of the hinge bending motion
      but they assumed a prior knowledge of the hinge axis. In this work we propose a
      method which is free from this assumption and determines the hinge axis and root
      mean square (rms) rotation angle which give the best agreement with the pattern
      of changes in all the distances between nonhydrogen atoms in the two domains,
      obtained by the normal mode analysis. The hinge axis we found is notably
      different from the one previously determined and goes, roughly, through the C
      alpha 55 and C alpha 76, i.e., it is located at the base of the beta-sheet of the
      second domain. The rms value for the rotation angle is also twice as large as the
      previous one: 3.37 degrees. It is shown that this hinge bending motion provides a
      fairly good approximation of the dynamics of human lysozyme and that the normal
      mode with the lowest frequency has a dominating contribution to this hinge
      bending motion. A study of the accessible surface area of the residues within the
      cleft reveals that the motion does not result in a better exposure to the solvent
      of these residues. A characterization of the thermally excited state (under the
      hypothesis of the harmonicity of the potential energy surface) has been done
      using the concept of topology of atom packing. Under this hypothesis the thermal
      fluctuations result only in a small change of the topology of atom packing,
      leading therefore to nearly elastic deformations of the protein.

PMID- 2281086
TI  - Generation of potential structures for the G-domain of chloroplast EF-Tu using
      comparative molecular modeling.
AB  - Comparative molecular modeling has been used to generate several possible
      structures for the G-domain of chloroplast elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu(chl))
      based on the crystallographic data of the homologous E. coli protein. EF-Tu(chl)
      contains a 10 amino acid insertion not present in the E. coli protein and this
      region has been modeled based on its predicted secondary structure. The insertion
      appears to lie on the surface of the protein. Its orientation could not be
      determined unequivocally but several likely structures for the nucleotide binding
      domain of EF-Tu(chl) have been developed. The effects of the presence of water in
      the Mg2+ coordination sphere and of the protonation state of the GDP ligand on
      the conformation of the guanine nucleotide binding site have been examined.
      Relative binding constants of several guanine nucleotide analogs for EF-Tu(chl)
      have been obtained. The interactions between EF-Tu(chl) and GDP predicted to be
      important by the models that have been developed are discussed in relation to the
      nucleotide binding properties of this factor and to the interactions proposed to
      be important in the binding of guanine nucleotides to related proteins.

PMID- 2281088
TI  - Changes in secondary structure follow the dissociation of human insulin hexamers:
      a circular dichroism study.
AB  - Vacuum UV circular dichroism spectra measured down to 178 nm for hexameric 2-zinc
      human insulin, zinc-free human insulin, and the two engineered and biologically
      active monomeric mutants, [B/S9D] and [B/S9D,T27E] human insulin, show
      significant differences. The secondary structure analysis of the 2-zinc human
      insulin (T6) in neutral solution was determined: 57% helix, 1% beta-strand, 18%
      turn, and 24% random coil. This is very close to the corresponding crystal
      structure showing that the solution and solid structures are similar. The
      secondary structure of the monomer shows a 10-15% increase in antiparallel beta
      structure and a corresponding reduction in random coil structure. These
      structural changes are consistent with an independent analysis of the
      corresponding difference spectra. The advantage of secondary structure analyses
      of difference spectra is that the contribution of odd spectral features stemming
      mainly from side chain chromophores is minimized and the sensitivity of the
      analyses improved. Analysis of the CD spectra of T6 2-zinc, zinc-free human
      insulin and monomeric mutant insulin by singular value decomposition indicates
      that the secondary structure changes following the dissociation of hexamers into
      dimers and monomers are two-state processes.

PMID- 2281089
TI  - The effect of solvent viscosity on the rate-determining step of fatty acid
      synthetase.
AB  - The overall activity of an animal fatty acid synthetase at the saturation level
      of substrate concentration decreased when the solvent viscosity, eta, of the
      reaction mixture was increased with viscogens such as glycerol, sucrose, and
      polyethylene glycol. The activity of the enzyme changed roughly proportional to
      eta-P, where p = 1.0 for glycerol, p = 0.66 for sucrose, and p less than 0.6 for
      polyethylene glycol with different molecular sizes. The thioesterase activity,
      which catalyzes the final partial reaction in the multifunctional enzyme, was not
      affected by 5-fold increase of solvent viscosity with sucrose. These results
      suggested that the rate-determining step of the enzyme other than the
      thioesterase reaction involves a microscopic transport step, the rate of which is
      influenced by the solvent viscosity. The microscopic transport step may be
      related to the transfer of the reaction intermediate from one active site to
      another or to the motion of a larger part of the enzyme requisite for the
      catalytic reaction. In the solution containing glycerol, the rate-determining
      motion was primarily diffusion limited since the inverse of the initial rate was
      proportional to eta, i.e., p = 1. Since the substrate concentration was at a
      saturation level in this experiment, the viscosity-dependent step cannot be the
      encounter between the enzyme and substrates, but must be intramolecular in
      origin, most probably the reaction catalyzed by beta-ketoacyl synthetase. In
      solutions containing other viscogens, however, p was less than 1.0, indicating a
      significant involvement of chemical steps in the rate-determining step as well.
      Bovine serum albumin, when used as a proteinic viscogen, also decreased the
      initial rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281091
TI  - Viability testing of radio-labelled platelets; an updated survey.

PMID- 2281090
TI  - Migration of immunomodulated cultured lymphocytes in malignant tumors.

PMID- 2281092
TI  - 99mTc-HM-PAO: a single dosis preparation for blood cell.

PMID- 2281093
TI  - Red blood cells labelling with 99mTc-HM-PAO.

PMID- 2281094
TI  - 99m-Tc-HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy in patients with clinical suspicion of
      infection.

PMID- 2281095
TI  - Comparative findings between 111indium-labeled leukocytes and 67gallium
      scintigraphy for patients with acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
AB  - The sensitivity and specificity for infectious foci for 111In-labeled leukocytes
      scintigraphy were 60.5%, 78.6%, and those for 67Ga scintigraphy were 94.7% and
      47.6%, respectively. The duration of infection and the C-reactive protein levels
      showed a significant positive correlation with 111In-labeled leukocytes
      scintigraphy. 67Ga scintigraphy is useful for testing patients with a possible
      chronic inflammation. Suppurative foci were demonstrated more clearly in ILLS.
      111In-labeled-leukocytes were found to be more abundantly present at the center
      of the lesions. 67Ga scintigraphy showed accumulation in the peripheral area.

PMID- 2281097
TI  - Membrane dependent pulmonary sequestration of leukocytes during hemodialysis.

PMID- 2281096
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease examination with 99mTc-HMPAO labelled leucocytes
      scintigraphy.

PMID- 2281098
TI  - Tc-99m HM-PAO labelled leucocyte scanning for detection of infection in
      orthopedic surgery.
AB  - The use of labelled granulocyte scintigraphy is recognized as a reliable method
      for detecting osteomyelitis and other skeletal sepsis. Tc-99m hexamethyl
      propyleneamine oxime (Tc-99m HM-PAO), a lipophilic chelate offers the advantages
      of availability, lower radiation dose and higher image resolution, compared to
      other labelling agents. We have scanned 36 orthopedic patients with suspected
      infection, using autologous granulocytes labelled with Tc-99m HM-PAO. In all
      cases, scans were compared with clinical, microbiological and/or surgical
      findings. Sensitivity was 94% and specificity was 80%. We therefore believe that
      Tc-99m HM-PAO leucocyte scanning provides a useful method for detecting
      osteomyelitis and other skeletal infections.

PMID- 2281099
TI  - Comparison of three-phase bone scan, three-phase 99m-Tc-HM-PAO leukocyte scan and
      67-gallium scan in chronic bone infection.

PMID- 2281100
TI  - Labeling of mammalian cells for in vivo cell tracking by a fluorescence method.

PMID- 2281101
TI  - Tc-99m-HMPAO as a lymphocyte label.

PMID- 2281102
TI  - In vivo labelling of activated T lymphocytes by i.v. injection of 123I-IL2 for
      detection of insulitis in type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 2281103
TI  - Comparison of platelet scintigraphy, impedance plethysmography gray scale and
      color flow duplex ultrasound and venography for the diagnosis of venous
      thrombosis.
AB  - The several techniques available for the diagnosis of venous thrombosis have not
      been directly compared in the same patient population. Thus color and gray scale
      duplex ultrasound (U), impedance plethysmography (IPG), 3-4 hr platelet imaging
      (PS) were compared to venography (V), in 104 consecutive patients (in hospital
      and out). PS and V were read by two, and IPG and U by one, blinded reader.
      Comparisons were made for the calf (CA), popliteal (Pop) and femoral (Fem)
      vessels. Reproducibility of V and PS was 84 and 87%. (table; see text) We
      conclude that PS, while having a very high specificity, has an unacceptably low
      sensitivity. However, while both impedance plethysmography and color flow
      ultrasound have excellent and similar diagnostic accuracy in the femoral, these
      techniques have either a low sensitivity or low technical success rate in the
      calf or popliteal veins.

PMID- 2281105
TI  - Technetium-99m leucocyte labelling using a lyophilised stannous fluoride colloid
      kit.

PMID- 2281104
TI  - Clinical experience with In-111 labeled LAK cells and TILS for tumor
      localization.

PMID- 2281106
TI  - Isolation and labeling with In-111 of a viable population of blood monocytes.

PMID- 2281107
TI  - Radiolabeled antibodies specific for human blood elements.

PMID- 2281108
TI  - Quantitation of platelet loss with indium-111 labeled platelets in hollow-fiber
      membrane oxygenator (HFMO) and arterial filter (AF) during extracorporeal
      circulation in a pig model.

PMID- 2281109
TI  - In vitro binding to granulocytes of two anti-NCA 95 monoclonal antibodies: Mab1
      (ORIS) and Mabgc (Mallinckrodt).

PMID- 2281110
TI  - The in vivo binding behaviour of an I-123 labelled anti-granulocytes antibody
      (Granuloszint).

PMID- 2281111
TI  - Clinical application of Tc-99m labeled granulocytes antibody in bone and joint
      disease.

PMID- 2281112
TI  - In vivo labelling of thrombocytes with the monoclonal antibody Tc-99m-BW4 for
      imaging phlebothrombosis.

PMID- 2281113
TI  - 99mTc-50H.19 for thrombus immunoimaging and evaluation of thrombolysis.

PMID- 2281114
TI  - The kinetics and quantitation of platelet deposition on control (CPC) and heparin
      bonded polyurethane angio-catheter (HBPC) with indium-111 labeled platelets in a
      dog model.
AB  - The dynamics of platelet deposition on CPC and HBPC was evaluated with In-111
      labeled platelets (In-PLT) with a computerized gamma camera (CGC). Ten non
      heparinized dogs (18-25 kg) were catheterized in both femoral arteries with 10 cm
      of CPC and HBPC (5 Fr., Cordis, Inc.) 24 hours post-injection of 300-420
      microcuries of In-PLT, and imaged for 3 hours with gamma camera. The regional
      platelet deposition on three segments of catheters and puncture site was
      determined. The catheters were harvested and radioactivity on the catheter
      segments (proximal: PROX, middle: MID, distal: DIST and puncture site: PS) of
      both was determined. From the platelet count in blood, radioactivity in blood and
      segments of catheters, adjacent artery and area of artery and catheter, the
      platelet-density [X10(3)] (mean +/- S.D.) on catheter and artery were calculated
      and tabulated: (table; see text) The large standard deviation of retained
      platelets is due to embolization. The platelet-density and regional counts on
      catheter segments were lower in the HBPC than CPC. The rate of platelet
      deposition was lower in the HBPC than CPC. Most of the thrombi were lost during
      pullout of the catheter. Both in vivo (dynamic) and in vitro studies were
      necessary for evaluation of CPC thrombogenicity.

PMID- 2281116
TI  - Thrombocytokinetic studies in families with hereditary thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2281115
TI  - Vascular uptake of 111-In-platelets and of 123-I-LDL.

PMID- 2281117
TI  - Monthly prostaglandin bibliography prepared by the University of Sheffield
      Biomedical Information Service.

PMID- 2281118
TI  - The role of prostaglandins in bone in vivo.
AB  - Prostaglandins of the E series, primarily E2 and E1, have the greatest activity
      in bone. Following discovery of their potent ability to stimulate bone resorption
      in vitro, clinical investigations have placed prostaglandins at sites of
      localized bone resorption associated with inflammatory or space occupying lesions
      in vivo. These studies have shown that prostaglandin production at such sites may
      be increased by cytokines such as interleukin-1 but the mechanisms by which
      prostaglandins stimulate bone resorption are not yet known. Observation of
      periosteal bone formation in patients given, pharmacological doses of
      prostaglandin has led to investigation of its bone forming activity. Young,
      growing rats have increased metaphyseal bone formation and this is accompanied by
      increased periosteal and endocortical bone formation in older animals. In the
      mature animals there is a generalized activation of remodelling with increased
      formation in the remodeling cycle. This is also seen in oophorectomized rats and
      results in repletion of the lost bone in this model of osteoporosis. In animal
      models of localized disuse osteopenia, prostaglandins are found to be elevated at
      the site of bone loss and prostaglandin inhibitors at least partially protect
      against the exaggerated resorption that occurs. This is also seen in models of
      orthodontic tooth movement, periodontitis and osteomyelitis. Prostaglandin
      synthesis inhibitors have been shown to delay healing of bone and this has led to
      limitations on their use clinically in some situations. Exogenously administered
      prostaglandins have been found to enhance periosteal callus formation, but
      healing is not uniformly enhanced. Prostaglandins have also been associated with
      hypercalcemia in certain animal tumors that model human hypercalcemia of
      malignancy but are probably most important in this condition as mediators in the
      localized resorption of bone at tumor sites. These in vivo studies have shown
      that prostaglandins are involved with increases in both bone formation and bone
      resorption. In vitro studies have shown that prostaglandins stimulate osteoblasts
      as well as osteoclastic bone resorption but understanding these effects under in
      vivo conditions will require further investigation.

PMID- 2281119
TI  - Prostacyclin does not play any cytoprotective role in endothelial cell injury
      induced by 15-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, an arachidonate lipoxygenase
      product.
AB  - Among various arachidonic acid metabolites examined, only 15(S)-hydroxperoxy
      5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE), a lipoxygenase product, caused a time
      and dose-dependent injury to bovine endothelial cells in culture. There also
      occurred a significant inhibition of endothelial prostacyclin (PGI2) production
      due to 15-HPETE. But there were obvious dissociations in time course and dose
      dependence between 15-HPETE-induced cellular injury and 15-HPETE-induced
      inhibition of PGI2 synthesis. In addition, the cytotoxicity of 15-HPETE was not
      aggravated even when the endothelial monolayers were pretreated with several
      inhibitors of PGI2 synthesis. Also, some stable analogues of PGI2 had no
      protective effect on the injury. These results suggest that the reduced
      production of PGI2 caused by 15-HPETE is not directly associated with the onset
      of cellular injury, and that PGI2 does not play any cytoprotective role in
      endothelial cell injury induced by at least such lipid peroxides as 15-HPETE.

PMID- 2281120
TI  - Prostanoids and hypothermic renal preservation injury.
AB  - The effect of 48 hours of hypothermic renal ischemia utilizing Euro-Collins flush
      and short term reperfusion on renal prostaglandin synthesis was studied in dogs.
      Hypothermic ischemia followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion in-vivo resulted in
      significant elevations in renal Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production in the outer
      cortex, inner cortex, and medulla, relative to non-ischemic kidneys.
      Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 6-keto Prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-K PGF1 alpha)
      production were not significantly affected by ischemia and reperfusion. Enhanced
      TXB2 production was not seen with ischemia alone (without reperfusion) or with
      reperfusion with O2 saturated buffer, indicating a blood born source or stimuli.
      Early postreperfusion renal blood flow after hypothermic ischemia followed a
      biphasic pattern; blood flow increased for the first 10 minutes of reperfusion to
      achieve normal values, and then steadily declined over the next 20 minutes. This
      pattern was not altered by the cyclooxygenase inhibitors Idomethacin (5 mg/kg,
      P.O.) or Mefenamic acid (10 mg/kg, I.V.). Administration of the TXA2 synthesis
      inhibitor CGS-12970 (3 mg/kg, I.V.) or the TXA2/endoperoxide receptor antagonist
      SQ-29548 (80 micrograms/min, I.A.) significantly increased renal blood flow
      during reperfusion but neither agent altered the basic time dependent pattern
      observed in the control group. These data indicate that 48 hours of hypothermic
      renal ischemia results in dramatic changes in intrarenal TXA2 synthesis at the
      time of reperfusion. Enhanced TXA2 production is not dependent on reoxygenation
      per se, but rather requires reperfusion with blood suggesting a circulatory
      source.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281121
TI  - Serum renotropic factor stimulates prostaglandin synthesis in primary cultures of
      rabbit kidney cells.
AB  - Compensatory growth of the kidney occurs in response to a partial reduction in
      renal mass. This compensatory renal growth may be regulated by a circulating
      renotropic factor. Prostaglandin synthesis has been shown to be increased in
      kidneys undergoing compensatory renal growth in vivo. In the present study we
      observed that the addition of rabbit sera obtained after uninephrectomy enhanced
      DNA synthesis in primary cultures of rabbit kidney cells compared to sera
      obtained prenephrectomy. The stimulated kidney cells produced more prostaglandin
      E2 than control cells. Furthermore, the addition of prostaglandin E2 to rabbit
      kidney cells in the presence of control sera also stimulated DNA synthesis. These
      results provide further evidence that prostaglandins may participate in the
      biological events which regulate renal growth in response to a circulating
      renotropic factor.

PMID- 2281122
TI  - Effect of the antiinflammatory prodrug, nabumetone and its principal active
      metabolite on rat gastric mucosal, aortic and platelet eicosanoid synthesis, in
      vitro and ex vivo.
AB  - Nabumetone is a novel non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug which although a weak
      cyclooxygenase inhibitor is converted by the liver to metabolites that are more
      potent inhibitors of cyclooxygenase. Nabumetone may thus avoid the occurrence of
      prostanoid-mediated gastropathy while maintaining its efficacy as an
      antiinflammatory agent. We compared the effect of nabumetone and 6-methoxy-2
      naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA; the principal active metabolite of nabumetone) with
      that of naproxen and indomethacin on the synthesis of rat gastric prostaglandins
      I2 and E2, in vitro and ex vivo. Ex vivo platelet TXA2 and aortic PGI2 synthesis
      was also investigated in order to assess peripheral activity of nabumetone
      metabolites. In vitro, nabumetone was completely without effect on gastric
      mucosal prostanoid synthesis, whereas indomethacin, naproxen and 6-MNA (in this
      order of potency) inhibited prostanoid synthesis. Ex vivo, low dose naproxen and
      indomethacin (less than 5mg.kg-1) markedly inhibited gastric mucosal prostanoid
      synthesis at 30 min and 2 h post gavage, whereas nabumetone was without
      significant effect. Nabumetone administration also resulted in the inhibition of
      platelet TXA2 synthesis, whereas aortic PGI2 synthesis was unaltered. These data
      indicate that the administration of nabumetone may avoid NSAID gastropathy by
      leaving gastric mucosal prostanoid synthesis intact and also that the active
      metabolite(s) of nabumetone are effective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase in an
      NSAID-target tissue (platelet). The lack of effect of nabumetone administration
      on vascular PGI2 synthesis may confer an additional advantage over other NSAIDs,
      since the inhibition of peripheral PGI2 has been implicated in hypertensive and
      nephrotoxic side effects of NSAIDs.

PMID- 2281123
TI  - What's past is prologue. A "white paper" on the future of physiology and the role
      of the American Physiological Society in it. Long Range Planning Committee.

PMID- 2281125
TI  - Self-organizing maps for internal representations.
AB  - One of the biological mechanisms that has so far been poorly understood is the
      ability of the brain to form representations of primary sensory experiences at
      increasingly higher levels of abstraction. At many lower perceptual levels,
      sensory information first becomes represented in topographically ordered sensory
      maps. In these maps neurons become tuned in a regular manner to simple stimulus
      features, such as amplitude, frequency, or direction of sound. In this paper it
      is shown that a model, originally devised by Kohonen for the understanding of the
      self-organized formation of such "lower-level maps," can also explain the
      formation of more abstract maps, such as adaptive maps for use in motor control,
      or maps in which, during a learning stage, the neurons become tuned in an orderly
      fashion to aspects of the semantic meaning of words. The actual presence of such
      maps in the brain is speculative at present, but many maps of simpler type have
      been found. It is argued that the process of the adaptive formation of maps may
      offer a way to a more unified understanding of many aspects of information
      processing in the brain.

PMID- 2281124
TI  - The brain a geometry engine.
AB  - According to Kant, spacetime is a form of the mind. If so, the brain must be a
      geometry engine. This idea is taken seriously, and consequently the
      implementation of space and time in terms of machines is considered. This enables
      one to conceive of spacetime as really "embodied."

PMID- 2281126
TI  - Perceptual-learning systems as conservative structures: is economy an attractor?
AB  - It is discussed whether information-processing or connectionist models might
      explain the law of Pragnanz under constraints resulting from a physical
      interpretation of these models. An information-processing approach is contrasted
      with thermodynamics and, finally, an alternative approach more directly inspired
      by Gestalt is discussed. It is argued that this model could be physically
      realized with relatively moderate requirements on the substrate in terms of
      information-processing resources.

PMID- 2281127
TI  - "Smart" mechanisms emerging from cooperation and competition between modules.
AB  - Three sets of experiments are described. The first set concerns the detection of
      the 3-D possibility of shaded 2-D block patterns. The data indicate that the
      human perceptual system is able to do this above chance level, but in a specific
      and restricted way, which suggests the possibility of a module devoted to it. The
      second set concerns the determination of the 3-D orientation of coloured 2-D
      patterns. The data show that the human perceptual system uses physical
      constraints of colour mixing in doing this. Again, the mechanism seems to have
      characteristics suggesting modularity. The third set is about the detection of
      skewed symmetry in dot patterns. Skewed symmetry can be used as a source of
      information about the slant and tilt of a surface with bilateral symmetry present
      on it. Therefore, a module for recovering this information might exist. All these
      empirical data show that Fodor's criteria of modularity can be used to test
      hypotheses about visual mechanisms recovering 3-D information from 2-D inputs.
      But this does not imply that the results prove modularity and cannot be
      interpreted otherwise. As an exercise the same story about these experiments is
      told with the use of jargon from ecological realism and connectionist approaches.
      It is concluded that some of the approaches to some perceptual mechanisms are not
      as divergent as they might seem. The main theme underlying modular,
      connectionist, and ecological approaches is the avoidance of central intelligence
      agencies by the incorporation of physical constraints. Within this broad
      framework different questions can be asked and answers attempted that may depend
      on personal taste.

PMID- 2281129
TI  - Direct parameter specification and the concept of perception.
AB  - Stimuli that reach the sensory surface may result in perception, or serve to
      guide action. How are these two potential consequences of sensory stimulation
      related? I discuss three aspects of this problem. The conceptual aspect concerns
      the status of the concept of perception in an objective psychology. The
      methodological aspect pertains to the problem of how psychophysics is related to
      the assessment of performance measures. The functional aspect relates to the
      function(s) of perception for action control. I argue that (a) conceptually, the
      term perception belongs to a different level of description than the constructs
      of information-processing models: (b) methodologically, psychophysical judgements
      and performance measures are not necessarily converging operations: (c)
      functionally, sensory information can be used for the control of action without
      perception as a mediating stage (direct parameter specification). Taken together,
      this suggests that perception should be conceptualized not as a processing stage,
      but as a class of actions that serve to establish and update an internal
      representation of the environment.

PMID- 2281128
TI  - The information-processing approach.
AB  - The information-processing (IP) approach to perception and cognition arose as a
      reaction to behaviourism. This reaction mainly concerned the nature of
      explanation in scientific psychology. The "standard" account of behaviour,
      phrased in strictly external terms, was replaced by a "realist" account, phrased
      in terms of internal entities and processes. An analysis of the theoretical
      language used in IP psychology shows an undisciplined state of affairs. A great
      number of languages is simultaneously in use; no level of analysis is
      unambiguously referred to; and basic concepts such as information and processing
      remain largely undefined. Nevertheless, over the past 25 years the IP approach
      has developed into a disciplined and sophisticated experimental science. A look
      at actual practice hints at the basic reason for its success. The approach is not
      so much concerned with absolute or intrinsic properties of the human information
      processor, but with what can be called its relative or differential properties. A
      further analysis of this feature of the IP approach in terms of the formal
      language of a logical system makes explicit the basis of its success. The IP
      approach can be regarded as developing an empirical difference calculus on an
      unspecified class of objects, phrased in terms of a simulated "theory-neutral"
      observation language, and with operators that are structurally analogous to
      logical operators. This reinterpretation of what the IP approach is about brings
      a number of advantages. It strengthens its position as an independent science,
      clarifies its relation with other approaches within psychology and other sciences
      within the cognitive science group, and makes it independent of philosophical
      subtleties.

PMID- 2281131
TI  - Representational content and computation in the human visual system.
AB  - Information-processing systems can be characterized by their ability to transform
      systematically certain internal representational states (symbols) into one
      another. The presence of such an information-processing capacity calls for an
      explanation. How could such an explanation in principle be formulated? How is it
      possible to specify internal representational states and to ascribe to them
      certain representational contents? What has to be demonstrated by such
      explanations is how an information-processing capacity is actually instantiated
      in a system. In this paper, the outlines of an explanation by instantiation are
      sketched for a specific human visual capacity. In addition, some fundamental
      problems facing the development of this explanation will be discussed.

PMID- 2281130
TI  - Stratification in perception and action.
AB  - This paper discusses the concept of stratification, in the sense of levels of
      analysis and levels of control, in relation to human perception and performance.
      It is contended that functional analysis is the proper level of analysis for the
      domain of perception and action. This is illustrated by means of models of
      cognitive energetics and motor control. The functional level of analysis can be
      situated in between the level of symbolic representations and the level of
      neurophysiological mechanisms. It is also argued that the concept of levels of
      control provides a way of integrating or relating ecological and information
      processing approaches to psychology, in the sense that ecological psychology is
      concerned with lower and more peripheral levels of control (coordinative
      structures). Finally, some remarks are made on the relation between cognition and
      perception and action, drawing on Piaget, and it is proposed that the concept of
      schema is more appropriate for the domain of perception and action than is the
      notion of symbolic representations.

PMID- 2281132
TI  - Radical reactions in vivo--an overview.
AB  - Generation of radicals in vivo depends on metabolic activities. The reactions are
      usually influenced by (i) the presence and concentration of oxygen; (ii) the
      availability of transition metals (effects of binding and compartimentalization);
      (iii) the level of reductants and antioxidants (e.g. nutritional effects). The
      effects of radicals are thought to be due to (i) membrane damage (affecting
      passive or active transport through altered fluidity/function interrelationships,
      intercellular messenging through modifications in the synthesis of prostaglandins
      and leukotrienes); (ii) protein damage (e.g. affecting membrane transporters,
      channel proteins, receptor or regulatory proteins, immunomodulators); (iii)
      damage to DNA. Defense mechanisms consist of (i) prevention of the 'spreading' of
      primary damage by low molecular weight antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E, GSH, vitamin
      C, beta-carotene, uric acid); (ii) prevention or limitation of 'secondary' damage
      by enzymes (e.g. GSH-peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, DT-diaphorase)
      and/or chelators; (iii) repair processes, e.g. lipid degradation/membrane repair
      enzymes (phospholipases, peroxidases, some transferases and reductases), protein
      disposal or repair enzymes (proteases, GSSG-reductase), DNA degradation repair
      enzymes (exonuclease III, endonucleases III and IV, glycosylases, polymerases).
      Recent hypotheses on a messenging function of the superoxide anion O2- are
      discussed and possible implications of cross-reactions between O2- and nitric
      oxide (endothelium-derived relaxing factor EDRF) are shortly mentioned.

PMID- 2281133
TI  - Reaction of thiyl radicals with alcohols, ethers and polyunsaturated fatty acids:
      a possible role of thiyl free radicals in thiol mutagenesis?
AB  - Possible reactions of thiyl free radicals in biological environment are reviewed.
      In particular hydrogen transfer processes from model C-H compounds like alcohols
      and ethers as well as from polyunsaturated fatty acids to thiyl radicals are
      described to proceed with reasonably high rate constants (10(3)-10(4) and 10(6)
      10(7) M-1 s-1, respectively). Thiyl radicals have thus to be considered as
      potentially hazardous species especially with respect to DNA damage and lipid
      peroxidation.

PMID- 2281135
TI  - Molecular analysis of the REV2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae--a review.
AB  - The REV2 gene controls DNA repair, induced mutagenesis and, probably, some
      fidelity mechanism of replication. Of particular interest is the notion that it
      is inducible by DNA-damaging agents. We wanted to find molecular evidence for
      these results derived from numerous biological experiments. We cloned the REV2
      gene from a yeast genomic DNA library based on the YCp50 centromere vector,
      sequenced it and studied its regulation on the transcriptional level. The coding
      region of the REV2 gene consists of a 1425 pb reading frame with a coding
      capacity for a polypeptide of 52 kD; no significant homology to any gene filed in
      available data bases was found. Examination of a hydrophobicity plot of the
      putative Rev2 protein predicts the existence of transmembrane helices.
      Quantitative Northern analysis confirmed the working hypothesis that DNA-damaging
      agents increase the level of REV2 gene expression in stationary cells. Thus, the
      REV2 gene seems to code for a membrane protein which is inducible by DNA-damaging
      agents and which controls processes of repair and mutagenesis in yeast.

PMID- 2281136
TI  - Radiation-induced activation of transcription factors in mammalian cells.
AB  - In mammalian cells radiation induces the enhanced transcription of several genes.
      The cis acting elements in the control region of inducible genes have been
      delimited by site directed mutagenesis. Several different elements have been
      found in different genes. They do not only activate gene transcription in
      response to radiation but also in response to growth factors and to tumor
      promoter phorbol esters. The transcription factors binding to these elements are
      present also in non-irradiated cells, but their DNA binding activity and their
      transactivating capability is increased upon irradiation. The signal chain
      linking the primary radiation-induced signal (damaged DNA) to the activation of
      transcription factors involves the action of (a) protein kinase(s).

PMID- 2281138
TI  - The effect of low level ionizing radiation on embryogenesis of silkworm, Bombyx
      mori L.
AB  - The effect of chronic radiation, 100, 1000 and 4000 times exceeding the natural
      background radiation, on embryogenesis of silkworm, Bombyx mori has been
      investigated. It is shown that low level ionizing radiation shortens by several
      hours the period of embryogenesis while the larva mass increases as the
      development proceeds. A single preincubational exposure of silkworm eggs to a
      dose of 2 Gy increases the mass of larvae as well as the cocoon shell weight,
      silk-bearing and the raw silk production.

PMID- 2281137
TI  - Molecular radiation biology: future aspects.
AB  - Future aspects of molecular radiation biology may be envisaged by looking for
      unsolved problems and ways to analyse them. Considering the endpoints of cellular
      radiation effects as cell inactivation, chromosome aberrations, mutation and
      transformation, the type of DNA damage in the irradiated cell and the mechanisms
      of DNA repair as excision repair, recombination repair and mutagenic repair are
      essential topics. At present, great efforts are made to identify, to clone and to
      sequence genes involved in the control of repair of DNA damage and to study their
      regulation. There are close relationships between DNA repair genes isolated from
      various organisms, which promises fast progress for the molecular analysis of
      repair processes in mammalian cells. More knowledge is necessary regarding the
      function of the gene products, i.e. enzymes and proteins involved in DNA repair.
      Effort should be made to analyse the enzymatic reactions, leading to an altered
      nucleotide sequence, encountered as a point mutation. Mislead mismatch repair and
      modulation of DNA polymerase might be possible mechanisms.

PMID- 2281139
TI  - Decrease of the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio F690/F730 during greening and
      development of leaves.
AB  - Using the two-wavelength chlorophyll fluorometer the fluorescence induction
      kinetics (Kautsky effect) were measured simultaneously in the 690 nm and 730 nm
      region for ten common tree species during the greening period (April to July).
      The chlorophyll-fluorescence ratio F690/F730 (i.e. ratio of fluorescence
      intensity at the two maxima near 690 and 730 nm) was calculated from the laser
      induced induction kinetics (He/Ne-laser 632.8 nm) at the fluorescence maximum and
      the steady state. The ratio F690/F730 decreases with increasing chlorophyll
      content of developing leaves. Its dependence on the chlorophyll content can be
      fairly well expressed by a power function which has a general validity for
      leaves, pigment extracts and chloroplast suspensions. The ratio F690/F730 is
      somewhat higher at maximum (fm) than at steady-state fluorescence (fs), but there
      is a very good correlation between both values. The ratio F690/F730 is a good
      indicator of the chlorophyll content and can be used as a non-destructive measure
      of the chlorophyll content of leaves. It also appears to be a suitable
      fluorescence parameter in the future remote sensing of the physiological state of
      the vegetation by laser-equipped airborne systems.

PMID- 2281134
TI  - Induction, repair and biological relevance of radiation-induced DNA lesions in
      eukaryotic cells.
AB  - This report summarizes data on the induction, repair and biological relevance of
      five types of radiation-induced DNA lesions for which repair kinetic studies have
      been performed in eukaryotic cells by various laboratories. These lesions are:
      DNA-protein crosslinks, base damage, single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks
      and bulky lesions (clustered base damage in the nm-range). The influence of
      various factors, such as oxia/anoxia, linear energy transfer of the radiation
      used, incubation medium, cell cycle stage, thiol content, hyperthermia, on the
      induction and repair of these lesions is described. Radiation-sensitive cell
      lines are also included.

PMID- 2281140
TI  - The neurobiology of magnetic field detection in rodents.

PMID- 2281142
TI  - Zymosan-activated plasma-mediated thromboxane production by the perfused rabbit
      liver and isolated hepatocytes: involvement of calcium.
AB  - The present study investigates the mechanism of zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP)
      mediated eicosanoid production by the isolated, perfused rabbit liver and
      described ZAP-mediated eicosanoid stimulation in cultured hepatocytes. Perfused
      livers receiving untreated plasma demonstrated no significant changes in portal
      venous pressure or the rates of release of lactic dehydrogenase or acid
      phosphatase activity (indicators of cellular injury). The control group livers
      demonstrated stable rates of release for 6-keto PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2
      (TXB2). In contrast, the infusion of ZAP alone resulted in a rapid but transient
      release of TXB2 from the livers. No significant changes in perfusion pressure or
      enzyme release were observed following ZAP administration. Perfusion of livers
      with a calcium-free buffer decreased the basal rates of both 6-keto PGF1 alpha
      and TXB2 production and significantly, but not completely, attenuated the ZAP
      mediated increase in hepatic TXB2 production. Perfusion of livers with nifedipine
      (3 microM) had no effect on ZAP-mediated TXB2 production in this model. Isolated
      hepatocytes responded to ZAP-treatment with significant increases in TXB2
      production. These data suggest that activated fluid phase complement components
      induce thromboxane production by specific cells within the liver and that this
      stimulation is partially dependent upon the release of intracellular calcium but
      independent of complement-mediated cellular injury.

PMID- 2281141
TI  - Impaired generation of prostaglandins from isolated gastric surface epithelial
      cells in portal hypertensive rats.
AB  - We studied generation of prostaglandins E2 and 6-keto F1a by surface epithelial
      cell isolated from the gastric mucosa of portal hypertensive and sham-operated
      rats. Oxygenated cell suspensions containing 80 +/- 3% of surface epithelial
      cells were incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C and the concentration of
      prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1a in medium was measured by
      radioimmunoassay. Viability of the cells was assessed with Fast green exclusion
      at baseline and after 30-min and 60-min incubation. Within 30 minutes the surface
      epithelial cells obtained from portal hypertensive rats generated 22.0 +/- 1.6
      (mean +/- SE) pg prostaglandin E2 and 40.7 +/- 4.7 pg 6-keto prostaglandin F1a,
      per 10(6) cells. These were significantly less than prostaglandin generation by
      cells obtained from sham-operated rats. The viability of the surface epithelial
      cells from portal hypertensive rats was also significantly reduced compared with
      sham-operated rats after 60 minute incubation. Reduced ability of the surface
      epithelial cells to generate prostaglandins may be one mechanism for increased
      susceptibility of portal hypertensive gastric mucosa to injury by noxious agents.

PMID- 2281143
TI  - Interaction of leukotriene C4 and Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79A03
      cells). 1. Characterization of binding.
AB  - A novel, specific, and potent biological action of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) was
      demonstrated in the Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line V79A03 (V79 cells),
      namely the confirment of protection against subsequent gamma-irradiation.
      Consequently, studies were conducted to determine whether LTC4-conferred
      radioprotection could be attributed to a receptor-mediated phenomenon. Specific
      binding sites for leukotriene C4 (LTC4) were identified and characterized using
      intact V79 cells incubated at 4 degrees C in the presence of serine-borate,
      during which time conversion of LTC4 to LTD4 or LTE4 was undetectable. Binding
      was maximal in a broad region between pH 6.2 and 8.8. Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ were
      not required for binding, and binding was not altered by GTP, ATP, or cAMP, by
      leukotrienes B4, D4, or E4, or by the leukotriene end point antagonists LY
      171883, FPL 55712, or Revlon 5901-5. Scatchard analyses and kinetic experiments
      indicated the presence of high-affinity [Kd = 2.5 +/- 0.63 nM, approximately 9.9
      x 10(5) sites/cell] and low-affinity [Kd = 350 +/- 211 nM, approximately 2.7 x
      10(6) sites/cell] binding sites. The observed binding characteristics of LTC4 to
      V79 cells are consistent with a receptor-mediated phenomenon. In a companion
      communication which follows this report, we report the subcellular distribution
      of LTC4 binding to V79 cells and demonstrate that this binding is unlikely to be
      attributed principally to interaction with glutathione-S-transferase.

PMID- 2281144
TI  - Interaction of leukotriene C4 and Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79A03
      cells). 2. Subcellular distribution of binding and unlikely role of glutathione-S
      transferase.
AB  - It was reported previously that radiation-induced cytotoxicity in V79A03 (V79)
      cells was attenuated by pretreatment of cells with leukotriene C4 (LTC4), leading
      us to determine that V79 cells possessed specific binding sites, with
      characteristics of receptors, for LTC4 (see the preceding, companion
      communication). Additional studies were conducted to determine the subcellular
      distribution and the chemical nature of the LTC4 binding site in V79 cells.
      Trypsin treatment of cells before LTC4 binding assays resulted in a 74% reduction
      in high-affinity binding. In tests to examine the subcellular location of LTC4
      binding, plasma membrane and nuclear fractions were obtained from V79 cells. In
      contrast to Scatchard analyses of LTC4 binding to intact cells which were
      curvilinear, Scatchard analyses of nuclear and plasma membrane fractions were
      linear, indicative of the presence in these cellular substituents of low and high
      affinity binding, respectively. To examine the nature of the high-affinity LTC4
      binding sites, intact V79 cells were photolyzed with [3H]-LTC4 rendered
      photoactive by preincubation with N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate. The cell
      bound radioactivity migrated during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 40
      kdal. Five different commercial preparations of glutathione-S-transferase (GST),
      which has been implicated as a source of LTC4 "specific binding" in other cells,
      migrated in the same SDS-PAGE system with an apparent molecular weight of 20-24
      kdal. Furthermore, preincubations of V79 cells with three antisera generated
      against GST had minimal effects upon subsequent LTC4 binding to intact cells.
      These data, taken together with the data from the preceding companion
      communication, suggest that the radioprotective effect of LTC4 upon V79 cells may
      be attributable to a receptor-mediated phenomenon which appears distinct from
      leukotriene binding to GST.

PMID- 2281145
TI  - Coronary vein flowing into the umbilical portion of the left portal vein:
      angiographic appearance.
AB  - The coronary vein has few variations. We describe a case of coronary vein with an
      unusual course. In this case, the coronary vein entered the umbilical portion of
      the left portal vein directly, whereas it usually flows into the portal trunk or
      splenic vein. The angiographic appearance is presented.

PMID- 2281146
TI  - A rare case of desquamative esophagitis occurring during radiotherapy for
      esophageal carcinoma.
AB  - With the recent progress and increase in availability of fiberendoscopy, acute
      esophagitis is now much more frequently detected than before. Desquamative
      esophagitis is a rare form of esophagitis classified as acute esophagitis, but it
      has come to be reported more frequently in recent years. However, since
      desquamation seemed to have occurred in relation with the administration of
      radiotherapy in the present case, this brings to two the total number of cases
      with radiological involvement, the other case reported by Itai being the first in
      the world. This is the second report of desquamative esophagitis occurring during
      radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 2281147
TI  - Spontaneous abdominal aortic dissection: case report and review.
AB  - An abdominal aortic dissection was incidentally imaged by contrast infusion
      computed tomography (CT) in a patient with an abdominal liposarcoma. Previously
      reported cases of spontaneous abdominal aortic dissection with radiographs are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2281148
TI  - Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis.
AB  - Two cases of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis are reported and findings of high
      resolution computed tomography (CT) are described. CT reveals that most lesions
      appearing reticular or emphysematous on radiographs are actually cysts, and
      accurately displays the extent and distribution of cystic change of the lung. On
      high resolution CT, individual cystic walls are much better displayed than on
      routine 10 mm section CT. Further, it is possible to detect even trivial pleural
      effusion and mediastinal lymph node swelling by CT.

PMID- 2281149
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the cavernous sinus.
AB  - The magnetic resonance (MR) appearance of the cavernous sinus (CS) was studied in
      10 normal and 23 abnormal CSs(11 vascular and 12 neoplastic lesions) using T1
      weighted spin echo images with and without Gd-DTPA. In normal CSs, the
      intracavernous carotid artery (ICA) was disclosed as an area of signal void that
      was not enhanced with Gd-DTPA. Most venous flow showed low intensity and was
      markedly enhanced with Gd-DTPA. Venous flow, however, was heterogeneous, which
      suggested the distribution of flow velocities. In the carotid-cavernous sinus
      fistulas (CCFs), the ICA and shunted flow were disclosed as areas of signal void
      and their relationship was clearly shown. Normal venous flow appeared as a low
      intensity area even with CCFs. In the cavernous aneurysms, thrombosis and patent
      arterial flow were shown, but in one case it was impossible to differentiate
      patent arterial flow from calcification. In neoplastic lesions, CS invasion was
      suspected by encasement or marked dislocation of the ICA, disappearance of venous
      flow, and extension of extrasellar tumors to the medial wall and extension of
      sellar tumors to the lateral wall. MR was found to be a promising diagnostic
      modality for the evaluation of the CS.

PMID- 2281150
TI  - Evaluation of the reconstruction of seed positions from stereo and orthogonal
      radiographs for routine radiotherapy planning.
AB  - Brachytherapy, which refers to short-distance treatment via implanted sources,
      requires an accurate knowledge of the dose distribution in the implant volume. A
      critical step in the determination of the dose distribution involves an accurate
      reconstruction of seed positions. Stereo and orthogonal radiographs offer two
      distinct imaging techniques for determining the seed positions in the implant
      volume. This work is an attempt to study the effects of random errors associated
      with the three-dimensional reconstruction of a two-plane seed implant from stereo
      and orthogonal radiographs. The uncertainty in coordinates is expressed as the
      standard deviation of the measurements. To assess the geometric accuracy of the
      stereo and orthogonal methods, the computer-reconstructed coordinates of each
      seed are compared with the measured and manually calculated coordinates. The
      uncertainties in the coordinates and relative positions of seeds are also
      estimated by considering the propagation of errors in the reconstructed
      parameters. The isodose contours surrounding the implant are obtained for both
      methods. Using a sonic digitizer to input the data, it was found that seed
      coordinates and relative seed positions can be obtained satisfactorily from
      stereo radiographs. The uncertainties were compared with the values reported in
      the literature. Suggestions are made to reduce the uncertainties in the
      reconstruction of coordinates with the stereo method.

PMID- 2281151
TI  - Intracavitary injection of OK-432 for malignant pericardial effusion, a case
      report.
AB  - The clinical efficacy of OK-432 has been evaluated favorably when administered
      for malignant effusion in pleural and peritoneal cavities. It may be effective
      also in pericardial space in response to inflammation or tumor, i.e., in weep
      fluid, but there are few reports of the clinical efficacy of a single
      administration of this agent in this space. We present here a case of spontaneous
      remission of malignant pericardial effusion after a single injection of OK-432
      into the pericardial space.

PMID- 2281152
TI  - Time-dose factors in radiotherapy: a review of the human data.
AB  - The values for alpha/beta (fractionation sensitivity, or recovery capacity) for
      early and late reactions in human normal tissues are consistent with results from
      experimental animals. For breast treatments direct analysis indicates that for
      early reactions alpha/beta is in the range 7 to 11 Gy, while for late effects it
      is in the range 2 to 4 Gy. Data on recovery kinetics in human tissues is limited
      but these indicate that recovery may be slower in humans than in rodents. For
      early skin reactions the halftime of recovery is about 1 h, while for late
      telangiectasia it is more than 3 h. alpha/beta values for human tumors are more
      variable than in rodents: some are high (head and neck, lung, skin, cervix) and
      similar to those for early reacting normal tissues. Others are low, including
      melanomas, where alpha/beta was estimated at 0.6 (-1.1, 2.5) Gy, and
      liposarcomas, where direct analysis of cases surveyed from the literature
      suggested that alpha/beta = 0.4 (-1.4, 5.4) Gy. Repopulation kinetics is faster
      in the mucosa of the soft palate and faucial pillars (1.8 Gy/day) than in head
      and neck tumors (up to 1 Gy/day).

PMID- 2281154
TI  - The 1989 James Kirk memorial lecture. The potential for radiobiological modelling
      in radiotherapy treatment design.
AB  - The application of the linear-quadratic (LQ) model to various types of
      fractionated radiotherapy is now well established, and has demonstrated ways in
      which treatment might be improved. Whilst attitudes to fractionated therapy are
      undergoing radical review, other aspects of radiotherapy are also moving through
      a period of significant change. In recent years there has been a growing interest
      in other, more complex techniques, e.g. the use of permanent implants of iodine
      125 seeds, the use of more versatile brachytherapy units which may treat a
      variety of sites at a range of dose-rates, and the use of biologically targetted
      radionuclides. The quantitative radiobiological assessment of such treatments
      poses a number of new problems, a complete understanding of which may take some
      while to provide. In spite of current limitations the LQ model has, in its more
      general form, the potential to be applied to a wider variety of clinical
      circumstances than is sometimes appreciated. Additionally, although the model
      does not provide a rigorous description of all the underlying radiobiological
      phenomena which govern the outcome of radiation treatment, it does have the
      capacity (unlike previous models) to draw clearer distinctions between the
      various contributing processes, and to focus attention on those parameters which
      are most likely to govern radiotherapy.

PMID- 2281153
TI  - Further analysis of the time factor in squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar
      region.
AB  - Recently, Bataini et al. reported that overall time was the major treatment
      related determinant of local control in 465 squamous carcinomas of the tonsillar
      region. They did not, however, quantify the relationship or relate it to the
      doubling time of tumorigenic cells, except qualitatively. This note reports an
      attempt at that quantification.

PMID- 2281155
TI  - Isoeffect relationships for fractionated biologically targeted radiotherapy.
AB  - This paper describes a method of analysis of the biological effects on normal
      tissues of fractionated administrations of biologically targeted radiotherapy
      (BTR). The linear-quadratic (LQ) model as extended by Dale [2] is used to
      consider the case in which administrations may be separated by time gaps down to
      the order of a single day. It is assumed that the pharmacokinetics of clearance
      are linear and that dose-rate profiles in organs are simple exponential decays.
      The method adopted is to calculate the extrapolated response doses (ERDs) for
      individual time periods of the treatment between one administration and the next
      (assuming complete recovery between periods) and additional components which are
      corrections for incomplete recovery between these time periods. The overall ERD
      for the course of administrations is given by the sum of these factors. No
      account is taken of cellular repopulation. As it is likely that fractionated
      biologically targeted radiotherapy (BTR) will be used in practice, this subject
      is of clinical relevance. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.

PMID- 2281156
TI  - The energy metabolism of RIF-1 tumours following hydralazine.
AB  - Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) was used to observe the
      effect of two doses of the vasodilator hydralazine on the energy status of RIF-1
      tumours. An intravenous dose of 5 mg/kg hydralazine reduced the high energy
      phosphate metabolites PCr and ATP, lowered pHMRS and raised the levels of
      inorganic phosphate of tumours within 20 min of administering the drug. The
      levels of high energy metabolites continued to decrease for at least 24 h. Normal
      muscle spectra obtained up to 1 h after drug administration remained unchanged.
      An intravenous dose of 0.5 mg/kg hydralazine also reduced NTP/Pi and PCr/Pi
      levels of tumours up to at least 5 h after drug administration, but the effect
      was smaller than for the higher dose. Blood flow measurements and measurements of
      systemic blood pressure demonstrated that 5 mg/kg of hydralazine produced a
      reduction in both systemic blood pressure and tumour blood flow relative to most
      normal tissues investigated. It is concluded that the changes in the P-31 MRS
      spectra of tumours were due to a reduction in tumour vascular perfusion following
      administration of hydralazine.

PMID- 2281157
TI  - [Orodental and maxillo-facial radiology: origins, evolution, men].

PMID- 2281158
TI  - [Side effects of spinal nerve root radiography. How to reduce them?].
AB  - Contrastographic techniques with intrathecal injections (SRG, Myelo-CT) are
      widely employed in the diagnostic approach to lumbar pathologic conditions. These
      techniques allow pathologic changes to be demonstrated and the information they
      yield helps plan the correct surgical approach. However, these invasive
      examinations are seldom employed for the high incidence of side-effects. The
      latter are related to various causes, the identification of which can help reduce
      the side-effects themselves. The authors analyzed a study population of 522
      patients subjected to radiculography, using needles of different gauges (18-23
      G), and injected non-ionic contrast medium in doses ranging 5-10 ml. The
      incidence of side-effects was significantly higher in the patients suffering from
      usual headache (79/237 = 33%), in those under 40 (87/238 = 37%), and in female
      patients (86/221 = 39%). The incidence of side-effects was lower with fine
      needles (41/139 = 17%) and contrast medium in doses less than 8 ml (80/337 =
      24%). The patients were divided into 4 subgroups according to the different doses
      of contrast medium administered and to needle gauges: the above parameters
      exhibited a percentage decrease (21/161 = 14%) with 21-23 G needles and 8 ml of
      contrast medium. The authors believe it possible to reduce side-effects by using
      fine needles and smaller doses of contrast medium.

PMID- 2281159
TI  - [Neonatal screening and follow-up of congenital hip luxation using echography.
      Review of the literature and personal contribution on 1421 newborns].
AB  - US screening for hip dysplasia was performed on 1421 full-term newborns. The
      study was aimed at: 1) evaluating US feasibility in an unselected maternity ward
      population; 2) determining the frequency of the different types of hips, and
      correlating ours with literature data; 3) evaluating the efficacy of both an
      early prevention and treatment. All US examinations were performed within the
      first week of life and the 2842 hips classified according to Graf. At birth,
      normal hips (Ia, Ib) were 2064 (72.6%) (group I); physiologically immature hips
      (IIa) were 721 (25.4%) (group II); pathological hips (group III) were: 43 (1.5%)
      IIc, 8 (0.3%) IId, 6 (0.2%) III. Hips in group B were checked at 3 months: 502
      were normal, 51 were type IIb, and 1 was type IId: the latter 52 hips were
      treated and normalized in the following months. Hips in group C (types IIc, IId,
      and III = 57 hips) were treated and checked every seventh week until
      normalization. Our experience confirms US value in the evaluation of hip
      dysplasia in the newborn. In our opinion, the use of this method should be
      encouraged, although US screening of all newborns remains controversial on a cost
      benefit ratio. Multicentric studies will better define US sensitivity,
      specificity and reliability. The correlation of our results with literature data
      was difficult, because study populations are not always homogeneous. As for
      therapy, we found the plastic splint very effective and easy to use. In 2 cases,
      Milgram devices were used for a few months.

PMID- 2281160
TI  - [Staging of spinal metastasis using special techniques of magnetic resonance
      imaging].
AB  - The diagnosis of spine metastasis is a problem of great interest which leaves
      many questions unanswered. In this field MR imaging plays a fundamental role, as
      the only technique able to directly demonstrate the changes in bone marrow
      tissue, bound to tumoral activity. The introduction of gradient-echo (GE)
      sequences has helped reduce examination time. Moreover, with the accurate choice
      of pulse-sequence parameters (TR, TE, flip angle) additional information is
      acquired which is not yielded by conventional spin-echo (SE) sequences. Our study
      was aimed at evaluating MR sensitivity in the different stages of bone metastatic
      evolution. The comparative adequacy was evaluated of combined bone scintigraphy
      and conventional radiology versus MR imaging in 62 patients with vertebral
      metastases. Time interval between bone scan and/or radiological study and MR exam
      ranged from 10 days to 8 months. SE and GE T1-weighted images, and SE and GE T2
      weighted images on the sagittal plane were employed, and axial images; coronal
      images were rarely acquired. Metastases were demonstrated by MR imaging at 122
      vertebral levels, versus 88 true positives of combined scintigraphy and
      conventional radiology. Scintigraphic false-positives were observed at 15
      vertebral levels, versus 9 with radiography. GE sequences were superior to SE
      ones in detecting vertebral morphologic lesions and bone marrow involvement
      thanks to their improved resolution and sensitivity. Moreover, GE sequences
      demonstrated tumoral bone marrow spread and persistent tumoral activity in the
      follow-up of spine metastases. Our results point to GE sequences as those of
      choice because of their higher resolution and sensitivity, which also allow
      response to treatment to be evaluated.

PMID- 2281161
TI  - [Rickets- and/or scurvy-like bone lesions in beta-thalassemia major].
AB  - Recently, a new type of skeletal lesions has been described in Cooley's anemia as
      a possible complication secondary to therapy. In 12 children affected with
      thalassemia major, who received an intensive transfusional regimen combined with
      continuous iron chelation therapy (desferoxamine-B: 50-80 mg/kg/day), some
      radiological abnormalities of the long bones were observed similar to those
      described in rickets and scurvy. These rickets and/or scurvy-like lesions had
      never been reported before the introduction of high-dose desferoxamine therapy.
      The pathogenesis of these lesions is uncertain, but the toxic effect of
      desferoxamine probably plays an important role in their development. The
      association of growth retardation and rickets and/or scurvy-like skeletal lesions
      in Cooley's anemia patients may be used as a valuable clinical criterion in long
      term chelation management.

PMID- 2281162
TI  - [Destructive cervical amyloidotic spondyloarthropathy in patients undergoing
      periodic dialysis. Personal experience].
AB  - The accumulation of amyloid (beta 2-microglobulin) in several organs and tissues
      of patients in chronic dialysis is a recent pathologic condition. A wide range of
      cases, supported by specific tests for amyloid on bioptic and autoptic samples,
      showed a radiographic semiology of osteostructural alterations in various areas
      which allows amyloidotic condition of bone to be diagnosed with high reliability.
      In 11 of 62 patients (17.74%) we observed destructive cervical amyloidotic
      spondyloarthropathy (DCAS). The radiological patterns common to all patients were
      subchondral sclerosis, erosions of vertebral body plates, widening/narrowing of
      intervertebral spaces, no/poor osteophytosis. Over-hanging was present in 54.5%
      of cases, and deformation of vertebral bodies in 45.4%. CT was useful in
      improving the definition of the various alterations, and in locating others, such
      as cavitations in vertebral bodies and involvement of apophyseal joints. Constant
      factors were the association with extravertebral osseous amyloidosis, dyalitic
      age over 60 months, and the use of Cuprophan membranes for dialysis. The frequent
      (72.72%) association with alterations involving the lumbar rachis (subchondral
      sclerosis, erosions and geodes) was suggestive of amyloidotic condition.

PMID- 2281163
TI  - [Radiodiagnosis of orthodontic and dysfunctional anomalies of the stomatognathic
      system: analysis of a sample of 204 patients].
AB  - Two hundred and four subjects (86 males and 118 females), aged 8 to 35 years,
      with different types of malocclusion, underwent panoramic dental radiography and
      skull teleradiography. This study was aimed at investigating advantages and
      limitations of the two radiographic techniques, in view of their use as screening
      methods. On orthopantomography, inferior interincisive point, menthon (Me), and,
      bilaterally, gonion (Go) and condilion (Co), were localized so as to allow a
      model of the right and left jaws to be made. On teleradiography of the skull, in
      lateral view, Steiner's cephalometric analysis allowed skeletal classes to be
      evaluated according to ANB angle values. Moreover, major postural parameters
      relative to the relationship between skull and cervical spine were analyzed:
      atlanto-occipital distance, cranio-vertebral angle, cervical lordosis, and hyoid
      triangle. Orthopantomography, though not a reproducible technique, can be
      considered as a valuable screening method for it allows right and left hemi-jaws
      to be comparatively measured. Cephalometric analysis of postural data confirmed
      the frequency of wrong postures in orthodontic patients. From the correlation of
      mandibular asymmetries and cranio-cervical parameters, the authors observed that
      asymmetrical patients have many postural problems, just like class II skeletal
      and dolico-facial types. This finding seems to confirm the mixed (functional and
      skeletal) etiopathogenesis of mandibular asymmetries.

PMID- 2281164
TI  - [Two mammographic periods compared].
AB  - The authors report the results obtained in two different series of cases examined
      by means of mammography in 1968/74 and in 1987/89. All patients had
      histologically proven breast cancer. The first series of cases included 183
      patients who were examined with a mammographic unit with fixed anode, 0.6 x 0.6
      mm focal spot, and 25-40 cm FFD. The second series included 152 patients who were
      examined with a last-generation mammographic unit with turning anode, 0.3 x 0.3
      mm focal spot, 50-65 cm FFD, and radiographic magnification. Lesion staging in
      the first group went as follows: 10% of patients were T1, and 90% were in more
      advanced stages; in the second series, 42% were T1 and 52% were in more advanced
      stages. Mammographic accuracy was 83% in the first series and 84.8% in the second
      series. The main mammographic features of the lesions and their incidence were
      analyzed. In 11 patients examined with a last-generation unit, breast cancer was
      diagnosed for the presence of indirect signs which had not been demonstrated with
      the older unit. In conclusion, last-generation mammographic units allow an
      earlier diagnosis to be made, and most signs of breast cancer to be promptly
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2281165
TI  - [Impact of high resolution computerized tomography on the clinical assessment of
      pulmonary interstitial diseases].
AB  - Our purpose is to define the morphological patterns of interstitial lung disease
      on CT and to evaluate the diagnostic impact of high-resolution technique (HRCT).
      Sixty-six consecutive patients with proven interstitial lung disease were
      considered in our study. The basic morphological patterns include: a) large
      reticular pattern (10-25 mm); b) small reticular pattern (2-3 mm); c)
      intermediate reticular pattern (5-10 mm) with cystic dilatation of distal
      airspaces; d) nodular pattern; e) high-density parenchymal areas. Topography of
      the involved areas (peripheral, middle and axial compartments), and lesion
      distribution with reference to the secondary pulmonary lobule (centrilobular,
      perilobular, panlobular, bronchovasal) are additional diagnostic criteria. The
      identification and correlation of these three parameters proved very useful in
      limiting the range of diagnostic possibilities to interstitial disease, obviously
      considering clinical data. In our series a correct CT diagnosis was obtained in
      57 of 66 cases (86.36%). In 24 of them (36.34%) diagnosis corrected a previous
      erroneous or generic clinical suspicion. Our data suggest that HRCT is indicated
      in interstitial lund disease when neither clinical nor radiographic findings
      allow a specific diagnosis to be made.

PMID- 2281166
TI  - [Computerized tomography in post-operative recurrence of bronchial carcinoma].
AB  - The authors describe the different types of postoperative carcinoma recurrences,
      as seen on CT examinations of the chest, in 38 patients who underwent different
      surgical procedures for bronchogenic carcinoma (12 pneumonectomies, 22
      lobectomies, 2 segmentectomies, and 2 atypical resections). The recurrences were
      classified as follows: 1) recurrence in the bronchial stump; 2) lymph node
      enlargement; 3) recurrence in the thoracic wall; 4) recurrence in the residual
      lobe; 5) pleural effusion; 6) nodule in the contralateral lung. The CT findings,
      correlated with those from plain chest radiographs and clinical symptoms,
      indicate a higher incidence of recurrences in the hilar region, either in the
      bronchial stump or as node enlargement. In the discussion, the problems faced
      after total and subtotal resection are separately analyzed. While after
      pneumonectomy plain chest radiographs fail to demonstrate the recurrence in most
      cases, so that CT is nearly always mandatory, after subtotal resection the
      diagnostic accuracy of conventional radiology appears higher since the residual
      parenchyma offers good natural contrast. Nevertheless, after subtotal resection,
      greater difficulties arise at a deeper radiological analysis due to lobar
      reassessment, the features of which are to be known.

PMID- 2281167
TI  - [Computerized tomography in the staging and the follow-up of Hodgkin's lymphoma
      of the thorax].
AB  - As yet, the role of Computed Tomography (CT) as a routine imaging technique in
      the staging and follow-up of thoracic Hodgkin's disease has not been assessed.
      The authors report the results obtained in 120 patients affected with thoracic
      Hodgkin's disease, staged and followed by means of chest X-rays and CT. CT better
      identified intrathoracic involvement of mediastinal nodes, of lung parenchyma, of
      pleura, and of pericardial and chest walls in 54/120 patients (45%), with staging
      modifications in 18 (15%) of them only. Treatment was changed only in 12 patients
      (10%) where radiation therapy had been planned. The clinical value of the
      additional information yielded by CT was especially evident in the follow-up: CT
      allowed the correct evaluation of persistent/recurrent disease in 51/117 patients
      (43.5%), a figure high enough to suggest the use of CT in the routine follow-up
      of patients affected with thoracic Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2281168
TI  - [The use of high-field magnetic resonance in the follow-up of patients with
      mechanic aortic valve prosthesis and composite aortic tubular prosthesis].
AB  - Eleven patients who had undergone cardiac surgery were studied by means of high
      field MR imaging (1.5 T). Six patients had had aortic root and valve replaced
      with a Bjork-Shiley (BS) composite tubular aortic graft prosthesis for acute
      dissection of ascending aorta. In the other 5 patients with rheumatic calcific
      aortic disease, the valve had been replaced with a BS prosthesis. As a whole, MRI
      studies were 14. Previous evaluations of magnetic field effects had seem carried
      out ex vivo on both BS valves and BS composite prostheses, on surgical ligation
      clips (Tantalium and Stainless) and on stainless wires for sternal closure. In 4
      patients (2 BS composite grafts and 2 BS valves) MRI diagnosed chronic dissection
      of both arch and descending aorta. In 1 of them, with a BS valve, associated
      localized acute dissection of ascending aorta was observed. In 3 patients with BS
      composite grafts, MRI revealed pseudo-aneurysms (including a thrombosed one) at
      the graft level. In one case MRI was repeated 4 times and was very helpful in
      monitoring the pseudo-aneurysm. MRI showed pericardial hematoma in 2 patients
      with BS grafts and paravalvular abscess in a case with BS valve. In one patient
      with BS valve fast-imaging MR revealed severe aortic regurgitation. No adverse
      reactions were demonstrated on MR images of prosthetic implants. MRI artifacts
      were insignificant with the spin-echo technique, while the fast-imaging technique
      showed clear image distortion at the valve level.

PMID- 2281169
TI  - [Enteroclysis of the small intestine in celiac disease in adults: changes in the
      jejuno-ileal caliber and the number of folds].
AB  - The authors retrospectively reviewed the radiographic findings (obtained with
      double-contrast small bowel enema) of 27 patients with adult celiac disease and
      of 27 healthy control subjects. Two parameters were measured in two different
      locations; lumen diameter and number of folds both in the proximal jejunum and in
      the distal ileum. Statistical differences in mean values between cases and
      controls were calculated, and correlations between the four variables were
      assessed. Sensitivity, specificity and their 95% confidence limits were
      calculated for all the variables. The best parameter in discriminating cases from
      controls seems to be the caliber of distal ileum (greater than 3 cm), with 93%
      sensitivity and 100% specificity. The value of the obtained results is discussed.

PMID- 2281170
TI  - [Changes in the small and large intestines in systemic sclerosis].
AB  - A series of 21 subjects (2 males and 19 females) affected with systemic
      sclerosis, was examined by small bowel (oral and intubation methods) and colon
      enema. The underlying process responsible for abnormalities in the small bowel
      and colon in systemic sclerosis is a variable and pacthy destruction of the
      muscularis propria, that produces the structural and functional changes detected
      on X-ray. Pathologic condition is the same affecting the esophagus. The scout
      film of the abdomen often reveals colonic distension and fecal impaction, so that
      it may be quite difficult to prepare adequately the patients for a barium enema.
      Peristalsis may be virtually absent in short segments, and transit time may be
      several time longer than that in normal patients. For these reasons, intestinal
      pseudo-obstruction may appear in systemic sclerosis. The observed radiographic
      changes are: 1) in the small bowel: a) dilatation of the gut, especially in its
      proximal portions (duodenum and jejunum), in which the valvulae conniventes are
      straightened, normal or thinned; b) presence of diverticula, 2-4 cm in diameter,
      with hemispherical shape without the neck-like opening into the bowel lumen; 2)
      in the colon, the characteristic finding is an increase in size of individual
      haustra, forming sacculations or pseudo-diverticula, usually on the
      antemesenteric border of the transverse colon, better demonstrated on post
      evacuation film. Moreover, loss of colonic haustration is also observed
      associated to colonic elongation and dilatation.

PMID- 2281171
TI  - [Role of ultrasonic diagnosis in patients with clinically suspected acute
      intestinal invagination].
AB  - Acute intestinal intussusception is one of the commonest causes of abdominal
      emergency in infants. It strikes mainly infants 3 to 30 months old. Ileo-colic
      intussusception is the commonest form (75-95%), whereas ileo-ileo-colic, colono
      colic and ileo-ileal intussusceptions are rather uncommon. Intussusception is
      primitive in 95% of cases and secondary in the extant 5%. Over the last 3 years
      we examined 25 infants with clinical suspicion of acute intestinal
      intussusception by means of plain abdominal radiographs and US. In 11 cases US
      diagnosed acute intestinal intussusception. US signs useful for diagnosis were:
      intussusception "pudding" on both transverse and longitudinal scans, and
      communicating intussusception "pudding" and bowel. US allowed intestinal
      intussusception to be diagnosed in 11 cases and ruled out in 14, with 100%
      reliability. In agreement with literature data, our results confirm US as the
      method of choice--versus conventional radiology--in the diagnosis of acute
      intestinal intussusception and stress the value of US studies in helping avoid
      surgery.

PMID- 2281172
TI  - [Role of ultrasonic diagnosis as a complementary method in contrast radiography
      of the intestines].
AB  - This study was aimed at evaluating US reliability and sensitivity in identifying
      inflammatory or neoplastic bowel diseases in symptomatic patients. Two hundred
      and fifty patients who had been referred to our Unit for double-contrast barium
      enema of small bowel and colon, underwent panoramic and targeted abdominal US.
      According to well-known pathological criteria--i.e., intestinal wall thicker than
      5 mm, and pseudo-kidney pattern--US had 61.7% sensitivity for inflammatory and
      neoplastic bowel diseases. The results indicate that US findings negative for
      intestinal disease are not reliable unless confirmed by contrastographic and
      endoscopic examinations. However, panoramic US occasionally demonstrated
      intestinal abnormalities and allowed collateral diseases to be observed in other
      organs or apparatuses. These abnormalities had been missed at contrastography,
      and were sometimes responsible for the symptoms the patients complained of.
      Targeted US emerged as a useful tool for detailing the lesions demonstrated by
      double-contrast barium enema, especially in case of expansive pathologies (size
      of the mass and relationship to adjacent organs).

PMID- 2281174
TI  - [Percutaneous transhepatic sphincterotomy].
AB  - The authors describe the technique employed for percutaneous transhepatic
      sphincterotomy as performed on 3 patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones. In
      all patients, previous endoscopic attempt had failed for anatomical reasons
      (Billroth II gastric resection or partial gastric resection with Brown
      anastomosis), and the ampulla could not be correctly incannulated with the
      sphincterotome. In all patients endoscopy was useful to check the position of the
      diathermic loop inserted percutaneously. Complete and immediate success was
      obtained in all 3 cases. No major complications occurred during transhepatic
      treatment. To date, 1 recurrence has been observed, and the patient has been
      retreated with bilioplasty. All patients were followed after 5-6 months with US,
      plain X-rays of the abdomen and blood tests (gamma Gt, alkaline phosphatase, and
      bilirubinemia). The authors suggest that percutaneous transhepatic sphincterotomy
      be employed electively in patients with biliary tree diseases in case the
      endoscopic approach failes.

PMID- 2281173
TI  - [Computed tomography in ascites].
AB  - Ascites can be found in a variety of diseases and may represent either a late
      complication or the clinical sign of a pathologic condition. The presence of even
      small fluid collections in peritoneal recess can be easily detected by CT. A
      number of reports confirm CT prediction of the benign/malignant nature of
      ascites. The CT scans of 100 patients affected with histologically confirmed
      ascites were reviewed to evaluate CT contribution to the assessment of the
      benign/malignant nature of ascites. On the basis of our results, it can be
      concluded that the only highly predictive CT finding of malignant ascites is the
      presence of a coexisting mass. Other findings do not allow the two types of
      collections to be discriminated.

PMID- 2281176
TI  - [Radical radiation therapy of carcinoma of the rhinopharynx: analysis of 80
      cases].
AB  - From 1976 to 1987, 98 patients affected with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were
      observed at the Oncology Center, Trento, Italy. Eighty of them were treated with
      radical radiation therapy (average total dose: 6432 Gy, range: 5500-7400 Gy) on
      primary tumor and positive neck nodes. The clinically negative neck received 5000
      Gy. Each dose ranged from 180 to 250 Gy. Fifty-nine patients were treated with
      the split-course technique with an interval of about 15 days after receiving 4000
      cGy. The patients were 60 males and 20 females, their age ranging 17-81 years
      (mean: 57 years). Histology diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma in 15 cases and
      undifferentiated carcinoma in 65 cases. All patients were staged according to TNM
      (UICC, 1978) criteria. Ten patients were stage I/II. Complete local control was
      obtained in 81.3% of cases. Actuarial global survival at 10 years was 52%,
      actuarial relapse-free survival was 49%. Mean follow-up is 33 months (range: 4
      122 months). Squamous cell carcinoma at histology and advanced nodal involvement
      (N2-N3) were negative prognostic factors. Six patients had a relapse in the
      nasopharynx and 5 in the neck; the incidence of distant failures was 20%. The
      most frequent mid-/long-term side-effect was xerostomia.

PMID- 2281177
TI  - [Changes in lymphocyte subsets after radiotherapy].
AB  - Radiation therapy seems to induce depletion of lymphocytes, which are very
      important cells for immunity response. The lymphocyte phenotype was studied in 41
      non-pretreated patients with normal immunological parameters who received
      postoperative radiation therapy for breast, mediastinal or pelvic cancer with at
      least 50 Gy/25 fractions. The functional immunological assessment was analyzed by
      Multiskin test (Merieux) too. The lymphocyte phenotype was determined on whole
      blood lysate employing an Ortho double-fluorescence cytofluorimeter. All
      patients, after radiation treatment, exhibited decrement in absolute and percent
      lymphocyte subpopulations; the Multiskin test demonstrated simultaneous change in
      skin-test response. The results are highly significant (p 2-tailed area less than
      0.0001) for absolute cells count and skin-delayed response test, but percent
      variations are not significant when verified by t-test.

PMID- 2281175
TI  - [Exclusive radiotherapy of locally advanced carcinoma of the larynx. Analysis of
      the caseload of Varese (1979-1986)].
AB  - The authors analyse a retrospective series of 90 consecutive patients (pts)
      affected with locally advanced laryngeal carcinoma (T3-4, N0-3--TNM, UICC 1978)
      who were radically irradiated from November 1979 to December 1986 at the
      Radiotherapy Department of the General Hospital of Varese. All the patients were
      treated with 60Co and two opposed parallel lateral fields and progressive
      shrinkage: 66 with conventional fractionation (2 Gy once a day, 5 times a week),
      24 with an accelerated hyperfractionated regimen (1.5 Gy twice a day, 5 times a
      week). The median total dose delivered to the tumor and clinically involved nodes
      was 64 Gy (1678 reu, CRE). Median follow-up was 21 months (range: 3-113). The 5
      year overall survival (Kaplan-Meier) was 40.5%. The 5-year disease-free survival,
      for 47 patients in complete remission at the end of radiotherapy, was 51.9% after
      irradiation alone and 56.7% with salvage surgery. There were no statistically
      significant differences in survival according to local spread (T3 vs. T4), nodal
      status (N0 vs. N1-3) and dose fractionation regimen (conventional vs. accelerated
      hyperfractionated). Isoeffect (CRE) values above 1751 reu obtained a 3-year loco
      regional control rate of 65%, while, for isoeffect values under 1600 reu, the 3
      year loco-regional control rate was 33.3%. Relevant late sequelae were not
      observed. Our findings suggest that primary radiotherapy with salvage surgery in
      reserve could be considered as an effective choice for locally advanced laryngeal
      carcinoma, at least in selected groups of patients.

PMID- 2281178
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal malformations].

PMID- 2281179
TI  - [Perforation of the vena cava with aortic penetration by a Greenfield filter:
      diagnostic ability of ultrasonography].

PMID- 2281180
TI  - [Post-traumatic circumscribed myositis ossificans. Description of a case].

PMID- 2281181
TI  - [Description of a case of anomalous connection of the spleen to the left hepatic
      lobe].

PMID- 2281182
TI  - [Integrated diagnosis of kidney involvement in Hippel-Lindau syndrome].

PMID- 2281183
TI  - Molecular basis of androgen insensitivity.

PMID- 2281184
TI  - Growth hormone receptor and binding protein.

PMID- 2281185
TI  - Inhibin: role and secretion in the rat.

PMID- 2281186
TI  - Structure of the lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor.
AB  - In summary, the LH/CG receptor is a single polypeptide which contains a large
      hydrophilic domain that is situated extracellularly, attached to a region that
      spans the plasma membrane seven times, the carboxy-terminal region being
      intracellular. This topology was predicted by the amino acid sequence and has
      been confirmed by our immunofluorescence studies. The extracellular domain, which
      is related to a family of leucine-rich glycoproteins, is presumably involved in
      binding the large glycoprotein hormones hCG and LH. The carboxy-terminal half of
      the receptor, which is related to the family of rhodopsinlike receptors, is (by
      analogy with these receptors) presumably involved in the coupling of the receptor
      to the G protein. Our transfection studies confirm that this single polypeptide
      is capable of binding hormone and activating adenylyl cyclase. Therefore, not
      only is the structure of the LH/CG receptor unique compared to other cell surface
      receptors characterized to date, but also its structure suggests that the
      mechanism of the translation of hormone binding to G protein coupling in this
      receptor is different from other G protein-coupled receptors whose ligands are
      much smaller and intercalcate among the transmembrane helices. We predict that,
      due to the homology among the glycoprotein hormones, the structures of the FSH
      and TSH receptors share extensive amino acid and structural homology with the
      LH/CG receptor. Last, our newly acquired knowledge about the structure of the
      LH/CG receptor, and the development of a cDNA and antibodies for this receptor,
      should enable more detailed studies on the function and regulation of the LH/CG
      receptor, not previously possible.

PMID- 2281187
TI  - Search for the gene for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A.

PMID- 2281189
TI  - Coupling of energy to transmembrane solute translocation in bacteria.

PMID- 2281191
TI  - Osmochemistry of solute translocation.
AB  - The main aim of this brief contribution is to suggest that our understanding of
      the general principles of osmochemistry may provide useful insights into the type
      of mechanism by which solute-translocating catalysts work. In particular, I would
      like to encourage a more widespread and explicit recognition of the special
      merits of the mobile barrier type of mechanism (Mitchell, 1957, 1987), not as a
      panacea, but to explain the translocation of the characteristically hydrophilic
      and somewhat bulky solutes that are the main substrates of solute porters and of
      some osmoenzymes in bacterial membranes.

PMID- 2281188
TI  - Tissue-specific expression of the growth hormone gene and its control by growth
      hormone factor-1.

PMID- 2281190
TI  - Evolution of permease diversity and energy-coupling mechanisms: an introduction.

PMID- 2281192
TI  - The melibiose carrier of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2281193
TI  - The role of ATP in binding-protein-dependent transport systems.

PMID- 2281194
TI  - Coupling of energy to glucose transport by the bacterial phosphotransferase
      system.

PMID- 2281195
TI  - Mechanism of sugar transport and phosphorylation via permeases of the bacterial
      phosphotransferase system: catalytic residues in the beta-glucoside-specific
      permease as defined by site-specific mutagenesis.

PMID- 2281196
TI  - A consensus structure for membrane transport.
AB  - Combined information from biochemical and molecular biological experiments
      reveals a consistent structural rhythm that underlies the construction of all
      membrane carriers and perhaps all transport systems. Biochemical work shows that
      while some carrier proteins function as monomers, others operate as dimers. But
      despite this variation, all examples can be modelled as having a pair of membrane
      embedded domains, each of which contains an array of (about) six transmembrane
      helical elements. This pattern is best documented among membrane carriers, where
      the minimal functional unit is known in a reasonable number of cases.
      Nevertheless, the same conclusion is likely to characterize other solute
      transporters. These unexpected correlations suggest that all membrane carriers,
      including those that take part in "energy coupling", have a uniform structural
      design on which is superimposed a variety of kinetic and biochemical mechanisms.

PMID- 2281197
TI  - Decrease of catecholamine and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the
      glycerol-induced acute renal failure of rats.
AB  - Changes of catecholamine and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were investigated in
      experimental acute renal failure (ARF) of rats. Concentrations of noradrenaline
      (NA) and dopamine (DA) were determined by chromatographic analysis using
      electrochemical detection. Renal content of NPY, identified by radioimmunoassay,
      was expressed as NPY-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI). All animals with a plasma
      urea value higher than 200 mg/dl induced by injection of glycerol were employed
      as ARF subjects for the experiment. Formation of ARF was also confirmed by
      histological findings showing diffused necrosis of tubular epithelia. In ARF
      rats, renal contents of NA and DA decreased markedly (P less than 0.001), NA
      (ng/g wet tissue) decreased from 186.3 +/- 19.6 to 2.81 +/- 0.67 (n = 8), and DA
      (ng/g wet tissue) decreased from 14.69 +/- 4.97 to 4.05 +/- 2.66 (n = 8).
      Similarly, NPY-LI (pg/g wet tissue) in ARF was reduced significantly (P less than
      0.001) from 435.23 +/- 35.82 to 4.61 +/- 0.52 (n = 8). The decrease of NA in ARF
      was obtained parallel to the change of NPY-LI; degeneration of adrenergic nerve
      fibers was confirmed by immunohistochemical observation. Results obtained suggest
      damage to the adrenergic and the dopaminergic innervation in the kidneys during
      ARF.

PMID- 2281198
TI  - Quantitative effects of allogeneic small-bowel transplantation on nutrient
      digestion and on body protein balance as determined in vivo in rats.
AB  - Heterotopic and orthotopic small-bowel allotransplantation was carried out in
      Wistar rats using grafts reduced to one-half of the original length. Portocaval
      venous anastomoses and intestinal end-to-end anastomoses were performed. Animals
      either with complete or with partially reduced native small-bowel served as
      control. In a total of 51 rats, 88 quantitative in vivo measurements of apparent
      digestion and absorption of dietary dry matter, organic matter, energy, protein,
      fat, total ash, and glucose were carried out. Body protein retention was
      calculated from intake and losses with feces and urine. The digestion trials
      comprised 8 days of adaptation and 10 days of continual recording of nutrient
      balance data. In experiments 1 and 2, digestibility coefficients were obtained
      before and after transplantation within the same animals, untreated or initially
      treated with cyclosporine A after surgery. Similar groups of rats untreated, with
      partial resection and with transplantation of the small-bowel, followed by
      temporary cyclosporine treatment, were used in experiment 3. In experiment 4,
      rats with transplanted intestines from experiments 1 and 2 were subjected to a
      further digestion trial 4 to 6 months after the respective first trial. With
      transplantation of the small intestine, apparent digestion and absorption of
      nutrients, as well as protein retention, tended to be lower. Significant
      depression occurred in the digestion of fat and ash. In long-term survivors all
      parameters decreased further. The adverse effects on fat and ash digestion seemed
      to be pronounced when rejection occurred. Fecal fat excretion might therefore be
      an indication of dysfunction of small-bowel grafts. Digestion was less imparied
      if cyclosporine was applied, and part of the effects on digestion and protein
      balance could be attributed to the shortened bowel.

PMID- 2281199
TI  - Pattern of breathing and laryngeal patency following almitrine bismesylate in
      anesthetized cats.
AB  - The effects of almitrine bismesylate on the pattern of breathing and laryngeal
      caliber were investigated in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats.
      Breathing occurred via a tracheostomy, while the laryngeal resistance to airflow
      was measured with the larynx isolated in situ. Almitrine bismesylate in a dose of
      0.5 mg/kg of body weight was injected intravenously three times: in the intact
      animals, following bilateral vagotomy (sparing the right recurrent laryngeal
      nerve), and after a sensory denervation of the larynx. In each condition,
      almitrine stimulated ventilation by significantly increasing inspiratory airflow,
      by increasing the respiratory rate in the 10th and the 20th minutes following
      injection, and by reducing laryngeal resistance to airflow in both the
      inspiratory and expiratory phases. The stimulatory effects of almitrine were most
      apparent in the intact animals. Following vagotomy, these significant changes in
      the pattern of breathing as well as the enlarged laryngeal caliber persisted.
      However, these latter effects were short-lived and were followed by narrowing of
      the laryngeal lumen. Laryngeal afferents were not essential for the response to
      almitrine.

PMID- 2281200
TI  - Microvascular ultrastructure in non-freezing cold injuries.
AB  - The effects of repeated local exposure to cold on the integrity of the
      subcutaneous microcirculation were studied in a model using a transparent tissue
      chamber implanted into a dorsal skin fold of Syrian hamsters. A detailed study of
      the vascular ultrastructure within the chamber revealed the following features:
      Endothelial damage was prominent in true capillaries and venous vessels, while
      arterioles remained unaffected. The endothelial lining appeared extremely
      attenuated around the entire vascular perimeter causing the development of
      "gaps", some of which contained leukocytes or platelets. Smaller vessels were
      often completely filled with blood cells with leukocytes integrated into the
      endothelial wall. Fibrin was never observed within these occluded vessels.
      Finally, only veil-like remnants of the endothelium persisted, and compressed
      erythrocytes were still mimicking the original vascular outline. It is concluded
      that the ultrastructural changes observed after a repeated non-freezing cold
      injury closely resemble those observed during ischemia/reperfusion injury.

PMID- 2281201
TI  - Targeting behavior of hepatic artery injected temperature sensitive liposomal
      adriamycin on tumor-bearing rats.
AB  - Temperature sensitive liposomal Adriamycin (LADM) was injected into the hepatic
      artery of rats bearing implanted hepatic tumors. Two hours after the injection,
      the liver was heated at 42 degrees C and maintained for six minutes at that
      temperature using local hyperthermia. Blood samples were taken at regular
      intervals until 8 hours after injection, at which time the animals were
      sacrificed and the drug distribution in the tissues was examined. Results
      indicate that the Adriamycin was released from the liposome, with the drug
      concentration in circulation peaking at 30 minutes after heating. High drug
      levels (25.2 micrograms/g of wet tissue) in the tumor and high tumor/liver
      Adriamycin level ratios (TLAR; 4.1) were found. The drug levels and the TLAR of
      the liposomal Adriamycin injection combined with heating (LADM H) were
      significantly different from those of the same dose of aqueous Adriamycin with
      heating (ADM H) or aqueous Adriamycin (ADM) and LADM without heating. The
      experiment shows that the LADM is cleared from the liver slowly, and when
      hyperthermia treatment at phase-transition temperature of the liposome is
      performed, the drug level in an implanted hepatic tumor is increased, and in the
      parenchyma is decreased. The results imply that targeting the hepatic tumor in
      this way may be an effective therapeutic method, and the drug release from the
      liposome may be controlled externally. This method appears promising for clinical
      practice.

PMID- 2281202
TI  - A pharmacologic approach to dosage intensification.
AB  - Using standard pharmacologic concepts, it is possible to show that changes in
      schedule will influence the relative influx of drug between various normal
      tissues and tumor. A line of investigation is discussed that should lead to
      optimization of influx into tumor tissue while minimizing uptake into dose
      limiting normal tissues.

PMID- 2281204
TI  - Studies on age-dependent plasma platinum pharmacokinetics and ototoxicity of
      cisplatin.
AB  - The age-related difference of cisplatin (CDDP) pharmacokinetics and ototoxicity
      were studied in 6 children with solid tumors who received CDDP infusion. CDDP was
      administered intravenously for 6 hours at a dosage of 30-120 mg/m2 and plasma
      free platinum concentrations were determined by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. Plasma-free platinum concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 2.1
      micrograms/ml at the end of infusions and declined rapidly with T1/2 of 0.6-1.5
      hours. Pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma-free platinum were analyzed in 13
      CDDP infusions by the one-compartment open model method. Parameters (Ke, Cl, T1/2
      and Vd) of free platinum pharmacokinetics were 0.66 hr-1, 7.71l/hr, 1.35 hr and
      15.71l in the younger group (age: 1.7-6.5 years old) and 1.44 hr-1, 11.41l/hr,
      0.61 hr and 8.99l in the older group (age: 12.2-15.7 years old), respectively. Up
      to 600 mg/m2 of the cumulative dosage of CDDP caused minimal ototoxicity in the
      older group; however, in the younger group, hearing loss at a high frequency zone
      (6000 and 8000 Hz) began to appear at a cumulative dosage of 200 mg/m2 and
      progressed to middle zone (3000 Hz) when dosages surpassed 400 mg/m2. These data
      indicate that the pharmacokinetic difference in age possesses a large
      distribution volume (Vd) and that slower elimination of the drug in a younger age
      group is an important factor for age-dependent ototoxicity.

PMID- 2281203
TI  - Decrease of liver energy charge, ATP and glutathione at concomitant intraarterial
      administration of adriamycin and degradable starch microspheres in rat.
AB  - Adriamycin (Adr) and degradable starch microspheres (DSM) were infused either
      combined or each separately into the hepatic artery in rats. Liver ATP, GTP, UDP
      glucuronic acid, UDP-N-acetyl-hexosamine and energy charge and glutathione were
      decreased 20 min later with combined treatment but not by Adr or DSM when infused
      alone. the nucleotide levels were normalized 60 min after the combined treatment.
      After one week, the Adr rats showed a less weight gain than controls. The Adr +
      DSM rats lost weight. Only minor changes were found in the livers at
      microscopical examination at this time.

PMID- 2281205
TI  - [Differential and ontogenetic meaningfulness of iconic, linguistic and formal
      codes on cognitive development: new questions].
AB  - Man is a semiotic functioning animal, i.e. civilizations are units of symbolic
      (architectural), iconic, linguistic, formal, etc...) organizations. These units
      can only initially develop when enabled--but not necessarily produced--by a
      material base of a bio-physical nature, namely the central nervous system. In
      short, taking but three more academic factors, images, texts, and algebra, for
      example, are grasped by this material base. However, it is clear that the effects
      produced on children (and on adults, for that matter) are not equal. Scholastic
      goals, however, emphasize "fables" and "equations" whereas social mediatization
      emphasizes "images" and economic mediatization "equations". Hence the problems of
      appropriation of linguistic codes. To show the danger of an imbalance in these
      appropriations, the concept of differential semanticization is called upon:
      images are over-semanticized, with identification at risk; algebra is under
      semanticized, at risks of obsessionalization. Texts, themselves, call upon the
      imagination and not on an imaginary structure imposed by a multivocal iconic
      pressure nor an imaginary structure rarefied by the prevalence of systems with
      univocal elements. Hence the importance of reading and writing for maintaining a
      nondepersonalizing semiotic balance.

PMID- 2281206
TI  - [The search for meaning, with regard to the activity of reading].
AB  - "Searching for meaning" leads to approaching three levels. The level of the
      meaning is registered in an oriented space, using the elements of a code. The
      symbolic level is that of the relation between meaning and meant: to what extent
      does the subject have access to the world of meanings? This level encompasses two
      dimensions: one is paradigmatic, through which the subject associated the
      elements of the vocabulary with words from the same semantic field (the author
      refers to a survey carried out on 145 normal children as well as with reading
      problems, which brings to light a very characteristic evolution in the children
      with problems); the other dimension is syntagmantic: to what extent does the
      subject have access to the meaning of the text he is tackling? The third level is
      psycho-affective: what is the underlying meaning that the act of reading takes on
      for certain people? To what extent does the difficulty of reading take on the
      dimension of a symptom, with its unconscious roots? The author presents the
      details of two cases from which many lesions can be drawn. Steps to be taken on
      the therapeutic level are given at the end of the study.

PMID- 2281207
TI  - [Learning to read with books].
AB  - The principle of the procedure suggested lies in double decoding: that of the
      isolated picture and picture sequences and that of the written story. The
      exploration procedure offered to the children consists of confronting personal
      hypotheses with respect to stories as they are told in books. Our research
      consisted of testing different types of pictures in order to establish a
      progression adapted to the children and in addition, testing a set of books
      designed for young children in order to identify those in which the pictures are
      suitable and in which the text and the pictures are complementary as far as the
      information communicated is concerned. This selection made it possible to set up
      an essentially active procedure with children in which the emphasis is placed on
      the representation activity, the desire to communicate, the importance of the
      spoken language, the affectivity and insertion of children in the world of mean.

PMID- 2281208
TI  - [Reading and speaking].
AB  - Reading is an activity that refers to the universe of language and speech and
      because of this, it cannot be grasped without the existence of a speaking
      subject. Children must get their share of fairy tales and stories in order to
      live in the warmth of words and light of literature.

PMID- 2281209
TI  - [The aging of language].
AB  - Language does not age as long as the cerebral structures which keep it
      functioning are normal. But one of the vicissitudes of old age is a weakening of
      linguistic and intellectual abilities caused by the progressive alterations of
      nervous functions. Language ailment is then rarely isolated but it belongs to a
      global disorganizing of cerebral functions.

PMID- 2281210
TI  - [Value of orthophonic support for the elderly].
AB  - The organize language groups for the elderly appeared urgent in order to
      forestall a deterioration of their faculties and strengthen those faculties which
      could be maintained. Awareness of space and time, songs and poems, narratives and
      themes discussed made it possible to revival the necessary gymnastics of the
      mind.

PMID- 2281211
TI  - [Value of conversation groups in institutions for the elderly].
AB  - Development of group sessions with therapeutic aims have been started in
      institutions for the elderly in order to combat dementia for which no curative
      therapy exists at present. This study aims at testing the efficacy of a
      conversation group on the language of an elderly, depressed and demented
      population. Pre- and post-therapeutic check-ups and the comparison between a
      control group and a test group show, on the whole, that the test group's
      linguistic skills remained unchanged, whereas the control group's perceptibly
      worsened. Qualitatively, the syntaxical and oral comprehension skills, and more
      particularly those of picture designation and verbal fluency are especially
      responsive to stimulation or to the lack of it.

PMID- 2281213
TI  - [Analysis of word perception in deaf children. A longitudinal study].
AB  - The assessment of speech perception and speech reading has been studied with the
      phonetic test of J.C. Lafon (lists of 17 french words with 3 phonemes each). 168
      children from 7 to 17 have been collected. Deafness was moderate, severe or
      profound. It was always congenitaly sensoneural hearing loss. In order to precise
      data, results are giving regard to educational program: mainstream or special
      classes. Comparative data for each degree of deafness are given for speech
      perception, lipreading and both auditory and visual sensorial ways.

PMID- 2281214
TI  - [Dysphonia in children].
AB  - Numerous cases of early dysphonia in children are due to congenital lesions of
      the vocal cord. Others, developing later, appear within a context of maltreatment
      of the vocal cords, and become part of the child's psychological and psychomotor
      developmental disorder. Hearing and seeing dysphonia are the two parts of our
      diagnostic stage, assisted by the use of optic fibres and audiovisual methods.
      Treatment must be global, putting dysphonia back into its proper context, leaving
      a substantial part to vocal re-education, as laryngeal microsurgery only comes
      into play when the result is inadequate, or when the vocal imperatives of a child
      musician lead to that choice.

PMID- 2281212
TI  - [Hearing in the elderly and hearing aids].
AB  - Statistically progressive deteriorations in the population, due more to
      pathological impairments than to aging properly speaking, must be distinguished
      from presbycusis. The onset of auditive impairment varies with genetic factors.
      In a statistical audiometric study, it is found that the better the hearing of a
      subject before the impact of presbycusis, the better the chances are of
      maintaining hearing; the opposite applies in the case of major auditive
      deterioration. Loss of hearing due to presbycusis affects all frequencies. The
      elderly patient has a better social value of hearing in the phonetic test than
      that expected from tonal audiometry, except in the case of disorders of central
      auditive integration.

PMID- 2281215
TI  - [Correlations between vocal qualities and mental retardation].
AB  - This research is intended to verify the existence of vocal spectrographic
      alterations, with particular reference to the values of Fundamental Frequency, in
      patients with different levels of Mental Retardation. The results show the
      existence of a direct correspondence between the values of the Fundamental
      Frequency and the level of Mental Retardation: the spectrographic characteristics
      appear to be more altered in subjects with severe Mental Retardation. The
      spectrographics patterns are characterized by the presence of bi-phonation
      particularly at the onset time and at the end, and by a noise signal on constant
      frequency. The shifts of Fundamental Frequency and voice breakage are rarely
      detected.

PMID- 2281216
TI  - [Turbulence noise and aperiodicity in the pathologic voice. A multifactorial
      approach].
AB  - A principal components analysis was performed on base of multiple measurements
      and evaluation scores in 72 patients with a hoarse voice. Two factors seem
      essential: the first one represents in some way the turbulent noise component,
      especially in higher frequencies (breathiness), while the second one rather
      accounts for the Fo-aperiodicity (harshness, roughness). Turbulent noise seems to
      be related with insufficient glottic closure. Aperiodicity mainly depends on
      mechanical instability of the oscillator. Both components are present to various
      extent in each patient, and proportion may change as a function of time.

PMID- 2281218
TI  - [Seeing the timbre in the singing voice: training and retraining].
AB  - Voice clinicians, as well as singers, always correlate the assessment of the
      singing voice to the vocal and corporal gestures that model singing, and among
      these parameters, especially timbre. The authors have shown how and what to see
      in the timbre; first of all, through analysis of the voice by oscillography and
      sonagraphy, then through observation of the singing act in artists, with special
      interest for dynamic recordings by vuccal and nasal fibroscopy. In this manner,
      each variation of the timbre heard clearly corresponds to modifications of the
      glottic vibratory cycle, volume changes of the resonators, pharynx, oropharynx
      and buccal cavity. The analysis of the action of the different muscles coming
      into play in singing, their synergies and their antagonistic effects, give a
      physiological basis to the singer's vocal work. This analysis also makes it
      possible to more effectively guide the rehabilitation of dysacusia which effect
      the timbre.

PMID- 2281217
TI  - [Voice, seduction, repulsion].

PMID- 2281220
TI  - [Voice breaking in young singers].
AB  - The adolescent's phonatory apparatus undergoes profound modifications during the
      period of voice breaking: lowering and growth of the larynx, change of vocal
      type. Voice-breaking occurs in two phases with the singing voice being modified
      essentially during the second phase, with a time lapse in relation to the
      speaking voice. Although stopping singing appears to be a reasonable attitude, it
      can not always be obtained, and therefore, the young singer can be helped through
      this period of change by developing a vocal technique adapted to this period.

PMID- 2281219
TI  - [Respiratory technique and resonance in the singing voice].
AB  - A singer can use a given anatomical structure of his/her nasal and pharyngobuccal
      pavilion to regulate the flow of his/her phonatory breath. The resultant study of
      vocal techniques makes it possible to put forth such concepts as a "column of
      air" and a "breath support point". The corporal sensations felt by vocalists were
      surveyed as well as the acoustic qualities of the vocal emission of each type.
      Implications are suggested for voice therapists.

PMID- 2281221
TI  - [The phoniatrician and the actor].
AB  - Each vocal gesture creates each different vocal style. The voice therapist helps
      the comedian to find all his vocal styles and teaches him how to switch from one
      to another quickly, while maintaining the integrity of each vocal configuration.

PMID- 2281222
TI  - [The actor's voice].
AB  - There is no such thing as an "actor's voice". "There are fine voices, without
      their being harmonious, because they are the intimate reflection of the
      performer" (Michel Bouquet). The actor's voice is born from its duality; the
      duality of the profession, inspiration, style and sincerity.

PMID- 2281223
TI  - [Grading the voice: pitfalls and advantages].
AB  - All functional exploration, and that of the voice is not an exception to the
      rule, calls for "setting values". The need for a quantification fo the human
      voice is legitimate but may lead to the contrary of the goal sought if a few
      basic principles are not respected and may supply some erroneous pathological
      results. The imperatives are linked together by a strict protocol, knowledge of
      measured parameters and the manner in which the signal treatment supplies them.
      We shall show, step by step, the utility of applying these principles with a few
      concrete examples.

PMID- 2281224
TI  - [Automatic recognition of speech].

PMID- 2281225
TI  - [Complementary tests in the evaluation of velar insufficiency].
AB  - In order to assess the degree of velar deficiency as accurately as possible,
      three tests can be made: a nasofibroscopy, X-rays, and notably xeroradiography, a
      radiography made under brightness amplification. This check-up indicates the
      course of action to be undertaken: orthophonic rehabilitation followed, depending
      on the results, by a surgical operation. These tests are incorporated into a
      pluridisciplinary treatment.

PMID- 2281226
TI  - [Rehabilitation of the abduction of the vocal cord by selective nerve anastomosis
      in dogs].
AB  - Laryngeal reinnervation procedures were performed on 15 dogs. Anastomosis was
      performed between a selected motor branch of the ansa hypoglossi and the
      posterior crico-arytenoid nerve. The results were analyzed endoscopically,
      electromyographically, and histologically. Results were satisfactory in 12 cases.
      The methods and results have been compared with those obtained using other
      reinnervation techniques.

PMID- 2281227
TI  - [Problems of deglutition disorders].
AB  - Disorders associated with swallowing often appear with difficulty in swallowing
      or with a cough when food goes down the wrong way. However, a detailed analysis
      of such disorders shows some distinctive characteristics based on neurological or
      surgical etiologies. Identification of the physiopathological mechanisms of the
      different types of deglutition allows for the elaboration of the appropriate
      rehabilitation strategies.

PMID- 2281228
TI  - Some statistical issues in studies of the epidemiology of AIDS.
AB  - Analysis of studies of the epidemiology and natural history of infection with the
      Human Immunodeficiency Virus and subsequent onset of AIDS are complicated by many
      statistical issues. Several such problems are associated with the nature of data
      collection which is often incomplete. Here we briefly survey some of the
      statistical methods that have been developed to meet the needs of analysis of
      AIDS data. In particular, we consider projection of the number of future cases,
      and estimation and identification of two key epidemiological unknowns, namely the
      properties of the incubation distribution and those of the infectivity associated
      with transmission.

PMID- 2281229
TI  - Adjusting for early treatment termination in comparative clinical trials.
AB  - In clinical trials of long-term therapies, patients often terminate their
      treatments earlier than planned. When analysing time-to-failure data, one
      approach to account for early treatment termination censors failure at the time
      of termination of therapy. In general, however, this does not produce valid
      inferences about the distribution of time to failure that would have occurred had
      treatment not been terminated. In contrast, intent-to-treat analyses, which are
      based on time to failure regardless of whether and when treatment is terminated,
      always produce valid inferences about the unconditional distribution of time to
      failure. Early treatment termination does not distort the size (type I error
      rate) of intent-to-treat tests but can cause a loss in power. Modifications to
      ordinary logrank tests can be used to recover some of the lost power without
      affecting test size, and can be most useful when the proportion of at-risk
      patients still taking their treatment changes substantially during periods when
      failures are observed. Extensions of the modified test to include strata are
      straightforward, although important design questions require further research.

PMID- 2281230
TI  - Challenges of HIV vaccine development.

PMID- 2281231
TI  - Group sequential designs using a family of type I error probability spending
      functions.
AB  - Performing planned or unplanned interim analyses on accumulating data in clinical
      trials is a frequent practice. In this paper, we propose a general one-parameter
      family of type I error probability spending functions to construct customized
      group sequential boundaries with unequal increments in information time. This
      proposed family generalized the spending functions of Lan and DeMets1 and Kim and
      DeMets.2 We give an example to illustrate the use of this family.

PMID- 2281232
TI  - Test statistics and sample size formulae for comparative binomial trials with
      null hypothesis of non-zero risk difference or non-unity relative risk.
AB  - When it is required to establish a materially significant difference between two
      treatments, or, alternatively, to show that two treatments are equivalent,
      standard test statistics and sample size formulae based on a null hypothesis of
      no difference no longer apply. This paper reviews some of the test statistics and
      sample size formulae proposed for comparative binomial trials when the null
      hypothesis is of a specified non-zero difference or non-unity relative risk.
      Methods based on restricted maximum likelihood estimation are recommended and
      applied to studies of pertussis vaccine.

PMID- 2281233
TI  - Testing for imbalance of covariates in controlled experiments.
AB  - Results of a controlled experiment are often adjusted for covariates found by a
      preliminary test to differ significantly between the treatment and control
      groups. The resulting test's true significance level is lower than the nominal
      level. Greater power can be achieved by always adjusting for a covariate that is
      highly correlated with the response regardless of its distribution between
      groups.

PMID- 2281234
TI  - Estimation of the linear relationship between the measurements of two methods
      with proportional errors.
AB  - The linear relationship between the measurements of two methods is estimated on
      the basis of a weighted errors-in-variables regression model that takes into
      account a proportional relationship between standard deviations of error
      distributions and true variable levels. Weights are estimated by an interative
      procedure. As shown by simulations, the regression procedure yields practically
      unbiased slope estimates in realistic situations. Standard errors of slope and
      location difference estimations are derived by the jackknife principle. For
      illustration, the linear relationship is estimated between the measurements of
      two albumin methods with proportional errors.

PMID- 2281235
TI  - Optimum allocation of samples in strata-matching case-control studies when cost
      per sample differs from stratum to stratum.
AB  - We investigate the allocation of samples over strata in case-control studies with
      consideration of sampling costs. We consider two situations, typical of strata
      matched case-control studies. Subject to a fixed total cost we derived optimum
      allocations that maximize the asymptotic efficiency of Cochran's test, that is,
      minimize the variance of the maximum likelihood estimator of the common odds
      ratio when the common odds ratio is one. Our results show that the standard
      design with equal numbers of cases and controls in each stratum is inefficient
      when costs per control differ greatly from stratum to stratum. We show that the
      optimum design suggested in this paper is robust for values of the odds ratio
      common in epidemiologic studies.

PMID- 2281236
TI  - Sample size determination for case-control studies: the influence of the joint
      distribution of exposure and confounder.
AB  - In case-control studies, the results about how the exposure distribution affects
      sample size are well known. This paper extends previous results by incorporating
      the effect of a confounder into the calculation of sample size for a desired size
      and power of a statistical test. The paper also includes a quantitative
      discussion on the influence of the joint distribution for exposure to a putative
      cause and a a confounder on required sample sizes. The results show that, to
      detect a specified alternative for a given size and power, the required sample
      size decreases as either the variance of exposure or the effect of exposure on
      disease increases. The required sample size, however, increases as either the
      variance of the confounder or the effect of the confounder on disease increases.
      Generally, the higher is the absolute value of the simple correlation between the
      exposure and the confounder, the larger is the required sample size.

PMID- 2281237
TI  - Statistical methods for determining risk factors of chronic otitis media with
      effusion.
AB  - We use logistic regression with paired Bernouilli outcomes to analyse data on
      subjects who have either one or two organs (e.g. ears) each of which may develop
      disease. In this model, subject-specific covariates are related to the
      probability of developing disease. The proposed method is applied to determine
      risk factors for chronic otitis media with effusion.

PMID- 2281239
TI  - Maximum likelihood regression methods for paired binary data.
AB  - We discuss maximum likelihood methods for analysing binary responses measured at
      two times, such as in a cross-over design. We construct a 2 x 2 table for each
      individual with cell probabilities corresponding to the cross-classification of
      the responses at the two times; the underlying likelihood for each individual is
      multinomial with four cells. The three dimensional parameter space of the
      multinomial distribution is completely specified by the two marginal
      probabilities of success of the 2 x 2 table and an association parameter between
      the binary responses at the two times. We examine a logistic model for the
      marginal probabilities of the 2 x 2 table for individual i; the association
      parameters we consider are either the correlation coefficient, the odds ratio or
      the relative risk. Simulations show that the parameter estimates for the logistic
      regression model for the marginal probabilities are not very sensitive to the
      parameters used to describe the association between the binary responses at the
      two times. Thus, we suggest choosing the measure of association for ease of
      interpretation.

PMID- 2281238
TI  - Relation of pooled logistic regression to time dependent Cox regression analysis:
      the Framingham Heart Study.
AB  - A standard analysis of the Framingham Heart Study data is a generalized person
      years approach in which risk factors or covariates are measured every two years
      with a follow-up between these measurement times to observe the occurrence of
      events such as cardiovascular disease. Observations over multiple intervals are
      pooled into a single sample and a logistic regression is employed to relate the
      risk factors to the occurrence of the event. We show that this pooled logistic
      regression is close to the time dependent covariate Cox regression analysis.
      Numerical examples covering a variety of sample sizes and proportions of events
      display the closeness of this relationship in situations typical of the
      Framingham Study. A proof of the relationship and the necessary conditions are
      given in the Appendix.

PMID- 2281240
TI  - Survival time models for analysing drug combination treatments.
AB  - Several relative risk models for survival time data in drug combination therapy
      are derived and their properties are discussed. The main intention of this paper
      is to clarify the differences among the models in order to help to choose the
      appropriate one in a given situation. The models are motivated by discussing
      their relation to well-known physiological concepts. In an example of two-drug
      treatment the models are compared with each other. For this chemotherapy animal
      survival study, dose-risk surfaces are fitted and optimal drug combinations are
      estimated. Methods for checking the model assumptions are mentioned.

PMID- 2281241
TI  - Murphy's law of limiting dilution cloning revisited.

PMID- 2281242
TI  - [Current therapeutic approaches from chronobiology: light and melatonin].

PMID- 2281243
TI  - [From hospice to high-rise hospital--the development of western hospitals].
AB  - Departing from the first infirmaries in the Roman army installed as valetudinaria
      exclusively for sick and wounded soldiers the development of western hospital
      care began based on the idea of love for fellowman. The importance of the order
      of Monte Cassino founded by Benedict of Nursia in the 6th century is emphasized.
      The role of these hospices important as asylums and hospitals with spiritual
      assistance is exposed as well as the endeavours of lords, kings and citizens to
      found hospitals in the modern sense from the 17th century onwards. The
      institution of the general hospital became important from 1784 onwards in Vienna
      and soon thereafter in Berlin. Modern nursing movements developed from protestant
      nursing sisters in Kaiserswerth. Further organizations for nursing such as those
      initiated by Florence Nightingale and Agnes Karll and the establishment of
      organizations such as the Red Cross are discussed. During the 19th century the
      large hospitals were built, modeled either after the compact system of barracks
      or conceived to prevent hospitalism as pavilions. Specialized institutions
      developed at the same time from older asylums for plague, mentally ill or leprous
      patients. The most recent development of high rise hospitals as well as the ideas
      of disposable hospitals serve to discuss functional structures of a modern health
      care institution.

PMID- 2281244
TI  - [Wound healing: from polypragmasy to rational therapy concepts--can growth
      factors contribute anything?].
AB  - Impaired wound healing as seen in diabetic, arterial, venous and decubital ulcers
      is still an unsolved problem. The lack of precise knowledges of wound
      pathophysiology renders efficient therapeutic approaches difficult. Many local
      and systemic factors are delaying wound repair, e.g., tissue ischemia, intra- and
      extravascular fibrin depositions, vasodilatation of the non-nutritive
      microcirculation, necrosis, infection, impaired migration of the epithelial cells
      of the ulcer edge and an inadequate cytokines pattern. With regard to these
      factors general therapeutic measures are proposed. We believe that in the near
      future cytokines may substantially improve our actual treatment methods of
      chronic ulcers.

PMID- 2281245
TI  - [Does breast self-examination affect the stage of breast carcinoma?].
AB  - The regular self-examination of the breast is one of the possibilities to detect
      breast cancer early. Our aim was to test the sensitivity of the method on rural,
      poorly informed patients. Almost one fourth of the 90 cancer patients belonged to
      the self-examination group. 52% of these women had a stage-I tumor. 58% of the
      women who didn't examine themselves entered hospital with stage-III or stage-IV
      tumor. In the self-examination group, in 71% of the lymph nodes were negative.
      This cohort showed also a better result concerning tumor extension. The average
      size was 1.9 cm compared to 3.8 cm in the 'non-analyser group'. We summarize that
      women controlling themselves have a better prognosis. Therefore, self
      examination, combined with mammography and clinical control, is one of the best
      methods for early detection of mammary-cancer.

PMID- 2281246
TI  - Eating and its relationships with subjective alertness and sleep in narcoleptic
      subjects living without temporal cues.
AB  - The sleep and meal patterns of normal subjects appear to be governed by a common
      timing mechanism. To investigate whether the postulated mechanism may be
      disordered in narcolepsy, a disorder of sleep timing, we analyzed the sleep,
      eating, and subjective alertness of six narcoleptic subjects and seven normal
      controls while they lived in a temporal isolation laboratory. When subjects were
      free to eat and sleep whenever they chose ("free-running"), the meal patterns and
      nutrient intakes of the free-running narcoleptic subjects and controls were
      similar; no evidence of an eating disorder intrinsic to narcolepsy was found.
      When meals were offered on a 24-h schedule, narcoleptic subjects ate more
      frequently than did the controls. In two of three narcoleptic subjects whose free
      running biological days markedly lengthened, intermeal intervals lengthened
      proportionately. This was evidence that the timing of sleep (bed-dark) periods
      and meals was indeed governed by a common mechanism. Meal onsets of narcoleptic
      subjects were preceded by a 90-min period of decreased napping and, when meals
      were scheduled, by increased subjective alertness. They were followed by a 150
      min period of increased napping and decreased subjective alertness. Postprandial
      deactivation was not found in controls. The deactivation could not be explained
      by a post-absorptive effect of food, since the contents of meals that were
      followed by naps did not differ from those that were not followed by naps. While
      a preabsorptive effect of meals has not been ruled out, we suggest that postmeal
      deactivation may be evidence that the mechanism that times sleep periods and
      meals also modulates the temporal pattern of narcoleptic naps.

PMID- 2281247
TI  - The effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on the sleep of narcolepsy patients: a
      double-blind study.
AB  - The effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB: 25 mg/kg h.s. and 3 h later) vs.
      placebo on objectively evaluated nighttime sleep and daytime sleepiness in
      narcolepsy were evaluated in a double-blind, counterbalanced crossover design.
      Twenty narcolepsy patients were given an overnight polysomnogram (PSG), followed
      by a daytime multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) at baseline and on the 1st and
      29th days of GHB and placebo treatment. The overnight PSGs indicated that the
      narcolepsy patients had the following significant results during GHB versus
      placebo treatment: decreased stage 1 (p = 0.012), increased stage 3 (p = 0.008),
      increased delta (stage 3 and 4 combined) sleep (p = 0.049), fewer stage shifts (p
      = 0.002), and fewer awakenings (p = 0.006). Minutes of wakefulness were
      significantly increased only for the last 2 h of the 8 h sleep period on GHB
      versus placebo (p = 0.019), which is beyond the time of GHB's direct influence.
      The MSLTs indicated that the narcolepsy patients had a marginally increased sleep
      latency mean during GHB versus placebo treatment (p = 0.074) and significantly
      increased total stage 0 (wakefulness) on day 29 of GHB versus day 29 of placebo
      treatment (p = 0.038). Female narcolepsy patients had significantly fewer naps
      with REM sleep (REM naps) on day 29 of GHB vs. day 29 of placebo treatment (p =
      0.020). The therapeutic effect of GHB in narcolepsy patients, i.e., decreases
      cataplexy, appears to be due to its improving nocturnal sleep quality, since its
      half-life is only 1.5 to 2 h. It is conjectured that GHB, an endogenous
      neurochemical, may be a sleep neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, since GHB
      rapidly induces sleep, and increases sleep continuity and delta sleep without
      suppressing REM sleep in both normals and narcolepsy patients.

PMID- 2281249
TI  - Validation of sleep observations in a nursing home.
AB  - Most of the studies on sleep patterns in elderly people have been performed on
      small samples in sleep laboratories and with the use of advanced technology. Such
      technology is generally unavailable either for research studies or clinical
      interventions with elderly people residing in the community. Additionally, the
      utility of the sleep laboratory in assessing sleep in the very demented patient
      is limited because of irregularities of electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns in
      this population. For these reasons, systematic sleep observations are presented
      as important tools in the assessment of sleep in the nursing home. Nursing homes
      have night-shift staff who are frequently not fully occupied and could be trained
      to perform sleep observations. The Observational Sleep Assessment Instrument
      (OSAI) documents the occurrence of sleep, as well as disruptions in sleep,
      breathing, snoring, myoclonic movements, and body restlessness. This study
      documented the validity of the OSAI by establishing interrater reliability and by
      correlating its results to those of a portable sleep monitor, namely, a four
      channel ambulatory sleep respiratory monitor and a wrist activity monitor.
      Results show that the OSAI is a reliable and valid tool for examining sleep and
      sleep pathology in this population, and can become a useful screening tool for
      detecting sleep and breathing disorders.

PMID- 2281248
TI  - Ventilation during sleep onset in young adult females.
AB  - Ventilation is known to decrease from wakefulness to non-rapid-eye-movement
      sleep. In males, the change is associated with the commencement of theta activity
      in the electroencephalogram (EEG). The magnitude of the decrease is greater than
      that required by the reduction in metabolic rate at sleep onset and it has been
      suggested that the nonmetabolic component reflects the loss of a wakefulness
      drive to respiration. The effect of sleep onset on ventilation in female subjects
      was of interest because previous studies on changes in respiratory activity
      during sleep in this population have produced inconsistent results, a phenomenon
      that may relate to the menstrual cycle and the role of progesterone in
      respiratory activity. The present experiment sought to investigate ventilation
      during sleep onset in young adult females as a function of the menstrual cycle,
      and to compare the results with data collected from male subjects in an earlier
      experiment. Sleep onset was studied in five subjects in a series of single
      subject designs. The data were consistent with those of the male subjects and
      showed decreases in ventilation associated with the onset of theta activity in
      the EEG. Furthermore, no menstrual phase differences were apparent. The results
      indicate that in females, as in males, sleep is associated with loss of a
      wakefulness drive to ventilation.

PMID- 2281250
TI  - Daytime functioning and nighttime sleep before, during, and after a 146-hour
      tennis match.
AB  - Two adult males (ages 31 and 35 years) were studied while they participated in a
      week-long marathon tennis match under conditions of extreme sleep restriction (4
      5 h reductions per night). Polysomnographic monitoring was conducted on the two
      nights prior to the marathon, continuously throughout the match, and on two
      recovery nights. In addition, measures of daytime sleepiness, mood state, and
      cognitive performance were obtained during the course of the study. Despite
      undergoing marked sleep restriction, both players continued to obtain their usual
      (baseline) amounts of slow wave sleep throughout the marathon. Both players
      showed a gradually increasing tendency toward daytime dozing across the first few
      days of the marathon. This tendency decreased on the fifth day but increased
      again on the sixth day of the match. Also, both players showed a pre- to
      postmatch decline on some cognitive measures. However, the players differed
      markedly in their ratings of sleepiness, mood ratings, recovery sleep patterns,
      and endurance with respect to the demands of the match. Results appear to be
      consistent with previous laboratory studies in documenting the primacy of the
      "slow wave sleep drive." Given the marked differences observed between the
      players, research designed to identify factors that predict response to sleep
      loss seems to be warranted.

PMID- 2281251
TI  - Effects of otolithic vestibular stimulation on sleep.
AB  - This study evaluated the effects of otolithic vestibular stimulation in the form
      of a linearly accelerated parallel swing on nighttime sleep parameters and
      daytime sleep tendency in eight normal subjects. The protocol consisted of one
      adaptation night following by two motion nights, one adaptation night followed by
      two stationary nights, and two Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT), one motion
      and one stationary. On the motion nights, there was a decrease in stage 2
      percentage as well as a facilitative effect on sleep latency on the last night.
      In addition, an increase in the number of rapid eye movements (REMs) per night
      was found without a significant alteration of REM sleep amount or latency. No
      significant differences were found between the motion and stationary MSLT days.

PMID- 2281252
TI  - Sleep stability with home sleep recording and automatic sleep stage analysis.
AB  - Three home sleep recordings were conducted in 12 normal subjects using the Oxford
      Medilog 9000 system with automatic sleep stage analysis (SS90III). Each night was
      separated by 1 week. No significant differences were noted for any sleep
      parameter, with the mean intraindividual variation less than 20% for most
      parameters. This indicates that sleep patterns are stable over time.

PMID- 2281253
TI  - Bibliography of recent literature in sleep research.

PMID- 2281254
TI  - [Interactive relations between sexual behavior and post-menopausal replacement
      hormone therapy: a survey].
AB  - A study carried out in 1988 using a representative sample of the French male and
      female population aged between 52 and 70 provides information concerning one of
      the presumed motivations for the use of replacement hormone therapy: to "always
      be a woman". In 1988 the sexual activity of French couples decreased on average
      after the age of 50 or thereabouts in a proportion identical to that seen in
      1970. The chief limiting factor is reduced libido in women, far more than simple
      dyspareunia or relative male impotence. The majority of women interviewed did not
      wish to react against this fall in sexual activity, had abandoned "seductive"
      behaviour, would not use treatment which would increase sexual appetite even if
      it were ideally active and free of side-effects and did not consider that the
      menopause had any influence whatsoever on their behaviour. Eighty per cent of
      women had never sought to use replacement hormone therapy. A minority, 17 p. cent
      of those interviewed, had used postmenopausal hormone therapy for a time at
      least. This sub-group had a far higher level of sexual activity, attached greater
      importance to their personal appearance, took more physical exercise and
      controlled their weight better. The group was also more educated and better
      informed regarding the possible consequences of the menopause. Differences in
      life style and dietary behaviour between spontaneous non-users and users of
      hormone replacement therapy could falsify the interpretation of a non-randomised
      epidemiological study.

PMID- 2281256
TI  - [Thrombophlebitis of the ovarian veins. A case report. Review of the literature].
AB  - The authors report on one case of thrombophlebitis of the two ovarian veins
      complicated by thrombosis of the vena cava inferior after a septic abortion. The
      diagnosis suggested by the persistence of symptoms of a severe pelvic infection
      was confirmed using computerized axial tomography. Faced with a clot floating in
      the vena cava inferior, a Greenfield filter was placed subrenally and combined
      with antibiotic therapy and IV heparin therapy. Clinical symptoms resolved but
      the scanographic image of thrombosis of the vena cava persisted after 7 months of
      treatment. This is a rare disease which is currently easy to diagnose, thanks to
      computerized axial tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance.

PMID- 2281255
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of cervical dysplasia. Report of 42 cases].
AB  - The authors present a retrospective study of 42 cases of conization carried out
      between January 1987 and October 1989 in the Department of Gynaecology 1 of
      Dupuytren University Hospital in Limoges. The average age of the population was
      42 years and 7 months, with an average parity of 1.9 children per woman.
      Conization was carried out using either a cold knife (37 cases) or an electric
      knife (5 cases). Complications consisted of 4 stenoses, 2 secondary haemorrhages
      and 1 perineal burn. 4 microinvasive cancers, 7 CIN III, 10 CIN II, 4 CIN I and 3
      pieces of tissue free from any dysplastic lesion were found on histological
      examination of the conization tissue. 17 patients (40.4%) had flat condylomas.
      There was perfect agreement between the diagnoses from the smears and biopsies in
      82.1 p. cent of cases; there was 57.1 p. cent agreement when the smear result was
      compared with the histological study of the conization tissue, and 39.2 p. cent
      agreement when the latter was compared with biopsy results. On the other hand,
      false diagnosis due to overevaluation of the severity of the dysplasia was
      predominant using the least invasive examination (42.8 p. cent when comparing the
      smear results with those from the study of conization tissue, and 39.2% for
      biopsies with respect to the conizations). According to the authors, the
      therapeutic strategy to be used in treating dysplasia must take the severity of
      the dysplasia, the presence of infection due to HPV and its serotyping, the
      location and size of the dysplasia, the visibility of the endo-exocol junction
      line and the psychological context of the patient into consideration.

PMID- 2281257
TI  - [Inversion of uterus].
AB  - Inversion of the uterus is a rare condition, basically described in old treatises
      on obstetrics. On the basis of one recent case, the authors recall details of the
      diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, while referring to previous older works. The
      usual description is given of the three anatomical degrees of inversion of the
      uterus, depending on the extent of invagination of the fundus of the uterus. The
      aetiology of this event is not always very clear, but faulty manoeuvres at the
      time of delivery may help to promote its occurrence. Diagnosis is relatively
      easy, except in cases which are not exteriorized. Treatment relies on reduction
      of the inversion, which should take place as early as possible, and prevention of
      a relapse. The prognosis was formerly catastrophic, but has currently been
      transformed by the progress made in improving intensive care.

PMID- 2281258
TI  - [Sarcoid reaction to a foreign body located in the uterus and the liver].
AB  - A case is reported of a sarcoidosis reaction within the uterine wall which
      developed following the vaginal injection of an unknown substance for
      contraceptive purposes. The reaction spread through the body to affect the
      lymphnodes and liver. Can this serve as an experimental model for the various
      forms of sarcoidosis observed clinically, notably genital sarcoidosis?

PMID- 2281259
TI  - [Campomelic syndrome. Difficulties in early differential diagnosis from other
      syndromes involving deformation of the long bones using echography].
AB  - One case of "campomelique" dysplasia discovered by echography at 17 weeks is
      reported. The details of the syndrome are recalled. In this particular case, only
      the histology enabled the exact diagnosis to be made. The distinction between
      "syndrome campomelique" and other syndromes involving deformation of long bones
      (imperfect osteogenesis of the foetal type and isolated curvature of the tibia)
      is not easy during early pregnancy using echography alone. At a later stage, the
      signs and symptoms become more distinct and an exact diagnosis is probably
      easier.

PMID- 2281260
TI  - [Value of a velocimetric study of the uterine arteries in retroplacental
      hematoma. 3 case reports].
AB  - Retroplacental hematoma is a sudden event with a poor prognosis, the latter being
      aggravated by the very frequent lack of predictive clinical, laboratory or
      echographic signs. Does studying the velocity of blood flow in uterine arteries
      have a predictive value in this disease? The equipment used was a continuous
      Doppler with spectral analysis and probe of 4 MHz, without echographic
      identification. Each examination systematically included the study of the 2
      uterine arteries and the umbilical flow. The technique for recording flow in the
      uterine arteries is described. A report is given of three cases of retroplacental
      haematoma. An increase in the resistance index in one of the uterine arteries was
      found in the three cases (twice on the right, and once on the left), with a
      protodiastolic notch on the curve, whereas the umbilical index itself was normal
      and there were no other sign that indicated the placental event. The Doppler is
      already known to be of value in numerous indications in obstetrics: it should be
      possible to extend these indications even further, particularly if this
      preliminary study is confirmed on a broader scale.

PMID- 2281261
TI  - [Malaria in children in 1990].
AB  - The development of imported cases and the upsurge of resistance to chloroquine
      have altered the diagnosis and treatment of infantile malaria. The diagnosis may
      be missed, with a risk of the disease turning into a lethal attack of cerebral
      malaria. The demonstration of plasmodia in blood smears is the best proof of the
      disease, but waiting for it should not always delay treatment. Intravenous
      quinine remains the basic therapy of cerebral malaria. As the distribution of
      chloroquine-resistant strains is imperfectly known, the prophylaxis and treatment
      of simple attacks are often difficult. As regards curative therapy, halofantrine
      seems to be easier to handle than mefloquine, but it is useless for prevention.
      Preventive measures, including the use of mosquito nets and treatment of febrile
      episodes presumed to be malarial, are useful additions to the systematic
      prescription of drugs that are seldom fully effective.

PMID- 2281262
TI  - [Management of children with sickle-cell disease].
AB  - The management of children with sickle-cell disease in specialized centres may
      take place either during the intercritical phase of the disease or in the period
      of vaso-occlusive phenomena and acute complications. Without any doubt, a regular
      follow-up of these children, starting immediately after the diagnosis is made,
      improves the prognosis. Repeated visits enable the physician to inform the family
      and thereafter the child on the disease, its consequences and its transmission
      and to implement such prophylactic measures as preventive antibiotic therapy,
      specific immunizations and advice on hydration. As years go by, this monitoring
      is modified according to the patient's age, the course of the disease and the age
      related complications. Acute accidents are frequent and often difficult to
      diagnose. In the immediate and well-adjusted management they require rehydration,
      rest, analgesics and antibiotics play a major role. The purpose of management is
      to avoid most complications and raise the child to adulthood in the best possible
      conditions.

PMID- 2281263
TI  - [Choice of antibiotic treatment in otitis media].
AB  - The choice of antibiotics to be prescribed in otitis media may be guided by
      microbiological culture of the middle ear exudate obtained by tympanocentesis, or
      by direct examination and culture of purulent material obtained by myringotomy
      after rupture of the tympanic membrane. Otherwise, routine antibiotic
      prescription is based on the epidemiological frequencies of bacteria such as
      Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hoemophilus influenza or Strepcococcus A. In children
      who have infrequently received beta-lactam antibiotics, amoxicillin 50-75
      mg/kg/day for 10 days may be the first choice. Children who suffer from recurrent
      episodes of acute otitis media may benefit from one of the three following
      prescriptions: amoxicillin + clavulanate (Augmentin), or an oral cephalosporin,
      or the erythromycin + sulfisoxazole combination (Pediazole). If recurrences are
      frequent and at short intervals, antibiotic prophylaxis may be effective, using
      penicillin V (Oracillin) 250,000 IU daily throughout the entire cold period.

PMID- 2281265
TI  - [Mitral valve prolapse and infective endocarditis: is there a risk?].

PMID- 2281264
TI  - [Vaccination schedule, present and future].
AB  - The french calendar of vaccinations is devised by the General Directorate of
      Health (Technical Committee of Vaccinations, High Council of Hygiene) and is
      regularly updated. The 1990 calendar has recently been published. Primary
      combined immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis and pertussis
      has been brought forward from 3 to 2 months for better prevention of pertussis in
      young infants. BCG remains mandatory and can be administered in the first days of
      life without any risk of failure. Immunization against measles, mumps and rubella
      is performed between the ages of 12 and 15 months and has recently been the
      object of a national promotional program. The timetable must be respected to
      reach the national and international objectives which are to maintain a high
      degree of vaccinal cover in order to eradicate viral diseases with human
      reservoir, i.e. poliomyelitis, rubella, measles and mumps. In the near future,
      the calendar will be improved by the advent of a vaccine against Haemophilus B
      and, perhaps, an acellular pertussis vaccine. As it is possible to leave long
      intervals between the various vaccinations and vaccinal associations, this
      calendar can easily be applied to infants and catching up is facilitated.

PMID- 2281266
TI  - [Treatment with human growth hormone in pediatrics].

PMID- 2281267
TI  - [Exploration of the eye and the orbit: computerized tomography, ultrasonography
      or magnetic resonance imaging?].

PMID- 2281268
TI  - [6th consensus conference on intensive care and emergency medicine. Chest
      radiographies and emergency radiographies of the skull].

PMID- 2281269
TI  - [Hematuria. Diagnostic approach and management].

PMID- 2281270
TI  - [Rhizomelic pseudo-polyarthritis and Horton's disease. Diagnosis, clinical course
      and prognosis, treatment].

PMID- 2281271
TI  - [Signs of pregnancy before the 12th week of amenorrhea and determination of the
      date of delivery].

PMID- 2281272
TI  - [Headaches and migraines. Etiology, diagnosis, clinical course, treatment].

PMID- 2281273
TI  - [Acute diarrhea. Management and therapeutic approach].

PMID- 2281274
TI  - [Indications of fertilization in vitro (FIV) and intratubal transfer].
AB  - Initially developed to treat tubal infertility, in vitro fertilization (IVF) has
      acquired wider indications when the pregnancy rates have improved. IVF is now
      offered to couples as the ultimate solution in case of tubal infertility (with
      Fallopian tubes that are altered or definitively out of action), in case of
      unexplained infertility or in case of male infertility. In addition, it has been
      used in endometriosis, in cervical mucus problems or after failure of donor
      insemination. If at least one tube is healthy (unexplained or male infertility),
      a gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT) may be proposed. At the moment, IVF is
      not only the ultimate therapy but also the ultimate diagnostic test for infertile
      couples.

PMID- 2281275
TI  - [Fertilization in vitro: ovulation induction and oocyte harvest].
AB  - In vitro fertilization, the pregnancy rate obtained by transfer of embryo
      increases with the number of embryos transferred. For this reason, ovarian
      follicles are made to multiply and mature by means of various therapeutic
      patterns which stimulate ovulation. The conventional treatments with
      gonadotropins administered alone or combined with clomifene citrate have been
      superseded by GnR analogues-gonadotropin combinations. The effects of treatment
      are monitored by ovarian ultrasonography and by repeated measurements of serum
      oestradiol levels. This enables the HMG dosage to be adjusted and the injection
      of HCG, which completes follicular maturation, to be given at the right time. The
      oocytes, initially collected by coelioscopy, are now usually collected by
      transvaginal aspiration under ultrasonic guidance.

PMID- 2281277
TI  - [Techniques and indications of tubal transfer].
AB  - Intra-fallopian transfer of ovocytes and sperm, of zygotes at the two pronuclei
      stage or of embryos is a possible alternative to in vitro fertilization, at least
      when a fallopian tube is permeable. Its principle indications are unexplained or
      male infertility.

PMID- 2281276
TI  - [Biology of medically assisted reproduction].
AB  - The biological techniques utilized in IVF are divided into several stages:
      conditioning of the gametes, in vitro fertilization proper, culture of ova and
      embryos, freezing of gametes and embryos. Conditioning oocytes obtained by
      follicular fluid aspiration is extremely simple, but oocyte maturity can neither
      be diagnosed very accurately nor improved in vitro. Several methods can be used
      to condition spermatozoa, but these methods have limitations: normospermia, for
      instance, cannot be obtained with sperms of poor quality. In vitro fertilization
      proper is relatively easy to perform, at least with mature oocytes, but the
      diagnosis of fertilization, especially abnormal fertilization, is not always
      reliable. The quality of the embryos obtained raises a major problem: their
      equipment in chromosomes is unassessable, and their viability can only be roughly
      evaluated.

PMID- 2281278
TI  - [Curreny results of GIFT and ZIFT].
AB  - This report describes the results of gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) in
      102 treatment cycles for male infertility and in 202 cycles for unexplained
      infertility. Twenty-one pregnancies out of 102 GIFT replacements (20.6 p. 100)
      were obtained in male infertility and 74 pregnancies out of 202 GIFT replacement
      (36.6 p. 100) were established. One hundred and forty-five pregnancies were
      obtained out of 348 zygote intra-fallopian transfers (ZIFT) (41 p. 100).

PMID- 2281279
TI  - [Oocyte and embryo donations].
AB  - Oocyte donation was introduced in 1983 either to treat infertility due to the
      absence of ovocytes (gonadal dysgenesis, premature menopause, etc.) or to avoid
      the risk of genetic disease transmitted by ovocytes. Practical problems have been
      solved by using substitutive treatments including natural steroids and by
      freezing embryos that are not synchronous with the recipient. However, ethical
      problems are more delicate and notably, they raise the issue of non-anonymous
      donation. A review of the literature shows that up to now 327 transfers have been
      performed, with a 24 p. 100 rate of maintained pregnancy.

PMID- 2281280
TI  - [Artificial insemination].
AB  - The first artificial inseminations (AI), performed some 200 years ago, took place
      during menstruations since the ovulation and fertilization processes were then
      totally unknown. Nowadays, AI is usually carried out during the "ovulation
      period", which means a lack of accuracy in the estimated gametes meeting time
      which may reach several days. We formulate the hypothesis, supported by an
      analysis of international results, that AI is more effective when performed at
      the time of, or soon after follicular rupture, i.e. 36 to 48 hours after an
      endogenous (LH surge) or exogenous (hCG injection) induction, especially in case
      of male infertility. Under these conditions, it seems that intrauterine (rather
      than intracervical) AI performed after ovarian stimulation (and not in a
      spontaneous cycle) helps solve the problems of many infertile women before a more
      complex medical assistance is contemplated.

PMID- 2281281
TI  - [Medico-administrative aspects of medically assisted reproduction techniques].
AB  - Artificial procreation techniques raise many ethical questions. The National
      Consultative Ethics Committee has pronounced on two occasions on this subject.
      Apart from ethical considerations, the rapid development of various techniques
      has required regulations aimed at ensuring the quality of the medical activities
      performed. The decree of April 8, 1988 concerning medically assisted procreation
      limits the practice of these activities to hospitals and medical biology
      laboratories. These regulations do not apply to fundamental questions which fall
      in the realm of legislation. A bill has already been drafted; if it passes it
      might provide a few guiding marks on this subject for practitioners and for
      society as a whole.

PMID- 2281282
TI  - [Perioperative myocardial infarction: effect of anesthesia?].

PMID- 2281283
TI  - [Evaluation of cell DNA content by flow cytometry: prognostic value in cancer].

PMID- 2281284
TI  - [Mechanisms of drug-induced hepatitis].

PMID- 2281285
TI  - [1990 diabetes workshop at the Hotel-Dieu hospital, Paris].

PMID- 2281286
TI  - [Acute infectious bronchitis and pneumopathy. Etiology, diagnosis, clinical
      course, prognosis, treatment (excluding mycosis, parasitosis and immunodeficiency
      pathology)].

PMID- 2281287
TI  - [Aptitude to work. Respective role of the attending physician and the
      occupational physician].

PMID- 2281288
TI  - [Mucous ulceration. Diagnostic approach and management].

PMID- 2281289
TI  - [Acute dehydration in infants. Physiology, diagnosis, clinical course and
      prognosis, treatment].

PMID- 2281290
TI  - [Urinary tract infections: pediatric characteristics].

PMID- 2281291
TI  - [Spinal osteoblastoma. Report of 8 cases].
AB  - The authors studied the special features of the vertebral location of this benign
      tumour of osteoblastic origin in eight cases of spinal osteoblastoma. Clinically,
      neurological complications are frequently present and scolioses may arise and
      persist after treatment; radiologically, new imaging techniques enable the limits
      of the tumour to be assessed with greater accuracy with respect to the
      neighbouring bone and their relationship to the components of the vertebral
      canal; surgically, there are difficulties specific to this location raised by the
      proximity of nervous components, and also by the vertebral destabilization
      entailed by the considerable bone involvement. Anatomicopathological diagnosis
      remains difficult, particularly in the case of osteoid osteoma.

PMID- 2281292
TI  - [Increase in plasma androgens in menopausal women with rheumatoid polyarthritis].
AB  - The concentrations of sex hormones were studied in 45 women with rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA). The patients were classified into two groups. Group I
      (premenopausal) consisted of 26 women and group II (postmenopausal) included 19
      women. The two groups were compared with 40 control women (20 premenopausal and
      20 postmenopausal). Age and weight were comparable in the 2 groups (controls and
      patients). The average plasma concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone and
      androgens were comparable in group I (patients with RA) and the control group
      (premenopausal women). On the other hand, the plasma concentration of androgens
      was statistically significantly higher in patients in group II by comparison with
      the postmenopausal controls. It thus seems that a hyperandrogenic situation may
      occur in menopausal women with RA, and this might have a beneficial clinical
      effect on the disease.

PMID- 2281293
TI  - [Is fibrositis an immuno-rheumatologic disease?].
AB  - An attempt was made to test the hypothesis that immunological dysfunction occurs
      in primary polyenthesopathy (PP) by studying skin immunofluorescence, capillary
      microscopy, photoplethysmography and the lymphocyte populations in PP patients
      defined according to the usual criteria of Yunus. Skin immunofluorescence in 15
      PP patients (14 women, 1 man, average age 50.9 years) failed to reveal any
      deposit of IgG, A, M, Clq, or C3c either at the dermoepidermal junction or in the
      vessels. 26 patients (24 women, 2 men, average age 50.5 years) were studied using
      capillary microscopy and 12 using digital photoplethysmography. The
      microvascularization abnormalities observed were mild and non specific. A study
      of the lymphocyte populations using Coulter flux cytometry in 35 PP patients (32
      women, 3 men, average age 46 years) did not show any modification in the number
      of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes by comparison with the controls. These results do not
      agree with the data given in the literature and this is probably due to the
      heterogeneity of the patients studied, with some studies showing a low
      concentration of antinuclear factors and an abnormal frequency of dry symptoms
      which, in the opinion of the authors, is considered as an exclusion criterion in
      the diagnosis of PP. In the author's view, polyenthesopathy is not an immune
      disease.

PMID- 2281294
TI  - [Posterior pre-marginal hernia of the lumbar vertebrae. Report of 8 cases].

PMID- 2281295
TI  - [Spontaneous fracture of the femur neck in a female patient with osteoporosis
      treated with sodium fluoride. Magnetic resonance imaging findings].

PMID- 2281296
TI  - [Degenerative destructive arthropathies of the cervico-occipital joint].

PMID- 2281297
TI  - [Relief orthosis with sub-patellar support and Paget's disease].

PMID- 2281298
TI  - [Spinal chordoma. A case report on chordoma of the L3 vertebra].

PMID- 2281299
TI  - [Symptomatic hypercalcemia disclosing a sarcoidosis. A new case].

PMID- 2281300
TI  - [Hip algodystrophy and Cockett's syndrome].

PMID- 2281301
TI  - [Success rate of 3 epidural injection techniques. Study of the distribution of
      radiopaque contrast media].

PMID- 2281302
TI  - [Effect of oxaceprol on the synthesis and degradation in vitro of proteoglycans
      and proteins by calf articular cartilage explants].
AB  - The authors have studied in organ culture, the effects of oxaceprol-structural
      analogue of hydroxyproline, on the proteoglycan and protein synthesis and
      degradation by calf articular chondrocytes. A stimulation of the incorporation of
      35SO4, which indicate proteoglycan synthesis, was shown. The effect was observed
      at concentrations 10(-6) M to 10(-9) M, i.e. at 170 ng to 170 pg of the oxaceprol
      per ml of culture media, respectively. However, no significant effect was seen at
      concentrations 10(-4) M (17 micrograms/ml) to 10(-8) M (1.7 ng/ml) on the protein
      and proteoglycan catabolism. These results support those reported by Kalbhen and
      Kalbert and are favouring the use of this drug in order to stimulate reparative
      processes of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis and aging.

PMID- 2281303
TI  - [Controlled trial of injectable diclofenac in mesotherapy for the treatment of
      tendinitis].

PMID- 2281304
TI  - [Pancytopenia during the treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis by low doses of
      methotrexate. A new case that can question its combination with ranitidine].

PMID- 2281305
TI  - Antibacterial effect of zinc oxide in vitro.
AB  - Antibacterial activity, zinc concentrations and pH were measured in Muller-Hinton
      broth containing different amounts of zinc oxide and inoculated with
      Staphylococcus aureus (10(6) colony forming units/ml). The minimum inhibitory
      concentrations (MIC) of zinc oxide to different clinical isolates were determined
      using the Muller-Hinton agar dilution tests. Gram-positive bacteria were most
      susceptible. Gram-negative aerobic bacteria and streptococci were usually not
      inhibited even at the highest concentrations used (1024 micrograms/ml), but
      staphylococci--particularly some isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis--were
      sensitive enough to allow determination of their MIC.

PMID- 2281306
TI  - Antibacterial activity of rosin and resin acids in vitro.
AB  - The antibacterial effects of rosins and resin acids were studied in vitro using
      three methods, disc diffusion on agar, agar dilution, and broth dilution. Rosin
      and some resin acids had antibacterial effects that were restricted to Gram
      positive bacteria. The abietic type of acids had a more pronounced antibacterial
      activity than the pimaric and labdane acids when the disc diffusion method was
      used but there was no inhibition of growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Among the
      individual resin acids, dehydroabietic acid was generally the most potent, when
      disc diffusion on agar was used, and prediffusion increased the inhibitory
      effect. The composition of the pure resin acids dehydroabietic, neoabietic, and
      isopimaric acid did not change during the experiment, but abietic and levopimaric
      acid were converted into dehydroabietic acid by the addition of Muller-Hinton
      agar. In conclusion the old tradition of treating wounds with pitch, sap, rosin,
      or rosin containing tapes might therefore have some antibacterial relevance.

PMID- 2281307
TI  - Ligament reconstruction using free perichondrial graft. An experimental study. A
      preliminary report.
AB  - In five adult rabbits the medial collateral ligament of one knee joint was
      replaced by a free perichondrial graft from a rib. When tested after 2 to 5
      months the joints were stable in all cases. Histological sections showed a
      picture of mixed cartilaginous and ligamentous tissue in all specimens. These
      promising results may open new fields for the use of perichondrium as a ligament
      substitute for ligament--for example, in the wrist.

PMID- 2281308
TI  - Repair of osteochondral defects in the rabbit knee with Gore-Tex (expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene). An experimental study.
AB  - In 28 knee joints in 14 rabbits 4 mm circular osteochondral defects were created
      in each medial femoral condyle. In 24 of the knee joints 4 mm Gore-Tex (E-PTFE)
      patches were glued into the defects with fibrin glue. Four joints were left
      without implants and served as controls. In 16 joints the membrane showed good
      macroscopic incorporation into the joint surface. In four joints the E-PTFE
      patches were lying loose. In the controls the defects were covered by thin
      irregular layers of reparative tissue. On histological examination at 12 weeks,
      cells were seen proliferating through the membrane and overlying its joint facing
      surface with the morphological appearance of the outer layers of the normal
      articular surface. We conclude that Gore-Tex might be of potential value in
      restoring the architecture of a damaged articular surface.

PMID- 2281309
TI  - Angiographic findings and need for amputation in high tension electrical
      injuries.
AB  - Because it is difficult to estimate the extent of deep tissue injury clinically,
      angiography was carried out in 28 patients with signs of damage from current flow
      through the body. Eight of the arteriograms showed normal extremities, 6 showed
      changes of small arteries, and 38 showed injury to the main arteries. In the
      latter group there were 24 total arterial occlusions, narrow irregular lumens in
      10, and 4 had occlusion and distal refilling. Changes in the main arteries were
      most often seen near major joints where the internal body resistance as well as
      the density of the current are higher. Injury to the main arteries resulted in
      severe neuromuscular damage or amputation of the limb, whereas injury to small
      arteries resulted in little functional deficit. Of the 25 amputations 19 were at
      the level of the arterial occlusion. Spasmolytic drugs did not increase filling.
      We conclude that early angiography is valuable for the detection of deep injury
      and often indicates the level of adequate amputation or the need for immediate
      exploration. In some patients it indicates the necessity for arterial
      reconstruction.

PMID- 2281310
TI  - Management of cleft lip and nose defects: one or more operations?
AB  - Forty-seven patients with cleft lips and noses were operated on between 1981 and
      1986 and the subsequent defects were evaluated at least two years after
      corrective operations. Of thirty-four unilateral deformities, 19 patients had
      only one operation, with satisfactory results in 16 patients and poor results in
      a further three. Ten patients had two operations, and an additional five patients
      had three and more. Of 10 patients with bilateral defects, four had two
      operations, and four had at least three. In addition, three children who were
      operated on between the ages of 8 and 10 showed normal growth of all the affected
      structures despite extensive mobilisation of the soft tissues.

PMID- 2281311
TI  - The one-stage repair of bilateral cleft lip.
AB  - Twenty children with broad, complete clefts of lip, alveolus, and palate were
      studied. For functional restoration of the lip in complete bilateral clefts we
      advocate a one-stage modification of the Millard procedure even if the clefts are
      broad. Orthodontic treatment is done first to achieve maximal maxillary growth.
      Reconstruction of the lip is done at the age of 5 to 6 months. Our method of lip
      restoration is described with special attention to the muscle reconstruction. The
      lengthening of the columella, which is done at the age of 4 years, is still a
      problem.

PMID- 2281312
TI  - Reduction mammaplasty with a sliding nipple technique.
AB  - Ninety-four consecutive patients (19 who underwent mastopexy, and 75 who
      underwent reduction mammaplasty) were reviewed. They had all been operated on
      using a sliding manoeuvre for transfer of the nipple-areola complex on its
      underlying parenchyma, which has been in use for reduction mammaplasty in our
      unit since 1978. This makes it possible to slide the nipple-areola complex on the
      glandular tissue by making incisions in the de-epithelialised dermal zone on both
      sides of the areola, and leaving a dermal bridge above. The technique increases
      the mobility of the nipple-areola complex without jeopardising the blood supply,
      and is a combination of horizontal and superior pedicle techniques. The patients
      had been followed up for three to six months, except for five who had been
      followed up for five to six years. Minor early complications occurred in two
      patients. The sliding nipple technique is applicable to most types of mammary
      ptosis and hypertrophy, except those with a sclerotic and stiff parenchyma.

PMID- 2281313
TI  - Treatment of the neck in facial rejuvenation surgery using a simplified method of
      syringe assisted microlipoextraction.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients underwent syringe-assisted liposuction of the neck, the
      amount of fat removed ranging from 20-110 ml. There were no complications except
      slight skin laxity (n = 1) and transient hypoaesthesia (n = 10). No patient
      required a second procedure, and all were satisfied with the results. Syringe
      assisted microlipoextraction of cervical fat is a simple, safe, and rewarding
      procedure that has obvious advantages over open procedures or machine-assisted
      liposuction with large cannulas.

PMID- 2281314
TI  - Development of osteoarthritis after fixation of Colles' fracture (older type 4).
      A retrospective study.
AB  - Of 37 patients who were treated for a Colles' fracture (Older type 4) by fixation
      with either a Kirschner wire or a Rush pin, 29 (78%) subsequently developed
      osteoarthritis. There were no significant correlations between the subjective or
      objective end results and the development of osteoarthritis. We conclude that
      osteoarthritis in patients who have suffered from a Colles' fracture (Older type
      4) develops soon after the fracture, but it seldom gives rise to symptoms or
      influences the function of the wrist.

PMID- 2281315
TI  - Mechanisms of injury and prognosis in finger pulling--a retrospective study.
AB  - Eighteen patients were treated for finger pulling injuries between 1977 and 1986.
      There were two main types of injury, subcutaneous rupture of the flexor profundus
      tendon (n = 15) and fracture of the proximal phalanx of the finger (n = 3). Their
      mechanisms of injury were different. The prognosis in tendon ruptures is
      comparable to that in other open flexor tendon injuries. Age and distal
      localization were associated with a poorer prognosis in younger patients.
      Fractures healed well.

PMID- 2281316
TI  - Unilocular hydatid cyst disease: a challenging diagnosis.
AB  - Echinococcosis, a disease uncommon in the United States, is extremely rare in
      South Dakota, although it is endemic in several regions of the United States and
      prevalent in certain areas of the world. Due to the mobile state of the world's
      population, recognition of this disease is important. Echinococcosis carries the
      potential for significant morbidity and mortality which can be minimized by
      appropriate surgical management. Awareness of this disease and proper history
      taking will allow the physician to make the often challenging diagnosis.

PMID- 2281317
TI  - October: National Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

PMID- 2281318
TI  - Dermatopathology of skin necrosis associated with purpura fulminans.
AB  - Dermal vascular skin necrosis is associated with a complex group of clinical
      disorders. Many of these disorders are associated with an underlying abnormality
      of the PC anticoagulant system or DIC, or both. The clinical appearance and
      histopathologic features of dermal vascular skin necrosis are similar regardless
      of the etiology. Acute infectious purpura fulminans is distinct in that an acute
      vasculitis may be present in addition to microvascular thrombosis. Skin biopsy is
      a valuable diagnostic tool in the early recognition of these clinical disorders,
      since skin involvement is frequently an early manifestation of the disease
      process. Prompt recognition and institution of appropriate therapy at the
      reversible stages of dermal vascular thrombosis will, it is hoped, reduce the
      morbidity and mortality currently associated with skin necrosis and purpura
      fulminans.

PMID- 2281319
TI  - Warfarin-induced skin necrosis.

PMID- 2281320
TI  - Acquired purpura fulminans.

PMID- 2281321
TI  - Shwartzman reaction.
AB  - The local and generalized Shwartzman reactions are models of thrombohemorrhagic
      skin necrosis and DIC, respectively. An intravenous preparatory injection of
      endotoxin followed by an intradermal injection of endotoxin 24 hours later
      elicits a thrombohemorrhagic lesion only at the site of intradermal injection of
      endotoxin in the local Shwartzman reaction. Two intravenous injections of
      endotoxin spaced 24 hours apart induced a systemic generalized Shwartzman
      reaction characterized by coagulopathy, petechial hemorrhages, microthrombi, and
      decreased circulating platelets similar to DIC. Of particular interest is the
      observation that thrombohemorrhagic lesions of the Shwartzman reaction only
      develop at sites of intradermal injections of endotoxin. Microthrombi composed of
      platelets and leukocytes only adhere or accumulate in dermal vessels after an
      intradermal injection of endotoxin. Prior to the endotoxin injection, biopsies of
      skin show normal vessels without microthrombi or significant inflammation. Since
      endothelial cells line the small vessels in the dermis, where a Shwartzman
      reaction appears to be initiated, it is likely that endothelial cells are
      important for initiating a local Shwartzman reaction. IL-1 and TNF can substitute
      for the intradermal injection of endotoxin in the local Shwartzman reaction,
      induce endothelial cells to become thrombogenic, and can induce the expression of
      cell adhesion molecules on endothelial cells making endothelial cells more sticky
      for leukocytes. These observations suggest that endothelial cells play a central
      role in the local Shwartzman reaction and may be important in understanding
      diseases associated with thrombohemorrhagic skin necrosis.

PMID- 2281322
TI  - Proposed classification and pathologic mechanisms of purpura fulminans and skin
      necrosis.
AB  - The syndromes of purpuric lesions associated with a thrombotic mechanism are very
      rare in the general population. Dermal vascular thrombosis, however, can be
      devastating and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These
      syndromes share common features in their clinical course, pathogenesis, and
      histology. Although these syndromes can be initiated by either the hemostatic or
      inflammatory pathways, both pathways center around perturbations of the
      endothelial cell, which promote thrombosis. If animal models or better testing
      can be developed, enhanced appreciation of mechanisms underlying purpura
      fulminans may be deduced. Characterization of the pathophysiology may then allow
      directed treatment modalities that could limit the course of these syndromes and
      reduce morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2281323
TI  - [Continuous decompression. A new method in the treatment of juvenile bone cysts].
AB  - Venous obstruction in the bone is the true cause of a simple bone cyst.
      Scaglietti combined decompression with the injection of a corticosteroid into the
      cyst cavity, while Chigira used a multiple drill-hole method. We perforate the
      cyst wall and decompress continuously with cannulated screws for 12 months.
      Consolidation of a cyst cavity has been uniformly observed 9-11 months after
      drilling. Six patients have been treated, with excellent results and without any
      recurrences in the follow-up period of 24 months. Since the introduction of this
      simple method, resection and grafting of bone cysts in young people has been not
      necessary.

PMID- 2281324
TI  - [Are complications following plate osteosynthesis of the lower diaphyseal shaft
      unavoidable?].
AB  - Metal plate osteosynthesis of the tibial shaft is a difficult and technically
      demanding procedure. When strict indications are carefully observed very good
      results can be obtained, but it must be pointed out that numerous complications
      may also be entailed. Between 1977 and 1987 a total of 447 operatively treated
      diaphyseal fractures of the lower limb were included in two studies of metal
      plate osteosynthesis. Whereas in study I (1977-1980) method-associated
      complications were detected in 24 cases out of a total of 87 (27.6%), including 9
      cases of osteomyelitis alone, the second study, performed between 1981 and 1987
      (126 cases), showed that the frequency of complications was drastically lower,
      with 18 cases (14.3%) even including minor complications. This is especially
      striking when it is borne in mind that osteomyelitis occurred in 2 cases only
      (1.6%) in study II. The lower number of complications is reflected by
      considerably shorter hospital stays, shorter periods of disability, and a lower
      number of disability pensions. The decline in the frequency of serious
      complications was primarily due to a decrease in the proportion of patients with
      open fractures treated with plate osteosynthesis from nearly 50% to 19%. In
      accordance with other publications it was confirmed that damage to the soft
      tissues of the lower limb is the decisive factor in postoperative and
      inflammatory complications. The results obtained show that plate osteosynthesis
      of diaphyseal fractures of the lower limb, particularly in cases of first- or
      second-degree closed fractures, involves only a low risk of complications. When
      indications are strictly observed, this method can be thoroughly recommended,
      especially for B group (wedge) fractures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281325
TI  - [The effect of an angle-stable plate-screw connection and various screw diameters
      on the stability of plate osteosynthesis. An FE model study].
AB  - In a finite element model of a human femur with an attached stainless steel six
      hole plate exposed to a load equivalent to that set up by standing on one leg,
      pressures on the face of the screw holes, bending stresses in the screws, and
      axial bone stresses in the mid-plate transverse section were determined. The
      calculations were performed for minor thread diameters of 3 mm, 5 mm and 8 mm.
      Further calculations were done assuming a fixator-like rigid screw-plate
      connection. As a model of a fracture a medial bone defect was chosen. The results
      show a definitive influence of the screw diameter and the screw-plate connection
      on the load distribution in the system. Increasing screw diameter makes for lower
      bone stresses combined with increased bending stability, a larger part of the
      load being carried by the plate. The rigid screw-plate connection (plate fixator)
      causes less bone stresses, but high bending stresses are set up the points of
      screw-plate fixation. Maximal stresses for screw and bone are found at the end of
      the plate, caused by the large difference in the E-module between the steel plate
      and the bone. End-plate bone and screws are loaded in excess of their material
      limits when 3 mm core diameters are used, and sometimes when 5 mm core diameters
      are used, under the assumed conditions. When a medial bone defect reducing the
      bone cross-sectional area by 44% is present, the loads on the inner screws
      increase by a factor of 3 and the loads of the distant screws, by a factor of
      only 1.3. The maximal pressure in the bone cross section increases 4-fold.

PMID- 2281326
TI  - [Initial clinical experiences with the cervical spine titanium locking plate].
AB  - The titanium CS (cervical spine) locking plate is a system that takes account not
      only of biochemical aspects, in the choice of material, but also new
      biomechanical aspects. With the help of a new hollow screwing system, such
      stability is achieved that in many cases there is no need for a second, dorsal,
      operation. Ten patients, most of whom had unstable fractures, have so far been
      treated. No complications attributable to this implantation system were observed.
      A further step in the attainment of security and stability by operative treatment
      of cervical spine disorders has been achieved with this system.

PMID- 2281327
TI  - [Ischemic necrosis of the lunate. The value of nuclear spin tomography in
      comparison to conventional roentgen studies].
AB  - Conventional radiographs do not always make it possible to confirm a diagnosis of
      ischemic necrosis of the lunate in the early stages of disease. For these
      doubtful cases MRI is justifiable in addition, to diagnose or to rule out
      ischemic necrosis of the lunate.

PMID- 2281328
TI  - [Reconstruction of the proximal insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament.
      Studies on the accuracy of a non-instrumental method].
AB  - The isometry of the femoral and tibial insertion is of decisive importance for
      the stability of a prosthetic anterior cruciate ligament. A large number of
      techniques and instruments have been developed to determine the point of
      isometric femoral insertion. Experiments with 20 cadaveric knees show that the
      proximal insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament is accurately reconstructed
      by means of the surgical procedure briefly presented in this paper; the use of
      positioners is not necessary.

PMID- 2281329
TI  - [Joint chondromatosis. Results in 40 surgically and conservatively treated
      patients].
AB  - The clinical findings seen in chondromatosis (Henderson-Jones syndrome) and the
      treatment of this rare disease are presented. The etiology is also discussed. The
      authors suggest a therapy, drawing on their own experience in 40 patients with an
      average follow-up of 12.6 years and on numerous articles from the literature.
      They recommend total synovectomy with removal of loose bodies at an early stage
      to prevent mechanical destruction of articular cartilage.

PMID- 2281330
TI  - [Prognostic parameters in acute lung failure (ARDS) in multi-trauma patients].
AB  - The data recorded in 10 multitrauma patients who died of respiratory
      insufficiency (ARDS) were retrospectively compared with corresponding data
      recorded in 10 patients with similar injury scores who survived. All 20 patients
      had had respirator therapy from the 1st day onward. The criteria for ARDS were:
      (1) death in respiratory insufficiency after trauma. (2) chest X-rays showing
      signs of ARDS, (3) continuous decrease in the Horowitz quotient, and (4) autopsy
      (50% of the patients). The goal was to find out which variables give the first
      indication that ARDS is developing. Leukocyte and serum fibrinogen levels proved
      to have no discriminatory value. The inspiratory oxygen concentration needed
      (FiO2) and the Horowitz quotient differed in a highly significant manner
      beginning on the 1st day after trauma. None of the survivors needed an FiO2 of
      over 0.28 by the 2nd posttraumatic day, while none of the ARDS patients needed
      less than 0.35. In survivors the Horowitz quotient increased up to physiological
      values on the 2nd day. A significantly higher PEEP from the 3rd posttraumatic day
      onward was needed in ARDS patients. The respiratory peak-pressure increased
      significantly from the 2nd posttraumatic day.

PMID- 2281331
TI  - [Augmentation of the coraco-clavicular ligament suture. Comparison between wire
      cerclage, vicryl tape and PDS cord].
AB  - A total of 71 patients (average age 32 years) with acute grade III acromio
      clavicular dislocation were all treated with the same surgical procedure: open
      reduction, transfixation of the acromio-clavicular joint with a Kirschner wire
      and suture of the coraco-clavicular ligaments with augmentation. The augmentation
      was done with a 1.2-mm wire cerclage in the first group (22 patients), a 3-mm
      wide Vicryl tape in the second group (30 patients) and a 1.5-mm PDS cord in the
      third group (19 patients). At follow-up (average time 4.4 years) the patients
      were questioned as well as being examined radiologically and clinically. Only two
      patients were not satisfied with the outcome of surgery. On clinical evaluation
      after wire cerclage augmentation of the suture, the distal end of the clavicle
      was found to be dislocated in 23% of cases. The incidence was 20% after Vicryl
      taping and 58% after PDS cord augmentation. At X-ray examination with 8 kg
      suspended from the wrist acromio-clavicular dislocation was found in 45% after
      wire cerclage, 23% after Vicryl taping and 58% after PDS cord augmentation of the
      suture. The results show that dislocation is more likely to persist after
      augmentation of the suture of the coraco-clavicular ligaments with wire cerclage
      or PDS cord than when the suture is augmented with a Vicryl tape. We conclude
      that a resorbable material is suitable for augmenting the suture of the coraco
      clavicular ligaments, but that a filiform augmentation is less appropriate than a
      band.

PMID- 2281332
TI  - Role of cytochromes P450 in drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity.
AB  - The cytochromes P450 may represent the major metabolic frontier between the
      environment and the body. The recent discovery of interpatient differences in
      P450 profile has provided a plausible explanation for heterogeneous dosing
      requirements for some individual drugs. The heterogeneity in P450 profiles
      appears to also account for some "idiosyncratic" drug reactions, especially
      hepatotoxicity. An important challenge for the future is the development of safe
      and noninvasive tests capable of determining patients' P450 profiles. It is
      likely that such tests will greatly facilitate individualization of dosing of
      many drugs in the future. In addition, such tests should be useful in identifying
      patients likely to develop "idiosyncratic" toxicity to specific drugs. Finally,
      it seems likely that interpatient differences in P450 profile may at least in
      part explain interpatient differences in susceptibility to environmental
      diseases. For example, it may in the future be possible to identify individuals
      with P450 profiles that render them susceptible to leukemia from xenobiotics such
      as benzene. Such individuals could be advised not to work in an environment
      containing these chemicals or, alternatively, to take a medication which reduces
      their risk by appropriately altering their P450 profile. Identification and in
      vitro characterization of human P450s is now well underway and may be largely
      completed within the next decade. However, studies addressing the clinical
      significance of interpatient differences in P450 profile, as well as the genetic
      and nongenetic factors that underlie this heterogeneity, are just beginning. This
      should remain a rewarding area of research for many years to come.

PMID- 2281333
TI  - Importance and regulation of hepatic glutathione.

PMID- 2281335
TI  - Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: an example of free radical-mediated injury.

PMID- 2281334
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of the hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen.

PMID- 2281336
TI  - Status of calcium and thiols in hepatocellular injury by oxidative stress.

PMID- 2281337
TI  - Nonparenchymal cells and hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 2281338
TI  - Drug-induced allergic hepatitis.

PMID- 2281339
TI  - Drug-induced cholestasis: pathogenesis and clinical features.

PMID- 2281340
TI  - Update of hepatotoxicity due to classes of drugs in common clinical use: non
      steroidal drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antihypertensives, and
      cardiac and psychotropic agents.

PMID- 2281341
TI  - Seminars in Liver Disease: volume 10.

PMID- 2281342
TI  - Acinetobacter: a perspective.

PMID- 2281343
TI  - Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Project.

PMID- 2281344
TI  - Foot problems in infancy.

PMID- 2281345
TI  - Measuring ventilatory function--the 'FVC' manoeuvre.

PMID- 2281346
TI  - 1990 SMA lecture. The role of physicians towards the year 2000 and beyond.

PMID- 2281347
TI  - Decompression sickness in the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Project.
AB  - In the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Project (MRT), 11 km of underground tunnels
      were built using compressed air. 1,737 compressed air workers (CAWs) were
      employed in the project. They underwent 188,538 man decompressions at the various
      compressed air worksites. 160 CAWs developed Type I decompression sickness (DCS)
      and 4 developed Type II DCS. This gave an overall incidence of 0.087%. The
      adoption of strict medical selection, strict adherence to decompression
      procedures and the provision for acclimatization of newstarters contributed
      greatly to this low incidence. Prompt treatment of DCS accounted for the low
      relapse rate. The clinical presentation of DCS is discussed here. Prevention of
      DCS by worksite environmental and work-practice monitoring are advocated.

PMID- 2281348
TI  - Congenital talipes in Malaysian neonates: incidence, pattern and associated
      factors.
AB  - A study was carried out on 8,369 neonates delivered in the Maternity Hospital,
      Kuala Lumpur over a period of four months. Forty-nine neonates (5.6 per 1000
      livebirths) had congenital talipes. The incidence of congenital talipes
      equinovarus (CTEV) was 4.5 per 1000 livebirths while that of congenital talipes
      calcaneovalgus (CTCV) was 1.3 per 1000 livebirths. 6/11 (54.5%) of the CTCV was
      unilateral, the ratio of right to left feet involvement being 1:1. Only 12/38
      (31.5%) of the CTEV were unilateral, the ratio of right to left feet involvement
      being 1:2. Congenital talipes was significantly more common in the low
      birthweight neonates (p less than 0.001). However, the condition was not
      significantly more common in neonates with breech presentation nor in those born
      to primigravida mothers. Our data suggested that multifactorial genetic
      background as the most likely underlying cause of congenital talipes in Malaysian
      neonates.

PMID- 2281349
TI  - Ventilatory function in Malay Muslims during normal activity and the Ramadan
      fast.
AB  - Pulmonary function parameters were examined in a Malay Muslim population during
      normal activity and Ramadan fasting conditions. The validity of employing various
      lung function prediction formulae for the subjects was also assessed. Present
      findings indicate that the water deprivation regime and resultant dehydration
      during Ramadan did not cause significant changes in ventilatory functions.
      Although pulmonary prediction formulae based on Caucasian and African populations
      were inapplicable to the subjects examined, the equations derived from the
      neighbouring populations in Singapore could be employed.

PMID- 2281351
TI  - Obstetric outcome of the unwed adolescents.
AB  - Two hundred and fifty-six unmarried primipara were analysed retrospectively over
      a five year period in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Toa Payoh
      Hospital. Thirteen were omitted because of insufficient data. The patients were
      subdivided into an adolescent group, and those more than 18 years of age at time
      of booking. Maternal complications and neonatal outcome were compared between the
      two groups of patients. The mode of delivery, in particular the Cesarean section
      rate, were also compared. Cross comparison was also made among the various ethnic
      groups in the two categories of patients. Conclusions drawn from these data did
      not indicate that the adolescent unwed mothers were at higher risk than older
      women of similar marital status.

PMID- 2281350
TI  - Normal boron excretion levels and borates related gastroenteritis cases in
      Singapore.
AB  - Urinary borates calculated as boric acid were found to span 0 to 54 microgramme
      per ml urine for both Singaporean adults (population size: 507) and children
      (population size: 162). The normal dietary boron intake could account for the
      urinary boric acid levels observed. Of the hundred and fifty-three children who
      suffered from gastroenteritis in Singapore over the period from Jan to May 1989,
      two were found to have urinary boric acid exceeding 54 micrograms per ml urine.
      One of them was said to have consumed fish balls, bean curds and noodles prior to
      the onset of illness. These food items were among those likely to have added
      borates. Unfortunately, the dietary intake prior to the onset of illness of the
      other child was not recorded. Of the hundred and twelve adults affected by
      gastroenteritis in Dec 1988 in the Tiong Bahru area, one was found to have boric
      acid level of 117 micrograms per ml urine, indicative of added borates in the
      diet. The present study showed that borates related gastroenteritis incidents in
      Singapore over the time-period of our study at least, were few and far in
      between. With the on-going surveillance for the presence of added borates in both
      locally manufactured and imported food and the continued tight control over the
      importation and sale of borates, future incidents are likely to be minimal.

PMID- 2281352
TI  - Cockayne's syndrome--difficulties with early diagnosis.
AB  - The features of Cockayne's syndrome do not appear until 4 to 5 years of age.
      Early diagnosis is important for proper genetic counselling and antenatal
      screening. Despite various "diagnostic tests" offered by many authors, early
      diagnosis of the syndrome is still problematic. Four cases which were initially
      diagnosed as cerebral palsy are presented to illustrate this difficulty. Two
      cases were diagnosed as spastic cerebral palsy and the other two as familial
      spastic paraplegia. The features of Cockayne's syndrome appeared later.

PMID- 2281353
TI  - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy--a
      Singapore experience.
AB  - We performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) on 200 patients
      over a four and a half year period. The duct of interest was successfully
      cannulated in 173 cases (87%). The most common indications were obstructive
      jaundice, cholangitis, chronic upper abdominal pain and suspected pancreatic
      disease. The commonest findings were cholelithiasis and malignant strictures of
      the common bile duct (CBD). Forty seven patients (27%) had normal examinations.
      Sixty-two of 87 (71%) patients with choledocholithiasis underwent endoscopic
      sphincterotomy (ES). The success rate for active stone extraction was 82% (27/33)
      while 64% (14/22) of patients managed expectantly cleared their CBD stones
      spontaneously after ES. The immediate complication rate of ES was 13% and
      included pancreatitis, stone impaction, cholangitis and bleeding. There was no
      complications amongst patients who underwent ERCP alone and no mortality in this
      series. Twenty three patients (26%) with choledocholithiasis proceeded to surgery
      because the stones were considered too large to remove endoscopically. One
      patient had endoscopic stone removal without prior ES while another had a
      permanent stent inserted for drainage. We conclude that ERCP and ES are useful
      and safe modalities in the assessment of biliary tract diseases and the treatment
      of choledocholithiasis.

PMID- 2281354
TI  - A psychosocial study of high risk subjects for AIDS.
AB  - A psychosocial study of 5 high risk groups for AIDS (50 homosexuals, 50 drug
      addicts, 23 male to female transsexuals, 45 male patients at a sexually
      transmitted disease clinic, and 43 female prostitutes) and 5 matched control
      groups showed that the majority of the subjects were mostly single, with a
      secondary level of education and lived with family members. Although all had a
      high risk of AIDS, condom use was not prevalent. The subjects were less
      knowledgeable about AIDS than controls, were more anxious about getting AIDS and
      had a more hopeless and pessimistic outlook to life; however they appeared to be
      as altruistic and responsible as the controls.

PMID- 2281355
TI  - The effect of fresh orange juice on bronchial hyperreactivity in asthmatic
      subjects.
AB  - We studied 16 mild stable asthmatic subjects to determine if orange juice
      increases nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity (NSBH). In 9 subjects, bronchial
      responsiveness to histamine was assessed before and after water ingestion on the
      control day, and orange ingestion on a consecutive day. The mean (+/- SD) ratio
      of log10 PD20 FEV1 after water: log10 PD20 FEV1 before water (1.00 +/- 0.13) was
      not significantly different from the mean (+/- SD) ratio of log10 PD20 FEV1 after
      orange: log10 PD20 FEV1 before orange (0.97 +/- 0.12). To avoid the possibility
      of histamine tachyphylaxis, 7 subjects participated in a second protocol in which
      histamine PD20 FEV1 was determined on a control day (geometric mean 0.11 mg.) and
      again two days later, thirty minutes after ingestion of orange juice (geometric
      mean 0.06 mg). There was no significant difference in the PD20 FEV1 (p = 0.344).
      Our data show that ingestion of fresh orange juice per se did not heighten NSBH
      in our subjects. (PD20 FEV1 is the dose of histamine required to produce a twenty
      percent fall in forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1]).

PMID- 2281356
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in Singapore--the first 50 cases.
AB  - As at 31 May 1990, fifty Singaporeans with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
      infection had been detected. Of these, nineteen had the Acquired Immunodeficiency
      Syndrome (AIDS). The majority of infected persons had been infected through
      sexual contact (homosexual 52%; bisexual 24%; heterosexual 20%) with men and
      women from countries where HIV infection was prevalent. The majority of infected
      patients (88%) were in the age range 20-39 years. There was one case of blood
      transfusion-associated AIDS. There were no infected paediatric or haemophiliac
      cases or intravenous drug use in any of the patients. A spectrum of AIDS-related
      opportunistic infections and cancers was observed, and Pneumocystis carinii
      pneumonia was the most frequent presentation. Thirteen patients with AIDS had
      died and the median survival time was about seven months.

PMID- 2281357
TI  - Axillary artery damage from shoulder trauma--a report of 2 cases.
AB  - Various shoulder injuries can give rise to axillary artery complications. Two
      such cases were admitted to Tan Tock Seng Hospital late last year. Both were
      young adult males, who had developed axillary artery thrombosis secondary to
      shoulder injuries. The following is a short discussion on the common types of
      shoulder injuries, how they result in axillary artery compromise and a short
      section on their management and treatment.

PMID- 2281358
TI  - Surreptitious laxative abuse--an unusual cause of chronic diarrhoea.
AB  - Laxative abuse is an unusual but probably under-recognized cause of chronic
      diarrhoea. We describe two patients diagnosed to have this condition in our unit
      over a five-year period. The typical patient is a female presenting with severe,
      large-volume, watery diarrhoea. There may also be abdominal pain, weight loss,
      nausea, vomiting and hypokalemia. By the time of diagnosis most patients would
      have seen several physicians, been hospitalised on one or more occasions, and
      some would even have undergone operations for their conditions. A high index of
      suspicion is required to make the correct diagnosis. Unnecessary and repeated
      investigations can then be avoided, even though treatment may not be
      satisfactory.

PMID- 2281359
TI  - A short history of Kandang Kerbau Hospital and the maternity services of
      Singapore.
AB  - This article traces the history of Kandang Kerbau Hospital ("the hospital beside
      the Bukit Timah Canal") and the maternity and infant welfare services of
      Singapore from 1858 to the present. This includes the development of teaching of
      Obstetrics and Gynaecology to medical undergraduates and postgraduates, and the
      training and registration of midwives, and the resulting saving of maternal and
      infant lives. Why was Kandang Kerbau Hospital converted into a Maternity Hospital
      in 1924?

PMID- 2281360
TI  - How I use coal tar in dermatology.
AB  - Coal tar has been used in dermatology for over a hundred years. It was the main
      therapeutic agent for the treatment of various skin orders before the
      introduction of topical steroid. Since the advent of topical steroid the use of
      coal tar has reduced considerably. It is still being used a lot in the treatment
      of psoriasis. In this paper I will describe how I use coal tar not only in
      psoriasis, which is well known, but also in acne, folliculitis, eczema and
      seborrheic dermatitis and vitiligo, which are less well known.

PMID- 2281361
TI  - Common environmental contact allergens in Singapore.
AB  - Contact allergens produce three types of reactions. The commonest reaction is
      allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The commonest contactants in Singapore causing
      ACD are, in decreasing order of importance, nickel, fragrances, neomycin,
      lanolin, colophony, flavine, rubber chemicals, paraphenylenediamine, clioquinol
      and chromates. Another type of allergic contact reaction is immunologic contact
      urticaria (ICU). ICU is an IgE mediated mechanisms. Contact allergens causing ICU
      in Singapore are proteinaceous foodstuffs and rubber latex products.
      Photoallergic contact dermatitis is occasionally seen in Singapore. The commonest
      agent is Musk Ambrette, a perfume fixature found in male colognes.

PMID- 2281362
TI  - Prevention in geriatric medicine.

PMID- 2281363
TI  - Geriatric medicine: the multidisciplinary approach.
AB  - Care of the elderly requires a team approach. Effective teamwork requires
      adequate communication. Each professional has an important role to play. The
      patient and carer should also be seen as part of the team and involved in
      management planning.

PMID- 2281365
TI  - Cryptogenic pulmonary eosinophilia--a case report.
AB  - A 44-year-old Indian housewife presented with prolonged cough, intermittent
      fever, loss of weight and shortness of breath on exertion. Physical examination
      revealed a thin lady with fine crackles on both lungs. Marked eosinophilia and
      elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate were noted on peripheral blood. Chest
      radiograph showed characteristic bilateral infiltrates affecting the periphery of
      both lungs. Treatment with corticosteroid resulted in dramatic improvement in
      symptoms, signs and radiographic changes within a few days.

PMID- 2281364
TI  - Oesophageal food bolus impaction.
AB  - Impaction of food usually occurs in patients having obstructive lesions of the
      oesophagus. The food bolus impaction normally occurs in patients older than 60
      years of age. Though food bolus impaction in the oesophagus is not uncommon, food
      bolus in the oesophagus causing complete obstruction resulting in total dysphagia
      is rare. This is a case report of a woman who had complete obstruction of the
      oesophagus following impaction by a piece of meat. The various treatment
      modalities available for such a condition are discussed.

PMID- 2281367
TI  - 1990 AcroMed Award in basic science. Cauda equina anatomy. II: Extrathecal nerve
      roots and dorsal root ganglia.
AB  - Inconsistent data exist regarding the anatomy of the spinal nerve roots lateral
      to the thecal sac. A newly developed in situ technique was used to precisely
      define anatomic parameters on 20 fresh human cadavers. The take-off angle of the
      nerve roots from the thecal sac decreases from a mean of approximately 40 degrees
      from L1-L5 to 22 degrees at S1. The motor bundles are directly ventral to the
      sensory fibers within individual roots extrathecally. Dorsal root ganglia size
      varies with vertebral level. The majority of ganglia lie directly beneath the
      vertebral pedicles and one third overlie a portion of the lateral intervertebral
      disc. These previously undescribed relationships may aid in the understanding of
      lumbosacral neurocompressive disorders and are important to note during pedicle
      screw insertion, posterolateral decompression for spinal trauma, and
      paravertebral approaches for lateral disc herniations.

PMID- 2281366
TI  - Cauda equina anatomy. I: Intrathecal nerve root organization.
AB  - The three-dimensional organization of the human cauda equina has not been
      described previously. This is partly due to the difficulties of dissecting
      individual, unfixed nerve roots. By the use of a newly developed in situ fixation
      and embedding technique on 15 fresh human cadavers, the cross-sectional anatomy
      of the cauda equina was defined from L2-L3 to L5-S1. A highly consistent cross
      sectional pattern was observed in all specimens. The lower sacral (S2-S5) and
      coccygeal roots were located in the dorsal aspect of the thecal sac, whereas the
      lumbar and first sacral roots exhibited an oblique, layered pattern as they
      ascended. The motor bundle was situated anteromedial to its respective sensory
      bundle within each layer, Invaginations of arachnoid held the nerve roots in a
      fixed relationship to one another. This previously undescribed three-dimensional
      anatomy within the thecal sac may aid in the understanding and treatment of
      trauma, neurocompressive syndromes, and tumors of the cauda equina.

PMID- 2281368
TI  - Stimulation of dorsal root ganglia and degradation of rabbit annulus fibrosus.
AB  - The authors sought to determine whether narrowing of the intervertebral neural
      foramen, by itself and in association with vibration, would stimulate the
      mechanosensitive dorsal root ganglia and result in degradation of proteoglycan
      and collagen of the annulus fibrosus, as proposed in their working model of
      dorsal root ganglia-neuropeptide-mediated degeneration of the spinal motion
      segment. Degradation of proteoglycan and collagen of rabbit annulus was observed
      when there was narrowing of the neural foremen and the degradation process was
      accelerated by vibration. Vibration alone, in the absence of structural
      abnormalities of the spinal motion segment, did not induce matrix degradation
      probably because of a less pronounced stimulation of the dorsal root ganglia.
      Biological events similar to those postulated here, fomented by a combination of
      structural abnormalities and environmental factors, could be involved in human
      disc degeneration.

PMID- 2281369
TI  - Changes in spine length during and after seated whole-body vibration.
AB  - The authors examined the relation between exposure to seated whole-body vibration
      (WBV) and an increase in the loss of height of the spine over and above normal
      diurnal changes. A device for measuring sitting height is described (SD, 1.4 mm
      for repeated measures). The mean change in body height (diurnal reduction) during
      two normal days in five men aged 23 to 25 years was 10.6 mm, (SD, 3.2 mm). On the
      third day, the change in sitting height was measured before and after vertical
      vibration (5 Hz with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 3 mm, and peak acceleration less
      than 2 m/s2) and again at the end of the day. The mean reduction in sitting
      height over the half hour of vibration exposure was 9.0 mm versus less than 1 mm
      for the control condition. The mean height loss over the third day (the day of 30
      minutes of vibration exposure) was only 3.6 mm (compared with 10.6 mm lost over a
      control day with no vibration exposure). Hence, exposure to vibration increased
      the creep response in all subjects during exposure but, at the end of the day,
      there was a recovery in height, such that subjects were taller at the end of the
      day of vibration exposure. It is hypothesized that this "rebound" effect is due
      to an inflammatory response in the spine.

PMID- 2281370
TI  - Coexistence of cervical and lumbar disc disease.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 200 patients requiring cervical disc surgery was
      performed to determine the frequency of coexistent lumbar disc or spine
      abnormalities. The duration of follow-up ranged from 5 to 25 years, averaging 14
      years. Sixty percent were women and 40% were men, their ages ranging from 25-73
      years. Antecedent motor vehicle injury had occurred in 49 cases and work injury
      to the spine in 23. Sixty-four percent had no history of prior back injury. It
      was found that over 31% had undergone lumbar disc surgery, and a high number of
      patients demonstrated abnormal lumbar radiographs or myelograms, including 78
      with bulging discs, 100 with major root defects, 78 with minor root defects, 8
      with spinal stenosis, and 7 with spondylolisthesis. Myelograms were normal in 22
      cases. The sites of lumbar abnormalities included L4-5 (110), L5-S1 (90), and
      multilevel (8). There was a higher incidence of lumbar disc abnormalities
      associated with multilevel cervical spondylosis. There also was a relationship
      between residual symptoms and myelographic abnormalities. Two studies in the
      authors' institution suggest an autoimmune basis for the frequent coexistence of
      cervical and lumbar disc disease, namely the demonstration of antigenic
      properties in the nucleus pulposus and high serum immunoglobulins.

PMID- 2281371
TI  - Scoliosis in trisomy 18.
AB  - Patients with trisomy 18 typically present with multiple congenital anomalies and
      most die within the first year. However, long-term survivors are not uncommon.
      Seventeen patients with trisomy 18 were evaluated to study the development of
      scoliosis associated with this disorder. There were 13 females and 4 males with
      ages ranging from birth to 22 years. Twelve patients died by age 2. None
      developed scoliosis or had vertebral anomalies. The five patients who survived
      beyond age 2 developed scoliosis. Curve progression was demonstrated in the
      patients who returned for follow-up. Bracing was not well tolerated in two
      patients with curves of 48 degrees and 58 degrees. Both had poor motor control
      and sitting ability. One patient with a 30 degree curve was successfully managed
      by bracing. Another patient with a severe scoliosis was successfully fused with
      anterior and posterior instrumentation. Patients with trisomy 18 should be
      carefully evaluated for scoliosis. Scoliosis in the older child, surviving beyond
      age 2, may be progressive and difficult to manage.

PMID- 2281372
TI  - Numerical [corrected] analysis of the load capacity of the human spine fitted
      with L-rod instrumentation.
AB  - L-rod procedures with sublaminar wiring have become widespread in orthopaedic
      practice, and serious mechanical problems involving fatigue failure, creep, and
      fixation have been reported. To address these problems, numerical [corrected]
      analysis was developed to provide estimates for the maximum bending stresses,
      approximately equal to maximum tensile stresses, in L-rods subject to various
      axial loads and postoperative Cobb angles. The superior load capacity of L-rods
      made from MP35N multiphase alloy compared with 316L stainless steel was
      demonstrated. Bending stresses in excess of the fatigue limit were predicted for
      eight patients with broken rods, suggesting that such failures might be prevented
      by prior analysis. This analytic approach provides a foundation for future
      studies of custom-designed L-rods and perhaps the successful use of L-rods
      without arthrodesis.

PMID- 2281373
TI  - Nighttime bracing for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with the Charleston bending
      brace. Preliminary report.
AB  - The authors report their preliminary experience with the Charleston bending brace
      for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This brace holds the
      patient in the position of maximum side bend correction and is worn only at
      night. Patients in this prospective multicentered study met all the following
      criteria: skeletal immaturity (Risser 0, 1+, or 2+), curvature greater than 25
      degrees before bracing, no prior treatment, and greater than 1-year follow-up
      since initiation of treatment. There were 191 structural curves in the 139
      patients. One hundred fifteen patients (83%) showed improvement or less than 5
      degree change in curvature. Twenty-four patients (17%) demonstrated an increase
      in curvature greater than 5 degrees. Based on these preliminary results,
      continued use of bending brace treatment at nighttime only is justified for
      adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Patients with double curves should be observed
      closely for increase in compensatory curves.

PMID- 2281375
TI  - Analysis of spinal and muscular activity during flexion/extension and free lifts.
AB  - Detailed measurements of the relative contributions of spine motion and pelvic
      motion during flexion-extension and free lifts (squat-type) are examined. The
      results are consistent with the conclusion that passive stretching of the
      ligamentous tissues transmits significant extensor moment in these activities,
      the power being supplied by the hip extensor complex acting on the pelvis. In
      addition, certain injuries result in measurable changes in the kinematic
      parameters that determine the ligamentous involvement, and these changes can be
      used to help evaluate spinal condition.

PMID- 2281374
TI  - Spinal rehabilitation by work tolerance based on objective physical capacity
      assessment of dysfunction. A prospective study with control subjects and twelve
      month review.
AB  - A work tolerance program was used for rehabilitation treatment of 45 patients
      with spinal dysfunction. Patients entering the treatment group were prospectively
      evaluated by objective physical capacity assessment (PCA). Treatment patients
      averaged 4 weeks of three, one half day sessions per week. These patients were
      compared with a control group of 33 patients who did not participate in the
      rehabilitation program but were evaluated by PCA. A telephone review of all
      patients in each group was carried out at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Results
      demonstrated that 78% of the rehabilitation treatment group were discharged with
      an improved functional work capacity. Most importantly, at 6-month follow-up,
      73.0% of patients in the treatment group were productively working while only 38%
      of control group patients were actively employed. In addition, 84.4% showed an
      improvement in spinal range of motion. The subjective pain scale ratings of these
      treatment patients demonstrated only 44.4% decreased pain, while 51.1% stayed the
      same, and two patients increased discomfort. Further medical diagnostics or
      intervention was required in 24.4% of treatment patients. These findings
      definitely show that a spinal rehabilitation work-tolerance program based on
      objective measurement will enhance an increased rate of return to productive
      employment activity. There is poor correlation of subjective pain assessment when
      compared to objective PCAs. Therefore, recommendations of patients for return-to
      productive work should be based pain ratings. When adjusted for nonselection
      patients, the authors community-based hospital program showed similar results to
      other programs. The work tolerance and rehabilitation program in Concord, New
      Hampshire, demonstrated a significant cost-effective approach; being less
      expensive, less time-consuming, and less psychologically oriented.

PMID- 2281376
TI  - A prospective study of patients with sciatica. A comparison between
      conservatively treated patients and patients who have undergone operation, Part
      I: Patient characteristics and differences between groups.
AB  - Based on a prospective study on 342 sciatica patients examined with rhizography,
      the aim was to determine which factors others than the rhizography finding and
      the grade and duration of symptoms were related to the selection of patients to
      undergo operation. Compared with surgically treated patients, conservatively
      treated patients who did not undergo operation and who had pathologic rhizography
      findings had pessimistic attitudes to possible surgery, often expressed a desire
      to retire, and considered their work as physically stressful. The women in this
      group were older and had lower pain indices than women who underwent operation.
      Conservatively treated patients with negative rhizography had more severe
      occupational handicaps, minor expectations of possible surgery, physically more
      strenuous jobs requiring difficult physical positions, and lower indices for pain
      and ADL than did the operated patients. The social and ergonomic background
      problems are emphasized in sciatica patients conservatively treated after
      rhizography.

PMID- 2281378
TI  - Lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents. Radiologic
      evaluation and results of operative treatment.
AB  - A clinical and radiologic follow-up study of a group of 75 children and
      adolescents, comprised of both boys and girls, who underwent spondylodesis for
      spondylolisthesis between the years 1979 and 1984 is reported. Sagittal rotation,
      lumbosacral joint angle, lumbar lordosis, wedging of olisthetic vertebrae, and
      the rounding of the upper sacrum showed considerable statistical correlation to
      the amount of slipping and accordingly should be noted when estimating the risk
      of progression of the spondylolisthesis. When the spondylolisthesis was
      accompanied by scoliosis, it was noted that seriousness of the former was closely
      correlated to that of the latter. Most patients profited by the operation, and
      solid fusion was achieved in almost all cases. The posterolateral spondylolysis
      performed using graft from the iliac crest, the interbody fusion technique, or
      their combination turned out to be the most reliable surgical methods. The
      combined technique was especially required in cases with a high degree of
      slipping.

PMID- 2281377
TI  - A prospective study of patients with sciatica. A comparison between
      conservatively treated patients and patients who have undergone operation, Part
      II: Results after one year follow-up.
AB  - The prospective study included 122 sciatica patients who had not undergone
      operation (NOPs) and 220 sciatica patients who had undergone operation (OPs); all
      had been examined by rhizography. The follow-up study was done on 110 (90%) of
      the NOPs and 212 (96%) of the OPs. The NOPs were divided into two groups: 30
      patients with pathologic rhizography (PR) and 80 patients with negative
      rhizography (NR). Pain-, ADL-, and occupation-handicap indices showed that after
      the 1 year follow-up the OP group had the best result and the NR group the lowest
      result. The PR group had nearly as good a result as the OP group. Thus, sciatica
      patients are candidates for conservative therapy, even though they have
      pathologic findings in rhizography, if the symptoms are mild. To improve
      therapeutic outcome, more accurate diagnostic tools are needed to develop
      specific therapy especially for those sciatica patients with negative
      rhizography.

PMID- 2281379
TI  - Knodt rod distraction instrumentation in lumbosacral arthrodesis.
AB  - Review of 40 patients undergoing lumbosacral fusions over a 4-year period was
      done to determine the value, efficiency, and safety of Knodt rod distraction
      instrumentation. The age range was 30-80 years. Mean age was 51 years. Follow-up
      was 1-4 years. Twenty patients underwent decompression and fusion for spinal
      stenosis, nine underwent spinal arthrodesis for instability, six underwent the
      same for spondylolisthesis, and five underwent fusions for other diagnoses. A
      posterior midline approach was used. Laminal hook sites were prepared, and care
      was taken to prevent dural compression or tenting. Balanced distraction was done
      to restore soft tissue tension and stability. No attempt was made to reduce
      deformity. A posterior and lateral mass fusion augmented with allograft bone was
      performed on all but three patients, in whom autogenous bone was used. The
      majority of patients were placed in a custom-molded lumbosacral orthosis for 3-6
      months after operation. There were no neurologic complications, dural tears, or
      pseudomeningoceles. The first sacral laminas were instrumented in 22 patients.
      Nine of the 40 patients underwent rod removal. Reasons for removal were pain due
      to loosening in five patients and failure of fusion in two. On rod removal in two
      patients, no abnormality was found. Insertion within the sacral laminas did not
      lead to neurologic complications. The major problem appeared to be loosening,
      which necessitated rod removal in 12% of the patients. Knodt rod distraction
      instrumentation is a safe and effective method of internal fixation for
      lumbosacral fusions.

PMID- 2281380
TI  - False aneurysm of the superior gluteal artery. A complication of iliac crest bone
      grafting.

PMID- 2281381
TI  - Candida albicans osteomyelitis in a vertebral body previously infected with
      Serratia marcescens.

PMID- 2281382
TI  - Sacral carcinoma (epithelioma) cuniculatum. Case report.

PMID- 2281383
TI  - Aspergillus infection of the L3-L4 disc space in an immunosuppressed heart
      transplant patient.

PMID- 2281384
TI  - Atlantoaxial rotary subluxation in ankylosing spondylitis. A case report.

PMID- 2281385
TI  - Retroperitoneal bleeding after automated percutaneous discectomy. A case report.

PMID- 2281386
TI  - Double hemangioma of the spine with paraparesis. A case report.

PMID- 2281387
TI  - Thoracic disc protrusion and situs inversus in Klippel-Feil syndrome.

PMID- 2281388
TI  - Spinal fusion in a patient with lumbosacral agenesis.

PMID- 2281389
TI  - [The clinical aspects of using plasmapheresis in sepsis].
AB  - The rise of the sepsis incidence at therapeutic hospitals, the emergence of new
      forms and evolutionally new mechanisms of infection, insufficient efficacy of
      antibacterial therapy necessitate the search of novel approaches to the treatment
      of sepsis. The use of plasmapheresis (PP) in 27 sepsis patients allowed a two
      fold reduction of the lethality as compared to that in the control group. The
      main mechanisms by which PP acts may involve deblockade of the system of
      phagocytosing mononuclears, enhancement of the efficacy of antibacterial therapy,
      protective action on the system of natural detoxication of the body.

PMID- 2281391
TI  - [The effect of plasmapheresis on hemostasis in lung cancer patients].
AB  - To correct hemostasis, 32 patients with lung carcinoma underwent plasmapheresis
      with exfusion of 50% the circulating plasma volume one day before surgery.
      Plasmapheresis was coupled with the conventional drug therapy. As compared with
      the control group patients (n-32) who did not receive plasmapheresis, the main
      group patients demonstrated that the use of the multimodality correcting therapy
      made all the components of hemostasis return to normal and minimized the rate of
      postoperative thromboembolic complications by 40.6% and the postoperative
      lethality by 18.7%.

PMID- 2281390
TI  - [The effect of nutrition and other factors on the normalization and stabilization
      processes in dyslipoproteinemias].

PMID- 2281393
TI  - [The effectiveness of physical training in treating patients with
      neurocirculatory dystonia].
AB  - Physical training (8 to 10 km walking at a rate of 5.5 km/h daily for 4 to 6
      months) prescribed to patients suffering from neurocirculatory dystonia promoted
      amelioration of the patients' mental status, diminution of the hypochondriac and
      anxious-depressive manifestations of the disease, increased exercise tolerance,
      and led to the decline in the blood plasma of cholesterol, triglycerides, free
      fatty acids and of very low and low density lipoproteins.

PMID- 2281392
TI  - [The immunomodulating effect of sodium nucleinate in chronic infectious-allergic
      urticaria].
AB  - Based on clinical, laboratory, bacterial, allergologic and immunologic studies a
      group of patients with infectious allergic urticaria (IAU) was distinguished. The
      immunologic examination of 30 patients with IAU identified a decrease in
      phagocytosis. Sodium nucleinate (SN) was employed as an immunomodulator as
      compared to placebo. SN was noted to produce an optimal immunomodulating effect,
      provided it was combined with antibacterial drugs. The use of SN in patients with
      IAU produced a good clinical effect elucidated for 6 months. It is recommended
      that SN be used as an immunomodulator in the multimodality therapy of IAU and
      introduced into the practice of the allergological rooms.

PMID- 2281394
TI  - [Megaloblastic pancytopenia in a female patient with rheumatoid arthritis given
      methotrexate and amidopyrine simultaneously].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the development of megaloblastic pancytopenia in a
      female patient with grave rheumatoid arthritis. The patient had been given
      methotrexate (15 mg per week) for a long time, supplemented by amidopyrine (1.0
      to 1.5 g/day). The author holds that the development of the above-indicated
      complication is provoked by both drugs interference into folate metabolism. It is
      concluded that caution should be taken as to the combined use of methotrexate
      with non-narcotic analgesic drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and
      sulfanilamides.

PMID- 2281396
TI  - [The successful surgical treatment of hypernephroid cancer in 2 patients with
      multiple myeloma].
AB  - The authors related two cases of multiple myeloma BJX and GX combined with
      hypernephroid cancer. In both cases, the diagnosis of myeloma was supported by
      morphological examination of the bone marrow and immunochemical identification of
      monoclonal immunoglobulin. In female patient C, adenocarcinoma developed in the
      presence of polycystosis in the left kidney operated before. The diagnosis of
      hypernephroma was established simultaneously with the diagnosis of multiple
      myeloma BJX, stage III B. The patient was operated on 15 months after institution
      of polychemotherapy in the presence of myeloma reduction and recovery of nitrogen
      secretory renal function. The patient survived for 2.5 years after the operation,
      retaining work fitness for 2 years. She died from terminal exacerbation of
      myeloma. On autopsy no cancer metastases were detected. In male patient Ch. with
      myeloma GX, stage II A, hypernephroid cancer of the right kidney was diagnosed 7
      months after the diagnosis of myeloma was established. Radical operation resulted
      in complete somatic and hematological compensation of the patient. The residual
      mass of myeloma does not manifest itself clinically after 9 courses of
      polychemotherapy carried out in the preoperative period. It is only detectable by
      the laboratory tests. The follow-up of the patient is continued.

PMID- 2281395
TI  - [Angiosarcoma of the spleen with consumption coagulopathy].
AB  - A female patient with intravitally diagnosed splenic angiosarcoma is described.
      Progress of the cancerous process was attended by the development of consumption
      coagulopathy with profound fibrinogenopenia and thrombocytopenia. In this case
      the DIC syndrome was characterized by the lack of systemic fibrinolysis
      activation. The rupture of the cavernous tumor of the spleen and profound
      disorders of hemostasis determined profuse intraperitoneal hemorrhage and the
      patient's death. Diagnostic criteria that contribute to early recognition of
      splenic angiosarcoma are suggested.

PMID- 2281398
TI  - [The current methods of treating cor pulmonale].

PMID- 2281397
TI  - [Hepatic encephalopathy: its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical diagnostic criteria
      and treatment principles].

PMID- 2281399
TI  - [Laser photosensitizing therapy in cardiology].

PMID- 2281400
TI  - [THe complications and side effects of antibacterial agents].

PMID- 2281401
TI  - [A dose-concentration relationship study in different dosage regimens for
      theophylline preparations: intravenous for euphylline and peroral for prolonged
      action forms].

PMID- 2281402
TI  - [The action of streptodecase on the size of the focal lesion, the hemostatic
      system, blood rheology and microcirculation in relation to the time of the start
      of the treatment of patients with an acute myocardial infarct].
AB  - Fifty patients with myocardial infarction (MI) were given streptodecase
      intravenously (the main group). Depending on the time elapsed from the appearance
      of the disease symptoms and the onset of streptodecase injection, the main group
      was distributed into 2 subgroups (less than or equal to 4 h and 4 to 8 h). The
      size of myocardial injury was judged from the activity CPK and ECG mapping in 35
      thoracic leads. The Size of MI in the main group was significantly less than in
      the control group. At the same time the 2 subgroups of the patients demonstrated
      no significant difference in myocardial injury. This is accounted for by the fact
      that the majority of the patients (75%) were given the thrombolytic between the
      120th and 360th minute since the disease onset. In view of the fact that
      streptodecase was discovered to exert a lasting beneficial effect (10 to 14 days)
      on hemostasis, hemorheology and microcirculation, it is suggested that the drug
      be used at later times of MI to prevent and treat complications consequent on
      microcirculatory disorders.

PMID- 2281403
TI  - [What we found one year after conducting thrombolytic therapy with myocardial
      infarct patients].
AB  - As many as 135 patients with myocardial infarction were under observation for a
      year. All the patients had received thrombolytic therapy 3.9 +/- 0.2 h on the
      average after the onset of an anginal attack. The patients with the recovered
      coronary blood flow (group I) manifested a more frequent occurrence of angina
      pectoris (38%) and repeated myocardial infarctions (8%) as compared to those with
      persisting occlusion of the coronary artery (group 2)--12 and 1.6% respectively.
      According to the coronary angiography, group I patients with angina pectoris
      showed high values of the degree of residual stenosis; the development of
      reocclusion characterized by the asymptomatic course at the long-term period.
      Group I patients were noted to have a decrease in the hospital lethality and
      lethality during the first year.

PMID- 2281404
TI  - [The pharmacological committee yesterday, today and tomorrow].

PMID- 2281405
TI  - [The examination and treatment of patients with heart rhythm disorders in
      institutions of practical public health].

PMID- 2281406
TI  - [A comparison of the efficacy of quinidine and kordaron as agents to stabilize
      the recovered sinus rhythm in patients with the permanent form of atrial
      fibrillation].
AB  - The efficacy of chinidine and cordarone as agents preventing the recurrence of
      the disturbed sinus rhythm was studied and compared on a material of 459 patients
      with permanent atrial fibrillation eliminated by electropulse therapy. The sinus
      rhythm was preserved significantly better in a group of patients given cordarone
      as a preventive agent, which is confirmed with the aid of a multidimensional
      statistical analysis as well as an analysis of "competing hypotheses".

PMID- 2281407
TI  - [A clinical evaluation of the current methods for cardiac pacing
      electrostimulation].
AB  - A comparative analysis was done of the results of 250 operations--implantations
      of the different systems of cardiac pacing. Use was made of ventricular pacing
      (VVI), atrial pacing (AAI), different modes of dual chamber pacing (VDD, DVI,
      DDD), and of rate responsive pacing (Activitrax, Sensolog, Meta-MV). Indications
      and contraindications for use of pacemakers of different types are discussed as
      are potential complications consequent on the use of different modes of cardiac
      pacing.

PMID- 2281408
TI  - [Arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia: their prevalence and treatment
      potentials].

PMID- 2281409
TI  - [Depin-E in the treatment of hypertensive crises in patients with essential and
      secondary arterial hypertension].
AB  - Hypertonic crises were treated in 42 patients with the aid of depin-E, a new drug
      belonging to the nifedipine group. There were 35 patients with essential
      hypertension and 7 with secondary arterial hypertension. The initial drug dose
      was 10 mn (1 capsule) given sublingually. If necessary the drug was indicated
      again after 20 minutes, the dose being the same. The hypotensive treatment turned
      out to be highly effective in 37 patients (80%). Of these, 18 patients manifested
      the drug efficacy after intake of 10 mg, 19 after intake of 20 mg of the drug. In
      contrast to other nifedipines, depin-E is marked by rapid hypotensive action,
      pronounced diuretic effect and good tolerance. The hypotensive effect of the drug
      determined by primarily peripheral vasodilatation did not depend on the types of
      the central hemodynamics.

PMID- 2281410
TI  - [The indications for the suppression of adrenal hyperfunction in a progressive
      course of hypertension].
AB  - The authors analyze the results of the surgical treatment of patients with
      progressive essential hypertension (PEN). The treatment involved cryodestruction
      (adrenalectomy) of the right adrenal and autotransplantation of the left adrenal
      on the vascular peduncle into the transverse mesentery. Before the operation the
      data on water-salt homeostasis, central and cerebral hemodynamics and on the
      renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system attested to PEH. 1 to 3 years after the
      operation natriuresis was revealed (210% of the initial value), as were a
      decrease of the total peripheral vascular resistance, amelioration of the
      cerebral blood flow and peripheral blood aldosterone lowering from 246 +/- 17 to
      90 +/- 14 sh/ml.

PMID- 2281412
TI  - [The mechanisms regulating pulse-wave spreading time in a biological feedback
      regimen in patients with borderline arterial hypertension and in healthy
      subjects].
AB  - The regulatory mechanisms of pulse transit time (PTT) during biofeedback training
      were studied by noninvasive cardiovascular monitoring in borderline hypertensive
      and normotensive subjects. Hemodynamic parameters were used as indirect indices
      of autonomous nervous system activity. All the patients were capable of
      increasing PTT. Systolic blood pressure demonstrated significant correlation with
      PTT. The effects were mediated by the different combinations of sympathetic and
      parasympathetic drives. In the initial 5 sessions, there was the most significant
      decrement of sympathetic, especially beta-adrenergic activity, expressed in the
      reduction of the myocardial contractility and cardiac output. In the retraining
      period (6 to 12 sessions), the leading role was played by the reduction of the
      arterial tone and total peripheral resistance. Respiratory arrhythmia rose in
      both cases as a result of the increased parasympathetic activity.

PMID- 2281411
TI  - [The magnetotherapy of hypertension patients].
AB  - A study was made of the influence of the constant MKM2-1 magnets on patients
      suffering from essential hypertension. Continuous action of the magnetic field,
      created by such magnets, on the patients with stage II essential hypertension was
      noted to result in a decrease of arterial pressure without the occurrence of any
      side effects and in a simultaneous reduction of the scope of drug administration.
      Apart from that fact, magnetotherapy was discovered to produce a beneficial
      effect on the central hemodynamics and microcirculation. The use of the MKM2-1
      magnets may be regarded as a feasible method of the treatment of essential
      hypertension patients at any medical institution.

PMID- 2281413
TI  - [The effect of a diet enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on
      thrombocyte functional activity and on the blood lipid-apolipoprotein spectrum in
      newly occurring stenocardia].
AB  - The diet enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (5 g/day for 4 weeks)
      was applied to the treatment of patients (n-22) with angina pectoris occurring
      for the first time. Meanwhile 6 patients received the control diet similar to the
      fish one as regards the protein, fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol and caloric
      ratio. The control group patients showed no alterations in blood lipids and
      apoproteins of in platelet function. The patients who received the fish diet
      manifested an appreciable decrease in the concentration of triglycerides (p less
      than 0.01), a slight reduction of cholesterol content. The level of high density
      cholesterol remained unchanged. There was a decrease in the concentration of
      thromboxane (p less than 0.05) and in the platelet count (p less than 0.05). In
      some patients, individual reactions of ADP-induced platelet aggregation were
      revealed: from the lowering (-60-10%) seen in the third of the examined up to the
      rise (+10+90%) in the other third. The decrease of apoprotein A1 established as
      safe for the protective cholesterol-transport properties of high-density
      lipoproteins was established.

PMID- 2281414
TI  - [The antibacterial therapy of infectious lung lesions].

PMID- 2281415
TI  - [The effect of hemosorption on the indices of the structural-functional status of
      the erythrocyte membranes in arterial hypertension patients].
AB  - A study was made of the stability of the parameters of 2 membranous tests, used
      in the differential diagnosis of some forms of arterial hypertension, under the
      influence of hemoperfusion, an extracorporeal treatment method. One of these
      tests consists in the measurement of the Na-Li countertransport velocity across
      the erythrocytic membrane. It allows revealing functional disorders in ion
      transport across the cellular membranes. The second one involves the
      determination of monoclonal antibody (mon Ab) binding to the fragmented
      erythrocytic membranes. The test enables recording the structural changes that
      occur in the erythrocytic membranes. Before and after hemoperfusion the velocity
      of Na-Li countertransport was measured in 8 patients suffering from arterial
      hypertension whereas mon Ab binding to the fragmented erythrocytic membranes in 6
      patients. After hemoperfusion all the patients manifested an increase of the
      velocity of Na-Li countertransport (by 15 to 108% as compared to the initial). On
      the other hand, after that procedure the patients with arterial hypertension did
      not demonstrate any appreciable alterations in mon Ab binding to the fragmented
      erythrocytic membranes. Thus, the membranous test (mon Ab binding to the
      fragmented erythrocytic membranes) reflecting the structural characteristics of
      the erythrocytic membrane appears more "rigid" and stable as compared to Na-Li
      countertransport reflecting the functional properties of the erythrocytic
      membrane, which, as it was to be expected, respond more readily to different
      external effects.

PMID- 2281416
TI  - [A comparative evaluation of the results of using a method for the endoscopic
      denervation of the corpus gastricum and for local laser therapy in the combined
      treatment of patients with duodenal ulcers].
AB  - The authors provide the results of the treatment of patients with duodenal ulcers
      using common conservative therapy, local laser therapy and endoscopic denervation
      of the body of the stomach. Inclusion of endoscopic treatment methods into
      multimodality treatment brought about the enhancement of the treatment efficacy,
      more pronounced with endoscopic denervation.

PMID- 2281418
TI  - [A comparative evaluation of the efficacy of treatment methods in chronic
      glomerulonephritis].
AB  - The results of the treatment of 498 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis
      (CGN) verified on biopsy were analyzed to reveal that all the types of therapy
      were less effective in episodes of the nephrotic syndrome and frequent relapses
      than in rarer exacerbations and the lack of massive proteinuria. Considerable
      differences in the survival of patients with varying activity of CGN treated in
      the same way attest to the limited possibilities of the pathogenetic and
      symptomatic agents as regards their action on the natural disease course. The
      treatment with glucocorticoids, cytostatics and the combined use of these drugs
      turned out more successful provided the time of the drugs intake was increased to
      1-2 years. Administration of glucocorticoids and the long-term use of cytostatics
      in cases of the sensitivity to them of mononuclear receptors appeared most
      effective in all the clinical manifestations of mesangioproliferative, membranous
      proliferative or membranous glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2281419
TI  - [Semicontinuous peritoneal dialysis].

PMID- 2281417
TI  - [Antithyroid antibody dynamics in patients with Hashimoto's goiter receiving
      conservative treatment and after surgical interventions].
AB  - The content of antithyroid antibodies (AtAb) in the blood of patients with
      Hashimoto's goiter was studied over time, namely during the treatment with
      thyroid drugs and after surgical interventions of different scope. The patients'
      groups with diverse changes in the AtAb titers during the conservative treatment
      were revealed. The analogous types of the time-course of changes in antibodies to
      thyroglobulins (AbTg) were discovered after a surgical intervention irrespective
      of the operation scope whereas the persistence of antibodies to microsomal
      antigen (AbMa) after the operation depended on the mass of the remaining thyroid
      tissue. A correlation was found between the high titers of AbTg (rather than
      AbMa) and the elevated content of thyrotropic hormone in untreated patients with
      Hashimoto's goiter and after large-scope surgical interventions.

PMID- 2281420
TI  - Management of the solitary metastasis.

PMID- 2281421
TI  - Pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly: a different disease?

PMID- 2281422
TI  - Perception of breathlessness during bronchoconstriction induced by antigen,
      exercise, and histamine challenges.
AB  - Perception of breathlessness was studied in eight patients with mild, stable
      asthma after a histamine and exercise challenge performed before and 24 and 48
      hours respectively after an antigen challenge. FEV1 and perception of
      breathlessness, evaluated by Borg's 10 point category scale, were measured after
      each administration of doubling antigen or histamine concentrations to achieve a
      greater than 20% fall in FEV1, and after six minutes of steady state exercise at
      80% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). The geometric mean provocative
      concentration of histamine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) fell from 1.67 mg/ml
      before antigen challenge to 0.52 mg/ml 24 hours after the challenge. The median
      maximal % fall in FEV1 with exercise was 24.9% (range 10.5-40.5%) before and
      30.6% (range 13.8-52.3%) 48 hours after antigen challenge. The median maximum %
      fall in FEV1 after antigen inhalation was 20.1% (range 13.3-35.2%) within the
      first hour; only two subjects had a late fall in FEV1 (23% and 58%). The median
      (range) of Borg scores obtained when FEV1 was reduced by 20% did not differ
      significantly for the three types of acute challenges: 1.25 (0.5-2.5) and 1.0
      (0.5-3.0) after histamine tests, 1.0 (0.5-4.1) and 1.55 (0.5-2.0) after exercise,
      and 1.5 (0-3.0) after antigen challenge. In the two subjects who had a late
      response to antigen the Borg score was reduced for the same % fall in FEV1 as
      with the early response. It is concluded that the perception of breathlessness
      does not differ appreciably during the early response to histamine, antigen
      exposure, or exercise, but that it is reduced during the late asthmatic response.
      It was not influenced by previous antigen exposure, despite an increase in airway
      responsiveness.

PMID- 2281423
TI  - Relation between respiratory symptoms, type of farming, and lung function
      disorders in farmers.
AB  - Respiratory symptoms and function were examined in a random sample of 181 farmers
      (124 pig farmers and 57 dairy farmers) with a mean age of 43 years. Wheezing and
      shortness of breath during work in the animal house were significantly associated
      with pig farming (odds ratio 11.4), current smoking (odds ratio 2.2), bronchial
      hyperreactivity (odds ratio 3.8), and low FEV1 (odds ratio 3.4). Pig farmers had
      a slightly lower FEV1 than dairy farmers (101% versus 104% predicted, NS).
      Symptomatic farmers had significantly lower FEV1 than symptomless farmers (93%
      versus 106% predicted). A multiple linear regression analysis of the cross
      sectional values of FEV1 showed that there was a decline in FEV1 associated with
      pig farming (-12 ml/year of pig farming) and smoking (-23 ml/pack year) in
      addition to the age related decline of 32 ml/year. A multiple linear regression
      analysis of PC20 histamine showed that bronchial reactivity increased with age,
      number of pack years, and number of years in pig farming. Work in closed pig
      rearing units is a pulmonary health hazard and causes decline in lung function.

PMID- 2281424
TI  - Analysis of bronchial reactivity in epidemiological studies.
AB  - The measurement of bronchial reactivity in epidemiological studies has the
      advantage of quantifying an objective physiological feature of asthma. Bronchial
      reactivity was developed in a clinical setting and has been conventionally
      expressed as the dose of agonist producing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PD20). As PD20 can
      be estimated for less than 20% of subjects in general community surveys with the
      doses of agonist that are usually given, data from most subjects must be
      censored. Thus PD20 alone is a poor index of bronchial reactivity for
      epidemiological studies. Data from 809 aluminium smelter workers were used to
      evaluate alternative methods of analysing bronchial reactivity. Dose-response
      relationships were analysed by four methods: (1) PD20 by the conventional method
      of interpolating the dose on a logarithmic scale between the last two
      measurements of FEV1; (2) PD20 (with allowance for extrapolation), estimated by
      fitting an exponential curve to the dose-response data; (3) the linear regression
      slope between dose and FEV1 when significant; (4) the dose-response slope
      obtained in all subjects as the % change in FEV1 from baseline in response to
      total dose. When each of these measures was related to symptoms, diagnosis, and
      treatment of asthma, all differentiated between "asthmatic" and "non-asthmatic"
      subjects. The dose-response slope (method 4) had the advantages of simplicity and
      no censored data, and was shown to be clinically relevant. It is suggested that
      the dose-response slope should be used for the analysis of bronchial reactivity
      in epidemiological studies.

PMID- 2281426
TI  - Modified muscle sparing posterolateral thoracotomy.
AB  - A modified posterolateral thoracotomy is described that combines the advantages
      of complete muscle sparing through a thoracolumbar fascial slide with excellent
      exposure. The technique is easy to perform. The procedure was associated with
      relatively little postoperative pain, coughing was effective, and early
      ambulation was achieved. Experience with this approach in the first 49 patients
      suggests that it offers an attractive alternative to the standard muscle cutting
      posterolateral thoracotomy approach for elective procedures.

PMID- 2281425
TI  - Bronchodilatation induced by deep breaths in relation to transpulmonary pressure
      and lung volume.
AB  - Induced bronchoconstriction in normal subjects can be transiently reversed by a
      deep breath (airway hysteresis). The mechanisms of airway hysteresis are not
      fully understood. The aim of these studies was to determine whether the nature of
      the deep breath (slow or fast inspiration, five or 10 second breath hold) affects
      the resultant bronchodilatation. Bronchoconstriction was induced in 10 normal
      subjects by inhalation of histamine until specific airway conductance (sGaw) was
      halved (mean (SEM) post-histamine sGaw 0.099* (0.009) s-1 cm H2O-1). A subsequent
      deep breath to total lung capacity (TLC) increased sGaw by 57% (13%) and neither
      the rate of inspiration to TLC nor periods of breath holding at TLC produced a
      significantly different degree of bronchodilation. Reducing the volume of the
      deep breath produced progressively less bronchodilatation and this was no longer
      significant after a breath to 68% (2%) TLC. To determine whether the volume of
      the deep breath or the accompanying increase in transpulmonary pressure (PstL)
      was responsible for the effect on sGaw, subjects were studied with an oesophageal
      balloon in place with and without their chest strapped. Subjects took a deep
      breath to a PstL of 20 cm H2O after bronchoconstriction had been induced by
      histamine. The degree of bronchodilatation (mean (SEM) %) was not significantly
      different (strap on 25 (6), strap off 36 (5)) even though significantly larger
      lung volumes (as % TLC) were reached with the strap off (strap on 57 (2), strap
      off 78 (3)). These results suggest that PstL rather than lung volume during a
      deep breath determines airway hysteresis.

PMID- 2281427
TI  - Inhaled micronised gentamicin powder: a new delivery system.
AB  - Forty patients undergoing routine bronchoscopy were randomised to receive inhaled
      micronised gentamicin powder (180 mg) or nebulised gentamicin solution (160 mg)
      one hour before the procedure. Similar levels of gentamicin were detected in
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the two groups (micronised powder (n = 20) 9.3
      (SD 9.3) mg/l, nebulised solution (n = 20) 8.0 (7.8) mg/l). The micronised
      gentamicin powder preparation caused cough in half the patients but this did not
      stop their receiving a full dose. Dry powder gentamicin may be a convenient
      formulation for long term inhaled treatment if the problem of cough can be
      overcome.

PMID- 2281428
TI  - Lung function 8-18 years after intermittent positive pressure ventilation for
      hyaline membrane disease.
AB  - Lung function and respiratory symptoms were studied in 40 children aged 8-18
      years who had been ventilated for hyaline membrane disease after birth; 11 had
      had bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Also studied were 38 age matched children who had
      had hyaline membrane disease but had not required ventilation, 25 unmatched
      children who were born prematurely but did not develop hyaline membrane disease,
      and 39 randomly selected pupils of similar age. There was no difference in
      thoracic gas volume, total lung capacity, inspiratory vital capacity, residual
      volume, or transfer factor for carbon monoxide between the groups. Respiratory
      symptoms during the three years before the study and the frequency of clinically
      diagnosed asthma in patients and their family were similar in all the children
      with hyaline membrane disease irrespective of whether they had been ventilated or
      had had bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia,
      however, had a lower forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) before
      bronchodilator (73% predicted) than the other groups (88-95% predicted). Children
      who had required ventilation had lower values for specific airways conductance
      (sGaw) and a greater increase in FEV1 (delta FEV1) after salbutamol (13%) than
      non-ventilated children (6%); delta FEV1 was associated with the peak pressure of
      intermittent positive pressure ventilation, a family history of asthma and a
      history of wheezing, recurrent respiratory illnesses, and a doctor's diagnosis of
      asthma during the three years before the study. These findings indicate that
      after eight years of age patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia have more
      reversible airways obstruction, compatible with increased bronchial smooth muscle
      tone.

PMID- 2281429
TI  - Effects of hypothyroidism on bronchial reactivity in non-asthmatic subjects.
AB  - The effect of hypothyroidism on non-specific bronchial reactivity was studied in
      11 patients without pulmonary disease (mean age 40 (SD 13) years) who had had a
      total thyroidectomy and radioiodine treatment for thyroid cancer 41 (36) months
      before the study. All patients when mildly hyperthyroid while having long term
      thyroxine replacement treatment and once when hypothyroid two weeks after
      stopping triiodothyronine for the purpose of screening for metastases. Bronchial
      reactivity was assessed by measuring specific airways conductance (sGaw) after
      increasing doses of inhaled carbachol (45-1260 micrograms). The dose producing a
      35% decrease in sGaw (PD35) was determined from the cumulative log dose-response
      curve by linear regression analysis. Mean baseline sGaw values were similar when
      the patients were hypothyroid and when they were hyperthyroid (1.35 (0.36) and
      1.41 (0.56) s-1 kPa-1). The interstudy coefficients of variation of baseline sGaw
      were higher in the thyroid patients than in a euthyroid control group (14% versus
      8%). Geometric mean PD35 was lower when the patients were hypothyroid (97
      micrograms) than when they were mildly hyperthyroid (192 micrograms). It is
      concluded that acute hypothyroidism increases non-specific bronchial reactivity
      in nonasthmatic subjects.

PMID- 2281430
TI  - Pulmonary complications of intravenous drug misuse. 2. Infective and HIV related
      complications.

PMID- 2281431
TI  - Cystic fibrosis. 2. Lung injury in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2281432
TI  - Life threatening haemoptysis in cystic fibrosis: an alternative therapeutic
      approach.
AB  - Desmopressin and vasopressin were used to control massive haemoptysis in a
      patient with cystic fibrosis. After bolus doses a continuous infusion of
      vasopressin was maintained for 36 hours and haemoptysis stopped.

PMID- 2281433
TI  - Intercostal arteriovenous fistula due to pleural biopsy.
AB  - A 32 year old woman had a pleural biopsy for a left pleural effusion, which
      showed caseating granuloma typical of tuberculosis. When the fourth biopsy
      specimen was removed considerable bleeding occurred from the puncture site. Four
      days later a bruit was audible over the punctured area, radiating to the back.
      Eight days after the procedure the patient had a massive bleed into the left
      pleural space. Selective aortic angiography showed an arteriovenous fistula
      between the 9th intercostal artery and vein and a pseudoaneurysm in the
      intercostal punctured area. Thoracotomy showed bleeding from the site of the
      pleural biopsy. The intercostal vessels were ligated and pleural decortication
      was performed, and the patient recovered uneventfully.

PMID- 2281434
TI  - Chylothorax secondary to obstruction of the superior vena cava: a complication of
      the LeVeen shunt.
AB  - A case of thrombosis of the superior vena cava was complicated by bilateral
      chylothoraces and a widened mediastinum. Removal of a clotted LeVeen shunt led to
      prompt resolution of the obstruction and chylothoraces.

PMID- 2281435
TI  - Occupational asthma in a pharmaceutical worker exposed to hydralazine.
AB  - A pharmaceutical worker developed asthma when exposed to hydralazine, an
      antihypertensive drug. The diagnosis of occupational asthma was supported by
      specific inhalation challenges, which produced a late asthmatic reaction and an
      increase in bronchial responsiveness. No evidence of an IgE or an IgG dependent
      mechanism could be found.

PMID- 2281436
TI  - BCG vaccination of schoolchildren in England and Wales.

PMID- 2281437
TI  - Concentrations of cefixime in bronchial mucosa and sputum.

PMID- 2281438
TI  - Clinical correlates of angiographically diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary
      hypertension.

PMID- 2281439
TI  - Antemortem recognition of brain metastases in malignant mesothelioma.

PMID- 2281440
TI  - Local anaesthesia for fibreoptic bronchoscopy.

PMID- 2281441
TI  - A simple method to create carotid endothelial laceration and acute platelet
      thrombus in vivo in guinea-pig.
AB  - A simple method, named 'clamp method', was developed to create carotid
      endothelial laceration and produce acute platelet thrombus in vivo in guinea-pig.
      This method used a hemostatic forceps to clamp common carotid artery of
      anesthetized guinea-pig at a tangent angle. Our study included two parts. The
      Part one demonstrated the procedures and effects of the 'clamp method': sixteen
      guinea-pigs were divided equally into control and heparin-treated groups. These
      two groups received the same clamping procedures except that the heparin-treated
      group was administrated with heparin (5,000U/kg) intravenously before clamping.
      One hour after the clamping, carotid arteries were resected and observed under
      scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that large carotid mural thrombi
      were formed in the control group with a mean surface area of 1.75 +/- 0.63 mm2 (M
      +/- SD, n = 8). In the heparin-treated group, the thrombus formation was
      prevented and linear endothelial lacerations were seen clearly. The Part two of
      our study identified the histologic nature of the thrombus produced by the 'clamp
      method': eight guinea-pigs received same procedures as that of control group in
      the Part one except that the carotid arteries were resected 5 min after
      performing the clamping. Four of the eight specimens were prepared for
      observation under transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that
      platelets adhered onto the subendothelial substances and formed platelet thrombi
      in the endothelial lacerations within 5 min after the carotid clamping.

PMID- 2281443
TI  - [Art, medicine and interpretation. Art as source and result].

PMID- 2281444
TI  - [The Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1990].

PMID- 2281442
TI  - Platelet production, clearance and distribution in patients with idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Platelet destruction mechanism was thought to play a primary role in autoimmune
      thrombocytopenia (ITP). There is, however, some evidence that anti-platelet
      antibodies in ITP impair megakaryocytopoiesis. Using autologous In-111 platelets,
      we tried to elucidate this point. We measured platelet survival, platelet
      turnover, platelet sequestration sites, and platelet production (turnover) to the
      clearance (sum of liver and spleen platelet uptake) ratio in 8 normal subjects
      and 12 patients with ITP whose platelet counts ranged from 9 x 10(9) to 40 x
      10(9)/L. The sum of platelet uptake in the liver and spleen showed a significant
      inverse correlation with platelet survival. Platelet survival, platelet
      production to clearance ratio correlated significantly with the platelet count.
      No significant correlation was found between platelet turnover and platelet
      counts. The distribution of platelet turnover showed considerable individual
      variation; 8 of 12 patients showed platelet turnovers which were lower than the
      normal value, but the others were within the normal range. We concluded that
      although the platelet destruction mechanism in the reticuloendothelial system
      shows a primary role in thrombocytopenia, the impaired rate of effective
      thrombopoiesis may also contribute to the severity of ITP.

PMID- 2281445
TI  - [Infant swimming programs in Norway during the last 10 years].
AB  - About 15,000 babies have participated in infant aquatic programmes in Norway
      since swimming classes for infants and toddlers started in 1979. This article
      reviews the historical development of infant swimming, describes how it is
      practised today, and discusses physiological reactions and positive effects on
      the psychomotoric development of children, as well as potential risks.

PMID- 2281446
TI  - [Delayed sleep phase syndrome. The most frequent cause of primary chronic
      insomnia?].
AB  - During the past four years the author has seen six cases of chronic persistent
      insomnia with onset in childhood. Four of these cases had delayed sleep phase
      syndrome, a disturbance in sleep-wake schedule characterized by the inability to
      fall asleep, and by continuous sleep of normal length later in the night. The
      article describes the case histories of two adolescent patients and experience
      from using chronotherapy. It appeared that chronotherapy was effective, but the
      demands on the sleep-wake schedule discipline were difficult to accept. It is
      suggested that delayed sleep phase syndrome may be the most frequent cause of
      chronic insomnia with onset in childhood.

PMID- 2281447
TI  - [Cholera in Drammen 1832--the first time in Norway].
AB  - Cholera came to Norway for the first time in autumn 1832. The outbreak was
      limited to the city of Drammen and some densely populated areas on the Drammen
      fjord. Mortality was low compared with later Norwegian epidemics. 80 persons died
      of cholera, 59 of them in Drammen. The morbidity is difficult to estimate,
      because cholera could not be distinguished from the frequent summer diarrhoeas.
      This article tries to present a picture of how the doctors interpreted the
      disease and what was done to prevent it from spreading. In the light of the
      available information the author discusses how cholera was imported to Drammen
      and how it spread in the city.

PMID- 2281448
TI  - [A historical birth tragedy. Neonatal infections still of interest today as they
      were 300 years ago].
AB  - Neonatal bacterial infections are still important causes of perinatal mortality
      and morbidity, as they were 300 years ago. Queen Anne (1655-1714) underwent 18
      pregnancies without producing any successors, probably because the children died
      of perinatal infection. Some women are unable to produce a specific IgG-antibody
      against Group B streptococcus (GBS). They may have normal IgM production and are
      thereby self-protected, while their infants risk developing neonatal GBS
      septicaemia. Listeria monocytogenes may cause repeated miscarriages, stillbirths
      and neonatal infections and, even today, is an important cause of perinatal
      deaths. The miscarriages and neonatal deaths of Queen Anne are believed to have
      been caused by an asymptomatic listeria monocytogenes infection. The importance
      of recognizing women at risk for these types of infections is discussed.

PMID- 2281449
TI  - [The tonometer of professor Hjalmar Schiotz].

PMID- 2281450
TI  - [Birger Malling's pioneer period as an ophthalmologist in Tromso].
AB  - Birger Malling (1884-1989) was professor of ophthalmology at the University of
      Oslo from 1939 to 1954. He spent his first and very active years as a practicing
      ophthalmologist in Tromso from 1913 to 1922. Based on interviews, patient
      journals, notes and publications, this article presents interesting and
      entertaining fragments of this pioneer period north of the Polar Circle. Malling
      regarded reconstructive surgery performed by himself on a severely multilated
      Lapp woman as one of his greatest triumphs. In a lecture in 1921 Malling
      described a characteristic membrane on the anterior surface of the lens in the
      pupillary field in glaucomatous eyes. He wrote to Alfred Vogt (1879-1943) in
      Zurich about his findings, but never received a reply. Vogt later published this
      finding as his own discovery, with no reference to Malling.

PMID- 2281451
TI  - [The medicine chest of Roald Amundsen in 1914].
AB  - This historical medicine chest evidently has not been used, and its contents are
      nearly complete. Practically all medicines for internal use were dispensed in
      tablet form, which was very advanced for that time. The chest also contains a
      manual with short descriptions of illnesses and injuries and how to treat them,
      accompanied by an inventory. The medicine chest and accompanying booklet were
      compiled in a systematic way for easy access, and provide an interesting review
      of medical and pharmaceutical knowledge at that time. Many of the compounds are
      in surprisingly good condition after 75 years. Some of them have been analysed
      for active ingredients, and were shown to contain from 0 to 79% of the declared
      content. The composition of the medicine chest is based on 19th century
      traditions for ships' equipment, but compared with a 20 years older specimen it
      seems advanced. The medicine chest is located in Roald Amundsen's Home at
      Svartskog near Oslo.

PMID- 2281452
TI  - [The German occupation and health services].
AB  - It was of considerable importance for the German occupants and their Norwegian
      collaborators, and for the Resistance Movement, to maintain a satisfactory status
      of health in the civilian population. Thus it was of common interest to keep the
      health services intact. Health aspects were also important elements of the nazi
      ideology. Recent studies of German archives reveal that the German civilian
      administration, Reichskommissariat, played a central role in the nazi revolution
      of the health services. But certain disagreements arose at an early stage between
      the German and Norwegian occupation administration concerning strategies of
      health policy. The collaborator party, Nasjonal Samling, tried to gain control
      over the professional organizations, but met great resistance. The Norwegian
      Medical Association lost 85% of its members and was reduced to an appendix of the
      Ministry. However, the health services were still kept under strict German
      control. A deterioration of the health services took place from 1944, mainly due
      to lack of resources because of increased German military needs.

PMID- 2281453
TI  - [Penicillin in clinical use--50 years].
AB  - Penicillin was first used to combat experimental infections in rats in August
      1940. Towards the end of December the same year it was decided to treat seriously
      ill patients with penicillin. The first patient was given the new drug on the 12
      February 1941, nearly 50 years ago. The patient improved considerably, but due to
      shortage of penicillin later succumbed to staphylococcal sepsis. Penicillins are
      still the most widely used and least toxic antibiotics. This article briefly
      reviews the history of penicillin from its discovery in 1928 to 1944, when the
      drug was first used on a larger scale in Norwegians.

PMID- 2281454
TI  - [Lars Hertervig--the famous painter of landscapes and his mental disease].
AB  - Lars Hertervig (1830-1902) was a famous Norwegian landscape painter who developed
      a psychosis while a student at the Dusseldorfer school of painting. He was
      admitted to Gaustad Hospital at the age of 26 with symptoms which would now be
      suggestive of schizophrenia. Discharged after one and a half years he spent the
      rest of his life sheltered in private care in his home community. He produced his
      most famous art during this period, after his discharge from Gaustad. The article
      describes Hertervig's life history and the development of his mental disorder.

PMID- 2281456
TI  - [The suicidal motif in the life and poetry of Amalia Skram. A psychiatric study].
AB  - Amalie Skram (22.8.1846-15.3.1905), the most prominent naturalistic Norwegian
      author, is suspected to have suffered from a bipolar affective mental disorder.
      She committed suicide after two earlier attempts at the age of 44 and 48. In her
      literary work she held a predominantly pessimistic view. In a brief description
      of her psychiatric history, special attention is paid to her circling around the
      suicide theme, both in her literary work and in her rich private correspondence.
      On several occasions her letters revealed suicidal thoughts.

PMID- 2281455
TI  - [Nikolai Astrup and his asthma].
AB  - Nikolai Astrup (1880-1928) is recognized as one of the most famous Norwegian
      painters of his time. He grew up in Jllster, in the western part of Norway, and
      has become known as the painter of the West Coast, not only because of his
      landscapes but even more so because of the atmosphere and special mood reflected
      in his paintings. Most of his paintings depict scenes from spring and summer
      nights in Jllster. From a medical point of view it is interesting to know that
      Astrup suffered from asthma all his life, and one wonders whether his motives
      appeared to him during long walks at night while plagued by severe attacks of
      asthma. One also wonders what sort of impact the disease had on the composition
      of his paintings. There is reason to believe that his asthma not only hampered
      his creative activity and brought his life to a premature end, but also
      influenced his visionary imagination and helped him to discover the motives for
      his pictures.

PMID- 2281457
TI  - [My life as a reader].

PMID- 2281458
TI  - [This was my life--a glimpse on physicians' autobiographies].

PMID- 2281459
TI  - [Readers' survey of the Tidsskrift in 1990].
AB  - A survey comprising 1,077 readers (response rate 70.2%) showed a high degree of
      satisfaction with the content and presentation in the Journal of the Norwegian
      Medical Association. The results correspond well with the results from a similar
      study conducted in 1986. An average reader spends 47 minutes on each issue of the
      journal, and 89% of the respondents had read more than half of all the latest
      issues. 92% agree (partly or completely) that the journal provides much valuable
      information, and 79% agree that the journal maintains a high professional
      standard. The Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association has gradually adjusted
      to the needs and wishes of its readers. The proportion of readers who agree that
      the journal is topical has increased from 77% in 1986 to 85% in 1990 (p less than
      0.001). The proportion of readers who agree that the journal is easily read has
      increased from 63 to 73% over the same period (p less than 0.001). On the other
      hand, the proportion of readers who think that the journal is uninteresting
      dropped from 40 to 23% (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2281460
TI  - [Analysis of diurnal rhythm variations in man].

PMID- 2281461
TI  - [The body as a stage for life--how do we say the unspeakable?].

PMID- 2281462
TI  - [Health educators--prophets of our time. Health education and religion].
AB  - Three forms of relationship are possible between health education and religion.
      First: If health is conceived as a kind of religion, than health education will
      be a kind of religious preaching. This is not advisable. Second: The health
      educator can try to take a neutral stand in the field of religions and
      ideologies. But because he cannot educate without ethical values rooted in a
      (religious) belief, such neutrality is in fact impossible. Third: The health
      educator can cooperate with religious-ethical preaching. This is the path to
      adopt. The preaching can promote ethical values and a healthy belief, both of
      which are important for health.

PMID- 2281463
TI  - [Ambitious students and children from better families? Medical students at the
      University of Bergen].
AB  - This article is based on three surveys among two student populations at the
      University of Bergen; freshmen in autumn 1986; sophomores in 1988, and
      postgraduates in spring 1987. The objective is to describe the general
      characteristics and life of medical students compared with other students. The
      article takes up crucial topics such as transition from upper secondary school to
      university, time spent on studying and on paid work, financial status, living
      standard, self-esteem, self-perception, grades, gender and social background.

PMID- 2281464
TI  - [Intraosseous infusion].

PMID- 2281465
TI  - [Risk of hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus infection among employees
      at Norwegian hospitals].

PMID- 2281466
TI  - [Acetazolamide].

PMID- 2281467
TI  - [Heredity and colorectal cancer].

PMID- 2281468
TI  - [Food preservatives and dental caries].

PMID- 2281469
TI  - [Farewell to Prof. Dr. P. Zwart].

PMID- 2281470
TI  - [A papovavirus-like infection in parakeets].
AB  - Several potential causes of disease were detected in young as well as in full
      fledged parakeets of several species in an outbreak of disease on a parakeet
      breeding farm. Both papovavirus and Absidia sp. were isolated; the drinking water
      contained a toxic level of nitrates. The pathological findings are presented and
      the possible role of the various findings in the pathogenesis of the disease
      complex is discussed.

PMID- 2281471
TI  - [Negative effects of anti-nutritional factors from soybeans in Salmonidae].
AB  - Soya bean products are used with increasing frequency in diets for salmonids.
      Soya beans however contain antinutritional factors (ANF), like protease
      inhibitors and lectins, which may decrease growth performance and even cause
      disease. The paper reviews the literature and adds some recent developments to
      the knowledge on the negative effects of ANF from soya beans in salmonids.

PMID- 2281472
TI  - [Tumor cells and extracellular matrix with special reference to mamma tumors in
      dogs and cats].
AB  - The essence of the cell-matrix interaction in tissues is that cells influence the
      composition of the extracellular matrix but that, on the other hand, components
      of the matrix are also involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation
      of the cells. Interaction is also found to occur in tumours though in a different
      way, so that infiltration and metastasis and the occurrence of scirrhous
      carcinomas are the result. Canine and feline mammary tumours are interesting
      objects for the study of this interaction since fibroadenomatous changes, in
      which connective tissue is the predominating tissue, is a common finding in cats
      only, whereas mixed and complex mammary tumours, producing matrix components of
      varying type, are common tumours in dogs.

PMID- 2281473
TI  - [Hereditary deficiency DUMPS in cattle (uridine monophosphate synthase
      deficiency)].

PMID- 2281474
TI  - [The Veterinary Service Board. Progress in veterinary legislation in the EEC].

PMID- 2281475
TI  - [In memoriam Prof. F. C. van der Kaay].

PMID- 2281476
TI  - [The porometric characteristics of evicrol under increased water saturation].
AB  - The authors analyze the relationships between the method of evikrol filling
      preparation and surface porosity. Specific pore surface and pore specific volume
      were found to surpass 8-10 times the same characteristics of enamel. The
      diameters of 90 percent of pores are under 200 nm after polarization in dry
      medium, in polymerization in saliva up to 38 percent of pores are 200 nm and more
      in diameter.

PMID- 2281477
TI  - [An electron probe x-ray microanalysis of dental alloys].
AB  - Electron probe x-ray microanalysis of 3 commercial cobalt-chromium-based alloys,
      CCA (USSR), Biosil and Vakukast (FRG), has revealed that CCA is initially
      heterogenic, this being explained, probably, by elevated chromium content. Biosil
      and Vakukast are similar in composition and represent a matrix with eutectic
      insertions of intermetallides and a small amount of oxides. Physical and
      mechanical characteristics of these alloys are described.

PMID- 2281478
TI  - [The effect of mechanical loads on the surface state of denture steel].
AB  - Studies of the mechanical properties and electron microscopic examination of
      12X18H9T steel surface in dentures have revealed their changes after mechanical
      load. Complex corrosive destruction of dentures in the oral cavity is regarded as
      stress corrosion.

PMID- 2281479
TI  - [The development of the human lingual tonsil in the prenatal period].
AB  - Morphofunctional regularities in the development of the lingual tonsil were
      examined in 120 human embryos and fetuses of gestation age of 5 weeks to 9 months
      with the use of a complex of histologic and injection methods and transmission
      electron microscopy. Lingual tonsil development was found to start at gestation
      age of 9 weeks. By the end of gestation period the lingual tonsil represents a
      complex of cryptolymphatic units, each of them consisting of cryptal epithelial
      wall, lymphoid parenchyma, and connective-tissue capsule. The role of
      postcapillary venules with parafollicular zone high endothelium of lingual tonsil
      follicles is discussed.

PMID- 2281480
TI  - [The electrometric diagnosis of lesions of the hard dental tissues].
AB  - Electrometric examinations of hard tissues of the teeth were carried out in 342
      subjects. These examinations have demonstrated the potentialities of the
      electrometric diagnosis of dental hard tissue injuries. This method developed by
      the authors may be used to detect different stages of caries, to assess the
      efficacy of conservative therapy of focal demineralization sites on dental
      surface and in fissures, to diagnose recurrent caries. An ELOZ-1 device for
      dental analgesia, commercially manufactured, may be used for the diagnosis of
      hard dental tissue injuries.

PMID- 2281481
TI  - [The use of an ortofen-containing paste in the combined treatment of periodontal
      diseases].
AB  - A periodontal dressing for the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis,
      characterized by antiinflammatory and antibacterial action, was developed and
      clinically tried. Application of this dressing cut down the periods of treatment
      of chronic gingivitis and periodontitis, shortens the period of preparation to
      surgery, and provides a smooth course of the postoperative period.

PMID- 2281482
TI  - [The UDK-87 device for the electrodiagnosis of caries].
AB  - A new scheme of an device for electrodiagnosis of caries is suggested, based on
      studies of dental hard tissue electric resistance. A highly sensitive M136 gage
      with 0.5 microA complete deviation current is employed in the scheme, this
      permitting measurements of high electric resistance of dental hard tissues within
      a range of 1-200 M omega, painless for patients. The device may be useful for the
      diagnosis of fluorosis, hypoplasia, incomplete enamel mineralization, enamel
      microfissures, abnormal wearing of dental hard tissue.

PMID- 2281484
TI  - [The immune system of the tooth-maxillodental segment region. 2. The
      physiological activity indices of the cells of the dentogingival sulcus in
      stomatological diseases].
AB  - Presents data on functioning of the oral cavity local immunity organ, gingival
      groove. Analyzes a relationship between the counts and functional activities of
      the cells from the gingival groove and oral cavity washing, specific features of
      these cells in various conditions of the maxillodental segment.

PMID- 2281483
TI  - [A comparative evaluation of the cleaning and anti-inflammatory actions of sample
      therapeutic-prophylactic toothpastes].
AB  - Therapeutic and preventive action of Lugela toothpaste was compared with similar
      salt-containing toothpastes manufactured in this country and abroad. Its anti
      inflammatory and cleansing effects were found superior to those of similar
      pastes.

PMID- 2281485
TI  - [The use of a fluctuating current in the combined therapy of periodontitis].
AB  - Multiple-modality treatment of 63 patients with periodontitis included removal of
      dental deposit, curettage, if indicated, followed by fluctuating current
      treatment. The control group was made up of 25 patients in whom dental deposit
      was removed and oral hygiene was followed up. The periodontal status was assessed
      by clinical, functional, and morphologic methods. Liquidation of gingival
      inflammation, resultant from multiple-modality treatment, was associated with
      normalization of the regional hemodynamics in periodontal tissues.

PMID- 2281487
TI  - [Electrothermometry in inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area and
      mandibular fractures].
AB  - Electrothermometry of the face skin was carried out in 63 patients with
      maxillofacial inflammatory diseases and mandibular fractures and in 20 normal
      subjects. A positive temperature gradient of 0.5 degrees C and higher evidenced
      an acute inflammation without suppuration. A negative temperature gradient of 0.5
      degrees C and more indicated an acute inflammatory disease with suppuration. A
      lowering of skin temperature above the central portion of the infiltrate by 0.5
      degrees C and more as against the peripheral portions of the infiltrate also
      pointed to suppuration at the center of the infiltrate. Electrothermometry
      results may be used to specify the indications for surgical treatment of
      developing suppuration foci.

PMID- 2281486
TI  - [The efficacy of using a helium-neon laser, ascorbic acid and methylene blue in
      the combined treatment of patients with maxillofacial phlegmons].
AB  - The efficacy of multiple-modality treatment including interstitial He-Ne laser
      exposure and agents normalizing redox processes due to their antioxidant effect,
      5 percent ascorbic acid and 1 percent methylene blue aqueous solution, was
      assessed in the treatment of 188 patients with maxillofacial phlegmons. The
      treatment accelerated injured tissue regeneration, this permitting early
      secondary suturing and shortening the invalidity periods.

PMID- 2281488
TI  - [Rare tumors and nontumorous lesions of the neck (angiographic and computed
      tomographic studies)].
AB  - The authors analyze the findings of carotid arteriography and X-ray computer
      aided tomography in rare tumorous and pseudotumorous involvement of the blood and
      lymph systems of the neck, namely, in hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, angiofollicular
      lymphomas, angioleiomyoma, carotid artery aneurysm. Specific features of
      roentgenosemeiotics and problems of a differential diagnosis are discussed.

PMID- 2281489
TI  - [Subtotal vital pulp extirpation using different medical preparations
      (experimental morphological research)].
AB  - Pulp stump and periapical tissue reaction to root canal filling with material
      containing calcium hydroxide and potassium nitrate after subtotal vital
      extirpation of the pulp was studied in 12 teeth of 6 green monkeys. Use of the
      material containing potassium nitrate was found to result on the 90th day of the
      experiment in the formation of a biologic barrier of secondary cement at the
      dental root apex. Such result was not achieved with calcium hydroxide-containing
      material. Other advantages of potassium nitrate-containing material were
      detected, consisting in a more rapid recovery of structural shifts in the pulp
      stump and periapical tissues.

PMID- 2281491
TI  - [Plastic restoration of the concha auriculae by using a temperoparietal fascial
      flap].
AB  - The authors describe the advantages of plastic restoration of concha auriculae
      with a temporoparietal vascularized fascial flap and an autocartilage carcass.
      They suggest a method for estimating the size of conchal skin surface and a
      coefficient that simplifies the clinical application of this method.

PMID- 2281492
TI  - [The x-ray cephalometric diagnosis of anomalies and deformities of the
      dentomaxillary system].
AB  - The authors describe in detail the technique of analyzing teleroentgenograms
      recorded in the lateral projection; this technique is intended for research and
      practical studies and is based on the use of the most informative x-ray
      encephalometric parameters singled out with the use of multidimensional
      statistical computer-aided analysis. It includes preliminary diagnosis and
      detailed analysis of the features of facial skeleton structures development.
      Examples of the clinical use of this method for the diagnosis of dentition
      relations abnormalities are cited.

PMID- 2281490
TI  - [The microsurgical transplantation of skin-fascia autografts in maxillofacial
      surgery].
AB  - The authors analyze the results of 6 transplantations of dermofascial rear flaps
      from the sole and of a radial transplant from the forearm, made to replace
      maxillofacial defects after tumor removal and injuries. Radial artery-based
      grafts were found preferable, the possibility of taking a skin-and-bone
      transplant being among the advantages of such transplantations. The authors
      recommend a wide use of radial grafts from the forearm for elimination of head
      and neck defects, oral cavity defects included.

PMID- 2281493
TI  - [The restoration of the anterior teeth with an eroded crown angle with combined
      inlays].
AB  - Restoration of a front tooth with destroyed crown corner by means of filling
      material is ineffective, particularly so if the tooth shape is abnormal and/or
      dental cavity large, this impeding fixation of parapulpar rods. The author
      describes a combined insert prosthesis, the technique consisting in preparation
      and fixation of a cast metal insert in a tooth and subsequent coating of its
      vestibular surface with composite material. Indications for the use of this
      prosthesis design are defined.

PMID- 2281494
TI  - [A new device for the orthodontic treatment of maxillary fractures].
AB  - A new device for the treatment of maxillary fractures is described. Indications
      for its application are discussed. Experience gained in the treatment of 6
      patients with fractures of the median segment of the face is presented.

PMID- 2281495
TI  - [The effect of the light from a helium-neon laser on normal dental enamel
      solubility and in caries].
AB  - Effects of He-Ne laser radiation at a wavelength 0.63 micron for 90 sec on dental
      enamel mineral metabolism were studied from Ca, P levels and Ca/P ratio in 67
      children aged 3 to 7. Ca and P solubility in surface enamel layers was found
      reduced after He-Ne laser irradiation in both healthy children and those with
      caries. Laser was found to normalize the oral fluid mineral composition.

PMID- 2281497
TI  - [The mathematical modelling of the displacement of the hard palate tissues in
      conservative uranoplasty].
AB  - Presents a mathematical model of sparing uranoplasty techniques developed by the
      authors; using this model, a physician may assess before surgery the volume of
      tissues needed to close the palatal defect. Experience gained with 72 surgeries
      carried out in children with unilateral cleft palate confirms the desirability of
      preliminary computations. Mathematical models for the most prevalent sparing
      uranoplasty methods are offered.

PMID- 2281496
TI  - [The treatment of tooth root fractures in children].
AB  - Twenty-four radix dentis fractures were managed using both standard and original
      techniques. Treatment variants are suggested able to produce optimal long-term
      results.

PMID- 2281498
TI  - [An orthodontic apparatus for treating distal occlusion of the dental arches].
AB  - To cut down the period of orthodontic treatment, achieve better effects, and
      normalize the function of the tongue, an orthodontic device is suggested, which
      consists of a plate for the maxilla with a palatine clasp and an active wire
      element of a symmetrical arch-shaped design, welded in the plate, which affects
      the lower dentition during dentition occlusion.

PMID- 2281499
TI  - [The age-related functional characteristics of the facial and soft palatal
      muscles in healthy children based on rheo- and electromyographic data].
AB  - Rheo- and electromyographies were used to examine facial and soft palate muscle
      functions in 120 children aged 4 to 12 years. The findings evidence that the
      blood flow intensity and velocity reduce with age, as does the response to the
      functional test; the vascular tone increases. The bioelectric activity of the
      above-mentioned muscles grows with age, this evidencing the development of a
      child's neuromuscular and vascular systems.

PMID- 2281500
TI  - [The preparatory measures for conducting mass caries prophylaxis in children in
      the Ukrainian SSR].

PMID- 2281501
TI  - [The organization of dental care for children being raised in a children's home].

PMID- 2281502
TI  - [The characteristics of the orthodontic care for patients with parafunctions of
      the masticatory muscles].

PMID- 2281503
TI  - [Ways to standardize panoramic radiography].

PMID- 2281504
TI  - [Experience in conducting student practical training in the prevention of
      stomatological diseases].

PMID- 2281505
TI  - [An evaluation of the practical training of the graduates of a dentistry
      department].

PMID- 2281506
TI  - [The orthodontic treatment of vertical bite anomalies in adults].

PMID- 2281507
TI  - [The anaphylactic autosensitization of patients with periodontitis].
AB  - Histamine release from basophilic leukocytes under the effect of autoantigens
      isolated from involved gingival tissue was examined in periodontitis patients and
      normal subjects. Anaphylactic autosensitivity was found to be increased in this
      condition. The results evidence the advisability of antianaphylactic agents
      administration to patients with periodontitis exacerbations.

PMID- 2281508
TI  - [Prof. A. I. Betel'man (on the centenary of his birth)].

PMID- 2281509
TI  - Stable isotope-labeled vitamin D, metabolites and chemical analogs: synthesis and
      use in mass spectrometric studies.
AB  - Methods for the measurement of vitamin D and its metabolites using stable isotope
      labeled internal standards and mass spectrometry are reviewed. The synthesis of
      both labeled and unlabeled standards is illustrated, and details of the synthesis
      of (26,26,27,27,27(-2)H5)-25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and (28,28,28(-2)H3)-24,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D2 are given. The use of in vitro biologic systems for the
      production of further metabolites of deuterated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is
      discussed. Use of deuterated 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol3 as a substrate in the
      isolated perfused rat kidney has provided valuable data for the assignment of
      structure to a number of metabolites of 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol3 formed in
      this system.

PMID- 2281510
TI  - Synthesis of 13C-labeled steroid hormones.
AB  - The synthesis of 13C-labeled steroid hormones is reviewed. Two general approaches
      are highlighted: partial synthesis in which part of the steroid nucleus is
      replaced with 13C-labeled synthons, and total synthesis. Examples from both
      approaches, leading to (3-(3)C)-, (4-(13)C)-, (3,4-(13)C2)-, and (1,2,3,4-(13)C4)
      labeled steroid hormones (e.g., testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and
      cortisol), are presented.

PMID- 2281511
TI  - Stable isotope studies on steroid metabolism and kinetics: sulfates of 3 alpha
      hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnane derivatives in human pregnancy.
AB  - The metabolism and production rates of 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one
      sulfate and the 3-sulfate and 3,20-disulfate of 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha
      diol in pregnant women were studied. The steroid sulfates were labeled with
      deuterium in the 3 beta,11,11- or 3 beta,11,11,20 beta-positions and were
      injected intravenously. The deuterium content of steroids in the monosulfate and
      disulfate fraction of plasma collected at different times after the injection was
      determined by capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The injected
      steroid sulfates underwent oxidoreduction at C-20 and 16 alpha-hydroxylation. In
      addition, the 3-sulfate of 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha-diol became
      hydroxylated at C-21. The pregnanediol and pregnanetriol monosulfates were also
      converted to disulfates. No evidence was obtained for a metabolic sequence
      involving hydrolysis, oxidoreduction, and resulfation at the C-3 position.
      Production rates and rates of metabolic transformations were determined using
      different one- and two-pool models. The production rate of the
      pregnanolone/pregnanediol monosulfate couple was 0.08 to 0.5 mmol/24 h, the
      variability probably depending both on individual factors and stage of pregnancy.
      The half-life time for oxidation and reduction at C-20 was 0.1 to 0.4 hours,
      reduction being the faster process. The half-life time for the turnover of the
      steroid skeleton was 1.3 to 3.3 hours. The injected steroid monosulfates were 16
      alpha-hydroxylated at a rate of 1 to 8 mumol/24 h. A significant fraction of
      these 16 alpha-hydroxylated steroid sulfates, 0.5 to 25 mumol/24 h, was formed
      from other, probably unconjugated, precursors. The 16 alpha-hydroxylated steroid
      monosulfates underwent rapid oxidoreduction at C-20. The 3-sulfate of 5 alpha
      pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha-diol was hydroxylated at C-21. The production rate of 5
      alpha-pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha,21-triol 3-sulfate was 8 to 36 mumol/24 h in four
      women and 180 mumol/24 h in one woman, and this steroid was not formed from other
      precursors to a significant extent. 5 alpha-Pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha-diol
      disulfate was a metabolic end product accounting for a major part of the
      elimination of the steroids injected. Its half-life time was 1.4 to 2.8 hours.
      The results show that the formation of sulfated steroids with a 3 alpha-hydroxy-5
      alpha configuration may account for 50% of the metabolism of progesterone in late
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2281513
TI  - Inhibition of hamster adrenal 11 beta/19-hydroxylase activity.
AB  - Increased mineralocorticoid activity has been associated with elevated urinary
      levels of 19-nordeoxycorticosterone in several forms of experimental and human
      hypertension. Biosynthesis of 19-norsteroids involves hydroxylation of the C-19
      methyl group. We synthesized the 4-hydroxy analogs of deoxycorticosterone,
      deoxycorticosterone acetate, progesterone, and androstenedione and evaluated them
      as inhibitors of deoxycorticosterone 11 beta/19-hydroxylase using hamster adrenal
      mitochondrial preparations. These 4-hydroxy analogs were inhibitors of this P 450
      hydroxylase, with approximately 10 times weaker affinity than their respective
      natural substrates. 4-Hydroxydeoxycorticosterone was the most potent inhibitor
      evaluated in this study. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of
      deoxycorticosterone hydroxylation was 5 microM, 15 microM, more than 50 microM,
      and 14 microM, respectively, for the above compounds.

PMID- 2281512
TI  - Synthetic procedures for the preparation of deuterium-labeled analogs of
      naturally occurring steroids.
AB  - The object of this article is to review the procedures that have been published
      concerning the preparation of deuterium-labeled analogs of naturally occurring
      steroid hormones. In combination with mass spectrometric methods, these stable
      isotope-labeled compounds should be applicable for human metabolism studies or as
      internal standards. Deuteration techniques for the elucidation of stereochemical
      problems, procedures for the preparation of monodeuterated steroids, and
      synthesis of deuterated analogs of nonbiologic steroids have therefore not been
      included in this review.

PMID- 2281515
TI  - Microbiologic oxidation of estratrienes and estratetraenes by Streptomyces
      roseochromogenes ATCC 13400.
AB  - Incubation of estrone (1a) with Streptomyces roseochromogenes ATCC 13400 yielded
      a mixture of 3,16 alpha-dihydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one (3a) and 3,17 beta
      dihydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-16-one (4a). Transformation of 3-methoxyestra
      1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one (1b), 3-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),9(11)-tetraen-17-one (2a),
      and 3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10),9(11)-tetraen-17-one (2b) with the same
      microorganism gave the corresponding mixtures of 16 alpha-hydroxy-17-ketones and
      17 beta-hydroxy-16-ketones (3b and 4b, 6a and 7a, 6b and 7b, respectively). In
      addition, in these three last experiments, the 16 beta-17 beta-dihydroxy
      derivatives 5b, 8a, and 8b, respectively, were also isolated. The complete
      assignments of the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of these compounds are
      given.

PMID- 2281514
TI  - Synthesis of 3 beta,16 beta,19-trihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one and 16 beta,19
      dihydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione and their 19-oxo derivatives.
AB  - 3 beta,16 beta,19-Trihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (12) was synthesized from 5 alpha
      bromo-3 beta-acetoxy-6 beta,19-epoxyandrostan-17-one (2) through acetoxylation at
      C-16 beta of the enol acetate 4 with lead tetraacetate and reductive cleavage of
      the epoxide ring with zinc dust yielding the 3 beta,16 beta-diacetoxy-19-hydroxy
      steroid 11, followed by hydrolysis of the acetoxy groups with sulfuric acid.
      Jones oxidation of compound 11 followed by the acid hydrolysis gave the 19-oxo
      steroid 15. 5 alpha-Bromo-3 beta-hydroxy-16 beta-acetoxy-6 beta,19-epoxyandrostan
      17-one (8), obtained by selective hydrolysis of the 3-formate 5 with ammonium
      hydroxide, was oxidized with Jones reagent to afford the 3-oxo steroid 16, which
      was converted into the 19-hydroxy derivative 17 by treatment with zinc dust. 16
      beta,19-Dihydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (18) and its 19-oxo derivative 21 were
      obtained from compound 17 through a similar reaction sequence.

PMID- 2281517
TI  - Peptidyl aminosteroids as potential new antiarrhythmic agents.
AB  - The synthesis of peptidyl derivatives of the aminosteroid, amafalone (Am), is
      described. Six analogs were synthesized: the hydrochloride salts of Gly-Am (2)
      Ala-Gly-Am (3), D-Ala-Gly-Am (4), Pro-Am (6), Pro-Pro-Am (7), and D-Ala-Pro-Am
      (8). The peptide bonds were formed by the polymeric reagent method using
      polymeric hydroxybenzotriazole as the activating polymer. Peptidyl aminosteroids
      2, 6, 7, and 8, when administered to rats intravenously, had protective
      antiarrhythmic effects similar to those of amafalone. By the oral route, less
      marked protection, in comparison to amafalone, was observed with 6, while 7 and 8
      were disappointingly inactive.

PMID- 2281516
TI  - Induction of 25-OH-vitamin D3 24- and 23-hydroxylase activities in partially
      purified renal extracts from pigs given exogenous 1,25-(OH)2D3.
AB  - A renal mitochondrial cytochrome P 450 preparation from pigs treated with
      exogenous 1,25-(OH)2D3 was reconstituted with an NADPH-generating system,
      adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase. The reconstituted system catalyzed the
      conversion of the substrate, 25-OH-D3, to metabolites comigrating with authentic
      23,25-(OH)2D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3 in both straight- and reverse-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography systems, which achieve separation of these
      metabolites from each other as well as from other vitamin D metabolites. The
      putative 23,25-(OH)2D3 product was resistant to periodate treatment, while the
      24,25-(OH)2D3 product was sensitive, providing additional evidence for the
      identity of the products. Although induction of 24-hydroxylase activity has been
      studied using renal homogenates from several species, only recently have
      techniques become available to study the activity of the enzyme in a solubilized
      and reconstituted form. Using these techniques, the present study shows that
      production of 24,25-(OH)2D3 was increased more than 80-fold with 1,25-(OH)2D3
      treatment compared with untreated controls, an effect much greater than that
      previously observed with homogenates. In addition, production of both 23,25
      (OH)2D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3 varied with substrate concentration and was consistent
      with a monooxygenase-linked enzyme reaction.

PMID- 2281518
TI  - Interaction of bovine estrogen receptor with immobilized zinc.
AB  - The metal-binding properties of partially purified untransformed or salt
      dissociated bovine estrogen receptors were studied using zinc-chelated
      iminodiacetic acid gels. Only the salt-dissociated 5S receptor is retained by the
      metal-chelated resin, and this interaction is dependent on the presence of
      dithiothreitol. The untransformed 9S receptor is not retained, indicating that
      the zinc-interacting amino acid residues may be masked by receptor-associated
      proteins such as 90K heat-shock protein or because of an unfavorable receptor
      conformation.

PMID- 2281519
TI  - Androgen binding to ammonium sulfate precipitates of human adipose tissue
      cytosols.
AB  - Although androgens are believed to influence the distribution of human adipose
      tissue and have been detected in human fat, receptors for these sex hormones have
      yet to be identified. These studies demonstrate that a high-affinity, limited
      capacity binding component for the synthetic androgen methyltrienolone (R1881)
      exists in ammonium sulfate precipitates of human adipose tissue cytosols. The
      equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd = 0.1 to 0.4 nmol/L, n = 6) and the number
      of binding sites (2 to 26 fmol/mg protein, n = 22) are consistent with those
      reported for androgen receptors in rat prostate, human prostatic carcinoma, MCF-7
      cells, and baboon myocardium. The relative steroid-binding specificities of the
      human adipose tissue androphile (R1881 approximately 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone
      greater than testosterone greater than estradiol approximately progesterone much
      greater than dexamethasone) are similar, but not identical, to those reported for
      androgen receptors in rat prostate (R1881 greater than 5 alpha
      dihydrotestosterone approximately testosterone greater than estradiol greater
      than progesterone much greater than cortisol) and baboon myocardium (R1881
      greater than 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone greater than testosterone greater than
      progesterone greater than estradiol much greater than cortisol). The function of
      the androgen-binding component in human adipose tissue is not known.

PMID- 2281521
TI  - The physician in political caricature.

PMID- 2281520
TI  - The letters of William Osler to Marjorie Howard: shared courtship, family, and
      bereavement.

PMID- 2281522
TI  - Oral history of Francis C. Wood. Interview by Elizabeth Moyer.

PMID- 2281523
TI  - Recollections of Charles H. Frazier.

PMID- 2281525
TI  - Memoir of Albert F. Cleveland, 1907-1989.

PMID- 2281524
TI  - Memoir of Louis Tuft, 1898-1989.

PMID- 2281526
TI  - Cytokinesis genetics takes wing.

PMID- 2281527
TI  - Genetic exchange in African trypanosomes.
AB  - African trypanosomes are important pathogens of humans and domestic animals, but
      little was known, until recently, of the genetic system of these parasites.
      Recent results demonstrate the existence of nonobligatory genetic exchange
      between different stocks of T. brucei. A number of models have been put forward
      for the mechanism of genetic exchange, including a fusion model with subsequent
      random loss of chromosomes and a more conventional mendelian system.

PMID- 2281528
TI  - The genetics of protein secretion in E. coli.
AB  - Genetic studies have identified six genes whose products comprise the general
      protein secretion machinery of Escherichia coli. Insights from mutant analysis
      and the biochemical properties of the purified components allows the secretion
      pathway to be described in some detail. The picture emerging provides a useful
      paradigm for similar pathways in other organisms.

PMID- 2281529
TI  - Molecular detection and correction of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
AB  - The application of new diagnostic techniques has led to improvement in carrier
      detection and prenatal diagnosis in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
      Progress has also been made towards somatic gene therapy.

PMID- 2281530
TI  - [The effect of ceruloplasmin on hepatocyte proliferation in the regenerating rat
      liver].
AB  - The influence of ceruloplasmin on cell proliferation in regeneration liver of the
      rat has been studied. Ceruloplasmin stimulates cell proliferation in regeneration
      liver increasing functional activity of the mononuclear phagocytes.

PMID- 2281532
TI  - [The characteristics of the genetic relations between different breeds and
      crossbreeds of sheep].
AB  - Frequency of occurrence of antigens belonging to 7 systems of blood groups in
      four breeds of sheep as well as two crosses of the first generation Tsigai X
      Ostfrisian; Ostfrisian X Tsigai) has been studied. A phylogenetic affinity
      between them is presented. Indices of genetic distances between breeds and
      crosses are calculated. The dendrogram demonstrates the existence of two
      clusters: the first has been formed with the Caucasian, Ostfrisian, Tsigai breeds
      and both crosses of the first generation: the second--with Astrakhan breed. The
      analysis of the results obtained shows that dendrogram constructed with regard
      for the frequency of blood antigens reflects real relations of the investigated
      sheep breeds according to the adopted systems.

PMID- 2281531
TI  - [A cytological study of plants growing under exposure to different radiation
      levels].
AB  - Genetically significant consequences of emergency at the Chernobyl Atomic Power
      Plant have been studied on wheat and rye plants. Plants grown in the 30-km zone
      of the plant after its emergency are determined to have high frequency of
      chromosome aberrations reaching 2.666% in rye and 1.075-2.572% in wheat and 2.235
      3.187% as dependent on the variety, biotype (awnless, semi-awned and awned) and
      places of occurrence. These levels of aberrations are 5.34, 2.42-5.78 and 4.07
      6.71 times higher than their frequency in control plants (0.499, 0.444 and
      0.475%, respectively).

PMID- 2281533
TI  - [Proteinuria: main clinical forms].

PMID- 2281534
TI  - [Lithiasis of the pelvic ureter: therapeutic strategy and results. Report of 100
      cases].

PMID- 2281536
TI  - [Predictive value of the exercise test after uncomplicated myocardial
      infarction].

PMID- 2281535
TI  - [Results of conservative surgery in cancer of the rectum].

PMID- 2281537
TI  - [Celiac disease profile at a general pediatric service. Report of 26 cases].

PMID- 2281539
TI  - [Soluble interleukin-2 receptor in the serum and the pleural fluid in patients
      with tuberculous pleurisy].

PMID- 2281538
TI  - [The first B.C.G. vaccination in a government district: vaccine and immune
      coverage].

PMID- 2281541
TI  - [Multiple infections in an apparently immunocompetent host].

PMID- 2281540
TI  - [Purulent retention in the upper excretory tract and pregnancy. Report of 3
      cases].

PMID- 2281543
TI  - [Diaphragmatic tumors. A case report].

PMID- 2281542
TI  - [Hydatid heart cyst rupture into the aorta and hydatid pulmonary embolism].

PMID- 2281544
TI  - [Various aspects of primary duodenal adenocarcinoma. A case report].

PMID- 2281545
TI  - [Definitive cardiac stimulation by the endocardial route --(114 first
      implantations)].

PMID- 2281546
TI  - Sex-linked ultrastructural dichotomy of gonadotroph adenomas of the human
      pituitary: an electron microscopic analysis of 145 tumors.
AB  - The ultrastructure of 145 pituitary gonadotroph adenomas was investigated with
      special regard to the fine structural appearance of the Golgi apparatus. Eight
      five of the tumors were removed from men, 60 from women. Except for a few males,
      gonadotropin oversecretion was not established clinically and the diagnosis had
      been made solely on morphologic grounds. Owing to sex-related dimorphism, the
      diagnostic criteria were different for tumors of men and women. In men,
      approximately 50% of adenomas were structurally well-differentiated, whereas the
      rest of the tumors consisted of areas showing varying degrees of differentiation.
      The Golgi complex exhibited no signs of vacuolar transformation in any of the
      tumors in men. In women, more than 70% of tumors were uniformly well
      differentiated, displaying vesicular transformation of Golgi complex (honeycomb
      Golgi complex), a characteristic diagnostic marker. In two adenomas, instead of
      the honeycomb Golgi complex, another unique alteration of the Golgi apparatus was
      encountered, comprising transformation of Golgi complex into a tripartite
      cloverleaflike structure with a pair of centrioles at its base. As suggested by
      formation of vacuoles in the center of the loops, this unusual change may be the
      fore-runner of honeycomb Golgi complex. Differences of the Golgi complex are
      viewed as morphologic expression of the fact that gonadotroph regulation and
      function in the two sexes are not the same.

PMID- 2281547
TI  - Pineal germinomas and testicular seminoma: a comparative ultrastructural study
      with special references to early carcinomatous transformation.
AB  - We have investigated the ultrastructural characteristics of 16 cases of pineal
      germinomas and compared them with those of 18 cases of testicular seminomas.
      Glandular differentiation of tumor cells was found in both though it was more
      consistently noted in pineal germinomas than in testicular seminomas. This
      feature was interpreted to represent early carcinomatous transformation of
      germinoma cells. It not only explains the difficulties occasionally encountered
      in distinguishing germinoma and its anaplastic variant from embryonal carcinoma,
      but also has implications for our understanding of germ cell neoplasia,
      particularly the place of germinoma/seminoma in the nosology of such tumors.

PMID- 2281548
TI  - A light microscopical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural comparison of
      hemangiomata and lymphangiomata.
AB  - In this study we have compared the light microscopical, immunohistochemical, and
      ultrastructural features of five hemangiomata of the dermis with five
      lymphangiomata of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. We have attempted to define
      differentiating features with regard to the ultrastructural appearances and the
      immunohistochemical staining for the endothelial markers factor VIII-related
      antigen (FVIII:RAg) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I). In addition,
      immunolocalization of FVIII:RAg at the ultrastructural level was performed to
      compare its distribution within endothelial cells of neoplastic blood vessels and
      lymphatic vessels. The results show that immunohistochemical staining for
      FVIII:RAg and UEA-I does not differentiate between blood and lymphatic vessels.
      However, the presence of a fragmented basal lamina and anchoring filaments does
      distinguish lymphatic vessels from blood vessels ultrastructurally.

PMID- 2281550
TI  - Unusual pigmented vesical lesion in a middle-aged woman.
AB  - Excess lipofuscin deposition in tissues is a phenomenon observed in normal aging.
      The amount of lipofuscin in myocardium, liver, skeletal muscle, and adnexal skin
      structures varies considerably with age and increases in older individuals. In
      addition, lipofuscin deposition occurs in association with specific, non-age
      related processes; these include melanosis coli, the so-called brown bowel
      syndrome, and the black thyroid. Localized lipofuscinosis has also been described
      in the gallbladder, esophagus, and fallopian tubes. The present article adds
      lipofuscinosis vesicalis to the list of entities characterized by focal
      lipofuscin deposition. All cases have a characteristic gross appearance that is
      somewhat variable from entity to entity and in some cases may suggest clinically
      an ominous pathologic process.

PMID- 2281549
TI  - Ultrastructure of brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - The ultrastructure of two cases of brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism is
      described. The most frequent cells found are multinucleated giant cells and
      fibroblasts. The giant cells have ultrastructural features similar to osteoclasts
      such as numerous mitochondria, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, and short
      filopodia. However, the ruffled borders typical of osteoclasts are not seen. In
      this manner, the giant cells of brown tumor are inactive osteoclasts. The
      fibroblasts show myofibroblastic differentiation. We think that brown tumor
      represents a reparative cellular process similar to giant cell reparative
      granuloma of bone.

PMID- 2281552
TI  - Cell junctions in lymphomas: study of a primary ovarian T-cell lymphoma and
      review of fifty-six other cases of lymphoma (UP 14:247-252, 1990)

PMID- 2281551
TI  - Mammary carcinosarcoma presenting as rhabdomyosarcoma: an ultrastructural and
      immunocytochemical study.
AB  - A mass in the left breast of a 32-year-old woman was first diagnosed as sarcoma
      with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. Subsequent studies demonstrated a
      malignant epithelial component to be present, changing the diagnosis to
      carcinosarcoma. This course of events supports the concept that many, if not all,
      sarcomas of the breast would be mixed tumors with a malignant epithelial
      component, if search for the epithelial component was extensive. Carcinosarcomas
      with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation in the breast are rare, but like
      sarcomas elsewhere, they do not metastasize to regional lymph nodes, but
      disseminate hematogenously, primarily to the lungs.

PMID- 2281553
TI  - Automatic vessel tracking and measurement for Doppler studies.
AB  - In this initial report, an imaging technique is described for automatically
      recognising the walls of a blood vessel during Doppler measurements, and hence
      automatically adjusting the position of the sample volume. The method reduces the
      inherently two-dimensional edge detection problem to a one-dimensional one, and
      iterates over several imaging frames to optimise the information. The orientation
      and diameter of the vessel are also measured. The technique has been clinically
      tested off-line and is particularly applicable to Doppler volumetric flow
      studies.

PMID- 2281554
TI  - Inter- and intra-observer variability of Doppler peak velocity measurements: an
      in-vitro study.
AB  - To determine the variability of pulsed Doppler peak velocity measurements, four
      radiologists with differing experience were tested using a calibrated flow
      phantom. Two ultrasound units, three probes and eight velocity rates varying
      between 40.5 and 78 cm/sec were studied, with a total of 303 measurements. The
      results were normalized against a set of 106 separate measurements made under
      highly-controlled conditions. The residual error standard deviation (not
      attributable to any systematically varied factor, including the velocity rate)
      was 6.8 cm/sec, with most of the remaining variation due to changing transducer
      or machine. Observer/equipment interactions accounted for 15.8% of the observed
      variability. The duration of the radiologist's Doppler experience had no
      significant effect.

PMID- 2281556
TI  - Lung damage from exposure to the fields of an electrohydraulic lithotripter.
AB  - Threshold pressures for hemorrhage in mouse lung exposed to the fields of an
      electrohydraulic lithotripter appear to be less than 2 MPa with as few as 10
      pulses and with severe damage occurring at levels between 5 and 6 MPa. This is
      very much smaller than the fields required to fragment kidney and gallstones and
      smaller than the thresholds for damage to kidney tissues. Fetal lung, in
      contrast, did not show signs of damage at 20 MPa. The lower sensitivity of fetal
      lung is consistent with a cavitation-related mechanism for lung damage by shock
      waves. Since the pressures in these exposures are almost entirely positive, it
      suggests that the value of negative pressures as predictors of the behavior of
      gas bodies in tissues should be reconsidered.

PMID- 2281555
TI  - Estimation of aortic and pulmonary blood flow in a paediatric population using
      Doppler ultrasound: an in-vitro study.
AB  - The noninvasive measurement of blood flow using ultrasound has been attempted by
      numerous workers. In order to evaluate the technique of duplex scanning applied
      to the problem of noninvasive assessment of aortic and pulmonary blood flow in a
      paediatric population with ventricular septal defect, we attempted an in-vitro
      simulation of these flow conditions. The factors which have been considered in
      the design of the apparatus include the availability of a range of tube
      diameters, an aortic-"like" waveform, laminar flow, variable downstream
      peripheral resistance, a compliance factor and viscosity of the flow medium. The
      ultrasound probe beam characteristics, sample volume size and shape were also
      determined. From the results of the beam plots it was apparent that the region of
      sensitivity of the CW Doppler probes were inappropriate for the measurement of
      blood flow in neonates. In order to simulate physiological parameters in a
      paediatric population as closely as possible, five tubes of diameters ranging
      from 9-18 mm were used, in each tube a range of flow values from 0.8 L min-1 to 5
      L min-1 were measured. The flow values were measured by both "bucket and
      stopwatch" and duplex scanner for both steady and pulsatile flow conditions. The
      results are presented as correlations between the direct and noninvasive pulsed
      Doppler assessment of flow measurement and are in the range 0.92-0.99 significant
      at p less than .001. A discussion of the reliability of flow measurements made
      using a conventional duplex scanner is given.

PMID- 2281557
TI  - Test for kidney hemorrhage following exposure to intense, pulsed ultrasound.
AB  - A recent study has found that the threshold for extravasation in mouse kidney
      tissues by exposure to a spark-generated shock wave is of the order of 3-5 MPa
      (peak positive pressure). Since the mode pressure used by commercial pulsed
      Doppler ultrasound units is approximately 5 MPa, it is essential to determine
      whether these observations are relevant to diagnostic ultrasound. Hence, a
      comparable study has been completed using the same pathological endpoints but
      with exposure to pulsed ultrasound (10 microseconds pulse length) at 1.2 MHz and
      3.8 MHz in which peak positive pressures exceeded 10 MPa. At these levels the
      focal waves are in shock because of the nonlinear properties of the propagating
      medium. The results of the pulsed ultrasound study were negative. Although this
      finding is encouraging for the use of diagnostic ultrasound, the two studies
      eventually must be integrated into a single mechanistic picture before the limits
      of safety will be known.

PMID- 2281558
TI  - Confirmation of an ultrasound-induced mutation in two in-vitro mammalian cell
      lines.
AB  - In-vitro V79 and L5178Y cells were exposed in a rotating test tube to continuous
      wave (CW) 1 MHz 35 W/cm2 ultrasound (0-4 or 0-3 min, respectively) and
      subsequently assayed for mutation as evidenced by resistance to 6-thioguanine (6
      TG). There was a modest but statistically significant increase in mutation
      frequency in both cell types with increase in ultrasound exposure duration. X-ray
      exposures (3-9 Gy, a "positive control") yielded a large increase in 6-TG
      resistance. The data support an earlier report by Kaufman (1985) of an ultrasound
      induced increase in mutation to 6-TG resistance in in-vitro mammalian cells.

PMID- 2281559
TI  - Diffraction correction methods for pulse-echo acoustic attenuation estimation.
AB  - We describe computer simulations and water tank experiments for the estimation of
      the attenuation coefficient in scattering media. The efficacies of the Axial Beam
      Translation (ABT) and Inverse Diffraction Filtering (IDF) methods in reducing
      diffraction errors in such estimates are compared throughout the radiation field
      of a plane transducer. The effect of phase aberration due to the body wall and
      the effect of the scattering properties of the media are considered. Consistent
      improvement in the estimation due to ABT is demonstrated as well as unreliable
      improvement due to IDF which is sensitive to the presence of phase aberration and
      to changes in scattering.

PMID- 2281560
TI  - Protein synthesis stimulated in sonicated sugar beet cells and protoplasts.
AB  - Sugar beet suspension cells and protoplasts were exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound and
      the amount of 35S-methionine incorporated into cellular protein was determined
      after 2 days of culture. The incorporation of 35S-methionine in cells was
      enhanced up to 90% after sonication for 220-770 ms at 1.2-3.5 W/cm2 which reduced
      viability 5-11% and decreased the average size of cell aggregates. In
      protoplasts, the 35S-methionine incorporation was increased up to 31% after
      sonication for 220-550 ms at 0.3-1.0 W/cm2 with a concomitant reduction in
      viability of 10-16%. At higher ultrasonic energies, 35S-methionine incorporation
      declined proportionally to the reduction in protoplast viability. At
      concentrations up to 30 mM, cystamine and cysteamine did not affect 35S
      methionine incorporation or viability of the sonicated protoplasts. These results
      show that mild ultrasonic irradiation can stimulate protein synthesis in plant
      cells and protoplasts significantly.

PMID- 2281561
TI  - Unusual manifestations of biliary tract ascariasis.

PMID- 2281562
TI  - Asynchronous appearance of embryonic cardiac activity in multiple pregnancies
      following in-vitro fertilization.

PMID- 2281564
TI  - [Hanggliding--the Icarus syndrome].
AB  - Parasailing is a new sport resulting in an increasing number of severe injuries.
      The analysis of 152 accidents reveals typical trauma mechanisms for the different
      flight positions. 87 patients (57%) had their crash during the landing approach.
      68 pilots (45%) were affected during their primary training course. Spine lesions
      were found in 30 patients. Lower limb injuries occurred in 44 cases. Detailed
      trauma evaluation can give a clue for systematic prophylaxis.

PMID- 2281563
TI  - [Tension band wiring osteosynthesis--studies on tension and fixation of the
      osteosynthesis wire].
AB  - In tension band wiring different tensioners and wire-connections are in use. Both
      of these were examined on tensile force during and after connection with help of
      a material-testing machine. Additionally the different connections were examined
      under traction-load. The results show that none of the tensioners for
      monofilament wire are capable of establishing a permanent tension at the end of
      the fixation-procedure. Consequently we must ask if the theoretical principle of
      B. G. Weber concerning tension band wiring is efficient in practice. Only the use
      of twisted wires in combination with fixation clamps could produce a permanent
      tension. The limit of elasticity is 2 to 3% for monofilament wires as well as for
      twisted wires. Further stretching causes plastic, i.e. irreversible deformation
      in monofilament wire and its connections. In twisted wires further tension stress
      causes ruptures especially at the border of the fixation clamp. In conclusion
      extreme active exercise of fractures treated with tension band wiring should not
      be emphasized.

PMID- 2281565
TI  - [Hip tumor prosthesis--indication in a trauma center and results].
AB  - This is a report about six cases of replacement of the proximal femur by a
      cementless special prosthesis in modular system done in the Unfallkrankenhaus
      Wien-Meidling. One of the patients suffered by a lymphoma, three others had
      fractures caused by bone metastasis. One was a pertrochanteric fracture
      complicated by osteoporosis, and finally one fracture of the femur preceded by an
      insufficient implantation of a semitotal hip replacement. The hipsocket was
      supplied four times by a cementfree Polyathylensocket, in one case a CLW-ring was
      implanted. Investigation showed that after a little more than two months the
      stump of femur became porous and by an average of eleven months the prosthesis
      was covered by bone. The complications were in one case an incomplete fracture of
      the diaphysis and in another case a luxation for three times. There are several
      indications for a tumor prosthesis: 1. Primary and secondary malignant tumors. 2.
      Bone metastasis with or without fractures. 3. Comminuted fractures complicated by
      various factors, e.g. osteoporosis. 4. Loosening of prosthesis with poor bone
      conditions or failed implantation of a standard prosthesis. Although the
      successes seem to be quite promisingly, this method should be applied in a quite
      differentiated way, as any retreat is nearly impossible, once started.

PMID- 2281566
TI  - [Knee puncture via a closed system].
AB  - Punctures of the joints, particularly the knee joint are performed quite often in
      every day practice. There are relatively simple procedures and carry a very low
      rate of infection. Infections of the joint space secondary to joint punctures are
      rare but catastrophic when they do occur. This new method of joint puncture
      operates in a closed system and provides the possibility of intraarticular
      administration of drugs, an act which will help to reduce the chances of
      infection after joint punctures or operations.

PMID- 2281567
TI  - [Successful replantation of the lower leg in a child].
AB  - Replantation of the lower extremity is rare compared to replantation of the upper
      extremity. We report about a successful replantation of a lower limb in a five
      year old child.

PMID- 2281568
TI  - [Modified dorsal approach to supracondylar humerus fractures].
AB  - The fracture line in children's supracondylar fractures of the humerus always
      runs through the olecranon fossa and the radial and ulnar metaphyseal columns. As
      the articular capsule covers the fossa, all these fractures are intracapsular
      fractures with haemarthrosis. They require an anatomical reduction and a safe
      stabilisation in order to avoid a varus deformity. The results after conservative
      or operative treatment of extension type fractures are only fair, and Magerl
      found, that 47% of the operated cases suffered a varus deformity. We modified a
      dorsal approach to the elbow joint, which allows us to overlook the whole joint
      and the fracture site. Then anatomical reduction is easy. For stabilisation we
      use two K-wires for the radial and another two for the ulnar column. It is no
      problem to use twice the number of wires compared with other operative
      procedures, because the whole fracture region is exposed. Thus we get better
      stability and avoid secondary dislocation. We used the modified dorsal approach
      in 13 cases during the last two years. We have obtained excellent results, but a
      follow-up will be necessary in three to five years.

PMID- 2281569
TI  - [Rupture of the amphiarthrosis of the pelvic girdle].
AB  - So-called over-bridging tension band fixations are presented with special respect
      to their surgical procedures, development to technique, operative approaches,
      experimental findings gathered from 83 human pelves explanted post-mortally and
      clinical results. PDS band fixation has shown to guarantee approximately the same
      stability as comparable procedures offering in any case an immediate ease of
      bedside care and the possibility of physical exercise in bed. A slight
      postoperative elongation of the PDS band is sometimes seen on the X-ray as a
      small step in the outlines of the symphysis, but so far has been of no importance
      in our cases of treatment.

PMID- 2281570
TI  - [Categorization of clinical findings; reduction of data without loss of
      information].
AB  - Depending on the individual skill of doctors the results of clinical
      investigations and laboratory findings are weighted differently according to
      their reliability today. Dealing with medical data the statistical way they have
      to be handled differently as well depending on the degree of reproducability and
      thus reliability. The problem of safety and quality of data in medicine is known
      to every experienced doctor as long as he himself "processes" them, nevertheless
      data tend to be treated uncritically when "automatically" processed by a
      computer. A way out of this pitfall is given by standardization of data using
      check-lists without transfer to any kind of coding-system or thesauri because
      none of those systems exists today that is capable of regaining the input
      informations as they were from the codes.

PMID- 2281572
TI  - [Septic OR? Comments on Professor Daschner's statements].

PMID- 2281573
TI  - Percutaneous biopsy of the kidney and adrenal glands.
AB  - Percutaneous biopsy techniques play an important role in the diagnosis and
      management of patients with known or suspected malignancies. With refinements in
      biopsy techniques and the use of sophisticated guiding modalities, tissue can be
      reliably obtained for either cytologic or histologic evaluation. These procedures
      are safer and more cost effective than the surgical option of open biopsy.

PMID- 2281571
TI  - [Causes of and circumstances in death due to subdural hematoma].
AB  - This study concerns lethal subdural hematomas in the autopsy material at the
      Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Hamburg (n = 102; 0.9% of
      11,462 autopsies 1980 to 1988). 63 fatalities were male (mean age 46 years) and
      39 were female (mean age 53 years). Subdural hematomas were predominantly located
      parietotemporal (64%) and had an average volume of 125 ml. Rupture of the
      bridging veins and contusions of the cerebral cortex were frequent sources of
      bleeding. In one third of cases the exact topographical site of bleeding was not
      determined. 90% of the subdural hematomas were of traumatic origin, two thirds
      had an acute clinical course of less than twelve hours; 23 times neurosurgical
      intervention took place. With respect to the criminal and civil law it is of
      decisive significance to explain the causal relationship between subdural
      hematomas and preceding trauma. Recently there is an increase in blame against
      physicians in cases where the subdural hematoma (e. g. of inebriated persons) was
      not diagnosed and treated immediately.

PMID- 2281574
TI  - The imaging diagnosis of renovascular hypertension.
AB  - Hypertension is among the most ubiquitous diseases in the world. In the U.S., up
      to sixty million individuals may be affected by hypertension and be prone to
      associated renal, cardiac, and CNS damage. This morbidity is mediated by changes
      in the microcirculation of these organs, resultant of blood pressure elevation.

PMID- 2281575
TI  - Retroperitoneal tumors and lymphadenopathy.
AB  - The retroperitoneum is the space between the parietal peritoneum anteriorly and
      the transversalis fascia posteriorly. Most retroperitoneal tumors arise from
      mesenchyme, neurogenic tissue, or embryonic rests. By this definition and by
      including lymph nodes as a retroperitoneal organ, lymphoma is not considered a
      primary retroperitoneal tumor.

PMID- 2281576
TI  - Retroperitoneal fibrosis.
AB  - Retroperitoneal fibrosis is the formation of a fibrotic plaque in the prelumbar
      or presacral area which becomes clinically significant when it produces ureteral
      obstruction. It can occur as a result of taking certain drugs, retroperitoneal
      fluid collections, inflammatory disease of various intraabdominal organs,
      previous surgery or radiation therapy, and various metastatic neoplasms. The
      majority of the causes of retroperitoneal fibrosis are considered idiopathic.

PMID- 2281577
TI  - Angiomyolipoma: postembolization liquefaction and percutaneous drainage.
AB  - A case of renal angiomyolipoma is reported, in which embolotherapy was followed
      by liquefaction of virtually the entire tumor. The liquified lesion was drained
      percutaneously.

PMID- 2281578
TI  - Decompression of acute urinary tract obstruction by extravasation into a large
      simple renal cyst.
AB  - We report a case of pelvocaliceal decompression by extravasation into a
      preexisting simple renal cyst. This is a rare complication of acute urinary
      obstruction. The findings and the prognostic implications are discussed.

PMID- 2281579
TI  - Bilateral ureteral inverted papillomas in association with bladder carcinoma: a
      case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of multiple inverted papillomas of both ureters, in association with a
      bladder carcinoma, is presented. Inverted papilloma is a rare benign urothelial
      tumor. Because of its curability by conservative surgery, it should be considered
      in the differential diagnosis of a ureteral filling defect and ureteral
      obstruction. Inverted papilloma may be associated with carcinomas of the urinary
      tract.

PMID- 2281580
TI  - Malakoplakia of the ureter and bladder.
AB  - Malakoplakia is an uncommon granulomatous inflammatory disease that most often
      involves the urinary tract. Typically, there is an associated urinary tract
      infection (UTI) by coliform organisms. Histologically, the Michaelis-Gutmann
      bodies are the hallmark of this disease. Radiographically, malakoplakia may
      simulate other inflammatory processes or even neoplasm as demonstrated in these
      two cases.

PMID- 2281581
TI  - Diffuse ileal conduit stenosis from Crohn's disease.
AB  - A case of Crohn's disease affecting an ileal loop urinary conduit presented as a
      diffuse loop stenosis and bilateral hydronephrosis. Radiologic appearance and
      histology are analyzed to differentiate this unusual complication from other
      causes of conduit stricture.

PMID- 2281583
TI  - Mounting rescue work in Afghanistan.

PMID- 2281582
TI  - Unequal doses of ioversol versus diatrizoate for urography.
AB  - A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was performed to compare a higher dose
      of conventional ionic contrast media (diatrizoate) with a lower dose of a new,
      nonionic contrast material (ioversol) for excretory urography (EU). One hundred
      twenty patients were randomized to receive either 100 ml of diatrizoate
      (Renografin-60) or 75 ml of ioversol (Optiray-320). Despite the lower iodine
      dose, the use of ioversol resulted in significantly better opacification of the
      calyces, renal pelves, and ureters. There was no significant difference in renal
      parenchymal opacification, opacification of the urinary bladder, or distention of
      the collecting system. We conclude that high-quality EU can be performed with a
      lower iodine dose using ioversol.

PMID- 2281584
TI  - A simple treatment for heel abscesses and deeper foot infections in cattle.
AB  - A simple technique for the treatment of deep navicular and pedal joint infections
      in cattle is described. Under regional or local anaesthesia, a hoof-knife is
      inserted into the full depth of the discharging sinus and a large drainage area
      is created. A wooden block is glued to the sound claw and parenteral antibiotics
      are administered for four to six days. Of 64 cows treated between March 1986 and
      June 1989, 55 (86 per cent) recovered. The causes of failure and comparisons with
      other treatments are discussed.

PMID- 2281586
TI  - Use of an ELISA for plasma progesterone to facilitate rabbit husbandry.
AB  - There is a need for a simple and accurate method for detecting pregnancy in
      rabbits; the available methods are not ideal and may not provide the diagnosis at
      an appropriate time for the early remating of non-pregnant animals. This paper
      describes the use of an ELISA kit to measure progesterone concentrations in
      rabbit plasma; a qualitative assessment of the results appears to be sufficiently
      accurate for pregnancy diagnosis, as does the use of serum instead of plasma. The
      technique can be used to predict ovulation and to distinguish between pregnant
      and pseudopregnant animals.

PMID- 2281585
TI  - Fertilisation of bovine oocytes by the injection of immobilised, killed
      spermatozoa.
AB  - Immobilised (killed) bovine spermatozoa were microinjected into bovine oocytes
      matured in vitro and cultured for six to nine days in vitro. A co-culture system
      with cumulus cells was used for the embryonic development. After one to two,
      three to four, five to six and seven to eight days the proportions of the oocytes
      which had developed to the two to four-cell, six to 12-cell, morula and
      blastocyst stages were 12.0 per cent (61 of 507), 9.3 per cent (47 of 507), 5.9
      per cent (30 of 507) and 7.8 per cent (nine of 115), respectively. In contrast,
      none of the sham-operated group developed beyond the six-cell stage. This is the
      first report to show that bovine oocytes matured in vitro can undergo cleavage to
      the blastocyst stage after the injection of sperm in vitro. In addition, normal
      calves were obtained from the transfers of some of the embryos to recipient cows.

PMID- 2281587
TI  - Porcine infestation with Parasitus consanguineus.

PMID- 2281588
TI  - A cranial neuropathy associated with multicentric lymphosarcoma in a dog.

PMID- 2281589
TI  - Characterisation of Yersinia enterocolitica strains associated with ovine
      abortion.

PMID- 2281590
TI  - Isolations of influenza A viruses from passerine birds in Malaysia.

PMID- 2281591
TI  - Future of cattle veterinary practice.

PMID- 2281592
TI  - Liver warning.

PMID- 2281593
TI  - Methods of spaying.

PMID- 2281594
TI  - Long-term evaluation of colposuspension in the treatment of urinary incontinence
      due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism in the bitch.

PMID- 2281595
TI  - A field investigation of causes of abortion in dairy cattle.
AB  - Cases of abortion on dairy farms on the Lancashire/Cumbria border were
      investigated by means of a systematic diagnostic procedure, using the facilities
      of a veterinary practice's laboratory, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
      and Food veterinary investigation centre. Among approximately 3600 animals, 149
      abortions were investigated on 54 farms in two years, an annual abortion rate of
      2 per cent. A diagnosis was made in 34 per cent of the cases, based on a
      pathological examination of aborted material and bacteriological and serological
      findings. The most common pathogens associated with abortion were bovine viral
      diarrhoea virus (39 cases), bacterial or fungal infections (20 cases), infectious
      bovine rhinotracheitis virus (19 cases), and Leptospira hardjo (18 cases), either
      as single or multiple infections.

PMID- 2281596
TI  - Clinical and pathological studies on lumpy skin disease in Egypt.

PMID- 2281597
TI  - Salinomycin toxicity in pigs.

PMID- 2281598
TI  - Weak calf syndrome.

PMID- 2281599
TI  - Colostrum needs of lambs.

PMID- 2281600
TI  - Radioactive iodine therapy in feline hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2281601
TI  - Fatal sequel to misalliance treatment in cattle.

PMID- 2281602
TI  - Future of cattle veterinary practice.

PMID- 2281603
TI  - Effect of macrophage-specific colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) on swine
      monocyte/macrophage susceptibility to in vitro infection by African swine fever
      virus.
AB  - Swine cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage (MM) proliferate and survive for
      several weeks in vitro in medium supplemented with the murine macrophage-specific
      hematopoietic growth factor, colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). The extent to
      which MM, cultured in CSF-1, supported African swine fever virus (ASFV) growth in
      vitro was investigated. MM, cultured in medium with CSF-1, were sensitive to
      infection and viral-induced cytopathogenic damage by both natural field isolates
      of ASFV and fibroblast-adapted ASFV strains, as were primary MM (P-MM). Without
      CSF-1, blood mononuclear leukocytes (MNL), containing lymphocytes and MM, and P
      MM could be reliably used in microculture for ASFV titration when inoculated at
      times limited to no more than 3 to 5 days after culture inception; inclusion of
      CSF-1 in the media stimulated continued MM survival and growth, and allowed for
      the use of MNL and P-MM for ASFV titration when inoculated as long as 2 to 3
      weeks after microculture inception. MM that were propagated beyond 1 week in
      secondary culture in medium with CSF-1 (MM-CSF) were useful in microcultures for
      infective-ASFV titration, only when the cells were kept in medium with CSF-1 and
      inoculated no later than 3 days of culture inception. In vitro studies of ASFV
      infection in P-MM and in MM-CSF showed comparable kinetics in ASFV-induced
      hemadsorption (HAd), cytopathogenic effect (CPE), cytoplasmic viral antigens and
      nucleic acid material. Compared to P-MM in culture without CSF-1, relatively
      minor delays in CPE onset induced by some ASFV strains were noticed in MM-CSF and
      in P-MM that were placed in media with CSF-1. The effects of ASFV on DNA
      synthesis in the virus-susceptible MM, cultured with or without CSF-1, were also
      examined at different times of infection by measurement of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR)
      incorporation into total precipitable culture material. ASFV-infection of P-MM,
      placed in culture medium with CSF-1, caused a pronounced transient increase in
      total 3H-TdR incorporation at the early onset of CPE and HAd. When compared to
      uninfected P-MM that were stimulated by CSF-1 to synthesize DNA, infected P-MM
      failed to incorporate 3H-TdR after CPE was fully evident. For P-MM that were
      cultured without CSF-1 and for MM-CSF, that were kept in culture with CSF-1,
      transient increases in 3H-TdR incorporation at the onset of CPE and HAd by ASFV
      infection were evident, but were much less pronounced.

PMID- 2281604
TI  - The sensitivity and specificity of a modified ELISA for the diagnosis of Johne's
      disease from a field trial in cattle.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies
      against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in cattle was evaluated in three herds
      known to have Johne's disease. Prior to testing, the plasma was absorbed with
      dried Mycobacterium phlei in order to remove cross-reacting antibody
      specificities. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA were calculated after
      repeatedly testing 327 cattle in the infected herds. Of these, 53 animals had one
      or more positive faecal cultures or had post-mortem histopathological evidence of
      infection. The other 274 had three or more negative faecal culture results, and
      were regarded as non-infected for the purpose of evaluation of the ELISA. Using
      these criteria for the presence or absence of infection, the M. phlei-absorbed
      ELISA under field conditions had a 57% sensitivity and a 98.9% specificity. The
      sensitivity of the absorbed ELISA depended on the stage of disease of the animal
      under test. In general, it appeared that animals in the more advanced stages of
      disease were absorbed ELISA positive, whereas those in the early stages of
      infection were not detected. These results indicate that the M. phlei-absorbed
      ELISA has an important role as a test for the diagnosis and control of Johne's
      disease in cattle.

PMID- 2281605
TI  - Virulence and lienotoxicity of Bordetella bronchiseptica in mice.
AB  - Whole-cell suspensions (WCSs) and cell-free sonicated extracts (SEs) of seven
      Bordetella bronchiseptica strains were studied for lethality and lienotoxicity in
      mice. Lethality was assessed after intravenous and intracerebral inoculation, and
      lienotoxicity by splenic atrophy after intravenous inoculation. The strains
      represented phase I isolates with or without cytotoxin production, their phase
      III subcultures and a phase IV variant. The lethality and lienotoxicity of the
      SEs were in close positive correlation with cytotoxin production. The WCSs of all
      phase I strains were lethal, irrespective of their cytotoxin- and lienotoxin
      producing ability. The only difference was that cytotoxic phase I strains caused
      splenic atrophy while the noncytotoxic phase I strain induced splenic hypertrophy
      in the surviving mice. The WCSs of phase III and IV variants were non-lethal and
      caused splenic hypertrophy even though all but one of them showed some cyto- and
      lienotoxic activity when their SEs were tested. The results indicate that B.
      bronchiseptica possesses two different mouse lethal factors: one seems to be
      identical with the cytotoxin, the other is associated with cell integrity and
      viability and, presumably, propagation in vivo. It also follows from the results
      that only the SEs are suitable for accurate determination of the lienotoxin
      producing ability of B. bronchiseptica.

PMID- 2281607
TI  - Grouping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains of serotypes 1 through 12 on
      the basis of their virulence in mice.
AB  - Variations in virulence among strains of different serotypes of Actinobacillus
      pleuropneumoniae were detected on intraperitoneal or intranasal inoculation in
      mice. In general, strains of serotypes 1, 5, 9, 10 and 11 were found to be highly
      virulent and those of serotypes 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 12 to be less virulent.
      However, a few strains of serotype 5 caused low mortality in mice while some
      strains of serotype 3 and 7 were found to be highly virulent. Highly virulent
      strains of A. pleuropneumoniae were invasive and appeared in the blood within 3
      to 6 h of intranasal inoculation. The type specific antigen as detected by the
      coagglutination test was distributed in lungs, liver, heart and spleen after
      intraperitoneal inoculation whereas it was mostly concentrated in the lungs after
      intranasal inoculation. Lowest concentration of boiled whole-cell suspension of
      A. pleuropneumoniae showing limulus amebocyte lysate activity was variable and
      independent of the serotype. Mortality caused by boiled whole cell suspension was
      also variable and serotype independent.

PMID- 2281606
TI  - Identification and localization of surface sialylated glycoconjugates in
      Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by direct enzyme-colloidal gold cytochemistry.
AB  - Electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of 5 strains of
      Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae stained for polysaccharides with ruthenium red
      revealed considerable variability in the amounts of preserved capsular material
      among the 5 serotypes studied. The amount of capsule was inversely related to the
      extent of outer membrane-associated sialylated glycoconjugate as evidenced by the
      degree of binding by colloidal gold-labelled neuraminidase at the cell surface.
      Serotypes 1, 3, and 5 possessed a well-developed and continuous capsular layer.
      In serotypes 2 and 7, the capsule consisted of a broken patchy layer that left
      much of the underlying outer membrane exposed. Morphometric analyses of the mean
      frequencies of neuraminidase-conjugated gold particles over the perimeters of the
      A. pleuropneumoniae cells showed that the lowest mean frequencies were observed
      in serotypes 1, 3, and 5, whereas the second highest and highest mean frequencies
      were observed in serotypes 7 and 2, respectively. Evidence suggested a serotypic
      difference in the amount of capsule present and this correlated inversely with
      the number of sialylated glycoconjugates, which appear to be localized in the
      outer membranes of the A. pleuropneumoniae cells.

PMID- 2281608
TI  - Resistance to host immune defense mechanisms afforded by capsular material of
      Pasteurella haemolytica, serotype 1.
AB  - Selected serum-mediated host immune defense mechanisms against Pasteurella
      haemolytica were studied using encapsulated and decapsulated organisms. When the
      capsular material was removed from P. haemolytica, it became more susceptible to
      serum agglutination, complement-mediated serum killing, and phagocytosis by
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes. When encapsulated organisms were used, phagocytosis
      was enhanced by antibodies to capsular material produced by vaccination of calves
      with any of three P. haemolytica vaccines. The serum bactericidal activity,
      however, was not facilitated by increased levels of anticapsular antibody in
      vaccinated cattle. By contrast, when decapsulated organisms were used,
      vaccination enhanced both the bactericidal and opsonizing capacities of sera from
      the calves. These studies indicate that capsular material should be considered a
      principal virulence factor for P. haemolytica.

PMID- 2281609
TI  - Cellular immune responses of the rat to experimental infection with Dermatophilus
      congolensis.
AB  - The host cell-mediated immune response was examined following experimentally
      induced infection of rats with Dermatophilus congolensis, the causal agent of the
      skin disease dermatophilosis. Mononuclear cells (MC) isolated from Wistar rats 10
      days following the induction of a third infection underwent a strong and specific
      proliferative response, as assessed by a [3H]thymidine incorporation assay, when
      cultured with various concentrations of inactivated D. congolensis cocci. Using
      specific monoclonal antibodies in an indirect fluorescent antibody test, this in
      vitro response was found to be characterised by a large expansion of the W3/25 (T
      helper phenotype) population to form 56% of the total. Finally, the primed and
      stimulated MC were assessed for their ability to produce factors capable of
      inhibiting macrophage migration. The culture supernatants of D. congolensis
      stimulated MC from infected rats caused significant migration inhibition of
      normal rat peritoneal exudate cells, whilst the supernatants of similarly
      stimulated MC from naive rats failed to cause significant inhibition. The results
      show that a MC subpopulation becomes primed following experimentally-induced
      infection with D. congolensis and becomes activated after subsequent, in vitro,
      exposure.

PMID- 2281610
TI  - Assay of protein A in Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus by ELISA and
      immunoelectron microscopy.
AB  - The presence and quantity of protein A in Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus
      isolates were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
      immunoelectron microscopy. Cell-bound protein A was demonstrated in 45 (94%) of
      48 isolates from diseased pigs and in 113 (86%) of 132 isolates from healthy pigs
      by ELISA using peroxidase-conjugated rabbit antibody, but was not found in
      isolates from chickens and cows. Most of these swine isolates contained about 100
      to 300 ng of cell-bound protein A/ml. Extracellular protein A was not detected in
      any isolates from pigs, chickens or cows. In the immunoelectron microscopy assay,
      swine isolates were labeled with goat anti-mouse IgG conjugated to colloidal gold
      particles, but chicken and cow isolates were not labeled.

PMID- 2281611
TI  - [Physical factors in the system for restoring the work capacity of athletes].

PMID- 2281613
TI  - [The therapeutic efficacy of a sodium chloride mineral water in chronic gastritis
      patients with secretory insufficiency].
AB  - The paper presents pilot experience with oral use of sodium chloride mineral
      water Makov I for chronic achlorhydric gastritis. Altogether 734 patients were
      studied. Of them, 217 were evaluated for intragastric pH upon administration of a
      single water dose, 32 upon a course of treatment. There was a significant
      stimulating effect of the mineral water on gastric acidity.

PMID- 2281612
TI  - [The prospects for using potable mineral waters as agents for the primary
      prevention of gastroduodenal ulcers].
AB  - Primary preventive effects of mineral water Essentuki 17 were investigated on 500
      male Wistar rats (body mass 200-250 g). It is demonstrated that oral pretreatment
      with the above water can prevent the onset of gastroduodenal ulcers. Changes in
      secretion of gastrin, insulin, glucagon, triiodothyronine and thyroxin support
      the clinical evidence.

PMID- 2281614
TI  - [The sanatorium-health resort treatment of patients with a pyloroduodenal ulcer
      after selective proximal vagotomy at the medical rehabilitation stage].

PMID- 2281615
TI  - [The effect of poliana kupel' mineral water on pancreatic exocrine function in
      patients with the postcholecystectomy syndrome].
AB  - A single oral dose of hydrocarbonate sodium mineral water poliana kupel' studied
      in 25 patients with postcholecystectomy syndrome is shown to stimulate pancreatic
      secretion evacuation from the ducts to the intestine as well as enzyme-producing
      function. The effect is most pronounced 20-40 min after the water intake.

PMID- 2281616
TI  - [The use of a low-frequency magnetic field in the combined therapy of chronic
      pancreatitis].
AB  - Optimal regimens of low-frequency alternating magnetic field generated by Polius
      1 apparatus were developed during treatment of 195 chronic pancreatitis
      sufferers. When sinusoidal and continuous in induction 17.5 mT, the field proved
      beneficial in the condition studied as shown by laboratory findings and long-term
      therapeutic response.

PMID- 2281617
TI  - [The effect of graded physical loading on the adaptive-compensatory potentials in
      a high-risk group of pregnant women].
AB  - The study was conducted of combined application of conventional regimens of
      therapeutic exercises and adjusted bicycle ergometry loads (60-75% of the oxygen
      utilization maximum) in high-risk pregnant women suffering from chronic
      respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. It was found that adaptation of the
      women was improved as well as maternal and fetal complications prevented due to
      neuroendocrine regulation recovery and larger reserve of cardiorespiratory
      system.

PMID- 2281618
TI  - [The effect of low-intensity laser radiation on spermatogenesis in men].
AB  - Fifty-three males suffering from aspermatogenic sterility were exposed to low
      intensity laser irradiation. The results suggest a conclusion on a stimulating
      effect of He-Ne laser on testicular function. Relevant laser stimulation is
      thought to hold promise for clinical purposes.

PMID- 2281620
TI  - [The combined use of proteinases and ultrasound in treating postoperative
      infiltrates].

PMID- 2281619
TI  - [The comparative effects of physiotherapeutic procedures on the liver circulation
      in viral hepatitis].

PMID- 2281621
TI  - [Capillary permeability under the action of naphthenic acids of naphthalan].

PMID- 2281622
TI  - [The use of dry-air radon baths in treating patients with hypertension combined
      with ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2281624
TI  - [The effect of hydrogen sulfide baths and thermotherapy on spinal mobility in
      patients with lumbar osteochondrosis].

PMID- 2281623
TI  - [The prognosis of the balneological reaction to the use of hydrogen sulfide baths
      in eczema patients].

PMID- 2281626
TI  - [Apropos the article by A. G. Maliavin The current problems of drug
      electrophoresis].

PMID- 2281625
TI  - [The mechanism of the therapeutic action of physical factors].

PMID- 2281627
TI  - [The current problems of drug electrophoresis (a continuation of the
      discussion)].

PMID- 2281629
TI  - [Air radon baths in the USSR. The research studies and their use].

PMID- 2281628
TI  - [Research on therapeutic physical exercise].

PMID- 2281630
TI  - [Medical science under cost-accounting conditions].

PMID- 2281631
TI  - [Cryogenic method of treatment in abdominal oncology].

PMID- 2281632
TI  - [Effectiveness of early detection of oncologic diseases and time-related
      characteristics of tumor process].

PMID- 2281633
TI  - [Quantitative evaluation of comparative effectiveness of cancer treatment].

PMID- 2281635
TI  - [Rhabdomyosarcoma in children].
AB  - Issues in diagnosis and complex treatment of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma were
      studied in 198 patients with morphologically verified disease. Tumors most often
      developed in the genitourinary organs (36.6%), head and neck (37%) and--less
      frequently--on the trunk and extremities (26.4%). The diagnostic workup included
      instrumental methods, ultrasonography and computed tomography. All modern
      modalities of cancer treatment, viz. surgery, drug and radiotherapy were used in
      those patients. As a rule, treatment was either combined or complex. Two-year
      survival rate ranged from 83% for rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit to 50% for those
      of the trunk and extremities and 47% for head and neck neoplasms. Two-year
      survival for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma of non-genitourinary sites was 54%.

PMID- 2281634
TI  - [Fast neutrons in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas].
AB  - Results of treatment of 101 cases of soft tissue sarcoma are presented in the
      paper. Preoperative irradiation technique and radical program of treatment are
      described. Combined radiation and surgical treatment was given to 45 patients
      whereas conservative--to 56. Sixty-three cases received adjuvant combination
      chemotherapy. Response and three-year survival rates were compared to those in
      control group treated by photons. The results observed in patients of combined
      and conservative treatment groups who had been irradiated with fast neutrons
      proved significantly better than in controls. These data suggest vistas in
      application of fast neutron irradiation for the treatment of soft tissue
      sarcomas.

PMID- 2281637
TI  - [Malignant tumors as cause of death of patients with duodenal ulcer].
AB  - A study of 269 cases of chronic duodenal ulcer showed cancer to be the cause of
      death in 131 (48.7%). Tumors of the lung, large bowel, prostate and kidney
      developed most frequently.

PMID- 2281636
TI  - [Effects of blood coagulating and fibrinolytic activity of tumor on the state of
      systemic hemostasis in patients with stomach cancer].
AB  - Functional status of hemostatic system was assessed in 75 gastric cancer patients
      and 40 healthy volunteers. Hemostatic potential of blood flowing off tumor was
      evaluated in 38 patients whereas fibrinolytic activity of tumor tissue samples-
      in 35. The results showed the degree and pattern of functional disorders
      occurring in the hemostatic system to depend upon the extent and procoagulant and
      fibrinolytic activity of tumor. The evaluation of status of hemostasis as
      functional test elicited depletion of fibrinolytic and antiaggregation activity
      of the vascular wall in patients with locally advanced and disseminated cancer of
      the stomach.

PMID- 2281639
TI  - [Results of surgical treatment of locally enlarged cancer of the lung].
AB  - Immediate and end results of surgical treatment of locally advanced lung cancer
      were studied in 197 patients. The technique of extensive, combined and extensive
      combined operations is described. Postoperative complications associated with
      combined and extensive procedures were observed as frequently as those involved
      in standard surgery provided the technique was followed closely. Three-year
      survival rate for patients operated on for locally advanced squamous-cell cancer
      and adenocarcinoma of the lung was 15.2% as compared to 4.1% for those undergoing
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2281638
TI  - [Pulsed method of sampling in monitoring of carcinogenic substances in gaseous
      atmosphere].
AB  - Experiments using various types of gas samplers showed that application of A phi
      A type fibrous material-containing filters for benzo(a)pyrene monitoring may
      result in significant underestimation of the carcinogen level in the air. The
      authors developed pulsed sampler using suspended layer of sorbent which proved
      most effective in catching benzo(a)pyrene in gaseous atmosphere. The unit allows
      simultaneous sampling of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and N
      nitroso compounds.

PMID- 2281640
TI  - [Combined treatment of gastric cancer using hypoxic radiotherapy].
AB  - Application of preoperative large-field hypoxyradiotherapy using 8% O2 mixture
      for inhalation and radiation (4 Gy three times a week, total focal dose--40 Gy in
      10 fractions) for combined treatment of gastric cancer was pioneered in the
      clinic. The procedure assured a drop in the frequency of general radiation
      reaction as compared to irradiation under normal air condition (total focal dose-
      32 Gy in 8 fractions). Moreover, a 17% increase in resection rate was achieved
      due to regression of primary tumor and metastases. Survival was found double that
      following surgery. The modality was not associated with higher postoperative
      complication and lethality rates.

PMID- 2281641
TI  - [Long-term results of complex and combined treatment of locally advanced cancer
      of the oral mucosa].
AB  - The analysis of data on 93 cases of stage III-IV cancer of the oral mucosa showed
      the superiority of combined treatment over complex in terms of five-year
      survival: 47 and 20%, respectively (p less than 0.01). However, no significant
      difference in respect to that parameter was established between the combined
      treatment group and patients rendered disease-free with complex therapy: 47 and
      40%, respectively (p greater than 0.05). In the whole group studied, five-year
      survival rate was 32 +/- 5%; it was 37 +/- 6 and 25 +/- 7% in patients without
      and with regional lymph node metastases, respectively.

PMID- 2281642
TI  - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the cervix uteri stump].
AB  - The analysis of immediate results of surgery in 58 cases of cancer of the
      cervical stump and the author' experience with the use of a special device which
      allows to operate on the cervical stump, bladder and ureters under visual control
      and thereby to avoid some intraoperative complications showed surgery to be the
      mainstay of treatment of operable cancer of the cervical stump. Development of
      new surgical techniques is justified.

PMID- 2281644
TI  - [Transurethral resection in the treatment of locally advanced cancer of the
      bladder].

PMID- 2281643
TI  - [Role of echography in early detection of ovarian tumors].
AB  - Within the last 10 years, ultrasonic screening was carried out in 11,996 females
      (27,000 examinations on the whole) on an outpatient basis. The reliability of the
      procedure in diagnosing ovarian tumors proved as high as 94.1%. Cancer morbidity
      for the last 5 years was compared in the ultrasonography and no ultrasonography
      groups. The occurrence of cancer in the former group was 7 times lower which was
      attributed to timely detection and removal of tumors capable of malignant
      transformation. It was concluded that large-scale application of ultrasonography
      assures significantly lower incidence of ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2281645
TI  - [Foreign body in the pleural cavity simulating pulmonary tumor].

PMID- 2281646
TI  - [Actinomycosis of the small intestine simulating tumor].

PMID- 2281647
TI  - [Radionuclide visualization of cancer of the large intestine using antibodies to
      intestinal antigen beta-1 MA].

PMID- 2281648
TI  - [Fatty degeneration of peripheral and iliac lymph nodes simulating lymphoma].

PMID- 2281649
TI  - [Proxyphein chemotherapy in experimental glioma of the brain in rats].

PMID- 2281650
TI  - [Regularities and paradoxes of endocrine dependence and hormonal therapy of
      endometrial cancer].

PMID- 2281651
TI  - [The structure and function of the immune system].

PMID- 2281653
TI  - [A clinical case of a spontaneous fistula between the common hepatic duct and the
      duodenum].
AB  - A case of a very rare complication--spontaneous fistula between a duodenal ulcer
      and the common biliary duct is presented. The diagnosis was made by various
      clinical investigations, the contrast X-ray examination being the most important.
      It allows the staining of the fistula and the intrahepatic biliary pathways. The
      computed tomography and the ultrasound examination are of secondary importance,
      the former being better that the Latter. The finding of gas in the biliary tracts
      with the help of these examinations directs towards the diagnosis.

PMID- 2281652
TI  - [A congenital vascular anomaly--arteriovenous shunt to the right kidney with an
      aneurysm of the inferior right branch of the renal artery as a cause of
      asymptomatic hematuria and vasorenal hypertension].
AB  - A case of a 19 years old man with a congenital vascular anomaly is presented:
      arteriovenous shunt in the right kidney with an aneurysm of the inferior right
      branch of the renal artery as a cause of asymptomatic hematuria and vasorenal
      hypertension. The diagnosis was determined with the help of subtraction
      angiography. The method is recommended for the precise diagnosis of asymptomatic
      hematuria caused by arteriovenous malformations of the kidneys in order to help
      for a correct therapeutic decision.

PMID- 2281654
TI  - [Aspirin in ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2281655
TI  - [The use of nuclear magnetic resonance in cardiology].

PMID- 2281656
TI  - [The early bicycle ergometry test in drug-stabilized patients with unstable
      angina pectoris; its risk and benefit].
AB  - The risk of an early submaximum symptom-limited bicycle ergometry [correction of
      veloergometric] test and its prognostic value up to the end of the first year
      since the onset of unstable angina pectoris were studied in 258 patients with
      unstable angina pectoris who had been stabilized by medicamentous treatment.
      During the bicycle ergometry [correction of veloergometric] test no serious
      complications were observed. In 22 patients (35.7%) the test was negative and in
      166 patients (64.3%) it was positive (angina pectoris and/or horizontal ST
      depression greater than or equal to 0.1 mV at 80 ms from the point J). In the
      patients with a positive test the prognosis is statistically worse (death, acute
      myocardial infarction, aortocoronary bypass, relapse of the unstable angina
      pectoris and angina pectoris of III and IV functional class according to
      NYNA/than in the patients with a negative bicycle ergometry [correction of
      veloergometric] test. The early bicycle ergometry [correction of veloergometric]
      test is with a high sensitivity (92.6%) and a lower specificity (66.7%) in
      recognizing the patients with a poor prognosis. The total prognostic accuracy of
      the test is 80.2%. It classifies the patients with unstable angina pectoris into
      two groups: with favourable and poor prognosis and helps in the selection of
      patients for surgical treatment.

PMID- 2281657
TI  - [Catecholamine excretion in diabetics on insulin treatment].
AB  - In order to find out objective indices for "hidden" hypoglycemia in diabetic
      patients the urine excretion of the catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline,
      dopamine and the serum levels of cortisol and somatotrophic hormone (STH) were
      followed up. 45 diabetics on insulin treatment were included in the study: 32
      patients with type I diabetes mellitus and 13 patients with diabetes mellitus
      type II with secondary resistance to sulfanilurea drugs and insulin. The patients
      were classified into the following groups: I. without hypoglycemia--28 patients;
      2. with diurnal hypoglycemia--6 patients and 3. with nocturnal hypoglycemia--II
      patients. In the patients with hypoglycemia the 24 h adrenaline urine excretion
      was higher than in the patients without hypoglycemia. No such differences were
      found for noradrenaline and dopamine. The separate examination of the diurnal and
      nocturnal catecholamines excretion showed in all groups that they cannot serve as
      an objective index for determination of hypoglycemia. The STH showed no
      differences in all groups of diabetics. Disturbances in the circadian rhythm of
      cortisol secretion in diabetics were found. This could be a good and available
      marker for detecting "hidden" hypoglycemia in diabetics.

PMID- 2281658
TI  - [The survival of patients with mesangial immunoglobulin A glomerulonephritis].
AB  - 68 patients with immunoglobulin A glomerulonephritis (IgA-GN) were studied. 67.4%
      of them were men. The most frequent clinical manifestation is the microscopical
      hematuria--in 39.7% of the patients. A single episode of macroscopic hematuria
      was found in 32.3% of the patients and recurrent macroscopic hematuria--in 25% of
      the patients. Proteinuria was found in all patients but nephrotic syndrome--only
      in one patient. At the time of the biopsy 35.5% of the patients were with
      hypertension, 13.2%--with initial chronic renal failure. The survival of the
      patients with IgA--GN, assessed according to the registration life tables, was
      93% at the 5-th year, 88% at the 10-th year and 70.6% at the 20-th year. It was
      statistically higher in the patients without hypertension. Among the patients
      with proteinuria below 1.0/24 h no one reached terminal chronic renal failure.
      The male sex was a factor for a statistically shorter survival only at the 20-th
      year. The survival of the patients with insignificant histological changes was
      100% for the period of the study, whereas it was significantly lower for the
      other histological variants. According to the data of the study, the presence of
      arterial hypertension, proteinuria above 1.0 g/24 h, a more severe histological
      variant (focal-segment, diffuse proliferative and particularly sclerotic), and to
      a certain degree the male sex play an unfavorable role in the survival and
      determine a poorer prognosis for the patients with IgA-GN.

PMID- 2281659
TI  - [The interrelationship between calcium and magnesium homeostasis and its
      significance for the relapse-prevention treatment of calcium nephrolithiasis].
AB  - The correlation between the renal excretion of calcium and magnesium after an
      overload with 1000 mg of calcium is studied. The significant interrelations
      between the calcium and magnesium urine excretion point that there are close
      interrelations between their active tubular transport in the kidneys. The
      significantly higher magnesuria and the tendency toward a low serum magnesium
      level in patients with renal hypercalciuria require to take into account the
      hypermagnesuria. The oral treatment with magnesium which was prescribed in the
      past indiscriminantly to all patients with relapsing calcium nephrolithiasis is
      necessary only for patient with renal hypercalciuria.

PMID- 2281660
TI  - [An evolutionary and prognostic study of patients with liver cirrhosis. I. A
      particular correlation analysis of the data from clinical observation and clinico
      laboratory and instrumental studies in relation to the survival of patients with
      liver cirrhosis].
AB  - The influence of some clinical indices, clinico-laboratory and instrumental
      examinations on the survival of patient with liver cirrhosis was studied by
      implication of the programs 1D and 2D of the statistical package BMDP. The
      separate statistical comparisons show that of their own importance for the
      survival of the cirrhotic patients are the initial clinical manifestations (the
      latent and subclinical cirrhosis have a better prognosis), the size of the liver
      and the degree of portal hypertension assessed by laparoscopy according to the
      authors' classification in 4 grades (the patients with portal hypertension even
      in the absence of ascites show a significantly lower survival). The presence of
      concomitant diseases, the treatment applied and the cause of death do not play a
      significant role in the survival of the patients with liver cirrhosis.

PMID- 2281661
TI  - [The effect of D-penicillamine on the immunological indices of rheumatoid
      arthritis patients].
AB  - In 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis the action of D-penicilamine (Cuprenyl)
      on the following indices was studied: IgG, IgA, IgM, circulating immune complexes
      (CIC), rheumatoid factor titer (RF), T- and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral
      blood. The action on some clinico-laboratory indices was also studied--joint
      index, duration of morning stiffness, erythrocytes sedimentation rate. The
      results reveal that the D-penicilamine treatment leads to a lowering of the
      immunoglobulins, circulating immune complexes and rheumatoid factor titer which
      is most expressed between the 3 and 6 month from the beginning of the treatment.
      This drug does not influence significantly the percentage of T- and B-lymphocytes
      in the peripheral blood.

PMID- 2281662
TI  - [An echographic assessment of fatty tissue distribution and its relation to
      metabolic complications in patients with obesity].
AB  - A new echographic method for the measurement of the fatty tissue in the abdominal
      region is proposed--subcutaneous (A) and intra-abdominal (B). The method was
      applied in 38 obese patients. It was established that the ratio waist
      measurement/haunch measurement correlates moderately with the intraabdominal
      fatty tissue in men (r = 0.744, p less than 0.01) and to a smaller extent in
      women (r = 0.457, p less than 0.05). In both sexes with the so-called pathologic
      obesity/android in women and hyperandroid in men) a large accumulation of
      visceral fatty tissue is found. In the patients wit obesity accompanied by
      metabolic complications a considerably greater amount of intraabdominal fatty
      tissue is found compared to that in the patients without complications. A new
      index--B/A which is the ratio between the intraabdominal and the subcutaneous
      fatty tissue is proposed for the assessment of the deposition of fat.

PMID- 2281663
TI  - [The therapeutic effect of somofilin in bronchial asthma patients].
AB  - The sustained release theophylline drug Somophylline in capsules was applied in
      21 asthmatic patients (12 women and 9 men), mean age 44.5 years in the course of
      14 days in hospital conditions. The dose of the drug was 9-10 mg/kg body mass (24
      h given in two equal doses in 12 h intervals). The effect was favourable in 17
      patients (80.95%), weak--in 2 patients (9.52%) and no effect in 2 patients
      (9.52%). Somophylline is very well tolerated. The blood level remains in the
      therapeutic ranges during the treatment (about 10 micrograms/ml).

PMID- 2281664
TI  - [Allergy and bronchial hyperreactivity in chronic obstructive lung disease].
AB  - In 630 patients with various forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (COPD) an attempt was made to determine the nature of bronchial reactivity and to
      find out the participation of allergy in the pathogenesis of the disease with the
      help of clinical observations, skin-allergic test and inhalatory bronchial
      provocation test (specific and nonspecific). Clinical manifestations of
      hypersensitivity were found in a great number of patients (320). All of them were
      with nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity and most of them were with specific
      skin hyperreactivity (75%) and with specific bronchial hyperreactivity (67.2%).
      These data show that allergy and bronchial hyperreactivity take part in the
      pathogenesis of COPD. The tests for allergy and bronchial hyperreactivity should
      find place in the diagnostic scheme for COPD.

PMID- 2281665
TI  - [An epidemiological study of bronchial asthma in the Stara Zagora District].
AB  - A cohort of 284 persons is included in the epidemiologic study of bronchial
      asthma 105 men (36.97%) and 179 women (63.03%), mean age 47 +/- 13 years. The
      study includes a three-year period (1986-1983). A total of 23 indices are taken
      into consideration, 12 of which are social and 11 are medico-biological. A
      greater influence of the social factor "place of work" than that of the factor
      "residence" is established. The high percentage of persons on a disablement
      pension (27.72%), concerning mainly persons in active age, raises several
      problems which should be solved in the region in prophylactic, diagnostic and
      therapeutic aspects. The highest percentage of the patients are with moderate and
      severe form of bronchial asthma--82.04% (233) with frequent attacks and 76.06%
      (216) are with respiratory failure. The index of glucocorticoid dependence (in
      percentage) leads to the conclusion of inefficient diagnostic and therapeutic
      approach to the disease in the district of Stara Zagora.

PMID- 2281667
TI  - [The use of autogenic training in the combined therapy of bronchial asthma
      patients].
AB  - Since 1976 in the Allergologic Clinic autogenous training is applied in asthmatic
      patients as group therapy combined with respiratory exercises. In 10 asthmatic
      patients in the conditions of an acute experiment the forced vital capacity,
      forced expiratory flow for I s and maximum mean expiratory flow were followed up
      after autogenous training. An improvement of the ventilation indices was found.
      The autogenous training is a suitable nonmedicamentous method as a part of the
      total rehabilitation therapy in asthmatic patients.

PMID- 2281666
TI  - [The use of the preparation defedrin in the therapy of bronchial asthma
      patients].
AB  - The therapeutic efficacy of the Soviet drug Dephedrin was tried in patients with
      mild and moderate form of bronchial asthma. The drug was administered in a dose
      of 0.03 g 3 times daily for a period of 15 days. Out of 10 patients with mild
      form of bronchial asthma in patients the effect was very good, in 5 patients it
      was good and in patient it was poor. Out of 10 patients with moderate form of
      bronchial asthma in 3 patients the effect was very good, in 3 patients it was
      good and in 4 patients--poor. The ventilation indices improved but without
      reacting statistical significance. The conclusion is that Dephedrin is suitable
      for the mild form of bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2281669
TI  - [Euthanasia--limits of therapy in oncology. From the viewpoint of the medical
      psychologist].
AB  - Progress in organic-technical medicine has been considerable in the field of
      oncology. Since cancer patients are confronted with enormous psychological
      problems both by their disease and its treatment, improvement in the
      psychological care of these patients is an absolute necessity. At present, help
      in coping with cancer is seldom provided. Psychological care of cancer patients
      would be of great importance for improving the quality of life, which always has
      to be assessed according to the patient's subjective point of view. The aim
      should be to keep patients not only alive but also all terms with life. In the
      terminal stages pain relief and consolidation of the sick are prerequisites for
      dying in dignity.

PMID- 2281668
TI  - [Euthanasia--limits of therapy in oncology from the physician's viewpoint].
AB  - The Hippocratic oath, which includes refraining from the prescription of deadly
      drugs or giving advice on suicide still remains the cornerstone of medical
      ethics. Therefore, any active fostering of the dying process has to be strictly
      rejected. Nevertheless, in caring for cancer patients, many borderline situations
      arise in which serious decisions about the continuation of a treatment regimen
      are called for--decisions basically equating to a choice between prolonging life
      or allowing death. As long as the patient is able to do so, he himself must
      decide and the physician has to respect his decision. However, often the patient
      is unable to determine his own fate. No easy general recommendations can be
      offered for such situations. The physician has to consider the specific
      characteristics of the disease and take into account the patient's individual
      needs. Then, for each case anew, a careful, conscientious decision has to be made
      and the physician must take personal responsibility for its consequences. In
      spite of treatment successes, death cannot be conquered, but only postponed. This
      knowledge helps the physician to recognize more clearly the realistic
      possibilities of medical aid and to empathically help the dying patient.

PMID- 2281670
TI  - [Euthanasia--limits of therapy in oncology. From the viewpoint of the attorney].
AB  - Confidence is the major prerequisite for a doctor to be able to help his
      seriously ill patient. The patient's expectations of this confidence are: the
      doctor will not act without the patient's consent and the doctor will not
      undertake any measure to shorten the patient's life. The patient is strengthened
      in this confidence by Austrian law in as much as any treatment without the
      patient's consent is punishable, even when performed secundum artem (section 110
      StGB). This principle prohibits necessary and life-sustaining treatment if
      refused by the patient after appropriate clarification. Alternatively, this
      principle gives the patient the right to a merciful death by refusing life
      prolonging treatment which is of no further benefit. Even more important is the
      legal prohibition of intentional hastening of death (euthanasia). Even the
      patient's own repeated request does not exculp the doctor if he directly acts to
      end the life of the patient before the disease has run its natural course
      (sections 77, 78 StGB). A "crisis of confidence", which can be found sometimes in
      the elderly and severe ill patients, can only by overcome by inspiring confidence
      and by a direct personal doctor to patient relationship. Law and ethics dictate:
      intentional shortening of life by doctors: never; humanitarian care for the
      dying: always.

PMID- 2281671
TI  - [Perioperative subjective emotional state].
AB  - The aim of adequate preoperative medication is to minimize the patient's anxiety
      level. Preoperative anxiety can be consciously and specifically orientated or it
      can be masked. This double-blind study was performed to evaluate the effects of
      an anxiolytic drug in comparison with a placebo perioperatively and to assess the
      post-operative course of the important factors anxiety, depression and asthenia.
      The Mannheim inventory for subjective state and STAI (State-Trait-Anxiety
      Inventory) were offered. The study was undertaken in 60 female patients, who were
      operated for suspected carcinoma of the breast. We conclude that in such a
      specific group of patients extensive preoperative psychological preparation must
      be backed up by the administration of an anxiolytic drug.

PMID- 2281672
TI  - [The medical careers of the Nikolsburg Seligmann brothers in Vienna of the 19th
      century: Romeo (1808-1892), Franz (1809-1889) and Leopold (1815-1897)].
AB  - The achievements of two medical officers in the Austrian imperial military forces
      in the second half of the 19th century are enumerated and honoured. The
      distinguished services rendered by the brothers Franz and Leopold Seligmann in
      connection with the "Novara" expedition (1857-1859) and the prevention of a
      cholera epidemic (1873) are described in this paper to prevent their attainments
      from falling into oblivion. The eldest brother, Romeo Seligmann, founded the
      Chair of the History of Medicine at Vienna University in 1848 and was the first
      professor of this discipline.

PMID- 2281673
TI  - [Summary of a dissertation. Cholesterol screening].

PMID- 2281674
TI  - [Immunoscintigraphy for the detection of inflammation foci in bone and joint
      diseases].
AB  - We evaluated the monoclonal antibody MAb, BW 250/183, which is easy to label with
      Tc-99m, with respect to its clinical application for the detection of
      inflammatory processes in bone and joint diseases. This monoclonal antibody is a
      murine immunoglobulin (IgG1 isotype), directed against NCA 95 (nonspecific cross
      reacting antigen), which is also present on the surface of neutrophil
      granulocytes. We investigated patients with acute (n = 9) and chronic (n = 3)
      osteomyelitis, with coxitis (n = 3) and coxarthrosis (n = 2), with septic hip
      prosthesis (n = 8) and loosening hip prosthesis (n = 14), with low back pain (n =
      4), with spondylitis (n = 5) and with postoperative spondylodiscitis (n = 9).
      With reference to the total number of patients examined in this study we found 29
      true positive results, 22 true negative results, 4 false negative results and 2
      false positive results. This gives a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 92%.
      The lesions were already visualized within 4 to 6 hours, but 24 hour pictures are
      desirable. SPECT pictures are mandatory in patients with diseases of the hip or
      of the spine because sensitivity is considerably improved thereby.

PMID- 2281676
TI  - [Discovery of the cardiac effectiveness of cinchona bark and its alkaloids].
AB  - The cardiac side effects of chinchona bark were discovered very soon after its
      introduction to the materia medica of academic medicine towards the end of the
      17th century (Georg Ernst Stahl, 1660-1734). Therapeutically these effects were
      utilized sporadically as early as in the first half of the 18th century (Gerhard
      van Swieten, 1700-1772; John Wall, 1708-1776; William Saunders, 1743-1817).
      Purified quinine became a standard component of cardiac therapy in the 2nd half
      of the 19th century (Ludwig Traube, 1818-1876; Johann Oppolzer, 1808-1871; Karel
      Frederik Wenckebach, 1864-1940). In 1918 quinidine was introduced by Walter Frey
      (1884-1972) as the common alkaloid of chinchona bark and is still used in
      rhythmology today.

PMID- 2281675
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic aspects of dosage increase of recombinant interferon alpha-2B in
      patients following intraperitoneal and intra-arterial application].
AB  - Interferon-alpha-2 b (IFN) was administered as an i.a. bolus at doses of 3 and 5
      million international units (MIU), as an i.a. 24h long-time infusion at 3 and 5
      MIU and as an i.p. 90 min short-time infusion at 5, 10 and 15 MIU. Dose
      escalation of IFN on i.p. administration leads to correspondingly elevated AUC
      values of IFN (correlating to the dose) in the peritoneal fluid (PF) and blood,
      with a shift of the steady-state at about 2h. Bioavailability of IFN is 30 times
      higher for PF than for blood. t1/2 el, Vd and total clearance are not influenced
      by dose escalation in both compartments due to their dose-independency. IFN is
      eliminated from the PF with t1/2 el = 10-32h and from the blood with t1/2 el = 5
      13h. After an i.a. bolus at either dosage IFN is distributed from the blood with
      a half-life of below 2h. 24h infusion leads to a steady-state within 4-6h and a
      cmax of 8.5 or 12.5 units/ml, respectively. IFN is slowly eliminated during
      infusion with a t1/2 el of 16h.

PMID- 2281678
TI  - Healthful living for all by year 2000 through the health education approach.

PMID- 2281677
TI  - [Duodenal perforation as late complication following endoscopic retrograde bile
      duct prosthesis implantation. A case report with literature review].
AB  - Endoscopic drainage of the common bile duct by endoprosthesis has been advocated
      as an effective alternative to palliative surgery in the management of malignant
      occlusion icterus. Apart from other complications duodenal perforation may occur
      at the time of endoscopic insertion of the prosthesis. Perforation as a late
      sequel of endoscopic retrograde placement of such an endoprosthesis is rare. This
      paper presents the case of duodenal perforation eight days after implantation of
      a biliary endoprosthesis necessitating immediate surgical intervention.

PMID- 2281679
TI  - Time-intensity relations in Bekesy audiometry.
AB  - Threshold and amplitude measurements were made for fixed frequency Bekesy pure
      tones on subjects with normal hearing, sensorineural hearing impairment, and
      functional hearing loss. Following conventional Bekesy audiometry (intensity
      change 4 dB/sec), -20 dB was added to a signal at the threshold of audibility
      (bottom of the spike). When sensation was lost at the threshold of inaudibility
      (top of the spike), +20 dB was added. Adding +/- 20 dB in subjects with normal
      hearing reduced the amplitude of the spike about 4 dB, corresponding to 1 second,
      for both pulsed and continuous tones. Adding +/- 40 dB produced essentially
      similar findings. Adding +/- 20 dB in subjects with sensorineural loss with
      reduced amplitude of continuous tone tracings also reduced the amplitude
      approximately 4 dB for pulsed tones, but 3 dB, corresponding to 0.75 seconds, for
      continuous tones. Abnormal rapid adaptation may account for this reduced
      amplitude of the spikes. A subject with multiple sclerosis producing excessive
      abnormal adaptation showed spectacular increased amplitude for continuous tone
      only when -20 dB was added at bottoms and +20 dB at tops of spikes. An
      explanation based on slow adaptation is offered. Subjects with functional hearing
      loss may emphasize either time or intensity in their inappropriate responses when
      +/- 20 dB is added at tops and/or bottoms of spikes.

PMID- 2281680
TI  - A clinicopathological study of Kimura's disease and epithelioid hemangioma.
AB  - The clinicopathological features of 9 cases of Kimura's disease and 5 cases of
      epithelioid hemangioma(EH) were reviewed. Patients with Kimura's disease
      presented with multiple or solitary large tumors occurring in the thigh, arms as
      well as parotid gland. Histologically, the lesions were characterized by numerous
      lymphoid follicles with proliferation of post-capillary venules lined by plump
      endothelium and a marked eosinophilic infiltration. Patients with EH were older
      than those with Kimura's disease and presented papular nodular lesions, less than
      1 cm in size. Microscopically, there was proliferation of blood vessels lined by
      epithelioid endothelium with infiltration by lymphocytes and eosinophils.
      Although there may occasionally be clinicopathological overlap between Kimura's
      disease and EH, we consider that these two disorders can be recognized as
      separate entities.

PMID- 2281682
TI  - Clinical experiences of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in patients with respiratory
      failure in the intensive care unit.
AB  - Seventy-nine fiberoptic bronchoscopies were performed in 46 Patients during 2
      years in the Intensive Care Unit of Severance Hospital, Yonsei Medical Center.
      Bronchoscopies were done more than twice in 13 patients. Forty-three
      bronchoscopies were done through the orotracheal tube in 27 patients, and
      narcotics and sedatives such as morphine sulfate, diazepam and lorazepam were
      added with pancuronium bromide during 52 bronchoscopy procedures in 21 patients.
      Ventilatory support was accomplished by control mode ventilation for 63
      bronchoscopies in 37 patients. Twenty-four patients were from the surgical
      department, and 37 bronchoscopies were performed in 18 patients in a post
      thoracotomy state. Twenty-two patients were nonsurgical patients. We performed 48
      bronchoscopies in 26 patients to treat lung haziness, 14 bronchoscopies in 3
      patients to confirm the operative anastomosis after pneumonectomy or
      tracheoplasty, and 11 bronchoscopies to confirm the airway patency and vocal cord
      movement. We obtained good results from 41 bronchoscopies performed for
      therapeutic purposes and 28 bronchoscopies done for diagnostic purposes. But in 4
      patients with pleural effusion and pneumonia, we could not get any improvement in
      chest X-ray taken after bronchoscopy. We suggested other procedures in 6 patients
      for diagnosis or treatment, such as suspension laryngoscopy, thoracentesis,
      ultrasonogram and laser surgery.

PMID- 2281681
TI  - Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of polymorphic reticulosis.
AB  - This study reviewed 65 cases of polymorphic reticulosis (PR) with respect to
      clinical and histopathologic bases, and immunohistochemical studies were done
      using MT1 and UCHL as T-cell markers, MB2 as a B-cell marker and alpha-1
      antichymotrypsin as a histiocytic marker. The results obtained were as follows:
      1. The male to female ratio was 2.4:1 and the mean age of patients was 44.5
      years. The sites involved primarily were the nasal cavity, tonsil and pharynx and
      about one-fourth of the total cases showed extensive involvement of two
      anatomical sites at initial presentation. 2. Almost all cases showed
      characteristic histologic features similar to those of peripheral T-cell lymphoma
      and showed positive reaction to the T-cell marker. The above immunohistochemical
      findings suggest strongly that quite a significant portion of PR is in fact T
      cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2281684
TI  - Autolysed antigen-extracted allogeneic bone for repair of diaphyseal bone defects
      in rabbits.
AB  - Autolysed antigen-extracted allogeneic bone (AAA bone) was used to bridge a large
      osteoperiosteal gap in the diaphysis of the radius of 50 rabbits. Periodic
      observations of the graft were made clinically, radiologically and histologically
      every week up to fourteen weeks. The continuity of the radius was evaluated
      macroscopically and histologically. The AAA bones were progressively resorbed and
      replaced by the new bone. The bone remodelled to the mature tubular bone and did
      not undergo absorption during the experimental period. The AAA bone proceeded to
      be an osteoinductive and osteoconductive material. There were no appreciable
      histologic signs of immune or foreign body reaction.

PMID- 2281683
TI  - Clinical study of Marjolin's ulcer.
AB  - Marjolin's ulcer is the malignant lesion which develops in a burn scar or chronic
      fistula. Due to the low prevalence of this lesion, there has been disagreement
      regarding its clinical features, methods of treatment, and prognosis. We
      evaluated 19 cases of patients who had been admitted to Severance Hospital from
      Jan. 1970 to Dec. 1985. The results were as follows: The previous lesion was a
      burn scar in 52% of the cases and a fistula of chronic osteomyelitis in 32%. The
      mean latent period was 31.5 years. The initial symptoms were increased pain
      (74%), discharge with foul odor (68%) and bleeding (58%). Upon histological
      examination, all of the cases were squamous cell carcinoma. The rate of
      metastasis at the time of diagnosis was 32%. Of the 16 patients treated by
      surgery, local recurrence was noted in 4 cases. Three of these cases were
      patients who had been treated by excision and split thickness skin graft. The
      time interval for local recurrence ranged from 6 months to 11 months (average 8.8
      months). In conclusion, the squamous cell carcinoma of marjolin's ulcer seems to
      have a worse prognosis than other squamous cell carcinomas and it requires
      aggressive treatment. The burn scar or chronic fistula that occurs in elderly
      patients especially requires more adequate treatment and close observation.

PMID- 2281685
TI  - Significance of mesangial IgA deposition in minimal change nephrotic syndrome: a
      study of 60 cases.
AB  - We studied 60 cases of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) with mesangial
      IgA deposits occurring over a 6 year period. There were 43 adults and 17
      children. Hematuria occurred in 69.0% of the adults and 88.2% of the children.
      Two adults and six children had gross hematuria during the course of the disease.
      Mesangial IgA deposits were noted in 100% of the cases, and concomitant IgG or
      IgM deposits were found in 78.6% of adults and 73.7% of children. The fluorescent
      intensity of mesangial IgA deposits was trace (+/-) to 1+ in 86.1% and 70.6% of
      the adults and children respectively. Most of the patients showed electron
      microscopic findings consistent with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. We
      speculate that most of our cases are variants of minimal change nephrotic
      syndrome but are neither IgA nephropathy nor an overlapping syndrome, and that
      environmental or genetic factors may be related to the deposition of IgA in these
      MCNS patients.

PMID- 2281686
TI  - An experimental study of healing of the partially severed flexor tendon in
      chickens.
AB  - There is a lack of clinical and experimental studies of the treatment of
      incompletely transected tendons. The controversy concerning the source of flexor
      tendon nutrients is of important clinical concern in healing of the injured
      tendon; thus, the flexor tendon blood supply has cited as a reason for using
      specific tendon suture techniques, and as a rationale for preserving the
      superficialis tendon and its vincula during tendon repair surgery. Our knowledge
      of the normal physiology of digital flexor tendons and the mechanism of their
      healing process is deficient. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      relative importance of the synovial fluid and the blood supply respectively for
      the healing of partially severed flexor tendons. We observed the sequential
      histological and vascular changes which occur in healing of the partial
      lacerations in the dorsal and plantar aspects of the tendons. We observed the
      vascularities of the two partially severed tendon groups after injection of
      microfil and india ink through the femoral artery. In the healing process there
      was no sequential histological difference between the dorsal and the plantar
      severed tendons. The vascularity patterns of the healing tendons were
      significantly increased and the hypervascularity of dorsal severed tendons was
      greater than that of plantar severed tendons. Partially severed tendons were
      completely healed without surgical repair with dense collagen fibers without
      adhesion in most cases. We concluded from this study that the blood vessels
      appeared to play a significant role in the healing of the severed flexor tendons.
      An intact synovial environment did not seem to be required for healing of the
      severed tendon. It is not necessary to surgically repair the partially severed
      tendon for prevention of rupture and adhesion.

PMID- 2281687
TI  - A case of Leigh's disease with initial manifestation of dystonia.
AB  - A case of Leigh's disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy) is reported
      with such noteworthy features as early onset, dystonia, paraparesis the presence
      of low attenuation areas in both basal ganglias on computerized tomography of the
      brain and the presence of a high signal intensity in both basal ganglias in T2
      weighted image by MR. The electron microscopic findings of muscle biopsy are
      suggestive of pleoconial mitochondrial myopathy.

PMID- 2281688
TI  - Spinal cord injury caused by a stab wound--a case report.
AB  - The authors present a case of incomplete spinal cord injury (Brown Sequard
      syndrome) after a stab wound. A direct history and examination revealed that the
      patient was stabbed in the back while fighting with his friends. He immediately
      lost motor and sensory function in the lower extremities and collapsed to the
      ground. The patient was given primary closure after wound toilet and was treated
      with antibiotics. With rehabilitation he became ambulatory with a cane and long
      leg brace two months after the stabbing.

PMID- 2281690
TI  - [World AIDS Day 1990: focus women and AIDS].

PMID- 2281689
TI  - [Clinical and metabolic characterization and therapy goal of non-insulin
      dependent (Type II) diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2281692
TI  - [A proposal for a simplified diet for elderly diabetics].

PMID- 2281691
TI  - [Rational diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and a disturbed glucose tolerance].

PMID- 2281693
TI  - [Diagnosis of lipid metabolism disorders].

PMID- 2281694
TI  - [Differential therapy of hyperlipoproteinemias].

PMID- 2281695
TI  - [Rational metabolic monitoring and possibilities of self-monitoring].

PMID- 2281696
TI  - [Handling of insulin preparations].

PMID- 2281697
TI  - [Current principles of insulin therapy].

PMID- 2281698
TI  - [Combination therapy insulin and sulfonylurea compounds. A critical analysis].

PMID- 2281699
TI  - [Etiopathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy].

PMID- 2281700
TI  - [Diagnosis of peripheral arterial circulatory disorders in diabetics].

PMID- 2281701
TI  - [Diabetic nephropathy--diagnosis and therapy].

PMID- 2281702
TI  - [Observations on a concept of expanded ambulatory diabetes therapy].

PMID- 2281703
TI  - [Octreotide in the treatment of peptic hemorrhages].

PMID- 2281704
TI  - [Chemistry and pharmacology of Sandostatin].

PMID- 2281705
TI  - The action of octreotide in dumping syndrome.

PMID- 2281706
TI  - [Action of octreotide in short bowel syndrome and secretory diarrhea].

PMID- 2281707
TI  - [Gastroenterological aspects of long-term treatment with octreotide].

PMID- 2281708
TI  - [The effect of octreotide on hormones of the GEP system (gastro-entero
      pancreatic)].

PMID- 2281709
TI  - [Prostacyclin and thromboxane synthesis in liver tissue in chronic liver
      diseases].
AB  - This paper reports on investigations of the formation of PGI2 and TXA2 using
      their stabile products 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 (RIA) in liver biopsy specimens
      of 46 patients suffering from fatty liver (n = 19), chronic hepatitis B (n = 11),
      liver cirrhosis (n = 13), and miscellaneous diseases (n = 3). The measured
      formation rates in chronic liver disease were evaluated in comparison to a
      reference group (n = 19) consisting of minimal liver lesions. The 6-keto-PGF1
      alpha formation correlating to the degree of the portal inflammation in the liver
      (morphometric evaluation). The same trend existed in relation to the intralobular
      inflammation. The results presented suggest in respect of analogous data in
      animal experiments that PGI2 is predominantly generated in mesenchymal cells of
      the liver and, presumably influences the course of liver diseases.

PMID- 2281710
TI  - [The effect of LPH on the behavior of parameters of the kallikrein-kinin system
      (KKS) in the early phase of experimental endotoxic shock in the rat].
AB  - The effect of a new shock-protective agent LPH on parameters of the kallikrein
      kinin-system was studied in a standardized endotoxin shock model. Activation of
      KKS in endotoxin shock was not significantly influenced by LPH. On the other
      hand, LPH by itself caused activation of KKS. Decrease of kininogen level by
      endotoxin, however, was prevented by the pretreatment with LPH.

PMID- 2281712
TI  - [Detection of antibodies against thyroid gland membranes].
AB  - We present an enzyme immunoassay for the determination of thyroid membrane bound
      antibodies. This assay can help to differentiate autoimmune and non-autoimmune
      thyroid diseases. We used 101 sera and compared our results with these of
      commercial assay kits. In this form we estimate with our test more than one
      thyroid antibody, but we found a good correlation especially to the microsomal
      antibody. We can give the results as an index at a constant serum dilution or in
      titers.

PMID- 2281711
TI  - [ELISA on microtest plates for the detection of antibodies against
      thyroglobulin].
AB  - We developed an ELISA for the detection of thyroglobulin antibodies of MTP. With
      the test the determination of Tab is simple and has a high sensibility and a high
      specificity. It was carried out estimations of titres, which give informations
      for the diagnostic of autoimmune diseases of the thyroid.

PMID- 2281713
TI  - [Phospholipid concentrations and localization of selected phospholipids in
      erythrocyte membranes of breast tumor patients].
AB  - The phospholipid content within the erythrocyte membrane, its composition and
      topological distribution was determined in 17 untreated patients with
      histologically verified breast cancer. The qualitative analysis of phospholipids
      was performed by one- and two-dimensional TLC. Topological changes of the
      aminophospholipid asymmetry were examined by TNBS-labelling. In comparison with
      control values, there were no significant differences of the investigated
      phospholipid parameters. In conclusion, in the early stage of breast cancer,
      there is no influence of tumour growth on the phospholipid pattern of red blood
      cells. Thus, diagnosis of breast cancer using erythrocyte phospholipids is
      impossible.

PMID- 2281714
TI  - [Changes of the lipoprotein pattern in acute respiratory diseases in infancy].
AB  - The lipoprotein profile during an acute respiratory disease (ARD) was determined
      in 75 children from 8 Dresden day-nurseries. At time "O" when the children are
      free of any ARD the serum concentrations of TG, TC, LDLC and Apo B are high
      whereas those of HDLC, Apo AI and Apo AII are age-related. The acute stage of an
      ARD is characterized by high levels of TG, Apo B and Apo AII and an decrease in
      TC, LDLC, HDLC and Apo AI. After 4 weeks of reconvalescence some of these
      disturbances persist.

PMID- 2281716
TI  - [A simple radioimmunologic method for the determination of unconjugated estriol
      (E3) in the serum of pregnant women].

PMID- 2281715
TI  - [Base activity of glycogen phosphorylase b in human serum. Study of reference and
      discrimination values].
AB  - Serum glycogen phosphorylase activity as one of the sensitive indicators for the
      diagnosis of acute heart infarction was determined at 216 healthy probands using
      a standardized fluorometric procedure with a detection range from 0.03 to 6
      nmol/s x l serum. Basal activity was averaged at 1.22 +/- 0.39 nmol/s x l serum
      with a confidence interval of C.I.95 1.168 ... 1.272. Due to the estimated
      Gaussian distribution of the individual activity values (n = 216) the reference
      range was calculated from 0.5 to 2.0 nkat/l (2.5- to 97.5-percentile,
      respectively), the latter one being equal to the reference value of the glycogen
      phosphorylase activity in healthy human beings. The reference value was found to
      be independent of age (16-65 years) and sex. Using the discrimination value for
      serum glycogen phosphorylase activity at 3 nkat/l serum two groups of patients
      suffering either from acute myocardial infarction (n = 79) or chronic ischemic
      heart disease (n = 92) were separated with a diagnostic sensitivity and
      specificity of 0.91 and 0.93, respectively, of this diagnostic tool.

PMID- 2281717
TI  - [The determination of detection limits in the enzyme immunoassay].

PMID- 2281718
TI  - [A simple method for measuring two function parameters of phagocytizing cells
      using immunobeads].

PMID- 2281719
TI  - [Regeneration processes in peripheral nerves following nerve transsection].
AB  - A brief account is given in this paper of latest knowledge on regeneration in
      peripheral nerve following axotomy. Structural changes are discussed together
      with metabolic peculiarities associated with such restoration. Separate reference
      is made to neurotrophic growth factors and their effects.

PMID- 2281720
TI  - [Neurogenic tissue syndrome. Review and specific results].
AB  - A review is given of the skeletal muscle and specific methods required for its
      examination, before major findings from the neurogenic tissue syndrome are
      discussed in some detail. These findings, not specific of the diseases involved,
      may be grouped as follows along three lines: alterations resulting from
      (repetitive) denervation; re-innervation; secondary myopathic alterations (also
      called concomitant myopathy). Evaluation and rating of all findings and data
      relative to percentual incidence are followed by postulation of a guideline for
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2281722
TI  - [Structural changes in the peripheral nerves over a lifetime. Morphometric
      studies of the sciatic and sural nerves].
AB  - Investigations were conducted on topographically identical tissue samples from
      the sciatic and sural nerves. 22 autopsies on individuals free of any severe
      disorder provided the material for this study (stillborn babies and deaths of
      unnatural causes). The material was selected with the view to having all age
      groups of human life represented. preferably two or more subjects of each decade.
      The overall cross-section and the cross-section of each bundle were
      planimetrically measured, using magnified photographs of celloidin sections, 30
      micron in thickness. Depending on age, the sum of the cross-sections of all
      bundles was found to percentually decrease by about one fifth in all nerves
      relative to the overall cross-section. Alterations in the sural nerve and in the
      smaller portion of the sciatic nerve (N. peronaeus communis) were characterised
      by linear regression of measurements with a negative correlation, but non-linear
      regression could be estimated for the larger portion (N. tibialis). Semi-thin
      sections of methacrylate-embedded material were used to ascertain the numerical
      density of Schwann cell nuclei on all cases and to study fibre calibre
      distribution on three selected subjects. The averaged numerical density of
      Schwann cell nuclei decreased by about 80% from birth to the age of five years
      and varied between the second and fifth decades within a relatively small range
      described by a hyperbolic regression. No unambiguous correlation was found to
      exist beyond the fifth decade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281721
TI  - [The nosological situation of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN,
      Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, neural muscular atrophy)].
AB  - Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN) comprise a heterogeneous group
      of disorders. Since phenotypic manifestations are similar in most families,
      classification is based on differences in the mode of inheritance, onset and
      progression of the disease, nerve conduction velocity and nerve biopsy findings.
      Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-dominant and X-recessive forms,
      substantial intrafamilial differences, intermediate forms and the combination of
      neuropathies with spinocerebellar degeneration within one and the same sibship
      have been described. On the basis of selected own cases it is demonstrated that
      there is a broad spectrum of functional and structural abnormalities depending on
      the progression of the disease and on the site of nerve studied (proximal or
      distal part). Both the neuronal and hypertrophic variants begin with axonal
      degeneration of the dying back type followed by segmental demyelination and
      variable degrees of hypertrophic Schwann cell proliferation. Constantly,
      posterior columns of the spinal cord reveal fiber loss. Since the molecular basis
      of the different forms remains to be clarified it seems to be of greater interest
      to underline common features than to separate seemingly different nosological
      entities. It is suggested that the latter are partly the result of a selection of
      cases with a variable severity. Evidently, the syndrome of myatrophic ataxia
      comprises apart from "pure" HMSN with unsignificant degenerations of posterior
      columns and "pure" Friedreich's ataxia with mild peripheral nerve fiber loss
      intermediate forms.

PMID- 2281723
TI  - Neuropathology of intramural autonomic innervation of mice stomach in chronic
      ethanol intoxication.
AB  - Intramural stomach innervation was investigated in DBA mice after 1 week, 6 weeks
      and 3 months of intragastric ethanol treatment (1 cm3 daily by plastic tube). The
      results indicated that the intramural nervous system of the stomach underwent
      ultrastructural and histological changes in relation to ethanol. Alterations were
      noticeable after 3 weeks of treatment. They were more strongly pronounced after 6
      weeks and were maximally advanced in the group with 3 months of ethanol
      treatment. Mitochondria seemed to be first affected, especially in the axonal
      processes and nerve endings (higher density, hypertrophy, inverted pattern of
      cristae). Dense bodies with double membrane as well as altered fibrocytes and
      myocytes were noticed after longer periods of intoxication. Ischemic disease of
      neurons developed after 3 months of ethanol administration, probably against the
      background of severe mitochondrial damage. Some features suggested reconstruction
      of the cell population in intramural ganglia.

PMID- 2281724
TI  - [Nerve fiber regeneration in preformed tissue spaces].
AB  - Described in this paper is a new artificial chamber model to enable in vivo
      investigation of nerve fiber regeneration. Transection of the sciatic nerve of a
      rat was followed by analysis of axonal regeneration and revascularisation in the
      tissue chamber. Vascularisation of the endoneurium via the newly formed
      epineurium and perineurium was almost physiological in the cavity formed. The
      latter was found to be suitable for application of drugs and neurotrophic
      substances.

PMID- 2281725
TI  - [Fully-automatic microscopic image analysis and measuring of single fiber
      conduction velocity in the sural nerve of short-term diabetic rats].
AB  - Contrasting to the usual measurement of nerve conduction velocity, which only
      determines the conduction of the fastest fibers, single fiber measurement allows
      the registration of the conduction velocity of different fiber classes. The
      present experiment was performed to study whether electroneurophysiological
      and/or morphometrical parameters of group II fibers have changed after shortterm
      diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced in 28-d-old Lewis 1A-rats by
      administration of 60 mg/KG b.w. Streptozotocin. 60 d later, with the aid of an
      oscilloscope VKS 22-16 (VUKO Elektronische Gerate GmbH, Muhlheim) single fiber
      measurements were performed. Morphometry was carried out on semithin transverse
      sections of sural nerve with an automatic image analysis system A6471-AMBA/R
      (Robotron, Dresden). The mean plasma glucose level of diabetic animals was 27.1
      +/- 2.7 mmol/l. The mean afferent conduction velocity was significantly reduced
      in diabetic animals. Furthermore, efferent fibers could be verified in sural
      nerve which showed also reduced conduction velocity in diabetic rats. Morphometry
      revealed significant reduction of thickness and area of myelin sheaths, whereas
      area of axons remained unchanged. Electroneurophysiological and morphometrical
      changes will be discussed with special emphasis to different fiber groups. It is
      suggested, that primary Schwann cell lesion is responsible for the observed
      findings.

PMID- 2281726
TI  - [Automatic microscopic image analysis of semithin sections of peripheral nerves
      using the program Image-C/Nerve-Neuropathy].
AB  - Visiomanual morphometric analysis of peripheral nerve fibres has proved to be
      error-laden and inadequate. An automatic interactive programme was, therefore,
      developed for microscopic image analysis and feature extraction. Contours of
      myelin sheaths were properly identifiable, but an interactive programme component
      was found to be required to measure the remainder of two to 5% of fibres. Image
      analysis is shown to generate descriptive statistical features.

PMID- 2281727
TI  - [Learning from mistakes. Thoughts on preclinical care of accident victims based
      on 10-year experience in a large city of West Germany].
AB  - On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of preclinical emergency medicine a
      review of the last decade of preclinical treatment of polytraumatized patients
      was performed. Initially preclinical emergency medical services were established
      for the immediate care of victims in road accidents. Therefore these services
      were first usually stationed in Centers for Surgery or Traumatology. Emergency
      physicians in these were inevitably well trained in the emergency treatment of
      trauma patients. The Achilles tendon then was their limited ability to cope with
      differentiated internal problems. Whereas the quality of preclinical treatment in
      non-traumatic emergencies gradually increased during the last 10 years due to
      compulsory postgraduate training courses and due to the fact, that the percentage
      of physicians and anesthetists among the emergency crews also gradually
      increased, the average emergency physician no longer possessed enough practical
      experience with the early treatment of trauma patients, a disadvantage, which
      could not be sufficiently compensated in compulsory postgraduate training
      courses. This could be demonstrated in our 10 year quality control. Only
      physicians of Search and Rescue helicopter teams and residents of surgical and
      trauma departments made significantly few mistakes in the early treatment of
      polytraumatized patients. Typical mistakes of less experienced physicians could
      be sorted into 5 groups: --volume treatment: incorrect estimation of the severity
      of polytrauma/incorrect estimation of the amount of blood loss/insufficient
      substitution of volume/logistical mistakes. --O2 treatment: incorrect estimation
      of the degree of blunt thoracic trauma/hesitant indication for early artificial
      respiration/hesitant indication for thoracic drainage. --local treatment:
      incorrect estimation of the severity of soft tissue trauma/incorrect treatment of
      amputated limbs. --logistics and transport: additional iatrogenic laceration of
      soft tissues due to insufficient reposition and retention/logistical mistakes in
      choosing in the best means of transport and the best suited hospital for the
      patient. --special types of trauma: incorrect estimation of the severity of burn
      trauma/lack of experience in triage in cases of major accidents. To get better
      results in the early treatment of polytraumatized patients, the installation of a
      specialized emergency medical service for trauma patients in the main trauma
      centers of major cities combined with the function of the surgeon in charge for
      major accidents and catastrophies is to be discussed.

PMID- 2281728
TI  - [Limitations of rehabilitation possibilities in lye burns of the face].
AB  - Acute management of lye burns of the face has to include continuous irrigation
      and earliest possible necrectomy. Wound coverage by split thickness skin grafts
      was quite often found to be problematic for frequent occurrence of secondary
      necroses. Loss of eyelids is difficult to tackle, since complicated transposition
      flaps would then be required, with no guarantee of satisfactory cosmetic result.

PMID- 2281729
TI  - [Therapy of 2d degree burns with homologous split skin with special reference to
      HIV transmission].
AB  - The treatment of second degree burn wounds with glycerol conserved homografts
      yields good results in comparison with other techniques. However HIV-infection by
      this way has been reported. Apart from a description of the method of
      conservation and processing a method is outlined to avoid this path of HIV
      infection. The kidney recipients of the respective organ donation is tested 3
      month after the transplantation. This regimen nearly eliminates HIV-transfer by
      the use of glycerol conserved homografts and merits the extra effort in the
      treatment of second degree burn wounds.

PMID- 2281730
TI  - [Surgical statistics--an important performance record in surgery].
AB  - An account is given in this paper of computer-assisted statistical records of
      surgery, with reference being made to the example of annual evaluation in 1988 as
      compared to 1985/86 data. Surgical statistics are shown to be important to
      administrative and medical management of a surgical hospital or department as
      well as to defined appraisal of surgical activities.

PMID- 2281732
TI  - [Which procedures belong in prenatal diagnosis?].

PMID- 2281733
TI  - [Cerebral malformations in the 30th-36th pregnancy week--diagnosis and
      consequences].
AB  - When serious cerebral malformations of the fetal cerebrum are diagnosed, the
      pregnancy is in most cases so far advanced, that termination would be difficult
      medically, controversial ethically and--depending on legislation--impossible
      legally. Most cerebral malformations associated with hydrocephalus appear late in
      the 2nd and early in the 3rd trimester. Routine pregnancy ultrasound scan of the
      fetal brain is difficult due to the dynamic changes in cerebral anatomy during
      normal pregnancy and due to the artefacts produced by intra-cranial
      reverberations. The concept that there is a "right time" for in utero diagnosis
      of fetal hydrocephalus is reviewed. Unequivocal early diagnosis is only possible
      in cases of anencephaly. 15 cases of severe cerebral malformations that were seen
      during prenatal ultrasound at Innsbruck University Hospital are presented
      "Nonaggressive Obstetric Management" as a novel and structured approach to such
      cases is discussed.

PMID- 2281731
TI  - [Poland syndrome].

PMID- 2281734
TI  - [Spermatocyte antibodies in serum and follicular fluid of IVF and GIFT patients].
AB  - With a new SPAK-ELISA test system (Seratec GmbH) we determined sperm antibodies
      in sera of 60 IVF, 11 GIFT patients and their husbands. We evaluated sperm
      antibodies in sera of 12 IVF (20.0%), 3 GIFT (27%) and 3 males with
      normozoospermia parameters (4.2%). Compared to seronegative patients either the
      number of oocytes and their quality as the fertilization- and embryo transfer
      rate during the IVF/GIFT procedure were not affected. No intact pregnancy
      occurred in cases of sperm antibodies in sera. In 16.6% of all seropositive IVF
      patients the detection of sperm antibodies in the follicular fluids correspond to
      sera. We recommend to remove autologous serum for the oocyte culture in cases of
      sperm antibodies in serum of IVF patients.

PMID- 2281735
TI  - [Twin pregnancy with discordant abnormalities].
AB  - 3 cases of severe discordant malformations diagnosed by ultrasound (anencephaly,
      myelomeningocele, prune belly-syndrome) in multiple pregnancies have been
      described. Operations have been given up consciously.

PMID- 2281736
TI  - [The HELLP syndrome--3 case reports with clinically different course].
AB  - Three case reports of patients with HELLP-syndrome show how different the
      clinical courses in HELLP-syndrome may be. A maternal case of death after
      eclampsia and HELLP-syndrome explains that early diagnosis and immediate therapy
      are important for success in the treatment of HELLP-syndrome. After delivery--at
      present the only efficient causal therapy (we recommend a quick cesarean section
      after making the diagnosis)--an increase of the number of thrombocytes and a
      normalization of the liver enzymes can be observed within a few days. An
      intensive co-operation of obstetricians, anesthetists, and pediatricians in the
      treatment of patients with HELLP-syndrome is necessary.

PMID- 2281737
TI  - [Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis in a case of urethral atresia].
AB  - Presented is a rare case of obstruction of the lower urinary tract system due to
      urethral atresia, which was diagnosed by ultrasonography in the 21st week of
      pregnancy. Diagnosis, pathophysiology and therapy are discussed.

PMID- 2281738
TI  - [Struma ovarii. Short report of 2 cases].
AB  - A 75-year old and a 48-year old woman were treated by hysterectomy and unilateral
      adenectomy. The extirpated ovarian tumors both have shown histologically the
      structures of Struma ovarii with monodermal differentiation. The Struma ovarii
      represents a rare special manifestation of mature teratoma with typical
      histological appearance. At similarities to original thyroid tissue are given
      directions.

PMID- 2281739
TI  - [Revised FIGO staging for corpus and vulvar carcinoma].

PMID- 2281741
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal valvuloplasty of calcific aortic stenosis in elderly
      patients. Role of noninvasive evaluation by Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - Between October 1986 and January 1989, 57 attempts of percutaneous transluminal
      valvuloplasty were made in 51 elderly patients, mean age 76.7 +/- 6.2 years, with
      symptomatic aortic stenosis; this included 3 failures and 6 repeat
      valvuloplasties. The procedure resulted in a significant immediate decrease of
      the peak-to-peak transaortic pressure gradient from 94.6 +/- 26.5 to 42.6 +/-
      17.9 mm Hg (p less than 0.002) and an increase of the surface of the aortic valve
      from 0.4 +/- 0.1 to 0.6 +/- 0.2 cm2 (p less than 0.001). Cardiac output remained
      unchanged: 3.8 +/- 0.9 vs 3.8 +/- 0.8 lit/min. Complications included local
      vascular injury requiring surgical repair in 7 patients, cerebral events in 3
      patients and disruption of the aortic annulus, the aortic wall and the pulmonary
      artery each in 1 patient, and resulted in 4 in-hospital deaths (8%). Follow-up
      data were available for all patients for a mean duration of 12.7 +/- 5.4 months.
      Fifteen patients (30%) died on average 9.0 +/- 4.9 months after discharge.
      Recurrence of symptoms and early restenosis were documented in the majority of
      the patients. Restenosis was successfully treated by repeat valvuloplasty in 4
      and by valve replacement in 4 patients. Doppler echocardiography predicted the
      severity of the aortic stenosis before valvuloplasty and was very useful to
      assess follow-up results. Because of the limited hemodynamic results, the
      numerous procedural complications and the development of early restenosis balloon
      valvuloplasty of aortic stenosis should be restricted to selected symptomatic
      elderly patients.

PMID- 2281740
TI  - Treatment of chronic heart failure: an expert system advisor for general
      practitioners.
AB  - Most decision-support systems in medicine have been developed in hospital
      environments, but only few are designed for being used by general practitioners.
      The present work aims to design an expert system for practitioners in chronic
      heart failure (CHF) treatment. It provides assistance in defining the therapy
      relying on CHF aetiology, gravity, physiopathological conditions, and
      discriminates if other coexistent diseases and/or drugs taken by the patient
      could interact with CHF management. It warns the physician about the possible
      interactions of the considered CHF therapy. In case of contraindications, the
      system suggests another alternative therapy. It also advices about the control
      tests to follow-up the prescribed therapy, and about the indicated hygienic
      dietetic suggestions. To assess its internal consistency, we examined the
      behaviour of the system with 20 CHF patients, by comparing the suggested therapy
      with the prescriptions of cardiologists. In 9 cases the suggested therapeutic
      schemes contained all the "n" drugs administered by the cardiologists. In 5 cases
      the concordance was on at least two thirds of the prescribed medications, in 5
      between one half and two thirds, while in 1 case there was no concordance at all.
      In none of the 10 cases with partial concordance, were there major discrepancies
      (i.e. potentially deleterious for the patient) between the expert system's
      suggestions and the cardiologists' prescriptions. In conclusion, the advices of
      the expert system were similar to those of the cardiologists, suggesting the
      feasibility of such a computer support to CHF management.

PMID- 2281742
TI  - Quality of life during treatment of hypertensive patients with diuretics.

PMID- 2281743
TI  - Late endocarditis-associated obstructive dysfunction of a tricuspid ball-cage
      type valve. Doppler echocardiographic findings and therapeutic implications.
AB  - Thrombotic obstruction is rare in bacterial endocarditis involving prosthetic
      heart valves. A 45-year-old man who had three intracardiac, ball-cage-type
      prosthetic valves, presented with streptococcal septicemia. Major obstruction of
      the tricuspid Smeloff-Cutter valve and normal function of the two other
      prostheses were documented by Doppler echocardiography. Emergency replacement of
      the tricuspid valve alone was decided on the one basis of this echocardiographic
      diagnosis, and successfully performed. Operative findings confirmed the
      noninvasive findings.

PMID- 2281744
TI  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the CSF of patients with dementia
      associated with alcoholism.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (CSF SLI) was determined
      for 9 patients with chronic alcohol ingestion and dementia associated with
      alcoholism and for 8 age-equivalent controls. The CSF SLI was significantly
      reduced (32%) in the alcoholics with dementia as compared to the controls. This
      finding is in accordance with previous observations on the relationship between
      reduced CSF SLI and cognitive impairment in various neuropsychiatric disorders,
      and extends this finding to patients with dementia associated with alcoholism.

PMID- 2281745
TI  - Leukocyte glutamate dehydrogenase and CSF amino acids in late onset ataxias.
AB  - Leukocyte glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was measured in 11 healthy
      control subjects, 16 neurological controls, 12 patients with dominant late onset
      ataxia, 15 with sporadic late onset ataxia and 8 with alcoholic cerebellar
      ataxia. Serum hexosaminidase activity was also determined in ataxic patients.
      Concentrations of free amino acids were determined in the lumbal CSF of 16
      neurological controls, 8 patients with late onset ataxia and 5 with alcoholic
      ataxia. Mean total GDH activity was reduced significantly in dominant (p less
      than 0.05) and sporadic (p less than 0.01) cerebellar ataxia, while the heat
      labile form was decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) only in sporadic
      ataxia. All GDH activities were within normal range in patients with alcoholic
      ataxia. The serum hexosaminidase activities were also within reference range in
      all patient groups. The CSF concentrations of alanine, glycine, methionine and
      valine were significantly elevated and those of GABA and glutamate were normal in
      patients with late onset ataxia as compared to neurological controls. The most
      significant (p less than 0.01) increase was found for methionine. The amino acid
      levels of patients with alcoholic ataxia did not differ from those of the
      controls. The results suggest that GDH activity is only partially decreased in
      some ataxic patients and that altered amino acid metabolism may be reflected in
      the CSF.

PMID- 2281746
TI  - Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? 2. A retrospective
      study with CT and MRI.
AB  - It is well known that professional boxers can develop chronic traumatic
      encephalopathy (dementia pugilistica) due to repeated head trauma. Beside CT
      findings indicating cerebral atrophy, the presence of a cavum septum pellucidum
      has been reported to indicate encephalopathy. CT findings in amateur boxers are
      not as well documented. The aim of this study was to find out if morphological
      changes could be demonstrated among former amateur boxers using CT and MRI. Two
      control groups of soccer players and track and field athletes in the same age
      range were used for comparison. No significant differences in the width of the
      ventricular system, anterior horn index, width of cortical sulci, signs of
      vermian atrophy, or the occurrence of a cavum septum pellucidum were found
      between boxers and controls. A cavum septum pellucidum was found more often in
      the controls than in the boxers and is probably not a sign of earlier head
      trauma. MRI confirm no more findings than CT in this retrospective study.

PMID- 2281748
TI  - Spasm index in subarachnoid haemorrhage: consequences of vasospasm upon cerebral
      blood flow and oxygen extraction.
AB  - A spasm index, defined as transcranial Doppler detected flow velocity in the
      middle cerebral artery divided by regional cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF),
      was used on 24 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The aim was to
      estimate degree and time course of vasospasm, even in cases with great day-to-day
      variation in CBF, and correlate to CBF and oxygen extraction. All patients showed
      increase in spasm indices with peak index in the second or third week. The index
      seemed stable in spite of day-to-day fluctuations in CBF. Severe vasospasm were
      associated with poor clinical condition, reduced CBF (less than 30) and high
      AVDO2. The same picture could be seen with minor degree of vasospasm, probably,
      in some cases, due to high intracranial pressure. The results suggest that the
      spasm index is useful in monitoring patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage, and
      that severe vasospasm has a negative influence on clinical condition, CBF and
      oxygen extraction.

PMID- 2281747
TI  - A case-control epidemiological study of MS in the Paris area with particular
      reference to past disease history and profession.
AB  - A retrospective case-control study was carried out on 230 patients with multiple
      sclerosis (MS) and 230 controls matched for year of birth and sex. The
      geographical distribution of residence of MS patients and controls was similar.
      Two peak ages of onset of MS were observed among woman patients (20-24, 30-34
      years). There was no difference in histories of infectious diseases and
      autoimmune diseases between the two groups. A greater number of hairdressers was
      noticed among the patient group (p less than 0.05) and three patients (no
      control) had had professional contact with pathology specimens.

PMID- 2281750
TI  - Analysis of F response in upper motoneurone lesions.
AB  - The F response can provide a measure of motoneurone excitability (MNE) and so it
      may be used to investigate upper motoneurone disorders. This report studies the F
      wave configuration in patients with stroke to evaluate the changes of the central
      excitability of the motoneurones at different times after an acute cerebral
      insult. Various parameters of the F response, including amplitude (absolute and
      F%/M), duration, and persistence have been determined in 26 patients with
      unilateral hemiplegia and in 32 healthy subjects of both sexes in the same age
      range. The investigation was carried out applying a series of 20 supramaximal
      stimuli at 0.5 Hz on tibial and ulnar nerves bilaterally. In all patients a
      detailed clinical examination and a CT scan were performed. Our results indicate
      that an initial stage of reduced spinal motoneuron excitability evidenced by a
      decreased F amplitude and persistence was present in the early phases after a
      stroke, followed within 90 days by an enhanced MNE. Moreover, F-wave amplitude
      shows a positive correlation with weakness and increased tone.

PMID- 2281751
TI  - Psychogenic disorders in neurology: frequency and clinical spectrum.
AB  - Among 4470 consecutive neurological inpatients presenting "with typical
      neurological symptoms" 405 (9%) were found to have psychogenic rather than
      neurological dysfunction of the nervous system as the primary cause of admission.
      This probably represents a conservative figure, since secondary and minor
      pseudoneurological symptoms were not included. Retrospective analysis of these
      cases showed that pain was the most common psychogenic symptom, followed by motor
      symptoms (in particular stance and gait disturbances), dizziness, psychogenic
      seizures, sensory symptoms, and visual dysfunction. Unilateral motor and sensory
      symptoms were equally distributed to the left and right side of the body.
      Psychiatric abnormalities in these patients were heterogenous. Depressive
      syndromes were most common (38%), whereas hysterical features were less frequent
      than expected (9%). On discharge, improvement was significantly better for
      patients with recent onset of symptoms (2 weeks or less) than for those with
      longstanding disturbances. Short-term outcome was best for motor symptoms and
      worst for pain. Improvement was independent of psychiatric findings, coexistence
      of a neurological disease, age, and sex.

PMID- 2281749
TI  - Intracranial iohexol-distribution following cervical myelography,
      postmyelographic registration of adverse effects, psychometric assessment and
      electroencephalographic recording.
AB  - Cervical myelography (CM) was taken from 14 cases with cervical root-compression
      symptoms. Prior to myelography, there was complete cranial CT registration to
      assess the subarachnoid, intraventricular, subcortical and periventricular
      densities. Control scans at 3,6,24 and 48 h following myelography disclosed
      intracranial contrast medium at level of basal cisterns, the fourth ventricle and
      fissura Sylvii. Nine and 11 patients, respectively, had enhancement in the third
      and lateral ventricles. All patients had subcortical enhancement, and 9 patients
      had periventricular enhancement; at the 3-h control CT after myelography a minor
      subcortical edema was disclosed, which declined during the following hours. Two
      days after myelography, a minimal residual contrast was disclosed subcortically
      at the level of fissura Sylvii and in the subarachnoid space at the level of
      fissura Sylvii and the convexity. Hence, we recommend, that diagnostic cranial CT
      is performed before or postponed until 3 days after cervical myelography. The
      patients were questioned about adverse effects, and they underwent psychometric
      assessment and EEG-recordings: 11 had adverse effects, chiefly mild and
      exclusively transient, without sequelae. Three patients had no side effect. The
      psychometric assessment, however, disclosed pronounced deterioration in all
      patients at test 28 h after myelography, especially marked in the verbal paired
      associates test, however these disturbances were totally absent at retest one
      week later. No EEG-abnormalities developed; consistently, no patient had
      seizures. In conclusion, following CM iohexol is taken up by the brain
      parenchyma, gradually disappearing within 48 h, during which time a brain CT will
      be disturbed. During the same period some deterioration of psychometric tests may
      be found.

PMID- 2281752
TI  - Periodic febrile confusion as a presentation of complex partial status
      epilepticus.
AB  - A 75-year-old woman was evaluated for recurrent episodes of fever she experienced
      periodically every 4-5 weeks over the last 12 months, lasting 2-3 days each. The
      fever was associated with continuous complex partial seizures, paralleled the
      seizure activity and returned to normal after the seizures had ceased. The ictal
      EEG recordings showed rhythmic bitemporal 3-4 Hz activity; the interictal
      recordings showed a spike and wave discharge over the right fronto-temporal
      region. Carbamazepine effectively controlled both the seizures and the fever; the
      latter was presumed to be an inherent manifestation of the seizure activity.

PMID- 2281753
TI  - Surgery for soft tissue sarcoma in the extremities. A multivariate analysis of
      the 6-26-year prognosis in 137 patients.
AB  - In 137 patients with soft tissue sarcomas in the extremities, the influence of
      patient and tumor characteristics and surgical procedures on prognosis was
      studied using a multivariate statistical analysis. The minimum follow-up time was
      6 years, and no patient was lost to follow-up. Eighty-nine patients were referred
      with the tumor intact (primary series), while 48 were referred after biopsy or
      with local recurrence after previous surgery (secondary series). The frequency of
      amputation was 15 percent in the primary series and 48 percent in the secondary
      series. A local, function-preserving operation with a wide margin was performed
      in 37 patients without biopsy (clinical diagnosis alone). Local control of the
      disease was obtained in all but one of these patients without any adjunctive
      treatment. Independent, unfavorable factors concerning local recurrence were
      advancing age, open biopsy, and marginal surgery. Independent, unfavorable
      factors concerning survival were advancing age, increasing histologic malignancy
      grade, and ablative surgery. A tumor-related death was observed in 0, 29, 47, and
      67 percent of the patients with tumors of malignancy grades I, II, III, and IV,
      respectively.

PMID- 2281754
TI  - Quantification of bone healing. Comparison of QCT, SPA, MRI, and DEXA in dog
      osteotomies.
AB  - Four noninvasive imaging modalities were used to quantitatively evaluate and
      compare tibial osteotomy healing in dogs. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT),
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon absorptiometry (SPA), and dual
      energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were the four techniques examined. Bilateral
      tibial osteotomies were performed in 32 dogs divided into four groups. The
      osteotomies were stabilized with a 2-mm gap using unilateral external skeletal
      fixation. Dogs were anesthetized, imaged with the four noninvasive techniques,
      and killed at 2-12 weeks. Invasive techniques were used to determine: 1) the
      torsional properties of the bone; and 2) the local stiffness properties and
      calcium content within the bone. The techniques which had the strongest
      associations with the torsional properties of the osteotomies were QCT, SPA and
      DEXA. Generally, QCT and SPA had marginally stronger correlations than DEXA; but,
      overall, there were no differences between the techniques. MRI had the poorest
      associations with the torsional properties of the osteotomies. Generally, QCT had
      the strongest correlations with local material properties, such as indentation
      stiffness and calcium content. SPA had the second strongest correlations with
      calcium content and had the third strongest correlations with indentation
      stiffness behind DEXA. DEXA had the third strongest correlations for calcium
      content. With the exception of some of the correlations with indentation
      stiffness, MRI had the poorest associations with the local parameters studied.

PMID- 2281755
TI  - Wear and loosening of the hip prosthesis. A roentgen stereophotogrammetric 3-year
      study of 14 cases.
AB  - Fourteen patients were followed by roentgen stereophotogrammetry for 3 years
      after hip arthroplasty. In 11 of the 14 acetabular components, definite wear was
      identified. The mean wear rate was 0.13 mm per year. There was no correlation
      between the wear and loosening of either the acetabular or the femoral component.
      Our findings indicate that products of wear do not initiate prosthetic loosening.

PMID- 2281756
TI  - Holding power impaired in rheumatoid femoral heads. Cadaveric study of fracture
      fixation devices.
AB  - A measurement was made of the holding strength and the energy needed to extract a
      NoLok hip screw, a von Bahr screw, and a Hansson hookpin from cadaveric femoral
      heads. The specimens were obtained from female subjects aged 65 years or more,
      with 36 specimens each from rheumatoid (RA) and nonrheumatoid (non-RA) donors.
      Retraction of the implants was made by a continuous uniaxial pullout at 10
      mm/min. For each type of device, the holding strength in rheumatoid femoral heads
      was less than in non-RA specimens. In rheumatoid specimens the maximum holding
      strength for the NoLok screw (1,622 N) was higher than that of the other two
      devices, whereas the von Bahr screw (1,177 N) had a higher maximum holding
      strength than the Hansson hook-pin (603 N). In non-RA, there was no difference in
      maximum holding power between the NoLok screw (2,549 N) and the von Bahr screw
      (2,282 N); however, both had a higher holding strength than the Hansson hook-pin
      (851 N). A rapid fall off was experienced in the force required to continue
      extraction of both types of screws, whereas for the Hansson hook-pin the strength
      decreased slowly. For each type of device, the energy needed for extraction of
      the implant was less in the RA group femoral heads, while there were no
      differences in total extraction energy between devices.

PMID- 2281757
TI  - Core decompression for femoral head necrosis. Prospective study of 28 patients.
AB  - Totally, 28 consecutive patients with nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral
      head were included in a prospective study of the clinical and radiographic
      results of core decompression. One patient (one hip) was lost to follow-up.
      Preoperatively, the stage according to Ficat (1985) was assessed by plain
      radiography and scintimetry. After 1-2 years, hip replacement had been performed
      in 4/11 Stage 1, 7/11 Stage 2, and 4/7 Stage 3 hips, while the remaining 12 hips
      were judged satisfactory. We conclude that the outcome of core decompression for
      nontraumatic necrosis of the femoral head is unpredictable.

PMID- 2281758
TI  - The Grosse-Kempf nail for distal femoral fractures. 2-year follow-up of 25 cases.
AB  - Totally, 25 patients with an infraisthmic fracture of the femur, treated with a
      Grosse-Kempf slotted nail, were followed up for a median of 21 (8-44) months. The
      median age of the 9 males and 16 females was 45 (18-90) years. No deep infections
      occurred. An excellent result was obtained in 14 patients, good in 5, fair in 5,
      and poor in 1 patient in whom intraoperative splintering led to a 9-cm
      shortening. We conclude that intramedullary locked nailing of fractures of the
      infraisthmic, extraarticular part of the femur compares favorably with
      alternative methods.

PMID- 2281760
TI  - External fixation or plaster cast for severely displaced Colles' fractures?
      Prospective 1-year study of 46 patients.
AB  - In a prospective randomized study of 47 severely displaced Colles' fractures, 23
      had external fixation and 24 had a dorsal plaster cast. Five fractures in the
      plaster-cast group redislocated and were externally fixed at rereduction after
      the 11-day follow-up. Three patients in the external-fixation group had a
      noncomplicated pin-tract infection, and 1 patient had a transient sensory
      disturbance arising from the cutaneous branch of the superficial radial nerve.
      After 1 year, the patients allocated to primary external fixation had a better
      radiographic and functional end result; according to Lidstrom's grading, 19/22
      were excellent or good after external fixation as compared with 12/19 after
      plaster-cast treatment.

PMID- 2281759
TI  - Cyclosporin A and tissue antigen matching in bone transplantation. Fibular
      allografts studied in the dog.
AB  - We studied the mechanical, metabolic, and histologic properties of short-term
      nonvascularized cortical bone grafts in a canine fibular graft model. Sham
      operated nonvascularized autotransplanted and allotransplanted bones were
      compared. The allografts were performed between dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class
      I and II matched; DLA class I and II mismatched; and cyclosporin A (CsA) treated,
      DLA class I and II mismatched animals. Cyclosporin was given for 1 month, and all
      the animals were followed for 3 months after surgery. Mechanical properties were
      investigated using standard torsional tests, metabolic kinetics were assessed
      using isotopic prelabeling techniques, and histomorphometric analysis of cross
      sectional area properties and sequential fluorochrome labels were performed.
      Autografts were mechanically stronger and stiffer than all the types of
      allograft. CsA-treated, DLA-mismatched allografts performed better than matched
      allografts. These in turn were stronger than non-CsA-treated, mismatched
      allografts, which underwent nearly complete resorption. These relationships were
      preserved in the metabolic and histologic analyses. In this short-term animal
      study, although DLA matching resulted in a slight improvement in graft outcome,
      mismatched grafts in dogs receiving a short course of cyclosporin A fared even
      better.

PMID- 2281761
TI  - Functional treatment of metacarpal fractures 100 randomized cases with or without
      fixation.
AB  - Totally, 100 hundred subcapital or diaphyseal fractures of the second through the
      fifth metacarpal were randomized to either a dorsal/ulnar plaster cast
      immobilizing the wrist and the joints of the involved digits or a functional cast
      allowing the wrist and the digits a free range of motion. Due to better retaining
      ability, functional casting reduced volar angulation by two thirds for metacarpal
      shaft fractures and by one third for metacarpal neck fractures when compared with
      plaster cast immobilization. Restriction of wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and
      interphalangeal joint movements was more frequent in the cast group, but did not
      influence the overall function 3 months postinjury. Sick leave was reduced by two
      thirds after functional casting compared with the plaster cast group.

PMID- 2281762
TI  - Lipid extraction enhances bank bone incorporation. An experiment in rabbits.
AB  - We implanted frozen allogeneic cancellous bone in rabbit skeletal defects and
      compared the bone-forming response with that from similar implants that had also
      been extracted with chloroform/methanol. The donor bone was harvested from a
      previously implanted titanium chamber that is spontaneously filled with
      reproducible amounts of cancellous bone. It was processed as frozen bank bone,
      then transferred to an identical, but empty, chamber in another rabbit.
      Extraction of lipids before implantation increased the ingrowth of new bone into
      the transferred bone, as measured by 45Ca and 99mTc-MDP activity. A simple
      treatment with fat solvents may reduce some of the drawbacks of ordinary bank
      bone.

PMID- 2281763
TI  - Achilles tendon ruptures operated on under local anesthesia. Retrospective study
      of 81 nonhospitalized patients.
AB  - During a 6-year period, 97 patients with an acute rupture of the Achilles tendon
      were operated on under local anesthesia as outpatients. At follow-up, 5/81
      patients had some discomfort. A rerupture occurred in 3 patients shortly after
      commencing weight bearing and after substantial traumas. We conclude that there
      is no need to hospitalize patients with an Achilles tendon rupture.

PMID- 2281764
TI  - Fibrin fixation of osteochondral talar fracture.
AB  - Six osteochondral talar fractures in 5 patients were fixed with fibrin sealant.
      All the lesions healed uneventfully. After 1 year, 3 of the 4 athletes in the
      study had resumed their sports activities at the same level as prior to the
      accident.

PMID- 2281765
TI  - Computed tomography in suspected tarsal coalition. Examination of 26 cases.
AB  - Coronal plane computed tomography (CT) was performed in 26 consecutive patients
      with clinical suspicion of tarsal coalition. Twenty patients had plain CT and 6
      had CT talocalcaneonavicular arthrography. Fifteen patients were found to have
      coalition. Of these 15 patients, 12 had talocalcaneal coalition (9 bilateral, 3
      unilateral), 2 patients had combined talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular
      coalitions, and the remaining patient had bilateral calcaneonavicular coalitions.
      Surgical findings corroborated the CT diagnosis in 9 patients with talocalcaneal
      coalition and in 2 patients with calcaneonavicular coalition. Ossified
      talocalcaneal coalitions were found in children aged 6 and 10 years, i.e., well
      below the conventionally stated age range of 12 to 16 years. CT is the
      investigation of choice in suspected tarsal coalition if plain radiography is not
      diagnostic. CT arthrography did not generally provide further information, but
      may be useful if plain CT is equivocal.

PMID- 2281766
TI  - Value of intercondylar notch plasty. CT studies and peroperative measurements of
      127 knees.
AB  - The intercondylar notch diameter was measured in six knees on CT scans before and
      after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. During the operation, direct
      measurements of the anterior notch diameter was also performed before and after
      notch plasty. There was good agreement between CT and peroperative measurements,
      showing that the enlargement of the intercondylar notch can be measured on the CT
      scan. Twenty-one patients previously reconstructed because of old anterior
      cruciate ligament injuries were reexamined after a median of 4 years, and their
      notch diameters were measured by CT or at reoperation. The notch remained open in
      stable knees, but was narrowed in unstable knees. The notch diameter before notch
      plasty was assessed with a calliper at operation on 45 patients with acute and 60
      patients with old injuries. Both groups had a mean intercondylar diameter of 16
      mm. The conclusion that the notch plasty stays open in stable knees emphasizes
      the importance of this step in the reconstruction procedure.

PMID- 2281767
TI  - Anterior cruciate ligament repair with and without augmentation. A prospective 7
      year study of 51 patients.
AB  - A prospective comparison was made of the 7-year results of repair of the acutely
      ruptured anterior cruciate ligament with and without augmentation using the
      longitudinal patellar retinaculum. The knee stability was evaluated by clinical
      tests and by a specially constructed testing device. In the repair group, 6/22
      had unchanged activity and intensity levels compared with 24/29 in the
      augmentation group. Lysholm's functional score was higher in the augmentation
      group. All the clinical tests and all the objective measurements except Lachman's
      test showed better stability in the augmentation group.

PMID- 2281768
TI  - Surgery for synovial chondromatosis. 26 cases followed up for 6 years.
AB  - Surgery was performed in 31 patients with synovial chondromatosis: 12 had
      synovectomy and removal of loose bodies, and 16 had removal of loose bodies only.
      The remaining 3 patients had more radical surgery: 2 had total hip replacement
      and 1 had resection arthroplasty. Twenty-six patients were reviewed after an
      average of 6 years and 4 months. Thirteen patients were symptomatic and 11 had
      residual signs of limited joint motion and localized tenderness. In 1 case of
      metatarsophalangeal joint involvement, recurrence occurred. Removal of loose
      bodies only did not differ from synovectomy and removal of loose bodies.

PMID- 2281769
TI  - Synovial fluid does not inhibit collagen synthesis. Bovine cruciate ligament
      studied in vitro.
AB  - An organ culture model of four bovine anterior cruciate ligaments was used to
      compare synovial fluid with bovine serum, lactated Ringer's solution, and Basal
      Medium Eagle's (BME) to determine their relative abilities to support in vitro
      conversion of proline into hydroxyproline. There was no difference between serum
      and synovial fluid in their ability to support collagen synthesis. These results
      suggest that bovine synovial fluid is not inhibitory in that it is similar to
      bovine serum in supporting ligament collagen synthesis under the conditions
      described.

PMID- 2281770
TI  - Polyethylene failure in two total knees. Wear of thin, metal-backed PCA tibial
      components.
AB  - Two women underwent a PCA total knee arthroplasty of the metal-backed type in
      which the tibial insert was only 4 mm thick in its thinnest portion. After 2 and
      4 years, both women had pain on weight bearing due to polyethylene breakdown
      causing metal-to-metal contact. Such thin polyethylene components should not be
      used for knee replacements.

PMID- 2281772
TI  - Chondrodysplasia punctata mimicking Blount's disease. A case report.

PMID- 2281771
TI  - Polyethylene failure in a PCA unicompartmental knee prosthesis.

PMID- 2281773
TI  - Blount's disease in a pair of identical twins.

PMID- 2281774
TI  - Magnetic resonance knee arthrography. Enhanced contrast by gadolinium complex in
      the rabbit and in humans.
AB  - This study contains the fundamentals and the technique of the intraarticular
      application of an MRI contrast agent in connection with magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI arthrography). It also presents the resulting clinical relevance for
      knee joint diagnostics. The significance of MRI arthrography is linked above all
      to the central question of whether or not it is possible to depict the hyaline
      cartilage, its surface and its thickness with the help of MRI arthrography. MRI
      arthrography was used for in vitro examinations of rabbit knee joint cartilage
      and human joint cartilage. The in vivo application was carried out in 73
      patients. Apart from the metric evaluation and the assessment of the information
      content of the MRI image, the corresponding histologic sections were made in 20
      knee joints in order to compare the cartilage surface and the thickness of the
      cartilage with the results in the MRI image. The optimum amount of contrast agent
      for visualization was determined, the uptake and clearance of the contrast agent
      from the cartilage were assessed, and trace elements from the cartilage were also
      analyzed. The examination showed that the molecular structure of the contrast
      agent (gadolinium-DTPA) does not prevent the uptake of the contrast agent into
      the matrix of the hyaline cartilage. But this process is reversible. Thus, 14
      hours after the intraarticular application of the contrast agent no measurable
      traces of gadolinium-DTPA could be established. The intraarticular application of
      the contrast agent also made it possible to achieve a constant and reproducible
      visualization of all joint structures. This affected mainly the surface of the
      hyaline cartilage. The best imaging quality was achieved with intraarticular
      application of 30 to 40 mL of a 2 mmolar solution of gadolinium-DTPA. The
      technique used for the intraarticular application is the same as for the common
      procedures of knee joint aspiration. The clinical importance of MRI arthrography
      lies in the fact that a very detailed assessment can be made for therapy planning
      and furthermore in the possibility to provide the surgeon with answers to
      specific questions concerning the therapy. Examples are the extent and location
      of chondromalacia in a patient and the question whether a cartilage fracture has
      already occurred in osteochondrosis dissecans or not. The evaluation of cartilage
      together with the possibility to assess all other structures in the knee joint is
      a special feature of MRI arthrography. The high sensitivity and specificity of
      this method makes it superior to the examination without contrast agent and
      comparable to diagnostic arthroscopy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2281775
TI  - [Belgian Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology: Annual report, list of
      members 1989-1990].

PMID- 2281776
TI  - [Rehabilitation of glottic and neoglottic insufficiency].

PMID- 2281777
TI  - [Malignant epithelial tumors of the oropharynx].

PMID- 2281778
TI  - [HIV infection and nosocomial risk: experience at the ORL Clinic of Pisa].
AB  - The risk of nosocomial risk of HIV infection and the problem of preventative
      measures to adopt has been modifying how workers in the health field deal with
      patients. In fact, the increased spreading of HIV infections within our
      population has led to the establishment of a national protocol of preventative
      measures by which no patient can be considered "safe". Consequently, the
      likelihood that contact with any patient can lead to infection causes the health
      care worker to look upon the patient as a potentially dangerous enemy, thus
      leading to a decline in the quality of health care. On the other had, although
      the risk of a health care worker being infected by HIV during routine work is
      low, preventative measures must be taken both during examination and during
      surgery. Unanimous agreement exists in regard to what measures are to be taken to
      prevent cutaneous and mucosa exposure of workers whenever the risk of
      accidentally coming into contact with the blood and/or other biological fluids
      exists. On the other hand, the use of an anti-HIV screening for all patients in
      order to distinguish between infected and non infected subjects is still subject
      to debate. Some feel such screening is unacceptable because it would deny sero
      positive patients adequate care and could give rise to both false positives and
      false negatives while others propose routine screening feeling it to be helpful
      both to those who are sero-positive and to health care workers.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281779
TI  - [Glandular tumors of the middle ear: a case of primary ceruminous adenoma].
AB  - Primitive glandular neoplasms of the middle ear are a rare entity. Under this
      definition epithelial neoplasms are classified according to structure as adenomas
      or adenocarcinomas, with intact tympanic membrane. Review of the literature shows
      that four histopathological patterns can be identified among these neoplasms:
      adenoma, adenocarcinoma, ceruminous adenoma and ceruminous adenocarcinoma. The
      present work describes a case of primitive ceruminous adenoma of the middle ear
      (6 cases have been reported in the literature) discovered during exploratory
      tympanotomy performed on a presumed otitis media which had not responded to
      medical treatment. The case description is followed by a review of the literature
      on the subject. The rarity of such neoplasms arises from this review as well as
      the fact that the histogenesis of ceruminous neoplasms of the middle ear is not
      clearly defined. Further study is required and more reports need be made in order
      to establish the best therapeutic approach to such neoplasms. It is the authors'
      opinion that the term "ceruminoma" is a generic term and not a clear definition
      and that its use in labeling the most various neoplasms of the middle and
      external ear must be abandoned.

PMID- 2281780
TI  - [Significance and prognosis of positive resection margins in surgery of laryngeal
      cancer].

PMID- 2281781
TI  - Clinical features of parotid gland malignancies.

PMID- 2281782
TI  - Clinical and instrumental diagnosis of malignant epithelial tumors of the parotid
      gland.

PMID- 2281783
TI  - [Classification of parotid cancers].

PMID- 2281784
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics and distribution of isotetrandrine in rats].
AB  - A reversed-phase HPLC method for determination of isotetrandrine (ITD) in
      biological specimens was developed. The mobile phase composed of 0.2% (w/v) SDS,
      47% acetonitrile and 53% distilled water (pH 2), at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min
      with determination wavelength of 230 nm. The drug concentration-time curves of
      ITD in rats after iv of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg were shown to fit a two-compartment
      open model with half-lives of 67.1 +/- 6.22 68.0 +/- 2.57 and 97.6 +/- 14.6 min,
      respectively. At doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg, the elimination of the drug from
      plasma was found to be in accord with linear kinetics, but when the dosage was 50
      mg/kg, a non-linear kinetics was observed. Following ig ITD 100 and 250 mg/kg,
      the plasma concentration-time curves exhibited two marked peaks. Half-lives of
      elimination after ig doses was much longer than after iv administration, with
      mean values of 9.35 +/- 3.24 h (100 mg/kg) and 9.01 +/- 3.02 h (250 mg/kg).
      Distribution of the drug in rats was extensive, highest level of the drug was
      found in the lung and lowest in plasma after iv administration. Following ig
      administration, highest level of the drug was found in the liver and lowest in
      plasma.

PMID- 2281785
TI  - [Synthesis of indolinyl-N,N-dimethylcarbamates as reversible anticholinesterase
      agents].
AB  - A series of new indolinyl derivatives (I1-5, II1-3 and III1-8) with different
      substituents at 1-, 3- or 5-position were synthesized in order to study the
      relationship of structure and anticholinesterase activities of CUI XING NING and
      its derivatives. The method of phase transfer catalysis was successfully applied
      in the C3-alkylation of intermediate A as well as in the N-alkylation and the
      carbamylation. Three by-products were obtained during the C3-alkylation and their
      structures and all of the structures of the 24 new compounds (including the
      intermediate) were identified by spectral and elementary analysis. Preliminary
      pharmacologic tests showed that most of the compounds have potent
      anticholinesterase activities. All of the substituents of 1-, 3- or 5-position of
      the compounds may affect their activities (see Table 4).

PMID- 2281786
TI  - [Syntheses and preliminary bioassays of inhibin segments].
AB  - Six segments within the subunit beta-A of the follicular inhibin have been
      synthesized by an improved solid phase procedure on p-methyl-benzhydrylamine (1%
      divinylbenzene) resin. The courses of the syntheses were monitored by
      quantitative ninhydrin assays and amino acid analyses. Following the cleavage by
      HF-p-cresol (9:1 V/V), the peptides were extracted with anhydrous trifluoroacetic
      acid containing 1% dithiothreitol and precipitated with dry ethyl ether. The
      purification was achieved uniquely by reverse phase HPLC and final products were
      characterized by several TLC systems, analytical HPLC and amino acid analyses.
      Pituitary cell culture bioassays were performed to ascertain their biological
      activities. However, among these synthetic peptides, the small peptides Ib-beta A
      (37-39)NH2(I), Ib-beta A(34-39)NH2(II), and Ib-beta A(30-39)NH2(III) showed no
      significant suppression on the LHRH-induced FSH secretion; the large peptides Ib
      beta A(23-39)NH2(IV), Ib-beta A(16-39)NH2(V), and Ib-beta A(14-39)NH2(VI) lack
      adequate solubility in neutral media, and other methods are to be sought to test
      their bioactivities.

PMID- 2281787
TI  - [Studies on the structure of a new flavanonol glucoside of the root-sprouts of
      Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb].
AB  - Three compounds were isolated from benzene and acetone extracts of the root
      sprouts of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. On the basis of physicochemical properties,
      spectroscopy (UV, IR, NMR, MS, CD, GC) and chemical degradation, two known
      compounds were identified as palmitic acid (VIII) and daucosterol (IX), one new
      compound was elucidated as (2S,3S)-(-)-taxifolin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (X).

PMID- 2281789
TI  - [Studies on streptomycin albumin microspheres for injection].
AB  - Streptomycin albumin microspheres were prepared by polymeric dispersing agents.
      Some physical properties including the size, distribution and surface state of
      the microspheres were determined. The results showed that the diameter of the
      microspheres ranged from 10 to 30 microns and the content was 20.3 +/- 0.5%. Drug
      release from the microspheres was performed by a dynamic dialysis system. Tissue
      distribution of streptomycin albumin microspheres in rats was studied by both
      fluorescein isothiocyanate and 125I labelled microspheres. The experiments
      revealed that the major part of the microspheres accumulated in the lung
      following intravenous injection. The effectiveness and side effects of the
      streptomycin in the microspheres remain to be determined.

PMID- 2281788
TI  - [Determination of microgram-amount pentoxyverine citrate using a piezoelectric
      detector and neutralization-extraction technique].
AB  - A new method for the rapid determination of microgram and submicrogram amounts of
      pentoxyverine citrate has been suggested using a ring-coated piezoelectric quartz
      crystal in combination with the neutralization extraction technique. The
      detection limit is 0.02 microgram. Frequency shift is directly proportional to
      the pentoxyverine citrate concentration in the range of 0.05-1.6 micrograms, with
      a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and a coefficient of variation of 2.3%. The
      new method suggests a number of advantages over the classical neutralization
      extraction method.

PMID- 2281790
TI  - [Effects of benzyltetrahydropalmatine on ischemia reperfusion with monophasic
      action potential].
AB  - The changes of monophasic action potential (MAP) in ischemic and reperfused
      feline ventricle in situ were studied. When the feline coronary artery was
      ligated the MAPD50 was found to be markedly shortened, the T wave and S-T segment
      were elevated evidently. Within seconds of releasing the coronary occlusion
      ventricular fibrillation and death occurred in all animals. Intravenous injection
      of BTHP markedly prolonged the MAPD50 and MAPD90 and reduced the heart rate,
      while no influence on T wave and S-T segment were observed. After occlusion of
      the coronary artery, the T wave and S-T segment only increased slightly and the
      MAPD50 recovered to its control level. During reperfusion the occurrence of
      ventricular fibrillation was significantly reduced. In contrast, prazosin,
      verapamil and propranolol did not show significant effect on changes of MAP, but
      BTHP and Pra, Ver and Pro all showed protective effect on feline ischemic and
      reperfused myocardia by ligation and reperfusion of the coronary artery with
      decrease of the number of arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation and death. The
      order of antiarrhythmic action of these agents was BTHP = Pra greater than Ver
      greater than Pro. The total incidence of ventricular fibrillation reduced from
      the control values of 100% in ischemia/reperfusion heart to 0% (BTHP and Pra),
      20% (Ver) and 40% (Pro).

PMID- 2281792
TI  - [Studies on the structure of scuteamoenin from the root of Scutellaria amoena].
AB  - In containing our studies on the flavonoids from Scutellaria amoena C.H. Wright,
      a new flavanone (I) and six known compounds (II-VII) were isolated from the roots
      of this plant. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis (UV, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS
      and CD) and chemical evidence, the structure of the new compound was elucidated
      as (2S) -2',5,6'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (I) and named scuteamoenin, the
      other six known compounds were identified as (2R,3R) -3,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone
      (II), 2',3,5,6,7-pentahydroxyflavone (III), 2',5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone
      (IV), skullcaflavone II (V), chrysin (VI) and beta-sitosterol (VII) respectively.
      Compounds II-VII were obtained from this plant for the first time.

PMID- 2281791
TI  - [Chemical studies of minor triterpene compounds isolated from the stems and
      leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer].
AB  - Two new natural products were isolated from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng
      C.A. Meyer cultivated in Liaoning, China. Their structures were characterized as
      20(R)-dammaran-3 beta, 6 alpha, 12 beta, 20, 25-pentol and 20(R)-dammaran-3 beta,
      6 alpha, 12 beta, 20, 25-pentol-6-O-alpha-L-rhampyranosyl(1----2)-O-beta-D-gluc
      opy ranoside.

PMID- 2281793
TI  - [Studies on triterpenoids of Populus yunnanensis Dode].
AB  - Three triterpenoids (I, II and III) were isolated from the roots of Populus
      yunnanensis Dode, which has been used as a folk remedy for the treatment of
      urinary tract infection and calculus in Yunnan Province. Compound I and III were
      identified as friedelin and 21 alpha-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one and compound II as 21
      alpha-acetoxyfriedelan-3-one which is a new triterpenoid. 13C NMR data of II
      showed that the presence of an alpha-acetoxy group at C-21 does not affect the
      boat conformation of ring E similar to the results in the study of some other D:A
      friedo-oleananes.

PMID- 2281795
TI  - [Expert system and pharmaceutical science].

PMID- 2281794
TI  - [Resolution of the enantiomers of some beta-amino alcohols using chiral
      derivatization and reversed-phase liquid chromatography].
AB  - A convenient and rapid procedure for enantiomeric resolution of beta-amino
      alcohol drugs, such as oxprenolol, propafenone, timolol and phenylephrine, is
      described. The method is based on derivatization with the chiral reagent 2,3,4,6
      tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate (GITC), and resolution of the
      resulting diastereomeric thioureas by reversed-phase HPLC using methanol-aqueous
      monobasic ammonium phosphate mixture as the mobile phase. The salt forms of these
      drugs can be directly derivatized with GITC reagent instead of being converted
      into their free bases and without protection of the phenolic hydroxyl group of
      phenylephrine.

PMID- 2281796
TI  - Ryodipine-induced enhancement of farmarubicin cytotoxicity against human leukemia
      cells in vitro.
AB  - Ryodipine is a recently developed dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker,
      chemically similar to nifedipine but with some advantages: light stability, low
      toxicity, etc. In recent years calcium antagonists have attracted attention not
      only with their cardiovascular activity but also as drugs increasing the
      antitumor effect of some cytostatics. In the present work the potentiating effect
      of ryodipine on the farmarubicin-induced cytotoxicity against K 562 human
      leukemia cells in vitro was evaluated. The cells were exposed to farmarubicin,
      ryodipine and combination of both drugs. The results obtained clearly
      demonstrated that a nontoxic concentration (0.5 microgram/ml) of ryodipine
      increased (about 5 times) farmarubicin cytotoxicity as the IC50 of the cytostatic
      was shifted from 1,86 ng/ml on single treatment to 0.37 ng/ml on combined
      treatment of the cells. The data presented suggest a role for ryodipine in the
      enhancement of the antitumor activity of some cytostaticts.

PMID- 2281797
TI  - Effect of subchronic treatment with some heavy metal salts on the activity of the
      drug metabolizing enzyme system in female rats.
AB  - In experiments on female albino rats the effect of 30-day treatment with salts of
      Co, Cd, Ni, Zn and Hg on the liver monooxygenase system was studied. It was found
      that CdCl2 and HgCl2 significantly decreased the activity of aniline hydroxylase
      whereas the activity of ethylmorphine-N-demethylase tended to remain almost
      constant and no significant changes were observed. The cytochrome P-450 level in
      Zn-treated female rats was decreased while the other metal salts did not change
      it. The cytochrome b5 levels were relatively stable and there were no significant
      differences between treated and untreated animals. Co, Cd and Hg decreased the
      NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation whereas Ni and Zn did not change it. All metal
      salts caused no marked alterations in the female rat liver microsomal membrane
      fluidity.

PMID- 2281798
TI  - Age-related differences in memory and in the memory effects of nootropic drugs.
AB  - In experiments of 2-, 5-, 10- and 22-month old rats, using active avoidance with
      punishment reinforcement (maze and shuttle-box) and passive avoidance (step
      down), we found that acquisition and retention in aged rats were impaired
      significantly or only as a trend. The nootropics adafenoxate, meclofenoxate,
      citicholine, aniracetam and the standardized ginseng extract administered orally
      for 7 to 10 days usually facilitated learning and improved memory in the rats of
      all ages. By some of the indices used the drugs gave more pronounced favourable
      effects in old rats, while by others better effects were observed in young or
      adult rats. The results demonstrate significant age-related differences in
      learning and memory in rats and in the effects of nootropic drugs on these
      processes.

PMID- 2281799
TI  - Adenylate cyclase system of differentiating erythroid cells.
AB  - The review provides a survey of current knowledge about the changes in hormone
      sensitive adenylate cyclase complex of erythroid cells. The basal enzyme activity
      decreases continuously during differentiation and maturation. Guanine nucleotides
      (GTP and GMP-P (NH)P) increase the adenylate cyclase activity of both early and
      late rabbit bone marrow erythroblasts. The stimulating effect of the beta 2
      adrenergic drugs such as L-isoprenaline is limited to the immature cells. L
      noradrenaline, a beta 1-agonist is inactive. The lack of response of non-dividing
      rabbit erythroblasts to beta-adrenergic stimuli is not due to loss of beta
      receptors during differentiation, but to a decrease in the effectiveness of the
      coupling between the components of the system: receptor-guanine nucleotide
      regulatory protein-catalytic subunit. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 consistently
      enhance adenylate cyclase activity of erythroblasts on different stages of
      development. Erythropoietin (0.2 U/ml) causes a transient increase in the
      activity of adenylate cyclase, which is maximal by 20 min incubation of the cells
      in the presence of the hormone and disappears within 4 hours. The magnitude of
      the response to erythropoietin depends on the stage of erythroid cell development
      and is inverse related to the extent of previous hormonal stimulation of the
      cell.

PMID- 2281800
TI  - Effect of diazepam and medazepam on pentylenetetrazol kindling in albino rats.
AB  - Experiments on male albino rats were carried out in order to study the effects of
      diazepam and medazepam on the clonic-tonic convulsions in kindling phenomena
      evoked by multiple injections of a subconvulsive dose (40 mg/kg)
      pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). In the two doses used, both diazepam (0.25 and 1.0
      mg/kg) and medazepam (2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) manifest a marked anticonvulsive effect
      on the clonic-tonic convulsions in PTZ-kindled rats, with a marked dose-effect
      dependence. The evidence in the literature that the hippocampus plays the role of
      a pathologically determining structure in the realization of the PTZ kindling and
      that neurotransmission in the inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus is achieved
      by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), gives grounds to accept that the
      anticonvulsive effects of diazepam and medazepam, observed in PTZ kindling, occur
      through GABA-ergic mechanisms, because the facilitating effect of benzodiazepines
      on the GABA-ergic neurotransmission is well known.

PMID- 2281801
TI  - Time course changes in blood glucose and insulin levels of thymectomized rats.
AB  - The endocrine function of the thymus and its relations to other endocrine glands
      have been discussed in the scientific literature. Blood glucose contents (assayed
      on a 'Beckman' glucoanalyzer by the glucoseoxidase method) and serum insulin
      level (using radioimmunoassay) were studied in male Wistar rats--1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
      6, 9, and 12 months after adult thymectomy. The results obtained demonstrated
      that the thymectomy provoked increase of insulin level accompanied by phasic
      decrease of blood glucose in comparison to age matched controls. Correlation
      between insulin and glucose levels in the thymectomized rats was not found. The
      results support the hypothesis of functional interrelations between the thymus
      and the endocrine pancreas.

PMID- 2281802
TI  - Bright light treatment of winter depression: morning versus evening light.
AB  - In a randomized crossover design, 7 patients with winter depression were treated
      with 7 d of bright morning light (0600 to 0800) and 7 d of evening light (2000 to
      2200). Bright lights in the morning significantly reduced the Hamilton Rating
      Scale for Depression (HRSD) score (18.4 to 5.0); the bright light in the evening
      moderately decreased the HRSD score (19.4 to 15.1). The improvement in the HRSD
      score was significantly greater with morning light than with evening light.

PMID- 2281803
TI  - Handicraft or interactional groups: a comparative outcome study of neurotic
      inpatients.
AB  - A comparative outcome study of 2 contrasting activity-based groups with 80
      hospitalized nonpsychotic patients is described. One group focused on activities
      designed to evoke emotional or interpersonal reactions followed by a subsequent
      reflection. The other focused on handicrafts and non-emotionally challenging
      activities. Ego strength was also measured with an instrument developed in
      conjunction with the study. The 2 groups were demonstrated to be consistent with
      the preconditions and significantly different by independent scoring of
      videotaped sessions. There was a greater rated therapeutic gain in the
      interactional group at discharge, but patient ratings did not differ between
      groups. There were no differences at follow-up between the groups. Measured ego
      strength strongly predicted outcome after correcting for the initial symptom
      levels. Ego strength did not interact with activity type. Clinical diagnosis did
      not predict differential outcome. The groups had no differential effects on
      specific symptom clusters or social functioning.

PMID- 2281804
TI  - Schizophrenia: age at onset, gender and familial risk.
AB  - In a family history study of 366 schizophrenic probands and their 1851 first
      degree relatives, we found a relationship between age at onset of psychosis in
      the male probands and the risk for schizophrenia in their relatives. The
      relatives of male schizophrenic probands whose onset of psychosis occurred when
      they were younger than 17 years of age had an increased risk of schizophrenia
      when compared with the relatives of male probands with an age at onset greater
      than 17. We did not find an association between age at onset of psychosis in the
      female probands and familial risk. Cox proportional hazards models permitted us
      to examine the relationship between age at onset of psychosis in the probands and
      familial risk while controlling for possible confounding effects.

PMID- 2281805
TI  - Psychopathological and social status of patients with affective, schizophrenic
      and schizoaffective disorders after long-term course.
AB  - A total of 106 affective, 101 schizoaffective and 148 schizophrenic disorders
      were investigated after a long-term course of illness (mean follow-up period 25.1
      years), employing narrow definitions and using reliable international instruments
      of evaluation. In addition, the social consequences of the illness were evaluated
      (upward and downward social and occupational drift, premature retirement and
      achievement of the expected social development). Considering all aspects of
      outcome, schizophrenic patients (narrow defined, slightly modified DSM-III
      criteria) had persistent alterations in several aspects of social life,
      communication and cognitive functions, in some cases to a very high degree.
      Although the outcome of affective disorders is not always favourable, it is
      significantly more favourable than that of schizophrenia. Schizoaffective
      disorders occupy a position between affective and schizophrenic disorders
      regarding outcome, but with more similarities to that of affective than to that
      of schizophrenic disorders.

PMID- 2281806
TI  - Drug treatment of panic disorder: early response to treatment as a predictor of
      final outcome.
AB  - One of the core problems in clinical research is the detection of early changes
      in target symptoms that predict future therapeutic outcome. To analyze potential
      predictors of outcome, data of a multicenter study on patients with panic
      disorder were used. A total of 1010 patients were randomly allocated either to
      alprazolam, imipramine or placebo treatment. Early improvement in the number of
      spontaneous panic attacks within the first week of treatment predicted outcome
      exclusively in the alprazolam group. In contrast, placebo responders and
      nonresponders were differentiated by early changes in anticipatory anxiety
      intensity. For tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine an evaluation period
      of more than one week is required to allow conclusions about outcome.

PMID- 2281808
TI  - Do suicides who write notes differ from those who do not? A study of suicides in
      West Berlin.
AB  - People who completed suicide in West Berlin and left suicide notes were found to
      differ in sex, age, method used for suicide and the reason for suicide, compared
      with those not leaving notes. These results suggest that conclusions from
      research into the psychodynamics of suicide based on suicide notes may be biased.

PMID- 2281807
TI  - Therapeutic effects of fengabine, a new GABAergic agent, in depressed
      outpatients: a double-blind study versus clomipramine.
AB  - The results of a double-blind clinical trial of fengabine vs clomipramine in
      depressed outpatients are reported. Fengabine, a new GABAergic agent, seems to be
      as effective as the reference drug, with a faster onset of action and a more
      marked effect on cognitive disturbances and retardation. The new drug is free of
      any significant anticholinergic or cardiovascular effect, and it is not sedative.

PMID- 2281809
TI  - Alcoholism among Taiwan aborigines defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview
      Schedule: a comparison with alcoholism among Chinese.
AB  - The prevalence of alcoholism was reported to be 0.1% in an aboriginal study on
      Taiwan using the census survey method in the 1950s. This study adopted a modified
      Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule to determine the prevalence of DSM-III
      defined alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD) in the Atayal, Paiwan and
      Yami ethnic groups of Taiwan aborigines. Stratified random sampling was used. The
      sample sizes of Atayal, Paiwan and Yami were 793, 656 and 106 respectively. The
      prevalence rates of DSM-III-defined AA and AD were 11.6%, 11.4% and 14.2%; and
      9.0%, 8.1% and 6.4% respectively. No significant difference was found between the
      3 ethnic groups. These prevalence figures are significantly higher than those for
      Chinese. In this comparative analysis, 2 distinct etiological hypotheses are
      proposed for the AA and the AD.

PMID- 2281811
TI  - The effect of the detoxification of domestic gas in Switzerland on the suicide
      rate.
AB  - An examination of suicide rates in Switzerland during the period when domestic
      gas was detoxified indicated that, not only did the use of domestic gas for
      suicide decline, but so did the overall suicide rate, indicating that people did
      not switch to alternative methods for suicide, contrary to a claim made by the
      late Erwin Stengel.

PMID- 2281810
TI  - Suicide among Hungarian Gypsies.
AB  - A study of suicide among the nonnomadic Gypsies in three counties in Hungary
      revealed that they had a lower completed suicide rate but a higher attempted
      suicide rate than ethnic Hungarians. The rate of attempted suicide appeared to be
      higher in the younger, partially assimilated Gypsies as a result of the conflict
      between the traditional values of their parents and the pull of the larger
      Hungarian culture.

PMID- 2281813
TI  - Personality, parental rearing behaviour and parental loss in attempted suicide: a
      comparative study.
AB  - Thirty psychiatric patients (aged 18-29) who had attempted suicide were compared
      with 2 matched control groups, one consisting of nonsuicidal psychiatric patients
      and the other of normal subjects, for personality patterns, parental rearing
      practices and personal loss before the age of 15. The instruments used were the
      Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), the Lazare-Klerman-Armor Trait Scale
      (LKAS), the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the Own Memories of
      Child-Rearing Experiences (EMBU). Patients admitted for suicide attempts differed
      significantly from normals on several personality dimensions, whereas suicide
      attempters did not have personality characteristics that made them substantially
      different from nonsuicidal psychiatric controls. The suicide attempters had
      experienced significantly more negative and less positive parental rearing
      factors than normals, but no difference was found between suicidal and
      nonsuicidal patients for own memories of parental rearing patterns. Parental loss
      due to divorce had occurred significantly more often among suicide attempters
      than among both nonsuicidal psychiatric patients and normals.

PMID- 2281812
TI  - Age and attempted suicide.
AB  - Clinical and demographic factors associated with suicide attempts admitted to the
      West Midlands Poisons Unit over a 2-year period were compared by age group. Risk
      factors for future suicide (living alone, physical illness, psychiatric illness
      and high suicidal intent in the attempt) were significantly more common among
      elderly patients (65 years and over) than middle-aged patients (35-64 years) and
      significantly less common among young patients (under 35 years) than middle-aged
      patients. Elderly patients that attempted suicide resemble elderly patients that
      completed suicide and should be considered at high risk of future suicide.

PMID- 2281814
TI  - Postnatal development of two nicotinic cholinergic receptors in seven mouse brain
      regions.
AB  - The developmental profiles for binding of alpha-[125I]bungarotoxin and L
      [3H]nicotine to putative nicotinic cholinergic receptors were determined in seven
      mouse brain regions. The overall pattern of development of alpha-bungarotoxin
      binding was similar in all of the regions. Neonatal binding values tended to be
      greater than those observed in adult brain regions. Maximal binding occurred
      within 10 days of birth and adult binding values were reached by 20 days of age.
      The patterns of development of nicotine binding in each of the seven brain
      regions differed according to region. Gross similarities in developmental
      profiles for nicotine binding were found among the more caudal and among the more
      rostral regions. In hindbrain and cerebellum, maximal nicotine binding was found
      at birth (5 days of age in cerebellum); binding declined approximately 4-fold by
      20 days and remained relatively constant thereafter. In midbrain and
      hypothalamus, a less extensive decrease in nicotine binding occurred from birth
      to adulthood (midbrain, 25%; hypothalamus, 50%). Nicotine binding in hippocampus
      and cortex remained unchanged between birth and adulthood. The developmental
      pattern for nicotine binding in striatum differed from that found in the other
      brain regions. At 5 days of age, binding was about 65% of adult binding, which
      was reached at 30 days of age. In most of the brain regions the developmental
      profile for alpha-bungarotoxin binding was different from that of nicotine. This
      difference was especially notable in striatum, where adult nicotine binding was
      higher than neonatal nicotine binding, whereas adult alpha-bungarotoxin binding
      was lower than neonatal alpha-bungarotoxin binding.

PMID- 2281816
TI  - Developmental profiles of cholinergic activity in the habenulae and
      interpeduncular nucleus of the rat.
AB  - Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was measured in the habenula and in the
      interpeduncular nucleus of rats from 1 to 12 weeks of age. A remarkable degree of
      parallelism was shown by the developmental curves in the two nuclei. In both
      cases the highest level of enzyme activity was reached at 3 weeks of age and was
      followed by some decrease towards adult values. A statistically highly
      significant correlation was demonstrated between ChAT levels in the two nuclei at
      the various developmental stages. The rise of the cholinergic marker was slightly
      advanced in the habenula in comparison with the interpeduncular nucleus. The
      present data may be useful for studies focused on neonatal synaptogenesis,
      plasticity and synaptic neurochemistry of this relatively simple model of brain
      connections.

PMID- 2281817
TI  - Accelerated neuromuscular development in the rat with prenatal exposure to
      nicotine.
AB  - Nicotine, administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats either throughout
      gestation or during two selective prenatal periods before or after muscular
      innervation (i.e. before or after gestational day 13), accelerated the maturation
      of developing nerve and muscle as viewed in 2-week-old offspring. Prenatal
      treatment of rats with nicotine (tartrate salt; 0.25 mg/kg twice a day; i.p.)
      induced marked changes in the contractile force and speed of the developing
      extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle when tested in situ on 14 to 15-day-old
      pups. In all nicotine treatment groups isometric twitch and tetanus half
      contraction durations were shorter than controls. Use of 2,3,5
      triphenyltetrazolium chloride, a biochemical indicator for cellular respiration,
      showed that totigestational nicotine administration increases cellular metabolic
      activity of EDL muscle. Hypertrophy of adrenal glands in these animals also was
      noted. While each of the three courses of nicotine administration accelerated
      muscle development and maturation, nicotine during the first half of prenatal
      development, prior to EDL muscle innervation, produced a more dramatic effect
      than nicotine during the second half of prenatal life.

PMID- 2281815
TI  - The ontogeny of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine binding in the lamb: effects of in vivo
      thyroidectomy.
AB  - The effects of congenital hypothyroidism in the late gestation ovine fetus
      include changes in serotonin concentrations in specific brain areas. To
      investigate possible ontogenic patterns of changes in 5-HT receptor function, we
      studied the binding characteristics of [3H]5-HT in the midbrain, hypothalamus and
      cerebral cortex in the late gestation ovine fetus and young lamb. We compared the
      binding characteristics of control fetuses to those of thyroidectomized fetuses,
      with or without thyroxine replacement therapy. In each of the areas examined, age
      dependent changes in the receptor density (Bmax) for [3H]5-HT was observed. In
      cerebral cortex, Bmax was constant from 120 days gestation through the early
      neonatal period and increased significantly only at 25-30 days after birth. In
      hypothalamus, [3H]5-HT binding density decreased late in gestation (140-145 days)
      with a return after birth to values comparable to those at 120-125 and 130-135
      days gestation. The midbrain also exhibited a significant age-dependent pattern
      of altered receptor density with a decrease in the 130-135 and 140-145 day
      gestational age groups compared to both younger and older lambs. In contrast, the
      affinity constant (Kd) for [3H]5-HT did not change over the ages evaluated in
      cerebral cortex or hypothalamus. In the midbrain, however, there was a
      significant increase in Kd at 1-5 days after birth compared to all other age
      groups. The ability of fetal thyroidectomy, with or without thyroxine replacement
      therapy, to alter patterns of [3H]5-HT binding was also tested.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281818
TI  - Non-specific cholinesterase activity of the developing peripheral nerves and its
      possible function in cells in intimate contact with growing axons of chick
      embryo.
AB  - The results presented here demonstrate non-specific cholinesterase (nChE)
      activity in the developing peripheral nerves of chick embryos at stages 25-26
      according to Hamburger and Hamilton (1951, J. Morphol. 88, 49-92). Under the
      light microscope the use of simultaneous staining for nChE activity and silver
      proteinate impregnation revealed the axons to be surrounded by cells exhibiting
      nChE activity in the main nerve trunks and in the growing tips of nerves. Nerve
      branches arising from the main nerve trunks contained cells with positive
      reaction for nChE activity, too. Electron-dense particles of the reaction product
      indicating nChE activity were found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the
      perinuclear envelope of cells in close contact with growing nerve fibers and
      their growth cones. The same distribution of nChE activity was found in cells
      which were located near to nerve fasciculi but without direct contact with axons.
      Surprisingly, the cells in close contact with axons and their growth cones
      exhibited the end product of nChE activity in the outer part of their plasma
      membrane. The cells enveloping axons within the nerve trunks were apparently
      Schwann cells, while those around the growth cones at nerve tips could be
      identified as Schwann cells and/or mesenchymal cells of the hindlimb. The nChE
      reaction product was also detected in the axolemma of nerve fibers and their
      growth cones. The distribution of nChE activity in the developing peripheral
      nerves of chick embryos suggests that these molecules may influence the process
      of axonal elongation and locomotion. Several possible mechanisms of nChE action
      on growing axons can be presumed: (i) intracellular Ca2+ level regulation; (ii)
      providing an adhesive substrate; and (iii) butyrate production affecting the cell
      metabolism and the distribution of neurotubules and neurofilaments. It is also
      assumed that nChE molecules are involved in the interactions of nerve fibers with
      Schwann cells and/or mesenchymal cells as well as in interneuronal interactions.

PMID- 2281819
TI  - Immunocytochemical detection of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the postnatal
      developing rat cochlea.
AB  - Using the immunofluorescence technique, three populations of fibers staining for
      calcitonin gene-related peptide are identified in postnatal developing cochleas
      and in adult rat cochleas. During the maturation of the cochlea, the
      immunostaining first appears in the basal turn and then extends toward the apex
      of the cochlea. The first population of immunostained fibers belongs to the
      lateral olivocochlear innervation. It is observed at postnatal day 4 within the
      inner spiral bundle of the organ of Corti. The second population of calcitonin
      gene-related peptide-like immunostained fibers belongs to the medial
      olivocochlear innervation. It is first identified at postnatal day 6 under the
      outer hair cells, generally in the first row. In the older stages, this
      population of fibers progressively extends toward the external row of outer hair
      cells. Finally, the third population of immunostained fibers belongs to the
      sympathetic supply of the cochlea. They can be identified at postnatal day 6
      around the cochlear artery and its branches, and also within the entire modiolus.
      Our results confirm the presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide in fibers of
      the lateral and medial efferent innervations of the cochlea. They indicate an
      early appearance of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the developing cochlea,
      before the onset of the cochlear function, suggesting for this peptide either a
      neurotrophic function or a regulation of the early cochlear potentials at the
      level of the lateral efferent synapses.

PMID- 2281820
TI  - Immunocytochemical detection of glutamate decarboxylase in the postnatal
      developing rat organ of Corti.
AB  - Using a fluorescent avidin-biotin technique, we have immunolocalized the GABA
      synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase, in postnatal developing and adult
      rat organs of Corti. At birth, the glutamate decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity
      is already present in the basal turn below the inner hair cells, i.e. within
      lateral olivocochlear efferent fibers of the inner spiral bundle. In the apical
      turn, the inner spiral bundle displays an immunoreactivity as early as postnatal
      day 3. Only the outer hair cells of the upper second turn and apex receive fibers
      immunostained for glutamate decarboxylase that most probably belong to the medial
      olivocochlear efferent innervation. They first appear at this level at postnatal
      day 15. Within these two regions of the organ of Corti, the glutamate
      decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity reaches an adult-like pattern at postnatal
      days 17-18. These results strengthen the hypothesis that GABA is a putative
      neurotransmitter that could be used by subpopulations of the two olivocochlear
      innervations. They also suggest that GABA either plays a neurotrophic function or
      participates in the regulation of the first cochlear potentials at the level of
      lateral efferent synapses.

PMID- 2281821
TI  - DNA synthesis experimentally induced in neurons: tetraploidy or hyperdiploidy?

PMID- 2281822
TI  - Vitamin D metabolism in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis.
AB  - Adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats shares many of the features of humans with
      rheumatoid arthritis, including the development of osteopenia in areas distal to
      erosive joint disease. We established adjuvant arthritis in male and female
      Sherman strain rats and then studied external calcium balances and vitamin D
      metabolism during the period of acute active clinical, serologic, and pathologic
      arthritis and osteopenia and in the preclinical period. While ingesting a calcium
      sufficient vitamin D-replete diet (0.6% calcium, 0.65% phosphorus, and 2.2 IU D3
      per g food), female rats with arthritis demonstrated reduced calcium balance
      (arthritic, 36 +/- 8 versus control, 169 +/- 13 mg per 6 days, p less than 0.02)
      because of inefficient gastrointestinal absorption of calcium (arthritic 9.7%
      versus control 37%). This was associated with calcitriol deficiency (arthritic 52
      +/- 7 versus control 70 +/- 10 pg/ml) and reduced osteocalcin levels. Male rats
      with arthritis demonstrated an inability to raise serum calcitriol levels to the
      same degree as control rats (200 +/- 30 versus 440 +/- 70, respectively) while
      ingesting a calcium-deficient diet (0.002% calcium, 0.34% phosphorus, and 2.2 IU
      D3 per g food) and also had reduced balance (59 +/- 7 versus 85 +/- 10 mg per 6
      days, respectively) due in part to decreased efficiency of absorption (55 versus
      67%). No abnormalities in calcium balance or in serum calcitriol levels on the
      sufficient diet were present in the preclinical period. Physiologic calcitriol
      replacement to arthritic female rats increased osteoid available for
      mineralization and increased mineral apposition rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2281823
TI  - Heterogeneity of human bone.
AB  - Matched samples of bone from the lumbar spine and tibia were obtained at autopsy
      from three adult males who had no known evidence of metabolic bone disease at the
      time of their demise. The soluble noncollagenous bone proteins were
      quantitatively extracted from these samples and assayed for the relative content
      of two bone-associated proteins, osteocalcin and osteonectin. When compared to
      trabecular bone, cortical bone had higher levels of osteocalcin and much lower
      levels of osteonectin. When concentration is expressed per gram of dried bone,
      the osteocalcin excess in cortical bone ranged from 30- to 32-fold, and the
      osteonectin excess in trabecular bone ranged from 21- to 47-fold. These
      differences were significant (P less than 0.01) using analysis of variance. We
      conclude that the human skeleton is not homogeneous with regard to these
      biochemical markers and that cortical and trabecular bone are biochemically quite
      distinct. This implies that these two types of bone may be subject to distinct
      regulatory mechanisms and that global assessments of skeletal function and bone
      quality based upon soluble markers should be applied with caution. The data also
      imply that a differential assessment of skeletal performance may be possible
      using biochemical serum markers.

PMID- 2281825
TI  - Sequential histomorphometric changes in cancellous bone from
      ovariohysterectomized dogs.
AB  - To evaluate potential pharmacologic agents for the prevention or treatment of the
      bone loss associated with ovarian insufficiency, a predictable animal model is
      needed. To assess the potential utility of the ovariohysterectomized dog as a
      model of this condition, we characterized the sequential histomorphometric
      changes in canine cancellous bone in response to the loss of ovarian function. A
      group of 25 adult beagle dogs were ovariohysterectomized and terminated at 1, 3,
      6, and 10 months following surgery. Iliac biopsies were performed following
      double-fluorochrome labeling at the time of surgery and at termination. Static
      and dynamic histomorphometry was performed on undecalcified sections. By 3 months
      postovariohysterectomy, there was activation of cancellous bone remodeling as
      indicated by significant increases in mineralizing surface and bone formation
      rate. Increases in osteoid surface, mineralizing surface, and bone formation rate
      were also apparent at 1 month postovariohysterectomy, and although not
      statistically significant, these trends suggest the skeletal response to acute
      loss of ovarian function was rapid. This increase in bone remodeling was
      transient. By 6 months, mineralizing surface and bone formation rate were
      depressed below presurgical levels. In addition to a reduction in bone formation,
      a reduction in osteoblast function characterized by reduced labeling of osteoid
      and a disproportionate increase in eroded surface also occurred. By 10 months
      postovariohysterectomy, cancellous bone remodeling was not significantly
      different from presurgical levels. At no time was a significant reduction in bone
      volume detected. These data suggest that the changes in cancellous bone
      remodeling in the ovariohysterectomized dog are a series of transient
      phenomena.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281824
TI  - Calcium metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporosis: the influence of dietary
      calcium and net absorbed calcium.
AB  - A group of 85 females aged 48-77 years with postmenopausal crush fracture
      osteoporosis were investigated using a 7 day combined calcium balance and calcium
      tracer kinetic turnover study to assess the influence of dietary calcium and net
      absorbed calcium on bone metabolism. During the study, patients were on their
      habitual diet, as determined by a prestudy registration. Dietary calcium was
      measured after double serving of all the meals. All urine and feces were
      collected and analyzed for calcium content. Bone mineralization rate and bone
      resorption rate were determined by applying the continuously expanding calcium
      pool model to the tracer kinetic data. Urine calcium excretion and net absorbed
      calcium were correlated (r = 0.64, p less than 0.0001) with the following
      equation: urinary excreted calcium (mmol/day) = 2.4 + 0.4 X net absorbed calcium
      (mmol/day). Dermal calcium loss was not correlated with net absorbed calcium or
      urinary calcium. The net amount of absorbed calcium necessary to balance urinary
      and dermal losses was calculated to be 4.2 mmol calcium per day. The daily
      calcium intake necessary for obtaining a net absorbed calcium in excess of the
      urinary and dermal calcium losses and thereby ensure skeletal integrity was
      estimated to be 34.2 mmol calcium per day compared to an average intake of 27.9
      +/- 7.6 (mean +/- SD) mmol/day. Net absorbed calcium correlated negatively to
      bone resorption rate (r = -0.31, p less than 0.005) and positively to bone
      mineralization rate (r = 0.29, p less than 0.01) and to calcium balance (r =
      0.66, p less than 0.0001). Dietary calcium intake and calcium balance correlated
      positively (r = 0.38, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281826
TI  - Effects of (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate on mouse
      osteoclasts.
AB  - A group of 5-day-old mice were injected intraperitoneally with (3-amino-1
      hydroxypropylidine)-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD). Morphologic changes were observed
      in vitally stained osteoclasts on parietal bones 3 days later, and these were
      judged to be degenerative. At this time significantly increased numbers of nuclei
      per osteoclast and total numbers of osteoclast nuclei were observed. However, at
      4 days after the injection of APD, the total numbers of osteoclasts were
      significantly reduced relative to controls. When parietal bones were maintained
      in culture, APD reduced osteoclast numbers and inhibited cell-mediated 45Ca2+
      release. Exposure of bones to parathyroid hormone increased the number of
      osteoclasts counted 1 day later. This effect was not blocked by APD. Calcitonin
      prevented the reduction in osteoclast numbers due to APD in vitro. We conclude
      that APD has a direct effect on resorbing mouse osteoclasts.

PMID- 2281827
TI  - Human parathyroid hormone-(1-34) prevents bone loss and augments bone formation
      in sexually mature ovariectomized rats.
AB  - A group of 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were sham operated or ovariectomized
      and given daily injections of human PTH-(1-34) (8 or 16 micrograms per 100 g body
      weight) for 5 weeks. At the termination of the study histomorphometric techniques
      were used to examine changes in cortical and cancellous bone in the diaphysis and
      proximal metaphysis of the tibia. Ovariectomy resulted in a 50% decrease in
      cancellous bone that was accompanied by a 41 and 120% increase in osteoclasts and
      osteoblasts, respectively. In contrast, in the ovariectomized animals treated
      with PTH, the metaphyseal cancellous bone increased by over 300% to a level in
      excess of that present in the sham-operated control animals. The increase in
      cancellous bone induced by PTH was associated with an over 70% increase in
      osteoblasts and tetracycline-labeled area and an unexpected decrease in
      trabecular osteoclasts. In the tibial diaphysis PTH also decreased endosteal
      osteoclasts and at the same time increased osteoblast size and number as well as
      endosteal and periosteal bone formation; ovariectomy increased only periosteal
      bone formation. Our findings demonstrate that intermittent administration of PTH
      prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss and augments cancellous and cortical bone
      formation in sexually mature ovariectomized rats. Although the basis of the bone
      anabolic action of PTH remains elusive, our data indicate that it may involve the
      uncoupling of bone formation and resorption such that the latter is inhibited as
      bone formation is enhanced. Our findings are also compatible with the view that
      intermittent administration of PTH increases bone mass, in part by stimulating
      the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast progenitors while inhibiting
      osteoclast proliferation.

PMID- 2281828
TI  - Estrogen inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor from peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells in postmenopausal women.
AB  - Cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factors (TNF),
      produced by cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage in the local bone
      microenvironment, are potentially important local regulators of bone turnover. To
      investigate whether the protective effects of estrogen against postmenopausal
      bone loss may be mediated by inhibition of cytokine release, we studied the
      effects of 17 beta-estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, and hydrocortisone on TNF
      release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. In
      unstimulated cells derived from eight postmenopausal women, seven of whom had
      osteoporotic vertebral fractures, 17 beta-estradiol inhibited TNF release in a
      dose-dependent manner between 10(-6) and 10(-12) M but had no consistent effect
      on cells derived from men or premenopausal women. Dihydrotestosterone in
      concentrations of up to 10(-6) M had no effect on TNF release in any patient
      group, whereas hydrocortisone at 10(-6) M was a potent inhibitor of TNF release
      in all groups. Since TNF is a potent stimulator of bone resorption, the
      inhibitory effect of estrogen on TNF release may be part of the mechanism by
      which it exerts a protective effect on the skeleton in postmenopausal women.
      These observations may also be relevant in other inflammatory diseases of
      connective tissue, such as rheumatoid arthritis, in which disease activity may
      fluctuate as estrogen levels change--during the menstrual cycle, in pregnancy,
      and after the menopause.

PMID- 2281829
TI  - Scurvy.

PMID- 2281830
TI  - Towards less painful local anesthesia.
AB  - Local anesthesia, used for numerous procedures in all fields of medicine, has the
      drawback of providing significant pain upon injection. Twenty-eight volunteers
      were asked to compare a subcutaneous injection of plain lidocaine with an
      injection of lidocaine plus bicarbonate. Twenty-four of the twenty-eight
      volunteers reported less pain with the buffered lidocaine. The dilution of 1 part
      bicarbonate to 10 parts plain lidocaine produced a solution that was less painful
      and better tolerated. The local anesthetic lidocaine is used prior to many minor
      and major surgical procedures. Although it induces adequate anesthesia, the pain
      of injection is nearly always of considerable discomfort to the patient. There
      are numerous factors that have been shown to influence the pain of injection.
      These include speed of injection, size of needle used, area of the body injected,
      and simply individual patient characteristics. Since lidocaine comes as an acid
      solution, local tissue irritation is likely the primary source of pain.

PMID- 2281831
TI  - Hazards of aging.

PMID- 2281832
TI  - Intensive care experience with intravenous cimetidine.
AB  - This study reports the results of a retrospective review of the case records of
      28 seriously ill patients who received intravenous cimetidine (generally 300 mg
      q8h) for the treatment of gastric discomfort and/or hemorrhage or for prophylaxis
      against stress-induced ulcers. Most of these patients presented with complex
      symptoms arising from a variety of pathological conditions including ischemic
      heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, pneumonia, and
      trauma. A number of patients also had acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Over two
      thirds of the patients treated with intravenous cimetidine demonstrated a
      reduction in gastrointestinal symptom severity, and a statistically significant
      reduction in the mean severity rating for all patients was observed. Adverse
      reactions reported during cimetidine therapy were generally mild to moderate in
      severity and required discontinuance of therapy in only one patient. The most
      common complaint was headache. Intravenous cimetidine administered q8h offers a
      safe and cost-effective approach to H2-receptor blockade and reduction of gastric
      acid secretion in patients who are temporarily unable to take oral medication.

PMID- 2281833
TI  - Darkness at noon.

PMID- 2281835
TI  - Programs and services for the deaf in the United States. IV. Research programs
      and services.

PMID- 2281836
TI  - Deaf children from ethnic, linguistic and racial minority backgrounds: an
      overview.
AB  - Deaf children from ethnic, linguistic and racial minority backgrounds demonstrate
      significantly depressed achievement levels relative to their White deaf peers.
      Educators of deaf children and youth have had a tendency to accept the erroneous
      proposition that deafness in some ways precludes ethnic and racial minority group
      membership and status. This article describes some of the unique social and
      educational realities faced by Black and Hispanic children and their families in
      the northeastern United States and the similarities experienced by deaf Black and
      Hispanic children and their families. Implications concerning educational
      assessment, placement, student expectations, curriculum development, staffing and
      policy making are noted as are recommendations that resulted from the first
      national conference on Black and Hispanic deaf youth held in March 1989.
      Demographic data are also presented showing the growth and distribution in the
      population of minority deaf children, as well as the results of a survey
      indicating the dearth of minority personnel, board members and specialized
      programs in schools.

PMID- 2281834
TI  - Programs and services for the deaf in the United States. III. Supportive and
      rehabilitative programs and services.

PMID- 2281837
TI  - Educational needs for multicultural hearing-impaired students in the public
      school system.
AB  - This article provides information on the educational problems and needs of
      hearing-impaired students from three major multi-cultural groups, the Afro
      American, Hispanic, and Asian. The focus is upon identification and programming
      for these needs within the public school system, based especially upon experience
      within the San Diego City Schools. The factors addressed include: demographic
      shifts and the dropout rate among these students, and cultural considerations for
      education. Specific educational considerations discussed include: assessment,
      programming, bilingual education, curriculum and instructional strategies,
      teacher-training and program models.

PMID- 2281838
TI  - Programs and services for the deaf in the United States. II. Educational programs
      and services.

PMID- 2281839
TI  - Otologic pathophysiology in patients with human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - During the initial phase of clinical diagnosis and treatment of the
      manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, involvement of the ear
      appeared minor. In the past several years, however, otologic disorders
      increasingly have been reported in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV), as well as in retrospective studies of such patients. The otologic data
      appear quite variable. Functionally, conductive hearing loss, unilateral and
      bilateral sudden or progressive sensorineural hearing losses, vertigo, and
      tinnitus have been reported. In addition, tissue responses in each division of
      the ear have been observed. Based on collective serologic and immunologic
      diagnostic assays, clinical histories, and temporal bone histopathology, otologic
      symptoms may not be the direct effect of HIV alone, but rather a combination of
      the effects of HIV infection coupled with that of opportunistic microorganisms
      and/or possible ototoxic effects of certain therapeutic agents. It is within this
      context that otologic findings in this population of subjects will be discussed.

PMID- 2281840
TI  - Surfactant and isoprenaline effect on eustachian tube opening in rats with acute
      otitis media.
AB  - Purulent otitis media was induced in 12 middle ears of Sprague-Dawley rats by
      inoculation of pneumococci type 3. The pressure required to open the eustachian
      tube was recorded 4 days later and was found to be 3.05 +/- 0.10 kPa (mean +/-
      SEM), which was 1.08 +/- 0.15 kPa lower than the mean value obtained in a control
      group of healthy rats (P less than or equal to .001). We also measured the
      effects of pulmonary surfactant instilled into the middle ear as well as
      isoprenaline injected intravenously. The presence of surfactant further reduced
      the pressure opening level by 0.72 +/- 0.05 kPa; this reduction did not differ
      from that found in the control group (P greater than .8). Isoprenaline reduced
      the pressure opening level in the control group by 0.20 +/- 0.03 kPa (P less than
      or equal to .001), and no reduction was found in the rats with otitis media.
      Although the part played by surface tension-lowering factors in eustachian tube
      function is still uncertain, such factors apparently also exert an effect in the
      inflamed tube. However, isoprenaline, which is considered to act by the secretion
      of surface tension-lowering substances, did not facilitate opening of the
      eustachian tube in rats with acute otitis media.

PMID- 2281841
TI  - DNA content in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
AB  - DNA analysis by flow cytometry was performed on tissue blocks from 41 patients
      with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The histologic slides were reviewed by a
      pathologist and blindly classified according to the World Health Organization
      classification. The paraffin-embedded blocks were processed to obtain individual
      nuclei, which were then stained with propidium iodide. The nuclei were analyzed
      on a flow cytometer. Excluding 10 uninterpretable histograms, the remainder were
      interpreted blindly and classified as diploid or aneuploid. The Cox proportional
      hazards survival model was used to analyze stage, histology, radiation dose, and
      ploidy. We observed more diploids (23 of 31; 74%) than aneuploids (eight of 31;
      26%). The 2-year survival rate of diploids was 55%, compared with 25% of
      aneuploids (P less than .05). We conclude that ploidy status is an independent
      prognostic factor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

PMID- 2281842
TI  - Pressure-induced modifications of the acoustic nerve. Part I: The acoustic
      reflex.
AB  - It is commonly thought that as an acoustic neuroma grows it exerts pressure on
      the acoustic nerve resulting in alterations of the acoustic reflex and brain stem
      audiometry. This hypothesis has not been confirmed. In this study in an animal
      model, acute pressure was applied to the nerves of the internal auditory canal,
      and changes in the acoustic reflex were measured. Our results support the theory
      that pressure on the acoustic nerve causes an increase in the rate of adaptation
      and a decrease in the amplitude of the acoustic reflex. The contralateral reflex
      appears to be the most sensitive indicator of these effects. We feel that this
      animal model can be useful to investigate the effects of pressure on the acoustic
      nerve.

PMID- 2281844
TI  - Positional nystagmus and body sway after alcohol ingestion.
AB  - Positional nystagmus and body sway were measured for 8 hours following alcohol
      ingestion in 27 human volunteers. The intensity of positional alcohol nystagmus
      phase I (PAN-I) correlated well with blood alcohol concentration (BAC) along the
      time axis; the correlation coefficient between PAN-I and BAC 1 hour after alcohol
      ingestion was 0.62 (P less than .01). The minimum threshold BAC resulting in PAN
      I was 0.23 mg/mL. Body sway was measured by stabilometry. The circumscribed area
      of posturography before and after alcohol ingestion was compared. Temporal
      changes in body sway and BAC were also closely correlated. The BAC threshold for
      increased body sway was estimated to be somewhere between 0.5 and 0.8 mg/mL,
      considerably higher than the threshold for PAN-I. Measurements of blood
      acetaldehyde, the dehydrated product of ethanol metabolism, showed no correlation
      with either the intensity of PAN or changes in body sway. The intensity of PAN
      and body sway measured at the time of peak BAC 1 hour after alcohol ingestion,
      however, showed significant positive correlation (r = .50, n = 25; P less than
      .01).

PMID- 2281843
TI  - Baseline motility of the free jejunal graft in a new canine model.
AB  - Reconstruction of pharyngoesophageal defects using free jejunal grafts has become
      an accepted technique of reconstruction. However, there are functional problems
      associated with the jejunal graft. We developed a canine model that allows us
      easy access to perform various studies on grafted jejunum, including
      videofluoroscopy and pressure manometry to determine baseline function. Using a
      microvascular technique, free jejunal grafts 10 to 30 cm in length were implanted
      in 11 mongrel dogs. The jejunal segments were implanted subcutaneously and
      exteriorized proximally and distally. The grafted dogs underwent
      videofluoroscopic studies. These studies revealed three different types of
      jejunal graft contractions of variable intensity: circumferential, longitudinal,
      and mixed. These contractions resulted in four patterns of barium movement:
      anterograde propulsion, retrograde propulsion, to-and-fro motion, and peristaltic
      propulsion. Videofluoroscopic studies were repeated on five dogs after an
      intravenous injection of metoclopramide (Reglan), which caused a significant
      short-term increase in the intensity of the basic jejunal contractions and barium
      propulsion. Pressure manometry studies using intraluminal pressure transducers
      were performed, revealing an inherent baseline contractility. Each dog has its
      own individual pattern of activity. The pressure generated by the contractions
      ranged from 5 to 350 mm Hg. Intravenous injection of Reglan produced a marked
      increase in pressure, but no change in the frequency of contractions. This study
      suggests that a free jejunal graft will maintain baseline motility. However, this
      graft may cause dysphagia by discoordination of contractions, retrograde
      propulsion of a bolus, or a sustained local contraction, demonstrating the
      clinical problems associated with free jejunal graft reconstruction of the
      cervical esophagus. Our results with Reglan suggest that it might be possible to
      improve the function of these grafts using pharmacologic agents.

PMID- 2281845
TI  - Valsalva's contribution to otology.
AB  - Valsalva's life as anatomist, physician, and surgeon of the late XVIIth century
      is surveyed. The second edition of the "Morgagni" version of Valsalva's Treatise
      on the Human Ear, published in 1741, is considered in relation to the work of his
      predecessors, the scientific milieu of his time, and his influence on the
      development of modern otology.

PMID- 2281846
TI  - Clinical radiology quiz.

PMID- 2281847
TI  - [The present situation and developing trends in intensive medicine].

PMID- 2281848
TI  - [Mid-latency auditory evoked potentials during induction of intravenous
      anesthesia using midazolam, diazepam and flunitrazepam].
AB  - Since intraoperative awareness is not infrequently observed under balanced
      anaesthetic regimens employing benzodiazepines for suppression of consciousness,
      we studied the effect of intravenous induction of general anaesthesia using the
      benzodiazepines midazolam, diazepam and flunitrazepam on mid-latency auditory
      evoked potentials and auditory evoked neuronal 30-40 Hz oscillation. Following
      informed consent in 30 patients scheduled for minor gynaecological procedures,
      anaesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.2-0.3 mg/kg b.w. i.v., group I n = 10),
      diazepam (0.3-0,4 mg/kg b.w., i.v., group II n = 10) or flunitrazepam (0.03-0.04
      mg/kg b.w., i.v., group III n = 10). Auditory evoked potentials were recorded
      before, during and after induction of general anaesthesia on vertex (positive)
      and mastoides on both sides (negative). Auditory clicks were presented binaurally
      at 70 dBnHL with a frequency of 9.3 Hz. Using the electrodiagnostic system
      Pathfinder I (Nicolet), 1000 successive stimuli were averaged over a 100 ms
      poststimulus period and analysed off-line. Latencies of the peak V, Na, Pa were
      measured. By means of Fast-Fourier transformation-analysis corresponding power
      spectra were calculated to analyse energy portions of the AEP frequency
      components. In the awake state AEP showed an oscillatory component between 20 and
      100 ms poststimulus latency. Corresponding power spectra indicated a predominant
      30-40 Hz frequency. After induction of general anaesthesia using midazolam,
      diazepam and flunitrazepam, there was no increase in latencies of the peaks V,
      Na, Pa, but only a small decrease in amplitudes Na/Pa without statistical
      significance. The auditory evoked mid-latency neuronal oscillation persisted
      under induction of general anaesthesia with midazolam, diazepam,
      flunitrazepam.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281849
TI  - [Epidural conduction anesthesia versus general anesthesia. A critical evaluation
      of outcome studies using as examples cesarean section and patients with hip
      fractures].
AB  - In the field of anaesthesiology, outcome studies are undertaken to investigate
      the influence of different anaesthetic techniques on the intra- and postoperative
      course of patients in special clinical situations. The design of these studies
      should follow high methodological standards. In the past, most studies were
      undertaken in patients during Caesarean section and in the treatment of hip
      fractures in the elderly. Up to now, results do not clearly indicate the use of
      certain techniques in concrete clinical situations. Decisions must be made in
      accordance with clinical aspects, individual experience and in cooperation with
      the patient and the surgeon.

PMID- 2281850
TI  - [Postoperative apnea--a special risk for former preterm infants].
AB  - Infants who had been originally preterm are subject to a particularly high risk
      after surgical interventions involving anaesthesia, due to a tendency to
      experience disturbance of respiratory regulation. Of a total of 130 originally
      preterm infants who had to undergo anaesthesia for so-called minor surgery,
      respiratory anomalies were seen in 66%, 48%, 10% and 7% of the infants in the age
      groups of 40, 50, 60 and 80 weeks after conception, respectively. Therapeutic
      measures were necessary only in patients up to a post-conceptional age of 40 to
      50 weeks, the respective incidences being 24% and 20%. To minimise the risk of
      postoperative early and late apnea in ex-preterm infants, the following measures
      are presented and discussed: elective surgical interventions should be postponed
      until after the 50th post-conceptional week; in individual cases, indication for
      perioperative theophylline/caffeine treatment can be made more precise by means
      of preoperative ECG-coupled impedance pneumography; all measures of preoperative
      preparation, choice of anaesthetics and of adjuvant drugs, as well as
      perioperative infusion therapy, must be taken in full consideration of all
      neonatal previous diseases; patients up to the 50th week after conception require
      intensive-care monitoring primary and post-anaesthesiologically for at least 24
      hours. In all patients who were older than 50 week after conception, two hours of
      intensive-care monitoring in the so-called "recovery from anaesthesia room"
      followed by 12 hours of ECG and apnea monitoring proved sufficient; in ex-preterm
      infants, even minor surgery should be performed on an in-patient basis only, to
      ensure proper monitoring.

PMID- 2281852
TI  - [The modification of the potassium concentration in blood by catecholamines. A
      literature review].
AB  - After intravenous administration of epinephrine, serum potassium level shows a
      typically biphasic course. The initial rise is followed by a persistent fall to a
      lower level than the starting-concentration. The initially observed hyperkalemia
      is supposed to be caused by a potassium release from hepatocytes, mediated by an
      alpha 1-adrenoreceptor stimulation. The subsequent hypokalemia seems to be caused
      by the beta 2-mimetic component of epinephrine effecting the uptake of this ion
      into striated muscle cells. There are numerous clinical reports of marked
      hypokalemia as a consequence of beta 2-mimetic therapy. The additive effect of
      elevated endogenous catecholamines with the therapeutically applied epinephrine
      during cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be the cause of the elevated potassium
      levels often observed under these conditions. On the other hand, low serum
      potassium levels were measured in patients after successful resuscitation, as
      well as in patients with multiple trauma and with severe head injury. Moreover,
      hypokalemia seems to be a frequent event in the acute phase of myocardial
      infarction. A catecholamine-induced potassium shift into the cell is considered
      to be the cause of this decrease. The question whether in the case of myocardial
      infarction the hypokalemia is in itself arrhythmogenic as yet is not resolved.
      Because of the present knowledge about the influence of catecholamines on
      potassium metabolism it seems advisable to monitor potassium levels regularly
      during the above situations.

PMID- 2281851
TI  - [Catabolism of high-energy phosphates during the long-term preservation of
      explanted donor hearts in a dog model].
AB  - The catabolism of high-energy phosphates (HEP) during long-term preservation of
      donor hearts was investigated in mongrel dogs. Hearts were explanted after being
      randomly assigned to one of the following groups. Group I: normothermic ischaemic
      arrest (n = 6), group II: hypothermic ischaemic arrest (n = 6), group III:
      cardioplegic arrest with NIH cardioplegia (n = 6) and group IV: cardioplegic
      arrest with UW solution (n = 6). After explantation all hearts were stored cold
      for 24 hours, achieving a myocardial temperature of 0,5 degrees C. HEP content
      (ATP and creatine phosphate) and catabolites were determined from serial left
      ventricular biopsies taken before explantation and during cold storage. A
      significant decrease of HEP content was found in all groups. In group I and II a
      significant decrease of HEP was found after one hour of cold storage. After 4 and
      8 hours cold storage ATP content was significantly higher in group II.
      Cardioplegic arrest of dog hearts resulted in a significantly delay of HEP
      depletion. In group III a significant decrease of ATP was only seen after 12
      hours and in group IV already after 6 hours of cold storage. Hearts preserved
      with the newly developed UW solution showed significantly lower ATP values after
      10, 12 and 24 hours than NIH preserved hearts. It is concluded that UW solution
      is less advantageous than NIH solution in terms of HEP preservation.

PMID- 2281853
TI  - [Electrophysiologic studies in polyneuropathy of intensive care patients].
AB  - Polyneuropathy of the critically ill patient has gained attention in recent
      years. The symptoms of muscle weakness and impaired somatosensory perception are
      more obvious for the observer and recognizable for the conscious patient, if
      heavy long-term sedation is avoided. The cause of polyneuropathy remains unclear
      and diagnostic findings are still rare and partly controversial. In five of our
      patients with multiorgan failure and clinical signs of muscle weakness, cortical
      somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and the evoked electromyogram (EMG) were
      recorded simultaneously after the stimulation of mixed peripheral nerves to test
      the functional integrity of the efferent and afferent neuronal pathways. We
      observed different degrees of SEP and EMG alterations, which were more pronounced
      in the lower than in the upper extremities and which may be explained by an
      axonal degeneration. Such a process may be caused by multiple factors and
      pathophysiological mechanisms. An influence of neostigmine on a reduced EMG
      response could not be found.

PMID- 2281854
TI  - [A modified Macintosh blade with an angulated tip for difficult intubations].
AB  - The depth of the proximal part of a normal Macintosh blade was carved more
      shallow and the tip of the blade was made adjustable in its angle by means of a
      joint controlled by a screw-lock fixation via a small wire parallel to the blade.
      Clinical experience with this modified blade in 33 patients is reported. In 10 of
      13 patients with severely reduced mouth opening less than or equal to 25 mm and
      19 of 20 patients with a mouth opening greater than 25 mm, visibility during
      laryngoscopy with the modified blade was improved, compared to the normal
      Macintosh blade. The carved proximal part of the blade improves its
      maneuverability in a small mouth avoiding undue pressure on the incisors, the
      adjustable tip increases the blade's pressure on the base of the tongue lifting
      the epiglottis.

PMID- 2281855
TI  - [Hypothermia and polytrauma. A case report (28 degrees C)].
AB  - In a 29-year-old polytraumatised motorbike driver, massive blood transfusion led
      to a decrease of the body temperature to 28.1 degrees C rectal on the second day
      after admission. We could rewarm the patient using only a Clinitron bed, although
      he had persisting blood loss due to an intravasal coagulopathy. This method has
      proven to be noninvasive, effective and without any side effects.

PMID- 2281856
TI  - High-performance anion-exchange chromatography for carbohydrate analysis.

PMID- 2281857
TI  - Quantitation of proteins bound to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes by elution
      of coomassie brilliant blue R-250.
AB  - A rapid and simple method for the quantitation of stained proteins bound to
      polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes via the elution of Coomassie brilliant
      blue R-250 is described. A mixture of standard proteins was resolved by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroblotted onto PVDF
      membranes. Spectrophotometric analysis of dye eluted from protein bands in the
      range of 0.5-10 micrograms gave a linear change in the absorbance at 595 nm.
      Maximal absorbance readings were attained following 5 min of dye elution, and the
      readings remained unchanged for elution times up to 60 min. The method requires
      no unusual reagents or equipment, is suitable for the analysis of multiple
      samples, and does not consume the protein in the process of quantitation. This
      technique provides a useful means for the quantitation of proteins bound to PVDF
      membranes prior to amino acid sequence determination, immunological analysis, or
      other biochemical characterizations.

PMID- 2281858
TI  - A spectrophotometric method for the estimation of polymer-supported sulfhydryl
      groups.
AB  - A sensitive and simple method is described for the quantitative determination of
      free sulfhydryl (-SH) groups on polymer supports. The method includes the
      reaction of 4,4'-dimethoxytrityloxy-S-(2-thio-5-nitropyridyl)-2-mercapto ethane
      (DTNPME) with polymer-supported sulfhydryl groups. After removal of excess
      reagent through washing, a weighed quantity of the polymer support is treated
      with perchloric acid to release the 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl cation from the polymer
      support into the solution. The dimethoxytrityl cation (lambda max = 498 nm,
      epsilon 498 = 70,000/M) is then quantified spectrophotometrically. A comparative
      study of the reagent DTNPME with 2,2'-dithiobis(5-nitropyridine) is also
      described.

PMID- 2281859
TI  - Further studies on the mechanism of phenol-sulfuric acid reaction with
      furaldehyde derivatives.
AB  - Even though the chromogens formed from mannose and galactose showed comparable
      absorbances at 480 nm in the conventional (developer present during heat of
      dilution) and modified (developer reacted at room temperature after cooling;
      epsilon mannose = 13,700, galactose = 14,000) phenol-sulfuric acid reactions,
      shoulders in the region 420-430 nm were prominent in the former method. Fucose
      was 10 times less reactive in the modified method (epsilon = 800) than in the
      conventional method. 2-Formyl-5-furan sulfonic acid reacted equally efficiently
      in the two methods (epsilon = 40,800). 5-Methyl-2-furaldehyde, unlike the
      sulfonate derivative or 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, required heat for
      condensation with phenol. 2-Furaldehyde dimethylhydrazone reacted 25 times better
      to form a chromogen (epsilon = 40,500) in the modified phenol-sulfuric acid
      method. The possible roles of intermediates between hexoses and furaldehydes in
      forming chromogens and the effect of substitution at the 2- and 5-positions of
      furaldehyde on the rates of condensation with phenol for the observed differences
      between the conventional and the modified methods are discussed.

PMID- 2281860
TI  - Luminol chemiluminescence reaction catalyzed by a microbial peroxidase.
AB  - A peroxidase produced by microorganisms belonging to the genera Arthromyces and
      Coprinus was found to be a potent catalyst for the chemiluminescent oxidation of
      luminol, the luminescence produced per unit of microbial peroxidase protein being
      well over 100 times as strong as that produced by horseradish peroxidase. No
      large difference in Km value for H2O2 in the presence of luminol was found
      between Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase and horseradish peroxidase (7.0 and 15.5
      microM, respectively), but Vmax of the Arthromyces peroxidase was 500 times
      greater than that of the horseradish peroxidase. It was also found that the
      Arthromyces peroxidase surpasses, beyond expectation, the horseradish peroxidase
      in the initial velocity of the chemiluminescence reaction with the stopped-flow
      method. The Arthromyces peroxidase was used for the glucose and cholesterol
      assays, which were notably more sensitive than the corresponding assays involving
      the horseradish peroxidase.

PMID- 2281861
TI  - Site specific radioiodination of recombinant hirudin.
AB  - Recombinant hirudin variant rHV2-Lys47 was radioiodinated using the chloramine-T
      method. Depending on the reaction pH, the two tyrosine residues, Tyr3 and Tyr63,
      responded differently to iodination but without change in total iodination yield.
      Of the incorporated -125 iodine 80% was located on Tyr3 at pH 7.4, but 65% was
      found on Tyr63 at pH 4. These distinct iodination patterns suggest the existence
      of a pH-dependent multimerization and/or important conformational changes in the
      tertiary structure with pH. Each radiotracer was purified to high specific
      activity by simple low-pressure chromatography including gel filtration and
      reverse-phase separation, both on short cartridges. The method was validated by
      reverse-phase and anion-exchange HPLC with on-line radioactivity detection. The
      iodination sites were characterized following carboxypeptidase Y cleavage coupled
      with radio-HPLC.

PMID- 2281862
TI  - Dispersal of proteolipid macroaggregates with trifluoroacetic acid and analysis
      by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - The propensity of highly purified proteolipids to form macroaggregates in aqueous
      solutions, especially when heated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), with or
      without thiol reagents, has made qualitative and quantitative analyses of
      individual species by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) difficult
      and unreliable. Comparisons of proteolipid profiles from liver, brain, and
      cultured human keratinocytes demonstrate that 40-72% of the total proteolipid in
      SDS-PAGE sample buffer is in the form of macroaggregates. Treatment of
      proteolipids with neat trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) followed by removal of the TFA
      and incubation in cold SDS-PAGE sample buffer causes complete dispersal of the
      macroaggregates and allows recovery of virtually all of the proteolipid applied
      to gels (increasing yields by as much as 3.6 times, depending on tissue type).
      Gels of TFA-treated samples display differences not only in the relative amounts
      of individual species but also in novel species not found in untreated samples.
      Eluted macroaggregates treated with TFA display the same SDS-PAGE banding
      profiles as TFA-treated whole proteolipids. Hence, routine TFA treatment of
      proteolipids prior to SDS-PAGE increases total proteolipid yields, allows
      reliable quantitation of individual apoprotein species, and reveals species
      previously obscured by the formation of macroaggregates.

PMID- 2281863
TI  - Polyethylene glycol significantly enhances the transfer of membrane
      immunoblotting.
AB  - Poly(ethylene glycol)n is a group of water-soluble, hydrophobic, optically
      transparent and biomacromolecule-nondenaturing polymers. These properties have
      caused it be widely used for various purposes in the biological sciences. In this
      study, the effects of poly(ethylene glycol)n on protein preservation,
      electrotransferring, and immunoblotting from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)
      polyacrylamide gel onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane have been
      systematically evaluated. After SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 30%
      poly(ethylene glycol)n may be applied to reversibly fix proteins within the gel
      more completely, differing from irreversible fixation produced by solutions such
      as trichloroacetic acid-sulfosalicylic acid or acetic acid-methanol systems. The
      intragel proteins, fixed by poly(ethylene glycol)n, can be electroblotted
      directly onto PVDF membranes in the presence of 30% poly(ethylene glycol)n. We
      have shown that treatment with poly(ethylene glycol)n may reduce background,
      raise signal-to-noise ratio, sharpen protein bands, and increase resolution,
      resulting in enhancement of the immunoblotting transfer. It is possible to
      visualize a few picograms of a single protein band, increasing the sensitivity of
      the method by 10- to 100-fold, as compared with standard immunoblotting
      techniques.

PMID- 2281864
TI  - Quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA relative to cellular DNA by the polymerase
      chain reaction.
AB  - We developed a quantitative assay for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
      proviral DNA sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The relative
      copy numbers of HIV-1 proviral DNA molecules were determined by coamplification
      of an HIV-1 gag sequence and a portion of the DQ alpha locus of the
      histocompatibility (HLA) region. Because of the disparity in the copy number of
      cellular and HIV-1 templates, an attenuation in the efficiency of the HLA
      amplification was required to achieve simultaneous amplification and quantitation
      of both target sequences. The HIV-1 and HLA amplified products were detected by
      hybridization with radioactively labeled probes and the amount of probe bound to
      each product was determined with a radioanalytic system. Standard curves were
      generated by plotting the HIV-1 and HLA signals made against known copies of each
      target present prior to amplification. The copies of HIV-1 target relative to the
      number of cells in a given sample were determined by interpolation from standard
      curves. The procedure described here is generally applicable to the quantitation
      of other retroviruses.

PMID- 2281865
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of fucoganglioside hydrolysis by
      alpha-L-fucosidase.
AB  - A sensitive HPLC method has been developed for monitoring fucoganglioside
      hydrolysis by purified alpha-L-fucosidase. The high-resolution method employs a
      Lichrosorb-NH2 column, a 10-min isocratic elution with potassium
      phosphate/acetonitrile buffer, detection of ganglioside products with a uv
      monitor at 195 nm, and quantification of low picomolar amounts of these
      gangliosides with an integrator. The usefulness of the HPLC method has been
      exemplified by using it to demonstrate the hydrolysis of gangliosides fucosyl-GM1
      and fucosyl-GD1b by purified human liver alpha-L-fucosidase in the absence of
      activator proteins and/or detergents.

PMID- 2281866
TI  - Shotgun concatenation of synthetic genes: construction of concatemeric human
      calcitonin genes.
AB  - A new fast and reliable approach for construction of concatemeric synthetic genes
      is described. The method consists of shotgun polymerization of three truncated
      monomeric gene units using a specific linker, followed by cloning of the
      recombinant clones and screening them for the presence of concatemeric genes of
      defined length. The method is illustrated by constructing a series of tandemly
      repeated human calcitonin (hCT) genes.

PMID- 2281867
TI  - Subfemtomole enzyme immunoassay for human growth hormone using affinity
      chromatography and enzyme amplified detection.
AB  - An immunometric assay is described which allows fast detection of attomole
      amounts of an antigen. The sensitivity is 100 to 1000 times better than that of
      classical sandwich immunometric assays. Our system allowed the measurement of
      human growth hormone in the range of 0.1 amol to 100 fmol in a 4-h time period
      overall. A chromatography column is sequentially filled with two immunoaffinity
      resins: SP-M1--E1-Ab1 in the upper half and SP-M2--E2-Ab2 in the lower half,
      where Ab1 and Ab2 represent complementary antibodies reacting with the antigen to
      be assayed, E1 and E2 represent enzymes, M1 and M2 represent substances reacting
      reversibly with E1 and E2, respectively, and SP represents the chromatographic
      solid phase; the sign - represents covalent linkages and the sign--reversible
      linkages. The sample solution is passed through the column, resulting in binding
      of the antigen to the first encountered antibody, yielding the immobilized
      complex SP-M1--E1-Ab1--Ag. The M1 bound is then destabilized by washing with
      solution of agonist to M1. The freed complex is immediately trapped by the second
      antibody in the lower part of the column, resulting in the entity SP-M2--E2-Ab2-
      Ag--Ab1-E1. After a washing step, and amplified detection allows the measurement
      of the antigen through the activity of the enzyme E1. The antigen-antibody
      reactions occur in the presence of a very large excess of antibody. The
      continuous equilibrium displacement due to the chromatographic procedure enhances
      the yield of complex formation. These factors explain the extremely low levels
      (subattomole) capable of being detected with this original technique.

PMID- 2281868
TI  - Computerized estimation of size of nucleic acid fragments using the four
      parameter logistic model.
AB  - We have developed improved methods for statistical estimation of the size of
      linear duplex DNA after continuous- or pulsed-field electrophoresis in agarose
      and polyacrylamide gels. We employ the four-parameter logistic model to describe
      the smooth, symmetrical, sigmoidal relationship between electrophoretic mobility
      (distance migrated) and log of molecular size (kb): distance = a - d/1 +
      (size/c)b + d. The four parameters (a,b,c,d) are estimated by nonlinear least
      squares curve fitting using the Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm, where a represents
      an upper plateau, b a slope factor, c the midpoint, and d the lower plateau.
      Estimates of size for unknown species are accompanied by estimates of the
      standard error (SE) or coefficient of variation (%CV). A plot of SE and %CV
      versus size results in a "precision profile" which objectively defines the useful
      range of the calibration curve. This logistic relationship is more general than
      the rectangular hyperbola or linear methods, provides excellent goodness of fit,
      and can be used as a "global" method for the entire calibration curve, rather
      than as a "local" method for small segments of the curve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281870
TI  - Detection of chitin deacetylase activity after polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis.
AB  - Mucor racemosus and Rhizopus nigricans were used as sources of chitin
      deacetylases. Crude protein extracts were subjected to polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis at pH 8.9 (Davis system) or 4.3 (Reisfeld system) under native
      conditions. After electrophoresis, an overlay gel containing 0.1% (w/v) glycol
      chitin as substrate was incubated in contact with the separation gel. Chitin
      deacetylase activity was revealed by uv illumination with a transilluminator
      after staining for 5 min in 0.01% (w/v) Calcofluor white M2R. Chitosan
      (deacetylated chitin) generated by chitin deacetylases appeared more fluorescent
      than the intact chitin embedded in the overlay gel. Chitosan in a separate
      overlay gel was also subjected to a nitrous acid treatment which specifically
      depolymerizes chitosan while leaving chitin intact. Hydrolysis of chitosan by
      nitrous acid followed by Calcofluor staining yielded dark (nonfluorescent) bands
      (chitin deacetylase activities) in the fluorescent chitin-containing gel. Both
      assays revealed the presence of several chitin deacetylases from Zygomycetes. The
      same assays were performed after denaturing electrophoresis in 12% (w/v)
      polyacrylamide gels containing 0.1% (w/v) glycol chitin. Enzymes were renatured
      in buffered 1% (v/v) purified Triton X-100. Chitin deacetylases with estimated
      molecular weights between 26,000 and 64,000 were detected after Calcofluor
      staining. The assays were also performed in two-dimensional gel electrophoretic
      systems. Chitin deacetylases can be rapidly revealed by using the assay involving
      the nitrous acid treatment. However, both assays (with and without nitrous acid
      treatment) should be run to conclusively demonstrate chitin deacetylase activity
      after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2281869
TI  - Measurement of 12(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid and its metabolite
      12-oxo-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid in human plasma by gas
      chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - Thromboxane A2, the predominant product of arachidonic acid metabolism in the
      blood platelet, is a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet agonist. During its
      biosynthesis from cyclic endoperoxide, 12(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic
      acid (HHT) is formed in equal amounts. The further metabolism of HHT, catalyzed
      by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, leads to 12-oxo-5Z,8E,10E
      heptadecatrienoic acid (Oxo-HT). Sample workup procedures are described which
      allow for the sensitive and reproducible determination of these two arachidonic
      acid metabolites in human plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the
      presence of deuterated analogues as internal standards. HHT is derivatized to the
      pentafluorobenzyl ester tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether. In order to enable
      quantification of low concentrations of about 10 pg/ml in nonstimulated human
      plasma, the samples have to be purified by HPLC. Oxo-HT is derivatized to the
      pentafluorobenzyl ester, which is purified by HPLC, and then derivatized to the
      trimethylsilyloxime. The method allows quantification of Oxo-HT in concentrations
      down to 10 pg/ml plasma. The reported methods have been used to measure HHT and
      Oxo-HT in stimulated platelet rich plasma and to quantify HHT in nonstimulated
      plasma. Determination of endogenous levels of these two arachidonic acid
      metabolites may give new insights into the overall biosynthesis of thromboxane A2
      in man.

PMID- 2281871
TI  - Mucin-specific bark lectin from elderberry Sambucus sieboldiana and its
      applications to the affinity chromatography of mucin.
AB  - Three bark lectins were isolated from elderberry Sambucus sieboldiana using
      fetuin-Sepharose 4B and mucin-Sepharose 4B, and were studied comparatively for
      their binding to glycoprotein and to clarify various physicochemical features.
      For each, a unique pattern on isoelectric focusing was noted and their affinity
      toward various glycoproteins differed, indicating the structures of their
      carbohydrate binding sites possibly differ. One bark lectin showed specific
      binding toward porcine mucin. The purity of mucin from a crude porcine stomach
      mucin or an extract of porcine submaxillary glands could be improved by affinity
      chromatography on immobilized lectin having binding specificity toward mucin.

PMID- 2281872
TI  - A combined nuclear magnetic resonance and absorbance stopped-flow apparatus for
      biochemical studies.
AB  - A combined NMR and absorbance stopped-flow has been developed for monitoring the
      kinetics of biochemical reactions. We demonstrate its usefulness in following the
      alkaline denaturation of human hemoglobin. No glassblowing is required in the
      fabrication of the apparatus. Commercially available valves, syringes, tubing,
      and tubing connectors are employed whenever possible. Easily fabricated light
      guides are used to pipe light to and from the optical cell. The stopped-flow uses
      a 5-mm NMR tube followed by an optical cell with a 0.5-mm optical path length.
      This allows simultaneous measurements of NMR and absorbance changes. At a
      terminal flow velocity of 7.5 ml/s, the NMR and optical dead times were 60 and
      260 ms, respectively. For the study reported here the oxyhemoglobin was labeled
      with a 19F probe attached to the beta-93 cysteine. The native protein at pH 7 has
      an NMR spectrum consisting of a singlet, and the fully denatured hemoglobin
      sample at pH 12 has a spectrum consisting of three singlets. During the
      denaturation process another NMR peak appears rapidly and then decays away over
      the time course of the reaction. The absorbance changes at the high concentration
      employed for the NMR study (2.08 mM in heme) follow very nearly first-order
      kinetics. The events monitored by NMR, though in the same time frame as the
      optical changes, are of much greater complexity, and show the utility of multiple
      probes for monitoring protein unfolding.

PMID- 2281873
TI  - Round-headed spermatozoa: a model to study the role of the acrosome in early
      events of gamete interaction.
AB  - Gamete interactions in mouse involves at least two steps: the first is the
      interaction of a spermatozoa receptor located in the plasma membrane and ZP3, a
      zona pellucida (ZP) glycoprotein. ZP3 also can induce the acrosome reaction,
      making possible the second step: a closer interaction between ZP2 and an inner
      acrosomal membrane receptor. Our aim was to study gamete interaction in round
      headed spermatozoa to determine at which functional level fertility is impaired.
      These spermatozoa are predominant in some infertile male and are characterized by
      the absence of acrosome; they also present an abnormal pattern of chromatin
      condensation. Human ZP and zona free hamster oocytes were used to study gamete
      interaction. No binding to ZP was observed either with light or electron
      microscopy. Our findings suggest that the presence of the acrosome could be
      necessary for the sorting and right organization of plasma membrane proteins.
      Round-headed spermatozoa could also present a general alteration of membrane
      protein synthesis. The lack of fusion with zona-free hamster oocytes may be
      explained by an altered reorganization of plasma membrane proteins in the post
      acrosomal region as a result of the absence of the acrosome reaction in round
      headed spermatozoa.

PMID- 2281874
TI  - Sexual behavior in Japanese males relating to area occupation, smoking, drinking
      and eating habits.
AB  - Sexual behavior was evaluated in 2228 Japanese males aged from 42 to 94 years of
      age. They were interviewed individually by well-trained urologists, when mass
      screening for prostatic diseases was performed. Concerning the first sexual
      intercourse early could be distinguished by the same characteristics. The age of
      impotence in office workers and daily smokers was significantly young. Compared
      with American males in the literature, the characteristic features of sexual
      behavior in Japanese males were as follows; 1) The age of first sexual
      intercourse was more than 7 years after that of American males, 2) The frequency
      of sexual intercourse before 40 years of age was higher, but that after 40 years
      of age was less, than that of American males, 3) The age at which sexual
      intercourse was no longer practiced was almost the same in the two countries.

PMID- 2281875
TI  - Intrauterine insemination in subfertile couples.
AB  - Forty-three subfertile women were treated by intrauterine insemination with
      washed sperm. Among the couples, infertility was, in 7 cases due to cervical
      factor infertility, in 17 cases due to subfertile sperm quality, and 19 cases,
      unexplained. All women ovulated: 9 spontaneously, 26 where treated with
      clomiphene citrate and 8 with hMG-hCG. One hundred and sixty seven inseminations
      were performed in 90 ovulatory cycles. Six pregnancies were recorded (14%): three
      pregnancies among the cervical factor infertility group (42.8%), two among the
      couples with low sperm quality (11.7%) and one pregnancy in the group with
      unexplained infertility (5.2%). Thus, it can be concluded that IUI is effective
      for achieving pregnancy when unfavourable cervical factor is detected. The method
      is of doubtful value in cases of low sperm quality or unexplained infertility.

PMID- 2281876
TI  - Incorporation of selenium-75 into seminal plasma and spermatozoa of the bull.
AB  - 75Se was given intravenously into 5 bulls. Multiple blood and semen samples were
      taken and during slaughter 5, 10, 15, 20 and 80 days later samples of various
      reproductive and other organs were collected. After injection, 75Se in blood
      reached a peak at 6 h followed by a rapid decline. The label was mainly found in
      serum with very low levels in erythrocytes. Initially the serum 75Se was bound to
      a macromolecule with a mw of 80 kDa, but later a larger molecule (100 kDa) was
      observed. In semen 75Se was first mainly found in seminal plasma, where a plateau
      level was reached at 5 d followed by a gradual decline after 12 d. The total
      semen level, however, increased after 14 d and this increase was due to a rapid
      appearance of the label in spermatozoa. The sperm 75Se level reached a plateau at
      20 d and remained high until 40 days, after which a gradual decline ensued. The
      seminal plasma 75Se eluted in gel filtration coincident with glutathione
      peroxidase. The highest levels of 75Se were found in the kidney followed by
      seminal vesicles and testicles. The seminal vesicle secretion was particularly
      rich in 75Se and its fractionation resembled that of the seminal plasma. 75Se
      appeared in the epididymal caput within 5 days and passed through the epididymis
      in 20 days. It is concluded that 75Se is actively incorporated in the bull
      seminal vesicles into GSH-Px, while in the testis it is incorporated into a
      structural sperm protein during spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2281877
TI  - The CellSoft computerized semen analysis system. II. On the optimalization of
      running conditions concerning gray scale and cell size range.
AB  - The CellSoft automated semen analysis system was studied concerning the effect of
      gray scale (GSc) variation on cell motion parameters and to establish an
      appropriate setting for human spermatozoal sizes (PixMin and PixMax) based on the
      cell's instant velocities (InsVels). GSc could be set within a range from
      "optimum" till +10 units without, except for curvilinear velocity, the CellSoft
      generated sperm measures being altered (p greater than 0.05). The aspect of a
      sample specific GSc setting according to certain criteria is stressed.
      Considering the area of immobilized spermatozoa (at GSc + 20) and of motile cells
      with low InsVel, PixMin should be set at 3 pixels. Correspondingly, the InsVel
      determined setting for PixMax (at a maximum velocity threshold set at 200
      microns/sec.) was 28 pixels. A final recommendation on the setting for cell sizes
      can, however, only be determined in considering sizes of nonsperm seminal
      elements and in studying the appropriate setting for the maximum velocity
      threshold.

PMID- 2281878
TI  - Prognostic value of semen analyses in infertility evaluation (male fertility/life
      table analysis).
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate which of the various parameters of
      semen analysis that are most significantly related to the obtainment of
      pregnancy. A follow up questionnaire was sent to 1953 couples, who had been
      examined for infertility, and 1,480 (76%) replied. We focused on 713 of these
      couples, in whom the female partner had a normal fertility set-up (potentially
      fertile). This study suggests that sperm vitality and sperm concentration bear
      the most significant relation to pregnancy. Evaluation of a couple's fertility
      potential by means of the life-table method shows a gradual increase in the
      pregnancy rate of all couples, irrespective of semen quality, during a
      observation period of 10 years. The pregnancy rate after 5 years was 14% in a
      group with reduced semen quality and 44% in a group with normal semen quality.

PMID- 2281879
TI  - Determination of phthalate esters in human semen.
AB  - Phthalate esters are a large group of chemical compounds used in the production
      of plastics, household articles, packages, cosmetics and plant pesticides. World
      production of phthalates is estimated to be several million tons a year. Recent
      observations indicate some mutagenic, cancerogenic and orchidotoxic effect of
      these compounds. Therefore, to assess the extent of risk it is imperative to have
      an adequate analytical method. The following is simple and relatively
      inexpensive. The study group consisted of 58 men.

PMID- 2281880
TI  - Thyroid response to dexamethasone: a study on normal controls and patients with
      psychogenic sexual dysfunction.
AB  - Pre- and postdexamethasone triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and TSH levels
      of thirteen patients with psychogenic sexual dysfunction and thirteen controls
      were studied. Patients showed lowered T4 levels in comparison with the control
      group whereas T3 and TSH levels did not differ significantly. Dexamethasone had a
      suppressive effect on TSH in patients and in controls while T3 levels were
      suppressed in the control group only. Patients scored significantly higher on the
      Hamilton Depression Scale than controls. These results compared with results
      obtained in patients recovered from major depression might point to
      endocrinological as well as clinical interrelations between psychogenic sexual
      dysfunction and minor depression.

PMID- 2281881
TI  - The lamina propria of vertebrate seminiferous tubules: a comparative light and
      electron microscopic investigation.
AB  - The lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules was compared by means of light and
      electron microscopy in specimens obtained from the following vertebrates: Mute
      swan, northern mallard, blackbird, grey short-tailed opossum, north american
      opossum, european rabbit, mouse, rat, golden hamster, mini pig, bull, llama,
      roebuck, horse, coati, cat, dog, java monkey, orang utan. The lamina propria
      consists of basal lamina, ground substance, collagen fibers, fibroblasts and
      myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are characterized by myofilaments, dense patches
      and a basal lamina covering their plasmalemma. The layers of myofibroblasts
      always lie adjacent to the germinal epithelium, while the surrounding fibroblast
      layers are located peripherally.

PMID- 2281882
TI  - Regulating knee joint position by combining electrical stimulation with a
      controllable friction brake.
AB  - Hybrid FES gait restoration systems which combine stimulation with controllable
      mechanical damping elements at the joints show promise for providing good control
      of limb motion despite variations in muscle properties. In this paper we compared
      three controllers for position tracking of the free swinging shank in able-bodied
      subjects. The controllers were open-loop (OL), proportional-derivative closed
      loop (PD), and bang-bang plus controlled-brake control (CB). Both OL and PD
      controllers contained a forward path element, which inverted a model of the
      electrically stimulated muscle and limb system. The CB control was achieved by
      maximally activating the appropriate muscle group and controlling the brake to be
      a "moving-wall" against which the limb pushed. The CB control resulted in
      superior tracking performance for a wide range of position tracking tasks and
      muscle fatigue states but required no calibration or knowledge of muscle
      properties. The disadvantages of CB control include excess mechanical power
      dissipation in the brake and impact forces applied to the skeletal system.

PMID- 2281883
TI  - Fractal system--a time domain approach.
AB  - A method to analyze the fractal system in the time domain is presented so that
      the dynamic behavior of the system can be studied. The fractal system is
      represented by a set of linear time-varying differential equations whose order
      depends on the order of the system under non-fractal condition. Four different
      types of fractal system are considered and their solutions in the time domain are
      presented. These analyses show that the fractal system is dynamically more stable
      with smooth changes of magnitude and less oscillatory than the non-fractal
      system. Examples of the physiological system of the conduction pathways in the
      heart and also the polarization phenomena of noble metal are presented to
      illustrate the phenomena.

PMID- 2281884
TI  - Effect of interfacial tension on flow of fluorochemicals in the vasculature of
      the lung: a theoretical and experimental study.
AB  - Perfluorocarbons can be selectively imaged using magnetic resonance. When
      introduced in the vasculature they do not flow beyond a certain level. This level
      depends on the driving pressure. We consider here such flow stoppage in the case
      of the vascular bed of rat lung. A theoretical analysis based on the assumption
      that interfacial tension is primarily responsible for this phenomenon leads to a
      formula that predicts a "critical" radius of the vessels at where the flow stops.
      This radius depends on the driving pressure. The predicted result was verified
      experimentally using direct measurements on histological sections and was found
      to confirm the hypothesis.

PMID- 2281885
TI  - The identification of nonlinear biological systems: Wiener kernel approaches.
AB  - Detection, representation, and identification of nonlinearities in biological
      systems are considered. We begin by briefly but critically examining a well-known
      test of system nonlinearity, and point out that this test cannot be used to prove
      that a system is linear. We then concentrate on the representation of nonlinear
      systems by Wiener's orthogonal functional series, discussing its advantages,
      limitations, and biological applications. System identification through
      estimating the kernels in the functional series is considered in detail. An
      efficient time-domain method of correcting for coloring in inputs is examined and
      shown to result in significantly improved kernel estimates in a biologically
      realistic system.

PMID- 2281886
TI  - A kinematic study of the oropharyngeal swallowing of a liquid.
AB  - Swallowing can become a problem for people with advanced age or laryngeal cancer,
      especially after surgical resection. The purpose of this study was to quantify
      the mechanical transport of the bolus through the throat by simultaneously
      comparing the instantaneous position and velocity of the bolus to the generation
      of pressure at different sites in the oropharyngeal cavity. Swallows of barium
      liquid were analyzed using Manofluorography, which simultaneously recorded
      pressure and barium position through a split screen display. Frame-by-frame
      analysis was used to describe bolus motion. The graph of head and tail movement
      showed an hourglass shape with an initial slow, then rapid movement of the bolus
      head. The peak bolus head velocity averaged 47 cm/s and the maximum acceleration
      was 460 cm/s2. Comparison of pressure traces with the kinematic curves revealed
      the relative timings of tongue movement, negative suction pressure from the
      pharyngoesophageal segment and the contraction wave. The magnitude of the gravity
      and resistance forces were estimated and relative strengths compared. The pharynx
      can be viewed as a dynamic conduit with changing diameters. The tongue driving
      force initially drove the bolus. Laryngeal elevation and the pharyngoesophageal
      segment developed a prebolus negative suction pressure ahead of the bolus. For
      vertical swallowing of the barium liquid, gravity played the dominant role in
      head transport. Contraction of the pharyngeal walls served to clear the tail of
      the bolus from the pharynx. These results aid in the understanding of the
      physiology of normal swallowing and provide quantitative data for the evaluation
      of oropharyngeal reconstruction.

PMID- 2281887
TI  - The effect of flow and mass transport in thrombogenesis.
AB  - The paper presents a mathematical analysis of the contributions of flow and mass
      transport to a single reactive event at a blood vessel wall. The intent is to
      prepare the ground for a comprehensive study of the intertwining of these
      contributions with the reaction network of the coagulation cascade. We show that
      in all vessels with local mural activity, or in "large" vessels (d greater than
      0.1 mm) with global reactivity, events at the tubular wall can be rigorously
      described by algebraic equations under steady conditions, or by ordinary
      differential forms (ODEs) during transient conditions. This opens up important
      ways for analyzing the combined roles of flow, transport, and coagulation
      reactions in thrombosis, a task hitherto considered to be completely intractable.
      We report extensively on the dependence of transport coefficient kL and mural
      coagulant concentration Cw on flow, vessel geometry, and reaction kinetics. It is
      shown that for protein transport, kL varies only weakly with shear rate gamma in
      large vessels, and not at all in the smaller tubes (d less than 10(-2) mm). For a
      typical protein, kL approximately 10(-3) cm s-1 within a factor of 3 in most
      geometries, irrespective of the mural reaction kinetics. Significant reductions
      in kL (1/10-1/1,000) leading to high-coagulant accumulation are seen mainly in
      stagnant zones vicinal to abrupt expansions and in small elliptical tubules. This
      is in accord with known physical observations. More unexpected are the dramatic
      increases in accumulation which can come about through the intervention of an
      autocatalytic reaction step, with Cw rising sharply toward infinity as the ratio
      of reaction to transport coefficient approaches unity. Such self-catalyzed
      reactions have the ability to act as powerful amplifiers of an otherwise modest
      influence of flow and transport on coagulant concentration. The paper considers
      as well the effect on mass transport of transient conditions occasioned by
      coagulation initiation or pulsatile flow. During initiation, instantaneous flux
      varies with diffusivity and bulk concentration, favouring the early
      adsorption/consumption of proteins with the highest abundance and mobility. This
      is akin to the 'Vroman effect' seen in narrow, stagnant spaces. The effect of
      flow pulsatility on kL has the potential, after prolonged cycling, of bringing
      about segregation or accumulation of proteins, with consequences for the
      coagulation process.

PMID- 2281888
TI  - Lung dust analysis in the assessment of past exposure of man-made mineral fibre
      workers.
AB  - In the cohort of American MMMF workers reported by ENTERLINE et al. [Ann. occup.
      Hyg. 31, 625-656 (1987)] autopsies were recorded in 652 (13.5%) of 4840 deaths.
      Lung tissue samples were sought from all pathologists and obtained in 145
      (22.2%), together with similar samples from 124 matched referents. Lung fibre
      counts by phase contrast microscopy were 60% higher (P less than 0.05) in workers
      than referents. Electron microscopy (ATEM) also showed more fibres of all kinds-
      MMMF, asbestos and other--but no convincing excess of any one type. Lung samples
      of only 26% of workers contained any MMMF, almost all siliceous in nature and in
      low concentration. There were too few cases of lung cancer (19) for any useful
      conclusion; however, in the plant with the highest lung cancer SMR (200), and a
      probable mesothelioma, amosite at greater than 1.0 fibres per micrograms (f
      micrograms-1) was found in four of six workers but in none of their matched
      referents. Although our findings contribute little to the interpretation of the
      results obtained by ENTERLINE et al. they indicate the potential value of tissue
      analyses in monitoring epidemiological studies of MMMF exposure.

PMID- 2281890
TI  - The attenuations of some hearing protectors as used in the workplace.
AB  - A sound field which conforms to the requirements of ISO 4869 (1981) has been
      created in an audiometric booth which has been installed in a mobile trailer.
      This trailer has visited industrial sites where protectors, which were being used
      in the workplace, were tested. Work people, selected at random, were tested in a
      procedure similar to that specified in ISO 4869. The occluded and unoccluded
      thresholds of hearing were measured and then used to estimate the protector
      attenuation. Results from a number of muffs, plugs and helmet-mounted muffs,
      tested in the workplace, show that, in most cases, the attenuations were less and
      the standard deviations were greater than those quoted by manufacturers from
      laboratory ISO 4869 tests. The implications of these results for the selection of
      hearing protectors are discussed.

PMID- 2281889
TI  - Evidence for an amphibole asbestos threshold exposure for asbestosis assessed by
      autopsy in South African asbestos miners.
AB  - In an attempt to determine whether there exists a threshold asbestos dose below
      which asbestosis does not occur, data on 807 men who had worked on amphibole
      asbestos mines and undergone autopsy were analysed. When exposure was expressed
      as fibre-years no asbestosis was found at autopsy when exposure was up to 2 fibre
      years, even after 31-45 years of residence time. In the group exposed to greater
      than 2-5 fibre-years asbestosis was found. When exposure was expressed as average
      fibre concentration asbestosis occurred below 2 fibres per ml (f ml-1) and the
      prevalence increased with residence time. In conclusion, if a threshold dose for
      asbestosis does exist it is at approximately 2 fibre-years if off-shift exposure
      is ignored.

PMID- 2281892
TI  - An assessment of the exposure of water reclamation workers to hydrogen sulphide.
AB  - The paper describes a 4-month study of water reclamation workers in a rural area.
      Workers were chosen randomly from each of three groups: permanent site workers,
      mobile workers and tanker drivers. The exposure to H2S of each of these workers
      was monitored with pumped long-term colorimetric tubes over 4 days. The
      reclamation sites were visited over the period of the study and monitored with a
      hand-held H2S-measuring instrument to identify sources of possible exposure. Data
      on the weather conditions were also collected. Routine exposure to H2S was found
      to be low; only 14% of exposures were above the minimum detection limit of 0.1
      ppm 8-h time-weighted average (TWA). None of the 190 valid samples were above the
      8-h TWA occupational exposure standard (OES) of 10 ppm. If all the exposure had
      occurred in a 10 min period, 6% of exposures would have been above the 10 min TWA
      limit. The hand-held readings and knowledge of the work pattern suggest that this
      was unlikely to have been the case. Most of the positive personal exposure
      measurements were associated with tanker drivers who were not dealing with
      treated sludge only. There was a statistically significant difference between the
      likelihood of exposure to H2S occurring in warmer, drier weather and in cooler,
      wetter weather. Sites and jobs which can result in transient exposure to H2S are
      identified.

PMID- 2281891
TI  - Management of health risks in the arsenic production industry: modern production
      in Chile in the context of past experience in Britain.
AB  - The hazards presented by arsenic are well known, and the notoriety gained by its
      use as a poison in previous years has affected attitudes towards the commercial
      production and employment of a very useful substance. It is not widely realized
      that Britain was the world's largest producer of arsenic around the turn of the
      century. Production has now ceased and any reserves that still exist will
      probably remain unexploited, despite the modern requirement for arsenic by the
      wood treatment and microelectronics industries. This demand is being satisfied by
      mines in other countries which use essentially the same refining process as that
      employed in England a century ago. This paper compares what is known about
      conditions of work and health in the English arsenic industry then with modern
      conditions at a Chilean production plant, and shows how the perception and
      management of the risks involved in a hazardous operation stems from the complex
      inter-relationship of technological, social, political and economic factors. In
      particular, the results of this survey explain why, in many previous surveys, a
      poor correlation was found between airborne and urinary arsenic measurements.
      Both measures appear to be strongly influenced by the particular type of work
      undertaken and this can be related to the chemical form of the arsenic present.
      Within each job category, the most important factor affecting their correlation
      is the difference in use of respiratory protection equipment.

PMID- 2281893
TI  - The revision of dose limits for exposure to ionizing radiation.

PMID- 2281894
TI  - [Prevention of sudden death in various infants].

PMID- 2281895
TI  - [What should one know about esophageal pH recordings in pediatrics?].

PMID- 2281897
TI  - [Appendiceal peritonitis in children. Report of 144 cases].

PMID- 2281896
TI  - [The need of early diagnosis of surgical cholestasis in infants].

PMID- 2281898
TI  - [Febrile convulsions in children: management].

PMID- 2281899
TI  - [Convulsions in young children, everyday problems for the practitioner].

PMID- 2281900
TI  - [Recent therapeutic advances in Ewing's Sarcoma in children and adolescents].

PMID- 2281901
TI  - [Practical management of neutropenia in children (excluding newborns)].

PMID- 2281903
TI  - [Parasitic diarrhea in children].

PMID- 2281902
TI  - [Nasal obstruction in newborns and infants].

PMID- 2281904
TI  - [ Diseases in children after their return from vacation].

PMID- 2281905
TI  - [Bone tumors in children. An approach to their diagnosis and treatment].

PMID- 2281907
TI  - [Should tumors of the brain stem be surgically treated in children?].

PMID- 2281906
TI  - [Osteitis and osteomyelitis: a too quickly forgotten diagnosis in children].

PMID- 2281908
TI  - [Treatment and prognosis of benign hemispheric gliomas in children].

PMID- 2281909
TI  - [What should be done for a congenital megaureter detected by prenatal
      echography?].

PMID- 2281910
TI  - [Emergencies in pediatric psychiatry. Definitions and regulations].

PMID- 2281911
TI  - [Physical and biophysical aspects of high-energy intracardiac electric
      discharges. III. Correlation between physical and electric effects for the use of
      supraliminal shocks].
AB  - Using the same methods as for the measurement of electrical parameters by means
      of an oscilloscope with a wave shape calculator to determine at all points the
      energy and impedance values, as well as high speed cinematography, the analysis
      of the behavior of these parameters for shocks with energies close to those used
      in clinical medicine can be carried out. It shows namely an important decrease in
      the impedance at the current peak due to an important ionization of the
      fulguration bubble. It underlines the different behavior of the anode and cathode
      bubbles, in relation with the size of the bubbles obtained thanks to rapid
      cinematography. Comparative measurements concerning the polarity, the size of the
      indifferent electrode, the medium used in vitro and in vivo have supplied the
      elements to enable the precise determination of the adequate electrical
      parameters for the good use of fulguration.

PMID- 2281913
TI  - [Pheochromocytoma: how to prevent a fatal course? A case report and review of the
      literature].
AB  - The authors report on one case of a female patient with adrenal pheochromocytoma
      which progressed rapidly, resulting in death. Stress is therefore laid on the
      very serious nature of this disease and the necessity of rapid detection and
      treatment. A diagnostic and therapeutic strategy can be established from the
      review of the literature, based on numerous reliable methods which are currently
      available.

PMID- 2281912
TI  - [Late myocardial infarction after closure of coronary artery fistula].
AB  - Congenital coronary cardiac fistulae are rare conditions for which surgery is the
      usual indication. The authors report on the case of one female patient of 28
      years with a coronary cardiac fistula responsible for exertional dyspnoea and
      relapsing pulmonary infections. The diagnosis was suggested by a continuous
      murmur and was confirmed by Doppler echocardiography and catheterization which
      showed a dilated, sinuous circumflex artery (2 cm) leading into the right atrium.
      Surgical closure of the fistula was complicated by an early myocardial infarction
      and a relapse in the same area with resulting mitral insufficiency. The surgical
      treatment of coronary cardiac fistulae is widely documented in the literature and
      recent series demonstrate that good results are usually obtained: however, a late
      infarction has not been described. The constitution of thrombi in the collateral
      vessels deriving from the distended vessel probably accounts for the particular
      evolution noted in this specific case.

PMID- 2281914
TI  - [Late occlusive thrombosis of mitral prosthesis with sinus rhythm. Report of two
      surgically treated patients].
AB  - Two cases are reported of late occlusive thrombosis of a mitral bioprosthesis
      with sinus rhythm. Two men were concerned (40 and 54 years of age), hospitalized
      for acute pulmonary oedema which was resistant to medical treatment, 3 years
      after replacement of a mitral valve (Carpentier Edwards No. 31 and Liotta No.
      25). Catheterization showed that in both cases there was an average transmitral
      holodiastolic gradient greater than 25 mmHg. Emergency surgery revealed two
      anatomical forms of occlusive thrombosis: in one case, a localized red thrombus
      hindered the opening of a valve cusp; in the other, exuberant fibrin deposits
      lined the ventricular face of the valve cusps. There were no signs of
      degeneration of the bioprostheses and, in particular, there was no calcification.
      Both patients were asymptomatic 1.5 years and 3 years respectively after their
      operations. Late occlusive thromboses of mitral bioprostheses are exceptional (13
      detailed cases collected from the literature).

PMID- 2281916
TI  - [Allocation of resources in cardiology. An ethical problem. How tos confront the
      problem?].

PMID- 2281915
TI  - [Cardiac disorders in Steinert's disease. Indication of pacemaker in two patients
      of the same family].
AB  - From the study of two cases of Steinert's disease in the same family, who have
      benefited by the implantation of pacemaker for troubles of conduction, we propose
      to make a review of the present knowledge related to this pathology with a
      particular emphasis on the cardiac symptomatology.

PMID- 2281917
TI  - [Resources allotted to cardiology: what are they?].

PMID- 2281918
TI  - [Theory of justice and resource allocation in the field of health].

PMID- 2281919
TI  - [Correlation between administrative rules and ethics].

PMID- 2281920
TI  - [Long-term decrease of microalbuminuria after one year of treatment with
      perindopril in hypertensive diabetic patients].
AB  - We studied the effects of perindopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor administered during 12 months, on creatinine clearance, albuminuria and
      glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with mild to moderate hypertension. After
      1 month placebo, 40 insulin-treated patients were divided into 3 groups based
      upon their urinary albumin excretion rate. Group 1 had a normoalbuminuria (less
      than 15 mg/24 h), group II had a microalbuminuria (15-150 mg/24 h) and group III
      had a macroproteinuria (greater than 150 mg/24 h and Albustix +). They were given
      perindopril 4 to 8 mg orally once daily, and received a stable diet. Diastolic
      blood pressure was normalized within the first 3 months in 80% of the patients.
      From these, 28 (14.7 and 7 from groups I, II and III respectively) were followed
      during a total active treatment period of 12 months. They were matched for age,
      duration of diabetes and hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressures,
      daily insulin dose, postprandial plasma C-peptide and quality of glycaemic
      control. Mean supine diastolic blood pressure was decreased by 15 and 18% at 1
      and 12 months respectively. Heart rate was not significantly modified. At 3
      months, plasma ACE activity was nearly totally inhibited while plasma renin
      activity was markedly increased. In patients of group II, microalbuminuria was
      reduced from 66 +/- 13 (mean +/- SEM after placebo) to 39 +/- 6 mg/24 h after 1
      month perindopril and this effect was maintained at 12 months. In group I,
      albuminuria remained within the normal range. In group III, macroproteinuria was
      not consistently modified by perindopril. Creatinine clearance did not change and
      glycaemic control remained stable throughout the study in the 3 groups. No major
      side effects were observed. We conclude that perindopril normalizes blood
      pressure in a large majority of hypertensive diabetic patients without affecting
      the quality of diabetes control. It also induces a marked and sustained reduction
      of microalbuminuria in patients at risk of developing diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2281921
TI  - Laboratory investigation of the porphyrias.

PMID- 2281922
TI  - Recommendations for adopting standard conditions and analytical procedures in the
      measurement of serum fructosamine concentration.

PMID- 2281923
TI  - Isoelectric focusing of cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G: an annotated
      update.
AB  - A revised agarose isoelectric focusing method for detecting oligoclonal IgG in
      unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid is presented. The technique is shown to be
      robust and reproducible and suitable for the detection of intrathecal IgG
      synthesis.

PMID- 2281925
TI  - The measurement of lipoprotein subfractions in plasma using a tabletop
      ultracentrifuge.
AB  - We adapted the ultracentrifugation method of the Lipid Research Clinics Program
      for the separation of lipid subfractions (LDL, VLDL and HDL cholesterol) to a
      tabletop ultracentrifuge (Beckman TL-100). Centrifugation time was reduced from
      18 h to 2.5 h and the sample volume from 5 mL to 2 mL plasma. The imprecision of
      the LDL-cholesterol estimation (coefficient of variation = CV) was 2.9-7.4% and
      that of HDL-cholesterol measurement was 1.4-3.9%. Imprecision of the VLDL-C
      measurement was high (CV = 15.6-29.8%). The results correlated with those
      obtained by the Lipid Research Clinics method (P less than 0.001). Our method
      could be conveniently adapted by clinical laboratories serving specialist lipid
      clinics.

PMID- 2281924
TI  - Clinical significance of the immunometric measurements of hyaluronic acid.
AB  - Hyaluronic acid (HA), an unbranched high molecular weight polysaccharide can now
      be measured by several immunometric assays. The connective tissues are the main
      source of HA and it is destroyed mainly in the liver. Very high levels of HA
      occur in mesothelioma. Wilms' tumour and acute liver failure, and moderate
      increases in rheumatoid diseases, renal failure and cirrhosis. Local increased
      production of HA is a feature of several forms of lung disease. HA is an
      indicator of connective tissue turnover, of the function of the receptor
      mechanisms for its capture and destruction by the liver, and of the removal of
      low molecular weight fragments by the kidney.

PMID- 2281926
TI  - A robust assay for dexamethasone in plasma using a heterologous 125I radioligand
      and a magnetizable solid-phase antiserum.
AB  - An assay using an antiserum raised against a dexamethasone 21-hemisuccinate
      conjugate and the heterologous radioligand dexamethasone 21-(carboxymethyl) ether
      was developed, validated, and used to study the pharmacokinetics of this steroid
      for 12 h following administration to patients with congenital adrenal
      hyperplasia. Coupling the antiserum to magnetizable cellulose allowed rapid
      separation of bound/free steroid. A C-21 rather than a C-3 antiserum was used to
      minimize interference with a main metabolite, 6 beta-hydroxydexamethasone. Close
      correspondence of assay (0.35 nmol/L) and curve (0.25 nmol/L) sensitivities
      suggests that interference by matrix effects is minimal. This was confirmed by
      good agreement in data from the in-house assay and that of a reference procedure.
      Good precision was demonstrated by the precision profile and Shewhart chart
      quality control data. The latter also demonstrated the assay was robust and
      reliable in routine practice.

PMID- 2281927
TI  - Rapid measurement of basic drugs in blood applied to clinical and forensic
      toxicology.
AB  - A gas chromatographic method is presented to measure blood, serum or plasma
      concentrations of more than 40 basic drugs. The sensitivity is 0.05 mg/L or less,
      which represents medium-high therapeutic and overdose concentrations, and in many
      instances the major active metabolites are also quantified. The paper describes a
      single step extraction from basic solution into n-butyl acetate containing
      maprotiline internal standard. Disposable glass tubes are used, with direct
      chromatography of the upper organic layer. GLC analysis is conducted for 10 min
      isothermally on a packed column (3% SP2250) with nitrogen-phosphorus detection.
      The coefficient of variation (CV) of the assay is between 2% and 5%, and data on
      the reproducibility of retention times are presented.

PMID- 2281928
TI  - Gas chromatographic measurement of cocaine in serum, plasma and whole blood.
AB  - A gas chromatographic method is presented to measure cocaine in serum, plasma or
      blood. To reduce the in-vitro chemical and enzymic hydrolysis of cocaine, samples
      should be collected into fluoride oxalate tubes, frozen immediately and stored at
      -20 degrees C until analysis. Extractions are carried out in disposable glass
      tubes immersed in an ice-bath. The method uses a single step extraction from a
      mildly basic solution into n-butyl acetate containing maprotiline internal
      standard. A portion of the upper organic layer is chromatographed for 5 min
      isothermally on a packed column (3% SP2250) with nitrogen-phosphorus detection.
      The coefficient of variation (CV) of the assay is below 6% at 0.1 mg/L and the
      limit of accurate measurement is 0.02 mg/L. A case of acute cocaine intoxication
      is described to illustrate the application of the method.

PMID- 2281929
TI  - A rapid horizontal TLC method for detecting drugs of abuse.
AB  - We present a rapid, low-cost method for detecting opioids, cocaine and
      amphetamine in the urine of drug abusers. Rapid solid phase extraction of 2 mL of
      urine using octadecylsilane cartridges (Bond Elut C18) concentrates compounds of
      interest (including the polar metabolite of cocaine, benzoylecgonine), in a small
      volume of methanol, which is easily dried down. Four microlitres of aliquots of
      samples and standards are spotted on to 5 cm square polyester-backed silica gel
      plates, and developed (8-10 min) in a Desaga H-Chamber. Rf values of all relevant
      compounds are presented for two mobile phases using an iodoplatinate spray. The
      sensitivity of the method is not the same for all drugs but is always at least 1
      microgram/mL urine. A number of investigations can be performed on a single
      extract from 2 mL of urine including confirmatory tests using different solvent
      systems or sprays.

PMID- 2281930
TI  - Postprandial effect of a high fat meal on plasma lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol
      and apolipoprotein measurements.
AB  - We investigated the effect of a fatty meal on plasma concentrations of lipids,
      apolipoproteins, and the cholesterol component of lipoproteins. Sixteen nonobese,
      healthy, asymptomatic males, 22-34 years of age, served as subjects for this
      study. None smoked, consumed more than two alcoholic drinks per day, or took any
      medication known to alter plasma lipids. After a 12 h fast, baseline plasma
      samples were obtained just before subjects consumed a high fat meal. The meal,
      standardized to a 70 kg individual, contained approximately 70 g fat, 580 mg
      cholesterol, and 1,100 cal, with 56% of the calories coming from fat. During the
      8 h following consumption of the meal, subjects rested quietly and consumed no
      food or beverages except water. Blood specimens were obtained hourly. There was a
      significant increase in plasma triglyceride (150% from baseline at 3 h, P less
      than 0.0005). Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) concentrations
      increased 150% at 3 h (P less than 0.0005) while low density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration decreased 37% at 3 h (P less than 0.005) when
      estimated by Friedewald's formula. No statistically significant differences were
      observed between fasting total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol
      (HDL-C). HDL2-C, and HDL3-C, apolipoprotein AI (apo AI, AII), and B-100
      concentrations and non-fasting samples. We conclude that plasma triglyceride
      concentration is significantly affected in the post-prandial state. As a result,
      VLDL-C and LDL-C when assessed by the Friedewald formula are also altered. A
      minimum of 8 h fasting is required to assess these concentrations accurately in
      this population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281931
TI  - High-dose hook effect in a two-site IRMA for measuring thyrotropin.

PMID- 2281932
TI  - The use of Fortical in glucose tolerance tests.

PMID- 2281933
TI  - Evaluation of a new method for separating bone-type alkaline phosphatase.

PMID- 2281934
TI  - Experience with the Sarstedt Salivette in salivary steroid determinations.

PMID- 2281935
TI  - Turbidity in immunoturbidimetric assay.

PMID- 2281936
TI  - The influence of blood sampling techniques on plasma concentrations of
      lactoferrin and elastase-alpha 1-PI.

PMID- 2281937
TI  - Quality control in urinary glycosaminoglycan screening.

PMID- 2281938
TI  - A method for determining the dynamics and intensity of average growth.
AB  - A new statistical method is presented for determining an average growth curve
      which is valid in the sense of representing both the average dynamic, or tempo,
      and the average intensity of the growth process studied. In this context, growth
      curve means either distance, velocity or acceleration curve. The principal idea
      is to shift individual curves continuously (and non-linearly) in age to an
      average developmental age scale. Since the resulting curves represent the typical
      shape rather than individual variations of it, they are of interest for
      comparisons of different variables of boys and girls and of subgroups. The method
      is illustrated with longitudinal growth data from the first Zurich longitudinal
      study.

PMID- 2281939
TI  - Non-parametric estimation of age-related centiles over wide age ranges.
AB  - A new method for estimating age-related centile curves has been developed, which
      is suitable for measurement covering a wide age range. The method was used to
      calculate weight centile curves of 8995 children from birth to 6 years obtained
      by the Collaborating Centre for Physical Growth and Psychosocial Development of
      Children in Shanghai, China.

PMID- 2281940
TI  - Early childhood growth in patients with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Longitudinal recumbent length data on 65 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients from 3
      months to 6 years of age were used to fit two mathematical models of early
      childhood growth. The results were compared to published data from the
      Longitudinal Studies of Child Health and Development at the Harvard School of
      Public Health. The median values for girls with CF indicate essentially normal
      growth in the first year of life, whereas CF boys are slightly smaller than
      normal boys. Both sexes show declines in length relative to normal children in
      later years. This pattern is reflected in significant deviations from normal
      values in growth curve parameters for CF patients. While the linear Reed model
      gave a slightly better fit to the data, the non linear Jenss model allowed easier
      interpretation of parameters and comparisons with the Boston children. Early
      childhood growth in cystic fibrosis is characterized by fairly normal exponential
      growth in the first year of life followed by an earlier approach to a linear
      asymptote than is found in normal children. Although both the raw data and curve
      parameters were much more variable in CF patients than in the Boston sample,
      there were no significant differences in growth between patients diagnosed in
      infancy because of disease symptoms as opposed to those diagnosed because of
      family history alone. The appearance of growth retardation in CF primarily after
      infancy suggests that the cumulative effect of chronic digestive or pulmonary
      malfunctions, rather than a basic metabolic defect, is responsible for much of
      the growth retardation seen in these children.

PMID- 2281942
TI  - The onset of eruption of permanent teeth amongst South African Indian children.
AB  - A total of 1036 Indian children were examined to determine the mean ages of
      eruption for the first permanent molars, and the permanent central and lateral
      incisors. The youngest observed age for the eruption of any permanent tooth was
      5.00 years for girls and 4.94 for boys. Mandibular teeth erupted earlier than
      maxillary teeth and teeth in females erupted between 1 and 6 months earlier than
      in males. Comparison of the results of the present study to one in South African
      black children showed that Indian children's teeth erupt some 3.5-7 months later
      than those of black children, a difference that was statistically significant.

PMID- 2281941
TI  - Relationships between intrapopulational and interpopulational genetic diversity
      in man.
AB  - The bottleneck effect (or extended period of reduced population size) is known to
      increase genetic distance (D) substantially, and this can be a serious factor
      that disturbs the phylogenetic relationships of populations inferred from genetic
      distance estimates. The bottleneck effect is also known to be a factor that
      disturbs the hierarchial relationships of the fixation indices (FST) or the
      coefficients of gene differentiation (GST) in subdivided populations. To examine
      the extent of the bottleneck effect on D and GST in human populations, the D and
      GST values were computed for various groups of populations from around the world,
      and their relationships with within-population heterozygosities were examined by
      using gene frequency data for protein and immunological loci. The results
      obtained indicate that the D value between a pair of populations is negatively
      correlated with the average within-population heterozygosity. This suggests that
      genetic distance estimates for small populations are seriously affected by the
      bottleneck effect, and that phylogenetic trees should be studied by taking into
      account this factor. The bottleneck effect on GST was also revealed from
      examination of the total gene diversity HT and its components, interpopulational
      genetic variation (DST) and intrapopulational genetic variation (HS). That is, a
      large value of GST in small populations was sometimes associated with the
      decrease of HS rather than the increase of DST. Generally speaking, however, GST
      was larger when geographically distant populations were considered than when
      closely located populations were considered. When there is any trace of
      bottleneck effects, phylogenetic trees should be constructed by a method in which
      the rate of evoluationary change is allowed to vary from branch to branch.

PMID- 2281943
TI  - Measurement error in human dental mensuration.
AB  - The reliability of human odontometric data was evaluated in a sample of 60 teeth.
      Three observers, using their own instruments and the same definition of the
      mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions were asked to repeat their measurements
      after 2 months. Precision, or repeatability, was analysed by means of Pearsonian
      correlation coefficients and mean absolute error values. Accuracy, or the absence
      of bias, was evaluated by means of Bland-Altman procedures and attendant Student
      t-tests, and also by an ANOVA procedure. The present investigation suggests that
      odontometric data have a high interobserver error component. Mesiodistal
      dimensions show greater imprecision and bias than buccolingual measurements. The
      results of the ANOVA suggest that bias is the result of interobserver error and
      is not due to the time between repeated measurements.

PMID- 2281944
TI  - Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase phenotypes in several Mongoloid
      populations of eastern India: existence of a non-deficient fast variant in two
      Australasian tribes.
AB  - A total of 954 subjects of both sexes from nine Mongoloid tribes of eastern India
      were investigated for the distribution of red cell glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (G6PD) phenotypes by starch-gel electrophoresis. The incidence of
      Gd- was found to be 8% in the Khasi, 6% in the Nishi, 5% in Apatani and 3% in
      Adi. The small group of Bodo and the mixed group of other Arunachal tribes had Gd
      frequencies of 19% and 15%, respectively. Only one isolated incidence of Gd- was
      encountered in the Naga, while the Hmar lacked Gd-. The Khasi had a polymorphic
      frequency (about 4%) of a non-deficient fast variant (GdV) (105% mobility in TEB
      buffer of pH 8.6). Two heterozygotes of this allele with a combination of common
      GdB+ were detected in two females. Interestingly, the same allele was reported
      earlier in another Australasian tribe--the Korkus of central India.

PMID- 2281946
TI  - Inbreeding coefficients from isonymy in the Italian-Greek villages.
AB  - There are four Italian-Greek communes in one area of Calabria and nine in an area
      of Apulia. The communes are too small to give good information on marital isonymy
      for each, but in the Calabrian area the weighted mean inbreeding coefficient and
      its random and non-random components are F = 0.01442, Fr = 0.00450 and Fn =
      0.00997, respectively. The weighted means in the more populous Apulian area are
      significantly lower, F = 0.00423, Fr = 0.00379, Fn = 0.00045.

PMID- 2281945
TI  - Arm-span, height, and age in black and white women.
AB  - This paper presents the results of an anthropometric study of 293 Black and 298
      White females, ages 35-89 years, who were healthy, non-institutionalized
      residents of North Carolina. All subjects were measured for arm-span and height.
      Correlations of the two measures were obtained for each race independently.
      Additionally, age as a factor in arm-span and height correlation for the two
      races was examined. Correlation of arm-span and height for Black subjects was
      0.852 and for White subjects was 0.903. Age and height correlation for White
      women was -0.237 and for Black women was -0.114. Age and arm-span correlation for
      White women was -0.167 and for Black women was -0.106. Separate equations for
      estimation of height based on age and arm-span were developed for women of the
      two races: height of White women (cm) = 29.58-(0.04 x age) + (0.81 x arm-span);
      height of Black women (cm) = 37.72-(0.01 x age) + (0.73 x arm-span).

PMID- 2281948
TI  - Fat appetite in rats: the response of infant and adult rats to nutritive and non
      nutritive oil emulsions.
AB  - Fat appetite was studied in rats using corn oil and mineral oil emulsions. In
      Experiment 1 ingestive responses to intraoral infusions were measured in rat pups
      6-15 days of age. By 12-15 days of age pups responded more to oil emulsions (10%
      and 30%) than they did to water or emulsifier solution. The corn and mineral oil
      emulsions were almost as effective as milk but less effective than sucrose (0.3M)
      in stimulating ingestion. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the acceptance and
      preference for oil emulsions in adult rats. The corn oil and mineral oil
      emulsions were equally acceptable to non-deprived rats, as measured by 3-min and
      30-min one-bottle tests. Food deprivation increased the one-bottle intake of both
      emulsions. In two-bottle tests, rats displayed a slight corn oil preference when
      non-deprived, but developed a strong preference when food deprived. Taken
      together, the results suggest that rats have an unlearned attraction to the
      orosensory qualities of emulsified oils and they learn to prefer corn oil based
      on its postingestive nutritive effects.

PMID- 2281947
TI  - Peripheral angiotensin II is not the cause of sodium appetite in the rat.
AB  - Activation of the renin-angiotensin system has been shown to arouse both water
      and sodium intake in the rat. The following experiments examine the contributions
      of the peripheral and central renin-angiotensin systems to the expression of
      sodium appetite in the adrenal-intact rat. Firstly, we find that, unlike
      intracerebroventricular angiotensin II, intravenous administration of the hormone
      at dipsogenic doses does not arouse sodium intake in the sodium replete rat when
      given alone or in combination with systemic mineralocorticoid pretreatment.
      Secondly, in the sodium depleted rat, we find that interference with central, but
      not peripheral, angiotensin II action suppresses sodium appetite. Together, these
      data confirm recent evidence which demonstrates that it is angiotensin II of
      cerebral origin, not angiotensin II of renal origin, that is necessary for the
      expression of sodium appetite.

PMID- 2281949
TI  - Fat appetite in rats: flavor preferences conditioned by nutritive and non
      nutritive oil emulsions.
AB  - Two experiments examined the rat's preference for flavors associated with
      nutritive corn oil and non-nutritive mineral oil emulsions. In Experiment 1 food
      deprived rats developed a preference for a flavor mixed into a 7.1% corn oil
      emulsion over a flavor presented in water. A significant but weaker preference
      was obtained for a flavor mixed into a 7.1% mineral oil emulsion. In Experiment 2
      the rats acquired a preference for a flavor that preceded the ingestion of the
      corn oil emulsion by 10 min. The mineral oil emulsion, however, failed to
      condition a flavor preference using this delay paradigm. The results suggest that
      both the orosensory properties (flavor) and postingestive nutritive effects of
      oil can reinforce flavor preferences. The appetite for dietary fats is,
      therefore, a combined response to the flavor and nutritive qualities of this
      class of nutrients.

PMID- 2281950
TI  - Effects of temperature and mode of presentation of juice on hunger, thirst and
      food intake in humans.
AB  - Foods differ in their satiating effects; temperature and mode of presentation may
      be factors important for these differences. We tested the effects of these two
      variables in normal weight, non-dieting males and females using vegetable juice.
      The juice was offered as a preload, with females receiving 300 g and males
      receiving 400 g under conditions that systematically varied temperature (60-62
      degrees C vs. 1 degrees C) and presentation (served in mug vs. bowl with spoon);
      a no-preload condition was also included. Each preload was followed within 5 min
      by a second course of grilled cheese sandwiches. In the males, intake was
      significantly lower after cold but not hot preloads in comparison to the no
      preload condition; however, intakes following the hot and cold preloads did not
      differ significantly. Males also reported a significantly greater decline in
      thirst following the cold preloads. Temperature of the preloads did not affect
      food intake or thirst in the female subjects. Neither group was affected by the
      mode of presentation of the preloads. Further studies with other types of foods
      and drinks are needed to clarify whether temperature or mode of presentation can
      influence satiating efficiency.

PMID- 2281952
TI  - Dissociation of intake adjustments to sustained and day-to-day changes in food
      caloric density.
AB  - Rats were subjected to day-to-day changes in food caloric density superimposed on
      a sustained (average) change above or below the basal value. This was done by
      giving them a different diet every day, so that caloric density gradually
      increased from a basal value. By repeating this procedure the caloric density
      varied in a sinusoidal pattern above or below the basal value. Short-term
      compensatory changes in food intake followed a reversed and delayed sinusoidal
      pattern (compared to that of caloric density), and achieved only an incomplete
      compensation of caloric intake. On the other hand, long-term changes in the
      average food intake led to a complete compensation of the average caloric intake
      for the high-calorie diets. The low-calorie diets produced a marked body weight
      loss, although these rats maintained the partly compensatory responses to the day
      to-day changes in caloric density; that is, food intake decreased when the
      caloric density of the diet increased to the basal value, overriding any effect
      of body weight loss. It is concluded that short-term and long-term controls of
      food intake are relatively independent of each other and that the short-term
      control determines the daily caloric intake, with a delay that probably indicates
      learning processes, while the long-term control is determining the average
      caloric intake over a period of several days, accounting for a more or less
      complete compensation of caloric density changes.

PMID- 2281951
TI  - Does variation in palatability affect the postprandial response in energy
      expenditure?
AB  - The impact of variation in palatability on diet- and sucrose-induced
      thermogenesis was studied in two experiments with 24 healthy young normal-weight
      subjects, 12 men and 12 women. In the first study, subjects received at random in
      duplicate either a normal liquid test meal (2,000 kJ, 12% protein, 33% fat, 55%
      carbohydrate), or an iso-energetic test meal made highly unpalatable with kinin.
      The difference in palatability did not have a significant impact on postprandial
      metabolism. In the second study subjects received at random either a palatable
      sucrose solution (900 kJ), an iso-energetic standard sucrose solution, or an iso
      energetic unpalatable sucrose solution. Kinin and a citrus flavour were used to
      vary palatability. Postprandial energy expenditure over a period of 150 min was
      not significantly affected by differences in palatability. A separate control
      experiment to assess the effect of kinin on energy expenditure was carried out in
      eight subjects. Kinin had no significant effect on energy expenditure over a
      period of 120 min after ingestion.

PMID- 2281953
TI  - The phenomenology of food cravings.
AB  - A craving for specific foods represents one of the most common and intense
      experiences surrounding eating. This paper explores the phenomenology of food
      craving by discussing the properties, origins and determinants of the craving
      state. The discussion includes consideration of the use of the craving concept in
      the drug literature and a review of the food craving literature. It is suggested
      that advances in the understanding of food cravings must address the problem of
      the definition and measurement of the craving state and proceed with recognition
      of the inadequacies of the ubiquitous assumption that cravings serve to identify
      and redress bodily needs.

PMID- 2281954
TI  - [Medullomyoblastoma: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study].
AB  - Medullomyoblastoma is a rare tumor of childhood, arising in the cerebellar
      vermis. In the case reported, the immunohistochemical study (desmin, myosin,
      myoglobin and actin) and the ultrastructural findings, confirm the presence of
      rhabdomyoblastic cells associated with a typical medulloblastic component.
      Differential diagnosis and histogenesis of this tumor are discussed.

PMID- 2281955
TI  - [Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid gland. Histologic and
      immunohistochemical study. Report of 2 cases].
AB  - Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid gland is an uncommon neoplasm that
      was recently described by Carney et al. (1987). It is important to recognize this
      tumor, considered benign, as it may mimic papillary carcinoma, medullary
      carcinoma or paraganglioma. We present two cases with histological and
      immunohistochemical criteria and discuss the diagnostic problems. Grossly, this
      small tumor is yellow tan and well circumscribed. The epithelial cells, polygonal
      or elongated and sharply outlined, have an eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm. The
      nuclei are oval or elongated, with often non-visible nucleoli. Grooved nuclei are
      quite frequent. Mitotic figures are very uncommon. The cells are arranged in
      clusters or trabeculae or pseudofollicles containing colloid material.
      Characteristically the cells, arranged shoulder to shoulder, can show a palisade
      pattern. The fibrovascular stroma appears hyaline, pseudoamyloid (Congo red
      staining is negative). The tumor cells show intense staining for thyroglobulin
      and no staining for thyrocalcitonin. Immunoreactivity for cytokeratin, vimentin,
      protein S100, NSE is positive but staining is negative for EMA and desmin. In one
      case, the tumor cells show little positivity for chromogranin A. The variable
      patterns of this tumor can lead to diagnostic problems. We can exclude the
      diagnosis of papillary carcinoma as this tumor lacks any true papillary
      architecture. We reject the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma because of its
      thyroglobulin and calcitonin immunoreactivity. Paraganglioma never shows
      immunoreactivity for thyroglobulin. Very often the surrounding thyroid tissue
      shows focal thyroiditis. The association of the tumor with Hashimoto's
      thyroiditis can be explained by an autoimmune process.

PMID- 2281957
TI  - Acute rupture of anterior cruciate ligament: histological study of fifteen cases.
AB  - Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament may lead to functional instability and
      premature degenerative changes of the knee or, if treatment and rehabilitation
      are carefully carried out, to a functionally stable knee. In this paper we
      histologically studied the torn ends of the anterior cruciate ligament from
      fifteen patients who underwent surgical treatment for acute rupture of the
      ligament. The interval between the rupture and surgery was 11-20 days. The
      purpose of this study was to evaluate the time of appearance and the degree of
      degenerative changes of the torn ends in cases of midsubstance rupture in order
      to determine 1) their biological value for restoring the anterior cruciate
      ligament and 2) the ideal time and the optimal technique for surgical treatment.

PMID- 2281956
TI  - [Fallopian tube bilharziasis caused by Schistosoma intercalatum disclosed by
      hemoperitoneum].
AB  - Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma intercalatumis common in Gabon and, since
      1971, Schistosoma haematobium has been found in the south of the country. Genital
      involvement is infrequent: 0.8 per cent of gynecologic specimens sent to the
      pathology laboratory and ten of 622 fallopian tube specimens (1.5 per cent). We
      report an unusual clinical case with hemoperitoneum as the first manifestation:
      the schistosomal lesion was developed within the tubal serosa, and caused a
      breach in an arteriole responsible for a 2500 cc hemoperitoneum. Genital lesions
      preferentially involve the vulva, vagina, and cervix. Involvement of the tubes
      and ovaries is less common and seems to have an incidence on fertility only if
      bacterial superinfections cause adhesions around the tubes and ovaries. Genital
      schistosomiasis is usually asymptomatic. Ectopic pregnancies and infertility may
      occur.

PMID- 2281958
TI  - [Nerve sheath myxoma. A case involving the maxillary sinus].
AB  - A myxoma of nerve sheaths involving the maxillary sinus was observed in a 12 year
      old boy. The tumour, necrotic and calcified in this central area, was detected by
      a radiological opacity. In this periphery, the histological features were
      characteristic, showing lobules surrounded by fibrous tissue. In these lobules,
      spindle-shaped or stellate tumour cells were scattered in an abundant
      "myxomatous" matrix. The child is in good health fifteen months after surgical
      treatment. The histogenesis of this rare tumor is discussed in relation to this
      case and to those cases previously reported in the literature.

PMID- 2281960
TI  - Respiratory disorders in stainless steel workers.
AB  - The study involved 106 workers exposed to stainless steel dust (47 stainless
      steel welders, 59 stainless steel handling workers) and 80 controls. Respiratory
      impairment was evaluated by means of a standardised questionnaire, clinical
      examination and lung function tests (spirometry, forced expiratory flow).
      Dyspnoea was encountered more frequently among exposed workers but there was no
      greater prevalence of chronic bronchitis compared to the control group. Lung
      function tests (FEV1, PEF, FEF75, FEF50, FEF25) were significantly lower in the
      exposed group. Smoking did not contribute essentially to these changes. The
      results confirm that stainless steel dust is an important cause of the
      development of respiratory obstructive disorders in the industrial working
      population.

PMID- 2281959
TI  - [Thyrolipoma. A case report and review of the literature].
AB  - The authors report a case of thyrolipoma in a 50 year old woman, presenting with
      nodular goitre and tracheal compression. Microscopically, the coexistence of
      adipocytes and thyroid vesicles within the thyroid nodule is characteristic of
      this rare tumor. The relationship between this tumor and diffuse thyroid
      lipomatosis and amyloid goitre are discussed.

PMID- 2281961
TI  - [Bronchial reactivity during continuous and interrupted exposure to respiratory
      irritants].
AB  - Evolution of bronchial reactivity was examined in a sample of aluminium potroom
      workers exposed to a variety of respiratory irritants in concentrations below the
      MAC values for Yugoslavia (hydrogen fluoride, particulate fluorides, sulphur
      dioxide). Lung function indices and bronchial reactivity were measured in 24
      workers continuously employed in an aluminium plant and in nine workers who had
      ceased to work in the plant. Measurements took place over a two-year interval. A
      sustained level of bronchial reactivity was recorded in both examined groups
      regardless of occupational practice. Even in workers with dyspnoea and airway
      obstruction bronchial reactivity did not worsen in spite of continuous exposure.
      Avoidance of exposure to potroom fumes did not bring about any significant
      improvement of reactivity, moreover, bronchial reactivity deteriorated in one
      worker. Owing to discordance between spirometric values and bronchial reactivity,
      a follow-up of workers removed from harmful occupational exposure is suggested.

PMID- 2281962
TI  - [Physical stress and bronchial hyperreactivity in aluminum-processing workers].
AB  - A possible impact of physical load on the degree of bronchial hyperreactivity was
      studied in actual working conditions among the workers in an aluminium
      electrolysis plant. Respiratory irritants present in the working environment were
      also determined. The study was conducted in two groups of workers: one, of 34
      workers who had been previously categorized as having respiratory symptoms and
      the other, of 19 control workers without symptoms. Both groups were matched by
      age, height, weight and years of service in the plant. All workers underwent a
      progressive submaximum exercise test of 300-600-900 kpm/min load on a bicycle
      ergometer. Simultaneously a continuous monitoring of heart function was
      performed. Heart rate, blood pressure and lung function parameters: FVC, FEV1,
      PEF, MEF25, MEF50, MEF75 and FEV1/FVC% ratio were measured before and 18 minutes
      after exercise. The results of the study showed that physical load and concurrent
      exposure to respiratory irritants had no impact on bronchial hyperreactivity in
      either group of workers. However, the exercise test demonstrated the existence of
      appreciable individual differences within the two groups.

PMID- 2281963
TI  - [Use of the disability classification "Residual work capacity for part-time work"
      in an area of Croatia].
AB  - A retrospective evaluation of disability was carried out in a group of workers
      with residual work capacity for part-time work from the region of Slavonski Brod
      over a ten-year period. The evaluation comprised disability assessment,
      estimation of the reliability of primary diagnosis with respect to disability
      assessment, and determination of the period between the assessment of residual
      work ability for part-time work and retirement due to disability. The disability
      category "residual work capacity for part-time work" was assigned to 1,029
      persons, and was most frequently caused by cardiovascular diseases. Disability
      pension was based mostly on the diagnoses of mental disorders and cardiovascular
      diseases and was received by 1,365 persons. With part-time workers who had their
      residual work ability assessed on the basis of cardiovascular diseases and mental
      disorders, working part-time was only a temporary, short-term solution, because
      as soon as within a year, after a regular check-up, they were given disability
      pension owing to deterioration of primary disease. On the other hand, workers
      with diseases of the locomotor system as primary diagnosis, who had worked part
      time for several years, often had disability pension granted because of some
      other disease. A detailed analysis among 426 still active workers with residual
      work capacity showed disability to have been assessed mostly on the ground of
      diseases of the locomotor system. Functional disorders were usually light to
      moderate, and working conditions often inappropriate. It is considered that the
      categories "residual work capacity with full-time work at a more appropriate
      workplace", with a change of occupation or without it, and "altered work
      capacity" would have been better applicable in the majority of cases.

PMID- 2281964
TI  - [Ventilatory capacity and respiratory symptoms in hemp-processing workers].
AB  - The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and changes in ventilatory capacity were
      studied in 84 female (mills A and B) and 27 male hemp workers employed in textile
      mills. Forty-nine women and 30 men from a non-dusty industry served as controls.
      A significantly higher prevalence of almost all chronic respiratory symptoms was
      found in exposed female workers compared to controls. For men the differences
      were significant for nasal catarrh and sinusitis. A high prevalence of byssinosis
      was found among female workers in both mills (A = 47.8%); B = 57.9%) as well as
      in male workers (66.7%). Statistically significant acute across work shift
      reductions in ventilatory capacity were found for all measurements in female and
      male hemp workers (P greater than 0.01) varying from 7.1% for FEV1 to 15.1% for
      FEF50. Measured Monday baseline values before the work shift were significantly
      lower than expected for hemp workers being particularly reduced for FEF25 and
      FEF50. The data suggest that exposure to hemp dust is a major risk factor for the
      development of occupational lung disease.

PMID- 2281965
TI  - [Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere in the town of Zenica].
AB  - The content of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in extracts of particulate
      matter collected in the city of Zenica in December 1987 was analysed. In addition
      to the presence of proven carcinogens like benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene,
      chryzene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, the contents of naphthalene, fluorene,
      fenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene were also determined. Those
      substances were rightly assumed to be precursors of genotoxic products in
      reactions with atmospheric nitrogen oxides. The determined average concentration
      of benzo(a)pyrene was higher than those found in other places in Yugoslavia where
      similar studies were conducted. At the same time, the measured benzo(a)pyrene
      concentration exceeded the guidelines for inhabited places according to the
      standards of the Federal Republic Germany and the Netherlands. The observed high
      variations in naphthalene concentration of as much as two orders of magnitude in
      two days were likely due to unsolved technological problems.

PMID- 2281966
TI  - Workplace--worker--environment. An expert system.
AB  - In the expert system described stresses due to the workplace and the life
      environment are represented by characteristics, which are graded from 0 to 5. The
      same is true of capabilities of the man. The algorithm looks for the
      compatibility of one with the other. Examples of characteristics, the function of
      the certainty factor and of steps of examination depth are shown, with particular
      reference to the cardiovascular subsystem. The expert system "Workplace--Worker-
      Environment" is proposed to serve as a basic tool in occupational health care.

PMID- 2281968
TI  - [The functional morphology of the gastric mucosa in duodenal ulcer and in the
      late period after isolated selective proximal vagotomy].
AB  - Pretrophic and moderately atrophic gastritis is found in the antrum in patients
      with noncomplicated duodenal ulcer. Normal mucosa or superficial gastritis were
      observed in the gastric body. Statistically significant worsening of the
      gastritis of both stomach areas without pronounced atrophic forms, stable
      decrease of the acid production and the number of parietal cells with a mild
      increase of the gastrin-producing cells of the antrum are found 1 to 8 years
      after the selective proximal vagotomy.

PMID- 2281967
TI  - [Campylobacter pylori and the reparative processes in peptic ulcer].
AB  - The paper deals with reparative potential of gastric and duodenal mucosa in ulcer
      in connection with the presence and quantity of Campylobacter pylori (CP) which
      is found practically in all patients not only with duodenal localization of ulcer
      but with mediogastric and pyloroantral localization as well. No correlation
      between the CP presence and CP mucosa colonization on the one hand and the type
      of reparative processes in the mucosa is found. The presence or the absence of CP
      as well as the degree of CP mucosal dissemination have no influence on the
      clinical course of the ulcer. Antiulcer treatment aiming at aggression factors
      (histamine H2-receptors blockers) and protective factors (enprostil) and lacking
      antibacterial activity improves the reparative processes but does not influence
      CP. Thus, CP is not etiological and probably is not a main pathogenetic factor in
      ulcer development. Its participation in the genesis of ulcer is possibly brought
      about under conditions of suppression of local protective mechanisms.

PMID- 2281970
TI  - [Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori in the etiology and pathogenesis of
      gastritis and peptic ulcer].
AB  - Current information on the role of Helicobacter pylori (HP) in the stomach and
      duodenum pathology is presented. HP is always found in active chronic gastritis
      and duodenal ulcer. HP damage to gastric superficial epithelium may result in the
      accelerated proliferation and incomplete differentiation of epithelium, this
      being a basis of chronic gastritis morphogenesis. Factors of aggression such as
      HCl hypersecretion provoke a stomach metaplasia of the duodenal mucosa. HP damage
      to such areas combined with the factors of aggression result in the transition of
      a preulcer state into ulcer.

PMID- 2281969
TI  - [The parenchymatous-stromal interrelationships in adenocarcinomas of the large
      intestine (an electron radioautographic study)].
AB  - Parenchymatous and stromal cells in colonic adenocarcinomas were studied electron
      radiographically. The properties of the nucleic acid and protein synthesis in the
      cylindrical and goblet cells in carcinoma (partial 3H-thymidine incorporation,
      heterogeneity of 3H-uridine and amino acid mixture incorporation) indicate a
      relatively low level of their differentiation, lower degree of their
      participation in a specific function, retaining their capacity to proliferate. A
      high number of 3H-thymidine-labelled stem cells which are the main source of
      tumour growth is observed in carcinoma. Stroma in carcinoma is characterized by
      endotheliocyte and fibroblast proliferation (3H-thymidine incorporation), high
      degree of metabolic processes in some of these cells (3H-uridine and amino acid
      mixture incorporation) and by the disturbance of immunocompetent cell specific
      function (partial and weak labelling of the immunocompetent cells with 3H-uridine
      and amino acid mixture).

PMID- 2281971
TI  - [The morphogenesis of pancreonecrosis].
AB  - Pancreas was studied histologically, histochemically and electron microscopically
      in 117 autopsy cases and in the experiment (25 dogs and 60 white rats).
      Morphogenesis of pancreonecrosis proceeds through certain stages. The initial
      stages of an acute pancreatic edema is characterized by degenerative and necrotic
      changes of pancreocytes with parapedesis of pancreatic enzymes into the
      interstitium and a reactive stromal edema. The following stages are distinguished
      in the progressing phase of pancreonecrosis: hemorrhagic pancreonecrosis when the
      proteolytic enzymes provoke a colliquation necrosis of the acinar tissue,
      fibrinoid necrosis of vascular walls and disturbances of the intravascular
      hemorheology resulting in the enhancement of destructive processes and
      hemorrhagic inhibition of tissues; fat pancreonecrosis in which lipolytic enzymes
      lead to the coagulation necrosis of the acinar and fat tissue while a non
      completed proteolysis of necrotic tissues stipulates the intensity of the
      reactive inflammation.

PMID- 2281972
TI  - [The combination of hepatitis with different etiologies and developmental defects
      of the biliary tract].
AB  - Anamnestic, clinical and morphological data presented concern 34 children with
      malformations of excretory bile ducts (15 with atresia of intra- and extrahepatic
      bile ducts, 12 with atresia of distal regions of the external bile ducts, 7 with
      cystic dilatation of ductus choledochus). Analysis of operation material revealed
      the presence of hepatitis in 30 cases including 16 cases with giant cell
      hepatitis associated with malformations. Intrauterine hepatitis B was found in 24
      cases, herpetic hepatitis in 2 cases and Mycoplasma-related hepatitis in 3 cases
      (one of them in combination with hepatitis B). The etiology was not established
      in 2 cases. Accompanying bacterial infection was in 6 observations.

PMID- 2281973
TI  - [Primary apudomas of the liver].
AB  - The literature data on primary liver apudomas with the discussion of their
      histogenesis, structure, endocrine activity and immunohistochemistry, 36 hepato-
      and cholangiocarcinomas are studied among which a group of poorly differentiated
      "atypical" tumours (9 cases) is distinguished. Large areas of endocrine-cell
      differentiation represented by solid, trabecular and alveolar structures
      consisting of small lymphocytoid cells or big cells with eosinophil cytoplasm and
      numerous sinusoid vessels were observed in these tumours. Cytoplasm of these
      cells contained argyrophylic granules in variable quantity. It is suggested that
      a certain part of primary liver apudomas is mistaking considered as poorly
      differentiated "atypical" hepato- or cholangiocarcinomas.

PMID- 2281974
TI  - [Campylobacter pylori in patients with liver cirrhosis of different etiologies].
AB  - The role of Campylobacter pylori (CP) in the development of chronic gastritis and
      ulcero-erosive lesions in 76 patients with liver cirrhosis of various etiology is
      studied. The incidence of CP bacteriosis in liver cirrhosis was 47.3% and the
      incidence of CP detection by bacteriological methods was not dependent on the
      cirrhosis etiology. The incidence of CP detection depended on the chronic
      gastritis activity and the presence of ulcero-erosive lesions. Hypochlorhydria is
      one of the important factors favouring CP colonization in liver cirrhosis. DE-NOL
      can be recommended for the treatment of chronic active gastritis and ulcero
      erosive lesions.

PMID- 2281976
TI  - [The morphological changes in the wall of the carotid and vertebral arteries in
      pathological kinks and loops].
AB  - The clinical data (1300 patients angiographically examined and 738 operations
      performed for pathologic coiling of the carotid and vertebral arteries) together
      with histologic studies of 50 resected segments of pathologically changed
      arteries showed the considerable degenerative changes in the arterial wall at the
      site of the loops and kinks, caused by the hemodynamic overload. The data suggest
      the congenital nature of the loops and certain kinks of the carotid and vertebral
      arteries. Other kinks of these arteries result from changes associated with age,
      osteochondrotic shortening of the cervical vertebral column and arterial
      hypertension.

PMID- 2281975
TI  - [Chronic gastroduodenitis in children and Campylobacter pylori].
AB  - Gastric biopsies from 90 children (from 5- to 15-year-old) with chronic
      gastroduodenitis were examined for Campylobacter pylori (CP) by bacteriological,
      histological (Giemsa stain, argentation by Warthin-Starry, acridine orange stain)
      and electron microscopical methods. CP is detected in 81.2% children. The degree
      of colonization was low or moderate. The increase of occurrence was noted with
      age and duration of disease. Persistence of CP went down with the increase of
      atrophic change in the gastric mucosa and duodenum, but there was no clear-cut
      correlation with the morphological variant of gastritis and the stage of disease.
      Colonization with CP is regarded as an important part in the pathogenesis of
      chronic gastroduodenitis in children.

PMID- 2281977
TI  - [Fascioliasis of the liver].
AB  - Clinico-morphologic characteristics of a late-stage fascioliasis in a woman, 21,
      living in the South Urals. The disease is diagnosed after the operative material
      (the 4th and 5th liver segments resected together with the gallbladder) was
      investigated. The importance of both damage by migrating fasciolae and the
      reaction of hypersensitivity in pathogenesis of the parasitic hepatitis is shown.

PMID- 2281979
TI  - [Pathologicoanatomical diagnosis in the light of medical informatics
      requirements].

PMID- 2281978
TI  - [A case of a iatrogenic defect of the tricuspid valve caused by endocardial
      electrodes].
AB  - One case of a rare complication of the permanent heart electrostimulation is
      observed among many patients treated with such method for many years. A 77-year
      old man having a permanent electrostimulation during 13 years because of a
      complete atrioventricular heart blockade, developed a defect of the tricuspid
      valve resulting from two endocardial electrodes. Narrowing of the right
      atrioventricular aperture and a severe dilatation of the right atrium worsened
      the circulation deficiency. More frequent use of various methods of the
      nonfunctioning endocardial electrode elimination is recommended. Transvenous
      destruction of the fibrous capsule at the end of endocardial electrodes is an
      efficient method developed by the authors for their elimination.

PMID- 2281980
TI  - [Current views on the pathomorphology and pathogenesis of dysentery].
AB  - According to the literature and the authors' data in patients who died of
      dysentery Shigellae are found seldom because of postmortem shedding of
      superficial colonic epithelium infected by them. Shigella adhesion and invasion
      into the colonocytes are regularly found in the colon biopsies. As shown recently
      in experiments, Shigella outer membrane proteins forming "contact haemolysin"
      ("virulence plasmid" product) are responsible for their invasion. In the small
      intestine this cytotoxin is destroyed by trypsin, therefore Shigella invasion
      takes place in the large intestine where it also lyses vacuole membranes around
      the bacteria in colonocytes. Widespread cytopathic alterations of the epithelium
      with a damage to ribosome and protein synthesis, disturbance of vascular
      permeability and fluid hypersecretion in the small intestine result from Shiga
      like enterotoxin-cytotoxin. Extent of the inflammatory leukocyte response depends
      on the degree of Shigella invasion and multiplication and the destruction of the
      epithelium. Damages to the endothelium and blood coagulation system resulting
      occasionally in the infectious-toxic shock, are associated with Shigella
      destruction by leukocytes and absorption of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin released
      by them. Interepithelial lymphocytes especially those containing lysosome-like
      granules (similar to the blood "natural killers") play an important role in the
      response to Shigella.

PMID- 2281981
TI  - [Helicobacter pylori and chronic gastritis in the gastric biopsy material in a
      group of randomly selected adult inhabitants of Estonia].
AB  - The occurrence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) was examined in 227 subjects randomly
      selected among the Estonian population of town Kuressaare. HP was present in 166
      subjects (73%). In cases of normal mucosa both in antrum and body HP was lacking.
      If normal gastric body mucosa was associated with antral gastritis HP was found
      in both regions. More often the contamination of antral and body mucosa with HP
      occurred in case of superficial gastritis. In subjects with atrophic gastritis
      the occurrence of HP decreased. The frequency of HP was high (58%) already in the
      age group of 15-19 years and increased to 83% at the age of 20-29 years. In
      subjects over 60 years it decreased due to the development of atrophic gastritis.

PMID- 2281982
TI  - [The morphological characteristics of hepatocyte dysplasia].
AB  - Two variants of dysplastic hepatocytes are revealed: small and large which are
      characterized by cell atypia and probably result from the disturbance of
      regenerative processes. The disturbance of the liver lobule architectonics is
      also a feature of dysplasia. The degree of hepatocyte dysplasia assessed by
      morphometric indices (nuclei surface, ratio of ellipticity) and its frequency
      increase with progression of the pathological process: chronic persistent
      hepatitis----chronic active hepatitis----liver cirrhosis----hepatocellular
      carcinoma. More frequent observation of the hepatocyte dysplasia in viral liver
      conditions (HBsAg in dysplastic hepatocytes) indicates the role of hepatitis B
      virus in the development of hepatocyte dysplasia. Increase of DNA content and
      nuclei polymorphism are observed in small and large dysplastic hepatocytes when
      the degree of dysplasia is increasing, this making these cells closer to cells of
      hepatocellular carcinoma and favouring the concept of hepatocellular carcinoma
      development in the foci of dysplastic hepatocytes, particularly in liver
      cirrhosis.

PMID- 2281983
TI  - [Changes in the lesser circulation vessels in chronic nonspecific lung diseases].
AB  - Clinicomorphological study of the pulmonary circulation vessels was performed in
      20 patients with bronchiectatic disease without right ventricle hypertrophy and
      in 14 patients with chronic bronchitis complicated with pulmonary heart.
      Pathology data of persons dying from diseases other than vitium cordis and lung
      diseases were used as control. Morphological signs of pulmonary hypertension are
      found in all cases of chronic nonspecific lung diseases. The most pronounced
      changes develop in the vascular segment starting from arterioles and up to the
      arteries of muscle type with the diameter of 400 microns. The dependence of the
      pulmonary arteries changes on the type of lung disease is established.
      Pathological changes in the walls of the pulmonary circulation vessels, in
      parallel with pronounced compensatory alterations, are found in cases complicated
      with pulmonary heart.

PMID- 2281984
TI  - [The immunohistochemistry of cellular oncogenes in precancer and cancer of the
      lung].
AB  - Operative material obtained from patients with lung cancer and precancer,
      carcinoids, secondary tuberculosis, chronic nonspecific diseases and pulmonary
      lymphosarcoma was examined immunohistochemically. Expression of the oncogenes was
      higher in lung carcinoma than in the foci of lung epithelium regeneration,
      metaplasia and dysplasia. All the oncogenes in precancer and cancer may be
      divided into two groups by the degree of their expression: oncogenes the
      activation of which occurs in the same way at certain stages of tumour
      progression regardless of the lung carcinoma histogenesis and oncogenes expressed
      at certain stages depending upon the carcinoma histogenesis. The majority of
      oncogenes studied may be included into the second group (C-myc, ras, sis, src)
      and only one c-fos into the first group. The oncogenes expression may occur at
      the precancerous stage and precede the morphological changes in cells and
      tissues. The expression of some oncogenes (C-myc, sis) takes place not only in
      the tumour parenchyma but in the cancer stroma as well thus making the
      immunohistochemical method most reliable that permits one to study a true
      expression of oncogenes by cancer cells.

PMID- 2281985
TI  - [Sturge-Weber disease].
AB  - Morphological changes in the vascular malformations of pia mater and neighbouring
      parts of the brain surgically removed in 9 patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome
      were studied light- and electron-microscopically. On the basis of the results
      obtained the concept of Sturge-Weber syndrome pathogenesis is formulated.
      According to this concept the disease develops due to the brain hypoxia resulting
      from the long-lasting congestion in the pia mater with angiomatosis.
      Respectively, the surgical treatment of the disease is founded and the necessity
      of such a treatment at young age is outlined. The authors' own data on the
      nearest (up to one year) and remote (up to 15 years) results of such treatment
      are presented.

PMID- 2281986
TI  - [Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural analyses of the development of
      candidal granulomas].
AB  - The development of Candida granulomas was studied in experimental model using
      histological, enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic methods. The
      granulomatous response first appeared 3-5 days after injection of heat-killed
      Candida albicans blastospores in hepatic portal system of mice. This response
      reached maximum at 10-12 days, when a significant part of hepatic parenchyma was
      involved, regressing thereafter. In the course of maturation, the granulomas,
      initially consisting of loose aggregates of monocytes and immature macrophages,
      were transformed into compact structures with the predominance of mature
      epithelioid cells with typical enzyme histochemical and fine structural features.
      In regressing granulomas, the accumulation of immature cells was again seen. Long
      term administration of cyclophosphamide suppressed the development of Candida
      hepatic granulomas.

PMID- 2281987
TI  - [The morphofunctional characteristics of the skeletal muscles of the isolated
      extremity in heat-induced ischemia].
AB  - The morphological, histochemical, and morphometric studies of the skeletal muscle
      from a canine amputated limb failed to provide support for the views existing in
      the literature on various types of muscular fibres making up skeletal muscles. It
      was shown that in terms of the length of muscular fibers, there was only
      heterogeneity in activities displayed by the same enzymatic systems, which
      vanished with muscular abnormalities. Also, a significant difference was found in
      the responses of antagonistic muscles, which should be taken into account in the
      morphologic examination of biopsy specimens to establish whether the skeletal
      muscles are viable.

PMID- 2281988
TI  - [Experience with the organization of a pathological anatomy laboratory in a heart
      surgery center].
AB  - Some specific features should be taken into consideration when organizing the
      laboratory of pathology in the cardiosurgical centre: 1) the heart should be
      opened according to the modified van Pragh method; 2) heart fixation in the
      Brodie's liquid allowing to retain its almost natural colour, consistency, volume
      and shape; 3) coronary arteries filling with lead carbonate and gelatin; 4)
      combination of methods of both pathology and surgical anatomy; 5) investigation
      of the brain in the vacuum in all clinical cases of the brain coma for the
      diagnosis of brain artery air embolism; 6) anatomical examination of the heart
      conductive system; 7) formation of the automatized pathology archives; 8)
      transmission electron microscopy of the intraoperative heart biopsies; 9) a new
      method of a quantitative assessment of the lung hypertension by the investigation
      of lung biopsies in patients with congenital heart malformation to make a
      conclusion on the feasibility of operation; 10) macroscopical heart analysis at
      the first stage of morphological investigation.

PMID- 2281989
TI  - [Antigenic markers in the cytological diagnosis of human malignant neoplasms].
AB  - The review deals with antigenic markers used for immunocytochemical diagnosis of
      malignant tumours describes theoretical and practical basis for identification of
      malignant cells in lymph nodes, bone marrow, peritoneal and pleural effusions and
      sputum with application of tumour markers. The identification of micrometastases
      in lymph nodes of patients with gastric cancer and the identification of
      malignant cells in smears from effusions illustrate the authors' own results. The
      description of immunocytochemical methods is given.

PMID- 2281991
TI  - Large-scale production and cultivation of hepatocytes on Biosilon microcarriers.
AB  - A method for large-scale production of hepatocytes on microcarriers have been
      developed for the purpose of bioartificial liver support system. Hepatocytes
      obtained by collagenase treatment of rat liver were efficiently attached and
      spread on a microcarrier surface in the presence of O2-saturated
      perfluorodecalin. In order to compare the metabolic activities of hepatocytes
      under long-term cultivation on microcarriers with those of cells under
      conventional monolayer culture, some liver-specific functions were investigated.
      Microcarrier-attached hepatocytes cultured in the absence of serum for 8 days
      synthesized and secreted albumin and fibronectin. Moreover, hepatocytes on
      microcarriers retained the ability to conjugate bilirubin for 4-5 days. With
      respect to these specific metabolic properties, microcarrier-attached hepatocytes
      were comparable to those from routine dish culture. These results suggest that
      this method developed for large-scale production of hepatocytes on microcarriers
      will allow one to obtain metabolically active cells suitable for extracorporeal
      liver support systems.

PMID- 2281990
TI  - Estimation of theophylline clearance during continuous arteriovenous
      hemofiltration.
AB  - Pharmacologic agents and other non-protein-bound compounds smaller than 5,000
      daltons have the potential to be removed by continuous arteriovenous
      hemofiltration (CAVH). A proposed method for estimating drug clearance by CAVH
      (ClCAVH) equates ultrafiltrate clearance to the product of the sieving
      coefficient and the average ultrafiltration rate. This simplified approach for
      estimating ClCAVH would be a clinically useful method for calculating replacement
      doses, as it economizes on the sampling and analytical requirements associated
      with the conventional method. Presented are some theoretical considerations and a
      brief evaluation of the accuracy of this proposed method. The evaluation was
      conducted using an animal model whereby CAVH was performed in four male beagles.
      During the hemofiltration period, an i.v. bolus of theophylline, 6 mg/kg, was
      administered over 15 s. Samples for analysis of theophylline were collected from
      the arterial, venous, and ultrafiltrate ports at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120,
      180, 240, 360, and 480 min following dosage administration. The volume of
      ultrafiltrate produced during each collection interval was measured. Theophylline
      serum concentrations were determined by a high performance liquid chromatography
      assay. Statistically, the simplified method was found to result in significantly
      (p less than 0.05) larger estimates of ultrafiltrate clearance when compared to
      the conventional method. However, the average magnitude of difference was only 9%
      and does not constitute a clinically significant margin between the two methods.

PMID- 2281992
TI  - Filtration of fresh frozen plasma used as substitution fluid in plasma exchange
      in order to remove microaggregates.
AB  - Freshly melted fresh frozen plasma (FFP) contains a large number of particles
      smaller than 20 microns in diameter. These particulate materials
      (microaggregates) consist of aggregated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (LA) and
      precipitable aggregates closely resembling fibrin (FA). Both LA and FA injected
      into a rat's tail vein were trapped in the lung and formed emboli in the
      pulmonary arterioles. To prevent the passage of these microaggregates into the
      systemic circulation, a new circuit was devised for plasma exchange containing a
      filter with a pore size of 0.2 microns. In 17 patients with fulminant hepatitis
      who received plasma exchange transfusions and subsequently died and were
      autopsied, the incidence of pulmonary complications was significantly lower in
      the 12 patients who received filtered FFP. According to these results, the
      possibility of pulmonary complications due to micro-embolism developed by
      microaggregates in FFP should be taken into account when a large amount of FFP is
      repeatedly infused into critically ill patients.

PMID- 2281993
TI  - A method for extracorporeal heparin removal from blood by affinity
      chromatography.
AB  - A high level of heparin, infused into blood, often causes severe complications
      such as hemorrhage, especially when a drug is administered over a long period.
      The most common way of preventing a patient from bleeding after transfusion is by
      administering a heparin antagonist such as protamine. The complex molecules
      formed between heparin and protamine, if left in the bloodstream, may cause
      hypotension and other side effects. Protamine was immobilized as a bioligand on
      the affinity matrix formed by grafting an acrylic polymer on cellulose backbone.
      By flowing blood tangentially along the matrix surface immobilized with
      protamine, 70-90% heparin reduction was achieved from 1 L of blood containing 10
      IU/ml of heparin studied in vitro. The acrylic gel surface avoids lysis of blood,
      the cellulose support sustains the flow of viscous blood at 50 ml/min, and the
      tangential flow design permits direct processing of blood without pressure
      buildup in the system. The example demonstrates the feasibility of applying such
      a device as a means of immunoadsorptive filter for the selective removal of
      disease-causing factors from blood.

PMID- 2281995
TI  - Hemodynamic parameters influencing clinical performance of Novacor left
      ventricular assist system.
AB  - The interrelationships between hemodynamic variables including right ventricular
      (RV) performance with filling/ejection dynamics of the Novacor left ventricular
      assist system (LVAS) were determined in 10 of 11 patients who received LVAS as a
      bridge to heart transplant. Nine were successfully transplanted. Data were
      obtained intraoperatively, at periodic intervals up to 48 h postimplant and at
      explant. The hypotheses investigated included (a) RV performance influences LVAS
      filling characteristics and (b) LVAS pump output is influenced by systemic
      vascular resistance (SVR). During the period of LVAS support (2-126 days),
      pumping characteristics included a mean filling volume of 51 ml (range, 24-70),
      residual volume of 4.9 ml (range, 1-18), pump rate of 113/min (range, 63-175),
      and pump output of 5.81/min (range, 2.8-8.2). Multiple regression analysis
      identified pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), RV stroke work index (RVSWI), and
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, but not RV ejection fraction, pulmonary
      artery pressure, or central venous pressure (CVP) as the most important
      correlates with LVAS filling volume (p less than 0.001, R2 = 0.6). In addition,
      LVAS pump output was influenced mainly by RVSWI, PVR, and SVR (p less than 0.001,
      R2 = 0.7). It was concluded that LVAS performance is highly dependent on RV
      function and systemic/pulmonary vascular resistances.

PMID- 2281994
TI  - Development of computer-aided motion analyzing (CAMA) system for radiopaque
      implanted tilting disk heart valves.
AB  - The newly developed semiautomatic data acquisition and processing system allows
      progress in quantitative evaluation of functions of implanted tilting disk
      valves. In the new system, data acquisition could be carried out
      semiautomatically by utilizing image processing methods, and the data analysis
      time was shortened. The system consists of a computer-controlled cinefilm loading
      device, a CCD camera, a frame memory, a superimposer, and CRT displays. Since
      series of the open- and shut-mode frames are commonly observed by turns in normal
      subjects, data acquisition was carried out manually at the first frame of each
      mode and semiautomatically from the second frame to the last. By processing the
      image data with the binarization method, the valve contours were detected, and an
      open angle and other motion properties can be obtained. Analyzing 90 frames of
      the cinefilm, this system analyzes data in a time period 20 min shorter than the
      manual procedure. With the implanted Medtronic Hall valve, a 60 to 65 degrees
      open angle was calculated.

PMID- 2281996
TI  - Continuous in-line monitoring of oxygen delivery to control artificial heart
      output.
AB  - In order to evaluate the pump output control based on the oxygen delivery to
      peripheral tissues, arterial and mixed venous hemoglobin content ([Hb]) and
      oxygen saturation (SO2) were continuously monitored in three biventricular bypass
      animals (3-, 6-, and 40-day experiments) with fibrillating ventricles. The
      specially developed oxygen sensors were mounted in the outflow ports of the
      artificial hearts to measure [Hb] and SO2. One animal was exercised on the
      treadmill at 2.0 mile/h for 15 min with pump flows fixed to deliver oxygen of (a)
      above 13 cc/min/kg, (b) 10, and (c) 9. In (a), the mixed venous saturation (SvO2)
      dropped to approximately 25% with no increase in the blood lactate level. In (b)
      and (c), the SvO2 decreased to approximately 10-15% with increase in blood
      lactate levels from 4 to 10-30 mg/dl. Also, the recovery of the SvO2 in these
      groups following the termination of the exercise was slower in comparison to (a).
      The lower limit of the SvO2 level that would create oxygen debt situation in the
      peripheral tissues was approximately 25-30% for the exercise of 2.0 mile/h. The
      SvO2 reflects changes in respiratory status, pump output, hemoglobin level, and
      metabolism, and is thus a useful indicator to diagnose quickly the circulatory
      status as well as possibly to control the artificial heart output.

PMID- 2281998
TI  - Abstracts from the Third Vienna International Workshop. Functional
      electrostimulation, basics, technology and clinical application. Baden/Vienna,
      (Austria), September 17-20, 1989.

PMID- 2281997
TI  - Detection of microemboli by constant-pressure filtration during in vitro
      circulation of bovine and human blood.
AB  - The constant-pressure filtration (CPF) method has been developed to assess blood
      microemboli (BME) in terms of their ability to occlude microvascular flow.
      Previous reports suggest that the method is sensitive to the effects of platelet
      stimulation and to blood-pumping conditions. BME production and heparin activity
      were studied in bovine and human blood pumped by a Pellethane ventricle with
      Pellethane molded valves connected via smooth quick-connects to a Pellethane
      horseshoe-shaped reservoir. In each experiment, blood was collected into heparin
      by cardiac puncture from a stunned animal or by venepuncture from a human donor.
      The blood from each donor was filled into three ventricle-reservoir systems (50
      cc ventricle and 1,500 cc reservoir for the bovine blood, and 20 cc ventricle and
      150 cc reservoir for the human blood). One of the systems received aspirin (ASA;
      25 mg/dl) shortly after the onset of pumping, whereas the other two served as
      pumping and non-pumping controls. The blood was pumped in a full-fill/full-eject
      mode for up to 10 h. BME concentration was measured by the CPF method in which
      the blood was filtered through 20-microns pore filters at 20 mm Hg for 10 s, and
      the flowrate curves were evaluated from occlusion model. Heparin activity was
      measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test. In the early
      period after the onset of pumping, the BME concentration increased, whereas the
      APTT decreased from an initial value of greater than 250 s, with the relative
      rate of change for both the BME and the APTT being the following: pumping control
      greater than pumping ASA blood greater than quiescent control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2281999
TI  - Fatty acid incorporation into membranes of dispersed rat submandibular salivary
      gland cells and their effect on adenylate cyclase activity.
AB  - Dispersed cells from rat submandibular salivary glands were incubated in medium
      supplemented with different fatty acids, such as stearic (18:0), oleic (cis 18:1
      omega 9) and elaidic acid (trans 18:1 omega 9). The exogenous fatty acids were
      incorporated into the membrane lipids. A comparison of the adenylate cyclase
      activity in membranes of cells incubated with different fatty acids revealed the
      following order (from highest to lowest specific activity): stearic, elaidic,
      oleic. The findings suggest that changes in adenylate cyclase activity in these
      dispersed membranes enriched with different fatty acids may be related to the
      possible changes in membrane fluidity. The synthesis of glycoproteins was studied
      by measuring the incorporation of [1-14C]-glucosamine into TCA-PTA-precipitable
      material in the presence or absence of fatty acids. No effect of the exogenous
      fatty acids on glycoprotein synthesis was observed.

PMID- 2282000
TI  - Tooth type as indicator of exposure to lead of adults and children.
AB  - One hundred and forty-two teeth of children and adults were analysed for lead
      content by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results
      showed that, for children, tooth age is an important factor that has to be taken
      into consideration when lead levels are evaluated. In adults tooth type may be
      ignored, as it is not a major factor affecting lead accumulation.

PMID- 2282001
TI  - An autoradiographic study of calcium movement in the enamel organ of rat molar
      tooth germs.
AB  - The distribution and movement of calcium through the enamel organ and into the
      forming enamel was studied in 6-day-old rats, intravenously injected with 45Ca.
      To prevent dislocation of radiocalcium in the specimens, the tooth germs were
      rapidly frozen/freeze-substituted and processed for 45Ca autoradiography under
      dry conditions. At 30 s after the 45Ca injection, there was a decrease in
      labelling intensity progressing from the overlying connective tissue to the
      enamel organ and, in the secretory ameloblasts, from the proximal to distal
      cytoplasm. The most intense labelling was in the enamel matrix, where it was
      restricted to the superficial layer extending approx. 15 microns below the
      surface. At later times the density of silver grains over the connective tissue
      decreased considerably, whereas secretory ameloblasts showed an increasing
      intensity in the distal portions. Enamel had the heaviest labelling: the width of
      the labelled enamel increased gradually to only 40 microns from the surface 60
      min after the injection. The use of wet emulsion over similarly prepared sections
      caused a severe dislocation of radiocalcium in the specimens. These findings
      confirm the rapid penetration of systemically administered calcium to newly
      formed enamel, probably due to isotopic exchange. A relatively slow diffusion
      through the enamel organ and into the surface layer of enamel suggests that net
      transport of calcium through the enamel organ is transcellular.

PMID- 2282002
TI  - The effect of salivary clearance of sucrose and fluoride on human dental plaque
      acidogenicity.
AB  - Ten subjects rinsed with a 20% (0.58 M) sucrose solution with or without 0.2% NaF
      (905 parts/10(6) F-) added in two separate experiments. Saliva and plaque were
      collected before rinsing and after 2, 5, 10 and 30 min. Sucrose and fluoride
      concentrations in saliva and acid anion and fluoride concentrations in plaque
      were analysed. There was a statistically significant and positive correlation
      between the concentration of sucrose in the saliva 2 min after the rinse and the
      subsequent concentrations of lactate in plaque at 10 and 30 min after the rinse
      with sucrose alone but not in the presence of fluoride. Salivary fluoride
      concentrations during 2-30 min after the sucrose rinse were significantly
      correlated with plaque fluoride concentrations during the same time. The addition
      of fluoride to the sucrose rinse significantly inhibited lactate production.

PMID- 2282004
TI  - Differentiation of odontoblasts in mouse dental papillae recombined with normal
      or chemically-treated dentinal matrices.
AB  - Separation and recombination experiments were made with manually or trypsin
      dissociated dental papillae (day 15, 16, 17, 18 in utero and 2, 7, 14 postnatal)
      and manually isolated hard tissues of the third molar crown (14 postnatal days).
      Several series of hard tissues were further treated with citric acid,
      hyaluronidase or sodium hypochlorite. The recombinations were transplanted into
      the subcutaneous tissue of new-born mice. Grafts were removed 7, 14 and 21 days
      later and prepared for light and electron microscopy. Whatever the age of the
      papilla and whatever the treatment of the crowns, well-characterized odontoblasts
      differentiated and deposited new layers of tubular dentine, except when the
      recombined dental papilla was 15 days old. These findings indicate that
      odontoblasts are very early committed (since day 16 in utero) and that they may
      differentiate in dental papillae in contact with chemically altered dentinal
      matrices.

PMID- 2282003
TI  - Electron microscopic study of the effect of capsaicin on the mouse chorda tympani
      nerves.
AB  - Studies were made to determine whether this nerve contains capsaicin-sensitive
      fibres. Capsaicin (50 mg/kg, subcutaneously) was injected into 2 animals on day 2
      after birth and into one animal on days 2 and 3 after birth. Both chorda tympani
      of these and 4 control mice were later excised. The constituent fibres of 3 of
      the capsaicin-treated and all 8 control nerves were then analysed. The myelinated
      fibres in 3 chorda tympani of treated and control animals were measured, and the
      unmyelinated axons in Schwann cells were counted from electron-micrograph
      montages of the entire nerve. Normal chorda tympani contained about 600 nerve
      fibres, 55% myelinated and 45% unmyelinated. Capsaicin-treatment did not change
      the constituent fibres nor the size distribution of the myelinated fibres. Thus
      no capsaicin-sensitive, nociceptive fibres were found in the mouse chorda
      tympani. Capsaicin does not destroy the neurones of the geniculate ganglion and
      parasympathetic, presynaptic fibres. Therefore, gustation and secretion of saliva
      are not influenced by capsaicin.

PMID- 2282005
TI  - A survey of approximal root concavities in an ethnic Chinese population.
AB  - Eight hundred and forty teeth were surveyed, 60 approximal surfaces for each
      tooth type being studied. Approximal root concavities were completely absent in
      maxillary central incisors, in contrast with mandibular central incisors of which
      73% had concavities on mesial surfaces and 93% on distal surfaces. Similarly, a
      markedly higher prevalence was found for mandibular lateral incisors and canines.
      However, mandibular first and second molars had fewer approximal concavities than
      their maxillary counterparts. In maxillary teeth, concavities were more frequent
      on distal surfaces, while for mandibular teeth no definite pattern was seen. In
      both maxillary and mandibular teeth, approximal concavities often started in
      enamel, extending down to the root surface. There were differences in the
      approximal root topography of Chinese teeth in comparison with other populations.

PMID- 2282006
TI  - Infectious coryza in meat chickens in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
AB  - Two cases of infectious coryza in meat chickens are reported. The first case
      involved 6-week-old broiler chickens in which only Haemophilus paragallinarum was
      isolated. The second case involved 11-week-old roaster chickens in which H.
      paragallinarum and Mycoplasma synoviae were isolated. Both farms were in close
      proximity to layer-chicken farms where infectious coryza had been previously
      diagnosed. In both cases, only certain houses on the farm were affected, and
      mortality in these houses increased slightly. At processing, the condemnation
      rates for affected houses were considerably higher than rates for unaffected
      houses. Condemnations for affected houses were mostly due to airsacculitis. A
      dissecting fibronopurulent cellulitis was a prominent lesion in the second case.
      This lesion could lead to confusion with chronic fowl cholera and swollen-head
      syndrome.

PMID- 2282007
TI  - Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin in African grey parrots treated with
      medicated water.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured four times during a 7-day
      treatment period in African grey parrots that were fed with enrofloxacin
      medicated drinking water. Water medicated at doubling doses of 0.09, 0.19, 0.38,
      0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/ml achieved mean concentrations (+/- SEM) of 0.10 (+/-
      0.05), 0.12 (+/- 0.05), 0.12 (+/- 0.03), 0.15 (+/- 0.05), 0.30 (+/- 0.11), and
      0.20 (+/- 0.06) micrograms/ml, respectively. A portion of the administered
      enrofloxacin was metabolized to an equipotent metabolite, ciprofloxacin. Mean
      ciprofloxacin concentrations paralleled enrofloxacin concentrations but were
      lower, ranging from 0.04 to 0.27 micrograms/ml. Acceptance of medicated water was
      adequate at lower doses; however, at doses of 1.5 and 3.0 mg/ml, acceptance was
      unsatisfactory, and mean weight loss in these groups was significantly higher
      than the control group. Based on the concentrations achieved in these preliminary
      trials and the susceptibility patterns of gram-negative bacteria isolated from
      psittacine birds, drinking water medicated with enrofloxacin at 0.19-0.75 mg/ml
      might be effective for treating highly susceptible gram-negative bacterial
      infections in African grey parrots.

PMID- 2282008
TI  - Mycobacterium infection in a gray-cheeked parakeet.
AB  - A gray-cheeked parakeet, approximately 3 years of age, was submitted for
      necropsy. Clinical signs included diarrhea, decreased feed consumption, fluffing
      of feathers, shivering, weight loss, and limping. Necropsy revealed enlargement
      and pale discoloration of the spleen and intestines. The liver contained
      multifocal pale foci. Granulomas, some of which had necrotic centers, were
      present along the subserosa of the intestinal tract. Microscopic examination
      revealed diffuse granulomatous splenitis, enteritis, and multifocal granulomatous
      hepatitis. Numerous acid-fast bacteria were demonstrated in the spleen, liver,
      and intestine.

PMID- 2282009
TI  - Cryptosporidium sp. infection in the proventriculus of an Australian diamond
      firetail finch (Staganoplura bella: Passeriformes, Estrildidae).
AB  - An Australian diamond firetail finch died following the acute onset and
      development of severe diarrhea. The bird was purchased from a wholesaler and was
      housed in a pet store aviary with 12 other birds. Necropsy, histologic
      evaluation, and electron microscopic evaluation revealed organisms in the
      proventriculus (surface, ductal, and glandular epithelium) compatible in site of
      development, size, and morphology with Cryptosporidium spp. Lesions in the
      proventriculus were focal cuboidal metaplasia of glandular epithelial cells and
      deposition of amyloid in the perivascular interstitial tissues at the base of the
      glands. Amyloid also was present in the duodenum, liver, spleen, pancreas, and
      kidney. Inability to recover other organisms suggested that Cryptosporidium was
      the primary cause of diarrhea and death. The affected bird likely suffered
      dehydration as a result of acute gastrointestinal disturbance, concomitant with
      renal amyloidosis and urate nephrosis.

PMID- 2282010
TI  - The pathogenesis of velogenic Newcastle disease virus infection of chickens of
      different ages and different levels of immunity.
AB  - Chickens of 7 weeks or 20 weeks of age were divided into three groups according
      to their antibody status (high, low, absent) and were infected with a velogenic
      viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus. To follow patterns of viral replication,
      birds were necropsied at regular intervals up to 22 days and organs were sampled
      from each bird. In non-immune birds, virus could be isolated from all organs
      examined. In birds with antibody, virus was most frequently isolated from the
      proventriculus, cecal tonsil, bursa, and brain. However, because no one organ
      could be recommended for all situations, all four should be sampled for field
      diagnosis. In immune birds, although clinical signs were either mild or absent,
      widespread virus replication occurred up to 19 days post-challenge.

PMID- 2282011
TI  - The effect of serologically defined major histocompatibility complex haplotypes
      on Marek's disease resistance in commercially bred White Leghorn chickens.
AB  - In commercial pure white leghorn lines, A, B, and C, the effects on resistance
      against a virulent strain of Marek's disease virus were assessed for B19 and B21
      haplotypes of the chicken major histocompatibility complex. B haplotypes were
      identified by direct hemagglutination using alloantisera raised against
      erythrocyte antigens. In homozygous B21 female chicks from lines A and B,
      mortality upon challenge with virus was 16% and 9%, respectively; in B19 chicks,
      mortality was 42% and 60%, respectively. Intermediate mortality was observed in
      heterozygous B19/B21 birds. When line A and B hens were crossed with B15/B15 or
      B5/B19 cocks from line C, differences between B19 and B21 were significant only
      in the progeny from B5/B19 sires. Therefore, it was concluded that selection for
      major histocompatibility complex-associated disease resistance markers may be
      useful only when B haplotypes complement each other in commercial line crosses
      and when interactions with genetic background do not severely obscure the
      differential haplotype effects, as are observed within pure lines.

PMID- 2282013
TI  - Perirenal hemorrhage syndrome in market turkey toms: effect of management
      factors.
AB  - Differences in the overall mortality rates and mortality due to perirenal
      hemorrhage syndrome (PHS) were compared in large white Nicholas tom turkeys. The
      study evaluated the effects of 1) four different light and temperature
      treatments; 2) three feed additives proposed to have anti-stress effects
      (reserpine, acetylsalicylic acid, and increased calcium); 3) toe-clipping on
      mortality, various disease conditions, and production parameters. Mortality
      varied from 0.60% to 3.57% among groups. Increased room temperature (21 C), toe
      clipping, step-up/step-down lighting, and dietary reserpine reduced the incidence
      of PHS as compared with lower room temperature (13 C), no toe-clipping,
      intermittent lighting (2 hours light, 4 hours dark), and no dietary reserpine.
      Dietary aspirin or elevated calcium levels had no effect on PHS incidence.
      Overall mortality was greatest in the warmer rooms.

PMID- 2282012
TI  - The incidence of perirenal hemorrhage syndrome in six flocks of market turkey
      toms.
AB  - Four flocks of the Nicholas strain and two of the British United turkey (BUT)
      strain of large white market turkey toms were monitored from 8 to 19 weeks of age
      to identify the presence, incidence, age distribution, and possible cause(s) of
      perirenal hemorrhage syndrome (PHS), or acute hypertensive angiopathy. Mortality
      rates varied among the flocks from 0.81% to 1.78% of total poults started.
      Nicholas flocks has a distinct peak in mortality between 9 and 14 weeks of age.
      PHS was the main cause of mortality from 8 to 14 weeks of age in all flocks
      except one, and the incidence diminished after 15 weeks of age. No significant
      bacterial pathogens were detected in any of the PHS cases. Distinct peaks in
      overall weekly mortality between 10 and 13 weeks of age similar to those in the
      four Nicholas flocks were also observed in six of 10 Minnesota flocks surveyed
      separately.

PMID- 2282014
TI  - Genetic-environmental interactions and antibody response in chickens to two
      antigens.
AB  - Chickens from lines selected for either a high (HA) or low (LA) antibody response
      to sheep erythrocytes were either socialized, ignored, or stressed before being
      injected with two different erythrocyte antigens. Correlation between the
      antibody responses to the two antigens and the difference between the titers of
      the HA and LA lines was greatest when the chickens were socialized in an optimum
      stress environment. The antibody responses of individual chickens to the two
      antigens was influenced by their heterophil/lymphocyte ratios.

PMID- 2282015
TI  - Effect of beta carotene on disease protection and humoral immunity in chickens.
AB  - The effect of beta carotene on disease protection and humoral immunity in
      chickens was investigated in comparison with the effect of other lipid-soluble
      antioxidant vitamins, vitamin E and A, which are both proven immunoenhancers and
      contributors to disease protection. Beta carotene alone was not as effective as
      either vitamin in protecting chickens from Escherichia coli infection, nor did it
      significantly enhance humoral immunity. In combination with vitamin E, however,
      beta carotene significantly increased disease protection and reduced hepatomegaly
      caused by E. coli infection.

PMID- 2282016
TI  - Evaluation of two monoclonal antibodies for serotyping Haemophilus
      paragallinarum.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were evaluated for their ability to serotype 108
      isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum. One MAb (E5C12D10) was raised against a
      Page serovar A strain and the other (F2E6) against a Page serovar C strain. In
      both dot blot and hemagglutination-inhibition tests, MAb E5C12D10 recognized the
      type strains of Page serovar A and Kume serovars A-1, A-2, A-3, and A-4. MAb F2E6
      recognized the type strains of Page serovar C and Kume serovars C-1, C-2, and C
      3. Neither antibody recognized the type strains of Page serovar B or Kume
      serovars B-1 and C-4. When evaluated with 97 field isolates in a dot blot test,
      the MAbs serotyped 81 isolates, which was better than agglutinin typing by the
      Page scheme (69 isolates serotyped). The field isolates that did not react with
      the MAbs were either Page serovar B/Kume serovar B-1 (three isolates), Page
      serovar C/Kume serovar C-4 (12 isolates), or nontypable by either the Page or
      Kume scheme (one isolate).

PMID- 2282017
TI  - Outer-membrane proteins of Haemophilus paragallinarum.
AB  - The outer-membrane protein (OMP) profiles of four isolates of Haemophilus
      paragallinarum (0083, 0222, Modesto, and HP31) were examined by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. OMPs were isolated by sonic
      disruption followed by differential centrifugation and selective solubilization
      in Triton X-100. Although the isolates had similar profiles overall, two distinct
      OMP profile types, based on the variable molecular weight of a protein termed OMP
      C (39,000 or 38,000), were found. In addition, OMP C was found to be a heat
      modifiable protein--being either absent or present in only minor amounts if the
      preparations were not heated at 100 C. Major and minor OMPs, some common to all
      four isolates, were recognized in immunoblots by an immune serum to isolate HP31.

PMID- 2282018
TI  - Serum resistance as an indicator of virulence of Pasteurella multocida for
      turkeys.
AB  - Wildlife isolates of Pasteurella multocida, whose virulence for turkeys had
      previously been determined by intravenous inoculation, were characterized
      regarding their ability to survive incubation in fresh non-immune turkey serum.
      The relative virulence of the isolates was significantly associated with their
      ability to resist the bactericidal power of the serum as determined by standard
      plate counts following incubation. Organisms with a high survival value were more
      virulent; those with a low survival value were less virulent. A statistical model
      was specified and was successfully used to predict relative virulence of the P.
      multocida isolates. This method of assaying serum resistance was rapid,
      repeatable, and practical and could be performed with minimal laboratory
      equipment. Also studied was the serum resistance of seven serotype 3, 4 isolates
      obtained from the lungs of M9-vaccinated turkeys from seven flocks experiencing
      increased mortality due to fowl cholera. These isolates were shown to be
      identical to the M9 vaccine by restriction endonuclease analysis of chromosomal
      DNA. Six of the seven isolates had higher serum survival values than the original
      M9 vaccine.

PMID- 2282020
TI  - Anticoccidial efficacy of diclazuril against recent field isolates of Eimeria
      from commercial poultry farms.
AB  - The anticoccidial efficacy of diclazuril, a novel anticoccidial agent, was
      titrated in laboratory experiments using recent field isolates of Eimeria. Fifty
      tests were conducted with six individual species isolates, and seven tests were
      done with a mixture of the six species. Results were based on intestinal lesion
      scores at necropsy, droppings scores, and weight gain. Diclazuril at 0.5 ppm was
      almost completely effective against E. tenella, E. acervulina, and E. mitis.
      Prevention of E. brunetti was better at 1.0 ppm than at 0.5 ppm. In birds
      infected with E. mitis. Prevention of E. brunetti was better at 1.0 ppm than at
      0.5 ppm. In birds infected with E. maxima, diclazuril at 0.5-1.5 ppm
      significantly reduced lesion scores and droppings scores and improved weight
      gain, although lesions were higher than with other species. Oocyst shedding by E.
      maxima was almost completely prevented by 0.5-1.5 ppm. Lesion scores and
      droppings scores caused by E. necatrix or mixed infections were greatly reduced
      by 0.5 ppm of diclazuril, but 1.0 ppm was necessary to obtain full protection of
      weight gain. Results suggest that 1.0 ppm of diclazuril best prevents coccidiosis
      caused by six species of coccidia in chickens.

PMID- 2282019
TI  - Anticoccidial efficacy of diclazuril in broilers under simulated natural
      conditions in floor pens.
AB  - Anticoccidial efficacy of diclazuril given for 42 to 49 days of age was evaluated
      in broiler chickens. Mortality from coccidiosis in unmedicated controls averaged
      12.90% for six experiments. Treatment with diclazuril at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm
      reduced coccidiosis mortality to 1.41%, 0.85%, or 0.63%, respectively, and
      reduced average total lesion scores by 78%, 81% or 82%, respectively. The final
      live weight and feed conversion at 49 days of age was significantly improved by
      treatment with diclazuril at all levels. Comparisons in some trials suggested
      that 1.0 ppm of diclazuril was equal or superior to the other anticoccidial
      drugs. There was no evidence that diclazuril harmed performance, even when given
      at 1.5 ppm.

PMID- 2282021
TI  - Characterization of two new monoclonal antibodies against Haemophilus
      paragallinarum serovar C hemagglutinating antigen.
AB  - Two new monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), D6D8D5 and B3E6F9, both directed against
      Haemophilus paragallinarum serovar C hemagglutinating (HA) antigen, were
      produced, and characteristics of the MAbs were compared with those of the
      previously described MAb F2E6 in dot-blot and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI)
      tests using two representative H. paragallinarum strains each of serovars A, B,
      and C strains and 55 Japanese serovar C field isolates. MAb D6D8D5 and MAb F2E6
      reacted with all serovar C strains and field isolates in the dot-blot test.
      However, MAb D6D8D5 showed various degrees of inhibition of the HA activity of
      field isolates. In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-competition test, MAb
      D6D8D5 did not compete with MAb F2E6. MAb B3E6F9 reacted with strain S1, serovar
      C but not with strain Modesto, serovar C in both dot-blot and HI tests. Three out
      of 55 field isolates did not react with MAb B3E6F9. Neither MAb reacted with the
      serovar A and B strains.

PMID- 2282022
TI  - Fowl cholera in California multiplier breeder turkeys: 1985-86.
AB  - One hundred twenty-nine multiplier breeder turkey flocks on 45 premises in
      California were monitored for outbreaks of fowl cholera (FC) (Pasteurella
      multocida) for 1 year (Aug. 1, 1985, through July 31, 1986). Fourteen (11%)
      flocks on 10 (22%) premises experienced outbreaks. Nine (64%) outbreaks occurred
      in the fall or winter. FC-outbreak flocks had significantly shorter lay cycles
      (24.6 weeks vs. 27.9 weeks) and correspondingly lower total egg production per
      hen (84 eggs vs. 103 eggs) than non-outbreak flocks. A case-control investigation
      was performed on 11 FC-outbreak (case) flocks, and nine non-outbreak (control)
      flocks. Case flocks were located statistically closer to other livestock species
      than were control flocks (0.28 miles vs. 0.68 miles) and were more likely to
      utilize on-farm disposal of dead birds.

PMID- 2282023
TI  - Glycoconjugate heterogeneity among five strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
AB  - Five strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were examined by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis
      for the presence of carbohydrate-containing components. Staining with periodic
      acid-Schiff (PAS) demonstrated carbohydrate components in three of the five
      strains studied. The PAS-reactive bands counterstained for protein, indicating a
      possible glycoprotein nature. Western blot analysis using three biotinylated
      lectin probes demonstrated the presence of additional glycoconjugates in the blot
      profiles of each MG strain. The carbohydrate specificity of lectin binding was
      demonstrated by competition experiments using specific sugars. Differences in the
      number, electrophoretic mobility and the morphology of PAS and lectin reactive
      bands were reproducible among separate preparations of each MG strain. These
      findings indicate substantial phenotypic diversity among the five MG strains in
      their ability to produce or acquire glycoconjugates.

PMID- 2282024
TI  - Isolation of Salmonella enteritidis from internal organs of experimentally
      infected hens.
AB  - Tissues from experimentally infected hens were examined for the presence of
      Salmonella enteritidis (SE). SE was recovered from internal organs of both orally
      inoculated hens and hens infected by horizontal contact transmission. SE was
      isolated from 58% of the ceca, 51% of the livers, 47% of the spleens, 17% of the
      ovaries, and 17% of the oviducts of hens sampled during the first 5 weeks after
      exposure. SE was recovered at a low frequency from all internal organs sampled
      for as long as 22 weeks after exposure.

PMID- 2282025
TI  - Long-segmented filamentous organisms observed in poults experimentally infected
      with stunting syndrome agent.
AB  - One-day-old turkeys were inoculated per os with material shown previously to
      induce stunting syndrome (SS). Weight gain and feed efficiency of inoculated
      poults from 1 to 13 days of age were impaired (P less than 0.01) compared with
      uninoculated poults. Examination of the jejunal mucosa by scanning and
      transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of long-segmented
      filamentous organisms (LSFOs) in poults that had been inoculated with SS. These
      organisms were not seen in jejuna of uninoculated poults. Further research is
      needed to characterize LSFOs and to determine their involvement, if any, in the
      adverse effects associated with SS.

PMID- 2282026
TI  - Measurement of DNA adducts by immunoassays.

PMID- 2282027
TI  - 5-MOP induced protection against epidermal DNA damage by ultraviolet radiation in
      human skin.

PMID- 2282028
TI  - Variability in DNA repair in human skin.

PMID- 2282029
TI  - Effects of chemicals on photobiologic reactions of skin.

PMID- 2282030
TI  - Detection of human DNA adducts by 32P-postlabeling.

PMID- 2282031
TI  - Repair of 8-MOP photoadducts in human lymphocytes.

PMID- 2282032
TI  - DNA damage and repair in human skin: pathways and questions.

PMID- 2282033
TI  - Unscheduled DNA synthesis in human skin.

PMID- 2282034
TI  - DNA repair in mammalian tissues and cells.

PMID- 2282035
TI  - Characteristics of DNA excision repair in nondividing xeroderma pigmentosum
      cells, complementation group C.

PMID- 2282036
TI  - Prospects for epithelial gene therapy.

PMID- 2282037
TI  - The significance of DNA damage and repair mechanisms in health risk assessment.
AB  - Clearly, the distinction of the three components in the underlying mechanisms of
      toxicity--pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and cell kinetics--is somewhat
      artificial. Together they form a continuous process rather than a set of stages.
      But these components correspond to the areas of studies that are often applied to
      the investigation of toxic mechanisms. Moreover, the components identify
      complexes of interacting processes, the consequences of which must be studied by
      examining their actions in concert with one another--metabolic activation must be
      examined as it competes with excretion, and rates of DNA-adduct formation must be
      studied along with mechanisms and rates of their repair. By enumerating these
      components, it becomes evident that clarification of the biological processes in
      only one realm, say pharmacokinetics, leaves other parts of the "black box"
      unrevealed. Components that are inadequately understood can be bridged either by
      plausible assumptions or by empirical measurement, but at the cost of some
      uncertainty in the risk extrapolations. For some processes, the artificial
      division into components may be problematic. For example, mutation rates clearly
      depend not only on the pharmacodynamic processes of creation of DNA adducts and
      their removal via repair, but also on the rates of cell division, allowing fixing
      of mutations, and on survival of the affected cells. The extrapolation of toxic
      effects across dose levels and across species hinges on the changes in the
      proportionality of input to output in each of the three components. Different
      degrees of metabolic activation of a procarcinogen across species clearly affect
      the comparative potency of an agent in experimental animals and human
      beings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282038
TI  - Factors which affect DNA repair in human lymphocytes.

PMID- 2282039
TI  - The single cell gel assay: a sensitive technique for evaluating intercellular
      differences in DNA damage and repair.

PMID- 2282040
TI  - Studies of DNA alterations in in vivo somatic cell mutations in humans.

PMID- 2282042
TI  - Unfolding perspectives on the genetic effects of human exposures to radiation.

PMID- 2282041
TI  - Immunologic methods for the detection of carcinogen adducts in humans.

PMID- 2282043
TI  - Effects of caloric restriction on the maintenance of genetic fidelity.

PMID- 2282044
TI  - Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in human lung carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2282045
TI  - Activation of carcinogens by human liver cytochromes P-450.

PMID- 2282046
TI  - Repair of O6-methylguanine damage in normal human tissues.

PMID- 2282047
TI  - Repair of O4-alkylthymine damage in human cells.
AB  - The capacity of a cell to repair damage is the first step in preventing the
      deleterious consequences of DNA structural alterations induced by the exposure to
      mutagenic carcinogens. Mammalian cells, having complex genetic organization, have
      evolved sophisticated mechanisms for the maintenance of integrity of their genome
      and normal cell function (Bohr and Hanawalt, 1988; Sancar and Sancar, 1988;
      Pienta et al., 1989). However, many DNA repair processes in mammalian cells are
      similar to those in prokaryotic cells. For example, the unique damage reversal
      mechanism by transferase, specific for the repair of O6-alkylGua, results in the
      restoration of intact guanine base in both bacteria and mammalian cells (Olsson
      and Lindahl, 1980; D'Ambrosio and Wani, 1989). The proteins involved, however,
      are different and vary in their specificities. Mammalian transferase specific for
      O6-alkylGua, more closely resembles the bacterial ogt gene product (Potter et
      al., 1987; Rebeck et al., 1988). The main O6-alkylGua specific transferase
      activity in E. coli resides in the product of the ada gene (Demple et al., 1985;
      Nakabeppu et al., 1985). This protein possesses multiple activities including a
      specificity for the transfer of alkyl group from O4-alkylthy in DNA. Such a
      transferase activity specific for O4-alkylThy has not been detected in mammalian
      cells either as an individual activity or part of a multi-activity protein (Brent
      et al., 1988). Nevertheless, there is tangible evidence for the active removal of
      O4-alkylthy in mammalian cells, particularly human cells. The nature, level, and
      mode of the O4-alkylThy repair activity has not been fully established. Whether
      the repair occurs by the well known or some novel mechanism(s) has yet to be
      determined. Recently Boyle et al., (1987) has provided genetic evidence for an
      alternate mode of repair of O6-alkylGua in mammalian cells. The human cells, that
      lack O6-MT activity were able to repair O6-nButylGua in cellular DNA. Additional
      experiments, with mammalian V79 cell lines, indicated a differential specificity
      for various alkyl groups. It has been suggested that in these cells the repair
      occurs by an excision process, which is known to recognize the distortions of the
      DNA duplex rather than the adduct itself (Sancar and Sancar, 1988). Support for
      the excision mechanism is also provided by in vitro experiments, showing repair
      of O6-MeGua by purified E. coli ABC excinuclease enzyme (Voigt et al., 1989). It
      is quite likely that the repair of O4-alkylThy in mammalian cells occurs by a
      similar process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2282048
TI  - Alkylation repair in human tissues.

PMID- 2282049
TI  - Lesion measurement in non-radioactive DNA by quantitative gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2282050
TI  - Solar radiation induced skin cancer and DNA photoproducts in humans.

PMID- 2282052
TI  - Future developments and research priorities in food technology.

PMID- 2282051
TI  - Defective DNA repair in humans: clinical and molecular studies of xeroderma
      pigmentosum.

PMID- 2282053
TI  - Technological development in the food industry in the outgoing 20th century.

PMID- 2282054
TI  - Integration of hygiene into food technology.

PMID- 2282055
TI  - Food technology research plan for the year 2000 in the Japanese Agriculture,
      Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat to assist the food industry
      to maintain and improve its competitive edge.

PMID- 2282056
TI  - Center for Advanced Food Technology: a successful example of university-industry
      cooperation in food technology development: gearing for the year 2000.

PMID- 2282057
TI  - The challenge of the year 2000 for food technological research in an industry
      based research association--the UK vision.

PMID- 2282058
TI  - New opportunities in food technology created by biotechnology.

PMID- 2282059
TI  - Necessary actions of the industry for successful food technology in the year
      2000.

PMID- 2282060
TI  - The capability of the food industry in a small country to utilize technological
      innovations.

PMID- 2282061
TI  - Development of enolase isoenzymes in various regions of the human brain.
AB  - Various brain regions from 4 fetuses (21st to 28th gestational week) and from a 3
      month-old infant were investigated for the total enolase activity and their
      isoenzyme distribution. In the brain tissue from a 3-month-old infant, the
      activity of the so-called neuron-specific enolase amounted to about 50% of the
      total enolase activity. In various brain regions different developmental patterns
      emerged for nonneuronal (NNE) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). By the 21st
      gestational week the medulla, pons and thalamus had already reached a relatively
      high NSE activity (about 60-90% of that of the 3-month values), whereas the
      cortex regions had 10-30% only. It is concluded that in phylogenetically old
      regions, the switch from NNE to NSE-subunits appears before the 21st gestational
      week, in the phylogenetically young regions between the 21st and 28th gestational
      week.

PMID- 2282062
TI  - Purification and characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from
      Pseudomonas W6.
AB  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) has been purified from methanol
      grown Pseudomonas W6 by a simple procedure involving dye-ligand affinity
      chromatography on Cibacronblue F3G-A-Sephadex and Procion Red HE-3B-Sepharose.
      The purification procedure yielded a homogeneous enzyme with (1) high specific
      activity of 390 and 500 units/mg with NADP and NAD, respectively, and (2) low
      concentrations of contaminating activities. The molecular mass of the native
      enzyme was estimated to be 123 +/- 5 kDa. For the polypeptide chain after SDS
      denaturation a molecular mass of about 61 kDa was calculated. The kinetic
      behaviour of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase exhibiting activity with either
      NADP or NAD was studied with respect to the substrate and coenzyme affinities and
      to ATP inhibition of enzyme activity. The applicability of prepared glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase as an auxiliary enzyme in clinical tests is discussed.

PMID- 2282063
TI  - Morphometrical characterization of isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Mononuclear hepatocytes account for 81% of all isolated hepatocytes of adult rats
      and are 3800 +/- 209 microns3 in volume with a surface of 1191 +/- 44 microns2,
      while the other 19% are binuclear cells, 4735 +/- 688 microns3 in volume and 1347
      +/- 72 microns2 in surface. The plasma membrane contains few microvilli and
      different amounts of blebs. The organelle-free ectoplasmic zone beneath the
      plasma membrane is 1-6 microns in width. The cell organelles are centralized
      around the cell nucleus. The mitochondrial volume density (Vv) is 0.402 +/-
      0.028; this is twice as high as that of hepatocytes in situ of adult rats. This
      result together with an about 50% volume decrease of isolated versus hepatocytes
      in situ supports the interpretation that unstructured ground plasma in the form
      of cytopheres is emitted into the surrounding space, probably by shedding of
      cytoplasmic protrusions, leading to a rise in relative mitochondrial volume
      levels. To avoid misinterpretation of results obtained from studies directed onto
      the metabolism of isolated hepatocytes, due consideration should be given to
      these findings.

PMID- 2282064
TI  - Effect of human recombinant interleukin-2 on isolated rabbit femoral artery and
      porcine coronary artery and vein.
AB  - Treatment of cancer patients with disseminating malignancy using human
      recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) is usually complicated by some adverse effects
      such as hypotension, an increase in vascular permeability and water retention due
      to the so-called "capillary leak syndrome". Experiments on isolated vessels were
      carried out to study whether rIL-2 has some direct and/or endothelium-mediated
      influence upon smooth muscle tone. RIL-2 produced a slight insignificant increase
      in tension in both intact (E+) and endothelium-denuded (E-) rabbit femoral artery
      (RFA) rings which was more pronounced in E-rings. No direct or endothelium
      mediated relaxation of RFA smooth muscle was observed. Endothelium-dependent
      relaxation induced by acetylcholine was not inhibited as well. RIL-2 produced
      equal relaxation in E+ and E- porcine coronary artery (CA) and coronary vein
      (CV). The relaxing effect was more pronounced in CA than in CV. The rIL-2-induced
      inhibitory effect on coronary vessels does not depend on endothelium, and its
      mechanism is not clear until now.

PMID- 2282065
TI  - Behaviour-dependent changes of the acoustically evoked potential in the frontal
      cortex of the freely moving rat and modulation by electrical basal forebrain
      stimulation.
AB  - The behaviour-dependent and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (basal forebrain; bf)
      stimulation-induced modulatory influences on acoustically evoked potentials (AEP)
      in the medial frontal cortex (FC) of freely moving rats are described and
      compared. Bipolar stimulating electrodes were implanted within the bf and
      recording electrodes on the frontal cortex, area 10, the somatosensory cortex,
      area 3, the olfactory bulb, and in the nasal bone. Electrical single impulses
      with increasing intensities were applied within the bf 100 ms before or
      simultaneously with the click. The configuration of the FC-AEP and amplitudes of
      its components depending on spontaneous changes of the behavioural state. During
      grooming and exploration the prominent alterations in comparison to relaxed
      wakefulness are reductions of the amplitudes and shortening of the peak times of
      the AEP components. The bf stimulation simultaneously with the click caused
      amplitude reductions of all FC-AEP components. When the electrical stimuli were
      applied 100 ms before click, an amplitude reduction of the N21 component
      correlated with a shorter peak time of the N60 component was observed. These
      modulations are similar to AEP configuration during a certain type of spontaneous
      exploration. The bf-induced modulatory influences on the acoustic information
      processing within the FC are different immediately after bf stimulation and 100
      ms later.

PMID- 2282066
TI  - An avian model for the study of acute hemolytic anemia in the domestic fowl
      (Gallus domesticus).
AB  - Acute hemolytic anemia was experimentally induced in chickens with the oxidant
      chemical phenylhydrazine. From results of the graded doses trial, subcutaneously
      injected 6 mg/100 g body weight single dose was designated as standardised. The
      anemic response, characterized by marked reductions in hemoglobin, packed cell
      volume and total erythrocyte count, was perceptible on day 1 post-injection. Peak
      anemia was observed on day 3. Compensatory erythropoiesis was discernible on day
      5. The hematological profile indicated near complete recovery on day 11 post
      injection. This avian model is proposed for study of the basic mechanisms of
      hemolytic anemia in chickens.

PMID- 2282067
TI  - Psychophysiological assessment of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation
      (TENS) effects upon orofacial pain.
AB  - Fear of pain in dentistry may be one reason why preventive care is avoided by a
      number of individuals. Therefore, measures which reduce painful experiences may
      be beneficial for patients' attitudes towards medical interventions. Using
      conservative dental treatment as a model situation, we studied effects of
      transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) upon acute orofacial pain in
      three experiments. In the first experiment, pain thresholds (electric tooth
      stimulation) were found to be increased under TENS. In the second experiment,
      electric brain potentials (ERP) were evoked by electric tooth stimulation. The
      ERP amplitude is intensity-dependent and revealed a marked decrease as a
      consequence of TENS. Finally, TENS was applied during real treatment, and
      subjective estimates confirm its beneficial effect upon pain and stress.

PMID- 2282068
TI  - Rapid detection of dextranases in liquid samples.
AB  - A rapid procedure for detecting dextranases in fractions after liquid
      chromatography and other liquid samples has been developed. The detection is
      based on the hydrolysis of a very thin layer of cross-linked dextran (Sephadex).
      Dextranase positive and negative fractions can be distinguished within a short
      time.

PMID- 2282070
TI  - Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications: 1990 index issue. Cumulative
      indexes for volumes 166-173.

PMID- 2282069
TI  - Tryptophan metabolic studies in patients with presenile cataracts.
AB  - In 43 patients with presenile cataracts an oral tryptophan loading test with 5 g
      L-tryptophan was performed and the 24-hour urinary excretion of kynurenine and
      xanthurenic acid was determined. 5 cases showed pathological deviations and an
      excretion pattern of tryptophan metabolites via kynurenine, similar as in vitamin
      B6-dependent xanthurenic aciduria.

PMID- 2282071
TI  - Modulation of insulin receptors and catecholamines in rat brain in hyperglycemia
      and hyperinsulinemia.
AB  - Insulin receptor activity and its relationship with catecholamines and serotonin
      were investigated in rat whole brain membranes, synaptosomes and choroid plexus
      in alloxan induced short term and long term hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia.
      Insulin receptor activity was measured by [125I]insulin binding and
      catecholamines by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical
      detection. While choroid plexus insulin receptors modulate along with
      norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin with the changes in insulin and/or plasma
      glucose levels, insulin receptor activity in synaptosomes and total membranes is
      not affected to a great extent except in long term hyperglycemia.

PMID- 2282072
TI  - Characterization of the platelet aggregation inducer and inhibitor isolated from
      Crocus sativus.
AB  - Bulbs of Crocus sativus variety Cartwrightianus were found to contain both a
      platelet aggregation inducer and inhibitor. The aggregating factor has a Mr of 42
      kDa estimated by a Sephadex G75 column and SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel
      electrophoresis. It was found to lack enzymatic activity such as proteinase,
      esterase and acid or alkaline phosphatase. The inhibitory factor was also
      purified to homogeneity by different chromatographic techniques and shows a Mr of
      27 kDa as it was estimated by Biogel P30 column and SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel
      electrophoresis. It was found to possess strong proteinase activity.

PMID- 2282073
TI  - Binding and iron delivering of monoferric ovotransferrins to chick-embryo red
      blood cells (CERBC).
AB  - 1. Both monoferric forms of OTf, each of about 80 kDa, bound to CERBC enough
      tightly, but at a lesser extent with respect to Fe2OTf with a Bmax in the order:
      59Fe2OTf greater than OTf59FeC much greater than 59FeNOTf. 2. Fe2OTf competed, in
      equimolar ratio, with 59FeNOTf or OTf59FeC, lowering the Bmax value; a 10-fold
      molar excess of Fe2OTf almost abolished the binding of both labelled monoferric
      forms. Apo-OTf did not compete with the monoferric forms for binding to CERBC.
      Iron-saturated N- or C-terminal OTf half-molecules, each of about 40 kDa, were
      unable to displace the monoferric form. By contrast, the mixture of both half
      molecules gave results very similar to Fe2OTf. 59FeNOTf and OTf59FeC were
      displaced by a molar excess of both unlabelled monoferric forms. 3. Uptake
      experiments showed that both monoferric forms of OTf were less effective in
      delivering iron to CERBC with respect to the diferric form, but, nevertheless,
      there was still an appreciable iron uptake which paralleled the binding
      behaviour, being the C-form slightly more efficient than the N-form.

PMID- 2282074
TI  - PKC cellular distribution in TPA activated human peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells, treated with an anti-HLA class I monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Cytosolic and Particulate Protein Kinase C has been studied in Peripheral Blood
      Mononuclear Cells activated with 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate and
      treated with the anti-HLA Class I Monoclonal Antibody 01.65. No effects on the
      cellular distribution of PKC activity nor to the proliferative response has been
      found. In phytohemagglutinin stimulated PBMC cultures treated with MoAb 01.65
      total PKC activity depletion and 3H-Thymidine incorporation inhibition has been
      found. In PBMC cultures activated with both PHA and TPA, the proliferative
      response was similar to cultures activated with PHA alone, while the PKC cellular
      distribution was similar to the one detected in TPA stimulated cultures. Addition
      of the MoAb 01.65 was ineffective on both PKC activity and 3H-Thymidine
      incorporation. These data indicate that anti-HLA Class I MoAb induced 3H
      Thymidine incorporation inhibition may be related to low levels of PKC activity.

PMID- 2282075
TI  - Purification of isozymes of superoxide dismutase from groundnut (Arachis hypogea)
      seedlings.
AB  - Groundnut seedlings contain five isozymes of superoxide dismutase. These isozymes
      were purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ionexchange
      chromatography on diethyl amino ethyl cellulose, gel filtration using Sephadex
      G100 and preparative gel electrophoresis. Manganese containing superoxide
      dismutase showed optimal activity at pH 7.8 whereas activity was one fifth at pH
      9.8. This difference in the activity was not observed in case of copper-zinc
      enzymes.

PMID- 2282077
TI  - Aldrin toxicity on amphibian neuronal, hepatic and muscular tissue oxidative
      enzymes.
AB  - Aldrin toxicity was studied in the brain, liver and muscle of Rana hexadactyla.
      It was observed that sublethal concentration of aldrin inhibited the activities
      of SDH, MDH and ICDH while it elevated the activities of LDH and G-6-PDH. The
      increase and the decrease was progressive with the exposure period. The changes
      were attributed to the induced toxic effects such as oxygen distress, energy
      crisis and microstructural changes.

PMID- 2282076
TI  - Factors influencing the binding of calpain I to human erythrocyte inside-out
      vesicles.
AB  - The mechanism for binding of human erythrocyte calpain I to human erythrocyte
      inside-out vesicles was studied by immunoelectrophoretic blot analysis. Binding
      of calpain I to inside-out vesicles was observed both in the absence and presence
      of Ca2+. Moreover, in the absence of Ca2+, acidic proteins like casein, ovalbumin
      and calpastatin suppressed while basic proteins like arginase and lysozyme did
      not affect the binding of calpain I to inside-out vesicles. Here, we propose a
      model for the binding of calpain to the membrane.

PMID- 2282078
TI  - Reversal of relative proteinase F activity and onset of androgen-dependent
      proteinases in the submandibular gland of postnatal mice.
AB  - By isoelectric focusing, we separated trypsin-like proteinases of the mouse
      submandibular gland (ICR strain) into isozymes with pI values of 4.6 (proteinase
      F), 5.6 (protease D), 5.8 (protease A), 7.1 and 9.9 (P-esterase). During
      postnatal development, proteinase F appeared earliest (on the 15th day after
      birth) and increased in both sexes; however, its percentage ratio to total
      activity decreased markedly with time because of the rapid increase of other
      proteinases. On the 22nd day of life, proteinases A and D appeared, and the
      increase of a proteinase with pI-7.1 followed thereafter. P-esterase was the last
      isozyme to appear, becoming detectable around 29-45 days. After maturation, the
      activities of protease A plus D, P-esterase, and the isozyme with a pI value of
      7.1 were higher in males than in females, whereas the relative level of
      proteinase F was reversed. We conclude that proteinase F is appreciably different
      from the other four proteinases in its development pattern as well as in its
      responsiveness to sexual hormones.

PMID- 2282080
TI  - Purification of transketolase from baker's yeast by an immunoadsorbent.
AB  - Baker's yeast transketolase has been purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on
      specific TK antibodies covalently linked to CNBr-agarose. Affinity chromatography
      allows a 480-fold purification of TK from yeast extracts and about 80% recovery
      of the original activity. The isolated enzyme has a specific activity of 12-60
      U/mg and during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis performed at pH 8.9 migrates
      as two protein bands possessing a transketolase activity which corresponds to two
      isoforms of the enzyme.

PMID- 2282079
TI  - Effect of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on rat red blood cell insulin
      receptors and catecholamines: relationship with cellular ageing.
AB  - Insulin receptor activity and its relationship with catecholamines in rat young,
      middle aged and old red blood cells were investigated in short term (4-6) weeks
      and long term (6-8 months) hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Loss of insulin
      receptor activity is linear with cellular ageing and norepinephrine and
      epinephrine levels increase with age together with levels of glycosylated
      hemoglobin in control animals and this correlation is altered in hyperglycemia
      and hyperinsulinemia. These results suggest that loss of insulin receptor in
      cellular ageing is probably part of a more generalised alteration which is
      possibly brought about by glycosylation.

PMID- 2282081
TI  - The protective effect of different forms of human ceruloplasmin in copper-induced
      lysis of red blood cells.
AB  - The comparison of protective effects of native ceruloplasmin (CP) and of
      preparation CP1 containing carbohydrate fragment GlcNAc(beta(1,4]GlcNAc which
      specifically binds on RBC (alpha(1,6)Fuc receptors showed that CP1 exhibits much
      more powerful protective effect on RBC in copper-induced lysis. It was found,
      however, that CP2 (native CP devoided of CP1) protected RBC as well as CP despite
      its inability of binding to RBC membrane. CP and CP1 in a similar way decrease
      copper concentration in RBC. It was shown that copper accumulation and GSH
      decrease in RBC are two independent and concurrent processes; the copper and GSH
      concentrations are not the factors determining RBC resistance to hemolysis. CP
      inhibits the reaction of superoxide radicals generation as a result of Cu
      interaction with -SH groups of RBC membrane; the effect is more pronounced than
      the effect of catalase or superoxide dismutase. CP and CP1 preparations equally
      inhibit this reaction. Apparently CP reception on RBC leads not only to membrane
      protection from superoxide and hydroxyl radicals but represents a more complex
      process.

PMID- 2282083
TI  - ASHA interviews Tanya M. Gallagher.

PMID- 2282082
TI  - Subcellular metabolism of exogenous GM1 ganglioside in normal human fibroblasts.
AB  - The metabolization of exogenous GM1 in normal human fibroblasts at a subcellular
      level is investigated in the present paper. For this a GM1 ganglioside,
      radiolabelled on the sphingosine moiety, was given to the cells and all the
      formed metabolites analyzed, in a time-course study, in enriched fractions of
      lysosomes, plasma membrane and microsomes. After feeding the cells, the
      radioactivity incorporation was relevant in the enriched lysosomal and plasma
      membrane subfractions whereas it was modest in the enriched microsomal fraction.
      The kinetic curves obtained for each enriched fraction, following a 3-day chase
      period, suggested a translocation of exogenous GM1 from the plasma membrane to
      the lysosomal apparatus and, of GM1 itself together with its metabolites, to the
      Golgi or endoplasmic reticulum and finally again to the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2282084
TI  - Characteristics of state licensure laws.

PMID- 2282085
TI  - HIV, AIDS clients on the rise.

PMID- 2282086
TI  - Video applications: past, present, and future.

PMID- 2282087
TI  - Family adjustment to aphasia.

PMID- 2282088
TI  - Speech-language pathologists and audiologists across the nation.

PMID- 2282089
TI  - Stop go--in the name of the law.

PMID- 2282090
TI  - Influence of lovastatin on concentrations and composition of lipoprotein
      subfractions.
AB  - The effects of lovastatin therapy on concentrations and compositions of
      lipoproteins were examined in 14 patients with heterozygous familial
      hypercholesterolemia. The drug lowered plasma levels of cholesterol in total
      plasma, very low density + intermediate density lipoproteins (VLDL + IDL) and low
      density lipoproteins (LDL) by 25%, 41%, and 41%, respectively. Plasma total apo B
      was decreased by 35%. Three VLDL subfractions--VLDL-1, VLDL-2, and VLDL-3--of
      progressively higher density were examined. Lovastatin therapy reduced only the
      heaviest--VLDL-3. Concentrations of VLDL-1 and VLDL-2 were unchanged. Total VLDL
      cholesterol/apo B was reduced significantly. Drug therapy also altered the
      composition of LDL as shown by decreasing the cholesterol/apo B. Finally,
      lovastatin significantly raised HDL-cholesterol concentrations. This study showed
      that lovastatin modifies the composition of the major apo B-containing
      lipoproteins as well as reducing their concentrations.

PMID- 2282091
TI  - Effect of heat shock proteins on survival of isolated aortic cells from normal
      and atherosclerotic cynomolgus macaques.
AB  - Alterations in the level and distribution of arterial heat shock proteins (HSPs)
      have been demonstrated during atherogenesis. The significance of these changes
      within the developing and dying plaque, however, is not understood. To examine a
      potential protective effect of HSPs on arterial cells, enzymatically isolated
      cells from normal and diet-induced atherosclerotic aortas of cynomolgus macaques
      were stressed for 20 h with and without added 72/73 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP
      72/73), over a range of temperatures and dosages. Cells were analyzed for changes
      in viability and lysosomal membrane integrity. The responses of cells from normal
      and diseased aortas for all test regimens were similar. Viability and lysosomal
      membrane integrity of untreated cells were correlated (r = 0.85), and both
      factors declined with increasing thermal stress (P less than 0.0005 and P less
      than 0.004, respectively). Exogenous HSP-72/73 increased cell viability after
      stress at a minimum concentration of 10 micrograms/ml (P less than 0.05) but was
      not concentration dependent. Response to different temperatures showed exogenous
      HSP-72/73 increased cell survival at all temperatures, with the greatest effect
      at 37 degrees C (P less than 0.01). In contrast, HSP-72/73 did not have an effect
      on lysosomal membrane integrity for the test period studied. The results
      demonstrate exogenous HSP-72/73 increases arterial cell survival, suggesting
      these proteins are associated with a protective mechanism in normal and diseased
      arteries.

PMID- 2282092
TI  - Variability of flow patterns in the normal carotid bifurcation.
AB  - One hundred and nine carotid bifurcations of 56 healthy subjects were examined by
      means of a Doppler color flow imaging (DCFI) system. Flow separation was found in
      102 (93.6%) bifurcations. Different patterns of the spatial and temporal
      distribution of flow separation zones could be distinguished: separated flow was
      either restricted to the proximal external (5.9%), the internal (34.3%) or both
      carotid arteries (40.2%). In 11.8% zones of secondary flow extended from the
      internal into the external carotid artery around the flow divider, and in 7.8%
      the distribution was diffuse. The maximum of reversed flow signals occurred
      immediately after the systolic peak (73%) but lasted for highly variable
      intervals throughout the cardiac cycle. This demonstration of the unexpectedly
      various spatial and temporal patterns of secondary flow phenomena contrasts with
      concepts from in vitro flow studies. This information about conditions in vivo
      must be considered in investigations of early atherosclerosis in the human
      carotid bifurcation.

PMID- 2282093
TI  - Effect of snake venom of Agkistrodon halys on atherosclerosis and blood
      characteristics in Japanese quail.
AB  - Extracts of snake venom have been widely used for the treatment of vascular
      thrombotic diseases, yet the therapeutic mechanism is not clear. The effect of
      snake venom fractions on atherosclerosis in Japanese quail was studied. The venom
      of Agkistrodon halys was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and the
      pooled protein fractions that resulted were injected intravenously into the quail
      with aortic atherosclerosis induced by dietary cholesterol. After 7 weeks of
      injections on every other day, the quail were killed, blood clotting times and
      serum cholesterol levels were determined, and aortic atherosclerosis and fatty
      liver were scored. The results showed that while no regression of atherosclerosis
      was observed, the lowering of serum cholesterol, prolonged blood clotting time
      and reduced fatty liver were significantly affected by the injection of one of
      the pooled protein fractions. This venom fraction contained two major protein
      components, one of which had arginine esterase activity. From this study we
      conclude that snake venom has little effect on the regression of atherosclerosis,
      but it prolongs blood clotting and lowers serum cholesterol.

PMID- 2282095
TI  - Malondialdehyde affects the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of
      oxidized low density lipoprotein.
AB  - Oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) was found in the atherosclerotic lesion and was associated
      with the formation of foam cells. Ox-LDL (30 micrograms protein/ml) reduced
      collagen induced platelet aggregation by 18% but following dialysis, this
      lipoprotein enhanced platelet aggregation by 21% in platelet-rich plasma. The
      addition of malondialdehyde to the dialyzed Ox-LDL prevented its stimulatory
      activity. Enhanced macrophage uptake of Ox-LDL however, was not affected by
      dialysis. Thus it is important to use similar preparations of Ox-LDL when
      comparing results with these lipoproteins.

PMID- 2282094
TI  - Preferential uptake of a water-soluble phthalocyanine by atherosclerotic plaques
      in rabbits.
AB  - This study is the first demonstration of preferential accumulation of a water
      soluble phthalocyanine dye in atheromatous plaques in the rabbit. Two groups of
      rabbits with diet-induced atheromatous plaques were killed 4 and 24 h following
      intravenous administration of copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate. Uptake of the
      dye by plaque-containing and normal appearing aortae was evaluated
      macroscopically and quantitatively by extraction of the dye from the tissues. The
      concentration of the dye in the atheromatous plaques was 2.6 and 1.7 times higher
      than in the normal vessel wall at 4 and 24 h, respectively. The concentration of
      the dye in normal appearing aortae in the 2 study groups was similar to that of
      aortae of control rabbits which were fed a normal diet and exposed to the dye for
      the same time periods. We conclude that copper phthalocyanine accumulates
      preferentially in atheromatous plaques in rabbits. These findings provide a basis
      for the utilization of phthalocyanines for plaque identification and for
      photodynamic therapy of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2282096
TI  - Probucol treatment in hypercholesterolemic patients: effects on lipoprotein
      composition, HDL particle size, and cholesteryl ester transfer.
AB  - Despite probucol's capacity to induce regression of tendinous xanthomata and
      reduce whole plasma and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with
      hypercholesterolemia, its therapeutic use in the United States has been limited
      because of concern about its HDL-lowering effects. To assess the possibility that
      probucol might facilitate mobilization of tissue cholesterol in the presence of
      low HDL levels as a consequence of favorable changes in lipoprotein composition
      and function, we have analyzed lipoproteins and studied cholesteryl ester
      transfer (CET) in hypercholesterolemic patients before and after treatment. Prior
      to treatment, the free cholesterol (FC)/lecithin (L) ratio in plasma, a new index
      of cardiovascular risk, and the mass of cholesteryl ester transferred from HDL to
      the apo B-containing lipoproteins (CET) both were significantly increased (P less
      than 0.001). As previously shown, plasma cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, HDL2, and
      apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B all fell significantly following probucol
      treatment. The FC/L ratio in plasma (P less than 0.01) and HDL2 (P less than
      0.01) both fell significantly also, as did the sphingomyelin/lecithin ratio in
      VLDL + LDL (P less than 0.001) which is typically increased in untreated patients
      with hypercholesterolemia. Nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in 6
      patients revealed that the quantitative changes in HDL were associated with a
      redistribution of particles characterized by a decrease in the prevalence of the
      largest (HDL2b) and a relative increase in the number of the smallest (HDL3b)
      particles. Moreover, CET following probucol therapy returned to levels which were
      indistinguishable from those of normolipidemic controls. These results indicate
      that untreated patients with hypercholesterolemia have abnormalities in (1)
      lipoprotein composition which have been shown to retard the movement of
      cholesterol from tissues to HDL, and in (2) CET which is accelerated and can
      potentially lead to the formation in plasma of atherogenic CE-enriched apo B
      containing lipoproteins. Probucol's capacity to reverse these specific
      alterations suggests that it may have beneficial effects on cholesterol transport
      in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2282097
TI  - Mitogenic action of interleukin-1 alpha on vascular smooth muscle cells mediated
      by PDGF.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of interleukin-1 (IL-1) on the growth of vascular
      smooth muscle cells (VSMC) isolated from rat aortae. Murine recombinant IL-1
      alpha increased tritiated leucine incorporation into VSMC. IL-1 also stimulated
      tritiated thymidine uptake by VSMC in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand,
      Ca2(+)-channel blocker, verapamil, inhibited the IL-1-induced thymidine uptake by
      VSMC with an IC50 of 10(-8) M. Antibody specific for platelet-derived growth
      factor (PDGF) also totally inhibited the IL-1-induced thymidine uptake. IL-1
      showed no effects on the intracellular Ca2+ level in VSMC. Above results support
      the premise that IL-1 promotes the growth of VSMC via induction of endogenous
      PDGF production and might thus participate in the abnormal proliferation of VSMC
      that occurs early in atherogenesis.

PMID- 2282098
TI  - Relationship of cigarette smoking to blood pressure and serum lipids.
AB  - The relationship between cigarette smoking and blood pressure and serum lipids
      was studied in 1775 men aged 20-59 years, in non-drinkers and drinkers
      separately, controlling for body mass index and physical fitness (VO2max). While
      systolic blood pressure was not associated with cigarette smoking, diastolic
      blood pressure decreased with increasing levels of cigarette smoking in non
      drinkers but not in drinkers. Total cholesterol was inversely associated with
      smoking cigarettes in drinkers and was not associated in non-drinkers. High
      density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol decreased with an increasing degree of
      cigarette consumption in non-drinkers but not in drinkers. An increase in total
      cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio and triglyceride levels was positively
      associated with smoking cigarettes regardless of drinking habit. The present
      study suggests that cigarette smoking is a cardiovascular risk factor, partly due
      to its effect of increasing the atherogenic index, but it remains to be
      consolidated whether chronic smoking has an effect of lowering diastolic blood
      pressure.

PMID- 2282099
TI  - Nifedipine reduces atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed heterozygous WHHL rabbits.
AB  - We have developed a new model to study the interaction between diet and genetics
      in atherogenesis, the cholesterol-fed heterozygous WHHL rabbit. To determine the
      effects of calcium blockers on atherosclerosis in this model, two groups of
      heterozygous WHHL rabbits were fed 0.25% cholesterol and 2% peanut oil with (n =
      6) and without (n = 6) oral nifedipine (40 mg/kg/day) for 16 weeks. Body weights,
      serum cholesterol, triglycerides and calcium, and blood pressures were not
      significantly different between the 2 groups during the study period.
      Heterozygous WHHL rabbits in the nifedipine group had less aortic surface area
      with sudanophilic lesions (23 +/- 15% vs. 62 +/- 18%, P less than 0.01) and fewer
      segments of coronary arteries with lesions (19 +/- 9% vs. 35 +/- 8%, P less than
      0.02). Total aortic cholesterol, phospholipid, and calcium were also reduced in
      nifedipine-treated rabbits compared with untreated animals. We conclude that
      nifedipine reduced atherosclerosis in this model. Although the mechanism is
      unknown, it is apparent that nifedipine acts independently of changes in plasma
      lipids and blood pressure.

PMID- 2282100
TI  - Normalisation of the composition of very low density lipoprotein in
      hypertriglyceridemia by nicotinic acid.
AB  - Large (Sf greater than 100) and small (Sf 100-20) very low density lipoprotein
      (VLDL) particles were isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation and
      characterized chemically in 8 patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia before
      and after 6 weeks treatment with 4 grammes daily of nicotinic acid (NA).
      Concomitant changes in high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclass distribution were
      determined by gradient gel electrophoresis. Small VLDL was subjected to lipolysis
      in vitro by incubation with bovine lipoprotein lipase before and after NA, and
      the change in the lipolytic end-product isolated in the low density lipoprotein
      (LDL) fraction was investigated. Reductions were achieved in the plasma levels of
      triglycerides, free and esterified cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins in the
      two VLDL subfractions. In all, the composition of both large and small VLDL
      particles changed towards potentially less atherogenic particles that were poorer
      in cholesteryl esters. The HDL cholesterol concentration increased and the HDL
      protein distribution on gradient gel electrophoresis changed towards larger
      particles. The mechanism behind the change in cholesterol distribution between
      VLDL and HDL after NA treatment is unclear, but it could possibly relate to
      decreased lipid transfer activity. NA reduced the content of apolipoprotein B in
      both VLDL subclasses and did not decrease the calculated particle size or the
      number of triglyceride molecules per particle, indicating a reduction of VLDL
      particle number rather than of particle size. The LDL density fraction isolated
      after lipolysis in vitro of small VLDL contained less total cholesterol and
      phospholipids and had a density profile more similar to native LDL after the
      patients had been treated with NA.

PMID- 2282101
TI  - Fish oil produces an atherogenic lipid profile in hypertensive men.
AB  - The effects of fish oil supplements on plasma and platelet membrane lipids,
      lipoproteins, sex steroid hormones, glucose, insulin, platelet aggregation, and
      blood pressure in normal subjects (n = 13) and patients with essential
      hypertension (n = 13) were studied in this randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled, two-way crossover study. Treatments consisted of 30 days of 5 g of n
      3 fatty acids (ten 1-g capsules of fish oil daily) or placebo capsules (ten wheat
      germ oil capsules daily) with a one-month washout in between each crossover.
      Serum lipids and lipoproteins were measured before dosing and every two weeks
      during the study. Sex steroid hormones, glucose, insulin, and fatty acid
      composition in platelet membrane phospholipids were measured before dosing and at
      the end of each crossover. During treatment with fish oil, only the hypertensive
      had increases in total cholesterol (8%, p less than 0.026), LDL cholesterol (19%,
      p less than 0.006) and apolipoprotein B (18%, p less than 0.026). Serum androgens
      (total and free testosterone) were 30% lower in hypertensives than normotensives
      before any dosing, but were unchanged with placebo or fish oil capsules in either
      group. Plasma glucose, insulin, platelet aggregation, and the incorporation of n
      3 fatty acids into platelet membrane phospholipid subfractions were similar in
      both normotensive and hypertensive men. Blood pressure was not affected by fish
      oil treatment in either group of men. These results provide evidence that fish
      oil may adversely affect serum lipids to yield an atherogenic lipid profile in
      hypertensive men.

PMID- 2282102
TI  - Influence of smoking, body fat distribution, and alcohol consumption on serum
      lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in early postmenopausal women.
AB  - The impact of smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, and body fat distribution
      (measured either directly by dual photon absorptiometry as abdominal fat% (AF%)
      or as the waist-to-hip ratio (WTH] on serum lipids, lipoproteins, and
      apolipoproteins was investigated in 148 early postmenopausal women. All the women
      were healthy and none were taking medication known to influence the parameters
      studied. Smokers had significantly higher levels of triglycerides, low density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (P less than 0.05), and
      higher ratios of LDL-C/HDL-C and apolipoprotein B/A-I (P less than 0.01), but
      lower levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A
      I (P less than 0.01). Moderate alcohol consumption was positively associated with
      HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I (P less than 0.001). Body weight and body mass index
      (BMI) tended to be positively associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein and
      apolipoprotein profile. However, body fat distribution parameters (AF% and WTH)
      were stronger predictors of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins than were body
      weight and BMI, which did not seem to be independent predictors of lipoproteins
      and apolipoproteins. We conclude that cigarette smoking and a central fat
      distribution have a significant, independent, negative influence on lipids,
      lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins, whereas moderate alcohol consumption has a
      positive effect on these parameters in early postmenopausal women.

PMID- 2282104
TI  - Potential problems in the use of commercial preparations of radiolabeled
      cholesterol.
AB  - Through a series of biological and analytical procedures, we demonstrate that a
      compound purchased from a commercial supplier as [7-3H]cholesterol was not
      cholesterol. In mouse peritoneal macrophages, this compound was metabolized
      differently than other radiolabeled cholesterol preparations and was accumulated
      in the steryl ester pool. In contrast, Fu5AH rat hepatoma cells did not
      discriminate this compound from cholesterol. Further analysis of the anomalous [7
      3H]cholesterol by TLC after cholesterol oxidase treatment and by HPLC indicated
      that this radiochemical was less polar than cholesterol standard and other
      radiolabeled cholesterol preparations tested. Mass spectrometry analysis
      disclosed that the chemical has a similar fragmentation pattern and the same
      molecular weight (386) as cholesterol.

PMID- 2282103
TI  - Effect of fish oil on atherosclerosis and lipoprotein metabolism.
AB  - This review primarily covers work on the effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on
      lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis that has been done in a nonhuman
      primate model, the African green monkey, and puts it in context with work of
      others using humans and other experimental animals. Detection of effects of n-3
      fatty acids in the monkey model was facilitated by a considerable enrichment of
      dietary fat with fish oil (about 20% of dietary calories came from menhaden oil
      in the fish oil group or about 5 g/1000 cal of n-3 fatty acids). This group was
      compared with a group fed lard isocalorically substituted for fish oil, such that
      the percentage of saturated fatty acids was essentially equivalent in the 2
      dietary groups. Cholesterol concentrations in whole plasma, LDL and HDL were
      about 1/3 lower in the fish oil group, as was apo A-I concentration, but apo B
      concentration was not different. The fish oil group had plasma LDL particles that
      were smaller, contained fewer cholesteryl ester molecules and had lower
      cholesteryl ester transition temperatures due to a relative enrichment of n-3
      fatty acids in the CE fraction. In addition, hepatic cholesterol and cholesteryl
      ester concentrations were significantly lower in the animals fed fish oil. Liver
      perfusion was used to show that hepatic secretion of cholesterol and triglyceride
      was lower in the fish oil group, although the number of cholesterol and
      triglyceride enriched apo B-containing particles secreted was not different. We
      also demonstrated a lower plasma LCAT reactivity for the plasma phospholipids of
      the animals fed fish oil. Taken together, these findings clearly demonstrate
      important effects of n-3 fatty acids on cholesterol metabolism in a primate model
      that have not been previously recognized. In addition, the monkeys fed fish oil
      had less atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and in the aorta. Thus, these
      findings indicate that, in addition to the many other effects of fish oil in
      eicosanoid production, fish oil effects on cholesterol metabolism, per se, can
      have an important role in limiting atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2282105
TI  - Animal models of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2282106
TI  - Phenotypic expression of surface antigens of rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells in
      culture. Monoclonal antibody, 2P1A2, characteristic of smooth muscle cells
      present in atherosclerotic plaque, is not correlated with cell proliferation.
AB  - The expression of smooth muscle cell (SMC) antigens was studied in culture by
      immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. As specific SMC markers, we
      used 2 monoclonal antibodies (MAb), 1PC1 and 2P1A2 which are able to detect
      atherosclerotic plaques in the rabbit. MAb 1PC1 recognizes an antigen expressed
      on the cell surface, starting on the 7th day in primary culture after serum
      activation, and then secreted. On a confluent SMC monolayers this antigen appears
      outside the cell as an important filamentous network. The kinetics of secretion
      of this external protein recognized by 1PC1 corresponds to the kinetics of the
      secretory phenotype described by Chamley-Campbell and Campbell (Atherosclerosis,
      40 (1981) 347). 2P1A2 MAb is specific for SMCs exclusively present in the rabbit
      atherosclerotic plaque. We studied the degree of reactivity of 2P1A2 with SMCs
      during primary cell culture. This "atherosclerotic" antigen of SMCs recognized by
      2P1A2 is expressed in culture conditions by SMCs from rabbit normal media. This
      antigen appears after 3 days of serum activation, and heparin growth inhibition
      does not interfere with its expression. 2P1A2 recognized antigen is expressed
      during all cell cycle phases without amplification. 3 days after fetal calf serum
      (FCS) stimulation of cells which are in G0/G1, 89% are labelled by 2P1A2, 4 days
      later G0/G1 positive cells constitute 49%. We conclude that 2P1A2 immunolabelling
      on the SMC surface reflects an activated state which is not correlated with SMC
      proliferation.

PMID- 2282107
TI  - Correlation of noninvasive arterial compliance with anatomic pathology of
      atherosclerotic nonhuman primates.
AB  - Fifteen cynomolgus monkeys were fed a control (n = 3) or cholesterol-containing
      diet (n = 12) for 26 months. An impedance plethysmograph and a calibrated volume
      plethysmograph were used to determine femoral arterial volume change, delta V,
      from femoral arteries. Abdominal aorta pulse pressure was measured directly. The
      ratio of delta V to pulse pressure, delta P, defined femoral artery compliance.
      At necropsy, sections of pressure fixed common iliac, external iliac, femoral and
      carotid arteries were obtained for measurements. The site of the largest
      atherosclerotic lesion was chosen for histologic measurement. The percentage
      intima in arterial tissue (PIAT) was determined at the site of the largest
      atherosclerotic lesions in iliac arteries and averaged. Peak compliance was
      inversely correlated with the PIAT (Pearson correlation -0.39, P less than 0.10,
      n = 21) which improved to r = -0.52, P less than 0.01 (n = 27) when the PIAT also
      included the carotid atherosclerosis. The correlation coefficients were
      comparable to those obtained for total plasma cholesterol concentration, and
      direct systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Peak compliance and alpha
      cholesterol concentrations provided the best multiple linear regression fit for
      the prediction of PIAT.

PMID- 2282108
TI  - Effect of vitamin C and E supplementation on susceptibility of plasma
      lipoproteins to peroxidation induced by acute smoking.
AB  - The effect of acute smoking on plasma lipoproteins was studied in seventeen
      smokers. In study 1, 7 subjects were examined prior to and 2 weeks after
      supplementation with vitamin C. In study 2, the effect of acute smoking was first
      determined in 10 additional subjects and subsequently they were divided into 3
      groups, 3 and 4 subjects were supplemented with vitamin C or E, respectively, for
      4 weeks, and 3 remained untreated. Plasma and LDL TBARS were examined at time
      zero (i.e., 40-48 h after total abstention from smoking) and at 90 min after
      acute smoking (5-7 cigarettes). In all 17 subjects examined prior to vitamin
      supplementation, significantly higher TBARS values were found in plasma, native
      LDL and LDL conditioned with smooth muscle cells (SMC) when the 90 min values
      were compared to 0 time. The LDL isolated after 90 min and conditioned with SMC
      was metabolized more extensively by mouse peritoneal macrophages than its zero
      time counterpart. The differences between the 0 time and 90 min values were not
      seen after the subjects had been supplemented with vitamin C for 2 or 4 weeks or
      with vitamin E for 4 weeks. The present results indicate that acute smoking
      exerts an oxidative stress on plasma lipoproteins and that higher plasma levels
      of natural antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E have a protective role.

PMID- 2282109
TI  - Inhibition of intercellular communication in smooth muscle cells of humans and
      rats by low density lipoprotein, cigarette smoke condensate and TPA.
AB  - Inhibition by tumor promoting chemicals of intercellular communication via gap
      junctions may be important in carcinogenesis. In order to investigate the
      possible role of gap junctional intercellular communication in atherogenesis, we
      examined the effect of known inhibitors of intercellular communication, 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), and
      low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) on cellular
      communication in smooth muscle cells of human and rat by the microinjection-dye
      transfer technique. When lucifer yellow CH solution is injected into a cell, the
      average numbers of human and rat smooth muscle cells that become fluorescent is
      about 22 and 6, respectively. The tumor promoter (TPA) almost completely blocked
      gapjunctional communication between smooth muscle cells at 100 ng/ml after 4 h
      exposure. LDL and CSC were able to inhibit intercellular communication in human
      and rat cells in a dose-dependent manner up to 60%. LDL-pretreatment of human
      smooth muscle cells did not affect inhibition of intercellular communication,
      which suggests that this effect is mainly non-receptor mediated. HDL did not
      influence junctional communication. The results indicate that inhibition of
      intercellular communication may also contribute to the pathogenesis of
      atherosclerotic lesions, such as plaques.

PMID- 2282110
TI  - Ethics and accountability.

PMID- 2282111
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria.

PMID- 2282113
TI  - The ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase of Prochlorothrix hollandica:
      purification, subunit structure and partial N-terminal sequence analysis of the
      large subunit.
AB  - Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was purified to apparent homogeneity
      from the carboxysomes of Prochlorothrix hollandica. The MW of the native enzyme
      was estimated to be 560,000 Dalton, comprising large subunits (LSU) of 57,000
      Dalton and small subunits (SSU) of 13,000, probably in an 8LSU8SSU quaternary
      structure. Enzyme activity was maximal at pH 8.0 at 30 degrees C. The requirement
      of activity for Mg2+ could not be replaced by Mn2+. Co2+, Ca2+ or Cu2+. Amino
      acid N-terminal sequence analysis of the LSU showed a high degree of conservation
      when compared to cyanobacterial and chloroplast LSU sequences but was too short
      to allow a reliable phylogenetic assignment of P. hollandica.

PMID- 2282112
TI  - Effect of a general practitioner's consulting style on patients' satisfaction: a
      controlled study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of directing and sharing styles of consultation
      by a general practitioner on patients' satisfaction with the consultation.
      DESIGN: Patients were randomised to receive a directing or sharing style in the
      part of the consultation concerned with giving treatment, advice, and prognosis.
      SETTING: An inner London general practice. PATIENTS: 359 Randomly selected
      patients consulting with one general practitioner. Four patients refused to
      participate and five were excluded. Thirty failed to complete the initial
      assessment and 110 failed to complete the assessment a week later, giving
      response rates of 89% and 58% respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients'
      satisfaction with the general practitioner's perceived understanding of their
      problem and the explanation they received and whether they felt that they had
      been helped immediately after the consultation and one week later. RESULTS:
      Patients who had the directing style of consultation reported significantly
      higher levels of satisfaction on almost all the outcome measures. This was
      particularly striking for patients with physical problems (excellent explanation
      23/68 (34%) v 10/65 (15%), p less than 0.02; excellent understanding 25/68 (37%)
      v 9/66 (14%), p = 0.004), and for patients who received a prescription (excellent
      explanation 20/60 (33%) v 9/59 (15%), p less than 0.04; excellent understanding
      27/60 (45%) v 10/59 (17%), p = 0.04). There was no significant difference in the
      responses to the directing and sharing styles in longer consultations (8/31 (26%)
      v 8/31 (26%)), in which the main treatment was advice (10/30 (33%) v 7/36 (19%)),
      and among patients with psychological (6/17 (35%) v 6/27 (22%)) or chronic
      problems (14/28 (50%) v 8/32 (25%)). CONCLUSIONS: Style of consultation does
      influence the satisfaction of the patient, but its effect is most noticeable in
      consultations with patients with physical problems and patients who receive a
      prescription.

PMID- 2282115
TI  - The primary structure of the presumable BChl d-binding polypeptide of Chlorobium
      vibrioforme f. thiosulfatophilum.
AB  - In addition to the previous isolated and sequenced polypeptides from green
      photosynthetic sulfur bacteria, which are presumably involved in binding BChl c
      and e, an analogous polypeptide has been purified from the BChl d-containing
      bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme f. thiosulfatophilum. The primary structure of
      this 6.15 kDa polypeptide was determined. It shows an extremely high homology
      (98.3%) to the corresponding polypeptide from Pelodictyon luteolum, indicative of
      an important functional role.

PMID- 2282114
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a polysaccharide antigen from Propionibacterium
      acnes released by a glycine-specific chemical protein degradation procedure.
AB  - An acid-labile antigenic polysaccharide has been isolated from both cell walls
      and culture media of Propionibacterium acnes using a new chemical degradation
      procedure which liberates protein-bound or associated carbohydrate. Lyophilized
      cells and culture media were treated with a suspension of mercuric oxide in a
      solution of alkaline mercuric cyanide for several hours at room temperature
      liberating water-soluble polysaccharide material. The antigenic polysaccharide
      was freed of reaction products by alcohol extraction and purified by anion
      exchange chromatography and gel filtration, resulting in three distinct fractions
      of acidic polysaccharides of apparent molecular weights between 15-150 kDa. Sugar
      analysis showed the polysaccharides to contain fucose, galactose, glucose,
      mannose, galactosamine, glucosamine, and 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucuronic
      acid. The three fractions also contained amino acids, predominantly glutamic
      acid, alanine, and glycine, known to be components of P. acnes cell wall
      peptidoglycan. All three molecular weight fractions reacted with rabbit antisera
      raised against whole P. acnes cells, with the highest titer for both cell and
      media-derived polysaccharide material consistently in the high molecular weight
      fraction. This procedure was also capable of releasing antigenic polysaccharide
      from tissues of rats administered P. acnes cells or radiolabeled cell wall
      fragments.

PMID- 2282116
TI  - Electron microscopic study of the polymyxin treated Vibrio cholerae cells.
AB  - Polymyxin B produces dose dependent changes in the surface topography of
      pathogenic Vibrio cholerae cells. The susceptibilities of various vibrio strains
      to PB are also studied through analytical techniques. Statistical analysis shows
      significant differences among the four vibrios with regard to their sensitivities
      to PB, the classical strains being the most sensitive. Treating the classical
      strain with subinhibitory concentration of PB, we observed with both SEM and TEM
      that the normal smooth surface of the cell envelope develops some protruded
      structures (blebs and crenations). Further the TEM study of the ultrathin
      sections reveal that the rod like projections are formed by protrusions of the
      outer-membrane of the cell wall.

PMID- 2282117
TI  - Non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents. VII. Synthesis and antiinflammatory
      activity of 5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo [1,2-b] [1,2,5]benzotriazepine-11
      acetic acid and its 10-aroyl derivatives.
AB  - The synthesis of 5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo [1,2-b] [1,2,5]benzotriazepine
      11-acetic acid and its 10-aroyl derivatives is reported. Compounds were evaluated
      for antiinflammatory activity by the carrageenin-induced rat paw edema method.
      Antinociceptic activity was tested by the hot plate and Randall-Selitto tests.
      General neuropsychopharmacological effects were also screened. All test compounds
      showed antiinflammatory effect comparable to that of tolmetin.

PMID- 2282118
TI  - Research on antibacterial and antifungal agents. XIII. Synthesis and
      antimicrobial activity of 1-arylmethyl-4-aryl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acids.
AB  - Several 1-arylmethyl-4-aryl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives have been
      synthetized and tested as antifungal and antibacterial agents. Reaction between
      tosylmethylisocyanide (TosMIC) and beta-arylacrylic esters under basic conditions
      furnished 4-aryl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic esters, which were then benzylated at 1
      position. Alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl 1-arylmethyl-4-aryl-1H-pyrrole-3
      carboxylates afforded the title compounds. All tested derivatives were found to
      be inactive as antifungal agents. Some of them showed appreciable antibacterial
      activities against Staphylococcus spp.

PMID- 2282119
TI  - Nitrile oxides in medicinal chemistry. 3. Synthesis and bioenantioselectivity of
      (+)- and (-)-2-methyl-5-[(dimethylamino)-methyl]-3-oxo-isoxazolidine methiodide.
AB  - The two enantiomers of the potent muscarinic ligand 2-methyl
      5[(dimethylamino)methyl]-3-oxo-isoxazolidine methiodide [(+/-)-V] were
      synthesized in a very high enantiomeric excess (98.8 and greater than 99%). The
      muscarinic activity of the two enantiomers was assayed on the isolated guinea pig
      ileum and atria, and on rat jejunum and urinary bladder and the nicotinic
      activity was evaluated on the frog rectus abdominis muscle. (R)-(-)-V, the most
      potent enantiomer in the muscarinic tests, has the same absolute configuration as
      [2R,5R]-muscarone and, like muscarone, has a low eudismic ratio (ER: 2.5-10.4).
      In the nicotinic assay, (S)-(+)-V was found to be the eutomer (ER: 3.5).

PMID- 2282120
TI  - Preparation and antimicrobial activity of 1-arylazo-3,4,6,7,8,9
      hexahydroquinolizines.
AB  - A set of 1-(R-arylazo)-3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydroquinolizines, bearing different
      substituents on the benzene ring, were prepared and tested for antimicrobial
      activity. These compounds exhibit only a very weak activity against gram-positive
      and gram-negative bacteria, but are fairly active against several Candida species
      and other yeast-like fungi.

PMID- 2282121
TI  - Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of substituted 3-aminoxypropionyl and 3
      aminoxy-(E)-2-methoxyiminopropionyl monobactams.
AB  - The substituted 3-aminoxyproprionyl (VII) and 3-aminoxy-(E)-2
      methoxyiminopropionyl monobactams (VIII) which possess the monocyclic beta-lactam
      nucleus of aztreonam (IX) were synthesized by reaction of triethylammonium (3S,
      4S)-3-amino-4-methyl-2-oxo-1-azetidinsulfonate with the aminoxy acids X and XI,
      respectively. Compounds VII and VIII were assayed in vitro for their
      antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,
      whether producers of beta-lactamases or otherwise. Both types of compounds (VII
      and VIII) exhibited a poor antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive bacteria,
      comparable to that of aztreonam. On the contrary VII and VIII proved to be
      practically inactive against Gram-negative microorganisms, towards which
      aztreonam exhibits a high degree of activity.

PMID- 2282122
TI  - omega-Dialkylaminoalkyl ethers of 5-endo-dialkylamino-1,3,3-trimethyl-2
      oxabicyclo [2.2.2]octan-6-hydroxyimines with platelet antiaggregating,
      antiarrhythmic and local anesthetic activities.
AB  - The synthesis of 1,3,3-trhimethyl-5-endo-(1-piperidinyl)- and -5-endo-(4
      morpholinyl)-2- oxabicyclo [2.2.2]octan-6-hydroxyimine 3 and 4 starting from 5
      endo-bromo-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6-hydroxyimine+ ++ and excess
      piperidine or morpholine is described. Compounds 3 and 4 gave a series of omega
      dialkylaminoalkyl ethers 5 by reaction as sodium salts with omega
      chloroalkyldialkylamines in DMF solution. Some of aminoethers 5 showed in mice an
      appreciable antiarrhythmic and local anesthetic activity, as well as a platelet
      antiaggregating activity in vitro comparable to that of acetylsalicylic acid.

PMID- 2282123
TI  - Alternative approach to relative bioavailability and bioequivalence evaluation,
      with drugs following Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics.
AB  - An alternative approach to bioavailability and bioequivalence assessment is
      presented. By a modified Wagner-Nelson procedure, the parameters of a
      monocompartmental model are calculated, after single oral dose administration
      trials. The usefulness of the procedure described here is that it permits
      comparison between two different brands of drug in multiple doses, without the
      need to administer repeated doses. Only one dose is necessary in order to
      calculate model parameters and infer steady-state levels.

PMID- 2282124
TI  - Coulometric determination of levodopa, methyldopa and carbidopa.
AB  - A simple and rapid method for the assay of small quantities of levodopa,
      methyldopa and carbidopa is presented. The method is based on coulometric
      titration of the investigated substances with electrogenerated chlorine in the
      presence of methyl orange as indicator. Results are accurate and reproducible.
      The method does not require any expensive instrumentation and can be applied in
      any laboratory for routine analysis of these substances.

PMID- 2282125
TI  - Synthesis and local anesthetic activity of alkylaminoacyl derivatives of 3-amino
      1,2-benzisothiazoles.
AB  - Two series of new alkylaminoacylamino-1,2-benzisothiazoles were synthetized and
      assayed for anesthetic activity. The above-mentioned compounds were prepared by
      reaction between the appropriate amines and 3-(haloacyl)amino-1,2
      benzisothiazoles, which had been obtained by acylation of a 3-amino-1,2
      benzisothiazole with the required haloacylchloride. The local anesthetic activity
      of the compounds, isolated as hydrochlorides, was tested for surface,
      infiltration and trunkular anesthesia. Several compounds proved to be active in
      infiltration and trunkular anesthesia, whereas no compound showed local surface
      anesthesia. On the basis of the results obtained the structure-activity
      relationships were examined.

PMID- 2282126
TI  - Contribution of the diethyl phosphonate group to a first approach of calcium
      inhibiting activity: study of a series of various substituted 2
      phenylbenzothiazoles.
AB  - Eighteen substituted 2-phenyl benzothiazoles, nine of which are new, are
      described. Pharmacological investigation of these Fostedil analogues did not
      demonstrate the same calcium inhibitory properties shown by Fostedil. The
      enhancement induced by the diethyl phosphonate group is confirmed.

PMID- 2282127
TI  - Synthesis and anthelminthic evaluation of 2-amidino-1,3,4-oxa and 1,3,4
      thiadiazoles, structurally related to tetramisole.
AB  - N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) 1a-1k and N-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl-) amidines 2a-2g, N
      (1,3-thiazol-2-yl) 3a, 3b and N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl-)amidines 4a, 4b were
      synthesized and tested as anthelminthics, in vitro, against a free nematode
      (Rhabditis pseudoelongata), against infecting larvae of an intestinal parasite of
      rats (Nippostrongylus brasiliensis) and against infecting larvae of a filaria
      (Molinema dessetae).

PMID- 2282128
TI  - 22,23-Epoxy-2-aza-2,3-dihydrosqualene derivatives: potent new inhibitors of
      squalene 2,3-oxide-lanosterol cyclase.
AB  - Two new azasqualenoid derivatives, bearing a 22,23 epoxidic function, were
      synthesized, to obtain more efficient, competitive inhibitors of the enzyme
      squalene 2,3-oxide-lanosterol cyclase (EC 5.4.99.7). The activities of 22,23
      epoxy-2-aza-2,3-dihydrosqualene 4 and of its N-oxide derivative 5 were studied
      using rat and pig liver microsomal preparations and compared with a pig liver
      partially purified squalene 2,3-oxide-lanosterol cyclase. The activities of
      compounds 4 and 5 were compared in the different enzymatic preparations with the
      activities of 2-aza-2,3-dihydrosqualene 2 and of 2-aza-2,3-dihydrosqualene N
      oxide 3 previously studied only with rat liver microsomes. Using a solubilized,
      partially purified squalene 2,3-oxide cyclase, all the compounds exhibited a non
      competitive type of inhibition. As the previously suggested mechanism of
      inhibition does not account for this kinetic behaviour, a new hypothesis is
      suggested.

PMID- 2282129
TI  - The dexamethasone suppression test in dementia: a review of the literature.
AB  - To examine the utility of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in the
      differential diagnosis of depression in elderly demented patients, we reviewed
      the literature and focused on four components of this question: (1) cortisol
      nonsuppression rates in dementia; (2) cortisol nonsuppression and dementia
      severity; (3) cortisol nonsuppression in demented versus depressed patients; and
      (4) cortisol nonsuppression following antidepressant treatment. A combined
      analysis of 27 articles showed cortisol nonsuppression in 60% of patients with
      concurrent dementia and depression, in 47% of patients with depression only, in
      41% of patients with dementia only, in 46% of patients with multi-infarct
      dementia, in 36% of patients with primary degenerative dementia, and in 10% of
      controls. The abnormal DST rate in demented patients was not significantly
      different from the abnormal DST rate in depressed patients. Eight of 12 studies
      (67%) did not find a significant relationship between DST results and dementia
      severity dementia patients without depression. Twelve of 13 studies (92%) did not
      find a relationship between age and DST outcome. The data we reviewed do not
      support the use of the DST in discriminating between depression and dementia or
      between dementia subtypes.

PMID- 2282131
TI  - Low-dose methylphenidate in the very old.
AB  - Two patients, aged 104 and 91 years, who presented with medical problems and
      depression were successfully treated with 1.25 to 5 mg of methylphenidate without
      evidence of tolerance or toxicity. Benefits were sustained for more than 8 months
      on smaller amounts of this central nervous system stimulant than has been
      previously reported.

PMID- 2282130
TI  - Psychostimulant treatment of geriatric depressive disorders secondary to medical
      illness.
AB  - The records were reviewed for 129 medically ill geriatric inpatients treated with
      either dextroamphetamine or methylphenidate for secondary depression during a
      five year period at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Eighty-one percent of
      patients demonstrated at least some improvement following psychostimulant
      treatment. Sixty-six percent of these experienced marked to moderate amelioration
      of their depressive symptoms. Improvement was rapid and usually occurred within
      the first or second day of treatment. No significant difference in efficacy was
      noted between the two psychostimulants or across diagnostic categories for
      depression. Only 8% of patients experienced adverse reactions significant enough
      to warrant termination of the psychostimulant trial. No instances of anorexia due
      to psychostimulant treatment were observed.

PMID- 2282132
TI  - Utilization of a two-channel, microprocessor-based EEG device for monitoring
      cognitively vulnerable patients.
AB  - Several experiments were conducted to validate the use of a two-channel
      microprocessor-based electroencephalographic (EEG) device for detecting changes
      in EEG background rhythm in the clinic or at the bedside. The reliability of
      background measures in healthy individuals was evaluated by obtaining EEG data on
      20 control subjects on two occasions separated by at least 1 day. The sensitivity
      to an experimental toxic encephalopathy was evaluated using measures of EEG and
      the Buschke Memory Selective Reminding Test after the administration of
      scopolamine hydrobromide, 0.86 mg subcutaneously, to three healthy volunteers.
      Postdrug measures of the EEG showed significant group differences from controls
      at 1 and 2 hours for relative alpha and relative theta power. The drug-induced
      change for each individual exceeded the predicted range calculated from data on
      control subjects. These findings suggest the feasibility and the potential
      utility of this method. This approach was extended to the elderly with measures
      on 102 subjects (average age, 85 years) living in an institutional setting. EEG
      measures in the population were of acceptable reliability and were significantly
      correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (r = -.375 for theta
      and .357 for beta). Preliminary findings suggest that this method may detect
      metabolic encephalopathies in the elderly. The study demonstrates the potential
      value of this approach and suggests the need for further research.

PMID- 2282133
TI  - Problem solving in Parkinson's disease: comparison of performance on the
      Wisconsin and California Card Sorting Tests.
AB  - Previous demonstrations that problem solving deficits may occur early in the
      course of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been taken to support the view that
      disturbances in the functioning of the frontal lobes are responsible for the
      initial cognitive deficits in this disease. However, no specific pattern of
      responding associated with poor problem solving by PD patients has been observed
      consistently. In an effort to clarify the nature of the problem solving deficits
      in PD we administered the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the California
      Card Sorting Test (CCST), a new test which provides separate measures of concept
      generation, concept identification, and concept execution as well as several
      different measures of perseveration. On both tests PD patients of lower than
      normal mental status performed poorly and their patterns of performance resembled
      those previously described for patients with focal frontal lobe lesions, but PD
      patients of normal mental status performed normally. Because poor problem solving
      in association with increased perseverative responding was only observed for
      patients with global cognitive deficits these findings do not necessarily support
      the idea that frontal dysfunction is the principal cause of impaired cognition in
      PD. Although the overall pattern of results was similar for the WCST and the
      CCST, the CCST was more sensitive for detecting deficits than was the WCST.

PMID- 2282134
TI  - Subcortical structural changes in ECT-induced delirium.
AB  - A prolonged (interictal) delirium was induced by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
      in 6/36 (17%) elderly depressed patients. Brain magnetic resonance imaging or
      brain computerized axial tomography revealed structural changes in the basal
      ganglia and white matter in all six patients who developed delirium. These
      findings are consistent with our previous work and with several lines of data
      that have implicated the basal ganglia and subcortical white matter in the
      development of delirium from other causes. These result suggest that lesions in
      these areas may predispose one to developing an interictal delirium during a
      course of ECT.

PMID- 2282135
TI  - Continuing education for change.

PMID- 2282136
TI  - Indoor air quality: biological contaminants. Report on a WHO meeting.

PMID- 2282137
TI  - DNA photorepair: chromophore composition and function in two classes of DNA
      photolyases.
AB  - DNA photolyase catalyzes the repair of pyrimidine dimers in UV-damaged DNA in a
      reaction which requires visible light. Class I photolyases (Escherichia coli,
      yeast) contain 1,5-dihydroFAD (FADH2) plus a pterin derivative (5,10
      methenyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamate). In class II photolyases (Streptomyces
      griseus, Scenedesmus acutus, Anacystis nidulans, Methanobacterium
      thermoautotrophicum) the pterin chromophore is replaced by an 8-hydroxy-5
      deazaflavin derivative. The two classes of enzymes exhibit a high degree of amino
      acid sequence homology, suggesting similarities in protein structure. Action
      spectra studies show that both chromophores in each enzyme tested act as
      sensitizers in catalysis. Studies with E. coli photolyase show that the pterin
      chromophore is not required when FADH2 acts as the sensitizer but that FADH2 is
      required when the pterin chromophore acts as sensitizer. FADH2 is probably the
      chromophore that directly interacts with substrate in a reaction which may be
      initiated by electron transfer from the excited singlet state (1FADH2*) to form a
      flavin radical plus an unstable pyrimidine dimer radical. Pterin, the major
      chromophore in E. coli photolyase, may act as an antenna to harvest light energy
      which is then transferred to FADH2.

PMID- 2282138
TI  - Unraveling the biological significance of nitric oxide.
AB  - Independent investigations into the biochemical changes and cytostatic properties
      induced in immunostimulated macrophages and studies involving the identity and
      mechanism of action of endothelium-derived relaxing factor led to the finding of
      a new metabolic pathway which converts L-arginine to nitric oxide and citrulline.
      The pathway has since been reported in a number of additional cell types
      including cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In the endothelium and CNS
      nitric oxide is acting as a signaling agent with the evidence supporting
      activation of the enzyme guanylate cyclase in the target cell. Nitric oxide is
      toxic and evidence supports a cytostatic/cytotoxic function as the primary action
      of macrophage-derived nitric oxide.

PMID- 2282139
TI  - Transfer RNA and the formation of the heme and chlorophyll precursor, 5
      aminolevulinic acid.
AB  - 5-Aminolevulinic acid is the first committed precursor for the synthesis of
      porphyrins such as hemes and chlorophylls. In many organisms aminolevulinate is
      synthesized from glutamate in a three-step pathway (C5 pathway). The key step in
      this conversion is a tRNA-mediated reduction of glutamate to glutamate-1
      semialdehyde. tRNA is a specific cofactor for an NADPH-dependent enzyme, Glu-tRNA
      reductase, which is capable of sequence-specific recognition of Glu-tRNA(Glu).
      tRNA(Glu) is a dual-function molecule; it participates both in protein and in
      aminolevulinate biosynthesis. This reduction reaction represents a novel role for
      tRNA where it participates in a metabolic conversion of its amino acid into a low
      molecular weight metabolite which is subsequently not used in peptide bond
      synthesis.

PMID- 2282140
TI  - Indolylacetic acid and N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl) adenine affect NADH binding to
      yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and inhibit in vitro the enzymatic oxidation of
      ethanol.
AB  - Derivative UV spectroscopic data show that the plant growth substances N6-(delta
      2-isopentenyl) adenine (i6Ade) and indolylacetic acid (IAA) can bind to the yeast
      alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and affect coenzyme-enzyme binding. This is confirmed
      by enzyme kinetics studies. At fixed ethanol concentrations (27.8 and 111.1 mM)
      and varying NAD+ concentrations (0.033-2 mM), as well as at fixed levels of
      coenzyme (0.67 and 2 mM), and at varying concentrations of ethanol (1.4-111.1
      mM), the rate of ethanol oxidation is significantly inhibited by i6Ade and IAA.
      The kinetics of the ADH reaction is affected by two inhibition constants (KI and
      K'I) which correspond to the dissociation constants of complexes EI and ESI,
      respectively. For i6Ade the KI = 0.52 +/- 0.06 mM and K'I = 0.74 +/- 0.07 mM, and
      for IAA the KI = 0.88 +/- 0.03 mM and K'I = 0.99 +/- 0.02 mM.

PMID- 2282141
TI  - Concanavalin A is not a ferritin.
AB  - Contrary to recent claims, in vitro evidence has been obtained to establish that
      Concanavalin A (Con A) is not a ferritin. Four techniques including
      immunoprecipitation, gel filtration, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation
      and CsCl centrifugation were employed. None of them showed that Con A is a
      ferritin.

PMID- 2282142
TI  - Queuine modulates growth of HeLa cells depending on oxygen availability.
AB  - HeLa cells can be grown in media supplemented with horse serum that is lacking
      the nutrient factor queuine. The addition of 1 X 10(-8) M queuine to aerobically
      grown cells caused a slight, but significant, inhibition of growth, whereas cell
      proliferation was stimulated increasingly when the concentration of queuine was
      raised from 3 X 10(-8) M to 3 X 10(-7) M. This was also observed when the cells
      were transiently starved of serum factors. When the cells were grown under
      hypoxic stress, but otherwise identical conditions, they responded to queuine in
      an opposite manner. Under conditions of mitogenic stimulation, characteristic new
      proteins were found in cytosolic, nuclear and mitochondrial fractions of
      aerobically grown cells. The effects of queuine on cell proliferation at low
      concentrations are assumed to be mediated by the free base, whereas the effects
      at higher concentrations possibly involve both, queuine and Q-tRNAs. The 'Q
      system' appears to mediate growth control in dependence on oxygen availability.

PMID- 2282143
TI  - The biogenesis of muscle glycogen: regulation of the activity of the
      autocatalytic primer protein.
AB  - Glycogen synthesis in rabbit muscle is initiated by an autocatalytic, self
      glucosylating protein (SGP). This creates a maltosaccharide primer on itself that
      in turn primes glycogen synthesis. Here we describe the powerful allosteric
      inhibition of autocatalysis by ATP and ADP, sufficient, at the physiological
      concentration of ATP in muscle, to inhibit autocatalysis. We also examined
      inhibition of self-glucosylation by analogues of the substrate UDPglucose. One of
      them, UDPxylose, acts as an alternative substrate and serves to block
      glucosylation. An improved purification procedure for the SGP is also described.

PMID- 2282144
TI  - Inhibition of protein synthesis by acetyl-coenzyme A in a cell-free system:
      possible involvement of protein acetylation in the regulation of translation.
AB  - Acetyl-coenzyme A (CoASAc) inhibits the rate of incorporation of amino acid into
      protein in a cell-free system of mouse liver. The effect is more pronounced when
      exogenous mRNA (tobacco mosaic virus or globin mRNA) rather than endogenous
      messages are used. Micromolar concentrations of the cofactor block initiation,
      while millimolar concentrations cause a more general inhibition of the
      translation process, that affects, in addition, the elongation step. Inclusion of
      [1-14C]acetyl-CoA in a protein synthesis reaction mixture results in a very rapid
      and selective labelling of a protein of 200 kd of the 'pH 5' fraction. The
      possible involvement of the acetylating event in the regulation of protein
      synthesis is discussed.

PMID- 2282145
TI  - Effects of lycobetaine on chromatin structure and activity of murine hepatoma
      cells.
AB  - The effects of lycobetaine (LBT) on DNA single strand break and chromatin
      conformation were examined by in-situ nick translation method. It was found that
      LBT did not cause DNA single strand break. After 2-h incubation of murine
      hepatoma cells with 1-50 micrograms/ml LBT in vitro, the chromatin transcription
      activity was inhibited gradually. This effect was time- and dose-dependent.
      Actinomycin D produced a similar effect; 10-hydroxycamptothecin not only caused
      DNA single strand break, but also altered chromatin conformation;
      homoharringtonine had no marked influence on either. By molecular hybridization
      technique, it was found that the effect of LBT on individual genes was somewhat
      different. After 2-h incubation of the cells with LBT, the sensitivities of c
      myc, N-ras, and beta 2-microglobulin genes to DNase I were decreased from 75 +/-
      6, 66 +/- 4, 70 +/- 8% to 28 +/- 8, 25 +/- 5, 28 +/- 7%, respectively, while that
      of c-myb and beta-globin genes (8 + 6%, 6 + 5%) did not change obviously.

PMID- 2282146
TI  - Primary amine drug selective electrodes with special crown ethers as neutral
      carriers.
AB  - Ionophores selectively sensitive to primary amines have been synthesized which
      display low potentiometric selectivity coefficients for K+, Na+ and NH4+ ions,
      secondary and tertiary amines as well as quaternary ammonium ions. These
      ionophores include macrocyclic polyethers with dinaphthyl subunits and azocrown
      ether with nitrogen donor atoms. The feasibility of these ionophores for
      preparing primary amine drug selective electrodes was investigated in detail.
      Practically usable PVC membrane electrodes sensitive to primary amine drugs, such
      as mexiletine, dopamine, metaraminol and tryptamine, and aliphatic primary amines
      have been prepared with these ionophores as neutral carriers. Direct
      potentiometric methods for assaying these drugs have been proposed by using the
      prepared electrodes. The proposed primary amine drug selective electrodes are
      remarkably superior to those based on ion-associates. Compared with the
      electrodes based on common ethers, the interference by K+, Na+ and NH4+ ions is
      substantially reduced. A digital simulation of the electrochemical process
      concerning the membrane transport was performed and some interesting conclusions
      have been drawn.

PMID- 2282147
TI  - Studies on the crystal structure of A1-(D-Tryptophan) insulin.
AB  - We have determined the crystal structure of A1-(D-Trp) insulin and discovered
      that it belongs to the trigonal system with space group R3. The parameters of the
      unit cell are a = b = 78.6 A, c = 50.0 A. A set of data for half a sphere
      reciprocal space to a spacing of 2.2 A were collected. The model was adjusted and
      refined by using a step-by-step approach and a stereochemically-restrained least
      squares program, assisted by manual revision based on the difference Fourier
      maps, to a final R-factor of 0.218. The main and side chains of both A1-D-Trp
      residues in the asymmetric unit are well ordered. The packing of A1-(D-Trp)
      insulin in the unit cell, the conformational differences with other insulin
      structures and its structure and function relationship have also been discussed.

PMID- 2282148
TI  - Isolation, chemical and biological characterization of margaratensin, a
      neurotensin-related peptide from the skin of Rana margaratae.
AB  - A new neurotensin (NT)-related peptide, margaratensin, was obtained by Sep-Pak
      C18 and RP-HPLC from methanol extracts of the skin of Chinese frog Rana
      margaratae. The structure of the peptide has been determined to be Asp-Lys-Arg
      Pro-Tyr-Ile-Leu-His-Glu, which is found to be homologous to the COOH-terminal
      sequence of NT, but has an extra His-Glu at the COOH-terminus. The synthetic
      preparation was shown to be indistinguishable from the native peptide during
      HPLC, amino acid analysis and bioassay. Margaratensin exhibited a hypotensive
      effect in the rat but the response was weaker than NT. The peptide could induce a
      potent and reproducible contractile activity on GPI which was different from
      xenopsin, another NT-related peptide from amphibian skin.

PMID- 2282149
TI  - The problems of burns in India.

PMID- 2282150
TI  - [Ways to select research subjects on processing Chinese materia medica].

PMID- 2282151
TI  - [Botanical origins of Chinese drug caowu produced in Sichuan].
AB  - We have made an investigation on the botanical origins of 6 species and 2
      varieties of the traditional Chinese drug Caowu produced in Sichuan, and found
      out that the main species available on the market are Aconitum hemsleyanum and A.
      hemsleyanum var. leucanthum, while A. legendrei comes second. A key for their
      identification is presented in this paper.

PMID- 2282152
TI  - [A pharmacognostical study on the fruits of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss].
AB  - The fruits of three species are used as the Chinese drug "Shechuangzi", namely
      Cnidium monnieri, C. monnieri var. formosana and C. japonicum, among which only
      C. monnieri is the real sort. The authors have distinguished them by macroscopic
      and microscopic structures and TLC. The total coumarin, trace element and amino
      acid contents are reported.

PMID- 2282153
TI  - [Bone identification of Viverra zibetha Linnaeus and Canis familiaris L. as
      counterfeits of leopard bone].
AB  - By way of comparative anatomy an identification has been made of Viverra zibetha
      and Canis familiaris as the counterfeits of leopard bone. In the paper the head
      bones and teeth are illustrated with pictures because their characteristics are
      important factors to take into account in the identification.

PMID- 2282154
TI  - [Cytological study on Eclipta prostrata L].
AB  - The authors report that the karyotype formula of Eclipta prostrata is K(2n) = 22
      = 16m + 6sm, which belongs to "1A" of stebbins, the chromosome composition based
      on relative length is 2n = 22 = 10M2 + 12M1, and the total length of the
      chromosome is 29.3 microns. The chromosome volume of E. prostrata has also been
      calculated.

PMID- 2282155
TI  - [Comparison of constituents and alkaloid contents in rhizoma Coptidis before and
      after processing].

PMID- 2282156
TI  - [Comparison of analgesic effect between locally vinegar-processed preparation of
      fresh rhizoma Corydalis and traditionally vinegar-processed rhizoma Corydalis].
AB  - Hot plate and writhing methods were used in the comparison of the analgesic
      effect of vinegar-processed fresh tuber corydalis and the traditionally vinegar
      processed Rhizoma Corydalis. The result shows that the effect of the former is
      stronger than that of the latter.

PMID- 2282157
TI  - [Extraction rate of trace elements in wuling san in simulated gastric fluid].
AB  - The present paper reports the determination of twelve trace elements in Wuling
      San and its extracts in simulated gastric fluid by atomic absorption
      spectroscopy. The experimental result shows that among these elements the
      extraction rate of K, Na and Mn is higher in extracts of Wuling San, and that of
      the other nine elements differs greatly from each other between 4-89%.

PMID- 2282158
TI  - [GC-MS analysis of essential oil of 10 species of Chinese Elsholtzia].

PMID- 2282159
TI  - [GC-MS analysis of essential oil from flowers of Lonicera japonica Thunb].
AB  - The chemical constituents of the essential oil obtained from the flowers of
      Lonicera japonica were analysed by GC-MS. Forty-seven compounds including
      linalool, ethyl palmitate, etc. were identified. Their percentages in the oil
      were given.

PMID- 2282160
TI  - [Determination of polyamine constituents in radix ginseng by HPLC].

PMID- 2282162
TI  - [Pharmacological functions of Chinese ant oral syrup].
AB  - Experiments show that Chinese Ant Oral Syrup has functions as calmatives, fatigue
      resisting agents and androgen. Also it can cause thymic atrophy in small mice,
      increase their oxygen-deficient endurance under normal pressures, inhibit
      leucocyte-decrease induced by cyclophosphamidum. The syrup is slightly toxic.

PMID- 2282161
TI  - [Pharmacological studies on dingchuanning].
AB  - Dingchuanning has been found to increase markedly the perfusion of isolated lung
      of guinea-pig. It may produce a relaxing effect on the smooth muscles of the
      isolated trachea, bronchus and lung strips of guinea-pigs, as well as a prominent
      protective effect on the bronchial asthma induced by inhalation of
      bronchoconstrictors in conscious guinea-pigs. It also has significant expectorant
      and antianaphylactic effects and helps to inhibit markedly the SRS-A release from
      lung tissues and to counteract directly the activity of SRS-A.

PMID- 2282163
TI  - [Action of traditional Chinese medicines on DNA reproduction in liver cells in
      vitro].
AB  - The action of 11 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine on DNA reproduction in
      hepatic cells was studied with microradiographic auto-development. The result
      shows that all the medicines can promote and strengthen the DNA reproduction.

PMID- 2282164
TI  - [Report on the investigation of medicinal fangji in China].
AB  - This paper reports on the application of the medicinal Fangji in our country. On
      the basis of investigation and collection of samples, it has been found that the
      Fangji presently in use are of 2 families, 3 genera and 7 species.

PMID- 2282166
TI  - [Identification of 10 kinds of Zanthoxylum by pyrolysis GC].
AB  - In this paper, pyrolysis GC was applied to differentiate and fingerprint 10 kinds
      of Zanthoxylum on an OV-101 capillary column. Analytical conditions with this
      column, operating temperature, pyrolysis time and peak identifications are
      discussed.

PMID- 2282165
TI  - [Investigation report on the resources of Chinemys reevesii (Gray)].
AB  - Our on-the-spot investigation has indicated that the tortoise population as
      natural resources has been on the decrease ever since the sixties. The reason for
      the decrease lies in some natural factors as well as the indiscriminate catching
      and killing by man. As a result, the female tortoises remarkably over whelm the
      male ones in number, which leads to a drop in the natural rate of breeding.

PMID- 2282167
TI  - [Physico-chemical analysis of Ostreas gigas Thumberg from Xinghua].
AB  - This paper presents a comparative physico-chemical analysis of the ancient Ostrea
      gigas with the medical Ostrea gigas concha, and shows that the protein and amino
      acid contents in the former are obviously lower than those in the latter, but for
      the contents of trace elements Mn, Fe, Ni and Pb (with the exception of As), the
      former appears higher than the latter.

PMID- 2282168
TI  - [Amino acid analysis of the main organs during different growing periods of panax
      ginseng C.A. Mey].
AB  - Studies on different growing periods of Panax ginseng, its ages and the variation
      regularities of amino acids in its main organs are reported. The test has shown
      that it contains seventeen amino acids. The total amount of amino acids reaches
      its peak point during the sprouting period (in April), next to it is the
      withering period (in September), flowering and fruiting periods being the lowest
      (in June). The amount of these acids in the main root is higher than that in the
      fibrous root, the lowest being in the lateral root. Five-year-old Panax ginseng
      features the highest amount.

PMID- 2282169
TI  - [Selection of optimum technological conditions for vinegar-processing of fresh
      rhizoma Corydalis].
AB  - The Total alkaloid contents of chloroform extracts and aqueous decoctions of
      different vinegar-processed samples of fresh Rhizoma Corydalis were determined
      and compared using orthogonal experimental design. Two optimum schemes suggested
      by the results are 1. If aqueous decoction is wanted, the fresh tuber Corydalis
      should be scalded by hot edible vinegar till the liquid has permeated to its
      center; 2. If total alkaloid extract is required for making Chinese traditional
      patent medicine, the fresh Rhizoma should be slightly scalded with edible vinegar
      which has been diluted with an equal volume of water.

PMID- 2282171
TI  - [Chemical constituents of Asteropyrum peltatum (Franch.) Drumm. et Hutch].

PMID- 2282170
TI  - [Preliminary studies on the inclusion compound of cholate with beta
      cyclodextrin].
AB  - beta-Cyclodextrin inclusion compound has been proved able to eliminate the bitter
      taste of cholate and bile. A right amount of beta-cyclodextrin put in aqueous
      solution of cholate and bile will remove the bitter taste completely, beta
      Cyclodextrin doesn't affect the identification or content determination of cholic
      acid.

PMID- 2282172
TI  - [Antifatigue and anoxia-tolerating effects of the root of Tragopogon porrifolius
      L].
AB  - The root of Tragopogon porrifolius can evidently prolong the duration of swimming
      and stick-climbing for mice. The drug has provided food for tolerating anoxia in
      several models of rats and mice.

PMID- 2282173
TI  - [Circadian rhythms of mice to the catharsis of radix et rhizoma Rhei].
AB  - Circadian rhythms have been observed obviously for both normal and pathological
      mice when Radix et Rhizoma Rhei is given. As a rule, the catharsis becomes
      stronger when Radix et Rhizoma Rhei is given at night than during the day. The
      rhythms vary with different pathological models. Compared with the normal mice,
      the circadian rhythms tend to be clearer for those mice excited by
      thyroidization. However, thyroidization makes the mice less sensitive to the
      dosage change of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, while the mice weakened by tabazole
      administration show the reverse reaction.

PMID- 2282174
TI  - [Aging-resistant function of soybean phospholipid paste].
AB  - Existing chiefly in biomembrane system, phospholipid is a fundamental component
      in the tissues of all organisms. The ageing of biomembrane is manifested mainly
      in the changing of phospholipid composition. Experiments have shown that soybean
      phospholipid paste is obviously helpful in decreasing blood lipids and retarding
      the ageing process of tissues, thus making a good natural agent for resisting
      ageing.

PMID- 2282176
TI  - Bibliography of the current world literature.

PMID- 2282175
TI  - [A review of chemical studies on the plants of Trichosanthes].

PMID- 2282177
TI  - AIDS incubation in 1891 HIV seroconverters from different exposure groups.
      International Registry of Seroconverters.
AB  - This study compares AIDS incubation in different geographic areas, calendar time
      of infection, exposure group and age at exposure. Investigators from North
      America, Europe and Australia contributed data from 1891 people for whom dates of
      HIV seroconversion were known. We excluded subjects not enrolled in prospective
      studies at entry and those with more than 25 months between last negative and
      first positive sera; we also censored subjects at the time last seen and excluded
      all follow-up after 1987 in order to minimize the impact of newly developed
      prophylactic therapies. The final analysis cohort contained 1171 subjects. Using
      actuarial methods, no differences in incubation times were found among homosexual
      men infected in different continents or in different years (prior to and after 1
      January 1985). Among hemophilic people, children developed AIDS more slowly than
      adults (P = 0.02), and hemophilic adults developed AIDS more slowly than
      homosexual men (P less than 0.05), mainly because homosexual men had an added
      risk of Kaposi's sarcoma. Progression time to AIDS was significantly faster in
      older hemophilic men, but not in older homosexual men. These data illustrate that
      AIDS incubation may differ in different exposure groups, probably because of
      different exposures to potential opportunistic pathogens.

PMID- 2282178
TI  - Sexual behavior before AIDS: the hepatitis B studies of homosexual and bisexual
      men.
AB  - Data on sexual practices, collected during studies of hepatitis B virus (HBV)
      infection in 1978 and 1979, were analyzed for 4910 homosexual and bisexual men
      from Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and St Louis. Data on sexual
      practices in 1978 showed that white participants had larger numbers of non-steady
      male sexual partners and engaged in oral-genital activities more frequently but
      were equally likely to engage in anal intercourse as black and Hispanic
      participants. San Francisco participants had more non-steady sex partners and
      were more likely to engage in receptive anal intercourse with non-steady partners
      than participants from all other sites. Analysis of data on 606 HBV-antibody
      negative men interviewed on three occasions in 1978 and 1979 showed no changes in
      risk indices for insertive and receptive anal intercourse between these years,
      except in San Francisco where significant declines occurred in insertive anal
      intercourse and receptive anal intercourse without ejacultion in a small, highly
      select group of participants.

PMID- 2282179
TI  - Street-recruited intravenous drug users and sexual risk reduction in New York
      City.
AB  - Previous studies have reported that intravenous drug users (IVDUs) have made
      considerable drug-use risk reduction, but less sexual risk reduction. This paper
      presents findings about sexual risk reduction by street-recruited IVDUs in New
      York City, and examines the predictors of sexual risk reduction. Sixty-one per
      cent of these street-recruited IVDUs have initiated deliberate sexual risk
      reduction in order to avoid AIDS. For the total sample (n = 568), as well as for
      the male IVDUs, specific health belief and social influence factors were
      significant predictors of sexual risk reduction. For female IVDUs, drug-risk
      reduction, having a friend or acquaintance who practices sexual risk reduction,
      and wanting to have a(nother) child were significant predictors of sexual risk
      reduction. These findings suggest the importance of social support and community
      organization to promote risk reduction.

PMID- 2282180
TI  - Prevalence of HIV-1 infection in the Kagera region of Tanzania: a population
      based study.
AB  - A population-based survey was carried out in the Kagera region of the United
      Republic of Tanzania in 1987 to determine the magnitude of HIV-1 infection and to
      study associated risk factors. The region was divided into one urban and three
      rural zones. A multistage cluster sampling technique was adopted. Antibodies to
      HIV-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by
      Western blot analysis. A total of 2,475 adults (aged 15-54 years) and 1,961
      children (aged 0-14 years) was studied. The overall prevalence of HIV-1 infection
      among adults was 9.6%, with a higher prevalence in the urban zone (24.2%) than in
      the three rural zones (10.0, 4.5 and 0.4%, respectively). The corresponding
      figures for children were 1.3% overall: 3.9% in the urban area and for the rural
      areas 1.2, 0.8 and 0.0%, respectively. The age-specific seroprevalence for adults
      was highest in the age group 25-34 years. The age-standardized sex-specific
      prevalence was higher among women than men in the urban zone, while it was the
      same in the rural zones. Change of sexual partners among adults was associated
      with an increased risk of HIV-1 seropositivity. Travelling outside the region but
      within the country was also found to be associated with increased risk of HIV-1
      infection but only in the rural population.

PMID- 2282181
TI  - Infection with HIV as a risk factor for adverse obstetrical outcome.
AB  - We carried out a case-control study to investigate the role of sexually
      transmitted diseases (STDs), including infection with HIV, as risk factors for
      adverse outcome of pregnancy. Overall, 1507 women were enrolled within 24 h of
      delivery. Cases (n = 796) were mothers of low-birthweight infants (less than 2500
      g) or of stillborns. Low-birthweight infants were divided into preterms (n = 373)
      and neonates small for gestational age (n = 234). Stillborns were separated into
      intrauterine fetal deaths (n = 120), and intrapartum fetal deaths (n = 69).
      Controls were selected from mothers delivering a live baby of greater than or
      equal to 2500 g (n = 711). The maternal HIV seroprevalence in the control group
      was 3.1%. Prematurity was associated with maternal HIV antibody [8.6%
      seropositive; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1
      4.0], as was being born small for gestational age (7.7% seropositive; adjusted OR
      2.3; 95% CI 1.2-4.2). In mothers who delivered a stillborn baby, both
      intrauterine fetal death (11.7% seropositive; adjusted OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.3-5.5)
      and intrapartum fetal death (11.6% seropositive; adjusted OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.3-6.5)
      were independently associated with HIV seropositivity in the mother. Maternal
      syphilis was confirmed as an important risk factor for intrauterine fetal death
      (14.3% positive; adjusted OR 4.8; 95% CI 2.4-9.5). No significant association was
      found between other STDs, including gonococcal and chlamydial infection, and
      adverse obstetrical outcome. These results suggest an association between
      maternal HIV infection and adverse obstetrical outcome, defined as low
      birthweight and stillbirth.

PMID- 2282182
TI  - The evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 quasispecies and the development of
      immunodeficiency disease.
AB  - This paper presents a theory to explain the development of immunodeficiency
      disease after a long and variable incubation period of infection with HIV-1. Two
      assumptions are central to the theory: (1) mutation via reverse transcription
      during viral replication can generate viral strains resistant to neutralization
      by antibodies specific to earlier mutants in a particular host; (2) the virus can
      kill the CD4-positive lymphocytes that play a role in mounting an immunological
      attack directed at the virus. The theory is examined via the development of a
      mathematical model which reveals that an increasing number of antigenically
      distinct viral strains may overwhelm the immune system of the host. As the viral
      diversity increases beyond a certain level the immune system is unable to
      suppress the population growth of all the strains simultaneously. The intuitive
      explanation of this pattern of model behaviour lies in the assumption that each
      virus can kill CD4-positive lymphocytes that are specific to any of the viral
      strains, but each lymphocyte only directs immunological attack against a single
      viral strain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282183
TI  - A cohort study of 89 HIV-1-infected adult patients contaminated by blood
      products: Bordeaux 1981-1989. Groupe d'Epidemiologie Clinique du SIDA en
      Aquitaine (GECSA)
AB  - A hospital-based surveillance of HIV infection was implemented in the Bordeaux
      Regional University Hospital (France). This reporting system, initiated by the
      Groupe d'Epidemiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine, identified and followed-up
      89 adult patients with transfusion-associated HIV-1 infection (7.2% of all
      reported cases). Contamination occurred between August 1981 and June 1985 and
      diagnosis was made between 1985 and 1989. By 30 June 1990, 43 patients (48.3%)
      had full-blown AIDS, and 28 of them had died. The mean follow-up period was 66
      months (s.d. 16 months). The mean incubation period, i.e. The time interval
      between the contaminating transfusion and the development of full-blown AIDS, was
      62 months [median 73 months; 95% confidence interval (CI) 66-82 months]. Five
      years after contamination, the cumulative probability of reaching the AIDS stage
      was 34.2% (95% CI 20.3-49.3%), and the probability of survival was 81.7% (95% CI
      72.5-90.0%). From this surveillance system we estimate that in south-western
      France at the end of 1989 the cumulative incidence of transfusion-associated HIV
      1 infection was at least 126 cases (45.6 per million inhabitants). Although we
      anticipate an increase in transfusion-associated AIDS cases over the next 5
      years, there have been no reports of contamination after 1 August 1985, when
      systematic screening of HIV antibodies was implemented in French blood banks.
      This confirms the efficacy of screening in countries like France where the risk
      of contamination through blood products is now minimal.

PMID- 2282184
TI  - Surveillance of AIDS in the European Community: recent trends and predictions to
      1991.
AB  - Statistical modelling is applied to routine AIDS surveillance data to assess
      recent trends and to provide a range of short-term predictions. Several
      alternative functions have been fitted to half-yearly incidence data reported by
      the countries of the European Community by 31 December 1989 and adjusted for
      reporting delays. Among homosexual/bisexual men, recent trends in AIDS incidence
      are more nearly linear than exponential. Higher though less than exponential
      rates of growth are observed among intravenous drug users and among those
      presumed infected by heterosexual contact. Extrapolations to the end of 1991
      using each of five functions provide a range of forecasts. Projections of total
      cumulated cases to the end of 1991 lie in the range 60,000-78,000, with 24,000
      30,000 projected cases among homosexual/bisexual men, 23,000-33,000 among
      intravenous drug users, and 6000-8000 in the heterosexual transmission group.
      With the possible exception of the latter group, the lower parts of these ranges
      appear more probable.

PMID- 2282185
TI  - Detection of HIV-1 in human lung macrophages using the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - We have used the polymerase chain reaction to investigate HIV-1 infection of lung
      macrophages from 44 AIDS patients with pneumonia. Proviral HIV-1 DNA was detected
      in the lung macrophages of 47% (21 of 44) of patients tested; 32% (seven of 21)
      of the patients had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), and 56% (11 of 21) had
      pneumonia caused by other aetiological agents. Matched peripheral blood specimens
      were obtained from 22 patients in this study, and HIV-1-specific DNA was detected
      in 100% (22 out of 22) of non-adherent white cell preparations tested. HIV was
      detected in blood monocytes of 11 out of 22 patients (50%), and a virus signal
      was also found in the lung macrophages of eight of these patients. Our results
      indicate that PCP does not predispose lung macrophages to HIV-1, nor does HIV-1
      infection of lung macrophages increase the probability of contracting PCP.

PMID- 2282186
TI  - Early and specific diagnosis of seropositivity to HIVs by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay using env-derived synthetic peptides.
AB  - We describe and evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a 22-amino-acid peptide corresponding to the
      carboxy-terminal end of HIV-1 gp120 and two 30-amino-acid long cyclic peptides
      including the two vicinal cysteines present on HIV-1 gp41 and on HIV-2 gp36. This
      test was evaluated. Data obtained with the Western blot (WB) and the peptide
      based ELISA on a first panel composed of sera from 547 patients attending a
      specialized outpatient clinic (high-risk population) are in perfect agreement;
      moreover, 39 samples that had falsely been found positive with a viral lysate
      based ELISA were not detected by peptide-based ELISA. The second panel was
      composed of 309 sera which were difficult to resolve using both WB and viral
      lysate-based ELISA. Using the peptide-based ELISA, 134 were found clearly
      positive and 173 clearly negative; only two were falsely positive. Finally, sera
      from 16 individuals examined at the time of seroconversion gave high absorbancy
      readings even if they were weakly reactive by WB (weak gp160 band). This test is
      thus highly sensitive and specific, and capable of detecting early
      seroconversion. It is also instrumental in clearly defining samples that are
      found indeterminate in the WB, and consequently it avoids the unnecessary follow
      up required when a false-positive result is obtained using viral lysate-based
      ELISA.

PMID- 2282187
TI  - T-cell subsets and serum immunoglobulin levels in infants born to HIV
      seropositive mothers: a longitudinal evaluation.
AB  - T-lymphocyte subsets and serum immunoglobulins were assayed in 27 neonates and 12
      infants younger than 6 months, all born to HIV-seropositive mothers. No
      differences in T-lymphocyte subsets between the 27 seropositive and 34
      seronegative infants were found at birth. Twelve seroreverted and 14 infected
      children were followed. CD4+ cell counts were significantly lower in the latter
      at 3 and 24 months of age. Serum immunoglobulin levels and CD8+ percentages
      became higher in the infected group, starting from the sixth month, while CD4+
      percentages and CD4+/CD8+ ratios became lower, starting from the twelfth month.

PMID- 2282188
TI  - Low-dose dapsone prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS and AIDS
      related complex.
AB  - The efficacy, toxicity and cost of orally administered dapsone (50-100 mg/day)
      for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) were evaluated in 30
      patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC). Six patients received primary
      and 24 secondary prophylaxis. Ten patients received a maximum dose of 100 mg/day
      and 20 a maximum of 50 mg/day for a median duration of 19 weeks; 22 of the 30
      patients continue to receive prophylaxis as of May 1989. Four patients have died,
      none of pneumocystis infection. One patient with AIDS suffered a mild relapse
      while receiving 50 mg/day. Hematologic toxicity was mild and could not be
      definitively attributed to dapsone therapy; rash due to dapsone was documented in
      two patients. A review of 33 patients at our institution with a history of PCP
      who received no prophylaxis demonstrated seven relapses, three of which were
      fatal. Cost analysis revealed a significant advantage for oral dapsone over
      aerosolized pentamidine.

PMID- 2282189
TI  - HIV infection is not associated with Reiter's syndrome: data from the Johns
      Hopkins Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
AB  - Reiter's syndrome has been reported to occur in up to 10% of patients with HIV
      infection. However, no properly controlled epidemiological studies have been
      conducted to determine whether HIV infection is an independent risk factor or
      whether the immunodeficiency induced by HIV infection is permissive for infection
      with other arthritogenic organisms. The prevalence and incidence of Reiter's
      syndrome were determined in 1133 homosexual/bisexual men enrolled in the Johns
      Hopkins Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. There was no difference in the prevalence
      of Reiter's syndrome at entry into the study in 1984 between 357 HIV-positive and
      776 HIV-negative men: five per 1000 in both groups. During 5 years' follow-up,
      one case of Reiter's syndrome developed among each group of HIV-positive and HIV
      negative men. These data fail to support a direct etiological role for HIV
      infection in the development of Reiter's syndrome.

PMID- 2282190
TI  - Injecting drug use and female street-working prostitution in Glasgow.
AB  - There are considerable difficulties associated with calculating the prevalence of
      covert, illegal and stigmatized activities. This paper outlines new methods we
      have developed for calculating the prevalence of both drug-injecting street
      prostitution and non-injecting street prostitution in Glasgow. Our data indicate
      that Glasgow has a much higher level of injecting drug use than has been reported
      among prostitutes in other British cities.

PMID- 2282191
TI  - Transmission of HIV in a cluster of young heterosexuals in a low prevalence area.

PMID- 2282192
TI  - Sexual behaviour in central African men with sexually transmitted disease and in
      controls.

PMID- 2282193
TI  - Blocking of HIV-1 infection, but not HIV-1-induced syncytium formation, by a CD4
      peptide derivative partly corresponding to an immunoglobulin CDR3.

PMID- 2282194
TI  - Anti-HIV-1 antibodies among young, unpaid blood donors from Goma, Northern Kivu,
      Zaire.

PMID- 2282195
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor and external beam radiation: preliminary clinical
      observations.

PMID- 2282196
TI  - Evaluation of two rapid tests for the detection of HIV-1/HIV-2 antibodies.

PMID- 2282197
TI  - AIDS impact scenarios: questions for the years to come.

PMID- 2282198
TI  - Beta 2-microglobulin as a prognostic marker for patients with AIDS in Dar es
      Salaam, Tanzania.

PMID- 2282199
TI  - HIV-1 competitive ELISA for serological diagnosis of HIV-2 positivity.

PMID- 2282200
TI  - Is anti-p27nef a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker in HIV-1 infection?

PMID- 2282201
TI  - Bacterial adherence as a virulence factor in urinary tract infection.
AB  - Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes greater than 90% of urinary tract infections,
      UTI, in childhood. The capacity to adhere to urinary tract epithelial cells
      characterizes E. coli strains that cause acute pyelonephritis. Adherence of
      uropathogenic E. coli is the result of a specific interaction between bacterial
      adhesins and glycolipid receptors on the host cells, especially the globoseries
      of glycolipids which share the Galactose alpha 1-greater than 4Galactose beta
      disaccharide (Gal alpha 1-greater than 4Gal beta). In childhood UTI, Gal alpha 1
      greater than 4Gal beta-binding bacteria caused significantly higher body
      temperature, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and
      pyuria, and lower renal concentrating capacity, than E. coli lacking this
      specificity. The Gal alpha 1-greater than 4Gal beta-binding bacteria thus
      appeared to be more potent inducers of inflammation than other strains. Since
      inflammation may lead to tissue damage we examined the relationship of infection
      with Gal alpha 1-greater than 4Gal beta-positive bacteria to renal scarring. The
      frequency of renal scarring was 5% in boys with Gal alpha 1-greater than 4Gal
      beta-positive and 40% in boys with Gal alpha 1-greater than 4Gal beta-negative E.
      coli. Bacterial binding to Gal alpha 1-greater than 4Gal beta can be detected
      with a commercially available test reagent. This reagent can thus be used as an
      effective predictor of risk for renal scarring. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pyrogen
      and inducer of the acute phase reactants. It was shown to be produced locally in
      the urinary tract, in response to UTI, and to spread systemically. Mucosal
      challenge with dead bacteria was sufficient to induce the IL-6 response.
      Circulating IL-6, and/or IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor could explain the fever,
      as well as increased ESR and CRP found in association with acute symptomatic UTI.

PMID- 2282202
TI  - The additive effect of certain drugs on the cyclosporine A inhibition of human T
      cell proliferation. Studies using theophyllamine, warfarin, verapamil and
      dipyridamol.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of Cyclosporine A (CsA) when combined with theophyllamine,
      warfarin, verapamil or dipyridamol on in vitro proliferation of human T
      lymphocyte was investigated. All drugs caused an additional inhibition of PHA
      activation compared with CsA alone, also when the CD8-negative and -positive
      subsets were tested separately. This effect was dose-dependent for all drugs.
      Theophyllamine, verapamil and warfarin had to be added early during PHA
      stimulated T-cell activation to cause maximal inhibition. Also when testing the
      proliferative response in mixed lymphocyte cultures, the drugs showed a dose
      dependent additional inhibition compared with CsA alone. CsA alone caused no
      inhibition of lymphokine-dependent growth of T-cell lines, whereas all four drugs
      caused a weak inhibition in this test system.

PMID- 2282203
TI  - Mumps mistaken for rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy. The role of the
      microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis of the infection. A case report.
AB  - A case of mumps with an exanthema is described. However, the parotid swelling was
      mistaken for enlarged lymph nodes, and the case was described as one of "typical
      rubella". As the patient was pregnant in her first trimester, an induced abortion
      was considered. Serum specimens for rubella antibody testing had been taken, but
      the information given by the consulting physician was incorrect and led to
      testing for past infection and immunity. After re-examination of the patient by a
      gynaecologist, mumps was suspected and the diagnosis verified serologically. The
      present case shows that in certain situations adequate information must be given
      to the laboratory in order to ensure a meaningful interpretation of the results
      of the serological examination.

PMID- 2282204
TI  - Atubular glomeruli in cisplatin-induced chronic interstitial nephropathy. An
      experimental stereological investigation.
AB  - In two previous studies on chronic renal failure in humans as well as in
      experimental animals a large number of glomeruli were found not to be connected
      to proximal tubules (atubular). Using unbiased stereological methods the purpose
      of the present study was to investigate and quantitate various renal structures,
      including the presence or absence of atubular glomeruli, in chronic renal failure
      induced by cisplatin. After administration of cisplatin to rats for ten weeks,
      the left kidney was perfusion-fixed 3 weeks later. The cisplatin-treated rats
      were uremic with an average plasma urea of 32.6 mmol/l compared with 10.8 mmol/l
      in controls. The stereological investigations showed that 31% of the glomeruli in
      the cisplatin-treated group were atubular, 37% were connected to a normal
      proximal tubule and 32% to an atrophic tubule. Sclerotic glomeruli were not
      observed and the total number of glomeruli did not differ between the two groups.
      The mean glomerular volume was significantly decreased in the cisplatin group,
      and the mean volume of atubular glomeruli was lower than the mean volume of
      glomeruli connected to a normal proximal tubule. Significant negative correlation
      was found between the plasma urea on the one hand and the percentage of glomeruli
      connected to normal proximal tubules, as well as the length of normal proximal
      tubules, on the other hand. A significant positive correlation was found between
      plasma urea and the volume of interstitial fibrotic tissue. The presence of
      atubular glomeruli and the absence of compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining
      nephrons might be responsible for the reduction in kidney function in several
      chronic interstitial renal diseases.

PMID- 2282205
TI  - Pathological characteristics for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
      A retrospective autopsy study.
AB  - The clinical records of 63 patients who during the period 1980-1983 showed
      pneumocysts in lung specimen imprints obtained at autopsy have been reviewed in
      order to establish possible characteristics for the diagnosis of Pc pneumonia.
      Autopsies were performed at 2 Copenhagen hospitals, Rigshospitalet and the Finsen
      Institute. The 63 Pc-positive cases included 9 with blood diseases, 27 with solid
      tumors, 5 with immunological disorders and 22 with other diseases. The
      characteristic extensive changes in the lungs in Pc pneumonia included increased
      firmness, dark red/brown or black/grey colour of sectioned areas, stasis and
      edema sometimes excessive, and foci of white/grey or red/brown areas giving the
      lung a marbled or speckled appearance. The content of air was always decreased.
      The microscopic changes reported included intra-alveolar eosinophilic material,
      an intra-alveolar transudate containing macrophages and very few neutrophilic
      granulocytes, dilated capillary tubes, stasis and edema, thickened alveolar
      septae and peri-alveolar or diffuse fibrosis. The chest X-rays showed no specific
      features, and the infection had been subclinical in all cases; the only evidence
      of Pc infection was the demonstration of pneumocysts in imprints of lung
      specimens stained with toluidine blue in combination with observations during
      pathology. The diagnosis depends to a great extent upon a keen alertness in
      addition to the information given in the clinical record.

PMID- 2282206
TI  - Expression of muscle-specific actins and myosin in light microscopically
      undifferentiated small and dark cell malignancies of soft tissues.
AB  - Eighteen light microscopically undifferentiated small and dark cell malignancies,
      previously studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically in terms of
      desmin, vimentin and myoglobin expression, were analyzed using mono- and
      polyclonal antibodies to muscle-specific isoforms of myosin and actin. For
      comparison, 10 characteristic rhabdomyosarcomas, 5 alveolar and 5 embryonal, were
      included in the study. A polyclonal antibody to skeletal myosin produced an
      indistinct staining in all the alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. The
      staining was most prominent in well-differentiated rhabdomyoblastic tumor cells.
      In the analysis of the small and dark cell malignancies, this antibody produced a
      weak and indistinct positivity which can not be interpreted with certainty as an
      expression of muscle-specific properties. An antibody directed at the alpha and
      gamma isoforms of actin, which are present in smooth and striated muscle,
      produced a distinct positive staining in all the alveolar and embryonal
      rhabdomyosarcomas and in 8/18 small and dark cell malignancies, 7 of which were
      also shown to express desmin. An antibody directed at the alfa-smooth muscle
      isoform of actin did not produce any positive staining in any of the tumors. The
      present study indicates that both muscle-specific actin and desmin can be
      expressed in tumors lacking ultrastructural evidence of a rhabdomyoblastic
      differentiation and that the combined use of monoclonal antibodies to desmin and
      muscle-specific actin is of value when it comes to recognizing rhabdomyosarcomas
      within the group of undifferentiated small and dark cell malignancies of soft
      tissue tumors.

PMID- 2282207
TI  - Magnesium supplement in pregnancy-induced hypertension. A clinicopathological
      study.
AB  - The placenta and the umbilical cord obtained from 18 women with pregnancy-induced
      hypertension were investigated by light microscopy. The umbilical artery was
      studied by electron microscopy. 10 placentae and umbilical cords from normal
      pregnancies served as controls. The study was performed as a double-blind
      randomized controlled study in which 11 women were allocated to magnesium and 7
      to placebo treatment. The treatment comprised a 48-hour intravenous
      magnesium/placebo infusion followed by daily oral magnesium/placebo intake until
      one day after delivery. Magnesium supplement increased birth weight and placental
      weight significantly. Light microscopic study of the placentae and the umbilical
      cord arteries showed no difference between the three groups concerning the
      occurrence of infarctions, cytotrophoblastic hyperplasia, vasculo-syncytial
      membranes, basement membrane thickening, stromal fibrosis or intervillous fibrin.
      Ultrastructurally, the endothelial cells of the umbilical arteries from women
      with pregnancy-induced hypertension showed a significant increase in the amount
      of dilated endoplasmic reticulum and basal laminae thickness when all 18 cases
      were compared with the controls. There was no significant difference when the
      magnesium group, the placebo group and the control group were compared
      separately. The present study suggests that magnesium supplement has a beneficial
      effect on fetal growth in pregnancy-induced hypertension. With regard to the
      light and electron microscopic changes we were unable to demonstrate any
      significant difference between the magnesium, placebo and control groups.

PMID- 2282209
TI  - Ultrastructure of medullary tubules in ischemic acute tubular necrosis and acute
      interstitial nephritis in man.
AB  - Medullary tubules in renal biopsies from twelve patients suffering from ischemic
      acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and nine patients with allergic, drug-induced acute
      interstitial nephritis (AIN) were investigated by electron microscopy using
      quantitative and semiquantitative methods. For comparison, 12 biopsies from
      patients without renal disease or with minimal change nephropathy were studied.
      The mean scores for reduction of brush border and basolateral infoldings of the
      cell surface were significantly increased in the straight part of the proximal
      tubule and the thick ascending loop of Henle (straight part of the distal tubule)
      compared with medullary controls, and these changes were significantly greater
      than the scores for the corresponding convoluted tubules in the cortex. The
      numbers of missing tubular epithelial cells (indicating sites of cellular
      desquamation) were significantly increased in the thick ascending loop of Henle
      in ATN as well as in AIN and in the straight proximal tubule in ATN. This single
      cell lesion also occurred in the collecting duct. These findings are discussed in
      the light of recent experimental data indicating the importance of medullary
      tubules for the pathogenesis of ATN.

PMID- 2282208
TI  - Collagen distribution in developing experimentally induced granulation tissue. A
      morphometric study.
AB  - Viscose cellulose sponges were implanted subcutaneously on the back of full-grown
      Sprague-Dawley rats. Seven, 14, 21, 28, 42, 60 and 90 days after implantation,
      groups of 12 animals decapitated and the sponges were removed and processed for
      light microscopy. Five microns sections were stained with Picro-Sirius Red.
      Morphometry was performed on the zone of ingrowth and the collagen. The
      intersectional variation in the morphometrically determined collagen density
      within the sponges was below 20%. The hydroxyproline content was determined
      biochemically in 5 microns sections of sponges implanted for 14, 42, 60 and 90
      days. A positive correlation (rho = 0.79, p less than 0.0001) was observed
      between the biochemically and morphometrically determined collagen contents. The
      morphometric determinations showed a steady increase in the granulation tissue
      ingrowth. At day 60 the ingrowth was complete. There was an increasing collagen
      density from days 7 and 14 through days 21 and 28, followed by a nearly steady
      state up to day 90 and a significantly higher collagen density peripherally than
      centrally in the day 42 sponges. The study has shown that morphometric collagen
      determination at light microscopical level using Sirius Red-stained sections may
      add quantitative data describing the dynamic changes in collagen content and
      distribution within developing granulation tissue.

PMID- 2282210
TI  - Auditory brain-stem responses in guinea pigs following middle ear implantation of
      Ceravital.
AB  - The effects on auditory function caused by implantation of the bioactive glass
      ceramic Ceravital in the middle ear of guinea pigs was investigated. Auditory
      brain-stem responses (ABR) were used to measure hearing function. A threshold
      shift due to a conductive hearing loss was observed immediately post-operatively.
      This threshold shift increased towards the 20th post-operative day and improved
      thereafter. Surgical manipulation of the middle ear and biochemical reactions
      between the Ceravital granules and the middle ear wall may have contributed
      respectively to the immediate and late temporary ABR threshold shift recorded.
      However, cochlear function was not affected by middle ear implantation of
      Ceravital. These results correlate well with morphological studies of Ceravital
      implanted in the middle ear and give further support to the safe use of Ceravital
      as an implantation material in middle ear reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 2282211
TI  - A new model for photochemically induced thrombosis in the inner ear
      microcirculation and the use of hearing loss as a measure for microcirculatory
      disorders.
AB  - A new photochemical method was employed to cause disorders in the inner ear's
      microcirculation, using the rat as an animal model. Hearing loss was used as a
      measure for establishing the altered microcirculation. Under pentobarbital
      anesthesia, the middle ear was opened by a ventral approach. The lateral wall of
      the cochlea was then illuminated with a filtered xenon lamp (wavelength 540 nm)
      while rose bengal was infused intravenously. Photoactivated rose bengal produces
      oxygen radicals and oxygen singlets, which subsequently damage the vascular
      epithelium to cause the adhesion and aggregation of platelets in the small
      vessels. Disintegration of the inner ear hair cells at the irradiated site became
      evident 24 h after the illumination. These findings further suggest that the
      photochemical occlusion in the inner ear's microcirculation led to ischemic
      damage of the stria vascularis and the hair cells in the inner ear. When the
      action potential (AP) of the cochlea was measured with an electrocochleogram a
      gradual decrease occurred after the illumination. When acetylsalicylic acid was
      injected intravenously before treatment, the time required to completely suppress
      the AP was prolonged in a dose-dependent manner. Findings indicate that our
      method causes a photochemically induced occlusion in the inner ear's
      microcirculation and is therefore potentially useful for evaluating the various
      effects of drugs on the ear.

PMID- 2282212
TI  - Characteristic differences in the lipid composition of middle ear effusions in
      adult and pediatric patients: phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine
      levels.
AB  - Middle ear effusions (MEEs) from adult patients with otitis media with effusion
      are usually serous in nature, but those from pediatric patients younger than 8
      years old are frequently mucous in consistency. MEEs contain substances secreted
      by the epithelial cells of the middle ear and eustachian tube to regulate surface
      tensions as well as those produced as the result of inflammation. Since the
      biochemical bases of serous and mucous MEEs have not been clearly established, we
      analyzed all lipid components of MEEs from seven children and seven adults by
      thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography, and also compared them with those from
      sera. Although no significant difference in the lipid composition was observed
      between adult and pediatric sera, the relative concentration of
      phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the pediatric MEEs was 26.5%, while that in the
      adult MEEs was 9.2% and was significantly different. A similar high concentration
      of phosphatidylserine (PS) was also observed in the pediatric MEE. Since
      phospholipids are major components of surfactants secreted from the epithelial
      cells of the middle ear, significantly high concentrations of both PE and PS as
      charged phospholipids may be responsible in part for the mucoid characteristics
      seen in pediatric MEEs.

PMID- 2282214
TI  - Ciliary beat frequency and the nasal cycle.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the ciliary beat frequency
      (CBF) is influenced by the nasal cycle. Nasal patency was assessed by active
      anterior rhinomanometry and immediately followed by measuring CBF in biopsies
      taken from the posterior aspect of the inferior turbinates in 22 healthy
      volunteers. CBF was determined in three different cells of each biopsy by means
      of a phase-contrast microscope and a photo-electrical cell. The signal was
      analyzed by a computed power spectrum. The frequency and its shift were
      calculated for a period of 20 s. The results were as follows: (1) no correlation
      was found between CBF and nasal patency; (2) CBF in one cell is constant to a
      high degree; (3) CBF of different cells in the same biopsy specimen varies
      considerably.

PMID- 2282213
TI  - Uptake of horseradish peroxidase by the middle ear mucosa in experimentally
      induced otitis media.
AB  - Electron microscopy was used to study the characteristics of uptake of the
      protein tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), by the middle ear mucosa of
      chinchillas. Two types of experimental otitis media were used: serous otitis
      media (SOM) produced by eustachian tube obstruction and purulent otitis media
      (POM) produced by inoculation of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 7F. HRP was placed
      in each tympanic bulla for either 1 min or 10 min. In the 1-min installation of
      HRP, the degree of HRP uptake was higher in SOM and POM animals than in control
      animals. Following the 10-min installation of HRP, the degree of HRP uptake was
      higher in SOM and POM animals than in control animals. Following the 10-min
      installation of HRP, the degree of tracer uptake was almost the same as among the
      control, SOM and POM animals. The mechanism of uptake was pinocytosis. In another
      experiment, 5-hydroxydopamine (mol. wt. 256) was used as a small tracer placed
      into the bulla to examine the permeability of epithelial tight junctions. No
      labelling of reaction product was observed in the tight junctions of the control,
      SOM or POM animals. These findings suggest that otitis media increases the uptake
      of HRP by pinocytosis and that epithelial tight junctions remain intact in
      inflammation of the middle ear cavity.

PMID- 2282215
TI  - Sequential analysis of serum proteins in middle ear effusions. A study in rats
      with experimentally induced serous and purulent otitis media.
AB  - Two otomicroscopically well-defined types of otitis media (OM)--one culture
      negative serous (SOM) and the other purulent (POM)--were induced in rats by
      mechanically obstructing the eustachian tube or by splitting the soft palate.
      Samples of middle ear effusions (MEE) produced and sera were characterized
      electrophoretically and immunochemically at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks after inducing
      middle ear fluid. The levels of albumin, transferrin, IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgM, IgA,
      and secretory IgA (S-IgA) were determined. All proteins increased 3- to 10-fold
      in the MEE of the SOM group, whereas the concentrations in the POM group were
      low. Concentrations of some of the MEE proteins were seen to increase during the
      course of SOM, while concentrations in the POM group appeared to diminish. The
      protein content of the MEE in SOM and POM changed dynamically during the
      observation period. These alterations differed between the two types of OM,
      reflecting the differing mechanisms that produce the MEE content. These findings
      indicate that sequential characterization of effusion material in animal OM
      models may elicit information which might allow staging of this complex disease
      clinically.

PMID- 2282216
TI  - The influence of caloric stimulation on the otolith organs in the cat.
AB  - The influence of caloric stimulation on the otolith organs was investigated in
      cats by recording the firing rate of the single vestibular nerve fiber
      originating from each otolith organ. Sixty-six percent of the vestibular nerve
      fibers originating from the otolith organs responded to the caloric stimulation.
      The caloric nystagmus occurred not only by the activities of the semicircular
      canal system but also by those of the otolith system.

PMID- 2282218
TI  - A comparison of the reduction in the K+ activity of the scala media produced by
      furosemide and ouabain.
AB  - The endocochlear potential (EP) and the K+ activity in the scala media of the
      guinea pig were recorded by means of K(+)-sensitive, double-barrelled
      microelectrodes in the second turn of the cochlea. EP and K+ change were recorded
      during the perilymphatic perfusion of furosemide and ouabain. Furosemide produced
      less of a decrease than ouabain in the K+ activity relative to the EP decrease.
      These results suggest that furosemide reduces the EP via different mechanisms
      from the inhibition of the K+ secretion potential.

PMID- 2282217
TI  - Histopathology of the tensor tympani muscle in otitis media.
AB  - Involvement of the tensor tympani muscle (TTM) and tendon in otitis media have
      been suggested both clinically and experimentally. Extensive postmortem
      histopathological studies of the human TTM in cases with known otitis media have
      not been done. One-hundred-five human temporal bones with and without otitis
      media were evaluated using light microscopy to determine the pathological changes
      of the TTM and tendon. Fatty cell infiltration and degenerative changes of the
      muscle fibers were observed in non-otitis and otitis media groups, but were
      greater in those cases with otitis media. Inflammatory cell infiltration and
      fibroblastic reactions occurred more often in chronic and purulent otitis media,
      and hypercontracted fibers were more frequent in serous and chronic otitis media.
      This study indicates that the human TTM and tendon are pathologically involved in
      the inflammatory process of otitis media.

PMID- 2282219
TI  - Two-stage repair of extensive subglottic tracheal stenosis.
AB  - The authors describe an open technique that has been used over the past 25 years
      to reconstruct the subglottic tracheal region in two stages after extensive
      laryngotracheal stenosis. After submucosal resection of fibrous tissue and
      reconstruction of the subglottic and tracheal skeleton by means of two autologous
      osseous grafts, a large laryngotracheostomy is created during the initial stage.
      Some weeks later, in the second stage, the anterior wall is closed, using two
      cervical hinge-door flaps. Ten patients have undergone this procedure, with a
      minimum follow-up of 3 years. All of the patients were decannulated upon
      completion of the treatment without recurrence of stenosis during the follow-up
      period.

PMID- 2282221
TI  - Surgical reneurotization of the tongue after unilateral paralysis of the
      hypoglossal nerve.
AB  - Hemiglossal paralysis due to lesions of the peripheral hypoglossal nerve leads to
      marked muscle atrophy with disturbed functioning in a minority of cases.
      Reinnervation from the unparalyzed, contralateral side may then be desired. In
      animal experiments on cats, a Z-plasty of the midportion of the tongue was
      carried out by transposing a portion of the normal tongue musculature into the
      opposite side following denervation 1 month previously by resection of the
      hypoglossal nerve. Electromyography was performed 13 months later. The tongue was
      then examined histochemically in serial sections in search of the motor endplates
      together with the nerves fibers. However, there was no evidence for reinnervation
      in the specimens examined. Signs of successful "reanimation" of the tongue by Z
      plasty may be caused by mechanical synkinesia due to scar formation rather than
      by actual reneurotization.

PMID- 2282220
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of the clinically used local anesthetics lidocaine,
      lidocaine-prilocaine and phenol on the rat's inner ear.
AB  - Local anesthetics, even if applied to the outer ear canal, may still enter the
      middle ear, running the risk of penetrating the round window. To elucidate the
      effect of certain topical anesthetics on the inner ear, the round window niche in
      the laboratory rat's middle ear was exposed separately to lidocaine, lidocaine
      prilocaine and phenol. Auditory brain-stem responses (ABR) were recorded at 2, 4,
      6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 31.5 kHz before the application, and 24 h, 3 weeks, 2
      months and 6 months after exposure. After terminating the 6-month ABR
      measurements, the animal were sacrificed and the temporal bones fixed and
      decalcified for light microscopic analysis. All three drugs affected the ABR
      thresholds and the cochlear morphology with a pattern characteristic for each
      drug. At 24 h, all three substances caused severe impairment of ABR thresholds,
      followed by a period of restitution lasting up to 2 months. Even 6 months after
      exposure, the ABR thresholds at and above 12 kHz were impaired, as compared with
      the pretreatment level, for all substances tested. In the lower frequencies the
      original ABR threshold was reached in the order: (1) lidocaine, (2) lidocaine
      prilocaine, (3) phenol. The cochlear structures were unaffected by lidocaine,
      whereas lidocaine-prilocaine and phenol caused morphological damage which was
      most pronounced after exposure to phenol. The heterogeneity of the changes in the
      ABR thresholds suggests differences in the mechanism of action of each type of
      local anesthetic investigated. The effects following lidocaine were transient.
      However, clinicians must be aware of the ototoxic potential of both lidocaine and
      phenol.

PMID- 2282222
TI  - Origin of the endolymphatic DC potential in the cochlea and ampulla of the guinea
      pig.
AB  - In order to determine the origin of the endolymphatic DC potential, potentials in
      the cochlea (CEP) and ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal (AEP) were
      recorded simultaneously in normal control guinea pigs and guinea pigs treated
      with aminoglycoside antibiotics. There were no significant differences in the
      resting levels of the CEP and AEP between the two groups. In the normal control
      guinea pigs, the endolymphatic potential of each animal decreased differently
      during anoxia and after an injection of furosemide. In kanamycin-treated guinea
      pigs whose cochlear hair cells were damaged, the CEP response to 150s of anoxia
      was quite different from that of the control animals: it decreased more slowly
      and did not reach a zero level. In contrast, the AEP had a normal response to
      anoxia. In streptomycin-treated guinea pigs with damage to the ampullary hair
      cells, the situation was reversed: the AEP responded normally while the CEP
      responded abnormally. These findings indicate that the AEP is most likely
      independent of the CEP and is generated within the ampulla. They also indicate
      that sensory epithelial in the cochlea and ampulla play an important role in the
      maintenance of the CEP and AEP, respectively.

PMID- 2282223
TI  - Consensus on prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer: implications for
      general practice.

PMID- 2282224
TI  - Market forces and USA health care: success or failure?

PMID- 2282225
TI  - Development of a questionnaire to assess patients' satisfaction with
      consultations in general practice.
AB  - The assessment of patient satisfaction has become an important concern in the
      evaluation of health services. Measures of satisfaction must be valid and
      reliable if they are to be used widely. This paper reports the development of a
      new questionnaire to assess patients' satisfaction with consultations together
      with initial tests of the questionnaire's reliability and validity. Principal
      components analysis of the patients' assessments of care revealed three factors
      of satisfaction: the professional aspects of the consultation, the depth of the
      patient's relationship with the doctor, and the perceived length of the
      consultation. The consultation satisfaction questionnaire is reliable under the
      conditions of this study and may have a role in research, medical education and
      audit.

PMID- 2282226
TI  - A survey of doctorates by thesis among general practitioners in the British Isles
      from 1973 to 1988.
AB  - Doctors who were general practitioners in the period 1973-88 and had written a
      successful MD or PhD thesis were identified. Of 96 doctorates, 64 were MDs and 32
      PhDs. Fourteen doctors had obtained their MD before becoming general
      practitioners and the remaining 50 after becoming general practitioners. Twenty
      of the 64 doctors were full time or part time members of a university department
      of general practice; six of these were professors. In this 16 year study the mean
      annual number of MDs written by doctors while in general practice was three,
      compared with five in the previous 15 years. Of the PhDs, 11 were obtained before
      starting a medical course, six during the pre-clinical period, three after
      qualifying but before entry into general practice and 12 after entry into general
      practice. Ninety two per cent of the 50 doctors who obtained their MDs while in
      general practice and 84% of all the doctors with MDs continued to do research
      afterwards. Further research was carried out by 81% of doctors with a PhD. The
      best way of producing good researchers in general practice is to encourage
      doctors to accept the challenge of writing a PhD or an MD thesis. This study has
      shown that writing such a thesis encourages rather than discourages a doctor to
      undertake further research.

PMID- 2282227
TI  - Observations on the influenza epidemic of November/December 1989.
AB  - This paper reports on the surveillance of influenza by the weekly returns service
      of the Royal College of General Practitioners during the epidemic of
      November/December 1989. An epidemic of influenza became evident in mid-November
      and incidence peaked in the week beginning 6 December. The increase in incidence
      of influenza-like illness and of aggregated data for all respiratory disease to
      above the levels for non-epidemic years occurred one week before that attributed
      to influenza. The pattern of incidence was similar in the three geographic
      regions of England and Wales. The peak was first achieved in the age group 5-14
      years and last in age 65+ years. The pattern of deaths from all causes closely
      followed the pattern of respiratory disease with an interval of between one and
      two weeks. During the period 15 November to the end of the year there were
      approximately twice as many people reporting respiratory disease than was usual
      for this time of year. The peak weekly incidence was the highest recorded for 12
      years but it was substantially less than the peaks for the winters of 1969/70,
      1972/73 and 1975/76. Further research is in progress to establish the most
      effective means of monitoring influenza epidemics.

PMID- 2282228
TI  - Medical and social aspects of sexual assault of males: a survey of 100 victims.
AB  - Sexual assault of males is an infrequently reported and a poorly understood
      phenomenon. Details of 100 victims who sought assistance from a nationwide agency
      set up specifically to provide help for such individuals are reported here.
      Twenty eight victims were aged 16 years or over at the time of assault. The
      assailants were known by 72 of the victims and were perceived by the victim to
      have a heterosexual orientation in 72% of these cases. Attacks were often
      multiple and in 33 cases involved disruption of skin or mucous membranes. Twenty
      victims received threats about the possibility of transmission of the human
      immunodeficiency virus and 17 victims sought medical advice following the
      assault, most commonly from their general practitioner. It is suggested that
      greater opportunities for medical and psychological support should be given to
      male victims of sexual assault.

PMID- 2282230
TI  - Trainee assessment--a regional survey.
AB  - A postal questionnaire was sent to all 140 trainers in the west of Scotland
      region and to the 102 trainees who had completed their training three months
      prior to the survey. The aim of the study was to identify the types of trainee
      assessment in use, the proportion of trainers using the various methods, the
      attitudes of trainers and trainees to the assessment methods employed, and their
      views on a regional assessment programme. Response rates of 89% for trainers and
      71% for trainees were obtained. Almost all respondents reported the use of some
      from of assessment. The mean number of assessment types reported by trainees was
      3.7 and by trainers 5.2. The most commonly used method was videotaping of trainee
      consultations, used by 76% of respondents, and the least common the use of hard
      data, for example prescribing statistics or referral rates. Videotaping was also
      rated the most useful method by both groups. Those with experience of the
      assessment methods gave them a higher score for usefulness than those without
      such experience. Approximately half of the respondents favoured a regional
      protocol for assessment. This study has shown that if trainers and trainees can
      be encouraged to use assessment methods they will find them helpful. However,
      universal assessment will only become a reality when it becomes a requirement for
      accreditation as a trainer.

PMID- 2282229
TI  - An audit of inhaler technique among asthma patients of 34 general practitioners.
AB  - Doctors from 34 practices participated in an audit study which examined inhaler
      technique in up to 20 of their patients. A new scoring system, applicable to all
      forms of device, was used. Although the majority of the 422 patients (63%) was
      using metered dose inhalers, a broad range of other devices was included; most
      frequently Rotahalers (15%) and spacer devices (9%). For analysis, technique
      scores were rated as 'good' (score 4 out of 4), 'adequate' (score 3 or 4) and
      'inadequate' (score 2 or less). Overall, 25% of patients had inadequate
      technique. Of all devices, the Turbohaler had the highest proportion of patients
      with good technique (78%), and metered dose inhalers the lowest (45%). This audit
      confirms that technique is unsatisfactory for a significant proportion of
      patients, regardless of the device used. A simple scoring system promotes
      consistent testing of technique within a practice.

PMID- 2282231
TI  - Continuing education for general practice and the role of the pharmaceutical
      industry.
AB  - A survey of the involvement in and attitudes towards continuing medical education
      of 101 general practitioners achieved a 95% response rate. Ninety per cent of the
      96 doctors worked in practices which held meetings the content of which was
      organized by representatives of pharmaceutical companies but only 46% worked in
      practices which organized their own educational meetings. Seventy six per cent
      attended meetings away from their practice which were organized by drug companies
      and 75% had attended at some time continuing medical education activities
      organized by a local postgraduate centre. The promotional aspects of the drug
      company organized meetings were disliked by a majority of respondents (58%); more
      of the trainers (62%) and more of those who had entered general practice within
      the last seven years (71%) disliked this aspect. Nonetheless the educational
      content of both meetings held in the practice and those held elsewhere was the
      aspect most liked by over half of the respondents (59% and 53% respectively).
      Only 16% of all respondents thought that visits by representatives from
      pharmaceutical companies were educationally valuable and 37% thought that
      educational events organized by these companies were of value. Surprisingly 60%
      of those who worked in practices which held meetings organized by drug company
      representatives thought them to be of little or no educational value. There is
      clearly a need for practice based continuing medical education but the current
      level of dependence on drug companies for organizing these meetings must be
      questioned. Alternative strategies for the provision of independent non-sponsored
      educational activities should be sought.

PMID- 2282232
TI  - Geriatric screening in a rural practice: the financial implications.
AB  - A random 10% sample of patients aged 65 years and over in a large rural practice
      were screened by a member of the primary health care team. Five 'at risk'
      categories were chosen: lives alone, unable to prepare own food, no telephone,
      death of partner in last two years and discharged from hospital in last two
      months. The aim was to identify those at risk and those who had unmet needs for
      services and to see if the at risk criteria were valid indicators of unmet need.
      The cost of the screening itself and the cost of the services and aids were
      calculated. Thirty nine per cent of those aged 65 years old and over had one or
      more of the risk factors. The cost of screening all people in our practice aged
      65 years and over who were living independently was estimated at 16,600 pounds
      and this screening revealed the estimated cost of additional needs to be 45,151
      pounds per annum. The cost of screening the elderly could be reduced by first
      restricting it to those aged 75 years and over, the group with greatest need, and
      secondly by using opportunistic screening, since 87% of all those aged 85 years
      and over and 71% of the 75-84 year olds are seen annually by the primary health
      care team for other reasons. This could reduce the cost of screening all those
      aged 75 years and over in our practice from 7560 pounds to 1925 pounds. Contact
      is not synonymous with screening and a conscious effort to ask the salient
      questions is required in order to discover the unmet needs.

PMID- 2282233
TI  - Injuries sustained by recipients of 'roly-poly kissograms'.

PMID- 2282234
TI  - Ecchymosis hominis circulare: a rare phenomenon?

PMID- 2282235
TI  - Wart charming practices among patients attending wart clinics.

PMID- 2282236
TI  - Cost considerations in otorrhoea treatment.

PMID- 2282237
TI  - The role of the medical adviser at the FHSA.

PMID- 2282238
TI  - Burst sheaths.

PMID- 2282239
TI  - Research for all in general practice.

PMID- 2282241
TI  - Value of personal intervention.

PMID- 2282240
TI  - Orchitis in chickenpox.

PMID- 2282242
TI  - More dentists wearing skirts.

PMID- 2282243
TI  - Perio/prosthetic management utilizing a fixed-removable telescopic prosthesis.

PMID- 2282244
TI  - Provisional restoration for abutment of an existing removable partial denture.
AB  - The abutment of an existing removable partial denture may require a crown
      restoration. Fabrication of a provisional restoration to fit the existing clasp
      assembly requires special consideration. This article presents a simple technique
      for fabrication of such provisional restorations. An alginate impression is made
      of the arch with the removable partial denture in place. The abutment tooth is
      then prepared, providing adequate clearance between the clasp assembly and the
      tooth preparation. Cold curing acrylic resin of proper shade is mixed and poured
      in the impression of the abutment tooth. The impression is then seated in the
      mouth and removed before the acrylic resin is completely polymerized. The
      provisional restoration is then separated from the partial denture, finished and
      polished.

PMID- 2282245
TI  - Professionals don't always mind their own businesses.

PMID- 2282246
TI  - Avulsion: what do I do now?

PMID- 2282247
TI  - Miswak--toothbrushes that grow on trees.

PMID- 2282248
TI  - Molecular genetics of eukaryotic DNA excision repair.
AB  - DNA repair plays a key role in the prevention of carcinogenesis and mutagenesis.
      Defective DNA repair has been implicated in various human hereditary disorders
      that predispose affected individuals to cancer. This article reviews our current
      understanding of one of major DNA repair systems--the nucleotide excision repair
      pathway--with special emphasis on the novel findings that have emerged from
      molecular genetic analysis of yeast and cultured mammalian cells.

PMID- 2282249
TI  - The epidermal growth factor receptor as a target for therapy.

PMID- 2282251
TI  - Exposure of cells to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields: relationship
      to malignancy?

PMID- 2282250
TI  - Growth factors and oncogenes in prostate cancer.
AB  - Prostatic cancer is an increasing medical problem. Investigations of the biology
      of the prostate and the development of prostate cancer have shown that the
      prostate gland contains high levels of polypeptide growth factors, especially
      members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor
      (TGF)-beta family. Activated oncogenes and elevated proto-oncogene activities
      including ras and myc have been detected in human prostate cancer tissues, but
      there is no consensus as to the predominant genetic alterations involved in the
      progression of this disease. In vivo animal models have shown that relevant
      growth factors and oncogenes can induce both premalignant and malignant changes
      in prostate tissue. Additional experimental and clinical studies are needed to
      present a clearer molecular profile of this important malignancy.

PMID- 2282252
TI  - Cellular immortalization--an essential step or merely a risk factor in DNA virus
      induced transformation?
AB  - Different activities of DNA viral gene products seem to be involved in the
      immortalization process, even in cases where continued presence of the viral
      genome does not seem to be required for the maintenance of the immortalized state
      of a cell. Immortalization, does not appear to represent a single event as
      implied earlier and several studies have shown that the process can be
      reversible. Polyomavirus large T antigen and HPV E7 (or E6 + E7) seem to possess
      all the activities required in vitro for immortalization of human cells, whereas
      one of the required activities--that defined in the two-step model as a rare
      mutagenic event which occurs during cellular crisis--is weaker in SV40 large T
      antigen and E1A. Viral functions that can activate PCNA expression (or repress
      Rb1 expression) have to be considered as pivotal activities in immortalization.
      Finally, the growth factor independence characterizing many immortalized cells
      could be a result of growth factor-like activities intrinsic to the viral
      proteins or could reflect their ability to induce autocrine growth mechanisms.
      These statements all relate to the first aspect of our initial hypothesis
      concerning cellular immortalization and in general substantiate it. Is
      immortalization an essential step in malignant transformation? There seems no a
      priori reason that transformation or tumorigenesis should depend upon cellular
      immortalization. Notably, many tumors appear to be mortal in culture. Growth
      factor independence or activation of DNA replication--essential features of
      immortalization--are probably of little importance for tumors in vivo where a
      crucial environment is supplied by the surrounding cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282253
TI  - New developments in transrectal sonography of the prostate.

PMID- 2282255
TI  - Contrast nephropathy.

PMID- 2282254
TI  - Ultrasonography for renal vascular diseases.

PMID- 2282256
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of renal masses.

PMID- 2282257
TI  - Myocardial perfusion imaging.

PMID- 2282258
TI  - Bone imaging and its role in metastatic disease.

PMID- 2282259
TI  - Radionuclide imaging in suspected bone and joint infection.

PMID- 2282260
TI  - Radionuclide studies of the liver and hepatobiliary system.

PMID- 2282261
TI  - Scintigraphic imaging of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands.

PMID- 2282262
TI  - Cerebral perfusion imaging.

PMID- 2282263
TI  - Imaging of the brain in children.

PMID- 2282264
TI  - Imaging of the spine in infants and children.

PMID- 2282265
TI  - Pediatric gastrointestinal imaging.

PMID- 2282266
TI  - Pediatric chest imaging.

PMID- 2282268
TI  - Pediatric genitourinary imaging.

PMID- 2282267
TI  - Removal of foreign bodies from the upper gastrointestinal tract of children.

PMID- 2282270
TI  - Nuclear medicine.

PMID- 2282269
TI  - Genitourinary system.

PMID- 2282271
TI  - Pediatrics.

PMID- 2282272
TI  - [Immediate reconstructive approach in neoplastic pathology and "high risk" of the
      breast].
AB  - One of the most important aims in oncology should be the quality of life, even in
      the cases of limited life expectancy. With this objective, the Authors report
      their experience of immediate breast reconstruction after surgical treatment for
      neoplasms and "high risk" lesions. In 76 cases they analyzed aesthetic results
      and morbidity. In immediate reconstruction after Patey mastectomies, the tissue
      expanders offered good cosmetic results with an acceptable complication rate in
      comparison with more complex methods as myocutaneous flaps. These flaps represent
      the alternative in selected cases of Halsted mastectomies, where the mutilation
      is not acceptable to the patient. In "high risk" lesions surgical approach,
      namely subcutaneous mastectomy, may be proposed in selected cases only. The
      Authors emphasize that subcutaneous mastectomy with an immediate submuscular
      reconstruction offer good aesthetic results especially in small size breasts with
      mild ptosis. The capsular contracture is however significant in 25% of the
      patients treated with these techniques.

PMID- 2282273
TI  - [Surgical treatment of stomach cancer: case series].

PMID- 2282274
TI  - [Treatment of hemorrhagic syndrome caused by peritoneovenous shunt with a flow
      regulation device].
AB  - A case of severe coagulopathy after peritoneovenous shunting for intractable
      ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in a cirrhotic patient is reported. It was
      controlled and solved without removal of the shunt, using a vascular tourniquet
      which allowed a regulation of the ascitic flow. The method seems susceptible of
      improvement and could be routinely used in risk patients.

PMID- 2282275
TI  - [Spontaneous rupture of the stomach. Presentation of a case and review of the
      literature].
AB  - The spontaneous rupture of the stomach is a rare but fatal condition. A clinical
      case is reported and pathophysiologic features, clinical manifestations as well
      as treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2282276
TI  - [A rare case of giant leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine].
AB  - The authors report a case of leiomyosarcoma of the small bowel, pointing out its
      remarkable size and stressing the symptoms that are always unclear and late.
      Moreover, they outline the anatomo-pathological and clinical features of this
      rare neoplasm with relevant problems in terms of early and timely diagnosis.

PMID- 2282278
TI  - [Glypressin and emergency sclerotherapy, deferred emergency shunt (Warren,
      portacaval, mesocaval): new tactics in the treatment of severe hemorrhage by
      esophagogastric varices in cirrhotic patients].
AB  - Transplenic decompression of esophageal varices by distal splenorenal shunt
      according to Warren (DSRS) aims to a selective detention of the esophago-gastric
      varices, also assuring an adequate portal perfusion and hypertensive state of the
      porto-mesenteric district. The DSRS though, should and must not be performed in
      emergency as a high mortality rate is registered in all cases of emergency porto
      systemic derivations. A mortality risk is reported even during endoscopic
      sclerosis if performed in emergency compared to the elective procedure. The scope
      of our study was to test the validity of a new approach of the hemorrhagic
      cirrhotic patient: the end point was to stop the bleeding with Glypressin and
      deferred sclerotherapy, associating a selective shunt at 40-60 days. Out of 32
      patients with esophago-gastric variceal bleeding, 8 were selected also for
      derivative surgery. Results show Glypressin as the first and best therapeutic
      approach. The drug in many cases stops bleeding or at least reduces the blood
      loss allowing an easier endoscopic sclerosis. Further sclerosis and/or surgical
      therapy may assure variceal eradication.

PMID- 2282277
TI  - [Papillary carcinoma in thyroglossal duct cyst remnant: review of the literature
      and presentation of a clinical case].
AB  - The authors report a case of papillary carcinoma arising from thyroglossal duct
      remnant. It was the only case observed in the last 20 years among 9000
      thyroidectomies performed. After a survey of Literature, the role of total
      thyroidectomy combined to Sistrunk's technique is underlined.

PMID- 2282279
TI  - [Role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast].
AB  - Breast ultrasonography is today a diagnostic technique whose results are either
      under or overestimated by different Authors. In this paper the Authors report
      their experience with ultrasound for the diagnosis of breast cancer. In 214
      patients with palpable breast nodule ultrasonography employed as the only
      diagnostic technique allowed the diagnosis of breast cancer in 89.7% (61/68
      patients), and in particular in 82.4% of T1 in 96.9% of T2 and in 100% of T3
      tumors. From these data it can be resumed that breast ultrasonography reaches a
      good diagnostic reliability. Unfortunately the limits in defining malignancy of
      solid appearing mass don't allow its routine use as the gold standard for breast
      cancer diagnosis. We believe indeed that ultrasonography has an important role as
      an integrative diagnostic method among those commonly used in this field.

PMID- 2282280
TI  - [Interference of clindamycin in skin infection in rabbits caused by suture
      threads infected with slime-producing S. epidermidis].
AB  - The authors have carried out an experimental study to evaluate the interference
      of sub-inhibitory concentrations of clindamycin on the adherence of slime
      producing S. epidermidis to surgical nets and its ability to infect rabbits. 80
      rabbits divided into 4 groups, (A, B, C, and D), underwent sham operation of the
      abdominal zone and were sewn up with sterile nets, infected nets and sub MIC of
      clindamycin equal to 1/8 MIC, respectively. The results obtained stressed a
      different survival rate 12 days after operation: 95% in group A, 35% in group B;
      100% in group C and 95% in group D. This data were confirmed by the results
      obtained using MES (Cambridge Stereosecan 150 KM2). From our research an
      excellent clindamycin inhibitory activity on the pathogenicity of slime producing
      staphylococci emerged.

PMID- 2282281
TI  - Toxin production by Alternaria alternata in tomatoes and apples stored under
      various conditions and quantitation of the toxins by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - Alternaria alternata strain 8442-3 was inoculated into tomatoes (Lycopersicon
      esculentum Mill.) and Red Delicious cultivar apples (Malus domestica Borkh.).
      Half of the lots of each fruit were shrink-wrapped in high-density polyethylene
      film. Wrapped and unwrapped fruits were incubated under darkness at 4, 15 and 25
      degrees C for up to 5 weeks. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was
      developed to quantitate tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol
      methyl ether (AME), and altenuene (ALT). Shrink-wrapping retarded, but did not
      completely inhibit growth in tomatoes for 3-7 days. Concentrations of up to 120.6
      mg of AOH and 63.7 mg of AME per 100 g of tissue were produced in unwrapped
      tomatoes stored at 15 degrees C for 4 weeks; 19.0 mg of ALT per 100 g of tomato
      tissue was produced after 3 weeks at 25 degrees C. AOH, AME and ALT were also
      produced in unwrapped tomatoes stored at 4 degrees C; however, no TeA was
      detected in decayed tomatoes, regardless of type of wrapping or storage
      temperature. Shrink-wrapping resulted in decreased production of AOH, AME, and
      ALT. Alternaria toxins were not detected in apples stored at 4 and 15 degrees C.
      The highest concentration of AOH produced (48.8 mg per 100 g of tissue) was in
      unwrapped apples stored at 25 degrees C for 2 weeks; 12.3 mg per 100 g of tissue
      of shrink-wrapped apples was detected after 5 weeks of storage at 25 degrees C,
      while ALT reached 5.7 mg per 100 g after 4 weeks. TeA was not detected in apples
      infected with A. alternata.

PMID- 2282282
TI  - Use of polymyxin-coated polyester cloth in the enzyme immunoassay of Salmonella
      lipopolysaccharide antigens.
AB  - Polyester cloth coated with polymyxin B was used to capture Salmonella
      typhimurium lipopolysaccharide antigens which were then quantitatively or
      qualitatively assayed using a specific antibody-peroxidase conjugate. This
      simple, rapid method can be used to assay a large number of samples by employing
      a large sheet of the polymyxin-coated cloth onto which multiple samples can be
      blotted. The method is reproducible and economical, since polymyxin B is
      relatively inexpensive, stable and available in pure form.

PMID- 2282283
TI  - Evaluation of the API ATB 32C system for the rapid identification of foodborne
      yeasts.
AB  - The commercial API ATB 32C identification kit was compared with a standard method
      for identifying 11 reference strains and 53 yeast strains isolated from fermented
      milk products. Approx. 50% of the species considered in the API ATB 32C database
      were identified on a level of good, very good, and excellent identification. The
      numerical profile of 25 strains was not found in the API ATB 32C index. Low
      discrimination or misidentification was observed in seven strains. The low
      reliability of the API ATB 32C system may be ascribed to the incomplete nature of
      the profile index. A majority (91%) of the strains, however, were identified
      correctly by the API ATB 32C strip test results in combination with the
      commercial computer program of Barnett et al. (1985). This combined procedure
      offers the possibility to identify any out of 497 species considered by Barnett
      et al. (1985).

PMID- 2282284
TI  - Bacterial spore injury during extrusion cooking of corn/soybean mixtures.
AB  - This study examined the potential for injury of Bacillus globigii (Bacillus
      subtilis var. niger, strain ATCC9372) spores during extrusion cooking of a
      corn/soybean (70/30%, w/v) mixture. The barrel temperature in zone 1 was kept
      constant at 80 degrees C while it was varied from 100 to 120 and 140 degrees C in
      zone 2. Recovery and enumeration of spores surviving the extrusion cooking
      process were conducted with five culture media ranging from minimal to rich in
      nutrient composition. Numbers of spores counted with a minimal culture medium
      after extrusion at the low temperature were lower compared to recovery with more
      complete media. All culture media, including minimal and richer, were equally
      effective in recovering untreated spores. At the higher extrusion temperatures
      all media were equally effective in recovering the small numbers of viable
      spores. The results indicated that the spores of the organism may be injured at
      lower extrusion temperatures.

PMID- 2282285
TI  - The use of DNA probes for confirming enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus
      aureus and micrococci.
AB  - DNA-DNA colony hybridization was employed to evaluate the results obtained by
      different immunological methods for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin.
      Staphylococcus aureus strains tested for staphylococcal enterotoxin production by
      immuno-assays and micrococci not previously tested for staphylococcal enterotoxin
      production were examined for presence of the genes encoding for staphylococcal
      enterotoxin A, B, C and E by using three corresponding DNA probes. The
      staphylococcal enterotoxin A probe also detected staphylococcal enterotoxin E
      gene because of 100% homology. The optimal sensitivity plate method showed the
      best accordance between the immuno-assay and the hybridization reactions. The
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected 12.5 to 17% staphylococcal enterotoxin
      producers without hybridization reactions. The microslide gel double diffusion
      test and the reversed passive latex agglutination test showed rather poor
      accordance with the hybridization reactions. All 17 strains of different
      micrococci investigated were negative in hybridization with all three DNA probes.

PMID- 2282286
TI  - Predicting microbial growth: graphical methods for comparing models.
AB  - Some simple computer-based graphics were used to compare different models
      predicting microbial growth responses of salmonellae to three factors (pH, sodium
      chloride concentration and incubation temperature). Simple linear regression,
      contour and three-dimensional surface plots all revealed gross differences
      between the predicted growth parameters from different growth models. Regression
      and contour plots were found to be more sensitive to small differences in surface
      topography, but three-dimensional surface plots provided a good overview.

PMID- 2282287
TI  - The yeasts of cheese brines.
AB  - A total of 365 yeasts were isolated from the brines of soft, semihard and hard
      cheeses from different manufacturers. Identification was based on 131
      characteristics, primarily employing a method with microtitration plates. Most
      brines exhibited a characteristic yeast flora. The predominant strains proved to
      be mainly Debaryomyces hansenii and Candida versatilis. In a few brines
      Trichosporon beigelii, C. rugosa, C. intermedia, Kluyveromyces marxianus,
      Saccharomyces sp. and C. tenuis/polymorpha were predominant. Also of importance
      were C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. zeylanoides, Issatchenkia orientalis and
      Geotrichum klebahnii. Not all strains could be clearly identified. Lists of
      characters are provided for subdividing D. hansenii and T. beigelii. The
      specificity of the yeast flora of brines is assumed to contribute to the sensory
      variety of cheeses.

PMID- 2282288
TI  - The effect of treatment with buffered lactic acid on microbial decontamination
      and on shelf life of poultry.
AB  - The use of buffered lactic acid systems compared with unbuffered lactic acid
      solutions enhances the decontaminating effect and increases shelf life of chicken
      legs. A reduction of about 2 pH units of the chicken skin is obtained by
      treatment with 10% lactic acid buffer. The buffer keeps the pH of the skin lower
      than that of untreated legs. Legs treated with 10% lactic acid buffer have a
      shelf life of 12 days at 6 degrees C, which means an increase of 6 days compared
      with the shelf life of untreated legs.

PMID- 2282289
TI  - Toxicological, nutritional and microbiological evaluation of tempe fermentation
      with Rhizopus oligosporus of bitter and sweet apricot seeds.
AB  - Bitter and sweet apricot seeds are by-products of the apricot processing
      industry. Bitter seeds, in particular, contain toxic levels of the cyanogenic
      substance amygdalin. Tempe was made from both kinds of seeds. The bitter seeds
      contain antimicrobial substances which must be removed by leaching and boiling
      prior to tempe fermentation. Apricot seed tempe had an agreeable taste. It
      contained approx. 21% (w/w) crude protein, 52% (w/w) crude fat, 1.5% (w/w) crude
      fibre and 25.5% (w/w) carbohydrates based on dry matter. The extent of biological
      acidification during soaking prior to fungal inoculation was inadequate to
      prevent growth of Bacillus cereus, and requires further optimisation. Bitter
      seeds were detoxified by the tempe process (approx. 70% of total cyanide was
      removed). However, additional improvement of the detoxification process is
      required to obtain a completely safe product.

PMID- 2282290
TI  - Antibiotic resistance among coliform bacteria isolated from carcasses of
      commercially slaughtered chickens.
AB  - A total of 322 coliform bacteria Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter
      spp., Klebsiella spp. and Serratia spp., were isolated from 50 carcasses of
      commercially slaughtered chickens. Their resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline,
      gentamicin, chloramphenicol, cephalotine, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid and
      nitrofurantoin, were determined. The most commonly found resistance was to
      tetracycline followed by cephalotine, cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid. A large
      percentage of E. coli (41%) and Klebsiella spp. (38%) showed multiple antibiotic
      resistance.

PMID- 2282291
TI  - The non-deflating Foley catheter.
AB  - Fourteen cases of retained intravesical Foley balloon catheters occurred in the
      West Suffolk Hospital between 1988 and 1989. In all cases this was due to failure
      of the balloon to deflate. All cases were successfully managed with radiological
      techniques. The alternative methods described for retrieval of retained balloon
      catheters are reviewed, and two recommended methods are described in detail.

PMID- 2282292
TI  - Compound fractures of the lower leg: clinical experiences and concept of
      treatment in multiple injury patients.
AB  - From 1980 to 1986 in 15 patients (16 lower leg fractures) with crush fractures of
      the lower limb, five had to be amputated primarily under emergency conditions,
      and four had successful reconstruction but required medical treatment for an
      average of one year. Seven secondary amputations were carried out because of
      infection of the bone, soft tissue and vascular occlusion. The level of
      amputation was at the proximal third of the tibia according to Dederich and
      Burgess. One leg was amputated 'through the knee'. The indication for amputation
      was based mainly on clinical findings, supplemented by bone X-rays, arteriography
      or arterial DSA. Doppler sonography was used for monitoring short intervals of
      blood flow in the emergency case unit, in cases of doubt.

PMID- 2282293
TI  - Trial of low versus high osmolar contrast media in endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography.
AB  - A double-blind trial of low versus high osmolar contrast media in ERCP was
      performed. The results provide convincing evidence that the incidence of both
      biochemical and clinical pancreatitis is higher when the conventional high
      osmolar medium is used. It is therefore suggested that low ionic contrast media
      should be used routinely in ERCP.

PMID- 2282294
TI  - Why asthmatic patients should not sleep in the right lateral decubitus position.
AB  - The topographical points affecting nasal resistance include the shoulders, upper
      thorax and buttocks, and we have demonstrated that vagal tone increases with
      right-sided pressure and decreases with left. We would therefore strongly
      recommend that asthmatic patients should avoid sleeping in the right lateral
      decubitus position. It would be interesting to speculate on a number of
      ramifications ensuing from the presence of increased vagal tone in asthmatic
      patients. If present, atrophic rhinitis, nasal polyps, and septal deviation may
      possibly affect incidence of asthma depending upon its presentation in the left
      or right nasal turbinate. We suggest that there should be increased incidence of
      right septal deviation and increased incidence of right turbinate nasal polyps in
      patients presenting with asthma. Patients with asthma may possibly have certain
      nasal cycle patterns that could easily be measured using Podoshin plates.
      Finally, our animal model of forced unilateral nostril breathing may explain
      certain facets of asthma.

PMID- 2282295
TI  - Poisoning due to amatoxin-containing Lepiota species.
AB  - Twenty-seven consecutive mushroom poisoning cases were followed up over a period
      of 14 days. Fourteen out of 27 died of liver failure. There were no deaths from
      renal failure. The mushrooms were identified as the amatoxin-containing Lepiota
      species. Therapeutic measures included nasogastric lavage, charcoal, vitamin C,
      vitamin B, penicillin G, corticosteroids, oral streptomycin and, in the case of a
      few patients, limited amounts of thioctic acid. Of the ten haemodialysed, nine
      died. Unfortunately charcoal haemoperfusion was not available. It appeared that
      therapeutic measures were ineffective and it also seemed that the amount of
      mushroom ingested was the determining factor for the prognosis. An important
      point to make is that renal failure does not occur and liver failure is always
      delayed (group II). For this reason all suspected cases of mushroom poisoning,
      regardless of absence of clinical signs and symptoms, must be hospitalised for a
      period of at least one week. The poisonous properties of wild mushrooms have been
      recognized since ancient times. However, despite awareness of their inherent
      dangers, serious poisoning continues to occur. Fatal intoxications can be
      attributed almost entirely to the amtoxin-containing species. Amanita phalloides
      have been blamed for over 90% of poisoning deaths in North America. There are
      reports of intoxications of other amatoxin-containing species in Europe, but
      fatalities due to Lepiota species are reported only rarely. It was previously
      acknowledged that the interval between ingestion of mushrooms and the onset of
      symptoms is longer than expected in serious poisonings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2282296
TI  - Management of cyclical mastalgia.
AB  - In order to establish the current treatment of cyclical mastalgia, a postal
      questionnaire was sent to 276 consultant general surgeons (over 25% of the UK
      total), randomly selected from the 12 UK regional health authorities. Surgeons
      were questioned about their choices of treatment for cyclical mastalgia, after
      initial resassurance, and for persistent pain. Two hundred and forty-five (89%)
      responded, out of whom 219 saw patients with breast disease. Twenty-three (11%)
      of these surgeons were identified as having a major interest in breast disease.
      Danazol, used by 75% of surgeons, was the drug most commonly prescribed. Initial
      treatments by non-specialist surgeons included danazol (31%), analgesia (19%) and
      diuretics (17%), and by breast surgeons evening primrose oil (30%), tamoxifen
      (13%) and vitamin B6 (13%). For persistent pain 46% of non-specialist surgeons
      prescribed danazol and 18% surgery, whereas 65% of breast surgeons prescribed
      danazol and 30% bromocriptine. A wide variety of therapies are used, but danazol
      is the most common. For persistent unresponsive pain, local excision biopsy
      surgery is frequently considered by non-specialist surgeons. Breast specialist
      tend initially to use other methods that are associated with fewer side-effects
      and reserve other treatments such as danazol and bromocriptine for persistent
      cases.

PMID- 2282297
TI  - Does oxitropium help in patients with chronic airways obstruction?

PMID- 2282298
TI  - Clinical study of eight cases of carcinoid tumour.

PMID- 2282300
TI  - Cataract prevention: time for a clinical trial?

PMID- 2282299
TI  - Intron A--a therapeutic focus.

PMID- 2282301
TI  - Choledochal cysts: their management revisited.
AB  - A recent literature review of the rare anomalies of choledochal cysts is
      undertaken. Successful long-term outcome is dependent upon the operation
      performed. Cyst excision and hepaticojejunostomy is recommended to prevent the
      development of carcinoma and other serious complications.

PMID- 2282302
TI  - A case of occupational allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis unique to Japan.
AB  - A 15-year-old female was diagnosed in 1980 as having allergic bronchopulmonary
      aspergillosis (ABPA) due to Aspergillus fumigatus based on Rosenberg and
      Patterson's criteria for the disease. The patient is the eldest daughter of a
      family of domestic brewers of soy sauce and bean paste in a small village, an
      occupation unique to Japan. The brewing process involved the use of Aspergillus
      oryzae as a fermenting agent. The patient had experienced episodic wheezing and
      pulmonary infiltrates during the same seasons in the previous three years,
      corresponding to the time of the highest A oryzae spore concentrations in the
      living area, suggesting high exposure to the Aspergillus spores in the aetiology
      of her exacerbations. She had a prominent family history of atopy and was
      demonstrated to be sensitive to a variety of aeroallergens in addition to A
      fumigatus. She was treated effectively by bronchial toiletting via broncho
      fibrescope and theophylline medication until April 1981, when she moved to
      another city. During her life there, chest X-rays repeatedly showed abnormal
      shadows, and she was treated with inhalations of amphotericin B and bronchial
      toiletting several times at a hospital. She returned to her home town after seven
      years in April 1988 and visited the hospital to check her condition. Although she
      had been away from heavy exposure to A oryzae spores for seven years, precipitins
      to the culture medium of A oryzae were demonstrated to be far more prominent than
      those to A fumigatus antigen. Although her family had been exposed to A oryzae
      spores continuously, the patient was the only family member with ABPA due to A
      fumigatus and possibly due to A oryzae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282303
TI  - Myelodysplasia: an awkward blood disorder.

PMID- 2282304
TI  - Perforated appendicitis presenting as an irreducible inguinal hernia.

PMID- 2282305
TI  - Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the small intestine presenting as intussusception.
AB  - We report a case of a 47-year-old woman presenting with small bowel obstruction
      due to intussusception of an inflammatory fibroid polyp. A review of the
      literature describes the clinical and pathological features.

PMID- 2282306
TI  - Ruptured mycotic aneurysm of the internal iliac artery and septic arthritis
      complicating Salmonella infection.

PMID- 2282307
TI  - A case of giant appendix.

PMID- 2282308
TI  - Fatal spontaneous intraperitoneal rupture of hydatid liver cyst.

PMID- 2282309
TI  - Sickle cell anaemia in Pakistan.
AB  - The sickle cell gene is found predominantly in Equatorial Africa and amongst the
      negro population in the United States. It has also been reported in Saudi Arabia,
      the Middle East, Southern India and Iran. Despite human migration from the Middle
      East, Iran and India to Pakistan, there have to date been no reported cases of
      sickle cell disease in Pakistan to the best of our knowledge. But unfortunately
      there has been no population screening to find out the true incidence of the
      disease. Our study demonstrates that the disease is not totally non-existent in
      Pakistan: over a two-year period we have collected eight cases in our department.
      Electrophoretic screening is obviously needed to find out the true incidence of
      the disease/trait.

PMID- 2282310
TI  - Pseudotumour of the testicular tunica--a trap for the unwary.

PMID- 2282311
TI  - Fatal lipid pneumonia and liquid paraffin.

PMID- 2282312
TI  - Primary rectal lymphoma.
AB  - A case of primary rectal lymphoma is presented. Pre-operative histological
      diagnosis is difficult, and examination of the fresh specimen, using
      immunocytochemical and gene rearrangement techniques, is necessary to establish
      the precise nature of the lesion. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment.

PMID- 2282313
TI  - Hazards of ear-piercing procedures which traverse cartilage: a report of
      Pseudomonas perichondritis and review of other complications.
AB  - A case of severe Pseudomonas perichondritis following a 'fashionable' ear
      piercing procedure, performed high on the pinna, is reported. The current vogue
      for such 'high' ear-piercing, which traverses cartilage rather than the fatty
      tissue of the ear lobe as in 'traditional' ear-piercing, increases the risk of
      infection which may produce severe cosmetic deformity.

PMID- 2282314
TI  - Endocarditis, pyrexia of unknown origin and occult abdominal malignancy.
AB  - Two patients who presented with pyrexia of unknown origin were found to have
      carcinoma of the caecum without gastrointestinal symptoms. Blood cultures were
      positive for Escherichia coli, and in one patient the diagnosis of endocarditis
      was confirmed by echocardiography. This rare association may be fortuitous, but a
      common pathogenetic basis cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2282315
TI  - Erythema nodosum mimicking soft tissue sarcoma.
AB  - A case of painful localised swelling of the arm is described. This had the
      clinical features of a soft tissue sarcoma. However, histological analysis of a
      biopsy specimen revealed a cellular picture identical to that of erythema
      nodosum.

PMID- 2282316
TI  - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid treated by low-dose adriamycin.

PMID- 2282317
TI  - The efficacy of combination cisplatinum, adriamycin and cyclophosphamide in
      malignant thymoma.

PMID- 2282318
TI  - Recurrent phaeochromocytoma.
AB  - The recurrence of symptoms and hypertension in a patient who has previously
      undergone an operation for phaeochromocytoma should alert the physician to the
      need to investigate for recurrent tumour. Failure to perform complete excision of
      the adrenal gland containing the tumour may lead to disseminated recurrence.

PMID- 2282319
TI  - Community outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal infection.
AB  - In a two-month period, three cases of septicaemia and one of suppurative
      tenosynovitis caused by a single strain of Lancefield group A streptococcus,
      serotype T/M/R 3/3/3, occurred in the district of Nairn (population: 10,239). A
      primary portal of entry for the organism could not be identified in any of the
      cases. Laboratory isolates from all four patients were highly susceptible to beta
      lactam antibiotics, but prompt treatment failed to prevent the deaths of two
      previously healthy adults. Group A streptococci of M-type 3 have not previously
      been associated with outbreaks of invasive infection.

PMID- 2282320
TI  - Passage of tube per rectum: an unusual complication of a ventriculoperitoneal
      shunt.
AB  - A very rare complication of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is reported. The
      peritoneal catheter perforated the colon of a two-year-old child, causing
      diarrhoea which was misdiagnosed as gastroenteritis. The diagnosis became obvious
      when the catheter was extruded from the child's anus.

PMID- 2282321
TI  - Haemorrhage into an adrenal cyst.

PMID- 2282322
TI  - Twelve-year profile of a non-secretory myeloma with amyloidosis.

PMID- 2282323
TI  - Pertussis. Epidemic summer.

PMID- 2282325
TI  - Cardiovascular diseases. Coronary heart disease attributable to sedentary
      lifestyle, 1988.

PMID- 2282324
TI  - Expanded programme on immunization. Measles outbreak.

PMID- 2282326
TI  - Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in hepatobiliary surgery: a
      concept.

PMID- 2282327
TI  - Mozart's requiem--liver transplantation in 1988.
AB  - Liver transplantation is one of the most spectacular of surgical achievements. It
      is a demanding and expensive procedure, requiring great surgical skill and a
      great depth of supporting services. Precisely because it is a procedure at the
      leading edge of medicine, more and more units in developed countries are pressing
      to be allowed to carry it out. But there are many moral and ethical problems,
      some of which can be usefully examined using a "Mozart model" as proposed by
      Starzl.

PMID- 2282328
TI  - Subtotal pancreatectomy for cancer: closure of the pancreatic remnant with
      staplers.
AB  - This paper presents a 2-year series of 26 consecutive pancreatectomies for
      periampullary cancer where the pancreatic tail was closed with a stapler in order
      to avoid complications related to a pancreatico-digestive anastomosis. The follow
      up period was 14 months or more. Seven patients developed operative
      complications. Pancreatic fistulas developed in 3 patients. The fistulas closed
      spontaneously in 2 of the patients after 2-4 months. Intraabdominal abscesses
      developed in 4 patients and required surgical drainage. In 1 of these patients,
      the abscess eroded a large vessel with a fatal outcome resulting in an operative
      mortality rate of 3.8%. A transient postoperative gastric stasis was observed in
      seven patients. Postoperative hospital median stay was 27 days (range 10-83
      days). Eighteen patients have died after 4-30 months in recurrent disease and
      seven patients are alive after a follow-up period of 15-29 months. Pancreatic
      endocrine function seemed well preserved; diabetes mellitus has developed in only
      one patient. In conclusion, it appears that subtotal pancreatectomy with closure
      of the pancreatic remnant with staples gives a low morbidity and mortality.
      Although the conclusion should be tempered by the small number of patients, the
      results justify continued evaluation of this technique with long-term follow-up.

PMID- 2282329
TI  - Does the Warren shunt correct hypersplenism?
AB  - It has been suggested that patients with bleeding varices and hypersplenism will
      show significant improvements in leucocyte and platelet counts following distal
      splenorenal (Warren) shunt surgery. Whilst this may be true in the short term,
      this report shows that in the long term hypersplenism is not relieved, whereas
      the lienorenal shunt is associated with a return of normal haematological values.

PMID- 2282330
TI  - Pancreatic resection for carcinoma of the pancreas and the periampullary region.
      A twenty-year experience.
AB  - 410 patients were treated for pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma in 1968-1987
      of whom 89 (21.5%) underwent resection. Hospital mortality decreased from 33% in
      1968-1972 to 0% in 1983-1987, but the morbidity rate remained unchanged. The
      trends were similar in patients greater than or equal to 70 and less than 70
      years of age. The pylorus-saving technique did not increase mortality, morbidity,
      operative blood loss or the incidence of delayed gastric emptying, but it did
      reduce the operative time by one hour (p less than 0.01). The real 5 year
      survival for periampullary cancer was 52%, but none of the patients with
      pancreatic carcinoma survived for 5 years. It is concluded that age as such is
      not a limiting factor for pancreatic resection. Resection can be performed with
      acceptable mortality and survival rates even in patients over 70 years of age if
      enough attention is paid to careful patient selection and proper preparation. The
      long-term prognosis is nevertheless related to tumour histology. The recent
      decline in operative mortality is mostly due to the resections being performed by
      the same group of surgeons. The best biopsy, and also palliation, is radical
      removal of the suspicious mass, provided that this can be performed with minimal
      risk.

PMID- 2282331
TI  - Reresection of colorectal liver secondaries: a preliminary report.
AB  - During a 4.5-year period, 5 patients underwent reresection of colorectal liver
      metastases. Two patients died of recurrent disease, 9-11 months after
      reresection. Three patients are alive, one without and two with recurrent
      disease, 15, 15 and 68 months after reresection. Although our results suggest
      that liver reresection may be meaningful in selected patients with colorectal
      liver metastases, further studies are necessary in order to define candidates for
      this procedure.

PMID- 2282332
TI  - Bile peritonitis in acute cholecystitis.
AB  - A review of all patients treated for acute cholecystitis (n = 5848) during an 18
      year period (1969-1986) at two hospitals (one practising early surgery in
      patients with acute cholecystitis and the other not) disclosed that 104 (1.8%)
      had bile within the abdominal cavity at surgery; 71 with a visible perforation of
      the gallbladder and 33 without. The bile was infected in 82% of performed
      cultures (most commonly with Escherichia coli). Mortality was 7.7% (8/104
      patients), being 20% (4/20) in the hospital practising delayed surgery and 5%
      (4/84) in the hospital practising early surgery (p less than 0.10). Infectious
      complications were responsible for the deaths by leading to multiple organ
      failure with pulmonary or renal insufficiency or gastro-intestinal bleeding. The
      timing of surgery was the only factor that had prognostic significance, i.e. the
      longer the hospital delay before surgery the higher the mortality, although
      elderly patients or patients with perforation tended to have a worse prognosis.
      In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that early surgery is
      important in patients with acute cholecystitis as a means of lowering mortality
      in bile peritonitis in this condition.

PMID- 2282333
TI  - Is the dumping syndrome a problem after standard pancreatoduodenectomy?

PMID- 2282334
TI  - Post-mortem volume measurements of limbic system and basal ganglia structures in
      chronic schizophrenics. Initial results from a new brain collection.
AB  - Volumes of the hippocampal formation, external and internal pallidum, caudate,
      putamen, and nucleus accumbens were measured in both hemispheres of recently
      collected post-mortem brains of 18 chronically ill schizophrenics and 21 control
      subjects. In the schizophrenic group, the hippocampal formation and the internal
      pallidum were significantly smaller in the right and left hemisphere, whereas
      external pallidum, putamen, caudate and accumbens were not significantly changed.
      Volumes of the hippocampus and of all evaluated parts of the basal ganglia were
      in the male schizophrenics more reduced than in the female patients. The right
      and left hemispheres were equally affected in both sexes. Since the mean brain
      weight was in patients and controls nearly identical, the volume differences can
      not be explained by a general brain atrophy or hypoplasia but rather indicate a
      more focal lack of brain tissue, by which some clinical features of the disease
      might be explained.

PMID- 2282335
TI  - Signal detection indices in schizophrenics on a visual, auditory, and bimodal
      Continuous Performance Test.
AB  - Signal detection indices (perceptual sensitivity) were calculated to compare
      performance of 24 male schizophrenic inpatients and 24 controls (12 alcoholics
      and 12 normals) on 4 different CPT-tests. A standard version (St) employed 1
      target (P = 0.166) and 5 nontargets. In condition V stimuli were presented
      visually, in condition A acoustically and in condition VA bimodally (1 target (P
      = 0.333) and 1 nontarget). Compared to controls schizophrenics exhibited lower
      levels of perceptual sensitivity in all 4 conditions. They were especially
      impaired when stimuli were presented either acoustically or when they had to
      monitor 2 modalities simultaneously. Perceptual sensitivity of schizophrenics was
      significantly lower in conditions V, A, and VA than in condition St. For controls
      only condition VA led to lower values. Because St was always presented first, the
      possible explanation that vigilance decrement over time is responsible for the
      lowered perceptual sensitivity had to be ruled out. It could be shown that
      schizophrenics did not differ in sensitivity between conditions being later in
      task sequence. Controls, however, showed a slight decrement over time. Thus our
      finding should to a large extent be attributed to different task requirements.
      Response criterion beta yielded inconsistent results.

PMID- 2282336
TI  - History of obstetric complications, family history, and CT scan findings in
      schizophrenic patients.
AB  - It has been proposed that obstetric complications (OCs) are more common in
      patients with nonfamilial schizophrenia, and associated with lateral ventricular
      enlargement in such patients. We examined the relations among OCs, family history
      of schizophrenia or bipolar mood disorder, and lateral ventricular size and
      cortical sulcal prominence in 44 schizophrenic patients. A history of OCs was not
      related to an absence of a family history of schizophrenia, ventricle-brain
      ratio, or cortical sulcal prominence. None of the CT findings was related to
      family history.

PMID- 2282337
TI  - Depression, negative and positive symptoms, and the DST in schizophrenia.
AB  - It has been suggested that the presence of depression is a major determinant of
      abnormal dexamethasone suppression in patients with schizophrenia. It has been
      reported that negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia are associated
      with increased rates of nonsuppression. In this study of schizophrenic
      inpatients, the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST), depression and negative and
      positive symptom ratings were carried out in two phases of the acute episode, in
      the second week after administration to, and in the week prior to discharge from,
      hospital. There was no association between depression and cortisol nonsuppression
      or between negative and positive symptoms and cortisol nonsuppression either
      early or late in the acute episode. It is concluded that the DST has no clinical
      utility in identifying the non-melancholic depression which occurs commonly in
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 2282338
TI  - Measurement of visual sustained attention in schizophrenia using signal detection
      analysis and a newly developed computerized CPT task.
AB  - Sustained attention in schizophrenia was assessed with a newly developed,
      computer-controlled, modified version of the continuous performance test in which
      specific attentional effects can be empirically distinguished from nonspecific
      factors by signal detection theory (SDT). Results indicated that patients showed
      a more rapid decline in specific attentional, but not nonspecific processes, as
      measured by SDT parameters of A' and B", respectively.

PMID- 2282339
TI  - Gender and short-term outcome in schizophrenia.
AB  - 227 first-contact schizophrenic patients (DSM-III) were followed-up for 2 years.
      The psychiatric teams responsible for the treatment of the patients conducted a
      detailed, standardized interview with the patients at entry and during the follow
      up. Men showed a poorer premorbid heterosexual development and they also tended
      to be more withdrawn than women. Following the onset of the illness, men still
      failed to establish satisfactory heterosexual relationships, they suffered more
      often from negative symptoms, and they displayed poorer working capacity and
      functional ability than women. At the beginning of the follow-up men had a more
      pessimistic view of the development of their life situation over the next 2
      years, a prediction which turned out to be correct. The predictions made by the
      psychiatric teams were very similar. In their plans for treatment the psychiatric
      teams recommended primarily psychotherapeutic methods for female patients--and
      women actually went to psychotherapy more often than men--whereas it was felt
      that the rehabilitation of men should concentrate on working capacity and basic
      social skills. The poorer psychosocial outcome of men seems to be due to their
      poor premorbid development--specifically heterosexual development--and negative
      symptoms. Together, these factors form a particularly harmful combination from
      the point of view of the social role of men in our society. The treatment system
      seems to be unable to adequately respond to the specific needs of men suffering
      from schizophrenia.

PMID- 2282340
TI  - Consistency of delusions in schizophrenia and affective disorder.
AB  - The content of delusions were studied in a group of schizophrenics and affective
      disorder patients who had an episodic course to ascertain if the content of
      delusions remained similar or became dissimilar during different episodes. There
      were 18 schizophrenics and 30 affective disorder cases in this study. Consistency
      of delusional content was noted in one third of the cases in each group.
      Delusional content was consistent over episodes more often in Hindus (P less than
      0.04), those married (P less than 0.03), and those from a rural background in the
      schizophrenic group. These differences were not observed in the affective
      disorder cases. Possible reasons for the consistence or non-consistence of
      delusional content are discussed.

PMID- 2282341
TI  - Negative schizophrenic symptoms are associated with backward masking
      vulnerability.

PMID- 2282342
TI  - EEG-power spectral components of schizoaffective disorders.

PMID- 2282343
TI  - Calcification of the choroid plexus as a marker of depression in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2282344
TI  - The role of internal elastic laminae damage in the development of canine
      arteriosclerosis.
AB  - This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the extent of damage to the
      internal elastic lamina (IEL) may be a factor in determining the development of
      atheromatous lesions (lesion area). A bilateral iliac artery arteriosclerotic
      (AS) model in seven dogs prepared by intimal denudation and fracture of the IEL
      plus 5% cholesterol diet was investigated. The animals were sacrificed at 10-52
      weeks (10, n = 1; 16, n = 3; 20, n = 1; 32, n = 1; 52, n = 1). Histologic
      analysis of sections (n = 42) of 14 canine iliac AS arteries harvested
      bilaterally from identical locations along the vessels (2, 7, and 12 cm from the
      aortic bifurcation) were compared with control segments of caudal and femoral
      arteries (n = 12) that had intact lamina and no luminal trauma. AS segments at
      all sites along the length of the traumatized iliac vessels demonstrated
      significant lesions, while control vessels had no arteriosclerotic changes. AS
      lesion area was calculated using ocular micrometry and a multiple regression
      model to test the predictability of the lesion area from the following
      independent variables: (1) proportion of intact IEL to total IEL (IEL/IELt), (2)
      sacrifice intervalens (3) frequency of disruptions to the IEL, (4) side and level
      of the arterial lesion, and (5) respective animals. This analysis revealed that
      none of the coefficients for the independent variables used in the multiple
      regression model was significant, suggesting that the extent of AS lesions is not
      related to the size, frequency, or location of breaks in the IEL, although a
      break in IEL is required to initiate the lesions. This observation suggests that
      the migration of cells from the arterial media through the broken laminae or the
      release of medial biochemical mediators which are normally contained by the
      elastic lamina is required to develop the AS lesions in this canine model, and
      that any size break in the lamina initiates the process.

PMID- 2282345
TI  - Organ preservation injury in small bowel transplantation.
AB  - Histological features of preservation injury were studied in a dog model of total
      small bowel transplantation. It was remarkable that substantial microscopic
      injury was evident during cold ischemia, unlike in other organ systems. This was
      early in onset and was related to the duration of cold storage. There was further
      progression of injury during reperfusion, as expected. Nevertheless, the small
      bowel was noted to have substantial ability to recover from this storage- and
      reperfusion-related injury. Histological features of damage and recovery are
      described in detail.

PMID- 2282346
TI  - The effect of glucose infusion on survival after acute mesenteric
      ischemia/reperfusion.
AB  - Perfusion of ischemic tissue with glucose has been shown to be deleterious to
      heart, spinal cord, and kidney. Observations that glucagon improves survival
      after acute mesenteric ischemia, however, suggest that hyperglycemia may not be
      deleterious during bowel ischemia. This experiment examined the effect of glucose
      infusion on survival in an established rat model of acute mesenteric ischemia.
      The superior (cranial) mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded for 85 min in 36
      anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were randomized to receive 5% glucose
      in normal saline (n = 15; 16.5 mL/kg.min iv), normal saline alone (n = 13; 16.4
      mL/kg.min iv), or no intravenous fluid (n = 8). Ninety-minute intravenous
      infusions were initiated 10 min after SMA occlusion. Survival to 48 h was 47% in
      glucose-saline-treated rats, 31% in saline-only-treated rats, and 12.5% in
      control rats. These results demonstrate no deleterious effect of glucose infusion
      on mortality after acute mesenteric ischemia in this model.

PMID- 2282347
TI  - Immunodepletion in xenotransplantation.
AB  - Xenograft transplantation is perhaps the most immunologically difficult problem
      in transplantation today. An overwhelming hyperacute rejection reaction (HAR)
      occurs within minutes of organ implantation. Preformed antibodies are thought to
      initiate this process. We used a pig-to-dog renal xenograft transplant model and
      investigated methods of decreasing the severity of hyperacute rejection. Female
      pigs weighing 15-20 kg were used as donors. Recipients were mongrel dogs weighing
      15-25 kg. Experimental dogs were all given a number of treatments of IgG
      depletion using an antibody removal system (Dupont-Excorim). This machine
      immunoadsorbs plasma against a column containing immobilized staphylococcal
      protein A, which is known to bind the IgG Fc receptor. An 84% reduction in the
      IgG levels and a 71% reduction in IgM levels was achieved. Postoperative
      assessment was made of urine output, time to onset of HAR, and histopathological
      examination of the rejected kidneys. Although cross-matches between donor
      lymphocytes and recipient sera remained strongly positive in the treated dogs,
      there was a two- to fourfold reduction in the titers. The time to onset of HAR
      was prolonged in the experimental group, and the urine output was increased
      slightly. The histopathologic changes in the experimental group generally showed
      signs of HAR, but of less intensity than in the nonimmunodepleted control group.

PMID- 2282348
TI  - The effect of prolonged aspirin therapy on experimental balloon-catheter arterial
      wall injury.
AB  - Indications for aspirin following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty are not
      well defined. Although aspirin's early antithrombotic effect is believed to be
      beneficial, the long-term influence of aspirin on myointimal proliferative
      response following balloon-catheter angioplasty is still being investigated. This
      study quantitates arterial wall thickening, including intimal hyperplasia, at 4
      months following balloon-catheter aortic injury in New Zealand white rabbits (n =
      12), comparing aspirin treatment (30 mg/kg) with controls. Aspirin was
      administered daily for 1 month prior and 4 months following aortic injury.
      Myointimal proliferation was noted in both groups. The mean area of the intima
      and media as well as the maximum thickness of the intima were similar (p greater
      than .05) in both the aspirin treatment and control groups. Cellular hyperplasia
      was evaluated by media smooth muscle cell counts using an ocular reticle. There
      was a trend toward higher cell counts with aspirin treatment, although there was
      no significant difference between the two groups. Prolonged aspirin therapy did
      not alter the degree of myointimal hyperplasia at 4 months postinjury in our
      model.

PMID- 2282349
TI  - Temporal response of leukocyte accumulation in the thoracic cavity after two
      types of surgical injury.
AB  - To characterize pleural healing, we quantitated leukocyte accumulation in the
      pleural cavity and histological changes after two types of thoracic surgery.
      Rabbits underwent intercostal thoracotomy followed by abrasion of the parietal
      pleura and ligation and resection of the right middle lobe of the lung (group A),
      or only abrasion of the parietal pleura (group B). After surgery, the influx of
      leukocytes into the pleural exudate was characterized by an increase in the
      number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) followed by monocytes/macrophages.
      In group A, the total number of leukocytes reached maximum levels on days 5-7
      after surgery, 80% of which were monocytes/macrophages. In group B, the total
      number of leukocytes reached peak levels on postsurgical day 3, 85% of which were
      monocytes/macrophages. Histologically, we observed a relative delay in pleural
      healing in group A compared with group B. An inflammatory response including
      appearance of fibrinous exudates and infiltration of acute inflammatory cells
      occurred in group A on days 1-3 after surgery. On days 5-7, an increase in
      submesothelial connective tissue was seen. An increase in cellularity was
      observed in this layer (fibroplasia) and the wound surface was covered by
      macrophagelike cells. In group B, disappearance of fibrinous exudates and
      fibroplasia occurred by day 3. In both groups, these histological changes from
      inflammatory phase to proliferative phase occurred on the day when the number of
      monocytes/macrophages in the pleural cavity reached peak levels. These data
      demonstrate that different types of thoracic injury alter the kinetics of
      leukocyte accumulation in the pleural cavity and the healing process of parietal
      pleura, suggesting that macrophages that accumulate in the pleural cavity may be
      implicated in postsurgical repair.

PMID- 2282350
TI  - A new liver perfusion and preservation system for transplantation research in
      large animals.
AB  - A kidney perfusion machine, model MOX-100 (Waters Instruments, Ltd, Rochester,
      MN) was modified to allow continuous perfusion of the portal vein and pulsatile
      perfusion of the hepatic artery of the liver. Additional apparatus consists of a
      cooling system, a membrane oxygenator, a filter for foreign bodies, and bubble
      traps. This system not only allows hypothermic perfusion preservation of the
      liver graft, but furthermore enables investigation of ex vivo simulation of
      various circulatory circumstances in which physiological perfusion of the liver
      is studied. We have used this system to evaluate the viability of liver
      allografts preserved by cold storage. The liver was placed on the perfusion
      system and perfused with blood with a hematocrit of approximately 20%, and
      maintained at 37 degrees C for 3 h. The flows of the hepatic artery and portal
      vein were adjusted to 0.33 mL and 0.67 mL/g of liver tissue, respectively.
      Parameters of viability consisted of hourly bile output, oxygen consumption,
      liver enzymes, electrolytes, vascular resistance, and liver histology. This
      method of liver assessment in large animals will allow the objective evaluation
      of organ viability for transplantation and thereby improve the outcome of organ
      transplantation. Furthermore, this pump enables investigation into the
      pathophysiology of liver ischemia and preservation.

PMID- 2282351
TI  - Canine double-lung allotransplantation: operative technique and results for 12-h
      preservation studies.
AB  - A canine double-lung allotransplantation model was developed to study the effects
      of 12-h static pulmonary preservation. This model has not been used extensively
      for such experiments but allows a detailed evaluation of the quality of
      preservation. An operative technique is described in which cautery dissection and
      preliminary devascularization of the recipient right lung allows the period of
      cardiopulmonary bypass to be limited and reduces postoperative bleeding. Six
      double-lung blocks were successfully orthotopically transplanted and recipient
      animals were studied for 12 h postoperatively. All animals survived the study
      period and had a mean PO2 (FIO2 0.4) of 141 mm Hg, 12 h following reimplantation
      suggesting adequate pulmonary preservation. There was no evidence of pulmonary
      edema at any time following implantation, although airway pressures and pulmonary
      vascular resistance were elevated. The role of this model in lung preservation
      studies is discussed.

PMID- 2282352
TI  - Symmetry and crystallography: new facilities in the graphic software MANOSK.
AB  - The new routine SYMCRY of the graphics program MANOSK is described in this paper.
      It is designed to analyze interactions between molecular structures related by
      crystalline symmetry. The symetric objects can be described in the same
      referential, to be manipulated as an entity, or in a referential of their own, to
      undergo correlative real-time movements (via the dials), given the symmetry
      constraints. Crystal packing can be observed, and any command of the main
      software MANOSK is available for the symmetric objects, including storage of the
      coordinates of symmetrics in the final orientation.

PMID- 2282353
TI  - Aspartate aminotransferase: investigation of the active sites.
AB  - An investigation of the crystal structure of cytosolic pig-heart aspartate
      aminotransferase (AAT, E.C.2.6.1.1) was carried out to determine the structural
      requirements for ligand recognition by the active site. Structural differences
      were observed between the two active sites of the AAT dimer. The natural ligand,
      L-aspartate, was docked into both active sites using various methods. However,
      due to structural differences, the ligand was able to form all the necessary
      interactions for initial binding in only one of the active sites. The program
      GRID (P.J. Goodford, J. Med. Chem. 1985, 28, 849-857) was used to predict
      favorable binding sites for the functional groups of the aspartate ligand. These
      binding sites corresponded to the position of the docked aspartate ligand,
      indicating that substrate recognition takes place before any major conformational
      changes occur within the enzyme.

PMID- 2282354
TI  - A method for the characterization of foldings in protein ribbon models.
AB  - The ribbon model of chain macromolecules is a useful tool for analyzing some of
      the large-scale shape features of these complex systems. Up to now, the ribbon
      model has been used mostly to produce graphical displays, which are usually
      analyzed by visual inspection. In this work we suggest a computational method for
      characterizing automatically, in a concise and algebraic fashion, some of the
      important shape features of these ribbon models. The procedure is based on a
      graph-theoretical and knot-theoretical characterization of three well-defined
      projections of a space curve associated with the ribbon. The labeled graphs can
      be characterized by the handedness of the crossovers in the ribbon that are the
      vertices of the graph. The method can be used to provide a fully algebraic
      representation of the changes occurring when a molecule, such as a protein,
      undergoes conformational rearrangements (folding), as well as to provide a shape
      comparison for a pair of related molecular ribbons. This algebraic representation
      is well suited for easy storage, retrieval, and computer manipulation of the
      information on the ribbon's shape. Illustrative examples of the method are
      provided.

PMID- 2282355
TI  - The use of the electrostatic potential at the molecular surface in recognition
      interactions: dibenzo-p-dioxins and related systems.
AB  - An ab initio self-consistent-field molecular orbital approach was used to compute
      the electrostatic potentials of dibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p
      dioxin (TCDD), two analogues of the latter, and two isomeric benzoflavones on a
      three-dimensional molecular surface corresponding to the contour of constant
      electronic density equal to 0.002 electrons/bohr3. The results are discussed in
      relation to the biological activities of the respective molecules. It is shown
      that the electrostatic potential graphically depicted on the molecular surface is
      well suited for the study of recognition interactions, such as are believed to be
      involved in the initial receptor-mediated step leading to toxicity in the dibenzo
      p-dioxins. The surface potential has the advantage of clearly showing steric
      features that may play a role in understanding the recognition process being
      investigated.

PMID- 2282356
TI  - CRYStallize: a crystallographic symmetry display and handling subpackage in
      TOM/FRODO.
AB  - We have implemented in TOM/FRODO a protein crystallographic symmetry display and
      handling package, called CRYStallize. This package is designed as an aid in
      solving protein structures by molecular replacement methods. It allows the
      rotation/translation solutions provided by molecular replacement programs to be
      checked in a fast and easy way. Using CRYStallize, approximate solutions can also
      be improved by manual modifications. Symmetry-related objects, represented as
      surfaces, can be generated and handled in the same way as the reference
      molecules, thus permitting an efficient analysis of crystal packing and site
      accessibility. This program is available in the TOM/FRODO software release, which
      runs on the Silicon-Graphics workstations.

PMID- 2282357
TI  - A knowledge-based architecture for protein sequence analysis and structure
      prediction.
AB  - Methods for analyzing the amino-acid sequence of a protein for the purposes of
      predicting its three-dimensional structure were systematically analyzed using
      knowledge engineering techniques. The resulting entities (data) and relations
      (processing methods and constraints) have been represented within a generalized
      dependency network consisting of 29 nodes and over 100 links. It is argued that
      such a representation meets the requirements of knowledge-based systems in
      molecular biology. This network is used as the architecture for a prototype
      knowledge-based system that simulates logically the processes used in protein
      structure prediction. Although developed specifically for applications in protein
      structure prediction, the network architecture provides a strategy for tackling
      the general problem of orchestrating and integrating the diverse sources of
      knowledge that are characteristic of many areas of science.

PMID- 2282358
TI  - Molecular conformational space analysis using computer graphics: going beyond
      FRODO.
AB  - The molecular graphics program FRODO has been modified to support analytical
      animation of molecular dynamics trajectories. The enhanced program, mdFRODO,
      supports all features available in FRODO and is interfaced to GROMOS. A variety
      of analytical animation modes is included. Extensive coloring and atom selection
      features are implemented to aid the user in distinguishing features of interest
      in a set of conformations. Molecular conformational space can be analyzed
      efficiently and comprehended. Animations may be viewed in stereo, and the
      animated object can be overlaid with any of the standard FRODO objects. The
      mdFRODO program is of wide use in molecular dynamics, X-ray crystallography and
      two-dimensional NMR work. Examples illustrating various aspects of collective
      motion in protein molecules are given and discussed.

PMID- 2282359
TI  - Fast algorithm for generating CPK images on graphics workstations.
AB  - An algorithm for generating CPK images of molecules is presented that uses bitmap
      operations to solve the hidden-surface problem. The algorithm makes certain
      assumptions: that the size and shading of each atom are determined only by its
      type and are unaffected by the atom's position, and that an intersection table
      comprised of entries for all pairs of atoms whose radii intersect is available.
      For speed, bitmaps of shaded and colored atom disks are predrawn. The atoms are
      projected from back to front. Atom intersections are explicitly calculated and
      used to generate mask bitmaps that are then used to truncate the predrawn disks,
      leaving the visible portions of the atom disks.

PMID- 2282360
TI  - PASS: simple molecular graphics system for personal computers.
AB  - An interactive tool for displaying and manipulating molecular structures is
      presented. The system has a user friendly, menu driven interface and provides
      good quality graphics for viewing proteins. Full screen stereo viewing and a high
      degree of flexibility in the investigation of specific sites are among its key
      attributes. The low cost of the system allows it a diverse range of
      applicability.

PMID- 2282361
TI  - PEANUT: computer graphics program to represent atomic displacement parameters.
AB  - PEANUT is an easy to use computer graphics program for the visualization and real
      time manipulation of the atomic displacement parameters of small molecules. A
      flexible, dynamic data structure allows the user to compute complicated,
      nonspherical atomic surfaces and to handle the point group symmetry of the
      molecules automatically. Pictures with hidden-line removal may be plotted in
      publication quality on appropriate output devices.

PMID- 2282362
TI  - MolStruc: a force field calculation program allowing interactive modifications of
      the force field parameters.
AB  - To analyze the influence of parameters and functions on the energy and geometry
      obtained through different force field calculations, we have developed program
      MolStruc. This software allows the user to choose between two sets of functions
      and parameters, MM2 and AMBER. The MM2 option of the program was developed to
      compute the coulombic energy in a dipole or monopole approximation. To establish
      comparisons between the energy values, the coulombic contribution is computed in
      the same way in the Amber and MM2 options of the program. The force field
      parameters can be handled interactively (through addition or modification). The
      program was used to study molecules of a representative sample displaying most of
      the problems encountered in molecular mechanics (MM).

PMID- 2282363
TI  - Towards a new professionalism.

PMID- 2282364
TI  - Beswitched. The looping out model for immunoglobulin class switching.
AB  - During the switch in expression of an immunoglobulin class, the gene segment
      encoding the constant region of the heavy chain is replaced in a way that leads
      to a deletion. Three different models of how this deletion is generated have been
      proposed: recombination between homologs, unequal sister chromatid exchange, and
      looping out and deletion. While none of the predicted recombination products of
      the first two models have been found, the products of the looping out--inversions
      and circular DNA--have been isolated. Thus looping out and deletion appears to be
      the appropriate model to explain the genetic events leading to the immunoglobulin
      heavy chain class switch.

PMID- 2282365
TI  - Cyclosporin A: new insights for cell biologists and biochemists.
AB  - Cyclosporin A (CSA) is well known for its potent immunosuppressive properties.
      Until recently, most of the research on the mechanism of action of CSA focused on
      its effects on cytokine transcription by T lymphocytes. However, CSA inhibits a
      variety of other cellular functions. An intracellular CSA-binding protein, called
      cyclophilin, has been purified and characterized. This protein is found in nearly
      all mammalian cells, which suggests that it is involved in highly conserved
      cellular functions. The current concept is that CSA mediates its effect via
      cyclophilin. Cyclophilin is actually a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase
      (PPIase), an enzyme proposed to catalyze protein folding. Because the binding of
      CSA to cyclophilin/PPIase in vitro inhibits the isomerase activity, it is thought
      that this may account for the inhibitory effects of CSA on the cellular functions
      described above. To add to the puzzle, a new immunosuppressive drug, FK-506, has
      recently been shown to bind to an intracellular protein similar to, but distinct
      from, cyclophilin. The FK-506 binding protein also has a PPIase activity, and
      this activity is inhibited by FK-506. These data are consistent with the
      hypothesis that CSA and FK-506 mediate their effects on cellular functions by
      inhibiting an isomerase activity required for protein folding. This hypothesis
      poses several interesting questions. For example, how is this protein folding
      step involved in such diverse cellular functions as gene transcription and
      granule exocytosis? Verification of the role of CSA and PPIase in cellular
      functions awaits the identification of the substrates for the isomerases.

PMID- 2282366
TI  - Gold in Goslar. Post-Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression sponsored by the
      Commission of the European Communities and the NATO Scientific Affairs Division,
      Goslar, FRG, April 6-12, 1990.

PMID- 2282367
TI  - How plants respond to stimuli. The Ninth Annual Symposium on Current Topics in
      Plant Biochemistry and Physiology sponsored by the University of Missouri
      Interdisciplinary Program in Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, the US Department
      of Agriculture, and the National Science Foundation, Columbia, MO, USA, April 4
      7, 1990.
AB  - With the rapid progress in the identification of the molecular components of
      calcium and protein kinase regulatory systems, it is presently an exciting time
      for those studying plant signal transduction. A clear message that was conveyed
      at the meeting was the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the problems
      currently facing researchers in this area. Thus, while the powerful methods of
      plant molecular biology allow for rapid advances in the identification of new
      molecules, this approach needs to be combined with careful biochemical and
      physiological analyses. This was exemplified by the large number of protein
      kinases described at the meeting but the surprisingly few reports of
      physiological function of phosphorylation. Similarly, while calcium has emerged
      as a major regulatory molecule in plants, little is known regarding the exact
      molecular mechanisms of calcium and calcium-modulatory protein action. These are
      clearly areas for future study that should reveal the elusive pathways that lie
      between stimuli and responses in the plant cell.

PMID- 2282369
TI  - Orienting and defense responses to punishment: effects on learning.
AB  - Two groups of students attempted to learn sequences of letter-number pairs. For
      both groups, a tone signalled each error. However, for aversive punishment
      subjects, a mildly painful electric shock followed the tone 20% of the time,
      whereas the informational punishment subjects received only the tone. Skin
      conductance responses (SCRs) and cardiac interbeat intervals indicated the
      presence of an orienting response to the tone in informational punishment
      subjects and a defense response to the tone in aversive punishment subjects.
      Accompanying these were significant differences in behavior: aversive punishment
      subjects completed fewer sequences and had higher error rates. The two groups did
      not differ in measures of tonic arousal. Session trends suggested that the
      cardiac orienting response developed in both groups as subjects learned to use
      the information in the punishment contingency. Defense responses to aversive
      punishers may complete with orienting responses necessary to the efficient
      learning of complex tasks.

PMID- 2282368
TI  - Chromatin structure implicated in activation of HIV-1 gene expression by
      ultraviolet light.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of different DNA-damaging agents on HIV-1 gene
      expression. We find that agents that produce "bulky" DNA lesions, similar to
      those induced by ultraviolet light (UV), all dramatically increase HIV-1 gene
      expression, whereas agents that produce primarily base damage and DNA breakage,
      such as ionizing radiation, have little or no effect. We show that these effects
      are independent of DNA synthesis per se and do not require DNA nucleotide
      excision repair. The drug novobiocin effectively prevents the UV activation
      process, consistent with the idea that a change in DNA chromatin structure may be
      required. We suggest that a transient decondensation of chromatin structure, an
      early step in DNA nucleotide excision repair but not in base excision repair, may
      be the triggering mechanism. The decondensation may allow the transcriptional
      machinery better access to the HIV-1 promoter region, thereby increasing gene
      expression.

PMID- 2282371
TI  - Sexual orientation in women: an investigation of hormonal and personality
      variables.
AB  - There are conflicting findings from the few existing studies of levels of sex
      hormones in lesbian and heterosexual women. MacCulloch and Waddington (1981)
      suggest that levels of certain sex hormones will only be "abnormal" in "primary"
      lesbians, defined by these authors as those lesbians who have no previous
      heterosexual experience and who score less than 20 on the heterosexual component
      of the Sexual Orientation Method questionnaire (SOM). They define secondary
      lesbians as those who have previous heterosexual experience and who score more
      than 20 on the heterosexual component of the SOM. In the present study (part of a
      wider investigation of a large number of variables, Dancey 1990) 40 lesbian women
      were classified into primary and secondary groups according to the above
      criteria. These two groups, and another lesbian and a heterosexual group, were
      measured at the same point in the menstrual cycle for levels of testosterone,
      androstenedione, oestradiol and progesterone. They were also tested on
      instrumentality and expressivity, two traits measured by the Personal Attributes
      Questionnaire (PAQ), related to sex roles. No significant differences were found
      between the groups on any of the measures, apart from the defining criteria. This
      study has therefore failed to validate the distinction between primary and
      secondary lesbianism.

PMID- 2282370
TI  - The nature of selective attention effects on auditory event-related potentials.
AB  - The purpose of the research reported here was to examine a number of issues
      relating to the nature of selective attention effects on auditory event-related
      potentials (ERPs), namely, to determine the relative contribution of N1 and slow
      wave (SW) to the early and late components of Nd respectively, where Nd is
      defined as the negative shift of attended ERPs relative to unattended ERPs; to
      examine whether individual differences in Nd morphology are related to
      performance and the strategies that subjects use; and to determine the
      contribution of changes in the attended and unattended ERPs to Nd. Auditory ERPs
      were recorded from subjects as they carried out an auditory selective attention
      task and a visual target detection task. The auditory selective attention task
      was a multidimensional task in which stimuli varied on location, pitch and
      duration and in which the subject's task was to pay attention to a particular
      location/pitch combination and respond whenever they detected a long-duration
      target tone. In the visual target detection task, subjects were required to
      respond whenever they detected a colour change in a light-emitting diode which
      also acted as a fixation point. Auditory ERPs recorded during the visual task
      were used to provide a measure of exogenous components uncontaminated by
      differential effects of selective processing of auditory stimuli. The results
      suggested that early Nd and N1 are independently generated as Nd did not exhibit
      the contralateral scalp focus typical of N1, and that late Nd is independent of
      SW. While substantial differences in Nd morphology were observed over subjects,
      these differences showed no consistent relationships to performance or to task
      strategies. Comparison of auditory ERPs during active auditory attention with
      auditory ERPs recorded during the visual control task indicated that there was an
      early negative shift of the attended ERP, a later negative shift of the attended
      ERP which had a frontal focus and a later positive shift of the unattended ERP.
      These results suggest that there are active processes involved in the processing
      of stimuli from both the attended and unattended source.

PMID- 2282372
TI  - Effect of cystine loading and cystine dimethylester on renal brushborder membrane
      transport.
AB  - The effect of loading renal tubule cells with cystine was studied by incubating
      them with cystine dimethylester. Proline uptake into brushborder membrane
      vesicles isolated from the cystine loaded cells was not different from that
      observed into brushborder vesicles isolated from tubules incubated in buffer
      alone. Incubating brushborder membranes with 2 mM cystine dimethylester for 10
      minutes reduced the uptake of proline by 27% after 15 seconds of incubation and
      by 21% after 60 seconds of incubation. There was no effect after 20 minutes of
      incubation. Pre-incubating brushborder membrane vesicles with cystine
      dimethylester had no statistically significant effect on the affinity of proline
      for the carrier, but did reduce the maximal rate of proline uptake by 49%.

PMID- 2282373
TI  - Protein kinase C as a modulator of response amplification in vascular smooth
      muscle.
AB  - The amplification of alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction by angiotensin
      II was studied in femoral artery rings from rabbits. Threshold concentrations of
      angiotensin II (0.1 nM) increased the maximal response to clonidine to 139 +/- 8%
      of control and produced a 3.2-fold increase in sensitivity. These effects of
      angiotensin II were reversed when tissues were pretreated with staurosporine (50
      nM), an inhibitor of protein kinase C. The amplification of the alpha
      adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstrictor effects of thrombin and norepinephrine by
      angiotensin II were also reversed by pretreatment with staurosporine. Angiotensin
      II induced a response amplification in vascular smooth muscle known to be a
      nonspecific phenomenon, implying postreceptor interaction at intracellular
      transducer systems. Our findings suggest that upon activation of protein kinase C
      by angiotensin II, arterial responses to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists are
      amplified. This provides for nonspecific changes in vascular sensitivity by tonic
      alterations in postsynaptic modulation by enzyme systems known to regulate Ca2(+)
      dependent phenomena, e.g. those related to vascular excitation-contraction
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2282374
TI  - Flow-induced constriction of rabbit resistance artery is sodium-dependent.

PMID- 2282375
TI  - Noradrenaline induces rhythmic contractions of feline middle cerebral artery at
      low extracellular magnesium concentration.

PMID- 2282376
TI  - Gastroenterological aspects of AIDS.

PMID- 2282377
TI  - AIDS: an overview.

PMID- 2282378
TI  - Gut immunology.

PMID- 2282379
TI  - Oral manifestations of HIV disease.

PMID- 2282380
TI  - Upper gastrointestinal tract infections in AIDS. AIDS GIT Group.
AB  - Upper gastrointestinal tract infection in AIDS is a complex multifactorial
      process. The approach to diagnostic evaluation can be based upon knowledge of the
      large spectrum of bacteria, viruses and protozoa involved. The availability of
      effective therapy is the most decisive factor in determining the duration of
      upper gastrointestinal tract infections in AIDS patients. Awareness of the
      clinical, epidemiological, immunological and therapeutic aspects should help to
      direct the diagnostic evaluation of these patients and to highlight areas of
      research.

PMID- 2282381
TI  - Malabsorption, malnutrition and HIV disease.
AB  - The small intestine is a major target in HIV infection. Chronic diarrhoeal
      disease associated with malabsorption is the principal clinical manifestation of
      such infection. Reduced intestinal immunity and opportunistic enteric infections
      play a major role in clinical disease, but an enteropathy induced by HIV per se
      has also been implicated. The immunopathology of reduced intestinal immunity and
      its progression during HIV infection is poorly understood. HIV genome and
      proteins have been detected reproducibly in cells of the lamina propria
      resembling macrophages, but direct epithelial infection with HIV is
      controversial. Another factor which may contribute to diarrhoea is autonomic
      neuropathy within the jejunum. Small intestinal disease causes malabsorption of
      fat and disaccharides and may contribute to the weight loss seen in advancing HIV
      infection. However, malnutrition seen in HIV infection is multifactorial and may
      occur as a constitutional sign of infection in the absence of overt intestinal
      disease. Reduced food intake does not appear to be a causative factor in the
      weight loss in constitutionally well stage IV patients and there is some evidence
      that release of cytokines (TNF alpha/cachectin) into plasma or locally into
      tissue may mediate such events. The response of HIV-infected individuals to
      nutritional support is variable, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that
      the response is limited by the presence of severe systemic infection. However,
      aggressive nutrition is an important therapeutic mode which should be offered to
      all HIV-infected patients.

PMID- 2282382
TI  - Gastroenterological aspects of AIDS in the Third World.
AB  - Gastrointestinal disease is the commonest presentation of AIDS in the Third
      World. Diarrhoea and weight loss are particularly common. Although many pathogens
      may be found, chronic cryptosporidiosis is the most frequent and there remains no
      specific effective therapy. Isospora belli is found in less than 10% of cases,
      but may be treated with cotrimoxazole, and long-term maintenance treatment to
      prevent relapse is effective. Oral disease, especially with candidiasis, is
      increasingly recognized and may be controlled with topical antifungal agents. The
      outlook for patients in the Third World who present with gastrointestinal
      opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection is particularly dismal.
      Specific antiviral therapy, which has at least brought some hope and longer
      survival to patients in developed countries, remains largely unavailable in the
      Third World.

PMID- 2282383
TI  - Non-opportunistic causes of diarrhoea in HIV infection.

PMID- 2282384
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis and AIDS.
AB  - Cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS presents as a chronic enteritis, with
      biliary complications in about 10% of sufferers. The disease is persistent and
      progressively fatal. Due to the widespread prevalence of the parasite in the
      community and amongst domesticated animals, persons with AIDS are constantly at
      risk. Treatment is extremely difficult in view of the apparent lack of a specific
      anticryptosporidial drug. Methods of immunomodulation are worth considering, but
      the main recourse may have to be a prolonged regimen of rehydration and
      parenteral nutrition. However, if T helper cell function improves, the disease
      may go into remission or the parasite could be eliminated. Vaccination of those
      at risk is not feasible at present.

PMID- 2282385
TI  - Clinical aspects of cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 2282386
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma of the gut in AIDS.
AB  - KS and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas frequently involve the gut in patients with AIDS.
      These neoplasms establish the diagnosis of AIDS in an HIV-positive patient. KS is
      a spindle-cell tumour derived from lymphatic endothelia which is associated with
      luminal lesions in at least 40% of patients. Gastrointestinal KS is usually
      asymptomatic but may rarely bleed or obstruct. Treatment of KS with either
      interferon-alpha, radiation or chemotherapy can reduce tumour bulk, but does not
      alter overall survival in AIDS. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in AIDS are B cell
      neoplasms with many genotypic and phenotypic similarities to Burkitt's lymphoma.
      The tumours are usually highly aggressive, and present in extranodal sites in the
      majority of cases. Of these extranodal sites, gastrointestinal involvement is
      most common. Gastrointestinal lymphomas are usually symptomatic and almost always
      require treatment. Obstruction, perforation and bleeding may occur in patients
      with luminal involvement, whereas hepatic or biliary disease may lead to
      jaundice. Several chemotherapeutic regimens for lymphoma have been successfully
      used to achieve partial remission, although no prolongation of survival has been
      demonstrated. There appears to be an increased incidence of Hodgkin's disease in
      patients with AIDS, which is generally of advanced stage. This tumour does not
      meet the CDC criteria for AIDS as yet. Hepatic and/or splenic involvement in this
      setting are common.

PMID- 2282387
TI  - Light and electron microscopic appearances of pathological changes in HIV gut
      infection.

PMID- 2282388
TI  - Antiretroviral therapy and the use of zidovudine for HIV infection.

PMID- 2282389
TI  - Psychiatric manifestations of HIV disease.
AB  - This chapter contains a detailed description of the range of psychiatric problems
      likely to present in HIV patients and their relatives, and a discussion of the
      principles of psychiatric management. Psychosocial problems at the various
      disease stages are reviewed, including those at the time of HIV testing, and in
      asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. Mania and schizophrenia-like syndromes
      are discussed, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders occurring in early and
      advanced HIV disease. The impact of HIV disease on relatives and professional
      carers is reviewed. The role of physicians and nurses in the psychological care
      of HIV patients is outlined, together with the role of mental health specialists.
      Basic information about the recognition and treatment of major psychiatric
      syndromes is provided. Finally, issues involved in supporting staff working with
      HIV patients are discussed.

PMID- 2282390
TI  - The use of drugs in patients with gastrointestinal manifestations of AIDS.

PMID- 2282391
TI  - Whiplash injury.

PMID- 2282393
TI  - Salmonella and vaccines.

PMID- 2282394
TI  - AIDS funding falls.

PMID- 2282392
TI  - Impaired glucose tolerance.

PMID- 2282395
TI  - Unemployment and mortality among Finnish men, 1981-5.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether, after controlling for several relevant
      background variables simultaneously, unemployment is related to mortality and to
      assess whether this relation is causal or whether unhealthy people are more
      likely to become unemployed. DESIGN: Prospective study of mortality in Finland
      during 1981-5 based on 1980 census data on 30-54 year old wage earner men and
      with particular attention to unemployment in the year before the census. SETTING:
      Research project at the University of Helsinki. SUBJECTS: All wage earner men in
      Finland aged 30-54 at the 1980 census. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Causes of death
      during 1981-5 and duration of unemployment in the year before the census.
      Background variables controlled for were age, socioeconomic state, marital state,
      and health. The data were analysed by log linear regression models. RESULTS:
      During the study period 1981-5, which covered almost 2.7 million person years,
      there were 9810 deaths. After controlling for all background variables relative
      total mortality among unemployed versus employed men was 1.93 (95% confidence
      interval 1.82 to 2.05). The excess mortality was highest in accidental and
      violent causes of death (relative mortality 2.51; 95% confidence interval 2.28 to
      2.76). For circulatory diseases the relative death rate was 1.54 (95% confidence
      interval 1.40 to 1.70), but among neoplasms only lung cancer was associated with
      excess mortality. Selection for unemployment based on age, socioeconomic state,
      and marital state was evident but no such selection was detected based on health.
      Effects of unemployment on mortality were more pronounced with increasing
      duration of unemployment. CONCLUSIONS: The relative excess mortality of
      unemployed men in Finland cannot fully be explained by demographic, social, and
      health variables preceding unemployment. Unemployment therefore seems to have an
      independent causal effect on male mortality. Further studies are needed to
      elucidate the mechanisms between unemployment and mortality.

PMID- 2282396
TI  - Impact of HIV on tuberculosis in Zambia: a cross sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the contribution of HIV infection to the apparently
      increasing incidence of tuberculosis in central Africa. DESIGN: Cross sectional
      study. SETTING: Outpatient clinic in teaching hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. PATIENTS:
      346 Adult patients with tuberculosis. RESULTS: Overall, 206 patients (60%; 95%
      confidence interval 54% to 65%) were positive for HIV: in one or both assays
      used. The peaks for both tuberculosis and HIV infection were among men aged 25-34
      years and women aged 14-24 years. Of patients with confirmed pulmonary
      tuberculosis, 73/149 (49%; 41% to 57%) were positive for HIV; 67/83 (81%; 70% to
      89%) patients with pleural disease and 16/19 (84%; 60% to 97%) patients with
      pericardial disease were positive. HIV positive patients with positive sputum
      culture were less likely to have had a positive sputum smear, and their chest x
      ray films less often showed classic upper zone disease or cavitation. Of 72
      patients who fulfilled clinical criteria for AIDS, 17 were negative for HIV.
      CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of HIV in patients with tuberculosis suggests
      that an epidemic of reactivating tuberculosis is arising in those who are
      infected with HIV. The redirection of public health priorities towards
      tuberculosis would focus on a major treatable and preventable complication of the
      AIDS epidemic.

PMID- 2282397
TI  - Perinatal mortality rates in isolated general practitioner maternity units.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the perinatal mortality rate among normally formed,
      singleton babies with birth weights greater than or equal to 2500 g in Bath
      health district based on the intended place of delivery at the time of onset of
      labour or at the time of diagnosis of intrauterine death. DESIGN: The numbers of
      live births and stillbirths were collected monthly returns from the maternity
      units concerned. Deaths of infants aged less than or equal to 1 week were
      collected in the same returns. The intended place of delivery was confirmed at
      the monthly perinatal mortality meeting, during which maternal and fetal factors
      were discussed. SETTING: A rural health district of 400,000 population where one
      third of all deliveries occurred in seven isolated general practitioner maternity
      units, 8% in the integrated general practitioner unit, and the remainder in the
      consultant unit. SUBJECTS: All babies of women whose deliveries were booked in
      the district before the onset of labour or the diagnosis of intrauterine death,
      excluding twins, babies with lethal congenital malformations, and those less than
      2500 g. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome of all deliveries and parity of mothers.
      RESULTS: 14,415 Deliveries were analysed. The perinatal mortality rate was
      2.8/1000 births in the consultant unit (7950 deliveries), 4.8 in the isolated
      general practitioner units (5237 deliveries), and zero in the integrated general
      practitioner unit (1228 deliveries). Perinatal deaths attributable to asphyxia
      were more common in the isolated general practitioner units (1.5 per 1000) than
      the consultant unit (0.6 per 1000). The perinatal mortality rate among babies
      born to nulliparous women was 3.2/1000 births in the consultant unit and 5.7 in
      the isolated general practitioner units; for those born to multigravid women it
      was 2.4 and 4.2 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of delivery was not
      influenced by parity. Both antenatal and intrapartum care were responsible for
      the higher perinatal mortality rate in the isolated general practitioner units.
      The integrated unit, which shared midwifery staff with the consultant unit,
      seemed to work well. Analysis by intended place of delivery at the time of onset
      of labour or diagnosis of intrauterine death suggested that the care given in
      isolated units needs to be improved, perhaps by better training of general
      practitioners and consultant supervision of antenatal care.

PMID- 2282398
TI  - Adjustment of insulin doses of diabetic patients during long distance flights.

PMID- 2282400
TI  - Preventing cancer--a DIY guide.

PMID- 2282399
TI  - Decreased salivary epidermal growth factor in rheumatoid disease: a possible
      mechanism for increased susceptibility to gastric ulceration.

PMID- 2282401
TI  - Social class differences in years of potential life lost: size, trends, and
      principal causes.
AB  - British social class differences in mortality are examined in terms of years of
      potential life lost, a measure that gives more weight to deaths that take place
      at younger ages. It shows wider class differences during the years of working
      life than those found when mortality is expressed in terms of standardised
      mortality ratios. Examination of the change in class differences between 1971 and
      1981 for all causes of death combined and for the three categories of death which
      during these ages make a major contribution to total years of potential life lost
      shows complex changes. Inequalities in years of potential life lost have
      increased between 1971 and 1981, during which all the principal causes of death
      have shown stationary or rising rates among the manual classes. The use of years
      of potential life lost as a measure of population health trends focuses attention
      on the major contribution of violent death, which occurs mainly in younger men,
      to widening class differences in mortality.

PMID- 2282402
TI  - Concealed haemorrhage in patients nursed on an air fluidised bed.

PMID- 2282403
TI  - ABC of major trauma. Paediatric trauma: secondary survey.

PMID- 2282404
TI  - Car head restraints.

PMID- 2282405
TI  - Papal policy, poverty, and AIDS.

PMID- 2282406
TI  - Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life.

PMID- 2282407
TI  - Bleeding time in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.

PMID- 2282408
TI  - Fractures of long bones occurring in neonatal intensive therapy units.

PMID- 2282409
TI  - Faulty heart valves.

PMID- 2282410
TI  - Will the white paper slay the dragon?

PMID- 2282411
TI  - Emergency alarms.

PMID- 2282412
TI  - Trauma of the spine and spinal cord.

PMID- 2282413
TI  - Psychiatric aspects of urinary incontinence.

PMID- 2282414
TI  - General practitioners' awareness of colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2282415
TI  - Prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

PMID- 2282416
TI  - Early HIV infection: to treat or not to treat?

PMID- 2282418
TI  - The new agenda for general practice computing.

PMID- 2282417
TI  - Endemic bladder stones.

PMID- 2282419
TI  - Selling the pathology service.

PMID- 2282420
TI  - Risk of disability and mortality due to overweight in a Finnish population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of overweight on premature mortality and
      work disability in young and middle aged Finns. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study
      based on data collected in the multiphasic health examinations by the Social
      Insurance Institution of Finland from 1966 to 1972 and follow up until 1982.
      SETTING: 34 Communities throughout Finland. SUBJECTS: 12,053 Women and 19,076 men
      who were employed and aged 25-64 at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality
      and work disability pensions from all and specified causes. RESULTS: Body mass
      index was a weak predictor of death but a strong predictor of early work
      disability, which increased linearly with body mass index. After adjustment for
      age, geographical region, occupation, and smoking the relative risks of work
      disability for women and men with a body mass index greater than or equal to 30
      kg/m2 were, respectively, 2.0 (95% confidence interval 1.8 to 2.3) and 1.5 (1.3
      to 1.7) when compared with those of subjects with body mass index less than 22.5
      kg/m2. The increased risks were due to an excess of cardiovascular and
      musculoskeletal diseases but not of mental diseases. One fourth of all disability
      pensions from cardiovascular and musculoskeletal causes in women and half as many
      in men could be attributed to overweight (body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2)
      alone. CONCLUSIONS: Though modest overweight has little impact on mortality it
      predicts severe functional impairment. A considerable proportion of work
      disability pensions could probably be prevented by efficient weight control.

PMID- 2282421
TI  - Trial of brief intermittent neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenic
      outpatients: clinical and social outcome at two years.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a novel approach to the prophylaxis of schizophrenic
      relapse characterised by administration of brief courses of neuroleptic for the
      earliest non-psychotic signs of relapse (prodromal symptoms). DESIGN: Two year
      follow up of subjects randomised, double blind, to receive either active (control
      group) or placebo (intermittent group) depot neuroleptic medication. Both groups
      received brief courses of oral neuroleptic when prodromal symptoms or relapse
      occurred. SETTING: Psychiatric outpatient department, Charing Cross Hospital,
      London. SUBJECTS: 54 Stable patients in remission who met the American
      Psychiatric Association's DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia on the basis of case
      notes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival without relapse, survival without
      hospitalisation, point prevalence of extrapyramidal side effects and tardive
      dyskinesia, structured assessment of social functioning (social adjustment scale
      II), and frequency of prodromal symptoms. RESULTS: Of 19 relapses recorded over
      two years, 10 (53%) were preceded by non-psychotic prodromal signs. Survival
      rates for both relapse and hospitalisation were worse with intermittent treatment
      than continuous treatment over the two year follow up: 92% of controls and only
      54% of patients given intermittent treatment survived the two year period without
      hospitalisation. Prolonged or frequent relapses as well as episodes of prodromal
      symptoms were more frequent with intermittent treatment. Lower scores for
      extrapyramidal side effects were recorded in the intermittent treatment group,
      but periodic assessments of social functioning failed to show any social
      advantages from this. CONCLUSION: The findings are at variance with a previous
      report of one year follow up in this cohort and attest to the superiority of
      continuous depot neuroleptic prophylaxis in preventing both psychotic and
      neurotic or dysphoric morbidity in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2282422
TI  - Six year follow up of infants with bacteriuria on screening.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of screening for bacteriuria in infants with
      special emphasis on the natural course of untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria,
      renal growth, and renal damage. DESIGN: Prospective six year follow up of infants
      with bacteriuria on screening in an unselected infant population. SETTING:
      Paediatric outpatient clinic. PATIENTS: 50 Infants (14 girls, 36 boys) with
      bacteriuria on screening verified by suprapubic aspiration from an unselected
      population of 3581 infants in a defined area of Gothenburg. INTERVENTIONS:
      Children with asymptomatic bacteriuria and normal findings on initial urography
      were untreated, although other infections were treated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Culture of urine and determination of C reactive protein concentration every six
      weeks for the first six months after diagnosis, every three months from six
      months to two years, and every six months between two and three years; thereafter
      yearly urine culture. Evaluation of renal concentrating capacity with a
      desmopressin test; radiological examination, including first and follow up
      urography and micturition cystourethrography without antibiotic cover; and
      measurement of renal parenchymal thickness and renal surface area. RESULTS: Of
      the original 50 infants, 37 (12 girls, 25 boys) were followed up for at least six
      years. Two infants developed pyelonephritis within two weeks after bacteriuria
      was diagnosed; the others remained free of symptoms. 45 Infants were untreated;
      the bacteriuria cleared spontaneously in 36 and in response to antibiotics given
      for infections in the respiratory tract in eight. Recurrences of bacteriuria were
      observed in 10 of the 50 children, of whom one had pyelonephritis. No child had
      more than one recurrence. At follow up urography in 36 of the 50 children (9
      girls, 27 boys) after a median of 32 months no child had developed renal damage.
      First samples tested for renal concentrating capacity showed significantly higher
      values than those from a reference population (mean SD score 0.50, 95% confidence
      interval 0.21 to 0.79; p less than 0.001), but the last samples showed no
      significant difference (mean SD score 0.08, -0.24 to 0.40; p greater than 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Mass screening for bacteriuria in infancy results primarily in
      detection of innocent bacteriuric episodes and is not recommended.

PMID- 2282423
TI  - Psychological distress after assaults and accidents.

PMID- 2282424
TI  - Grampian Health Board's joint drug formulary.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop a model for creating a joint general practice-hospital
      formulary, using the example of ulcer healing drugs. DESIGN: A joint formulary
      development group produced draft guidelines based on an earlier hospital
      formulary, which were sent to interested local general practitioners for
      consultation. Revised guidelines were then drawn up and forwarded to the health
      board's medicines committee for approval and distribution. SETTING: Grampian
      Health Board. SUBJECTS: Nine members of joint formulary development group plus
      local general practitioners who were invited to comment on a list of 11 ulcer
      healing drugs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Degree of coincidence of drugs selected by
      hospital doctors and general practitioners. RESULTS: The ulcer healing drugs
      selected by the panel of general practitioners and by hospital doctors were
      highly coincident. The cost of one day's treatment with drugs varied considerably
      between hospital and general practice--for example, one drug cost 46p in hospital
      and 1 pounds in general practice and another cost 1.26 pounds in hospital and
      1.01 pounds in general practice. Overall, six drugs cost more in hospital and
      five cost more in general practice. CONCLUSIONS: A joint formulary for use in
      hospitals and general practice in a health board can be devised fairly simply by
      consultation as virtually the same drugs are used in both types of practice. It
      should influence the health board's expenditure on drugs and affect the choice of
      drugs when a patient is discharged from hospital or is referred to any hospital
      in the region.

PMID- 2282425
TI  - Prevalence of acute mountain sickness in the Swiss Alps.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of symptoms and signs of acute mountain
      sickness of the Swiss Alps. DESIGN: A study using an interview and clinical
      examination in a representative population of mountaineers. Positive symptoms and
      signs were assigned scores to quantify the severity of acute mountain sickness.
      SETTING: Four huts in the Swiss Alps at 2850 m, 3050 m, 3650 m, and 4559 m.
      SUBJECTS: 466 Climbers, mostly recreational: 47 at 2850 m, 128 at 3050 m, 82 at
      3650, and 209 at 4559 m. RESULTS: In all, 117 of the subjects were entirely free
      of symptoms and clinical signs of acute mountain sickness; 191 had one or two
      symptoms and signs; and 158 had more than two. Those with more than two symptoms
      and signs were defined as suffering from acute mountain sickness. At 4559 m 11
      climbers presented with high altitude pulmonary oedema or cerebral oedema, or
      both. Men and women were equally affected. The prevalence of acute mountain
      sickness correlated with altitude: it was 9% at 2850 m, 13% at 3050 m, 34% at
      3650 m, and 53% at 4559 m. The most frequent symptoms and signs were insomnia,
      headache, peripheral oedema, and scanty pulmonary rales. Severe headache,
      vomiting, dizziness, tachypnoea, and pronounced pulmonary rales were associated
      with other symptoms and signs and therefore characteristic of acute mountain
      sickness. CONCLUSION: Acute mountain sickness is not an uncommon disease at
      moderately high altitude--that is, above 2800 m. Severe headache, vomiting,
      dizziness, tachypnoea, and pronounced pulmonary rales indicate severe acute
      mountain sickness, and subjects who suffer these should immediately descend to
      lower altitudes.

PMID- 2282426
TI  - NHS profiles. Duncan Nichol: view from the apex. Interview by Richard Smith.

PMID- 2282427
TI  - ABC of major trauma. Radiological assessment--II.

PMID- 2282428
TI  - Chief inspector criticises prison medical service.

PMID- 2282429
TI  - Bedding and sleeping position in the sudden infant death syndrome.

PMID- 2282430
TI  - Decreased salivary epidermal growth factor in rheumatoid disease.

PMID- 2282431
TI  - Training for care assistants.

PMID- 2282432
TI  - Output of medical research from India.

PMID- 2282433
TI  - Fractures of long bones occurring in neonatal intensive therapy units.

PMID- 2282434
TI  - Detection of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women.

PMID- 2282435
TI  - Cell implantation in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2282436
TI  - "Will the white paper slay the dragon?".

PMID- 2282437
TI  - Diabetes mellitus in a patient with AIDS after treatment with pentamidine
      aerosol.

PMID- 2282438
TI  - Pseudopolymyalgia rheumatica with dipyridamole.

PMID- 2282439
TI  - Sleep disorders in children.

PMID- 2282440
TI  - Now I'm somebody special.

PMID- 2282441
TI  - Notice of inadvertent duplicate publication.

PMID- 2282442
TI  - Re-do clubfoot: surgical approach and long-term results.

PMID- 2282444
TI  - Ophthalmology and magic.

PMID- 2282443
TI  - The epidemiology of perinatal mortality in multiple births.
AB  - The epidemiology of perinatal mortality in multiple pregnancies was investigated
      from data on 16,831 multiple births from New York City's computerized vital
      records for 1978-1984. Twins had a sixfold higher rate of neonatal death and a
      threefold higher rate of fetal death during labor than had singleton infants.
      Much of this excess mortality can be explained by the lower birthweight
      distribution in twins: between 1,001 and 2,500 grams twins had birthweight
      specific death rates equivalent to or substantially less than singletons.
      However, in infants of normal birthweights, twins had more than three times the
      mortality risk of singletons. For twins in vertex presentation between 1,001 and
      3,000 grams, cesarean section did not appreciably reduce neonatal mortality risk.
      For twins in vertex presentation who weighted more than 3,000 grams the neonatal
      mortality rate was more than four times higher in vaginal deliveries than in
      cesarean sections (exact p = 0.034). Efforts to prevent intrapartum and neonatal
      mortality in multiple births should aim at reducing the incidence of low
      birthweight twins. More research is needed on the etiology of perinatal problems
      in normal birthweight twins (greater than or equal to 2,501 grams), especially on
      the effects of different modes of delivery.

PMID- 2282445
TI  - A drug for all seasons. Medical and pharmacological history of aloe.

PMID- 2282446
TI  - Transatlantic transmission of infectious diseases; the applicability of
      paleopathology.

PMID- 2282447
TI  - The roles of microtubule-associated proteins in brain morphogenesis: a review.
AB  - Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are a diverse family of cytoskeletal
      proteins that copurify with tubulin in vitro. Recently a number of novel
      approaches have been used to learn more about the functions of MAPs during brain
      development, including: localization of MAPs and their mRNA in the developing
      brain, comparisons of MAPs between species to learn potential fundamental
      characteristics, biochemical analysis of changes in MAPs in process-bearing cell
      lines, and sequence analysis of MAP cDNAs and cDNA transfection studies. Taken
      together, these data allow us to assign roles to MAPs which are abundant in the
      developing brain, and to develop models for future studies. Four MAPs are
      particularly abundant in the developing brain: MAP1B, the high and low-molecular
      weight forms of MAP2, and juvenile tau. MAP1B is the only MAP to be found
      consistently in extending processes in both the developing and adult brain,
      making it a likely regulator of neurite outgrowth. High-molecular weight MAP2 and
      tau crosslink microtubules in dendrites and axons, respectively. Low-molecular
      weight MAP2 may be able to regulate MAP2-mediated crosslinking to make processes
      more labile during development and in adult brain regions where synaptogenesis is
      active. Tau-mediated crosslinking may be regulated by temporal regulation of the
      expression of tau forms with different binding affinities to tubulin. High
      molecular weight MAP2 is sequestered into dendrites by the selective transport of
      its mRNA. This allows rapid and local regulation of MAP2 synthesis.

PMID- 2282448
TI  - Transplantation of adrenal tissue into the central nervous system.
AB  - Adrenal medullary tissue can survive transplantation to the central nervous
      system. Such survival has been obtained experimentally with grafts to the
      anterior eye chamber, to the brain and to the spinal cord, using medullary tissue
      from the recipient animal or unrelated animals of the same or, in some cases,
      different species. Appropriately placed grafts have been shown, under certain
      conditions, to interact with the host nervous system, exerting behavioral effects
      including amelioration of experimentally-induced parkinsonian symptoms. Such
      effects may be enhanced by administration of nerve growth factor to the grafts.
      On the basis of such findings, adrenal medullary tissue has been grafted to the
      brain of Parkinson's disease patients. Both animal and human experiments raise
      important questions about mechanisms of graft action and about factors that
      influence the outcome of these procedures.

PMID- 2282449
TI  - Control of dopamine extracellular concentration in rat striatum by impulse flow
      and uptake.
AB  - Advances in measurement techniques have enabled the extracellular concentration
      of dopamine to be monitored inside striatal structures during transient
      electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. The observed concentration
      changes can be accounted for by a mathematical model as a function of the
      frequency employed and the stimulus duration. Overflow curves can be described by
      3 kinetic parameters: the concentration of dopamine released per stimulus pulse,
      and the Km and Vmax of uptake. In terms of this model, the kinetics of overflow
      during stimulation is found to be identical in the nucleus accumbens and caudate
      nucleus with the exception that the Vmax for uptake is lower in the former
      region. Maximal uptake is also found to be lower in animals with partial lesions
      of dopamine neurons. Measured concentrations vary with stimulation frequency from
      10 to 60 Hz in a manner that can be predicted by the model. Competitive uptake
      inhibitors have their primary effect on overflow in the limit of low stimulus
      frequencies. In contrast, D2 antagonists, which increase the concentration of
      dopamine released per stimulus pulse, have a moderate effect in low and high
      frequency ranges, but cause a significant maximal increase in extracellular
      dopamine concentrations at a mid-range frequency. Both calculated response and
      experimental findings indicate that in the caudate nucleus, the upper frequency
      for observable uptake inhibition and the characteristic maximum frequency for the
      receptor-mediated response occur at higher values than in the nucleus accumbens.
      The model appears to be useful for predicting dopamine extracellular
      concentrations over a wide range of conditions, and its predictions may be valid
      when extended to more physiological situations.

PMID- 2282450
TI  - Biochemical pharmacology of isolated neuronal growth cones: implications for
      synaptogenesis.
AB  - The neuronal growth cone is critical to the establishment of neuronal polarity
      through its motile, pathfinding and target recognition properties exhibited
      during synaptogenesis. Subcellular fractionation procedures yielding milligram
      quantities of isolated growth cones has allowed for biochemical and
      pharmacological investigation of intrinsic growth cone components that are likely
      to be involved in regulation of growth cone function in neuronal development.
      These 'mapping' studies of growth cone components are prerequisites to
      elucidating the mechanisms by which extracellular factors influence the motility,
      adhesion and directed growth of the growth cone. For example, neurotransmitters
      and polypeptide growth factors which have been shown in other systems to modulate
      growth cone behavior are presumed to act through receptors on the growth cone,
      inducing second-messenger molecule formation and consequent modification and
      regulation of proteins effecting the response(s) of the growth cone (i.e.
      proteins involved in motility, adhesion and membrane turnover). In a relatively
      short period of time, work with the isolated growth cone preparation has
      identified, in independent studies, many of the elements involved in this
      proposed scheme of events, including transmitter receptors, second-messenger
      cascades, and second-messenger post-translational modifications. An obvious
      future goal will be to analyze in more detail the intracellular events, and the
      relationships between them, in the growth cone and how they transmit
      extracellular signals into responses such as motility and adhesivity which
      underly the growth cone's synaptogenic properties. It is to be expected that much
      of this information will come forth from experimentation with the isolated growth
      cone preparation.

PMID- 2282451
TI  - Regional haemodynamic changes during oral ingestion of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine
      or NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in conscious Brattleboro rats.
AB  - Homozygous Brattleboro (i.e. vasopressin-deficient) rats were chronically
      instrumented with pulsed Doppler probes and intravascular catheters to permit
      continuous monitoring of regional haemodynamics. Over a 9 h period, rats drinking
      water showed no systematic changes in heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure
      although renal, mesenteric and hindquarters vascular conductances fell. These
      changes showed diurnal rhythms, probably related to the nocturnal habits of rats.
      In separate groups of animals spontaneous oral ingestion of NG-monomethyl-L
      arginine (L-NMMA; 1 mg ml-1) or NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 0.1 mg
      ml-1) caused marked hypertension but no significant bradycardia. Compared to
      control animals, rats drinking L-NMMA for 9 h showed significantly greater
      mesenteric and hindquarters vasoconstrictions, and rats drinking L-NAME showed
      greater vasoconstrictions in all 3 vascular beds.

PMID- 2282452
TI  - Characterization of the dopamine receptor mediating the hyperpolarization of
      cockroach salivary gland acinar cells in vitro.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings have been made of the hyperpolarization of cockroach
      salivary gland cells induced by nerve stimulation and dopamine. 2. The relative
      potency of a number of dopamine antagonists in inhibiting the dopamine- and nerve
      mediated hyperpolarization was studied. SCH23390 (10-50 microM), chlorpromazine
      (0.1-5 microM), haloperidol (10-100 microM) and metoclopramide (1 mM) inhibited
      the hyperpolarization. 3. In contrast, domperidone and (+/-)-sulpiride
      potentiated the hyperpolarization induced by both nerve stimulation and dopamine.
      4. Apparent dissociation constants (KDapp) were obtained for the blockade of the
      dopamine-induced hyperpolarization. The rank order of potency (KDapp in
      parentheses) was as follows: chlorpromazine (0.2 microM); haloperidol (3.3
      microM); SCH23390 (4.1 microM); metoclopramide (265 microM); domperidone and (+/
      )-sulpiride (inactive). 5. It is concluded that the receptor subserving the
      dopamine-induced hyperpolarization of the salivary gland acinar cells is the same
      as that mediating the secretory response to dopamine. In addition these data
      support our findings, which suggested that this receptor is similar to the D1
      dopamine receptor, but distinct from the D2 receptor found in mammalian systems.

PMID- 2282453
TI  - Phentolamine and yohimbine inhibit ATP-sensitive K+ channels in mouse pancreatic
      beta-cells.
AB  - 1. The effects of phentolamine and yohimbine on adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)
      sensitive K+ channels were studied in normal mouse beta-cells. 2. In the presence
      of 3 mM glucose, many ATP-sensitive K+ channels are open in the beta-cell
      membrane. Under these conditions, phentolamine inhibited 86Rb efflux from the
      islets. This inhibition was faster with 100 than with 20 microM phentolamine but
      its steady-state magnitude was similar with both concentrations. Yohimbine (20
      100 microM) also inhibited the efflux rate but was not as potent as phentolamine.
      3. In the presence of 6 mM glucose, most ATP-sensitive K+ channels are closed in
      the beta-cell membrane. Their opening by 100 microM diazoxide caused a marked
      acceleration of 86Rb efflux from the islets. This acceleration was almost
      entirely prevented by 20 microM phentolamine. It was barely affected by 20 microM
      yohimbine and reduced by 50% by 100 microM yohimbine. 4. ATP-sensitive K+
      currents were studied in single beta-cells by the whole cell patch-clamp
      technique. Phentolamine (20-100 microM) caused a progressive but almost complete
      and irreversible inhibition of the current. The effects of yohimbine were faster
      but smaller; the inhibition was still incomplete with 100 microM yohimbine. 5.
      The increase in ATP-sensitive K+ current produced by 100 microM diazoxide was
      prevented by 100 microM phentolamine but only partially attenuated by 100 microM
      yohimbine. 6. It is concluded that phentolamine inhibits ATP-sensitive K+
      channels in pancreatic beta-cells. This novel effect of phentolamine resembles
      that of hypoglycaemic sulphonylureas. It may account for previously unexplained
      effects of the drug. These observations also call for reinterpretation of many
      studies in which phentolamine was used as an allegedly specific blocker of alpha
      adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2282455
TI  - Inhibitory actions of prostaglandin E1 on non-adrenergic non-cholinergic
      contraction in guinea-pig bronchi.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on non-adrenergic, non
      cholinergic (NANC) contraction in guinea-pig bronchial strips. PGE1 (10 nM to 10
      microM) did not alter baseline tension but reduced NANC contractions induced by
      electrical field stimulation (EFS) in a concentration-dependent fashion (-log
      EC50 was 6.60 +/- 0.10 M and maximum inhibition was 88.7 +/- 2.9%). PGE1 (greater
      than 0.3 microM) also reduced the contraction induced by substance P (1 microM).
      Removal of epithelium did not alter the effects of PGE1 on NANC contraction.
      These results suggest that PGE1 exerts both pre- and post-junctional inhibitory
      actions on NANC contraction.

PMID- 2282454
TI  - Inhibition of endothelial-bound angiotensin converting enzyme, in vivo.
AB  - 1. We determined apparent Ki constants of two inhibitors, captopril and
      CL242,817, for pulmonary endothelial-bound angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in
      anaesthetized rabbits. [3H]-benzoyl-Phe-Ala-Pro was used as the substrate. The
      apparent kinetic parameters Km and Amax (product of Vmax and microvascular plasma
      volume) were measured, as was the ratio (Amax/Km) (measured under first order
      reaction conditions) before and 30s after the i.v. administration of captopril 10
      nmol kg-1 or CL242,817, 35 nmol kg-1. 2. Under mixed order reaction conditions,
      ([S] greater than or equal to Km), apparent Km values increased from 12.2 +/- 1.9
      microM to 32.9 +/- 3.3 microM (P less than 0.05) in the captopril-treated rabbits
      and from 9.3 +/- 2.3 microM to 45.8 +/- 9.8 microM (P less than 0.05) in the
      CL242,817-treated rabbits, indicative of competitive inhibition. However,
      apparent Amax values decreased from 10.3 +/- 2.1 to 4.5 +/- 0.8 mumol min-1 (P
      less than 0.05) and 8.9 +/- 1.7 to 4.8 +/- 0.5 mumol min-1 (P less than 0.05),
      respectively. 3. Under first order reaction conditions ([S] much less than Km),
      the Amax/Km ratio decreased from 763 +/- 100 to 125 +/- 38 ml min-1 (P less than
      0.05) and 1009 +/- 149 to 126 +/- 44 ml min-1 (P less than 0.05) in the captopril
      and CL242,817-treated groups respectively. 4. When the single pass
      transpulmonary binding of 80pmol [3H]-RAC-X-65 (an ACE inhibitor) was measured in
      additional rabbits, a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in RAC-X-65 binding was
      observed 30s after captopril (80% decrease) or CL242,817 (85% decrease), a result
      expected for a loss of catalytically active enzyme mass due to tightly bound
      captopril or CL242,817. 5. These results indicate that, in vivo, both captopril
      and CL242,817 are competitive, tight binding inhibitors of lung ACE. Furthermore,
      they suggest means for evaluating the interaction of other potential ACE
      inhibitors with the pulmonary endothelial membrane-bound enzyme, in vivo,
      possibly in phase I clinical trials.

PMID- 2282456
TI  - Mode of inhibitory actions of acute and chronic chloroquine administration on the
      electrically stimulated mouse diaphragm in vitro.
AB  - 1. The effects of bath applied chloroquine (Chlo) and of acute and chronic Chlo
      administration on skeletal muscle reactivity to electrical stimulation and to
      drugs have been studied on mouse hemidiaphragm preparations in vitro. 2. Chlo
      (0.15-150 micrograms) produced a concentration-dependent inhibition twitch and
      tetanic contractions due to direct muscle stimulation (MS). Acute and chronic
      administration of Chlo (45 mg kg-1, i.p. daily, for 3-28 days) progressively
      shifted the concentration-response curve to bath-applied Chlo to the right, with
      maximum effect occurring from day 14 of Chlo pretreatment. 3. Acute and chronic
      administration of Chlo decreased the twitch and tetanus tension, raised the
      minimal fusion frequency (MFR) for tetanic contraction to occur and did not alter
      the twitch/tetanus tension ratio. Tetanus tension unlike twitch tension was not
      significantly decreased on day 3. 4. Caffeine (5-500 microM)--and isoprenaline
      (0.001-0.8 microM)-induced potentiations of twitch contraction were attenuated in
      a concentration-dependent manner by bath-applied Chlo and by acute and chronic
      administration of Chlo. Higher concentrations of caffeine (0.1-5 microM) and KCl
      (10 mM-130 mM) produced contracture of the muscle which was sensitive to
      inhibition by Chlo (50-150 microM). Moreover, the spike contractions superimposed
      on caffeine contracture were more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of Chlo than
      the contracture. 5. The inhibitory effects of dantrolene sodium and (+)
      tubocurarine on MS and on indirectly stimulated hemidiaphragm respectively were
      not significantly altered by acute and chronic administration of Chlo. In
      contrast, the inhibitory concentration-response curve to procaine was shifted to
      the right. 6. The inhibitory effect of bath-appled Chlo, or acute and chronic
      pretreatment on twitch tension (MS) was not significantly antagonized by stepwise
      increase in extracellular Ca2 + (0.05-2.5 mM). Sodium thiocyanate (1-5 mM)
      reversed in a concentration-dependent manner the inhibitory effects of Chlo. 7.
      Complete recovery of twitch contractions occurred after 3 days of stopping daily
      Chlo administration, with partial recovery to tetanic tension after 28 days and
      no recovery of MFR. The reactivity of the diaphragm to bath applied Chlo was
      progressively restored, whereas the tension curve area to caffeine and KCI was
      still attenuated even 28 days after stopping Chlo pretreatment. 8. It is
      concluded that acute and chronic Chlo administration results in changes in
      reactivity of the hemidiaphragm muscle to electrical stimulation and to drugs
      such that there is a decrease in muscle strength and tolerance to Chlo in vitro.
      These effects are dependent on its direct inhibitory action on skeletal muscle
      and may result from interference with Ca2 + mobilization within the muscle.

PMID- 2282457
TI  - L-arginine and arginine analogues: effects on isolated blood vessels and cultured
      endothelial cells.
AB  - 1. The present study examined effects of arginine (Arg) and various Arg analogues
      on the vascular tone of rabbit and rat aortic rings, the release of nitrite from
      cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and the metabolism of L-Arg in bovine
      and porcine endothelial cell homogenates. The respective D-enantiomers or N-alpha
      benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester did not substitute for L-Arg. 2. In bovine aortic
      endothelial cells, the release of nitrite was only observed in the presence of L
      Arg or L-Arg methyl ester in the cell culture medium. 3. In dialyzed homogenates
      of porcine and bovine aortic endothelial cells, L-Arg was metabolized
      independently of NADPH and Ca2+ to yield L-ornithine (L-Orn) and L-citrulline (L
      Cit). No concomitant nitrite formation was detected. 4. Pretreatment of rabbit
      and rat aortic rings with L-canavanine (L-Can) or NG-monomethyl-L-Arg (L-NMMA)
      inhibited ATP- and acetylcholine-induced relaxations (endothelium-dependent) but
      not glyceryltrinitrate-induced relaxations (endothelium-independent). 5. In
      rabbit aortic rings, Arg and monomeric Arg analogues induced endothelium
      independent relaxations. L-Arg methyl ester induced an endothelium-independent
      contraction, and L-NMMA induced a relaxation in the absence of endothelium and a
      contraction in the presence of endothelium. Polymeric basic amino acids such as
      poly L-Arg induced endothelium-dependent relaxations (inhibited by L-Can), a
      subsequent refractoriness to endothelium-dependent vasodilators (not prevented by
      L-Can) and endothelial cell death. 6. We suggest that extracellular L-Arg is
      essential for the formation of endothelium-derived nitrogen oxides (EDNO).
      However, Arg and Arg analogues do not exert endothelium-dependent relaxation. L
      Can and L-NMMA inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation, consistent with an
      inhibition of EDNO formation from L-Arg, but also exert endothelium-independent
      effects on vascular tone.

PMID- 2282458
TI  - Inhibitory role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in rat and human pulmonary
      arteries.
AB  - 1. The inhibitory role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor was studied in both
      rat and human pulmonary arteries in vitro by inhibiting its synthesis with the L
      arginine analogue NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). 2. In rat pulmonary
      arteries, L-NMMA pretreatment (10-300 microM) dose-dependently inhibited
      acetylcholine-induced relaxation (which is endothelium-dependent). NG-monomethyl
      D-arginine (D-NMMA, 100 microM) was without effect. L-Arginine, but not D
      arginine, dose-dependently reversed this inhibition. L-NMMA had no effect on
      relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside. 3. In human small pulmonary arteries
      L-NMMA (100 microM) pretreatment similarly inhibited the acetylcholine-induced
      relaxation but had no effect on the sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation. 4.
      In both rat and human pulmonary arteries, L-NMMA, but not D-NMMA, always caused
      contraction of preconstricted tissues whereas it had no effect on baseline tone.
      In the rat this contraction was completely prevented by prior treatment with L
      arginine. 5. L-NMMA (100 microM) pretreatment mimicked the effect of endothelium
      removal on phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction, both resulting in an increase
      in tension development at each concentration of phenylephrine. This enhancement
      was greatest at low concentrations of phenylephrine but was still present even at
      the highest concentrations. Pretreatment with L-NMMA (100 microM) also
      significantly increased the responses to single doses of phenylephrine. 6. These
      results suggest that endothelium-derived relaxing factor from endothelial cells
      both mediates the relaxation response to acetylcholine and also acts as a
      physiological brake against vasoconstriction in pulmonary vessels.

PMID- 2282459
TI  - Carbamylcholine- and 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced contraction in rat isolated
      airways: inhibition by calcitonin gene-related peptide.
AB  - 1. The effects of rat and human alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (alpha
      CGRP) were investigated in isolated smooth muscle preparations obtained from
      three levels of the rat respiratory tract. 2. Neither peptide (10(-10)-10(-6) M)
      had any effect on resting tension or on carbamylcholine (10(-6) M)-induced tone
      of trachea or main bronchus. In contrast, CGRP sometimes reduced spontaneous or
      carbamylcholine-induced tone of lung parenchymal strips. 3. CGRP produced a
      significant rightward shift of the log concentration-response curves to
      carbamylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the main bronchus. A rightward
      shift was also seen in trachea and parenchymal strips but this did not achieve
      the level of significance. The maximal response to 5-HT was reduced in the main
      bronchus and lung parenchyma whereas the maximal contraction to carbamylcholine
      was decreased in parenchymal strip only. 4. In all three airway preparations,
      CGRP caused concentration-dependent inhibition of responses elicited by
      challenges with 10(-7) M carbamylcholine or 5 x 10(-7) M 5-HT. The inhibitory
      effect of the peptide was inversely related to the size of the airways: the
      smaller the calibre, the greater the inhibition. 5. The inhibitory action of CGRP
      was not modified by pretreatment with tetrodotoxin (10(-6) M), propranolol (10(
      6) M) or indomethacin (10(-6) M). 6. The results strongly suggest that (a) CGRP
      has a nonspecific inhibitory action on airway smooth muscle cells, (b) CGRP may
      act as a potent inhibitor of responses elicited by bronchoconstrictor substances
      and (c) its inhibitory activity may be most powerfully expressed in peripheral
      regions of the respiratory tract.

PMID- 2282460
TI  - Reversible and selective antagonism by suramin of ATP-activated inward current in
      PC12 phaeochromocytoma cells.
AB  - 1. The effects of suramin on an adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-activated inward
      current were investigated in PC12 phaeochromocytoma cells with whole-cell voltage
      clamp techniques. 2. Suramin (30 to 300 microM) inhibited the ATP-activated
      current in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects were reversible and
      competitive. 3. Suramin also suppressed the current activated by adenosine 5'-O
      (3-thiotriphosphate) but did not affect the current activated by nicotine.
      Suramin did not affect the suppression of a K current induced by methacholine. 4.
      The results suggest that suramin antagonizes the ATP-receptor-operated membrane
      current reversibly and selectively.

PMID- 2282462
TI  - Structure-activity studies on endothelin (16-21), the C-terminal hexapeptide of
      the endothelins, in the guinea-pig bronchus.
AB  - 1. We describe the results of a structure-activity study in which the C-terminal
      hexapeptide of the endothelins, endothelin (16-21), is compared with shorter
      fragments; hexapeptides bearing amino-acid substitutions and the corresponding C
      terminal fragments of sarafotoxins. The guinea-pig bronchus was used in this
      study since it is the most sensitive preparation for endothelin (16-21) thus far
      developed. 2. The biological results obtained with endothelin (16-21) and
      analogues demonstrate that the contractile activity of the C-terminal hexapeptide
      of endothelin on the guinea-pig bronchus depends on quite close structural
      requirements, strongly suggestive of a receptor interaction. The following
      features appear to be essential for the biological activity: (a) the C-terminal
      free carboxylic function; (b) the L-configuration of Trp-21; (c) the beta
      carboxylic function of Asp-18; (d) the presence of Leu-17 and (e) the imidazole
      moiety of His-16. 3. The hexapeptide corresponding to the C-terminal portion of
      sarafotoxin, sarafotoxin (16-21), was devoid of biological activity. This
      behaviour might be related to the proposed existence of more than one receptor
      for the endothelin/sarafotoxin family in the guinea-pig bronchus.

PMID- 2282461
TI  - Haemodynamic alterations in anaesthetized and acutely intoxicated newborn
      piglets.
AB  - 1. We investigated the haemodynamic alterations in 2-day old anaesthetized
      piglets after acute ethanol intoxication using the microsphere technique. 2.
      After ethanol infusion, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) decreased by 6%,
      cardiac output (CO) decreased by 26%, heart rate (HR) increased by 20% and
      systemic vascular resistance (SVR) increased by 36%. 3. Arterial perfusion to the
      kidneys, gastrointestinal (GI) organs and carcass decreased by 39%, 34% and 26%,
      respectively. 4. In piglets pretreated with 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), an alcohol
      dehydrogenase inhibitor, the decrease in MABP and increase in HR were not
      observed after ethanol infusion, but the reduction in CO and increase in SVR were
      maintained. 5. Arterial blood flow to the GI organs and carcass, but not the
      kidneys, remained at significantly reduced levels. 6. These observations indicate
      that ethanol can adversely affect CO and arterial perfusion to GI and
      musculoskeletal structures while metabolites of ethanol, such as acetaldehyde,
      affect MABP and HR. Therefore, the clinical effects observed after acute ethanol
      intoxication in neonates may vary with their rate of ethanol metabolism.

PMID- 2282463
TI  - Evidence that agonist and antagonist enantiomers of the dihydropyridine PN 202
      791 act at different sites on the voltage-dependent calcium channel of vascular
      muscle.
AB  - S(+)-PN 202-791, a calcium channel agonist, and its optical isomer R(-)-PN 202
      791, a calcium channel antagonist, respectively increased and decreased inward
      current carried by barium through voltage-dependent calcium channels in isolated
      ear artery cells of the rabbit in a concentration-dependent manner. The EC50 or
      IC50 derived from the concentration-response relationship was unaltered in the
      presence of the other enantiomer indicating that no competitive antagonism exists
      between these enantiomers and suggesting that the actions of these two
      enantiomers involve two separate binding sites.

PMID- 2282464
TI  - PAF-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the rabbit: contribution of
      platelets and airway smooth muscle.
AB  - 1. Aerosol administration of platelet activating factor (PAF) to normal rabbits
      induced an enhanced airway responsiveness to inhaled histamine, 6 and 24 h after
      exposure. Following exposure to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the carrier
      molecule for PAF, there was an increase in airway responsiveness to histamine 6 h
      after challenge, although by 24 h this was not significantly different from the
      responsiveness of airways to histamine before BSA. 2. PAF-induced bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness at 24 h was associated with a substantial increase in the
      number of neutrophils and mononuclear cells and a small, but significant increase
      in the number of eosinophils in the lungs as assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage.
      BSA exposure failed to alter the total number of cells in the lungs, although
      there was a significant increase in the number of neutrophils in the
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. 3. Selective platelet depletion with a guinea-pig
      anti-rabbit platelet serum inhibited PAF-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
      In addition, there was an attenuation of PAF-induced airway inflammation in
      animals rendered thrombocytopenic. 4. The contractile potency to histamine,
      methacholine and carbachol was similar in intrapulmonary bronchi taken from
      rabbits exposed to an aerosol of BSA or PAF. Furthermore, the relaxant potency to
      the non-selective beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline, was unaltered in PAF
      treated rabbits. In contrast, there was a 2.58 fold reduction in the relaxant
      potency to theophylline in rabbits exposed to PAF compared with rabbits exposed
      to BSA. 5. These results suggest that in the rabbit, PAF-induced bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness at 24 h is associated with airways inflammation and is
      dependent upon platelet activation, but is not related to changes in airway
      smooth muscle function.

PMID- 2282465
TI  - The effects of (-)-daurisoline on Ca2+ influx in presynaptic nerve terminals.
AB  - 1. The effects of (-)-daurisoline on 45Ca2+ uptake and [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric
      acid ([3H]-GABA) release from synaptosomes of rat cerebral cortex and on
      contractile activity of rat aorta were examined. 2. Application of (-)
      daurisoline (1-100 microM) produced concentration-related inhibition of high K(+)
      stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake and [3H]-GABA release (IC50 = 7.7 +/- 0.9 microM and
      10.0 +/- 1.5 microM, respectively) in synaptosomes but verapamil was only weakly
      active. 3. Neither (-)-daurisoline (100 microM) nor verapamil (100 microM)
      modified 45Ca2+ uptake in control medium (5 mM K+, resting uptake) and [3H]-GABA
      release in Ca-free medium (45 mM K+ basal release). 4. High K+ and noradrenaline
      evoked contractions of rat aorta were inhibited by both (-)-daurisoline and
      verapamil. 5. In conclusion, (-)-daurisoline, which differed from verapamil in
      its mode of blocking Ca2+ influx may be a potent Ca2+ antagonist of Ca2+ channels
      in neurones.

PMID- 2282467
TI  - Pharmacological estimation of agonist affinity: detection of errors that may be
      caused by the operation of receptor isomerisation or ternary complex mechanisms.
AB  - 1. Recent theoretical studies have questioned the pharmacological estimation of
      agonist affinity. They showed that when receptor isomerisation or ternary complex
      mechanisms operate, the receptor inactivation method can substantially
      overestimate affinity, whereas methods for partial agonist analysis are more
      accurate. We previously suggested that the operation of such mechanisms and
      therefore the presence of errors could be detected by analysing the same partial
      agonist by the receptor inactivation and comparative methods. This paper
      describes the practical application of this test. 2. The ternary complex
      mechanism was simulated for a partial agonist under various conditions relating
      receptor (R) and transducer (T) concentrations, one of which also corresponds to
      the receptor isomerisation mechanism. The theoretical data so generated were then
      analysed by the inactivation and comparative methods to quantify the magnitude of
      error of affinity estimation that could occur. 3. This analysis showed that for a
      partial agonist with approximately 85% of the activity of a full agonist, the
      inactivation method could produce an affinity (pKA) estimate up to 0.7 log10
      units higher than that produced by the comparative method. This difference would
      occur when the total receptor concentration ([R0]) is less than or equal to the
      total transducer concentration ([T0]). It also showed that the overestimation of
      affinity by the inactivation method was accompanied by drastic overestimation of
      Em, the maximal effect parameter. 4. The test was then exemplified using the
      muscarinic receptor system in the guinea-pig isolated left atrial preparation,
      where there is evidence that a ternary complex mechanism operates. The test
      agonist was pilocarpine, which produced on average 83% of the activity of the
      full agonist, carbachol. Pilocarpine was analysed in comparison with carbachol
      and by receptor inactivation in the same tissue resulting in small and
      statistically insignificant differences in Em (96.7% and 97.3% respectively) and
      pKA (5.03 and 4.95 respectively). 5. In conclusion, in this experimental system,
      there was no evidence for the errors in agonist affinity estimation predicted by
      theory. Although this conclusion only applies to this system and application of
      the test to others is necessary to establish the generality of the present
      results, further examination of the theoretical basis for the predicted errors is
      required.

PMID- 2282466
TI  - Investigation into atropine-induced antinociception.
AB  - 1. The effect of atropine on the nociceptive system was examined in mice and rats
      by use of the hot-plate, writhing and tail-flick tests. 2. Atropine dose
      dependently produced analgesia, no effect and hyperalgesia. Analgesia was
      observed in both species with doses ranging from 1 to 100 micrograms kg-1 while
      hyperalgesia was obtained with 5 mg kg-1. 3. Atropine antinociception was
      prevented by pirenzepine (0.1 microgram per mouse, i.c.v.), dicyclomine (10 mg kg
      1, i.p.), atropine-methylbromide (0.5 microgram per mouse, i.c.v.) and
      hemicholinium-3 (1 microgram per mouse, i.c.v.). Naloxone (1 mg kg-1, i.p.),
      alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (100 mg kg-1, s.c.) and reserpine (2 mg kg-1, i.p.) were
      ineffective. 4. The site of atropine analgesia is in the CNS since it exerts its
      antinociceptive effect also when injected i.c.v. (1-10 ng per mouse). Moreover
      drugs which do not cross the blood-brain barrier, such as hemicholinium-3,
      pirenzepine and atropine methylbromide, were unable to antagonize atropine
      analgesia if administered i.p. 5. Atropine also in vitro, showed a biphasic
      action on electrically-evoked guinea-pig ileum contractions. Concentrations
      between 10(-14) and 10(-12) M increased electrically and nicotine-evoked
      contractions but did not affect acetylcholine- and oxotremorine-evoked
      contractions. Concentrations above 10(-9) M inhibited both electrically- and drug
      (acetylcholine, nicotine and oxotremorine)-evoked contractions while they were
      ineffective on unstimulated ileum. 6. On the basis of the above findings,
      amplification of cholinergic transmission by very low doses of atropine is
      postulated, through a selective blockade of presynaptic muscarinic autoreceptors,
      as the likely mechanism of action. 7. Atropine antinociception, unlike
      oxotremorine antinociception, was obtained without any impairment of mouse rota
      rod performance. 8. The antagonism by pirenzepine and dicyclomine of oxotremorine
      and atropine antinociception suggests that M1 muscarinic receptor subtypes are
      responsible for cholinergic analgesia.

PMID- 2282468
TI  - The role of Na+ in muscarinic receptor-mediated catecholamine secretion in the
      absence of extracellular Ca2+ in cat perfused adrenal glands.
AB  - 1. The role of Na+ in muscarinic receptor-mediated catecholamine secretion, which
      is independent of extracellular Ca2+, was investigated by observing the effect of
      veratridine and ouabain in perfused adrenal glands of the cat. 2. Veratridine
      (10(-4) M) markedly enhanced catecholamine secretion evoked by acetylcholine
      (ACh, 10(-4) M) during perfusion with Ca2(+)-free Locke solution containing
      hexamethonium (10(-3) M). The enhancement tended to be larger for noradrenaline
      secretion than for adrenaline secretion. Qualitatively the same result was
      obtained in the response to pilocarpine (5 x 10(-4) M). 3. Ouabain (10(-4) M)
      also enhanced ACh- and pilocarpine-induced catecholamine secretions, especially
      noradrenaline secretion in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. 4. Tetrodotoxin
      (10(-6) M) blocked the enhancing effect of veratridine on ACh-induced
      catecholamine secretion, but not that of ouabain in the absence of extracellular
      Ca2+. 5. When NaCl was replaced with sucrose, there was no secretory response to
      ACh regardless of the presence or absence of veratridine or ouabain. However,
      when ouabain, but not veratridine, was infused with Na+ before the replacement of
      NaCl, the response to ACh was substantially augmented. 6. These results indicate
      that Na+ is essential in the initiation of muscarinic receptor-mediated
      catecholamine secretion and its enhancement by veratridine and ouabain in the
      absence of extracellular Ca2+. Both drugs seem to increase the intracellular
      concentration of Na+ through different mechanisms and result in increases in the
      efficiency of Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular Ca2+ pools linked to
      muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2282469
TI  - Evidence for prejunctional M2 muscarinic receptors in pulmonary cholinergic
      nerves in the rat.
AB  - 1. The effects of muscarinic antagonists considered to be selective for M1
      receptors (pirenzepine) and for M2 receptors (gallamine and methoctramine) were
      used to investigate the existence of prejunctional muscarinic receptors on
      cholinergic nerves in the rat lung. The tracheal tube preparation was used in
      vitro, and contraction of the trachealis muscle was induced by electrical field
      stimulation (EFS) and by application of an exogenous muscarinic agonist
      (pilocarpine), and measured as an increase in intraluminal pressure in the tube.
      2. The muscarinic antagonists, gallamine and methoctramine, enhanced the
      contractions induced by nerve stimulation, while contractions elicited by
      exogenous application of pilocarpine were inhibited by the antagonists. 3. In
      contrast, pirenzepine blocked contractions induced by both EFS and pilocarpine in
      a dose-dependent manner (EC50 0.1 microM) due to blockade of the postjunctional
      muscarinic receptors on airway smooth muscle. Potentiation of the response to EFS
      was never seen with this antagonist. 4. The muscarinic agonist, pilocarpine,
      caused a slow maintained increase in tone of the tracheal tube and at the same
      time reduced the contractions induced by EFS. This inhibitory effect was blocked
      by gallamine and methoctramine. 5. The results suggest that prejunctional
      inhibitory muscarinic receptors may be localised on the parasympathetic
      cholinergic nerve terminals innervating tracheal smooth muscle in the rat. This
      confirms previous findings obtained by measuring transmitter release in this
      species. The present results suggest that these receptors are of the M2 subtype.
      Blockade of these autoreceptors with gallamine or methoctramine would increase
      the output of acetylcholine (ACh) and thereby enhance the nerve-induced
      contraction of tracheal smooth muscle.

PMID- 2282470
TI  - The effect of peptidase inhibitors on bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in
      guinea-pigs in vivo.
AB  - 1. Bradykinin (BK) instilled directly into the airway lumen caused
      bronchoconstriction in anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated guinea-pigs in the
      presence of propranolol (1 mg kg-1 i.v.). The geometric mean dose of BK required
      to produce 100% increase in airway opening pressure (PD100) was 22.9 nmol (95%
      c.i. 11.7-44.6 nmol). 2. The dose-response curve for the effect of instilled BK
      was significantly shifted to the left by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor, captopril (5 and 50 nmol instillation, PD100 = 3.0, 95% c.i. 0.98-8.9,
      and 2.0 nmol, 95% c.i. 0.65-6.2 nmol, respectively). 3. The neutral endopeptidase
      (NEP) inhibitor, phosphoramidon (5 and 50 nmol instillation) also shifted the
      dose-response curve for the effect of instilled BK; the PD100 values = 2.2 (95%
      c.i. 0.40-11.7) and 1.8 nmol (95% c.i. 0.87-3.5 nmol), respectively. 4. After
      pretreatment with captopril (50 nmol) and phosphoramidon (50 nmol) in
      combination, the dose-response curve for the effect of instilled BK (PD100 = 1.1
      nmol, 95% c.i. 0.37-3.2 nmol) was similar to that obtained in the presence of
      each inhibitor used alone. 5. The kinase I inhibitor, DL-2-mercaptomethyl-3
      guanidinoethylthiopropionic acid (50 nmol instillation) failed to alter the dose
      response curve to instilled BK (PD100 = 14.6 nmol, 95% c.i. 6.7-32.0 nmol). 6.
      These data suggest that both ACE and NEP degrade BK in the airway lumen, but that
      kininase I is not involved.

PMID- 2282471
TI  - Endothelium-dependent vascular activities of endothelin-like peptides in the
      isolated superior mesenteric arterial bed of the rat.
AB  - 1. The vasoconstrictor activities of endothelin-2, endothelin-3, sarafotoxin S6b,
      human proendothelin1-38 and mouse vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC) were
      studied in the isolated Krebs-Henseleit perfused mesenteric arterial bed of the
      rat in the presence and absence of the endothelium. The vasoconstrictor
      properties of endothelin-1 were studied in control preparations and in
      preparations treated with methylene blue or N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester
      (NAME). Finally, the direct vasodilator properties of endothelin-2, endothelin-3
      and sarafotoxin S6b were studied in preparations preconstricted with methoxamine.
      2. In the presence of an intact endothelium, all of the peptides caused dose
      dependent increases in perfusion pressure and sarafotoxin S6b was a full agonist
      relative to the other peptides studied (maximum increase in perfusion pressure,
      Rmax = 106 +/- 11 mmHg). Endothelin-1, endothelin-2 and VIC were more potent
      vasoconstrictors (ED50 93.0 +/- 40.0, 90.8 +/- 20.5 and 106 +/- 63 pmol,
      respectively) than endothelin-3 and sarafotoxin S6b, which were found to be
      equipotent (ED50 values 411 +/- 195 and 345 +/- 86 pmol, respectively). A full
      dose-response relationship could not be constructed for proendothelin, but the
      highest dose used (4 nmol) increased the perfusion pressure by 15.4 +/- 1.6 mmHg.
      3. Destruction of the endothelium with the zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3
      cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulphonate (CHAPS) significantly
      enhanced the pressor activity of all 5 peptides. The Rmax for sarafotoxin S6b was
      not significantly altered by removal of the endothelium but its potency was
      significantly increased (ED50 = 115 +/- 15 pmol). Although their R,,, values were
      significantly increased, endothelin-2 and VIC were still partial agonists
      relative to sarafotoxin S6b in CHAPSpretreated preparations; their potencies were
      unchanged (ED5o values 118 + 53 and 416 + 196pmol, respectively). Removal of the
      endothelium significantly reduced the potency of endothelin-3 (ED5o, 6.3 + 2.2
      nmol) but this peptide then exhibited full agonist activity (R..x = 106 + 14
      mmHg). After endothelial cell destruction, the pressor responses to proendothelin
      were increased; 4 nmol gave a response of 38.8 + 5.5 mmHg. 4. Exposure of
      preparations to either 100 microM NAME (R,,,X = 42.6 + 2.4mmHg and EDSo = 57.5 +
      13.7 pmol) or 10 microM methylene blue (R,,,. = 36.0 + 5.1 mmHg and ED50 = 81.5 +
      26.1 pmol) significantly enhanced the maximum pressor responses to endothelin-l
      (control: R.,=X = 22.5 + 2.6 mmHg; ED5o = 93.0 + 40.Opmol). The values in the
      presence of NAME or methylene blue were not significantly different from those
      found previously for endothelin-1 after removal of the endothelium with CHAPS. 5.
      Endothelin-2, endothelin-3 and sarafotoxin S6b all caused vasorelaxation in
      preparations which had been precontracted with 100 microM methoxamine. This
      action was endothelium-dependent as it was abolished by perfusing the mesentery
      with CHAPS. Endothelin-3 and sarafotoxin S6b caused relaxation at much lower
      doses than were needed with endothelin-1 and endothelin-2. 6. The endothelium
      significantly modulates the vasoconstrictor activity of all the endothelin-like
      peptides studied, including the precursor peptide proendothelin (which was the
      least potent of the peptides). This modulation is likely to be due to the release
      of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, since similar results to destruction of
      the endothelium were obtained when endothelin-l was investigated in the presence
      of either methylene blue or NAME (an inhibitor of nitric oxide formation) in the
      perfusion fluid. The vasodilator effects of the peptides were also endothelium
      dependent. There was a different order of potency for vasoconstriction and
      vasodilatation supporting the suggestion that there are sub-types of receptor for
      the endothelin-like peptides in the vasculature; one type on the vascular smooth
      muscle and a second type on the endothelium.

PMID- 2282472
TI  - Pharmacological evidence for the existence of a local renin-angiotensin system in
      porcine interlobar renal arteries.
AB  - 1. Changes in tension in response to cumulative additions of angiotensins (i.e.,
      angiotensinogen, angiotensin I and angiotensin II), bradykinin and acetylcholine
      were monitored isometrically on ring preparations from porcine interlobar renal
      arteries. 2. Angiotensins consistently elicited contractile responses, whereas
      both bradykinin and acetylcholine produced relaxation of the arterial rings when
      active tone was induced by prostaglandin F2 alpha. 3. Contractile responses to
      angiotensin II could be completely blocked by the combined action of the cyclo
      oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (1 microM) and the lipoxygenase inhibitor,
      nordihydroguairetic acid (NDGA, 10 microM). 4. Relaxant responses to bradykinin
      were unchanged during blockade of thromboxane A2 synthesis by dazoxiben (30
      microM) and proved to be largely resistant to blockade by indomethacin (1 microM)
      and the prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthesis inhibitor, tranylcypromine (40
      microM). 5. The angiotensin receptor blocker, saralasin (10 and 100 nM)
      antagonized responses to angiotensinogen, angiotensin I and angiotensin II
      effectively and with similar potency. Enalaprilic acid, the active metabolite of
      the converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril (300 nM), attenuated responses to
      angiotensin I but failed to inhibit those to angiotensinogen up to 1 microM. The
      serine protease kallikrein (0.001 to 1 mu ml-1) produced a dose-dependent shift
      to the left of the concentration-response curve for angiotensinogen. 6. It is
      suggested that the porcine interlobar renal artery possesses a local renin
      angiotensin system with activatable angiotensin II forming enzyme(s) within the
      vessel wall.

PMID- 2282473
TI  - Alterations in regional blood flow in rats following sensitization to the
      nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: effects of PAF antagonists.
AB  - 1. Changes in tissue and organ blood flow associated with sensitization of rats
      to the nematode parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, were studied 30 to 35
      days after infection, a time when very few worms remain in the animal. 2. Neither
      active nor passive sensitization modified heart rate, mean arterial blood
      pressure, cardiac output or total peripheral resistance. Passive sensitization
      and administration of non-immune sera did not modify blood flow to any of the
      tissues studied. 3. Active sensitization increased hepatic arterial blood flow,
      but decreased blood flow to the stomach, duodenum, jejunum and the submandibular
      glands. These effects cannot be attributed to residual nematode infections as
      treatment with the anthelmintic, thiabendazole, did not alter blood flow relative
      to untreated, actively sensitized rats. 4. The effects of active sensitization on
      blood flow were probably due to an action of platelet-activating factor (PAF)
      since treatment of actively sensitized animals with the selective antagonists,
      WEB-2086 and BN 52021, reversed the decrease in flow seen to the intestinal
      regions. The PAF antagonists increased blood flow to the kidneys and the trachea
      of sensitized animals. 5. These results suggest that the PAF released from
      undetermined sources in nematode-sensitized rats, produces altered blood flow,
      primarily to the stomach and proximal small bowel.

PMID- 2282474
TI  - Progressive neuronal loss induced by kindling: a possible mechanism for mossy
      fiber synaptic reorganization and hippocampal sclerosis.
AB  - Kindling of limbic structures induces synaptic reorganization of the mossy fiber
      pathway in the dentate gyrus. To evaluate the hypothesis that kindling
      stimulation may also cause neuronal loss in the hilus of the dentate gyrus that
      could play a role in this synaptic reorganization, neuron counts were obtained
      using quantitative stereological methods in the hilar polymorphic region of rats
      kindled by perforant path stimulation. After 3 kindled generalized tonic clonic
      seizures, there was 12.7% neuronal loss in the hilar polymorphic region compared
      to controls, but there was no visually apparent lesion. After 30 generalized
      kindled seizures, the neuronal loss was 40.1%, was visually apparent, and
      resembled one aspect of the pattern of hilar neuronal loss observed in human
      hippocampal sclerosis. The results demonstrate that brief sporadic seizures can
      induce neuronal loss in the hippocampal formation, a brain region implicated in
      epilepsy, memory, and cognition.

PMID- 2282475
TI  - Sexual differentiation of synaptic connectivity and neuronal plasma membrane in
      the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus.
AB  - Plasma membranes of the hypothalamic arcuate neurons of the rat show a sexually
      dimorphic phenotype: the numerical density of intramembrane protein particles is
      greater in females. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, 10, 20 and 100 days old,
      were studied in order to determine whether sexual differentiation of the neuronal
      plasma membrane in the soma of arcuate neurons is associated with the
      establishment of sex differences in the pattern of axo-somatic synaptic contacts.
      Axo-somatic synapses were counted in thin sections of the arcuate nucleus and
      intramembrane particles were assessed in freeze-fracture replicas of the neuronal
      membrane. The number of synapses per length of perikaryal membrane increased from
      day 10 to day 20 in both sexes, reaching by 20 days values similar to those found
      on day 100. A sex difference in the number of synapses was observed only in 20
      day-old and 100-day-old rats: neurons from females showed a greater number of
      presynaptic inputs than males (P less than 0.05). This sex difference was
      abolished by administration of testosterone propionate to 5-day-old females.
      Quantitative evaluation of freeze-fracture replicas of the arcuate neuronal
      perikarya revealed sex differences in the numerical density of intramembrane
      particles at all time points studied: neurons from females contained
      significantly more particles in their plasma membranes than neurons from males or
      androgenized females of the same age (P less than 0.001). These results indicate
      that sexual differentiation of the plasma membrane in neuronal somas precedes the
      establishment of sex differences in axo-somatic synapses. The results are
      compatible with a possible role of neuronal membranes in the sexual
      differentiation of synaptic connectivity.

PMID- 2282476
TI  - Human odor intensity perception: correlation with frog epithelial adenylate
      cyclase activity and transepithelial voltage response.
AB  - Although a number of odorants are hypothesized to depolarize frog olfactory
      receptor cells by binding to ciliary glycoproteins which activate membrane-bound
      G-proteins to induce adenylate cyclase-mediated increases in intracellular cAMP
      (cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate), it is not known whether these odorants
      influence human odor perception via similar mechanisms. In this paper we present
      evidence derived from odor attribute ranking and multidimensional scaling
      procedures that the perceived intensity of such odorants to humans is correlated
      with (a) the amount of adenylate cyclase activity they induce in an in vitro frog
      olfactory cilia preparation and (b) the magnitude of their influence on the frog
      transepithelial voltage response or electro-olfactogram (EOG). These observations
      are in accord with the hypothesis that the perception of the intensity of some
      odors by humans is associated with cAMP-related epithelial processes and imply
      that remarkable homologies exist between the intensity-related olfactory receptor
      mechanisms of frog and man.

PMID- 2282477
TI  - Vertical and horizontal coding of space in the monkey dorsolateral prefrontal
      cortex.
AB  - Single cell activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was recorded in a
      monkey performing a delayed alternation (DA) task in 3 directions, to the left,
      to the right, and upwards. Among the 127 units studied in all three directions,
      18 neurons were spatially selective in one direction (to the left, to the right
      or upwards), 37 neurons in two directions and 8 neurons in each 3 directions
      during the performance of the DA task. Of the 9 neurons that were spatially
      selective upwards, 8 had a specific pattern of activity during the delay period
      and one during the response period. When several spatial directions are studied
      in a DA task, as in this work, it becomes evident that the prefrontal cortex
      contains a large number of spatially selective neurons. The results of this study
      suggest that there is a spatial memory map in the prefrontal cortex which is
      needed not only when a DA task is performed to the left and to the right but also
      in the upward direction.

PMID- 2282478
TI  - Proline-specific proteases in cultivated neuronal and glial cells.
AB  - The activities of several proline-specific endo- and exopeptidases were
      determined in homogenates of immunocytochemically defined cultures of astrocytes,
      oligodendrocytes and neurones obtained from rat cerebral cortex. Astrocytes are
      significantly enriched in post-proline cleaving dipeptidyl peptidase II,
      prolidase and aminopeptidase P activities; neurones and astrocytes contain prolyl
      endopeptidase. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and prolyl carboxypeptidase activities are
      low or absent in the cultures. The physiological significance of these findings
      is discussed.

PMID- 2282479
TI  - Chromaffin cell grafts to rat cerebral cortex reverse lesion-induced memory
      deficits.
AB  - Adrenal chromaffin cells were isolated from donor adult rats and transplanted to
      the cerebral cortex of bilaterally nucleus basalis magnocellularis-lesioned rats.
      Chromaffin cell grafts to lesioned animals completely reversed the spatial memory
      deficit seen in lesioned alone animals on a T-maze alternation task. Although
      chromaffin cell grafts have been used previously to reverse motor abnormalities
      arising from defective nigro-striatal aminergic transmission, the present report
      is the first evidence that chromaffin cell transplants can reverse deficits in
      memory function. Grafts also enhanced cortical acetylcholinesterase staining.

PMID- 2282480
TI  - Increase of dendritic branching of CA3 neurons of hippocampus and self
      stimulation areas in subjects experiencing self-stimulation of lateral
      hypothalamus and substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area.
AB  - Golgi examination of neurons of self-stimulation areas of the lateral
      hypothalamus and substantia nigra-ventral tegmental areas of adult Wistar rats
      that had experienced self-stimulation for 10 days revealed a significantly higher
      number of dendritic branching points in the two self-stimulation areas, and also
      in the hippocampus (CA3 pyramidal neurons) than in inexperienced rats.

PMID- 2282481
TI  - Effects of progestins on the estradiol-related accumulation of astrocytic
      granules in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.
AB  - Adult female rats treated with a single 2 mg injection of estradiol valerate (EV)
      develop anovulatory sterility (persistent estrus) and neuropathologic changes in
      the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. A prominent feature of the latter is the
      accumulation of peroxidase-positive cytoplasmic inclusions in arcuate astrocytes
      which results from aberrant patterns of chronic, ovarian E2 secretion in this
      model. In the present study, we tested an hypothesis that progesterone may
      antagonize the pathologic effects of E2 within the medial basal hypothalamus
      analogous to effects in peripheral steroid target tissues. In intact EV-treated
      rats, we observed complete suppression of the astrocytic reaction by subsequent
      injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). However, chronic progesterone
      exposure did not significantly antagonize this estrogenic affect in
      ovariectomized rats implanted subcutaneously with steroid-releasing Silastic
      capsules. Taken together, these results suggest that progestins may block the
      development of an E2-related arcuate lesion by suppressing the pituitary-ovarian
      axis rather than by directly antagonizing the dystrophic effects of E2 at the
      hypothalamic level.

PMID- 2282482
TI  - Effects of tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine on cortical and hippocampal neurons in the
      rat: an in vivo and in vitro study.
AB  - The effects of tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine (THA), an anticholinesterase drug, have
      been studied in the rat both in vivo (cerebral cortex) and in vitro (CA1 field of
      the hippocampus) and compared with those of physostigmine. In the cerebral cortex
      THA potentiated the excitatory effect of acetylcholine in most neurons, including
      cortical neurons recorded from chronic unanesthetized animals. In vitro, THA (but
      not physostigmine) had a depolarizing, atropine- and tetrodotoxin-insensitive
      effect. This effect is associated with an increase in membrane resistance which
      suggests a direct effect of THA on hippocampal neurons. In addition THA blocked
      the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential. At the same concentration THA
      potentiated the slow cholinergic excitatory postsynaptic potential produced by
      electrical stimulation of the cholinergic afferents. Its potency was, however,
      about 10 times lower than that of physostigmine. These results show that THA: (1)
      is an anticholinesterase much less potent than physostigmine; but (2) has also
      direct effects on central neurons, not observed with physostigmine and unrelated
      to its anticholinesterase activity.

PMID- 2282483
TI  - Intracellular study of rat entopeduncular nucleus neurons in an in vitro slice
      preparation: electrical membrane properties.
AB  - Electrical properties of rat entopeduncular nucleus (EP) neurons were studied in
      vitro using slice preparations. Of 108 EP neurons recorded, 104 were classified
      into two types based on their membrane properties. Type I neurons (n = 86)
      possessed: (1) a strong, time-dependent anomalous rectification that was
      sensitive to Cs+; (2) a weak spike adaptation; and (3) a strong rebound
      excitation with a low threshold Ca-spike and fast spikes. Many Type I neurons
      displayed spontaneous repetitive firing. Some of them generated spontaneous Ca
      dependent plateau potentials with fast spikes upon application of
      tetraethylammonium bromide. Type II neurons (n = 18) had: (1) no apparent
      rectification; (2) a strong spike adaptation; and (3) a ramp-shaped
      repolarization, similar to the A-current, at the offset of a hyperpolarizing
      pulse. Features common to both types included: (1) a similar range of the input
      resistance; (2) capability of generating high threshold Ca-spikes; and (3)
      generation of postactive hyperpolarizations (i.e. Ca-activated K-conductance).
      The great majority (Type I) of rat EP neurons share similar electrical
      properties. A minority of neurons (Type II) behave differently from Type I
      neurons and share similar properties among themselves.

PMID- 2282484
TI  - Metabolic effects obtained from excitatory amino acid stimulation of the sulcal
      prefrontal cortex.
AB  - Indirect calorimetry was used to assess metabolic changes in rats following
      injections of the excitatory amino acid D,L-homocysteic acid (DLH) into the
      sulcal or medial prefrontal cortex. Injection of 7 nmol of DLH into the sulcal
      prefrontal cortex (SPC) increased respiratory quotient (RQ), indicating increased
      utilization of carbohydrate as an energy substrate. This treatment also decreased
      energy expenditure in the absence of related changes in motor activity,
      suggesting an inhibition of thermogenesis. A larger dose of DLH (50 nmol)
      injected into the SPC caused opposite effects, with a significant decrease in RQ
      and increased energy expenditure and motor activity. Rectal temperature was also
      increased by 20 or 50 nmol DLH but decreased with 7 nmol DLH. The anatomical
      specificity of these effects was indicated in that equivalent injections DLH into
      the medial prefrontal cortex did not affect energy balance. From this and related
      evidence it is concluded that SPC neurons exert a potent influence upon
      thermogenesis and metabolic substrate utilization that is bidirectional according
      to the magnitude of the excitatory stimulation that is applied.

PMID- 2282485
TI  - Frequency-specific plasticity of single unit discharges in the rat medial
      geniculate body.
AB  - The effects of conditioning (tone-footshock pairing) on single unit discharges in
      the magnocellular medial geniculate (mMG) were examined in rats submitted to
      pairing under ketamine. For all the semichronic animals, the conditioned
      suppression of lever pressing for food observed subsequently indicated that at
      the behavioral level, an acquisition takes place during the pairing. The activity
      of 37 single unit activities was recorded both during pairing and during
      determination of frequency-selectivity before and after pairing. The results
      showed that 54% (20/37) of the cells exhibited plasticity of their evoked
      response (increase or decrease) during pairing compared with the habituation or
      the sensitization phase. Moreover, 75% of these changes (15/20 cells) were
      specific for the frequency used as conditioned stimulus during conditioning.
      Modifications of background activity were observed during pairing or
      sensitization and were never correlated with modifications of the evoked
      responses. These results suggest that specific modifications of the frequency
      receptive field of the mMG cells occur during acquisition of classical
      conditioning.

PMID- 2282486
TI  - Gender and gonadectomy influence specific proteins in the cerebellar cortex of
      the adult rat: a two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis.
AB  - Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to determine the
      influence of gender and gonadectomy on individual proteins of the 105,000 g
      supernatant (cytosol) of the cerebellar cortex of the adult rat. At age 60 days
      were gonadectomized or sham-gonadectomized. At age 140 days the rats were
      sacrificed and the 105,000 g supernatant prepared from the cerebellar cortex.
      Sham-operated female rats were sacrificed during the proestrus stage of the
      estrous cycle. Out of 200 proteins identified, 13 were influenced by gender
      and/or gonadectomy. Five of these proteins were influenced by both gender and
      gonadectomy. A total of 18 differences were observed. Apparent molecular weights
      and isoelectric points (pIs) for the 13 proteins ranged from 22,000 to 92,000 Da
      and pH 4.8-6.1, respectively. Sex differences occurred in the percent volumes
      (spot density) of 9 proteins between intact male and proestrous female rats. Sex
      differences in 4 proteins were not influenced by gonadectomy. These differences
      were presumed to be genetically programmed and/or to reflect the permanent
      organizational effects of gonadal steroids on the genome. Differences in the
      remaining 5 proteins depend upon the transient activational effects of the
      testicular sex steroids, i.e. these gender differences were eliminated by
      castration. The effects of gonadectomy on individual proteins were gender
      specific, i.e. proteins affected by ovariectomy were not influenced by castration
      and vice versa. This suggests intact gonads are required for the specific gender
      dependent proteins identified in the cerebellum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282487
TI  - Intracerebroventricularly applied peptidase inhibitors increase endogenous
      angiotensin levels.
AB  - Rats received the aminopeptidase inhibitors amastatin (AM) and bestatin (BE), and
      carboxypeptidase inhibitor Plummer's (PL) via intracerebroventricular infusion in
      various combinations, i.e. PL alone, AM + BE, and a cocktail consisting of AM +
      BE + PL. Blood pressure responses were recorded and a postinfusion sample of
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was radioimmunoassayed for endogenous angiotensin
      levels. Results indicate that CSF angiotensin was increased approximately 1.5x
      over control levels when PL was infused; a 2.5x increase accompanied AM + BE
      administration; and a 10.3x elevation was measured when all 3 inhibitors were
      infused as a cocktail. Concomitant elevations in blood pressure accompanied
      increased concentrations of angiotensin. We conclude that endogenous levels of
      angiotensin can be significantly increased in the ventricular space when a
      combination of these inhibitors is utilized to protect both the amino and
      carboxyl terminals of the angiotensin molecule from enzymatic degradation.

PMID- 2282488
TI  - Tooth pulp-evoked potentials in the trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex.
AB  - The surface and depth distributions of mandibular canine, tooth pulp-evoked
      potentials (TPEPs) in the trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex were studied in
      anesthetized cats. Three pairs of positive-negative waves or components were
      elicited from each trigeminal brainstem nucleus (main sensory, MSN; oralis, NO;
      interpolaris, NI; caudalis or medullary dorsal horn, NC). The location and dipole
      orientation of the current generator source for each pair of components in each
      nucleus were determined by using the topographic amplitude distribution of TPEPs
      in both their normal-reference and inverted polarities and the isoelectric
      contour line. The current sources for all components were the following: MSN-
      dorsomedial subnucleus; NO--dorsolateral portion; NI--dorsomedial portion; NC-
      medial part of superficial and intermediate laminae. These loci are consistent
      with the central terminal zones of mandibular tooth pulp afferents reported in
      previous neuroanatomical studies. Measurements of mean peak latencies suggest
      that tooth pulp A beta afferents contribute to the putatively presynaptic (P1-N1)
      and monosynaptic (P2-N2) components found in all trigeminal brainstem nuclei and
      that A delta afferents contribute to the later and possibly polysynaptic
      components (P3-N3) in the same nuclei. The pertinence of these findings to the
      theory that both non-nociceptive and nociceptive intradental inputs project to
      rostral and caudal nuclei are discussed.

PMID- 2282489
TI  - Cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent input to lower thoracic spinal neurons.
AB  - Spinal neuronal responses to stimulation of cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent
      (CPS) fibers were studied in 25 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats. Eighty-two
      neurons located in the T7-T9 segments were tested for responses to electrical
      stimulation of CPS fibers. Activity of 55 neurons was altered; 37 were excited,
      10 were inhibited, and 8 were both excited and inhibited. All 55 cells with CPS
      input also responded to stimulation of somatic receptors and the left greater
      splanchnic nerve (SPL). Somatic receptive fields were primarily located on the
      upper portion of the abdomen and left lower rib cage. Short and long latency
      responses occurred following CPS and SPL stimulation. Latencies of responses to
      CPS stimulation were significantly longer than latencies of responses to SPL
      stimulation (P less than 0.05). Early responses to CPS stimulation were
      significantly less in magnitude compared to early responses to SPL stimulation (P
      less than 0.05). Cell responses to CPS stimulation were reduced in magnitude for
      as long as 300 ms when a conditioning stimulus was applied to SPL. Inhibitory
      responses of 10 cells to CPS fiber stimulation were best observed during
      repetitive stimulation. Eight of the cells were also inhibited by repetitive
      stimulation of SPL. Injection of bradykinin (4 micrograms/kg) into the left
      atrium increased activity of 16/30 cells from 8 +/- 2 to 22 +/- 5 spikes/s. The
      results demonstrate that CPS fiber stimulation alters activity of lower thoracic
      spinal neurons but not as intensely as SPL stimulation. These neurons may
      participate in cardiac-abdominal visceral reflexes or the pain of cardiac origin
      that is referred to the abdomen.

PMID- 2282490
TI  - Vocalization-related stapedius muscle activity in different age chickens (Gallus
      gallus), and its role in vocal development.
AB  - The stapedius muscle activity associated with vocalization was analyzed in young
      and adult roosters. Our results show that remarkable differences in the behavior
      of vocalization-related stapedius muscle activity exist between these two ages.
      Unlike young roosters, electrical stimulation in the midbrain of adult cocks
      yields vocalizations associated with stapedius muscle EMG responses that always
      show a higher threshold and a longer latency than those of the vocalization
      induced. Moreover, the maximal amplitude of the stapedius muscle EMG response is
      consistently lower than that detected in young roosters, despite the fact that
      the maximal vocalization amplitude of the adult birds is much higher. On the
      whole our results demonstrate that vocalization-related stapedius muscle activity
      is strongly reduced in adulthood. The possibility that stapedius muscle may play
      a role during the vocal development was verified by comparing the crow of normal
      roosters with that of cocks from which the stapedius muscle had been removed
      shortly after hatching. Strong differences exist in the amplitude/frequency
      distribution of the crowing of normal and stapedectomized roosters, suggesting
      that the stapedius muscle exerts an important role in auditory feedback
      modulation, and that this feedback is used for normal vocal development.

PMID- 2282491
TI  - Effects of dietary zinc status on seizure susceptibility and hippocampal zinc
      content in the El (epilepsy) mouse.
AB  - The effects of dietary zinc status on the development of convulsive seizures, and
      zinc concentrations in discrete hippocampal areas and other parts of the limbic
      system were studied in the El mouse model receiving zinc-adequate, zinc-deficient
      or zinc-loaded diets. Seizure susceptibility of the El mouse was increased by
      zinc deficiency, and decreased by zinc loading, while an adequate diet had no
      effect. Zinc loading was accompanied by a marked increase in hippocampal zinc
      content in the El mouse. Conversely, hippocampal zinc content declined in the El
      mouse fed a zinc-deficient diet. These results suggest that zinc may have a
      preventive effect on the development of seizures in the El mouse, and hippocampal
      zinc may play an important role in the pathophysiology of convulsive seizures of
      epilepsy.

PMID- 2282492
TI  - Oxytocinergic innervation of the rat spinal cord. An electron microscopic study.
AB  - Pre- and postembedding immunocytochemical procedures were used, together with
      antisera raised against oxytocin or its neurophysin, to characterize
      oxytocinergic pathways in the rat spinal cord, at the electron microscopic level.
      Pre-embedding immunoperoxidase staining performed on vibratome sections revealed
      oxytocin- and neurophysin-positive axonal profiles and terminals scattered
      predominantly in laminae I and II of the dorsal horn and in the central gray
      (lamina X). They were also visible, but to a lesser extent, in the
      intermediolateral columns, at thoracic and lumbar levels. Postembedding
      immunogold staining performed directly on ultrathin sections of the same areas,
      fixed in osmium and embedded in resin, permitted to show clearly that the
      oxytocinergic axons made symmetrical and asymmetrical synaptic contacts onto
      dendritic profiles. It also allowed subcellular localization of the neuropeptide
      immunoreactivities which were restricted to relatively large, electron-dense
      vesicles in the immunopositive terminals. Oxytocinergic terminals were never seen
      to participate in glomerular configurations in the superficial layers of the
      dorsal horn nor were immunoreactive cell bodies visible in any spinal area. Our
      results provide direct morphological evidence that oxytocinergic pathways make
      synapses in several regions of the spinal cord, thus supporting the contention
      that oxytocin may exert neurotransmitter/neuromodulator actions in this area of
      the CNS.

PMID- 2282493
TI  - Local distribution of the effects of sympathetic stimulation on cerebral blood
      flow in the rat.
AB  - Although the density of sympathetic fibres on the cerebral vessels varies
      regionally, the cerebral circulatory effects of electrical stimulation of these
      fibres on the cerebral circulation have not been mapped in detail. In the present
      study the effects of sympathetic stimulation on local cerebral blood flow were
      examined in urethane anaesthetized rats using autoradiographic techniques.
      Initial experiments determined that unilateral stimulation of the superior
      cervical ganglion altered cerebral circulatory dynamics to an extent sufficient
      to reduce cerebral venous pressure by 1.1 +/- 0.2 mm Hg. Local cerebral blood
      flow was measured with iodo[14C]antipyrine autoradiography in 4 groups: (1) sham;
      (2) sham + unilateral sympathetic nerve section; (3) unilateral stimulation of
      the superior cervical ganglion; and (4) unilateral sympathetic stimulation +
      contralateral sympathetic nerve section. In the sham animals, local cerebral
      blood flow was equivalent in the innervated and denervated hemispheres. During
      stimulation plus contralateral nerve section, a regionally heterogeneous response
      to sympathetic stimulation was observed. Local cerebral blood flow was reduced 11
      19% on the stimulated side in over one half (15/28) of the regions examined (e.g.
      thalamic nuclei and caudate nucleus). In general, ipsilateral reductions in flow
      occurred in the territory supplied by the middle cerebral, posterior cerebral and
      posterior communicating arteries and their branches. Cerebral blood flow was
      symmetrical in regions supplied by the basilar and anterior cerebral arteries and
      in some midline structures.

PMID- 2282494
TI  - Odor memory and odor learning in rats with lesions of the lateral olfactory tract
      and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.
AB  - Rats with posterior transection of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), lesions of
      the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD), or with combined lesions of these
      structures were tested for retention of a preoperatively learned multiple odor
      discrimination task, acquisition of 3 simple 2-odor discrimination problems, and
      reversal of the last problem of the series. Compared to controls, rats with
      transection of the LOT had no deficits in any task. Those with MD lesions had no
      deficits in retention but moderate deficits in acquisition of novel odor
      discriminations and a severe deficit in reversal learning. Rats with combined LOT
      and MD lesions had no retention of the preoperatively learned task but their
      performance on the remaining problems was similar to that of rats with only MD
      lesions. These results suggest that neither the olfactory thalamocortical
      projections nor those to the periamygdaloid or entorhinal cortex are essential
      for storage and/or recall of an olfactory procedural memory task. Performance on
      the postoperative acquisition tests indicate that the thalamocortical but not the
      limbic olfactory projections play an important role in olfactory discrimination
      learning.

PMID- 2282495
TI  - Swelling-induced changes in electrophysiological properties of cultured
      astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. I. Effects on membrane potentials, input
      impedance and cell-cell coupling.
AB  - We have studied the membrane potential responses of cultured oligodendrocytes and
      astrocytes during changes in the osmolarity of the bathing solution.
      Oligodendrocytes responded with a de- or hyperpolarization when changing to hypo-
      or hyperosmolar medium, consistent with dilution or concentration of
      intracellular [K+], respectively. Astrocytes responded with a similar
      hyperpolarization in hyperosmolar medium that could also be explained by an
      increase in intracellular [K+]. In hypoosmolar medium, however, a much larger
      depolarization of astrocytes was observed. These data imply that in astrocytes,
      in contrast to oligodendrocytes, swelling activates specific channels, which
      might be involved in volume control. Dual-impalement studies in single cells were
      used to measure effects of medium hypotonicity on cell input resistance, while
      dual-impalement studies on neighboring cells were used to measure changes in cell
      cell coupling. In oligodendrocytes an increase in apparent cell input resistance
      and electrical coupling was found. In cultured astrocytes there was no change in
      apparent cell input resistance but an apparent decrease in cell-cell electrical
      coupling when cultures were exposed to the lowest medium osmolarity examined (
      100 mM NaCl). However, because of the unavoidable contribution of cell-cell
      electrical coupling to the measurement of membrane impedance by current injection
      into a single cell a lack of change in apparent cell resistance could be due to
      offsetting changes in cell-cell coupling.

PMID- 2282496
TI  - Swelling-induced changes in electrophysiological properties of cultured
      astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. II. Whole-cell currents.
AB  - Using whole cell patch-clamp recordings we have found that swelling cultured
      cerebrocortical astrocytes or mouse spinal cord oligodendrocytes by perfusing
      them with hypotonic medium induced inward currents at the normal resting
      potential of -60 mV. The currents in the oligodendrocytes were always less than
      for astrocytes. We examined the reversal potentials of these responses by rapidly
      jumping the holding potential to different values and measuring the currents. We
      found that the hypotonic medium-induced conductance increase was always preceded
      by a conductance decrease in the case of oligodendrocytes, but only sometimes
      preceded by a conductance decrease in cultured astrocytes. The reversal potential
      of the conductance increase for astrocytes was around -40 mV, while the
      conductance decrease had a more negative reversal potential of -60 mV or less.
      For oligodendrocytes the reversal potential for the conductance increase was
      around -50 mV while the conductance decrease had a reversal potential of -90 mV
      or less. This suggests that K+ conductance decreased in the initial phase, while
      the conductance increase was due to additional channel openings. Ion substitution
      experiments in the case of the astrocytes showed that the reversal potential was
      shifted to a more positive value when medium K+ was increased, but was unaffected
      when Na+ was substituted by N-methyl-D-glucamine or Cl- by D-glucuronate, when
      corrected for liquid junction potential changes. Thus, the channels opened in
      these cells are likely to include non-specific cation channels. It is of interest
      that the two cells show a difference in their responses, and in the case of
      astrocytes these are likely to be involved in the regulatory volume decrease
      processes documented in these cells.

PMID- 2282497
TI  - Effects of non-opioid antitussives on epileptiform activity and NMDA responses in
      hippocampal and olfactory cortex slices.
AB  - Three commonly used antitussive compounds were tested for their ability to block
      epileptiform activity recorded extracellularly from hippocampal and olfactory
      cortex slices maintained in vitro. Antitussives were bath-applied to brain slices
      either before or after epileptiform activity was induced. Dextromethorphan (DM)
      prevented electrically evoked epileptiform afterdischarges and arrested
      spontaneous bursting induced by exposure to added NMDA or to Mg2(+)-free medium.
      In contrast, caramiphen (CM) and carbetapentane (CB) were effective against
      epileptiform activity induced by Mg2(+)-free medium, but not by NMDA. Atropine
      was not effective in blocking epileptiform activity at concentrations 10 times
      the effective concentration of CM, which has known cholinolytic activity. Our
      results suggest that all these antitussives exert their anticonvulsant action at
      the DM binding site. Neither cholinolytic activity nor antagonism of the NMDA
      receptor-channel complex appears to be necessary for antitussives to prevent or
      arrest epileptiform activity. DM appears to have a separate NMDA-antagonist
      property in addition to its actions at the DM site. Our neurophysiological
      evidence supports the hypothesis that these antitussives have anticonvulsant
      properties independent of any action at the NMDA receptor-channel complex.

PMID- 2282498
TI  - Immunological studies with a monoclonal antibody suggest a different conformation
      of neurophysin in parvicellular neurons of rat hypothalamus.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (mAb L6) to a carcinoma surface antigen has previously been
      shown to recognize neurophysins (NP), proteins associated with oxytocin and
      vasopressin. L6-reactivity in rat hypothalamus was confined to magnocellular
      neuronal systems. No staining was detected in parvicellular suprachiasmatic or
      paraventricular systems. mAb L6 immunoprecipitated vasopressin-neurophysin only
      under reducing conditions, and detected it in Western blots only after gel
      renaturation and electroblotting in basic buffer. These findings suggest L6
      reactivity to NP is conformation-sensitive, and imply NP expression in a unique
      configurational form in hypothalamic parvicellular systems.

PMID- 2282499
TI  - Intensity-dependent nociceptive responses from presumed dopaminergic neurons of
      the substantia nigra, pars compacta in the rat and their modification by lateral
      habenula inputs.
AB  - The characteristics of nociceptive responses from presumed dopaminergic (DAergic)
      neurons in the SN were investigated in the anesthetized rat with extracellular
      recordings. 194 presumed DAergic neurons were recorded. A majority of these
      neurons (78%) were inhibited by intensive electrical stimulation performed at the
      tail (PNS) and 15% were excited. Both inhibitory and excitatory responses were
      intensity-dependent. Single shock stimulation of the lateral habenula (LHb)
      inhibited 89% of the tested DAergic neurons, most of which (83.8%) were also
      inhibited by PNS. LHb stimulation increased PNS-induced inhibition of DAergic
      neurons and electrical destruction of ipsilateral LHb depressed their nociceptive
      responses. Our results strongly suggest that DAergic neurons encode the
      nociceptive stimulation intensity and that the LHb shares a step in nociceptive
      projection to the SN.

PMID- 2282500
TI  - Comparison of angiotensin metabolism by brain membranes from SHR and WKY rats.
AB  - The ability of membrane-associated peptidases from the brains of spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats to metabolize
      iodinated angiotensin (125I-Ang II) and 125I-Ang III was compared. 125I-Ang II
      was metabolized to 125I-Ang III and other fragments exclusively by membrane
      associated peptidases. In contrast to 125I-Ang III which was effectively degraded
      by both membrane-associated and residual cytosolic peptidases, 125I-Ang II was
      unaltered by contaminating cytosolic enzymes. The ability of SHR-derived
      membranes to metabolize 125I-Ang II and produce 125I-Ang III was enhanced when
      compared to membranes from WKY rats. No difference was observed in the ability of
      membrane or cytosolic enzymes from SHR and WKY rats to degrade 125I-Ang III.
      These data are consistent with an increased availability of Ang III in the brains
      of SHRs.

PMID- 2282501
TI  - Blockade of morphine analgesia by both pertussis and cholera toxins in the
      periaqueductal gray and locus coeruleus.
AB  - Rats demonstrating analgesia following microinjection of morphine into the
      periaqueductal gray (PAG) or locus coeruleus (LC) were injected with either
      pertussis toxin, cholera toxin or saline into the same brain region. Both
      pertussis and cholera toxin blocked the analgesic effect of morphine at both
      injection sites for up to 7 days after toxin treatment. These results indicate
      that morphine analgesia is a complex response involving systems dependent upon Gs
      as well as Gi or Go proteins.

PMID- 2282502
TI  - Anti-ganglioside antibodies reveal subsets of cultured rat dorsal root ganglion
      neurons.
AB  - Subsets of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons were identified by using the
      anti-ganglioside monoclonal antibodies A2B5, D1.1, R24 and JONES. A2B5 and D1.1
      labelled a population of cells that was relatively stable between 2 and 20 days
      in vitro, while the population of cells labeled with both R24 and JONES decreased
      with time, suggesting that the gangliosides recognized by Jones and R24 are
      developmentally regulated. Given the observation that the relative proportions of
      ganglioside species changes with time in culture, it is very important to
      carefully define the stability of ganglioside antigens before using them as cell
      markers.

PMID- 2282503
TI  - Serotonin enhances excitability in neostriatal neurons by reducing voltage
      dependent potassium currents.
AB  - The physiological effects of serotonin (5-HT) on rat neostriatal neurons were
      investigated using current-clamp techniques in neostriatal slices and voltage
      clamp techniques in acutely dissociated adult neostriatal neurons. In most
      neurons (35/51), bath-applied 5-HT (10-60 microM) decreased the first spike
      latency and increased the evoked firing frequency. Membrane input resistance was
      also increased in most neurons (33/35) but could not explain the enhanced
      responsiveness. Tetrodotoxin, at concentrations sufficient to block spike
      production, did not block the ability of 5-HT to enhance the slow ramp-like
      voltage trajectory produced by depolarizing current injection. The role of
      potassium currents in the 5-HT effect was examined using whole cell voltage
      clamp; in 6 of 9 neurons, 5-HT reversibly decreased inactivating potassium
      currents activated by depolarization. These experiments suggest that 5-HT's
      effect on the ramp trajectory may be mediated by a reduction of potassium
      currents activated by sub-threshold depolarization.

PMID- 2282504
TI  - Brain isozyme of glycogen phosphorylase: immunohistological localization within
      the central nervous system.
AB  - An antibody specific for the predicted carboxyterminal sequence of the human
      brain isozyme of glycogen phosphorylase (alpha-1,4-D-glucan:orthophosphate D
      glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1) was generated to verify the carboxyterminal
      amino acid sequence of this protein. The isozyme-specific antibody was used to
      examine the localization of this protein in primate and non-primate brain. The
      highest levels of the brain isozyme in cerebrum and cerebellum were found in
      fibrous astrocytes, many with glial processes that appear to terminate upon blood
      vessels.

PMID- 2282505
TI  - Path analysis of sex difference, forebrain commissure area and brain size in
      relation to degree of laterality in selectively bred mice.
AB  - Male and female mice from HI and LO lines selectively bred by Collins for
      strength of lateralization were tested for paw preference and then studied
      histologically to assess size of forebrain commissures and myelination of the
      corpus callosum. When compared to LO line mice, HI line mice were more strongly
      lateralized for paw preference and had larger brains as well as greater cross
      sectional areas of the anterior commissure and corpus callosum. A substantial sex
      difference was found only for body size. Myelination of the corpus callosum did
      not differ consistently between the lines or sexes. Path analysis indicated that
      the line difference in the anterior commissure was a consequence of the
      difference in brain size, but corpus callosum size was actually smaller in the HI
      line than the LO line when brain size was taken into account. However, the size
      of the corpus callosum relative to brain size was not related to strength of paw
      preference, whereas brain size relative to corpus callosum size was positively
      correlated with strength of paw preference. These results support the hypothesis
      that the large difference in brain size between the Collins HI and LO lines is an
      important cause of the difference in strength of behavioral lateralization.

PMID- 2282506
TI  - The initial period of peripheral nerve regeneration and the importance of the
      local environment for the conditioning lesion effect.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the early period of neurite outgrowth in
      the regenerating rat sciatic nerve and to determine if the non-neuronal cells
      were important for the conditioning lesion effect. Regeneration distance was
      evaluated with the pinch-reflex test 6 h to 5 days after a test crush lesion. The
      regeneration velocity accelerated during approximately 3 days, whereupon
      outgrowth continued with a constant velocity. In unconditioned nerves the initial
      delay was 2.8 h and the constant rate of regeneration was 3.2 mm/day. In nerves
      with a distal conditioning lesion the initial delay was 2.4 h and the rate of
      regeneration increased by 52%. When the test crush was applied at the same place
      as the conditioning crush the initial delay was 1.9 h and the rate of
      regeneration increased by 61%. The conditioning lesion effect was not influenced
      by the distance between the cell body and the conditioning crush lesion.
      Furthermore, the conditioning lesion effect could not be expressed if conditioned
      axons grew into a freeze injured nerve section. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine
      increased in the regenerating nerve segment. The increase occurred earlier if
      this segment had been subjected to a conditioning crush lesion. The results of
      these experiments showed that peripheral neurites start to regenerate within a
      few hours after an injury, suggesting that growth cone formation is independent
      of the cell body reaction. A conditioning crush lesion increases the regeneration
      velocity and its acceleration, and the conditioning lesion effect cannot be
      expressed in the absence of living Schwann and other non-neuronal cells.

PMID- 2282507
TI  - Dermatan sulfate and de-sulfated heparin solubilized collagen-tailed
      acetylcholinesterase from the rat neuromuscular junction.
AB  - We are interested in the study of the interactions involved in the attachment of
      collagen-tailed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to the synaptic basal lamina. The
      fact that AChE occupies less than 0.1% of the muscle basal lamina, suggests that
      there is a very high specificity in the interaction that defines its
      distribution. We have previously found that asymmetric AChE is bound to the
      neuromuscular junction via heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Sulfated
      glycosaminoglycans as heparan sulfate and heparin extracted the asymmetric AChE
      from the synaptic basal lamina. Here we show that dermatan sulfate as well as de
      sulfated heparin, are also able to extract collagen-tailed AChE. Taking into
      account that the solubilization of the asymmetric AChE is concomitant with the
      liberation of a dermatan sulfate proteoglycan from the rat neuromuscular
      junction, the present results open the possibility that the collagen-tailed AChE
      is also anchored to dermatan sulfate proteoglycans at the synaptic basal lamina.

PMID- 2282508
TI  - Effects of membrane depolarization on intracellular calcium in single nerve
      terminals.
AB  - The [Ca2+]i of individual neurosecretory nerve terminals loaded with the
      fluorescent probe fura-2 was monitored during depolarizing stimuli and in the
      presence of substances known to induce or block neurohormone release. Induction
      of membrane depolarization with elevated [K+] or veratridine led to a rapid
      increase in [Ca2+]i that was sensitive to block by substances which block voltage
      sensitive L-type Ca2+ channels such as the dihydropyridine nicardipine and by D
      888. Relaxin, cholecystokinin and enkephalin which have been reported to regulate
      vasopressin and oxytocin secretion at the nerve endings were without effect on
      basal [Ca2+]i or K(+)-stimulated increases in [Ca2+]i.

PMID- 2282509
TI  - Decrease of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange activity by ascorbate in rat brain membrane
      vesicles.
AB  - Na(+)-dependent Ca2+ uptake in rat brain microsomal membrane vesicles was
      inhibited by preincubating the vesicles with ascorbic acid at 0.1-10 mM. The
      inhibitory effect of ascorbate was blocked by simultaneous addition of ascorbate
      oxidase. The decrease in activity was not reversed upon removing the ascorbate.
      The kinetic study showed that the treatment with ascorbate decreased Bmax without
      a change in Km for Ca2+. The inhibitory effect by ascorbate was also observed in
      membrane vesicles derived from osmotically shocked synaptosomes and in
      reconstituted membrane vesicles. The effect by ascorbate was specific: it did not
      affect either ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake in the presence of o-phenanthroline, an
      inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, or Na(+)-dependent glutamate uptake in the
      membrane vesicles. The activity of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange was also decreased by
      isoascorbic acid, but not by ascorbate 2-sulfate at 1 mM. The treatment with
      glutathione or 2-mercaptoethanol did not affect the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange activity,
      while 1 mM dithiothreitol caused the inhibition which was completely blocked by o
      phenanthroline. The effect of ascorbate on Na(+)-dependent Ca2+ uptake was
      observed even under the conditions which suppress peroxidation of membrane
      phospholipids.

PMID- 2282510
TI  - GABAergic projection from nucleus accumbens to ventral pallidum mediates dopamine
      induced sensorimotor gating deficits of acoustic startle in rats.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that increased mesolimbic dopamine (DA)
      activity disrupts sensorimotor gating as measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of
      the acoustic startle response (ASR) in rats. Other behavioral changes following
      mesolimbic DA activation are mediated through GABAergic efferent projections from
      the nucleus accumbens (NAC) to the ventral pallidum (VP). In this experiment, we
      examined whether PPI deficits in rats following mesolimbic DA activation are
      mediated through these same GABAergic substrates. PPI was significantly disrupted
      in rats following infusion of DA (40 micrograms) into the NAC, and this effect
      was reversed by infusion of a low dose (10 ng) of the GABA agonist muscimol into
      the VP. In a second experiment, we tested the hypothesis and the loss of PPI
      following intra-NAC DA infusion results from a disruption of GABAergic activity
      within the VP. Consistent with this hypothesis, infusion of the GABA antagonist
      picrotoxin (0-0.2 micrograms) into the VP caused a significant loss of PPI. These
      findings strongly suggest that the accumbens-ventral pallidal GABAergic circuitry
      is a substrate for the decrease in sensorimotor gating induced by mesolimbic DA
      overactivity.

PMID- 2282511
TI  - Effects of iontophoresed opioids on physiologically characterized laminae I and
      II dorsal horn neurons in the cat spinal cord.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to determine in vivo the effects of
      opioids applied locally via microiontophoresis on physiologically characterized
      laminae I and II dorsal horn neurons in the cat spinal cord. Experiments were
      performed on pentobarbital-anesthetized or decerebrate, spinalized cats. The
      effects of morphine (MOR), [D-Ala2,methyl-Phe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin (DAGO) and
      naloxone (NALO) on spontaneous- and D,L-homocysteic acid-evoked unit activity
      were examined for 94 laminae I and II dorsal horn neurons. MOR, DAGO and NALO
      produced mixed effects (i.e., excitation or inhibition) on unit activity;
      however, the majority of cells examined (67%) were inhibited. Whether MOR, DAGO
      or NALO exerted excitatory or inhibitory influences on unit activity did not
      depend on the modality of the neuron (66% of high threshold units, 56% of
      multireceptive units and 69% of low threshold units were inhibited; some cells of
      each modality also were excited). NALO also was found rarely to be neutral; 75%
      of the cells examined were inhibited and 16% excited by NALO. Since NALO was
      found to itself have significant effects on laminae I and II dorsal horn unit
      activity, the ability to use NALO as an opioid antagonist to MOR and DAGO was
      confounded.

PMID- 2282512
TI  - Pontine control of the urinary bladder and external urethral sphincter in the
      rat.
AB  - Neurons in the rostral pontine tegmentum are known to have an important role in
      controlling micturition. The present experiments used urethane anesthetized rats
      to examine the effects of electrical stimulation at various sites in the pons on
      bladder and external urethral sphincter activity and on the volume threshold for
      inducing micturition. Stimulation with short trains of pulses (50 Hz, 1-3 s
      trains, 1-15 V) in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT), the periaqueductal
      grey (PAG) or the lateral parabrachial nucleus (L-PBN) elicited contractions of a
      partially filled, quiescent bladder. However stimulation during a bladder
      contraction aborted the contraction indicating that these areas have inhibitory
      as well as excitatory effects. Continuous stimulation (50 Hz) in the PAG or L-PBN
      during a cystometrogram decreased bladder capacity (mean decrease 36%).
      Conversely, continuous stimulation in the pontine reticular formation (in or near
      the dorsal subcoeruleus nucleus and medial parabrachial nucleus) increased
      bladder capacity (mean increase 50%). Stimulation at pontine sites (LDT, PAG and
      L-PBN) which elicited bladder contractions also elicited an increase in external
      urethral sphincter activity. A similar increase in urethral sphincter activity
      occurred during reflex micturition induced by bladder distension. These data
      suggest that bladder capacity and the coordination of bladder and external
      urethral functions are controlled by various neuronal populations in the rostral
      pons of the rat.

PMID- 2282513
TI  - NAN-190: agonist and antagonist interactions with brain 5-HT1A receptors.
AB  - NAN-190 has been reported to be a 5-HT1A antagonist in drug discrimination
      studies. In order to determine if the effect of NAN-190 was directly due to
      competitive inhibition at 5-HT1A receptors, 5-HT1A-mediated inhibition of
      adenylyl cyclase in hippocampal membranes was investigated. NAN-190 (10(-10)-10(
      5) M), by itself, was found to have no effect on forskolin-stimulated adenylyl
      cyclase. NAN-190, however, did shift the 5-carboxamidotryptamine (a 5-HT1A
      agonist) log-concentration inhibition curve to the right in a concentration
      dependent manner, typical of competitive antagonism. Schild analysis revealed a
      KB of 1.9 nM for NAN-190. Thus, NAN-190 appeared to be a potent competitive 5
      HT1A antagonist using the in vitro adenylyl cyclase system. [3H]NAN-190 was
      synthesized and its 5-HT1A receptor binding properties were characterized and
      compared with the 5-HT1A agonist radioligand, [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino)tetralin ([3H]8-OH-DPAT). The 5-HT1A agonists, serotonin (5-HT) and 8
      hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) competed with equal affinities
      regardless of the radioligand used to label the 5-HT1A receptors. [3H]NAN-190 and
      [3H]8-OH-DPAT labeled the same number of sites in rat hippocampus, striatum and
      frontal cortex. Guanosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) and 5-guanylyl
      imidodiphosphate (GppNHp), non-hydrolyzable analogs of GTP, inhibited specific
      [3H]NAN-190 binding. Adenosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate (ATP gamma S) and 5
      adenylyl-imidodiphosphate (AppNHp) were ineffective. This guanylyl nucleotide
      specific effect is generally associated with agonist radioligand binding to a GTP
      binding protein coupled receptor. However, [3H]8-OH-DPAT was far more sensitive
      than [3H]NAN-190 to the Bmax reducing effects of GTP and GTp gamma S. We propose
      that the test for a reduction in Bmax by non-hydrolyzable guanylyl nucleotides
      may be more sensitive than other tests for quantifying agonist activity and may
      demonstrate that NAN-190 has low intrinsic activity. In summary, NAN-190
      displayed antagonist-like properties in functional models of 5-HT1A receptor
      activity and possibly partial agonist-like properties in radioligand binding
      experiments.

PMID- 2282514
TI  - Developmental immunoreactivity for GABA and GAD in the avian retina: possible
      alternative pathway for GABA synthesis.
AB  - Although the distribution of GABAergic neurons in chick retina has been
      previously described by several investigators, the early appearance of these
      neurons has not been reported. In the present study immunohistochemical methods
      were used to localize GABAergic neurons with antisera to both GABA and its
      synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), in embryonic chick retina at
      several stages of development and beyond hatching. GABA-positive neuroblast-like
      cells were clearly detected in retinas as early as embryonic day 6. In contrast,
      GAD-containing cells were not observed in retinas until embryonic day 10. These
      findings indicated that immunocytochemically detectable amounts of GAD were not
      present in young GABAergic cells. Our data on the developmental appearance of
      GABA and GAD immunoreactivities are consistent with previous biochemical data for
      the development of GABA concentration and GAD activity in the chick retina.
      Together, these data suggest that retina cells from the early stages of
      development may synthesize GABA from an alternative pathway in which the most
      likely precursor is putrescine.

PMID- 2282515
TI  - Neuronal activity in the mediodorsal and intralaminar nuclei of the dorsal
      thalamus during classical heart rate conditioning.
AB  - Multiple unit activity (MUA) was recorded from chronically implanted electrodes
      in either the mediodorsal (MD) or the intralaminar (IL) nuclei of the dorsal
      thalamus in separate groups of rabbits during (a) habituation of the cardiac
      orienting reflex, (b) Pavlovian heart rate (HR) conditioning, and (c) extinction
      of the HR conditioned response (CR). Other animals with similar recording
      electrodes received explicitly unpaired presentations of the conditioned stimulus
      (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US). The cardiac orienting reflex and the HR CR
      consisted of bradycardia. However, tone-evoked tachycardia was obtained in
      animals that received CS/US unpaired presentations. MUA evoked by the CS
      consisted of a short latency (20-40 ms) increase under all conditions, which
      reached its maximum 200-300 ms after CS onset. This response habituated greatly
      during tone-alone pretraining, but was considerably greater in the paired than
      unpaired group during the later trials of conditioning in animals with MD, but
      not IL, placements. Instead, a longer latency increase (greater than 500 ms) in
      MUA occurred in the paired but not in the unpaired animals in the IL group. The
      MUA increases in both instances, including the early, short latency increase in
      the MD group, and the longer latency increase in the IL group, were trial
      related, and declined to pretraining levels during extinction, indicating that
      these neuronal changes had an associative basis. These findings suggest that
      neuronal activity in both MD and IL is related to the early events involved in
      Pavlovian conditioning, but that the relative roles of these two closely related
      thalamic nuclei in associative learning must be somewhat different.

PMID- 2282516
TI  - Neocortical VIP neurons are increased in the hemisphere containing focal
      cerebrocortical microdysgenesis in New Zealand Black mice.
AB  - Twenty to forty percent of New Zealand Black mice, a strain that develops severe
      autoimmune disease and learning deficits, exhibit focal unilateral collections of
      ectopic neurons and glia in layer I of the neocortex with underlying laminar
      dysplasia. This type of anomaly traditionally has been considered to represent
      disordered neuronal migration. In an attempt to further characterize these
      abnormalities, we compared counts of immunohistochemically-stained VIP-neurons in
      cortical regions containing ectopias and in adjacent cortex to homologous regions
      of the opposite hemisphere. There was an overall increase in the number of these
      neurons in the hemisphere containing the ectopias, which resulted from an
      increase in the number of VIP neurons both in the column of cortex within and
      underlying the ectopias and in the medially adjoining columns. We concluded that
      the presence of ectopias in the cerebral cortex not only represent abnormal
      migration, but also an increase in the number of at least one subset of neurons.

PMID- 2282517
TI  - Cardiovascular-related discharge of periaqueductal gray neurons during sleep
      waking states.
AB  - The periaqueductal gray (PAG) contains topographically organized areas that, upon
      stimulation or lesion, lead to modifications in blood pressure and heart rate and
      redistribution of blood flow. We examined patterns of discharge of single neurons
      in the PAG in 5 undrugged, freely moving cats to determine if cardiovascular
      patterning changes observed during different sleep states were related to
      activity in this midbrain region. Cross-correlation histograms and linear
      regression techniques were used to calculate dependencies between neuronal
      discharge and cardiac activity. Fifty of 68 cells recorded (74%) showed a
      discharge timing relationship (cardiac cycle-by-cycle) and/or a tonic discharge
      correlation with the cardiac cycle. Nearly all (48 or 96%) of these dependencies
      were state related. The large proportion of neurons showing a state-related
      cardiac dependency suggests that the PAG may contribute to mediating different
      cardiac patterns observed in each state.

PMID- 2282518
TI  - The connections of area PG, 7a, with cortex in the parietal, occipital and
      temporal lobes of the monkey.
AB  - The cortico-cortical connections of area PG, 7a, in the parietal, occipital and
      temporal lobes have been studied after injections of HRP in this area and in
      certain of the areas connected with it. After such injections in PG there are
      labelled cells in architectonic areas OA and PE (visual area PO), the cingulate
      and retrosplenial areas situated medial to PG; posteriorly labelled cells are
      present in OA, visual areas MST, MT, V2, V3, V4 and in the walls and floor of the
      lower part of the superior temporal sulcus. Injections in PE and V4 show that
      these connections are reciprocal. Small injections in PG result in cell labelling
      in different parts of the areas connected to PG, suggesting that the connections
      are well organized and that there may be an ordered representation of the visual
      field in PG. In the lower wall of the lower part of the superior temporal sulcus
      there is overlap of the two visual pathways in the cortex, that to the temporal
      lobe with that to the parietal lobe; and in a restricted part of this sulcus
      there is convergence and overlap of the sequences of cortico-cortical connections
      related to the visual, somatic and auditory sensory systems. There may be certain
      common principles in the sequences of cortical connections to the parietal and
      temporal lobes from the primary visual and somatic sensory areas; in both there
      are well organized hierarchical and parallel pathways, and both are related to
      the superior temporal sulcus and to the cingulate cortex.

PMID- 2282519
TI  - Brain abnormalities in immune defective mice.
AB  - Mouse strains with or without immune disorders were examined in order to further
      assess the incidence of brain anomalies in immune-disordered strains. The brain
      was examined in Nissl-stained serial sections under a light microscope for the
      presence of abnormalities, with specific attention to ectopic collections of
      neurons in layer I of the neocortex, as reported in the autoimmune New Zealand
      Black (NZB) and BXSB strains. The present study was designed to survey additional
      strains with immune disorders (Snell dwarf, C57BL/6J-nu/nu, BALB/cByJ-nu/nu, and
      SJL) and 7 control strains without immune disorders. In addition, we attempted to
      replicate past findings in the highly affected BXSB strain and the MRL/1 strain,
      which develops autoimmune disease, but has a low incidence of brain
      abnormalities. The largest number of brain abnormalities (20-40%) were seen in
      the C57BL/6J-nu/nu, Snell dwarf and BXSB strains. The anomalies in the C57BL/6J
      nu/nu and BXSB mice consisted of ectopic neurons in layer I of the neocortex,
      whereas the Snell dwarf mice had either neuron-free areas in the cortex, or
      rippling of cortical layers II-IV, and one case had agenesis of the corpus
      callosum. Between 4% and 8% of the mice from the SJL, MRL/1, and MRL +/+ strains
      had either neuron-free areas in the cortex or ectopic neurons in layer I. The
      BALB/cByJ-nu/nu and control strains did not have any cortical abnormalities.
      Future studies will be designed to determine whether immune-based alterations to
      the developing brain are responsible for the brain anomalies present in immune
      disordered strains.

PMID- 2282520
TI  - Effects of protein undernutrition on the dentate gyrus in rats of three age
      groups.
AB  - The effect of an 8% casein and a control 25% casein diet on the granule cells in
      the dorsal blade of the dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampal formation was
      studied at 30, 90 and 220 days of age. Female rats were fed either an 8% or 25%
      casein diet 5 weeks prior to conception and the litters were maintained on these
      respective diets until killed. In rapid-Golgi-impregnated cells, we measured
      major and minor axes of the soma of the dentate granule neurons, the number of
      spines on 50-microns segments of proximal, middle and terminal regions of the
      largest dendrite per granule cell and the number of dendrites intersecting 8
      concentric rings 38 microns apart. At all 3 ages studied undernourished rats
      showed, when compared to controls, significant reductions of the major and minor
      axes of the somata and significant reductions in the number of spines on
      dendrites in the middle and terminal dendritic segments. Dendritic branching was
      significantly reduced in undernourished rats compared to controls in all but the
      4th concentric rings, with the greatest effect being seen on the outer 3
      concentric rings at 90 and 220 days of age. The location of the deficit in
      dendritic synaptic spines and the greatest deficit in dendritic branching
      correspond to the sites of termination of the lateral and medial perforant
      pathway projection to the dentate gyrus on the terminal and middle dendritic
      segments of the granule cells. The deficits noted in the granule cells of the
      dentate gyrus in this study were more severe than those found in our previous
      studies on the effect of the low protein diet in these same rats on visual
      cortical pyramidal cells and on the 3 cell types in the nucleus raphe dorsalis
      and nucleus locus coeruleus.

PMID- 2282521
TI  - Distribution of immunoreactivity to protein kinase C in the turtle retina.
AB  - Immunocytochemical staining procedures using the HRP-complexed antibody to
      protein kinase C (PKC) have been carried out on the turtle retina. Wholemounts
      and frozen sections of retina have been studied by light microscopy to evaluate
      PKC immunoreactivity after stimulation of the retina with light and
      neurotransmitters known to be active in the vertebrate retina. The most
      dramatically stained sites are cone synaptic pedicles and bipolar cells under all
      conditions. Ganglion cells stain weakly under certain conditions. Applying the
      antibody to a 'control' retina under dark adapted conditions results in uniform
      background staining of both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing bipolar pathways,
      while stimulating the retina with K+ under dim light conditions results in
      discretely stained bipolar cells and a prominent band of staining in stratum 4 of
      the inner plexiform layer. Stronger stimulation of bipolar cells with their
      terminals contributing to strata 3 and 4 and the continuous dominant band in
      stratum 4 can be elicited with incubation of the retina in neurotransmitter
      agonists, GABA and dopamine. Incubation with dopamine, in particular, brings out
      the putative dopaminergic amacrine cell. The only condition in which a strong
      band in stratum 2 can be demonstrated is under stimulation with a flashing bar of
      spot of light. Thus K+ and neurotransmitter stimulation elicit PKC staining in
      neurons contributing to the ON or depolarizing sublamina of the IPL, while
      intermittent flashing light stimulus is required to elicit PKC staining in the
      OFF or hyperpolarizing sublamina of the IPL.

PMID- 2282522
TI  - Regenerative, all-or-none electrographic seizures in the rat hippocampal slice in
      Mg-free and physiological medium.
AB  - All-or-none electrographic seizures (EGSs) were studied in hippocampal slices
      from young (21- to 38-day-old) rats in medium containing low (0 mM) or
      physiological (0.9 mM) levels of magnesium, with and without the GABAB agonist
      baclofen. Extracellular recording and stimulation were performed in stratum
      pyramidale and stratum radiatum of CA3, respectively. EGS activity was induced by
      exposure to low-Mg medium or by delivering repetitive stimulus trains in
      physiological Mg medium. After EGS activity had stabilized, the EGSs were tested
      for all-or-none behavior by varying the number of pulses in a train. An EGS was
      considered all-or-none if subthreshold stimulation produced no afterdischarge
      bursts, and if the EGS duration was largely independent of the number of
      suprathreshold stimulus pulses. According to this measure, EGSs in Mg-free +
      baclofen medium were all-or-none. EGSs evoked in physiological Mg medium were
      also all-or-none, although the threshold was higher, and the EGS duration lower,
      than in Mg-free medium. This all-or-none characteristic was observed whether the
      EGSs were induced by prior exposure to Mg-free medium or by repetitive
      stimulation, and in the presence and absence of baclofen. The all-or-none
      characteristic suggests that while the triggering mechanism for EGSs is strongly
      dependent on stimulus intensity, regenerative mechanisms--independent of stimulus
      intensity--are responsible for the maintenance of EGSs. EGSs are also terminated
      by mechanisms not dependent on stimulus intensity.

PMID- 2282523
TI  - Responses of units in the mesolimbic system to olfactory and somatosensory
      stimuli: modulation of sensory input by ventral tegmental stimulation.
AB  - It is well known that neurons of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system respond
      to sensory stimuli, and our primary objective here was to ascertain if neurons in
      the terminal regions of the mesolimbic DA system respond to sensory input also.
      In addition, the effects of electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmentum,
      which contains the DA cells of origin of the mesolimbic system, on sensory-evoked
      responses in mesolimbic neurons was studied. In rats anesthetized with chloral
      hydrate, responses of single units to olfactory and somatosensory stimuli were
      recorded in 6 forebrain regions including nucleus accumbens and olfactory
      tubercle. Both increases and decreases in spontaneous firing rates were evoked in
      225 of 336 units by one or more of the 8 types of sensory stimuli employed (5
      olfactory, 3 somatosensory). Excitatory responses occurred twice as frequently as
      inhibitory responses, but a few units responded with excitatory responses to some
      stimuli and inhibitory responses to others. The proportions of units responsive
      to olfactory and/or somatosensory stimuli were different in different regions.
      After electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmentum, sensory-evoked responses
      were changed in 30 of the 49 units tested (61%). There were increases, decreases
      or combinations of a decrease followed by an increase in sensory-evoked
      responses, which persisted for 1-10 min after the application of a single
      electrical stimulus train. Haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) either blocked the
      effect of tegmental stimulation or decreased all responses. The present results
      demonstrated that units in the terminal regions of the mesolimbic DA system are
      responsive to sensory input and that these responses can be affected by prior
      electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmentum.

PMID- 2282525
TI  - Trophic effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on central
      cholinergic neurons in vitro.
AB  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) elevated choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities of mouse septal neurons as well as of
      cholinergic hybridoma line cells SN6.10.2.2 in vitro. It augmented ChAT
      activities and neurite extension of interleukin 3-activated cholinergic neurons.
      Thus, GM-CSF should be added as a trophic factor for central cholinergic neurons.

PMID- 2282524
TI  - Pontine cholinergic neurons simultaneously innervate two thalamic targets.
AB  - Cholinergic neurons located in the lateral dorsal tegmental (LDT) and
      pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nuclei have been shown to principally innervate
      the thalamus. In order to determine whether some of these neurons might
      simultaneously project to two thalamic targets we made microinjections of
      rhodamine-conjugated microbeads into the central-lateral nucleus of the thalamus
      and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated microbeads into the dorso
      lateral geniculate nucleus. We then determined whether both tracers were found in
      immunohistochemically identified cholinergic somata in the LDT and PPT nuclei.
      Results showed that some cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in the LDT and
      PPT nuclei projected to both thalamic sites. This finding extends our
      understanding of the projections of the LDT-PPT cholinergic neurons and further
      supports the role of these neurons in complex behaviors.

PMID- 2282526
TI  - The anticonvulsant valproic acid concentrates in the olfactory bulb: selective
      laminar localization.
AB  - Using autoradiography, we examined the distribution of radiolabel in the brain
      after intravenous administration of a tracer dose of [14C]valproic acid (VPA)
      into the anesthetized rat. The label was concentrated in the medial and dorsal
      portions of the olfactory bulb (highest levels in the glomerular layer) with
      almost no label elsewhere in the brain. The VPA seems to be a marker of a
      hitherto unrecognized spatial organization within the olfactory bulb. This
      unusual distribution of VPA may have a bearing on its anticonvulsant action.

PMID- 2282527
TI  - Failure of the lipid peroxidation inhibitor U74006F to improve neurological
      outcome after transient forebrain ischemia in the rat.
AB  - The lipid peroxidation inhibitor U74006F (21-[4-(2,6-di-1-pyrrolidinyl-4
      pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl-16-methylp regna- 1,4,9 (11)-triene-3, 20-dione) was
      tested for cerebroprotective properties in the rat. Transient forebrain ischemia
      was induced by occlusion of the carotid arteries and simultaneous lowering of the
      blood pressure to 40 mmHg. Repetitive doses of 10 mg/kg U74006F were administered
      intraperitoneally 10 min before and again 30 min and 24 h after the transient
      forebrain ischemia. U74006F did not significantly improve histological outcome in
      this model, suggesting lipid peroxidation to be a minor determinant for the
      neurological outcome under these experimental conditions.

PMID- 2282528
TI  - Activity of crossed spinocerebellar tract neurones in the thoracic spinal cord in
      relation to the central respiratory rhythm.
AB  - Correlation between respiratory movement and neural discharges of antidromically
      identified 20 crossed spinocerebellar tract (SCT) neurones in the T8-11 segments
      was examined in the anaesthetized, paralysed cat. Activity of 11 neurones of them
      was related to phrenic nerve activity; 7 neurones increased and 4 decreased their
      activity during the active phase of the phrenic nerve. Their rhythmic activity
      remained even after artificial ventilation was turned off, indicating the central
      genesis of their rhythmic activity. By comparing discharge patterns with the
      ventilator on and off, it is suggested that half of these crossed SCT neurones
      appear to receive additional inputs from the periphery. Neurones which increased
      their firing rate during phrenic nerve activity tend to respond with decrease
      discharge to passive chest inflation, and vise versa.

PMID- 2282529
TI  - Neurotoxicity induced by the D-1 agonist SKF 38393 following microinjection into
      rat brain.
AB  - Microinjection of the D-1 agonist R-SKF 38393 into rat striatum resulted in
      extensive neurotoxic damage as revealed by the presence of large lesions upon
      histological analysis. These lesions were observed following a single injection
      of the drug into the ventrolateral striatum (30 micrograms/0.5 microliters) or
      nucleus accumbens (3.0 or 30 micrograms/0.5 microliters). This neurotoxic damage
      was also observed following microinjection of the inactive isomer S-SKF 38393.
      The mechanisms underlying these effects are presently unknown. The use of this
      compound for intracerebral microinjection studies should be re-evaluated. In view
      of the usefulness of central microinjections in studying the role of D-1 and D-2
      receptors in behavior, it is suggested that alternative D-1 agonists, or ways of
      minimizing the toxicity of SKF 38393, should be considered.

PMID- 2282530
TI  - Effect of chronic cervical sympathectomy on local cerebral blood flow during
      limbic seizures in rat.
AB  - The vascular changes in the hippocampus and neocortex during kainic acid-induced
      seizures were investigated in control rats and in rats with chronic, bilateral,
      cervical sympathectomy. Seizures were induced in unanesthetized, spontaneously
      breathing rats. The increase in blood flow in the hippocampus of the
      sympathectomized rats was significantly reduced during the motor seizures, while
      the reduction in the neocortex was only significant when the increased blood flow
      was maximal.

PMID- 2282531
TI  - Coexpression of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes of the
      adult rat optic nerve.
AB  - The localization of vimentin (VIM) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was
      studied immunohistochemically in adult rat optic nerve. Consecutive Epon semithin
      tissue sections were immunostained respectively for VIM or GFAP. With this
      method, both antigens were detected in consecutive sections of the same cell.
      According to our results, most astrocytes in the adult rat optic nerve showed
      coexpression of VIM and GFAP.

PMID- 2282532
TI  - The expression of rat brain synaptic plasma membrane Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange activity
      in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Injection of Xenopus oocytes with mRNA isolated from 1-day-old rat brains leads
      to expression of Na+ gradient-dependent Ca2+ uptake activity. Size fractionation
      of the mRNA by sucrose density gradient centrifugation reveals that an mRNA
      fraction enriched in 14-18 S mRNA is responsible for the transport activity.
      Plasma membrane proteins isolated from oocytes injected with total or 14-18 S
      enriched fraction of rat brain mRNA contain proteins of about 70-kDa molecular
      mass recognized by a polyclonal antibody prepared against the purified 70-kDa rat
      brain Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger. In control H2O-injected oocytes, no proteins are
      recognized by the anti-70-kDa antibody.

PMID- 2282533
TI  - Evidence for coexistence between calcitonin gene-related peptide and serotonin in
      the bulbospinal pathway in the monkey.
AB  - By the use of the indirect immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization
      techniques, the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like
      immunoreactivity (LI) and CGRP mRNA was studied in the spinal cord as well as in
      the midline raphe nuclei and the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla oblongata of
      the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). In the spinal cord only a few large neurons in
      the motor nucleus contained CGRP-LI, while a majority of the neurons in the
      hypoglossal nucleus contained CGRP-LI. A relatively dense innervation by CGRP
      immunoreactive (IR) fibers was also seen close to cell bodies and proximal
      dendrites of large neurons in the motor nucleus, especially in its ventral part.
      5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-, substance P- and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
      IR varicosities were also observed in a similar position around large neurons in
      the motor nucleus. Double labeling disclosed that the majority of CGRP-IR axon
      terminals also contained 5-HT-LI. Expression of CGRP mRNA was found in neurons in
      the medullary midline raphe nuclei and in large neurons in the motor nucleus at
      the cervical spinal cord level. In adjacent sections of the medulla oblongata,
      CGRP-labeled neurons in the midline raphe nuclei also expressed preprotachykinin
      mRNA. The present results show that CGRP- and 5-HT-LI coexist in fibers within
      the motor nucleus of the monkey spinal cord and that this coexistence is probably
      due to the presence of CGRP in the descending bulbospinal, serotonergic pathway.

PMID- 2282534
TI  - Corticotropin-releasing hormone and dexamethasone do not alter secretion of
      immunoreactive beta-endorphin from dissociated fetal hypothalamic cell cultures.
AB  - Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and glucocorticoids are major regulators of
      the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis controlling secretion of beta
      endorphin and other pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides from pituitary.
      Although previous work has shown that CRH stimulates secretion of beta-endorphin
      from adult hypothalamic explants, and that glucocorticoids can inhibit basal and
      stimulated secretion of POMC-derived peptides from pituitary, the role of
      glucocorticoids on hypothalamic beta-endorphin secretion is not known. Studies
      were performed to assess the effects of CRH and dexamethasone, a potent
      glucocorticoid, on secretion of immunoreactive (IR) beta-endorphin from
      dissociated fetal hypothalamic cell cultures. CRH (10(-9)-10(-6) M) did not
      stimulate secretion of IR-beta-endorphin from hypothalamic cells which did
      release IR-beta-endorphin upon potassium-induced depolarization. However, CRH did
      stimulate IR-beta-endorphin secretion from fetal hypothalamic explants which were
      similar to hypothalamic tissue from which dissociated hypothalamic cell cultures
      were derived. Exposure of cells to dexamethasone (10(-6) M) did not inhibit basal
      or potassium-stimulated release of IR-beta-endorphin. These results indicate
      that: (1) dissociated fetal hypothalamic cells in culture do not exhibit a
      functional CRH receptor coupled to stimulation of IR-beta-endorphin secretion;
      (2) exposure of hypothalamic cells to dexamethasone does not inhibit basal nor
      depolarization-induced release of IR-beta-endorphin; and (3) dissociated fetal
      hypothalamic cells may have limited utility in elucidating specific regulatory
      relationships because of in vitro conditions and/or cytoarchitectural
      relationships.

PMID- 2282535
TI  - Chromogranins in rat brain: characterization, topographical distribution and
      regulation of synthesis.
AB  - The properties and distribution of chromogranins A, B and secretogranin II in rat
      brain were analyzed by quantitative immunoblotting. In contrast to endocrine
      tissues brain contains a significant amount of the proteoglycan form of
      chromogranin A. For secretogranin II a significant degree of endogenous
      proteolytic processing is apparent. Chromogranin A and secretogranin II had a
      similar topographical distribution with the highest concentrations found in the
      hypothalamus, amygdala/piriform cortex and hippocampus, whereas for chromogranin
      B by far the highest concentration was found in the cerebellum. Compared with
      adrenal medulla the concentration of all three proteins is low, however,
      secretogranin II appears relatively enriched. The synthesis of chromogranin A in
      brain does not depend on glucocorticoids since neither adrenalectomy nor
      dexamethasone treatment changed its levels. This is in contrast to adrenal
      medulla and to the anterior pituitary. Three days after kainic acid-induced
      seizures the levels of chromogranin A in frontal cortex and hippocampus were
      significantly elevated. For frontal cortex there was also an increase of the
      respective mRNA. This result establishes that the synthesis of chromogranin A can
      be regulated like that of neuropeptides.

PMID- 2282536
TI  - Dr. Dittrick's Museum.

PMID- 2282537
TI  - A medical pioneer of Trumbull County a century ago 1941.

PMID- 2282538
TI  - Revisiting Abner Webb, Jr., M.D.: use of alternative sources for writing the
      history of medicine.

PMID- 2282539
TI  - Evolution of a dream: the Dittrick Museum today.

PMID- 2282540
TI  - Neuropeptides, mast cells and allergy: novel mechanisms and therapeutic
      possibilities.
AB  - Diverse neuropeptides are released by neuroendocrine and immune cells at the
      sites of allergic and inflammatory reactions. The neuropeptides and other
      neuromediators affect functions of smooth muscle, microvasculature and secretory
      cells, and are potent stimuli of mast cell, lymphocyte and other leucocyte
      contributions to such reactions. The distinctive immune sources, structures and
      cellular receptors for neuromediators suggest the possibility of novel
      pathogenetic mechanisms and levels of pharmacological intervention specific for
      neuroregulation of immunity and hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2282541
TI  - Modulation of eosinophil function in vitro.

PMID- 2282542
TI  - Principles and techniques of equine anesthesia.

PMID- 2282543
TI  - General clinical considerations for anesthesia of the horse.
AB  - The peculiarities of the equine species present a number of unique situations
      that must be addressed when horses are anesthetized. Perhaps the most troublesome
      situation is related to the horse's size. Though the horse's large lungs are
      responsible in part for its sustainable athletic ability, they are detrimental to
      effective ventilation when the horse is anesthetized and placed in a recumbent
      position. Of major concern is depression of ventilation and cardiovascular
      function. Hypercapnia and hypoxemia usually result from hypoventilation, and with
      time all anesthetized horses suffer from some degree of cardiovascular
      depression. Decreased blood flow coupled with the horse's weight pressing
      downward on the undermost tissues frequently disturbs microcirculation and causes
      injury to muscle tissue. Of major importance is the product of anesthetic depth
      and anesthetic time. Only through careful observation and initiation of
      supportive measures can injuries related to anesthesia or surgery be kept to a
      minimum. Because of the horse's nature, safe anesthesia cannot always be assured,
      even when state-of-the-art anesthetic techniques are practiced.

PMID- 2282544
TI  - Chemical restraint and analgesia in the horse.
AB  - Chemical restraint in the standing horse is used for a variety of procedures in
      veterinary medicine. The choice of agent depends on the physical status,
      temperament, and size of the patient; the procedure to be performed; and safety
      for the patient, veterinarian, and owner. The combination of certain agents may
      provide more desirable restraint and analgesia than does the use of individual
      agents. The use of analgesics in the horse is not without side effects, some of
      which may be detrimental to the patient's condition. Analgesics should be chosen
      with these untoward effects in mind. Draft breeds possess differences that may
      provide a challenge to the practitioner. One such difference is their clinically
      apparent increased sensitivity to tranquilizers and sedative-hypnotics;
      consequently, reduced dose regimens for chemical restraint should be employed
      initially.

PMID- 2282545
TI  - Intravenous anesthesia.
AB  - Anticholinergics, tranquilizers, and sedative-hypnotics are the usual agents used
      for preanesthetic sedation of the horse. Of these drugs, the anticholinergics are
      of little importance in the horse. Acepromazine is the most useful and widely
      used tranquilizer, whereas xylazine is a safe and popular sedative. A newer
      sedative recently made available to the veterinarian for clinical use in horses
      is detomidine. Thiobarbiturates are seldom used alone any longer but are still
      useful when combined with guaifenesin for induction and maintenance of
      anesthesia. Other, more contemporary drug combinations that have largely replaced
      thiobarbiturates and chloral hydrate include xylazine with ketamine, xylazine
      with Telazol, detomidine with Telazol, and guaifenesin with ketamine and
      xylazine.

PMID- 2282546
TI  - Use of halothane and isoflurane in the horse.
AB  - When compared with halothane, isoflurane has several distinct characteristics.
      Vaporizer settings are higher because of its lower potency. Respiratory rates
      will be slower, and intraoperative changes in depth and recovery from surgical
      depth of anesthesia will be more rapid, although total recovery times frequently
      will not be different. Halothane and isoflurane appear similar in their effects
      on ocular reflexes and mean arterial blood pressure. Recovery from isoflurane
      should be managed to provide added sedation or physical support if the horse
      attempts to stand prematurely.

PMID- 2282547
TI  - Equipment for inhalation anesthesia.
AB  - Inhalation anesthesia has three requirements: delivery of oxygen, delivery of an
      appropriate concentration of a volatile anesthetic agent, and removal of carbon
      dioxide. Halothane and isoflurane are the most commonly used anesthetic agents.
      They are usually delivered with a semiclosed circle system using an out-of-the
      circuit vaporizer. Carbon dioxide is eliminated by chemical absorption and by
      flow of excess oxygen and waste anesthetic agent through the pop-off valve. These
      gases should be scavenged to prevent room contamination. A variety of ancillary
      equipment is available to assist the anesthetist during the procedure.

PMID- 2282548
TI  - Supportive therapy in the anesthetized horse.
AB  - In conclusion, vigilant supportive care is necessary to prevent morbidity and
      death in the anesthetized horse. Because some of the equipment and drugs are
      specialized and the consequences of some postanesthetic complications are severe,
      availability of those items must be confirmed prior to anesthesia. Proper
      positioning and padding will help to reduce the incidence of postanesthetic
      myopathy-neuropathy syndrome in these large patients. Adequate tissue perfusion
      is important and can be achieved by controlling anesthetic depth, increasing
      intravascular volume with fluid administration, and by administering
      sympathomimetic agents.

PMID- 2282549
TI  - Clinical use of positive-pressure ventilation in the horse.
AB  - Positive-pressure ventilation is used to provide improved ventilatory support
      during anesthesia in the horse. Because of the horse's size and the physiologic
      changes it undergoes during anesthesia, however, the use of positive-pressure
      ventilation does not always provide the improvement seen in smaller species.
      Careful attention to respiratory rate, inspiratory pressure, and I:E ratio
      minimizes the negative aspect of IPPV on the cardiovascular system. The goal of
      future ventilatory techniques will be to improve oxygenation without
      cardiovascular compromise and to do so at a reasonable cost to the client.

PMID- 2282550
TI  - Neuromuscular blocking agents in equine anesthesia.
AB  - In summary, neuromuscular blocking agents can be used safely and to advantage in
      equine anesthesia. Muscle-relaxant use in equine anesthesia has been helped by
      the development of new relaxants such as atracurium, which has a reliable and
      reproducible duration of action. There are certain cases that benefit
      particularly by the use of relaxants but their use is not limited to these cases.
      These cases involve horses that experience persistent movement and hypotension
      during anesthesia, are undergoing ophthalmic or abdominal surgery or fracture
      repair, or are severely ill. Horses receiving muscle relaxants during anesthesia
      require mechanical ventilation, and neuromuscular blockade should be monitored
      with a peripheral-nerve stimulator.

PMID- 2282551
TI  - Monitoring equine anesthesia.
AB  - In conclusion, monitoring the depth of anesthesia plays an integral role in the
      anesthetic regimen. Although the use of sophisticated monitoring equipment has
      replaced some of the art of anesthesia and made assessment of depth of anesthesia
      more precise, a vigilant clinician still needs to serve as the animal's advocate.
      He or she must gather the data that are generated by machines, acquire data that
      monitoring equipment cannot obtain, assimilate all the facts, and make
      appropriate changes in anesthetic management.

PMID- 2282552
TI  - General anesthesia for horses with specific problems.
AB  - We have discussed anesthetic techniques, special considerations, and expected
      complications involved in anesthetizing horses for abdominal, orthopedic, and
      head and neck surgery, and myelography and have described expected physiologic
      dysfunction that may require changes in anesthetic technique or supportive
      measures. The objective is high-quality patient care and reduction in anesthesia
      related morbidity and death.

PMID- 2282553
TI  - Management of anesthesia in the foal.
AB  - Several unique pharmacologic and physiologic factors must be considered when
      attempting to anesthetize premature or neonatal foals. Juvenile foals are similar
      to adults in their physiology and metabolism. Anesthetic drug and protocol
      selection should reflect the differences between these two age groups. Neonates
      are best anesthetized using an inhalation technique, whereas older foals can be
      safely anesthetized with either parenteral or inhalation anesthetic agents.
      Careful monitoring is absolutely essential when anesthetizing foals. The
      clinician should plan to routinely administer fluids and measure electrolyte
      levels. A basic plan and knowledge of the methods and agents used to treat
      hypovolemia, severe cardiopulmonary collapse, and life-threatening arrhythmias
      can result in survival of many critically ill foals.

PMID- 2282554
TI  - Anesthetic complications in the horse.
AB  - The basis for management of all complications is early recognition, preparation,
      and a problem-solving approach. Some anesthetic complications, such as equipment
      malfunction and injuries from endotracheal intubation or misplaced drug
      injections, are common to all animals and can be prevented almost entirely by
      careful management. Other problems, such as pulmonary dysfunction and
      cardiovascular depression, seem to occur more often in healthy horses than in
      healthy members of other domestic species. Postoperative myopathy-neuropathy,
      sometimes a devastating complication, seems to be peculiar to the horse, and its
      incidence has been linked to hypotensive inhalant anesthesia. Careful positioning
      and padding, monitoring of anesthetic depth, and treating of cardiovascular
      depression may prevent most cases of postanesthetic myopathy. Idiosyncratic drug
      reactions, such as MH, are entirely unpredictable and can be rapidly fatal unless
      recognized early and treated vigorously and specifically.

PMID- 2282555
TI  - Regional anesthesia.
AB  - Organ toxicity from local anesthetic agents is rare. This makes these agents an
      attractive option in the high-risk patient. Complications associated with local
      anesthetics are related to overdosage. Overdosage with local anesthetic agents
      administered epidurally may cause motor paralysis and hind-limb weakness.
      Systemic signs of local anesthetic overdosage include changes in central nervous
      system activity (excitement or depression), muscle tremors, and hypotension.
      Because the dose required to produce these effects in the horse is high (12
      mg/kg), this complication is uncommon. Few side effects and low cost justify the
      use of local anesthetic techniques in equine practice.

PMID- 2282556
TI  - Local anesthetic techniques for diagnosis of lameness.
AB  - Successful diagnostic local anesthesia is dependent upon a thorough knowledge of
      appendicular anatomy, application of correct technique, and accurate
      interpretation. Use of cadaver specimens to review anatomy and practice needle
      placement is strongly recommended. A marker solution, such as new methylene blue,
      can be injected into cadaver limbs, which can be subsequently dissected to verify
      accuracy. Detailed interpretation of local anesthetic blocks in the lame horse
      reaches beyond the scope of this article. Interpretive difficulties, however, can
      be responsible for the failure of a block to provide useful information to the
      examiner, even though the block may have been performed in a technically correct
      manner.

PMID- 2282558
TI  - A drastic shift in medical resources advocated (from prolonging life to bettering
      life).

PMID- 2282557
TI  - Cardiac Care. Cholesterol--(is it another word for paranoia)

PMID- 2282559
TI  - Managing chronic pain with laser therapy.

PMID- 2282560
TI  - Space ship earth is heating up and it's making us sick.

PMID- 2282561
TI  - Long-term hemodynamic results of percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy
      in rheumatic mitral stenosis with pliable, non-calcified valves.
AB  - Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) for severe, symptomatic
      mitral stenosis was successfully performed in 47 of 50 patients with pliable, non
      calcified valves. The procedure resulted in immediate hemodynamic and sustained
      clinical improvements in all patients. Repeat cardiac catheterization was
      performed in 22 patients at a mean follow-up period of 15 months (range 12 to
      29). The patients were similar to the other 25 patients in regard to gender, age,
      clinical and hemodynamic characteristics. There were 4 males and 18 females with
      a mean age of 37 years (range 20 to 61). Immediately after PTMC, there were
      significant increases in the mitral valve area (1.0 +/- 0.2 to 2.4 +/- .9cm2, p
      less than 0.001) and cardiac index (3.1 +/- 0.7 to 3.3 +/- 0.7 l/min/m2, p less
      than 0.05) and significant (p less than 0.001) decreases in the left atrial
      pressure (25.7 +/- 6.4 to 13.2 +/- 3.9 mmHg), the mitral valve gradient (15.7 +/-
      5.7 to 3.9 +/- 1.4 mmHg), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (41.5 +/- 10.7 to 29.2
      +/- 10.9 mmHg) and the pulmonary vascular resistance (4.2 +/ 3.4 to 3.5 +/- 2.9
      Wood unit). At follow-up study, the mitral valve area (2.2 +/- 0.7 cm2) and the
      left atrial pressure (12.6 +/- 3.7 mmHg) remained unchanged. There were further
      decreases in the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (22.4 +/- 5.9 mmHg, p less than
      0.05) and the pulmonary vascular resistance (2.0 +/- 1.5 Wood unit, p less than
      0.05). There were significant (p less than 0.05) increases in the mitral valve
      gradient (6.6 +/- 2.5 mmHg) and the cardiac output (3.6 +/- 0.7
      l/min/m2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282562
TI  - Outcome following radioactive iodine therapy in Graves' disease.
AB  - One hundred and fifty three patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism treated with I
      131 from March 1984 to September 1988 were analyzed. The dose of I-131 was given
      according to the formula: 100 microCi/gm x estimated thyroid size (gm) x 100/24
      hr I-131 uptake (%) The mean dose was 5.41 mCi and the maximum dose was 7 mCi.
      After one year of follow up, 45 patients (29.4%) were euthyroid, 35 patients
      (22.9%) became hypothyroid, and 73 patients (47.7%) were persistently
      hyperthyroid. Discriminant analysis of pretreatment variables suggested that
      those patients who were still hyperthyroid at the end of the first year had
      significantly larger goiter size, and higher serum T4 and T3 levels. Men had
      greater incidence of relapse. Besides, those who had received antithyroid drug
      before I-131 therapy had a significantly higher incidence of failure. As compared
      with previous studies, our report had a significantly higher incidence (22.9%) of
      hypothyroidism one year after I-131 therapy, which may be due to recognition of
      subclinical hypothyroidism through TSH assay.

PMID- 2282563
TI  - Red cell distribution width in the detection of iron deficiency in maintenance
      hemodialysis patients.
AB  - Iron deficiency is a frequent complication in maintenance hemodialysis patients.
      Red cell distribution width (RDW) was recently used as an indicator in early
      detection of iron deficiency. One hundred and thirty nine patients maintained on
      hemodialysis were studied for the usefulness of RDW in detection of iron
      deficiency. Serum ferritin less than 30 ug/dl was defined as iron deficiency in
      these patients. Another 69 patients with iron deficiency not entering
      hemodialysis were chosen as a control group. The sensitivity of RDW elevation to
      detect iron deficiency in chronic hemodialysis patients was only 36.7% which was
      much lower than that of the control group (62.3%). However, it was still more
      sensitive than microcytosis in the detection of iron deficiency in chronic
      hemodialysis patients because none of them showed microcytosis. The specificity
      and positive predictive value of RDW elevation in respect to iron deficiency were
      62.4% and 9.6% respectively. This study demonstrated that the use of RDW in the
      detection of iron deficiency in chronic hemodialysis patients was superior to
      mean corpuscular volume but still limited.

PMID- 2282564
TI  - Bone changes in hyperthyroidism--a preliminary study.
AB  - Thyrotoxicosis may cause osteopenia and lead to increased risk of fractures. From
      July 1988 to March 1989, 88 hyperthyroid patients and 65 age, sex matched normal
      controls were enrolled for lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) study.
      Significantly lower BMD values can be found in premenopausal hyperthyroid women
      (1.233 gm/cm2 vs 1.317 gm/cm2, p less than p less than 0.05). In the group of
      thyrotoxicosis, no linear correlation can be found between BMD and the degree of
      hyperthyroidism (N = 84, r = 0.01 and N = 74, r = 0.054 as comparing BMD to T4
      and T3, respectively). After treatment with antithyroid drugs (ATD) for 3 months,
      BMD did not change significantly (1.258 gm/cm2 vs 1.242 gm/cm2, p = 0.02) in the
      hyperthyroid patients. Therefore, premenopausal hyperthyroid women have lower BMD
      than premenopausal euthyroid women. The treatment of hyperthyroidism after 3
      months' course did not increase lumbar spine BMD.

PMID- 2282565
TI  - Prevalence of cesarean section in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 1984-1989.
AB  - This study was undertaken to estimate the cesarean delivery rate in Chang Gung
      Memorial Hospital (CGMH) and to determine whether the reasons for the rising rate
      have changed during the past 6 years. Since 1984, 43% of the rise in the cesarean
      rate was due to repeat cesareans, 29% due to dystocia, and 15% due to fetal
      distress. At the same time, the cesarean delivery rates due to abnormality of
      position and placentation dropped by 2% in either condition. The rate of cesarean
      delivery among those with a previous cesarean was 98%. In the future, if the
      number of vaginal deliveries after cesarean increases, then the overall cesarean
      delivery rate will decrease or stabilize.

PMID- 2282566
TI  - [Epidemiology and clinical evaluation of Salmonella enteritis].
AB  - There was a local epidemic of Salmonella enteritis in southern part of Taiwan
      during the summer of 1989. From July through September 1989, a total 162 cases of
      enteritis were analysed in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung. Among them,
      46 cases were proved to be Salmonella enteritis by stool and/or blood culture.
      The identified flora group mainly group B (Salmonella typhimurium, 87%), group C
      (Salmonella choleraesuis, 6.5%) and group D (Salmonella enteritidis, 6.5%). The
      drug resistance of Salmonella enteritis of traditional antibiotics such as
      ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in
      apparently increasing. We found that 43.5% of cases were uniformly resistant to
      all 3 antimicrobial agents as mentioned above. Of the 4 infants who developed
      bacteremia, 2 were less than 3 months old and their blood culture grew out group
      B. Salmonella, but fortunately no complication were found during hospitalization.
      The other 2 cases were proved to be caused by group C Salmonella which was
      reported to have higher incidence of ensuing bacteremia. This study revealed that
      persistent bacteremia could be present in the absence of fever and toxic signs.
      Newer, third generation cephalosporins such as cefotaxime of ceftriaxone should
      be initiated promptly.

PMID- 2282567
TI  - [High incidence of tetanus in the middle-aged and elderly].
AB  - Tetanus is a disease which has a high mortality rate, caused by clostridium
      tetani. It presents with trismus, difficulty in swallowing, and more ominously
      difficulty in breathing, or opisthotonus. Included in this retrospective study
      are 23 cases of tetanus treated in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between Jan. 1986
      and Dec. 1989. Age ranged from 36 to 87, with the highest incidence in the middle
      aged and elderly (91% older than 40 years of age). In 20 cases a wound was found
      as the source of infection, most of which were minor injuries. Of the nine
      patients who received no medical attention, three received herb drugs. Of the
      eleven patients who did seek medical attention at the time of injury, four
      received tetanus toxoid but none of them received human tetanus immunoglobulin.
      Tetanus is a totally preventable disease. Prevention includes three basic
      principles: local wound management, active immunization, and passive
      immunization. When treating injured patients, it is important to recall that many
      middle-aged and older adults are not adequately immunized against tetanus. Such
      patients should receive human tetanus immunoglobulin as well as tetanus toxoid.

PMID- 2282568
TI  - [Stress analysis of distal free-end removable partial denture].
AB  - The study of the force distribution in distal free-end removable partial denture
      is complicated by the great difference of biomechanical property between the
      supporting tissue of the distal free-end removable partial denture, abutment
      tooth and alveolar mucosa under the denture base. Finite element method (FEM) was
      used in this study to estimate the effect on the abutment tooth and alveolar
      mucosa under various load conditions. The model is composed of the second
      premolar, the first molar and the second molar in acrylic resin teeth with the
      first premolar serving as the abutment. The stress on the abutment tooth was
      found reduced by 15% on comparing the load condition 3 (222 newton vertical force
      on each denture acrylic tooth) with the load condition 2 (222 newton vertical
      force on the second premolar and the first molar), and it can be further reduced
      by 22% in comparison to load condition 4 (222 newton vertical force on each
      denture tooth but shared equally to two occlusal contact points per denture
      tooth). The maximum displacement of the alveolar mucosa was found adjacent to the
      load area, and the maximum vertical displacement of the alveolar mucosa at load
      condition 4 is only 0.015 mm greater than load condition 3. It is concluded that
      when the number of occlusal contacts in distal free-end removable partial denture
      is increased and evenly distributed, the load on the abutment tooth will be
      decreased, with only minor effect on the alveolar mucosa.

PMID- 2282569
TI  - Bilateral Warthin's tumors in a Chinese--literature review and case report.
AB  - Warthin's tumor is an unusual benign salivary gland tumor. It is predominantly
      found in Caucasians and is rare in non-Caucasians. The chief affected area of the
      tumor is the parotid gland. Of all salivary gland neoplasms, Warthin's tumor is
      the only lesion which is truly multicentric so it may have a second primary
      lesion, not a recurrence. The peak incidence is in the sixth decade of life. In
      sexual distribution, there is a male predominance but the incidence of female is
      progressively increasing. According to Lemelas's study, the increase in female
      incidence may relate to the increasing population of cigarette smoking of women.
      Bilateral parotid gland involvement is uncommon. The chief treatment of the tumor
      is surgical excision. The surgical methods include enucleation, superficial
      parotidectomy, total parotidectomy. It is very important to protect the facial
      nerves from injury during surgery. In this paper, we report a case of bilateral
      metachronous Warthin's tumors with cystic degeneration of parotid glands in a
      Chinese. Other than literature review and case report, four different methods to
      protect facial nerves from injury were briefly described.

PMID- 2282571
TI  - [The amniotic band syndrome--report of two cases].
AB  - The amniotic band syndrome (ABS) includes intrauterine amputations, syndactyly,
      fetal disruption, fetal compression deformities and constriction rings associated
      with disruption of the amniotic membrane. The defects caused by ABS varied from
      simple digital band constrictions, limb defects to major visceral and
      craniofacial defects; fetal death may also occur. Because the ABS is a sporadic
      disorder that may mimic recurrent disorders, such as achondroplasia, anencephaly,
      Apert's syndrome, etc, it is very important to do appropriate genetic counseling
      and accurate diagnosis for every infant born with multiple birth defects. We
      report two severely damaged cases with typical features. This article also
      reviews the clinical features of ABS, its etiology, pathogenesis, and the status
      of prenatal and neonatal diagnosis are also discussed.

PMID- 2282570
TI  - Antemortem diagnosis of central pontine myelinolysis--report of a case.
AB  - A 64-year-old hypertensive woman with hyponatremia due to acute gastroenteritis
      and the use of diuretics developed dysarthria, dysphagia, and quadriparesis 4
      days after rapid correction of hyponatremia. The clinical course,
      electrodiagnosis (blink reflex) and cranial computed tomographic findings are
      compatible with an antemortem diagnosis of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM).
      CPM can be prevented by cautious correction of hyponatremia. Spontaneous recovery
      in this case contrasts sharply to the poor outcome in previously reported cases
      of CPM.

PMID- 2282572
TI  - [Reconstruction of auricle by upward rotated auricular concha composite flap].

PMID- 2282573
TI  - [Reconstruction of total auricle by 1 stage operation. Report of 8 cases].

PMID- 2282574
TI  - [Application of vascular pedicled posterior auricular fascio-cutaneous flap].

PMID- 2282575
TI  - [Correction of saddle nose with mild dish face deformity by 1 stage operation].

PMID- 2282576
TI  - [Applied anatomy of dorsal nasal fascia for augmentative rhinoplasty].

PMID- 2282577
TI  - [Congenital median cleft nose. Report of 3 cases].

PMID- 2282578
TI  - [Implantation of artificial bone in the reconstruction of saddle nose].

PMID- 2282579
TI  - [Reconstruction of nose with skin tube].

PMID- 2282580
TI  - [Management of nasal polyp during nasal reconstruction].

PMID- 2282581
TI  - [Experience in the treatment of complications following liquid silicone rubber
      augmentation rhinoplasty].

PMID- 2282582
TI  - [Use of venous pedicled forearm island flap with only arterial anastomosis for
      reconstruction in face and neck region].

PMID- 2282583
TI  - [Experiences in free anterio-lateral femoral skin flap grafting. Report of 32
      cases].

PMID- 2282584
TI  - [Free arterialized venous dorsal pedal skin flap grafting. Report of 3 cases].

PMID- 2282585
TI  - [Use of an interposing free skin flap in the treatment of severe electric burn of
      the wrist].

PMID- 2282586
TI  - [Clinical use of phalangeal vascular pedicled island flap].

PMID- 2282588
TI  - [Use of island musculo-cutaneous flap for repair of scar contracture in perineal
      region].

PMID- 2282587
TI  - [Analysis of serum free amino acid profiles in patients dying from major burns].
AB  - An analysis of serum free amino acid profiles in 8 patients dying from major
      burns revealed that free amino acid began to decrease in shock period, decrease
      31.12% in infection period and 41.3% before death in comparison with the control
      group. The amount of BCAA-also decrease 36.27% in infection period and 56.83%
      before death. If the serum free amino acid in major burn drops steadily, the
      prognosis will be worse.

PMID- 2282589
TI  - [Determination of survival of cultured allogeneic skin grafts by identification
      of sex chromosome].

PMID- 2282590
TI  - [Use of microskin grafting for burn wound coverage].

PMID- 2282591
TI  - [Reconstruction of burned bones and joints by pedicled and musculocutaneous
      flap].

PMID- 2282592
TI  - [Changes in 4 bearer-proteins and C3 in patients following burn injury].
AB  - Four bearer-proteins including prealbumin (Pal), ceruloplasmin (CP), transferrin
      (Tf) and haptoglobin (HP) and C3 were determined in patients following burn
      injury. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to the TBSA, i.e. group
      1 (1-10%), group 2 (11-30%), group 3 (31-60%) and group 4 (61-98%). Early after
      burn injury Pal, CP, Tf and C3 decreased markedly but C3 and CP were followed by
      a elevation slightly higher than normal control in group 1 and 2 but not in group
      3 and 4, while Tf and Pal kept in lower level till 4 weeks after burn injury.
      Only elevated HP after burn injury was noticed and then decreased in group 1 and
      2.

PMID- 2282593
TI  - [Influence of shock on the prognosis of burns. An analysis of 68 cases of dead
      patients].

PMID- 2282595
TI  - [Experimental study on pedicled or vascularized extra long flap transplantation].

PMID- 2282594
TI  - [Experimental study of free flap transplantation after debridement in early stage
      of electric burn].
AB  - Burned rabbits' limbs, caused by electricity, were early debrided and covered by
      vascularized free flaps. This method could obviously shorten the healing time and
      improve local conditions. Blood vessels, 3 cm beyond the margin of the wound, can
      be used for anastomosis if they have the following characteristics, normal
      elasticity of vessel wall, intact endothelium with no separation from the media,
      and good arterial bleeding. All the free flaps we used survived excellently.

PMID- 2282596
TI  - [Effect of carbon monoxide on hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in inhalation
      lung injury].
AB  - Chemical pneumonitis and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning may be the etiologic
      factors in inhalation injury. Since the CO poisoning related with smoke
      inhalation has a much high mortality we tested the hypothesis that superimposed
      CO poisoning deteriorates hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in acid inhalation
      injury. Ten anesthetized dogs were ventilated in room air to maintain normal
      PaCO2. Lung injury was produced with 2 ml/kg 0.1 N HCL intratracheally. Five dogs
      (ACID) were then ventilated with room air, while the others were exposed to 1% CO
      in air for 10 minutes to produce CO poisoning simultaneously with acid
      instillation (CO-ACID). Hemodynamic changes, oxygen metabolism and
      carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) were monitored for 4 hours. Thirty minutes following the
      challenge PaO2 in ACID and CO-ACID groups fell to 65 +/- 10 and 43 +/- 4 (p less
      than 0.05), respectively. Acid caused significantly decreased cardiac output and
      increased pulmonary vascular resistance. CO did not accentuate hemodynamic
      changes following acid inhalation. However, a significant increase of COHb in CO
      ACID group resulted in deterioration of oxygen transportation. Though oxygen
      extraction increased markedly in both groups the oxygen consumption decreased
      significantly in CO-ACID group. A constantly depressed mixed venous oxygen
      tension in CO-ACID group suggests the deterioration of tissue oxygen metabolism.

PMID- 2282597
TI  - [Experimental treatment of smoke inhalation injury with anti-lipid peroxidation
      agents].
AB  - The role of oxygen free radicals in the mechanism of lung damage after smoke
      inhalation injury was investigated. 42 dogs were used and equally divided into
      control and treated group. In treated group, a comprehensive anti-lipid
      peroxidation treatment including Ginseng-ophiopgon, hydrocortisone sodium
      succinate, Vit. C and E were used at 5 min, 6 hr, and 12 hr postinjury. SOD
      activity in blood, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid, MDA and SCL in plasma, C2H6
      and C2H4 in exhaled breath of dogs after smoke inhalation injury were measured.
      In addition, blood gas analysis and EVLW were determined to evaluate the lung
      damage. The results demonstrated that the injured dogs suffered from lung edema
      and acute lung dysfunction. MDA, SCL in plasma and C2H6, C2H4 in exhaled breath
      increased markedly, reaching their first peaks at 30 min. and second peaks at 24
      72 hours postinjury. The values revealing in first peak in treated group were
      lower than that in control group. The increase of SOD activity, however, was
      higher in treated group than in control group. Changes of oxygen free radicals
      and lipid peroxidation were closely related to lung damage and respiratory
      dysfunction. These data showed that in early postinjury period increase of oxygen
      free radicals and excessive lipid peroxidation existed in lungs of dogs. And in
      treated group, anti-lipid peroxidation activity was increased and lipid
      peroxidation was inhibited. Lung damage was improved obviously. It was believed
      that the first peak of changes in oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation was
      related to the onset of early pulmonary damage and the stress response, and the
      second peak to the development of pulmonary infection and lung repaired.

PMID- 2282598
TI  - [Oxygen free radicals and ischemia-reperfusion injury of flaps].

PMID- 2282599
TI  - Drinking water fluoridation and osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2282601
TI  - The health and wellbeing of mental health professionals.
AB  - We examine dimensions of job satisfaction, occupational burnout and general
      health of a sample of 123 mental health care professionals (psychiatric nurses
      and nursing assistants, and smaller professional groups such as social workers,
      occupational and recreational therapists and psychologists) employed at a large
      Canadian psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric nursing assistants exhibit more of the
      consequences of job-related stress (less job satisfaction, greater occupational
      burnout, greater incidence of negative physical and psychological symptoms of
      stress) relative to the other professional groups in the sample. This may be
      linked with their position within the hospital organization (having less
      authority and professional autonomy relative to the other groups), affecting
      their ability to cope with job-related problems and stresses experienced by all
      direct care workers. We examine attitudes of mental health professionals towards
      organized support groups at the hospital, which could provide one forum for the
      open discussion (and potential resolution) of job-related stresses and problems
      experienced in hospital settings.

PMID- 2282600
TI  - Improper office disposal of needles and other sharps: an occupational hazard
      outside of health care institutions.
AB  - An employee of a private disposal company suffered a finger needlestick injury
      while collecting waste at curbside from a building containing medical offices.
      Subsequent inspection of the contents of the garbage bags revealed the presence
      of used syringes and unsheathed needles. The Ministry of the Environment has
      developed a regulation and guidelines for the handling and disposal of biomedical
      waste including needles and other sharps. These specify that approved carriers
      and receivers are required for disposal; properly decontaminated waste is
      considered non-hazardous solid waste and can go to landfills. However,
      responsibility for curbside pickup of waste lies with municipalities; some
      municipalities have enacted by-laws which prohibit collection of this waste at
      the curbside. This incident illustrates that improper disposal of biomedical
      waste (including that from private practitioners' offices) may occur despite
      efforts to control its handling, and that needlestick injuries can occur outside
      of health care facilities among personnel who are not health care workers.
      Efforts are needed to increase the level of awareness among health professionals
      regarding their responsibility to ensure proper biomedical waste disposal from
      private offices. In addition, efforts should be made to bridge the gap between
      all levels of government regarding the disposal of biomedical waste.

PMID- 2282602
TI  - The prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in Laval, Quebec, 1986.
AB  - The prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension were assessed in a
      representative sample (n = 1,374) of the Laval population (aged 30-69 years). The
      study was designed to identify people at increased risk for cardiovascular
      disease because of elevated blood pressure levels rather than to establish a
      strict clinical prevalence. Defining hypertension as systolic pressure greater
      than or equal to 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic pressure greater than or equal to 90
      mm Hg and/or on anti-hypertensive medication, the study found a prevalence of 25%
      (32% in men, 19% in women). Two thirds (67%) of the male hypertensives and 41% of
      the female hypertensives were previously unaware of their condition. One in three
      hypertensives were on medication, and less than half of these were under control.
      As observed in other studies, control was better in women. The study suggests the
      continuing need for high blood pressure education and detection in the Laval
      population, particularly among men.

PMID- 2282603
TI  - The diffusion of genetic amniocentesis in Ontario: 1969-1987.
AB  - The diffusion of new medical technologies is often described as rapid, widespread
      and premature. Such characterizations have arisen largely from studies undertaken
      in the U.S. The extent to which these patterns can be generalized to the Canadian
      context is not yet clear. This paper examines the diffusion of genetic
      amniocentesis in relation to its adoption and utilization in Ontario. Slow and
      limited institutional adoption of amniocentesis and substantial increases in its
      use at several centres offering the procedure reveal differences with and
      similarities to the U.S.-based model. Possible explanations of these differences
      and the public policy implications of the findings are discussed.

PMID- 2282604
TI  - Maternal health services--the developing world.
AB  - Women in developing nations run 100 to 200 times the risk of dying in pregnancy
      and childbirth compared to women in affluent countries. The vast majority of
      these deaths are preventable. We examine 3 models of health development for their
      potential impact on maternal mortality. Although universal primary maternal
      health care would be ideal, resource limitations render its implementation
      impractical in many regions. The nonavailability of transport and referral
      services limits the impact of community-based programs. Selective primary health
      interventions have some role, but more costly and complex services are required
      to deal with hemorrhage, the complications of illegal abortion and to provide
      operative deliveries. Public health workers should focus on intersectoral
      programs at the community level which mobilize women around health issues.
      Sustainable development has the greatest potential to produce lasting changes in
      the risks of childbearing.

PMID- 2282605
TI  - [Association between maternal smoking and breast feeding].
AB  - Many factors influence the decision to initiate and continue to breastfeed. Our
      study evaluates the relation between maternal cigarette smoking and prevalence of
      breastfeeding. A telephone questionnaire was administered by nurses to mothers of
      879 newborns from the Quebec City area approximately two weeks after delivery.
      Among the 666 babies whose mothers did not smoke, 62.6% were breastfed. This
      proportion declined to 37.5%, 17.7% and 14.6% among babies whose mothers smoked 1
      to 10, 11 to 20 and more than 20 cigarettes per day, respectively. The dose
      effect association between the prevalence of breastfeeding and the number of
      cigarettes smoked daily by the mother persisted after adjustment in a binomial
      regression model for maternal age, education and home district area. Pregnant
      women who smoke should be strongly encouraged to quit smoking and to breastfeed
      their babies.

PMID- 2282606
TI  - Heavy birthweight in Native Indians of British Columbia.
AB  - An unexpected finding of heavy birthweight in one group of Native Indians in
      Ontario led to this analysis of the occurrence of heavy birthweight in Natives of
      British Columbia. Canadian Native Indians have high rates of perinatal mortality,
      usually directly related to low, not high birthweight. Birth statistics of all
      singleton livebirths during 1982 to 1986 were examined. Heavy birthweight was 50%
      more frequent among Natives than non-Natives (relative risk 1.47, 95% confidence
      limits 1.35 and 1.59), after stratification by week of gestation. Stratification
      was necessary because pre-term births were twice as frequent among Natives as non
      Natives (11.4% vs 5.7%). Fetal and neonatal mortality were 40% more frequent in
      Natives. To explain these findings, a hypothesis is advanced of high rates of
      glucose intolerance during pregnancy in Natives.

PMID- 2282608
TI  - Access to health care for economically disadvantaged Canadians: a model.
AB  - In Canada, cultural, physical and structural barriers to the poor's accessibility
      to health care persist. The economically disadvantaged are clearly identified as
      a national high-risk target group because of poorer health status and health
      behaviours than higher-income Canadians. A four-component model is proposed to
      describe the complex, multivariate nature of access to health care for the
      economically disadvantaged. The mutual effects of characteristics of access and
      poverty are outlined and strategies to facilitate improved access are delineated
      and exemplified. Education, comprehensive and personalized care, consumer
      participation, and environmental strategies, while not uniquely applicable to the
      needs of the poor, may collectively constitute a reasonable approach to removing
      barriers to access to care for this vulnerable group. Furthermore, these four
      strategies are consistent with premises of primary health care and health
      promotion. While the model encompasses many relevant variables, it is neither
      exclusive nor all-inclusive. Further research is required to assess the linkage
      between specific elements of these four components and to conduct monetary and
      human cost-benefit analyses of recommended approaches.

PMID- 2282607
TI  - Ten years later: an update of the case for teaching breast self-examination.
AB  - Breast self-examination (BSE) remains an appropriate area for continuing
      research. Nonetheless, it is now established that instruction by either a nurse
      or a physician, whether offered individually or in groups, and regardless of the
      details of the content or the teaching materials used, will result in a reported
      increase in frequency and proficiency. Less traditional instruction by means of
      the mass media also has been reported as effective. The actual competence in the
      practice of BSE remains questionable both because of inconsistency in the
      standards of practice and of reliance on self-reporting. The ultimate question
      related to the effectiveness of BSE in detecting tumors at a stage where the
      diagnosis is favourable remains uncertain. There have been some gains in
      knowledge during the last decade and the case for teaching BSE remains strong but
      its effectiveness is not yet unequivocally established.

PMID- 2282609
TI  - The relationship among learning, health beliefs, alcohol consumption, and tobacco
      use of primigravidas.
AB  - The purposes of this study were to identify how pregnant women learned about
      alcohol consumption and tobacco use, and to identify the relationship between
      learning, health beliefs and behaviours. Determining how pregnant women learned
      was based upon Tough's and Knowles' view of learning and consisted of identifying
      knowledge levels, resources utilized, advice given, time in learning, and
      initiators of learning episodes. The ex post facto research design involved one
      hour interviews with 128 primigravidas at 8 hospitals in British Columbia, 75% of
      the sample consumed alcoholic beverages before becoming pregnant and these women
      reduced their intake by an average of 82%; 39% smoked cigarettes before becoming
      pregnant and these women reduced their cigarette smoking by an average of 52%.
      Drinkers were advised not to consume alcoholic beverages during pregnancy,
      whereas smokers were told by friends and family members that it was okay to smoke
      during pregnancy. Engagement in other-initiated learning episodes was found to be
      correlated with reduced alcohol intake (p less than or equal to .05); whereas,
      health beliefs were not correlated with reduced alcohol intake. Neither self
      initiated nor other-initiated learning was associated with reduced cigarette
      smoking; however, perceived risk was associated with reduced cigarette smoking.
      Knowledge about smoking was associated with health beliefs, suggesting that
      learning may be indirectly related to smoking behaviours. This study should be
      replicated with a larger sample to determine the directionality of the
      association between learning, beliefs and behaviours.

PMID- 2282610
TI  - Outcome following therapy of group A streptococcal infection in schoolchildren in
      isolated northern communities.

PMID- 2282611
TI  - The perceived health needs of abused women.

PMID- 2282612
TI  - Evaluation of a smoking cessation guide for low income, functionally illiterate
      women: a pilot study.

PMID- 2282613
TI  - Psychiatry: keeper of the myth.

PMID- 2282614
TI  - Developing a national plan for schizophrenia research.

PMID- 2282615
TI  - An update on the epidemiology of schizophrenia.
AB  - This report summarizes research in epidemiology and related areas which addresses
      as yet unresolved issues in schizophrenia. These include the nature of the
      disorder, environmental and psychosocial risk factors and differences in the
      course of illness. Unravelling the complexities of etiology, course and
      appropriate treatment calls for an integration of biological and psychosocial
      paradigms. The review also illustrates that a broad-based view can generate
      fruitful hypotheses as well as important alternative explanations for research
      findings.

PMID- 2282616
TI  - The head injured adolescent: a case report and review of the issues.
AB  - Closed head injuries in adolescents are a common problem with potentially
      disastrous consequences to multiple areas of functioning. Through a case
      presentation and literature review, this paper considers treatment issues and
      research applications in an adolescent population with closed head injuries.
      Suggestions for understanding the symptom constellations are made and directions
      for future research and service delivery are given.

PMID- 2282617
TI  - Psychopathology in Sturge-Weber syndrome.
AB  - Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare congenital disease which can impair a child's
      brain functions and psychosocial development. Its psychiatric aspects have been
      ignored in the literature. Two male Chinese patients who presented with paranoid
      disorders and one female Chinese patient who presented with depressive pseudo
      dementia are described. Biological and psychosocial aspects of pathogenesis are
      discussed, especially in the light of a "shame-humiliation model" of paranoid
      processes, since shame and humiliation are engrained in Chinese culture. These
      case descriptions suggest an overlooked association of Sturge-Weber syndrome with
      psychopathology and have important implications for the prevention and treatment
      of such potentially crippling psychiatric complications in subjects with this
      syndrome as well as other visible physical handicaps.

PMID- 2282618
TI  - [Manic disorder in the aged: a review of the literature].
AB  - Very little has been written about mania in the elderly population. Most authors
      of the 1960s and 1970s situate the age of onset of affective disorders well
      before the geriatric period. In the 1980 some authors reached quite different
      conclusions about the age of onset. One study calculated an increased frequency
      of manic psychosis with advanced age. However, it seems difficult to compare
      these studies. A few cases of primary mania in the elderly have been published
      and it is important that more of these cases be reported. Mania diagnosis in this
      group of patients is not easy to make: past history may be difficult to assess,
      false first diagnosis may still occur in some cases, the course and the
      presentation of the illness may be less typical, there may be a picture of
      pseudodementia, confusion, depressed mood, etc. Mania may be secondary to
      physical illness (organic affective syndrome). Moreover, a frank manic picture
      may be mistaken for dementia (or for organic brain syndrome) even if it is indeed
      a primary affective illness.

PMID- 2282619
TI  - Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in major depressive disorder.
AB  - Six subjects with DSM-III defined unipolar major depressive disorder had positron
      emission tomography scans using 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2FDG) before and
      after treatment with imipramine. Their 12 scans were compared to the scans of six
      controls matched for age. Significant reductions in metabolism for subjects in
      the depressed group were found on scans for both the anterior and right frontal
      regions. significant reductions in metabolism occurred more often in the right
      hemisphere than the left. No significant changes in metabolism could be
      attributed to imipramine. In addition, absolute metabolic rates were not related
      to the degree of depression pre- and post-treatment. The findings suggest that
      hypometabolism in the frontal cortex and right hemisphere may occur in major
      depressive disorders.

PMID- 2282620
TI  - Family factors affecting adjustment in Japanese immigrant housewives.
AB  - Data obtained from 130 questionnaires distributed to immigrant Japanese
      housewives were analyzed to determine if family factors were associated with poor
      adjustment, and in particular with depressive symptoms. It was possible to
      identify women who had no major adjustment problems in adapting to life in Canada
      (n = 70), transitional adjustment problems (n = 30), late onset adjustment
      problems (n = 7) and chronic adjustment problems (n = 23). These categories were
      determined by self-report and validated by symptom identification. Style of
      marriage, communication with spouse and mother-child interactions were
      hypothesized to be related to adjustment problems. A 16 item questionnaire was
      developed to assess the degree to which these factors affected adjustment. The
      only factor which affected degree of adjustment was communication with the
      spouse. These results are discussed within the context of traditional hypotheses
      concerning adaptation to a new culture and the implication for treatment.

PMID- 2282621
TI  - The public image of psychiatrists.
AB  - The image of psychiatry is directly related to the knowledge that the public has
      of psychiatry and to the psychiatrists role as a "public informer". The time has
      come for psychiatrists to organize and have their opinions on all aspects of the
      mental health care system and mental illness heard in the media. After a review
      of different causes of the negative public image of psychiatrists, the reasons
      for which psychiatrists need to change their public image are outlined with some
      suggestions for increase public recognition. The importance of developing more
      research on the effect of mass media on the mental health care system is also
      outlined.

PMID- 2282622
TI  - Psychiatric research: the forgotten majority.

PMID- 2282623
TI  - Pharmacological treatments of SAD.

PMID- 2282624
TI  - Interaction between fluoxetine and buspirone.

PMID- 2282625
TI  - The neurotoxicity of inhaled toluene.

PMID- 2282626
TI  - Early diagnosed chronic illness and mother-child relationships in the first two
      years.
AB  - As part of a longitudinal study, children in three groups (healthy, n = 33;
      cystic fibrosis (CF) n = 28; congenital heart disease (CHD) n = 23) were seen
      between the ages of 12 and 18 months to assess infant-mother attachment and at
      two years to observe parent-child negotiation of autonomy/dependence in a puzzle
      task. Although the healthy group included the highest proportion of securely
      attached infants and the CHD group the lowest, the distribution of attachment
      patterns did not differ significantly between groups, or between any of the
      groups and established norms. At two years the healthy children had the most
      positive experience in the puzzle task while the children in the CF group had the
      least positive experience. When diagnostic groups were divided according to prior
      attachment status, the data for the healthy group were consistent with the
      prediction that securely attached children would have the most positive mother
      child interaction at age two. This was not the case in either of the medically
      diagnosed groups. These data suggest that the influence of the early parent-child
      relationship may be altered by a child's health status. We may need different
      models to account for development in healthy and medically compromised children.

PMID- 2282627
TI  - The serotonin hypothesis of bulimia nervosa: theory and evidence.
AB  - Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder with multiple causes that has been the
      object of extensive research since it was first described in 1979. This review
      evaluates both the theoretical rationale and empirical evidence for a model which
      suggests that disturbed serotonin activity is involved in the development of this
      disorder. Limitations of the hypothesis and prospects for the future are
      considered.

PMID- 2282628
TI  - Biomedical variables in the eating disorders.
AB  - Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are complex psychosomatic illnesses for
      which there may be significant biomedical diatheses and sequelae. This paper
      reviews these biomedical variables, focusing on the medical and nutritional
      assessment and management of patients with eating disorders and the medical
      complications that arise in these patients. The paper then examines the
      relationship between medical illness and eating disorders, including the medical
      misdiagnoses often given to these patients and the way in which a chronic medical
      condition such as diabetes mellitus predisposes a patient to an eating disorder.
      The relationship between eating disorders and pregnancy is also discussed.
      Through an understanding of these biomedical issues, iatrogenesis can be
      prevented and treatment can be improved.

PMID- 2282629
TI  - A perspective on the thyroid and depression.
AB  - There is extensive literature documenting an association between abnormalities of
      the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and disorders of mood. However, the
      specific abnormality in thyroid functioning associated with primary affective
      disorder remains poorly understood. Various aspects of the relationship between
      thyroid functioning and affective illness are reviewed. Particular attention is
      paid to psychiatric symptoms and clinical thyroid disorders as well as
      abnormalities of basal thyroid hormone levels in depression and the use of
      thyroid hormones in the treatment of depressive illness. Current hypotheses
      regarding the association between altered thyroid functioning and depressive
      illness are critically reviewed.

PMID- 2282630
TI  - Psychiatric aspects of lung transplant. The Toronto Lung Transplant Group.
AB  - Psychiatric problems in a consecutive series of lung transplant applicants (n =
      116), candidates (n = 57) and recipients (n = 42) are reported. Fifty percent of
      all the applicants for lung transplantation reported a history of psychiatric
      disorder including organic brain syndrome (19%), major depressive episode (16%),
      panic or anxiety disorder not otherwise specified (11%) and alcohol or substance
      abuse (11%). In most cases, psychiatric problems had occurred in these patients
      as a complication of endstage lung disease. The most common new diagnoses in
      candidates awaiting surgery were adjustment disorder with anxious mood and
      anxiety disorders. Organic brain syndromes developed in over 50% of the
      recipients during the first two post-operative weeks. The type and prevalence of
      these disorders have implications for the management of lung transplant patients
      and those with chronic pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2282631
TI  - Chronic schizophrenia: a risk factor for HIV?
AB  - Chronic mental patients may constitute a previously unrecognized high-risk group
      for the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus. This paper briefly reviews
      the literature on sexual awareness, sexuality, substance abuse, and
      schizophrenia, and addresses the problems of implementing sex education programs
      for chronic mental patients. Although problematic, such preventive programs are
      urgently needed.

PMID- 2282632
TI  - Pediatric bone marrow transplants: psychological aspects.
AB  - On a pediatric bone marrow transplant unit, hematologist-oncologists, nurses,
      social workers, psychiatrists, psychologists, and others on the team deal with
      children and adolescents whose cancers are either treatable by marrow
      transplantation or are ultimately fatal. Contrary to original assumptions, many
      children and families cope well, especially in relatively uncomplicated cases
      with good outcome. Treatment may include direct psychotherapeutic intervention
      with the child and family, as well as use of psychopharmacologic agents such as
      antidepressants or anxiolytics for frank psychiatric disorders. Psychotherapists
      often have to function adjunctively with other staff members in their
      interactions with the patient and the family. A stress disorder model appears to
      best explain child, parent and family reactions to bone marrow transplantation.
      Given the medical severity and complexity of the conditions treated, and the
      approximately equal rates of overall success and failure, a supportive
      consultative approach is usually most helpful for child patients, parents and
      staff throughout the procedure. A retrospective study of the children treated
      over seven years in a tertiary pediatric hospital bone marrow transplant unit is
      presented. The level of child, parent, and family psychopathology was usually
      mild to moderate, but there were clear differences between patients. Mothers were
      more supportive than fathers under this extreme type of stress. Prospective
      longitudinal studies of children and families are needed to establish causal
      chains and optimal therapeutic interventions.

PMID- 2282633
TI  - A genotype-phenotype research strategy for schizophrenia.
AB  - A research strategy which integrates known biological aspects of schizophrenia is
      proposed. The strategy includes genotype and phenotype components and emphasizes
      interactions. Its central feature is the comprehensive diagnostic assessment of
      patients with schizophrenia. Clinical and laboratory based methodologies are
      applied within the genotype and phenotype components of the strategy. Examples of
      research from each area and the potential interactions with other aspects of the
      strategy are presented. The expectation is that a greater understanding of the
      pathophysiology of schizophrenia will result from the application of the genotype
      phenotype strategy and that consequently more efficacious treatments will
      ultimately be developed.

PMID- 2282634
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome with intravenous haloperidol.

PMID- 2282635
TI  - Irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2282636
TI  - The mitochondrial inner surface membrane and its connections.
AB  - Using conservative methods to isolate heart muscle mitochondria fractions and to
      break open the mitochondria resulted in the release of large fragments of the
      inner surface membrane. After negative staining these fragments were
      characterized structurally by the presence of particles with a uniform size and a
      mean diameter of 110 A, distributed uniformly in the membrane with the exception
      of 400 A wide circumscribed areas within which these particles were missing and
      instead larger particles were closely associated. These areas are the sites at
      which the stalklike connections extending from the cristae are inserted at the
      inner surface membrane, whereby the cristae are connected to the proteinaceous
      pathways that according to Sjostrand and Candipan (1985) pass through the two
      surface membranes establishing a connection between the cristae and the cytosol.

PMID- 2282637
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of the major components of the extracellular matrix
      in normal mouse liver.
AB  - We have investigated the extracellular and intracellular distribution of the
      major components of the hepatic extracellular matrix: types I and IV collagen (CI
      and CIV), type III procollagen (PCIII), fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LM) in the
      normal mouse liver by electron microscopy, using the indirect immunoperoxidase
      method. Extracellular localization of CI and PCIII revealed the typical collagen
      fibrils and small bundles in portal tracts and Disse's space. Faint extracellular
      deposition of CIV was detectable in basement membranes of portal structures and
      as discontinuous precipitates in Disse's space. FN strongly reacted in Disse's
      space and formed a continuous layer as well as strands between hepatocytes and
      endothelial cells. Moderate LM reaction was seen along the sinusoids in discrete
      spots and in basement membranes surrounding bile ducts and blood vessels. The
      cellular source of these components was demonstrated to be of mixed origin.
      Hepatocytes synthesized very little CI and large amounts of FN. Additionally, CI
      was produced by periportal fibroblasts. Fat-storing cells clearly participated in
      the production of PCIII, CIV and LM. LM synthesis was also found in bile duct
      cells and the cells of Hering's canal.

PMID- 2282638
TI  - An ultrastructural evaluation of toluene toxicity using cultured mammalian cells.
AB  - Animal cells were cultured in media containing toluene and then examined by
      electron microscopy to determine changes in subcellular architecture. Cellular
      viability and cloning studies indicated toluene toxicity at concentrations of 50
      500 ppm. At all dosage levels, toluene accelerated cell death compared to
      comparable control cells that had not been exposed to toluene. However, media
      composition and, particularly, the presence or absence of fetal bovine serum
      (FBS), markedly affected toluene toxicity. In media without FBS reversible
      changes in filopodia and cell shape were identified after 15 min of exposure to
      as little as 50 ppm toluene, and cell death occurred within 5 min at
      concentrations of 500 ppm toluene. In media with FBS, no filopodial changes were
      observed at 50 ppm toluene, and cell death, although accelerated, was clearly
      evident only after 24-48 h of exposure to 200-500 ppm toluene. Except for the
      cell-surface changes, chronic toluene exposures (50-100 ppm without FBS or 200
      500 ppm with FBS in the growth medium) produced no unusual intracellular changes
      until 24-48 h of toluene exposure. With toluene exposures of 24 h or longer,
      cellular changes included condensation of heterochromatin in nuclei, formation of
      bulbous protuberances at the cell surface, loss of polyribosomes (but not
      ribosomes) and, ultimately, degeneration of organelles. These late changes were
      irreversible and the prelude to cell death.

PMID- 2282639
TI  - Time course of quantitative morphological changes of the autophagic-lysosomal
      compartment of murine seminal vesicle epithelial cells under the influence of
      vinblastine.
AB  - Changes of the autophagic-lysosomal compartment (ALC) of the murine seminal
      vesicle epithelial cells were monitored by electron microscopic morphometry
      during 36 h following a single 10 mg/kg bw dose of vinblastine sulfate (VBL), a
      widely used tool to cause an accumulation of the autophagic vacuoles (AVs). Three
      morphologically distinct subcompartments of the ALC, i.e. early autophagic
      vacuoles (AV1) being presumably prelysosomal autophagosomes, advanced AVs (AV2)
      containing material under degradation and dense bodies (DB) were defined. The ALC
      and its subcompartments expanded after VBL in a two-phase reaction. The first
      subcompartments to react significantly were AV1 and AV2 (at 30 min) followed by
      DBs with a 30 min delay. The ALC then ceased to grow until the 90th min when a
      second expansion phase started peaking around 8 h with a cytoplasmic volume
      fraction 15 times larger than in the untreated control. This second growth was
      entirely brought about by the expansion of the two AV subcompartments. After 8 h
      the volume fraction of both AV1 and AV2 decreased to cause a gradual regression
      of the ALC. AV1, however, already ceased to expand as early as after 6 h, i.e.
      during the last 2 h of the expansion phase of the ALC. Comparison of this time
      curve with the one we previously measured in mouse liver shows considerable
      differences between the two cell types. The growth curves of the AV
      subcompartments in our experiment along with others' kinetic data obtained in
      steady state cells not treated with VBL show that segregation (= formation of
      AV1) is possibly stimulated by VBL in our system.

PMID- 2282640
TI  - The migration of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes across the
      endothelial wall of the absorbing peripheral lymphatic vessel.
AB  - We studied the process of transendothelial migration of lymphocytes and
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the absorbing peripheral lymphatic vessels of
      small intestine and urinary bladder, under normal conditions, lymphatic stasis
      and prolonged fast. By ultrathin serial sections and three-dimensional models we
      found that lymphocytes and leukocytes share a common migration pathway from the
      interstitium into the lumen of the lymphatic vessel, namely 'the intraendothelial
      channel'. The migratory process of these cells occurs in several steps: approach
      to the endothelial wall, entry and run along the channel and finally coming out
      into lymphatic lumen. Our findings are compared with those concerning lymphatics
      in pathological conditions and blood vessels. Further considerations concern the
      possible mechanisms underlying this kind of transendothelial migration.

PMID- 2282641
TI  - Modifications of the sinusoidal barrier in a model of postsinusoidal hypertension
      in the rat. An ultrastructural study of endothelial cells.
AB  - Sinusoids and sinusoidal cells were examined by light and electron microscopy,
      using a rat model of postsinusoidal hypertension. One month after partial
      ligation of the vena cava (PLVC) above the hepatic veins, subcapsular hemorrhagic
      areas were visible with proliferation of hepatic veins; in non hemorrhagic areas,
      sinusoidal congestion was found. Postsinusoidal hypertension led to a significant
      increase in sinusoidal volume and to major abnormalities of the endothelium such
      as endothelial processes and pouches with numerous diaphragmed fenestrae; some
      red blood cells could be seen in these pouches. Endothelial cells sent out
      processes in between hepatocytes. Complete and incomplete pseudo-neolumens were
      found near sinusoids. Numerous Kupffer cells were located either in the
      sinusoidal barrier or infiltrating the Disse space close to extravasated red
      blood cells and perisinusoidal cell processes. 18 months after PLVC, lesions were
      much the same except for the presence of red blood cells in the Disse space.

PMID- 2282642
TI  - Atypical basal bodies in the oviductal mucosa (ampulla) of gilts with primary
      ciliary dyskinesia (PCD).
AB  - This report describes atypical basal bodies observed in the oviductal mucosa
      (ampulla) of two gilts suffering from immotile cilia syndrome. Roughly 3% of
      atypical basal bodies were found. The most surprising feature seen in this study
      was the presence of defective basal bodies of so-called 'half-centrioles' type in
      a fairly high percentage (1.8%). It is worthwhile to remember the centrioles and
      basal bodies shown an unusual degree of constancy in their size, shape,
      ultrastructure and location. In this respect they are unique among the cell
      organelles.

PMID- 2282643
TI  - A preparation technique for observing cytoskeletons by high resolution scanning
      electron microscopy.
AB  - The three-dimensional architecture of the cytoskeleton in cultured fibroblasts
      was studied using a newly devised technique for revealing cell interiors and an
      ultrahigh resolution scanning electron microscope, the UHS-T1. Both the
      cytoskeleton and membranous structures such as the plasma membrane and
      endoplasmic reticulum were well preserved, and we could observe the relationship
      between both components. Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and
      microtubules were identified by immunogold staining with 5-15 nm gold particles.
      Actin filaments, measuring 10 nm in diameter in material not metal coated, formed
      thick bundles (stress fibers), sheaths or meshworks. Just beneath the plasma
      membrane, actin filaments could be seen in a two-dimensional network, with fibers
      linked laterally to the membrane. Intermediate filaments, 12 nm in diameter in
      uncoated material, were observed mainly in the perikaryon. Microtubules (26 nm)
      and clathrin-coated vesicles were also clearly seen.

PMID- 2282644
TI  - Subcellular structure of prenatal human ovary: mitochondrial distribution during
      meiotic prophase.
AB  - The dynamics of mitochondrial population during the first meiotic prophase in the
      fetal human ovary was studied in sequential stages of development, from week 13
      to week 23 of intrauterine life; the study was performed by means of electron
      microscopy. Two mitochondrial translocations were observed: first, from a random
      cytoplasmic distribution during leptotene, the mitochondria translocate toward a
      perinuclear location during zygotene. Second, from this perinuclear position they
      migrate toward a pole of the cell where they contribute during diplotene to form
      the Balbiani's vitelline body. Coincident with these mitochondrial
      redistributions, changes in mitochondrial cristae morphology were observed. From
      a tubular profile during early leptotene, they turn parallel with a more electron
      dense matrix during zygotene and pachytene, and finally arciform in diplotene.
      Since meiosis is a process that probably requires high levels of energy, these
      dynamic changes in mitochondrial population and the close association between
      mitochondria and nuclear membrane may be related with energy producing reaction
      that may be necessary for insuring the completion of the first meiotic prophase.

PMID- 2282645
TI  - Early morphological changes in blood capillaries of mouse duodenal villi induced
      by X-irradiation.
AB  - The mouse has been used extensively as a model for radiobiological studies. In
      particular, the cellular compartments of the intestinal villi have been examined,
      in an effort to gain an understanding of the gastrointestinal disturbances which
      follow radiotherapy of the abdomen. The response of the blood vessels has been,
      however, largely neglected. This paper examines the early response of the
      duodenal capillaries to an X-ray dose of 10 Gy using conventional light and
      transmission electron microscopy. The villous capillaries were examined at 6 h, 1
      day and 3 days after treatment. The results showed that the capillaries responded
      to X-irradiation within 6 h. exhibiting marked vasodilation similar to that
      observed in acute inflammation. Significantly there was no ultrastructural
      evidence of endothelial cell disruption or loss of junctional attachment between
      the cells, but the characteristic fenestrae of these vessels were less apparent
      than in the controls. One day after treatment the capillaries had become
      constricted, with many vessels totally non-patent. The cytoplasm and nuclei of
      the endothelial cells showed changes consistent with vascular damage, such as
      nuclear shape alterations and luminal cytoplasmic projections. Three days after
      treatment there was variation in the capillary patency, as some vessels showed
      signs of incipient necrosis whilst others were relatively normal in appearance.
      The results suggest that the early vascular response typically involves a phase
      of vasodilation followed by constriction within the first 24 h after treatment, a
      finding consistent with the radiation response of skin capillaries in what has
      been described as 'transient erythema'. The ultrastructural changes associated
      with the phasic changes in patency did not suggest large scale endothelial death,
      but rather alteration of the functional capacity of the vessels which may in turn
      affect the other cell populations in the villi.

PMID- 2282646
TI  - On the ultrastructure of the male reproductive tract in the Siberian hamster
      (Phodopus sungorus campbelli). I. The ductuli efferentes.
AB  - The efferent ducts of the Siberian hamster were studied using transmission
      electron microscopy. Structural evidence indicates the presence of three cell
      types. First, in the nonciliated cell, the apical cytoplasm was replete with
      coated vesicles and pits and several classes of tubular profiles. Dense fields of
      microvilli characterize the apices of these cells. Populations of dense bodies
      were present together with large nonmembrane-bound structures containing membrane
      fragments and amorphous, homogeneously electron-dense material. The significance
      of the latter 'juxtanuclear bodies' remains unresolved. Basally, elaborate plasma
      membrane interdigitations and intercellular canaliculi suggest the possibility of
      intercellular transport. Second, a cell was identified whose surface was replete
      with microvilli, among which were scant numbers of true cilia. Ciliogenesis was
      evident. Despite dense populations of microvilli, these cells exhibited none of
      tubular complexes characteristic of nonciliated cells. Third, there were cells
      whose surfaces exhibited dense populations of cilia and scant numbers of
      microvilli. Coated vesicles and apical tubular complexes were absent, but these
      cells contained multivesicular bodies, lysosomes and lipofuscin granules.
      Structural evidence points to three functionally different cell types in Siberian
      hamster efferent ducts.

PMID- 2282647
TI  - Management of peritonsillar abscess (quinsy) at Harare Central Hospital.
AB  - A prospective study was done on 64 patients presenting with features suggestive
      of peritonsillar abscess (PTA) at Harare Central Hospital from March 1988 to
      March 1989. There were 41 females and 20 makes with confirmed PTA. Needle
      aspiration without general anaesthesia was carried out on 60 patients and an
      acute tonsillectomy on one child because the child was young and uncooperative.
      There were no immediate recurrences. All aspirated patients were admitted to
      hospital for 1 to 3 days. 25 of the 60 patients were successfully aspirated by
      the Junior Resident Medical Officer (JRMO) covering Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery
      (ENT) and the rest by the author. Incision and drainage was not used. It is
      recommended that needle aspiration, as simple, safe, comfortable and successful
      treatment be the method of choice. Parental penicillin, unless contraindicated
      should be administered to all patients.

PMID- 2282648
TI  - Anti-Candida antibody levels in psoriasis vulgaris.
AB  - Recent reports have suggested a role of Candida colonization of gut in psoriatic
      patients. In this study, intestinal yeasts and anti-candida immune response were
      investigated in 39 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Anti-candida antibodies were
      determined by indirect haemagglutination (IHAT) and indirect immunofluorescence
      (IFAT) tests. Stool specimens showed 93pc C. albicans colonization but none of
      the patients showed clinical candidiasis. Four patients showed an increased IHAT
      titer and six patients showed an increased IFAT titer, the others were all in
      normal limits. Anti-Candida antibody titers did not correlate with PASI
      (Psoriasis area and severity index) scores.

PMID- 2282649
TI  - Value of ultrasonic placental localization in pregnancy after caesarean section.
AB  - Ninety-four women who had undergone previous lower segment caesarean section (CS)
      were evaluated in the third trimester of pregnancy using ultrasound for
      localization of the placenta. Results obtained showed that posterior upper
      uterine segment placental implantation occurred with the highest frequency of
      36.2pc followed by anterior upper uterine segment and fundal implantations which
      each had a frequency of 19.1pc. For anterior lower segment implantation the
      frequency was 18.1pc while placenta praevia occurred with frequency of 5.3pc.
      Altogether, anterior uterine wall placental implantation occurred with combined
      frequency of 37.2pc and justifies routine ultrasonic placentography in pregnant
      women with previous CS who are being considered for surgical procedures like
      amniocentesis or another CS.

PMID- 2282651
TI  - Anticoagulant therapy with warfarin.

PMID- 2282650
TI  - Dyslipoproteinaemia in Nigerians with the nephrotic syndrome (an increased risk
      for ischaemic heart disease?).
AB  - Plasma lipids and lipoproteins were measured in 24 Nigerians with the nephrotic
      syndrome and 29 healthy subjects. None of the patients had been commenced on
      treatment. Plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
      group (P less than 0.005). By contrast, the HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol
      ratio as well as the HDL-cholesterol concentrations were found to be
      significantly lowered in the nephrotics than the controls (P less than 0.005). A
      strong correlation was observed between plasma total cholesterol and LDL
      cholesterol values but not between the other biochemical parameters (r = 0.98.P
      less than 0.01). These results, though not definitive, suggest that Nigerians
      with the nephrotic syndrome may represent a risk group for the development of
      ischaemic heart disease. Long term prospective studies in such patients are
      desirable to define the effect of these lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities.

PMID- 2282652
TI  - Gastric epithelioid leiomyoma presenting with spontaneous haemoperitoneum.
AB  - Gastric epithelioid leiomyomatous (leiomyoblastomas) tumours primarily affect
      middle-aged men and usually present with upper gastro-intestinal bleeding,
      manifesting as haematemesia and/or melaena. This report documents a case of
      gastric epitheliod leiomyoma presenting with spontaneous haemoperitoneum. Its
      possible relationship with haemangiopericytoma and glomus tumour is discussed.

PMID- 2282653
TI  - Acute renal failure and dermal necrosis due to bee stings: report of a case in a
      child.
AB  - Although several cases of reactions to bee venom including acute renal failure
      have been reported, the literature from Africa is scanty and that concerning
      children virtually non-existent. We report a child who was stung by over 1,000
      bees and developed acute renal failure and extensive scalp necrosis. The
      pathogenesis of these complications is discussed and the importance of their
      public awareness stressed.

PMID- 2282654
TI  - Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) presenting as hypothyroidism with a large
      pericardial effusion.
AB  - Iodine deficiency in Zimbabwe is common, but resultant hypothyroidism is said to
      be rare. A case of goitrous hypothyroidism with a large pericardia effusion is
      presented.

PMID- 2282655
TI  - Sex hormones and the immune system--Part 1. Human data.

PMID- 2282656
TI  - Pregnancy and rheumatic diseases.

PMID- 2282657
TI  - Systemic sclerosis and pregnancy.

PMID- 2282658
TI  - Pregnancy and rheumatoid disease.
AB  - The onset of pregnancy appears to result in the amelioration of rheumatoid
      disease activity. This is most likely to be related to the change in hormonal,
      and thus immunological, status of the mother. Spontaneous abortion appears to be
      increased in mothers with rheumatoid disease. Whether this is due to disease
      status or to drug therapy is not entirely clear for all cases, but there is a
      suggestion that it could be the disease state. If at all possible, drugs should
      be avoided during pregnancy but simple anti-inflammatory drugs in low dosage
      probably do not produce any major problems. Immunosuppressant drugs should be
      avoided at all times except when the mother's health is at serious risk. The
      continued use of disease remitting agents throughout pregnancy is probably not
      necessary and there is still sufficient question as to whether these drugs could
      be potentially toxic to the infant. Primum non nocere.

PMID- 2282660
TI  - Pregnancy in the patient with rheumatic disease: the obstetrician's perspective.
AB  - Patients with rheumatic diseases who become pregnant are justifiably categorized
      as having high-risk pregnancies. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach,
      including perinatologists, rheumatologists and anaesthetists, successful
      pregnancies have become the rule rather than the exception. However, women with
      rheumatic disease are particularly prone to develop serious obstetric problems
      which often result in early hospitalization and delivery. Although vigilant
      obstetric care improves perinatal outcome, prematurity will continue to be a
      major problem complicating pregnancies in women with rheumatic disease.

PMID- 2282659
TI  - Sex hormones and the immune system--Part 2. Animal data.
AB  - Sex hormones have physiological and pathological (autoimmune conditions) effects
      on the immune system. Studies in experimental animal models of human autoimmune
      diseases have clearly shown that sex hormones regulate the expression, severity
      and course of autoimmune diseases. Sex hormones affect the function of T, B and
      NK cells, and macrophages. Precisely how sex hormones affect lymphocytes is a
      highly complex question. Sex hormones can modulate the immune system, perhaps
      directly (e.g. thymic reticular tissue), or indirectly via host and many
      oestrogen target tissues, including the central nervous system hypothalamic
      pituitary axis (the neuroendocrine tissues). The effects of sex hormones on the
      immune system (immunosuppression or immunopotentiation) may vary, even with the
      same hormone. For example, oestrogen can increase IgA levels in the uterus, but
      decrease IgA levels in the vagina or have no effect in lacrimal tissues
      (Sullivan, 1989). Therefore the effects of sex hormones on the immune system
      cannot be generalized but must be evaluated independently. Some of the reasons
      for variability in results have been reviewed in detail elsewhere (Steinberg et
      al, 1979; Ansar Ahmed et al, 1985b). These include, dose of hormones, age and sex
      hormonal status of animals, route and time of administration, the
      immunocompetence of the host, stress, the metabolism of hormones (e.g. metabolism
      of testosterone to oestrogen) resulting in alteration of biological activity, and
      differential response to various antigens. The initial encounter of sex hormones
      with the type of target cells, the variability of secondary messengers and gene
      activation events are other important considerations. The effects of sex hormones
      on the immune system to modulate immune responses are unequivocal. The burgeoning
      advances in cellular immunology, endocrinology and molecular biology, should
      provide a better understanding of: (1) the interactions of hormones with the
      immune system; (2) how hormones activate specific genes; and (3) how hormones
      influence intracellular communication. In a clinical situation, it is hoped that
      androgenic compounds which lack virilizing effects, but possessing the desired
      immunomodulatory effects, will eventually be synthesized. These hormone
      analogues, in combination with specific (non-toxic) oestrogen antagonists, may
      offer new therapeutic avenues.

PMID- 2282661
TI  - Antirheumatic drugs in pregnancy and lactation.
AB  - The natural inclination of patients with rheumatic diseases wishing to become
      pregnant or to breast feed will be to take as few medications as possible. The
      guidelines outlined above can be used to balance the risk of drug effect on the
      fetus or neonate with the risk of inducing a flare in disease activity by
      stopping the drug. Although there are situations where no information on drug
      behaviour during pregnancy or lactation exists, some guidelines can be developed
      from a knowledge of the drug's inherent metabolism. In the majority of the
      rheumatic diseases, disease activity can be reduced to a minimum using the
      smallest possible dose of drugs known to be safe in pregnancy and lactation, thus
      providing minimum risk to mother, fetus and neonate.

PMID- 2282662
TI  - Immunoregulatory mechanisms present in the maternal circulation during pregnancy.
AB  - Systemic alterations of the maternal inflammatory and immune system occur during
      pregnancy. These changes alone are unlikely to be responsible for the acceptance
      of the fetal semiallograft. Numerous local events at the maternal-fetal interface
      appear to be more important. The alterations of the maternal inflammatory and
      immune systems are subtle enough for no significant increase of infections or
      malignancy to be apparent. However, 75% of women with rheumatoid arthritis are
      clinically improved during pregnancy. The effects of pregnancy on
      polymorphonuclear cells are not likely to be responsible because cell function
      actually appears enhanced in vivo, despite the fact that pregnancy serum is
      suppressive in vitro. There is no clear evidence for reduction of
      monocyte/macrophage function during pregnancy, either in vivo or in vitro. It is
      unlikely that modulation of B cell phenotype or function is responsible because
      no suppression is noted, either in vivo or in vitro. Selected products of B
      cells, immune complexes, appear to be reduced during pregnancy. In patients, the
      reduction in the concentration of complexes may be due to adsorption by the
      placenta. The importance of this reduction as a causative factor in the
      improvement of women with rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy remains to be
      determined. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity is decreased during pregnancy. This
      may in part be due to the release of progesterone induced blocking factor. It is
      also possible that circulating factors, capable of inhibiting IL-2 release or IL
      2 function in vivo, might be responsible. Natural killer cytotoxicity can be
      normalized by incubation with IL-2. It is unclear how the reduction of natural
      killer cell activity might systematically affect inflammation or immunity in vivo
      during pregnancy. In vivo delayed type hypersensitivity appears somewhat reduced
      during pregnancy. This observation appears consistent with the improvement of
      rheumatoid synovitis, which is also thought to be T cell mediated. T cell
      function, measured in vitro, generally appears normal. However, most recent
      studies have employed mitogens, such as PHA, which is not physiological. Subtle
      defects involving antigen processing or antigen presentation might be missed in
      this system. These observations suggest that circulating factors might be
      important in modulating the cell mediated immune system, in vivo, during
      pregnancy. While anti-HLA-DR antibodies eluted from the human placenta may be
      effective therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, their occurrence is too
      infrequent to account for the improvement seen in afflicted patients.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2282663
TI  - Maternal autoantibodies and pregnancy--II: The neonatal lupus syndrome.
AB  - NLE is manifested most typically as transient subacute cutaneous lupus lesions or
      isolated complete congenital heart block. Babies with NLE have maternal anti
      Ro/SSA, anti-La/SSB, or anti-U1RNP autoantibodies. It is presumed, but not
      proven, that transmission of these autoantibodies through the placenta to the
      baby has resulted in disease. However, other factors such as inflammatory cells
      or complement activation may be necessary for disease to be expressed. About half
      of babies reported with NLE have had heart disease and about half have had skin
      disease. There have been a few reports of liver disease and a few of
      thrombocytopenia. Any combination of these findings is possible in a given
      infant. Possibly, other haematologic abnormalities, pneumonitis or neurological
      disease could occur, but the evidence that these other abnormalities are part of
      NLE is scant. Mortality in NLE has occurred in babies with severe cardiac
      disease. It is estimated that 10% or more of babies with cardiac NLE die in
      infancy. Of the remainder, perhaps half will require permanent pacemaker
      implantation. Thus, there is substantial morbidity and mortality with cardiac
      NLE. The skin disease, by contrast, is not serious and typically leaves little or
      no residua. Individuals who have had NLE may develop connective tissue disease in
      adulthood. Whether this is a common or an unusual occurrence is not yet known,
      since a large cohort of individuals with NLE has not yet been followed into
      adulthood. Mothers of babies with NLE are often initially asymptomatic. With
      time, they frequently develop connective tissue disease symptoms. In our
      experience, these have been largely symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome and have
      generally not been debilitating. Most babies of mothers with anti-Ro/SSA, anti
      La/SSB, or anti-U1RNP autoantibodies do not develop NLE. There is no way to
      determine prospectively which fetus or infant will be affected and which of those
      affected will have life-threatening disease. Systemic therapies should be
      reserved for those infants who have life-threatening manifestations of NLE. It is
      not yet known whether treatment of the mother during gestation will be beneficial
      or harmful to fetuses with severe NLE cardiac disease.

PMID- 2282664
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus and the maternal-fetal dyad.
AB  - Since systemic lupus erythematosus most frequently affects women of childbearing
      years, the management of patients during pregnancy is an important and common
      problem facing the clinician. This review concerns the effects of pregnancy on
      the course of maternal disease and fetal well-being. On the maternal side are the
      problems of renal disease which may exacerbate and be difficult to differentiate
      from pre-eclampsia especially when occurring in the third trimester. An active
      urinary sediment, falling C3 and CH50 and elevated complement split products of
      the alternative pathway and terminal attack complex may serve as useful
      parameters of lupus activity. In general, maternal disease is not an imposing
      threat and prospective studies suggest that the exacerbation rate is not
      significantly greater in the pregnant lupus patient than in the non-pregnant
      patient. On the fetal side are the problems of placental insufficiency and in
      utero attack on developing organs. Maternal antibodies such as those reactive
      with negatively charged phospholipids are associated with second trimester
      miscarriages and suggested, but not firmly established, thrombosis of placental
      vessels. The placental transfer of maternal antibodies against components of the
      rapidly expanding group of SSA/Ro-SSB/La ribonucleoproteins is strongly
      implicated in the transient and permanent manifestations of neonatal lupus. Using
      various techniques for defining the specificity of the antibody response most
      associated with heart block, the data suggest that mothers whose sera contain
      antibodies which recognize antigens of SSA/Ro-SSB/La on SDS-immunoblot are at
      greatest risk. In the absence of antibodies to SSB/La, mothers whose sera contain
      antibodies reactive only to bovine SSA/Ro by ELISA do not appear to be at high
      risk. A rational approach to in utero treatment of autoantibody mediated fetal
      myocarditis includes plasmapheresis and the use of dexamethasone. Finally, the
      safety of the commonly used medications for the treatment of lupus such as the
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, glucocorticoids and anti-malarials during
      gestation and breast feeding, is addressed.

PMID- 2282666
TI  - Update: eosinophlia-myalgia syndrome associated with ingestion of L-tryptophan-
      United States.

PMID- 2282665
TI  - Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome--Canada.

PMID- 2282667
TI  - [Congenital malformations in Sweden. Epidemiologic aspects].

PMID- 2282668
TI  - [Advances in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood:
      experience with intensive protocol treatments].
AB  - The authors analyzed a group of 64 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
      (ALL) treated according to three protocols of different intensity. The best
      therapeutic results were obtained in children treated according to the most
      intensive protocol of the West German Multicentre Investigation BFM 83 which is
      graded as to its intensity with regard to the degree of risk of an adverse
      course. Successful remission in the entire group of patients was 93%, one third
      of the children developed during the investigation period a relapse of the basic
      disease. 12% of the children died during remission from complications of
      treatment. The surprising agreement of therapeutic results of different protocols
      after three years' complete remission is apparent from the fact that early
      relapses during the first two years of treatment, implying resistance to
      administered therapy, are at present the greatest problem of effective treatment
      which is not resolved even by the ever increasing intensity of treatment. In the
      conclusion the authors define the group of patients with a high risk of early
      relapse for whom new therapeutic procedures must be sought.

PMID- 2282669
TI  - [Pneumococcal infectious endocarditis in an infant (case report)].
AB  - In a 10-month-old infant with purulent pneumococcal meningitis without structural
      heart disease acute infectious endocarditis developed. Echocardiographic
      examination revealed vegetations on both cusps of the mitral valve. With regard
      to the age and critical condition of the infant, in the acute stage surgical
      removal of the vegetations, was not indicated. During long-term intravenous
      antibiotic therapy the vegetations on the mitral valve and clinical and
      laboratory manifestations of endocarditis disappeared. The valve was, however,
      devastated and the child developed severe mitral insufficiency. Because of
      progressive cardiac failure which could not be controlled by drugs, at the age of
      19 months a plastic operation of the mitral valve had to be performed after which
      the haemodynamics and clinical condition improved markedly.

PMID- 2282670
TI  - [The importance of cytogenetic examination in childhood malignancies].

PMID- 2282671
TI  - [Infant mortality and mortality in older children in the Czech and Moravian
      Regions in 1988].
AB  - The authors compare the present infant mortality in Czech and Moravian regions
      with the mortality in comparable areas after the First World War. Attention is
      drawn to the possibility of a wider, more objective evaluation of reproductive
      losses by an indicator where in the numerator are infant deaths, stillborn
      infants and aborted foetuses with a body weight of more than 500 g and in the
      denominator live born infant. The results of evaluations in regions according to
      these larger reproductive losses differ considerably from the evaluation
      according to infant mortality and the order of regions is also different.
      Finally, bases on the reports of regional specialists, the authors demonstrate
      interregional differences in the specific neonatal mortality by birth weight and
      differences in the post-perinatal mortality from some groups of diseases.

PMID- 2282672
TI  - [A dexterity test in school-age children].
AB  - In a group of 50 children of school age a dexterity test was performed. The group
      comprised children who, when born, were mature, immature or hypotrophic. The
      authors describe the method of the test, its physiological background and value.
      From the results of the test ensues that there is no difference between boys and
      girls, no difference in practice and gnosis, no difference between the right and
      left hand, the result of the test does not depend on age. Maturity, prematurity
      or hypotrophy caused significant differences in the results of the test. As
      according to statistical criteria the group is sufficiently numerous, the
      submitted results of the test can be used as standards in school children who
      were born mature, premature or hypotrophic. The submitted battery of tests is a
      suitable method for testing of dexterity. In the conclusion the authors give
      output data for paediatric and teaching practice.

PMID- 2282673
TI  - [Psychosocial aspects of severe forms of bronchial asthma in children].

PMID- 2282674
TI  - [The United Nations campaign against diarrheal diseases in 1988].

PMID- 2282675
TI  - [Evaluation of the health status of preschool children according to new
      criteria].

PMID- 2282676
TI  - [Computer tomography of the brain in children with cerebral palsy (a group of 80
      children)].

PMID- 2282677
TI  - [Clinical study of Augmentin in urinary tract infections in children].

PMID- 2282678
TI  - [Cooperation among community pediatricians].

PMID- 2282679
TI  - [The sequelae of ambulatory adenoidectomy on the psyche of children who had the
      surgery].

PMID- 2282680
TI  - [Transmission of Lyme borreliosis].

PMID- 2282681
TI  - [Determination of body surface area in children].

PMID- 2282682
TI  - [Nursing care of leukemia patients in cytolysis syndrome by chemotherapy].

PMID- 2282683
TI  - [Experience in the care of mental patients with suicide attempts].

PMID- 2282684
TI  - [EKG monitoring of elderly patients after surgery].

PMID- 2282685
TI  - [Nursing care of blocking intrauterine transmission of hepatitis B].

PMID- 2282686
TI  - [Nursing care of very low birth weight infant].

PMID- 2282688
TI  - Polymorphonuclear elastase in neonatal sepsis.
AB  - Quantitative analysis of polymorphonuclear elastase was carried out in 135
      newborn infants during the first 28 days of life. In 15 neonates with
      septicaemia, significantly increased PMN-elastase activity (range 75 to 700
      micrograms/l: P less than 0.0001) was observed at the time of recognition of
      infection. Cut-off level 65 micrograms/l. Normalisation of the elastase
      activities was observed only under real recovery of the patients. It is concluded
      that plasma elastase determination serves as a sensitive indicator of systemic
      infection in neonatology, and as a good parameter for monitoring the course of
      the disease, because PMN-elastase correlates with the clinical condition of the
      patient.

PMID- 2282687
TI  - [Eye and light].

PMID- 2282690
TI  - Use of pralidoxime-Pd(II) complex for the spectrophotometric determination of the
      cholinesterase reactivator (PAM-2Cl) in the urine.
AB  - A simple and rapid method for the spectrophotometric determination of pralidoxime
      chloride in urine, based on complex formation with palladium(II) without
      preliminary mineralization of the sample, is described. The proposed method is
      shown to be reproducible and in good agreement with a reference method, which
      involved spectrophotometric determination of corresponding oximate ions in
      ammonium hydroxide solution at 336 nm. Our results indicate that the proposed
      method is reliable, rapid and of sufficient sensitivity for pralidoxime chloride
      analysis in urine.

PMID- 2282689
TI  - Reduction of urinary bile alcohol excretion and serum cholestanol in patients
      with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis after oral administration of deoxycholic
      acid.
AB  - Deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were administered alternately to four
      patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. During this oral therapy serum
      cholestanol and urinary bile alcohols were determined. Both showed a marked
      decrease after the start of the two different therapies. It can be concluded that
      not only chenodeoxycholic acid but also deoxycholic acid is able to suppress
      endogenous human bile acid synthesis, which is in accordance with other
      experiments describing the effect of feeding of various bile acids on endogenous
      bile acid synthesis.

PMID- 2282691
TI  - Mass concentration measurements of creatine kinase BB isoenzyme as an index of
      brain tissue damage.
AB  - A new two-site immunoenzymometric method using monoclonal antibodies was
      developed for measuring CK-BB mass concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
      Within- and between-assay coefficient of variation values for the method varied
      between 6 and 9%. Assay results are not affected by presence of sulfate and
      sialic acid groups on the enzyme. In comparison to catalytic activity
      measurements, a steady decline in the enzyme's specific activity was observed
      after acute head trauma. Repetitive measurements of CK-BB mass concentration in
      cerebrospinal fluid during the first 24 h after trauma enabled the estimation of
      brain lesion size. Clinical outcome of acute head trauma patients evaluated by
      Glasglow Outcome Scale, correlated well with cumulative CK-BB release after
      trauma. Also in neonates, CK-BB determinations in CSF correlated well with
      clinical findings.

PMID- 2282692
TI  - Proteolysis of human apolipoprotein B: effect on quantitative immunoturbidimetry.
AB  - Apolipoprotein (Apo) B100 is the obligatory structural protein of low and very
      low density lipoproteins. We studied the appearance of a kallikrein-induced
      proteolytic fragment of Apo B100, identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)
      polyacrylamide electrophoresis as Apo B74, in plasma samples obtained from 7 men
      and 7 women. We also studied the effect of Apo B74 on total Apo B
      immunoreactivity by immunoturbidimetry. Apo B74 was found in plasma from 4 of the
      7 women when the samples had been stored at 4 degrees C in glass or plastic
      tubes, but in some of the samples from the men. These 4 women used oral
      estrogens. The plasma samples which contained Apo B74 showed evidence of
      kallikrein activation. Presence of Apo B74 resulted in an underestimation of
      total Apo B immunoreactivity by 13% (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 2282693
TI  - Effect of fish-oil and vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation and whole
      blood aggregation in man.
AB  - Free-living, healthy young men aged 21-35 years were divided into two groups,
      each group received dietary supplements of 15 g/day of fish-oil in the form of
      MaxEPA capsules, with or without an extra 400 I.U. of vitamin E, for two periods
      of four weeks. Blood samples were taken from an antecubital vein at two-week
      intervals. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, conjugated dienes,
      vitamin E, creatine kinase, glucose and serum cholesterol were determined. Whole
      blood aggregation in response to collagen was determined by an electrical
      impedance method. Fish oil supplementation increased plasma thiobarbituric acid
      reactive substances after two weeks in vitamin E supplemented and non
      supplemented groups but values returned to normal after four weeks in both groups
      regardless of the type of supplement given. No comparable increase in plasma
      conjugated dienes, creatine kinase or serum cholesterol was observed, the latter
      did not change significantly with diet. Plasma glucose increased when fish oil
      was supplemented, but only in the absence and not in the presence, of vitamin E
      supplementation. Whole blood aggregation decreased with the dietary fish oil in
      the presence, but increased in the absence, of vitamin E supplementation. These
      findings indicate an increased requirement for dietary antioxidant with high
      intakes of fish oil concentrates in man.

PMID- 2282694
TI  - Lipoprotein particles in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemic patients
      treated with portacaval shunt and LDL apheresis.
AB  - Lipoprotein particles containing apolipoproteins (Apo) were studied by enzyme
      linked-immunosorbent assay in two homozygous familial hypercholesterolemic
      patients (1 male and 1 female) with portacaval shunts, and in controls. Total Apo
      B, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were increased in both patients while
      complex Apo B containing particles, Lp CIII: B, were not increased in these FH
      patients. The dextran-sulfate cellulose columns (Liposorber LA-40) had an
      excellent adsorption selectivity and adsorption capacity for lipoprotein
      particles containing Apo B and a minimum adsorption capacity in Apo AI and Apo
      AII-containing particles. This apheresis technique selectively depleted plasma of
      atherogenic Apo B-containing particles with a minimal loss of antiatherogenic Apo
      AI-containing particles.

PMID- 2282695
TI  - Effect of ethanol on metabolism of the hypouricemic agents allopurinol and
      benzbromarone.

PMID- 2282696
TI  - Redox electrode for monitoring oxidase-catalyzed reactions.

PMID- 2282697
TI  - Quantitation of tyrosine-O-sulfate in human urine by ion-pair reverse-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2282698
TI  - Spectrophotometric determination of oxalate in whole blood.

PMID- 2282699
TI  - Mastoids, please--a relevant investigation?

PMID- 2282700
TI  - Indications for the surgical treatment of osteomas of the frontal and ethmoid
      sinuses.
AB  - Sixty-one patients with an osteoma of the frontal or ethmoid sinuses have been
      studied. The following indications for surgical removal of these osteomas are
      suggested: osteomas extending beyond the boundaries of the frontal sinus, if
      enlarging, if localized in the region adjacent to the nasofrontal duct, if signs
      of chronic sinusitis are present, osteomas of the ethmoid sinuses, irrespective
      of their size and if patients with osteomas complain of headache and other causes
      of headache have been excluded. The operation of choice is the osteoplastic flap
      operation.

PMID- 2282701
TI  - The reliability of palpation in the assessment of tumours.
AB  - There is now a joint UICC-AJC classification for cervical lymph nodes based
      mainly on the size of the nodes. There is a recognized error in palpation, not
      only for detecting the presence of tumour but also its size. This study used an
      animal tumour model system to compare the ability of 6 independent observers of
      varying experience to detect and stage superficially transplanted growths. A
      preclinical medical student was as good as a Consultant ENT Surgeon in predicting
      the presence of tumour but the ability to stage tumours accurately was related to
      experience. Whilst the most experienced observers accurately estimated the size
      of tumours less than 2 cm, they were less accurate for larger (greater than 2 cm)
      tumours which were constantly understaged. This phenomenon may have important
      clinical implications particularly related to current nodal staging criteria.

PMID- 2282702
TI  - Microdrill versus perforator for stapedotomy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the hearing results of performing
      stapedotomy using either a microdrill or a perforator. Two groups of patients,
      otherwise similar, were followed up for at least 2 years after the stapedotomy.
      It was possible to create 0.8 mm fenestra in 91.6% of our patients. There was no
      significant difference between the two groups in hearing results. The results
      showed a continuous improvement in the first 6 post-operative months after which
      the hearing stabilized. In our hands, the microdrill has not proved to be more
      traumatic than the perforator to the inner ear.

PMID- 2282703
TI  - External ear resonance in children with otitis media with effusion.
AB  - A middle ear effusion has been shown, in KEMAR, to increase the height of the
      resonant peak of the external auditory canal by 6 dB SPL. It has also been shown
      that the hearing impairment due to otitis media with effusion is related to the
      volume of middle ear fluid. Therefore, it was hypothesized that measurement of
      the height of the resonant peak of the external auditory canal could be used as a
      method of assessing the magnitude of any hearing impairment due to otitis media
      with effusion. 182 ears from 182 children aged 3-12 (mean 6.3) years were
      studied. Pure-tone audiometry and impedance tympanometry were performed, and the
      acoustics of the external auditory canal were measured using the Rastronics CC1
      10 frequency response analyser. The mean height of the resonant peak (17.9 dB
      SPL) of children with a type A tympanogram was significantly different from the
      mean value (23.6 dB SPL) of those with a type B tympanogram. There was a
      significant correlation between the height of the resonant peak and the speech
      frequency average of the pure-tone thresholds. The sensitivity and specificity of
      using the height of the resonant peak to detect hearing impairments in different
      age groups were calculated and compared with the sensitivity and specificity of
      tympanometry. The test did not provide the same degree of sensitivity as
      tympanometry but was more specific. The additional advantages of the test are
      that it is quick, taking less than 1 min per ear, and is well tolerated by
      children in whom there was a 99% compliance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282704
TI  - Physical and psychosocial consequences of total laryngectomy.
AB  - The incidence and severity of respiratory symptoms after total laryngectomy and
      their influence on daily living were studied in 59 laryngectomized patients.
      Daily sputum production was the principal complaint of these patients (98%),
      followed by coughing (64%) and the need for frequent forced expectoration (more
      than 5 times a day) in order to clear the airway (57%). Frequent stoma cleaning
      (more than 5 times a day) was required by 37% of the patients. Significant
      correlation was found between respiratory symptoms, voice rehabilitation and
      several aspects of daily living, including fatigue, sleep problems, social
      contacts and psychological distress. These findings indicate that respiratory
      symptoms after total laryngectomy are both frequent and troublesome. The
      development of effective methods for minimizing and/or preventing such
      respiratory problems would contribute significantly to improving the quality of
      life of laryngectomized patients.

PMID- 2282705
TI  - Cyclic-AMP binding proteins in the head and neck.
AB  - Results are presented of a preliminary study in which cAMP binding activity was
      measured in 34 specimens from a variety of head and neck sites. A wide range of
      cAMP binding protein levels was detected in all tissues assessed. There appeared
      to be a subgroup of parotid adenomas with increased cAMP binding activity. The
      biological significance of these proteins remains to be determined and their
      relationship to tumour growth in the head and neck is likely to be complex.

PMID- 2282706
TI  - The predictive value of eustachian tube function (measured with sonotubometry) in
      the successful outcome of myringoplasty.
AB  - Sonotubometry, as a technique for assessing Eustachian tube function, does not
      rely on an intact tympanic membrane. This device has been used to study 25
      patients having myringoplasty who all had preoperative testing and post-operative
      testing at 4 months. The overall success rate for grafting was 76%. In those who
      had normal preoperative tubal function the success rate was 86%, as opposed to
      67% in those whose preoperative tubal function was poor. This difference was not
      statistically significant. In all those patients where poor preoperative function
      ended with successful grafting, post-operative tubal function reverted to normal.
      Other factors also taken into account, such as the patient's age, size of the
      perforation and the operative difficulty, had no bearing on the outcome of
      surgery.

PMID- 2282707
TI  - Chronic otitis media: the significance of nasal obstruction.
AB  - The nasal airway resistance of 15 patients with unilateral chronic otitis media
      and 15 controls was measured by anterior active rhinomanometry. Airway resistance
      was measured on each side before and after decongestion to differentiate
      resistance due to structural abnormality from that due to mucosal swelling. The
      nasal resistance was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) on the side of the
      affected ear in patients with unilateral chronic otitis media before
      decongestion, but following decongestion the difference was not significant.
      Nasal obstruction is a significant determinant in unilateral chronic otitis media
      and although septal displacement may be the underlying cause, the major component
      of the obstruction appears to be due to an associated mucosal oedema.

PMID- 2282708
TI  - Occupational exposure and head and neck carcinoma.
AB  - An epidemiological case-control study was conducted to investigate occupational
      risk factors in cancers of the upper respiratory and digestive tract. Cases were
      men with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (667), hypopharynx (348),
      glottis (246), supraglottis (219), epilarynx (204), and 4 subsites of the oral
      cavity (787). Controls were healthy patients or patients with cancer of another
      site or another histological type (147 men). Past occupational exposures of cases
      and controls were compared. The analysis was performed independently for each
      site of cancer, controlling for age, amount and type of alcohol and tobacco
      consumption, and state of dentition. Results showed that cancer of the
      supraglottis was associated with exposure to oil and grease (odds ratio = 2.4;
      95% confidence interval 1.0-5.8), and with exposure to cement (odds ratio = 4.2;
      95% confidence interval = 1.1-16.4). Cancer of the glottis was also associated
      with exposure to dye (odds ratio = 6.4; 95% confidence interval = 0.7-56.6).
      Exposure to flour occurred more frequently among controls than among patients
      with pharyngeal or oral cancer. This might reflect an association between this
      occupational exposure and some particular types of cancer included in the control
      group.

PMID- 2282709
TI  - The relationship of peak inspiratory airflow to subjective airflow in the nose.
AB  - A prospective study of 145 patients presenting for nasal surgery was designed to
      examine the relationship of peak nasal inspiratory airflow (PNIF) to subjective
      nasal airway patency (SNA). Patients admitted for surgery filled in a self
      assessment Questionnaire and PNIF measurements were taken. Six weeks post surgery
      the procedure was repeated. The patients were divided into four operative groups
      and the results analysed accordingly. Improvement in SNA was noted in 80-96% of
      patients and PNIF improved in 60-83%. However, PNIF decreased in 17-40% of
      patients who felt they were improved. Statistical analysis using Spearman's Rank
      Correlation test showed no correlation between SNA and PNIF. Despite the well
      recognized problems of assessing subjective sensation of nasal airflow, we feel
      this study casts doubt on the usefulness of PNIF in routine clinical practice.

PMID- 2282710
TI  - Endaural meatoplasty for mastoid cavities.
AB  - Obtaining an adequate meatoplasty when performing mastoid surgery via an endaural
      approach is not always easy. This paper reviews the different types of
      meatoplasty available and describes a transposition flap of pretragal skin which
      can be used to provide a meatoplasty for mastoid cavities, acquired stenosis or
      congenital stenosis.

PMID- 2282711
TI  - Nuclear medicine in otolaryngology.
AB  - Nuclear medicine has a distinct role to play in otolaryngological practice.
      Accurate diagnosis of endocrine conditions is now possible using precise in-vitro
      hormone measurement. Specific clinical questions can be answered using in-vivo
      investigations. 99mTcO-4/123I scintigraphy is used to evaluate thyrotoxicosis and
      solitary thyroid nodules. 99mTc/201T1 subtraction scanning is of value in the
      preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas and 99mTcO-4 is particularly
      useful in assessing salivary and lachrymal gland function and drainage. 99mTc-MDP
      bone scanning is useful in the evaluation of osteomyelitis, temporomandibular
      joint dysfunction, bone graft viability and some facial fractures. The role of
      radioisotopes in the management of differentiated and medullary carcinoma of the
      thyroid is now well established. Although there are many other agents available
      to image head and neck cancer, few can actually achieve the required diagnostic
      sensitivity and specificity. The introduction of monoclonal antibodies into
      routine imaging has been hampered by distinct practical problems and the search
      is now on for more sensitive non-specific diagnostic agents. It is now possible
      to evaluate new 99mTc labelled tumour-imaging agents using animal tumour model
      systems and the use of radioactivity in all aspects of otolaryngological research
      adds an extra quantitive dimension. Together with SPECT, and the introduction of
      positron emission tomography (PET) to image the physiology of normal tissues and
      tumours, the use of radionuclide investigations can lead only to an increase in
      ENT diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and, subsequently, to an overall
      improvement in the way we diagnose, stage and treat head and neck cancer.

PMID- 2282712
TI  - Fetal hydrops in Sardinia: implications for genetic counselling.
AB  - This paper describes the first case of Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis syndrome in the
      Sardinian population. Despite the high frequency of a-thalassemia, fetal hydrops
      is extraordinarily rare in the Sardinian population because a-thalassemia is more
      usually the result of the single a-thalassemia globin gene deletion and is very
      rarely produced by the deletion of two a-globin genes. The fetus, the product of
      a consanguineous marriage at risk for beta-thalassemia, was monitored by
      chorionic villi DNA analysis which detected the heterozygous state for the codon
      39 nonsense mutation. Follow-up ultrasound examination showed fetal hydrops,
      which led us to carry out further investigation. Hemoglobin and a-globin gene
      analysis on cord blood obtained by cordocentesis revealed the homozygous state
      for the most common deletion ao-thalassemia in Mediterranean populations.
      Retrospective evaluation of the father's hematological features showed very low
      MCH-MCV for a beta-thalassemia carrier which may indicate co-inherited a
      thalassemia. These findings indicate that careful evaluation of red cell indices
      of parents at risk for beta-thalassemia and adequate consideration of the
      consanguinity may point to co-inherited a-thalassemia and lead to the appropriate
      analysis.

PMID- 2282714
TI  - A new syndrome of aphalangy, hemivertebrae, and urogenital-intestinal dysgenesis.
AB  - Two cases of aphalangy, hemivertebrae, and urogenital-intestinal dysgenesis in a
      sibship are described. This constellation of malformations may represent a
      previously undescribed autosomal recessive trait.

PMID- 2282713
TI  - Genetic marker family studies in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) in Armenians.
AB  - Familial Mediterranean fever is an autosomal recessive disease manifested by
      recurrent short episodes of fever associated with polyserositis. It is common in
      a variety of Mediterranean and near Eastern populations. The biochemical defect
      is unknown, and there have been few studies of genetic marker associations or
      linkage with the disease. We have screened blood samples from members of 14
      nuclear Armenian families, the population with the highest known gene frequency,
      for 19 different polymorphic phenotypic genetic markers. These 14 families
      included 31 affected and 43 unaffected family members. No association was found
      with any of the markers studied. Linkage could be excluded at the distance of 0
      15% recombination with 14 markers. Linkage could not be excluded with 5 other
      markers. These results exclude the FMF gene from those portions of the human gene
      map that are at least 0.5% recombination distance from these 14 genetic markers,
      and represent the first comprehensive step in the eventual localization and
      isolation of the FMF gene.

PMID- 2282716
TI  - Neurofibromatosis 2: a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease? Report
      on 10 sporadic cases.
AB  - Clinical and genetic data of 10 patients with neurofibromatosis 2 (NF-2) are
      presented. Interestingly, no family history of neurofibromatosis was detectable
      in any of them, which indicates that these are sporadic cases of NF-2, most
      likely due to a new mutational event. According to our own results and the data
      in the literature, sporadic cases of NF-2 are clinically characterized by a high
      incidence of multiple meningiomas and spinal tumors in addition to the bilateral
      occurrence of acoustic neurinomas. The clinical heterogeneity of NF-2 is pointed
      out and the possible existence of different forms of this disease is discussed.

PMID- 2282715
TI  - Primordial osteodysplastic dwarfism type I in association with corneal clouding:
      evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance.
AB  - A newborn male, born to Turkish first cousins, presented with severe pre- and
      postnatal growth retardation. Weight was 800 g at term. Salient clinical features
      were dwarfism with moderate limb shortening, microcephaly, hirsutism, facial
      dysmorphism including prominent small cloudy eyes, large nose with high nasal
      root, retrognathism and low-set ears. Radiologic abnormalities included huge
      clavicles, dysplastic vertebrae and enlargement of proximal metaphyses with
      medial spurs.

PMID- 2282717
TI  - Autosomal dominant craniosynostosis of the sutura metopica.
AB  - Trigonocephaly due to craniosynostosis of the sutura metopica was found in two
      sibs with normal intelligence. Both were microcephalic. The father had a sloping
      forehead and possibly partial metopic craniosynostosis. The paternal grandfather
      had a bony ridge at the upper half of the metopic suture without significant head
      deformity. A paternal sister was possibly also affected. None of the affected
      persons showed significant other anomalies. Craniosynostosis of the metopic
      suture may be an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder, not associated with
      functional brain or other abnormalities.

PMID- 2282718
TI  - The Niikawa-Kuroki (Kabuki make-up) syndrome in a Moslem Arab child.
AB  - The Niikawa-Kuroki "Kabuki Make-Up" syndrome is a rare sporadic malformation
      syndrome, characterised by severe psychomotor and growth retardation, peculiar
      facies, including long palpabral fissures and large malformed ears and skeletal
      abnormalities. We report a 2-year-old Moslem Arab boy with 28 of the 32
      originally described features of this syndrome and in addition with hyperelastic
      joints, hypospadias and scaphocephaly which were not previously described in
      association with the Kabuki make-up syndrome. This is the fifth reported case of
      this syndrome in a non-Japanese patient, and the second reported case in a
      patient of Arab descent.

PMID- 2282719
TI  - Diabetes mellitus in a young man with Bloom's syndrome.
AB  - Bloom's syndrome (BS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder in which
      diabetes mellitus unusually frequently develops as a complication. We report on a
      21-year-old Japanese male patient with BS who exhibited impaired glucose
      tolerance (IGT) in the initial oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and had
      developed patterns of diabetes mellitus by the second OGTT at the 2-years-and-2
      months follow-up. German and Passarge reported that the onset of diabetes in
      patients with BS was in late adolescence or early adulthood. Our results support
      the findings of German and Passarge. Therefore, when a person with BS reaches
      late adolescence or early adulthood, an OGTT is necessary to ascertain whether
      the patient has IGT or diabetes mellitus as a complication, regardless of whether
      or not diabetic signs such as glucosuria are present.

PMID- 2282720
TI  - Partial lipodystrophy syndromes--a further male case.
AB  - Details are presented of a boy with partial lipodystrophy. Only one male case has
      previously been described with this condition. The spectrum of partial
      lipodystrophy syndromes and the inheritance thereof are discussed in relation to
      our case.

PMID- 2282721
TI  - Familial porencephaly.

PMID- 2282722
TI  - Familial translocation, t(2;5)(p23;q31) follow-up after 15 years.

PMID- 2282723
TI  - Endoreduplications in a family with a reciprocal translocation (9q;16p)

PMID- 2282724
TI  - Access to cardiovascular care.

PMID- 2282725
TI  - Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms.
AB  - Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are rare cardiac anomalies which may be acquired or
      congenital. The congenital aneurysm is more common than the acquired form, with
      an incidence ranging from 0.1 to 3.5% of all congenital heart defects. Acquired
      aneurysms may result from trauma, endocarditis, syphilis, Marfan's syndrome, and
      senile-type dilatation in which the three sinuses dilate as a result of the
      normal aging process. This review focuses on both congenital and acquired
      aneurysms with particular attention to the noninvasive diagnosis of this anomaly.

PMID- 2282726
TI  - Treatment with diltiazem preoperatively in open heart surgery for myocardial
      protection: experimental studies in dogs with chronic healed myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Calcium antagonists have become important in open heart surgery because of their
      effects on myocardial protection and cardioplegia. We evaluated the effect of
      pretreatment with the calcium antagonist diltiazem for myocardial protection in
      dogs with experimentally induced, chronic, healed myocardial infarction in a
      double-blind randomized study. One group consisted of 5 dogs treated with
      diltiazem (10 mg/kg bodyweight) for 7 days preoperatively, while a second group
      of 4 dogs were treated with placebo. All animals then underwent hypothermic,
      ischemic cardiac arrest (90 min) with extracorporeal circulation (ECC), followed
      by 30 min of reperfusion. Hemodynamic parameters were measured before and after
      ECC. An EKG was recorded during the entire procedure. The myocardium was studied
      by light microscopy for fresh necroses. The old, experimentally induced
      infarction scars were quantified by a new method that was developed for
      planimetry of the histological specimens. The diltiazem group compared with the
      placebo group showed myocardial cell necroses to a smaller extent. The
      hemodynamic studies supported the contention that diltiazem given preoperatively
      has a myocardial protective effect. These results encourage further studies on
      the use of diltiazem preoperatively for myocardial protection.

PMID- 2282728
TI  - Left ventricular aneurysm: clinical and hemodynamic data.
AB  - Clinical and hemodynamic data of 30 patients with left ventricular aneurysm (27
      men, 3 women, mean age 54.9 years) were compared with those of 30 patients with
      previous myocardial infarction and segmental hypo- or akinesis (28 men, 2 women,
      mean age 51 years). In each group, 10 patients were affected by one-, two-, or
      three-vessel disease. A semiquantitative evaluation of collateral coronary
      circulation showed no significant differences between the two groups. Mean end
      diastolic volume was higher in patients with left ventricular aneurysm (p less
      than .025, less than .05, and less than .001 in 1-, 2-, and 3-vessel disease,
      respectively) and ejection fraction was lower only in patients with one-, (p less
      than .001) and two- (p less than .05) vessel disease in comparison with patients
      without left ventricular aneurysm. No significant difference was evidenced in
      basal or isometric exercise end-diastolic pressure. The incidence of thrombosis
      detected by ventriculography was higher in patients with left ventricular
      aneurysm (33.3 vs. 6.6%). The mean duration of follow-up was 20.7 months in
      patients with left ventricular aneurysm and 20.6 in the control group. No
      significant difference was found either in mortality or in reinfarction rate as
      far as incidence and severity of angina. The incidence of congestive heart
      failure was more evident, but not significant in patients with left ventricular
      aneurysm. One embolic episode was present in one patient with aneurysm and
      intraventricular thrombosis. Left ventricular performance is influenced by an
      aneurysm when a limited coronary compromise is present (one- and two-vessel
      disease) while it is not affected in the case of a coexisting three-vessel
      disease.

PMID- 2282727
TI  - Relation of angiographically defined coronary artery disease to serum lipoprotein
      levels.
AB  - The relationship of coronary artery disease to plasma lipoproteins was examined
      in 43 men admitted to our unit with suspected ischemic heart disease. Coronary
      arteriography was performed, and a score reflecting the severity of disease was
      assigned to the angiogram. Plasma, obtained after a 12-h overnight fast, was
      assayed for triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol, and HDL-3 cholesterol. HDL-2 cholesterol was found by subtraction.
      The cholesterol contents of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) were quantitated by the Freidwald equation. Men with high
      coronary scores tended to be older, and subjects with moderate coronary disease
      had significantly higher total and LDL cholesterol values than those with minimal
      disease. Age was the only factor to be significantly associated with coronary
      score and there was no significant association between coronary score and total
      LDL and HDL cholesterol or its subfractions when the age factor was taken into
      account.

PMID- 2282729
TI  - Interval versus continuous exercise training after coronary bypass surgery: a
      comparison of training-induced acute reactions with respect to the effectiveness
      of the exercise methods.
AB  - In order to improve endurance by exercise on a bicycle ergometer, both the
      interval method (I) (exertion and recovery phases alternate each minute) and the
      continuous method (constant exertion) can be employed. We examined the effects of
      both methods on the following parameters: heart rate, blood pressure, rate
      pressure product, glucose, lactate, and catecholamine levels, and physical
      performance. Two groups of nine male patients were trained daily on a bicycle
      ergometer for 3.5 weeks. These patients had undergone coronary bypass surgery 24
      and/or 26 days before the training started. The training heart rate was set at
      86% of the individual maximum heart rate. In the last week of training, the
      exercise intensity in both patient groups, following either I or C regimen, was
      20:121 W and 83 W respectively. The exercise training lasted 20 minutes with the
      following findings: (1) there were no significant differences in blood pressure,
      rate-pressure product, rates of glucose and catecholamines, and (2) there was a
      significantly higher rate of lactate in the second ten minutes of the I training.
      Before and after the training period, the patients were subjected to a multistage
      bicycle ergometer exercise test (sitting). The following results obtained after
      the training favor the I method: (1) patients' physical performance increased
      (+0.63 vs. +0.26 W/kg; p less than 0.001); (2) heart rate was lower at rest (-9
      vs. -4 beats/min; p less than 0.04) and at 75 W (-12 vs. -2 beats/min; p less
      than 0.02); (3) rate-pressure product was lower at rest (-1675 vs. -291; p less
      than 0.04) and at 75 W (-2810 vs. -735; p less than 0.05); (4) rate of lactate
      was lower at 75 W (-0.83 vs. -0.33 mmol/l; p less than 0.04); (5) catecholamines
      were not lowered by I or C training, and no differences between the two groups
      could be observed. Exercise training according to the I method involves both the
      aerobic and anaerobic capacity of the organism, whereas exercise training
      according to the C method involves only oxidative capacity. After coronary bypass
      surgery, the I method is better suited to increase physical performance and is
      more effective in economizing the cardiac function.

PMID- 2282730
TI  - Electrophysiologic effects of bepridil in patients with refractory ventricular
      tachycardia assessed by programmed electrical stimulation.
AB  - The effect of intravenous bepridil, a new calcium antagonist with class I and III
      properties, was tested in 21 patients with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias
      refractory to a mean of five antiarrhythmic agents as assessed by programmed
      right ventricular stimulation. At control electrophysiologic study without
      antiarrhythmic agents, sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) was
      initiated in 20 patients and ventricular fibrillation (VF) was initiated in one
      patient. After 3 mg/kg of bepridil was administered, VT was still inducible in 19
      patients (3 patients had self-terminating VT); the other 2 patients had no
      inducible VT after bepridil. Bepridil prolonged significantly the QTc interval,
      the effective refractory period, and the cycle length of induced ventricular
      tachycardia. Two patients with no inducible VT after intravenous bepridil were
      placed on oral bepridil (300 mg/day). One patient died suddenly and one patient
      died of progressive heart failure. The results seem to indicate that the efficacy
      of bepridil in patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia is limited.

PMID- 2282731
TI  - A new cardiac auscultation simulator.
AB  - We have successfully developed a new cardiac auscultation simulator by applying
      recently developed digital and computer technology, which digitally records,
      stores, modifies, and plays back heart sounds and murmurs characteristic of
      various heart diseases. The simulator is capable of playing back different heart
      sounds or murmurs at each auscultatory site (aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid, and
      mitral) of a human chest-sized mannequin (made of urethane foam), through four
      built-in speakers. We were able to listen to accurate reproductions of heart
      sounds and murmurs at the same timing as in real patients by any type of
      stethoscope used in routine medical practice. This compact and portable
      educational apparatus, which simulates realistic auscultatory sounds, will impact
      greatly on the medical training of cardiac auscultation for physicians, medical
      students, nurses, and paramedicals.

PMID- 2282732
TI  - Electrophysiology of the long QT syndromes.

PMID- 2282733
TI  - Tomographic views of normal and abnormal hearts: the anatomic basis for various
      cardiac imaging techniques. Part II.
AB  - Recent developments have enhanced the diagnosis of cardiovascular disorders in
      the area of cardiac imaging techniques. From an era of imaging by silhouettes
      (chest roentgenography, fluoroscopy, angiocardiography), we have emerged into an
      era of imaging by tomographic scanning (echocardiography, radionuclide
      tomography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance). A basic understanding of
      tomographic cardiac anatomy is the foundation for proper use and interpretation
      of these new imaging modalities. The present report provides a description of the
      techniques of tomographic cutting of necropsy cardiac specimens and illustrates
      some of the pathologic cardiac abnormalities cut in these tomographic planes.
      Part II of this report describes the long-axis method, methods using the body
      rather than the heart as the reference axis, and includes transverse, frontal,
      and parasagittal methods of imaging the heart.

PMID- 2282734
TI  - Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy presenting with sustained monomorphic
      ventricular tachycardia and electrocardiographic changes simulating coronary
      artery disease and left ventricular aneurysm.
AB  - A 52-year-old male presented with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia
      as the initial manifestation of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The
      electrocardiogram during normal sinus rhythm showed a pattern of an old anterior
      wall myocardial infarction with aneurysm formation. Cardiac catheterization
      documented angiographically normal coronary arteries. Apical hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy was documented at cardiac catheterization and by echocardiogram
      and Doppler studies. Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia was reproducibly
      initiated and terminated during electrophysiological studies and antiarrhythmic
      drugs failed to control the tachycardia. At the time of implantation of a
      cardioverter defibrillator, left ventricular apical biopsy revealed pathologic
      findings characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2282735
TI  - Howard B. Sprague, M.D. (1895-1970).

PMID- 2282736
TI  - The right weight: body fat, menarche and ovulation.
AB  - Women with moderate weight loss (10-15% of ideal weight), as well as women with
      the severe weight loss of anorexia nervosa (30% of ideal weight), have secondary
      or primary amenorrhoea. A high proportion of well-trained dancers and athletes
      also have amenorrhoea, though weight may be in the normal range, since muscles
      are heavy (80% water, compared to 5-10% water in adipose tissue). The amenorrhoea
      is usually reversible with weight gain, decreased exercise or both. The
      amenorrhoea is due to hypothalamic dysfunction; the pituitary-ovary axis is
      intact, suggesting that this type of amenorrhoea is adaptive, preventing an
      unsuccessful pregnancy outcome. Evidence is presented that the high percentage of
      body fat (26-28%) in mature women is necessary for regular ovulatory cycles.
      Target weights for height are given for the evaluation and treatment of primary
      and secondary amenorrhoea due to weight loss. The high percentage of body fat in
      women may influence reproductive ability directly: (1) as an extragonadal source
      of oestrogen by aromatization of androgen to oestrogen; (2) by influencing the
      direction of oestrogen metabolism to more potent or less potent forms; or (3) by
      changes in the binding properties of sex-hormone-binding globulin. Indirect
      signals may be of abnormal control of temperature and changes in energy
      metabolism, which accompany excessive leanness.

PMID- 2282737
TI  - Induction of ovulation.

PMID- 2282738
TI  - Glucocorticoid therapy in hyperandrogenism.
AB  - Hyperandrogenism is a common disorder in the reproductive age female. It is
      associated with cutaneous manifestations and ovulatory dysfunction. The degree of
      hyperandrogenaemia is directly related to the severity of ovulatory dysfunction.
      The ovulatory dysfunction frequently leads to infertility. The most common form
      of hyperandrogenism is idiopathic glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperandrogenism
      (IGSH). The management of this disorder involves appropriate use of physiological
      doses of glucocorticoids. This treatment leads not only to normalization of serum
      androgen levels but also to amelioration of cutaneous symptoms and improvement in
      ovulatory function. In infertile women with ovulatory dysfunction secondary to
      IGSH, occurrence of pregnancy after treatment with glucocorticoids is directly
      related to the degree of the suppression of serum androgen levels. In other
      words, this treatment does not 'induce ovulation', but its effectiveness in
      improving ovulatory function is a result of a correction of the hyperandrogenic
      state. At physiological doses glucocorticoid therapy does not appear to be
      associated with significant side-effects. With appropriate management, androgen
      levels can be maintained within the normal range indefinitely. Furthermore, in a
      majority of patients, androgen levels remain within the normal range for a long
      time (years) after discontinuation of chronic glucocorticoid therapy.

PMID- 2282739
TI  - Induction of ovulation: historical aspects.
AB  - The cornerstone of the conquest of infertility was laid in the beginning of this
      century. It took, however, nearly 80 years of work of many scientists from all
      over the globe to slowly unravel the puzzle of nature's most guarded secret, the
      control of the reproductive processes. The estimated population size of women
      between the ages 19 and 34 years in the developed world in 1990 will be about 130
      million. If we assume that at least 8% will be infertile, then the pool of the
      infertile population will be above 10 million, with about 700,000 new patients
      entering this pool every year between the years 1990 and 1995. In the past only
      about 40% of infertile patients benefited from ovulation induction regimens. With
      the advent of assisted reproduction this population increased to about 80%. With
      the use of gonadotrophins for induction of superovulation in normally ovulating
      women conceptual changes in treatment regimens and monitoring schemes had to be
      introduced. It is obvious that the primary task of infertility clinics is to
      diagnose the main cause (or causes) of infertility in each couple in order to be
      able to institute appropriate therapy within a reasonable time. We have attempted
      to review briefly the regulation of follicular development, particularly with
      regard to new findings demonstrating the potentiating effect of growth hormone
      and/or various growth factors on ovarian sensitivity to FSH. This new knowledge,
      as well as availability of potent GnRH analogues, will evidently refine our
      clinical approach to treatment of functional infertility. Continuous advances in
      the understanding of mechanisms regulating reproductive processes and the better
      recognition of underlying causes of infertility will lead to the optimal choice
      of first-, second- and third-line routine therapies which will apply to the
      majority of patients. Furthermore, it will become possible to design tailor-made
      ovulation-inducing protocols for specific patients who do not respond properly to
      the routine treatment.

PMID- 2282740
TI  - Clomiphene citrate.

PMID- 2282741
TI  - Human gonadotrophins.
AB  - Treatment with exogenous gonadotrophic hormones to overcome certain cases of
      female infertility has been used for more than 30 years. Children born after such
      treatment have not shown any increased incidence of abnormalities (genetic or
      otherwise) and their reproductive ability seems normal. Furthermore, no increase
      in malignant disease (breast, ovarian, endometrial) have been reported following
      such repetitive gonadotrophic stimulations. Thus it seems the treatment can be
      regarded as safe. Two categories of patients are treated today. Firstly,
      hypothalamic-hypophyseal insufficiencies (WHO group I), where treatment is
      compulsory for attaining fertility, and secondly (including anovulation WHO group
      II), more or less regularly cycling women, where gonadotrophic treatment is used
      to augment fertility. Especially in the latter group, caution must be taken not
      to induce adverse effects. To meet these demands, exogenous gonadotrophic
      stimulation needs to be combined with other drugs and regimens that take into
      consideration the problems created by the concomitant presence of endogenous
      gonadotrophins.

PMID- 2282742
TI  - Induction of ovulation for assisted reproduction programmes.
AB  - The decision to use enhancement of the natural ovarian/menstrual cycle to attempt
      collection of several oocytes during IVF and GIFT cycles has dramatically
      increased the pregnancy rates. Furthermore, the recovery of multiple fertilizable
      oocytes allows for cryopreservation of extra or surplus pre-embryos (or embryos),
      with the consequent reduction in the risk of multiple pregnancies and the
      improvement of the cumulative pregnancy rate following IVF and GIFT cycles. Here,
      we have reviewed the underlying physiological mechanisms in the natural ovarian
      menstrual cycle. Subsequently, we have analysed the more frequently utilized
      ovarian stimulatory regimens with special emphasis on the use of gonadotrophins.
      Several conclusions may be drawn from the experience to date with these methods
      of ovarian stimulation. Primarily, lower doses of medication, when used
      appropriately, may result in a more favourable outcome. Most significant, it
      seems to be beneficial to tailor the dosages and timing of drug administration to
      the patient's individual response to medication. Because ovarian stimulation
      therapy is difficult to manage, a major challenge in reproductive endocrinology
      has been to develop stimulation protocols that would 'ideally' synchronize the
      development of a cohort of follicles. The development of GnRH analogues (agonists
      and antagonists) and the experience (both in women and macaques) gained so far
      when these drugs are used in combination with gonadotrophins, have helped both in
      the understanding of the underlying physiology and in the improvement of clinical
      results.

PMID- 2282743
TI  - Induction of ovulation with pulsatile GnRH.
AB  - The use of pulsatile GnRH to treat infertile women who do not ovulate has been
      shown to be safe, simple, and effective and the preferred method of inducing
      ovulation in appropriately selected patients who are resistant to treatment with
      clomiphene citrate. Treatment with GnRH is particularly effective for restoring
      ovulation in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and
      partially recovered weight-related amenorrhoea, but less successful in patients
      with polycystic ovary syndrome and organic hypothalamic pituitary disease. Based
      on personal experience, we advocate routine use of the subcutaneous route, using
      15 micrograms per pulse every 90 min, and we monitor the patient's progress by
      serial ultrasound scanning and measurement of serum gonadotrophin and oestradiol
      concentrations. If the patient does not respond we recommend adding treatment
      with clomiphene citrate (Homburg et al, 1988b). Treatment with intravenous GnRH
      is reserved for women who do not respond to the above combination of drugs. We do
      not treat patients with GnRH until their body mass index is in the normal range
      (between 20-25) and we avoid GnRH treatment in patients with hypersecretion of LH
      during the follicular phase. If LH concentrations are raised, an alternative
      method of treatment is recommended, such as ovarian diathermy (Armar et al,
      1990). Finally, the question of whether GnRH deficiency in patients with
      hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism is caused by a specific genetic lesion is not yet
      fully resolved. Yang-Feng et al (1986) used a cDNA clone encoding the human GnRH
      precursor molecule in order to assign the GnRH gene to a particular human
      chromosome. They found a single site for GnRH sequences in the human genome and
      that the gene coding for GnRH is located on the short arm of chromosome 8.
      Experiments in the congenitally hypogonadal mouse have shown that it is possible
      to restore gonadal development and gametogenesis by gene transfer (Mason et al,
      1987). Clearly an abnormality at the level of the genome may be responsible for
      the secretory defect in patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, but it has
      yet to be defined (Weiss et al, 1989). Presumably elucidation awaits the
      development of more refined methods because both the genetics and the clinical
      associations of GnRH deficiency are most persuasive. Meanwhile replacement
      treatment with GnRH provides a simple and safe form of treatment for managing the
      clinical syndromes of GnRH deficiency.

PMID- 2282744
TI  - Common problems in induction of ovulation.
AB  - There are many groups of women with anovulatory infertility who respond
      abnormally to conventional treatment. It is important to diagnose the underlying
      disorder correctly before commencing treatment. In this chapter we have discussed
      the various treatment modalities available and how they may be adapted to fit the
      particular clinical needs. In women who are profoundly hypo-oestrogenic, the
      'priming' of the ovary using prolonged low-dose gonadotrophins offers a possible
      solution if both subcutaneous and intravenous pulsatile GnRH therapy has failed.
      It may also reduce the incidence of multiple pregnancies in these women. Growth
      hormone seems to augment the response to gonadotrophin in these women and may
      prove a useful adjunct to therapy once further experience of its use has been
      reported. Women with PCO have been a difficult group to treat because of their
      tendency to hyperstimulate. The low-dose gonadotrophin regimen outlined in this
      chapter overcomes the majority of these problems without reducing the rate of
      conception. This group continue to have an increased incidence of miscarriage.
      The introduction of combined therapy of hMG with a GnRH analogue may improve this
      situation, but the data from randomized controlled studies are still awaited.
      Ovarian failure remains an untreatable cause of infertility. A few women may
      become pregnant spontaneously, but these are the exception rather than the rule.
      Hormone replacement therapy should be offered to all these women because of the
      long-term problems of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Products
      containing a low dose of oestrogen (e.g. Premarin 0.625 mg) will not interfere
      with ovulation if there should be a spontaneous resumption of ovarian activity.

PMID- 2282746
TI  - Doctor is liable for blood transfusions which cause AIDS.

PMID- 2282745
TI  - Accidental hyperstimulation during ovulation induction.
AB  - Clinical hyperstimulation is the most serious complication of ovulation
      induction, occurring in approximately 3% of cases (0.8% in the severe form).
      Paradoxically, it seems to be rare following in vitro fertilization, probably
      because all the follicles are aspirated. High-risk patients are those with
      polycystic ovarian disease, hyperprolactinaemia and hypothyroidism. All forms of
      ovulation induction have been implicated. Use of LHRH agonists have not reduced
      the incidence of hyperstimulation and they may even have increased it. An ongoing
      pregnancy seems to predispose to the occurrence of hyperstimulation, due to the
      secretion of hCG. Clinically, three stages of hyperstimulation have been
      described by the WHO (mild, moderate and severe). The pathophysiology is not
      completely understood, although prostaglandins, histamines and, especially, the
      ovarian renin-angiotensin system may be involved. Local ovarian complications and
      thromboembolic complications have also occurred. The treatment of severe
      hyperstimulation is both symptomatic (fluid replacement, aspiration of effusions,
      moderate sodium and water restriction, small doses of diuretics) and specific
      (corticosteroids, aspiration of ovarian cysts, even voluntary interruption of
      pregnancy in the most serious forms). If the hyperstimulation occurs in the
      absence of pregnancy, antihistamines or antiprostaglandins can be given.
      Prevention is exceedingly important. This can be helped by recognition of
      polycystic ovarian disease and stimulation of these cases by clomiphene citrate
      or pure FSH associated, for use in in vitro fertilization, with prolonged
      desensitization using LHRH agonists. Daily ultrasound and hormonal monitoring of
      ovulation induction is required. When there is excessive response to stimulation,
      it is prudent not to induce ovulation with hCG or, alternatively, to aspirate all
      the follicles and freeze the embryos obtained without giving further injections
      of hCG in the luteal phase. Clinical ovarian hyperstimulation is the classic form
      of iatrogenic disorder and is the most important complication of ovulation
      induction treatments, since it can be life-threatening in its most severe form.
      In this chapter we review current knowledge concerning the frequency, factors
      associated with its occurrence, clinical aspects, physiopathological mechanisms
      and, finally, the possibilities for treatment and prevention.

PMID- 2282747
TI  - Ducking "things" gives MD time needed for patients.

PMID- 2282748
TI  - Physician labs are targeted for federal regulation.

PMID- 2282750
TI  - Spalding celebrating 25 years of service.

PMID- 2282749
TI  - A. H. Robins award for outstanding community service by a physician.

PMID- 2282751
TI  - Quality control and the differential leukocyte count.
AB  - The differential leukocyte count (DLC) has been an important semi-quantitative
      method for describing the leukocyte population as visualized on examination of
      the peripheral blood film. Evaluation of the DLC was never a diagnostic procedure
      in its own right, nor was it the primary purpose of the blood film evaluation. It
      is the most time-consuming element of the blood film examination, and therefore a
      primary candidate for automation, which in turn has led to an artificial
      separation of DLC enumeration from blood film evaluation. Nevertheless, it is
      being used as a quality assurance test for automated DLC procedures. While this
      may divert valuable effort away from the central function of the diagnostic
      haematology laboratory, namely haematological diagnosis, it has become a quality
      assurance requirement. Quality is best assured when haematological case data,
      including history, cell counts, indices, and DLC data, are evaluated by
      appropriately trained experts before being reported to clinicians, with
      examination of the blood film as indicated.

PMID- 2282752
TI  - Interlaboratory quality assurance program.
AB  - The Coulter Interlaboratory Quality Assurance Program (IQAP) analyses data from
      several thousand haematology laboratories which use Coulter haematology controls
      (4C). Such peer group analyses are done at monthly intervals. These analyses
      compare the individual laboratory's performance with other laboratories using the
      same lot(s) of control cells on the same instruments. The data receipt and peer
      analysis methods are outlined using flow charts which describe the process.

PMID- 2282753
TI  - Real-time quality control: the French Minitel system.
AB  - A prototype system designed to provide real-time response to inter-laboratory
      proficiency testing results has been developed using the French Minitel
      telecommunication system. This nationwide computer networking system allows for
      instantaneous reporting and evaluation of results obtained on external quality
      assessment (EQA) samples. If a certain test is in error and presumably out of
      control the problem can be remedied immediately with obvious advantages to
      patient care.

PMID- 2282754
TI  - Blood film evaluations as a quality control activity.
AB  - Correlation of the blood film with the blood-count parameters provides a means of
      quality control of results obtained by the counter. This requires the observer to
      be skilled in identifying significant morphological abnormalities. Reliable blood
      film assessment must avoid potentially misleading information resulting from cell
      distribution bias and morphological artefact produced by poor techniques in the
      preparation and staining of films. Thus, whilst concordance between instrument
      results and manual films provides control on the sensitivity, specificity and
      predictive value of the counter, conversely blood count results provide a check
      on the reliability of the blood film. The experiences with the United Kingdom
      external quality assessment program illustrate the strengths as well as
      weaknesses of the blood film evaluation.

PMID- 2282755
TI  - The French national system for external quality assessment.
AB  - Building upon the experience of professional organizations, which began in the
      1970s, the French National Health Laboratory organized a national interlaboratory
      programme 10 years ago. Four thousand eight hundred laboratories are enrolled in
      this external quality control programme, which is compulsory for all clinical
      laboratories and is financed by a fee covering all expenses. Results are strictly
      anonymous and the programme is basically informative and educational. More than
      20 surveys are conducted each year with four in haematology. During the last 10
      years, the national programme has documented improved laboratory performances.
      The evaluations have had an impact on the instrument and reagents marketplace.
      Finally, it has helped the Ministry of Health to more efficiently manage the
      problems of laboratory medicine in France.

PMID- 2282756
TI  - Recommended methods for the assignment of assay values to stabilized cell
      suspensions.
AB  - Stabilized blood suspensions are required for the transfer of data from
      accurately calibrated reference instruments to service laboratory instruments.
      However, the more the cells are stabilized to increase shelf life, the less like
      fresh blood they become. Fixation is quite satisfactory for producing red count
      standards but it affects the flexibility, shape factor and the assigned MCV of
      the erythrocytes. Because of these problems values must be assigned indirectly by
      assigning values to fresh blood by reference methods and subsequently comparing
      fresh bloods with stabilized suspensions on a range of user instruments. The
      details for these methods are given and the reasons for these requirements are
      discussed.

PMID- 2282757
TI  - The College of American Pathologists Laboratory Accreditation Programme.
AB  - The Laboratory Accreditation Programme (LAP) offered by the College of American
      Pathologists (CAP) was begun in 1961. It is a voluntary peer review programme
      with the goal of laboratory improvement to excellence. It presently accredits
      more than 4300 laboratories throughout the world, although the majority are in
      the United States and Canada. Accreditation is contingent upon continuing
      successful performance in the CAP proficiency testing programmes, as well as
      passing biennial on-site laboratory inspections. These on-site inspections are
      done by practising laboratorians who use checklists appropriate for the various
      laboratory disciplines. Several governmental regulatory agencies (e.g. the Health
      Care Financing Agency) as well as private agencies (e.g. the Joint Commission on
      Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) accept the LAP in place of their own
      programmes for laboratory accreditation.

PMID- 2282758
TI  - Haematology checklist.

PMID- 2282759
TI  - Governmental quality assurance regulation of haematology laboratories.

PMID- 2282760
TI  - Random errors in haematology tests: a process control approach.
AB  - Random errors are usually not detected by classic quality-control methods,
      because these can occur not only during the analytical procedure itself, but
      during any step of the entire process of generating test results: from patient
      specimen collection till the final result is being charted. Random errors
      therefore require a variety of methods for prevention and detection. Process
      control enables the analysis of the causes and categories of random error, while
      it also assists in the design and implementation of methods for prevention and
      detection. In this paper the various aspects of such an approach are discussed.
      Among the suggested measures that will reduce the frequency of random error are:
      specimen labels with machine-readable codes, application at the site of specimen
      collection; instrument interfacing to a laboratory computer system; and
      streamlining of data entry. Recommendations for random error detection systems
      include parameter-flagging criteria, internal consistency checks of test results,
      and delta checking. These measures need to be part of a systems approach to be
      most successful, and will result in a significant reduction, although not in a
      complete elimination, of both the incidence of random errors and the frequency
      with which test results containing random errors will be reported.

PMID- 2282762
TI  - Assignment of assay values to Coulter controls and calibrators.
AB  - The whole blood reference specimens are carefully selected in order to minimize
      errors in either reference methods or the assay method that might be produced by
      interferants in the specimens. Fundamental to the process of assigning values to
      calibrators and controls is the rule that fresh whole blood from normal donors be
      used as the transfer medium between reference measurement methods and the
      automated blood cell counter that will be used to assay the stabilized whole
      blood product. Increasing recognition is being given to the need to adopt K2EDTA
      salts as global standards for reference specimen anticoagulant. The reference
      methods used by Coulter closely follow the methods recommended by the Cytometry
      Panel of the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology and by
      the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods used for the
      statistical control of value assignment are appropriate for commercial rather
      than institutional use. Simplification of methods is possible because of high
      levels of test replication and the homogeneous nature of stabilized blood
      products.

PMID- 2282761
TI  - Future directions for quality assurance in laboratory haematology.
AB  - Seven recommendations for the future in haematology quality assurance have been
      made. They include two levels of control cells, expanded rules for quality
      control of analysers, continued development of random error detection systems,
      performance goals for instruments, improved MCV calibration, appropriate
      checklist items and blood-film evaluation methods.

PMID- 2282763
TI  - Quality control of multichannel haematology analysers: critique of current
      methods and the need for performance goals.
AB  - Performance goals for internal quality control of multichannel haematology
      analysers have been developed by consensus in the Subcommittee on Quantitative
      Cellular Haematology of the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards
      (NCCLS). Conventional methods of quality control (i.e. use of standards for
      machine calibration and control samples to detect drift) are not feasible for the
      automated complete blood-cell count because standards and generally accepted
      reference methods for cell enumeration are not currently available. In the
      absence of an ideal system, a host of different quality control strategies are
      utilized with fresh whole blood, stabilized blood preparations, commercial
      surrogate materials, and statistical functions of measurements on patient
      specimens. All have their theoretical strengths and weaknesses which, up to now,
      have been difficult to quantify and to compare experimentally between methods and
      between laboratories. Performance goals, or what have been judged by a consensus
      of experts to be achievable tolerance limits for the various sources of
      analytical variations, were determined for the following measurements:
      haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, platelet count,
      and mean cell volume. These performance goals can be used to compare the
      effectiveness of the various quality control strategies now used and to determine
      which strategy would perform best and be most cost-effective in a particular
      laboratory situation.

PMID- 2282764
TI  - Calibration and control in haemoglobinometry.
AB  - In assigning values to fresh blood specimens used for calibrating automated blood
      cell analysers, haemoglobin concentration should be determined by the ICSH
      recommended hemiglobincyanide (HiCN) method. Errors in the reference method may
      be caused by inadequate blood collection, e.g. incorrect anticoagulation;
      inadequate dilution, e.g. use of inadequately calibrated pipettes; incomplete
      conversion of haemoglobins to HiCN, e.g. insufficient time for reactions to come
      to completion; during measurement, e.g. due to turbidity of the HiCN solution to
      be measured; or by transcription error. Readily available commercial reagent
      systems and secondary standards are compared with ICSH standards as to their
      compliance with these standards.

PMID- 2282765
TI  - A proposed reference haematocrit derived from multiple MCHC determinations via
      haemoglobin measurements.
AB  - An easily performed reference haematocrit would be useful in quality control, in
      the preparation of whole-blood calibrators and in the evaluation of automated,
      whole-blood analysers. Available techniques are complex, time-consuming and
      require radiolabelled reagents that are difficult to obtain. They have largely
      been directed towards correction of 'trapped plasma' errors. Other errors which
      affect haematocrit measurement but which have not yet been addressed include
      those due to white-cell contamination, those due to defects in tube plugging and
      those resulting from red-cell dehydration. We propose a simple, rapid and
      reliable reference haematocrit procedure which relies on the fact that
      haematocrit equals haemoglobin/MCHC and that MCHC determinations via haemoglobin
      analyses can be performed accurately on as little as 6 microliters of packed red
      cells (CV less than 0.5%). Selection of the cells to be analysed from the mid
      portion of a packed red-cell column eliminates interference from white-cell
      contamination/red-cell dehydration. The absence of trapped plasma in this portion
      of the red cell column after centrifugation for 4 min at 10,000 r.c.f. can be
      documented by a second cycle of centrifugation.

PMID- 2282766
TI  - Surrogate materials for calibration and control: the use of latex particles as
      calibrants for red cell volume measurements.
AB  - Latex particles, including BCR Certified Reference Material CRM 166a, have
      important applications for checking linearity and for calibrating aperture
      impedance instruments used to determine red-cell volumes. Studies performed on
      Coulter Counters, e.g. the ZBi/C1000, ZM/C256 and Model S Plus IV, using a series
      of three different mono-sized latex particles have shown linearity but non-zero
      intercepts. This emphasizes the importance of calibrating instruments at more
      than one point. Latex particles also have an important role in calibration of red
      cell volume measurements provided that a relative latex: red-cell shape factor
      has been assigned when the instrument is calibrated with fresh blood. Such
      relative shape factors are independent of latex particle size but need to be
      specific for instrument type and probably also for the orifice and diluent to be
      used. Nevertheless latex calibrants can serve an important role in standardizing
      red-cell volume measurements.

PMID- 2282767
TI  - Performance goals for internal quality control of multichannel haematology
      analysers.
AB  - Performance goals for analytic bias and analytic imprecision are presented for
      multichannel haematology analysers. These goals represent a compromise between
      limits that would cause minimal degradation in the information content for
      clinical decisions and limits that are achievable by current instruments. For
      midrange measurements the maximal limits for total analytic bias are +/- 14.6%
      for WBC, +/- 5.3% for RBC, +/- 4.5% for Hb concentration, +/- 4.2% for MCV, and
      +/- 22% for platelet counts. The limits include error inherent in calibrator
      value assignment, instrument calibration, instrument drift, and instrument non
      linearity as well as the quality control systems necessary to monitor each of
      these processes. If analytic biases are held within the proposed limits, the
      clinical specificities of the assays will be decreased by less than 7% for all
      assays except that platelet counts will have a decrease in specificity of about
      15%. Analytic imprecision has minimal direct effect on clinical decisions because
      the influence of within-person and across-person biological variation dominates.
      However, analytic imprecision is a major factor in the control of analytic bias
      and thereby remains an important quality control factor.

PMID- 2282768
TI  - Current practices for quality assurance in laboratory haematology.
AB  - Current practices for the quality control of multichannel haematology instruments
      are outlined. The strengths and weaknesses of preserved whole-blood controls,
      blood-cell indices and random duplicates methods are reviewed. Despite
      considerable experience in these several methods no consensus has yet been
      reached on the best and most efficient methods for quality control of these
      instruments. Several questions and unfinished tasks remain before this ongoing
      problem is solved. The major questions are listed and these tasks are catalogued
      and prioritized.

PMID- 2282769
TI  - The use of retained patient specimens for haematology quality control.
AB  - Patient blood specimens constitute ideal quality control material in many
      respects. Although stability is a problem, patient specimens are sufficiently
      stable to allow their use in the control of short-term systematic error. The
      principal challenges involve the design of a system which combines excellent
      performance characteristics (probability of error detection and probability of
      false rejection) with a minimum of extra work. In the past, guidelines have been
      presented for an optimized quality control program using retained patient
      specimens in haematology. These guidelines call for the use of three retained
      specimens initially analysed only once, with subsequent analyses judged 'out of
      control' if they deviate from the initial result by a prescribed multiple of the
      long-term standard deviation. In practice, this system may result in a relatively
      high probability of false rejection of data (Pfr) due to inadequately established
      control ranges. Also, the maintenance of three retained patient specimens may be
      an excessive burden on small laboratories. We present data on the optimization of
      a quality control program using one retained specimen that is appropriate for use
      by smaller laboratories. The control rules and the number of initial analyses are
      adjusted to yield the highest possible probability of error detection (Ped while
      maintaining a low Pfr and a low additional workload. In addition, we present data
      concerning the control of satellite instruments by sharing patient specimens
      between the satellite instrument and a 'reference' instrument.

PMID- 2282770
TI  - Power function graphs.

PMID- 2282771
TI  - Complete system control: an object-oriented approach.
AB  - This paper discusses some of the principles for complete system control for
      automated multiparameter haematology instruments. A method of analysing the
      control requirements is used, object-oriented flow diagramming, that combines
      concepts and notation from object-oriented programming with graphical flow
      diagramming to produce a model of a haematology instrument's reagent and sample
      flow during sample analysis. The model is used to analyse the control materials
      and control mechanisms for components, subsystems and the integrated system. The
      steps in the method are illustrated using two examples: the cyanmethaemoglobin
      method and the Coulter VCS leukocyte differential counter.

PMID- 2282772
TI  - Words: what are they, and do animals have them?
AB  - Since the word is not a well-defined entity like the sentence, one looks for
      findings that may help to clarify it. The effect of nonsense words on the young
      child's sorting of taxonomic versus thematic alternatives is said to be such a
      finding. A young child given, say, duck as a sample, goose and nest as
      alternatives, picks nest (thematic alternative), whereas the older child picks
      goose (taxonomic). However, if told the duck is called "ZLT" in Croatian, and
      asked to "find another ZLT", the young child shifts to goose. Markman and
      Hutchinson (1984) claim this demonstrates that young children know that words are
      "names of object categories" (and that this knowledge protects them against false
      hypotheses, facilitating their acquisition of words). In the present study, we
      applied the Markman et al. procedure to young "language-trained" chimpanzees. The
      animals were at an early stage of training, having used "words" solely in the
      function "X goes with Y", or "if shown X, get Y". Although these functions are
      notably weaker than "X is the name of a category", the animals showed a thematic
      taxonomic shift, thus behaving like young children. The Markman-Hutchinson
      interpretation of the shift effect is unsatisfactory in two respects: (1) the
      shift effect can be explained without attributing any knowledge of what a word is
      to either creature, child or ape; more important (2), the interpretation does not
      address the main question: what is a "name" and what does a child think it is? We
      conclude with a discussion of what a word is, appealing to information retrieval
      on the one hand, and intention to refer on the other.

PMID- 2282773
TI  - Starting to add worse: effects of learning to multiply on children's addition.
AB  - A major stumbling block in acquiring a new skill can be integrating it with old
      but related knowledge. Learning multiplication is a case in point, because it
      involves integrating new relations with previously acquired arithmetic knowledge
      (in particular, addition). Two studies explored developmental changes in the
      relations between single-digit addition and multiplication. In the first study,
      third-graders, fifth-graders, and adults performed simple addition or
      multiplication in mixed- and blocked-operations formats. Substantial interfering
      effects from related knowledge were found at all age levels, but were more
      pronounced for younger subjects. Thus in the early stages of learning
      multiplication, one consequence of learning a new operation is interference in
      performance of an earlier, related, but less recently studied skill.
      Consideration of error patterns supported the view that the problem of
      integrating operations is a prominent one even in the early stages of mastering
      multiplication. Patterns of errors were generally consistent across all age
      groups, and all groups were much more likely to give a correct multiplication
      response to an addition problem than the reverse. A second, longitudinal study
      confirmed this finding, showing evidence for impaired performance of addition
      over time within individual children (second-, third-, and fourth-graders) tested
      on simple addition and multiplication over a 5-month period. Analysis of reaction
      times for addition indicated that second-graders in advanced math classes and
      third-graders in regular math classes tended to slow down over the year in
      responses to addition problems. Fourth-graders, on the other hand, tended to
      increase their speed of addition over the course of the year. Multiplication
      showed a different pattern during this period, with no evidence for slowing among
      children who were able to perform this task. Disruption of previously learned
      knowledge in the course of acquiring new skills provides evidence that new
      knowledge and old knowledge are being integrated. This kind of non-monotonic
      development may provide an empirical method for determining the functional limits
      of a domain of knowledge.

PMID- 2282774
TI  - The structure of graphemic representations.
AB  - The analysis of the spelling performance of a brain-damaged dysgraphic subject is
      reported. The subject's spelling performance was affected by various graphotactic
      factors, such as the distinction between consonant and vowel and graphosyllabic
      structure. For example, while the subject produced many consonant and vowel
      deletion errors when these were part of consonant and vowel clusters,
      respectively (e.g., sfondo----sondo; giunta----gunta), deletions were virtually
      never produced for single consonants flanked by two vowels (e.g., onesto---
      oesto) or for single vowels flanked by two consonants (e.g., tirare----trare).
      The demonstration that graphosyllabic factors affect spelling performance
      disconfirms the hypothesis that graphemic representations consist simply of
      linearly ordered sets of graphemes. It is concluded that graphemic
      representations are multidimensional structures: one dimension specifies the
      grapheme identities that comprise the spelling of a word; a second dimension
      specifies the consonant/vowel status of the graphemes; a third dimension
      represents the graphosyllabic structure of the grapheme string; and, a fourth
      dimension provides information about geminate features.

PMID- 2282776
TI  - Wound infections after cesarean section with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma
      urealyticum. A report of three cases.
AB  - Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum were isolated from the surgical
      wounds of three patients who developed endometritis and a wound infection after
      cesarean section. In all patients, aspiration of the incision yielded a cloudy
      serosanguinous exudate. Gram stain of the fluid revealed numerous white blood
      cells but no bacteria. All patients responded to antibiotic therapy and local
      wound care.

PMID- 2282775
TI  - Antistaphylococcal activity of amoxicillin and ticarcillin when combined with
      clavulanic acid. Evaluation of oxacillin-resistant and oxacillin-susceptible
      isolates.
AB  - The beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanic acid, was combined with amoxicillin and
      with ticarcillin for in vitro studies with 586 staphylococci: 97 stock cultures
      of oxacillin-resistant strains recovered before 1982, and 489 blood or wound
      isolates collected from 40 separate medical centers during 1987-1988 (300 were
      oxacillin resistant). Over 92% of the staphylococci produced beta-lactamase
      enzymes and were thus resistant to both penicillins. However, with the addition
      of clavulanic acid, oxacillin-susceptible strains were rendered susceptible to
      low concentrations of amoxicillin and ticarcillin. Staphylococcus aureus strains
      with borderline or partial borderline resistance to penicillinase-resistant
      penicillins occurred infrequently (72 of 325 S. aureus isolates). Those strains
      were susceptible to both clavulanic acid combinations, because their methicillin
      resistance is thought to be due to an excess beta-lactamase production. Strains
      with chromosomally mediated intrinsic heteroresistance were relatively resistant
      to both drug combinations. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints
      that best separated those heteroresistant strains from oxacillin-susceptible
      isolates were as follows: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, less than or equal to
      2.0/1.0 micrograms/ml for susceptible; and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, less than
      or equal to 4.0/2.0 micrograms/ml for susceptible. When the broth was
      supplemented by 2% NaCl, MICs for both drug combinations were increased by less
      than one doubling dilution. Although oxacillin and methicillin broth
      microdilution tests were more reliable when 2% NaCl was added, tests with the two
      drug combinations were only minimally improved by adding 2% NaCl to the broth
      medium.

PMID- 2282777
TI  - "Campylobacter upsaliensis" sepsis in a boy with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia.
AB  - A 16-year-old boy with lupus erythematosus and hypogammaglobulinemia developed
      bacteremia with "Campylobacter upsalinesis," a recently described Campylobacter
      species with minimal catalase activity. Because "C. upsaliensis" Gram stains
      poorly and because it is susceptible to antibiotics in standard selective media,
      it may be overlooked in routine handling of blood cultures.

PMID- 2282778
TI  - Interleukins, mycobacteria, and listeriae.

PMID- 2282779
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor and malaria. Beneficial and harmful aspects.

PMID- 2282780
TI  - Macrophage products in inflammation.

PMID- 2282781
TI  - Timbre discrimination in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) song syllables.
AB  - Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) songs include syllables of a fundamental
      frequency and harmonics. Individual harmonics in 1 syllable can be more or less
      emphasized. The functional role of this variability is unknown. These experiments
      provide evidence of how the phenomenon is perceived. We trained 12 male and
      female zebra finches on a go-no-go operant procedure to discriminate between 2
      song syllables that varied only in the absence of the 2nd or 5th harmonic.
      Training involved many thousands of trials. Both sexes used the presence or
      absence of the 2nd harmonic as the sole discriminative cue. Females had more
      difficulty learning to perform the task when the presence of the 2nd harmonic was
      the go stimulus, which indicates that their use of the information was biased by
      stimulus-response contingencies. The results are discussed in terms of a broad
      strategy to understand how animals perceive sounds used in communication.

PMID- 2282782
TI  - Lateral bias in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
AB  - This study documents the presence, strength, and direction of lateralization in
      chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) over the first 3 months of life. Nursery-reared
      chimpanzees (7 males and 5 females) were repeatedly assessed on a behavioral
      scale. Lateral bias was measured for 4 behaviors: hand-to-mouth, hand-to-hand,
      defensive grasp, and first step. Hand-to-mouth was significantly lateralized for
      the sample. Eight of the 10 chimpanzees that showed hand-to-mouth used the right
      hand. Lateral bias for defensive grasp was positively related to lateral bias
      both of first step and of hand-to-mouth. Lateral bias in hand-to-mouth was
      inversely related to lateral bias in hand-to-hand. Strength of lateralization
      increased as chimpanzees matured. These laterality effects in infant chimpanzees
      were expressed under conditions of emotional arousal. Moreover, degree of
      laterality may be a predictor of responsivity to stress.

PMID- 2282783
TI  - Animal research in psychology: declining or thriving?
AB  - From Dialog's PsychINFO database the number of studies with 6 species reported in
      the Psychological Abstracts was calculated for each year from 1967 to 1988. Also,
      the number of studies with an additional 11 species were calculated for each year
      from 1973 to 1988. A hand search in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
      Behavior and Learning and Motivation was also conducted to explore trends in
      studies on 12 species from 1970 to 1987. The numbers of studies on many species
      (e.g., baboons, bats, chimpanzees, dolphins, gerbils, guinea pigs, gorillas,
      hamsters, lemurs, mice, pigeons, rats, seals, and snakes) have remained stable.
      There has, however, been a steady decline in the numbers of studies on selected
      species (e.g., cats, dogs, and rabbits). Possible reasons for changing trends in
      studies on selected species include: increased costs, the cognitive emphasis in
      psychology, and arguably, animal rights activism.

PMID- 2282784
TI  - Maternal aggression: disruption by perioral anesthesia in lactating Long-Evans
      rats (Rattus norvegicus).
AB  - Role of perioral somatosensation in the display of maternal aggression in Long
      Evans Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) was investigated during early lactation by
      local anesthesia of the mystacial pads with lidocaine, which blocks conduction in
      the infraorbital nerve. Acute perioral anesthesia markedly reduced the likelihood
      that maternal aggression was expressed; this effect of perioral anesthesia was
      not ameliorated by a repeated test with the same treatment or by pretreatment
      fighting experience. The dams that fought with the intruder during perioral
      anesthesia did so after greatly increased sniffing contact and with decreased
      vigor compared with controls. Males that were attacked tended to freeze, whereas
      males that were not attacked were active. Thus, trigeminal afferents are critical
      for the initiation and normal execution of maternal aggression responses in
      Norway rats.

PMID- 2282785
TI  - Sex differences in social reinstatement motivation of the domestic chick (Gallus
      gallus) revealed by runway tests with social and nonsocial reinforcement.
AB  - Male and female chicks (Gallus gallus) were trained at 4 days old to run along a
      corridor to reach a goal box that contained either cagemates (social
      reinforcement) or food (nonsocial reinforcement). Females ran faster when social
      reinforcement was used, whereas males ran faster with nonsocial reinforcement.
      When social reinforcement was used with a V-shaped runway, in which chicks had to
      proceed toward the goal object in an indirect fashion, sex differences were
      reversed. The results may be due to stronger social reinstatement tendencies in
      females than in males: Higher levels of social motivation facilitate behavioral
      performance when the task is easy (straight runway) and inhibit it when the task
      is difficult (V-shaped runway).

PMID- 2282786
TI  - Application of the SAAM modeling program to minimal model analysis of intravenous
      glucose tolerance test data.
AB  - The minimal model approach to analysis of intravenous glucose tolerance tests
      (IVGTT) yields estimates of parameters representing insulin sensitivity, glucose
      mediated glucose disposal and pancreatic responsiveness. The precision of these
      estimates can deteriorate if the glucose and insulin data lack well-defined
      structure or freedom from data noise (random error). The precision of parameter
      estimates can be enhanced if data sets from two or more IVGTTs, obtained under
      different experimental conditions in the same subject, are analysed together in
      one data file. Following initial fitting using CONSAM, the conversational version
      of the modeling program SAAM, those parameters whose estimates remain at the same
      value under the different experimental conditions are constrained. This
      effectively reduces the number of adjustable parameters, and their estimates can
      then be fine-tuned with enhanced precision using the batch version of SAAM.

PMID- 2282787
TI  - Analysing isoenzyme band patterns using similarity coefficients: a personal
      computer program.
AB  - A computer program in Fortran 77 was developed to analyse the isoenzyme patterns
      of trypanosomes isolated from African sleeping sickness patients, to allow
      biochemical relationships between populations of trypanosomes from different
      hosts and geographic areas to be elucidated. However, the generality of the
      design allows it to be used with presence/absence data from a variety of sources,
      including DNA fingerprints. The program reads in isoenzyme band patterns from an
      ASCII file and calculates a matrix of similarity coefficients. Four different
      similarity measures are offered, suitable for presence/absence data from a range
      of organisms and experimental procedures. The matrix of similarity values
      produced is suitable for analysis by ordination methods including principal
      coordinates analysis, and the production of dendrograms and icicle plots using
      SPSS/PC+.

PMID- 2282788
TI  - Tapetool: a software tool for importing image data from image acquisition
      computers to image processing computers.
AB  - Currently, the image distribution gap between image acquisition computers and
      image processing computers is bridged through magnetic tapes. The tape formats
      used by the manufacturers of the image acquisition computers are idiosyncratic
      and fairly complex. A general purpose window based software tool is herein
      described, which frees the clinical and research sectors of the responsibility of
      understanding and decoding these complex formats in order to import image
      databases from acquisition computers to image processing computers. This software
      tool provides a cornerstone for developing image processing software for
      diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical planning purposes.

PMID- 2282789
TI  - Knowledge-based analysis and understanding of medical images.
AB  - Knowledge-based image analysis and interpretation of radiological images is of
      significant interest for several reasons including a means to identify and label
      each part of the image for further automated diagnostic analysis. Also, there is
      a need to develop a knowledge-based biomedical image analysis system which can
      analyze and interpret the anatomical images (such as those obtained from X-ray
      computed tomography (CT) scanning) in order to help analysis of functional images
      (such as those obtained from positron emission tomography (PET) scanning) of the
      organ of the same patient. This paper deals with the design and implementation of
      a knowledge-based system to analyze and interpret CT anatomical images of the
      human chest. In the approach presented here, the emphasis has been on the
      development of a strong low-level analysis system with the capability of
      analyzing in both bottom-up and top-down modes; and on the use of hierarchical
      relational, spatial, and structural knowledge of human anatomy in the process of
      high-level analysis and recognition.

PMID- 2282790
TI  - Robust analysis of variance with Turbo Pascal.
AB  - A program in Turbo Pascal for robust analysis of variance is presented. A typical
      data file, the Pascal program listing and the corresponding output are given.

PMID- 2282791
TI  - Statistical knowledge-based systems--critical remarks and requirements for
      approval.

PMID- 2282792
TI  - Phosgene (chlorophenyl)hydrazones, strong sensitizers found in yellow sweaters
      bleached with sodium hypochlorite, defined as causative allergens for contact
      dermatitis by an experimental screening method in animals.
AB  - 12 young men developed allergic contact dermatitis from wearing yellow cotton
      sweaters. We attempted to identify the causative agents by an experimental
      screening method in animals. Guinea pigs were sensitized with an acetone extract
      of the sweater material, by means of the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT).
      Active ingredients were then separated from the extract, by step-by-step patch
      test screening of chromatographic fractions in the guinea pigs, and finally
      analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Although there were 2
      allergens with important activity (1 in the fraction eluted from the silica gel
      column with hexane, and 1 in the methanol fraction), the present study is
      focussed on the fat-soluble allergens in the hexane fraction. GC-MS analysis
      revealed that 4 kinds of phosgene (chlorophenyl)hydrazones (PCPHs) were present
      in the hexane fraction. PCPHs prepared in our laboratory showed strong eliciting
      activities, not only in the guinea pigs sensitized with the extract, but also in
      a male volunteer sensitized by exposure to a yellow sweater during irritancy
      testing. Phosgene (2,5-dichlorophenyl)hydrazone, which was the main component
      among the PCPHs found in the sweater, sensitized guinea pigs even at the 1 ppm
      level. From these results, we conclude that PCPHs were one of the allergens
      responsible for the cases.

PMID- 2282793
TI  - Irritant and sensitizing potential of copper, mercury and tin salts in
      experimental contact stomatitis of rat oral mucosa.
AB  - HgCl2, CuSO4, SnCl2, SnCl4 or sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) were openly applied to
      rat oral mucosa for 1 min, followed 6 h later by histologic examination of the
      tissue response. Granulocytes were the predominant inflammatory cells and no
      lymphocytic infiltration could be seen with any of the substances tested.
      Irritant threshold levels were defined histologically for each of the substances.
      CuSO4 was found to be non-irritant at all concentrations. The addition of non
      irritant concentrations of SLS lowered the threshold levels for HgCl2 and SnCl2,
      but CuSO4/SLS was non-irritant at all concentrations tested. Preapplication to
      the mucosa of SLS at non-irritant concentrations gave results with HgCl2, SnCl2
      and CuSO4 similar to those with SLS added to the metal salt solutions. Lesions of
      allergic contact type could not be induced in the oral mucosa to any of the metal
      salt preparations.

PMID- 2282794
TI  - Patch and prick test study of 593 healthy subjects.
AB  - 593 recruits selected by the Military Health Service as being healthy and without
      a history of present or previous dermatitis, or ocular refraction defects, were
      patch tested with the GIRDCA (Italian Research Group on Contact and Environmental
      Dermatitis) standard series. Of these, 336 were also patch tested with substances
      used in the processing and dyeing of textiles and prick tested with 8 major
      allergens. 74 (12.5%) reacted to 1 or more substances. The most frequent
      sensitizers were: thimerosal (28 cases), ammoniated mercury (7 cases), phenol
      formaldehyde resin (6 cases), parabens, nickel and Disperse Red 17 (4 cases
      each). 113 recruits reacted to 1 or more prick test allergens. We have
      demonstrated the importance of establishing such reference values in healthy
      groups for the correct evaluation of data collected from selected groups.

PMID- 2282795
TI  - Contact sensitivity to titanium in a hip prosthesis?

PMID- 2282796
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis due to p-nitrobenzyl bromide.

PMID- 2282797
TI  - Kathon CG and cosmetic products.

PMID- 2282798
TI  - Coronary artery bypass plus mitral valve replacement. A five-year study.
AB  - Fifty-two patients with a mean age of 67.6 years underwent coronary artery bypass
      plus mitral valve replacement from 2 April 1984, through 6 February 1989. All but
      four of these 25 males and 27 females were in the New York Heart Association
      Functional Classes III and IV, with presenting symptoms of angina and/or dyspnea.
      Twenty-four patients (44.2%) presented with acute myocardial infarctions, and
      eleven patients (21.2%) had a past history of rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart
      disease. Forty-five patients (86.5%) had a diagnosis of coronary artery disease
      plus mitral regurgitation. Treatment included a mean of 2.3 bypass grafts per
      patient plus mitral valve replacement with Carpentier-Edwards (41), St. Jude
      (10), and Bjork-Shiley (1) prostheses. The four operative deaths (7.7%) were
      attributed to congestive heart failure (1), mediastinal bleeding (1),
      mediastinitis (1), and stroke (1). There were eight late cardiac deaths (16.7%)
      and six late noncardiac deaths (12.5%), a mean of 16.6 and 18.9 months
      postoperatively, respectively. Thirty-four patients have survived from 10 to 65
      (mean 33.7) months postoperatively with a mean New York Heart Association
      Functional Class 1.6. Follow-up determination of patients' attitudes toward their
      surgery was ascertained in 28 of the 34 survivors, and 26 (92.8%) patients
      indicated that they were pleased with their surgery. These results compare
      favorably with data reported in the recent literature. In addition, the study
      shows that patients requiring supportive treatment in a critical care unit
      preoperatively had the same operative mortality but more postoperative
      complications and a longer mean hospital stay than the equal number of patients
      who were not in a critical care unit preoperatively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2282799
TI  - A comparison of ground paramedics and aeromedical treatment of severe blunt
      trauma patients.
AB  - This study compared a hospital-based aeromedical program to a ground paramedic
      service in order to determine whether the element of prehospital time or
      prehospital care is the major contributor towards improved survival. One hundred
      twenty-six severe blunt trauma patients were studied. There were 93(73.81%)
      transported by air and 33(26.19%) transported by ground. Utilizing the TRISS
      methodology, the air patients had a probability of survival of 2.23 SD better
      than the national norm, and the ground patients had a -2.69 SD below the national
      norm. The air patients had a higher percentage of intubated patients (42% vs 3%)
      and use of PASG(56% vs 30%). There was no significant difference in the
      prehospital times of either the air or ground services once they had arrived at
      the scene. Since the scene time of both services is similar, the improved
      survival of the air patients may be due to the technical intervention procedures
      performed.

PMID- 2282800
TI  - A report on the activities of the New Haven County Medical Association Committee
      on Physician Health.

PMID- 2282801
TI  - Consensus conference. Conference on intravenous immunoglobulin. National
      Institutes of Health.

PMID- 2282802
TI  - Societal effects and other factors affecting health care for the elderly. AMA
      Council on Scientific Affairs.

PMID- 2282803
TI  - The use of benzodiazepine for sleep in the elderly.
AB  - When benzodiazepines are used for sleep in the elderly, it is important to
      prescribe the lowest effective dose and those agents with short half-lives (ie,
      triazolam, temazepam, lorazepam, and oxazepam) to avoid an increase in the
      incidence of adverse drug reactions. Also, it is important to maximize hypnotic
      therapy by encouraging nonpharmacologic methods of sleep.

PMID- 2282805
TI  - Hereditary nephritis. International symposium. Vimercate, July 1, 1989.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2282804
TI  - Hydroxychloroquin and chronic sinusitis.

PMID- 2282806
TI  - Familial hematuric nephropathy: a review of thirty-four personal cases.

PMID- 2282807
TI  - Heterogeneity of hereditary nephritis.

PMID- 2282808
TI  - Familial IgA nephropathy and sensorineural deafness.

PMID- 2282809
TI  - Is Berger's disease a hereditary nephritis?

PMID- 2282810
TI  - Alport's syndrome: genetic evaluation of personal data concerning twelve
      families.

PMID- 2282811
TI  - Renal transplantation in Alport's syndrome. Personal experience in twelve
      patients.

PMID- 2282812
TI  - Hereditary progressive nephropathy with sensorineural deafness. Report on four
      kindreds.

PMID- 2282813
TI  - Epidemiology and course of hereditary nephritis: personal experience.

PMID- 2282814
TI  - Three new kindreds affected with Alport's syndrome.

PMID- 2282815
TI  - Significance of thin glomerular basement membranes in hematuric children.

PMID- 2282816
TI  - Hereditary nephritis: clinical evaluation of a pediatric series.

PMID- 2282817
TI  - Association between type II basement membrane nephropathy and mesangial IgM
      nephropathy.

PMID- 2282818
TI  - Extracellular matrix composition during kidney development.

PMID- 2282819
TI  - Genetic features of Alport's syndrome.

PMID- 2282820
TI  - The laminae rarae of the glomerular basement membrane. Their manifestation
      depends on the histochemical and histological techniques.

PMID- 2282821
TI  - Morphologic alterations and biochemical studies of the glomerular basement
      membrane in Alport syndrome.

PMID- 2282822
TI  - Ultrastructural lesions of tubular basement membranes and peritubular capillaries
      in hereditary nephritis.

PMID- 2282824
TI  - Kidney transplantation in Alport's syndrome and related diseases.

PMID- 2282823
TI  - Studies on glomerular basement membrane in progressive hereditary nephritis.

PMID- 2282825
TI  - Autoimmune markers in hereditary nephritis.

PMID- 2282826
TI  - Significance of brain stem auditory evoked responses in Alport's syndrome.

PMID- 2282827
TI  - Alport's syndrome. A clinical and genetic study.

PMID- 2282828
TI  - Benign familial hematuria: a clinical and histological study.

PMID- 2282829
TI  - [Discussion notes on "Septic operation room? Comments on remarks by Prof.
      Daschner." By M. Hansis and S. Weller].

PMID- 2282830
TI  - [Principles of reposition technique in dislocations and fractures].

PMID- 2282832
TI  - [Conservative treatment of femoral fractures].

PMID- 2282831
TI  - [Conservative treatment in fractures of the upper limb].

PMID- 2282833
TI  - [Conservative treatment of fractures of the tibia head].

PMID- 2282834
TI  - [Conservative treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the tibia in adults].

PMID- 2282835
TI  - [Conservative treatment of fractures of the tibial malleolus and ankle joint].

PMID- 2282836
TI  - [Conservative treatment of spinal and pelvic fractures].

PMID- 2282837
TI  - [Ischemia in acute traumatic knee joint instability].
AB  - Eleven of 202 patients operated for acute knee instability from 1976 to 1988
      showed an associated popliteal vascular injury. No patient with intact posterior
      cruciate ligament had a vascular lesion, and all patients with popliteal vascular
      injury had a ruptured posterior cruciate ligament. Our patients are analyzed with
      respect to clinical symptoms of the ischemia, management and results at
      assessment. Prompt recognition and early revascularisation with debridement of
      all grossly damaged arterial wall, a tension-free reconstruction and the liberal
      use of fasciotomy is the key to improved limb salvage.

PMID- 2282838
TI  - [Pathological mechanism of spontaneous hemostasis in traumatic artery rupture].
AB  - In ruptures of arteries the spontaneous haemostasis was supposed to be induced by
      'rolling' of the intima until now. Experiments with isolated arterial segments
      (human femoral artery) and in vivo with ovine femoral arteries could not show
      this mechanism as the reason for the spontaneous haemostasis. The structure of
      the adventitia and its typical behavior during rupture procedure explains better
      the 'sandglass formation' in arterial ruptures with fractures and dislocations.
      This is induced by a 'fingertrap'-mechanism of the adventitia. The adventitia is
      sealed by platelets, which show a direct interaction with the collagen fibers of
      the adventitia. The platelet thrombus is stabilized by fibrin.

PMID- 2282839
TI  - [Results of meniscus sutures in the framework of reconstruction in combined
      injuries of the knee joint: clinical aspects, arthrosonography, arthrography and
      computerized tomography].
AB  - In spite of encouraging experimental results of suturing menisci in the not
      vascularised area, even today in most of these cases subtotal resection will be
      done. The results of meniscal reconstruction in 15 patients with a longitudinal
      tear of the degeneration area as consequence of a combined injury of the knee
      joint are discussed. Only one patient suffered a postoperative rerupture. The
      others did not show any signs of continuing tears of the menisci during a study
      period of 18.7 months. Whereas in arthrography only in a few cases superficial
      notches, sign for a physiological recessus, were found, CT-scan as well as
      arthrosonography showed in large degree of correspondence change of density in
      the region of suture, which can be interpreted as a process of scar
      transformation. Thus it is recommendable to use suture of meniscus next to
      stabilizing measurements of injured knee-joint, even in the zone of degeneration.

PMID- 2282840
TI  - [Long-term follow up of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using
      autologous tendon graft augmented with alloplasty (Kennedy LAD)].
AB  - From October 1983 to January 1990 in 493 patients 499 injured anterior cruciate
      ligaments were reconstructed by a composite tendon graft. The autogenous graft,
      semitendinosus tendon or quadriceps-patella periost-patellar tendon, both
      anatomically attached distally, was augmented with the polypropylene braid
      (Kennedy LAD). In the period of January to November 1984 in 81 patients anterior
      cruciate ligament replacement was performed. A retrospective 2-years follow-up in
      72 patients and a second 5-years follow-up in 67 of those 72 patients was
      possible. There were 38 patients with an acute rupture and 34 patients with
      chronic instability. Clinical and instrumented laxity revealed a mean
      displacement difference of not more than 3 mm in 84% of the patients in
      comparison of the involved with the normal knee at the 2-years and 5-years follow
      up. 80% of strength analyses showed a physiological balance of quadriceps and
      hamstrings in the 5-years follow-up. In the 2-years follow-up only 41% of
      patients practiced former sports activities again, whereas in the 5-years follow
      up 80% of the patients were able to join former sports. 80 to 100 points of
      Lysholm score demonstrating good to very good results were reached in 91% of the
      patients. Especially cartilage damages in cases of chronic instabilities worsened
      the results mentioned by the patients.

PMID- 2282841
TI  - [Pathogenesis of Achilles tendon rupture].
AB  - The etiology underlying ruptures of the Achilles tendon is analyzed in 65
      patients in a retrospective clinical study. A typical mechanism leading to a
      rupture of the tendon consists in an extraordinary tension force applied on a
      tendon in a state of active preload. A spontaneous rupture was observed in merely
      3 cases. In 21 out of 65 patients risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia,
      hyperuricemia and arteriosclerosis were present. A systematic application of
      corticosteroids proved to be a decisive factor in the etiology of a tendon
      rupture. There was no correlation between the presence of associated risk factors
      and the degree of histological degeneration. During follow-up 3 re-ruptures and 6
      ruptures of the contralateral tendon were registered. Our results lead to the
      conclusion that the etiology of the rupture of the Achilles tendon is based on a
      multifactorial disposition which includes the mechanism of injury, preexistent
      risk-factors as well as degenerative changes in the tendon structure.

PMID- 2282842
TI  - [Stabilization of open tibial fracture by an external fixator. Advantages through
      supplemental screw osteosynthesis].
AB  - One hundred thirty-two open tibial shaft fractures were treated by unilateral
      external fixation. In order to evaluate the usefulness of supplemental lag screw
      fixation, we compared forty-four reexamined fractures in which only external
      fixation was utilized with fifty-five reexamined fractures, stabilized with
      supplemental lag screws and external fixation. We did not find significant
      differences in time to full-weight bearing (17.1 vs. 15.6 weeks), time to union
      (18.7 vs 18.0 weeks), incidence of delayed union [as defined by time to union
      over 32 weeks (10.9% vs. 11.4%)], incidence of osteomyelitis (5.4% vs. 4.5%), or
      incidence of malunion [axial malalignment greater than 5 degrees (12.7% vs.
      11.4%)]. Clinically significant differences were found demonstrating a twofold
      increase in refracture rate in the group with supplemental lag screws (10.9% vs.
      4.5%) and requiring twice as many bone grafting procedures to achieve union
      (65.5% vs. 29.5) than did the group treated by external fixation alone. Therefore
      we do not recommend the routine use of supplemental lag screw fixation.

PMID- 2282843
TI  - [Principles of secondary soft tissue reconstruction after open fractures of the
      tibia].
AB  - Course and prognosis of open lower leg fractures are significantly influenced by
      the concomitant soft tissue injury. Selection and timing of therapeutic
      procedures determine the final outcome. Fracture stabilisation takes priority.
      Early soft tissue coverage should be achieved by local cutaneous or
      fasciocutaneous flaps. Exposed bone can be covered by transposed local
      musculature. Especially in the distal third as well as in extensive soft tissue
      loss the microsurgical transplantation of free flaps is advantageous. Tissue
      expansion can provide skin for secondary replacement of instable scars.

PMID- 2282844
TI  - [The bone bank--a standardized procedure? Results of a federal survey of German
      surgical clinics].
AB  - An inquiry at German surgical departments about their bone bank techniques showed
      that 45% of clinical hospitals use allogeneic bone implants among other implants.
      In 1989, the year of the official survey, allogeneic bone was transplanted about
      6000 times in these clinical hospitals. Despite of this high transplantation
      frequency important differences turn out regarding selection and testing of
      recipients, transplantation storage and treatment. A lot of clinical hospitals do
      not perform important donor examinations inspite of proven transmission risks of
      bacterial and viral diseases by deep frozen bone. A trend analysis shows that
      despite of the risk of an HIV-transmission and the resulting difficulties in the
      logistic of the bone bank, the transplantation frequency allogeneic bone stays
      constant. The official surveys prove the large range of bone bank techniques and
      should give rise to make efforts to take note of the recommendations for bone
      banking techniques.

PMID- 2282845
TI  - [Treatment of giant hernias of the abdominal wall].

PMID- 2282846
TI  - [Ventral stabilization in florid staphylococcal spondylodiscitis].

PMID- 2282848
TI  - [Compression syndrome of the motor branch of the ulnar nerve. Case report and
      review of the literature].

PMID- 2282847
TI  - [Persistent sigmoid stenosis after traumatically induced ischemic colitis in seat
      belt injury].

PMID- 2282849
TI  - [Clinical analysis of 5905 female patients with sexually transmitted diseases in
      Guangzhou].
AB  - In accordance with National Venereal Prevention and Research Center's uniform
      requirement, 4 main STDs were intensively monitored in 48 hospitals of Guangzhou
      from Jan. 1986 to June 1989. They were, gonorrhoea, syphilis, nongonococcal
      urethritis (NGU), and condyloma acuminatum. The total number of cases was 14,513,
      in which female cases were 5,905, with a male: female ratio of 1.5:1. However,
      the incidence of women grew faster then that of men. The rate of mixed STDs
      infection was two times higher in women then in men. Gonorrhoea is the most
      common STD co-existing with NGU, condyloma acuminatum or even syphilis.
      Combination use of antibiotics recommended.

PMID- 2282850
TI  - [Intrauterine deaths: a clinical and pathologic analysis].
AB  - Twenty four cases of intrauterine death occurred in 3,834 deliveries from Jan.
      1985 to Dec. 1987 in our hospital. The causes of fetal deaths were analysed on
      the basis of maternal complications and pathologic findings. Maternal
      complications, such as pregnancy induced hypertension, abnormal glucose tolerance
      test, anemia, infection ............ were observed in 18 cases (75.0%). At
      delivery, 4 babies (16.6%) were found to have cord around neck and 1 with short
      umbilical cord. Marked abnormalities of placenta were demonstrated in 12 cases
      (50.0%) and fetal abnormalities in 4 cases (16.6%). Clinically, intrauterine
      deaths were often preceded by signs of growth retardation, reduced fetal
      movements and abnormal NST test. Gravidography, fetal movement counting, non
      stress test, and ultrasonic scanning may be helpful in predicting this
      catastrophe.

PMID- 2282851
TI  - [Computerized expert system for the diagnosis and treatment of intrauterine fetal
      distress].
AB  - A computerized expert system for the diagnosis and treatment of IFD on the basis
      of a mathematical model using Fuzzy Set Theory and employing the BASIC Language
      has been developed to provide a reliable modality for rapid and accurate
      diagnosis and treatment of IFD. The system has been successfully checked in IBM
      PC/XT and its compatible computers. Through its application in 300 cases
      prospectively, the accuracy rate was 92.7%.

PMID- 2282852
TI  - [Prediction of infection complicating premature rupture of the membranes by
      monitoring fetal breathing movement with ultrasound].
AB  - Modified Vintzileos monitoring skill and scoring criteria of fetal biophysical
      profile (FBP), were used in assaying 48 patients with premature rupture of the
      membranes (PROM). The last determination before delivery was compared with the
      outcome of pregnancy. The results showed: (1) The infection rate in patients with
      low biophysical score (less than or equal to 7) was significantly higher than
      that of high score (greater than 7); (2) The infection rate in patients
      presenting fetal breathing movements (FBM) of greater than or equal to 60 sec. It
      was significantly lower than that in patients with a FBM of less than 60 sec.
      Infection was almost absent when FBM was present; (3) Fetal distress and neonatal
      asphyxia could be well predicted by FBP scoring in labor. The above suggested
      that FBP Scoring FBM is useful in prediction infection and the outcome of babies
      in patients with PROM.

PMID- 2282853
TI  - [Intrapartum fetal monitoring by electrocardiography].
AB  - To study the diagnostic values of intrapartum fetal electrocardiography (FECG)
      and cardiotocography (CTG), 68 patients in labor were monitored at random. One
      min Apgar score was chosen as the gold standard. The specificity (87.1%) and
      accuracy (86.8%) of FECG were found better than those of CTG (54.5% and 57.4%
      respectively). Fetal hypoxia and acidosis was firstly manifested by shortened P-R
      interval, FHR deceleration and increase in the T wave amplitude. It suggested
      that FECG can be a reliable diagnostic method following CTG screening.

PMID- 2282854
TI  - [Uses of improved Gersuny-Lowsley's operation in radical surgery for vulvar
      cancer].
AB  - As a tumor of the body surface, theoretically there should be no problem to
      achieve an early diagnosis and early treatment in carcinoma of the vulva.
      However, factually it is not always the case. Missed diagnosis is not uncommon
      and extensive local invasion in late cases may lead to very poor prognosis in
      patients treated by regular radical vulvectomy. Urethral involvement by vulvar
      cancer constitutes a special challenge to the gynecologic oncologists. The
      authors have developed an improved Gersuny-Lowsley's operation in addition to
      radical vulvectomy to preserve the function of urination and defecation after
      complete resection of the involved urethra. This modified procedure has been
      carried out in 10 patients with satisfactory functional control in 8 cases. A
      follow-up study for 1-10 years reveals no evidence of recurrence in all 10 cases.

PMID- 2282855
TI  - [Hemorrheology and microcirculation in women with pregnancy-induced
      hypertension].
AB  - Hemorrheologic studies were done in 100 patients with pregnancy-induced
      hypertension (PIH) and 100 cases of normal pregnancies. The hematocrit values in
      normal pregnant women and patients with mild and severe PIH were 35.96 +/- 4.92,
      36.25 +/- 3.47 and 37.8 +/- 4.32 respectively. The blood viscosity was
      significantly increased in patients with PIH as compared with that of normal
      pregnant women. The study of bulbar conjunctive indicates the presence of
      profound disturbance of microcirculation in patients with PIH. It is suggested
      that the treatment of PIH should focus on vasospasm relieving, blood volume
      expansion, reduction of blood viscosity and improvement of microcirculation.

PMID- 2282856
TI  - [Changes in selenium in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension].
AB  - Selenium concentration of maternal blood, urine, placenta and cord blood were
      determined in 30 cases of normal late pregnancy and 40 cases of PIH. The results
      showed: selenium concentration of maternal blood, urine and placenta were
      obviously lower in PIH than that in normal pregnant women. The more severe was
      the PIH the lower was the selenium level. There was no significant difference in
      cord blood between 2 groups. The selenium concentration of neonatal infant blood
      was higher than that of maternal blood. A positive correlation of selenium
      concentrations was observed between maternal blood and placenta in patients with
      severe PIH.

PMID- 2282857
TI  - [Pathology of placenta from small for gestational age infants].
AB  - Pathologic study was carried out in 125 placentas, of which 25 were from cases of
      small for gestational age infants (SGA) and 100 from normal pregnancies.
      Ultrastructural study was done in 5 cases of each group. In the SGA group
      placenta circumvallata and velamentous insertion of cord were more frequently
      seen and the percentages of syncytial knots, cytotrophoblastic cells, and
      fibrinoid necrosis, stromal fibrosis and obliterative endarteritis of chorionic
      villi were also higher. Deficiency of vasculo-syncytial membranes and unduly
      thick trophoblastic basement membranes were common features of the SGA placentas.
      The most significant ultrastructural finding was the spasticity of capillaries of
      the villous stroma. It is believed that insufficient utero-placental blood flow
      may lead to the occurrence of SGA infants.

PMID- 2282858
TI  - [Continuous ultrasonic observation on the change of location of placenta in
      placenta previa].
AB  - Placenta previa was studied in 50 cases during 20-28 weeks of gestation by
      ultrasonic scanning. The change of location of placenta was monitored
      continuously for these cases. The rates of change of location to normal sites
      were 90% for low-lying placenta, 65% for marginal implantation, 13% for partial
      placenta previa and 11% for central placenta previa. It is suggested that partial
      or central placenta previa observed during mid-trimester should be categorized as
      a high risk state.

PMID- 2282859
TI  - [Puerperal thrombophlebitis].
AB  - Thirty-eight cases of puerperal thrombophlebitis were reported. The incidence was
      0.36% for the 1960s and 0.38% for the 1970s. During 1980s, it was reduced to
      0.11%. However, the severity of the disease remained unimproved. Pulmonary and
      cerebral embolism occurred each in one case. Cesarean section was found to be
      associated with a 3-19 times increase of risk of developing puerperal
      thrombophlebitis as compared with vaginal delivery. The pathophysiological
      changes, diagnostic methods, treatment and prevention are discussed.

PMID- 2282860
TI  - [Evaluation of circulating antisperm antibodies and seminal immunosuppressive
      material in repeatedly aborting couples].
AB  - Circulating antisperm antibodies (ASA) and immunosuppressive material in seminal
      plasma (SPIM) were determined by solid-phase enzyme staining method and
      anticomplement test respectively in 686 patients with abortion, including 285
      couples. 241 fertile couples served as control. It revealed that the positive
      rate of ASA in repeatedly aborting patients was significantly higher than that in
      fertile controls (P less than 0.001). ASA was also more frequently detected in
      repeatedly aborting patients than in those having 1-2 abortion. Male partners
      whose wives aborted 2-6 times had significantly less SPIM than the controls with
      sperm count and sperm motility also markedly decreased. Meanwhile, the incidence
      of pyosemia was remarkably higher than that in the controls. It is suggested that
      ASA and SPIM play an important role in the development of recurrent abortions.

PMID- 2282861
TI  - [Tumor markers in the monitoring of ovarian cancer].
AB  - This study was carried out to determine the serum level of Ca125, LSA (lipid
      associated sialic acid) and AGP (alpha acid glycoprotein) in 50 patients with
      ovarian tumors. Among 30 patients with ovarian cancer, 12 reacted to all three
      markers, 22 reacted to two markers and 27 reacted to one marker. The
      sensitivities of LSA and CA125 were 60% and 77%, respectively and the
      specificities were 85% and 90%. A sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 95%,
      when the two markers were used in combination.

PMID- 2282862
TI  - [In vitro drug-resistance decrease of ovarian cancer cells].
AB  - A chemosensitivity test for ovarian cancer using tritiated thymidine
      incorporation assay was carried out. A dose-response relationship was observed
      for cis-platinum and an 5-fold increase of concentration converted the drug
      resistant tumor into a drug-sensitive one. Verapamil was found to enhance the
      cytotoxic effect of vincristine against ovarian cancer cells. It is suggested
      that combination of vincristine with verapamil may be helpful in treating some
      vincristine-resistant cases.

PMID- 2282863
TI  - [Atypical choriocarcinoma. Analysis of 3 cases].
AB  - Atypical choriocarcinoma is a rare type of gestational trophoblastic disease and
      only 3 cases were diagnosed among a total of 696 patients with choriocarcinoma
      admitted to our hospital from 1949 through 1985. Atypical choriocarcinomas
      different from the regular choriocarcinoma in both histopathology and clinical
      manifestations. Morphologically, the tumor cells are predominantly
      cytotrophoblasts and clinically, the hCG titer is very low which is undetectable
      by routine biological or immunologic assays. Therefore, it is not infrequently
      misdiagnosed as sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma or clear cell carcinoma of the
      uterus. A comprehensive review of the past history and clinical manifestations is
      most essential to obtain a correct diagnosis.

PMID- 2282865
TI  - [Natural conceptive probability in normal married women].
AB  - A total of 1,974 married couples were investigated for natural conception rate
      and the time required to become pregnant after cessation of contraceptive
      measure. Among them, 33 couples were infertile due to various causes and 52
      couples employed contraceptive method continuously. Therefore, the time intervals
      of natural conception were available for analysis only in 1,889 couples. Fourteen
      hundred and sixty-seven women (77.6%) became pregnant within 3 months after
      exposure to the risk of conception, 1,683 (89.0%) within 6 months, 1,793 (94.8%)
      within one year and 1,855 (98.0%) within 2 years. The correlations among
      conceptive probability, history of using contraceptive methods, age of marriage,
      and menstrual status were discussed.

PMID- 2282864
TI  - [Natural killer activity in patients with myoma of the uterus].
AB  - The levels of serum estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and natural killer activity
      were determined in 19 women with uterine myomas and the results compared with
      those of 13 normal women. The P level in the myomatous group was not
      significantly different from the normal group (P greater than 0.05). However, the
      E2 level was significantly higher and that NK activity was significantly lower in
      patients with myoma of uterus, as compared with those of the normal women (P less
      than 0.01). The author suggested that decreased NK activity may be an important
      factor in the pathogenesis of myoma of uterus.

PMID- 2282866
TI  - [Material of uterine cavity through retrograde flow into cul-de-sac in suction
      abortion].
AB  - The configuration of uterine cavity and appearance of dark area of fluid were
      monitored by ultrasound before and after suction abortion in 72 cases during
      first trimester of pregnancy. Culdocentesis was performed in 10 cases and
      decidual cells were detected in 18.9%. The results further substantiate the
      theory of retrograde menstrual flow in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

PMID- 2282867
TI  - [Molecular markers of thrombosis and their clinical significance].

PMID- 2282868
TI  - [The coagulogram in patients with nephrotic syndrome].
AB  - The coagulogram done in half of the 100 cases of nephrotic patients admitted into
      our hospital from 1986 to 1988 was studied. It is shown that the patients of
      either the renal vein thrombosis (RVT) positive or negative group were in
      hypercoagulability state. 46 patients in this series had RVT proved by
      renography. The mechanism of RVT and the clinical significance of the changes of
      these hemostatic data are discussed.

PMID- 2282869
TI  - [Clinical research of hypercoagulation in patients with diabetes mellitus,
      glomerular diseases and pregnancy induced hypertension].
AB  - The hypercoagulable state in patients with diabetes mellitus, glomerular diseases
      and pregnancy induced hypertension was studied by using new methods. The research
      items included platelet function, coagulation, anti-coagulation system,
      fibrinolysis and TEG examination. The results showed that there was a
      hypercoagulable state in patients with diabetes mellitus, pregnancy induced
      hypertension and glomerular diseases, especially in those with uremia and
      nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2282870
TI  - [The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid enriched marine oil on the platelet function
      in hypercoagulable state].
AB  - The effect of EPA enriched marine oil on platelet function in 12 cases of
      hypertension, 15 cases of diabetes and 20 cases of coronary heart disease is
      reported. The result of our study showed that there was platelet hyperfunction of
      various degrees in patients with those three kinds of diseases. The murine oil
      had an effect of inhibition, which were manifested by the prolongation on
      bleeding time, and decreased on platelet adhesion and aggregation. TxB2 in plasma
      was reduced, while 6-keto-PGF increased. There was no influence of EPA enriched
      fish oil on blood sugar and liver or kidney function. The authors concluded that
      platelet hyperfunction is an important element in the development of cardio
      vascular and cerebro vascular complications and increases the mortality rates in
      these diseases. Treatment with such a drug has beneficial effect with clinical
      improvement.

PMID- 2282871
TI  - [Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging for syringomyelia].
AB  - Ten cases of syringomyelia confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were
      presented. The cavities in the spinal cord were of low signal on T1 weighted
      image (T1WI) and high signal on T2 weighted image (T2WI). The segments of the
      spinal cord with involved lesion resembled "bamboo joints" or were of "beaded"
      shape on sagittal section image and of "necklace" shape on cross section image.
      Size of the lesions in the spinal cord shown by MRI was larger than that judged
      by clinical symptoms. MRI can clearly show the position, size and shape of the
      cavities and other abnormal conditions. Results of this study show that MRI is
      the most useful diagnostic tool for syringomyelia. It should be emphasized that
      there was no dissociated impairment of pain and temperature and touch sensation
      in 40% of the patients and chronic spontaneous segmental pain was one of the
      important clinical characteristics of syringomyelia.

PMID- 2282872
TI  - [Long-term prognosis after recovery from acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - 754 cases of acute myocardial infarction survivors were followed up for 28 days
      to 14 years, the missing rate was 1.86%. The factors influencing long-term
      prognosis were analyzed. Single factor analysis revealed sex, occupation, age,
      amount of cigarette smoked, history of stroke, and COPD, complications of heart
      failure, and arrhythmia, stroke and COPD, heart rate higher than 110/min, lung
      rales, frequency of infarction, quit smoking after infarction exerted significant
      influence on over all and cardiac death rate. Multiple factors Cox model analysis
      revealed quit smoking, complications of stroke heart failure, arrhythmia and
      occupation were the independent predicting factors for over-all causes of death.
      Frequency of myocardial infarction, quit smoking, amount of cigarette smoked,
      occupation, stroke were the independent prognostic factors of cardiac death.

PMID- 2282873
TI  - [Fetal hepatocellular suspension transfusion in the treatment of chronic active
      hepatitis B].
AB  - Using the paired method and the same observation standard, 35 pairs of patients
      (70 patients) suffering from chronic active hepatitis B were treated with FHST or
      glucose in 5 hospitals. After three months of treatment a significant decrease in
      ALT, TTT and a significant increase in PTA were observed in FHST group as
      compared with the control group (p less than 0.05-0.01). There was no significant
      change in HBVM in both groups. No side effect was observed during the period of
      treatment.

PMID- 2282874
TI  - [Therapeutic plasmapheresis in systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - Nine patients with SLE were treated with plasmapheresis (PP); eight of them
      having active disease improved rapidly and significantly both in clinical and
      laboratory parameters. The longest remission period was up to 17 months. The
      common side effects were hypocalcemia and urticaria but they did not necessitate
      cessation of therapy. The following treatment course is suggested: PP two to
      three times a week for two weeks with an exchange amount of 1.5 liters of plasma
      each time. In order to prevent the patients from antibody rebound phenomenon,
      administration of steroids and immunosuppressive agents following PP treatment is
      necessary.

PMID- 2282875
TI  - [Monoclonal antibody against laminin a and b chains: preparation and its clinical
      application].
AB  - In present study, we developed a hybridoma cell line which secretes monoclonal
      antibody against Laminin (Mo-611). The MoAb produced was identified to be isotype
      of IgG1. It reacted with Laminin obtained from murine EHS sarcoma, the intensity
      of reaction declined in accompany with increment of dilution, and could be
      absorbed by Laminin in 1 u/ml. On western blotting, it bounded to Laminin A chain
      400 KD and Laminin B chain 200 KD. On IF study of renal tissue, positive staining
      with Mo-611 could be detected in fetal GBM and TBM, normal adult glomerular
      mesangial area and cytoplasm of tubular epithelium. In case of IgA nephropathy,
      the amount of deposits in mesangial area increased while in membranous
      nephropathy deposits along the capillary loop was also abundant in amount. In
      conclusion, the clinical application of McAb against Laminin might be helpful in
      the immunopathological diagnosis of glomerular diseases.

PMID- 2282876
TI  - [Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with
      pulmonary artery hypertension].
AB  - To investigate the relationship between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and
      pulmonary hemodynamic parameters in patients with chronic pulmonary artery
      hypertension, we measured plasma levels of renin activity, angiotensin II and
      aldosterone in 11 patients during right heart catheterization. All patients had
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. At rest, plasma concentration of
      angiotensin II positively correlated with mean pulmonary artery pressure (r =
      0.76, P less than 0.01) and pulmonary vascular resistance (r = 0.64, P less than
      0.05). During exercise, plasma level of angiotensin II increased from 70 +/- 21
      to 81 +/- 24 pg/ml (P less than 0.01) and plasma renin activity from 0.66 +/-
      0.54 to 1.28 +/- 1.2 ng/ml/h (P less than 0.05), whereas mean pulmonary artery
      pressure increased from 3.73 +/- 0.85 to 6.27 +/- 1.81 kPa (28 +/- 6.4 to 47 +/-
      13.6 mmHg). Increase of angiotensin II correlated with changes in mean pulmonary
      artery pressure (r = 0.69, P less than 0.05) but not with systemic artery
      pressure. The results of present study suggest that angiotensin II might play a
      role in the development of pulmonary artery hypertension in patients with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2282877
TI  - [The efficacy and blood concentration monitoring of carbamazepine on mania].
AB  - The correlation between efficacy and side effects of carbamazepine and its blood
      level in 18 patients with mania was reported. All patients had never taken
      carbamazepine before. The blood lever of carbamazepine was determined by HPLC
      once a week. Meanwhile, the efficacy and side effects were observed clinically by
      using scale (BRMS, CGI and TESS). The blood lever of carbamazepine was 8.47 +/-
      1.66 micrograms/ml in improved group (70.6 percent), and 4.90 +/- 1.65
      micrograms/ml in unimproved group (29.4 percent) when it achieved a steady-state
      in the fourth week period, their difference was significant (P less than 0.001).
      There was a positive correlation between efficacy and steady-state blood level of
      carbamazepine (r = 0.68).

PMID- 2282878
TI  - [Abdominal complications of patients in the psychiatric department].
AB  - This paper reported 114 cases of abdomen complication in inpatients of
      psychiatric department who be examined with ultrasonography. They amount to 4.19%
      of the total inpatients for the corresponding period (114/2723). Among them 36
      cases (31.6%) relate to the special factors of psychiatric department, 4 cases
      (3.51%) did not said anything about abdominal pain when they suffering from
      diseases which are serious enough to fell abdominal pain for the common man. The
      author stressed that we must devote much attention to the physical examination
      for patients of psychiatric department.

PMID- 2282879
TI  - [Curative effect observation and plasma level determination in treating
      schizophrenia with the higher dose metoclopramide].
AB  - It is reported in this article that a good curative effect was obtained when 25
      schizophrenia patients were treated with 572 +/- 174(mg/day) metoclopramide. The
      effective rate is 80%. The metoclopramide has a good effect to controlling
      excitation, hallucination, delusion and thinking disorder. By determination for
      the metoclopramide concentration in plasma, it is observed that the active
      concentration and toxic concentration is signification interrelated. The half
      life period of the higher dose metoclopramide in the patients is 9.11 +/- 1.72 h.

PMID- 2282880
TI  - [The development of depression inventory].
AB  - This paper describes the development of Depression Inventory (DI), its
      reliability, validity, and distributional value of DI score, using a sample of
      329 currently depressed patients from 24 hospitals. Comparing to Hamilton
      Depression Scale (HDS), the correlation efficient between Hamilton Depression
      Scale and DI, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is 0.608 and 0.536,
      respectively. The validity of DI is better than BDI. Item contents of DI are
      understood and rated easily for depressive patients. Four factors are derived
      from DI, those are alarm, agitation, somatic symptoms, and
      depression/retardation. Factor construction and items of DI are reasonable, and
      reflect the clinical features of depression, especially the alarm factor provides
      a parametric index for prevention and prediction of suicide.

PMID- 2282881
TI  - [The clinical features and criminal responsibility of pathological and
      complicated drunkeness].

PMID- 2282882
TI  - [Analysis of 137 cases with schizophrenia in forensic psychiatric appraisal].

PMID- 2282883
TI  - [Delayed epileptic seizures in adults].
AB  - A retrospective study of 464 patients with delayed epilepsy was carried out.
      There were 311 males and 153 females with their ages ranging between 20 and 87
      years. The seizures were Generalized in 298, and Partial in 139. Neurological
      examination showed abnormalities in 189, and normal finding in 275. The EEG
      studies and CT scans revealed abnormalities in 196 (80.6%) and 283 (61%)
      respectively. The CT scan findings were compatible with cerebrovascular diseases
      in 16.4%, with brain tumors in 12.9%, with craniocerebral trauma in 8.4%, and
      with diffuse brain atrophy in 7.4%. The CT scans would show a higher frequency of
      abnormalities if there were local neurological signs with the EEG findings
      suggesting, partial seizures and focal lesions of the brain. It was considered
      that a CT scan would be mandatory in the evaluation of patients with delayed
      epilepsy, even though the EEG and clinical examination were normal.

PMID- 2282884
TI  - [Clinical correlation of anti-receptor antibody titer, sensitivity to curare and
      electromyographic changes in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis].
AB  - Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) was studied in 39 rabbits which
      were repeatedly immunized with purified membrane-bound Torpedo (Nacine timilei)
      acetylcholine receptor (N-AchR). These rabbits invariably formed anti-AChR
      antibodies and some of them developed muscular weakness or flaccid paralysis.
      Pharmacological, physiological and ultrastructural studies showed that the
      pathological features of EAMG in rabbits closely resembled those of human
      myasthenia gravis. Antibody titer to AChR of the rabbit sera was determined with
      ELISA. In some of the rabbits, a rise in antibody Level occurred without
      appearance of weakness, while it is still likely that AChR antibody could be
      necessary for the induction of neuromuscular blockage. The sensitivity to curare
      was found to correlates closely with the severity of the disease. Typical
      electromyographic changes were found only in some of the EAMG rabbits with these
      studies. It was considered that anti-AChR concentration would not be the single
      pathological factor in EAMG.

PMID- 2282885
TI  - [Melatonin in seasonal affective disorder].

PMID- 2282886
TI  - [Transcranial magnetic stimulation motor evoked potentials].

PMID- 2282887
TI  - Urolithiasis.

PMID- 2282888
TI  - The epidemiological and clinical picture of urolithiasis at the Kenyatta National
      Hospital.
AB  - The findings of a 10-year retrospective study (January 1978 to December 1987)
      carried out at the General Surgical Units, Kenyatta National Hospital are
      presented. 82 patients with 89 episodes of stone disease were studied. An annual
      incidence of 8.9 was recorded. The sex ratio was 4.5:1 male:female. Pain,
      dysuria, frequency, retention, infection and haematuria are quite common. Most
      stones are in the bladder.

PMID- 2282889
TI  - Surgical management of urolithiasis at the Kenyatta National Hospital.
AB  - Over a ten-year-period, 82 patients with 89 episodes of urinary stones were seen
      and managed in the General Surgical Units of Kenyatta National Hospital. The
      management procedures were evaluated and the magnitude of complications
      (morbidity/mortality) assessed. Some recommendations are made for the prevention
      and management of stone disease in this and similar communities.

PMID- 2282890
TI  - Verbal autopsy: a tool for determining cause of death in a community.
AB  - Verbal autopsy was used to determine causes of death in 239 children under the
      age of 5 years. The diagnosis derived from verbal autopsy was corroborated with
      hospital diagnosis in 39 cases. There was concurrence of diagnosis in 72% of the
      cases. Using the diagnosis of bronchopneumonia to validate the method, verbal
      autopsy was found to have a sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 92%, a positive
      predictive value of 85%. Reliability index of agreement was 0.654. Recall period
      up to 29 months after death was found to be reliable.

PMID- 2282891
TI  - Antenatal care and educational problems of unmarried teenage mothers in Nairobi.
AB  - Part of a detailed analysis of 864 unmarried teenage mothers delivering in
      Pumwani Maternity Hospital and Kenyatta National Hospital is presented. Teenage
      pregnancy amounted for 42.3% of all deliveries of unmarried mothers. Most teenage
      patients were above 16 years of age, had a religious background of wide coverage,
      had low quality antenatal care and low education. 94.6% were found to be
      primigravidas. This dominance has also been found by other workers.

PMID- 2282892
TI  - Knowledge of and attitudes towards sexually transmitted diseases among secondary
      school students in Fako District Cameroon.
AB  - This study examines the level of knowledge, attitude and practice in matters
      concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among secondary school students
      in Fako-District, Cameroon. A substantial proportion of the respondents are
      sexually active and doing so with multiple sexual partners. Although 70% of
      respondents claimed they knew about STDs, not more than 16.1% of them could name
      any one common STD and give its signs or symptoms. Knowledge about prevention and
      complications of STDs was equally poor. The school teacher was the principal
      source of information followed by magazines/books. Among the respondents who had
      had an STD, only 8% had consulted in an STD clinic, 13.6 and 15.4% respectively
      to a Doctor and in Hospital, 43% received no treatment and another 19% had gone
      to chemist shops. The implication of these results together with the needs of the
      students are discussed.

PMID- 2282893
TI  - Incidence and pattern of oesophageal perforations in Kenyatta National Hospital.
AB  - A retrospective study of 42 patients with perforations of the oesophagus during
      the period 1981-1987 indicated that 57.1% of the perforations were iatrogenic.
      Diseases of the oesophagus and in contiguous structures and foreign bodies in the
      oesophagus caused perforations in 31% of the cases. Perforations in 35.7% of the
      patients were located in the middle third of the oesophagus. The lower and upper
      thirds were affected in 31% of the patients in each site. The presenting physical
      signs included tachycardia (78.6%), fever (76.2%) and dyspnoea (59.5%). The main
      accompanying symptoms were chest pain and coughs in 100% and in 50% of the
      patients respectively. Radiographic findings showed hydropneumothorax in 40.5% of
      the cases and consolidation in 38.1% of the patients. Oesophagoscopy was positive
      in 78% of cases tested while thoracocentesis was positive in all cases that were
      tested.

PMID- 2282894
TI  - Delayed intracranial haematomas.
AB  - Seven patients with delayed traumatic epidural and subdural haematomas who were
      treated at the Neurosurgical Centre, Nijmegen between 1975 and 1985 were
      reviewed. There were 3 males and 4 females with ages ranging from 16 to 70 years.
      Clinical signs which necessitated re-investigation in these patients included
      deteriorating level of consciousness in 3 patients, progressive hemiparesis in 1;
      extensor motor response and pupillary dilatation in 1; bradycardia in 1; and
      vomiting, severe headache and fits in 1 patient. Analysis of the initial CT-scan
      or angiography films demonstrated cerebral contusion in 4 patients and skull
      fractures in 5 cases. Of the 5 skull fractures there was a minor depression in 2
      cases.

PMID- 2282895
TI  - Serum vitamin E and the sickling status in children with sickle cell anaemia.
AB  - Serum vitamin E levels were determined on 62 children with sickle cell anaemia
      and 35 age-matched controls. Among the sicklers, the irreversibly sickled cell
      counts were done and correlated with serum vitamin E levels. There was a
      significant difference in serum vitamin E values (P less than 0.001), the sickle
      cell anaemia patients showing a deficiency with 27% of them deficient as against
      2.9% of controls. The vitamin E deficient sicklers were also found to have
      significantly higher irreversibly sickled counts (P less than 0.02), indicating
      that vitamin E is an important inhibitor of the irreversibly sickled cell
      formation.

PMID- 2282896
TI  - Properdin factor B allotypes in diabetic Nigerians. A preliminary report on
      chromosome 6 markers.
AB  - Properdin factor B(Bf) allotypes were determined in patients with insulin
      dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus (n = 15); in patients with non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus n = 15); and in healthy Nigerians (n = 252) from
      various tribal groups. In all three groups only commonly reported Bf allotypes
      namely BfF, F1, S and S1 were observed. More important, BfF1 allele was
      significantly increased in patients with insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes
      mellitus (expected 1/15, observed 5/15), X2 = P less than 0.005). It is suggested
      that this allele is probably the same as that reported in caucasoids and is part
      of a supratype or ancestral haplotype defined by HLA-B18, C4A3, C4A3, BQo, BfF1,
      DR3 marking type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2282897
TI  - Ramadan fasting and non-insulin-dependent diabetes: effect on metabolic control.
AB  - The effect of fasting during the holy month of Ramadan on the metabolic control
      of 39 patients with overweight and non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD) was
      studied. There were 29 females and 10 males with a mean age of 51.5 +/- 1.65
      years and body mass index of 31.5 +/- 0.98 kg/m2. All were treated with diet and
      oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA). There was no change in body weight, fasting
      plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1), C-peptide and insulin blood
      levels at the end of fasting. Total blood cholesterol concentration rose
      significantly (p 0.05) but not triglycerides at the end of Ramadan. There were no
      acute metabolic complications (e.g. hypoglycaemia) in the present study. We
      conclude that fasting during Ramadan is generally safe in NIDD. However, patients
      should be advised to make use of this opportunity to combine the spiritual
      benefit with improvement in the metabolic control of the diabetes mainly through
      weight reduction.

PMID- 2282898
TI  - Blind ending branch of duplicate ureter associated with urolithiasis of contra
      lateral kidney: case report and review of literature.
AB  - We report a case of a blind-ending branch of a duplicated ureter associated with
      obstruction and urolithiasis of the contra-lateral kidney. To our knowledge, this
      is the first report of such association. Review of the literature indicated that
      the former part of the association has been reported previously, although
      infrequently.

PMID- 2282899
TI  - Post-competition blood lactate concentrations as indicators of anaerobic energy
      expenditure during 400-m and 800-m races.
AB  - The relationships between anaerobic glycolysis and the average velocity (v)
      sustained during running were studied in 17 top level athletes (11 males and 6
      females). A blood sample was obtained within 10 min of the completion of major
      competitions over 400 m, 800 m and 1500 m and the blood lactate concentration
      [la]b was measured. In both male and female athletes [la]b was related to the
      relative performance, as expressed as a percentage of the athlete's best v of the
      season. Over 400 m, r = 0.85 (P less than 0.01) and r = 0.80 (P less than 0.05)
      in males and females, respectively. Over 800 m, the corresponding values were r =
      0.76 (P less than 0.01) and r = 0.91 (P less than 0.01). In male runners [la]b
      was correlated to v: r = 0.89 (P less than 0.01) and r = 0.71 (P less than 0.02)
      over 400 m and 800 m, respectively. No relationship to relative performance or v
      was obtained over 1500 m. Energy expenditure during competition running was
      estimated in male runners from the [la]b values. This estimate was based mainly
      on the assumption that a 1 mmol.1-1 increase in [la]b corresponded to the energy
      produced by the utilization of 3.30 ml.O kg-1. The energy cost of running was
      estimated, by dividing the estimated total energy expenditure by the race
      distance, at 0.211 ml.kg-1.min-1 over 800 m and 0.274 ml.kg-1.m-1 over 400
      m.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282900
TI  - Angle dependency in strength measurements of the ankle plantar flexors.
AB  - Muscle strength (or muscular moment) generated during dynamic contractions varies
      with joint angle. This raises the question about the choice of a representative
      angle in the evaluation of strength capacity. To assess this angle dependency in
      strength measurements, dynamic moment-angle curves for plantar flexor muscles
      were obtained in 43 healthy subjects (28 men and 15 women) with a controlled
      acceleration dynamometer at 0.52 rad s-1 (30 degrees s-1) and using maximal
      static preloading before the beginning of movement to attenuate the force
      development phase. Differences between gender and correlations between strength
      and anthropometric measures were calculated at each 0.087 rad (5 degrees). The
      plantar flexion moment was larger in men, in general, but this difference was
      largest when the ankle was most dorsiflexed. The correlations between moment and
      anthropometric measures were also higher in the first half of the plantar flexion
      movement. These results stress the importance of reporting joint angles at which
      moment of force measures were made. Furthermore, they show that the maximal
      strength capacity of the plantar flexors is best represented by the moment
      measured in dorsiflexion angles when the muscles are lengthened.

PMID- 2282901
TI  - Specificity of physiological adaptation to endurance training in distance runners
      and competitive walkers.
AB  - The present study was designed to evaluate the specificity of physiological
      adaptation to extra endurance training in five female competitive walkers and six
      female distance runners. The mean velocity (v) during training, corresponding to
      4 mM blood lactate [onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)] during treadmill
      incremental exercise (training v was 2.86 m.s-1, SD 0.21 in walkers and 4.02 m.s
      1, SD 0.11 in runners) was added to their normal training programme and was
      performed for 20 min, 6 days a week for 8 weeks, and was called extra training.
      An additional six female distance runners performed only their normal training
      programme every day for about 120 min at an exercise intensity equivalent to
      their lactate threshold (LT) (i.e. a running v of about 3.33 m.s-1). After the
      extra training, there were statistically significant increases in blood lactate
      variables (i.e. oxygen uptake (VO2) at LT, v at LT, VO2 at OBLA, v at OBLA; P
      less than 0.05), and running v for 3,000 m (P less than 0.01) in the running
      training group. In the walking training group, there were significant increases
      in blood lactate variables (i.e., v at LT, v at OBLA; P less than 0.05), and
      walking economy. In contrast, there were no significant changes in lactate
      variables, running v and economy in the group of runners which carried out only
      the normal training programme. It is suggested that the changes in blood lactate
      variables such as LT and OBLA played a role in improving v of both the distance
      runners and the competitive walkers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282902
TI  - Biological age versus physical fitness age in women.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether adult women who are in a state
      of high physical fitness are in a good state biologically, in terms of biological
      and physical fitness ages as estimated by statistical means. The subjects were 65
      healthy Japanese women (aged 20-64 years). Biological and physical fitness ages
      were estimated from the data for 18 physiological function tests and 5 physical
      fitness tests, respectively, by a principal component model. The correlation
      coefficient between biological and physical fitness ages was 0.70 (P less than
      0.01), which was generally regarded as a high correlation. Therefore, those who
      were in a state of high physical fitness were considered to be in good biological
      condition. This result is in good agreement with the results (r = 0.72) from
      adult men, on whom we reported previously. A statistical analysis to ascertain
      the relative importance of each contributory variable associated with the
      variance in biological age suggested that routine clinical evaluation of blood
      pressure and lipid metabolism might play an important role in determining not
      only the presence and severity of vascular disease but also the rate of
      biological aging in women.

PMID- 2282903
TI  - The effects of graded exercise on plasma proenkephalin peptide F and
      catecholamine responses at sea level.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of graded treadmill
      exercise on plasma preproenkephalin peptide F immunoreactivity and concomitant
      catecholamine responses at sea level (elevation, 50 m). Few data exist regarding
      the sea-level responses of plasma peptide F immunoreactivity to exercise. thirty
      five healthy men performed a graded exercise test on a motor-driven treadmill at
      the relative exercise intensities of 25, 50, 75, and 100% of maximum oxygen
      consumption (VO2max). Significant (P less than 0.05) increases above rest were
      observed for plasma peptide F immunoreactivity and norepinephrine at 75 and 100%
      of the VO2 max and at 5 min into recovery. Significant increases in plasma
      epinephrine were observed at 75 and 100% of VO2max. Whole blood lactate
      significantly increased above resting values at 50, 75, and 100% of the VO2max
      and at 5 min into recovery. These data demonstrate that exercise stress increases
      plasma peptide F immunoreactivity levels at sea level. While the exercise
      response patterns of peptide F immunoreactivity are similar to catecholamines and
      blood lactate responses, no bivariate relationships were observed. These data
      show that sea-level response patterns to graded exercise are similar to those
      previously observed at moderate altitude (elevation, 2200 m).

PMID- 2282904
TI  - Lactate concentration differences in plasma, whole blood, capillary finger blood
      and erythrocytes during submaximal graded exercise in humans.
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate the distribution of lactate in plasma,
      whole blood, erythrocytes, and capillary finger blood, before and during
      submaximal exercise. Ten healthy male subjects performed submaximal graded cycle
      ergometer exercise for 20-25 min. Venous blood samples and capillary finger blood
      samples were taken before exercise and every 5th min during exercise for lactate
      determination. The plasma lactate concentration was significantly higher (P less
      than 0.001, approximately 50%) than in the erythrocytes. This difference was not
      altered by the venous blood lactate concentration or exercise intensity. A
      significant difference (P less than 0.01) in lactate concentration was also found
      between capillary whole blood and venous whole blood. It was concluded that
      direct comparisons between lactate in capillary finger blood, venous whole blood
      and plasma could not be made.

PMID- 2282905
TI  - Effect of previous supramaximal work on lacticaemia during supra-anaerobic
      threshold exercise.
AB  - Twelve male and female subjects (eight trained, four untrained) exercised for 30
      min on a treadmill at an intensity of maximal O2 consumption (% VO2max) 90.0%, SD
      4.7 greater than the anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol.l-1 (Than = 83.6% VO2max, SD
      8.9). Time-dependent changes in blood lactate concentration [( lab]) during
      exercise occurred in two phases: the oxygen uptake (VO2) transient phase (from 0
      to 4 min) and the VO2 steady-state phase (4-30 min). During the transient phase,
      [lab] increased markedly (1.30 mmol.l-1.min-1, SD (0.13). During the steady-state
      phase, [lab] increased slightly (0.02 mmol.l-1.min-1, SD 0.06) and when
      individual values were considered, it was seen that there were no time-dependent
      increases in [lab] in half of the subjects. Following hyperlacticaemia (8.8
      mmol.l-1, SD 2.0) induced by a previous 2 min of supramaximal exercise (120%
      VO2max), [lab] decreased during the VO2 transient (-0.118 mmol.l-1.min-1, SD
      0.209) and steady-state (-0.088 mmol.l-1.min-1, SD 0.103) phases of 30 min
      exercise (91.4% VO2max, SD 4.8). In conclusion, it was not possible from the Than
      to determine the maximal [lab] steady state for each subject. In addition,
      lactate accumulated during previous supramaximal exercise was eliminated during
      the VO2 transient phase of exercise performed at an intensity above the Than.
      This effect is probably largely explained by the reduction in oxygen deficit
      during the transient phase. Under these conditions, the time-course of changes in
      [lab] during the VO2 steady state was also affected.

PMID- 2282906
TI  - Kinetics of cardiorespiratory response to dynamic and rhythmic-static exercise in
      men.
AB  - Kinetics of cardiorespiratory response to dynamic (DE) and then to rhythmic
      static exercise (RSE) was compared in nine male subjects exercising in an upright
      position on a cycle ergometer at an intensity of about 50% VO2max and a mean
      pedalling frequency of 60 rpm over 5 min. Respiratory frequency (fR), tidal
      volume (VT), minute ventilation (VE), heart rate (fc), stroke volume (SV), and
      cardiac output (Qt) were measured continuously. The RSE caused a greater increase
      in fR than DE, whereas VT increased more during DE. The effect of reciprocal
      changes in fR and VT was that VE and its kinetics, expressed as a time constant
      (tau), did not differ between experimental situations. The ventilatory equivalent
      for O2 (VE: VO2) was greater for RSE (31.3) than for DE (23.0, P less than 0.01).
      Elevation of fc was similar for both types of exercise. The SV increased suddenly
      at the beginning of DE from 54 ml to 74 ml and then decreased to the end of
      exercise. At the onset of RSE only a moderate increase in SV was observed, from
      56 ml to 62 ml, and then SV remained stable. The DE caused a greater and faster
      increase in Qt (4.20 l.min-1, for tau equal to 16.1 s) than RSE (3.25 l.min-1,
      for tau equal to 57.0 s, P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.002, respectively).
      Total peripheral resistance was almost 40% greater for RSE than for DE. No
      relationship was found between Qt and VE at the first 15 s of both types of
      exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282908
TI  - Blood lactate responses in older swimmers during active and passive recovery
      following maximal sprint swimming.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of age on three blood
      lactate parameters following maximal sprint swimming. The parameters examined
      were maximal blood lactate concentration, time to reach maximal blood lactate
      concentration, and half recovery time to baseline lactate concentration. These
      parameters were examined in 16 male competitive masters swimmers (n = 4 for each
      age group: 25-35, 36-45, 46-55, and 56 plus years) during both passive and active
      recovery following a maximal 100 m freestyle sprint. Passive recovery consisted
      of 60 min sitting in a comfortable chair and active recovery consisted of a 20
      min swim at a self-selected pace. Capillary blood samples were obtained every 2
      min up to 10 min of recovery then at regular intervals to the end of the recovery
      period. Curves of blood lactate concentration against time were drawn and the
      three parameters determined for each condition for each subject. There were no
      significant differences between age groups in any of the lactate parameters
      examined. A significant difference (P less than 0.05) was noted in each of the
      parameters between active and passive recovery over all age groups. As expected,
      active recovery produced lower maximal blood lactate concentrations, lower time
      to maximal blood lactate values, and lower half recovery times. These data
      suggest that intensive swimming training may prevent or delay the decline with
      age in the physiological factors affecting blood lactate values following a
      maximal sprint swim. Older sprint swimmers appeared to be capable of producing
      and removing lactic acid at the same rate as younger swimmers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282909
TI  - Cardiac stress in glass bangle workers.
AB  - The cardiac cost of work and recovery pulse rates were evaluated in 38 glass
      bangle workers (mean age 27.8 years, SD 3.4) exposed to radiant heat (46.2
      degrees C, SD 5.1) and high ambient temperature (38.2 degrees C, SD 3.4) for a
      mean period of 11.0 years, SD 3.5 in the glass bangle industry. A reference group
      of 15 controls (mean age 27.0 years, SD 3.5 unexposed to occupational heat stress
      served as a comparison. The results showed that the pulse rate increased from a
      mean basal value of 80.0 beats.min-1, SD 2.7 to 113.2 beats.min-1, SD 11.4 in the
      exposed workers while in the controls the increase was negligible. Thus the
      cardiac cost of work was found to be 33.2 beats.min-1, SD 11.1 in the exposed
      group which was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than 7.8 beats.min-1, SD
      4.2 observed in the control group. Among the exposed workers, 'belanias', who
      were engaged in the strenuous job of manually rotating the iron roller in the
      Belan furnace so that the molten glass could be wound in a spiral form, showed
      the maximum increase in the pulse rate (42.0 beats.min-1, SD 7.5) over the work
      shift followed by 'muthias' (31.1 beats.min-1, SD 4.0) who were engaged in
      removing the glass spirals from the Belan furnace. However, wireman ('tarkashs'),
      who were engaged in the highly skilled job of making very fine threads of molten
      glass with the help of an iron roller, showed the smallest increase (19.5
      beats.min-1, SD 3.4) in pulse rate over the work-shift.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2282907
TI  - Physiological strain due to load carrying.
AB  - In an experimental study of load carrying the effects of mass (0, 5.4, 10.4 kg)
      and the type of support (on the shoulder or on waist) on parameters of
      physiological strain were quantified to determine the factor(s) which limit
      carrying time. Four categories of strain were investigated: metabolic (in terms
      of oxygen uptake), cardiovascular (in terms of heart rate), muscular (in terms of
      EMG activity) and skin pressure under the shoulder straps. Four young male
      subjects were tested on a treadmill using different combinations of load and
      speed. While standing, oxygen uptake was not influenced by the type or mass of
      the backpack, and averaged 10% maximal oxygen uptake. The heart rate increased
      significantly by 9 beats per min while standing wearing a backpack, independent
      of type of support or mass of backpack. While walking both the heart rate and the
      oxygen uptake were significantly influenced by the mass carried, but both types
      of strain remained below the tolerance limits for prolonged wear. Standing
      supporting a load did not significantly increase the root mean square value of
      the EMG signal of the trapezius pars descendens muscle. While walking, load
      carrying significantly increased the root mean square value, and, converted to
      force, the largest increase amounted to 2.7% of the maximal force for a load of
      10.4 kg suspended from the shoulders. This was below levels of force producing
      fatigue, which was also indicated by an absence of changes in the median power
      frequency of the EMG signal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282910
TI  - Changes in plasma volume during hypohydration and rehydration in subjects from
      the tropics.
AB  - Plasma volume (PV) at different levels of hypohydration was determined using
      radio-iodinated serum albumin-125 in 28 heat acclimated male volunteers in hot
      dry condition in a climatic chamber. The heat acclimated subjects were
      hypohydrated to varying degrees i.e. 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% body mass deficit by
      moderate work in hot conditions in a climatic chamber maintained at 45 degrees C
      dry bulb temperature and 30% relative humidity. A rehydration study was carried
      out in only those subjects who were hypohydrated to 3% and 4% body mass and they
      were brought back to a 2% level of hypohydration by giving a calculated amount of
      water. A significant decrease in PV was observed at 3% and 4% hypohydration only.
      The magnitude of the decrease was the same in both the groups and not related to
      the level of hypohydration. With partial rehydration in the 3% hypohydrated group
      PV was restored fully, while in the 4% hypohydrated group restoration was
      incomplete, indicating that at this hypohydration level some of the replenished
      water that entered in plasma may have moved to the intracellular compartment
      which may have contributed more at 4% hypohydration. It is suggested that with
      higher levels of thermal hypohydration significant reduction in the intracellular
      compartment may result in accentuated physiological strain during work in the
      heat.

PMID- 2282911
TI  - Three-dimensional surfaces for human muscle kinetics.
AB  - Torque, angular velocity and angular position data were collected on six subjects
      performing maximum knee extensions at 11 speeds. Three-dimensional (3-D) surfaces
      were drawn for each subject and for the normalised, averaged data. For each
      subject, the moment arms of knee extensor and patella excursion were determined
      from radiographs and averaged across subjects. These data were then used to
      convert the angular data to linear force, velocity and information on muscle
      length. Surfaces were plotted for these data and evaluated. Results indicate a
      major difference between the knee positions for production of peak force or
      torque. Peak linear force was found to occur at an average of 75 degrees of
      flexion, while peak torque was found at 57 degrees. It was also suggested that 3
      D surfaces provide more information than the traditional methods of presenting
      dynamic strength results.

PMID- 2282912
TI  - A simple device for measuring a vertical jump: description and results.
AB  - A simple and cheap device has been designed which makes it possible to quantify a
      vertical jump. The parameters which can be measured or calculated with this
      device include: height of the jump, duration of thrust, maximal velocity and thus
      the corresponding maximal power output. The device was tested on 22 young soccer
      players for whom the height of the jump (0.47 m, SEM 0.015) and maximal power
      output (34.9 W. kg-1, SEM 1.04) were considered. The device is proposed for
      assessing training methods and sports aptitude.

PMID- 2282913
TI  - Reproducibility of the mean power frequency of the surface electromyogram.
AB  - There is evidence in the literature that the decrease of mean power frequency
      (MPF) during exercise is greater as a muscle become more fatigued. After
      strenuous exercise this phenomenon can last several days. It is usually assumed,
      however, that the MPF has a good reproducibility. In this study the
      reproducibility of the MPF of the surface electromyogram of the biceps brachii
      muscle was investigated for five subjects on 5 successive days. Force level,
      muscle length and skin temperature were kept constant. The results show that
      interindividual differences in MPF were large (SD 11.5 Hz). However, during these
      5 days, the range in MPF for individual subjects was small. The SD of the trials
      within subjects and days was 2.0 Hz, while the SD trials excluded). It is
      hypothesized that this SD may be due to variations in the electrode replacement.
      It is concluded that the variability in MPF for a subject is small compared to
      the decrease of the MPF associated with muscle fatigue and which can therefore be
      determined reliably during longitudinal studies.

PMID- 2282914
TI  - Blood lactate in trained cyclists during cycle ergometry at critical power.
AB  - The purposes of this investigation were to determine the validity of critical
      power (CP) as a measure of the work rate that can be maintained for a very long
      time without fatigue and to determine whether this corresponded with the maximal
      lactate steady-state (lass,max). Eight highly trained endurance cyclists (maximal
      oxygen uptake 74.1 ml.kg-1.min-1, SD 5.3) completed four cycle ergometer tests to
      exhaustion at pre-determined work rates (360, 425, 480 and 520 W). From these
      four co-ordinates of work and time to fatigue the regression of work limit on
      time limit was calculated for each individual (CP). The cyclists were then asked
      to exercise at their CP for 30 min. If CP could not be maintained, the resistance
      was reduced minimally to allow the subject to complete the test and maintain a
      blood lactate plateau. Capillary blood was sampled at 0,5,10,20 and 30 min into
      exercise for the analysis of lactate. Six of the eight cyclists were unable to
      maintain CP for 30 min without fatigue. In these subjects, the mean power
      attained was 6.4% below that estimated by CP. Mean blood lactates (n = 8) reached
      a steady-state (8.9 mmol.l-1 SD 1.6) during the last 20 min of exercise
      indicating that CP slightly overestimated lass,max, Individual blood lactates
      during the last 20 min of exercise were more closely related to the gamma
      intercept of the CP curve (r = 0.78, P less than 0.05) than either CP (0.34, NS)
      or mean power output (r = 0.42, NS).

PMID- 2282915
TI  - Metabolic consequences of reduced frequency breathing during submaximal exercise
      at moderate altitude.
AB  - The intention of this study was to determine the metabolic consequences of
      reduced frequency breathing (RFB) at total lung capacity (TLC) in competitive
      cyclists during submaximal exercise at moderate altitude (1520 m; barometric
      pressure, PB = 84.6 kPa; 635 mm Hg). Nine trained males performed an RFB exercise
      test (10 breaths.min-1) and a normal breathing exercise test at 75-85% of the
      ventilatory threshold intensity for 6 min on separate days. RFB exercise induced
      significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in ventilation (VE), carbon dioxide
      production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), ventilatory equivalent for
      O2 consumption (VE/VO2), arterial O2 saturation and increases in heart rate and
      venous lactate concentration, while maintaining a similar O2 consumption (VO2).
      During recovery from RFB exercise (spontaneous breathing) a significant (P less
      than 0.05) decreases in blood pH was detected along with increases in VE, VO2,
      VCO2, RER, and venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The results indicate
      that voluntary hypoventilation at TLC, during submaximal cycling exercise at
      moderate altitude, elicits systemic hypercapnia, arterial hypoxemia, tissue
      hypoxia and acidosis. These data suggest that RFB exercise at moderate altitude
      causes an increase in energy production from glycolytic pathways above that which
      occurs with normal breathing.

PMID- 2282916
TI  - Identification of sudomotor activity in cutaneous sympathetic nerves using sweat
      expulsion as the effector response.
AB  - In a warm environment at ambient temperatures between 25 degrees and 38 degrees C
      (relative humidity 50%-60%) the relationship between sympathetic activity in
      cutaneous nerves (SSA) and pulses of sweat expulsion was investigated in five
      young male subjects. The SSA was recorded from the peroneal nerve using a micro
      electrode. Sweat expulsion was identified on the sweat rate records obtained from
      skin areas on the dorsal side of the foot, for spontaneous sweating and drug
      induced sweating, using capacitance hygrometry. Sweat expulsion was always
      preceded by bursts of SSA with latencies of 2.4-3.0 s. This temporal relationship
      between bursts of SSA and sweat expulsion was noted not only in various degrees
      of thermal sweating but also in the sweating evoked by arousal stimuli, or by
      painful electric stimulation. The amplitude of the sudomotor burst was linearly
      related to the maximal rate of increase of the corresponding sweat expulsion, the
      amplitude of the expulsion and the integrated amount of sweat produced for the
      duration of the expulsion. The results provide direct evidence that sweat
      expulsion reflects directly centrally-derived sudomotor activity.

PMID- 2282917
TI  - The relationship of plasma ammonia and lactate concentrations to perceived
      exertion in trained and untrained women.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the covariance between perceived
      exertion (recorded using Borg's category-ratio scale CR-10) and the relative
      oxygen uptake, and lactate and ammonia concentrations in blood from a peripheral
      vein. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% maximal oxygen
      uptake and lactate and ammonia concentrations were compared in well-trained women
      distance runners (n = 22) and untrained women (n = 10). Ammonia concentrations in
      peripheral venous blood were significantly correlated with RPE (P less than
      0.05), both in the trained and untrained women. Differences between the trained
      and untrained subjects occurred when the ammonia concentration increased to 148
      mumol.l-1 in both groups investigated; similarly, the mean RPE correlated
      significantly with the lactate concentration (P less than 0.05), both in the
      trained and untrained women and there was a difference in RPE between groups when
      lactate concentration in the blood had risen to 4.4 mmol.l-1. It would seem that
      the correlation of blood ammonia and lactate concentrations with RPE during
      exercise could be a useful indicator of the development of fatigue.

PMID- 2282918
TI  - Voluntary strength, evoked twitch contractile properties and motor unit
      activation of knee extensors in obese and non-obese adolescent males.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether neural and/or muscular factors
      contributed to the inferior strength-related motor performances of obese
      adolescents. Subjects were 10 non-obese (14.6% fat) and 11 obese (32.3% fat)
      males matched for age (15-18 years), level of maturity (Tanner stages IV and V),
      lean body mass, and height. Peak torque (PT) was measured during maximal
      voluntary isometric (IS) and isokinetic (IK) knee extension (KE). Peak twitch
      torque (TT), time to peak torque (TPT), and half-relaxation time (HRT) of the
      knee extensors were elicited by percutaneous electrical stimulation. The
      interpolated twitch technique was used to determine the extent of motor unit
      activation (% MUA) during maximal voluntary IS KE. Knee extensor cross-sectional
      area (CSA) was determined by computed axial tomography taken at the mid-thigh.
      All strength and area measurements were made on the right side of the body. Obese
      subjects had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower maximal voluntary IS and IK
      KE strength normalized for body weight, and significantly lower % MUA during IS
      KE. There were no significant differences (P greater than 0.05) between groups
      for absolute or normalized (for the product of muscle CSA and height) ISPT, IKPT,
      and TT, knee extensor CSA, or TPT and HRT. These results suggest that reduced MUA
      and a lower strength per mass ratio (due to excess fat) are probably important
      contributing factors to the poorer motor performances of the obese, especially
      for complex motor tasks involving large muscle groups and the support or moving
      of body weight.

PMID- 2282919
TI  - The force-length relationship of a muscle-tendon complex: experimental results
      and model calculations.
AB  - Models are useful when studying how architectural and physiological properties of
      muscle-tendon complexes are related to function, because they allow for the
      simulation of the behaviour of such complexes during natural movements. In the
      construction of these models, evaluation of their accuracy is an important step.
      In the present study, a model was constructed to calculate the isometric force
      length relationship of the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle-tendon complex.
      The model is based on the assumption that a muscle-tendon complex is a collection
      of independent units, each consisting of a muscle fibre in series with a tendon
      fibre. By intention, values for model parameters were derived indirectly, using
      only the measured maximal isometric tetanic force, the distance between origin
      and insertion at which it occurred (optimum lOI) and an estimate of muscle fibre
      optimal length. The accuracy of the calculated force-length relationship was
      subsequently evaluated by comparing it to the relationship measured in isometric
      tetanic contractions of a real complex in the rat. When the length of distal
      muscle fibres, measured during isometric contraction at optimal lOI of the whole
      complex, was used as an estimate for muscle fibre optimal length of all muscle
      fibre-tendon fibre units in the model, the calculated relationship was too
      narrow. That is, both on the ascending limb and on the descending limb the
      calculated tetanic force was lower than the measured tetanic force.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282920
TI  - Felodipine in chronic stable angina: a randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled, crossover study.
AB  - To investigate the antianginal efficacy and tolerability of felodipine, a new
      dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, 20 patients with stable exertional angina,
      not completely controlled by beta-blocker monotherapy, entered a randomized,
      double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Patients on standard beta
      blocker therapy, who had at least 3 weekly anginal episodes and a reproducible
      exercise test (stopped for angina and ECG signs of ischaemia) at the end of 2
      weeks placebo treatment, were eligible for the study. They were randomized to one
      sequence of treatment: felodipine 5 mg twice daily for 2 weeks followed by
      placebo for a further 2 weeks, or vice versa. Beta-blocker treatment was
      unchanged throughout the study. A treadmill test was carried out at the end of
      each crossover period, 2-4 h after drug administration. The number of anginal
      attacks and nitroglycerin consumption was recorded on a diary card. At rest,
      felodipine significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced standing systolic but not
      diastolic blood pressure. Heart rate was not modified by the active treatment. At
      ischaemic threshold and at peak exercise, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and
      rate-pressure product remained unchanged. Exercise duration was increased by
      felodipine (P less than 0.01) and maximal ST change was reduced (P less than
      0.01). Time to 1 mm ST depression was prolonged non-significantly by felodipine
      (basal 5.7 +/- 1.5, felodipine 7.4 +/- 2.0, placebo 6.6 +/- 1.5 min). The number
      of patients who stopped exercise due to angina and ST change was 20/20 at
      baseline, 16/20 with placebo and 10/20 with felodipine. Felodipine significantly
      reduced weekly anginal episodes (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2282921
TI  - Acute haemodynamic effects of intravenous infusion of adenosine in conscious man.
AB  - The acute haemodynamic effects of intravenous infusion of adenosine, a dilator of
      most vascular beds, were studied in 16 patients (seven with coronary artery
      disease, nine with normal coronary arteries) undergoing cardiac catheterization
      for investigation of chest pain. At the lowest dose used (4.3 mg min-1) adenosine
      increased minute ventilation by 44% (P less than 0.01, n = 11) and reduced
      pulmonary vascular resistance by 20% (P less than 0.05) without causing other
      significant haemodynamic changes. Symptoms, including chest discomfort in 14
      patients and dyspnoea in 11, limited the maximum dose to 8.5 +/- 2.3 mg min-1
      (mean +/- SD, 108 +/- 24 micrograms kg-1 min-1). At this dose, adenosine reduced
      pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance (by 38% and 34%, respectively) and
      increased heart rate (by 34%), stroke index (by 12%) and cardiac index (by 52%).
      Systemic blood pressure and right atrial pressure did not change. Unexpectedly,
      adenosine increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (from 5 +/- 6
      to 14 +/- 10 mmHg, n = 8), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (from 3 +/- 2 to 10
      +/- 5 mmHg, n = 16) and consequently mean pulmonary artery pressure (from 10 +/-
      2 to 16 +/- 5 mmHg). Minute ventilation increased by 84% (n = 11), resulting in
      hypocapnia (PCO2: 31 +/- 3 mmHg, n = 8) and alkalosis (pH: 7.46 +/- 0.02, n = 8).
      Oxygen consumption was unchanged during the infusion, but increased by 21% 5 min
      post infusion. All effects were similar in patients with and without coronary
      artery disease. Adenosine therefore causes pulmonary and systemic vasodilation
      and respiratory stimulation. Symptoms and an increase in LVEDP of uncertain
      cause, which occur with high doses, may limit the use of adenosine as a systemic
      vasodilator in conscious subjects. However at lower doses adenosine causes
      selective pulmonary vasodilation which merits further study.

PMID- 2282922
TI  - Plasma viscosity, fibrinogen and haematocrit in the course of unstable angina.
AB  - Plasma viscosity, fibrinogen and haematocrit were measured in 80 patients with
      unstable angina on the 1st, 2nd and 5th day of hospitalization. In the group of
      patients who developed acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during hospitalization
      (20 patients), plasma viscosity was elevated during the entire observation period
      (1.69 +/- 0.05 cp, normal range 1.38-1.48 cp), while in patients who did not
      develop AMI, plasma viscosity was only mildly elevated (1.59 +/- 0.05 cp, P less
      than 0.001 vs the group who developed AMI) and tended to normalize towards the
      5th day of hospitalization. Fibrinogen and haematocrit showed similar variations
      between the two groups. In a group of 20 patients who received heparin, the
      studied parameters were similar to the group who did not develop AMI. The
      importance of haemorheological factors in the clinical course of unstable angina
      is thus emphasized.

PMID- 2282923
TI  - Discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS) in childhood: a congenital or acquired disease?
      Follow-up in 65 patients.
AB  - Discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS) is a frequent malformation easily diagnosed by
      echocardiography; surgical resection of the membrane is the most suitable
      treatment. However, some evolutive aspects of the lesion remain unexplained (the
      presence of aortic dysfunction, associated malformations, etc.). With a view to
      analyse these aspects, we have studied 65 patients with DSS and divided them into
      two groups: Group I, 37 patients without surgery, and Group II, 28 patients
      treated by resection of the membrane. During follow-up we observed: (a)
      development of aortic regurgitation in operated and non-operated cases; (b)
      frequent association of DSS with closed or closing ventricular septal defect; (c)
      the absence of DSS in neonates and (d) the progressive growth of the membrane.
      These aspects give this malformation an evolutive character that requires
      observation and management even after resection of the DSS.

PMID- 2282924
TI  - Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and infective endocarditis: a report of
      seven cases and a review of the literature.
AB  - Seven cases of infective endocarditis (IE) in patients with hypertrophic
      obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) are presented in this report. The previous
      literature is critically reviewed, and the following points are discussed: (a) IE
      complicates HOCM in 5-9% of cases; (b) anatomical and haemodynamic alterations of
      HOCM cause microtraumas on heart valves and the endocardium; the resulting
      endocardial lesions represent sites for bacterial seeding as well as other
      congenital or acquired heart disease; (c) prognosis is worse in patients with IE
      associated with HOCM than in patients with IE alone or associated with congenital
      heart disease; (d) the most frequently isolated organisms are saprophytes; (e)
      most patients were exposed to bacteraemias before the onset of IE.

PMID- 2282925
TI  - Microvascular angina may be a legacy of coronary thrombolysis.

PMID- 2282926
TI  - Short- and long-term outcome after PTCA in patients with stable and unstable
      angina.
AB  - Acute results and follow-up data over a period of 36 months after attempted PTCA
      in 406 patients with stable angina and 202 patients with unstable angina are
      reported. The rate of acute complications (death, myocardial infarction and
      bypass grafting (CABG) amounted to 1.5% in stable and 6.4% in unstable patients
      (P less than 0.005). Within the first week after PTCA a significantly lower
      percentage (1.7% vs 10.4%) of cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, CABG
      and repeat PTCA) was observed in the stable group (P less than 0.001). During a
      12-month follow-up period, another 16.3% of the patients in the stable group and
      30.7% of unstable patients suffered a new cardiac event (P less than 0.001). The
      long-term follow-up of 36 months revealed no significant difference in the event
      rate between stable and unstable patients (5.4% in both groups). The cumulative
      rate of myocardial infarction within 3 years after PTCA was significantly lower
      (3.7% vs 9.4%) in the stable group (P less than 0.005). The cumulative mortality
      amounted to 3.0% in stable and 6.4% in unstable patients (P less than 0.05) and
      the incidence of repeated PTCA was 8.1% and 19.3% respectively (P less than
      0.001). The crossover rate to CABG was 10.1% in stable and 17.8% in unstable
      patients (P less than 0.01). The total rate of any cardiac event thus amounted to
      24.9% in stable and 53.0% in unstable patients (P less than 0.001) within a 3
      year follow-up period. At the end of follow-up, 74% of the stable patients were
      asymptomatic, compared with 60% of unstable patients (P less than 0.01). 45% of
      the stable group patients and 28% of the unstable patients were not on
      antianginal treatment (P less than 0.01). We conclude that PTCA in unstable
      angina carries a markedly enhanced risk of acute complications and cardiac events
      in the early phase after PTCA. In the long run, patients with stable angina have
      a better quality of life with regard to medical treatment and angina symptoms.

PMID- 2282927
TI  - Exercise testing for assessment of the significance of ST segment depression
      observed during episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Sixteen patients who had manifested ST segment depression during episodes of
      paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) were studied with exercise testing
      in order to detect coronary artery disease and myocardial ischaemia. No ST
      segment depression was observed during exercise testing in 15 out of the 16
      patients tested. Paroxysms of supraventricular tachycardia associated with ST
      segment depression occurred during exercise testing in three cases. The ST
      segment depression was immediately apparent, remained constant throughout the
      supraventricular tachycardia and was almost instantly abolished following
      conversion to sinus rhythm. Patients with heart rates greater than 250 beats min
      1 during PSVT had marked ST segment depression associated with the tachycardia.
      These results suggest that coronary artery disease and myocardial ischaemia are
      not involved in the genesis of ST segment depression during PSVT. Tachycardia per
      se may be the cause of ST segment depression by altering the slope of phase 2 of
      the ventricular action potential. Retrograde atrial activation may also induce ST
      segment shifts in some of the cases.

PMID- 2282928
TI  - Diagnostic accuracy of radionuclide techniques in patients with equivocal
      electrocardiographic exercise testing.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the yield of radionuclide studies
      for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (coronary artery narrowing greater
      than 50%) in a prospective series of 73 patients with thoracic pain and equivocal
      electrocardiographic stress testing. In the study population, the prevalence of
      coronary artery disease was 51%. The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic
      accuracy and the post-test probability difference curves according to the Bayes'
      theorem were calculated for 201-thallium exercise testing and radionuclide
      exercise equilibrium ventriculography. For the latter study the following
      criteria were considered: (1) increase in left ventricular ejection fraction less
      than 5%; (2) the criterion proposed by Rozanski; (3) decrease in regional
      ejection fraction; and (4) abnormalities in phase and amplitude analysis
      (Fourier). 201-thallium exercise testing was the most sensitive (97%) and
      accurate (86%) study. Radionuclide ventriculography sensitivity was always lower
      for any criterion, although its best result was for evaluation of regional
      ejection fraction (85%). The most specific study was Fourier analysis (97%),
      although its sensitivity was low (42%). The application of Bayes' theorem to
      these results shows that the highest post-test probability difference values were
      achieved with 201-thallium exercise testing for prevalences higher than 40% and
      with Fourier analysis for lower prevalences.

PMID- 2282929
TI  - Distensibility of the ascending aorta: comparison of invasive and non-invasive
      techniques in healthy men and in men with coronary artery disease.
AB  - Distensibility of the ascending aorta, measured non-invasively, was compared with
      values obtained by invasive techniques in 46 males (30 patients with coronary
      artery disease and 16 age-matched normal subjects). Aortic diameters were
      measured at a level 3 cm above the aortic valve using both echocardiographic and
      angiographic techniques. Aortic distensibility was calculated from the aortic
      diameters and aortic pressure or brachial artery pressure using the formula: 2 x
      (change in aortic diameter)/(diastolic aortic diameter) x (change in aortic
      pressure). Distensibility of the ascending aorta determined non-invasively was
      closely related to that obtained by direct measurements (r = 0.949, P less than
      0.001). Patients with coronary artery disease had similar pressures, but markedly
      lower distensibility than normal subjects, as shown by both invasive and non
      invasive techniques. The results indicate that aortic distensibility in patients
      with coronary artery disease can be obtained non-invasively with a high degree of
      accuracy.

PMID- 2282930
TI  - Variable response to atrial pacing after intravenous propranolol in patients with
      stable exertional angina.
AB  - The effect of propranolol administration on regional coronary haemodynamics were
      investigated in 14 patients with stable exertional angina and isolated left
      anterior descending artery disease. Thermodilution was used to measure great
      cardiac vein flow (GCVF) and anterior regional coronary resistance (ARCR) under
      control conditions, at peak atrial pacing, after i.v. propranolol administration
      (0.1 mg kg-1) and at the peak of repeated atrial pacing. Propranolol did not
      change peak pacing heart rate, systolic blood pressure or double product. Peak
      pacing GCVF decreased slightly but non-significantly after drug administration
      from 84 +/- 20 to 79 +/- 24 ml min-1, while ARCR increased, but again non
      significantly, from 1.36 +/- 0.44 to 1.45 +/- 0.45. Analysis of individual
      patient responses revealed that propranolol prolonged peak pacing time and hence
      peak pacing heart rate (from 126 +/- 24 to 140 +/- 23 beats min-1, P less than
      0.05) in five patients. In such patients, peak pacing systolic blood pressure was
      lower than the pre-propranolol atrial pacing (145 +/- 35 vs 165 +/- 33, P less
      than 0.001) so that double product remained unchanged. Moreover, peak pacing ARCR
      did not change after propranolol (pre-propranolol 1.47 +/- 0.46, after
      propranolol 1.40 +/- 0.56 mmHg.ml-1.min, P = ns) while it increased significantly
      in the nine patients who did not improve after the drug (before propranolol 1.30
      +/- 0.44, after propranolol 1.48 +/- 0.41 mmHg.ml-1.min, P less than 0.02). These
      data suggest that the response to atrial pacing after i.v. propranolol
      administration is variable as some patients tolerate higher heart rates while
      others do not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2282931
TI  - Chronic cocaine and rat brain catecholamines: long-term reduction in hypothalamic
      and frontal cortex dopamine metabolism.
AB  - The short- (1 h after last treatment) and long- (1, 6, and 12 weeks after
      treatment) term effects of repeated cocaine administration on catecholamine
      metabolism were evaluated in the rat brain. The concentrations of norepinephrine
      (NE), dopamine (DA) and their metabolites were measured in the hypothalamus,
      frontal cortex, septum, striatum and nucleus accumbens. Except for a short-term
      increase in hypothalamic NE content, NE and its major metabolite 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), did not change after chronic cocaine treatment in any
      of the brain regions analysed. The immediate (short-term) effects of chronic
      cocaine administration on DA metabolism included significant reductions in DOPAC
      in the frontal cortex, septum, nucleus accumbens, striatum and hypothalamus. In
      addition, DA was reduced in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. In none of
      these brain regions was the concentration of HVA significantly changed. The short
      term reductions in DA metabolism observed in the striatum and nucleus accumbens
      disappeared within one week of termination of cocaine treatment. Following
      cocaine treatment there were, however, reductions in frontal cortex DOPAC, 1 and
      6 weeks following withdrawal, and in HVA 12 weeks after withdrawal. The combined
      molar concentrations of DOPAC and HVA at the three withdrawal periods (1, 6 and
      12 weeks) were reduced, suggesting attenuated frontal cortex DA turnover. In the
      hypothalamus, DA metabolites were reduced after 6 weeks withdrawal. Twelve weeks
      after cocaine withdrawal hypothalamic HVA, as well as DOPAC plus HVA, were
      significantly increased suggesting compensation had taken place. The clinical
      effects following cocaine withdrawal in humans may be related to long-term
      changes in DA metabolism similar to those found in rat brain.

PMID- 2282932
TI  - Withdrawal from chronic treatment with (+/-)-DOI causes super-sensitivity to 5
      HT2 receptor-induced head-twitch behaviour in mice.
AB  - Mice were injected once daily for 13 days with (+/-)-DOI ((+-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4
      iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane) and the induced head-twitch response (HTR) was
      scored. On days 2-5 HTR was reduced to less than 50% of day 1, and then returned
      to control levels by day 13. Challenge doses of (+/-)-DOI administered on days
      15, 17 or 19 elicited significantly exaggerated responses. Thus, chronic
      treatment with (+/-)-DOI may cause an initial down-regulation followed by an up
      regulation of 5-HT2 receptor function after cessation of such treatment.

PMID- 2282933
TI  - Effects of cromakalim, a potassium channel opener, on regional blood flow in
      conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - We studied the effects of cromakalim, a potassium channel opener, on regional
      blood flow in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats using microspheres.
      Cromakalim produced significant hypotension and increased blood flow in the
      stomach, skeletal muscle and skin. Calculated vascular resistances decreased in
      many organ vascular beds. Although nifedipine also showed a similar hemodynamic
      profile, differences were observed in the brain, gastrointestinal tract and skin.

PMID- 2282934
TI  - K+ channel openers suppress myotonic activity of human skeletal muscle in vitro.
AB  - Isolated fibre bundles from myotonic human skeletal muscle showed after
      contractions and spontaneous mechanical activity. The K+ channel openers
      cromakalim (10-100 mumols/l) and EMD 52962 (1-10 mumols/l) completely suppressed
      these abnormalities in mechanical activity. Voltage-clamp experiments revealed
      that cromakalim (100 mumols/l) increased the membrane K+ conductance of isolated,
      non-myotonic human skeletal muscle fibres 4-fold; Cl- conductance was not
      altered. The data show that myotonia is suppressed by an increase in in membrane
      K+ conductance.

PMID- 2282935
TI  - The effect of ketanserin on cardiovascular reflexes in conscious normotensive and
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effect of ketanserin (3 mg/kg i.v.) on the baroreceptor heart rate reflex and
      the Bezold-Jarisch reflex was examined in conscious Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In the control situation (before
      ketanserin treatment), reflex bradycardia in response to phenylephrine
      (baroreflex) and phenyldiguanide (Bezold-Jarisch reflex) were impaired in SHR as
      compared with WKY, while reflex tachycardia in response to nitroprusside was
      similar in the two groups. However, after ketanserin administration in SHR, there
      was a reversal of the baroreflex-mediated tachycardia in response to
      nitroprusside into a bradycardic response. The nitroprusside-induced bradycardia
      was not caused by the release of 5-HT stimulating chemosensitive vagal afferents
      since the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist MDL 72222 did not block this response. In the
      same SHR, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex evoked by phenyldiguanide and the
      phenylephrine-induced bradycardia were potentiated by ketanserin. All the above
      effects of ketanserin were less evident in the WKY. Ketanserin did not alter
      vagal efferent function in anaesthetized SHR since it did not affect bradycardia
      induced by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. Therefore, it is suggested
      that ketanserin has sensitised cardiac vagal afferent mechanisms in SHR, which
      led to a normalization of reflex bradycardic function to a level normally
      observed in conscious normotensive WKY (i.e. prior to ketanserin treatment).

PMID- 2282936
TI  - Similar effect of raclopride and reduced sucrose concentration on the
      microstructure of sucrose sham feeding.
AB  - Raclopride, a dopamine D2 antagonist, decreases the intake of sucrose solutions
      during sham feeding tests and of water during sham drinking tests in rats. To
      determine whether the reduced intake of sucrose by raclopride was due to a
      decrease in the positive reinforcing effect of sucrose or to an impairment in
      licking movements, we compared the rate, efficiency and pattern of licking after
      two procedures each of which decreased sucrose sham intake about 50%; these were
      (a) pretreatment with raclopride (ID50), and (b) dilution of the sucrose
      concentration sham fed from 10 to 5%. Microstructural analysis failed to reveal
      significant differences in the rate, efficiency (licks/ml) or patterns of licking
      between these two procedures. When raclopride inhibited the sham drinking of
      water, the rate and efficiency of licking were normal, but the patterns of
      licking were qualitatively different from those observed when raclopride
      inhibited the sham feeding of sucrose. We conclude that raclopride decreases
      intake of 10% sucrose during sham feeding and intake of water during sham
      drinking by decreasing the positive reinforcing potency of the orosensory
      effect(s) of the two liquids on licking rather than by decreasing the ability to
      lick. These results provide strong evidence that interaction of dopamine at D2
      receptors is necessary for the normal sensory and/or hedonic processing of the
      orosensory stimuli produced by sucrose during sham feeding and by water during
      sham drinking.

PMID- 2282938
TI  - Neodymium: YAG transscleral cyclocoagulation: a clinical study.
AB  - Thirty-seven eyes of 35 patients with uncontrolled glaucoma on maximum medication
      and after previous failed glaucoma surgery, were treated by transscleral
      cyclocoagulation using the free running mode of the Lasag Microrupter II
      Neodymium: YAG (Nd:YAG) laser. The indications, technique and results are
      discussed in this group of complicated glaucomatous eyes and suggests that Nd:YAG
      laser cyclocoagulation is a safe and effective method of lowering the intraocular
      pressure (IOP) and improving glaucoma control. The mean pre-treatment IOP was 41
      mmHg, and the mean post-operative IOP was 22.5 mmHg. The post-operative IOP was
      25 mmHg or less in 27 of 37 eyes (73%) after an average follow-up of eight
      months.

PMID- 2282939
TI  - Fluorescein angiographic features, natural course and treatment of radiation
      retinopathy.
AB  - Fifteen patients who developed retinopathy following radiotherapy for cephalic
      tumours were studied by fluorescein angiography. Nine patients with unilateral or
      bilateral retinopathy had serial angiograms at six monthly or yearly intervals.
      Angiography revealed a wide range of retinal microvascular changes which were
      graded 1-4 according to the extent and degree of capillary malformation,
      incompetence and closure. All patients showed slow progression of retinopathy
      with remodelling of the affected microvasculature and increased capillary fallout
      and leakage to dye. The earliest retinopathic changes were capillary dilatation
      and closure and microaneurysm formation. Telangiectatic-like vessels were a
      feature of the established retinopathy and probably represented collateral
      channels which bordered sites of capillary occlusion. Two patients with
      progressive macular oedema and declining vision responded favourably to focal
      laser photocoagulation which returned a measure of competence to some residual
      dilated capillaries.

PMID- 2282937
TI  - Modulating role of dopamine on anesthetic requirements.
AB  - The influence of dopamine on halothane anesthetic requirements was determined in
      mice. Halothane anesthetic requirement was defined as the minimum anesthetic
      concentration (MAC) that prevented 50% animals from moving in response to a
      supramaximal stimulus. Levodopa (L-DOPA) dose-dependently decreased halothane MAC
      to a maximum of 49% of control; over the same dose range L-DOPA increased
      striatal dopamine nearly 4-fold. The MAC-reducing effect of L-DOPA was attenuated
      by selective antagonism of the D2 dopamine receptor with YM-09151-2 while
      selective blockade of the D1 dopamine receptor with SCH-23390 did not alter L
      DOPA's effect on the MAC for halothane. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) decreased striatal dopamine by 82% and increased the
      MAC for halothane by 27%. Repletion of striatal dopamine with L-DOPA, in MPTP
      treated mice, restored the MAC for halothane back to the control state. The
      regression line derived from the plot of halothane MAC versus striatal dopamine
      content shows a highly significant correlation between the two variables (r2 =
      0.94). These are the first results to suggest that anesthetic requirements can be
      modulated directly and precisely by increasing or decreasing the content of a
      single neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2282940
TI  - Treatment of diffuse diabetic macular oedema: a comparison between argon and
      krypton lasers.
AB  - We report the results of a randomised treatment trial of macular grid
      photocoagulation in 91 eyes with diffuse diabetic macular oedema followed up for
      at least two years comparing Krypton red with Argon blue/green lasers. At two
      years, macular oedema had improved equally in both groups, and the visual acuity
      was unchanged or better in 85% of eyes treated with Argon and in 79.5% of eyes
      treated with Krypton laser. No statistically significant differences were
      observed between the two groups in terms of visual acuity or the degree of
      oedema. We conclude that the observed effect of grid laser treatment in diffuse
      diabetic macular oedema did not depend on the wavelength of the laser light used
      in this study.

PMID- 2282941
TI  - The success of penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus.
AB  - We report the results, over a 20 year period up to 1989, of 201 penetrating
      keratoplasties in 198 eyes of 158 patients. The five year graft survival was 97%.
      A corrected visual acuity of 6/12 or better was attained by 91%. The mean
      spherical equivalent refraction on removal of sutures was -2.68 Ds and the mean
      cylindrical correction was -5.56 Ds. The cumulative time to dispensing final
      refractive correction was 38 months for 90% of patients. Rejection episodes
      occurred in 20% of grafts and were associated with loosening of sutures and
      bilateral grafts. Atopic patients (28%) were not at greater risk from rejection.
      Graft refractive surgery was undertaken in 18% and, of these, 55% achieved 6/12
      vision or better with an refractive correction which could be dispensed and
      tolerated within 6 months.

PMID- 2282942
TI  - Post keratoplasty dimensional and refractive change in contact lens and spectacle
      corrected cases.
AB  - Two groups of patients who had corneal transplantations for keratoconus were
      analysed retrospectively. One group had been visually corrected with corneal
      contact lenses and the second group had worn spectacles or used no optical
      correction. The reduction in post graft corneal astigmatism with time following
      removal of sutures was examined by the method of regression in groups. The
      results showed that the reduction in corneal astigmatism was significantly
      greater in the contact lens wearing group.

PMID- 2282943
TI  - Intraocular surgery following penetrating keratoplasty: the risks and advantages.
AB  - Graft survival has been evaluated for patients who underwent subsequent
      intraocular surgery (extra-capsular cataract surgery or trabeculectomy) between
      1983 and 1989. The patients were different from the majority of keratoplasty
      patients as evidenced by the indications for keratoplasty; corneal perforation
      was the indication in 24% of cases. Perforated and inflamed eyes were treated
      aggressively at the time of the acute event, including emergency keratoplasty and
      intensive topical steroids. Visco-elastic fluids were routinely used during
      secondary surgery and topical steroids were administered intensively post
      operatively. The incidence of post-operative graft rejection was low (less than
      14%). Rejection episodes were diagnosed early, prior to the appearance of a
      Khodadoust line, and were treated aggressively with intensive topical steroids.
      Glaucoma which was not controlled by topical therapy was surgically managed by
      trabeculectomy in the first instance. If this failed, tube drainage was performed
      and long-term topical steroids were administered. The only risk factor identified
      was uncontrolled glaucoma, P = 0.1. The probability of graft survival (at five
      years) was 0.83 after cataract surgery and 0.62 after trabeculectomy, but wide
      confidence limits indicate the difference is not significant.

PMID- 2282944
TI  - Recurrent macular corneal dystrophy following penetrating keratoplasty.
AB  - The recurrence of macular corneal dystrophy within a corneal graft has been
      described in a number of case reports. In this study, we reviewed 41 transplants
      in 31 eyes of 16 patients undergoing keratoplasty for macular corneal dystrophy
      confirmed by histopathological examination. The follow-up time ranged between 25
      and 408 months from initial diagnosis. Six eyes of four patients had repeat
      keratoplasty because of clinical recurrence and visual impairment. Pathological
      confirmation was available in five of the six eyes. Peripheral clinical
      recurrence was observed in two more eyes. The size of the graft used was
      inversely related to the recurrence.

PMID- 2282945
TI  - The incidence of ophthalmic problems in the contact lens wearing population.
AB  - In a prospective study all contact lens wearers presenting to the ophthalmic
      casualty department of the University Hospital Nottingham within a six month
      period were examined to determine the number and pattern of ophthalmic problems
      occurring in this group. This information was then compared with prescribing
      information from contact lens dispensers in the city. The incidence of problems
      associated with contact lens wear within the first six months of starting to use
      a new contact lens was found to be 0.9% for soft daily wear lenses and 0.8% for
      rigid lenses. Reservations about these figures are discussed. The similarity
      between the incidence for the two types of lenses appears to contradict previous
      suggestions that soft lens wearers are more at risk of developing complications.
      It may be that the early period of lens wear represents a favoured time with
      respect to soft lens induced disease while hard lens problems are more common at
      this time. Both giant papillary conjunctivitis and corneal ulceration were seen
      in significant numbers but neither were associated with one particular lens type.

PMID- 2282946
TI  - Comparing clinical tests of visual function in cataract with the patient's
      perceived visual disability.
AB  - Conventional techniques for assessing the visual function of cataract patients
      include visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS) and glare disability (GD).
      The extent to which these measurements provide accurate information about a
      patient's perceived visual disability is not known. In this study, binocular and
      monocular VA and CS and monocular GD measurements were made using commercially
      available techniques on 33 cataract patients. VA was measured using a Ferris
      Bailey LogMAR chart and CS by the Pelli-Robson letter CS chart. Glare disability
      was measured using the Mentor Brightness Acuity Tester in conjunction with both
      the LogMAR and Pelli Robson charts. Each patient's perceived visual disability
      was quantified using a 20-point questionnaire about the effect of vision on
      everyday activities. There was little correlation between subjective visual
      disability and monocular or binocular VA measurements. Measurements of binocular
      CS, however, were highly correlated with the patient's perceived visual
      disability, particularly their subjective assessment of the effect of vision on
      their mobility-orientation. We suggest that binocular CS measurements using the
      Pelli-Robson chart provide useful additional information regarding the need for
      surgery in cataract patients.

PMID- 2282947
TI  - Calculated versus A-scan result for axial length using different types of
      ultrasound probe tip.
AB  - The axial lengths of 30 pseudophakic eyes were determined by calculation using
      geometric optics and by A Scan ultrasound using focused fluid filled 'soft' and
      solid probes. The results from the same ultrasound machine using both types of
      probe were analysed for their correlation with the calculated axial lengths. The
      majority of the ultrasound results were shorter than their calculated values but
      those obtained with the fluid filled 'soft' probe (with consequently less corneal
      indentation and axial length shortening) were significantly more accurate than
      those from the solid probe (0.02 greater than p greater than 0.01).

PMID- 2282948
TI  - The prevalence of age related cataract in the Asian community in Leicester: a
      community based study.
AB  - A community based ophthalmic survey has been carried out in the city of
      Leicester. Samples of Asians and Caucasians aged 40 years and over were randomly
      selected from the patients of four general practitioners and invited to have an
      ophthalmic examination. After adjustment for age, the prevalence rate of age
      related cataract was significantly higher in the Asians when compared to the
      Caucasians. Age-related cataract was found to develop earlier in the Asians. A
      strict vegetarian diet was found to be a significant risk factor for age-related
      cataract in the Asian Community in Leicester.

PMID- 2282949
TI  - Real time ultrasound in the assessment of intraocular foreign bodies.
AB  - The accurate detection and localisation of retained intraocular foreign bodies
      (IOFB) is important in the planning of subsequent surgical management. Using a
      porcine eye model, the authors have compared the relative detection rates of real
      time ultrasonography and plain roentgenograms for a variety of IOFBs. With an
      overall detection rate of 93%, ultrasonography appears to be a considerably more
      sensitive investigative tool than plain roentgenograms (40%) for the imaging of
      IOFBs, particularly those that are non-metallic.

PMID- 2282950
TI  - Retinal vessel responses to passive tilting.
AB  - Alterations in retinal vessel calibre on changing posture may indicate an
      autoregulatory response to changing perfusion pressure. The effect of passive
      tilting on retinal response in healthy individuals was investigated. Subjects
      were supported on a specially constructed tilting table. The control measurements
      were taken with the body in a 30 degrees head up position. Red-free fundus
      photographs were taken before, during and after a three minute period of 30
      degrees head down tilting. Ten subjects were assessed (mean age 29 years: range
      18-38). A total of 92 arteriolar and 86 venular sites were measured. On tilting
      to the head down position arterioles showed an early and significant decrease in
      calibre: mean -3.1% (p less than 0.001). Venules showed an increase of 3.7% (p
      less than 0.001). The response was not sustained throughout the period of tilting
      despite a maintained increase in ocular perfusion pressure, which was estimated
      in six of the subjects.

PMID- 2282951
TI  - Corneal epithelial oxygen uptake rate in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Corneal epithelial oxygen uptake rate (CEOUR) has been measured using a non
      invasive polarographic electrode technique in patients with diabetes mellitus
      (DM), all with varying degrees of retinopathy. CEOUR was found to be
      significantly reduced in diabetic patients when compared to age-matched non
      diabetic controls--Type I diabetics p less than 0.001; Type 2 diabetics p less
      than 0.01. Known duration of DM and assay of instantaneous, medium and long term
      glycaemic control showed no significant correlation with CEOUR in the patients
      studied. These results give further evidence of abnormal corneal metabolism in
      DM. Reduced CEOUR may be a contributory factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic
      corneal epitheliopathy.

PMID- 2282952
TI  - Correlation between conjunctival provocation test (CPT) and systemic
      allergometric tests in allergic conjunctivitis.
AB  - In order to assess the potential usefulness of CPT as a diagnostic tool for
      ocular allergy, the correlation between skin/RAST tests and CPT was determined in
      144 patients affected by allergic 'hay fever' type conjunctivitis. The results
      showed that an agreement between skin/RAST tests and CPT occurred in 71% of the
      cases (130/183). Of the 29% uncorrelated cases, 23% (43/183) were positive for at
      least one specific antigen by skin/RAST tests but not by CPT, while 6% (10/183)
      were positive for at least one specific antigen by CPT, but not by skin/RAST
      tests. CPT dramatically increased the histamine levels in tears (p less than
      0.001). These findings show that (1) systemic tests can be misleading in that
      they may suggest a specific sensitisation which, in fact, does not involve the
      conjunctiva (systemic test positive/CPT negative); (2) CPT can identify local
      conjunctival sensitisation in the absence of a systemic sensitisation (systemic
      test negative/CPT positive); (3) CPT can demonstrate that allergic 'hay fever'
      type conjunctivitis may be related to allergens different from those responsible
      for a systemic sensitisation.

PMID- 2282953
TI  - Retinal arteriolar occlusion and optic neuritis.

PMID- 2282954
TI  - Extensive chorioretinopathy associated with very low dose thioridazine.

PMID- 2282955
TI  - [The significance of serum fructosamine measurement in patients with thyroid
      diseases].
AB  - Serum fructosamine was measured in patients with Graves' disease and primary
      hypothyroidism. Fructosamine levels and fructosamine per albumin ratio were
      significantly lower in patients with Graves' disease than in normal subjects,
      while they were significantly higher in patients with primary hypothyroidism.
      Fructosamine levels were normalized by treatment in the euthyroid state in
      patients with Graves' disease. Along with the normalization of thyroid
      stimulating hormone levels, fructosamine levels returned to the normal range in
      patients with primary hypothyroidism with treatment. There were significant
      correlations between fructosamine levels and free triiodothyronine levels, free
      thyroxine levels, thyroid stimulating hormone levels, hemoglobin A1C levels,
      albumin levels, and creatine phosphokinase levels. We concluded that it was
      useful to measure serum fructosamine as an indicator of peripheral metabolic
      function in patients with thyroid diseases.

PMID- 2282956
TI  - [Nocturnal luteinizing hormone secretion patterns at the onset of puberty
      measured using a highly sensitive immunofluorometric assay].
AB  - Nocturnal LH pulse was analyzed in 4 prepubertal, 3 early pubertal and 2
      midpubertal boys by measuring serum LH concentrations. Blood samples were taken
      every 30 minutes while awake, and every 20 minutes after subjects had gone to
      sleep. Serum LH was measured by using immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) with a
      lower detection limit of 0.02mIU/ml. Pulsatile LH secretion during sleep was
      detected in all subjects examined. LH pulse amplitude had the tendency to
      increase with the advance of pubertal stage. After the onset of puberty, LH pulse
      amplitude was significantly larger than before. The LH pulse was also detected
      while awake in 4 (1 prepubertal, 2 early pubertal and 1 mid-pubertal) boys. LH
      pulse frequency was almost the same in each pubertal stage. Serum testosterone
      levels gradually increased with the progress of pubertal stage. These results
      suggest that 1) LH is secreted in a pulsatile manner in the prepubertal subjects
      as well as in the pubertal subjects, 2) the increase of LH pulse amplitude plays
      an important role for the onset of puberty, and 3) LH pulse amplitude could be a
      biological marker that indicates the degree of maturation of the hypothalamo
      pituitary unit in prepubertal children.

PMID- 2282957
TI  - [Studies on the factors affecting serum thyrotropin levels in healthy controls
      and on the thyroid function in depressed patients using a highly sensitive
      immunoassay].
AB  - With a highly sensitive time-resolved fluorometric immunoassay (TR-FIA), serum
      thyrotropin (TSH) levels were determined in various conditions in healthy
      subjects. In addition, we compared the thyroid function in 10 depressed female
      patients with that in 27 female controls. 1) We evaluated a highly sensitive time
      resolved fluorometric immunoassay kit for serum TSH. The lower limit of detection
      of TSH in serum was 0.008 less than U/ml. The intraassay and interassay variances
      were 3.0 greater than 3.6% and 3.4 greater than 5.1%, respectively. There was a
      significant correlation between basal TSH levels and maximum TSH values after TRH
      administration (r = 0.797, p less than 0.01). 2) The mean TSH levels in 31
      healthy controls of both sexes was 1.26 +/- 0.96 less than U/ml, but TSH levels
      in women were significantly higher than in men (p less than 0.01). A large intra
      individual variation of serum TSH levels determined on different days was found
      equally in both men and women. The nyctohemeral elevation of TSH levels was not
      clearly seen prior to the onset of normal sleep, but the nocturnal rise of TSH
      levels was remarkably accentuated by sleep deprivation. 3) The serum TSH levels
      in depressed female patients were significantly lower than those in healthy
      female controls when the post-menopausal subjects were excluded. For the serum
      thyroid hormone concentrations, serum T4 levels were normal. Serum free T3 levels
      tended to be lower, although the reduction was not significant. The serum levels
      of these 3 thyroid hormones were not related to serum TSH values. The present
      study demonstrated a large variation of TSH levels in various conditions, even in
      the same individuals, indicating the necessity of strictly controlled conditions
      in the study of TSH secretion. A significant reduction in TSH levels was observed
      in the depressed female patients when the post-menopausal subjects were excluded.
      Our results suggest that the dysfunction of the regulating mechanism of the
      pituitary-thyroid axis in depression may occur at a pituitary or a suprapituitary
      level.

PMID- 2282958
TI  - [A study of non-aromatizing androgen C10-19lyase in adrenal tissue].
AB  - The conversion of androgen to estrogen is mediated by aromatase activity, and 19
      hydroxylase and C10-19lyase are seen to be involved in C19-demethylation. The
      present study is to demonstrate C10-19lyase activity in adrenal tissue. Fetal
      bovine and pig adrenal tissue homogenates were incubated with 14C
      androstenedione(A) and NADPH under air. The products 14C-19-OHA, 14C-19-norA,
      with added carrier standard 3H-19-OHA, 3H-19-norA were separated and purified by
      T.L.C.. The identification of 19-norA was established by recrystallization and
      that of 19-OHA by C.C.D.. The 3H/14C ratios of the products 19-norA were found to
      be constant in repeated crystallization. The amount of 19-OHA from A in fetal
      adrenal tissue was 30.0nmol/h/g protein, and that of 19-norA from A was
      12.59pmol/h/g protein. C10-19lyase activity from 19-OHA, calculated by the
      amounts of 19-norA in fetal, bovine and pig adrenal tissue, was 49.7, 3.50,
      10.3pmol/h/g protein, respectively. This is the first report to demonstrate
      androgen C10-19lyase in human fetal adrenal tissue, and it is assumed that fetal
      adrenal tissue forms 19-norA via 19-OHA.

PMID- 2282959
TI  - Effect of probucol on the lipid composition of blood plasma, erythrocyte ghosts
      and liver membranes in mice.
AB  - 1. Probucol treatment of mice (0.6 g/kg) induced a decrease of cholesterol (CH)
      and total phospholipids (PLs) in blood plasma, erythrocyte ghosts, liver plasma
      and microsomal membranes. 2. The incorporation of [14C]acetate in the microsomal
      lipids of probucol-treated mice was lowered by 23% compared to controls. 3.
      Probucol administration induced a reduced specific activity of PLs, CH and CH
      esters, whereas in triacylglycerols it was augmented. 4. Phospholipase A2 and
      neutral sphingomyelinase activities were not enhanced, indicating that the
      catabolism of the membrane PL was not elevated.

PMID- 2282960
TI  - Isolation and characterization of blood group N antigen precursor glycoproteins
      with Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) activity, N antigen precursor glycoproteins and T
      active glycoproteins from cyst fluids of malignant ovarian clear cell carcinoma.
AB  - 1. Two perchloric acid-soluble glycoprotein fractions from cyst fluids of 2
      patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma in malignant were subjected to a
      systematic affinity chromatography using Vicia unijuga lectin-Cellulofine column
      and Arachis hypogaea lectin-Cellulofine column and separated into four
      glycoproteins, blood group N antigen precursor glycoprotein with Thomsen
      Friedenreich (T) activity, N antigen precursor glycoprotein, T-active
      glycoprotein and serologically inactive glycoprotein, respectively. 2. These
      serologically active glycoproteins isolated in yields of 0.3-3.3% of PASFs, were
      proved to be mucin-type glycoproteins with Mw of 509,000-2,772,000 Da and
      contained 33.9-81.7% carbohydrates.

PMID- 2282961
TI  - Purification of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase from sheep lung and its
      electrophoretic, spectral and some other properties.
AB  - 1. NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase was purified from sheep lung microsomes in the
      presence of non-ionic and ionic detergents, Emulgen 913 and cholate,
      respectively. 2. The purification procedure involved the ion-exchange
      chromatography of the detergent solubilized microsomes on DEAE-cellulose. 3.
      Further purification and concentration of lung reductase was carried out with a
      second DEAE-cellulose column followed by the affinity column chromatography of
      partially purified reductase on 5'-ADP-agarose column. 4. The specific activity
      of sheep lung reductase was 638 mumol ferricyanide reduced/min/mg protein and the
      yield was 6% of the initial activity in microsomes. 5. The SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis of the purified lung reductase showed one protein band having the
      monomer mol. wt of 34,500 +/- 1500. In the presence of 0.4% deoxycholate, it
      existed as an active dimer having a mol. wt of 68,500. 6. Trypsin treated lung
      reductase showed two extra protein bands of mol. wts of 28,000 and 25,000 on 10%
      SDS-polyacrylamide gels. 7. The purified enzyme was found to contain FAD as
      prosthetic group and the absorption spectrum of lung reductase showed two peaks
      at 390 and 461 nm which were typical for flavoproteins and a shoulder at 490 nm.
      8. The maximal activity of lung reductase was observed between pH 6.5-8.0 and at
      pH 6.8, when ferricyanide and partially purified sheep lung cytochrome b5 was
      used as electron acceptors, respectively.

PMID- 2282962
TI  - Isolation and characterization of factor X activator from the venom of Vipera
      aspis aspis.
AB  - 1. A factor X activator was isolated from the venom of Vipera aspis aspis (Aspic
      viper) by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. 2. The purified
      activator has a mol. wt of 75,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.6. Upon
      reduction, this activator migrated as two bands with mol. wts of 16,000 and
      14,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 3. The
      activator from V. a. aspis venom shortened activated partial thromboplastin time
      (APTT) of normal plasma and factor IX-deficient plasma from humans. 4. Factor X
      incubated with isolated activator and calcium ions drastically shortened APTT of
      factor X-deficient plasma and expressed hydrolytic activity against synthetic
      substrates for factor Xa, however no hydrolytic activity was detected with the
      activator alone, indicating that the activator converted factor X to the active
      form.

PMID- 2282963
TI  - Epidermal growth factor in breast cancer.

PMID- 2282964
TI  - A general strategy for the de novo design of proteins--template assembled
      synthetic proteins.

PMID- 2282965
TI  - Hepatoma-associated non-histone proteins are phosphoproteins preferentially
      localized in nuclear matrix.
AB  - 1. High molecular weight non-histone proteins (NHP) were isolated from Morris
      hepatoma 7777 by Sephadex G-100, S-200 chromatography. 2. Specific polyclonal
      antibodies were raised against these NHP in rabbits. These antibodies recognized
      specific NHP components present in Morris hepatoma 7777 and 8994, but not in
      normal rat liver. Hepatoma-associated antigens are phosphoproteins. 3.
      Immunologically specific NHP of Morris hepatoma are intensively concentrated in
      nuclear matrix fraction.

PMID- 2282966
TI  - A cryptic meprin-like proteolytic activity in mouse kidney brush border
      membranes.
AB  - 1. Inbred mouse strains differ markedly in the expression of a kidney brush
      border metalloendopeptidase, meprin-a. 2. Brush border preparations from mice of
      the low-meprin-a phenotype (specific activities less than 5% of the high-meprin-a
      trait) contain a metallo-endopeptidase, meprin-b, that is larger than meprin-a,
      and which is inactive unless the membrane preparations are treated with trypsin.
      3. This cryptic metallo-endopeptidase has been previously postulated to be a
      stalled precursor of meprin-a. 4. We show here that meprin-b is present in all
      mice-high and low meprin-a phenotypes--and that this activity is similar in
      substrate specificity and amount present in the brush border. 5. Meprin-b may
      therefore be a distinct gene product that is independent of meprin-a phenotype.

PMID- 2282967
TI  - Development of clinically important resistance to quinolones and other antibiotic
      groups.
AB  - In a study conducted by the Paul Ehrlich Society in the Federal Republic of
      Germany (FRG), resistance patterns were registered over a period from 1975 to
      1984. The results of this large multicentre study involving more than 35,000
      strains demonstrated a relatively stable resistance pattern for most Gram
      positive and Gram-negative bacteria against all antibiotic groups. Information on
      resistance to the new quinolones in FRG is still very limited. The only published
      results are from the University Hospital, Tubingen, FRG, which registered a
      slight decrease in the sensitivity of ofloxacin to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the
      staphylococci. In clinical studies, resistance appeared in about 4-13% of
      antibiotic treatments but treatment failure was registered in only 30-80% of
      these cases.

PMID- 2282968
TI  - Trends in bacterial resistance and implications for treatment of infections.
AB  - The development of resistance to antibiotics can present a major problem when
      treating serious bacterial infections. Resistance may be increased due to
      indiscriminate prescribing and variations in resistance to an antibiotic may
      reflect different prescribing habits. In Latin American countries, where use of
      antibiotics is poorly controlled, resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin and
      amikacin, for example, is considerably higher than that found in Europe and the
      USA, where tighter restrictions are imposed. It is concluded that vigilance in
      the prescribing of antibiotics should be observed to prevent further increases in
      resistance.

PMID- 2282969
TI  - Overcoming enzymatic resistance in bacteria: impact on future therapy.
AB  - Resistance of bacteria to antibiotics often involves inactivating enzymes. One
      approach developed to overcome this mechanism of resistance consists of combining
      an efficient but possibly unstable antibiotic with a powerful inhibitor of the
      inactivating enzyme. Attempts have been made with different antibiotics but
      significant success has only been obtained with the beta-lactams, clavulanic acid
      and sulbactam being the only compounds currently being used clinically.
      Sulbactam, a time-dependent irreversible inhibitor of plasmid-mediated
      penicillinases and of chromosomally mediated penicillinases and
      cephalosporinases, potentiates the antibacterial activity of beta-lactams but
      only exhibits a moderate antibacterial activity, which is related to its affinity
      for the lethal targets of the beta-lactams--the penicillin-binding proteins. In
      bacterial strains that produce either low amounts of beta-lactamase, or none at
      all, a synergistic effect can be observed when sulbactam is associated with a
      beta-lactam antibiotic that has a complementary affinity for the target sites.

PMID- 2282970
TI  - Induction of beta-lactamases: in vitro phenomena and clinical relevance.
AB  - An in vitro model was used to stimulate the plasma concentration-time curves for
      cefotaxime and cefoxitin as they would appear during treatment of patients with
      infections due to Enterobacter cloacae and Proteus vulgaris. The data showed that
      the induction of the chromosomally mediated beta-lactamase took place in both
      bacteria but that it had little or no effect on the bacterial kill. It is
      concluded that treatment failures in these settings were due to the selection of
      resistant mutants.

PMID- 2282971
TI  - Differences between clavulanic acid and sulbactam in induction and inhibition of
      cephalosporinases in enterobacteria.
AB  - The ability of clavulanic acid and sulbactam to induce and inhibit
      cephalosporinases was evaluated in 16 clinical isolates of enterobacteria. Using
      the quantitative induction assay, the checkerboard method and the disc
      approximation test, clavulanic acid was shown to act as inducer for all species,
      whereas sulbactam only induced strains of Providencia stuartii. Antagonism was
      achieved using a combination of clavulanic acid and cefotaxime but a combination
      of sulbactam and cefotaxime was either synergistic or indifferent. This variation
      in effect was probably due to the fact that sulbactam, but not clavulanic acid
      could inhibit cephalosporinases. The data revealed a significant difference
      between sulbactam and clavulanic acid, which may have relevance to their relative
      usefulness in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of
      infections due to enterobacteria that produce inducible cephalosporinase.

PMID- 2282972
TI  - Sultamicillin (sulbactam/ampicillin) versus amoxycillin in the treatment of acute
      otitis media in children.
AB  - A comparative study of sultamicillin (an orally active dimer of sulbactam and
      ampicillin) and amoxycillin for the treatment of acute otitis media was carried
      out in 86 children with acute otitis media. After 10 days' treatment, of those
      with traditional middle ear pathogens, 35/36 (97%) 50 mg/kg.day or 500 mg/day
      sultamicillin-treated children were cured with eight relapses after a further 18
      days without treatment compared with 12/13 (92%) 40 mg/kg.day or 250 mg/day
      amoxycillin-treated children and three subsequent relapses. All six beta
      lactamase-producing pathogens were in the sultamicillin treatment group: four
      were Haemophilus influenzae/H. parainfluenzae that were resistant to amoxycillin,
      and all were cured although two then relapsed. No significant clinical or
      laboratory side-effects were noted in either amoxycillin- or sultamicillin
      treated patients. It is concluded that sultamicillin was comparable to
      amoxycillin in the treatment of acute otitis media.

PMID- 2282973
TI  - Single-agent therapy for acute pelvic inflammatory disease: sulbactam/ampicillin
      versus cefoxitin.
AB  - A total of 54 women with acute salpingitis were treated intravenously with
      ampicillin/sulbactam or cefoxitin in a prospective, randomized, ongoing study. Of
      the organisms isolated, Gram-negative species (excluding Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
      were considerably more likely to produce beta-lactamase than were Gram-positive
      species. Clinical efficacy was 94% for 2 g ampicillin plus 1 g sulbactam and 89%
      for 2 g cefoxitin, all given intravenously every 6 h. The addition of sulbactam,
      an irreversible beta-lactamase inhibitor, to ampicillin restored both the
      microbiological and clinical activities of ampicillin. Both regimens were equally
      safe and demonstrated good efficacy in the treatment of the acute, symptomatic
      phase of infection.

PMID- 2282974
TI  - Decreased induction of an hepatic mRNA by phorbol esters after insulin
      desensitization.
AB  - Insulin and phorbol esters rapidly induce the transcription and cytoplasmic
      accumulation of a specific mRNA (p33) in rat hepatoma cells. We have studied the
      effects of insulin desensitization on the regulation of p33 gene expression by
      insulin and phorbol esters. Insulin desensitization is associated with down
      regulation of the insulin receptor and post-receptor defects. When cells were
      treated with insulin (5 x 10(-7) M) for 24 h, a greater than 50% reduction in
      insulin binding was observed and insulin's stimulation of p33 transcription and
      cytoplasmic mRNA levels was prevented. The induction of p33 gene transcription
      and mRNA levels by phorbol esters was also decreased. Beta-tubulin gene
      expression was unaffected by insulin or phorbol esters and the stimulatory effect
      of dexamethasone on p33 gene expression was not impaired. Since insulin
      desensitization impaired phorbol esters' induction of p33 gene expression, one
      intracellular defect in insulin-desensitized cells may include an alteration in
      protein kinase C-dependent events.

PMID- 2282975
TI  - Target size analysis of estrogen receptor in cultured intact cells: change in
      receptor structure between subconfluency and superconfluency in culture.
AB  - MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were submitted to the tritiated antiestrogen
      tamoxifen aziridine, frozen at -170 degrees C, stored and irradiated at -78
      degrees C in a calibrated Gammacell 60Co irradiator. A three-step protein
      extraction procedure provided protein samples for the determination of the target
      size (TS) of the covalently labelled estrogen receptor (ER). From the TS it is
      shown that ER bound to an antiestrogen was, in whole cells, part of a 265 kDa
      polypeptide structure if measured in MCF-7 cells at subconfluency, or of a 360
      kDa species in superconfluent cells.

PMID- 2282976
TI  - Expression of estrogen receptor and its messenger ribonucleic acid in the MCF-7
      cell line: multiparametric analysis of its processing and regulation by estrogen.
AB  - Experimentally, a portion of the detectable cellular estrogen receptor (ER) is
      seen to disappear in human breast cancer cells submitted to estradiol treatment.
      In this study, we have applied several detection methods to analyze the loss
      (processing) then the replenishment of ER in the MCF-7 cell line. Radioligand
      exchange assay and enzyme immunoassay revealed an accumulation of ER in the
      nuclei with a concomitant depletion in cytosol shortly after the addition of
      estradiol in cell culture. Then, a time-dependent decrease of ER level in the
      nuclear compartment without rescue in the cytosol was observed. When an
      immunocytochemical assay was performed on whole cells treated with estradiol, a
      similar decrease of ER number was shown, indicating that a decrease in the
      extractability of estradiol-filled ER was not involved in the processing.
      Analysis of ER mRNA also indicated that the estrogen treatment induces a time
      dependent decrease of its expression. Measurement of [35S]methionine-labeled ER
      following the arrest of the hormone treatment suggested that ER replenishment was
      due to newly synthesized receptors. Sucrose gradient experiments confirmed the
      generation of small molecular forms of ER, following its binding with estradiol.
      All these data are indicative of estrogen-receptor complex degradation. We also
      confirm that estrogen regulates ER level through the decrease of its mRNA
      expression.

PMID- 2282977
TI  - Phosphorylation of the estradiol receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in
      culture.
AB  - Double labelling and Western blot techniques were used to demonstrate
      phosphorylation of estradiol receptor. Cells in monolayer culture were incubated
      with [32P]orthophosphate for 18 h followed by covalent whole cell labelling of
      the estradiol receptor with tritiated tamoxifen aziridine [( 3H]TA). Labelled
      receptor was precipitated with the monoclonal antibodies H222 or JS 34/32,
      coupled to protein A-Sepharose, and purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), or transferred to nitrocellulose
      paper. Receptor protein was detected on the Western blot with the monoclonal
      antibody H222 and rabbit anti-rat peroxidase conjugate. Phosphorylated receptor
      was visualized by autoradiography. Tritium and 32P activities were monitored in
      the gels. Two phosphorylated forms of the receptor (molecular weights 67 and 50
      kDa) have been detected in MCF-7 cells. Estradiol treatment of the cells was
      found to increase phosphorylation of the receptor. In estradiol-treated cells
      both phosphorylated receptor forms were present mainly in the nuclear extract.
      Both forms bound [3H]TA as evidence by SDS-PAGE. [3H]TA binding was abolished by
      excess non-radioactive estradiol. In addition two phosphorylated proteins of
      approximately 120 and 90 kDa were regularly coprecipitated with receptor in
      cytosol. These proteins did not bind [3H]TA. The 90 kDa phosphorylated protein
      was identified as a heat shock protein (hsp-90).

PMID- 2282978
TI  - Estradiol increases phosphorylation of the 90 kDa heat shock protein not
      associated with estradiol receptor in MCF-7 cells in culture.
AB  - MCF-7 cells in monolayer culture were incubated with [32P]orthophosphate for 18 h
      followed by covalent whole cell labelling of the estradiol receptor with
      tritiated tamoxifen aziridine [( 3H]TA). The heat shock protein (hsp-90) bound to
      receptor was precipitated with monoclonal antibodies H222 or JS 34/32, coupled to
      protein A-Sepharose and purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions. Hsp-90 not associated with
      receptor was similarly purified after isolation with the monoclonal antibody
      AC88. It was found that estradiol treatment of the cells markedly increased
      phosphate incorporation in the free hsp-90, without affecting heat shock protein
      bound to receptor. A 6-fold increase in phosphate content was observed after 10
      min incubation of the cells with estradiol. A similar effect was seen after
      treatment of the cells with the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13
      acetate (TPA). The calcium ionophore A23187 had no influence on hsp-90
      phosphorylation, and treatment of the cells with forskolin to increase the
      cellular content of cAMP had a reverse effect. A 50% reduction of the phosphate
      content in the free hsp-90 was observed after 15 min treatment. The observation
      that estradiol, TPA and forskolin had effect only on hsp-90 not bound to receptor
      is an indication that the receptor-hsp-90 complex exists in vivo. Time course
      studies show that the effect of estradiol is non-genomic. Two possible
      explanations of the results seem to exist. Either estradiol induces an increase
      in the degree of phosphorylation of hsp-90, or hsp-90 is translocated to the
      cytosol from a different cellular compartment.

PMID- 2282979
TI  - Expression of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in mammalian cells.
AB  - In order to develop a suitable mammalian expression system for human insulin-like
      growth factors (hIGFs) and mutant IGFs, we have constructed several artificial
      IGF genes, based on a cDNA encoding the IGF-I precursor (153 amino acids).
      Transient expression experiments using mouse Ltk- cells revealed that the IGF-I
      gene constructs were efficiently expressed when placed under control of the SV40
      Early promoter (SV40E). This resulted in the synthesis and secretion of IGF-I
      receptor-reactive products. Constructs encoding an IGF-I precursor with a
      truncated signal peptide of 25 amino acids under control of SV40E promoter or the
      inducible Drosophila heat shock hsp70 promoter, were used to establish stably
      transformed CHOdhfr- and mouse L cells. Clones secreting IGF-I were identified by
      an IGF-I-specific radioreceptor assay. Immunoblot analysis of conditioned media
      from these clones resulted in the specific precipitation of a protein of 7 kDa
      identical in size to native IGF-I purified from human serum. After optimization
      of the expression conditions, the stable cell lines secrete 0.5-2 microgram/10(6)
      cells of IGF-I. The biological activity of the secreted recombinant IGF-I was
      shown by its ability to stimulate DNA synthesis in human MCF-7 cells. The results
      described in this paper indicate that a mammalian expression system, employing
      CHOdhfr- or L cells, is a useful system for the synthesis of biological active
      IGF-I.

PMID- 2282980
TI  - Analysis of major androgen-regulated cDNA clones from the rat epididymis.
AB  - Four abundant cDNA clones have been isolated from a rat epididymal cDNA library.
      Northern blot analysis has shown that these clones partially encode 4.5 kb, 2.8
      kb, 1.2 kb and 0.85 kb mRNAs and that their expression is not detectable in total
      RNA preparations from heart, kidney, liver or testis. Fourteen days after
      castration the levels of the 2.8 kb, 1.2 kb and 0.85 kb transcripts were greatly
      reduced whereas the 4.5 kb mRNA was undetectable. Subsequent treatment of
      castrated rats with testosterone for 1 day resulted in a complete restoration of
      the pre-castration steady-state levels of the 2.8 kb and 0.85 kb mRNAs,
      restoration of the 4.5 kb mRNA to 70% of pre-castration levels, and a slight over
      induction of the 1.2 kb mRNA. Analyses of separate regions of the epididymal
      tract showed that expression of the 2.8 kb and 1.2 kb mRNAs increased towards the
      distal end of the epididymis, while the 4.5 kb and 0.85 kb transcripts were
      primarily synthesised in the caput region.

PMID- 2282981
TI  - The rat androgen receptor gene promoter.
AB  - The androgen receptor (AR) is activated upon binding of testosterone or
      dihydrotestosterone and exerts regulatory effects on gene expression in androgen
      target cells. To study transcriptional regulation of the rat AR gene itself, the
      5' genomic region of this gene was cloned from a genomic library and the promoter
      was identified. S1-nuclease protection analysis showed two major transcription
      start sites, located between 1010 and 1023 bp upstream from the translation
      initiation codon. The area surrounding these start sites was cloned in both
      orientations in a CAT reporter plasmid. Upon transfection of the constructs into
      COS cells, part of the promoter stimulated transcription in an orientation
      independent manner, but the full promoter showed a higher and unidirectional
      activity. In the promoter/reporter gene constructs, transcription initiated from
      the same positions as in the native gene. Sequence analysis showed that the
      promoter of the rat AR gene lacks typical TATA and CCAAT box elements, but one
      SP1 site is located at about 60 bp upstream from the major start site of
      transcription. Other possible promoter elements are TGTYCT sequences at positions
      -174 to -179, -434 to -439., -466 to -471, and -500 to -505, resembling half
      sites of the glucocorticoid-responsive element (GRE). Furthermore, a homopurine
      stretch containing a total of 8 GGGGA elements and similar to sequences that are
      present in several other GC-rich promoters, is located between -89 and -146 bp
      upstream from the major start site of transcription.

PMID- 2282982
TI  - Avian leukemia: the case of two oncogenes.

PMID- 2282983
TI  - Genetic variation in avian retroviruses.

PMID- 2282984
TI  - Avian retroviruses as tools to investigate molecular aspects of hemopoietic cell
      differentiation and leukemic transformation.

PMID- 2282985
TI  - The detection of simian retroviruses in the field.

PMID- 2282986
TI  - Nonhuman primate lentiviruses: models for human infection.

PMID- 2282987
TI  - A formalin inactivated whole SIV vaccine and a glycoprotein-enriched subunit
      vaccine confers protection against experimental challenge with pathogenic live
      SIV in rhesus monkeys.

PMID- 2282988
TI  - HIV expression levels ex vivo: a surrogate marker for clinical endpoints in the
      evaluation of AIDS treatments?

PMID- 2282989
TI  - Virus quantification by immunofluorescence of cells grown in agar.
AB  - We have developed a method for assessing the number of infectious viral particles
      by measuring what we call fluorescence initiating units (FIV). The present work
      has been done with HIV, but the methods should be applicable to other viruses as
      well. Briefly described, cells are mixed with virus and then cast in an agar gel
      to block further transfer of virus. After a period of incubation sufficient to
      allow infected cells to express virus antigens, the percentage of infected cells
      is determined by indirect immunofluorescence.

PMID- 2282990
TI  - Evidence for rapid selection and deletion of HIV-1 subpopulations in vivo by V3
      specific neutralizing antibody: a model of humoral-associated selection.
AB  - Emergence in two chimpanzees of HIV-1 HTLV-IIIB variants resistant to
      neutralization by the pre-existing antibody is described. Viruses isolated from
      the HTLV-IIIB gp120 vaccinated and challenged animal were more resistant to
      neutralization, had more heterogenic genomes and showed more pronounced antigenic
      drift as determined by serotypic neutralization analysis than viruses isolated
      from the naive infected animal, indicating immune pressure as the selective
      mechanism. The earliest selecting antibody population detected in the chimpanzees
      appeared to be conformationally dependent. This was demonstrated by its ability
      to neutralize only the most replication-competent sub-populations of the HTLV
      IIIB inoculum strain, yet was found to bind a HTLV-IIIB common nonapeptide
      (IQRGPGRAF) derived from the gp120 isolate-specific 3rd variable domain (V3) also
      known to induce isolate-specific neutralization in multiple species. Each of the
      recovered isolates had become resistant to neutralization by both a monoclonal
      (0.5 beta) and polyclonal HTLV-IIIB gp120 V3-specific antibody by as much as 16
      to 256-fold. Amplification of the V3 coding sequence by polymerase chain reaction
      and subsequent sequence analysis of the neutralization-resistant variants
      obtained from in vivo infected animals indicated that resistance to
      neutralization was conferred by changes outside the direct binding site for the
      selective neutralizing antibody. Further studies indicated that apparent
      neutralization-resistant variants, yielded after in vitro passage through
      chimpanzee and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures void of HIV
      specific antibody, result from the homogenic amplification of the more
      replication competent sub-population pre-existing in the original viral stock.
      These faster replicating sub-populations appear to dominate initially and
      therefore are the initial prime targets recognized by the chimpanzee humoral
      immune system upon infection in vivo and thus eliminated. The described finding
      of virus escape due to a conformationally-induced flexibility of the major
      neutralization epitope termed "conformational-V3 hypervariability", coupled to
      the known primary amino acid hypervariability of this epitope (V3) termed "linear
      V3 hypervariability", may be all that is required by the virus to survive in an
      otherwise effective humoral immune system.

PMID- 2282991
TI  - Measurement of direct and indirect forms of anti-HIV-1 ADCC: implications for
      other retroviral disease.
AB  - Among the varied cytotoxic immune reactivities elicited as a result of HIV-1
      infection are two forms of non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity--namely, indirect and
      direct ADCC. Since these reactivities are directed at both HIV-1 infected as well
      as gp120 coated targets, there is a potential for anti-HIV-1 ADCC to play both a
      beneficial as well as a pathogenic role in the natural history of HIV-1 disease.
      Resolution of these issues will be of great importance to the development of
      future preventive and interventive therapeutic strategies for AIDS. The direct
      and indirect forms of ADCC described herein are, most probably, not unique to HIV
      1. In theory, any viral disease, retroviral or otherwise, in which high titers of
      anti-envelope antibodies persist in an environment rich in Fc-receptor bearing
      effector NK/K cells would be likely to have some component of direct ADCC as part
      of the host anti-viral response. With this in mind it is imperative that those
      researchers involved in characterizing cellular anti-viral cytotoxicities do not
      mistake direct ADCC for another form of CTL activity. These two highly potent
      reactivities operate independently and are subject to different control
      mechanisms, both positive and negative, anti-viral ADCC has too long been
      regarded as a strictly in vitro phenomenon with no in vivo counterpart. Our
      studies demonstrating direct forms of ADCC in infected patients will hopefully
      have some impact in forcing a careful re-evaluation of this extremely important
      issue.

PMID- 2282992
TI  - Temporal fluctuations in HIV quasispecies in vivo are not reflected by sequential
      HIV isolations.

PMID- 2282993
TI  - Animal models for the evaluation of drugs and vaccines for HIV infection and
      AIDS: report of a WHO Working Group.

PMID- 2282994
TI  - Efficacy of oral propranolol and injection sclerotherapy in the long-term
      management of variceal bleeding.
AB  - Three treatment regimens were tried in 145 portal hypertensives with bleeding
      oesophageal varices to test the efficacy of each regimen in the prevention of
      rebleeding. Forty-seven cases received oral propranolol, 57 sclerotherapy, while
      41 who did not receive any treatment except conservative management served as
      controls. Patients were followed up at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 and 2 years to see
      the frequency of bleeding with each regimen. No significant difference was seen
      at 6 weeks with either of the three regimens but at 6 months and 1 year the
      frequency of bleeding was significantly less (p less than 0.05) in the
      propranolol group than in the other two groups while at 2 years results were
      significantly better with both propranolol (p less than 0.05) and sclerotherapy
      (p less than 0.001) than in controls. Efficacy of propranolol when compared with
      sclerotherapy showed similar results. The results of the present study are
      different from most of the western reports where sclerotherapy was found to be
      superior to propranolol. Variations in the results are likely to be due to
      differences in the etiology of portal hypertension in different countries.

PMID- 2282995
TI  - Novel aspect of Crohn's disease: increased content of platelet-activating factor
      in ileal and colonic mucosa.
AB  - Intestinal mucosal content of platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) was
      investigated in Crohn's disease. The PAF-acether content was determined in
      mucosal biopsies from the ileum and colon in Crohn patients (n = 13), and in
      normal mucosa of control patients (n = 11). PAF-acether was found in both groups
      and was raised in Crohn patients, both in the ileum (6.3 +/- 4.7 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.4
      pmol/g; p less than 0.01) and colon (6.2 +/- 4.2 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.4 pmol/g; p less
      than 0.01). Colonic PAF-acether content was raised irrespective of the presence
      of colonic inflammation as judged macroscopically. These findings add further
      support to the importance of bioactive lipids in inflammatory bowel disease and
      suggest a possible role for PAF-acether in Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2282996
TI  - Sex steroid hormone receptors and human gallbladder motility in vitro.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the relationship between estrogen and
      progesterone receptor levels and in vitro contractile response of gallbladder
      muscle strips to stimulation by carbachol and cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK
      OP). Seventeen female postmenopausal patients cholecystectomized for gallstones
      were studied. Samples of the gallbladder wall were used for histological
      examination; motility was studied by Keane et al. [Surg Gynecol Obstet 1986;
      163:555-560]; the estrogen and progesterone receptor levels were evaluated by
      immunoenzymatic assay. Positive correlations were found between the progesterone
      receptor level and the carbachol concentration that produced half the maximal
      response (ED50), and between the estrogen receptor level and the ED50 of CCK-OP.
      Our data confirm the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the
      gallbladder and suggest that sex steroid hormones act on gallbladder motility by
      modulating the affinity of gallbladder receptors to CCK-OP and carbachol.

PMID- 2282997
TI  - Cholecystokinin release by gastric distension--an atropine-sensitive mechanism.
AB  - The effect of gastric distension on plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), pancreatic
      polypeptide (PP) and gastrin concentrations was investigated in healthy
      volunteers. Fundic and antral distension was achieved by balloons attached to a
      gastric tube and inflated with 300 and 600 ml and 100 and 200 ml of air for
      fundic and antral distension, respectively. Gastric juice was continuously
      aspirated. Fundic distension was additionally studied during a concomitant
      intravenous infusion of atropine (5 micrograms/kg/h) or a bolus injection of
      propranolol (2 mg). Fundic distension with 300 ml caused a significant increase
      in PP release (+17% above basal). Distension with 600 ml significantly stimulated
      CCK (+81%), gastrin (+31%) and PP output (+74%) over 30 min. Atropine completely
      blocked PP release and almost abolished CCK release, whereas gastrin output was
      enhanced. Propranolol did not prevent CCK release induced by fundic distension,
      whereas gastrin and PP responses were diminished. Antral distension did not cause
      any significant changes in hormone response. In conclusion, we demonstrated a
      gastric phase of CCK release which is atropine sensitive, but not influenced by
      propranolol.

PMID- 2282998
TI  - Comparison of cimetidine and pirenzepine in the healing and maintenance of
      remission in duodenal ulcer.
AB  - The effect of cimetidine and pirenzepine on the maintenance of healing in
      duodenal ulceration has been compared in a multi-centre, controlled study. One
      hundred and sixty-six patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulceration
      have been randomised to receive either cimetidine 200 mg t.i.d. and 400 mg nocte,
      or pirenzepine 50 mg b.i.d. for 6 weeks. Patients in each group were well matched
      for age, sex, weight and cigarette, alcohol and antacid consumption. After 6
      weeks significantly more cimetidine-treated patients had healed ulcers:
      cimetidine showed 8 unhealed out of 79, and pirenzepine 19 out of 74 (p = 0.01).
      The follow-up phase lasted for 52 weeks or until patient withdrawal or ulcer
      relapse. During the follow-up phase 77.6% of cimetidine-treated and 68.8% of
      pirenzepine-treated patients relapsed. This difference in relapse rates is not
      statistically significant (p = 0.23).

PMID- 2282999
TI  - Normalization of menstrual pattern after liver transplantation: consequences for
      contraception.
AB  - We studied menstrual abnormalities before and after liver transplantation in 31
      women. The incidence of menstrual abnormalities is high before transplantation.
      Soon after transplantation, in most patients below 45 years of age, the menstrual
      pattern normalizes. Pregnancy can occur. Consequently, tubal sterilization should
      be avoided in transplant candidates. After transplantation adequate contraceptive
      measures should be taken to prevent unwanted pregnancy.

PMID- 2283000
TI  - Two different mRNAs coding for identical elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha)
      polypeptides in Xenopus laevis embryos.
AB  - Two related but clearly different cDNA clones corresponding to elongation factor
      1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) mRNAs were isolated from a Xenopus laevis gastrula-stage
      library. Whereas the nucleotide sequences of these two cDNAs differ within the
      coding region at 49 out of 1386 positions (3.5%), the derived amino acid
      sequences are completely identical, thereby indicating a substantial evolutionary
      constraint on this translation factor. Southern-blot analysis of genomic DNA
      suggests that, besides the two closely related EF-1 alpha genes investigated in
      this study, other more-distantly related genes may exist in the X. laevis genome.
      Transcription of EF-1 alpha genes during oogenesis and embryonic development was
      studied by Northern-blot analysis and by in situ hybridizations. A high amount of
      EF-1 alpha mRNA was detected in previtellogenic oocytes. At later stages of
      embryonic development, EF-1 alpha mRNA was found to be accumulated in
      translationally active tissues.

PMID- 2283001
TI  - Transcription of endogenous and injected cytoskeletal actin genes during early
      embryonic development in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - The transcriptional regulation of a cytoskeletal actin gene during Xenopus laevis
      embryonic development has been investigated. New transcripts of this gene begin
      to accumulate at approximately the mid-gastrula stage, between 12 and 16 hours
      after fertilization, replenishing maternal supplies of this transcript. To study
      the molecular processes which act to determine the timing of transcriptional
      activation of this gene, a gene-injection assay was devised, utilizing a cloned
      copy of the gene which has been marked by a small DNA insertion. Accurately
      initiated transcripts of the injected gene accumulate in concert with those of
      the endogenous gene, showing that injected genes can undergo developmental
      regulation. As little as 485 nucleotides of upstream sequence is sufficient for
      proper temporal control of activation of an injected gene. The results presented
      here demonstrate the feasibility of a microinjection assay for the identification
      of regulatory gene sequences and transacting regulatory factors in amphibian
      embryos. Such an assay will be useful in achieving an understanding of general
      transcriptional control mechanisms acting in early development, and should also
      provide a means to study certain aspects of long-standing developmental problems,
      such as cytoplasmic localization and embryonic induction.

PMID- 2283002
TI  - Coexpression of alpha-sarcomeric actin, alpha-smooth muscle actin and desmin
      during myogenesis in rat and mouse embryos I. Skeletal muscle.
AB  - Expression of vimentin, desmin, alpha-sarcomeric and alpha-smooth muscle actins
      in embryonic tissues of rat and mice was examined using an immunohistochemical
      approach. The results showed a similarity in the expression of desmin and alpha
      actin isoforms (alpha-sr and alpha-sm) in skeletal muscle cells during murine
      feto-embryonic development. In the two species, coexpression of alpha-sr and
      alpha-sm actins has been observed in cardiomyoblasts, myotomal myoblasts and
      myotubes. The intensity of alpha-sm actin expression decreased during the
      terminal steps of myogenesis and disappeared completely in mature cardiomyocytes
      and myofibres. Desmin was expressed in all prefusion myoblasts (type 1 and 2
      myoblasts), myotubes, and in myofibres. The appearance of desmin in myoblasts of
      somites preceded by a few hours the expression of the alpha-actins (alpha-sr and
      alpha-sm). Our study on vimentin expression, limited to rat embryos, revealed
      that somite premyoblasts expressed only vimentin, type 1 myoblasts expressed
      vimentin and desmin, and type 2 myoblasts (rhabdomyoblasts) expressed desmin and
      alpha-actins (alpha-sr and alpha-sm). Our study demonstrates the resemblance
      between feto-embryonic myogenesis and myogenic neoplastic differentiation: desmin
      appears before the alpha-actins in embryonic myoblasts, and can be considered as
      a marker of an initial step in myogenic differentiation. alpha-sm actin,
      considered as a striated muscle cell feto-embryonic actin, is expressed
      transiently in skeletal myoblasts and cardiomyoblasts during development and
      reappears during neoplastic transformation of skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2283003
TI  - Alpha smooth muscle actin expression in developing and adult human lung.
AB  - Myofibroblast-like cells containing smooth muscle actin have been identified in
      lung injury and repair. These cells differ from typical smooth muscle cells by
      architectural configuration, location and lack of smooth muscle myosin. Their
      progenitors are unknown. We hypothesized that these cells might have a
      developmental analog critical to lung morphogenesis. Lung tissue from developing
      and adult human lungs was studied using a highly specific monoclonal antibody
      directed against alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA). Cells immunoreactive for ASMA
      (ASMA cells) were identified prenatally in the form of smooth muscle investing
      the developing vasculature and airway structures. ASMA was not expressed in
      undifferentiated mesenchymal cells at any prenatal stage. Late in development,
      ASMA cells within the lung acinus increased proportionally to terminal airway and
      vascular complexity. In the early postnatal period, the specific distribution of
      ASMA cells within inflated lung became clearer, and three populations were
      identified: (1) typical smooth muscle investing the large airways and blood
      vessels; (2) small clusters of cells within the acinus distributed at the tips of
      septa protruding into the alveolar duct; (3) individual cells within the alveolar
      sac sparsely distributed near the junctions of individual alveoli, frequently in
      association with small blood vessels. We conclude that ASMA cells appear only in
      developing small and large airways and pulmonary vessels and that they may play a
      critical role in branching morphogenesis during development.

PMID- 2283004
TI  - The proportion altering factor (PAF) and the in vitro transdifferentiation of
      isolated striated muscle of jellyfish into nerve cells.
AB  - The effect of proportion altering factor (PAF) on the transdifferentiation of
      isolated striated muscle into RFamide-positive nerve cells was investigated. The
      factor reduces incorporation of 3H-thymidine into replicating DNA; the effect is
      concentration-dependent and reversible. Transdifferentiation to nerve cells
      increases by up to 60% if PAF is applied shortly before or at the time of
      initiation of DNA synthesis. When treatment was terminated 4 h before the start
      of S-phase or when PAF was applied at the peak of S-phase no increase in nerve
      cell formation was observed.

PMID- 2283005
TI  - Position statement on support for confidential notification services and a
      limited "privilege to disclose".

PMID- 2283006
TI  - ["Goldblatt phenomenon of the uterus" and latent kidney disease as the cause of
      pregnancy-induced hypertension--epidemiology and therapeutic consequences].
AB  - The aetiology of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is at present unknown.
      Epidemiological data lead us to assume, that two main mechanisms could be
      responsible for the development of PIH. They are not well understood in their
      complexity, but result in the same pattern of signs and symptoms: Oedema,
      proteinuria and hypertension. 1. "Goldblatt-Phenomenon" in the uterus, as a
      result of a disturbed maternal immune response to the cytotrophoblast, followed
      by the reduction of uterine blood flow and the liberation of vasoactive
      substances from the placenta. 2. Renal factors, especially in elderly women,
      result in a manifestation of nephrotic diseases during pregnancy. No screening
      methods are at the present time available to diagnose PIH in advance. It is
      therefore necessary, to look at typical clinical manifestations, i.e. the
      development of hypertension. It is also important to estimate the weight gain and
      the occurrence of oedema before rising blood pressure demonstrates a general
      vasoconstriction in the maternal vascular system. The basic therapeutical concept
      is to reduce the peripheral vascular resistance, to prevent maternal
      complications and to reduce the uterine vascular resistance to improve foetal
      oxygenation. In many cases an improvement of the oxygen supply to the foetus is
      not possible, since irreversible alterations of the uterine arterial vascular bed
      have already taken place. For the treatment of PIH, different drugs are available
      which act on different targets. In cases of special medical history, the early
      application of magnesium and acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) should be included in
      the therapeutical concept of prophylaxis.

PMID- 2283007
TI  - [Pregnancy-induced hypotonia. A prospective study of fetal development, labor and
      morbidity of newborn infants].
AB  - Maternal and foetal risk of hypotension in pregnancy were examined in a
      prospective study, comprising a total of 770 pregnant women i.e. 700
      normotensives and 70 hypotensives. We conducted a minimum of 5 pressure controls
      beginning after the 20th week of gestation. All pressure controls were conducted
      by the same person and in each control 4 pressure values were taken (left and
      right arm, lying, standing). No difference was discovered in the statistical
      analysis of our data of pregnancy, delivery and foetal outcome. Our special
      interest was in the frequency of preterm delivery and foetal growth retardation.
      The rate was similar in the hypotensive group (6.7/3.1%) compared to the
      normotensive group (6.8/2.8%). From our results we conclude, that maternal
      hypotension is not a risk factor in pregnancy, and that no therapy is needed.

PMID- 2283008
TI  - [The value of vaginal ultrasonography in early pregnancy].
AB  - Heart action was detected in our first group of 150 pregnant women during the
      early period of pregnancy (5th to 8th week post menstruationem) in 25% at the end
      of the 5th week of pregnancy, in 85% at the end of the 6th and, in 100% in the
      7th week. In our second group of 59 women with tubal pregnancy, confirmed by
      laparoscopy, it was possible to detect the extrauterine pregnancy
      transabdominally in 25% and transvaginally in 94.7% via sonography (p = 0.03).
      Extrauterine pregnancy was easier detectable by vaginosonography due to the
      proximity of the organ and the better power of resolution, as a direct sign of
      extrauterine ring formation surrounded by a circular wall-like structure.

PMID- 2283009
TI  - [Course and outcome of pregnancy in adolescents].
AB  - All pregnant women living in the district of Suhl were observed and delivered in
      our Department for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, County Hospital of Suhl. In a
      retrospective study, the course and outcome of 732 pregnancies in adolescents
      (less than or equal to 19 years) were analysed. In all women bearing to maturity,
      the course of delivery and the neonatal outcome were studied. All results were
      compared with those of an equal-sized group of women of 20-24 years of age. Out
      of the 732 adolescent pregnancies, nearly 62% gave birth; in 30% an artificial
      abortion was undertaken. In a subgroup of 179 adolescents aged less than 18
      years, the rate of artificial abortion was 61.5%. Only 34% gave birth to a child.
      The course of pregnancy in adolescents was not more complicated as it was in
      older patients (comparison group). The rate of premature delivery was not
      increased and premature rupture of membranes was even rarer. During birth, there
      were no increased risks, the duration of birth being identical in both groups. In
      adolescents, there were a few more spontaneous deliveries. Body weights and
      neonatal conditions were the same as in the comparable group. Consequently,
      pregnancy in adolescents is not accompanied by increased risks for mother or
      child.

PMID- 2283010
TI  - [Breech presentation of the second twin. Effect on early morbidity and perinatal
      mortality].
AB  - Twin delivery is often complicated by breech presentation of the second twin. To
      investigate the influence of breech presentation of the second twin, we reviewed
      all 259 twin deliveries from the 18,404 deliveries at our institution over 11
      years between 1978 to 1989. The neonatal morbidity of the second twin in breech
      presentation (pH less than 7,15; 1-minute-Apgar less than 7, transfer to newborn
      hospital) was significantly higher in comparison to vertex presentation of the
      second twin. A dependence of neonatal morbidity on the time interval was not
      found. Where the second twin was in vertex presentation, a higher neonatal
      morbidity rate with increasing interval was seen. No significant differences were
      noted for neonatal morbidity between vaginal and caesarean delivery by breech
      presentation to the second twin.

PMID- 2283011
TI  - [Normal development of the lateral ventricle of the fetus--study of improved
      early detection of fetal hydrocephalus].
AB  - The widths of foetal lateral ventricles and hemispheres were measured in 197
      normal pregnancies in addition to routine ultrasound foetometry between the 12th
      and 40th weeks of gestation. The 95% confidence intervals of foetal lateral
      ventricle hemisphere ratios were calculated by means of regression analysis. The
      mean value for the occipital horn hemisphere ratio was 0.57 in the 12th week of
      gestation and 0.21 in the 40th week of gestation. The mean value of frontal horn
      hemisphere ratio was 0.41 in the 12th week of gestation and 0.18 in the 40th week
      of gestation. Values exceeding the upper limit of 95% confidence interval are
      indicative of early development of foetal hydrocephalus and should be followed by
      further foetal investigations.

PMID- 2283012
TI  - [Experiences with labor induction at term with a PGE2 gel (Prepidil Gel) in
      unripe cervix].
AB  - The induction of labour was started with an intracervical administration of 0.5
      mg PGE2-Gel (Prepidil) in 30 gravidae at or near term with an unripe score of the
      cervix and for a medical indication. After excluding patients, where labour had
      already started subsequent to this measure, induction of labour was continued
      randomised with PGE2-gel intravaginal versus intravenous oxytocin. The progress
      of labour, the neonatal condition, and paraclinic values were examined. In 11
      cases, labour had already started after the intracervical administration of PGE2.
      The Bishop-score of the other gravidae was improved in the mean from 2.5 +/- 1.1
      to 5.5 +/- 1.7. Was the induction carried out with PGE2 vaginal, the rate of
      success rose to 5 of 9, and after infusion of oxytocin in 6 of 10 cases. The
      continued PGE2 vaginal inductions were insignificantly slower (p greater than 5%)
      than the inductions continued which oxytocin. The mean duration of labour was 7.7
      +/- 3.4 hours in the PGE2-group and 4.5 +/- 2.6 hours in the oxytocin group. No
      disadvantages resulted for mother and child from the vaginal administration of
      PGE2. Because of the high rate of acceptance, vaginal administration of PGE2 is a
      suitable method for the safe induction of labour.

PMID- 2283013
TI  - [The value of various parameters for ultrasound assessment of the postmenopausal
      endometrium with reference to benign and malignant neoplasms].
AB  - In 101 postmenopausal patients, ultrasonic findings of endometrium were compared
      with the histopathology. Object of this study was the evaluation of several
      sonomorphological parameters for detection of benign and malignant endometrial
      neoplasms in order to derive criteria for an ultrasonic screening of these
      lesions in postmenopausal women. The maximum endometrial sonographic thickness
      was found to be the main parameter, yet was itself too insensitive and unspecific
      as a single parameter. Homogeneity, echogeneity and presence of a median echo,
      represent important additional parameters. The sonographic longitudinal diameter
      of the uterus cannot serve as a screening parameter similar to the amplified
      ultrasonic intensity through the endometrium and the low resonant subendometrial
      zone, but defines a collective risk referring to endometrial neoplasms and
      hyperplasias. The criteria derived from this are very sensitive and specific in
      our sample. That is the reason, why we think, that ultrasonic examination of the
      endometrium is an important step in early diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.

PMID- 2283015
TI  - [Chemosensitivity studies with soft agar culture systems in ovarian cancer].
AB  - Since 1982, chemosensitivity studies have been conducted in our laboratory with
      181 tumour samples from 132 woman patients suffering from carcinoma of the
      ovaries, using the colony test and capillary assays. Colonisation rates were 67%
      and assay rates between 60 and 47%; in 36 cases the in vitro result was compared
      with the course of the disease observed in vivo. Whereas in 11 of 12 patients it
      was possible to correctly assess chemoresistance (in vitro growth inhibition less
      than or equal to 49%) pretherapeutically, chemosensitivity (growth inhibition
      greater than or equal to 50%) proved more difficult to confirm, 15 predictions
      being true and 9 false. To assess the prognostic significance of the test
      results, survival curves were calculated from the data of 33 patients. With a p
      value of 0.49, the courses of disease of "in vitro resistant" and "in vitro
      sensitive" patients differed only slightly from one another. We can conclude from
      our experiments, that an important indication for performing the colony test in
      ovarian carcinoma should always be assumed in patients with a poor prognosis,
      e.g. in women having a large postoperative residual tumour. If, in such cases,
      the possibility of chemosensitivity testing via the colony test is considered,
      this examination may offer the chance of sparing the patient additional strain
      due to the side effects of a treatment with cytostatics if the latter is most
      likely to be of no significant use.

PMID- 2283014
TI  - [Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in human breast cancer--a marker of
      morphologic-functional differentiation].
AB  - Epidermal growth factor and some related mitogens elicit a biological response in
      normal and malignant cells by mediation of a specific receptor, the epidermal
      growth factor receptor (EGF-R). In recent publications the expression of this
      receptor, a glycoprotein with extensive sequence homology to the erb B-oncogene,
      has in human breast carcinoma, been claimed to be an excellent indicator of a
      poor prognosis, superior to conventional prognostic factors such as nodal status
      and tumour size. To learn about the functional and prognostic role of EGF-R in
      breast carcinoma, we screened breast cancer tissue from 91 patients for the
      expression of the receptor by immunohistochemical means, with a monoclonal
      antibody. The results were compared to the expression of steroid receptors and to
      morphological and clinical parameters. We detected EGF-R in normal squamous cells
      of the skin and in epithelial and myoepithelial cells in non-neoplastic lobuli
      and ducts of the human breast. EGF-R was found in breast cancer tissues of 22 of
      the 91 patients. Specific staining was observed mainly in the cell membranes, but
      also to some extent in the cytoplasm. The distribution pattern of the antigen in
      terms of intensity of staining and number of specifically stained cells varied
      widely among different and within different regions of the same tumours.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283016
TI  - [Combined surgical-antibiotic therapy of actinomycosis of the adnexa].
AB  - The majority of patients presenting with tubo-ovarian abscess caused by
      abdominopelvic actinomycosis are women using an IUD. Since the course of this
      disease is afebrile, and the diagnosis often established relatively late, it
      typically simulates a malignant tumour of the lower abdomen. Except for
      leukocytosis and an increased blood sedimentation rate, laboratory findings are
      within the normal range. The infection infiltrates neighboring structures, and
      hence a secondary involvement of the intestine is common. Two cases are
      presented, successfully treated by a combined operative-antibiotic approach.

PMID- 2283017
TI  - [Destructive bladder mole--follow-up by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG),
      ultrasound and digital subtraction angiography (DSA)].
AB  - A case report of a mola destruens is presented including the clinical monitoring
      and the therapeutical conclusions. Control parameters were the HCG, ultrasound
      and DSA. The DSA in a new and improved technique, provided helpful information
      during a critical phase of the disease, when changing from mono- to
      polychemotherapy was necessary. Furthermore, the excellent vascular mapping
      enables planning of radiological interventions. In case of tumour bleeding
      hysterectomy can be avoided by embolisation. There may thus be more time for
      conservative treatment by chemotherapy.

PMID- 2283018
TI  - [Alpha-thalassemia as a rare differential diagnosis of hydrops fetalis et
      placentae].
AB  - alpha-Thalassaemia is a disturbance of the alpha-chain synthesis of the
      haemoglobin, which occurs mostly in the Far East. On account of the total absence
      of alpha-chains, the homozygous form is considered to be fatal. However, beta and
      lambda chains exist abundantly. Abortion, intrauterine or perinatal death are the
      results of the extreme anaemia (Hb-Bart's syndrome), despite modern intensive
      medical care. The prenatal diagnosis is possible by: 1. DNA analysis of material
      obtained by chorion villi sampling or culture of fibroblasts, when a risk of re
      occurrence is known to the physician. 2. Hb-electrophoresis from foetal blood in
      cases of hydrops of uncertain origin. When the diagnosis of this fatal disease is
      established, there is no foetal indication for delivery by Caesarian section.

PMID- 2283019
TI  - [Cocaine in pregnancy: a second Contergan?].

PMID- 2283020
TI  - [Ultrastructural picture and nucleolus organizer activity of leukemic cells in
      children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia of the "general" type].

PMID- 2283021
TI  - [Morphometric and electrokinetic criteria of cell identification in acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia].
AB  - It has been established that acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells showing identical
      immunological phenotype have similar morphometric values and electrophoretic
      mobility that significantly distinguish them from lymphoblasts of other
      subvariants. These results have evidenced the expedience of using these criteria
      for correct identification of leukemic cells. Besides that, similarity of
      phenotypic features of leukemic cells of a particular line, having identical
      differentiation status, has supported the opinion on their lineal affiliation.

PMID- 2283022
TI  - [Prognostic significance of nucleolar markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia].
AB  - The morphological criteria have been identified permitting the prognosis of the
      course character of chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL). Slow progressing of CLL is
      attended by the accumulation in the peripheral blood of lymphocytes in the
      transient stage G0----G1 with ring-like nucleoli surrounded by the perinuclear
      area. In rapid progressing of the disease, lymphoid cells in stages G1 and S with
      homogenous nucleoli containing the nucleolar lipid component, are observed in the
      blood of CLL patients.

PMID- 2283023
TI  - [Current theories on the origin of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymphogranulomatosis].
AB  - The literature data and the results of the authors' own investigations on the
      enzymatocytochemical signs, surface membrane receptors and antigens of Hodgkin's
      and Reed-Sternberg cells have been presented. Possible genesis of giant
      multinuclear cells from activated T- or B-lymphocytes, histiocytes,+-macrophages
      or interdigitirring reticular cells in lymphogranulomatosis have been discussed.

PMID- 2283024
TI  - [Indicators of cell proliferation in malignant lymphoma with special reference to
      the nucleolus organizer region].

PMID- 2283025
TI  - [Differentiation and functioning of cells of the T-lymphocyte system].

PMID- 2283026
TI  - Involvement of Azospirillum brasilense plasmid DNA in the production of indole
      acetic acid.
AB  - Indole acetic acid (IAA) production in Azospirillum brasilense strain Sp245 is
      controlled by a 85 MDa plasmid naturally present in this bacterium. In the
      presence of L-tryptophan, anthranilic acid production and almost no IAA
      production occurs in a derivative strain harbouring a Tn5-Mob insertion in the 85
      MDa plasmid. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GM19023, upon transfer of Tn5-Mob
      labelled 85 MDa plasmid of A. brasilense Sp245, gains the ability to produce
      anthranilic acid.

PMID- 2283027
TI  - Cloning, mapping and gene product identification of rhaT from Escherichia coli
      K12.
AB  - Rhamnose utilization requires the function of a specific rhamnose transport
      system. Rhamnose transport mutants have been isolated and characterized. The
      structural gene, rhaT, encoding the rhamnose permease has been cloned from
      Escherichia coli. rhaT has been mapped in the rha locus (87.7 min) by analysis of
      cotransduction with glpK and other rha markers. The precise location of the gene
      has been determined by complementation analysis of rhamnose transport mutants
      transformed with recombinant plasmids containing different fragments of the
      cloned region. Gene order (counterclockwise) is established as glpK . . . rhaT
      rhaR-rhaS-rhaB-rhaA-rhaD. The gene product has been identified by expression of
      rhaT in a T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system. This 23 kDa protein has been
      assigned to the rhaT product and has been shown to be located in the cell
      membrane.

PMID- 2283029
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a restriction and modification deficient mutant
      of Brevibacterium lactofermentum.
AB  - In order to facilitate genetic engineering in amino-acid producing bacteria we
      have isolated two restriction-deficient Brevibacterium lactofermentum strains.
      They have been selected for their ability to obtain a high yield of plaques from
      CL31 phage which was grown on Corynebacterium lilium. These mutant strains do not
      restrict either phage DNA by transfection or DNA from the shuttle vector pBLA
      extracted from Escherichia coli by protoplast transformation. These mutants have
      also lost modification activity. We also report the presence of a restriction
      modification system in C. lilium ATCC 15990.

PMID- 2283028
TI  - A mutant of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides lacking the H2O2- producing
      enzyme L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase.
AB  - Cells of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides grown without stirring or aeration
      in batch culture, and resuspended in a salts solution, oxidised a range of
      carbohydrates including glycerol. The rate of glycerol oxidation was not reduced
      when cells were passaged more than 20 times in batch culture. However, in cells
      grown in stirred and aerated chemostat culture for 100 generations the ability to
      oxidise glycerol, but not other carbohydrates, was lost or greatly reduced. A
      mutant strain isolated from chemostat even after several passages in batch
      culture. The growth rate and growth-yield of the mutant strain in batch culture
      were similar to those of the parent strain. The mutant possessed activity for
      glycerol kinase but had lost that for the hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme, L
      alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase. The selection pressure in favour of the mutant
      strain in chemostat culture may be a decreased production of hydrogen peroxide.

PMID- 2283030
TI  - Plasmid transformation and replica filter plating of Acholeplasma laidlawii.
AB  - The restriction deficient mutant 8195 of Acholeplasma laidlawii strain JA1 was
      transformed by the promiscuous streptococcal plasmid vector pNZ18 at a frequency
      of 4 x 10(-4)/cfu. The plasmid was maintained without structural rearrangements
      but was lost in the absence of a selection pressure, i.e. kanamycin or neomycin.
      Transformed primary colonies were easily recognized due to a different colony
      morphology. Replica filter plating, previously not obtained with mycoplasmas, was
      achieved using pNZ18 as a marker by incubating the replica filters with the cell
      side down on the new agar plates. These findings should greatly facilitate the
      genetic and functional analysis of A. laidlawii.

PMID- 2283031
TI  - Cysteine proteinase changes during macrocyst formation in Dictyostelium
      mucoroides.
AB  - Cysteine proteinases were detected in vegetative myxamoebae of Dictyostelium
      mucoroides DM7 using chromogenic substrates and by electrophoretic analysis
      (gelatin-SDS-PAGE) which revealed three enzymes, dmCP30, dmCP35 and dmCP46 (a
      minor form). During the initial stages of macrocyst formation the cysteine
      proteinaes were secreted and disappeared almost completely from the cells. High
      extracellular levels of activity towards N-benzoyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanyl-L
      arginine 4-nitroanilide and of dmCP30 persisted throughout macrocyst development.
      Three new intracellular proteinases, dmCP31, dmCP36 and dmCP40, were produced as
      macrocysts formed but their activity was only detected by gelatin-SDS-PAGE. Their
      appearance was specific to the developmental pathway leading to macrocyst
      formation. This is the first direct evidence for the accumulation of cysteine
      proteinases during a developmental process in a cellular slime mould.

PMID- 2283032
TI  - Do heat shock proteins provide protection against freezing?
AB  - Yeast cells were frozen by plunging directly into liquid nitrogen (LN2) after
      exposure at 43 degrees C. Both the cells frozen without prior exposure to heat
      shock and those treated with cycloheximide showed almost 100% loss of viability
      during freezing and thawing. Heat exposure prior to freezing and thawing
      significantly increased the cell viability. This increase in cell viability was
      associated with the induction of heat shock protein synthesis, which was detected
      by gel electrophoresis. This protein may act by stabilizing the macromolecules
      and by increasing the hydrophobic interactions.

PMID- 2283033
TI  - Incidence of Vibrio vulnificus in northern New England water and shellfish.
AB  - Vibrio vulnificus, an autochthonous inhabitant of the estuarine environment, was
      detected in water and oysters from the Great Bay Estuary System of New Hampshire
      and Maine. Previously, it had not been detected north of Boston Harbor on the
      east coast of the United States. V. vulnificus was detected in water and
      shellfish samples at five out of ten sites, and only in areas that were not open
      to recreational shellfishing. Although samples were collected from May into
      December, V. vulnificus was only detected in shellfish in July and August. Water
      sampling began in August, and V. vulnificus persisted at one site into October.

PMID- 2283035
TI  - Factors influencing the utilisation of L-malate by yeasts.
AB  - The utilisation of L-malate and the effect of glucose concentration on malate
      utilisation under semi-anaerobic conditions were investigated in three yeasts
      unable to grow on malate as sole carbon source (Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
      Schizosaccharomyces malidevorans, Zygosaccharomyces bailii) and two yeasts able
      to utilise the TCA cycle intermediate as sole carbon source (Pichia stipitis and
      Pachysolen tannophilus). Utilisation of malate by both Schiz. malidevorans and Z.
      bailii was reduced at high and low levels of glucose. In the absence of glucose,
      P. stipitis and Pa. tannophilus utilised malate rapidly; however, their
      utilisation was drastically reduced in the presence of glucose, suggesting that
      malate utilisation is under catabolite repression.

PMID- 2283037
TI  - Epidemiological typing of Acinetobacter strains by esterase electrophoresis.
AB  - Fifty-three strains of Acinetobacter, belonging to the species A baumannii, A.
      haemolyticus and A. johnsonii, were differentiated by electrophoretic typing of
      their esterases, on the basis of both the enzyme specific activity profiles and
      their electrophoretic mobilities. Each esterase was defined by its spectrum of
      hydrolytic activity toward five synthetic substrates and its sensitivity to di
      isopropyl fluorophosphate. Since each enzyme was not detected in all strains of a
      given species, several zymotypes could be defined by the patterns of combinations
      of esterases. Thus, 24 zymotypes were defined in the 32 A. baumannii strains, 4
      were defined in the 10 A. haemolyticus strains and 6 were defined in the 11 A.
      johnsonii strains. When the electrophoretic mobilities of the various esterases
      were included, each of the 53 strains of Acinetobacter (with the exception of
      three A. haemolyticus strains) showed a distinct electrotype.

PMID- 2283036
TI  - Studies on transcription of the yeast URA2 gene.
AB  - The multifunctional protein carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPSase)-aspartate
      transcarbamylase (ATCase) encoded by the URA2 gene catalyses the first two steps
      of the yeast pyrimidine pathway. An excess of the final product, the
      intracellular UTP (uridine triphosphate), inhibits both the transcription of the
      URA2 gene and the enzymatic activities. Results presented in this paper suggest
      that transcription of URA2 is negatively regulated (repression-derepression) and
      establish that this regulation is less efficient in the flow of the pyrimidine
      pathway than feedback inhibition.

PMID- 2283034
TI  - Haemin inhibits the trypsin-like enzyme activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis W83.
AB  - The effect of haemin and related porphyrins on the activity of the trypsin-like
      enzyme activity in cell sonicates of Porphyromonas gingivalis was examined using
      a spectrophotometric assay and by following the degradation of human IgG. Haemin
      was inhibitory in both assay systems and the effect was shown to be reversible.
      The high concentration of haemin accumulated by P. gingivalis may protect the
      organism against autodegradative effects of the trypsin-like protease.

PMID- 2283039
TI  - The properties of forms of Ruminococcus flavefaciens which differ in their
      ability to degrade cotton cellulose.
AB  - Two mutant strains of Ruminococcus flavefaciens strain 007 that differ in their
      ability to hydrolyse cotton fibres have been shown also to differ in their cell
      surface topology, in that the cotton degrading form possessed larger and more
      protuberant cell surface structures. The strains had similar CMCase,
      cellobiosidase and beta-glucosidase activities. The results indicate the
      importance of cell-surface properties in cotton degradation by R. flavefaciens.

PMID- 2283038
TI  - Initiation of growth in pbpAts and rodAts mutants of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli strains harbouring pbpAts mutations are particularly sensitive
      to functional alterations of penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP 2) at the
      initiation of growth. Shift-up to 42 degrees C results in the inability of cells
      to reach a steady rate of growth and division. Furthermore, a very high
      proportion of cells generate minicell-like structures which are pinched-off
      through a process requiring the activity of penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP 3).

PMID- 2283040
TI  - Gel electrophoretic analysis of penicillin-binding proteins of coagulase negative
      staphylococci.
AB  - We analyzed gel electrophoretic banding patterns of penicillin-binding proteins
      (PBPs) of 16 type strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). S.
      epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. saprophyticus, S. hominis, S. xylosus, S.
      simulans, S. warneri, S. capitis, S. saccharolyticus, S. auricularis, S.
      caseolyticus, S. gallinarum, S. hycus subsp. hycus, S. cohnii, S. caprae, and S.
      sciuri subsp. sciuri. The PBP profile of each CNS species was found to be unique
      and was clearly distinguishable from those of the rest of the species. Together
      with the previous work of other researchers, this study substantiates the
      applicability of the PBP profile analysis to the identification of clinical CNS
      strains.

PMID- 2283041
TI  - Effect of prior treatment with Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin inactivated
      by various agents on lethal, pressor and contractile activities of the toxin.
AB  - Lethal and pressor activities, and the contractile responses of rat isolated
      ileum to Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, were significantly prevented by
      the prior administration of epsilon toxin inactivated by 1-ethyl-3-(3-diethyl
      aminopropyl) carbodiimide in the presence of glycine methyl ester (EDC), 2,4,6
      trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), succinic anhydride (SA) and ethoxyformic
      anhydride (EFA). However, the prior administration of the toxin inactivated by N
      acetylimidazole (NAI), tetranitromethane (TNM) and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS)
      resulted in no inhibition of these biological activities. These data suggest that
      the toxin interacts with specific site(s) on target organs or tissues. The
      relationship between amino acid residues and the actions of the toxin is
      described.

PMID- 2283042
TI  - Platelet aggregation by oral streptococci.
AB  - One proposed mechanism in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis is the
      direct aggregation of platelets by the bacteria causing the disease. Some, but
      not all, strains of Streptococcus sanguis have been reported to aggregate
      platelets but the taxonomy of this and related taxa has changed recently. The
      ability to aggregate platelets by 24 genetically grouped laboratory stock strains
      was studied along with 8 recent isolates from cases of endocarditis. Strains
      belonging to S. sanguis could aggregate platelets, but not S. gordonii, "S.
      parasanguis", S. mitis, S. oralis or related taxa. Also, preliminary data
      indicate that certain biotypes of S. sanguis lack the ability to aggregate
      platelets. Of the recent clinical isolates, only 4 aggregated platelets and each
      of these showed phenotypes typical of S. sanguis. These data suggest that the
      ability to aggregate platelets is not essential for an organism to be able to
      cause endocarditis, although it may be a significant virulence factor.

PMID- 2283043
TI  - Interaction of extracellular vesicles of Bacteroides gingivalis W50 with human
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
AB  - The effects of B. gingivalis W50 extracellular vesicles (ECV) on neutrophil
      chemotaxis and viability were assessed and compared with those of whole cells and
      the extracellular non-dialysable soluble protein (EP) fraction. None of the
      fractions tested, including soluble fractions derived from cells and ECV by
      sonication, induced neutrophil chemotaxis. Only ECV and cells inhibited f-MLP
      stimulated chemotaxis. ECV and cells were cytotoxic towards neutrophils. The
      cytotoxic response was time dependent. The soluble EP fraction did not influence
      cell viability.

PMID- 2283044
TI  - Duplication of the streptokinase gene in the chromosome of Streptococcus
      equisimilis H46A.
AB  - The erythromycin resistance plasmid pSM752 carrying the cloned streptokinase
      gene, skc, was introduced by protoplast transformation into Streptococcus
      equisimilis H46A from which skc was originally cloned. Cells transiently
      supporting the replication of pSM752 gave rise to an erythromycin-resistant clone
      designated H46SM which was plasmid free and produced streptokinase at levels
      approximately twice as high as the wild type. Southern hybridization of total
      cell DNA with an skc-containing probe provided evidence for the duplication of
      the skc gene in the H46SM chromosome. The results, which have some bearing on
      industrial streptokinase production, can be best explained by a single cross-over
      event between the chromosome and the plasmid in the region of shared homology
      leading to the integration of pSM752 in a Campbell-like manner.

PMID- 2283045
TI  - Adhesive binding of rokitamycin to Staphylococcus aureus ribosomes.
AB  - Rokitamycin (RKM), a 3"-O-propionyl derivative of leucomycin A5, is bactericidal
      against staphylococci near the minimum inhibitory concentrations. RKM bound to
      ribosomes before-hand is only slightly displaced by erythromycin or josamycin, or
      even by RKM itself. The adhesive binding of the RKM-ribosome complex might prove
      to be the lethal event for susceptible staphylococci.

PMID- 2283046
TI  - A plasmid vector for an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus.
AB  - The host-vector system for an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB27, was
      developed. The host strain has a mutation in tryptophan synthetase gene (trpB),
      and the mutation was determined to be a missense mutation by DNA sequence
      analysis. A Thermus-E. coli shuttle vector pYK109 was constructed. pYK109
      consists of Thermus cryptic plasmid pTT8, tryptophan synthetase gene (trpB) of
      Thermus T2 and E. coli plasmid vector pUC13. pYK109 transformed T. thermophilus
      HB27 trpB5 to Trp+ at a frequency of 10(6) transformants per microgram DNA.

PMID- 2283047
TI  - [Cloning genes for biosynthesis of Pseudomonas putida tryptophan in Escherichia
      coli cells].
AB  - The trpE, trpC and trpIBA genes of Pseudomonas putida were cloned by
      complementation of the corresponding auxotrophic mutations of Escherichia coli
      using pBR322 as a vector. With the exception of trpE, transcription of all genes
      in new host takes place under control of their own promoters. Expression of the
      trpD gene linked to trpC was not registered in E. coli. Repressible trpC enzyme
      was synthesized constitutively in E. coli. Characteristic regulation of P. putida
      trpBA genes via induction by indolglycerol phosphate is retained in E. coli. The
      activator gene trpI and tryptophan synthase genes were closely linked in the
      trpIBA sequence.

PMID- 2283048
TI  - [Meiotic drive of t-haplotypes: segregation of chromosomes in mice with partial
      trisomy].
AB  - The properties of the t haplotypes, specific mutant states of the proximal region
      of chromosome 17 in the house mouse keep renewing interest. One such property is
      increased transmission of the t haplotype from heterozygous t/+ males to their
      offspring. By means of reciprocal translocation T (16; 17)43H, we have
      constructed males with tertiary trisomy 17 (+T43/++/RB7+) carrying Robertsonian
      translocation Rb(16.17)7Bnr. The offspring of these males was viable when sperm
      of +T43/++ and Rb7+ was used. The segregation patterns in the offspring of t
      bearing trisomics were analysed on days 16-18 of embryonic development. It was
      found that in the case when the t haplotype is on the normal acrocentric (male
      male ++T43/+t12+/Rb7++), its presence in the gamete +t12+/++T43 does not produce
      meiotic drive. However, when t6 is on Rb7, meiotic drive was equal to 80%. It is
      concluded that the presence of a normal homolog and a t-bearing chromosome in
      sperm does not result in meiotic drive. Possible mechanisms of meiotic drive of
      the t haplotypes are discussed.

PMID- 2283049
TI  - [Changes in radiosensitivity of chromosomes at the presynthetic stage of the
      mitotic cycle: role of single-stranded segments of DNA].
AB  - Formation of single-stranded DNA regions was investigated during the presynthetic
      stage of human lymphocyte cell cycle. Two peaks of single-stranded region
      production were found in about the middle and near the end of the G1 stage. Both
      the peaks appeared some hours earlier in gamma-irradiated cells than in control.
      Experiments showed that the periods of the peak formation coincided with the
      terms when time-effect dependence for gamma-induced chromosomal aberrations
      changed its character. The interpretation of the results supposes existence of
      inherent for the G1 stage process of genetic material correction.

PMID- 2283050
TI  - [Soluble blood proteins and hemoglobin from red-backed and large- toothed voles].
AB  - Electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins of northern red-backed and large
      toothed voles was examined. Seven main protein zones were distinguished. In four
      of them variability was observed, possibly genetically determined. Polymorphism
      of transferrins was thoroughly studied. 6 alleles and only 7 phenotypes of this
      protein were found in the northern red-backed vole, while 3 alleles and 4
      phenotypes were revealed in the large-toothed red-backed vole, two alleles being
      common. Distribution of phenotype frequencies observed in both species differs
      significantly from the expected value. The portion of heterozygous phenotypes is
      quite high in both species, being 0.304 and 0.400 in the northern red-backed and
      large-toothed red-backed voles, respectively. Hemoglobins of the species studied
      were identical in electrophoretic mobility and monomorphic.

PMID- 2283051
TI  - [Cytogenetic differentiation of Apodemus peninsulae populations (Rodentia,
      Muridae) in eastern Siberia].
AB  - Population and cytogenetics studies of geographical karyotype changes in East
      Asiatic mice in East Siberia showed that each population has unique cytogenetic
      structure, owing to different variants of B-chromosomes system, including 1 to 18
      B-chromosomes differing in morphology and size. For each population, we observed
      the prevalence of mice with a definite number and morphology of B-chromosomes,
      which is probably the result of homeostatic processes in the population. Local
      changes were revealed, due to increase in the number of dot-like B-chromosomes in
      the direction from the West to the East.

PMID- 2283052
TI  - [The role of genetic and environmental factors in phenotypic variability of
      arterial pressure and body weight and their interconnection (a family study)].
AB  - Contribution of genetic and environmental factors into phenotypic variability of
      blood pressure and body mass as well as into phenotypic correlation between these
      traits was defined. It was shown that additive genetic determinant is responsible
      for considerable level of blood pressure and body mass variability. Those common
      environmental factors are of importance which operate within the limits of one
      generation. Maternal effect of systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability
      is negligible. The correlation between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is
      determined both by environmental and genetic factors, whereas that between blood
      pressure and body mass is mediated by only environmental factors. The
      contribution of environmental factors into correlation between blood pressure and
      body mass lessens with age. The results obtained may be applied in development of
      population and individual programmes for preventing cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2283053
TI  - [Characteristics of the morphology of metaphase chromosomes in white rat
      hematopoietic cells].
AB  - Comparative study of morphological structure of chromosomes in different
      hematogenous cells of experimental white rats was carried out on the 5th day
      after ablation of spleen, on the 6th day after intermittent action of hypoxia in
      an altitude chamber and on the 6th day in case of aseptic inflammation after
      introduction of turpentine. In the populations of marrow cells of all
      experimental animals three types of chromosome sets were detected, their ratio
      changing, due to the regulation level of different hematogenous rows.

PMID- 2283054
TI  - [Possibility of EEG-diagnosis of heterozygotic Martin-Bell syndrome].
AB  - A case of fragile-X syndrome (the Martin-Bell syndrome) in two male half-sibs
      from different marriages of their mother was described. Both patients suffered
      from mental retardation and had some characters of the Martin-Bell syndrome.
      Somatically healthy mother was characterized by IQ-101. The EEG study showed
      similar changes both in mother and her sons. The diagnostic specificity of the
      method presented was discussed.

PMID- 2283055
TI  - [Genetic effects in mice exposed to the 10-km area around the Chernobyl Atomic
      Energy Station].
AB  - Mice (CBAxC57BL) F of both sexes were exposed within the 10 km zone of Chernobyl
      nuclear power station. Genetic damage of phone chronic effect of increased
      radiation in exposed adult mice and in the course of embryogenesis was studied.
      The total absorbed radiation doses in testes varied from 1.85 to 0.42 Gy in
      embryos and from 3.4 to 2.7 Gy in adult males. Increase of dominant lethal
      mutations (DLM) and abnormal sperm heads (ASH) was only observed right after the
      end of exposure of adult males. The yield of reciprocal translocations (RT) in
      these males was relatively low. Among the males exposed at the stage of early
      embryogenesis, 4 heterozygotes for RT were revealed. In other males of this group
      the RT yield was low.

PMID- 2283056
TI  - [Negative correlation between heterozygosity and potential fertility in the Eveny
      population of Iakutiia].
AB  - The relationship between heterozygosity of 9 polymorphic loci and fertility of
      women surviving beyond the menopause was studied in the North-Siberian tribe
      Eveny. The number of pregnancies negatively correlated with the individual
      heterozygosity (r = -0.2913 + 0.1302, P less than 0.05). Drastic fertility
      reduction in heterozygous women was observed for G1M, ACP and HP loci.

PMID- 2283057
TI  - [Effect of atmospheric pollution on health of the population and immunologic
      reactivity (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2283058
TI  - [Complex evaluation of atmospheric air pollution].

PMID- 2283059
TI  - [Survival of bacteria of the Bacillus and Pseudomonas species in phosphorus
      polluted river and sea waters].
AB  - It has been stated, that phosphorus in the concentration 0.15 g/l, as an
      additional nutrition component in marine and river water produces a growth
      stimulating effect on certain types of bacteria. The concentration of 15 g/l, on
      the contrary, inhibits bacteria growth, and terms of their survival in marine and
      river water are reduced.

PMID- 2283060
TI  - [Experimental study of the embryotropic effects of various calcium compounds
      after peroral administration].
AB  - The ion form as calcium bicarbonate appeared to be most favourable for the
      correction of mineral distillate content with various calcium compounds. An
      organocomplex compound--calcium lactate can not be considered as an adequate
      model for the scientific substantiation of hygienic standards for calcium content
      in drinking water. Completely demineralized water consumed perorally gives a
      negative embryotropic effect.

PMID- 2283061
TI  - [Soil hygiene after irrigation of agricultural fields with sewage water
      containing surface-active substances (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2283062
TI  - [Substantiation of the maximum permissible level of sodium cyanate in reservoir
      water].

PMID- 2283063
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of the effectiveness of using aluminum oxychloride for
      purification of ships' waste water].
AB  - Treatment of multicomponent composition ship waste waters by an aluminum
      containing waste is substantiated from the hygienic point of view both in
      laboratory and field studies. The tested principle of treatment provides deep
      purification of liquid wastes according to the following indicators; particulate
      matter--95.3%; BCO5--90.0%; oil products--99.5%; cadmium--70.3%; iron--30.0%;
      phenol--48.1%; SSAS--37.5%. The effectiveness of coagulation of the combined
      sewage independent of quantitative ratios of bilgeway and waste waters has been
      confirmed with the help of regression-correlative analysis, which alongside the
      use of aluminum oxychlorides at the functioning installations of sewage
      purification and disinfection testify to the possibility of forming of
      principally new and effective samples of compact ship water protective equipment.

PMID- 2283064
TI  - [Combined effects of toluene and hot microclimate on human body].
AB  - It is shown in the paper that sensitivity of human organism to the toxic action
      of toluene is not changed under exposure to the microclimate, producing allowable
      thermal state, and is increased under exposure to the heating microclimate
      leading to the development of maximum thermal state. Under toluene exposure in
      the concentration 300 mg/m3 resistance to the heating microclimate under the
      conditions of joint exposure to these factors is reduced, which is manifest in an
      earlier onset of the maximum thermal state in people under observation.

PMID- 2283065
TI  - [Lead levels in workers' blood and urine].
AB  - The relation between lead content in urine and blood of workers and the degree of
      manifestation of a disease is analysed in the paper. It has been found out that
      along with the increase in lead content in biomedia the severity of its effect on
      the organism is increased too. It has been shown that the determination of this
      element in urine is characterized by high diagnostic significance (more than
      95%). The rate of lead excretion with urine increases with the increase of
      severity of a disease, and it is twice as much in people with chronic lead
      intoxication compared to that in practically healthy workers. It is proposed that
      determination of urine lead content be included as an obligatory test into the
      examination of workers in contact with lead.

PMID- 2283066
TI  - [Toxic properties of acrylamide (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2283067
TI  - [Interaction of active chlortriazine dyes with blood proteins].
AB  - The study was undertaken to analyze the capacity of organic active chlorotriazine
      pigments to make contact with blood serum proteins. It was established that
      pigment toxicity was inversely correlated to the capacity of making contact with
      blood serum proteins (r = 99%) and directly correlated to the capacity of making
      contact with albumin (r = 96%).

PMID- 2283068
TI  - [Radiation-hygienic evaluation of vegetables and potatoes grown after soil
      irrigation with water containing artificial radionuclides].
AB  - Radiation and hygienic appraisal of vegetables cultivated under various kinds of
      irrigation is presented. Critical radionuclides are determined along with major
      vegetable products owing to which the great amount of radionuclides is absorbed.
      Contribution of vegetables and potato cultivated under irrigation into the total
      body intake of radionuclides by local residents has been evaluated.

PMID- 2283069
TI  - [Ways to reduce a collective dose of internal radiation in pollution of
      agricultural fields].

PMID- 2283070
TI  - [Functional status of workers engaged in connecting high-voltage electric power
      lines].
AB  - The conducted studies reveal ambiguity of the functional state of a number of
      body systems of those working at connected high-voltage power lines (HVPL). It is
      pointed out that further studies are necessary in this field, special attention
      should be paid to the problems of time study and ergonomic evaluation of the work
      at HVPL, and physical factors' measurements affecting voltage-exposed workers.

PMID- 2283072
TI  - [Evaluation of the watchmen's shift-expedition work in the oil industry].

PMID- 2283071
TI  - [Hygienic standardization of electromagnetic radiation from two-channel
      meteorological radar stations].
AB  - The study was designed to analyze the impact of the combined electromagnetic
      fields (EMF) with the wavelength of 10 and 0.8 cm and various levels of energy
      current density on the central nervous system, metabolic processes, immune
      resistance and reproductive function. Proceeding from the obtained data maximum
      allowable levels of EMF produced by the prospective two-channel meteorological++
      radars were established.

PMID- 2283073
TI  - [Informative value of the automated information system in studying the work
      environment, socioeconomic factors and health status of workers].

PMID- 2283074
TI  - [Possibilities, place and role of the stomatological services in the mass
      screening of the population of an industrial region].

PMID- 2283075
TI  - [Organization of anti-alcoholism propaganda].

PMID- 2283076
TI  - [Development of the attitude of technical school students to alcohol drinking].

PMID- 2283077
TI  - [Methodological approach to the development of the complex program "Health" and
      "Ecology"].

PMID- 2283078
TI  - [Ionometric analysis of copper in the water media using a copper-selective
      electrode].

PMID- 2283079
TI  - [The Ames test as a criterion in hygienic studies of the mutagenic effect of
      metals].

PMID- 2283080
TI  - [Statistical criteria of toxicity in determining the threshold effects of
      chemical compounds on the body].

PMID- 2283081
TI  - [A method of hygienic evaluation of air pollution in an industrial city].

PMID- 2283082
TI  - [Chemiluminescence in the reactions of plasma with allergens].

PMID- 2283083
TI  - [Extraction-photometric analysis of low levels of hem-ditret-butylperoxy-3,3,5
      trimethylcyclohexane peroxide in in water solutions].

PMID- 2283084
TI  - [Rapid prediction of safe levels of dusts with low degree of solubility].

PMID- 2283085
TI  - [Development of the theory on combined effects of chemical substances on the
      body].

PMID- 2283087
TI  - Metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of proteins: biochemical mechanism and biological
      consequences.
AB  - In the presence of O2, Fe(III) or Cu(II), and an appropriate electron donor, a
      number of enzymic and nonenzymic oxygen free radical-generating systems are able
      to catalyze the oxidative modification of proteins. Whereas random, global
      modification of many different amino acid residues and extensive fragmentation
      occurs when proteins are exposed to oxygen radicals produced by high energy
      radiation, only one or a few amino acid residues are modified and relatively
      little peptide bond cleavage occurs when proteins are exposed to metal-catalyzed
      oxidation (MCO) systems. The available evidence indicates that the MCO systems
      catalyze the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) and of O2 to H2O2 and that these
      products react at metal-binding sites on the protein to produce active oxygen
      (free radical?) species (viz; OH, ferryl ion) which attack the side chains of
      amino acid residues at the metal-binding site. Among other modifications,
      carbonyl derivatives of some amino acid residues are formed; prolyl and arginyl
      residues are converted to glutamylsemialdehyde residues, lysyl residues are
      likely converted to 2-amino-adipylsemialdehyde residues; histidyl residues are
      converted to asparagine and/or aspartyl residues; prolyl residues are converted
      to glutamyl or pyroglutamyl residues; methionyl residues are converted to
      methionylsulfoxide residues; and cysteinyl residues to mixed-disulfide
      derivatives. The biological significance of these metal ion-catalyzed reactions
      is highlighted by the demonstration: (i) that oxidative modification of proteins
      "marks" them for degradation by most common proteases and especially by the
      cytosolic multicatalytic proteinase from mammalian cells; (ii) protein oxidation
      contributes substantially to the intracellular pool of catalytically inactive and
      less active, thermolabile forms of enzymes which accumulate in cells during
      aging, oxidative stress, and in various pathological states, including premature
      aging diseases (progeria, Werner's syndrome), muscular dystrophy, rheumatoid
      arthritis, cataractogenesis, chronic alcohol toxicity, pulmonary emphysema, and
      during tissue injury provoked by ischemia-reperfusion. Furthermore, the metal ion
      catalyzed protein oxidation is the basis of biological mechanisms for regulating
      changes in enzyme levels in response to shifts from anaerobic to aerobic
      metabolism, and probably from one nutritional state to another. It is also
      involved in the killing of bacteria by neutrophils and in the loss of neutrophil
      function following repeated cycles of respiratory burst activity.

PMID- 2283086
TI  - Antioxidant characteristics of some potential anticataract agents. Studies of
      aspirin, paracetamol, and bendazac provide support for an oxidative component of
      cataract.
AB  - It is conceivable that drugs with anticataract potential possess antioxidant
      activity. Using defined chelating agents and reducing agents in a number of
      assays for antioxidant activity, we have demonstrated that paracetamol, aspirin,
      bendazac, and its metabolite 5-hydroxybendazac possess substantial reducing
      and/or metal-chelating activity. We found that paracetamol and 5-hydroxybendazac
      reduced the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical; inhibited butyl peroxide-induced
      erythrocyte lysis as well as the haematin-catalyzed oxidative coupling of 4
      aminoantipyrine and phenol by butyl peroxide. Furthermore, paracetamol, bendazac,
      and aspirin competed with 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-Diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-4', 4"
      disulphonic acid (ferrozine) for ferrous ion.

PMID- 2283088
TI  - Oxygen toxicity: unique cytoprotective properties of vitamin E succinate in
      hepatocytes.
AB  - Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes suspensions were incubated under an atmosphere
      of 95% O2/5% CO2 or 95% air/5% CO2 for 10 h. Cell injury and death were observed
      between the 6th and 10th hour of incubation, only in 95% O2-treated hepatocytes.
      Oxygen-induced injury was preceded by marked lipid peroxidation and rapid
      depletion of cellular alpha tocopherol content. The exogenous administration of
      unesterified alpha tocopherol (T, 25 microM) resulted in a 20-fold increase in
      cellular T levels (4.2 nmol/10(6) cells) but failed to protect these hepatocytes
      from the toxic effects of oxygen. In contrast, hepatocytes incubated with 25
      microM of the succinate ester of alpha tocopherol (TS) contained both TS (3.0
      nmol/10(6) cells) and T (1.4 nmol/10(6) cells) and were completely protected from
      the toxic effects of oxygen, including the induction of lipid peroxidation. These
      findings suggest that TS cytoprotection results not from the cellular
      accumulation of T but rather, from cellular TS accumulation. The data also
      indicate that the depletion of cellular T is not the critical cellular event that
      is responsible for hyperoxia (reactive oxygen intermediate)-induced injury.
      Instead, it appears that TS possesses unique cytoprotective properties that
      intervene in the critical cellular events that lead to oxygen toxicity. Thus,
      vitamin E succinate and our hyperoxic hepatocyte preparation provide a promising
      new model system for the study and prevention of tissue damage resulting from the
      toxic effects of hyperoxia and reactive oxygen intermediates.

PMID- 2283089
TI  - Vegetative nervous system and syncopes.
AB  - The vegetative nervous system (VNS) plays a prominent role in many syncopes
      according to either organic or (days)functional pathogenetic mechanism. Vasovagal
      syncopes are typically (dys)functional and related to both vasodepression and
      cardioinhibition, whereas syncopes due to autonomic failure (AF) show a clearly
      organic pathogenesis and are related to the impairment of baroceptor control on
      arterial blood pressure. The differences between (dys)functional and organic
      vegetative syncopes are discussed. AF is a model for studying the effects of
      chronic vegetative insufficiency in man and makes it possible to speculate on the
      functional role of the VNS. Vasovagal syncopes seem to be inhibitory integrated
      vegetative-somatic behaviours, with a protective and adaptive functional role.

PMID- 2283090
TI  - Pattern recognition analysis of cardiovascular reflexes: its application in the
      diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy.
AB  - We describe pattern recognition analysis of six cardiovascular reflex tests and
      its application in the diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy. A discriminating model
      was performed by SIMCA method using the results of 85 healthy subjects. The
      prediction ability of the model was then verified with data from 95 patients at
      risk for autonomic neuropathy. Specificity resulted 93% and sensitivity 97%. The
      method increases the diagnostic efficiency of the tests, being particularly
      useful in patients with borderline autonomic involvement.

PMID- 2283092
TI  - Quantitative assessment of somatic muscle tone.
AB  - An operational definition and a method for the evaluation of somatic muscle tone
      are presented. The relation between the applied perturbation (pseudo-random
      sequence of torque pulses) and the resulting changes in joint angular position
      defines a mechanical admittance. The usefulness of this and related concepts for
      the quantitative assessment of pathologic changes in muscle tone is illustrated
      with an example of an experimental lesion of the internal capsule in the monkey.
      The identification of time-varying reflex responses is discussed in relation to a
      catching task in human subjects.

PMID- 2283091
TI  - Diabetic autonomic neuropathy and bladder function: pharmacological use of
      gangliosides and insulin.
AB  - This paper briefly describes experimental evidence indicating that bladder
      dysfunction observed in diabetic rats is due in part to hyperdiuresis and in part
      to autonomic nerves alterations. The latter, in analogy with somatic nerves
      alteration, can be ameliorated by treatment of diabetic animals with
      gangliosides. The use of this agent in the autonomic nerve dysfunction of
      diabetic origin is discussed.

PMID- 2283093
TI  - Pathophysiology of muscle tone.
AB  - Pathophysiology of muscle tone is discussed on the basis of recent knowledge
      about motor system organization. Decerebrate rigidity, "pyramidal" spasticity and
      extrapyramidal rigidity served as models of muscle tone alterations in lateral
      and ventral motor system lesions.

PMID- 2283094
TI  - The power transfer from the neuromuscular machinery to its load as a vegetative
      and somatic behaviour.
AB  - Models have been proposed in literature describing the contraction of visceral
      and somatic muscles as an interaction between the time-varying elastances of them
      and the loads they are working against. The aim of this paper is: 1) to make
      clear similarities between the models of visceral and somatic muscular
      contraction; 2) to stress the concept that the power transfer from a time-varying
      elastance to its load is a behaviour, i.e. an interaction between the entire
      neuromuscular machinery and the surrounding environment; 3) to propose a theory
      describing the various physiological and pathological behaviours of both visceral
      and somatic muscles as different ways of coupling between the time-varying
      muscular elastances and their loads. In this theory it is assumed that the entire
      neuromuscular machinery acts as a whole to set the most appropriate power
      transfer to achieve behavioural goals.

PMID- 2283096
TI  - Autonomic variations after stellate ganglion block: are they evidence of an
      autonomic afference?
AB  - Sympathetic skin response and plethysomography were used to assess the
      sympatholytic effect of the stellate ganglion block with morphine and bupivacaine
      in patients affected by a sympathetic algodystrophy of the upper limb. Morphine
      did not show any analgesic or sympatholytic effect. The distribution of the
      sympatholytic effect and the clinical findings of pain relief without somatic
      sensory-motor impairments obtained with the local anaesthetic, support the
      presence of a blockade of the sympathetic efferent pathway as well as of an
      afferent contingent of fibres probably and mainly involved in sympathetic
      reflexes.

PMID- 2283095
TI  - The trigeminal pupillary reflex as a model of vegetative-nociceptive interaction:
      physiological and clinical aspects.
AB  - The study of pupil response to stimuli applied at the corneal level is
      particularly interesting for the study of integrative sensory-vegetative
      functions in both physiological and clinical research. In the present study we
      tried to evaluate and describe pupil response to quantified corneal stimuli in 7
      healthy subjects by means of a binocular TV pupillometric device. The pupil
      response to corneal stimuli was bilateral, direct and consensual. It was
      characterized by a biphasic progression with an initial response in mydriasis and
      a later miotic component which was smaller, slower and of longer duration. A
      direct correlation was observed between the intensity of the stimulus applied and
      the extent of the mydriasis and between the intensity of the stimulus at the
      corneal level and the length of the mydriatic response.

PMID- 2283098
TI  - Syncopes with reference to sex and age.
AB  - The incidence of different types of syncopes and their relationship to sex and
      age were studied. In agreement with previous findings in the literature, a cause
      of syncopes in a large proportion of patients could not be determined. Vasovagal
      syncopes clearly prevailed among diagnosed syncopes with a female prevalence.
      Other syncopes (due to orthostatic hypotension, carotid-sinus syndrome etc.) had
      a male preponderance. Syncopes with poor prognosis prevailed in elderly patients.

PMID- 2283097
TI  - The heart as a biological clock: phase-locking between heart and efferent vagal
      activity.
AB  - Experiments were performed to evaluate whether the negative inotropic effect of
      efferent vagal stimulation is more strictly related to the number of stimuli
      falling with each cardiac cycle (St/c) or to the number of stimuli per second
      (St/s). Therefore, vagal stimulations were performed in anaesthetized dogs either
      with constant frequency (CONT), or with trains of 3 stimuli triggered by each
      atrial activation (SYNCHR). An atrial contractility index was measured while
      increasing heart rate by artificial heart pacing during CONT and SYNCHR vagal
      stimulations. The negative inotropic parasympathetic effect was reduced in the
      former protocol (St/s constant, St/c reduced) and did not change in the latter.
      It was concluded that the effect of vagal stimulation is more strictly related to
      St/c rather than to St/s. We suggest that the heart cycle operates as a
      biological clock with respect to cardiac vagal control.

PMID- 2283099
TI  - Electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic features of vasovagal syncope
      induced by head-up tilt.
AB  - Two hundred and seventy-nine consecutive patients referred for transient loss of
      consciousness, compatible with syncope, underwent head-up tilt to 70 degrees
      during polygraphic (EEG, ECG, pneumographic) and blood pressure monitorings.
      Vasovagal syncopes occurred in 28 patients with the following EEG changes:
      progressive slowing until the appearance of middle or high amplitude delta waves
      generalized and synchronous in 9 patients; delta waves suddenly followed by
      transient flattening of EEG activity in 16 patients. In 2 patients EEG could not
      be interpreted because of muscle and/or movement artifacts. Fifteen out of 28
      patients exhibited a marked cardioinhibition, expressed by long-lasting cardiac
      pauses; a relationship between duration of EEG flat and duration of asystole was
      not found.

PMID- 2283100
TI  - The neuropsychophysiology of emotion.
AB  - The principles of hierarchical organization and progressive increase of
      differentiation and integration within a hierarchy provide a framework for
      understanding how the subjective experience of emotion, brain mechanisms
      mediating emotion and autonomic activation during emotional arousal are
      organized, and how the three domains are interrelated. Supporting evidence from
      empirical studies of three types, pairing one domain with each of the other two,
      are reviewed. This integrated model may bring coherence to the study of emotion,
      and facilitate an improved understanding of the role of emotion in systemic
      medical disorders.

PMID- 2283101
TI  - Conditioned freezing (generalized motor inhibition) in several rat strains: its
      usefulness in assessing somato-vegetative responses to nociceptive stress.
AB  - Conditioned initial freezing duration was timed in the light-dark box test. Four
      genetically diverse groups of rats (Wistar, Long Evans, Brattleboro heterozigous
      for diabetes insipidus, Brattleboro homozygous for diabetes insipidus) were
      employed. 0.6 mA and 1.8 mA footshocks were administered as nociceptive
      stressors. The results showed that freezing duration easily and conveniently
      measures the animal's capacity of responding to stress. This finding is discussed
      in terms of genetically determined hormonal make-up and of CNS receptorial
      mechanisms. Initial freezing duration is proposed as a tool to evaluate stress
      responses.

PMID- 2283102
TI  - Autonomic nervous activity in obese subjects before and after caloric
      restriction.
AB  - The heart rate response to deep breathing (DB test) and standing (30:15 r test)
      and the blood pressure response to standing (LS test) and sustained handgrip (HG
      test) were assessed in 19 obese subjects and 15 age matched lean controls. The
      results of DB, 30:15 r and LS tests were not significantly different in both
      groups. The diastolic blood pressure increase during handgrip was significantly
      higher in obese than in control subjects. After a period of caloric restriction
      the tests were repeated in 9 patients who had obtained a weight loss of at least
      5 kg: a significant decrease in heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and 30:15 r
      results was observed, whereas the caloric restriction did not cause significant
      variations in the results of DB, LS and HG tests. Our results suggest that in
      obese patients some autonomic nervous changes can occur before and after weight
      loss.

PMID- 2283103
TI  - [History of the carpus and carpal instability].
AB  - A concise history of our understanding of the wrist and carpal instability is
      presented. During the Middle Ages, the wrist is sometimes depicted as consisting
      of only one bone; Galen, however, showed that there are eight. At first, the
      carpal bones were simply numbered from one to eight. Only in the 17th century did
      Lyser of Leipzig suggest naming the individual bones, something first done by
      Monro of Edinburgh. Landsmeer's concept of intercalated bones in the wrist is
      already suggested in Galen's work. The ligaments of the wrist were described in
      detail by Weitbrecht in 1742. Copper plate engravings attest to the accuracy of
      his anatomical dissections. Progress in the understanding of carpal kinematics
      followed the discovery of X-rays by Rontgen, in 1895. The columnar carpus concept
      was to be replaced by the carpal-link concept, demonstrating the interdependent
      intercalary articulation of the carpal bones. The discovery of X-rays was also
      followed by the discovery of many post-traumatic disorders of the wrist.
      Following these European and particularly French contributions, further recent
      investigations, most notably by American authors, have led to the development of
      new concepts of carpal instability and carpal collapse.

PMID- 2283104
TI  - [Carpal instability and secondary degenerative changes in lesions of the radio
      carpal ligaments with various etiology].
AB  - Rotational subluxation of the scaphoid (RSS) and ulnar translocation of the
      carpus (UT) result from distinct lesions of the radiocarpal ligament complex.
      Trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition
      (CPDD) and neurologic disease can lead to this ligament defect. The radiological
      features are identical despite different etiologies of the ligament failure. The
      secondary degenerative changes in RSS develop in three stages: starting with
      osteoarthritis at the styloid process, then progression of the degeneration into
      the mid-carpal joint from central towards ulnar. This mechanism is identical in
      posttraumatic, inflammatory, neurogenic or CPDD related instability. In cases
      with rheumatoid arthritis related instability, RSS and UT can be found
      simultaneously. The knowledge of these radiological features can be helpful in
      clarifying reasons for carpal changes and in determining the time of onset of the
      primary ligament failure.

PMID- 2283105
TI  - [Morphology of the distal radio-ulnar joint. Surgical orthopedic consequences].
AB  - Morphologic and biomechanical changes are often the causes of osteoarthrosis in a
      joint. Complete integrity is necessary, if a joint will be intact the whole life.
      This integrity is very often disturbed in the distal radio-ulnar joint by trauma
      and also by surgical treatment. To avoid any incongruence in this joint, which
      seemed to be neglected by surgeons and orthopaedics, in 1985 about 700 wrists
      were examined by X-ray, to study the exact morphology with regard to the relation
      between ulna, radius, declinations and lengths. The aim was to avoid failures in
      future by all therapeutic procedures. 31 negative ulnar variances (4.4%) and 9
      (1.4%) non-traumatic positive variances with a difference of more than 2 mm were
      revealed. The declination of the distal radio-ulnar joint in relation to the axis
      of the radius was measured by a special goniometer. To find out the three
      dimensional structure of this joint, oblique X-ray photographs were also taken.
      The results were: in joints with negative ulnar variance declinations of 100
      degrees and more were found, and the stereoscopic pictures were conical; in the
      presence of positive ulnar variance the declinations amounted to 80 degrees or
      less and the distal radio-ulnar joint surfaces were spherical; in neutral ulnar
      variances the angle was found to be about 90 degrees and the joints were
      cylindrical in form. Nearly all operative or traumatic changes were associated
      with incongruence of this joint. Therefore all therapeutic methods must be
      planned exactly with reference to this stereoscopic relations between radius and
      ulna. In traumatic cases the three-dimensional integrity must be
      reconstructed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283106
TI  - [Recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome. Problems and treatment].
AB  - Of 16 patients surgically treated for recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome, 60%
      demonstrated some degree of palmar subluxation or even luxation of the median
      nerve and flexor tendons intraoperatively, subsequent to previous simple division
      of the flexor retinaculum. During the past years, therefore, we have been
      performing a widening Z-plasty and reconstruction of the flexor retinaculum for
      surgical treatment of primary or recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome. In this paper,
      we present and discuss our operative technique and results.

PMID- 2283107
TI  - [Extensor indicis muscle as a replacement for the abductor pollicis longus
      muscle. A case report].
AB  - The abductor pollicis longus muscle is very important for the function of the
      thumb. Its deficit hinders grasping bigger objects. Therefore, the reconstruction
      of the APL tendon is important in chronic injuries. The interposition of a tendon
      graft is considered the best method. However, the muscle loses its contractility
      very quickly because of its small gliding amplitude. Consequently, this procedure
      is only usable in the first six to eight weeks after injury. Later the function
      of the abductor pollicis longus muscle can only be recovered by a tendon
      transposition. The described tendon transposition methods the palmaris longus
      tendon, the flexor carpi radialis tendon and the radial half of the extensor
      carpi radialis longus tendon--do not fulfill the requirements of a good tendon
      transposition. Functional considerations may make the extensor indicis muscle the
      best substitution for the abductor pollicis longus. There is no disturbance of
      the function of the index finger by loss of the extensor indicis muscle. Both the
      extensor indicis and the abductor pollicis longus are functional synergists and
      are under voluntary control of the brain. By mobilization of the extensor
      indicis, abductor pollicis longus strength can be approached. A difference exists
      in the gliding amplitude of both muscles. The gliding amplitude of the extensor
      indicis is 55 mm while that of the abductor pollicis longus is 28 mm. If the
      extensor indicis muscle is placed under moderate tension the gliding amplitudes
      are identical. The strength of the abductor pollicis longus is 0.092 kp/m. The
      strength of the extensor indicis is unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283108
TI  - [Myxoid schwannoma of the forearm. A case report].
AB  - Tumors arising from or located within a peripheral nerve are not common and
      recognition and treatment are difficult. We report a patient with a myxoid
      swannoma surrounding the axon of ulnar nerve. This 50-year old woman had pain and
      tenderness. Careful clinical and technical investigation--including CT and
      angiography--could not give a definite diagnosis preoperatively. The patient was
      cured by simple enucleation without damage to the axon bundles. At surgery the
      appearance of the tumor was typical. An oval, encapsulated mass measuring up to
      5.5 by 9 centimeters in diameter was seen. Only biopsy and pathologic examination
      can exclude malignancy. After follow-up of 48 months no local recurrence of the
      tumor was found.

PMID- 2283109
TI  - [Evaluation of shoulder function after removal of the latissimus dorsi muscle for
      surgical flap].
AB  - The latissimus dorsi muscle is frequently used in reconstructive surgery. The
      present study was undertaken to determine the post-operative function of the
      shoulder girdle with respect to dominance in 26 patients following latissimus
      dorsi flap transplantation mainly for soft tissue coverage in the lower leg. The
      patients were interviewed and examined, with special attention being paid to
      shoulder mobility, dexterity and muscular strength. On interview, a considerable
      majority felt that very good results had been achieved. Raising the latissimus
      dorsi flap did however influence shoulder retroversion, particularly when surgery
      was performed on the non-dominant side. The influence of dominance was further
      noted as regards inward rotation of the shoulder and the ability to lead the hand
      backward over the shoulder. Dexterity was determined by a modified tapping test
      in the sagittal plane. Other than a minor correlation with age, post-operative
      function depended on whether the latissimus dorsi flap had been raised from the
      dominant or non-dominant shoulder. No effect of operation or dominance was
      observed in terms of isometric muscular strength, measured with an electronic
      device (Hottinger-Baldwin-Messtechnik). We believe that the function of the
      latissimus dorsi muscle can be compensated for by synergistic muscles. Yet, in
      rehabilitation, particular attention must be paid to the function of the non
      dominant shoulder since it is used less in daily activity.

PMID- 2283110
TI  - Vertical trapezius myocutaneous flap for covering wide scalp defects.
AB  - The vertical trapezius myocutaneous flap is extremely reliable, with its wide arc
      of rotation and its considerable soft tissue bulk, when resurfacing major defects
      following radical tumor surgery in the head and neck region. In this paper, the
      use of the vertical trapezius myocutaneous flap in the reconstruction of major
      scalp defects will be presented and its advantages discussed.

PMID- 2283111
TI  - [Therapeutic consequences of contamination injuries by highly radioactive
      substances].
AB  - A case of plutonium injury of the left hand is used to explain the correct
      management. In addition to radical surgical excision under repeated monitoring of
      radioactivity, it is obligatory to commence parenteral chelation therapy with
      DTPA. Close cooperation with radiological technologists is necessary. Discharges
      and used bandages have to be analysed for their radioactive content before
      elimination as radioactive waste. Isolation of the patient is not required. The
      relevant government department has to be contacted. A health center for radiation
      victims with special measuring equipment is desirable.

PMID- 2283112
TI  - [Nissen fundoplication for reflux esophagitis].
AB  - Nissen fundoplication was performed in 20 patients suffering from esophageal
      reflux. Failure of medical therapy was the indication in 60% of the patients, and
      complications of reflux (bleeding, stricture, Barrett's esophagus) in the others.
      There was no operative mortality; wound infection was the most common
      postoperative complication (4 patients). Follow-up after 1-8 years showed good
      results in 85%. The results of Nissen fundoplication in the world literature, as
      well as in this series, prove it to be effective for esophageal reflux. Those not
      responding to appropriate medical therapy should be referred earlier for surgery,
      prior to development of the complications of reflux.

PMID- 2283113
TI  - [Interstitial radiotherapy for brain tumors].
AB  - Interstitial radiotherapy (brachytherapy) for brain tumors has radiobiological
      advantages over conventional teletherapy. With this method the tumor area can be
      exposed to effective, high dose irradiation with minimal damage to surrounding
      tissues.

PMID- 2283114
TI  - [Decompression of the endolymphatic sac].
AB  - Preliminary results in 8 patients with Meniere's disease who underwent
      decompression of the endolymphatic sac in the past 3 years were good. There was
      improvement in general disability, and tinnitus control in 87.5% and
      stabilization of hearing in 62%. The single complication was dead ear in 1
      patient. These results are in the acceptable range and encourage continuation of
      this operation.

PMID- 2283115
TI  - [Traffic violations in schizophrenics before and after hospitalization].
AB  - Many countries, including Israel, impose driving restrictions on schizophrenic
      patients. However, there are conflicting views as to the way these patients
      drive. Some studies suggest that compared to the nonpsychiatric population they
      violate traffic regulations more often, but other studies have found no
      differences between the 2 groups. In the present study (1980-81), the driving of
      schizophrenic patients was examined with regard to traffic violations and fines,
      6 years before and 6 years after hospitalization. Of the 82 schizophrenic
      patients examined, 15 were paranoid. The schizophrenic patients did not
      accumulate more traffic violations or fines than the control group, nor was there
      any difference between paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenic patients. Men had
      fewer traffic violations and fines after hospitalization, while in women there
      was no difference.

PMID- 2283116
TI  - [Surgical pulmonary embolectomy and thrombolytic therapy].
AB  - Acute, massive pulmonary embolism is life-threatening and must be treated
      immediately. Since the early 1970's when thrombolytic therapy was shown to hasten
      resolution of pulmonary emboli, there has been a debate in the literature as to
      new indications for surgical pulmonary embolectomy. Some authors believed that
      there are no longer any indications for embolectomy, while others justify surgery
      for certain indications. Although the debate is still on, this operation is very
      rarely performed today. We present a patient who developed massive pulmonary
      embolism, with continuing extreme hemodynamic and respiratory disturbances
      despite full thrombolytic treatment. Embolectomy was successfully performed.

PMID- 2283117
TI  - [Stroke in the young].
AB  - 31 young patients who were hospitalized and rehabilitated after acute cerebral
      stroke, we are reassessed. In 58% there was a wide array of underlying diseases
      and risk factors, while in the others the cause could not be established. 74%
      suffered from nonhemorrhagic, thrombotic or embolic phenomena and 25% from
      intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage. There were no alarming preceding signs.
      After an average of 31 months following the cerebrovascular accident, more than
      90% were independent in all daily living activities. Functional outcome did not
      depend on the underlying disorder.

PMID- 2283118
TI  - [Childhood brucellosis in the Negev].
AB  - 33 children (22 girls) with brucellosis seen between 1972-1988 were studied
      retrospectively. All but 1 were Bedouins. The mean age at diagnosis was 9.8 years
      (range: 17 months-17 years). Duration of illness prior to diagnosis was less than
      1 week in 13 (39%), 1-4 weeks in 8 (24%) and 1-3 months in 10 (30%). In 2 cases
      the symptoms lasted 6 and 8 months, respectively, before diagnosis. Presenting
      symptoms included fever (85%), articular involvement (65%), hepatomegaly (45%)
      and splenomegaly (33%). Less common manifestations were anorexia (30%) and weight
      loss (15%) cases. Meningoencephalitis developed in 2 patients and uveitis and
      glomerulonephritis in 1 each. Diagnosis was based on positive agglutination
      titers (greater than 160), which were found in all. Brucella melitensis was
      isolated in blood cultures in 8 of the 33. 18 were treated with tetracycline and
      9 with tetracycline and streptomycin, all of whom responded well. 3 of the 6
      treated with trimethoprimsulphamethoxazole were only cured when therapy was
      changed to tetracycline in 2 and tetracycline plus streptomycin in 1. All
      patients recovered without sequelae. We conclude that brucellosis due to Brucella
      melitensis is endemic among the Bedouin of the Negev. An increased incidence of
      brucellosis among hospitalized children has been noted in the past 2 years,
      indicating the need for diagnostic awareness.

PMID- 2283119
TI  - [Prevention of scarring of filtering bleb by 5-fluorouracil].
AB  - Scarring of the filtering bleb is the most common cause of failure of surgery for
      glaucoma. It is much more common when the surgery is for certain types of
      glaucoma, such as aphakic glaucoma, cases of previously failed filtering surgery
      and neovascular and uveitic glaucoma. In 31 such high-risk cases we injected 5
      fluorouracil subconjunctivally for 7-16 days after operation to prevent scarring
      of the filtering bleb. The success rate was 83%. After a follow-up of 3-12
      months, there was statistically significant improvement in each group as compared
      to cases in which the drug was not administered. Further indications should be
      considered for the use of 5-fluorouracil in glaucoma.

PMID- 2283121
TI  - [Meta-analysis of controlled trials].

PMID- 2283120
TI  - [Computerization in mental health--is it possible?].

PMID- 2283122
TI  - [High altitude illness: pathophysiology, therapy and prevention].

PMID- 2283123
TI  - [Transjugular liver biopsy: when and how?].

PMID- 2283124
TI  - [New approaches to the treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome].

PMID- 2283125
TI  - [A patient with headaches].

PMID- 2283126
TI  - [24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring role in evaluating the hypertensive
      patient].

PMID- 2283127
TI  - [Significance of reducing cesarean-section rates].

PMID- 2283128
TI  - [Disordered speech and language development as a pedagogic problem. Reaction of
      parents to child speech problems].
AB  - Since children live with their parents and meet other children, we looked into
      the possible effects of language disorders in children on their interactions with
      the social surroundings. Language disorders are woven into the fabric of
      communication between parents and child and are not attributes of the child
      alone. Language-disturbed children are not more difficult in their behavior than
      normal-speaking children at the same age. However, the parental emotions about
      the language problem lead to the perception of more difficult behavior. Parents
      of language-disturbed children try to stimulate the language development of their
      child. In this they get disappointed by the reactions of the child and become
      less stimulating. It seems as if in the interactions between parents and child,
      the child partly creates his own--negative--surroundings.

PMID- 2283129
TI  - Role of bone conduction in the self-perception of speech.

PMID- 2283130
TI  - An acoustic study of the intelligible utterances of hearing-impaired speakers.

PMID- 2283131
TI  - Differential effects of automatic versus spontaneous speech on peak velocity of
      inspiratory movements.

PMID- 2283133
TI  - [Early detection of language development disorders. Parents as engaged observers
      of language development disorders].
AB  - In the process of early detection of developmental language disorders, the option
      of the parents can be reckoned with. Especially the parental opinion about the
      language production of their child is reliable and based on a realistic norm,
      while their opinion about language comprehension and pragmatics is unreliable.

PMID- 2283132
TI  - Emotional growth in infants and young children with communicative challenges.

PMID- 2283134
TI  - Doppler ultrasound examination of the vibration speed of vocal folds.

PMID- 2283135
TI  - A comparison of typical death scene features in cases of fatal male and
      autoerotic asphyxia with a review of the literature.
AB  - Autoerotic asphyxia is an increasingly recognised syndrome in which accidental
      death occurs during solitary sexual activity due to failure of an apparatus that
      was designed to produce hypoxic augmentation of the victim's sexual response.
      Evidence of repetitive, secretive behaviour utilizing ropes and ligatures
      characterizes cases involving either males or females. Here the similarity in
      reported cases ends with males tending to utilize a far greater range of
      elaborate devices and props, often designed to cause real or simulated pain with
      pornographic material and evidence of cross-dressing and fetishism. Females, on
      the other hand, have usually been found naked with only a single ligature and no
      unusual or bizarre equipment. To further clarify the similarities and differences
      between typical cases involving males and females and to assist in the diagnosis
      of less obvious cases, the literature is reviewed and characteristic findings in
      both sexes compared and contrasted.

PMID- 2283136
TI  - Cocaine fatality: an unexplained blood concentration in a fatal overdose.
AB  - A case is presented of a 26-year-old female who died as a result of cocaine
      intoxication. A blood cocaine concentration of 330 mg/l, about 1.5 times greater
      than the highest concentration previously reported, was found. Blood
      benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester concentrations were 50 and 18 mg/l,
      respectively. The unusually high blood concentrations of cocaine and the
      metabolites are suggestive of a massive administration, however, the history
      suggests a series of recreational uses. The manner of death was undetermined.

PMID- 2283138
TI  - Determination of disulfoton and its metabolites in the body fluids of a Di-Syston
      intoxication case.
AB  - Disulfoton and its metabolites, two sulfoxides and two sulfones, in the body
      fluids of a patient who had ingested Di-Syston were analyzed by FPD-GC and GC/MS.
      After the chemicals in the extract (Fraction 1) obtained by Extrelut column
      extraction were analyzed, disulfoton and sulfoxides in Fraction 1 were oxidized
      into sulfones. The sulfones in the extract (Fraction 2) obtained by Extrelut
      column extraction were analyzed and the estimated concentrations of metabolite
      were calculated. The concentrations of disulfoton and the sum of the metabolites
      in the blood collected on admission were 0.093 nmol/g (25.4 ng/g) and 4.92 nmol/g
      (corresponding to 1.35 micrograms/g of disulfoton), respectively. These
      concentrations appear to indicate a severe level of disulfoton intoxication.

PMID- 2283137
TI  - Gas chromatographic identification and quantification of hydroxyzine: application
      in a fatal self-poisoning.
AB  - A method for the identification and quantification of hydroxyzine in human fluids
      by GC/NPD is presented. The method employs acepromazine as the internal standard
      and requires no derivatization. After a single alkaline extraction in n-heptane
      isoamylalcohol (98.5:1.5, v/v), analysis is achieved in 7 min. The lower limit of
      detectability was 0.8 ng/ml in plasma. Capillary gas chromatography mass
      spectrometry assay was developed for confirmation. Toxicological findings, after
      a fatality involving hydroxyzine are presented as an application of the
      procedure.

PMID- 2283139
TI  - Diagnostic significance of myofibrillar degeneration of cardiocytes in forensic
      pathology.
AB  - The incidence of myofibrillar degeneration (MFD) was studied in the following
      different forensic-pathological diagnostic groups of 25 cases each: acute
      morphine intoxication, acute carbon monoxide intoxication, hanging, strangulation
      by hand/ligature, drowning, acute hemorrhagic shock, lethal acute brain injury,
      explainable death of babies or infants and sudden infant death syndrome, together
      with 18 cases of intoxication with various drugs. The MFD was demonstrated by the
      Luxol-fast-blue reaction, with two types of phenomena being differentiated,
      namely cross-band lesions and diffuse staining. All diagnostic groups included
      cases of MFD of differing degrees. Cross-band lesions were observed in
      practically all cases of hanging, strangulation and acute hemorrhagic shock.
      Diffuse stain was noted particularly in cases of drowning and acute brain injury.
      The diagnostic significance is discussed.

PMID- 2283140
TI  - The accuracy of simple ordinal scoring of tooth attrition in age assessment.
AB  - Tooth wear is frequently used as a method of ageing skeletal remains. Fundamental
      to this method is the ability to measure the amount of tooth wear. The Brothwell
      chart based on the Miles method of ageing, uses simple ordinal scoring and is
      frequently used by archeologists. The purpose of the present investigation was to
      evaluate the accuracy of simple ordinal scoring in recording tooth wear and
      ageing skulls. A group of Chinese skulls of known age at death was used. The age
      range was from 16 to 60 years. A single score per molar tooth was used to record
      occlusal wear. The data were analysed by regression methods using BMDP
      statistical software. The results showed that molar tooth wear continues
      throughout the life of the individual. The first molar teeth wear significantly
      more quickly than do second molar teeth. Use of a simple ordinal score method for
      recording wear gives an inaccurate estimate of an individual skull's age at death
      with a very wide 95% confidence interval.

PMID- 2283142
TI  - Pathophysiology and treatments of diabetes mellitus. Satellite meeting of the
      Amsterdam XIth International Congress of Pharmacology. Le Corum, Montpellier,
      France, 8-11 July 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2283141
TI  - PGD phenotyping in bloodstains, organ tissues, dental pulps and hair roots by
      isoelectric focusing.
AB  - Polymorphism of PGD was investigated in bloodstains, organ tissues, dental pulps,
      hair roots and semen by isoelectric focusing. This technique provided much higher
      resolution of PGD isoenzymes than starch gel electrophoresis. Phenotyping was
      possible from bloodstains for 5 weeks, from organ tissues (except pancreas) for 1
      3 weeks, from dental pulps for 2 weeks and from hair roots for 2 weeks when they
      were stored at room temperature. The method is simple, rapid, reliable and
      therefore useful in medicolegal individualization of bloodstains, organ tissues,
      teeth and hairs.

PMID- 2283143
TI  - Summary of the meeting on cellular mechanisms in malaria immunity.

PMID- 2283144
TI  - T cell responses in acute falciparum malaria.
AB  - T lymphocyte responses to malaria-specific antigens during acute falciparum
      malaria were studied to determine host-parasite interaction and its relation to
      the manifestations of the disease. The results indicate that while there is
      antigen-specific immunodepression, markedly elevated levels of soluble factors
      such as IL2 receptor, CD8 antigen and IFN-gamma suggest that there is intense
      concurrent cellular activation which however does not seem to be effective in
      controlling the infection. It is proposed that the cellular activation is to a
      large extent non-specific and polyclonal, and leads to the exaggerated production
      of cytokines and eventually immunopathology. Various mechanisms of
      immunodepression are discussed.

PMID- 2283145
TI  - The spleen in malaria: the role of barrier cells.
AB  - I believe that my laboratory has developed a construct of the spleen useful in
      understanding its range of normal and pathologic functions. The elements in the
      construct include recognition of an anatomically open vasculature with the
      interposition of reticular cell-reticular fiber filtration beds between terminal
      arterial vessels and proximal venules. The central function of the spleen,
      moreover--selective clearance of cells, microbes and other particles from the
      blood--depends upon these filtration beds. Such functions of the spleen as
      phagocytosis, immunologic reactivity, hematopoiesis, and blood cell storage
      derive from its clearance capacities. The reticular filtration beds offer but
      modest levels of basal clearance. The wide ranges of filtration that characterize
      the stressed spleen depend upon arming or augmenting the basic reticular
      filtration beds with responsive cells which can rapidly appear, and rapidly
      disappear. These include macrophages, salient phagocytic cells of rich
      repertoire, which have been accorded the major, even exclusive, role in splenic
      clearance. But other stromal cells participate in splenic clearance. I have
      identified a system of fibroblastic, contractile, granulated cells which fuse to
      form complex, branched syncytial sheets which, deployed as diverse barriers,
      augment the basic reticular filtration beds. Hence, I term these cells barrier
      cells. Barrier cells effectively interact with macrophages, reticular cells,
      other stromal and blood cells, contributing to the extraordinary range of splenic
      clearance capacities. Barrier cells may be elicited by a variety of infectious
      processes, damaged blood cells and hematopoietic factors. Interleukin-1-alpha
      evokes a strong barrier cell response, and may be the common denominator in
      splenic stress, stimulated by activated macrophages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2283146
TI  - Non-specific killing mechanisms effective against blood stage malaria parasites.

PMID- 2283147
TI  - TNF and inhibition of growth of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - The mechanism of intra-erythrocyte death of Plasmodium chabaudi in vivo has not
      yet been elucidated. Here we summarise recent experiments in which serum from
      mice undergoing a successful immune response to this parasite did not inhibit
      Plasmodium falciparum in vivo unless the P. chabaudi infection and TNF levels
      were high enough to cause illness in the host. This was true for the 556KA and DS
      strains of P. chabaudi in intact mice, but not for 556KA in nude mice, which did
      not generate inhibitory activity at any parasitaemia. Tumour necrosis factor
      (TNF) inhibits malaria parasites via some undefined secondary mediator. 10 mg of
      r hu TNF generated this inhibitory activity, as measured against P. falciparum in
      vitro, in the serum of mice only if they were pretreated with Corynebacterium
      parvum, which activates macrophages and sensitises the mice to the toxic effects
      of TNF. This implies a role for activated macrophages downstream from TNF in the
      process involved in intra-erythrocytic death of parasites.

PMID- 2283148
TI  - Significance of cytokine production and adhesion molecules in malarial
      immunopathology.
AB  - The pathological expression in malaria infection depends largely on
      immunopathologic responses induced by the parasite. In the past few years, we
      have attempted to analyze mechanisms by which inappropriate immune response to
      some malarial antigens can generate major complications of malaria and
      particularly neurovascular lesions. To this end, we have undertaken a study aimed
      at a more precise definition of immunopathological parameters of malaria
      infection, and more particularly those involved in cerebral malaria (CM). CM, the
      most severe complication of falciparum infection in man, represents a major
      problem of public health at the world level.

PMID- 2283149
TI  - TNF and Plasmodium berghei ANKA-induced cerebral malaria.
AB  - The cerebral pathology observed in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected CBA mice has
      been attributed to overproduction of TNF, the mice in which this syndrome is seen
      being those with the highest serum TNF levels. To investigate this further, we
      injected recombinant human TNF into malaria-primed mice to see if we could
      reproduce the cerebral changes observed in P. berghei ANKA infections. A range of
      doses, administered as a single or repeated injections, or via osmotic pumps,
      failed to reproduce these changes, but did induce hypoglycaemia, midzonal liver
      necrosis and neutrophil adhesion in pulmonary vessels. This pathology is seen in
      terminal Plasmodium vinckei infections, but absent in terminal P. berghei ANKA.
      In addition, the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to Evan's blue, which is
      present in P. berghei ANKA but not in normal or P. vinckei-infected mice, was not
      induced by exogenous TNF. Serum levels of TNF were measured in an ELISA assay,
      and found to be consistently higher in P. vinckei rather than P. berghei ANKA
      terminal infections. This is consistent with the pathological changes we could
      reproduce by injecting TNF. For these reasons we suggest that the cerebral
      pathology seen in mice infected with P. berghei ANKA may be governed by TNF
      produced locally by monocytes sequestered within the cerebral blood vessels, not
      simply by systemic levels of this cytokine.

PMID- 2283150
TI  - Human cerebral malaria in Thailand: a clinico-pathological correlation.
AB  - Based on the cerebral malaria coma scale, 39 falciparum malaria autopsy cases
      from the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
      were divided into two groups of patients that had either cerebral malaria or non
      cerebral malaria. We then studied significant pathological differences, such as
      parasitized erythrocyte (PRBC) sequestration, ring hemorrhages and cerebral
      edema, between these two groups in order to investigate the correlation between
      the clinical coma scale and pathological findings. Patients with a coma grade of
      2 and higher were designated as having cerebral malaria, and had erythrocyte PRBC
      sequestration in cerebral microvessels. Ninety four percent (94%) of cerebral
      microvessels showed PRBC sequestration when quantitatively analyzed. On the other
      hand, only 13% of cerebral microvessels showed sequestration in non-cerebral
      malaria patients with a coma grade of 1 and lower, although some degree of PRBC
      sequestration was found in 50% of these patients. Our study, therefore, clearly
      demonstrated that the degree of the PRBC sequestration in cerebral microvessels
      appeared to correlate closely with the clinical coma scale.

PMID- 2283151
TI  - Malaria exoantigens induce TNF, are toxic and are blocked by T-independent
      antibody.
AB  - The production of cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF), may be
      involved in the pathology of malaria, as well as in protection against the
      parasite. We have shown that parasite exoantigens induce the secretion of TNF in
      vitro and in vivo and kill mice made hypersensitive to TNF. They elicit T
      independent antibody that inhibits their capacity to stimulate TNF production and
      protects against toxicity in vivo, and those of human and rodent parasites are
      serologically related. Their active component does not appear to be protein. Here
      we review their properties and consider the epidemiological significance of our
      findings and their possible contribution to the development of an "anti-disease"
      vaccine.

PMID- 2283152
TI  - Tumour necrosis factor, fever and fatality in falciparum malaria.
AB  - In Gambian children with Plasmodium falciparum infection, uncomplicated malaria
      fever is associated with moderately elevated circulating tumour necrosis factor
      (TNF) levels. We review clinical and in vitro data suggesting that schizont
      rupture stimulates bursts of TNF production that mediate paroxysms of malaria
      fever, and that the fever could possibly be beneficial to the host. Mean plasma
      TNF levels are ten times higher in fatal cerebral malaria than in uncomplicated
      malaria, providing support for the hypothesis that excessive TNF production may
      contribute to the pathology of severe infection.

PMID- 2283153
TI  - Reduced cellular immune reactivity in healthy individuals during the malaria
      transmission season.
AB  - Antigen-induced cellular immune responses are suppressed during acute malaria.
      The present study engages the possibility that malaria-induced alterations in
      cellular immune reactivity extend beyond the clinical disease. Thus,
      lymphoproliferative responses of healthy individuals were diminished during the
      malaria transmission period in individuals living in an area of highly seasonal,
      unstable malaria transmission. This finding may have important implications for
      the design of studies of stimulatory properties of antigens using lymphocytes of
      endemic origin.

PMID- 2283154
TI  - Cell-mediated immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum purified soluble antigens
      in sickle-cell trait subjects.
AB  - To determine the possible differences in the immune response to Plasmodium
      falciparum between sickle-cell trait (Hb AS) and normal haemoglobin (Hb AA)
      individuals, we examined 35 Hb AS and 24 Hb AA subjects matched for age and
      microenvironment. Their age was 2-55 years and all lived in a malaria endemic
      area 300 km south of Khartoum. Antibodies to ring-infected erythrocyte surface
      antigen (Pf155/RESA) and to circumsporozoite (CS) protein (anti-NANP40) indicated
      equal exposure to falciparum malaria. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (BMNCs)
      from 20/35 (57%) Hb AS subjects compared with 10/24 (42%) Hb AA subjects,
      responded to affinity-purified P. falciparum soluble antigens (SPAg). Of those
      responding to SPAg, 9 (26%) Hb AS subjects and only two (8%) Hb AA subjects had
      high responses. The mean proliferative response to SPAg of BMNCs from Hb AS
      individuals was significantly higher than in Hb AA individuals (P less than
      0.025). Responses of BMNCs to PPD and PHA were also higher among Hb AS
      individuals and correlated positively with responses to SPAg. These findings
      support the hypotheses that the sickle-cell trait protects individuals from P.
      falciparum infections, at least in part, by modulating the immune response.

PMID- 2283155
TI  - Malaria crisis activity in sera from individuals of different ethnic groups of
      Colombia.
AB  - Sera of negroes of African origin and of indians, living in a malaria endemic
      village on the Pacific Coast of Colombia, were analyzed to see if they could
      block intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro. A group of
      mestizos from a malaria-free city in Colombia was used as a negative control.
      Blood of each individual was studied for the presence of circulating parasites by
      thick and thin smears and their sera for antimalarial antibodies by IFAT and IRMA
      techniques. The inhibition of the intraerythrocytic growth induced by these sera
      was assessed by [3H]Hypoxanthine incorporation. All groups showed inhibitory
      activity independent of their exposure to malaria. Negro sera had the highest
      inhibitory activity even following the removal of antibody, and also the highest
      antimalarial antibody titers. The group of indians had reduced inhibitory
      activity and lower antibody titers compared to the negro sera. In the group of
      mestizos, who reported no malaria exposure, 14% had antibodies to asexual blood
      forms of P. falciparum and 60% induced significant inhibition.

PMID- 2283156
TI  - Towards vaccine optimisation.
AB  - New molecular technologies have accelerated the search for sub-unit candidate
      vaccines. However, once identified the use of a candidate antigen must be
      optimised to reap the maximum benefit from the eventual vaccine. This
      optimisation should take into account both the needs of the target population,
      and the various ways of potentiating the protective immune response induced. One
      must be sure that the final product will be used. Hence, vaccine optimisation
      should strive toward meeting the needs of a specific epidemiological problem
      within the economic constraints of a given situation. This may be possible using
      novel delivery systems designed to limit the number of doses needed, improve the
      stability or facilitate the delivery of a particular vaccine. In meeting the
      needs of a target population in a field situation, one must also keep in mind
      certain safety factors that go beyond the usual regulatory constraints. The
      immune response to vaccine candidates can be potentiated in many ways. The
      ability to preferentially induce specific protective effector mechanisms: i.e.,
      antibody isotypes, T-cell subsets, and T-cell sub-subsets, is becoming a reality.
      Carrier molecules designed to avoid the problems of epitope suppression and
      competition, and perhaps an eventual "carrier jam," are being developed.
      Adjuvants and immunostimulants may also help, but the critical issue here remains
      their acceptability for use in man. Finally novel strategies for the induction of
      the immune response may also potentiate the immune response in the optimisation
      of vaccines.

PMID- 2283157
TI  - Malaria antigens and MHC restriction.
AB  - In the case of the malaria CS protein we have shown that there is at least one T
      cell determinant which is able to bind to and be recognized by most human MHC
      class II molecules, while for the 190L polypeptide, derived from a conserved
      region of the p190 merozoite surface protein, we have identified several epitopes
      recognized by T cell clones in association with different HLA-class II isotypes
      and alleles. In addition, binding analysis of these epitopes indicated that most
      of the peptides are able to bind to multiple allelic forms of class II molecules.
      Although there are important obstacles to malaria vaccine development we believe
      that, in the light of these results, unresponsiveness in humans, caused by MHC
      restriction, might not be a major constraint in development of a subunit vaccine.

PMID- 2283158
TI  - Liposomes containing lipid A: a potent nontoxic adjuvant for a human malaria
      sporozoite vaccine.
AB  - Liposomes containing lipid A have been developed as adjuvants for inducing
      humoral immunity to synthetic antigens containing repeat sequence epitopes from
      the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Preclinical studies
      demonstrated that liposomes containing lipid A and encapsulated antigen could
      overcome immunosuppression observed with antigen alone. When liposomes containing
      lipid A were adsorbed with aluminum hydroxide (alum), further stimulation of
      humoral immunity against encapsulated antigen was observed in animals. In the
      presence of huge doses of liposomal lipid A pyrogenicity was not observed and
      adjuvant activity was enhanced. A phase I human clinical trial has been initiated
      utilizing a vaccine containing a synthetic recombinant antigen and monophosphoryl
      lipid A in liposomes and nonliposomal alum as a further adjuvant. Preliminary
      results confirm that the vaccine lacks significant acute toxicity in humans and
      causes very strong specific humoral immunity against the appropriate epitopes of
      the target antigen.

PMID- 2283159
TI  - The iscom: an immunostimulating system.
AB  - To make purified antigens highly immunogenic, they have to be presented in
      several copies in the form of a microscopic or submicroscopic particle. This is
      the case, regardless of whether the antigens are obtained by isolation from
      conventional microorganisms, or from gene-manipulated cells, or synthesized. In
      the iscom, the antigens are attached as multimers to a 40-nm cage-like particle
      with a built-in adjuvant. The antigens in iscoms are rapidly transported from the
      injection site to the draining lymphatic organ. Iscom-borne antigens induced a 10
      fold higher antibody response than the same amount of antigen in micelle form.
      One intranasal immunization with influenza virus iscoms induced protection to
      intranasal challenge infection in mice. Besides a strong antibody response in all
      Ig classes and isotypes, cytotoxic T cells were induced. With iscoms containing
      gp160 of HIV-1, cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ CD4-) were induced under restriction of
      class I MHC antigen. Iscoms containing the fusion protein of measles virus
      induced T cell clones in mice whereof one, after adoptive transfer, protected
      mice against intracerebral challenge infection. Protective immunity against
      Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced tumor formation by iscoms containing gp350 of
      EBV has been elicited in cotton-top Tamerin monkeys. Protective immunity has also
      been induced against several virus infections including feline leukemia virus and
      against parasites, i.e., Trypanosoma cruzi, in mice.

PMID- 2283160
TI  - Irradiated sporozoite vaccine induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes that recognize
      malaria antigens on the surface of infected hepatocytes.
AB  - The observation that protective immunity induced by immunization with radiation
      attenuated Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites is dependent on
      CD8+ T lymphocytes in some strains of mice led us to speculate that immunization
      with sporozoites induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that recognize malaria
      antigens on the surface of malaria-infected hepatocytes. In this report we
      summarize a series of experiments that confirm this hypothesis. We first showed
      that when immune mice are challenged with live sporozoites they develop malaria
      specific, CD8+ T cell-dependent infiltrates in their livers. Next we demonstrated
      that spleen cells from immune mice eliminate malaria infected hepatocytes from in
      vitro culture in an antigen specific and genetically restricted manner,
      indicating that these immune cells recognize malaria antigens on the surface of
      infected hepatocytes. Finally we defined a CTL epitope of the P. yoelii CS
      protein, and demonstrated that CTL against this 16-amino-acid peptide (PYCTL1)
      eliminate infected hepatocytes from culture in an antigenic specific, and MHC
      restricted manner, indicating that this 16-amino-acid peptide from the CS protein
      is present on the surface of the infected hepatocytes. We are currently working
      on constructing vaccines that induce protective CTL against PYCTL1, and
      identifying additional pre-erythrocytic stage targets of CTL mediated protective
      immunity.

PMID- 2283161
TI  - Host-parasite interactions and immunity to irradiated sporozoites.
AB  - We compare and contrast the results of immunizing mice with irradiated
      sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii. Host genetic control of
      protective immunity is different in the two rodent malarias. Few mouse strains
      are strongly protected by P. yoelii sporozoites, while all are protected by P.
      berghei sporozoite immunization. The role of CD8+ T cells in the protective
      immune response to each of these malarias varies with the strain of mouse.
      Moreover, a single strain will use a CD8+ T cell-dependent mechanism against one
      malaria, and a CD8+ independent mechanism against the other. Thus, each host
      parasite pairing in these rodent malarias engenders a unique set of immune
      responses. Such variety should be expected in the immune response to the human
      malarias, and may complicate the development of universally applicable vaccines.

PMID- 2283162
TI  - T cell responses in a sporozoite-immunized human volunteer and a chimpanzee.
AB  - We have recently investigated the specificity of T cells induced in a human
      volunteer and a chimpanzee immunized by multiple exposures to the bites of large
      numbers of malaria-infected mosquitoes. T cell lines and clones have been
      obtained from a human volunteer immunized with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites.
      These CD4+ T cell clones specifically recognize the native circumsporozoite (CS)
      protein expressed on sporozoites, as well as bacteria- and yeast-derived
      recombinant falciparum CS proteins. The epitope recognized by the sporozoite
      specific human T cells mapped to the 5' repeat region of the CS protein and was
      contained in the NANPNVDPNANP sequence. A T cell line has also been isolated from
      PBL obtained from a chimpanzee immunized by multiple exposures to the bits of P.
      vivax infected mosquitoes. The CS-specific chimpanzee T cells were used to
      identify a T cell epitope within a repeat region of the P. vivax CS protein.

PMID- 2283163
TI  - Non-CS pre-erythrocytic protective antigens.
AB  - Three novel non-CS antigens have been identified on P. falciparum and P. berghei
      sporozoites and exoerythrocytic parasites. CSP-2 is a sporozoite surface protein
      common to P. falciparum and P. berghei that elicits antibody-mediated protection,
      and is also found within P. berghei EE parasites. LSA is a P. falciparum EE
      specific antigen localized within the parasitophorous vacuole. LSA-2 is a P.
      berghei EE-specific antigen, localized on the parasitophorous vacuole membrane,
      that protected mice to P. berghei sporozoite challenge, and elicited cytotoxic T
      cells that killed P. berghei EE parasites in vitro.

PMID- 2283165
TI  - Recent trends in drug delivery systems: transdermal drug delivery.

PMID- 2283166
TI  - Plant products as protective agents against cancer.
AB  - Out of various spices and leafy vegetables screened for their influence on the
      carcinogen-detoxifying enzyme, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in Swiss mice,
      cumin seeds, poppy seeds, asafoetida, turmeric, kandathipili, neem flowers,
      manathakkali leaves, drumstick leaves, basil leaves and ponnakanni leaves
      increased GST activity by more than 78% in the stomach, liver and oesophagus, -
      high enough to be considered as protective agents against carcinogenesis.
      Glutathione levels were also significantly elevated in the three tissues by these
      plant products. All of them except neem flowers, significantly suppressed (in
      vivo) the chromosome aberrations (CA) caused by benzo(a)pyrene in mouse bone
      marrow cells. Multiple CA and exchanges reflecting the severity of damage within
      a cell were significantly suppressed by these nine plant products. The results
      suggest that these nine plant products are likely to suppress carcinogenesis and
      can act as protective agents against cancer.

PMID- 2283164
TI  - The parasitology of malaria and the study of protective immunity.
AB  - Phenotypic antigenic variation within parasite strains and antigenic diversity
      between strains are important parameters in understanding the development of
      immunity to malaria. With the Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi model in inbred mice,
      a combination of serological tests and DNA technology can be used to study the
      specificity of inducer and effector mechanisms in an infection with
      characteristics similar in many ways to those of P. falciparum in man.

PMID- 2283167
TI  - Inhibitory effects of snuff extract on ornithine decarboxylase and aryl
      hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities in relation to cell proliferation of mouse
      tongue epithelial cells.
AB  - Effect of snuff extract (SE) on cell proliferation as measured by 3H thymidine
      (TdR) uptake, induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and aryl hydrocarbon
      hydroxylase (AHH) was studied in primary embryonal mouse tongue cultures.
      Cultures treated with SE in combination with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
      (DMBA) showed inhibition of cell proliferation and decrease of ODC and AHH
      activities, compared to control, DMBA, and DMBA + 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13
      acetate treated cultures.

PMID- 2283168
TI  - Quantitative estimation of major histocompatibility complex antigens on live
      tumour cells.
AB  - Quantitation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on cells can
      accurately be done by using a flowcytometer. Since flowcytometer is not freely
      accessable an alternate, simple method for relative quantitation of MHC antigens
      has been devised. In this procedure, YAC lymphoma cells were first treated with a
      monoclonal anticlass I MHC antibody and then with a rabbit anti mouse Ig-antibody
      coupled to peroxidase, followed by colour development using a substrate of
      peroxidase enzyme. Various assay parameters have been optimized. The validity of
      the procedure was examined by assessing the enhanced MHC expression on YAC cells
      treated with a soluble rat spleen derived factor, by the new procedure as well as
      by the flowcytometer. Comparable results were obtained by using both techniques.

PMID- 2283169
TI  - In vivo and in vitro measurement of cell mediated immunity in Marek's disease:
      role of reticuloendothelial system.
AB  - Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) contact-sensitivity test and leucocyte adherence
      inhibition (LAI) test were performed in this study as in vivo and in vitro tests
      to measure the cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in chickens subjected to stimulation
      of reticuloendothelial (RE) system, depletion of RE system and other experimental
      groups after being challenged with Marek's disease (MD) virus. It was found that
      CMI was lower in the birds with depleted RE system and infected control birds,
      whereas CMI was higher in the birds with activated RE system and vaccinated birds
      as revealed by DNFB contact-sensitivity test. In cases of LAI test, the number of
      LAI-positive birds were highest in the chicks with depleted RE system
      particularly in 3rd and 4th month of age, when the incidence of MD was also
      maximum.

PMID- 2283170
TI  - Immunologic and survival studies in mice immunised with cryodestroyed ascites
      fibrosarcoma (AFS) cells.
AB  - Adult mice weighing 20 g, divided into 5 groups, were immunised with single and
      three cycle cryodestroyed ascites fibrosarcoma cells using different modes of
      immunisation with respect to dose and administration frequency. Survival against
      subsequent challenge with the same tumour cells and immune response given by
      leucocyte migration inhibition, were studied in these animals. It appears from
      the present study that animals with relatively low antigenic load have a
      significantly (P less than 0.001) high mean survival time and/or survival index
      compared with controls than those with relatively high antigenic load. Survival
      in animals immunised with three cycle cryodestroyed tumour cells is significantly
      (P less than 0.001) higher than that with single cycle even in face of a greater
      challenging tumour dose with mode of immunisation remaining the same. Preliminary
      observations on percentage leucocyte migration inhibition showed that there
      exists no difference in percentage inhibition with either viable or cryodestroyed
      tumour cell antigens added to migration chamber excepting in animals immunized
      with three cycle cryodestroyed tumour cells where percentage inhibition was
      significantly (P less than 0.001) greater with viable than with cryodestroyed
      tumour cell antigen without altering the percentage inhibition between the two
      groups. Factors maximising immune response and their modulating effects are
      discussed.

PMID- 2283171
TI  - Superovulation and embryo recovery in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) using
      different doses of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG).
AB  - Present investigation was conducted to study the ovarian response and embryo
      recovery using different PMSG dose levels. Six rabbits each were assigned
      randomly to treatment 1 (PMSG 50 IU + hCG 100 IU), treatment 2 (PMSG 75 IU + hCG
      100 IU) and the control group (no hormone administered). PMSG injection (im) was
      followed 68 hr later by natural mating to a fertile rabbit buck and human
      chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) injection iv post coitum. Embryos were recovered 96
      hr post coitum by a modified surgical method. Mean number of ovulations in the
      control group differed significantly from treatment 1 and 2, but no significant
      difference was observed between treatments 1 and 2. Mean embryo recovery
      percentage was lowest in treatment 2 and highest in the control group. The higher
      dose PMSG (treatment 2) was observed to be more disturbing in terms of recovery
      of embryos as well as their morphology.

PMID- 2283172
TI  - Pathology of ovary, uterus, vagina and gonadotrophs of female mice fed on Zn
      deficient diet.
AB  - Dietary Zn-deficiency in mature female mice for 6 weeks caused a retardation of
      ovarian growth characterized by lack of vesicular and Grafian follicles,
      degenerated corpus luteum, distorted cell membranes of granulosa cells with
      pycnotic nuclei, poor development of theca interna, inordinate accumulation of
      sudanophilic granules in theca interna and interstitial cells. The vagina and
      uterus did not exhibit cyclic changes in their cytoarchitecture as a result of
      the cessation of estrous cycle after 6 weeks of dietary treatment. They displayed
      wide spread degenerative changes in their myometrial and endometrial layers. The
      uterine glands appeared collapsed with little or no secretion. The vagina lacked
      cornification. Their gonadotrophs reacted positive to PAS, identical to the
      control group observed at diestrous stage. However, they did not display a
      negative reaction, characteristic of the gonadotrophs at estrous stage of the
      control group, examined even at an interval of 1 day for 6 days in succession.
      These results point towards the suspension of steroidogenesis inspite of intact
      gonadotrophs under Zn-deficiency condition.

PMID- 2283173
TI  - Lipids and lipoprotein profile in doxorubicin treated rats: influence of alpha
      tocopherol administration.
AB  - The effect of doxorubicin (DXR) on the levels of heart, liver and plasma lipids
      and plasma lipoproteins were studied in rats. Rats were treated with DXR (2.5
      mg/kg body weight weekly for 8 weeks, iv) with or without alpha-tocopherol (alpha
      TPL) (400 mg/kg body wt daily for 60 days) co-administration. DXR treated rats
      showed increase in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. The
      activities of lecithin cholesterol-acyl transferase and hepatic and extrahepatic
      lipoprotein lipase were lowered significantly with concomitant increase in liver
      and heart lipid peroxide levels in DXR treatment. HDL cholesterol level was found
      to be decreased significantly in DXR treated rats as a result of which there was
      an increase of LDLc/HDLc ratio. alpha-TPL coadministration brought back the
      enzyme activity to near normal and reduced the level of lipid peroxides. The
      lipid changes were minimum in rats treated with both alpha-TPL and DXR. This
      study suggests that the toxicity of DXR is reflected in lipids and lipoprotein
      profile.

PMID- 2283174
TI  - Lesions and immune responses produced in hamsters and guinea pigs inoculated with
      some strains of leptospira.
AB  - Pathogenic lesions and immune responses in hamsters and guinea pigs produced by
      three leptospiral serovars, viz. autumnalis, grippotyphosa, and pomona, and their
      pool were experimentally studied. Hepatic lesions precede renal localisation. The
      infections were documented by the demonstration of leptospires and
      histopathological study. The 2-Me sensitive IgM was responsible for MAT titres in
      the early immune response.

PMID- 2283175
TI  - Plasma orosomucoid metabolism and susceptibility to malarial infection in
      rodents.
AB  - The effects of Plasmodium berghei infection on liver function and plasma
      orosomucoid metabolism were investigated in Wistar rats. Infected rats with 20
      25% parasitaemia manifested increased serum transaminase levels, hypoalbuminaemia
      and hypoproteinaemia. In spite of such indications of deranged liver function,
      the hepatic synthesis rate (as measured by 14C-amino acid incorporation) of
      seromucoids predominantly orosomucoid or alpha 1-acid glycoprotein) was increased
      by 73%. The circulating levels of this glycoprotein were also doubled in infected
      animals. The albumin synthesis rate was not increased. This preferential
      synthesis and increase in circulating levels of orosomucoid may have in vivo
      significance in malarial infection, in view of reports that orosomuocid has
      influence on in vitro invasion of red cells by malarial parasites.

PMID- 2283176
TI  - Evidence for plasmid mediated dissimilation of catechol in Azotobacter
      chroococcum.
AB  - Catechol dissimilation in A. chroococcum was encoded by plasmid pMSB1. This self
      transmissible plasmid was effectively cured by mitomycin C. The cured cells did
      not harbour the plasmid and failed to utilize catechol.

PMID- 2283177
TI  - Effect of lead acetate on erythrocyte morphology in rats.

PMID- 2283178
TI  - The influence of inflammation of the human male genital tract on secretion of the
      seminal markers alpha-glucosidase, glycerophosphocholine, carnitine, fructose and
      citric acid.
AB  - Biochemical analysis was made of specific accessory gland products in the
      ejaculates of 362 men suffering from various acute inflammatory diseases of the
      reproductive tract and 33 normozoospermic patients acting as controls. The
      ejaculate content of the epididymal markers alpha-glucosidase and L-carnitine,
      but not glycerophosphocholine, was significantly reduced in ejaculates from men
      with epididymitis; citric acid was reduced in men suffering from prostatitis;
      both citric acid and alpha-glucosidase were reduced in men suffering from
      adnexitis. The ejaculate content of epididymal and prostatic markers in prostato
      urethritis (adnexitis), where the exact localization of the inflammation was
      unclear, was not as low as in epididymitis or prostatitis. Seminal vesicle
      function, as judged from semen volumes and seminal fructose, was not different in
      these groups of patients. The results, although strongly related to the clinical
      diagnosis, were unrelated to the microbiological flora of the semen and indicate
      that both the epididymis and the prostate glands are involved in some forms of
      adnexitis.

PMID- 2283179
TI  - Correlation of the hypo-osmotic swelling test, semen score and the zona-free
      hamster egg penetration assay in humans.
AB  - The correlation between the hypo-osmotic swelling test, the modified Eliasson
      score for human semen analysis and the hamster egg penetration assay was
      examined. The results showed a weak but significant correlation between the group
      of subjects with swelling rates below 50% and the above 80% group. These groups
      showed hamster egg penetration assay rates of 9 +/- 14% and 39 +/- 29%,
      respectively (P less than 0.035). A significant correlation was also found
      between modified Eliasson scores (17 +/- 10 and 5 +/- 7, respectively) and
      swelling rates below 50% and above 70% (P less than 0.001). These results suggest
      that spermatozoa showing a low swelling rate have a poor fertilizing capacity.
      Therefore, the swelling tests and analysis of the patients semen can be used to
      discriminate sperm quality.

PMID- 2283180
TI  - Generation of reactive oxygen species in subgroups of infertile men.
AB  - The capacity to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), both basally and after
      stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187, was examined in the motile
      fraction of sperm isolated after swim-up from the semen of 10 naturally fertile
      men and three groups of infertile patients. The latter included: (1) men with a
      non-bacterial inflammation of the genital tract (n = 10); (2) men unable to
      impregnate their partners during an intra-uterine insemination programme (IUI) (n
      = 8) and their matched controls (n = 6); and (3) men with hypogonadotrophic
      hypogonadism (HH) who remained infertile after induction of spermatogenesis with
      gonadotrophin or gonadotrophin-releasing hormone therapy (n = 3) and their
      matched controls (n = 3). The levels of ROS production were elevated in the sperm
      of some infertile men with inflammation of the genital tract compared to those
      found in 10 naturally fertile men. In addition, sperm from those patients who
      remained infertile after an IUI programme produced higher amounts of ROS compared
      to their control group who became fertile. Similarly, the production of ROS by
      sperm from three patients with HH who remained infertile was significantly higher
      than those of the three men who became fertile. These data suggest that an
      excessive production of ROS by sperm may explain some cases of idiopathic male
      infertility.

PMID- 2283181
TI  - The cryopreservation of donor semen by a simplified method: use in an IVF and
      GIFT programme.
AB  - The cryopreservation of semen used in assisted reproduction procedures was
      carried out exclusively by a simplified method in which a mixture of semen and
      cryoprotectant was contained in 1-ml tuberculin syringes and plunged directly
      into liquid nitrogen. Donor semen samples halved and frozen in syringes and in
      straws in a controlled-rate freezer showed no significant difference in post-thaw
      motility (P = 0.217) or survival (P = 0.217) after 30 min. However, after 180 min
      the survival rate showed a significant reduction in syringes (P = 0.045). A
      significant difference (P less than 0.00008) in the rate of fertilization of
      oocytes was seen in IVF cycles using frozen-thawed donor sperm (58/142, 42%) when
      compared to fresh sperm from husbands (2315/3926, 59%). A significant reduction
      (P less than 0.00005) in fertilization rate was also observed in the case of
      supernumerary oocytes in GIFT cycles with the cryopreserved donor sperm (29/132,
      22%) compared to the husbands' sperm (239/514, 46%). However, the pregnancy rate
      following IVF and embryo replacement was the same after fertilization with fresh
      sperm (75/351, 21%) as opposed to frozen sperm (3/14, 21%). Furthermore, a higher
      pregnancy rate was observed in GIFT with frozen donor sperm (9/19, 47%) than with
      fresh sperm from husbands (28/103, 27%), though this was not statistically
      significant (P = 0.079). These results show this simplified methods of semen
      cryopreservation to be effective when used in an IVF and GIFT programme, giving
      pregnancy rates comparable to fresh normospermic semen samples. The method is
      simple, quick and inexpensive.

PMID- 2283182
TI  - A morphological study of the efferent ducts of the human epididymis.
AB  - Efferent ducts of the human epididymis were studied with a light microscope and a
      computerized three-dimensional image analyser by preparing complete serial
      sections. The efferent ducts were characterized by a columnar epithelium, which
      differed both from the cuboidal epithelium of the rete testis and from the tall
      columnar epithelium of the epididymal duct. Therefore, the junctions of the
      efferent ducts with the rete testis and epididymal duct could be identified
      morphologically. Five or six efferent ducts originated from the dilated extra
      testicular rete testis, ran in an extremely tortuous manner and transformed into
      the epididymal ducts in an end-to-end pattern near the border of the epididymal
      head and corpus. Computerized image analysis confirmed light microscopical
      findings and demonstrated three-dimensional structures of the junctions of the
      efferent ducts with both the rete testis and the epididymal ducts.

PMID- 2283183
TI  - Cellular oncogenes in human teratocarcinoma cell lines.
AB  - We have analysed, by Northern blots, the expression of 14 cellular oncogenes in
      nine cell lines established from human teratocarcinomas. All lines expressed
      considerable amounts of p53, c-Ki-ras2, c-Ha-ras1, c-raf1, N-myc, and c-fos. Low
      level expression of c-myc was detected in some lines. Southern blot experiments
      revealed no amplification or rearrangement of the c-Ki-ras2, N-myc or c-fos
      genes. Using a rapid dot-blot screening procedure, based on a combination of in
      vitro amplification of ras-specific sequences and oligonucleotide hybridization,
      we could detect no activation of Ha-ras or Ki-ras or any unexpressed N-ras
      sequences secondary to a point mutation at codons 12, 13, or 61.

PMID- 2283184
TI  - Glycoprotein biosynthesis by testes of 40-day-old rats subjected to protein
      malnutrition.
AB  - The testes of 40-day-old rats subjected to protein malnutrition show a marked
      delay in maturation of the seminiferous epithelium, as well as greater mannose
      incorporation into glycoprotein than observed in normal animals of the same age.
      Testes were incubated for 1 h with [2-3H]mannose and germ cells were then
      separated by the Staput method. Mannose incorporation occurred in the same cell
      fraction, i.e. the spermatocytes, both in normally fed and protein-undernourished
      animals. These data were confirmed by incubating the cells previously isolated on
      the gradient with [2-3H]mannose. Comparison of these data with results obtained
      in previous studies on 20-day-old animals in which mannose incorporation was
      lower in undernourished rats suggests that the differences observed in the
      present study between the experimental groups are due to alterations in the germ
      cells.

PMID- 2283185
TI  - The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the investigation of infants and
      children with congenital heart disease: current status and future prospects.

PMID- 2283186
TI  - The role of digital subtraction angiography in the quantitation of coronary
      stenosis.

PMID- 2283187
TI  - The abnormal pulmonary venous connexion: a developmental approach.
AB  - If embryonic communications exist between the splanchnic and cardinal venous
      systems, then they can explain variations in partially or completely abnormal
      pulmonary venous return as seen in congenitally malformed hearts. With this in
      mind, we investigated complete serial sections of 52 human embryos, ranging from
      4.4 to 25 mm crown-rump length (Streeter's horizons XIII-XXII) and 57 mouse
      embryos (Mus musculus albus CPB-S) from 7.8 to 19.7 days of gestation.
      Specifically, we investigated whether communications persisted between the
      splanchnic, the pulmonary and the cardinal venous systems. In the early stages of
      development, the pulmonary vascular bed shared the route of drainage of the
      peripheral splanchnic plexus into the umbilical-vitelline and cardinal venous
      systems. As the pulmonary plexus developed, it obtained a new direct route of
      drainage into the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. A persistence of embryonic
      connexions was encountered in one human and 14 mouse embryos. In all these cases,
      the stage of development was such that the connexions between the splanchnic and
      pulmonary plexuses should have disappeared. An abnormality in the development of
      the central pulmonary venous system was also found in the human embryo. Whether
      this was primary or secondary to the persistence of the embryonic connexions
      remained unresolved.

PMID- 2283189
TI  - Oral metoprolol therapy in dilated cardiomyopathy: hemodynamic evidence for
      improved diastolic function accompanying amelioration of symptoms.
AB  - Twenty patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (11 males and 9 females) aged from 14
      to 54 (37.3 +/- 10.5) years were treated orally with metoprolol (dose 37.5 mg-100
      mg/day, mean 91 +/- 18.6 mg/day) after a baseline hemodynamic study. On follow
      up, all patients showed improvement in symptomatic status by at least one NYHA
      class within 2 to 4 weeks of the initiation of therapy. Repeat right heart study
      and left ventricular angiography (venous digital subtraction angiography) afer 3
      to 6 months of treatment in 10 patients showed a fall in the mean pulmonary
      arterial wedge pressure from 24.4 +/- 9.6 to 12.8 +/- 7.7 mm Hg (P = 0.025),
      right ventricular end-diastolic pressure from 8.8 +/- 4.7 mm Hg to 4.5 +/- 1.9 mm
      Hg (P = 0.025) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure from 34.2 +/- 12.4 mm Hg to
      25.9 +/- 10.9 mm Hg (P less than 0.01). There was no significant change in the
      left ventricular ejection fraction (18.7 +/- 1.6% vs. 22 +/- 0.48%, P = NS) or
      cardiac index (2.2 +/- 0.48 l/m/m2 to 2.12 +/- 0.68 l/m/m2, P = NS). These
      hemodynamic results indicate that the improvement in symptoms and congestive
      cardiac failure produced by treatment with metoprolol in patients having dilated
      cardiomyopathy is related to improvement in diastolic function of the myocardium.

PMID- 2283188
TI  - Evaluation of coronary arterial disease by oral dipyridamole stress testing using
      12-lead electrocardiography.
AB  - We studied the values of oral dipyridamole needed to detect coronary arterial
      disease using 12-lead electrocardiography. The relationship between dipyridamole
      induced ST segment depression and coronary arterial lesions, coronary collaterals
      and myocardial infarction was investigated. 375 mg oral dipyridamole was given to
      31 patients (22 with coronary arterial disease, 9 controls). 12-lead
      electrocardiogram was recorded before and 45 minutes after the test. The control
      group and the patients, who had no ST segment depression after dipyridamole,
      performed isometric contraction (handgrip) for 5 minutes and then the 12-lead
      electrocardiogram was recorded. All patients had coronary angiography. We also
      performed treadmill stress testing in 28 patients. Dipyridamole testing was
      positive (greater than or equal to 1 mm ST depression on electrocardiogram) in 7
      of 22 patients with coronary arterial disease, of whom 6 had positive treadmill
      stress testing. Only 2 patients had previous myocardial infarction in the group
      with positive dipyridamole tests. Of the 15 in whom dipyridamole testing was
      negative, 5 had positive treadmill stress testing, while 13 of them had had
      previous myocardial infarction. All patients in the control group had negative
      dipyridamole stress testing and normal coronary angiograms. No additional ST
      segment changes were observed in the group who had performed isometric
      contraction test (both dipyridamole test negative and control groups).
      Sensitivity and specificity of the test were 32 and 100%, respectively.
      Comparison of collateral vessels between the groups positive and negative for
      dipyridamole revealed no difference. But the number of patients with old
      myocardial infarction was higher in those testing negative than in those who
      proved positive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283190
TI  - Value of analysis of the evolution of the pattern of the ST segment in exercise
      electrocardiograms.
AB  - We analysed retrospectively the exercise electrocardiogram records of all
      patients with positive exercise tests which, on subsequent coronary angiography,
      proved to be "false positives". The exercise records of 10 "false positive"
      patients were compared with the records of 10 patients with true positive tests
      in the setting of single vessel disease and 20 patients with true positive tests
      and multivessel disease. Patients proving to be false positives did not differ
      from those with true positive tests in respect to either the slope of the ST
      segment, the number and site of leads showing shift of the ST segment, or the
      peak exercise double product. The total duration of exercise, however, was
      significantly longer in patients having false positive tests (7.93 minutes SD
      1.34) as compared to true positive results (5.95 minutes SD 1.9 in single vessel
      disease, and 4.4 minutes SD 2.2 in multivessel disease, P = less than 0.05).
      Eight of 10 patients having a false positive test showed an atypical evolution of
      the pattern of the ST segment. Seven had rapid normalization of depression of the
      ST segment immediately after cessation of exercise, while one showed shift of the
      ST segment only during the period of recovery. In contrast, 28 of 30 patients
      with true positive tests showed gradual normalization of the depressed ST segment
      during the period of recovery. We conclude that shifts in the ST segment that
      normalize rapidly on cessation of exercise are frequently a false positive
      finding.

PMID- 2283191
TI  - Cardiac myxoma--clinical experience in 24 patients.
AB  - We reviewed our clinical experience in 24 patients with cardiac myxoma. There
      were 8 males and 16 females, their ages ranged from 14 to 73 (mean, 48) years.
      Prior to echocardiographic examination, cardiac myxoma was suspected clinically
      in only 2 cases. The remaining patients were initially diagnosed as having mitral
      valvar disease (9 cases), infective endocarditis (3 cases), congestive
      cardiomyopathy (4 cases), pericardial effusion (1 case), systemic embolism of
      unknown cause (1 case), cerebrovascular accident (2 cases), ventricular septal
      defect (1 case) and Ebstein's malformation (1 case). The tumor was in the left
      atrium in 16, in the right atrium in 2, in the biatrium in 1, while one was in
      the right ventricle and peripheral arterial occlusion had been produced by myxoma
      without demonstrable cardiac tumors in the other two. Twenty-two patients
      underwent open heart surgery for excision of myxoma and there was no surgical
      mortality. Abdominal embolectomy was carried out in 2 patients; one of these 2
      patients survived and 1 died. Follow-up for a mean period of 32 months (range 2
      to 99 months) was possible in in 18 patients with no evidence of recurrence. We
      conclude that cardiac myxoma may mimic many cardiovascular diseases, so a high
      index of suspicion is important for its diagnosis. Echocardiography is the most
      useful diagnostic screening tool.

PMID- 2283192
TI  - Endogenous digoxin-like substance as an important factor in the development of
      hypertension in children.
AB  - In this study, endogenous digoxin-like substance within the plasma was measured
      by radio-immunoassay in 122 children with the systolic blood pressure equal to or
      greater than the 75th percentile (age = 12.3 +/- 2.5 years) and 136 children with
      the systolic blood pressure at or less than the 50th percentiles (age = 11.9 +/-
      2.8 years) after a follow-up of one year. The levels of digoxin-like substance in
      the plasma of children with the higher blood pressure were much higher than those
      in the controls (32.7 +/- 17.3 versus 22.7 +/- 12.7 pg/ml, P less than 0.001) and
      were positively correlated to the blood pressure (r = 0.21, P less than 0.05 for
      systolic blood pressure; and r = 0.41, P less than 0.01 for diastolic), and to
      the sodium content of the red cells (r = 0.36, P less than 0.001), plasma (r =
      0.25, P less than 0.01) and 8-hour overnight urinary output (r = 0.32, P less
      than 0.05). The children in the group with higher blood pressure exhibited an
      exaggerated natriuresis after an oral saline-water load. We believe that a
      circulating inhibitor of sodium transport may play an important role in the early
      stage of the evolution of hypertension.

PMID- 2283193
TI  - Mitral regurgitation and diastolic flow profile in systemic sclerosis.
AB  - To evaluate the left ventricular filling characteristics in systemic sclerosis,
      we examined 30 consecutive patients, 15 men and 15 women, and related the
      findings to those from 48 age- and sex-matched controls. All patients were
      investigated by pulsed and continuous wave mitral Doppler, and M mode
      echocardiography. We found the A wave of the mitral flow velocity as recorded by
      pulsed wave Doppler to be higher in patients (0.74 +/- 0.07 vs 0.54 +/- 0.02
      m/sec, P less than 0.002), while the E wave did not differ. The high A/E ratio
      indicating reduced distensibility, correlated to interventricular septal
      thickness (r = 0.53, P less than 0.001), and atrial emptying index (r = -0.55, P
      less than 0.001). Early filling was impaired, with a prolonged pressure half time
      (99 +/- 6 vs 84 +/- 4 msec, P less than 0.05), and a reduced first third filling
      fraction (0.41 +/- 0.02 vs 0.48 +/- 0.01, P less than 0.001). Mitral
      regurgitation was found in 67% of systemic sclerosis patients and in 15% of
      controls (P less than 0.001). Doppler measures of left ventricular filling
      properties were not related to the presence of mitral regurgitation or systolic
      blood pressure. We conclude that left ventricular distensibility and early
      filling properties are impaired in systemic sclerosis and not related to blood
      pressure, but rather to left ventricular wall thickness and therefore probably
      secondary to myocardial fibrosis. Mitral regurgitation is a common finding in
      systemic sclerosis.

PMID- 2283194
TI  - The assessment of juxtaposed atrial appendages by transoesophageal
      echocardiography.
AB  - As part of a prospective study into the diagnostic role of transoesophageal
      echocardiography in children with complex congenital heart disease, the atrial
      morphology was assessed in 62 children. Using the direct visualization of atrial
      appendage morphology, 58 were shown to have usual atrial arrangement, two were
      documented to have isomerism of the right and two isomerism of the left
      appendages. Of those with usual arrangement, four children were demonstrated to
      have left juxtaposition of the atrial appendages. Only two of these patients were
      identified during praecordial echocardiographic re-evaluation, and three on
      angiocardiographic examination. Surgical confirmation was obtained in three, and
      juxtaposition was excluded in the remaining cases. The transoesophageal cross
      sectional imaging features of left juxtaposition of the atrial appendages are
      unique and readily diagnostic of this entity. They include, first, a lateral
      deviation of the acid-portion of the atrial septum and, second, a frontal
      orientation of the antero-superior portion forming the floor and the posterior
      wall of the junction of the right-sided atrial appendage with the venous
      component of the atrial cavity. The knowledge of these morphologic
      characteristics is important, as, otherwise, this malformation may be
      misinterpreted as representing an atrial septal defect. The results suggest that
      transoesophageal echocardiography will be the most sensitive preoperative
      diagnostic technique in detecting or excluding juxtaposed atrial appendages.

PMID- 2283195
TI  - Theophylline inhibits isoproterenol-induced coronary dilatation in the isolated
      perfused rat heart.
AB  - To study the role of endogenous adenosine in coronary dilatation induced by beta
      adrenergic stimulation, isolated rat hearts were perfused at a constant flow
      rate. Perfusion of the heart with isoproterenol caused increases in the heart
      rate, left ventricular developed pressure, coronary dilatation, and release of
      adenosine and its degradation products. Theophylline inhibited isoproterenol
      induced coronary dilatation without any significant effects on other contractile
      properties such as heart rate and left ventricular developed pressure. Coronary
      dilatation induced by exogenous adenosine was also inhibited by theophylline.
      These results suggest that beta-adrenergic stimulation induces coronary
      vasodilatation not only through direct beta-adrenergic responses, but also
      through increases in extracellular adenosine.

PMID- 2283196
TI  - Balloon embolisation of a coronary arterial fistula.
AB  - Coronary arterial fistulas traditionally are treated surgically. We describe a
      case in which a fistula between the right coronary artery and right ventricle was
      treated by balloon embolisation. Coronary arteriography 13 months later showed
      that the fistula remained occluded, and that the coronary artery had returned to
      a normal size. In suitable cases, embolisation of coronary arterial fistulas is
      an effective alternative to surgery, and can restore normal coronary arterial
      anatomy.

PMID- 2283197
TI  - Cardiac tamponade produced by a loculated pericardial hematoma simulating a right
      atrial mass.
AB  - We report a case of cardiac tamponade due to thrombosis of a loculated
      pericardial effusion which occurred after open heart surgery. The loculated
      hematoma was highly echogenic and mimicked a right atrial mass. Cross-sectional
      echocardiography, in association with color Doppler flow imaging, was extremely
      useful in identifying this rare complication of cardiac surgery and, therefore,
      in determining the subsequent surgical approach.

PMID- 2283198
TI  - Electrocardiographic diagnosis of right ventricular infarction in the presence of
      right bundle branch block.
AB  - We report a case of echocardiographically documented right ventricular infarction
      in a patient with pre-existing right bundle branch block. The development of
      right ventricular infarction resulted in concordant T waves in the right-sided
      chest leads.

PMID- 2283199
TI  - Pulmonary hemorrhage following intravenous streptokinase for acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - A 50-year-old man was given 1.2 million units of intravenous streptokinase 3
      hours after the onset of a hyperacute inferior myocardial infarction. He had been
      treated for pneumonia 4 weeks previously. Five days after thrombolytic therapy,
      he developed a massive hemoptysis. The implications of this side effect are
      discussed.

PMID- 2283200
TI  - Stroke rehabilitation: a method and evaluation.
AB  - Subjects of this study were 53 patients who presented with cerebrovascular stroke
      and who took part in a rehabilitation programme that included the basic elements
      of Bobath's concept and Peto's Conductive Education. The protocol called for a
      three point assessment: on admission to the rehabilitation ward and at one month
      and one year after entry. Baseline and follow-up examinations included clinical
      and laboratory tests, CT scan, cerebral blood flow studies and angiography. Motor
      functions were evaluated by the Rivermead Motor Assessment and dependence (ADL)
      was measured by the Barthel index. Neuropsychological evaluations were also made
      using Benton's test, Bourdon's letter cancellation test and the Wechsler Adult
      Intelligence Scale. Significant improvement was found in functional conditions
      both one month and one year after entry. There was a strong correlation between
      the Rivermead Motor Assessment and the Barthel index. The Rivermead Motor
      Assessment proved to be the most sensitive indicator of improvement in relation
      to the size and site of the infarct.

PMID- 2283201
TI  - Differential inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced granulocyte aggregation and
      prostanoid production by emoxypin.
AB  - Emoxypin is known to be an effective membrane-stabilizing 3-oxy-pyridine
      derivative. We attempted to evaluate its influence on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      induced granulocyte aggregation and prostanoid production. Granulocytes isolated
      from rabbit venous blood by dextran sedimentation and Pezcoll gradient
      centrifugation were stirred in the aggregometer cuvette with emoxypin (5mM),
      indomethacin (50 microM) or their solvents at 37 degrees C for 2 min. Then S.
      typhimurium LPS (200 micrograms/ml) was added and the aggregation was traced for
      5 min. Thromboxane B2 (TxB2), prostaglandins (PG) E, F2 alpha and 13,14-dihydro
      15-keto-PGF2 alpha were determined in supernatants radioimmunochemically.
      Indomethacin did not affect the pattern of aggregation, whereas emoxypin
      virtually precluded the response. Granulocytes incubated with LPS produced by the
      15th sec and 5th min 1.3 and 2.5 times as much TxB2 respectively as did the
      intact cells (p less than 0.01). LPS had no effect on PGE production. Fifteen-sec
      contact of granulocytes with LPS had no significant influence on the formation of
      PGF2 alpha and its 13,14-dihydro-15-keto metabolite. The amount of PGF2 alpha
      released into the medium by the end of the 5th min of incubation with LPS was 1.5
      times higher than in the control (p less than 0.05); the level of 13,14-dihydro
      15-keto-PGF2 alpha was decreased 1.6 times (p less than 0.01). Emoxypin abolished
      totally LPS-induced TxB2 and PGF2 alpha production. We conclude that aggregation
      and eicosanoid production are independent manifestations of LPS-induced rabbit
      granulocyte activation.

PMID- 2283202
TI  - Comparative proliferation of non-rheumatoid and rheumatoid human synovial cells.
AB  - While normal synovial membrane cells have a very long doubling time, rheumatoid
      arthritis increases cell turn-over leading to the formation of a pannus. We
      studied the comparative proliferative behaviour in culture of synoviocytes of
      rheumatoid (RA) and non-rheumatoid (NR) origin in order to evaluate the
      usefulness of this model to investigate the drugs used in the treatment of
      inflammatory diseases. First-passage cultures of cells from patients with
      clinically defined non-inflammatory joint disease or rheumatoid arthritis were
      observed for 8 days. In the presence of various combinations of supplemented
      media, 3H-thymidine incorporation, protein content and cell density were
      assessed. In addition to a relationship between the fetal calf serum (FCS)
      concentration and cell growth, it was found that RA cells proliferated more
      rapidly than NR cells. In 1% FCS, protein content and cell density increased in
      RA cultures whereas NR synoviocytes accumulated in the quiescent phase. In 5% and
      10% FCS, RA cells responded more strongly than NR in terms of protein and DNA
      synthesis and cell division. After 48 hours of relative FCS deprivation, NR cells
      abruptly started to proliferate; the response of RA cultures was delayed, but the
      synoviocytes quickly reached preconfluence.

PMID- 2283203
TI  - Intraluminal release of PGE2 due to gastric perfusion of urethane-anaesthetized
      rats with hydrochloric or taurocholic acid.
AB  - We have measured the intragastric release of prostaglandin E2-like
      immunoreactivity (PGE2-li), pH changes and mucosal damage in response to gastric
      perfusion with hydrochloric or taurocholic acid at pH 1.5 in urethane
      anaesthetized rats. Hydrochloric acid-perfusion caused a reversible decrease in
      pH values, no damage to the gastric mucosa and an intraluminal release of PGE2
      li. Exposure to an ulcerogenic dose (25 mM) of taurocholic acid produced an
      intraluminal release of PGE2-li much higher than that of the non-ulcerogenic
      perfusion with hydrochloric acid. These findings indicate that intraluminal
      release of PGE2-li, thought to play a role as an endogenous antiulcer factor, can
      occur in response to a stimulus producing a significant damage of the gastric
      mucosa or to a mild irritant stimulus.

PMID- 2283204
TI  - Liver triglyceride accumulation after chronic ethanol administration: a possible
      protective role of metadoxina and ubiquinone.
AB  - Hepatoprotective actions of metadoxina and ubiquinone have been studied in
      alcoholic rats by evaluating hepatic triglyceride accumulation and serum
      biochemical parameters of liver function. The two drug-treated groups displayed
      significantly lower triglyceride concentrations as compared to the ethanol
      treated group. No significant differences were found among the two drug-treated
      and the control groups. Electron-microscopic abnormalities were found only in
      ethanol-treated rats. Serum biochemical parameters of liver function did not show
      any significant difference among all four groups. These results suggest a
      possible protective role of metadoxina and ubiquinone in ethanol-induced liver
      triglyceride accumulation.

PMID- 2283205
TI  - [AIDS--discrepancies--epidemiologic data].

PMID- 2283206
TI  - [Continuing education. Restrictive respiratory disorders].

PMID- 2283207
TI  - [Effect of the coronary microvascular system on adenine nucleotide metabolism and
      subsequent functions of the heart].

PMID- 2283208
TI  - [Heart transplantation--current status and development].

PMID- 2283209
TI  - [Non-pharmacologic therapy of malignant cardiac arrhythmias].

PMID- 2283210
TI  - [Silent myocardial ischemia].

PMID- 2283211
TI  - [Circadian changes in blood pressure and therapeutic consequences].

PMID- 2283212
TI  - [Abdominal colic, arthralgia, petechial skin hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis
      after a subtropical stay].

PMID- 2283213
TI  - [Life threatening syncope in a 69-year-old male: syndrome of hyperactive
      parasympathetic counter-regulation].

PMID- 2283214
TI  - [Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava in a 20-year-old patient with decreased
      protein C activity].

PMID- 2283215
TI  - Proceedings of the Contrast Media Research Symposium. Sydney and Hamilton Island,
      Australia, October 8-13, 1989.

PMID- 2283216
TI  - Smiles rearrangement. A new synthetic pathway to the synthesis of 5-(hydroxyacyl)
      amino-2,4,6,-triiodoisophthalamides.

PMID- 2283217
TI  - Stereoisomerism in contrast media. Ioversol.

PMID- 2283218
TI  - New iodinated, low-osmolar contrast media. A revised concept of hydrophilicity.

PMID- 2283219
TI  - Ioxilan. Initial clinical observations.

PMID- 2283220
TI  - Iodinated polymers. Pharmacokinetics of blood-pool imaging products.

PMID- 2283221
TI  - Iodinated intravascular contrast agents past and present. Toxicity
      considerations.

PMID- 2283222
TI  - Electrolyte changes in rabbit cerebrospinal fluid during experimental
      myelography.

PMID- 2283223
TI  - Experience with iodixanol, a new nonionic dimeric contrast medium. Preliminary
      results from the human phase I study.

PMID- 2283224
TI  - Urinary excretion of iohexol in rats with radiation injury of the intestine.

PMID- 2283225
TI  - Contrast agents, red cells, coagulation, and the angiographer.

PMID- 2283226
TI  - Do nonionic contrast media increase red cell aggregation and clot formation?

PMID- 2283227
TI  - Magnetic resonance and ultrasound contrast media.

PMID- 2283228
TI  - Red blood cell aggregability and contrast media. Recent results of quantitative
      dynamic ultrasonic analysis.

PMID- 2283229
TI  - Platelet adhesion/aggregation to injured vascular endothelium in flowing blood.
      Effects of contrast media.

PMID- 2283230
TI  - Analysis of renal and hepatic impairment by ionic and nonionic contrast media.

PMID- 2283231
TI  - Contrast media- and pharmacologic-induced nephropathies. Effects of diatrizoate
      and iohexol on urine profiles in rats.

PMID- 2283232
TI  - Enzyme markers of contrast media-induced renal failure.

PMID- 2283233
TI  - Renal effects of nonionic contrast media after intravenous cardiac, and lumbar
      aortic injections.

PMID- 2283234
TI  - Cardiac effects from addition of sodium ions to nonionic contrast media for
      coronary arteriography. An investigation of the isolated rabbit heart.

PMID- 2283235
TI  - Comparison of the electrophysiologic effects of ioxaglate and iopamidol during
      selective coronary arteriography.

PMID- 2283237
TI  - Influence of sodium on electrocardiography during coronary angiography in humans
      with iopromide.

PMID- 2283236
TI  - Inotropic effects of sodium citrate in a nonionic contrast medium.

PMID- 2283238
TI  - Sonographic enhancement of Doppler signals and perfused tissues with
      perfluorooctylbromide.

PMID- 2283239
TI  - Adverse reactions to contrast media. What are the risk factors?

PMID- 2283240
TI  - SHU 508, a transpulmonary echocontrast agent: initial experience.

PMID- 2283242
TI  - Morbidity and mortality with intravenous contrast media. Ionic and nonionic.

PMID- 2283241
TI  - Particulate contrast agents for improved ultrasound detection of liver
      metastases.

PMID- 2283243
TI  - Contrast media research 1919. Particles.

PMID- 2283244
TI  - Adverse reactions to intravenous contrast media in routine clinical practice.

PMID- 2283245
TI  - Pretesting as a predictor of severe adverse reactions to contrast media.

PMID- 2283246
TI  - Ongoing clinical trial of iohexol in previous contrast-material reactors.

PMID- 2283248
TI  - Mechanisms of magnetic resonance contrast enhancement by relaxivity and magnetic
      susceptibility agents.

PMID- 2283247
TI  - Side effects of water-soluble contrast agents in upper gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2283249
TI  - Recent developments in design, characterization, and understanding of MRI and MRS
      contrast media.

PMID- 2283250
TI  - Early detection of perfusion deficits caused by regional cerebral ischemia in
      cats. T2-weighted magnetic susceptibility MRI using a nonionic dysprosium
      contrast agent.

PMID- 2283251
TI  - Nonionic magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Clinical trial experience of
      safety, tolerance, and efficacy of gadodiamide injection.

PMID- 2283252
TI  - Relative and absolute tissue perfusion measured with magnetic resonance contrast
      agents.

PMID- 2283253
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement versus tissue gadolinium
      concentration.

PMID- 2283254
TI  - Experimental approach to using extrinsic fluorine-19 in magnetic resonance
      imaging.

PMID- 2283255
TI  - Polyethylene-glycol-ferrioxamine. A new magnetic resonance contrast agent.

PMID- 2283256
TI  - Tolerance of extracellular contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2283257
TI  - Macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging contrast media. Accumulated experience.

PMID- 2283258
TI  - Preclinical profile of Gd-BOPTA. A liver-specific MRI contrast agent.

PMID- 2283259
TI  - Gd-labeled liposomes containing amphipathic agents for magnetic resonance
      imaging.

PMID- 2283260
TI  - Paramagnetic liposomes as magnetic resonance contrast agents.

PMID- 2283261
TI  - Superparamagnetic contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2283262
TI  - Metalloporphyrins as contrast agents for tumors in magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2283263
TI  - Survey of safety of clinical contrast media.

PMID- 2283264
TI  - Metalloporphyrins as tumor-seeking MRI contrast media and as potential selective
      treatment sensitizers.

PMID- 2283265
TI  - Magnetic resonance contrast media for myocardial imaging.

PMID- 2283267
TI  - Chemotoxic effects of low-osmolar contrast media on the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 2283266
TI  - In vivo quantification of the blood-brain barrier injury using magnetic resonance
      enhancement.

PMID- 2283268
TI  - Effects of contrast media on synaptosomal phosphatidylinositols.

PMID- 2283269
TI  - Electroencephalographic effects of intracisternally injected nonionic x-ray
      contrast media in rats.

PMID- 2283270
TI  - Vertebral artery injections of methylglucamine diatrizoate 60%, iopromide, and
      iotrolan in the rabbit.

PMID- 2283271
TI  - Muscular and central nervous system side effects of intracarotid contrast media
      in rabbits.

PMID- 2283272
TI  - Liposomes loaded with nonionic contrast media. Hepatosplenic computed tomographic
      enhancement.

PMID- 2283273
TI  - Ioxaglate-carrying liposomes. Computed tomographic study as hepatosplenic
      contrast agent in rabbits.

PMID- 2283275
TI  - Cranial computed tomography.

PMID- 2283274
TI  - Particulate contrast medium for computed tomography of the liver.

PMID- 2283276
TI  - Audit of cranial computerised tomography in a general medical unit.
AB  - Over a two year period 108 patients had cranial computerised tomographic (CCT)
      scans while under the care of a general medical team. Sixty eight scans showed 70
      abnormalities. Completed stroke, transient ischaemic attacks (TIA), epilepsy and
      headache were the most common indications for CTT while infarct, atrophy,
      haemorrhage and tumour were the most common abnormalities. Eight tumours were
      identified comprising 12% of epileptics and 9% of stroke patients.

PMID- 2283278
TI  - A population of MS patients in the west of Ireland.
AB  - A five year retrospective study was undertaken involving 87 patients admitted to
      the University College Hospital, Galway, with a confirmed diagnosis of multiple
      sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to consider aspects of this disease as
      it affected this population in the West of Ireland. Age, sex, and social
      characteristics of the population were examined. Disease characteristics studied
      included its remittent and progressive forms and the degree of disability it
      caused. Relapses of disease were considered in greater detail. It was found that:
      1. The highest percentage of patients with MS was in the 40-45 year age group. 2.
      The mean age of onset of the disease was 37.7 years. 3. Females were in the
      majority (female: male ratio of 1.4:1) and most of these suffered from the
      progressive form of MS. 4. Males tended to experience the larger percentage of
      relapses and had a lower annual relapse rate than females. 5. Of the social
      groups investigated, those involved in the industry had the highest reported
      average annual relapse rate. 6. Motor symptoms played an important part in
      exacerbations, either alone or in combination with other symptoms. 7. Relapses
      occurred in a cyclical fashion with peaks over 2-3 months. 8. The number of
      relapses did not tend to vary throughout the year.

PMID- 2283277
TI  - The biochemical diagnosis of lysosomal storage diseases--a review of five years
      experience.
AB  - The inherited lysosomal storage diseases are a distinct group of inborn errors of
      metabolism characterised by deficiencies in specific lysosomal enzymes. As many
      as 40 such disorders have now been described in man. We have measured the
      activities of up to 16 lysosomal acid hydrolases in plasma and/or extracts of
      leucocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts from 198 patients referred from
      throughout Ireland. These 16 assays allowed the biochemical diagnosis of 20
      lysosomal storage diseases. Activities were compared with reference ranges to
      determine homozygotes and heterozygotes. Of the 44 patients with positive
      results, 15 were diagnosed as being homozygous for a specific lysosomal enzyme
      deficiency, 4 were identified as having multiple enzyme deficiencies
      (mucolipidosis Type II/I-cell disease) and 25 had heterozygote (carrier) enzyme
      levels. Of the latter, 24 were either parents (obligate heterozygotes) or
      siblings of homozygotes and one was a heterozygote for the X-linked recessively
      inherited Fabry's disease.

PMID- 2283279
TI  - The effect of peritoneal dialysate on pulmonary function and blood gasses in
      C.A.P.D. patients.
AB  - There have been many reports showing diminished vital capacity (VC), total lung
      capacity (TLC), and functional residual capacity (FRC), after the infusion of
      peritoneal dialysate in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
      (C.A.P.D.) for chronic renal failure. We also examined the effects of the
      infusion of two litres of dialysate on airways resistance (Raw) using total body
      plethysmography and on arterial blood gasses. Ten patients on C.A.P.D. were
      selected. The mean results of dialysate infused (in) and dialysate drained (out)
      are as follows: FVC 3.66 l (in) and 3.73 l (out) (not significant); VC 3.81 l
      (in) and 3.99 l (out) (p less than 0.05); FEV1 3.02 l (in) and 2.94 (out) (n.s.);
      TLC 5.89 l (in) and 6.33 l (out) (p less than 0.05); FRC 3.56 l (in) and 3.78 l
      (out) (p less than 0.05); Raw 4.79 cmsH21/l/s (in) and 4.72 cmsH20/l/s (out)
      (n.s.); Pa02 11.03 kPA (in) and 11.35 kPA (out) (p less than 0.001). We conclude
      that two litre dialysate causes significant reduction of TLC, VC and FRC, and a
      reduction in Pa02 and A-a02 but has no effect on airways resistance.

PMID- 2283280
TI  - The prophetic and the priestly.

PMID- 2283281
TI  - Common-sense morality.

PMID- 2283282
TI  - Genetics, neuroscience, and biotechnology.

PMID- 2283283
TI  - Still saving the life of ethics.

PMID- 2283284
TI  - Surrogate decisionmaking and other matters.

PMID- 2283285
TI  - Telling stories: creative literature and ethics.

PMID- 2283286
TI  - Desperately seeking science: the creation of knowledge in family practice.
AB  - Most medical consultations are for self-limiting conditions. While technical
      expertise remains necessary, creating therapeutic knowledge in this context is
      the joint responsibility of physician and patient, and depends upon recognition
      that the observer, the observation, and the observed form a temporary union.

PMID- 2283287
TI  - Mapping and beyond.

PMID- 2283288
TI  - Outrageous fortune: selling other people's cells.

PMID- 2283289
TI  - Emergencies and advance directives.

PMID- 2283290
TI  - Selling experiment treatment.

PMID- 2283291
TI  - Hastings on the Adriatic.

PMID- 2283292
TI  - Reproductive gifts and gift giving: the altruistic woman.
AB  - Reproductive gift relationships must be seen in their totality, not just as
      helping someone have a child. Noncommercial surrogacy cannot be treated as a mere
      act of altruism--any valorizing of altruistic surrogacy and reproductive gift
      giving must be assessed within the wider context of women's political inequality.

PMID- 2283293
TI  - Unstable hemoglobins.
AB  - About 70 variants of Hb A with associated hemolytic disorders have been reported
      during the past 30 years. I have classified them according to four grades of
      severity of chronic hemolysis. Acute episodes of severe hemolysis may be seen in
      all classes. In addition, some 80 variants without overt hemolysis have given
      positive results with in vitro hemoglobin instability tests. The stereochemical
      bases for instability can be conjectured in most cases, although few unstable
      hemoglobins have actually been studied by X-ray crystallography. The mechanisms
      for denaturation of normal Hb A and its acceleration in unstable hemoglobins were
      proposed some 15 years ago. The alterations of membrane lipids and proteins
      leading to red cell senescence and the relevance of hemoglobin denaturation to
      this process are presently being investigated. Several "hyperunstable" variants
      are clinically silent, or equivalent to a thalassemia, probably because of very
      efficient degradation of the abnormal chains.

PMID- 2283294
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay for the identification of hemoglobin variants.
AB  - We have prepared monospecific antibodies to Hbs D-Los Angeles, J-Baltimore, O
      Arab and J-Paris-I and developed an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for their
      identification in hemolysates. Hbs in adult or cord blood hemolysates were coated
      to the wells of microtiter plates and reacted with the appropriate antisera
      followed by the detection system which contains anti-rabbit IgG/peroxidase
      conjugate and the substrate tetramethylbenzidine. Sixty-nine samples were
      tentatively considered to contain the above hemoglobin variants by
      isoelectrofocusing and the identity of 83% of them was confirmed by ELISA. Some
      of the non-reacting hemolysates were shown by amino acid sequence analysis to
      contain Hbs Korle-Bu, D-Ibadan, G-Copenhagen and the new variant Chandigarh. This
      ELISA offers specificity and simplicity for the confirmatory identification of
      hemoglobin variants.

PMID- 2283295
TI  - A new alpha chain variant Hb Tonosho [alpha 110(G17)Ala----Thr]: subunit
      dissociation during cation exchange chromatography for Hb A1c assay.
AB  - A new alpha chain variant, alpha 110(G17)Ala----Thr, was detected because of
      subunit dissociation during the determination of the Hb A1c by automated cation
      exchange high performance liquid chromatography. The abnormal hemoglobin
      overlapped the cathodic edge of the band of Hb A in isoelectrofocusing. It was
      slightly unstable in the isopropanol test and had a slightly increased oxygen
      affinity. The abnormal alpha chain eluted slightly faster than the normal alpha
      chain in reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The amino acid
      substitution was determined by purification of S-alkylated alpha T-12,13 tryptic
      peptide, chymotryptic digestion, and sequencing of an octapeptide alpha 110-117.
      The abnormal alpha chain comprised about 14% of the total alpha chain. A
      biosynthetic study did not suggest selective loss of the abnormal chain in
      reticulocytes.

PMID- 2283296
TI  - Hb Iowa or alpha 2 beta 2(119)(GH2)Gly----Ala.
AB  - Hb Iowa with a Gly----Ala mutation at position beta 119(GH2) was observed in a
      Black infant and her mother. The baby was also heterozygous for Hb S; Hb Iowa was
      confused with Hb F at birth because its electrophoretic mobility was similar to
      that of Hb F1. The beta chain of Hb Iowa could be readily separated from the beta
      A, alpha, and gamma chains by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by reversed
      phase high performance liquid chromatography. Structural characterization was
      through amino acid analyses of peptides isolated from a tryptic digest of the
      aminoethylated beta-Iowa chain. The Gly----Ala replacement in Hb Iowa does not
      affect its stability and oxygen carrying properties; hematological data for
      mother and child were within normal ranges.

PMID- 2283297
TI  - A new beta-thalassemia mutation produced by a single nucleotide substitution in
      the conserved dinucleotide sequence of the IVS-I consensus acceptor site (AG---
      AA).
AB  - An Egyptian child with thalassemia major was found to carry two different
      haplotypes (I and VI) associated with two beta-thalassemic chromosomes. Analysis
      with several oligonucleotides and restriction enzymes, which identify the
      mutations most common in the Mediterranean area, allowed the identification of
      only one mutation, namely T----C at position 6 of the first intervening sequence
      (IVS-I). In order to characterize the other mutation the beta gene was amplified
      with polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. A G----A substitution was found at
      position 130 of the IVS-I which alters the conserved dinucleotide AG present in
      the consensus acceptor sequence, thus producing a beta (0)-thalassemia. This
      mutation was further confirmed by restriction analysis since it creates a new
      restriction site for the enzyme Afl II. It is concluded that this subject carries
      the IVS-I-6 mutation associated with haplotype VI, frequently observed in
      Mediterranean areas, and a new mutation at the acceptor site of the IVS-I, which
      has not been described before, associated with haplotype I. This thalassemic gene
      can be added to the list of mutations that can be identified by Southern analysis
      using Afl II.

PMID- 2283298
TI  - Hb Guangzhou-Hangzhou or alpha 2(64)(E13)Asp----Gly beta 2 observed in members of
      a Chinese family living in Xinjiang.

PMID- 2283299
TI  - Compound heterozygosity for Hb E-Saskatoon or alpha 2 beta 2(22)(B4)Glu----Lys
      and beta-thalassemia type IVS-I-6 (T----C)

PMID- 2283300
TI  - Hb N-Baltimore [alpha 2 beta 2(95)(FG2)Lys----Glu] and Hb J-Iran [alpha 2 beta
      2(77)(Ef1]His----Asp] observed in a Turkish family from Antalya.

PMID- 2283301
TI  - Hb Camperdown or alpha 2 beta 2(104)(G6)Arg----Ser in two Italian males.

PMID- 2283302
TI  - A second observation of Hb Abruzzo [alpha 2 beta 2(143)(H21)His----Arg] in an
      Italian family.

PMID- 2283303
TI  - A novel frameshift mutation [FSC 47 (+A)] causing beta-thalassemia in a Surinam
      patient.

PMID- 2283304
TI  - A survey of structural hemoglobinopathies in the Canary Islands.

PMID- 2283305
TI  - Coronary sclerosis risk factors in males with special reference to lipoproteins
      and apoproteins: establishing an index.
AB  - In order to ascertain the most effective index for predicting coronary sclerosis,
      the concentration of lipids, lipoproteins, and apoproteins in serum were
      determined in 45 males aged over 44 with angiographically diagnosed effort angina
      and in 153 male controls aged over 44 without ischemic heart disease (IHD) on
      physical examination. The results of our study are summarized as follows. 1)
      Alcohol intake of 25 g/day or more and smoking of 20 cigarettes/day or more
      showed significant odds ratios of 0.47 and 2.33, respectively. 2) By decrease of
      10 mg/dl in HDLC level or of 10 mg/dl in Apo-AI level, the possibility of
      coronary sclerosis increases twofold after adjusting the effects of confounders.
      3) LDLC/HDLC and Apo-B/Apo-AI are effective indices for predicting coronary
      sclerosis and, in particular, the probability of coronary sclerosis increases 3.8
      times by increase of 0.5 in Apo-B/Apo-AI.

PMID- 2283306
TI  - Effects of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate, a cysteine pro-drug, on
      teratogenicity of 5-fluorouracil in mice.
AB  - Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and modulation of its
      effect by L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTC), a cysteine pro-drug, were
      evaluated in mice. Pregnant ICR mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with
      25 mg/kg of 5-FU on day 11 of gestation (vaginal plug = day 0). Mice were
      pretreated i.p. with 950 mg/kg of OTC 4 hours before dosing with 5-FU. Dams were
      killed on day 17 of gestation. Fetuses were examined for external malformations,
      especially limb malformations. Pretreatment with OTC decreased the frequency and
      severity of oligodactyly induced by 5-FU, although the differences were not
      significant statistically. There was little difference in either liver
      glutathione levels, or body weight gain during gestation of dams between the 5-FU
      group and the 5-FU plus OTC group. Fetal mortality and fetal weight of the group
      treated with 5-FU alone were comparable with those of the group pretreated with
      OTC. In the present study, teratogenicity of 5-FU seemed to be slightly mitigated
      with OTC pretreatment.

PMID- 2283307
TI  - An investigation of vascular anatomy and microvascular architecture of the
      brainstem in cats.
AB  - The vascular anatomy and microvascular architecture of the vertebrobasilar
      system, especially within the brainstem, was investigated in cats. The main
      branches of the basilar artery were observed and the inner diameters of these
      vessels were measured on vertebral angiograms. The three-dimensional
      microvascular architecture was constructed using molded vascular models. The
      arterial anastomoses between the arteries inside the brainstem were studied using
      contact microangiograms. The paramedian branch penetrated into the brainstem in a
      retrograde fashion from the cranial basilar artery, and in an anterograde fashion
      from the caudal basilar artery. Arterial anastomoses were noted between the
      circumferential arteries. The frequency of arterial anastomoses was higher and
      diameters of the anastomotic vessels were larger in the ventrolateral region of
      the brainstem than in the ventromedial region. Regarding the perforating
      arteries, the arterial anastomoses were present outside the brainstem. No
      arterial anastomoses were found inside the brainstem.

PMID- 2283309
TI  - Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the antennal lobes of the American cockroach
      Periplaneta americana: light- and electron-microscopic observations.
AB  - A large deutocerebral serotonin-immunoreactive neuron arborizes profusely in the
      glomeruli of the antennal lobes, and also sends neurites into the lateral lobe
      and the calyces of the mushroom bodies in the ipsilateral protocerebrum. Electron
      micrographs of the glomerular neuropil show that the main synapses of the
      serotonin-immunoreactive arborizations are output contacts with unidentified
      neuron profiles. Only a few synaptic input contacts with serotonin-labeled fibers
      were observed.

PMID- 2283308
TI  - Lectin binding to injured corneal endothelium mimics patterns observed during
      development.
AB  - Fluorochrome conjugated lectins were used to observe cell surface changes in the
      corneal endothelium during wound repair in the adult rat and during normal fetal
      development. Fluorescence microscopy of non-injured adult corneal endothelia
      incubated in wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA), Concanavalin A (Con A), and Ricinus
      communis agglutinin I (RCA), revealed that these lectins bound to cell surfaces.
      Conversely, binding was not observed for either Griffonia simplicifolia I (GS-I),
      soybean agglutinin (SBA) or Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA). Twenty-four hours
      after a circular freeze injury, endothelial cells surrounding the wound
      demonstrated decreased binding for WGA and Con A, whereas, RCA binding appeared
      reduced but centrally clustered on the apical cell surface. Furthermore, SBA now
      bound to endothelial cells adjacent to the wound area, but not to cells near the
      tissue periphery. Neither GS-I nor UEA exhibited any binding to injured tissue.
      By 48 h post-injury, the wound area repopulates and endothelial cells begin
      reestablishing the monolayer. These cells now exhibit increased binding for WGA,
      especially along regions of cell-to-cell contact, whereas, Con A, RCA and SBA
      binding patterns remain unchanged. Seventy-two hours after injury, the monolayer
      is well organized with WGA, Con A and RCA binding patterns becoming similar to
      those observed for non-injured tissue. However, at this time, SBA binding
      decreases dramatically. By 1 week post-injury, binding patterns for WGA, ConA and
      RCA closely resemble their non-injured counterparts while SBA continues to
      demonstrate low levels of binding. In early stages of its development, the
      endothelium actively proliferates and morphologically resembles adult tissue
      during wound repair.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283310
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of endothelin in cultured bovine endothelial
      cells.
AB  - To investigate the intracellular localization of endothelin in cultured
      endothelial cells, an immunocytochemical study was carried out by the post
      embedding protein A-gold technique with endothelin-specific antiserum. Gold
      particles were seen on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi cisternae, the
      Golgi vesicles, small vesicles beneath the cell membrane, and the lysosomes. By
      contrast, no secretory granules were observed. These results suggest that
      endothelin is secreted by a constitutive pathway and that the lysosome may play
      an important role in regulating the biological activity of endothelin.

PMID- 2283311
TI  - Quantification of the histochemical staining for carbonyles and DNA using 3
      hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide and fast blue B.
AB  - Fixed cells and tissues pretreated with 4-hydroxynonenal were used as models for
      the histochemical demonstration of protein bound aldehydic groups. The aldehydes
      were stained with both a modification of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
      (2,4-DNPH) and the optimized staining using 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide
      and Fast blue B (NAH-FB). A correlation has been found between the specific
      microphotometric mean integrated maximum absorbance values of cells and tissues
      stained with 2,4-DNPH and with NAH-FB (cc = 0.999). The maximum absorbance
      measured after 2,4-DNPH-staining (epsilon 367 = 21,000) were 1.893 +/- 0.072 (P
      less than 0.01) times that of NAH-FB-staining at 550 nm. Microphotometrically
      determined DNA-values of different cells stained with the NAH-FB-DNA-method
      correlated with those determined with methods of analytical biochemistry and
      published by other authors.

PMID- 2283312
TI  - Heterogeneity of the blood group ABH antigens and variation in the expression of
      these antigens of secretory granules in human cervical glands. An electron
      microscopic observation using lectins and monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Cytochemical localization of blood group ABH antigens was examined in secretory
      cells of human cervical glands by application of a post-embedding lectin-gold as
      well as immuno-gold labeling procedure using monoclonal antibodies. Blood group
      specific lectins such as Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), Helix pomatia
      agglutinin (HPA), Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin I-B4 (GSAI-B4) and Ulex
      europaeus agglutinin-I (UEA-I) reacted with secretory granules but not with other
      cytoplasmic organellae such as nucleus and cell membrane. The reactivity of
      secretory granules with these lectins showed strict dependence on the blood group
      and secretor status of tissue donors. The binding patterns with these lectins
      were not homogeneous, but exhibited marked cellular and subcellular
      heterogeneity. Thus, for example, in blood group A individuals, some granules
      were stained strongly with DBA and others were weakly or not at all with the
      lectin. Such a heterogenous labeling with the lectin was observed even in the
      same cells. Similar results were obtained with UEA-I and GSAI-B4 staining in
      blood group O and B secretor individuals, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies
      likewise reacted specifically with the granules but they occasionally bound to
      some nucleus. The labeling pattern of the antibodies with the granules was
      essentially the same as those of lectins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283313
TI  - Langerhans cells in human allergic contact dermatitis contain varying numbers of
      Birbeck granules. Double staining immunohistochemistry with OKT6 and Lag
      antibody.
AB  - Dynamic changes in human Langerhans cells (LCs) were studied with OKT6, anti-HLA
      DR antibody, and Lag antibody in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Both T6
      positive (T6+) cells and Lag-positive (Lag+) cells in the epidermis decreased in
      number from 0 to 48 h, but then gradually increased after day 7 of ACD. Lag+
      cells after day 7 manifested a variety of staining intensities from weak to
      strong. It was also shown, after day 7, that some T6+ cells were Lag negative
      whereas all Lag+ cells were T6 positive. Flow cytometric analysis suggested that
      Lag-strongly-positive cells and Lag-weakly-positive cells belonged to the same
      population, and that the relative amount of Lag antigens in T6+ LCs gradually
      increased after day 7. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the Lag-strongly
      positive cells contained numerous Lag-reactive Birbeck granules (BGs) whereas the
      Lag-weakly-positive cells contained fewer BGs in the cytoplasm. In some Lag
      weakly-positive cells, no BGs were detected.

PMID- 2283316
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of WGA, RCA I, LFA and SBA binding sites in the
      seven-day-old mouse embryo.
AB  - In the present investigation we localized binding sites for the lectins WGA
      (wheat germ agglutinin), RCA I (Ricinus communis agglutinin), LFA (Limax flavus
      agglutinin) and SBA (soya bean agglutinin) in the 7-day-old mouse embryo at the
      ultrastructural level. Lectin binding sites were localized on formaldehyde fixed
      embryos, embedded in LR-Gold, using gold-labelled lectins. Binding sites for WGA
      and RCA I were observed at the surface of the embryonic ectoderm oriented towards
      the proamnion cavity and the outer surface of the extraembryonic and the
      embryonic endoderm. Staining for SBA and LFA binding sites was seen in the
      basement membrane of the ectoderm. Moreover, binding sites for LFA were observed
      in the nucleoli of cells of the ectodermal, the mesodermal and the endodermal
      layer and in free ribosomes located in the cytoplasm of these cells.

PMID- 2283315
TI  - Tamm-Horsfall protein-mRNA synthesis is localized to the thick ascending limb of
      Henle's loop in rat kidney.
AB  - Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) has been previously detected in cells of the thick
      ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL) of different mammalian species using
      immunocytochemical methods. A nearly complete identity between THP and
      uromodulin, an immunosuppressive glycoprotein present in the urine of pregnant
      females, has been established recently. This paper describes the cellular
      location of THP mRNA by high-resolution in situ hybridization using a [35S]
      labeled human uromodulin cRNA (antisense-) probe of a length of 665 base pairs.
      Control experiments were performed using an mRNA (sense-) probe of the same
      length. The probe was hybridized to frozen sections of the rat kidney. THP mRNA
      distribution in the kidney was found to be homologous to the immunocytochemical
      labeling pattern: Autoradiographic signal was present along the entire length of
      the TAL including the post-macula segment which leads to the distal convoluted
      tubule. Tubular cells of the macula densa were negative. Labeling intensity of
      the TAL epithelium was found to increase from the origin of the TAL at the
      transition between inner and outer medulla to its end beyond the macula densa.
      Labeling of the medullary segment in the inner stripe was weak, whereas outer
      medullary and cortical segments very strongly expressed THP mRNA. The glomerulus,
      the portions of the nephron proximal to the TAL, the distal convoluted tubule as
      well as the collecting duct system were negative.

PMID- 2283314
TI  - Competition between ligands of glycosyltransferases and horseradish peroxidase
      for binding sites on intracellular and plasma membranes of HeLa cells.
      Application of a micro-method for the semi-quantitation of surface-bound HRP.
AB  - A micro-method for the semi-quantitation of surface-bound horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP) was developed and was applied to study the competition between ligands of
      glycosyltransferases and HRP for binding sites on the surface of HeLa cells.
      Dried coverslip cultures of HeLa cells, fixed in methanol, were placed on 0.3 ml
      of the incubation medium on parafilm and were incubated for 45 min at 37 degrees
      C. The incubation medium contained HRP, lysozyme and Ca2+ in HEPES buffer, pH
      7.2. After washing, the cells were incubated for 60 min at 37 degrees C in HEPES
      buffer containing 20 mM Ca2+. After this treatment, the plasma membranes showed a
      strong cytochemical reaction for HRP. Most of the HRP was released into buffer
      solution during a 5 h incubation at 37 degrees C in the absence of Ca2+, and was
      measured by spectrophotometry. The addition of 20 mM Ca2+ to the buffer solution
      prevented the release of most of the HRP from the plasma membranes thus showing
      that the binding of HRP required Ca2+. Ligands of glycosyltransferases were added
      to the incubation medium with HRP. The amount of HRP released from the cells
      decreased in relation to the competing potency and concentration of these
      ligands. The method was applied to estimate the concentration of some ligands of
      galactosyltransferase and sialyltransferase that caused a 50% decrease in the
      release of previously-bound HRP. CMP-neuraminic acid and gangliosides showed a
      higher competing potency to the surface binding of HRP than UDP-galactose and
      chitotriose. The spectrophotometric analysis was correlated (on duplicate
      samples) with cytochemical observations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283318
TI  - Hazardous health effects of occupational exposure to wood dust.
AB  - Because of the world-wide increase in the use of wood, diseases due to exposure
      to wood dust and substances connected with the wood-processing industry are also
      likely to increase. Many authors have written about disorders of this kind,
      ranging from irritative and allergic reactions to cancerogenic effects. There
      exist a great deal of widely disseminated publications on this subject. Moreover,
      the various existing synonyms, especially for tropical woods, render more
      difficult the valuation of published results. The purpose of this review of
      publications issued in recent years is to represent all known symptoms and
      disorders due to occupational wood-dust exposure. Furthermore, points that remain
      unclarified should be shown in order to stimulate further investigations.
      Recommendations for safety restrictions are also given.

PMID- 2283319
TI  - Hemoglobin adducts of monohalomethanes.

PMID- 2283317
TI  - Histochemical response of mice to mistletoe lectin I (ML I).
AB  - The acute toxicity of lectin ML I from the toxic drug, mistletoe, was
      demonstrated in previous experiments. Because the reason for this extremely high
      toxicity is not yet clear, mice were studied histochemically at different times
      after treatment with various doses of ML I, ML I A or ML I B chain separately, or
      recombinations of ML I A and ML I B. Various plasma membrane-associated
      hydrolases as well as Golgi apparatus-and endoplasmic reticulum-linked
      hydrolases, peroxisomal and extraperoxisomal oxidases, lysosomal hydrolases,
      mitochondrial dehydrogenases, the cytoskeletal proteins keratin and vimentin as
      well as iron, glycogen and lipids were analysed in all organs and tissues of
      female mice. Irrespective of the dose, a clear-cut response was only observed in
      the liver. After ML I treatment, glycogen disappeared completely from all
      hepatocytes, and this effect did not depend on the ML I-concentration and
      exposure time. The increase in activity of Golgi-associated thiamine
      pyrophosphatase in hepatocytes and of non-specific alkaline phosphatase in the
      sinusoidal endothelial cells depended on the applied ML I concentration and the
      time of treatment. Doses of 600 or 900 ng ML I/kg drastically increased the
      phosphatase activities. These clear-cut changes of glycogen and enzyme activities
      were not observed after administration of the ML I B chain alone, and less so
      when the mice were treated only with the ML I A chain, or were treated with a
      recombination of ML I A and ML I B even at concentrations higher than that of ML
      I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283320
TI  - Determination of urinary 2,5-hexanedione by its conversion to 2,5
      dimethylpyrrole.

PMID- 2283321
TI  - Analysis of maximal expiratory flow-volume patterns in sea-squirt asthma
      patients.

PMID- 2283322
TI  - Interaction between nickel and lead in relation to porphyrin metabolism in mice.

PMID- 2283323
TI  - Effect of heptachlor on hepatic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in rat.
AB  - In a study of the hepatotoxicity of heptachlor (1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachlor 3a,
      4,7,7 a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindene), a major compound of chlordane, the effect
      of heptachlor on the respiratory activity (oxidative phosphorylation and electron
      transport) of rat liver mitochondria was investigated. Heptachlor at a final
      concentration of 50 microM with succinate as substrate decreased the respiratory
      control index (RCI) due to a marked inhibition of state 3 respiration and a
      slight inhibition of state 4 respiration. One hundred microM heptachlor with
      succinate as substrate suppressed the states 3 and 4 respiration almost
      completely. On the other hand, heptachlor at a final concentration ranging from
      50 to 100 microM with beta-hydroxybutylate (beta-HB) slightly decreased the RCI
      and decreased the RCI hardly at all with ascorbate plus N,N,N',N', 
      tetramethylphenylene diamine (TMPD) as substrate. Heptachlor at a concentration
      of 50 microM in the presence of succinate also decreased the ADP/O ratio of
      mitochondria. The mode of inhibition of succinate oxidation by heptachlor
      apparently is a noncompetitive inhibition, as shown by Lineweaver-Burk plot.

PMID- 2283324
TI  - Effects of trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and carbon tetrachloride on
      plasma lipoproteins of rats.
AB  - Effects of single intraperitoneal administration of trichloroethylene, 1,1,1
      trichloroethane, and carbon tetrachloride (positive control) on the plasma
      contents of lipoproteins were investigated in rats. Plasma was fractionated to
      VLDL, LDL, and HDL by sequential ultracentrifugation. On the administration of
      carbon tetrachloride at 30 to 1000 mg/kg, VLDL and HDL were reduced dose
      dependently, but the reduction in LDL was not dose-dependent. With
      trichloroethylene at 30 to 300 mg/kg, the lipid contents of VLDL and LDL
      fractions were decreased. At 1000 mg/kg, VLDL and LDL was increased by the
      trichloroethylene. The HDL was decreased with increasing doses of
      trichloroethylene at 30 to 1000 mg/kg. With 1,1,1-trichloroethane at 100 to 300
      mg/kg, VLDL and LDL were increased. The HDL levels rose at 100 mg/kg but fell at
      1000 mg/kg. Thus trichloroethylene impairs VLDL formation at low doses. 1,1,1
      Trichloroethane stimulates the VLDL synthesis at low doses and inhibits it at
      high doses. The decreases in HDL at high doses of trichloroethylene and 1,1,1
      trichloroethane resulted from the inhibition of HDL synthesis. Liver-to-body
      weight ratios were raised with increasing doses of carbon tetrachloride,
      trichloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Plasma GOT and GPT activities rose
      at much higher doses of solvents than dose levels which produce the changes in
      lipoproteins and the increases in liver weights. The liver enlargement appeared
      to be a sensitive marker of hepatotoxicity related to the changes in
      lipoproteins, the profile of which was different in three solvents.

PMID- 2283326
TI  - A study of heat and noise problems in a drug and pharmaceutical firm in India.

PMID- 2283325
TI  - Development of an inhalation system of high melting point metal fumes and its use
      for exposure of rats to chromium and nickel fumes.
AB  - An experimental inhalation system was developed for fumes generated from powders
      of high melting point metals such as chromium, nickel, manganese and iron. The
      system consisted of a plasma flame metal sprayer as a fume generator, a granular
      bed type fume collector, a fluidized bed aerosol generator, an exposure and a
      control chamber of a horizontal-flow type and inhalant monitoring and controlling
      units. Performance of the chambers was ensured by a distribution test using
      flyash as a test aerosol. Using this system, rats were exposed to chromium fumes
      for one week or to nickel fumes for two months. The exposure concentrations of
      the chromium and nickel fumes were 1.85 +/- 0.55 mg/m3 and 0.51 +/- 0.15 mg/m3
      (mean +/- SD), near the target levels of 2 mg/m3 and 0.5 mg/m3, respectively. The
      mass median aerodynamic diameter and the geometric standard deviation of the
      chromium fumes were 2.1 microns and 2.00, respectively. Those of the nickel fumes
      were 3.7 microns and 1.74, respectively. Species analysis of these fume particles
      revealed that 26.4% of the total chromium was hexavalent and the residue was
      trivalent and that 1-3% of the total nickel was nickel(III) and the residue was
      nickel(II). Inhaled-metal concentrations in the lungs showed steady increases
      with the exposure periods and were within the normal range of variation. On the
      basis of these results, it is concluded that this system is useful for long-term
      inhalation experiments using high melting point metal fumes.

PMID- 2283327
TI  - [Measuring the voice field in general ENT practice. How, when, why?].
AB  - The phonetogram depends on measurement of the intensity of sound in dB(A) at 30
      cm from the microphone of tones over the whole individual range of frequency sung
      as soft or loud as possible. The recording of other parameters such as degree of
      hoarseness, type of vocal attack, and breathing technique might be desirable for
      a complete description of individual voice characteristics. However, the
      phonetogram in combination with measurement of maximum phonation time and mean
      fundamental speaking frequency yields an objective and quantitative record of the
      fundamental parameters of an abnormal voice. The phonetogram is thus a
      prerequisite for phoniatric scientific studies, for medicolegal work and for a
      decision about fitness for work in certain professions. A phonetogram is
      recommended before and after microlaryngoscopic phonosurgery for benign lesions
      of the vocal cords, as it is of considerable documentary importance if the
      expected improvement of voice is not achieved. Furthermore, the phonetogram is
      valuable both to the physician and the patient to illustrate the individual
      abnormal characteristics.

PMID- 2283328
TI  - [Ultrasound diagnosis of the epiglottis].
AB  - In 1988 we described a method of diagnosis of the larynx using ultrasound, and
      called it echolaryngography. Now we discuss the ultrasound diagnosis of the
      normal epiglottis function and lesions of the epiglottis. In principle, three
      methods of examination are possible with simultaneous B- and M-mode display:
      transverse function test, sagittal function test and diagonal function test of
      the epiglottis. Transverse and sagittal transcutaneous access to the epiglottis
      is simple using a 7.5 MHz sector or linear transducer. Diagonal access, using a 5
      MHz linear transducer, is not always successful. Lesions of the epiglottis in
      which ultrasound is useful include cysts, epiglottitis, and pretherapeutic
      staging of cancer. The pre-epiglottic space can also be assessed. The description
      of the clinical results is confined to carcinoma of the epiglottis. Ultrasound
      diagnosis before and after laser surgery for a lesion on the free edge of the
      epiglottis is described. In the second example the results of CT scans and
      ultrasound in a case of T4 supraglottic cancer of the larynx with invasion of the
      pre-epiglottic space are compared.

PMID- 2283330
TI  - [Role of the tumor marker TAG-72 in head and neck neoplasms].
AB  - The serum glycoprotein TAG-72 level was determined in 34 patients with chronic
      laryngitis or ENT malignancy. This marker is in widespread use in cases of
      gynaecological and gastrointestinal malignancy. TAG-72 levels did not differ
      significantly either from the levels of healthy subjects or in the post-operative
      follow-up, so that this indicator appears to be of no clinical value in head and
      neck oncology.

PMID- 2283329
TI  - [N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) as a tumor marker in head and neck
      cancers].
AB  - N-acetyl-neuraminic-acid (sialic acid) is a natural component of the cell
      surface. Cancer cells show a higher concentration of sialic acid in the cell
      membrane, and the serum also shows an elevated level of sialic acid. The
      concentration of sialic acid was measured in the serum of 76 new tumour patients
      and 113 previously treated patients who were clinically free of recurrence. The
      primary tumour was classified as T1-T4 according to the UICC classification. A
      further group consisted of patients with recurrent tumours. The values were
      compared with the sialic acid concentration in the sera of 63 healthy probands.
      Patients with manifest tumours showed an increased level of sialic acid that
      correlated with the extent of the tumour. The sialic acid level in 71% of
      patients with a recurrence lay above the upper limit of normal (82 mg/dl)
      recorded in the sera of healthy probands. The measurement of the serum sialic
      acid is a useful parameter for early detection of recurrence.

PMID- 2283332
TI  - [Noninvasive intraoperative measurement of intracapillary hemoglobin oxygenation
      and relative hemoglobin concentration in surgical skin flaps].
AB  - We describe the Erlangen microconducting spectrometer (EMPHO I), a device that
      measures the oxygen saturation and relative haemogloblin content in the
      capillaries. These factors determine the oxygen supply and survival of cutaneous
      flaps. The EMPHO I was used for intraoperative measurements in pectoralis major
      myocutaneous flaps and showed reproducible results, so that it is valid for
      intraoperative monitoring in plastic surgery.

PMID- 2283331
TI  - [Scalenus biopsy in diagnosis of ovarian and uterine cancers].
AB  - Patients with tumours of the lower pelvis were submitted to a biopsy of the
      scalene fat pad. The primary tumour was a carcinoma of the ovary in 32, of the
      cervix in 4, and of the body of the uterus in 2 cases. Microscopic metastases in
      the pre-scalene lymph nodes were found in 7 of the 32 cases of ovarian carcinoma
      (21.8%), but in none of the patients with carcinoma of the uterus. Since a
      histologically positive finding of a scalene lymph node influences the treatment,
      biopsy of the scalene fat pad is recommended as part of the pre-operative
      investigation of patients with ovarian carcinoma.

PMID- 2283333
TI  - [Concave deformity of the lateral nasal cartilage. A cause of nasal stenosis].
AB  - Concave lower lateral cartilages are rare but impressive findings that can best
      be exposed by open rhinoplasty. Surgical treatment takes advantage of the
      existing vaulting of the cartilage. A 180 degrees rotation flap is recommended
      for unilateral cases and a cross-over rotation flap for bilateral deformities.
      The concave form of lateral crura is probably more frequent than suspected, and
      it is therefore necessary to identify this lesion and to be familiar with
      techniques for its correction.

PMID- 2283334
TI  - [Removal of foreign bodies from the trachea. Indications for tracheobronchoscopy
      with a rigid instrument].
AB  - Intrathoracic disease is nowadays better investigated by fibreoptic endoscopy
      than by the use of rigid endoscopes. Nevertheless the use of rigid systems is
      still indicated for the removal of foreign bodies, especially in children. In
      this paper diagnostic procedures and techniques are reviewed. Seventy per cent of
      all inhaled or ingested foreign bodies present in children, 55% of them under 4
      years of age. The foreign bodies should be extracted with the patient under
      general anaesthesia. Since many physicians now perform endoscopy, the foreign
      body cases should be concentrated in one institution in each region to ensure
      that one group has sufficient experience with rigid systems.

PMID- 2283335
TI  - Incidence and specificity of HLA-DP antibodies in pregnancy sera.
AB  - A total of 630 human pregnancy sera were investigated for HLA-DP antibodies (ab)
      by monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of leukocyte antigens (MAILA)
      using monoclonal antibody (mAB) B7/21.2 and selected B-lymphoblastoid cell lines
      from the Tenth International Histocompatibility Workshop reference panel. DP
      specific abs were detected in 86 of 330 sera (26.1%) of a retrospective series
      selected for positive reactions in lymphocytotoxicity screening, and in 29 of 300
      unselected sera (9.7%) of a prospective series. Approximately 80% of DP-reactive
      sera were also positive in lymphocytotoxicity test for class I and/or class II
      ab. On the other hand, sera containing lymphocytotoxic ab for both class I and
      class II ab revealed the highest incidence of DP ab (35%). Out of 115 DP-reactive
      sera, 28 clearly presented one or more DP specificities. Absorption/elution
      studies revealed complex patterns of reactivity in some sera which were similar
      to those of known mABs and possibly reflect supertypic DP specificities and/or
      serological cross-reactions. Serological DP typing of individuals by the MAILA
      technique appears promising.

PMID- 2283336
TI  - Different requirements for the regulation of transplantation tolerance induction
      for allogeneic versus xenogeneic major histocompatibility complex antigens.
AB  - One way to solve the problem of human donor organ shortage is the use of animal
      organs. Therefore, it is important to study the T-cell response against
      xenogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. In the present study,
      we have used HLA-B27 transgenic mice in a xenogeneic transplantation model. The
      results indicate that both transgenic skin transplantation and intravenous (IV)
      injection of transgenic spleen cells can reverse specific T-cell low
      responsiveness against the transgenic HLA-B27 antigen into high responsiveness in
      vivo and in vitro. In contrast, IV injection of spleen cells across an allogeneic
      H-2 class I disparity results in transplantation tolerance. Thus, despite T-cell
      low responsiveness against the transgenic HLA-B27 antigen, IV injection of
      transgenic HLA-B27 disparate lymphocytes does not tolerize, but rather immunizes
      for the xeno-MHC antigen.

PMID- 2283337
TI  - Exploring an object relations perspective on borderline conditions.

PMID- 2283338
TI  - Thoughts about the origins of femininity.

PMID- 2283339
TI  - Intrapsychic structure, object relations, and interpersonal interaction:
      treatment process and change in the psychiatric hospital.

PMID- 2283340
TI  - Emotional induction: communication via the countertransference.

PMID- 2283341
TI  - The impact of the psychoanalyst's serious illness on psychoanalytic work.

PMID- 2283343
TI  - The Narcissus legend, the white whale, and Ahab's narcissistic rage: a self
      psychological perspective.

PMID- 2283342
TI  - Family scapegoating in the life and works of Karen Blixen (Isak Dinesen).
AB  - This article presents Karen Blixen's concept of the family scapegoat as it was
      elaborated in a number of her tales. This recurrent theme in her fictional
      writing is linked to events in her own family life, in particular her own
      assumption of a scapegoat-prodigal child role during the "African period" of her
      life. Furthermore, her assumption of this role and her particular view of her
      destiny, pitting her against the rest of her family, was related to her strong
      identification with her father, intensified following his suicide when she was a
      child.

PMID- 2283344
TI  - Defense mechanism correlates of orality.
AB  - Although there has been a great deal of research assessing behavioral correlates
      of oral dependency, the defensive style of the oral dependent person remains
      unexplored. This paper describes two studies investigating the orality--defense
      mechanism relationship. In the first study, 154 undergraduate subjects (74 males
      and 80 females) completed the Defense Mechanisms Inventory (DMI; Gleser and
      Ihilevich, 1969), and were administered the Group Rorschach test which was scored
      for oral dependent content in the standard manner (Masling, 1986). In the second
      study, 64 undergraduate subjects (30 males and 34 females) completed the DMI and
      the Lazare-Klerman Trait Scale (Lazare, Klerman & Armor, 1966, 1970). Results of
      both studies indicated that orality is positively related to the use of turning
      against-self (TAS) defenses, and negatively related to the use of turning-against
      object (TAO) defenses in male subjects. In both studies, orality scores were
      negatively related to scores on a DMI-derived index of outward-directed
      aggression (AGG) in males. In Study 2, neither obsessiveness nor hysteria scores
      were related to TAS, TAO or AGG scores in subjects of either sex. Findings are
      discussed in the context of previous research on oral dependence.

PMID- 2283346
TI  - A dialogue between psychology and theology: the correspondence of C.G. Jung and
      Victor White.

PMID- 2283345
TI  - Gnosticism and psychology. Jung's Septem sermones ad mortuos.
AB  - In this paper, I have attempted a historical analysis of what Jung might have
      been thinking when he wrote the 'Seven sermons'. To this end, I tried to
      ascertain which Gnostic texts Jung may have consulted before writing it. These
      documents were then compared with the 'Seven sermons', and numerous affinities
      noted between it and the Gnostic texts. Jung's contemporaneous academic works
      were then compared with this treatise, and parallels were established between the
      'Seven sermons' and Jung's emerging psychology of the unconscious. In the
      process, an attempt was made to show how Jung made use of Gnostic themes in his
      emerging psychology. While there is no way of knowing precisely what Jung was
      thinking when he wrote the 'Seven sermons', it is clear that he was well
      acquainted not only with the work of Basilides, but also with the work of other
      Gnostic thinkers. It is not enough to assume that because Jung chose the
      pseudonym of Basilides, he was necessarily Jung's primary Gnostic influence. At
      the same time, it is also evident that Jung was developing his own psychology
      during the writing of the 'Seven sermons'. We recall Jung's observations
      regarding the 'Seven sermons', which we quoted on page 17: These conversations
      with the dead formed a kind of prelude to what I had to communicate to the world
      about the unconscious . . . All my works, all my creative activity, has come from
      those initial fantasies and dreams which began in 1912, almost fifty years ago.
      Everything that I accomplished in later life was already contained in them,
      although at first only in the form of emotions and images (Jung 21, p. 192). On
      the basis of what has been published, there are enough affinities between his
      academic work and this treatise to posit that the 'Seven sermons' played an
      important role in the emergence of Jung's psychology. Given these numerous
      parallels, I suspect that Jung's unpublished writings, including the Red Book,
      would only strengthen the arguments put forth in this paper.

PMID- 2283347
TI  - Self and freedom in Jung's lecture on Ritschl.

PMID- 2283348
TI  - The barker: a synchronistic event in analysis.
AB  - The author uses a synchronistic event that occurred in a session with a patient
      to examine both the personal and archetypal symbolism of the
      transference/countertransference relationship. The archetypal images of the
      trickster and the dog are important in understanding the meaning of the event,
      and the author draws from these amplifications an understanding of how
      countertransference elements temporarily intruded upon the relationship. On the
      basis of the symbolism of the synchronistic occurrence, the author then discusses
      the rectification of these countertransference interventions and the results of
      such rectification with the patient.

PMID- 2283349
TI  - Postadsorptive transitions in fibrinogen: influence of polymer properties.
AB  - Changes in the fibrinogen molecule after its adsorption to biomaterials may be
      important in determining blood compatibility. Previously, postadsorptive
      transitions were detected by measuring the elutability of adsorbed proteins with
      surfactant solutions. The elutability decreased with increased residence time,
      suggesting that protein-surface interactions increased with residence time. In
      this study, we have examined the effects of polymer structure and composition,
      chain mobility, and hydrophobicity on the postadsorptive transitions of
      fibrinogen. Glassy, rigid polymers showed high fibrinogen adsorption, regardless
      of whether the polymer was hydrophilic or hydrophobic. However, the binding
      strength (as measured by elutability) was much lower on hydrophilic polymers and
      oxygen-containing hydrophobic polymers. Short-term transitions, requiring 2 h or
      less after adsorption, were observed only on hydrophobic polymers that contained
      no oxygen. More gradual transitions were observed on hydrophobic polymers
      containing oxygen, but only after a lag time of 1-4 h.

PMID- 2283350
TI  - The bone-titanium interface in vitro.
AB  - Commercially pure 5-mm-diameter titanium (cpTi) discs received droplet
      inoculations of cells derived from rat bone marrow and were maintained in
      supplemented culture medium for 2-3 weeks. The cells and extracellular matrix
      (ECM) were processed for observation by light (LM), scanning (SEM), and
      transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. The latter was achieved by freeze
      fracturing the solid metal from the resin-embedded tissue using a method which
      preserved the interface. Surface staining of whole discs revealed cells separated
      from the metal substratum by areas of ECM which stained positively using von
      Kossa's method to identify mineralization. At SEM, the ECM comprised dense
      interwoven collagen fiber networks which were partially obscured by globular
      masses (GMs). Individual GMs were associated with collagen fibers, especially at
      fiber intersections. EDAX line scan analysis confirmed the presence of Ca and P
      in these areas which were assumed to be spheritic foci of calcification since the
      Ca and P peaks diminished in areas which demonstrated only collagen fibers or the
      underlying cpTi. TEM examination confirmed the presence of globular
      mineralization and also revealed the presence of an interfacial zone between the
      metal substratum and the mineralized ECM elaborated by osteoblasts during the
      culture period. The interfacial zone comprised two layers, a bonding zone
      containing few collagen fragments and a ruthenium red positive layer containing
      more densely packed collagen fibers. We believe that this is the first report of
      both the formation of bonelike tissue on solid titanium substrata in vitro and
      demonstration of an interface which bears close morphological similarities to
      that known to develop in vivo.

PMID- 2283351
TI  - The effect of protein and urine on uropathogen adhesion to polymer substrata.
AB  - Uropathogenic adhesion was measured using a range of polymer materials with
      differing surface tension properties. Experiments were carried out in the
      presence of phosphate buffered saline (controls), Tamm Horsfall protein (THP),
      and human urine with quantitation by image analysis. The results showed that THP
      did not bind to the polymer materials and therefore did not act as a receptor
      surface for type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli. However, the THP did interfere
      with adhesion by binding directly to these organisms as well as to Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and, to a lesser extent, Proteus
      mirabilis. Incubation of the uropathogens in THP and urine resulted in altered
      adhesion profiles to polymer surfaces, with no single trend apparent. The results
      emphasize that fluid components, particularly proteins, and substratum surface
      tension influence bacterial adhesion to biomaterials.

PMID- 2283352
TI  - The effect of fluid shear stress upon cell adhesion to fibronectin-treated
      surfaces.
AB  - Cell attachment to and spreading upon a surface is mediated by adhesion
      molecules, such as fibronectin. The role of fibronectin in maintaining cell
      adhesion was examined by measuring cell attachment following exposure of cells to
      laminar flow in a parallel-plate flow channel. 3T3 fibroblasts were allowed to
      adhere to glass slides with or without preadsorbed fibronectin for 2 h before
      exposure to shear stresses ranging from 5 to 140 dyne/cm2. For cells which
      adhered to glass surfaces, cell loss was biphasic with a significant loss of
      cells during the first 2 min of flow, followed by a much slower decline in the
      number of attached cells with time. Following exposure to shear stresses greater
      than 5 dyne/cm2, the number of attached cells decreased exponentially as the
      shear stress increased. The distribution of adhesive stresses among the
      population of cells was log-normal with a median of 50 dyne/cm2, a mean of 82
      dyne/cm2 and a standard deviation of 108 dyne/cm2. After exposure to flow for 2
      h, the adhesive stress of the remaining cells decreased to a mean value of 50
      dyne/cm2. Cell adhesion after exposure to flow was increased by preadsorbing
      fibronectin to the glass surface. The initial loss of cells from fibronectin
      treated glass following exposure to flow correlated with the degree of cell
      spreading. Preadsorbed fibronectin resulted in a greater number of bonds between
      the surface and the cell, which in turn promoted cell spreading and increased the
      adhesive strength of the cell.

PMID- 2283353
TI  - In vitro toxicity test of 2-cyanoacrylate polymers by cell culture method.
AB  - The inhibition of Swiss 3T3 cell growth by the microspheres prepared from various
      2-cyanoacrylate polymers was investigated to assess their cell toxicity.
      Poly(ethoxy-ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) and poly(methyl 2-cyanoacrylate) microspheres
      inhibited cell growth in a smaller amount than poly-(isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate)
      and poly (ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) microspheres. The extent of cell growth
      inhibition by the microspheres decreased with the increasing molecular weight,
      regardless of the kind of polymers used. Every kind of the microspheres was
      degraded releasing formaldehyde in the culture medium. The cell growth inhibition
      by the medium containing the microspheres was observed within 24 h for
      poly(ethoxyethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) and poly(methyl 2-cyanoacrylate). The extent of
      inhibition was in a linear proportion with the amount of formaldehyde released.
      It is concluded that the cell toxicity of 2-cyanoacrylate polymers is attributed
      to formaldehyde released upon polymer degradation.

PMID- 2283354
TI  - Study of the mineral-organic linkage in an apatitic reinforced bone cement.
AB  - In order to increase mechanical properties of surgical cements, an apatitic
      filler has been linked to the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) matrix. We report
      here the study of the linkage between the mineral and organic components by a
      dielectric spectroscopy: Thermally Stimulated Current. First, the mineral-organic
      interface between apatitic-octocalcic phosphate and hydroxyethylmethacrylate
      (HEMA) has been investigated. Second, the filler-matrix interface between grafted
      apatite and PMMA has been examined. It has been shown that the filler is
      chemically linked to the matrix and stiffens the PMMA bone cement.

PMID- 2283355
TI  - In vivo thrombus formation induced by complement activation on polymer surfaces.
AB  - To clarify involvement of complement activation in thrombus formation on polymer
      surfaces, in vitro complement activation was evaluated for polyethylene (PE)
      tubes radiation-graft copolymerized with acrylamide (AAm), acrylic acid (AC), 2
      hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP), and vinyl alcohol
      (VOH), and compared to their in vivo antithrombogenicity and cell adherence in
      canine peripheral veins. The complement-activating surfaces (NVP and VOH) cause
      preferential adhesion of leukocytes and were more thrombogenic than the low
      complement-activating surfaces (AAm, PE, and HEMA). Infusion of naja haje cobra
      venom factor depressed leukocyte adhesion, followed by a marked decrease in
      thrombogenesis, for the strong classical-pathway-activating surface (NVP).
      Although estimation of in vitro activation for AC was inconclusive because of a
      large effect of adsorption, AC behaved like VOH in vivo. These results suggest
      that C5a(des Arg) mediated activation of leukocytes may play a role in thrombus
      formation by complement activation on polymer surfaces.

PMID- 2283356
TI  - Rapidly degraded terpolymers of dl-lactide, glycolide, and epsilon-caprolactone
      with increased hydrophilicity by copolymerization with polyethers.
AB  - A series of 66 terpolymers of dl-lactide, glycolide, and epsilon-caprolactone was
      synthesized for the purpose of identifying those materials which exhibited rapid
      degradation in vitro. Polymers having half-lives from a few weeks to several
      months were identified. The morphology of each material was characterized by
      differential scanning calorimetry. A terpolymeric composition of 60% glycolide,
      30% dl-lactide, and 10% epsilon-caprolactone, which exhibited a half-life of 17
      days, was selected for further investigation. The hydrophilicity of this material
      was increased by performing the polymerization in the presence of a polyether
      prepolymer, Pluronic F-68, with the motivation of concomitantly reducing cell and
      tissue adhesion. An increase in the hydrophilicity of the material was apparent
      from contact angle measurements. Copolymerization with the prepolymer also
      resulted in a stronger and partly crystalline material which was mechanically
      stable at physiological temperature in water. A slight increase was observed in
      the half-life of the polymer relative to the base polymer due to the presence of
      the prepolymer.

PMID- 2283357
TI  - The structure of microtubule ends during the elongation and shortening phases of
      dynamic instability examined by negative-stain electron microscopy.
AB  - Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic polymers that can exist in phases of elongation
      and rapid-shortening at steady-state. These phases have been observed in vitro
      and in living cells, and this property of MTs has been termed 'dynamic
      instability'. The purpose of this study was to use negative-stain electron
      microscopy (EM) to test if there are structural differences between the ends of
      MTs in the elongation and shortening phases, which could provide insight into the
      mechanisms of dynamic instability. MTs in the elongation phase were obtained by
      seeding either highly purified porcine brain tubulin (PC-tubulin) or tubulin
      containing microtubule-associated proteins (MTP), from isolated Tetrahymena
      axonemes. The results are that, in addition to intact cylindrical MTs, a
      significant fraction of the tubulin polymer in the elongation phase occurred as
      sheets of parallel protofilaments, as found in previous investigations with self
      assembled MTs. Therefore, sheet formation is an intrinsic property of MT assembly
      that does not depend on the tubulin purity or the method of nucleation. Also,
      since sheets lack helical symmetry, at least a fraction of tubulin polymers
      seeded from axonemes did not assemble by helical addition of tubulin dimers to
      the ends, an assumption often made in mathematical models of dynamic instability.
      Sheets and intact MTs that were seeded from isolated axonemes, emanated both from
      the intact MT wall of the axoneme A-subfiber and from the incomplete wall of the
      B-subfiber. Therefore, axoneme seeds do not provide a homogeneous nucleation site
      for tubulin growth, or produce a homogeneous population of tubulin polymers under
      our conditions. Previous evidence has indicated that MT disassembly can occur by
      a segmental release of tubulin oligomers from the ends and at sites along the
      length of MTs. However, these studies were performed with MTP, and disassembly
      was induced by cold depolymerization. We examined MT shortening under conditions
      that closely represent shortening via dynamic instability, namely isothermal
      dilution at 37 degrees C of self-assembled MTs. This was compared with the
      morphology of cold-disassembled MTs. The cold-depolymerization of MTs composed of
      MTP showed rings and protofilament curls as previously observed using similar
      methods. Surprisingly, cold-depolymerization of MTs assembled from PC-tubulin
      induced not only shortening, but also the opening of a large fraction of MTs into
      sheets, suggesting that the MT lattice contains a cold-labile seam. Under
      conditions that mimic stochastic shortening, MTs were intact, closed cylinders
      with ends that were approximately blunt. Therefore, rapid shortening occurs at
      the ends of the MT, without a long-range disruption of the MT wall. In
      conclusion, MTs in the elongation phase can have highly irregular ends and need
      not elongate by a helical assembly process. Conversely, MTs in the shortening
      phase can have relatively blunt, even ends and can depolymerize in a relatively
      uniform fashion.

PMID- 2283358
TI  - Peroxisomal assembly: membrane proliferation precedes the induction of the
      abundant matrix proteins in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii.
AB  - Peroxisomes are massively induced when methylotrophic yeasts are cultured in
      medium containing methanol. These organelles contain enzymes that catalyze the
      initial steps of methanol assimilation. In Candida boidinii, a methylotrophic
      yeast, the peroxisomal matrix (internal compartment) is composed almost
      exclusively of two proteins, alcohol oxidase and dihydroxyacetone synthase;
      catalase is present in much lower abundance. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies
      are available against peroxisomal matrix and membrane proteins. These were
      utilized to correlate the induction of specific proteins with the morphological
      changes occurring during peroxisomal proliferation. Cells cultured in glucose
      containing medium contain two to five small microbodies, which are identifiable
      by catalase staining and immunoreactivity with a monoclonal antibody against
      PMP47, an integral peroxisomal membrane protein. Three stages of proliferation
      can be distinguished when cells are switched to methanol as the carbon source.
      (1) There is an early stage (within 1 h) in which several peroxisomes develop
      from a preexisting organelle. This is accompanied by an increase in catalase
      activity and an induction of PMP47, but no detectable induction of alcohol
      oxidase or dihydroxyacetone synthase is observed. (2) From 1 to 2.5 h there is
      further division of these microbodies until up to 30 small peroxisomes generally
      are present in each of one or two clusters per cell. Induction of alcohol
      oxidase, dihydroxyacetone synthase and PMP20, a protein that is distributed in
      the matrix and membrane, is detectable during this time. Serial sections reveal
      that some peroxisomes remain uninduced while others undergo proliferation. Such
      sections also show no obvious connections between peroxisomes within
      clusters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283359
TI  - Mutations at the asp locus of Drosophila lead to multiple free centrosomes in
      syncytial embryos, but restrict centrosome duplication in larval neuroblasts.
AB  - Mutations at abnormal spindle result in abnormally long and wavy microtubules in
      the meiotic spindles of males. Some of these spindles have a single pole and take
      the form of unopposed hemi-spindles. Unfertilised eggs produced by homozygous asp
      females may have either no nuclei, or a small number of large nuclei, consistent
      with there also being an effect upon female meiosis. Such eggs also display free
      centrosomes and independent arrays of microtubules. Embryos that have this
      phenotype are also present among the progeny of fertilised homozygous asp
      females, together with embryos that undergo varying degrees of aberrant
      morphogenesis, developing a variety of abnormal cuticle patterns. This latter
      category shows asynchronous mitoses prior to cellularisation, and has abnormal
      arrays of spindle microtubules. Such embryos can develop large areas that are
      either devoid of or have a reduced number of nuclei, in which there are
      centrosomes that have dissociated from the mitotic spindles. Neuroblasts in the
      brains of homozygous asp larvae display a high mitotic index, and have condensed
      chromosomes aligned as if blocked at metaphase. Immunostaining reveals that many
      cells contain a single centrosome connected to the metaphase chromosomes by
      microtubules in a hemi-spindle-like structure.

PMID- 2283360
TI  - Alteration in expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin associated with
      transformation of rat 3Y1 cells.
AB  - Expression of actin was examined in a cultured rat embryonic cell line 3Y1 and
      transformed cell lines that originated from 3Y1. An alpha-actin in addition to
      cytoplasmic beta- and gamma-actins was detected in 3Y1 by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis. This alpha-actin was hardly detected at all in the transformants
      induced by Rous sarcoma virus, v-H-ras oncogene or adenovirus type 12, while the
      alpha-actin was retained in the transformed cell lines induced by N-methyl-N'
      nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or in SV40, which are cell lines of relatively low
      malignancy. Western and Northern blot analyses established that this alpha-actin
      was a smooth muscle alpha-isoform. An immunofluorescence study revealed that
      smooth muscle alpha-actin in 3Y1 cells is present in stress fibers. Thus, smooth
      muscle alpha-actin is also a component of actin stress fibers, as beta- and gamma
      actins are in 3Y1 cells. An alteration in the expression of this actin isoform
      may be related to phenotypical changes accompanying transformation.

PMID- 2283361
TI  - Analysis of wound healing in an in vitro model: early appearance of laminin and a
      125 x 10(3) Mr polypeptide during adhesion complex formation.
AB  - The adhesion complex, which plays an important role in cell-substratum
      attachment, consists of a cellular hemidesmosomal plaque, anchoring filaments,
      the basement membrane zone and anchoring fibrils. An analysis of the temporal
      sequence of assembly of the adhesion complex was undertaken in an in vitro model
      of epithelial cell wound healing by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. A
      monoclonal antibody directed against a 125K (K = 10(3) Mr) polypeptide (mAbHD),
      bullous pemphigoid (BP) autoantibodies, antibodies directed against collagen type
      VII and laminin antibodies were used as markers for anchoring filaments, the
      hemidesmosome, anchoring fibrils and the laminin component of the basement
      membrane zone, respectively. Fluorescence labeling could be detected with mAbHD
      before labeling with BP autoantibodies or collagen type VII antibodies. Laminin
      fluorescence was detected at the same time as mAbHD. Furthermore, the 125K
      polypeptide and laminin were located extracellularly prior to the appearance of
      BP antigen and collagen type VII. The appearance of the hemidesmosomal plaque at
      the electron microscope level succeeded the localization of BP antigen in basal
      cells detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. No evidence for the coordinated
      appearance of BP antigen, collagen type VII and laminin was observed in this
      model. We discuss the possibility that the 125K protein and laminin may play
      roles in the initiation of complex formation. Furthermore, although basement
      membrane zone components were detected early in adhesion complex re-formation,
      formation of the lamina densa region of the basement membrane zone followed the
      appearance of the hemidesmosomal plaque, indicating a role for the hemidesmosomal
      plaque in organizing the structure of the lamina densa.

PMID- 2283362
TI  - Promotion of transendothelial neutrophil passage by human thrombin.
AB  - Thrombin has been reported to elicit two temporally different effects on
      neutrophil-endothelial interaction, categorically described as 'neutrophil
      adhesion': one expressed within a few minutes, the other after several hours of
      endothelial preincubation. Prolonged activation resulted in often elongated,
      tightly interacting neutrophils in contact with human umbilical vein endothelial
      cells (HUVE) mainly at the intercellular region. In contrast, the neutrophil
      endothelial interaction due to short-time priming with thrombin was dominated by
      round, randomly distributed neutrophils, loosely adhering on the endothelial
      surface. Sheer stress, introduced to characterize these morphological entities in
      a quantitative manner, clearly defined the neutrophil response due to short time
      priming as sheer stresslabile compared to the sheer stress-resistant interaction
      expressed after prolonged preincubation of HUVE with thrombin. Quantitative
      determination of neutrophil transendothelial migration served to demonstrate the
      relevance of such differences in neutrophil binding with respect to subsequent
      layer penetration. Dependent upon endothelial protein synthesis and inhibited by
      antithrombin-III-heparin and hirudin, neutrophil layer penetration only occurred
      after prolonged activation of HUVE whereas the neutrophil-endothelial interaction
      due to short time priming with thrombin was limited to superficial neutrophil
      adhesion. We conclude that thrombin can be added to the list of activators
      capable of inducing the neutrophil passage-guiding principle, an effect that has
      recently been detected as closely related to neutrophil adhesion to endothelial
      ligands expressed upon activation with interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor.
      This biological activity, which can be separated from superficial attachment of
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to endothelial cells, is a catalytic site
      dependent and late phase-specific effect of thrombin on HUVE.

PMID- 2283363
TI  - Copper(II)-iminodiacetic acid chelating resin as a stationary phase in the
      immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography of some aromatic amines.
AB  - Styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer 60-80 mesh was used as the matrix and ground to
      a reasonable particle size in a colloid mill. Small and uniform particles (5-15
      microns) can be obtained in a laboratory-made continuous acetone elutriation
      device. After elutriation the iminodiacetic acid (IDA) chelating resin was
      synthesized, and the infrared spectrum of the product indicated that the
      synthetic reaction is effective. The Cu(II)-modified IDA chelating resin was used
      as a stationary phase in high-performance immobilized metal ion affinity
      chromatography, packed into a column by the high-pressure slurry-packing
      technique. Methanol, to which ammonia was added as a competitive ligand, was used
      as the mobile phase for the separation of aromatic amines. The retention value of
      aromatic amines depends mainly on their basicity and molecular size. The results
      showed that some aromatic amines can be separated with the Cu(II)-IDA column.

PMID- 2283364
TI  - Chiral separation of diltiazem, trimetoquinol and related compounds by micellar
      electrokinetic chromatography with bile salts.
AB  - The separation of optically isomeric diltiazem hydrochloride, trimetoquinol
      hydrochloride and related compounds by micellar electrokinetic chromatography was
      investigated employing four bile salts as chiral surfactants. The chiral
      separation of diltiazem hydrochloride and timetoquinol hydrochloride was
      successfully achieved by use of sodium taurodeoxycholate under neutral
      conditions, although enantiomers of carboline derivatives A and B and 2,2'
      dihydroxy-1,1'-dinaphthyl were resolved with all the bile salts under conditions
      from neutral to alkaline. The chiral separation of diltiazem-related compounds
      was affected by the structure of the samples in addition to the effects of bile
      salt structures and pH of the buffer solutions. Application to the optical purity
      testing of trimetoquinol hydrochloride by the area percentage method is
      described. A possible chiral separation mechanism is briefly mentioned.

PMID- 2283365
TI  - Separation and determination of aspoxicillin in human plasma by micellar
      electrokinetic chromatography with direct sample injection.
AB  - Both the separation and determination of aspoxicillin in human plasma by micellar
      electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were investigated. Selectivity in the
      separation of seven penicillin antibiotics was improved by using MEKC in
      comparison with capillary zone electrophoresis. Plasma proteins, which might
      interfere with drug analysis in conventional chromatography, were solubilized by
      the micelles employed in MEKC and eluted later than the drugs. This permitted the
      determination of the drugs in plasma by a direct sample injection method. One
      analysis of a plasma sample was performed within ca. 20 min without pretreatment.
      Good linearity and recovery were also obtained in the range of plasma levels
      usually encountered in clinical analysis with a correlation coefficient r = 0.999
      and 94-104% recovery. The limit of detection for aspoxicillin was 1.3 micrograms
      ml-1 at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.

PMID- 2283366
TI  - Phenols as internal standards in reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis.
AB  - To find a series of compounds for use as internal standards in reversed-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography, about 70 commercially available phenols
      were chromatographed under various conditions. The stationary phases used were
      hydrocarbon chemically bonded silica gels (phenyl, C8 and C18 columns). The
      mobile phases consisted of 10-60% aqueous-organic solutions (organic solvents,
      methanol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and mixtures thereof; aqueous phases,
      water, buffer solutions of pH 2 and 7, 20 mM sodium sulphate or water containing
      5 mM of counter ion). A series of 30 phenol derivatives showed a constant order
      of elution regardless of the separation conditions and are useful as potential
      internal standards.

PMID- 2283368
TI  - Determination of malonaldehyde in oxidized biological materials by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was used to determine the
      level of malonaldehyde (MA) in materials containing unsaturated fatty acids and
      rat liver microsomes peroxidized in vitro. The detection limit was 8.3 pmol for
      fatty acid samples and 25 pmol for microsomal samples. The method was specific to
      MA and the relative standard deviation was 4.34-5.14%. The recovery of MA was
      about 100%. In general, the MA values in oxidized materials obtained by the
      proposed HPLC method were lower than those obtained by the thiobarbituric acid
      method, although similar results were obtained with both methods for microsomal
      samples oxidized by NADPH. The effect of temperature on the HPLC results was
      investigated and it was found that the MA values obtained by derivatization at 25
      degrees C, followed by separation using HPLC, reflected the situation of the
      peroxidation more accurately.

PMID- 2283367
TI  - Polymeric dimethylaminopyridinium reagents for derivatization of weak
      nucleophiles in high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/fluorescence
      detection.
AB  - This paper introduces a novel polymeric dimethylaminopyridinium 9-fluorenyl
      methoxycarbonyl reagent for off-line derivatizations of weak nucleophiles in high
      performance liquid chromatography. The method of synthesis and characterization
      of the polymeric reagent via loading determinations is presented and discussed.
      Derivatization conditions (solvent, time, and temperature) for primary and
      secondary alcohols were optimized. As one application, off-line derivatizations
      of 2-chloro-1-propanol, a potential carcinogen in foodstuffs, were carried out
      with this polymeric reagent with single-blind and standard addition techniques. A
      specific sample treatment procedure was also developed. The accuracy and
      precision of the method were determined and data were statistically evaluated.

PMID- 2283369
TI  - Applications of high-performance liquid chromatography in bacteriology. I.
      Determination of metabolites.
AB  - The chemotaxonomic approach to the identification of pathogenic bacteria for
      clinical purposes is surveyed. Primary interest is focused on the applications of
      HPLC to the determination of metabolic products from anaerobic bacteria. The use
      of HPLC is attractive as different classes of short-chain acids can be determined
      in a single analysis. Chromatographic conditions are extensively described,
      emphasizing the effects of changing variables on the HPLC profiles of analytes.
      The application of labelling procedures to bacterial metabolites can markedly
      increase the sensitivity of the analysis of pathological fluids. HPLC appears to
      be potentially useful in clinical bacteriology for the diagnosis of anaerobic
      infections.

PMID- 2283370
TI  - Determination of free catecholamines in human urine by direct injection of urine
      into a liquid chromatographic column-switching system with fluorimetric
      detection.
AB  - An ion-exchange chromatographic method combined with ion exclusion was developed
      for the determination of free catecholamines in human urine. Catecholamines were
      separated by ion exclusion from most acidic and neutral impurities by filtration
      through an anion-exchange column with a hydrophilic matrix (Asahipak ES-502N) and
      the excluded catecholamines were separated by ion-exchange chromatography on a
      column of weakly acidic ion exchanger with a hydrophilic matrix (Asahipak ES
      502C), connected in series to the Asahipak ES-502N column with a four-way
      automatic valve. A sodium succinate-borate buffer of pH 6.7 (0.035 mol of
      succinic acid, 0.0075 mol of borate and 0.5 mmol of ethylenediaminetetraacetate
      were dissolved in 1 kg of water and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 6.7
      with sodium hydroxide) was used as the mobile phase, and the temperature of both
      columns was kept at 30 degrees C. The catecholamines in the eluate were
      determined fluorimetrically by post-column derivatization with glycylglycine. A
      diluted urine sample was injected directly onto the first column. The first
      column was back-flushed with the mobile phase for 52.5 min after the elution of
      the catecholamines from the first to the second column. Then the columns were
      washed with the mobile phase for 10 min in the normal direction before the next
      sample was injected into the first column. Samples could be analysed every 70 min
      and 5 pmol/ml of epinephrine, 5 pmol/ml of norepinephrine and 25 pmol/ml of
      dopamine in human urine could be determined.

PMID- 2283371
TI  - Electrochemical detection of dipeptides and dipeptide amides.
AB  - A postcolumn reagent is used to create electroactive species from non
      electroactive peptides. The reagent, based on the classical biuret reagent,
      consists of Cu(II), tartrate, bicarbonate and base. The detection is by dual
      electrode electrochemical detection. N-Acetylated dipeptides are oxidized at pH
      12 and low potential. Dipeptides and carboxy terminal dipeptide amides give
      useful signals at lower pH. The dipeptide amides react with Cu(II) as do the
      tripeptides to yield the electronic spectrum and electrochemistry of the biuret
      complex. The complexes formed from the dipeptides are reversibly oxidized at
      potentials greater than 0.85 V vs. Ag/AgCl, 3 M NaCl. Analytically useful signals
      are obtained for the dipeptide amides at sensitivities equivalent to the
      sensitivities for longer peptides, 3-5 nA/microM, while the sensitivities for the
      dipeptides are about an order of magnitude lower.

PMID- 2283372
TI  - Determination of methamphetamine, amphetamine and piperidine in human urine by
      high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of trace
      levels of methamphetamine, amphetamine and piperidine in human urine is reported.
      The three compounds, extracted into diethyl ether from alkaline urine, were
      derivatized with dansyl chloride, then separated on a reversed-phase column and
      detected by chemiluminescence after reaction with bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)
      oxalate and hydrogen peroxide. The corresponding peaks obtained from human urine
      were identified as the dansyl derivatives by mass spectrometry. Methamphetamine
      levels as low as 2 x 10(-10) M in urine were determined. The sensitivity of the
      method is higher than that of Simon's reagent test and gas chromatography.

PMID- 2283373
TI  - Rapid determination by high-performance liquid chromatography of free fatty acids
      released from rat platelets after derivatization with monodansylcadaverine.
AB  - The release of free fatty acids from rat platelets, triggered by thrombin
      stimulation, was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after
      precolumn derivatization with monodansylcadaverine (MDC). A rapid filtration
      procedure was devised for the precise determination of free fatty acids released
      from aggregated platelets, instead of the conventional method using a stop
      solution or enzyme reactions. The fatty acids thus collected were derivatized
      with MDC in the presence of diethyl phosphorocyanidate (DEPC). The simultaneous
      separation of MDC derivatives of fatty acids was achieved on a reversed-phase
      TSKgel ODS-80TM column within 60 min by linear gradient elution, using 0.2 M Tris
      HCl buffer (pH 7.8)-methanol (50:50, v/v) and acetonitrile. The MDC derivatives
      were detected with excitation and emission wavelengths of 340 and 518 nm,
      respectively. The amounts of liberated fatty acids were in the range from 45.0
      pmol for myristoleic acid (C14:1) to 395.0 pmol for palmitic acid (C16:0) per 1.9
      x 10(7) platelets.

PMID- 2283374
TI  - Isolation and characterization of recombinant eel growth hormone expressed in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - To obtain information about the microheterogeneity of recombinant protein,
      recombinant eel growth hormone II (EGH) analogues expressed in Escherichia coli
      were isolated and characterized. The modification was classified into three
      types: monodeamidation of Asn, oxidation of Met and N-terminal formylation.
      Monodeamidated EGH was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography. The major
      deamidation site (Asn 147) was determined by peptide mapping using the substrate
      specificity of trypsin. Oxidized EGH and N-terminal-formylated EGH were isolated
      by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Oxidized EGH was
      identified by amino acid composition analysis and N-terminal-formylated peptide
      by mass spectrometry.

PMID- 2283375
TI  - Determination of pseudouridine in human urine and serum by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with post-column fluorescence derivatization.
AB  - A selective and sensitive method for the determination of pseudouridine in human
      urine and serum is described. The method is based on high-performance liquid
      chromatography with post-column fluorescence derivatization. Pseudouridine and 5
      fluorouridine (internal standard) in a 10-fold diluted urine sample or a
      deproteinized serum sample are separated on a reversed-phase column (TSK gel ODS
      80) with isocratic elution and successively subjected to derivatization involving
      periodate oxidation followed by fluorescence reaction with meso-1,2-bis(4
      methoxyphenyl)ethylenediamine. The detection limit for pseudouridine is 4 pmol in
      a 100-microliters injection volume.

PMID- 2283376
TI  - Application of high-performance liquid chromatography in establishing an accurate
      index of blood glucose control.
AB  - A chromatographic method utilizing a carboxymethylated poly(vinyl alcohol) resin
      for a more accurate determination of stable haemoglobin A1c (St-A1c) has been
      developed. The complete separation between St-A1c, labile HbA1c (L-A1c) and HbF
      was achieved by gradient elution with sodium chloride in phosphate buffer. This
      high resolution permits accurate quantitation of St-A1c, even in the presence of
      high levels of HbF or L-A1c. In 142 subjects with normal fasting plasma glucose
      and normal response to a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, the reference interval
      of St-A1c was 2.80-3.98%.

PMID- 2283377
TI  - Isolation and identification of urinary nucleosides. Applications of high
      performance liquid chromatographic methods to the synthesis of 5'-deoxyxanthosine
      and the simultaneous determination of 5,6-dihydrouridine and pseudouridine.
AB  - Modified nucleosides from pooled normal human urine were extracted using a
      boronate affinity gel column and fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The major constituents in each of the 30 RP-HPLC
      fractions were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the
      trimethylsilyl derivatives of the fractions. The same RP-HPLC method was used in
      the synthesis of 5'-deoxyxanthosine from authentic 5'-deoxyadenosine. In
      addition, the simultaneous determination of urinary 5,6-dihydrouridine (D) and
      pseudouridine (psi) was carried out by RP-HPLC using two ODS columns in series.
      The level of D in pooled normal urine was 4.87 nmol/mumols creatinine. The RP
      HPLC method was applied to the measurement of D and psi levels in urines
      collected before and after surgery from four patients with gastrointestinal
      cancer. A large decline in both nucleoside levels in urines after surgery was
      observed in three of the four cancer patients.

PMID- 2283378
TI  - Simple method for determination of the cephalosporin DQ-2556 in biological fluids
      by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A sensitive method for the determination of DQ-2556 by high-performance liquid
      chromatography was established. The limits of detection for serum and urine were
      0.1 and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively. Two clean-up procedures for serum samples
      were developed. In the first, deproteinization with 10% trichloroacetic acid was
      used and the recovery was 68.5%. In the other, ultrafiltration under acidic
      conditions was employed and the recovery was 85.1%. The former procedure is
      economical but complicated, whereas the latter is simple and labour-saving, but a
      special ultrafiltration tube is required. This situation offers a flexible
      choice, depending on the conditions of the laboratory.

PMID- 2283379
TI  - Sensitive assay system for bile acids and steroids having hydroxyl groups
      utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography with peroxyoxalate
      chemiluminescence detection.
AB  - 3 alpha- or 3 beta-hydroxysteroids, such as bile acids (free and glycine and
      taurine conjugates), 3 beta-hydoxy-5-cholenic acid, pregnanediol, 5-pregnene-3
      beta, 20 beta-diol and 5-pregnene-3-beta,20 alpha-diol, were converted to 3
      oxosteroids by enzymatic reaction using immobilized hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,
      derivatized with dansylhydrazine to the corresponding dansyl hydrazones and
      purified by gel permeation chromatography. The dansyl hydrazones were
      chromatographed on a C18 column with a tetrahydrofuran-containing eluent and
      detected at the level of a few femtomoles by a peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence
      post-column reaction using bis[4-nitro-2-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxycarbonyl)phenyl]
      oxalate as a chemilumigenic reagent. The dansyl hydrazones of chenodeoxycholic
      acid and deoxycholic acid (free and glycine and taurine conjugates) in
      particular, which coeluted under the chromatographic conditions above, were
      separated using an eluent including acetonitrile and 2,6-di-O-methyl-beta
      cyclodextrin and detected in the same way.

PMID- 2283380
TI  - Determination of alpha-tocopherol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterols and
      triacylglycerols in human lipoproteins by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - The determination of alpha-tocopherol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterols
      and triacylglycerols in human plasma and in fractions containing individual
      lipoproteins was achieved by reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC). The lipoprotein fractions, such as chylomicron, VLDL, LDL,
      HDL2 and HDL3, were collected by ultracentrifugation of human plasma. The
      chromatographic separation was accomplished with a column packed with Hitachi Gel
      3057, which is a spherical octadecylsilica of particle size 3 microns. The mobile
      phase was acetonitrile-2-propanol (75:25, v/v), and the eluate was monitored with
      ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence detectors connected in series.
      Qualitative analysis of the main chromatographic peaks collected during the HPLC
      of a plasma sample was done with the use of field-desorption mass spectrometry.
      The determination analysis of alpha-tocopherol, free cholesterol and esterified
      cholesterols was effected with a single chromatographic run with n-hexane
      extracts of plasma or lipoprotein fraction. The separation and determination of
      these fat-soluble components required as little as 5 microliters of plasma or
      lipoprotein fraction.

PMID- 2283382
TI  - Determination of urinary free noradrenaline by reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography with on-line extraction and fluorescence derivatization.
AB  - A fully automated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method
      with fluorimetric detection for the determination of urinary free noradrenaline
      was developed. Urine samples, diluted with buffer were injected into a boric acid
      gel column (12 microns, TSK: 10 x 4.6 mm I.D.) without prior extraction. Urinary
      noradrenaline was simultaneously extracted and derivatized with an alkaline
      mobile phase of pH 11, containing o-phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol, in a
      boric acid gel column. After switching columns, the fluorescent derivatized
      catecholamines were separated with an ODS-4PW column (TSK) and a mobile phase of
      pH 2 and the fluorescence was monitored with excitation at 340 and emission at
      440 nm. The retention times of noradrenaline and dopamine were 11.0 and 14.2 min,
      respectively. The detection limits for noradrenaline and dopamine were 0.2 and 20
      ng, respectively. This method has the advantages of not requiring preliminary
      extraction of urinary catecholamines, high sensitivity and stability of o
      phthalaldehyde-derivatized catecholamines.

PMID- 2283381
TI  - Direct determination of the antihypertensive agent Cromakalim and its major
      metabolites in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for
      the simultaneous determination of Cromakalim, a novel antihypertensive agent, and
      its urinary metabolites including diastereomeric glucuronides. The HPLC system
      employed a strong cation-exchange precolumn (Senshu Pak SCX-2051-N) to allow
      direct injection of urine samples. The unchanged drug and its three major
      metabolites were simultaneously separated on a reversed-phase column (Develosil
      ODS-5) and fluorometrically detected (excitation, 254 nm; emission, 306 nm) by
      the aid of their native fluorescence. The calibration curves for Cromakalim and a
      metabolite were linear in the range from 10 to 200 ng ml-1, while those for the
      diastereomeric glucuronides were linear in the range from 20 to 400 ng ml-1. The
      detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of these compounds were 0.3 ng ml-1
      or less in all cases.

PMID- 2283383
TI  - Method for the determination of the priority pollutant metals by HPLC.
AB  - The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently specifies
      atomic absorption spectrophotometry as the method of analysis for the priority
      pollutant metals. While the method is very sensitive, it does suffer from
      limitations. As an alternative, the use of dibenzyldithiocarbamate (DBDC) to
      complex the priority pollutant metals from the sample, with subsequent separation
      of the complexes by liquid chromatography and quantification by ultraviolet
      visible spectrophotometry, is reported. Of the thirteen priority pollutant
      metals, ten can be determined with the method (Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se,
      Tl, and Zn). Of the remaining priority pollutant metals, beryllium was not
      investigated, while silver and arsenic did not form complexes with DBDC. In
      addition, one potential interference, manganese, can be determined. Cobalt is
      added as an internal standard. Separation of the complexes on a C18 column is
      achieved with a quaternary solvent system consisting of 64% methanol, 12%
      acetonitrile, 5% tetrahydrofuran, and 19% pH 5 acetate buffer. Detection limits
      range from a low of 0.1 ppb (ng/mL) for selenium to a high of 1.8 ppb for
      thallium.

PMID- 2283384
TI  - Application of thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the
      analysis of chloramphenicol and three related compounds.
AB  - The thermospray (TS) liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the
      antibiotic chloramphenicol and three related compounds is presented. The three
      additional compounds are dehydrochloramphenicol, aminodehydrochloramphenicol, and
      nitrophenylaminopropanediol. Baseline separation of the four compounds is
      achieved. The TS mass spectrum of each of the four compounds includes a prominent
      [MH]+ ion plus some fragment ion peaks.

PMID- 2283385
TI  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of major phenolic
      compounds in tobacco smoke.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is developed that
      simultaneously quantifies the dihydroxy compounds hydroquinone, resorcinol, and
      catechol and the monohydroxy compounds phenol, m + p-cresol and o-cresol in
      cigarette smoke. Particulate matter samples collected on Cambridge pads and in
      impingers by conventional trapping techniques are simply (no derivatization
      required) subjected to reversed-phase gradient liquid chromatography. Samples of
      both mainstream and sidestream smoke can be analyzed. Selective fluorescence
      detection is used to monitor the mobile phase effluent, by which these phenolic
      compounds are detected in the nanogram range. The detector response is linear,
      overall precision is good, and recoveries are greater than 95 percent. The total
      run time, excluding extraction, is one hour. The procedure has been applied to
      tobacco products whose smoke contains varying amounts of these phenols. Kentucky
      Reference Cigarette 1R4F was found to contain substantially more of these
      compounds than a new cigarette that heats but does not burn tobacco (New
      Cigarette). The method is compared with other procedures used to determine
      phenolics in cigarette smoke.

PMID- 2283386
TI  - Liquid chromatographic and mass spectral analysis of the anabolic 17-hydroxy
      steroid esters.
AB  - The liquid chromatographic separation of the common anabolic steroid esters is
      accomplished in an isocratic reversed-phase system. These anabolic steroids are
      now controlled substances in many states in the U.S. due to their potential for
      abuse and misuse. The esters are designed to be very lipophilic materials for
      slow release from intramuscular injection sites. With a C18 stationary phase
      material and a mobile phase of methanol-water (85:15), the more lipophilic esters
      such as testosterone decanoate show a retention time of about 50 min. These
      esters of varying lipophilicity are well resolved by reversed-phase liquid
      chromatography, and this technique is very useful for the identification of these
      compounds in forensic samples.

PMID- 2283387
TI  - A rapid inhibition micro ELISA for detecting antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum
      sporozoites in human blood.
AB  - A sensitive and specific micro ELISA, named MONOPLATE ELISA, for the detection of
      antibodies against P. falciparum sporozoites was developed. It can be applied to
      many kinds of samples including serum, plasma, whole blood, eluted bloodspot and
      mosquito bloodmeal as well. The method makes use of a single microtiter plate and
      the chemically synthesized (Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro)20 (NANP20) antigen both as coating
      material and as competitive (binding) inhibitor in the samples. The specific
      value of each sample is obtained as the absorbance difference between the
      uninhibited and the fully inhibited sample. Using appropriate conditions, the
      results can be evaluated by simple visual inspection of the plate, without any
      instrument. A rapid procedure, where the incubation times for sample and
      conjugate are just 15 minutes, is also described. When unknown samples from a P.
      falciparum endemic area were tested, a close correlation was found between our
      results and those obtained with the only commercial ELISA kit now available
      (Sclavo S.p.A). For screening purposes, as many as 48 samples per plate can be
      tested by this method.

PMID- 2283388
TI  - Diagnostic use of polyclonal antibodies raised in mouse ascitic fluid in
      bancroftian filariasis.
AB  - Polyclonal antibodies were produced against Brugia malayi adult antigens (BmA
      (PBS) SAg and BmA (SDS) SAg) in mouse ascitic fluid by immunising Balb/c mice
      intraperitoneally with high ratio of adjuvant to immunogen. The diagnostic use of
      these antibodies in detecting circulating filarial antigen in bancroftian
      filariasis was studied by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sandwich
      ELISA) using stick assay system. Both antibodies raised against PBS and SDS
      soluble antigens were found to be equally sensitive and relatively specific in
      detection of circulating filarial antigen. When anti BmA (PBS) SAg antibody was
      used in sandwich ELISA, 90% of microfilaraemic sera, 30-40% of acute and sub
      acute filarial sera, 20% of chronic filarial sera, 7% of endemic normal sera and
      none of 15 non-endemic normal sera were positive for filarial antigen. Using anti
      BmA (SDS) Sag antibody, 93% of microfilarial sera, 40% of acute and sub acute
      filarial sera, 20% of chronic filarial sera and none of 15 endemic and non
      endemic normal sera showed the presence of filarial antigen. The filarial antigen
      detection using anti BmA S Ag antibodies produced in mouse ascitic fluid in
      sandwich ELISA may be useful in detection of active stage (microfilaraemia) of
      infection.

PMID- 2283389
TI  - Monoclonal antibody to pseudouridine used to develop a radioimmunoassay.
AB  - Pseudouridine, a component of tRNA, was modified to yield the derivatives:
      succinyl, palmitoyl pseudouridine, and protein conjugates. These derivatives were
      used in preparation of monoclonal antibodies specifically directed to
      pseudouridine. MAbs from three hybridomas (OAL 881, 812 and 814) were established
      and shown to be directed to pseudouridine, uridine and uracil. OAL 881 was
      equally reactive with the three substrates, OAL 812 showed the same reactivity
      for pseudouridine and uracil, while OAL 814 showed a reactivity mainly for
      pseudouridine. MAb OAL 814 was used in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) system unique for
      pseudouridine. A good dose-response curve was observed in the range between 31.3
      and 2000 nmol/ml. Intra- and inter-assay CV values were below 4.1% and 7.4%
      respectively, and good results were obtained from recovery of added material and
      dilution tests. The ratio of pseudouridine/creatinin in urine was significantly
      higher in patients with cancer than in normal subjects.

PMID- 2283390
TI  - A radioimmunoassay for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective agent, MK-801.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay is described for MK-801, a potent anticonvulsant and
      neuroprotective agent. Two immunogens were prepared from N-glutaryl- and N
      carboxyethyl-MK-801 by coupling through their carboxyl groups to bovine serum
      albumin. Radioligands were I-125-iodotyramine conjugates of the same derivatives.
      Both types of antisera displayed bridge recognition which could be circumvented.
      In the first case, specificity for N-acyl derivatives was satisfied by
      acetylating the analyte prior to measurement. Antisera to the N-alkyl derivative
      yielded a satisfactory assay for MK-801 when the heterologous radioligand was
      employed. The first of these strategies was adopted for the routine assay.
      Specificity relative to hydroxylated metabolites was a function both of antiserum
      selectivity and sample preparation. High plasma concentrations of drugs
      concomitantly administered to epileptics posed special analytical problems. Assay
      sensitivity is 40 pg/ml in plasma and the interassay CV is about 5%.

PMID- 2283391
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay to measure low levels of haptoglobin in biological fluids.
AB  - A novel immunoenzymatic assay is described for the quantitation of human
      haptoglobin (Hp). Two binding sites on the Hp molecule, namely for hemoglobin
      (Hb) and for the specific antibody, are involved in the reaction. Hb adsorbed
      onto the polystyrene microplate binds Hp present in any biological fluid. The
      formed Hp-Hb complex is detected with horse-radish peroxidase conjugated with
      anti-Hp antibody. By means of this ELISA, Hp may be measured in the range of 5 to
      150 micrograms/L. Comparison of the Hp-ELISA with two other methods of Hp
      determination resulted in correlation coefficients of 0.97 to 0.99. Intra- and
      inter-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 4.7 to 6.7%. Hp levels were
      measured in urine, cord serum, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid and saliva.

PMID- 2283394
TI  - "State-of-the-art of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery at the end of the 10th
      European Congress for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery".

PMID- 2283393
TI  - Use of solid-phase C1Q to remove soluble antigen/antibody complexes in an
      inhibition ELISA for streptococcal cell membrane antigens.
AB  - Solid-phase C1q was used to remove antigen/antibody complexes in an inhibition
      ELISA for low molecular weight streptococcal cell membrane (SCM) polypeptide
      antigens. To selectively fix IgM monoclonal antibody bound to antigen, binding
      was carried out in C1q-coated ELISA plates; transfer of supernatants to SCM
      coated plates for ELISA permitted measurement of residual antibody. When
      inhibition occurred in the presence of C1q, the maximal binding was 72-98%. In
      the absence of C1q the maximum apparent binding was only 45-50%, which we
      attribute to displacement of the initially bound SCM antigen by solid phase SCM
      antigen. Removal of antigen/antibody complexes by solid-phase Clq during
      inhibition assays may facilitate analysis of low affinity antigen/antibody
      interactions.

PMID- 2283395
TI  - Transverse surgical correction of the maxilla. A modified procedure.
AB  - A modified surgical procedure to expand as well as reduce the width of the hard
      palate is described. Instead of a single sagittal osteotomy in the midline of the
      palate, multiple sagittal osteotomies are performed parallel to each other and
      maintaining the periosteal attachment to each of the fragments. The hard palate
      is thereby moveable and can be reduced in a transverse direction as well as
      expanded. The expansion will, however, be limited to the height of the curvature
      of the palate. Minor complications with the method are described. Long-term
      postoperative follow-up shows stable results with the method.

PMID- 2283392
TI  - Detection of immunoprecipitated systemic lupus erythematosus antigens by
      immunoblot analysis.
AB  - When antigens are isolated from staphylococcal protein A immunoprecipitation
      pellets for analysis by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      immunoblotting, severe background problems, due to the presence of antisera and
      bacterial proteins, can result. We describe a procedure for the analysis of
      immunoprecipitated systemic lupus erythematosus antigens (e.g., La, Ro, and Sm)
      which significantly reduces this background while retaining sensitivity with
      respect to antigen detection. We have adapted a method previously described
      (MacSween, J.M. and Eastwood, S.L. Methods Enzymol. 1981; 73:459-471) in which
      lithium diiodosalicylate is used to separate the immunoprecipitated antigen from
      a covalent antibody-staphylococcal protein A complex. In addition, a modified
      series of immunoblot incubations was employed, in which antigenic proteins were
      identified by incubating blots with the antiserum used for the original
      immunoprecipitation (e.g., La) followed by protein A-biotin and avidin-alkaline
      phosphatase. Overall, the procedure is straight-forward and may be applicable to
      other immunoblot systems.

PMID- 2283396
TI  - Premature aging of the face after orthognathic surgery.
AB  - Attention is drawn to premature aging of the face after orthognathic surgery.
      Three examples are given of patients of around 30 years or over in whom maxillary
      excess was reduced. Suggestions for prevention of this (rare?) complication are
      made.

PMID- 2283397
TI  - The specific psychosocial effects of orthognathic surgery.
AB  - This study was to test the validity of patients' opinions and provide a more
      accurate method than previously reported of assessing the specific psycho-social
      effects of orthognathic surgery. Questionnaires were used preoperatively and
      postoperatively providing a longitudinal sample, while those patients who only
      completed questionnaires either before or after surgery provided cross-sectional
      samples. Different questionnaires were used to provide data on a 'Body
      Satisfaction Scale', 'Fear of Negative Evaluation', 'Social Avoidance and
      Distress', and a 'General Health Questionnaire'. The results indicate that
      surgery produced an improvement in body image, particularly in the evaluation of
      facial attractiveness.

PMID- 2283399
TI  - A transcoronoidal approach of fractures of the condylar neck.
AB  - Open reduction of condylar neck fractures is a contentious issue. The majority of
      these fractures can be treated conservatively. There are, however, specific
      situations, where open reduction is indicated. In recognition of the high
      morbidity associated with extra-oral procedures, we advocate an intra-oral
      transcoronoidal approach to gain direct access to the fracture site.

PMID- 2283398
TI  - New findings explaining the mode of action in prevention of facial clefting and
      first clinical experience.
AB  - Positive clinical results of nonspecific drug prevention in 63 pregnancies at
      risk, in families with occurrence of cleft lip, alveolus and palate are
      demonstrated. The model of cleft palate in mice, induced by dexamethasone, was
      used for the experimental foundation of the method. A significant decrease in the
      cleft palate incidence, up to 70%, was shown, when the animals were given vitamin
      B-complex prophylactically, simultaneously and/or therapeutically. Three main
      possible modes of action supported by experimental results are discussed. The
      results may be of interest also in respect of other malformation of
      multifactorial origin.

PMID- 2283400
TI  - The temporalis muscle flap in temporo-mandibular joint surgery.
AB  - In the treatment of the severely damaged TMJ structural components (ankylosis,
      arthrosis, tumour, perforation or degeneration of the disc), it is advisable to
      insert a biological interposition between bony articular surfaces. The temporal
      muscle, due to its anatomical, topographical, and functional properties, can be
      successfully employed for this purpose. Based on the experience of Tessier,
      Delaire and Rowe, a temporalis muscle flap, inferiorly based, is rotated
      downwards and medially to the zygomatic arch, interposed and then fixed to
      condyle and capsule. Using this surgical technique, 12 patients and 13 temporo
      mandibular joints were treated with good functional results and without any
      complication.

PMID- 2283401
TI  - Bradycardia and the trigeminal nerve.
AB  - A review of the literature suggests that the oculocardiac reflex is part of a
      wider phenomenon involving any structure supplied by the trigeminal nerve. This
      can lead to potentially fatal complications in maxillofacial surgery. A review of
      the literature is discussed and two further cases are reported.

PMID- 2283403
TI  - Re: Intramandibular salivary monomorphic adenoma.

PMID- 2283402
TI  - Radiation and osteosynthesis. Dosimetry on an irradiation phantom.
AB  - An irradiation phantom was used to measure dose increases using the backscatter
      of different materials (titanium, steel, lead, aluminium). Telecobalt-60 and 8-MV
      photons were used for the irradiation. The irradiation dose was measured by means
      of a defined X-ray film blackening. The most important parameter was to find out
      whether under simulated conditions, undesirable hot spots occur. We were able to
      demonstrate that a 12.5 to 16% increase in the radiation dose can be observed for
      titanium and steel at a distance of 0.45 mm from the metal specimen. A comparison
      between titanium and steel did not demonstrate a relevant advantage for titanium.
      Therefore, adjuvant percutaneous radiation therapy should not have any influence
      on the life of the implant, if the soft tissue layer is of sufficient thickness.
      The available literature is reviewed and presented in tables.

PMID- 2283404
TI  - Isolation of monoclonal antibodies monospecific for bovine kappa-casein.
AB  - Bovine kappa-casein represents a major portion of the total protein present in
      milk and is required for formation of the caseinate micelles responsible for the
      transportation of both calcium and phosphorous. Two monoclonal antibodies
      directed against bovine kappa-casein have been isolated. Both monoclonal
      antibodies are highly specific for bovine kappa-casein. Western analysis of
      denatured kappa-casein suggests epitope specificity is, in part, conformationally
      dependent. Additional epitope mapping with chymosin and neuraminidase also
      suggest antibody binding is in the region of the amino acid sequence Pro-Thr-Thr
      at positions 92 to 94 and 134 to 136.

PMID- 2283405
TI  - Increased milk production versus reproductive and energy status of high producing
      dairy cows.
AB  - Two groups of 10 Holstein cows were chosen by pairs from a 20-yr genetic
      selection project that used either breed average or breed high sires chosen only
      for Predicted Differences in milk production. Milk production (305-d mature
      equivalent) was 10,814 kg and 6912 kg for the high and average groups of cows.
      Days to first visual estrus and number of ovulations before first visual estrus
      were greater for the high versus the average group (66 vs. 43 d and 1.6 vs. .7
      ovulations). No differences were significant between groups for the interval from
      parturition to uterine involution or for days to first ovulation. Energy balance
      was less for the high group during wk 1, 2, 10, and 11. Plasma glucose
      concentration was lowest during wk 2 for both groups, and nonesterified fatty
      acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate were greatest for both groups during wk 1 and 2.
      Liver glycogen content was lower at d 15 postpartum for the high group, and liver
      triglyceride content was greater on d 30 for the high group. The data for
      reproductive functions support the concept that high milk production is
      antagonistic to expression of estrous behavior but not to reactivation of ovarian
      function.

PMID- 2283406
TI  - Influence of energy balance and body condition on estrus and estrous cycles in
      Holstein heifers.
AB  - The objective was to determine effects of energy balance and body condition on
      estrous behavior and estrous cycles in Holstein heifers. Before the experiment
      heifers were fed so body condition remained moderate or they became fat. During
      the 2 x 2 factorial experiment, moderate and fat heifers were in positive or
      negative energy balance. Heifers were fed individually twice daily, and energy
      balance was calculated daily. Heifers were observed for 30 min every 3 h, and all
      standing and mounting events were recorded for three consecutive estrous cycles.
      When progesterone in serum was less than 1 ng/ml, standing and mounting activity
      were profiled. Area, peak, and duration of activity profiles were examined among
      groups of heifers. Negative energy balance or fat body condition did not reduce
      peak or duration of estrous behavior and thus did not reduce detectability of
      estrus. Onset of diestrus was delayed in heifers that were fat and in negative
      energy balance relative to other heifers. We suggest that fat body condition,
      coincident with negative energy balance, may reduce accuracy of timing artificial
      insemination relative to ovulation and may consequently reduce fertility in
      cattle.

PMID- 2283407
TI  - Influence of breed of fetus on periparturient endocrine responses and subsequent
      milk production of Ayrshire dams.
AB  - Purebred Ayrshire females were assigned to two groups based on the breed of fetus
      carried during gestation. In group 1, Limousin embryos were transferred
      nonsurgically into Ayrshire recipients (10 heifers and 1 cow), and in group 2, 11
      Ayrshire heifers and 1 cow were inseminated artificially to Ayrshire bulls. Blood
      samples were collected daily from d 265 of gestation until d 15 postpartum from 5
      heifers of each group. Milk yield was recorded on alternate weeks during the
      first 20 wk postpartum. Calf birth weight was higher (44.2 vs. 35.4 kg) and
      gestation was longer (297.4 vs. 280.2) in Ayrshire dams bearing Limousin fetuses
      than in those bearing Ayrshire fetuses. Daily milk production for the first 20 wk
      was lower (18.1 vs. 20.8 kg) in Ayrshire dams bearing Limousin fetuses than in
      those bearing Ayrshire fetuses. Prepartum decrease in progesterone concentrations
      and increase in estrone concentrations were faster in Ayrshire heifers bearing
      Limousin fetuses than in those bearing Ayrshire fetuses. Profiles of peripartum
      concentrations of bovine placental lactogen differed between Ayrshire carrying
      different families of Limousin fetuses but were similar in those carrying
      families of Ayrshire fetuses. The concentrations of 15-keto-13,14
      dihydroprostaglandin F2 alpha were lower during the postpartum period in heifers
      than gave birth to Limousin calves than in those that had Ayrshire calves. In
      conclusion, the breed of fetus influences physiological and endocrine responses
      of the dam, which might have some effect on milk production of the dam.

PMID- 2283408
TI  - Effects of novel intramammary device models on incidence of mastitis after
      experimental challenge.
AB  - First-calf heifers were fitted with five different intramammary device models
      prior to, or within 2 mo after parturition. Each model represented an increase in
      the weight of the device to be supported by the epithelial cells of the gland
      cistern. Each model was tested in four animals by placing devices in two quarters
      while remaining quarters served as controls. Foremilk and stripping quarter
      secretion samples were collected prior to device placement and weekly thereafter
      and analyzed for total and differential cell counts, bacteriologic status, and
      NAGase activity. During the prebacterial challenge treatment period, foremilk and
      stripping SCC as well as percentage of neutrophils and NAGase activity in most
      device-fitted quarters remained significantly elevated over controls. Frequency
      of naturally occurring intramammary infection during the prechallenge period was
      lowest in quarters fitted with Models 2, 4, and 5. Frequency of infection with
      coagulase-negative staphylococci also tended to be lower in quarters fitted with
      Models 2, 4, and 5. Approximately 4 mo after device placement, all quarters were
      challenged by intracisternal inoculation with about 565 cfu Streptococcus uberis.
      Results across all models combined showed that although mean foremilk and
      striping SCC and percentage of neutrophils were significantly elevated in device
      fitted quarters immediately prior to bacterial challenge, only Model 4 showed a
      protective effect. Several models were superior to others in elevating SCC and
      percentage of neutrophils, but no differences in susceptibility to Strep. uberis
      infection were observed among models based on these cytological characteristics.

PMID- 2283409
TI  - Shedding pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine intramammary infections.
AB  - Twenty-one quarters of seven cows were experimentally infected with
      Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29740) to study the shedding pattern in quarter milk
      samples. Of 991 consecutive quarter milk samples collected from infected quarters
      during the trial, 745 were positive for S. aureus by bacteriological culture. The
      sensitivity of a single quarter milk sample to determine infection status of a
      quarter was 74.5% based on the mean of each gland's recovery pattern. Sensitivity
      of bacterial culture increased to 94% and 98% by including a second and a third
      consecutive sample. Because S. aureus is shed in a cyclical manner from mammary
      glands, consecutive samples would be advisable for accurate diagnosis of infected
      quarters.

PMID- 2283410
TI  - Efficacy of two iodophor postmilking teat germicides against Streptococcus
      agalactiae.
AB  - Two iodophor teat germicides containing .1% and .5% titratable iodine were
      subjected to experimental challenge with Streptococci agalactiae in a 131-cow
      research herd. Both germicides reduced the number of new infections with
      challenge organisms during a 5-wk study. The .1% iodophor reduced the new
      infection rate 60.7%, and the .5% iodophor reduced the new infection rate 61.5%.
      Teat skin irritation and other teat abnormalities were not observed.

PMID- 2283411
TI  - Milk production and somatic cell count in Michigan dairy herds.
AB  - The established association between milk production and SCC in dairy cattle is
      increasingly used to estimate lost production due to mastitis. Such cost
      estimates are used to make decisions regarding cost effective mastitis prevention
      and control. It is therefore important to verify the relationship between SCC and
      milk production using data from different areas of the country and by using
      different analytical methodology. Our study used the 1985 to 1986 Michigan DHIA
      data base and analyzed daily milk production records rather than lactation
      summary records as used in the past. One advantage to our approach was that it
      did not give equal weight to all lactations, regardless of their duration. Also,
      it enabled inclusion of cows that had incomplete lactations caused by culling, or
      had other reasons for removal from the herd. A statistical model was constructed
      to predict milk production on the basis of herd, cow within herd, stage in
      lactation, month of calving, lactation, and SCC. The data base contained 397,172
      milk test records obtained from Michigan DHIA from 504 Holstein herds in
      Michigan's lower peninsula. Our final model predicted 78% of the variation in
      milk production. Prediction of milk loss for each herd was highly correlated (r =
      .98) with the prediction model adopted by most DHIA organizations. Our model
      predicted that the mean herd lost a mean of 1.17 kg of milk/cow per d associated
      with SCC.

PMID- 2283412
TI  - Comparison of methods for the synchronization of estrous cycles in dairy cows. 1.
      Effects on plasma progesterone and manifestation of estrus.
AB  - Dairy cows (n = 571) were treated with 1) one or two injections of prostaglandin
      F2 alpha given 11 or 14 d apart, 2) two injections given 14 d apart and a
      progesterone coil inserted 8 d after the first injection for a 7-d period; or 3)
      a coil inserted for 7 d and prostaglandin injected 1 d before its removal. Cows
      given two prostaglandin injections that conceived had higher progesterone
      concentrations during the luteal phase preceding AI than did cows that did not
      conceive. Cows with progesterone coils that conceived did not have higher
      progesterone concentrations than did cows that did not conceive. Older cows had
      lower progesterone concentrations than younger ones, and they appeared in estrus
      earlier after treatment. In four daily observations, 75% of cows were seen in
      estrus within 7 d after treatment. Cows mounting two or more times had a
      conception rate (62%) similar to that of cows that stood to mount. Fewer cows
      (56%) treated with prostaglandin that had low concentrations of progesterone
      appeared in estrus than did cows with high progesterone (84%). Cows treated with
      prostaglandin differ from cows treated with progesterone coils in respect to
      manifestation of estrus and to the relationship between plasma progesterone and
      conception.

PMID- 2283414
TI  - Effects of fat supplementation and immature alfalfa to concentrate ratio on
      plasma progesterone, energy balance and reproductive traits of dairy cattle.
AB  - Forty-six multiparous Holstein cows were assigned at 5 d postpartum to a
      completely randomized design employing a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of
      treatments. Factors were 0 and 5% added prilled long-chain fatty acids (DM basis)
      and three forage to concentrate ratios (45:55, 64:36, 84:16). Diets consisted of
      immature alfalfa silage and a concentrate of shelled corn and soybean meal with
      or without fat replacing a portion of the corn. Mean plasma concentration of
      cholesterol was higher for cows fed 5% vs. 0% fat and increased over the first
      100 d in milk for all animals regardless of treatment. There were no differences
      in reproductive performance due to either of the main effects. Mean plasma
      progesterone was higher due to fat treatment in the mid to late luteal phase of
      the second postpartum cycle as well as the metestrous to early luteal phase and
      mid to late luteal phase of the third cycle. Even though progesterone
      concentrations were higher in cows fed 5% fat during the luteal phase after
      breeding, the conception rates at this service were not different from those fed
      0% fat. The biological significance of increased plasma progesterone
      concentration was not identified with any postpartum reproductive trait measured
      in this trial.

PMID- 2283413
TI  - Comparison of methods for the synchronization of estrous cycles in dairy cows. 2.
      Effects of progesterone and parity on conception.
AB  - Three experiments with 571 dairy cows indicated that significantly more
      primiparous cows given two prostaglandin F2 alpha injections 14 d apart conceived
      within 30 d of first AI than did cows given two injections 11 d apart (84 vs.
      62%). Fewer multiparous cows given two injections 14 d apart and inseminated
      after estrus conceived than did cows given two injections and a progesterone
      intravaginal coil inserted 8 d after the first injection (42 vs. 66%). Fewer cows
      given one injection of prostaglandin and inseminated at estrus conceived than did
      cows given two injections 14 d apart and a progesterone coil (39 vs. 66%).
      Conception rates of cows given two prostaglandin injections were positively
      related to plasma progesterone concentrations 2 and 4 d before the second
      injection (r = .81 and .86). Cows with progesterone concentrations below 5 ng/ml,
      2 d before the second prostaglandin injection, and synchronized by two
      prostaglandin injections or by two injections and a progesterone coil had
      conception rates of 36 and 63%, respectively. Cows with progesterone
      concentrations above 5 ng/ml had a conception rate of 75 and 46% in the two
      treatments, respectively. Conception after estrus synchronization depends on the
      method and on the plasma concentrations of progesterone. Progesterone coils may
      be used before AI to enhance fertility in cows with low progesterone
      concentrations.

PMID- 2283415
TI  - Effects of hard fats on in vitro and in vivo rumen fermentation, milk production
      and reproduction in dairy cows.
AB  - Adding 0, 5, 15, and 20% of substrate as prilled or unprilled fatty acids
      [palmitic (47 to 48%), stearic (36 to 37%), and oleic (14%) acids] to an in vitro
      rumen fermenter had no effect on total VFA production. Acetate:propionate ratio
      was reduced by fatty acid concentrations of 15 and 20% (prilled and unprilled).
      In a 4 x 4 Latin square, increasing dietary prilled fatty acids (0, 3, 6, or 9%
      of DM) decreased DM intake, increased percentage of milk fat, and had no effect
      on percentage of milk protein. Milk volume and FCM increased with 3% but
      decreased with 6 and 9% dietary fatty acids. Rumen fluid acetate:propionate
      decreased with increasing dietary fatty acids. Holstein cows in three herds in
      Pennsylvania and Friesian cows in an Israeli herd were assigned randomly to
      receive, from 0 to 110 to 150 d postcalving, diets containing 0 or 2% of DM
      prilled fat. In Israel, dietary fat increased milk yield, FCM, and fat percentage
      during the first 90 d postcalving. In Pennsylvania, prilled fat had variable
      effects on milk composition and little effect on milk yield and FCM. Conception
      rate was improved in cows consuming rations containing prilled fat: first
      service, 59.1 versus 42.6%; all services, 59.3 versus 40.7%. The inclusion of
      prilled fat at 2% of DM in dairy cattle rations had slight effects on rumen
      fermentation, variable effects on milk yield and composition, and beneficial
      effects on conception rate.

PMID- 2283416
TI  - Somatotropin antibody formation in cows treated with a recombinant bovine
      somatotropin over two lactations.
AB  - Blood plasma from cows treated with somidobove, a form of recombinant bovine
      somatotropin, was assayed for development of antibodies against the protein.
      Forty-three Holstein cows, selected from an animal safety study, were monitored.
      Cows were divided into four groups and treated with placebo, 960, 2880, or 4800
      mg somidobove per dose at 28-d intervals during two successive lactation periods.
      Blood plasma was collected at intervals prior to and during the lactations, and
      levels of IgG antibody reactive with somidobove were determined in an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay. Virtually all of the cows treated with somidobove
      developed low levels (less than 40 micrograms/ml) of antibody against somidobove.
      One or two cows from each group responded with some-what higher levels, ranging
      from 40 to 200 micrograms/ml. Responses generally increased during the first 3 mo
      of treatment, then decreased, and remained constant with continued treatment.
      There was no sign of a memory response within or among the lactation periods, and
      no adverse health effects or decreases in lactational performance were associated
      with antibody production.

PMID- 2283417
TI  - Effects of bovine somatotropin on dry matter intake, milk yield and body
      temperature in Holstein and Jersey cows during heat stress.
AB  - Thirty-one lactating Holstein and Jersey cows were used to determine the effect
      of daily injections of 0 or 20 mg of recombinant bST in hot, humid weather. The
      comparison period lasted 80 d, from mid-June through August. The maximum and
      minimum ambient temperature and relative humidity averaged 34.6 and 22.2 degrees
      C and 100 and 59.8%, respectively. Body temperatures of somatotropin-treated
      Holsteins were elevated over controls by .2 and .3 degrees C at the a.m. and p.m.
      milkings, respectively, whereas corresponding treatment effects for Jerseys were
      .5 and .6 degrees C, thus demonstrating a breed by treatment interaction. The
      response of milk and FCM yields and apparent efficiency of production to
      somatotropin administration depended on the level of production prior to
      treatment. Cows at low pretreatment production increased milk and FCM yields to a
      greater degree than did cows at higher production. A breed by treatment
      interaction showed that Holsteins increased milk and FCM yields more than Jerseys
      upon administration of somatotropin. Intake of DM was not affected by treatment.
      Cows administered bST lost BW and condition score. Greater heat stress was
      associated with the higher milk production of cows administered bST.

PMID- 2283418
TI  - Dose response to recombinant bovine somatotropin from weeks 15 to 44 postpartum
      in lactating dairy cows.
AB  - Forty Holstein cows were used in an experiment to determine the response of cows
      to daily subcutaneous injections of 0, 10.3, 20.6, and 30.9 mg of recombinant
      bST. Injections began between 98 and 104 d postpartum and continued for 29 wk, up
      to 70 d prepartum, or a maximum of 400 d postpartum. Increasing recombinant bST
      increased milk yield and 3.5% FCM yield in a linear fashion and by 5.2 and 5.7
      kg/d, respectively. Milk composition was not changed, and DM intake as a
      percentage of BW increased from 3.39 to 3.80% with increasing (30.9 mg/d) bST.
      Feed efficiency (3.5% FCM/DM intake) was increased from 1.35 to 1.64 with
      increasing dose, suggesting improved efficiency of use of DM intake, primarily by
      dilution of maintenance. Increasing bST reduced BW gain linearly from .46 kg/d
      for the control to .22 kg/d for the 30.9 mg/d bST. Calf birth weight, weight of
      cows at calving, and incidence of metabolic diseases during subsequent calving
      were not affected by bST. Somatotropin treatment resulted in somewhat smaller
      increased in milk yield than that reported in previous studies. Long-term health
      effects and effects on reproduction could not be determined from the relatively
      few cows used in this study.

PMID- 2283419
TI  - Influence of moisture content of mixed rations on feed intake and milk production
      of dairy cows.
AB  - Rations with target DM proportions of 35, 45,and 65%, attained by soaking the
      grain mix in water for 24 h, were fed to 46 mid to late lactation,
      multiparturient dairy cows in two experiments (Experiment 1, 35 and 45% DM;
      Experiment 2, 45 and 60% DM) to examine the effect of DM percentage of the
      totally mixed ration on intake and production of cows. Water-soaked concentrate
      and alfalfa silage were mixed daily and fed ad libitum. Dry matter intake and
      milk yield and composition were not influenced by the moisture content of the
      mixed ration in either experiment. Ruminal pH, ammonia N concentration, total
      VFA, and molar proportions of individual VFA also were not influenced by ration
      DM in either experiment. Results suggest that rumen water efflux, as influenced
      by addition of water to the concentrate portion of the mixed ration, is not a
      factor limiting intake in dairy cows fed high moisture mixed rations.

PMID- 2283420
TI  - Effect of feeding Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract or Aspergillus oryzae
      plus yeast culture plus mineral and vitamin supplement on performance of Holstein
      cows during a complete lactation.
AB  - The addition of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (Amaferm) increased milk
      flow and mean 3.5% FCM production during the latter stages of the full lactation
      trial compared with the control group and the Aspergillus oryzae fermentation
      extract plus yeast culture plus mineral-vitamin supplement (VitaFerm) group.
      Based on the differences observed when FCM production was determined for the cows
      at various stages of lactation, Amaferm apparently had its greatest effect during
      the early stages of the lactation cycle and subsequent milk production was likely
      a result of higher initial production. The response difference observed between
      the Amaferm and VitaFerm treatments could have resulted from the additional
      minerals provided by the VitaFerm compared with the Amaferm and control groups.

PMID- 2283421
TI  - Interlaboratory variation in a diaminopimelic acid assay: influence on estimated
      duodenal bacterial nitrogen flow.
AB  - Samples of ruminal bacteria and duodenal digesta were collected from two dairy
      cows fed a 65% forage diet. Samples were sent blind to four laboratories for
      diaminopimelic acid analysis. Analyzed values differed among laboratories within
      sample type, and concentrations ranked as follows: laboratory D greater than
      laboratory A greater than laboratory B greater than laboratory C. Consideration
      of differences in actual procedures used among laboratories resulted in several
      hypotheses to explain some of the interlaboratory variation. Using diaminopimelic
      acid values from each laboratory to estimate duodenal bacterial nitrogen flow
      showed that laboratory D estimated a 17% higher flow than the average for
      laboratories A, B, and C, which were similar.

PMID- 2283422
TI  - Nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation and plasma lipids in steers fed
      combinations of hydrogenated fat and lecithin.
AB  - Commercial soybean lecithin replaced hydrogenated fat in steer diets to determine
      if phospholipids enhance fatty acid digestion and microbial fermentation in
      ruminants. Four diets were fed in a 4 x 4 Latin square to four Angus steers with
      ruminal cannula. One diet contained no added fat (control) and three contained
      hydrogenated fat and lecithin in weight ratios of 100:0, 86:14, and 72:28. All
      diets with added fat had lower fatty acid digestibilities compared with the
      control diet with no difference due to level of lecithin. Ruminal acetate and
      acetate:propionate ratios were reduced by all fat supplements but reduced less
      for the supplements containing lecithin. Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol
      concentrations were increased from dietary fat but not increased as much if
      lecithin were present in the diet. Feeding lecithin to ruminants does not improve
      digestibility of hydrogenated fats that are highly saturated.

PMID- 2283423
TI  - Effects of dietary corn oil and fish oil concentrate on lipid composition of calf
      tissues.
AB  - Lipid composition of calf blood plasma, liver platelets, muscle, heart, and brain
      was measured, as affected by high dietary intake of linoleic acid from corn oil
      or of polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil concentrate. Plasma total lipids,
      phosphatidylcholine, and cholesteryl esters were reduced by corn oil and fish oil
      concentrate. Dietary fatty acid composition had no influence on percentage
      distribution of the major phospholipid components of liver, heart, muscle, and
      brain, but did alter the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of major
      phospholipids in plasma, liver, platelets, muscle, and heart. In general, high
      linoleic acid intake increased linoleic acid and decreased oleic, arachidonic,
      and linolenic acids in tissue phospholipids, and fish oil concentrate high in
      eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids increased phospholipid concentrations
      of these fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of brain phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidyl-ethanolamine was relatively resistant to dietary lipid alterations.
      The fatty acid changes in tissue phospholipids that resulted from dietary lipid
      alterations may have important implications in eicosanoid metabolism, and in the
      structure and function of cell membranes.

PMID- 2283424
TI  - Effectiveness of rump-mounted devices and androgenized females for detection of
      estrus in dairy cattle.
AB  - Detection of estrus was evaluated in 1124 estrous cycles for the effectiveness of
      rump-mounted devices and androgenized females equipped with chin-ball markers.
      Estrous number, location, type of detection method (compared with visual
      observation of estrus), and milk progesterone influenced standing behavior. Rates
      of disagreement with visual observation of estrus were 13.2, 17.0, and 18.5% for
      Kamar, Hot Flash, and the two devices used simultaneously. Frequency of observed
      standing behavior was greater with fourth and subsequent estrous periods.
      Percentage of high milk progesterone during suspected estrus for cows inseminated
      was 3.8% for controls, 11.0% for Kamar cattle, 18.5% for Hot Flash cattle, and
      12.6% when both devices were used. Androgenized cattle equipped with chin-ball
      markers marked 47% of the cattle observed in estrus but no cows with high milk
      progesterone. Combination of rump-mounted devices and androgenized females
      increased the percentage of estrous detection by 1.3 to 6.2% compared with device
      or androgenized female used alone. Loss rates of rump-mounted devices exceeded
      40%. High milk progesterone at estrus was associated with lower fertility.

PMID- 2283425
TI  - Strategies of nutrient transport by ruminal bacteria.
AB  - The survival of bacteria in natural environments like the rumen depends on the
      ability of the bacteria to scavenge nutrients. It is now evident that ruminal
      bacteria use a variety of transport mechanisms. Hydrophobic substances, such as
      ammonia and acetate, are permeable to the lipid bilayers of cell membranes and
      can be taken up by passive diffusion. Hydrophilic compounds (e.g., sugars, amino
      acids, peptides) do not easily pass through lipid bilayers and must be
      transported across cell membranes on carrier proteins. Facilitated diffusion can
      display saturable kinetics but does not result in accumulation of solute. Active
      transport can establish extremely high concentration gradients, and this work may
      be driven by the hydrolysis of chemical bonds (e.g., ATP) or ion gradients, which
      are coupled to solute symport. Many solute symports involve protons, but sodium
      systems also are common in ruminal bacteria. The phosphotransferase system
      chemically modifies sugars as they pass across the cell membrane, and several
      ruminal bacteria have this method of group translocation. Many feed additives
      have either a direct or indirect effect on rumen bacterial transport. For
      instance, ionophores can inhibit transport by destroying (sometimes even
      reversing) ion gradients, lowering intracellular pH, or causing excessive ATP
      hydrolysis.

PMID- 2283426
TI  - Physiology and genetics of xylan degradation by gastrointestinal tract bacteria.
AB  - Hemicelluloses or xylans are major components (35%) of plant materials. For
      ruminant animals, about 50% of the dietary xylans are degraded, but only small
      amounts of xylans are degraded in the lower gut of nonruminant animals and
      humans. In the rumen, the major xylanolytic species are Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
      and Bacteroides ruminicola. In the human colon, Bacteroides ovatus and
      Bacteroides fragilis subspecies "a" are major xylanolytic bacteria. Xylans are
      chemically complex, and their degradation requires multiple enzymes. Expression
      of these enzymes by gut bacteria varies greatly among species. Butyrivibrio
      fibrisolvens makes extracellular xylanases but Bacteroides species have cell
      bound xylanase activity. Biochemical characterization of xylanolytic enzymes from
      gut bacteria has not been done. A xylosidase gene has been cloned from B.
      fibrosolvens 113. The data from DNA hybridizations using a xylanase gene cloned
      from B. fibrisolvens 49 indicate this gene may be present in other B.
      fibrisolvens strains. A cloned xylanase from Bact. ruminicola was transferred to
      and highly expressed in Bact. fragilis and Bact. uniformis. Arabinosidase and
      xylosidase genes from Bact. ovatus have been cloned and both activities appear to
      be catalyzed by a single, bifunctional, novel enzyme. Continued research in
      genetic and biochemical areas will provide knowledge and insights for
      manipulation of digestion at the gut level and improved understanding of colonic
      fiber digestion.

PMID- 2283428
TI  - On enhancement of spectral contrast in speech for hearing-impaired listeners.
AB  - A digital processing method is described for altering spectral contrast (the
      difference in amplitude between spectral peaks and valleys) in natural
      utterances. Speech processed with programs implementing the contrast alteration
      procedure was presented to listeners with moderate to severe sensorineural
      hearing loss. The task was a three alternative (/b/,/d/, or /g/) stop consonant
      identification task for consonants at a fixed location in short nonsense
      utterances. Overall, tokens with enhanced contrast showed moderate gains in
      percentage correct stop consonant identification when compared to unaltered
      tokens. Conversely, reducing spectral contrast generally reduced percent correct
      stop consonant identification. Contrast alteration effects were inconsistent for
      utterances containing /d/. The observed contrast effects also interacted with
      token intelligibility.

PMID- 2283427
TI  - Bacterial luminescence: a new tool for investigating the effects of acoustic
      energy and cavitation.
AB  - An assay utilizing luminescent bacteria, Photobacterium phosphoreum, was adapted
      to assess the antibacterial effects of acoustic energy. Acoustic pressures up to
      67 kPa in the 100- to 800-Hz frequency range were applied to bacteria freely
      suspended in a liquid medium. Bacterial luminescence decreased after sonication,
      thus showing sensitivity to the effects of acoustic energy. This decreased
      luminescence was linearly related to exposure duration, appeared independent of
      acoustic frequency in this range, and was significantly heightened by the
      presence of cavitation. High-frequency components of the acoustic emission were
      recorded from the sonicated fluid, and it was found that the decrease in
      luminescence due to sonication was directly related to the logarithm of the
      acoustic emission. Viability studies on exposed bacteria indicated a diminution
      of luminescence without bacterial death. The potential use of luminescent
      bacteria in assessing the biological effects of acoustic energy-generating
      systems is discussed.

PMID- 2283430
TI  - The influence of extraneous sounds on the perceptual estimation of first-formant
      frequency in vowels.
AB  - The contribution of extraneous sounds to the perceptual estimation of the first
      formant (F1) frequency of voiced vowels was investigated using a continuum of
      vowels perceived as changing from/I/to/epsilon/as F1 was increased. Any phonetic
      effects of adding extraneous sounds were measured as a change in the position of
      the phoneme boundary on the continuum. Experiments 1-5 demonstrated that a pair
      of extraneous tones, mistuned from harmonic values of the fundamental frequency
      of the vowel, could influence perceived vowel quality when added in the F1
      region. Perceived F1 frequency was lowered when the tones were added on the lower
      skirt of F1, and raised when they were added on the upper skirt. Experiments 6
      and 7 demonstrated that adding a narrow-band noise in the F1 region could produce
      a similar pattern of boundary shifts, despite the differences in temporal
      properties and timbre between a noise band and a voiced vowel. The data are
      interpreted using the concept of the harmonic sieve [Duifhuis et al., J. Acoust.
      Soc. Am. 71, 1568-1580 (1982)]. The results imply a partial failure of the
      harmonic sieve to exclude extraneous sounds from the perceptual estimation of F1
      frequency. Implications for the nature of the hypothetical harmonic sieve are
      discussed.

PMID- 2283429
TI  - Relating acoustic properties to perceptual responses: a study of Swedish voiced
      stops.
AB  - Perception models based on different kinds of acoustic data were compared with
      respect to their capacity to predict perceptual confusions between the Swedish
      stops [b,d,d,g] in systematically varied vowel contexts. Fragments of VC:V
      utterances read by a male speaker were presented to listeners. The resulting
      confusions were especially numerous between short stimulus segments following
      stop release, and formed a regular pattern depending mainly on the acute/grave
      dimension of the following vowel. The acoustic distances calculated were based
      on: (1) filter band spectra; (2) F2 and F3 at the CV boundary and in the middle
      of the following vowel; (3) the duration of the burst (= transient + noise
      section). Both the spectrum-based and the formant-based models provided measures
      of acoustic distance (dissimilarity) that revealed regular patterns. However, the
      predictive capacity of both models was improved by including the time-varying
      properties of the stimuli in the distance measures. The highest correlation
      between predicted and observed percent confusions, r = 0.85, was obtained with
      the formant-based model in combination with burst length data. The asymmetries in
      the listeners' confusions were also shown to be predictable, given acoustic data
      on the following vowel.

PMID- 2283431
TI  - Coarticulatory organization for lip rounding in Turkish and English.
AB  - A number of studies, involving English, Swedish, French, and Spanish, have shown
      that, for sequences of rounded vowels separated by nonlabial consonants, both EMG
      activity and lip protrusion diminish during the intervocalic consonant interval,
      producing a "trough" pattern. A two-part study was conducted to (a) compare
      patterns of protrusion movement (upper and lower lip) and EMG activity
      (orbicularis oris) for speakers of English and Turkish, a language where
      phonological rules constrain vowels within a word to agree in rounding and (b)
      determine which of two current models of coarticulation, the "look-ahead" and
      "coproduction" models, best explained the data. Results showed Turkish speakers
      producing "plateau" patterns of movement rather than troughs, and unimodal rather
      than bimodal patterns of EMG activity. In the second part of the study, one
      prediction of the coproduction model, that articulatory gestures have stable
      profiles across contexts, was tested by adding and subtracting movement data
      signals to synthesize naturally occurring patterns. Results suggest English and
      Turkish may have different modes of coarticulatory organization.

PMID- 2283432
TI  - Loudness relations for individuals and groups in normal and impaired hearing.
AB  - Individual and group loudness relations were obtained at a frequency in the
      region of impaired hearing for 100 people, 98 with bilateral cochlear impairment.
      Slope distributions were determined from absolute magnitude estimation (AME) and
      absolute magnitude production (AMP) of loudness; they were also derived from
      cross-modality matching (CMM) and AME of apparent length. With respect to both
      the means and the individual slope values, the two distributions closely agree.
      More than half of the measured deviations are less than 20%, with an overall
      average of -1.5%, meaning that transitivity is preserved for bilaterally impaired
      individuals. Moreover, over the stimulus range where cochlear impairment steepens
      the loudness function, both the group means and the individual slope values are
      clearly larger than in normal hearing. The results also show that, for groups of
      people with approximately similar losses, the standard deviation is a nearly
      constant proportion of the mean slope value giving a coefficient of variation of
      about 27% in normal and impaired hearing. This indicates, in accord with loudness
      matching, that the size of the slopes depends directly on the degree of hearing
      loss. The results disclose that loudness measurements obtained by magnitude
      scaling are able to reveal the operating characteristic of the ear for
      individuals.

PMID- 2283433
TI  - How much masking is informational masking?

PMID- 2283434
TI  - Auditive and cognitive factors in speech perception by elderly listeners. II:
      Multivariate analyses.
AB  - In part I of this study [van Rooij et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1294-1309
      (1989)], the validity and manageability of a test battery comprising auditive
      (sensitivity, frequency resolution, and temporal resolution), cognitive (memory
      performance, processing speed, and intellectual abilities), and speech perception
      tests (at the phoneme, spondee, and sentence level) were investigated. In the
      present article, the results of a selection of these tests for 72 elderly
      subjects (aged 60-93 years) are analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques.
      The results show that the deterioration of speech perception in the elderly
      consists of two statistically independent components: (a) a large component
      mainly representing the progressive high-frequency hearing loss with age that
      accounts for approximately two-thirds of the systematic variance of the tests of
      speech perception and (b) a smaller component (accounting for one-third of the
      systematic variance of the speech perception tests) mainly representing a general
      performance decrement due to reduced mental efficiency, which is indicated by a
      general slowing of performance and a reduced memory capacity. Although both
      components are correlated with age, it was found that the balance between
      auditive and cognitive contributions to speech perception performance did not
      change with age.

PMID- 2283435
TI  - Summation bandwidths at threshold in normal and hearing-impaired listeners.
AB  - The bandwidths for summation at threshold were measured for subjects with normal
      hearing and subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. Thresholds in quiet and in
      the presence of a masking noise were measured for complex stimuli consisting of 1
      to 40 pure-tone components spaced 20 Hz apart. The single component condition
      consisted of a single pure tone at 1100 Hz; additional components were added
      below this frequency, in a replication of the Gassler [Acustica 4, 408-414
      (1954)] procedure. For the normal subjects, thresholds increased approximately 3
      dB per doubling of bandwidth for signal bandwidths exceeding the critical
      bandwidth. This slope was less for the hearing-impaired subjects. Summation
      bandwidths, as estimated from two-line fits, were wider for the hearing-impaired
      than for the normal subjects. These findings provide evidence that hearing
      impaired subjects integrate sound energy over a wider-than-normal frequency range
      for the detection of complex signals. A second experiment used stimuli similar to
      those of Spiegel [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 1356-1363 (1979)], and added components
      both above and below the frequency of the initial component. Using these stimuli,
      the slope of the threshold increase beyond the critical bandwidth was
      approximately 1.5 dB per doubling of bandwidth, thus replicating the Spiegel
      (1979) experiment. It is concluded that the differences between the Gassler
      (1954) and Spiegel (1979) studies were due to the different frequency content of
      the stimuli used in each study. Based upon the present results, it would appear
      that the slope of threshold increase is dependent upon the direction of signal
      expansion, and the size of the critical bands into which the signal is expanded.

PMID- 2283436
TI  - Limits of auditory patterns discrimination for patterns with various durations
      and numbers of components.
AB  - In three experiments, listeners' abilities to detect changes in randomly
      generated tonal sequences were determined for sequences or "patterns" ranging in
      total duration from 62.5 ms to 2 s. Experiment 1 utilized an adaptive-tracking
      procedure, with n, the number of pattern components, as the dependent variable,
      and included a variety of spectral and temporal discrimination tasks with
      isochronous patterns. When the to-be-detected change was the only variation on a
      given dimension (e.g., the presence or location of a brief pause), patterns were
      discriminable when the absolute duration of the changed element, or pause,
      exceeded a critical value. However, when each pattern component varied on the
      dimension of the to-be-detected change (e.g., frequency), discriminability was
      strongly related to the number of tones in the pattern, and only weakly to the
      durations of either the target components or the total pattern. This dependence
      of discrimination performance on n was also demonstrated with anisochronous
      patterns in experiment 2. Experiment 3 revealed the same dependence of
      performance on the number of components per pattern as did experiments 1 and 2,
      but with delta f/f as the dependent variable, rather than n. The number of
      pattern components and the proportional duration of the target components,
      relative to total pattern duration, were confounded in these experiments.
      Additional research is therefore required to determine whether number or
      proportional target-tone duration is the primary determinant of pattern
      discriminability.

PMID- 2283437
TI  - Minimum audible movement angles as a function of sound source trajectory.
AB  - Auditory resolution of moving sound sources was determined in a simulated motion
      paradigm for sources traveling along horizontal, vertical, or oblique
      orientations in the subjects's frontal plane. With motion restricted to the
      horizontal orientation, minimum audible movement angles (MAMA) ranged from about
      1.7 degrees at the lowest velocity (1.8 degrees/s) to roughly 10 degrees at the
      highest velocity (320 degrees/s). With the sound moving along an oblique
      orientation (rotated 45 degrees relative to the horizontal) MAMAs generally
      matched those of the horizontal condition. When motion was restricted to the
      vertical, MAMAs were substantially larger at all velocities (often exceeding 8
      degrees). Subsequent tests indicated that MAMAs are a U-shaped function of
      velocity, with optimum resolution obtained at about 2 degrees/s for the
      horizontal (and oblique) and 7-11 degrees/s for the vertical orientation.
      Additional tests conducted at a fixed velocity of 1.8 degrees/s along oblique
      orientations of 80 degrees and 87 degrees indicated that even a small deviation
      from the vertical had a significant impact on MAMAs. A displacement of 10 degrees
      from the vertical orientation (a slope of 80 degrees) was sufficient to reduce
      thresholds (obtained at a velocity of 1.8 degrees/s) from about 11 degrees to
      approximately 2 degrees (a fivefold increase in acuity). These results are in
      good agreement with our previous study of minimum audible angles long oblique
      planes [Perrott and Saberi, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 1728-1731 (1990)].(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283438
TI  - A single-interval adjustment-matrix (SIAM) procedure for unbiased adaptive
      testing.
AB  - A new unbiased adaptive procedure is described that requires only half as many
      presentations in achieving the same precision as the well-known two-interval
      forced-choice (2IFC) 2-step procedure. The procedure is based on a yes-no task
      which avoids redundant presentation time. Furthermore, certain psychophysical
      studies can only be realized with yes-no tasks. Every trial contains randomly
      presented signals or noises and the answer is either yes or no. The outcome (hit,
      miss, false alarm, correct rejection) is taken into account by adjusting the
      signal level in a staircase manner. The adjustment matrix is set up to induce a
      neutral response criterion. Its convergence point can be adjusted at will. The
      single-interval adjustment-matrix (SIAM) procedure is compared to von Bekesy and
      2IFC transformed up-down methods using a Monte-Carlo simulation. The SIAM
      procedure proves to be the fastest of the unbiased procedures. A test on four
      subjects verified these results. Implications for optimum track length and the
      number of reversals to discard are discussed.

PMID- 2283439
TI  - Coding of spectral fine structure in the auditory nerve. II: Level-dependent
      nonlinear responses.
AB  - Phase-locked discharge patterns of single cat auditory-nerve fibers were analyzed
      in response to complex tones centered at fiber characteristic frequency (CF).
      Signals were octave-bandwidth harmonic complexes defined by a center frequency F
      and an intercomponent spacing factor N, such that F/N was the fundamental
      frequency. Parameters that were manipulated included the phase spectrum, the
      number of components, and the intensity of the center component. Analyses
      employed Fourier transforms of period histograms to assess the degree to which
      responses were synchronized to the frequencies present in the acoustic stimulus.
      Several nonlinearities were observed in the response as intensity was varied
      between threshold and 80-90 dB SPL. Response nonlinearities were strong for all
      signals except those with random phase spectra. The most commonly observed
      nonlinearity was an emphasis of one or more stimulus components in the response.
      The degree of nonlinearity usually increased with intensity and signal complexity
      and decreased with fiber frequency selectivity. Half-wave rectification
      introduced synchronization to the missing fundamental. The strength of the
      response at the fundamental was related to stimulus crest factor. Signals with
      low center frequencies and high crest factors often elicited instantaneous
      discharge rates at the theoretical maximum of pi CF. This suggests that the
      probability of spike generation approaches one during high-amplitude waveform
      segments. Response nonlinearity was interpreted as arising from three sources,
      namely, cochlear mechanics, compression of instantaneous discharge rate, and
      saturation of average discharge rate. At near-threshold intensities, fibers with
      high spontaneous rates exhibited responses that were linear functions of stimulus
      waveshape, whereas fibers with low spontaneous spike rates produced responses
      that were best described in terms of an expansive nonlinearity.

PMID- 2283440
TI  - Neural correlates of psychophysical release from masking.
AB  - Responses of chinchilla auditory-nerve fibers were measured for stimulus
      conditions analogous to those in which psychophysical release from masking has
      been observed in humans. The maskers were two equal power, narrow-band noise
      stimuli with different amplitude envelopes. The neurons in the sample fell into
      three groups that resolved the maskers' envelopes with varying degrees of
      accuracy. The boundaries of these groups were not sharply delineated by
      characteristic frequency (CF) but were dependent on the relationship between the
      masker level and the neurons' thresholds at the masker frequency. For the neurons
      that best preserved the maskers' envelope fluctuations, a neural release from
      masking was observed; rate-based neural masked thresholds were higher for the
      masker with the least fluctuating envelope. The results suggest that neural and
      psychophysical release from masking arises because the probe evokes larger rate
      changes, relative to the background response to the masker, during periods of low
      masker energy. Between two otherwise equivalent maskers, the one with the periods
      of lowest energy will produce the lower masked thresholds because rate changes
      are larger and more detectable.

PMID- 2283441
TI  - An alternative mathematical description of the relationship between noise
      exposure and hearing loss.
AB  - Retrospective investigation of large populations has provided means for
      determining quantitative relationships between the hearing levels of non-noise
      exposed populations and age, and between the hearing levels of noise-exposed
      populations and age and noise exposure. In the latter case, noise exposures have
      been predominantly steady state over many years and no way of measuring the
      effects of noise alone, excluding the effects of age, has ever been demonstrated.
      In the following paper, attention is confined to the problem of developing a
      mathematical description of an existing set of empirically determined hearing
      level data; questions of audiology are not of concern here. It is shown that the
      mathematical analysis traditionally used to determine the contribution of noise
      exposure alone to hearing level is not unique; an alternative formulation is
      possible and indeed is demonstrated. Whereas the traditional formulation leads to
      the conclusion that noise-induced hearing loss scales on the integral of sound
      pressure squared with time, and thus, to the equal energy hypothesis, the
      alternative formulation leads to the conclusion that noise-induced hearing loss
      scales on the integral of pressure with time. Since either formulation adequately
      describes the data, and the equal energy hypothesis has never been adequately
      substantiated, use of the latter hypothesis to extend the findings of steady
      state exposures to application for unsteady exposures is not justified. The
      alternative formulation presented here is recommended for consideration.

PMID- 2283442
TI  - Frame junction vibration transmission with a modified frame deformation model.
AB  - A previous paper dealt with vibration transmission through junctions of connected
      frame members where the allowed frame deformations included bending, torsion, and
      longitudinal motions [J.A. Moore, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 88, 2766-2776 (1990)]. In
      helicopter and aircraft structures the skin panels can constitute a high
      impedance connection along the length of the frames that effectively prohibits in
      plane motion at the elevation of the skin panels. This has the effect of coupling
      in-plane bending and torsional motions within the frame. This paper discusses the
      transmission behavior through frame junctions that accounts for the in-plane
      constraint in idealized form by assuming that the attached skin panels completely
      prohibit inplane motion in the frames. Also, transverse shear deformation is
      accounted for in describing the relatively deep web frame constructions common in
      aircraft structures. Longitudinal motion in the frames is not included in the
      model. Transmission coefficient predictions again show the importance of out-of
      plane bending deformation to the transmission of vibratory energy in an aircraft
      structure. Comparisons are shown with measured vibration transmission data along
      the framing in the overhead of a helicopter airframe, with good agreement. The
      frame junction description has been implemented within a general purpose
      statistical energy analysis (SEA) computer code in modeling the entire airframe
      structure including skin panels.

PMID- 2283443
TI  - Nonlinear energy exchange among harmonic modes and its applications to nonlinear
      imaging.
AB  - Nonlinear energy exchange and redistribution among the harmonic modes have been
      investigated. A problem with the pre-bias boundary condition, which means that in
      addition to the fundamental harmonic, nonzero higher harmonics with adjustable
      amplitudes and phases are also applied to the input simultaneously, has been
      considered. The results show that the pre-bias technique that is proposed in this
      paper may offer a better means for detecting the nonlinear properties of the
      medium. The feasibility of the approach was validated by computer simulation and
      experimental results.

PMID- 2283444
TI  - National carers' survey.

PMID- 2283445
TI  - The contribution of the basic sciences to nursing practice research.
AB  - The scientific knowledge on which nurses may base their clinical practice is
      often lacking. Not withstanding this, scientific knowledge in isolation is
      sterile unless it is invoked to address nursing hypotheses. This paper explores
      how such nursing questions can be both identified and answered within a
      scientific framework. Using the example of infection control, the complexity of
      the problem is examined and the contribution that various research approaches,
      including in vitro investigations, can offer is evaluated. Nursing practice
      research has a vital role to play in determining the effective prevention of
      nosocomial infection. The necessity for a collaborative and flexible approach to
      such research and the value of multidisciplinary teams of nurses and other
      scientists is emphasized.

PMID- 2283446
TI  - Natural sociology and moral questions in nursing: can there be a relationship?
AB  - This paper argues that the current sources of material for the debate of moral
      questions in health care in general and nursing in particular, are inadequate.
      The current bases of nursing's knowledge and values are explored, and the
      conclusion drawn that reliance upon theory developed by other disciplines has led
      to theories which are wholly inappropriate to explain either how nursing is
      practised or even how it ought to be. A case is made that naturalistic
      sociological methods such as participant observation have the greatest
      possibilities to describe and explain moral conduct in nursing. Further, these
      methods can produce a view of reality more consistent with the experiences and
      feelings of the patients or clients and other health workers. It would seem that
      data and theory generated using this perspective could better inform the debates
      of moral philosophers than the currently dominant sources of their case material,
      the views of the medical and legal professions.

PMID- 2283447
TI  - Status passage into nursing: undertaking nursing care.
AB  - A status passage is the process of change from one social status to another. In
      this report, the process of transition from lay person to nurse in respect of
      undertaking essential elements of patient care is described. The aspects of care
      included in the study are attending to hygiene needs, incontinence, altered body
      image, the very ill and dying person; and behavioural problems associated with
      attention-seeking, confusion, suicidal attempts and aggression. Student nurses
      mainly were expected to cope with these situations alone. The emotional effects
      on these students and implications of undertaking care in this manner are noted.

PMID- 2283448
TI  - Assessing assertive behaviour in student nurses: a comparison of assertion
      measures.
AB  - This study compared four different assertive measurements used to assess student
      nurse behaviour. The measurements employed included a semantic differential
      'subjective self-report', the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, a behavioural test,
      and observer ratings. The study was divided into three different phases. In phase
      one, subjects (n = 19) were requested to complete the two self-report measures.
      Several days later, they were asked to partake in a behavioural test which took
      the form of a response to an unreasonable request. The final phase entailed
      observers (n = 9) viewing a video-recording of the behavioural test (without
      sound) and rating subjects on levels of assertiveness. Analyses of the results
      revealed only one significant finding, namely that there was a positive
      relationship between the scores on the Semantic Differential Measurement and the
      Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (P less than 0.05). No other significant results
      emerged. The findings of this investigation are discussed in the context of the
      role of assertive behaviour in nursing.

PMID- 2283449
TI  - Nursing ethics and Project 2000.
AB  - Project 2000 gives us an opportunity to reconsider the need for nursing ethics in
      initial nurse education in the United Kingdom. Three arguments are presented to
      justify its inclusion. The overall aim of an ethics course should be to help the
      student become an autonomous moral agent, capable of functioning in the complex
      and difficult nursing environment. Hence, to design such a course we need an
      analysis of the skills, knowledge and motivation required by such an agent. This
      will help us choose our objectives and course content. A tentative analysis is
      offered. Suggestions are made about the teaching of the course and the
      integration with other subject areas. Some practical, moral and philosophical
      objections to this approach are considered and replies are offered.

PMID- 2283450
TI  - Using self-help support groups: a framework for nursing practice and research.
AB  - Social support groups are receiving increased attention in professional
      literature and the media and the number of groups is growing. Nurses are often
      urged to utilize social support groups as part of client care. These groups
      cannot be effectively used by nurses unless they are approached from the
      framework of the nursing process. This approach helps assure individualization of
      referrals and evaluation of the support group in relation to the client's needs.
      Based on the literature reviewed and the proposed nursing process framework, many
      research questions are identified.

PMID- 2283452
TI  - Crisis theory: a paradigm of effective intervention with families of critically
      ill people.
AB  - Admission to a critical care unit often causes a great deal of distress and
      anguish, not only for the patient but also his or her family. If one believes in
      the holistic approach to care, then it is essential that the critical care nurse
      is able to identify the specific needs of family members, and demonstrate
      appropriate intervention techniques with those in need of support. It is
      suggested that crisis theory can provide an effective tripartite framework on
      which to base such nursing care. Following a brief description of its development
      and basic principles, application of its approach will be demonstrated in
      relation to the specific needs and concerns which have been identified from
      responses of family members themselves. Suggestions are offered which may assist
      the nurse in further developing basic communication skills which can assist the
      intervention process at this difficult time. Awareness of such principles is of
      value to all workers in critical care areas.

PMID- 2283451
TI  - Jokes and reassurance are not enough: ways in which nurses relate through
      conversation with elderly clients.
AB  - An ethnographic study was conducted into the style of conversation registered
      nurses used with elderly residents during activities of morning care. Speech was
      analysed into basic components of speech act categories (e.g. explanation,
      instruction, reassurance). Patterns of speech style were seen to vary in relation
      to the physical procedure being carried out, and to function as an adjunct to the
      smooth execution of this physical activity. However, they were also seen to have
      an important psychological function reflecting a particular way of relating. Some
      morning-care activities--the journey--were associated with a more personally
      engaging social interaction which appeared to be mutually beneficial to nurse and
      resident. Other approaches to morning care--the dissection--appeared to constrain
      the way the nurse interacted, producing a more formal style of relating. Findings
      were discussed in terms of optimal use of physical activities of nursing care to
      achieve greatest benefit in relation to the psychological needs of the resident,
      as addressed through verbal interaction.

PMID- 2283453
TI  - Management strategies and patient needs: the provision of nursing care in the
      community.
AB  - Community nurse managers in 17 health districts in England were interviewed about
      their strategies for identifying and coping with unmet need for nursing care in
      the community, and their efforts to plan community nursing services and to meet
      changing levels of demand for care. The managers were found to have access to a
      wide range of information for planning services, but this information did not
      always seem to be used most effectively. The managers' efforts to identify unmet
      need were often piecemeal and unco-ordinated, and this may have been, in part,
      because managers were facing difficulties in meeting existing demands for
      services. As a result, several were beginning to set priorities for care. Faced
      by increasing demand and limited finance, it seems likely that managers will
      continue to do so, and will develop more stringent criteria for nursing care.

PMID- 2283454
TI  - Preparation for caesarean childbirth: derivation of a nursing intervention from
      the Roy Adaptation Model.
AB  - The paper describes a programme of research directed toward developing and
      testing a nursing intervention derived from the Roy Adaptation Model of Nursing
      and designed to prepare expectant parents for unplanned Caesarean birth. The
      first study was a retrospective survey of Caesarean-birth parents that revealed
      the need for detailed information about the events surrounding Caesarean birth.
      The second study was a clinical field test of the nursing intervention, which
      consisted of a pamphlet containing information about all aspects of Caesarean
      birth with follow-up discussion of pamphlet content. Data analysis indicated that
      Caesarean-birth parents found the pamphlet content informative and reassuring and
      found the follow-up beneficial. The third study was a clinical field test of a
      modified version of the intervention consisting of the pamphlet and focused
      discussion about Caesarean birth. Data analysis revealed that the nursing
      intervention provided the information expectant parents needed to prepare for the
      possibility of Caesarean childbirth. The fourth study is an ongoing experiment
      designed to test the effects of the nursing intervention on responses to
      unplanned Caesarean birth. Emphasis throughout the paper is placed on the links
      between the Roy Adaptation Model and the methodology and findings of each study.

PMID- 2283455
TI  - Health within the experience of breast cancer.
AB  - The purpose of this descriptive research was to explicate the concept of health
      within illness by describing women's experiences with breast cancer. The study is
      based on Newman's view of illness as expanding consciousness. Twenty women, ages
      38-60, with previously diagnosed (within 4-18 months) breast cancer, were asked
      to describe their experience with breast cancer through two open-ended
      interviews. Data collection and analyses were based on a qualitative research
      methodology which incorporates aspects of existential phenomenology and
      phenomenological nursology with a focus on person-environment interaction
      patterning. Through thematic analyses and patterning of the person-environment
      analyses based on the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association Taxonomy I
      dimensions, themes consistent with health as expanding consciousness emerged.

PMID- 2283456
TI  - An evaluation of two systems of in-patient care in a general hospital psychiatric
      unit. II: Measures of staff and patient performance.
AB  - This study reports on a comparison between a single ward and a two-ward system of
      acute in-patient care in a general hospital psychiatric unit. It looked at job
      satisfaction, levels of stress, absenteeism/sickness and work proficiency amongst
      the staff and also at patients' level of disturbed behaviour, length of stay and
      re-admission rates. It was found that a continuous-care ward was associated with
      a lower level of behavioural disturbance and was preferred by the majority of
      staff, with some increase in job satisfaction and a decrease in stress. The
      continuous-care ward was also associated with shorter admissions. However, those
      who progressed through a two-ward system were less likely to be re-admitted
      within 3 months. The implications of these results are discussed.

PMID- 2283457
TI  - Triage in accident and emergency departments.
AB  - This study was carried out to investigate the effect of triage on attenders'
      waiting times in an accident and emergency (A & E) department. The A & E
      department comprised three separate areas: the A & E unit, dressing clinic and
      review clinic. Data on all A & E attenders were collected by the nursing staff
      over a period of 1 week using a data collection form. The waiting times for the
      attenders to be seen by a doctor in 1988 were longer than in 1986. This may
      partly reflect the lower number of people using A & E in 1986, while the current
      practice of an initial triage assessment may slow the patients' access to a
      doctor. This latter finding is a cause for concern, since the receptionist is the
      main triage assessor at night. However, the time the attender spent waiting to be
      clinically assessed by a health care professional (nurse) was shorter in 1988
      than when performed by a health care professional (doctor) in 1986. This
      indicated that nurse triage enabled a shorter waiting time between arrival and
      assessment of the A & E unit attender.

PMID- 2283458
TI  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: a retrospective pain study.
AB  - While reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) research is lacking and the
      pathophysiology remains obscure, it is known that it affects all age groups with
      the common overriding complaint of severe, unrelenting, burning pain. It seems to
      be triggered by trauma (major or minor), including more central events such as
      myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident and tumours. Diagnostic
      characteristics of RSDS are: spontaneous burning pain, hyperalgesia, vasomotor
      disturbances, exacerbations by emotional upset, occurrence either spontaneously
      or after minor injury, occasional spontaneous resolution, extension to other body
      parts, and relief by sympathetic denervation. The problem may recur after earlier
      resolution. The problem for this author, and others, is the discrepancy between
      what appears in the literature and what is evidenced in clinical practice. What
      is being observed is a large number of individuals with RSDS who are not easily
      treated or cured. The problem for some clients becomes one of total body
      involvement, with severe incapacitation related to the constant and intense
      nature of the pain and the accompanying alterations in mobility. This author and
      two colleagues designed and conducted a study of clients registered with the RSDS
      Association to delineate the magnitude and long-term effects of RSDS in this
      sample.

PMID- 2283459
TI  - The primary-care nurse's dilemmas: a study of knowledge use and need during
      telephone consultations.
AB  - In Sweden (population 8 million) there are 20 million calls every year to
      receptionist nurses at health-care centres. The aim of this study was, first, to
      develop a general description of these telephone consultations in terms of the
      decision-making process and interpersonal communication. Second, the dilemmas
      that receptionist nurses encounter were to be recorded and analysed. A two-level
      video method was used. At the first level, a video recording of the consultation
      was used to draw a 'consultation map'. At the second level, the receptionist
      nurses reviewed and commented on the video-recording using a 'freeze frame'
      technique for stimulated recall and the comments were categorized. Analysis of
      the consultation maps showed that the receptionist nurses focused mainly on tasks
      related to medical diagnosis and management strategy, with less time spent on the
      patient's concerns, ideas and expectations. Analysis of the dilemmas showed that
      medical dilemmas were the most frequent, occurring in two consultations out of
      three. Dilemmas in the area of interpersonal communication frequently concerned
      distrust, either in what the patient presented, or in what the patient was said
      to have understood. The conclusions are that the receptionist nurses were
      oriented towards medical management, and that they employed an informing rather
      than counselling strategy. Measures must be considered to support the
      receptionist nurses in the medical decision-making process. Action research is
      suggested to apply these results in the development of the work-role of the
      receptionist nurse.

PMID- 2283460
TI  - A study of adipocyte precursor cells derived from brown adipose tissue: the
      expression of specific cell surface antigens during their differentiation in
      culture.
AB  - Using cell specific anti-adipocyte sera and an immuno-precipitation procedure,
      the nature of the cell surface antigens characterizing adipocytes from rat brown
      adipose tissue was investigated. Initially the ability of anti-sera, raised
      against adipose plasma membrane preparations of white or brown adipose tissue, to
      distinguish between membrane preparations derived from either tissue was
      confirmed. Analysis of the plasma membranes derived from brown adipose and
      similar preparations labelled with 125I revealed the presence of specific
      externally disposed mature brown adipocyte-specific antigens. The specifically
      immunoprecipated antigens had molecular weights of 70,000, 56,000 and 23,000.
      None of these antigens were cross immunoprecipated by antisera to mature white
      adipocyte membranes. The presence of the brown adipose specific antigens on the
      surface of differentiating adipocyte precursor cells derived from rat brown
      adipose tissue was demonstrated using a labelled-secon antibody cellular
      immunoassay. The expression of the immunoreactivity associated with these
      antigens was shown to be an early event in the differentiation programme of the
      cells in vitro. The functional identity and possible roles of these antigens in
      the control of brown adipocyte differentiation now becomes accessible to further
      experimental investigation.

PMID- 2283461
TI  - Influence of caffeine administered during pregnancy on the early differentiation
      of fetal rat ovaries and testes.
AB  - In this manuscript it is demonstrated that caffeine when administered to the rat
      (30 mg/kg per day) during pregnancy affected certain aspects of normal sexual
      differentiation of the fetal gonads. In the male fetus caffeine was shown to
      significantly inhibit differentiation of the interstitial tissue and Leydig
      cells. A significant decrease in the number of Leydig cells exhibiting 3 beta
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, and consequent reduction in testosterone
      biosynthesis in the fetal testes at day 15 and day 16 of gestation was found.
      While the beginnings of Leydig cell function was first seen in the afternoon of
      the 14th day of gestation in both the experimental and control groups, the
      adverse effects became marked by 15 days and extreme by 16 days. With the aid of
      the scanning electron microscope it was observed that caffeine also had an effect
      on the earlier morphogenic organisation of the seminiferous cords at 13 days of
      gestation where the aggregation of the Sertoli cells forming the seminiferous
      cords, was marginally advanced in the control group. However the treated group
      had caught up by 14 days of gestation. In the female fetus scanning electron
      microscope studies revealed that in the control and caffeine treated groups the
      early phase of ovarian differentiation and the later 20 day ovaries were similar
      in morphology, tissue arrangement and overall appearance. It was also seen that
      chronic caffeine exposure did not affect the rate of early mitotic proliferation
      of germ cells, nor later in development the numbers entering meiosis. At 20 days
      of gestation the numbers and proportion of meiotic to atretic oocytes were
      comparable in the control and treated groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283462
TI  - Role of corticosterone on the development of passive electrical properties of
      cultured chick embryo neurons.
AB  - We worked with neuronal cells of chick embryo cultures. The cells were obtained
      from 7 days-old embryos and cultured for 12 days. The experimental group was
      submitted to a single dose of corticosterone during the first 48 hours of
      culture. We measured the membrane resting potential at different external
      potassium concentrations, as well as the passive electrical properties of the
      membrane, resistance, time constant and capacitance. We found that the control
      cells develop progressively their potassium permeability and the electrical
      properties of the membrane until reaching values in this parameters that were
      similar to those found in adult cells. Corticosterone application induced a
      significant enhancement in these parameters in 3 and 6 days-old cultures as
      compared with the control cultures. These results suggest that glucocorticoids
      accelerate the differentiation process of the neurons in culture when applied at
      very early stages of development. We discuss the possible mechanisms involved in
      this action.

PMID- 2283464
TI  - Regional blood flow distribution in fetal sheep with intrauterine growth
      retardation produced by decreased umbilical placental perfusion.
AB  - To determine the capacity of the fetus to adapt to chronic O2 deficiency produced
      by decreased placental perfusion in the early development of growth retardation,
      we embolized the umbilical placental vascular bed of fetal sheep for a period of
      9 days. Fetal umbilical placental embolization decreased arterial O2 content by
      39%, decreased total placental blood flow by 33%, and produced a 20% reduction in
      mean fetal body weight. Neither the combined ventricular output nor the regional
      blood flow distribution was significantly different between the 8 growth-retarded
      and 7 normally grown fetuses despite the 39% decrease in fetal arterial O2
      content. Thus a 33% reduction in total placental blood flow restricts normal
      fetal growth, but does not exceed the placental circulatory reserve capacity
      necessary to maintain normal basal metabolic oxygenation. Because the proportion
      of combined ventricular output to the placenta at rest is decreased in late IUGR
      fetuses but not in early IUGR fetuses, despite chronic oxygen deficiency, we
      conclude that the growth retarded fetus maintains a normal regional blood flow
      distribution until the placental circulatory reserve capacity is depleted.

PMID- 2283463
TI  - Relationship between plasma catecholamine levels and electrocortical state in the
      mature fetal lamb.
AB  - In late pregnancy the electrocortical activity (ECoG) in the ovine fetus starts
      to cycle between high and low voltage states. During the high voltage states of
      this activity fetal regional blood flows are decreased, and heart rate and fetal
      arterial blood pressure are both increased. Jensen et al. (1986) have postulated
      that these changes may be mediated by changes in autonomic tone. To test this
      hypothesis we placed catheters in 6 near-term sheep fetuses (gestational age =
      128 days) and implanted electrodes to measure electrocortical activity. Five days
      after the surgery, fetal arterial blood was withdrawn during the first 3-5 min of
      each high and low voltage ECoG for 5 full cycles in each fetus. Plasma samples
      were analyzed for epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Dopamine levels were
      not different in high and low voltage electrocortical state. In the high voltage
      ECoG state, epinephrine levels were 75 +/- 7 pg/ml and fell to 34 +/- 4 pg/ml
      during low voltage ECoG (P less than 0.01). During the high voltage state plasma
      norepinephrine was 623 +/- 85 pg/ml and fell during the low voltage period to 462
      +/- 99 pg/ml (P less than 0.01). These data demonstrate that in the near-term
      sheep fetus plasma catecholamine levels fluctuate with ECoG state.

PMID- 2283465
TI  - Influence of alpha-chloralose on reflex control of the cardiovascular system in
      lambs.
AB  - Alpha-chloralose is an anesthetic agent sometimes used for experiments in fetal
      and neonatal cardiovascular physiology. However, its effect on baseline
      cardiovascular variables and reflex control of the circulatory system has not
      been determined in young animals. We, therefore, investigated the effect of
      chloralose on blood pressure, heart rate and baroreflex activity in 12 lambs.
      Each lamb was anesthetized and a single-lumen catheter was placed in the inferior
      vena cava and a double-lumen balloon-tipped catheter was placed in the descending
      aorta. Following recovery from surgery for at least 48 h, blood pressure and
      heart rate were measured during quiet wakefulness and 30 min following the
      administration of polyethylene glycol-400 or alpha-chloralose (30, 60 or 90 mg/kg
      of body weight). Baroreflex activity was assessed by reflex slowing of the heart
      during an acute increase in blood pressure, produced by inflating the balloon in
      the descending aorta. Administration of polyethylene glycol-400 alone did not
      significantly affect blood pressure, heart rate or baroreflex activity. However,
      alpha-chloralose significantly decreased baroreflex activity in all the doses
      tested, compared to control responses obtained following the administration of
      polyethylene glycol-400 alone. Baseline blood pressure and heart rate were
      increased by 30 and 60 mg/kg of alpha-chloralose, whereas, 90 mg/kg decreased the
      blood pressure and did not change heart rate. We conclude that alpha-chloralose
      significantly alters baseline cardiovascular variables as well as reflex
      circulatory control in lambs. These effects should be taken into consideration
      when evaluating studies done during alpha-chloralose anesthesia.

PMID- 2283467
TI  - Observations on the morphology of Toxocara pteropodis eggs.
AB  - Fertile eggs of Toxocara pteropodis, passed in the faeces of juvenile flying
      foxes, were ovoid to spheroid in shape with a diameter range of 80-110 microns.
      The shell was often seen to comprise 4 layers: a fine inner lipid layer, a
      thicker clear chitinous layer, an equally thick outer vitelline layer and a
      pitted outermost, proteinaceous uterine layer of variable thickness. Infertile
      eggs were less uniform in shape and generally did not have well-defined shell
      layers, the formation of which is triggered by sperm penetration of the oocyte.
      The eggs of this species are bulkier than those of related ascaridoids,
      apparently because of a thicker external coat which, while not providing
      mechanical strength, is thought to protect against desiccation. Scanning electron
      microscopical findings suggest that the outer layer is not applied directly by
      uterine cells, but forms by the gradual deposition of secretions in the uterine
      lumen, regardless of whether the oocyte has been fertilized.

PMID- 2283466
TI  - Umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms and placental vascular resistance during
      maternal placental outflow obstruction in sheep.
AB  - This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the pulsatility index (PI) of
      the umbilical artery flow velocity waveform varies as a function of placental
      vascular resistance. Placental vascular resistance was raised by a one-minute
      occlusion of the maternal inferior vena cava. Occlusion of the maternal inferior
      vena cava resulted in a decrease in fetal heart rate from 183 +/- 7.8 beats/min
      to 142 +/- 8.6 beats/min at the end of occlusion (P less than 0.05). Placental
      vascular resistance increased from 0.113 +/- 0.021 mmHg.ml-1.min during control
      to 0.151 +/- 0.033 mmHg.ml-1.min (P less than 0.05) during occlusion. The
      pulsatility index increased from 1.05 +/- 0.05 to 1.85 +/- 0.4 (P less than 0.05)
      during occlusion. After parasympathetic blockade with atropine fetal heart rate
      did not change during occlusion. Placental vascular resistance increased from
      0.091 +/- 0.014 before to 0.121 +/- 0.021 mmHg.ml-1.min during occlusion (P less
      than 0.05). The pulsatility index increased from 0.98 +/- 0.1 before to 1.12 +/-
      0.12 during occlusion (P less than 0.05). These results support the hypothesis
      that, in the fetal sheep, placental vascular resistance is one of the
      determinants of the pulsatility index of the umbilical artery.

PMID- 2283468
TI  - Evaluation of chemotherapy in experimental toxocarosis by determination of
      specific immune complexes.
AB  - Parasitism by the larval phase of Toxocara canis is a chronic process in which
      the larvae survive in the tissues, resulting in the constant stimulation of the
      immune system. As a result, the detection of specific antibodies may not reflect
      the active state of the parasite. We have studied the dynamics of the production
      of specific immune complexes by ELISA with the monoclonal antibody TC-1 in
      rabbits inoculated with single and multiple doses of T. canis eggs. We also
      compared this with the production of specific antibodies and their possible
      modification after treatment with mebendazole. The specific antibodies against
      excretory-secretory antigen were detected with peaks at 10 and 12 weeks depending
      on the dose and remained positive during the entire experiment (62 weeks).
      Treatment caused an increase in the level of detectable antibodies dropping to
      similar levels to the controls. Specific immune complexes were detected only in
      multiple doses, and were then positive during the entire experiment. From the
      beginning of treatment the values of immune complexes fell quickly, remaining at
      undetectable levels during the rest of the experiment. For this reason the
      detection of specific immune complexes is a valid technique for monitoring the
      efficiency of treatment.

PMID- 2283469
TI  - Apparent absence of genetic differences among species of Teladorsagia (Nematoda:
      Trichostrongylidae).
AB  - The technique of allozyme electrophoresis was applied to three species of
      Teladorsagia present in sheep to determine the extent of genetic variation among
      species. Thirty-four enzyme loci were established of which 22 were invariant and
      12 were shown to be polymorphic. No fixed allelic differences were detected among
      the species and the level of polymorphism was within the range found commonly
      between populations of a single species. Therefore, the genetic data support
      breeding data and existing morphological evidence that T. circumcincta, T.
      davtiani and T. trifurcata as currently recognized do in fact belong to a single
      species.

PMID- 2283470
TI  - Possible direct effect of diethylcarbamazine on the infective larvae of Brugia
      pahangi.
AB  - The direct action of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) on the infective larvae of Brugia
      pahangi was studied. The larvae were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with
      foetal bovine serum and antibiotics for 22 days. Most of the larvae remained
      alive for 8 days, but survival rate of larvae decreased rapidly from day 10
      onwards. The larvae did not grow in the culture system. The addition of DEC did
      not affect the morbidity of the larvae and no difference was observed in the
      morphological characteristics between the larvae cultured in the presence or
      absence of DEC. The infective larvae were cultured in vitro for 5 days in the
      presence or absence of DEC, and inoculated into jirds. The animals were
      necropsied at intervals, and developing larvae and adult worms were recovered.
      When the larvae were cultured without DEC and then inoculated subcutaneously into
      jirds, 29.8% of the inoculum was recovered 3-15 days, and 25% 19-22 weeks, post
      inoculation. However, when the larvae were exposed to DEC in vitro and inoculated
      into jirds, the rate of recovery was reduced to 25% 3-15 days post-inoculation
      and 2% after 19-22 weeks. When the control larvae cultured in vitro were
      inoculated intraperitoneally into jirds, 41.3% of inoculum was recovered 3-15
      days, and 42.8% 19-22 weeks, post-inoculation. Again the corresponding value for
      larvae exposed to DEC in vitro was reduced to 19.8% 3-15 days, and 8% 19-22
      weeks, post-inoculation. It was observed that the larvae exposed to DEC in vitro
      were retarded in their development in jirds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283471
TI  - Analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of Strongyloides ratti in
      relation to development.
AB  - The effect of linolenic acid (C18:3 omega 3) on the development of Strongyloides
      ratti first-stage larvae (L1) in culture was studied. The fatty acid composition
      of S. ratti free-living generations was analyzed by gas chromatography. L1 had
      abundant linoleic acid (C18:2 omega 6) but its proportion decreased with
      development. On the contrary, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 omega 3) and C20:4
      omega 3 were prominent in the filariform larva (L3). Because C20:5 omega 3 is
      generally synthesized from C18:3 omega 3 via C20:4 omega 3, the high ratio of
      C20:5 omega 3/C18:3 omega 3 of L3 in all the free-living generations suggested
      that polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism, particularly the omega-3 series, and
      eicosanoids produced had important roles in the development of S. ratti L1.

PMID- 2283472
TI  - Immunoblot analysis of serum IgG, IgA and IgE responses against larval excretory
      secretory antigens of Anisakis simplex in patients with gastric anisakiasis.
AB  - To increase our understanding of the immune response to Anisakis infection,
      antigen specific IgG, IgA and IgE responses were identified using an immunoblot
      technique after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of excretory-secretory
      products from the larval stage of Anisakis simplex. Nine sera were drawn from
      proven cases of gastric anisakiasis within 3 days after symptoms had developed.
      The molecular weight of the major antigenic bands were distributed between 50 kDa
      and 120 kDa of the antigens. In nine cases of gastric anisakiasis, three of them
      were positive for IgG response, five for IgE, and six for IgA, respectively. None
      of control sera recognized the antigenic bands in IgA and IgE responses. In
      contrast, two controls had IgG antibodies against 1-2 proteins in the 65-95 kDa
      region. The antigenicity of the excretory-secretory products was lost following
      treatment by 0.2% trypsin, but not by 0.2 M periodic acid. Based on the results
      of reactivity to lectins, antigenic bands of the ES products possessed mucin type
      glycoconjugate residues in their protein portion. This indicates that the humoral
      responses of IgA and IgE antibodies to the larval ES antigens are a more reliable
      index of infection than that of the IgG response.

PMID- 2283474
TI  - Variation in the morphology of the dorsal and dorso-lateral tegument of male
      Schistosoma haematobium from southern Africa.
AB  - The teguments of Schistosoma haematobium males from three localities in the
      Eastern Transvaal and one in the eastern Caprivi were studied by means of
      scanning electron microscopy. Eastern Transvaal S. haematobium, which occurs
      sympatrically with S. mattheei, a bovine schistosome also infecting man and which
      hybridizes with S. haematobium, exhibited certain S. mattheei characteristics.
      The occurrence of these characteristics were neither related to the prevalence of
      human S. mattheei infections nor could they be attributed exclusively to
      phenotypic plasticity. The variation therefore may be geographical and possibly
      related to the phylogeny of the two species.

PMID- 2283473
TI  - Prevalence of Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata and C. oncophora infections in
      dairy calves in Brazil.
AB  - Cooperia is the most prevalent helminth parasitizing calves in Brazil. Three
      species of this genus occur most often: C. punctata, C. pectinata and C.
      oncophora. Six calves from dairy farms in the south of the State of Minas Gerais
      aged six to 15 months were killed and necropsied each month over a period of two
      years. The Cooperia species were identified, counted, and the numbers related to
      the calves' age. The worm burdens due to the three species of Cooperia were
      statistically different. C. punctata was the most prevalent species and had a
      positive correlation with the age of the calves; C. pectinata appeared with lower
      intensity but was always present, and C. oncophora was not found in calves older
      than 11 months. These results show the existence of different degrees of
      resistance to Cooperia species among calves as the three species did not behave
      similarly. It seems to be an acquired resistance. C. punctata appears to be less
      immunogenic than C. pectinata and C. oncophora. As C. punctata and C. pectinata
      are more pathogenic than C. oncophora, it seems that this pathogenicity can be
      related to immunogenic aspects associated with the species.

PMID- 2283475
TI  - The rate of development and longevity of the monogenean skin parasite Entobdella
      soleae.
AB  - Using soles (Solea solea) infected experimentally with oncomiracidia of the
      monogenean skin parasite Entobdella soleae, it was found that the parasite begins
      to assemble eggs at about 85 days post infection and may survive for as long as 6
      1/2 months at 12 +/- 1 degrees C. Growth of the anterior hamuli continues
      throughout life but the growth rate decreases with time. The oldest (largest)
      parasites recovered from laboratory soles were similar in size to the largest
      parasites collected in the wild.

PMID- 2283476
TI  - An experimental in vitro model for evaluating drugs against protoscoleces of
      Echinococcus granulosus.
AB  - Pharmacological studies carried out on protoscoleces in vitro to standardize
      conditions that would permit a preliminary estimate of the efficacy of drugs with
      potential activity against Echinococcus granulosus are reported. Media such as
      PBS and Hanks solution, maintenance temperature, different pH values and
      concentrations of various solvents have been tested to check the effects on
      protoscolex survival in tubes in vitro. Mebendazole has been used as the
      pharmacological standard reference. Changes in the viability of protoscoleces
      have been used to demonstrate pharmacological activity. Best conditions were
      obtained employing Hanks solution and propylene glycol at low concentrations.
      Mebendazole was not completely effective at the concentrations achievable in
      human therapy. Linear, reproducible results demonstrated that Hanks solution
      provides an ideal medium for pharmacological studies. Among tested solvents,
      propylene glycol and dimethyl sulphoxide showed no lethal activity at low
      concentrations. At concentrations similar to those normally obtained in human
      sera, mebendazole, as in vivo, demonstrated only partial lethality for
      protoscoleces. The present study represents a new experimental approach to
      chemotherapy of hydatid disease.

PMID- 2283477
TI  - An international proficiency study with the tumor marker CA 125.
AB  - A strict and adequate quality assurance program is the only real guarantee of the
      reliability of laboratory test results. Such proficiency testing was carried out
      for the CA 125 test system in five university laboratories over a period of three
      years (1984-1987) using five different reference materials (BIOREF, FRG). A
      concentration-dependent performance profile could thus be established evaluating
      a total of 301 assays. Intra-assay precision of the test ranged between 4.8 and
      11.5%, and interassay precision between 13.6 and 19.1%. Laboratory specific
      average values of the individual reference materials ranged between 26 and 32
      U/ml for reference 1, 51 and 59 U/ml for reference 2, 109 and 121 U/ml and 193 to
      240 U/ml for references 3 and 4, respectively. Mean values for reference 5 ranged
      between 401 and 458 U/ml. There was no significant difference between mean values
      for the laboratories. Considerable batch-dependent variations of values became
      evident during the study but these were not indicated by the kit control supplied
      by the manufacturer. During the whole investigation period no systematic drift in
      values could be observed using trend analysis, indicating excellent stability of
      the reference material if stored frozen (-20 degrees C).

PMID- 2283478
TI  - Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in serum: potential use in
      assessing bone resorption in patients with multiple myeloma.
AB  - We measured serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in 120
      healthy subjects and 35 patients with multiple myeloma as well as urinary
      hydroxyproline excretion in the myeloma patients. Young subjects (0-18 years)
      showed higher TRAP levels (ANOVA p less than 0.01) compared with the other age
      classes due to the more active bone remodelling processes associated with growth.
      Myeloma patients with bone lytic lesions (MM+) showed higher serum TRAP values
      than controls (p less than 0.01). Hydroxyproline excretion was higher in MM+
      patients but the difference between patients with and without bone lesions was
      not statistically significant. Our data suggest that serum TRAP activity may be a
      suitable, simple biochemical test to assess bone turnover in patients with
      multiple myeloma but that its clinical usefulness as a marker of bone resorption
      needs further evaluation.

PMID- 2283479
TI  - Comparison between CEA, TPA, CA 15/3 and hydroxyproline, alkaline phosphatase,
      whole body retention of 99mTc MDP in the follow-up of bone metastases in breast
      cancer.
AB  - The development of bone metastases in cancer can be monitored easily using three
      markers: 24 h urinary hydroxyproline excretion (HOP) (an index of osteoclastic
      activity), serum alkaline phosphatase (Alk.Ph.) (an index of osteoblastic
      activity) and 24 h whole body retention of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (WBR%)
      (an index of bone turnover). To evaluate the effectiveness of this group of bone
      tumor markers in breast cancer we compared it with the following group of three
      markers which are commonly used in the monitoring of breast cancer and in the
      follow-up of advanced disease with or without bone metastases: carcinoembryonic
      antigen (CEA), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and breast carcinoma antigen (CA
      15/3). In 48 patients with bone metastases CEA, TPA and CA 15/3 were shown to be
      sensitive (79%, 85%, 90% respectively), while HOP, Alk.Ph. and WBR%, which are
      commonly accepted as reliable markers of bone activity, showed a lower
      sensitivity (67%, 46%, 75% respectively). These results may be explained by the
      lack of osteoclastic or osteoblastic (or both) activity at the time of diagnosis.
      This explanation is supported by the fact that the bone markers HOP, Alk.Ph. and
      WBR% were found to be more sensitive than the others in the subsequent follow-up
      study. We conclude that in our study, CEA, TPA and CA 15/3 are at first more
      sensitive than Alk.Ph., HOP and WBR% but during the follow-up Alk.Ph., HOP and
      WBR% are possibly both more specific and more sensitive.

PMID- 2283480
TI  - CA 15-3 in human breast cancer. Comparison with tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA)
      and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).
AB  - CEA, TPA, CA 15-3 were assayed in 238 patients in follow-up for breast cancer
      after surgery. CA 15-3 showed the best sensitivity and specificity; the
      predictive value of a positive CA 15-3 test was three times higher than CEA and
      TPA. No association was found between marker positivity and the number of organs
      involved by metastases. CA 15-3 positivity was significantly associated with
      visceral rather than soft tissue recurrences; no significant similar association
      was observed for CEA and TPA. CA 15-3 serum levels were early predictors of
      relapse in four out of nine patients within a 6-12 month follow-up period.

PMID- 2283481
TI  - Significance of CA 72.4 serum levels in gastrointestinal diseases.
AB  - In order to evaluate the usefulness of Ca 72.4 tumor associated antigen assay in
      gastrointestinal diseases, we have studied 751 patients suffering from benign
      (376) and neoplastic (375) digestive diseases and 305 normal controls. The cut
      off point was fixed at 6 U/ml. The Ca 72.4 assay, with the proposed method,
      provides additional information only in gastric cancers; the positivity of the
      marker in gastric neoplasms is 38.4% and the specificity vs gastric ulcers and
      atrophic gastritis is 99%. In six patients with gastric cancer, the Ca 72.4 is
      the only positive test. The most striking observation to be made from the current
      study is a no good sensitivity of the marker for gastrointestinal cancers (29.6%
      vs 35.7 and 37.6% for CEA and Ca 19-9 respectively), but rather the excellent
      specificity of the Ca 72.4 immunoassay with respect to being gastrointestinal
      diseases (98.7%), vs values of specificity for CEA and Ca 19-9 of 94 and 92%. In
      conclusion, the high specificity of this marker for gastrointestinal neoplasms
      may be very interesting in follow-up studies. In fact, an elevation of serum
      levels of Ca 72.4 should always be taken seriously.

PMID- 2283482
TI  - PNA: a marker of neoplastic progression and differentiation in the gastro
      intestinal tract.
AB  - We examined 35 cases of stomach carcinoma and 40 cases of colonic carcinoma with
      PNA associated with peroxidase (peanut agglutinin, lectin which binds to the
      terminal disaccharide galactose beta (1,3)-N-acetil-galacto-samine). In this way
      evaluation of the functional aspects of the normal-neoplastic sequence was
      undertaken. This method was carried out for histological and ultrastructural
      investigations. The results obtained in both cases showed a different reactivity
      in the evolution of neoplastic disease: in fact, positivity in dysplasia is
      finely granular intracytoplasmic, whereas in well-differentiated neoplastic
      transformation such a reactivity is preferentially localized along the cellular
      membranes, with restoration of gross positivity in the cytoplasm for the poorly
      differentiated neoplasm. We therefore believe PNA to be a marker not only of
      neoplastic progression but of differentiation as well: we also hypothesize it to
      reveal glycoprotein groups with possible antigenic power, involved in immunologic
      interactions between tumor and host.

PMID- 2283483
TI  - Radiolabelled stripped mucin, SM3, monoclonal antibody for immunoscintigraphy of
      ovarian tumours.
AB  - A new monoclonal antibody, SM3, against stripped mucin core protein has been
      evaluated for the radioimmunoscintigraphy of ovarian cancer. It was radiolabelled
      with In-111, I-123 and Tc-99m and results showed a sensitivity of 95%, 100% and
      100% and an accuracy of 73%, 86% and 100% for malignancy; respectively.

PMID- 2283485
TI  - A comparative study of various tumor markers in cancer of the gastrointestinal
      system.

PMID- 2283486
TI  - Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: experience of 500 patients.
AB  - The experience of 500 transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonographies at Siriraj Hospital
      between April 1988- June 1989 were reported. The indications for TCD study were
      hemiplegia 156 (31.20%), vertigo 119 (23.80%), transient ischemic attack (TIA) 26
      (5.20%), hemihypalgesia 14 (2.80%), dysarthria-dysphagia syndrome 13(2.60%),
      visual problem 13(2.60%), syncope 10(2.00%), memory loss 8(1.60%), aphasia
      6(1.20%), carotid bruit 6(1.20%), miscellaneous (artereovenous malformation,
      aneurysm, arteritis, carotico-cavernous fistula, tinnitus, etc) 25(5.00%), and
      healthy subjects 92(18.4%). Abnormal TCD studies were found in various conditions
      of different percentages, i.e. 91.03 per cent in hemiplegia, 76.47 per cent in
      vertigo, 65.38 per cent in TIA, 71.43 per cent in hemihypalgesia, 61.54 per cent
      in dysarthria - dysphagia syndrome, 38.46 per cent in visual problem and 30.43
      per cent in normal subject. TCD is noninvasive, safe and painless. It is a useful
      screening test for prophylaxis of cerebrovascular disease in the elderly.

PMID- 2283484
TI  - CA 549 and SP2: new tumor markers in breast cancer.

PMID- 2283487
TI  - Introducing the use of a simple nerve stimulator and locator for intraoperative
      use.
AB  - We found that this simple nerve stimulator which gave a direct current of 4.8
      volts, 0.1 to 1.5 mA and 2.0 mA pulse of 60 cycles/min using 9 volts dry cells
      was useful for peripheral nerve surgery. It is cheap and easy to maintain.
      Surgeons who are interested in this simple nerve stimulator can adopt this idea
      themselves or can contact the authors.

PMID- 2283488
TI  - Comparison among 3 techniques of spinal and epidural anesthesia for caesarean
      section.
AB  - When comparing spinal block and epidural block groups, spinal block is simpler,
      easier and more reliable and it is useful for urgent Caesarean sections because
      of its rapid onset. In the spinal group, 0.4 per cent heavy bupivacaine is more
      reliable than 0.5 per cent plain bupivacaine. Spinal lidocaine can also be used
      for Caesarean section requiring an operation time of not more than 1 hour. If the
      operation time is expected to be more than an hour, spinal block with 0.4 per
      cent heavy is preferred. In epidural block with 2 per cent lidocaine (20 ml) time
      to get to T4 was more than 20 minutes after block and failure rate was higher. It
      should then be used in elective cases and by an experienced anesthesiologist.

PMID- 2283489
TI  - Pap smear examinations in women post-treated for genital organ diseases by
      operation and radiation.
AB  - A total of 846 Pap smears in women post-treated for genital organ diseases by
      operation and radiation (1.7% of all those made) at the Cytological Unit,
      Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital
      between April 4, 1983 and July 4, 1984, were examined. The women were aged 21-75
      years (mean age 43.1 +/- 9.7 years). Sixty-seven point two per cent of the women
      had Wertheim operations and 30.1 per cent total abdominal hysterectomies, due to
      invasive carcinoma (68.1% of cases) and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix
      (15.2%). Cytological findings revealed 72.8 per cent normal smears, 26.0 per cent
      infections (17.7% with mixed bacteria), one case of carcinoma in situ and one
      case of postirradiation dysplasia (both cases were post Wertheim operation).
      Hormonal conditions were 53.2 per cent in early menopause, 11.7 per cent in
      crowded menopause, 11.9 per cent in late menopause and 23.2 per cent had no
      hormonal evaluation. Pap smears of women post-treated for genital organ diseases
      by operation and radiation were examined for consideration of treatment of
      choice.

PMID- 2283490
TI  - Clinical study of culture-proven cases of non-gonococcal arthritis.
AB  - Between 1976 and 1988, 101 cases of culture-proven non-gonococcal arthritis seen
      at the Medical Service of Chulalongkorn Hospital were studied. Seventy-three
      cases (72.3% of the total) were diagnosed by positive synovial fluid culture; the
      remainder (27.7%), by positive hemoculture only. Males (55.4%) were more commonly
      affected than females (44.6%). In patients with Gram-positive coccal infection,
      age distribution was equal; however, in cases of Gram-negative bacillary
      infection younger patients were more frequently affected. Gram-positive cocci
      (85.1%), particularly Staphylococcus aureus (47.5%), was the most common
      infective agent, followed in frequency by beta hemolytic streptococcal infection
      (28.7%) and Gram-negative bacillary infection (13.9%). Among the former
      (serologically grouped), group A streptococci (7.9%) comprised the most common
      agent followed by group G (4.9%), B (2.0%) and F (2.0%). There was no difference
      in the incidence of causative micro-organisms between the 70 cases seen during
      the period 1976 to 1985 and the 31 cases seen from 1986 to 1988. Although
      Enterbacter (4.9%) was the most common causes of Gram-negative bacillary
      infection, Pseudomonas pseudomalei, Samonella A and Samonella B were the only
      infective agents found during the period 1986 to 1988. Acute onset of disease
      (93.1%) and monoarticular arthritis (73.3%) were the main manifestations. The
      most commonly affected joints were the knee (52.5%), ankle (16.8%), elbow
      (10.9%), wrist (9.9%), hip (8.9%) and shoulder (7.9%). Fever and leukocytosis
      were commonly observed with positive hemoculture (56.4%). The presence of foci of
      infection was evident in 50.5 per cent of patients. The skin was the main source
      of Gram-positive cocci; the urinary tract, for Gram-negative bacilli.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283491
TI  - Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and delta-amino levulinic acid as an index
      of asymptomatic industrial lead workers.

PMID- 2283492
TI  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy in the treatment of acute gallstone pancreatitis.
AB  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy and removal of common bile duct stones were performed
      in 17 patients with acute gallstone pancreatitis. The procedure was successful in
      16 patients (94.1%). The overall complications were 17.7 per cent (3 patients)
      without serious conditions. EST in acute gallstone pancreatitis is a safe and
      important procedure in the management of acute gallstone pancreatitis. This
      symptoms, and normalization of the laboratory technique can provide effective
      drainage, relief of findings in acute gallstone pancreatitis.

PMID- 2283493
TI  - Low specific gravity urine with crystalluria as discriminant index for
      nephrolithiasis.
AB  - A community-based study for crystalluria in morning urine (MU) specimens was
      carried out under light microscopy. The MU specimens were collected from 29 males
      with renal stones (GI), 36 age-and sex-matched normal controls (GII) and 27
      household members of GI who did not have stones (GIII). The findings can be
      summarized as follows. 1. In the groups as a whole, almost all crystal and
      crystal aggregate found was oxalate type and with highest prevalence in GI. 2. In
      urine with low specific gravity (SG) i.e. less than or equal to 0.010, prevalence
      of oxalate crystals in GI (57.7%) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05)
      than in both GII (5.9%) and GIII (13%). Furthermore, at this range of SG, 15 per
      cent of the MU specimens in GI showed aggregation of oxalate crystals, whereas,
      the condition was neither found in GII nor GIII. 3. Our data suggest urine
      supersaturation with respect to calcium oxalate was found in both renal stone
      patients and normal subjects but more frequently in the former and also suggests
      more deficiency or lack of inhibitors for oxalate crystal nucleation and
      aggregation in urine of renal stone patients. The occurrence of oxalate crystals
      and crystal aggregates in urine of low SG may be useful as an index to
      discriminate stone patients from normal subjects or as an index to indicate the
      high risk group in the community.

PMID- 2283494
TI  - Niemann-Pick disease: a case report.
AB  - The second case of infantile Niemann-Pick disease was reported in a Thai newborn
      baby who presented with respiratory distress and hepatosplenomegaly from birth
      and who succumbed from bronchopneumonia 20 days later. Autopsy examination showed
      generalized accumulation of foam cells in reticuloendothelial organs. The
      parenchymal cells of visceral organs as well as neurones in the central nervous
      system also showed cytoplasmic vacuolization. Electron microscopic study
      demonstrated characteristic intracytoplasmic electron-lucent membrane-bound
      bodies. The histologic and ultrastructural findings were similar to those
      described in the literature.

PMID- 2283495
TI  - Fatal varicella in a healthy girl.
AB  - A fatal case of chickenpox in a healthy 6-year-old girl is reported. She
      presented with hemorrhagic bullae from thrombocytopenia and then progressed
      rapidly to disseminated infection involving many systems causing myocarditis,
      pneumonitis and hepatitis. A peculiar blood picture with marked leukocytosis
      (leukemoid reaction) is revised and discussed.

PMID- 2283496
TI  - Accumulation of pollutants in the genital tract of sterility patients.
AB  - In order to assess the burden of environmental pollutants in the genital tract,
      12 different chlorinated hydrocarbons were determined in 152 samples of
      follicular, seminal and cervical fluids from sterility patients in the in vitro
      fertilization programme at the Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the
      University of Bonn. The lowest concentrations were found in the follicular fluids
      of patients who eventually became pregnant by in vitro fertilization. Higher
      concentrations were found in patients with sterility of unknown origin.
      Concentrations in the cervical secretion were up to twenty times higher than
      those in the seminal or follicular fluids. The results show that considerable
      concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons may be present in parts of the
      reproductive system, and that these compounds accumulate in the reception zone
      for spermatozoa. Certain pollutants therefore probably contribute to infertility.

PMID- 2283498
TI  - Proposal for standard methods for the determination of enzyme catalytic
      concentrations in serum and plasma at 37 degrees C.

PMID- 2283497
TI  - Improvement of glucose preservation in blood samples.
AB  - Preservation of blood glucose is better with added D-mannose than with added
      sodium fluoride. Nearly complete preservation can be achieved by the use of both
      D-mannose and sodium fluoride.

PMID- 2283499
TI  - Evaluation of the stability of biochemical phenotypes of Escherichia coli upon
      subculturing and storage.
AB  - Stability of the biotypic characters of 72 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
      (EPEC) and 21 faecal E. coli strains was evaluated after storage and after
      subculturing using a computerized biochemical fingerprinting method. Sixteen
      (22%) EPEC strains and nine (43%) faecal strains exhibited changes in their
      biochemical reactions after subculturing. In contrast, strains stored at -70
      degrees C and 4 degrees C did not show any measurable changes. Of 23 biochemical
      markers tested, eight were subject to changes in at least one of these strains.
      Changes in lactulose fermentation was most frequent, occurring in 17 (18%)
      strains. A decrease or loss of activity in the fermentation of 5-ketogluconate,
      arbutin and methyl beta-D-glucoside in six strains (6%), and an increase in the
      ability to ferment sucrose, raffinose, melibiose and D-arabinose in 20 strains
      (22%) were observed. Mean similarity of the strains, when compared pairwise
      before and after subculturing, was slightly affected by these changes, but the
      overall biochemical phenotypes of the strains remained constant.

PMID- 2283501
TI  - Investigation of the het genes that control heterokaryon incompatibility between
      members of heterokaryon-compatibility (h-c) groups A and G1 of Aspergillus
      nidulans.
AB  - A chromosome assay method was used to determine the heterokaryon compatibility
      relationships between strains belonging to heterokaryon-compatibility (h-c)
      groups A and G1 of Aspergillus nidulans. A hybrid strain (RD15) was isolated
      following protoplast fusion of strains 65-5 (h-cA) and 7-141 (h-cG1). The
      morphology of RD15 was severely abnormal compared to diploid strains of A.
      nidulans produced from heterokaryon-compatible haploid parents. Inocula of RD15
      were induced to haploidize on medium containing Benlate and a parasexual progeny
      sample of 291 haploid segregants was obtained. The progeny strains were genotyped
      for standard markers. Allelic ratios and pairwise marker segregations were
      determined. Pairs of progeny strains that carried different alleles for the
      standard markers on each linkage group in turn were tested for compatibility.
      Strain pairs that possessed different alleles for the markers on linkage groups
      II, III, V, VI and VII were incompatible indicating the presence of heterokaryon
      incompatible (het) genes on these linkage groups. Backcrosses to an h-cGl strain
      showed that two het genes were located on linkage group III and confirmed a total
      of six het gene differences between the h-cA and h-cGl strains.

PMID- 2283500
TI  - Small subunit ribosomal RNA evolution in the genus Acanthamoeba.
AB  - Reverse transcription of small subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) was used to
      determine the partial nucleotide sequences of the srRNA of seven isolates of
      Acanthamoeba. These seven sequences and the sequence of the corresponding region
      in an A. castellanii previously totally sequenced were compared in order to
      investigate evolution of the srRNA gene in Acanthamoeba. The results of the
      comparisons were consistent with the hypotheses that the genus is monophyletic,
      that the Pussard and Pons grouping system is valid, that the Acanthamoeba
      expansion segments in the srRNA gene evolve at a much faster rate than the rest
      of the gene, and that the extent of nucleotide sequence divergence in the genus
      Acanthamoeba is roughly similar to that differentiating vertebrates and
      invertebrates.

PMID- 2283502
TI  - The genetics of conidiophore pigmentation in Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - The grey-brown pigmentation of Aspergillus nidulans conidiophores depends on the
      functions of two 'ivory' loci. ivoB codes for a developmental specific phenol
      oxidase, and mutants accumulate its substrate N-acetyl-6-hydroxytryptophan. ivoA
      mutants are unable to make this substrate. ygA mutants are also poorly pigmented,
      and extracts require copper salts to activate both the phenol oxidase and
      conidial laccase. ivoA and ivoB mutants partially suppress the spore colour
      phenotype of ygA mutants. Comparisons of morphology, phenol oxidase and substrate
      accumulation in morphological mutants at the brlA locus suggest that the brlA
      protein regulates ivoA, ivoB and morphogenetic loci independently. The medA
      locus, which also affects morphology and pigmentation, may code for a modifier of
      brlA function. abaA mutants which are blocked at a later stage of development
      than brlA or medA mutants have low phenol oxidase levels, implying that by this
      stage of development the activity of the ivoB locus is declining.

PMID- 2283504
TI  - Purification and characterization of a protein antigen from Leptospira
      interrogans serovar hardjo, common to a wide range of bacteria.
AB  - A protein with a molecular mass of 64 kDa (P64) from Leptospira interrogans
      serovar hardjo was partially purified by using successively, phase partitioning
      with Triton X-114, ion-exchange chromatography and sucrose gradient
      centrifugation. Purification to homogeneity was obtained by electroelution of P64
      from SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Monospecific rabbit antiserum (R alpha P64) was
      prepared using the purified protein preparation. P64 had a native molecular mass
      of greater than 670 kDa and was recognized by R alpha P64 as well as by human
      antisera. Western blotting of leptospiral serovars and 18 other bacterial species
      with R alpha P64 showed that P64 was cross-reactive with an equivalent antigen in
      a wide range of bacteria, indicating that it belongs to a family of antigens
      previously designated 'common antigen'. This putative common antigen from
      Leptospira appears to have a sub-surface location, but its function is not yet
      known.

PMID- 2283503
TI  - Molecular cloning, expression and nucleotide sequence of the rcsA gene of Erwinia
      amylovora, encoding a positive regulator of capsule expression: evidence for a
      family of related capsule activator proteins.
AB  - A gene encoding a positive activator of the expression of extracellular
      polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis in the phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora has been
      isolated from a genomic library in Escherichia coli. The presence of the cloned
      gene in E. coli stimulated transcription of the genes encoding colanic acid
      biosynthesis and could complement rcsA mutations. Introduction of the gene on a
      multicopy plasmid into Er. amylovora caused a threefold increase in EPS
      expression. The nucleotide sequence of the gene (designated rcsA) was determined.
      This revealed a single open reading frame encoding an RcsA protein of 23-7 kDa.
      This was confirmed by minicell analysis in E. coli. The predicted amino acid
      sequence of this RcsA protein showed a high degree of homology to the RcsA
      protein of Klebsiella aerogenes, demonstrating the existence of a family of
      related RcsA activator proteins capable of stimulating EPS expression. The
      protein had no significant homology to known DNA-binding activator proteins,
      indicating, for the first time, that the RcsA family of activator proteins may
      stimulate expression of EPS synthesis indirectly by acting on other regulatory
      proteins.

PMID- 2283505
TI  - A taxonomic review of the genus Microbispora and a proposal to transfer two
      species to the genus Actinomadura and to combine ten species into Microbispora
      rosea.
AB  - We conducted a taxonomic review of the genus Microbispora using chemotaxonomic
      and DNA-DNA hybridization techniques, and reached the following conclusions:
      Microbispora viridis should be transferred to the genus Actinomadura as
      Actinomadura rugatobispora comb. nov., nom. nov. (type strain SF2240 = IFO 14382
      = JCM 3366) and Microbispora echinospora should be transferred to the genus
      Actinomadura as Actinomadura echinospora comb. nov. (type strain JCM 3148 = ATCC
      27300). We also propose that Microbispora rosea, Microbispora amethystogenes,
      Microbispora chromogenes, Microbispora diastatica, Microbispora indica,
      Microbispora karnatakensis and Microbispora parva should be combined into the
      species Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea (type strain JCM 3006 = ATCC 12950), and
      that Microbispora aerata, Microbispora thermodiastatica and Microbispora
      thermorosea should be combined and transferred to the new subspecies Microbispora
      rosea subsp. aerata comb. nov. (type strain IFO 12581 = ATCC 15448). Microbispora
      bispora clearly differs from these ten strains at the species level.

PMID- 2283506
TI  - Differentiation of Mycobacterium species by direct sequencing of amplified DNA.
AB  - Nucleotide sequences specific for a range of Mycobacterium species were defined
      by computer-assisted sequence comparisons of small subunit ribosomal RNA. A
      polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing strategy was used to demonstrate that
      the 16S rRNA sequence can be used for the rapid identification of mycobacterial
      isolates. Identification at the species level can be obtained within 2 d,
      requiring less than 10,000 bacteria. This procedure reliably differentiates
      Mycobacterium spp. which are difficult to identify by classical methods, such as
      M. malmoense, M. szulgai and M. flavescens.

PMID- 2283507
TI  - Coenzyme AdoB12 vs AdoB12.-homolytic Co-C cleavage following electron transfer: a
      rate enhancement greater than or equal to 10(12).
AB  - Comparison of the 25 degrees C Co-C bond homolysis rate constant of adenosyl
      cobalamin (coenzyme B12) vs that for electrochemically reduced adenosyl-cobalamin
      radical anion indicates a rate enhancement of at least 10(12 +/- 2) upon the
      addition of one antibonding electron. Even though electrochemical reduction
      promotes Co-C homolysis by virtually the same amount as the 10(12 +/- 1) enzymic
      activation seen for adenosylcobalamin, electron-transfer activation of the Co-C
      homolysis in adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzyme reactions is considered unlikely,
      based on four lines of evidence.

PMID- 2283508
TI  - The new antitumor compound, cis-[Pt(NH3)2(4-methylpyridine)Cl]Cl, does not form
      N7,N7-d(GpG) chelates with DNA. An unexpected preference for platinum binding at
      the 5'G in d(GpG).
AB  - The reaction of the antitumor active agent cis-[Pt(NH3)2(4-mepy)Cl]Cl (4-mepy
      stands for 4-methylpyridine) with d(GpG) has been investigated by 1H magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy. Initially, two mononuclear complexes cis-Pt(NH3)2(4
      mepy)[d(GpG)-N7(1)] 1 and cis-Pt(NH3)2(4-mepy)[d(GpG)-N7(2)] 2 are formed in an
      unexpected ratio 65:35, as determined by 1H NMR and enzymatic digestion
      techniques. Both products react further with a second equivalent of cis
      [Pt(NH3)2(4-mepy)Cl]Cl forming the dinuclear platinum complex [cis-Pt(NH3)2(4
      mepy)]2[mu-d(GpG)- N7(1),N7(2)] 3. With [Pt(dien)Cl]Cl and [Pt(NH3)3Cl]Cl similar
      complexes are formed. No evidence was found for the formation of chelates cis
      Pt(NH3)(4-mepy) [d(GpG)-N7(1),N7(2)], which would be formed upon ammonia release
      from the mononuclear complexes 1 and 2. Even addition of strong nucleophiles,
      like sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, thiourea, cysteine, or methionine, before or
      after reaction, do not induce the formation of a chelate. Under all conditions
      the N-donor ligands remain coordinated to Pt in 1,2 and 3. In addition, the
      results of bacterial survival and mutagenesis experiments with E. coli strains
      show that the in vivo formation of bifunctional adducts in DNA, comparable to
      those induced by cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2, by treatment of cells with cis-[Pt(NH3)2(4
      mepy)Cl]Cl is unlikely. Also, a mechanism of binding and intercalation is not
      supported by experimental data. All experiments suggest that the mechanism of
      action of this new class of antitumor agents must be different from that of cis
      Pt(NH3)2Cl2.

PMID- 2283510
TI  - Uptake of 67copper complexed to 3H-histidine by brain hypothalamic slices:
      evidence that dissociation of the complex is not the only factor determining
      67copper uptake.
AB  - It was previously shown that complexation of 67Cu with His facilitates 67Cu
      uptake by hypothalamic slices and that His, in a concentration that is 1000-fold
      greater than Cu(His)2, inhibits 67Cu uptake (D. E. Hartter and A. Barnea, J.
      Biol. Chem. 263, 799-805 (1988)). We addressed the question: Does dissociation of
      the Cu(His)2 complex occur during the process of Cu2+ uptake and if so, is
      dissociation the only factor determining uptake? Rat hypothalamic slices were
      incubated with 67Cu(3H-His)2 and the kinetic profiles of 67Cu and 3H-His uptake
      were evaluated. 67Cu uptake was linear for up to 60 min, Vo vs S [0.1-160 microM
      Cu(His)2] was sigmoidal, Lineweaver-Burk plot was non-linear, Scatchard plot was
      bell-shaped, and Hill plot had multiple slopes. In contrast, 3H-His uptake was
      linear for up to 30 min, Vo vs S was biphasic, Lineweaver-Burk plot was linear,
      Scatchard plot was biphasic, and Hill plot had a single slope. Keeping [67Cu]
      constant and increasing [3H-His] resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of 67Cu
      uptake which was not accompanied by an inhibition of 3H-His uptake. Substituting
      His in the complex with Phe or Lys resulted in a marked shift to the right in Vo
      vs S for 67Cu uptake and at S less than 40 microM, only His facilitated 67Cu
      uptake relative to ionic 67Cu2+. However, Vo vs S for 3H-His, 3H-Phe, and 3H-Lys
      uptake were superimposeable, indicating comparable dissociation of the complexes.
      In summary, we demonstrate that, although complexation of Cu2+ is essential for
      67Cu uptake by hypothalamic tissue, 67Cu and 3H-His are taken up by distinct
      processes, which implies dissociation of the complex at the level of the
      membrane. Moreover, even though dissociation occurs, it is not the only factor
      that determines Cu2+ uptake by the hypothalamic tissue. It is suggested that the
      physicochemical properties of the Cu complex is an important factor determining
      Cu uptake by brain tissue.

PMID- 2283509
TI  - 31P NMR studies of enzyme-bound substrate complexes of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate
      kinase: III. Two ADP binding sites and their Mg(II) affinity; effects of vanadate
      and arsenate on enzymic complexes with ADP and 3-P-glycerate.
AB  - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements (at 121.5 MHz and 5 degrees C)
      were made on complexes of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase with ADP and 3-P-glycerate.
      Addition of Mg(II) to E.ADP shifts the alpha-P signal downfield by 3.8 ppm such
      that the alpha-P signal superimposes that for beta-P(E.MgADP). Such a shift is
      atypical among the Mg(II)-nucleotide complexes with other ATP-utilizing enzymes.
      This shift allowed the determination that enzyme bound ADP is saturated with
      Mg(II) for [Mg(II)]/[ADP] = 3.0--similar to that reported for ATP complexes with
      this enzyme (B.D. Ray and B.D. Nageswara Rao, Biochemistry 27, 5574 (1988]. This
      parallel behavior suggests that ADP binds at two sites on the enzyme as does ATP
      with disparate Mg(II) affinities. 31P relaxation times in E.MnADP.vanadate.3-P
      glycerate and E.CoADP.vanadate.3-P-glycerate complexes indicate that these are
      long-lived, tightly bound complexes. 31P chemical shift measurements on
      diamagnetic complexes (with Mg(II] revealed three signals in the 2-5 ppm region
      (attributable to 3-P-glycerate) only upon addition of all the components
      necessary to form the E.MgADP.vanadate.3-P-glycerate complex. Subsequent
      sequestration of Mg(II) from the complex with excess EDTA reversed the Mg(II)
      induced effects on the ADP signals but did not cause coalescence of the three
      signals seen in the 2-5 ppm region. Addition of excess sulfate to dissociate
      these complexes from the enzyme resulted in a single resonance of 3-P-glycerate.
      The use of arsenate in place of vanadate yielded very similar results. These
      results suggest that, in the presence of MgADP, vanadate or arsenate, and 3-P
      glycerate, the enzyme catalyzed the formation of multiple structurally
      distinguishable complexes that are stable on the enzyme and labile off the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2283511
TI  - Multiple spinal epidural metastases; an unexpectedly frequent finding.
AB  - In a prospective study, patients with known malignant disease who were suspected
      of having a spinal epidural metastasis, had myelography which was not confined to
      the clinically suspected site, but included at least the whole lumbar and
      thoracic spinal canal. Fifty four of the 106 myelograms revealed at least one
      epidural metastasis. Twelve of these 54 myelograms showed two separate lesions,
      and four myelograms showed three separate lesions. In all 16 cases with multiple
      lesions at least one of the lesions was asymptomatic at the time of the
      diagnosis. It is concluded that multiple spinal epidural metastases are of common
      occurrence and occur in about one third of the cases. This finding may have
      important clinical implications. Examination of the spinal canal for epidural
      metastases should not be confined to the clinically suspected site, but should
      include as extensive an area as possible of the spinal canal, whatever technique
      is to be used.

PMID- 2283512
TI  - Comparison of motor response to apomorphine and levodopa in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - The magnitude and pattern of motor responses to single doses of subcutaneous
      apomorphine and oral levodopa were compared in 14 patients with Parkinson's
      disease. Although apomorphine produced much shorter motor responses than
      levodopa, the quality of response to the two drugs was virtually
      indistinguishable. These clinical observations support the notion that integrity
      of striatal post-synaptic dopamine receptors is a key determinant of
      responsiveness to dopaminergic treatment in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2283514
TI  - Neuropsychological deficits in myotonic muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Twenty patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy (MMD) were compared with twenty
      controls on a battery of standardised neuropsychiological tests measuring motor
      and cognitive functions. The MMD patients performed significantly poorer on both
      motor and cognitive tests, particularly those assessing spatial functions.
      Although both motor and cognitive scores were correlated with age, significant
      diagnostic group by age interactions were present only for the motor measures.
      Therefore, while motor deficits in MMD may progress with ageing, cognitive
      deficits are mainly developmental and relatively stable.

PMID- 2283515
TI  - Hypothermia in a mesodiencephalic haematoma.

PMID- 2283513
TI  - Evaluation of vigabatrin as an add-on drug in the management of severe epilepsy.
AB  - The effects of the addition of Vigabatrin, a new anti-epileptic drug, to the
      therapy of 128 patients with severe medically refractory epilepsy is reported.
      Forty two (33%) of patients experienced side effects, which were predominantly
      neurotropic. In 28 (22%), the drug was withdrawn because of these side effects.
      The commonest side effects were drowsiness and behavioural change. The remaining
      100 patients were followed for a mean of 30 weeks (range 12-75). Forty one of
      these patients showed a marked improvement in seizure frequency (a 50% or more
      reduction when compared with the pre-trial period), and nine (7%) were rendered
      seizure free. Apparent tolerance to the effects of the drug were noted in five
      patients. An exacerbation of seizures may occur if the drug is withdrawn too
      quickly. Vigabatrin appears to be a promising new anti-epileptic drug.

PMID- 2283516
TI  - Intranasal apomorphine: a new treatment in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2283517
TI  - Autoscopy in hemianopic field.

PMID- 2283519
TI  - Reoperation related to graft complication following anterior cervical fusion.

PMID- 2283518
TI  - Akathisia following traumatic brain injury.

PMID- 2283520
TI  - Isolated palsy of the fourth cranial nerve caused by an intracavernous aneurysm.

PMID- 2283521
TI  - Non Alzheimer's disease forms of cerebral atrophy.

PMID- 2283522
TI  - Early-onset dementia and extrapyramidal disease: clinicopathological variant of
      Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker or Alzheimer's disease?
AB  - A case of progressive dementia and extrapyramidal signs beginning at age 29, with
      a ten year course until death, is presented. Necropsy examination showed an
      assortment of plaque types (including striatal plaques), neurofibrillary tangles,
      granulovacuolar degeneration, and depigmentation of the substantia nigra and
      locus ceruleus. This case had pathological features found in both Gerstmann
      Straussler-Scheinker disease and in Alzheimer's disease. While somewhat similar
      to several other cases with features of both diseases, it differs in the presence
      of dystonia and striatal plaques. Although such cases may be difficult to
      categorize at present, they must be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      early onset dementia.

PMID- 2283523
TI  - Touch and surgical division of the anterior quadrant of the spinal cord.
AB  - An investigation was carried out to determine whether tactile sensibility was
      affected by anterolateral cordotomy. There were 65 patients who had cordotomies
      for painful forms of cancer. Thirty eight had necropsy examination with
      histological investigation of the spinal cord. No form of mechanoreception was
      removed in any of the 65 patients and in the majority no forms of tactile
      sensibility were altered by division of the pathways in the anterolateral and
      anterior columns. In no case was graphaesthesia affected. Knowledge of joint
      position and movement and awareness of vibration was normal in 62 of the 65
      patients. But information carried by these anterolateral pathways does reach
      neural levels of consciousness, for with total lesions of the posterior columns,
      previously reported, touch and pressure are still felt. Itch was removed by
      division of the anterolateral pathways. Although the posterior columns are
      essential for discrimination in mechanoreception, discrimination may be disturbed
      by lesions of the anterolateral pathways, notably two-point discrimination. The
      evidence on the pathways essential for conveying impulses giving rise to tickle
      was inconclusive.

PMID- 2283524
TI  - Diurnal differences in response to oral levodopa.
AB  - Diurnal differences in duration and quality of motor response to levodopa are
      frequently described by patients. The quality and duration of motor responses
      were objectively assessed to morning and afternoon oral levodopa doses in five
      patients with Parkinsonian motor fluctuations who complained of diurnal variation
      in response to their normal levodopa medication. Results suggest that under
      controlled conditions which eliminated the effects of diet and overlapping
      levodopa effects the response to levodopa remained unchanged throughout the day,
      and that the duration of response could be predicted by plasma levodopa levels.

PMID- 2283525
TI  - Vitamin B12 and folate concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of
      neurological patients with special reference to multiple sclerosis and dementia.
AB  - Vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were measured in serum and cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) in 293 neurological patients. Serum and CSF vitamin B12
      concentrations showed a positive correlation. In individual patients CSF B12
      concentrations varied considerably for a given serum concentration. The median
      serum vitamin B12 concentration of the Alzheimer's type dementia group was
      significantly lower compared with that of a control group. Lower median CSF
      vitamin B12 concentrations were found in groups of patients with multiple
      sclerosis and Alzheimer's type dementia. Five patients with heterogeneous
      clinical pictures had unexplained low serum and CSF B12 concentrations without
      macrocytosis. Two patients had very high serum B12 and low-normal CSF
      concentrations which could be explained by a blood-brain barrier transport
      defect. Serum and CSF folate concentrations did not show significant differences
      between the various groups.

PMID- 2283527
TI  - A simple method to improve the accuracy of non-invasive ultrasound in selecting
      TIA patients for cerebral angiography.
AB  - A prospective study is reported of the ability of B mode ultrasound imaging and
      continuous wave Doppler flow studies to detect different degrees of stenosis of
      the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) in 186 arteries in 99 patients
      with transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) and minor ischaemic stroke. A simple
      mathematical equation has been developed which combines the image and flow data
      to provide a single predictor of the degree of angiographic stenosis which has
      advantages over either ultrasonic modality used alone. The sensitivity and
      specificity of the predictive model in the detection of stenosis greater than or
      equal to 25% was 73% and 98%, of stenosis greater than or equal to 50% was 90%
      and 93%, of stenosis greater than or equal to 75%, 65% and 99% and occlusion 100%
      and 94% respectively. The principal clinical value of ultrasound screening is to
      spare patients with "non-significant" stenosis the risk of unnecessary
      angiography. Thus a simple measure of the Duplex screening tests' performance is
      the proportion of all strokes occurring as a complication of angiography that are
      avoided by changing the investigation policy from "angiograms for all carotid TIA
      and minor ischaemic stroke patients" to "angiograms for all patients with
      abnormal ultrasound results". If Duplex scanning were used to select patients
      most likely to have a significant abnormality on angiography, depending on the
      degree of stenosis to be detected, 52-85% of angiographic strokes might be
      avoided. If the predictive equation were used 62-88% of angiographic strokes
      might be avoided.

PMID- 2283528
TI  - The accuracy of predictions about progress of patients on a stroke unit.
AB  - The aim of the study was to check the accuracy of predictions about the factors
      which affect the progress, in physical abilities and activities of daily living,
      of patients admitted to a stroke unit. A series of 60 patients admitted
      consecutively to a stroke unit were assessed on tests of motor, functional and
      cognitive abilities at admission. On the basis of these assessments predictions
      were made about the abilities of the patients at discharge. Patients were
      assessed for level of motor abilities and activities of daily living at discharge
      and the accuracy of the predictions checked. Predictions were found to be
      significantly correlated with outcome but the relationships were not so close as
      to be useful for the clinical management of individual patients.

PMID- 2283526
TI  - Clinical diagnosis of Binswanger's disease.
AB  - To aid in the prospective study of Binswanger's disease, a poorly understood form
      of vascular dementia, a standardised criteria for its antemortem diagnosis was
      proposed. These criteria include dementia, bilateral radiological abnormalities
      on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and at least two
      of the following three clinical findings: A) a vascular risk factor or evidence
      of systemic vascular disease; B) evidence of focal cerebrovascular disease; and
      C) evidence of "subcortical" cerebral dysfunction. These criteria were validated
      in two ways. First, by retrospectively applying them to a series of 30 demented
      patients with various pathological diagnoses. Second, by prospectively applying
      them to a series of 184 patients with clinically typical Alzheimer's disease. The
      sensitivity and specificity of the criteria appear adequate for use in clinical
      research.

PMID- 2283529
TI  - Spectral analysis of tremor: understanding the results.
AB  - Spectral analysis of a tremor record can sometimes produce a spectrum with
      multiple components of significant amplitude. The problem is to determine whether
      the presence of several peaks represents the coexistence of separate tremor
      mechanisms or be a consequence of fluctuations in the frequency or amplitude of a
      single tremor. The spectrum of a tremor whose frequency or amplitude vary and are
      independent has the recognisable pattern of a central carrier frequency with
      sidebands of equal amplitudes distributed symmetrically around the carrier.
      However, if tremor amplitude and frequency fluctuate and are not independent,
      (frequency proportional to amplitude or frequency inversely proportional to
      amplitude), the spectrum has a pattern of sidebands which are asymmetrical in
      amplitudes and may resemble the spectrum of the combined signal from different
      independent oscillators. The investigation of sidebands in spectra has been
      neglected in tremor studies and multiple irregular peaks on a tremor spectrum
      have sometimes been used wrongly as evidence for the coexistence of multiple
      tremor mechanisms or frequency components assumed to be concurrent.

PMID- 2283530
TI  - Lumbosacral evoked potentials and vesicourethral function in patients with
      chronic suprasacral spinal cord injury.
AB  - Persistent detrusor acontractility despite normal somatic reflex activity in some
      patients with high spinal cord injury is an enigma. Previous work has suggested
      disordered integration of afferent activity in sacral roots or the sacral spinal
      cord. Forty male patients with chronic stable suprasacral cord lesions were
      studied by filling and voiding videocystometrography, and recording lumbosacral
      evoked potentials from posterior tibial nerve stimulation. Only five of 15
      patients with decreased detrusor contractility had abnormal lumbosacral evoked
      potentials. Similar abnormalities were found in four of 11 patients with
      efficient hyperreflexic bladders. The finding of normal lumbosacral evoked
      potentials in the majority of patients with suprasacral cord injuries and
      decreased detrusor contractility supports the argument that the pathophysiology
      of this specific form of neurogenic bladder dysfunction is multifactorial.

PMID- 2283531
TI  - Shy-Drager syndrome. Effect of fludrocortisone and L-threo-3,4
      dihydroxyphenylserine on the blood pressure and regional cerebral blood flow.
AB  - In nine cases of Shy-Drager syndrome, the changes in blood pressure and cerebral
      blood flow on sitting up from a supine position were studied. The influence of
      fludrocortisone, a synthetic mineralocorticoid, and L-threo-3,4
      dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS), a precursor of norepinephrine, on these changes was
      examined. On sitting up, the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured by
      Xe133 inhalation showed a tendency to decrease. Fludrocortisone reduced the fall
      of the mean blood pressure significantly. DOPS reduced the fall of both the
      diastolic blood pressure and rCBF significantly.

PMID- 2283532
TI  - Contracturing granulomatous myositis: a separate entity.
AB  - Granulomatous muscle disease is most commonly seen in sarcoidosis, but may be
      seen in association with a wide variety of other disorders or in isolation.
      Patients with granulomatous myositis usually present with slowly progressive
      muscle pain and weakness affecting mainly proximal muscles. There are, however, a
      few reports of granulomatous muscle disease presenting with flexion contractures
      of the limbs. Two further patients with granulomatous muscle disease and flexion
      contractures of the limbs, but with no evidence of systemic granulomatous
      disease, is presented. It is suggested that such patients represent a separate
      clinical entity that is distinct from idiopathic granulomatous myositis
      presenting with muscle pain and weakness. The association of contracturing
      granulomatous myositis with a long-standing vasculitis in one patient suggests
      that the two conditions may be related.

PMID- 2283533
TI  - Suppression by extracellular K+ of N-methyl-D-aspartate responses in cultured rat
      hippocampal neurons.
AB  - 1. The effects of increasing K+ concentration in Mg2(+)-free extracellular
      solution on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced current were studied in cultured
      rat hippocampal neurons with the use of the whole-cell and outside-out
      configurations of the patch-clamp technique. 2. When the K+ concentration in the
      external solution was increased by replacement of Na+ with isomolar K+, the
      amplitude of the NMDA-induced current decreased in a concentration-dependent
      manner. The effect of K+ was almost saturated at 100 mM, when the NMDA response
      was reduced to 12% of that in K(+)-free, 150 mM Na+ solution. Increasing the
      external K+ concentration did not affect either the kainate- or quisqualate
      induced current in these experimental conditions. 3. Increase in the external K+
      concentration reduced the NMDA-induced current almost equally over the whole
      range of membrane potential tested (-60-30 mV). The reversal potential of the
      NMDA-induced current was not significantly shifted by the replacement of Na+ with
      K+. 4. A rise in the external K+ concentration to 100 mM did not reduce the
      single-channel conductance of the NMDA channel, whereas it reduced the mean open
      time to about two-thirds of that in the control external solution. 5. The
      suppressed activation of the NMDA receptor channel in high-K+ environments may
      have a functional significance to alleviate entry of toxic Ca2+ into neurons of
      the CNS in pathological conditions such as hypoxia and ischemia.

PMID- 2283534
TI  - Reduction of Ib autogenetic inhibition in motoneurons during contractions of an
      ankle extensor muscle in the cat.
AB  - 1. Triceps surae and plantaris (Pl) motoneurons were recorded intracellularly in
      chloralose or pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal)-anesthetized cats during unfused
      tetanic contractions of gastrocnemius medialis muscle (GM) produced by
      stimulating either a cut branch of the GM nerve or the muscle directly. 2. In
      alpha-motoneurons, during a series of GM twitches at 10/s, contraction-induced
      inhibitory potentials, probably the result of input from Golgi tendon organs
      (autogenetic inhibition), rapidly subsided before the end of the series. In
      contrast, excitatory potentials, probably the result of the activation of spindle
      primary endings during relaxation from contraction, persisted. 3. In
      gastrocnemius lateralis-soleus (GL-S) and Pl motoneurons lacking an excitatory
      connection with Ia afferents from GM, the sustained contraction of this muscle
      also elicited a declining inhibition. Rapid reduction of contraction-induced
      autogenetic inhibition was also observed in homonymous gamma-motoneurons. During
      unfused tetanic contractions lasting 0.5-4s, inhibitory potentials quickly
      subsided, but an abrupt increase in contractile force elicited a new series of
      decreasing inhibitory potentials. 4. The assumption that the inhibition induced
      by GM unfused tetanic contractions was due to activation of homonymous Ib
      afferents was supported by observations of the effects of electrical stimulation
      of the GM nerve. In Pl motoneurons lacking an excitatory connection with Ia
      afferents from GM, repetitive trains applied to the GM nerve, at a strength just
      above threshold for group I fibers, elicited rapidly declining inhibitory
      potentials similar to those produced by GM contraction. It was verified that
      during such stimulation, the amplitude of the group I afferent volleys did not
      decrease. 5. Reduction of contraction-induced Ib inhibition during sustained GM
      contraction was still present after a low spinalization of the preparation. As GM
      tendon organ discharges were verified to persist throughout prolonged
      contractions, the observed decline of autogenetic inhibition is likely to depend
      on a spinal mechanism, possibly involving presynaptic inhibition of Ib afferents
      and/or mutual inhibition of Ib-inhibitory interneurons.

PMID- 2283535
TI  - Epileptiform activity in microcultures containing small numbers of hippocampal
      neurons.
AB  - 1. Microcultures were grown containing small numbers of hippocampal neurons. The
      neurons grew on glial cells attached to patches of either collagen or palladium.
      A layer of agarose underlying the microcultures prevented connections from
      forming between nearby microcultures. 2. Neurons formed strong chemical synaptic
      connections within each microculture, with monosynaptic fast-excitatory, fast
      inhibitory, and slow-inhibitory synaptic actions. 3. Small networks with as few
      as two neurons generated epileptiform activity that closely resembled the
      epileptiform activity seen in mass cultures containing thousands of neurons. The
      epileptiform activity was observed when microcultures that were grown for weeks
      in blockers of synaptic activity (kynurenate and elevated Mg2+) were washed free
      of these blockers. 4. Such a microculture technique allows study of epileptiform
      activity in a simplified system and facilitates analysis of the synaptic actions
      underlying the epileptiform activity.

PMID- 2283536
TI  - Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: distribution of integrated
      excitation.
AB  - 1. Neuronal responses to tones and transient stimuli were mapped with
      microelectrodes in the primary auditory cortex (AI) of barbiturate anesthetized
      cats. Most of the dorsoventral extent of AI was mapped with multiple-unit
      recordings in the high-frequency domain (between 5.8 and 26.3 kHz) of all six
      studied cases. The spatial distributions of 1) sharpness of tuning measured with
      pure tones and 2) response magnitudes to a broadband transient were determined in
      each of three intensively studied cases. 2. The sharpness of tuning of integrated
      cluster responses was defined 10 dB above threshold (Q10 dB, integrated
      excitatory bandwidth). The spatial reconstructions revealed a frequency
      independent maximum located near the center of the dorsoventral extent of AI. The
      sharpness of tuning gradually decreased toward the dorsal and ventral border of
      AI in all three cases. 3. The sharpness of tuning 40 dB above response threshold
      was also analyzed (Q40 dB). The Q40 dB values were less than one-half of the
      corresponding Q10 dB value. The spatial distribution showed a maximum in the
      center of AI, similar to the Q10 dB distribution. In two out of three cases,
      restricted additional maxima were recorded dorsal to the main maximum. Overall,
      Q10 dB and Q40 dB were only moderately correlated, indicating that the integrated
      excitatory bandwidth at higher stimulus levels can be influenced by additional
      mechanisms that are not active at lower levels. 4. The magnitude of excitatory
      responses to a broadband transient (frequency-step response) was determined. The
      normalized response magnitude varied between less than 1% and up to 100% relative
      to a characteristic frequency (CF) tone response. The step-response magnitude
      showed a systematic spatial distribution. An area dorsal to the Q10 dB maximum
      consistently showed the largest response magnitude surrounded by areas of lower
      responsivity. A second spatially more restricted maximum was recorded in the
      ventral-third of each map. Areas with high-transient responsiveness coincided
      with areas of broad integrated excitatory bandwidth at comparable stimulus
      levels. 5. The distribution of excitation produced by narrowband and broadband
      signals suggest that there exists a clear functional organization in the
      isofrequency domain of AI that is orthogonal to the main cochleotopic
      organization of the AI. Systematic spatial variations of the integrated
      excitatory bandwidth reflect underlying cortical processing capacities that may
      contribute to a parallel analysis of spectral complexity, e.g., spectral shape
      and contrast, at any given frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2283537
TI  - Classification of the temporal discharge patterns of single auditory neurons in
      the dorsal medullary nucleus of the northern leopard frog.
AB  - 1. The dorsal medullary nucleus (DMN) of frogs is the presumed homolog of the
      mammalian cochlear nucleus (CN). Like the CN, the DMN is the sole target of
      centrally projecting primary auditory-nerve fibers and the first central auditory
      processing center. To study the transformation of acoustic information in the
      DMN, we have utilized relatively simple stimuli--tone bursts--to detail the
      temporal discharge patterns of DMN neurons that can be compared with those shown
      by auditory-nerve fibers. 2. Based on the shape of poststimulus time (PSTH) and
      interspike interval (ISIH) histograms, we observed six distinctive discharge
      patterns to tone bursts presented at the best excitatory frequency (BEF), 10 dB
      above threshold. Four of these (primary-like type 1-4) resembled discharge
      patterns seen at the level of the auditory nerve, whereas two (phasic and phasic
      burst) were only observed in the DMN. 3. At stimulus levels of 20-30 dB above BEF
      threshold several phasic neurons became tonic responders, whereas several primary
      like type-2 cells gave "pauser" discharges. The response patterns of the
      remaining cells were intensity independent. 4. We further showed that many of the
      single-unit discharge patterns were related to other neuronal response
      properties; specifically, spontaneous firing rate, intensity-rate functions,
      threshold, latency, BEF, and sharpness of tuning (Q10). 5. The implications of
      our findings are discussed with respect to 1) the transformation of acoustic
      information as it is passed from the auditory nerve to the DMN, and 2) the
      functional organization of the DMN.

PMID- 2283538
TI  - Comparison of heat and mechanical receptive fields of cutaneous C-fiber
      nociceptors in monkey.
AB  - 1. Receptive-field properties were investigated in cutaneous C-fiber nociceptive
      afferents (CMH) responsive to mechanical and heat stimuli. Teased-fiber
      techniques were used to record from 28 CMHs that innervated the hairy skin of
      upper or lower limb in anesthetized monkeys. 2. The response to mechanical
      stimuli was studied with the use of calibrated von Frey probes. The response to
      heat stimuli was studied with the use of a laser thermal stimulator that provided
      stepped increases in skin temperature with rise times to the desired temperature
      near 100 ms. The size of the receptive field (RF) for mechanical stimuli was
      determined by use of a suprathreshold stimulus that consisted of a 0.5-mm-diam
      probe that exerted a 200-mN force (10 bar). The size of the heat RF was
      determined by use of a 49 degrees C stimulus applied to a 7.5-mm-diam area for 1
      s. 3. Heat thresholds were determined with an ascending series of stimulus
      intensities and were found to be stable over many hours: they ranged from 37 to
      46 degrees C (mean, 41.1 degrees C). Mechanical thresholds ranged from 1.3 to 7.3
      bar (mean, 3.3 bar). There was no correlation between mechanical and heat
      thresholds. Both thresholds extended well below the corresponding psychophysical
      pain thresholds in the literature. This suggests that spatial and/or temporal
      summation of C-fiber input are important for pain induced by either stimulus
      modality. 4. Mechanical RF diameters ranged from 3.3 to 9.6 mm (mean, 4.7 mm);
      heat RF diameters ranged from punctate (less than 1 mm) to 9.5 mm (mean, 4.3 mm).
      There was a significant linear correlation between mechanical and heat RF sizes
      with a slope of one. The distance between the center of the mechanical RF and the
      center of the heat RF along one axis ranged from 0 to 1.1 mm (mean, 0.4 mm).
      These data indicate that the heat RFs coincided with the mechanical RFs. 5.
      Within the mechanical RF determined with the suprathreshold stimuli, all CMHs had
      one or more punctate areas of maximal mechanical sensitivity where mechanical
      threshold was lowest. Heat excitability extended greater than 2 mm beyond these
      mechanically sensitive spots. Because lateral transmission of the heat stimulus
      is small, this indicates that heat transduction occurs outside the regions of
      maximal mechanical sensitivity. 6. Both the threshold to heat and the response
      magnitude at suprathreshold intensities depended on the percentage of the RF area
      overlapped by the heat stimulus. This indicates that multiple transducer sites
      probably contribute to the total evoked response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2283539
TI  - Three-dimensional analysis of auditory-evoked potentials in rat neocortex.
AB  - 1. A 8 X 8-channel microelectrode array was used to map epicortical field
      potentials evoked by bilaterally presented click stimuli from a 8 X 8-mm2 area in
      the right parietotemporal neocortex of four rats. In two rats, a 16-channel
      microelectrode array was also inserted into primary auditory cortex to record the
      laminar profile of auditory evoked potentials (AEP). 2. The epicortical responses
      began with a positive-negative fast wave followed by a positive-negative slow
      wave, similar to the previously reported P1, N1, P2, N2 complex. Topographical
      distributions of the potentials at the peak of each of these waves were distinct,
      suggesting that they were produced by separate but overlapping populations of
      cells. 3. Laminar recording revealed the asynchronous participation of
      supragranular and infragranular pyramidal cells in the generation of the evoked
      response complex. The surface-recorded P1 was primarily produced by supragranular
      cells and the N1, by infragranular cells. The P2 and N2 were produced by
      temporally overlapping contributions from both cell groups. 4. We conclude that
      middle-latency components of the AEP complex are produced by both sequential and
      parallel activation of subpopulations of pyramidal cells in primary auditory
      cortex.

PMID- 2283540
TI  - Neuronal responsiveness in the ventrobasal thalamic complex of rats with an
      experimental peripheral mononeuropathy.
AB  - 1. Single-unit recordings were made, under moderate gaseous anesthesia (33% O2
      66% N2O + 0.5/0.6% halothane), in the ventrobasal (VB) thalamic complex of rats
      (n = 42) with a mononeuropathy created 2-3 wk beforehand, by four loose ligatures
      around the common sciatic nerve. Before the recording session, three behavioral
      nociceptive tests to both mechanical and thermal stimuli revealed that these rats
      exhibited clear hyperalgesia (excessive reactions to noxious stimuli) and
      allodynia (nociceptive reactions to stimuli usually perceived as nonnoxious). 2.
      Neurons, characterized by their responses to manual mechanical stimuli, were
      classified into two groups: group 1 neurons exclusively driven by light tactile
      stimuli applied to the receptive field (RF), strictly contralateral to the
      recording site; and group 2 neurons, driven by sustained pinch applied to a large
      RF, often bilateral. 3. From the total population of neurons (n = 386), only
      those responding to stimuli applied to one posterior paw were studied; the
      proportion (35-40%) of these cells was comparable in each of the two VB: n =
      93/262 and 44/124 in the VB contralateral (VBc) and ipsilateral (VBi) to the
      damaged nerve, respectively. The proportions of each functional group of neurons
      (group 1 or 2) were also similar on each side. 4. For all group 1 neurons the RFs
      size was comparable to that observed in normal rats. In the VBi the responses of
      these neurons presented the classical response pattern observed for VB neurons
      involved in touch transmission, as did the VBc group 1 neurons with RFs in the
      saphenous (Sa) territory. In sharp contrast, activities of VBc group 1 neurons
      with RFs in the sciatic (Sc) nerve territory exhibited several abnormalities:
      higher background activity, fading of the response with repetitive stimulation,
      and afterdischarges outlasting the applied stimulus. 5. As in normal rats, 52% of
      VB group 2 neurons exhibited bilateral symmetrical RFs. Their responses to
      mechanical stimuli were often greater for stimuli applied to the affected paw,
      and some of them could be activated by moderate pressure to this paw. Heat
      responses also illustrated the profound increased sensitivity of the lesioned
      side, and the activation threshold to thermal stimulation of these group 2
      neurons was lowered by 4-6 degrees C compared to normal values. In addition,
      these neurons responded to immersion of the lesioned paw in a 10 degrees C water
      bath, a stimulus that was ineffective when applied to the opposite paw.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283541
TI  - Sensory input induces long-lasting changes in the output of the lobster pyloric
      network.
AB  - 1. A long-lasting restructuring of the pyloric neural network of the lobster
      stomatogastric nervous system (STS) by a multisynaptic sensory afferent is
      described. This restructuring can be obtained either by mechanical stimulation of
      the pyloric region of the stomach or by brief high-frequency electrical
      stimulation of a nerve that innervates this region, the lateral posterolateral
      nerve (lpln). Electron microscopy shows that this nerve contains several thousand
      very small fibers (approximately 0.3 microns diam), the activation of some subset
      of which is responsible for the effects of lpln stimulation. 2. These stimulation
      paradigms result in both short-duration changes in pyloric activity and
      modulatory effects long outlasting the stimulus end. The long-lasting changes
      include the cessation of rhythmic ventricular dilator (VD) and lateral pyloric
      (LP) neuron activity, and thus result in a reduced pyloric pattern in which only
      the pyloric dilator (PD), inferior cardiac (IC), anterior burster (AB), and
      pyloric (PY) neurons are active. 3. Tonic low-frequency lpln stimulation,
      alternatively, results in the VD neuron rhythmically firing long spike bursts
      with a cycle frequency much slower than that of the pyloric network while an
      otherwise complete pyloric pattern continues. In this new bursting pattern the VD
      neuron fires exclusively with another STS neural network, the cardiac sac (CS)
      network, and thus functionally "switches" from the pyloric to the CS network.
      This switch of the VD neuron from the pyloric to the CS network also occurs when
      the CS network is spontaneously active. 4. Our results thus demonstrate that
      sensory input can provoke a long-lasting modification of the functional
      configuration of a rhythmic neural network. They further extend the concept of
      flexibility in nervous systems by showing that individual neurons can belong to
      more than one neural network, "switching" from one to another in response to
      sensory input or spontaneous central nervous activity.

PMID- 2283542
TI  - Cross-correlation analysis of inhibitory interactions in dorsal cochlear nucleus.
AB  - 1. Cross-correlation analysis was used to study the organization of inhibitory
      connections between type II or type III units and type IV principal cells in cat
      dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). Pairs of units were isolated using two
      microelectrodes so that information about the distance over which connections are
      made could be analyzed. Data were obtained from 51 pairs consisting of a type II
      and a type IV unit and from 22 pairs consisting of a type III and a type IV unit.
      The analyses in this paper concentrate on type II-type IV pairs. 2. Inhibitory
      troughs (ITs) are observed in the cross-correlograms of type II-type IV pairs
      (21/51 cases). An IT is a transient decrease in discharge probability in the
      postsynaptic (type IV) unit immediately after spikes in the presynaptic unit
      (type II). The average latency to the start of ITs is 0.73 ms, and the troughs
      are asymmetric with a faster leading phase. Small excitatory peaks accompany the
      ITs in type II units, but these are probably secondary effects associated with
      the IT. ITs are consistent with a monosynaptic, inhibitory connection between
      type II and type IV units. A variety of evidence suggests that type II responses
      are recorded from vertical cells, an interneuron in the deep layer of the DCN
      that may be glycinergic. 3. The cross-correlograms of type III-type IV pairs are
      more complex and variable than those of type II-type IV pairs--ITs are seen in
      4/22 cases, and peaks of correlation that are symmetrically located around the
      origin (central mound or CM) are seen in 4/22 cases; two cases have both an IT
      and a CM. CMs result from shared sources of input. Whereas type II-type IV
      correlogram features change primarily in amplitude as stimulus conditions change,
      correlogram features in some type III-type IV pairs change qualitatively with
      stimulus conditions; correlograms are flat for some stimuli and show ITs or CMs
      or mixtures of the two for others. This variability suggests that the circuitry
      associated with type III-type IV pairs is more complex than a monosynaptic
      connection, and further analysis of type III-type IV pairs was not done. 4. The
      strength of inhibition for an IT is measured as the area under the IT
      (effectiveness) and as effectiveness divided by the postsynaptic discharge rate
      (association index).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2283543
TI  - Segmental reflex action in normal and decerebrate cats.
AB  - 1. The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of the stretch reflex
      on the ankle extensor muscles of normal and decerebrate cats. 2. Experiments were
      performed on nine freely standing, unrestrained cats and repeated after
      decerebration at the premammillary level. The length, force, and electromyograph
      (EMG) of the soleus (SOL) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscles were recorded
      with the use of implanted transducers and electrodes. 3. The left ankle joint was
      unexpectedly and reproducibly dorsiflexed by briefly stimulating the common
      peroneal (CP) nerve with electrodes within an implanted nerve cuff. The ensuing
      twitch contractions of the ankle dorsiflexor muscles stretched the ankle extensor
      muscles by 0.3-2.0 mm. Lidocaine was infused into another nerve cuff proximal to
      the stimulation site, to reversibly block the central propagation of evoked
      volleys in the CP nerve. 4. Reflex action before and after decerebration was
      measured from the responses to perturbations of similar amplitude and duration
      delivered at approximately matched background values of muscle length and force.
      In most cats the temperature of the hindlimb was monitored with an implanted
      thermistor and was restored to normal values with radiant heat after
      decerebration. 5. A stretch imposed on the tonically active ankle extensor
      muscles immediately caused a considerable rise in the force recorded from the
      triceps tendon. Within 30-40 ms the triceps force peaked, reaching a value 10-20
      N greater than background, and then rapidly declined while the extensor muscles
      were still lengthening. The initial rise in force preceded any change in triceps
      EMG. It was attributed to the intrinsic viscoelasticity of the stretched muscles
      and tendons. After decerebration the magnitude and timing of the initial force
      peak did not change. 6. A short-latency reflex EMG burst was typically recorded
      from both the SOL and LG muscles, starting 11-17 ms after stimulus onset. After
      decerebration the area of the reflex EMG burst increased in all nine cats,
      typically by a factor of 2 or 3. 7. After decerebration a second, smaller
      increase in force was typically observed starting 60-80 ms after onset of
      stretch. This later force rise, interpreted to be of reflex origin, was rarely
      apparent in normal cats. 8. Decerebration introduced consistent modifications in
      postural behavior that were revealed by pushing down on the back of quietly
      standing cats. In normal cats, after brief pushes that stretched the ankle
      extensor muscles by 1-2 mm, the EMG, force, and length quickly stabilized near
      their initial values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2283544
TI  - Factors determining segmental reflex action in normal and decerebrate cats.
AB  - 1. In the companion paper the gain of the stretch reflex in the ankle extensor
      muscles of normal cats was shown to increase after decerebration. The objectives
      of this study were 1) to identify the origin of the increased reflex and 2) to
      evaluate the contribution from afferents other than ankle extensor muscle
      afferents to the short-latency reflex. 2. Six cats were trained to stand unaided
      on four pedestals. Three cats were also trained to control the force exerted with
      the left hindlimb. The left soleus (SOL) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG)
      electromyogram (EMG), length, force, and temperature were recorded by chronically
      implanted electrodes and transducers. Measurements were taken before and after
      decerebration at the premammillary level. After decerebration limb temperature
      was returned to its normal range by the use of radiant heat. 3. Reproducible ramp
      and-hold stretches and releases of the ankle extensor muscles were produced by a
      servo-controlled motor that rotated the left rear pedestal about the ankle joint.
      The length of the ankle extensor muscles changed by 2-3 mm within 30-35 ms after
      the onset of a ramp perturbation. Reflex responses before and after decerebration
      were compared at matched background values of muscle length and force. 4. In both
      the SOL and LG muscles, a short-latency EMG burst appeared 8-12 ms after stretch
      onset and lasted approximately 20 ms. After decerebration the onset of the
      rectified and smoothed EMG burst remained unchanged, but its area was increased
      by 36-89%. 5. The lateral gastrocnemius-soleus (LG-S) electroneurogram (ENG) was
      chronically recorded in two cats with a nerve cuff recording electrode implanted
      on the LG-S nerve. LG-S ENG activity started to increase soon after stretch onset
      and remained high during the entire ramp phase. The stretch-evoked LG-S ENG burst
      started approximately 8 ms earlier than the short-latency SOL and LG EMG bursts.
      It was interpreted to reflect mainly an increase in the activity of Group Ia and
      Ib muscle afferents, caused by increases in both muscle length and muscle force
      during the stretch. After the cats were decerebrated, for matched postural
      conditions, the area of the stretch-evoked LG-S ENG burst was increased by 29
      35%. Because the length and force changes sensed by the muscle receptors before
      and after decerebration were similar, this suggests that the sensitivity of
      muscle spindles was increased as a consequence of altered activity in fusimotor
      neurons after decerebration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2283545
TI  - Afferent bases of spatial- and temporal-frequency processing by neurons in the
      cat's posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex: effects of removing areas 17,
      18, and 19.
AB  - 1. We investigated whether spatial- and temporal-frequency processing by neurons
      in the cat's posteromedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) extrastriate cortex
      depends on inputs from ipsilateral areas 17, 18, and 19 (visual cortex; VC) or
      occurs in parallel with those cortical areas. 2. Single neurons were recorded in
      PMLS cortex of normal adult cats and adult cats that had ipsilateral VC removed
      within 24 h before recording. Receptive-field properties were characterized, and
      responses to sine-wave gratings of different spatial frequencies, contrasts, and
      temporal frequencies were measured and Fourier analyzed. 3. As in previous
      studies, removing inputs from VC led to a reduction in the proportion of
      direction-selective PMLS cells. In addition there were statistically significant
      reductions in response amplitude and variability, although signal-to-noise ratios
      were unchanged. Contrast sensitivity also was reduced at all spatial frequencies.
      Spatial resolution was reduced slightly; however, this reduction appears to be
      secondary to the overall reduction in response amplitude and sensitivity. 4. The
      shape of the spatial-frequency contrast-sensitivity functions and the
      distribution of optimal spatial frequencies were unaffected by removing inputs
      from VC. In addition, once response threshold was reached, the slope of the
      contrast-response function (contrast gain) at the optimal spatial frequency was
      similar for PMLS cells in normal cats and cats with a VC lesion. 5. When tested
      at the optimal spatial frequency, temporal-frequency bandwidths, high and low
      temporal-frequency cutoffs, and optimal temporal frequencies were similar for
      PMLS cells in normal cats and cats with VC removed. 6. The results thus indicate
      that inputs from VC are important for the elaboration of direction selectivity
      and affect response amplitude and contrast sensitivity among PMLS neurons.
      However, visual-cortical inputs have little or no influence on spatial- and
      temporal-frequency processing by PMLS neurons. These properties depend on inputs
      from other cortical areas or the thalamus and are processed in parallel with
      areas 17, 18, and 19.

PMID- 2283546
TI  - Current views on biological testing of restorative materials.
AB  - It is anticipated that biological testing in Europe after 1 January 1993 will be
      based on European Standards (EN) common to all biomaterials. No details regarding
      the future certification programmes are yet available. In vitro cytotoxicity,
      tissue reactions to implanted materials and pulp studies ('usage tests')
      represent three levels commonly used for biological testing of restorative dental
      materials. Considerable variation in test methodology exists, and no universal
      agreement prevails with regard to which test or tests are most appropriate for
      evaluation of the biological effects of restorative materials. The latter also
      include a number of allergens, but few biological side-effects have been noted in
      clinical practice.

PMID- 2283547
TI  - An electromyographic study of aspects of 'deprogramming' of human jaw muscles.
AB  - Surface electromyograms from the right and left masseter and anterior temporalis
      muscles were used to detect peripheral correlates of deprogramming, also known as
      programming and reprogramming, of jaw elevator muscles. Putative deprogramming
      was attempted through the clinically recommended use of a leaf gauge, placed for
      15 min between the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth and disoccluding the
      posterior teeth by about 2 mm. Studied contractile activities were those of
      postural activity (subconscious, semi-isometric, minimal activity) and
      intercuspal teeth clenching (conscious, isometric, maximal activity). Use of the
      leaf gauge did not affect normalized postural activity (about 4%), the duration
      (about 900 ms) and static work efforts of clenching (about 1200 microV.s), the
      time to peak mean voltage of clenching (about 400 ms), and the peak mean voltage
      of clenching (about 300 microV). Activity and asymmetry indices showed that the
      studied motor innervation patterns were not changed by the leaf gauge.

PMID- 2283548
TI  - Effects of lesions to the trigeminal motor nucleus on temporomandibular disc
      morphology.
AB  - Stereotaxic surgery was performed on the trigeminal motor nuclei (TMNu) of 47
      actively growing rats in order to test the effects of neuromuscular alterations
      on TMJ disc morphology. Lesioned animals received a small electrolytic lesion to
      their left-side TMNu, while shams had their TMNu stimulated without an actual
      lesion being produced. Both lesioned and sham-lesioned animals demonstrated
      significant (P less than 0.05; P less than 0.01) morphological alterations of
      their discs 28, 56, and 84 days postoperatively. Data indicated that (i) TMNu
      lesions do indeed affect disc morphology, and (ii) even subtle damage to
      trigeminal motoneurones can influence TMJ disc morphology. It is therefore
      suggested that at least some TMJ disease processes have a neuromuscular basis.

PMID- 2283549
TI  - Other dental treatment needs in patients who requested removable partial
      dentures.
AB  - The aims of this study were to determine the dental and periodontal status and
      the associated treatment needs, other than that for prosthetic care, in patients
      who requested removable partial dentures. Forty-six patients who had never worn
      removable partial dentures before were examined for plaque index, tooth status,
      gingival index, loss of periodontal attachment and tooth mobility. Prior to
      prosthetic treatment, 15% of the teeth needed conservative treatment and 1%
      needed extractions. From the periodontal point of view, 65% of the teeth needed
      some form of related therapy, and 2% of the teeth were at risk of extraction due
      to advanced mobility.

PMID- 2283550
TI  - Studies on fracture toughness of dental ceramics.
AB  - One important mechanical property of dental ceramics is fracture toughness, KIC,
      which represents the serviceability in the oral cavity, such as the resistance to
      marginal fracture. KIC values of several dental ceramics, natural tooth enamel
      and industrial ceramics were examined by use of the indentation microfracture
      (IM) method. This technique was based on the series of radial cracks emanating
      from the corners of the Vickers indentation. It was observed that appropriate
      load levels should be selected on each specimen to induce radial/median cracks.
      For feldspatic dental porcelains, larger loads of 10, 20 and 30 kg were needed to
      determine their KIC values in the range 1.5-2.1 MN.m-3/2. For natural tooth
      enamel and a new apatite-based castable glass-ceramic, a smaller force of 1 kg
      was sufficient to decide the respective KIC values of about 0.9 and 1.8 MN.m-3/2.
      The KIC values of most dental ceramics examined were slightly higher than that of
      soda lime glass, but less than one-third that of zirconia. It was confirmed that
      the IM method is simple and cost-effective for evaluation of KIC of dental
      ceramics.

PMID- 2283551
TI  - Prosthetic treatment for speech disorders due to surgically acquired maxillary
      defects.
AB  - To evaluate speech following prosthetic obturation of surgically acquired
      maxillary defects, the speech intelligibility of eight patients was measured
      preoperatively and postoperatively, with and without prostheses. Oro-nasal
      separation and velopharyngeal function were also evaluated by use of a specially
      designed spirometer and endoscope. Following placement of maxillary obturator
      prostheses, four patients achieved dramatic improvement in speech
      intelligibility, while four patients did not. In the latter, insufficient
      improvement in speech intelligibility was attributed to velopharyngeal
      incompetence or unstable prosthesis. Two of three patients with velopharyngeal
      incompetence did achieve adequate improvement in speech following placement of a
      speech appliance in combination with maxillary obturator prostheses.

PMID- 2283552
TI  - The production of secondary caries-like lesions on cavity walls and the
      assessment of microleakage using an in vitro microbial caries system.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess microleakage along restored cavity walls
      using a new in vitro microbial technique. Extracted human teeth containing
      cavities restored with a microfine posterior composite were incubated in broth
      inoculated with a single strain of Streptococcus mutans for 10 days, using a
      sequential batch culture technique. Each margin of the cavities was finished in
      one of three ways: butt joint and etching; butt joint and no etching, or; bevel
      joint and etching. The assessment of microleakage was achieved by examining
      sections of the teeth histologically using polarized light for the presence or
      absence of caries-like cavity wall lesions. Outer (surface) lesions were also
      examined and displayed the characteristic zones of early natural caries lesions.
      The cavity wall lesions were observed as a translucent zone in 31% of butt and
      unetched margins, 16% of butt and etched margins, and 5% of bevelled and etched
      margins.

PMID- 2283554
TI  - Studies related to reaction of supporting soft tissue to denture wear: the
      histological response of vervet monkey oral epithelium to a -80 mmHg vacuum.
AB  - The histological response of vervet monkey oral epithelium to a negative force
      similar to that experienced under dentures was investigated. Using impression
      trays with adherent impressions linked to a vacuum pump, the epithelia of the
      hard palate, attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa of 16 monkeys were subjected to
      a continuous vacuum of -80 mmHg, and then fixed by perfusion and immersion while
      in situ. After processing for light microscopy, sections were measured to obtain
      the rete peg length, supra-papillary width, epithelial width and basal, spinous
      and superficial cell density 700 microns-2. Mean values and standard deviations
      were calculated for each measurement and, using Student's t-test, these data were
      compared with results obtained for normal tissue from nine additional monkeys.
      The vacuum caused an increase in epithelial width in the palate and attached
      gingiva, and a decrease in epithelial width in the alveolar mucosa. The cell
      density 700 microns-2 decreased significantly in all layers of the palate, but
      increased in the basal layer of the attached gingiva and the basal and
      superficial layers of the alveolar mucosa. The alveolar mucosa within 0.5 mm of
      the mucogingival junction showed a variable response. This study demonstrates
      that a vacuum of -80 mmHg modifies the structure of the oral epithelium, and this
      response is directly related to the functional demands of the tissue.

PMID- 2283553
TI  - Duration patterns of percussion sound in healthy and periodontally affected
      teeth.
AB  - Ten periodontally affected subjects and 10 healthy subjects were selected in
      order to examine the duration patterns of percussion sounds in all upper teeth,
      excluding the 8's. Probing depth, loss of attachment, tooth mobility by
      'Periotest', bone loss and percussion sound duration via occlusal sound analyser
      were recorded during the pretreatment period. The following results were obtained
      from the study: (i) the normal duration of percussion sounds ranged from 4.40
      5.33 ms; (ii) percussion sound values of periodontal patients were of longer
      duration than those of healthy subjects; (iii) a close correlation between
      duration and other individual parameters was found in all upper teeth, with the
      exception of molars.

PMID- 2283555
TI  - An in vitro evaluation of a prototype CFRC prefabricated post developed for the
      restoration of pulpless teeth.
AB  - Carbon fibre reinforced carbon (CFRC) in the form of a prefabricated post has
      recently been developed and is theoretically acceptable for consideration in an
      endodontic post-retained crown system. This study compared four different types
      of postcore system cemented into 40 extracted anterior human teeth. The test
      groups consisted of CFRC posts cemented with a composite resin luting agent, and
      used with either a cast gold alloy core (Group B) or a composite resin core
      (Group C). Two existing post-core techniques were used as controls for comparison
      with the CFRC groups. One control was a prefabricated wrought precious alloy post
      having a cast gold alloy core, and cemented with zinc phosphate cement (Group A).
      The other was a prefabricated stainless steel post with a composite resin core,
      and cemented with a composite resin luting agent (Group D). All specimens were
      restored with a gold alloy crown and tested to failure with an obliquely applied
      compressive load at 130 degrees in an Instron using a cross-head speed of 5 cm
      min-1. The results showed that post-retained crowns using a prefabricated CFRC
      post exhibited properties comparable with, and in some cases better than, those
      of existing prefabricated posts. The mode of failure of specimens restored with a
      CFRC post was more favourable to the remaining tooth tissue than was that of
      specimens restored with a metallic post.

PMID- 2283556
TI  - Comparison of food particle distribution masticated by subjects wearing complete
      dentures and with natural teeth.
AB  - The sizes of soya particles masticated by 12 complete denture wearers and 10
      subjects with natural dentition were directly measured by means of a graphic
      digitizer and computer, following a varied number of chewing strokes. It was
      found that the chewed particle size frequency distributions of the two groups
      tended to a state of normal logarithm distribution. Compared with the dentate
      subjects, the mean, 20th, 50th and 80th percentile of the particle sizes chewed
      by complete denture wearers were increased, whilst the distribution shapes were
      nearly identical. The results suggest that there are no qualitative differences
      in the manner in which the two groups break up food. Selection and breakage
      functions of complete denture wearers are decreased, and this could be related to
      the denture conditions and the change of oral state in such individuals.

PMID- 2283557
TI  - Experimental approach to the study of immune function in children with possible
      human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - The clinical immunology laboratory is often called on to assess risk in pediatric
      patients with clinical evidence of immunodeficiency and possible human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure while antibody tests are being considered
      or are underway. Since non-HIV-related conditions including neoplasia, certain
      viruses, and primary immunodeficiency can potentially produce lymphocyte subset
      imbalance and functional impairment, there is need for a laboratory approach to
      differential analysis of pediatric immunodeficiency. In addition, laboratory
      methods may also influence the results obtained. In order to investigate these
      issues, we screened pediatric patients with and without HIV exposure. Altered
      lymphocyte subset expression and function were found among non-HIV-infected
      pediatric patients. The use of percentage and absolute lymphocyte numbers was
      found to affect the results obtained in a significant manner. Some patients who
      were chronic blood transfusion recipients were found to have blocking factors,
      presumably alloantibodies, in serum, which affected detection of lymphocyte
      surface antigens. In this population, age at seroconversion was a factor
      influencing subsequent levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Significant differences in
      CD4+ T lymphocyte percentages were also observed in children congenitally exposed
      to HIV compared with controls, even among those children with CD4/CD8 ratios
      greater than 1.0, who therefore had possibly escaped infection. Immune changes in
      children should be interpreted with caution.

PMID- 2283558
TI  - Estimation of serum sex hormone-binding globulin by five direct and two indirect
      methods.
AB  - Serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) has been estimated over the range 2-190
      nM by six commercially available methods. The Farmos immunoradiometric assay
      (IRMA) and the Pharmacia-LKB DELFIA fluoroimmunoassay, which use the same
      monoclonal antiserum, produced statistically identical but widely spread results.
      The Techland polyclonal radioimmunoassay produced similar results but was
      considerably less sensitive, and agreement with the other two direct methods was
      poor at low concentrations. These three direct methods gave slightly higher
      results than those obtained with the two indirect methods: the BioMerieux
      concanavalin-A-binding method and, especially, the Serono ammonium sulphate
      precipitation method. The Diagnostic Products monoclonal IRMA gave results that
      were up to double the values obtained with the other five methods and is
      considered unsatisfactory. Monoclonal antibodies are now available for the direct
      estimation of SHBG, although an amino acid sequence has not yet been published
      for this protein, and there is still some controversy about the size of its
      structural units.

PMID- 2283559
TI  - Measurement of serum unconjugated estriol and estradiol by high-performance
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - Measurement of Estriol (E3) and estradiol (E2) within 22 min by high-performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC) was achieved in this study, and the values were
      compared with those of a radioimmunoassay (RIA). A totally computerized HPLC
      method was developed for measuring unconjugated E3 (u-E3) and E2 (u-E2) in the
      sera of pregnant women. The serum samples were injected directly into the
      apparatus and transferred to a pretreatment column where the estrogens were
      absorbed while hydrophilic components such as proteins and carbohydrates were
      excluded. The estrogens were then passed through another separation column
      containing a new type of polymer gel. The mobile phase consisted of an
      acetonitrile-water mixture, and separation was achieved by means of a reversed
      phase procedure. The eluate was monitored for fluorescence. All procedures were
      monitored and controlled with a built-in microcomputer. Serum samples from 97
      normal pregnant women at 20-41 wk gestation were simultaneously assayed by HPLC
      and RIA. The correlations obtained by HPLC and RIA were as follows: u-E3, y =
      0.905x - 0.385, with a coefficient of correlation of r = 0.912; for u-E2, y =
      0.964x + 5.024, with a coefficient of correlation of r = 0.841 (y, RIA value; x,
      HPLC value). The quick measurement of u-E3 and u-E2 by HPLC can be a useful
      method for evaluating fetoplacental function.

PMID- 2283560
TI  - Comparison of prostate acid phosphatase with acid phosphatase isoenzymes from the
      lung and spleen.
AB  - Acid phosphatase was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from human normal
      lung and spleen and was characterized biochemically and immunologically in
      comparison with prostate acid phosphatase (PAP). The apparent MW of lung acid
      phosphatase (LAP) and spleen acid phosphatase (SAP) was 110,000 and 100,000,
      respectively, similar to that of PAP (100,000). All three enzymes exhibited
      similar electrophoretic mobility, optimal pH, substrate, and inhibitor
      specificity, except that PAP dephosphorylated profoundly the phosphate group from
      tyrosine phosphate in phosphoangiotensin (19,700 fmol/mg/min), whereas only
      marginal activities were detected for LAP and SAP (19 and 73 fmol/mg/min,
      respectively). Amino acid analysis revealed more similarity between SAP and LAP
      than PAP and LAP or PAP and SAP. An immunological cross-reactivity among these
      three acid phosphatases was detected by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
      raised against purified PAP, although unique epitopes were detected on the PAP
      molecule. This study provides data explaining why conventional biochemical
      methods are not specific for PAP measurement and why immunologic methods still
      detect other acid phosphatases, as observed in clinical laboratory assays. The
      data also suggest the possibility of using a new substrate or antibody reagent
      for a more specific assay for PAP.

PMID- 2283561
TI  - Measurement of soluble MHC class I molecules in renal graft patients: a
      noninvasive allograft monitor.
AB  - We investigated the biochemistry of naturally occurring major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC) class I molecules in human serum and established a quantitative
      enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) to determine soluble human leukocyte antigen
      (HLA) concentration. Peptides of 46, 40, 37, 35, and 12 kDa were isolated on
      affinity chromatography columns using two monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), the anti
      heavy chain W6/32 and the anti-beta 2-microglobulin BBM. 1. These peptides were
      confirmed on Western blots by the HC-10 MoAb, which binds a monomorphic epitope
      on denatured heavy chains. In detergent-binding experiments, only the 46-kDa
      peptide could be isolated from solubilized cell membranes. No quantitative
      differences between serum and plasma HLAs of the same individual were measured.
      Soluble HLA expression in 12 renal graft recipients was measured over 1-3 mo
      posttransplantation. A highly significant increase of 50%-100% was noted during
      rejection episodes. Clinical signs of rejection were accompanied by poor renal
      function, including elevated creatinine values. After the crises had been
      managed, class I levels normalized to 0.3-1.5 micrograms/ml, which is the range
      in healthy persons. Patients who showed no rejection crises maintained constant
      levels within the period of study. We anticipate the application of soluble HLA
      measurement in clinical practice as a noninvasive graft monitor.

PMID- 2283563
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays for serum myoglobin quantification in
      acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - We have developed a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay and a solid
      phase radioimmunoassay for human myoglobin. Both assays are based on competition
      for the monoclonal antibody between the free myoglobin present in the standards
      or serum samples and the myoglobin coated to the wells of microtiter plates.
      Consequently, the absorbance at 630 nm and the radioactivity are inversely
      related to the concentrations of free myoglobin. The sensitivity of both assays
      was 10 micrograms/L with linearity up to 1,000 micrograms/L. There was no
      interference with other serum proteins, as judged from analysis of specimens with
      high concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, or hemoglobin. The
      average serum myoglobin concentration in 30 normal individuals was 67
      micrograms/L. Five patients with cardiac arrhythmias had normal values (average,
      63 micrograms/L) while four patients with myocardial infarction had abnormally
      high concentrations of myoglobin (300-1,000 + micrograms/L). In a typical case of
      myocardial infarction, serum myoglobin rose 21 hr earlier and peaked 12 hr
      earlier than creatine kinase and its cardiac isoenzyme. These rapid immunoassays
      appear to be useful for the early detection of increased serum myoglobin
      indicative of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2283562
TI  - Comparison of sex steroid receptor determinations in human breast cancer by
      enzyme immunoassay and radioligand binding.
AB  - Most investigators comparing ligand-binding procedures for quantifying estrogen
      and progestin receptors in human breast cancer with procedures employing
      monoclonal antibody-based methods have utilized an inappropriate variety of
      reaction conditions, including the elimination of sodium molybdate in the steroid
      binding assays. We studied 197 biopsies of human breast cancer, comparing the
      results of simultaneous measurements of both estrogen and progestin receptors in
      identical cytosols by enzyme immunoassay and by radioligand binding using the
      commercially available kits developed by Abbott Laboratories and by DuPont/NEN
      Products, respectively. Regression analyses comparing the results from the two
      procedures indicated a linear relationship, with correlation coefficients ranging
      from 0.79 to 0.93 for both types of receptors over a wide range of data. Using
      the widely established cutoff value of 10 fmol/mg of cytosol protein for the
      ligand-binding method, and calculating sensitivity and specificity limits
      according to McNeil et al. (1975), an equivalent cutoff value of 15 fmol/mg of
      cytosol protein was determined for the enzyme immunoassay of these receptors.
      Endocrine status of the patient did not appear to alter the cutoff values of
      either estrogen or progestin receptors when determined by enzyme immunoassay. We
      recommend that these cutoff values be considered until the results of clinical
      correlations are completed.

PMID- 2283564
TI  - Monoclonal free light chains in urine and their significance in clinical
      diagnostics: are they really tumor markers?
AB  - Bence Jones proteins (monoclonal free light chains of immunoglobulins) are the
      earliest known biological markers of malignant cell dyscrasia; Bence Jones
      proteinuria is also present in many types of B cell-related neoplasms. Sometimes,
      it may also occur in Hodgkin's disease. In some cases, benign monoclonal
      gammapathy was found to be associated nontumorous diseases as well. The type of
      monoclonal light chain, the degree of polymerization, and the isoelectric point
      of the molecule may affect the course of the disease. Urine samples from 637
      patients with true or suspected lymphoproliferative diseases were investigated
      over a 2-yr period by different immunochemical methods. Bence Jones proteinuria
      was identified in 71 cases by isoelectric focusing combined with immunofixation,
      while the pathological protein was detected only in 63 cases by conventional
      methods. Bence Jones proteins can be detected by this new method at a level below
      the sensitivity of conventional procedures. Bence Jones proteins in the urine may
      signal a malignant tumor or malignant transformation of an earlier disease. The
      early detection of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains in the urine may be
      important in clinical diagnosis, therapy, and follow-up.

PMID- 2283565
TI  - Diagnostic value of measuring pancreatic isoamylase with a double-monoclonal
      antibody immunoassay in serum of hospitalized hyperamylasemic patients.
AB  - We evaluated the diagnostic utility of measuring pancreatic isoamylase (P-AMY)
      with a double-monoclonal antibody technique in a population of 43 consecutive
      hospitalized hyperamylasemic patients in comparison with serum pancreatic lipase
      (LPS) activity. In 27 cases (62.8%), the final diagnosis was acute pancreatitis.
      Predictive values were calculated for P-AMY and LPS activities, and a P-AMY
      percentage was calculated for selected decision levels. The maximal diagnostic
      efficiency was 0.930, 0.814, and 0.767 for LPS, P-AMY activity, and P-AMY
      percentage, respectively, indicating that serum LPS measurement was clinically
      superior to P-AMY for distinguishing patients with or without pancreatitis.
      Measurement of both P-AMY activity and percentage in serum did not significantly
      improve diagnostic accuracy.

PMID- 2283566
TI  - Assay for the detection of anti-idiotypic antibodies to monoclonal antibody
      B72.3.
AB  - The administration of xenogenic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) leads in many cases
      to a host immune response represented by the generation of antibodies that can be
      directed against allotypic, isotypic, and idiotypic determinants present on the
      xenogeneic MAb. Anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2s) can be detected by measuring
      their specific reactivity in sandwich assays using their ability to cross-link
      labeled Ab1 to Ab1 attached to a solid phase; however, when the MAb used for
      these studies reacts with a multideterminant tumor-associated antigen found in
      the circulation (e.g., TAG-72), the utility of these anti-idiotype assays may be
      limited. To determine the levels of anti-idiotypic antibodies that could be
      detected in patients undergoing MAb B72.3-based immunodiagnostic and
      immunotherapeutic protocols, we investigated the ability of a solid-phase
      sandwich radioimmunoassay (RIA) to detect anti-idiotypic antibodies raised
      against B72.3. Furthermore, to overcome the interference of circulating TAG-72
      and/or antibodies to allotypic and isotypic determinants in the evaluation of an
      anti-idiotypic response, we developed a methodology using CC49-coated resin to
      absorb the interfering molecules (CC49 is a second anti-TAG-72 MAb). Under the
      conditions established, all of the TAG-72 antigen was removed by adsorption with
      MAb CC49. Furthermore, since the treatment used an isotype-identical murine MAb,
      the binding due to the anti-mouse antibodies, other than the anti-idiotype, was
      completely abolished after a treatment with MAb CC49, leaving only the anti
      idiotype component.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283567
TI  - Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA using the polymerase chain reaction technique.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique has been utilized for the detection
      of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, and several factors related to the selection of
      primer pairs for the PCR amplification have been demonstrated. The sensitivity of
      the PCR assay was compared with that of slot-blot hybridization for detecting HBV
      DNA. Analysis by the PCR technique with Southern blot hybridization provided a
      greater than 10(4)-fold increase in sensitivity over the slot-blot hybridization
      analysis. Also, a rapid and sensitive PCR method for the detection of serum HBV
      DNA was developed: HBV-DNA is released from virions by incubating serum with NaOH
      followed by neutralization with HCl. HBV-DNA sequences are then detected by
      agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining after PCR amplification
      with successive sets of primer pairs. In testing serial samples from chimpanzees
      experimentally infected with HBV, HBV-DNA was detected 2-3 wk before the
      appearance of hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg) and continued to be detectable
      for a short period after the production of antibody to HBsAg. Results from
      testing of human serum demonstrated that the majority of patients with HBsAg in
      serum had HBV-DNA as well and that some patients had HBV-DNA in serum in the
      absence of HBsAg.

PMID- 2283568
TI  - Learned helplessness in diabetic youths.
AB  - Determined the relationships among the learned helplessness attributional style,
      depression, regimen adherence, and metabolic control in a sample of diabetic
      youth. Fifty children (20 male and 30 female) between the ages of 10 and 16
      completed the Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire and the Children's
      Depression Inventory. Regimen adherence was assessed with three 24-hr recall
      interviews conducted separately with patients and their mothers over a 1-week
      period. Metabolic control was measured by glycosylated hemoglobin A1 (HbA1).
      Learned helplessness was significantly associated with depression (p less than
      .001) and HbA1 (p less than .02), but was not associated with regimen adherence.
      Depression was unrelated to regimen adherence and metabolic control. The
      adherence measures together accounted for 24% of the variance of HbA1.
      Significant correlations were obtained between HbA1 and the exercise (p less than
      .05) and eating/testing frequency (p less than .05) adherence factors, indicating
      that lower levels of adherence were associated with worse metabolic control. Age,
      pubertal status, sex, disease duration, and SES were unrelated to regimen
      adherence and metabolic control. These results support the notion that the
      learned helplessness attributional style for negative events is related to both
      depression and long-term metabolic control problems in diabetic youths.

PMID- 2283569
TI  - Peptic ulcer disease in youths with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a
      prospective study.
AB  - Tested whether metabolic control, treatment variables, and psychosocial factors
      are associated with the onset of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in 14 Ss with IDDM
      who later developed PUD and a matched group of 14 Ss who did not. Metabolic
      control was recorded 1 year before PUD diagnosis, at diagnosis, and 6 and 12
      months after diagnosis. Treatment variables (adherence, insulin dose, number of
      injections, number of hospitalizations) and psychosocial factors (coping, stress,
      family relations) were assessed an average of 20 months prior to PUD diagnosis. A
      2 (Group) x 4 (Time) repeated measures ANOVA revealed no between-groups
      differences on metabolic control. One-way ANOVAs indicated the groups did not
      differ on treatment variables or psychosocial factors, except that Ss in the PUD
      group reported more insulin injections. Research is needed regarding the
      correlates of PUD in Ss with well-controlled IDDM of relatively brief duration.

PMID- 2283570
TI  - The perceived self-competence of adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus: deficit or strength?
AB  - Two studies were conducted in an attempt to replicate an earlier finding of self
      esteem deficits in adolescent girls with early onset of insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Participants in Study 1 were 139 adolescents with IDDM
      who completed the Perceived Competence Scale for Children (Harter, 1979). A 2
      (gender) X 2 (group: age of IDDM onset: early vs. late) multivariate analysis of
      variance (MANOVA) did not reveal a significant interaction effect. Study 2
      included 136 adolescents (104 adolescents with IDDM and 32 physically healthy
      adolescents) who completed the Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter,
      1985). A 2 (gender) X 3 (early IDDM onset, late IDDM onset, physically healthy
      control) MANCOVA, controlling for the effects of social class and adolescent age,
      also indicated no significant interaction effect. Thus, we found no differences
      in self-esteem based on age at disease onset and gender in two independent
      samples of youths with IDDM. In Study 2, significant gender and group effects
      were revealed, but when these findings are compared with normative data and data
      from our physically healthy sample, the results suggest that the youths with IDDM
      were functioning within the normal range on self-esteem. The importance of these
      findings in regard to the deficit versus adaptation models of chronic illness is
      discussed.

PMID- 2283572
TI  - Fear of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes.
AB  - Extended a study of diabetic adults which showed that fear of hypoglycemia is
      common and may affect diabetic control. That study evaluated the psychometric
      properties of the Hypoglycemic Fear Survey (HFS), an instrument designed to
      measure fear of hypoglycemia. The present study evaluated the psychometric
      properties of the HFS with diabetic youth. The HFS was completed by 128 Ss on
      arrival at a diabetes summer camp, by 127 Ss at the end of the 7-day camp, and by
      74 Ss 12 weeks after camp. The results support the internal consistency and test
      retest reliability of the HFS with this age group. Factor analytic and multiple
      regression techniques support the construct validity of the scale. HFS scores
      enhanced prediction of diabetic control. The HFS appears to be useful as a
      research tool with children and adolescents, although cross-validation is needed
      before clinical use can be justified.

PMID- 2283571
TI  - Psychological functioning of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a
      longitudinal study.
AB  - Assessed school-age youth repeatedly over the first 6 years of their insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) to determine self-perceived psychological
      adjustment. After the first year of IDDM, Ss exhibited a mild increase in
      depressive symptoms. Anxiety decreased for boys but increased for girls over the
      duration of IDDM. In contrast, self-esteem remained stable regardless of
      rehospitalizations or degree of metabolic control. Ss' adjustment shortly after
      IDDM onset, as reflected by levels of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem, were
      predictors of later adjustment. In general, Ss found the implications of IDDM
      more upsetting and the regimen more difficult with time, and girls were more
      upset by their illness than boys. The degree to which children were upset by the
      implications and management of IDDM varied as a function of their anxiety and
      depression.

PMID- 2283573
TI  - Pain in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: a descriptive study.
AB  - In sickle cell disease, vaso-occlusion in the small blood vessels leads to bone
      or joint pain which is variable in intensity and duration. An essential first
      step toward the development of specific treatment guidelines for such painful
      episodes in children and adolescents is the accurate evaluation of pain. The
      systematic assessment of vaso-occlusive pain is addressed through two separate
      studies. In the first, 35 pediatric sickle cell disease patients between 5 and 16
      years of age were evaluated in an outpatient clinic with the Varni/Thompson
      Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. In the second, data were gathered over the course
      of hospitalizations for uncomplicated vaso-occlusive episodes in 17 adolescent
      patients. Results showed that this pain experience can be quantified, that vaso
      occlusive pain spans a broad range of intensity levels, and that there are a
      number of socioemotional factors associated with the pain experience. Further
      research to systematically assess the psychometric properties of pain assessment
      instrument is recommended.

PMID- 2283574
TI  - Group behavioral treatment of retentive encopresis.
AB  - Investigated the efficacy of behavioral group treatment for children with
      retentive encopresis who had previously failed medical management. Eighteen
      children between the ages of 4 and 11 years and their parents were seen in small
      treatment groups of 3 to 5 families over 6 sessions. The sessions focused on
      education about retentive encopresis, and the integration of behavioral parenting
      procedures with medical management. Parents and children were taught to deliver
      an enema clean-out, increase the children's dietary fiber, and appropriate
      toileting techniques. The results indicated that children significantly increased
      their fiber consumption by 40%, increased appropriate toileting by 116%, and
      decreased their soiling accidents by 83% pre- to posttreatment. Further, these
      treatment gains maintained or improved at the 6-month follow-up. The results are
      discussed in terms of cost-effective interventions and the interface between
      psychology and medicine in pediatric psychology.

PMID- 2283575
TI  - Management of male pseudohermaphroditism: a case report spanning twenty-one
      years.
AB  - Management of infants born with ambiguous sex organs requires the close
      collaboration of a team of professionals: pediatric endocrinologist, pediatric
      psychologist, gynecologist, and surgeon. The interdisciplinary teamwork of a
      group of professionals is described in the case of a patient announced at birth
      as a male but within days reannounced and reared as a female. Over the next 21
      years, she became completely aware of her endocrine condition, including its
      medical classification (male pseudohermaphroditism), her chromosomal (46 XY) and
      gonadal (testes) status, and her early history of male sex assignment. The
      clinical management described herein helped this person deal effectively with her
      condition despite unsuccessful reconstructive vagal surgery. Substantiation of
      this is provided by the patient's personal comments.

PMID- 2283576
TI  - Stress and depression in mothers of failure-to-thrive children.
AB  - Compared 30 mothers whose children were hospitalized for failure-to-thrive (FTT)
      to a normative group on standardized measures of perceived stress and depression.
      Child and maternal medical and demographic data were also taken. Standardized
      development and feeding assessments were done. Descriptive statistics,
      correlational analyses, and t tests were used to describe and examine group
      differences. FTT children were perceived overall as more stressful, less
      adaptable, more inconsolable, and more unhappy than were healthy children. Child
      characteristics associated with higher maternal stress levels were higher birth
      weight, absence of organic disease or behavioral feeding problems, and higher IQ.
      Maternal self-report of depression, attachment to her child, sense of competence
      in parenting, social isolation, and relationship to spouse were not different
      from the normative sample.

PMID- 2283577
TI  - Peer relations of hearing-impaired adolescents.
AB  - Compared peer relations of hearing-impaired adolescents (n = 35) with those of
      hearing adolescents (n = 35) based on reports from mothers, fathers, and
      adolescents. Dependent measures included the emotional bonding, aggression, and
      social maturity subscales of the Missouri Peer Relations Inventory, the
      socialized aggression subscale from the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist and
      the activities and social subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist. Analyses
      showed that parents of hearing-impaired youths rated their adolescents'
      friendships as relatively high in aggression, but hearing-impaired adolescents
      rated their behavior with friends as relatively low in aggression. These findings
      were interpreted in light of recent research regarding the cognitive biases of
      aggressive hearing children. Mothers of hearing-impaired youths also rated their
      adolescents' friendships as lower in emotional bonding than did mothers of
      hearing adolescents.

PMID- 2283578
TI  - Parental management of fear in chronically ill and healthy children.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the impact of children's health status on
      parental management of fear and avoidance, as well as the relationship between
      parenting strategies and children's fear and anxiety levels. Thirty-one children
      with a chronic life-threatening illness, 30 children with chronic non-life
      threatening conditions, and 28 healthy children, and their mothers, were studied.
      Children's health status, by diagnosis, was not a significant determinant of
      maternal fear-management strategies. For chronically ill children, clinical
      health status, in terms of illness course, prognosis, physical impairment, and
      time since diagnosis were related to maternal parenting strategies and to
      children's levels of medically related fears. For the sample as a whole, maternal
      fear-management strategies were related to child sex, socioeconomic status, and
      mothers' trait anxiety. These results are discussed in terms the interactive
      effects of child characteristics, health status, fear/anxiety, and parenting
      strategies.

PMID- 2283580
TI  - Intellectual characteristics of diabetic children at diagnosis and one year
      later.
AB  - Examined neurocognitive functions in 63 newly diagnosed pediatric patients with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM) at onset of illness (T0) and 1 year
      postdiagnosis (T1). Siblings (S) serving as controls were assessed at T0 only.
      Subjects were given age-appropriate tests of verbal and visuospatial abilities.
      In addition, DM were interviewed regularly during diabetes clinic to determine
      current diabetic control and different intervening glycemic-related events.
      Results revealed no differences between DM and S at T0, nor any specific
      impairment in DM predating illness. Also, DM did not demonstrate any acquired
      impairment after 1 year of illness. Children with early onset DM (less than 5
      years) scored lower in spatial ability at T0 and T1 than children with later
      onset DM, who scored lower in verbal ability. Episodes of asymptomatic and mild
      chronic hypoglycemia correlated positively, not negatively, with improved outcome
      over time. There were no adverse effects of severe hypoglycemia. Ketonuria and
      hospitalizations were associated with lower performance IQs 1 year after onset,
      as was diabetic ketoacidosis at onset. Results are discussed in terms of critical
      periods of sensitivity of different brain regions to the effects of diabetes and
      the need for longer follow-up of these children.

PMID- 2283579
TI  - A matched comparison of adjustment in children with cystic fibrosis and
      psychiatrically referred and nonreferred children.
AB  - Utilized the Child Assessment Schedule, a standardized clinical interview, to
      assess psychosocial adjustment in terms of DSM-III diagnoses. The criteria for a
      major DSM-III diagnosis were met by 58% of the children with cystic fibrosis
      compared to 23% for the nonreferred children and 77% for the psychiatrically
      referred children. Children with cystic fibrosis generally did not demonstrate
      more symptoms of psychological disturbance than nonreferred children. It was in
      terms of worries, poor self-image, and anxiety, that the children with cystic
      fibrosis demonstrated symptom levels comparable to that of psychiatrically
      referred children. Findings are discussed in terms of the specific risk of
      internalizing behavior problems for children with chronic illness.

PMID- 2283581
TI  - An analysis of adolescent suicide attempts: the expendable child.
AB  - Assessed the concept of the "expendable child" syndrome proposed by Sabbath
      (1969) as a contributing factor in adolescent suicide attempts. It was
      hypothesized that suicidal adolescents would be rated higher on a measure of
      "expendability" than would a psychiatric control group of adolescents with no
      known history of suicide attempts or ideation. Forty adolescents, ages 13-24, who
      had been seen in psychotherapy at a teen-age health clinic, were rated by their
      psychotherapists on suicidality and a 12-item scale of expendability (a sense of
      being unwanted and/or a burden on the family). As predicted, suicidal adolescents
      received significantly higher ratings on the expendability measure than
      nonsuicidal adolescents. Results support the concept that feeling expendable is a
      characteristic of suicidal adolescents. Implications for prevention and treatment
      of adolescent suicidality are discussed.

PMID- 2283582
TI  - Avian penicilliosis caused by Penicillium griseofulvum in a captive toucanet.
AB  - A sudden fatal illness developed in a group of New World toucanets held captive
      in Finland. Necropsy studies on one of the birds revealed the presence of
      invasive, hyaline, septate, branched mycelium in the lungs, air sacs, liver and
      other tissues. In addition, conidiophores and conidial chains, typical of members
      of the genus Penicillium were present in the lungs and air sacs. Cultures yielded
      a mould which was subsequently identified as Penicillium griseofulvum. A critical
      review of the literature revealed that only seven other species of Penicillium
      have been convincingly documented as agents of penicilliosis on the basis of
      histologic and cultural findings.

PMID- 2283583
TI  - Subcellular localization of enzymes of phospholipid metabolism in Candida
      albicans.
AB  - The intracellular location of various enzymes involved in the metabolism of
      phospholipids of Candida albicans was studied. Among the biosynthetic enzymes,
      phosphatidylserine synthetase was found to be localized in the microsomes;
      choline kinase and ethanolamine kinase were cytosolic; acyltransferase was
      localized in the particulate fraction and glycerol kinase and phosphatidic acid
      phosphatase were distributed in both the microsomal and cytosolic fractions.
      Phospholipase A and phospholipase C were abundant in the microsomes and
      phospholipase C was also detected in the cytosol. Lysophospholipase and
      glycerophosphocholine diesterase were distributed mainly in the mitochondria.
      Lipase activity was also detected in this fungus. Based on the enzymes detected
      in this study we have postulated pathways of phospholipid metabolism in C.
      albicans.

PMID- 2283584
TI  - Fine structure and cytochemistry of the interaction between Fonsecaea pedrosoi
      and mouse resident macrophages.
AB  - The interaction between conidia of Fonsecaea pedrosoi and mouse resident
      peritoneal macrophages was observed by light microscopy and by scanning (SEM) and
      transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. The conidia first attached to the surface
      of the macrophage and were then ingested. Prolonged incubation of the macrophage
      cultures showed proliferation of intracellular fungi as well as those which
      remained attached to the macrophage surface. The conidia were ingested by a
      typical phagocytic process, with formation of a phagosome. Macrophage lysosomes
      were observed to fuse with the phagosomes by immunofluorescence microscopy of
      macrophages previously labeled with acridine orange, by TEM of thin sections of
      macrophages labeled with albumin-gold, and by ultrastructural localization of
      acid phosphatase within the phagosomes.

PMID- 2283586
TI  - Keratinophilic fungi in bottom sediments of surface waters.
AB  - Samples of bottom sediments from several artificial lakes, ponds, rivers and
      sewage in the Silesia Region of Poland were examined for keratinophilic fungi.
      The intensity of growth on hair-bait, as well as the qualitative and quantitative
      distribution of keratomycetes in bottom sediments, depended on the level of
      sewage contamination of the water.

PMID- 2283585
TI  - Biochemical mode of action and enantiomeric selectivity of SDZ 89-485, a new
      triazole antimycotic.
AB  - SDZ 89-485, a new triazole antimycotic agent, potently inhibited ergosterol
      biosynthesis in cells of Candida. Trichophyton and Aspergillus. Biosynthesis was
      measured both by incorporation of radiolabelled acetate and also by methylation
      of the sterol side chain. Inhibition was accompanied by accumulation of
      radiolabel in 4,4-dimethylsterols and to a lesser extent in the 4-methylsterols,
      consistent with inhibition of lanosterol 14-demethylation. No other steps were
      affected. Ergosterol biosynthesis in the mycelial growth form of Candida albicans
      was about twice as sensitive to the drug as that in the yeast form. Inhibition by
      SDZ 89-485 was qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that shown by other
      systemically active azoles (ketoconazole, itraconazole, ICI 195,739) in Candida
      cells and cell-free preparations. Rat liver cell-free cholesterol biosynthesis
      was much less sensitive to inhibition by SDZ 89-485 than was the equivalent
      Candida system (selectivity ratio of about 300). In contrast to miconazole and
      econazole, SDZ 89-485 had no uncoupling effect on respiration in C. albicans
      cells. The structure of SDZ 89-485 contains an asymmetric centre, the drug being
      the (-)(R) enantiomer. The (+)(S) enantiomer 89-486, which is antifungally much
      less effective, was at least 10-fold less active than SDZ 89-485 as an ergosterol
      biosynthesis inhibitor in all test systems employed. The difference between the
      two enantiomers appears to reside in stereo-selectivity at the level of
      interaction with the demethylase enzyme.

PMID- 2283587
TI  - The role of construal processes in overconfident predictions about the self and
      others.
AB  - Overconfident behavioral predictions and trait inferences may occur because
      people make inadequate allowance for the uncertainties of situational construal.
      In Studies 1-3, Ss estimated how much time or money they would spend in various
      hypothetical, incompletely specified situations. Ss then offered associated
      "confidence limits" under different "construal conditions". In Study 4, Ss made
      trait inferences about someone they believed had responded "deviantly"--again
      with situational details unspecified and construal conditions manipulated. In all
      4 studies, Ss who made predictions or trait inferences without being able to
      assume the accuracy of their situational construals offered confidence limits no
      broader than those of Ss who made their responses contingent on such accuracy.
      Only in conditions where Ss were obliged to offer alternative construals did they
      appropriately broaden their confidence limits or weaken their trait inferences.

PMID- 2283588
TI  - An alternative "description of personality": the big-five factor structure.
AB  - In the 45 years since Cattell used English trait terms to begin the formulation
      of his "description of personality," a number of investigators have proposed an
      alternative structure based on 5 orthogonal factors. The generality of this 5
      factor model is here demonstrated across unusually comprehensive sets of trait
      terms. In the first of 3 studies, 1,431 trait adjectives grouped into 75 clusters
      were analyzed; virtually identical structures emerged in 10 replications, each
      based on a different factor-analytic procedure. A 2nd study of 479 common terms
      grouped into 133 synonym clusters revealed the same structure in 2 samples of
      self-ratings and in 2 samples of peer ratings. None of the factors beyond the 5th
      generalized across the samples. In the 3rd study, analyses of 100 clusters
      derived from 339 trait terms suggest their potential utility as Big-Five markers
      in future studies.

PMID- 2283589
TI  - Effects of stress and anxiety on the processing of threat stimuli.
AB  - Two experiments extended the work of MacLeod and Mathews (1988) and examined
      whether a cognitive bias for threat information is a function of state or trait
      anxiety. Color-naming and attention deployment tasks were used to assess the
      effects of a stress manipulation procedure on attentional responses in high and
      low trait anxious subjects. Subjects under high stress selectively allocated
      processing resources toward threat stimuli, irrespective of their trait anxiety
      level. There was no consistent evidence of a cognitive bias associated with trait
      anxiety, and the effect of the stress manipulation did not appear to be mediated
      by state anxiety. It was suggested that trait factors do not modify attentional
      biases associated with acute stress, but may influence such biases when stress is
      prolonged.

PMID- 2283590
TI  - The affective consequences of social comparison: either direction has its ups and
      downs.
AB  - Research on social comparison processes has assumed that a comparison in a given
      direction (upward or downward) will lead to a particular affective reaction. In
      contrast, the present two studies proposed and found that a comparison can
      produce either positive or negative feelings about oneself, independent of its
      direction. Several factors moderated the tendency to derive positive or negative
      affect from upward and downward comparisons. In Study 1, cancer patients low in
      self-esteem and with low perceived control over their symptoms and illness were
      more likely to see downward comparisons as having negative implications for
      themselves. Those low in self-esteem were also more likely to perceive upward
      comparisons as negative. In Study 2, individuals with high marital
      dissatisfaction and those who felt uncertain about their marital relationship
      were more likely to experience negative affect from upward and downward
      comparisons. The implications of these findings for social comparison theory and
      for the coping and adaptation literature are discussed.

PMID- 2283591
TI  - Task demand and cardiovascular response magnitude: further evidence of the
      mediating role of success importance.
AB  - The interactive effects of success importance and task demand upon cardiovascular
      reactivity were investigated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, Ss learned that
      success on an easy or difficult memory task would allow them to avoid a mild or
      severe noise. As expected, pretask and task elevations in heart rate and systolic
      blood pressure increased with difficulty only when the noise was to be severe. In
      Experiment 2, Ss listened to a victim, attending either to how she must feel or
      to technical features of the presentation. Then they were given the chance to
      earn a donation by succeeding on an easy or difficult memory task. Pretask
      cardiovascular data accorded with predictions predicated on the assumption that
      the need to help would be greater among victim perspective Ss. For them, systolic
      elevations increased with difficulty, whereas for technical perspective Ss
      systolic elevations were low regardless of task demand.

PMID- 2283593
TI  - Chronic parenting stress: moderating versus mediating effects of social support.
AB  - The present study contrasted the widely cited "buffer" model of social support
      with an alternative mediator model. Distinctions were drawn between the functions
      of social support under chronic vs. acute stress conditions, and between
      situation-specific stressors and major life events. Ongoing parenting stress was
      assessed in 96 mothers of deaf children and 118 matched controls. Tests of the
      competing models showed no moderating effects for social support. However, path
      analyses suggested that social support mediated the relationship between
      stressors and outcomes. Chronic parenting stress was associated with lowered
      perceptions of emotional support, and greater symptoms of depression and anxiety.
      Furthermore, parenting stress accounted for a substantial proportion of the
      variance in psychological distress scores in contrast to life event stress, which
      was only weakly related to psychological outcomes. The implications of
      mediational models for understanding adaptation to chronic stress are discussed.

PMID- 2283592
TI  - Testosterone and occupational choice: actors, ministers, and other men.
AB  - Occupational differences in testosterone concentrations, focusing on actors and
      ministers, were explored in 3 studies. The 1st examined salivary testosterone in
      7 occupational groups and an unemployed comparison group and found actors and
      football players higher than ministers but no other significant differences. The
      2nd examined salivary testosterone in 2 kinds of actors (stage actors and
      comedians) and 2 kinds of ministers (pastoral ministers and missionaries) and
      found actors high and ministers low but no differences between subgroups within
      each occupation. The 3rd examined serum testosterone in entertainers and
      ministers in an archival sample of military veterans and found entertainers high
      and ministers low. The results are interpreted in terms of dominance and
      antisocial tendencies, with the conclusion that these variables are complex and
      can affect occupational preference in subtle ways.

PMID- 2283594
TI  - The social concomitants of competitive and impatient/aggressive components of the
      Type A behavior pattern in preschool children: peer responses and teacher
      utterances in a naturalistic setting.
AB  - The Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH) was used to classify 120 children from
      9 preschool classrooms as high or low on behaviors associated with the Type A
      pattern. Peer responses to the children were gathered sociometrically and
      utterances of classroom teachers were tape recorded in a naturalistic setting.
      Boys gave higher sociometric ratings to high competitive girls and girls gave
      higher ratings to low-competitive boys. Teacher verbal utterances addressed to
      high-competitive children were characterized by less challenging cognitive
      processes and lower affective quality. Teacher verbal utterances addressed to
      children high on impatience/aggression were characterized by lower affective
      quality, fewer opportunities for child autonomy, more social/behavioral
      instructions, and more physical expressions of affection.

PMID- 2283595
TI  - Personality correlates of logical and sociomoral judgment.
AB  - This study examined the relation of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
      to stages of logical and sociomoral judgment. Logical judgment was measured using
      adaptations of the pendulum and correlations tasks of Inhelder and Piaget; moral
      judgment was scored using the standard Kohlberg interview. In a sample of 143
      adults, logical and sociomoral judgment were correlated .30 to .50 with most of
      the Class I (Factor 2) CPI scales, those capturing social poise and interpersonal
      adequacy, and Class III (Factor 3) CPI scales, those capturing achievement
      potential and intellectual efficiency. The findings offer support for a cognitive
      interpretation of competence and ego development.

PMID- 2283596
TI  - Carbamazepine treatment of psychosis. Implications for patient welfare and
      nursing practice.
AB  - 1. The antiseizure medication carbamazepine, when used to treat psychosis, does
      not produce the same side effects that appear as problematic in neuroleptic
      treatment, most notably tardive dyskinesia. 2. Carbamazepine has useful sedating,
      antianxiety, and antidepressant properties that make it an effective treatment
      for manic psychosis. 3. Nursing actions include assisting psychiatry in
      establishing and maintaining effective carbamazepine treatment, ensuring safe
      treatment, enhancing the patient's self-care agency, and facilitating research
      regarding the effects of carbamazepine treatment.

PMID- 2283597
TI  - Brief admission program. An alliance of inpatient care and outpatient case
      management.
AB  - 1. Brief planned and crisis admissions to an inpatient psychiatric unit are
      presented as a component supportive of outpatient care and case management for
      chronically mentally ill patients. 2. Typical patients admitted to this inpatient
      short-term program are those experiencing a life stress or temporary crisis;
      chronically mentally ill patients who cycle and experience exacerbations of their
      illness; and those who need to make the transition from an acute inpatient unit
      to community living. 3. The Brief Admission Program treats the individual's
      response to and the consequences of a lifelong illness and enables the patient to
      return to his previous level of functioning and continue necessary outpatient
      treatment.

PMID- 2283598
TI  - Therapeutic ritual. Helping families grow.
AB  - 1. Family development can be inhibited by lack of social or family rituals to
      facilitate life cycle transitions. Therapeutic rituals can be used to help
      families mobilize their resources for healing, growth, and change. 2. A
      therapeutic ritual can help a family to resolve conflicts and resentments, to
      negotiate new roles and relational boundaries, and to develop new shared meanings
      among its members about their ongoing life together. 3. The success of a
      therapeutic intervention is influenced by the nurse-therapist's understanding of
      the family's culture, values, and needs, as well as familiarity with the
      directive nature of strategic therapy concepts on which therapeutic rituals are
      based.

PMID- 2283599
TI  - Prozac: pros and cons.

PMID- 2283600
TI  - What women talk about. Sexuality issues of chemically dependent women.
AB  - 1. In group discussions on sexuality, the topics discussed most often by
      recovering chemically dependent women were incest and sexual child abuse; rape;
      sex while sober; values regarding sex; battering; women's health concerns; and
      coping strategies. 2. Addressing sexuality in an unstructured format allows the
      women time to deal with these issues as they are able, since strong emotions are
      evoked. 3. The group leader needs to be knowledgeable about sexuality and be
      comfortable with explicit sexual and abuse talk.

PMID- 2283601
TI  - What's new in ophthalmology.

PMID- 2283602
TI  - Guided tissue regeneration: an overview.
AB  - In recent years a new technique in periodontal surgery, known as guided tissue
      regeneration, has been developed in Scandinavia and the USA. After raising a flap
      and debriding the root surface, an inert membrane is placed between the flap and
      the underlying tissues. This allows the periodontal ligament to regain some of
      the connective tissue attachment lost during the disease process, something which
      has been unobtainable until now. The purpose of this paper is to review the area
      of periodontal reattachment and to introduce the new technique of guided tissue
      regeneration.

PMID- 2283603
TI  - Oesophageal carcinoma: the view from East Birmingham.
AB  - Oesophageal carcinoma is a bad, but not a hopeless, disease. Overall survival is
      poor but a 5-year survival rate in the region of 30% can be obtained with
      surgical resection in properly selected patients. In this review we outline our
      overall strategy for the management of patients with both localized and advanced
      disease, based on more than 1500 cases treated over the past 14 years.

PMID- 2283604
TI  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm: a preventable cause of death?
AB  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm as a cause of death may be preventable by surgery. This
      paper reviews current theories of aetiology, incidence and detection with
      particular reference to population screening for aneurysm and to reducing the
      operative mortality rate by detecting the correctable risk factors of surgical
      treatment.

PMID- 2283605
TI  - Density of lymphocytic infiltration of primary breast cancer does not affect
      short-term disease-free interval or survival.
AB  - Lymphocytic infiltration of breast cancer is often associated with a favourable
      prognosis. Seventy-seven women with operable breast cancer were followed for a
      minimum of 3 years. Tumours were frozen and sectioned by cryostat before staining
      with monoclonal antibodies using an immunoperoxide technique for total
      lymphocytes, helper/inducer, suppressor/cytotoxic, natural killer and B subsets.
      Lymphocyte density was assessed by light microscopy at x400 and divided at the
      50th percentile to less than 30 and greater than or equal to 30 cells per high
      power field to give scanty and dense lymphocytic infiltration. The
      helper/suppressor lymphocyte ratio was greater than 1 in 45 patients but without
      improvement in survival or cancer recurrence. Natural killer and B lymphocytes
      were rarely seen in tumour sections. Poorly differentiated tumours excited a more
      marked lymphocytic infiltration (P less than 0.01). Neither the density of
      lymphocyte infiltration nor the ratio of helper to suppressor lymphocytes
      correlated with improved short-term survival or recurrence. These data suggest
      that the immune defence is ineffective in preventing spread from the primary
      tumour in breast cancer patients.

PMID- 2283606
TI  - Six-month combination chemotherapy for cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of a 6-month
      four-drug regimen in the treatment of 123 patients with cervical tuberculous
      lymphadenitis. The results showed that the disease was satisfactorily controlled
      with residual lymph nodes which did not necessitate further chemotherapy in 14.6%
      of patients at 3 years follow-up. Recurrence requiring further chemotherapy
      occurred in 3.3% of patients between 9 and 28 months. Wound sinuses occurred in
      3.3% of patients and all healed with conservative treatment. The culture results
      and numbers of lymph nodes at presentation had no effect on outcome at 3 years.
      An excisional procedure was associated with a lower incidence of residual lymph
      nodes than an incisional biopsy. Minor gastrointestinal upset from drug treatment
      was common, but only 2.4% of patients needed a change of regimen. Six months of
      combination chemotherapy is adequate for the treatment of the disease.

PMID- 2283608
TI  - Electrosurgical skin incision versus conventional scalpel: a prospective trial.
AB  - A controlled clinical study comparing skin incision by conventional scalpel with
      electrosurgical needle incision has shown the latter technique to be highly
      effective, consistently quicker, and to give better cosmetic results with minimal
      complications. It is a convenient technique and well tolerated by the patients
      with no added discomfort. Skin diathermy burns and wound haematomas were only
      seen after conventional scalpel incision. Fears of delayed wound healing, keloid
      formation and high infection rates are unfounded.

PMID- 2283607
TI  - Incidence of Campylobacter pylori in a consecutive series of surgical patients
      referred for endoscopy.
AB  - Over a 9-month period, 109 consecutive patients referred from general surgical
      out-patient clinics for endoscopy were studied. The presenting symptoms,
      endoscopic diagnosis, clinical history and degree of histological gastritis were
      determined. The presence of the organism Campylobacter pylori in oesophageal,
      antral and duodenal biopsies was detected by a combination of culture, histology
      and fluorescence microscopy. C. pylori was identified in 49.5% of patients by at
      least one of the methods described. The organism was present only in antral
      biopsies in patients with both normal and abnormal endoscopies. The presence of
      C. pylori was significantly associated with the symptom of dyspepsia, and
      endoscopic diagnosis of peptic ulceration and a greater degree of histological
      gastritis. Analysis of the clinical history of the patients with a normal
      endoscopy suggests that a proportion of these patients (7 of 20) had previous
      evidence of peptic ulceration. Treatment with H2-receptor antagonists may heal
      ulceration but fails to eradicate C. pylori.

PMID- 2283609
TI  - Experience in low velocity gunshot injuries: a more conservative approach in
      selected cases.
AB  - Sixty-eight patients with gunshot and blast injuries who had sustained 200 wounds
      were treated in a single surgical unit over an 18-month period. Many of these
      were low velocity injuries to the soft tissues of the lower limbs. A change of
      policy was adopted for this selected group which involved minimum wound
      debridement under local anaesthesia in association with antibiotics. This policy
      enables early discharge from hospital and has resulted in a low infection rate
      with no significant morbidity.

PMID- 2283610
TI  - Informed consent: can we educate patients?
AB  - Previous reports have shown consent to be 'short' of informed in many cases. One
      hundred patients, including a control group, were interviewed between 2 and 7
      days after their operations. Those given an information sheet before the
      operation had a better recall of their operations than the controls, the overall
      awareness being 97 and 69% respectively. This may have medico-legal implications
      but further studies are required.

PMID- 2283612
TI  - Metastatic squamous carcinoma to the anterior uvea: clinicopathological report.

PMID- 2283611
TI  - Caecostomy in the management of the sloughed appendix: a report of two cases.

PMID- 2283613
TI  - Solitary renal metastasis from osteogenic sarcoma.

PMID- 2283614
TI  - An endoscopic extraction technique for displaced Atkinson prostheses.

PMID- 2283615
TI  - Need for experience when dealing with trauma.

PMID- 2283617
TI  - Casualty officers under-estimate the blood loss from fractures.

PMID- 2283618
TI  - Current management of benign oesophageal strictures.

PMID- 2283616
TI  - Modified McBride's procedure: long-term results.
AB  - This paper presents the long-term results of using a modified version of
      McBride's procedure for the treatment of hallux valgus. The operation used in
      this group of patients is that described by McBride where the adductor hallucis
      tendon is detached from the base of the proximal phalanx. Our modification has
      been to augment this with a medial capsular reef, the adductor tendon is taken
      through a hole in the metatarsal neck and attached to the medial capsule. We did
      not remove the sesamoid bone. Twenty-nine feet have been followed up for up to 12
      years and the results graded using Bonney and MacNab's scoring system. In a group
      of women aged 51-71 years 93% still have a satisfactory result up to 12 years
      after their operation. This operation would appear to be a reasonable option in
      the treatment of hallux valgus in patients with significant pain and deformity as
      long as they do not have major arthritic changes in the first metatarsophalangeal
      joint.

PMID- 2283619
TI  - [X-ray computed tomography of the thorax].

PMID- 2283620
TI  - [MRI of the hip. Technique. Anatomy].

PMID- 2283621
TI  - [Coxarthrosis].

PMID- 2283622
TI  - [Aseptic osteonecrosis of the hip].

PMID- 2283623
TI  - [Imaging of arthritis and algodystrophy of the hip].

PMID- 2283624
TI  - [Synovial cyst of the hip with venous compression. Diagnosis using x-ray computed
      tomography. A case report].
AB  - The authors report a case of synovial cyst developed about the serous bursae of
      the psoas iliaca muscle. It occurred in a 82 years old woman with a severe
      degenerative arthritis after hip dysplasia. The cyst has been revealed by a
      compression syndrome of the iliaca vein. Diagnosis has been made by CT.
      Physiopathology, clinics, diagnosis and treatment of this rare affection complete
      this case.

PMID- 2283625
TI  - [Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery. X-ray computed tomographic and MRI aspects. A
      case report and review of the literature].
AB  - A case of aneurysm of the pulmonary artery diagnosed by CT scan and MRI and
      confirmed by angiography is reported. The discussion considers the literature
      review.

PMID- 2283626
TI  - [Comparison of classic and digital pelvimetry for measuring the medial transverse
      diameter in 50 female patients].
AB  - The medial transverse diameter (MTD) has been measured in 50 female patients
      using both CT and classical pelvimetry. Comparison between these two matched
      series allows to confirm (p less than 0.001) that the measurement obtained by CT
      is on the average smaller than that obtained by classical pelvimetry. The
      relative mean deviation is 3%, the means differ by 4 mm. Management of
      obstetrical patients taking into account measurements obtained by pelvimetry
      (Magnin indices) should then be modified depending on the results obtained by
      this new technique of scanopelvimetry, that will soon become the technique of
      reference.

PMID- 2283627
TI  - Gonadotropin releasing hormones. Clinical applications in gynecology.
AB  - Since the identification and synthesis of gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH)
      19 years ago, over 2,000 GnRH analogs have been synthesized and evaluated for the
      treatment of a variety of conditions requiring temporary, reversible suppression
      or stimulation of gonadotropin secretion. Effective stimulation of the gonads
      requires pulsatile administration of a GnRH agonist, preferably the native
      decapeptide itself. For gonadal suppression, superagonists have proven to be
      highly effective. Intensive studies currently under way promise new and more
      innovative clinical applications of these compounds.

PMID- 2283628
TI  - Carcinoma of the vulva. Clinicopathologic factors involved in inguinal and pelvic
      lymph node metastasis.
AB  - Eighty-five women with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma were subjected to radical
      vulvectomy with bilateral inguinal and femoral node dissection or to radical
      vulvectomy with bilateral inguinofemoral and deep pelvic node dissection. The
      association between lymph node status (metastatic or not) and several parameters
      was analyzed: tumor location, size and clinical stage; tumor thickness,
      histologic grade and mitotic index; blood vessel, lymphatic and perineural
      infiltration; and lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltrates. There were no
      metastases to the pelvic lymph nodes without previous inguinal lymph node
      involvement. Unilateral vulvar carcinomas did not have contralateral metastatic
      nodes when there was no ipsilateral nodal involvement. Lymphatic vessel
      infiltration showed a statistically significant correlation with inguinal node
      metastases (P less than .05). No correlation was found between lymph node
      metastasis and tumor size, clitoral invasion, tumor thickness, histologic grade,
      blood vessel and perineural infiltration, lymphocytic and plasma cell
      infiltrates, and mitotic index.

PMID- 2283629
TI  - Topographic distribution of groin lymph nodes. A study of 50 female cadavers.
AB  - There is a discrepancy between anatomy textbooks' description of groin node
      position and Way's technique of lymphadenectomy. On the one hand, anatomic
      studies have demonstrated that the deep femoral nodes are on the medial side of
      the femoral vein, lying on the deep portion of the fascia lata, and can be seen
      easily through the opening of the fossa ovalis. On the other hand, the standard
      technique of deep femoral lymphadenectomy consists of removing the fat lying
      lateral to the femoral artery through the incision and detachment of the fascia
      lata from the sartorius to adductor longus muscle. With the aim of demonstrating
      that a correct deep femoral lymphadenectomy does not require removal of the
      fascia lata, we dissected Scarpa's triangles in 50 female cadavers. The
      examination of 100 specimens demonstrated that the deep femoral nodes are always
      situated within the opening of the fossa ovalis, and no lymph nodes are distal to
      the lower margin of the fossa ovalis, under the fascia cribrosa. These findings
      suggest that deep femoral lymphadenectomy can be performed without removing the
      fascia lata.

PMID- 2283630
TI  - Deep femoral lymphadenectomy with preservation of the fascia lata. Preliminary
      report on 42 invasive vulvar carcinomas.
AB  - Forty-two patients with primary invasive vulvar carcinoma were treated with
      radical vulvectomy and deep femoral lymphadenectomy with preservation of the
      fascia lata and cribriform fascia. The rationale for using this technique was
      based on anatomic knowledge of the topographic distribution of groin lymph nodes,
      which was confirmed by the study of 50 cadavers. The preliminary data show that
      the number of superficial and deep femoral lymph nodes removed from the 42
      patients (mean number of nodes, 20; range, 8-32) was similar to the number
      reported in anatomy books. In addition, the five-year actuarial survival rate,
      70%, was comparable to that in the literature. These preliminary results suggest
      that the surgical technique used in this study is as radical an oncologic
      procedure as Way's classic groin lymphadenectomy, which consists of removing the
      fascia lata and cribriform fascia.

PMID- 2283631
TI  - Early diagnosis of vulvar neoplasia as a result of vulvar self-examination.
AB  - Vulvar self-examination was used to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of
      vulvar neoplasia in eight patients. Five of them were found to have invasive
      squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, two had carcinoma in situ, and one had a
      vulva melanoma. All eight patients benefited from early diagnosis, which allowed
      definitive treatment and vulvar conservation.

PMID- 2283632
TI  - TestPack Chlamydia for chlamydial detection in physicians' offices.
AB  - Chlamydia trachomatis is widely recognized as the most prevalent sexually
      transmitted disease. It is often asymptomatic and can lead to serious sequelae,
      including infertility and ectopic pregnancy. For this reason, testing of patients
      at risk is a necessary health care measure. This study compared TestPack
      Chlamydia to Chlamydiazyme for the direct detection of chlamydial antigen in
      endocervical specimens. One thousand three hundred seventy-six patients seen in
      47 private practice offices of obstetrician-gynecologists and family
      practitioners were screened. TestPack Chlamydia, a 25-minute enzyme immunoassay,
      had a specificity of 98.6% and sensitivity of 90% when compared with
      Chlamydiazyme, a four-hour laboratory test. The overall prevalence of chlamydial
      infection in this population was 3.6%. The prevalence among patients less than or
      equal to 24 years of age was 7.6% higher among subgroups with symptoms and other
      identified risk factors. The positive predictive value of TestPack Chlamydia
      (83.7%) makes it an accurate assay for testing women at risk for chlamydial
      infections.

PMID- 2283633
TI  - Performing cytogenetic studies on ascitic, amniotic and hygroma fluid.
AB  - The importance of obtaining cytogenetic studies on antenatally diagnosed
      structural malformations is well recognized. In two cases, three fetal
      compartments were sampled, each resulting in successful cytogenetic studies.
      Fluid was obtained under ultrasound guidance from amniotic fluid, fetal ascites
      and cystic hygroma fluid. Fluid from the hygroma itself may be the easiest
      compartment to analyze.

PMID- 2283634
TI  - Prevalence of marijuana use during pregnancy. A pilot study.
AB  - We examined the prevalence of marijuana use in a group of pregnant women using a
      qualitative, rapid urine screen to detect marijuana metabolites. Between July 1,
      1987, and Aug 15, 1987, 322 consecutive patients underwent an anonymous urine
      toxicology screen at the time of admission to the labor-and-delivery unit.
      Patients were identified only by a consecutive number and by their age, race,
      marital status, gravidity, parity and obstetric service (clinic vs. private). The
      prevalence of positive urine toxicologic screens for marijuana was 19.9% among
      the study population (64 positive tests among 322 women screened). The prevalence
      was greater among the clinic patients than the private patients (52 of 161, or
      32.3%, vs. 12 of 161, or 7.5%, respectively). The distribution of race and
      marital status among the marijuana-positive and -negative groups were also
      significantly different. Specifically, the proportions of black and single women
      were higher among the marijuana-positive group. Our findings suggest that
      marijuana use is common in our obstetric patients. The possible association
      between marijuana use during pregnancy and perinatal morbidity, as well as the
      unreliable nature of patient drug histories, may support the use of rapid,
      inexpensive screening techniques, especially if general screening is considered.

PMID- 2283635
TI  - Comparison of capillary and plasma glucose values in screening and oral glucose
      tolerance testing in pregnancy.
AB  - The substitution of capillary reflectance meter glucose values for plasma or
      serum glucose values would be practical and cost saving. A direct comparison was
      performed of simultaneous capillary reflectance meter and plasma glucose values
      in routine screening and oral glucose tolerance testing in a pregnant population.
      The use of capillary glucose in 50-g glucola screening had a sensitivity of 82.6%
      and specificity of 98.1% as compared to the standard plasma method. Even though
      our data demonstrate a good correlation (r = 0.897) between capillary and plasma
      glucose values, our results do not support the direct substitution of plasma
      glucose values with capillary reflectance meter glucose values in screening for
      or diagnosing glucose intolerance in an obstetric population.

PMID- 2283636
TI  - Is systolic pressure more important than diastolic pressure?

PMID- 2283637
TI  - Cell cations and blood pressure in US whites, US blacks, and west African blacks.
AB  - Differences in cell cation metabolism have been previously demonstrated between
      blacks and whites in the US. To investigate a potential racial/genetic basis for
      these differences we studied red cell sodium content (Nai) and platelet cytosolic
      calcium (Cai) in a group of US whites (n = 26), US blacks (n = 20) and West
      African blacks (n = 26) residing in Chicago, IL. Participants in all groups were
      primarily health professionals. The West Africans had lived in Africa until at
      least age 21 and subsequently resided in the US for an average of 19 months.
      Immunological markers were used to estimate European gene admixture among the US
      blacks. Red cell Nai was significantly lower in US whites (7.72 +/- 2.49 mEq/l
      cells) compared to both the US blacks and West African blacks (9.98 +/- 2.36 and
      10.60 +/- 2.80, respectively; P less than 0.01) and Cai was higher in whites than
      among US blacks (P less than 0.05). No differences were noted in blood pressure
      (BP) levels among the three racial groups. A linear correlation existed between
      Nai and both systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) (r = 0.378 and 0.339,
      respectively; P less than 0.01), which was strongest among the blacks,
      particularly the US blacks (SBP vs. Nai, r = 0.716, P less than 0.01).
      Approximately 20% European gene admixture was present among the US blacks. Based
      on these findings, it would appear that, compared to US whites, higher levels of
      RBC Nai are common to black persons native to the US and West Africa.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283638
TI  - The effect of short chain fatty acid supplementation on membrane electrolyte
      transport and blood pressure.
AB  - Eleven normotensive subjects with no family history of essential hypertension
      took part in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study to
      examine the effects of supplementing a normal omnivore diet with miglyol. This
      resulted in a fall in diastolic blood pressure in both the supine and standing
      positions, achieving statistical significance for the standing diastolic
      pressures, following miglyol treatment. Miglyol is rich in caprylic (8:0) and
      capric acids (10:0), both short chain saturated fatty acids, and supplementation
      with this produced a significant fall in erythrocyte membrane oleic and linoleic
      acid (P less than 0.01 compared to placebo for each fatty acid), as well as a
      fall in the saturated fat palmitic acid (16:0) (P less than 0.01). These changes
      were not associated with any alterations in total erythrocyte sodium influx,
      bumetanide sensitive influx or sodium red cell intracellular or potassium
      content. In addition, body weight and urinary excretion of sodium and potassium
      did not change. These data indicate that this dietetic manipulation with an oil
      rich in short chain saturated fatty acids lowers diastolic blood pressure but not
      as a result of changes in membrane sodium handling. It is possible that the short
      chain fats displace the longer carbon chain fatty acids which are metabolically
      important to cellular integrity and it is in this way that blood pressure falls.

PMID- 2283639
TI  - The effect of thiazide therapy on glucose, insulin and cholesterol metabolism and
      of glucose on potassium: results of a cross-sectional study in patients from the
      Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program.
AB  - Fasting and one hour post-glucose load blood samples were obtained from 497
      participants in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP), 79.8% of
      whom were on antihypertensive therapy at the time of their five-year examination.
      Major findings include a positive correlation between glucose/insulin ratio and
      serum potassium (P = 0.0014) and a weaker negative correlation between fasting
      insulin and serum potassium (P = 0.004). These data are compatible with a primary
      effect of hypokalaemia producing insulin 'resistance'. In addition, the glucose
      load was followed by a mean reduction in serum potassium of 0.135 +/- 0.525 meq/l
      (P less than 0.001). Twenty percent of participants experienced a drop of more
      than 0.5 meq/l. Cholesterol was associated with the fasting glucose/insulin ratio
      (P less than 0.032). The results are compatible with the hypothesis that
      prevention of hypokalaemia may prevent certain metabolic effects attributed to
      thiazide.

PMID- 2283640
TI  - Home blood pressure recording in mild hypertension: value of distinguishing
      sustained from clinic hypertension and effect on diagnosis and treatment. Bath
      Health District Hypertension Study Group.
AB  - To identify the prevalence and magnitude of clinic changes in blood pressure and
      determine their effects on the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, 268
      patients with a BP greater than or equal to 160/95 mmHg on three consecutive
      occasions (twice in the general practitioner's surgery and once in the hospital
      clinic) recorded a home BP series with an electronic sphygmomanometer. Of these
      patients, 114 had never received antihypertensive treatment and 154 were
      receiving treatment. On return to the hospital clinic (second clinic visit) the
      BP was measured independently by the patient and doctor using electronic and
      mercury sphygmomanometers respectively and compared with the mean BP of the home
      series. In some 80% of both untreated and treated patients the second clinic BP
      was higher than the mean BP of the home series and in some 40% of patients a
      clinic rise of greater than 20/10 mmHg was recorded. Clinic falls in BP occurred
      in some 20% of both untreated and treated patients, but averaged only 4/4 mmHg.
      Treatment decisions based on a mean diastolic blood pressure of greater than or
      equal to 95 mmHg in the home series resulted in antihypertensive treatment not
      being started in 38% of untreated patients and not increased in 31% or reduced in
      16% of treated patients when treatment would have been started, increased or
      continued unchanged on the basis of the second clinic (fourth recorded) diastolic
      blood pressure of greater than or equal to 95 mmHg. A patient recorded home
      series provides a representative sample of BP which distinguishes patients with
      sustained hypertension from those with clinic hypertension and may help reduce
      the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of mild hypertension.

PMID- 2283641
TI  - Persistent dry cough with enalapril: incidence depends on method used.
AB  - In a cohort of 136 hypertensive patients started consecutively on enalapril the
      incidence of persistent dry cough by life-table analysis was 14.6% (95% CI 10.2
      19.0%). The incidence in women (19.2%; 95% CI 11.3-27.1%) was twice that in men
      (9.7%; 95% CI 6.6-12.8%). Dry cough was unrelated to age, smoking habit, renal
      function, or the dose and duration of enalapril treatment. In one half of
      patients who developed cough enalapril had to be stopped. The incidence of
      withdrawal due to cough was 6.0% (95% CI 4.5-7.5%), and cough was by far the most
      common reason for discontinuing enalapril treatment. Reviewing previous studies
      of enalapril-induced cough, it is evident that postmarketing surveillance studies
      have grossly underestimated the incidence and importance of this side-effect.
      Surveys in hospital clinics have slightly underestimated the true incidence
      through failure to use life-table methods of analysis.

PMID- 2283642
TI  - Haemodynamic characteristics in elderly patients with isolated systolic
      hypertension.
AB  - Systemic arterial compliance, baroreflex sensitivity index and cardiac function
      were studied in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH, n =
      12) comparing values with those of essential hypertensive patients (EHT, n = 12)
      and normotensive subjects (NT, n = 7) in the same age range. Systemic arterial
      compliance of the ISH group was markedly decreased. Baroreflex sensitivity
      indices of ISH and EHT were similarly decreased. Pre-ejection period index (PEPI)
      of ISH was normal, whereas PEPI of EHT was significantly longer than that of NT.
      These results demonstrate that of the haemodynamic characteristics of ISH, the
      predominant features are a decrease in compliance of large arteries with a
      disturbance of baroreflex sensitivity and normal cardiac function.

PMID- 2283643
TI  - The relationship between dietary intake and urinary excretion of sodium,
      potassium, calcium and magnesium: Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition
      and Health.
AB  - During an epidemiological survey, the dietary intake and urinary excretion of
      sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were measured by means of the 24 h food
      record method and a 24 h urine collection in 2,112 men and 1,943 women.
      Significant correlations (P less than 0.001) were found between dietary intake
      and urinary excretion of the above cations in men and women by univariate
      analysis and after adjustment for age, height, weight and total caloric intake.
      Taking into account the difficulty of estimating dietary cation intakes and
      obtaining complete 24 h urine collections, and the non-coincidence of the 24 h
      urine collection and the food recording periods, our findings point to a strong
      positive association between dietary intake and urinary excretion of sodium,
      potassium, calcium and magnesium. No significant relationship was found between
      these urinary cations and blood pressure.

PMID- 2283644
TI  - A double blind comparison of perindopril and atenolol in essential hypertension.
AB  - A multicentre randomised double-blind trial was performed in order to compare the
      therapeutic efficacy and acceptability of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor perindopril with those of atenolol in mild to moderate hypertension.
      After one month of placebo, 173 patients with supine diastolic blood pressure
      (DBP) between 95 and 125 mmHg were randomised to receive perindopril 4 mg once
      daily or atenolol 50 mg once daily. Monthly assessments were made for three
      months. Treatment was adjusted at these visits if supine DBP was greater than 90
      mmHg; the dose was first doubled (8 mg perindopril or 100 mg atenolol once daily)
      and then hydrochlorothiazide was added. The pretreatment blood pressure levels
      were similar in both groups. Supine DBP was 105.5 +/- 0.9 mmHg (n = 85) in the
      perindopril group and 106.9 +/- 0.9 mmHg (n = 88) in the atenolol group. At the
      end of the third month, the study target blood pressure (supine DBP less than or
      equal to 90 mmHg) was achieved in a significantly (P = 0.006) larger percentage
      of patients in the perindopril group (78%) than in the atenolol group (58%). This
      appeared to be due to a greater potentiation of the antihypertensive effect by
      the addition of diuretic to perindopril than to atenolol. The fall in systolic
      blood pressure was significantly greater in the perindopril group than in the
      atenolol group (supine: 26.5 +/- 2.0 mmHg vs. 20.6 +/- 2.0 mmHg; P = 0.042)
      although the fall in DBP was comparable (supine: perindopril 17.4 +/- 0.9 mmHg,
      atenolol 15.6 +/- 1.1 mmHg; P = 0.195).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283645
TI  - Comparative effects of diltiazem sustained-release and captopril on blood
      pressure control and plasma lipoproteins in primary hypertension: a randomized,
      double-blind, crossover study.
AB  - We compared the effects of sustained-release diltiazem and captopril on blood
      pressure control and lipid profile. Forty-eight patients with primary
      hypertension were included in this randomized, double-blind, crossover study and
      43 completed the trial. Following a two-to four-week placebo run-in period, each
      patient initially received either diltiazem (60-180 mg twice daily) or captopril
      (25-75 mg twice daily) for 16 weeks and then crossed over to the other drug after
      an interim placebo washout period. Both drugs significantly reduced systolic
      (SBP) and diastolic (DPB) blood pressure compared to baseline. However, supine (P
      less than 0.01), sitting and standing (P less than 0.05) DPB was lower with
      diltiazem than with captopril. Moreover, BP control (sitting DBP less than 90
      mmHg) was achieved in a greater proportion of patients treated with diltiazem (63
      vs 44%). Heart rate was significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) with diltiazem
      in all positions but was unchanged with captopril. Lipid, lipoprotein and
      apolipoprotein concentrations were not modified with either treatment. We
      conclude that both diltiazem and captopril are effective antihypertensive agents
      without deleterious effects on lipid metabolism. However diltiazem provides a
      better prolonged control of BP and may offer some advantages for patients in whom
      a slower heart rate would be beneficial.

PMID- 2283646
TI  - Comparative trial of nifedipine retard and atenolol in the treatment of elderly
      patients with mild to moderate hypertension.
AB  - Forty-one elderly patients with mild to moderate hypertension (resting diastolic
      blood pressure 100-130 mmHg after an eight week placebo run-in phase) were
      randomised to a double-blind parallel group comparison of nifedipine retard 10 mg
      twice daily or atenolol 50 mg once daily. If the resting diastolic pressure
      exceeded 95 mmHg after four weeks of treatment the dose(s) were doubled for a
      further four weeks. Initial sitting blood pressures were 187 +/- 21/105 +/- 5
      mmHg in the nifedipine group and 181 +/- 19/106 +/- 6 in the atenolol group. At
      four weeks, eight patients given nifedipine and nine given atenolol had their
      doses doubled. At eight weeks sitting blood pressures were 159 +/- 19/85 +/- 7
      and 162 +/- 21/87 +/- 8 respectively, with 18/20 patients given nifedipine and
      16/21 given atenolol having a sitting diastolic pressure equal to or less than 95
      mmHg. One patient given nifedipine was withdrawn because of unacceptable ankle
      oedema and one given atenolol withdrawn because of worsening angina. Both drugs
      were equally acceptable to the patients and neither caused a change in their
      sense of well-being.

PMID- 2283647
TI  - The antihypertensive efficacy of ketanserin in the elderly evaluated by
      ambulatory blood pressure measurement.
AB  - To assess the role of the serotonin antagonist ketanserin in the management of
      hypertension in the elderly, 12 patients with a mean age of 68 years (range 60-79
      years) were treated with ketanserin in a randomised double-blind placebo
      controlled cross-over trial. Clinic BP, ambulatory BP, renal function, and
      pharmacokinetics were assessed. The doses of ketanserin used were 40 mg (ten
      patients) and 20 mg (two patients) twice daily for 8 weeks. Mean clinic sitting
      BP was reduced from 169 +/- 5/98 +/- 2 on placebo to 155 +/- 5/88 +/- 3 mmHg
      (NS/P less than 0.05/P less than 0.05) and standing pressure from 168 +/- 6/100
      +/- 3 to 157 +/- 5/91 +/- 3 mmHg (NS/P less than 0.01). Mean ambulatory systolic
      BP was unaffected by active treatment (167 +/- 7 vs 164 +/- 5) while diastolic
      pressure was lowered from 99 +/- 2 to 94 +/- 2 mmHg (P less than 0.05). This
      effect appeared to be mainly confined to the first two hours after drug
      administration. Renal blood flow was unaltered by treatment. The mean plasma half
      life of ketanserin was 20.9 +/- 5.5 hours. Side effects were minimal. In
      conclusion, while ketanserin may be effective as assessed in the clinic, its
      efficacy on ambulatory monitoring is substantially less impressive.

PMID- 2283648
TI  - Efficacy of nicardipine slow release (SR) on hypertension, potassium balance and
      plasma aldosterone in idiopathic aldosteronism.
AB  - We evaluated the efficacy and tolerance of a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist,
      nicardipine slow release, in eight patients with idiopathic aldosternism.
      Nicardipine (80 mg/day) was given orally for 12 weeks and no dietary restrictions
      were imposed. During the study measurements were made of supine blood pressure,
      plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration, and serum potassium.
      Nicardipine lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure to normal, plasma
      aldosterone was reduced and serum potassium levels were increased. Basal renin
      concentration was not altered by nicardipine. There were no side effects
      sufficient to cause withdrawal from the study. These results suggest that
      nicardipine, for efficacy and tolerance, may represent an alternative among Ca2+
      channel blockers, either controlling blood pressure or reducing aldosterone
      levels in patients with idiopathic aldosteronism.

PMID- 2283649
TI  - The role of ACE inhibitors in the management of hypertension.
AB  - ACE inhibitors have antihypertensive efficacy similar to that of thiazides, beta
      blockers and calcium antagonists. They are simple to prescribe and to take, and
      are relatively free from subjective side-effects apart from persistent dry cough.
      There are few specific concerns about safety, but experience of long-term use is
      still relatively limited. They are valuable additional or alternative
      antihypertensive drugs when standard therapy is contraindicated or fails to
      control blood pressure.

PMID- 2283651
TI  - Endothelium and smooth muscle: trophic interactions and potential for therapeutic
      intervention.

PMID- 2283650
TI  - Twenty-four hour action of ACE inhibitors.
AB  - A blood pressure recording is strictly speaking only relevant for the
      circumstances under which it is measured. There is increasing evidence that
      ambulatory recordings have more predictive power than casual BP recordings and
      are a better discriminator between high and low risk groups of patients,
      particularly within the category of mild hypertension. Increasing use is being
      made of 24 hour ambulatory BP monitoring as a means of assessing hypotensive
      therapy. The effects of monotherapy with the ACE inhibitor perindopril (8 mg once
      daily) on 24 hour ambulatory intra-arterial BP demonstrated that after six weeks'
      treatment there is a significant reduction in ambulatory BP, as compared with the
      placebo period, without any associated reflex tachycardia. We conclude that
      perindopril is an effective anti-hypertensive agent reducing BP throughout the 24
      hour period.

PMID- 2283652
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of perindopril in essential hypertension.
AB  - Blood pressure, forearm arterial haemodynamics and echocardiographic parameters
      were studied in patients with sustained essential hypertension before and after
      administration of the ACE inhibitor, perindopril. In a single blind study versus
      placebo, perindopril significantly reduced BP and at the same time increased
      brachial artery diameter, blood flow and compliance. As part of the haemodynamic
      investigation, a 5 minute wrist occlusion was performed. During this period,
      blood flow velocity and arterial diameter decreased but the reduction in diameter
      was smaller with perindopril after one year's treatment showing an increase in
      brachial artery diameter. This result indicates that the increase in brachial
      arterial diameter following perindopril could not be explained solely on the
      basis of a flow dependent dilation. When perindopril was withdrawn after three
      months of treatment and replaced by placebo for four weeks, BP and forearm
      arterial haemodynamics returned towards baseline values. However, cardiac mass
      which was significantly decreased after perindopril remained decreased four weeks
      after cessation of treatment. In the seven normalised patients, perindopril was
      continued for one year; arterial compliance remained increased and cardia mass
      diminished. The study showed that the arterial changes caused by perindopril
      involved a drug-related relaxation of arterial smooth muscle and that there was a
      differential response in cardiac and arterial changes following long term
      treatment.

PMID- 2283653
TI  - The measurement of quality of life in evaluating ACE inhibitors.

PMID- 2283654
TI  - The safety and acceptability of perindopril.
AB  - Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are becoming increasingly used in
      the treatment of hypertension. Although they are generally well tolerated, they
      have been implicated in the occurrence of certain side effects such as cough,
      hypotension and deterioration of renal function. These have been investigated
      prospectively during the development of perindopril. In a long term study in 632
      hypertensive patients 6% of subjects stopped treatment prematurely because of
      adverse events and cough was the side effect most frequently responsible for
      treatment withdrawal (1.3%). A typical ACE inhibitor-induced cough was seen in a
      further 1.6% of patients. Symptomatic hypotension was rarely reported (0.2%),
      even in the elderly and patients with congestive heart failure. No clinically
      significant changes in plasma creatinine or potassium levels were seen during the
      long-term administration of perindopril in uncomplicated hypertensive patients.
      The overall safety profile of perindopril in clinical studies was favourable even
      in groups of more vulnerable patients. However the effect of long-term treatment
      with ACe inhibitors on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is unknown.

PMID- 2283655
TI  - ACE inhibition and the kidney: diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

PMID- 2283656
TI  - Diabetes and ACE inhibitors.

PMID- 2283657
TI  - ACE inhibitors and cerebral blood flow.
AB  - Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) shifts the limits of cerebral
      blood flow autoregulation towards lower blood pressure values. In patients with
      chronic arterial hypertension and in patients with chronic heart failure cerebral
      blood flow is not changed by acute or chronic ACE inhibition, despite, in some
      cases, pronounced reductions in the mean arterial blood pressure. ACE inhibition
      does not change ischaemic regional cerebral blood flow in acute stroke. It is
      concluded that following ACE inhibition cerebral blood flow is maintained at an
      unchanged level and especially well maintained in case of blood pressure drop.

PMID- 2283658
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of perindopril.
AB  - Perindopril is a non-sulphydryl, pro-drug, ACE inhibitor. Following oral dosing,
      peak concentrations of the active moiety, perindoprilat, are achieved after 2-3
      hours and perindoprilat is barely detectable by 24 hours. In contrast, maximal
      ACE inhibition is observed 4-6 hours after oral dosing and substantial inhibition
      persists beyond 24 hours. Inhibition of ACE is dose-dependent over the range 1-16
      mg perindopril orally, and is mirrored by elevation of plasma renin activity and
      falls in aldosterone concentrations. Blood pressure reductions have been
      confirmed in normotensive and hypertensive subjects with maximal effect 6-10
      hours after dosing and adequate antihypertensive activity at 24 hours. Blood
      pressure reductions are greater in the elderly than in young subjects due to
      pharmacokinetic differences. Dose reduction is required in elderly subjects and
      those with renal impairment. The antihypertensive efficacy of perindopril 4-8 mg
      once daily, is comparable to that of atenolol 50-100 mg once daily, captopril 25
      50 mg twice daily or a hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride combination. Reduction in
      heart failure severity has also been reported. Perindopril appears to be a safe
      and effective agent for use in hypertension.

PMID- 2283659
TI  - Metabolism of methacrylonitrile to cyanide: in vitro studies.
AB  - In liver fractions from male Sprague-Dawley rats, the metabolism of
      methacrylonitrile (MeAN) to cyanide (CN-) was localized in microsomal fraction
      and required reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and
      oxygen for maximal activity. The biotransformation of MeAN to CN- was
      characterized with respect to time, microsomal protein concentration, pH, and
      temperature. Metabolism of MeAN was increased in microsomes obtained from
      phenobarbital-treated rats (310% of control) and decreased with CoCl2 and SKF 525
      A treatments (55% and 61%, respectively). Addition of the epoxide hydratase
      inhibitor, 1,1,1-trichloropropane 2,3-oxide, decreased the formation of CN- from
      MeAN. Addition of glutathione, cysteine, D-penicillamine, and 2-mercaptoethanol
      enhanced the released of CN- from MeAN. These findings indicate that MeAN is
      metabolized to CN- via a cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidase
      system.

PMID- 2283660
TI  - Induction of peroxisomal enzymes in cultured porcine endothelial cells by the
      hypolipidemic drug ciprofibrate.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if the hypolipidemic peroxisome
      proliferator ciprofibrate, which induces peroxisomes in the liver, can induce
      peroxisomes in cultured porcine pulmonary endothelial cells. Ciprofibrate was
      added at three concentrations to cell cultures for a 6-day period. The induction
      of peroxisomes in the cells was detected by determining total peroxisomal beta
      oxidation and peroxisomal catalase activity. The addition of ciprofibrate was
      found to increase peroxisomal enzyme activities in a dose-dependent manner, with
      the highest activity being reached at 1000 microM ciprofibrate. Ciprofibrate also
      caused an increased transfer of albumin across endothelial cells cultured on
      micropore filters. This study shows that peroxisomal enzyme activities can be
      induced by ciprofibrate in endothelial cells, which may have implications in
      diseases mediated by vascular injury.

PMID- 2283661
TI  - Mirex induces ornithine decarboxylase in female rat liver.
AB  - Ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis, was
      significantly induced in female rat liver following oral administration of the
      pesticide mirex. After dual oral exposure (120 mg/kg of mirex; 21 and 4 hr prior
      to sacrifice), ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat liver cytosol was 70-fold
      higher than control values. A single oral dose of mirex (180 mg/kg) induced
      hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity 55-fold over controls. After a single
      oral dose of mirex the maximal induction of ODC activity occurred at 36 hr. Mirex
      is an unusually potent and long-lasting inducer of rat hepatic ornithine
      decarboxylase activity.

PMID- 2283662
TI  - The effects of ions on the conjugation of xenobiotics by the aralkyl-CoA and
      arylacetyl-CoA N-acyltransferases from bovine liver mitochondria.
AB  - The aralkyl-CoA:glycine N-acyltransferase and the arylacetyl-CoA:amino acid of N
      acyltransferase were purified from bovine liver mitochondria and their response
      to a variety of ions investigated. The activity of the aralkyl transferase was
      inhibited by divalent cations with all substrates investigated. For benzoyl
      coenzyme A (CoA), K+ was a competitive inhibitor, competing for binding at the
      benzoyl-CoA binding site. With salicylyl-CoA, K+ did increase the dissociation
      constant (KD) for acyl-CoA but it was not a competitive inhibitor and in
      addition, K+ increased the Michaelis constant for glycine (Kglym) tenfold. The
      data suggest that the increase in Kglym is due to bound K+ forcing reorientation
      of salicylyl-CoA at the active site so that it impinges on the glycine binding
      site. Inorganic anions and cations did not affect the extent of product
      inhibition by hippuric acid with either acyl-CoA and this was because they
      affected the binding of acyl-CoA and hippuric acid to the same extent. Ions did,
      however, greatly reduce the extent of product inhibition by CoA. This is critical
      because under approximate in vivo conditions (2.5 mM CoA), the salt-free enzyme
      would be almost completely inhibited by CoA. The arylacetyl transferase was
      activated by inorganic ions when assayed at saturating substrate concentrations.
      However, at physiologic concentrations of glycine certain salts were modestly
      inhibitory. The inhibitory effect of KCl was characterized by a large decrease in
      the affinity of the enzyme for phenylacetyl-CoA, suggesting that the arylacetyl
      CoA region of the active site contained an inhibitory ion binding site. At low
      (physiologic) concentrations of substrate, the arylacetyl transferase was
      extensively inhibited by CoA and this inhibition was greatly reduced by ions. The
      3'-phosphate group on CoA was found to be important for binding to the salt-free
      enzyme but in the presence of ions its importance was diminished. In the absence
      of inorganic ions the affinity of the enzyme for phenylacetyl-CoA and
      naphthylacetyl-CoA was so high that it could not be measured. In the presence of
      KCl the KD values for phenylacetyl-CoA and naphthylacetyl-CoA were similar, but
      the Km for glycine was extremely high for 1-naphthylacetyl-CoA conjugation, which
      accounts for its slow rate of metabolism. Conjugation with glutamine had a high
      Michaelis constant for glutamine (KGlum) and a low maximum velocity (Vmax) which
      accounts for the absence of glutamine conjugation in vivo.

PMID- 2283663
TI  - The interference of aroclor 1254 with progesterone metabolism in guinea pig
      adrenal and testes microsomes.
AB  - The effects of Aroclor 1254 on cytochrome P-450-mediated steroidogenic activities
      were investigated in adrenal and testis microsomes of male guinea pigs. A
      significant decrease was recorded in the tissue content of adrenal microsomal
      cytochrome P-450 as well as a significant reduction in the overall conversion of
      progesterone to steroid products. The effects of exposure to Aroclor 1254 on
      activities of cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase and cytochrome P450 17 alpha
      hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase were selective. Cytochrome P-450 21-Hydroxylase activity
      was inhibited, as reflected by a decrease in production of 11-deoxycortisol and
      11-deoxycorticosterone, whereas the cytochrome P-450 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20
      lyase activities, represented by the production of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
      and androstenedione were elevated. The same and even more pronounced pattern of
      altered progesterone metabolism elicited by Aroclor 1254 was observed in vitro,
      when Aroclor 1254 was introduced into incubation mixtures prepared with adrenal
      microsomes from untreated animals. Under such experimental conditions, a decrease
      in the overall metabolism of progesterone was observed as well as a decrease in
      cytochrome P-450 21-hydroxylase activity, while there was significant elevation
      in the 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase activities. The effect of Aroclor 1254
      on the testes differed largely from its effect on the adrenal cortex. In testis
      microsomes, pretreatment with Aroclor 1254 resulted in no changes in the
      cytochrome P-450 content, contrary to the decrease observed in adrenal
      microsomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283665
TI  - The effect of TCDD on acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase activity and vitamin A
      accumulation in the kidney of male Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p
      dioxin (TCDD) show signs of toxicity that are similar to the responses of animals
      to a vitamin A-deficient diet. These include hypophagia, loss of body weight,
      loss of hepatic vitamin A, and accumulation of renal retinoids. Male Sprague
      Dawley rats treated with 10, 30, or 100 nmol/kg of TCDD accumulated renal vitamin
      A, with retinyl palmitate concentrations reaching 8 times those of control
      animals, similar to that of male rats fed a vitamin A-free diet for 26 days. Acyl
      CoA:retinol acyltransferase (ACARAT) activities in both TCDD-treated rats and
      rats fed a vitamin A-free diet for 26 days were similarly elevated, and were
      strongly and positively correlated with the renal retinyl palmitate
      concentrations. Retinol concentrations in the kidneys of rats treated with TCDD
      or fed a vitamin A-free diet were only slightly elevated when compared to control
      rats. We suggest that accumulation of retinyl esters in the kidneys of rats
      treated with TCDD or fed a vitamin A-free diet occurs as a result of increased
      rates of retinol esterification.

PMID- 2283664
TI  - Activation of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol in rat uterus: an in vitro study.
AB  - Peroxidatic metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol by calcium containing
      extracts of rat uteri was investigated. Covalently bound and soluble metabolites
      of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol were quantitated by radiometry and high
      performance liquid chromatography, respectively. 1. Uterine extracts incubated
      with benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol activated this proximate mutagen to protein
      binding metabolite(s). 2. Hydrogen peroxide increased the protein binding and
      yielded a substantial amount of benzo(a)pyrene-trans-anti-tetrahydrotetrol,
      suggesting the peroxyl-type free-radical epoxidation process. 3. The results
      indicate that rat uterine peroxidase is able to catalyze free-radical activation
      of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol by epoxidation to its 9,10-dihydrodiolepoxide,
      a known ultimate mutagen and carcinogen.

PMID- 2283666
TI  - Formation of strand breaks and interstrand cross-links in DNA by methylglyoxal.
AB  - Methylglyoxal (MG), a dietary mutagen, is present in various frequently consumed
      beverages and foods and in cigarette smoke. A combination of S1 nuclease
      hydrolysis and alkaline unwinding assay was used to demonstrate the formation of
      single-strand breaks and interstrand cross-links in DNA upon treatment with MG.
      Calf thymus DNA, when treated with increasing concentrations of MG, showed an
      increasing degree of S1 nuclease hydrolysis. It also showed the formation of an
      increasing number of strand breaks per molecule as determined by an alkaline
      unwinding assay. Incubation of DNA with relatively higher concentrations of
      methylglyoxal or prolonged treatment gave increased thermal melting temperatures
      and an enhanced rate of reannealing after thermal denaturation. These results
      indicated the formation of interstrand cross-links. Upon treatment with MG, A-T
      base pair depleted DNA showed a reduced number of single-strand break formation.
      It also showed a significantly lower decrease in Tm as compared with MG-treated
      normal DNA. These results showed that under the conditions used, MG primarily
      reacts with A-T base pairs in duplex DNA.

PMID- 2283668
TI  - Strain and sex differences in the response of mice to drugs that induce
      protoporphyria: role of porphyrin biosynthesis and removal.
AB  - A hepatic green pigment, inhibitory toward ferrochelatase, has been isolated from
      the liver of mice treated with griseofulvin, isogriseofulvin, or 3,5
      diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine and has been shown to exhibit identical
      chromatographic characteristics to authentic N-methyl protoporphyrin. All four
      possible structural isomers have been demonstrated, and each drug produced
      primarily the same isomer. N-Methyl protoporphyrin has also been found in very
      small amounts in the liver of untreated mice, but the isomeric composition
      appeared to differ from that of the drug-induced N-methyl protoporphyrin.
      Intraperitoneal administration of 3,5-diethoxy-carbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine to
      female C3H/He/Ola and NIH/Ola inbred mice produced a marked dose-related loss of
      hepatic ferrochelatase activity, which was identical in magnitude in the two
      strains. Induction of hepatic 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALA-S), and
      accumulation of liver protoporphyrin, however, were greater in C3H/He/Ola mice.
      The strain difference in ALA-S response was most marked when inhibition of
      ferrochelatase (the "specific" effect of the drug) was maximal, and this suggests
      that a genetic variation exists in the sensitivity of ALA-S to a second drug
      action, the so-called nonspecific action, which is shared by many lipid-soluble
      compounds. Male mice of three strains accumulated greater amounts of hepatic
      protoporphyrin than females after treatment with griseofulvin, yet no significant
      difference was found between the two sexes in the extent of ferrochelatase
      inhibition. Stimulation of ALA-S activity was slightly greater in males, but when
      porphyria was very marked, ALA-S activities were significantly lower in this
      sex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283667
TI  - Inhibition of carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation by novel
      antioxidants in rat hepatic microsomes: dissociation from hepatoprotective
      effects in vivo.
AB  - The ability of two novel antioxidants, U-74,006F and U-78,517G, as well as the
      known antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine to inhibit lipid peroxidation
      induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was investigated in Aroclor 1254-induced
      rat hepatic microsomes. All three compounds completely inhibited lipid
      peroxidation in microsomes as measured by the formation of thiobarbituric acid
      reactive substances (TBARS). Inhibition of lipid peroxidation was not a function
      of decreased bioactivation of CCl4, as the compounds did not substantially
      inhibit benzphetamine N-demethylase activity or covalent binding of [14-C]CCl4 to
      lipid or protein. Parallel studies examined the hepatoprotective effects of the
      compounds in vivo. Rats were pretreated with antioxidant or vehicle prior to
      administration of CCl4 (300 or 600 microL/kg i.p.). Sera were collected 24 h
      postadministration of CCl4 and analyzed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and
      alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and total bilirubin. Administration of CCl4
      produced elevations in ALT, moderate changes in bilirubin, and no change in ALP
      activities. Histological examination of CCl4-treated livers revealed lipidosis
      and centrilobular necrosis. The antioxidants partially improved the clinical
      chemistry parameters, but had minimal effects on the histological lesion. In
      contrast to the complete inhibition of lipid peroxidation observed in the in
      vitro studies, none of the antioxidants markedly protected against CCl4-induced
      toxicity in vivo.

PMID- 2283669
TI  - The effects of soman in vitro on catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine
      oxidase activities in rabbit tissues.
AB  - Soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) not only increases acetylcholine
      levels by inhibiting cholinesterases, it also alters the levels of some other
      neurotransmitters including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Soman also
      causes an alteration in the activities of the enzymes metabolizing norepinephrine
      when it is administered to animals. Because these alterations may result from
      indirect effects on the enzymes, the effects of in vitro application of soman on
      catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in
      rabbit tissues were investigated. Enzyme activities were determined in rabbit
      lung, liver, cerebellum, cerebrum, brain stem, mesenteric artery, pulmonary
      artery, renal artery, central ear artery, thoracic aorta, and diaphragm. MAO and
      COMT activities were not affected by soman in any tissues tested, except the lung
      and liver, where the activity of COMT was increased (p less than 0.05). Thus,
      reported effects of soman in vivo on norepinephrine, dopamine, or serotonin
      concentrations, and MAO and COMT activities do not seem to result from direct
      effects on the activities of these amine-metabolizing enzymes.

PMID- 2283670
TI  - The effects of haloalkene cysteine conjugates on cytosolic free calcium levels in
      suspensions of rat renal proximal tubules.
AB  - Disturbances in intracellular calcium homeostasis may play a role in the injury
      induced by various haloalkene cysteine conjugates. The effects of S-(1,2,3,4,4
      pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)-L-cysteine (PCBC), S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine
      (DCVC), and S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine (TFEC) on cytosolic free
      calcium levels were examined in suspensions of rat renal proximal tubules.
      Cytosolic free calcium levels, measured with fura 2, in control tubules, were 112
      +/- 3 nM and increased more than 200% within 1 minute after exposure to the
      calcium ionophore ionomycin (0.005 mM). PCBC (0.1 mM) increased cytosolic free
      calcium levels 18% after 5 minutes, while tubular oxygen consumption was
      unaffected. DCVC (1 mM) did not alter tubular cytosolic free calcium levels or
      oxygen consumption under similar conditions. TFEC (1 mM) increased cytosolic free
      calcium levels 36%, had no effect on basal oxygen consumption, and decreased
      nystatin-stimulated oxygen consumption 30% after 5 minutes. TFEC increased
      cytosolic free calcium levels in tubules incubated in a nominally calcium-free
      buffer but not in a calcium containing buffer in the presence of EGTA. The data
      suggest that the TFEC-induced increase in cytosolic free calcium levels may
      result from an influx of extracellular calcium or from inhibition of calcium
      efflux. The increase in cytosolic free calcium levels preceded changes in basal
      oxygen consumption in tubules exposed to PCBC and TFEC. This study shows that an
      increase in cytosolic free calcium levels is an early event following PCBC and
      TFEC but not DCVC exposure.

PMID- 2283671
TI  - Role of inducer binding in cytochrome P-450 IA2-mediated uroporphyrinogen
      oxidation.
AB  - The oxidation of uroporphyrinogen, an intermediate of the heme biosynthetic
      pathway, by methylcholanthrene-inducible isozymes(s) of cytochrome P-450 has been
      proposed to play a role in the development of chemically induced uroporphyria.
      Prior work from this laboratory indicated that although addition of 3,4,3',4'
      tetrachlorobiphenyl is required for uroporphyrinogen oxidation by
      methylcholanthrene-induced chick embryo liver microsomes, this biphenyl is not
      required for the oxidation catalyzed by hepatic microsomes from
      methylcholanthrene-induced rodents. Here we investigated whether rodent
      microsomes catalyze uroporphyrinogen oxidation without addition of 3,4,3',4'
      tetrachlorobiphenyl because the chemical used as an inducer remains bound to
      cytochrome P-450. Hepatic microsomes containing almost no residual inducer were
      isolated from rats treated with a low dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
      (TCDD). These microsomes oxidized uroporphyrinogen at high rates without addition
      of 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Inducer-free microsomal cytochrome P-450 was
      also obtained by inducing cytochrome P-450 in rats and mice with isosafrole,
      which was then removed from the isolated microsomes by butanol treatment. This
      procedure resulted in microsomes with high activity for uroporphyrinogen
      oxidation. Furthermore, addition of chlorobiphenyl to these inducer-free
      microsomes was inhibitory. Hepatic microsomes from isosafrole-induced C57BL/6 and
      DBA mice, rendered inducer-free by butanol treatment, oxidized uroporphyrinogen
      at the same rate even though these two strains differ markedly in their
      susceptibility to chemically induced uroporphyria. We conclude that
      uroporphyrinogen oxidation is catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 that is free of
      inducer.

PMID- 2283672
TI  - Choices in medicine: illustrations from imaging.
AB  - Progress in medicine is almost always led by advances in science and technology.
      During the last quarter of a century, startling developments have taken place in
      medical imaging. X-ray techniques have been extended by improvements in film
      screen technology and image intensifiers; digital radiography and computed
      tomography have been introduced. The gamma camera has been combined with computer
      processing and new radiopharmaceuticals have been devised. The resolution of real
      time two-dimensional ultrasonic scanning has been improved almost to the
      diffraction limit and Doppler techniques provide detailed information about blood
      flow. Magnetic resonance imaging yields exquisite anatomical detail, tissue
      characterization and flow data and biochemistry can be studied through
      spectroscopy. Research aimed at improving all these methods is actively being
      pursued and there is interest in the potential of microwave, electrical impedance
      and light transmission techniques as medical imaging tools. In parallel with
      these diagnostic advances, techniques for minimally invasive surgery are being
      developed. Guided by appropriate imaging methods, suitable forms of radiation can
      be directed through the intact skin, or small instruments can be introduced
      through natural orifices or tiny incisions. Thus it is possible to undertake many
      interventional procedures that previously required open surgery. Because
      resources are limited, choices have to be made taking benefits, risks and costs
      into account. No diagnostic method is perfect; medical imaging is expensive in
      terms of equipment and trained personnel and its use has to be justified in
      competition with demands from other areas of health care. Unproductive work is
      having to be identified and abandoned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283673
TI  - In vivo tissue characterization using quantitative computed tomography: a review.
AB  - Over the past 15 years many attempts have been made to make use of the
      quantitative information contained within computed tomography (CT) scanner
      images. A survey of the various approaches to quantitative computed tomography
      (QCT) is reported. The technical limitations of QCT are discussed. It is
      concluded that the measurement of bone mineral content is currently the only
      clinically well-established QCT technique.

PMID- 2283674
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the sphygmomat 2 semi-automatic blood pressure monitor.
AB  - The Sphygmomat 2 blood pressure monitor is a compact and portable electronic
      device based on detection of Korotkoff sounds using a piezo-electric microphone.
      We have compared its accuracy with the Hawksley random zero sphygmomanometer,
      which is commonly used in epidemiological and pharmacological studies. Comparison
      of manometers was conducted by two trained observers on 49 people with a wide
      range of blood pressures. The Sphygmomat 2 was found to have a median difference
      of 5.2 mmHg for systolic and 1 mmHg for diastolic pressure, in both cases reading
      higher than the Hawksley sphygmomanometer. The portability, versatility and
      accuracy suggest that the Sphygmomat 2 is a valuable instrument for general
      clinical use.

PMID- 2283675
TI  - Effects of re-use on the physical characteristics of angiographic catheters.
AB  - Five types of angiographic catheters used in current radiological and
      haemodynamic clinical practice at Sacre-Coeur Hospital in Montreal were studied
      for their mechanical sturdiness, and also with respect to the possibility that re
      use could be associated with blood contamination by loose particles. Samples were
      taken both from new catheters and from catheters re-used up to 10 times. Routine
      cleaning and sterilization procedures showed no adverse effects on the maximum
      tensile strength and elongation at break of catheters. While some biological
      debris were occasionally present in re-used catheters, they appeared to be firmly
      fixed to the lumen surface, and they seemed unlikely to be carried into the blood
      stream during catheterization. On the other hand, new catheters exhibited a
      substantially higher loose particicle count than catheters which had been
      properly cleaned and sterilized. It is concluded that properly handled re-used
      angiographic catheters are just as safe for the patient as new catheters. The
      limit on the number of re-uses may depend on the care taken to avoid damage to
      the lumen surface during cleaning, on ageing on the catheter material and on
      economic considerations.

PMID- 2283676
TI  - BSI certification.

PMID- 2283678
TI  - Thiamin transport by human erythrocytes and ghosts.
AB  - Thiamin transport in human erythrocytes and resealed pink ghosts was evaluated by
      incubating both preparations at 37 or 20 degrees C in the presence of [3H]
      thiamin of high specific activity. The rate of uptake was consistently higher in
      erythrocytes than in ghosts. In both preparations, the time course of uptake was
      independent from the presence of Na+ and did not reach equilibrium after 60 min
      incubation. At concentrations below 0.5 microM and at 37 degrees C, thiamin was
      taken up predominantly by a saturable mechanism in both erythrocytes and ghosts.
      Apparent kinetic constants were: for erythrocytes, Km = 0.12, 0.11 and 0.10
      microM and Jmax = 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 pmol.microliter-1 intracellular water after
      3, 15, and 30 min incubation times, respectively; for ghosts, Km = 0.16 and 0.51
      microM and Jmax = 0.01 and 0.04 pmol.microliter-1 intracellular water after 15
      and 30 min incubation times, respectively. At 20 degrees C, the saturable
      component disappeared in both preparations. Erythrocyte thiamin transport was not
      influenced by the presence of D-glucose or metabolic inhibitors. In both
      preparations, thiamin transport was inhibited competitively by unlabeled thiamin,
      pyrithiamin, amprolium and, to a lesser extent, oxythiamin, the inhibiting effect
      being always more marked in erythrocytes than in ghosts. Only approximately 20%
      of the thiamin taken up by erythrocytes was protein- (probably membrane-) bound.
      A similar proportion was esterified to thiamin pyrophosphate. Separate
      experiments using valinomycin and SCN- showed that the transport of thiamin,
      which is a cation at pH 7.4, is unaffected by changes in membrane potential in
      both preparations.

PMID- 2283677
TI  - Association of acetylcholinesterase with the cell surface.

PMID- 2283680
TI  - Coupling of K(+)-gating and permeation with Ca2+ block in the Ca2(+)-activated K+
      channel in Chara australis.
AB  - The patch-clamp technique is used here to investigate the kinetics of Ca2+ block
      in single high-conductance Ca2(+)-activated K+ channels. These channels are
      detected in the membrane surrounding cytoplasmic drops from Chara australis, a
      membrane which originates from the tonoplast of the parent cell. The amplitudes
      and durations of single channel events are measured over a wide range of membrane
      potential (-300 to 200 mV). Ca2+ on either side of the channel reduces its K+
      conductance and alters its ion-gating characteristics in a voltage-dependent
      manner. This Ca2(+)-induced attenuation of conductance is analyzed using the
      theory of diffusion-limited ion flow through pores. Interaction of external Ca2+
      with the channel's ion-gating mechanism is examined in terms of a kinetic model
      for ion-gating that includes two voltage-dependent gating mechanisms. The
      kinetics of channel block by external Ca2+ indicates that (i) external Ca2+ binds
      at two sites, a superficial site and a deep site, located at 8 and 40% along the
      trans-pore potential difference, (ii) the external vestibule cannot be occupied
      by more than one Ca2+ or K+, and (iii) the kinetics of Ca2+ binding at the deep
      site is coupled with that of a voltage-dependent gate on the external side of the
      channel. Kinetics of channel block by internal Ca2+ indicates that more than one
      Ca2+ is involved.

PMID- 2283679
TI  - Inhibition of the phosphate self-exchange flux in human erythrocytes and
      erythrocyte ghosts.
AB  - The phosphate self-exchange flux in resealed erythrocyte ghosts and in
      amphotericin B (5.5 microM) permeabilized erythrocytes has been studied. The
      phosphate self-exchange flux exhibits an S-shaped concentration dependence and a
      self-inhibition in permeabilized red cells while in erythrocyte ghosts no self
      inhibition of the phosphate flux has been observed. The apparent half-saturation
      constants and the apparent Hill coefficients were assessed by the double
      reciprocal Hill plots of 1/JP versus 1/[P]n. The phosphate half-saturation
      constants amount to approx. 125 mM in ghosts and to about 75 mM in permeabilized
      cells while the apparent Hill coefficients amount to 1.15 and to 1.65 (pH 7.2, 25
      degrees C), respectively. Both chloride and sulfate elicit a mixed-type
      inhibition of the phosphate self-exchange flux. In permeabilized cells, chloride
      and sulfate shift the flux optimum towards higher phosphate concentrations and
      reduce the apparent Hill coefficients. In erythrocyte ghosts, the apparent Hill
      coefficients are insensitive to these anions. The double reciprocal Hill plots
      indicate a mixed-type inhibition of the phosphate self-exchange flux by DNDS,
      salicylate and dipyridamole and a noncompetitive inhibition of the phosphate self
      exchange flux by phlorhizin. By contrast, the Hill-Dixon plots for chloride and
      sulfate indicate a competitive inhibition of the phosphate self-exchange flux in
      erythrocyte ghosts and a mixed-type inhibition in permeabilized cells and provide
      Hill coefficients of greater than unity for chloride and sulfate. The Dixon plots
      for DNDS, salicylate, phlorhizin and dipyridamole show a noncompetitive
      inhibition of the phosphate flux and provide apparent Hill coefficients of 0.95
      1.0 for inhibitor binding. Using the Debye-Huckel theory, the effects of ionic
      strength upon phosphate transport and inhibitor binding can be eliminated. The
      results of our studies provide strong evidence for the assumption that
      electrostatic forces are involved in phosphate transport and in inhibitor
      binding.

PMID- 2283682
TI  - Diltiazem and/or desferrioxamine administered at the time of reperfusion fail to
      improve post-ischemic recovery in the isolated rat heart after long-term
      hypothermic storage.
AB  - The ability of diltiazem and/or desferrioxamine to enhance the recovery of
      cardiac contractile function during reperfusion after prolonged hypothermic
      storage was assessed. Isolated rat hearts were arrested with St. Thomas' Hospital
      Cardioplegic Solution and stored for 10 h at 4 degrees C. Reperfusion in the
      Langendorff mode was initially carried out with crystalloid perfusate with or
      without added diltiazem (0.5 mumol/l) and/or desferrioxamine (15, 50, 100, 150 or
      250 mumol/l). After 15 min the drugs were discontinued and the hearts were
      perfused for a further 45 min. Diltiazem reduced leakage of creatine (CK) kinase
      during the first 15 min of reperfusion from 102 +/- 8 IU/15 min/g dry wt to 67 +/
      9 IU/15 min/g dry wt (P less than 0.05). However, during the subsequent period
      of diltiazem-free perfusion, CK leakage was similar to control values (131 +/- 24
      vs 142 +/- 34 IU/45 min/g dry wt, respectively). After 1 h of reperfusion there
      was no significant difference in total CK leakage between the diltiazem and the
      control groups (198 +/- 32 vs 244 +/- 39 IU/60 min/g dry wt, respectively).
      Desferrioxamine had no effect on CK leakage at any of the doses studied.
      Diltiazem significantly reduced leakage of enzyme during the initial reperfusion
      phase when combined with desferrioxamine; however, as with diltiazem alone, this
      protection was lost after the drug was withdrawn. Post-ischemic contents of
      adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate were similar in all groups as was
      the final recovery of function, as assessed by left ventricular developed
      pressure at an end-diastolic pressure of 5 mmHg. In conclusion, neither diltiazem
      nor desferrioxamine nor both together could be shown to confer benefit during
      reperfusion after long-term storage.

PMID- 2283681
TI  - Role of protein kinase C in the regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ in A431 cells:
      separation of growth factor and bradykinin pathways.
AB  - Calcium signaling systems in nonexcitable cells involve activation of Ca2+ entry
      across the plasma membrane and release from intracellular stores as well as
      activation of Ca2+ pumps and inhibition of passive Ca2+ pathways to ensure exact
      regulation of free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i). A431 cells loaded
      with fura-2 cells were used as a model system to examine regulation of Ca2+ entry
      and intracellular release. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth
      factor alpha (TGF-alpha) both stimulated Ca2+ entry and release while bradykinin
      appeared only to release Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The possible role of
      protein kinase C (PKC) in modulating the [Ca2+]i response to these agonists was
      examined by four methods. Low concentrations of TPA (2 x 10(-10) M) had no effect
      on Ca2+ release due to EGF, TGR-alpha or bradykinin but resulted in a rapid
      return of [Ca2+]i to baseline levels for EGF or TGF-alpha. Addition of the PKC
      inhibitor staurosporine (1 and 10 nM) completely inhibited the action of TPA on
      EGF-induced [Ca2+]i changes. An inhibitor of diglyceride kinase (R59022) mimicked
      the action of TPA. Down-regulation of PKC by overnight incubation with 0.1 or 1
      microM TPA produced the converse effect, namely prolonged Ca2+ entry following
      stimulation with EGF or TGF-alpha. To show that one effect of TPA was on Ca2+
      entry, fura-2 loaded cells were suspended in Mn2+ rather than Ca2+ buffers.
      Addition of EGF or TGF-alpha resulted in Ca2+ release and Mn2+ entry. TPA but not
      the inactive phorbol ester, 4-alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, inhibited the Mn2+
      influx. Thus, PKC is able to regulate Ca2+ entry due to EGF or TGF-alpha in this
      cell type. A431 cells treated with higher concentrations of TPA (5 x 10(-8) M)
      inhibited not only Ca2+ entry but also Ca2+ release due to EGF/TGF-alpha but had
      no effect on bradykinin-mediated Ca2+ release, suggesting differences in the
      regulation of the intracellular stores responsive to these two classes of
      agonists. Furthermore, sequential addition of EGF or TGF-alpha gave a single
      transient of [Ca2+]i, showing a common pool of Ca2+ for these agonists. In
      contrast, sequential addition of EGF (or TGF-alpha) and bradykinin resulted in
      two [Ca2+]i transients equal in size to those obtained with a single
      agonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2283683
TI  - Net Ca2+ influx and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake in resting single myocytes
      of the rat heart: comparison with guinea-pig.
AB  - We tested Shattock and Bers' (1989) hypothesis according to which in rat cardiac
      myocytes net Ca2+ influx during diastole via Na/Ca exchange provides the main
      route of entry of Ca2+ available for activation of contractions. We used
      injections of caffeine into the close vicinity of the single, isolated rat or
      guinea-pig ventricular myocytes in order to release Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic
      reticulum (SR). The cells responded to caffeine with a transient contracture, the
      amplitude of which was regarded as a relative index of SR Ca2+ content.
      Application of caffeine deprived the SR of Ca2+. This was manifested by a very
      small (rat) or absent (guinea-pig) contractile response to the second application
      of caffeine and by a decrease of the amplitude of the first post caffeine
      contraction to 8 +/- 3% (rat) or to 16 +/- 6% (guinea-pig) of control. In the rat
      myocytes SR deprived of Ca2+ was able to recover its Ca2+ store even in the
      resting cell. This was indicated by the time dependent recovery of contractile
      response to the second application of caffeine and of the amplitude of the post
      caffeine electrically evoked contractions. The recovery of post-caffeine
      contractile responses was completely inhibited by Ca2+ free solution, by 5.0 mM
      Ni+ and by low K+ (1.0 mM) hyperpolarising solution superfused from the first
      application of caffeine or during rest. The recovery was enhanced by superfusion
      of the cells with low Na+ (50%) solution. These results show that there is a
      considerable net Ca2+ influx by means of Na/Ca exchange and then the SR Ca2+
      uptake in the resting rat myocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283684
TI  - Continuous determination of extracellular space and changes of K+, Na+, Ca2+, and
      H+ during global ischaemia in isolated rat hearts.
AB  - Isolated rat hearts were perfused according to the Langendorff technique and
      prepared to allow the measurement of left ventricular pressure (LVP), the first
      derivative of LVP (dP/dt), coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and heart rate (HR).
      The hearts were perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution (KHS; control
      group) or KHS containing tetramethylammonium-chloride (TMA; 100 microM), which
      did not influence heart haemodynamics or extracellular potassium accumulation
      during global ischaemia (GI). TMA was used as a marker to determine changes in
      the size of the extracellular space (ECS) during 60 min of GI. Extracellular
      concentrations of K+, Na+, Ca2+, H+ and TMA were measured using double-barreled
      polyvinyl chloride (PVC) mini-electrodes. Relative changes in the ECS size and
      net cation movements were calculated from the extracellular TMA and cation
      concentrations. After 60 min of GI ECS decreased by 74% due to a water shift into
      the intracellular space (ICS). Within 10 s after the onset of GI extracellular
      potassium concentration increased in a typical triphasic pattern. A biphasic net
      efflux of K+ was maximal 2 and 15 min after the onset of ischaemia interrupted by
      a maximal uptake after 7 min, probably due to the stimulation of the Na+/K+
      ATPase. The changes in extracellular sodium and calcium concentrations were
      biphasic; showing an initial increase occurring approximately during the first 20
      min after the onset of GI followed by a decrease. Despite the initial increase of
      extracellular Na+ and Ca2+ maximal net influx of Na+ and Ca2+ were calculated
      after 2 and 19 min of GI. Accumulation of H+ in the extracellular space occurred
      mainly during the first 20 min of GI. It is concluded that, (1) TMA is a useful
      marker for continuous measurement of changes in the size of the ECS during GI;
      (2) Changes in extracellular ion concentration are influenced markedly by a water
      shift from the ECS into the ICS; (3) Stimulation of the Na+/K+ pump causes a
      transient net uptake of K+ and reduces the net influx of Na+; (4) Ca2+ uptake is
      decreased transiently probably by increased Ca2(+)-ATPase activity; (5) Energy
      dependent protective mechanisms for the maintainance of intracellular ionic
      homeostasis are exhausted after approximately 15 to 20 min of GI in isolated
      working rat hearts.

PMID- 2283685
TI  - Characterization and agonist regulation of muscarinic ([3H]N-methyl scopolamine)
      receptors in isolated ventricular myocytes from rat.
AB  - Cell surface muscarinic cholinergic receptors have been characterized and
      quantified for the first time, in intact, isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes. The
      cells were previously established as functionally fully compatible with cellular
      responses in intact cardiac tissue. The specific binding of the hydrophilic
      radioligand, [3H]-NMS, (N-methyl-[3H]-scopolamine methylchloride) was found to be
      stereo-specific, saturable, reversible and of high affinity. Binding of [3H]-NMS
      demonstrated appropriate drug specificity and was positively correlated with
      increasing cell concentrations. Bmax for [3H]-NMS binding to ventricular
      myocytes, enzymatically dissociated from adult male rats, was 15.8 +/- 1.03
      fmol/25 x 10(3) cells (at 4 degrees C) and KD was 0.27 +/- 0.05 nM (n = 14).
      Binding assays performed at a higher incubation temperature (30 degrees C)
      yielded a higher Bmax value (22.1 +/- 1.6 fmol/25 x 10(3) cells; n = 11; P less
      than 0.005 vs. Bmax at 4 degrees C) but an unchanged KD (0.23 +/- 0.06 nM).
      Pretreatment of myocytes with the muscarinic agonist carbachol (1 mM) at 37
      degrees C resulted in a reduction (down-regulation) in specific binding of the
      hydrophilic ligand [3H]-NMS. The magnitude of this reduction and its rate of
      recovery were dependent on the time of the exposure to carbachol. Exposures of 30
      60 min elicited down-regulated by 35% (Bmax = 14.29 +/- 1.66 changed to 9.5 +/-
      1.79 fmol/25 x 10(3) cells, without change in KD P less than 0.01, n = 4). The
      down-regulation of the muscarinic receptors by carbachol was insensitive to
      application of bacitracin - an inhibitor of endocytosis. On the other hand
      preincubation with 10(-9)M atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, hindered the
      agonist-induced receptor "loss" from the cell surface confirming the muscarinic
      nature of these receptors. We conclude that our preparation of intact, isolated
      ventricular cardiomyocytes is ideally suited for the study of cell surface
      muscarinic receptor regulation under physiological and pathological conditions.

PMID- 2283686
TI  - Water-soluble antioxidant specificity against free radical injury using cultured
      human ventricular myocytes and fibroblasts and saphenous vein endothelial cells.
AB  - To better understand the protective effect of water-soluble antioxidants against
      free radical injury to the reperfused ischemic myocardium, we studied the
      antioxidant effectiveness of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, ascorbic acid,
      and Trolox, a water-soluble analogue of alpha-tocopherol, in protecting cultured
      adult human ventricular myocytes and fibroblasts and saphenous vein endothelial
      cells from hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase generated free radicals. The cells were
      cultured at oxygen tension to 150 and 40 mmHg. Passage P2 to P4 cells were
      injured by a hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase free radical generation system. The
      time when all the cells became shriveled divided by the cell count expressed in
      terms of 100,000 cells was used to compare cellular susceptibilities to free
      radical injury and the relative effectiveness of the antioxidants. Fibroblasts
      were more resistant to free radical injury than myocytes which were more
      resistant than endothelial cells, when all three cell types were cultured at the
      same oxygen tension. Trolox and ascorbic acid were effective antioxidants for
      myocytes while SOD and catalase were ineffective. SOD and catalase were more
      effective than ascorbic acid as antioxidants for endothelial cells and
      fibroblasts, while Trolox was ineffective. In summary, we have shown that each
      cultured cell type has a different susceptibility to free radical damage and that
      antioxidants are not effective for all cell types.

PMID- 2283687
TI  - Sialic acid and the surface charge of delayed rectifier potassium channels.
AB  - We used the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique and cultured
      ventricular myocytes from 7-day embryonic chicks to test the hypothesis that
      sialic acid residues (NANA) constitute the negative surface charge associated
      with delayed rectifier potassium channels. Delayed rectifier current (iK) was
      elicited at potentials between -40 and +60 mV. The existence of negative fixed
      charges close to the "gating sensor" was confirmed by a 6.8-mV negative shift of
      the half-activation potential (V1/2) following a 10-fold reduction of divalent
      cations and a 22.6-mV position shift following the addition of 10 mM NiCl2. An
      8.4-mV increase in the Boltzmann equation slope factor (k) in the former
      experiment and a 5.5-mV decline in the latter suggested that the surface charge
      is not uniformly distributed. We used a high performance liquid chromatography
      procedure to detect freed sarcolemmal NANA and found that 71-88% was released by
      neuraminidase (0.2-2.0 U/ml) during 1-h treatments. Such treatments had no
      significant effect upon the amplitudes of iK or V1/2. On the other hand, k was
      increased significantly by the enzyme (2.0 U/ml), but only when Ca2+ was present.
      Finally, 1-h pre-treatments with neuraminidase (2.0 U/ml) had no effect on the
      positive shift of V1/2 induced by Ni2+. We conclude that although sarcolemmal
      NANA may bind Ca2+, it does not constitute the surface charge of delayed
      rectifier potassium channels.

PMID- 2283688
TI  - Effect of anesthesia on cardiac function and response in the perfused rat heart.
AB  - In the present study we have examined the effect of the general anesthetic agent
      sodium pentobarbital (given i.p. to the intact animal) on the hemodynamic
      function of the isolated perfused heart and its response to treatments which
      affect calcium transsarcolemmal influx: extracellular calcium concentration and
      thyroid hormone. Perfused hearts (modified Langendorff system) isolated from
      anesthetized rats were found to respond differently to the two aforementioned
      effectors than hearts excised from non-anesthetized animals. Hearts of the two
      groups demonstrated a gradual increase in inotropic activity in response to step
      wise increase in calcium concentration in the perfusion medium. However, cardiac
      contractility and the pattern of the response to the gradual increase in calcium
      concentration were different. At the lower Ca2+ concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mM,
      inotropic activity (left ventricular systolic pressure (LVP) and +dP/dt values)
      of hearts from anesthetized animals was significantly greater (P less than 0.05)
      than that of hearts from non-anesthetized animals: LVP values (mmHg, mean +/-
      S.E.M.) in hearts from anesthetized an non-anesthetized rats were: at 0.5 mM
      Ca2+, 19 +/- 3 and 9 +/- 2; and at 1.0 mM, 103 +/- 12 and 76 +/- 6, respectively.
      At the higher Ca2+ concentrations, hearts from anesthetized animals demonstrated
      maximal LVP at 1.75 mM calcium (139 +/- 9 mmHg), whereas the LVP values in hearts
      from non-anesthetized animals continued to increase throughout all the Ca2+
      concentrations employed. A similar pattern of response was observed for +dP/dt
      values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2283689
TI  - Lactate does not enhance anoxia/reoxygenation damage in adult rat cardiac
      myocytes.
AB  - Accumulation of lactate in myocardial cells has been proposed as a primary
      trigger of ischemic damage in heart. This hypothesis was tested using isolated
      cardiac myocytes from adult rats. Cells were subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation
      protocols in the presence or absence of lactate at two extracellular pH values.
      Reductions in total rods and increased numbers of shortened rods ("contracted"
      cells) were evident in cell populations exposed to anoxia and in reoxygenated
      populations in the absence of glucose at pH values of 6.9 and 7.3. Although lower
      pH reduced cell adenine nucleotide contents over those seen at higher pH, neither
      10 mM nor 50 mM lactate enhanced nucleotide loss or caused extra morphological
      damage under any condition in this study. Therefore, under conditions simulating
      those in ischemic heart, cell damage could not be attributed to high lactate
      concentrations.

PMID- 2283690
TI  - Improving nutritional dietary density and nutrient bioavailability for young
      children: less appreciated considerations.

PMID- 2283691
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid C-reactive protein measurement--a bedside test in the rapid
      diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.
AB  - C-reactive protein (C-RP) determinations were performed by the Latex
      agglutination method on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of 212 patients
      with clinical features suggestive of meningitis. Patients were grouped as follows
      Group I: bacterial meningitis and partially treated bacterial meningitis (n =
      22). Group II: viral encephalitis (n = 11). Group III: tuberculous meningitis (n
      = 18). Group IV: (i) febrile convulsions (n = 87); (ii) epileptic seizures (n =
      70); (iii) intracranial haemorrhage (n = 4). C-RP was a better indicator of
      bacterial meningitis (sensitivity 91 per cent) than the Gram's stain (sensitivity
      46 per cent). C-RP was positive in 91 per cent of patients in Group I, none in
      Groups II and III and 0.6 per cent in Group IV. C-RP determination in CSF proved
      to be a useful indicator of bacterial meningitis and served to distinguish it
      from viral encephalitis, tuberculous meningitis, febrile convulsions and other
      central nervous system disorders.

PMID- 2283692
TI  - Cholestatic disorders of infancy--aetiology and outcome.
AB  - The relative frequency of causes of cholestatic disorders of infancy in a
      developing area was established in a prospective study. During a 10-year period,
      145 infants with conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia were investigated. Intrahepatic
      disorders accounted for 68 per cent with no identifiable cause (idiopathic
      hepatitis) in the majority. Syphilis, urinary tract infection and septicaemia
      together made up 30 per cent of intrahepatic causes with metabolic disorders
      accounting for 12 per cent. Outcome in those with idiopathic hepatitis, and those
      treated for syphilis and UTI was relatively good. Complete recovery from
      syphilitic hepatitis on average took 11 months. Extrahepatic disorders occurred
      in 32 per cent and were almost entirely due to biliary atresia. Results of
      hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia were poor because of late referral
      in many instances. Compared to developed countries, infantile cholestasis in
      developing areas is more commonly associated with treatable bacterial infection.
      Referring agencies should be aware of this fact and the need for early referral
      of cases with possible biliary atresia.

PMID- 2283693
TI  - Case studies on haemoglobin S heterozygotes with severe clinical manifestations.
AB  - Generally, individuals who are heterozygous to haemoglobin S (Hb AS) are
      asymptomatic and do not present any haematological or clinical manifestations.
      However, other associated genetic abnormalities may influence the presentation in
      Hb AS cases. This study was conducted on twenty children heterozygous for HB S
      who presented clinical manifestations similar to those of sickle cell anaemia.
      All these children had anaemia associated with several red cell morphological
      abnormalities. The white blood cell counts were elevated in all patients and
      differential count studies showed a substantial increase in lymphocytes and
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the majority of the cases. Forty-five per cent of
      the patients had associated alpha-thalassaemia, 60 per cent had beta
      thalassaemia, 30 per cent had G-6-PD deficiency and 10 per cent had partial
      glutathione reductase deficiency. Pyruvate kinase activity was normal in all
      cases. Riboflavin deficiency was encountered in 30 per cent of the patients and
      iron deficiency in 15 per cent of these Hb S heterozygotes. The major clinical
      findings were splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and vaso-occlusive crisis. The majority
      of the patients had received blood transfusions. The hand and foot syndrome was
      identified in three (15 per cent) of the patients. The haematological and
      clinical findings in these twenty Hb S heterozygotes are presented in this paper
      and the possible causes for these abnormalities are discussed.

PMID- 2283694
TI  - Trace elements in the hair of healthy and malnourished children.
AB  - Pre-school age children from the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico,
      consisting of 47 malnourished children were evaluated for mineral status by hair
      samples and nutritional status by anthropometric measurements and haemoglobin
      levels. Hair minerals were determined by either atomic absorption spectroscopy or
      instrumental neutron activation analysis. Malnourished children had significantly
      lower hair zinc while the iron and copper levels were significantly higher. Hair
      concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and manganese were not significantly
      different between healthy and malnourished children. Sixty per cent of the
      malnourished children's haemoglobin values were either marginal or deficient
      while 45 per cent of the haematocrits readings were either marginal or deficient.
      Malnourished children in weight-for-age category were 81 per cent malnourished;
      by weight-for-height 55 per cent were malnourished and by height-for-age 59 per
      cent were malnourished. The overall nutritional status of malnourished children
      can be characterized as mild to severe malnutrition with a chronic stunting of
      growth. Hair zinc values were a good indicator of nutritional status.

PMID- 2283695
TI  - Strategies educated mothers use to ensure the health of their children.
AB  - Mothers attending the out-patients in a programme of primary health care in rural
      west Bengal were interviewed for obtaining personal, socio-economic, and health
      data. Anthropometric measurements were made on them and their accompanying
      children. Sixty-five of the mothers were educated (defined as primary level and
      above of education) and 136 were not. The uneducated group had experienced a
      greater rate of child loss at 130 per 1000 births compared to 58 per 1000 births
      in the educated group. They were shorter (mean height 1.487 +/- 0.0475 m)
      compared to the educated group (mean height 1.507 +/- 0.051 m; P less than 0.01).
      Their children had a higher proportion of growth deficiencies, significant for
      height-for-age (P less than 0.001). These differences persisted after controlling
      for socio-economic status. The strategies used by the educated mothers were
      significantly more appropriate than those of their non-educated counterparts with
      regard to pregnancy and childbirth, diarrhoea, immunization, family planning, and
      source of treatment in illness. The educated women also benefited more from the
      primary health care programme.

PMID- 2283696
TI  - Investigation of serum vitamin A levels of children who had a history of
      recurrent diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections in Ankara.
AB  - Vitamin A deficiency is considered a widespread public health problem among
      preschool children in the developing countries. A limited number of studies
      reveal an association between xerophthalmia and significant systemic diseases
      including protein-energy malnutrition, diarrhoea, and acute respiratory
      infections. The present study was carried out to assess the vitamin A status of
      preschool children who have a history of recurrent acute respiratory infections
      and diarrhoea. We have already shown that serum vitamin A levels of all the study
      groups were lower than the control group (P less than 0.001) and the detailed
      statistical analyses made clear that malnutrition is the major contributing
      factor (P less than 0.001) although infections also have a negative effect on
      serum vitamin A levels (P less than 0.01). We have also shown that subclinical
      vitamin A deficiency is a problem of public health importance in this region,
      since about 64 per cent of the children examined were found to have low levels of
      serum vitamin A (less than 20 micrograms/dl).

PMID- 2283697
TI  - A new reference for the mid-upper arm circumference?

PMID- 2283698
TI  - Neutral fat in stool as clinical indicator of rotavirus diarrhoea in under-five
      children.

PMID- 2283699
TI  - First revision of mortality prevention potential of conservative neonatal care.

PMID- 2283700
TI  - Normal monocyte migratory response in patients with sickle cell disease.

PMID- 2283701
TI  - The incidence of intrauterine growth retardation in Sivas.

PMID- 2283702
TI  - Brain hydatidosis diagnosed by computed tomography.

PMID- 2283703
TI  - Heights and weights of children in Ladakh, north India.

PMID- 2283704
TI  - [Annual changes in susceptibility of clinical isolates to midecamycin acetate].
AB  - To investigate annual changes in the susceptibility of clinical isolates to
      midecamycin acetate (MDM-AC), minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of MDM-AC
      were determined for clinical isolates obtained from outpatients since 1985. MDM
      AC-resistant strains of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. have shown
      similar degrees of resistance to midecamycin and josamycin. Regarding this as
      macrolide resistance, proportions of macrolide-resistant strains tended to
      increase for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae but to decrease
      for Streptococcus pyogenes. 1. For S. aureus, 8% of the strains isolated in 1985,
      20% in 1987 and 20% in 1989 were macrolide-resistant. Of these macrolide
      resistant strains, 70% or more in 1987 and 80% or more in 1989 were methicillin
      resistant S. aureus (MRSA). 2. For S. pneumoniae, 8% of the strains isolated in
      1985, 12% in 1987 and 12% in 1989 were macrolide-resistant, indicating a tendency
      for resistant strains to increase annually. 3. For S. pyogenes, 8% of the strains
      isolated in 1985, 4% in 1987 and 0% in 1989 were macrolide-resistant, showing a
      decreasing tendency. 4. MDM-AC is still thought to be a clinically useful
      antibacterial agent because it still shows antibacterial activity against 80% or
      more of Gram-positive cocci clinically isolated in recent years and a low degree
      of induction of macrolide resistance in Staphylococcus spp.

PMID- 2283705
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of imipenem/cilastatin sodium in infectious complications of
      hematological malignancies. Tohkai Research Group on Infections in Hematological
      Disorders].
AB  - Imipenem/cilastatin sodium (IPM/CS), a newly developed carbapenem antibiotic, was
      administered to a total of 152 patients with severe infections complicating
      hematological disorders, of whom 138 patients are included in the present
      analysis of efficacy and 152 in that of safety. Most of the underlying diseases
      were acute leukemia (76/138), and most patients suffered from sepsis or suspicion
      of sepsis (84/138). Out of 138 patients in whom efficacy was evaluable, responses
      were excellent in 41 patients, good in 55, fair in 19, and poor in 23. The
      overall clinical efficacy rate was 69.6% (96/138). Prior antibiotic treatment and
      peripheral neutrophil count had significant effects on the clinical response. The
      overall eradication rate of bacteria was 76.2%. Adverse reactions were observed
      in 15 patients (9.9%) and abnormal laboratory test results in 19 patients
      (12.5%). From the above findings, IPM/CS is considered to be a useful antibiotic
      for the treatment of severe infections accompanying hematopoietic disorders.

PMID- 2283706
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of cefuzonam of severe infections in leukemia and related
      disorders].
AB  - Cefuzonam (CZON) which has a broad spectrum on both Gram-negative and Gram
      positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was
      evaluated in severe infections associated with hematological disorders. Sixty
      five patients were treated with CZON. Among them, 56 patients were evaluable for
      effectiveness. Nine patients were not evaluable because 3 patients were treated
      with combination of other antibiotics such as ceftizoxime, norfloxacin,
      ofloxacin, 1 patient was subjected to additional therapy of G-CSF and gamma
      globulin, 4 were the patients with other disease than hematologic disorder (3
      malignant mesotheliomas, 1 ovarian cancer), and the remaining one was
      prophylactically treated. Excellent responses were observed in 21 (37.5%)
      patients, good responses in 11 (19.6%) patients, with an overall efficacy rate of
      57.1%. The efficacy rate in septic patients was 80% (4/5), and that in patient
      whose peripheral granulocytes were continuously below 100/microliters was 60%
      (3/5). Three patients who suffered from malignant mesothelioma, one patient who
      suffered from ovarian cancer, one patient who was treated prophylactically were
      included in the final evaluation of side effects. Side effects were observed in 2
      patients (2/61, 3.3%). In a patient of 7 years, mild liver disfunction (GOT/GPT,
      46/55) was found in 10 days after CZON treatment was started. In a patient of 65
      years, mild appetite loss was identified in 2 days after CZON administration was
      begun. The liver disfunction was improved soon after the cessation of the
      treatment. The mild appetite loss disappeared while the treatment was continued.
      These results showed that CZON was an effective and safe antibiotic for the
      treatment of severe infections in patients with hematological disorders.

PMID- 2283707
TI  - [Therapeutic efficacy of miconazole on deep-seated fungal infections in the
      respiratory tract system].
AB  - We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of miconazole (MCZ, Florid-F inj.), a new
      antifungal agent for parenteral use, in deep-seated fungal infections of
      respiratory tract system. A daily dose of 400-1,800 mg of MCZ was given
      intravenously for 12-38 days (mean: 23.4 days) to 7 patients: 2 patients with
      pulmonary aspergillosis, 1 patient with bronchial aspergillosis, 1 patient with
      pulmonary candidiasis and 3 patients with candidemia. One additional patient with
      pulmonary aspergillosis received three instillations of 20 mg of MCZ into the
      thoracic cavity. The clinical effects were excellent in 1, good in 4 and poor in
      3 patients. The efficacy rate was 100% in 5 cases with respiratory fungal
      infections but 3 cases with candidemia did not respond well to the treatment.
      Four strains each of Aspergillus sp. and Candida sp. were identified as causative
      organisms. Seven of the 8 strains were eradicated by administration of MCZ. Side
      effects observed were irritation and heat in a leg in 1 patient, hyperlipoidemia
      in 2 patients and eosinophilia in 1 patient. The adverse reactions disappeared
      after the completion of the therapy. From the above results, we conclude that MCZ
      is one of the most useful antifungal agents for parenteral use as a first choice
      on deep-seated fungal infections in the respiratory tract.

PMID- 2283709
TI  - [Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefdinir in children].
AB  - Thirty children were treated with cefdinir (CFDN) for the evaluation of its
      clinical efficacy and side effects. Their ages ranged from 1 to 9 years. The
      dosage of CFDN ranged from 8.1 to 15.9 mg/kg/day with the treatment continued for
      2 to 10 days. Twenty-eight of the 30 patients were evaluated for clinical
      efficacy; 10 patients with tonsillitis, 3 with scarlet fever, 4 with lower
      respiratory infections, 2 with otitis media, 2 with cervical lymphadenitis, 3
      with urinary tract infections and 4 with skin and soft tissue infections. The
      remaining 2 patients who had viral diseases were included in the evaluation for
      side effects. Clinical responses were excellent in 14 patients, good in 12, fair
      in 1 and poor in 1 with an efficacy rate of 92.9%. Diarrhea was noted in one of
      the 30 patients. A pharmacokinetic study on CFDN was performed in 8 fasting
      patients whose ages ranged from 3 to 7 years. Serum concentrations of CFDN peaked
      at 0.59 to 1.76 micrograms/ml (mean 1.13 microgram/ml) at 2 hours after dosing of
      3 mg/kg in 4 patients, and 0.89 to 2.49 micrograms/ml (mean 1.49 micrograms/ml) 2
      or 3 hours after dosing of 6 mg/kg in the other 4 patients. The 8-hour urinary
      excretion rates were 16.0% to 21.3% (mean 17.4%) in 4 patients given a dose of 3
      mg/kg and 10.9 to 21.1% (mean 15.5%) in 4 patients given a dose of 6 mg/kg.

PMID- 2283708
TI  - [Effect of combination therapy with carumonam and clindamycin on severe
      infections in patients with hematologic malignancies].
AB  - We evaluated the efficacy of a combination therapy with carumonam (CRMN) and
      clindamycin (CLDM) on severe infections in patients with hematologic
      malignancies. Fifty three patients were included in this study. The efficacy of
      the combination therapy was evaluated according to the criteria by TAKAKU et al.
      Fourteen cases were evaluated as excellent, and 24 cases were as good, with a
      total rate of effectiveness of 71.7% (38/53). It should be noted that the rate of
      effectiveness in patients having less than 100/microliters neutrophils was 77.3%
      (17/22). Adverse effects were observed in 2 patients (3.7%). One case was
      hepatotoxicity and the other was nephrotoxicity. Both were mild and transient,
      however. These observations suggested that the combination therapy with CRMN and
      CLDM was effective and safe for the treatment of severe infections in patients
      with hematologic malignancies.

PMID- 2283710
TI  - [Cefdinir. I].

PMID- 2283711
TI  - [Clinical studies on cefdinir in pediatric infections].
AB  - Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on cefdinir (CFDN), a newly
      developed oral cephalosporin, were performed on children with infections. The
      pharmacokinetics was examined in 3 patients. The peak plasma concentrations were
      1.97 micrograms/ml, 0.84 microgram/ml and 1.67 micrograms/ml in the 3 patients.
      The 0 to 6 or 8-hour urinary excretion rates were 22.2%, 18.1%, and 32.7%,
      respectively. These results were similar to those in adult patients. Clinical
      response to CFDN was evaluated in 21 patients, 4 patients with pharyngitis (an
      efficacy rate of 100%), 7 with tonsillitis (85.7%), 1 with bronchitis
      (excellent), 1 with pneumonia (fair), 6 with scarlet fever (100%), 1 with
      staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome (good) and 1 with urinary tract infection
      (good). Thus, an overall efficacy rate of 90.5% was achieved. With regard to
      microbiological effect on pathogens, 14 of the 15 strains identified as pathogens
      were eradicated, with an eradication rate of 93.3%. The safety was evaluated in a
      total of 23 cases. Diarrhea, elevated eosinophil count and elevated S-GPT were
      observed in one patient each. The side effect and abnormalities in laboratory
      tests were not serious, however. It was concluded that CFDN, with its excellent
      antibacterial effect, was an efficacious and safe drug for the treatment of
      pediatric infections.

PMID- 2283712
TI  - [Laboratory and clinical studies on cefdinir in pediatric field].
AB  - Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefdinir (CFDN) capsule and fine granules
      in children were performed and the following results were obtained. 1. Plasma
      level and urinary excretion of CFDN were determined in 10 children with ages 7 to
      13 years given single doses of 2.3 to 7.5 mg/kg. Six of the 10 children received
      the drug orally before meal and the other 4 after meal. Plasma concentration
      peaked at 2 to 4 hours in the children administered the drug before meal, and at
      3 to 4 hours in those given the drug after meal. The 8-hour urinary recovery rate
      was 18.8%. 2. Clinical efficacies were evaluated in 23 children with bacterial
      infections. The children were given the drug orally at dose levels of 3.3 to 6.3
      mg/kg 3 times a day. Clinical effects of CFDN were excellent in 7 and good in
      others, hence the overall clinical efficacy rate was 100%. 3. Bacteriologically,
      18 of the 19 strains of causative organisms identified were eradicated, with an
      overall bacteriological eradication rate of 94.7%. 4. As for side effects, loose
      stool was observed in 1 case, but it disappeared in a few days. In laboratory
      tests a slight elevation of GOT and GPT were observed in 1 case, but no
      additional treatment was needed. 5. CFDN is a useful oral antibiotic for the
      treatment of bacterial infections in pediatric field.

PMID- 2283713
TI  - [A clinical evaluation of cefdinir in pediatric infections].
AB  - Cefdinir (CFDN), a new oral cephalosporin, was administered to 10 patients with
      various infections and the following results were obtained. 1. Clinical responses
      in 10 patients (1 patient with rhinitis, 2 with sinusitis, 1 with pharyngitis, 1
      with tonsillitis, 4 with scarlet fever and 1 with abscess) were excellent in 6
      and good in 4 with an efficacy rate of 100%. 2. Eleven species of bacteria were
      isolated (3 of Staphylococcus aureus, 6 of Streptococcus pyogenes and 2 of
      Haemophilus influenzae) and all of them were eradicated by the treatment with
      CFDN. 3. No side effects or abnormal laboratory test values were noted. None of
      the patients refused to take the drug.

PMID- 2283714
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of a new oral cephem, cefdinir, in children].
AB  - Cefdinir (CFDN, FK482) was evaluated for its safety, efficacy and
      pharmacokinetics in 28 children. CFDN was effective in 100% of 22 evaluable cases
      with respiratory, middle ear, urinary or soft tissue infections. From the
      clinical response, adverse effects and the pharmacokinetic results, daily dose of
      9-18 mg/kg, administered in 3 divided portions is suggested. Increase of dose
      will be associated with increase of gastrointestinal side effects. The data
      suggest that CFDN is safe and effective when used in children with infections
      caused by susceptible bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2283715
TI  - [Clinical studies on cefdinir granules in pediatric field].
AB  - Cefdinir (CFDN, FK482) granules, a new oral antibiotic for children, were given
      to children with infections. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1.
      The plasma level of CFDN peaked at 0.38-0.88 microgram/ml in 2-3 hours after
      administration of the drug at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Meanwhile, the plasma level
      peaked at 1.85 micrograms/ml in 3 hours after administration of 6 mg/kg. The
      plasma level was higher in the 6 mg/kg group than that in the 3 mg/kg group, thus
      a dose response was clearly observed. 2. The 8 hour urinary excretion accounted
      for 10.3-17.4% of administered amount of the drug in children with 3-6 mg/kg
      dosage. 3. CFDN granules were administered to a total of 42 children with upper
      or lower airway infections or with urinary tract infections at daily doses of 9.0
      20.7 mg/kg in 3 divided portions. The clinical efficacy was "excellent" in 28
      patients, "good" in 13, and "fair" in 1, hence an efficacy rate of 97.6% was
      obtained. 4. Bacteria identified from various diseases were 29 strains of 9
      species, and the eradication rate was 82.8%. 5. No. side effects were noted in
      any of the children. Laboratory test results showed an abnormality in 1 case each
      with a rise of platelet count and eosinophilia.

PMID- 2283716
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of cefdinir in pediatric field].
AB  - We studied the clinical efficacy of cefdinir (CFDN), a new oral cephalosporin, in
      18 children with ages 2 years and 4 months to 11 years and 4 months with
      pediatric infections. The diagnoses consisted of respiratory tract infections in
      15 cases, impetigo in 2 and balanoposthitis in 1. Clinical efficacies were
      excellent in 11 patients and good in 7, with an efficacy rate of 100%.
      Bacteriologically, 9 (64.3%) of the 14 strains of clinical isolates were
      eradicated. No side effects nor abnormal laboratory findings were observed. We
      have concluded that CFDN is a useful antibiotic for the treatment of mild to
      moderate pediatric infections.

PMID- 2283717
TI  - [Clinical study on cefdinir in pediatric field].
AB  - We studied pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefdinir (CFDN), a newly
      developed oral cephalosporin, and the following results were obtained. 1.
      Pharmacokinetics of CFDN in 2 patients were investigated. The 2 patients with
      ages of 8 years (36.5 kg, body weight) and 6 years (26.5 kg, body weight) were
      administered with 3 mg/kg of fine granules of CFDN on empty stomachs. Peak plasma
      levels of CFDN were 0.85 microgram/ml in one patient and 0.56 microgram/ml in the
      other. The 8-hour urinary recovery rate was 21.6% of the administered dose in one
      and was not calculable in the other. 2. Clinical effects of CFDN were studied in
      25 children with various infectious diseases: 11 with acute pharyngitis, 1 with
      acute tonsillitis, 2 with acute laryngitis, 3 with acute bronchitis, 2 with acute
      bronchopneumonia, 4 with scarlet fever, 1 with acute otitis media, 1 with acute
      lymphadenitis. The efficacy rate was 96% (24/25), and the bacteriological
      eradication rate was 83.3% (10/12). 3. No side effects were noted. Clinical
      laboratory test values were investigated in 14 patients. There were no seriously
      abnormal laboratory test findings except a slight elevation of eosinophile and
      GPT.

PMID- 2283719
TI  - [Foreign literature on antibiotics. No. 258].

PMID- 2283718
TI  - [Laboratory and clinical studies on cefdinir in pediatric field].
AB  - Clinical trials of cefdinir (CFDN) in pediatric infections were carried out.
      Results are summarized as follows. 1. Mean half-lives of CFDN in serum in
      children when administered on an empty stomach were 1.24 hours (3 mg/kg per os)
      and 1.85 hours (6 mg/kg per os). 2. Mean 8 hour urinary excretion rates of CFDN
      were 19.0% (3 mg/kg/per os) and 10.5% (6 mg/kg per os). 3. CFDN was administered
      to 28 children with various infections: 12 patients with tonsillitis, 8 with
      bronchitis, 2 with pneumonia, 4 with urinary tract infections, 1 staphylococcal
      scalded skin syndrome and 1 with impetigo. The overall efficacy rate was 89.3%.
      4. Diarrhea was noted in 1 patient. Abnormal laboratory test values encountered
      were eosinophilia in 2 patients, thrombocytosis in 1.

PMID- 2283720
TI  - Prognosis for resected lung cancer patients with tumors greater than ten
      centimeters in diameter.
AB  - During the period 1962-1986, 43 lung cancer patients, 2.3% of the 1,832 patients
      who underwent pulmonary resections at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo,
      had tumors greater than 10 cm in diameter. These 43 cancers were classified
      postsurgically according to the 1987 guidelines for TNM classification of
      malignant tumors established by Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC), and
      included 35 cases (81.0%) in stages IIIA, IIIB and IV. The histological tumor
      types were adenocarcinoma in 18 cases (41.9%), squamous cell carcinoma in 13
      (30.2%), large cell carcinoma in 11 (25.6%) and adenosquamous cell carcinoma in
      one (2.3%). Twenty-two patients underwent pneumonectomy and 21, lobectomy. In
      terms of the radical extent of surgery, 16 patients underwent a curative
      operation (37.2%) and 27 received non-curative surgery (62.8%). Excluding one
      patient who died of an unknown postoperative cause, the overall cumulative five
      year survival rate was 19.7%. There was, however, no significant difference in
      five-year survival rates between the patients who underwent a curative operation
      (21.5%) and those who received non-curative surgery (18.8%). There was no
      significant difference in five-year survival rates between patients with
      adenocarcinoma (21.2%), those with squamous cell carcinoma (15.4%) and those with
      large cell carcinoma (27.3%). There was little difference in five-year survival
      rates between patients with postoperative stage I or stage II tumors (25.0%),
      patients with stage IIIA tumors (9.5%), patients with stage IIIB tumors (30.0%)
      and patients with stage IV tumors (20.0%), while the five-year survival rates for
      patients with postoperative N0 disease were 33.3%, N1 disease 28.9% and N2
      disease 0%. Among the 42 patients the survival study, there were eight long-term
      survivors (greater than 5 yr), all of whom had been in N0 or N1 stage and four of
      whom had undergone curative surgery. Two were classified as being in stage T4
      with malignant pleural effusions, and the other two as being in stage M1 with
      intrapulmonary metastasis. Patients with N2 disease have an unfavorable prognosis
      and may be considered suitable for studies on adjuvant therapy, although the
      relative influence of other prognostic factors must be considered. Classifying
      the tumors according to whether or not they had reached 10 cm in diameter was of
      no importance.

PMID- 2283721
TI  - Comparisons of interval breast cancers with other breast cancers detected through
      mass screening and in outpatient clinics in Japan.
AB  - In a nation-wide collaborative study on mass screening for breast cancer, we
      collected 152 cases of interval breast cancer diagnosed at 35 hospitals or
      clinics distributed throughout Japan. The definition of interval breast cancer
      used in the present study is "breast cancer cases which were diagnosed as having
      'no malignant findings' in a previous screening for breast cancer but
      subsequently diagnosed as 'breast cancer' at a hospital or medical clinic within
      two years of the previous screening." The clinical stages and prognoses of these
      interval cancer were analyzed and compared with those of other breast cancers
      detected through mass screening and in outpatient clinics. In the clinical
      staging of interval breast cancer, Tis (non infiltrating cancer) accounted for
      only 2.1%, compared to 8.0% in cases detected through mass screening. At stage I
      43.4% were interval breast cancers compared to 32.9% breast cancers detected
      through mass screening and 25.4% diagnosed in outpatient clinics. The stage
      differences between interval breast cancers and breast cancers detected through
      mass screening were not statistically significant. Five-year survival rates were
      85.6% for interval breast cancers, 91.7% for breast cancers detected through mass
      screening and 84.7% for breast cancers diagnosed in outpatient clinics. Ten-year
      survival rates were 75.9, 80.5 and 78.1%, respectively, suggesting the interval
      breast cancer cases to show a similar prognosis to that of breast cancer cases
      diagnosed in outpatient clinics. The differences in five- and 10-year survival
      rates among the three groups were not statistically significant. From the present
      study we were not able to confirm the general belief of interval cancer being
      more aggressive in nature and showing a poorer prognosis than cancer detected
      through periodic screening. The reasons for this are discussed.

PMID- 2283723
TI  - Surgical management of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth.
AB  - A retrospective review is presented of 76 patients, referred to the National
      Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, who underwent surgical management for squamous
      cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth during the period March, 1969, to May,
      1988. Of the 76 patients, 34 (45%) were treated by surgery alone, 19 (25%) by
      cryosurgery and 23 (30%) by a combination of surgery and another treatment
      modality, either irradiation (22 patients) or chemotherapy (one patient). Fifty
      three percent of the patients had stage III or IV disease. Twenty-two patients
      (29%) developed recurrent disease during follow-up. Eighty-five percent of the
      treatment failures were identified within 24 months of treatment. The most common
      site of recurrence, seen in 14 out of 22 cases, was the neck. The actuarial five
      year survivals for patients were: stage I disease, 96%; stage II, 79%; stage III,
      66%; stage IV, 49%. Recent technical advances, allowing extensive resection and
      reconstruction in the surgical management of this kind of tumor, have improved
      the prognosis even for patients with advanced disease.

PMID- 2283722
TI  - Malignant lymphoma of the rectum.
AB  - Eleven patients with primary lymphoma of the rectum were reviewed on a mainly
      histological basis, especially in association with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia
      (RLH). They included three males and eight females with an age range of 21-71
      (median 59) years. Common symptoms were anal bleeding, melena, difficulty with
      defecation and constipation. A physical examination echogram and computed
      tomographic scans showed the tumor to be restricted to the rectum. The tumors
      were classified microscopically as six intermediate lymphocytic lymphomas (ILL)
      and five others. Histologic findings compatible with RLH were found in all five
      ILL cases and three of the others. Immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded
      sections revealed eight cases to be of B-cell type and one with a pleomorphic
      histology, to be of T-cell type; one case did not react with any of the
      antibodies tested, but were regarded as being of B-cell type purely on
      morphological grounds. A gene rearrangement study carried out in one ILL case
      showed a monoclonal rearrangement of the Jh chain. The findings showed rectal
      lymphoma to be characterized by a high frequency of ILL cases and an association
      with RLH. These are also common findings among patients with thyroid, salivary
      and gastric lymphoma, suggesting a common etiologic role in these diseases of
      long-standing inflammation.

PMID- 2283725
TI  - Report of the meeting on fundamental and clinical research in multiple primary
      cancer.

PMID- 2283724
TI  - Post-hysterectomy extra-uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma: a case report.
AB  - Endometrial stromal sarcoma is a relatively rare form of uterine sarcoma. The
      present paper reports on a patient who was found to have contracted endometrial
      stromal sarcoma eight years after a hysterectomy. A postoperative specimen
      revealed this sarcoma to have originated in extra-uterine endometrium of the
      rectovaginal septum.

PMID- 2283726
TI  - Effect of N-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)-1-deoxynojirimycin on the lectin binding to HIV
      1 glycoproteins.
AB  - The effect of N-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)-1-deoxynojirimycin (ppDNM) on the lectin
      binding to HIV-1 glycoprotein was analyzed by using biotinylated lectins of
      various sugar specificities as probes. ppDNM potentially inhibited HIV-1-induced
      syncytium formation and viral infectivity of HIV-1 without cytotoxicity. The
      lectin binding assay showed that ppDNM treatment reduced Con A binding to gp120
      of HIV-1.

PMID- 2283728
TI  - [Necrectomy and sequestrectomy in the surgical treatment of necrotizing
      pancreatitis].
AB  - The author analysed the results of pancreonecrosis management in 23 patients who
      were subjected to necrectomy and sequestrectomy. Necrectomy was conducted in
      three variants according to the depth at which the necrotic focus was found in
      the parenchyma of the pancreas. The best results were produced in patients with
      solitary foci of necrosis who were operated on the second week of the disease.
      Sequestration fo the pancreas was diagnosed from the clinical picture, scanning
      of the pancreas and angiography were performed. Sequestration is a
      technologically difficult operation which is fraught with the development of many
      complications, its success depends on the radical character of the removal of all
      sequestered areas and adequate drainage.

PMID- 2283727
TI  - Anti-inflammatory activity of piperine.
AB  - Piperine (1-peperoyl piperidine) was isolated from Piper nigrum Linn for the
      evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Different acute and chronic
      experimental models like carrageenin-induced rat paw edema, cotton pellet
      granuloma, and croton oil-induced granuloma pouch, were employed. Simultaneously,
      biochemical estimations were made to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the
      action. Piperine acted significantly on early acute changes in inflammatory
      processes and chronic granulative changes. It also acted partially through
      stimulation of pituitary adrenal axis. Exudative changes in both acute and
      chronic models, however, were insignificant.

PMID- 2283729
TI  - [Conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis using intralesional
      electrophoresis].
AB  - Experimental data are discussed and experience in complex treatment of 102
      patients with acute pancreatitis with the application of intralesional+
      electrophoresis is analysed. It was demonstrated in experiments on 90 albino rats
      that in intralesional+ electrophoresis of radioactive++ 5-fluorouracil (5-FU),
      its concentration in the pancreas was 2.4-3-fold that in the group of animals in
      which only intraperitoneal injections of the agent were given. Intralesional+ 5
      FU, antibiotic, and contrykal electrophoresis was applied in the clinic in 75
      patients with edematous and in 27 patients with destructive pancreatitis.
      Intralesional+ electrophoresis had a favourable effect on the course of acute
      pancreatitis, but its efficacy was lower in destructive pancreatitis.
      Intralesional+ electrophoresis made it possible to lower the general therapeutic
      doses of these agents and to reduce the number of injections per 24 hours. Three
      fatal outcomes occurred.

PMID- 2283730
TI  - [Galvanic current in the conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis].
AB  - Experiments were conducted on 42 adult dogs with a model of acute pancreatitis to
      study the degree of antibiotic storage in the pancreatic tissue in different
      variants of intralesional+ electrophoresis. Optimum concentration of the
      antibiotic was produced in transverse galvanization of the zone of the pancreas.
      Clinical observations over 63 patients with various forms of acute pancreatitis
      bear evidence that the method raises the efficacy of nonoperative treatment in
      the oedematous stage of the process and reduces the duration of treatment.

PMID- 2283731
TI  - [Ultrasonographically-controlled percutaneous puncture biopsy in the diagnosis of
      cancer of the pancreas].
AB  - The article deals with the method and results of ultrasonically-guided fine
      needle percutaneous biopsy performed in 45 patients for differential diagnosis of
      cancer of the pancreas. Thirty-four patients had tumors of the pancreas, 10-
      chronic indurative pancreatitis, one patient had a cyst. The diagnosis was
      verified morphologically in 34 patients: in 25 of 31 patients with primary tumors
      of the pancreas and in 9 of 11 patients with chronic pancreatitis and a cyst. The
      method is safe, highly informative and allows the character and nature of the
      pancreatic tumor to be determined precisely and the tactics of special treatment
      to be thus elaborated.

PMID- 2283732
TI  - [Surgical tactics in the treatment of acute cholecystitis with lesions of the
      bile ducts].
AB  - The authors analyse the results of treatment of 185 patients with acute
      cholecystitis coexisting with affection of the bile ducts. In view of the high
      risk of operative treatment, endoscopic papillosphincterotomy was undertaken as
      the first stage in 83 patients and was completed by nasobiliary drainage in 46 of
      them, in still another 12 patients decompression was accomplished by means of
      laparoscopic cholecystostomy . Surgical intervention was carried out in the
      second stage after the patients recovered from a grave condition and obstructive
      jaundice and intoxication caused by purulent cholangitis were corrected. Another
      90 patients underwent surgical operation without preliminary decompression in a
      postponed order (67 patients) and for emergency and urgent indications (19
      patients) in vital conditions due to peritoneal phenomena. The changes in the
      bile ducts were corrected in them in the second stage, which reduced the risk of
      the development of postoperative complications. The authors emphasize the
      importance of two-stage treatment in coexistence of lesions and of a differential
      approach to the treatment of this contingent of patients according to the
      character and severity of the inflammatory process and the severity of the
      patients' condition.

PMID- 2283733
TI  - [Liver abscesses of the right hepatic lobe after cholecystectomy].
AB  - The authors discuss the results of the diagnosis and treatment of abscesses of
      the right hepatic lobe which were consequent upon ischemic necrosis; they were
      encountered after cholecystectomy in 0.15% of cases. Ultrasonography and
      angiography are the main diagnostic methods suggested. The optimal results of
      treatment were produces in combination of percutaneous drainage and puncture of
      the destruction cavities under control of ultrasonography and endovascular
      regional infusion therapy.

PMID- 2283735
TI  - [Roentgenologically-guided biliary tract surgery in mechanical jaundice].
AB  - From experience in radiologically-guided endobiliary surgery in 96 patients the
      authors claim it to be an effective method in the treatment of obstructive
      jaundice of various etiology, especially when endoscopic methods proved to be
      poorly effective while surgical operations were linked with a high degree of
      risk. Analysis of the microflora of the bile is indicated. The expediency of two
      stage treatment of patients with obstructive jaundice is pointed out. Thirty one
      patients were cured by radiologically-guided endobiliary surgery.

PMID- 2283734
TI  - [Remarks regarding the article by N.N. Malinovskii, E.A. Reshetnikov and L.F.
      Kobtseva "Ways to increase the surgical activities in an outpatient clinic"
      ("Khirurgiia", 1989, No. 6, pp. 3-5)].

PMID- 2283736
TI  - [An improved peritoneo-atrial catheter].

PMID- 2283737
TI  - [A device for transhepatic drainage].

PMID- 2283738
TI  - [Reconstruction of the left hepatic duct after its injury].

PMID- 2283739
TI  - [Anaerobic non-clostridial gangrene of the gallbladder].

PMID- 2283741
TI  - [Ileocecal intussusception in eosinophilic granuloma of the ileum].

PMID- 2283740
TI  - [Bilio-biliary fistula after cholecystectomy].

PMID- 2283742
TI  - [Endoscopic choledochoduodenomanometry].

PMID- 2283743
TI  - [Alternative approaches to the treatment of cholelithiasis].

PMID- 2283744
TI  - [Prevention of adhesive disease].

PMID- 2283745
TI  - [Microbiological and immunological indicators in patients with acute
      cholecystitis].
AB  - The causative agents of acute destructive cholecystitis and wound complications
      are various pyogenic bacteria including staphylococci, enterococci, Escherichia,
      Proteus, and anaerobes among which certain varieties, serogroups, and phagocytes
      predominate. Most bacteria, with the exception of anaerobes, are resistant to
      penicillin, streptomycin, and chlortetracycline but retain sensitivity to
      antibiotics of the neomycin series and other chemotherapeutic agents. In most
      patients with phlegmonous cholecystitis specific antibodies accumulated in the
      blood during the disease irrespective of one another, while the intensity of
      their increase was determined by the duration of treatment and the patients' age.
      The dynamics of changes of the specific antibody titres may confirm the etiology
      of cholecystitis and be an indirect sign of the prognosis of the disease.

PMID- 2283746
TI  - [Evaluation of disorders of the heart conduction system as risk factors in the
      surgical treatment of cholecystitis].
AB  - The author examined 1,144 patients with cholecystitis and found that 144 (12.6%)
      had heart block (HB)--atrioventricular block (AVB) and intraventricular block
      (IVB) were found in 11 and 133 patients, respectively. In some cases of
      cholecystitis, HB was combined with hypertensive disease, coronary heart disease,
      rheumatic heart disease. Patients with cholecystitis and HB underwent an exercise
      test (stepwise test) which was one of the principal criteria for the decision
      concerning the possibility of operating on the bile tract. A total of 864 (75.5%)
      patients with cholecystitis were operated on, 104 of whom had HB. No unfavourable
      outcomes were seen. Stable Stages I and III AVB (with an implanted cardiac
      pacemaker) and localized and complete block in the system of the right bundle
      branch without hemodynamic disorders were considered not to be a reason for
      rejecting surgery of cholecystitis. Surgery is inadvisable in block of some
      branches and complete (bilateral branch) block in the system of the left bundle
      branch, as well as in combination of Stage I AVB with IVB without performance of
      a graded physical exercise whose power should be at least 60% of the normal
      exercise, or 123 Wt, 750 kgm/min (the normal exercise being 100%, 176 Wt, and
      1080 kgm/min).

PMID- 2283747
TI  - [Disputable problems of surgical tactics in acute cholecystitis].
AB  - On the grounds of literature data and their own experience, the authors came to
      the conclusion that clear-cut identification of the character of the pathological
      process is of principal importance in deciding on the time of operative
      intervention for acute cholecystitis. Patients with a pronounced clinical picture
      of acute cholecystitis and those with signs of peritonitis must be operated on as
      emergencies, "postponed" operations produce poor results. Indications for an
      emergency operation in patients with acute cholecystitis complicated by
      obstructive jaundice and other conditions must be considered individually. An
      emergency operation is carried out if there are signs of circumscribed
      peritonitis, in all other cases detoxication therapy is applied for 2-3 days and
      is followed by operation. Patients with exacerbation of chronic frequently
      recurring calculous cholecystitis should be operated on in a planned order.

PMID- 2283748
TI  - [Therapeutic tactics in acute obstruction of the terminal part of the common bile
      duct].
AB  - The authors had 158 patients with acute block of the terminal part of the
      choledochus under observation. According to the clinical course, a biliary,
      pancreatic, and mixed forms were distinguished. The emergency diagnostic program
      was made up of ultrasonic examination, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, ERCP, and
      laparoscopy. The cause of the block of the terminal choledochus was
      choledocholithiasis in 104 patients, papillitis and microcholedocholithiasis in
      36, and ++choledocholithiasis and stenosis of the major duodenal papilla in 18
      patients. Acute block of the major duodenal papilla was found in 76 and acute
      block of the intramural part of the choledochus in 76 patients. The mixed form
      prevailed in the first and the biliary form of hypertension in the second.
      Operations (cholecystectomy, choledocholithotomy with external or internal
      drainage of the choledochus) were performed on 42 patients, the postoperative
      fatality rate was 9.7%. Emergency EPST and extraction of concrements was
      undertaken in 116 patients. Increase in the clinical picture of acute
      cholecystitis and destructive pancreatitis after EPST called for operative
      interventions on 21 patients. The lethality rate after EPST performed for acute
      block of the terminal choledochus was 6.1%.

PMID- 2283749
TI  - [Surgical treatment of patients with cholelithiasis].
AB  - The article analyses the results of treatment of 1,506 patients with
      cholelithiasis in the period between 1977 and 1986. On the grounds of the results
      four groups of risk were set apart. The lethality rate was 6.6% in the group of
      patient over 60 years of age. Performance of the operation in jaundice worsens
      the results 3.5 times, while conduction of choledochotomy in calculous
      cholecystitis leads to 3-4 fold increase in lethality depending on the patient's
      age. Diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with
      complicated forms of the disease helps in identifying the cause of jaundice
      before the operation. It is shown that the use of endoscopic
      papillosphincterotomy, both as the first and, in some cases, as the final stage
      of the treatment of the most severe patients with choledocholithiasis is
      promising.

PMID- 2283750
TI  - [Treatment of acute hepatic failure in mechanical jaundice].
AB  - On the basis of experience in the treatment of 1,276 patients who were operated
      on for various forms of obstructive jaundice and acute hepatic insufficiency, the
      author recommends including in the therapeutic complex, besides the commonly
      accepted therapy, hemo- and lymph sorption, combined anesthesia including
      electroanalgesia, and controlled dosed decrease of pressure in the biliary system
      during and after the operation. With the use of this complex of treatment in
      obstructive jaundice complicated by acute hepatic insufficiency, lethality fell
      from 13.1% to 5.9%.

PMID- 2283751
TI  - [Endoscopic papillosphincterotomy in patients with para-ampullar diverticulosis].
AB  - It is suggested that the numerous variants of diverticula occurring in the region
      of the major duodenal papilla should be grouped into four types. Type I--the
      major duodenal papilla (MDP) is on the floor of the diverticulum; type II--the
      MDP is in the region of the lower ++semi-circumference of the diverticular
      orifice while the longitudinal fold runs radially on the wall of the
      diverticulum; type III--the MDP is in the region of the orifice of the
      diverticulum while the longitudinal fold does not pass on its wall; type IV--two
      diverticula located above the MDP to both sides of the longitudinal fold.
      Endoscopic papillosphincterotomy is considered contraindicated in patients with
      type I diverticulum. When indicated, the intervention was carried out in patients
      with types III and IV diverticula. Endoscopic papillosphincterotomy can be
      conducted in patients with type II diverticulum measuring more than 2 cm.

PMID- 2283752
TI  - [Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, cholangiostomy and endoprosthesis of
      bile ducts in mechanical jaundice].
AB  - The following interventions were carried out in obstructive jaundice of various
      etiology: percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in 186 cases (3.3%
      complications), temporary external drainage in 20, external-internal drainage in
      8, and endoprosthesis of the bile ducts in 6 cases (17.6% of complications in
      endobiliary interventions). General efficacy of hepatocholangiography 88.9%
      (96.4% in dilated bile ducts and 67.8% in non-dilated bile ducts). Drainage and
      endoprosthesis of the bile ducts were resorted to not only to improve the
      patient's condition before the operation, but also as an alternative surgical
      intervention in cases of inoperable new growths of the ++hepato-pancreato
      duodenal++ zone.

PMID- 2283753
TI  - [Ultrasonographic examination in the differential diagnosis of jaundice].
AB  - The results of complex examination of 352 patients with various forms of jaundice
      are discussed. All patients underwent ultrasonic examination (USE). Comparison of
      the results of USE with those of other methods of examination showed it to
      possess diagnostic value in patients with various forms of jaundice. The highest
      accuracy of the diagnosis was in patients with parenchymatous jaundice. In
      patients with benign jaundice as well as in those with jaundice of a neoplastic
      origin USE is a valuable method in determining the sequence of manipulations in
      the diagnostic program, but it cannot be a means of making the final diagnosis.

PMID- 2283754
TI  - [Biliary lithotripsy--a method of the treatment of cholelithiasis].
AB  - Crushing of stones in the gallbladder in a lithotriptor (Dornje MPL-9000 model)
      was tested in the clinic beginning from 1989. A total of 80 lithotripsies was
      conducted in 60 patients with radiotransparent+ stones measuring 25 mm on the
      average. Up to 3,000 pulsating-wave discharges were prescribed (a total of 2
      sessions), which were generated by an underwater spark discharge. All of the
      stones were crushed. The stone fragments were dissolved by means of xeno and
      ursodeoxycholic acid (7-8 mg/kg daily). Ultrasonographic control 3 months after
      lithotripsy showed absence of stones in 29 patients (31.6%). The stone fragments
      disappeared completely in 15 (60%) in a group of 25 patients with solitary
      stones. Biliary lithotripsy had no side effects except for skin petechiae (6.6%),
      short-term hematuria (3.3%), and mild colics (6.6%). Extracorporeal pulsating
      wave lithotripsy in combination with litholytic therapy is a safe and effective
      noninvasive method for the management of gallstones in a selected group of
      patients.

PMID- 2283755
TI  - [Diagnostic value of determining plasma levels of middle molecule toxins in
      patients with mechanical jaundice].
AB  - On the basis of complex examination of 54 patients with obstructive jaundice, the
      authors show the diagnostic value of testing the level of middle-mass molecules
      for qualitative appraisal of the severity of the intoxication as well as for
      determination of the rational tactics in the management of patients with
      obstructive jaundice. With the use of the test for middle-mass molecules, the
      volume of nonoperative therapy and the time for the operative interventions will
      be determined more rationally, as the result of which the results of treatment of
      this severe disease will improve.

PMID- 2283756
TI  - [Epidural block in the surgical treatment of cholelithiasis].
AB  - The article analyses surgical treatment of patients with cholelithiasis (231
      persons) who were operated on with the use of a "pure" epidural block (59
      patients), epidural block in combination with surface endotracheal nitrous oxide
      anaesthesia (100 patients), and general many--component anaesthesia (72
      patients). The results show that epidural block is an effective method of
      neurovegetative protection of the organism from an operative trauma, provides
      rapid recovery of the organism for a state of operative stress, and is conducive
      to reduction of the number of postoperative complications. Administration of
      hydrocortisone and ephedrine is expedient for the prevention of arterial
      hypotension and its correction.

PMID- 2283757
TI  - [Drainage variants in reconstructive and restorative operations for high
      strictures and injuries of the biliary tract].
AB  - The article deals with the author's views on certain aspects of the problem of
      reconstructive and restorative surgery of the biliary tract. Original methods are
      suggested for external drainage (through the inferior surface of the right
      hepatic lobe in the region of the gallbladder seat and through the round ligament
      of the liver) in formation of ++hepato-hepatico- and hepaticojejunoanastomoses.
      Problems of operative techniques in formation of the anastomoses are discussed.
      Thirty-nine operations have been carried out in the clinic in the recent decade
      in high strictures and traumas of the biliary tract, 25 were reconstructive and
      14 restorative. Postoperative mortality was 28.2% (11 patients). Intoxication and
      hepatargia associated with cholangiolytic abscesses of the liver were the main
      causes of death.

PMID- 2283758
TI  - [Reconstructive and restorative operations in iatrogenic injuries of the
      extrahepatic bile ducts].
AB  - The results of diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic injuries of the extrahepatic
      biliary tract in 47 patients are analysed. The injury was detected during the
      operation only in 6 cases, in 41 cases it was revealed on the 1st-6th
      postoperative day. Intensive conservative therapy was applied in the preoperative
      period to correct the values of homeostasis and metabolism. Special attention was
      attached to antibacterial therapy aimed at suppression of ++non-clostridial
      anaerobic infection. Sixty-three surgical interventions were conducted on 47
      patients; 47 of them were restorative or reconstructive, 15 were undertaken for
      emergency indications, one, for developed postoperative complication. One patient
      died. Particular importance was attached to adequate draining both in emergency
      and in reconstructive and restorative operations.

PMID- 2283759
TI  - [Surgical treatment of choledochal cyst].
AB  - The article analyses experience with the treatment of 5 female patients with a
      rare disease of the extrahepatic biliary tract--cysts of the choledochus. Errors
      and complications in surgical tactics are shown. The authors recommend the means
      for improving the diagnosis and the choice of adequate tactics in various
      surgical situations in cysts of the choledochus. Cholecystectomy with creation of
      a +cysto-duodeno-anastomosis and removal of the cause of chronic impairment of
      duodenal patency is the adequate operation.

PMID- 2283760
TI  - [Correction of metabolic disorders by magnetic-laser irradiation (experimental
      study)].
AB  - Five series of experiments were conducted on a model of hepatic insufficiency
      caused by obstructive jaundice to study the effect of semiconductor infrared
      laser in a range of 800-900 nm with a static magnetic field on some metabolic
      changes in the organism. Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were used. The region of
      the liver was irradiated through an intact epilated skin. The results provide
      evidence that a definite role in the pathogenesis of hepatic insufficiency is
      played by intensification of LPO processes and diminution of antioxidant defence
      which leads, in turn, to reduction of the insulin-receptor interrelations and
      sharp decrease of hepatic cell metabolism.

PMID- 2283761
TI  - [Treatment of acute destructive pancreatitis].
AB  - The authors analyse observations over 113 patients (1978-1988) with destructive
      pancreatitis; there were 54 males and 59 females, whose ages ranged from 18 to 85
      years. Complex nonoperative treatment was effective only in 17 patients.
      Cholecystectomy, cholecystostomy or choledochotomy was performed in 7 patients
      after their condition had improved. Eighty-eight patients underwent operation in
      the acute period. Total lethality was 71.6%. In summarizing the results the
      authors came to the conclusion that operative interventions should be postponed
      in clinical practice. The optimal time for the operation is 6-9 days after the
      onset of the disease.

PMID- 2283762
TI  - [A method of pancreato-duodenal resection and total duodeno- pancreatectomy].
AB  - During 1975-88 the staff of the Vishnevskii+ Institute of Surgery performed 95
      pancreatoduodenal resections (PDR) and 23 total duodenopancreatectomies (TDPE) in
      malignant tumors of the head of the pancreas (49), major duodenal papilla (30),
      terminal choledochus (12), duodenum (12), and in 15 patients with chronic
      pancreatitis. In 13 cases PDR and TDPE were undertaken as a second operation
      after creation of biliodigestive anastomoses: after laparoscopic cholecystostomy
      in 24 and after various abdominal operations in 20 cases. In 30 cases PDR was
      carried out with the formation of a pancreaticojejunal+ anastomosis, by the
      longitudinal techniques in 7 of them, in 47 cases with occlusion of the
      pancreatic duct, and in 6 with the formation of a "occlusive" pancreaticojejunal
      anastomosis++ suggested by the authors. PDR was performed in 3 cases with
      maintenance of the stomach and in 4 in combination with vagotomy. The mortality
      rate was 20% after PDR and 39.1% after TDPE.

PMID- 2283763
TI  - [The biotransformation and nephrotoxicity of fluorinated ether anesthetics].

PMID- 2283764
TI  - [A "trap" probe and the surgical method for using it to remove foreign bodies
      from the stomach of patients].

PMID- 2283765
TI  - [The information value of the clinical data related to the vital prognosis in
      severe combined trauma].
AB  - Data are reported on a study of the informative value of ten clinical and
      laboratory parameters, which have a bearing on the vital prognosis of severe
      combined trauma. The presentation is part of a more comprehensive study, aimed at
      creating an expert system for prognosticating this type of pathology. Case
      material from the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Treatment
      at the "Pirogov" Emergency Hospital in Sofia was used (1986-1988). Included in
      the study were 455 patients with severe combined traumatic injuries, of whom 210
      died and 245 survived. The following methods were used for quantitative
      assessment of the informative value: for determining the descriptive informative
      value--informative criterion by Mel'nikov and informative criterion by Bykhovskii
      [correction of Bihovski]; for the distributing informative value--the method of
      Kulback and modification of this method, as described by Genkin-Gubler.
      Simultaneous use of all four methods allowed to precise the values being obtained
      and to perform with maximal exactness the intervals relevant to the prognosis.
      This furnished the opportunity to distribute the individual parameters in highly
      informative groups, designated for entrance to the projected expert system.

PMID- 2283766
TI  - [An anesthesia system with an afferent closed reservoir--a better alternative in
      the Anestar 7 anesthesia apparatus].
AB  - The possibility to replace the circular anesthesia system and the appliance for
      artificial ventilation "Hirolog 4" of the narcosis apparatus "Anestar 7 N" with
      the system using afferent closed reservoir described by Miller (1988). The
      advantages of the system mentioned above, particularly for this apparatus, are
      pointed out.

PMID- 2283767
TI  - [The effect of the induction of anesthesia on human cardiac activity].
AB  - The authors studied the effect of intravenous induction with thiopental,
      myorelaxant and subsequent laryngoscopy and intubation on cardiac rhythm, Q-T
      interval and cardiac stroke volume in children without accompanying diseases.
      Cardiac dysrhythmias in adults have been reported in the literature; low fentanil
      doses have been recommended for their suppression. Thirty five children (20 of
      them younger than 10 years and 15-10 to 14 years of age) were tested in five
      stages. Records were taken of ECG, impedance cardiography by the method of
      Kubicek; the stroke volume, the duration of the Q-T interval and the cardiac rate
      were estimated. Children younger than 10 had no dysrhythmia during the induction
      in anesthesia, which made unnecessary prophylactic administration of low fentanil
      doses. More pronounced were the changes in the Q-T interval and the stroke volume
      in the age group beyond 10; one child in this group had dysrhythmia as well.

PMID- 2283768
TI  - [Ketamine analgesia with low (subanesthetic) doses during endoscopic urological
      operations].
AB  - The aim of the study is analgesia of patients in urologic practice with unusual
      (subanesthetic) ketamine doses from 0.5 to 1 mg/kg body mass. It was applied in
      50 men 50 to 70 years of age for the period 1986-1988--in 40 for transurethral
      resection (TUR) and in 10 for urethrotomy. The average duration of the operative
      interventions was 25 minutes. After standard premedication--droperiodol,
      phentanyl, atropine, 30 to 40 minutes before the operation ketamine 0.5--1 mg/kg
      and diazepam 0.2 mg/kg were administered intravenously and in case of need-
      maintenance dose from 0.25 to 0.50 mg/kg. Pulse rate, breathing rate and arterial
      pressure were followed up. Analgesia was evaluated by anesthesiologist, operator
      and patient. The disadvantages, which have been avoided and the advantages over
      other types of anesthesia, as well as the final positive assessment, allow
      recommendation of this form of anesthesia in urologic practice.

PMID- 2283769
TI  - [The local use of a 2% lidocaine solution for anesthesia in the early
      postoperative period].

PMID- 2283770
TI  - [Combined anesthesia during the esthetic plastic repair of the aging face].

PMID- 2283771
TI  - [The ventilation procedure in critical patients operated on under extracorporeal
      circulation].
AB  - In an effort to make initial clinical and functional assessment of the
      "dishabituation" from controlled ventilation by pressure-assisted ventilatory
      regiments, the authors studied 24 patients in whom valvular prosthesis operations
      had been performed and who required long-term artificial pulmonary ventilation.
      The dynamic changes and the parameters observed in one group of patients,
      designated as control, served as basis for the second, tested group. Half of the
      patients of the tested group passed through SIMV + Druckunterst and the other
      half--through Druckunterst-ventilatory regimens, which helped by pressure
      spontaneous breathing. Such clinical characteristics and functional parameters
      as: duration of "dishabituation" from assisted breathing, need of re-intubation,
      changes in oxygen consumption etc, caused by change in the ventilatory regiment,
      were evaluated and analyzed. The following conclusions were made: 1. Druckunterst
      has no advantages over SIMV + Druckunterst, as regards the duration of
      "dishabituation" from assisted breathing: 2. Both pressure-assisted regimens
      improved [correction of imfr ved] arterial oxygenation, which probably was due to
      increase in the alveolar volumes, which had been reduced during the bypass
      circulation period.

PMID- 2283772
TI  - [A stabilizing plastic repair method for reconstruction in extensive complete
      defects of the chest wall].
AB  - Experience is recorded with the application of a new operative method for
      combined plastic-stabilizing reconstruction of the thoracic wall in complete
      defects larger than 8-10/10 cm (greater than 80 cm2). The method consists of
      covering in layers the defect with Ampoxen, auto-rib and skin-muscle flap. Nine
      patients were operated: 2 with recurrent tumors of the mammary gland, 2 with
      metastatic thoracic wall tumors, 2 with osteoradionecrosis. 2 with osteomyelitis
      of 3-4 ribs and 1 with wide communicating bronchopleurocutaneous fistulas. The
      advantages of the method are pointed out: permanent stabilization of the thoracic
      wall, provision of optimal biological terrain for postoperative radiotherapy,
      applicability in purulent-necrotic defects. The method is described in detail, as
      well as the results in the operated patients for a period from 1 to 4 years.

PMID- 2283774
TI  - [The place and extent of thoracotomy in gunshot chest wounds].
AB  - Indications are presented for operative intervention, as well as some of the more
      important debatable problems in the surgical tactics and approach to firearm
      thoracic injuries. Emphasizing the need of differential approach and thorough
      preoperative preparation, the authors outline the modern trends in their
      operative management. On the basis of clinical, functional and X-ray methods of
      examination, the results of pneumorrhaphy in isolated lung injuries are
      evaluated. The experience of radical operative treatment of firearm lung wound,
      for which thoracotomy is indicated, by attempting typical pulmonary resection, is
      backed with arguments.

PMID- 2283773
TI  - [Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm in combined trauma in childhood].
AB  - Blunt traumatic injuries to the diaphragm are comparatively rare and are always
      associated with other severe injuries to the chest, abdomen, head and
      extremities. In childhood they are exceptionally rare. No such complication in
      blunt abdominal and thoracic trauma has been observed at the Clinic of Pediatric
      Surgery of the "Pirogov" Emergency Hospital in Sofia for the last ten years.
      Experience is recorded with the treatment of traumatic rupture of the diaphragm
      in a six-year-old boy with severe combined trauma. Inference is made that during
      the operation existence of such injury, however rare, should be considered.
      Complete and thorough revision of the abdominal cavity and the retroperitoneal
      space is advised.

PMID- 2283775
TI  - [AIDS patients--the surgical and deontological problems].
AB  - A case is reported of acquired immunodeficiency, in whom operative intervention
      was performed. A series of problems of surgical and deontologic aspect are
      raised, which ought to be solved without inducing mental trauma to the patients.
      Paralleling this, measures should be taken, to reduce to a minimum the risk of
      nosocomial infection to the medical staff.

PMID- 2283776
TI  - [Our experience with the diagnosis and treatment of acute noncalculous
      cholecystitis].
AB  - A total of 412 patients with acute cholecystitis have been treated for the period
      1980-1988. At different terms after the onset of the disease 136 patients have
      been operated. Acute calculus-free cholecystitis was found in 17 patients (12.5
      per cent). The diagnosis rested on the clinical course, echographic examination,
      intraoperative and histologic finding. Most informative was echography--in 85.2
      per cent of the cases.

PMID- 2283777
TI  - [Changes in the level of immunoglobulins and other serum proteins in hepatic
      echinococcosis].
AB  - The humoral immunity and the protein-synthesizing function of the liver of 35
      patients with liver echinococcosis were studied. No humoral immunity deficit was
      found. Statistically significant abnormalities in a number of proteins were
      reduced, with evidence of reduced protein-synthesizing liver function. Inferences
      are made on the anesthesia, resuscitation and operative interventions, in
      connection with the results of the study.

PMID- 2283778
TI  - [Our experience in treating rectovaginal fistulae].
AB  - Twenty six cases of acquired rectovaginal fistulas, operated during the period
      1982-1989 are reported. The intervention in 18 patients was modified Gabriel's
      operation, in four patients combined with the modified method of
      sphincterolevatorplasty and in 4 patients--preternatural anus. Inferences are
      made that the results of the authors' approach to the treatment of rectovaginal
      fistulas are encouraging, despite the small number of cases (26 patients). With
      good technique and fulfillment the operative treatment is reliable.

PMID- 2283780
TI  - [An information model of the resuscitation activities in treating severe combined
      trauma].
AB  - An informative model developed by the authors for treatment of severe combined
      trauma is presented. Central place occupy the intellectual activities of the
      anesthesiologist-resuscitator, while those of the surgeon are only outlined. The
      construction of the informative model (presented as algorithm) takes into account
      the fundamental requirements for treatment of severe combined trauma. Analyzing
      the nature of the informative processes in the model, the authors admit that
      prognostication is the factor that occupies central place in the treatment of
      severe combined trauma. The emphasized relative value of prognosis does not
      underrate the importance of the other intellectual processes in the model:
      diagnosis, reaching a decision, choice of approach. It is considered that this
      informative model might be used as auxiliary means in the teaching work in
      postgraduate qualification courses. At the same time, it furnishes the
      opportunity to determine the priority in the automation of definite activities in
      resuscitology.

PMID- 2283779
TI  - [Endotracheal intubation--its evolution].
AB  - A historical review of the development of endotracheal intubation is made.
      Clinical and some X-ray features, allowing to prognosticate the difficult
      intubation are searched for. Classifications are suggested of the possible
      reasons for difficulties. It is emphasized that at present there are no reliable
      criteria for prognosticating difficult tracheal intubation. The possible
      techniques which might help to overcome the difficulties are indicated.
      Endotracheal intubation is a particularly responsible element of general
      anesthesia and even highly experienced anesthesiologists may be faced with
      difficulties. It is a stress moment both for the patient and for the
      anesthesiologist. The signs through which the anesthesiologist may determine the
      position of the tube and rule out eventual esophageal intubation are
      systematized. Percentages are given on the relative incidence of difficult
      intubations and fiber optic intubations [correction of fibrointubations] in the
      different aspects of operative surgery.

PMID- 2283781
TI  - [The principles of the surgical treatment of the dumping syndrome following
      gastric resection].

PMID- 2283782
TI  - [Cancer of the pancreas. IV. The characteristics of the age distribution and the
      location of the tumor process in the gland by sex].
AB  - Proceeding from analysis of ample postmortem material--25,589 autopsies for 25
      years (1963-1987)--the authors have found that most cases of pancreas cancer were
      in the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh decade of life with a peak in the sixth
      decade. It is important to note that the ratio by sex in the most frequently
      affected age groups was as follows: in the fourth and the seventh decade 3:1 in
      favor of males; in the fifth decade 2:1 in favor of males and in the sixth decade
      1:1. The unequal proportion of cases between males and females during the fourth
      and the seventh decade, the relative decrease in the difference in the fifth
      decade and almost equal incidence in the two sexes during the sixth decade, is of
      definite importance for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.
      Analysis of the data showed that cancer of the head of the pancreas was the most
      common localization both in males and in females, followed by the body, the tail
      and simultaneously in the head and the body. The proportion between males and
      females as to cancer of the head of the pancreas was approximately 2:1 in favor
      of males; for cancer of the body the proportion was 3:2 also in favor of males;
      as for cancer of the tail and of the head + body, the proportions were almost
      equal-2:1 in favor of males. For all other localization of cancer in the gland
      the proportions were statistically insignificant because of the small number of
      cases.

PMID- 2283783
TI  - [Acute surgical abdomen in infectious and parasitic diseases].
AB  - A review of the literature is made on the complicated course of infectious and
      parasitic diseases, in which acute surgical abdomen syndrome develops. Surgical
      treatment of complicated infectious and parasitic diseases is a complex endeavour
      both from surgical and epidemiologic aspect. The high mortality rate after
      operations in complicated forms is associated with tactical errors in the
      surgical treatment and erroneously estimated extent of the surgical intervention.

PMID- 2283784
TI  - [2 cases of pheochromocytoma and the anesthesia used].
AB  - Two patients with pheochromocytoma have been operated. Experience is recorded
      with the general anesthesia in this rare disease. The need of sufficient and
      competent preoperative preparation and precise choice of anesthetic agents is
      emphasized. Difficulties in controlling complications affecting the
      cardiovascular system are pointed out.

PMID- 2283786
TI  - [A case report on Linton's operation].

PMID- 2283785
TI  - [The reassessment of some differential diagnostic criteria in the intensive
      treatment of patients operated on under extracorporeal circulation].

PMID- 2283788
TI  - [Multiple condylomatosis of the penis in a 14-year-old boy].

PMID- 2283787
TI  - [Primary splenic abscess in a brother and sister with thalassemia major].

PMID- 2283789
TI  - [Small-intestine invagination due to lipoma].

PMID- 2283790
TI  - Hepatic efflux and renal extraction of plasma glutathione: marked differences
      between healthy subjects and the rat.
AB  - Hepatic efflux of glutathione accounts for almost 85% of the plasma level in the
      rat. However, the expected high concentration in the hepatic vein in man has not
      been demonstrated as yet. Our findings in ten patients without liver dysfunction
      reveal that substantial translocation of glutathione from the liver to the plasma
      does not occur. The removal rate of circulating glutathione by the kidney is far
      lower in man than in the rat (49.5% vs 84.6%). Moreover, the inferior vena cava
      in man contains more circulating glutathione than the artery, which is not
      consistent with the results obtained in the rat. Furthermore, the plasma
      concentration in man is about one tenth of that in the animals. These results
      clearly indicate that species-specific differences in the overall biosynthesis
      and metabolism of the tripeptide occur, resulting in marked variations in its
      plasma concentration.

PMID- 2283791
TI  - Predictive value of fibrin monomers in postoperative deep vein thrombosis.
AB  - Intravascular activation of the coagulation system produces disseminated
      intravascular coagulation or deep vein thrombosis and is characterized by the
      occurrence of circulating soluble fibrin monomer complexes (FM) in plasma. In
      order to evaluate the prognostic and diagnostic value of this parameter in 156
      patients with fractures of the femur, neck of the femur, tibia, and fibula, and
      with knee-joint or elective hip surgery, soluble fibrin monomer complexes (FM)
      were determined using the FM Test from Boehringer Mannheim/Diagnostica STAGO
      (erythrocyte agglutination test according to Largo). Plasma samples were taken
      prior to and on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th postoperative day. Diagnosis
      of DVT was carried out by 125-I-labelled fibrinogen test in parallel. Positive
      results were checked by phlebography on the 7th or 9th postoperative day.
      Positive FM results were obtained in only 26% of patients without DVT. In 34 of
      36 patients (94%) with postoperative DVT confirmed by phlebography, on the other
      hand, elevated FM levels were detected 2-4 days before the 125-I-labelled
      fibrinogen test gave positive results. The predictive value calculated on the
      basis of elevated FM levels is 63-73%. These results show that the FM Test allows
      early detection of a prethrombotic state in the development of postoperative DVT.

PMID- 2283792
TI  - Systemic malignant lymphoma presenting as bilateral exudative retinal detachment.
AB  - A 52-year-old male patient presented with a sudden painful loss of vision in both
      eyes. Ophthalmological examination revealed bilateral uveitis and marked
      bilateral nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment near the optic disk. Systemic
      workup demonstrated IgM paraproteinemia. Abdominal ultrasound and computed
      tomographic studies revealed enlarged adrenal glands and irregular masses in the
      right hepatic lobe. Immune electrophoresis and multiple biopsy specimens
      established the diagnosis of systemic polymorphous immunocytoma. Polychemotherapy
      of this B-cell-derived type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma led to a rapid remission
      and fast reduction of serous retinal detachment. We believe this is the first
      case of bilateral exudative retinal detachment as the initial ocular
      manifestation of systemic malignant B-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2283794
TI  - [Organization of ambulatory care of cancer patients].
AB  - The paper reveals shortcomings of medical care for cancer outpatients. Basing on
      cancer incidence and analysis of the activities of outpatient oncological units,
      measures are brought forward to advance prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic
      service for cancer outpatients.

PMID- 2283795
TI  - [Nonspecific syndromes in medical practice].

PMID- 2283793
TI  - [Reversible space-occupying lesions of the kidney in HIV infection].
AB  - In January 1990 a 32 year old nurse was admitted with fever, weight loss of 9
      kilogramms and pain of her right flank. HIV infection due to intravenous drug
      abuse had been diagnosed in 1986. Ultrasonic imaging revealed a solid tumor of
      low echogenicity in the cranial part of the right kidney. This finding could be
      confirmed with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Angiographic
      study showed a missing of blood vessels in the same area. A transcutaneous
      puncture with a thin needle resulted histologically in unspecific findings like
      detritus, lymphoid cells and neutrophils. Antibiotic treatment with amoxicilline
      and cefuroxim was without success. Symptoms as well as ultrasonic findings
      completely disappeared following oral administration of ofloxazine. The clinical
      course and the successful treatment support the diagnosis of an atypical renal
      abscess. As a second diagnosis a histologically proven cirrhosis of the liver
      could be established. Hepatitis C serology proved to be positive.

PMID- 2283796
TI  - [Gastroscopy in follow-up studies of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis and
      diagnosis of early gastric cancer].
AB  - Visual assessment of gastric mucosa and histological findings in biopsies from
      the lesions were compared for 1806 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. The
      spectrum of the focal lesions appeared wide. Morphological examinations
      determined basic comparable structural elements typical for atrophic gastritis.
      85 patients were diagnosed to have early gastric cancer. All the cancer patients
      suffered from chronic atrophic gastritis and developed in 88% of cases intestinal
      metaplasia, in 32% severe epithelial dysplasia. Focal changes in the mucosa
      characteristic for early gastric cancer in 64% of cases could be considered as
      variants of chronic atrophic gastritis. In 52 patients cancer was identified
      during the follow-up, new-onset macroscopic alterations emerging in the last year
      in 62% cancer subjects. The rest of them had long-lasting macroscopic lesions,
      among them severe dysplasia of the epithelium in 65% of cases, believed to be
      histological variants of atrophic gastritis. Early cancer is suggested to develop
      in the presence of previous lesions rapidly and discretely.

PMID- 2283797
TI  - [Role of S. P. Botkin's school in the development of hematology].

PMID- 2283798
TI  - [T. O. Hausmann and methodical deep sliding topographic palpation of the stomach
      and intestine].

PMID- 2283799
TI  - [Clinical aspects and diagnosis of intrahepatic lithiasis].

PMID- 2283800
TI  - [A half-century of experiences and lessons gained at clinico-anatomical
      conferences in Tomsk].

PMID- 2283801
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of gallstone ileus].

PMID- 2283802
TI  - [Gastrin-producing neoformations (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)].

PMID- 2283803
TI  - [Bronchodilator therapy in patients with bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2283804
TI  - [Contents of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 in the blood of
      patients with bronchial asthma].
AB  - There is a relationship between severity of bacterial bronchial asthma clinical
      symptoms and plasma 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, TxB2: in moderate disease against grave
      one as well as in clinical versus subclinical forms (remission) relevant indices
      are reduced. On the one hand elevated content of blood 6-keto-PGF1 alpha seems
      compensatory rising in response to TxB2 bronchoconstriction. On the other hand,
      it impairs microcirculation and enhances mediators of inflammation, promotes
      exudation and edema of bronchoalveolar mucosa, thus contributing to obstruction.

PMID- 2283805
TI  - [Glucocorticoid receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with
      bronchial asthma].
AB  - Quantitation of glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) and the study of their affinity
      for glucocorticosteroids (GCS) were made in peripheral blood lymphocytes of
      bronchial asthma (BA) patients in consideration of GCR treatment and serum levels
      of endogenous cortisol. It is stated that GCR of healthy controls and GCS
      untreated patients outnumbered those of cortisol-dependent BA patients on hormone
      therapy. Following discontinuation of glucocorticoid drugs GCR count in cortisol
      dependent BA tends to rise. Endogenous cortisol has no effect on GCR level
      estimated by 3H-triamcinolone acetonide.

PMID- 2283806
TI  - [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of tracheal stenosis].

PMID- 2283807
TI  - [Hatha yoga in combined ambulatory treatment of bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2283808
TI  - [Effects of magnesium sulfate aerosol on indices of external respiration in
      patients with bronchial asthma].
AB  - Plethysmography and pneumotachography were applied to measure bronchial
      permeability, and reactivity of the bronchi in 10 patients with pre-asthma and 17
      with asthma upon administration of magnesium sulfate aerosol (solution osmolality
      260 mmol/l, pH-6.6). Though the drug inhalation did not induce bronchial
      dilatation, it diminished both hypersensitivity and hyperreactivity of the
      bronchial tree to acetylcholine. These properties of magnesium sulfate in the
      absence of unwanted sequelae when introduced endobronchially allow its advocating
      in combined treatment of asthma and pre-asthma.

PMID- 2283809
TI  - [Choice of treatment method in epidermal cancer of the lung].

PMID- 2283810
TI  - [Fibronectin in acute and chronic hepatitis].
AB  - Changes in plasma fibronectin in acute and chronic viral hepatitides have been
      investigated in 125 patients. In acute and chronic viral hepatitis B plasma
      fibronectin level lowered in parallel with changes in the disease severity.

PMID- 2283811
TI  - [Diagnosis of cholestatic forms of viral hepatitis, its complications and
      outcomes].
AB  - Cholestatic virus hepatitis (CVH) patients were examined for blood levels of free
      oxyproline, cholesterol and triglycerides to evaluate connective tissue in walls
      of the ducts and adjacent area. Significantly elevated levels of free oxyproline,
      cholesterol and triglycerides occurred in CVH. A 3--5--fold increase in
      oxyproline and cholesterol was typical for protracted and chronic CVH evolving
      due to sclerosing cholangitis. The rise of triglycerides proved moderate. In
      initial and apparent biliary hepatic cirrhosis triglyceride levels stood within
      normal range while those of oxyproline and cholesterol were on the increase. The
      changes in the indices indicative of the inflammation, sclerosis or proliferation
      of the connective tissue in the biliary ducts walls may suggest CVH
      complications, prognosticate outcomes, facilitate differential diagnosis with
      other hepatic lesions.

PMID- 2283812
TI  - [Acute viral necrosis of the liver].
AB  - The paper discusses problems of the prevention and treatment of fulminant
      hepatitis running with massive and submassive hepatic necrosis in evidence of
      immunodeficiency. The occurrence of most cases is associated with parenteral mode
      of the infection entry, violation of antiepidemic regulations in hospitals and
      lack of donors' supervision. High mortality persisting in hospitals requires
      urgent measures to control parenteral infection with viral hepatitis of different
      antigenic variants.

PMID- 2283814
TI  - [Changes in physical-chemical properties of the bile under the effects of helium
      neon laser action in patients with gallstones].

PMID- 2283813
TI  - [Role of delta infection in fulminant course of viral hepatitis].
AB  - Sera from 35 fulminant hepatitis patients admitted to the hospital at the USSR
      AMS Research Institute of Virology in 1985-1989 were studied for specific markers
      of NB and delta infection. Delta-infection as etiological factor of the disease
      proved in 26 patients (74.3%). Acute hepatitis of mixed etiology (HBV and HDV)
      occurred in 17, acute hepatitis delta in 9 patients carrying chronically HBsAg.
      Acute hepatitis B was verified in the rest 9 patients. Clinical, biochemical and
      serological aspects typical for the variety of etiological variants of hepatitis
      running a fulminant course are considered.

PMID- 2283815
TI  - [Correction of disorders of the metabolic function of the liver in mechanical
      jaundice by transcutaneous transhepatic intrabiliary interventions].
AB  - The paper presents the analysis of the experience gained in the treatment of 132
      patients with obstructive jaundice of varying etiology using transcutaneous
      transhepatic intrabiliary interventions. More accurate investigation of hepatic
      function and the process of its recovery is achieved by ueviridine test. In
      combination with other examinations the test is useful in the design of the
      treatment policy, promotes more efficient application of transcutaneous
      transhepatic intrabiliary interventions.

PMID- 2283816
TI  - [Disorders of lipid metabolism in patients with chronic diseases of the small
      intestine].
AB  - Lipid metabolism was evaluated in patients with chronic enteritis, celiac
      disease, general variable immunodeficiency (GVI), short-bowel syndrome. In
      chronic enteritis with malabsorption syndrome degree I and II changes in
      metabolism were characterized by hyperlipidemia due to high lipid fractions,
      mainly triglycerides; in malabsorption syndrome degree III (celiac disease,
      general variable immunodeficiency, short-bowel syndrome) by a drop of serum total
      lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, free fatty acids, elevated
      concentrations of triglycerides. Changes in fatty acid composition of blood serum
      in patients with malabsorption syndrome degree III manifested by derangement of
      polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio. Arachidonic acid concentration was reduced in
      100% of cases, linolenic acid in 45%. In all the patients with celiac disease and
      malabsorption syndrome degree III there was hypoactivity of lipolytic blood
      enzymes lipase and tributyrinase.

PMID- 2283817
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of food poisoning and acute gynecologic diseases].

PMID- 2283818
TI  - [Carotid sinus syndrome (review of the foreign literature)].

PMID- 2283819
TI  - [Clinical aspects of diagnosis and treatment of aneurysms of the splenic artery].
AB  - Literature data and original clinical evidence are reviewed concerning diagnostic
      and treatment aspects of splenic artery aneurysms (SAA). Five cases of aneurysms
      of the splenic artery trunk in 4 females and 1 male aged 23-54 are described.
      There was a case of a false SAA due to previous abdominal trauma and consequent
      pancreatitis. In another case SAA combined with cavernous hepatic hemangioma.
      Portal hypertension resultant from hepatic cirrhosis was seen in 3 out of 5 SAA
      cases. Two patients underwent embolization of the artery trunk proximally from
      SAA, three patients--ligation of the splenic artery with removal of the SAA and
      the spleen. Current methods of investigation are believed capable of SAA
      diagnosis before fatal complications, with differential approach to SAA
      evaluation warranting definition of surgical treatment scope.

PMID- 2283820
TI  - [Esophagogastric bleeding as a complication of isolated thrombosis of the splenic
      vein].
AB  - The literature data and original experience (11 relevant cases) have provided
      evidence in support of marked diagnostic benefit of ultrasonography and
      transcutaneous transhepatic portography employed in suspected esophagogastric
      hemorrhage due to isolated thrombosis. Splenectomy and disconnection of
      pathological portocaval shunt through short gastric veins present surgery of
      choice.

PMID- 2283821
TI  - [Use of enzyme test in chemotherapy of patients with cancer of the breast].
AB  - The activity of thymidine kinase, thymidine phosphorylase, adenosine deaminase,
      AMP 5'-nucleotidase was assessed in the serum of healthy females, patients with
      mastopathia cystica and those with stage IIIB breast cancer. The females age
      ranged from 23 to 70 years. The activity of the enzymes had significant
      differences in cancer patients. Minimal thymidine phosphorylase activity was
      found to suggest fibrous cancer. Changes in the enzymes levels in cancer patients
      on combined treatment may serve a biochemical test indicating the efficacy of the
      chemotherapy conducted.

PMID- 2283822
TI  - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the large intestine].

PMID- 2283823
TI  - [Treatment of complete external small intestine fistulas in eventration wound by
      intraintestinal drainage].

PMID- 2283825
TI  - [Blood volume disorders in surgical diseases].

PMID- 2283824
TI  - [Initial experience with prophylactic Proteus vaccine immunization in an
      emergency clinic].
AB  - As early as the first 24 hours since a severe isolated locomotor trauma the
      patients were immunized with Proteus vaccine. Such vaccination is shown to
      stimulate the production of serum specific antibodies, to reduce contamination of
      the wound with gram-negative agents, to shorten hospital stay and healing of the
      wound versus subjects vaccinated with staphylococcal anatoxin and nonimmunized
      patients.

PMID- 2283826
TI  - [Factors responsible for iron deficiency in the body].

PMID- 2283827
TI  - [Clinical aspects and diagnosis of refractory anemia with excess of blasts].

PMID- 2283828
TI  - [Clinico-immunologic aspects of idiopathic neutropenias].

PMID- 2283830
TI  - [Guillain-Barre syndrome and exudative pericarditis as complications of acute
      viral hepatitis B during programmed hemodialysis].

PMID- 2283829
TI  - [Blood immunogenetic markers in suppurative-infectious diseases].
AB  - The results are available of typing red blood cells (ABO, Rh, MN) and HLA
      antigens (locus A, B) as well as haptoglobulin in 118 cases of pyosepsis. The
      occurrence of some HLA-antigens and of haptoglobulin types was specified for an
      overall group of patients, staphylococcal and pseudomonas sepsis, vital infection
      patients. Distribution of the above immunogenetic markers in separate nosological
      variants of pyoseptic infection has been analyzed.

PMID- 2283831
TI  - [Development of liver cirrhosis in a female patient with Shereshevskii-Turner
      syndrome].

PMID- 2283832
TI  - [A case of removal of sawdust from the bronchi by therapeutic lavage].

PMID- 2283833
TI  - [2 cases of macroprolactinoma in adolescence].

PMID- 2283834
TI  - [Malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum with secondary amyloidosis of the
      internal organs].

PMID- 2283835
TI  - Smoking habits among senior high school students and related factors.
AB  - The present study was conducted to provide baseline data for an anti-smoking
      educational program. Nineteen public senior high schools in a prefecture in
      Kyushu, Japan, participated in the study. In July 1982, unsigned self
      administered questionnaires on smoking habits were answered by 4689 students-
      3088 males and 1601 females--during a homeroom under the supervision of their
      class teacher. The proportions of students who admitted that they had smoked
      cigarettes were 45.9% for males and 18.2% for females at the ordinary schools,
      and 78.1% for males at vocational schools. Eleven to twenty percent of male
      students had already smoked cigarettes in primary school. More male students in
      vocational schools had smoked than either male or female students in ordinary
      schools. Over 40% of vocational school students were regular smokers, in contrast
      to 11.8% for males and 3.4% for females at ordinary schools. It was also noted
      that the younger the students, the earlier the age at which they had smoked their
      first cigarette. The incidence of smoking at the primary school age appeared to
      be correlated with the incidence of smoking by a family member and at high school
      age with the incidence of smoking by a friend. Spending money and a friend who
      smoked were strongly associated with current smoking status of high school
      students, while parental smoking had a weak association. These results suggest
      the need for anti-smoking education beginning in a lower grade in primary school.

PMID- 2283836
TI  - Significance and actual status of the dissection of paraaortic lymph nodes in the
      cases with gastric cancer.
AB  - The results of the surgical resection of the paraaortic lymph nodes metastases of
      the gastric cancer were evaluated in 116 cases. The frequency of the dissection
      of paraaortic lymph nodes (No. 16 lymph node) was 20%; the metastatic ratio was
      24%. When classified by regions, the highest frequency of metastasis was observed
      in the cases of upper gastric cancer. The effect of the dissection of No. 16 was
      more conspicuous when No. 16 metastases were absent than when No. 16 metastases
      were present. Particularly, the prognosis was improved in the case of n1 and n2
      population of the cases which were positive with respect to the proximal lymph
      node metastasis. It appears altogether that the dissection has considerable
      significance as prophylactic treatment.

PMID- 2283837
TI  - Postoperative subphrenic abscess following gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
AB  - From 1985 to 1989, a total of 598 gastric cancer patients underwent gastrectomies
      in the First Department of Surgery at Kurume University School of Medicine. Of
      these, 24 patients (4.0%) incurred a subphrenic abscess, postoperatively.
      Subphrenic abscesses occurred most frequently after total gastrectomies at a rate
      of 17 of 197 (8.8%) cases. Leaking gastrointestinal anastomoses were responsible
      for 12 of the 17 (70.5%) abscesses. In 384 cases of distal gastrectomy, only 6
      (1.6%) cases with a subphrenic abscess occurred, and only 3 were due to
      anastomotic leakage. Among the total of 24 cases with subphrenic abscesses, 16
      (67%) were related to an anastomotic leakage including a pancreatic fistula,
      while the other 8 (33%) showed no leakage by contrast roentgenography. When chest
      roentgenography shows a pleural effusion and an elevation of the diaphragm, then
      a subphrenic abscess must be suspected. The majority of patients were treated by
      replacing the intraabdominal drainage catheter inserted during the gastrectomy
      with a larger catheter. The overall operative mortality rate was 4.1% due to a
      death in only one (MOF) patient.

PMID- 2283838
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum with sarcoid-like reaction--a case report.
AB  - A 57 year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of bloody stools. A barium
      enema and coloscopy disclosed a tumor of the rectum. The resected tumor was
      diagnosed as a leiomyosarcoma, histologically. Many epithelioid granulomas with
      Langhans type giant cells were found in the tumor, and there was no evidence
      suggestive of generalized sarcoidosis, tuberculosis or mycosis. Thus, the
      epithelioid granulomas seen in the leiomyosarcoma were interpreted as a sarcoid
      like reaction. As far as could be determined, there has been no reported case of
      a sarcoid-like reaction associated with a leiomyosarcoma. The occurrence of the
      sarcoid-like reaction in the present case could be due to the reaction to the
      metabolites or a degenerative substance of the leiomyosarcoma, or to host
      resistance to the tumor itself.

PMID- 2283839
TI  - Ultrastructural alterations of right and left ventricular myocytes in tetralogy
      of Fallot.
AB  - We examined the ultrastructure of right and left ventricular myocardial biopsies
      obtained prior to cardiopulmonary bypass in fourteen patients undergoing total
      correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Twelve patients were undergoing primary
      one-stage repair and two patients had had a previous Blalock-Taussig shunt
      operation. The ages of the patients ranged from 3 to 35 years. In left
      ventricular (LV) myocytes, the sarcolemma often formed pouches filled with
      mitochondria and the muscle fibers showed a disoriented arrangement. In addition,
      the myofibrils showed hypercontraction and the Z-bands were thickened; the degree
      of the myofibril contraction was more severe than that in right ventricular (RV)
      myocytes. These ultrastructural findings are similar to those observed in
      myocytes under hypoxic conditions. The number of lysosomes in LV myocytes, but
      not in RV myocyte increased in the older patients. While we have not established
      a causal relationship between the ultrastructural findings and clinical features
      in our cases, our observations are consistent with the possibility that early
      total correction of TOF may be required to prevent the development of hypoxic
      changes and degeneration of heart muscle.

PMID- 2283840
TI  - Renal function and growth after antireflux surgery in children.
AB  - The outcome of antireflux surgery for vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) was studied in
      39 children (65 renal units). The T max of the renogram improved significantly
      after operations in 51 (78.5%) of the 65 renal units due to a reduction of the
      back pressure. Improvements in scarring were observed in only 3 (7.3%) of 41
      scarred kidneys. The growth of 38 kidneys was examined using the renal ratio,
      more than 2 years (mean, 3 years and 1 month) after the operation. The normal
      renal ratio was restored in 1 of 12 small kidneys with a preoperative size of
      less than the mean -2SD. The other 11 kidneys remained small, but 6 of these grew
      with a normal growth curve. The growth of the remaining 5 kidneys was
      unremarkable. Of the 26 kidneys with a normal renal ratio, 4 became small after
      the operation, but all the others had growth within the normal range.

PMID- 2283841
TI  - [Course for professional reentry and recycling, a desired return ... an awaited
      return].

PMID- 2283842
TI  - [Work load evaluation systems. How to chose the best tool].

PMID- 2283843
TI  - [The stakes in nursing. Facing ever more complex situations].

PMID- 2283845
TI  - [International congress of the european Federation of Medical Informatics.
      "Gathering the forces"].

PMID- 2283844
TI  - [New professional perspectives: consulting nurse for analgesia].

PMID- 2283846
TI  - [Continuing education meeting of child welfare nurses 1990 in Gwatt. New
      challenge--strengthened self concept].

PMID- 2283847
TI  - [The Hospital Extern Oncologic Nursing model in Basle. Oncologic nursing also at
      home].

PMID- 2283849
TI  - [Health promotion at work. Health--the basis of operational efficiency].

PMID- 2283848
TI  - [Health political meeting on the topic "Women and Nursing". Use your potential of
      power].

PMID- 2283850
TI  - [The Munsterling nursing symposium. Nursing--the decisive eye of the needle].

PMID- 2283851
TI  - [Catastrophic medical care in Romania. First aid for a whole country].

PMID- 2283852
TI  - [3-week commitment in a children's hospital. Building up care from nothing].

PMID- 2283853
TI  - [Impressions from White Russia. After Chernobyl--an appearance].

PMID- 2283854
TI  - [3. Romanic nursing days, Fribourg, 18 and 19 October 1990. An odyssey that ends
      well].

PMID- 2283855
TI  - [An alternative possibility to hospitalization. Ambulatory chemotherapy by
      continuous perfusion with a drug diffuser].

PMID- 2283856
TI  - [Nursing emergency without end].

PMID- 2283857
TI  - [Reconstructive vascular interventions in injuries of the upper extremity].

PMID- 2283858
TI  - [Occupational diseases in hospital personnel--incidence, possible etiology and
      prognostic aspects].

PMID- 2283859
TI  - [Systemic thrombolysis treatment in acute myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2283861
TI  - [Retraining course for nursing personnel after a lengthy non-working interval].

PMID- 2283860
TI  - [Report of experiences with the retraining courses for nurses at the Ulm
      rehabilitation hospital].

PMID- 2283862
TI  - [Case example--experiences and tips for an open discussion of incontinence].

PMID- 2283863
TI  - [When "friend computer" arrives...].

PMID- 2283864
TI  - [Nancy: computer-assisted information, planning, organization and documentation
      in the nursing service].

PMID- 2283865
TI  - [P.O.I.S.: Nursing, organization and information system].

PMID- 2283866
TI  - School health services in the People's Republic of China.

PMID- 2283867
TI  - Toward building defensible extended programs: challenging the assumptions of
      educational reform.
AB  - Recent education reform proposals eventually will lead to lengthier professional
      preparation programs for school health educators. Many of the proposals are based
      on unwarranted assumptions and myths about teacher education as well as an
      idealized view of undergraduate liberal studies. In addition to using research
      findings to challenge these assumptions, trends in accreditation by the National
      Council on Accreditation of Teacher Education and alternative certification are
      analyzed. One possible extended program model is subsequently offered.

PMID- 2283868
TI  - Medically uninsured children in the United States: a challenge to public policy.
AB  - This article is an examination of the nature and extent of the problem presented
      by medically uninsured children in the United States. First, the characteristics
      of the uninsured population are explored with a description of how age, family
      income, and employment status disproportionately affect families with children.
      Second, the Medicaid program and its historically inadequate response to this
      growing problem of uninsured children is examined. Third, the relationship
      between insurance status and the health and development of children is discussed.
      Finally, recent public policy initiatives that have been enacted or proposed to
      address this inequity in the present health care system are reviewed with a
      recommendation to establish a "Universal Maternal and Child Health Program."

PMID- 2283869
TI  - Evaluating the statewide dissemination of smoking prevention curricula: factors
      in teacher compliance.
AB  - As part of a larger study to evaluate the impact of a state-levied tax increase
      on tobacco products and the allocation of funds for smoking education, 81 schools
      were assigned randomly to one of four recommended smoking prevention programs for
      adolescents. The four programs differed in amount of program structure and extent
      of teacher training required. A one-session observation was made of 106 teachers
      in the 81 schools to assess the percentage of time allocated to recommended
      activities--those based on the social influences model. Data suggest an explicit
      curriculum with designed activities and face-to-face teacher training results in
      greater compliance to prescribed program components.

PMID- 2283870
TI  - Youth behavior: subcultural effect or mirror of adult behavior?

PMID- 2283871
TI  - Watering the shrinking violets: teaching shy students.

PMID- 2283872
TI  - Oral health instructional needs of Ohio elementary educators.

PMID- 2283873
TI  - Parent involvement in cigarette smoking prevention: two pilot evaluations of the
      "Unpuffables Program".
AB  - Efforts to prevent the onset of cigarette smoking with young adolescents have
      been primarily successful in delaying onset, particularly with classroom
      curricula that emphasize social competencies. Maintenance of these reductions has
      been difficult to sustain into later adolescence, suggesting the need for
      programs to complement and supplement curricula. Since one group of adolescents
      more difficult to influence are those whose parents smoke, parental involvement
      in smoking prevention may be a powerful enhancer. This paper describes the
      "Unpuffables Program," an activity package program around smoking, for
      preadolescents and their parents. Two pilot evaluation studies in Minnesota and
      Massachusetts focus on the feasibility of and receptivity to the "Unpuffables
      Program." High awareness and participation rates were found in both settings. The
      program appears to provide an opportunity for smoking to be discussed at home,
      motivating smokers to consider cessation, and reinforcing nonsmoking parents'
      attitudes and behaviors.

PMID- 2283874
TI  - Illuminating negative results in evaluation of smoking prevention programs.
AB  - Evaluation of program implementation can help illuminate negative results of
      school-based smoking prevention programs. In three conventional quasiexperimental
      evaluations, no statistically significant impacts of smoking prevention programs
      on children's knowledge, attitudes, intentions, or behavior were detected.
      Complementary evaluations of program implementation along several dimensions
      using naturalistic methods suggested reasons for null effects were different at
      each site. These data were used to form hypotheses and recommendations for future
      interventions.

PMID- 2283875
TI  - Nutrition messages in language arts and mathematics textbooks used in English
      elementary schools in Montreal.
AB  - This analysis examined references to foods mentioned in elementary school
      textbooks used in Montreal English schools. A study of 58 language arts and
      mathematics textbooks used in grades one-six revealed 4,391 references to foods
      in words and pictures. A large proportion of the references were to sugar-rich
      foods. Eating with peers was depicted more frequently than eating with family,
      while a surprising number of children were depicted consuming their food alone in
      texts used in grades one-three. Results suggest that, because unintended
      information may influence children's nutritional habits, more attention should be
      directed at concomitant messages in elementary school textbooks.

PMID- 2283876
TI  - Development of the Dental Health Assessment Profile.
AB  - Few instruments for assessing dental health knowledge, beliefs, and practices of
      young adolescents are available in the professional literature. In this study, a
      dental health profile to facilitate direct assessment of dental health knowledge,
      beliefs, and practices was developed. The 30-item Dental Health Assessment
      Profile had adequate content validity, readability, and test-retest reliability
      with junior high students.

PMID- 2283877
TI  - Effects of a brief theory-based intervention on the practice of testicular self
      examination by high school males.
AB  - This preliminary study evaluated a brief intervention, based on the theory of
      planned behavior, designed to encourage high school students to practice
      testicular self-examination (TSE). Ninety-nine male ninth and 10th grade students
      were exposed to a message challenging beliefs about outcomes of performing TSE as
      suggested by the theory of planned behavior, a message providing information
      about TSE and testicular cancer, or a control message, after which they completed
      a questionnaire operationalizing components of the theoretical model. Four weeks
      later, students reported their practice of TSE. As predicted, students exposed to
      the theory-based message reported a stronger intention to perform TSE and, at
      follow-up, were more likely to report having performed the exam than study
      participants exposed to other messages. Data provide partial support for the
      utility of the theory of planned behavior as a framework for constructing health
      promoting messages. Future research recommendations are offered.

PMID- 2283879
TI  - Incentives for strengthening elementary school health education. Delegates to the
      Coalition on National Health Education Organizations.

PMID- 2283878
TI  - Correlates of health facilitator performance in a tobacco use prevention program:
      implications for recruitment.
AB  - Tobacco use prevention programs vary by type of health facilitator used to
      deliver the intervention. Because program outcome may be related to the
      characteristics of a health facilitator, this study investigated the association
      between the characteristics of 29 college undergraduate health facilitators of an
      adolescent tobacco use prevention program with their scores on manageability and
      inclass performance scales. Results indicated health facilitators who rated
      themselves as outgoing, adventurous, analytical, and were older rated higher on
      the inclass performance scale. Facilitators who self-reported they wanted an easy
      class, had lower grade point averages in their academic major, were less
      outgoing, and wanted to attend graduate school were rated higher on the
      manageability scale. Inclass performance scales and ratings on the manageability
      scale correlated negatively. Implications for health facilitator recruitment are
      discussed.

PMID- 2283880
TI  - The Life Planning Booklet.

PMID- 2283881
TI  - New HIV education videos focus on minorities and educators.

PMID- 2283883
TI  - Brain volume estimation from serial section measurements: a comparison of
      methodologies.
AB  - Estimation of brain volume from serial sections typically involves using a
      rectangular. Cavalieri's, parabolic (Simpson's), or a trapezoidal rule to
      integrate numerically a curve of cross-sectional area measurements plotted
      against section number. We practically compare the efficacy of each of these
      methods using mathematical simulations of regularly- and irregularly-shaped
      "brain volumes" as well as actual morphometric measures from brain regions. There
      are no meaningful differences between the various estimates when many sections
      are used--with fewer sections. Cavalieri's estimator is most accurate. This
      confirms previous theoretical reports demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy
      of the Cavalieri estimator of volume, particularly when few sections are
      analyzed. While the Cavalieri approach provides a better approximation of volume
      under some circumstances, it requires equally spaced sections. We therefore
      describe methods for the estimation of brain volume from unequally spaced
      sections, including an estimator based on the fitting of piece-wise parabolic
      curves to the data. We outline a series of guidelines for the use of these
      mathematical rules in the estimation of brain volume from serial sections.

PMID- 2283882
TI  - A DC electroretinography method for the recording of human a-, b- and c-waves.
AB  - In the clinical ERG the c-wave is not usually recorded due to methodological
      problems. Because of the potential importance of the c-wave recording in
      assessing the function of the pigment epithelium in several retinal diseases, we
      describe a DC ERG method which is convenient for the patient and suitable also
      for clinical practice. The light stimuli are provided by a Ganzfeld stimulator
      and the potentials are recorded with a disposable corneal wick electrode. The
      method allows the recording of the c-wave from co-operative subjects as well as
      to study the a- and b-wave properties.

PMID- 2283884
TI  - Immunocytochemistry on free-floating sections of rat brain using microwave
      irradiation during the incubation in the primary antiserum: light and electron
      microscopy.
AB  - We studied the effects of microwave irradiation during the incubation of free
      floating brain sections with primary antibodies against gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA), enkephalin and vasopressin. Vibratome sections of perfusion-fixed rat
      brain were incubated: (a) overnight at room temperature (20-22 degrees C), (b)
      during various periods of time under microwave irradiation, such that the induced
      temperatures did not exceed 10 degrees C, (c) same as (b) but with induced
      temperatures not exceeding 40 degrees C, (d) without microwave irradiation, at 4
      10 degrees C (temperature control for (b)), (e) same as (d) but at 40 degrees C
      (temperature control for (c)). During the incubation-irradiation we continuously
      monitored the temperature and controlled it by cooling and by manipulating the
      energy output of the magnetron. The peroxidase immunocytochemical procedure was
      completed using for all sections the same incubation parameters. Selected GABA
      immunoreacted sections were examined in the electron microscope. Incubation at 10
      degrees C in the primary antiserum as short as 30 min, with or without microwave
      irradiation, already results in (weak) binding of the antibodies to
      immunoreactive structures. One or 2 h of incubation in the primary antiserum in
      the microwave oven at 40 degrees C or at the same temperature outside the
      microwave oven results in excellent staining of GABA-immunoreactive structures
      and of good staining of enkephalin- or vasopressin-immunoreactive structures. The
      ultrastructural details were much better preserved in incubated-irradiated
      sections than in sections incubated overnight and only slightly less preserved
      than in the other control sections. There is no improved penetration of the
      antibodies into the sections. We conclude that by using microwave technology or
      by raising the temperature of the incubation medium, the time of incubation, at
      least in these antisera, can be shortened drastically, whereas the
      ultrastructural details remain well preserved.

PMID- 2283885
TI  - Three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative evaluation of devascularizing
      cortical lesions in the rat.
AB  - The use of a reconstruction method suitable for three-dimensional (3-D)
      representations of the cortex for the quantitative evaluation of unilateral
      devascularizing cortical lesions is reported, demonstrating that 3-D
      reconstructions can be used for quantitative evaluation of the extent of cortical
      lesions, in addition to simply visualizing shapes. The procedure allowed the
      definition of precise quantitative parameters characterizing the volumes and
      surface areas of the cortical regions involved. It was shown that digitized
      serial sections from atlases can be utilized for multiple correlation studies by
      superimposing morphological and biochemical parameters. More specifically, the
      enzymatic activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the nucleus basalis
      magnocellularis (NBM), and morphological parameters (number and cross-sectional
      areas) of the ChAT-positive immunoreactive cholinergic neurons, were related to
      the numerical values for the volume and surface area of the cortical lesions. The
      applicability of this method goes beyond the scope illustrated in this study. For
      example, various morphological anomalies in the brain could be quantified;
      changes in various cortical and subcortical structures could be followed during
      development; and the 3-D size, shape and position of a graft could be related to
      the number of viable foetal cells.

PMID- 2283886
TI  - A versatile dual axis programmable stepping motor controller for a personal
      computer: a specific application and tutorial for implementing a computer
      controlled light microscope.
AB  - A simple programmable stepping motor circuit for controlling two independent
      stepping motors has been designed. The circuit is compatible with the IBM
      personal computer and needs only slight modification to work with virtually any
      other microcomputer. The motors can either be programmed by the host personal
      computer for remote operation, controlled directly by a joystick interface
      provided in the circuit, or a combination of the two procedures. Independent
      microprocessors control each stepping motor and can be easily programmed by the
      host computer via Input/Output ports designed into the circuit. A basic
      understanding of the circuit demonstrates some commonly used techniques for
      controlling microcomputer electronics through computer programming. The circuit
      will likely have many uses, although the implementation of a computerized
      microscope is explicitly described. The circuit is currently used in a
      neuroanatomical and neurochemical computer charting system at the University of
      Iowa.

PMID- 2283887
TI  - Comparison of the efficiencies of true blue and diamidino yellow as retrograde
      tracers in the peripheral motor system.
AB  - The abilities of the fluorescent retrograde tracers true blue and diamidino
      yellow to label motor neurons of the rat sciatic nerve were compared
      quantitatively. Following injection of a mixture of the 2 tracers into the
      sciatic nerve, diamidino yellow was found only in double-labelled neurons, while
      28% of labelled neurons contained true blue alone. The relative labelling
      efficiency of diamidino yellow, at only 72%, was significantly lower than that of
      true blue. When the tracers were injected separately a difference in the
      labelling efficiency was still observed but, in addition, there were
      significantly fewer diamidino yellow-labelled neurons than when a mixture had
      been injected. This suggests that the presence of true blue in the mixture had
      enhanced the uptake, transport or visualisation of diamidino yellow. When a
      mixture of true blue and diamidino yellow was applied to the cut sciatic nerve,
      the relative labelling efficiency of diamidino yellow (77%) was again found to be
      lower than that of true blue, but positive identification of diamidino yellow
      labelled cells was hampered by chromatolytic changes in the cell bodies.
      Injection of the tracer mixture into the gastrocnemius muscle resulted in a
      diamidino yellow labelling efficiency (36%) significantly lower than that
      obtained with either nerve injection or nerve dipping. Thus, compared to true
      blue, diamidino yellow was either less capable of reaching the motor endplates
      within the muscle, or it was taken up less efficiently by axon terminals than by
      the axons themselves.

PMID- 2283888
TI  - A precision multichannel cuff electrode optimized by simulation and experiment.
AB  - The parameters influencing single end and differential en passant extracellular
      recordings were investigated using two independent simulation methods. The
      results were compared with measurements from experimental electrodes. The effects
      of electrode size, electrode distance and leakage can thus be understood and the
      experiments agree with the simulation results. This led to the optimation of a
      novel en passant electrode producing very narrow signals with very high
      reliability. The electrode is used for multichannel recording in a velocity
      selective recording system.

PMID- 2283890
TI  - Effect of amrinone on anthracycline-induced lethal and cardiac toxicity in mice
      and rats.
AB  - The protective role of amrinone against toxicity of anthracyclines was examined
      in both mice and rats. These two anthracyclines were selected since they are
      characterized by different patterns of toxicity. In contrast to doxorubicin, the
      4'-deoxy derivative did not cause delayed mortality. The results of this
      investigation indicate that amrinone is an effective protective agent against
      acute lethal events induced by both anthracyclines. However, the inotropic agent
      did not reduce the delayed mortality produced by doxorubicin. This parallels the
      apparent lack of prevention of doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in CD
      rats, as determined by ECG changes and by morphologic alterations following
      multiple drug administrations. The administration of amrinone did not interfere
      with the antitumor activity of 4'-deoxy-doxorubicin against C-26 colon tumor.

PMID- 2283889
TI  - Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and Ara-CTP levels in P388 murine leukemic
      cells treated with 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-5'-stearylphosphate which is a
      newly synthesized derivative of 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.
AB  - 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-5'-stearylphosphate (C18PCA), which is an Ara-CMP
      ester and one of the most promising orally effective anti-leukemic drugs, is a
      newly synthesized derivative of Ara-C. The antitumor effect of C18PCA and Ara-C
      was investigated against the P388 ascites tumor in BDF1 mice. Treatment with
      C18PCA (100 mg kg-1, orally) and Ara-C (40 mg kg-1, subcutaneously) was
      administered on days 1, 3 and 5 after tumor inoculation. The percentage increase
      in lifespans of the mice treated with C18PCA or Ara-C were 84.4% and 53.9%,
      respectively. The determination of the plasma Ara-C concentration revealed that
      the plasma concentration of Ara-C was retained much longer in mice which orally
      received C18PCA than in those which received Ara-C. By using high-performance
      liquid chromatography, it was revealed that the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
      pools increased gradually but Ara-CTP concentration once increased, then
      decreased rapidly when Ara-C was administered subcutaneously. On the other hand,
      both the intracellular deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools and Ara-CTP
      level increased gradually after oral administration of C18PCA. We concluded that
      these longer-term biochemical effects, even if the plasma concentration of Ara-C
      and Ara-CTP level were low, might be correlated with antitumor effects of C18PCA.

PMID- 2283891
TI  - Prognostic significance of general immune competence in acute leukemia.
AB  - The prognostic significance of lymphocyte transformation rate, E-RFC%, 29 degrees
      C E-RFC%, serum IgG, IgA, IgM and C3 levels were studied in 286 patients with
      acute leukemia. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the pretreatment
      immunological parameters were not related to whether the patients could achieve
      complete remission (CR), but the patients with E-RFC% greater than 30% before
      treatment or E-RFC% restored to normal after treatment had a significantly longer
      survival time. In acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), pretreatment LTR and E
      RFC% were significantly higher in patients who could achieve CR subsequently, the
      patients with higher pretreatment levels of LTR, E-RFC% or 29 degrees C E-RFC%
      survived significantly longer than patients with lower levels of these
      parameters, and the patients whose LTR could return to normal after treatment had
      a significantly higher CR rate and longer survival times. Except that the
      pretreatment IgM level was related to the survival of ANLL patients, serum levels
      of immunoglobulins and C3 had no prognostic value for both ALL and ANLL. In both
      ALL and ANLL, the immunological parameters changed significantly when relapse
      occurred.

PMID- 2283892
TI  - Simplified long term large scale production of highly active human LAK cells for
      therapy.
AB  - Cells obtained by leukapheresis and separated without or with a Ficoll-Isopaque
      (FIP) gradient were cultured for 4 or 20 days to determine whether a more
      effective LAK cell population could be obtained compared to LAK cells generated
      by the commonly used method (FIP separated cells cultured for 4 days). After
      leukapheresis the cells were separated on a FIP gradient (FIP cells) or only
      washed to minimize platelet contamination (non-FIP cells). In some experiments,
      the cells were also pretreated with phenylalanine-methylester (PheOMe) to reduce
      monocytes. After culturing for 20 days in the presence of IL-2 (100 BRMP U ml-1)
      a significantly higher total number of CD3+ and CD56+ cells was noted in the non
      FIP fraction compared to the FIP fraction. The total lytic activity of non-FIP
      cells (LU/tot. no. of cells) against Daudi targets after 4 days of culture was
      11,820 +/- 624 versus 4770 +/- 550 of FIP cells (P less than 0.05). After 20 days
      of culture the non-FIP fraction exhibited a higher cytotoxic activity than the
      FIP cell fraction, 76,291 +/- 20,053 compared to 7169 +/- 1148 LU (P less than
      0.05). Pretreatment of the cells with PheOMe induced a significantly more
      effective cytotoxic population when cultured for 4 days. However, at 20 days
      PheOMe did not enhance the LAK cell activity. Large scale production of LAK cells
      can be accomplished without FIP separation with an increased cell yield and
      cytotoxicity compared to FIP separated cells both in short and long time
      cultures.

PMID- 2283893
TI  - A new injection portal for brachially inserted central venous catheter. A
      multicenter study.
AB  - Totally implantable portal systems are widely used for long-term central venous
      access. A new venous portal system inserted via the brachial veins (P.A.S. Port
      system, Pharmacia Deltec Inc, U.S.A.) was studied in five centres. From January
      1988 through May 1989 61 systems were implanted. Fifty-two patients had malignant
      diseases. Nine cases had non-malignant disorders. The portals were implanted
      subcutaneously in the fore-arm and catheterization was done percutaneously (46)
      or by cutdown-technique (15) under local anesthesia. Catheter tip position was
      controlled by fluoroscopy or x-ray. The basilic vein (49) and the cephalic vein
      (12) were used. The total follow-up time for all systems was 323 months. Forty
      five systems were still in use at the end of the observation period, six were
      explanted electively at the end of infusion therapy and six systems were still
      functioning at the time of the patient's death (at a maximum of 14 months after
      implantation). Temporary armphlebitis was noticed on the first postoperative week
      in five patients. Two P.A.S. Port systems were explanted due to infection and one
      because of skin rupture at the wound. One intact system was removed as it was
      thought to be leaking because of needle displacement. The P.A.S. Port system is
      easy and safe to implant with a high success rate and a low complication rate. It
      is well accepted by patients and nurses. The device should be advantageous in
      patients unsuitable for standard venous portal systems and offers an excellent
      alternative system for venous access.

PMID- 2283894
TI  - Suramin: the discovery of an old anticancer drug.
AB  - Suramin, an antitrypanosomal agent used since the early 1920s for the treatment
      of onchocerciasis and African sleeping sickness is now under active investigation
      as an antineoplastic drug characterized by an unusual and interesting mechanism
      of action and by a peculiar pattern of toxicity. Its capacity to interfere with
      the autocrine loop which promotes the growth of many human tumors as well as the
      suggested ability to modify the tumoral environment (chiefly by inhibiting the
      angiogenesis) holds out great promises for a major step forward in cancer
      therapy.

PMID- 2283897
TI  - [Tumor necrosis factor: biologic significance, clinical importance and
      therapeutic usefulness].

PMID- 2283895
TI  - Discoloration of the nails and early anemia after mitoxantrone, folinic acid and
      5-fluorouracil.

PMID- 2283898
TI  - [How should the quality of a journal be evaluated?].

PMID- 2283896
TI  - [Evaluation and significance of circulating immunocomplexes and their correlation
      with other immunologic parameters in connective tissue diseases].
AB  - The presence of circulating immunocomplexes (CIC) was evaluated in several
      collagen diseases and in a control group of 100 healthy individuals. Three
      methods were used for their detection: binding to C1q in solid phase, binding to
      conglutinin in solid phase, and measurement of the serum capacity to solubilize
      an experimental immunocomplex. In the group of patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) significant differences were found for the three techniques
      (p less than 0.001) and also for activity (p less than 0.001). The most sensitive
      method was binding to C1q. The sensitivity of the three techniques for CIC was
      very low in the group of patients with systemic sclerosis, and the highest rate
      of positive results was found with binding to C1q (10%). In the group with
      hypersensitivity vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa CIC were found in 71% of
      cases, more than one method being positive in 50%. The highest sensitivity was
      obtained with the conglutinin method (48%). In patients with temporal arteritis,
      significant differences were only found for conglutinin binding method (p less
      than 0.001), with low rates of positivity.

PMID- 2283899
TI  - [Abdominal tuberculous abscesses in patients with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome: description of 5 cases].
AB  - Five cases of tuberculous abdominal abscesses in patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are reported. They were localized in pelvic
      retroperitoneum (2 cases), peripancreatic area, abdominal rectus anterior muscle,
      and were multiple in the remaining patient. All patients had presented with
      sustained fever and dull pain in the abscess area. In four patients this was the
      disease that led to the diagnosis of AIDS. The cultures from several sources
      (sputum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, lymphadenopathy) revealed that the
      tuberculous abscess was a part of disseminated tuberculosis. Two patients were
      treated with surgical drainage and the other three with percutaneous drainage
      under echographic control. Two patients died from disseminated tuberculosis. It
      is pointed out that this form of tuberculosis in AIDS patients may be more common
      than previously reported.

PMID- 2283901
TI  - [Hot foot, as the first manifestation of lumbosacral plexopathy].

PMID- 2283900
TI  - [Diving accidents (3). Treatment of dysbaric embolism disorders].

PMID- 2283902
TI  - [Adenosine deaminase and mesothelioma].

PMID- 2283903
TI  - [Side-effects of the antimalarial mefloquine. Presentation of 20 cases].

PMID- 2283904
TI  - [Arterial hypertension after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy].

PMID- 2283906
TI  - [Which Spanish journals are included in the international biomedical indexes?].

PMID- 2283905
TI  - [Bilateral exophthalmos and lymphoma].

PMID- 2283907
TI  - [Wine as a source of lead contamination: study in the southern region of
      Sevilla].
AB  - To assess whether the wines from the south of Sevilla constitute a source of lead
      intoxication we have prospectively studied the blood levels of lead in 100
      healthy controls, 100 patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic hepatopathy and at
      the same time the lead content in 135 samples of water and in 176 samples of
      alcoholic drinks consumed by the above patients. The results demonstrate: 1)
      presence of normal amounts of lead (mean +/- SD = 62 +/- 5 micrograms/l) in 97 of
      wines analyzed; 2) a higher content of lead in wines from areas close to the
      highway A-4 (100 +/- 10 micrograms/l) than in those from more remote zones (42 +/
      3 micrograms/l, p less than 0.005); and 3) although the blood levels of lead in
      alcohol consumers are not at the toxic range (22.9 +/- 8.9 micrograms/l) are,
      however, significantly higher (p less than 0.0007) than in patients with no
      alcohol intake (16.8 +/- 9.9 micrograms/l) or in healthy persons (17.1 +/- 7.4
      micrograms/l, p less than 0.0008). Blood levels of lead correlate with the
      condition of "usual drinker" but not with the amount of alcohol consumed, number
      of cigarettes, lead content of water and wine, nor with the existence of severe
      hepatopathy among the studied factors. Our results suggest that alcohol
      influences the lead metabolism and that the usual drinkers constitute a risk
      population for saturnism.

PMID- 2283908
TI  - [Area of high incidence of gastric cancer in Burgos].
AB  - This is an statistical of the incidence of gastric cancer in the province of
      Burgos during the period of 1981-1985. The incidence of the disease in this area
      was the highest in Europe according to world Registries. We observed a high risk
      area which comprised the regions of Paramo, Bureda and Sierra and Burgos city.
      The incidence was 65.3 males and 33.4 females per 100,000 inhabitants/year. This
      values are two times higher than those observed in neighbouring areas and were
      only surpassed by areas of Costa Rica and Japan.

PMID- 2283909
TI  - [Towards the generalization of clinical protocols in Spain].

PMID- 2283910
TI  - [Occlusive vascular retinopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies].

PMID- 2283911
TI  - [Hyperalphalipoproteinemia: study of a family].
AB  - A family with hyperalphalipoproteinemia is described, being exceptional the
      longevity of some of their members. The proband, a 36 years-old woman with
      excellent health, showed total cholesterol levels of 6.77 mmol/l, HDL-cholesterol
      3.00 mmol/l and apoprotein (apo) AI 2.4 g/l. HDL-cholesterol levels of her mother
      and two sisters were 1.86, 2.07 and 2.02 mmol/l, respectively. Their serum apo AI
      levels were 2.11, 2.32 and 2.30 g/l, respectively. It is to emphasize about the
      necessity to investigate the serum HDL-cholesterol, mainly in subjects with
      moderate hypercholesterolemia, to detect possible hyperalphalipoproteinemia.

PMID- 2283914
TI  - [Difficulties in classifying mitochondrial encephalomyopathies].

PMID- 2283913
TI  - [Clinical protocols].

PMID- 2283912
TI  - [Spontaneous tumor regression. Report of 2 cases].
AB  - Two cases of spontaneous tumor regression (STR) occurring in a patient with non
      Hodgkin lymphoma and in another patient with squamous carcinoma of the lung are
      presented. Both cases fulfill the criteria of STR defined by Everson and Cole.
      Recent results obtained in basic and clinical studies have indicated that
      immunological mechanisms could play an important role in STR. The mediator
      effects more frequently referred are: 1) generation of antineoplastic cytotoxic
      cells; 2) production of immunoregulatory cytokines by lymphocytes and monocytes,
      and 3) possible cross reaction between tumor and bacterial antigens. These
      mechanisms of action are discussed in relation to the presented cases.

PMID- 2283915
TI  - [Hypokalemia in stress].

PMID- 2283916
TI  - [Muscle contractures and cramps in Addison's disease: is their pathogenesis
      known?].

PMID- 2283917
TI  - Phonemic, associative, and grammatical context effects with identified and
      unidentified primes.
AB  - Six experiments are reported that assess priming effects on lexical decision (in
      Serbo-Croatian) when the context is identifiable (unmasked conditions) and when
      it is unidentifiable due to forward masking (masked conditions). Word acceptance
      is slowed by a phonemically similar context that is not masked but hastened by a
      phonemically similar context that is masked. Word acceptance is hastened by an
      associatively related context that is not masked; this facilitation is somewhat
      diminished when the context is masked. Finally, word acceptance is hastened by a
      grammatically related context that is not masked but is unaffected when the
      grammatical context is masked. These results can be rationalized in terms of a
      model of the language processor that maintains the autonomy of prelexical and
      postlexical levels but permits interaction among prelexical components.

PMID- 2283918
TI  - On the relation among speech errors, disfluencies, and self-repairs.
AB  - In this study the relationship between speech errors (deviations from a speech
      plan), disfluencies (interruptions in the execution of a speech plan), and self
      repairs (corrections of speech errors) was examined. Two hypotheses were
      formulated: Either disfluencies are special types of speech errors, or they
      resemble self-repairs (i.e., they are corrective actions applied to anticipated,
      internal errors). To test these two hypotheses, patterns of speech errors,
      disfluencies, and self-repairs were compared in a task in which speakers recited
      stimulus sentences four times in succession under time pressure. Subjects in one
      condition were explicitly instructed to pay close attention to accuracy of
      speaking. In another condition subjects were told that speech accuracy was not
      important. A much lower speech error rate was found in the higher-accuracy
      condition, but rates of disfluencies and self-repairs did not differ
      significantly between the two accuracy conditions. This is regarded as support
      for the self-repair account of disfluencies. When accuracy of speaking is
      stressed, speakers tend to avoid and repair speech errors at the cost of reduced
      speech fluency.

PMID- 2283919
TI  - Perceptual and acoustic evidence for reduced fluency in the vicinity of
      stuttering episodes.
AB  - A perceptual experiment and acoustic analyses were conducted to address the
      question whether stuttering occurs only at specific "moments" or whether it also
      affects the surrounding speech. Sections of stutterers' speech were extracted
      from clauses which were spoken completely fluently (control) or contained one
      stutter (experimental). In the experimental sections, only speech up to or
      following the stuttered word was employed. All sections were rated by independent
      groups of subjects for fluency, the nature of the excised stutter (repetition or
      prolongation), and the temporal position of the stutter relative to the fluent
      section that they heard (before or after). Two additional groups of listeners
      were asked to select from experimental-control pairs the section that had been
      drawn from near a stutter, and to indicate type and position of the stutter.
      Listeners could reliably judge which sections had been near a stutter and the
      type of that stutter, but not its position. Acoustic analyses showed that there
      were no differences in duration, rate, number of pauses, and average intensity
      between the experimental and control sections. However, there were significant
      differences in terms of the drop in intensity between the syllables in the
      respective sections. The perceptual identification of experimental versus control
      sections showed a significant relationship with this acoustic measure and with
      speech rate. The judgments about the type of stutter only correlated with drop in
      intensity. We conclude that stuttering episodes affect the intensity-time profile
      of the speech in their vicinity, and that listeners can use this acoustic
      information to infer the presence and type of the stutter.

PMID- 2283920
TI  - Effects of lexical stress in auditory word recognition.
AB  - Although research examining the use of prosodic information in the processing of
      spoken words has increased in recent years, results from these studies have been
      inconclusive. The present series of experiments systematically examines the
      importance of one prosodic variable (lexical stress) in the recognition of
      isolated spoken words. Data collected in an identification task suggest that
      segmental information may be more heavily relied upon when appropriate lexical
      stress information is not available. Results of subsequent reaction time
      experiments support the hypothesis that lexical stress influences the processing
      of auditorily presented words. In three shadowing experiments, correctly stressed
      items were produced faster than incorrectly stressed items, and in a lexical
      decision experiment, correctly stressed words were classified faster than
      incorrectly stressed words. Thus, this work provides evidence across several
      experimental tasks for the use of lexical stress information in the processing of
      spoken words. Moreover, the data suggest that lexical stress should be an
      important aspect of the representation of words in an interactive model of
      auditory word recognition.

PMID- 2283921
TI  - Eye fixations predict reading comprehension: the relationships between reading
      skill, reading speed, and visual inspection.
AB  - This experiment addressed the question of whether reading comprehension and speed
      could be predicted by eye fixations. From a sample of university students who
      completed tests of reading comprehension and vocabulary, we selected a group of
      highly skilled readers and a group of less skilled readers. These two groups then
      read sentences as their eye movements were monitored, with fixation locations and
      durations recorded. A discriminant function analysis showed that fixation
      duration was a successful predictor of reading comprehension, but that the number
      of fixations, regressive fixations, reading speed, and vocabulary were not
      reliable predictors. A multiple regression analysis revealed that reading speed
      was predicted by the number of fixations, the average fixation duration, and the
      duration of the final fixation upon the sentence, but there was no relationship
      with reading ability. Highly skilled readers are those who can extract
      information efficiently, but are not necessarily those who have fast overall
      reading rates.

PMID- 2283924
TI  - Near patient laboratory testing.

PMID- 2283923
TI  - Auditory and visual influences on phonemic restoration.
AB  - Phonemic restoration was studied using a version of Samuel's (1981a)
      psychophysical paradigm. We examined the influence of specific acoustic
      correlates of voicing and place of articulation on phonemic restoration (d') and
      response bias (Beta). The influence of a higher-level, phonotactic constraint was
      also examined. All of the stimuli were presented in both auditory-only and
      auditory-visual conditions, allowing the investigation of potential benefits of
      vision on phonemic restoration. The results support the predictions of an
      interactive-activation model, combining both top-down and bottom-up factors. As
      predicted, voicing and place of articulation significantly affected d': Voiceless
      stop consonants received greater restoration than voiced stops, and alveolar
      stops were less restorable than bilabial and velar stops. The phonotactic, top
      down constraint affected neither d' nor Beta. Visual information, however,
      appeared to reduce the bias to report an item as intact.

PMID- 2283922
TI  - Eye movements and anaphor resolution: effects of antecedent typicality and
      distance.
AB  - The coordination of the eye movement control system with comprehension processes
      was studied. Eye movements were monitored while subjects read paragraphs
      containing an anaphoric noun phrase. In Experiment 1, fixations on the anaphoric
      noun were shorter when its antecedent was close and typical of the noun category
      than when it was distant and/or atypical. Subjects took longer reading the words
      following the anaphoric noun when the antecedent was atypical than when it was
      typical. In Experiment 2, distance of antecedent affected anaphor fixation times
      for category name anaphors but not for general noun anaphors (e.g., "object").
      The results suggest that the eyes do not wait for the completion of anaphor
      resolution processes. Rather, these processes are completed after the eyes have
      left the anaphoric noun. The different patterns of effects on the anaphors
      themselves and the post-anaphor region were interpreted to reflect two different
      stages in anaphor resolution.

PMID- 2283925
TI  - Near-patient 'laboratory' testing.

PMID- 2283926
TI  - Assessment of physicians' office pathology testing: organisational
      considerations.
AB  - In this paper we consider organizational and design aspects of an assessment of
      physicians' office pathology testing, and discuss difficulties in measuring the
      level of performance and effectiveness of such diagnostic services. A major
      consideration is the trade-off between compliance with a well-defined protocol,
      and use of the technology in a way which resembles normal operating practice.

PMID- 2283927
TI  - Desk top analysers in general medical practice: how useful are they?
AB  - In this paper we summarise the results of a study of the use by two general
      practices of the Reflotron dry chemistry analyser, and discuss the findings in
      the light of recent literature on the use of desk top analysers in general
      medical practice. We conclude that, in the present economic environment there is
      little incentive for general practitioners to carry out their own diagnostic
      tests. The accuracy and precision of desk top analysers operated by unskilled
      personnel are problematical, but with adequate back-up from the centralised
      hospital laboratory such equipment could be useful for the diagnosis and control
      of such problems as diabetes and anaemia. However, the most important factors
      necessary for the spread of desk top analysers are the availability of more
      tests, guarantees of reliability, and competitive prices. Desk top analysers
      could fulfil a role in practices which control their own budgets, but this would
      depend on the costs of hospital laboratory tests compared with those performed in
      the surgery.

PMID- 2283928
TI  - Dry chemistry: an assessment of the BCL Reflotron system.
AB  - The Reflotron dry chemistry analyser was assessed over a period of 9 months for
      the 11 available analytes: cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, urate, gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT), haemoglobin, aspartate amino transferase
      (AST), urea, alanine amino transferase (ALT), bilirubin and amylase. In
      comparison with established laboratory methods, results showed good agreement
      with end-point methods, but for enzymes there were significant but explainable
      differences, reflected in the normal ranges quoted for both the Reflotron and
      laboratory methods. Imprecision observed was between 2% and 6.5% CV (between-day)
      for enzyme analyses and 1% and 6% CV for end-point methods. Analytical ranges for
      each method were similar to those expected, with the exception of ALT, where the
      range was lower, although adequate. Delay between sample application and
      measurement should not exceed 60 s. Variations in packed cell volume of whole
      blood samples does not appear to affect results adversely. In the hands of semi
      trained staff the instrument produced adequate results.

PMID- 2283929
TI  - Post-antibiotic effect of three quinolones against gram negative isolates from
      urine.
AB  - The post-antibiotic effect (PAE) is defined as the bacterial growth suppression
      which persists after a limited exposure to an antimicrobial agent. The PAE and
      the bactericidal effect of the quinolones ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and
      nalidixic acid have been studied against several urinary isolates of Gram
      negative bacteria. The PAE was determined after one hour's exposure to the
      antimicrobial agent using an initial inoculum of 10(5) to 10(6) cfu/ml; the drug
      was rapidly removed by a 10(-2) dilution technique in antibiotic-free medium.
      When ciprofloxacin was used at four times its MIC the PAEs were 1.37 +/- 0.09;
      2.45 +/- 0.63 and 2.86 +/- 0.15 h against Esch. coli, Klebs. pneumoniae and
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. We found lower values for norfloxacin under
      the same conditions, and nalidixic acid did not induce a significative PAE. These
      results could support changes in dosing intervals of norfloxacin and
      ciprofloxacin, with possibly greater intervals between doses.

PMID- 2283930
TI  - Bilirubin crystals in peripheral blood smears from neonates with unconjugated
      hyperbilirubinaemia.
AB  - Peripheral blood smears from 118 hyperbilirubinaemic neonates and 10 neonates
      with physiological jaundice were screened for the presence of bilirubin crystals.
      Smears were made from EDTA anticoagulated blood from 107 hyperbilirubinaemic
      neonates and capillary blood from 11 cases. In sixty-three (58.8%) of the 107
      EDTA smears, yellow-coloured refractile rhomboid crystals were seen within the
      cytoplasm of the neutrophils, band forms, metamyelocytes, myelocytes, monocytes,
      and also extra-cellularly. The mean serum unconjugated bilirubin value was
      significantly higher (293.8 mumol/l) in neonates with crystals in their smears as
      compared to those without crystals (242.2 mumol/l). In septicaemic neonates the
      proportion of neutrophil-containing crystals was higher than in the case of other
      aetiological factors responsible for unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. None of
      the smears made from non-anticoagulated capillary blood showed bilirubin
      crystals.

PMID- 2283931
TI  - Quantitative measurement of serum and plasma lysozyme: an automated method.
AB  - The demand for laboratory testing of blood lysozyme levels is increasing
      markedly. Although of limited value in the initial diagnosis of leukaemia, the
      importance of lysozyme levels in leukaemia management is rapidly being realised.
      An established manual method was examined in a successful attempt to develop an
      improved automated method using a centrifugal analyser. In comparison of serum
      and plasma the results showed no significant difference, indicating that the
      method described could use either material. The automated method was quicker,
      easier, more economical and more precise than the manual method it replaced.

PMID- 2283932
TI  - Automated haematology analysers: a four-way comparison.
AB  - Four automated haematology analysers--the Coulter S + IV, Coulter STKS, Sysmex
      NE8000, and Technicon H1--were evaluated for operational and quantitative
      differences. The measured blood count parameters (red cell, white cell and
      platelet counts, mean cell volume [MCV], haematocrit and haemoglobin) all
      compared well with the S + IV, although the MCV showed the greatest variation. Of
      the white cell differential parameters, neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils
      correlated well with manually performed 400 cell differential counts. Mononuclear
      cell and monocyte counts generated by the S + IV and NE8000 (respectively)
      compared poorly with the manual method. The STKS, NE8000 and H1 gave an
      acceptable five cell population differential from samples stored in K2EDTA for up
      to 18 h, although the monocyte count from the NE8000 showed considerable
      variation during that period. All instruments were shown to operate efficiently
      in either primary or secondary operating mode, but the STKS and NE8000 were
      considerably faster than the H1, and easier to use in the automated mode.

PMID- 2283933
TI  - Laboratory testing in, or for, general practice.
AB  - Recent technological advances make it possible for general practitioners to do
      many laboratory tests in the doctor's office. This has advantages and
      limitations, and a new balance must be found between testing within and outside
      laboratories. General practitioners will need to decide which tests to do within
      the practice, and laboratory staff have opportunities to become more involved in
      the needs and problems of general practice, so that they are able to advise on
      when and how tests are best performed.

PMID- 2283934
TI  - Laboratory testing closer to the patient: the Canadian scene.
AB  - Laboratory testing closer to the patient in Canada takes several forms. Driving
      forces include the expectation that this technology will result in improved
      patient care. Geographic remoteness of large parts of the country is another
      factor, as is the critical shortage of certain clinical specialists such as
      neonatologists. Increasingly, the medical, scientific and technical professions
      are guiding--if not always controlling--the process. The Canadian Council on
      Health Facility Accreditation is developing new guidelines which will assist in
      ensuring that laboratory personnel are intimately involved in the organisation
      and control of bedside monitoring. The Federal Bureau of Radiation and Medical
      Devices, as well as hospital-based professionals, have been very active in the
      assessment of devices used for this emerging technology.

PMID- 2283935
TI  - Near-patient testing: implications for laboratory-based professions.
AB  - The current upheaval being experienced by the National Health Service in the UK
      is due partly to political and partly to technological changes in the mode of
      delivery of health care. The two can not be separated completely, but the
      implications for laboratory-based health care professions of technological
      changes that have occurred in their specialty, mainly within the last 10 years,
      are considered. These have made it increasingly possible to carry out previously
      complicated analytical manoeuvres outside the confines of a well-founded
      laboratory, but in doing so have brought with them problems as well as advantages
      for the providers of health care, as well as for its recipients--i.e. the
      patients.

PMID- 2283936
TI  - Bedside blood grouping.
AB  - Early attempts to provide bedside ABO grouping were abandoned in favour of the
      convenience of centralised laboratory testing. However, transport of samples
      involves the inherent risk of clerical error, which may result in a haemolytic
      transfusion reaction. One way to minimise these errors would be to verify the
      recipient's ABO group at the bedside immediately prior to transfusion. Card or
      slide haemagglutination methods may be utilised for this purpose, but a recently
      described dipstick technique is ideally suited for bedside ABO grouping, as well
      as a variety of other near-patient testing applications.

PMID- 2283938
TI  - Use of international data communications standards in hospital laboratories.
AB  - The National Health Service is committed to the use of Open Systems
      Interconnection (OSI) data communications standards. In this paper we describe a
      project aimed at demonstrating the use of OSI standards in practice. The
      Pathology Laboratory at Northampton General Hospital is involved in this major
      project to link its laboratory computer systems with hospital and GP computer
      systems. The data will be transferred using X.400 messaging standards over an
      X.25 Wide Area Network. Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) will be used to
      encode data being exchanged between laboratory, hospital and GP computer
      applications.

PMID- 2283937
TI  - Experiences with anaerobes.
AB  - Anaerobiology has long been an underdeveloped entity in the routine clinical
      microbiology laboratory. The difficulties and successes in setting up this
      specialist department in such a laboratory are outlined. It is concluded that
      specimen quality, technical expertise, taxonomy and identification remain the
      areas which need most attention.

PMID- 2283939
TI  - False negative results in anti-HIV ELISA due to insufficient antigen coating of
      microtitre plates.
AB  - Since routine ELISA screening of blood donors for anti-HIV antibodies was
      introduced, much attention has been given to the specificity and the sensitivity
      of this assay. Most papers deal with false positive reactions while only a few
      have taken account of false negative results. We have found that insufficient HIV
      antigen coating of the microtitre plates can lead to false negative results. It
      is essential that the producers of the ELISA test kits use control systems which
      guarantee sufficient antigen coating.

PMID- 2283940
TI  - Adaptation of a diluted EMIT theophylline assay for use on the Baker 'Encore'
      centrifugal analyser.

PMID- 2283941
TI  - Gelatin particle agglutination assay as an auxiliary confirmation test for HIV-1
      antibodies.

PMID- 2283942
TI  - [Alexithimia: psychosomatic structure or transcultural trait?].
AB  - The these put forward by Marty and Sifneos on the one hand and by Cremerius on
      the other regarding "psichosomatic structure" have been compared in 66 patients
      suffering from idiopathic cephalea. Of these, 49 were suffering from migraine and
      17 from musculotensive cephalea. The conclusion was that the alexithimic trait is
      related to the sociocultural level of the patients, not to their clinical
      picture.

PMID- 2283943
TI  - [Depression, neurotic traits and angina type pains in women].
AB  - The study examines the relative influence of sundry psychological risk factors on
      the various forms of angina pectoris found in two groups of women with classic
      angina pains attributable in one group to critical organic lesions of the
      coronary arteries and in the other to functional spasm. In all 81 women were
      examined and no significant difference was found between the two groups.

PMID- 2283944
TI  - [Projective identification, mimesis and the analytical situation. Preliminary
      observations].
AB  - In an attempt to underline the need to refer to an imaginary setting, in which
      the analytical relationship is acted out, the Authors have considered the
      possible relations between the concept of projective identification, as defined
      by Klein and further developed by Bion, and the idea of "Mimesis", which is
      inevitably involved in every story, and which confronts the imaginary at the very
      moment in which it is produced. The "fusion" between subject and object, which
      may occur in a more or less partial manner, is defined as a phenomenal
      demonstration of the participation of the two poles of the relationship in a
      "super-individual" experience which embraces them both. The mythical image of the
      hunter. Anyone is, in our opinion, a paradigmatic clement in this from of
      "meeting" which takes place within an impersonal and illusionary dimension.

PMID- 2283945
TI  - [A study of control and defense mechanisms in the Rorschach test using the method
      of R. Holt in schizophrenic subjects].
AB  - The paper describes a study of the Rorschach test, performed using R. Holt's
      method, in 25 schizophrenic subjects. The control and defence mechanisms, the
      request for defence and the efficacy of the defences are examined. Control and
      defence mechanisms present in the protocols appear in the following order of
      frequency: projection, vagueness of percept, rationalisation, isolation or
      negation; whereas, other mechanisms were absent (remoteness, context, dilatory
      strategies, etc.). The request for defence--which is used to indicate the degree
      with which the primary emergent process requests to be controlled so that the
      replay may be socially acceptable--was likewise assessed, as was the efficacy of
      the defence; using R. Holt's method, a qualiquantitative evaluation was obtained
      for all these values which was useful for the successive control of individual
      cases.

PMID- 2283946
TI  - [Hypothesis for a common intervention strategy against addictions].
AB  - To stem the tide of addiction in the world, stress is laid on the need for a
      common intervention strategy which cannot be separated from the application of
      identical legislation for all nations. This would at least make it possible to
      base discussion of the problem on common parameters.

PMID- 2283947
TI  - [Attitudes, knowledge and methods of assistance used by general practitioners in
      Novara in treating drug addicts. Study of 100 doctors].
AB  - The study examines the relationship between the general practitioner and the drug
      addict and aims to evaluate some aspects of the work of the health service, above
      all with reference to the methods of assistance, attitudes and knowledge relating
      to the problem of treating drug addicts. A questionnaire was sent to 100 general
      practitioners in Novara; it consisted of 15 questions relation to the doctor's
      opinion of the drug addict, the methods and place of intervention, the doctor's
      judgement regarding his/her own preparation and function, and the frequency of
      contact with drug addicts. The findings show that the majority of doctors have a
      positive attitude towards the problem, but that there is also a widespread
      feeling of impotency, dislike, loneliness, disinformation, and in addiction a
      feeling of educational inadequacy on the subject.

PMID- 2283948
TI  - [Cultural relativity of hysteria as a nosographic entity. Hysteria and antisocial
      behavior].
AB  - In a review of the works of those authors who have dealt with this subject since
      the 50s, this study aims to consider the influence which certain prejudices and
      convictions, which are rooted in our culture, may have had on the concept of
      hysteria, above all with regard to the close correlation which has always been
      noted between this syndrome and the female sex. While, on the one hand, the
      analysis of sociocultural factors and of the different roles which have been
      established for the sexes, may help us to understand some of the peculiarities of
      this disease, on the other these same observations may induce us to question the
      existence of hysteria as a differentiated nosographical entity. In this way, for
      example, in Warner's opinion, a hysterical personality and an anti-social
      personality become two different phenomenal expressions of a single basic
      character disorder.

PMID- 2283949
TI  - [Psychotherapy and relaxation techniques].
AB  - Relaxation is a situation in which there is a dynamic balance of the
      neurovegetative and mental activities. It can be reached through the practice of
      definitive and suitable techniques which can also be used in psychiatric therapy.
      The paper lists some of the most common relaxation technique, giving their
      specific characteristics and eventual relationships with psychotherapies. The
      latter are in fact classified according to the implicit or active use of
      relaxation; on the contrary, those psychotherapies known to cause anxiety are
      also listed. Lastly, some observation are made regarding the opportunity of
      including a prescription for a relaxation technique during a course of
      psychodynamic psychotherapy.

PMID- 2283950
TI  - [Psychobiological basis of hypnosis. Neurophysiologic and psychosomatic
      considerations].
AB  - On the basis of the psychosomatic model, an interpretation of hypnositherapy is
      proposed in the psychobiological context as an applicative example of oneness.
      With this technique a particular state of awareness, which hypnosis is,
      correlated biologically with considerable subcortical neurophysiological
      modifications in the individual, is added, as a facilitating context, into the
      activation of patients psychotherapy. Thereafter the neurophysiological
      characterisation of the hypnotic state such as activation of the right
      hemisphere, similarities between transhypnosis and synchronous sleep and the
      activation of subcortical mechanisms compared to the cortical are considered. In
      the hypnotic situation, two very special conditions which are extremely important
      in the biological context, operate: on the one hand the special physician/patient
      relationship, on the other the important psychosomatic implication deriving from
      the possibility of direct action on mesolimbic and hypothalamus following the
      reduced cortical activity. After examining the context of the physician/patient
      relationship in the clinical implication of the placebo, or non-pharmacological
      effect of the drug implied, the psychosomatic activation mechanisms that can be
      the reason for modifications in the symptom, including its improvement or actual
      cure are considered. In this context, the psychosomatic evaluational parameter
      inherent in cognitive evaluation to which the cortical filter is correlated, the
      emotional activation to which activation of the limbic system is correlated and,
      finally, the set of psychophysiological variations correlated to this limbic
      activation underlying behavioural and somatic modifications are reviewed.

PMID- 2283951
TI  - Positive Darwinian selection promotes charge profile diversity in the antigen
      binding cleft of class I major-histocompatibility-complex molecules.
AB  - Certain major-histocompatibility-complex (MHC) loci are highly polymorphic, and
      the mechanism of maintenance of this polymorphism remains controversial. Recent
      studies of the pattern of nucleotide substitution at MHC loci have produced
      strong evidence that this polymorphism is maintained mainly by positive Darwinian
      selection that operates on the antigen recognition site (ARS) of the MHC
      molecule. The ARS of the class I MHC consists of three subregions: (1) the
      binding cleft, (2) T-cell-receptor-directed residues, and (3) outward-directed
      residues. Here we report that the rate of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution
      is much higher in the binding cleft than in the other ARS subregions.
      Furthermore, nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions that result in a change of
      residue side-chain charge occur significantly more frequently than expected by
      chance. We conclude that the main target of positive selection on the class I MHC
      molecules is the binding cleft of the ARS and that this selection acts primarily
      to promote diversity among alleles with respect to the pattern of residue side
      chain charges (charge profile) in the binding cleft. These results provide
      additional support for the hypothesis that MHC polymorphism is maintained by
      overdominant selection relating to antigen-binding capacity and thus to disease
      resistance.

PMID- 2283952
TI  - A simple graphic method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees from molecular
      data.
AB  - A simple graphic method is proposed for reconstructing phylogenetic trees from
      molecular data. This method is similar to the unweighted pair-group method with
      arithmetic mean, but the process of computation of average distances and
      reconstruction of new matrices, required in the latter method, is eliminated from
      this new method, so that one can reconstruct a phylogenetic tree without using a
      computer, unless the number of operational taxonomic units is very large.
      Furthermore, this method allows a phylogenetic tree to have multifurcating
      branches whenever there is ambiguity with bifurcation.

PMID- 2283953
TI  - Tetrapod phylogeny inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA sequences and a review
      of the evidence for amniote relationships.
AB  - The 18S ribosomal RNAs of 21 tetrapods were sequenced and aligned with five
      published tetrapod sequences. When the coelacanth was used as an outgroup,
      Lissamphibia (living amphibians) and Amniota (amniotes) were found to be
      statistically significant monophyletic groups. Although little resolution was
      obtained among the lissamphibian taxa, the amniote sequences support a sister
      group relationship between birds and mammals. Portions of the 28S ribosomal RNA
      (rRNA) molecule in 11 tetrapods also were sequenced, although the phylogenetic
      results were inconclusive. In contrast to previous studies, deletion or down
      weighting of base-paired sites were found to have little effect on phylogenetic
      relationships. Molecular evidence for amniote relationships is reviewed, showing
      that three genes (beta-hemoglobin, myoglobin, and 18S rRNA) unambiguously support
      a bird-mammal relationship, compared with one gene (histone H2B) that favors a
      bird-crocodilian clade. Separate analyses of four other genes (alpha-crystallin
      A, alpha-hemoglobin, insulin, and 28S rRNA) and a combined analysis of all
      sequence data are inconclusive, in that different groups are defined in different
      analyses and none are strongly supported. It is suggested that until sequences
      become available from a broader array of taxa, the molecular evidence is best
      evaluated at the level of individual genes, with emphasis placed on those studies
      with the greatest number of taxa and sites. When this is done, a bird-mammal
      relationship is most strongly supported. When regarded in combination with the
      morphological evidence for this association, it must be considered at least as
      plausible as a bird-crocodilian relationship.

PMID- 2283954
TI  - Drug resistance and R plasmids in Pasteurella multocida isolates from swine.
AB  - A total of 163 strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from swine were examined
      for drug resistance and R plasmids. Strains resistant to sulfadimethoxine (Sar),
      ampicillin (Apr), streptomycin (Smr), kanamycin (Kmr), and chloramphenicol (Cpr)
      were found in 93.9, 1.8, 16.6, 1.2, and 10.4%, respectively. There were two
      patterns of drug resistance (Sar and SarCpr) in isolates from nasal cavities, and
      five patterns (Sar, SarSmr, SarSmrCpr, SarSmrApr, and SarSmrKmrCpr) in isolates
      from pneumonic lung specimens. Two isolates studied were proved to carry a
      nonconjugative R plasmid pJY2 or pJY8 with other unidentified plasmids,
      respectively. pJY2 (3.6 megadaltons) encoding resistance to SarSmr had one
      cleavage site for EcoRI or HindIII endonuclease and two sites for PstI
      endonuclease. pJY8 (5.5 megadaltons) encoding resistance to Sar SmrKmrCpr had one
      EcoRI site and two PstI sites.

PMID- 2283955
TI  - Hemagglutination activities of purified pertussis toxin and filamentous
      hemagglutinin against erythrocytes from various animals.
AB  - The hemagglutinating (HA) activities of purified pertussis toxin (PT) and
      filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) were evaluated against unfixed and glutaraldehyde
      fixed erythrocytes from ox, goose, horse, monkey, sheep, chicken, and rabbit.
      Both PT and FHA showed HA activities against fixed and unfixed erythrocytes from
      all the animals studied. The HA titers of FHA were higher than those of PT. The
      HA activities of FHA and PT were not destroyed completely even after heating
      these preparations at 56 C for 30 min. A simple test for the assay of PT in
      culture supernatants of Bordetella pertussis on the basis of HA activity has been
      described.

PMID- 2283956
TI  - An integrated midwifery service in Powys.

PMID- 2283957
TI  - Midwifery in Moscow.

PMID- 2283958
TI  - Relief for Romania.

PMID- 2283959
TI  - [Antisperm and anticardiolipin antibodies in recurrent abortions].
AB  - In this study, antisperm (ASA), anticardiolipin (ACL) and some other
      autoantibodies have been investigated in 63 cases of habitual abortion,
      spontaneous abortion and intrauterine fetal death. ASA antibodies and ACL
      antibodies were positive in 28.5% and 33.3% of the patients respectively. 7 cases
      (11.1%) were positive for both ASA and ACL antibodies. According to our results
      it can be supposed that, besides other factors antisperm antibodies may play role
      in early abortions.

PMID- 2283960
TI  - [Frequency of adenovirus group complement-specific antibodies in children].
AB  - Two hundred and six serum samples collected from children in Hacettepe University
      and Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine Hospitals, aged between 0-15 were
      tested for the presence of Adenovirus group specific antibodies by complement
      fixation test. The frequency of Adenovirus group specific complement fixation
      antibodies were found to be 4.85%. Most of positive sera were detected in 0-2 age
      group.

PMID- 2283961
TI  - [The sensitivity of the indirect hemagglutination test for sera from tuberculosis
      patients with different characteristics].
AB  - In this study, the effect of clinical significance, period of therapy, age and
      sex of patients on the sensitivity of serological test have been investigated. A
      positive result was obtained in 80% of patients with active pulmonary
      tuberculosis, 89% with tuberculosis of the other organs, 72% with a period of
      therapy less than 13 months, and 91% with a period of therapy more than 24
      months. It was found that the patients' age and sex had no effect on the
      sensitivity of the test.

PMID- 2283962
TI  - [The effect of aminoglycosides on the serum magnesium level].
AB  - In this study we investigated that the effect of aminoglycoside on the serum
      magnesium level. Therefore 3 mg/kg/day gentamicin was given during 10 days. Serum
      and urine magnesium levels were studied with the method of Titan yellow. 60 per
      of the patients were women and 40 per were men. Their ages were between 20 and
      82. We observed that serum magnesium level began to fall down from the early
      period of our study. Serum magnesium level was found explicitly lower before the
      treatment. At the end of the treatment discharge of magnesium with urine found
      higher than the initial valve. We didn't observe the symptoms of hypomagnesemia
      in any of the patients. We thought that hypomagnesemia developed in the patients
      who were given aminoglycoside as a result of increasing magnesium lost. While the
      lowest effective dose is applied, it ran not reach the level of giving
      hypomagnesemia symptom but while aminoglycoside is applied on the patients under
      risk. We agree that developing of symptoms belonging to hypomagnesemia should not
      be ignored and if possible the level of serum magnesium should be checked.

PMID- 2283963
TI  - [Prevention of wound infection in elective colon surgery by the use of systemic
      ceftriaxone and ornidazole].
AB  - In this study prophylactic effects of ceftriaxone and ornidazole on the patients
      undergoing elective colon surgery was studied in the surgical clinics, Medical
      Faculty of Karadeniz Technical University. Colon cleaning with Nichol's method
      was performed in all cases. But kanamycin and metronidazole were given instead of
      erythromycin and metronidazole. One hour before the operation ceftriaxone 1 gr.
      and ornidazole 500 mg. (IV, IM) were administered. Those antibiotics were
      followed by ceftriaxone 2 gr. daily and ornidazole 1 gr. daily (IV, IM) three
      days after operation. The wound infection were observed in the postoperative
      period (5%). The average hospitalization time of the cases were 12 days. This
      period was 18 days and 21 days in the cases having infection. Side effects
      related the drugs were not observed and there were no significant laboratory
      changes.

PMID- 2283964
TI  - [Mutagenicity testing of some azo dyes used as food additives].
AB  - The mutagenicity of 4 azo dyes (Ponceau 4R, Amaranth, Sunset Yellow FCF and
      Tartrazine) that are widely used to color food has been evaluated. They were
      tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella typhimurium plate-incorporation and
      preincubation assays. The standard plate-incorporation and preincubation assays
      performed directly on the dyes in the absence and presence of rat-liver S9. No
      mutagenic activity was seen for any of the azo dyes tested by using the standard
      tester strains, TA 98 and TA 100.

PMID- 2283965
TI  - [House dust mold in Istanbul. II. Detection of mold species causing allergy in
      house dust mycological flora].
AB  - In our study mycological analyses were carried out in houses of 16 people who had
      history of dust allergy and asthma, 126 mould strains belonging to 63 genera and
      species were isolated and identified. The relationship between the house dust
      flora and the disease of these people was also investigated.

PMID- 2283966
TI  - [Two treated cases of botulism].
AB  - Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease caused by the neurotoxins of
      Clostridium botulinum which exert their effects on peripheral nerve junctions.
      Guillain-Barre syndrome, Myasthenia Gravis, acute Poliomyelitis and diphtheria
      must be considered in the differential diagnosis. In this study we have discussed
      two patients who were treated in our clinic, the differential diagnosis and the
      role of anti-Cholinesterase drugs in the treatment.

PMID- 2283967
TI  - [Evaluation of conjunctival cultures in various eye infections].
AB  - 1550 conjunctival cultures taken between 1985-1988 were evaluated
      retrospectively. Among 455 cultures with positive growth, bacterial agents seen
      in their order of occurrence were Staphylococcus epidermidis (35.82%),
      Streptococcus pneumonia (19.34%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18.46%),
      respectively. Moreover, the distribution of agents in 185 cases with complete
      clinical records were discussed in the light of data found in the literature.

PMID- 2283968
TI  - [Immunotoxins].
AB  - An immunologic approach besides surgical, radiotherapeutic, chemotherapeutic
      methods in the treatment of cancer was proposed for the first time by Paul
      Ehrlich in 1906. The structure, produced by conjugating the antibodies against
      the tumor cells with a toxin molecule by Moolten and Cooperband (1970) was named
      as Immunotoxins. Producing antibodies with the desired amount and purity was
      achieved by improving the Hybridoma technology, Immunotoxins were tried to be
      produced by conjugating the monoclonal antibodies with the different toxic
      agents. Removing the receptor binding region of the toxin molecule was
      demonstrated to be more effective although good results were obtained from the
      studies utilising the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Toxin production with
      the desired amount and structure was accomplished by the improved genetic
      methods. Although in vivo applications of the immunotoxins are still limited, it
      is believed that they will be important therapeutic agents in the future.

PMID- 2283969
TI  - [Early detection of bacteremia in infancy].
AB  - The detection of bacteremia in children less than 24 months of age with fever, is
      very important, since these patients are at serious risk pyogenic complication.
      The administration of antibiotics in accordance with the results of cultures is
      too time consuming. So, several laboratory detection bacteremia must be carried
      out. In this study, blood cultures, the elevation of white blood cell count,
      toxic granulation and vacuolization in neutrophils were investigated in 56
      children with suspicion of bacteremia. 32 of them were males and 24 females. The
      positive results were obtained in 41.1% in blood cultures. Positive predictive
      accuracy were 66.6% and 52.3% for vacuolization and toxic granulation
      respectively. The presence of these were considered as adjunctive procedures in
      the early diagnosis of bacteremia.

PMID- 2283970
TI  - [Salmonella typhimurium in food-producing animals in Bursa].
AB  - Role of food-producing animals in Salmonella typhimurium infections was
      investigated in this study. Salmonella typhimurium antibodies with the ratios of
      63.3% among the slaughter house staff and 78.1% in the animals slaughtered were
      established. Multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium bacteria was isolated in the
      faecal cultures of 3 among 301 animals.

PMID- 2283971
TI  - [IgG therapy of experimental E. coli sepsis in neutropenic mice].
AB  - The treatment of Ceftriaxone and IgG in neutropenic (Group A), and in normal
      (Group B) mice were investigated in experimental E. coli sepsis. IgG was obtained
      from the rabbits immunized with same strain. The inoculum dose of infection was 4
      x 10(8) bacteria/ml in the experiment. The two groups were divided into four
      subgroups; Control, IgG. Ceftriaxone and Ceftriaxone + IgG groups. The mortality
      rates of mice in both groups and bacteria growing in organ cultures are
      investigated and compared. IgG treatment reduced the mortality in the normal
      mice, but no significant difference was found between two groups. An addition of
      IgG to Ceftriaxone treatment significantly decreased the mortality rate in both
      of the groups (p less than 0.05). But a significant difference was not observed
      between two subgroups treated with IgG and Ceftriaxone.

PMID- 2283972
TI  - [A serological study of Yersinia enterocolitica].
AB  - In this study, the incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica was investigated at
      neighbourhood of Bursa and 13.26 percentage seropositivity was determined.

PMID- 2283973
TI  - [Efficacy of intravenous ceftazidime in childhood infections].
AB  - Ceftazidime, a beta-lactamase resistant cephalosporin, was administered
      intravenously to 33 patients with various infections. The age range was between 3
      days and 15 years and substantial underlying disease was present in 90% of the
      patients and 72% had malignancy. Seventeen (51.5%) were in critical condition and
      twenty had granulocytopenia. Clinical and microbiological results were evaluated
      and overall clinical response was 88%. No major adverse effects were encountered.
      Ceftazidime was an effective and safe therapy for serious infections and
      neutropenic patients.

PMID- 2283974
TI  - [Antibiotic susceptibility of group A streptococci isolated from throat swabs].
AB  - Group A Streptococci strains which are isolated from throat cultures were
      evaluated for the susceptibility of antibiotics. All Group A Streptococci strains
      were penicillin sensitive. The other antibiotic sensitiveness were also indicated
      in this report.

PMID- 2283976
TI  - [In vitro activity of aztreonam, cefoperazone and ceftriaxone against gram
      negative bacteria].
AB  - In this study, the in vitro activity of aztreonam was compared with that of
      cefoperazone and ceftriaxone against 1000 gram-negative bacilli. Among gram
      negative bacteria, resistance to aztreonam, cefoperazone and ceftriaxone were
      noted 2.7%, 11.3%, 11.5% respectively. The results obtained in this study
      indicate that aztreonam is highly effective against gram-negative bacilli.

PMID- 2283977
TI  - [Comparison of the in vitro antibacterial activity of ofloxacin and nalidixic
      acid].
AB  - The in-vitro activity of ofloxacin and nalidixic acid was determined against 964
      Gram-negative and 66 Gram-positive isolates from different clinical specimens.
      Ofloxacin showed excellent in vitro activity against Enterobacteriaceae. The
      compound was significantly more potent than nalidixic acid against Pseudomonas
      spp. Acinetobacter spp. and Staphylococcus spp. We conclude from our studies that
      ofloxacin could be a valuable therapeutic agent with a variety of indications.

PMID- 2283975
TI  - [Escherichia coli strains isolated from the urine of children with urinary tract
      infections and their antibiotic susceptibility. A comparative study from three
      centers].
AB  - We searched the susceptibility of E. coli strains isolated from urine cultures of
      sick children with urinary tract infections to Nitrofurantoin, Co-trimoxazole,
      Gentamicin, Ampicillin and Amoxillin-Clavulonic acid. In our study, we compared
      the results of Farabi Hospital of Black Sea Technical University Medical Faculty,
      Hacettepe University Medical Faculty Children Hospital and Glasgow Royal Hospital
      for sick children and tried to show their regional and national differences for
      antibiotic susceptibility.

PMID- 2283978
TI  - [A case of thoracic Actinomyces viscosus infection].
AB  - Actinomyces viscosus was isolated from the pleural puncture sample of a 35-year
      old patient who was admitted with the complaints of fever, cough and right side
      chest pain.

PMID- 2283979
TI  - [Streptococcal pharyngitis].
AB  - Streptococcal sore throat is a common illness during childhood. The causative
      agent is generally Group A Streptococci. Group C and G streptococci also cause
      the same disease. In streptococcal pharyngitis a number of factors become
      important including speed and accuracy of diagnosis, appropriate treatment,
      treatment failure problems, possible serious complications and the carrier state.

PMID- 2283981
TI  - [Cortisone anxiety].

PMID- 2283980
TI  - [Infection in patients with immunodeficiencies].

PMID- 2283983
TI  - [Local therapy of the poorly healing wound].

PMID- 2283984
TI  - [Insulin resistance in hypertension].

PMID- 2283985
TI  - [Drug use information. Storage and administration references. Vaccines and sera].

PMID- 2283986
TI  - Renal ammoniagenesis.

PMID- 2283982
TI  - [Sting and bite injuries caused by poisonous animals. Symptoms and treatment].

PMID- 2283987
TI  - Biochemical pathways and modulators of renal ammoniagenesis.
AB  - The renal proximal tubule contains a variety of biochemical pathways, which can
      metabolize glutamine, the major substrate for renal ammoniagenesis. The
      intramitochondrially located phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) pathway,
      rather than the various cytosolic pathways, appears to play the predominant role
      in regulating the rate of renal NH3 production. Acute acidosis stimulates NH3
      production by activating alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and secondarily
      glutamate dehydrogenase; whereas the adaptation to chronic metabolic acidosis
      results primarily from enhanced glutamine transport into the mitochondria and
      possibly increased activity of PDG. There is no adaptation of ammoniagenesis to
      chronic respiratory acidosis, because the proximal tubular intracellular pH is
      not decreased. Alkalosis suppresses NH3 formation but the precise mechanism is
      not clarified. Ammoniagenesis can be modulated independent of acid-base status by
      a variety of factors including potassium homeostasis, TCA cycle intermediates,
      hormones which increase cAMP, prostaglandin F2 alpha, insulin, growth hormone,
      angiotensin II, corticosteroids, aldosterone, and tubular flow rate.

PMID- 2283988
TI  - Ammonia production and secretion by isolated perfused proximal tubule segments.
AB  - The heterogeneous nature of renal ammonia production and transport necessitated
      the adaptation of the in vitro microperfusion technique to study ammonia
      production and transport by specific segments of the proximal tubule. Specific
      proximal tubule segments were dissected from mouse kidneys and microperfused in
      vitro with physiologic buffer solutions. This approach has demonstrated the
      important effects of luminal perfusion and luminal flow rate, in vitro and in
      vivo metabolic acidosis and in vitro potassium concentration on total ammonia
      production rates in proximal tubule segments. Studies examining net luminal
      ammonia secretion have suggested an important role of the Na(+)-H+ exchanger in
      the mechanism of ammonia secretion by the proximal tubule.

PMID- 2283989
TI  - Intramitochondrial pH and ammonium production in rat and dog kidney cortex.
AB  - The focus of this investigation was to compare data from isolated tubules and
      mitochondria of rat and dog kidneys subjected to altered medium pH (pHe) in vitro
      and to determine the effects of pH on ammonium production. Cytosolic pH (pHi) was
      determined using the fluoroprobe BCECF-AM; mitochondrial matrix pH (pHm) was
      estimated from the distribution of a labeled weak acid. The data indicate
      differences between rat and dog. pHi was consistently lower in rat than dog
      proximal tubules. In rat, pHm decreased in parallel with pHe and phi, accounting,
      at least in part, for the accelerated alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha
      KGDH) flux, which is important in triggering increased ammoniagenesis. In dog,
      pHm varied to only a small extent with pHe and pHi changes. The results suggest
      that changes in pHm are unlikely to explain an increase in alpha KGDH flux in
      acute acidosis in the dog. However, pHe and pHi could conceivably lead to
      alterations in other factors than pHm, i.e. matrix Ca2+, which may facilitate
      accelerated ammonium production.

PMID- 2283990
TI  - Ammonia metabolism in cultured renal cells.
AB  - Many important aspects of the mechanism(s) abetting renal ammonia metabolism in
      man have remained unresolved. This review will summarize the advantages of cell
      culture and the stable isotope 15N techniques for the investigation of the
      biochemical mechanism(s) regulating renal ammoniagenesis. The application of
      these techniques for the study of renal ammonia metabolism has demonstrated a
      broad metabolic and biochemical similarity between intact kidney cells and those
      in culture. Renal cells in culture may provide a useful model for scrutinizing
      various aspects of renal ammoniagenesis.

PMID- 2283991
TI  - Ammonium metabolism: emphasis on energy considerations.
AB  - The metabolism of a typical North American diet yields a net acid load. Hydrogen
      ions are removed from the body after combining with bicarbonate to form CO2. This
      leaves the body with a deficit of bicarbonate. The role of the kidney is to add
      'new' bicarbonate to the body. It does so primarily by synthesizing NH4+ plus
      bicarbonate while making NH4+ an end-product of metabolism (excreting it in the
      urine). Production of NH4+ occurs primarily in proximal convoluted tubule cells.
      Although several possible pathways can do this, the primary one stimulated by
      chronic metabolic acidosis is the glutaminase/glutamate dehydrogenase one. The
      upper limit on this pathway is set by energy turnover considerations. This, in
      effect, means control by renal work (sodium reabsorption) and fuel competitions
      (availability of fat-derived fuels).

PMID- 2283992
TI  - Ammonium transport by the loop of Henle.
AB  - Absorption of ammonium by the loop of Henle provides a mechanism by which
      ammonium produced and secreted by proximal tubules is transferred to collecting
      ducts in the renal medulla. Loop ammonium absorption is largely a result of
      active absorption of NH4+ by the thick ascending limb. Ammonium absorption in the
      thick ascending limb is mediated primarily by apical membrane Na(+)-NH4(+)-2Cl-
      cotransport, and provides a 'single effect' for countercurrent multiplication of
      ammonium in the renal medulla. Countercurrent multiplication causes ammonium to
      accumulate to high concentrations in the medullary interstitial fluid and
      generates a transepithelial concentration difference for NH3 that favors
      secretion of ammonium into medullary collecting ducts. Changes in systemic
      potassium balance and chronic metabolic acidosis influence ammonium excretion by
      regulating ammonium absorption in the medullary thick ascending limb and altering
      transfer of ammonium to medullary collecting ducts.

PMID- 2283993
TI  - Ammonium transport in collecting ducts.
AB  - In vivo studies have shown that ammonium is secreted into the lumen of each of
      the major collecting duct segments. This secretion occurs by passive diffusion of
      NH3 in parallel with active H+ secretion. In vitro measurements in each segment
      have established that the NH3 permeability is relatively high (10(-3) to 10(-2)
      cm/s) while the NH4+ permeability is essentially zero. Interstitium to lumen NH3
      concentration gradients have been observed in vivo in the inner medulla and are
      presumed to exist in other segments. The active H+ secretion causes a pH
      disequilibrium in segments which lack carbonic anhydrase and enhances the NH3
      gradient driving NH3 secretion by decreasing the luminal NH3 concentration. The
      low NH4+ permeability prevents NH4+ backflux.

PMID- 2283994
TI  - Role of ammonia in tubulointerstitial injury.
AB  - Accelerated rates of ammonia production by the renal proximal tubule constitute
      an important adaptation to chronic renal injury. Although serving to maintain net
      acid excretion, this augmented production of ammonia per nephron results in
      increased renal cortical levels of ammonia and contributes to progressive renal
      injury. Ammonia fosters progressive injury via its ability to modify the third
      component of complement and initiate alternative complement pathway activity.
      This interaction of ammonia with complement incites inflammation in models of
      nonimmune chronic renal disease in the rat and may contribute to tissue injury in
      pyelonephritis involving urease-positive organisms. The long recognized in vivo
      association between increased renal ammoniagenesis, renal growth, and progressive
      injury in several models of renal disease has been advanced by the recent
      demonstration of ammonia as a direct stimulus to growth of renal tubular
      epithelium in culture. Additionally, evidence from studies of acute ischemic
      renal injury suggests a contributory role for ammonia in mediating tissue injury
      in this model. Elevated renal levels of ammonia, therefore, contribute to
      tubulointerstitial injury primarily through the proinflammatory and growth
      promoting properties of ammonia.

PMID- 2283995
TI  - Interorgan glutamine flow regulation in metabolic acidosis.
AB  - The flow of glutamine to the kidneys is essential for generating base in response
      to acid loading yet neither the magnitude nor direction of this flow are normally
      supportive of renal ammoniagenesis. However, chronic metabolic acidosis sets in
      motion regulatory systems enhancing flow magnitude as well as redirecting
      glutamine from the splanchnic bed and ureagenesis to the kidneys for
      ammoniagenesis and bicarbonate generation. These mechanisms include organ
      specific inductions of glutamine synthesizing and hydrolyzing enzymes at the
      source, muscle, and the destination, kidneys, respectively; organ-specific shifts
      in fluxes through competing metabolic pathways favoring glutamine formation at
      the expense of the ureagenic precursor alanine and unique interorgan regulation
      whereby upstream sites modulate subsequent downstream sites by setting the
      glutamine loads and the release of glutamine metabolites acting as metabolic
      signals. These extrarenal regulatory mechanisms act in concert making glutamine
      available at the expense of ureagenesis. The kidneys draw upon plasma glutamine,
      despite a 40% reduction in the arterial concentration, generating base in the
      form of renal venous bicarbonate and excreting nitrogen and protons as ammonium.
      Underlying this enormous renal extraction is a shift in the uptake mode from a
      load- to a transport-limited process closely associated with the filtered
      bicarbonate load. Finally the interorgan glutamine flow set in motion during
      acidosis can be acutely reversed, revealing a hierarchal interaction of system
      subserving acid base and nitrogen balance. Thus, the extraordinary responses
      exhibited in chronic metabolic acidosis provide a superb model for discerning
      regulatory systems in other physiological as well as pathophysiological
      conditions.

PMID- 2283996
TI  - The importance of renal ammonia metabolism to whole body acid-base balance: a
      reanalysis of the pathophysiology of renal tubular acidosis.
AB  - Traditionally, the renal collecting duct has been assigned the dual role of (1)
      secreting protons derived from dietary metabolism to form luminal NH4+ and
      titratable acid and (2) generating new HCO3-. This view has recently been
      challenged. According to current concepts, whole body proton balance is
      maintained predominantly by the lungs which excrete protons derived from dietary
      metabolism as the acid anhydride CO2. In the process of excreting CO2, HCO3- is
      also lost from the body. It is the function of the kidney to generate new HCO3-
      to replenish this loss. The major site of new HCO3- generation is the proximal
      tubule rather than the collecting duct. New HCO3- is generated predominantly via
      the metabolism of organic anions, i.e. alpha-ketoglutarate, citrate, lactate,
      fatty acids. In the process of generating alpha-ketoglutarate from glutamine,
      NH4+ is formed. Under normal acid-base conditions, 50% of the NH4+ produced is
      excreted in the urine, and the remaining 50% is delivered to the renal veins.
      NH4+ delivered to the renal veins consumes HCO3- during ureagenesis. In the
      discussion which follows, these new concepts are reviewed and applied to an
      analysis of the pathophysiology of renal tubular acidosis.

PMID- 2283997
TI  - A human early response gene homologous to murine nur77 and rat NGFI-B, and
      related to the nuclear receptor superfamily.
AB  - When a human fetal muscle cDNA library was screened with the human thyroid
      hormone receptor alpha 2 cDNA at low stringency, we found a weakly hybridizing
      cDNA. The sequence of the insert was 2498 basepairs, with an open reading frame
      of 1794 basepairs encoding a protein of 598 amino acids and a predicted molecular
      mass of 64 kDa. The DNA-binding domain and the ligand-binding domain are similar
      to those of steroid and thyroid hormone receptors. Moreover, this cDNA is highly
      homologous to mouse nur77 and rat NGFI-B, which are early response genes induced
      by nerve growth factor and other serum growth factors. We designated this gene
      NAK1. The modulation of expression of NAK1 during stimulation of cell growth was
      studied. The mRNA of NAK1 was induced rapidly and transiently by growth
      stimulating agents, such as adenosine diphosphate, in monkey kidney cells (BSC
      1), by phytohemagglutinin in human lymphocytes, and by serum stimulation of
      arrested fibroblasts. It is expressed in human fetal muscle and adult liver,
      brain, and thyroid. NAK1 could be a nuclear receptor. It will be of great
      interest to determine the ligand for NAK1 and the genes that are regulated by it.

PMID- 2283998
TI  - Point mutations of ras oncogenes are an early event in thyroid tumorigenesis.
AB  - Identifying the nature of the genetic mutations in thyroid neoplasms and their
      prevalence in the various tumor phenotypes is critical to understanding their
      pathogenesis. Mutational activation of ras oncogenes in human tumors occurs
      predominantly through point mutations in two functional regions of the molecules,
      codons 12, 13 (GTP-binding domain) or codon 61 (GTPase domain). We examined the
      prevalence of point mutations in codons 12, 13, and 61 of the oncogenes K-ras, N
      ras, and H-ras in benign and malignant human thyroid tumors by hybridization of
      PCR-amplified tumor DNA with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide probes. None of the
      eight normal thyroid tissues harbored point mutations. Four of nineteen nodules
      from multinodular goiters (21%), 6/24 microfollicular adenomas (25%), 3/14
      papillary carcinomas (21%), and 0/3 follicular carcinomas contained ras point
      mutations. The predominant mutation was a valine for glycine substitution in
      codon 12 of H-ras. None of the multinodular goiter tumors known to be polyclonal
      (and thus due to hyperplasia) had point mutations, whereas one of the two
      monoclonal adenomas arising in nodular glands contained in H-ras codon 12 valine
      substitution, which was confirmed by sequencing the tumor DNA. These data show
      that ras activation is about equally prevalent in benign and malignant thyroid
      neoplasms, and thus may be an early event in the tumorigenic process.

PMID- 2283999
TI  - Glucocorticoid inhibition of transcription from adenovirus major late promoter.
AB  - Glucocorticoids inhibit proliferation of lymphosarcoma P1798 cells in culture.
      This is accompanied by inhibition of expression of class I as well as some class
      II genes. We have used the technique of transcription in vitro and the adenovirus
      major late promoter (AdMLP) to investigate molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid
      inhibition of transcription of class II genes. Nuclear extracts from
      exponentially growing P1798 cells support faithful transcription from AdMLP.
      However, treatment of P1798 cells with 10(-7) M dexamethasone (a synthetic
      glucocorticoid) for 24 h impairs the ability of nuclear extracts prepared from
      such cells to support faithful transcription from AdMLP. Transcription from the
      human histone H4 gene promoter is unaffected by dexamethasone treatment. Gel
      mobility shift assays using synthetic oligonucleotide probe indicate no
      difference in the CAAT box binding activity of control and dexamethasone-treated
      cell extracts. Similarly, dexamethasone treatment does not affect the upstream
      stimulatory factor activity of P1798 cells. Furthermore, up-stream stimulatory
      factor purified from control cell extracts is unable to reconstitute the
      glucocorticoid-treated cell extracts for transcription from AdMLP. Fractionation
      of the control cell extracts on Sepharose S yields two protein fractions, neither
      of which supports transcription from AdMLP. However, one of these fractions, S
      II, confers upon glucocorticoid-treated cell extracts the ability to support
      faithful transcription from AdMLP. We conclude that glucocorticoids regulate the
      transcription from AdMLP by regulating the activity of a trans-acting
      transcription factor which copurifies with fraction S-II.

PMID- 2284000
TI  - Negative and positive transcriptional regulation by thyroid hormone receptor
      isoforms.
AB  - Multiple forms of human thyroid hormone (T3) receptor have been identified,
      including true receptors that bind T3 (alpha 1 and beta) and a splicing variant
      (alpha 2) that does not bind T3. The alpha 1- and beta-receptors activate
      transcription through interactions with positive thyroid response elements
      (TREs). The alpha 2 variant is unable to activate transcription and has been
      reported to inhibit alpha 1 or beta stimulation of positive TREs, a property
      referred to as dominant negative activity. In this report we have performed
      studies to assess the functional properties of different members of the thyroid
      receptor family with regard to both positive and negative transcriptional
      regulation. The alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta-receptors were each coexpressed in
      JEG-3 cells with either TreTKCAT (CAT = chloramphenicol acetyltransferase), a
      reporter gene that contains a positive TRE, or TSH alpha CAT, a negatively
      regulated reporter gene. The alpha 1 and beta isoforms stimulated transcription
      of TreTKCAT and inhibited TSH alpha CAT transcription in a T3-dependent manner,
      whereas the alpha 2 variant was inactive. When coexpressed with alpha 1- or beta
      receptors, alpha 2 inhibited regulation of positive TREs, but the effects of
      alpha 2 were modest and only occurred when relatively high doses of receptor were
      transfected. The alpha 2-receptor variant did not affect negative regulation by
      alpha 1- or beta-receptors. Thus, in both positive and negative regulation,
      thyroid hormone receptor isoforms that bind T3 (alpha 1, beta) are functional,
      whereas the alpha 2 isoform, which does not bind T3, is not functional.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284001
TI  - The yeast KEX-2-processing endoprotease is active in the Golgi apparatus of
      transfected NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.
AB  - Proteolytic processing of polyprotein precursors at pairs of basic amino acids is
      a prerequisite for the generation of bioactive peptide hormones. While the
      mammalian endoproteases responsible for these cleavages are yet to be identified,
      this function has been unequivocally assigned in yeast to the product of the KEX
      2 gene. To study the molecular mechanisms involved in polyprotein processing, we
      have transfected the yeast KEX-2 gene into mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and
      established a new cell line (called 2N-DK) where the KEX-2 endoprotease is
      permanently expressed. Immunofluorescence studies show that the KEX-2 enzyme is
      retained within the Golgi of the 2N-DK cells. The evidence for this cellular
      location is supported by measurement of intracellular and extracellular KEX-2
      enzyme activity. In this permanently transfected cell line, KEX-2 activity is
      exclusively intracellular, in contrast to the situation previously described in
      transiently infected cell lines, where extracellular KEX-2 activity was detected.
      Furthermore, infection of 2N-DK cells with a recombinant retrovirus expressing a
      cDNA coding for porcine proopiomelanocortin (POMC) resulted in the synthesis of
      POMC and its efficient processing into beta-lipotropin and beta-endorphin, two of
      its physiologically authentic maturation products. These results suggest that in
      the fibroblast cell line 2N-DK, proteolytic processing of POMC by KEX-2
      endoprotease occurs in the Golgi apparatus.

PMID- 2284002
TI  - Estrogen regulation of creatine kinase-B in the rat uterus.
AB  - Creatine kinase-B (CKB) synthesis is rapidly and specifically induced by estrogen
      in the uterus of the immature rat. This study indicates that this elevation is
      due at least in part to increases in the levels of mRNA for CKB. The stimulation
      of CKB mRNA levels is rapid (a 7- to 10-fold increase is detected 1-3 h after
      estrogen administration), but transient, as levels return to near control values
      by 6 h. Analysis of cDNAs to both uterine and brain CKB mRNA indicate that the
      same sequence is expressed in both tissues despite earlier observations of
      heterogeneity of the protein isolated from the two tissues. A 1.7-kilobasepair
      DNA fragment containing the CKB promoter and 5' flanking sequences confers
      estrogen sensitivity on expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl
      transferase gene in HeLa cells on cotransfection with an estrogen-receptor
      expression vector. However, the CKB promoter sequences lack any motif with
      convincing similarity to the currently accepted consensus estrogen response
      element GGTCAnnnTGACC.

PMID- 2284003
TI  - Recombinant methionyl bovine prolactin: loss of bioactivity after single amino
      acid deletions from putative helical regions.
AB  - We have previously described a method for producing recombinant methionyl bovine
      PRL (Met-bPRL), which is as bioactive as the authentic hormone in the Nb2 cell
      lactogen bioassay; in contrast, a Met-bPRL variant lacking tyrosine 28 was
      essentially devoid of bioactivity. In the present study we have investigated this
      loss of bioactivity at the molecular level by determining the bioactivities of a
      number of Met-bPRL variants engineered to contain specific changes in their
      primary structures. It was found that the presence of tyrosine per se at the 28
      position in Met-bPRL was not essential for high bioactivity, since Met-bPRL
      variants prepared by replacing tyrosine 28 with other amino acids (arginine,
      phenylalanine, alanine, and histidine) still had substantial bioactivity (40-74%
      that of Met-bPRL). Neither was the loss of bioactivity related to a shift in the
      relative positions of conserved histidines 27 and 30; in fact, histidine 27 was
      found not to be essential for the bioactivity of the hormone. The loss of
      bioactivity after deletion of tyrosine 28 from Met-bPRL appears to be related to
      the removal of an amino acid from the middle of a putative helix (no. 1) rather
      than to the loss of a residue specific to lactogen function. This suggestion is
      supported by the finding that Met-bPRL variants obtained by deletion of selected
      single amino acids from center domains of putative helix 2, 3, or 4 were also
      essentially devoid of bioactivity. It is speculated that this lack of bioactivity
      reflects an inability of the proteins to assume a native conformation.

PMID- 2284004
TI  - Prolactin and insulin are targeted to the regulated pathway in GH4C1 cells, but
      their storage is differentially regulated.
AB  - PRL storage in GH4C1 cells, rat pituitary tumor cells, can be induced by
      treatment with a combination of estradiol, epidermal growth factor, and bovine
      insulin. This increase in storage is characterized by a preferential increase in
      intracellular PRL compared with secreted PRL and a 50-fold increase in the number
      of secretory granules. Treatment with the combined hormones stimulates PRL
      synthesis approximately 6-fold, but this effect is not sufficient to increase PRL
      storage, because epidermal growth factor alone increases PRL synthesis to the
      same extent without affecting storage. The cDNA for human proinsulin down-stream
      of the RSV-LTR promoter was transfected into GH4C1 cells to determine whether
      storage of another protein known to be targeted to the regulated pathway would
      also increase with hormone treatment. Proinsulin and PRL release were stimulated
      over the same time course and to the same peak height, compared to basal release,
      by both KCl and TRH, indicating that proinsulin is targeted to the regulated
      pathway in GH4C1 cells. There was little intracellular processing of proinsulin
      to insulin. Proinsulin synthesis increased 3.9-fold with the combined treatment,
      assessed by accumulation of proinsulin immunoreactivity in the medium and
      increases at the mRNA level. Treatment with the combined hormones did not cause
      the preferential increase in intracellular proinsulin that occurred with PRL; the
      increase in intracellular proinsulin could be accounted for primarily by effects
      on synthesis. These results suggest that storage of the two hormones can be
      differentially regulated.

PMID- 2284005
TI  - A microtiter well assay for quantitative measurement of estrogen receptor binding
      to estrogen-responsive elements.
AB  - Reproducible, rapid measurement of estrogen receptor (ER) binding to DNA was
      accomplished in microtiter wells treated so that ER-DNA complexes or DNA bound in
      preference to free ER. Mixtures of 35S-labeled DNA and [3H]estrogen-charged ER
      ([3H]ER), incubated to equilibrium in microfuge tubes, were transferred to
      microtiter wells previously treated with histone followed by gelatin. After
      binding of the DNA or ER-DNA complex to the treated wells, free ER was removed by
      washing. Radioactivity retained in each well was measured by placing individual
      wells from snap-apart microtiter plates directly in scintillation fluid. Binding
      of DNA was saturable, and ER-DNA complex binding was complete within 2 h at 4 C.
      The use of 35S-labeled DNA and [3H]ER allowed stoichiometric determination of ER
      bound to DNA. The amount of ER specifically bound to a consensus estrogen
      responsive element (ERE) containing the inverted repeat GGTCAgagTGACC was
      determined by comparing ER bound to plasmid containing or lacking the ERE. At
      saturating concentrations of ER, plasmids bearing one, two, and four EREs in
      tandem bound approximately one, two, and four dimeric ER molecules, respectively.
      Scatchard analysis of saturation binding data revealed a Kd of 0.15 nM for
      specific ER binding to a single ERE site. Thus, the assay detects ER retaining
      both DNA-binding and estrogen-binding functions. ER complexed with DNA in the
      well was also detected using a monoclonal antibody specific for the receptor.
      Simple modifications of this method would allow study of other DNA-protein
      interactions.

PMID- 2284006
TI  - Vasopressin gene expression in the rodent hypothalamus: transcriptional and
      posttranscriptional responses to physiological stimulation.
AB  - The neuropeptide vasopressin (VP) is expressed in the supraoptic nucleus, a
      discrete group of neurons in the hypothalamus that respond to osmotic stimuli. In
      the rat the pattern of expression of VP mRNA changes in two ways as a consequence
      of the physiological stimulation of these neurons. Firstly, there is an
      accumulation of VP mRNA, and secondly, the poly(A) tail of the VP mRNA increases
      in length. We asked whether the increase in VP mRNA level is a consequence of
      transcriptional or posttranscriptional mechanisms. We present evidence from
      nuclear run-on assays that increases in the transcription of the rat VP gene are
      sufficient to account for the accumulation of VP mRNA observed in chronically
      stimulated animals. However, we note that in acutely stimulated animals there are
      rapid and relatively large increases in VP gene transcription that do not
      correlate with increases in the VP mRNA level, but coincide with the appearance
      of a homogeneous class of VP mRNAs with elongated poly(A) tails. We suggest that
      immediately after the onset of an acute osmotic stimulus, there is a rapid
      destruction of preexisting VP mRNAs and their replacement with new transcripts
      bearing longer poly(A) tails. We have also addressed the question of the function
      of the elongated VP mRNA poly(A) tail. It is unlikely that the poly(A) tail
      extension is involved in RNA stability; the transcriptional changes observed are
      sufficient to account for the increase in VP mRNA level, and we show that in the
      mouse similar increases in VP mRNA level are observed without concomitant changes
      in poly(A) tail length. We did not observe a change in the polysome distribution
      of the VP mRNA after osmotic stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284007
TI  - The homeodomain protein, Pit-1/GHF-1, is capable of binding to and activating
      cell-specific elements of both the growth hormone and prolactin gene promoters.
AB  - Studies were conducted to determine whether the trans-acting protein Pit-1/GHF-1
      can bind to and activate promoter elements in both the GH and PRL genes that are
      necessary for cell-specific expression. Four pituitary cell lines that
      differentially express the endogenous GH and PRL genes were examined for their
      ability to activate GH and PRL promoter constructs containing sequences necessary
      for cell-specific expression (CSEs). Plasmids containing one CSE, -96 PRL and 
      104 GH, were similarly expressed in each of the four cell lines. Of the plasmids
      containing two CSEs, -173 PRL was always activated to a greater extent than -145
      GH, with this relative activation being stronger in GC and GH1 cells than in 235
      1 and GH4C1 cells. Protein-DNA binding assays were used to show that the GH and
      PRL CSEs specifically bound two highly abundant nuclear proteins (31 and 33 kDa).
      The two proteins were present at similar levels in all four pituitary cell lines
      and were recognized by a Pit-1/GHF-1 antibody. In contrast, HeLa and Rat2 cells
      did not activate transfected GH or PRL plasmids and did not contain nuclear
      proteins that specifically bound to the GH and PRL CSEs. However, cotransfection
      of these cells with the expression vector RSV-Pit-1/GHF-1 resulted in the
      activation of -173 PRL and -145 GH (PRL greater than GH). HeLa cells transfected
      with RSV-Pit-1/GHF-1 also contained 31- and 33-kDa nuclear proteins that bound to
      the GH and PRL CSEs. These results show that Pit-1/GHF-1 is present at levels in
      pituitary cell lines that are sufficient to activate the minimal elements in both
      the GH and PRL promoters necessary for cell-specific expression of these genes.

PMID- 2284008
TI  - Insights into hormonal control of messenger RNA stability.

PMID- 2284009
TI  - Cell type-specific expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the mouse
      uterus during the periimplantation period.
AB  - Immunohistochemistry and in situ and Northern blot hybridization were employed to
      determine temporal and spatial expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1
      (TGF beta 1) in the mouse uterus during the periimplantation period. The
      polyclonal antisera anti-LC-(1-30) and anti-CC-(1-30), raised against two
      different preparations of a peptide corresponding to the amino-terminal 30 amino
      acids of TGF beta 1, were used for histochemical analyses because of their
      distinct staining patterns. Anti-LC shows intracellular staining, while staining
      by anti-CC is primarily extracellular. The colocalization of intracellular
      staining by anti-LC with in situ hybridization of TGF beta 1 mRNA in the luminal
      and glandular epithelia on days 1-4 of pregnancy (day 1 = vaginal plug) indicates
      that the epithelial cells are the primary sites of TGF beta 1 synthesis during
      the preimplantation period. On the other hand, staining of the extracellular
      matrix of the stroma by anti-CC during this period suggests an active
      accumulation of TGF-beta 1 that is synthesized in and secreted from the
      epithelia. While intracellular staining and accumulation of TGF-beta 1 mRNA in
      the epithelia were clearly evident on days 1-4, the extracellular staining showed
      temporal fluctuations. The clear extracellular staining of the stroma that was
      observed on day 1 was absent on day 2; moderate staining was again visualized in
      the stroma on day 3 and was markedly increased on day 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284011
TI  - Dietary proteins, cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2284010
TI  - Selective expression of the insulin I gene in rat insulinoma-derived cell lines.
AB  - Four rat insulinoma-derived cell lines were found to express only the rat insulin
      I gene, although an apparently normal insulin II gene was present in each cell
      line. This finding was reflected by the absence of insulin II and the presence of
      insulin I gene transcripts in the products of run-on transcription assays, the
      absence of insulin II and the presence of insulin I unprocessed (pre-) mRNA, and
      the absence of mature insulin II and the presence of insulin I mRNA. Analysis of
      insulin II genes in cell lines by gene amplification indicated that the lack of
      insulin II gene transcription is not explained by the absence of or gross
      alterations in the insulin II genes per se. These studies indicate that the two
      nonallelic insulin genes do not function equivalently in pancreas-derived cells.

PMID- 2284013
TI  - Dietary protein control of serum cholesterol by insulin and glucagon.

PMID- 2284012
TI  - Response of hormones and lipid metabolism to different dietary proteins.

PMID- 2284014
TI  - Dietary fish proteins and cholesterol metabolism.

PMID- 2284015
TI  - Mode of cholesterolemic action of dietary proteins.

PMID- 2284016
TI  - Different effects of soy protein on cholesterol metabolism in rats and mice.

PMID- 2284017
TI  - Effects of dietary fish protein on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins in animal
      modes and in humans.

PMID- 2284018
TI  - Some evidence excluding the possibility that rat plasma cholesterol is regulated
      by the modification of enterohepatic circulation of steroids.

PMID- 2284019
TI  - Relationship between amino acid composition of dietary protein and plasma
      cholesterol level in rats.

PMID- 2284020
TI  - [An organizational analysis of the neurons forming the descending cortico
      hypothalamic pathways].
AB  - Quantitative assessment of spatial organization of cortical neurons forming
      descending fibre systems and hypothalamic structures has been made using
      technique of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Heterogeneity
      of cortico-hypothalamic bonds is determined: the prefrontal cortex exerts a more
      pronounced effect on the hypothalamus as compared with other cortical areas of
      the limbic brain. Cortico-hypothalamic neurons form neuronal groups on different
      frontal levels of the prefrontal cortex and convolution of the cingulum, a form
      and orientation of the group being determined by the topography of dominating
      axonal systems running to the hypothalamus. There are various forms of cell
      associations in the frames of neuronal populations. Ensemble groupings of neurons
      may underlie the principle of organization of direct cortico-hypothalamic ways.

PMID- 2284021
TI  - [The neuronal reactions of the reticular nucleus of the human thalamus to verbal
      and sensory stimuli of differing signal strengths].
AB  - Responses of 340 single units of the n. Rt of the human thalamus to significant
      and insignificant verbal and sensory stimuli during the performance of voluntary
      motor acts recorded by microelectrodes were investigated in dyskinetic patients
      in the course of 46 stereotaxic operations. Two types of polymodal units with
      irregular continuous (A-type, "triggered verbal command" units, 183 neurons, 56%
      reacting) and burst rhythmic (2-5 per s.) discharges (B-type, 139 neurons, 59%
      reacting) have revealed reactivity to a verbal command with a specialized
      multicomponent pattern at functionally different stages of purposive motor acts.
      The analysis of principal components has shown that the extracted components of
      responses correlated with the functional significance of verbal or sensory
      signals, especially with voluntary acts of the verbal message triggering, but not
      with physical, somatotopic or semantic parameters of stimulation. It was
      suggested that the transient time-connectivity of A and B neurons at the trigger
      stages of purposive tasks reflected the coexistence in the Rt of two functionally
      different cellular subsystems participating in the transmission of significant
      signals during speech-provoked voluntary acts.

PMID- 2284022
TI  - [The dynamic neuronal interactions in the reticular nucleus of the human thalamus
      to verbal stimuli of differing signal strengths].
AB  - Dynamics of neuronal interaction in 90 ensembles of the RT including units of two
      types (A, B) recorded by microelectrodes was analyzed during verbal and sensory
      stimulation and voluntary motor acts in dyskinetic patients in the course of 38
      stereotaxic operations. It was shown that high transient interneuronal
      cooperation in A and B units were selectively related to triggering stages of a
      purposive act: verbal commands presentation and movement initiation and
      realization. Specific character of dynamics of interneuronal cooperation
      determined both by the type of constituent elements and functionally different
      stages of voluntary acts was found. It is supposed that transient interneuronal
      cooperation of A and B units reflects dynamic conjugation of two functionally
      different cellular subsystems in the Rt which are probably connected with verbal
      related processing and triggering as well as with movement-related voluntary
      acts.

PMID- 2284023
TI  - [The spread of excitation in surviving neocortical slices].
AB  - The propagation of excitation has been studied in neocortical guinea pig slices
      maintained in vitro. Stimuli were given at different distances from the chosen
      neuron. Comparison of latencies of the evoked impulse reactions indicated a
      complex structure and configuration of the vertically oriented ensemble of
      comparatively synchronously activated neurons. It is assumed that such an
      ensemble has a narrow (less than 300 microns) top layer II, a wide (approximately
      600 microns and more) middle part in layer V and a narrowed (approximately 300
      microns) basis in layer VI. A heterogeneity of the ensemble (the module) with
      respect to vertical propagation of excitation is found.

PMID- 2284024
TI  - [The effect of electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus on the neuronal
      activity of the parietal associative cortex].
AB  - In experiments performed on cats operated under ketamine anaesthesia and
      subsequently immobilized by myorelaxin it was demonstrated that locus coeruleus
      (LC) being stimulated by a train of pulses can exert influence on 79% of parietal
      cortex neurons. Inhibition of the background activity for 300-700 ms or a
      decrease in its frequency by 16-32% were observed in them after the LC
      stimulation. During intracellular recording neurons with background activity and
      "silent" neurons responded to LC stimulation by hyperpolarization (5-7 mV)
      lasting for 120-500 ms with latency of 30-90 ms. The duration of the inhibitory
      pause in background activity caused by transcallosal stimulation increased by 50
      200 ms due to conditioning stimulation of LC. The duration of IPSPs evoked by
      transcallosal stimulation also increased by 50-100 ms under the influence of LC
      stimulation. It is concluded that the influence of LC stimulation on the activity
      of the parietal cortex neurons can be exerted either directly as inhibition of
      background activity and hyperpolarization or as modulation of effects of other
      neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2284025
TI  - [Changes in the excitability of the skin mechanoreceptors in the rat against a
      background of transcranial electrostimulation].
AB  - Alterations in excitability of low-, medium- and high-threshold single
      mechanoreceptors (SMRs) of hairless hind paw skin elicited by transcranial
      electrical stimulation (TES) in analgesic regime were studied in anesthetized
      rats. Evoked impulsations of low- and medium-threshold SMRs were blocked by TES
      that lasted for about 1 and 5 min, respectively. TES for 18-20 min in duration
      abolished the reactions of high threshold SMRs activated only by nociceptive
      stimuli. Inhibitory effects of TES on all SMR types under study were eliminated
      by preliminary intraperitoneal or local intracutaneous (near SMRs location)
      injection of naloxone. Possible mechanisms of analgesic TES effects are
      discussed. An assumption is made that alterations of the SMR function are
      connected with an increase of the output of endogenous opioid peptides from the
      brain during TES.

PMID- 2284026
TI  - [Smell reception and neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium].
AB  - Experimental anosmia induced by 1% ZnSO4 solution triggered some structural and
      functional changes in olfactory epithelium of strain C57BL/6 mice. It was
      stimulated by various odors: isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate and some substances
      present in mice urine. It was registered that the rate of physiological responses
      recovery differed for various odors, being the higher in case of isoamyl acetate
      and butyl acetate treatment and slower with odors of the biological origin. The
      study of spatial distribution of the responses evoked by the odors of various
      quality has demonstrated that the areas of the most rapid recovery corresponded
      to the same areas of the epithelium of intact mice where higher responses for
      these stimuli were registered.

PMID- 2284027
TI  - [The effect of "nonquantal" acetylcholine on miniature end-plate currents in the
      mouse].
AB  - The development of postsynaptic potentiation (PSP) and desensitization (DS) under
      the nonquantal secretion (NS) of acetylcholine (ACh) was studied using
      characteristics of miniature end-plate currents (MEPCs) in mice diaphragm muscle.
      The H-effect (the measure of the NS level) fell to zero during 3 hours after
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition by armine at 20 degrees C. The MEPCs decay
      time constant (tau) decreased in parallel with the H-effect, though there was no
      reduction of the MEPCs amplitude in this case; tau did not change when NS was
      absent (early denervation). The maximal prolongation of tau after AChE inhibition
      was the same both in innervated (NS was normal) and denervated (NS was absent)
      muscle. The reduction of tau accelerated with the temperature rise and occurred
      after AChE inhibition by neostigmine. There was no changes in tau when AChE was
      active. It is suggested that nonquantal ACh decreases tau due to the DS
      development. NS induces no significant PSP after the AChE inhibition, but can do
      it later according to DS development, so that signs of DS may partially be masked
      by PSP.

PMID- 2284028
TI  - [The characteristics of the synaptic apparatus of the primary auditory area (A1)
      of the cat cerebral cortex].
AB  - Quantitative and qualitative comparative studies of the synaptic apparatus in
      different layers of the primary auditory cortex (AI) in cat were performed using
      an electron microscope. The total average density of axonal terminal profiles in
      this area was 255 terminals per 1000 microns2 of the slice area. These profiles
      occupied 8.9% of the total studied area of slices. 45.3% of axonal terminals in
      area AI formed synapses on spines, 48.5%--on dendrites and 6.2%--on neuronal
      somata. 83.9% of synapses were asymmetric, 16.1%--symmetric. The number of
      synapses in 1 mm3 of the neural tissue in area AI estimated by stereological
      methods was 322.8 x 10(6).

PMID- 2284029
TI  - [The effect of calcium ions on the acetylcholine-induced current in mollusk
      neurons].
AB  - It has been found that cyclic adenosine monophosphate and intracellular calcium
      ions produced an antagonistic effect on acetylcholine-induced current in LP11
      neuron of the snail Helix pomatia. It is shown that the activation of calmodulin
      by calcium ions plays a significant role in enhancing action of intracellular
      calcium ions on the acetylcholine-induced current in this neuron.

PMID- 2284030
TI  - [The characteristics of the action of calcium ions on miniature end-plate
      currents after the disruption of mediator hydrolysis].
AB  - Effect of calcium on the miniature end-plate currents (MEPC) at the frog
      neuromuscular junction was studied by the voltage-clamp technique. Rise of the
      calcium concentration in the Ringer solution up to 9 mmol/l caused a decrease of
      the MEPC amplitude which was related to the reduction of the end-plate channel
      conductance. Calcium had no effect on the time course of MEPCs at the active
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) but accelerated MEPC decay by 26% after AChE
      inhibition by neostigmin or armin. It is supposed that the shortening effect of
      calcium on the MEPC decay phase is based on the ability of calcium to modulate
      the block of ionic channels by acetylcholine or to accelerate the process of
      desensitization of the postsynaptic membrane.

PMID- 2284031
TI  - [The reinnervation of the gastrocnemius muscle following the plastic repair of a
      sciatic nerve defect with a cryopreserved allograft].
AB  - A correlation between electrophysiological and morphological indices during
      reinnervation of the gastrocnemius muscle in the experimental alloneuroplastics
      of the sciatic nerve defect by the cryopreserved graft was determined. Data
      obtained show that the alloneuroplastics can provide axon regeneration and
      restoration of the operated limb function.

PMID- 2284033
TI  - [The generation of locomotor rhythmicity in the nervous system of large and small
      individuals of the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina].
AB  - The marine pteropod mollusc Clone limacina swims due to rhythmic movements of its
      wings. The frequency of wing oscillations in young molluscs (2-6 mm long) is 5-6
      Hz, while in adult molluscs (40-60 mm long) it is 1-2 Hz. The locomotor rhythm is
      generated by two groups of pedal interneurons (groups 7 and 8) capable of
      endogenous rhythmic activity. The interneurons generate prolonged action
      potentials, one potential per a locomotor cycle. Action potentials generated by
      interneurons in young molluscs are found to be shorter (30-40 ms) than in adult
      ones (100-150 ms). This difference in duration of the action potentials is a
      result of the higher frequency of the locomotor rhythm in young molluscs as
      compared with adult ones.

PMID- 2284032
TI  - [The microinjection of novocaine into the giant-cell nucleus of the medulla
      oblongata: the effect on the initiation of locomotor rhythms].

PMID- 2284034
TI  - Tubular colonic duplication: report of two cases.
AB  - Colonic duplication is a rare congenital abnormality frequently associated with
      multisystemic malformations. Colonic duplication presents diagnostic and
      therapeutic difficulties especially in neonates. We report on two patients, a
      child and an adult with tubular duplication. Treatment consisted of using the
      duplicated loop for a pull-through procedure in the first patient and resection
      of the duplicated loop in the second. The results of the surgical treatment in
      these two patients have been satisfactory.

PMID- 2284036
TI  - The effects of negative regional lymph-node dissection on survival and disease
      free interval of patients with stage-I malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2284035
TI  - Rapid evolution of a mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta due to Salmonella.
AB  - The case history is presented of a patient admitted with a Salmonella infection
      and the development of a mycotic aortic aneurysm within two weeks. The patient
      could be successfully treated by resection of the aneurysm, primary prosthetic in
      situ grafting and antibiotics.

PMID- 2284037
TI  - [Vaginitis and vaginosis].
AB  - Recently, within the wide subject on vaginal phlogosis a new pathology has been
      included. Owing to its peculiar characteristics, as it is not to be regarded as a
      vaginitis in the strict sense of the word, it has been identified as anaerobic
      bacterial vaginosis. The latter proves to be different from most common vaginitis
      related pathologies as a result of a series of microbiological and clinical
      patterns that are widely dealt with in this research. Moreover, the author place
      special emphasis on the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of vaginosis.

PMID- 2284038
TI  - [Estrogen receptors in the lower uterine segment].
AB  - The presence and quantity of specific cytoplasmatic receptors for E2 were
      analysed in the smooth muscle cells of the lower uterine segment in 14 patients
      (mean age 29.5 years, mean parity 2.9) who had a normal pregnancy and delivered
      at term. Myometrial tissue (greater than 150 mg) was taken from the median zone
      of the front wall of the lower uterus during cesarian section with a transversal
      incision on the lower segment at the level of the vescico-uterine fold. Cesarian
      section was electively chosen by 10 patients before the onset of labour and was
      used in 4 cases due to complications arising during labour. In order to carry out
      the receptor assay 100 ml of cytosolic fraction were incubated for 24 h with
      increasing concentrations of 0.38 microCu/ml to 2.5 microCu/ml of E2 tired in
      presence or absence of approximately 100-fold higher concentrations of unlabelled
      E2. Recorded cpm were compared to a standard reference curve. There was no
      significant difference between the radioactivity levels of the cytosolic fraction
      measured as total bound or with non-specific bound. Results are fully discussed
      in the paper.

PMID- 2284039
TI  - [Thromboembolic disease in obstetrics. Current concepts].
AB  - Thromboembolic disease during pregnancy and confinement is an important cause of
      mortality and obstetric morbidity. The onset of thromboembolic disease is caused
      by vascular damage, stasis and hypercoagulability, factors which are all present
      during gestation. All A. agree that it is of fundamental importance to intervene
      immediately in cases of active thromboembolic disease, but also to take suitable
      prophylactic measures to prevent the onset of disease.

PMID- 2284041
TI  - [The value of prenatal sonography in the diagnosis of congenital malformations].
AB  - Three hundred and forty-one prenatal ultrasound tests performed in 79 cases who
      presented congenital malformations at birth were studied retrospectively. A
      correct prenatal diagnosis was only made in 24 cases (30.3%), whereas there were
      50 false negative (63.3%) and 5 dubious cases (6.3%). The percentage of false
      negative was greater in the group of cases examined in peripheral centres (56%)
      in comparison to those examined in our institute (35%).

PMID- 2284040
TI  - [Spontaneous abortion and advanced maternal age].
AB  - A retrospective analysis of pregnancy outcome after demonstration of a live fetus
      in the first trimester was carried out in 387 patients to establish a background
      loss rate and evaluate the safety of chorionic villus sampling. The present study
      proves an increased risk of spontaneous abortion with increasing maternal age,
      and a miscarriage rate (9.81%) higher than chorionic biopsy (4.4), probably
      because the therapeutic abortions and the sonograms were performed after
      bleeding.

PMID- 2284042
TI  - [Clinical contribution to the problem of correlations between hereditary
      angioneurotic edema and pregnancy].
AB  - Hereditary angioneurotic edema (HAE) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by a
      deficiency of a complement regulatory protein, the C1INH.HAE is clinically
      characterized by recurrent, self-limited attacks of edema involving the
      extremities, face, upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract. Pregnancy
      in a woman affected by HAE poses therapeutical problems. In fact, prophylactic
      treatment with danazole or tranexamic acid is control indicated in a pregnant
      woman. However HAE shows a favourable course in most cases and the delivery,
      despite the local trauma, is not usually associated with complications. But the
      occasional occurrence of local edema and the literature report of a death in
      postpartum, suggest the administration of purified C1INH prophylactically before
      the delivery. HAE, per se, neither alters the evolution of pregnancy nor does
      foetus harm. The A. report on a 22-years old primigravida affected by HAE. She
      had no attack during the whole gestation, the delivery and the postpartum. She
      was given 1000 units of purified C1INH concentrate both four hours before the
      delivery and 24 hours after it.

PMID- 2284043
TI  - [Use of sulprostone in abortion induced during the first pregnancy trimester in
      women with previous cesarean section].
AB  - The paper describes the advantages and negligible side-effects of the use of E2
      type (Suprostone) synthetic prostaglandin, administered i.m. in a dose of 250 mg,
      2-3 hours before voluntary abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy in
      pre-cesarean-section patients.

PMID- 2284044
TI  - [Magnesium and potassium aspartate during the third pregnancy trimester].
AB  - Following a critical review of published reports on the use of magnesium during
      the third quarter of pregnancy, the paper examines the value of blood magnesium
      tests during pregnancy as well as the validity of administrating kalium aspartate
      and magnesium aspartate to treat the risk of premature birth.

PMID- 2284045
TI  - [Significance and problems of psychological consultation for infertility.
      Personal experience].
AB  - A sample group of 200 couples attending the Centre for the Diagnosis and
      Treatment of Sterility in the Couple were studied. All patients had one or more
      conversations with a psychologist in order to analyze the real desire for
      pregnancy and to encourage a better relationship between the medical team and the
      patients. The study throws light on many conflictual situations relating to both
      the individual's and the couple's desire to achieve pregnancy with the help of
      science. Nevertheless, it was not possible to utilise all the information
      gathered by the psychologist from the conversations to improve the relationship
      between the medical team and the patients.

PMID- 2284046
TI  - [Pregnancy and jejuno-ileal bypass].
AB  - The A. describe a full-term pregnancy following jejunoileal by-pass for extreme
      obesity. They review the problems reported by other A. about pregnancy evolution
      following this operation.

PMID- 2284047
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of achondroplasia].

PMID- 2284048
TI  - Ionic modulation of triethyllead neurotoxicity in cerebellar granule cell
      culture.
AB  - While the molecular mechanism underlying triethyllead (TEL) neurotoxicity is
      unknown, we hypothesize that triethyllead mediates an accelerated Cl-/OH exchange
      across neuronal membranes leading to prolonged depolarization and neuronal cell
      injury. As a test of this hypothesis we have investigated the effect of external
      ion modulation on triethyllead neurotoxicity in cerebellar granule cell culture.
      Cultures were prepared from neonatal rats and used 10-20 days in vitro.
      Cytotoxicity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and trypan blue
      exclusion. A slow, dose-dependent (1-30 microM TEL) release of LDH occurred after
      a variable latent period dependent upon [TEL]. External replacement of [Cl-]e by
      Na isothionate dramatically shifted the dose response curve to the left
      reflecting an accelerated stimulation of LDH release, while replacement of
      extracellular [Na+]e with equimolar choline chloride had a minimal protective
      effect. Similarly, high [Mg2+]e or low [Ca2+]e did not protect or potentiate TEL
      cytotoxicity. The low [Cl-]e accelerated TEL cytotoxicity was dependent on medium
      pH: alkaline pH potentiated the cytotoxicity. Low [Cl-]e had no significant
      effect on culture ATP over 5 hrs. ATP reduction was markedly stimulated by TEL in
      low Cl- medium in contrast to the minimal decline in [ATP] in the control medium.
      The reduction of ATP in the low [Cl-]e medium occurred prior to LDH or trypan
      blue staining release confirming that such reduction in [ATP] was not secondary
      to cell damage. Substituting K sulfate or Na sulfate for the Cl(-)-free medium
      revealed marked loss of ATP without LDH release in control and TEL supplemented
      cultures. These observations provide supporting evidence for the role of an
      abnormal Cl- flux in mediating TEL-induced neurotoxic injury. Specifically, the
      membrane depolarization is proportional to the gradient imposed by Cl- efflux/OH
      influx, stimulated by low [Cl-]e. The rapid loss in ATP appeared early, was not a
      secondary reflection of neuronal damage but a result of a combination of
      increased ion flux at the plasma membrane, stimulation of Na+/K+ ATPase and
      direct TEL-induced inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

PMID- 2284049
TI  - Exposure duration modifies the effects of low level lead of fixed-interval
      performance.
AB  - Short exposures to low Pb concentrations (e.g., 25-50 ppm) have been shown to
      increase Fixed-Interval (FI) response rates while comparable exposures to higher
      concentrations (100-1000 ppm) typically decrease response rates. This study was
      based on the hypothesis that Pb body burden, in addition to Pb exposure
      concentration, is an important determinant of the nature of Pb-induced changes in
      Fixed-Interval (FI) response rates. One way to increase Pb body burden is to
      prolong exposure duration. Thus, by the above hypothesis, prolonging the exposure
      duration to low Pb concentrations could result in FI response rate decreases
      previously noted in response to higher concentrations of Pb. To test this
      contention, rats were exposed to 50 ppm Pb acetate in drinking water for 8 or 11
      mon prior to assessment of performance on an FI 1 min schedule of food
      reinforcement. In contrast to the increased rates of responding previously
      reported after 1 mon of 50 ppm exposure, the 8-11 mon exposures produced
      decreased FI response rates relative to control values over 30-40 sessions. The
      decreased response rates were a function of longer interresponse times and
      consequently lower running rates; postreinforcement pause times and index of
      curvature were normal. Differential trends in response rates between control and
      8 mon Pb-exposed rats reappeared when reinforcement schedule contingencies were
      changed from FI-1 min to FI-5 min and, again, when changed from FI-5 min to an FI
      5 min clock schedule; no such differences were apparent when the original
      schedule parameter, FI-1 min, was then reimposed. Adult animals trained on FI
      schedules and then exposed to 50 or 500 ppm Pb for 3-5 mon showed no consistent
      subsequent performance changes. Taken together, these studies suggest a Pb
      induced delay in the acquistion phase of FI-schedule controlled responding, while
      learned performance appears less vulnerable. However, a seemingly transient
      deficit may nonetheless reemerge when the environment imposes a new learning
      situation or an alteration in reinforcement contingencies. Such effects have
      important implications for human Pb exposure since behavioral transitions may be
      mandated throughout life.

PMID- 2284050
TI  - Effects of altered dietary trace metals upon experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis.
AB  - In this study, we report initial results concerning the effects of elevated
      dietary trace metals upon delayed relapsing experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice. Animals were assigned to a control diet as
      well as to diets with increased content of NiS0(4) and ZnS0(4) prior to
      immunization for EAE. During a six month follow-up period, trends appeared which
      indicated that the incidence of EAE might be lower in the nickel-fed animals than
      in the comparison groups. EAE onset also seemed to occur later in the nickel
      group. Histopathologic ratings of standardized tissue sections suggested more
      widespread inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in the high zinc
      group.

PMID- 2284051
TI  - Comparison of the NES and CNS/B neuropsychological screening batteries.
AB  - Computer and hand administered neuropsychological tests are utilized in the
      evaluation of central nervous system changes associated with environmental or
      occupational exposure to neurotoxicants. This study compares the computerized
      Neurobehavioral Evaluation System (NES) developed by Baker et al., 1985, with the
      hand administered California Neuropsychological Screening Battery (CNS/B)
      developed by Bowler et al., 1986. Both batteries were designed for screening of
      the effects of neurotoxicants on the central nervous system and require less than
      one hr to administer. Both screening batteries consist of tests of: mood, word
      knowledge, attention, concentration, learning and memory and psychomotor and
      visuomotor and visuospatial abilities. They were administered in a standardized
      fashion to 106 subjects. Results indicate strong positive correlations for tests
      of word knowledge, moderate correlations for attention and concentration, while
      weaker correlations were obtained for tests of memory, psychomotor and visuomotor
      and visuospatial ability. The NES may be more useful for large epidemiological
      studies while the CNS/B appears more useful for individual screening and clinical
      studies.

PMID- 2284052
TI  - The neurotoxicity of parathion-induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition in
      neonatal rats.
AB  - The biochemical and morphological effects of postnatal acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE) inhibition were examined in rat pups dosed with paration, at time points
      critical to hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis (i.e., day 5-20). In
      treated pups, sacrificed on day 21, hippocampal histopathology, as assessed by
      light and electron microscopy, consisted of cellular disruption and necrosis in
      the dentate gyrus (DG), and CA4 regions. Synaptic disruption in the DG molecular
      layer was suggested by histochemical preparation using both the Timm's and AChE
      stains. In parathion-treated pups, sampled at day 12, hippocampal AChE was
      depressed 73% and [3H] quinuclidiny benzilate (QNB) binding was depressed by 36%.
      The above results indicate that morphological and biochemical consequences are
      associated with persistent AChE depression in neonatal rats.

PMID- 2284053
TI  - Acetylcholinesterase and neuropathy target esterase in chickens treated with
      acephate.
AB  - Reports that near-lethal doses of the pesticide methamidophos (O,S-dimethyl
      phosphoramidothioate) caused a delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) in humans and that
      another phosphoramidate, isofenphos, caused OPIDN in the hen at high doses,
      prompted a study of the abilities of acephate (O,S-dimethyl
      acetylphosphoramidothioate) to inhibit brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and
      neuropathy target esterase (NTE) in vivo. Hens were treated orally with 5-700
      mg/kg of acephate, or im with 50-200 micrograms/kg of diisopropyl-fluorophosphate
      (DFP, positive control) and sacrificed 24 hr later. Brain homogenates were
      assayed for AChE as an estimate of acute toxicity, for NTE to indicate acephate's
      potential to cause OPIDN, and for residues of acephate and its metabolite
      methamidophos. A range finding study confirmed the LD50 level for acephate was
      approximately 800 mg/kg. Regression analyses indicated an ID50 (a dose that
      inhibits 50% of activity) for acephate inhibition of AChE of 10 mg/kg and an
      extrapolated ID50 for inhibition of NTE of 1300 mg/kg, almost twice the LD50. In
      contrast, ID50 values for DFP were similar for AChE (146 micrograms/kg) and NTE
      (132 micrograms/kg). Brain methamidophos levels were 10 to 16 percent of the
      total acephate plus methamidophos brain concentration. The lower the dose of
      acephate, the higher was the relative percentage of methamidophos. The results
      show acephate is a more potent inhibitor of AChE than it is of NTE in hens and
      suggest it would be difficult to administer a single dose of acephate sufficient
      to cause OPIDN without killing the animal.

PMID- 2284054
TI  - Seizure-related opening of the blood-brain barrier induced by soman: possible
      correlation with the acute neuropathology observed in poisoned rats.
AB  - In rats poisoned with soman, an irreversible organophosphate anticholinesterase,
      acute changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to proteins were
      investigated, using Evans Blue (EB)-labelled serum albumin and plasmatic gamma
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) as indicators. Confirming previously published data, soman
      produced a conspicuous seizure-related and reversible BBB opening which was
      greatest after 30 to 60 min of paroxysmal electroencephalographic (EEG)
      discharges when signs of cerebral hyperactivity (epileptic EEG pattern,
      hyperoxia) were also at their height. Topographically, the protein leakage was
      bilateral and restricted to anatomically defined brain structures, some of which
      being thereafter sites of parenchymal edema and neuronal damage. In these areas
      (e.g., the thalamus), the edema is probably, at least in part, "vasogenic" in
      origin, and the possible contribution of the transient BBB opening to the
      neuronal lesions was questioned. On the other hand, the hippocampus, a region
      preferentially affected by the soman-induced acute neuropathology, was always
      free of any protein leakage, suggesting that the edema is unrelated to vascular
      damage and "cytotoxic" in nature. Finally, no topographic relationship was shown
      to exist between the increase in cerebrovascular permeability produced by soman
      and the histochemically-detected inhibition of the parenchymal total
      cholinesterases (ChE) or endothelial butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE).

PMID- 2284055
TI  - Prevention of soman neurotoxicity by non-opioid antitussives.
AB  - The antitussives dextromethorphan (DM), carbetapentane (CBP), and caramiphen (CM)
      are known to have anti-convulsant properties. They were given individually to
      guinea pigs prior to poisoning with 2 x LD50 soman to test their efficacy against
      organophosphorus-induced convulsions, brain damage, and lethality. All subjects
      received an injection of pyridostigmine coincident with the antitussive, and were
      treated with atropine methylnitrate and pralidoxime chloride 30 sec after soman
      administration. CM, in a dose-dependent manner, protected against lethality and
      either prevented or reduced the intensity of convulsions, electrographic seizure
      activity (EGSA), and brain damage. CBP delayed the onset of EGSA and reduced its
      intensity. DM prevented EGSA at higher doses, but neither DM nor CBP protected
      against the lethal effects of soman. CM is known to possess relatively stronger
      anticholinergic properties than the other antitussives used in this experiment,
      which may have contributed to its relatively superior efficacy against soman.

PMID- 2284056
TI  - Trace element imbalances in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - Concentrations of 15 elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation
      analysis in brain, spinal cord, blood cells, serum and nails of Amyotrophic
      Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients and appropriately matched control subjects.
      Several significant imbalances were detected in trace element levels in ALS
      samples compared to control samples. Some of these changes are probably secondary
      to the loss of tissue mass, especially in spinal cord. However the widespread
      changes observed in Hg and Se levels in ALS tissues deserve special attention.
      The significance of these alterations in trace element levels in relation to the
      pathogenesis of ALS is discussed.

PMID- 2284057
TI  - Neurotoxic effects of colchicine.
AB  - Neurotoxicants have found increasing use as tools to study the structure and
      function of the central nervous system. One class of compounds which block
      mitosis and disrupt axoplasmic transport includes colchicine, a chemical which is
      highly toxic to certain neuronal populations. Colchicine administered directly
      into the hippocampus of rats results in the preferential destruction of dentate
      gyrus granule cells without affecting the surrounding pyramidal cells. Injection
      of colchicine into other brain areas also destroys neurons but with less
      selectivity than is observed in the hippocampus. The neurotoxicity of colchicine
      appears to be related to the ability to bind to tubulin, although its exact
      mechanism remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2284058
TI  - Measles vaccination: revised recommendations for immunization.
AB  - Recently, outbreaks of measles have occurred across the United States among
      infants and young children with low rates of immunization, and among schoolage
      and college students with high rates of immunization. Because of these outbreaks,
      the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics has
      changed its recommendations for measles vaccination. New recommendations for
      routine vaccination are two doses of MMR, one at 15 months and one at age 11 or
      12, when a child enters middle school. For infants and children considered to be
      at increased risk, three doses are recommended: the first at 12 months, the
      second at 15 months and the third at 11 or 12 years. With school outbreaks,
      revaccination is recommended for all students, siblings of students and school
      personnel born on or after January 1, 1957, who did not receive two doses of MMR
      after 12 months of age. Primary care providers have the opportunity to be on the
      front lines for the education of the public, the implementation of the
      recommendations and the ultimate eradication of the disease.

PMID- 2284059
TI  - Screening mammography: increasing the effort toward breast cancer detection.
AB  - Mammography is the only modality with the potential for detecting a breast cancer
      while it is non-palpable and at a stage of high curability. Early detection of
      breast cancer is important because survival is directly related to tumor size and
      lymph node status, and prognosis is best for small lesions without axillary node
      metastasis. Many studies have indicated that screening mammography is
      tremendously underused. This article focuses on the effectiveness of mammography
      and the importance of detecting a breast cancer at an early stage. Health care
      providers have a responsibility to inform their clients about the benefits of
      mammography. In addition, women need to be taught breast self-examination and
      undergo regular clinical breast examinations by a health care professional. The
      American Cancer Society guidelines for screening breast cancer are given.

PMID- 2284060
TI  - The contraceptive needs of midlife women.
AB  - For those women who have not been contraceptively sterilized, midlife is a period
      of waning fertility. However, the occurrence of anovulatory menstrual cycles is
      unpredictable. Contraceptive methods also become increasingly contraindicated,
      both medically and physiologically. This article reviews the physiology of waning
      fertility and midlife contraceptive options, and discusses implications for
      helping women meet their contraceptive needs throughout the perimenopausal
      period.

PMID- 2284061
TI  - The management of lead exposure in pediatric populations.
AB  - Chronically elevated lead levels are a common problem affecting children.
      Although this problem occurs most frequently in the inner city, no community is
      safe from excessive pediatric lead exposure. Screening by erythrocyte
      protoporphyrin is a sensitive early indicator of rising lead levels. A Centers
      for Disease Control report recommends that all children be screened starting at 9
      to 12 months. A classification system of various lead levels helps determine
      proper treatment. Health care practitioners need to be well-informed about lead
      exposure and how it occurs in order to educate parents.

PMID- 2284062
TI  - A renaissance in nursing.

PMID- 2284063
TI  - After primary nursing--what next?

PMID- 2284064
TI  - Nursing innovations. The Burford model.

PMID- 2284065
TI  - Forging ahead on all fronts.

PMID- 2284066
TI  - Assessing wounded patients.

PMID- 2284067
TI  - The nature of ICU nursing.

PMID- 2284069
TI  - Accreditation of learning experience.

PMID- 2284068
TI  - Don't give AIDS a mainline ticket.

PMID- 2284070
TI  - With clients in mind.

PMID- 2284071
TI  - The personal touch.

PMID- 2284072
TI  - The role of the ward sister.

PMID- 2284073
TI  - Competition and advertising.

PMID- 2284074
TI  - The challenge of change.

PMID- 2284075
TI  - Attitudes of dental practitioners towards advertising and competition.
AB  - This paper examines the attitudes of dental practitioners towards competition and
      advertising and the changes that have occurred there between 1985 and 1988. It
      provides an insight into the views of members of the profession as they dealt
      with the issue of commercialisation. The study came at a time when proposed
      legislative changes would profoundly impact upon the profession's stance on
      business ethics and upon the business practice of its members. The data were
      derived from a self-completion questionnaire, 1,500 of which were evenly
      distributed among the members of five professions, doctors, dentists, lawyers,
      accountants, and veterinarians. The main findings were that the dental profession
      had moved along the collegiality-competition continuum only slightly, preferring
      to shun the use of overtly competitive behaviour while seeking to improve the
      efficiency of practice management.

PMID- 2284076
TI  - Myofascial pain in a young violin player: a case report.
AB  - This report reviews a young patient who had undergone orthodontic therapy leaving
      occlusal interferences which were initially able to be tolerated. When symptoms
      of dysfunction arose, the general practitioner referred her to a specialist. The
      treatment involved a segmental bite-plane. Symptoms returned when the patient was
      under stress, and a Michigan splint was made as the segmental type of bite-plane
      is unsuitable for long-term use.

PMID- 2284077
TI  - Efficiency or coronary? In search of a user-cuddly computer.

PMID- 2284078
TI  - An experience in dentistry in Jamaica.

PMID- 2284079
TI  - Cancer of the colon.

PMID- 2284081
TI  - Risks, their explanation, and written consent for nuclear medicine procedures.

PMID- 2284080
TI  - Fluoridation.

PMID- 2284082
TI  - The investigation of dementia with single photon emission tomography.

PMID- 2284083
TI  - Imaging of focal inflammation with 99Tcm-labelled human polyclonal immunoglobulin
      G.

PMID- 2284084
TI  - Standardized non-invasive assessment of myocardial free fatty acid kinetics by
      means of 15-(para-iodo-phenyl) pentadecanoic acid (123I-pPPA)scintigraphy: I.
      Method.
AB  - Two simple mathematical functions have been applied for estimating myocardial
      perfusion and fatty acid metabolism from planar, dynamic 123I-para
      phenylpentadecanoic acid (123I-pPPA) studies. The first one uses a modified gamma
      function and the latter one a biexponential fit. The reciprocal of mean transit
      time is assumed to represent myocardial blood flow and the fast phase (size and
      half-time) of the biexponential fit primarily accounts for beta oxidation of 123I
      pPPA.

PMID- 2284085
TI  - [AIDS, 1981, Los Angeles. This is how it began].

PMID- 2284086
TI  - [Endo-osseous implantology and complete dentures].

PMID- 2284088
TI  - [Morpho-functional components that affect esthetics].

PMID- 2284087
TI  - [Dentinal hypersensitivity and therapeutic indications].

PMID- 2284089
TI  - [Cause changes instead of complaining].

PMID- 2284090
TI  - [Top politicians comment on the situation of nursing personnel].

PMID- 2284091
TI  - [Care of patients with breast cancer].

PMID- 2284092
TI  - [Students' participation in decision making and responsibility in nursing
      school].

PMID- 2284093
TI  - [Hospital social work department--social work in the hospital].

PMID- 2284094
TI  - A novel sequence-specific DNA binding protein which interacts with three
      regularly spaced direct repeats of the CCCTC-motif in the 5'-flanking sequence of
      the chicken c-myc gene.
AB  - The chicken c-myc 5'-flanking sequence has previously been shown to bind multiple
      proteins present in undifferentiated and differentiated red blood cells. In this
      report the protein binding to one specific region within a hypersensitive site
      approximately 200 base pairs upstream of the start of transcription has been
      analysed in detail. Using a combination of a modified agarose gel retardation
      assay with O-phenanthroline-copper footprinting in situ, missing contact point
      and methylation interference techniques, two proteins were found to bind to
      overlapping sequences within 180-230 bp upstream of the start of transcription.
      One protein resembles the transcription factor Sp1, the other is a protein which
      binds to three regularly spaced repeats of the core sequence CCCTC. This CCCTC
      binding factor was termed CTCF. It requires additional sequences outside the
      three recognition motifs for tight binding. CTCF was purified to near homogeneity
      by sequence-specific DNA chromatography. The approximate molecular weight of the
      CTCF was estimated to be 130,000. Removal of 110 bp sequence binding both CTCF
      and Sp1-like proteins leads to a 4 to 8-fold increase in transcription of stably
      transfected c-myc fusion constructs in chicken embryonic fibroblasts, suggesting
      that the CTCF is likely to be one of multiple nuclear factors involved in the
      transcriptional regulation of the chicken c-myc gene.

PMID- 2284095
TI  - The c-ets-1 proto-oncogene has oncogenic activity and is positively
      autoregulated.
AB  - The proto-oncogene ets-1 is a member of the ets family of genes that share
      homology with the viral oncogene, v-ets, of the avian leukemia virus E26. By
      using expression vectors, we demonstrate that the ets-1 gene transforms NIH3T3
      cells and the ets-1 transfected cells form colonies in soft agar and induce
      tumors in nude mice. We have also determined that the ets-1 protein contains
      homology with the helix-loop-helix motif of the HLH family proteins, but lacks
      the basic domain upstream of helix I. Transfection of the NIH3T3 cells with ets-1
      vectors results in the activation of the endogenous ets-1 gene. Using
      hybridization probes that can distinguish between transcripts from endogenous and
      exogenous templates, we show that the endogenous ets-1 gene is activated by the
      expression of the transfected exogenous ets-1. In contrast, the expression of
      transfected ets-2 has no effect on the endogenous ets-1 gene expression. The
      results indicate that the ets-1 proto-oncogene is positively autoregulated by its
      product.

PMID- 2284096
TI  - Complete coding sequence of a human B-raf cDNA and detection of B-raf protein
      kinase with isozyme specific antibodies.
AB  - A 2.2 kb cDNA clone which presumably includes the complete human B-raf coding
      sequence was isolated from a human testes cDNA library. Sequence analysis showed
      the presence of all three conserved regions CR1, CR2 and CR3 previously
      identified in raf protein kinases. The cDNA was expressed in E. coli yielding a B
      raf fusion protein which reacts with antibodies specific for B-raf raised against
      the C-terminal peptide as well as with monoclonal antibodies which map into the
      kinase domain.

PMID- 2284097
TI  - A novel protein-tyrosine kinase, tec, is preferentially expressed in liver.
AB  - To identify protein-tyrosine kinases which play an important role in the process
      of hepatocarcinogenesis, we have screened a murine liver cDNA library with v-fps
      kinase domain as a probe. Using low stringency screening, we could isolate cDNAs
      of a putative protein-tyrosine kinase, tec (tyrosine kinase expressed in
      hepatocellular carcinoma). Nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs show that the C
      terminal domain of its predicted protein has significant homology with that of
      the members of the src family. The tec gene is expressed mainly in liver and
      faintly in heart, kidney and ovary. Northern analysis further shows that in 2 out
      of 4 cell lines of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) the tec gene is highly
      expressed compared to normal human liver. This is the first report showing a
      protein-tyrosine kinase which may be specifically involved in the cell growth of
      hepatocytes or in the step of hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2284098
TI  - Expression of the myc proto-oncogenes in developing human fetal brain.
AB  - We have analysed c-myc, N-myc and L-myc gene expression in developing human fetal
      brain by Northern hybridization, RNAase protection and in situ hybridization. The
      unique zonal organization of the developing fetal brain allows a particularly
      good assessment of the coupling of myc gene expression to cell proliferation and
      differentiation in vivo. By Northern and in situ hybridization, L-myc as well as
      c-myc and N-myc transcripts in the brain were found in the post-mitotic cortical
      and intermediate layers, as well as in the mitotically active layers containing
      the neuroepithelial precursor cells. Consistent results were also obtained for L
      myc using RNAase protection analysis. Both the 3.6 and 3.8kb forms of the L-myc
      mRNA, resulting from alternative splicing of intron I, were detected in layers of
      neuroectodermal origin, but not in the meninges or choroid plexus. We also
      extended L-myc expression and splicing analyses to other developing human fetal
      tissues. L-myc mRNA was expressed in several other fetal tissues, particularly in
      fetal skin. Predominantly intron I containing L-myc mRNA was observed in fetal
      striated and cardiac muscle. Thus, L-myc is expressed in a wider spectrum of
      developing tissues than previously known. Our findings also, show that L-myc as
      well as N-myc and c-myc expression is uncoupled from cell division in developing
      brain.

PMID- 2284099
TI  - Overexpression of transfected cathepsin D in transformed cells increases their
      malignant phenotype and metastatic potency.
AB  - Cathepsin D, an aspartic lysosomal proteinase, is overexpressed by breast cancer
      cells and highly correlated with the occurrence of metastasis in patients. We
      used an adenovirus transformed rat cell line that does not secrete cathepsin D,
      to study the consequences of transfecting human cathepsin D cDNA. Overexpression
      of human cathepsin D in stable transfectant clones, results in higher initial
      growth rates in low serum conditions, overgrowth at high cell densities resulting
      in stellate aggregates, and greater anchorage-independent growth in soft agar.
      The metastatic activity (mostly in liver) of cathepsin D clones injected into
      athymic mice was significantly higher than that of control clones. These results
      show that overexpression of cathepsin D increases the transformed phenotype of
      malignant cells in vitro and their metastatic potency in vivo.

PMID- 2284100
TI  - Concurrent activation of c-myc and inactivation of bcl-2 by chromosomal
      translocation in a lymphoblastic lymphoma cell line.
AB  - We have characterized a chromosomal translocation in a cell line (SU-DUL5)
      established from a patient with lymphoblastic lymphoma in which the c-myc gene on
      chromosome 8 was juxtaposed to a t(14;18). Cytogenetic analysis of this cell line
      showed 14q+, 18q-, and 8p+q+ marker chromosomes in the absence of t(14;18).
      Genomic Southern blot analysis showed juxtaposition of the immunoglobulin heavy
      chain joining region (JH) with chromosome 18 near the minor breakpoint cluster
      region (mcr) of the bcl-2 gene. There was also a rearranged c-myc gene detectable
      with a 5' c-myc probe. Molecular cloning studies showed that the c-myc gene was
      joined to chromosome 18 DNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis of cloned breakpoint
      DNA revealed that the crossover between chromosomes 8 and 18 occurred at the 3'
      end of the bcl-2 gene resulting in replacement of the bcl-2 gene on the 14q+
      chromosome with the c-myc gene. As a result of this translocation the SU-DUL5
      cell line contains no detectable bcl-2 mRNA or protein but has abundant levels of
      c-myc mRNA. Our data suggest that bcl-2 inactivation occurred simultaneously with
      c-myc translocation in a B cell lymphoblastic lymphoma.

PMID- 2284101
TI  - Prolonged N-myc protein half-life in a neuroblastoma cell line lacking N-myc
      amplification.
AB  - Genomic amplification of the oncogene N-myc is associated with rapid tumor
      progression and poor prognosis in patients with neuroblastoma (NB). However, 40%
      of NBs which lack N-myc amplification are also clinically aggressive. Factors
      other than N-myc copy number must therefore play a role in determining tumor
      progression in these NBs. We have established an unusual human NB cell line (NBL
      S) from the primary tumor of a patient with rapidly progressive disease which
      lacks N-myc amplification. The doubling time in vitro (48 h) and the time from
      injection of 2 x 10(7) cells to detectable tumors in nude mice (46 days) in
      similar to NB cell lines with amplified N-myc. However, karyotype analysis
      reveals no evidence of double minutes (DMs), homogeneously staining regions
      (HSRs), or chromosome 1p deletions, features commonly seen in NB cell lines. The
      cells have the cell surface phenotype typical of N-myc amplified NB (HLA-A,B,C
      negative and HSAN 1.2 positive), and similar to other NB cell lines, N-myc RNA
      and protein are expressed. Interestingly, the half-life of the N-myc protein in
      NBL-S is prolonged (approximately 100 min) compared to the short N-myc protein
      half-life previously described in N-myc amplified NB cell lines (approximately 30
      min). Because N-myc protein is thought to have a regulatory role, prolongation of
      the half-life of this protein may be an important factor in the regulation of
      growth in NBs which lack N-myc amplification and rapidly progress.

PMID- 2284102
TI  - A potential transcriptional activation element in the p53 protein.
AB  - The human p53 gene codes for a 393 amino acid nuclear phosphoprotein. p53 is most
      commonly described as a tumor suppressor, or anti-oncogene, although its role in
      vivo remains unclear. We report that GAL4-p53 fusion protein can activate
      transcription of a CAT reporter gene downstream of a GAL4-DNA binding site. We
      tested both the amino terminal 160 amino acids and the carboxyl terminal 233
      amino acids of the p53 protein and found that the transcriptional activating (TA)
      region was restricted to the amino terminal fragment. These results imply that
      p53 may be a transcriptional activating factor (TAF); furthermore, these data
      lend support to the hypothesis of p53 as a positive regulator of transcription
      which might mediate its tumor suppressor role by inducing expression of a set of
      genes with a negative effect on cellular growth.

PMID- 2284103
TI  - Expression of transforming growth factor alpha in human gliomas.
AB  - Expression of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) is frequently
      associated with the development of human and animal tumors. Using a sensitive
      immunohistochemical assay, which can be applied on formalin-fixed, paraffin
      embedded tissue, we have examined the expression of TGF alpha in 71 human gliomas
      (63 untreated and 8 recurrent tumors). Tumors were graded by a 3-grade-system:
      grade I = low grade gliomas, grade II = anaplastic gliomas and grade III =
      glioblastomas. A strong positive correlation between tumor grade and extent of
      TGF alpha expression was found (P less than 0.0001). Polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) was used to amplify the fourth exon of the TGF alpha gene of 8 glioma DNA
      specimens and increasing amounts of normal human DNA, which served as a standard.
      No amplification of the TGF alpha gene copy number in tumors could be detected.

PMID- 2284104
TI  - Structure and autoregulation of the c-rel promoter.
AB  - Precise regulation of proto-oncogene expression appears to be essential for the
      proper growth and development of multi-cellular organisms. One aspect of this
      regulation is at the level of transcription from the proto-oncogene promoter(s).
      In order to characterize the promoter for the chicken c-rel proto-oncogene, we
      have isolated and sequenced genomic DNA containing the first exon of the chicken
      c-rel proto-oncogene. The c-rel promoter is structurally similar to the promoters
      of the so-called house-keeping genes, lacking the CAATT and TATA elements found
      in some cellular genes, but containing a G/C-rich box near the transcription
      start sites. There are multiple transcription start sites for the c-rel mRNA,
      which map near putative binding sites for the transcription factors HIP-1 and NF
      kB. The c-rel promoter was functionally characterized by its ability to support
      expression of the firefly luciferase gene. The c-rel promoter is a relatively
      weak promoter, 100-times less active than the promoter within the spleen necrosis
      virus long terminal repeat (LTR). We have defined the c-rel promoter by analysis
      of a series of 5' deletion mutants of the c-rel promoter fused to the firefly
      luciferase gene. A DNA fragment containing 97 bp of 5' flanking sequence and 72
      bp of 3' flanking sequence is sufficient for c-rel promoter function. Co
      transfection of the c-rel promoter with a retroviral vector expressing the c-rel
      protein resulted in a decrease in expression from the minimal c-rel promoter.
      These results indicate that expression of the c-rel proto-oncogene is tightly
      regulated both at the level of basal promoter activity and by autoregulation of
      transcription by the c-rel protein.

PMID- 2284105
TI  - [The significance of various hematological parameters for the early diagnosis of
      bacterial infection in premature and full-term neonates. 1. Patients and study
      methods, normal values for the blood picture of newborn infants].
AB  - We examined the white blood count in 101 premature infants and full-term neonates
      on their first day of life (before or within the 12th hour), on 2nd, 3rd, 4th,
      5th, 10th, 15th and 20th day of life. Infection was suspected in the course in 31
      infants (without demonstration of pathogenic organisms). In 73 infants without
      infections we were therefore able to establish normal values. We could establish
      reference limits corresponding to the standard deviation for all kinds of white
      blood cells, except the whole leucocyte count. Because of considerable individual
      differences of the whole white blood cell count in newborns without infections we
      fixed for this reference limits from 5 to 20 Gpt/l. The means of leucocyte and
      neutrophil counts reached their maximum in the 12th hour after birth, decreased
      until the 5th day of life and leveled off then. The segmented neutrophils and the
      lymphocyte counts crossed over after the 5th day of life resulting in a relative
      lymphocytosis. The physiologic left shift decreased in the first days of life.
      These described changes after birth were significant.

PMID- 2284106
TI  - [The significance of various hematological parameters for the early diagnosis of
      bacterial infections in premature and full-term neonates. 2. The blood picture in
      premature and full-term neonates with suspicion of existing infection or with
      confirmed infection].
AB  - We compared the normal values of white blood counts in premature infants and full
      term neonates, as described in part one of this paper, with blood counts of 31
      infants with suspected infections and 81 infants with sepsis and/or meningitis.
      The half of these infected infants had leucocyte and neutrophil counts beyond the
      reference limits. The values tended to leucopenia in diseases beginning within
      the first five days of life and to leucocytosis later on. More than 80% of the
      patients had a left shift. One is able to predict a sepsis with a probability of
      16.3%, according to our experiences, with leucocyte counts below 5 or above 20
      Gpt/l. In the case of left shift the probability is about 25%. Combining these
      parameters the predictive value is even mounting to 56.1%. We were able to make a
      prognosis too referring to the blood count of infants with sepsis.

PMID- 2284107
TI  - [The significance of various hematological parameters for the early diagnosis of
      bacterial infections in premature and full-term neonates. 3. Discussion of the
      study results].
AB  - Haematological examinations may contribute, especially by repeated investigations
      of parameters changing dynamically, to a greater safety of decisions concerning
      the beginning or termination of chemotherapy in neonates with suspected
      infections. We recommend to check the blood count every 6-12 h in such cases. A
      normal blood count does not exclude a sepsis but haematological changes may
      precede clinical symptoms for hours. We can confirm the good experiences of some
      authors with "screening-scores" to detect early infants with sepsis. Such a score
      should include I/T-Quotient, thrombocyte count, CRP and micro-ESR. This
      contributes to a greater predictive probability of an infection.

PMID- 2284108
TI  - [The determination of number and differentiation of excreted leukocytes in
      relation to acuity, course and prognosis of inflammatory urinary tract
      infections].
AB  - The intention was to determine the diagnostic and prognostic value of
      differentiating between the cells excreted in the urine. Midstream morning urine
      specimens of children with untreated urinary tract infection (group AO), with
      recurrent urinary tract infection in the symptom-free period (group D), of
      healthy girls (group CW), healthy boys (group CM), of children with acute
      infections other than urinary tract infections (group B) and with acute urinary
      tract infections after 8 days of antibiotic therapy (group A8) were examined for
      number of leucocytes and proportion of granulocytes (PMNL) in percent. There were
      significant differences in leucocyte numbers between groups D, CW and A8 on the
      one hand and CM and B on the other The granulocytes percentages differed
      significantly between AO, D and CW, CM, A8. The study provides essential data for
      assessing acuity, course and prognosis of urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2284109
TI  - [Handedness in relation to reaching for an object--an analysis].
AB  - 1. By using a decision tree an analysis is made about which types of handedness
      are possible in visually guided reaching. 2. The terms "ipsilateral handedness"
      and "contralateral handedness" are created. Considering the possible combinations
      9 types of handedness can be described. 3. By analysis of information processing
      for using the right or the left hand in visually guided reaching the following
      facts can be described: a) The shortest time needed for decisions is found in the
      case of pure right- or left-handedness. b) If the object is in the symmetric
      plane and if the animal is not purely right- or left-handed a decision may be
      impossible. 4. In conclusion children should be urged decisively to use the right
      or left hand. However, urging should not be too early, as there is a spontaneous
      changing of the handedness up to the age of eight.

PMID- 2284110
TI  - [Excessive morbidity in kindergarten children--assessment in an industrial
      region].
AB  - Based on 3638 cases of illness over one year, the constant high morbidity of
      nursery school children in an industrial region were analyzed and compared.
      Extremely high is the number of illnesses of the upper respiratory tract with
      otitis media, conjunctivitis and with enteritis from October to March. In an
      industrial conglomerate combined effects of harmful substances are possible.
      Present measurements of industrial waste are insufficient. The morbidity of
      nursery school children demands a much higher intensification of ecological
      hygienic effort.

PMID- 2284111
TI  - [Trends in non-accidental childhood mortality in the Magdeburg district].
AB  - Since the foundation of the GDR a constant decrease in the infant mortality was
      achieved. In 1987 it was 3.02 of 10,000 children between the age of 1 and 15
      years. When investigating the death causes, it is quite obvious that for many
      years it is the accident that hold the first place. Then follow neoplasms,
      congenital anomalies, nervous diseases and diseases of the sense organs as well
      as diseases of the respiratory apparatus. The present analysis examines the
      development of the nonaccidental infant mortality between the age of 1 and under
      15 years old. The basis for this analysis are the documents of the Special County
      Commissions for Reducing Baby- and Infant Mortality in the county of Magdeburg
      from 1973 until 1986. The most important pathological death causes are shown
      according to the age, to sex and diagnosis groups. Even their development is
      shown.

PMID- 2284112
TI  - [Study of symptoms and structure of depressive mood in puberty using Kovacs'
      Child Depression Inventory].
AB  - This study is based on the German Language version "GCDI" of the "CDI" according
      to Maria KOVACS used in investigations on random selection of normal school
      population between the 7th and 9th grades (n = 130). The pupils ages ranged
      between 13 and 15 years. A second group was also used, made up of children of
      approximately the same age (n = 145) from a clinic. Among this second group, 58
      suffered from clinical depression. The comparison provided a clear separation
      between the depressive patients and the normal random participants--and the
      GCDI/CDI total value = 20 was decided to the optimal separation value.
      Comparisons with the Canadian group of school pupils (n = 850) agreed well with
      the above. Follow-up examinations on the randomly selection of normal school
      population resulted in the detection of a lasting condition of depressive mood
      for 7 per cent of the participants. It is apparent, that for the clarification
      for the structure of depressive mood not only are the simple total scores
      necessary--but also a factor analysis of the 27 items. Four factors were
      detected: 1) primarily affective disturbance, 2) motivation and cognition
      disturbances, 3) contact disturbances, 4) disturbances in school performances and
      behavior. Under consideration of the Furntratt criterium, 25 of the 27 items in
      the GCDI could classified into the four factors and achieve a significant
      correlation. GCDI is useful for international comparative investigations.
      Clinical use is possible too.

PMID- 2284113
TI  - [Syphilitic skeletal manifestations in infancy--a case report].
AB  - Radiological and morphological findings in the bones in the limbs of a one-and-a
      half-month-old infant led us to suspect syphilis connata praecox. In this child
      typical bone changes were present which are otherwise only rarely detected
      nowadays. The serological findings could not be clearly interpreted. The
      necessity of therapy is discussed.

PMID- 2284114
TI  - [The concept of evolution in pediatrics].

PMID- 2284115
TI  - [Percentile curves for body height and body weight of 0-3-year-old children].

PMID- 2284116
TI  - Perinatal mortality and morbidity in rural West-Java, Indonesia. Part I: Vital
      statistics based on cross-sectional surveys.
AB  - The first part of this article gives the summary result of 4 cross-sectional
      surveys conducted in 3 rural villages in West Java. It is expected that these
      surveys provide the researchers with more precise data on perinatal mortality and
      its associated causes in order to plan and implement the Tanjungsari Intervention
      Study (1986-1990). This comprises a mapping and numbering survey, and a census
      survey. Based on a sampling frame of 7964 houses, a systematic sample (one in
      eleven) was drawn for the Household and for the Married Women Surveys. The survey
      results yield some basic demographic indicators, occupational information and
      data on education. Also data on environmental health and vital statistics are
      presented. It is shown that the crude birth rate is 40 per thousand and that the
      estimated infant mortality rate reaches a figure of 120%. Furthermore, during
      individual interviews data was collected on characteristics, attitudes habits as
      well as on reproductive behaviour, of all married women under 50 years of age.

PMID- 2284117
TI  - Radiological assessment of renal length in children.
AB  - Assessment of kidney length to other easily available parameters such as L1-L3
      length and age in the evaluation and care of growing children with kidney disease
      is a prerequisite. Eighty nine IVP photos were selected from children with
      urinary tract infection. Radiological examinations were done after the absence of
      clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Nine or 10.1% IVP photos had radiological
      abnormalities so they were excluded from this study. There was no difference in
      kidney length between boys and girls. There was a difference in length between
      the right and the left kidney. A strong correlation was found between kidney
      length and L1-L3 length, age, body height and body weight. Tables are presented
      for charting data on kidney length and will be of use by pediatricians,
      radiologists and urologists in the care of growing children with kidney ailments.

PMID- 2284118
TI  - Risk factors in smoking habits of high school students.
AB  - Although the hazards of smoking is well known, the number of smokers among high
      school students is still high. There are many factors influencing these students
      to start smoking. This study was conducted to discover the size of the population
      of smokers among high school students is still high. There are many factors
      influencing these students to start smoking. This study was conducted to discover
      the size of the population of smokers among high school students, their smoking
      behaviour, and what factors might be associated as risk factors. Questionnaires
      were filled by 1627 respondents between 12 and 22 years of age of which 955
      (58.7%) are boys and 672 (41.3%) are girls. Among all male respondents there were
      found 622 (86.2%) experimental smokers; among all the girls there were only 99
      (13.7%) experimental smokers. From the total number of experimental smokers, 377
      (95.2%) boys and 19 (4.8%) girls eventually became smokers. One hundred and
      seventeen (16.2%) students tried smoking before 13 years old, 65 of these
      students became smokers. This study found that socio-economic status, parents,
      friends, and siblings who smoked, and social environment, have significant
      influence on high school students' smoking habits. To prevent and lower the
      number of smokers among students in high schools, health and smoking education
      must be started in the schools as early as possible.

PMID- 2284119
TI  - Immunization in the Well Baby Clinic of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan.
AB  - A retrospective study on an immunization programme was carried out in the Well
      Baby Clinic, Child Health Department, School of Medicine, University of North
      Sumatera, Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan from January to December 1986. Of the 5951
      total visits (an average of 495 visits each month) 3960 were primary and 1991
      secondary visits. Most were first children in the family (39.9%) of which 37.6%
      were from one child families. Of 3275 live births 57.6% were immunized with BCG
      immediately after birth. The average BCG immunization visits to the Well Baby
      Clinic was 17 visits/day. When compared with DPT I and polio I visits we recorded
      a decrease of 27.1% for DPT II; 47.9% DPT III; 27.4% polio II; and 49.1% polio
      III respectively. Daily coverage of measles immunization visits was 4.6%.
      Complete immunization among the under-one-year-old children was 5.7% of which
      44.9% were of the 9-12 months old group. The simultaneous immunization (BCG, DPT,
      polio, measles) comprised 0.5% of all visits. 4.1% of all visits were not
      immunized of which 36.5% was because they were beyond the immunization schedule.

PMID- 2284120
TI  - Early onset of stone diseases and primary hyperoxaluria.
AB  - A case of primary hyperoxaluria is presented. In a product of consanguinous
      marriage, recurrent stone formation, nephrocalsinosis and increased urinary
      oxalate excretion revealed the diagnosis of hyperoxaluria. Diagnosis and
      treatment of primary hyperoxaluria briefly reviewed and the importance of
      elevated urinary oxalate level in diagnosis is emphasized.

PMID- 2284122
TI  - Proceedings of the FAO expert consultation on revision of strategies for the
      control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Rome, 25-29 September 1989.

PMID- 2284121
TI  - Surgical management of thyrotoxicosis in young children.
AB  - Thyrotoxicosis is a rare disease in childhood. However, due to it's adverse
      effect on the growth and development of the developing child, physician should
      pay attention to manage the patients properly. In this paper, the incidence,
      pathophysiology, pathogenesis, medical and surgical intervention of this disease
      in children have been reviewed. In addition, 2 cases of thyrotoxicosis in
      children have been presented. There should be a close cooperation between
      pediatrician and surgeon to handle these patients before and after surgery.

PMID- 2284123
TI  - Summing-up of strategies for tick-borne disease control in Africa, especially
      east Africa.

PMID- 2284124
TI  - Summing-up of strategies for tick-borne disease control in regions of the world
      other than Africa.

PMID- 2284125
TI  - Methods currently used for the control of multi-host ticks: their validity and
      proposals for future control strategies.
AB  - Ticks have a world distribution and pest status reputation of hampering livestock
      production through transmission of fatal disease such as theileriosis,
      anaplasmosis, babesiosis, etc. and bites which cause blood loss, pain and other
      debilitating effects. Control of ticks is largely more effective on the host. The
      multi-host ticks spend most of the time off the host with short feeding periods
      of between four and ten days. Chemical control using dips or sprays has been the
      traditional method of attempting to kill these ticks during the infestation
      period. In many situations control, using acaricides, has been quite successful.
      This has been possible through correct timing of the ticks' seasonal activity and
      feeding periods to determine the application interval, and efficacy of the
      acaricides. However, the rising costs of acaricides have made it almost
      impossible to use these chemicals on a regular basis according to the pest
      problem. This is particularly true in many Third World tropical countries in
      which tick-associated problems are more pronounced. This has necessitated the
      search for alternative tick control methods on an integrated approach to pest
      management. For this reason, vaccination against ticks and breeding for host
      resistance against ticks are being studied in the hope that future control
      strategies will involve only the economically effective acaricide application in
      conjunction with these and other methods.

PMID- 2284126
TI  - Opening statement for the FAO Expert Consultation on Revision of Strategies for
      the Control of Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.

PMID- 2284127
TI  - Methods currently used for the control of one-host ticks: their validity and
      proposals for future control strategies.
AB  - Available methods for the control of one-host ticks as well as their possible
      applications in control programmes are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages
      of current methods (dipping vats, spray races, hand sprays) are compared to other
      chemical control methods (ear-tags, pour-ons, systemics, slow-release devices).
      Their integrated application with other technologies based on immunological,
      genetic or biological approaches is discussed. Because of the great diversity of
      geographic, climatic, infrastructural and scientific-technological developments
      in vast areas of the world, the author concludes that there is no universal
      method of application. What really matters is to be able to develop control
      programmes based on local ecological, socio-economic and political facts,
      integrating the best of available technology. Future tick control prospects are
      discussed with reference to the need for standardization of criteria on
      requirements and the legal basis for acaricide registration, introduction of new
      evaluation techniques for acaricide efficacy and development of faster techniques
      to recognize resistance. Special emphasis is laid on the need to establish
      control programmes integrating diagnosis, research and production of vaccines
      against one-host ticks and their haemoparasites.

PMID- 2284128
TI  - Acaricide resistance in single and multi-host ticks and strategies for control.
AB  - The majority of reports, concerning resistance in multi-host ticks, continue to
      be confined to the cyclodiene group and lindane, with sparse references to
      resistance affecting the organophosphorus acaricides. In contrast, the resistance
      picture in Boophilus spp., particularly in relation to B. microplus in Australia,
      continues to degenerate. Recent reports, documenting the emergence of a complex
      of pyrethroid resistant strains in the latter species, are the cause of
      considerable current concern, due to the lack of a suitable, commercially
      available, replacement group. These developments reinforce the need for a close
      examination of the strategies recommended for the management of acaricide
      resistance, particularly for Boophilus spp. The choice of options to select, in
      circumstances following the detection of resistance to an acaricide, is limited
      to those aimed at preserving the use of the affected chemical, or selection of an
      effective alternative, either from within the same class, or from a new acaricide
      group. Success of the former options, including tactics such as increased
      concentration or eradication of resistant alleles, and the rational choice of
      alternative acaricides for use in localized areas where necessary, are critically
      dependent on early detection of a newly emerged resistance mechanism, its
      localization, and an understanding of its spectrum of effect. Avermectins and
      acarine growth regulators show promise as potential future tick control agents.
      However, the dearth of new chemistry in this area stresses the importance of
      developing optimal strategies to extend the effective life of these and currently
      available compounds, in areas where they remain effective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284129
TI  - Strategic tick control in Burundi.
AB  - Strategic tick control is an attempt to control ticks and reduce losses in animal
      production due to tick infestations while decreasing the cost for this control.
      Tick control is understood as a necessity to achieve maximum animal production
      from animals raised in tick-infested areas. At the same time, it has become
      difficult to justify intensive, year-round tick control for local breeds and
      their crosses. The increasing costs of acaricides, maintenance of the
      infrastructures, salaries for personnel, etc. have created a tick control
      programme where the benefits may not be adequate to justify the expense. This has
      been the case in Burundi. This programme with adequate participation from the
      cattle owners of Burundi and organizational support from government personnel can
      help solve this economic problem. The strategic programme reduces the period of
      tick control to four months each year. Once optimal participation is achieved,
      this period can probably be reduced to three months (Kaiser et al., 1988). The
      period of treatment corresponds to when there is maximal feeding activity of
      adult female ticks on the bovine population within a certain region. Cattle
      should be treated once each week throughout the four-month period in order to
      prevent female tick engorgement (based on the life cycle of R. appendiculatus).
      This will greatly reduce the number of female ticks which are available to
      recycle the population of ticks in the participating area. At the same time, a
      certain population of ticks must be maintained in order to assure contact between
      the cattle, ticks, and tick-borne diseases of this particular region.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284130
TI  - Amblyomma variegatum and associated diseases in the Caribbean: strategies for
      control and eradication in Guadeloupe.
AB  - Amblyomma variegatum, introduced into Guadelopue 150 years ago, has recently
      spread in the Lesser Antilles and threatens North America. Two important diseases
      are associated with the tick: heartwater and dermatophilosis. Heartwater occurs
      in Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante and Antigua; acute dermatophilosis exists almost
      everywhere the tick is present. Both are very pathogenic for upgraded or newly
      infested cattle. After 15 years of A. variegatum control in Guadeloupe, a balance
      is established between a tick population maintained at a low level by spraying
      acaricides and an animal population either completely resistant to heartwater and
      dermatophilosis (creole cattle) or regularly treated against ticks (upgraded
      cattle). An eradication campaign against A. variegatum in Guadeloupe, to avoid
      the spread of the associated diseases, appears technically difficult but
      possible, economically profitable, but socially completely utopian. We suggest
      for Guadeloupe a reinforced control of the tick with a persistent acaricide,
      hoping that a general decrease of the tick infestation rate on cattle will
      eliminate heartwater and acute dermatophilosis.

PMID- 2284132
TI  - Summing-up of strategies for the control of ticks in Africa.

PMID- 2284131
TI  - Perspectives for subunit vaccines for the control of ticks.
AB  - For the first time, successful vaccination against a tick has been carried out
      using a single defined antigen. Further, it has been shown that it is feasible to
      produce active antigenic material by recombinant DNA technology. This represents
      a significant advance towards the development of an alternative means of tick
      control. Nevertheless, as with any new product and new technology, much
      developmental work still has to be done before one can be confident that a
      practical means of tick control will result. From the published information, it
      does not seem that research on vaccines against other tick species is as advanced
      as that on Boophilus microplus. The work on B. microplus may, however, provide a
      short cut to the development of further tick vaccines.

PMID- 2284133
TI  - Summing-up of strategies for the control of ticks in regions of the world other
      than Africa.

PMID- 2284134
TI  - Report of the FAO Expert Consultation on Revision of Strategies for the Control
      of Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, Rome, 25-29 September 1989.

PMID- 2284135
TI  - Methods currently used for the control of heartwater: their validity and
      proposals for future control strategies.
AB  - Major advances made in the last few years in the knowledge of heartwater have not
      yet resulted in significant improvement of its prevention and control. Acaricide
      resistance and the high cost of chemical vector control stimulate research on
      alternative methods of vector control, such as immunization against the tick and
      the use of pheromones. Recently developed in vitro methods for the culture of
      Cowdria ruminantium may make it possible to arrive at safe recombinant or
      molecular vaccines. Specific chemotherapy may be improved by new laboratory
      screening methods, and studies on the pathogenesis of heartwater could lead to
      better non-specific treatment as well. Studies on the heritability of natural
      resistance to heartwater should determine whether or not practical selection and
      transfer of resistance is feasible. More research is also needed on the
      immunology and diagnosis of the disease and the factors involved in the
      resistance of young animals.

PMID- 2284137
TI  - [Diagnosis of poikilodermic state].

PMID- 2284136
TI  - Methods currently used for the control of anaplasmosis and babesiosis: their
      validity and proposals for future control strategies.
AB  - Four alternative approaches to the control of anaplasmosis and babesiosis as a
      complex of diseases are identified: no active control, tick control,
      immunization, and chemoprophylaxis. These methods may be utilized in one of five
      strategies: tick eradication with or without concurrent immunization, tick
      reduction with or without concurrent immunization or no active control. Factors
      influencing the choice of strategy are discussed.

PMID- 2284138
TI  - [Peripheral T-cell lymphoma associated with hemophagocytic syndrome: a recently
      identified entity. Clinico-pathologic and immunohistochemical study of 2 cases].
AB  - The authors report on two examples of peripheral T-cell lymphoma associated with
      hemophagocytic syndrome. The latter represents a recently described entity, which
      is characterized by pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, fever and rapid downhill
      clinical course. Microscopic examination of different tissue samples shows bone
      marrow, liver and spleen infiltration by small-medium sized lymphoid elements,
      which display peripheral T-cell phenotype and are associated with an exuberant
      hyperplasia of hemophagocytosing, benign-looking histiocytes. The clinical and
      pathological findings, along with the main differential diagnoses, are discussed.

PMID- 2284139
TI  - [Bone marrow biopsy in HIV-positive patients with thrombocytopenia. Light and
      electron microscopy].
AB  - Isolated thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 100,000 mmc) may be the first
      clinical symptom in HIV positive patients or occur in all the evolutive phases up
      to overt AIDS. In this paper bone marrow lesions are evaluated at light and
      electron microscopy in 32 HIV positive patients with isolated thrombocytopenia
      (group II and III CDC 1986). At light microscopy an increase in megakaryocytes
      with small dysplastic changes, plasmacytosis and hypereosinophilia were the bone
      marrow lesions detected. Electron microscoy revealed megakaryocytes with focal
      nuclear alterations (hypolobation and dilatation of the perinuclear cisternae)
      and abnormalities in the maturation of platelets associated with cytoplasmic
      micro-macrovacuolation, absence of viral particles or of virus correlated
      structures. About 9% of HIV positive patients presented with isolated
      thrombocytopenia as a first clinical symptom: thrombocytopenia is not believed to
      have unfavourable prognostic significance in the evolution to overt AIDS.

PMID- 2284140
TI  - [Gastric lymphoma. Anatomo-clinical and prognostic correlations].
AB  - In order to assess the prognostic value of some clinicopathological factors of
      Gastric Lymphoma the authors reviewed 37 consecutive cases observed between 1973
      and 1985 with 48 months follow up at least. Age, sex, gross features, site,
      histological subtype, depth of gastric wall invasion, regional lymph nodes
      involvement weren't useful parameters. Notable difference exists in survival
      according to the treatment carried out (surgery and chemoradiotherapy 100% alive
      & well, surgery and chemotherapy 29% a&w, surgery 17% a&w). The authors compared
      inflammatory cell population reactive to neoplasm to survival as possible
      meaningful parameter.

PMID- 2284141
TI  - Rearrangements on chromosomes 7 and 14 with breakpoints at 7q35 and 14q11 in
      angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and IBL-like T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - In this report we discuss some cases of AILD and IBL-like T-cell lymphomas and
      attempt to clarify the cytogenetic relationship between these complex disease
      states. During the period 1980-1987 we have studied No. 6 patients affected with
      AILD, three of which showed final evolution into Immunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.
      Cytogenetic studies, carried out on surgical lymphonodal material with
      histological diagnosis of AILD and leukemic cells obtained from the peripheral
      blood at the time of diagnosis, were analysed with IBAS 2000 for a computerized
      analysis, according to ISCA 1978 criteria. We have found similar translocations
      in three of our patients with AILD and terminal T-cell immunoblastic lymphoma,
      occurring between chromosomes 7 and 14 with breakpoints at 7q35 and 14q11. The
      arising of T-cell lymphoma in patients with AILD seems to be related to the
      presence of clonal cells with abnormal 7:14 translocation, which represent a very
      sensible marker of clonality desides of T-cell maturational lineage. In our
      opinion, the forms of AILD with these cytogenetic aberrations are pre
      lymphomatous lesions. On the contrary, the lack of such rearrangements is
      indicative of non-neoplastic patterns.

PMID- 2284142
TI  - [Nucleolus organizer regions in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm].
AB  - Using a silver staining technique, Nucleolar Organizer Region-associated proteins
      (NORs) were evaluated on paraffin sections of 16 resected prostatic
      adenocarcinomas stage A1. Then 30 histological areas was selected which comprised
      6 areas for each grade of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia: PIN 1, PIN 2, PIN
      3, 6 areas of normal glandular prostatic epithelium and 6 areas of well
      differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma (Gleason I). The mean numbers of
      argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) increased from normal glandular
      prostatic epithelium to PIN 3, while the mean numbers of well differentiated
      prostatic adenocarcinoma was similar to PIN 1. A statistically significant
      difference (P less than 0.01) for AgNORs was found between normal glandular
      epithelium, PIN 1, PIN 2 and PIN 3 and between PIN 3 and well differentiated
      adenocarcinoma. It was concluded that AgNORs counts provide to significant
      kinetic evaluation of PIN and prostatic adenocarcinoma besides to supply a better
      definition of PIN.

PMID- 2284143
TI  - Immunoperoxidase staining of malignant cells in pleural effusions.
AB  - The indirect immunoperoxidase method was used to detect the presence of
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), keratin and
      alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (alpha 1ACT) in cells of pleural fluid sediments from 30
      patients with pleural malignancies (18 mesotheliomas and 12 metastatic
      carcinomas). CEA was negative in all mesotheliomas and positive in all carcinomas
      but one (an ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma); alpha 1ACT was positive in
      mesotheliomas and negative in carcinomas; EMA and keratin were positive in both
      types of tumor. These data suggest that the use of immunostaining against CEA and
      alpha 1ACT seems to improve the cytologic differential diagnosis between
      malignant mesothelioma and metastatic carcinoma in pleural effusions.

PMID- 2284144
TI  - [Cerebral gliosarcoma. On the possible pericytial origin of the sarcomatous
      component].
AB  - We have reported two cases of cerebral gliosarcoma by immunohistochemical method.
      The antibodies anti S-100, anti GFAP and anti vimentin have supported the
      presence of glial and mesenchymal elements. Factor VIII has labeled the
      endothelium of the newly formed vessels. Collagen IV has shown atypical cells in
      the thickness of the vascular walls, and ribbons of adventitial cells throwing in
      the surrounding parenchyma. By these results, the pericitic origin of the
      sarcomatous elements could be hypothesized.

PMID- 2284145
TI  - Hepatic histological lesions during acute experimental peritonitis in the rat.
AB  - During acute experimental peritonitis in the rat, the main histological lesions
      in the liver are represented by venous stasis in the central lobular vein and in
      the sinusoids; by glycogen mobilization and intracytoplasmic accumulation of
      triglycerides in the hepatocytes; by activation and hypertrophy of Kupffer's
      cells.

PMID- 2284146
TI  - [Morphologic changes in the liver of rats treated with monensin].
AB  - Monensin, a carboxylic ionophore, collapse Na+ gradient across biological
      membranes, increases intracellular pH and affects many processes involved in
      transport, posttranslational modification and secretion of proteins, moreover
      endocytosis and degradation in lysosomes. Concerning the liver, the action of
      monensin in vitro or in perfused liver, showed an altered secretion of protein
      and altered transport of VLDL; in bile-fistula rats, monensin caused a decrease
      of bile flow, altered protein profile and bile acids secretion. Because the
      effects of monensin seem to be complicated, in this note it has been studied the
      action of monensin on the morphology of liver cells to have a picture not only of
      the parenchymal cells, but also of the sinusoidal cells, which cooperation with
      the general liver functions become increasingly evident. The results obtained
      after staining of liver biopsies with Sudan Black, Sudan III and Sudan IV showed
      that monensin induces a diffuse cholestasis and islands of hepatocytes in
      steatosis, in agreement with the data in literature. Cells lining the sinusoid
      with phagocytic activity and that might be identified with fat-storing cells,
      showed an increase of their lipid droplets that might be attributed to vitamin A.

PMID- 2284147
TI  - [Melanoblastoma of the meninges. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of
      a case].
AB  - Primary diffuse melanoblastomatosis of the leptomeninges is an uncommon disease
      and are not associated with any specific clinical or radiologic features.
      Diagnosis is usually post-mortem and first regard the interpretation of malignant
      melanoblastomatosis as a primary neoplasm; the situation is complicated by the
      fact that a primary melanoma, in this site, may metastasize to extraneural organs
      and a detailed dissection of the entire body, including the orbital contents,
      aims to reveal no primary tumor outside the nervous system. Differential
      diagnosis is V.S. others pigmented tumors of the C.N.S. Electronmicroscopic and
      immunohistochemical analysis were performed and confirmed the diagnosis.

PMID- 2284148
TI  - [Paraganglioma of the gallbladder].
AB  - A case of incidental Gallbladder Paraganglioma is presented. This is the third
      case found until now in this organ. The parasympathetic origin of this neoplasm
      is thus discussed.

PMID- 2284149
TI  - [Epidermoid cyst of the spleen. Presentation of a case].
AB  - Cystic lesions of the spleen are unusual. They are classified essentially as:
      parasitic or nonparasitic, based on their etiology, and true or pseudo based on
      the presence or absence of lining epithelium. The pathogenesis of true cysts is
      unknown and numerous hypotheses are given by different Authors. After a short
      review of the literature, the Authors describe the clinical and pathological data
      of a case of epithelial (epidermoid) splenic cyst occurs in a 12-year-old woman.
      The Authors put forward some personal observations on pathogenesis, still
      doubtful, by means of histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

PMID- 2284150
TI  - American Pediatric Society Presidential Address at the 100th annual meeting: let
      the walls come tumbling down.

PMID- 2284151
TI  - Age-related differences in erythropoietic response to recombinant human
      erythropoietin: comparison in adult and infant rhesus monkeys.
AB  - Human recombinant erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) was given i.v. to rhesus monkeys to
      compare its safety, erythropoietic effects, and pharmacokinetics in healthy adult
      and infant animals. Eighteen adult and 18 infant (9- to 15-d-old) monkeys were
      divided into three groups each of six animals. One group was given 250 U/kg twice
      weekly, another was given 100 U/kg twice weekly, and a control group was given
      the drug vehicle for 6 wk. All animals were healthy throughout this period, and
      for 10 wk after that. Administration of r-HuEPO at these dosages did not produce
      any changes in leukocytes, platelets, urea nitrogen, bilirubin, creatinine,
      alkaline phosphatase, alanine amino transferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and
      blood pressure in either age group. At 6 wk, both adult treatment groups had
      statistically significant increases in Hb concentration. The same dosages that
      produced these increases in Hb concentration in adults produced no changes in Hb
      concentration in infant monkeys. Despite active erythropoiesis, as determined by
      reticulocytosis and increased total body Hb, Hb concentration decreased similarly
      in the infant treatment and control groups. Pharmacokinetic profiles were
      obtained at 5 wk of dosing. One h after administration, both doses of r-HuEPO
      produced significantly lower serum r-HuEPO concentration in the infant monkeys
      compared with the adults. These differences appeared to be due to a larger volume
      of distribution of r-HuEPO in the infant monkeys. The t1/2 of r-HuEPO in
      circulation was the same in both age groups.

PMID- 2284152
TI  - A recycling defect as a characteristic of natural killer cells in childhood acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - The cytolytic function of natural killer (NK) cells and their responsiveness to
      interferon-alpha and IL-2 were investigated in children with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL) using 51Cr-release and single-cell assays. For comparison, such NK
      cell functions were similarly assayed in neuroblastoma. NK activity in ALL
      children was extremely low at onset, but it increased gradually during remission
      and finally reached normal levels. At the single-cell level, their NK cells at
      onset were defective in the binding, lytic, and recycling abilities. Although the
      binding and lytic defects improved to normal levels during remission, the
      recycling, which increased gradually during remission, was still low even after
      the long-term remission in ALL: the maximal recycling capacity values were 1.9 +/
      0.4 (p less than 0.001) at onset and 4.6 +/- 0.6 (p less than 0.05) after 5 y of
      complete remission, as compared to the value in control children of 5.4 +/- 0.7.
      On the other hand, children with neuroblastoma had no recycling defect after
      completing the therapy: their maximal recycling capacity value was 5.6 +/- 0.7.
      Bone marrow cells in ALL were also depressed in their recycling ability at all
      stages. Interferon-alpha and IL-2 could enhance NK activity and IL-2 could
      generate lymphokine-activated killer activity at all stages of ALL; however, the
      recycling defect hardly improved with these treatments. Thus, NK cells in
      childhood ALL have a recycling defect as a functional characteristic.

PMID- 2284153
TI  - Local immune response measured in blood lymphocytes reflects the clinical
      reactivity of children with cow's milk allergy.
AB  - Study was made of immune responses in cow's milk allergy by a new immunoassay
      that measures total Ig-secreting cells and specific antibody-secreting cells
      during their maturation cycle in peripheral blood. These primed gut-associated
      lymphoid tissue-derived lymphocytes are assumed to reflect the intestinal immune
      responses. During diagnostic milk provocation, 15 patients had acute urticarial
      skin eruptions, eight patients had slow onset of eczema, and 15 showed symptoms
      from the gastrointestinal tract. A significant increase in IgM-secreting cells
      (means with 95% confidence intervals) from 382.2 (265, 552) to 621.4 (381,
      1013)/10(6) cells, p less than 0.01, but not IgA- and IgG-secreting cells was
      associated with acute urticaria. In patients with eczematous skin eruptions and
      gastrointestinal symptoms, the response involved all these Ig isotypes. The
      magnitude of the postchallenge Ig-secreting cell responses in patients with
      gastrointestinal symptoms in the IgM class [from 657.9 (428, 1012) to 3544.0
      (1696, 7406)/10(6) cells, p less than 0.001] and the IgA class [from 974.6 (590,
      1610) to 2482.4 (1528, 4028)/10(6) cells, p = 0.001] significantly exceeded that
      of the patients with cutaneous symptoms. Notwithstanding the distinct increase in
      the total number of Ig-secreting cells, the specific antibody-secreting cell
      response specifically directed against beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-casein was
      small and inconsistent. These findings indicate that immune exclusion of milk
      antigens is defective in cow's milk allergy. The quality and extent of the
      response varied in the three reaction types, suggesting that different
      immunopathogenic mechanisms are operative in cow's milk allergy.

PMID- 2284155
TI  - Ontogeny of calcium transport by intestinal Golgi in spontaneously hypertensive
      rats and genetically matched WKY rats.
AB  - Our studies were designed to characterize calcium transport by intestinal Golgi
      vesicles in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their genetically matched
      control, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The biochemical purity of the intestinal Golgi
      in SHR and WKY was validated by marker enzyme studies. Calcium uptake by Golgi
      vesicles represented transport into the intravesicular space as evidenced by
      temperature dependency and by calcium ionophore A23187-induced calcium efflux
      experiments. ATP-driven calcium uptake was stimulated several-fold compared with
      uptake in the absence of ATP and adenylyl-(beta-gamma-methylendiphosphate)
      (nonhydrolyzable ATP) in both SHR and WKY. ATP-dependent calcium uptake was
      significantly higher in WKY compared with SHR at early times points, 15 s-5 min
      (p less than 0.05-0.01). The initial rate of calcium uptake was linear up to 60
      s. Kinetic parameters of calcium uptake at free calcium concentrations of 0.1 to
      2.0 microM showed a Vmax of 1.64 +/- 0.06 and 1.2 +/- 0.06 nmol.mg protein-1.15 s
      1 in WKY and SHR, respectively (p less than 0.01), and the Km values were 0.17 +/
      0.03 and 0.16 +/- 0.04 microM, respectively. Kinetic analysis of ATP-dependent
      calcium uptake in 3-wk-old rats showed a Vmax of 0.07 +/- 0.005 and 0.36 +/- 0.05
      nmol/mg protein-1.15 s-1 (p less than 0.01) and a Km of 0.26 +/- 0.08 and 0.4 +/-
      0.2 microM in SHR and WKY, respectively. These results suggest that intestinal
      Golgi vesicles in SHR and WKY demonstrate an ATP-driven calcium uptake. This ATP
      dependent process is significantly decreased in the weanling and adult SHR
      compared with WKY. Such an abnormality in intracellular calcium regulation may
      have a role in the development of hypertension.

PMID- 2284154
TI  - Anion transport in sickle red blood cells.
AB  - Anion transport in sickle cells (SS RBC) mediated by the band 3 membrane protein
      was evaluated by three different measures in both oxygenated and deoxygenated
      conditions and compared to normal red cells. First, Cl- self-exchange measured as
      36Cl- efflux at 0 degrees C was normal in SS RBC in both Vmax and dependence on
      extracellular Cl- concentration. There was no effect of deoxygenation on either
      parameter. Second, stilbene-sensitive 35SO4=; SO4= exchange, measured at 37
      degrees C where morphologic sickling occurred, was also unaffected by
      deoxygenation and was normal compared to normal red cells. Third, conductive Cl-
      flux was assessed by measuring the rates of Cl(-)-limited K+ efflux in
      valinomycin-treated cells at 37 degrees C. Both the stilbene-sensitive and
      insensitive components of net Cl- flux were similar in SS RBC and normal red
      cells, and were unaltered by morphologic sickling. Thus, despite dramatic
      alterations in cation transport in SS RBC and the demonstration of interaction
      between band 3 protein and sickle cell, anion transport functions appear to be
      normal in SS RBC and are unaffected by deoxygenation. These data suggest that the
      majority of the anion exchangers in SS RBC are functionally normal.

PMID- 2284156
TI  - Vasopressin in oligohydramnios-induced lung hypoplasia.
AB  - Experimentally-induced oligohydramnios (oligo) produces lung hypoplasia. To
      determine if arginine vasopressin (AVP), a hormone known to decrease fetal lung
      fluid production, contributes to the pathogenesis of oligo-induced lung
      hypoplasia, the following experiment was performed. Brattleboro rats were mated
      to produce litters either with AVP [heterozygotes (HZ)] or without AVP
      [homozygotes (HO)]. On d 15 of gestation, half of each litter underwent
      amniocentesis to create persistent oligo. Littermates with intact membranes
      served as controls. Four groups of fetuses, i.e. 10 HO litters divided into
      control (44 fetuses) and oligo (25 fetuses), and eight HZ litters divided into
      control (35 fetuses) and oligo (18 fetuses), were killed at term for measurement
      of organ weights and biochemical determination of lung development. Significant
      differences between control and oligo groups were observed for body weight (HO, p
      = 0.008; HZ, p = 0.03), lung weight (less than 0.001 for both crossings),
      lung/body weight ratio (less than 0.001 for both), DNA per lung (HO, p = 0.02;
      HZ, p less than 0.001), and lung dry/wet ratio (HO, p less than 0.001; HZ, p =
      0.001). Oligo groups with and without AVP were not found to be different for lung
      weight (p = 0.217), lung/body weight ratio (p = 0.209), and DNA per lung (p =
      0.822). An analysis of variance confirmed the lack of any significant difference
      of the impact of oligo in the presence or absence of AVP. We conclude that AVP
      plays no role in the development of oligo-induced lung hypoplasia.

PMID- 2284157
TI  - A method of calculating total respiratory system compliance from resonant
      frequency: validity in a rabbit model.
AB  - Ten anesthetized, tracheotomized, adult rabbits were used to test the validity of
      a method for calculation of total respiratory system compliance from resonant
      frequency (Cr). Reference values were obtained during constant flow inflation of
      the relaxed respiratory system by dividing the volume gain by the related
      difference in pressure at the airway opening (inflation method compliance, Ci).
      The animals were connected to a new type of servo-controlled infant ventilator.
      Besides volume-controlled mechanical ventilation at constant inspiratory flow
      rate and intermittent mandatory ventilation, there is a negative ventilator
      resistance mode integrated in this device for resistive unloading (Schulze A,
      Schaller P, Gehrhardt B, Madler H-J, Gmyrek D: Pediatr Res 28:79-82, 1990). To
      measure resonant frequency (fr), the respiratory system was totally unloaded for
      a short period by a negative ventilator resistance exceeding the combined
      resistances of the endotracheal tube and airways. This evoked a continuous
      oscillation at fr. By analogy with electrical circuit theory, Cr was calculated
      according to C = 1/(4 pi 2.I.fr2) where C is compliance and I is inertance. The
      inertance of the endotracheal tube is given and that of the bronchial tree was
      ignored assuming a much greater total cross-sectional area and therefore much
      lower inertance when compared with the endotracheal tube. Three pairs of Ci - Cr
      values were obtained from each animal: 1) during intact respiratory muscle
      activity; 2) after pancuronium relaxation, and 3) after surfactant depletion by
      saline washout.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284158
TI  - The effect of an increase in systemic arterial pressure in the newborn with right
      ventricular hypertension.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of an elevation in systemic arterial pressure upon
      pulmonary blood flow and arterial oxygenation during right ventricular
      hypertension (RVH), we acutely studied 13 1-d-old piglets. Catheters were
      positioned in the pulmonary artery, both atria, and the aorta for hemodynamic
      measurements. An electromagnetic probe was positioned in the main pulmonary
      artery for pulmonary blood flow measurement. Systemic and regional blood flow
      were measured with the radiolabeled microsphere technique. A balloon-mounted
      catheter was advanced in the aorta and maintained at the lower thoracic level.
      After induction of RVH (pulmonary artery banding), a significant decrease in
      arterial O2 pressure from 54.4 +/- 1.6 to 10.6 +/- 0.4 kPa (p less than 0.01), a
      30% reduction in systemic arterial pressure, and a 44% decrease in pulmonary
      blood flow were observed. During RVH, partial inflation of the aortic balloon to
      restore the systemic arterial pressure to its initial value led to an increase in
      arterial O2 pressure to 23.5 +/- 3.1 kPa (p less than 0.01). Full inflation of
      the balloon further increased the arterial O2 pressure to 32.6 +/- 2.9 kPa (p
      less than 0.01). Aortic balloon inflation increased pulmonary blood flow in 11
      and systemic O2 delivery in nine of the 13 animals. RVH was associated with a
      significant increase in cerebral and right ventricular myocardial free-wall blood
      flow and a decrease in renal and bowel blood flow and O2 delivery (p less than
      0.01). Aortic balloon inflation during RVH did not change either the cerebral or
      myocardial free-wall blood flow, but further significantly decreased renal and
      bowel blood flow and O2 delivery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284159
TI  - Pressure ventilation increases brain vascular prostacyclin production in newborn
      pigs.
AB  - Using awake, chronically catheterized newborn pigs, we measured cerebral blood
      flow (CBF), net cerebral vascular 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha production, and
      cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) during hypercapnia and during
      hypercapnia at increased mean airway pressure (Paw), both before and after
      treatment with indomethacin. CBF nearly doubled during hypercapnia. The
      hypercapnia-induced cerebral hyperemia was maintained when Paw was increased from
      3 +/- 2 to 16 +/- 4 cm H2O during hypercapnia. Sagittal sinus pressure increased
      in proportion to the increase in Paw, and cardiac output was unchanged. Net
      cerebral production of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha increased from 9 +/- 1 to 15
      +/- 1 ng/min/100 g tissue during hypercapnia and increased dramatically to 57 +/-
      1 ng/min/100 g when hypercapnia was coupled with an increase in Paw. CMRO2 was
      not changed by either hypercapnia or increased Paw. After indomethacin, CBF
      decreased and cerebral vasodilation to hypercapnia did not occur. After
      indomethacin, adding increased Paw during hypercapnia dropped CBF below baseline,
      adversely affecting CMRO2. These results suggest that cerebral hypercapnia
      hyperemia requires brain prostanoid production and that when Paw is increased
      during hypercapnia, the contribution of prostanoids to maintaining CBF is
      increased. Increasing ventilation pressure during hypercapnia in piglets
      pretreated with indomethacin compromises CBF sufficiently to reduce CMRO2.

PMID- 2284160
TI  - Biochemical manifestations of oxygen toxicity in the newborn lamb.
AB  - The purpose of this project was to study the role of lipid peroxidation in oxygen
      induced lung injury in the newborn lamb. It was our hypothesis that injury to the
      microvascular bed of the lung by oxygen would coincide with a burst of
      peroxidative activity and would be accompanied by an increased rate of excretion
      of ethane and pentane in expired gas. We measured vascular pressures, the rate of
      lung lymph flow and concentrations of ethane and pentane in exhaled gas in 10
      newborn lambs that breathed greater than 95% oxygen continuously. Our marker for
      oxygen-induced lung injury was an increase in the permeability of the
      microvascular bed of the lung to protein (an increase in the rate of lung lymph
      flow accompanied by an increase in the protein concentration in lymph). Although
      all 10 lambs demonstrated an abrupt increase in microvascular permeability to
      protein within 48 to 96 h of exposure to greater than 95% oxygen, the rates of
      ethane and pentane excretion remained unchanged throughout the entire
      experimental period. Lung tissue concentrations of glutathione decreased by 40%
      in the oxygen-exposed lambs and the concentrations of glutathione disulfide
      increased 85% relative to air-breathing controls. Activities of glutathione
      reductase and superoxide dismutase were lower in the lungs of the oxygen-exposed
      lambs than in controls, whereas the activities of glutathione peroxidase and
      catalase were not changed. We conclude that, in the lamb, changes in the rates of
      excretion of ethane and pentane do not correlate with the timing of injury to the
      microvascular bed of the lung.

PMID- 2284161
TI  - Increased hGH production rate after low-dose estrogen therapy in prepubertal
      girls with Turner's syndrome.
AB  - Low-dose estrogen therapy significantly increases radioimmunoassayable serum hGH
      concentrations in the prepubertal hypogonadal female. In this study, we have
      examined the effects of short- and long-term low-dose ethinyl estradiol therapy
      on the endogenous production rates and metabolic clearance rates of hGH. We used
      deconvolution mathematical modeling to provide quantitative estimates of
      individual secretory parameters and to calculate subject-specific hGH metabolic
      clearance rates, by using all serum hGH concentrations and their variances
      considered simultaneously. Nine girls with Turner's syndrome (mean age 7.7 +/-
      0.5 y) were studied on three separate nights by drawing blood every 20 min from
      2200 to 0800 h before (I), after 1 wk (II), and 5 wk (III) of 100 ng/kg/d ethinyl
      estradiol therapy orally. We found that the endogenous hGH production rate more
      than doubled in all patients studied after 5 wk of ethinyl estradiol therapy (194
      +/- 22 (I), 290 +/- 43 (II), and 412 +/- 66 (III) micrograms/L/12 h; p less than
      0.05 for I and III). The half-life of endogenous hGH was not altered in the
      estrogen treatment paradigm with a mean of 19 +/- 1.6 min in study I and 18 +/-
      1.2 min in both studies II and III. Our results suggest that even prepubertal
      concentrations of gonadal steroids in the hypogonadal female may be
      physiologically relevant to the maintenance of normal somatotrope secretory
      function.

PMID- 2284162
TI  - Energy expenditure and deposition of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during
      early infancy.
AB  - The energy intake, expenditure, and deposition of 40 breast-fed and formula-fed
      infants were investigated at 1 and 4 mo of age to explore possible differences in
      energy utilization between feeding groups. Energy intake was calculated from 5-d
      test-weighing records or pre- and postweighing of formula bottles, in combination
      with bomb calorimetry of the milks. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was
      determined by the doubly labeled water method. Sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) and
      minimal observable energy expenditure were measured by indirect calorimetry.
      Activity was estimated as the difference between TDEE and SMR. Energy deposition
      was estimated from dietary intake and TDEE. Energy intakes were significantly
      higher for the formula-fed than breast-fed infants at 1 mo (118 +/- 17 versus 101
      +/- 16 kcal/kg/d) and 4 mo (87 +/- 11 versus 72 +/- 9 kcal/kg/d) (p less than
      0.001). TDEE averaged 67 +/- 8 and 64 +/- 7 kcal/kg/d at 1 mo and 73 +/- 9 and 64
      +/- 8 kcal/kg/d at 4 mo for the formula-fed and breast-fed infants, respectively,
      and differed between feeding groups (p less than 0.04). SMR and minimal
      observable energy expenditure (kcal/min) were higher among the formula-fed
      infants at 1 and 4 mo (p less than 0.005). The energy available for activity and
      the thermic effect of feeding did not differ between feeding groups. Rates of
      weight gain (g/d) and energy deposition (kcal/kg/d) tended to be greater among
      the formula-fed infants at 1 and 4 mo (p less than 0.006).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284163
TI  - Glucose metabolism in adipocytes of obese offspring of mild hyperglycemic rats.
AB  - Six pregnant rats were made mildly hyperglycemic by intraperitoneal injection of
      streptozotocin on d 5 of gestation. Four control rats were injected with citrate
      buffer. Thirty pups born to experimental dams who had increased birth weight
      (birth weight greater than 1.7 SD of mean birth weight of pups from control dams)
      maintained accelerated growth through 10 wk of age. At 10 wk, oral glucose
      tolerance tests showed higher glucose and insulin levels than the controls (n =
      37). In addition to the higher body weight, the experimental rats also had higher
      fat weight to body weight ratios. Adipocytes of epididymal fat from obese males
      and periovarian fat from obese females had higher lipid content with
      significantly larger cell size than the adipocytes of the controls. The
      adipocytes of macrosomic rats showed attenuated response to insulin-stimulated
      glucose conversion to total lipid and fatty acid when compared with the responses
      seen in the adipocytes of the control rats. Interestingly, although the insulin
      stimulated glucose conversion to CO2 was similar in macrosomic and control males,
      the response in the macrosomic female was blunted when compared with that of the
      control females. Insulin receptor binding capacities of the macrosomic rats were
      lower than those of the controls, which is consistent with a phenomenon of down
      regulation. However, the receptor affinities were higher in the experimental
      animals than in controls. Therefore, a postreceptor defect may account for the
      abnormality in glucose metabolism in the obese rats. In conclusion, the abnormal
      response to oral glucose loading in these experimental obese, hyperinsulinemic
      rats is due to peripheral tissue insulin resistance that is probably postreceptor
      in nature.

PMID- 2284164
TI  - Impaired hepatic glycogenolysis related to hyperinsulinemia in newborns from
      hyperglycemic pregnant rats.
AB  - We have investigated the respective roles of insulin and glucagon in the
      initiation of hepatic glycogen degradation during the early postnatal period in
      rats, with special regard on the inhibitory effect of insulin on this process.
      Pregnant rats were rendered either slightly (8.5 mM) or highly hyperglycemic (22
      mM) by infusing glucose during the last week of pregnancy. Fasted, newborn rats
      were studied from delivery to 16 h postpartum. At birth, newborns from slightly
      hyperglycemic rats showed higher glycemia and insulinemia and lower plasma
      glucagonemia compared with controls. Newborns from highly hyperglycemic rats were
      still more hyperglycemic and exhibited low plasma glucagon concentrations, but
      they were not hyperinsulinemic. In control newborns, hepatic glycogen breakdown
      was triggered by 2 h after delivery. By contrast, hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic
      newborns (newborns from slightly hyperglycemic rats) were unable to mobilize
      liver glycogen before 8-10 h after delivery. In hyperglycemic-normoinsulinemic
      newborns (newborns from highly hyperglycemic rats), hepatic glycogen
      concentration significantly started to decline 2 h after delivery and was no
      longer different from controls at 8 h. Anti-insulin serum injection at delivery
      promoted a prompt decrease in liver glycogen stores in controls as well as in
      newborns from slightly hyperglycemic rats. Phosphorylase a/synthase a ratio rose
      rapidly after delivery in controls and in newborns from highly hyperglycemic rats
      (maximum 4 h), whereas in newborns from slightly hyperglycemic rats, it rose much
      more slowly than in the two other groups (maximum 16 h). These data suggest that,
      in newborns from hyperglycemic mothers, hyperinsulinemia during late fetal and
      early neonatal life is the main factor preventing postnatal hepatic
      glycogenolysis.

PMID- 2284165
TI  - Lactate metabolism in normal and growth-retarded human fetuses.
AB  - Lactate concentration and oxygen content were measured in 21 normal (AGA) and 34
      intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) infants at the time of elective cesarean
      section. Maternal lactate and umbilical arterial and venous lactate
      concentrations were significantly higher in IUGR infants compared with AGA
      infants. However, when IUGR patients were subdivided according to pulsatility
      index (PI) measurements of the umbilical artery, no differences were detected
      between AGA and IUGR patients with PI less than 4 SD, whereas IUGR patients with
      PI greater than 4 SD had higher lactate concentrations in maternal arterial blood
      and umbilical arterial and venous blood from both other groups. There was a
      significant inverse linear relationship between umbilical arterial lactate
      concentration and umbilical venoarterial differences for both lactate
      concentrations and for lactate/oxygen quotients. These relationships were
      significantly different in IUGR fetuses with PI greater than 4 SD compared with
      AGA and IUGR fetuses with PI less than 4 SD. AGA and IUGR fetuses with PI less
      than 4 SD have arterial lactate concentrations less than 2 mM even at low oxygen
      concentrations (O2 content less than 2 mM, O2 saturations less than 20%). At
      comparable levels of oxygenation, IUGR fetuses with PI greater than 4 SD have a
      marked lactacidemia. The data suggest that coupling Doppler assessment of flow
      velocimetry with biochemical analyses of fetal blood can be useful in identifying
      a subset of IUGR human fetuses at risk of intrauterine hypoxia.

PMID- 2284166
TI  - Deficiency of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase: a cause of lethal
      myopathy and cardiomyopathy in early childhood.
AB  - A child presented in early childhood with episodes of coma and hypoglycemia and a
      rapidly evolutive myopathy and cardiomyopathy leading to death at 9 mo of age.
      Ketosis was decreased (blood beta-hydroxybutyrate: 0.07 mmol/L) despite normal
      plasma levels of fatty acids (0.81 mmol/L). The patient's urine contained
      excessive amounts of the C6 to C10 dicarboxylic acids present in almost all
      defects of fatty acid mitochondrial oxidation. More specifically, gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry identified an accumulation of medium- and long
      chain (C8 to C14) 3-hydroxy-dicarboxylic acids, suggesting a defect of the
      mitochondrial enzyme that normally dehydrogenates these 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA esters.
      Biochemical studies in the patient's cultured fibroblasts confirmed the
      impairment of medium- and long-chain fatty acid oxidation, and allowed the
      recognition of the deficiency of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The
      activities of long-, medium-, and short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and 3
      ketoacyl-CoA thiolase were normal. These results describe a disorder of fatty
      acid metabolism that affects the liver, skeletal muscles, and myocardium. It is
      important to point out that long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA deficiency shares many
      clinical similarities with systemic carnitine deficiency, as well as with
      carnitine-palmityl-CoA transferase and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
      deficiencies. The differential diagnosis of this disease relies on the
      demonstration of long-chain urinary dicarboxylic acids with a hydroxyl group in 3
      position and the study of the enzyme activity in cultured fibroblasts.

PMID- 2284167
TI  - [Lesions of the gastrointestinal tract in children with dermatomyositis].

PMID- 2284168
TI  - [Analysis of the proceedings of readers' conferences on the materials published
      in the journal "Pediatriia" in 1989].

PMID- 2284169
TI  - [Clinico-biochemical and immunological characteristics of non-rheumatic lesions
      of the myocardium in children].

PMID- 2284170
TI  - [Clinical significance of glycolysis indicators in the evaluation of the
      condition of the fetus and newborn infant].
AB  - A total of 40 full-term newborns, 41 miscarried fetuses and 196 pregnant women
      were examined. Of these, 85 women had an uncomplicated pregnancy, 70 were with
      threatened abortion and 41 with miscarriage within the gestation period of 24-27
      weeks. Blood was examined for the glycolysis parameters (glucose, lactate,
      activity of LDH and its isozymes) and hormonal concentrations: ACTH, cortisol,
      insulin, C-peptide estriol; urine was examined for excretion of estrogens,
      pregnanediol++, total neutral 17-CS. It has been established that newborn infants
      assessed by the Apgar score as having 8-10 points and developing in conditions of
      threatened abortion are born in a state of hypoxia of different degrees, with
      dysfunction of the endocrine organs.

PMID- 2284171
TI  - [Distribution of high density lipoprotein particles in newborn infants].
AB  - Cord blood obtained at delivery from 73 full-term healthy newborns (34 girls, 39
      boys) and venous blood from adults (14 women, 12 men) was analysed for HDL
      subclass concentrations as defined by gradient gel electrophoresis. Newborns had
      low VLDL, LDL, HDL cholesterol and TG concentrations, (all p less than 0.00001)
      compared to adults, The HDL subclass 3c was the major one for newborns, in sharp
      contrast to adults where it was the smallest of the HDL particle spectrum. No sex
      differences were detectable for any LP parameter of the newborn.

PMID- 2284172
TI  - [Phospholipid spectrum and the indicators of lipid peroxidation in the
      cerebrospinal fluid of newborn infants with perinatal lesions of the central
      nervous system].
AB  - A study was made of the phospholipid content and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the
      cerebrospinal fluid of neonates in the early neonatal period. LPO was found to be
      activated in neonates with perinatal lesions of the CNS, correlating with the
      disease gravity. Appreciable changes in the phospholipid spectrum of the
      cerebrospinal fluid were revealed in all the components. The rise of the content
      of lysophosphatidyl choline turned out most significant. The interrelation
      between activation of LPO processes in the cerebrospinal fluid and changes in its
      phospholipid spectrum is under discussion. The characteristics under study may
      serve an additional diagnostic criterion for assessing the gravity of CNS lesion
      in neonates and should be taken into consideration in carrying out rational
      therapy in the acute disease period.

PMID- 2284173
TI  - [Course of the early neonatal period and hormonal indicators in newborn infants
      from multiple pregnancies (twins)].
AB  - Overall 22 neonates born due to plural pregnancy (twins, gestation 38-40 weeks)
      were examined for the clinical characteristics of the early neonatal period.
      Blood samples were analyzed, measurements were made of blood serum cortisol,
      immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and somatotropic hormone (STH). The findings were
      correlated to those obtained in controls, namely in 57 healthy neonates born due
      to single pregnancy. Alterations in the IRI content in twins turned out similar
      to those obtained by the authors in neonates with intrauterine hypotrophy.
      Cortisol was discovered to fall within the first day of life. The mean STH in
      twin children was much lower. The data obtained enable the neonate twins to be
      classified with the group at risk for development of hormonal abnormalities
      during the neonatal period.

PMID- 2284174
TI  - [Adaptation of the circulatory system of newborn infants with intrauterine
      hypotrophy].
AB  - A study was made of adaptation of the circulatory system in 40 full-term newborns
      with grade II and III intrauterine++ hypotrophy during the early neonatal period.
      Analysis of the hemodynamics demonstrated the study group children to have
      arterial hypertension, BP lability, and high peripheral vascular resistance. The
      conclusion has been made about the necessity of classifying intrauterine
      hypotrophy newborns with the group at risk for adaptation failure in the
      circulatory system.

PMID- 2284175
TI  - [Sensitization of lymphocytes from newborn infants and young children to
      pathogenic and opportunistic microflora].
AB  - The nucleolar test was used to study sensitization of peripheral blood
      lymphocytes from the newborn and infants. The test is based on the counting of
      cells with a clarification area around nucleoli after incubation with antigens
      and microbial bodies of the pathogenic and opportunistic microflora. It has been
      established that the peripheral blood from children with infectious-inflammatory
      diseases and from those vaccinated with BCG shows an increase in the sensitized
      lymphocyte count which is influenced by child's trophicity at birth and by
      administration of antibacterial therapy. The use of the nucleolar test as a
      diagnostic aid is advisable to identify the disease etiology.

PMID- 2284177
TI  - [Prognosis and treatment of suppurative-inflammatory diseases of newborn
      infants].
AB  - Overall 404 newborns with ++pyo-inflammatory diseases of different gravity and
      their mothers were subjected to clinical and immunological examinations. Monotony
      of immune response to an antigenic irritant in newborns with ++pyo-inflammatory
      diseases and in their mothers as well as the lack of the phasic infectious
      process may orient at an unfavourable disease prediction. The use of
      differentiated therapy in patients with the gastrointestinal syndrome,
      intrathecal injection of heparin in patients with purulent meningitides and
      intravenous injection of normal human immunoglobulin appreciably enhanced the
      treatment efficiency.

PMID- 2284178
TI  - [Problems of perinatology and neonatology at the current stage of the development
      of pediatrics].

PMID- 2284179
TI  - [Comparative analysis of the informative value of roentgenological diagnosis and
      computerized tomography of birth injuries of the cervical spine in newborn
      infants].
AB  - The information content of x-ray diagnosis and computer-aided tomography was
      studied and compared in 40 newborns aged 3 to 26 days. In these infants, the
      natal period was complicated by total and subtotal plexitis. It has been
      demonstrated that computer-aided tomography is the most informative method in
      etiological interpretation of the post-traumatic condition of the vertebral canal
      and spinal cord itself.

PMID- 2284176
TI  - [Differential diagnosis od septicemia and localized suppurative- inflammatory
      diseases in newborn infants].
AB  - The clinical data and findings of more than 40 laboratory tests were studied and
      compared in 150 full-term neonates with localized ++pyo-inflammatory diseases and
      in 150 children with sepsis. Clinical and laboratory criteria for diagnosis
      during pronounced infectious toxicosis and toxicosis abatement as well as the
      patient's egress to reparation were distinguished.

PMID- 2284180
TI  - [Clinico-echographic criteria of early diagnosis of peri- and intraventricular
      hemorrhages in premature children].
AB  - The ++clinico-laboratory data and the results of neurosonographic studies were
      compared in 123 premature children to establish clinico-echographic criteria for
      early diagnosis of peri-intraventricular ++hemorrhages (PVH). The relationship
      was discovered between the rate and intensity of neurologic symptomatology
      depending on the gravity of hemorrhages. The totality of the symptoms revealed
      during neurologic examination of the newborn in combination with pathological
      changes in the laboratory parameters (the hematocrit level, analysis of the CSF)
      can serve the basis for a hypothetical diagnosis of PVH and making
      neurosonography to specify the diagnosis.

PMID- 2284182
TI  - [Criteria of the concept "chronic constipation" and their significance in
      pediatric surgery and pediatrics].

PMID- 2284181
TI  - [Use of echography in the diagnosis of gastroduodenal pathology in children].
AB  - The stomach and duodenum were examined by echography in 285 children with
      gastroduodenal pathology and in 206 healthy children. Evacuatory function of the
      stomach was assessed in accordance with the rate of evacuation from the stomach
      of an acoustic marker, raw egg yolk which was introduced into the stomach
      preliminarily filled with 5% glucose. The potentialities of echography have been
      demonstrated for gastritis, gastroduodenitis and peptic ulcer. Simultaneous
      examination of evacuatory function of the gallbladder in children with
      gastroduodenal pathology has revealed a tendency towards its increase.

PMID- 2284183
TI  - [Chronic constipation in children and its treatment].

PMID- 2284184
TI  - [Benzonal in the complex treatment of hemolytic disease of newborn].

PMID- 2284185
TI  - [Physio-balneotherapy of neurodermatitis in children with biliary tract
      diseases].

PMID- 2284186
TI  - [Clinical value of determining the levels of renin, aldosterone and vasopressin
      in newborn infants in critical conditions].
AB  - The concentrations of aldosterone, vasopressin and plasma renin activity were
      measured in cord blood and on days 1, 3 and 5 of life in 71 newborn infants from
      the risk group at the development of critical conditions. Vasopressin was
      discovered to play a substantial role in the development of critical conditions.
      The lack of a considerable vasopressin ejection in response to a delivery trouble
      and the growth of its concentration by day 5 of life are prognostically
      unfavourable. Hyperactivity of the renin-aldosterone system determines the
      newborns' proneness to liquid and sodium retention.

PMID- 2284187
TI  - [Ways to improve and increase the effectiveness of allergological services for
      children].

PMID- 2284188
TI  - [Psychosocial problems of prevention of pregnancy in adolescents].

PMID- 2284189
TI  - [Effect of herpetic infection on maternal and child health].

PMID- 2284190
TI  - [Diagnostic possibilities of rectoromanoscopy in children].

PMID- 2284191
TI  - [Niemann-Pick disease in a family].

PMID- 2284192
TI  - [Toxocariasis in young children].

PMID- 2284193
TI  - [Anaphylactic shock caused by sensitivity to fish].

PMID- 2284194
TI  - [A case of successful treatment of severe poisoning with acetylsalicylic acid in
      a child].

PMID- 2284195
TI  - Adipokinetic hormone controls lipid metabolism in adults and carbohydrate
      metabolism in larvae of Manduca sexta.
AB  - The peptide hormone which controls activation of fat body glycogen phosphorylase
      in starving larvae of Manduca sexta was isolated from larval corpora cardiaca and
      sequenced by FAB tandem mass spectrometry. It was found to be identical with
      Manduca AKH. This, together with earlier observations, demonstrates that in M.
      sexta AKH controls glycogen phosphorylase activation in starving larvae while in
      adults it controls lipid mobilization during flight. Larval corpora cardiaca
      contain about 10 times less AKH than the corpora cardiaca of adults. The corpora
      cardiaca of M. sexta appear to contain only one AKH.

PMID- 2284196
TI  - A new highly potent antagonist of bradykinin.
AB  - We report that the acylation of the N-terminus of [D-Arg0,Hyp3,Thi5,8,D
      Phe7]bradykinin, one of the most potent bradykinin antagonists described to date,
      with 1-adamantane-acetic acid, results in an analogue with more than ten times
      enhanced potency. The new analogue does not increase the plasma catecholamines,
      even when administered at doses sufficient to inhibit by more than 90% the
      vasodepressor response to 250 ng of exogenous bradykinin. This modification
      suggests new possibilities for the design of even more potent and selective
      bradykinin antagonists for studying the physiopathology of bradykinin.

PMID- 2284197
TI  - Comparative studies of angiotensin II and its analog [Sar1Ala8]angiotensin II on
      the density of cellular monolayer of cell cultures from green monkey kidney.
AB  - The effects of the octapeptide angiotensin II (AT II) and its analog [Sar1Ala8]AT
      II on the cell density in cell culture from green monkey kidney (GMK) were
      studied. AT II and [Sar1Ala8]AT II provoked a decrease of the number of living
      cells depending on the concentration (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 nM) and time of
      incubation (24, 48 and 72 hours), both peptides having a very similar activity.
      These data indicate that AT II and [Sar1Ala8]AT II may act on the same class of
      angiotensin receptors in GMK cells.

PMID- 2284198
TI  - Comparative activity of two cholecystokinin analogues with partial agonist
      activity: effects on food intake and brain monoamines.
AB  - Two analogues of the C-terminal heptapeptide of cholecystokinin have been
      synthesized, in which the C-terminal phenylalanine residue has been replaced by a
      phenylethylester (JMV 180) or a phenylethylamide (JMV 170) group. They have been
      shown to present partial agonist CCK activity on pancreatic amylase release. In
      this study, the effects of the two peptides were investigated on food intake and
      brain monoamine metabolism after intraperitoneal (IP) and intracerebroventricular
      (ICV) administration. Neither peptide was active on feeding after IP
      administration but both decreased food intake after ICV injection, with a
      slightly higher potency for JMV 170. JMV 180 induced no change in monoamine
      metabolism whatever the route of administration. JMV 170 IP decreased cortical
      levels of dopamine and its metabolites. This effect was stronger after ICV
      injection and was accompanied by changes in serotonergic metabolism in the
      hypothalamus and cortex. Contrary to CCK8 S, which is more active on feeding
      after peripheral injection, the feeding effects of the analogues obtained by
      modification of the C-terminal phenylalanine residue appear to involve a central
      site of action. Furthermore, phenylethylamide substitution (JMV 170) gives rise
      to greater potency on monoaminergic variations than replacement with a
      phenylethylester (JMV 180) and the effect is enhanced following central
      administration.

PMID- 2284199
TI  - Urotensin I and its N-terminal flanking peptide from the flounder, Platichthys
      flesus.
AB  - The caudal spinal cord region of teleost fish terminates in a neurosecretory
      organ, the urophysis. Two peptides have been purified to homogeneity from an
      extract of the urophysis of a teleost fish, the flounder. The primary structure
      of one peptide, Ser-Glu-Asp-Pro-Pro-Met-Ser-Ile-Asp-Leu10-Thr-Phe-His-Met-Leu-Arg
      Asn-Met-Ile- His20-Met-Ala-Lys-Met-Glu-Gly-Glu-Arg-Glu-Gln30-Ala-Gln-Ile- Asn
      Arg-Asn-Leu-Leu - Asp-Glu40-Val, indicates identity with urotensin I. By analogy
      with other urotensins, the COOH-terminal residue is probably alpha-amidated. A
      second peptide was present in the extract in a concentration that was
      approximately equimolar with that of urotensin I. The amino acid composition of
      this peptide indicated a total of approximately 65 residues. The amino acid
      sequence of a fragment produced by digestion with trypsin was established as: Ala
      Ala-Ala-Ala-Gly5-Asp-Ser-Ala-Ala-Ser10-Asp-Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp1 5-Asn-Ile-Leu- Arg.
      This sequence shows partial homology to carp prepro-urotensin I(41-59)-peptide as
      deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a cloned cDNA. It is concluded that the
      second peptide probably represents the N-terminal flanking peptide of pro
      urotensin I which, it has previously been suggested, may function as a urotensin
      binding peptide (urophysin) analogous to the neurophysins.

PMID- 2284201
TI  - Characterization of the C-terminal flanking peptide of human beta
      preprotachykinin.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding the common biosynthetic precursor of
      substance P, neurokinin A and neuropeptide K (beta-preprotachykinin) predicts
      that, in the human, the precursor contains a C-terminal flanking peptide of 19
      amino acid residues [beta-preprotachykinin(111-129)-peptide]. Using an antiserum
      raised against synthetic human beta-preprotachykinin(117-126)-peptide in
      radioimmunoassay, we have demonstrated that an extract of a human neuroendocrine
      tumor of the adrenal medulla contained approximately equimolar concentrations of
      C-terminal preprotachykinin immunoreactivity (C-PPT-IR), substance P and
      neurokinin A. The C-terminal preprotachykinin flanking peptide was purified to
      homogeneity and its primary structure was determined. The amino acid sequence of
      the peptide, Ala-Leu-Asn-Ser-Val-Ala-Tyr-Glu-Arg-Ser-Ala-Met-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Glu,
      indicates identity with beta-preprotachykinin(111-126)-peptide. The data suggest
      that the C-terminal flanking peptide, like the tachykinins, is packed into
      secretory storage vesicles but the Arg127-Arg128-Arg129 residues in human beta
      preprotachykinin are removed from the peptide by the action of endogenous
      processing enzyme(s).

PMID- 2284200
TI  - Inhibition of rat uterine contractions by rat and human CGRP.
AB  - Effects of rat and human calcitonin gene-related peptide (r alpha CGRP and h beta
      CGRP, respectively) upon uterine contractile force were investigated using
      uterine horns from nonpregnant rats, r alpha CGRP and h beta CGRP were equipotent
      (pD2 = 8.85-9.09) in inhibiting spontaneous and electrically evoked uterine
      contractions. r alpha CGRP was relatively ineffective in inhibiting potassium
      induced contractures of preparations from stilbestrol-pretreated rats. The use of
      selective antagonists established that r alpha CGRP did not release prostanoids,
      or release or act at receptors for catecholamines and histamine. The effects of
      the peptides were not significantly modulated by estrogen levels since pD2 values
      were similar (8.56-8.86) in field-stimulated preparations from rats in
      proestrus/estrus or metestrus/diestrus.

PMID- 2284203
TI  - Prenatal exposure to AVP or caffeine but not oxytocin alters learning in female
      rats.
AB  - Rats whose mothers had been treated with 1 microgram of arginine vasopressin
      (AVP) or oxytocin (OXT), 15 mg of caffeine, or saline on days 13-19 of gestation
      were given training on a passive avoidance response as adults. Female rats whose
      mothers had been exposed to either AVP or caffeine demonstrated enhanced
      retention of the response. No effects were found for male rats or for exposure to
      oxytocin. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to AVP or caffeine
      produced sexually dimorphic effects on learning and that the effects are specific
      to the structure of AVP.

PMID- 2284202
TI  - Effect of initial blood pressure level on cardiovascular reflexes caused by
      intraperitoneal neurotensin.
AB  - The reflex changes of systemic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) induced by
      intraperitoneal (IP) injections of neurotensin-containing solutions (NTCS) were
      measured in anesthetized guinea pigs whose BP was raised up by intravenous (IV)
      infusions of either angiotensin II (ATII) or noradrenaline (NA), and compared to
      those observed in control animals (i.e., saline-infused guinea pigs with low
      initial BP level). The amplitudes of reflex pressor and tachycardic responses to
      IP NTCS were either not affected or reduced in animals whose BP was raised with
      ATII or NA. However, no hypotensive effect was observed, following IP NTCS, in
      any of the animals tested. The results indicate that high initial BP levels tend
      to attenuate the reflex increases of BP and HR caused by IP NTCS, the level of
      inhibition being largely determined by the type of vasopressor agent utilized to
      raise up the BP. They also suggest that the initial BP level is unlikely to be an
      important factor in determining whether the activation of capsaicin-sensitive
      visceral afferents will produce hypotensive or hypertensive effects in this
      animal model.

PMID- 2284204
TI  - FMRF-NH2-like mammalian octapeptide: possible role in opiate dependence and
      abstinence.
AB  - Yang et al. have isolated from bovine brain an octapeptide, FLFQPQRF-NH2 (F-8-F
      NH2), with certain antiopiate properties. Malin et al. previously found that ICV
      injection of this peptide could precipitate an opiate abstinence syndrome in
      dependent rats. RIA revealed significantly higher levels of F-8-F-NH2
      immunoreactivity in CSF withdrawn from the cisterna magna of morphine-dependent
      rats as opposed to CSF withdrawn from sham-implanted controls. ICV infusion of
      IgG from antiserum against F-8-F-NH2 significantly reduced the number of
      abstinence signs subsequently precipitated by naloxone in morphine-dependent
      rats.

PMID- 2284206
TI  - [Evaluation of cardiovascular response to stress in dental patients].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to record some clinical and psychological
      parameters in attempt to find out and to estimate patients with abnormal
      cardiovascular responses during dental therapy. On the basis of psychological
      questionnaires, used to value anxiety, resulted that patients who have self
      defined themselves anxious and therefore objectively nervous while in the dental
      chair, underwent cardiovascular responses significantly lower than those who were
      not anxious. Among the clinical parameters studied, blood pressure and the heart
      rate during basic conditions are not able to foresee hemodynamic responses during
      dental extraction. The only clinical situation able to relate to a corresponding
      regularity with an hemodynamic response during dental extraction, is the blood
      pressure determination during a provoked generic mental stress. These findings
      suggest that cardiovascular response during dental stress depends on the personal
      individual reaction of each individual.

PMID- 2284205
TI  - Alpha-MSH peptides inhibit acute inflammation and contact sensitivity.
AB  - Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone [alpha-MSH(1-13)] occurs within the CNS,
      skin, circulation and in other body sites. This tridecapeptide and its COOH
      terminal tripeptide, alpha-MSH (11-13), have antipyretic and anti-inflammatory
      actions. Studies of the anti-inflammatory effects of these molecules have been
      confined mainly to tests of inhibition of histamine and endogenous pyrogen
      induced increases in capillary permeability in rabbits and acute inflammation of
      ear tissue in mice. The aim in the present experiments was to learn if alpha-MSH
      peptides also antagonize inflammation in two additional models: acute edema
      induced in the mouse paw and contact sensitivity. Significant anti-inflammatory
      effects were observed with MSH peptides in both models. These findings converge
      with previous results to indicate that alpha-MSH peptides modulate inflammation.
      Because circulating alpha-MSH increases after treatment of animals with
      endogenous pyrogen or endotoxin, administration of the peptides may simply mimic
      a naturally occurring modulation of host defense reactions.

PMID- 2284207
TI  - [Assisting in surgery].

PMID- 2284208
TI  - [Polishing of amalgams].

PMID- 2284209
TI  - [Theoretical and operative hygiene problems in prosthetic areas].
AB  - The prognosis of any prosthetic appliance, fixed or removable, depends on a good
      daily oral hygiene combined with a periodical maintenance therapy. The dental
      hygienist has the particular duty to educate and motivate the patient in order to
      provide a good plaque control and to observe regular recall appointments. During
      each recall the hygienist teaches the patient an individual oral hygiene homecare
      and performs an appropriate oral prophylaxis (scaling, rootplaning and polishing
      of the teeth). Cooperation among the dentist, the hygienist and the patient is
      essential to insure a successful prosthetic treatment.

PMID- 2284211
TI  - [Prevention of caries in a district. Comparison of a target group with a control
      group at 7 years].
AB  - In the trial of the Ussl n. 19 it is developing since a period a specific program
      for prevention of the caries on a target group (Progetto citta murata). For the
      verification of the efficiency, it was compared the oro-dental situation of the
      same group in a territory near and similar in socio-economic characteristics. It
      was emerged a better oro-dental situation in the target group with respect to the
      control-group. In fact the children who have undergone the therapy of the PCM do
      not only demonstrate better indices of DMF at seven years, but also a major
      adhesion to the fluorophylaxis.

PMID- 2284210
TI  - [Prevention and families. Opinions and attitudes of a group of parents].
AB  - Through a questionnaire filled by the children's accompaniers involved in
      prevention program of the first elementary classes, was emerged a direct
      involvement of the parents. In the field of the scholastic prevention, the
      teacher is the principal mediator with the families. It emerges from the answers
      a frasting attitude of what was performed by our sanitary service, and a direct
      information adopted by mass media in the prevention field. Up till now it is not
      totally perceived the importance of the periodic controls to maintain a better
      oro-dental health of their children.

PMID- 2284213
TI  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the newborn.

PMID- 2284212
TI  - [Clinico-diagnostic applications of salivary yeast content].
AB  - The Authors present a review of the reports about methods developed in the latest
      years for screening high caries risk-subjects. They briefly discuss some basic
      concepts necessary to assess limits and further possibilities of development of
      such diagnostics methods.

PMID- 2284214
TI  - Aplastic crisis.
AB  - Red blood cell aplasia in pediatric patients who have chronic hemolysis is
      associated most frequently with B19 infection. Although this entity is usually
      recognized easily, other red cell hypoplastic anemias, such as TEC and Diamond
      Blackfan anemia, must be considered as part of the differential diagnosis.
      Although usually a transient event, an aplastic crisis has the potential for
      significant morbidity. The patient usually can be supported through the episode
      without incident with the judicious use of erythrocyte transfusions. The
      recognition of the infectious nature of the event is important for an
      understanding of the clinical manifestation, course of illness, and need for
      isolation. Several questions remain unanswered regarding the pathogenesis and
      treatment of this disorder. Could the use of intravenous gamma-globulin prove
      effective in treating select cases of B19-induced red cell aplasia? Are there
      effective measures to prevent B19 infection in children at risk for significant
      morbidity from such infection? There is interest in development of a vaccine to
      B19, and children with hereditary hemolytic anemias represent a potential target
      group for its use. Are there other viruses that cause red cell aplasia,
      especially in the case of TEC? It is hoped that current research will provide the
      answers for more effective treatment and possible prevention of these aplastic
      crises.

PMID- 2284215
TI  - Congenital dysplasias and dwarfism.
AB  - This paper has presented the characteristic features of those types of dwarfism
      that are manifest at birth. This information has been presented in a fashion that
      should assist the pediatrician in arriving at an appropriate diagnosis without
      excessive delay or extensive diagnostic studies. However, variable expressivity
      may result in subtle presentation and, in those cases, diagnosis may be more
      challenging.

PMID- 2284216
TI  - Overview of the pharmacological properties, pharmacokinetics and animal safety
      assessment of lornoxicam.
AB  - Lornoxicam is a new, highly potent antirheumatic agent which is an oxicam
      derivative. Although highly potent as a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, the compound
      does not cause inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and does not appear to shunt
      arachidonic acid through this cascade. This powerful inhibition of cyclo
      oxygenase has manifested itself as highly potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory
      effects in animal studies and also prevented the bone destruction which normally
      occurs in the adjuvant polyarthritic rat. To explain this finding, studies have
      demonstrated that lornoxicam inhibits polymorphonuclear (PMN)-leukocyte
      migration; inhibits the release of superoxide from human PMN-leukocytes; inhibits
      the release of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) from human platelets and
      stimulates the synthesis of proteoglycans in cartilage in tissue culture.
      Lornoxicam is well absorbed and has a plasma t1/2 in man of 4 hours which is
      distinctly different from other oxicams. It is metabolized in animals and in man
      to the 5'-hydroxy-metabolite which is inactive in pharmacological tests. In vitro
      and in vivo animal safety studies have demonstrated both subchronically and
      chronically that lornoxicam manifests no unusual toxicity, is not a mutagen nor
      is it tumorigenic and causes no fetal teratogenicity in reproduction studies.

PMID- 2284217
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of lornoxicam in man.
AB  - Clinical phase I pharmacokinetic studies with lornoxicam were performed with the
      4 mg dose of lornoxicam. Lornoxicam was administered as an aqueous solution both
      orally and intravenously to young, healthy, male volunteers. The total excretion
      of lornoxicam via urine and faeces after oral administration was determined by
      administering 14C-labelled compound. The results show that the parent compound
      and the main metabolite, 5'-hydroxy-lornoxicam, were found in plasma. However, in
      urine, no lornoxicam was detected, only 5'-hydroxy-lornoxicam. After oral as well
      as intravenous administration, a short terminal half-life of lornoxicam in the
      range of 4-5 hours was found. Given orally as solution, lornoxicam was rapidly
      and almost completely absorbed.

PMID- 2284218
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetic studies with lornoxicam.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic data from several studies in young and elderly human subjects are
      reviewed. Lornoxicam appears to be extensively metabolized and no unchanged drug
      has been found in the urine. It has a relatively short elimination half-life
      (about 4 hours), and no significant differences in pharmacokinetic data have been
      found between young and elderly volunteers.

PMID- 2284219
TI  - Renal and gastrointestinal tolerability of lornoxicam, and effects on haemostasis
      and hepatic microsomal oxidation.
AB  - Three separate studies were carried out to assess the renal and gastrointestinal
      tolerability of lornoxicam, and its effects on haemostasis and hepatic microsomal
      oxidation. Haemostasis and hepatic microsomal oxidation. Six men and 6 women had
      salivary antipyrine half-life determined before and on the last day of 14 days'
      treatment with lornoxicam 4 mg twice daily. Haemostasis, coagulation and
      thrombolysis were assessed ex vivo using a haemostatometer before and on Day 14
      of lornoxicam treatment. Lornoxicam 4 mg twice daily for 14 days had no
      significant influence on antipyrine elimination half-life or haemostasis,
      coagulation and thrombolysis. Renal tolerability. Three groups of 8 healthy young
      men received respectively 4, 6 and 8 mg lornoxicam twice daily by mouth for 22
      days. Nephrotoxicity studies on serum and urine were done repeatedly before,
      during and after lornoxicam treatment. Serum and urine creatinine, serum Tamm
      Horsfall glycoprotein (THG), and urine n-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), THG and
      retinol binding protein (RBP) concentrations showed sporadic values outside the
      laboratory reference range, but these were not in any subject temporally related
      to drug treatment and were unrelated to dose. Urine microscopy was unremarkable.
      Thus this study yielded no evidence that lornoxicam has any nephrotoxic effects
      in healthy young men receiving doses up to 8 mg twice daily for 22 days.
      Gastrointestinal blood loss and endoscopy. The gastrointestinal effects of
      lornoxicam 4 mg, indomethacin 50 mg or placebo twice daily for 29 days were
      evaluated in 45 healthy men. After an initial endoscopic examination, subjects
      underwent 51Cr red cell labelling. Complete daily faecal collections were then
      made from Days 6-12, 20-26 and 34-40. Treatments were given from Days 13-41.
      Endoscopy was repeated 4-8 h after the last dose of medication. Faecal blood loss
      during lornoxicam treatment was greater than placebo and less than indomethacin,
      but within- and between-subject variability was such that the differences were
      not statistically significant. Endoscopic findings were normal in most subjects
      before and after all 3 treatments.

PMID- 2284220
TI  - Lornoxicam in clinical practice.
AB  - Three studies reported here have confirmed that lornoxicam is effective in
      osteoarthritis and the ideal dose appears to be 12 mg daily. Overall, lornoxicam
      appears to be a useful drug in the treatment of both osteo- and rheumatoid
      arthritis, from the data presently available.

PMID- 2284221
TI  - Release of endogenous adenosine and its metabolites from electrically stimulated
      cortical, hippocampal and striatal slices of the rat.

PMID- 2284222
TI  - Neuroendocrine modulation of lymphocyte's activity during the physiological
      menstrual cycle.

PMID- 2284223
TI  - In vivo stimulation of murine haematopoiesis by the antineoplastic agent
      bryostatin-1.

PMID- 2284224
TI  - The opioid antagonist naloxone influences prodynorphin gene expression.

PMID- 2284225
TI  - Sensory neuropeptides activate guinea-pig alveolar macrophages.

PMID- 2284226
TI  - Sensitivity to the narcotic cue in rats repeatedly exposed to morphine before
      discrimination training.

PMID- 2284227
TI  - Plasma levels of levodopa. Its main metabolites and carbidopa after conventional
      and slow release levodopa-carbidopa treatment in parkinsonian patients.

PMID- 2284228
TI  - Different sensitivity of A1 and "non-A1" adenosine receptors to divalent cations.

PMID- 2284230
TI  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats are less sensitive than Wistar Kyoto rats to the
      antidipsogenic action of eledoisin.

PMID- 2284229
TI  - Putrescine has anti-arrhythmic effects in rat models of arrhythmia.

PMID- 2284231
TI  - Amiloride inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles at
      different temperatures.

PMID- 2284232
TI  - Gastric antisecretory effect of sauvagine in rats: possible mechanisms.

PMID- 2284233
TI  - Selective antimuscarinic effects of telenzepine and pirenzepine in the
      gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2284235
TI  - Clonidine and nifedipine inhibit the abstinence but not the development of
      dependence in isolated guinea pig ileum.

PMID- 2284234
TI  - The effect of sex and cardiac failure on the pharmacokinetics of a slow-release
      theophylline formulation in the elderly.

PMID- 2284236
TI  - Inhibition of human natural killer activity by naphtalene analgesics.

PMID- 2284237
TI  - Purification and biological activity of human lipocortin 2.

PMID- 2284238
TI  - Embryonic neural grafts induce recovery in mice with permanent striatal lesion.

PMID- 2284239
TI  - Relationship between piroxicam content and glutathione levels in rat brain.

PMID- 2284240
TI  - A possible link between phospholipase Az-prostaglandin system and purines in the
      control of glial cultured cell differentiation.

PMID- 2284241
TI  - Binding of furosemide to albumin isolated from adult and fetal human serum.

PMID- 2284242
TI  - Changes of specific atrial granules induced by doxorubicin in dog's heart.

PMID- 2284243
TI  - Implications and problems in analysing cytotoxic activity of hydroxyurea in
      combination with a potential inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase.

PMID- 2284244
TI  - The antiproliferative effect of prostaglandin A and J on HTLV-I transformed cells
      is associated with induction of a heat-shock protein.

PMID- 2284246
TI  - The effect of methyl mercury on cytoskeleton and glutathione-dependent enzymes of
      CHO cultured cells.

PMID- 2284245
TI  - Biochemical aspects of mutagen-induced antigenicity.

PMID- 2284248
TI  - Functional and binding studies on dopamine D1 receptors in districts controlling
      intraocular pressure.

PMID- 2284247
TI  - Cross-tolerance between baclofen and bicuculline antinociception.

PMID- 2284249
TI  - Nephrotoxic effects of pepstatin A. An histoenzymologic study.

PMID- 2284250
TI  - Effects of alpha-fluoromethylhistidine on food intake and body weight in rats.

PMID- 2284251
TI  - Ultrasonic vocalization during the acquisition of an active avoidance schedule in
      rats: effects of diazepam.

PMID- 2284252
TI  - Stress-induced changes in the thermic effects of cholecystokinin in the rat.

PMID- 2284253
TI  - The bioflavonoid O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside affects the cerebral metabolism
      and the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in the rat.

PMID- 2284254
TI  - Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and d-amphetamine
      on brain ascorbic acid levels in rats.

PMID- 2284255
TI  - Maitotoxin increases free calcium and inositol phosphates in rat anterior
      pituitary cells.

PMID- 2284256
TI  - Cytosolic calcium rise induced by maitotoxin in PC12 cells: effect of omega
      conotoxin (GVIA).

PMID- 2284257
TI  - Receptors for inositolhexakisphosphate in neurons and anterior pituitary cells.

PMID- 2284258
TI  - Participation of mechanisms mediated by adrenergic system and by arginine
      vasopressin in the hypertension induced by intracerebral administration of NMDA
      in the rat.

PMID- 2284259
TI  - Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of dermorphin in rats.

PMID- 2284260
TI  - Free radicals-generating system studied with voltage-clamp analysis on single
      myelinated nerve fibres.

PMID- 2284261
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of levodopa: effects of harmine administration in rats and
      rabbits.

PMID- 2284262
TI  - The action of taurine on muscle fibers of normal and congenitally myotonic goats.

PMID- 2284263
TI  - Peptidergic modulation of immune system development: role of luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone.

PMID- 2284265
TI  - Paediatric surveillance clinics: how to run one.

PMID- 2284264
TI  - A psychotic man.

PMID- 2284266
TI  - Coughing, wheezing and the diagnosis of asthma.

PMID- 2284268
TI  - The management of nausea and vomiting.

PMID- 2284267
TI  - Legal aspects of general practice.

PMID- 2284269
TI  - Palliative care in the young.

PMID- 2284270
TI  - Coping with the stress on carers.

PMID- 2284271
TI  - Adverse reactions to drugs.

PMID- 2284272
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of ventricular septal defect and overriding aorta at 14 weeks'
      gestation, using transvaginal sonography.
AB  - Two fetuses with heart abnormalities were detected by transvaginal sonography at
      14 weeks of gestation. In the first fetus, a ventricular septal defect and an
      overriding aorta were detected and a diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot was
      suggested. In addition, cystic hygroma and omphalocoele were visualized and the
      cytogenetic study revealed trisomy 18. In the second fetus, ventricular septal
      defect, pericardial effusion, and omphalocoele were detected.

PMID- 2284273
TI  - Correlation between phenotypic expression of de novo marker chromosomes and
      genomic organization using replicational banding.
AB  - It has been suggested that actively expressed genes are primarily located in
      early replicating bands. This hypothesis is supported by cytogenetic and
      pregnancy outcome data from four consecutive cases of prenatally detected de novo
      marker chromosomes. Two fetuses with major anomalies had large early replicating
      bands, while the marker in a third phenotypically normal fetus was late
      replicating. In the fourth case, a ring marker chromosome had only a small early
      replicating region. Pregnancy termination was elected. While no structural
      malformations were apparent, potential intellectual function in this case remains
      unresolved. An understanding of the relationship between genomic organization and
      chromosome banding is critical in counseling for prenatally detected de novo
      marker chromosomes. Replicational banding is particularly helpful in recognizing
      genes that may be actively expressed and result in developmental abnormality.

PMID- 2284274
TI  - Detection and enumeration of colonic mucosal cells in amniotic fluid using a
      colon epithelial-specific monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Since its introduction, prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal and metabolic disorder
      by midtrimester amniocentesis has relied upon the use of a mixture of fetal cells
      obtained from amniotic fluid. Little knowledge has been gained in the sorting of
      these cells for diagnosis of tissue-specific disorders. In an attempt to
      determine the contribution of fetal colonic mucosal cells to the overall
      amniocyte population, we used the colonic epithelial-specific monoclonal antibody
      (MC-Ab) 7E12H12, IgM isotype. Specimens of the small intestine, colon, buccal
      mucosa, kidney, urinary bladder, and umbilical cord were obtained from electively
      aborted normal fetuses of 12-28 weeks' gestation. All of these specimens were
      examined with 7E12H12 by the immunoperoxidase technique. The MC-Ab reacted with
      the colonic epithelial cells but not with any of the other tissues. In addition,
      40 amniotic fluid samples obtained from women between 16 and 18 weeks of
      gestation, who underwent amniocentesis because of advanced maternal age, were
      tested using a fluorescent activated cell sorter. Among the amniotic fluid
      specimens examined, 18.4 +/- 10.3 per cent cells reacted with 7E12H12. Double
      immunofluorescence studies revealed that all Mc-Ab-stained cells contained
      secretory component, confirming that they were epithelial in origin. All fetuses
      whose amniotic fluid was analysed had normal karyotypes and amniotic fluid alpha
      fetoprotein levels that were also normal. This study demonstrates that cell
      specific Mc-Ab can be used to detect colon cells in the amniotic fluid and that
      colon cells contribute significant numbers in the mixture of amniotic fluid
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284275
TI  - Second-trimester levels of maternal serum unconjugated oestriol and human
      chorionic gonadotropin in pregnancies affected by fetal anencephaly and open
      spina bifida.
AB  - Unconjugated oestriol (uE3) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels were
      determined in second-trimester maternal serum (MS) samples from 21 pregnancies
      associated with fetal anencephaly and 15 pregnancies associated with fetal open
      spina bifida. Each measurement was expressed as a multiple of the median (MoM)
      for unaffected pregnancies for each completed week of gestation. In pregnancies
      associated with anencephaly, the median value for MSuE3 was very low (0.17 MoM,
      range less than 0.12-0.33 MoM), suggesting a functional defect in the fetal
      adrenal prior to 20 weeks' gestation; the median value for MShCG was also low
      (0.73 MoM), although not to the same extent as for MSuE3. A biological
      explanation for the hCG result is not apparent. In pregnancies associated with
      open spina bifida, the MSuE3 and MShCG values were unremarkable, consistent with
      a lack of involvement of these open fetal defects in the synthesis and secretion
      of uE3 and hCG.

PMID- 2284276
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of an intra-abdominal sacrococcygeal teratoma.
AB  - The prenatal diagnosis of a presacral (type IV) sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is
      described. The initial ultrasound appearance was suggestive of a lower urinary
      tract obstruction, but further ultrasonic examination and radiological imaging
      using contrast medium led to the diagnosis of SCT. This is the first prenatal
      diagnosis of a totally intra-abdominal SCT.

PMID- 2284277
TI  - Spontaneous resolution of cystic hygroma.

PMID- 2284278
TI  - [Methods in weaning from smoking].

PMID- 2284279
TI  - [Tuberculosis--a small-scale epidemic in a Turkish extended family].
AB  - In a Turkish joint family including 15 family members seven persons suffered from
      pulmonary tuberculosis within a period of five months, namely, three adults and
      four children. Pulmonary tuberculosis also occurred in a boy from the
      neighbourhood. This infection chain originated from a girl of nineteen years of
      age.

PMID- 2284280
TI  - [Non-malignant lymphoid changes in the lung].
AB  - The authors diagnosed 5 cases of lymphoid interstitial lymphomas (LIP) and 2
      pseudolymphomas among their patient material. 2 of the 5 LIP patients were men,
      whereas 3 were women. One of the patients was a 9-year old girl at the time of
      diagnosis. In all the 5 cases the disease was verified by means of the
      histological findings on biopsy of the lung. The patients were treated with
      corticosteroid, in one case with corticosteroid + cytostatic. The condition of 4
      patients improved significantly; they were finally free from complaints. A
      definite regression was seen on x-ray film. The 5th patient (a woman) is still
      undergoing treatment at the time of writing. Of the 2 patients with
      pseudolymphoma, one was male and the other one female. The woman patient is still
      alive 14 years after the disease had been diagnosed. She received steroid and
      cytostatic treatment, and she is in a good condition. The male patient died 13
      years after the disease had been confirmed, but his death was caused by another
      disease. He had been given telecobalt therapy. The authors discuss on the basis
      of two disease patterns the non-malignant lung changes and their differential
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2284281
TI  - Sinking our teeth into public policy.

PMID- 2284282
TI  - Epidemiologic trends and dental care issues relevant to future dental hygiene.

PMID- 2284283
TI  - Policies, politics and economic priorities: issues for dental hygiene.

PMID- 2284284
TI  - Treatment of prostatic cancer--facts and controversies. Proceedings of an EOROTC
      Genitourinary Group sponsored meeting. Sorrento, Italy, October 12-15, 1989.

PMID- 2284285
TI  - Carcinoma of the prostate: reasons for endocrine treatment prior to symptomatic
      metastases.

PMID- 2284286
TI  - Is there a case for total androgen blockade?

PMID- 2284287
TI  - Reasons against total androgen suppression.

PMID- 2284288
TI  - The prevention of LHRH induced disease flares in patients with metastatic
      carcinoma of the prostate.

PMID- 2284289
TI  - Chemotherapy for endocrine resistant cancer of the prostate.

PMID- 2284291
TI  - Deferred treatment in localized prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2284290
TI  - Diagnosis and staging of locally confined prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2284293
TI  - Radiation therapy of prostate carcinoma: thirty year experience at Stanford
      University.

PMID- 2284292
TI  - Radical prostatectomy in locally confined prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - Because of recent advances in surgical technique with reduced morbidity and wider
      margins of resection, radical prostatectomy has become more widely accepted. For
      patients with localized prostatic cancer who have a 10-15-year projected
      survival, radical prostatectomy is the ideal form of therapy. In addition, in
      select patients with more advanced disease radical prostatectomy, while not
      curative, provides excellent palliation of the local lesion with minimal
      morbidity.

PMID- 2284295
TI  - Radical prostatectomy and adjuvant endocrine treatment: a review.

PMID- 2284294
TI  - The role of cytoreduction prior to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced
      prostate cancer--the Canadian perspective.

PMID- 2284296
TI  - Parameters of response and progression in prostate cancer.

PMID- 2284297
TI  - The application of response criteria on reporting treatment results in cancer
      trials.

PMID- 2284298
TI  - Reasons for delay of endocrine treatment in cancer of the prostate (until
      symptomatic metastases occur).
AB  - The VACURG studies showed that 1) In early (stage I and II) cancer of the
      prostate, radical prostatectomy dose not increase survival compared with initial
      placebo treatment, it is therefore a definite option (and possibly advisable) to
      initially just observe the patients with early cancer of the prostate (the "watch
      and see" or "watchful waiting" policy), 2) 1.0 mg as well as 5.0 mg DES daily
      retards progression from stage III to stage IV but does not improve survival in
      stage III, 3) 5.0 mg DES daily is associated with increased risk of
      cardiovascular death, and 4) in stage IV patients, early endocrine treatment
      (e.g. 1 mg DES) is advisable, especially in younger patients with high-grade
      tumors.

PMID- 2284299
TI  - Principles of androgen deprivation.

PMID- 2284300
TI  - In vitro study of clonazepam diffusion kinetics from solutions or hydrophilic
      gel.
AB  - Preliminary studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of temperature, pH
      and ionic strength of the donor and receptor medium on the solubility, partition
      coefficient and diffusion rate of clonazepam across a lipophilic artificial
      membrane, in view of future setting up of transdermal formulation of this drug.
      The in vitro release of clonazepam from a carbopol hydrogel was also
      investigated.

PMID- 2284301
TI  - A note on the evaluation of the distribution constant (partition coefficient) and
      acidity constants of amphoteric substances by the method of corresponding
      distribution ratio.

PMID- 2284302
TI  - [Acetylenic enzyme inhibitors: their role in anticancer chemotherapy].
AB  - Suicide inhibitors of acetylenic structure can inactive many enzymes playing an
      important role in the cancer cell metabolism. This type of inhibitors presents a
      fantastic interest because of its original inhibition mode: it is the catalytic
      mechanism of the enzyme itself which make the inhibitor reactive. In this way,
      thymidylate synthetase, ornithine decarboxylase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde
      reductase are inhibit by acetylenic substrates. These very efficient compounds
      will allow to envisage a more selective chemotherapy of cancer.

PMID- 2284303
TI  - [The centennial--Free Berlin. September 9, 1990. Address of the President of the
      Deutsche Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft].

PMID- 2284304
TI  - [Ethical progress in molecular biology. The centennial of the Deutschen
      Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft, Berlin, September 9, 1990].

PMID- 2284305
TI  - [Phosphoric acid esters: poisoning and therapy at the molecular sight].

PMID- 2284306
TI  - [Biogenic cytostatics].

PMID- 2284307
TI  - [Potential cardiotonic agents. 10. Synthesis and positive inotropic action of 5
      (4-pyridinyl)- and 5-phenyl-substituted 2-alkylthio-3-cyan-pyridines and their S
      oxidation products].
AB  - The alkylation of the 5-(4-pyridinyl)- and 5-phenyl-substituted 3-cyan-2(1H)
      pyridinethiones 1 with alkyl iodides and halomethylcarbonyl compounds led to the
      2-alkylthio-pyridines 3a-c, 3e, 3f and the thieno[2,3-b]pyridines 4,
      respectively. In an other way the 2-ethylthio-5-(4-pyridinyl)pyridines 3b and 3d
      were formed from the corresponding 2-chloroderivatives and ethylmercaptan. By
      means of oxidation of the 2-alkylthio-pyridines 3 with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid
      and potassium permanganate, respectively, the 2-sulfinyl- and 2-sulfonyl
      pyridines 5 and 6 were obtained. The 3-cyano-5-(4-pyridinyl)pyridine-2-sulfonic
      acid 7 was prepared by oxidation of the 2(1H)-pyridinethione 1a with potassium
      permanganate. Some derivatives possess positive inotropic properties.

PMID- 2284308
TI  - [Synthesis, structure elucidation and biological activity of thio- analogs of
      drugs with the examples of chlorthenoxazine and amobarbital].
AB  - Two drugs (chlorthenoxazine, amobarbital) were converted into their S-analogues
      derivatives via thiation with the P4S10-pyridine complex. The identity of
      structure isomers was confirmed by 13C NMR. A preliminary evaluation for their
      biological activities revealed that trithioamobarbital exhibits some notable
      spasmolytic effects. The substitution of oxygen by sulphur in chlorthenoxazine
      resulted in a complete loss of antiinflammatory activity.

PMID- 2284309
TI  - [Resolution of racemates of the beta-receptor blocker propranolol].

PMID- 2284310
TI  - Spectrophotometric determination of dapsone by using 9-chloroacridine as a
      chromogenic reagent.
AB  - A spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of dapsone (1) has
      been developed through a condensation reaction of 9-chloroacridine as a chromogen
      and the amino groups of 1. The reaction variables were investigated and
      optimized. The resultant colored products is stable and was synthesized. The
      application of the present method to the determination of 1 in commercial tablets
      gave satisfactory results and was compared with the official methods. The
      proposed method ist simple, sensitive, reproducible and accurate.

PMID- 2284311
TI  - Some studies on the preservation of indometacin suspensions intended for
      ophthalmic use.
AB  - Suspensions of indometacin (1% w/v), buffered to pH 5.6, may be satisfactorily
      preserved by 0.002% w/v phenylmercuric nitrate in the presence of
      hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (0.5% w/v), despite 90% of the preservative being
      adsorbed to the indometacin powder. Polyvinyl alcohol (1.4%) could be used as an
      alternative suspending agent.

PMID- 2284312
TI  - Heteroarylalkanoic acids with possible antiinflammatory activities. Part 8: The
      scavenging of the oxygen-free radicals.
AB  - The scavenging activity of some isosteric antiinflammatory heteoarylalkanoic
      acids with respect to oxygen-free radicals has been studied. All the compounds
      were found to inhibit the depolymerization of hyaluronic acid due to
      enzymatically or chemically generated hydroxyl radicals. The reduced consumption
      of oxygen by xanthine oxidase indicates a cotemporaneous phenomenon of enzymatic
      inhibition.

PMID- 2284313
TI  - [Manufacture and characterization of lyophilized suppositories].
AB  - Pharmaceutic usual hydrophilic macromolecular substances were investigated of
      usefulness to manufacture lyophilized suppositories contained propyphenazon or
      paracetamol. It was shown that gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose and polyacrylic
      acid are able to form suitable solid structures.

PMID- 2284314
TI  - The effect of carbamate local anesthetics on artificial lipid membrane.
AB  - The influence of phenylcarbamic acid basic esters with local anesthetic activity
      on the phase transition temperature (Tc) of a model
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) membrane from gel to liquid crystalline
      state was studied. It was found that (Tc) in the presence of carbamate
      anesthetics decreases. The decrease of Tc (delta Tc) correlated well with the
      biological activity of the compounds studied.

PMID- 2284315
TI  - Influence of 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives and azomethines on microtubule
      formation in vitro and experimental leukemias.
AB  - Using two groups of substances (derivatives of 1,4-benzoquinone and azomethines)
      it was compared their effect on the microtubule formation in vitro and on
      experimental leukemias. 9 from the 28 substances tested acted cancerostatically,
      4 substances inhibited microtubule assembly. 3 compounds (fluorenoneazomethines)
      revealed both effects.

PMID- 2284316
TI  - [Synthesis and action of 1-n-hexyl-2-phenyl-3-(n-alkoxymethyl)- and 1-n-hexyl-2
      phenyl-3-(6-n-alkylthiomethyl)imidazolium chlorides].
AB  - The synthesis of quaternary imidazolium chlorides was performed by reaction of 1
      n-hexyl-2-phenyl-imidazole with chloromethylalkyl ether or chlormethylalkyl
      sulfide. The antibacterial properties of the compounds obtained was tested on 13
      strains of bacteria and fungi. Chlorides with octyl- and decylthiomethyl moiety
      indicated the best antibacterial activity.

PMID- 2284317
TI  - Synthesis and antiarrhythmic activity of new 2-chloro-3-aminomethylquinolines.

PMID- 2284318
TI  - [Polyhydroxyalkanoates as drug carriers for the formulation of tablets with
      "quick-release" effect].

PMID- 2284319
TI  - Pharmaceutical interaction of lidocaine hydrochloride and sodium
      carboxymethylcellulose in "hydrocortisonum" suspension.

PMID- 2284320
TI  - [Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical evaluation of
      acetylaminonitropropoxybenzolum (Falimint). 11. Plasma levels and urinary
      elimination in single and multiple administration].

PMID- 2284321
TI  - Influence of hyaluronidase on the blood plasma levels of 5-fluorouracil in
      patients.

PMID- 2284322
TI  - Thiazolidine ring conformation is not connected with potency of penicillins.

PMID- 2284323
TI  - Antitumor activity of some coumarin derivatives.

PMID- 2284324
TI  - [The biochemical basis of pharmaceutical chemistry. 8. The biological membrane as
      an attack point of drugs].

PMID- 2284325
TI  - The development of an observer-scale for measuring social dysfunction and
      aggression.
AB  - Scales for measuring aggressive cognitions and behaviour have mainly been
      administered by nursing-staff or been self-ratings. During recent years we have
      made an attempt to construct an observer-scale for aggression analogous to the
      Hamilton scale for depression. The Social Dysfunction and Aggression Scale (SDAS)
      consists of 9 items (SDAS-9) covering outward aggression and 2 items (SDAS-2)
      covering inward aggression. The inter-observer reliability of the SDAS has been
      found adequate in terms of intra-class coefficients. In a pilot study on 82
      inpatients from different centres in Denmark and Sweden the SDAS was compared to
      three-item scales for outward and inward aggression and to a global scale for
      outward aggression. The results showed that the SDAS-9 correlated positively with
      the other outward observer-scales, and the SDAS-2 with the other inward scale. A
      divergent validity was seen between the outward and inward scales, indicating
      that it is necessary to measure both dimensions. Preliminary ranks-according-to
      frequency scores showed the following order of the nine outward items:
      irritability, dysphoric mood, social disturbances, nondirected verbal
      aggressiveness, negativism, directed verbal aggressiveness, physical violence
      towards staff, physical violence towards things, and physical violence towards
      persons other than staff.

PMID- 2284326
TI  - REM-suppressing effects of amitriptyline and amitriptyline-N-oxide after acute
      medication in healthy volunteers: results of two uncontrolled pilot trials.
AB  - Almost all tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants as well as the MAO
      (monoamineoxidase) inhibitors suppress REM sleep significantly and sustainedly.
      This does not seem to be an epiphenomenon of antidepressant pharmacotherapy,
      since initial REM sleep suppression during pharmacological treatment correlated
      positively with antidepressant effect after three weeks. Furthermore, selective
      REM-sleep deprivation (by waking patients) had a marked antidepressive effect in
      depressed patients. The present study used rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
      suppression in healthy volunteers as a marker to compare the central nervous
      effects of 150 mg amitriptylineoxide (AMINO) with those of 75 mg amitriptyline
      (AMI). Both compounds exerted comparable sleep-inducing effects; suppression of
      REM sleep tended to be more pronounced after application of AMI, despite the
      higher dose of AMINO used. While this result is evidence of the immediate central
      nervous effects of a single dose of AMINO, they seem less marked than those of
      AMI.

PMID- 2284327
TI  - Safety of long-term neuroleptanxiolysis with fluspirilene 1.5 mg per week.
AB  - In recent years concern has been frequently expressed that a long-term treatment
      with fluspirilene 1.5 mg/week might induce tardive dyskinesia, yet there are no
      empirical data from controlled studies available. In 11 private practices 276
      patients under long-term treatment with either fluspirilene or benzodiazepines
      for reasons of anxiety or psychoneurotic or psychosomatic disorders were
      investigated by an independent and specially trained physician from our hospital
      with regard to symptoms to tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism, and akathisia. Of
      these patients, 155 had received fluspirilene 1.5 mg/week with a mean duration of
      treatment of 17.5 months (s = 13.3), and 121 had received benzodiazepines with a
      mean duration of treatment of 45.7 months (s = 44.6). The mean total scores of
      the AIMS, the Simpson Angus Scale, and an akathisia scale did not differ
      significantly between the two groups. In the fluspirilene group a positive
      correlation of age and psychotropic comedication with the total scores of the
      AIMS and the akathisia scale could be found, but there was no correlation between
      duration or continuity of treatment with fluspirilene and symptoms of tardive
      dyskinesia. In each of the two groups 10 patients (6.9% of the fluspirilene group
      and 8.3% of the benzodiazepine group) showed abnormal involuntary movements,
      which corresponds to the incidence of spontaneous dyskinesia. The results of this
      study do not indicate an increase in tardive dyskinesia for patients with a mean
      duration of treatment with fluspirilene 1.5 mg/week of 18 months.

PMID- 2284328
TI  - Naftidrofuryl in the treatment of mild senile dementia. A double-blind study.
AB  - After a wash-out period of four weeks 51 patients with mild to moderate senile
      dementia were treated with either 600 mg naftidrofuryl (n = 23) daily per os or
      placebo (n = 28) over an eight-week period. When classified according to
      Hachinski's score, 24 patients were found to be suffering from senile dementia of
      Alzheimer's type (SDAT), whereas 27 patients presented with vascular dementia
      (MID). During wash-out and the treatment period the somatic and social symptoms
      of the disease were assessed by the AGP score. Cerebral performance was evaluated
      by a battery of tests measuring memory, concentration, psychomotor coordination
      and degree of depression. Electrical activity of the brain was estimated by a
      power-spectral analysis of EEG. In the total study group, the naftidrofuryl group
      showed a significantly better improvement in the results of the psychometric test
      battery, which was the primary variable during treatment. A parallel development
      was to be found in the AGP score and electrical brain function. When results of
      subgroups were analyzed according to the etiopathogenetic background of patients
      with SDAT, it was possible to show that naftidrofuryl affected psychopathometry
      and EEG-parameters while patients with MID responded to naftidrofuryl with
      changes in AGP score and EEG variables. These findings indicate the importance of
      etiopathologic features in performing studies with nootropic drugs in obtaining
      information on possible different actions in patients with different kinds of
      senile dementia.

PMID- 2284329
TI  - Interactions between imipramine and morphine on motility in rats: possible
      relation to antidepressant effects?
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether morphine and the more modern
      antidepressant drug imipramine have common effects on behavior after both acute
      and chronic administration, and, in particular, to establish whether they act
      synergistically. In rats, morphine (15 mg/kg i.p.) produced a pronounced
      hypokinesia, followed by locomotor activation and stereotyped behavior. After
      repeated administration (eight times), tolerance to the hypokinesia developed,
      whereas locomotor activation and stereotypies occurred earlier and were more
      pronounced. Subacute pretreatment with imipramine (twice daily 10 mg/kg i.p. for
      eight days) enhanced and prolonged hypokinesia and delayed the manifestation of
      stereotypies and locomotor activation. In contrast, chronic treatment with
      imipramine (for 29 days) no longer inhibited morphine-induced stereotypies and
      locomotor activation, but seemed to enhance them when they were tested in rats
      repeatedly treated with morphine. When the same rats were tested with morphine
      (15 mg/kg) seven days after withdrawal of morphine and imipramine, morphine
      produced increased stereotypies and a slight enhancement of locomotion. The
      experimental conditions used excluded the possibility that conditioning phenomena
      might explain the enhancement of (probably dopamine-mediated) behavior.
      Furthermore, the results demonstrated that 1) acute administration of morphine
      and subacute administration of imipramine may act in a synergistic way, and 2)
      repeated administration of morphine and chronic treatment with imipramine also
      act synergistically, although contrary to the acute actions of both drugs. These
      interactions might be of therapeutic or toxicological relevance.

PMID- 2284330
TI  - Heart rate and blood pressure: significance of the law of initial values.
AB  - Thirty normal controls, 30 panic-disorder patients and 19 depressed patients
      participated in a study involving postural and isometric handgrip tests.
      Prestimulus values of heart-rate and blood-pressure were correlated with stimulus
      phasic responses. The law of initial values did not hold during the change from
      supine to standing posture or during the isometric handgrip test for heart-rate
      and blood-pressure, but it held for heart-rate during the change from standing to
      supine posture. The effect of regression toward the mean was accounted for in the
      analyses.

PMID- 2284331
TI  - Radiation dosimetry using nuclear magnetic resonance: an introductory review.

PMID- 2284332
TI  - Dose-response curves for Fricke-infused agarose gels as obtained by nuclear
      magnetic resonance.
AB  - The radiation-response characteristics of agarose gels prepared with Fricke
      dosemeter solution have been studied. The response mechanism is an increase in
      the NMR longitudinal relaxation rate of protons caused by ferric ions. It has
      been observed that: (i) oxygen saturation assures consistent and maximum
      sensitivity; (ii) agarose concentrations in the range 1.0-2.0% have no effect
      upon sensitivity; (iii) the initial G value is 150 Fe3+/100 eV for gels
      containing 0.5 mM Fe2+ ions; (iv) increasing NMR frequencies only causes a
      moderate increase in sensitivity; (v) the gel dosemeters are dose rate
      independent in the range 4.7-24.2 Gy min-1; (vi) sensitivity is pH dependent,
      being zero at pH 7; (vii) freshly prepared gels are slightly more sensitive than
      those more than 24 h old; and (ix) the diffusion coefficient for ferric ions in a
      1.0% agarose gel containing 0.0125 M H2SO4 is 1.83 x 10(-2) cm2 h-1, and this
      will require consideration for the NMR imaging of dose distributions.

PMID- 2284333
TI  - MR imaging of absorbed dose distributions for radiotherapy using ferrous sulphate
      gels.
AB  - The measurement of absorbed dose distributions using dosemeter gel and magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) in a standard geometry has been investigated. Absorbed
      depth-dose curves and profiles measured with this new technique show good
      agreement with corresponding measurements using diodes. This was proven in a 60Co
      beam as well as an electron beam. The dosemeter gel is made of agarose and
      ferrous sulphate solution. The dose response is linear (r = 0.9996) in the
      investigated dose interval, 0-40 Gy. The sensitivity is a factor of about six
      higher compared to ordinary ferrous sulphate solution, known as 'Fricke'. This is
      a true 3D dose measurement technique which will have a number of applications in
      radiation therapy, since it is possible to mould the gel to arbitrary geometries,
      mix different radiation qualities and integrate the absorbed dose from different
      kinds of fields.

PMID- 2284334
TI  - A planning method for 125I implants in cancer therapy.
AB  - A method for planning implants of 125I seeds has been developed. The treatment
      dose prescribed by the physician is delivered to the tumour, as uniformly as
      possible, by a minimal number of seeds. The number of seeds and their locations
      are derived by requesting that, at any point in the tumour, the dose will be
      equal to or higher than the prescribed dose. As a result, the total implanted
      activity is lower for small volumes and higher for large volumes, relative to
      other implantation protocols which derive their planning from requests on the
      minimum peripheral dose. Results obtained from computer simulations performed on
      different tumour shapes and volumes, show a linear dependence between the total
      implanted activity and the tumour volume. The total activity does not depend on
      the shape of the tumour. A description of the algorithm of our procedure and a
      detailed example of its application are presented.

PMID- 2284335
TI  - The derivation and verification of a non-stationary, optimal smoothing filter for
      nuclear medicine image data.
AB  - A non-stationary optimal smoothing filter for digital nuclear medicine image
      data, degraded by Poisson noise, has been derived and applied to temporal
      simulated and clinical gated blood pool study (GBPS) data. The derived filter is
      automatically calculated from a large group (library) of similar GBPS which are
      representative of all studies acquired according to the same protocol in a
      defined patient population (the ensemble). The filter is designed to minimize the
      mean-square difference between the filtered data and the true image values; it
      provides an optimal trade-off between noise reduction and signal degradation for
      members of the ensemble. The filter is evaluated using a computer simulated
      ensemble of GBPS. Libraries of Poisson-degraded and non-degraded studies were
      generated. Libraries of up to 400 Poisson-degraded simulated studies were used to
      estimate optimal temporal filters that, when applied to Poisson-degraded members
      of the ensemble not included in the libraries, reduced the mean-square error in
      the raw data by 65%. When the non-degraded studies were used instead to compute
      the optimal filter values, the corresponding reduction in the error was 83%.
      Libraries of previously acquired clinical GBPS were then used to estimate optimal
      temporal filters for an ensemble of similarly acquired studies. These filters
      were subsequently applied to studies of 13 patients (not in the original
      libraries) who received multiple sequential repeat studies. Comparisons of both
      the filtered and raw data to averages of the repeat studies demonstrated that
      optimal filters calculated from 400 and 800 clinical studies reduced the mean
      square error in the clinical data by 56% and 63% respectively.

PMID- 2284336
TI  - On the existence of bound water in biological systems as probed by dielectric
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Results of dielectric relaxation studies in this laboratory on binary aqueous
      solutions are summarized to look for indications of the presence of bound water.
      The solutes include simple inorganic and organic electrolytes, polyelectrolytes,
      small organic molecules and polymers. It is shown that even simple solutions
      exhibit a great variety of dielectric effects. It therefore appears to be
      impossible to unambiguously discuss dielectric spectra of complex biological
      tissues in which different polarization mechanisms overlap. The results for
      solutions taken as models for biological systems indicate two types of affected
      water which might be considered 'bound': dielectrically saturated water in strong
      electric fields and water in regions with a high concentration of other
      molecules. Characteristics of both states of water in mixtures are presented.

PMID- 2284337
TI  - The influence of model parameter values on the prediction of skin surface
      temperature: I. Resting and surface insulation.
AB  - A model is presented of heat transfer and temperature distributions in the skin
      and superficial tissues. It is based on a finite difference numerical solution of
      the one-dimensional multilayer coupled bioheat equation. In this paper, the model
      is used to investigate the influence of the values of parameters chosen to
      represent the physiological and heat transfer processes on the temperature of the
      skin under resting conditions and after insulation of the skin surface.
      Equilibrium resting temperatures were strongly influenced by deep body
      temperature especially at lower heat transfer coefficients on the skin surface,
      but slightly affected by the values chosen for skin blood flow and metabolic heat
      generation; both the heat transfer coefficients and environmental temperature
      strongly influenced the surface temperature. After surface insulation the
      temperature elevation was strongly influenced by the thermal conductivities of
      tissues, skin blood flow and deep boundary temperature; metabolic heat generation
      was only significantly at unphysiologically high values.

PMID- 2284338
TI  - Kinetic studies on anthralin photooxidation.
AB  - The photooxidation of the antipsoriatic drug anthralin (1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone)
      has been studied by several kinetic techniques, including direct observation of
      1O2 (1 delta g) luminescence at 1.27 microns. The rate of deactivation of 1O2
      increases at higher pH, demonstrating that the trihydroxyanthracene anion is the
      reactive species. Direct determination of the rate constant of 1O2 deactivation
      (kR + kQ) in deuterated buffer systems by luminescence quenching gave a value of
      3.0 x 10(8) M-1 s-1 for the anion; the neutral anthrone is unreactive. The rate
      constant for the neutral anthrone in benzene-d6 is 2.8 x 10(4) M-1 s-1.
      Competition experiments with tetramethylethylene in acetonitrile gave a rate
      constant for reaction alone (kR) of 2.1 x 10(8) M-1 s-1 for the anion.

PMID- 2284339
TI  - The interactions of pyrenylmethyl tributylphosphonium bromide with single strand
      polynucleotides.
AB  - The binding of the water soluble derivative of pyrene, pyrenylmethyl tri-n
      butylphosphonium bromide (PMTP), to single strand polynucleotides has been
      characterised by changes in the absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, the
      fluorescence lifetime and the time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy of PMTP. For
      polyguanylic acid at low ionic strength, there are two modes of binding; external
      ionic binding and intercalation between the bases. The former results in PMTP
      excimer formation and the latter involves a charge-transfer complex between PMTP
      and guanine bases. Polyadenylic acid and polyinosinic acid show only external
      binding and poly[C] exhibits an interaction which is a combination of external
      binding and partial intercalation. Single strand DNA binds PMTP by intercalation
      and external binding at low ionic strength. In the presence of 0.2 M sodium
      chloride, only binding by intercalation between the bases occurs for poly[G].
      Single strand DNA bound PMPT by partial intercalation, as well as full
      intercalation between the bases, but polyadenylic acid, polycytidylic acid and
      polyinosinic acid showed no significant binding in the presence of 0.2 M sodium
      chloride. The differences in the binding of PMTP are attributed to variations in
      the rigidity and form the structures of single strand polynucleotides adopt in
      solution. A full analysis of the binding isotherms has been made using methods
      based on Scatchard plots and the McGhee and von Hippel approach, which are
      critically compared.

PMID- 2284340
TI  - Ligand-dependent interaction of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes with DNA
      probed by emission spectroscopy.
AB  - The nature of the interaction in buffered aqueous solution of several homo and
      heteroleptic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes containing 2,2'-bipyridine
      (bpy), 2,2'-bipyrazine (bpz), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10
      phenanthroline (dip), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (tmp), 1,4,5,8
      tetraazaphenanthrene (tap), and 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene (hat) with calf
      thymus DNA and poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) (pdAT) has been investigated by steady
      state spectroscopy and emission lifetime measurements. Those complexes containing
      two or more tap/hat ligands photo-oxidize the guanine base upon binding to DNA
      with efficiencies that parallel their excited state redox potentials, but display
      "normal" behavior (increase of both the emission intensity and lifetime) when
      bound to pdAT. However Ru(tap)(hat)2+2 and Ru(hat)2+3 even photooxidize the
      adenine base of pdAT, so that their excited states are also quenched in the
      presence of either polynucleotide. The electron transfer quenching mechanism has
      been confirmed previously by detection of the monoreduced complex in laser flash
      photolysis experiments in the presence of mononucleotides. Most of the complexes
      investigated appear to bind to DNA, at least in part via intercalation, with
      affinities being dependent on the nature of the largest ligand (hat shows the
      highest ability in heteroleptic complexes). From lifetime quenching experiments,
      in the presence of moderate amounts of NaCl, surface binding does not appear to
      be a general mode for the complexes investigated, and it has been demonstrated
      unequivocally only for Ru(phen)2+3. In addition, the intercalation of complexes
      into DNA increases as the ionic strength of the medium decreases, the DNA/Ru
      ratio increases, or when water is partially replaced by glycerol.

PMID- 2284341
TI  - Intracellular localization of sulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphines in a human
      carcinoma cell line.
AB  - The intracellular localization of meso-tetraphenylporphines sulfonated to
      different degrees (TPPSn), in a human cervix carcinoma cell line (NHIK 3025), was
      studied by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. After an 18 h
      incubation, TPPS4, TPPS2a and TPPS2o were localized in extranuclear granules.
      Studies of cells stained with both TPPS4, and acridine orange, which is known to
      fluoresce red in lysosomes, indicated that these granules were lysosomes. In
      addition, a fraction of the cellbound TPPS4, TPPS2a and TPPS2o seems to be
      associated with the plasma membrane. Fluorescence quenching studies of cells
      doublestained with acridine orange and TPPS4 indicated that TPPS4 is also
      localized in the nucleus and in the extralysosomal cytoplasm. The intracellular
      location of TPPS1 differed from that of the other TPPSns studied: In 6 out of 9
      experiments fluorescing extranuclear granules were found. A diffuse fluorescence
      extending from the perinuclear area was also observed.

PMID- 2284342
TI  - The photokilling of bladder carcinoma cells in vitro by phenothiazine dyes.
AB  - The potential photodynamic therapy photosensitizers Methylene Blue, Azure C,
      Methylene Violet, Thionine, Methylene Green, Haematoporphyrin, Nile Blue A,
      chloroaluminium phthalocyanine and bis-aluminium phthalocyanine were examined for
      their photoeffects and dark toxicity against a human superficial bladder
      carcinoma cell-line. By examination of [3H]thymidine uptake into dye-treated
      cells after irradiation with a copper-vapour pumped dye laser, it was found that
      Methylene Blue was the most phototoxic and dark toxic of all the dyes tested,
      suggesting that the dye might be of some use as a topically applied photodrug for
      use in photodynamic therapy of superficial or early-recurring carcinomas.

PMID- 2284343
TI  - In vitro evaluation of phototoxic properties of four structurally related
      benzoporphyrin derivatives.
AB  - Four structural analogs of benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) have been studied and
      compared for photosensitizing activity in vitro. All analogs have an identical
      reduced tetrapyrrol porphyrin ring, and differ by the position of a
      cyclohexadiene ring (fused at either ring A or ring B of the porphyrin) and the
      presence of either two acid groups or one acid and one ester group at rings C and
      D of the porphyrin. Photosensitizer activity was tested with the M1 tumor cell
      line using an assay (the MTT assay) which detects mitochondrial hydrogenases as a
      measure of cell viability. This assay was shown to be equivalent to the standard
      clonogenicity or [3H]thymidine uptake assay. Comparative studies with the BPD
      analogs showed that the monoacid derivatives had equivalent cytotoxicity and were
      about five-fold more active than the diacid forms. This was the case whether the
      assays were performed in the presence or absence of fetal calf serum.

PMID- 2284344
TI  - The plasma distribution of benzoporphyrin derivative and the effects of plasma
      lipoproteins on its biodistribution.
AB  - The plasma distribution and biodistribution of benzoporphyrin derivative were
      examined. Two analogs of benzoporphyrin derivative were mixed with human plasma
      in vitro and recovered in the lipoprotein fractions upon separation by
      chromatography or ultracentrifugation. The majority of both analogs was recovered
      with high density lipoprotein. The effect of prebinding benzoporphyrin derivative
      to lipoproteins on the biodistribution of the drug in vivo was studied in tumor
      bearing DBA/2J mice. At 3, 8 and 24 h post-injection, tumor and tissue samples
      were excised and analyzed for benzoporphyrin derivative content. Precomplexing
      benzoporphyrin derivative with low density lipoprotein or high density
      lipoprotein led to significantly (P less than 0.05) greater tumor accumulation
      than in aqueous solution.

PMID- 2284345
TI  - Sequence-specificity of the alkali-sensitive lesions induced in DNA by high
      intensity ultraviolet laser radiation.
AB  - The action of high-intensity (10(9)-10(12) W/m2) UV (266 nm) laser radiation
      pulses (duration ca 10 ns or ca 40 ps) on liquid aqueous solutions of DNA is
      known to cause not only single- but also two-quantum modification of nucleic
      bases. The action of hot piperidine on the laser-irradiated DNA results in non
      random splitting of polynucleotide chain. Hence, at least some of the modified
      nucleoside residues are alkali-sensitive lesions (ASLs). The distribution of ASLs
      along the DNA chain shows that the position of these lesions corresponds with
      pyrimidines in the PyPy sequences (similar to those formed via single-quantum
      conversions) as well as with deoxyguanosine residues. The last ASLs result from
      two-quantum reactions and occur much more efficiently than the direct photo
      induced cleavage of the internucleotide (phosphodiester) bond. It has been shown
      with fragments of plasmids pUC18, pUC19 and pBR322 (total length over 600 base
      pairs) that the relative efficiency of ASLs at deoxyguanosine sites depends on
      the primary structure context and can differ by an order of magnitude. The
      highest efficiency of modification is observed when a purine is 3' neighbour to
      the 2'-deoxyguanosine, i.e. at 5'-GPu-3' sites. However, considerable variations
      in the modification efficiency were also found in these sequences.

PMID- 2284346
TI  - Effect of polyamine depletion on DNA damage and repair following UV irradiation
      of HeLa cells.
AB  - Treatment of HeLa cells with the polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors, methylglyoxal
      bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) or a combination of
      the two, resulted in reduction in cellular polyamine levels. Analysis of UV light
      induced DNA damage and repair in these polyamine depleted cells revealed distinct
      differences in the repair process relative to that seen in cells possessing a
      normal polyamine complement. Initial yield of thymine dimers and rate of removal
      of these lesions from cellular DNA appeared normal in polyamine-depleted cells.
      However, depleted cells exhibited retarded sealing of DNA strand breaks resulting
      from cellular repair processes, reduced repair synthesis and an increased
      sensitivity to UV killing. Incision at damaged sites was not affected since ara-C
      repair-dependent breaks accumulated in a normal fashion. Molecular analysis of
      inhibited repair sites by exonuclease III and T4 DNA ligase probes suggest that
      the strand interruptions consist of gaps rather than ligatable nicks, consistent
      with an interpretation of the repair defect being at the gap-filling stage rather
      than the ligation step. Observed patterns of differential polyamine depletion by
      DFMO and MGBG, and partial reversal of repair inhibition by polyamine
      supplementation, suggests that polyamine depletion per se, rather than some
      secondary effect of inhibitor treatment, is responsible for the inhibition of
      repair.

PMID- 2284347
TI  - Photobiological activity of 3,4'-dimethyl-8-methoxypsoralen, a linear
      furocoumarin with unusual DNA-binding properties.
AB  - The furocoumarin derivative 3,4'-dimethyl-8-methoxypsoralen (DMe-8-MOP) exhibits
      remarkable antiproliferative activity, but is devoid of skin phototoxicity. To
      gain insight into this peculiar behaviour we investigated non-covalent and
      covalent binding of DMe-8-MOP to calf thymus DNA, along with DNA-synthesis
      inhibition and mutagenic activity. The non-covalent interaction of DMe-8-MOP with
      the nucleic acid is quite poor as shown by equilibrium dialysis, spectroscopic,
      chiroptical and hydrodynamic techniques. However, it exhibits relevant
      photobinding ability to DNA using both isolated nucleic acid samples and cellular
      systems. Unlike the large majority of congeners, DMe-8-MOP undergoes
      predominantly photochemical monoaddition to the double helical polynucleotide.
      Upon examination of the products obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of DMe-8-MOP
      photomodified DNA, the formation of an unusual furan side adduct is proposed,
      which could account for the peculiar photochemical and photobiological properties
      of the 3,4'-dimethyl furocoumarin derivative.

PMID- 2284348
TI  - Post-treatment interactions of photodynamic and radiation-induced cytotoxic
      lesions.
AB  - The interaction of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine-sensitized photodynamic
      treatment and gamma-irradiation was studied in confluent murine L929 fibroblasts.
      When the cells were given the combined treatments and immediately subcultured for
      determination of cell survival by colony formation, the data indicate independent
      actions of each modality. However, when subculture was delayed for 1 h, a
      substantial fraction of cells treated with a sub-lethal dose of PDT followed by 5
      Gy gamma-radiation detached from the monolayer. Most of these detached cells were
      no longer clonogenic. The mode of photosensitized cell killing was found to be
      different from that of ionizing radiation-induced cell killing. Photosensitized
      cell killing was accompanied by morphological changes in the cells and extensive
      DNA degradation within one hour following the treatment. When chloroaluminum
      phthalocyanine pretreated cells were exposed to a sublethal fluence of light (6
      kJ/m2) and a lethal dose of gamma-radiation (5 Gy), DNA degradation was enhanced,
      and about 20% of the cell population appeared to undergo the type of cell death
      typical of photodynamic treatment. Thus, although different initial lethal
      lesions are induced by photodynamic treatment and by ionizing radiation,
      interactions may occur during processing of the damage.

PMID- 2284350
TI  - Effect of oxygen on photoautotrophic and heterotrophic growth of Chlamydomonas
      reinhardtii in an anoxic atmosphere.
AB  - Photoautotrophic growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was shown to be independent
      of the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Under constant light and photoautotrophic
      conditions, C. reinhardtii grew equally well in either air or 367 PPM CO2-in-He.
      During 12-h light-dark cycles, the cells in air grew substantially faster than
      those grown in CO2-in-He, indicating a significant role for O2 in dark
      metabolism. Although cells grown under CO2-in-He were not supplied any exogenous
      O2, photosynthetic water splitting resulted in the liberation of O2. The effect
      of photoevolved O2 on the growth of C. reinhardtii was examined (1) by measuring
      the amount of O2 consumed by photosynthesizing algae, (2) by growing the algae
      heterotrophically on acetate in the dark and supplied with O2 generated by
      photoautotrophically grown cells, and (3) by determining the minimum level of O2
      needed to stimulate CO2 evolution from cells suspended in minimal medium
      supplemented with acetate. The results from these investigations indicated that
      exogenous O2 was not required for photoautotrophic growth by C. reinhardtii and
      that this alga grew in an anoxic environment if supplied with CO2 and light.

PMID- 2284349
TI  - The role of calcium in Chlamydomonas photomovement responses as analysed by
      calcium channel inhibitors.
AB  - Phototaxis and light-induced stop responses in Chlamydomonas are known to be
      calcium dependent. We show that phototaxis is stereoselectively inhibited by
      dihyropyridines, verapamil, diltiazem, omega-conotoxin and pimozide, all
      inhibitors of slow L-type calcium channels. In contrast, the stop response in
      Chlamydomonas can be specifically reduced only by omega-conotoxin and pimozide.
      The light-regulated calcium uptake as detected by 45calcium can be completely
      suppressed by verapamil and omega-conotoxin but not by diltiazem or any of the
      dihyropyridine-type calcium channel inhibitors. We conclude that phototaxis and
      stop response in Chlamydomonas are regulated by three distinguishable drug
      receptor sites. One of them controls phototaxis and is sensitive to verapamil.
      The second site controls stop response and phototaxis and shows a high
      sensitivity to omega-conotoxin and pimozide. These two drug receptors seem to be
      localized in the plasma membrane and function as ion channels. In addition,
      calcium influences internal signal transduction from the photoreceptor to the
      flagella. This internal role of calcium is inhibited by the dihydropyridine
      binding to a dihydropyridine receptor protein. The arylazide-1,4
      dihydropyridine[3H]azidopine binds with a Kd = 35 nM to a 50 kDa protein located
      in one of the internal cell membranes. Azidopine binding is fully reversible and
      can be partially inhibited by nimodipine and PN-200110. This protein is the first
      identified dihyropyridine receptor in an unicellular plant cell. It might serve
      as an internal calcium regulating channel in Chlamydomonas.

PMID- 2284351
TI  - Triplet yield of merocyanine 540 in water is wavelength dependent.
AB  - Monomers and aggregates of Merocyanine 540 (MC540) in water are able to
      photoisomerize. The shape of the photoisomer absorption spectrum is very similar
      to that of the ground state. Triplet state of MC540 in water has been produced by
      energy transfer from triplet anthracene and displays a broad absorption spectrum
      between 600 and 700 nm. The triplet state may also be produced by direct
      excitation of MC540 with UV light. However, when the dye is excited by visible
      light, no triplet state absorbance in the red could be detected so that the
      triplet yield of MC540 in water seems to be excitation wavelength dependent.

PMID- 2284352
TI  - Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin.
AB  - Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra of bacteriorhodopsin have been obtained using
      229 nm excitation from a hydrogen-shifted neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:
      YAG) laser. High signal-to-noise spectra are observed exhibiting vibrational
      bands at 762, 877, 1011, 1175, 1356, 1552 and 1617 cm-1 which are assigned to
      scattering from tryptophan and tyrosine side chains. This demonstrates the
      feasibility of using UV resonance Raman spectroscopy to monitor aromatic amino
      acid structural changes during the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle.

PMID- 2284353
TI  - Hypocrellins and their use in photosensitization.
AB  - Hypocrellins A and B are pigments which are isolated from parasitic fungi
      Hypocrella bambuase (B. et Br) sacc. and Shiraia bambusicola P. Heen found in the
      People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) and Sri Lanka respectively. These agents,
      which belong to the general class of perylene quinonoid pigments, have a long
      history of traditional medicinal agents especially in the P.R.C. Recently their
      marked photosensitizing properties have been established and exploratory studies
      initiated. This effort has led to the realization of the potential of the
      hypocrellins for the photodynamic therapy of tumors. The review summarizes the
      chemical and photophysical properties of the hypocrellins and their derivatives
      as well as studies on photosensitization to date at the molecular, cellular and
      in vivo levels, and their prospects as PDT agents.

PMID- 2284354
TI  - [Usefulness of standardized psychometric scales (BPRS, HDS)in the evaluation of
      schizophrenic symptoms (preliminary report)].
AB  - The psychometric investigation using BPRS and HDS was made in 27 schizophrenics
      in both acute and remission phase. The control group consisted of 22 depressive
      patients. The schizophrenic patients showed significant higher score of 9 BPRS
      items respecting schizophrenia subscale of BPRS in Beech's modification. Among
      acute schizophrenic the significant correlation was found between the intensity
      of positive (productive) and negative (defective) symptoms. No correlation was
      found between the severity of depression in HDS, severity of positive/negative
      symptoms, and global BPRS score. Among schizophrenics during remission both total
      severity in BPRS and negative symptoms subscale score correlated significantly
      with the intensity of symptoms in Hamilton's scale. The results were confronted
      with the last data from the literature. The results show the usefulness of these
      scales for the diagnosis of schizophrenia and for the evaluation of importance of
      positive/negative symptoms in the course of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2284355
TI  - [Dependence on serum cortisol level or the severity of intellectual impairment in
      primary degenerative dementias].
AB  - Basal serum cortisol level was measured in patients with primary degenerative
      dementia. The diagnosis of primary degenerative dementia was made by the DSM-III
      R criteria, and the severity of dementia was measured by use the Rosen et. al.
      scale. Additionally, the presence of depressive and paraphrenia syndromes was
      evaluated. The Hamilton scale was used for the evaluation of depression severity.
      Cortisol level was measured by radioimmune assay. Sixty three patients, 39 female
      and 24 male, were evaluated. The mean age for women was 69.54 and for men 71
      years. Patients were divided into 3 groups: I--simple dementia, II--dementia with
      depression, III--dementia with paraphrenia. Positive correlation was found
      between basal cortisol level and the severity of dementia only in group I. Mean
      cortisol level in patients from group II and III was significantly different than
      in group I. Among female patients with depression the negative correlation
      between cortisol level and severity of dementia was found; no other correlations
      were proved. No correlation was found between the cortisol level and severity of
      dementia in Hamilton's scale.

PMID- 2284356
TI  - [Depressive symptoms in alcohol dependent subjects].
AB  - In the presence of contradictory estimations of frequency of depression among
      alcoholics, 84 in-patients from Department of Psychiatry, Medical Academy in
      Gdansk, and from psychiatric hospitals in Starogard Gdanski and in Frombork were
      studied; 64 were male and 22 female. The RDC criteria as well as SADS-L were
      used. In 13 subjects (15.5%) past depressive episodes were diagnosed; among them
      in 7 patients major depression, and in 6--minor depressive disorders were
      established. The diagnosis of bipolar disorder was made in 2 patients and
      unipolar--in 4 cases. In a half of patients the affective disorders preceded the
      alcohol initiation.

PMID- 2284357
TI  - [Preliminary results of treatment with clozapine and lithium carbonate for manic
      symptoms in schizoaffective psychosis].

PMID- 2284358
TI  - [The reversibility of brain atrophy in alcoholics in radiologic evaluations].

PMID- 2284360
TI  - [Paradigmatic behavioral theory of depression by Arthur w. Staats and Elaine M.
      Heiby].

PMID- 2284359
TI  - [Diagnostic criteria and clinical course of multi-infarct dementia].

PMID- 2284361
TI  - [Definitions, diagnostic criteria and treatment trials of borderline personality
      disorders].

PMID- 2284362
TI  - [Dilemmas of forensic psychiatry in penal law].

PMID- 2284363
TI  - [Unusual self mutilation in a patient with schizophrenia].

PMID- 2284364
TI  - [Acquired immune deficiency syndrome as a subject of various mental disorders].

PMID- 2284365
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of "Pabel" type ES-1 electroshock needles].

PMID- 2284366
TI  - [Comparison of diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders based on L.I.C.E.T-D
      100].
AB  - Many authors underline that the investigations on depressive patients regard non
      homogeneous groups of subjects because no unique, widely accepted diagnostic
      system exists. The aim of the work was to compare seven diagnostic systems (based
      on L.I.C.E.T-D) as well as to evaluate in to what extend the results obtained in
      different centers are comparable with each other. Thirty in-patients with
      depression were included. The results show the range of the diagnosis of
      depression (psychogenic and endogenous) in bipolar disorder reflects major
      depression in DSM-III, RDC, primary depression by Feighner, and endogenomorphic
      depression by Kleist and Berner as well.

PMID- 2284367
TI  - Prevalence and severity of dementia.

PMID- 2284368
TI  - Diagnostic certainty or uncertainty and its impact on the determination of
      prevalence rates.

PMID- 2284370
TI  - The impact of criteria selection on prevalence rates.
AB  - In spite of major advances in the past 10 years in the development of
      standardized instruments for reliable psychiatric case detection, many selection
      factors can influence prevalence rates, impairing the compilation of comparable
      epidemiological data from different settings. This is especially so in the aged.
      Such factors include relatively small variations in the wording of
      questionnaires, the sophistication and training of interviewers, availability of
      an informant history, duration of symptoms and diagnostic hierarchies. Many
      different measuring instruments and diagnostic criteria are currently used to
      diagnose depressive illness in the elderly. It is not clear how these compare in
      estimating prevalence rates. There are no agreed reliable criteria for dementia,
      especially mild dementia: different criteria systems give widely differing
      prevalence rates. Gender, education and social class can influence the scores on
      some tests of cognition. More uniform generally accepted measures and criteria of
      major psychiatric syndromes in the elderly, must be developed if epidemiological
      approaches are to contribute to further major advances in our understanding of
      psychiatric syndromes in the aged.

PMID- 2284369
TI  - Certainty versus uncertainty in psychiatric diagnosis.
AB  - Although the usefulness of making a formal diagnosis in helping an individual
      deal with his/her 'problems' continues to be debated in all areas of medicine-
      "Il n'y a pas de maladies; il n'y a que des malades"--it is generally accepted
      that the initial interaction between doctor/healer/therapist and patient/client
      will consist of an attempt to fit the problem into one or more categories, to
      develop a diagnostic formulation. In the search for specificity and scientific
      accuracy increasingly sophisticated methods of selecting criteria have been
      developed to allow the assignment of a diagnosis. Examples will be given that
      even in the field of general medicine, a hierarchy of certainty versus
      uncertainty has to be accepted if potentially dangerous diagnostic errors are to
      be avoided. A similar approach has been proposed as a means of improving the
      decision making process in psychiatry. In the course of an epidemiological
      investigation into the prevalence of psychopathology among residents of longterm
      institutions, a simplified categorization into certain or suspected diagnoses is
      described. A semi-structured screening interview was developed for the study and
      will be discussed.

PMID- 2284371
TI  - Problems of statistical analysis of rating scale scores in clinical studies.
AB  - Conventional statistical analysis of rating scale scores in clinical studies are
      inefficient and may occasionally lead to erroneous conclusions. Analytical
      methods based on a mixture of distributions is proposed and illustrated with a
      computational example. Though the model is complex the analysis can be carried
      out easily using commonly available computer software packages.

PMID- 2284372
TI  - The Amstel project: design and first findings. The course of mild cognitive
      impairment of the aged; a longitudinal 4-year study.
AB  - The AMSTEL-project is a longitudinal investigation to study the course of
      cognitive impairment in people aged 65 and over during a 4-year period. The study
      intends to contribute to the distinction between normal aging and early dementia,
      and should ultimately result in a diagnostic instrument enabling general
      practitioners to distinguish early dementia, in particular Alzheimer's disease,
      from normal aging. Another goal of the project is to elucidate the contribution
      of advanced biomedical methods (SPECT, MRI) to the early diagnosis of the main
      types (SDAT, MID) of dementia. This paper describes the design of the study,
      especially the recruitment of the study population and the sampling procedures.
      The investigation started in March 1990, and the first findings are presented.
      The procedure to approach the population resulted in a refusal rate of 45% for
      the screening phase. The reasons for this high non-response rate are discussed.

PMID- 2284373
TI  - The AGECAT "organic" section as a screening instrument for minor cognitive
      deficits.
AB  - In the context of increasing concern in occidental countries about dementing
      diseases in the geriatric population, an epidemiological study has been done in
      the city of Zaragoza, Spain. The sample, randomly selected from the census, was
      stratified by age and sex and included 1,134 elderly (aged 65 plus years) living
      in the community. In phase I, lay interviewers administered the Spanish versions
      of the Geriatric Mental State (GMS) and Mini-Mental Status Examination to the
      elderly. The individuals were considered to be "probable cases" on the basis of
      GMS "global" scores previously reported to be valid. These "probable cases" were
      then examined in phase II by standardized psychiatrists using both, the GMS and
      MEC, but also the History and Aetiology Schedule (HAS). A proportion of "probable
      normals" were also examined by the psychiatrists to assess the validity of the
      screening procedure in the community. The identified "cases" of dementia and
      "cases" of depression were then studied by the neurologists in what we call phase
      III. Specific project criteria for dementia were used but, in fact, all
      identified "cases" of dementia fulfilled DSM-III criteria. Some data of the
      application of the AGECAT computer program in both, phase I and phase II are now
      reported. The different severity levels of cognitive deficits according to AGECAT
      criteria are compared with clinical criteria. The advantages and disadvantages of
      the computer program in the detection of minor cognitive difficulties are
      discussed.

PMID- 2284374
TI  - The contribution of CAMDEX to the diagnosis of mild dementia in community
      surveys.
AB  - Distinguishing between cognitively intact and mildly demented elderly people
      poses particular difficulties. Now that modern criteria, such as those contained
      in the DSM-III-R, specify that cognitive deficits be sufficient to interfere with
      the pursuit of daily tasks, investigators must consider the relative effects of
      personality, physical illness and handicap, sensory deficits and functional
      psychiatric disorders since all of these factors contribute to loss of
      independence. Simple tests and questionnaires are inadequate to the task and are
      subject to demographic bias but structured assessments conducted by skilled
      clinicians using operational criteria have much to offer, notwithstanding the
      increased costs and time required. This paper discusses some of the issues
      involved and presents evidence concerning the use of CAMDEX in a recent British
      survey.

PMID- 2284375
TI  - Application of Piagetian measures of cognition in severe Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Conventional psychometric measures uniformly yield zero or near zero scores
      (i.e., "bottom-out") as patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) progress to the
      more severe stages of the illness. Consequently, there are no psychometric
      measures which objectively assess the mental abilities of AD patients with very
      severe cognitive impairment. We explored the hypothesis that mental function in
      AD patients with very severe cognitive impairment can be effectively assessed
      using test measures developed to assess the earliest stage of cognitive
      development as proposed by Piaget. We also investigated the relationship between
      decline on these experimental cognitive measures and progressive functional
      disability in patients with severe cognitive impairment. The results indicate
      that modified instruments derived from measures developed to assess Piaget's
      sensorimotor stage of cognitive development provide useful information about the
      cognitive abilities of very severely impaired AD patients. These modified
      instruments provide a measure of cognition in these extremely impaired patients
      that has acceptable validity and demonstrable reliability.

PMID- 2284376
TI  - Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CaSHA).
AB  - A Canada-wide study of the epidemiology of dementias was initiated in the summer
      of 1990 with the support of Health and Welfare Canada. The four objectives are to
      estimate the prevalence of dementias among elderly Canadian citizens, to
      determine the risk factors for dementia of the Alzheimer type, to describe the
      current pattern of caring for demented patients and assess the burden on informal
      caregivers, and to establish a uniform database for future incidence and
      longitudinal studies of dementias. Trained interviewers will screen a
      representative sample of senior citizens in the community. The screening is
      followed by a standardized clinical assessment for putative cases of dementia,
      for institutionalized patients and for a number of controls. Diagnosis will
      follow DSM-III-R criteria for dementia, the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for dementia of
      the Alzheimer type and the ICD-10 criteria for other dementias. A sample of cases
      and controls will then enter the caregiver and risk factor sub-studies.

PMID- 2284377
TI  - Minor cognitive deficits and the detection of mild dementia.

PMID- 2284378
TI  - Fluoxetine in the treatment of cyclic mood disorders.

PMID- 2284379
TI  - Mental health and abortion: review and analysis.

PMID- 2284380
TI  - Violence, survivors, violence.

PMID- 2284381
TI  - The evolution of neurobehavioural complications of HIV infection.

PMID- 2284382
TI  - Is there immune dysfunction in depressive disorders?

PMID- 2284383
TI  - Barbiturate-assisted interviews in modern clinical practice.

PMID- 2284384
TI  - What happened to the growth spurt of nineteenth-century adolescents? An essay on
      the history of a scientific omission.
AB  - It is common knowledge that puberty is characterized, among other phenomena, by a
      striking growth spurt. An exploration of the medical literature from previous
      centuries shows, however, that this feature of adolescence has attracted
      surprisingly little attention. Although the pubertal growth spurt was known to
      eighteenth-century physicians, it was neglected for about a century. The
      influential Belgian scientist Quetelet demonstrated a remarkable scotoma towards
      the phenomenon. It was only after his death in 1874 that the relationship between
      puberty and growth spurt became a scientifically established and recognized fact.

PMID- 2284385
TI  - Reduced plasma oestrogen stimulated neurophysin and delayed response to oestrogen
      challenge in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of oestrogen stimulated neurophysin (ESN) were reduced in
      28 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with 14 age-matched controls,
      16 patients with other presenile dementias and 12 patients with major depressive
      disorder. The ESN response to oestrogen challenge was delayed in 10 AD patients
      compared with 7 age-matched controls. Reduced basal and oestrogen stimulated
      plasma ESN may be related to impaired responsiveness of the hypothalamo
      neurohypophysial neurons and/or a reduction in the amount of pituitary ESN
      available for release. Plasma ESN measurements may be of value for excluding the
      diagnosis of AD in patients with dementia who present before the age of 65.

PMID- 2284386
TI  - Changes in a proposed new neuroendocrine marker of oestrogen receptor function in
      postpartum women.
AB  - We describe a novel neuroendocrine test which reflects a central response to
      activation of oestrogen receptors. This is achieved by measurement of plasma
      levels of oestrogen-stimulated neurophysin (ESN) following an oestrogen
      challenge. In normal women the ESN response to ethinyl oestradiol is dose
      dependent. This response is attenuated in normal women during the first
      postpartum month, although it is unchanged in patients with anorexia nervosa, in
      spite of their similar concurrent hypo-oestrogenic state. The altered puerperal
      response may result from the acute oestrogen withdrawal which occurs at delivery.
      The time course of the altered ESN response coincides with the period of maximum
      risk for puerperal psychosis. The ESN response to oestrogen provides a novel
      neuroendocrine measure to test the relevance of changes in central oestrogen
      receptor responsiveness in the pathogenesis of puerperal psychosis.

PMID- 2284387
TI  - Dieting reduces plasma tryptophan and alters brain 5-HT function in women.
AB  - A three week low calorie diet significantly reduced both total plasma tryptophan
      and the ratio of tryptophan to competing amino acids in a group of 15 healthy
      volunteers. Despite a similar percentage weight loss the reduction in plasma
      tryptophan was greater in women than men. In addition, only in women was dieting
      associated with increased prolactin secretion following intravenous tryptophan, a
      measure of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) function. These results suggest that
      dieting reduces the availability of circulating tryptophan for brain 5-HT
      synthesis. Women appear more vulnerable than men both to this effect and to its
      consequences for brain 5-HT function. Altered brain 5-HT function may play a part
      in some of the psychological consequences of dieting, including the development
      of clinical eating disorders.

PMID- 2284388
TI  - Psychosis associated with demonstrable brain disease.
AB  - Sixty-five psychotic patients with unequivocal evidence of brain pathology and a
      variety of neurological disorders were assessed with respect to phenomenology and
      outcome. No relationship was found between site of brain pathology and type of
      psychotic disorder. A majority of patients had a syndrome indistinguishable from
      schizophrenia without coarse brain involvement and shared similar variables
      predicting outcome of psychosis, thus raising important issues concerning their
      nosological status.

PMID- 2284389
TI  - The relationship between intellectual impairment and mood disorder in the first
      year after stroke.
AB  - In a community-based study of patients with a first-ever stroke, intellectual
      impairment (as defined by scores on a common screening test for dementia, the
      Mini-Mental State Examination) was found in 26% at 1 month post-stroke, and in
      21% at 6 and 12 month follow-up. Low scores on the screening test were associated
      with greater age, physical disability before the stroke, larger stroke lesion
      volumes as measured on CT scan, and non-stroke changes such as atrophy and white
      matter low attenuation on the CT scan. There was a negative correlation between
      scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination and symptom levels on two measures of
      mood disorder. However, there was no evidence of a specific relationship between
      major depression and low scores on the Mini-Mental State. We examined various
      aspects of the relationship between mood symptoms and low scores on the Mini
      Mental State, but found no evidence to support the suggestion that this
      relationship represented an example of depressive pseudodementia. We discuss the
      significance of our findings for clinical psychiatry and neuropsychology.

PMID- 2284390
TI  - Mood disorders in long-term survivors of stroke: associations with brain lesion
      location and volume.
AB  - Sixty surviving patients from a community-based stroke register who had CT scan
      evidence of a single brain lesion and neurological signs appropriate to it were
      interviewed three to five years following their first-ever stroke. Mood disorder
      (anxiety and depression), physical disability, and intellectual impairment were
      assessed using standardized measures. The position and volume of the brain lesion
      was determined from CT scans performed soon after the stroke. The prevalence of
      depressive disorder was lower in this sample than that reported in previous
      studies (DSM-IIIR major depression 8.3%; all DSM-IIIR depressive disorders
      18.3%). Reports by other workers for an association of depressive disorder either
      with left-sided brain lesions, or with anteriorly placed lesions in the left
      cerebral hemisphere, were not supported. Neither was there evidence of a
      correlation between symptom score and proximity of the lesion to the anterior
      pole of the left cerebral hemisphere. Psychiatric symptom scores were however
      greater with larger volume brain lesions. Anxiety disorders, especially
      agoraphobia, were relatively common (20% if diagnosed in the presence of
      depressive disorder), but were not related to lesion location or volume.

PMID- 2284391
TI  - Physical disorders associated with mental illness. A register investigation.
AB  - On the basis of nationwide patient register data the diagnostic pattern of the
      medical admissions of a general population (17-49 year-olds; N = 30427) during an
      8-year period was studied by comparing those individuals who had been admitted to
      the psychiatric department (i.e. psychiatric patients) with those individuals who
      had not. The results suggest that the high utilization of medical admissions by
      psychiatric patients could not be explained simply by coincident chronic physical
      illness or particular types of physical disease including the somatic
      complications of mental disorders. It is more likely to be attributable to other
      factors such as an increased general susceptibility to physical illness,
      different forms of illness behaviour, and the process of somatization.

PMID- 2284392
TI  - Explanations by professional care staff, optimism and helping behaviour: an
      application of attribution theory.
AB  - It is demonstrated first that staff explanations of problem behaviour can be
      reliably coded using a modified form of the Attributional Style Questionnaire;
      and second, that staff explanations are related through staff optimism to
      anticipated helping behaviour. This supports the hypothesis that, in professional
      staff, an important determinant of helping is optimism arising from attributions
      of a patient's problems. The influence of affective judgements, as emphasized in
      Weiner's (1986) theory of helping behaviour, is not supported.

PMID- 2284393
TI  - Families coping with schizophrenia: coping styles, their origins and correlates.
AB  - An analysis of the coping styles adopted by relatives of schizophrenic patients
      has been identified by many reviewers as essential to an understanding of the
      complex interactions between patient and caregiver and to the origins of
      relatives' expressed emotion (EE). This study reports a taxonomy of coping
      behaviour derived from interviews with relatives of schizophrenic patients. It
      was found that relatives adopted broad styles of coping across all areas of
      patients' behaviour change. Relationships were uncovered between the styles and
      (a) relatives perceived control, burden and stress, (b) patients' social
      functioning, severity of behavioural disturbance and progress of the illness. It
      is suggested that advising relatives of changes in their coping styles in the
      course of family intervention must be tempered by an understanding of their
      origins in patients' behaviour. Further research is recommended to identify the
      coping styles associated with the high EE/low EE research classification.

PMID- 2284395
TI  - Measurement of neurotic symptoms by self-report questionnaire: validity of the
      SCL-90R.
AB  - The Symptom Check List (SCL-90R) is a self-report questionnaire which is designed
      to be suitable for use as a psychiatric case-finding instrument, as a measure of
      symptom severity, and as a descriptive measure of psychopathology. Scores
      obtained using the instrument were compared with those obtained from the
      investigator-based interview, the Present State Examination, in two samples of
      patients: a sample of patients with chronic physical disease (diabetes mellitus)
      and a sample of patients with bulimia nervosa. There was good agreement between
      the two methods of measurement in both samples, suggesting that the SCL-90R
      performs well in the assessment of neurotic symptoms.

PMID- 2284394
TI  - Do statistics lie? Suicide in Kildare--and in Ireland.
AB  - This study, reporting a ten-year investigation of suicide in Kildare, found that
      the suicide rate based on clinical assessment of coroner's records was very close
      to the Central Statistics Office (CSO) figure for Kildare and for Ireland as a
      whole for the same period. Dublin data for 1977-1981 confirmed these findings.
      Since in the 1960s similar clinical assessment concluded that CSO rates
      underestimated suicide by a factor of two or over, we believe that changes in CSO
      coding procedures whereby more deaths are now coded to suicide than was the case
      in the past have resulted in current CSO data reflecting accurately the rate of
      clinical suicide. There has been more than a three-fold increase in CSO suicide
      rates in Ireland between 1968 and 1987. Even allowing for improved CSO practices
      there still remains a considerable excess of suicide deaths which indicates a
      doubling of 'real' suicide in Ireland over these twenty years.

PMID- 2284396
TI  - The Gospel Oak Study stage II: the diagnosis of dementia in the community.
AB  - An attempt was made to assess in detail subjects screened as suffering from
      dementia among a North London community sample of elderly people. Forty-eight
      (80%) subjects were interviewed, 7 (12%) were found to have died and 5 (8%)
      either refused interview or were lost to follow-up. By clinicians' diagnosis of
      the 48 interviewed, 22 subjects (46%) had probable Alzheimer's disease, one had
      multi-infarct dementia, five had mixed dementia, five had secondary dementia, 10
      had a dementia which could not be further classified and 5 were not demented. No
      subject had a reversible condition. The prevalence rate for clinical dementia was
      6.1%, and for Alzheimer's disease 3.1%. According to AGECAT diagnosis the
      prevalence of organicity was 5.7%. The AGECAT diagnoses and psychiatrists'
      diagnoses were significantly associated (P less than 0.003) and AGECAT was more
      likely to identify as organic those subjects with dementia diagnosed by
      psychiatrists as Alzheimer's disease, than those not so diagnosed (P less than
      0.04). A short psychometric battery, including the MMSE in two versions, was
      administered and its acceptability to a community sample evaluated. This detailed
      clinical investigation showed that the Dementia Diagnostic Scale of the Short
      CARE was a specific predictor of clinical dementia or death at the time of follow
      up, whereas the more inclusive Organic Brain Syndrome scale was a more
      satisfactory first phase screening instrument.

PMID- 2284398
TI  - Childhood sexual experiences reported by male psychiatric patients.
AB  - One hundred adult male psychiatric patients were investigated concerning their
      recollections of defined sexual activities occurring with adults before the age
      of sixteen. Twenty-three subjects reported such events. The events were
      remembered as having been mostly distressing at the time but their later
      significance is unclear.

PMID- 2284397
TI  - Recognition, management and outcome of psychological disorders in primary care: a
      naturalistic follow-up study.
AB  - This article addresses the issues of recognition and labelling of psychological
      disorders (PDs) by general practitioners (GPs), and the association of
      recognition with management and outcome. Nearly 2000 attenders of 25 GPs were
      screened with the GHQ and a stratified sample of 296 patients was examined twice,
      using the Present State Examination (PSE) and Groningen Social Disability
      Schedule (GSDS). Prevalence rates of PDs according to the GHQ, GP and PSE were
      46%, 26% and 15% respectively. For the 1450 'new' patients, i.e. patients who had
      no PD diagnosed by their GP in the 12 months prior to the enrollment visit, these
      rates were 38%, 14%, and 10%. GPs missed half of the PSE cases and typically
      assigned non-specific diagnoses to recognized cases. Depressions were more
      readily recognized than anxiety disorders, and the detection rates for severe
      disorders were higher than those for less severe disorders. Recognition was
      strongly associated with management and outcome. Recognized as compared to non
      recognized cases were more likely to receive mental health interventions from
      their GP and had better outcomes in terms of both psychopathology and social
      functioning. Initial severity, psychological reasons for encounter, recency of
      onset, diagnostic category, and psychiatric comorbidity were related to both
      better recognition and outcome. However, these variables could not account for
      the association of recognition with management and outcome, but some did modify
      the association. A causal model of the relationships is presented and possible
      reasons for non-recognition and for the beneficial effects of recognition are
      discussed.

PMID- 2284399
TI  - A comparison of the validity of GHQ-12 and CHQ-12 in Chinese primary care
      patients in Manchester.
AB  - The present study compares the efficacy of the GHQ-12 and the Chinese Health
      Questionnaire (CHQ-12) in Cantonese speaking Chinese primary-care patients living
      in Greater Manchester, using relative operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. We
      did not find that the Chinese version offered any advantage over the conventional
      version of the GHQ in this population. Stepwise discriminant analysis however
      confirmed the value of individual items in the former pertaining to specific
      somatic symptoms and interpersonal relationships in differentiating cases from
      non-cases. Information biases, arising from the lack of a reliability study on
      the second-stage case identifying interview and the unique linguistic
      characteristics of the Chinese language may have affected the overall validity
      indices of the questionnaires. The study also examines the effects of using
      different criteria to define a case, and shows that with increasing levels of
      severity, there is an improvement in the diagnostic performance of the two
      questionnaires as reflected by areas under ROC curves and traditional validity
      indices. Possible explanations of these findings are discussed. The scoring
      method proposed by Goodchild & Duncan-Jones (1985) when used on these
      questionnaires had no demonstrable advantage over the conventional scoring
      method.

PMID- 2284400
TI  - Acculturation and psychiatric disorder: a study of Greek Cypriot immigrants.
AB  - Data are presented from a study of acculturation and psychiatric disorder in 291
      Greek Cypriot immigrants from the general population of Camberwell, south London.
      We hypothesized that 'pre-acculturation' would protect against mental disorder,
      that difficulties in the period immediately after migration would increase the
      risk of disorder, and that disorder would be least common among those in the
      middle range of the acculturation spectrum. Of pre-acculturation factors, only
      previous knowledge of English was associated with reduced prevalence.
      Difficulties in the settling-in period were clearly related to current disorder.
      No relationship was apparent between present acculturation and disorder, but this
      disguised an interesting but unpredicted gender effect: in males, disorder was
      most prevalent in the highly acculturated; in females, in the least acculturated.

PMID- 2284401
TI  - Random number generation by normal, alcoholic and schizophrenic subjects.
AB  - Controls (N = 45), schizophrenics (N = 20) and alcoholics (N = 23) were asked to
      choose at random a number between 1 and 10, 100 times. The correlation matrices
      of five different randomization indices were used to study within group
      variation; these matrices were similar for the normal and alcoholic groups, but
      very different for the schizophrenic group. The differences between the three
      groups were studied by canonical analysis and, in terms of the canonical
      variables, the mean performance of the normal group is clearly discriminated from
      that of the alcoholic and schizophrenic subjects.

PMID- 2284402
TI  - Expressed emotion as a predictor of schizophrenic relapse: an analysis of
      aggregated data.
AB  - We examine published data from 12 studies assessing the capacity of Expressed
      Emotion (EE) status to predict schizophrenic relapse. Analysis of aggregated
      data, for 908 subjects, established a 3.7 times greater likelihood of relapse in
      those categorized as high EE, and a somewhat waning predictive strength EE over
      the publication interval, 1962-88.

PMID- 2284403
TI  - Amnesic syndrome in schizophrenia.
AB  - Memory impairment is not usually considered to form part of the clinical picture
      of schizophrenia, except perhaps in severely deteriorated patients. In a survey
      of 60 patients encompassing all grades of severity and chronicity poor memory
      performance was found to be common, sometimes substantial, and disproportionately
      pronounced compared to the degree of general intellectual impairment. Although
      associated with severity and chronicity of illness, impaired memory was by no
      means confined to old, institutionalized, or markedly deteriorated patients. The
      pattern of deficit appeared to resemble that of the classic amnesic syndrome
      rather than that seen in Alzheimer-type dementia.

PMID- 2284404
TI  - An electrophysiological correlate of Eating Attitudes Test scores in female
      college students.
AB  - Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) scores of forty female college students were compared
      to their electrodermal activity (EDA) responses when offered a plate of chocolate
      chip cookies. A significant positive correlation was detected between the EAT
      scores and the skin conductivity measures associated with the presentation of
      food. Women with the highest EAT scores also exhibited the greatest sympathetic
      nervous system responses to a plate of cookies. This finding supports the
      conclusion that the EAT is capable of identifying individuals who are preoccupied
      with food or anxious about eating.

PMID- 2284405
TI  - Relatives and depressive relapse: the critical period after discharge from in
      patient treatment.
AB  - In a sample of 60 remitted depressed in-patients, the power of three basic
      parameters of the social support network--Kin Support Network Size; Non-kin
      Support Network Size; and Satisfaction with Support--to predict depressive
      symptom levels seven months after discharge was examined. The results suggest
      that even positive, supportive family relationships can have a distinctly
      detrimental effect, and that a depressed in-patient's return to his or her family
      represents a crucial period for the further course of the disorder. The findings
      are discussed with respect to the social support literature and the 'Expressed
      Emotion' concept. It is held that neither paradigm provides an adequate
      explanation, and alternative mediating mechanisms are suggested.

PMID- 2284406
TI  - Use of the ICD-10 version of the Standardized Assessment of Personality to
      determine the prevalence of personality disorder in psychiatric in-patients.
AB  - The Standardized Assessment of Personality (SAP) involves a short semi-structured
      interview with an informant. It was modified to accord with the 1987 draft of the
      tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and used
      to assess the pre-morbid personality of first-admission patients in one London
      area over the period of one year. Of the 120 (84% of the total sample of first
      admissions) patients included, 43 (36%) were found to satisfy the ICD-10 criteria
      for personality disorder and a further 17 (14%) to satisfy the criteria for
      personality trait accentuation.

PMID- 2284407
TI  - [Color-coded Doppler sonography of the carotid artery].
AB  - A total of 844 patients were evaluated to compare the value of ultrasonography
      and color-flow Doppler and to demonstrate the advantage presented by the latter
      method. In 89%, color-flow assessment was in complete agreement with the duplex
      assessment. In the remaining 11%, important additional results were discovered in
      the color-flow examination. Non-stenotic plaques were seen more often (43%) in
      the wide carotid bulb; stenotic plaques and occlusion were found more often (66%
      and 82%) in the internal carotid artery. Color-flow Doppler allows the
      sonomorphological (plaques, stenoses, occlusion) and functional parameters
      (turbulences, flow enhancement) to be studied at the same time.

PMID- 2284408
TI  - [Flow reversal in the carotid bifurcation. Detection using color-coded Doppler
      sonography].
AB  - Pulsatile blood flow within the normal carotid sinus involves at least two
      distinct components. Beside the laminar antegrade flow, there is a boundary layer
      separation zone in the posterolateral aspect with transient flow reversal. This
      flow reversal is well known from in vitro studies. It is now possible to document
      these flow velocity components using color-coded Doppler sonography. It is
      hypothesized that if flow separation is detected, this is indicative of a normal
      condition of the carotid bifurcation. When atherosclerosis develops, it involves
      preferentially the posterolateral bulb region, obliterating the normal
      configuration of the sinus with consequent loss of the flow separation.
      Therefore, loss of flow reversal should be indicative of atherosclerosis. We have
      studied this flow pattern retrospectively in 156 patients (312 arteries). In 4
      patients no flow reversal could be detected although no atheromatous lesions
      could be found at the bifurcation, but in these cases there was no bulb formation
      in the common carotid artery or in the internal carotid artery. On the other
      hand, flow reversal was demonstrable in several pathological conditions within
      the carotid bifurcation. These included plaque formation after the bifurcation in
      7 patients, internal carotid artery occlusion at the origin in 12, common carotid
      artery occlusion despite a patent bifurcation in 4, and marked dilatation of the
      lumen forming a pseudobulb following disocclusion of the carotid artery in 11
      patients.

PMID- 2284409
TI  - [Color-coded Doppler sonography of the vertebral arteries].
AB  - Color-coded Doppler sonography of the vertebral arteries was performed in 86
      patients with a history of vertebrobasilar disease. The origin of the artery was
      visualized in 87.2% on the right and 70.9% on the left side. The interforamen
      portion of the vertebral artery was visualized in 95% on the right and 97% on the
      left side. The atlas loop could be visualized in 88.4% on the right and 84.9% on
      the left side. Pathologic findings were hypoplasia (n = 4), stenosis (n = 19),
      dissection (n = 2), occlusion (n = 7), kinking (n = 12), and subclavian steal
      syndrome (n = 3). Nine postoperative patients had subclavian and vertebral artery
      reimplantation into the common carotid artery. The characteristic color-coded
      Doppler sonographic features of these findings are presented and discussed.

PMID- 2284410
TI  - [The diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities using high
      resolution real-time and CW-Doppler sonography. Accuracy and limitations].
AB  - The combination of high-resolution real time and continuous wave (CW) Doppler
      sonography is particularly valuable for the detection of venous thrombosis in the
      lower limbs. A total of 235 venous sonograms were prospectively compared with
      phlebography (gold standard) and indicated a sensitivity and specificity of 93%
      100% and 96%-99%, respectively, depending on the thrombosis site. The positive
      and negative predictive values ranged between 90% and 97% and 97% and 100%,
      respectively. The value of real-time venous sonography, which basically entails
      assessing venous compressibility for the exclusion of thrombosis, is limited in
      the presence of small non-occlusive thrombi by the elasticity of the surrounding
      anatomic structures and the sonographic visibility of the veins. It is also
      evident that partial thrombosis in readily visualized veins (e.g., the inguinal
      region) is more obvious with sonography than phlebography. In addition, the
      proximal end of acute, extensive thrombus with poor collateral circulation is
      better visualized by sonography.

PMID- 2284411
TI  - [Diagnostic imaging of mediastinal tumors. Sensitivity and specificity of
      sonography in comparison with computed tomography and conventional x-ray
      diagnosis].
AB  - The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the sensitivity of
      mediastinal sonography compared to CT and chest radiography in the detection of
      mediastinal tumors. The sonograms, computed tomograms and chest radiographs of
      182 patients were interpreted blindly by three observers and the results of all
      three procedures were compared. The proportion of diagnostic sonographic
      examinations varied in the different mediastinal compartments from 85%
      (subcarinal region) to 96% (supra-aortic region). The sensitivities of sonography
      and chest radiography (using CT as the gold standard) in the imaging of
      mediastinal tumors for each compartment were as follows: supra-aortic region: 98%
      and 67%; paratracheal region: 89% and 69%; aorticopulmonary window: 81% and 62%;
      prevascular region: 92% and 46%; subcarinal region: 69% and 31%; pericardial
      region: 100% and 67%; posterior mediastinum: 6% and 6%; paravertebral region: 11%
      and 44%. These results show that sonography is superior to chest radiography for
      the diagnosis of mediastinal tumors. In certain mediastinal regions (supra
      aortic, pericardial, prevascular and paratracheal region), sonography is so
      sensitive that CT and MR examinations may be avoided in cases with equivocal
      radiographic findings.

PMID- 2284412
TI  - [CT morphology and function of the temporomandibular joint following conservative
      functional treatment of temporomandibular joint fractures].
AB  - In 8 adult and 13 adolescent individuals who had undergone conservative treatment
      for condylar fractures 4.2 and 4.5 years earlier, respectively computed
      tomography was performed. In addition, joint mobility was examined clinically in
      18 of these patients. The results of the radiological examination allow
      discrimination between high-grade and low-grade remodeling and excessive bone
      formation. With one exception, high-grade remodeling was invariably observed
      after childhood fractures. In the adult patients new bone formation was rarely
      observed. Correlation between the morphologic appearance and joint mobility was
      detectable only in cases of severely limited function. In the presence of less
      severe functional lesions, the size of the insertion area of the lateral
      pterygoid muscle might indicate the degree of functional rehabilitation. The
      radiological procedure is discussed.

PMID- 2284414
TI  - [Cardiac arrhythmias. Amiodarone liver].

PMID- 2284413
TI  - [Enlarged iliopsoas bursa. Possible significance and place of computed tomography
      and sonography].
AB  - A 48-year-old man was admitted to hospital with symptoms of a deep venous
      thrombosis of the iliac vein. Ultrasound and computed tomography allowed the
      uncommon diagnosis of an enlarged bursa of the iliopsoas muscle with secondary
      compression of the iliac vein. Histological work-up after bursectomy confirmed
      this diagnosis.

PMID- 2284415
TI  - When nurses fail to communicate: death results.

PMID- 2284416
TI  - Insensitive nurses precipitate outrageous conduct suit. Case in point: Humana of
      Kentucky, Inc. v. Seitz (796 S.W. 2d 1--KY (1990)).

PMID- 2284417
TI  - Dr. Fails to alert nurses for emergency response. Case in point: Rixey v. West
      Paces Ferry Hospl, Inc. (916 F, 2d--GA (1990)).

PMID- 2284418
TI  - [Various patterns of behavior in patients with ulcerative colitis and duodenal
      ulcer].
AB  - The subject of the study was in a trial of evaluation of selected behavioral
      patterns in patients with ulcerative colitis and acidpeptic disease of duodenum.
      As an evaluation method was employed the psychometric method consisting of the
      use of Nonconventional Adjectives Test the usefulness of which was confirmed in
      previous publications. The group of patients studied consisted of 65 persons with
      duodenal acid-peptic disease, 41 persons with ulcerative colitis and 72 healthy
      subject as a control group. The results obtained presented in a graphical manner
      reflected the psychological differences between above groups. Patients with
      ulcerative colitis were characterized by an increased fineness, sensibility or
      emotionality whereas those with duodenal acid-peptis disease selected adjectives
      indicating the lowered ability of self-control and of control on other people
      when compared with health subjects.

PMID- 2284419
TI  - [Effect of differentiated diet therapy on the clinical results and biochemical
      indicators in chronic hepatic encephalopathy].
AB  - Effects of differentiated diet with reduced proteins or diet without proteins
      with simultaneous use of lactulose or the preparation enriched with aliphatic
      amino acids with aminosteril-hepa chain on the clinical results and the ammonia,
      phenols, alpha-amino nitrogen, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan++
      concentrations in the serum have been studied. It has been demonstrated that
      limitations of proteins in the diet or diet without proteins with the use of
      lactulose or amino acids mixtures above does not influence significantly the
      clinical amelioration or biochemical indices of encephalopathy or coma during the
      liver cirrhosis course. Homogenates of the liver and brain of patients who died
      due to encephalopathy and liver cirrhosis showed high contents of ammonia,
      tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan++.

PMID- 2284420
TI  - [Assessment of type A personality by using a Polish questionnaire].
AB  - Friedman's and Rosenman's Structured Interview and Jenkins' questionnaire were
      not suitable for the studied population and it is the reason of the preparation
      of the Polish Questionnaire for the Assessment Type A Behavior Pattern for adults
      (ATAB Questionnaire, Form B). Content and formal aspects of Type A behavior
      pattern (TABP) were taking into consideration at the development of ATAB
      Questionnaire. It contains 22 items, which have a good discriminative power.
      Reliability of ATAB Questionnaire was assessed on two ways: by absolute stability
      and internal consistency. Validity was assessed by concurrent validity. The
      results of reliability and validity studies are satisfactory. Percentile ranks
      are prepared on the basis of 1438 females and 1211 males scores.

PMID- 2284421
TI  - [24-hour pH monitoring of the upper segment of the gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2284422
TI  - [Bartter's syndrome].

PMID- 2284423
TI  - [Is macroangiopathy a complication of diabetes mellitus? I.Hyper- insulinemia].

PMID- 2284424
TI  - [Irritable bowel syndrome: pathophysiological basis of therapeutic management].

PMID- 2284425
TI  - [Treatment of neoplasms in pregnancy. I].

PMID- 2284426
TI  - [Early detection of the nephrotoxic effect of aminoglycosides].

PMID- 2284427
TI  - [Primary plasmacytic leukemia--evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment].

PMID- 2284428
TI  - [Left-ventricular myxoma--case report].

PMID- 2284429
TI  - [Our experience with surgical treatment of post-traumatic diplopia].
AB  - On the basis of analysis of patients with posttraumatic diplopia pathomechanism,
      diagnostic procedure, methods of surgical treatment and its results were
      discussed. In the group of 1196 patients with injuries of the organ of vision
      posttraumatic diplopia was diagnosed in 536 (44.8%) patients, of which 331
      (61.8%) underwent surgery. In this group recovery was obtained in 182 (55.0%)
      patients, while in remaining marked improvement was stated. Lack of knowledge in
      this field among specialists was pointed out and was confirmed by mistakes in
      diagnostics and methods of treatment. These factors markedly worsen final results
      of proper treatment.

PMID- 2284430
TI  - [Serum levels of various free amino acids in patients with collagen
      pneumoconiosis].
AB  - The purpose of the study was the evaluation of blood serum concentration of
      selected free amino acids of collagen (arginine, glycine, glutamic acid with
      threonine, leucine with isoleucine and alanine) in patients with diagnosed
      collagen pneumoconiosis caused by industrial dust containing free silica. The
      group studied consisted of 17 men aged 41 to 60 years with radiologically
      diagnosed pneumoconiosis as p, q, or r type. The exposure time to silica dust was
      equal to 17 years on average. The control group consisted of 21 healthy subject,
      men aged 16 to 59 years. The serum amino acids were isolated using paper
      chromatography (the cylindrical technique) and quantitative measurements were
      performed by means of evaluation of absorption of colorful eluates of DYDA
      complex with cadmium ions. The results obtained were statistically evaluated
      using the Student t test at 95% probability level. The statistical analysis of
      results showed important individual variability of amino acid determined and
      individual variability coefficients were in range 28.7-39.8%. The significant
      increase of the glycine and of glutaminic acid with threonine levels (36.4% and
      62.2%, respectively) and significant decrease in the level of leucine with
      isoleucine (16.5%) has been stated in patients if compare with the control group.
      In patients with collagen pneumoconiosis the levels of arginine or alanine
      remained within the normal range.

PMID- 2284431
TI  - [Usefulness of determining the blood protein synthesis index in the evaluation of
      liver damage].
AB  - The purpose of report was the presentation of the variability range of the plasma
      protein synthesis index (PSI) in dependence on the chronic character of the liver
      parenchyma lesion in man or the extent of parallel indices of PSI with other
      biochemical parameters usually determined in the diagnostics of the liver
      parenchyma diseases. The studies have been performed in 20 patients with viral
      hepatitis (VH ), 20 patients with balanced liver cirrhosis (BLC), 20 patients
      with unbalanced liver cirrhosis and in 43 healthy volunteers. The PSI, total
      protein, albumin, gamma-globulin, bilirubin, prothrombin index and the alanine
      aminotransferase and the choline esterase activity has been determined. The most
      important lowering of the PSI values has been observed in patients with BLC. In
      those with VH the prolonged depression of the protein synthesis may indicate the
      chronic character of the inflammatory process. The extent of correlation of PSI
      with other parameters was statistically not significant. CONCLUSIONS: 1. PSI is a
      result of the liver lesion and its values are lowest in patients with MWN. 2. The
      WSB value does not depend on the age of subjects studied. 3. The diagnostic
      usefulness of WSB for evaluation of the liver parenchyma lesion is greater than
      of the albumin, choline esterase or prothrombin index determination. 4. The WSB
      determination is of value in the complex evaluation of the liver function in
      patients with lesions of that organ.

PMID- 2284432
TI  - [Attempt at early detection of coronary insufficiency in patients with diabetes
      mellitus].
AB  - The upper extremity cooling test has been used for early detection of coronary
      insufficiency in 149 patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension aged 40 to
      60 years and electrocardiograms were evaluated prior and after the test according
      to the Minnesota Code. Additionally, in 49 subjects of above group the positive
      effort test has been performed revealing positive result in 22%, 4% exhibited the
      positive cooling test. In the group of 100 persons with arterial hypertension in
      whom the effort test has not been performed the positive cooling test has been
      noted in 6%. In the control group of 50 patients with arterial hypertension
      without diabetes, as well as in 50 healthy subjects the electrocardiographic
      alterations after the cooling test have not been observed and in 22% the effort
      test was positive. In the all groups studied after the cooling test the
      significant increase of systolic and diastolic pressure, the acceleration of the
      heart rate and the increase of double product (systolic pressure + heart action)
      has been noted. It has been concluded that the cooling test presents simple and
      useful but not sensible method of early detection of coronary insufficiency in
      patients with diabetes mellitus or arterial hypertension in whom there are
      contraindications for standard effort test.

PMID- 2284433
TI  - [Is macroangiopathy a complication of diabetes mellitus? II:
      Hypertriglyceridemia].

PMID- 2284434
TI  - [Treatment of malignant neoplasms in pregnancy. II].

PMID- 2284435
TI  - [Inappropriate ADH syndrome].

PMID- 2284436
TI  - [An infantile form of osteopetrosis in a 3-month-old boy].

PMID- 2284437
TI  - ["Novum auxilium" by Sykstus Lewkowicz].

PMID- 2284438
TI  - Spatial behaviour of normal and septal rats on alternate route maze problems.
AB  - The behaviour of normal rats and rats with lesions of the septum was compared on
      a variety of alternate route variations of the three-table problems. In all
      variations of the task, septal rats were impaired on test trial performance when
      they displayed stereotypic body turn responses and demonstrated a strong
      preference for the most direct route between tables both during exploration and
      testing in all conditions. Normal rats displayed a similar route choice tendency
      in the simplest situations but shifted route choice behaviour in the most complex
      configuration, when they chose the inner, but longer, path. The use of the inner
      path may have allowed delayed-choice, single-point reference orientation, or
      reduction in the number of available alternatives. It is concluded that normal
      rats form a cognitive representation that allows them to identify environmental
      factors likely to facilitate solution, whereas septal rats rely on "taxon"-type
      strategies that can combine guidances and orientational responses.

PMID- 2284439
TI  - Defensive burying, nest relocation, and pup transport in lactating female rats.
AB  - A wire-wrapped wooden dowel was inserted through the wall of the nest compartment
      of a two-compartment box. There were four conditions. Some lactating female rats
      were shocked by the dowel when they first touched it, and some were not, after
      which the dowel was either immediately withdrawn from the chamber or left in
      place for the duration of the ensuing 30-min test period. Three defensive
      behaviours were observed during the tests: the mothers buried the shock source
      with bedding from the floor of the chamber, they transported their pups to the
      adjoining "safe" chamber, and they built a new nest in the safe chamber from
      material salvaged from their original nest. The shocked mothers that were
      confronted with the shock source throughout the test period displayed
      significantly more of each of these three defensive behaviours than did the
      mothers in the other three conditions. The methods used in this study provide a
      simple, reliable, safe paradigm for studying maternal defensive behaviour; the
      results indicate that the defensive capacities of the rat extend far beyond
      stereotypical flight, freeze, and fight responses, which have been the focus of
      most research on rodent defense.

PMID- 2284440
TI  - Motivational control of instrumental performance following a shift from thirst to
      hunger.
AB  - Thirsty rats were trained to press a lever for either a sucrose solution or
      saline before performance was tested in extinction while the animals were either
      hungry alone or experiencing both hunger and a sodium appetite. Reinforcer
      specific motivational control was observed in that the animals trained with the
      sucrose solution pressed more than those trained with the saline when they were
      tested hungry, but not when they were tested under combined hunger and sodium
      appetite. In order to assess the role of a Pavlovian incentive process in this
      effect, thirsty animals received non-contingent pairings of one stimulus with the
      sucrose solution and another with saline in the second experiment. In an
      extinction test the sucrose stimulus augmented lever pressing relative to the
      saline stimulus when the animals were hungry, but not when they were thirsty. In
      the subsequent experiments the contribution of the Pavlovian process was equated
      by giving concurrent training with both incentives. Lever pressing and chain
      pulling were reinforced concurrently, one with the sucrose solution and the other
      with saline, while the animals were thirsty. Once again, the animals pressed more
      in extinction if this action had been trained with the sucrose solution rather
      than the saline, but only if they were hungry rather than thirsty. Thus,
      instrumental performance across a thirst-to-hunger shift can also be controlled
      by an instrumental incentive process. The direct engagement of the instrumental
      process by this motivational shift contrasts to the absence of such control
      following a hunger-to-thirst transition (Dickinson & Dawson, 1987a), a fact
      attributed to the asymmetrical motivational interactions produced by water and
      food deprivation.

PMID- 2284441
TI  - Biochemical basis of resistance to chemotherapy.
AB  - Recent progress in the understanding of drug resistance has led to the discovery
      of new targets for chemotherapy. By attacking the molecules that make cancer
      cells insensitive to chemotherapy, it is hoped that drug-resistant disease will
      respond to treatment. This review describes some of the latest advances in
      understanding of the biochemistry of drug resistance. Following a general
      introduction four areas of topical interest are discussed: (1) multidrug
      resistance and P-glycoprotein, (2) glutathione and its related enzymes, (3)
      topoisomerase II and (4) DNA repair.

PMID- 2284442
TI  - Lung cancer in patients with borderline lung functions--zonal lung perfusion
      scans at presentation and lung function after high dose irradiation.
AB  - We prospectively studied patients with lung carcinoma and borderline lung
      functions (forced expired volume [FEV1] of less than 1500 ml or a dyspnoea score
      of 2 [7] at presentation), who were treated with high dose irradiation. Patients
      were divided into those with suprahilar and hilar tumours. Lung perfusion was
      assessed in upper, middle and lower zones for each lung at presentation. The ipsi
      lateral upper and middle zone were regarded as at risk from irradiation in
      patients with suprahilar tumors and the whole ipsi-lateral lung in patients with
      hilar tumors. Lung function was measured at presentation (18 patients) at 4-6
      month follow up (16 evaluable patients = group 1) and again at 10-12 month follow
      up (10 evaluable patients = group 2). A worsening of the dyspnoea score (3 in
      group 1 and 2 in group 2) occurred only in patients with a greater than 10%
      decrease in transfer factor irrespective of the change in FEV1. A statistically
      significant correlation was found between decreased transfer factor at follow up
      and the perfusion in the lung zones regarded as at risk from irradiation at
      presentation (Spearman's rank correlation). There was no correlation between
      perfusion and changes in the FEV1. Patients in whom lung perfusion was less than
      35% in the zones at risk tended not to have decreased transfer factor at follow
      up. These findings indicate that worsening in the patients' dyspnoea score after
      irradiation is dependent on decreased transfer factor rather than FEV1 and that
      patients with borderline lung functions may be treated with irradiation if the
      perfusion in the zones at risk from radiation is less than 35%.

PMID- 2284443
TI  - Ovarian cancer: radiation sensitivity in vitro.
AB  - The radiosensitivity of four human ovarian cancer cell lines was investigated in
      vitro by a clonogenic assay and analyzed using the linear-quadratic model. Two
      cell lines were found to be highly radiosensitive (mean inactivation dose (D)
      0.82-0.92 Gy; surviving fraction 2 Gy (SF2) less than or equal to 0.13). Two
      other cell lines were less sensitive to radiation (D 1.31-1.94 Gy; SF2 0.22
      0.38). Although the use of external radiotherapy in ovarian cancer has been
      limited due to the pattern of metastatic spread of this cancer, the present data
      support the view that ovarian carcinomas are radiosensitive tumors.
      Investigations on the effects of new approaches, such as delivering radiation
      more specifically to intraperitoneal ovarian cancer cells, are warranted.

PMID- 2284444
TI  - Correlation between temperature and dose rate dependence of semiconductor
      response; influence of accumulated dose.
AB  - The temperature and dose per pulse dependence of 20 Therados semiconductor
      detectors have been investigated. The rise in relative response observed when
      increasing temperature from 20 degree C to 32 degree C ranges between 1.00 and
      1.07, that observed when increasing dose per pulse from 9.8 x 10(-6) to 6.5 x 10(
      4) Gy/pulse between 1.01 and 1.11. The diodes with the most pronounced dose per
      pulse dependence have also the most pronounced temperature dependence.
      Accumulated dose has been found to increase both temperature and dose per pulse
      dependence until a level off dose (less than 4 kGy for one of the diodes) is
      reached. However, no level off has been observed concerning sensitivity decrease
      with dose: after an accumulated dose of 29 kGy a sensitivity decrease of 65% was
      still observed when giving another 25 kGy to one of the diodes.

PMID- 2284445
TI  - The future of radiotherapy.

PMID- 2284446
TI  - [Diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Presentation of 10 cases and review of the
      literature].
AB  - The authors study ten cases of malignant diffuse mesothelioma diagnosed
      histologically in the CH-Dr-AAM-CSS. Of the ten cases eight were men and two
      women, from 22 to 73 years of age. No evidence of exposure to asbestos was
      elicited by the nature of their occupation or their place of residence. The
      clinical findings in all cases is similar to those found in this type of disease.
      The radiologic findings were limited: pleural effusion, pulmonary fibrosis, and
      pulmonary mass. To make a definitive diagnosis it was necessary to use an
      invasive procedure. Examination of sputum, bronchial washings and endobronchial
      biopsies did not contribute to the diagnosis. The cytological examination of
      pleural and ascitic fluid resulted in a diagnosis of malignancy. In four cases
      the diagnosis was made by closed pleural biopsy; in five other cases it was
      necessary to obtain specimens by thoracotomy. In the last case the diagnosis was
      made at autopsy. The authors reviewed the original slides and additional slides
      from the paraffin blocks of the biopsies and of the autopsy. The diagnoses made
      by the pathologists were listed according to the classification of the AFIP (1).

PMID- 2284447
TI  - [Dyspepsia and gastric emptying].
AB  - A series of 12 patients with digestive symptoms, pointing to gastroparesia, were
      studied. An attempt was made to correlate the symptoms and their intensity with
      the quantitative measurement of the mean time of evacuation of solids. No
      correlation was found between the intensity of the symptoms and the evacuation of
      solids. The sensitivity of the symptoms or their combinations is only 63%. Their
      specificity was not determined in this phase of the study. It is concluded that
      it is necessary to perform the quantitative study of evacuation of solids to
      confirm the presence of gastroparesia.

PMID- 2284448
TI  - [Lovastatin. A new drug for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia].
AB  - Thirteen patients with Hypercholesterolemia were selected for therapy with the
      new lipid-reducing agent LOVASTATIN The most important criterion for entrance was
      total cholesterol values over 250 mg/dl in spite of an appropriate diet. The
      initial dose was 20 mg daily. The patients were re-examined at four weeks
      intervals and the dose was increased in those with total cholesterol values over
      200 mg/dl. In each re-examination they had a complete physical and determination
      of multiple laboratory parameters. Therapy with LOVASTATIN was effective. The
      total cholesterol levels decreased by 31% and LDL--cholesterol decreased by 40%.
      There were no significant changes in the levels of triglycerides or HDL
      cholesterol. No important toxicity or side effects were associated with the use
      of this medication.

PMID- 2284449
TI  - [Neurologic diseases associated with the HTLV-1 virus in Panama].
AB  - Studies of the prevalence of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) in 1984
      to 1986 in the Republic of Panama revealed a national seroprevalence of 1 to 2%.
      Since 1985 clinical epidemiological studies of neurological diseases associated
      to HTLV-1 are being done. Two hundred and fitly six clinical cases of thirty
      eight different neurological diseases of unknown etiology studied in the
      Neurology Services of the Santo Tomas Hospital and the Social Security
      Metropolitan Hospital Complex have been associated in some way to the HTLV-1.
      Twelve cases of progressive spastic paraparesis were identified and related to
      HLTV-1 as an etiologic agent. The ratio of men to women was maintained at 1:1
      with the average age at onset at 44 years and without racial preference. There
      are important doubts about the association of this virus to multiple sclerosis.
      The seroprevalence of the HTLV-1 virus in Panama is found to be similar to that
      reported in neighboring countries and the association of tropical spastic
      paraparesis to THLV-1 infection is identified.

PMID- 2284450
TI  - [A case of entomophthoromycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus].
AB  - The authors report a case of entomophthoromicosis caused by Conidiobolus
      coronatus, a saprophytic fungus that belongs to the class Zygomycetes
      (Phycomycetes in the past). Our patient was from a rural area. The paranasal
      sinuses had been drained surgically and a polyp was removed from his nasal
      cavity. He had a deformity in the face and nasal obstruction. His general
      condition and immunological status were normal except for epistaxis since
      childhood. The diagnosis was made clinically by the appearance of the lesion and
      confirmed by the mycological and histopathological findings. The therapeutic
      response was slow but with total resolution of the lesion.

PMID- 2284451
TI  - [Birth rate among adolescents in the district of San Miguelito, in 1987].
AB  - We surveyed the Registry of Live Births of women who lived in San Miguelito
      District, from january to december, 1987, and who gave birth in a hospital in
      Panama City or in their home. The study showed that 20.5% of those registered
      corresponded to mothers from 14 to 19 years old; and also that 71.2% of the
      mothers lived in the Belisario Porras area of San Miguelito. The global rate of
      births in minors of 19 years of age was 6.79%. The study showed also that 69.8%
      of the mothers were "common-law wives", 13.2% were married and 16.9% were single.
      We recommend the preparation of Sexual Education Programs to be used in the
      primary and secondary schools with the objective of achieving a sensible and
      responsible sexuality in the Panamanian adolescent.

PMID- 2284452
TI  - [The use of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis for the treatment of acute
      nephro-ureteral colic of lithiasic origin].
AB  - The authors treated eight patients with acute renal colic due to calculi,
      confirmed by intravenous pyelogram, with piroxicam (Feldene), an inhibitor of
      prostaglandin synthesis (IPS), given intramuscularly in an initial dose of 20 mg
      followed by 20 mg in 20 minutes. They analyze the analgesic effect, the state of
      hydratation and urinary specific gravity before the use of the drug. The authors
      review the pathophysiology of acute renal colic and its new pharmacotherapy as
      well as the literature on this entity. The purpose of their paper is to present a
      new, effective and economic treatment of renal colic, in an environment with
      limited availability of sophisticated laboratory tests in an emergency room
      setting and not having available intravenous preparations of IPS. Five of eight
      patients (62.5%) experienced complete relief with the first dose of 20 mg, and
      one required an additional dose of 20 mg (seven of eight on 75%). These findings
      suggest that IPS by the intramuscular route are useful for relief of renal colic.

PMID- 2284453
TI  - [Hypoxemia after general anesthesia in healthy adults].
AB  - It has been shown that a variable percentage of patients who receive a general
      anesthetic are significantly hypoxemic when they arrive at the recovery room.
      Pulse oximetry has proved to be a reliable method to determine arterial oxygen
      saturation when compared to arterial or mixed venous blood oxygen saturation
      measurements. The authors determined the incidence and severity of hypoxemia by
      pulse oximetry in 45 healthy adult patients, (non obese, non smokers) who
      underwent non thoracic surgery under general anesthesia. Arterial oxygen
      saturation was measured without premedication before surgery (control), when they
      arrived at the recovery room, and 5 and 15 minutes later. The axillary
      temperature was taken at the same times. The results were expressed as the median
      and standard deviation and were analyzed with Student T Test, and p LO.05 was
      considered significant. Nine patients (20%) showed unacceptable oxygen saturation
      when they arrived at the recovery room (88.4 +/- 2.50%, LO.05). All patients
      showed significant hypothermia (35.3 +/- 0.54 degrees C). The authors conclude
      that a significant number of healthy adult patients who are given a general
      anesthetic show severe hypoxemia when they arrive at the recovery room. The
      severe hypothermia found in these patients can aggravate the hypoxemia. They
      consider it is mandatory to control the temperature of and to administer oxygen
      in the recovery room to all patients who receive a general anesthetic.

PMID- 2284454
TI  - Current status of composite materials and adhesive systems. 2: Adhesive systems.
AB  - In the context of composite systems, the need for complete adhesion to cavity
      walls was discussed in the first paper. It would prevent the formation of
      interfacial gaps with the consequences of microleakage and bacterial infection.

PMID- 2284455
TI  - Effects of approximal finishing strips.
AB  - The effects of a representative sample of approximal finishing strips on the
      surfaces of restorations, the approximal margins of restorations and on the
      surfaces of enamel adjacent to restorations have been evaluated using scanning
      electron microscopy. The results indicate that the sample of finishing strips
      investigated tend to damage the surface of enamel and fail to leave restorations
      with either ideal surface finish or marginal adaptation. Guidelines are suggested
      for the choice of approximal finishing strips in selected clinical situations.

PMID- 2284456
TI  - Hydrochloric acid-pumice treatment of fluorosis-stained enamel.
AB  - The management of dark staining of teeth caused by dental fluorosis is discussed.
      The results of treatment of 20 patients with dental fluorosis by a hydrochloric
      acid-pumice technique are described. All patients showed considerable improvement
      in colour which was maintained for review periods of (up to) two years.

PMID- 2284457
TI  - Alternative approach to the restoration of distal extension saddles.
AB  - This article presents a clinical case requiring reconstruction with a combination
      of fixed and removable prostheses. It describes the use of a stable base partial
      denture to restore a distal extension saddle and outlines the advantages of the
      technique when compared to the conventional use of precision attachment or clasp
      retained partial dentures.

PMID- 2284458
TI  - Conservative treatment of a large radiolucent cyst-like apical lesion--a case
      report.
AB  - This case demonstrates the conservative treatment of a large apical radiolucent
      lesion over a period of one year. It is surmised that a dental cyst was present
      and that resolution was brought about by the use of calcium hydroxide combined
      with frequent drainage through the root canal.

PMID- 2284459
TI  - Etch-retained porcelain laminate bridges.
AB  - The technique of using etch-retained porcelain laminate bridges to restore
      missing teeth in anterior short-span gaps is described. The advantages and
      disadvantages that these bridges have in relation to other etch-retained bridges
      are discussed. Clinical cases are shown to highlight the improved aesthetic
      results obtained when using these bridges. The ability to choose a labial path of
      insertion not only gives improved aesthetics but offers the opportunity of
      treating patients unsuitable for bridges requiring a lingual path of insertion.
      Although the clinical technique is straightforward it requires a knowledge of
      basic bridge principles and etched porcelain procedures. The early results are
      encouraging and as the technology advances hopefully so will the results.

PMID- 2284460
TI  - Current status of composite materials and adhesive systems. 3: Evaluation of
      adhesion.
AB  - The second article of this series reviewed the ways in which adhesion to tooth
      may be achieved. If such adhesion is a real possibility then it must be
      demonstrated convincingly to the world at large, both to substantiate claims and
      to promote marketing. This article reviews the ways in which adhesion can be
      demonstrated and discusses the many pitfalls which bedevil such studies.

PMID- 2284461
TI  - Resin bonded spring cantilever bridge.
AB  - A case is reported in which the provision of a resin bonded spring cantilever
      bridge simplified an otherwise difficult restorative problem.

PMID- 2284462
TI  - Free gingival graft for improvement of aesthetics.
AB  - A cosmetically unacceptable maxillary gingival inflammatory lesion of unknown
      aetiology, which failed to respond to traditional therapeutic measures was
      successfully treated by excision and free gingival grafting.

PMID- 2284463
TI  - Use of porcelain veneers to restore palatal tooth loss.

PMID- 2284464
TI  - Dentine smear layer and bonding agents. Review: 1. Smear layer--nature of the
      smear layer.
AB  - In these two papers the nature of the smear layer will be considered first. The
      clinical management will then be discussed, and finally, preparation of the
      dentine surface to receive the new bonding systems will be considered. A
      subsequent paper will discuss bonding agents.

PMID- 2284465
TI  - Dentine smear layer and bonding agents. Review: 2. Effect of cleansing regimes on
      the smear layer.

PMID- 2284466
TI  - Survival of crowns and bridges related to luting cements.
AB  - The longevity of 782 items of crown and bridgework was investigated in a
      retrospective study. The effect of different cement lutes was assessed for
      periods varying from 70 to 89 months using a survival analysis technique. The
      analysis of all types of restoration showed slightly better survival figures for
      restorations cemented with polycarboxylate but were not statistically significant
      when compared with those cemented with glass-ionomer. However, those cemented
      with polycarboxylate were significantly more successful than zinc phosphate. The
      restorations cemented with glass-ionomer showed no statistically significant
      improvement in survival rate compared with those cemented with zinc phosphate.
      Restorations cemented with zinc/oxide eugenol reinforced EBA cement had the
      lowest survival rate of the four cement types. Analysis of the survival of crowns
      alone showed the same ranking of the cements compared with all restorations.
      Comparison of bridges, ranked those cemented with glass-ionomer above those
      cemented with polycarboxylate, but not statistically different. Posts cemented
      with phosphate were ranked first and lasted significantly longer than those
      cemented with glass-ionomer.

PMID- 2284467
TI  - Current status of composite materials and adhesive systems. 4. Some clinically
      related research.
AB  - The previous article reviewed the problems of demonstrating adhesion, either to a
      flat surface or within the confines of a cavity. In the context of the
      intracoronal cavity, microleakage experiments may demonstrate the net effects of
      bonding agents, cavity preparation and material properties.

PMID- 2284468
TI  - Two-part resin bonded cast metal bridges for use when abutment teeth have unequal
      effective root surface areas.
AB  - Resin bonded cast metal bridges have become a popular method of replacing missing
      teeth. Such bridges are usually constructed as single castings following
      modifications to the abutment teeth in order to ensure a distinct path of
      insertion and to secure maximum metal to tooth contact. Unfortunately, long term
      retention of resin bonded bridges cannot be guaranteed and many surveys have
      reported substantial failure rates, particularly in the posterior segments of the
      mouth. It is the authors contention that many of these failures occur because
      clinicians are neglecting one of the fundamental principles of fixed bridge
      prosthodontics, namely that abutment teeth should be matched for effective root
      surface area (bony support). This article describes how problems created by
      incompatible abutment teeth can be overcome successfully by the construction of
      resin bonded bridges in two parts which are cemented separately, but interlock to
      provide a movable joint. Such an arrangement allows independent movement of the
      abutment teeth whilst providing sufficient retention and support for the bridge.
      The two-part design can also overcome problems created by malaligned abutment
      teeth as well as allowing conventional full crown retainers to be combined with
      resin bonded retainers.

PMID- 2284469
TI  - [Fate of women requesting fallopian tube recanalization].
AB  - A study of 115 patients, that requested reanastomosis of the Fallopian tubes is
      presented. Intrauterine pregnancy was achieved in 42 patients 4 ectopic
      pregnancies were detected.

PMID- 2284470
TI  - [Analysis of cesarean section indication at a center for active management of
      labor].
AB  - Since 1985, when active management of labor was introduced at Hospital Dr.
      Gustavo Fricke, a significative decrease of cesarean section delivery has been
      observed. In 918 women operated on between October 1987 and March 1989, the main
      indication was as follow: elective cesarean section, repeated section, fetal
      distress in labor and abnormal lying of the fetus with an incidence of 31.2%,
      18.4%, 17.9% and 14.3% respectively. Dystocia, which appears to be the main cause
      in international literature represented only 12.3% of the total cesarean section
      in our service.

PMID- 2284471
TI  - [Medical application of computers in obstetrics and gynecology education].
AB  - Its related the development of two application in Computer Aided Instruction
      (CAI) in Medical Education with an Apple IIc and 128 K. The first using the PILOT
      for student; and the second a program of "Simulation of Labor Troubles" for
      interns and specialty training developed in BASIC. Am special point is the lower
      time training for the teacher with the PILOT. Its demonstrate the improvement
      through the qualification in relation to other evaluation in the same year and
      the relations with other questions during the same test.

PMID- 2284472
TI  - [Experience with intrauterine insemination].
AB  - Intrauterine insemination (IUI) was performed on sixty eight couples with a total
      of 126 cycles between July 1984 and December 1986. 14 pregnancies (20.5% per
      couple, 11.1% per cycle) were obtained with this therapeutical approach. In 39
      couples a male factor was cause of infertility. In this group six pregnancies
      were obtained in 71 treatment cycles (15.1% per couple, 8.4% per cycle).
      Sterility due to a cervical factor was treated through IUI in 18 couples during
      34 cycles. Six pregnancies (33.3% per couple 17.6% per cycle) were obtained in
      this group. Unexplained infertility found in 11 couples was treated with IUI in
      21 cycles; two pregnancies (18.2% per couple, 9.5% per cycle) were obtained. Most
      pregnancies in all causes of infertility were obtained in the two first
      insemination cycles and no pregnancy was obtained after four cycles. Active
      ovulation induction was performed in the majority of the cases and only one
      insemination was usually accomplished. The only predictive semen parameter
      statistically significant in terms of pregnancy in masculine factor, was the
      total amount of progressive spermatozoa recovered after the washing procedure. In
      other words, pregnancy in more probable when less spermatozoa are lost during the
      procedure.

PMID- 2284473
TI  - [Intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy and perinatal risk].
AB  - The main purpose of this study was to analyze the accuracy of severity criteria
      applied in cholestatic jaundice in pregnancy related to health problems in the
      newborn. The sample, 209 cases, is formed by the total of hospital patients
      discharges from the Pathologic Pregnancy Unit. Severe cholestatic jaundice (59.3%
      of cases) presented early itching and impeding premature delivery as the most
      frequent severity criteria. We found that the greater number of severity
      criteria, the worse prognosis for the newborn, as shown by birth weight under
      2,500 g and Apgar at the minute of 7 or less. Both differences were statistically
      significant (p = 0.0001; p = 0.0348). No maternal or perinatal deaths were found.
      Our conclusions are: 1. Severity criteria used in cholestatic jaundice of
      pregnancy are valied and 2. Clinical management of cases is appropriate, since
      the major risk reported (perinatal mortality) was absent and maternal and
      perinatal morbidity were less than those reported in previous studies.

PMID- 2284474
TI  - [Single umbilical artery: review of 12 cases].
AB  - The umbilical cord normally consists of three vessels, two arteries and one vein.
      The absence of one umbilical artery or single umbilical artery (SUA) has been
      associated with some adverse perinatal events, such as low birth weight,
      prematurity, congenital malformations and perinatal mortality. The authors
      present 12 cases of SUA confirmed by histologic examination and the principal
      maternal and perinatal features of these cases are analyzed. In our study there
      were a prematurity rate of 58%, a low birth weight rate of 66% and a perinatal
      mortality rate of 580/1000. Among our patients, 42% of the infants with SUA had
      major congenital malformations. An accurate examination of the umbilical cord at
      delivery is suggested, mainly because SUA is an important index to detect
      associated congenital malformations.

PMID- 2284475
TI  - [Ovarian cancer].

PMID- 2284476
TI  - [Testicular microlithiasis: echographic diagnosis of a new cause of orchialgia
      and infertility].
AB  - Five patients who consulted for orchialgia in whom the diagnosis of testicular
      microlithiasis was made by means of scrotal sonography, are reported. Four of
      them showed oligo or azoosperm and also four had their testis diminished in size.
      The echographic findings are characteristic and they consist of multiple small
      echogenic non shadowing images, randomly distributed within both testis.
      Pathology was available in three cases. Atrophy of the germinal epithelium with
      impairment of the spermiogenesis associated with intratubular calcic microspheres
      was demonstrated. There are few reports in the literature regarding testicular
      microlithiasis and until now we have not heard about an association between
      testicular microlithiasis, orchialgia and oligo or azoosperm. The diagnosis can
      be done by means of scrotal sonography. This imaging method should be considered
      in the work-up of male infertility.

PMID- 2284477
TI  - [Application of the Doppler method in obstetrics].

PMID- 2284478
TI  - [Intramyomal intrauterine device].

PMID- 2284479
TI  - [The consensus on cardiovascular diseases and its prophylactic implications].

PMID- 2284481
TI  - [Arterial pressure in the pediatric population of Zaragoza (Spain) between the
      ages of 3 and 14].
AB  - A study has been performed on the arterial pressure (AP) in a population of
      healthy children aged 3-14. The study sample was formed by 837 subjects (394 boys
      and 443 girls) belonging to a middle, middle-low class level according to Graffar
      methods. Systolic and diastolic arterial pressure data (IV Korotkoff noise) in
      lie down position, sitting and standing, are obtained and related for both sexes
      with age, weight and height. Systolic and diastolic AP increased with weight and
      height in both sexes, specially in children above 6, and in all 3 positions.
      These values were respectively higher in standing position, being lowest in lie
      down position. We conclude with the interest of obtaining our own data given the
      already known influence of geographic, climatic as socioeconomic factors on
      arterial pressure values.

PMID- 2284480
TI  - [Treatment compliance and follow-up of arterial hypertension in an urban
      environment].
AB  - We have studied ambulatory hypertensive patients by means of a survey protocol,
      in order to observe the possible causes of inadequate control. In 8% of patients,
      hygienic and dietetic measures were applied, specially low-salt diet and weight
      loss. This percentage is very low compared to that reported by other authors. A
      67% of our patients received monotherapy, being diuretics the most frequently
      used drug. A 71% of patients fulfilled (correctly) the prescribed drug treatment,
      independently of its complexity and the arterial hypertension evolution time. The
      degree of good treatment fulfillment, in relation to the scarce fulfillment of
      hygienic and dietetic measures, make us believe that in our environment patients
      trust drugs effects more than that of the diet. We believe that this is due, in
      part, to the fact that health professionals do not insist sufficiently in its
      fulfillment. Patient follow-up was satisfactory in only 46% of them, which
      conditioned the fact that hypertension control was efficient in only 39% of
      total. We suggest the importance of treatment and control programs in primary
      assistance given the better results claimed by other authors who worked with
      patients following protocols. Only thus the Internal Medicine Departments could
      be relieved from problems derived from these patients.

PMID- 2284482
TI  - [The treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in a special hospital. Its evolution
      from 1948 to 1986].
AB  - Nine hundred and sixty six patients diagnosed of pulmonary and/or pleural
      tuberculosis and admitted to a specialized hospital from 1948 to 1986, have been
      retrospectively analyzed, investigating their treatment and evolution. Sixty two
      percent of patients did not fulfil pharmaceutical treatment as far as number and
      dose of drugs, evolving through the decades (50, 60, 70, and 80s) with a 100%,
      82%, 37% and 3% respectively. A 13% of patients did not receive any chemotherapy,
      16% underwent surgery, and 53% received a second treatment. Real or hidden
      monotherapy was given to 38% of patients. Isoniazide has been the most uniformly
      used drug. Streptomycin has been the most frequently underdosed used drug. Sputum
      culture turned negative in 42% and 51% of patients during the first 3 and 6
      months respectively, with a 42% of positives persisting after one year and a 30%
      when discharged. A statistically significant difference is observed when
      comparing all the variables between admitted patients up to 1969 and from 69 to
      86 in favor of the second period.

PMID- 2284483
TI  - [Glycosylated hemoglobin as a prognostic index of the appearance of vascular
      complications in diabetic patients].
AB  - One hundred and fourty seven diabetic patients of both sexes with ages between 40
      and 65 (44% Type 1 and 56% Type II), were studied and followed for a period of
      five years in order to evaluate the possible association between blood glucose
      control and the appearance and progression of vascular complications. A clinical
      metabolic characterization was performed in all patients both at the beginning
      and at the end of the study. Process of the results after 5 years was carried out
      dividing the total study sample in two groups, A and B, according to the level of
      glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) at the beginning of the study (HbA1 less than 10%
      or greater than 10%). The most frequent vascular complications both at the
      beginning and at the end of the study were retinopathy, hypertension, and angina
      pectoris, outstanding the high incidence of retinopathy (83%) found at the end of
      the study in the group of patients who were considered poorly controlled given
      the initial HbA1 values. A subset of 111 patients who did not present retinopathy
      at the beginning of the study were particularly analyzed, demonstrating in these
      cases a significant association between HbA1 levels at the beginning of the study
      and the appearance of retinopathy five years later. Type II diabetics
      particularly showed a 3 fold risk of developing this complication if their
      initial HbA1 levels were equal to or higher than 10%. This finding gives HbA1
      determination a predictive value for the development of retinopathy and
      highlights the influence of glycemic control on the appearance and progression of
      this complication in diabetic patients.

PMID- 2284484
TI  - [A model of extreme insulin resistance with carbohydrate intolerance in a patient
      with Werner's syndrome].
AB  - We present the study of a patient suffering insulin resistance with Werner's
      syndrome which had abnormal glucose tolerance determined by euglycemic fixing
      ("Clamp") using an artificial pancreas (Biostator GCIIS, Miles Martin) and the
      binding of insulin to its receptor in erythrocytes. The results obtained show a
      dose-response curve of insulin serum levels to dextrose infusion rate, shifted
      significantly to the right and bottom which indicates a diminished insulin
      sensitivity; similarly a moderate decrease in receptor is obtained with no
      decrease in their affinity and absence of abnormalities in contraregulatory
      hormones. These results are compatible with a postreceptor alteration.

PMID- 2284485
TI  - [Ascites due to cerebrospinal fluid accumulation].
AB  - We present the clinical case of a 17-year-old male who developed an ascitic
      syndrome 11 years after the establishment of a ventricular-peritoneal shunt as
      the consequence of a malformation hydrocephalus. We discuss the pathogenic
      mechanism and present histopathological evidence that justifies the accumulation
      of spinal fluid in the peritoneal cavity. We insist on the convenience of keeping
      in mind this clinical situation in order to avoid unnecessary complementary exams
      and we analyze the most adequate therapeutic schedule.

PMID- 2284486
TI  - [Clinico-epidemiological considerations on listeriosis].

PMID- 2284487
TI  - [The participation of platelet-activating factor and cytokines in the
      pathogenesis of glomerular damage].

PMID- 2284489
TI  - [The prevalence of tuberculous infection in health personnel].

PMID- 2284488
TI  - [Sexual impotence in the toxic oil syndrome].

PMID- 2284490
TI  - [Pyomyositis. The value of computerized axial tomography].

PMID- 2284491
TI  - [Apropos the report of 72 cases of imported malaria].

PMID- 2284493
TI  - [Massive pericardial effusion at the onset of Still's disease in adults].

PMID- 2284492
TI  - [Q fever and pulmonary thromboembolism].

PMID- 2284494
TI  - [The correlation between the serum concentrations of CA 549 and CA 15.3 in
      patients with cystic breast disease].

PMID- 2284495
TI  - Involvement of granzyme B and perforin gene expression in the lytic potential of
      human natural killer cells.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells (CD3-) or large granular lymphocytes (LGL)
      spontaneously kill K562 targets but are unable to kill Daudi cells in the absence
      of IL-2 stimulation. IL-4 is reported to prevent or inhibit the IL-2-driven
      lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) generation in NK cells. Therefore, we wished to
      determine whether the antagonistic effect of IL-4 on IL-2-induced LAK activity
      might regulate the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in lysis, such
      as perforin, the pore-forming protein, or which are associated with lysis, such
      as granzymes A and B. By using in situ hybridization, we showed that, in addition
      to inducing LAK activity, IL-2 stimulation increased the amount of perforin and
      granzyme B mRNA at the single-cell level in 40 to 100% of the total CD3- LGL cell
      population. In addition, our results indicated that the stimulatory effect of IL
      2 can be downregulated by IL-4 for both LAK activity and granzyme B and perforin
      gene expression. Here again, a decrease in the amount of specific mRNA per cell
      was noted. These findings suggest that modulation of the lytic machinery via
      lymphokines might be associated with regulation of the lytic potential of NK
      cells.

PMID- 2284496
TI  - Interleukin-1 beta in human colostrum.
AB  - The two forms of interleukin-1, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta respectively, and tumour
      necrosis factor (TNF) are polypeptides sharing different biological activities
      which are often associated with host defence mechanisms. Because of the well
      recognized benefits of breast feeding for newborns, colostrum from 9 healthy
      lactating women was analysed for the presence of these 3 cytokines. Specific
      radioimmunoassay revealed that colostrum contains a significant amount of IL-1
      beta (mean +/- SEM values of 1,130 +/- 259 pg/ml). The concentrations of IL-1
      alpha and TNF were negligible. Colostral leukocytes are able to produce IL-1
      since high activity was found after stimulation with Staphylococcus epidermidis.
      In addition, these cells produced IL-1 spontaneously in vitro, in contrast to
      resting maternal blood monocytes. As IL-1 increases resistance to infection, the
      presence of this cytokine represent a beneficial aspect of breast feeding.

PMID- 2284498
TI  - Oncogenic potential of the B-cell antigen receptor and its relevance to heavy
      chain diseases and other B-cell neoplasias: a new model.
AB  - Some growth factor receptor genes can be activated to become oncogenic as a
      result of various mutations. The receptors that are encoded by these genes may
      deliver constitutive signals independent of ligand binding. The model which is
      presented here assumes that alterations in the B-cell antigen receptor could have
      similar effects. Evidence that membrane immunoglobulin alterations contribute to
      oncogenesis in vivo comes from studies of heavy chain diseases. Moreover, this
      model could have also implications for other B-cell neoplasias.

PMID- 2284497
TI  - Anti-TNP-forming cells in rats after different routes of priming with TNP-LPS
      followed by intranasal boosting with the same antigen.
AB  - To study the reactivity of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and its
      position in the mucosal immune system, rats were intranasally challenged with 200
      micrograms TNP-LPS. Priming had occurred 15 days previous to the challenge with
      the same antigen and dose, either intranasally, intratracheally, subcutaneously
      in the cheek or intraperitoneally. The number of anti-TNP antibody-forming cells
      (AFC) was determined in various tissues using the conjugate TNP/alkaline
      phosphatase. Generally, anti-TNP AFC were predominantly found in the posterior
      cervical lymph nodes, while NALT contained hardly any such AFC. The highest
      response in the posterior cervical lymph nodes occurred on day 5, after
      subcutaneous priming and intranasal boosting. This also evoked peak responses in
      several other tissues. The highest response in spleen and lung occurred on day 7
      after intraperitoneal priming and intranasal boosting. Irrespective of the
      immunization route, IgA was the least produced isotype in the spleen as compared
      to antigen-specific IgG and IgM. In the posterior cervical lymph nodes, besides
      specific IgG and IgM, a considerable proportion of specific IgA was produced. All
      four immunization routes yielded anti-TNP antibodies in serum. As for the non
      lymphoid cells, the intratracheal-intranasal immunization protocol induced an
      increase in pulmonary macrophages on days 3 and 5. The immunological role of lung
      macrophages is discussed.

PMID- 2284499
TI  - The sequence of the malG gene from Salmonella typhimurium and its functional
      implications.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the malG gene which is essential for maltose transport
      was determined in Salmonella typhimurium and compared to homologous genes from
      Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. malG genes from S. typhimurium and
      E. aerogenes were expressed and their products were active in E. coli. The
      primary structure of the three MalG proteins was highly conserved. Changes were
      mainly clustered in a relatively large hydrophilic region of the protein
      (residues 40 to 75). In contrast, other hydrophilic segments were more conserved,
      and most remaining changes occurred in the hydrophobic putative transmembrane
      segments. This suggests that hydrophilic loops in this inner membrane protein may
      be functionally constrained. These results prove new insights into the functional
      sites in MalG.

PMID- 2284500
TI  - Clonal diversity of Vibrio cholerae O1 evidenced by rRNA gene restriction
      patterns.
AB  - The rRNA gene restriction patterns of 89 Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from
      different geographic origins were studied. The probe was Escherichia coli 16 +
      23S rRNA labelled with "ECL Gene detection system". A total of 17 rRNA gene
      restriction patterns were observed after BglI cleavage. Four patterns (B1 to B4)
      were only given by biotype cholerae (14 strains studied). Thirteen patterns (B5
      to B17) were only given by biotype El Tor (75 strains studied). There was no
      correlation between serotypes and rRNA gene restriction patterns. This study
      provides arguments that (1) strains of biotypes cholerae and El Tor are different
      clones, (2) a cholera pandemic is not a single world-wide epidemic (due to a
      single clone) but rather a simultaneous occurrence of several epidemics (several
      clones involved), and (3) epidemic waves of biotype El Tor could be due to the
      emergence of new clones.

PMID- 2284501
TI  - Method and parameters for genetic transformation of Streptococcus sanguis
      Challis.
AB  - A simple procedure for genetic transformation of Streptococcus sanguis Challis
      was developed and standardized. During the exponential phase of growth, cells
      became competent while growing as diplococci in broth containing 10% foetal calf
      serum. High levels of competence were maintained by the cultures for 60 min.
      Competent cells could be stored frozen without loss of competence for at least
      three years. Using total chromosomal DNA as donor, the dose-response curve for
      transformation of a point mutation (streptomycin resistance) showed one-hit
      kinetics, as the DNA concentration varied from 0.000001 to 10 micrograms/ml. At
      10 micrograms/ml, more than 2.2% of the colony-forming units were transformed to
      streptomycin resistance, while transforming activity remained detectable with 1
      pg of DNA/ml. Optimal time of exposure of competent cells to transforming DNA was
      30 min. The transformation reaction was inhibited at 0 and 4 degrees C, whereas
      it occurred efficiently both at 25 and 37 degrees C.

PMID- 2284502
TI  - Smooth lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella adelaide has an atypical Salmonella Ra
      core.
AB  - Two wild isolates as well as two laboratory strains of Salmonella adelaide
      obtained from different geographical areas failed to react with a monoclonal
      antibody directed against the terminal alpha-1,2-linked N-acetylglucosamine
      residue of the outer core of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This finding
      was confirmed by the lack of reactivities of Salmonella Ra LPS with S. adelaide
      antiserum or of S. adelaide R oligosaccharide with Salmonella Ra serum.
      Furthermore, S. adelaide proved to be resistant to lysis by phage FO1, which
      binds to a receptor also believed to involve the terminal alpha-1,2-linked N
      acetylglucosamine of the Salmonella R oligosaccharide. These results suggest that
      the outer core structure of S. adelaide LPS may be different from that of S.
      typhimurium and other Salmonella strains.

PMID- 2284504
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies in serovar determination of 53 Chlamydia trachomatis
      isolates from Amiens, France.
AB  - The serovar distribution of 53 Chlamydia trachomatis strains obtained from 53
      clinical isolates in Amiens (France) was studied by a micro-immunofluorescence
      test with a panel of 15 monoclonal antibodies. The isolates were of ocular
      (babies) or urogenital origin (adults). This typing showed that E was the most
      common serovar (62.3%) followed by F (9.4%), Ba, D, J (5.6%), H (3.8%) and G, K
      (1.9%). Two mixed infections were detected (one EG and one FG). Consequently, the
      serovar distribution of C. trachomatis in Amiens (France), was characterized by a
      predominance of serovar E higher than in other European countries.

PMID- 2284503
TI  - Evaluation of a novel 2,3-diacyl-trehalose-2'-sulphate (SL-IV) antigen for case
      finding and diagnosis of leprosy and tuberculosis.
AB  - Serum IgG and IgM antibodies against a 2,3-diacyl-trehalose-2'-sulphate (SL-IV)
      antigen using ELISA were determined in controls (n = 288) and in leprosy (n =
      210) and tuberculosis (n = 99) patients. In all assays, the amount of antigen per
      well was 100.0 ng and sera were diluted 1/250. In the case of leprosy, anti-SL-IV
      IgG and IgM antibody titres increased from the tuberculoid towards the
      lepromatous pole of the spectrum. In the tested population, the sensitivity of
      the assay was 93.2% in multibacillary leprosy and 33.3% in paucibacillary leprosy
      (specificity of 88.7%). Multibacillary patients with erythema nodosum leprosum
      (ENL) had lower titres than non-ENL. ELISA results were similar to those obtained
      using the Mycobacterium leprae phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I) antigen. In the case
      of tuberculosis (pulmonary and extrapulmonary), significant titres of anti SL-IV
      IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in about 75% of the patients using a cutoff
      point of 0.150, and in 51.6% using a cutoff of 0.300 (specificities were,
      respectively, 88% and 100%). We concluded that the determination of IgG and IgM
      antibodies against SL-IV was useful in leprosy and tuberculosis case finding
      program using a cutoff point of 0.150, and for serodiagnosis using a cutoff of
      0.300.

PMID- 2284505
TI  - Identification of a new enteroinvasive Escherichia coli strain.
AB  - We isolated an enteroinvasive Escherichia coli strain which did not react with
      antisera raised against all known E. coli serogroups, Shigella groups A, B, C and
      D or provisional Shigella serotypes. We propose the provisional designation of
      Escherichia coli MG for this strain, until the identification of its O antigen is
      established.

PMID- 2284506
TI  - Early airway obstruction in young asymptomatic smokers after cold-air challenge.
AB  - In 10 asymptomatic young smokers and 15 non-smokers, total respiratory impedance
      was determined by means of the forced oscillation technique in a frequency range
      between 4 and 52 Hz under basal conditions, and after isocapnic hyperventilation
      with cold air. In non-smokers, cold-air inhalation caused a statistically
      significant increase in respiratory resistance between 8 and 28 Hz, and post
      challenge reactance values decreased at almost all frequencies. In smokers,
      respiratory resistance increased at almost all frequencies, but most markedly at
      lower frequencies in the range from 8 to 28 Hz; respiratory resistance decreased
      with increasing frequency. Respiratory reactance decreased significantly between
      8 and 36 Hz. Comparing the smokers and non-smokers, respiratory resistance and
      reactance were not significantly different under basal conditions. However, after
      cold-air challenge, respiratory resistance was significantly higher between 8 and
      16 Hz, and respiratory reactance significantly lower between 8 and 40 Hz. It is
      concluded that after cold-air challenge, a broncho-constricting effect extending
      largely into the small peripheral airways can be demonstrated by impedance
      measurement in a group of asymptomatic young smokers which is not observed in
      normal subjects. Therefore, this method is very useful for the early detection of
      mechanical abnormalities induced by smoke inhalation.

PMID- 2284507
TI  - Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in a large sibship.
AB  - We studied alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in a large family of 10 siblings: 3
      subjects had PiZZ phenotype, but only 1 had emphysema; 2 subjects had no
      respiratory complaint. The patient with emphysema was a heavy smoker. According
      to the literature, this case suggests that, in PiZZ phenotype, emphysema appears
      earlier and is more severe if the patients smoke.

PMID- 2284508
TI  - Inspiratory and expiratory vesicular breath sounds.
AB  - Unfiltered breath sounds (NF) from the apical area of the heart, lung volume and
      ECG signals were recorded in 5 normal subjects. The signals were digitized and
      subjected to three methods of heart sound cancellation: 75-Hz high-pass filtering
      (75 HF), ECG-triggered blanking (BL) and adaptive filtering (AF). The sound
      signals were then subjected to the fast Fourier transform algorithm to obtain
      power spectra. Inspiratory and expiratory phase sounds of five breaths of each
      subject were analyzed separately. The inspiratory and expiratory sound power
      spectra were very similar and skewed slightly to the right, and therefore
      characterized by median frequencies. The differences between inspiratory and
      expiratory median frequencies were insignificant for NF: 42.90 +/- 2.03 (mean +/-
      SD) vs. 46.64 +/- 2.53 Hz (p greater than 0.1); for 75 HF: 106.43 +/- 10.27 vs.
      118.22 +/- 6.30 Hz (p greater than 0.5); for BL: 44.46 +/- 3.33 vs. 66.73 +/-
      2.93 Hz (p greater than 0.1), for AF: 49.72 +/- 5.68 vs. 79.20 +/- 13.07 Hz (p
      greater than 0.1). We conclude that the lack of significant differences suggests
      similar mechanisms and sites of production of inspiratory and expiratory
      vesicular breath sounds.

PMID- 2284509
TI  - Ventilatory inequalities, pulmonary function and blood oxygenation in advanced
      states of cystic fibrosis.
AB  - In 36 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), aged 6.2-26.4 years, the relationship
      between functional lung deterioration and gas exchange characteristics was
      studied by backward stepwise discriminant analysis of 22 dependent variables,
      within 3 clinically defined severity degrees of the disease. The stratification
      was based on a general clinical score, a chest X-ray score and the relative
      underweight of the patients. Lung function testing included whole body
      plethysmography and multibreath nitrogen washouts (MBNW). Blood gas analyses were
      performed under room air (FiO2 = 0.21) and 100% oxygen breathing (FiO2 = 1.0).
      The clinical score correlated best with vital capacity (r = 0.776) and PaO2 at
      room air (r = 0.829); the X-ray score correlated best with PaO2 at room air (r =
      0.768). Impairment of oxygenation characteristics was closely related to the
      degree of ventilation inequalities (MBNW) and the amount of trapped gases, both
      increasingly present from severity group I to III. In addition the calculated
      arterial-alveolar oxygen ratio (group I 0.47; group II 0.38; group III 0.29) as
      an estimate of intrapulmonary gas exchange deficiency revealed that only patients
      with mild lung involvement (group I) fulfil the functional conditions to achieve
      a paO2 of 70 mm Hg at room air, whereas patients with severer lung involvement
      (groups II and III) would need a FiO2 of 26.0 or 39.6, respectively, in order to
      have a sufficient oxygenation.

PMID- 2284510
TI  - Improvement of screening for pulmonary embolism with a standardized
      questionnaire.
AB  - The anamnesis is believed to be poor in identifying patients with pulmonary
      embolism (PE), but the method of data collection may be critical for inference on
      this issue. We compared the prevalences of history findings recorded after a free
      verbal interview (VI) by the referring physicians with those recorded after
      completion of a standardized questionnaire (SQ) by the admitting physicians in a
      group of 177 consecutive patients referred to our Emergency Unit with the
      suspicion of PE (subsequently confirmed in 97). VI data were incomplete in 18
      patients. In the remaining 159 patients, prevalences of symptoms and predisposing
      factors were higher after SQ than after VI. Accordingly, 8 items (obesity,
      prolonged immobilization, surgery, varicose leg veins, deep venous thrombosis,
      pleuritic chest pain, and sudden-onset dyspnea) were significantly more prevalent
      in patients with confirmed PE after SQ, compared to only 2 items (prolonged
      immobilization and pleuritic chest pain) after VI. When we tested for the
      agreement between the two methods of data collection, kappa values ranged from
      high values (for surgery and hemoptysis) to very low values (for prolonged
      immobilization and recurrent phlebitis). These results show that the use of an SQ
      could improve the accuracy of collecting clinical data in patients with suspected
      PE, as they are also consistent in separating patients with PE from those with
      unconfirmed suspicion of PE. Moreover, it allows the clinician to be alert
      towards findings which could be missed when not carefully searched for and which
      may be useful to raise or strengthen the suspicion of this disease.

PMID- 2284511
TI  - Maximum inspiratory muscle endurance capacity during resistive loading in chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - In 10 patients with stable severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) we
      evaluated the relationship between the degree of airway obstruction and
      hyperinflation, and the maximum inspiratory muscle endurance capacity during
      added inspiratory resistive loading. We measured the ratio of forced expiratory
      volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) and airway resistance (Raw) as
      indices of airway obstruction, and the ratio of functional residual capacity to
      total lung capacity (FRC/TLC) as an index of hyperinflation. The mean resting
      transdiaphragmatic pressure to its maximum (Pdi/Pdimax), the tension time index
      of the diaphragm, and the maximum transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdimax) were also
      determined. Following 15 min of resting breathing, the patients breathed through
      added inspiratory resistances which were progressively increased every 3 min
      until exhaustion. Maximum endurance capacity (ECmax) was defined as the product
      of the esophageal pressure - time integral and frequency at the maximum load
      sustainable for 3 min. ECmax correlated significantly with Raw (r = -0.67, p less
      than 0.04). The addition of FRC/TLC to the analysis resulted in a significant
      increase in the correlation coefficient (r = 0.86, p less than 0.01). ECmax did
      not correlate with FEV1/FVC. Both resting Pdi/Pdimax and Pdimax independently
      influenced ECmax. In addition, Pdimax correlated significantly with FRC/TLC, and
      resting Pdi/Pdimax with Raw. We conclude that in stable patients with severe
      COPD, both airway obstruction and hyperinflation affect maximum inspiratory
      muscle endurance capacity during inspiratory resistive loading.

PMID- 2284512
TI  - A solitary pulmonary nodule due to Mycobacterium gordonae.
AB  - Mycobacterium gordonae is rarely pathogenic in humans. In this case it was
      cultured from the tissue of a resected pulmonary nodule in an immunocompetent
      patient. One year after completing 12 months of chemotherapy, the patient remains
      disease free. Atypical mycobacterium should be considered in the differential
      diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules.

PMID- 2284513
TI  - Thymomas and thymic carcinomas.
AB  - This review discusses epithelial proliferations of the thymus, excluding
      carcinoid tumor and small cell carcinoma. The clinical features of thymoma,
      possible etiologic mechanisms, and associated autoimmune and paraneoplastic
      conditions are summarized briefly. Histologic subtypes of thymoma, including
      lymphocyte predominant, mixed, and spindle cell tumors are described and
      illustrated. The concept of "medullary" and "cortical" differentiation in thymoma
      is reviewed. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic features of this
      neoplasm are presented. Flow cytometric studies relating to its prognosis also
      are summarized. Distinctions between encapsulated thymoma, invasive thymoma, and
      metastatic or "malignant" thymoma are described in detail. Thymic carcinomas are
      reviewed, as distinguished from cytologically bland thymomas. Variants of thymic
      carcinoma include squamous cell, spindle cell, lymphoepithelioma-like,
      mucoepidermoid, adenosquamous, clear cell, basaloid, and adenoid cystic
      neoplasms.

PMID- 2284514
TI  - Mediastinal cysts and intrathoracic thyroid tumors.
AB  - Benign cysts of the mediastinum are thought to be predominantly congenital in
      origin. Hence, a thorough understanding of their clinicopathologic
      characteristics is facilitated by knowledge of the embryologic development of the
      intrathoracic organs, as outlined in this review. Pertinent radiological and
      pathologic features of these lesions are also discussed. In addition, ectopic
      thyroid tissue may give rise to mediastinal masses. The salient attributes of
      these tumors are considered as well.

PMID- 2284515
TI  - Endoscopy: why and when.

PMID- 2284516
TI  - The silent revolution.

PMID- 2284517
TI  - Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at a student health centre.
AB  - 605 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies were performed at a student health centre
      on university students under the age of 35. Some abnormality, and sometimes more
      than one, was found in 291 (48.0%) patients. 93 (15.4%) had chronic superficial
      gastritis, 36 (5.9%) acute gastritis, three had atrophic gastritis, and two
      eosinophilic gastritis. 53 patients (8.7%) had an oesophageal abnormality.
      Coeliac disease was found in 16 (2.6%) and new cases of duodenal ulcer in 14
      (2.3%). 19 patients (3.1%) had gastric polyps. It is concluded that upper
      gastrointestinal endoscopy is a procedure well suited for primary health care,
      and that a significant proportion of young adults examined for abdominal
      complaints in such a setting will be found to have some abnormality.

PMID- 2284518
TI  - Decentralized laboratory testing: attitudes of physicians and medical students.
AB  - Attitudes regarding the use of decentralized laboratory testing were examined in
      two groups of district physicians (DP; n = 15), a group of physicians undergoing
      postgraduate training as specialists in general medicine (PP; n = 17), and a
      group of medical students who had completed five years of basic studies (MS; n =
      15). A sorting test was employed involving 56 cards with names of laboratory
      tests presently or soon available for use within primary health care. The DPs
      showed a relatively high consensus concerning which analyses were needed most for
      near-to-patient testing. MSs (who had a basically hospital-oriented education)
      differed from DPs and PPs in emphasizing the need for a greater number of
      directly available tests in primary health care. The differences probably reflect
      differences in clinical experience. The importance of practically oriented
      education is stressed.

PMID- 2284519
TI  - Prevalence of urinary incontinence among women at a Swedish primary health care
      centre.
AB  - Information on urinary incontinence was obtained by means of a questionnaire from
      women visiting a Swedish health centre. Among women aged 18 and above, 44% stated
      that they had urinary incontinence. About one-third of these women reported
      stress incontinence, one-third urge incontinence, and one-third both. Urinary
      incontinence was more prevalent with increasing age and was more common among
      women who had given birth to children, in overweight women, in women taking
      diuretics, and in women with some defined diseases. Of those with incontinence,
      13% stated that it impaired their work and 28% that it impaired leisure
      activities. Many of them had not asked for medical help for the symptom. It is
      important to emphasize the high prevalence of the symptom, and even more
      important to increase our knowledge of how best to take care of these women.

PMID- 2284520
TI  - Home-voided urine specimens in women. Diagnostic agreement with clean-catch
      midstream specimens.
AB  - One hundred and fifty women who brought a home-voided urine sample to a general
      practitioner were asked at the same consultation to provide another sample under
      controlled conditions. Seventy-three women had lower urinary tract symptoms and
      77 were asymptomatic. The two samples were analysed for pyuria (greater than or
      equal to 5 leucocytes/HPF) and bacteriuria (greater than or equal to 10(4) v.
      greater than or equal to 10(5) cfu/ml). The agreement when diagnosing pyuria and
      bacteriuria was estimated by Kappa (K). The home-voided sample was taken with
      adequate sampling technique by only 12% of women. Moreover, its bladder
      incubation time was twice that of the surgery sample (5.4 h v. 2.4 h). There was,
      however, no difference in the distribution of pyuria or bacteriuria between the
      paired samples. Agreement, which was high for the diagnosis of pyuria (K = 0.80),
      was significantly lower for the diagnosis of bacteriuria (K = 0.52, P less than
      0.01). A home-voided sample seems sufficient in the diagnosis of the dysuria
      pyuria syndrome in women.

PMID- 2284521
TI  - Metronidazole pessaries compared with placebo in the treatment of bacterial
      vaginosis.
AB  - In a randomized, double-blind clinical trial from general practice, 500 mg
      metronidazole pessaries applied once daily for seven days were compared with
      placebo in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Seventy-five women completed the
      study. At the follow-up visit immediately after completion of treatment, none of
      the patients on metronidazole fulfilled the criteria for bacterial vaginosis,
      compared with 12 (35%) in the placebo group (p less than 0.001). Nine (22%) of
      the patients treated with metronidazole harboured Gardnerella vaginalis after
      treatments, compared with 31 (91%) in the placebo group (p less than 0.001).
      Symptoms had improved or disappeared in 33 (80%) on metronidazole, and in 18
      (53%) on placebo therapy (p less than 0.05). Four weeks after the follow-up
      visit, symptoms were reported by 28% in the metronidazole group and by 44% in the
      placebo group (p greater than 0.05). Metronidazole pessaries are effective in the
      treatment of bacterial vaginosis.

PMID- 2284522
TI  - Construction of a simple test for assessment of hand function in primary care.
      Theories and experimental trials for the test situation.
AB  - This paper describes a hand test consisting of three steps to test the subject's
      ability to grasp firmly another person's hand to hold a pencil firmly with
      fingers II-V with straight knuckles and maximally flexed finger joints, while the
      investigator pulls the pencil to hold on to a piece of paper with a rounded pinch
      grip between thumb and index finger while the investigator pulls the paper with a
      rounded pinch grip with submaximal strength. All three steps must be performed
      with each hand without causing pain. The test was an adequate parameter for the
      grip function, and at the same time could register work-load elicited pain,
      strength, and mobility. The test can be carried out by healthy subjects, but not
      by patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The test is logically constructed and has
      a high validity and reliability.

PMID- 2284523
TI  - Unnecessary visits to health centres as perceived by the staff.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the present situation concerning unnecessary
      visits to health centres as perceived by the primary health care staff.
      Associations of this perception with the internal work motivators were analysed.
      Data consisted of the personnel of four health centres located in various parts
      of Finland. A pretested questionnaire was employed with a response rate of 87%.
      The number of responders was 644, comprising 24 administrative staff, 146 general
      practitioners, 383 nursing staff, and 91 office staff. An estimate of the number
      of unnecessary visits (%) was obtained using a scale from 0 to 50%. Estimates
      less than 20% were regarded in the analyses as acceptable by the authors. The
      methods of analysis included cross tabulations and logistic regression. The
      theoretical framework for this research was a modification of the work motivation
      model by Hackman and Oldham. 41% of responders felt that at least 20% of patient
      visits could be characterized as unnecessary (49% of doctors, 37% of nursing
      staff). The health centres also differed from each other. The longer the doctors
      had worked in their present health centre, the less they regarded the visits as
      unnecessary. Among those doctors who had worked in the health centre less than
      four years, 63% indicated that 20% or more of all visits to doctors were
      unnecessary. There was no similar trend with nurses. With the doctors, the most
      important risk factors among the internal motivators for perceiving the
      proportions of unnecessary visits high were the lack of work significance and
      lack of task identity whereas with the nursing staff the important risk factors
      appeared to be the perceived lack of skill variety of the work and lack of task
      identity. The study suggests the need for specific postgraduate training for
      doctors who intend to work permanently in primary health care.

PMID- 2284524
TI  - The encounter between the general practitioner and the female patients.

PMID- 2284527
TI  - Advances in urologic oncology II. Sixth Annual Society of Urologic Oncology (SUO)
      Meeting, May 12.

PMID- 2284525
TI  - Prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in a large population of elderly people
      at home.
AB  - The prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) was examined in 1206 randomly
      selected elderly people aged 65 to 80 years living in their own homes.
      Nutritional assessment was based on weight loss, weight index, triceps skin fold,
      arm muscle circumference, serum albumin and prealbumin, and delayed cutaneous
      hypersensitivity (DCH) reaction. The prevalence of PEM was 5 per cent. If people
      with signs of inflammation were excluded, the prevalence of PEM was 3.5 per cent.
      When other nutritional indices, used by other authors among hospitalized
      patients, were applied to our sample prevalence values from 2.6 to 4.1 per cent
      were obtained. the prevalence was not related to sex or age. DCH increased the
      sensitivity of the screening method but causes of anergy other than PEM must be
      taken into account. It is concluded that PEM, in a degree shown to impair the
      prognosis at hospital, does occur among elderly people at home in an
      industrialized country.

PMID- 2284526
TI  - Belgian general practitioners on their vocational training: a postal inquiry.
AB  - Vocational training of general practitioners in Belgium consists--among others-
      of 34 seminars to be followed in small groups during a period of two years. The
      purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for continuing evaluation of
      this system, and to gather evaluative data. 58% of 177 young general
      practitioners responded to our postal inquiry, in which ten open-ended questions
      were put, and 50 statements were to be rated on a six-point-scale. The inquiry
      revealed that the Belgian vocational training has a large influence on the
      evolution from inexperienced young doctor to self-confident general practitioner.
      Factor analysis on the scores of the 50 statements uncovered three dimensions:
      (1) working climate, (2) learning results, and (3) identification. The
      reliability of the scales, constructed for each of these factors, was between
      0.80 and .86 (Cronbach's alpha). Mean scores on these scales were all high. The
      Belgian vocational training seems to be accepted and appreciated by the young
      GPs, but improvements might be suggested.

PMID- 2284528
TI  - Pathological stage C (pT3) prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy:
      clinical implications of DNA ploidy analysis.

PMID- 2284529
TI  - Radiation therapy of stage C prostate cancer: significance of Gleason grade to
      survival.

PMID- 2284530
TI  - Local failure and related complications after definitive treatment of clinical
      stage C carcinoma of the prostate by irradiation or surgery.

PMID- 2284531
TI  - When does superficial bladder cancer resist intravesical therapy?

PMID- 2284532
TI  - The significance and management of transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate.

PMID- 2284533
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy following cystectomy benefits patients with deeply invasive
      bladder cancer.

PMID- 2284535
TI  - Employee incentive plans: gainsharing, Part 2.

PMID- 2284534
TI  - The current status of adjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer.

PMID- 2284536
TI  - Direct assembly framework for osseointegrated implant prostheses.

PMID- 2284537
TI  - Pontic tip design: more than just technique.

PMID- 2284538
TI  - Getting back to basics with color.

PMID- 2284539
TI  - Esthetic modifications using intrinsic techniques, 2.

PMID- 2284540
TI  - Maxillofacial technology. 1. Introduction to facial impressions.

PMID- 2284541
TI  - Silver plated model.

PMID- 2284543
TI  - Esthetic modifications using intrinsic techniques. 3.

PMID- 2284542
TI  - Partial dentures--the state of the art.

PMID- 2284544
TI  - Use of direct retainers on maxillary canines for removable partial dentures.

PMID- 2284545
TI  - 1988 NADL economic conditions survey results.

PMID- 2284546
TI  - Esthetic modifications using intrinsic techniques. 4.

PMID- 2284547
TI  - Maxillofacial reconstruction technique. 2. Coloring and processing the
      prosthesis.

PMID- 2284548
TI  - Dental laboratory "working microscope".

PMID- 2284549
TI  - Maxillofacial reconstruction technique. 3. Extrinsic tinting and delivery of the
      prosthesis.

PMID- 2284550
TI  - Restoring periodontally involved teeth.

PMID- 2284551
TI  - Computer imaging for the dental laboratory.

PMID- 2284552
TI  - Reconstruction using attachments.

PMID- 2284553
TI  - Laboratory valuation just how much is my laboratory worth? Establishing fair
      market value.

PMID- 2284554
TI  - Taking the guesswork out of porcelain veneer thickness.

PMID- 2284555
TI  - Prosthodontic treatment for trauma to the nose, premaxilla and maxillary areas of
      a dog.

PMID- 2284556
TI  - Recommended immunizations for dental laboratory personnel.

PMID- 2284557
TI  - Computer assisted design guide for removable partial denture frameworks.

PMID- 2284558
TI  - Professionalism and ethics.

PMID- 2284559
TI  - When goals become responsibilities.

PMID- 2284560
TI  - Topics in implantology. I. Implant parameters. II. Patient selection.

PMID- 2284561
TI  - Influence of coronary heart disease risk factors (CHDRFs) on the natural history
      of coronary atherosclerosis as revealed by a post-mortem study.
AB  - A postmortem study was carried out on the whole coronary arterial bed of 430
      selected apparently healthy subjects, aged 38 to 65 years, in an effort to reveal
      the influence exerted by coronary heart disease risk factors (CHDRFs) on the
      development of coronary obstructive plaques. A clear positive correlation was
      found in 31% of cases and in more than 50% of 28 selected topographic sites of
      the coronary arterial bed. On the other hand, the subgroup without CHDRFs also
      exhibited severe coronary narrowings. Each major CHDRF seems to exert its
      particular action on selected regions of the coronary arterial bed: proximal or
      intermediate segments of the major coronary arteries; branching points;
      nonbranched areas; vessels supplying the conduction system, etc.

PMID- 2284562
TI  - The serum immunoglobulins in workers after prolonged occupational exposure to the
      mercury vapors.
AB  - The mercury concentration in the blood and urine as well as the IgA, IgD, IgE,
      IgG, and IgM serum concentration was assayed in 89 men working during varying
      time intervals in a chlorine production plant using a mercury electrolysis
      method. In none of the workers studied the blood mercury concentration exceeded
      50 micrograms x 1-1 and only in two cases the mercury excretion in the urine
      exceeded 200 micrograms x 1-1. Low levels of IgA and IgG were observed only in
      workers exposed to mercury vapors for more than 20 years.

PMID- 2284563
TI  - Present-day possibilities of diagnosis and treatment of chronic liver diseases.
      Contributions of the research work in the "N. Gh. Lupu" Institute of Internal
      Medicine.
AB  - A short presentation is made of the investigations on chronic liver diseases
      carried out in the "N. Gh. Lupu" Institute of Internal Medicine--Bucharest from
      its foundation to the present day. The main courses of investigation
      (fundamental, diagnosis, prophylaxis, treatment) are specified, with emphasis on
      the achievements obtained within the general context of the progress of
      hepatology all over the world.

PMID- 2284564
TI  - Possible correlation between the zinc and copper concentrations involved in the
      pathogenesis of various forms of anemia.
AB  - The concentrations of three trace elements (iron, copper and zinc) involved in
      hematopoiesis were studied in 200 patients with iron-deficit anemia, hemolytic
      anemia and Biermer's anemia, in comparison with a group of normal subjects. The
      method used was atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results obtained showed
      that in iron-deficit anemia resistant to iron therapy the copper and
      ceruloplasmin serum concentrations are at the lowest limit of normal. This copper
      deficit has a negative effect on the disease by preventing hemoglobin synthesis.
      In iron-deficit anemias responding to iron therapy the relatively low (about 90
      gamma %) zinc values have a negative effect by blocking the iron in the iron
      reserve. In hemolytic anemia the very high zinc serum concentrations (over 200
      gamma %) may lead to a shortening of the erythrocytes life span due to its
      "entatic state". In Biermer's anemia zinc by its high concentration has a
      positive role owing to carbonic anhydrase which eliminates more rapidly carbon
      dioxide from the organism.

PMID- 2284565
TI  - Bacterial immunofluorescence in the intestinal juice of patients with nonspecific
      chronic enteropathy.
AB  - The bacterial immunofluorescence (BIF) in the intestinal juice was studied by the
      method of Virginia Thomas in a group of 26 patients with nonspecific chronic
      enteropathy (NCE). Our investigation revealed BIF in jejunal juice in 16 of 26
      patients with NCE. The BIF test may be useful for the estimation of immune
      response to pathogenic germs at the level of the intestine.

PMID- 2284566
TI  - Association of hyperthyroidism and ulcerative colitis. Report of two cases.
AB  - The association of hyperthyroidism and ulcerative colitis (UC) is presented in
      two cases: a 61-year-old man and a 54-year-old woman. In the first case the onset
      of hyperthyroidism was detected at the age of 25, and the onset of ulcerative
      colitis at the age of 36. The second case presented severe hyperthyroidism
      started at the age of 51. In the latter case ulcerative colitis had been detected
      ten year earlier. To our knowledge this report seems to be the first one
      considering this association from the endocrinological standpoint. The
      association of these two diseases might suggest that the disturbance of even one
      organ specific immune lesion implies a wider disorder. Thus one might assume that
      the association of multiple organ-specific immune diseases represents an
      unsuccessful attempt to equilibrate the repertoire of idiotypes and anti
      idiotypes belonging to the immune network.

PMID- 2284568
TI  - Contributions to the study of the favouring role of chronic urinary infections in
      inducing and starting drug-allergic-type reactions.
AB  - A randomized study in a group of 87 patients with drug-allergic-type reactions
      (DAtR) manifested by urticaria and or angioedema, revealed in 55 patients (63.2%)
      the presence of chronic urinary infections (CUI), significantly different (p less
      than 0.001) from the control group (80 patients without DAtR) in which the
      incidence of CUI was only 20% (16 patients). Among the drugs observed to induce
      allergic-type reactions were substances such as penicillins and aspirin which are
      not used in CUI. It was therefore assumed that it is not their frequent use in
      CUI (as is the case with antibacterial drugs and contrast iodide substances) that
      leads to DAtR but rather more the CUI proper. The assumption that CUI are risk
      factors for the occurrence of DAtR is discussed and the following mechanisms are
      suggested in support of this assumption: enhancement of IgE secretion (by the
      drugs as allergens--complete or haptens--or by the inhibiting effects of some
      antibiotics on the T suppressor cells): nonimmunological mast cell degranulation
      (by the bacterial wall products--lectins and proteoglycans--or by the endotoxines
      with complement activation generating anaphylatoxines C3a and C5a):
      neurovegetative changes induced by infectious diseases.

PMID- 2284567
TI  - Evaluation of the metabolic balance in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetics, by
      assay of the hair biochemical components.
AB  - A new method of long-term retrospective evaluation of the metabolic balance in
      type 1 diabetic was based on the variations of the hair biochemical components.
      Glucose, proteic sulfur and amino acid assays were performed in two consecutive
      hair segments, proximal and distal, of 1.5 cm each. The differences between the
      glucose and the sulfur values in the two segments correlated with the HbA1 levels
      (r = +0.971 and r = +0.957, respectively), being statistically significant in
      both situations (p less than 0.001). The hair components assay permits to follow
      up the diabetics' metabolic balance on longer time periods than by determination
      of the HbA1 values.

PMID- 2284570
TI  - The diagnostic and therapeutic contribution of calcium channel inhibitors
      (nifedipine) in esophageal spasm.
AB  - The effect of nifedipine (10-20 mg) on esophageal motility was tested in 18
      patients with clinical esophageal syndrome and radiologic aspect suggesting
      esophageal spasm. The drug was administered 20-30 min prior to the second
      radiologic examination. In 3 cases of achalasia the drug was administered in
      doses of 10 mg/day for 10 days before the second X-ray examination. Fiber
      esophagoscopy was performed in all the cases. The initial radiologic aspect was
      favourably influenced by nifedipine administration in 12 cases confirmed as
      esophageal spasm. The other 6 patients who did not benefit by the test were cases
      of organic diseases: 2 post caustic stenoses and 4 cases of eso-cardio-tuberal
      neoplasm. In the 3 cases of achalasia, treatment with nifedipine led to clinical
      improvement with relaxation of inferior esophageal contraction on radiologic
      examination. The study demonstrated the favourable contribution of calcium
      channel inhibitors to the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal motility
      disturbances.

PMID- 2284569
TI  - Intralesional human leukocyte interferon treatment in the non-AIDS related
      Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - Twelve patients with classical European Kaposi's sarcoma have been treated by
      intra- and peritumoral injections of human alpha leukocyte interferon (IFN)-
      Ginterferon ("V. Babes Institute", Bucharest). All the patients were HIV negative
      their tumour appearing at least six months before. In each patient one tumour
      received 1 ml (50,000 IU) IFN twice a week during 6-7 weeks whereas another
      nodule considered as control remained uninjected. After treatment biopsies of
      both the IFN-treated and the untreated nodules were performed in 8 patients and
      histological examinations were carried out. The clinical follow-up revealed: The
      skin colour progressively changed from purple red to dark reddish or even brown
      in all the IFN-treated tumours and only in 3 of the untreated ones (p less than
      0.001). The consistency of the nodules decreased in all the treated tumours and
      only in 2 of the untreated ones (p less than 0.001). The tumour thickness
      decreased in 9 of the treated tumours and in none of the untreated ones (p less
      than 0.001). The surface of the lesions decreased in 4 of the treated nodules but
      not in the untreated ones (p less than 0.05). The IFN-inoculated tumours were
      gradually cured even in the four cases in which during the treatment some other
      tumour progressed or even new lesions appeared. The histological examination
      showed that: all the IFN-treated tumours were either predominantly sarcomatous or
      predominantly angiomatous. The typical Kaposi aspect disappeared totally in 2 of
      the cases examined, and in 3 a fibrosclerotic massive change was
      obvious.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284571
TI  - In memoriam Constantin Velican, MD., Ph. D., D. Sci. 1919-1989.

PMID- 2284572
TI  - Fusidic acid treatment of HIV infection: no significant effect in a pilot trial.
AB  - 22 HIV-positive homosexual men were treated with fusidic acid tablets (500 mg
      t.i.d.) for a period of 2-12 months (mean 71/2). At entry, all had a CD4-count
      less than 500 X 10(6)/l, and/or a pokeweed mitogen lymphocyte proliferation
      response of less than 50% of 2 normal controls, and no overt opportunistic
      infections. No significant immunological changes were observed and no definite
      beneficial clinical effect. On the 10th-13th day of treatment, 12 of the patients
      developed fever and an itchy exanthema. The symptoms disappeared spontaneously in
      9 patients. No hematological or biochemical side effects were seen. Thus, in this
      pilot study of fusidic acid therapy of HIV-infected men, no significant effect
      could be detected.

PMID- 2284573
TI  - Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and sputum examination for diagnosis of pulmonary disease
      in AIDS patients in Stockholm.
AB  - For diagnosing pulmonary disease on 82 occasions in 68 patients (64 males) aged
      39 (23-73) years infected with HIV-1 we used flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy
      (FFB) with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or washing with or without transbronchial
      lung biopsy (TBB) and brushing. A clinical diagnosis of lower respiratory tract
      disease was obtained in 68/82 episodes (83%). An etiological diagnosis was
      reached by FFB in 59/82 episodes (72%). Pneumocystis carinii (PC), the dominating
      pathogen causing pneumonia in 54/82 episodes (66%), was detected by FFB in 51/54
      (94%). In spite of being isolated in bronchoscopy material in 36/82 episodes
      (44%) cytomegalovirus (CMV) seemed to be the cause of pneumonia only in 2/36 (5%)
      episodes. Except PC and CMV, only bacteria (including mycobacteria) were found as
      infectious etiological agents. Kaposi's sarcoma and pulmonary edema were
      diagnosed in one patient each. For detection of PC in 37 episodes we compared
      staining of BAL fluid with indirect immunofluorescence (IF) using monoclonal
      antibodies (MoAB) with staining of BAL material by silver methenamine (Grocott).
      Staining with IF MoAB alone of BAL fluid only seemed to be even more sensitive
      than silver methenamine staining of BAL, TBB and brushing material. When using IF
      MoAB staining of BAL fluid, TBB and brushing added nothing to the result, except
      in the patient with Kaposi's sarcoma, diagnosed by TBB. Sputum investigation
      using IF MoAB for detection was increasingly adopted during the study time. It
      was very useful (sensitivity approximately 74%) and reduced the number of
      required FFBs.

PMID- 2284574
TI  - Genetic aspects of complement component C8 in Norwegian meningococcal disease
      patients.
AB  - Sera from 85 consecutive systemic meningococcal disease patients and 203 matched
      control individuals were C8 typed. In the patient group, one C8B deficient
      individual was discovered; none in the control group. No case of C8A deficiency
      was encountered. The material was collected during a period of epidemic
      meningococcal disease in Norway, mainly due to group B organisms. C8A and C8B
      phenotype distributions were not significantly different in the two groups. This
      indicates that no particular C8 type (apart from deficiency) predisposes for
      meningococcal disease. Neither is there any evidence of over-representation of
      heterozygous deficiency among meningitis patients. The C8B deficient individual
      and his family were studied. Tests for haemolytic complement were normal in all
      members except for the proband. Electrophoretic C8 patterns seemed to be slightly
      weaker in the heterozygously C8B deficient individuals than in persons with 2
      normal C8B genes. DNA from the family members were studied with regard to a
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for the C8B gene. All exhibited
      the same pattern, indicating that the C8B deficiency is not due to a major
      deletion in the C8B gene.

PMID- 2284575
TI  - Effect of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid on the aerobic and anaerobic tonsillar
      microflora in the treatment of recurrent tonsillitis.
AB  - 30 patients with recurrent tonsillitis were treated with amoxycillin/clavulanic
      acid (500 mg/125 mg) t.i.d. for 10 days. The most often isolated potential
      aerobic pathogenic bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus milleri and
      Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Group A streptococci were isolated from 7 patients.
      Anaerobic cocci and Bacteroides species were the dominating anaerobic bacteria
      isolated from the tonsils. Tonsillar cultures were taken before antibiotic
      treatment started, on days 11-12, day 30, and day 90. Beta-lactamase producing
      aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were present in 13 patients prior to treatment, on
      days 11-12 in 18 patients, on day 30 in 15 patients, and on day 90 in 13
      patients. Group A streptococci were eradicated in 6/7 patients. In the aerobic
      tonsillar microflora, the numbers of viridans streptococci decreased during
      treatment but were normalized after 30 days. Only minor changes in the numbers of
      other aerobic microorganisms occurred during the investigation. The effect on the
      anaerobic microflora was minor and no new colonizing microorganisms were isolated
      during or after antibiotic treatment. All patients except one were cured on days
      11-12. Five patients had another episode of tonsillitis during the observation
      period of 3 months. The antibiotic treatment was well tolerated in most patients
      and mild adverse events such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea were observed in 3
      patients.

PMID- 2284576
TI  - Serum antibody responses to bacterial enteropathogens in Swedish travelers to
      south-east Asia.
AB  - The possibility that serological analysis may be more sensitive than
      bacteriological examinations of stool samples to detect enteric infections was
      evaluated in 80 Swedish travellers to South-East Asia. Serum and faecal specimens
      were collected before, during and after their travel. Serological analyses of pre
      travel and any later serum specimen identified infection with enterotoxinogenic
      Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella or Campylobacter jejuni in 28% of the
      travellers. The seroconversion rate was 72% in travellers excreting the
      homologous pathogen in their stool; all symptomatic cases and half of those who
      had an asymptomatic infection seroconverted. Bacteriological examinations of
      stool samples collected repeatedly during travel identified an enteropathogen in
      20% of the travellers. However, the isolation rate decreased to 11%, when only a
      single routine faecal specimen was examined. Our findings suggest that
      serological analyses of pre- and post-travel specimens are sufficiently specific
      and may be at least as sensitive as conventional bacteriology to identify
      infections with bacterial enteropathogens in travellers. However, reliable
      serodiagnosis requires collection of pre-travel sera and might therefore only be
      useful in prospective studies of travellers' diarrhoea.

PMID- 2284577
TI  - Amikacin plus piperacillin versus ceftazidime as initial therapy in
      granulocytopenic patients with presumed bacteremia.
AB  - 69 febrile granulocytopenic episodes without an initial focus of infection were
      assessed for empiric treatment either with high-dose amikacin plus piperacillin
      or ceftazidime. 90% of patients in each group survived the granulocytopenic
      episode; 15 (44 +/- 17%) episodes treated with the combination and 23 (66 +/-
      16%) given ceftazidime responded without any modification of initial therapy and
      half defervesced within 72 h. Persistent fever was the most frequent reason for
      altering treatment which was done empirically in 90% of cases, but two-thirds of
      patients required further treatment modification. An infectious focus mainly
      involving the lung developed during granulocytopenia in 21 patients (30%), of
      which 17 occurred during antimicrobial therapy. Only 1 infection was shown to be
      due to bacteria, while 7 were due to fungi. Amikacin levels were similar to those
      expected following a normal dose (mean peak of 34.7 and mean trough of 12.6
      mg/l). Therapy with the combination resulted in a higher serum creatinine (p less
      than 0.001) and a lower potassium level (p less than 0.001) in comparison with
      monotherapy. Potassium supplementation was required in 45 +/- 17% of patients
      given the combination compared with only 4 +/- 7% of those treated with
      ceftazidime. While both regimens appeared to be equally effective as initial
      therapy, the need for modification was high in both patient groups. Monotherapy
      being both simpler to administer and less toxic seems therefore to be the logical
      choice although the period of empiric therapy must be fully exploited in order to
      improve diagnosis and therefore antimicrobial management.

PMID- 2284578
TI  - Antibody persistence in splenectomized adults after pneumococcal vaccination.
AB  - 16 splenectomized adults, all vaccinated with a 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine
      (Pneumovax) 1978-79 had their pneumococcal antibody concentrations measured
      before and up to 10 years after vaccination. The antibody concentrations after
      vaccination declined to 71% in 2 years and remained at this level during the 10
      year study period. Further studies are needed to see whether this applies to all
      vaccinated splenectomized adults.

PMID- 2284580
TI  - Polymicrobial endocarditis with eight pathogens in an intravenous drug abuser.
AB  - A 17-year-old intravenous drug abuser with tricuspid endocarditis required
      valvulectomy for refractory infection due to 8 different bacterial pathogens.
      Only one organism was isolated from blood cultures in the first 48 h, and
      subsequent organisms were not isolated until 9-13 days after hospitalization. The
      spectrum of pathogens in this patient strengthens previous clinico-bacteriologic
      observations made in the literature, and emphasizes the need for empiric coverage
      of oropharyngeal flora in addition to the usual skin flora involved in drug
      addict associated endocarditis.

PMID- 2284579
TI  - Hydrophobic material in routine umbilical cord care and prevention of infections
      in newborn infants.
AB  - In a prospective randomized study 2 different regimens for umbilical disinfection
      in newborn infants were tested: (i) a bandage of hydrophobic material (Sorbact; n
      = 1,213), and (ii) daily cleansing with 0.5% chlorhexidine in 70% ethanol (n =
      1,228). Infections were registered in the nursery as well as after discharge
      until 6 weeks of age, and bacterial cultures taken from infected areas. A total
      of 410 infections were registered in 377 (15.4%) of the 2,441 infants. Total
      infection rates of 16.3 and 14.6% were found in the hydrophobic material group
      and the chlorhexidine-ethanol group respectively (p greater than 0.05). No
      differences were found between the groups in infection rates in the nursery (8.9
      vs. 8.7%), after discharge (7.4 vs. 5.9%), or in rates of different types of
      infections (conjunctivitis, pyoderma, paronychia, omphalitis) (p greater than
      0.05). 536 strains were isolated. 498 (92.9%) were gram-positive, 45 (8.4%) gram
      negative, and 7 (1.3%) candida strains. 229 (55.9%) were Staphylococcus aureus
      strains. No differences were found between the two groups concerning distribution
      of the different strains isolated. Separation of the umbilical cord occurred
      significantly later in the hydrophobic material group than in the chlorhexidine
      ethanol group (6.2 +/- 2.2 vs. 5.8 +/- 2.1 days; p less than 0.05). Hydrophobic
      material does not prevent infections more effectively compared to 0.5%
      chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol.

PMID- 2284581
TI  - Indirect immunofluorescence as a diagnostic tool in a prosthetic heart valve
      endocarditis due to actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Staphylococcus
      epidermidis.
AB  - A late prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
      and Staphylococcus epidermidis in a 72-year-old man is reported. A simple
      indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to confirm the etiological
      diagnosis. This test may be useful when diagnostic problems occur in infections
      with microorganisms of uncertain pathogenic importance.

PMID- 2284582
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation in Fusobacterium necrophorum septicemia.
AB  - A previously healthy 42-year-old man developed, after a neglected tonsillitis, a
      severe Fusobacterium necrophorum septicemia with disseminated intravascular
      coagulation. Peripheral, painful, cyanotic and gangrenous lesions appeared on
      toes, external ears and nose tip. The patient survived. Consumption coagulopathy
      associated with tonsillitis should suggest F. necrophorum infection. Growth of
      these bacteria in blood cultures is slow and confirmation of the infection may
      thus be delayed.

PMID- 2284583
TI  - Short-term curative treatment of Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia with
      fluconazole.
AB  - A 67-year-old previously healthy female presented with fever, malaise and
      bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Serology and culture were positive for
      Aspergillus fumigatus. After 15 days of treatment with fluconazole, clinical cure
      and regression of the infiltrates were obtained. No side-effects were observed
      during or after treatment.

PMID- 2284584
TI  - Adrenal failure in fulminant meningococcal septicaemia: a clinical reality.
AB  - Current teaching is that adrenal failure is not a feature of meningococcal
      sepsis, and that cortisol levels are generally elevated. A case of fulminant
      meningococcal septicaemia in a 14-year-old boy is described. This patient had
      low/borderline cortisol levels, which normalised within some days.

PMID- 2284585
TI  - Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in the treatment of infections caused by
      erythromycin-resistant group A streptococci.

PMID- 2284586
TI  - How are resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus acquired in the community?

PMID- 2284587
TI  - Effects of zinc oxide, rosin and resin acids and their combinations on bacterial
      growth and inflammatory cells.

PMID- 2284588
TI  - Epidemiologic evidence on the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and
      cancer.
AB  - Over 30 epidemiologic studies have evaluated cancer risks associated with
      formaldehyde exposure. Excesses were reported for several sites, leukemia and
      cancers of the nasal cavities, nasopharynx, lung, and brain generating the
      greatest interest. The excesses of leukemia and brain and colon cancer found
      among professionals may not be related to formaldehyde exposure, since similar
      excesses were not observed among industrial workers. Inconsistencies among and
      within studies impede assigning formaldehyde a convincing causal role for the
      excesses of lung cancer found among industrial workers. A causal role for
      formaldehyde is the most probable for cancers of the nasopharynx and, to a less
      extent, the nasal cavities. Evidence of exposure-response relationships, the fact
      that direct contact with formaldehyde may occur at these upper respiratory sites,
      and the consistency of these findings with experimental studies make this
      assumption highly probable.

PMID- 2284590
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid proteins in men with chronic encephalopathy after exposure to
      organic solvents.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid was examined for 23 patients with chronic toxic
      encephalopathy after heavy exposure to organic solvents and 23 healthy age
      matched referents. No differences were found between the patients and referents
      with respect to the levels of albumin, immunoglobulin, prealbumin, alpha-1
      antitrypsin, beta-2-microglobulin, haptoglobin, or the astroglial cell proteins
      S100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid. The albumin
      ratio was normal for both the patients and the referents. The patient group had
      had heavy exposure to organic solvents, but its members had not been exposed for
      at least one year before the study. It was concluded that, if exposure to organic
      solvents affects proteins in cerebrospinal fluid, such effects are probably
      reversible.

PMID- 2284589
TI  - Formaldehyde exposure and respiratory cancer among woodworkers--an update.
AB  - Respiratory cancer was examined in relation to occupational formaldehyde exposure
      in a case-referent study (136 cases, 408 referents) nested in a woodworker
      cohort. Plant- and time-specific job-exposure matrices were constructed for
      formaldehyde exposure. Over 3 ppm-months of formaldehyde exposure was associated
      with an odds ratio of 1.4 [90% confidence interval (90% CI) 0.5-4.1]. The odds
      ratios for lung cancer were near unity, the excess risk concentrating on the
      upper respiratory tract. That for combined exposure to formaldehyde-phenol
      exposure (all respiratory cancers) was 1.6 (90% CI 0.6-4.4) but 1.0 for
      formaldehyde only. No consistent exposure-response patterns emerged for the
      level, duration, or cumulative exposure. The results are hardly more than
      debatable support for the hypothesis concerning formaldehyde as a carcinogen in
      humans, the possible risk seemingly concentrating on the upper respiratory tract
      rather than the lung.

PMID- 2284591
TI  - Relationship of airborne microorganisms with the lung function and leucocyte
      levels of workers with a history of humidifier fever.
AB  - An influenza-like illness appeared recently among workers in a plant processing
      synthetic yarn. A humidifier, a cold-water spraying system, was the suspected
      cause. Lung function changes over the day and week and changes in blood
      leucocytes were studied among the workers from the suspected department and two
      reference populations. Exposure to colony-forming units of bacteria and fungi and
      to endotoxins was also monitored. The workers from the suspected department had
      statistically significantly lower lung functions on the first workday of the week
      than the referents. Their blood leucocytes were also raised statistically
      significantly. The exposure to fungi, bacteria, and endotoxins differed
      significantly between the various departments, but the measured levels were low.
      It was concluded that the observed effects were suggestive of a "Monday morning
      fever" type of reaction and that adverse effects occurred at exposure levels
      lower than those found to date in the literature.

PMID- 2284592
TI  - Dust in buildings with man-made mineral fiber ceiling boards.
AB  - Man-made mineral fibers (MMMF) and other airborne dusts were measured in 105
      rooms in a representative sample of public buildings, excluding rooms with
      physically damaged boards or buildings with notable indoor climate problems.
      There were no differences in the MMMF concentrations with respect to the type of
      binder. The average concentrations ranged from 17 to 210 respirable MMMF/m3. The
      average concentrations of the reference group was intermediate and therefore
      indicated that sources other than ceiling boards contributed to the obtained
      values. No grouping by concentration of MMMF on cupboards was possible. Airborne
      concentrations of respirable MMMF were 2.7 times lower in rooms with mechanical
      ventilation than in rooms with natural ventilation. For nonrespirable MMMF, the
      most important factor was the quality of the cleaning. The concentration in
      poorly cleaned rooms was 5.5 times that of well-cleaned rooms. Ventilation,
      quality of cleaning, and number of persons affected the non-MMMF and total dust
      concentrations.

PMID- 2284593
TI  - Association between exposure to a stenching agent in a herbicide packing plant
      and the occurrence of headache and lethargy.
AB  - This study quantifies the relationship between subjective complaints of symptoms
      and certain work activities and exposures in a plant where herbicide is packed.
      Data relating to symptoms were collected from 27 subjects (20 men and 7 women) on
      a daily basis with the use of a questionnaire. In addition, data were collected
      relating to work activity and exposure to the stenching agent added to the
      herbicide, atmospheric levels of which were measured with personal monitoring, on
      a daily basis. Although associations were found between the occurrence of
      lethargy and certain factors of job history, there was no significant association
      with exposure to the stenching agent as measured by personal monitoring during
      the study.

PMID- 2284594
TI  - The Chernobyl accident and induced abortions: only one-way information.

PMID- 2284595
TI  - Solvent exposure and myelodysplastic syndrome.

PMID- 2284596
TI  - Re: "Triazine herbicides and ovarian epithelial neoplasms" by A Donna, P
      Crosignani, F Robutti, PG Betta, R Bocca, N Mariani, F Ferrario, R Fissi, F
      Berrino Scand J Work Environ Health 1989.

PMID- 2284597
TI  - Sugar-shaped alkaloids.
AB  - A range of simple, natural chemicals almost unknown 20 years ago are now being
      used to advance research in cancer, AIDS, diabetes, immunology and plant-insect
      recognition. These alkaloids of the pyrrolidine, piperidine, pyrrolizidine and
      indolizidine classes resemble sugar molecules in the arrangement of hydroxyl
      substituents and are often potent and specific glycosidase inhibitors.

PMID- 2284598
TI  - Children in a careless society.

PMID- 2284599
TI  - Community-based child abuse prevention.
AB  - Prematurity, congenital abnormalities, intrauterine growth retardation, and
      perinatal illness often impair parent-infant attachment, which can contribute to
      subsequent child abuse. Enhancement of parent-infant relationships, parental
      coping skills, and social support systems through parent education and home
      visitation has been shown to reduce the incidence of abuse and is emphasized in
      the child abuse prevention program proposed in this article. New parents who
      participate in the program learn about the behavioral capabilities and responses
      of their newborn from a trained and supervised volunteer perinatal coach/parent
      aide. With this knowledge, parents can develop optimal sensory communication
      skills for interacting with their infant. Perinatal coaches/parent aides also
      foster better parental understanding of the child's physical and emotional
      development and needs, help reduce family isolation, offer emotional support and
      practical parenting assistance, and serve as a positive parental role model.
      Social workers are integral to the program because they select, train, and
      supervise the perinatal coaches/parent aides.

PMID- 2284600
TI  - Maltreatment and the school-age child: major academic, socioemotional, and
      adaptive outcomes.
AB  - Studies of the impact of abuse or neglect on children have focused largely on
      maltreated infants, toddlers, or preschool children and on single subsystems of
      development. In the study described in this article, 139 school-age and
      adolescent children who had been physically abused, who had been neglected, and
      who had no prior history of maltreatment participated in a multimodal,
      multisource assessment. The authors used parent and child interviews, teacher
      ratings, and data from school records to comprehensively assess older maltreated
      children's school performance; social and emotional development in school, at
      home, in the community, and with peers; and adaptive behavior in areas such as
      motor skills, personal care skills, and community orientation. With the effects
      of socioeconomic status covaried out, results showed that the abused children
      displayed pervasive and severe academic and socioemotional problems. Neglected
      children differed little from children who were neither abused nor neglected on
      measures of socioemotional development, but they displayed severe academic
      delays. Both groups of maltreated children showed unexpected strengths on
      measures of adaptive behavior.

PMID- 2284601
TI  - Parent-professional relationships in the treatment of seriously emotionally
      disturbed children and adolescents.
AB  - The principle of parent-professional collaboration in responding to the needs of
      seriously emotionally disturbed children has been articulated in both policy and
      program guidelines. Research suggests that parents have not yet been integrated
      into the system of care for their children. This article reviews parents'
      concerns about their interactions with professionals and analyzes factors that
      may impede an improved relationship between the two groups. It suggests that a
      feminist/empowerment conceptualization of practice with parents of seriously
      emotionally disturbed children may be conducive to the attainment of full parent
      involvement in the system of care.

PMID- 2284602
TI  - Evaluation of a model self-help telephone program: impact on natural networks.
AB  - A study of a model telephone network program for caregivers of Alzheimer's
      disease victims considered its impact on caregivers' use of informal supports as
      well as perceived social supports, mental health, burden, and information about
      Alzheimer's disease. Participants were randomly assigned to a peer telephone
      network or an informational lecture series accessed over the telephone, and then
      they were reassigned to the alternative component after three months. Time series
      analysis of variance group-by-time interactions showed that participants learned
      more while listening to informational tapes and contacted family and friends more
      while waiting to enter a peer network. Program benefits seen after the first
      three months (reduced psychological distress, increased support satisfaction, and
      perceived social support) leveled off or declined during the second three months.
      Additionally, caregiver burden and social conflict increased during the second
      three months. This erosion of benefits suggests that program entry may be the
      period of maximum program receptivity or that overload of family networks created
      conflict.

PMID- 2284603
TI  - Ethics and deception methods.

PMID- 2284604
TI  - [Use of silanes as bonding intermediates in alloy-adhesive-alloy systems].
AB  - The Authors suggest on original appliance of the adhesive bridge on metallic
      surface of pre-existent fixed prosthesis by means of silanes. In two clinical
      cases the silanes make it possible to apply on adhesive bridge without damage for
      contiguous theets and to resolve difficult prosthetic problems with good outcome.

PMID- 2284605
TI  - [Acrylic resin-silicone elastomer interface with the polymeric interpenetration
      technique (P.I.T.)].
AB  - The Author has carried out a microphotographic analysis on samples bulk in
      acrylic resin with flexible edges using the interpenetrating polymeric system
      network suggested by Nishijama and Coll. The electronic scanning on the
      interfaces siliconic resin IPN and acrylic resin-IPN showed cracks and grooves
      that report the imperfect adhesion of polymeric materials.

PMID- 2284607
TI  - [Epidemiological survey of dental caries in 937 middle school students in
      Gravina, Catania].
AB  - The AA. have carried out a transversal epidemiologic investigation on 937
      children attending the school of Gravina. The age of the subjects range from 10
      to 14 years. In these young subjects dental decays percentage, DMF/dmf were
      evaluated and compared to age and oral hygiene. Oral hygiene has been expressed
      with values ranging from 1 to 3, the point 1 showed the best situation and 3 the
      worst. It has been evaluated also the number of subjects with dental decay that
      have been cured by the dentist. No correlation between dental decay and weight
      has been found infact X analysis was not significative.

PMID- 2284606
TI  - [Prevalence of dental caries in a Catania school group].
AB  - In order to evaluate the importance of information on dental caries prevention
      and to study variations of dental caries incidence in the years we have studied a
      children populations studying in some Catania's schools. It was made a screening
      test on 528 children between from 10 to 14 years old 62.14% of the group.

PMID- 2284608
TI  - [Clinical statistical survey of the incidence of caries in first permanent molars
      in a school group].
AB  - The Authors managed a statistical research into incidence of dental caries with
      respective localization on the first permanent molars on a sample of school
      children. This research showed that in the female people there was a bigger
      incidence of dental caries although they maintained a better oral hygiene.

PMID- 2284609
TI  - [Radiologic risk and INAIL insurance].
AB  - The Authors examine in this scientific work the radiological risk to which the
      dentist is exposed during his daily professional activity. They underline,
      moreover, the partial interpretation of the regulation in force by INAIL and
      ANPEQ that bind the dentist to a series of accomplishments that seem unjustified
      as regards the laws in force.

PMID- 2284610
TI  - [Dental age evaluation in young subjects with Cooley's disease].
AB  - The AA. have evaluated dental age in growing subjects with Cooley's anemia. 34
      patients aged from 4 to 11.8 years were clinically examined as far as the number
      of teeth erupted. Dental arches x-rays were taken for each patients to evaluate
      dental age according to dental development. From the data collected in our
      investigation it comes out that there were no difference between dental age and
      chronological age.

PMID- 2284611
TI  - [Shape memory alloys for orthodontic use studied with electron beams].
AB  - Shape memory alloys, which have the ability to be deformed into a temporary shape
      and then returned to its original shape giving useful elastic forces, are used in
      orthodontics field as shaped archs and springs. Their characteristics offer high
      potentiality to produce new orthodontics devices and to use in implantology.
      Using different analysis techniques with focussed electron beams, Authors have
      investigated on the superficial topography, alloy structural composition and on
      the absorbed elements of superficial layers of Nitinol orthodontics archs. SEM
      analysis have shown a compact and finished surface. PIXE analysis has quantized
      the atomic alloy composition in 55% and 45% on nickel and titanium, respectively.
      Auger spectroscopy and ion sputtering technique have shown that in surface of new
      archs oxygen and carbon are present up to about 300 A depth.

PMID- 2284612
TI  - [Pathogenesis of periapical inflammatory processes].
AB  - The Authors, after a short description of the anatomy of the root canal, deal
      with the aetiological factors of the periapical pathology, acute and chronic.
      They examine the pathogenetic mechanisms of acute flogistic process of the
      periapical tissue and consider the principal mediators involved in the tissue
      lesion.

PMID- 2284613
TI  - [Pathogenesis of periapical inflammatory processes. 2].
AB  - The Authors describe the aetiological mechanisms of periapical diseases. They
      deal with immunologic reactions in inflammation with particular features on the
      lymphocytic and macrophagic products and their role in the periapical reactions.
      Furthermore, they describe the pathogenesis of bone resorption, a common
      evolution of the chronic periapical disease.

PMID- 2284614
TI  - Guided tissue regeneration around dental implants: a case report.

PMID- 2284615
TI  - Texas dentistry, past and present, on the 20th anniversary of the University of
      Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Dental School.
AB  - An outline of the development of dentistry in Texas is presented. The growth of
      higher education and the emergence of the University of Texas Health Science
      Center at San Antonio and its Dental School is highlighted on the 20th
      anniversary of the Dental School.

PMID- 2284616
TI  - 1989 C.T. Rowland Award. Case report.

PMID- 2284617
TI  - Treatment of an oroantral fistula with chronic sinusitis: a case report.
AB  - A patient with an oroantral fistula of seventeen years' duration presented
      clinically complaining of symptoms suggesting recurring episodes of acute
      maxillary sinusitis. After control of the acute sinusitis, the defect was
      repaired using a buccal flap procedure and the sinus was enucleated via a
      Caldwell-Luc approach. The sinus contents included what appeared to be a chicken
      bone. The patient healed uneventfully. A discussion of the management of chronic
      oroantral fistulas and a case report are presented.

PMID- 2284618
TI  - The importance of domperidone (Motilium) in controlling postoperative nausea and
      vomiting.
AB  - Comparative study was performed for assessing the postoperative anti-emetic and
      emesis preventive effect of domperidone. It has been found that the emesis
      preventive effect of Motilium tablet is identical with the effect of the well
      known Daedalon (Dramamin) and Torecan. From the therapeutic aspect it is of value
      especially in controlling nausea and in the prevention of subsequent vomiting
      following the use of rectal anti-emetics. This difference is attributable to the
      oral route of administration. Considering the lack of toxic effects domperidone
      is the most favourable.

PMID- 2284619
TI  - Examination of the rebound effect of biphasic oral contraceptives.
AB  - Attempt has been made to induce ovulation with temporary Anteovin administration,
      that is with the rebound effect following the discontinuance of treatment in 34
      women with anovulatory cycles who suffered from functional sterility. Ovulation
      could be induced in 9 cases and among the women whose cycles had become biphasic
      3 became pregnant and 2 delivered normal healthy babies before closing the study.
      The results proved that rebound effect may be expected even following the use of
      Anteovin which is satisfactory from the aspect of a future fertility in women
      taking the tablet for cotraception.

PMID- 2284620
TI  - Clinical examination of heparin-Ca in myocardial infarction patients.
AB  - The clinical effect of subcutaneous heparin-Ca of delayed action (Heparin Calcium
      inj. 25,000 IU/ml, Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter) has been examined in 26
      acute and 6 imminent myocardial infarction patients. The therapy was started with
      10,000 IU intravenous heparin dose. Subsequently the native blood coagulation
      time (Lee-White) was continuously maintained on the therapeutic level with
      subcutaneous injections administered every 12 hours. Except for superficial
      haemorrhages other side-effects were not observed in any of the cases.
      Anticoagulant therapy was continued with Syncumar tablet from days 4-5 of acute
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2284621
TI  - Experiences in the Ebrimycin gel treatment of burns.
AB  - Ebrimycin gel has been used for the local treatment of burns of 50 partly
      hospitalized patients, partly outpatients. According to the observations the
      product may be successfully used by the exposure method for the treatment of
      superficial facial burns and by the occlusive dressing method for the treatment
      of small burns which are infected by Gram-positive bacteria.

PMID- 2284622
TI  - Observations with Imodium in diarrhoeal women.
AB  - The antidiarrhoeal effect of loperamide (Imodium) has been examined in 87
      hospitalized gynaecological patients suffering from diarrhoea of different
      origins. The characteristic parameters and the carbon passage time were observed.
      According to observations Imodium has a rapid action, decreases the number of
      daily defecations, normalizes the consistency of stool, and controls the other
      symptoms accompanying diarrhoea. It increases passage time. The drug has no
      notable side effect and is of high value in controlling or preventing diarrhoeas
      caused by stress situations.

PMID- 2284623
TI  - Postoperative thrombosis prophylaxis with subcutaneous heparin-Ca injection.
AB  - Low-dose subcutaneous Heparin-Ca injections have been used for the prevention of
      thrombo-embolic complications of obstetrical-gynaecological operations in 126
      women exposed to risk. The blood coagulation parameters showed heparin effect of
      prophylactic level and thrombocytopenia or bleeding did not occur. The drug was
      well tolerated locally. Deep vein thrombosis or embolism did not develop.
      According to the opinion of the author heparin prevention is absolutely indicated
      -especially in case of existence of several risk factors.

PMID- 2284624
TI  - AIDS: realities and hopes.

PMID- 2284625
TI  - Warning signs and the turnaround plan for the financially distressed hospital.

PMID- 2284626
TI  - Legal issues affecting financially troubled hospitals.

PMID- 2284627
TI  - The medical staff in the financially distressed hospital.

PMID- 2284628
TI  - The role of the governing board of a distressed hospital.

PMID- 2284629
TI  - One last chance to go it alone.

PMID- 2284630
TI  - Case study: San Pedro Peninsula Hospital.

PMID- 2284631
TI  - Physician syndication of hospitals: a realistic option.

PMID- 2284632
TI  - Financing options for turnarounds and bankruptcies.

PMID- 2284633
TI  - [Measuring microhardness of laser exposed tooth surface].
AB  - In principle it is possible to homogenize the enamel surface by melting
      structural elements with the continuous wave CO2 laser. Using the precision
      instrument NEOPHOT 2 (Carl Zeiss JENA) the microhardness of extracted
      laserexposed premolares were tested so as to clarify the functional strain
      capasity and the mechanical characteristics of laserexposed regions of enamel
      surfaces. The proven higher hardness in the centre of the laserinduced fusing
      zones (in comparison with adjacent enamel) objectify an attainable refining of
      the enamel surface that probably causes an increase in the caries-preventive
      resistance.

PMID- 2284634
TI  - [Possibility of computer-directed findings and procedure documentation.1. Special
      card for findings and procedure documentation in the prosthodontic field].
AB  - This work represents a special card for finding and expiration documentation in
      the prosthodonic field, which is subdivided in anamnese, status praesens,
      definite treatment and recallsystem. The data processing by personal-computer is
      possible because of the completion with a ledge for the data recording.

PMID- 2284635
TI  - [Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the maxillary antrum. A case report].

PMID- 2284636
TI  - [Follow-up observation in case of cherubism].
AB  - It is described the development of cherubism by a boy during the time of 10
      years. All symptoms of this syndrome could be shown. In progress of the illness
      the lateral mandibular-swellings be reduced, but the roentgenological alterations
      continue to exist in change figure, extension and position. Additional the bone
      structure in the upper incisivi-region disintegrated. Nearly all teeth of the
      second dentition are afflicted with the cystical changes of the jaw and lead to
      their loss.

PMID- 2284637
TI  - [Freckles and dysplasias of the eyebrows as indicators for genetic abnormalities
      of the development of the teeth and the jaws].
AB  - For the first time the frequency of freckles and of dysplasias of the eyebrows
      was examinated in 756 pupils. The percentage of the freckles was 21, and of the
      dysplasias of the eyebrows 28.5 in both sexes. The following examination of 287
      orthodontic patients (66 males with hypodontia, 60 males with normal number of
      the teeth; 92 females with hypodontia, 69 females with normal number of the
      teeth) has demonstrated the high significance of incidence of freckles and of
      dysplasias of the eyebrows in patient with hypodontia. This phenomenon is
      important, because extraoral stigmatas can indicate to disturbances of the
      development of teeth and also to anomalies of the number of the teeth.

PMID- 2284638
TI  - [New concept on the mechanism of hypoxia in case of periodontitis].
AB  - In examined groups of healthy people as well as in persons suffering from a
      periodontitis of a different severity-degree with concomitant affections and
      without them the PO2 in the blood is defined by the concentration of K+ and Cl-
      in erythrocytes and in blood as well as by the relation between the Cl(-)
      concentrations on both the sides of the erythrocyte membrane. The disorders in
      the concentrations of these electrolytes in patients suffering from a
      periodontitis use to lead to a defect of the ability of haemoglobin to bind the
      oxygen as well as to transport it through the erythrocyte membrane, a fact
      entailing a decrease of PO2 in the blood in this group of sick persons. A
      decrease of PO2 in the blood for its part may cause in persons suffering from a
      periodontitis a hypoxia in the periodontal tissue and in other tachytrophic
      organs.

PMID- 2284639
TI  - [Frequency and pathogenesis of local periodontal recessions].
AB  - Localized periodontal recession (LPR) are not rarely in adults: 39.4% in the age
      of 20-24 years, 44.3% in the age of 35-44 years. It seems to occur a relative
      increasing number mainly in the age group of 20-24 years: 44.4%. Patients
      decreased with LPR show in comparison to healthy people a smaller diameter of the
      canin's apical basis both in upper and lower jaw, a smaller circumference of the
      alveolar crest as well as an upper canin-crown which is turned out from the teeth
      arcus in a more labial direction. The chronic trauma of teeth brushing is very
      important in the pathogenesis of the LPR. Prevention of LPR involves individual
      oral health education to protect the vestibular gingiva from chronic brushing
      trauma.

PMID- 2284640
TI  - [Treatment of one-walled periodontal osseous defect by Periost-inserted bone
      transplant].
AB  - A method is described to treat deep isolated periodontal osseous defects in
      maxillary incisor and canine region with periost-inserted bonetransplant.
      Indication, procedure and results are demonstrated by a case.

PMID- 2284641
TI  - [Periodontal atrophy and further findings in aging people].
AB  - In a group of 100 patients cared for in a dispensairy system ranging in age from
      50 to 59 years with a total of 2122 teeth the following was found: 767 teeth with
      periodontal atrophy at the vestibulary side, 415 teeth with untreated defects of
      dental hard tissues in the region of the cemento-enamel-junction, 168 crowns,
      fillings and/or dental caries. Periodontal atrophy was not the cause of tooth
      loss; the treatment of secondary lesions could be a problem. As far as the
      possible etiological factors are concerned especially the exogenous factor
      toothbrushing could be influenced. An effective brushing technique is
      recommended.

PMID- 2284642
TI  - [Oral health status of apprentices].
AB  - 3011 students of vocational schools in Rostock were examined for obtaining
      informations about their caries prevalence (DMF/T and DMF/S) and the periodontal
      treatment needs (CPITN). Those students, who need a special proof to be good for
      their occupation and therefore had a regular dental care, have a much more better
      oral health status than other students in vocational schools (successful treated
      40%:20%, degree of treatment (FM/T) 80%:71%, DMF/T 8.5:10.3). Concerning the
      periodontal status of the 6 sextants 55.6% of the students hat code 0 of CPITN,
      33.5% the 1, 10.3% code 2 and 0.6% the code 3. Summarizing recommendations are
      given for the improvement of passing from the regular dental care for young
      adults to dental care of the adult population.

PMID- 2284644
TI  - [Recommendations for an age-corresponding design of a toothbrush for infants and
      younger preschool children].
AB  - The design of the tooth brush handle has a great importance for learning of
      effective oral hygienic measures in children. The present paper is a contribution
      for development of an age-corresponding tooth brush handle considering the
      anatomical and motorial suppositions of the childlike hand.

PMID- 2284643
TI  - [Cooperation between dentists, teachers and parents in effective prevention of
      oral diseases in pupils in lower classes].
AB  - The oral conditions of pupils on three schools with different levels of teachers
      public relation to the problems of dental service and oral health education were
      observed before and after a program of dental care and education for 6 months.
      The best results were reached in the school with highest standard of cooperation
      and communication between dentists and teachers.

PMID- 2284645
TI  - [Experimental examinations about the influence of prosthetic therapeutic remedies
      for players on a wind-instrument as to the quality of the instrumental sound].
AB  - In 20 professional players on a wind-instrument (10 musicians on wood wind
      instruments, 10 ones on brass wind-instruments) the condition was examined if
      there are significant connections between the meanwhile applied prosthetic
      therapeutic remedies (imitated by measuring bodies) and the instrumental sound
      produced by them. The sound quality was analysed as to the quality as well as to
      the quantity by an appropriate narrow band spectrometer, and a sound index was
      figured out. By this method we succeeded in demonstrating the use of a maxillary
      plate in the anterior third of the palate and that one of back-ground splints in
      the upper front tooth region of players on brass wind-instruments to cause
      significant sound changes. Additionally, a significant change in sound impression
      was stated by placing a maxillary plate into the middle of the third of the
      palate. Thus we succeeded to point out the prosthetic-critical zones of players
      on a wood wind- and a brass wind-instrument.

PMID- 2284646
TI  - [Advice for planning and perfecting of dental x-ray cabinets].
AB  - The necessity of planning and projecting of dental x-ray cabinets are considered
      with regard to aspects of constructive design, radiation protection and
      economics. At the basis of regulation guidelines presently in force advises are
      given for planning and projecting.

PMID- 2284647
TI  - [A new recording set for the arrangement in the intra-oral sagittal angle.
      Remarks to a discussion of the article by K.P. Schlossler and A. Vogel, in
      Stomato. DDR 37 (1987) 660-663].
AB  - The authors of the article did not present the "Functiograph according to
      Kleinrok" as well as the method of intra-oral mandibular movement recording
      according to Kleinrok in a clear way. For this reason the construction of this
      recording device as well as above mentioned method as described.

PMID- 2284648
TI  - [New recording set for the arrangement in the intraoral sagittal angle. Summary
      on the remarks of a discussion by Maria Kleinrok].
AB  - The recording of the mandibular movement at a horizontal plane were described by
      Gysi, McGrane, Marxkors and Solomon also by Kleinrok. Our improvement at the
      recording set refers to the anchoring by means of which repeated recordings are
      possible in both patients with teeth and patients with a denture.

PMID- 2284649
TI  - [Comparative study on the biological properties of plastics for temporary crowns
      and bridges].
AB  - Six different plastic materials for temporary crowns and bridges were tested
      comparatively concerning their biological properties. To this the temperature in
      the pulp cavity was measured in vitro while making temporary crowns. Also the
      cytotoxicity was determined by the hemolysis-test. The results obtained showed
      that there is no thermal irritation of the pulp if the temporary plastic material
      is applied in an alginate impression as usual in practice. Cytotoxicity of the
      hardened plastics was not provable. Nevertheless tissue irritation can not be
      justified when using polymethacrylates and epimine-resin.

PMID- 2284650
TI  - [Electrochemical examinations of influence of mechanical treatment of surfaces on
      the corrosion of different dental amalgams. 1. Potential and corrosion rate and
      breakdown potential].
AB  - In a cell with artificial saliva the electrochemical behaviour of amalgam
      specimens of Germadent, Duragam and ANA 2000 is analysed in dependence of the
      surface treatments carving, burnishing and polishing using potentiodynamic
      polarization with low polarization rate. The less roughness and content of gamma
      2-phase the better the amalgam reacts to corrosion evident in a higher potential,
      a lower corrosion rate and a higher breakdown potential. Foremost the polish
      supplies the best resistance to corrosion. Duragam-amalgam is more resistant than
      Germadent-amalgam. Polished specimens of Duragam react likely specimens of ANA
      2000.

PMID- 2284651
TI  - [Longitudinal study of the denture condition of young people between the age of
      16 and 18].
AB  - Medical evidence on the extension and progression tendency of caries and
      periodontal diseases have been made by OHI/S, DMF/T-index as well as CPITN with
      the help of 555 apprentices at the beginning of their vocational training.
      Shortly before finishing their apprenticeship 415 of then had been examined again
      in the course of which had to be find out how their teeth-formation had worsened
      according to periodic examination within 18 month. The results show a clear
      deterioration of the oral state of health, but evidently indicate that
      corrections can be gained by continuous care, prevention and early diagnosis.

PMID- 2284653
TI  - [The stimulation of the rotation of the mandible with Angle Class II/1 and II/2
      malocclusion with functional regulators and activators as compared to the control
      group].
AB  - In a teleradiological longitudinal study 86 patients with a Angle class II
      malocclusion were followed over a period of 4 years to examine the rotation of
      the mandible. 43 of these patients were treated with a functional regulator
      according to Frankel, 22 with an activator and 21 children remained untreated
      (control group). As compared to the children in the activator group, the patients
      treated with the functional regulator (FR 1) showed that existing clockwise
      rotation was stimulated to the forward rotation and with the functional regulator
      (FR 2) a forward rotation was stopped.

PMID- 2284652
TI  - [Longterm study of the effectiveness of different dental care programs in school
      children].
AB  - The caries prevalence was examined in children from the first to the tenth grade
      in Rostock and Krakow between 1974 and 1988. In Krakow, a town with a preventive
      orientated dental care program, a significance caries reduction was found.
      Therefore there is an increase of health and an improvement of oral situation for
      the children on the way to the goals of WHO for oral health by the year 2000.

PMID- 2284654
TI  - [Application of information technology in orthodontics. 6. Knowledge based
      systems in orthodontics].
AB  - The increase of quality and efficiency in orthodontic treatment is characterized
      by the development of knowledge based consultations systems. These systems
      support the dentist to optimate treatment planing. Basis configuration and
      technical background of those systems are presented.

PMID- 2284655
TI  - [Acute and chronic necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis].
AB  - The development of an acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is connected
      with preexisting gingivitis and factors of disposition which are able to
      influence the host resistance. Typical clinical signs of ANUG are necrosis of
      interdental gingiva, bleeding and pain. Concerning to clinical sign there is a
      differentiation between the acute and the chronic necrotizing gingivitis. The
      treatment of ANUG follows the general rules of gingivitis-therapy and will be
      modified concerning to the clinical signs. It will propose a regular follow-up
      for prevention of recidivation.

PMID- 2284656
TI  - [Determining the alveolar ridge width in planning treatment with endosseous
      implants].
AB  - In dental implantology axially symmetrical implant caps are increasingly used. In
      addition to bio-compatible material and an appropriate form of the implant a
      sufficient bearing arrangement for the implants is particularly decisive to
      guarantee the success of treatment. One of the main problems consists in the
      judgement of the bone alveolar ridge width because the covering mucosa may mask
      the real width. As a sure method ridge mapping is recommended for determining
      alveolar ridge width. In order to carry out ridge mapping a modified pair of bone
      compasses is introduced.

PMID- 2284657
TI  - [Terminology for root canal instruments].
AB  - On clother examination of different literature about root canal treatment and
      root canal instruments up to four terms for the same instrument had been found.
      Therefore in the cooperation between clinics, trade and industrie
      misunderstandings are possible. On the basis of international standards is
      proposed as terminologie for root canal instruments.

PMID- 2284658
TI  - [Studies on the education of juveniles about dental and oral health. 3.
      Reflections on environmental behavioural influences of the school].
AB  - A health promoting behavioural modification begins in early school age. It is a
      very complex process requiring among others closed social environment variables.
      It is difficult to achieve a dental health consciousness on a large scale
      integrated in the health education. It is not a direct working object of the
      teacher. The institution "school" as paedagogical instrument for the development
      of general life fitness has to share this task with the family and to develop on
      this basis individual thinking and responsible acting of the pupils. Only in this
      way can be developed also their preventive consciousness and behavior at the same
      time.

PMID- 2284660
TI  - [Present level of software production for the use of microcomputers, PCh's and
      terminals in the stomatology of the GDR].
AB  - The informatics team of the Stomatological Society of the GDR provides a complete
      list of presently available program packages for home, 8 and 16-bit computers and
      a list of the programming teams. Main developments for the use of PC's in
      stomatology are described as well. By establishing clear lines for the
      development of software, standardized user software can be guaranteed.

PMID- 2284659
TI  - [HIV infection manifestations in the oral cavity and its environment].
AB  - First clinical manifestations of HIV-infection may occur in the oral region. The
      stomatologist plays an important role in early detection and diagnosis. Therefore
      he should have good knowledge of all possible oral manifestations of this
      disease.

PMID- 2284661
TI  - [Karl Sudhoff's contribution and position to history of stomatology].
AB  - Among the few German medicohistorians of the 19th and the early 20th century
      contributing essentially to the formation of history of stomatology and to its
      methodologic and cognitive progress. Karl Sudhoff was the most eminent one. He
      was already very early aware of the full responsibility for stomatology-
      transferred with the stomatologie examination regulations in 1909--as a task
      relevant also for his special branch. Therefore, he had already announced
      stomatologicohistoric lectures at the University of Leipzig in 1913. Sudhoff
      published his "Geschichte der Zahnheilkunde" ("History of Stomatology") in 1921.
      Of topical interest is Sudhoff's confession that modern history of stomatology
      can be dealt with in an experienced and scientific manner only by a medico
      historically aducated dentist familiar with the necessary methodologic equipment.

PMID- 2284662
TI  - [Relation between functional-immunological and clinical parameters in juvenile
      periodontal diseases].
AB  - In 57 Moscow adolescents aged 15 to 19 years gingival bleeding and periodontal
      pocketing was recorded. In addition to this functional parameters of
      Rheoperiodontography and Polarography were documented and immunological
      investigations were carried out. The clinical parameters of the test group showed
      a higher level of periodontal diseases compared with a random selected control
      group. A correlation between clinical and functional parameters in early
      periodontal destruction was not detected. This study demonstrates the importance
      of prevention of periodontal diseases in adolescents.

PMID- 2284663
TI  - Safe motherhood: a challenge to district health systems.

PMID- 2284664
TI  - Tuberculosis in diabetic patients in Tanzania.
AB  - During a 1-7 year follow-up of 1250 African diabetic patients at Muhimbili
      Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam, 68 (5.4%) were known to have developed pulmonary
      tuberculosis and two (0.2%) spinal tuberculosis. In 18 (25.7%) of the 70 patients
      tuberculosis was diagnosed prior to the diagnosis of diabetes, and in 32 (45.7%)
      after the diagnosis of diabetes. In 20 (28.6%) patients tuberculosis and diabetes
      were diagnosed at approximately the same time with most presenting with symptoms
      of diabetes. The prevalence of tuberculosis was greater in the young, in those
      with a low body mass index (BMI), in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus compared to those with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (9.0% vs
      2.7%) and in those whose diabetes was poorly controlled. Seventeen (24.3%) of the
      70 patients are known to have died. Pulmonary tuberculosis may progress rapidly
      and a high index of suspicion is required. It remains a significant cause of
      morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients in developing countries.

PMID- 2284665
TI  - Indoor woodsmoke pollution causing lower respiratory disease in children.
AB  - Suggested aetiological factors were evaluated in 244 consecutive children
      presenting with lower respiratory disease at Marondera Hospital, Zimbabwe. Data
      obtained from these children were compared with information obtained from 500
      children seen at the local well baby clinic. There were no differences in the
      prevalence of malnutrition, breast feeding, overcrowding, poor housing conditions
      and poverty in these two groups of children. A significant association was
      identified between lower respiratory disease and exposure to atmospheric
      woodsmoke pollution in young children. Air sampling within the kitchens of 40
      children revealed levels of atmospheric pollution far in excess of the WHO
      recommended exposure limit. Elevated carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations confirmed
      childhood smoke inhalation. We suggest that in many Third World communities a
      chemical pneumonitis resulting from the inhalation of noxious constituents of
      woodsmoke predisposes to lower respiratory disease in children.

PMID- 2284666
TI  - Neonatal tetanus in babies of women immunized with tetanus toxoid during
      pregnancy.
AB  - In a study of 52 cases of neonatal tetanus admitted to Wesley Guild Hospital,
      Ilesha, it was found that 17 (33%) of the babies were delivered to mothers who
      had received adequate tetanus toxoid immunization during pregnancy. The 17 babies
      were compared with the remaining 35 babies whose mothers had not received tetanus
      prophylaxis. The case fatality rates in these two groups were 12.5% and 60%
      respectively (P less than 0.01). This report shows that neonatal tetanus can
      occur in babies of mothers who were immunized with tetanus toxoid during
      pregnancy. Maternal immunity may, however, improve the prognosis in such infants.

PMID- 2284667
TI  - Simple clinical signs of lower respiratory infection.
AB  - We studied the reliability of some simple clinical signs in the diagnosis of
      paediatric lower respiratory infection (LRI). Seventy infants and 148 children
      attending the outpatient department for cough of less than 15 days duration were
      studied. These children were examined by a paediatrician, and a proforma of
      simple clinical signs of LRI was filled in. A chest X-ray was taken on the same
      day and interpreted by a radiologist who did not know the clinical features of
      the patient. Clinical signs were then compared with X-ray changes, the latter
      being taken to indicate the presence of LRI. Respiratory rates of greater than
      40/min in infants and greater than 30/min in older children were found to be the
      best indicators of LRI as revealed by a receiver-operating-characteristic curve.
      Chest indrawing and nasal flaring were found to be associated with moderate and
      severe disease.

PMID- 2284668
TI  - Awareness during anaesthesia for caesarean section in Zambia.

PMID- 2284669
TI  - Where there is no anaesthesiologist: the many uses of ketamine.

PMID- 2284670
TI  - Towards minimizing postoperative wound infection.
AB  - The rate of postoperative wound infection was found to be low at 1.12% overall in
      a prospective study. This was achieved by careful preoperative preparation,
      judicious use of cheap prophylactic antibiotics which are included in the WHO
      model list of essential drugs, and meticulous operative technique.

PMID- 2284671
TI  - Wound infections after caesarean section in Kenya.

PMID- 2284672
TI  - Preliminary survival analysis of AIDS data from Goma, Zaire.

PMID- 2284673
TI  - A case of P. falciparum malaria from Mali: failure of chloroquine
      chemoprophylaxis.

PMID- 2284674
TI  - Using the femoral artery to reduce blood loss.

PMID- 2284675
TI  - Ruptured uterus in Mulanje CCAP Hospital, 1974-1982.

PMID- 2284677
TI  - Retained second twin: management and outcome in 108 cases.

PMID- 2284676
TI  - Are sanitation, water supply and a health centre sufficient to control
      schistosomiasis? The case of Douloumi, North Cameroon.

PMID- 2284679
TI  - Misuse of sulphonylurea drugs: a common cause of severe hypoglycaemia in Nigeria.

PMID- 2284678
TI  - Incidence of benign pigmented moles (melanocytic naevi) in black Africans:
      divergent distribution with malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2284680
TI  - Haemoperitoneum: 253 cases treated in a rural hospital in northeast Zaire.

PMID- 2284681
TI  - Profile of testicular tumours: mode of presentation and diagnostic delay.

PMID- 2284683
TI  - Trigeminal trophic syndrome.

PMID- 2284682
TI  - Anaemia in pregnancy--a study of 709 women in Karachi.

PMID- 2284684
TI  - Rupture of the gravid uterus in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

PMID- 2284686
TI  - Traumatic haemobilia in Zaria, Nigeria.

PMID- 2284685
TI  - Spontaneous uterine rupture with receding of the visible fetal head.

PMID- 2284687
TI  - Expression of two antigens defined by monoclonal antibodies in normal, benign and
      malignant human mammary tissues.
AB  - We examined the reactivity of two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), MBrI and MBr8, on
      sections from normal breast tissues, benign lesions, primary infiltrating
      carcinomas and distant breast cancer metastases and compared the expression of
      the recognized antigens (CaMBr1 and CaMBr8 respectively) in these different
      normal and pathologic conditions. The expression of both antigens was found to
      significantly decrease in the neoplastic tissues, in comparison to normal breast
      tissue (34% vs 61% for MBr1 and 52% vs 86% for MBr8; p less than 0.001 for both).
      Atypical epithelial hyperplasia was found to be reactive on the same level (31%)
      of the tumors when tested with MBr1, whereas its reactivity was similar to that
      of normal tissues (78%) when MBr8 was used. Nonatypical epithelial hyperplasia
      showed the same reactivity with both MAbs (positive staining on about 50% of the
      cells). 65% of the "in situ" ductal carcinoma cases was MBr1-positive, whereas
      50% was MBr8-positive; these values, when compared with the reactivity on normal
      glands, were significantly lower for MBr8, but not for MBr1. When testing
      sections from premenopausal women who had biopsies performed on different days
      during their menstrual cycle a correlation was found between the expression of
      CaMBr1 in normal breast epithelial cells and the stimulatory phase of the cycle.
      These findings suggest that both antigens are typical of normal breast and their
      expression could possibly decrease in pathologic tissues.

PMID- 2284689
TI  - Mononuclear cell infiltrate and HLA-Dr expression in 28 pituitary adenomas.
AB  - Frozen sections from 28 pituitary adenomas were reached with a panel of
      monoclonal antibodies to macrophages, lymphocytes and HLA-Dr invariant chain. A
      low number of macrophages were demonstrated in all tumors, mainly perivascular.
      CD8 and CD4 lymphocytes were detected in even smaller numbers in 80% and 14% of
      tumors respectively. B lymphocytes were present in only 1 case. An occasional NK
      cell was present in 1/13 cases studied. HLA-Dr antigen was expressed by
      macrophages in all cases and by tumor cells in 2 growth hormone-producing
      adenomas/19 adenomas. These findings may represent evidence for a low degree of
      cellular immune response to pituitary adenomas.

PMID- 2284688
TI  - CEOP regimen in the treatment of advanced low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas:
      preliminary report.
AB  - Between March 1987 and December 1988, 30 previously untreated patients with low
      grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), according to the Kiel classification, were
      treated by a combination of therapy including cyclophosphamide, epirubicin,
      vincristine, and prednisone (CEOP). Eighteen patients (60%) achieved a complete
      pathologic remission, and 8 patients (26.6%) had a partial response with a
      reduction of more than 50% of tumor-related manifestations. Four patients (13.4%)
      were primary resistant to CEOP. The overall survival was 96.6% with a median
      follow-up of 25 months from the diagnosis; none of the patients who achieved
      complete response relapsed at a median follow-up of 21 months from the completion
      of treatment. Clinical and hematologic toxicities were irrelevant. This regimen
      was effective in inducing a good remission rate of low-grade NHL, but a longer
      follow-up for definitive conclusions is warranted.

PMID- 2284690
TI  - Metastatic disease of the cavernous sinus: contribution of computed tomography
      and magnetic resonance imaging to diagnosis.
AB  - The clinical presentation of metastatic disease to the cavernous sinus includes
      ophthalmoplegia, pain and sensory deficit along the optic or maxillary branches
      of the trigeminal nerve. The role of a CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging in
      the diagnosis is discussed. It was found that magnetic resonance imaging is
      superior to CT scan in demonstrating the cavernous sinus and pontine borders,
      especially in lymphomatous involvement of these structures.

PMID- 2284691
TI  - Male breast carcinoma: review of a multicenter series of 150 cases. Coordinating
      Center and Writing Committee of FONCAM (National Task Force for Breast Cancer),
      Italy.
AB  - The authors report on a consecutive retrospective series of 150 male breast
      cancers. Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features are compared over time and
      with respect to a large consecutive series of female breast cancers. Both age at
      diagnosis and tumor stage were more advanced in males than in females. Poor
      alertness of both men and doctors for this infrequent disease may account for
      such a delay in diagnosis. The use of mammography increased over time and
      sonography or cytology were frequently and successfully employed in the last
      decade. Unfortunately no improvement of tumor stage at diagnosis was observed
      over time in the present series. A time trend was also evident for the type of
      surgical and postoperative treatment. Modified radical mastectomy and adjuvant
      chemo- or hormone therapy were increasingly adopted, although Halsted operation
      and postoperative radiotherapy were still common in the last decade due to the
      relatively high proportion of locally advanced T3-4 cancers. Both disease-free
      and overall survival were worse in men than in women, even after adjustment by
      stage at diagnosis. This study suggests that male breast cancer has a worse
      prognosis with respect to female breast cancer and provides no complete
      explanation of this finding, except for an intrinsic higher aggressivity. No
      evidence was found which may justify a different diagnostic or therapeutic
      approach with respect to female breast cancer.

PMID- 2284692
TI  - Diagnostic delay in breast cancer: correlation with disease stage and prognosis.
AB  - Diagnostic delay in a group of 189 women with breast cancer was studied and
      correlated with first symptom, stage of disease, histologic grade and prognosis.
      Diagnostic delay was divided into patient delay (time from the patient's
      discovery of a symptom to the first medical consultation) and system delay (time
      from medical diagnosis to treatment). Patients were divided into five groups by
      patient-delay time: 0 to 30 days; 31 to 90 days; 91 to 180 days; 181 to 365 days;
      and greater than 365 days. The median diagnostic delay was 60 days (range, 4-980)
      and was not influenced by patient age, marital status or nature of first symptom.
      A consistent and direct relationship was found between delay and tumor size,
      nodal involvement, presence of metastases, and histologic grade of disease at
      diagnosis. No correlation was found between diagnostic delay and histologic type
      distribution. The three-year survival rate after treatment was significantly
      lower for patients with a longer delay. Our data indicate that diagnostic delay
      appears to be an important determinant of stage at diagnosis in women with breast
      cancer and that it has an important influence on survival. In most cases, delay
      was mainly patient dependent (60 days); the median system-dependent delay was 15
      days (range, 4-47). Since early treatment is generally accepted to be one of the
      most important determinants of prognosis in breast cancer patients, a reduction
      in diagnostic delay may lengthen survival time.

PMID- 2284693
TI  - Radiotherapeutic treatment for breast cancer choroidal metastases.
AB  - A series of 14 eyes (11 patients) with choroidal metastases from breast cancer
      were reported. The lesions were classified into three grades according to the
      severity and extent of involvement. Eleven eyes (9 patients) were treated by
      radiotherapy with two opposed lateral fields using a 4 MeV linear accelerator.
      The contralateral eye received a prophylactic irradiation. An average dose of 42
      Gy was delivered (range, 30-50). Results of radiotherapy were the following: 5 CR
      and 2 PR in grade II (9 eyes) and 2 PR in grade III (2 eyes). We conclude that
      radiotherapy is useful to control choroidal metastases of breast cancer. No
      contralateral metachronous involvement was found. Quality of life of responders
      showed a marked improvement. Radiation-induced injury was not seen.

PMID- 2284694
TI  - Local adoptive immunotherapy of advanced head and neck tumors with LAK cells and
      interleukin-2.
AB  - Since October 1987 a pilot phase I-II study on the effect of loco-regional
      injections of recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) in association with LAK cells has
      been performed in advanced, recurrent head and neck cancer patients. Fourteen
      patients were treated with autologous LAKs and rIL-2 (Glaxo) given peritumorally
      and in the mastoid region (rIL-2 only in the latter site). LAKs (2-70 x 10(7)) +
      rIL-2 were injected on the first day of therapy, followed by 9 daily injections
      of rIL-2 only. The total daily dose of rIL-2 was escalated from 2,400 to 1.8 x
      10(6) IU. Clinical evaluation was performed 30 days from the onset of therapy; 3
      partial (95%, 66% and 50% reduction) and 3 minor responses were seen in the
      evaluated patients. All the other patients with a progressive disease after the
      first cycle were shifted to palliative chemotherapy. The partial responses were
      found in patients with a tumor burden less than 20 cm2. Cervical node metastasis
      did not respond to treatment. No relevant side effects occurred. These results
      indicate that loco-regional immunotherapy with rIL-2 and LAK cells can produce
      clinical responses in advanced head and neck cancer patients.

PMID- 2284695
TI  - Pseudocyst of tumor involution: a sign of nodal control in radiation therapy of
      head and neck carcinoma.
AB  - Regression of large metastatic lymph nodes in head and neck carcinoma following
      successful radiation therapy is a relatively lengthy process. This is especially
      true for nodes containing central necrosis. This article on serial CT scans
      identifies morphologic changes of prognostic significance, demonstrated on the
      basis of two case reports. Specifically identified are the transitional
      morphologic state, which is radiographically indistinguishable from an
      inflammatory condition, and, in addition, a seemingly end-stage of nodal tumor
      involution, which is represented by a pseudocyst formation, in a patient of long
      standing duration.

PMID- 2284696
TI  - Lung cancer with a single brain metastasis: therapeutic options.
AB  - Between January 1983 and December 1988 67 patients presenting with solitary
      cerebral recurrence from lung cancer were observed in our Institution. Resection
      was possible in 21 cases (31%). The surgical treatment included craniotomy with
      radical thoracotomy in 10 patients, craniotomy alone (with thoracotomy not
      including radical lung resection) in 5 patients and craniotomy performed within
      months of the initial elective thoracic surgery in 6 patients. In our series
      routine brain CT was carried out as a part of the staging procedure for lung
      cancer. Based on our results, we recommend an aggressive surgical approach to
      both cerebral recurrence and lung primary (scheduling craniotomy before
      thoracotomy), followed by whole brain RT, in order to prolong survival and
      improve the quality of life.

PMID- 2284697
TI  - Characteristics of women reporting cervical screening.
AB  - The characteristics of women reporting cervical cytology screening has been
      evaluated using data from control subjects collected in the framework of a case
      control study on invasive cervical cancer conducted since 1981 in the greater
      Milan area. A total of 515 women admitted for nonneoplastic, nongynecologic,
      nonendocrine-related acute conditions to a network of general and university
      hospitals were interviewed. The frequency of cervical screening utilization
      decreased with age: regular screening (greater than or equal to 3 lifetime Pap
      smears) was reported by 46% of women aged 44 years or less, but only 11% of those
      aged 65 or more. Married women reported about 50% more frequently occasional (1
      or 2) and about three times regular (greater than or equal to 3) cervical
      screening than unmarried ones. Parous women were more frequently screened, but no
      trend emerged with number of births. Similarly number of medical consultations in
      the year before the interview was associated with an increased number of Pap
      smears. There was no consistent association between number or recency of Pap
      smears and smoking, sexual habits or education, but women in low social classes
      tended to be less frequently screened. Ever contraceptive users (oral
      contraceptives or barrier methods) reported an increased probability to be
      screened regularly and within two years before the interview.

PMID- 2284698
TI  - A feasibility study of high-dose cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil with glutathione
      protection in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer.
AB  - On the basis of previous studies supporting that glutathione (GSH) reduced
      cisplatin nephrotoxicity we have designed a new regimen in the treatment of
      advanced colorectal cancer, which included GSH as a modulator of cisplatin
      induced toxicity. Eleven untreated patients with measurable metastatic colorectal
      cancer received 5-fluorouracil (750 mg/m2, daily continuous infusion for days 1
      5) and cisplatin (40 mg/m2 1 hour-infusion for days 6-8) given every 4 weeks.
      Reduced glutathione (2.5 g) was delivered i.v. prior to each cisplatin infusion.
      Toxicity was minimal and reversible and included nausea/vomiting (11 cases), mild
      neurotoxicity (4 cases) and leukopenia (2 cases); only 2 patients showed moderate
      and transient increases of serum creatinine (less than 2 mg/dl) and BUN. Renal
      function impairment was also monitored by magnesemia levels and urinary marker
      enzymes indicating minimal cumulative nephrotoxicity. Out of 10 evaluable
      patients, only 2 partial responses were observed. The median survival was 9
      months (range 5-26). The study was closed, since the preliminary results do not
      suggest any therapeutic advantage in adding cisplatin to 5-fluorouracil in the
      present schedule, even using an intensive regimen. Indirect evidence suggests
      that these disappointing results are not the consequence of interference of GSH
      on the cytotoxic efficacy of cisplatin. The lack of incidence of severe toxicity
      of this regimen supports the role of reduced glutathione as a potential
      protective against cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Although these preliminary results
      suggest that further studies with the present regimen in this disease are not
      warranted, in view of its safety this program deserves evaluation in the
      treatment of neoplastic diseases responsive to 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin.

PMID- 2284699
TI  - Prevention of nausea and vomiting in cisplatin-treated patients by a selective 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, ICS 205-930.
AB  - The results of an open study designed to evaluate the prevention of cisplatin
      induced emesis by the specific 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ICS 205-930 are
      reported. Fifty-four cancer patients, treated with diverse chemotherapy regimens,
      all including cisplatin (greater than = 50 mg/m2), received ICS 205-930 for a
      total of 165 courses. ICS 205-930 (10 mg) was given i.v. immediately before the
      cisplatin infusion and a second 10-mg dose was given immediately after. In 109
      courses (66%) the patients did not have any vomiting episodes. Nausea was absent
      in 44.8% of courses. More than 3 vomiting episodes occurred only in 17 (10.4%)
      courses, and severe nausea only in 11 (6.6%). ICS 205-930 was extremely well
      tolerated. Mild headache occurred during 7 courses (4.2%) in 4 patients,
      hypotension during 5 courses (3%) in 3 patients and lipothymia in 2 courses
      (1.2%) in 2 patients. These results suggest that ICS 205-930 is an effective and
      well tolerated antiemetic drug in patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy.

PMID- 2284700
TI  - Malignant melanoma of the penis. A report of four cases.
AB  - Malignant melanoma (MM) of the penis is a rare neoplasia. We report 4 cases by a
      retrospective survey of all cases of MM observed at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori
      of Milano from 1967 to 1988. The problem of the therapeutic approach is still
      unsolved. Therefore, any case is useful for a better knowledge of the natural
      history of this disease.

PMID- 2284701
TI  - Addison's disease secondary to prostatic carcinoma. A case report.
AB  - Adrenal cortical insufficiency secondary to destruction of the cortex by a
      metastatic tumor is a rare condition. Addison's disease is usually caused by an
      autoimmune process or by a tuberculous infection. We report a case of adrenal
      insufficiency as the first clinical manifestation of a metastatic prostate
      carcinoma that occurred simultaneously with an active pulmonary infection by M.
      tuberculosis.

PMID- 2284702
TI  - Endobronchial metastasis of ovarian cancer. A case report.
AB  - An 83 years old woman with known ovarian carcinoma complained of dyspnea,
      dysphagia and hoarseness. Clinical and radiological investigations revealed a
      mediastinal metastasis involving and penetrating the right main bronchus.
      Palliation of dyspnea was achieved by laser therapy.

PMID- 2284703
TI  - Intramuscular (subfascial) vascular spindle cell lipoma. A case report.
AB  - Spindle cell lipoma is a distinct type of lipoma characterized by replacement of
      mature fat by collagen forming spindle cells. It is a benign lesion occurring
      chiefly in males older than 45 years and affects the subcutaneous tissues in the
      regions of the shoulder and posterior neck. Deep-seated (intramuscular) spindle
      cell lipomas are probably uncommon tumors and to date only two cases have been
      reported in the literature. A new case of a vascular variant of spindle cell
      lipoma in an intramuscular (subfascial) location is presented and the
      differential diagnosis is discussed.

PMID- 2284704
TI  - The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids in the Indian elephant (Elephas
      maximus indicus).

PMID- 2284705
TI  - An improved method for the study of equine haptoglobin heterogeneity.
AB  - Equine serum haptoglobin was separated by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing
      and visualized by protein staining or Western blotting. Conventional protein
      staining revealed up to three bands in the pI range 4.17 to 4.44. The blotting
      technique, however, showed an anodal group of 8 to 10 bands with a pI range of
      4.11 to 4.52 and a cathodal group of 4 to 6 bands with a range of 4.55 to 5.14.
      The blotting method revealed that equine haptoglobin migrates outside the
      prealbumin area, in contrast to previous reports.

PMID- 2284706
TI  - The stability of glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma from cattle, pigs and
      sheep on storage in the presence and absence of glutathione.
AB  - Ovine, bovine and porcine plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity
      decreased on storage at both 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C. The ovine and bovine
      enzymes were significantly less stable than the porcine enzyme. The addition of
      GSH to a final concentration of 2 mmol/L to plasma samples at the commencement of
      storage retarded the loss of both ovine and bovine plasma GSH-Px activity. The
      ovine enzyme was unique in that after inactivation by storage at 4 degrees C,
      incubation with GSH restored the enzyme activity. It is recommended that plasma
      GSH-Px should be assayed fresh, or otherwise stored at -20 degrees C.

PMID- 2284707
TI  - A rapid and simplified protocol for DNA isolation from bacteria.

PMID- 2284709
TI  - Chlorfenvinphos residues in milk from traditionally managed cows in southern
      province, Zambia.

PMID- 2284708
TI  - The significance of the gastrointestinal parasites of Asian buffalo in Sri Lanka.
AB  - Buffalo aged 3-15 months on institutional farms and in the villages of an
      irrigation project were monitored for gastrointestinal nematodes by faecal egg
      counts over two years. Apart from treatment for Toxocara vitulorum at 10-16 days
      of age, no anthelmintics were used. Half of the strongylid egg counts were zero
      and 90% were less than 500 epg of faeces on the institutional farms, and 67% were
      zero and 97% less than 500 epg in the villages. No problems arose during four
      years without anthelmintics on the institutional farms and during two years in
      the villages. Autopsies demonstrated that the eggs which were present were
      produced by mixed infections of small numbers of Haemonchus spp., Mecistocirrus
      digitatus, Trichostrongylus spp., Bunostomum phlebotomum and Cooperia spp. High
      egg counts of Strongyloides papillosus occurred in calves up to six months old,
      but were not pathogenic.

PMID- 2284710
TI  - Current estimates from the National Health interview survey, 1989.

PMID- 2284711
TI  - Birth and fertility rates by education: 1980 and 1985.
AB  - Birth and fertility rates by educational attainment of mother are shown for the
      United States, geographic regions and divisions, and States for 1980 and 1985.
      The report focuses on differentials in childbearing among educational attainment
      groups and changes in fertility levels during the period, particularly for well
      educated older mothers. The information presented is derived from entries on live
      birth certificates from 47 states and the District of Columbia.

PMID- 2284712
TI  - [Clinical problems in non-A, non-B viral hepatitis. I. Diagnosis of non-A, non-B
      viral hepatitis and its role in the occurrence of acute viral hepatitis in the
      Czechoslovak population].
AB  - Using RIA and ELISA methods the authors examined HBsAg, anti-HBc IgM and anti-HAV
      IgM antibodies in 830 adult patients and 101 children with acute viral hepatitis
      from the catchment area of the South Moravian region. In these groups also the
      most frequent hepatotropic infectious agent as the possible cause of hepatitis
      was examined. It was revealed that in adults viral hepatitis A accounted for 22%,
      viral hepatitis B for 48.5%, viral hepatitis non-A, non-B for 28.8% of the group.
      The percentage distribution of viral hepatitis in children is different:
      hepatitis A predominates (65%), hepatitis B is less frequent (22%) and viral
      hepatitis non-A, non-B is least frequent (13%). It was demonstrated that viral
      hepatitis non-A, non-B is under our conditions a very frequent disease, it
      accounts for one quarter of all cases of viral hepatitis and if we take into
      account that non-A, non-B hepatitis has frequently permanent serious sequelae,
      then proper attention must be paid to this disease. The authors demonstrate that
      differentiation of types of viral hepatitis by routine methods is possible which
      leads to a substantially more accurate differentiation of hepatitis.

PMID- 2284713
TI  - [Essential phospholipids in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus
      infection].
AB  - The authors investigated 24 patients with chronic infection with the hepatitis B
      virus. HBeAg-positive patients had significantly (alpha = 0.05) more frequently
      pathological initial values of biochemical and immunological indicators, as
      compared with anti-HBe-positive patients. Delta antigen in the liver and anti
      delta antibodies in serum if examined, were always negative. All patients were
      subjected to 16-week treatment with Essentiale forte (Natterman). After treatment
      and after the subsequent 16 weeks in none of the patients loss of HBsAg or
      seroconversion of HBeAg-positive to anti-HBe-positive was recorded. In the sub
      group of HBeAg-positive subjects after treatment a significant drop of gamma
      globulins and circulating immunocomplexes occurred, in the sub-group of anti-HBe
      positive subjects a significant rise of active and total T-lymphocytes was found.
      The authors recommend to test Essentiale forte in the prevention and treatment of
      immunocomplex disease in chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus.

PMID- 2284714
TI  - [Prevention of viral hepatitis B transmission in the transplantation program].
AB  - The authors discuss possible detection of HBsAg with regards to demands of the
      transplantation programme. They compared the sensitivity of HBsAg detection by
      ELISA on kits of various firms, using a panel of sera previously examined by the
      RIA technique. The most sensitive and most rapid answer on the presence of a
      surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus by the ELISA technique can be obtained
      using a Wellozyme kit of Wellcome Diagnostics Co., i.e. within 60 minutes. The
      firm must, however, equip the kits with double volumes of positive and negative
      controls.

PMID- 2284715
TI  - [Chronic persistent cough and gastroesophageal reflux].
AB  - Respiratory complications of gastrooesophageal reflux are not rare. Their
      incidence is estimated to amount to as much as 20%. Chronic persisting cough as
      one of the respiratory complications of gastrooesophageal reflux is relatively
      rare (28%) but frequently is not assumed to be causally related to the reflux.
      The author attempted to elucidate this problem by description of individual cases
      and to find at the same time the most rational solution, as some procedures are,
      as regards availability of examination methods, costly and time consuming.

PMID- 2284716
TI  - [Classification of colorectal adenomas based on the histological picture in
      patients without symptoms].
AB  - During screening of colorectal carcinoma by the test of occult haemorrhage in
      1985 to 1989 in the Bruntal district during coloscopic examination of positive
      subjects a total of 277 adenomatous polyps of the large intestine were revealed.
      Adenomatous polyps were detected in 227 patients where by in 180 solitary polyps
      were involved and in 47 cases synchronous polyps. 222 adenomatous polyps were in
      the rectum and left half of the colon (80.1%). Histological examination revealed:
      tubular adenoma 153 cases (55.23%), tubovillous adenoma 92 cases (33.21%),
      villous adenoma 13 cases (4.69%), adenoma with intramucous carcinoma 12 cases
      (4.43%) and adenoma with invasive carcinoma 7 cases (2.53%).

PMID- 2284717
TI  - [Silent stress ischemia in patients after aortocoronary bypass].
AB  - In a group of 37 patients with chronic stable angina the authors compared results
      of bicycle ergometry after a load before and after coronary artery bypass
      grafting. The group included only patients who had to terminate initial ergometry
      performed during the last two months before operation on account of stenocardia
      and signs of myocardial ischaemia on the ECG tracing. On average 20 months after
      coronary artery bypass grafting ergometry was repeated. Nineteen patients (51%)
      lacked electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischaemia, 18 patients (49%)
      suffered from ischaemia after a load (depression S-T greater than or equal to 2
      mm). Of these in 18 patients 8 (44%) no stenocardial attacks were present in
      another 5 (28%) stenocardia developed only when the depressions were S-T greater
      than 2 mm. Six patients (33%) had depressions S-T greater than or equal to 3.5 mm
      at a time when during ergometry they had no complaints and were engaged in
      similar work loads occasionally also at home. The authors conclude that in the
      investigated group silent ischaemia after a load was frequent in patients after a
      coronary artery bypass grafting and frequently it was severe. Patients after
      coronary artery bypass grafting developed stencardia only after greater S-T
      depressions than before operation. All patients after coronary artery bypass
      grafting should be checked by means of loading tests.

PMID- 2284718
TI  - [Coronary score and risk indicators].
AB  - Using the method of multi-dimensional statistical analysis in the evaluation of
      relations between the coronary score and risk factors in 120 men with ischaemic
      heart disease type stable angine, and in 30 men in a control group the authors
      revealed: age is a significant negative discriminator of the presence and
      indicator of the severity of atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries,
      cholesterol is a statistically significant positive independent discriminator of
      the presence and indicator of the severity of atherosclerotic narrowing of the
      coronary arteries, HDL-cholesterol is a significant negative independent
      indicator of the severity of the atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary
      arteries, triacylglycerols are a positive indicator of the severity of the
      atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries only at the borderline of
      statistical significance, Broca's index of relative body weight is a positive
      discriminator of atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries only at the
      borderline of significance, there is a statistically significant positive
      additive relationship of quantitative risk factors with the atherosclerotic
      narrowing of coronary arteries, physical activity is a significant positive
      discriminator of the presence of atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary
      arteries, the oral glucose tolerance test is a positive discriminator of the
      presence of the atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries.

PMID- 2284720
TI  - [Secondary osteopenia].
AB  - A total of 2484 newly detected metabolic bone diseases during the past 17 years
      comprised 79.67% cases of osteoporoses and 20.33% of osteomalacia. The group of
      osteoporoses included 325 patients (16.43%) with the primary form of the disease,
      in 1654 patients (83.57%) a cause of decalcification of bones (secondary form)
      was found. With advancing time the number of secondary osteoporoses rises
      steadily, while the number of primary cases remains at the same level. In the
      aetiology of demineralization a major part was played by lactose intolerance,
      maldigestion and malabsorption, idiopathic, hypercalciuria, diabetes and
      steroids. The female: male ratio in primary osteoporoses was 4.71:1 and in
      secondary osteoporoses 2.35:1. Primary osteomalacia was recorded in 113 patients
      (22.38%) and secondary in 392 (77.62%). Here too with advancing time the number
      of secondary forms is increasing. The largest groups are hepatic and renal
      affections, smaller ones malabsorption and antiepileptic drugs. The female: male
      ratio in primary osteomalacia is 2.13:1 and in secondary osteomalacia 2.26:1.
      With the development of knowledge on the aetiopathogenesis of bone
      demineralizations we expect in future a further increase of secondary forms of
      the disease at the expanse of primary ones.

PMID- 2284719
TI  - [Changes in hemostasis in blood donors on the Fenwal CS 3000 separator].
AB  - During thrombocytophereses on a blood cell FENWAL CS 3000 separator in one group
      of donors the anticoagulant solution ACD-A recommended by the manufacturer was
      used, in the other group of donors ACD-A with heparin was used. The authors give
      an account of the changes in some parameters of haemostasis in these donors on
      the separator incl. examination of fibrinopeptide A which is the most sensitive
      indicator of clotting activity during separation. Heparin administration
      prevented a rise of fibrinopeptide A and did not lead to a reduced platelet
      yield.

PMID- 2284721
TI  - [Illness in the life of General (Dr.) Milan Rastislav Stefanik].

PMID- 2284722
TI  - [Towards the stable health and epidemiological welfare of military district
      troops].

PMID- 2284723
TI  - [Pages from the life of a great Russian surgeon (Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov)].

PMID- 2284725
TI  - [The effect of earthquakes on the cardiovascular system].

PMID- 2284724
TI  - [The organization of medical first aid in catastrophes].

PMID- 2284726
TI  - [The epidemiological health laboratory of the division in the system of health
      surveillance in the military echelon].

PMID- 2284727
TI  - [The work experience of the Central Consultative-Diagnostic Polyclinic of the
      Ministry of Defense of the USSR].

PMID- 2284728
TI  - [The prevention of traumatism in a troop unit].

PMID- 2284730
TI  - [Disease prevention among the troops: ways to increase its effectiveness].

PMID- 2284729
TI  - [Current problems in the prevention and treatment of diseases of the skin and
      subcutaneous fatty tissue in the Army and Navy].

PMID- 2284731
TI  - [The prognosis of the nature of the clinical course of gunshot peritonitis in
      patients wounded in the abdomen].

PMID- 2284732
TI  - [The efficacy of treating suppurative wounds with a carbon dioxide laser and
      dressing agents with enzymatic activity].

PMID- 2284733
TI  - [The prevention of ischemic heart disease in servicemen].

PMID- 2284735
TI  - [Control over the fulfillment of the requirements for a sanitary epidemic-control
      regimen in military treatment institutions].

PMID- 2284734
TI  - [Ways to improve the methodological bases of the x-ray study of the maxillofacial
      area].

PMID- 2284736
TI  - [Ways to improve immunoprophylaxis among the troops].

PMID- 2284737
TI  - [The practice of sanitary inspection for the nitrate content in vegetables].

PMID- 2284738
TI  - [A gas chromatographic method for determining nitrates in food products].

PMID- 2284739
TI  - [The standardization of body weights for pilots in ship-based aviation].

PMID- 2284740
TI  - [The effect of motor activity on the health status and occupational longevity of
      ships specialists].

PMID- 2284741
TI  - [Pavel Nikolaevich Napalkov (on the 90th anniversary of his birth)].

PMID- 2284742
TI  - [The 125th anniversary of the founding of the Department of Operative Surgery of
      the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy].

PMID- 2284743
TI  - [The day hospital under the conditions of the new economic mechanism of public
      health].

PMID- 2284744
TI  - [The effect of antioxidants and antihypoxants on the myoglobin content in
      patients with acute myocardial infarct].
AB  - A study of the content of myoglobin in the blood serum in 112 patients suffering
      of acute myocardial infarction showed the relationship between the reduction of
      this index and the kind of employed therapy (alpha-tocopherol, cytochrom-C,
      pyracetam). It was established inclusion of alpha-tocopherol in the treatment
      produced a most pronounced effect on normalization of the increased content of
      myoglobin.

PMID- 2284745
TI  - [Psychoemotional relaxation in the treatment and prevention of functional
      vascular disorders in workers subjected to vibration and noise exposure].
AB  - The authors studied the efficiency of psychoemotional relaxation in the treatment
      of 84 riveters of aviation enterprises subjected in the course of work to
      vibration and noise. Results indicate that the method of psychoemotional
      relaxation may be recommended in the complex of prophylaxis and treatment in
      workers of the above professions.

PMID- 2284746
TI  - [The clinico-immunological characteristics of viral hepatitis A in adolescent
      girls].
AB  - A study of viral hepatitis A in adolescent girls revealed the effect of menstrual
      cycle phases on the character of the course of the disease. It was established
      that the critical point of unfavourable course of the disease is coincidence of
      the days of height of the disease with the follicular peak of estrogen secretion
      (8-10 day of the cycle). During this period the patients showed a significant
      quantitative and functional insufficiency of the T-lymphocytic system of immunity
      and the functional liver tests were highly pathologic. These patients should be
      considered as high risk patients as to unfavourable course of the disease and
      development of acute liver failure.

PMID- 2284747
TI  - [The human factor in health].

PMID- 2284748
TI  - [Primary medical health care (a review of the literature)].

PMID- 2284749
TI  - [The demand of the adult population for hospital care in acute infectious
      diseases].

PMID- 2284750
TI  - [A method for the dispensary care of urological surgery patients].

PMID- 2284751
TI  - [The intravital determination of the mass of necrotized myocardium by the
      myoglobin concentration in the blood serum in large-focus myocardial infarct].
AB  - The investigations indicate high informative value for determination of blood
      serum myoglobin content for assessment of the degree of myocardial lesion.
      Determination of myoglobin may be used for indirect evaluation of the mass of
      myocardium infarction during life. The proposed method of quantitative
      determination of myocardial lesion in acute macrofocal infarction allows to
      prognosticate the mass of necrotized myocardium.

PMID- 2284752
TI  - [2 cases of extensive transmural myocardial infarct at a young age].

PMID- 2284753
TI  - [Carbohydrate metabolism in patients with ischemic heart disease and circulatory
      failure].

PMID- 2284754
TI  - [Vitamin deficiency in patients with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - The authors report data of an investigation of the vitamin status in 154 patients
      with ischemic heart disease. A deficit of B1-, B2, PP-, B6 and C vitamins was
      found in the absolute majority of patients. Multivitamin deficiency was as a rule
      found. It is indicated that multivitamins should be given during the entire
      course of treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2284755
TI  - [The cationic proteins of the peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with
      ischemic heart disease].
AB  - The authors studied the content of cationic proteins of peripheral blood
      leukocytes in patients with ischemic heart disease and in patients with
      myocardial infarction. It was found that the content of cationic proteins tended
      to increase in the acute period of myocardial infarction. The degree of increase
      of cationic proteins depended on the severity and extent of myocardial necrosis.
      In patients with ischemic heart disease the values of cationic proteins were
      within upper normal limits. The possibility is diseased of evaluating cationic
      proteins of leucocytes as an additional criterion in assessment of the course of
      myocardial infarction and state of cellular unspecific immunity.

PMID- 2284756
TI  - [Differential diagnostic criteria in dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart
      disease].
AB  - A study is presented in 59 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and 41 patients
      with ischemic heart disease. Diverse changes of the indices of lipid metabolism
      antioxidant system and metabolism of adenylic nucleotides, data of
      transesophageal stimulation of the left atrium indicate that these values along
      with clinical findings are of importance for the differential diagnosis of
      dilated cardiomyopathy and atherosclerotic myocardial sclerosis.

PMID- 2284757
TI  - [The prostacyclin-thromboxane system and the functional properties of the
      thrombocytes in patients of different ages with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - A study is presented of the reactions of prostacyclin-thromboxane system and
      functions of thrombocytes to physical loads inducing myocardial ischemia in
      patients with ischemic heart disease of different age groups. Examined were 62
      patients with stable stenocardia of the II and III functional classes. Age of the
      patients: from 44 to 60 years. It was found that the elderly showed deterioration
      of the prostacyclin-thromboxane imbalance and a reduction of the sensitivity of
      thrombocytes to prostacyclin. The should be considered in instituting prolonged
      drug treatment.

PMID- 2284758
TI  - [Radionuclide ventriculography in assessing left ventricular contractile function
      in patients with I-stage hypertension].
AB  - The general and local ejection fractions (EF) of the left ventricle were studied
      in 112 patients with grade I hypertensive disease and in 20 practically healthy
      persons at rest and during static isometric loads. At rest general and local EF
      were diverse. During loads both reduction and increase of general EF were
      observed. Increase of general and local EF is a result of adequate physiological
      reaction of the myocardium while their reduction indicates limitation of the
      myocardial reserve of the left ventricle.

PMID- 2284759
TI  - [The mapping of the natural environment for detecting the causes for the spread
      of cardiovascular diseases].

PMID- 2284760
TI  - [The calcium concentration of the blood in arterial hypertension patients].
AB  - Determination of the concentration of ionized calcium in the blood of
      metallurgists and miners with arterial hypertension (AN) revealed a tendency to
      reduction of calcemia that was more pronounced in high arterial pressure and low
      consumption of calcium with food. A tendency to reduce calcemia by stimulating
      PTH secretion has a pathophysiological significance in the development of AH. A
      calcium-enriched diet may be of value in the prophylaxis of AH.

PMID- 2284761
TI  - [The causes and mechanisms of death in cardiomyopathies].
AB  - The author presents a retrospective and complex pathomorphological analysis in
      152 autopsy cases. Death was caused by different forms of cardiomyopathies. Aim
      of the study to reveal the frequency of pathology, causes and mechanisms of
      death. The prevailing frequency of dilated cardiomyopathy was established--106
      cases, 0.88%. Hypertrophic and restrictive forms--32 (0.27%) and 14 (0.12%) of
      cases. the dominating cause of death (42.7%) was chronic cardiac failure. Other
      death causes were as follows: thrombosis and embolism--17.8%; arrhythmic collapse
      -13.2%; ventricular fibrillation--9.9%; acute left-ventricular failure--8.6%;
      real cardiogenic shock--7.8% of all cases of cardiomyopathies.

PMID- 2284762
TI  - [Toxic myocardiodystrophy caused by acute phosphamide poisoning].

PMID- 2284763
TI  - [The therapeutic procedure in thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery].
AB  - Clinical symptomatology, ECG, roentgenography, echocardiography, blood
      biochemistry, angiopulmonography with manometry of the pulmonary artery and right
      heart compartments were used to diagnose in 14 patients (age: 25-65 years)
      massive and submassive pulmonary artery thromboembolism. The angiopulmonographic
      index exceeded 18 points. Treatment included embolectomy, medical therapy
      (heparine, indirect anticoagulants), thrombolytic agents (celiase) and
      symptomatic therapy. The results of medical treatment were good in 80% of
      patients. Good results in embolectomy were observed in 77.7%. The authors
      formulate absolute and relative indications to urgent embolectomy in conditions
      of artificial circulation.

PMID- 2284764
TI  - [The kallikrein-kinin system in renovascular hypertension (a review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2284765
TI  - [Myocardial contractile function in pregnant women with kidney diseases].
AB  - Ultrasonic dopplerography revealed development of the hypodynamia syndrome in the
      III term of physiological pregnancy. Disorders of the pumping function of the
      heart were revealed in the nephrotic syndrome of chronic nephritis and severe
      pregnancy nephropathy. Hypertension deteriorates the functional cardiac
      insufficiency. Correction of contractile function of the myocardium is necessary
      in these cases.

PMID- 2284766
TI  - [The age-related characteristics of the renal circulation and kidney function in
      healthy subjects and hypertension patients].
AB  - A study is presented of the state of renal hemodynamics and renal function in 70
      practically healthy person (age: 45-95 years) and 72 patients with hypertensive
      disease, grade 11 (age: 45-89 years). It was found that as distinct of the
      healthy, patients suffering of hypertensive disease revealed a content of blood
      creatinine that was directly related to the level of arterial pressure
      (diastolic) and an inverse relation with the level of glomerular filtration and
      effective renal blood circulation. The above mentioned data indicate the
      importance of careful control of the state of renal function during hypotensive
      therapy in elderly and old patients.

PMID- 2284767
TI  - [Chromosome aberrations in chronic and lupus glomerulonephritis ].
AB  - The levels of aberration of chromosomes in peripheral blood leucocytes were
      investigated in patients with chronic and lupoid glomerulonephritis considering
      the clinical variants and morphological forms of the disease. In chronic
      glomerulonephritis high levels of chromosome aberration were found in patients
      with nephrotic type; in lupoid glomerulonephritis the frequency of chromosome
      aberration was higher in patients with active glomerulonephritis. Chronic renal
      failure did not essentially change the level of chromosome aberration both in
      chronic and lupoid glomerulonephritis. In different morphological forms of
      glomerulonephritis the frequency of chromosome aberration was determined by the
      clinical variant of the disease.

PMID- 2284768
TI  - [The activity of blood and urinary enzymes in patients with osteoarthrosis
      deformans and a drug-induced kidney lesion during indomethacin treatment].
AB  - A study is presented of 40 patients suffering of osteoarthrosis deformans and
      treated for 21 days with indomethacin (100 mg daily). Determination of the
      dynamics of enzymatic activity sorbit dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase in the blood serum and urine were used as criteria of
      early diagnosis of drug-induced nephropathy due to indomethacin treatment.

PMID- 2284770
TI  - [The clinical and morphological characteristics of nonulcerative colitis].

PMID- 2284769
TI  - [The diagnostic significance of the test for spontaneous blood neutrophil damage
      in acute myeloid forms of leukemia].
AB  - Spontaneous lesioning of neutrophils (SLN) cultured in a saline solution was
      studied in 75 patients with acute myeloid leucosis. Results indicate a
      significant increase of the SLN number in the group of patients with the presence
      of infectious complications. It is recommended to use the SLN test as a criterion
      of diagnosis and efficacy of antibacterial treatment of infectious complication
      in patients with acute myeloid leucosis.

PMID- 2284771
TI  - [T-cell immunodeficiency and the status of the reparative processes in patients
      with Crohn's disease of the large intestine].
AB  - Clinico-immunological examination of 35 patients with chronic colostasis at the
      stage of subcompensation and 10 patients with Crohn's disease of the colon before
      and after operative treatment (subtotal colectomy) revealed that presence of
      marked T-cellular immunodeficiency mainly due to helper subpopulation and
      inversion of helper-suppressor index in patients operated on for Crohn's disease
      of the colon, inhibiting the reparative processes and weakening anti-infection
      defense in these patients.

PMID- 2284772
TI  - [The morphofunctional changes in the mucosa of the large intestine during tumor
      growth].

PMID- 2284773
TI  - [The humoral immunity indices of patients with diseases of the hepatobiliary
      system].
AB  - Complement-binding antibodies to liver tissue, gallbladder, myocardium were
      determined in 20 patients with chronic cholecystitis, 21 patients with persisting
      hepatitis and 20 patients with liver cirrhosis. The obtained findings indicate
      that diseases of the hepatobiliary system may be accompanied by autoimmune
      involvement of the myocardium.

PMID- 2284774
TI  - [The function of autonomic nervous system and gastroduodenal motility].
AB  - Multipurpose polygraphic device and an original tube were used to examine 302
      patients with gastroenterological disease for the diagnosis of gastroduodenal
      dyskinesias. It was found that definite types of gastroduodenal dyskinesias are
      not always characteristic of definite types of vegetative nervous system.
      Increased sympathetic or parasympathetic effects are observed in hyper-, normo-
      and hypokinesia. These findings are of importance in differentiated treatment of
      these patients.

PMID- 2284775
TI  - [Normal and pathological neuroimmune relations (a review of the literature)].

PMID- 2284776
TI  - [Humoral immunity in patients with primary hypothyroidism].

PMID- 2284777
TI  - [The immune status of patients with obesity].
AB  - The immune status was studied in 30 patients with adiposity of grades III-IV.
      Evaluation of the number of T-, B-lymphocytes, phagocytosis, circulating immune
      complexes, complement, migration of leucocytes, level of A, M, G, immunoglobulins
      revealed disorders in the T-system, unspecific cellular and unspecific humoral
      immunity with a tendency of immunity deterioration as the grade of obesity
      advanced. There was correlation between the ratio of blood plasma atherogenicity
      and level of circulating immune complexes, complement.

PMID- 2284778
TI  - [The clinical aspects of the use of chemiluminescent analysis (a review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2284780
TI  - [Speleotherapy and the outlook for its development in Bukovina].

PMID- 2284779
TI  - [Pleural involvement in patients with chronic bronchitis].
AB  - The extension and pathogenetic role of pleural changes in the development of
      unspecific chronic pulmonary diseases in 146 workers of different professional
      groups suffering of chronic bronchitis, were investigated. Ultrasonography and
      roentgenography were used. The functional state of the lungs was evaluated by
      means of spirographic and radiological methods. It is concluded that pleural
      changes are an endogenous risk factor in the development of chronic unspecific
      pulmonary diseases.

PMID- 2284781
TI  - [The aggregation properties of the thrombocytes in patients with a complicated
      course of acute myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2284782
TI  - [The outpatient diagnosis of sarcoidosis].
AB  - A detailed complex examination was carried out of patients with sarcoidosis in
      ambulatory conditions using modern clinicoroentgenological, bronchological,
      immunological, morphological methods. Considering the tendency of the disease to
      spontaneous regression the outpatient screening proved efficient in the diagnosis
      of 250 patients. The employed complex allowed to reduce the time of diagnosis and
      to choose optimal methods of treatment.

PMID- 2284783
TI  - [The incidence and causes of recurrences of pulmonary tuberculosis in the adult
      population].
AB  - A four-year prophylactic screening of 7076 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis
      revealed recurrences in 3.3% of cases. The proportion of recurrences was highest
      in patients with an inadequate main course of chemotherapy and aggravating
      factors in 35.7%. The frequency of recurrences in clinically cured cases depended
      on the adequacy of the main course of chemotherapy, residual changes and their
      association with aggravating factors.

PMID- 2284784
TI  - [Intensive chemotherapy regimens in pulmonary tuberculosis with concomitant
      diabetes mellitus].
AB  - The author studied the tolerability of modern intensive regimens of tuberculosis
      chemotherapy in patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus as compared with a
      traditional three-drug treatment. The number of side-effects with these treatment
      methods did not essentially differ. Neurological disorders were among the most
      frequent in patients with this associated pathology receiving chemotherapy and
      their frequency increases in the presence of diabetic complications.

PMID- 2284785
TI  - [Catecholamines in the blood of parkinsonism patients].
AB  - Data are reported on age aspects of blood catecholamine metabolism in
      parkinsonism patients of middle and elderly age. The content of adrenalin,
      noradrenalin, dopamine was determined in the blood plasma of 95 patients with
      parkinsonism and in 75 practically healthy persons of similar age (control).
      Changes were shown of metabolism biogenic amines depending on the level of drug
      correction of parkinsonism and stage of the clinical course of the disease.

PMID- 2284786
TI  - [Lymphocyte subpopulations and their functional activity in patients with brain
      tumors].
AB  - The authors studied a complex of immunological indices in 69 patients with brain
      tumours in the pre- and postoperative period. It is shown that in patients with
      benign brain tumours, preoperative care and surgical intervention largely alter
      the functional activity of T and B-lymphocytes while patients with malignant
      tumours of the brain revealed less pronounced changes of quantitative indices of
      definite subpopulations of lymphocytes against the background of marked reduction
      of their functional activity. The necessity is emphasized of complex evaluation
      of immunological indices in patients with brain tumours.

PMID- 2284787
TI  - [The content of somatotropic hormone and prolactin in the blood of patients with
      brain meningiomas].
AB  - The content of somatotropic hormone and prolactin was assessed in patients with
      cerebral meningiomas. It was established that patients harbouring meningiomas of
      the cerebral hemispheres showed a high content of prolactin indicating hormone
      dependence of this tumour. The level of somatotropic hormone in meningiomas was
      insignificantly elevated.

PMID- 2284789
TI  - [The hygienic regulation of the irradiation of the population at the
      rehabilitative stage of eliminating the sequelae from the accident at the
      Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].
AB  - The National Commission on Radiation Defense (NCRD) of the USSR Health Ministry
      proposed standard values--maximum limit of life dose for the population equalling
      35 ber per 70 years. Despite the seeming accordance of this value to NCRD
      recommendations according to which the equivalent dose of irradiation of a
      limited part of the population should not exceed 0.5 ber yearly, the NCRD does
      not take into consideration the irregular character of radiation. Numerous data
      from the literature are presented on the presence of some nonstochastic and
      stochastic effects even in such comparatively low doses showing the impossibility
      of acceptance of such standard values.

PMID- 2284788
TI  - [Changes in the structure of postburn keloid scars before and after cryotherapy].
AB  - Biochemical and electron microscopy study of the collagen molecule from 14 biopsy
      specimens of the postburn scar (in 9 patients before and in 5 after cryoeffects)
      revealed that the postburn scar contains I, II, III and VIII collagen types
      changed according to the amino acid composition. It was found that after
      cryogenic effects on the scar there was a tendency to normalization of the
      collagen structure.

PMID- 2284790
TI  - [The effect of an aortocoronary bypass on the physical capacity of drug
      stabilized patients with unstable angina pectoris].
AB  - To 51 patients with unstable angina pectoris a submaximum symptom-limited bicycle
      ergometry [correction of veloergometric] test was performed 3 to 6 days after
      stabilization by medicamentous treatment was achieved and 2 to 6 months after an
      aortocoronary bypass had been accomplished. During the first veloergometric test
      myocardial ischemia was induced in all patients--9 patients were in the IV, 18-
      in the III and 24--in the II functional class according to NYHA. During the
      second veloergometric test myocardial ischemia was induced only in 5 patients. At
      the end of the first year after the aortocoronary bypass had been performed 45
      (88.2%) of the patients were without complaints. The predictive value of the
      positive veloergometric test after an aortocoronary bypass for a poor prognosis
      is 80% and that of the veloergometric test without induced myocardial ischemia
      for a favorable prognosis is 95.6%. Aortocoronary bypass in combination with
      medicamentous treatment improves the symptomatic state, physical capacity and the
      prognosis of patients with unstable angina pectoris up to the end of the first
      year to a considerably greater degree than the medicamentous treatment alone.

PMID- 2284791
TI  - [Secondary prevention of the basic risk factors in patients with a history of
      myocardial infarction].
AB  - 160 patients under 60 years of age with a past myocardial infarction, proved
      clinically and electrocardiographically, were followed up for 3 years during
      which period a secondary prophylaxis of the basic risk factors was carried out.
      The smokers were 71.9% and 72.2% of them were over 46 years of age. 65.2% of the
      smokers gave up smoking after being advised by the authors to do so. Positive
      changes were found concerning the risk factors under observation in the patients-
      a statistically significant decrease of the arterial pressure and cholesterol
      serum level and a considerable increase of the tolerance to physical activity in
      the non-smokers and the smokers who had given up smoking. Reduction of the
      frequency of stenocardia attacks, extrasystoles, ST-depression as well as a
      reduction of the risk of another myocardial infarction were also established. The
      secondary prophylaxis carried out by the authors in their outpatient practice on
      patients with past myocardial infarction has proved its efficiency and ought to
      be recommended.

PMID- 2284792
TI  - [Evolutionary and prognostic studies of patients with primary liver cancer. II.
      Multifactorial analysis using a stepped-regression mathematical model and
      graphics].
AB  - The subject of this study is the evolution and prognosis of 63 patients with
      primary liver carcinoma assessed bu multifactor regression mathematical model
      realized with the aid of the program 2R of the statistical package VMDR and by
      graphic expression of the functions of survival, mortality, speed of mortality
      function growth and graphic assessment of survival according to Okuda's method.
      The step regression analysis in 2 steps of the regression mathematical model of
      the clinical indices pointed out the factors age, edema and liver encephalopathy.
      By 7 steps in the regression mathematical model of the combined clinical and
      clinico-chemical indices as basic prognostic factors were selected: prothrombin
      time, liver encephalopathy, direct bilirubin, age, GGTP and sex.

PMID- 2284793
TI  - [Antiulcer treatment with Biotidin and Gastrozepin and its effect on the
      occupational fitness of drivers and machinery operators].
AB  - The contemporary antiulcer treatment is performed with drugs which act
      unfavorably on the professional fitness on automobile and engine drivers. In 28
      patients with newly discovered and untreated peptic ulcer disease the supporting
      treatment with Biotitin and Gastrozepin did not show unfavorable effect on the
      ability to concentrate, to fix the attention, fast choice of conduct and on the
      length of the latent period and the motion times. In comparison with 14 healthy
      persons the patients examined showed changes in their neurophysiological
      condition prior to the antiulcer treatment which correlate with the onset of the
      peptic ulcer disease, the disturbances of the prostaglandin synthesis and the
      development of functional beta-adrenergic protective reaction. The timely and
      modern antiulcer treatment is in the interest of safety of road traffic.

PMID- 2284794
TI  - [Hypokalemia caused by nifedipine].
AB  - A case of 72 year old woman with arterial hypertension is presented. The woman
      was treated with clonidine and nifedipine. Hypokalemia was found by normal urine
      excretion of potassium and normal intraerythrocyte potassium contents. It is
      assumed that the hypokalemia was due to the nifedipine treatment.

PMID- 2284795
TI  - [Hypokalemic nephropathy from the chronic use of diuretics and laxatives].
AB  - The cases of two women with morphologically proved hypokalemic nephropathy
      related to chronic use of diuretics and purgatives are reported. The disease has
      been detected because of reduced urine quantity, increase of body mass and edema.
      The serum protein level is low. Sodium and potassium clearances are reduced.
      There is a metabolic alkalosis, serum renin and aldosterone levels are elevated.
      The histologic picture is typical with tubule cell vacuolization and sclerotic
      changes in the interstitium. The timely discovery of the cause of the disease
      leads to the discontinuance of the use of diuretics and purgatives and to
      complete recovery.

PMID- 2284796
TI  - [Cushing's syndrome resulting from ectopic hormonal secretion].
AB  - A case of a 29 year old man with typical picture of Cushing's syndrome is
      presented: pronounced hypodynamics, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, transitory
      psychic disorders, severe hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypercorticism,
      disturbed 24 h rhythm of cortisol secretion, high serum ACTH level. The treatment
      with steroidogenesis blockers (Metyrapone, o,p'DDD) led to a limited improvement.
      The well expressed organic changes in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
      and pulmonary thromboembolism led to a fatal outcome. The post mortem examination
      revealed a pancreatic tumor 30/30 mm in size (histologically carcinoid) and
      enlarged hypophyseal gland with oxyphil cell hyperplasia. The electron
      microscopic examination found secretory granules in the pancreatic tumor cells.
      Concurrent ectopic secretion of ACTH by the oxyphil tumor cells is discussed.

PMID- 2284797
TI  - [Congenital connective tissue instability--a sociomedical problem. A new
      dispensary for registering and observing such patients].

PMID- 2284798
TI  - [Bicycle ergometry in heart valve defects].

PMID- 2284799
TI  - [Current trends in the dietary treatment of diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2284800
TI  - [The late results of treating membranous glomerulonephritis].
AB  - 27 patients with membranous glomerulonephritis treated with corticosteroids,
      anticoagulants and some with immunosuppressors are discussed. Men prevailed.
      Nephrotic syndrome proved by renal biopsy was found in 88.9%, proteinuria under
      3.5 g/24 h--in 11.1%, arterial hypertension--in 18.5%, renal failure--in 14.8% of
      the patients. At the end of the follow up 15 patients (55.6%) showed a complete
      remission and 4 patients a partial remission. In 8 patients (29.6%) there was
      chronic renal failure and three of them had gone through hemodialysis. Comparing
      the patients with and without chronic renal failure we found that only the
      presence of impaired renal function as found by renal biopsy and the greated
      duration of the disease are of statistically significant importance for the
      prognosis of membranous glomerulonephritis. A 5 year survival of the patients
      treated actively is 100% and a 10 year survival is 94.9% which allows the
      assumption that treatment of membranous glomerulonephritis can lead to a
      permanent remission and preservation of renal function.

PMID- 2284801
TI  - [Rare complications in polycystic kidney--the difficulties in their diagnosis and
      treatment].
AB  - The development of some rare complications of renal polycystosis is discussed.
      Four patients with chronic polycystosis with complications are followed up. In 3
      of them (2 of them on chroniodialysis) the cysts suppurated and after an
      infective conservative treatment they were treated surgically-puncture, cyst
      excision and unilateral nephrectomy. To the fourth patient bilateral nephrectomy
      had been performed 5 years ago because of other reasons. All 4 patients are alive
      at present with a fairly good end result.

PMID- 2284802
TI  - [The effect of oral calcium loading on the serum concentrations and urinary
      excretion of uric acid in patients with recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis and
      hypercalciuria].
AB  - The authors have established that to higher calciuria in patients with calcium
      nephrolithiasis correspond higher vales of uric acid serum concentrations and
      urine excretion than in the controls. In the oral calcium tolerance test a
      significant correlation was found between the changes in the uric acid urine
      excretion and those in the diuresis. The following conclusions are put forward.
      I. In the patients with recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis and hypercalcinosis one
      should look for active impairment of uric acid metabolism which should be kept in
      mind when an antirecurrence treatment is planned. 2. The established parallel
      increase of uricosuria and calciuria in the oral calcium tolerance test means
      that to patients with recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis and gout a rich calcium
      diet should not be prescribed since it increases the risk of formation of calcium
      oxalate stones.

PMID- 2284803
TI  - [The serum concentration of trace elements in chronic kidney failure].
AB  - The serum copper, zinc, selenium and magnesium levels were studied in 37 patients
      with chronic renal failure of various degree. The examination of the
      oligoelements and magnesium was performed on flame and electrothermal atomic
      absorption spectrophotometry. Reference values from 345 clinically healthy
      persons were used in the interpretation of the results. The serum, zinc, selenium
      and magnesium concentrations are lowered and the differences are statistically
      significant (for zinc p less than 0.01, selenium--p less than 0.001, magnesium--p
      less than 0.05). These changes are not directly related to the degree of
      impairment of the excretory renal function. The serum copper concentrations are
      statistically significantly elevated and this correlates with the degree of
      impairment of the excretory renal function. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms
      of these changes are discussed.

PMID- 2284805
TI  - [The current trends in the drug treatment of portal hypertension].

PMID- 2284804
TI  - [High-degree obesity--a risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus].
AB  - In high degree obesity there a significantly smaller area under the curve of C
      peptide after stimulation with Tolbutamide and significantly lower insulin
      sensitivity measured in vivo by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp-technique
      (Biostator) than in moderate obesity. This allows the conclusion that high degree
      obesity is a risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2284806
TI  - [Insulin receptor function in subjects with above-normal body weight].
AB  - The insulin receptor binding ability was studied in 26 persons with above normal
      body mass (15 women and 11 men), mean age 44.15 +/- 10.1 years without family
      history of diabetes mellitus. According to the degree of obesity they were
      classified into 3 groups. In the persons with I-II degree of obesity parallel
      with the strongly reduced number of insulin receptors (total and the high
      affinity) an increase of the receptors affinity appears as a compensatory
      mechanism which ensures appropriate insulin receptor binding. In the persons with
      III-IV degree of obesity the number of insulin receptors is strongly reduced but
      the receptor affinity does not differ from that of the controls with normal body
      mass. The receptor changes in the persons with excessive obesity are similar to
      those found by the authors in patients with newly discovered non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus. This allows the suggestion that these persons are in
      a potential risk of developing diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2284807
TI  - [Changes in the high-density lipoprotein level in patients with diabetes mellitus
      type II].
AB  - In 62 patients with diabetes mellitus type II, 22 patients with obesity I degree
      and 40 patients with normal body mass (28 with ischemic heart disease and 12
      without ischemic heart disease) the blood sugar profile and the composition of
      the high density lipoproteins (HDL) were examined. In decompensated diabetes
      mellitus type II reduction of cholesterol and phospholipid contents of HDL and of
      apoprotein A were found. With compensation of the carbohydrate metabolism the
      composition of HDL becomes normal. In the obese diabetics the changes of these
      indices are more pronounced. In diabetic patients with ischemic heart disease the
      cholesterol and phospholipid contents and that of apoprotein A in HDL are lower
      than those in diabetic patients without ischemic heart disease. These data show
      that changes of HDL in diabetes mellitus favor the development of atherosclerosis
      changes.

PMID- 2284808
TI  - [Differences in the dietary intake of diabetics with and without early
      nephropathy].
AB  - The dietary regimen of 70 patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is
      discussed. 24 of these patients are with microalbuminuria (initial nephropathy).
      The age of manifestation of diabetes and the mean age of these patients are lower
      and the retinopathy is more frequent than in the patients without
      microalbuminuria. Only 18% of the diabetic patients studied keep a diet according
      to contemporary conceptions. In the group with initial nephropathy a higher
      consumption of fat (130.9 +/- 42.5 g) and proteins (109.6 +/- 28.8 g) is
      registered than in the other patients. There are no significant differences in
      the consumption of carbohydrates and fiber products. The possible role of
      longterm high consumption of fats and proteins by patients with diabetes mellitus
      in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is discussed.

PMID- 2284809
TI  - Risk management series. Risk management techniques for oral surgery procedures.
      American Dental Association Council on Insurance.

PMID- 2284810
TI  - [Special events and damages caused by handling toxins in the years 1980-1988
      (effects on the environment)].
AB  - Authors give a statistical survey of injuries of persons and environmental
      damages caused by "special events" in handling poisons. Portions of single
      environmental compartments and causative agents and agent groups are shown. It is
      stated that decision-makers have not enough background data both in normal and in
      exceptional cases for efficient decisions.

PMID- 2284811
TI  - [Measurement of tetrachloroethylene emissions at dry-cleaning establishments and
      their relation to MPEL values].
AB  - The existing tetrachloroethylene was measured with the gas chromatographic method
      (FID detector), the spectro-photometric method (ICI Manual) based on the Fujiwava
      reaction, and using the gas detector (as approximation). The results obtained,
      however, do not differ in principle. Contaminated room air and leakages are the
      main sources of tetrachloroethylene at the dry cleaners and prevent the lowering
      of the traditional MEC value set at 100 mgm-3. Therefore the trend of diminishing
      the emission of exhaust air form machines can be neglected as factor in a general
      assessment. From the point of process engineering the problem of absorption of
      tetrachloroethylene in the indoor air with in the concentration range of 50 to
      500 mgm-3 will be in the foreground. The excess of the MEC values is reflected by
      excess of the MIC values. It is difficult to keep to the MIC value within a
      distance of less than 50 m from the affected area of a dry cleaner.

PMID- 2284812
TI  - [Development and application of an environment dosimeter for carbon disulfide].
AB  - Construction, function, and quality of parameters of a newly developed passive
      dosimeter for carbon disulphide are described. CS2 adsorbed on chromosorb 101 is
      thermically desorbed and then dosed to a gas chromatograph via a gas sampling
      valve and finally determined by flame photometric detection (FPD). The dosimeter
      allows 24-hr immission and indoor measurements, respectively, and is also
      suitable as a personal dosimeter for the environmental concentration range. First
      practical measurement results are discussed.

PMID- 2284813
TI  - [Concentrations of heavy metals in dust precipitation and estimate of the load
      status in the GDR. Results of a nation-wide study of 144 measuring points (1983
      1988)].
AB  - The concentration of 17 elements in dust sediments from impacted and background
      regions of the GDR had been analysed by ICP. Measuring points with concentrations
      of Cadmium, Lead, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, or Vanadium above the 84.1-percentile
      of all measuring points are listed and ranked under public health aspects.

PMID- 2284814
TI  - [Formation of organochlorine compounds in chlorination of water].
AB  - This paper is a short version of a comprehensive literature study with the same
      title. During the chlorination of drinking, bathing and waste water a great
      number of halogenated compounds may be formed by the reaction of the disinfection
      agent with substances present in water. The haloforms which are often used as key
      compounds are only the tip of the iceberg. Reaction pathways and a selection of
      products are presented. The difficulty of assessing the health risk of a lifelong
      exposure to such compounds is pointed out. At present it doesn't however seem to
      be justified to abolish water chlorination because of hints to a possible weak
      carcinogenic action, because the arising bacterial risk would be irresponsible
      high.

PMID- 2284815
TI  - [Evaluation of air hygiene in health resorts].
AB  - Concerning the maintenance and restoration of health in patients being subjected
      to health resort treatment, the spas play an important role. Therefore, legal
      provisions in this field establish the elimination of unfavourable environmental
      conditions, as air pollution, for instance. The geographical situation of a
      health resort exercises influences on its air quality considered in terms of
      hygiene. This is linked with different atmospheric and bioclimatic conditions in
      various regions. The major source of air pollution in a health resort is
      represented by housing and the communal area, by traffic on the roads and partly
      by industry. Instructions for measuring and evaluating of pollutants are given.
      Furthermore, various possibilities for improving the air quality in health
      resorts are mentioned.

PMID- 2284816
TI  - [Compliance in medicine and dentistry].
AB  - Since 1953 systematic compliance-research received an enormous impetus. There is
      a change in its content too: Compliance depends equally on the attitudes of the
      doctor or dentist as of the patient. Methods to measure compliance, consequences
      of poor compliance, and non-compliance are investigated. In stomatology
      Compliance is important in order to secure progress and results of the therapy,
      but especially so as to motivate the patient's preventive behaviour. This is
      demonstrated and also given as a reason for the demand of the patient's
      expectations on the part of the dentist.

PMID- 2284817
TI  - [The influence of social processes on populations].
AB  - The paper indicates the influence of the social process of the vital potentials
      of population. The process of lengthening of life could be taken as an social
      process too. The mortuary table population could be a relation for vital
      potentials. The process of the morbidity is influenced by vital potentials.

PMID- 2284818
TI  - [The dynamics of life extension processes in selected examples].
AB  - The dynamics of the life expectancy is quantified using the example of some
      European industrial countries. It is possible to determinate the part of the
      mortality of infants and children at the life expectancy by performed prototype
      calculations. Further increase of years of ane's life is especially possible by
      decreasing mortality in the middle and higher age.

PMID- 2284819
TI  - [Results of health education in preputial hygiene of boys].
AB  - The education to clean the prepuce is a part of education in cleanliness of the
      boys and had international succeeded against the general circumcision of
      newborns. While 15 school years from 1969/70 to 1983/84 we could point out the
      driving back of the retention of smegma, especially when heavy. To the farther
      correction the chief educators of health, the parents, must be motivated to teach
      their boys this cleaning with perfect technic. Physicians and teachers should
      reinforce this. Near by we must take in consideration that only parents and
      physicians could inspect the prepuce of boys. Every visible retention of smegma
      should provoke the education in washing this region. It was proposed anew to
      admit the inspection of the prepuce of the penis from the third year of life into
      the standard programme of mass examination in GDR during infancy and youth. It
      was referred to the danger of the early traumatism of the foreskin by the
      newborns and the babies and also to the problems of the late education in the
      hygiene of the prepuce only while and after the puberty. Also in the further life
      of all men this region should be inspected at every medical examination.

PMID- 2284820
TI  - [Experiences in an auxiliary hospital for children with dysentery].
AB  - An explosive epidemic caused by Sh. flexneri, mainly in babies and infants, has
      obliged to rigorous anti-epidemic measures. In the centre of all efforts started
      by "district-commission for combat against epidemics" there was the arrangement
      and the management of an auxiliary hospital placed in a so-called
      "Kinderkombination". The public antiepidemic document must be completely revised.
      The economic consequences were enormous.

PMID- 2284821
TI  - [Determination of serum- and phagocyte resistance of E. coli using
      bioluminescence].
AB  - Resistance to serum and phagocytosis belong to the most important virulence
      markers of the bacteria. These properties enable the microorganism to have some
      selective advantage by overcoming of host defence, thus increasing the
      invasiveness of the bacteria. Determination of these properties make it possible
      to evaluate better the virulence of the facultative-pathogenic microorganisms and
      can therefore be used for microbiological diagnosis. The method used until now to
      test these characteristics are very time consuming. For these reason we have
      employed bioluminescence to determine the number of viable cells. This method is
      very suitable for this purpose.

PMID- 2284822
TI  - [Detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in human sera in immunoblot
      procedures].
AB  - Proteins of Toxoplasma lysate were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis with subsequent transfer to a nitrocellulose sheet by
      electrophoretic blotting. Patient human sera reacted predominant with protein
      fractions of Toxoplasma antigen of 94 kD and 35 kD. Human sera were tested by
      Toxoplasma-IgG ELISA and Immunofluorescence assay (IgG-IFAT, IgM-IFAT).

PMID- 2284823
TI  - [The effect of disinfectants on epidermal Langerhans cells--possibilities for the
      improvement of skin tolerance].
AB  - The aim of this paper is the characterization of the skin tolerance to several
      desinfectants. For that reason, guinea pig epidermis was treated for 1, 7 and 14
      days with conventional working dilution of peracetic acid-containing and
      phosphoric acid-containing desinfectants. In addition, buffered desinfectants
      were applied. In all cases, the exposure to desinfectants causes a disappearance
      of histochemically detectable Langerhans cells in the treated epidermis. The
      lowest number of Langerhans cells was encountered after the application of
      Wofasteril. The buffering of the working dilution causes significantly lower (p =
      0.01) damages in the Langerhans cell population. Possibilities for improving the
      skin tolerance of this desinfectant in normal use could result.

PMID- 2284824
TI  - [Knowledge status of the effect of long-term heat exposure on health].
AB  - The actual occupational hygienic limit values for heat stress are based only on
      acute thermic effects. It cannot, however, be excluded that occupational heat
      exposure lasting for many years is able to cause chronic alterations of health
      status to such an extent that long-term effects have to be considered in
      occupational hygienic heat stress evaluation. In the present paper the essential
      effects of long-lasting heat stress are discussed on the basis of information
      from specialized literature, referring primarily to circulation system and water
      and electrolyte balance. Because of contradictions and insufficient reliability
      of the present results, further scientific work, especially concerted
      epidemiological research, is required to answer open questions. Concerning the
      health protection of heat exposed workers, conclusions are deduced, which can be
      drawn from the analyzed results already now.

PMID- 2284825
TI  - [The role of age at start of employment on the development of silicosis].
AB  - Multipart we examined the statistical connection of the age at job start and the
      development of silicosis by analytical epidemiological means. Examined on the
      basis of the professional duration no correlative connection was found in respect
      to the relation in question. The comparison of the two groups of dust exposed
      workers, which in their investigations have been shown to be "disposed" or
      "resistant", yielded no difference. In another study that investigated the
      function of cumulative dust doses the results varied so heavily, that the
      advantages and disadvantages of the different age groups at job start
      statistically mutually leveled off. Therefore, the age at job start may not be
      considered as an influencing factor of silicosis development.

PMID- 2284826
TI  - [Health hazards due to lead in an an accumulator-production plant of the Suhl
      district].
AB  - In a lead accumulator producing factory the health risk of workers has been
      studied for more than 30 years by means of measuring the lead concentration at
      the working places for many years and by carrying out several exposure tests on
      the 22 workmen. At most workshop places the maximum allowable concentration was
      considerably exceeded. In many workmen the concentration of lead in the blood and
      the delta aminolevulinic acid in the urine were increased above the control
      values. Since 1955 six occupational diseases have been diagnosed which
      demonstrates the high health risk.

PMID- 2284827
TI  - [Flexible screening for psychological effects of neurotoxic exposure--concept and
      initial empirical findings].
AB  - On the basis of the unsatisfactory efficiency of the present screening method
      (sensitivity: 55%, specificity: 75%) the new conception of a flexible screening
      method for psychic impairments in case of neurotoxic occupational exposure is
      introduced. This method integrates different problem-relevant psychodiagnostic
      dimensions already at screening level and allows adaptation to differentiated
      aims, conditions and populations of investigations thanks to variable effort
      control and a variety of investigation and evaluation methods that can be used.
      The empirical trial of 11 concrete screening variants results in a markedly
      better sensitivity and specificity (80% to 90%). This essential increase in the
      diagnostic classification quality justifies the higher effort in terms of
      psychological investigation capacity necessary for high-quality screening. Some
      aspects of its further practical application are touched because even the first
      partial implementations testify the high degree of efficiency and practical
      relevancy of the flexible screening conception.

PMID- 2284828
TI  - [Approximation formula for the assessment of cardiorespiratory stress of
      operators during their activities].

PMID- 2284829
TI  - [Significance of dermis equivalents for the further development of wound covering
      techniques using keratinocyte cultures].

PMID- 2284830
TI  - [Therapy of herpes zoster neuralgia. Acute and residual neuralgia in herpes
      zoster].
AB  - We discuss the latest findings regarding the therapy of acute herpes zoster and
      postherpetic neuralgia. Aside from the conventional modes of treatment. We
      especially refer to the therapy with aciclovir. In addition, we present the
      techniques of transcutaneous electrostimulation and neurosurgery.

PMID- 2284831
TI  - [Papaverin--effective in therapy of pruritus of atopic dermatitis?].
AB  - Patients suffering from atopic dermatitis show increased phosphodiesterase
      activity in leucocytes. As a result, the level of intracellular c-AMP is reduced,
      which can produce a number of metabolic dysfunctions: We found strong evidence
      that an enhanced release of several inflammation mediators can favor itching,
      which in turn promotes the development of eczema, since it induces reflectory
      scratching. In order to solve the question whether papaverine as a
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor might offer a new approach in the systemic therapy of
      itching, we performed a placebo-controlled study on 51 patients with atopic
      dermatitis, who were orally treated with papaverin-HCl over 8 weeks. However, we
      did not observe any improvement of itching or eczema during treatment. Some other
      recently developed phosphodiesterase inhibitors are discussed.

PMID- 2284832
TI  - [Effect of an anthralin-containing hydrocolloid dressing in psoriasis vulgaris].
AB  - We investigated the effect of hydrocolloid dressings on the clearing of chronic
      plaque psoriasis. In comparison to a short-contact therapy with anthralin alone,
      following application of a hydrocolloid dressing accelerated the clearing of the
      plaques. This effect was significant after 3 weeks of therapy. A considerable
      improvement was achieved by the application of a hydrocolloid dressing containing
      anthralin. For this purpose anthralin in concentrations of 0.02 to 0.20 mg/cm2
      was applied to the dressing immediately after it had been solved in acetone. The
      acetone was evaporated, and the anthralin was left on the dressing in a
      homogenous layer. In our study, the difference to short-contact anthralin was
      significant after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of therapy. We conclude that this new way
      of anthralin application is suitable for the treatment of psoriasis and has
      therapeutical as well as technical advantages over a treatment with anthralin
      ointments.

PMID- 2284833
TI  - [Clinical experiences of interval treatment with dermatologic agents containing
      urea].
AB  - Topical vehicles containing urea are increasingly used in dermatology because of
      their favorable pharmacological properties, which are due to the following
      capacities of urea: (1) its beneficial influence on the structure and physiology
      of the skin, and (2) its therapeutic effect in combination with other topically
      active agents in various skin diseases, such as psoriasis, ichthyosis, and
      chronic eczema. Our own experiences presented here are in accordance with these
      statements.

PMID- 2284835
TI  - [Malignant melanoma in cafe-au-lait spot].
AB  - A 17-year-old female patient developed a superficially spreading malignant
      melanoma (level III, thickness 0.91 mm) on a typical cafe-au-lait spot. There
      were no metastases, as yet. On the basis of this unusual case, we discuss the
      incidence of development of malignant melanoma on melanotic spots.

PMID- 2284834
TI  - [Comparative study of the effect of various antiseptics and ozone gas on
      pathogens of ulcus cruris].
AB  - The germicidal influence of various antiseptics on the bacterial and fungal flora
      of leg ulcers was studied in vitro. Best effects were achieved by the
      triphenylmethane dyes brilliant green and methylrosaniline chloride. Chloramine
      and povidone iodine yielded average results, whereas the germicidal effects of
      potassium permanganate and eosin were not satisfactory. On the other hand,
      treatment with ozone resulted in sufficient inactivation of germs--with the only
      exceptions of Serratia and Klebsiella species.

PMID- 2284836
TI  - [Transitory acantholytic dermatosis (Grover) in an HIV infected patient].
AB  - We report on a patient with HIV infection and persistent generalized
      lymphadenopathy (stage III of HIV infection), who developed transitory
      acantholytic dermatosis (Grover's disease). Both the clinical picture and the
      histological features were typical for Grover's disease; the skin eruptions
      subsided within 6 months.

PMID- 2284837
TI  - [Venous aneurysms in the foot region].
AB  - Venous aneurysms are rarely mentioned in the literature. Regarding those in the
      foot region, only 4 cases have been published so far. We report on the clinical
      and diagnostic features of 2 young women showing venous aneurysms in the first
      part of the long saphenous vein on the right back of the foot. In both cases,
      sclerotherapy was successfully performed.

PMID- 2284838
TI  - [Neurophysiology of higher brain function].

PMID- 2284839
TI  - [Results and prospects of development of neuropharmacology in the department of
      pharmacology of the Acad. S. V. Anichkov Research Institute of Experimental
      Medicine, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences].
AB  - Basic strategic and tactical principles of neuropharmacological studies are
      outlined, whose aim is to find and explore new synthetic neuro-blocking agents
      and substances simulating the structure of natural metabolites. The basic
      research has resulted in the development of new highly effective drugs and
      experimentally substantiated recommendations for their clinical application. The
      conceptions of the action mechanism of adrenergic and cholinergic agents,
      stimulants of tissue energy exchange, which have been formulated in the
      department, suggested new approaches to the pharmacological treatment of diseases
      of the central and peripheral nervous systems and neurogenic diseases of the
      gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems.

PMID- 2284840
TI  - [Conditioned reflex principle in the system of neurosciences: concepts and
      prospects].
AB  - The role played by Pavlov's principle of conditioned reflexes in neurosciences is
      discussed. The problem of interneuronal connections is shown to be key in the
      system of the sciences. The concept of formation of interneuronal connections
      underlying the conditioned reflex and long-term memory has been elaborated at the
      Department of Physiology of the Institute of Experimental Medicine named after
      Pavlov. Possible mechanisms of associations between the neural memory and cell
      genome are analysed and the problem of the engram localization and storage are
      discussed. Special attention is devoted to the role played by the subjective
      experience, mainly emotions, in the organization of the higher brain functions.
      The extensive experimental evidence gained by the authors during the recent 10-12
      years is generalized.

PMID- 2284841
TI  - [225 years of I. M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy, USSR].

PMID- 2284842
TI  - [Autoimmune theory of atherogenesis and the concept of modified lipoproteins].

PMID- 2284843
TI  - [The Institute of Experimental Medicine: the past, present and future].
AB  - The article dwells on the setting up in 1890 of the first Russian research
      biomedical institution, the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine, in St.
      Petersburg. It offers a concise layout of the basic stages of the Institute
      development till 1917, during the first years of the Soviet State formation, and
      in the period when the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine was
      established on the basis of the Institute of Experimental Medicine. Much is
      devoted to the development of the Institute of Experimental Medicine within the
      system of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1945-1990) as well as to the
      prospects of modern physiological, biological, and medical research conducted in
      it.

PMID- 2284844
TI  - [Molecular genetics of human monogenic diseases].
AB  - The review deals with the analysis of the molecular basis of cytoplasmic genetic
      determinants and their contribution to inherited disease, as well as with the
      primary genetic defects underlying some single gene human disorders, such as
      hepatolenticular degeneration, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, familial
      hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis. The results of molecular genetic
      studies of inherited diseases have been applied to the antenatal and preclinical
      diagnosis at the levels of mutant genes and anomalous proteins, gene products.

PMID- 2284845
TI  - [Transcapillary fluid exchange in the organs].

PMID- 2284846
TI  - [Streptococcal disease: a current problem in public health].
AB  - The high priority and prevalence of streptococcal diseases and complications,
      particularly among children and young adults, is emphasized. The attention is
      focused on group A and B streptococci and on the need to develop the laboratory
      diagnosis of streptococcal diseases as the basis for the development of their
      epidemiology and prevention. The literature data and the author's own reports
      concerning streptococcal cells, their antigens, receptors, and intracellular
      products are reviewed. Based on this, the following major aspects are discussed:
      the mechanism of streptococcal adhesion, the role played by immunoglobulin Fc
      receptors and anti-immunoglobulins in the genesis of post-streptococcal
      complications; the genetics of streptococcal cell and, in the first instance, of
      its pathogenicity. Streptococcus is also viewed as an object of genetic
      engineering and biotechnology. The required minimal approaches to the microbe and
      its antigen identification are analysed. Recent 12-15 years' research findings
      are generalized.

PMID- 2284847
TI  - [Possibilities of mathematical models of pharmacokinetics].
AB  - Mathematical modelling is currently the most rapidly developing branch of
      pharmacokinetics. Along with such traditional pharmacokinetic aspects as drug
      absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, the pharmacodynamic area
      is also becoming actively involved in mathematical modelling. Complex
      pharmacokinetic-dynamic models are becoming a tool that finds wider application
      in drug therapy optimization. Current approaches to the pharmacokinetic modeling
      are discussed and classification of various model types presented, each type
      being briefly specified and compared to the others. Mention is made of the major
      problems that are encountered in pharmacokinetics and that require modelling to
      find a proper solution. Future tasks calling for the use of modelling are also
      considered.

PMID- 2284848
TI  - [A clinico-experimental study of patients with mycosis fungoides and Kaposi's
      sarcoma].
AB  - Twenty-six cultures were prepared by the cultivation method. Continuous cells
      lines (IK-10 and IK-12) were obtained in two cases, in the rest short-lived cell
      cultures were prepared. All the isolated cell cultures were studied by
      transmission electron microscopy. Abnormal lymphoblasts were detected in some
      cell cultures isolated from the blood and lymph nodes of mycosis fungoides (IJ
      137, IK-140, IK-142, IK-143) and Kaposi's sarcoma patients (IK-145). Cell
      population consisted of small, medium, and large lymphocytes. Electron
      microscopic examination has revealed retroviruses in IK-143 culture, isolated
      from the lymph node of a patient with mycosis fungoides. Morphologically these
      particles were typical of type C oncoviruses, 120-140 nm in diameter, with a
      spherical core in the center of the virion.

PMID- 2284849
TI  - [The dynamics of the griseofulvin levels in the blood and skin of guinea pigs
      during its combined use with alpha-tocopherol].
AB  - Experiments with 120 guinea pigs have revealed that skin griseofulvin levels
      depend on blood griseofulvin level and reduce after a prolonged (for 3-4 weeks)
      administration of the antibiotic in a dose of 30 mg/kg. Reduction of P-450 system
      enzymes activities achieved with alpha-tocopherol slows down griseofulvin
      biotransformation rate and significantly elevates its blood serum and skin
      concentrations.

PMID- 2284850
TI  - [The dynamics of antibody formation in patients with fresh forms of syphilis
      treated by the single-course method with the novocaine salt of benzylpenicillin].
AB  - Investigation of the blood sera of patients with fresh syphilis forms before,
      immediately after, and in 6-18 months after treatment has confirmed a high
      sensitivity of the serologic tests for syphilis used in this country. The results
      of dynamic serologic monitoring of patients have demonstrated high efficacy of
      the therapeutic method used.

PMID- 2284851
TI  - [Further cases of Kimura's disease in the USSR].
AB  - The authors review literature on the clinical picture and possible pathogenesis
      of Kimura's disease, as well as on therapy of the condition. They describe a case
      of this disease. A woman aged 37 has developed this condition with typical
      clinical and histological signs.

PMID- 2284852
TI  - [The so-called "giant chancre"].

PMID- 2284853
TI  - [Epidemic control work and venereal disease morbidity].
AB  - Incidence of sexually transmitted diseases was compared to the number of newly
      diagnosed cases detected at all kinds of prophylactic medical examinations
      including protective measures in the infection focus. The analysis was made for
      1968-1987 and covered the data on the whole of Soviet Union and its separate
      republics. There was correlation between the two parameters studied.

PMID- 2284854
TI  - [The therapeutic possibilities in lichen ruber pilaris].
AB  - The results of therapy of 43 patients with lichen ruber pilaris are analyzed.
      Different treatment modalities were employed: PUVA therapy, Re-PUVA therapy,
      retinoids, PUVA therapy with methotrexate, etc. Re-PUVA therapy was found the
      most effective method of treatment. Retinoid therapy ranks second in efficacy,
      PUVA therapy third, etc.

PMID- 2284856
TI  - [The pathogenesis of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities].
AB  - The notion of a trophic ulcer is nosologically indefinite at present. Basing on
      current understanding of the pathogenesis of the processes that underlie the
      development of trophic ulcers on the lower limbs, the authors present a
      classification of such ulcers. They suggest a working scheme of trophic ulcers
      pathogenesis; according to this scheme, impaired blood microcirculation
      [correction of microhemocirculation] in the skin underlies the development of
      trophic ulcers on the lower limbs. These disorders involve hemocoagulation,
      angiopathic, and chronic inflammatory processes in the derma, that lead to
      necrosis and sclerosis of dermal connective tissue. Contribution of the body
      reactivity characteristics to the formation of trophic ulcers is discussed, as
      are the role of skin morphofunctional features and of exogenous factors. The
      authors believe that closely related pathogenetic mechanisms of trophic ulcer
      development imply treatment with the same complex of therapeutic modalities.

PMID- 2284855
TI  - [The clinico-immunological characteristics of patients with the typical and the
      erosive-ulcerative forms of lichen planus ruber].
AB  - Sixteen patients with typical and 17 with erosive ulcerative forms of lichen
      ruber planus were examined for the T- and B-immunity systems, myeloid series
      cells, complementary and spontaneous rosette-forming populations. B-lymphocyte
      levels were found elevated twofold in both groups of patients as against normal
      subjects. Patients with typical lichen planus developed a statistically
      significant elevation of T-lymphocyte count vs. normal subjects, whereas in
      patients with erosive ulcerative lichen planus this count was virtually
      unchanged. Reduced counts of active T-cells were detected in all the patients.
      The parameters of spontaneous and complementary rosette formation of neutrophils
      were different in the two groups of patients and in normal subjects. The counts
      of EAC-receptor carrying neutrophils were two times lower in the patients with
      erosive ulcerative lichen planus as against those with the typical form of the
      disease. Clinical manifestations correlated with changes in cell-mediated
      immunity factors; a marked defect of the neutrophilic receptor system has been
      detected, particularly manifest in erosive ulcerative lichen planus.

PMID- 2284857
TI  - [The dynamics of the kallikrein-kinin system indices in patients with eczema vera
      during treatment by the laser photophoresis method with ortofen].
AB  - A drastic increase (by 30.6 times) vs. the norm) of kallikrein activity was
      revealed in 70 patients with true eczema during exacerbation; blood plasma
      amidase activity was elevated 4.4-fold, serum alpha 2 macroglobulin antiprotease
      activity 1.4-fold. Laser photophoresis combined with application of a new Soviet
      nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent orthofen reduced the parameters of the
      kallikrein-kinin system, and a tendency to their normalization could be observed.

PMID- 2284859
TI  - [The outlook for computed thermography in dermatology].
AB  - Computer system with IR imager created at the Central Institute for Skin and
      Sexually Transmitted Diseases of the USSR Ministry of Health, automates and
      simplifies the thermography procedure, permits a statistical analysis of the
      image, this making possible wide use of this method for examination of patients.

PMID- 2284858
TI  - [Hepatobiliary system function in atopic dermatitis patients].
AB  - A total of 300 patients with atopic dermatitis were examined for the status of
      their gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas functioning. Besides clinical
      and laboratory studies, ultrasonic scanning of the liver and pancreas,
      fibrogastroduodenoscopy, radioimmunoassay of serum trypsin, C peptide, insulin,
      cholylglycine, radionuclide hepatography, and gamma pancreatoscintigraphy were
      carried out. Analysis of the findings permit a conclusion that chronic
      pancreatitis and impaired function of the liver and bile excretion are quite
      frequent in atopic dermatitis patients.

PMID- 2284860
TI  - [The treatment of urethral strictures of inflammatory origin by low-frequency
      ultrasound].
AB  - Urethral strictures were treated by ultrasonic exposure by means of a Barvinok MT
      apparatus, developed by the KVANT Research and Production Amalgamation in Kiev,
      and special ultrasonic wave-guides. The developed method essentially reduced the
      time of treatment, was conducive to a complete recovery of the urethral urine
      excretory function and of its anatomic and histologic structure; it ruled out the
      necessity of repeated examinations with a bougie, catheterization, or surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 2284861
TI  - [Experience with the use of physiotherapy in treating epididymitis].
AB  - Physiotherapy was employed in multiple-modality treatment of 217 patients
      suffering from urethritis complicated by epididymitis. The following
      physiotherapeutic modalities were employed: UHF inductothermy, UHF
      electrophoresis inductothermy with potassium iodide, UHF inductothermy + i. m.
      injections of trypsin, UHF trypsin electrophoresis inductothermy, which proved to
      be the most effective of all.

PMID- 2284862
TI  - [The characteristics of the clinical course and treatment of acantholytic
      pemphigus in children].
AB  - Six children suffering from acantholytic pemphigus were followed up. The disease
      manifestations in childhood are diverse and therefore the condition is diagnosed
      and the treatment started too late. Combined therapy including corticosteroids in
      optimal doses, fortifying agents, and drugs eliminating the side effects of
      steroid therapy, was fairly effective.

PMID- 2284863
TI  - [Acicular ichthyosis (the Curth-Macklin type)].
AB  - It is suggested that the double-nucleus phenomenon in the epidermis in type Curth
      Macklin [correction of Kurt-McLean] acicular ichthyosis is due to cytokinesis
      controlling gene mutation. Other hereditary dermatoses associated with needle
      like hyperkeratosis appear to be a heterogenic group not necessarily involving
      the formation of double-nuclear cells. The essence of double-nucleus phenomenon
      and morphogenesis of acicular ichthyosis are disputable at present.

PMID- 2284864
TI  - [Lofgren's syndrome].
AB  - Authors' clinical observations confirm the opinion of many physicians that
      nodular erythema is a rather frequent manifestation of pulmonary mediastinal
      sarcoidosis. They also come to a conclusion that the prediction is favorable for
      the patients in whom the disease onset was acute. Lofgren's syndrome was
      effectively treated with steroid hormones.

PMID- 2284865
TI  - [Plicate pachyderma of the head].
AB  - The authors describe a combination of two rare hereditary dermatoses, wrinkled
      pachyderma of the head (wrinkled skin of the head) and neurofibromatosis. The
      triad of clinical symptoms: wrinkled skin of the head, acromegaly, and drumstick
      symptom permit the diagnosis of pachydermoperiostosis (Touraine-Solente-Gole's
      syndrome).

PMID- 2284866
TI  - [Congenital absence of a kidney in a patient with the basal cell nevus syndrome].
AB  - Basal-cell nevus was diagnosed in a 60-year-old patient who suffered for 20 years
      from multiple basal-cell carcinomas. Autopsy has revealed congenital absence of
      the right kidney and ureter after his death at the age of 61.

PMID- 2284867
TI  - [A case of chromomycosis in a nonendemic region].
AB  - A 43-year-old miner of the Donetsk coal fields is described, who developed in a
      month after a microinjury of the skin of the thoracic left side an intumescence
      and skin reddening. Later an agglomeration of nodules formed there with small
      ulcers regularly appearing, that did not heal for a long time. Histologic and
      bacteriologic analysis confirmed chromomycosis. The disease focus was resected.
      No recurrences were recorded in the following 8 months. This observation points
      to a wider prevalence of chromomycosis in a nonendemic area, the European part of
      the USSR, than it is reported in literature.

PMID- 2284868
TI  - [The treatment of Devergie's lichen ruber pilaris].

PMID- 2284869
TI  - [The determination of the beta-lactamase activity of microorganisms by an
      acidometric method].

PMID- 2284870
TI  - [Changes and additions to the drafting of the annual report of a treatment-and
      prevention institution (form No. 1)].

PMID- 2284871
TI  - [An in-vitro system study of the immunomodulating activity of taktivin in atopic
      dermatitis].
AB  - In vitro effect of tactivin on E-rosette forming capacity of peripheral blood T
      lymphocytes of atopic dermatitis patients permits more accurate diagnosis of
      immunodeficiency degree, evaluation of the relations between T-cell immunity
      affection and immunomodulation results. Individual sensitivity of ERF cells to
      tactivin in vitro may be utilized for selection of patients in need for
      immunocorrection and the latter substantiation.

PMID- 2284872
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn infant from
      the pediatric point of view].
AB  - 1. Enteral feeding and factors promoting hypoxia and ischaemia of the gut are
      thought to cause necrotising enterocolitis of the newborn but have not been
      proven as factors in the pathogenesis of NEC. Enteral feeding may be started in
      principle on the first day of life at a rate of 10-20 ml/kg/day. Controlled
      results to the contrary have not been published. 2. Drugs which have a high
      osmolarity should be diluted with milk as far as possible to avoid mucosal
      damage. 3. In cases of epidemic NEC, infants with proven disease should be
      isolated. The use of a bactericidal and virucidal disinfectant is imperative for
      hand disinfection. 4. Early diagnosis and early treatment are necessary to
      prevent progression to advanced stages. 5. Antibiotic treatment should be
      selected to cover the entire bacterial spectrum of the ward. 6. Frequent
      physical, radiological and ultrasound examinations should be done to monitor the
      course of the disease. Laboratory analyses should include: acid-basis status,
      leukocytes, differential blood picture, thrombocytes, C-reactive protein,
      haematocrit, serum electrolytes. 7. Large amounts of fluid may be necessary to
      prevent and treat hypovolaemic shock. 8. Abdominal paracentesis helps to
      recognise peritonitis and intestinal gangrene and allows surgical treatment as
      early as possible.

PMID- 2284873
TI  - [Necrotizing enterocolitis from the viewpoint of the pediatric surgeon-
      therapeutic considerations].
AB  - In order to define diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines from a paediatric
      surgical point of view, clinical, laboratory chemical and intraoperative findings
      from 52 children with necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) were evaluated and
      correlated with fatality. This analysis produced the following results: 1. The
      fatality rate for patients with "proven" NEC (n = 28) was 3 = 9%. All 3 of these
      children who died were so-called "high risk" patients. The fatality rate for
      patients with "advanced" NEC (n = 24) with intestinal perforation was 6 = 25%.
      Five of these children who died were so-called "high risk" patients. These 2
      patient groups are comparable because the concepts of surgical indication and
      timing were identical, the technical conditions for surgery were the same, a
      standardised surgical procedure was employed, and the distribution pattern and
      extent of intestinal damage were consistent, except for the intestinal
      perforation in the second group. In addition, the proportion of "high risk"
      patients was approximately the same in both groups. Therefore, the 2 groups
      differed only in the attribute of intestinal perforation. Accordingly, the
      results of comparison cannot be considered to be statistically significant, yet
      they do indicate a prognostic tendency: Children who cannot receive surgery until
      after the occurrence of intestinal perforation have a poorer prognosis. 2. The
      highly indicative diagnostic criterion for proof of developing intestinal
      gangrene is puncture of the abdominal cavity, enabling detection of migratory
      peritonitis. 3. With regard to fatality, a comparison of various surgical
      procedures confirms the special importance of an enterostoma over primary
      anastomosis. Exceptions only serve to prove the rule here as well.

PMID- 2284874
TI  - Duration and severity of congenital hydronephrosis as a cause of smooth muscle
      deterioration in pyelo-ureteral junction obstruction.
AB  - A potential relationship between duration and severity of obstructive
      hydronephrosis and the histological structure of the upper urinary tract smooth
      musculature has been studied in a series of prenatally diagnosed cases. Between
      1981 and 1988, fifty-five monolateral pyelo-ureteral junction obstructions
      (PUJO), prenatally diagnosed (16th-37th week of gestational age), underwent
      pyeloplasty between 4 and 90 days of life. Gestational age at the diagnosis,
      delta t (duration of hydronephrosis from first detection in utero to surgery) and
      V (volume of the hydronephrotic kidney) were related to the frequency of muscle
      hypotrophy and fibrosis of both pelvis and ureter just above and below the
      junction. A close correlation between duration (delta t) and the severity of the
      involvement of the smooth musculature of the upper urinary tract was found. The
      larger the volumes (V), the more severe the muscular damage. In the long-term
      follow-up, poor results were obtained only in 5 of the 19 newborn who had severe
      hypotrophy and fibrosis of the pelvis. In conclusion, in PUJO, the shorter the
      delta t and the lower the V, the better one expects the smooth musculature of the
      upper urinary tract to be.

PMID- 2284875
TI  - Growth disturbance following metaphyseal bending fractures of the proximal tibia-
      an experimental study in the mini pig.
AB  - Based on our clinical experience, we postulate that the unilateral "posttraumatic
      genu valgum" develops on the grounds of an unreduced primary valgus deformity.
      This induces a disturbance of the consolidation on the medial aspect of the
      fracture. Subsequently, a partial medial stimulation of the epiphyseal plate
      develops resulting in a secondary valgus deformity. We succeeded in proving
      experimentally this postulate using the Mini Pig as an experimental model. We
      investigated 33 tibiae of 17 Mini Pigs. With radiological follow-up studies we
      were able to show that the operatively created primary valgus deformity induces
      an increased valgus deformity of functional significance. This is a model of the
      unreduced fracture in men. However, the transection of the pes anserinus and the
      periost per se did not provoke a significant valgus formation. Based on these
      experimental results and our clinical findings we postulate the following
      treatment for the metaphyseal bending fractures of the proximal tibia in men: 1.
      Accurate, usually conservative, reduction of any primary valgus malposition of
      the fracture. 2. Retention of the corrected position of the tibia in a plaster
      cast. 3. Compression of the medial aspect of the fracture to prevent disturbance
      of consolidation and subsequent development of valgus deformity.

PMID- 2284876
TI  - [Results of conservative treatment of ligament lesions of children's ankle joint-
      a prospective study].
AB  - There is disagreement in the literature about the ideal treatment of ligamentous
      injuries of the ankle in children. We examined the results of controlled
      conservative treatment by means of a prospective study in 28 children, each with
      a fresh ligamentous ankle injury. In all patients the supinatory talus tilt was
      between 7 and 15 degrees as compared with the noninjured side. The children were
      treated with a plaster cast for 6 weeks. The results of the present study were
      compared with results of two other earlier investigations from our department. In
      one group the patients had been treated not uniformly conservatively for 1-5
      weeks. In another group, patients were treated by operative ligamentous repair
      (5, 8). At the follow-up examination 82% of the children of the present study
      showed ligamentous stability, which is approximately the same percentage as it
      was found in operatively treated children (84%), but lies significantly higher
      than in inconsequentially conservatively treated patients (74%), (p greater than
      0.05). 50% of the children in the present study complained about some discomfort,
      a number that is significantly higher than that found after operative treatment
      (30%), (p greater than 0.05). We assume that conservative treatment of fibular
      ankle lesions is justified in children with supinatory talus tilts between 7-15
      degrees as compared with the noninjured side. Ligamentous stability can be
      expected in 80% of the patients.

PMID- 2284877
TI  - [Traumatic embolization of the middle cerebral artery].
AB  - A 3 mm metallic particle, which had blasted during grinding operation, shot into
      the neck of a nine year old boy, penetrated into the common carotid artery and
      embolized the right middle cerebral artery. There had been no neurological
      symptoms until four days after the injury. Suddenly, a mild left side hemiparesis
      occurred with accentuation of the arm. The case illustrates an unusual
      penetration and intravascular migration of a foreign body. After the injury,
      penetration and subsequent peripheric embolisation can happen immediately, or as
      in our case within a short time after. Hence, the small particle may not be
      detected by a local radiogram, or may not be found on surgical exploration.
      Therefore, in all cases of neck wounds caused by low velocity injection of
      foreign bodies, radiological evaluation with skull-x-rays and a neurological
      examination should be done. If further special scans are required, these should
      be accomplished by axial computer tomography, because the metallic nature of the
      foreign bodies would prohibit the examination by magnetic resonance.

PMID- 2284878
TI  - [Occurrence of cancers in duplications of the digestive tract].
AB  - Sometimes duplications of the digestive tract are diagnosed not before adulthood.
      Single cases of malignant tumours in combination with duplications have been
      described previously. The poor incidence of this entity is documented by less
      than 20 reports in the last 107 years. There are so far no reports concerning the
      development of carcinomas within tubulous duplications of the oesophagus. The
      case of an adult patient having oesophageal duplication with an adenocarcinoma is
      reported.

PMID- 2284879
TI  - [Therapy of traumatic hemobilia].
AB  - Haematobilia is caused by a pathological linking of the arterial vascular system
      and intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. This report presents the case of a
      traumatic haematobilia in a child. Possibilities to achieve safe diagnosis are
      discussed and suggestions for treatment are considered. In the case presented
      here, occlusion of the arteriobiliar shunt is effected by means of a rejectable
      balloon catheter according to Serbinenko. This method has been successfully tried
      in neurosurgery and developed further, and can be applied to similar disease
      patterns in disciplines other than neurosurgery.

PMID- 2284880
TI  - Tubular anal duplication--experiences with two cases.
AB  - Anal duplication is a very rare abnormality, especially in infants. Two cases of
      tubular anal duplication of the infant and neonate are reported in this paper. In
      all cases, removal of the duplicated anus through the perineal approach was
      accomplished without difficulty. The histology revealed a squamous epithelium
      with smooth muscle component around the cavity, combined with collumnar or
      transitional epithelium. There was no evidence of inflammation. The postoperative
      courses were uneventful with satisfactory anal function. The definite aetiology
      of this condition is still unknown, although several hypotheses have been
      proposed.

PMID- 2284881
TI  - [Stenosing ureteritis and factor XIII deficiency in anaphylactoid purpura].
AB  - A case report of a 6-year-old boy is presented. The patient suffered from a
      severe Schonlein-Henoch purpura. It was demonstrated that ureteral stenosis
      develops during the clinical course of this disease. This complication has to be
      considered in anaphylactoid purpura, since it is usually self-limiting and does
      not require surgical intervention. This confirms once again the necessity to look
      for a decrease of factor XIII activity in these patients and of the value of
      substituting this compound if there are severe abdominal complaints. The
      theoretical background of this therapeutical intervention is discussed.

PMID- 2284882
TI  - [Fetus in fetu: a case report of an extremely rare cause of abdominal tumors in
      the infant].
AB  - Fetus in fetu is an extremely uncommon cause of an abdominal mass in the neonate.
      A 6-week-old female was brought to our hospital because of an upper abdominal
      mass. A plain x-ray demonstrated a mass of structured bones that suggested a
      teratoma or fetus in fetu. At operation a 20 cm mass was found in the mesocolon
      covered by a membrane. The mass corresponded to a fetus in fetu connected by an
      umbilical-like cord to the host in the depth of the radix mesocoli. The fetus in
      fetu weighed 150 g and had severe malformations, such as internal hydrocephalus,
      a left side anotia, a descended right ear, anophthalmia, a right-sided amelia, a
      micromelia on the left side with 4 fingers, a sympus with 5 and 7 toes on the
      left and right side, respectively. There was also an almost complete aplasia of
      the internal organs with some remnants of intestine near the umbilical cord.

PMID- 2284883
TI  - Twin fetuses in fetu and a review of the literature.

PMID- 2284884
TI  - Iodine deficiency diseases in Switzerland one hundred years after Theodor
      Kocher's survey: a historical review with some new goitre prevalence data.
AB  - In certain regions of Switzerland, before prophylaxis, 0.5% of the inhabitants
      were cretins, almost 100% of schoolchildren had large goitres and up to 30% of
      young men were unfit for military service owing to a large goitre. Iodization of
      salt was introduced in 1922 at 3.75 mg I per kg and the iodine content was
      doubled twice, in 1962 and 1980, to the present 15 mg I per kg. In 1988, 92% of
      retail salt and 76% of all salt for human consumption (including food industry)
      was iodized, even though its use is voluntary. Urinary iodine excretion,
      previously between 18 and 64 micrograms per per day, has now risen to 150
      micrograms per day. No new endemic cretins born after 1930 have been identified.
      Goitre disappeared rapidly in newborns and schoolchildren, more slowly in army
      recruits, and incompletely in elderly adults. In some Cantons (by constitution in
      charge of health matters and the salt monopoly) which allowed iodized salt only
      in 1952, disappearance of goitre lagged behind accordingly, proof that iodized
      salt was the cause of regression. The Swiss data provide evidence that isolated
      deafness, mental deficiency, and short stature, each without the other attributes
      of cretinism have also decreased. Adverse effects of iodized salt were minimal,
      possibly because the initial iodine content of salt was chosen very low.
      Iodization of salt has proved a highly cost-effective preventive measure in
      Switzerland.

PMID- 2284885
TI  - On the usefulness of levothyroxine suppressive therapy in the medical treatment
      of benign solitary, solid or predominantly solid, thyroid nodules.
AB  - The efficacy of levothyroxine suppressive therapy in the treatment of benign
      solitary thyroid nodules is controversial. In order to investigate this issue
      further we studied 122 patients with a solitary, solid or predominantly solid,
      thyroid nodule. The benign (colloid) nature of all nodules was proved by fine
      needle aspiration biopsy. At the pertechnetate-99m thyroid scanning 91% of the
      nodules were "cold" and 9% "warm". All the patients received suppressive oral
      doses of levothyroxine (0.1 to 0.2 mg/day). Fifty-three patients were treated
      with levothyroxine for 6 months, 31 for 9 months and 38 for 12 months. The size
      of each nodule before and after treatment was evaluated by high-resolution
      ultrasonography. The actual suppression of TSH secretion was monitored at 3-month
      intervals using an ultrasensitive immunometric assay. At the end of levothyroxine
      treatment, patients were classified as responders (decrease in nodule volume
      greater than or equal to 50%, 68/122 = 55.7%; mean percent change in nodule
      volume = -77.1 +/- 15.7%), partially responders (decrease in nodule volume less
      than 50%, 24/122 = 19.7%; mean percent change in nodule volume = -27.5 +/-
      10.1%), and nonresponders, when either no change in nodule volume (16/122 =
      13.1%) or an increase in nodule volume (14/122 = 11.5%) was observed. In each
      group serum free T4 rose significantly in response to levothyroxine therapy,
      whereas serum free T3 remained unchanged. TSH levels were undetectable in all
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284886
TI  - Effects of methimazole treatment on growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing
      hormone in patients with hyperthyroidism.
AB  - In vitro studies have demonstrated that thyroid hormones can enhance basal and
      stimulated growth hormone secretion by cultured pituitary cells. However, both in
      man and in the rat the effects of high thyroid hormone levels on GH secretion are
      unclear. The aim of our study was to test the GH response to human GHRH in
      hyperthyroid patients and to evaluate the effects on GH secretion of short- and
      long-term pharmacological decrease of circulating thyroid hormones. We examined
      10 hyperthyroid patients with recent diagnosis of Graves' disease. Twelve healthy
      volunteers served as controls. All subjects received a bolus iv injection of
      GHRH(1-29)NH2, 100 micrograms. Hyperthyroid patients underwent a GHRH test one
      and three months after starting antithyroid therapy with methimazole, 10 mg/day
      po. GH levels at 15, 30, 45, 60 min and GH peak after stimulus were significantly
      lower in hyperthyroid patients than in normal subjects. The GH peak was also
      delayed in hyperthyroid patients. After one month of methimazole therapy, most of
      the hyperthyroid patients had thyroid hormone levels in the normal range, but
      they did not show significant changes in GH levels after GHRH, and the GH peak
      was again delayed. After three months of therapy with methimazole, the
      hyperthyroid patients did not show a further significant decrease in serum
      thyroid hormone levels. However, mean GH levels from 15 to 60 min were
      significantly increased compared with the control study. The GH peak after GHRH
      was also earlier than in the pre-treatment study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2284887
TI  - Lack of effects of hyperglycemia on the disposal of 3-hydroxybutyrate in insulin
      dependent diabetic patients.
AB  - There is evidence that hyperketonemia in insulin-dependent diabetes may be
      aggravated by a decreased disposal rate for ketone bodies. To test the hypothesis
      that this decrease may be induced by concomitant hyperglycemia through substrate
      competition at the acetyl-CoA level, 5 young insulin-dependent diabetic subjects
      received at 2-h iv infusion of 0.9 mmol 3-hydroxybutyrate.kg-1.h-1 at clamped 1.
      euglycemia (5 mmol/l) and 2. hyperglycemia (11 mmol/l) on separate occasions. To
      ensure similar metabolic conditions, a low-dose hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp
      was performed during the 5 h preceding the actual studies. Substrate fluxes in
      muscle were assessed through the forearm technique. The glucose infusion rate was
      4.9 and 2.9 mg.kg-1.min-1, and the forearm arteriovenous difference for glucose
      was 0.72 during hyperglycemia and 0.39 mmol/l (p less than 0.05), during
      euglycemia. Hyperglycemia did not affect circulating levels of free insulin,
      glucagon, non-esterified fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate (hyperglycemia: 665,
      euglycemia: 770 mumol/l, p greater than 0.05) or acetoacetate, nor forearm uptake
      of 3-hydroxybutyrate (hyperglycemia, 152, euglycemia: 168 mumol/l, p greater than
      0.05). In conclusion, our results do not suggest any inhibitory role for
      hyperglycemia in the disposal of ketone bodies. In as much as extrapolation from
      the present well insulinized state is appropriate, the data indicate that
      alternative mechanisms may be involved in the observed impairment of ketone body
      clearance in hyperketonemic insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

PMID- 2284888
TI  - Testicular responsiveness to hCG during infancy measured by salivary
      testosterone.
AB  - To investigate the role of gonadotropins in postnatal testicular activation,
      testosterone responsiveness to human chorionic gonadotropin was studied in 11
      male infants (aged 5-180 days). The boys were given a single im injection of 5000
      IU/1.7m2 hCG, and serum and salivary testosterone responses were then measured
      for 7 days. The results were compared with the serum testosterone responses of 8
      older prepubertal boys (aged 1.7-10.4 years) studied with the same protocol. The
      mean (+/- SEM) basal serum testosterone levels were 2.67 +/- 1.27 nmol/l in the
      infants and 0.09 +/- 0.02 nmol/l in the prepubertal boys (p less than 0.05). Both
      groups gave a significant response to hCG stimulation (p less than 0.001, ANOVA,
      one-way). The stimulated concentrations of serum testosterone were higher in the
      infants than in the prepubertal boys (p less than 0.001). The mean basal level of
      salivary testosterone was 30.5 +/- 7.0 and the mean maximal level was 97 +/- 10.3
      pmol/l in the infants (p less than 0.001). No age-related changes were observed
      in either basal or hCG-stimulated levels. In infants the mean (+/- SEM) maximal
      hCG-stimulated increase was 25 +/- 10-fold in serum and 8 +/- 4-fold in saliva (p
      = 0.13). A clear stimulatory effect of hCG on testicular testosterone production
      was found, suggesting that the postnatal increase in serum testosterone
      concentration in male infants is gonadotropin-mediated. Salivary testosterone
      concentrations can be increased by hCG, indicating that measurements of salivary
      testosterone may provide an optional, non-invasive method for assessing gonadal
      function in children.

PMID- 2284889
TI  - Epidermal growth factor in mice: changes during circadian and female reproductive
      cycles.
AB  - To clarify the variation of mouse epidermal growth factor production during the
      24-h and female reproductive cycles, we measured its concentrations in the
      plasma, submandibular salivary gland, urine, kidneys and liver of adult male and
      female mice during consecutive 12-h dark and 12-h light periods, different stages
      of pregnancy, and lactation. The concentration of epidermal growth factor in the
      submandibular gland showed no circadian changes. In plasma and in the liver it
      increased during the dark period, whereas in urine and in the kidneys it peaked
      in the daytime. In the submandibular gland the concentration decreased during
      early pregnancy, but it returned to the non-pregnant levels by mid-pregnancy. In
      plasma it decreased progressively during pregnancy and recovered during
      lactation. In urine and the kidneys the concentration of epidermal growth factor
      increased after early pregnancy; with a further great increase in the kidneys
      during lactation. In the liver the concentration was clearly below the non
      pregnant levels during late pregnancy and lactation.

PMID- 2284890
TI  - Antidiuretic effect of indapamide in central diabetes insipidus.
AB  - Indapamide produced a significant decrease in urinary output in three patients
      with central diabetes insipidus. The 24-h urinary volume was reduced from 5 to
      2.3 l in a 39-year-old woman; from 11 to 4.3 l in a 30-year-old man, and from 16
      to 9.2 l in a 40-year-old man receiving 2.5 mg of indapamide per day. To our
      knowledge, the antidiuretic effect of indapamide in central diabetes insipidus
      has not been reported previously.

PMID- 2284892
TI  - Acta fifty years ago. Three articles from 1940, and a personal note on one of
      them.

PMID- 2284891
TI  - Effects of truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 on pancreatic hormone release in
      normal conscious dogs.
AB  - The effects of truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on insulin and glucagon
      release were examined in unanesthetized normal dogs. A bolus injection of GLP-1(7
      36)amide elicited a transient increase in the plasma insulin level, which brought
      about a decrease in the plasma glucose level. The degree of increase in plasma
      insulin levels with GLP-1(7-35)OH or GLP-1(7-37)OH was less than that induced by
      GLP-1(7-36)amide. The plasma glucagon level did not increase in spite of mild
      hypoglycemia. The infusion of graded doses of GLP-1(7-36)amide (6, 36, 120 ng.kg
      1.min-1 every 30 min) did not change the plasma glucose, insulin or glucagon
      levels significantly. The degree of increase in the plasma glucose level induced
      by iv glucose infusion (12 mg.kg-1.min-1) was reduced by coinfusion of GLP-1(7
      36)amide (6 ng.kg-1.min-1), although the degree of increase in the plasma insulin
      level was the same as that in a control experiment (coinfusion of the vehicle).
      Coinfusion of GLP-1(7-36)amide (60 ng.kg-1.min-1) caused an augmented increase in
      the plasma insulin level and a reduced increase in the plasma glucose level
      during iv glucose infusion (17 mg.kg-1.min-1) compared with the control
      experiment. The degree of decrease in the plasma glucagon level during iv glucose
      infusion was not affected by the coinfusion. The degree of increase in the plasma
      glucagon level induced by insulin hypoglycemia and the profile of the plasma
      glucose level at that time were not affected by the infusion of GLP-1(7
      36)amide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2284893
TI  - Smoking affects fetal growth selectively.

PMID- 2284894
TI  - Delivery of the large fetus.

PMID- 2284895
TI  - Maternal body weight and relation to birth weight.
AB  - In The Stockholm Pregnancy and Weight Development Study the relationships between
      birth weight and maternal initial body weight as well as weight increase during
      pregnancy were analysed in 2,295 subjects. As expected, the most important
      predictor of birth weight was total maternal weight increase, followed by initial
      maternal body weight. However, in women with an initial BMI value above 24 kg/m2,
      birth weight did not increase significantly in tact with maternal weight. The
      frequency of cesarean sections, 12% overall, was not significantly increased with
      maternal body weight. These data show that birth weight increases with maternal
      weight only up to the upper normal body weight.

PMID- 2284896
TI  - Serum levels of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol during the normal and diabetic pregnancy
      and puerperium.
AB  - In 25 normally non-pregnant women, 543 normally pregnant women and 75 pregnant
      women with diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes mellitus, the relationship
      between the serum concentration of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (1-deoxy-glucose) and
      carbohydrate metabolism was studied. The concentration of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol
      was estimated by means of gas-liquid chromatography. In normally non-pregnant
      women the concentration was found to be 18.6 +/- 5.2 mg/l (mean +/- SD). During
      the normal pregnancy, from 9 weeks of gestation, a steadily decreasing
      concentration was observed as the pregnancy progressed and the lowest value (10.2
      +/- 4.6 mg/l) was found in the third trimester. After 5 days of puerperium the
      concentrations were found to be 10.8 +/- 3.7 mg/l. On the 30th day postpartum,
      the level was within the range for non-pregnant subjects. The values in pregnant
      women with diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus were mostly below
      10 mg/l throughout the entire pregnant period. The 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol
      concentration was not affected by meals or oral glucose loading. A concentration
      below 10 mg/l was found in 36% of the normally pregnant women, where oral glucose
      tolerance tests and measurement of glycohemoglobin were shown to be within the
      normal range. The present study suggests that a change of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol
      level during pregnancy may reflect a mild alteration of carbohydrate metabolism
      that goes undetected by all the other diabetic indicators.

PMID- 2284897
TI  - The effects of ritodrine infusion on fetal myocardial function and fetal
      hemodynamics.
AB  - The effects of ritodrine infusion on fetal myocardial function and fetal
      hemodynamics were studied in 18 singleton, healthy, pregnant women with premature
      uterine contractions. Ritodrine was given intravenously for 2 1/2 h. In 10 cases
      both M-mode echocardiographs of the fetal heart and measurements of the blood
      flow in the fetal descending thoracic aorta were made before and after the
      infusion. No changes took place in the functional parameters or ventricular size
      of the fetal heart during the infusion. Fetal heart rate increased significantly.
      In the aorta both the volumetric flow and time-averaged systolic peak, mean and
      end-diastolic velocities increased significantly, while there were no changes in
      wave-form indices. In 8 other cases, blood velocity waveform indices were
      measured by color Doppler flow mapping from the fetal middle cerebral, renal and
      umbilical arteries. During the infusion the waveform indices decreased
      significantly in the middle cerebral and renal arteries. There was no change in
      the indices of the umbilical artery. Ritodrine did not cause any unfavorable
      changes in the fetal myocardial function or blood flow in the aorta and umbilical
      artery. The decreased waveform indices in fetal middle cerebral and renal
      arteries might indicate decreased vascular resistance in these vessels.

PMID- 2284898
TI  - Cerebral blood flow during labor in the human fetus.
AB  - A method is described for recording blood flow velocity waveforms from fetal
      cerebral vessels during labor, using a 2 MHz pulsed Doppler ultrasound technique.
      Fifteen healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies and labor without signs of
      fetal distress participated in the study. With membranes ruptured and cervix
      orifice open 4-9 cm, the Doppler transducer was placed transvaginally on the
      fetal skull and the Doppler shift signals from the middle cerebral artery were
      located. The maximum velocity waveforms were recorded before, during and after
      uterine contractions and analysed off-line for pulsatility index (PI). No
      differences in the PI were found with regard to the uterine contractions. The
      results suggest an unchanged peripheral resistance in the fetal cerebral vascular
      bed during the first stage of normal labor.

PMID- 2284899
TI  - Results of oral glucose tolerance test performed following birth of a baby with
      birthweight above 4,500 grams.
AB  - Results are presented from 128 oral glucose tolerance tests carried out 4 days
      (median) post partum in 129 women who gave birth to an infant with birthweight
      greater than 4,500 g. Among these 129, only 1 overweight patient was found to be
      diabetic; testing revealed glucose intolerance in 7 patients, of whom 6 had
      returned to normal at re-examination. These data are comparable to those found in
      a general Danish population screening. Oral glucose tolerance tests based upon
      blood glucose concentrations 2 h postprandially, performed in the puerperium,
      cannot be recommended as a screening procedure for diabetes mellitus. By
      regressional analyses of data from 64 controls with normal-weight offspring,
      including six factors customarily related to birth weight, the importance of each
      risk factor could be estimated. The following simple equation revealed a
      correlation coefficient of 0.69: Estimated birthweight = 122 x menostasia in
      weeks + 370 x average weight of siblings in kg + 43 x weight gain in pregnancy +
      6 x maternal weight before pregnancy -3,655.

PMID- 2284900
TI  - Doubling time and hCG score for the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in
      asymptomatic women.
AB  - In a group of 20 asymptomatic women at increased risk for ectopic pregnancy,
      serum analyses were conducted prospectively early in pregnancy (amenorrhea less
      than or equal to 45 days) at 2-4-day intervals, to examine the rate of increase
      in hCG values. The initial serum hCG level, which was determined at the time of
      the first transvaginal ultrasound examination, was below the discriminatory zone
      of 1000 IU/l (2nd International Standard). In 8 out of the 9 women who were
      ultimately diagnosed as having an ectopic pregnancy, the increase in hCG
      progressed only slowly, with a doubling time exceeding 2.2 days. This slow hCG
      increase occurred in 2 out of the 11 women who were ultimately diagnosed as
      having an intra-uterine pregnancy; both women subsequently had an early
      spontaneous abortion. When Lindblom's hCG score was applied retrospectively to
      distinguish between intra-uterine and ectopic pregnancies, the hCG increase in
      all the ectopic pregnancies was below 190 IU/l per day and in 10 of the 11 women
      with an intra-uterine pregnancy above 190 IU/l per day. A slower rate of increase
      was observed in only one woman with an intra-uterine pregnancy; she had a
      spontaneous abortion. The doubling time of hCG and the hCG score are useful
      diagnostic aids in cases where transvaginal ultrasound has not (yet) given a
      definite answer regarding the presence of an intra-uterine pregnancy.

PMID- 2284901
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of unicornuate uterus.
AB  - Five patients with a hysterosalpingographic diagnosis of unicornuate uterus
      underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and subsequently
      laparoscopy/laparotomy to evaluate the ability of MRI to identify the various
      subclasses of this malformation. The method was demonstrated to be valid, since
      in all 5 cases (one subclass A1b, two subclass A2, two subclass B) were correctly
      diagnosed. Compared with laparoscopy, MRI is less expensive, less invasive, and
      can be performed in women in whom laparoscopic examination is risky. However,
      unlike laparoscopy, MRI can not detect the presence of minimal and mild
      endometriosis and does not allow assessment of the tubal conditions.

PMID- 2284902
TI  - Management of urinary incontinence in gynecological practice in Norway.
AB  - In order to investigate how Norwegian gynecologists manage female urinary
      incontinence in their daily practice, a questionnaire about six typical case
      histories was sent to the members of the Norwegian Gynaecological Association.
      The questionnaire comprised questions about investigations, use of laboratory
      tests and treatment options. Of 268 questionnaires sent out, 190 were returned
      (71%). Frequency-volume charts were recommended by 42% of the doctors and pad
      weighting tests by 12%. Urodynamic examination was recommended for 55% of the
      cases, but mainly in mixed incontinence (76 and 77%). Pelvic floor exercises were
      suggested more often to younger patients than to the elderly. Drugs were
      infrequently suggested, mainly following appropriate indications. Drugs and pads
      were recommended especially for the elderly. The recommendation rate for surgical
      repair was higher for young age and greater degree of stress incontinence. The
      modest therapeutic ambition on behalf of the elderly women lacks basis in
      clinical research. A general management program for female urinary incontinence
      would possibly standardize and improve the quality of incontinence care by
      gynecologists in Norway.

PMID- 2284903
TI  - A comparative evaluation of the Multiload 250 and Multiload 375 intra-uterine
      devices.
AB  - The experience of 1254 women who had Multiload 250s (MLCu250) and 754 women who
      had Multiload 375s (MLCu375) inserted by the author was evaluated. The
      performance of the two Multiload models was similar over 4 years of use, except
      for a significantly lower (p less than 0.05) pregnancy rate for the MLCu375 (4
      year cumulative life table rates: 3.0 vs 5.4 per 100 women). Use of the MLCu250
      and MLCu375 provided women with a very safe method of contraception. Many of the
      removals for medical reasons other than bleeding, pain or pelvic inflammatory
      disease (PID) appeared to be unrelated to IUD use. Thirty-nine women had their
      IUDs removed for suspected PID, but the diagnosis of PID was confirmed in only
      44% of these cases. The overall rate of confirmed cases of PID was 0.3 per 100
      woman-years. Except for a higher rate of PID during the first few months of
      Multiload use, the results of the study did not indicate that IUD use is
      associated with an increased risk of PID. Multiload use did not impair future
      pregnancy or affect the outcomes of these pregnancies.

PMID- 2284904
TI  - A 16-year-old girl with invasive carcinoma of the vulva.
AB  - We present a 16-year-old girl with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. The patient
      initially received a radical treatment because of lymph-node dissemination.
      However, recurrent disease erupted a little more than one year after the initial
      treatment, with metastases in the right lung and multiple osteolytic skeletal
      metastases. Despite aggressive treatments with chemotherapy the patient died
      about 2 years after the initial diagnosis. An aggressive radical treatment must
      be chosen for cases of invasive vulvar carcinoma, irrespective of the patient's
      age.

PMID- 2284905
TI  - Smoking and pregnancy, with special reference to fetal growth and certain trace
      element distribution between mother, placenta, and fetus.

PMID- 2284906
TI  - Significance of pressor input from the human feet in lateral postural control.
      The effect of hypothermia on galvanically induced body-sway.
AB  - The significance to human postural control of pressor information from the feet
      was investigated during vestibular disturbance in seven normal subjects who were
      exposed to bipolar biaural galvanic stimulation of the vestibular nerves before
      and after their feet were anaesthetized with hypothermia. The increase in body
      sway in the lateral plane induced by the galvanic stimulus was enhanced when the
      feet were anaesthetized, and adaptation of postural control to the galvanic
      stimulus was delayed. It is concluded that pressor information from the feet
      contributes significantly to postural control in humans and is important in
      compensating for vestibular disturbance.

PMID- 2284908
TI  - Electrocochleography in an experimental animal model of acute endolymphatic
      hydrops.
AB  - A reliable animal model of acute type of endolymphatic hydrops was made with
      injection of artificial endolymph into the cochlear duct. In 12 animals without
      Reissner's membrane rupture, the endolymphatic potentials (EP) were kept normal
      after injection of artificial endolymph, but their electrocochleography (ECoG)
      showed as: a rise of summating potentials (SP) amplitude, a decrease of action
      potentials (AP) amplitude, an increase of SP/AP ratio, as well as a delay of N1
      latency. In 7 animals with membrane rupture, the EP significantly decreased. ECoG
      showed as: a decrease of hearing function in all test frequencies, a distortion
      of SP-AP wave and even a loss of AP. Based on the results of our experiment it
      can be assumed that the dominant -SP may be seen in the acute stage of
      endolymphatic hydrops without a rupture of Reissner's membrane. Therefore, the
      dominant -SP may only be of value in the clinical diagnosis during episodic
      vertigo and fluctuating hearing loss of Meniere's disease.

PMID- 2284907
TI  - Modelling the action of caloric stimulation of the vestibule. I. The hydrostatic
      model.
AB  - In this first article of four the problem is displayed using experiments on
      humans for two kinds of gravity related positions. In each case the nystagmus
      depends sinusoidally on a particular orientation of the canal to the vertical. In
      each case, too, a dissymmetry of the response occurs. This kind of behavior
      confirms that the caloric stimulation induces both a gravity dependent and a
      gravity independent effect. A simple mechanical model gives account of the
      gravity dependent effect. It does not imply the otolithic system. Since the
      cupula adheres to the ampullar wall and to the crista, this is a hydrostatic
      model in contrast to Barany's model, which is of hydrodynamic type.

PMID- 2284909
TI  - Tinnitus associated spontaneous otoacoustic emissions. Active outer hair cell
      movements as common origin?
AB  - In the mammalian inner ear, active mechanical processes contribute to cochlear
      micromechanics. Direct evidence of these are spontaneous otoacoustic emissions
      (SOAE) which have been registered in the human and animal ear canal. In mammals,
      outer hair cells (OHC) seem to be the origin of this mechanical energy, because
      they exhibit motile responses to various stimuli. Here we report on bilateral
      tinnitus and bilateral SOAE with both acoustical phenomena located in the same
      frequency range. In a playback of the SOAEs their frequences were identified as
      the pitch of the tinnitus. An additional criterion favoring a common
      pathomechanism of SOAEs and tinnitus resulted from masking effects. Tinnitus and
      SOAEs from both sides were suppressed by the same tone, which indicates that the
      involved pathways are identical. Therefore we suggest that pathological long-term
      movements of only a small number of OHCs underlie both phenomena. From the SOAE
      emission spectra we calculated that not more than 60 OHCs might be involved.

PMID- 2284910
TI  - Spiral modiolar vein: its importance in inner ear inflammation.
AB  - The inner ear responds immunologically to foreign proteins and pathogens
      introduced into the cochlea. The route of entry of the cells participating in the
      inner ear inflammatory process is the spiral modiolar vein with its collecting
      venules. Since this vein is located adjacent to the scala tympani, the end result
      of cellular infiltration is fibro-osseous obliteration of this scala
      preferentially. This observation has implications for the placement of cochlear
      implant electrodes of patients with labyrinthitis as the cause of hearing loss.

PMID- 2284911
TI  - Bone modeling in the otic capsule of the rat.
AB  - Bone modeling determines postuterine gross bone architecture. During growth the
      shape and proportion of all bones are continuously adapted to function by surface
      resorption and surface formation. This process is responsible for exchange of
      most primary endochondral type bone with lamellar endosteal or periosteal bone.
      By a combination of microradiography, tetracycline fluorescence and osteoid
      staining of undecalcified material bone modeling in the otic capsule of the rat
      was studied and compared to well-known modeling patterns in rat long bones.
      Perilymphatic spaces were found to be enclosed in a layer of primary bone
      resistant to resorption associated with surface modeling. It is proposed, that
      this drift barrier is maintained by a control mechanism present inside the
      perilymphatic space.

PMID- 2284912
TI  - Central fiber connections of the vestibulo-autonomic reflex arc in cats.
AB  - The fiber connections associated with the vestibulo-autonomic reflex in the brain
      stem were investigated in cats using electrophysiological and horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) methods. When the peripheral labyrinth was stimulated, the
      stomach constricted, and in some cases this constriction was strong and lasted
      for a relatively long period. This phenomenon was interpreted as a kind of
      vomiting triggered by the vestibuloautonomic reflex. When the electrical stimulus
      was applied to the peripheral labyrinth, the solitary tractus nuclear (SN)
      neurons, where the vagal nerve cell bodies exist, fired spikes with short
      latencies. When HRP was injected into the SN region, HRP-labelled cells were
      found in the parvocellular reticular nucleus (PC) and vestibular nuclei (VN).
      When HRP was injected into the PC region, HRP-labelled cells were found in the
      VN. These electrophysiological and histological results indicate the existence of
      the following fiber connections: (i) vestibular organs-VN-SN-(vagal nerve)
      stomach, (ii) vestibular organs-VN-PC-SN-(vagal nerve)-stomach, associated with
      the vestibulo-autonomic reflex.

PMID- 2284913
TI  - Effects of hypobaric pressure on the labyrinth. Cochlear aqueduct patent.
AB  - Cats with the cochlear aqueduct patent were placed in a pressure chamber and
      exposed for 10 min to hypobaric pressures of 5.1 and 6.8 kPa relative to
      atmospheric pressure. The experiments were designed according to a program used
      for treatment of Meniere's disease. The perilymph, middle ear, cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF), venous, arterial and chamber pressures were recorded. The results
      demonstrated that hypobaric effects on the labyrinth were mediated via pressure
      changes in the middle ear and not via a systemic vascular or CSF influence. A
      reduction in chamber pressure induced a relative increase in middle ear pressure.
      It was the rate of the hypobaric change as well as the patency of the cochlear
      aqueduct and the Eustachian tube function that determined the magnitude of the
      initial perilymph peak pressure and the duration of this pressure increase. A
      rapid versus a slow rate induced an initial perilymph increase of 3.4 and 2.2
      kPa, respectively. This relative pressure increase was eliminated within 1 min
      via the patent aqueduct. Thus, neither did a longstanding perilymph pressure
      increase occur during the hypobaric exposure, nor did a prolonged significant
      reduction in perilymph pressure occur after atmospheric pressure was restored.

PMID- 2284914
TI  - Effect of vasodilating agents on cochlear blood flow under loud sound exposure.
AB  - Loud sound has been proved by means of laser Doppler flowmetry to decline
      cochlear blood flow. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a
      vasodilating agent on cochlear blood flow under loud sound exposure, i.e. whether
      the drug can impede blood flow decrease or not. As a vasodilating agent, dilazep
      dihydrochloride in a dose of 5 mg/kg was used. This drug caused a stable and
      significant increase of cochlear blood flow when intravenously injected into
      guinea pigs. When guinea pigs were exposed to loud sound (120 dB SPL at 10 kHz)
      for 10 min, cochlear blood flow promptly declined at the onset of sound
      stimulation and promptly recovered at its cessation. Then, dilazep
      dihydrochloride 5 mg/kg was injected intravenously into the same animal and loud
      sound (120 dB SPL at 10 kHz) was exposed for 10 min. Dilazep did not fully block
      a prompt decline of cochlear blood flow. However, the blood flow level was kept
      much higher than at pre-injection level. This study shows that a vasodilating
      agent which normally enhances blood flow probably does not completely block the
      sound-induced drop response in cochlear blood flow.

PMID- 2284915
TI  - Effect of middle ear infection on pneumatization and growth of the mastoid
      process. An experimental study in pigs.
AB  - The intention of this experiment was to investigate whether anatomical variations
      of the temporal bone such as low middle fossa dura, anterior position of the
      sigmoid sinus or small mastoid process, which are often seen at surgery in
      cholesteatoma patients, are caused by inflammation in early childhood. In 7 pigs,
      1.5 ml paraffin liquid were instilled into the left tympanic cavity 2 or 7 days
      after birth in order to produce inflammation of the middle ear and tubal
      dysfunction. After six and a half months the length and area of the mastoid
      process were significantly smaller on the left instilled side than on the right,
      normal side. In all cases there was remarkable hypocellularity and increased
      thickness of the cortical bone strongly supporting the environmental theory of
      pneumatization that inflammation suppresses the pneumatization process and growth
      of the mastoid process.

PMID- 2284916
TI  - Revision surgery for otosclerosis.
AB  - The outcome of surgery was analyzed in 76 otosclerosis patients (82 operations)
      undergoing revisions during the period 1986-89. The ears were divided into 3
      groups based on preoperative A-B gaps 1) larger than 25 dB, 2) between 10 to 25
      dB, and 3) less than 10 dB. A final hearing gain of more than 11 dB was recorded
      in 76%, 40% and 10% of the ears in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In the groups
      with conductive component none of the ears deteriorated. In the sensorineural
      group 2 patients suffered further loss of 10 and 29 dB, respectively, and one ear
      became deaf. At revision the most common causes of conductive impairment were
      found to be dislocation of the prosthesis, remnants of footplate or new bone
      growth. Fistula was suspected in 10 ears and verified in 5. Several
      reconstruction methods must be mastered.

PMID- 2284918
TI  - Mucosal dysfunction and damage induced by platelet activating factor (PAF).
AB  - The effect of PAF on human nasal mucosa was investigated in vitro. Normal
      paranasal sinus mucosa was obtained from the ethmoid sinuses by surgical
      procedure and incubated in the form of tissue culture. Ciliary movement was
      viewed under an inverted microscope and recorded on video tapes, and its activity
      was measured photoelectrically. Morphological alterations were examined by light
      and electron microscopy. PAF inhibited ciliary activity of human nasal mucosa, in
      a time and a dose dependent manner, at concentrations from 10(-6)M to 10(-10)M,
      while no significant change was observed at 10(-11) M. Lyso-PAF exhibited minimal
      effect on the mucosa at a concentration of 10(-6) M. Morphological alterations of
      the epithelial layer of the mucosa such as edema, cell exfoliation and
      desquamation were found to increase across time. Ultrastructural alterations were
      observed prior to inhibition of ciliary activity. These data indicate the
      cytotoxic effect of PAF on human paranasal sinus mucosa.

PMID- 2284917
TI  - Serum and cerebrospinal fluid examinations in the diagnosis of Borrelia infection
      in Bell's palsy.
AB  - Seventy-two consecutive patients with Bell's palsy were investigated for evidence
      of tick-borne Borrelia infection and to compare the merits of serum and
      cerebrospinal fluid examinations in the diagnosis of Borrelia infection. Serum
      was taken in the acute and convalescent stages from 72 patients, and
      cerebrospinal fluid was obtained from 35 of these. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) was used to analyse serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples for IgG
      and IgM antibodies against the Borrelia spirochete. The serum of 8 (11%) of the
      72 patients was positive for IgG or both for IgG and IgM. Only 1 of the 35
      patients presented an elevated titre of IgG and IgM in the cerebrospinal fluid as
      well as elevated IgG and IgM titres in the serum. The results, even if limited,
      indicate that screening of serum is sufficient to exclude Borrelia infection in
      cases of uncomplicated isolated acute peripheral facial palsy.

PMID- 2284919
TI  - Diurnal activity of the nasal mucosa. Relationship between mucociliary transport
      and local production of secretory immunoglobulins.
AB  - Within the ambit of the cyclic activity of the nasal mucosa the purpose of this
      study was to verify the existence of possible correlation between the rate of
      mucociliary transport (MCT) during the day and the circadian changes of the SIgA
      concentrations already found in a previous study. In the present work, a daily
      fluctuation of the SIgA concentrations was confirmed and it was shown that the
      values decrease from the greatest limit at 4.00 a.m. to the lowest at 10.00 a.m.
      Circadian changes of the MCT times are also shown. Moreover, the comparison of
      the data pertaining to these two parameters showed opposite patterns: when the
      mucociliary transport velocity decreases, the secretory immunoglubulins reach the
      highest levels. The phase-displacement of the two examined functions thus makes
      it possible to compensate cyclic impairments of one activity with contemporary
      improvement of the other.

PMID- 2284920
TI  - Histopathological observations in chronic maxillary sinusitis.
AB  - Biopsy samples from the maxillary sinus mucosa of patients with purulent, non
      purulent and recurrent sinusitis were studied histologically and compared with
      those from a maxillary sinus of patients with no previous history of sinus
      disease on the side of sampling. Basement membrane thickening, atypical gland
      formation, goblet cell hyperplasia, mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration
      and subepithelial oedema were observed in all groups irrespective of the
      appearance of the effusion. Although the inflammatory variables in selected areas
      of the mucosa seemed to show an increase in severity with the increasingly severe
      forms of sinusitis, neither the endoscopic mucosal appearance nor the nature of
      the sinus effusion corresponded to any specific histological pattern.

PMID- 2284922
TI  - Establishment and characterization of cisplatin-resistant sublines of the human
      squamous carcinoma cell line HLac 79.
AB  - Though various chemotherapy protocols lead to considerable response rates in
      squamous cell head and neck cancer (SCHNC), the overgrowth of a tumor cell
      phenotype which no longer responds to clinically achievable drug concentrations
      regularly impairs definite tumor control. In order to investigate mechanisms of
      drug resistance towards one of the most active agents in SCHNC we established
      four Cisplatin (CDDP)-resistant sublines (DDP1-DDP4) of the recloned human SCHNC
      cell line HLac 79. The 50% inhibitory drug concentration (IC50) of CDDP as
      determined by the colorimetric MTT-assay was increased by the factors 2.7 (DDP1),
      3.3 (DDP2), 5.1 (DDP3), and 6.4 (DDP4) in the respective sublines. Three
      subpopulations contained significantly elevated glutathione (GSH) levels by the
      factors 1.4 (DDP3), 1.7 (DDP2), and 2.4 (DDP4) compared to the maternal line
      (50.2 nM/mg protein). DDP4 showed increased activity of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (1.83 vs. 1.21 mU/mg protein), and DDP2 and DDP4 showed increased
      activity of GSH-S-transferase (35.6 and 51.9 vs. 25.1 mU/mg protein). Concerning
      both GSH-peroxidase and GSH-reductase no significant differences between the HLac
      79 subpopulations were observed. Intracellular CDDP accumulation determined by
      neutron activation analysis revealed reduced drug uptake in DDP3 and DDP4 (60%
      and 76% of control value).

PMID- 2284921
TI  - HLA-DR antigen expression in tonsillar epithelium. With special reference to
      focal infection.
AB  - Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) has long been regarded as a tonsillar focal
      infection because tonsillectomy is so effective in its treatment. Immune
      mechanisms of focal infection have been discussed mainly with regard to humoral
      immunity as an autoimmune disease. The present immunological study demonstrates
      the expression of HLA-DR antigen in tonsillar epithelium. The patterns of the HLA
      DR antigen appearance in the epithelium were categorized into 4 types, and the
      intensity was compared between hypertrophic tonsils, recurrent tonsillitis, and
      tonsils with PPP. In addition, paired fluorescent staining, a combination of CD3
      and anti-HLA-DR antibodies, was performed. The activity of intraepithelial T
      lymphocytes was determined as an index of the HLA-DR antigen expression. In an
      age matching study, HLA-DR antigen appeared in high intensity in tonsils with
      PPP. A close correlation was found between the appearance of HLA-DR antigens and
      activation of infiltrating T-lymphocytes. These findings suggest that the
      tonsillar epithelium plays an important role in focal infection.

PMID- 2284924
TI  - Acute lymphocytic leukemia in children: recent progress and future prospects.

PMID- 2284925
TI  - Liver transplantation in children.

PMID- 2284926
TI  - The teratogenic effects of E-64 on rat embryogenesis.
AB  - To examine the effects of E-64 (a thiol protease inhibitor) on the development of
      rat embryos, pregnant Wistar rats were injected with 10-30 mg/kg of E-64 intra
      peritoneally on days 9 and 10 of gestation. On day 21, the rats were killed and
      the fetuses were examined for malformations. When 30 mg/kg of E-64 was
      administered, the incidence of resorptions and malformations was 25.7% and 60.4%,
      respectively. The most common malformations were hydrocephaly, exencephaly,
      anophthalmia, microphthalmia, hydronephrosis and renal hypoplasia. These results
      suggest that thiol protease inhibitor is teratogenic during early rat
      embryogenesis.

PMID- 2284923
TI  - Serum antibody levels to the Borrelia spirochete in Japanese patients with Bell's
      palsy.

PMID- 2284927
TI  - Teratogenic effects of sodium valproate in the Jcl: ICR mouse fetus.
AB  - Sodium valproate was administered to Jcl:ICR mice in order to evaluate its
      teratogenicity. A single dose of 600 mg/kg of sodium valproate was injected
      intraperitoneally on gestational day 6, 7, 8 or 9. On day 18 of gestation, dams
      were laparotomized, and live fetuses were inspected for the presence of external
      and internal abnormalities. Exencephaly and urogenital abnormalities showed the
      highest frequency in the group treated on day 8, being recognized in about 60%
      and 10% of live fetuses, respectively. Cardiovascular abnormalities were found in
      the highest frequency in the group treated on day 7 (in about 30% of live
      fetuses). Incidence of tail abnormality was found to increase with delay in day
      of drug administration. Other abnormalities observed were cleft palate and
      digital malformation. Our study showed that a constellation of major
      abnormalities similar to the congenital valproate syndrome suspected in humans
      could be produced in the Jcl:ICR mouse fetus.

PMID- 2284928
TI  - Acute leukemia with normal platelet count at diagnosis.
AB  - Thirty-six (17.8%) of 202 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 2
      (3.7%) of 54 children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) had a platelet
      count over 150 x 10(9)/l at diagnosis. Children with ALL and a platelet count
      over 150 x 10(9)/l were analysed in detail. The ALL patients without
      thrombocytopenia tended to be male predominant and had less frequent bleeding
      manifestations (p less than 0.01). These patients without thrombocytopenia had
      also significantly less marked leukocytosis (p less than 0.01), less severe
      anemia (p less than 0.05) and lower percentages of bone marrow blasts (p less
      than 0.05) than those with thrombocytopenia. In addition, ALL patients without
      thrombocytopenia had a significantly higher probability of continuous complete
      remission than those with thrombocytopenia (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2284929
TI  - Decreased plasma catecholamine and renin activity in children with difficulty
      waking up in the morning.
AB  - Plasma catecholamine concentration (CAT: adrenalin and noradrenalin) and plasma
      renin activity (PRA) were measured in 26 children, aged 10 to 15 years, who had
      difficulty waking up in the morning. CAT, which was examined only in the supine
      position in control children, and PRA, which was examined before and after
      standing for 15 min, were significantly lower than in age-matched control
      children. These results suggest that low CAT and PRA may contribute to difficulty
      waking up in the morning in childhood.

PMID- 2284930
TI  - Left ventricular diastolic function of children in high blood pressure tracking
      group.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether left ventricular (LV)
      diastolic function in children with high blood pressure (BP) is abnormal. We
      measured the corrected LV isovolumic relaxation time (IRT), peak velocity of
      increase in LV dimension (dD/dt) and the LV muscle volume in a high systolic BP
      tracking group (10 boys and 22 girls) and a low BP tracking group (22 boys and 11
      girls) at 3-year intervals from the ages of 6 to 15. The corrected IRT of the
      high BP tracking group was significantly longer than the low BP tracking group.
      Left ventricular dD/dt/D of the high BP tracking group was significantly lower
      than the low BP tracking group from the ages of 12 in boys and 9 in girls. The
      left ventricular muscle volume index of both groups, however, was not
      significantly different. Both corrected IRT and dD/dt/D were well correlated with
      diastolic BP. These data suggest that children in the high BP tracking group
      might have LV diastolic abnormalities from age 12 or 15, in contrast to children
      of the low BP tracking group, without increased LV muscle volume. Therefore, it
      might be useful to examine BP and LV function of children from ages 12 or 15 for
      prevention of hypertension.

PMID- 2284931
TI  - Serum fructosamine and lipid profile in children with malignant diseases.
AB  - Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and
      fructosamine (FA) were determined in thirty-three children with malignant
      diseases and twenty healthy controls aged 1-14 years. Of them, FA was the
      parameter measured in children with malignancy for the first time. Mean serum TC,
      HDL-C, LDL-C and FA showed statistically significant decreases in malignancy
      compared to healthy children, whereas a statistically significant increase was
      observed for TG concentrations in serum. From these data, we conclude that
      significant relations between serum lipids and lipoproteins and the state of
      malignancy exist in the children studied, and it should be remembered that serum
      FA concentrations are affected by abnormal serum protein turnover when one deals
      with any type of neoplastic disease.

PMID- 2284932
TI  - Adrenoleukodystrophy associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformation.
AB  - Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is now considered to be an X-linked recessive
      peroxisomal disorder. We report the case of a patient with ALD associated with a
      left parietal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) who deteriorated progressively six
      months after recovery from a hemorrhage of the AVM. Serial CT scans and MR
      imagings showed progressive demyelination spreading from the affected area. This
      case suggests that local brain damage due to AVM hemorrhage may accelerate the
      progress of demyelination.

PMID- 2284933
TI  - Juvenile nephronophthisis diagnosed from glucosuria detected by urine screening
      at school.
AB  - We describe the case of an 11-year-old girl in whom glucosuria detected by urine
      screening at school was the first clue to the diagnosis of juvenile
      nephronophthisis (JN). On admission, she showed renal failure with combined
      proximal and distal tubular defects and progressive deterioration of renal
      function. JN should be considered in children with glucosuria.

PMID- 2284934
TI  - Diagnosis of iliopsoas pyomyositis by ultrasonography and CT.
AB  - A patient with iliopsoas muscle pyomyositis was successfully treated with
      intravenous antibiotics alone. The diagnosis was made by ultrasonography and X
      ray computed tomography after five days of spiking fevers. Ultrasonography and X
      ray computed tomography revealed swelling of the muscle body but no abscess
      formation. We emphasize the usefulness of early diagnostic imaging to allow
      conservative treatment of iliopsoas muscle pyomyositis.

PMID- 2284935
TI  - Interstitial deletion of long arm of chromosome 2(q31q33).
AB  - We describe the case of a 4-month-old girl with interstitial deletion of the long
      arm of chromosome 2(46,XX,del(2) (q31q33]. Clinical features included
      intrauterine growth retardation, psychomotor delay, antimongoloid slanting of the
      palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, low set ears, cleft palate, micrognathia,
      luxatio coxae and pes varus. It is suggested that the gene for soluble isocitrate
      dehydrogenase (IDH1) is located on 2q33.3. The activity of serum IDH1 was in the
      normal range in this patient.

PMID- 2284936
TI  - Partial trisomy 22 with Dandy-Walker malformation.
AB  - Partial trisomy 22 usually occurs through a 3:1 meiotic segregation of the
      parental 11q;22q translocation carrier, which is the most common balanced
      translocation in man. Common neurologic findings are delayed psychomotor
      development and muscular hypotonia. There have been a few neuroradiologic and
      neuropathologic studies, which include ventricular dilatation, arrhinencephaly,
      and aplasia or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis, corpus callosum and pons. We
      here add one patient with partial trisomy 22 who had, in addition to the usual
      features, Dandy-Walker malformation, which, to our knowledge, is a previously
      undescribed feature.

PMID- 2284937
TI  - Neonatal tuberous sclerosis with heart and brain tumors.
AB  - A 6-day-old neonate with tuberous sclerosis having brain and cardiac tumors is
      reported. The patient presented with a seizure 20 minutes after birth. Cranial
      ultrasonography and computed tomography on admission showed a large and round
      high-density tumor lesion in the left frontal lobe. Echocardiography also showed
      a large tumor lesion beside the left ventricle wall, and a diagnosis of tuberous
      sclerosis was promptly made. Two months later, a periventricular calcified lesion
      was found on the demonstrated portion, and the tumor lesion initially observed in
      the brain had disappeared. These findings suggest that the initial tumor lesion
      found in the brain developed into a typical calcified lesion.

PMID- 2284938
TI  - Urinary growth hormone during early infancy: another index of proximal tubular
      function.

PMID- 2284939
TI  - Pachyonychia congenita associated with 46,XYq-karyotype.

PMID- 2284940
TI  - The evaluation of cerebral blood flow velocities in normal newborns and infants.
AB  - The cerebral blood flow velocities of 80 normal newborn babies and 117 normal
      infants were evaluated by pulsed-Doppler investigation of anterior cerebral
      arteries through the open anterior fontanel. Peak systolic blood flow velocity
      (PSFV), end-diastolic blood flow velocity (EDFV), mean blood flow velocity (MFV),
      and the pulsatility index (PI) values were measured for all subjects. In the
      neonate group, all flow velocities increased in the first 20 days after birth,
      with rapid increase from one to two months of age. After that, velocities
      increased steadily within the first year of age. The increasing flow velocities
      probably reflect the changes in cerebral blood flow and arterial blood pressure
      during the first year of life. On the contrary, the pulsatility indices (PI)
      slightly decreased during this first year. The result supports the hypothesis of
      a decrease in cerebrovascular resistance during infancy. This study may have
      value as reference for normal cerebral blood flow velocities and pulsatility
      indices as determined during infancy for different age groups.

PMID- 2284941
TI  - Bone mineral content in growing children.
AB  - In order to establish the normal values of bone mineral content (BMC) (g/cm2),
      the BMC of 140 healthy growing children including 49 girls (aged 5 to 16 years)
      and 91 boys (aged 7 to 17 years) was measured using Dual Photon absorptiometry
      (DPA) at L2-L4 level of the spine. The BMC increased significantly with age,
      after stratification by age. Both male and female children aged 7 to 10 years had
      similar BMC, but female children had significantly higher BMC at 12 to 13 years
      of age. We also established regression equations. Female: BMC = 0.38 + 0.021 x
      age. Male: BMC = 0.45 + 0.017 x age. They may be useful in estimating BMC in
      unknown individuals

PMID- 2284942
TI  - [Nebulizing terbutaline therapy in children with acute asthma].
AB  - To evaluate the therapeutic effect of nebulized terbutaline in children with
      acute asthma, 21 children, aged 1 year and 7 months to 10 years, with acute
      asthma, were enrolled into this study, during the period from July to December
      1989. Each patient received nebulized terbutaline (Bricanyl) 5 mg/dose over 10
      minutes. The respiratory rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, peak expiratory flow
      rate and clinical severity score were recorded before, and at 10 minutes after
      treatment. Comparing with the data before treatment, respiratory rate, peak
      expiratory flow rate and clinical severity score at 10 minutes after treatment
      showed significant improvement (p value less than 0.05; less than 0.0005; less
      than 0.0001, respectively), but pulse rate and blood pressure did not differ
      significantly. It was concluded that administration of nebulized terbutaline, at
      a dose of 5 mg, was both safe and effective in treating acute asthma, and may be
      used as the first line measure in treating acute asthma in children.

PMID- 2284943
TI  - An electrophysiologic study of a child with idiopathic sustained left ventricular
      tachycardia.
AB  - A child with congestive heart failure was found to have a paroxysmal ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) without structural heart disease. This wide QRS tachycardia had
      an atrioventricular dissociation and a QRS pattern of right bundle branch block
      and left axis deviation. The tachycardia did not respond to lidocaine or
      procainamide but instantly responded to verapamil therapy. This VT could be
      initiated or terminated by either atrial or ventricular pacing during
      electrophysiologic study. The endocardial biopsy showed that there was myocardial
      hypertrophy with mild degree of interstitial fibrosis. This entity of ventricular
      tachycardia often occurs in young people with no overt heart disease but with
      subclinical endomyocardial changes.

PMID- 2284944
TI  - Congenital fiber type disproportion: report of one case.
AB  - Congenital fiber type disproportion (CFTD) is described clinically as muscle
      weakness and hypotonia with delayed motor development, usually from infancy.
      Muscle biopsy reveals that type 1 fibers predominate and smaller than type 2
      fibers by a margin greater than 12% of the diameter of the type 2 fibers. There
      are no other subcellular abnormalities, and generally prognosis is good. The CFTD
      case is a six-month-old girl who manifested clinically as a floppy infant. A
      biopsied specimen from the left biceps brachii muscle revealed type 1 fiber
      predominance and hypoplasia with an increased number of undifferentiated type 2C
      fibers. Electromyogram, nerve conduction velocity and serum creatine kinase level
      were normal. The child learned to walk without assistance at 1 year 7 month old.
      Now 2-years and 10-months old, she can climb stairs without difficulty, although
      she cannot run fast.

PMID- 2284946
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosa: report of one case.
AB  - Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of inherited skin diseases manifested as
      bullae formation induced by minor trauma. According to the anatomical level of
      skin splitting, it could be classified mainly into three types: simplex,
      junctional and dystrophic EB. We have a female term newborn noted to have had
      skin defect and ulceration over lower legs concurrent with oral mucosal
      ulceration and blister formation since birth. New blisters occurred over friction
      and pressure areas shortly after birth. The histopathologic pictures revealed
      dystrophic type of EB. These lesions seemed responsive to phenytoin and topical
      skin care, healing gradually with minimal scarring and atrophy. However, it is
      important to follow these patients to help alleviate complications of
      extracutaneous involvement which may occur during later life.

PMID- 2284945
TI  - Moyamoya disease manifested initially by repeated attacks of adversive seizure:
      report of one case.
AB  - A nine-year-old Chinese boy had suffered from recurrent episodes of adversive
      seizure for about a year, seizures which affected the left upper limb, with his
      head and eyes turning toward the left. An acute attack of left upper-limb
      weakness and central-type facial palsy occurred before his consultation. Cranial
      computed tomography (CT) revealed infarction of the right frontoparietal area,
      and increased density in the head of the left caudate nucleus. Cerebral
      angiographic study demonstrated a typical pattern of moyamoya disease with
      bilateral stenosis of the supraclinoid portion of internal carotid arteries.
      Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis with encephalomyosynangiosis were performed
      twice, with resulting good patency of blood flow observed in the follow-up
      angiographic study.

PMID- 2284947
TI  - Pulmonary hypoplasia associated with oligohydramnios: report of five cases.
AB  - From January 1986 to December 1988, 5 cases of oligohydramnios with pulmonary
      hypoplasia were experienced. Clinically, all of the newborn infants had unique
      faces and evidence of respiratory distress with tachypnea, cyanosis, intercostal
      retractions, nasal flaring and grunting respiration presented within minutes
      after birth. Usually, they had no response to respiratory therapy. Most of them
      showed small lung volume by chest roentgenogram and were prone to develop
      pneumothorax. All 5 cases did not survive more than a few hours. Autopsy findings
      disclosed pulmonary hypoplasia. Four of them had urinary tract malformation, and
      the other one had the history of prolonged leakage of amniotic fluid.

PMID- 2284948
TI  - [Congenital cutaneous candidiasis: report of two cases].
AB  - Congenital cutaneous candidiasis is a very rare disease. We reported two newborn
      infants in whom generalized skin eruption was noted at birth, characteristics of
      erythematous papules and pustules. The eruption involved head, face, neck, trunk
      and extremities. Candida albicans was demonstrated on direct KOH smear, by
      surface fungal cultures and skin biopsy. The disease implies a congenital
      intrauterine infection and is different from neonatal candidiasis which manifests
      as thrush, diaper dermatitis. The route of infection is ascending in congenital
      cutaneous candidiasis. The skin eruption is usually noted at birth or within 12
      hours after delivery as a diffuse erythematous maculopapula, with pustules or
      vesicles distributed over head, face, neck, trunk and extremities. There is no
      fever; other constitutional signs are lacking. No evidence of impaired
      immunological responsiveness has been noted in previous study. Clinical features,
      direct smear examination of specimen and appropriate cultures are useful in
      differentiating the lesions from other more common dermatoses of the neonatal
      period. Topical antifungal therapy is sufficient unless systemic candidiasis is
      present. Prognosis for congenital cutaneous candidiasis is good.

PMID- 2284949
TI  - [Effects of polyactin A on in vitro IL-2 production and responsiveness of human
      lymphocytes].
AB  - The effects of a novel antitumor antibiotic polyactin A (PA) on in vitro IL-2
      production and IL-2 responsiveness of human lymphocytes were investigated. The
      results show that PA in a concentration range from 0.01 to 100 micrograms/ml
      obviously augmented in vitro IL-2 production, IL-2 receptor expression and
      responsiveness to IL-2 of human lymphocytes in the presence of PHA, and that
      these enhancing effects of PA were dose-dependent. The results demonstrated the
      potentiating effect of PA on cellular immunity and suggested the suitable use of
      PA in clinical treatment of tumors. The possible application of PA to the
      treatment of immune disorders involving deficiency of IL-2 production and/or IL-2
      responsiveness of lymphocytes is also considered.

PMID- 2284951
TI  - [Synthesis and analgesic activity of 4-N-propionyl analogs of 4-methoxycarbonyl
      fentanyl].
AB  - In the present paper, the synthesis and analgesic activities of some 4-N
      propionyl analogs of 4-methoxycarbonyl fentanyl are reported. In mouse hot plate
      test, most of these compounds showed strong narcotic analgesic activity. The
      analgesic activities of compounds 1379, 1385 and 1387 were found to be more
      potent than that of 4-methoxycarbonyl fentanyl.

PMID- 2284950
TI  - [Anti-tumor effect of hernandezine and other components extracted from Thalictrum
      glandulosissimum].
AB  - The total alkaloids of T. glandulosissimum and its main component hernandezine
      were found to be effective for treatment of mice bearing P388 leukemia, S180
      ascites and C26 colon cancer. Although hernandezine inhibited the growth of mouse
      L1210 cells and human oral cancer KB cells in vitro markedly, its inhibitory
      effect on normal hemopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-GM) in mice was relatively
      low. Preliminary results showed that hernandezine blocked cell-cycle transfer
      from G1 to S phase, and its cytocidal action might be cell cycle specific. In
      addition, two other components, thalidezine and isothalidezine, isolated from the
      same plant exerted similar inhibitory effect on L1210 cells.

PMID- 2284952
TI  - [Synthesis and inhibition on beta-lactamase of 4-(3-amido-4-substituted phenyl-2
      oxo-azetidinonyl-1)methyl-cyclohexane carboxylic acids and -benzoic acids].
AB  - Eleven title compounds have been synthesized from trans-4-amino-methyl
      cyclohexylic acid and 4-aminomethyl-benzoic acid, and were identified via
      elemental analysis, IR, 1HMNR and MS. Their beta-lactamase inhibition activity
      was determined and contrasted with penicillanic acid S-dioxide. The results of
      the preliminary test show that all the products have beta-lactamase inhibition
      activity to some extent.

PMID- 2284953
TI  - [Studies on the composition and stability constant of inclusion complexes of beta
      cyclodextrin with fluorouracil and ftorafur by NMR].
AB  - The composition and stability constants of the host-guest inclusion complexes of
      beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) with fluorouracil (5-Fu) and ftorafur (FT-207) were
      studied by 19F NMR. The 19F chemical shift changes (delta) of 5-Fu and FT-207 on
      complexation with beta-CD were used to determine the stoichiometry of these
      inclusion complexes by Job plot. It was shown that both 5-Fu and FT-207 formed
      1:1 inclusion complexes with beta-CD. The stability constants (Kc) of their
      complexes. with beta-CD, calculated from the slope of linear relation between
      delta/CCD0 and delta(CCD0 being the initial concentration of beta-CD) were found
      to be 17.0 +/- 1.7 mol-1.L and 9.0 +/- 0.1 mol-1.L at 40 degrees C respectively.
      The 19F chemical shifts of these complexes relative to their free forms were also
      obtained and discussed in terms of the structures of these beta-CD inclusion
      complexes in aqueous solution.

PMID- 2284954
TI  - [Studies on the chemical components of Viscum coloratum. VI. Chirality of the
      acyl group of viscumneoside IV].
AB  - In order to determine the absolute configuration of the chiral center of
      viscumneoside IV, which was isolated from Viscum coloratum (Kom) Nakai, (R, S)
      mevalonolactone was synthesized as shown in scheme 1. Then treatment with (S) (-)
      1-phenylethylamine in THF gave two diasteromeric amides, which were transformed
      into the monoacetates and separated by HPLC. The first eluted peak (tR10.07 min.)
      had the (R)-configuration and the second one the (S)-configuration (tR11.20 min).
      Viscumneoside IV was treated with borane and hydrolyzed to give mevalonolactone
      which was treated with (S)-(-)-1-phenylethylamine in THF as mentioned above. The
      monoacetates of the resulting amides were subjected to HPLC. By comparison with
      the reference peaks, the absolute configuration at the acyl moiety of
      viscumneoside IV was shown to have the (R)-configuration.

PMID- 2284955
TI  - [Chemical constituents of Armillaria mellea mycelium. VI. Isolation and structure
      of armillaripin].
AB  - A new protoilludane sesquiterpenoid aromatic ester, named armillaripin, C24H30O6,
      mp 202-204 degrees C, [alpha]D15 + 130 degrees (c 0.055, CHCl3), was isolated
      from the petroleum ether extract of the artificially cultured mycelium of
      Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Quel. (Tricolometaceae) by silica gel
      chromatography. On the basis of spectral (UV, IR, 1HNMR 13CNMR and MS) analysis
      its structure was deduced as I and confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.

PMID- 2284956
TI  - [Simultaneous determination of three components in compound clorprenaline tablet
      by using the derivative-complementary tristimulus method].
AB  - Clorprenaline hydrochloride (a), bromhexine hydrochloride (b) and decloxizine
      hydrochloride (c) are three main components in clorprenaline compound tablet. The
      serious overlapping bands of their absorption spectra cause the interference in
      the determinations, especially the component of (a) which has both minor content
      and low absorption coefficient, thus making the analysis difficult. In this
      paper, the interference from matrix is eliminated by using first order derivative
      transformation. In combination with complementary tristimulus method and with the
      technique of additions, the concentrations of three components in tablets can be
      successfully determined simultaneously. A software developed in this laboratory
      makes possible the ease of parameter selection, reporting data in various formats
      and printing figures of dissolution process, showing a clear locus. This method
      will be of value to quality control in manufacturing process and to the research
      of the dissolution dynamics of tablets in simulated stomach.

PMID- 2284957
TI  - [Electroanalytical chemistry study of pilocarpine].
AB  - The electrochemical behaviour of pilocarpine was investigated by differential
      pulse polarography and cyclic voltammetry. The optimum conditions for the
      determination of pilocarpine were as follows: The electrolyte was 0.4 mol/L HAc
      NaAc(pH 4.0) buffer solution, Zn (II) 1.0 x 10(-3) mol/L; initial potential -0.80
      V (vs Ag-AgCl), final potential -1.30 V (vs Ag-AgCl), and voltage sweep rate 5
      mV/s. A fair reproducibility in the above procedure and a good relationship
      between peak current and pilocarpine concentration (4.0 x 10(-6)-4.0 x 10(-5)
      mol/L) were achieved. The detection limit was 8.0 x 10(-7) mol/L. This paper also
      reports that the application of cyclic voltammetry to study electrode process
      behavior has been established. The PVC membrane ion-selective electrode for
      pilocarpine also was studied. It is based on the use of tetraphenylborate
      pilocarpine ion pair complex as the active material. The PVC membrane electrode
      showed Nernstian response over the pilocarpine concentration range from 1.0 x 10(
      2) to 3.0 x 10(-5) mol/L, with a slope of 36 mV/decade, the detection limit being
      3.0 x 10(-6) mol/L. The electrode gave fast response and good reproducibility.
      This method provides a rapid and simple way to the determination of pilocarpine
      in pharmaceutical preparations.

PMID- 2284958
TI  - [Studies on sensor for L-ascorbic acid using biotissue slice].
AB  - Bioselective membrane electrode for L-ascorbic acid has been made with tissue
      slices. It is made from porcine liver tissue slice covering an oxygen electrode.
      The influence of buffer mediator, pH, temperature, antiseptics, slice thickness,
      etc. on the response characteristics of the electrode was examined. In the
      presence of copper ions, a linear relationship between dynamic response of the
      electrode and the logarithm of concentration of L-ascorbic acid was observed for
      the range of 21.14 micrograms/ml to 352.3 micrograms/ml, with a correlation
      coefficient of 0.9996 and the Michaelis constant of 0.8 mmol/L. The electrode has
      been used to determine L-ascorbic acid in drugs, the analytical results were
      satisfactory.

PMID- 2284959
TI  - [Synthesis of N-(2-mercaptopyridyl-3-formyl)-N-alkyl glycine and the
      corresponding disulfides].
AB  - N-(2-mercaptopyridyl-3-formyl)-N-alkyl glycine I1-8) were synthesized by the
      condensation of 2-mercaptopyridyl-3-formyl chloride with ethyl N-alkyl glycinate
      followed by hydrolysis. The corresponding disulfides (II1-7) were obtained by the
      oxidation of compounds I1-7 with hydrogen peroxide (1%) in weak alkali medium
      below 10 degrees C. In preliminary tests, some compounds showed inhibitory
      activity of ACE in vitro.

PMID- 2284960
TI  - [Isolation and elucidation of a new minor saponin from the leaves of Panax
      ginseng C.A. Meyer].
AB  - The structure of a new minor saponin isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.
      A. Meyer was elucidated on the basis of chemical evidences and spectral data. The
      saponin was named as ginsenoside-La.

PMID- 2284961
TI  - [Determination of the main alkaloids in wu tou (aconite) by TLC-densitometry].
AB  - A method of TLC densitometry was established in order to determine the main
      alkaloids: mesaconitine, aconitine and hypaconitine in Aconite root. The powdered
      sample was alkalinized by ammonia and macerated with ether for 24 h. The mixture
      was then centrifuged, the residue was washed three times each with 2 ml of fresh
      ether, the combined ether extract was evaporated to dryness and then dissolved in
      1 ml of dichloromethane. Standard solution and sample solution were spotted on a
      sillca gel GF254 plate, and developed with cyclohexane-ethyl acetate-diethylamine
      (8:1:1), the chromatogram was observed under UV light as dark spots. A Shimazu
      TLC model 910 was used for scanning at lambda s 236 nm and lambda R 350 nm by
      reflection mode. Linear calibration curves were obtained for the 3 constituents
      in the range of 2-6 micrograms. The average recoveries of masaconitine, aconitine
      and hypaconitine were 97.3, 96.4, 99.1% and the variation coefficients were 1.81,
      1.72, 1.18%, respectively. The spots were stable for more than 24 h. Samples from
      various sources were analyzed.

PMID- 2284962
TI  - [Polymorphism of drug oxidation and its molecular mechanism].

PMID- 2284964
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of sulbactam and ampicillin in mice and in dogs.
AB  - Sulbactam is a new beta-lactamase inhibitor. The pharmacokinetic characteristics
      of sulbactam was similar to ampicillin after a single intravenous injection of
      200 mg/kg in mice with a half-life of approximately 50 min. The two drugs appear
      to equilibrate rapidly between central and peripheral compartments. The Vc and Vd
      suggest that they are widely distributed in the extracellular fluid and into
      tissues. Co-administration of sulbactam and ampicillin in mice and in dogs showed
      essentially no change on the kinetics of either ampicillin or sulbactam.

PMID- 2284963
TI  - [Studies on the hypoglycemic effect of ginseng polypeptide].
AB  - Ginseng polypeptide (GPP) isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer was
      demonstrated to decrease the levels of blood sugar and liver glycogen when
      injected intravenously to rats at doses of 50-200 mg/kg without affecting total
      blood lipid. when mice were injected subcutaneously daily at doses of 50 and 100
      mg/kg for 7 successive days, GPP was also found to decrease blood glucose and
      liver glycogen. In addition, GPP was found to decrease various experimental
      hyperglycemia induced by injection of adrenaline, glucose and alloxan. However,
      GPP exhibited inhibiting effect on the glycogen enhancement induced by glucose,
      but strengthening effect on the glycogen decrease induced by adrenaline. When the
      levels of blood total lipid and liver glycogen were increased by alloxan, GPP was
      shown to inhibit these changes except its lowering of blood sugar. The toxicity
      of GPP is very low, its iv LD50 for mice was found to be 1.62 +/- 0.130 g/kg.

PMID- 2284965
TI  - [Effect of sodium ferulate on arachidonic acid metabolism].
AB  - Sodium ferulate (SF) is one of the antiplatelet ingredients in Radix Angleica
      sinensis. The effect of SF on 14C-arachidonic acid metabolism in washed intact
      rabbit platelets was studied with radiochromatography and radioautography. SF
      (0.1-3.2 mmol/L) inhibited the generation of platelet thromboxane B2 in a dose
      dependent manner (reduced by 16.7-93.8%) and the IC50 was shown to be 0.762
      mmol/L. Simultaneously with the reduction of TXB2 generation, the formation of
      PGE2 and PGF2 alpha was also reduced significantly after treatment with SF. Using
      radioimmunoassay SF (0.145-2.32 mmol/L) was found to inhibit rabbit platelet TXB2
      formation in a dose-dependent manner. SF (0.58-2.32 mmol/L) also suppressed
      aortic tissue 6-keto-PGF1 alpha generation in rabbits. At the same concentrations
      the inhibitory effect of SF on platelet TXB2 formation was greater than that on
      aortic tissue 6-keto-PGF1 alpha generation. These results indicate that the cyclo
      oxygenase activity may be inhibited by SF.

PMID- 2284967
TI  - [Studies on the resolution of racemic gossypol. III. Study on the chemical and
      physical properties of the amino condensates of gossypol].
AB  - Fifteen condensates of chiral amines and racemic gossypol were prepared. Their
      1HNMR spectra indicated that all the amine condensates tested had the same keto
      enamine structures and shifts of protons on C11, C11 of various condensates were
      analyzed for their structural relationship. The Rf and delta Rf values
      (difference between (+) and (-)gossypol condensates) on TLC of these derivatives
      and stability of eight condensates of (-)gossypol were examined. All these
      properties were discussed in light of the configuration of gossypol. These
      studies not only provided rational basis of selecting resolving agent, but also
      gave indications of their relative absorbability and stereochemistry of the
      condensates which might be useful in postulating their in vivo behaviors and
      designing derivatives with better pharmacological actions.

PMID- 2284966
TI  - [Studies on the resolution of racemic gossypol. II. By chiral alpha
      methylphenethylamine and alpha-methylbenzylamine].
AB  - A simplified and more practical method for the resolution of racemic gossypol was
      developed by quick chromatographing the condensation products of either (S) or
      (R)-alpha-methylphenethylamine and alpha-methylbenzylamine with racemic gossypol
      on a silica column using diethylether/light petroleum as eluent. The optically
      active gossypol thus obtained showed specific rotation [alpha]D of (+) or (-)370
      +/- 10 degrees, with ee% 96.8 and 98.8 respectively and chemical purity greater
      than 99% by HPLC. Isomerization of the amino condensates of optically active
      gossypol through the racemization of the binaphthalene moiety of gossypol was
      observed, though gossypol itself is optically stable in such condition. The rate
      of racemization varied with the structure of the amine moiety and solvent present
      and was increased by light and free radical initiator.

PMID- 2284968
TI  - [Studies on the resolution of racemic gossypol. IV. Use of threo (-) or (+)-1-(p
      nitrophenyl)-1,3-dihydroxypropylamine-2 as the resolving agent].
AB  - Threo (-) or (+)-1-(p-nitrophenyl)-1,3-dihydroxypropylamine-2 was found to be a
      useful resolving agent for racemic gossypol. The optical and chemical stability
      of the condensate of enantiomeric gossypols with the titled amine and the great
      difference in the Rf values on TLC and the solubilities in various solvents
      between the two diastereoisomeric condensates facilitate the separation.
      Therefore, the pure isomers can be easily obtained by means of chromatography or
      crystallization.

PMID- 2284969
TI  - [X-ray diffraction studies on the configuration of 2 xi, 17 alpha-diethynyl-2 xi,
      17 beta-dihydroxy-A-nor-5 alpha-androstane alpha-epimer].
AB  - X-ray diffraction studies on the configuration of 2 xi, 17 alpha-diethynyl-2 xi,
      17 beta-dihydroxy-A-nor-5 alpha-androstane "alpha-epimer" that possessed
      antifertility effect and estrogen activity were reported. Pure alpha-epimer was
      obtained by recrystallization and low pressure silica gel column chromatography
      combined with HPLC method. Its structure was identified by IR, MS, 1HNMR. The
      configuration was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The
      crystal of alpha-epimer belonged to orthorhombic, the space group was P222(1),
      with the following crystallographic parameters: a = 6.777 (2), b = 12.125 (4), c
      = 25.292 (8)A, V = 2078.5(1.2)A3, Z = 4. One thousand two hundred and thirty-five
      independent reflections with I greater than or equal to 3 sigma (I) were
      collected on a Nicolet R3M/E four-circle diffractometer by means of MoK alpha
      radiation. The structure was solved by direct method and refined by least square
      technique to a final discrepancy factor of R = 0.039. The molecule was shown to
      consist of the alpha-configuration of C2 and C17ethynyl groups. The absolute
      configuration was deduced by the absolute configuration of synthetic raw
      material, conformation analysis and the study of 1HNMR. The absolute
      configuration of asymmetric centers were 2R,5S,8R,9S,10S,13S,14S,17R.

PMID- 2284970
TI  - [Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium kamaonense var. glabrescens].
AB  - A new and a known diterpenoid alkaloid have been isolated from the root of
      Delphinium kamaonense var. glabrescens. The chemical structure of the new
      alkaloid, named glabredelphine, was established as 2(3)-dehydro-6-demethyl-18
      demethoxy-delcosine by IR, MS, 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectral data. The known one was
      identified as tatsiensine. They were isolated from this plant for the first time.

PMID- 2284971
TI  - [Studies on the chemical constituents of Aconitum campylorrhynchum].
AB  - Six compounds were isolated from the root of Aconitum campylorrhynchum. One of
      them is a new alkaloid. It has been elucidated as 8-acetyldolaconine by means of
      IR,MS, 1H and 13CNMR with DEPT, CH-COSY techniques and on the basis of
      identification with aconosine by saponification. The other five compounds were
      identified as dolaconine, aconosine, beta-sitosterol, palmitic acid and p
      coumaric acid.

PMID- 2284973
TI  - [Construction and application of atropine flow-through sensor in flow injection
      analysis].
AB  - A new kind of flow-through sensor for atropine has been studied. It exhibits
      Nernstian response for atropine with a slope of 54 +/- 1 mV/decade over the
      concentration range of 0.02-200 mmol/L at pH 5-8. The sensitivity coefficients of
      common compounds were determined. Only bromo-geramine, clonidine, strychnine and
      amantadine showed remarkable interference. Direct potentiometry for determination
      of atropine showed an average recovery of 99.2% and a relative standard deviation
      of 1.3%. It has been used in flow injection analysis (FIA) of atropine,
      anisodamine and scopolamine and belladonna preparations. Rate of analysis of as
      high as 60-100 samples/h was achieved.

PMID- 2284972
TI  - [The structure of astrachrysosid A and the study of 2D-NMR on astrasieversianin
      XV and 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxy-isoflavane-7-O-beta-D-glycoside].
AB  - Six compounds were isolated from the root of Astragalus chrysopterus Bunge. One
      of them was identified as a new triterpenoid glycoside, named astrachrysoside A.
      Its structure was elucidated as 3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1----2) beta-D
      xylopyranosyl]-cycloastragenol on the basis of physicochemical evidence and
      chemical reactions. The others were shown to be known compounds,
      astrasieversianin XV (II), 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxy-isoflavane-7-O-beta-D
      glucoside (III), soyasaponin I, daucosterol and beta-sitosterol. Full assignment
      of the chemical shift signals of II and III were established by various 2D-NMR
      techniques.

PMID- 2284974
TI  - [Determination of metoprolol in plasma by gas chromatography and electron-capture
      detection].
AB  - A method is described to determine metoprolol in plasma by GC-ECD. Metoprolol and
      alprenolol (internal standard) reacted rapidly with heptafluorobutyric anhydride
      under the catalysis of tetrahydrofuran (THF) after being extracted from plasma
      with cyclohexane. The derivatives produced quantitatively were identified by GC
      MSD to be diheptafluorobutyl metoprolol and dihepatafluorobutyl alpredolol which
      were then separated and detected by 3% SE-30 packed glass column (2m x 3 mm)
      equipped with ECD. The detection limit was 1 ng/ml and the linear range was 10
      1500 ng/ml (r = 0.9993). Average recovery from spiked plasma was 97.30%. The
      coefficient of variation of day-to-day and within-day were less than 8% and 7%,
      respectively. The method has been applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics and
      bioavailability of metoprolol and also applied to clinical monitoring of
      metoprolol levels in patients.

PMID- 2284975
TI  - [Classification of Chinese traditional medicine, moutan (Paeonia suffruticosa
      Andr.) cortex by means of pyrolysis-high resolution gas chromatography/pattern
      recognition].
AB  - Thirty-eight samples of Moutan (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) Cortex obtained from
      three different regions (Southwest, East and Middle China) and two samples of
      unknown region were subjected to analysis with pyrolysis-high resolution gas
      chromatography (Py-HRGC). Each sample was thus characterized by the peak area of
      41 peaks in each Py-HRGC profile. Discriminant analysis (DA), PRIMA and SIMCA
      pattern recognition were used to recognize the 40 x 41 data matrix. These data
      analysis gave satisfactory results (DA, 100% correct; PRIMA, 100% correct, 92.2%
      unique; SIMCA, 92.2% correct, 79% unique). The correct classification of Moutan
      Cortex for the unknown territory was obtained by three pattern recognition
      methods. The results showed that Py-HRGC/pattern recognition technique might be a
      potential tool for the identification of Chinese traditional medicine.

PMID- 2284976
TI  - [The effects of HCG and LHRH-A on progesterone secretion by human placenta villi
      cells of early and term gestation in vitro].
AB  - In the present study, the method of collagenase-pepsin prepared cell suspension
      of human placental villi from early (10-12 weeks) and term (38-40 weeks)
      gestation cultured in vitro combined with progesterone radioimmunoassay was
      employed. The results indicated that: 1. In the placenta villi cells from early
      and term gestation in vitro, both exogenous and endogenous hCG showed a
      stimulatory effect on progesterone secretion, and the effect was approximately
      proportional to the concentration of the exogenous hCG added. 2. In the placenta
      villi cells from term gestation in vitro, after addition of sufficient rabbit
      antihCG IgG to the culture medium, LHRH-A exhibited no obvious influence on this
      hCG-independent progesterone secretion. However, in the absence of rabbit anti
      hCG IgG in the culture medium, LHRH-A showed a stimulatory action on progesterone
      secretion probably via its stimulatory effect on hCG secretion which could
      subsequently increase the progesterone secretion. 3. In the placenta villi cells
      from early gestation, LHRH-A exhibited an inhibitory effect on both hCG
      independent and hCG-dependent progesterone secretion.

PMID- 2284978
TI  - [A study of the inclusion complex of WB852 with beta-cyclodextrin].
AB  - The aim of this study was to increase the stability of WB852 in aqueous solution
      by inclusion complex formation with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD). The stability of
      WB852-beta-CD in aqueous solution was determined. The hydrolysis rate of WB852
      from the inclusion compound was lower than that of WB852 alone. The solid
      inclusion compound of WB852 with beta-CD in 1:3 molar ratio was prepared by the
      freeze-drying method. The formation of an inclusion compound with beta-CD in
      solid state was confirmed by X-ray diffractometry, IR spectroscopy and
      differential thermal analysis (DTA).

PMID- 2284977
TI  - [Structural determination of neocynaversicoside isolated from Cynanchum
      versicolor bunge].

PMID- 2284979
TI  - Effect of hydration on random levels of urinary pregnanediol glucuronide.
AB  - To determine the effect hydration has upon the relationship between serum
      progesterone and its urinary metabolite pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide (PDG) we
      measured spot samples from patients (n = 207) presenting in the 1st trimester of
      pregnancy. Serum and urine specimens were obtained simultaneously and measured
      for progesterone and PDG by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Urine specific gravity was
      also measured at the time of sample collection. Results demonstrated that in
      samples where the urine specific gravity was greater than or equal to 1.015 there
      was a strong positive correlation between serum progesterone and PDG (r greater
      than 0.60, p less than 0.001). However, when urine samples were below a specific
      gravity of 1.015, serum and urinary steroid values correlated poorly or not at
      all. We conclude that the measurement of specific gravity should be routinely
      performed when determining random values of urinary PDG, since only samples in
      which the urine is adequately concentrated accurately reflect corresponding serum
      progesterone concentrations.

PMID- 2284980
TI  - Effects of a low-dose estrogen-antiandrogen combination (Diane-35) on lipid and
      carbohydrate metabolism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effect of an oral
      contraceptive containing 35 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg of
      cyproterone acetate (Diane-35) on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients
      with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Twenty three patients with PCOS were
      treated with Diane-35 for between 9 and 18 cycles without interruption (a total
      of 318 treated cycles). Metabolic evaluations, which included measurements of
      fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, total cholesterol, triglyceride, total
      lipids, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apolipoproteins (Apo A1, Apo A2 and
      Apo B), were performed before treatment and every 3rd cycle during the treatment
      period. In the case of 5 women an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) was
      performed before and after the 12th cycle of Diane-35 treatment, with blood
      samples taken for glucose, insulin and C-peptide measurements. Total cholesterol
      showed a significant increase after the 6th cycle (p less than 0.001) and reached
      the mean maximal value after the 9th cycle. A similar increasing trend was
      observed with LDL-cholesterol, which also reached the maximal mean level after
      the 9th cycle of treatment (p less than 0.05). There were no significant changes
      in HDL-cholesterol levels. Significant increases in serum triglyceride (p less
      than 0.01) and total lipids (p less than 0.001) were observed after the 3rd
      cycle. Apo A2 concentrations increased significantly after the 6th cycle (p less
      than 0.001) and showed an increasing trend thereafter. A significant increase was
      also observed in Apo B concentrations after the 6th cycle but these decreased
      after the 12th cycle. In spite of these observed increases in serum lipids and
      lipoproteins, the mean levels remained within the normal range throughout the
      treatment period. Fasting serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations did
      not show any significant changes during the study. Higher insulin and C-peptide
      responses during the oGTT were observed after the 12th cycle but the differences
      in the areas under the curve before and after treatment were not significant. A
      deterioration of blood glucose was observed after treatment with Diane-35, a
      significant difference in mean values being noted 150 minutes after the glucose
      overload (p less than 0.005). However, the areas under the curve in blood glucose
      response before (34.92 +/- 4.12) and after (43.45 +/- 3.61) treatment were not
      significantly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2284981
TI  - The diagnosis of luteal phase defect using different diagnostic criteria.
AB  - We evaluated the real incidence of the luteal phase defect (LPD) syndrome in 149
      women who previously had been diagnosed by four independent researchers as having
      it, by the use of a combination of 3 criteria: basal body temperature (BBt), the
      histological appearance of the endometrium (EB) and the serum level of
      progesterone (P). The women had been divided according to etiological factors of
      the LPD syndrome into 4 groups (A, B, C and D). When the 3 criteria were used
      simultaneously (category II), the incidence of LPD among the patients was 41%;
      when P and EB (category III) and P and BBt (category V) criteria were used, the
      incidence was the same in each case (45%). On the contrary, with the use of BBt
      and EB (category IV) criteria the incidence was 65%. Furthermore, when the above
      mentioned categories were used in each of the groups separately, the smallest
      deviation between the initial and final diagnosis of LPD was found in groups A
      and B, whereas the largest deviation was found in groups C and D. We conclude
      that the highest incidence of patients who remained with the diagnosis of LPD was
      observed after utilization of category IV (EB and BBt) criteria and we recommend
      that, in cases where LPD is diagnosed based on P levels, only higher serum levels
      be accepted as indicative of the syndrome.

PMID- 2284982
TI  - Detection of estrogen receptors in the trigonum and urinary bladder with an
      immunohistochemical technique.
AB  - In order to detect estrogen receptors (ER) in the female bladder, 5 premenopausal
      and 10 postmenopausal women affected by gynecological diseases were submitted to
      cystoscopy, during which both the trigonum and the bladder lateral wall were
      biopsied. A new, simple, cost-effective immunohistochemical technique was
      employed to stain the estrogen specific binding sites. ER were found in the
      trigonum of 3 premenopausal and 4 postmenopausal subjects, while the bladder
      lateral wall was always ER-negative. A comparison with previously used ER
      detection methods and a discussion of further hypothetical applications of the
      immunohistochemical technique in the study of the lower female urogenital tract
      are reported.

PMID- 2284983
TI  - Tuberous sclerosis in neurosurgery. An analysis of 18 patients.
AB  - Eighteen patients with tuberous sclerosis have been analysed, treated between
      1981 and 1987. The diagnosis was made on the clinical triad of adenoma sebaceum,
      mental retardation and epilepsy. In 6 patients a positive family history of the
      heredo-familial autosomal-dominant disease was found. The neuroradiological
      examinations showed in 4 patients tumours with obstruction of the ventricles. All
      4 patients were operated on and in 2 additional cases only shunt procedures were
      performed. The diagnosis, neuroradiological investigations with CT scan and MRI,
      and the neurosurgical management will be discussed in the light of our material
      and by literature.

PMID- 2284984
TI  - Clinical and long-term follow-up study in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid
      haemorrhage of unknown aetiology.
AB  - Clinical characteristics and the outcomes of 50 patients with confirmed
      subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) of unknown aetiology were evaluated. Twenty-nine
      of these patients were interviewed with a mean follow-up of 7.7 years. Seven
      patients experienced early rebleeding during hospitalization, and one patient
      experienced late rebleeding during the follow-up period. On admission to the
      hospital the consciousness level was "clear" in 43 of the patients, "drowsy" in
      6, and "semicomatose" in only 1. Of 10 patients who underwent computerized
      tomography (CT) within 3 days after SAH, 6 showed no abnormal CT findings and 3
      had mild subarachnoid blood. Another patient showed severe SAH. Neurological
      deficit due to symptomatic vasospasm persisted in only 1 case. Two patients died
      after re-bleeding during hospitalization, and two others died during the follow
      up, thereby representing an overall mortality rate of 8%. Of the latter cases,
      one died of an unrelated disease, and the other died suddenly from an unknown
      cause. The remaining forty-six patients (92%) had a good outcome. These results
      confirm previously reported clinical characteristics, namely that the symptoms of
      the majority of such cases are mild, the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm is
      rare, the risk of late re-bleeding is very low (less than 1% per year), and the
      prognosis is good. The CT findings suggest that some of these features resulted
      from only mild SAH. Thus, SAH of unknown aetiology seems to be a disease entity
      with a good prognosis.

PMID- 2284985
TI  - Multiple intracranial aneurysms in elderly patients.
AB  - The clinical characteristics of elderly patients with multiple intracranial
      aneurysms were studied. A total of 481 patients, in whom the exact location of
      their ruptured aneurysms could be confirmed, were classified into two age groups,
      that is, those aged 59 years or younger (group 1: 247 cases, 51%) and those aged
      60 years or older (group 2: 234 cases, 49%). The incidences of multiple aneurysms
      were 30% for group 1 and 27% for group 2. This difference is statistically not
      significant. The rate of multiple aneurysms was less frequent in males than in
      females in group 2, whereas no difference could be found in group 1. The age
      distribution of patients with multiple aneurysms was basically similar to that of
      patients with single aneurysms. While the highest rupture rate was observed in
      the anterior communicating artery aneurysms of both groups, this tendency was
      more prominent in group 2 (79%) than in group 1 (59%). The rupture rates for
      other sites in group 2 were 50% for distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms,
      40% for internal carotid artery aneurysms and 28% for middle cerebral artery
      aneurysms. The pattern of surgical outcome showed no major differences between
      multiple and single aneurysms in either group 1 or 2. However, group 1 had better
      surgical results than group 2. Even though the surgical outcome for multiple
      aneurysms in elderly patients was satisfactory, awareness of the probability of
      rupture at each site is helpful, especially when it is necessary to decide
      whether unruptured aneurysms should be operated on or not.

PMID- 2284987
TI  - Ethnic distribution of intracranial aneurysms.
AB  - The reported higher incidences of intracranial arterial aneurysms (IAA) in Africa
      and Asia raised the question of possible racial differences in aneurysm
      incidence. This prompted a retrospective study of the 244 cases of IAA seen at
      the Henry Ford Hospital (HFH) from 1979 to 1985. There were 171 whites and 73
      blacks in the study group. The results showed a higher white to black case ratio
      (2.3:1) than the white to black hospital population ratio (1.14:1). If only
      bleeding aneurysms were considered, there were 81 whites and 52 blacks, with a
      white to black case ratio of 1.6:1, thus giving only a borderline racial
      difference. The peak age of aneurysm incidence was the fifth decade for blacks
      and the sixth decade for whites. The most common aneurysms sites were: [table:
      see text]

PMID- 2284986
TI  - Fatal aneurysmal rupture: a survey of 60 grade-5 cases.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to describe the clinical course of patients
      with Grade-5 ruptured aneurysms (WFNS grading). Among 250 consecutive cases of
      ruptured aneurysms, 60 Grade-5 patients were reviewed retrospectively, consisting
      of 24 males and 36 females with an average age of 58 years. Thirty-two patients
      were directly transferred to our clinic, while the remaining 28 were referred
      from other clinics. Duration from rupture to arrival at our clinic was within 1
      hour in 25 cases and within 2 hours in 43 cases. Systolic blood pressure on
      admission was 186 mmHg on average. Obvious misdiagnoses by primary physicians
      were made in 7 cases. Ventricular drainage and clipping/trapping of the aneurysms
      were performed in 7 and 25 cases, respectively. Forty-nine patients died and the
      remaining 11 survived. One made a good recovery, 1 was moderately disabled, 8
      severely disabled, and 1 in a vegetative state. The prognosis for Grade-5
      patients is well known as being extremely poor, which also was the case in our
      series. Early referral and early surgical intervention have not changed this poor
      prognosis. Possible improvement of the outcome of this group might be expected by
      1) public health and primary physician education on aneurysmal subarachnoid
      haemorrhage, and 2) control of blood pressure during referral.

PMID- 2284989
TI  - "Benign" acute subdural haematomas. Analysis of 12 cases.
AB  - Twelve cases of acute subdural haematomas, who had a benign course, were studied.
      During the same period of 8 years, 132 patients with acute subdural haematomas
      were treated in our unit, an incidence of 9%. From our study it becomes evident
      that the fate of the patients is determined by the type of injury and especially
      the conscious level of the patients on admission and their evolution. It also
      becomes evident from the world literature, that the term "acute" was used in an
      arbitrary way in most papers and more strict criteria should be used for using
      this term and for evaluating the ultimate course of these patients.

PMID- 2284988
TI  - Traumatic extradural haematomas in pediatric age group.
AB  - A series of 75 children with traumatic extradural haematomas operated on at our
      Department between 1982 and 1988 were analysed in detail. The overall mortality
      rate was 17%. CT scan constituted a valuable tool for an early and correct
      diagnosis, and the mortality rate declined to 9% in the post-CT era. The outcome
      was found to be predominantly affected by the preoperative neurological status,
      by the duration of the time interval between onset of coma and surgical
      intervention, and mainly by the presence of associated brain lesions.

PMID- 2284991
TI  - Clinico-statistical study on morphological risk factors of middle cerebral artery
      aneurysms.
AB  - Influences of various factors on postoperative outcome of 122 well-documented
      cases, out of a total of 151 cases of middle cerebral artery aneurysm, are
      discussed in this paper. The shape of the aneurysm, major axis, major axis/neck
      and major/minor axis ratio were correlated with the presence or absence of a bleb
      (p less than 0.0000001), and indicated a correlation not only between aneurysmal
      shape and the outcome (p less than 0.05) but also between preoperative
      seriousness and the outcome (p less than 0.05). The preoperative seriousness and
      the grade of subarachnoid haemorrhage indicated a close correlation between each
      of these two parameters and the outcome (p less than 0.000001 for each). Both the
      quantity and the colour of CSF outflow from the chiasmal cistern showed close
      correlation with vasospasm (p less than 0.01), onset of hydrocephalus (p less
      than 0.01) and the outcome (p less than 0.001). Moreover, vasospasm and
      hydrocephalus grade itself also showed close correlation with the outcome (p less
      than 0.001 and p less than 0.00001). All parameters: blood pressure grade, BPmax,
      BPmin, BP fluctuation showed correlations not only with preoperative seriousness
      (p less than 0.001) and the outcome (p less than 0.0001) but also with
      subarachnoid haemorrhage frequency, number of aneurysms, and major axis/neck
      ratio.

PMID- 2284990
TI  - Regional cerebral blood flow after omental transposition to the ischaemic brain
      in man. A five year follow-up study.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow, recorded by the 133Xenon inhalation method, was
      measured preoperatively and over a five years postoperative period in six
      patients with completed stroke and stabilized neurological deficits, who had
      undergone omental transposition for revascularization of the ischaemic brain.
      Comparisons of the preoperative blood flow values with those recorded following
      surgery demonstrate a postoperative increase of blood flow in five patients, with
      a high statistical degree of significance in four of them at the final
      examination. The flow increase was noted over the infarcted areas of the brain,
      upon which the omentum had been placed, as well as areas of the ischaemic
      hemisphere without omental placement and the contralateral hemisphere. Out of the
      five patients who demonstrated preoperative flow values below the expected norm
      for age, four showed final postoperative cerebral blood flow within the normal
      limits for their age. The results are consistent with the assumption that the
      transposed omentum played a role in postoperative blood flow increase, by adding
      collateral circulation to the ischaemic brain.

PMID- 2284992
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance and lipids of the plasma from patients with
      intracranial tumours.
AB  - The plasma of fifteen patients with malignant primary intracranial central
      nervous system (CNS) neoplasms was examined using proton nuclear magnetic
      resonance (NMR) and lipid level analysis. Twenty-three benign intracranial
      neoplasms and twelve non-CNS, non-malignancy patients served as control. At 300
      MHz the NMR mean line width of plasma with malignant tumours was (+/- 2 SE) 37.2
      +/- 3.0 Hz and for benign tumours 33.5 +/- 3.0 Hz (P = 0.09). The mean plasma
      triglyceride level for the malignancy patients was 100 +/- 25 mg/decilitre and
      173 +/- 74 mg/decilitre for the patients with benign tumours (P = 0.07). The mean
      plasma cholesterol was 182 +/- 42 mg/decilitre for the malignancy patients and
      for the patients with benign tumours 241 +/- 29 mg/decilitre (P = 0.03).
      Unfortunately overlaps of the values of the different groups, in spite of
      statistically significant differences, detracts from the clinical usefulness of
      these criteria. Attempts to combine these values and correct for tumour volume,
      as calculated from computerized tomography, did not improve the differentiation
      between these two groups. Although it has been reported that plasma NMR and lipid
      levels can differentiate between malignant and benign tumours in general and in
      the central nervous system, these criteria are not adequately sensitive and
      specific to replace histology for the definite diagnosis of central nervous
      system tumours.

PMID- 2284993
TI  - On an intracranially divided optic nerve (N. opticus fissus).
AB  - An intracranially divided optic nerve is described for the first time. At its
      upper surface an adhesion of the arachnoid membrane and the medial frontobasal
      artery was seen. The finding is discussed with descriptions of earlier researches
      and results of our material.

PMID- 2284995
TI  - Model systems to study immunomodulation in domestic food animals.
AB  - Development of immunomodulators for use in food producing animals is an active
      area of research. This research has generally incorporated aspects of
      immunosuppression in model systems. This methodology is appropriate because most
      of the research has been aimed at developing immunomodulators for certain
      economically significant diseases in which immunosuppression is believed to be an
      important component of their pathogenesis. The primary focus has been on stress
      associated diseases (especially bovine respiratory disease), infectious diseases
      in young animals, and mastitis. The model systems used have limitations, but they
      have demonstrated that immunomodulators are capable of significantly increasing
      resistance to these important infectious disease syndromes. As our understanding
      of molecular immunology increases and as more potential immunomodulators become
      available, the use of relevant model systems should greatly aid advancement in
      the field of immunomodulation.

PMID- 2284996
TI  - Nutritional modulation of immunity in domestic food animals.

PMID- 2284994
TI  - Early prognosis of supratentorial grade 2 astrocytomas in adult patients after
      resection or stereotactic biopsy. An analysis of 50 cases operated on between
      1984 and 1988.
AB  - 50 adult supratentorial low-grade astrocytomas operated upon between 1984 and
      1988 were analysed retrospectively with respect to postoperative condition and
      progression-free survival. Pilocytic lesions were excluded. In 32 instances the
      tumour was macroscopically completely removed and partially in 4. In 14 cases a
      stereotactic biopsy was performed only. 10 patients received postoperative
      radiotherapy with 55 to 65 Gy. 1 patient died perioperatively from pulmonary
      embolism. 39 patients could resume their previous activities after discharge from
      the hospital, 10 were significantly disabled by neurological deficit, reduced
      neuropsychological performance or medically intractable epilepsy.
      Postoperatively, most patients required continuous anti-epileptic medication, 10
      recurrences or tumour progressions of incompletely removed or merely biopsied
      lesions were observed within the mean follow-up period of 22 months. All
      recurrences after gross total removal, that were reoperated, had progressed to a
      malignant glioma. Of the prognostic tumour characteristics analysed, a
      histologically well-delineated tumour demarcation was most clearly associated
      with a favourable prognosis. Concerning treatment modalities, gross total
      resection was associated with a favourable prognosis. Radiotherapy was associated
      with an unfavourable outcome but this is probably due to selection of otherwise
      unfavourable cases.

PMID- 2284997
TI  - Neuroendocrine-immune interactions.

PMID- 2284998
TI  - Potential for improving animal health by modulation of behavior and immune
      function.

PMID- 2284999
TI  - Mechanisms of action of some immunomodulators used in veterinary medicine.

PMID- 2285000
TI  - Outcome criteria in clinical trials with elderly subjects.

PMID- 2285001
TI  - A randomized double-blind controlled trial of naftidrofuryl in acute stroke.
AB  - There is evidence to support the use of naftidrofuryl in acute stroke with claims
      of increased recovery, reduced fatality and reduced bed occupancy in patients
      treated with either oral or intravenous preparations. One hundred patients
      presenting with acute hemisphere stroke (less than 72 hours) were randomized to
      receive either a new oral formulation of naftidrofuryl or placebo on a double
      blind basis. Treatment was given for a total of 12 weeks and patients followed
      for 26 weeks with serial neurological and functional assessments by a single
      observer. Cumulative fatality and hospital-bed occupancy were determined at each
      assessment interval. No significant difference was demonstrated in cumulative
      fatality, hospital-bed occupancy or recovery of motor function in patients
      treated with either naftidrofuryl or placebo. There is no evidence from this
      study to support the use of oral naftidrofuryl in acute stroke.

PMID- 2285002
TI  - The association of age with the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes in human
      monocytes.
AB  - In vivo studies in man suggest that the enzyme-inducing effect of environmental
      influences such as drugs or smoking may be reduced in elderly people. We have
      investigated the basal activity and response to induction of the oxidative
      enzyme, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in human monocytes. Three groups were
      studied: ten fit young, ten fit elderly and eight frail elderly subjects.
      Significant induction of AHH activity in response to the hydrocarbon
      benz(a)anthracene was achieved in all three groups. No impairment of basal AHH
      activity or in the synthesis of new enzyme protein was noted with age or frailty.
      There is still no direct evidence of an age-associated fall in drug metabolizing
      enzyme activities in man.

PMID- 2285003
TI  - Reduced gastrointestinal absorption of calcium in dementia.
AB  - Several reports have suggested that the neurodegenerative change in Alzheimer
      type dementia (ATD) may be related to alterations in calcium homoeostasis. The
      absorption of radiocalcium (45Ca) in 26 ATD subjects and 11 patients with multi
      infarct dementia (MID) was compared to 24 normal age- and sex-matched controls.
      The absorption of radiocalcium was significantly lower in both ATD and MID when
      compared to controls. The reduced 45Ca absorption in ATD occurred in the presence
      of normal plasma concentrations of PTH and vitamin D metabolites and the serum
      concentrations of calcium and aluminium were in the normal range. The data
      suggest that the reduced uptake of radioactive calcium observed in ATD is a non
      specific derangement.

PMID- 2285004
TI  - Bacteriuria in non-catheterized elderly patients in the first eight days of
      hospital stay.
AB  - One hundred and sixty-one non-catheterized consecutive acute geriatric admissions
      were screened for bacteriuria on the day following admission, both in the morning
      and in the afternoon and seven days later--morning and afternoon. The prevalence
      of bacteriuria was 29% on admission. A correlation between bacteriuria and
      leucocyturia was shown. The patients were admitted with a variety of medical
      illnesses but in no case was a diagnosis of urinary-tract infection made prior to
      admission. There was a significant relationship between incontinence and
      bacteriuria on admission; 12% of abacteriuric patients became bacteriuric between
      day 1 and day 7 following admission. Escherichia coli accounted for 51% of the
      isolates on admission to hospital. Bacteriuria was associated with increased
      mortality within 1 year following admission to hospital.

PMID- 2285005
TI  - The prevalence of urinary incontinence and use of incontinence aids in 85-year
      old men and women.
AB  - The prevalence of urinary incontinence and the use of incontinence aids was
      investigated in 85-year-old men and women resident in the city of Goteborg. The
      overall prevalence of urinary incontinence was 37.2%. Urinary incontinence was
      more prevalent (p less than 0.001) in women (43.2%) than men (24.0%), and in
      residents of a nursing home or hospital (83.9%) than in men and women living at
      home (29.4%). Urinary incontinence was more commonly encountered in men with
      neurological (p less than 0.001) and respiratory (p less than 0.05) illnesses,
      and in women suffering from cardiovascular (p less than 0.05), neurological (p
      less than 0.001) and urogenital (p less than 0.01) illnesses. Incontinence aids
      were used more often (p less than 0.001) by incontinent women (67.9%) then men
      (42.9%) living in the community, and were used by 86.4% of the incontinent men
      and 91.5% of the incontinent women living in an institution. Pads were the
      commonest form of incontinence aid used, irrespective of whether the men and
      women lived in the community or in an institution. Indwelling urinary catheters
      were used by only 2% of the 85-year-old men and women.

PMID- 2285006
TI  - Care of the elderly person with diabetes: a questionnaire study comparing
      geriatricians with diabetic specialists.
AB  - The management of elderly diabetic patients by 100 geriatricians and 100
      diabetologists was assessed by a postal questionnaire. Replies were initially
      received from 54 geriatricians and 81 diabetologists (p less than 0.001);
      geriatricians were re-contacted increasing replies to 71. The geriatricians were
      less likely to check the visual acuities (p less than 0.001), less likely to
      dilate the pupils for fundoscopy (p less than 0.025), less likely to refer a
      patient with maculopathy to an ophthalmologist (p less than 0.001), more likely
      to discharge a stable diabetic to general-practitioner care (p less than 0.05),
      less likely to use insulin (p less than 0.01) or antidepressants (p less than
      0.01) in treating painful peripheral neuropathy, and more likely to use
      glibenclamide instead of a shorter-acting sulphonylurea (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2285007
TI  - A study of the psychometric effects of chlormethiazole in healthy young and
      elderly subjects.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and effects of chlormethiazole (91 mg intravenously together
      with 356 mg orally) on psychomotor performance were studied in 10 young (mean age
      29 years) and 10 older (mean age 66.2 years) volunteers using an open design.
      Chlormethiazole affected psychomotor function and decreased subjective arousal in
      both age groups. The peak effect was found at approximately 30 min, i.e. at the
      end of the infusion, and performance returned to normal by 3 h. There was no
      evidence of increased sensitivity of the older subjects to the psychomotor or
      subjective effects of chlormethiazole. The incidence and type of reported
      symptoms was also similar in the two age groups. The volume of distribution of
      chlormethiazole was greater in the old than in the young subjects as was the
      elimination half-life after intravenous administration. Other pharmacokinetic
      variables showed no significant differences between young and old subjects.

PMID- 2285008
TI  - Serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and five-year survival in
      elderly people.
AB  - In the year 1982 serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
      were measured in 535 people aged 85 years participating in a health survey
      screening. All subjects were living at home. During the 5-year follow-up, 186
      (34.8%) of the subjects died. There was a J-shaped relation between serum
      cholesterol and mortality. Mortality was lowest at serum cholesterol 5.0-5.9
      mmol/l for men and 7.0-7.9 mmol/l for women. The greatest mortality was observed
      in men with cholesterol greater than or equal to 6.0 mmol/l and in women with
      cholesterol greater than or equal to 8.0 mmol/l. There was a significant negative
      association of serum HDL cholesterol with mortality. Mortality was highest
      (53.3%) in men with serum HDL cholesterol less than 0.80 mmol/l. Mortality was
      low (16.5%) in women with serum HDL cholesterol greater than 1.8 mmol/l.

PMID- 2285009
TI  - Potassium supplementation in the treatment of idiopathic postural hypotension.
AB  - We studied the effects of potassium supplementation (60 mmol/day) and matching
      placebo on the postural blood-pressure fall in ten elderly patients with
      symptomatic idiopathic postural hypotension in a double-blind, randomized cross
      over trial. There was a significant decrease in the orthostatic fall in systolic
      blood pressure (SBP 33 +/- 5 mmHg to 16 +/- 9 mmHg, p less than 0.01) and in
      supine SBP (162 +/- 7 to 150 +/- 7 mmHg, p less than 0.01) between placebo and
      potassium phases. Supine diastolic and erect blood pressures were unchanged,
      though pulse rate showed a greater orthostatic increase (7 +/- 3 beats/min to 14
      +/- 2 beats/min, p less than 0.05) following potassium therapy. No significant
      changes were seen in intracellular electrolytes, plasma renin activity,
      aldosterone levels or body weight. Seven patients reported symptomatic
      improvement with potassium, but none during the placebo phase. Potassium therapy
      was well tolerated and may be a successful and safe method of treating idiopathic
      postural hypotension.

PMID- 2285010
TI  - The discharge of elderly patients from an accident and emergency department:
      functional changes and risk of readmission.
AB  - Four hundred and fifty patients aged 75 years or older were followed up after
      discharge from an accident and emergency department. Forty-three per cent of all
      patients experienced some loss of functional independence. A small number, 5.6%,
      were readmitted to hospital within 14 days. This group were significantly less
      able to perform certain activities of daily living than those not readmitted.
      Attention to functional assessment by casualty staff may help to prevent
      readmission to hospital of this frail elderly group of patients.

PMID- 2285012
TI  - Notice of inadvertent dual publication.

PMID- 2285011
TI  - The association of age and frailty with paracetamol conjugation in man.
AB  - The association of age, physical frailty and liver size upon hepatic conjugation
      reactions was studied using paracetamol as a model drug. Nineteen fit subjects
      (mean age 26 years), 20 fit subjects (mean age 73 years), and eight frail,
      hospitalized subjects (mean age 82 years) were recruited. Paracetamol clearance
      expressed in terms of body weight was significantly lower in the fit elderly than
      in the fit young subjects, and was lowest in the frail elderly subjects (p less
      than 0.01). There was no difference in paracetamol clearance expressed per unit
      volume of liver between the fit young and fit elderly subjects but it was
      significantly reduced in the frail subjects. Although the partial metabolic
      clearance to paracetamol sulphate was preserved per unit volume of liver with
      ageing and frailty, the partial metabolic clearance to paracetamol glucuronide
      per unit volume of liver was markedly reduced in the frail elderly (p less than
      0.01) when compared with the fit subjects. These results show that age-associated
      changes in paracetamol clearance are attributable to both changes in liver volume
      and in general health. The findings underline the important influences of the
      elderly person's physical state upon drug clearance.

PMID- 2285013
TI  - Surgery for benign oesophageal stricture.

PMID- 2285014
TI  - Sodium fluoride: too late and too toxic for the elderly osteoporotic patient?
      Additional comments.

PMID- 2285016
TI  - Interference of levamisole with cerebral edema.
AB  - The anthelmintic and immunomodulator drug levamisole is also a thromboxane
      synthetase inhibitor. The effect of levamisole on cerebral edema in Mongolian
      gerbils and in rat models of stroke was evaluated. Cerebral ischemia was produced
      in gerbils by right carotid ligation and in rats by right carotid ligation and
      anoxia. Mortality and right hemisphere edema were evaluated 24 hours after
      induction of cerebral anoxia in levamisole treated animals. Levamisole failed to
      protect gerbils from death or cerebral edema but decreased dose-dependently the
      cerebral edema in rats. The fact that levamisole inhibits thromboxane synthetase
      and decrease cerebral swelling in rats supports further tests against human
      stroke.

PMID- 2285015
TI  - Antiinflammatory activity of methionine, methionine sulfoxide and methionine
      sulfone.
AB  - The oxidation of methionine in peptides is often associated with the loss of
      biological activity. Since methionine showed good antiinflammatory activity, its
      oxidized products methionine sulfoxide and methionine sulfone were tested. The
      sulfone was more active than the sulfoxide although methionine was most active
      indicating that the antiinflammatory activity is not correlated with the
      oxidation state of sulphur. Their hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was
      measured. Methionine was most active and sulfone was least active. Here also no
      correlation with antiinflammatory activity was found.

PMID- 2285017
TI  - AHR-10037, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound of low gastric toxicity.
AB  - AHR-10037 is an anti-inflammatory compound possessing analgesic and antipyretic
      properties and a high therapeutic index. AHR-10037 was comparable to indomethacin
      in suppressing acute (Evans blue-carrageenan pleural effusion) and chronic
      (adjuvant-induced arthritis) inflammation. There was a delayed onset of
      antipyresis (yeast-induced hyperthermia in rats), analgesia (acetylcholine
      induced abdominal constriction in mice) and inhibition of caster oil-induced
      diarrhea in rats. Antipyresis occurred 3 hours after administration of AHR-10037,
      4 mg/kg, PO. vs 1 hour after administration of acetylsalicylic acid, 100 mg/kg,
      PO; maximum analgesic activity (ED50 = 4.1 mg/kg) occurred at 4 hours. AHR-10037
      was inferior to indomethacin in suppressing castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats.
      The therapeutic index of AHR-10037 (relating acute anti-inflammatory potency to
      gastric toxicity potency relative to indomethacin) ranged from 56-91. The
      pharmacological profile suggests that AHR-10037 is a prodrug converted in vivo to
      a cyclooxygenase inhibitor.

PMID- 2285018
TI  - Correlation of leukocyte interleukin-1 production with the stimulation of
      prostaglandin and tissue factor synthesis by human umbilical vein endothelial
      cells.
AB  - Human leukocyte suspensions (neutrophils 80-85%, monocyte 15-20%) were incubated
      alone or with cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Leukocytes were
      either directly added to the endothelial cell cultures or separated from them by
      a 0.4 micron insert filter. Supernatants or cell lysates were obtained at 0.5, 1,
      2, and 4 hours of incubation. Supernatants were assayed for the prostacyclin
      (PGI2) metabolite 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by
      radioimmunoassay and for interleukin-1 (IL-1) by the thymocyte co-mitogen assay.
      Cell lysates were analyzed for cell-associated procoagulant activity (PCA). Co
      incubation of endothelial cells with leukocytes stimulated the synthesis of PGI2,
      PGE2, and PCA. These biochemical changes correlated partially with the release of
      IL-1 beta. The results suggest that IL-1 released in monocyte neutrophil co
      cultures can produce prothrombotic (increased PCA expression) and inflammatory
      changes (increased synthesis of vasodilatory and permeability enhancing PGI2 and
      PGE2) in endothelial cells. Neutrophils may represent a source of the released IL
      1 and/or may act to stimulate monocyte release of this cytokine and thus play an
      important role in vascular pathology by a mechanism unrelated to their more
      direct cytotoxic activity.

PMID- 2285019
TI  - Protective effect of rimexolone on cartilage damage in arthritic mice: a
      comparative study with triamcinolone hexacetonide.
AB  - We studied the effect of the local steroid preparation rimexolone on cartilage
      metabolism in arthritis and normal joints. Prolonged anti-inflammatory action was
      evident after intraarticular injection of a single dose of 450 micrograms into
      mice with monoarticular antigen-induced arthritis. Suppression of inflammation
      lasted for at least 21 days. A single dose of 25 micrograms of the anti
      inflammatory steroid triamcinolone hexacetonide (THA) induced comparable
      suppression in the initial stage of the arthritis, but the suppressive action was
      of shorter duration. Both drugs significantly prevented osteophyte formation,
      which is a characteristic feature of this type of experimental arthritis.
      Although chondrocyte proteoglycan (PG) synthesis in patellar cartilage was
      significantly suppressed upon injection in normal joints, both steroids
      counteracted the severe suppression of PG synthesis in arthritic joints. These
      data indicate that although steroids may have significant side effects on
      chondrocytes, the overall effect on arthritic chondrocytes is beneficial. An
      advantage of rimexolone over THA is its prolonged retention, which may explain
      its sustained anti-inflammatory action, and the lack of systemic effects.

PMID- 2285020
TI  - Nonspecific action of glucocorticosteroids after high-dose pulse therapy?
AB  - The original view of glucocorticoid effects as being divided into physiological
      and pharmacological ones is no longer acceptable, i.e. all glucocorticoid effects
      are apparently mediated by receptor occupation which triggers RNA protein
      synthesis. The concentrations needed for receptor-mediated effects are low, e.g.
      the KD value for dexamethasone is in the nanomolar range. The high-dose pulse
      glucocorticoid therapy results in blood concentrations much higher than those
      necessary for receptor saturation. This makes sense only when nonspecific effects
      may be expected to occur which necessitate concentrations higher than 10(-6)
      mol.l-1. In this paper the question of nonspecific glucocorticoid effects in
      adjuvant arthritis and carrageenin paw edema of rats was investigated using the
      glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 38486 and by injecting the RNA/protein
      synthesis inhibitors actinomycin D or cycloheximide. We did not find convincing
      evidence for nonspecific glucocorticoid mechanisms.

PMID- 2285021
TI  - Role of platelet activating factor in the pathogenesis of active and passive
      models of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat.

PMID- 2285022
TI  - Zinc monoglycerolate: a slow-release source of zinc with anti-arthritic activity
      in rats.
AB  - Zinc repletion by parental administration of zinc monoglycerolate (ZMG) or
      certain other lipophilic zinc complexes, suppressed the development of adjuvant
      induced polyarthritis in rats. While ZMG was effective when given parenterally
      over various limited time schedules (immunosuppressant, therapeutic, singledose),
      it was not effective given orally. The complex showed no acute anti-inflammatory
      activity in the carrageenan paw oedema assay and little gastric-intestinal or
      other organ toxicity. When injected s.c. it caused very much less local
      irritation than most zinc salts. Being lubrous, ZMG could be applied as the dry
      powder for rubbing into the skin and by this route was found to have anti
      arthritic activity. 65Zn was shown to be absorbed and excreted in the faeces
      (biliary excretion) after applying 65Zn-ZMG dermally to shaved dorsal skin of
      rats. ZMG showed consistent anti-arthritic activity in rats under conditions in
      which 2 gold drugs (aurothiomalate, Auranofin) exhibited variable effects,
      depending on the strain of rat. The role of zinc and its availability in chronic
      inflammation are discussed on the basis of these studies.

PMID- 2285023
TI  - Copper and aspirin treatment increase the antioxidant activity of plasma.
AB  - Copper (Cu) complexes of a number of compounds have increased anti-inflammatory
      efficacy over the native compound. In the present study, Cu and acetylsalicylic
      acid (ASA) were administered to rabbits over a one week period. At the end of
      this time, ocular inflammation was induced by intravitreal injection of
      endotoxin. ASA caused a slight reduction in the inflammatory response at 24
      hours, but this response was not further decreased when Cu was added to the
      treatment regimen. However, there was a gradual and significant increase in
      antioxidant activity in the plasma of animals in the combined treatment group
      which could not be accounted for by a Cu-ASA complex, an increase in the
      concentration of known plasma protein antioxidants (ceruloplasmin and
      transferrin) or an increase in superoxide dismutase activity. The compound(s)
      responsible for this increased activity has a molecular weight greater than
      10,000 Da. A large increase in plasma antioxidant activity may have a protective
      effect in other models of inflammation and provide a mechanism for the proven
      increase in anti-inflammatory efficacy of Cu-chelates of many compounds.

PMID- 2285024
TI  - Pentoxifylline inhibits actin polymerization in human neutrophils after
      stimulation by chemoattractant factor.
AB  - Pentoxifylline (PTX) has been recently reported to stimulate PMN chemotaxis under
      dense agarose. The present study was designed to characterize the effect of PTX
      on actin polymerization before and after stimulation by the chemotactic factor f
      MLP- We used two different methods to determine the proportion of actin in the
      filamentous form: SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to study the Triton X
      100 insoluble cytoskeleton, and flow cytometry using fluorescent Rhodamine
      Phalloidin to study actin conformation. PTX (10(-3) M) did not affect the amount
      of F-actin (polymerized G-actin) incorporated into the cytoskeleton, but reduced
      total F-actin in a dose-dependent manner, at all concentrations of f-MLP used.
      Moreover, this inhibitory effect appeared more clearly in PMN with the higher
      activation ratios. Thus F-actin is only partially incorporated into the
      cytoskeleton, and PTX-induced reduction of non-incorporated actin may reduce the
      stiffness of activated PMN. This could explain the increased chemotaxis of PMN
      across the small holes of dense agarose.

PMID- 2285025
TI  - Effect of nisoldipine on priming and activation of the human neutrophil
      respiratory burst.
AB  - Nisoldipine inhibits calcium (Ca++) influx in human neutrophils: Preincubation
      with the dihydropyridine, nisoldipine (1.5 microM) resulted in a 30% decrease in
      [45]Ca++ influx during formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (FMLP) stimulation
      in primed as well as resting cells. Although the drug does not inhibit Ca++
      dependent effector functions elicited by FMLP, e.g. superoxide (O2-) production,
      it inhibits FMLP priming, a phenomenon that is independent of extracellular Ca++.
      Nisoldipine exhibited a narrow dose response with an ED50 of ca. 1 microM and
      total inhibition of primed O2- response at 1.5 microM. Nisoldipine (1.5 microM)
      also abolished the incremental rise of Ca++i in primed neutrophils stimulated
      with FMLP. The dissociation of nisoldipine inhibitory effects on cell effector
      function and Ca++ transport were corroborated in studies with neutrophils
      stimulated with influenza virus and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), stimuli
      which do not exhibit an extracellular Ca(++)-dependence in their elicited
      responses. Unlike in FMLP-stimulated cells, nisoldipine reduced influenza virus
      and PMA initiated respiratory burst, indicating that this drug has inhibitory
      effects on neutrophil function independent of its effect on Ca++ metabolism.
      Possible sites of action are postulated at phospholipase A2 or calmodulin
      regulated activities. Caution is thus required in interpreting the effects of
      dihydropyridine on cell function, when the drug is used at micromolar
      concentration.

PMID- 2285026
TI  - Phagocytic function and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of human
      neutrophils in the presence of N-formimidoyl thienamycin.
AB  - The efficacy of an antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial infections depends
      upon the interactions of the drug, bacteria and phagocytes. We have studied "in
      vitro" the effect of N-formimidoyl thienamycin (Imipenem), a novel beta-lactamic
      antibiotic, on the phagocytic function and antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity of human neutrophil leukocytes. The incubation of these cells with
      50 micrograms/ml of Imipenem similar to the therapeutic levels reached in plasma
      results in an increase of their adherence capacity to nylon fiber and to
      substrate, induced mobility or chemotaxis, opsonization, phagocytosis of Candida
      albicans (with serum, with decomplementarized serum and without serum) and latex
      beads, candidicidal power and the capacity of NBT reduction. Imipenem at this
      dose also presents chemoattractant power for neutrophils and enhances the
      antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

PMID- 2285027
TI  - Differential effects of captopril and enalapril, two angiotensin converting
      enzyme inhibitors, on immune reactivity in experimental lupus disease.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that Captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin
      converting enzyme (ACE), ameliorates experimental systemic lupus erythematosus in
      inbred MRL lpr/lpr (MRL/l) mice. In contrast, Enalapril, another ACE inhibitor
      with antihypertensive properties but lacking a thiol group, did not show similar
      beneficial effects. To better understand the mode of action of captopril in the
      autoimmune disease we have evaluated its immunomodulatory properties with special
      emphasis on antigen-specific and polyclonal B- and T-cell activation. The results
      obtained strongly suggest that Captopril exerts its immunomodulatory effects
      through stimulation of T-lymphocytes.

PMID- 2285028
TI  - Rationale and strategies for American Sign Language intervention.
AB  - A Midwest school district established a demonstration Total Communication
      Project. Its goal was for teachers to become consistent in their role modeling of
      English and American Sign Language (ASL). English was the primary language of the
      classroom and ASL was used as an intervention tool. There has been little
      research on the effectiveness of ASL in the classroom. By implementing an ASL
      intervention program this project is a first step in establishing an environment
      conducive to investigating the effectiveness of ASL intervention for teaching
      deaf students. This paper describes: (a) techniques used for identifying
      classroom situations that call for the use of ASL; (b) discourse situations that
      influence the use of different language codes in total communication classrooms;
      and (c) guidelines for code-switching between English and ASL.

PMID- 2285029
TI  - The adaptation of hearing parents of hearing-impaired youths.
AB  - This study evaluated the emotional and marital adjustment of hearing parents of
      hearing-impaired youths. Participants included mothers and fathers of hearing
      impaired youths and mothers and fathers of hearing youths. In contrast with
      expectations based on clinical impressions reported in the literature, parents of
      hearing-impaired youths reported less symptomatology than did parents of hearing
      youths, and there were no differences in the marital satisfaction of parents in
      intact families. Moreover, parental adjustment was not associated with the
      duration of time since the child was diagnosed as hearing impaired. In addition,
      hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that family cohesion was
      associated with low maternal symptomatology and high marital satisfaction for
      both spouses. For mothers, low symptomatology was associated with low stress and
      female gender of child; high marital satisfaction also was linked with a less
      severe degree of hearing loss in the youth.

PMID- 2285030
TI  - Role-taking ability and social behavior in deaf school children.
AB  - This study assessed the relationship between role-taking skill and social
      emotional adjustment in deaf children. Twenty-three prelingually deafened boys
      and girls between 7 and 14 years of age were administered a role-taking task,
      surreptitious behavioral measures of helping and altruism, and a measure of
      nonverbal intelligence. In addition, two professionals experienced in working
      with deaf children rated the social and emotional adjustment,
      language/communication skills and role-taking ability of the participants.
      Performance on the role-taking task correlated positively with ratings of
      emotional adjustment, self-image, communicative effectiveness and role-taking
      skill. Role-taking performance, however, was not reliably related to any of the
      measures of social behavior. The study also considered several factors which may
      account for the apparent independence of role-taking and social behavior.

PMID- 2285031
TI  - Thinking about thinking: a discussion of the development of cognition and
      language in deaf children.
AB  - Teachers of the deaf are challenged to facilitate maximum cognitive and
      linguistic growth in each student. Often these teachers are not given models to
      use in assessment and classroom intervention practice with their students. This
      article suggests that a Piagetian approach to education of the deaf can be
      applied to other bodies of research to understand what occurs as a deaf child
      comes to a point of knowledge. The article reviews current research in language
      acquisition and cognitive development. It makes suggestions for the application
      of this research to education of the deaf.

PMID- 2285033
TI  - Maternal questions while reading to deaf and hearing twins: a case study.
AB  - This study examined the frequency and types of questions that a mother used
      during storybook reading sessions with her 3-year-old twin daughters. One had
      normal hearing and one was deaf. Results indicated that the mother asked almost
      twice as many questions of the hearing twin as she did of the deaf twin. The
      types of questions asked also varied. With the hearing twin, the mother primarily
      asked conventional test questions. While questions asked the deaf twin appeared
      to serve the same function as conventional test questions, they were asked in a
      form not examined in previous research. Differential changes in questions asked
      the twins across three reading sessions also were noted. Implications for the
      quality of language during book reading with young deaf children are discussed.

PMID- 2285032
TI  - Acquisition of word meanings from context by deaf readers.
AB  - In this paper we examine issues concerning the acquisition of word meanings from
      context by deaf readers. Theories and research with hearing readers suggest
      several reader, text, and task factors which may influence this acquisition
      process, although a similar research base with deaf readers is lacking. It is our
      view that a variety of important questions remain unanswered concerning deaf
      readers' meaning acquisitions. This paper reviews relevant findings from recent
      investigations of how individuals use context in deriving word meanings. It
      details several exemplary studies and draws implications for future inquiry.

PMID- 2285034
TI  - The who, when, where, what of daydreams among a young adult hearing-impaired
      population.
AB  - A sample of 251 hearing-impaired college students responded to a daydreaming
      questionnaire. Only those responses from subjects who daydreamed 14-plus hours
      per week, or who daydreamed one and a half hours or less per week were used. This
      resulted in 40 high-frequency and 40 low-frequency daydreamers. Comparisons were
      made between male and female hearing impaired, high- and low-frequency
      daydreamers. The three significant differences were (a) when daydreaming occurred
      for these subjects; (b) time orientation of the daydreams; and (c) having an
      imaginary companion as a child. Although daydreaming did not differ significantly
      by frequency or sex in the students, other characteristics emerged. Subjects use
      actual, or desired, romantic partners as their central fantasy figures; change
      both themes and characters over a several month period; discuss their fantasies
      with a friend or family member; daydream most frequently while driving, while
      studying, or in class about the themes of love, sex, friendship, and owning
      things.

PMID- 2285035
TI  - A comparison of the health knowledge of hearing-impaired and hearing high school
      students.
AB  - A health knowledge questionnaire was administered to 139 hearing and 66 hearing
      impaired high school students from 12 to 18 years of age. The level of health
      knowledge of the normally-hearing students was found to be superior to that of
      hearing-impaired students at all ages but appeared not to improve with increasing
      school grade. In contrast, the health knowledge of the hearing-impaired students
      increased markedly from Grade 8 to Grade 12, so that by Grade 12 they were
      achieving only marginally below their hearing grade mates. Some of this apparent
      increase in health knowledge probably was due to the fact that only academically
      able hearing-impaired students continue at school in Australia after Grade 10.
      Deficits in the health knowledge of hearing-impaired students were distributed
      uniformly over all areas investigated.

PMID- 2285036
TI  - Teacher judgments of student reading interests: how accurate are they?
AB  - This study investigated the factors used by teachers of the hearing impaired in
      identifying the reading interests of their students. It also examined the
      accuracy of their judgments in comparison to students' responses on a reading
      interest inventory. Twenty teachers of the hearing impaired were asked to judge
      the top two reading interest areas for each of the 82 students. They also
      described the factors they used in making their judgments. The 82 hearing
      impaired students completed a reading interest inventory. Their results were
      compared then with their teachers' judgments. Results indicated that teachers
      were only moderately accurate in judging their students' reading interests.

PMID- 2285037
TI  - Total communication use among elementary teachers of hearing-impaired children.
AB  - This study examined the degree to which teachers' signed Manually Coded English
      messages represented their spoken utterances. Results indicate that educators in
      early elementary programs can, and do, provide a complete manual representation
      of their spoken English messages. This is in contrast with earlier research with
      middle school educators and parents of hearing-impaired children. Findings
      indicate that MCE proficiency may be influenced both by teacher attitude
      regarding the importance of signing a complete message and the degree to which
      program supervisors monitor teacher implementation of clearly specified MCE
      policies. Findings from this study have implications for programs to train
      teachers in using MCE and also provide information on the effects of program
      policy on teacher use of sign language.

PMID- 2285038
TI  - Ventricular system and choroid plexuses of the human brain during the embryonic
      period proper.
AB  - This morphological study, based on serial sections and graphic reconstructions at
      4-8 postovulatory weeks (stages 11-23), is believed to be the first account of
      the ventricular system in staged human embryos. Closure of the caudal neuropore
      at stage 12 heralds the onset of the ventricular system and separates the
      ependymal from the amniotic fluid. After the appearance of the optic ventricle at
      stage 11, the cavity of the telencephalon medium is discernible at stage 13. At
      stage 14 the future cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles begin, and the
      rhomboid fossa becomes apparent. The medial and lateral ventricular eminences
      cause indentations in the lateral ventricle by stage 15. The hypothalamic sulcus
      is evident at stage 16. At stages 17-18 the interventricular foramina are
      becoming relatively smaller, and cellular accumulations indicate the future
      choroid villi of the fourth and lateral ventricles. The areae membranaceae
      rostralis and caudalis are visible in the roof of the fourth ventricle at stage
      18, and the paraphysis is appearing. At stage 19 choroid villi are seen in the
      fourth ventricle, and a mesencephalic evagination (Blindsack) is detectable.
      Choroid villi are noticeable in the lateral ventricle at stage 20. An olfactory
      ventricle is present by stage 21. At about stages 21-23 the lateral ventricle has
      become C-shaped, so that anterior and inferior horns are visible. Several
      recesses, e.g., the optic, infundibular, and pineal, develop in the third
      ventricle during the embryonic period. Features of the ventricular system that do
      not become apparent until the fetal period include the posterior horn of the
      lateral ventricle, choroid plexus of the third ventricle, suprapineal recess,
      interthalamic adhesion, aqueduct, and apertures in the roof of the fourth
      ventricle.

PMID- 2285039
TI  - Ultrastructure of the principal and accessory submandibular glands of the common
      vampire bat.
AB  - The principal and accessory submandibular glands of the common vampire bat,
      Desmodus rotundus, were examined by electron microscopy. The secretory endpieces
      of the principal gland consist of serous tubules capped at their blind ends by
      mucous acini. The substructure of the mucous droplets and of the serous granules
      varies according to the mode of specimen preparation. With ferrocyanide-reduced
      osmium postfixation, the mucous droplets are moderately dense and homogeneous;
      the serous granules often have a polygonal outline and their matrix shows clefts
      in which bundles of wavy filaments may be present. With conventional osmium
      postfixation, the mucous droplets have a finely fibrillogranular matrix; the
      serous granules are homogeneously dense. Mucous cells additionally contain many
      small, dense granules that may be small peroxisomes, as well as aggregates of 10
      nm cytofilaments. Intercalated duct cells are relatively unspecialized. Striated
      ducts are characterized by highly folded basal membranes and vertically oriented
      mitochondria. Luminal surfaces of all of the secretory and duct cells have
      numerous microvilli, culminating in a brush borderlike affair in the striated
      ducts. The accessory gland has secretory endpieces consisting of mucous acini
      with small mucous demilunes. The acinar mucous droplets contain a large dense
      region; the lucent portion has punctate densities. Demilune mucous droplets lack
      a dense region and consist of a light matrix in which fine fibrillogranular
      material is suspended. A ring of junctional cells, identifiable by their complex
      secretory granules, separates the mucous acini from the intercalated ducts. The
      intercalated ducts lack specialized structure. Striated ducts resemble their
      counterparts in the principal gland. As in the principal gland, all luminal
      surfaces are covered by an array of microvilli. At least some of the features of
      the principal and accessory submandibular glands of the vampire bat may be
      structural adaptations to the exigencies posed by the exclusively sanguivorous
      diet of these animals and its attendant extremely high intake of sodium chloride.

PMID- 2285040
TI  - Morphometric analysis of the surface cells of rabbit corneal epithelium by
      scanning electron microscopy.
AB  - The corneal surface of female New Zealand white rabbits (1.9-2.6 kg) was examined
      at x500 magnification by scanning electron microscopy. A total of 112
      micrographs, taken as sequential sets from the center to the edge of the corneal
      surface from 8 different animals, was analyzed using a digitizer pad. Each cell
      was identified by the number of immediately bordering cells and by the nature of
      its electron reflex (light, medium, dark). Analysis of areas of the cells by
      number of bordering cells (number of cell sides) reveals a wide range of areas
      and skewed distributions especially when the number of sides is 5 or less.
      Overall, the cell-surface area increases as the number of cell sides increases.
      However, analyses of the mean surface areas for cells with different numbers of
      sides and additionally grouped by electron reflex suggests the existence of three
      separate populations of cells at the corneal surface. The possible etiology and
      dynamics of this complex cell mosaic are discussed in relation to circadian
      rhythms and to resurfacing of the cornea following mechanical trauma, ultraviolet
      radiation, and toxic chemical exposure.

PMID- 2285041
TI  - Toward the origin of the secondary palate. A possible homologue in the embryo of
      fish, Onchorhynchus kisutch, with description of changes in the basement membrane
      area.
AB  - The oral cavity of embryos and larvae of the teleost Onchorhynchus kisutch was
      examined. Tissues were obtained at different ages prior to and after hatching and
      processed for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. A bilaterally
      symmetrical bulge developed from the superolateral aspect of the oral cavity and
      projected toward its floor, along the sides of the tongue. The bulge extended
      from behind the primary palate to a position midway below the eye, anterior to
      the gill arches, and it is suggested to be the homologue of the secondary palate
      of higher vertebrates. Ultrastructurally, the epithelium differentiated as the
      stratified squamous type and it contained mucous cells. However, the features of
      programmed cell death seen during palatogenesis in mammals were absent in fish.
      The fish palate mesenchyme, unlike that of higher vertebrates, was chondrified.
      Also in contrast to higher vertebrates, alterations were seen in the fish palatal
      basement membrane. A transient appearance of adepidermal granules in the lamina
      lucida region was followed by organization of collagen fibrils, first into an
      orthogonal pattern and then into a herring-bone arrangement, in the lamina
      reticularis region. There was no further advancement in the morphogenesis of fish
      palate. It is suggested that the differences in the morphogenesis and structure
      of the secondary palates of various vertebrates may reflect environmentally
      enforced adaptation, resulting in different programming of cells.

PMID- 2285043
TI  - Cytoarchitectural reorganization of rabbit colonic goblet cells during baseline
      secretion.
AB  - Light and electron microscopy were coupled with point counting methods to
      quantitate shape and volume changes of goblet cells during their migration and
      maturation from the base of the crypt to the colonic surface epithelium in the
      rabbit. After differentiation, goblet cells attain a broad pyramidal
      configuration in the basal third of the crypt. The cells elongate and
      dramatically decrease in volume as they move into the surface epithelium. The
      distributions and volume fractions of organelles were found to vary considerably,
      depending on the location of the goblet cell in the epithelium. Mucin granules
      are initially synthesized throughout the cytoplasm, but become increasingly
      concentrated as the cell matures. Organelles involved in synthesis such as the
      Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) similarly attain a more
      concentrated arrangement as the cell moves up in the crypt. The mean cell volume
      decreases from 1,228.8 microns3 for cells in the basal third of the crypt to
      541.3 microns3 for goblet cells on the surface. Most organelles decrease in
      proportion to this decrease, although a disproportionately large decrease in the
      RER was measured. When actual subcellular volumes are calculated, a net decrease
      in several subcellular compartments is detected. This loss of granules and
      organelles is accomplished by the continual synthesis and secretion of mucin
      granules. Cytoplasm and organelles become entrapped in the upward movement of
      granules towards the cell apex, become irretrievably isolated, and are sloughed
      into the crypt lumen. This process accounts for the decrease in cell volume and
      contributes to the altered cytoarchitecture of the cell.

PMID- 2285042
TI  - Development of the musculoelastic septation complex in the avian truncus
      arteriosus.
AB  - It is now well established that cells from the cardiac neural crest (CNC) are
      essential for normal conotruncal septation. The truncal septation complex
      consists of the aorticopulmonary (AP) septum and the myocardial sheath of the
      truncus. The principal role of the CNC cells during septation appears to be their
      differentiation into the elastogenic smooth muscle that forms the AP septum
      proper. The objective of this study was to integrate serial reconstruction and
      specific histochemical markers in order to provide a unified analysis of the
      relationships between the CNC and the other components of the truncal septation
      complex. The development of the septation complex was compared normal embryos vs.
      embryos from which the CNC had been surgically ablated. Embryos from each group
      were harvested after incubation periods of 4-8 days (Hamburger-Hamilton stages 23
      34). Histochemical procedures were performed for positive identification of the
      elastic matrix and smooth muscle alpha-actin; the presence of these proteins was
      used as the criterion for "septal cells" and to define the boundaries of the
      septum. The results indicate that the shape, components, boundaries, and degree
      of organization of the septation complex may be different from previous
      descriptions. Furthermore, all of the components of the truncal septation complex
      are dysgenic in the absence of the CNC. Of special significance in the absence of
      CNC. Of special significance in the absence of CNC are: 1) the failure of the
      myocardial sheath to retract; 2) the apparently random distribution of surrogate
      ectomesenchyme; and 3) the impairment of truncal elastogenesis. These results
      indicate that the cells of neural crest origin interact with the surrounding
      mesenchyme during septation and that the entire septation complex depends upon
      the presence of the neural crest cells for normal development.

PMID- 2285044
TI  - The Harvard model AIDS Legislation Project.

PMID- 2285045
TI  - A decade of a maturing epidemic: an assessment and directions for future public
      policy.

PMID- 2285046
TI  - AIDS prevention: legislative options.
AB  - This article reviews legislative options to prevent the transmission of HIV
      infection. It distinguishes between pre-exposure measures designed to prevent
      initial exposure, and post-exposure measures aimed at preventing infected
      individuals from exposing others. Part I identifies education as the key
      component of a comprehensive prevention program, and reviews options for pre
      exposure education programs designed to avoid or minimize exposure. Part II
      reviews post-exposure prevention measures, focusing on reporting and contact
      tracing provisions. Mandatory reporting by name of individuals testing HIV
      positive and mandatory contact tracing are opposed as counterproductive
      prevention measures; voluntary partner notification is supported. Part III
      examines various prevention efforts for settings where there may be either a real
      or perceived risk of transmission of HIV infection. Part IV sets out conclusions.

PMID- 2285048
TI  - Financing health care for persons with HIV infection: guidelines for state
      action.
AB  - Financing health care for persons with HIV infection is an increasing burden on
      states and their taxpayers. The major problems of state policy in the 1990s are
      how to organize and finance both early detection of infection and preventive drug
      treatment for persons without symptoms and how to provide a full range of health
      and social services for infected persons whose life expectancy is unknown. This
      article first describes the shift in the perceptions of HIV infection from a
      plague to a chronic disease and the implications of this shift for state
      government. Then it places the history of financing for health care in the
      context of general health care financing policy during the past decade. Next it
      describes the history of state action to finance care for HIV infection,
      especially the use of of Medicaid Waivers, problems of state financing for
      expensive prescription drugs, and state initiatives, especially in California,
      Michigan, New Jersey and New York. Finally, the article presents seven policy
      questions that states should consider in deciding what, if any, legislation or
      regulations to enact in order to organize treatment and pay some or all of the
      costs of care for persons with HIV infection.

PMID- 2285047
TI  - Medical privacy issues in the age of AIDS: legislative options.
AB  - Promises of confidentiality of HIV-related medical records and protection from
      discrimination based on HIV seropositivity are two of the legislative inducements
      state governments have offered to encourage voluntary HIV testing. Yet neither
      can be granted without impact on others whose interests range from those of a
      lover to those of an insurer. Politics as well as practicalities prevent the
      absolute protection of records from unauthorized disclosure and of individuals
      from discrimination. This article details the already enacted statutory
      compromises that have been made to resolve the conflicts of these competing
      interests and closely examines the myriad fine decisions made in reaching those
      legislative decisions.

PMID- 2285050
TI  - Blood product manufacture--strict products liability--McKee v. Cutter
      Laboratories Inc.

PMID- 2285049
TI  - Ethics and AIDS: a summary of the law and a critical analysis of the individual
      physician's ethical duty to treat.
AB  - Persons afflicted with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or its
      preceding medical conditions face a potential problem with assured access to
      basic threshold medical care. Subject to certain limitations, there is no
      guarantee that a physician will fulfill the health care needs of any population
      of patients. Individuals with AIDS, thus, have a considerable interest in the
      development of a duty on behalf of physicians to provide treatment. This Note
      first highlights the limits of the legal duty to treat. It then examines the
      theoretical impetus propelling an ethical duty to treat. The Note concludes that
      the grounds for imposing an ethical duty on physicians are too weak to support
      that result, but the creation of an AIDS-specific legal duty is a viable
      alternative.

PMID- 2285052
TI  - Confidentiality of HIV testing--disclosure to trial court--Doe by Doe v. Roe.

PMID- 2285051
TI  - Confidentiality of AIDS testing--release to third parties--State Dep't of Public
      Health v. Wells.

PMID- 2285053
TI  - HIV infection--criminal sentencing--People v. Chrzanowski.

PMID- 2285054
TI  - HIV testing of hospital employees--termination of employment relationship-
      Leckelt v. Board of Comm'rs of Hosp. Dist. No. 1.

PMID- 2285055
TI  - Mandatory AIDS testing--search and seizure--Glover v. Eastern Neb. Community
      Office of Retardation.

PMID- 2285056
TI  - Testing for AIDS: uses and abuses.
AB  - In response to the public outcry for mandatory testing for AIDS, this Article
      explores the major issues concerning the identification of persons with AIDS in
      society. The Article first studies testing procedures and the purposes behind
      them to determine if a call for mandatory testing of the general populace would
      better achieve society's objectives for identifying individuals with AIDS.
      Concluding that testing should not be required of the population as a whole, the
      Article then explores whether testing should be required of certain
      subpopulations which society perceives as likely to have or to spread the
      disease. In this context, too, the Article concludes that mandatory testing would
      be unwarranted, and that funds proposed for mandatory testing would be put to
      better use in education and universal precautions to prevent the further spread
      of AIDS.

PMID- 2285057
TI  - The use of computerized tomographic imaging in revision mastoid surgery for
      chronic otitis media.
AB  - Recurrent otorrhea, pain, and a conductive hearing deficit are common indicators
      of possible recurrent disease following mastoidectomy for chronic otitis media.
      High-resolution computed tomography (CT) provides an excellent method for
      examination of the surgically altered mastoid. Areas of residual infected air
      cells, cholesteatoma, cholesterol granuloma, and other surgical conditions within
      the mastoid are localized by this technique prior to reexploration. The technique
      provides information regarding the extent of disease as well as possible anatomic
      variations and potential complications that may be avoided during surgery. The
      imaging modality illustrates the detailed nature and extent of the prior mastoid
      surgery. CT of the temporal bone is therefore a useful guide to the surgeon in
      managing patients after unsuccessful surgery. Nine illustrative case examples are
      presented in which CT results prior to reoperation are directly compared to the
      surgical findings. The causes of recurrent disease and the utility of CT scanning
      prior to reexploration of the mastoid are discussed. High-resolution CT scanning
      should be performed on all patients presenting with signs or symptoms of possible
      recurrent disease following mastoid surgery for chronic otitis media.

PMID- 2285058
TI  - Selective chemical vestibulectomy.
AB  - In an attempt to destroy selectively the affected peripheral vestibular labyrinth
      in patients with intractable vertigo as a result of Meniere's disease, a known
      quantity of streptomycin was introduced within the bony labyrinth following
      fenestration of the horizontal semicircular canal. Initial laboratory results in
      animal models proved that near total ablation of the vestibular end-organs
      (including the hair cell population of the cristae ampularis, utricle, and to
      some extent the saccule) could be achieved chemically without involvement of the
      cochlear hair cell population. The exact dose required to accomplish this in the
      animal model was 250 micrograms of streptomycin. However, this dose proved
      excessive in initial human application possibly because the animals had excellent
      hearing in nondiseased ears while our patients uniformly had long standing inner
      ear disease with marked decrease in auditory thresholds. The current dose of
      streptomycin utilized is 125 micrograms, and patients treated thus far have
      maintained (or improved) their preoperative audiologic pure tone average. The aim
      of this preliminary report is to detail our developmental animal research and
      subsequent clinical application of selective chemical vestibulectomy (SCV) in 15
      patients with intractable vertigo as a result of Meniere's disease, which have
      failed conventional medical management.

PMID- 2285059
TI  - Microsurgical anatomy of the lower skullbase--a morphometric analysis.
AB  - Knowledge of the microsurgical anatomy of the lower skullbase is needed in order
      to resect tumors involving this region. We have dissected 10 formalin-preserved
      skullbase specimens and identified the structures that would be encountered
      during the course of surgery using the lateral approach. A morphometric analysis
      was performed on the jugular foramen, the hypoglossal canal, the condylar
      emissary vein, and the foramen magnum. By identifying the relationships of the
      lower skull base, we hope to minimize the morbidity associated with removing
      lesions in the region. A representative case is presented and discussed.

PMID- 2285060
TI  - Inner ear effects of topical gentamicin treatment in patients with Meniere's
      disease.
AB  - Several efforts have been made to treat patients with Meniere's disease with
      ototoxic drugs. Lately the aminoglycoside antibiotic, gentamicin, has been
      favored. Several reports have proved its efficacy. In a series of 12 patients
      treated at the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm, two patients failed to show
      improvement regarding their vertigo in spite of repeated courses of treatment.
      These patients both underwent labyrinthectomy where their vestibular sensory
      epithelia as well as portions of the cochlea were removed. The findings in these
      two cases were quite unanimous in that the vestibular sensory epithelia were
      retained showing advanced signs of degeneration. The organ of Corti in the
      cochlea was totally absent in all specimens examined. These findings indicate
      that gentamicin seems to affect the cochlea more than the vestibular sensory
      epithelia that also was clinically proven since both patients totally lost their
      hearing in the affected ear. Possible routes and actions of the drug in the inner
      ear are discussed.

PMID- 2285061
TI  - Surgical and nonsurgical complications associated with cochlear prosthesis
      implantation.
AB  - Relatively few complications have been reported for cochlear implant surgery in
      spite of a recent report detailing a complication rate of 11.8 percent. This
      report highlights both the surgical and nonsurgical complications we have
      encountered that have resulted in either replacement of the implanted prosthesis
      or compromise of the sound processing strategy employed by the external unit.
      These complications make a strong argument for the use of preoperative,
      intraoperative, and postoperative radiologic examinations. Since the
      complications reported herein have not been attributed to the implant device
      proper, we feel cochlear implantation remains a safe and effective procedure for
      those patients who are untreatable by traditional methods.

PMID- 2285062
TI  - Cochlear implant in Hong Kong Cantonese.
AB  - Cochlear implant surgery was performed in four Cantonese-speaking postlingually
      deaf Chinese adults, using the House/3M single channel device. This article
      outlines the methodology, including preoperative assessment and postoperative
      rehabilitation; and explains the necessary modifications in speech and audiologic
      work-up in Cantonese-speaking patients. Salient features of Cantonese phonetics,
      especially its tonal characteristics, are described. The findings of the study
      are presented. The results of the cochlear implant would suggest a performance
      superior to that of the hearing aid. Furthermore, the cochlear implant is able to
      detect tonal cues. This quality of the cochlear implant may prove to be a
      valuable asset to a tonal language-speaking cochlear implantee.

PMID- 2285063
TI  - Simple maneuver for closing traumatic eardrum perforation by micropore strip tape
      patching.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to introduce a simple and reliable method to close
      traumatic tympanic membrane ruptures. Traumatic eardrum perforations without
      ossicular discontinuity were treated by patching with a piece of micropore tape
      (3M Micropore Strip Tape). A retrospective study of 108 cases treated by this
      method over a 7-year period revealed that 107 (99.1%) of the perforations were
      healed completely by the procedure. The authors stress that this is a simple and
      reliable method for treating fresh traumatic eardrum perforation. This method
      does not require anesthesia or any averting manipulation of the perforation.

PMID- 2285064
TI  - Evoked potential tone-on-tone masking patterns in the chinchilla.
AB  - Tone-on-tone masking patterns were measured in the chinchilla using the auditory
      evoked response from the inferior colliculus. The masker was a 2 kHz continuous
      tone presented at one of five levels from 20 to 70 dB SPL. The evoked response
      was elicited with tone bursts presented over a wide range of frequencies. Masking
      was defined as the difference between evoked response thresholds measured in the
      presence of the masker versus quiet. At low masker levels, the masking profile
      was symmetrical and centered around 2 kHz. However, as masker level increased,
      masking spread toward the high frequencies. Furthermore, at masker levels above
      50 dB SPL, a low-threshold notch occurred above the masker. The masking profiles
      obtained with the evoked response are in good agreement with those obtained
      psychophysically.

PMID- 2285065
TI  - Objective tinnitus of vascular origin with hearing improvement after treatment.
AB  - Objective tinnitus occurs as a result of muscular contraction or vascular
      pulsations. The literature is reviewed and we present two case reports of
      vascular objective tinnitus and its diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. One
      patient was treated with embolization alone; the other, with embolization and
      surgical ligation. Both patients achieved an improvement in sensorineural hearing
      thresholds in their affected ears; one patient experienced an improvement in
      speech reception threshold of 30 decibels. Measures useful to diagnosis and
      evaluation of therapy and reasons for the observed improved hearing thresholds
      are discussed.

PMID- 2285066
TI  - Postural disturbances in paroxysmal positional vertigo.
AB  - Postural sway was computed in 14 patients suffering from paroxysmal positional
      vertigo, before and after the paroxysm. In all patients, the nystagmus elicited
      during the paroxysm was compatible with excitation of the posterior semicircular
      canal. Patients stood on a force plate for 20 s while the anteroposterior and
      mediolateral projections of the center of force were recorded and standard
      deviations computed. Recordings were made after placing the patient's head in the
      opposite (healthy) and the provocative position. Vertigo was elicited and the
      nystagmus was observed in 10 of 14 patients. Analysis of the sway data in these
      patients (N = 10), using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test, showed that the
      mediolateral sway remained unchanged, while the anteroposterior sway increased,
      following the provocative maneuver (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that
      paroxysmal positional vertigo, in which the elicited nystagmus is compatible with
      excitation of the posterior semicircular canal, increases the anteroposterior
      rather than the mediolateral sway immediately following the paroxysm.

PMID- 2285067
TI  - Effects of neocortical lesions on the P300 component of the auditory evoked
      response.
AB  - P300 event-related potentials were recorded in 10 subjects with neocortical
      lesions, and 10 control subjects, using a basic oddball paradigm. In separate
      tests, subjects discriminated rare and frequent tones that differed with respect
      to frequency, or discriminated the tones in a noise background. Subjects were
      required to count the number of rare stimuli that occurred during test runs.
      Recordings were obtained from vertex (Cz) sites referenced to linked earlobe
      electrodes. Control subjects exhibited P300s on all test runs. Decreasing
      stimulus differences relative to frequency, or adding background noise, produced
      significant increases in P300 latency plus decreases in amplitude. In contrast,
      two of the 10 lesion subjects failed to demonstrate P300 responses, although both
      subjects accurately counted the rare stimuli. With the remaining lesion subjects,
      absent or significantly delayed P300 responses occurred in 53 percent of the test
      runs, while accurate counts of the rare stimuli were maintained in all test runs.
      Absent or delayed P300s in the lesion group was not correlated with location or
      extent of the lesions. These results indicate that, while the P300 is susceptible
      to neocortical damage, it reflects cognitive processing other than simply
      discriminating differences between rare and frequent stimuli.

PMID- 2285068
TI  - T-tube with tragus cartilage flange in long-term middle ear ventilation.
AB  - This was a study of the use of tragus cartilage as a flange for a T-tube in the
      hope of achieving long-term middle ear ventilation. This procedure was performed
      on 31 ears in 25 patients. Average length of follow-up was 24.2 months, ranging
      from 6 to 39 months. Five patients had tympanomastoid procedures done in
      conjunction with the cartilage tube. One of the patients with a tympanomastoid
      procedure had rejection of the T-tube and cartilage at 11 months postoperatively.
      None of the tubes without another procedure was rejected.

PMID- 2285069
TI  - Progressive facial nerve fibrosis--recurrent or slowly progressive facial
      paralysis: atypical Bell's palsy (lima bean in a pea pod)

PMID- 2285070
TI  - Progressive facial palsy due to fibrosis.

PMID- 2285071
TI  - Spontaneous recovery following temporal bone fracture in spite of loss of nerve
      excitability.

PMID- 2285072
TI  - Contracting for otologic surgery.

PMID- 2285073
TI  - Integrating political-societal concerns in psychotherapy.
AB  - Despite growing publicity and public concern about the serious nature of the
      nuclear, societal, and environmental problems in our increasingly globally
      conscious world, and despite the fact that a majority of psychotherapists share
      this concern, most psychotherapists state that their patients never mention such
      matters in psychotherapy. Some possible reasons for this scarcity of discussion
      in psychotherapy are offered. These include the often unstated understanding that
      political-societal matters are not to be discussed by patients in therapy,
      therapists not hearing such content or hearing it only as a way of talking about
      early, intrapsychic fears, therapists' concerns about influencing their patients,
      the fear of talking about "ordinary death" much less the death of all life now
      and in the future via nuclear or environmental disaster, and the impact of modern
      Western civilization's overemphasis of individualism on much of psychotherapy
      theory and practice. An approach in which questions about political-societal
      concerns are raised early in treatment is described and discussed. The results of
      this approach include an increased dialogue about death, the meaning of life, and
      connectedness to the world of others.

PMID- 2285074
TI  - Abuse and neglect in schools.
AB  - Maltreatment in the classroom by students of teachers, and teachers of students,
      is widespread with emotional, physical, sexual, and neglect aspects. Its
      frequency and long-term developmental effects are undocumented. We know of the
      consequences in some who become our patients; but for the others we can only
      speculate based on reports about parental abuse and neglect. This paper presents
      these issues about the four types of abuse with representative cases.
      Idealization and transference feelings seem to contribute to the lack of
      reporting of abuse by teachers. Perhaps teachers do not report being abused by
      students for fear of retaliation. Some approaches to management are considered.
      The seriousness of this problem is underlined even more by the paucity of
      research and reports despite the obvious need. Hopefully, documentation of
      incidence and developmental effects will be forthcoming.

PMID- 2285075
TI  - Whatever became of the schizophrenogenic mother?
AB  - From the late 1940s to the early 1970s, the concept of the "schizophrenogenic
      mother" was popular in the psychiatric literature. Research later confirmed that
      the mother who could cause schizophrenia in her offspring did not exist. Such a
      blame-levelling concept, which had no basis in scientific fact, may have caused a
      great deal of harm. Sociocultural factors, coupled with developments in
      psychiatric theory, contributed to the genesis of the concept. Implications of
      this episode in the history of psychiatry are discussed.

PMID- 2285076
TI  - Treatment alliance and the chronic schizophrenic.
AB  - When something in common can be found to establish relatedness; when therapists
      can trust that the patients will eventually be able to contain their
      destructiveness and that on some level they struggle with their pathology, then
      patients begin to identify with their therapists and with those aspects within
      themselves. This activity requires that first a climate of safety, based on a
      frame, be established. Once it is established, the search for the common "thing"-
      the organizing object--and the ability to work with it can go on with far less
      distraction. Along the way, therapists insist that words can be used to convey
      meaning, creating the climate for eventual interpretation. In the case described,
      the therapist made it clear that he disagreed with the patient's delusional
      viewpoint, but at the same time was interested in hearing the material as a
      source of ideas about how the patient experienced her world, and how to discover
      what remained of her capacity for self observation and nonpsychotic thought. The
      therapist's acceptance of the need for such a preliminary phase may make it
      possible for severely resistant patients to become engaged with those treating
      them.

PMID- 2285077
TI  - Who is someone?
AB  - The ways of knowing another human being are limited to personal information
      provided by the individual, creative expressions by the individual, personal
      observations of the individual, and empathic identification with the individual.
      Each of these sources of information, while valuable, possesses certain inherent
      limitations, often contributing to a distorted picture of who a person is. To a
      large extent, such distortions can be attributed to the still unresolved issue of
      what is meant by a "self." Addressing this issue allows for a more rational
      formulation of just who someone is.

PMID- 2285078
TI  - Interrupting the reenactment cycle: psychotherapy of a sexually traumatized boy.
AB  - This case study describes the course in psychotherapy of an eight-year-old boy
      who had been sexually traumatized at an early age by his biological father. He
      was seen for 35 individual sessions during a three-month hospitalization. Many of
      the problems evidenced at admission were conceptualized as ineffective attempts
      to reenact and master the original trauma. Hospitalization provided an
      environment in which acting-out behaviors could be controlled in a manner
      sufficient to allow anxiety to be utilized in psychodynamically oriented therapy.
      A key element in psychotherapeutic work was the recognition that the boy
      struggled with positive as well as negative feelings toward his abusing father.
      Individual therapy provided a context in which these ambivalent feelings could be
      expressed, which ultimately allowed for developmental progression.

PMID- 2285079
TI  - Pseudomaturity in the developmental line of object relations.
AB  - In this work I identify pseudomaturity as a syndrome that reflects the child's
      image of key adult figures. In the first case, an adolescent's imitation of his
      high school principal maintained an internal image of this figure that shielded
      the boy from the experience of further hostility and from separation anxiety. In
      the second case, a latency-age girl's coy and servile mannerisms endeared her to
      adults and served as a reaction formation to her own need to be nurtured. In the
      third case, a preadolescent boy's cold intellectualism and disdain for peers were
      modeled after his mother's image of the father and also reflected the mother's
      image of powerful figures. Finally, an adolescent girl's intermittent runaways
      were patterned after her mother's premature independence, while her severe
      isolation of affect acted to minimize the cost of losing her mother's protection.

PMID- 2285080
TI  - Sam Shepard and the dysfunctional American family: therapeutic perspectives.
AB  - In depicting dysfunctional families Sam Shepard brought a greater intensity level
      to family portrayals than had previously been seen in modern American theater. In
      part, his plays appear to reflect the tumultuous tone of the late 1960s and early
      1970s when American society was in flux and when the national uncertainty reached
      down to the basic unit of society, the family. Yet, despite addressing recently
      emerging social issues, Shepard's plays also depict universal family conflicts.
      There have been and always will be compelling forces that threaten domestic
      cohesiveness. While Shepard's families reflect extremely high levels of
      disorganization, they also demonstrate scenarios recognizable to all family
      therapists. They reassert the family's power and its influence on individual
      development. They also indirectly ask us to reflect on our current clinical
      practice and research. Family therapists need to continue to pay attention the
      content issues of family organization as well as therapeutic techniques.
      Shepard's plays remind therapists to look beyond internal dynamics in order to
      consider connections and affiliations that integrate families with outside
      communities. He underscores the importance of knowing the meaning and context of
      traditional rites of passage within families. Family therapists or other care
      providers may unwittingly undermine the significance of these family rituals by
      prescription of "expert" advice.

PMID- 2285081
TI  - Emergence and resolution of ambivalence in expectant mothers.
AB  - Little has been written about the perceptions of expectant mothers with previous
      histories of psychiatric disturbance and their affective oscillations during
      pregnancy. This paper discusses the case of a 22-year-old primigravida with a
      history of schizoaffective disorder who was referred to our mother-infant
      psychotherapy service. Despite the patient's initial defensive style, she was
      asked to discuss several dreams that she had had since learning about her
      pregnancy. A wealth of information about the patient's unconscious ambivalence
      and destructive wishes toward her unborn infant emerged. The patient was also
      unable to engage in any predictive imagery about the future of her infant or to
      anticipate intuitively what the experience of mothering would be like. This paper
      reveals that pregnant women with a history of psychological disturbances often
      have highly aberrational fantasies and ambivalent impulses toward their unborn
      infant, and some of these fantasies threaten to manifest in the form of abusive
      behavior after the birth. Techniques for predicting how new mothers with previous
      psychiatric histories will interact with their infants after birth are outlined.
      It is hoped that this treatment may avert child abuse.

PMID- 2285082
TI  - A patient-therapist's reaction to her therapist's serious illness.
AB  - Clinical attention to a crisis in the therapist's life has been scant. Both
      therapist and patient are touched by a significant occurrence in the therapist's
      life. Impact on the psychotherapy process is unavoidable. This paper traces the
      patient's (who is also a therapist) reactions, feelings, thoughts, and
      experiences in response to her therapist's acute cardiac illness. These include
      denial, abandonment, anger, compassion, and concern. Writing as patient, the
      author is re-reminded of the importance therapists hold in their patients' lives.
      She discusses her concurrent distancing from the psychotherapy process and the
      depth of her involvement in it. Writing as therapist, she raises salient
      questions for the clinician, offers recommendations stemming from her experience,
      comments about transference components of the relationship and discusses the
      place of the real relationship. Included is a brief review of the limited
      literature on the subject.

PMID- 2285083
TI  - Presidential address of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine.
      Drug abuse in sports.

PMID- 2285085
TI  - The contribution of the glenohumeral ligaments to anterior stability of the
      shoulder joint.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the ligamentous stabilizing
      mechanisms preventing anterior instability in the glenohumeral joint. Six freshly
      thawed, unembalmed cadaveric shoulders were dissected, preserving the joint
      capsule and glenohumeral ligaments, the coracohumeral ligament, and the
      subscapularis tendon. Hall-effect strain transducers were placed on the superior,
      middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments. The humerus and scapula were fixed
      in a specifically designed mounting apparatus that allowed the glenohumeral joint
      to be placed in 0 degree, 45 degrees, or 90 degrees of abduction. The mounting
      apparatus was placed in a model TTC Instron Universal Testing Instrument, which
      applied an external rotation torque to the humerus. Strain produced in the three
      glenohumeral ligaments was recorded on a three-channel X-Y chart recorder. At 0
      degree of abduction, the superior and middle glenohumeral ligaments developed the
      most strain. At 45 degrees of abduction, the inferior and middle glenohumeral
      ligaments developed the most strain, with considerable strain also being
      developed in the superior glenohumeral ligament. At 90 degrees of abduction, the
      inferior glenohumeral ligament developed the most strain, with strain also seen
      in the middle glenohumeral ligament.

PMID- 2285084
TI  - Anterior tibial translation during a maximum quadriceps contraction: is it
      clinically significant?
AB  - Quadriceps exercises are used sparingly in the early rehabilitation of ACL
      reconstructions because of concern about prematurely stretching the ACL graft.
      The aim of this study was to determine if a maximum isometric quadriceps
      contraction significantly translates the tibia anteriorly at 15 degrees, 30
      degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, and 75 degrees of flexion. Secondly, the role of
      the ACL in knee stability was analyzed by comparing the amount of tibial
      translation in normal, ACL deficient, and reconstructed knees. Thirdly, the
      location in the motion arc where a quadriceps contraction produces anterior
      tibial translation was determined. Anterior tibial translation was measured using
      an arthrometer (KT-1000) during an 89 N and manual maximum translation applied to
      the knee at rest. The manual maximum translation test determines the magnitude of
      anterior tibial translation produced by a high anterior force applied directly to
      the proximal calf. These translations were compared to the tibial translation
      intrinsically induced by a quadriceps contraction. Testing was performed in
      normal (N = 22), ACL deficient (N = 10), and reconstructed (N = 10) knees.
      Anterior tibial translation produced by a maximum quadriceps contraction was
      measured at 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, and 75 degrees of
      flexion. The extension exercise resulted in less anterior tibial displacement
      than an 89 N drawer and half the translation produced by a manual maximum
      translation (P less than 0.001). Instrumented laxity testing produced greater
      anterior translation of the tibia than a maximum isometric quadriceps
      contraction. Anterior tibial translation was the same during maximum isometric
      knee extension in all tested knees.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285086
TI  - A prospective, randomized study of three surgical techniques for treatment of
      acute ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament.
AB  - Treatment of ACL tears is controversial. Recent reports on nonoperative treatment
      have shown poor results. Results after primary repair have deteriorated with
      time, leading to augmentation procedures that seem to have improved the results.
      However, there have been few prospective, randomized studies in this field. Our
      goal was to compare primary repair with a bone-patellar tendon-bone augmentation
      method and with a new method using the Kennedy Ligament Augmentation Device. One
      hundred fifty patients aged 16 to 50, all of whom had acute ACL tears, were
      randomized with the closed envelope method to one of three groups treated with
      open surgical methods. Fifty patients were treated with primary repair, 50
      patients with patellar tendon augmentation, and 50 patients were augmented with
      the Kennedy Ligament Augmentation Device. All patients were operated on within 10
      days of injury. The rehabilitation protocol was identical, consisting of a long
      leg cast for 2 weeks, followed by a brace with no weight-bearing and limited
      motion for 6 weeks. The patients were followed prospectively by one surgeon (LE)
      using the Lysholm functional score, Tegner activity level score, clinical
      evaluation and KT-1000 arthrometer at 6 months, 1, and 2 years. Three patients
      were lost to followup. There was no age or activity level difference between the
      groups. Sport activities led to 85% of the injuries, with skiing, soccer, and
      European handball representing 80% of injuries. All three groups reduced their
      activity level the 1st year. The repair group remained at the same level after 2
      years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285087
TI  - The prolonged burner syndrome.
AB  - Over the course of a single football season, six players evaluated by the medical
      staff had burners that displayed a prolonged neurologic recovery. These players
      were examined and subsequently evaluated with isokinetic testing and
      electrodiagnostic studies to elucidate better the short-term natural history of
      the prolonged burner syndrome. Evidence of muscular weakness at 72 hours
      postinjury best correlated with positive electrodiagnostic findings. No
      correlation was found between the initial physical examination findings and the
      results of electrodiagnostic testing. Isokinetic strength evaluation demonstrated
      many relative strength differences that were difficult to discern with manual
      muscle testing. The return of a player to athletic competition following this
      injury should largely be based on the clinical examination.

PMID- 2285088
TI  - Physiologic loading of the anterior cruciate ligament does not activate
      quadriceps or hamstrings in the anesthetized cat.
AB  - We attempted to elicit quadriceps and hamstring electromyographic responses in
      seven chloralose-anesthetized cats by loading the ACL with controlled anterior
      displacement of the tibia on the femur using rigid fixation and an MTS testing
      machine. We did not detect reflex activity in the quadriceps or hamstring muscles
      of any of the cats in response to anterior tibial displacements of up to 4 mm,
      with rise times ranging from 1.0 to 0.1 seconds. In four of the cats we loaded
      the ACL using a wire loop. Loads of up to 125 N (4 to 5 times body weight)
      produced no reflex activity in any of the four animals, although we consistently
      observed monosynaptic reflex responses to tendon taps. Whole nerve recordings
      from the posterior articular nerve revealed substantial activity from afferents
      in response to tugging on the ACL, although we could not differentiate receptors
      in the ACL from those in other periarticular tissues. Thus, while traction on the
      intact ACL causes signals in the afferent nerves, those signals are not
      translated into direct monosynaptic reflexes.

PMID- 2285089
TI  - On the importance of planned health education. Prevention of ski injury as an
      example.
AB  - The planning of health education aimed at preventing sports injuries is often
      incomplete and not stated explicitly. In most instances, the evaluation is
      incomplete or nonexistent. We present a theoretical framework for planning and
      evaluating health education, illustrating the main points by using as an example
      the health education for downhill skiers. Systematic planning consists of
      analyzing the magnitude of the problem and the behavioral risk factors, studying
      behavior determinants, designing an optimal intervention, and implementing the
      intervention. The evaluation phase deals with the effects on these five levels
      (implementation, intervention, determinants, behavior, and incidence of injury).
      Some common pitfalls are mentioned and special attention is given to the study of
      determinants of behavior and to the design of the intervention. The importance of
      pretesting health education material and the community approach in educating
      sports participants is underlined. Health education, together with regulations
      and facilities, constitutes the health promotion strategy in the prevention of
      sports injuries. For most sports, there seems to be a strong need for further
      research on the etiology and determinants of behavior before effective prevention
      can be realized.

PMID- 2285090
TI  - Meniscus repair in the anterior cruciate deficient knee.
AB  - From 1979 to 1986, isolated repair of a peripheral vascular zone meniscal tear
      was performed in 22 patients (23 menisci) who had ACL insufficiency. For various
      reasons none of these patients underwent repair or reconstruction of their ACL.
      The meniscus repair was done by open arthrotomy in 12 cases and by arthroscopic
      techniques in 11 cases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the success
      rate of a meniscal repair in an anterior cruciate deficient knee. The average age
      of the patients at the time of surgery was 25 years and the average followup was
      56 months. Six patients (26%) had mild occasional pain not requiring medication
      and one patient had moderate pain requiring nonnarcotic pain medication. Eight
      patients (26%) had occasional giving way episodes and one of them underwent ACL
      reconstruction 5 years later because of frequent giving way. One patient required
      a postoperative manipulation for inadequate range of motion, but there were no
      neurovascular injuries or infections. There were three patients (13%) who had
      failed repairs or a retear and required subsequent subtotal meniscectomies. None
      of the other patients had any clinical symptoms or signs of a meniscal tear.
      There were no significant differences between the results of open or arthroscopic
      repair. Even though the failure rate of meniscus repair may be greater in an
      unstable knee, we conclude that meniscus repair is not contraindicated in an
      anterior cruciate deficient knee.

PMID- 2285091
TI  - Postarthroscopy analgesia with bupivacaine. A prospective, randomized, blinded
      evaluation.
AB  - The analgesic effect of intraarticular bupivacaine injected at the conclusion of
      knee arthroscopy done under general anesthesia was investigated in a prospective,
      randomized, and blinded fashion. Pain scores, the use of analgesic medications,
      crutch use, weight-bearing, activity level, and difficulty sleeping the night
      after surgery were all unaffected by the use of bupivacaine. The apparent lack of
      effect is most likely due to rapid clearance from the knee, leaving only a
      transient, 1 to 2 hours of potential benefit. In this study, the patients were
      already quite comfortable during this time period due to the routine use of
      intraoperative narcotics. The preoperative level of knee discomfort was found to
      be a major determinant of postoperative discomfort. Other much less important
      factors were synovial and chondral shaving, sex of the patient, and experience of
      the surgeon.

PMID- 2285092
TI  - The conservative treatment of the anterior cruciate deficient knee.
AB  - Seventy-nine recreational athletes (average age, 26 years) with complete ACL
      tears were treated with nonligamentous arthroscopic surgery, monitored
      rehabilitation, functional bracing, and activity modification. The average
      followup was 52 months (range, 36 to 102 months). Six (8%) patients ultimately
      underwent ligament reconstruction and were considered failures of
      nonreconstructive treatment. The remaining 73 patients were the subject of
      detailed analysis. There were 9 (11%) excellent, 25 (32%) good, 17 (22%) fair,
      and 28 (35%) poor results. Although 71 patients (97%) were satisfied with their
      knee for activities of daily living, only 36 (49%) were satisfied with their knee
      for sports. Twenty-nine (40%) had significantly modified their athletic
      activities. Age, sex, interval from injury to treatment, associated meniscal
      tears (49 or 67%), and articular cartilage damage (21 or 29%) had no apparent
      effect on the outcome. Poor results were noted in 29 (40%) patients with
      significant pivot shifts. Multiple repeat injuries, repeat arthroscopy,
      isokinetic deficits, and increased length of followup were also associated with
      poor results.

PMID- 2285093
TI  - Prevention of common overuse injuries by the use of shock absorbing insoles. A
      prospective study.
AB  - Sedentary individuals, particularly new military recruits, who start a physical
      training program have a substantial risk of developing an overuse injury of the
      lower limb. In this study we investigated the effect of neoprene insoles on the
      incidence of overuse injuries during 9 weeks of basic military training. The
      experimental group consisted of 237 randomly selected new recruits, while 1151
      recruits were the control group. Insoles were given to the experimental group and
      compliance was monitored. A panel of doctors documented and classified all
      injuries occurring during the 9 week period. A total of 54 (22.8%) and 237
      (31.9%) injuries were reported in the experimental and control groups,
      respectively. In both groups, the majority of injuries were overuse (experimental
      group, 90.7%; control group, 86.4%). The mean weekly incidence of total overuse
      injuries and tibial stress syndrome was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in
      the experimental group. The mean incidence of stress fractures was lower in the
      experimental group but not significantly so (0.05 less than P less than 0.1).
      This study shows that the incidence of total overuse injuries and tibial stress
      syndrome during 9 weeks of basic military training can be reduced by wearing
      insoles.

PMID- 2285094
TI  - Subscapular elastofibroma in a young pitcher. A case report.
AB  - Subscapular elastofibromas and scapulothoracic bursitis can cause symptomatic
      masses in baseball pitchers. Both processes appear to represent reactive soft
      tissue responses to repetitive stress at the inferior border of the scapula. It
      is assumed that most masses in the subscapular area represent scapulothoracic
      bursitis rather than an elastofibroma. However, it is possible that some of the
      masses treated conservatively as scapulothoracic bursitis may be elastofibromas.
      A study is currently under way to evaluate the incidence of subscapular masses in
      college and professional pitchers in the United States. A follow-up report is
      anticipated when the study has been completed. The author requests information
      concerning any confirmed cases of elastofibroma in baseball pitchers.

PMID- 2285095
TI  - Isolated rupture of the flexor hallucis longus tendon. A case report.

PMID- 2285096
TI  - Spontaneous pneumothorax in a weight lifter. A case report.

PMID- 2285098
TI  - The Stryker knee arthrometer in clinical practice.

PMID- 2285097
TI  - Sports and medicine--who is influencing whom? 1990 John C. Kennedy lecture.

PMID- 2285100
TI  - [A retrospective multicenter study of severe aneurysms].
AB  - From these 196 aneurysms of high grade at the admission 61% die, but 16% have a
      good recovery. The high mortality of early surgical operations must be moderate
      by the seriousness of rebleeding in attempting a further surgery.

PMID- 2285099
TI  - [Preoperative treatment of arterial spasm and preparation of the patient for
      surgery of intracranial aneurysm].
AB  - In spite of various clinical status and timing in surgical treatment of ruptured
      intracranial aneurysm, some general rules can be put in practice at the
      preoperative period. Rebleeding prevention by sedation and bedrest seems better
      than antifibrinolytic therapy which can induce delayed ischemic syndrome and/or
      hydrocephalus. Most important of treatment regimen appears to be a good
      hemodynamic stability with hypervolemic hemodilution and hydroelectrolytic
      control for compensating hyponatremia. Calcium blockers precociously given can be
      discussed in case of high ICP.

PMID- 2285101
TI  - [Management of meningeal hemorrhage for angiographic evaluation].
AB  - Perfect immobilization of the patient is mandatory when performing cerebral
      angiography. It allows good analysis and diagnosis of arterial or arterio-venous
      malformations. Neuroleptanalgesia or general anesthesia are currently used. Most
      common complications are due, either to induced arterial hypertension or to
      arterial catheterism (vasospasm or embolism). Early diagnosis and adequate
      treatment are necessary.

PMID- 2285102
TI  - [The same question for the past 20 years: when should a ruptured intracranial
      aneurysm be surgically treated? (Experience with 434 cases)].
AB  - The timing of surgery for the ruptured aneurysm (SAH) remains controversial.
      After the period of delayed surgery, the early surgery is now more and more
      frequently advocated. This paper, study our experience in aneurysm surgery in two
      different periods, considering only patients admitted in grades I to IV,
      excluding grade V patients (deep coma, decerebration). During the former period
      (1972-1984) 328 patients were admitted and considered for delayed surgery,
      usually during the second week following SAH. 94.5% of patients were operated
      upon. 5.5% patients died before surgery, from ischemia (3%) or from rebleeding
      (2.5%). 38.5% were admitted between (D.O-D3) after SAH, D.O being the day of SAH.
      Only 5.7% were operated upon between D.O-D3. The higher peak of surgery was
      during the second week (41.8%) and during the third week (39.2%). During the
      later period (1985-1988) 106 patients were admitted, 50% of them between D.O and
      D3 after SAH. Every patient was operated upon. The patients admitted between D.O
      and D3 were operated upon as follows: between D.O and D3 = 32.1%, between D4 and
      D6 = 22.6%, between D7 and D15 = 34%, after D16 = 11.3%. The analysis of these
      sub-groups demonstrates that the distribution was related to the age and clinical
      status. Patients being awake and under 50 years of age were considered for early
      surgery. Patients being obnubilated or stuporous, and over 50 years of age were
      planned for delayed surgery. Angiographic spasm and extension of blood in CT Scan
      were taken in consideration to a lesser degree.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285103
TI  - [Value of hypovolemia in subarachnoid hemorrhage].
AB  - Hypovolemia seems a commun state in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. It has
      been further suggested that hypovolemia could cause ischemia if vasospasm is
      present. Total blood volume and red blood cells volume determined in 84
      consecutive patients volume of distribution (of 51Chromium labeled autologous red
      cells, shows an hypovolemia in 70% of these patients). Associated hypomotremia
      requires Na restitution with normovolemic hemodilution to facilitate cerebral
      blood flow.

PMID- 2285104
TI  - [Evaluation of the treatment of aneurysmal meningeal hemorrhage with
      antifibrinolytic agents, calcium inhibitors and maintenance of effective blood
      volume].
AB  - To prevent and treat the ischemic complications due to the vasospasm, this report
      suggest the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage by the association
      of antifibrinolytics (tranexamic acid) to lower the risk of rebleeding, calcium
      channel blockers (nimodipine), and the keeping of an effective total blood volume
      (thanks to volume expansion and dopamine). From 88 patients aged from 4 to 73,
      two thirds were admitted at latest 48 h after the aneurysmal rupture Emergency
      surgery was carried out in the case of a compressive hematoma, early surgery
      (between the first and the third day) on the grades I, II and III of Hunt and
      Hess without any signs of angiographic vasospasms (40% of this series), delayed
      surgery for the others (27.5%), 10% didn't undergo any surgery. Only three
      patients (3.4%) presented rebleeding leading to death. The features of the whole
      series are: 51% recovered without any after effects, 22% had mild neurological
      deficiency, 10% had severe neurological deficiency and 17% died after their
      release from hospital. This protocol allowed a decrease in the ischemic
      complications due to the vasospasm and in the rate of rebleeding during the
      waiting interval when an angiographic or a clinical vasospasm allowed no surgery.

PMID- 2285105
TI  - [Surgical accidents during repair of intracranial aneurysms].
AB  - The need to discuss incidents encountered during cerebral aneurysm surgery--as
      well as techniques and results--is increasingly accepted. Single incidents,
      however, do not allow for general conclusions; we wish to present 5 cases,
      analysis of which, we believe, is likely to elucidate the trouble of diagnosis
      and intraoperative decision making.

PMID- 2285106
TI  - [Cerebral monitoring during surgery of intracranial aneurysm: review of various
      techniques and contribution of computerized EEG].
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that the computerized EEG (CEEG) is a reliable
      indicator for the early detection of brain ischemia during carotid surgery.
      During intracranial aneurysm surgery, different cerebral monitoring techniques
      are proposed, and the benefits and limitations of conventional EEG, evoked
      potentials and transcranial doppler are discussed. The authors also give the
      results of their experience with the CEEG monitoring during intracranial aneurysm
      surgery. In conclusion, they insist on the necessity for some type of cerebral
      monitoring during this type of surgery.

PMID- 2285107
TI  - [Peroperative aneurysmal rupture: role and consequences of temporary clamping].
AB  - Intraoperative rupture of a cerebral aneurysm is not always controlled by
      anaesthesiological and surgical methods. Its frequency is about 7 to 36% of
      procedures. Prevention by induced hypotension is by itself a factor of morbidity
      since regional circulatory disturbances are issued from subarachnoid hemorrhage
      (hypovolemia, dysautoregulation, vasospasm...). Temporary clipping of aneurysm
      adjacent arteries is a feasible method of preventing rupture, also during
      microsurgical management of some dangerous localizations as anterior
      communicating artery or basilar artery. Clinical course improves with prepared
      clipping, early methods for cerebral protection, and preventing microcirculatory
      disturbances during occlusion and blood flow restoration. Unusual
      anaesthesiological means, hemodynamic and hemorheological supports are required
      for these purposes.

PMID- 2285109
TI  - [Computerized monitoring in subarachnoid hemorrhage with cerebral vasospasm:
      analysis of clinical parameters in relation to treatment and future outcome].

PMID- 2285108
TI  - Intra-operative monitoring by means of somatosensory evoked potentials during
      cerebral aneurysms surgery.
AB  - During cerebral aneurysms surgery, brain tissue may suffer for global or local
      ischemia due to deliberate hypotension and surgical manoeuvres. Somatosensory
      evoked potentials (SEPs) can detect functional derangements consequent to
      hypoxia, before a permanent brain damage is produced. Forty two patients,
      undergoing cerebral aneurysms surgery for treatment of SAH, were evaluated
      intraoperatively with SEP recordings. It has been stressed that no permanent
      neurological damage is to be expected if the absolute value of Central Conduction
      Time (CCT) does not exceed 9.5 ms for 10 min at least and the cortical waves are
      visible throughout the whole procedure. SEP changes are strictly related with MAP
      decrease and surgical handlings.

PMID- 2285110
TI  - [Value of cerebral blood flow study with nimodipine test in intracranial
      aneurysm].
AB  - The study of cerebral blood flow (DSC) in 29 patients with intracranial aneurysm
      is interesting to diagnose cerebral ischemia without clinical and radiological
      effect. A test with nimodipine sensitize this exam, confirm the efficacy of this
      drug in located ischemias. But may reveal a decrease of cerebral blood flow after
      nimodipine: it is probably an interesting therapeutic test.

PMID- 2285111
TI  - [Hyperthermia in meningeal hemorrhage. Contribution of daily determination of
      inflammation proteins].
AB  - This paper studies the causes of hyperthermias occurring after a subarachnoid
      hemorrhage by ruptured aneurysm in 54 patients, totalizing 66 febrils episodes.
      Only 29 episodes bacteriologically proved infections. The profile of thermic
      curve, the hemodynamical profile, and clinical examination are not convincing.
      The most convincing elements for the diagnosis of infection are the increasing
      number of the leucocytes counts, the increasing curve of CRP, and simultaneous
      decreasing curve of C4. The evolution of these parameters permit to follow the
      efficiency of antibiotics.

PMID- 2285112
TI  - [Intravascular volume expansion and intravenous nimodipine in the treatment of
      cerebral vasospasm after surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysm].
AB  - The advantage of calcium antagonist on cerebral arterial spasm during the peri
      operative period has been recently demonstrated. However, the role of volemia and
      cardiac output in the pathogenesis of arterial spasm seems predominant. The basal
      hemodynamic profile of 17 patients operated for an intracranial aneurysm was
      investigated. The hemodynamic and neurological modifications induced by treatment
      with nimodipine, modification of blood volume and the use of inotropic drug was
      subsequently analysed. In 8 patients there was a clearcut hypovolemia with
      diminished cardiac index whereas in 9 other patients there were low filling
      pressures with an unmodified cardiac index. As early as the 48th hour of
      treatment, there was an improvement of Hunt and Hess score in 12 patients whereas
      in 5 others the score remained unchanged. Two death occurred due to the extension
      of secondary ischemic lesions. This study seems to confirm the aggravating role
      of hypovolemia in the occurrence of vasospasm and the neurological improvement
      due to the association of a calcium antagonist, restoration of blood volume with
      or without a vasoconstrictor.

PMID- 2285113
TI  - [Value of etomidate for the temporary clamping in early surgery, in normotension,
      of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Preliminary study of 8 cases].
AB  - For 8 cases of aneurysmal ruptures in patients between twenty two and sixty-six
      years old, with clinical grade I or II, without diabetes neither high blood
      pressure, all of them underwent before the third day, with EEG monitoring, the
      surgical technic requires a temporary clipping of the carrying vessel (extreme
      times: 2 min 30 and 16 min), with a normal mean blood pressure. mean (ASBP) The
      circulatory cerebral brain protection is obtained with vascular filling before
      the clipping time and administration of Etomidate, (0.4 mg.kg-1) as soon as the
      aneurysm is exposed. For etomidate the posology is. The total required dose of
      Etomidate was about 98 mg. In all cases this protocol well tolerated (no
      neurological deficit) enables a good brain protection without cardio-vascular
      inconveniences of high barbiturate posologies. The waking up is very quick and
      allows a very early neurological check-up and a return to the presurgery
      tensional pattern too.

PMID- 2285114
TI  - [Neurogenic pulmonary edema, complication of meningeal hemorrhage: report of 4
      cases].
AB  - Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) observed in 4 patients admitted in Neurosurgical
      Intensive Care au SAH by ruptured a vascular malformation. This complication is
      unusual (1.9%) and has been observed in comatose patients. For 3 patients, NEP
      resorption was rapid, from 12 to 72 hours with a treatment by CCPV with a
      P.E.E.P. and with restoring the hemodynamical parameter. The drug must be
      discussed according to eventual deleterous side effects on cardiac output and
      systemic resistances. The early hemodynamical study argues for an essentially
      hemodynamical mechanism due to the brutal symphatic discharge created by cerebral
      lesions and increasing. ICP, more than a toxic lesionnal edema, as the Weidner's
      study shows it in ultrastructural analysis of sheep lungs.

PMID- 2285115
TI  - [Intracranial aneurysm and dysplasia of elastic tissue: pre- and postoperative
      problems].
AB  - From two cases of patients presenting a cerebral aneurysm associated with a
      dysplasia of elastic tissue, one a Marfan's syndrome, the other an anetoderma,
      this paper relate the post-operative, essentially cardio-vascularly and pulmonary
      complexities and define the elements of the pre-operative check-up.

PMID- 2285116
TI  - [Blood coagulation disorders in intracerebral hematoma caused by rupture of
      intracranial angioma. Incidences on hemorrhagic recurrence].
AB  - In 34 patients admitted in Neurological Intensive Care Unit, for a cerebral
      hematoma by ruptured arterio-venous malformation, are present in 26 patients, on
      the first day. In many cases, the APTT is increased and this can be respected.
      These disorders do not seem to modify the incidence of delayed hemorrhage, except
      for the severe perturbances, related to a DIC or an hepatic deficiency. In these
      cases, the delayed hemorrhage must be prevented by transfusions of platelets
      and/or freeze fresh plasma.

PMID- 2285117
TI  - [A rare and severe complication of meningeal hemorrhage: spinal arachnoiditis
      with paraplegia].
AB  - This observation relates a case of spinal arachnoiditis with paraplegia, for a 56
      year old patient hospitalized for a S.A.H. by a ruptured aneurysm of the P.I.C.A.
      This patient present some complications, requiring a prolonged ventilatory
      support with a tracheostomy, a ventricular shunt for hydrocephalus. The treatment
      is only surgical, and the corticosteroids delay the evolution, but without
      successful outcome.

PMID- 2285118
TI  - Aplastic anemia in children: new concepts in etiology and therapy. Introduction.

PMID- 2285119
TI  - Etiologic mechanisms of hematopoietic failure.
AB  - Our understanding of the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia has lagged behind
      advances in treatment of the disease. The data available indicate that the
      heterogeneous assortment of drugs, as well as the array of chemical, physical,
      and infectious agents that are clinically associated with aplastic anemia,
      probably exert their action through restricted pathways. Based on certain
      clinical features of aplastic anemia, animal models of hematopoietic failure, and
      considerations of the organization of the hematopoietic system, we propose two
      general types of aplastic anemia as a conceptual framework for further studies:
      type I aplastic anemia, representing a congenital or acquired stem cell defect
      that can only be cured by bone marrow transplantation, and type II aplastic
      anemia, which is caused by reversible suppression of normal stem cells by
      external agents and is amenable to immunosuppressive therapy.

PMID- 2285120
TI  - Etiological mechanisms in immune-mediated aplastic anemia.
AB  - An immune-mediated etiology for aplastic anemia was first supported by the
      observation that some patients recovered their marrow function after
      immunosuppressive or cytoreductive therapy. Subsequently, investigators tried to
      define this immune process by studying the effects of patient lymphocytes on the
      growth of hematopoietic colonies in vitro. Many investigators were able to
      demonstrate inhibition of in vitro hematopoiesis by mononuclear cells from
      aplastic anemia patients. In many cases, however, it appeared that
      allosensitization via blood transfusions was responsible for the inhibitory
      activity. In general, it has been difficult to determine if any abnormal
      lymphocyte activity observed in these patients is causal as opposed to
      consequential. Although these initial studies provided very little conclusive
      information regarding the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia, they did lead to a
      more complete understanding of the potential immune modulation of hematopoietic
      regulation. Taken together with the major technological advances achieved over
      the past decade, this new knowledge has made it possible to functionally dissect
      the hematopoietic system. By identifying the interactive cell populations in this
      system and determining what factors they produce and what activities these
      factors have, it should be possible to precisely define defects than can result
      in marrow failure.

PMID- 2285121
TI  - Drug-induced aplastic anemia: pathogenesis and clinical aspects.
AB  - Drug-induced aplastic anemia is one of the few life-threatening reactions to
      drugs. Although the majority of reported cases have been associated with
      chloramphenicol, many drugs have the potential to be toxic to the bone marrow.
      There are two distinct types of toxicity with differing pathogenic mechanisms--a
      dose-related reversible marrow aplasia and a dose-independent idiosyncratic
      aplasia with a high mortality. These two forms of marrow suppression may be
      difficult to distinguish. The pathogenesis of idiosyncratic marrow aplasia is not
      well understood. Various studies have demonstrated biochemical, immune,
      pharmacokinetic, and genetic defects that could affect hematopoietic stem cells.
      The clinical significance of the reported experimental findings is not
      established. The prognosis of drug-induced aplastic anemia is similar to that of
      idiopathic aplastic anemia. Patients with this condition respond to bone marrow
      transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy in a manner similar to patients with
      idiopathic marrow aplasia. Many questions regarding drug-induced aplastic anemia
      remain to be answered; little progress has been made in the last decade.

PMID- 2285123
TI  - Use of hematopoietic growth factors for treatment of aplastic anemia.
AB  - The recent discovery and manufacture of recombinant human hematopoietic growth
      factors offers a novel approach to treating patients with aplastic anemia. There
      are ongoing preclinical trials of a number of recombinant proteins that
      demonstrate remarkable hematopoietic activity in a variety of bone marrow failure
      states. Moreover, there are preliminary results of phase I/II trials of the
      administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in
      patients with aplastic anemia. It appears that this factor, the first to reach
      the stage of actual clinical trials, effectively increases proliferation of
      myeloid cellular elements of the peripheral blood and bone marrow, particularly
      in patients with milder forms of aplastic anemia. The side effects of GM-CSF at
      low to moderate doses of the growth factor (less than 16 micrograms/kg/day)
      appear tolerable. These results suggest that GM-CSF holds promise as a
      therapeutic option for patients with aplastic anemia. Long-term clinical trials
      will be needed to assess accurately the role that GM-CSF and other promising
      hematopoietic growth factors can play in the treatment of this disease, relative
      to other therapies such as antithymocyte globulin and bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 2285122
TI  - Immunosuppressive therapy for aplastic anemia: indications, agents, mechanisms,
      and results.
AB  - Autoimmune phenomena may be detected in patients with aplastic anemia. In the
      etiology of aplastic anemia, it is not known whether these processes are primary
      factors (causative), perpetuating factors (following other causative factors), or
      merely epiphenomena. Response to immunosuppressive therapy would suggest a
      causative or perpetuating role for autoimmunity in development of this disease.
      We have reviewed trials of immunosuppressive therapy, including the use of
      antilymphocyte globulin, cyclophosphamide, high-dose corticosteroids,
      cyclosporine, and apheresis, as well as combinations of these agents, for
      treatment of aplastic anemia. Responses occur in 40-70% of patients who receive
      various preparations of antilymphocyte globulin. Responses to other
      immunosuppressive regimens have been less frequent. Responses to all
      immunosuppressive regimens are usually incomplete, and late complications, such
      as relapse, paroxymal noctural hemoglobinuria, or leukemia, are being reported
      with increasing frequency. For all treatments, potential mechanisms of action
      other than immune suppression are possible. HLA-matched sibling-donor bone marrow
      transplantation is the treatment of choice for children with severe aplastic
      anemia. For children without a matched sibling, antilymphocyte globulin is the
      best current therapy. No treatment has been shown to alter the long-term course
      of mild aplastic anemia. Other immunosuppressive agents and transplant regimens
      should be considered experimental. The therapeutic value of these modalities can
      only be established by well-monitored trials performed at centers with special
      clinical and laboratory expertise.

PMID- 2285124
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia in children.
AB  - For young adults and children who have a bone marrow donor who is a genotypic or
      phenotypic sibling match, bone marrow transplantation is now the preferred
      treatment for severe aplastic anemia. For those who lack such a matched donor,
      use of matched unrelated donors and family member donors who are mismatched for a
      single HLA antigen have been successful and appear to be the treatment of choice.
      Patients lacking either of these alternatives should receive antilymphocyte
      globulin, either alone or combined with cyclosporine as a first step. Although
      the success rate of marrow transplants in our series using mismatched family
      donors is similar to that following treatment with antilymphocyte globulin,
      several caveats must be kept in mind. First, the results reported with use of
      alternative donors must be confirmed with study of larger numbers of patients and
      longer follow-up. Second, the preparative regimen given prior to bone marrow
      transplantation destroys the patient's residual bone marrow, whereas
      antilymphocyte globulin cyclosporine A and androgens do not. The sequence of
      immunosuppression followed by transplantation with alternative donor marrow
      should produce greater long-term hematopoietic improvement. Unfortunately, when
      marrow transplant follows one or more courses of immunosuppressive therapy,
      nonengraftment is then a problem because of sensitization to blood cell antigens.
      It should also be kept in mind that studies done in children, especially in those
      younger than 6 years old, show that these patients respond better to
      transplantation than to treatment regimens not including marrow transplantation.
      Therefore, for the child with severe aplastic anemia, every effort should be made
      to identify a suitable bone marrow donor. Finally, we need to determine the
      specific components of the conditioning regimen and the constitution of the donor
      marrow necessary for engraftment and to minimize potential long-term
      complications, and there should be only a tolerable degree of graft-versus-host
      disease. Many of the transplant-related problems that plagued us in the 1970s
      have still not been fully resolved, but many have shown improvement. As we enter
      the 1990s, increasing the pool of marrow donors for patients with severe aplastic
      anemia who lack an HLA-matched sibling will continue to be a top priority for
      research.

PMID- 2285125
TI  - Hematologic manifestations in pediatric HIV infection: severe anemia as a
      prognostic factor.
AB  - The hematologic profile of 100 symptomatic children infected by the human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was evaluated and compared to HIV uninfected infants
      with transplacentally acquired maternal anti-HIV antibodies, and to HIV-negative
      infants born to i.v. drug-abusing HIV uninfected mothers. Anemia was present in
      94% of HIV-infected infants and was a major predictor of disease progression. In
      91% of patients having a hematocrit (HcT) less than 25%, the disease course was
      rapidly fatal. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 47 and 33% of HIV
      infected patients, respectively. Neutropenia was most severe in children with
      opportunistic infections. There was no evidence of suppression of any component
      of hematopoiesis by passively acquired antibodies to HIV.

PMID- 2285126
TI  - Adjustment and vocational satisfaction of patients treated during childhood or
      adolescence for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - This investigation evaluated the psychosocial consequences of the diagnosis and
      treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) on the long-term adjustment of a
      sample of 46 patients less than 20 years of age at diagnosis (mean age: 7.46
      years). Subjects were followed up for an average of 15.4 years after diagnosis
      and were a mean of 22.87 years old at assessment. A sample of Hodgkin's disease
      and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma survivors served as a comparison group. Patients
      completed standardized measures of well-being, stress reaction, vocational
      satisfaction, and a questionnaire assessing defensiveness regarding their history
      of cancer treatment, experienced job discrimination, and social involvement.
      Overall, the subjects appeared to be well-adjusted; female subjects, however,
      exhibited an increased tendency to experience anxiety in stressful situations.
      Vocational discrimination did not appear to be a significant problem for this
      group of survivors, and subjects exhibited levels of vocational satisfaction that
      did not differ from population norms. Greater defensiveness regarding a history
      of cancer treatment was associated with lower levels of well-being and heightened
      stress reaction. Survivors who received CNS prophylaxis that included cranial
      irradiation had lower well-being scores than did those survivors receiving only
      intrathecal methotrexate.

PMID- 2285127
TI  - Maintenance chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: should
      dosage be guided by white blood cell counts?
AB  - In a retrospective population-based study of 122 children with non-B-cell acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we analyzed the relation between risk of relapse
      and the degree of leukopenia achieved during oral methotrexate (MTX) and 6
      mercaptopurine (6MP) maintenance chemotherapy (MT). After a median follow-up of
      62 months for patients still in remission, 43 patients had relapsed (including 28
      bone marrow relapses). Patients with a mean white blood cell count during MT
      (mWBCMT) of less than or equal to 3.5 x 10(9)/L had a significantly lower risk of
      hematological relapse (p = 0.007) as well as of any relapse (p = 0.02) compared
      to patients with higher mWBCMT. The clinical advantage of leukopenia could be
      demonstrated for all risk groups and was not explained by differences in year of
      diagnosis, gender, age, and white blood cell count at diagnosis, or the
      prescribed dose of MTX and 6MP. Although prospective studies are needed to
      establish the benefit of upward dose adjustments to achieve leukopenia, these
      results indicate a clinical advantage of keeping WBCs low during MT.

PMID- 2285128
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation improves survival for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in
      relapse: a preliminary report.
AB  - Acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood is the most common malignant disease in
      children greater than 1 year of age. Chemotherapy has improved the survival of
      children with this disorder. More than 95% of children will achieve a remission
      with chemotherapy. However, 30% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who
      achieved a remission will have a relapse sometime after successful remission
      inducing chemotherapy. Although a second remission can be induced in most of
      these children, in 10-40% a remission cannot be induced or they relapse shortly
      thereafter and develop refractory leukemia. We present in this preliminary report
      the early results of therapy for refractory leukemia with an intensive
      preparative regimen for bone marrow transplantation including etoposide, cytosine
      arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, and fractionated total body irradiation.
      Transplantation was done in twenty-three patients with refractory leukemia.
      Projected survival at 917 days after transplantation in these patients is 43.4%
      +/- 11%. The survival of these patients so far is similar to the survival of
      children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia transplanted in second remission. All
      patients treated with this regimen who had transplantation in relapse were free
      of leukemia 27 days after transplantation. The results of this preliminary report
      suggest that an intensive preparative regimen can improve the outlook of
      refractory leukemia and may rescue some patients who otherwise would have died of
      their disease.

PMID- 2285129
TI  - Fatal cyclophosphamide-induced congestive heart failure in a 10-year-old boy with
      Shwachman-Diamond syndrome and severe bone marrow failure treated with allogeneic
      bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - A 10-year-old boy with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome and severe bone marrow failure
      was treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide, busulfan, and antithymocyte globulin
      followed by an infusion of human leukocyte antigen-identical, mixed lymphocyte
      culture (MLC) non-reactive sibling bone marrow. He developed cardiac arrhythmias
      and intractable hypotension and died on day 23 posttransplant. Autopsy findings
      were consistent with cyclophosphamide-induced pancarditis. The bone marrow showed
      signs of early engraftment. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may be a
      treatment alternative for Shwachman-Diamond syndrome with severe bone marrow
      failure. However, fatal posttransplant pancarditis due to doses of
      cyclophosphamide not usually associated with cardiac death may be an
      unanticipated problem. Further trials of bone marrow transplantation as therapy
      for this syndrome may be warranted, perhaps using lower doses of cyclophosphamide
      or substituting for it other immunosuppressive and myelosuppressive agents.

PMID- 2285130
TI  - Childhood acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with internalization of hemic cells.
AB  - Two atypical cases of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) in infants diagnosed
      by immunophenotying are described. In both cases, the leukemic cells at diagnosis
      resembled monoblasts with reniform nuclei, fine reticular chromatin, and abundant
      grey-blue cytoplasm with pseudopods. In addition, these blasts frequently showed
      internalization of hemic cells. Therefore, the diagnosis of acute monocytic
      leukemia (AMOL) or malignant histiocytosis (MH) was initially suggested. However,
      alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase stain was negative and immunologic studies
      determined megakaryocytic lineage of the blasts. Our observation in two
      consecutive cases of AMKL implies that there is a potential risk of misdiagnosing
      AMKL as AMOL or MH in infants. The incidence and significance of internalization
      of hemic cells by blast cells of AMKL in infancy are unknown and we cannot be
      certain whether these cases constitute a subgroup of AMKL in infancy.

PMID- 2285131
TI  - Molecular genetics and its application to the diagnosis and classification of
      hematopoietic neoplasms.
AB  - Diagnostic pathology and hematology have been enormously helped by recent
      advances in laboratory techniques that enable sensitive detection and more
      accurate and reproducible classification of lymphoproliferative processes. This
      review will focus on the normal molecular mechanisms that lead to the generation
      of immunocompetence. In addition, some of the techniques of recombinant DNA
      technology that can be applied to the diagnosis and classification of
      hematopoietic neoplasms will be described. These common DNA techniques can be of
      great help in the following problems: differentiation of monoclonal (usually
      malignant) from polyclonal (usually benign) processes, assistance in
      differentiation of malignant hematopoietic neoplasms from other poorly
      differentiated malignant neoplasms of nonhematopoietic lineage such as melanoma
      or carcinoma, determination of cell lineage (i.e., T lymphocyte versus B
      lymphocyte), and identification of cytogenetic abnormalities such as chromosomal
      translocations. From these cytogenetic abnormalities probes may be constructed
      and used to substitute for the more labor-intensive, technically demanding
      conventional microscopic karyotype.

PMID- 2285132
TI  - HIV infection in hemophiliac children: clinical manifestations and therapy.
AB  - The effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, with its progressive
      and multifaceted manifestations, have not yet been fully expressed in the
      hemophilic population. However, even at this phase of the disease, the effects of
      the viral illness on the growing hemophilic child are extremely complex and have
      only recently been recognized and studied. The management of these unfortunate
      children is difficult and demands understanding and insight to obtain maximum
      benefit from the limited therapeutic armamentarium at hand. This unsatisfactory
      situation will continue at least for the near future, requiring innovative
      research and meticulous medical care in order to help those affected. This review
      addresses current knowledge pertaining to hemophilic children infected with HIV-1
      and covers information available on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations,
      and management of HIV and its complications.

PMID- 2285133
TI  - Development of pediatric oncology in South America: challenges and perspectives.

PMID- 2285134
TI  - Use of androgens in aplastic anemia.

PMID- 2285135
TI  - Assessing prognosis in acute leukemia: response to Dr. Hicsonmez et al.

PMID- 2285136
TI  - Quantitative characterization of reversible molecular associations via analytical
      centrifugation.
AB  - The ultracentrifuge provides several techniques for the quantitative
      characterization of reversible small molecule-macromolecule and macromolecule
      macromolecule interactions in solution. The nature of the association to be
      studied determines the preferred technique. High speed centrifugation is the
      method of choice for characterizing reversible heteroassociations between species
      of greatly different mass (i.e., sedimentation coefficient). This technique
      provides a relatively rapid, artifact-free, and thermodynamically rigorous means
      of quantifying the amount of nonsedimenting or slowly sedimenting free ligand in
      equilibrium with rapidly sedimenting acceptor-bound ligand at one particular
      solution composition. Results obtained over a broad range of ligand and/or
      acceptor concentrations lead to model-independent binding isotherms that may
      subsequently be analyzed in the context of models for ligand-acceptor
      association. Lower speed centrifugation to sedimentation equilibrium is the
      method of choice for characterizing reversible selfassociations and for
      characterizing heteroassociations between components that cannot be well
      separated on the basis of sedimentation velocity. In the dilute limit, this
      technique can provide model-free information about the dependence of weight
      average molecular weight of each component upon solution composition, which can
      subsequently be analyzed in the context of equilibrium models for self- or
      heteroassociation. At higher concentrations, the models must be generalized to
      allow for the effect of nonspecific (nonideal) interactions upon sedimentation
      and association. The use of tracers provides a means for greatly extending the
      range of solute concentrations and solution compositions over which both types of
      measurements may be applied, providing enhanced ability to discriminate between
      alternative proposed mechanisms for self- or heteroassociations.

PMID- 2285138
TI  - Isolation and separation of the glycan strands from murein of Escherichia coli by
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - The length distribution of the glycan strands in the murein (peptidoglycan)
      sacculus of Escherichia coli has been analyzed after solubilization of the murein
      by complete digestion with human serum amidase. The glycan strands released were
      separated according to length by reversed-phase HPLC on wide-pore Nucleosil 300
      C18 material at 50 degrees C, employing a convex gradient from 5 to 11%
      acetonitrile. The length of the fractionated glycan strands, which carry a
      nonreducing 1,6-anhydromuramic acid as a natural end group, was calculated from
      the ratio of total to nonreducing terminal muramic acid residues. This was
      possible after complete hydrolysis of the isolated glycan strands by muramidase
      followed by separation of the released nonreducing and reducing di- and
      tetrasaccharides by reversed-phase HPLC on Hypersil C18. The method established
      allows the separation of the glycan strands of murein, a poly-GlcNAc(beta 1
      4)MurNAc-polysaccharide, up to a degree of polymerization of approximately 60.
      The predominant lengths of the glycan strands were 5 to 10 GlcNAc(beta 1-4)MurNAc
      disaccharide units.

PMID- 2285137
TI  - Carbohydrate-mediated cell adhesion to glycoproteins immobilized on
      nitrocellulose.
AB  - A method that allows the estimation of carbohydrate-mediated cell adhesion to
      glycoproteins and polysaccharides immobilized to a nitrocellulose matrix is
      described. Specificity of adhesion by indicator cells (Chang liver) has been
      verified using glycoconjugates with defined carbohydrate structure. Two
      independent receptor systems with beta-galactose or alpha-fucose specificity,
      respectively, have been demonstrated by this method to occur on Chang liver
      cells. The method is also applicable for other indicator cells like murine
      fibrosarcoma cells and has been used for the analysis of dot-blots and Western
      blots of glycoproteins.

PMID- 2285139
TI  - Assay for trans-p-coumaroyl esterase using a specific substrate from plant cell
      walls.
AB  - Cell walls of Coastal Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) were treated with
      polysaccharide hydrolases to release O-[5-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-alpha-L
      arabinofuranosyl]-(1----3)-O-be ta-D- xylopyranosyl-(1----4)-D-xylopyranose
      (PAXX) which was isolated by liquid chromatography. The isolated PAXX was greater
      than 95% pure as determined by 1H NMR and was used as substrate for a sensitive
      assay of trans-p-coumaroyl esterase. PAXX was hydrolyzed by culture filtrates
      from the anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix MC-2. The trans-p-coumaric acid released
      by enzymatic hydrolysis was assayed by reverse-phase HPLC, and as little as 100
      ng of acid could be determined. Steady-state velocities for the release of the
      acid obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Vmax was determined to be 1.17 mumol min-1
      mg-1 and Km 13.2 microM at pH 7.5 and 30 degrees C.

PMID- 2285140
TI  - Construction of a fast, inexpensive rapid-scanning diode-array detector and
      spectrometer.
AB  - A 512-element diode-array spectroscopic detection system capable of acquiring
      multiple spectra at a rate of 5 ms per spectrum with an effective scan rate of
      102.9 kHz has been constructed. Spectra with fewer diode elements can also be
      acquired at scan rates up to 128 kHz. The detector utilizes a Hamamatsu silicon
      photodiode-array sensor that is interfaced to Hamamatsu driver/amplifier and
      clock generator boards and a DRA laboratories 12-bit 160-kHz analog-to-digital
      converter. These are standard, commercially available devices which cost
      approximately $3500. The system is interfaced to and controlled by an IBM XT
      microcomputer. Detailed descriptions of the home-built detector housing and
      control/interface circuitry are presented and its application to the study of the
      reaction of horseradish peroxidase with hydrogen peroxide is demonstrated.

PMID- 2285142
TI  - Large-scale purification of synthetic oligonucleotides and carcinogen-modified
      oligodeoxynucleotides on a reverse-phase polystyrene (PRP-1) column.
AB  - A procedure is described for the large-scale purification of synthetic
      oligonucleotides using a polystyrene (PRP-1, Hamilton Co.) high-performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC) column with a phosphate/methanol/acetonitrile
      solvent system. Pure oligonucleotides are obtained with a three-step procedure
      that involves only one column purification step. The dimethoxytrityl group is
      left on the oligomer for the HPLC purification. The use of the PRP-1 polystyrene
      column with a phosphate/methanol/acetonitrile solvent system provides excellent
      separation of the desired dimethoxytrityl-bearing oligonucleotide from failure
      sequences. The dimethoxytrityl group is removed by treatment with acetic acid and
      the oligonucleotide is desalted on a C-18 Sep-Pak cartridge. The
      oligodeoxynucleotides obtained are shown to be essentially pure by HPLC,
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and 500-MHzNMR spectroscopy. This procedure
      is especially useful for the large-scale purification of oligonucleotides
      required for NMR studies. The PRP-1 column and the
      phosphate/methanol/acetonitrile solvent system is useful for purifying modified
      oligonucleotides containing lipophilic groups such as the carcinogen 2
      (acetylamino)fluorene.

PMID- 2285141
TI  - Electrophoretic analysis of proteinases in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gels containing copolymerized radiolabeled protein substrates: application to
      proenkephalin processing enzymes.
AB  - A novel method is described for the zymographic analysis of proteinases in sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels containing copolymerized radiolabeled protein
      substrates such as [35S]methionine-labeled proenkephalin or 125I-labeled
      proinsulin. After electrophoresis the enzyme is reactivated and cleaves the
      radiolabeled in situ substrate into smaller peptides. These small peptides are
      able to diffuse out of the gel, leaving clear areas against a dark background
      when visualized by autoradiography. The technique can be used to detect as little
      as 200 fg of trypsin using only 50 ng (1.25 microCi) of [35S]proenkephalin.
      Soluble- and membrane-bound adrenal trypsin-like enzyme were isolated from bovine
      adrenal chromaffin granules. Both proteinases cleaved [35S]methionine-labeled
      proenkephalin but not 125I-labeled proinsulin. Moreover, both had a Mr of
      approximately 30,000. The potential of this technique for general use is
      discussed. An additional method using the synthetic fluorogenic substrate t
      butoxycarbonyl Glu-Lys-Lys aminomethylcoumarin is also described.

PMID- 2285143
TI  - Biotinylated derivative of a human brain lectin: synthesis and use in
      affinoblotting for endogenous ligand studies.
AB  - Coupling of biotin to an endogenous lectin yields a probe which can be used for
      selective nonradioactive detection of complementary endogenous ligands. To
      exemplify practical applications of this type of compounds, we have synthesized
      and characterized a biotinylated derivative of a beta-galactoside-specific human
      brain lectin. Proteins which bind this lectin can be located on nitrocellulose
      sheets after electrophoretic transfer from gradient polyacrylamide gels, by
      sequential incubation with biotinylated probes and streptavidin-peroxidase, with
      visualization by an insoluble reaction product (affinoblotting). Biotinylated
      galactoside-binding plant lectins were used in the same way to visualize human
      brain glycoproteins, and their binding specificity was compared with that of
      human brain lectin. The results obtained by means of these different probes
      showed the usefulness of the endogenous lectin derivative to actually identify
      its endogenous partners. Thus this approach may find extended applications in the
      study of biological activities of vertebrate lectins in homologous systems, i.e.,
      with lectins and ligands coming from the same tissue origin.

PMID- 2285144
TI  - Assay of tyrosine protein kinase activity from HL-60 by high-performance liquid
      chromatography for specificity studies.
AB  - Using a partially purified HL-60 tyrosine protein kinase, we designed a new HPLC
      method for the measurement of tyrosylphosphorylation of angiotensin II. The
      present method uses reversed-phase chromatography and elution involving an
      acetonitrile gradient containing the counterion tetrabutylammonium phosphate. The
      peptide substrate, [gamma-32P]ATP, the cosubstrate, and 32P-labeled
      phosphorylated peptides were quantified online by measuring the Cerenkov effect.
      Injections, separation, and analysis were performed automatically. Furthermore,
      the method permits a direct visualization of peptide substrate phosphorylation
      and has a potentially universal application; i.e., it is usable with any kind of
      peptide in a given range of hydrophobicity. This assay was designed for
      specificity studies, which are of major importance at the molecular level, in
      order to understand active site topology and the biophysical requirements of
      tyrosine protein kinases. As examples, data on chromatography separations of
      angiotensin II analogs (five to ten amino acids in length) are presented, as well
      as for other peptide substrates such as RR-src, the pp60src autophosphorylation
      site-derived peptide, and minigastrin. We adapted our experimental conditions to
      accommodate crude extracts from HL-60 cells. Preliminary experiments clearly
      indicated that other biological sources can be used. Despite the existence of
      numerous methods published in the literature for the measurement of kinase
      activities, the method presented herein is the only one to the authors' knowledge
      that can be used in and has been assessed for specificity studies. Peptides do
      not require particular features such as charged residues (i.e., arginine) to be
      analyzed.

PMID- 2285145
TI  - Removal of artifactual bands associated with the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol in
      two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - A method for eliminating artifactual bands due to the presence of 2
      mercaptoethanol in two-dimensional gels is described. The method is based on a
      modification of the procedure of application of the first dimension gel to the
      SDS slab gel. 2-Mercaptoethanol is removed during equilibration and replaced by
      iodoacetamide. The use of iodoacetamide improves the recovery of proteins and
      results in a better detection of them.

PMID- 2285146
TI  - Immunochemical detection of adenine nucleotide-binding proteins with antibodies
      to 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine.
AB  - 5'-p-Fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA) is a useful reagent for the affinity
      labeling of adenine nucleotide binding proteins. We have developed an
      immunochemical approach to the detection of proteins that have been covalently
      modified with FSBA, which provides an alternative to the use of a radiolabeled
      ligand. Antibodies have been prepared against FSBA-modified glutamate
      dehydrogenase and purified by chromatography on ATP-agarose. The resulting
      affinity-purified antibodies react on Western blots only with proteins that have
      been labeled previously with the affinity reagent. The degree of immunoreactivity
      on Western blots correlates well with the extent of covalent modification as
      shown by studies on the modification and inhibition of the catalytic subunit of
      cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In crude cellular extracts, numerous proteins can
      be labeled with FSBA and then detected by using this approach. The labeling and
      subsequent detection of these proteins can be blocked by including an excess of
      MgATP, which competes with FSBA for nucleotide-binding sites. The labeling of
      specific proteins in crude mixtures is saturable, as shown by labeling studies of
      p56lck, a protein-tyrosine kinase that is abundantly expressed in membranes from
      the T lymphoma cell line LSTRA.

PMID- 2285147
TI  - A filter paper dye-binding assay for quantitative determination of protein
      without interference from reducing agents or detergents.
AB  - A method is described for quantitation of protein in the presence of reducing
      agents, detergents, and other substances which often interfere with assays of
      protein in solution. The proteins are applied to Whatman No. 1 filter paper, air
      dried, washed with methanol, and then stained with Coomassie brilliant blue G.
      Following destaining, the paper is air-dried and the protein-bound dye is
      extracted. Sample absorbance measurements are made in a 96-well plate using an
      automated microplate reader (600-405 nm) or in a cuvette at 610 nm. This filter
      paper assay is useful for determining 100 ng to 20 micrograms of protein in the
      presence of ammonium sulfate, urea, thiol-reducing agents, amino acids, DNA,
      ionic and nonionic detergents, and acid or base.

PMID- 2285148
TI  - High-performance tryptic mapping of recombinant bovine somatotropin.
AB  - Experiments are described that have lead to the development of a highly
      reproducible tryptic map of recombinant DNA derived bovine somatotropin (rbSt).
      Tryptic digestion of rbSt at 37 degrees C results in the formation of a
      precipitate. Preliminary characterization of the precipitate suggests that its
      formation is due to the association of intermediate tryptic fragments. An
      examination of the temperature dependence of the digestion has revealed that
      precipitate formation is inhibited when digestion is performed at 10 degrees C or
      less. The combination of a 5-mg sample, the use of highly purified trypsin, and
      digestion at 5 degrees C generate a tryptic map that exhibits an average 1.3% RSD
      (0.5-3.6%) for all anticipated fragments. Validation studies demonstrate that
      while the peak response precision is rugged to daily variation of operators or
      chromatographic systems, the fragment retention is not. This dictates that peaks
      be assigned by qualitative pattern recognition. Assay ruggedness in the peak
      response domain allows for the implementation of quantitative methods for the
      comparison of rbSt reference standard and sample tryptic maps. The assay is
      linear for all anticipated fragments within 50-150% of the operating range.
      Specificity is established by assay of pituitary somatotropins from other species
      and rbSt analogs produced by site-specific mutagenesis. The data demonstrate that
      all single amino acid substitutions examined are identified by using the
      technique. Assay sensitivity is validated for selected tryptic fragments through
      analysis of reference standard digests spiked with known amounts of rbSt analog
      digests. The data indicate that potential impurities of 3.2, 2.0, and 4.5% can be
      quantitated with statistical confidence in the tryptic fragments T1, T10, and T23
      + 25, respectively.

PMID- 2285150
TI  - Fluorometric determination of urinary kynurenic acid by flow injection analysis
      equipped with a "bypass line".
AB  - A flow injection analysis involving a photochemical reaction and fluorometric
      detection has been developed for the determination of urinary kynurenic acid.
      Kynurenic acid was found to fluoresce on irradiation with ultraviolet light at pH
      7.2 in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. This method was applied to flow
      injection analysis using a new procedure involving a "bypass line" for the
      simultaneous determination of urinary kynurenic acid and background fluorescence.
      The calibration graph showed linearity over the range of 0.20 to 120 pmol. For
      pretreatment of urinary kynurenic acid, a PRE-SEP C18 cartridge was used. The
      mean recovery of kynurenic acid from urine was 94.5%. The content of urinary
      kynurenic acid was 13.0 +/- 2.68 mumol/day. There was good correlation (r =
      0.9729) between values determined by flow injection analysis and high-performance
      liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2285149
TI  - Determination of tin in biological samples using gaseous hydride generation
      inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry.
AB  - A highly sensitive method determining for sub-microgram/gram levels of tin in
      biological samples is described. Tin hydride reduced by sodium borohydride and
      trichloroacetic acid solution was introduced into inductively coupled plasma
      after separation of liquid and excess hydrogen by an improved gas/liquid
      separator, and emission intensity was measured at a wavelength of 189.989 nm.
      Samples were decomposed by a nitric acid-perchloric acid mixture and analyzed
      after dilution by a standard addition technique. The relative standard deviation
      was 1.2% for a 10 ng/ml tin standard solution with a detection limit of 30 pg/ml.

PMID- 2285151
TI  - Amino acid analysis of collagen hydrolysates by reverse-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography of 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate derivatives.
AB  - A recently described procedure for amino acid analyses has been modified and
      adapted for use in quantitating the unique mixture of products commonly found in
      hydrolysates of the collagens. The method involves precolumn derivatization of
      hydrolysates with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-CL), chromatographic
      separation of the derivatives and excess reagent on a reverse-phase column, and
      quantitation based on the fluorescent properties of the derivatives. The method
      takes advantage of the ease with which stable derivatives are formed with the
      FMOC reagent. Using a ternary gradient system, a complete amino acid analysis
      with good resolution of all components can be performed within 35 min. The
      sensitivity of the method is comparable to levels attained by other derivatives
      and the fluorescence response of each derivative is linear over the total range
      of 1-800 pmol. Given these parameters, the method allows complete amino acid
      analyses to be performed on 100 ng of collagen corresponding to a single picomole
      of a collagen chain (Mr 100,000).

PMID- 2285152
TI  - Assay of aspartylglycosylaminase by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - An aspartylglycosylaminase assay based on high-performance liquid chromatographic
      analysis of the substrate aspartylglucosamine and product aspartate is described.
      Aspartylglucosamine and aspartate are derivatized with phenylisothiocyanate and
      resolved by reverse-phase chromatography. The detection limit for the compounds
      is 2 pmol. The method can be used for analysis of aspartylglycosylaminase
      activity in crude cell extracts and tissue samples.

PMID- 2285153
TI  - Analytical methodology for the determination of aflatoxins in peanut butter:
      comparison of high-performance thin-layer chromatographic, enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods.
AB  - High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was applied to the separation
      and quantification of aflatoxin in 300 jars of "crunchy" peanut butter. A
      critical evaluation of the proposed HPTLC method has been carried out by
      statistical comparisons with a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) kit and a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method.
      The statistical tests indicated that whilst the distributions of the data sets
      obtained with each method were similar, the HPLC method was found to be biased.
      Over-all results indicated that the HPTLC method gave more consistent data,
      relatively lower standard deviations and lower coefficients of variation. The
      ELISA kit was found to be less precise than the HPTLC and HPLC methods and prone
      to some loss of sensitivity caused by matrix interference.

PMID- 2285154
TI  - Electrocatalytic detection of streptomycin and related antibiotics at ruthenium
      dioxide modified graphite--epoxy composite electrodes.
AB  - The application of ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) modified electrodes to the
      electrocatalytic detection of the saccharide-related antibiotics streptomycin,
      novobiocin and neomycin, at low fixed potentials, was investigated. The RuO2
      modified graphite - epoxy composite electrodes give extremely stable and
      reproducible catalytic oxidation currents for these antibiotics at potentials as
      low as +0.2 V (versus Ag - AgCl). Rapid quantification at the micromolar level is
      therefore possible. Standard calibration graphs for streptomycin and neomycin
      yielded slopes of 4.43 and 0.08 nA microM-1 over the linear ranges of 1.5 x 10(
      6) - 2.5 x 10(-4) and 1 x 10(-5) - 2 x 10(-3) M, respectively. Owing to its
      catalytic oxidation by the RuIII - RuIV couple, rather than the RuIV - RuVI
      transition (which catalyses the oxidation of streptomycin and neomycin),
      novobiocin could be detected at a lower (+0.2 V) potential, with a sensitivity of
      1.31 nA microM-1. Detection limits of 1.5, 6.0 and 10 microM were obtained for
      streptomycin, novobiocin and neomycin, respectively. These catalytic surfaces can
      be renewed (by polishing), with a surface-to-surface reproducibility of 6.5% for
      the detection of 5 x 10(-5) M streptomycin. The analytical application of RuO2
      modified carbon paste electrodes to the analysis of these antibiotics by flow
      injection was investigated, with a view to liquid chromatographic separation with
      electrochemical detection applications.

PMID- 2285155
TI  - Blisters in the area pellucida, area opaca, and segmental plate of avian embryos.
AB  - This is a special communication in an area of special interest to all researchers
      using avian material. Avian embryos in the Northeast, representing four species
      (chicken, quail, duck, guinea hen), have been found to be drastically deficient
      in presomitic tissue (segmental plate tissue) between 45 and 60 h of incubation.
      These deficiencies first appear in the embryo as blisters, then, through tissue
      repair, they disappear and the embryos continue seemingly normal development.
      Similar blisters and excrescences appear in the area pellucida and area opaca
      between 20 and 30 h of incubation. Associated with these blisters and
      excrescences in very young embryos and blisters in segmental plates, but not
      necessarily the result of them, is a high incidence of congenital malformation
      during later development. These anomalies may be affecting the results obtained
      in avian research.

PMID- 2285156
TI  - High-resolution localization of hyaluronic acid in the golden hamster oocyte
      cumulus complex by use of a hyaluronidase-gold complex.
AB  - The distribution of hyaluronic acid in the oocyte-cumulus complexes collected
      from the oviduct ampulla of superovulated hamsters was revealed by use of
      hyaluronidase coupled to colloidal gold. On thin sections of Lowicryl-embedded
      oocyte-cumulus complexes, gold particles were associated specifically with
      interconnecting fibrillar materials that make up the cumulus matrix. Inside the
      cumulus cells, gold particles were found over the cisternal membrane of the rough
      endoplasmic reticulum, in the contents of lysosomes and multivesicular bodies,
      and over Golgi vesicles of some cumulus cells. A high concentration of gold
      labeling was observed over the peripheral condensed chromatin and perinucleolar
      components in the nucleus. The cell surface of the cumulus cells also appeared to
      be labeled. Gold particles, however, were absent over the mitochondria and lipid
      vacuoles. In the oocytes, labeling was found to be associated mainly with rough
      endoplasmic reticulum and arrays of lamellar structures; cortical granules,
      mitochondria, and coated vesicles were essentially devoid of gold particles. Gold
      particles were also seen along the plasma membrane of the oocytes and within the
      perivitelline space. The zona pellucida was not labeled by hyaluronidase-gold.
      Different control experiments confirmed the specificity of the labeling.
      Digestion of thin sections with hyaluronidase prior to incubation with
      hyaluronidase-gold abolished the initial reaction, whereas treatment of thin
      sections with chondroitinase did not prevent labeling of oocyte-cumulus complexes
      by hyaluronidase-gold. Although the function of hyaluronic acid in the oocyte
      cumulus complex at the time of ovulation and fertilization is not known, the high
      concentration of this particular compound in the cumulus matrix and the cumulus
      cells and its specific locations in the perivitelline space and in the
      superovulated oocytes implicate the significance of its presence and warrant
      future investigations.

PMID- 2285157
TI  - Organization and development of the mineral phase during early ontogenesis of the
      bony fin rays of the trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.
AB  - Characterization of mineral deposition has been studied by electron optical
      methods during early ontogenesis of lepidotrichia, the bony fin rays, of the
      trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (the former Salmo gairdneri). The fin rays consist of
      an extracellular granular ground substance containing in part a network of
      collagen fibrils within the basal lamella of the fin dermoepidermal interface.
      Growth of individual rays proceeds in a proximodistal direction. The mineral
      phase appears as electron-dense needle or plate-like particles and is associated
      with the collagenous matrix. On analysis of progressively maturing tissue, the
      mineral was characterized as a poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite with Ca/P molar
      ratios in the range of 1.0-1.4, corresponding to distal and proximal areas,
      respectively. With selected-area electron diffraction and dark field imaging of
      lepidotrichia, the mineral particles were found to be about 3-10 nm thick and 12
      20 nm in length (along their crystallographic c-axes), possibly aggregated into
      larger crystals 35-40 nm long observed with bright field microscopy. No
      definitive relation was found between either the c- or a,b-axes images of the
      crystals and the periodic structure of collagen, which forms the framework for
      mineral deposition in this and in other vertebrate calcifying tissues.

PMID- 2285158
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of calbindins (28K and 9K) in the tissues of the
      baboon Papio ursinus.
AB  - An indirect immunoperoxidase procedure was used to detect the presence of
      calbindin-D28K and calbindin-D9K in the cerebellum, kidney, and duodenum of the
      baboon Papio ursinus. Antibodies to chick calbinding-D28K and to both rat and
      mouse calbindin-D9K were used. The cerebellum and kidney were shown to contain
      calbindin-D28K; the doudenum contained calbindin-D9K. In the cerebellum, positive
      staining was found in the Purkinje cells only; in the kidney, positive staining
      was found in the distal convoluted tubules, connecting tubules, and collecting
      tubules, extending deep into the medullary regions of the kidney. Staining in the
      duodenum was confined to the enterocytes of the villi, with no stain present in
      the crypt regions or goblet cells. Thus the baboon, a primate, contains the
      larger of the calbindins in both the cerebellum and kidney as does the human and
      monkey, but its distribution in the kidney is more generalized than that found in
      humans. The molecular weight of calbindin-D9K was found to be similar to that
      found in other animals. However, the calbindin-D28K from the baboon tissues
      appears to be slightly smaller than the protein found in other animals and may
      therefore be of similar size to the human calbindin-D28K (Mr 26,000).

PMID- 2285159
TI  - Cytochemical analysis of the notochord in early rhesus monkey embryos.
AB  - Functional differentiation of the notochord in rhesus monkey embryos at stages 11
      12 (25-28 days of gestation) was analyzed by means of ultrastructural
      cytochemistry. The notochordal cells exhibited well developed Golgi complexes,
      rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and numerous coated vesicles. Large
      irregular intercellular spaces were common, and some contained fibrils and
      particulate matter similar to that observed in the perinotochordal space
      immediately surrounding the notochord. With the glycogen-specific
      thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate technique, solitary particles as well as
      large aggregates of glycogen were present within the notochordal cells. The
      center of some aggregates was electron lucent and contained collapsed membranous
      structures. The results indicate that as early as stage 11 the nonhuman primate
      notochord exhibits ultrastructural features suggestive of secretory activity and
      cytological complexity.

PMID- 2285160
TI  - Formation of ectopic neurepithelium in chick blastoderms: age-related capacities
      for induction and self-differentiation following transplantation of quail
      Hensen's nodes.
AB  - Hensen's node, regarded as the avian and mammalian homologue of Spemann's neural
      inducer (i.e., the amphibian dorsal blastoporal lip), has been transplanted in
      many previous studies to the germinal crescent of avian blastoderms to examine
      ectopic neural induction. All these studies have suffered from one or more major
      shortcomings, the most significant of which has been the lack of a reliable cell
      marker to determine the contributions of graft cells to ectopic embryos. In the
      absence of such marker, induced (i.e., derived from the host) and self
      differentiated (i.e., derived from the graft) neurepithelium cannot be
      distinguished from one another with certainty. We have transplanted quail
      Hensen's nodes to chick host blastoderms and have subsequently used the quail
      nucleolar heterochromatin marker to identify graft cells unequivocally. We
      systematically varied both donor and host ages (i.e., stages 3-8 and 3-5,
      respectively) to examine the effects of age on ectopic neural induction and self
      differentiation. Our results demonstrate that the age of the donor is more
      critical than that of the host over the stages examined. With advancing donor
      age, the frequency of host induction decreases, while the frequency of graft self
      differentiation increases. Previous studies not using cell markers have concluded
      that the craniocaudal level of the induced neuraxis is determined by the age of
      the donor, that is, young donors induce cranial neuraxial levels, whereas old
      donors induce caudal levels. By contrast, we found that with grafts from older
      donors, neurepithelium was more commonly self-differentiated rather than induced
      and that progressively more caudal levels of the neuraxis self-differentiated
      with advancing donor age. Induction of caudal neuraxial levels never occurred in
      the absence of induced cranial levels. The frequency of neural induction was
      inversely correlated with the age of the donor and directly correlated with the
      quantity of graft endodermal cells contributed to the ectopic embryo, supporting
      a previous assertion that in avian embryos, the earliest and principal source of
      neural inducer lies within the endoderm rather than mesoderm. From our results,
      we propose that the role of neural induction is to produce neurepithelium of
      unspecified regional character, and that the formation of regional character
      depends on subsequent morphogenetic events.

PMID- 2285161
TI  - Calcium in the developing Ambystoma neural axis shown by 3H and fluorescent
      chlortetracycline and atomic absorption spectrometry.
AB  - The calcium ion has been implicated in the mediation of the morphogenetic
      movements that occur during neural tube formation. The present study identifies
      high levels of calcium in the neuroepithelium of the neural plate, folds, and
      tube. These levels are substantially higher than those discerned elsewhere in the
      embryo. The calcium is localized in morphogenetically active regions by using the
      antibiotic chlortetracycline (CTC) which chelates calcium and is demonstrated in
      this investigation by both autoradiography and calcium-linked fluorescence. The
      specificity of CTC reaction for calcium in the developing neural axis is
      confirmed by EGTA competition. A comparison of the actual calcium levels in the
      developing neural axis (dorsal) with equivalently weighted ventral tissues was
      obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). This method provides a total
      count of the calcium without any loss during tissue processing. For AAS, living
      tissues were precisely excised and immediately dessicated. Each tissue sample
      (dry weight 1.5 mg) was then solubilized for analysis. The spectrometric data
      reveal that the embryonic dorsal aspect forming the neural tube contains 57% more
      calcium than an equivalent weight of the ventral aspect.

PMID- 2285162
TI  - Effects of maternal bilateral ureteral ligation on the development of the
      proximal tubule of the kidney in fetal rats: morphometry and electron microscopic
      study.
AB  - Development of the proximal tubule in the fetal kidney was studied following
      ligation of both ureters of pregnant rats. The ligation was performed on days 15,
      17, 19, and 21 of gestation and autopsy followed 24 hours after each operation.
      On fetal days 20 and 22, the proximal tubular length per unit volume (1 mm3) of
      whole kidney of the fetuses from the ligated mothers was significantly increased,
      while the ratio of total glomerular volume to total proximal tubular volume was
      remarkably decreased when compared to that of the fetuses from the non-ligated
      mothers. Apical vacuoles in proximal tubular cells were increased by the ligation
      on fetal days 20 and 22. These findings suggest that maternal bilateral ureteral
      ligation accelerates the growth and differentiation of the proximal tubule in
      fetal kidney, when the fetal kidney is functional in urine production.

PMID- 2285163
TI  - Premitotic DNA synthesis in the brain of the adult frog (Rana esculenta L.): an
      autoradiographic 3H-thymidine study.
AB  - Replicative synthesis of DNA in the brain of the adult frog was studied by light
      microscope autoradiography. Animals collected during the active period (May-June)
      and in hibernation (January) were used. In active frogs, 3H-thymidine labelling
      occurred mainly in the ependymal cells which line the ventricles. The mean
      labelling index (LI%) was higher in the ependyma of the lateral and fourth
      ventricles than in the ependyma of the lateral diencephalon and tectal parts of
      the mesencephalon. In the recessus infundibularis and preopticus the number of
      labelled cells (LCs) was several times greater than in the lateral parts of the
      third ventricle. LCs were seen subependymally only occasionally. The incidence of
      LCs in the parenchyma of the brain was much lower in most regions than in the
      ventricular ependyma; LCs were mainly small and, from their nuclear morphology,
      they were glial cells. The LI% reached the highest value in the septum hippocampi
      and in the nucleus entopeduncularis. In these locations, LCs were larger and
      closer in size to the nerve cells of these regions. From comparison with data
      obtained earlier in the brain of mammals, it is evident that the distribution of
      proliferating cells in the olfactory and limbic system is phylogenetically
      conservative. The occurrence of pyknotic cells in the same areas which contain
      LCs, suggests that cell division reflects in part the process of cell renewal
      observed in mammals. However, proliferating cells could also be linked to the
      continuous growth observed in non-mammalian vertebrates. In hibernating frogs,
      LCs and pyknoses were not seen or were found occasionally, which further
      indicates the functional significance of both processes.

PMID- 2285164
TI  - Mandibular and molar vascularization in guinea pigs. Scanning electron
      microscopic study of corrosion casts.
AB  - The vascularization of the mandible, molar teeth, and periodontal ligament of
      adult male and female albino guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) was studied by
      scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Main routes of
      mandibular blood supply and drainage are shown, and the intrinsic vascular
      patterns of the mandible, the molars, and the periodontal ligament are described.
      Results are compared to findings in man and in other mammals.

PMID- 2285165
TI  - [Plasminogen depletion and incorporation in experimental venous thrombosis].
AB  - The objective of this piece of work is to study (using animals): venous
      thrombosis, the depletion and incorporation of plasminogen in thrombus of
      different stages of time, in order to devise better guide lines for the treatment
      of thrombosis than the conventional treatment. The studies relating to the
      plasminogen content of the thrombus show us that, on experimental venous
      thrombosis, as from the fifth day after which it occurred, the content of the
      plasminogen thrombus is reduced considerably. This data underlines the fact some
      venous thrombosis of over five days are resistant to conventional thrombolytic
      treatment. In relation to this we have to report that the mean lifespan according
      to our experiments of the plasminogen on beagle dogs is approximately sixteen
      hours. On the other hand the study of the addition of 125Lis-plasminogen, on
      experimental thrombosis of different stages of oldness show us that the above
      addition results in a 54% intake into the thrombus on three day, old thrombosis
      and 17% on five day old thrombosis. In conclusion we can suggest that the
      resistance to conventional thrombolytic treatment of old venous thrombosis (5-7
      days old) is probably due to a reduction of efficiency of the thrombus
      plasminogen. At the same time the contribution of exogenous lis-plasminogen does
      not produce a sufficient enrichment of the thrombus in plasminogen. Therefore the
      therapeutic exogenous plasminogen addition is not advisable for relatively old
      thrombosis (less than or equal to 5 days old).

PMID- 2285166
TI  - [Photoplethysmographic evaluation of the effect of a vascular tonic drug].

PMID- 2285167
TI  - [Ligation by total or partial exclusion and extra-anatomic bypass: an alternative
      to subrenal aneurysmectomy].
AB  - The present study was designed in order to analyze our experience in surgical
      treatment of 18 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm associate to a high
      surgical risk from 1982 (January-February) to 1988, both included. Selection
      criteria and surgical technical aspects were established. The patient age ranged
      from 60 to 82, with an average age of 75 +/- 7.5 years. The most frequently
      associated pathology was hypertension disease, followed by cerebrovascular
      disease and ischemic cardiopathy. Two patients died during surgical procedure.
      Fifteen patients, from the 16 surviving, suffered a complete thrombosis of their
      aneurysmatic sac one week after the induced thrombosis, by the ligature of
      afferent arteries of their aneurysm (iliac arteries). Only one patient suffered a
      second operation, 4 months after the initial procedure (partial exclusion) during
      which a total exclusion of aneurysm by infrarenal aortic ligature was performed.
      The successful operatory rate was of 14/15 (93.3%), with a mortality rate of 2/18
      (11.1%). References are reviewed and our results commented.

PMID- 2285168
TI  - [Obliteration of the juxtarenal abdominal aorta. 90% stenosis of the left renal
      artery. Thrombosis of the right renal artery and renal atrophy. Treatment with
      aortic deobliteration, aorto-bifemoral prosthesis, left aorto-renal bypass and
      right nephrectomy. A case report].
AB  - A case report of a juxtarenal abdominal aortic obliteration, associated to a
      annulated right kidney, a 90% left renal arterial stenosis, hypertension and
      chronic renal failure is presented. An aortic desobliteration was performed, with
      a termino-terminal aortobifemoral prosthesis, a left aortorenal by pass and a
      right nephrectomy. The result was successfully and allowed a satisfactory
      evolution of its renal failure and hypertension.

PMID- 2285169
TI  - [Accidental opening of a Greenfield filter at the right atrium].
AB  - A case of patient with an accidental aperture of a Greenfield filter through the
      right auricula during the surgical procedure performed in order to insert the
      mentioned filter is presented. This filter had to be removed under extracorporeal
      circulation, and it was immediately followed by the placement of a clip in the
      inferior vena cava. Complications associated to the Greenfield filter and
      adequate approach to this rare event are commented.

PMID- 2285170
TI  - [Arteriosclerotic aneurysms isolated from the internal iliac artery].
AB  - A case of an isolate, symptomatic, atherosclerotic aneurysm of the left internal
      iliac artery is presented. A review from this very rare type of pathology reveal
      that clinical symptoms depends on the comprised anatomical structures. Diagnosis
      was made by rectal or vaginal touch, ultrasonography and CT. The operatoire
      mortality rate is high when aneurysms are ruptured.

PMID- 2285171
TI  - [Results of the treatment of diabetic patients who required emergency surgery for
      infection or ischemia].
AB  - An extensive summary on the results of treatment of diabetic patients with
      necessity of urgent treatment for ischemic or infectious complications is
      presented. Such frequent events often need an active treatment for infection,
      followed in some cases by a large debridement or minor amputations. Adequate
      treatment may avoid a major amputation. Revascularization surgery may play a
      opportune role and it depends on clinical criterion.

PMID- 2285172
TI  - Occurrence of infectious symptoms in children in day care homes.
AB  - Transmission of enteric pathogens is facilitated in child day care centers,
      including family day care homes, by frequent and intimate exposure among
      susceptible hosts, with diaper changing as the highest-risk procedure for such
      transmission. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an
      intervention program in decreasing the incidence of infectious disease symptoms
      in children attending family day care homes during a 12-month period. Each of 24
      family day care homes was randomly assigned to an intervention or control group.
      The intervention included four components: (1) a handwashing educational program
      and (2) use of vinyl gloves, (3) use of disposable diaper changing pads, and (4)
      use of an alcohol-based hand rinse by the day care provider. Symptoms of enteric
      disease (diarrhea and vomiting) were significantly reduced in intervention family
      day care homes (p less than or equal to 0.05), whereas respiratory symptoms were
      not significantly different between intervention and control family day care
      homes (p = 0.35). Diarrhea was reported in 1 of every 100 child care days,
      representing one diarrhea episode per month in a typical family day care home.

PMID- 2285173
TI  - The effect of surgical handwashing routines on the microbial counts of operating
      room nurses.
AB  - Many factors may affect the efficiency of handwashing techniques. This study
      examined two interdependent factors: the time taken to wash the hands and the
      type of antiseptic solution used. A 3-minute initial scrub and 30-second
      consecutive scrub regimen was compared with a current standard regimen of a 5
      minute initial scrub and a 3-minute consecutive scrub. Chlorhexidine gluconate 4%
      and povidone-iodine 7.5% were the antiseptics used in the two regimens. The
      sample (n = 34) was drawn from nurses employed in the operating room suite of a
      950-bed hospital. Chlorhexidine gluconate was found to be responsible for lower
      numbers of colony-forming units of bacteria than povidone-iodine. The duration of
      the scrub had no significant effect on the numbers of bacteria when povidone
      iodine was used. The optimal regimen was found to be the 5-minute initial and 3
      minute consecutive scrubs with chlorhexidine gluconate.

PMID- 2285174
TI  - Position paper: the HIV-infected health care worker. The Association for
      Practitioners in Infection Control. The Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of
      America.

PMID- 2285175
TI  - Postdischarge, postoperative nosocomial infection surveillance using random
      sampling.

PMID- 2285176
TI  - Blood contamination of tourniquets used in routine phlebotomy.

PMID- 2285177
TI  - Monitoring for nosocomial noninfectious complications: a classification system
      that parallels the NNIS definitions for infectious complications.

PMID- 2285178
TI  - Antibiotic sensitivity and the prescribing information sheet: assisting the
      prescribing physician.
AB  - The concept conceived 5 years ago is now a reality. Physicians have information
      readily available for empiric prescribing from the home, office, or hospital. The
      other two hospitals in the city have implemented the systems. The reaction of
      physicians has been extremely favorable. In fact, two new publications for the
      outpatient/community and for the pediatric populations are now under way at the
      suggestion of physicians. Plans are in place to assess physician satisfaction and
      use of the information sheet within the coming year. Presently, too little time
      has passed to evaluate whether changes in prescribing have actually occurred. In
      fact, it may never be possible to identify how many instances of inadvisable
      prescribing are prevented with good initial information. However, for the
      relatively low cost involved, this has been an exciting new opportunity for
      education, as well as a method to promote cost-effective and appropriate
      antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2285179
TI  - Some dubious premises in research and theory on racial differences. Scientific,
      social, and ethical issues.
AB  - The scientific premises for looking for statistical differences between groups
      designated as races (on somewhat arbitrary grounds) are questionable. The
      explanation of such differences in strictly biological-evolutionary terms is even
      more dubious. Studies of temperament, basic personality traits, disorders (such
      as antisocial personality), and specific genetic markers show that there is much
      more variation within groups designated as races than between such groups.
      Investigators and theoreticians interpreting such differences on the basis of
      limited sampling within the three broad racial groups should be careful to avoid
      selectivity and misrepresentation of data that serve racist ideology, and should
      be cautious about presenting their theories to the public through inappropriate
      media forums.

PMID- 2285180
TI  - Psychology and optometry. Interaction and collaboration.
AB  - Health care professionals have long recognized the value of interdisciplinary
      collaboration, although it is sometimes difficult to effect such collaborations.
      One unique possibility for interdisciplinary exchange involves the professions of
      clinical psychology and optometry. A number of vision conditions have
      psychological components and some psychological conditions may be complicated by
      vision difficulties; thus, there are a number of ways in which psychologists and
      optometrists could inform each others' practices. Better organized health care
      delivery is likely to result from interdisciplinary training and cooperation, as
      clients are likely to receive more efficient diagnosis, treatment, and management
      of health problems.

PMID- 2285181
TI  - The Center for Early Education and Development. "Giving away" child psychology.
AB  - A description of the establishment, operation, and programmatic foci of the
      Center for Early Education and Development (CEED) is provided. CEED offers a
      model for creating links between the research resources of a University and
      professionals who work directly with young children and families. CEED's role in
      demystifying research and making it accessible for community practitioners is an
      important one in bridging the gap between the trenches and the ivory tower.

PMID- 2285182
TI  - Lessons from the aftermath of Flight 232. Practical considerations for the mental
      health profession's response to air disasters.
AB  - The fiery crash of a DC-10 at Sioux City, Iowa, on July 19, 1989, caused a crisis
      of major proportions, with attendant mental health needs. Various articles have
      described the need for psychological response teams in such crises. The present
      article provides practical guidelines for the preparation of a mental health
      disaster plan and for the coordination of a mental health team responding to a
      major air disaster. Such disasters can occur in any part of the country at any
      time. It is hoped that the suggestions in the present article will help teams
      that respond to future air disasters provide more rapid, effective, and efficient
      delivery of services to the survivors and their families, and the families of
      those who are killed.

PMID- 2285183
TI  - New members and associates of the American Psychological Association.

PMID- 2285184
TI  - [Cholesterol and atherosclerosis in childhood].

PMID- 2285185
TI  - [Evidence of heterogeneity in dyssegmental dysplasia].
AB  - The dyssegmental dysplasia is a lethal form of neonatal short-limbed dwarfism in
      which unusual facies, short neck, narrow thorax, cleft palate, and reduced joint
      mobility are the characteristic commonly seen. Radiologically, vertebral
      segmentation defects and short, thick, bowed long bones are the prominent
      features. To date, 30 cases have been reported. Clinical, radiographic, and
      histologic examination of these cases of the literature demonstrates the presence
      of two distinct forms of dyssegmental dysplasia, the milder form (type Rolland
      Desbuquois), characterized clinically by frequent survival beyond the newborn
      period and by distinct radiographic changes resembling Kniest dysplasia, and the
      severe form (type Silverman-Handmaker), characterized by stillbirth or death
      within the first few days of life and by distinct and more severe radiographic
      changes. In both types, reports of affected sibs suggest autosomal recessive
      inheritance.

PMID- 2285187
TI  - [Anthropometric parameters of weight, height and head circumference in Malaga
      schoolchildren].
AB  - The main objective of this work is to evaluate, with anthropometrics parameters,
      the schoolboys growth from Malaga. It is one study with 2.331, between 6 and
      years old, of healthy children, representative of the EGB schoolboys population
      from Malaga during the academic course 88-89. They obtain percentile scores, mean
      values and DS for the different age groups and sexes of anthropometric parameters
      weight, height and head circumference. The percentiles scores for all parameters
      were significantly different in our results, both for age and sex, than the
      standards scores look up.

PMID- 2285186
TI  - [Evaluation of nutritional anthropometric parameters: brachial circumference and
      skinfold in Malaga schoolchildren].
AB  - The main objective of this work is to evaluate, with the nutritional
      anthropometrics parameters brachial circumference and skinfolds, the schoolboys
      growth from Malaga. It is one study with 2,331, between 6 and 13 years old, of
      healthy children, representative of the schoolboys population from Malaga during
      the academic course 88-89. They obtain percentile scores, mean values and DS for
      the different age groups and sexes of brachial and suprailiac. The percentiles
      scores for all parameters were significantly different in our children, both for
      age and sex, than the standard score currently used.

PMID- 2285188
TI  - [Estimation of the degree of metabolism-energy maturity in the premature newborn
      infant: plasma lipid profile and lipid transport systems].
AB  - The newborn preterm infant loses the opportunity to store energy as
      triacylglycerides form in the adipose tissue during the last quarter of
      gestation, so they have a real threat to maintain with exogenous supports only
      the high energy request, and they have been exposed to an elevated risk for
      central nervous system damage. Small reserves of substrates and poor metabolic
      adaptation may make the premature infant more vulnerable to the normal stresses
      of birth and the early postnatal period. We have studied the changes in plasma
      lipids profile and plasma lipoprotein cholesterol distribution in cord blood from
      109 term newborn infants and 16 newborn infants have got higher plasma lipid
      concentrations than term newborn infants (total cholesterol: 76.81 +/- 4.67 mg/dl
      (mean +/- SEM) vs 66.72 +/- 1.54 mg/dl, p less than 0.02; Phospholipids: 136.00
      +/- 5.24 mg/dl vs 113.94 +/- 2.86 mg/dl, p less than 0.005) and a different
      cholesterol lipoprotein distribution compared to normal full-term infants,
      standing out in premature babies, that cholesterol is essentially joint with low
      density lipoproteins (LDLc: 42.40 +/- 3.62 mg/dl vs 28.76 +/- 1.16 mg/dl, p less
      than 0.01). These results could be the expression of a metabolic-enzymatic fetal
      mechanism to keep up a good cholesterol and phospholipids biodisponibility to
      supply the structural tissues needs in this fetal stages of rapid growth and
      development.

PMID- 2285190
TI  - [Facial paralysis in infancy. Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects].
AB  - We present seven cases of facial paralysis in newborn and infants from a series
      of 88 patients (pediatrics and non pediatrics) seen in a fourteen months period
      (October 1987 to December 1988). Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment,
      including pharmacological treatment with steroids and surgical treatment are
      described. All patients we present in this paper recovered a good facial activity
      and no secondary effects were found during treatment.

PMID- 2285189
TI  - [Effects of intra-partum stress on lipid metabolism. Adaptation of plasma lipid
      transport systems in neonates].
AB  - Intrapartum asphyxia modifies lipoprotein cholesterol distribution with possible
      repercussions related to membrane structures and its metabolic functions. We have
      studied plasma lipid profile and plasma lipoproteins cholesterol distribution in
      cord blood from 115 newborn infants and 72 pregnant women at delivery. RESULTS
      AND DISCUSSION: newborn infants with perinatal asphyxia (n, 48; pHua less than
      7.20) have a higher cord blood triglyceridemia and lower plasma HDL-cholesterol,
      associated to high significant concentrations of atherogenic ratios (CT/HDLc,
      LDLc/HDLc) than normal newborn infants (n, 67; pHua = 7.20) [TG, 54.81 +/- 2.96
      mg/dl vs 45.74 +/- 2.10 mg/dl (p less than 0.005); CT/HDLc, 24.00 +/- 1.30 mg/dl
      vs 29.62 +/- 1.12 mg/dl (p less than 0.05); LDLc/HDLc, 1.38 +/- 0.10 vs 1.07 +/-
      0.06 (p less than 0.01)]. The highest triglycemia and atherogenic ratios in the
      acidotic newborn infants reveal deep changes in "esterified cholesterol/binding
      proteins" system, whereon "Apo A1-LCAT-Apo D" molecular complex binding HDL
      participate. More studies must be done to understand well this phenomenology.
      Furthermore, at delivery, pregnant women, that their newborn infants suffer an
      intrapartum hypoxia, had lower lipidemia than those who had newborn infants with
      intrapartum physiological stress.

PMID- 2285191
TI  - [IgG2 deficiency associated with recurrent pneumonia and asthma (review of an IgG
      subclass)].
AB  - Very low levels of IgG2 were detected in a 7 1/2 years old girl affected by
      recurrent pneumonias and atopic related disease. A similar clinical picture was
      present in two siblings (of 9 and 4 years old), although their of IgG subclass
      deficiencies is made, with special emphasis on IgG2 and their relationship with
      recurrent sinopulmonary infections, atopy and other immunodeficiencies.

PMID- 2285192
TI  - [Treating the nephrotic syndrome in the child].

PMID- 2285193
TI  - [Pigment incontinence: report of a case].

PMID- 2285194
TI  - [Periventricular calcifications in HIV infection].

PMID- 2285195
TI  - [Incontinentia pigmenti in the neonatal period. Report of two cases].

PMID- 2285196
TI  - [Dermatitis herpetiformis and gluten enteropathy in a child. Poor response of the
      cutaneous lesions to diet].

PMID- 2285197
TI  - [Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome. Report of a case].

PMID- 2285198
TI  - [Early diagnosis of neuroblastoma in an infant with congenital hemihypertrophy].

PMID- 2285199
TI  - [Lipoprotein lipase deficiency. A familial study].

PMID- 2285200
TI  - [Etiology of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea in infancy and childhood].

PMID- 2285201
TI  - [Heart-lung transplantation].

PMID- 2285202
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic parameters of prednisone and prednisolone in healthy
      volunteers].
AB  - A cross-over, double-blind, randomized trial with 8 healthy volunteers was
      undertaken to compare prednisolone and prednisone pharmacokinetics after a single
      oral dose (1 mg/kg) of prednisone (Cortancyl) and prednisolone sodium
      metasulfobenzoate (Solupred). Maximum prednisolone concentrations measured after
      ingestion of prednisone are higher (535 +/- 32 ng/ml) and occur earlier than
      after taking prednisolone sodium metasulfobenzoate (198 +/- 114 ng/ml) (p less
      than 0.001). The areas under the curve are significantly larger after prednisone
      than after prednisolone sodium metasulfobenzoate (p less than 0.02). These
      findings suggest a decreased systemic availability of prednisolone after
      prednisolone sodium metasulfobenzoate (Solupred) administration and show, from a
      strictly pharmacokinetic point of view, that equimolar doses of prednisone and
      prednisolone sodium metasulfobenzoate are not equivalent therapies.

PMID- 2285203
TI  - [Failure of prevention of malaria by mefloquine in West Africa].
AB  - Mefloquine (Lariam) is extensively prescribed for the prevention of malaria in
      chloroquine-resistant areas. However, in west Africa, most of the strains of
      Plasmodium falciparum are still sensitive to chloroquine. In addition, a few of
      these strains are inherently resistant to mefloquine. Under these conditions, we
      must expect to see the failure of mefloquine prophylaxis in travellers returning
      from west Africa. We report here 5 such failures. The in vitro susceptibility of
      Plasmodium falciparum isolates from 4 of these patients was evaluated and showed
      that all 4 had normal sensitivity to chloroquine and quinine, 3 were resistant to
      mefloquine and one had reduced susceptibility to mefloquine. Mefloquine blood
      levels (measured 3 times) were within the normal protective range. These case
      reports indicate that mefloquine should be used cautiously for malaria prevention
      in west Africa. They also point out that, regardless of the prophylactic method
      used, fever in a traveller returning from endemic malaria regions always dictates
      the analysis of a thick blood smear to rule out the diagnosis of malaria.

PMID- 2285204
TI  - [Specificity and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor in septic shock].
AB  - Several lines of evidence implicate tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a cytokine
      produced by monocytes-macrophages, in the systemic manifestations of shock
      induced by Gram-negative bacteria. Whether the increase of circulating TNF levels
      is specific to septic shock as compared to sepsis without shock or to non-septic
      shock is still unclear. Since TNF values recorded at the time of admission to the
      hospital vary widely, statistical analysis has not been possible. Therefore, we
      postulated that the evolution of a patient's TNF serum level as compared to his
      initial value may better distinguish the survivor from the non-survivor than a
      single initial determination. Using a radioimmunoassay, we measured the TNF
      concentrations in the sera of 7 patients with severe infections without shock, 16
      patients with septic shock and 8 patients with non-septic shock. Blood samples
      were drawn within the first 12 hours after the onset of shock. Patients with
      cancer, HIV infection, or under steroid therapy were excluded. Repeated
      measurements were made during the first 3 days of septic shock in 10 patients.
      The circulating TNF level, determined upon admission, appears to be neither
      specific nor predictive of the outcome of septic shock. In contrast, persistently
      high levels of circulating TNF seem to be well correlated with a poor prognosis,
      since 5 out of 6 patients with elevated TNF values died of septic shock.

PMID- 2285205
TI  - [Myocardial infarction in systemic lupus erythematosus. 7 cases in 6 patients].
AB  - Between 1974 and 1988, 7 myocardial infarctions occurred in 6 (4 men, 2 women)
      out of 400 systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Their ages at the onset of
      lupus ranged from 13 to 44 years (m = 26). Four had renal involvement. Control of
      lupus in all 6 patients required high-dose steroids (at least 1 mg/kg/d of
      prednisone). Myocardial infarction occurred 4 to 19 years after the onset of
      lupus (m = 13). One patient died of cardiogenic shock. When the infarction
      occurred, only one patient was undergoing a lupus flare, while the disease was
      quiescent or slightly active in the 5 others. One patient had no risk factors for
      atheroma but had been taking steroids for 10 years. Among the other 4, one had
      hypertension, another had hyperlipidemia and 3 were smokers; they had been on
      steroids for 2, 4, 11 and 13 years. Coronary angiogram showed occlusion in all 4,
      but atheroma in only 2 patients. Lupus anticoagulant was present in 3 of these 4
      patients. The mechanisms responsible for coronary occlusion in lupus patients are
      probably complex and interwoven. In addition to "classical" factors (i.e.,
      vasculitis or steroid-induced atheroma), other factors, such as antiphospholipid
      antibodies and/or smoking, may play an important thrombogenic role.

PMID- 2285206
TI  - [Bouchut's tubercles. A clinical and angiographic study].
AB  - Four patients (3 young adults and 1 child) with disseminated tuberculosis had
      choroidal tubercles; none of them was immunodepressed. The clinical and
      angiographic aspects of these nodules and their evolution are described. Their
      clinical interest is discussed: fundus examination is always indicated in cases
      of disseminated tuberculosis and, more generally, in cases of systemic
      granulomatosis.

PMID- 2285207
TI  - [Calcium metabolism disorders in sarcoidosis].

PMID- 2285209
TI  - [Chronic ascites in systemic mastocytosis].

PMID- 2285208
TI  - [First Consensus Conference on the anti-infectious treatment organized by the
      Infectious Pathology Society of French language (S.P.I.L.F.). May 11, 1990.
      Xavier-Bichat Medicine Faculty. 16, Henri-Huchard, F-75018 Paris. Pneumocystosis
      in HIV infection. The text of the consensus].

PMID- 2285210
TI  - [Wegener's disease. Role of methylprednisolone: 18 cases].

PMID- 2285211
TI  - [Retropharyngeal abscess disclosing spondylodiscitis. Comparative value between
      MRI and scanner].

PMID- 2285212
TI  - [Pseudotumor ethmoidal tuberculosis. X-ray computed tomographic and nuclear
      magnetic resonance imaging aspects].

PMID- 2285213
TI  - [Granulocytic sarcoma, disclosing myelomonocytic leukemia].

PMID- 2285214
TI  - [Mycobacterium marinum infection].

PMID- 2285215
TI  - [Arachnia propionica endocarditis].

PMID- 2285216
TI  - [Severe bronchospasm caused by vindesine].

PMID- 2285218
TI  - The topology of meiotic chiasmata prevents terminalization.

PMID- 2285217
TI  - Y chromosome DNA polymorphisms in human populations: differences between
      Caucasoids and Africans detected by 49a and 49f probes.
AB  - Several Y-specific TaqI fragments are recognized by 49a and 49f probes in human
      male DNA digests. The occurrence of polymorphic variations in six of these
      fragments (A, B, C, D, F and I) has recently been reported, providing a
      potentially powerful tool for the study of the population genetics of the Y
      chromosome. The 49a-49f/TaqI polymorphisms were studied in 121 Africans (Senegal
      and Cameroon) and 125 Caucasians (Italy). In addition to the variability
      described already, four new bands were observed. Moreover, three patterns were
      found in which bands constantly present so far (G, O and H-P-R) were missing. At
      variance with previously reported findings, the coexistence of two different
      fragments of the same 'allelic' series (A or D) was frequently observed in the
      Italian sample (10.4%). For some of these 'double-banded' patterns their
      holoandric transmission could be demonstrated by family studies. In the light of
      these new findings, the hypothesis of A or D fragments being allelic forms, as
      advanced by the authors who first described these polymorphisms, has to be
      reconsidered. A total of 34 haplotypes were encountered, 22 of which are new. The
      Africans tested all lack C and D fragments. Moreover, about 80% of them are
      characterized by a band, A1, not present in the Italian group. The combination of
      A1C0D0 could therefore be a powerful genetic marker of paternal African ancestry.
      This combination occurs in five haplotypes, one of which, haplotype IV, accounts
      for 68% of the African sample. In contrast with the results of the mtDNA analysis
      on the same population samples, the degree of variability displayed by the Y
      chromosome sequences appears to be much lower in Africans than in Caucasians.

PMID- 2285219
TI  - On the use of chi 2 tests for nested categorized data.

PMID- 2285220
TI  - On avoiding statistical bias in linkage-based counselling.
AB  - Using the Succession Rule of Laplace (1795) and related reasoning, this paper
      shows how to give unbiased counselling to patients when predictions are to be
      based on small samples. The recombination fraction can be regarded as a
      probability parameter, theta, which itself has a probability distribution between
      the limits of 0 and 1/2. The probability of a recombinant, P(Rec), is not
      numerically equal to the maximum likelihood estimate of theta, nor is it
      numerically equal to the maximum posterior probability estimate in Bayesian
      inference. Rather it is equal to the infinite sum of all possible theta values,
      each weighted according to its probability density p(theta) which denotes the
      relative probability that that theta value is the true one. The various published
      proposals for obtaining an unbiased estimate of theta are shown to be equivalent
      one to another, except for the simplifying approximations used.

PMID- 2285221
TI  - Probabilities of orders in linkage calculations.
AB  - The present state of linkage estimation procedures is surveyed. When information
      on linkage between several loci on one chromosome is given in the form of lod
      scores or likelihoods, a method is developed for finding the probabilities of the
      different possible orders of the loci, and the distribution of the map distances
      between them. This depends largely on a Monte Carlo method of integrating the
      probabilities.

PMID- 2285222
TI  - A program to draw pedigrees using LINKAGE or LINKSYS data files.

PMID- 2285223
TI  - Transforming growth factor-alpha secretion by epidermal growth factor-dependent
      human tumor cell lines.
AB  - Pairs of cell lines from spontaneous human tumors (cervical adenocarcinoma,
      melanoma, and synovial sarcoma) were established using serum-free culture
      conditions with and without exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF). EGF-adapted
      cultures of melanoma and cervical adenocarcinoma origin secreted higher levels of
      bioactive transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) when compared to cultures
      maintained in the absence of EGF. Depletion of EGF for these EGF-adapted cultures
      resulted in growth arrest. In contrast, the sarcoma cell lines did not secrete
      TGF-alpha regardless of the culture conditions but EGF significantly stimulated
      proliferation of these cells in short-term assays. We show that exogenous EGF
      induces TGF-alpha production and supports proliferation of tumor cells of various
      tissue origin but is not essential for in vitro growth factor-deprived
      conditions.

PMID- 2285224
TI  - Resistance of murine LTA cells to oncogene--mediated progression from tumorigenic
      to metastatic phenotype.
AB  - We have previously shown that expression of the H-ras oncogene alone does not
      induce progression of a tumorigenic but non-metastatic murine fibroblast cell
      line (LTA) to a metastatic phenotype. Because myc genes, alone or with ras, have
      been implicated at different stages of progression in other systems, we examined
      the ability of v-myc, alone and in combination with H-ras, to induce malignant
      conversion of LTA. We found no increase in either "spontaneous" (assessed after
      s.c. injection into nude mice) or "experimental" (assessed after i.v. injection
      into chick embryos) metastatic ability in spite of high levels of v-myc RNA in
      LTA cells transfected with v-myc alone. Serial in vivo passaging did not
      consistently select for either myc expression or metastatic ability. Myc
      transfected cells expressing high levels of myc RNA were subsequently transfected
      with H-ras. LTA cells expressing both oncogenes at high levels remained non
      metastatic. LTA cells thus are resistant to the effects of myc and ras oncogenes
      (alone and in combination) on a specific stage of tumor progression, that of
      malignant conversion, and may offer a good model for studying mechanisms of
      resistance to these oncogenes.

PMID- 2285226
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of glycosaminoglycans with the use of monoclonal
      antibodies in salivary pleomorphic adenomas.
AB  - Immunohistochemical identification of glycosaminoglycans (GG) in salivary
      pleomorphic adenomas (63 cases) was made to evaluate chondrogenesis in modified
      myoepithelial cell regions. Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to GGs were used in
      conjunction with specific enzyme digestion, and chondroitin 4S proteoglycan
      (C4SPG), chondroitin 6S PG(C6SPG), dermatan sulfate PG(DSPG), heparan sulfate
      PG(HSPG) and keratan sulfate PG(KSPC) were identified. Modified myoepithelial
      cells showing fibrillar and plasmatoid shapes contained KSPG (68%), DSPG (32%)
      and CSPG(C6SPG:22%, C4SPG:33%). Foci of chondroidally changed cells stained
      intensely for KSPG (53%), and less so for CSPG(C6SPG:22%, C4SPG:33%), and DSPG
      (19%). Perinuclear matrix in chondroidal tissue reacted most strongly. Almost all
      types of modified myoepithelial cells, or outer layer tumor cells of tubulo
      ductal structures, produced or synthesized CSPG, DSPG, and HSPG. Certain cells
      located in hyalinous and myxomatous tissues may undergo chondroidal metaplasia,
      and clusters of such cells may produce GGs and PGs in the perinuclear zone
      similar to those GGs in matrix synthesized in chondroidal tissue. GG-synthesizing
      cells might continuously produce KSPG until the cartilage matrix is completed.

PMID- 2285225
TI  - Stimulation of granulocytic cell iodination by tannins and related compounds.
AB  - Tannic acid stimulated the iodination (incorporation of radioactive iodine into
      an acid-insoluble fraction) of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells
      (PMN) and human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells, without affecting the
      iodination of 9 other cultured cell lines. The stimulation of both PMN and HL-60
      cells depended on incubation time and temperature, and was significantly
      suppressed by myeloperoxidase inhibitors. Among chemically defined natural
      polyphenols, condensed tannins (epicatechin gallate oligomers) and monomeric and
      oligomeric hydrolyzable tannins potently stimulated PMN iodination, whereas
      polyphenols of lower molecular weight (gallic acid, alkyl gallates, epicatechin,
      epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, caffeic acid derivatives and licorice
      flavonoids) had much less activity. Various synthetic polyphenolic compounds
      structurally unrelated to tannins also stimulated PMN iodination depending upon
      their molecular weight, but to a slightly lesser extent. The results suggest that
      the stimulation activity of tannins and related polyphenols might depend more on
      their molecular weights than the number of hydroxyl groups on each benzene ring
      in the molecule, or the presence of sugars or hexahydroxydiphenoyl groups.

PMID- 2285227
TI  - Expression of the normal H-ras1 gene can suppress the transformed and tumorigenic
      phenotypes induced by mutant ras genes.
AB  - The transformed phenotype of rat 208F cells transfected with the T24 H-ras1
      oncogene is suppressed by simultaneous or subsequent transfection with the normal
      H-ras1 gene. The suppressed cells express both the normal and mutant forms of ras
      p21 but the normal form predominates. Rare transformed cells obtained after
      simultaneous transfection express mainly the T24 p21. Some suppressed cells
      induce tumours in nude mice after a long lag period and these tumour cell lines
      have much reduced expression of normal p21. The normal H-ras1 gene also
      suppresses the transformed phenotype induced by mutant N-ras, albeit less
      effectively. The tumorigenicity of the EJ bladder carcinoma cell line, which
      contains only the T24 mutant allele of H-ras1, is also suppressed following
      transfection with the normal H-ras1 gene. The results suggest that transforming
      alleles of ras genes do not behave in a fully dominant manner and that expression
      of the normal allele at elevated levels can lead to suppression of the
      transformed and tumorigenic phenotypes.

PMID- 2285228
TI  - The antitumoral action of polyamine linked cyclophosphazenes on human malignant
      glioma heterografts in nu/nu mice.
AB  - Since the polyamine metabolism system is very active in proliferative glioma
      cells, polyamine linked drugs are to be considered as potential antineoplastic
      agents against malignant gliomas. This study reports the trial of a new compound
      lineage, the Polyamine Linked Cyclophosphazenes, on human glioblastoma
      heterografts in nu-nu mice. Two agents are tested: DIAM 3 and DIAM 4. Both show
      an important antineoplastic action either on a chronic treatment schedule or as
      single dose. Systemic tolerance is satisfactory.

PMID- 2285229
TI  - Detailed characterization of reactivities of anti-gastric cancer monoclonal
      antibodies to carbohydrate antigen.
AB  - Four murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), KM191, KM206, KM230 and KM231, raised
      against gastric cancer exhibited very similar reactivities to human carcinoma
      cells, whereas their abilities in probing the antigen shed from the cancer cells
      were quite different. We found in this study that the four MoAbs reacted
      immunologically with the same monosialo gangliosides derived from a gastric
      cancer cell line by two-dimensional high performance thin-layer chromatography.
      When the reactivities of the MoAbs to a number of purified gangliosides or
      oligosaccharides were examined, the carbohydrate structure of the antigen was
      determined as sialyl Lea. KM231 exhibited the highest binding avidity to the
      oligosaccharide and the ganglioside among the four MoAbs. In a comparative study
      of KM231 and NS19-9, which is a widely used sialyl Lea-reactive MoAb, KM231 bound
      to the oligosaccharide with higher affinity and detected the antigen in tissue
      sections with higher sensitivity. In addition, KM231 could detect a small amount
      of the antigen ganglioside in human gastric normal and cancerous mucosa and in
      gastric cancer cell lines by HPTLC-immunostaining.

PMID- 2285230
TI  - Metastatic phenotype: growth factor dependence and integrin expression.
AB  - Homogeneous subpopulations, which are endowed with low or high metastatic
      potential, were selected from Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) in an attempt to
      correlate metastatic phenotype with specific properties of tumor cells. Since the
      growth of malignant cells at secondary sites could depend on their ability to
      respond to microenvironments, the growth factor dependence of 3LL variants has
      been studied. The ability of variant lines to grow in monolayer and in soft agar
      cultures, either in the presence or absence of different growth factors or serum,
      was analyzed and correlated with their metastatic potential. The reported results
      demonstrate that tumor cells expressing higher metastatic potential also exhibit
      higher capacity to grow and proliferate in all the culture conditions tested,
      independently of the addition of exogenous growth factors or serum. Moreover,
      since highly metastasizing cells express a significant amount of TGF-beta 1 mRNA,
      a pattern of autocrine growth is postulated for 3LL metastatic cells. One
      relevant aspect of the phenotype of transformed cells is their reduced adhesion
      to solid substrates; this phenomenon is thought to reflect the invasive and
      metastatic potential of tumor cells. Since the adhesion of the cells to substrata
      is mediated by molecules of the extracellular matrix, the expression of
      extracellular matrix receptors (integrins) was studied on 3LL metastatic
      variants. In particular, through immunochemical and biochemical studies we
      investigated the expression of the laminin receptor(alpha 6/beta 1) and of a
      novel receptor (integrin: alpha 6/beta 4), of unknown function. The receptors
      were quantitated on the cell surface of 3LL variants by the use of specific
      monoclonal antibodies which recognize, respectively, different epitopes of alpha
      6, beta 4 or beta 1 subunits. Results demonstrate that the novel integrin alpha
      6/beta 4, is specifically expressed in highly metastasizing 3LL cells, whereas
      the laminin receptor alpha 6/beta 1 is expressed in all 3LL variants. In
      conclusion, data presented demonstrate that 3LL cells endowed with higher
      metastatic potential are more independent of the microenvironmental conditions in
      that they possess a higher autocrine capacity than the lower metastasizing ones,
      and could acquire higher capacity to invade through the expression on their cell
      surface of specific receptors for cell adhesion (the novel integrin, defined as
      alpha 6/beta 4).

PMID- 2285231
TI  - Cytotoxic activity of azelaic acid against human melanoma primary cultures and
      established cell lines.
AB  - The in vitro cytotoxic activity of azelaic acid was studied with 25 human
      melanoma primary cultures and with 5 established cell lines characterized by
      different contents of melanotic pigment. A dose-dependent antiproliferative
      effect was observed in both the experimental systems, even though cell lines
      displayed a slightly greater susceptibility to the compound, with ID50 values
      generally lower than those for fresh human tumors. Our results do not demonstrate
      a clear difference between melanotic and non-melanotic melanomas in sensitivity
      to azelaic acid. The early interference of azelaic acid on nucleic acid
      metabolism was investigated additionally with 15 human melanoma primary cultures.
      There were significant inhibitions of RNA and DNA synthesis in a remarkable
      percentage of tumors, at the highest concentrations of the compound. Moreover,
      cell proliferation of tumors that showed these antimetabolic effects was always
      significantly depressed by lower drug concentration as well as by the highest.

PMID- 2285232
TI  - Effect of normal saline on cisplatin pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity in
      mice bearing P388 leukemia.
AB  - The effect of normal saline (NS) on the antitumor activity, toxicity and
      pharmacokinetic of cisplatin (DDP) was investigated in BDF1 mice bearing P388
      leukemia. Tumor-bearing mice received 8 or 16 mg/Kg of DDP dissolved in NS or
      distilled water (DW) intraperitoneally. Control animals were treated with DW or
      NS alone. The administration of 8 mg/Kg of DDP+NS produced a significantly better
      survival (P less than 0.05) compared to that observed in mice receiving DDP+DW.
      The proportion of long-term survivors was 3.5 times higher in the DDP+NS group
      (39%) compared to the DDP+DW group (11%). The administration of 16 mg/kg DDP+DW
      was highly toxic, resulting in early deaths (MST = 5 days) and no long-term
      survivors. NS protected from DDP toxicity without further improving the survival
      achieved following the injection of 8 mg/kg DDP+NS. Investigation of platinum
      pharmacokinetics showed that NS significantly decreases both plasma and tissue
      concentrations of total platinum, mainly through a decrease in the amount of
      platinum bound to high molecular weight plasma proteins. HPLC studies indicated
      that mice receiving 8 mg/kg DDP+NS or DDP+DW fail to show clear differences both
      in the total ultrafilterable platinum and unchanged DDP in plasma ultrafiltrate.
      Conversely, mice treated with DDP+NS had higher concentrations of platinum
      species in plasma ultrafiltrate than mice receiving DDP+DW. These latter results,
      together with the observation that NS decreases the amount of platinum bound to
      plasma proteins, suggest that the effect of NS does not solely depend in vivo on
      the ability of the chloride ion concentration to stabilize the DDP molecule and
      suppress the formation of DDP metabolites, but also on its ability to prevent DDP
      toxicity by reducing the protein binding of DDP aquated products.

PMID- 2285233
TI  - Interaction of chlorpromazine with DNA.
AB  - The mechanism of the potential anticancer agent chlorpromazine hydrochloride
      (CPZ) with DNA was investigated by the techniques of high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC), viscosity and Raman spectroscopy. It has been suggested
      from HPLC work that DNA nucleotides (except nucleosides) from either a CPZ-DNA
      system or a CPZ-nucleotide system. Furthermore, the shear stress of the viscosity
      of the CPZ-DNA system and the CPZ-nucleotide systems ware shown to be apparently
      the higher increasing than that of DNA and nucleotide alone. These systems had
      non-Newtonian properties for the formation of the CPZ-DNA and the CPZ-nucleotide
      systems under experimental conditions. The Raman spectra showed a dramatic
      difference at 982 cm-1 due to the symmetric P-O stretching vibration of the PO4(2
      ) group between dGMP and the CPZ-dGMP system.

PMID- 2285234
TI  - Glycohistochemistry of endogenous lectins in cutaneous cancer.
AB  - Plant lectins have been applied to define the profile of certain carbohydrate
      determinants in routinely processed sections of specimens from cutaneous
      neoplasia. To facilitate detection of endogenous receptors with specificity to
      carbohydrates, termed endogenous lectins, biotinylated neoglycoproteins
      (glycoproteins derived from chemical glycosylation of a histochemically inert
      carrier protein) were employed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of
      40 cases of cutaneous cancer. These included 20 cases of basal cell epithelioma
      and 10 cases of squamous cell carcinoma as well as 10 cases of malignant
      melanoma. A mixed pattern of staining extent was seen for the different types of
      neoglycoproteins. Glycohistochemical controls ascertained that endogenous lectins
      with specificity for alpha- or beta-galactosides, alpha-mannosides, alpha
      fucosides and alpha-glucosides, respectively, bound the neoglycoproteins. Initial
      biochemical purification from one case of basal cell epithelioma revealed the
      molecular characteristics of the endogenous beta-galactoside-specific and alpha
      mannoside-specific lectins.

PMID- 2285235
TI  - Growth inhibition by rhein and lonidamine of human glioma cells in vitro.
AB  - The effect of Rhein (RH) and Lonidamine (LND) on the clonogenic activity of
      cultured human glioma cells has been evaluated. Both these drugs decrease the
      survival fraction, but their effect is strictly related to the duration of
      exposure. A brief exposure, i.e. 4 hours, even at the highest drug concentrations
      does not induce any significant decrease in the survival which, on the contrary,
      is strongly affected by 24 and 48 hours of exposure. The reason for this
      behaviour lies in the mechanism of action of these drugs which do not interfere
      with replicative processes, but selectively affect the energy metabolism of the
      neoplastic cell. The validity of currently employed screening tests to evaluate
      the antitumoral activity of non anti-mitotic drugs is also discussed.

PMID- 2285236
TI  - Effects of androgen, fibroblast growth factors or other various growth factors on
      growth of Shionogi carcinoma cells in a protein-free medium.
AB  - Shionogi carcinoma 115 (SC115) has been accepted for 20 years as an androgen
      responsive mouse mammary tumor. We have recently established an androgen
      dependent cloned cell line (SC-3) from a SC115 tumor. We found in the present
      study that the growth of SC-3 cells can be stimulated by 10(-8) M testosterone
      (up to 100-fold) even in a protein-free medium beginning from plating [Ham's F
      12: Eagle's minimum essential medium (1:1, v/v)]. In the protein-free culture,
      the proliferation of SC-3 cells was also found to be stimulated by acidic or
      basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) alone (up to 50-fold) among various growth
      factors examined such as FGFs, insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF
      II, nerve growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor,
      transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha and TGF-beta. The testosterone (10(-8) M)-
      or FGF (10 ng/ml)-induced growth of SC-3 cells was abolished only by TGF-beta
      (greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml) among various growth factors examined. We show
      for the first time in this study an androgen-dependent growth of cancer cells (SC
      3) in a protein-free medium. In the protein-free medium, growth of SC-3 cells is
      also stimulated by FGFs, and the androgen- or FGF-induced growth is inhibited
      only by TGF-beta.

PMID- 2285237
TI  - Modulation of cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs by dipyridamole in HeLa cells
      in vitro.
AB  - Exponentially growing HeLa cells were treated with various antitumor drugs and
      dipyridamole (DP), and the cell growth inhibition ratio was determined. Enhanced
      growth inhibition was found in combined treatment with DP and 5-fluorouracil, 1
      hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, adriamycin, daunomycin, 4'-0
      tetrahydropyranyl-adriamycin, actinomycin D and vincristine. In contrast,
      reduction of the cytotoxic effect of cytosine arabinoside and enocitabine was
      found when these were combined with DP.

PMID- 2285238
TI  - Potentiation of BCNU-induced cytotoxicity and sister chromatid exchanges by
      dibromodulcitol in vitro.
AB  - Dibromodulcitol (DBD) is an anticancer agent that is cytotoxic against animal and
      human brain tumors in vivo. Clinical trials of combination therapy with
      radiation, DBD, and a nitrosourea have shown some efficacy, but the mechanisms
      that lead to enhanced cytotoxicity are poorly understood. We investigated the
      effects of pretreatment with DBD on cell survival and sister chromatid exchange
      (SCE) caused by subsequent treatment with 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
      (BCNU) in 9L rat brain tumor cells. Pretreatment of 9L cells for 24 hr with 5
      microM DBD potentiated the cell kill produced by a 1-hr treatment with BCNU; the
      dose enhancement ratio was 1.7 at the 10% survival level. Treatment of 9L cells
      for 24 hr with 1 microM DBD induced 39 +/- 12 SCEs/metaphase. There was a 50-75%
      increase in BCNU-induced SCEs, compared with BCNU alone, after a 24 hr
      pretreatment with DBD. Thus DBD potentiation of BCNU cytotoxicity appears to be
      related to increased DNA damage.

PMID- 2285239
TI  - Exposure of thiol groups and bound nucleotide in G-actin: thiols as an indicator
      for the native state of actin.
AB  - In monomeric actin the number of thiol groups exposed to thiol reagents and the
      nucleotide bound are found to be correlated. G-actin, prepared as normally in the
      presence of ATP, exposed one thiol group (nSH = 1). In the presence of 1
      equivalent ADP, as found associated with G-actin preparations when no nucleotide
      is added, the protein exposed four thiol groups (nSH = 4). When G-actin was
      prepared in a high excess of ADP (50 eq.) two thiol groups became exposed (nSH =
      2). Actin also exposed four thiol groups when depolymerized in buffers containing
      10 eq. APCPP or APPCP, with a time course of the thiol-titration similar to that
      obtained when the protein was prepared in a nucleotide-free buffer. When actin
      was depolymerized in a buffer containing 10 eq. APPNP it also exposed 4 thiols;
      however, titration kinetics are different. In this case, one thiol group reacted
      quickly, while the reaction of the three others was retarded. Finally, when actin
      was depolymerized in the ADP-analog APCP it also exposed four thiol groups, with
      titration kinetics similar to those obtained for actin in nucleotide free buffer.
      It was concluded that addition of ATP induced a shielding effect on three out of
      four thiol groups in monomeric actin. ADP (50 eq.) shielded two of the four thiol
      groups, while ATP- and ADP-analogs had no shielding effect. The thiol shielding
      activity and the protective capacity of a nucleotide are interrelated. Actin
      preparations, in ATP or ADP (high excess) containing buffers, with one or two
      thiol groups exposed respectively, are stable and polymerizable over many hours.
      Actin prepared in buffers containing ATP- or ADP-analogs, exposing four thiol
      groups, is denatured, losing its capacity to polymerize within few hours.
      Finally, actin preparations in nucleotide free buffers, with four thiol groups
      exposed, are rapidly denatured, losing the capacity to polymerize within less
      than one hour. Thus denaturation of monomeric actin must be understood in terms
      of loss of thiol shielding. In actin preparations generally the ability to
      polymerize was lost when, even after addition of ATP to solutions of G-actin, the
      number of thiol groups exposed was greater than two. It was concluded that in
      monomeric actin changes in the accessibility of thiol groups, loss of nucleotide
      binding capacity as well as loss of the polymerization capability of the protein
      are events which probably represent different aspects of the denaturation process
      in G-actin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2285240
TI  - Steroid hormone receptors and tumorigenicity of sublines from breast tumor
      metastatic MDA-MB 231 cell line.
AB  - Ten cell sublines the MDA-MB 231 human breast cell line were analyzed for their
      phenotypic diversity: morphology, karyotype, growth rate, clonogenicity in
      semisolid medium, tumorigenicity in nude mice, number and affinity of nuclear
      receptors for oestradiol, progesterone and glucocorticoids. Karyotypic analysis
      showed different aneuploidies from 50 to 120 chromosomes and variable chromosomal
      rearrangements in the analyzed subclones. All except two of the ten subclones
      were tumorigenic when injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally into nude
      mice. Although the parental cell line has no receptor, all except two of the
      tested subclones contained various amounts of high affinity oestradiol and
      progesterone receptors ranging from 3,000 to 33,000 per cell. Seven subclones
      contained either high affinity oestradiol or progesterone receptors in nuclei.
      The diversity found in different subclones derived from one breast carcinoma cell
      line might represent variabilities acquired and selected continuously in culture.

PMID- 2285241
TI  - Chromosomal modifications of a rat glioblastoma cell line during the acquisition
      and reversal of doxorubicin resistance.
AB  - We have studied the cytogenetic alterations occurring during the development and
      reversal of doxorubicin resistance in a clonal line of rat glioblastoma cells. We
      have observed during the acquisition of resistance an increase in the modal
      number of chromosomes, from 42 to 60, and the occurrence, in 90% of the mitoses,
      or large metacentric markers(s) which were infrequent in the sensitive line. This
      was associated with a net increase in total DNA amount per cell, from 5.3 to 8.3
      pg. During reversal of resistance by 2 years culture without drug of the most
      resistant line, we observed a rapid decrease of the chromosome number as well as
      of the DNA content per cell; however, the large metacentric marker(s) were still
      present in 40% of the mitoses after 9 months of reversal, when the remaining
      resistance was only 4-fold. In situ hybridization of the chromosomes with a probe
      for the mdr gene revealed that the average number of stained chromosomes rose
      from 7% in the sensitive line to 38% in the most resistant line; however, only 9%
      of the silver grains were detected on the large metacentric markers. We conclude
      that important chromosome rearrangements occurred during the acquisition of
      resistance to doxorubicin, leading to a random distribution of the mdr gene in
      the genome.

PMID- 2285242
TI  - Cell growth in chronic myeloid leukemia at blast crisis.
AB  - During the stage of blast crisis, the increase in the population of peripheral
      blasts in one examined untreated CML patient, obeyed an exponential equation of
      growth that requires a maintained equal proportion of proliferating to quiescent
      blasts. A model of cell growth at CML blast crisis is presented, which interprets
      the required constancy of equal-size blast subcompartments in terms of regulation
      of the G0----G1 flow, the latter involving activation of one cell out of three
      interacting quiescent blasts in contact. This model is discussed in the light of
      evidence that G0 blast activation involves membrane-bound interacting sites
      interfering with growth-promoting pathways. The model-predicted proliferative
      index (f) value of 0.5 +/- 0.16 is found to be nearly identical to a reported
      estimate of the 3H-thymidine-labeling index of CML blasts at the crisis stage of
      the disease. It is also close to corresponding indexes of CML blood and marrow
      progenitor cells and to labeling indexes of AML and ALL large blasts.

PMID- 2285243
TI  - Evaluation of the cardiovascular toxic effect of recombinant interleukin-2 in
      rats.
AB  - Cardiac and vascular toxicity of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) was evaluated
      by in vitro and in vivo experiments in rats. Using isolated spontaneously beating
      atria, no changes were detected in heart rate or myocardial contractility in
      response to rIL-2 treatment at concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 U/ml. Daily sc
      administration of rIL-2 for 7 consecutive days (at doses of 2.3 X 10(4) to 1.15 X
      10(6) U/ml) produced a prolongation of the QaT interval and significant
      modifications in serum electrolyte concentrations. Ex vivo contractility of atria
      excised at the end of rIL-2 treatment showed no deterioration in myocardial
      contractility with increasing dosage. rIL-2, at concentrations of 0.1-1000 U/ml,
      did not induce any modification of perfusion pressure in isolated rat tail artery
      but produced a significant displacement to the left of the dose-response curves
      for norepinephrine compared to basal conditions. The relative potencies were not
      dose-dependent. Our results indicate that rIL-2 does not exert a direct
      cardiotoxic effect, and suggest an indirect action on vascular smooth muscle,
      i.e., an aspecific modulation of vascular response to mediators.

PMID- 2285244
TI  - Hormone receptors and disease-free survival in breast cancer: impact of
      increasing threshold levels.
AB  - Laboratory data from Milan and Houston were evaluated to determine the extent to
      which the distribution of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR)
      has changed with time. Results from over 11,500 ER and over 8,200 PgR
      determinations (6,194 ER and 3,127 PgR from Milan) were analyzed. All assays in
      Milan were performed by a dextran-coated charcoal method and in Houston by a
      sucrose density-gradient method. The data demonstrate a time-dependent, upward
      drift in the amount of ER and PgR detected, with the effect most pronounced at
      the lower end of the distribution curves. We attribute this change to
      optimization of all facets of the receptor assay procedures (tissue harvesting
      and storage) as well as to a change in breast cancer biology. These results
      suggest that studies correlating certain biological parameters with receptor
      status (whether using qualitative or quantitative scales) need to be re-examined.
      For example, a population of 349 node-negative patients who did not receive any
      adjuvant treatment was studied in Milan to determine any association between
      disease-free survival (DFS) and receptor status. If the "historical" threshold
      values (10 fmol/mg protein) were used to determine receptor status, no
      significant difference in DFS at 5 years was detected. Even the combination of ER
      and PgR did not improve the predictive power of receptor status. In the
      premenopausal subgroup, ER status did predict the 5-year DFS. However, if the
      threshold value for PgR was adjusted to 25 fmol/mg protein, patients with ER
      positive, PgR-positive tumors had significantly better 5-year DFS than patients
      with ER-negative, PgR-negative tumors. In addition, PgR status alone was
      associated with significantly improved 3-year DFS if the subgroups of PgR less
      than 5 fmol/mg protein and PgR greater than 100 fmol/mg protein were compared. We
      conclude from these data that: 1) historical threshold values for receptor
      positivity should be re-examined in all laboratories; 2) studies involving
      receptor results determined over an extended period of time should attempt to
      "normalize" these results; and 3) the quantitative assessment of receptor status
      should be used whenever possible.

PMID- 2285245
TI  - Butylated hydroxyanisole increases glutathione-S-transferase activity in
      hepatocyte culture.
AB  - The effect of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) on the activity of glutathione-S
      transferase (GSH-S-T) in hepatocyte culture was determined. Hepatocytes from
      control rats and rats injected with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) were isolated and
      cultured. The cultures were treated with various concentrations of BHA. Treatment
      of hepatocytes from both control and 3-MC-injected rats with 25 microM BHA for 24
      or 48 hours increased GSH-S-T activity significantly. The results suggest that
      BHA may have a detoxifying effect against 3-MC-induced carcinogenesis, and that
      hepatocyte culture may be a fast and simple system to identify compounds which
      may potentially protect against development of cancer through induction of GSH-S
      T.

PMID- 2285246
TI  - Elevated expression of AP-1 activity in human breast tumors as compared to normal
      adjacent tissue.
AB  - The levels of AP-1 activity in human breast lesions and in adjacent normal tissue
      were studied by a gel retardation assay. A thirty nucleotide long consensus
      oligonucleotide to the adenovirus E3 gene AP-1 sequence (E3AP-1) was end labelled
      and reacted with nuclear extracts from breast lesions and adjacent normal tissue.
      A total of 20 tissue extracts (8 pairs of tumor and normal tissue from the same
      patient and 4 tumors) were examined. All 12 tumor tissues showed elevated levels
      of AP-1 as compared to the 8 normal tissues. These results suggest that the AP-1
      transcription factor may play a role in breast neoplasia.

PMID- 2285247
TI  - Reduced toxicity of adriamycin by incorporation into ion exchange microspheres: a
      therapeutic study using a rat liver tumour model.
AB  - A comparison of the systemic toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of adriamycin
      carrying microspheres with conventional chemotherapeutic use of adriamycin was
      performed using a rat liver tumour model. The drug-microspheres were administered
      via the gastro-duodenal artery for delivery to the liver, whilst similar
      quantities of free adriamycin were given by systemic intravenous or regional
      intra-arterial routes. Significant leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and mortality
      were observed in the systemically treated free drug group (P less than 0.05) with
      a similar trend for for myelosuppression occurring in the intra-arterial free
      drug group. The adriamycin-microsphere group showed no toxic side-effects despite
      retarding tumour growth by similar amounts to the other drug modalities. This
      work demonstrates a large potential for the use of adriamycin carrying ion
      exchange microspheres in the treatment of human malignancy.

PMID- 2285248
TI  - Monoclonal immunoglobulins and autoantibodies in lymphoid malignancies.
AB  - The presence of serum monoclonal or oligoclonal immunoglobulins (paraproteins)
      was investigated in 38 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      patients, 33 patients with solid tumors and 33 healthy individuals. Seventy two
      percent of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 31% of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      patients had serum paraproteins, in contrast to 21% and 15% of solid tumor
      patients and normal controls respectively. There was no significant prevalence of
      a certain isotype or light chain in the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia and solid tumor groups. In the healthy individuals all bands
      were monoclonal of the IgG isotype. No correlation was found between histologic
      grading of lymphoid malignancy or disease stage and serum monoclonality. No
      serologic or histologic autoimmune features were demonstrated in non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. In addition, no correlation
      was found between serum autoantibody activity and mono- or oligoclonal
      immunoglobulins.

PMID- 2285249
TI  - Nuclear morphometry in grading transitional cell bladder cancer compared with
      subjective histological grading.
AB  - A retrospective study was performed comprising 265 bladder cancer patients. The
      patients were clinically followed up for an average of 10 years. The initial
      tumour biopsies were subjected to morphometric analysis. The mean nuclear area
      (NA), the standard deviation of nuclear area (SDNA) and the mean area of the 10
      largest nuclei (NA10) were measured using IBAS 1&2 image analyzer. The prognostic
      value of NA, SDNA, NA10, papillary, subjective histological grading (WHO) and
      clinical stage (UICC) was evaluated. The progress in T-category was related to
      histological grade (p less than 0.0001), non-papillar growth (p = 0.0023), SDNA
      (p = 0.0110) and NA10 (p = 0.0305), in that order. The same parameters in
      addition to NA predicted lymph node involvement and metastasis. Recurrence rate
      was significantly related to NA10 (p = 0.0250). Non-papillar growth (p = 0.002),
      clinical stage (p = 0.005), histological grade (p = 0.0120), NA (p = 0.0143),
      SDNA (0.0383) and NA10 (p = 0.0632) predicted recurrence-free period. Bladder
      cancer survival was related to clinical stage (p less than 0.0001), histological
      grade (p less than 0.0001), SDNA (p less than 0.0001), non-papillar growth (p
      less than 0.0001), NA (p = 0.0001) and NA 10 (p = 0.0001), in that order. Grade
      II tumours could be regrouped prognostically using NA (p = 0.006), SDNA (p =
      0.033) and NA10 (p = 0.016) as classifiers. Clinical stage, NA and histological
      grade predicted bladder cancer survival in a multiparameter analysis. The results
      show that NA and SDNA are powerful prognosticators of survival. NA10 and SDNA
      predict progression better than NA. The multiparameter analysis identified
      clinical stage, histological grade and NA as the most important prognosticators
      of survival.

PMID- 2285250
TI  - Molecular sieve of cytoplasmic ER and PgR.
AB  - Cytosol from immature rabbit uteri was classified into six groups according to
      range of molecular weights. The molecular sieve can be achieved by AMICON
      ultrafiltration using membranes of different pore sizes. The results revealed
      that almost 50% of the total activity of ER and PgR was confined to the largest
      fraction with a molecular weight greater than 300,000. A detailed study by
      electrophoretic characterization in later experiments demonstrated that the
      cytoplasmic ER and PgR exist mainly in high polymer forms.

PMID- 2285251
TI  - In vitro chemosensitivity testing in acute leukemias. Results of a retrospective
      study.
AB  - A retrospective study was carried out on 67 patients with ANLL and ALL to assess
      the capacity of a rapid in vitro chemosensitivity assay to predict clinical
      response and patient survival. The test evaluates the extent to which a drug
      inhibits DNA synthesis by measuring the incorporation of 125Iododeoxyuridine into
      leukemic cell DNA. Correlations between the in vitro chemosensitivity data and
      clinical outcome showed that this test predicts the clinical response to
      remission-inducing drugs with a good level of accuracy (sensitivity = 0.82,
      specificity = 0.71 but that it is unable to predict length of survival.

PMID- 2285252
TI  - Simultaneous meningeal and testicular lymphoblastic transformation of Ph1
      positive chronic myelocytic leukaemia in a three-year-old boy.
AB  - A three-and-a-half-year-old boy presented in the blastic phase of chronic
      myelocytic leukaemia (CML) with lymphoblastic infiltration of CNS and testes. The
      clinical signs and symptoms and also blood and bone marrow findings were
      otherwise compatible with the chronic phase of the disease, and none of the
      factors predictive of early transformation were present. Cytogenetic analysis
      revealed that the Ph1 chromosome, with no additional chromosomal abnormalities,
      was present in 85% of the bone marrow cells. Meningeal leukaemia is almost
      unknown in the chronic phase of CML. However, the incidence in the blastic phase
      may resemble the incidence of CNS leukaemia at diagnosis in children with acute
      leukaemias. Testicular involvement appears to be extremely rare even in the
      blastic phase of CML; the "true" incidence may, however, also resemble that of
      acute leukaemias. This raises the question of the need for testicular and
      meningeal surveillance and prophylaxis, at least during the blastic phase of CML.
      One should consider whether the simultaneous meningeal and testicular
      lymphoblastic leukaemia in this patient was the result of blastic transformation
      at two independent sites, or whether the testes were seeded from the meninges
      without identifiable spread to blood and bone marrow.

PMID- 2285253
TI  - Characterization of tyrosine protein kinase associated with subcellular
      components of human colonic epithelium.
AB  - Tyrosine protein kinase (TPK) co-isolated with subcellular components derived
      from human colonic epithelium. The highest TPK activity, measured in the Triton X
      100-insoluble cytoskeletal pellet, was directly related to the degree of
      malignancy of colonic tissue. TPK activity was assayed by measuring the
      incorporation of [gamma-32P] from [gamma-32]ATP into the synthetic polymer
      [Glu80Tyr20]n substrate. Lineweaver-Burk plots yielded an apparent Km of 167
      micrograms/ml for [Glu80Tyr20]n and of 19 microM for ATP: Vmax for the phosphate
      donor was 0.9 nmol/min/mg protein. TPK activity was markedly stimulated by the
      metal ions Mg2+ and Mn2+ and significantly suppressed by tyrphostins, potent
      specific TPK inhibitors, shown to interfere with TPK-dependent growth processes.
      This is first report to present evidence for TPK activity associated with
      cytoskeleton-enriched subcellular preparations harvested from human colonic
      epithelium.

PMID- 2285254
TI  - Lack of relationship between parity and level of carcinoembryonic antigen in
      women with breast cancer.
AB  - Women with high parity appear to be protected against the development of breast
      cancer. It has been suggested that those tumours which secrete carcinoembryonic
      antigen (CEA) are destroyed in women who develop cell-mediated immunity to
      embryonic antigen at the time of pregnancy or childbirth at an early age. A study
      of 335 patients with breast cancer was designed to test the hypothesis that
      circulating levels of CEA would be lower in women with high parity and an early
      age at first pregnancy or live birth. CEA levels were higher if measured in the
      presence of tumour metastasis. There was no association between CEA levels and
      parity, age at first live birth, age at diagnosis or cigarette smoking. Thus we
      have no evidence that breast cancers which express embryonic antigens, such as
      CEA, are preferentially destroyed by an immune response which has arisen from
      embryonic inoculation during or around an early childbirth.

PMID- 2285255
TI  - Neuroimmunotherapy of human cancer with interleukin-2 and the neurohormone
      melatonin: its efficacy in preventing hypotension.
AB  - The pineal hormone melatonin (MLT) has been shown to influence many biological
      functions, including immune response, cancer growth and brain neurotransmitter
      contents. On the basis of its biological properties, a study was started to
      evaluate the influence of MLT on IL-2 immunotherapy toxicity. The study was
      carried out in metastatic renal cancer patients. Thirty-three 5-day courses of IL
      2 at a daily dose of 3 x 10(6) Cetus U/m2 were randomized to consist of IL-2
      alone or IL-2 plus MLT (10 mg/day orally at 8.00 p.m.). The frequency of episodes
      of severe hypotension was significantly greater during IL-2 alone than during IL
      2 + MLT. Moreover, the depressive symptomatology occurred more frequently during
      IL-2 alone. No other toxicity, including capillary leak syndrome, vomiting and
      fever, were significantly influenced by the concomitant treatment with MLT. These
      preliminary results would suggest that the pineal hormone MLT may be successfully
      associated with IL-2 in the immunotherapy of human tumors.

PMID- 2285256
TI  - Effects of dietary N-3 and saturated fats on growth rates of the human colonic
      cancer cell lines SW-620 and LS 174T in vivo in relation to tissue and plasma
      lipids.
AB  - Ninety nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 1 x 10(7) cells of the human
      colonic cancer cell lines, SW-620 and LS174T. Tumour growth was assessed weekly
      for three weeks whilst the animals were receiving one of three diets: control
      (4.6% fat), coconut (20% fat, saturated fatty acids) and Maxepa (20% fat; n-3
      fatty acids). At the end of the study SW-620 tumour weights (mean +/- SD, gm)
      were: control = 0.38 +/- 0.22, coconut = 0.43 +/- 0.31, Maxepa 0.20 +/- 0.16; the
      LS174T tumour weights were control = 1.33 +/- 1.27, coconut = 0.47 +/- 0.74,
      Maxepa = 0.38 +/- 0.56 (p less than 0.001, analysis of covariance). The Maxepa
      diet produced significant retardation in tumour growth (p less than 0.001). This
      was associated with reduced levels of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid in
      adipose tissue and tumour lipids with incorporation of n-3 fatty acids (all p
      less than 0.01 at least, analysis of variance). Moreover, the Maxepa diet
      produced significant reductions of plasma cholesterol, phospholipids and
      triglycerides (all p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2285257
TI  - Combined effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha and radiation in the treatment of
      renal cell carcinoma grown as radia spheroids.
AB  - We have investigated the antiproliferative effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
      (TNF) and radiation on a recently described rat renal cell tumor line grown as
      multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS). Treatment commenced when the spheroids had
      reached a diameter of 250 microns. TNF was diluted in the tissue culture medium
      in different concentrations, ranging from 250-1000 ng/ml. TNF monotherapy had a
      dose-dependent inhibiting effect on spheroid growth. Single-dose irradiation with
      2, 4 or 6 Gy also retarded spheroids significantly in their growth. In the
      combination treatment the highest dose of TNF (1000 ng/ml) was added 4 hours
      prior to radiation. TNF could not induce a potentiation of the radiation injury
      at 2 Gy. The combination with 4 Gy, however, had additive and the combination
      with 6 Gy synergistic antiproliferative effects; in these treatment regimens
      respectively 2 and 5 out of 24 spheroids were controlled, i.e. cured. These
      experiments suggest that TNF in combination with radiotherapy may be beneficial
      for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma or cancer in general.

PMID- 2285258
TI  - Immunolocalisation of an anti-EMA monoclonal antibody to a renal carcinoma
      xenograft.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody 77-1 originally raised to a membrane extract of human
      bladder cancer reacted with a human renal carcinoma xenograft XK1 on
      immunoperoxidase staining. This suggested a potential role for its
      immunolocalisation to renal carcinoma, and prompted a localisation study of the I
      125 and In-111 labelled 77-1 to the xenograft. The uptake of the radiolabelled
      antibody by the xenograft was measured as a tumour to blood ratio taken at 24
      hour intervals for up to 72 hours. Four animals were used for each time point and
      the mean tumour to blood ratio obtained. A monoclonal antibody 48-1, non reactive
      with XK1, was similarly radiolabelled and administered to another group of
      animals bearing the xenografts to act as a control. Statistical analysis using
      the unpaired Student't' test showed that the uptake of the 1-125 and In-111
      labelled 77-1 by the xenografts was significantly higher than the non-specific
      antibody 48-1 at all time points (p less than 0.002-0.018), demonstrating that a
      specific localisation to the xenograft XK1 by the radiolabelled 77-1 had
      occurred.

PMID- 2285259
TI  - The in vitro effect of recombinant erythropoietin on cisdiamminodichloroplatinum
      induced inhibition of murine erythroid stem cells.
AB  - An in vitro study was carried out to evaluate the possible protective effect of
      recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) on cisplatin (CDDP)-induced inhibition
      of erythroid colony growth. CDDP at the dose of 0.4 mg/ml caused a 72-75%
      inhibition of erythroid stem cell growth in plasma clots. In the short-term assay
      rhEpo was not able to protect normal murine erythroid stem cells from the
      inhibitory effect of CDDP at any of the tested concentrations. In long-term bone
      marrow cultures, although the kinetics of cellular populations in suspensions and
      of erythroid stem cells were similar in both controls and CDDP-treated cultures,
      both cellularity and erythroid stem cells levels were much lower in CDDP-treated
      flasks than in control ones regardless of the addition of rhEpo. These results
      indicate that rhEpo is not able to prevent of ameliorate erythroid stem cell
      inhibition due to a possible toxic effect of CDDP, at least in vitro.

PMID- 2285260
TI  - Developmental dyslexia in women: neuropathological findings in three patients.
AB  - Brains from male cases with dyslexia show symmetry of the planum temporale and
      predominantly left-sided cerebrocortical microdysgenesis. We now report on three
      women with dyslexia. In all brains, the planum temporale was again symmetrical.
      Also, in two of the brains, multiple foci of cerebrocortical glial scarring were
      present. In both women, many of the scars were myelinated, suggesting origination
      during late intrauterine or early postnatal life. In one, scars were mainly left
      perisylvian and involved portions of the vascular border zone of the temporal
      cortex. In the other, scars were more numerous and occurred in the border zone of
      the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries symmetrically. All three
      cases showed to a variable extent brain warts, molecular layer ectopias, and
      focal architectonic dysplasia identical to those seen in the male cases. Two
      women had primary brain neoplasms, an oligodendroglioma and a low-grade
      astrocytoma, respectively, and two women showed small angiomas. Reexamination of
      previously reported male cases disclosed one with myelinated glial scars. Two
      control brains with asymmetrical plana temporale showed myelinated glial scars as
      well. The significance of the anatomical findings is discussed, and possible
      etiological factors are considered with known effects of autoimmune diseases on
      the nervous system.

PMID- 2285261
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid immune complexes in patients exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi:
      detection of Borrelia-specific and -nonspecific complexes.
AB  - We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 32 patients with neurological symptoms
      and evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection (29 were seropositive as
      determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 2 were cell-mediated immune
      positive, and 1 had been seropositive as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay 9 months previously). CSF immune complexes were found in 22 (69%) of 32
      patients; in 18, there was sufficient sample to isolate immune complexes. By
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, isolated immune complexes from 10 of these 18
      patients contained antibody specific for B. burgdorferi antigens. The isotypes
      were IgG (n = 8), IgM (n = 3), and IgA (n = 2). By immunoblot, these antibodies
      were directed against B. burgdorferi 41-kDa antigen and occasionally against the
      33- and 17-kDa antigens. Anti-B. burgdorferi IgM was present in patients with
      acute neurological symptoms, was predominantly complexed rather than free, and
      decreased with clinical recovery in the one serial study. Three patients were
      nonreactive for free CSF antibodies, but had complexed antibodies to the
      organism. The preliminary finding of specific B. burgdorferi components in immune
      complexes in CSF suggests an active process triggered by the organism, even in
      the absence of other CSF abnormalities.

PMID- 2285262
TI  - Cerebral glucose hypermetabolism in Friedreich's ataxia detected with positron
      emission tomography.
AB  - Local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose was studied with 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D
      glucose and positron emission tomography (PET) in 22 patients with Friedreich's
      ataxia and 23 age-matched normal control subjects. The diagnosis of Friedreich's
      ataxia was established by the history and physical findings and by excluding
      other diseases through laboratory investigations. PET studies revealed a
      statistically significant widespread increase of local cerebral metabolic rate
      for glucose in the brains of patients with Friedreich's ataxia who were still
      ambulatory, in comparison with normal control subjects. Nonambulatory patients
      with Friedreich's ataxia, in comparison with normal control subjects, had
      significantly increased local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose in the caudate
      and lenticular nuclei, but not in the other structures studied. The rate was
      significantly greater in ambulatory patients with Friedreich's ataxia than in
      nonambulatory patients in all structures studied except the caudate and
      lenticular nuclei. The data suggest that early in the course of Friedreich's
      ataxia, the local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose is increased extensively in
      the central nervous system, and as the disease progresses, it decreases in a
      regionally specific manner.

PMID- 2285263
TI  - A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was conducted to evaluate the
      roles of family history of dementing disease and AD, and medical conditions,
      particularly those related to the viral and immune hypotheses in AD. One hundred
      and eighty-three clinically diagnosed patients were identified between 1980 and
      1985 through the Geriatric and Family Services clinic at the University of
      Washington hospital, and 18 patients were identified during the same time period
      through the Veteran's Administration Medical Center in Seattle, Washington.
      Telephone interviews were conducted with spouses (87.7%) and children (12.3%) of
      the patients. Each patient was matched to a friend or nonblood relative of the
      patient by age, sex, and the relationship between the patient and his or her
      respondent, for a total of 130 matched pairs. The odds ratio for AD was elevated
      if a first-degree relative was reported to have a history of dementia (odds
      ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 4.18). This risk was especially
      elevated if a sibling was affected (odds ratio, 4.04; 95% confidence interval,
      1.37 to 11.90); the highest risk to the proband was observed if a sibling had
      presumed AD (odds ratio, 5.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.59 to 21.96). The risk
      increased with increasing numbers of first-degree family members affected for
      both a history of dementia and presumed AD. We found little difference between
      patients and control subjects with respect to the age of the mother or father at
      the time of the subject's birth. No statistically significant differences were
      observed between the two groups with regard to conditions that might support the
      immune and viral hypothesis in AD, smoking, or alcohol problems.

PMID- 2285264
TI  - Cerebellar and frontal hypometabolism in alcoholic cerebellar degeneration
      studied with positron emission tomography.
AB  - Local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose was studied utilizing 18F-2-fluoro-2
      deoxy-D-glucose and positron emission tomography (PET) in 14 chronically alcohol
      dependent patients and 8 normal control subjects of similar age and sex. Nine of
      the 14 patients (Group A) had clinical signs of alcoholic cerebellar
      degeneration, and the remaining 5 (Group B) did not have signs of alcoholic
      cerebellar degeneration. PET studies of Group A revealed significantly decreased
      local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose in the superior cerebellar vermis in
      comparison with the normal control subjects. Group B did not show decreased rates
      in the cerebellum. Both Groups A and B showed decreased local cerebral metabolic
      rates for glucose bilaterally in the medial frontal area of the cerebral cortex
      in comparison with the normal control subjects. The severity of the clinical
      neurological impairment was significantly correlated with the degree of
      hypometabolism in both the superior cerebellar vermis and the medial frontal
      region of the cerebral cortex. The degree of atrophy detected in computed
      tomography scans was significantly correlated with local cerebral metabolic rates
      in the medial frontal area of the cerebral cortex, but not in the cerebellum. The
      data indicate that hypometabolism in the superior cerebellar vermis closely
      follows clinical symptomatology in patients with alcoholic cerebellar
      degeneration, and does not occur in alcohol-dependent patients without clinical
      evidence of cerebellar dysfunction. Hypometabolism in the medial frontal region
      of the cerebral cortex is a prominent finding in alcohol-dependent patients with
      or without alcoholic cerebellar degeneration.

PMID- 2285265
TI  - Normal proprioceptive trigeminal afferents in patients with Sjogren's syndrome
      and sensory neuronopathy.
AB  - A pure sensory neuropathy due to neuronal damage in the gasserian and spinal
      ganglia has been described in patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Conventional
      electromyographic (EMG) studies can demonstrate the selective involvement of the
      sensory pathways but they do not provide definite evidence for the site of the
      lesion. Noting that the trigeminal sensory neurons carrying cutaneous and
      muscular afferents are differentially located in the gasserian and mesencephalic
      nuclei, respectively, we carried out an electrophysiological study of the
      trigeminofacial and trigeminotrigeminal reflexes in 5 patients with Sjogren's
      syndrome and pure sensory neuropathy, in 10 patients with sensory-motor
      neuropathies of other causes, and in 10 healthy subjects. Our results show that
      patients with Sjogren's syndrome and pure sensory neuropathy who exhibited
      abnormal blink reflexes and an abnormal, cutaneous-induced masseter silent period
      had normal jaw jerks, whereas patients with sensory-motor neuropathies who
      exhibited abnormal cutaneous responses had abnormal jaw jerks. These findings
      suggest that the lesion in pure sensory neuropathy involves damage to the neurons
      of the gasserian ganglia and not to the trigeminal axons, since an axonal lesion
      would be expected to involve the large axons from muscle spindle receptors.

PMID- 2285266
TI  - Timing and topography of cerebral blood flow, aura, and headache during migraine
      attacks.
AB  - Ten years of study has resulted in considerable but fragmented knowledge about
      regional cerebral blood flow in migraine with aura (classic migraine). In the
      present study, the number of repeatedly studied patients (n = 63) was large
      enough to determine statistically significant sequences of events and
      statistically significant spatial relations. The first observable event was a
      decrease of regional cerebral blood flow posteriorly in one cerebral hemisphere.
      Further development of this pathological process was accompanied by the aura
      symptoms. Thereafter headache occurred while regional cerebral blood flow
      remained decreased. During the headache phase, regional cerebral blood flow
      gradually changed from abnormally low to abnormally high without apparent change
      in headache. In some patients headache disappeared while regional cerebral blood
      flow remained increased. Although regional cerebral blood flow reduction and aura
      symptoms in the great majority of patients were unilateral, one-third had
      bilateral headache. Unilateral headache usually localized to the side on which
      regional cerebral blood flow was reduced and from which the aura symptoms
      originated (i.e., aura symptoms were perceived to occur contralaterally but
      presumably originated in the hypoperfused hemisphere). Our results suggest a
      simple model for migraine attacks: A pathological disturbance in one cerebral
      hemisphere causes the aura symptoms and after a time delay, it also causes the
      headache by stimulating local vascular nociceptors. Bilateral headache caused by
      a unilateral cerebral disturbance may be explained by recent neuroanatomical and
      neurophysiological findings.

PMID- 2285267
TI  - MEG versus EEG localization test using implanted sources in the human brain.
AB  - It is believed that the magnetoencephalogram (MEG) localizes an electrical source
      in the brain to within several millimeters and is therefore more accurate than
      electroencephalogram (EEG) localization, reported as 20 mm. To test this belief,
      the localization accuracy of the MEG and EEG were directly compared. The signal
      source was a dipole at a known location in the brain; this was made by passing a
      weak current pulse simulating a neural signal through depth electrodes already
      implanted in patients for seizure monitoring. First, MEGs and EEGs from this
      dipole were measured at 16 places on the head. Then, computations were performed
      on the MEG and EEG data separately to determine the apparent MEG and EEG source
      locations. Finally, these were compared with the actual source location to
      determine the MEG and EEG localization errors. Measurements were made of four
      dipoles in each of three patients. After MEGs with weak signals were discounted,
      the MEG average error of localization was found to be 8 mm, which was worse than
      expected. The average EEG error was 10 mm, which was better than expected. These
      results suggest that the MEG offers no significant advantage over the EEG in
      localizing a focal source. However, this does not diminish other uses of the MEG.

PMID- 2285269
TI  - OKT3 encephalopathy.
AB  - OKT3 therapy for induction immunosuppression in a patient who underwent renal
      transplantation produced obtundation and quadriparesis associated with computed
      tomographic scan evidence of brain edema. These findings resolved over 3 days
      with supportive therapy and OKT3 withdrawal.

PMID- 2285268
TI  - General assay for phosphoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid: a candidate marker for
      paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
AB  - The components of protein phosphorylation systems (protein kinases, protein
      phosphatases, and their phosphoprotein substrates) are highly enriched in
      neuronal cells compared with other cell types. We exploited this relative
      neuronal enrichment of protein phosphorylation system components to develop a
      general assay technique for putative protein kinase substrates (phosphoproteins)
      in human cerebrospinal fluid. Using this cerebrospinal fluid phosphoprotein
      assay, we have detected a putative protein kinase C substrate protein of apparent
      Mr 60 kd in 6 of 14 patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration but not
      in any of 55 patients with a variety of other neurological diseases.
      Phosphoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid may provide novel and unique markers for
      the diagnosis or staging of neuronal diseases as well as offer potential insights
      into the biochemical characterization of affected neuronal populations.

PMID- 2285270
TI  - Baclofen therapy may be associated with chorea in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2285271
TI  - Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain in mitochondrial cytopathies.

PMID- 2285272
TI  - Neuritis of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve as isolated
      manifestation of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.

PMID- 2285273
TI  - Influence of growth rate on susceptibility to antimicrobial agents: modification
      of the cell envelope and batch and continuous culture studies.

PMID- 2285274
TI  - Safety and prophylactic efficacy of low-dose rimantadine in adults during an
      influenza A epidemic.
AB  - A placebo-controlled, double-blind study to evaluate the safety and prophylactic
      efficacy of a low dose (100 mg) of rimantadine hydrochloride against naturally
      occurring influenza in adults was conducted at two sites. After the onset of the
      influenza season, volunteers (ages, 18 to 55 years) were assigned randomly to
      receive rimantadine or placebo daily. Subjects were monitored for adverse effects
      and evidence of influenza virus infection weekly for six weeks. Only 10 (8.7%) of
      114 rimantadine recipients and 5 (4.4%) of 114 placebo control recipients
      reported one or more mild to moderate adverse symptoms, most of which were
      related to the gastrointestinal or central nervous system. Compared with placebo,
      low-dose rimantadine was highly effective in the prevention of influenza A virus
      infection (20 of 110 versus 7 of 112 participants; P less than 0.01) and
      influenza illness (7 of 110 versus 1 of 112 participants; P = 0.04). Influenza
      A/Leningrad/87-like (H3N2) virus was recovered from the nasopharynxes of only
      five placebo recipients. These findings indicate that low-dose rimantadine is
      well tolerated and highly effective for the prevention of influenza A illness in
      healthy adults.

PMID- 2285275
TI  - In vitro selection of resistant Helicobacter pylori.
AB  - Four strains of Helicobacter pylori were subjected to an in vitro serial passage
      technique to compare the propensity of the organisms to develop resistance to
      seven classes of antibacterial agents. The passages were made on serially
      doubling concentrations of antibacterial agents incorporated into agar starting
      at one-half the base-line MIC. The frequency of spontaneous resistance was also
      determined for each strain at four and eight times the MIC of each antibacterial
      agent. Strains resistant to ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, erythromycin, and
      tobramycin were isolated. The experiments failed to select organisms resistant to
      bismuth subsalicylate, furazolidone, or amoxicillin, although the MIC of
      amoxicillin was increased 4- to 16-fold. With the exception of erythromycin,
      organisms with the selected resistance were stable after at least three passages
      on antibacterial agent-free medium. Spontaneous resistance rates were generally
      of a low magnitude and were not predictive of the serial passage results.

PMID- 2285276
TI  - Collaborative investigation of variables in susceptibility testing of yeasts.
AB  - A multicenter study was performed to evaluate the effect of medium, incubation
      time (24 and 48 h), and temperature (30 and 35 degrees C) on intra- and
      interlaboratory variations in MICs of flucytosine, amphotericin B, and
      ketoconazole for yeasts. Testing was performed on coded isolates of Candida
      species (11 strains) and Cryptococcus neoformans (2 strains) by using a standard
      macrodilution protocol 11 laboratories. Four chemically defined media buffered to
      pH 7.0 with morpholinepropanesulfonic acid were evaluated, including buffered
      yeast nitrogen base, synthetic amino acid medium-fungal, RPMI 1640 medium, and
      high-resolution antifungal assay medium. Intralaboratory variability was less
      than or equal to fourfold for 97% of the replicate sets of data. The highest
      level of interlaboratory agreement, irrespective of antifungal agent or
      incubation conditions, was observed with RPMI 1640 medium. Intralaboratory
      variability was less than or equal to fourfold for 93% of the determinations with
      ketoconazole and 100% with flucytosine tested in RPMI 1640 medium at 35 degrees C
      for 24 h. Variability in amphotericin B results was less than or equal to
      fourfold for 81% of the determinations in RPMI 1640 medium at 35 degrees C for 48
      h. The rank order of MICs within each antifungal test group was similar among the
      various laboratories and was generally in agreement with the reference rank order
      regardless of the test medium that we used.

PMID- 2285277
TI  - Efficacy of short courses of oral novobiocin-rifampin in eradicating carrier
      state of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and in vitro killing studies
      of clinical isolates.
AB  - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important nosocomial
      infection problem. Colonization appears to be more common than invasive disease
      is. Eradication of colonization or the carrier state could limit the spread of
      MRSA, thus reducing the potential for mortality and morbidity in other patients.
      The detection of patients with MRSA infection in a rehabilitation ward led to a
      study of the combination of novobiocin-rifampin in vivo and in vitro. We found
      that 300 mg of rifampin plus 500 mg of novobiocin orally twice daily for 5 days,
      in 18 courses of treatment given to 12 patients, resulted in the clearing of MRSA
      in 79% of the evaluable courses and 81% of the evaluable sites. A second course
      cleared MRSA from one of the patients with a treatment failure. Side effects were
      not noted. All 18 pretherapy isolates were susceptible to either drug in vitro,
      but 1 of 2 posttherapy isolates was rifampin resistant. Timed-kill studies
      demonstrated that the rate of killing was the same with either drug alone or both
      drugs together. Pretherapy isolates from treatment successes or failure were
      killed at the same rate by the drug combination. However, with the rifampin
      resistant isolate killing ceased after 48 h. Results of this study suggest that
      previously untreated patients are likely to have isolates that are susceptible to
      the combination of drugs and that the combination is commonly effective in
      eradicating MRSA carriage. Since the regimen is orally administered, and thus
      convenient, in conjunction with other measures it has the promise of reducing the
      spread of MRSA in hospitals.

PMID- 2285278
TI  - Effects of lovastatin (mevinolin) on sterol levels and on activity of azoles in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The hypocholesterolemic drug lovastatin (mevinolin) was found to be very
      effective in lowering the sterol levels of the wild-type yeast Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. Lovastatin dramatically decreased the steryl ester content from 2.62
      to 0.8 micrograms/mg (dry weight), whereas the free sterol content decreased only
      from 2.79 to 2.24 micrograms/mg (dry weight) when lovastatin was present in the
      medium at 10 micrograms/ml. At higher concentrations (100 micrograms/ml),
      lovastatin nearly abolished the accumulation of steryl esters and decreased the
      free sterol concentration to less than 1.3 micrograms/mg (dry weight). As a
      result of the lowered sterol levels, proportional amounts of exogenous sterol
      were taken up from the medium during aerobic, respiratory conditions. Nearly all
      of the exogenous sterol taken up was partitioned into the free sterol fraction.
      The inhibition of sterol esterification in the presence of lovastatin was
      dependent on heme synthesis. The result of these combined effects caused the MICs
      of three azole antifungal drugs (ketoconazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole) to
      be lowered from 6- to 32-fold when lovastatin was present in the medium at 10
      micrograms/ml.

PMID- 2285279
TI  - Metabolic N-hydroxylation of pentamidine in vitro.
AB  - By using high-performance liquid chromatography, the in vitro conversion of
      pentamidine to the corresponding amidoximes (N-hydroxypentamidine and N,N'
      dihydroxypentamidine) was studied in supernatants of rat liver homogenate
      centrifuged at 9,000 x g. The presence of the two amidoxime peaks in
      chromatograms was confirmed by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry and by
      unequivocal synthesis of the suspected metabolites. The metabolic reactions were
      found to be catalyzed by the cytochrome P-450 system (mixed-function oxidases).
      The formation of the monohydroxylated product was found to have a Km of 0.48 mM
      and a Vmax of 29.50 pmol/min per mg of protein, while the dihydroxylated
      metabolite had a Km of 0.73 mM and a Vmax of 4.10 pmol/min per mg of protein.
      N,N'-Dihydroxypentamidine was found to have highly reduced antiprotozoal activity
      in vitro relative to that of pentamidine, and neither of the hydroxylated
      metabolites nor pentamidine was found to be significantly mutagenic by the Ames
      test. Contrary to previous reports, pentamidine is readily metabolized to at
      least two hydroxylated products, and this conversion may be relevant to the
      clinical use of the compound and to future drug design.

PMID- 2285280
TI  - Identification of chromosomal antibiotic resistance genes in Streptococcus
      anginosus ("S. milleri").
AB  - Determinants encoding resistance to antibiotics, except penicillin, of 5 of 21
      Streptococcus anginosus clinical isolates that we examined transferred by
      conjugation into Enterococcus faecalis and into 1 to 5 streptococcal recipients
      at frequencies of 10(-6) to 10(-8) transconjugants per donor. No R plasmids were
      detected in any wild-type strain. DNA homology was detected between chromosomal
      fragments and the following genes: aadE in 7 strains that were highly resistant
      to streptomycin, aph-3 in 8 strains that were highly resistant to kanamycin, ermB
      in 11 of 15 strains that were resistant to erythromycin, and tetM in 14 and tetO
      in 3 of the 18 strains that were resistant to tetracycline-minocycline. A Tn916
      like structure was found in 10 of the 14 strains that carried the tetM gene.

PMID- 2285281
TI  - Presence of an additional penicillin-binding protein in methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis,
      and Staphylococcus simulans with a low affinity for methicillin, cephalothin, and
      cefamandole.
AB  - The presence of an additional penicillin-binding protein (PBP) was demonstrated
      in methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. haemolyticus,
      S. hominis, and S. simulans. In these four species, the apparent molecular mass
      of this protein was analogous to that of PBP 2' of methicillin-resistant S.
      aureus SR 1550-9. It exhibited a low affinity for methicillin, cephalothin, and
      cefamandole; and its synthesis was methicillin inducible. Peptide mapping of this
      PBP from the four species yielded identical results that were analogous to those
      obtained with S. aureus SR 1550-9. These results suggest that this protein is
      similar to, if not the same as, PBP 2' of S. aureus and that it is involved in
      methicillin resistance in the four species studied.

PMID- 2285282
TI  - Evidence of a novel staphylococcal mec-encoded element (mecR) controlling
      expression of penicillin-binding protein 2'.
AB  - A region was identified on the methicillin resistance determinant (mec) isolated
      from Staphylococcus epidermidis and cloned into Staphylococcus carnosus which was
      responsible for a novel downregulation of the expression of methicillin
      resistance. The presence of this region reduced the overall expression of
      methicillin resistance and the synthesis of the mec-encoded penicillin-binding
      protein 2' (PBP 2') in S. carnosus. This region was located by Bal31 deletion
      mutagenesis upstream of the structural gene for PBP 2'. Deletions within this
      region resulted in higher levels of expression of methicillin resistance and
      increased levels of PBP 2' synthesis. We tentatively called this region mecR.
      Analysis of selected Mcr strains of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis by
      Southern hybridization suggested that the natural occurrence of two types of mec
      resistance determinants differ by the presence or absence of mecR-specific
      sequences.

PMID- 2285283
TI  - Clinical isolate of a porinless Salmonella typhi resistant to high levels of
      chloramphenicol.
AB  - We studied a clinical isolate of Salmonella typhi (strain 1895) characterized by
      resistance to 200 micrograms of chloramphenicol per ml despite the absence of
      chloramphenicol-inactivating activity. The outer membrane protein profile
      analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a
      deficiency of one of the major protein species which may serve as a porin for
      entry of chloramphenicol. When the strain was transformed with a plasmid encoding
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, chloramphenicol added to the culture was not
      inactivated, suggesting a drastic reduction of permeability towards the drug.
      Moreover, transformants bearing a plasmid coding for the Escherichia coli OmpF
      porin became considerably more susceptible to chloramphenicol (40 micrograms/ml).
      On the other hand, transformants carrying a plasmid encoding the Salmonella typhi
      ompC gene remained as resistant to the drug as the parental strain, even though
      they overexpressed OmpC. These findings indicate that the lack of OmpF plays a
      major role in the resistance to chloramphenicol in strain 1895.

PMID- 2285284
TI  - Detection of methicillin resistance in staphylococci by using a DNA probe.
AB  - A DNA probe derived from the PBP 2a gene of the methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus COL was compared with phenotypic microbiologic tests for
      its ability to identify methicillin-resistant and -susceptible staphylococci.
      Lysates were applied to nitrocellulose with a dot blot apparatus. Isolates tested
      were both S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci that had been recovered
      from a variety of geographic and clinical sources. When compared with a spread
      plate phenotypic test, the DNA probe gave sensitivity, specificity, and
      predictive values for both positive and negative tests of 100% for 204 S. aureus
      isolates (103 positive, 101 negative) and 99, 95, 99, and 95%, respectively, for
      249 coagulase-negative staphylococci (210 positive, 39 negative). The probe was
      more sensitive than broth microdilution and more specific than agar dilution in
      identifying methicillin-resistant and -susceptible coagulase-negative
      staphylococci; all tests were equally accurate in identifying the methicillin
      susceptibility of S. aureus. DNA probe analysis for determining the methicillin
      susceptibility of staphylococci was rapid, easily interpretable, and equally
      accurate with radioactive and nonradioactive probes, and it gave results
      equivalent to the most sensitive microbiologic test for all staphylococcus
      species studied.

PMID- 2285286
TI  - Comparative postantibacterial activities of pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and
      ofloxacin against intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila
      serogroup 1.
AB  - The inhibitory and postantibacterial activities of pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and
      ofloxacin against virulent Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were evaluated in
      cell-free and cellular models. In the absence of macrophages (with the tissue
      culture medium alone), bacterial numbers remained unchanged at 24 h in the
      presence of 0.1 microgram of pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin per ml and
      1.0 microgram of pefloxacin per ml, whereas they were reduced in the presence of
      1.0 microgram of ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin per ml. Experiments to evaluate the
      postantibacterial effects of these drugs were therefore performed with
      concentrations of 0.1 microgram/ml. In the cell-free model, brief exposure (1 h)
      of bacteria to each antimicrobial agent resulted in a transient decrease in
      numbers followed by logarithmic growth. In the cellular model, all three drugs
      (at 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/ml) inhibited the intracellular multiplication of L.
      pneumophila. The intracellular postantibacterial effects of 0.1 microgram of
      pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin per ml, which were left in contact with
      L. pneumophila-infected human macrophages for 24 h, were evaluated at various
      times after removal of the drugs. Pefloxacin was found to exhibit a significant
      inhibitory effect at 72 h, whereas following the removal of ciprofloxacin and
      ofloxacin, rapid bacterial multiplication occurred, leading to the destruction of
      the macrophage monolayer within 48 h. Thus, while pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and
      ofloxacin all inhibited the multiplication of L. pneumophila in human monocyte
      derived macrophages, only pefloxacin exhibited a prolonged postantibacterial
      effect.

PMID- 2285285
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and phylogeny of SHV-2 beta-lactamase.
AB  - We determined the nucleotide sequence of the blaSHV-2(pBP60-1) gene from
      Klebsiella ozaenae which confers resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins. The
      structural gene encodes a polypeptide product of 286 amino acids, and the
      estimated molecular weight of the mature protein is 28,900. Amino acid sequence
      comparison of the SHV-2pBP60-1 enzyme with all known class A beta-lactamases and
      homology studies showed that the residues were highly conserved. Furthermore, SHV
      2pBP60-1 was clearly related to SHV-1, LEN-1, and OHIO-1. The SHV-2pBP60-1 enzyme
      differed from SHV-1 isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae by seven amino acid
      substitutions. One of these substitutions, the Gly----Ser substitution at
      position 234, is probably a key region for the novel activity of cefotaxime
      hydrolysis. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by using all class A beta
      lactamases of known sequences by a progressive alignment method. The data
      suggested that the beta-lactamases of gram-positive Streptomyces, Staphylococcus,
      and Bacillus species appeared early in evolution, followed by the PSE and CARB
      enzymes of Pseudomonas species and, more recently, by the SHV-type and TEM-type
      enzymes found in enteric bacteria. Larger evolutionary distances separated
      clusters of the gram-positive beta-lactamases than separated clusters of the gram
      negative enzymes. Results of this phylogenetic study suggested that extended
      spectrum enzymes are recent derivatives that are selected by the use of new
      cephalosporins.

PMID- 2285287
TI  - Effects of enoxacin on renal and metabolic clearance of theophylline in rats.
AB  - The effects of enoxacin and its metabolite 4-oxoenoxacin on the disposition of
      theophylline were investigated in rats. Systemic clearance of theophylline was
      significantly decreased by approximately 40, 46, and 50% after oral
      coadministration of 25, 100, and 200 mg of enoxacin per kg, respectively. No
      significant changes in the volume of distribution of theophylline were observed.
      4-Oxoenoxacin had no direct effect on theophylline disposition. Significant
      changes in urinary excretion of theophylline and its metabolites were observed.
      (i) Urinary excretion of unchanged theophylline was significantly increased in
      proportion to increases in enoxacin dosage. (ii) Decreases in renal clearance of
      theophylline and metabolic clearance of 1-methyluric acid and 1,3-dimethyluric
      acid were observed. (iii) The percent decreases in the metabolic clearance of 1
      methyluric acid were dependent on enoxacin dosage. It is likely that enoxacin
      inhibits the elimination process, which depends on cytochrome P-450-mediated
      isozymes for N demethylation and oxidation, and that the capacity of the
      inhibitory effect of enoxacin is greater in the N-demethylation pathway than it
      is in oxidation.

PMID- 2285288
TI  - Therapy of pulmonary nocardiosis in immunocompromised mice.
AB  - We compared the bactericidal efficacies of various antimicrobial agents and
      combinations thereof in experimentally induced Nocardia asteroides pneumonia in
      immunocompromised mice. Cortisone acetate treatment, which produced impaired cell
      mediated immune function, was followed by nasal inoculation of 5 x 10(4) CFU of
      N. asteroides into each mouse. Therapy was begun 24 h after inoculation and
      continued for the next 96 h. Dosages of antimicrobial agents resulted in
      concentrations approximating levels in human serum. Animals from each of nine
      treatment groups were sacrificed every 24 h. The pulmonary tissue obtained was
      homogenized and quantitatively cultured. Results were calculated to indicate the
      number of CFU per gram of lung tissue. Amikacin and imipenem were the two most
      effective single agents studied. Sulfadiazine and ciprofloxacin were ineffective,
      and ceftriaxone reduced bacterial counts modestly. Combination therapy did not
      enhance the bactericidal activities of the agents tested. We conclude that
      amikacin and imipenem, as well as select broad-spectrum cephalosporins, represent
      therapy superior to the sulfonamides in this experimental model and may represent
      alternative treatment for patients who cannot tolerate sulfa agents (e.g., human
      immunodeficiency virus-infected patients) or who fail primary treatment.

PMID- 2285289
TI  - Mathematical modeling of antimicrobial susceptibility data of Staphylococcus
      haemolyticus for 11 antimicrobial agents, including three experimental
      glycopeptides and an experimental lipoglycopeptide.
AB  - Antimicrobial MIC data were obtained for 96 strains of Staphylococcus
      haemolyticus and the following 11 antimicrobial agents: methicillin, gentamicin,
      rifampin, fusidic acid, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, teicoplanin; three
      experimental glycopeptides, MDL 62,873, MDL 62,208, and MDL 62,224; and an
      experimental lipoglycopeptide, ramoplanin. Resistance to methicillin and
      gentamicin was present in over 50% of the strains, although resistance to the
      other agents was present in less than 10%. It is shown how application of
      mathematical modeling techniques can add to the understanding of such MIC data.
      MICs of methicillin and gentamicin were highly correlated, suggesting that
      evolutionary pressures for development of resistance to these agents were
      similar. The structural relationships among the glycopeptides were accurately
      reflected in their spatial relationships within the model. MICs of ramoplanin
      were negatively correlated with MICs of some other antimicrobial agents,
      particularly gentamicin, suggesting that this agent is more active against
      gentamicin-resistant strains. Methicillin-resistant strains were more tightly
      clustered than were methicillin-susceptible strains, suggesting that methicillin
      resistant strains were more closely related to each other than were methicillin
      susceptible strains. Mathematical modeling techniques enable more detailed
      analysis of MIC data.

PMID- 2285290
TI  - Characterization of mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in
      methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
AB  - The resistance mechanisms of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus
      saprophyticus were characterized. Penicillin-binding protein (PBP) studies
      demonstrated an inducible PBP identical to PBP 2a in the membranes of these
      isolates. The amount of beta-lactamase produced was minimal. PBP 2a is
      responsible for the methicillin resistance observed in these strains of S.
      saprophyticus.

PMID- 2285291
TI  - In vitro activities of 15 oral beta-lactams against Klebsiella pneumoniae
      harboring new extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AB  - The activities of 15 oral beta-lactams against Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring
      new extended-spectrum beta-lactamases were studied. All compounds were affected
      by these enzymes, especially by the SHV derivatives. Except for ceftibuten, the
      compounds with the greatest intrinsic activity were more affected by the presence
      of these enzymes than were older compounds with moderate intrinsic activity.

PMID- 2285292
TI  - Antistaphylococcal activity of pentamidine.
AB  - Pentamidine isethionate was bacteriostatic against Staphylococcus aureus,
      Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus sanguis,
      Micrococcus sp., and Candida albicans. S. aureus was inhibited by concentrations
      of 16 to 64 micrograms/ml and killed by 64 to greater than or equal to 128
      micrograms/ml. Staphylococcal killing was consistently greater in the presence of
      cations and was unaffected by methicillin resistance.

PMID- 2285293
TI  - Effect of food on absorption of lomefloxacin.
AB  - Twelve subjects participated in an open-label, single-dose, balanced three-way
      crossover study in which the absorptions of lomefloxacin were compared following
      (i) an overnight fast, (ii) a carbohydrate meal, and (iii) a high-fat meal. The
      time to peak concentration of lomefloxacin was delayed, but peak concentration in
      plasma and amount of drug absorbed were unchanged following both meals.

PMID- 2285294
TI  - Comparative study of cephradine and amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of
      recurrent urinary tract infections.
AB  - Eighty-eight female patients with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections
      were treated according to a randomization scheme with either 1 g of cephradine
      every 12 h (47 patients) or 375 mg of amoxicillin-clavulanate every 8 h (41
      patients) for 7 days. The treatments were equally effective (cure rates of 89%
      for cephradine and 88% for amoxicillin-clavulanate) and showed similar relapse
      rates (cephradine, 14%; amoxicillin-clavulanate, 11%). Adverse effects were
      similar in both groups (cephradine, 23%; amoxicillin-clavulanate, 22%).

PMID- 2285295
TI  - Mode of action of GR69153, a novel catechol-substituted cephalosporin, and its
      interaction with the tonB-dependent iron transport system.
AB  - GR69153 is a novel cephalosporin incorporating a catechol-substituted 7
      aminothiazolyl-oxime. The antibiotic is actively transported into gram-negative
      cells via iron-regulated outer membrane proteins regulated by the tonB product.
      This transport enhances bactericidal activity most significantly at low
      concentrations, essentially removing the permeability barrier for antibiotic
      uptake.

PMID- 2285296
TI  - Chloramphenicol concentrations in sera of patients with typhoid fever being
      treated with oral or intravenous preparation.
AB  - Serum chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol succinate concentrations in patients
      given equivalent doses of chloramphenicol base either intravenously or orally for
      typhoid fever were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mean
      serum chloramphenicol concentrations were significantly lower in the 11 patients
      treated with intravenous chloramphenicol succinate than in the 15 patients
      treated with oral chloramphenicol capsules.

PMID- 2285297
TI  - Comparative in vitro activities of newer quinolones against Pseudomonas species
      and Xanthomonas maltophilia isolated from patients with cancer.
AB  - The in vitro susceptibilities of three Pseudomonas species (Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and Xanthomonas
      maltophilia to quinolone antimicrobial agents were determined. Several newer
      agents, particularly PD117558, PD117596, PD127391, sparfloxacin (AT-4140), A
      56620, and temafloxacin, were active against Pseudomonas species. X. maltophilia
      isolates were generally less susceptible than were Pseudomonas isolates but were
      inhibited by some of the newer quinolones.

PMID- 2285298
TI  - In vitro activities of 4-quinolones against the fish pathogen Aeromonas
      salmonicida.
AB  - The activities of five fluorinated 4-quinolones, namely, sarafloxacin,
      enrofloxacin, PD127391, PD117596, and CI934, against the fish pathogen Aeromonas
      salmonicida were investigated and compared with that of oxolinic acid. The
      results indicated that with the exception of CI934, these drugs are more active
      than oxolinic acid in terms of MIC. No inoculum effect was observed, but the
      drugs were less active at 10 degrees C than at 22 degrees C. The presence of 3%
      of NaCl caused an increase in drug activity. Resistance to the drugs appeared to
      be fairly stable, with only a small decrease in activity after 10 successive
      passages of the test strains on drug-free tryptone soya agar.

PMID- 2285299
TI  - Ampicillin-resistant enterococcal species in an acute-care hospital.
AB  - A prospective review of all enterococcal isolates for 13 months showed that 9.0%
      were resistant to ampicillin (MIC, greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml;
      zone diameter, less than 15 mm), as determined by the Vitek system, disk
      diffusion, microdilution MIC testing, and macrodilution MIC testing. All were
      beta-lactamase negative. A total of 19 and 3 resistant isolates were from urine
      and intravascular sites, respectively. Ampicillin-resistant enterococci appear to
      be a growing clinical problem.

PMID- 2285300
TI  - Magainin analogs effective against pathogenic protozoa.
AB  - The in vitro activities of magainin analogs against Blastocystis hominis,
      Entamoeba histolytica, and Trypanosoma cruzi were assessed by protozoan
      morphological integrity and motility. The antiprotozoan activities in descending
      order were magainin B greater than G greater than H, the same order as the alpha
      helix contents of the analogs. Magainin B and G were effective against B.
      hominis, T. cruzi, and E. histolytica.

PMID- 2285301
TI  - Endogenous colonization by gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli elaborating
      aminoglycoside (3)-5-acetyltransferase.
AB  - Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae that elaborate aminoglycoside 3-5
      acetyltransferase [AAC(3)-5] caused a nosocomial outbreak at the Vanderbilt
      University Medical Center and have persisted. To see whether the gene for AAC(3)
      5 was present in the community, stool cultures of newly admitted patients and
      ambulatory persons were examined with a specific gene probe. AAC(3)-5-positive
      strains were present in the intestinal flora examined.

PMID- 2285302
TI  - In vitro activities of ampicillin-sulbactam and cefoperazone-sulbactam against
      oxacillin-susceptible and oxacillin-resistant staphylococci.
AB  - Ampicillin-sulbactam and cefoperazone-sulbactam were tested against staphylococci
      that were collected from 40 different medical centers throughout the United
      States. Oxacillin-resistant strains were resistant to both drug combinations, but
      oxacillin-susceptible strains were uniformly susceptible. The latter included
      strains with borderline susceptibility to oxacillin and methicillin.

PMID- 2285303
TI  - Deferoxamine and eflornithine (DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine) in a rat model
      of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
AB  - The iron chelator deferoxamine and the polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor
      eflornithine (DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine) were examined for anti
      Pneumocystis carinii activity in the rat model of P. carinii pneumonia. The
      activity of deferoxamine at 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg given intraperitoneally
      provides evidence that iron chelation is a promising novel approach to P. carinii
      chemotherapy. Results with eflornithine at 2, 3, and 4% in drinking water confirm
      and extend previously reported activity in the rat model.

PMID- 2285304
TI  - Antistaphylococcal activities of sparfloxacin (CI-978; AT-4140), ofloxacin, and
      ciprofloxacin.
AB  - The activity of sparfloxacin (CI-978; AT-4140) was compared with those of
      ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus
      and Staphylococcus epidermidis. All 10 ciprofloxacin-resistant staphylococci had
      reduced susceptibility to sparfloxacin and ofloxacin. Against 105 ciprofloxacin
      susceptible strains of S. aureus, the sparfloxacin MIC for 90% of strains tested
      was at least fourfold lower than those of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, while
      against 104 ciprofloxacin-susceptible strains of S. epidermidis, the MIC of
      sparfloxacin for 90% of strains tested was twofold lower than that of
      ciprofloxacin and fourfold lower than that of ofloxacin. MBCs of sparfloxacin
      were less than or equal to 4 x MICs. The effects of inoculum size and pH
      variations, as well as the presence of serum, on the MICs of sparfloxacin were
      minimal. Subinhibitory concentrations of sparfloxacin did reduce adherence of S.
      epidermidis.

PMID- 2285305
TI  - In vitro activity of BAY v 3522, a new cephalosporin for oral administration.
AB  - The activity of BAY v 3522 was tested against over 500 clinical bacterial
      isolates and compared with the activities of ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate,
      cefaclor, cefixime, cefuroxime, cephalexin, and/or ciprofloxacin, erythromycin,
      and metronidazole. BAY v 3522 activity against staphylococci and streptococci
      equaled or exceeded those of the other agents. BAY v 3522 exhibited no
      significant advantage over cefaclor, cefuroxime, or cephalexin against gram
      negative bacilli.

PMID- 2285306
TI  - Increasing resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to ciprofloxacin.
AB  - We demonstrated the marked emergence of resistance to ciprofloxacin among
      Staphylococcus arueus strains isolated at the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration
      Medical Center. All S. aureus isolates tested from 1984 to 1985 were susceptible,
      whereas 55.1% of methicillin-resistant and 2.5% of methicillin-susceptible
      strains from 1989 had high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin.

PMID- 2285307
TI  - Influence of water activity and temperature on survival of and colony formation
      by heat-stressed Chrysosporium farinicola aleuriospores.
AB  - The ability of sublethally heat-stressed aleuriospores of Chrysosporium
      farinicola to form colonies on yeast extract-glucose agar (YGA) supplemented with
      sufficient glucose, sorbitol, glycerol, and NaCl to achieve reduced water
      activity (aw) in the range of 0.88 to 0.95 was determined. The effects of the aw
      of diluent and incubation temperature during recovery and colony formation were
      also investigated. Aleuriospores harvested from 14-day-old cultures grown at 25
      degrees C were less resistant to heat inactivation compared with aleuriospores
      from 20-day-cultures. Increased populations of heat-stressed aleuriospores were
      recovered as the aw of YGA was decreased from 0.95 (glucose and glycerol) and
      0.94 (sorbitol) to 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. In NaCl-supplemented YGA,
      populations recovered at an aw of 0.94 were greatly reduced compared with
      populations detected at an aw of 0.92; no colonies were formed on NaCl
      supplemented YGA at an aw of 0.88. Tolerance to aw values above 0.88 to 0.89 as
      influenced by solute type was in the order of glucose greater than sorbitol
      greater than glycerol greater than NaCl. Incubation at 20 degrees generally
      resulted in an increase in recoverable aleuriospores compared with incubation at
      25 degrees C or at 30 degrees C for 14 days followed by 20 degrees C for 10 days.
      The lethal effect of NaCl on heat-stressed aleuriospores was enhanced at 30
      degrees C. The retention of viability of aleuriospores held in sucrose-peptone
      water diluent (aw, 0.936) for 20 min was essentially the same as that observed
      when aleuriospores were held in peptone water (aw, 0.997).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285308
TI  - Microbial colonization of aquifer sediment exposed in a groundwater well in
      northern Germany.
AB  - Microbial growth within the water-saturated subsurface environment was
      investigated by exposing sandy sediments to groundwater for 12 weeks at a depth
      of 10 or 20 m in a stainless-steel groundwater well. Washing and heating the
      sediment to 600 degrees C (removal of organic carbon) prior to the exposure did
      not prevent the natural microbial community from colonizing the sterilized
      sediment samples. Total cell counts of more than 10(7) or 10(8) per g of dried
      sediment were obtained. Viable cell counts of 10(5) cells per g on oligotrophic
      media indicated the presence, within the exposed sediment, of a highly active and
      multiplying biota. Microscopic analysis of enrichments inoculated with exposed
      sediment samples revealed a total of 45 different morphotypes, approximately 42%
      of the microbial community observed in previous studies of this site. The
      interstitial water running off of the retrieved sediment contained only 17
      morphotypes and had up to 6 x 10(5) viable cells per ml.

PMID- 2285309
TI  - Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol in an aqueous waste stream by immobilized
      bacteria.
AB  - Microbiological analyses of activated sludge reactors after repeated exposure to
      100 mg of p-nitrophenol (PNP) per liter resulted in the isolation of three
      Pseudomonas species able to utilize PNP as a sole source of carbon and energy.
      Cell suspensions of the three Pseudomonas sp., designated PNP1, PNP2, and PNP3,
      mineralized 70, 60, and 45% of a 70-mg/liter dose of PNP in 24, 48, and 96 h,
      respectively. Mass-balance analyses of PNP residues for all three cultures showed
      that undegraded PNP was less than 1% (less than 50 micrograms); volatile
      metabolites, less than 1%; cell residues, 8.4 to 14.9%; and water-soluble
      metabolites, 1.2 to 6.7%. A mixed culture of all three PNP-degrading Pseudomonas
      sp. was immobilized by adsorption onto diatomaceous earth biocarrier in a 1.75
      liter Plexiglas column. The column was aerated and exposed to a synthetic waste
      stream containing 629 to 2,513 mg of PNP per liter at flow rates of 2 to 15
      ml/min. Chemical loading studies showed that the threshold concentration for
      acute toxicity of PNP to the immobilized bacteria was 2,100 to 2,500 mg/liter.
      Further studies at PNP concentrations of 1,200 to 1,800 mg/liter showed that
      greater than 99 and 91 to 99% removal of PNP was achieved by immobilized bacteria
      at flow rates of 10 and 12 ml/min, respectively. These values represent hydraulic
      retention times of 48 to 58 min and PNP removal rates of 0.99 to 1.1 mg/h per g
      of biocarrier at 25 degrees C under optimal conditions. This study shows the
      successful use of immobilized bacteria technology to remove high concentrations
      of PNP from aqueous waste streams.

PMID- 2285310
TI  - Fungal transformation of fluoranthene.
AB  - The fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112 metabolized approximately 80% of the
      3-14C-labeled fluoranthene (FA) added within 72 h of incubation. C. elegans
      metabolized FA to trans-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrofluoranthene (trans-2,3
      dihydrodiol), 8- and 9-hydroxyfluoranthene trans-2,3-dihydrodiol, 3-fluoranthene
      beta-glucopyranoside, and 3-(8-hydroxyfluoranthene)-beta-glucopyranoside. These
      metabolites were separated by thin-layer and reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography and identified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, UV, and
      mass spectral techniques. The major pathway involved hydroxylation to form a
      glucoside conjugate of 3-hydroxyfluoranthene and a glucoside conjugate of 3,8
      dihydroxyfluoranthene which together accounted for 52% of the total ethyl acetate
      soluble metabolites. C. elegans initially metabolized FA in the 2,3 position to
      form fluoranthene trans-2,3-dihydrodiol, which has previously been shown to be a
      biologically active compound in mammalian and bacterial genotoxicity tests.
      However, C. elegans formed predominantly glucoside conjugates of the phenolic
      derivatives of FA, which suggests that this fungus has the potential to detoxify
      FA.

PMID- 2285311
TI  - Distribution of Legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 and other legionellae in
      potting soils in Australia.
AB  - Legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 and other Legionella spp. were isolated from
      73% of 45 potting soils made in Australia by 13 manufacturers but were not
      detected in 19 potting soils made in Greece, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom
      examined between March 1989 and May 1990. Several Legionella species were
      isolated from a small number of samples of uncomposted pine sawdusts, but it is
      not known whether sawdust was the source of some of the legionellae found in
      potting soils. Legionella spp. persisted for periods ranging from 3 to 10 months
      in a potting soil held at temperatures between -20 and 35 degrees C. Isolates of
      L. longbeachae serogroup 1 from soil did not grow at 43 degrees C, a temperature
      which was also lethal for this species in soil. Most Legionella spp. isolated
      from potting and natural soils belonged to one distinct group according to
      analysis of ubiquinones and were serologically related to several known species
      in this group. A small number of potting soils contained L. pneumophila and L.
      micdadei.

PMID- 2285312
TI  - Fusarochromanone production by Fusarium isolates.
AB  - Sixty two Fusarium isolates representing nine species from many parts of the
      world were screened for fusarochromanone production. A simplified method for the
      detection of fusarochromanone in culture filtrates or grain cultures was used.
      Under UV irradiation (364 nm) the chloroform phase from fusarochromanone-positive
      culture extracts fluoresced a characteristic bright blue color. Results were
      confirmed by thin-layer-chromatography comparison with pure fusarochromanone
      standards. Detection was possible in cultures as young as 1 week old.
      Biosynthesis of fusarochromanone was rare in Fusarium spp. and was only detected
      in three isolates of Fusarium equiseti, namely R-4482 (barley [Federal Republic
      of Germany]), R-6137 (barley [Alaska]), and R-8508 (potato [Denmark]), among all
      the isolates tested from various geographic sources.

PMID- 2285313
TI  - Extracellular proteases from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the black rot
      pathogen.
AB  - Two proteases (PRT1 and PRT2) were fractionated from culture supernatants of wild
      type Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris by cation-exchange chromatography on
      SP-5PW. Inhibitor experiments showed that PRT 1 was a serine protease which
      required calcium ions for activity or stability or both and that PRT 2 was a zinc
      requiring metalloprotease. PRT 1 and PRT 2 showed different patterns of
      degradation of beta-casein. The two proteases comprised almost all of the
      extracellular proteolytic activity of the wild type. A protease-deficient mutant
      which lacked both PRT 1 and PRT 2 showed considerable loss of virulence in
      pathogenicity tests when bacteria were introduced into mature turnip leaves
      through cut vein endings. This suggests that PRT 1 and PRT 2 have a role in black
      rot pathogenesis.

PMID- 2285314
TI  - Degradation of vinyl acetate by soil, sewage, sludge, and the newly isolated
      aerobic bacterium V2.
AB  - Vinyl acetate is subject to microbial degradation in the environment and by pure
      cultures. It was hydrolyzed by samples of soil, sludge, and sewage at rates of up
      to 6.38 and 1 mmol/h per g (dry weight) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions,
      respectively. Four yeasts and thirteen bacteria that feed aerobically on vinyl
      acetate were isolated. The pathway of vinyl acetate degradation was studied in
      bacterium V2. Vinyl acetate was degraded to acetate as follows: vinyl acetate +
      NAD(P)+----2 acetate + NAD(P)H + H+. The acetate was then converted to acetyl
      coenzyme A and oxidized through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glyoxylate
      bypass. The key enzyme of the pathway is vinyl acetate esterase, which hydrolyzed
      the ester to acetate and vinyl alcohol. The latter isomerized spontaneously to
      acetaldehyde and was then converted to acetate. The acetaldehyde was
      disproportionated into ethanol and acetate. The enzymes involved in the
      metabolism of vinyl acetate were studied in extracts. Vinyl acetate esterase (Km
      = 6.13 mM) was also active with indoxyl acetate (Km = 0.98 mM), providing the
      basis for a convenient spectrophotometric test. Substrates of aldehyde
      dehydrogenase were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and
      butyraldehyde. The enzyme was equally active with NAD+ or NADP+. Alcohol
      dehydrogenase was active with ethanol (Km = 0.24 mM), 1-propanol (Km = 0.34 mM),
      and 1-butanol (Km = 0.16 mM) and was linked to NAD+. The molecular sizes of
      aldehyde dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase were 145 and 215 kilodaltons,
      respectively.

PMID- 2285315
TI  - Subcellulosome preparation with high cellulase activity from Clostridium
      thermocellum.
AB  - We have prepared a much simpler cellulase preparation than that of cellulosomes
      from the extracellular broth of Clostridium thermocellum. This "subcellulosome"
      preparation from C. thermocellum was obtained by column chromatography on CM-Bio
      Gel A and then on a lectin-affinity material (Jacalin). The subcellulosome
      preparation is a macromolecular complex, composed of six main protein subunits
      (molecular weight, 210,000 to 58,000) revealed on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activities of
      carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and Avicelase are 15- and 8-fold-higher,
      respectively, than those of crude extracellular cellulase. We could not further
      fractionate this preparation without denaturing it. The optimum pH and
      temperature of the subcellulosome preparation are 5.5 to 7.0 and 70 degrees C for
      CMCase and 5.5 to 7.0 and 65 degrees C for Avicelase. The subcellulosome
      preparation acted on various types of carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose, and p
      nitrophenyl-beta-D-cellobioside but not on p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside.
      Sulfhydryl reagents and N-bromosuccinimide inhibited both CMCase and Avicelase
      activities, whereas EDTA and o-phenanthroline inhibited Avicelase activity only.

PMID- 2285316
TI  - Occurrence of Gibberella zeae strains that produce both nivalenol and
      deoxynivalenol.
AB  - By single ascospore isolation, several sets of asci containing eight ascospores
      were isolated from perithecia of Gibberella zeae. Of these sets, seven were
      investigated for their ability to produce 8-ketotrichothecene mycotoxins on rice
      grains. Analyses were made with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas
      chromatography with 63Ni electron capture detection. Of 56 total isolates, 11
      produced nivalenol, 4-acetylnivalenol, and deoxynivalenol, 1 produced nivalenol
      and deoxynivalenol, 7 produced deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 19
      produced deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and 6 produced
      deoxynivalenol and both 15- and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol. The remaining 12 isolates
      produced nivalenol and 4-acetylnivalenol. All isolates of G. zeae that we
      examined could produce 8-ketotrichothecenes in this investigation. This report is
      the first to demonstrate the presence of G. zeae isolates producing both
      nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. In addition, differences in the production between
      3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol are discussed in relation to
      culture conditions.

PMID- 2285317
TI  - Effects of molecular oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, and antioxidants upon
      in vitro replication of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum.
AB  - The effects of various concentrations of dithiothreitol, molecular oxygen, and
      several antioxidants upon the in vitro replication of Treponema pallidum were
      studied. The optimal dithiothreitol concentration was between 0.65 and 1.62 mM,
      and the optimum oxygen concentration was 3.0% +/- 0.5% in both the presence and
      absence of additional antioxidants. It was discovered that the reduced sulfhydryl
      concentration and the oxidation-reduction potential of the medium were stabilized
      after 5 days. The water-soluble antioxidants cobalt chloride, cocarboxylase,
      mannitol, and histidine were individually tested for their ability to increase
      treponemal growth in vitro. The optimum concentrations for these antioxidants
      were 21 nM, 4.3 nM, 0.55 mM, and 0.23 mM, respectively. When combined at these
      concentrations, the mixture of antioxidants stimulated the in vitro replication
      of T. pallidum. The number of treponemes in cultures with the antioxidants
      averaged a 59-fold increase, compared with a 43-fold increase in cultures lacking
      the antioxidants. It was further demonstrated that histidine and mannitol were
      the most critical components of this mixture. Catalase and superoxide dismutase
      were investigated for their ability to promote the growth and maintain viability
      of T. pallidum in tissue culture. The optimum concentrations for these enzymes
      were 10,000 U/liter and 25,000 U/liter, respectively. When these enzymes and the
      above antioxidants were combined and added to a chemically reduced modified Eagle
      medium, the treponemes increased an average of 70-fold, compared with an average
      of 35-fold in cultures lacking them. Furthermore, this medium, T. pallidum
      culture medium, supported the replication of T. pallidum at oxygen concentrations
      from 5 to 7% with little loss in yield or viability. The lipid-soluble
      antioxidants vitamin A and vitamin E acetate were also shown to enhance the in
      vitro growth of T. pallidum in this medium.

PMID- 2285319
TI  - Application of direct plaque assay for detection and enumeration of
      bacteriophages of Bacteroides fragilis from contaminated-water samples.
AB  - The direct double-agar-layer plaque assay for the detection and enumeration of
      specific bacteriophages of Bacteroides fragilis from contaminated-water samples
      was performed. Several factors that affect the methods, such as conditions of the
      bacterial culture, composition of the assay medium, addition of divalent cations,
      and decontamination techniques applied to the sample, were evaluated. The results
      obtained show that the direct assay technique proved to be more efficient than
      the most-probable-number technique. A higher recovery of bacteriophages was
      obtained from 17 of 24 samples with the direct assay. The two methods only showed
      similar results from samples with a low degree of pollution.

PMID- 2285318
TI  - Production of S-(+)-ibuprofen from a nitrile compound by Acinetobacter sp. strain
      AK226.
AB  - S-(+)-2-(4'-Isobutylphenyl)propionic acid [S-(+)-ibuprofen] was produced from
      racemic 2-(4'-isobutylphenyl)propionitrile (Ibu-CN) by an isolated bacterial
      strain, Acinetobacter sp. strain AK226. Ammonium acetate, acetonitrile, or n
      butyronitrile as a carbon source in the culture medium was effective for
      bacterial growth and induction of this activity. The optimum pH of the reaction
      was around 8.0. S-(+)-Ibuprofen formed from Ibu-CN by resting cells was present
      in a 95% enantiomeric excess. Acinetobacter sp. strain AK226 appeared to possess
      a nitrilase for Ibu-CN because 2-(4'-isobutylphenyl)propionamide was not detected
      in the reaction mixture and 2-(4'-isobutylphenyl)propionamide was not hydrolyzed
      to S-(+)-ibuprofen. Since S-(+)-ibuprofen was preferentially produced while the R
      enantiomer of Ibu-CN was left almost intact over the time course of the reaction,
      the putative nitrilase appeared to be highly specific for the S enantiomer of Ibu
      CN.

PMID- 2285320
TI  - Dynamics of ruminal ciliated protozoa in feedlot cattle.
AB  - Fluctuations in ciliated protozoan concentrations were monitored in 40
      individually fed crossbred heifers that were stepped up to an 85% concentrate
      diet either slowly (12 days) or rapidly (3 days), with or without monensin (30
      ppm). Ruminal fluid was withdrawn from all animals by stomach tube at the start
      of the study, after each group reached full feed, and at 14-day intervals
      thereafter throughout the finishing period until termination (day 119). Neither
      monensin nor speed of step-up affected (P greater than 0.10) total protozoan
      concentrations, ruminal pH, or lactic acid concentrations. Average protozoan
      concentrations peaked on day 5, progressively declined until day 56, and then
      increased (P less than 0.05), suggesting an adaptation to ruminal conditions.
      Concentrations of Isotricha spp. were higher (P less than 0.05) on the final two
      sampling dates than at any other time. After day 28, Entodinium, Isotricha, and
      Polyplastron were the only surviving genera. Protozoa were not detected in 11
      heifers on day 42 and day 56, but only two animals were defaunated on day 119,
      indicating either exogenous or endogenous refaunation. Average protozoan
      concentrations were not different (P greater than 0.25) between ruminal samples
      collected by stomach tube the day before slaughter (2.8 x 10(5)/g) and digesta
      samples collected the next day (1.6 x 10(5)/g). In feedlot cattle, defaunation
      apparently is transitory and individual animals harbor a dynamic protozoan
      population that fluctuates in response to changing ruminal conditions.

PMID- 2285321
TI  - Thiophene-degrading Escherichia coli mutants possess sulfone oxidase activity and
      show altered resistance to sulfur-containing antibiotics.
AB  - We have previously isolated mutants of Escherichia coli which show increased
      oxidation of heterocyclic furan and thiophene substrates. We have now found that
      strains carrying the thdA mutation express a novel enzyme activity which oxidizes
      a variety of substrates containing a sulfone (SO2) moiety. Both heterocyclic
      sulfones (e.g., tetramethylene sulfone) and simple aliphatic sulfones (e.g.,
      ethyl sulfone) were oxidized. The thdA mutants were more resistant than wild-type
      strains to aromatic sulfone antibiotics such as dapsone. In contrast they showed
      increased susceptibility to thiolutin, a cyclic antibiotic containing sulfur at
      the sulfide level of oxidation. Several new thdA mutant alleles were isolated by
      selecting for increased oxidation of various aliphatic sulfur compounds. These
      new thdA mutants showed similar sulfone oxidase activity and the same map
      location (at 10.7 min) as the original thdA1 mutation. The constitutive fadR
      mutation was required for the phenotypic expression of thdA-mediated oxidation of
      sulfur compounds. However, the thdA-directed expression of sulfone oxidase
      activity was not fadR dependent. The thdC and thdD mutations probably protect
      against the toxicity of thiophene derivatives rather than conferring improved
      metabolic capability.

PMID- 2285322
TI  - Genes from Cellvibrio mixtus encoding beta-1,3 endoglucanase.
AB  - Two genes encoding beta-1,3 glucanase activity were cloned from the gram-negative
      soil bacterium Cellvibrio mixtus. The two clones, designated cwd (cell wall
      degradation) and lam (laminarin degradation), had distinct endonuclease
      restriction patterns and encoded enzymes with distinct substrate specificities.
      The 3.7-kilobase cwd insert encoded an enzyme which degraded yeast cell walls as
      well as the soluble beta-1,3 glucan laminarin and the insoluble beta-1,3 glucans
      zymosan and pachyman. The 1.8-kilobase lam insert encoded an enzyme which
      degraded laminarin only. Both enzymes degraded laminarin in an endohydrolytic
      manner to yield laminarobiose, laminarotriose, and laminarotetraose as major end
      products. Radiolabeled translation products of the cwd and lam transcripts were
      identified.

PMID- 2285323
TI  - Production of a novel steroid sulfate metabolite [4,4,24-trimethylcholesta
      8,14,24(28)-trien-2 alpha,3 beta,11 alpha,12 beta-tetrol 12-acetate, 3-sulfate]
      by Fusarium species and its biological activity.
AB  - A novel steroid sulfate, 4,4,24-trimethylcholesta-8,14-24(28)-trien-2 alpha,3
      beta,11 alpha,12 beta- tetrol 12-acetate, 3-sulfate, was discovered in Fusarium
      spp. Forty Fusarium strains belonging to F. sporotrichioides, F. chlamydosporum,
      E. equiseti, F. acuminatum, F. sambucinum, F. culmorum, and F. graminearum
      produced the steroid on white corn grits at 25 degrees C for 20 days. This
      steroid sulfate is one of the more abundant and easily attainable microbial
      steroids. At a concentration of 160 micrograms/ml, it inhibited the growth of six
      fungi, two gram-positive bacteria, and an alga, as well as the germination of
      both wheat and tomato seeds.

PMID- 2285325
TI  - [33rd annual meeting: Society of Biology of Chile and the associated societies.
      21-23 November 1990. Punta de Tralca, Chile. Abstracts].

PMID- 2285324
TI  - Production of fumonisins by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum
      isolates associated with equine leukoencephalomalacia and a pulmonary edema
      syndrome in swine.
AB  - Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and FB2 were isolated from corn cultures of both Fusarium
      moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum. Respective concentrations in culture
      materials of FB1 and FB2 ranged from 960 to 2,350 and 120 to 320 micrograms/g for
      F. moniliforme and from 1,670 to 2,790 and 150 to 320 micrograms/g for F.
      proliferatum. Thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy,
      high-performance liquid chromatography, and liquid secondary ion mass
      spectroscopy were used for detection. Fumonisins from F. proliferatum have not
      previously been reported.

PMID- 2285326
TI  - A comparison of short-term psychoeducational and support groups for relatives
      coping with chronic schizophrenia.
AB  - The differences between two short-term, multifamily group intervention programs
      for relatives of hospitalized chronic schizophrenics were examined in a
      nonequivalent comparison group design. The psychoeducational intervention
      consisted of interactive instructional activities. The support group intervention
      consisted of nonstructured discussions. Analysis of covariance on adjusted
      posttest means indicated a differential treatment effect for depression and
      satisfaction for the psychoeducational group. The findings suggest that the
      process of a support group may not be compatible with a short time frame.

PMID- 2285327
TI  - A day in the life of an inpatient: an experiential game to promote empathy for
      individuals in a psychiatric hospital.
AB  - The attitudes of hospital staff toward individuals with mental illness have been
      investigated, described in the literature, and discussed at national conferences.
      It has been suggested that attitudes are the precursors or determinants of
      behavior. Although the precise effect of staff attitude on patients is unclear,
      attitudes of the staff do appear to be related to their behavior and to have an
      impact on patients and their subsequent recovery. There are few precise answers
      on how to promote positive attitudes. While hospital policies and procedures can
      prescribe behaviors of staff, attitude cannot be dictated. Some studies have
      evaluated the effect of training and participation in milieu programs on the
      attitude of psychiatric staff. Simulation games recently have been explored as a
      possible way to influence the attitude of staff toward those with mental illness.
      This article describes an attempt at one state psychiatric hospital to influence
      in a positive way the attitude of the staff by using a simulation game called, A
      Day in the Life of an Inpatient. Adapted from Into Aging by Hoffman and Reif
      (1978), the game used by the authors provides a microcosmic experience for staff
      of a hospitalized patient's ward experience.

PMID- 2285328
TI  - Reality therapy with rape victims.
AB  - Rape is a violent act that inflicts injury on the very essence of the self.
      Reality therapy offers an applicable conceptual framework for the treatment of
      rape victims. Reality therapy groups minimize attention to the concept of mental
      illness. The warm, friendly atmosphere of the reality therapy group provides a
      supportive arena where the victim can tell her story, diminish her desire to
      withdraw from others, and recognize control over her behavior. Through her
      involvement she can begin to fulfill her needs to love and be loved, and feel
      worthwhile to herself and others.

PMID- 2285329
TI  - Application of productivity estimates to psychiatric nursing practice.
AB  - Due to the current financial situation, productivity has become an overwhelming
      issue and decision-making device within the entire health care delivery system.
      Application of productivity estimates to nursing, and especially psychiatric
      nursing, is difficult because of the nature of nursing services and the
      elusiveness of productivity as a quantitative measure. With financial cutbacks
      expected to continue, the ability of nurses to account for the cost of their
      services is both timely and necessary. Psychiatric nurses should be knowledgeable
      of models in current use and aware of their usefulness and limitations.

PMID- 2285330
TI  - The role of psychiatric consultation liaison nurses in ethical decisions to
      remove life-sustaining treatments.
AB  - This article proposes a deliberative nursing process for ethical decisions about
      the withdrawal of life-saving treatments from terminally ill patients. It
      highlights the role of the psychiatric consultation liaison nurse in facilitating
      this process and the growing need for an expanded nursing role, presents relevant
      ethical theory and principles, and introduces a paradigm for such ethical
      decisions. As medical technology and life-saving equipment continue to
      proliferate, the psychiatric consultation liaison nurse can become increasingly
      involved in assisting all health care providers in the essential professional
      role of helping patients and families to make these ethical decisions.

PMID- 2285331
TI  - Preventing and treating human immunodeficiency virus infection in the homeless.
AB  - The problem of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the homeless has
      received little attention in the literature but is a cause for serious concern.
      Nineteen health care agencies were studied to explore the types and outcomes of
      programs targeting this population, and factors associated with prevention and
      treatment strategies. The results showed that a variety of services were
      provided, but that little formal evaluation had been conducted. Factors
      identified were population variability, altered health status, daily survival,
      provider role conflicts and attributes, and a so-called nonsystem of care. The
      numerous gaps in knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus infection in the
      homeless inform future psychiatric nursing care and research.

PMID- 2285332
TI  - Imogene King's theory: a nursing case study of a psychotic client with human
      immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - The nursing theory of Imogene King provided an effective framework for viewing
      the complex interactions that occurred when a psychotic client with newly
      diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus infection (acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome-related complex) was admitted to a general psychiatric unit. The
      interacting systems identified in King's theory assisted in the evaluation of the
      relationship that formed between the client and the nurses and provided a plan
      for action that led to the successful achievement of nursing care goals.

PMID- 2285333
TI  - [Structure of the chromophore fragment of copsomycin].
AB  - The chromophore moiety of the copsomycin molecule was isolated in the form of
      dimethyl ether as an individual substance from the products of antibiotic acid
      hydrolysis. Physicochemical properties of the chromophore were studied. UV, 1H
      and 13C NMR, mass spectrometry and elementary analysis showed that the copsomycin
      molecule moiety was identical to the chromophore moiety of the molecule of
      multiomycin or nosiheptide.

PMID- 2285334
TI  - [Kinetics of thermal inactivation of oleandomycin in aqueous and native alkaline
      solutions].
AB  - The process of oleandomycin inactivation in aqueous alkaline solutions with their
      heating was studied by using the microbiological method of the antibiotic content
      assay. The initial specific rate of inactivation of crystalline oleandomycin in
      buffer solutions and oleandomycin in the fermentation broth filtrate was
      evaluated. It was shown that the inactivation was retarded by the reaction
      products and the components of the fermentation broth filtrate. The production
      rate of oleandomycin anhydro derivatives amounting to 3-40 per cent of the total
      mass of the inactivation product was estimated by UV spectrophotometry.

PMID- 2285335
TI  - [Preservation of microorganisms by the method of L-drying].
AB  - A procedure for L-drying of microorganisms or their drying under vacuum from
      liquid state is described in detail. The procedure is used in the Culture
      Collection of the All-Union Research Institute of Antibiotics. Preservation of
      Acremonium chrysogenum VNIIA 313A, the cephalosporin-producing culture, with the
      described procedure allowed one not only to maintain its viability for prolonged
      periods, but also to completely reproduce its initial antibiotic activity. L
      Drying of some poorly kept cultures belonging to Acremonium was a success.

PMID- 2285336
TI  - [Isolation of plasmid DNA from Bifidobacterium].
AB  - Conditions for accumulation of the biomass and a procedure for isolation of
      plasmid DNA from bifidobacteria in microquantities were developed. It was shown
      that all the strains tested had 1 to 3 plasmids of different molecular weights
      electrophoretically detected. Relation between the detected plasmid DNA and
      bifidobacteria resistance to tetracycline and fusidin as well as utilization of
      some carbohydrates is discussed.

PMID- 2285337
TI  - [Physiologic model of NY-198 pharmacokinetics using a new method of determining
      tissue/blood distribution coefficient].
AB  - A 10-compartment physiological model of pharmacokinetics of NY-198, a new
      pyridone carboxylic acid, with antibacterial activity is described. In its
      construction an original rapid method based on measuring xenobiotic concentration
      in one particular time point was used for determining the tissue/blood
      distribution coefficients. The results of simulating the antibiotic
      pharmacokinetic profiles by the Kd values known from the literature and the
      values estimated with the proposed method were compared.

PMID- 2285339
TI  - [Effect of protoplast formation and regeneration on the production of nebramycin
      complex in Streptomyces cremeus subsp. tobramycini].
AB  - Production of the nebramycin complex in Streptomyces cremeus subsp. tobramycini
      before and after the protoplast formation and regeneration was comparatively
      studied. The antibiotic production was estimated by the total activity and
      component composition of the nebramycin complex. It was found that formation and
      regeneration of the protoplast led to lowering of the activity and changing of
      the complex component composition. Strains mainly synthesizing each one of the
      three basic components of the nebramycin complex were isolated. The strains
      proved to be unstable by the antibiotic production property and after three
      subcultures lost the differences in the complex component composition.

PMID- 2285338
TI  - [Regulation of immuno- and hematopoiesis with asterin].
AB  - It was shown that asterin, a higher plant preparation, had a marked antiblastomic
      action and a favourable effect on differentiation of the precursor cells and
      blood cells. It accelerated proliferation, migration of the truncal hemopoietic
      cells and their transfer from the dormant state into the cellular cycle. It also
      changed the cell differentiation in the direction of myelopoiesis. The mechanism
      of the asterin's immunomodulating action was found to be associated with
      regulation of T-cellular immunity and T-dependent immune response.

PMID- 2285340
TI  - [Hypotension caused by intravenous infusion of rifampicin and its relation to the
      administration schedule].
AB  - It was shown in studies on animals that bolus administration of rifampicin
      induced hypotension whose severity depended on the rate of the antibiotic
      administration. When the antibiotic was administered in the 5-, 10- or 15-minute
      regimen in a dose of 10 mg/kg the maximum decrease in blood pressure was 44, 34
      or 21% of the initial level and the maximum antibiotic concentration attained in
      the blood was 34.4, 27.2 or 22.6 micrograms/ml, respectively. With the infusion
      for 30 minutes, the maximum antibiotic concentration in the blood was 17.6
      micrograms/ml and the blood pressure did not undergo any significant changes.
      When the rate of the antibiotic infusion was high there was pharmacokinetic
      heterogeneity of the blood serum and biophase which could lead to unpredictable
      results. After repeated administrations of rifampicin to the same animals
      pronounced tachyphylaxis to the antibiotic was noted, which manifested itself in
      decreasing of hypotension, though the serum antibiotic level was 1.5 to 2 times
      higher that the initial one. It was concluded that administration of rifampicin
      in the therapeutic dose equal to 10 mg/kg for 30 minutes was the most sparing
      regimen for the antibiotic bolus intravenous infusion. Gradual increase in the
      antibiotic dose and administration rate in patients is possible under careful
      control of blood pressure and pharmacokinetic studies.

PMID- 2285341
TI  - [Method for developing a controlled process. Study of the possible regulation of
      rifamycin B biosynthesis].
AB  - A procedure for developing a controlled process for biosynthesis of secondary
      metabolites is described with reference to rifamycin B as an example. The
      response of the antibiotic producing culture to changed concentrations of the
      main nutrients in the initial medium was determined. Mathematical processing of
      the experimental findings with design of the experiment resulted in defining
      nutrients such as ammonium sulfate and cornsteep liquor useful for further
      development of the controlled process.

PMID- 2285342
TI  - [Immunologic foundation of enzyme therapy of patients with orchiepididymitis].
AB  - Twenty eight patients aged 18 to 40 years with urogenital infections complicated
      by orchiepididymitis were examined immunologically. The use of specific
      monoclonal antibodies OKT-4+ and OKT-8 revealed lower contents of T-helper cells
      (Thc) (23.33 +/- 9.7%) and higher contents of T-suppressor cells (Tsc) (41.17 +/-
      13.41%) in them as compared to those in healthy volunteers (18 persons) and
      patients with noncomplicated urogenital infections (19 persons). There was a
      significant decrease in the immunoregulatory index (IRI): Thc/Tsc (0.68 +/- 0.33)
      reached in some patients the ratio observed in persons infected with the HIV (0.6
      +/- 0.2) and an increase in the contents of circulating immune complexes (CIC)
      (28.5 +/- 2.0 arbitrary units against the normal of 10.0 +/- 0.7). Enzyme therapy
      including the use of chymotrypsin and trypsin manufactured in the USSR in doses
      of 10 mg each administered intramuscularly once a day or in doses of 5 mg each
      administered intramuscularly twice a day for 10 days promoted normalization of
      the impaired immunity indices (Thc 44.0 +/- 10.51%, Tsc 31.5 +/- 11.26%, IRI 1.53
      +/- 0.33 and CIC 12.1 +/- 0.74 arbitrary units). Therefore, the enzymes had an
      immunomodulating effect. It is likely that they will be useful in treatment of
      infectious inflammatory processes accompanied by analogous immune disorders which
      makes the enzyme immunocorrection more applicable in treatment of various
      pathological processes.

PMID- 2285343
TI  - [A method for developing a controlled process. Development and execution of a
      program supplying culture medium components for rifamycin B biosynthesis].
AB  - The study provided data on the rate of consumption of the main nutrients by the
      rifamycin-producing culture in relation to their content in the initial medium. A
      program for feeding ammonium sulfate and cornsteep liquor and joint control of
      both the nutrients was developed and tested. The results of the testing confirmed
      the practicable precision of the feeding. The control of cornsteep liquor and
      ammonium sulfate concentrations with the program allowed to increase the yield of
      rifamycin B by 15 and 20%, respectively. The joint control increased the level of
      the required product by 25%.

PMID- 2285345
TI  - Factors affecting penetration of zona-free hamster ova.
AB  - The sperm penetration assay is an expensive, time-consuming test to assess male
      fertility in vitro. Although some investigators are enthusiastic in its
      application, others feel that it is not sensitive or specific enough to be used
      as part of the routine infertility evaluation. Indeed, this bioassay is not a
      faithful reproduction of in vivo conditions. However, if the SPA is abnormal, it
      is unlikely that sperm will fertilize a human ovum in vivo. Conversely, a normal
      SPA does not guarantee successful in vivo fertilization. No bioassay can be
      absolute in its predictive value, but false-negative results must be kept to a
      minimum for this bioassay to be of any clinical significance. Each laboratory
      performing the SPA should optimize the assay for sensitivity, reproducibility,
      and minimization of false-negative results and then establish normal and abnormal
      ranges of its own. If the limitations of the SPA are kept in mind, and if we
      employ it very selectively, it may still be useful.

PMID- 2285344
TI  - Evaluation and treatment of a male factor component to unexplained infertility.
AB  - The standard semen analysis frequently fails to identify subfertile males even
      when findings are normal and conversely often fails to identify fertile males
      with subnormal semen analyses. This has created the need to produce other tests
      of sperm physiology that will better distinguish a fertile from a subfertile
      specimen. Understanding more about the nature of the sperm defect should lead to
      the establishment of more specific and effective therapies. Until that time, it
      would still be reasonable to try some of the available empirical therapies even
      though they may work merely by a placebo mechanism.

PMID- 2285346
TI  - Hypoosmotic swelling test of sperm.
AB  - For the diagnosis and evaluation of the therapy for male infertility and for
      predicting the outcome of AIH and IVF-ET, technically simple, replicable tests
      that can be performed virtually anywhere and that have definite reliability are
      required. The results of the HOS test correlate well with the functions of the
      sperm cell membrane, indicating such aspects as motility, and it is thought to be
      a particularly effective test of human sperm fertility. Because the HOS test
      reflects the functions and integrity of the sperm cell membrane, it should be
      possible to use it to predict the potential for fertilization of frozen sperm.

PMID- 2285347
TI  - Flow cytometry to evaluate acrosome-reacted sperm.
AB  - Flow cytometry was used in the scoring of acrosome-reacted human sperm. Propidium
      iodide was used for detection of the nonviability of the sperm. Fluoresceinated
      pea lectin was used to detect acrosome-reacted sperm. The results obtained by
      flow cytometry and those obtained by fluorescence microscopy were compared to
      determine if flow cytometry can serve as a more accurate, faster, and simpler
      method. It was possible to detect human sperm by flow cytometry. The percentage
      of propidium iodide labeled sperm determined by flow cytometry was close to that
      obtained by fluorescence microscopy. Comparison of the percentage of acrosome
      reacted sperm determined by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed
      that these methods gave very similar results (r = 0.98, p less than 0.001).
      Objective scoring of more sperm was possible by flow cytometry than by
      fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry was useful as a simple method for
      evaluation of acrosome-reacted human sperm.

PMID- 2285348
TI  - Sperm nuclear stability and male infertility.
AB  - Human sperm nuclei show an exceptional variability; compared with sperm nuclei of
      other Eutherian mammalian species. The variable stability is caused by a variable
      content of chromatin stabilizing disulphide bridges, which in turn is determined
      by differences in composition of basic proteins: protamine types and subtypes,
      histones, and intermediate forms. An abnormal state of the chromatin can be
      related to an abnormal DNA configuration or an abnormal DNA content: diploid
      instead of haploid. Abnormality of the nuclear chromatin is probably one of the
      causes of morphological aberrations of the sperm head. A relationship between
      abnormal chromatin and male infertility has been reported repeatedly. Recently
      available evidence suggests that living spermatozoa with abnormal chromatin,
      leading to abnormal morphology, have a strongly reduced capacity to fertilize an
      oocyte. In addition, if these spermatozoa fertilize oocytes, the embryonal
      development will most probably be abnormal.

PMID- 2285350
TI  - Noninvasive techniques for improving fertility potential of retrograde
      ejaculates.

PMID- 2285349
TI  - Micro-insemination: genetic aspects.
AB  - Micro-insemination involves sperm deposition directly into oocytes. This can be
      by transfer of sperm (Micro-Insemination Sperm Transfer, or MIST) or by micro
      injection into the ooplasm (Micro-Insemination Micro-Injection into Cytoplasm, or
      MIMIC). Micro-insemination is indicated in spermatozoa with no or very poor
      motility, very low density, multiple defects, or inability to penetrate oocyte
      vestments. There is a 10% incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in spermatozoa
      from fertile and normal men. However, there is no increase in sperm chromosomal
      abnormalities in men with normal peripheral karyotypes and highly abnormal sperm
      parameters. Preliminary results of karyotypes of human oocytes that failed to
      become fertilized after MIST and mouse morulae and blastocysts produced after
      MIST reveal that there was no significant increase in aneuploidy or polyploidy.
      There is evidence that MIMIC may result in increased abnormal sperm karyotypes.
      Polyspermy is low in the mouse and human after transfer of multiple spermatozoa
      into the perivitelline space, thus suggesting an oolemmal block. However,
      blastomere membranes do not fuse with spermatozoa, as observed in a study of MIST
      into human embryos. Zona drilling with acid is not advised because of
      disturbances to chromosomal kinetics. The conclusion of this review is that MIST
      does not result in an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities, while caution
      must be exercised with MIMIC.

PMID- 2285351
TI  - Diabetes mellitus/male infertility.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus (DM), associated with very subtle disorders, affects, either
      directly or indirectly, various functions of the reproductive system. Adequate,
      regular, and timely therapy may prevent or delay these disorders. The T synthesis
      disorder is caused by molecular changes at the level of Leydig cells and may lead
      to other disorders in all target organs and tissues. The close correlation
      between Leydig and Sertoli cells function, i.e., between spermatogenesis and
      second sex glands function, results in certain anomalies in diabetic patients'
      spermiograms. Parallel lesions associated with DM, through CNS (hypothalamus
      hypophysis), and endocrine profile are indirectly intensified or induced by these
      disorders, which reflect dysfunction of homeostatic balance in carbohydrate
      metabolism. Sexual dysfunction in all its forms (reduced erection, impotence, and
      other libido dissociations) is an accompanying phenomenon of the diabetic
      disease. However, manifestations of these disorders are related to the regulation
      of carbohydrate metabolism and to the duration of disease. The duration of
      disease is not necessarily correlated with sexual dysfunction. Even carbohydrate
      metabolism remains within normal range in addition to other lesions, diabetes
      leads gradually but progressively to premature aging of body cells.

PMID- 2285352
TI  - [Significance and testimonial value of hemo-genetic legal identification with
      special reference to DNA analysis].
AB  - 175 hemogenetic expertises on the identity of ostensibly jumbled blood samples
      were analysed. In 4.5% of the cases a genetically qualified non-identity was
      found, although an erronous mixing-up of samples could be excluded. A major
      problem may arise when the expert witness has to find out whether a non-identity
      is due to either genetic or to artificial reasons. A battery of conventional
      blood group systems as well as highly informative DNA polymorphisms is a powerful
      tool in discriminating between both reasons and enables the expert to reach a
      decision.

PMID- 2285353
TI  - [Death in inverted head position].
AB  - A 56 year old man was found suspended in a sack in a head down position.
      Circumstances and autopsy findings are discussed. The leading pathophysiological
      mechanisms causing death are thought to be asphyxia due to compression of the
      chest and insufficient blood supply to the heart due to the head down position.
      The pathophysiological dysregulation of circulation in a head down position is
      discussed.

PMID- 2285354
TI  - [Measuring carbon monoxide content in muscles].
AB  - A method ist described to determine the CO-content in the tissue of muscles. The
      prepared tissue is pulverized in a swinging mill at the temperature of liquid
      nitrogen. Parts of the powder are weighed into headspace vessels. Carbon monoxide
      ist ejected by a formerly described method and measured gaschromatographically.
      The Fe-content is determined after an acid disintegration by AAS. Acute
      intoxications lead to higher CO-contents in heart than in periphere muscles.
      Chronic exposure to carbon monoxide does not produce these differences.

PMID- 2285355
TI  - [Chloroquine as a poison in murder. Report of fatalities after criminal or
      suicidal chloroquine administration].
AB  - Presented is a case of murder by means of chloroquine, committed on a 36-year-old
      male. The wife of the deceased had confessed to have secretely administered
      chloroquine-containing tablets to her husband. She was lawfully sentenced to life
      imprisonment. The toxicological findings of this case are compared to the results
      of two chloroquine suicide cases and discussed in the context of the referring
      literature. An additional case where chloroquine intoxication was doubtful is
      introduced because of the unusual circumstances under which it occurred.

PMID- 2285356
TI  - [Intentional or accidental suicide? "02 47 41 4D 45 20 4F 56 45 52 21 0D..."].
AB  - The purpose of the present contribution is to point out an unusual case of
      composing farewell letters in hexadecimals--a method of writing farewell letters
      that seems to become more frequent in the rising computer generation. This
      phenomenon is demonstrated in a case of chloroform suicide.

PMID- 2285357
TI  - [Roentgen imaging of stab wounds in parenchymatous organs].
AB  - Stab wounds were made in parenchymatous organs (e.g. liver, spleen, kidneys,
      lungs) using a variety of instruments. The shape of the resulting canal was
      investigated by X-ray analysis after introduction of an X-ray contrast medium.
      The best contrast was obtained using a contrast medium containing barium. The
      shape of the canal gave a direct representation of the outline of the instrument
      used. The width of the canal was however, always several millimeters smaller than
      the corresponding blade of the instrument. The position of the blade back in
      single-edged blades could be demonstrated with stronger contrast.

PMID- 2285358
TI  - [Infectious complications in patients following kidney transplantation].
AB  - Opportunistic infection (bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal) acquires an
      important role under the conditions of immunodeficiency associated with kidney
      transplantation. Immunodeficiency results not only from the immunosuppressive
      therapy, but from the main disease and kidney failure as well. The use of
      cyclosporin selectively suppressing T-cell immunity makes the infectious
      complications very similar to those complicating AIDS. Its high toxicity
      increases feasibility of pulmonary complications.

PMID- 2285359
TI  - [The syndromology and pathological anatomy of HIV infection (AIDS)].
AB  - Information on the clinico-anatomical syndromes and organic pathology in HIV
      infection (AIDS) is summarized. Role of pathomorphological examination of
      biopsies and autopsies in the diagnosis of the conditions associated with HIV
      infection as well as a controversy in the pathogenesis and pathology of AIDS is
      outlined.

PMID- 2285360
TI  - [Perinatal pathology and risk groups in postnatal ontogeny].
AB  - Perinatal pathology may become the cause of diseases in children and adults.
      Cardiovascular system of the foetus and placental vessels are examined in the
      toxicosis of the pregnancy, hypertension of pregnant mothers, immunological
      system and sex glands in large foetus, thyroid and sex glands of newborns. It is
      suggested that early atherosclerosis, myocardiopathy, sexual disturbances,
      endocrinopathy, immunodeficient states are consequences of pathological or
      "prepathological" development of certain organs and systems of the foetus.

PMID- 2285361
TI  - [The morphofunctional characteristics of the placenta in physiological pregnancy
      and in idiopathic disorders of intrauterine development].
AB  - Combined study of placentas from 43 foetuses and newborns with full duration of
      pregnancy (morphological, morphometrical, histoenzymatic) in intrauterine
      hypotrophy and idiopathic inhibition of the intrauterine development revealed a
      subcompensated placental failure as compared to the placenta of normotrophic
      children. The latter is due to decrease of organometric placenta parameters and
      increase of its anomalies frequency, increase of the volume of the organ
      afunctional parenchyma, decrease of the volume of morphological equivalents of
      both hormonal and transport function, non-adequate transplacental exchange
      because of the villous chorion immaturity and low level of the energetic supply
      of all placental functions. All this confirms an important role of placenta in
      the pathogenesis of idiopathic disturbances of the foetal intrauterine
      development.

PMID- 2285362
TI  - [The morphological changes in the liver of fetuses and newborns in placental
      insufficiency due to maternal cardiovascular pathology].
AB  - Histological, histochemical and histostereometric examination of 115 placentas
      and liver of 55 stillborns and newborns from mothers with a cardiovascular
      pathology was performed. The structural changes in the placenta were as follows:
      its early maturation (stromal proliferation and sclerosis), dissociated changes
      in the villi maturation, significant decrease of a vascular bed relative volume,
      syncytiocapillary membranes, syncytial cover of the villi. A reduction of the
      glycogen content and an accumulation of lipids in the branching part of chorion
      was found histochemically. Fat and proteinaceous degeneration, abundant foci of
      extramedullary haematopoiesis, portal surface increase (sometimes with a
      disturbance of the bile duct structure), increase of the lipid content and
      decrease of the reaction to glycogen were revealed in the liver of dead foetuses
      and newborns dying in early neonatal period.

PMID- 2285363
TI  - [The characteristics of the proliferative processes in the epithelium of the
      sigmoid intestine in acute bacillary dysentery].
AB  - Proliferative processes were studied using radioautography with 3H-thymidine at
      the height of the disease and in the early convalescence of the bacterial
      dysentery. The mucous membrane of the sigmoid colon of healthy persons undergoing
      rectoromanoscopy due to the epidemic reasons served as control. No pathologic
      changes were found in these healthy persons; the labeled nuclei index (LNI) was
      5.75 +/- 0.4%, the label intensity (LI) characterizing the rate of DNA synthesis
      was 14.9 +/- 0.8. During the peak of bacterial dysentery LNI increased up to 12.9
      +/- 1.3% and there was a three-fold increase of LI. Activation of the
      proliferative processes persisted in the period of an early recovery. LNI was 9.4
      +/- 1.0%, LI was 2.6 times higher as compared to control.

PMID- 2285365
TI  - [The structure of the pathologicoanatomic diagnosis].

PMID- 2285364
TI  - [The localization of apoprotein E in the normal human aortic wall and in
      atherosclerosis].
AB  - The authors studied the distribution of apoprotein E (apoE) in normal and
      atherosclerotic human aortic wall. Double immunofluorescent technique and a set
      of mono- and polyclonal antibodies were used in the study. Apo E was found in
      normal intima of every aorta taken from people over 20 years of age and in
      vessels of some adolescents. The protein was localized extracellularly and was
      noted in some portion of macrophages but not in the endothelial and smooth muscle
      cells of human aorta. The accumulation of apo E increased in lipid strips and was
      particularly high in acellular zone of the atherosclerotic plaque. This effect
      may be due to the retention of apo E by changed sulfated glycosaminoglycans of
      aortic connective tissue. The accumulation of apo E in the vessel wall may have
      an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2285366
TI  - [Pathologicoanatomic diagnosis anew and the collation of clinical and
      pathologicoanatomic diagnoses].

PMID- 2285367
TI  - [Diagnosis].

PMID- 2285368
TI  - [The chronic action of lead on the vascular system: the problem of ecological
      pathology].
AB  - Problem of chronic effects of the lead (L) on the cardiovascular system is
      presented from the viewpoint of the ecological pathology. The review summarizes:
      sources of L in the environment, industries in which L is widely used in the
      technological process, occupations in which L intoxication is possible, routes of
      L penetration into the organism and the organs of its accumulation, mechanisms
      and variants of chronic L effects on the vascular system. In case of chronic L
      toxicity the vessels of various organs and system are affected; the pathologic
      process is of a vasculitis or arteriosclerosis type and is predominantly observed
      in the arteries of small and mean caliber. The mechanisms of vascular L effect is
      not sufficiently studied.

PMID- 2285370
TI  - Biomedical engineering: recognition and representation.

PMID- 2285369
TI  - [The pathological anatomy of HIV infection based on the data from serologically
      verified cases].
AB  - Pathology of 4 cases of serologically verified HIV infection is described. In 3
      cases the disease developed against the background of previous pathologic
      processes that in one way or another influenced the pathologic picture. Only
      general characteristics of the HIV pathology are given in this report obtained by
      routine methods. Detailed investigation of changes in different organs and
      systems will be continued. Morphological signs of the immunodeficiency
      manifesting mainly in more or less atrophy of lymphoid tissue were found in all
      cases examined. Though features specific for HIV infection are not established in
      the literature, the complex of the above changes allows one to suspect HIV
      infection and in case of serologic confirmation to formulate a pathologic
      diagnosis. The 4th case can be regarded as an earlier stage of HIV infection as
      well as an example of a therapeutically produced pathomorphosis.

PMID- 2285372
TI  - An algorithm for the suppression of translational motion artifacts in MRI.
AB  - The quality of Magnetic Resonance imaging systems has improved to the point that
      the motion is the most important limitation in many examinations. Gross movements
      of the patient cause a ghost artifact in the image which can interfere with the
      diagnosis. In this paper a new method is presented to suppress the translational
      motion artifact caused by gross movements. The method uses postprocessing on a
      standard two-dimensional Fourier transform image. It is shown that translational
      motion causes an additional phase factor in the detected signal and that this
      phase error can be removed using an iterative algorithm of generalised
      projections. The method has been tested using computer simulations and
      successfully removed most of the artifact, even in the presence of noise.

PMID- 2285371
TI  - Clinical applications of integrated 3-D stereoscopic imaging in neurosurgery.
AB  - Stereotactic neurosurgery planning, an intrinsically three-dimensional procedure,
      is generally performed on the basis of two-dimensional tomographic or projection
      images. We present extensions to these conventional approaches that use
      stereoscopic digital subtraction angiography, three-dimensional volume rendered
      computed tomography or magnetic resonance images, or a combination of these
      modalities. The stereoscopic DSA images are analysed interactively on a 3-D
      workstation. This system employs a liquid-crystal polarizing shutter to display
      alternate left- and right-eye views to a user wearing polarized glasses.
      Quantitative planning operations may be performed on the basis of the angiograms
      alone, or in conjunction with tomographic images of the anatomy. We also describe
      the procedures used to produce volume-rendered three-dimensional images from MR
      and CT data-sets, as well as the methodology for combining the stereoscopic
      angiograms with the volumetric anatomical images.

PMID- 2285373
TI  - Continuous multiple location body temperature measurement of infants.
AB  - This study was done to evaluate the most suitable location of skin temperature
      sensors to enable long term temperature measurements of infants. A high accuracy
      eight channel temperature monitor was developed. Linear semiconductor sensor
      probes were constructed in association with this. System accuracy and stability
      were tested. Preliminary clinical studies have shown considerable variation from
      the core temperature for all surface measurement locations.

PMID- 2285374
TI  - Computer polygraphic system for infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome
      (SIDS).
AB  - We have designed and developed a suite of equipment for polygraphic assessment of
      infants thought to be at risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. A range of
      commercially available and custom made instrumentation is used to monitor cardio
      respiratory function and thermal activity. The PC based system records continuous
      overnight trends and is able to detect apnoea, bradycardia, tachycardia, oxygen
      desaturation and other significant clinical events, producing summary data and
      graphs at the conclusion of the monitoring. The system is fully interactive and
      adaptable to various clinical and research requirements.

PMID- 2285375
TI  - Thermoluminescence dosimetry in the Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney.
AB  - Thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) were introduced in the Radiotherapy
      Department of the Prince of Wales Hospital in 1975. They are used in three
      different types of applications: 1. to confirm doses in complicated geometries
      (e.g. axilla, ear, nose), 2. to measure the dose delivered to critical organs
      (e.g. lens, scrotum) and 3. to monitor certain treatments like total body
      irradiations (TBI). Using four LiF chips (TLD 100; size: 3.1mm x 3.1mm x 0.9mm)
      per measuring point the accuracy of each measurement is +/- 5%. Approximately 200
      TLD measurements are requested from the planning radiographers per year. Lens
      dose determination (32% of all cases) and total body irradiations are the main
      applications. Since 1988 the planning radiographers have been asked to state
      their expectation of the dose where it could be estimated. In 14% of these cases
      (7% of all requests) the expected and the measured dose differed by more than
      20%. This was usually followed by revising the treatment set-up and a repeated
      TLD measurement. For about one third of all patients more than one dose
      measurement is required either to monitor the treatment or to investigate changes
      in the delivered dose after changes in the treatment set-up. Several changes to
      treatment modalities (e.g. boli in various treatments, a changed scrotal shield)
      were made due to TLD results. This is reflected in the still increasing number of
      TLD requests which demonstrates the benefit of TLDs in clinical practice.

PMID- 2285376
TI  - The commissioning and acceptance of a commercially manufactured radiotherapy beam
      tissue compensating filter system.
AB  - The principles of tissue compensation in radiotherapy and the methods for their
      implementation on the GE RT/Plan computer are briefly described. The HEK
      Medizintechnik GmbH Medical Systems Tissue Compensator cutting device is
      described, along with the testing procedure adopted for its commissioning and
      quality assurance testing of the total system. The HEK machine hardware proved to
      be well engineered, but there were many deficiencies in the software supplied to
      interface it to the planning computer. Most errors were fatal to the program
      producing a compensator but a number of errors allowed the cutter to manufacture
      shapes which on close inspection turned out to be incorrect. These faults were
      traced to incorrect algorithms and/or incorrect software implementation. It is
      stressed that the software errors were entirely the responsibility of HEK and
      that the GE equipment and software were not deficient in any way. However, the
      experiences of the Adelaide group suggest that caution should be exercised when
      purchasing two pieces of interacting equipment from separate suppliers.

PMID- 2285377
TI  - College membership standards.

PMID- 2285378
TI  - Degree or not degree.

PMID- 2285379
TI  - Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

PMID- 2285381
TI  - Cryptococcosis in a renal unit.
AB  - Cryptococcosis is a known opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed hosts. We
      report our experience of all cases presenting to our Department between December
      1975 and September 1988. Eight post-renal transplant patients and three systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients were affected. All were receiving treatment
      with steroids, in association with either azathioprine or cyclosporin. The
      diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis was initially based on a positive
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cryptococcal antigen, by latex agglutination test, and
      subsequently confirmed by cultures. Common clinical presentations, in descending
      order of frequency, included headaches, fever, mental confusion, epilepsy and
      papilloedema. Meningism was not a prominent feature. CT brain scans were obtained
      in eight patients and one showed a focal lesion and one showed cerebral atrophy.
      Four patients also had an abnormal chest X-ray (CXR) and one had disseminated
      cryptococcosis. Amphotericin and 5-fluorocytosine were the mainstay of therapy,
      although ketoconazole alone was subsequently used in three selected patients with
      cure. Four early deaths occurred in patients with delayed diagnosis and
      treatment, usually in association with other severe concurrent infections. We
      conclude that awareness of cryptococcosis is essential in immunocompromised hosts
      presenting with headache with, or without, mental confusion or fever.

PMID- 2285380
TI  - Variations in cardiovascular disease mortality by time and place: the challenge.

PMID- 2285383
TI  - Brief upper airway (laryngeal) dysfunction.
AB  - We describe in six men, recurrent episodes recurring over months or years, of
      sudden, brief complete obstruction to respiration followed by dyspnoea with loud
      inspiratory stridor lasting two to five minutes. Attacks occurred during
      wakefulness and/or sleep. In one patient an episode was witnessed endoscopically:
      the initial obstruction was seen to be caused by complete laryngeal closure. The
      false vocal cords then opened, but the vocal cords remained adducted and caused
      inspiratory stridor. The similarity of the attacks described by the other
      patients suggests that they were all caused by laryngeal closure. Furthermore,
      they could simulate the episodes by voluntarily adducting their vocal cords. The
      symptoms were usually preceded by a sensation of throat irritation and in four
      cases symptoms of upper respiratory infection were present. Associated features
      present in some of the patients included post-nasal discharge, snoring, sleep
      apnoea and gastro-oesophageal reflux. None was hypocalcaemic. Although
      stimulation of laryngeal receptors is known to produce reflex laryngeal closure,
      cough is the usual response during wakefulness. Treatment aimed at reducing upper
      airway irritation and voluntary inhibition of coughing appeared successful in
      reducing the incidence and severity of the episodes. Recognition of the condition
      is important as it may be confused with other causes of acute dyspnoea and it
      appears to respond to specific management.

PMID- 2285382
TI  - Comparison of methods of assessment of renal function in patients with cancer
      treated with cisplatin, carboplatin or methotrexate.
AB  - In patients with cancer treated with cisplatin, carboplatin or methotrexate
      creatinine clearance calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula was compared
      with measured clearance and with the glomerular filtration rate. In 106 patients
      the average squared difference for calculated and 24 hour urine creatinine
      clearance was 0.288, n = 606; and for calculated creatinine clearance and
      glomerular filtration rate (measured using diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid,
      DTPA), 0.212, n = 34. On 35 of 606 occasions (6%) in 18 patients (17%), the
      calculated clearance overestimated the 24-hour urine creatinine clearance when it
      was less than 1 mL/s. In all but one patient, this was explained by factors
      leading to renal impairment (seven patients) or overestimation of clearance
      (ascites in two patients) or by an isolated low value of 24-hour urine creatinine
      clearance (eight patients). Declining renal function with increasing total dose
      of cisplatin was detected by both calculated and 24-hour urine creatinine
      clearance in patients with germ cell tumours. Derivation of an equation to
      predict creatinine clearance showed a linear association with plasma creatinine
      concentration, patient age, weight and gender. Variability in cancer patients was
      similar to that in the original Cockcroft-Gault study. Calculation of creatinine
      clearance can be used in cancer patients to monitor treatment with renally
      eliminated chemotherapy agents.

PMID- 2285384
TI  - Geographical distribution of cancers of the kidney and urinary tract and
      analgesic nephropathy in Australia and New Zealand.
AB  - Age-standardised incidence rates for cancers of the renal parenchyma, renal
      pelvis and bladder and for end-stage renal failure due to analgesic nephropathy
      for the years 1982-83 were compared between the Australian states and New
      Zealand, and within New South Wales (NSW), to determine whether these rates
      paralleled the previous prevalence of consumption of phenacetin-containing
      analgesics. Whereas little variation was seen within Australasia in respect of
      the incidence of cancer of the renal parenchyma and bladder, both cancer of the
      renal pelvis and end-stage renal failure due to analgesic nephropathy had higher
      incidence rates amongst women in NSW and Queensland than in the other states or
      New Zealand. Within NSW, the average annual incidence rates during 1973-82 for
      renal pelvic cancer in the Hunter region of 1.3 (m) and 1.6 (f) per 100,000 were
      the highest in the state. These high incidence rates coincided with areas known
      to have had a high prevalence of consumption of compound analgesics containing
      phenacetin. In an international comparison with populations which had published
      incidence rates for each of the periods 1973-77 and 1978-82, the rate for cancer
      of the renal pelvis in women was highest in both time periods in NSW and had
      increased absolutely at a faster rate.

PMID- 2285385
TI  - Effects of an ethyl ester preparation of fish oils (Himega) on lipids and
      lipoproteins in hyperlipidaemia.
AB  - Clinical trials were conducted to assess the utility of HimegaR in the management
      of hyperlipidaemia. Himega is an ethyl ester concentrate from fish oil containing
      at least 50% n-3 fatty acid and minimal cholesterol. In Study 1, 13 subjects with
      primary hypertriglyceridaemia consumed Himega or a triglyceride-based fish oil in
      a randomised, double-blind crossover study for 12 weeks. Nine subjects took 2
      g/day of n-3 fatty acid but four subjects with marked hypertriglyceridaemia took
      4 g/day. Plasma triglycerides were reduced by approximately 50% with either
      product. There was a very similar effect on all lipid and lipoprotein parameters,
      including an 18% increase in LDL cholesterol and 23% increase in serum
      apolipoprotein B. In Study 2, nine subjects with primary hypercholesterolaemia
      took 2 g/day of n-3 fatty acid (Himega) or placebo (olive oil) in a randomised,
      double-blind crossover study for nine weeks. Plasma cholesterol was reduced by
      6%, without significant change in LDL cholesterol. Fish oils in the form of ethyl
      esters or triglyceride are assimilated to a similar degree and lead to equivalent
      triglyceride-lowering in hypertriglyceridaemia, while simultaneously increasing
      LDL particle numbers. Himega does not reduce LDL levels in hypercholesteraemia,
      despite being a product with minimal cholesterol content.

PMID- 2285386
TI  - Necrobacillosis--primary anaerobic septicaemia due to Fusobacterium necrophorum.
AB  - Necrobacillosis is a severe septicaemic illness caused by an anaerobic Gram
      negative bacillus, Fusobacterium necrophorum. It occurs predominantly in young
      people and is characterised by oropharyngeal infection and subsequent metastatic
      complications, frequently involving the lungs and/or large joints. We report four
      recent cases in previously healthy young men, describing the clinical features of
      the disease (including autopsy findings), and the problems associated with
      diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2285387
TI  - Spontaneous complete remission of chronic myeloid leukaemia following
      haematological relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - A 31-year-old woman with Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive chronic myeloid
      leukaemia (CML) underwent allogenic bone marrow transplantation during
      accelerated phase. Non-T-cell-depleted marrow from a male sibling mismatched at
      one Class 2 histocompatibility locus was infused after conditioning with total
      body irradiation and intravenous cyclophosphamide. Cyclosporin and methotrexate
      were given for prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Prompt engraftment
      occurred with donor karyotype cells, followed by transient moderate acute GVHD.
      However, by day 60 after BMT, haematological relapse occurred with increasing
      splenomegaly, leucocytosis, increasing marrow fibrosis, and cytogenetic
      mosaicism, consisting of 47% donor metaphases with 53% Ph-positive host
      metaphases, some containing additional structural changes. Thirty days later
      further cytogenetic progression was evident. A slowly progressive fungal
      pneumonia concurrently present was treated with intravenous amphotericin and
      gradual reduction of cyclosporin. Subsequently, without further cytotoxic
      chemotherapy, pancytopenia and bone marrow hypoplasia developed, and on day 144
      only donor karyotype marrow cells were seen. Chromosomes have remained of donor
      type on subsequent occasions, and the patient has a normal performance status 25
      months after BMT. The patient's course illustrates that factors operating after
      allogeneic BMT contribute to longterm control of CML. The factors potentially
      responsible for this spontaneous remission, after early relapse, are discussed.

PMID- 2285388
TI  - Covert self poisoning with brodifacoum, a 'superwarfarin'.
AB  - The clinical course of a patient poisoned with the 'superwarfarin' brodifacoum
      and a method for estimation of plasma levels is described. It was characterised
      by prolonged depression of Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors poorly responsive
      to Vitamin K administration.

PMID- 2285389
TI  - Remission of Menetrier's disease associated with ranitidine administration.
AB  - We describe a patient with Menetrier's disease in whom acute administration of
      ranitidine reduced gastric protein loss more effectively than cimetidine or
      propantheline. This patient went into remission following a course of ranitidine.
      We reviewed the literature on remissions in Menetrier's disease occurring without
      surgery. More detailed studies of various anti-secretory agents on individual
      patients are required to determine whether or not they are truly efficacious.

PMID- 2285390
TI  - Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and pancreatitis: no causal link proven.
AB  - A case of a patient with pancreatitis and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
      is presented and the literature linking FHH and pancreatitis is reviewed. The
      case for a causal link between the two conditions is not proven and seems
      unlikely. In view of this we strongly challenge the recommendation of total
      parathyroidectomy in such cases.

PMID- 2285391
TI  - Paradoxical embolism--an uncommon cause of stroke.

PMID- 2285392
TI  - Physicians' approaches to continuing education.
AB  - A questionnaire survey was conducted of a random sample of 308 physicians to
      determine their actual and preferred approach to continuing education.
      Demographic data raised questions about the possible influence of the
      undergraduate institution attended, the future impact of the growing proportion
      of women physicians and the effect of increasing subspecialisation. The average
      physician spends eight-nine hours a week on educational activities and 2.5-4.0
      hours a week teaching. Unstructured ad hoc reading and postgraduate activities
      predominate over methods based on specific, individual needs or on current
      patient problems. The educational desirability of this is questioned. Physicians
      are avid attenders at conferences with 10-15% being at a national or
      international meeting in any one survey week. It appears physicians would prefer
      to use a wider range of educational activities including more refresher courses
      and innovative methods. By comparison, Canadian physicians showed similar, but
      more strongly evident, preferences. These findings have important implications
      for the College. It appears physicians need to be better informed about
      potentially more effective learning methods and account ought to be taken of
      their preference for methods which are not currently widely available.

PMID- 2285393
TI  - Haemobilia--diagnosis by 99Tcm labelled red blood cell scintigraphy.

PMID- 2285394
TI  - Thrombocytopaenia as a complication of cyclosporine A therapy.

PMID- 2285395
TI  - He governs best who governs least.

PMID- 2285396
TI  - Flight deck design and pilot selection: anthropometric considerations.
AB  - Safe and successful operation of flight displays and controls is, in part,
      dependent on the anthropometric characteristics of the pilots with respect to the
      design of a particular aircraft. This paper describes the approach required to
      optimise this fit and provides guidelines for both those responsible for design
      and those who select pilot recruits. The major results reported are those for a
      British population, although the aircraft considered (Boeing 737-200, 747, 757
      and Lockheed TriStar) are used by airlines throughout the world. The study shows
      that limitations in design considerably reduce the pool of potential recruits
      with the appropriate anthropometric characteristics. The selection criteria,
      based on functional seated eye height, might exclude 73% of the British, 19-65
      year-old female population and 13% of the male population.

PMID- 2285397
TI  - The transfer of adaptation between actual and simulated rotary stimulation.
AB  - It is well known that continued exposure to motion environments leads to
      adaptation, but it is not clear whether such changes are specific to the
      particular type of motion experienced. The present investigation sought to
      evaluate the extent of transfer between real motion and visually-induced apparent
      motion. In addition, the direction of motion was varied and these two factors,
      mode of exposure and direction of rotation, were examined in a cross-adaptational
      design. Thirty-two subjects were pre- and posttested on measures of
      disorientation after active bodily rotation and visually-induced self-vection.
      Two groups received ten consecutive trials of active bodily rotation (clockwise
      or counter-clockwise) for 4 consecutive days. Two other groups received ten
      consecutive trials of visually-induced self-vection (clockwise or counter
      clockwise) in a rotating drum for 4 consecutive days. During the exposure phase,
      dizziness and self-vection increased over trials for the groups exposed to the
      drum, while dizziness remained unchanged over trials for the groups exposed to
      bodily rotation. Repeated exposure to bodily rotation resulted in improved
      walking performance over trials and days. Subjects exposed to bodily rotation
      exhibited increased tolerance to visually-induced self-vection; however, exposure
      to visually-induced self-vection did not result in greater tolerance to bodily
      rotation. No support for directional specificity was evident.

PMID- 2285398
TI  - Effects of whole-body vibration on short-term memory.
AB  - An experiment has been conducted to investigate the effects of whole-body
      vibration on cognitive performance independent of the direct mechanical action of
      vibration on vision and manual control. Sixteen subjects completed a short-term
      memory task (memory scanning) during exposure to 16 Hz sinusoidal whole-body
      vibration at four magnitudes: 0, 1.0, 1.6, and 2.5 ms-2 r.m.s. The results show a
      detrimental effect of vibration on performance when measured by mean reaction
      time (p less than 0.001) and number of attentional lapses (p less than 0.01).
      Response errors rose significantly during the 1.0 ms-2 r.m.s. condition alone.
      The data suggest that vibration disrupts central cognitive mechanisms utilized
      during the processing of information in short-term memory, although compensatory
      cognitive procedures may exist to minimise these effects.

PMID- 2285399
TI  - Perception of near earth altitudes by pilots: ascending vs. descending over both
      a land and water surface.
AB  - Thirteen experienced HH-3 pilots were tested on their ability to obtain four
      target altitudes between 25 and 200 ft. The target altitudes were attempted by
      both ascending from 0 ft and descending from 500 ft. Subjects were tested both
      over a land and water surface for a total of 16 recorded achieved altitudes per
      pilot. The pilots had full aircraft control but were without use of altimeters.
      Subjects showed wide variation for each test situation with some achieved
      altitudes exceeding the target altitude by 100% while others were below the
      target altitude. The predominant error was an achieved altitude greater than the
      target altitude. The mean achieved altitude when descending to a given target
      altitude exceeded the mean achieved altitude when ascending to the same target
      altitude. There was no statistically significant difference in mean achieved
      altitude between land and water surfaces. In conclusion, this study revealed that
      even experienced pilots may not estimate with good accuracy their altitude in the
      near Earth environment. The error in altitude perception is of concern for safe
      ground clearance.

PMID- 2285400
TI  - Pulmonary blood flow distribution in erect man in air and during breathhold
      diving.
AB  - We used intravenously administered 99mTc-labelled macroaggregates and a gamma
      camera attached to a computer for measuring distribution of pulmonary blood flow
      per unit lung volume in eight healthy subjects sitting erect in air and also
      during breathhold diving to 1 or 10 m of depth. We measured distribution of
      perfusion in the supine position and substituted regional lung volume with
      regional perfusion in the supine for calculating regional perfusion per lung
      volume erect in air and during diving. The perfusion per unit lung increased
      rectilinearly down the lung in subjects below 30 years of age but decreased in
      the lowermost regions in older subjects. This decrease showed a strong
      correlation to closing capacity. An age-related decrease in transpulmonary
      pressure may influence both basal perfusion and closing capacity. During
      submersion, perfusion became equal in all regions with the exception of the lung
      apex which became hyperperfused. Close to the diaphragm, small inconsistent
      changes were noted. Redistribution was the same at surface (1 m of depth) with
      the lung volume being close to total lung capacity and at 10 m of depth when lung
      volume was compressed to functional residual capacity. During breathhold diving,
      high intrapulmonary blood volume and pressure became more important for blood
      flow distribution than gravity or lung volume, while differences in regional
      hypoxic vasoconstriction and in transpulmonary pressure seem to explain
      interindividual variation.

PMID- 2285401
TI  - Some characteristics of post-hypoxia-induced drinking in rats.
AB  - When rats are returned to a normoxic environment after chronic exposure to
      hypoxia, they manifest a striking drinking response. Earlier studies had shown
      that the drinking response was an inverse linear function of the percentage of
      oxygen in the air to which the rats had been exposed. An objective of the present
      experiment was to measure the post-hypoxic drinking response at intervals during
      a 71-d exposure to an atmosphere containing 12% oxygen in nitrogen to assess
      whether the response could be observed throughout this entire period. The results
      suggest that the response continued unabated throughout the duration of exposure
      to hypoxia. The mechanism(s) accounting for the posthypoxic drinking response
      cannot be stated with certainty. However, the results of these studies indicate
      that administration of the betra-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol (6 mg/kg,
      i.p.), failed to affect the magnitude of the drink following return from hypoxia
      to normoxia. Hence, it is unlikely that the posthypoxic drinking response is
      mediated by an increase in beta-adrenergic activity.

PMID- 2285402
TI  - Field orientation effects during 5.6-GHz radiofrequency irradiation of rats.
AB  - Ketamine-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed in E and H orientations
      (long axis parallel to electric and magnetic fields, respectively) to far-field
      5.6-GHz continuous-wave radio-frequency radiation (RFR). Power densities were
      used that resulted in equivalent whole-body average specific absorption rates of
      14 W/kg in both orientations (90 mW/cm2 for E and 66 mW/cm2 for H). Irradiation
      was conducted to increase colonic temperature by 1 degree C (from 38.5 to 39.5
      degrees C). During experimentation, arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate
      and colonic, tympanic, left and right subcutaneous (sides toward and away from
      RFR source), and tail temperatures were continuously recorded. Results showed no
      significant difference in the times required to cause a 1 degree C increase or to
      recover to the initial temperature when irradiation was stopped. Significant
      differences between E- and H-orientation exposure were seen in the patterns of
      localized heating. The tail and left subcutaneous temperature increases were
      significantly greater during E-orientation exposure, the tympanic site showed no
      difference, and the right subcutaneous temperature increase was significantly
      greater during H-orientation exposure. Under both exposure conditions, heart rate
      and mean arterial blood pressure significantly increased during irradiation;
      however, there were no significant differences between E and H orientation
      responses. These findings at 5.6 GHz are in contrast to the significant
      cardiovascular response differences between E- and H-orientation exposure noted
      during a previous study of irradiation at 2.45 GHz.

PMID- 2285403
TI  - Flying after diving guidelines: a review.
AB  - Recreational divers face a difficult choice when trying to select the appropriate
      surface interval between diving and flying. Differences in diving techniques and
      lack of readily available hyperbaric treatment make guidelines for commercial and
      military divers inappropriate for recreational divers. A literature review
      revealed that proposed surface intervals ranged from zero to 24 h, but few were
      human-tested. On 24 February 1989, the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
      (UHMS) Workshop formalized guidelines for recreational divers. Do not push the
      tables, i.e., do not go to the maximum exposures allowed by the tables. For no
      decompression dives: (1) With less than 2 h total dive time (surface to surface)
      during the previous 48 h, divers should wait 12 h before flying; (2) With
      multiday, unlimited diving, wait 24 h before flying. Recreational divers should
      not make dives that require decompression stops, but if such dives should occur,
      delay flying for at least 24 h and, if possible, for 48 h. Divers with DCS
      symptoms should not fly, unless it is required to obtain hyperbaric treatment.
      The UHMS guideline is based on current scientific information and expert opinion,
      and is anticipated to be conservative, safe surface intervals for the vast
      majority of divers.

PMID- 2285404
TI  - Decompression sickness affecting the temporomandibular joint.
AB  - Two cases of pain-only decompression sickness of the temporomandibular joint
      following altitude chamber exposure are presented. A detailed interview of both
      individuals revealed no other joint involvement or other complaints. A careful
      neurologic examination failed to disclose abnormalities. In both cases, the pain
      resolved completely with compression therapy, supporting the diagnosis of
      decompression sickness. Decompression sickness limited to this small joint is
      extremely rare, and may be easily confused with other causes of joint pain.

PMID- 2285405
TI  - Navy helicopter pilot with a juxtasellar mass: case report with aeromedical
      considerations.
AB  - A Navy helicopter pilot was found to have a suprasellar mass during evaluation
      for primary infertility and mildly elevated prolactin level. Extensive evaluation
      revealed no other abnormalities. After 1 year of followup without radiographic
      tumor enlargement, he was returned to flying duties with continuing medical
      monitoring. Aeromedical considerations for tumors in the juxtasellar region are
      reviewed, including neuroendocrine disorders, neuro-ophthalmologic defects, and
      neurological impairment. The impact of improved diagnostic capabilities on
      aeromedical disposition is discussed.

PMID- 2285406
TI  - A retrospective study of marital discord in pilots: the USAFSAM experience.
AB  - This exploratory retrospective multi-case study investigates marital discord in
      USAF pilots as part of an overall concern with mission safety. Seventeen USAF
      School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM) cases involving marital distress were
      reviewed, using a standardized format. Duration of martial discord ranged from 1
      10 years with an average of 2.25 years. The most frequent problem noted was one
      of communication, with authoritarian or controlling styles predominating. The
      second most frequent conflict concerned occupational demands; both pilots and
      spouses complained about frequent work-related separations. Nine of ten
      distressed outcomes (i.e., separated or divorced) were initiated by the wife. We
      speculate that a pilot with an inflexible communication style who is not
      cognizant of his or her spouse's emotional needs is likely to exacerbate marital
      problems. The notion that marital distress may adversely affect a pilot's
      attention, generating performance decrements, underscores the importance of
      investigating elements of marital harmony in the pilot population. Based on our
      study and review of the literature, we suggest the USAF employ programs that: a)
      recognize the spouse's contribution to mission safety; b) increase spouse's
      awareness of mission requirements; c) enhance couple's communication; and d)
      improve stress management skills.

PMID- 2285407
TI  - Military parachute mishap fatalities: a retrospective study.
AB  - Military parachuting is relatively safe. Most injuries involve vertebral bodies
      or the lower extremity, and fatalities are rare. We studied 49 military parachute
      accident facilities occurring during 1964-1989. Causes of the accidents included
      accidental deployment of reserve parachute in aircraft, static line failures and
      entanglements, equipment (canopy) failures, in-air collisions, landing injuries,
      drowning, and dragging. Rarely, preexisting illness such as coronary artery
      disease caused or contributed to an accident. Pathologic findings revealed a high
      proportion of deceleration and blunt force injuries: cardiac, aortic and liver
      laceration, and skull, pelvic and extremity fractures. Isolated head injury,
      strangulation, and post traumatic pulmonary embolus were occasionally noted.
      Toxicological examination demonstrated contributing factors such as alcohol
      intoxication or antihistamine use in a small number of cases. Background
      investigations, scene inspections, autopsy and toxicology studies all yielded
      important data or pertinent negatives during investigations. We propose an
      investigation protocol.

PMID- 2285408
TI  - Enhancing aircrew centrifuge high-G training using on-line videotape
      documentation.
AB  - Many air forces are training fighter aircrew to improve their tolerance to the
      high-G environment by using human centrifuges. It is important to enhance and
      upgrade the methods and techniques employed in this aircrew training. At the
      Naval Air Development Center (NADC) we have developed several techniques to
      consolidate as much of the information as possible on the videotape recording of
      the centrifuge training. This includes a continuous electrocardiographic display,
      anti-G suit pressure tracing, heart rate parameters, +Gz parameter, and, if +Gz.
      induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC) occurs, the duration of incapacitation
      resulting from G-LOC. The techniques and information provided have been well
      received by Navy and Marine aviators participating in high-G training at NADC.

PMID- 2285409
TI  - Reflections on Operation Homecoming.
AB  - A former Air Force flight nurse shares her personal experience from her memoirs
      of when she participated in the celebrated event, Operation Homecoming. In 1973,
      her unit, the 10th Aeromedical Evacuation Group, Travis Air Force Base, CA, was
      tasked to retrieve the American prisoners of war from North Vietnam and return
      them safely to the United States via C-141 aeromedical evacuation airlift. This
      is a personal account of her participation, observations, and the lessons she
      learned.

PMID- 2285410
TI  - Cases from the aerospace medicine residents' teaching file. Case #39. Meniere's
      disease.
AB  - A case of Meniere's disease in an Air Force pilot is presented. The disease is
      reviewed in a question and answer format. A record review of all aviators
      evaluated at USAFSAM during the last 10 years revealed: 1. Only 11 cases of
      possible Meniere's disease were referred to USAFSAM in the years 1979-88. 2. 100%
      of fliers with Meniere's disease were recommended to be permanently disqualified
      from flying status regardless of the treatment or the results. 3. A single case
      of cochlear hydrops was returned to flying status after one year of observation.

PMID- 2285411
TI  - Microwave irradiation of rats at 2.45 GHz activates pinocytotic-like uptake of
      tracer by capillary endothelial cells of cerebral cortex.
AB  - Far-field exposures of male albino rats to 2.45-GHz microwaves (10-microseconds
      pulses, 100 pps) at a low average power density (10 mW/cm2; SAR approximately 2
      W/kg) and short durations (30-120 min) resulted in increased uptakes of tracer
      through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The uptake of systemically administered
      rhodamine-ferritin complex by capillary endothelial cells (CECs) of the cerebral
      cortex was dependent on power density and on duration of exposure. At 5 mW/cm2,
      for example, a 15-min exposure had no effect. Near-complete blockade of uptake
      resulted when rats were treated before exposure to microwaves with a single dose
      of colchicine, which inhibits microtubular function. A pinocytotic-like mechanism
      is presumed responsible for the microwave-induced increase in BBB permeability.

PMID- 2285412
TI  - Changes in levels of c-myc and histone H2B following exposure of cells to low
      frequency sinusoidal electromagnetic fields: evidence for a window effect.
AB  - Human HL-60 cells were exposed for 20 min to an electromagnetic field at
      frequencies ranging from 15 to 150 Hz and at densities from 0.2 to 2.3 mT (2 to
      23 gauss). Following each exposure, quantitative levels of c-myc and histone H2B
      transcripts were determined by dot-blot hybridization analyses and compared with
      unexposed control samples. The most pronounced increase in each transcript
      occurred after exposure at 45 Hz, with levels more than four times that found in
      unexposed controls.

PMID- 2285413
TI  - Effects of a high-voltage direct-current transmission line on beef cattle
      production.
AB  - Two herds of beef cattle were maintained beneath a +/- 500 kV direct-current
      transmission line during a 30-month period, and were compared with two similar
      herds maintained away from the transmission line. Exposures of animals under the
      line were five to 30 times greater than those of control animals, depending on
      the parameter of interest, with average exposure magnitudes of 5.6 kV/m, 4.1
      nA/m2, and 13 k ions/cm3, respectively, for electric field, ion current, and
      density of ions. Productivity and health status of cows and calves were similar
      between lines and control treatments. Mean body mass of cows increased with
      maturity, from 438 kg in 1985 to 496 kg in 1987. Calf gain averaged 0.93 kg per
      head per day. No unusual sources of mortality were observed. Based on this
      confinement study, beef cattle permitted to graze in the vicinity of a high
      voltage, direct-current transmission lines are not expected to experience any
      decrease in frequency of conception, calving, growth rate, or survival.

PMID- 2285414
TI  - A simple model for calculating residential 60-Hz magnetic fields.
AB  - A model is presented that permits the calculation of densities of 60-Hz magnetic
      fields throughout a residence from only a few measurements. We assume that
      residential magnetic fields are produced by sources external to the house and by
      the residential grounding circuit. The field from external sources is measured
      with a single probe. The field produced by the grounding circuit is calculated
      from the current flowing in the circuit and its geometry. The two fields are
      combined to give a prediction of the total field at any point in the house. A
      data-acquisition system was built to record the magnitude and phase of the
      grounding current and the field from external sources. The model's predictions
      were compared with measurements of the total magnetic field at a single location
      in 23 houses; a correlation coefficient of .87 was obtained, indicating that the
      model has good predictive capability. A more detailed study that was carried out
      in one house permitted comparisons of measurements with the model's predictions
      at locations throughout the house. Again, quite reasonable agreement was found.
      We also investigated the temporal variability of field readings in this house.
      Daily magnetic field averages were found to be considerably more stable than
      hourly averages. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the model in creating a
      profile of the magnetic fields in a home.

PMID- 2285415
TI  - Amplitude windows and transiently augmented transcription from exposure to
      electromagnetic fields.
AB  - The exposure of cells to relatively low-intensity, pulsed, low-frequency
      electromagnetic fields can result in a transient augmentation of mRNA synthesis.
      Under certain conditions of irradiation, the augmentation is a function of the
      strength of the electromagnetic field. A linear, multi-step, chemical-reaction
      model accounts for many of the principal features that are observed in both the
      time- and intensity-dependent variations of transcriptional effects. The crucial
      assumption in the model is that the direct effect of electromagnetic fields on
      exposed cells is an increase in the rate constant that characterizes one of the
      intermediate sequential reactions in the synthesis of mRNA.

PMID- 2285416
TI  - Lay understanding of low-frequency electric and magnetic fields.
AB  - People do not start with a blank slate when they hear risk-communication
      messages. All such messages are processed through existing knowledge structures
      and understanding. Hence, to design effective and reliable risk-communication
      materials one must understand the state of people's knowledge--correct and
      incorrect--about an issue. We developed a simple "mental model" of what people
      minimally need to know to make informed decisions about field-related issues.
      Then we performed studies to explore how and to what extent respondents of
      various groups understood physical properties of 60-Hz electric and magnetic
      fields. Actual knowledge of respondents was then compared with the predicates of
      the model. Electrical engineering juniors and semi-technical employees of
      utilities displayed a good command of most of the concepts in the simple model,
      but little awareness of the limits to their knowledge. Lay respondents correctly
      knew only a few of the simplest elements of the model, but they displayed a much
      greater awareness of the limits to their knowledge. Both lay and semi-technical
      respondents were found to share several misconceptions. On average, they
      correctly rank-ordered some common field-exposure conditions by field strength,
      but they could not differentiate between electric and magnetic fields and could
      not differentiate among field strengths associated with different appliances.
      Most respondents dramatically underestimated the range of actual field strengths.
      Many respondents understood that field strength decreases with distance from a
      source, but they underestimated the rate of decrease. In contrast to X-rays and
      microwaves, which respondents appeared to think about in rather similar terms, 60
      Hz fields were not thought of as being highly similar to any other agent,
      although the closest parallels were found with ultrasound. Changes in mood,
      thought, and behavior, and the existence of an "electrical aura," were all seen
      as plausible results of exposure to a 60-Hz field. Although lay respondents
      displayed a variety of incomplete and confusing ideas, most of these ideas
      probably do not pose significant obstacles to the learning of a correct, simple,
      mental model.

PMID- 2285417
TI  - Comparison of indices of ambient exposure to 60-hertz electric and magnetic
      fields.
AB  - Occupational, environmental, or domestic exposure of human beings to extremely
      low-frequency (50- or 60-Hz) electric and magnetic fields varies continuously
      over time. In epidemiological studies of possible health effects, exposures over
      long durations must be aggregated in terms of simple summary indices. However,
      there are many different, biologically plausible, ways of aggregating the data.
      While awake, each of 20 electric utility personnel and 16 office workers had
      provided minute-by-minute measures of incident electric (V/m) and magnetic (muT)
      fields over a 7-day period via personal dosimeters. Once the measures were
      aggregated as means, medians, peaks, and other indices, intercorrelations between
      all index pairs were calculated; correlation matrices are presented for the
      utility and office workers both by group and when pooled. Product-moment
      coefficients (r) greater that .80 were found between the time-weighted arithmetic
      mean (TWA) and indices that explicitly emphasize short but highly intense
      exposures, such as peak values and time above thresholds. Medians and geometric
      means were less highly correlated with the TWA. Use of only a few indices,
      perhaps the TWA alone, may sacrifice but little statistical power in most
      epidemiological studies of utility workers exposed to ELF fields. However,
      correlations between electric-field strength and magnetic-field density were
      generally quite weak, as were correlations of either with high-frequency
      transients; these findings underscore the need to measure each of these variables
      in epidemiological studies. Indices of exposure incurred outside the workplace
      were less strongly correlated, which may indicate the need to use several indices
      in general-population studies.

PMID- 2285418
TI  - Exposure of frog hearts to CW or amplitude-modulated VHF fields: selective efflux
      of calcium ions at 16 Hz.
AB  - Isolated frog hearts were exposed for 30-min periods in a Crawford cell to a 240
      MHz electromagnetic field, either continuous-wave or sinusoidally modulated at
      0.5 or 16 Hz. Radiolabeled with calcium (45Ca), the hearts were observed for
      movement of Ca2+ at calculated SARs of 0.15, 0.24, 0.30, 0.36, 1.50, or 3.00
      mW/kg. Neither CW radiation nor radiation at 0.5 Hz, which is close to the
      beating frequency of the frog's heart, affected movement of calcium ions. When
      the VHF field was modulated at 16 Hz, a field-intensity-dependent change in the
      efflux of calcium ions was observed. Relative to control values, ionic effluxes
      increased by about 18% at 0.3 mW/kg (P less than .01) and by 21% at 0.15 mW/kg (P
      less than .05), but movement of ions did not change significantly at other rates
      of energy deposition. These data indicate that the intact myocardium of the frog,
      akin to brain tissue of neonatal chicken, exhibits movement of calcium ions in
      response to a weak VHF field that is modulated at 16 Hz.

PMID- 2285419
TI  - [Identification and isolation of the protein insect toxin (alpha
      latroinsectotoxin from venom of the spider Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus].
AB  - The crude venom of spider Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus was fractionated
      by the combination of anion exchange and hydrophobic chromatography. The
      biological activity of fraction was tested by means of: 1) estimation of toxicity
      for housefly larva; 2) intracellular recording of miniature excitatory potentials
      (MEPSPs) in blowfly larvae muscle fibres. As a result of sequential procedures of
      chromatography separation a homogeneous protein of 120 kilodalton molecular
      weight was obtained. This protein referred to alpha-latroinsectotoxin produced:
      1) a great increase of the frequency of MEPSPs in the dose of 4.2.10(-10) M and
      its paralytic dose for fly larva was approximately 20 ng/species; 2) no influence
      of the MEPSPs after application in the dose of 1.2.10(-7) M to the neuromuscular
      junction of the frog.

PMID- 2285420
TI  - [Catalytic properties of E. coli tryptophanase in a 50% aqueous solution of
      methanol and dimethylformamide].
AB  - Tryptophanase from E. coli retains its ability to form quinonoid intermediate
      with L-alanine in water--methanol and water--dimethylformamide (1:1 v/v)
      solutions. Under these conditions the enzyme catalyzes decomposition of S-o
      nitrophenyl-L-cysteine (SOPC) to o-nitrophenylthiol, pyruvate and ammonium ion.
      The enzyme's affinity for this substrate increases on going from water to water
      organic solvents whereas the reaction rate decreases. In 50% methanol
      tryptophanase catalyzes the formation of L-tryptophan from indole and SOPC; in
      the mixture of 2H2O and C2H3O2H (1:1) the enzymatic isotope exchange of alpha
      proton of L-phenylalanine with complete retention of configuration was observed.

PMID- 2285421
TI  - [Site-specific endonucleases LplI and AagI].
AB  - New site-specific endonucleases LplI and AagI have been isolated from the
      Lactobacillus plantarum and Achromobacter agile cells, respectively. The enzymes'
      purification stages included treatment of cell-free extracts with
      polyethylenimine, fractionation in two-phase system by Albertsson's method,
      chromatography on blue Sepharose and DEAE-cellulose. The results of cleavage of a
      5'-32P-labelled oligodeoxynucleotide duplex by restriction endonucleases LplI and
      AagI indicate that these enzymes recognize and cut the sequence AT decreases
      CGAT, being therefore true isoschizomers of the ClaI restriction endonuclease
      from Caryophanon latum. The L. plantarum strain has 400 fold endonuclease
      productivity as compared with the ClaI producent and is perspective for
      preparative isolation of LplI.

PMID- 2285422
TI  - [Solid phase ligation of synthetic DNA fragments].
AB  - A synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide (oligo) covalently bound by an
      internucleotide linkage to the succinylated Sephacryl S-500 support through 1.9
      diaminononane spacer was used as starting compound to assemble the E. coli rec A
      promoter DNA fragment from synthetic oligos by means of T4 DNA ligase. The solid
      phase assembly of the designed DNA was performed by two ways: stepwise ligation
      of two pairs of oligos (2 dyads) or simultaneous ligation of four oligos
      (tetrad). Both ways gave equal results with some preference in the tetrad case.
      The reliability of E. coli promoter DNA fragment assembly was demonstrated by
      cloning it in a plasmid vector and sequencing the cloned DNA by the solid-phase
      Maxam--Gilbert technique.

PMID- 2285423
TI  - [Construction of a complete "library" of mutants at region -35 of a model
      prokaryotic promotor].
AB  - A novel approach to study the variability of consensus sites of regulatory
      regions of DNA is proposed. The overall strategy includes chemical synthesis of
      representative series of all possible DNA structures under investigation, cloning
      and screening according to their function. The chemical-enzymatic synthesis of a
      complete library of 40-bp DNA duplexes, corresponding to the model prokaryotic
      promoter and differing in 6-membered segments at -35 region, is described.

PMID- 2285424
TI  - [Photosystem II of rye. Cloning and determination of the nucleotide sequence of
      chloroplast DNA fragments, comprising the psbA gene coding for D1 proteins].
AB  - EcoRI and BamHI fragments of rye chloroplast DNA comprising psbA gene were cloned
      and a 2729 bp region was sequenced. Cloning of EcoRI fragment into pTZ19R plasmid
      led to a single nucleotide deletion in the coding region of psbA gene. A scheme
      of full-length psbA gene cloning is proposed, allowing one to escape the damage
      effect of the psbA gene expression product on the host cell. The differences
      between monocot and dicot in nucleotide sequences of DNA downstream of psbA genes
      are discussed. Gene rps19 is located 131 bp downstream from psbA gene on the
      complementary strand. The amino acid sequences of D1 and S19 proteins of
      different species are compared.

PMID- 2285425
TI  - [An approach to isolating individual tRNA from the human placenta by affinity
      chromatography. Isolation of highly purified Phe-tRNA Phe].
AB  - A new approach to isolation of individual tRNAs from eukaryotes based on affinity
      chromatography is suggested. At first, using a sorbent with oligonucleotide pTGGT
      attached, the total tRNA with native CCA-ends was obtained. Then by means of a
      sorbent with oligonucleotide pTTCAG immobilized, which is complementary to a part
      of the tRNA(Phe) anticodon loop, tRNA(Phe) with the acceptor activity greater
      than 1000 pmole/unit was isolated.

PMID- 2285426
TI  - [Synthesis of oligosaccharides with group specificity for blood types A, B and H
      (Type 3)].
AB  - Chemical synthesis of A, B, and H (type 3) human blood group determinant
      oligosaccharides (as R-glycosides, R = OCH2CH2CH2NHCOCF3) and their polymeric
      derivatives are reported. 4,6; 4',6'-Di-O-benzylidene derivative of Gal beta 1---
      3GalNAc alpha 1----R was chloroacetylated selectively at 3'-OH, the chloroacetate
      was alpha-fucosylated and dechloroacetylated to give protected H (type 3)
      trisaccharide bearing free 3'-OH. alpha-Glycosylation of the trisaccharide with 2
      azido-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl chloride and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O
      benzyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide gave rise to protected A and B
      tetrasaccharides, respectively. Deprotected R-glycosides were converted to
      OCH2CH2CH2NH2 derivatives. Their reaction with poly(4-nitrophenylacrylate)
      affords polyacrylamide-coupled conjugates with A, B, and H (type 3) specificity.

PMID- 2285427
TI  - [Rare initiation codons are regulators of expression of the rpoC gene].
AB  - Translation of the rpoC genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium is
      known to start from the GUG codon. Now, using toeprint analysis we have shown UUG
      to be the initiation codon of the Pseudomonas putida rpoC gene. IF3 does not seem
      to proofread initiation at the UUG codon. The rpoC genes of P. putida, E. coli,
      and S. typhimurium, which use rare start codons, have strong SD-domains AGGAGG
      (P. p.) and GGGAG (E. c., S. t.), optimal seven-nucleotide spacing between SD and
      start codons, and good second codon AAA. We suggest that rpoC presents an
      infrequent case of the regulation of translation initiation by selecting the
      start codon.

PMID- 2285428
TI  - [Isolation and properties of insect-specific neurotoxins from venoms of the
      spider Lactodectus mactans tredecimguttatus].
AB  - A method has been developed for isolating five insect-specific neurotoxins and
      alpha-latrotoxin from venom of the Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus spider by
      means of ion exchange chromatography on Mono Q and Mono S columns and
      chromatography on hydroxylapatite column. LD 50 of all the toxins are determined.

PMID- 2285429
TI  - [Confirmation of the presence of a transcription termination site in a DNA
      segment downstream from gene 31 of bacteriophage T4].
AB  - Two open reading frames followed by a rho-independent transcription terminator
      and early promoter were established in a sequenced region downstream from gene 31
      of T4 phage. The mRNA hairpin suggested by the terminator sequence has the
      structure (x)8CUUCGG(y)8, the loop sequence UUCG having been shown to
      significantly stabilize RNA hairpins.

PMID- 2285430
TI  - [Highly selective affinity labeling of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase II from human
      placenta].
AB  - RNA polymerase II from human placenta was affinity labelled in crude preparation
      using two-step technique, which includes treatment of the enzyme with an aldehyde
      containing reactive analogue of ATP, ADP or AMP in the presence of poly[d(A-T)]
      followed (after borohydride reduction) by the elongation of the attached label
      with [alpha-32P]UTP. A polypeptide of the molecular mass ca. 140 kDa proved to be
      the labelling target. No labelling was observed in the absence of poly[d(A-T)] or
      the reagent or in the presence of alpha-amanitin. All the results suggest the
      attachment of the affinity reagents to the second-largest subunit of the human
      RNA polymerase II, which therefore takes part in the initiation substrate's
      binding.

PMID- 2285431
TI  - Composition and organization of sarcolemmal fatty acids in cultured neonatal rat
      cardiomyocytes.
AB  - This paper describes studies on the fatty acid composition of individual
      phospholipids of the neonatal rat cardiomyocyte as well as in the gas-dissected
      sarcolemma derived from those cells. There is a sarcolemmal fatty acid asymmetry
      between the two leaflets of the membrane, which results from an asymmetric
      phospholipid distribution and particular fatty acid composition of each
      phospholipid class. The cytoplasmic leaflet is shown to be more unsaturated than
      the outer one. The phospholipids preferring the inner sarcolemmal leaflet (PE,
      PS, and PI) are particularly rich in two fatty acids, stearic acid and
      arachidonic acid. The implications of the data in current models for Ca2+ binding
      and for disruption of sarcolemma following ischemia and reperfusion damage are
      discussed.

PMID- 2285432
TI  - Effect of internal mammary artery mobilization on sternal blood flow.
AB  - Use of the internal mammary artery as a conduit for coronary artery bypass has
      enhanced this procedure in terms of prolonged graft patency. An earlier warning
      that use of both arteries would devascularize the sternum was based on postmortem
      radiologic imaging. This was complemented by a subsequent animal study employing
      isotopic microspheres. In the present clinical study, laser Doppler flowmetry was
      adapted to identify changes in blood supply to the left half of the divided
      manubrium sternum during separation of the left internal mammary artery from its
      chest wall attachment. Our finding of continued blood flow after this event
      suggests that complete devascularization of the sternum does not take place.
      Quality of sternal bone and surrounding tissues and clinical indications should
      remain as factors influencing use of one or both internal mammary arteries.

PMID- 2285434
TI  - Tat and Rev: positive regulators of HIV gene expression.

PMID- 2285433
TI  - Adrenergic control of nerve blood flow.
AB  - The factors that regulate blood flow within peripheral nerve (NBF) are largely
      unexplored. The presence of norepinephrine (NE)-containing terminals on vasa
      nervorum suggests that adrenergic regulation may be important. In this study we
      investigated the adrenergic responsiveness of NBF to agonist and antagonist
      agents using three separate techniques: (i) laser doppler flowmetry (LDV) using
      an epineurial probe, (ii) hydrogen clearance (HC) using an endoneurial
      microelectrode, and (iii) direct video recording (VA) of epineurial microvessels.
      Selective intraarterial NE delivery induced a phentolamine-reversible fall in
      NBF. Phentolamine alone increased NBF and lowered microvascular resistance (MR)
      as measured by HC. Epineurial microvessels had segmental vasoconstriction to
      bathing solutions of NE as observed by VA. Our findings suggest that NBF responds
      to adrenergic manipulation, possibly due to a heterogenous distribution of alpha
      receptors on epineurial vessels that supply the endoneurium.

PMID- 2285435
TI  - Perinatal predictors of pain and distress during labor.
AB  - We sought to determine whether women's attitudes and concerns, confidence in
      ability to control pain, and practice of pain-control techniques would predict
      pain and coping or distress-related thought during labor. During the third
      trimester of their pregnancies, 115 women completed the prenatal self-evaluation
      inventory and measures of confidence and practice of pain-control techniques.
      During the latent (less than or equal to 3 cm), active (4-7 cm), and transition
      (greater than or equal to 7 cm) phases of labor, interviews were conducted to
      assess levels of pain and the content of women's cognitive activity on a
      continuum that ranged from coping-related thought to distress-related thought.
      Women's confidence in their ability to use relaxation techniques and their
      reported practice of pain-control strategies did predict lower levels of pain and
      greater coping-related thought during latent labor, but failed to account for
      pain or coping-distress in active or transition phases of labor. High scores on
      the Prenatal Self-Evaluation Inventory fear of pain and helplessness scale
      predicted high levels of distress during latent labor. Two other scales, concern
      for self and baby and acceptance of pregnancy, were significant predictors of
      pain and distress in active and transitional labor. The results suggest that,
      with the shift from latent to active labor, women's fundamental concerns and
      anxieties become manifest, and may take precedence over the skills acquired
      through childbirth education in moderating experienced pain and distress.

PMID- 2285437
TI  - A randomized, controlled evaluation of early postpartum hospital discharge.
AB  - At approximately 37 weeks' gestation, 131 women were randomly assigned to one of
      three postpartum hospital discharge times: 12 to 24 hours, 25 to 48 hours, and 4
      days. Depending on group assignment, the women received from one to five home
      visits by a maternity nurse clinician during the first 10 days postpartum. The
      results indicated the maternal and infant morbidity were low regardless of
      discharge time, although sample sizes were too small to detect significant
      differences in the outcomes. More early discharge mothers were breastfeeding
      without supplement at 1 month than were mothers in the long stay group. Mothers
      in the two early discharge groups were significantly more satisfied with their
      care than were those who remained longer. Those hospitalized longer scored higher
      on measures of depression and lower on scores of confidence at selected time
      periods.

PMID- 2285436
TI  - Women's views of second-stage labor as assessed by interviews and videotapes.
AB  - Twenty women were selected from public and private maternity services and
      interviewed by nurses and nurse-midwives on a research team. The women were shown
      videotapes of their second-stage labors that for 15 of them had been recorded by
      2 other members of the research team. Four videos were provided by mothers who
      had had home births and one from a mother whose birth was filmed at a birth
      center. The interviews were analyzed for major themes; the theme reported here is
      women's experiences of pushing. Women reported wide variations in sensations
      during the second stage. Whereas 9 of 16 women expressed feelings of relief or
      pressure and stretching, 7 described pushing as painful, miserable, or horrible.
      Thirteen of 19 women had well defined urges to push, 1 had an intermittent urge,
      and 5 had no urge. Women often felt unprepared for the sensations and work of
      second-stage labor, and caregivers' instructions commonly did not seem to be in
      synchrony with physiological responses. We conclude that childbirth educators and
      caregivers must prepare women more realistically for the second stage. They would
      be more effective if they responded to maternal behavior, rather than giving
      arbitrary instructions about pushing.

PMID- 2285438
TI  - Pregnant women's perceptions of themselves: a survey.

PMID- 2285439
TI  - Comparability of reasons for cesarean sections in patient records and mothers'
      interviews.
AB  - Reasons for cesarean sections from three different data sources were compared.
      One hundred mothers were interviewed, their patient records were read, and the
      discharge diagnoses were noted. In about 70% of cases at least two of the data
      sources gave similar reasons for cesarean section, but when all three sources
      were compared, in only one-third was information similar. These figures cast
      doubt on the utility of recorded indications in studying reasons for cesarean
      sections.

PMID- 2285440
TI  - Breastfeeding and fathers: illuminating the darker side.
AB  - Although breastfeeding may be the best form of infant nutrition and be an
      important practice for mother and infant, it may be perceived as negative by the
      father and thus inhibit the development of the father-infant relationship. This
      study provides a summary of data from a longitudinal study of the male experience
      of expectant and new parenthood, and a summary of the literature on breastfeeding
      and fathers. Fathers' concerns about breastfeeding included the lack of
      opportunity to develop a relationship with their child, feeling inadequate, and
      being separated from their mate by the baby. The professional literature fails
      adequately to represent the negative aspects of breastfeeding for fathers. The
      parents' literature contains one father's candid and humorous account that
      caregivers might use, together with other techniques, to make parents aware of
      these aspects.

PMID- 2285441
TI  - Through a glass darkly: ultrasound and prenatal bonding.
AB  - Prenatal ultrasound scans are believed to enable mothers to form an early
      affectionate bond to their child, to provide a reassuring image of the fetus, and
      to promote improvements in mothers' health behaviors on the behalf of the fetus.
      Observational studies suggest that scans done early may slightly improve maternal
      fetal bonding but that those done after quickening are not associated with
      attachment. Short-term effects on maternal health behaviors, including less
      smoking, less drinking of alcohol, and more visits to dentists, were detected in
      a randomized trial when detailed information was given during the scan. This
      trial also suggested that women's anxiety was actually increased during scans,
      and then allayed by positive feedback from the operator. Not all women considered
      scans reassuring in one interview study, and other authors found that mothers'
      interpretations of scans depended on their personal and social circumstances. As
      used in everyday practice, ultrasound scans are not always accompanied by
      feedback, and when feedback occurs it is sometimes in the form of slips of the
      tongue, incorrect diagnoses, identification of structures that cannot be
      deciphered, and language that is unfamiliar and alarming to mothers. This
      "diagnostic toxicity" of ultrasound scans of the fetus has not been studied.

PMID- 2285442
TI  - A prudent approach to ultrasound imaging of the fetus and newborn.

PMID- 2285443
TI  - Was the death of this baby avoidable?

PMID- 2285444
TI  - Postdates management: induction after 41 weeks, with cervical preparation.

PMID- 2285445
TI  - Which tests of postterm fetal well-being work?

PMID- 2285446
TI  - Outcomes of care in Birth Centers.

PMID- 2285447
TI  - The movement of the sacroiliac joints and their importance to change in the
      pelvic dimensions during parturition.

PMID- 2285448
TI  - [Human plasma fibronectin. Comparison of methods for preparation of a concentrate
      for therapeutic use from different sources].
AB  - Three methods, successive precipitations, affinity chromatography on immobilized
      gelatin and immunoaffinity chromatography with monoclonal anti-fibronectin
      antibodies were optimized and compared in order to be used for large scale
      preparation of human plasma fibronectin (Fn). The functional properties of the
      various Fn preparations were investigated by means of two assays: quantitation of
      the gelatin-binding activity by ELISA and quantitation of the Fn-mediated
      attachment of fibroblasts on plastic. Functional alterations of the purified Fn
      were observed when it was isolated by successive precipitations. Both
      chromatographic methods provide a rapid and convenient way for isolation of pure
      and functional Fn. Mass production of monoclonal antibodies is too expensive and
      legislative requirements for the therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies are
      limiting factors for the choice of immunopurification as large scale isolation
      procedure. Plasma Fn can be isolated from different sources: fresh frozen plasma,
      cryoprecipitate supernatant or by-products from factor VIII preparation. When
      gelatin-Sepharose chromatography is performed under optimized conditions,
      fibronectins isolated from these sources show similar properties. Large scale
      purifications of Fn from a by-product of factor VIII preparation were performed
      either by gelatin affinity chromatography or by successive precipitations. These
      two purification methods can be easily scaled-up since the data obtained closely
      correlate with analytical results. The chromatographic method supplies a higher
      purified (98 vs 75%) and functional (95 vs 50%) material when compared with
      successive precipitations. Yield is also higher (50 vs 26%). The starting
      material undergoes viral inactivation and the affinity purified Fn, sterile,
      atoxic, apyrogen, which can be freeze-dried without additives fulfils all
      requirements for an injectable product.

PMID- 2285449
TI  - [Neopterin, a marker for activation of cellular immunity].

PMID- 2285450
TI  - [5th international meeting of the Study Group on Genetic Variants of Albumin].

PMID- 2285452
TI  - [Anti-HIV seroconversion among patients with lepromatous leprosy in Mali].

PMID- 2285451
TI  - [Prevalence and epidemiologic features of subjects found to be infected with HIV
      when donating blood. CTS of the "Retrovirus" Study Group of the Societe Nationale
      de Transfusion Sanguine].
AB  - HIV seroprevalence decreased from 0.62% in 1985 to 0.11% in the first 1990
      semester. However, the number of regular blood donors screened as seropositive
      remains constant since 1988: 48 in 1988, 49 in 1989 and 25 in the first 6 months
      of 1990. From these data, from reports on recipients and due to the exclusion of
      30% of such donors by anti-HBc screening, the residual risk to transmit HIV by
      blood transfusion was estimated to 17 blood donations per year in France. No
      significant change was observed throughout these years either in sex ratio or in
      the repartition into age groups. The number of HIV-infected subjects through the
      heterosexual route has not increased. The number of homosexuals and of IVDA has
      dramatically decreased since 1985, homosexuals still representing the major at
      risk group.

PMID- 2285453
TI  - Immunization of male but not female mice with the sperm-specific isozyme of
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-C4) impairs fertilization in vivo.
AB  - The goals of this study were to determine the site at which fertility is impaired
      in mice immunized with LDH-C4 and to determine whether immunization of both males
      and females would have a greater antifertility effect than immunization of one
      sex alone. Mice were immunized with LDH-C4 in two systemic doses in Freund's
      adjuvants and two gastric doses in bicarbonate buffer. The presence of anti-LDH
      C4 antibodies in uterine fluid was confirmed. Male and female mice were assigned
      to four blocks in which either the males, the females, both, or neither were
      immunized. Oviducts were viewed directly 1 h after mating for the presence of
      sperm. No significant effect of immunization on sperm transport to the oviduct
      could be demonstrated. Fertilization was evaluated 4 h after mating. It was found
      that immunization of males, but not females, impaired fertilization (19.6% versus
      50.8% of the oocytes penetrated in 17 and 19 females, respectively). Orchitis was
      found histologically in 43.8% of the immunized males and 10% of the control
      males.

PMID- 2285454
TI  - Experimenting with human extravillous trophoblast: a personal view.

PMID- 2285455
TI  - The effect of an educational program on knowledge & attitudes about blood
      pressure by junior high school students: a pilot project.
AB  - This study tested the effectiveness of a 10 minute videotape and complementary
      print program guide on the knowledge and attitudes of junior high school students
      about blood pressure (BP). A randomized two group pre-test, post-test and delayed
      post-test design was used. The experimental group received an educational session
      on BP, designed for this study, which consisted of a 40-minute session, comprised
      of a 10-minute video presentation and discussion by the teacher on BP (guided by
      the program guide). The educational session was effective in improving students
      knowledge of BP at one week post-test; however, this positive effect did not
      persist at the three month post-test. Student interest in, or knowledge of, their
      own BP was not obviously affected by the session. The findings were interpreted
      in light of Social Learning Theory (SLT) and the PRECEDE Model of Health
      Education (PMHE). In testing the effect of one component of an educational
      program, i.e., the videotape and teacher lesson the environmental determinants of
      behaviour change could not be addressed in this study. The educational session
      was able, however, to achieve the desired knowledge change. The 10-minute
      videotape and complementary print program guide was shown to be a viable
      educational tool and can therefore be utilized as a resource in a broader multi
      faceted program of cardiovascular (CV) health promotion.

PMID- 2285456
TI  - Nurses as professionals.

PMID- 2285457
TI  - Pediatric heart transplants.
AB  - Interest in pediatric heart transplantation has increased since the early 1980's
      in large part due to the improvement in immunosuppression. At the University of
      Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa Civic Hospital/Children's Hospital of Eastern
      Ontario, Ottawa, six children between the ages of ten days and twelve years have
      received heart transplants between January 1988 and April 1990. Intensive care
      nursing staff synthesized their knowledge in areas of transplant and
      cardiovascular nursing to develop a plan of care for these children. The purpose
      of this article is to share the knowledge the nurses have gained through our
      clinical experience with these patients.

PMID- 2285460
TI  - The role of anti-DNA idiotype antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2285458
TI  - [Phenomenology of stress in myocardial infarction patients and their spouses:
      nursing perspective].
AB  - The goal of this descriptive research was to identify, using the phenomenological
      method, the sources of stress as they are preceived by men who have suffered a
      myocardial infarction, and also as perceived by their spouse. Subjects were asked
      to identify their perceptions of stress arising from either having suffered a
      myocardial infarction or having shared the life of this person as a spouse, the
      nursing care received and the feelings of other concerned family members.
      Watson's "caring" theory was explored as a useful model to address the perceived
      stress. Analysis of the evidence confirmed that myocardial infarction itself
      provoked several sources of stress for the sick person and the spouse. Lack of
      instruction and support are two of the elements of stress often mentioned in the
      subjects' comments. These findings provide a focus for nurses to use the "caring"
      theory of Watson to minimize the sources of stress perceived by both groups of
      subjects.

PMID- 2285459
TI  - Autoimmune diseases and HLA.

PMID- 2285461
TI  - [Peripheral pancytopenia].
AB  - Peripheral pancytopenia is a syndrome which allows for an early diagnosis, and
      although is may cover a large number of pathological entities, it can be clearly
      defined into three groups of illnesses which evolve with this syndromal
      manifestations. The first group includes non-neoplastic illnesses which include
      aplastic anemia, hemophagocytic syndrome associated to infection, immunological
      diseases and the deficiency of folates or vitamin B12. The second group includes
      neoplastic diseases as acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and Hodgkin's
      lymphoma with myelofibrosis, malignant histiocytosis and non-hematological
      neoplasms, like the neuroblastoma and the embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The third
      group is formed by illnesses which have some similarity with neoplasms.

PMID- 2285462
TI  - [Phenotypic changes in the mononuclear cells of patients with primary
      immunodeficiencies].
AB  - The study of differentiation antigens of circulating mononuclear cells in 70
      patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) using monoclonal antibodies allowed
      us to define phenotypic profiles that are characteristic of the different
      described syndromes. In common variable immunodeficiency we found percentages of
      lymphocytes within normal ranges, and an altered CD4/CD8 ratio. In sex-linked
      agammaglobulinemia, absence of B lymphocytes with normal distribution of
      regulatory populations (CD4/CD8) were found. These results allow us to
      distinguish two clinically and infectologically similar conditions. In selective
      IgA deficiency, distribution of lymphocytic populations was normal. In
      immunodeficiency with hyper IgM, considered up to date as an abnormal maturation
      of B lymphocytes, we observed a deficiency in cellular immune response, and a
      phenotypic profile characterized by: decreased number of CD3 cells, inverted
      CD4/CD8 ratio, and increased CD38 population; this profile being similar to the
      one that we found in predominantly cellular immunodeficiency. In predominantly
      cell-mediated immunodeficiency and in those immunodeficiencies associated to
      other defects (such as: hyper IgE syndrome, Di George syndrome), the most
      important finding was a significative increase in CD38 population. Although it's
      not possible to consider on this basis that there is a defect at the thymic level
      of T-cells maturation, the high levels of circulating CD38 cells were a clear
      indication of altered cellular immune response in our series of patients.
      Patients with predominantly cell-mediated immunodeficiency showed the lowest
      levels of CD4 cells and the corresponding inversion of CD4/CD8 ratio. In Di
      George syndrome we found a markedly diminished CD8 population that differentiates
      this entity from the rest of the studied syndromes. In chronic mucocutaneous
      candidosis distribution of lymphocytic populations was normal, but a
      significative increase in the percentages of CD11b+ cells was observed. In
      patients with antibodies deficiency that received substitutive treatment with
      gammaglobulin we found no variations in lymphocytic populations distribution. In
      the group of patients with altered cellular immunity treated with thymic
      hormones, observed phenotypic changes (increase in T-cells population, trend to
      normalization in CD4/CD8 ratio, and decrease in CD38 population) were transient,
      and lasted only during the treatment period. We considered that describing these
      phenotypic profiles is a useful diagnosis tool when evaluating patients with PID,
      since these profiles are characteristic and very stable.

PMID- 2285463
TI  - [Kidney function in the newborn infant of 32 to 36 weeks gestation: the
      usefulness of the excreted sodium fraction].
AB  - A total of 20 healthy premature newborns, with a gestational age between 32 and
      36 weeks were studied for a year. The objective of the study was to determine the
      utility of the excreted sodium excretion fraction test (FENa) as a parameter used
      to evaluate renal function in this type of patients, using comparatively the
      excretion of creatinine. Of the patients studied, 12 were females and the rest
      males; the medium gestational age was 35.1 weeks (ranging from 32 to 36 weeks);
      their average weight at birth was 1,943 g (ranging from 1,372 to 2,626 g); serum
      creatinine varied from 0.3 to 1.2 mg/dL; urinary sodium was measured at 5.37 and
      38 mEg/L; the excretion of creatinine was measured at 8.26 +/- 5.18 mL/min/1.73
      m2. The FENa varied between 0.1 and 1.71% (x = 0.78 +/- 0.48). The results
      obtained showed that the FENa is a useful parameter to evaluate renal function in
      premature newborns with a gestational age between 32 and 36 weeks.

PMID- 2285465
TI  - [Anthropometry in a group of women with a change in glucose metabolism and its
      somatic effect on the newborn infant].
AB  - A total of 156 mothers with alterations in the metabolism of glucose and a
      control group of 42 other women with their respective children were studied at
      the National Institute of Perinatology. The group of 156 women was divided in
      four. The first group included mothers with type I diabetes mellitus; group 2
      included mothers with type II diabetes mellitus; group 3 included mothers with
      gestational diabetes and group 4 contained those mothers with gestational
      alterations to the tolerance of glucose. The anthropometric indicators of the
      mother, weight and height at the end of the pregnancy, were compared to their
      respective children according to sex, while considering the group to which they
      belonged. The greatest weight medium for those mothers for both the male and
      female population, was found in group 3. With respect to height, the tallest
      mothers were found in group 2. When using the correlation coefficient, no
      significant crossovers were found between the weight and height the mother and
      the weight, length and cephalic perimeter of the newborn. Our results show that
      women with greater weight at the end of their pregnancy, had heavier babies, but
      this does not apply to height. We conclude that the presence of macrosomias or
      alterations in fetal growth can be reduced when an efficient control and early
      detection of the alteration of glucose metabolism is found in the mother.

PMID- 2285464
TI  - [Oral rehydration solutions with 60 or 90 nmol/L of sodium for infants with acute
      diarrhea in accord with their nutritional status].
AB  - A total of 186 infants suffering from dehydration due to acute diarrhea were
      studied and divided into two groups: 84 children were placed in group A and
      received the oral rehydration solution (ORS) recommended by the World Health
      Organization (WHO), know as ORS-90 and those placed in group B were given an ORS
      with 60 and 90 mmol/L of sodium and glucose, respectively, with an osmolality of
      240 mOsm/kg (ORS-60). Seven patients from group A (8.3%) and two from group B
      (2.5%) could not be orally rehydrated and required intravenous rehydration. The
      children were divided according to their weight for their age into eutrophics,
      grade I malnutrition (10 to 25% deficit), grade II (26 to 40% deficit) and grade
      III (more than 40% deficit). In those patients who evolved favorably, the average
      rehydration time was 4.5 to 5.3 hours, independently from their nutritional
      state. In the same way, no important variations were seen in the average sodium
      and potassium serum levels once the dehydration was corrected, in either of the
      groups. Yet, both groups showed a persistence in hypokalemia and hyperkalemia
      seen when admitted, once the dehydration was corrected, demonstrating that the
      short time needed for the correction of the dehydration was insufficient to
      completely corrected the changes in serum potassium. Closer studies must be
      conducted on the hydric balance to adequately demonstrate if the new ORS-60
      induces lesser losses through vomiting and feces when compared to the ORS-90
      recommended by the WHO.

PMID- 2285466
TI  - [Neonatal meningitis: observations on its etiology, mortality and sequelae].
AB  - A retrospective study was carried out on all cases diagnosed with neonatal
      meningitis at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez. A rate of 9.6 cases
      per 1,000 discharged patients was found as well as 6.7% association with sepsis.
      In 50 of the cases analyzed, an etiologic agent was identified in 23 children;
      the main bacteria identified were Escherichia coli (24%), Klebsiella pneumoniae
      (14%), Enterobacter (4%), Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas sp (2%),
      respectively. The mortality rate was 60% and sequelae were seen in 13 of the
      surviving 20 patients. The unfavorable prognosis of neonates with meningitis
      forces us to establish an early diagnosis, make every effort to identify the
      causing agent and try new medications as well as co-adjuvant treatments.

PMID- 2285467
TI  - [Congenital and neonatal varicella. A report on 9 cases].
AB  - Varicella infection in the first month of life is rare. Neonates may be infected
      through the placenta or in the perinatal period. In Mexico, the experience with
      neonatal varicella infection is limited; on the other hand this disease may be
      misdiagnosed in the neonate. The purpose of this work is to inform nine patients
      which presented varicella in the neonatal period; in six cases the disease was
      observed after the 10th but before the 30th day of life; in the remaining cases,
      the disease was present before the 10th day. Only one patient was premature. Five
      patients developed varicella in the hospital; in three cases, the mother
      presented the disease nine, eight, and one day prior delivery; one patient was
      exposed to varicella in his home. Four patients died but only in one case the
      death was attributed to varicella.

PMID- 2285468
TI  - [Total necrosis of the colon as a complication of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome].
AB  - Two cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) with colonic gangrene are analyzed.
      Colonic gangrene is an uncommonly reported complication, and it determines a
      greater severity of the disease, and consequently additional therapeutic measures
      should be taken. One of the patients died and the survivor needed colonic
      resection, external ileostomy, and arteriovenous hemofiltration to overcome his
      renal failure. In the long term follow up this patient recovered uneventfully.
      The initial features were similar for most of the patients with this disease. The
      sudden decompensation with hypotension, toxic aspect, bulged and painful abdomen,
      with blood stools, could indicate this complication. The patient that was
      undertaken to an aggressive surgical approach had a favorable outcome. In the
      other patient, complications such as sepsis and septic shock were present with
      fatal outcome. We believe that this was in part due to the delayed surgical
      treatment. Reports in the literature suggest a poor prognosis in the presence of
      this complication, because of protracted renal damage and chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2285469
TI  - [Incontinentia pigmenti. A report of 2 familial cases].
AB  - Six patients, four still in a pediatric age, included in two family cases of
      pigmenti incontinence are presented; there exists a previous family history of
      this disease in cases which have not been considered before. A review of the
      literature with a discussion of the clinical aspects observed in this group of
      patients was carried out.

PMID- 2285470
TI  - [11q distal trisomy due to a familial 11;18 translocation].
AB  - A seven-month-old boy with a distal trisomy 11q resulting from a maternal
      t(11;18)(q23;p11) is described. His main clinical features were
      microbrachycephaly, long philtrum, retracted lower lip, short neck, cardiac
      septal defect, and psychomotor retardation. It is concluded that the phenotype of
      the trisomy 11q is independent of the size of the duplication whenever the
      segment 11q23----qter is involved.

PMID- 2285471
TI  - [Encephalo-dura-arterial synanastomosis in children with moyamoya disease].

PMID- 2285472
TI  - Diazepam effects on the exploratory behaviour of rats in an elevated runway:
      evidence for biphasic effects of benzodiazepines.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the validity of the fear-reduction model of
      benzodiazepine (BZ) action on the exploration of novelty. According to this
      hypothesis an animal given a tranquilizer should selectively increase the amount
      of investigative behaviour in the more novel portion of an elevated maze. To
      permit comparison of the same behaviours at both ends of the maze, an elevated
      runway was built with a wall running lengthwise along the midline of one end. In
      the first experiment, male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with diazepam (2.0 mg/kg,
      i.p., -30 min) compared to saline-treated animals, increased the time spent
      exploring the open end of the runway but not the wall end of the runway, thus
      supporting the fear-reduction model. However, saline-treated animals, made less
      fearful by repeated prior exposure to the runway, did not show a similar increase
      in open-end exploration. Instead, they habituated to the novelty of the runway,
      as grooming and sitting still replaced investigation. In Experiment 2,
      exploration was rewarded by adding to the open end of the runway a patch of
      litter soiled by a female rat. This produced a behavioural pattern in naive
      saline-treated rats very similar to that seen in naive diazepam-treated rats in
      the first experiment. In Experiment 3, diazepam potentiated the habituation of
      rats previously familiarized with the runway. The initial increase and subsequent
      decrease in exploration caused by diazepam were encompassed by the biphasic model
      of BZ action more adequately than either the fear-reduction or reward-enhancement
      models.

PMID- 2285473
TI  - Radial maze performance following hippocampal kindling.
AB  - The relation between hippocampal epileptiform activity and 8-arm radial maze
      performance was assessed following repetitive afterdischarges (ADs) evoked by
      stimulation of the hippocampal CA1 region (kindling). Hippocampal kindling,
      whether to stage V (generalized) convulsions or to a preconvulsive stage, induced
      deficits in radial maze performance, evaluated by correct arm entries in 8
      choices or total maze run (trial) time. The deficits persisted at least until 21
      days after the last AD. Hippocampal interictal spikes (ISs) were induced by
      kindling, but the rate of ISs declined to near zero in a few days. The rate or
      presence of ISs was not related to maze performance.

PMID- 2285474
TI  - Red nucleus lesions do not affect limb preference or use, but exacerbate the
      effects of motor cortex lesions on grasping in the rat.
AB  - The corticospinal and rubrospinal systems are thought to collaborate in the
      production of skilled forelimb movements in primates. This study examined whether
      this relation holds in rodents. Limb preference and limb skill were assessed in a
      reaching-for-food task in rats with ibotenic acid lesions of the red nucleus or
      combined red nucleus lesions and aspirative motor cortex lesions. Major findings
      were: (1) Unilateral red nucleus lesions did not influence subsequent development
      of limb preference in naive rats. (2) Unilateral red nucleus lesions in
      pretrained rats failed to affect the incidence of reaching (total reaches) and
      reaching success (hit percent) by either the contralateral or ipsilateral limb.
      (3) Whereas motor cortex lesions impaired subsequent use of the contralateral
      limb, additional red nucleus lesions did not change total reaches or hit percent,
      but did produce moderate qualitative changes in limb accuracy and paw opening
      during grasping. The results demonstrate that in the rat, the red nucleus is not
      essential for the ballistic component of reaching but may contribute to fine
      motor control.

PMID- 2285475
TI  - Failure of amygdaloid lesions to increase the threshold for self-stimulation of
      the lateral hypothalamus and ventral tegmental area.
AB  - It has been proposed that the directly stimulated axons underlying the rewarding
      effect of medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation originate in the forebrain
      and descend at least as far as the ventral tegmentum. However, little is known
      about the location of the somata that give rise to these axons. Among the nuclei
      that contribute fibers to the descending component of the MFB and project past
      the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are cell groups
      within the amygdaloid complex. In this study, the rewarding effectiveness of
      stimulating the LH and VTA was measured before and after the amygdaloid complex
      was damaged by electrolytic lesions. Changes in rewarding effectiveness were
      inferred from shifts in the frequency required to sustain a half-maximal rate of
      lever-pressing at each of 3 currents. Following the lesions, there was no clear
      evidence of substantial, sustained decreases in rewarding effectiveness at the 14
      stimulation sites, although one subject ceased to self-stimulate reliably. Given
      that the lesions damaged the principal amygdaloid sources of descending MFB
      fibers, these results suggest that the amygdaloid complex is not a major source
      of the directly activated fibers responsible for the rewarding effect of MFB
      stimulation.

PMID- 2285476
TI  - Acquired word deafness, and the temporal grain of sound representation in the
      primary auditory cortex.
AB  - This paper explores the nature of the processing disorder which underlies the
      speech discrimination deficit in the syndrome of acquired word deafness following
      from pathology to the primary auditory cortex. A critical examination of the
      evidence on this disorder revealed the following. First, the most profound forms
      of the condition are expressed not only in an isolation of the cerebral
      linguistic processor from auditory input, but in a failure of even the perceptual
      elaboration of the relevant sounds. Second, in agreement with earlier studies, we
      conclude that the perceptual dimension disturbed in word deafness is a temporal
      one. We argue, however, that it is not a generalized disorder of auditory
      temporal processing, but one which is largely restricted to the processing of
      sounds with temporal content in the milliseconds to tens-of-milliseconds time
      frame. The perceptual elaboration of sounds with temporal content outside that
      range, in either direction, may survive the disorder. Third, we present
      neurophysiological evidence that the primary auditory cortex has a special role
      in the representation of auditory events in that time frame, but not in the
      representation of auditory events with temporal grains outside that range.

PMID- 2285477
TI  - Knowing that 'Colorado' goes with 'Denver' does not imply knowledge that 'Denver'
      is in 'Colorado'.
AB  - Patient Boswell, who is severely amnesic for both retrograde and anterograde
      material, can provide the correct state name for a particular city, given the
      name of the city, e.g. given 'Denver' he will respond 'Denver ... Colorado', an
      ability that, by itself, would suggest that he knows about each item in the set
      and about their connection. However, he cannot name cities in a state, and he is
      unable to provide even superficial information about the unique characteristics
      of most cities and states. We investigated this phenomenon with several
      experiments. In the first (State Completion), Boswell was given names of cities
      in the U.S.A., and asked to provide the associated state name; in the second
      (City Generation) we asked him to provide names of cities located in particular
      states. For State Completion, Boswell correctly supplied state names for 53% of
      the items, and he improved to 94% correct in a forced choice paradigm. For City
      Generation, his performance was markedly inferior to that of controls; in fact,
      he produced only 4 city names for a total of 27 different states. In another
      experiment, in which Boswell was asked to give specific characteristics of cities
      and states, he was also severely defective. The dissociations suggest that the
      ability to complete a well-learned verbal set (e.g. Denver-Colorado), given its
      first component, implies nothing about (1) the underlying verbal or non-verbal
      knowledge associated with either item in the set, or (2) their relationship to
      one another. The maintenance of this ability depends on a circumscribed cortical
      region of the dominant hemisphere, which includes Brodmann's field 22 and part of
      fields 21 and 37.

PMID- 2285478
TI  - Staircase procedure and constant stimuli method in cat psychophysics.
AB  - We measured 73.5% correct just noticeable differences (JNDs) in bar orientation
      with the method of constant stimuli and with a Wetherill and Levitt staircase
      procedure, using a total of 25 cats. For the same number of trials per threshold
      assessment, the variability of the threshold remained independent of the testing
      method used. However, the JNDs measured using the method of constant stimuli were
      significantly influenced by the range of the orientation differences (ODs)
      utilized for measuring the JND. This effect was particularly large in
      incompletely trained cats, but it also was significant in extensively trained
      subjects. On the other hand, staircase threshold measurements were not affected
      by the starting OD, independently of how well the animals had been trained. This
      shows that the staircase procedure is a more efficient instrument with which to
      measure JNDs in orientation than is the method of constant stimuli. With the
      staircase procedure, we found that the JNDs measured at oblique reference
      orientations did not exceed those measured at principal reference orientations
      (no oblique effect). Two earlier studies from this laboratory using the method of
      constant stimuli did report an oblique effect. Our data suggest that this oblique
      effect might stem from a less efficient training at the right oblique reference
      orientation in these studies, combined with a relatively inefficient testing
      procedure such as the constant stimuli method.

PMID- 2285479
TI  - Variability as a characteristic of immature motor systems: an electromyographic
      study of swimming in the newborn rat.
AB  - Swimming behaviour was studied in neonate rats by carrying out electromyographic
      recordings. The study showed that the early swimming pattern was characterized by
      highly instable temporal parameters. A decrease was found to occur with age in
      the variability of the instantaneous period in each leg and in that of the
      antiphase pattern. Moreover, a dissociation occurred during development between
      the foreleg and the backleg activity. While patterns involving the forelegs
      always remained extremely instable, a considerable improvement was found to occur
      with time in the hindlimb activity.

PMID- 2285480
TI  - Homing behavior of hippocampus and parahippocampus lesioned pigeons following
      short-distance releases.
AB  - The avian hippocampal formation has been proposed to play a critical role in the
      neural regulation of a navigational system used by homing pigeons to locate their
      loft once in the familiar area near home. In support of this hypothesis, the
      homing performance of pigeons with target lesions of either the hippocampus or
      parahippocampus was found to be impaired compared to controls following releases
      of about 10 km. Further, radio tracking revealed that the in-flight behavior of
      the hippocampal lesioned homing pigeons was characterized by numerous direction
      changes and generally poor orientation with respect to the home loft. The results
      identify a local navigational impairment on the part of the hippocampal lesioned
      pigeons in the vicinity of the loft where landmark cues are thought to be
      important. Additionally, target lesions of the hippocampus or parahippocampus
      were found to be similarly effective in causing homing deficits.

PMID- 2285481
TI  - Control of arm movements in a 2-dimensional pointing task.
AB  - The present study analyses in humans the control principles of sequential,
      unpracticed pointing movements in a 2-dimensional space. Our data reveal that
      variable pointing errors add up within such sequences. This finding supports the
      hypothesis that movement amplitude rather than position is the controlled
      variable of the investigated movements.

PMID- 2285482
TI  - Effects of inferior colliculus lesions on the acoustic startle response.
AB  - "Nonspecific" electrolytic lesions (with respect to subdivision) of the mouse
      inferior colliculus (IC) resulted in the attenuation of acoustic startle response
      (ASR) amplitudes on the 1st post-operative day, but ASR amplitudes increased to
      above baseline levels 1 week later. Lesions of the IC central nucleus (CN) also
      attenuated ASR amplitudes on the 1st postsurgery day, but startle amplitudes
      recovered to baseline levels 1 week after surgery. Lesions of the IC lateral
      nucleus (LN) or dorsal cortex (DC) resulted in elevation of startle amplitudes
      above baseline 7 days after surgery and produced enhanced ASR amplitudes to
      repeated stimuli. Fourteen days after the surgery, lesion effects on startle
      amplitudes remained the same as those on Day 7 for each lesion condition. The
      present findings implicate the ICLN and the ICDC as inhibitory modulators of the
      ASR, but indicate only a minor role for the ICCN.

PMID- 2285483
TI  - Augmentation of the rat's acoustic startle reflex by nonreflexogenic stimuli.
AB  - The size of the rat's acoustic startle reflex was augmented by brief acoustic
      clicks (which did not themselves elicit startle) presented several milliseconds
      before the reflex-eliciting stimulus (RS). The same clicks presented after the RS
      gave relatively weak augmentation that was present in the 1st, but not the 2nd,
      testing session. Brief footshocks set to 75% of each animal's flinch threshold
      augmented startle when presented both before and after the RS in both testing
      sessions. Augmentation by a leading footshock increased with shock intensity and
      was unaffected by the intensity of the RS. Augmentation by a trailing footshock
      increased with shock intensity and also with the intensity of the RS. Reflex size
      is not fixed at the time of reflex elicitation but can be augmented by a later
      nonreflexogenic stimulus. Reflex augmentation may be caused by the 2nd member of
      a stimulus pair discharging elements of the reflex pathway that were partially
      activated by the 1st.

PMID- 2285484
TI  - Cells in the rat auditory system have sensory-delay correlates during the
      performance of an auditory working memory task.
AB  - Single unit activity was recorded from rat auditory cortex (AC), medial
      geniculate body (MGB), and inferior colliculus (IC) during performance of a
      continuous nonmatching-to-sample task. The rats made go and no-go responses to
      indicate whether the current tone was the same as (match) or different from
      (nonmatch) the preceding tone. Between 31% and 55% of the units from AC, MGB, and
      IC showed sensory correlates (differences in activity to the two types of tones),
      indicating an involvement in sensory discrimination. Twenty percent of the units
      from AC and MGB had delay correlates (sustained differential activity during the
      delay immediately after the tones), indicating an involvement in retention. Most
      of the units with delay correlates also had sensory correlates. These results
      suggest that the auditory system, especially AC and MGB, discriminates and
      retains auditory stimuli in an auditory working memory.

PMID- 2285485
TI  - Habituation in goldfish (Carassius auratus) is impaired by increased
      interstimulus interval, interval variability, and telencephalic ablation.
AB  - Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were fitted with electrodes and buccal catheters for
      monitoring electrocardiograms and ventilations, respectively. A 2-s "light-on"
      stimulus was repeatedly presented to groups of fish at fixed interstimulus
      intervals (ISIs) of 1 or 2 min or at variable ISIs with a mean duration of 1 or 2
      min. Normal fish, fish with telencephalic ablation, and fish with sham operations
      were compared for responsiveness and habituation to repeatedly presented stimuli.
      The longer the ISI, the greater the number of stimuli that were required for
      habituation. Increased ISI variability also decreased the rate of habituation.
      Furthermore, fish with telencephalic ablation had significantly slower
      habituation rates with both fixed and variable ISI schedules.

PMID- 2285486
TI  - Visual discrimination and reversal learning in the aged monkey (Macaca mulatta).
AB  - Visual discrimination and reversal learning were assessed in young adult (10-12
      years old, n = 4) and aged (23-27 years old, n = 5) female rhesus monkeys.
      Performance was comparable across age groups in many tasks, suggesting that the
      acquisition of stimulus-reward associations remains largely intact in the aged
      monkey. Most older subjects, however, required more training than any young
      animal to learn an initial pattern discrimination. In combination with previous
      findings from the same groups of monkeys, these data suggest that deficits in
      attending to the relevant stimulus features in novel testing procedures may
      contribute to poor performance in aged subjects across a variety of learning and
      memory tasks. In addition, preliminary findings from a discrimination probe
      procedure raise the possibility that aged subjects may adopt alternate testing
      strategies that compensate for some aspects of age-dependent cognitive
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2285487
TI  - Age and sex differences in the effects of selective temporal lobe lesion on the
      formation of visual discrimination habits in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).
AB  - Three-month-old infant monkeys with neonatal ablations of either cortical area TE
      or the amygdala and hippocampus and age-matched normal infants were trained in a
      concurrent object discrimination task with 24-hr intertrial intervals. Neonatal
      area TE lesions yielded a transient deficit in visual habit formation, present in
      the female monkeys only, whereas the same lesions in adult monkeys yielded a
      severe and long-lasting deficit in both males and females. Although pointing to a
      greater neural compensation for the early loss as compared with the later loss of
      cortical area TE, the results also corroborate a recent suggestion (Bachevalier,
      Hagger, & Bercu, 1989) that, at 3 months of age, area TE is more fully functional
      in females than in males. Neither early nor late amygdalohippocampal lesions
      impaired the ability to form visual discrimination habits, strengthening the
      proposal that the habit system uses a corticononlimbic circuit.

PMID- 2285488
TI  - Interhemispheric transfer of visual discriminations in split-chiasm monkeys
      (Macaca nemestrina) and its measurement.
AB  - The interhemispheric transfer of visual discriminations in split-chiasm monkeys
      (Macaca nemestrina) was assessed by training with one eye to a criterion level,
      then testing either with that same eye (control) or with the other eye
      (transfer). The difference between these two values was the loss due to transfer.
      A computer simulation suggested that the usual savings score could grossly
      misestimate transfer ability. In addition, stimuli with comparable left and right
      halves were used to minimize the effect of the bilateral hemianopia caused by
      chiasm section. Performance with the untrained eye was slightly, but
      statistically significantly, poorer than with the trained eye. No evidence of the
      phenomena of "learning to transfer" was found (i.e., there was no improvement in
      transfer ability in relation to concurrent intrahemispheric controls).

PMID- 2285489
TI  - The avian hippocampus: evidence for a role in the development of the homing
      pigeon navigational map.
AB  - Young homing pigeons were subjected to hippocampal lesion before being placed in
      their permanent loft to examine what effect such treatment may have on the
      development of their navigational map, which supports homing from distant
      unfamiliar locations. When later released from 3 distant unfamiliar locations,
      the hippocampal-lesioned pigeons were impaired in taking up a homeward bearing.
      The results identify a deficit in the acquisition of navigational ability after
      hippocampal ablation in homing pigeons. The results strongly suggest a deficit in
      navigational map acquisition, but alternative interpretations cannot be excluded.
      The findings offer the first insight into the central neural structures involved
      in the acquisition of the pigeon navigational map. Further, the results identify
      the hippocampus as a structure critical for the regulation of navigational
      behavior that manifests itself in a natural setting.

PMID- 2285490
TI  - Mediodorsal thalamic lesions and Pavlovian conditioning of heart rate and
      eyeblink responses in the rabbit.
AB  - Rabbits received ibotenic acid lesions of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
      (MD) or sham lesions. These animals were compared on 4 sessions of Pavlovian
      eyeblink and heart rate conditioning, in which a tone was the conditioned
      stimulus and a paraorbital electrical shock was the unconditioned stimulus.
      Lesions of MD retarded acquisition of the eyeblink conditioned response and
      abolished the late-occurring tachycardiac component of the heart rate conditioned
      response. The data are compatible with previous experiments suggesting that MD
      participates in the sympathetic control associated with somatomotor learning.

PMID- 2285492
TI  - Lesions of the cerebellar vermis and cerebellar hemispheres: effects on heart
      rate conditioning in rats.
AB  - The effects of lesions of the cerebellum on the acquisition of heart rate (HR)
      conditioned responses (CRs) were examined in rats. Large lesions of the
      cerebellar vermis severely attenuated the acquisition of differentially
      conditioned bradycardic responses in restrained rats without affecting
      unconditioned HR responses to the tone conditioned stimuli (CSs) or the shock
      unconditioned stimulus (UCS). In a second experiment, rats were trained
      unrestrained, and under these conditions the CR was tachycardia in control
      animals. Lesions of the vermis again severely attenuated acquisition of this CR
      without affecting unconditioned responses to the CSs or UCS. Bilateral lesions of
      the cerebellar hemispheres did not affect HR conditioning in either test
      procedure. It is concluded that the vermis of the cerebellum is an essential
      component of an HR conditioning circuit in the rat. The cerebellar hemispheres,
      which are critically involved in some discrete somatomotor CRs, apparently have
      no essential functional contribution to HR conditioning. The results of these
      experiments implicating the midline cerebellar vermis in autonomic conditioning
      are discussed in relation to contributions from a forebrain system involved in HR
      conditioning and in relation to lateral cerebellar contributions to discrete
      somatomotor CRs.

PMID- 2285491
TI  - Neuronal encoding of conditional stimulus duration in the cingulate cortex and
      the limbic thalamus of rabbits.
AB  - Neuronal activity in cingulate cortex was recorded during discriminative active
      avoidance conditioning of rabbits. In one subpopulation of neurons, brief (200
      and 500 ms) conditional stimuli (CSs) elicited greater average cingulate cortical
      training-induced neuronal discharges during conditioned response acquisition than
      did a long (5,000 ms) CS, and the amount of neuronal discrimination between CS+
      and CS- was greater in response to the brief CSs than to the long CS. Neurons in
      a different subpopulation did not encode CS duration per se but were sensitive to
      the novelty of the CS duration. Medial dorsal and anteroventral thalamic neurons
      were suppressed by novel CS durations that activated novelty-sensitive neurons in
      related cingulate cortical areas. These results are discussed in relation to a
      theoretical model of the neural mediation of avoidance conditioning.

PMID- 2285493
TI  - Prenatal cocaine exposure induces deficits in Pavlovian conditioning and sensory
      preconditioning among infant rat pups.
AB  - Offspring derived from Sprague-Dawley dams that received daily subcutaneous
      injection of 40 mg/kg.3 cc-1 cocaine hydrochloride (C40) or saline (LC) from
      Gestational Days 8-20 were tested for first-order Pavlovian conditioning and
      sensory preconditioning at Postnatal Days 8 (P8), P12, and P21. Although C40 dams
      gained significantly less weight than LC dams, pup body weights did not differ
      between the two groups. Significant sensory preconditioning was obtained at P8
      and P12 (but not at P21) in LC offspring, confirming previous reports of decline
      in performance in this task during ontogeny. In contrast, C40 offspring failed to
      exhibit sensory preconditioning at any test age. In addition, C40 pups tested at
      P8 did not display significant first-order conditioning. Taken together these
      results suggest a more general deficit in cognitive functioning rather than a
      delay in cognitive development in prenatally cocaine-exposed offspring.

PMID- 2285494
TI  - Dorsolateral connections of the medial preoptic area and maternal behavior in
      rats.
AB  - The lateral connections of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) are essential for
      maternal behavior in rats. The purpose of this study was to more exactly specify
      the nature of this pathway. Experiment 1 found that knife cuts that severed the
      dorsolateral connections of the MPOA were as effective as complete cuts in
      disrupting maternal behavior, whereas knife cuts that severed the ventrolateral
      MPOA connections were ineffective. These results suggest that MPOA efferents and
      afferents critical for maternal behavior leave or enter the MPOA dorsolaterally.
      Experiment 2 located possible sources of critical afferent input. Lactating rats
      received MPOA lateral cuts with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-coated wire knife.
      Full lateral cuts and dorsolateral cuts disrupted maternal behavior and labeled
      more cells with HRP in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the locus coeruleus
      than did ventrolateral cuts, which did not disrupt maternal behavior.

PMID- 2285496
TI  - Adverse drug reactions. An overview of special considerations in the management
      of the elderly patient.
AB  - The incidence of adverse drug reactions increases with aging, and the elderly are
      more likely to suffer serious or fatal reactions. Thus, morbidity and mortality
      are considerable in old patients, with 15% of those in hospital suffering a
      reaction, and many admitted as a consequence of one. The greater propensity of
      older patients for adverse drug reactions largely reflects the prescription of
      drugs to them, although over-the-counter purchases must also play a part. The
      elderly take more drugs per se (which is a reflection of multiple pathology), and
      more drugs with a narrow therapeutic index associated with a high risk of
      dangerous adverse reactions and drug interactions. They also have a reduced
      ability to withstand any reactions due to concomitant disease, and an altered
      pharmacokinetic and -dynamic response which tends to increase drug effects. The
      recommendation must be to use fewer drugs in older patients, perhaps trying
      alternative medicine first in nonacute conditions. Starting doses can often be
      reduced in the elderly, and clinical and therapeutic monitoring of effect is
      mandatory. The use of diuretics, antihypertensives, anti-Parkinsonian drugs and
      anticoagulants emphasise these points, and is discussed in detail together with
      digoxin, analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clear guidelines
      are given for the use of each of these classes of drug.

PMID- 2285498
TI  - Survival after unexpected high serum methotrexate concentrations in a patient
      with osteogenic sarcoma.
AB  - An 18-year-old female patient receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for osteogenic
      sarcoma developed a pruritic erythematous rash during infusion of the eighth dose
      of methotrexate (8 g/m2) in the series. In other respects, the infusion proceeded
      normally but the 24-hour serum concentration of methotrexate was unexpectedly and
      extremely high, 574 mumols/L. Dosing error was excluded, as was the hypothesis
      that the high concentrations were due to the presence of methotrexate-specific
      antibodies. Acute oliguria and renal failure were the primary manifestations of
      the drug-induced toxicity and the high concentrations can be attributed to
      decreased renal elimination of the drug over the first 24 hours. Treatment
      consisted of folinic acid rescue, forced diuresis, sequential charcoal
      haemoperfusion and haemodialysis, and repeated oral doses of activated charcoal.
      After examination of the contribution of the extracorporeal procedures and the
      charcoal to the elimination of the drug, the relative lack of morbidity was
      attributed primarily to the folinic acid rescue and the intensive supportive
      care.

PMID- 2285495
TI  - Poisoning due to class IA antiarrhythmic drugs. Quinidine, procainamide and
      disopyramide.
AB  - Quinidine, procainamide and disopyramide are antiarrhythmic drugs in the class 1A
      category. These drugs have a low toxic to therapeutic ratio, and their use is
      associated with a number of serious adverse effects during long term therapy and
      life-threatening sequelae following acute overdose. Class 1A agents inhibit the
      fast inward sodium current and decrease the maximum rate of rise and amplitude of
      the cardiac action potential. Prolonged Q-T interval and, to a lesser extent, QRS
      duration may be observed at therapeutic concentrations of quinidine. With
      increasing plasma concentrations, progressive depression of automaticity and
      conduction velocity occur. 'Quinidine syncope' (a transient loss of consciousness
      due to paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, frequently of the torsade de pointes
      type) occurs with therapeutic dosing, often in the first few days of therapy.
      Extracardiac adverse effects of quinidine include potentially intolerable
      gastrointestinal effects and hypersensitivity reactions such as fever, rash,
      blood dyscrasias and hepatitis. Procainamide produces electrophysiological
      changes that are similar to those of quinidine, although Q-T interval
      prolongation with the former is less pronounced at therapeutic concentrations.
      Hypersensitivity reactions including fever, rash and (more seriously)
      agranulocytosis are associated with procainamide, and a frequent adverse effect
      requiring cessation of therapy is the development of systemic lupus
      erythematosus. Of the 3 drugs, disopyramide has the most pronounced negative
      inotropic effects, which are especially significant in patients with pre-existing
      left ventricular dysfunction. As with quinidine, unexpected 'disopyramide
      syncope' at therapeutic concentrations has been described. Anticholinergic side
      effects are common with this drug and may require cessation of therapy.
      Disopyramide therapy may unpredictably induce severe hypoglycaemia. Severe
      intoxication with the class 1A agents may result from acute accidental or
      intentional overdose, or from accumulation of the drugs during long term therapy.
      Acute overdose can result in severe disturbances of cardiac conduction and
      hypotension, frequently accompanied by central nervous system toxicity. Decreased
      renal function can cause significant accumulation of procainamide and its active
      metabolite acecainide (N-acetyl-procainamide), resulting in severe intoxication.
      Mild to moderate renal dysfunction is less likely to lead to quinidine or
      disopyramide intoxication, unless renal failure is severe or concurrent hepatic
      dysfunction is present. Management of acute intoxication with class 1A drugs
      includes gut decontamination with provision of respiratory support and treatment
      of seizures as needed. Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate, by antagonising the
      inhibitory effect of quinidine on sodium conductance, may reverse many or all
      manifestations of cardiovascular toxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2285497
TI  - The relationship between oral contraceptive use, cancer and vascular disease.
AB  - An overview of the available epidemiological evidence on the connection between
      oral contraceptives and cancer or vascular disease is presented, including the
      observation that epidemiological studies have produced important indications for
      changing both the composition and prescription patterns of oral contraceptives to
      avoid a large proportion of vascular side effects. Further, the evidence is
      remarkably clear and consistent in relation to the elevated risks of cervical
      neoplasms and, although based on a limited number of small studies, of primary
      liver cancer; protection against endometrial and ovarian cancers up to middle
      age; and the absence of association with malignant melanoma. There are still
      uncertainties regarding breast cancer, mainly related to the role of time
      factors, and the potential persisting risk related to long term use at younger
      age: published studies, in fact, show elevated risks for long term use in women
      below age 35 or perhaps up to age 45, but no evidence of association in middle
      age. Since breast cancer and ovarian cancer account for most of the mortality
      burden in women up to age 50 or 55 in developed countries, a clarification of the
      risk relationship for these 2 neoplasms will determine most of the quantitative
      evaluation on positive or adverse effects of oral contraceptives. The impact of
      other neoplasms and of cardiovascular disease, on the basis of current oral
      contraceptive composition, is comparatively limited, if not negligible.

PMID- 2285500
TI  - In vitro tests for the measurement of clostridial toxins, toxoids and antisera.
      II. Titration of Clostridium perfringens toxins and antitoxins in cell culture.
AB  - The usefulness of cytopathic indicators for the titration of Cl perfringens beta
      and epsilon toxins has been investigated. Neutralization experiments with
      monoclonal antibodies have shown that the entities responsible for the lethal and
      dermonecrotic effects of Cl perfringens beta toxin preparations are identical.
      However, the cytopathic effects of the same preparations are caused by other
      entities. Therefore, titrations based upon lethal and dermonecrotic indicators of
      beta toxin are equally valid but those based on cytopathic effects are not.
      Similar experiments with Cl perfringens epsilon preparations have shown that
      their lethal, dermonecrotic and cytopathic activities are all caused by the same
      entity. It follows that all three activities can be valid indicators for toxin
      neutralization tests. Cell culture titrations of Cl perfringens epsilon antitoxin
      performed on rabbit sera at the levels of test prescribed by the European
      Pharmacopoeia have produced consistent results which agree closely with the
      dermonecrotic test. This test has, in turn, been shown to reflect the results of
      the mouse lethal test accurately. Titrations of cattle and sheep sera at lower
      levels of test have also produced results in close agreement with the in vivo
      test. It is concluded that cell culture titration offers a valid in vitro
      alternative to the use of mouse lethal and guinea-pig dermonecrotic indicators
      for the titration of sera generated in the course of potency tests and field
      trials of Cl perfringens epsilon vaccines.

PMID- 2285501
TI  - Rabies reference vaccine for use as a regional standard for Latin America and the
      Caribbean countries.
AB  - A candidate rabies reference vaccine of suckling mouse brain (SMB) origin was
      prepared and standardized at the Pan American Zoonoses Center (PAHO/WHO) and
      evaluated in a collaborative study involving seven laboratories. On the basis of
      three different tests, its potency, immunogenicity, and stability were
      demonstrated to be satisfactory. The vaccine was proposed for consideration of
      the Latin American and Caribbean countries as a regional standard to determine
      the potency of SMB vaccines, the most widely used in the Region.

PMID- 2285502
TI  - The effect of amphiphilic polymers on growth of Bordetella pertussis and
      production of B. pertussis haemagglutinins.
AB  - The effect, upon addition to a culture medium of amphiphilic polymers such as
      partly hydrolysed polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) or partly methylated cellulose (MeCel)
      on growth and production of haemagglutinins--the filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA)
      and the pertussis toxin (PT)--has been investigated. As a result, an increase of
      HA-titer and PT could be achieved. Besides these effects the addition of the
      amphiphilic polymers stimulated growth of B. pertussis. The above results are
      comparable to, or even better than, those obtained by addition of Heptakis (2,6-0
      dimethyl) beta-cyclodextrin (Me-beta-CD) or polyvinyul alcohols (PVA) which have
      already been described as compounds to enhance growth and yield of
      haemagglutinins.

PMID- 2285503
TI  - Development of a cell culture assay for Bordetella parapertussis heat-labile
      toxin.
AB  - A cell culture assay for heat-labile toxin isolated from Bordetella parapertussis
      has been developed. In this assay, the ability of heat-labile toxin to induce
      contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells is measured. The method allows for
      detection of as little as 0.6 ng/ml of the toxin. The results obtained from this
      in vitro assay correlated well with those obtained with in vivo assays indicating
      that the cell culture assay may be a useful alternative to animal assays.

PMID- 2285504
TI  - In vitro rabies vaccine potency appraisal by ELISA: advantages of the
      immunocapture method with a neutralizing anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibody.
AB  - The replacement of the in vivo potency test (NIH test) for rabies vaccine
      evaluation by in vitro methods is at present discussed in many reports and also
      by WHO expert working groups. For this purpose, in vitro glycoprotein titration
      has been proposed. Among the different glycoprotein assays, we have studied two
      ELISA methods (immunocapture and direct plate coating with the antigen to be
      tested) using neutralizing mono- and polyclonal antibodies. In our view, the
      immunocapture method based on the use of a neutralizing monoclonal anti
      glycoprotein antibody seems to be a convenient tool for the determination of the
      in vitro potency of rabies vaccine and of the products corresponding to the
      different steps of their production process.

PMID- 2285506
TI  - Report of a collaborative study for assessing the potency of hepatitis B
      vaccines.
AB  - A collaborative study was carried out to examine the suitability of a hepatitis B
      vaccine derived from plasma as an immunogenicity reference for vaccines produced
      by recombinant DNA technology in yeast. The use of a plasma derived vaccine as
      reference appeared satisfactory, although the use of homologous reference
      improved agreement in potency estimates. The use of a recombinant standard did
      not however improve agreement for a recombinant vaccine produced by a different
      manufacturer. The variation in the dilution of vaccine required to induce
      antibodies in 50% of test animals and in potency estimates varied widely between
      laboratories (25-fold and 10-fold respectively). However this was similar to the
      variation found in a previous collaborative study.

PMID- 2285505
TI  - Wide occurrence of measles virus subgenomic RNAs in attenuated live-virus
      vaccines.
AB  - Nine measles vaccine preparations, including four different viral strains,
      provided by eight different manufacturers were analysed by Northern blot for the
      nature of their nucleocapsid RNAs. Out of nine preparations, six were shown to
      contain subgenomic RNAs, along with the full length genomic RNA. Presence or
      absence of the subgenomic RNAs correlated strictly with the viral strains used.
      The role of the defective interfering particles in measles virus vaccine
      attenuation, and in its seroconversion efficacy upon vaccination, as well as the
      potential hazard of the presence of defective interfering particles in live-virus
      vaccine preparations, is discussed.

PMID- 2285507
TI  - Normal levels of von Willebrand factor antigen in human body fluids.
AB  - von Willebrand Factor antigen is present in serum, plasma, synovial fluid and
      semen, and absent from other body fluids including breast milk, urine, saliva,
      and cerebro-spinal fluid. Levels are higher in plasma relative to serum. There is
      no difference between levels in different sexes, and no increase with age, but
      levels in cord blood are raised.

PMID- 2285508
TI  - Integrated and chemically amplified foreign sequences in Chinese hamster ovary
      CHO cells.

PMID- 2285509
TI  - Object alternation and orbitofrontal system dysfunction in Alzheimer's and
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Previous performance on measures of frontal system function have suggested
      prominent orbitofrontal system damage in Alzheimer's disease, but not in
      Parkinson's dementia. Object alternation (OA), a task sensitive to orbitofrontal
      system dysfunction in non-human animals, was therefore administered to determine
      whether this measure would distinguish Alzheimer's from Parkinson's dementia. OA
      was significantly impaired in Alzheimer's disease compared to Parkinson's
      dementia, even though both groups were equated for severity of dementia. Although
      the patients with Parkinson's dementia also showed impairment on OA compared to
      normals, an error analysis revealed that the performance of the Alzheimer's
      patients, but not the Parkinson's patients, was characterized by abnormal
      response perseveration. The marked perseverative deficit in Alzheimer's disease
      may reflect orbitofrontal system dysfunction whereas the milder, and
      qualitatively different, deficits in Parkinson's disease may reflect dorsolateral
      frontal system involvement.

PMID- 2285510
TI  - Psychology of time awareness.
AB  - Mind transforms the continuance of physical space-time into moments (the absolute
      Now) and blends these moments into an apparent continuity through an overlapping
      of unfolding capsules. The flow of psychological time is an illusion based on the
      rapid replacement of these capsules. Each mind computes the measure of time
      passing and duration from the decay of the surface present in relation to a core
      of past events. As each new surface is generated, that surface, the rim of the
      immediate past, recedes in the wake of rising contents. This recession, an
      uncovering of phases latent in the original traversal, exposes layers in the past
      forming the content of the immediate past moment. The surge of the microgeny to a
      surface that dissolves the instant it appears, the priority of the Self in the
      unfolding sequence, the feeling of agency, create a Self in a state of becoming,
      a Self that travels in time like the crest of a wave, always in pursuit of a
      future just beyond the grasp of the present.

PMID- 2285499
TI  - Recent developments in the toxicology of anabolic steroids.
AB  - Anabolic steroids are extensively abused as ergogenic aids by athletes (and
      others). A number of features of anabolic steroid use and toxicology have been
      recently reviewed in the Journal, and a large body of data has accumulated
      concerning their toxic nature. The lipoprotein profile induced by anabolic
      steroids carries a markedly adverse cardiovascular risk. Glucose metabolism is
      significantly altered and includes peripheral insulin resistance,
      hyperinsulinaemia and attenuated responses to glucagon. Hypertension has been
      noted. Psychiatric and psychological alterations are major toxicities of anabolic
      steroids, and probably constitute the major mechanism of their action. Hepatic
      neoplasia occurs in the setting of abuse of this class of drugs, and may be
      related to their use, although there is no convincing evidence that other
      malignancies are induced in athletes who abuse them. Gross disturbance of
      reproductive function occurs in both sexes: hypogonadal states are common and
      prolonged. The anabolic steroids are toxic drugs with both long and short term
      effects. Their abuse by athletes is to be decried, particularly in view of the
      frequent and prolonged use by the young.

PMID- 2285511
TI  - Order of feature recognition in familiar and unfamiliar faces.
AB  - Three experiments measured order of processing for single faces presented to the
      left or right visual field (VF) using a same-different matching task. In contrast
      to earlier studies, the stimuli in the present experiments were carefully matched
      for overall similarity prior to the actual experiments. Experiments 1 and 2
      showed that a significant top-to-bottom order of processing occurred for line
      drawings of unfamiliar faces but not for line drawings of familiar faces.
      Experiment 3 found evidence supporting top-to-bottom processing for unfamiliar
      photographic face stimuli. The photographic stimuli in Experiment 3 were matched
      more quickly when presented in the left VF (right hemisphere); however, this VF
      asymmetry was not related to previously reported differences in order of
      processing. It is suggested that under some conditions faces presented to the
      right hemisphere may be processed more like familiar faces than faces presented
      to the left hemisphere; however, this difference is not critical for the left VF
      (right hemisphere) superiority often found in face recognition tasks.

PMID- 2285512
TI  - Asymmetric interlimb interference during the performance of a dynamic bimanual
      task.
AB  - The control of a dynamic bimanual task was examined by manipulating two
      independent factors that potentially influence interlimb interference. Subjects
      attempted to perform a unidirectional movement with either their preferred or
      nonpreferred arm while concurrently producing a sequential movement with the
      contralateral arm. The magnitude of force required to produce the more complex,
      sequential action was manipulated in addition to the arm with which it was
      performed. The degree of interlimb interference was determined through an
      analysis of limb kinematics. A clear performance asymmetry was noted, with
      greater interference evident when the sequential action was generated by the
      nonpreferred left arm than by the preferred right arm. The level of force needed
      to produce the sequential movement also directly influenced interlimb
      interference, but this effect was bilaterally symmetrical. The findings are
      generally consistent with a hierarchical view of movement organization comprising
      lateralized hemispheric specialization for the organization of time-domain
      characteristics of sequential actions, followed by nonlateralized metrical
      scaling of force parameters. Implications of the findings for "dynamical"
      descriptions of bimanual actions are also discussed.

PMID- 2285513
TI  - Event-related potentials and the semantic matching of pictures.
AB  - Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from one midline and three pairs of
      lateral electrodes while subjects determined whether pairs of sequentially
      presented pictures were semantically associated. The ERPs evoked by the second
      picture of each pair differed as a consequence of whether it was associated with
      its predecessor, such that ERPs to nonassociated pictures were more negative
      going than those to associated items. These differences resulted from the
      modulation of two ERP components, one frontally distributed and centered on an
      N300 deflection, the other distributed more widely over the scalp and
      encompassing an N450 deflection. The modulation of N450 is interpreted as further
      evidence that the "N400" ERP component is sensitive to semantic relationships
      between nonverbal stimuli. The earlier N300 effects, which do not appear to occur
      when ERPs are evoked by semantically primed and unprimed words, could suggest
      that the semantic processing of pictorial stimuli involves neural systems
      different from those associated with the semantic processing of words.

PMID- 2285514
TI  - Relationship between neuropsychological data and response to behavioral treatment
      in a case of carbon monoxide toxicity and dementia.
AB  - The ability of learning measures to predict a behavioral treatment response was
      of interest in this study. A severely impaired and behaviorally disturbed female
      neuropsychiatric patient was unable to demonstrate any learning on "direct" tests
      involving multiple free recall trials or cued paired associate recall. However,
      she performed normally on an "indirect" test involving implicit learning of new
      associations. To assess whether direct or indirect measures tapped the kind of
      learning required by a positive reinforcement-based treatment approach, a token
      program was carried out. There was a 72.5% reduction in maladaptive behavior
      relative to baseline, indicating a positive treatment response. The results are
      discussed in terms of the potential treatment utility and predictive validity of
      indirect measures of learning and memory and the relation of neuropsychological
      data to intervention issues in general.

PMID- 2285515
TI  - Are variations among subjects in lateral asymmetry real individual differences or
      random error in measurement? Putting variability in its place.
AB  - The current research investigates sources of variability in subjects' asymmetry
      scores on commonly used laterality tasks. In particular, subjects' asymmetry
      scores on four bilateral tachistoscopic tasks and one free-vision task were
      entered into a principal component analysis (PCA) in order to investigate
      components that explain the maximum variance of the sample. The results indicate
      that about half of the variation (45.2%) in asymmetry scores on both
      tachistoscopic and free-vision tasks is attributable to individual differences in
      characteristic perceptual asymmetry. The amount of variance explained by this
      characteristic perceptual asymmetry component is similar in a sample of dextrals
      and a sample of sinistrals. No significant relation was revealed between
      individual differences in characteristic perceptual asymmetry and performance on
      various verbal and spatial cognitive tasks.

PMID- 2285516
TI  - Neuroendocrine hemisphere asymmetries: salivary cortisol secretion during
      lateralized viewing of emotion-related and neutral films.
AB  - The study set out to examine whether the cerebral hemispheres differ in their
      ability to regulate cortisol secretion during emotion-related situations. One
      hundred twenty-three adult subjects were shown either an emotionally aversive or
      a neutral film in the left or right hemisphere by means of a technique for
      lateralizing visual input that allows prolonged viewing while permitting free
      ocular scanning. The film-related changes of cortisol secretion were determined
      by salivary cortisol radioimmunoassay. Right hemispheric viewing of the
      emotionally aversive film resulted in a significantly higher increase of cortisol
      secretion than left hemispheric viewing of the same film. No such differences
      were observed with respect to the neutral film. Comparing the effects of the two
      films separately for each hemisphere revealed that only the right hemisphere was
      able to respond neuroendocrinologically in a different manner to the emotional
      and the neutral film. Therefore, it is concluded that cortical regulation of
      cortisol secretion in emotion-related situations is under primary control of the
      right hemisphere. The potential implications of asymmetric control of cortisol
      secretion with respect to the pathogenesis of psychosomatic and immunological
      disorders are discussed.

PMID- 2285517
TI  - Human tumour necrosis factors-alpha and -beta: differences in their structure,
      expression and biological properties.
AB  - Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and lymphotoxin (LT or TNF-beta) are
      cytokines, best known for their cytotoxic or cytostatic effects on some tumour
      cells. They are structurally related, compete for a common receptor, and are
      potent inducers of similar biological responses. TNF-alpha and LT appear to have
      distinct three-dimensional structures because they differ greatly in their
      sensitivity to various proteases and chemical agents, and antibodies raised
      against one cytokine do not cross-react with the other cytokine. The closely
      linked TNF-alpha and LT genes are independently regulated since many cell types
      produce only TNF-alpha or LT. Expression of the TNF-alpha gene can be controlled
      either at the transcriptional or at the post-transcriptional level. In some cell
      types, TNF-alpha and LT induce qualitatively or quantitatively different
      biological responses, and LT can antagonize the action of TNF-alpha. The
      disparate biological activities of TNF-alpha and LT may be related to their
      different interactions with a common receptor. It is possible that TNF-alpha and
      LT have different physiological roles.

PMID- 2285518
TI  - Induction of tumour-specific immunity by manipulating the expression of major
      histocompatibility complex molecules on tumour cells.
AB  - Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules form part of the target
      structure recognized by the host cytotoxic T cells (CTL) to reject tumour cells.
      Many types of malignant tumour cells are reported in which expression of class I
      MHC genes is down-regulated. By DNA-mediated gene transfer, it is possible to re
      express the 'missing' syngeneic (genetically identical) or to introduce 'new'
      allogeneic (genetically dissimilar) class I MHC genes into these MHC-deficient
      tumours. In both instances, the immunogenicity of the transfected tumour cells is
      greatly enhanced and results in their rejection in vivo. More importantly, these
      'modified' tumour cells, which are positive for class I MHC molecules, can
      simultaneously generate an immunity against the 'wild-type' tumour cells which do
      not express these molecules. These observations suggest the distinct possibility
      of using gene transfer as a molecular immunotherapeutic approach to abrogate
      tumour growth.

PMID- 2285519
TI  - Diet and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
AB  - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a disease with a remarkable racial and
      geographical distribution. It is very rare (incidence of less than 1 per 100,000
      person-years) in most parts of the world and only a handful of populations are
      known to deviate from this low-risk profile, which include people of southern
      China. Eskimos and other natives of the Arctic region, natives of southeast Asia,
      and mainly Arab populations of north Africa and Kuwait. There is now convincing
      evidence implicating dietary factors as the primary cause of NPC among Chinese. A
      series of case-control studies conducted in various Chinese populations with
      distinct risks of NPC, ranging from the very high-risk Cantonese to the
      relatively low-risk Northern Chinese, have suggested that ingestion of salted
      fish and other kinds of preserved foods by the Chinese constitutes the most
      important cause of NPC development among these people. Preliminary data on Malays
      in southeast Asia, Eskimos in Alaska, and Arabs of north Africa also suggest that
      ingestion of preserved foods by these population groups may be responsible for
      their raised incidence of NPC.

PMID- 2285520
TI  - The predictive value of Tc-99m DTPA renography in obstructive uropathy using
      animal model.
AB  - There is no simple analytical test. Radionuclide diuretic renography (RDR), being
      a dynamic imaging study reflecting the function of the kidney and the urodynamics
      of the urinary tracts, has the potential to predict the outcome of surgery in
      obstructive uropathy. In 12 sheep, we occluded one ureter for a maximum of seven
      weeks and followed up for a maxim of five weeks after release of occlusion.
      Repeated Tc-99m DTPA diuretic renography studies were performed and the results
      were correlated with the duration of complete ureteric occlusion. The renal
      uptake percentage and the extraction slope of the time activity curve (TAC)
      showed progressive and steady decrease over the period of the occlusion. By the
      fifth week there was very low uptake (less than 18%) and the TAC was almost flat,
      suggestive of severe nephropathy. The parenchymal transit time index (PTTI)
      showed immediate rise after occlusion but with no progressive increase in its
      value. By the fifth week it dropped down to normal. After release, the recovery
      of function showed good correlation with the renal uptake percentage and
      extraction slope of TAC before release of occlusion. Therefore both these
      parameters, rather than PTTI, can be used to predict the outcome of surgery
      before the release of complete obstruction of the ureter.

PMID- 2285521
TI  - Iron dextran: bone imaging patterns of absorption--a case report.
AB  - This case illustrates two different patterns of absorption of Iron Dextran in the
      gluteal soft tissues due to an intramuscular and a more proper Z-track technique.
      A 65 year old female presented to the nuclear medicine service for a bone scan to
      rule out metastatic disease from a surgically resected colon cancer. While the
      first bone scan showed no evidence of metastases, an abnormal accumulation of
      Technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate was noted in the left gluteal soft tissue
      region.

PMID- 2285522
TI  - MR image time-intensity relations in spleen and kidney: a comparative study of
      GdDTPA, albumin-(GdDTPA), and Gd2O3 colloid.
AB  - Magnetic resonance images were performed using a gradient recalled echo sequence
      with acquisition of images every 30 s in anesthetized rats before and after
      intravenous bolus injections of 100 microns/kg GdDTPA, 60 microns/kg albumin
      (GdDTPA), and 60 microns/kg Gd2O3 colloid. All three agents caused significant
      enhancement of the renal cortex, and even greater enhancement of the spleen.
      GdDTPA showed an early peak at 11 s followed by a wash-out as blood
      concentrations fell, whereas albumin-(GdDTPA) and Gd2O3 showed sustained tissue
      enhancement. The enhancement in each organ was equivalent for albumin-(GdDTPA)
      and Gd2O3 which stay intravascular; but 30% less for GdDTPA which enters the
      interstitial space. In addition GdDTPA showed an initial enhancement of the renal
      medulla but then a subsequent loss of signal, whereas albumin-(GdDTPA) resulted
      in a greater enhancement of the medulla as compared to the cortex. We conclude
      that time-intensity studies of local tissue response to MR indicators reflect
      tissue physiological parameters such as perfusion, blood volume, and
      concentrating ability in a semiquantitative manner.

PMID- 2285523
TI  - Diagnostic and functional implications of pelvocalyceal system nonvisualization
      on [99m]Tc-DTPA renal images.
AB  - Most functional abnormalities observed on 99mTc-DTPA renal images probably
      reflect GFR changes and the functional consequences of these changes. We have
      noted an unexplained failure of the pelvocalyceal system to visualize in some
      patients during the renal imaging sequence. This led us to study the relationship
      between pelvocalyceal nonvisualization and GFR, and to search for plausible
      explanations of the absent visualization. In 41 patients with combined renal
      imaging and GFR determinations, pelvecalyceal nonvisualization was seen only with
      GFR values below 20 ml/min. The sign was 100% sensitive and 100% specific
      predicting GFR less than 20 and serum creatinine above 2.9 mg/dl. In vitro
      studies revealed markedly reduced amounts of DTPA chelate in the urine of
      patients with GFR less than 20, but in addition they had decreased tubular water
      reabsorption leading to dilution of the already reduced urine chelate contents.
      The reduced amounts of 99mTc-DTPA per ml of pelvocalyceal urine may account for
      the nonvisualization of this system. It may be that the intensity of the
      pelvocalyceal system reflects the adequacy of both the GFR, and the water
      reabsorptive function of the renal tubules.

PMID- 2285524
TI  - Exercise-induced ST-segment elevation in leads over infarcted area and residual
      myocardial ischemia in patients with previous myocardial infarction.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of exercise
      induced ST elevation in patients who had previous myocardial infarction.
      Electrocardiographic leads were placed over the infarcted area in 65 patients who
      had previous myocardial infarction (PMI; isolated left anterior descending
      coronary artery disease). All patients also had stress thallium scan. Exercise
      induced ST changes in leads placed over patients' infarcted areas were compared
      with the extent of both their myocardial ischemia [thallium ischemic score (TIS)]
      and the area of their infarcted tissue [defect score (DS)]. The latter was
      derived from a circumferential profile analysis. In patients who had PMI less
      than three months after the onset of myocardial infarction (n = 36), the left
      ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the extent of abnormal left ventricular
      wall motion did not significantly differ from those in patients with exercise
      induced ST elevation (greater than 2 mm, n = 26; less than 2 mm, n = 10). In
      patients who had PMI more than three months after the onset of myocardial
      infarction (n = 29), patients with high exercise-induced ST elevation (greater
      than 2 mm, n = 15) showed left ventricular dyskinesis more frequently than those
      with low ST elevations (less than 2 mm, n = 14). In addition, the former showed
      higher DS and lower TIS than the latter. In patients who had PMI less than three
      months after onset (n = 26), 73% of those with ST elevations with prominent
      upright T waves (n = 15) also had transient thallium defects in their infarcted
      areas. They also had higher LVEF and TIS than those with low ST elevations (less
      than 2 mm, n = 11). These results indicated that exercise-induced ST elevations
      in leads placed over the infarcted areas are to be interpreted differently
      depending on the degree of recovery of injured myocardial tissue.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285525
TI  - Wegener's granulomatosis and anti neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA).
      Proceedings of a symposium. Zweibrucken, 1990.

PMID- 2285526
TI  - Histopathological findings in biopsies from patients with Wegener's
      granulomatosis.

PMID- 2285527
TI  - Histopathological differentiation of systemic necrotizing vasculitides.

PMID- 2285528
TI  - Clinical manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis.

PMID- 2285529
TI  - Overview on systemic vasculitides other than Wegener's granulomatosis.

PMID- 2285530
TI  - Spleen involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis: two case reports.

PMID- 2285531
TI  - Current classification and definitions of autoantibodies to neutrophil
      granulocytes.

PMID- 2285532
TI  - The relation of 29 kD C-ANCA antigen to proteinase 3.

PMID- 2285533
TI  - ANCA related antigens.

PMID- 2285534
TI  - Possible pathogenetic implications of ANCA in vasculitic syndromes.

PMID- 2285535
TI  - Criteria for disease activity in Wegener's granulomatosis: a requirement for
      longitudinal clinical studies.

PMID- 2285536
TI  - [The histopathological definition of Wegener's granulomatosis].

PMID- 2285537
TI  - The effect of immunosuppressive treatment on ANCA.

PMID- 2285538
TI  - Activation of blood coagulation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with
      Wegener's granulomatosis and related disorders.

PMID- 2285539
TI  - Therapeutic modalities in patients with generalized Wegener's granulomatosis (WG)
      and related diseases.

PMID- 2285540
TI  - Treatment of primary systemic vasculitis.

PMID- 2285541
TI  - Alternative treatment strategies in Wegener's granulomatosis: first results of a
      prospective study.

PMID- 2285542
TI  - Ciclosporin in the treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and related
      diseases.

PMID- 2285543
TI  - Infectious complications in the management of systemic vasculitis and rapidly
      progressive glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Patients with microscopic polyarteritis and Wegener's granulomatosis are often
      elderly. At present 10-20% of these patients will die from infection in the first
      three months of immunosuppressive treatment. Therapeutic strategies initially
      must maximize anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects and minimize the
      later in the longer term. Regimens with pulse MP combined with low dose
      prednisolone (ie 20 mg/day), together with oral or pulsed cyclophosphamide in the
      first weeks followed by maintenance treatment with azathioprine and prednisolone
      are suggested--with PE reserved for those requiring dialysis, lung haemorrhage,
      or uncontrolled vasculitis.

PMID- 2285544
TI  - Treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

PMID- 2285546
TI  - Combination of plasmapheresis with subsequent pulse cyclophosphamide as initial
      treatment of severe Wegener's granulomatosis.

PMID- 2285545
TI  - Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP) as an effective therapy for Wegener's
      granulomatosis (WG)--three more cases.

PMID- 2285547
TI  - [Reoperations after insertion of heart valve prosthesis].
AB  - The authors analysed 167 repeated operations after heart valve prosthetics, which
      were conducted from 1978 to 1988. The operations were undertaken for the second
      time mainly in a severe contingent of patients. The reasons for the repeated
      operations were specific complications according to which 2 groups of patients
      were set apart: with dysfunction of the prosthesis of noninfectious origin and
      with prosthetic endocarditis. Study showed that repeated operative intervention
      undertaken in time reduces considerably its risk and produces a stable positive
      effect in most cases.

PMID- 2285548
TI  - [Anomalies of atrioventricular valves in origin of the aorta and pulmonary artery
      from the right heart ventricle].
AB  - Anomalies of the atrioventricular valves may influence essentially the choice of
      the method and volume of surgical intervention in origin of the aorta and
      pulmonary artery (PA) from the right ventricle (RV). The results of morphological
      study of 55 heart specimens with origin of the aorta and PA from the RV are
      analysed; structural anomalies of the atrioventricular valves were revealed in 19
      of them (34.5%). The anomalies were surgically significant only in 16.4% of
      cases. Isolated anomalies of biventricular attachment, simultaneous biventricular
      attachment and displacement of one of the atrioventricular valves, and anomalous
      chordae and supernumerary fibrous structures connected to the atrioventricular
      valves, etc. were the most commonly encountered anomalies of the atrioventricular
      valves in origin of the aorta and PA from the RV. The frequency and complexity of
      anomalies of the atrioventricular valves in origin of the aorta and PA from the
      RV were determined by the morphology of the cardiac complex, the type of the
      anomaly, and the side involved in the pathology of the atrioventricular valves.
      The complexity of the atrioventricular valve disorders in such cases could
      influence noticeably the volume of the surgical intervention. Anomalies of the
      atrioventricular valves in origin of the aorta and PA from the RV were
      encountered most frequently in malposition of the heart or discordant
      atrioventricular connection. The frequency of anomalies of the tricuspid valve
      was much higher than that of mitral valve anomalies, but the last named were
      surgically significant in most cases as a rule.

PMID- 2285549
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery of the mitral valve using a soft synthetic half-ring].
AB  - A soft synthetic semi-ring was used in reconstructive-plastic operations on 36
      patients with rheumatic mitral insufficiency; it was sutured in the projection of
      the posterior cusp. The operative techniques and the immediate results are
      described. Lethality was 5.5%.

PMID- 2285550
TI  - [Correction on congenital heart defects under conditions of hypothermia without
      perfusion and non-inhalation anesthesia].
AB  - The clinical and pathophysiological indices were determined in the operative and
      immediate postoperative periods in 221 patients with various congenital heart
      diseases, with consideration for the degree of preoperative disorders of
      hemodynamics. The operations were conducted under conditions of non-inhalation
      anesthesia and various-level hypothermal protection without perfusion, with
      exclusion of the heart from circulation for up to 52 minutes. The main
      complications developing in the operative and postoperative periods were
      determined. It is proved that the processes of metabolism and blood oxygen
      transport function are interlinked in operations conducted under these
      conditions. It is also proved that the operations are safe and effective.

PMID- 2285551
TI  - [Vascular ring: classification, clinical aspects, diagnosis and principles of
      surgical treatment].
AB  - In the period between 1978 and 1989 operations were conducted on 56 patients with
      symptoms of the vascular ring (VR). The diagnosis of the disease was established
      on grounds of the clinical picture and the results of esophagography and
      angiocardiography. Double arch of the aorta (DAA) was recognized in 28 patients,
      anomalies of the right arch of the aorta (RAA) with VR formation in 25, and
      anomalies of the left arch of the aorta (LAA) in 3 patients. In 29 patients VR
      was combined with another congenital heart disease (CHD): with Fallot's tetralogy
      (FT) in 9 patients, with ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 4, and with
      coarctation of aorta (CA) in one patient. RAA anomalies were combined with FT in
      6, with VSD in 4, and with CA in one patient. LAA anomalies were combined with
      VSD in 3 and with CA in one patient. VR separation was carried out through left
      anterior posterolateral thoracotomy in 91% of cases and through right thoracotomy
      in the remaining cases. In combination of VR with CHD the VR was corrected in one
      stage and then the CHD was corrected under extracorporeal circulation.
      Combination of RAA with FT allowed anastomosis with the use of a divided proximal
      stump of the left arch of the aorta to be established in 6 cases. In the group of
      56 patients one died from hemorrhage during the operation. The late-term results
      are good.

PMID- 2285552
TI  - [Assessment of the state of implanted extracardiac conduits by NMR-tomography].
AB  - The object of the work was to reveal the unique possibilities of a highly
      effective noninvasive method NMR-tomography in evaluating the functional
      condition of extracardiac conduits in experiments. Conduit models with a
      stationary flow of blood and 10 dogs with implanted left ventricular-aortic
      conduit were studied. The studies were conducted on a Soviet MT-1000 NMR
      tomograph. In all studies with diverse cross sections a distinct location of the
      heart and the large blood vessels and a "new" left ventricular outlet tract was
      achieved. Minute features of the inner architectonics of the pumping chamber and
      the lining of the conduit were detected which could not be found by the routine
      methods. The study allowed certain conclusions to be made concerning the
      promising application of NMR tomography in the cardiosurgical clinic. With the
      use of the method some recommendations may be given for optimization of the
      designs of extracardiac conduits.

PMID- 2285554
TI  - [Initial experience in the clinical use of xenogeneic diaphragm in correction of
      heart septal defects].

PMID- 2285553
TI  - [Determination of heart parameters in correction of congenital heart defects].
AB  - The work deals with determination of the heart parameters prior to and during
      correction of congenital heart diseases. Analysis of the cardiometric values of
      67 normally formed hearts of children aged 0 days to 12 years revealed the most
      intimate correlative connections with the highest coefficient of multiple
      determination between heart parameters in all age groups. The connection between
      some parameters is lost after the age of 3 years. Multidimensional correlative
      regressive analysis showed that the relationship between the heart parameters may
      be expressed by linear functions. Their dependence may be represented by the
      equation y = b0 + b1x1 + b2x2. The needed heart parameter may be determined
      proceeding from one or two known parameters by programming on a computer,
      angiocardiographically, echocardiographically or directly during correction of
      the congenital heart disease using result tables of multidimensional correlative
      regressive analysis.

PMID- 2285555
TI  - [Doppler ultrasonics in the solution of tactical problems of the surgical
      treatment of patients with obliterating diseases of the arteries of the lower
      limbs].
AB  - The work deals with the analysis of the results of ultrasonic dopplergraphic
      examination (USDG) of the blood flow in the lower limbs of 251 patients with
      various stages of obliterating diseases of the lower limb arteries. The authors
      developed the tactics of treatment in different anatomical variants of affections
      of the vascular bed with consideration for the results of USDG, in "story"
      occlusions among others. The role of USDG in prognosticating the results of
      reconstructions and in the regular medical examination of the patients in the
      late-term postoperative period is shown. The importance of ultrasonic examination
      in the recognition of developing late reocclusions is emphasized. Preventive
      vascular reconstructions in the prethrombotic stage of the process makes it
      possible to improve the late-term results of surgical treatment of occluding
      diseases of the main arteries of the lower limbs.

PMID- 2285556
TI  - [Noninvasive assessment of the system of peripheral arteries using the method of
      ultrasonic pan-arteriography].
AB  - The authors developed a method for studying the whole arterial system, except for
      the coronary arteries, by means of ultrasonic techniques. It was based on the
      conception of the generalized nature of atherosclerosis presuming the existence
      of some specific types of the process which may be classified into 5 categories
      (according to DeBakey) depending on the main focus of distribution of the
      disease. The method was named pan-arterial ultrasonography. It includes a series
      of ultrasonic examinations performed by means of Doppler's ultrasonic scanning
      apparatus operating in B-regimen with various transducers for determining the
      arterial blood flow and imaging the various arterial segments. The authors
      examined successfully 716 patients by the method.

PMID- 2285557
TI  - [Use of original valve devices on a catheter in the correction of aortic valve
      insufficiency (results of testing unit studies].
AB  - A defective aortic valve removed from a cadaver was installed on a testing unit
      imitating systemic circulation. The defect (insufficiency of the valve) was
      corrected by means of valvular devices consisting of a thin elastic membrane
      which was flat and round in one case and shaped like a spherical vault in the
      other; the devices were fastened on the distal end of a catheter. The authors
      present the values of pressure in the heart, aorta and coronary arteries and the
      minute circulation volume before and after correction of the defect. It is
      concluded that the suggested valvular devices are efficient and further study is
      expedient.

PMID- 2285558
TI  - [Experimental evaluation of the use of elastomer threads in vascular surgery].
AB  - Experiments were conducted for comparative analysis of the use of elastic
      (Spandex) and nonelastic (Eticon) threads for the formation of anastomoses in
      vascular surgery. The results were studied in follow-up periods of up to 18
      months. Thrombosis occurred at the site of anastomosis only in 6.8% of cases in
      which elastic threads were applied in contrast to 30% of cases in which
      nonelastic threads were used. Microscopy in the first case revealed neither
      marked inflammatory reaction nor necroses, which promoted regeneration and the
      formation of the neointima. In the second case, on the one hand, the nonelastic
      anastomosis between two elastic tubes creates conditions for thrombus formation,
      and on the other, the tension occurring periodically in this zone causes damage
      to the tissues and prevents rapid formation of the neointima.

PMID- 2285559
TI  - [Leukocyte transfusion in complex treatment of acute pulmonary suppurations].
AB  - The authors studied the effect of transfusions of a leukocyte suspension on the
      main clinico-immunological values of homeostasis in 56 patients with acute
      pyodestructive diseases of the lungs. They found that inclusion of leukocyte
      transfusions in the complex of therapeutic measures produced a marked clinical
      effect, reduced the term of treatment, and allowed successful control of
      endotoxicosis and immunodeficiency in patients with pulmonary suppuration. Immune
      leukocytes obtained according to a specially developed method had a more marked
      immunocorrective effect.

PMID- 2285560
TI  - [Improvement of the transthoracic method of puncture sanitation in complex
      treatment of lung abscess].
AB  - A method of transthoracic puncture sanitation treatment of the cavity of a lung
      abscess with the use of a needle of an original design and the proteolytic enzyme
      karipazyme (0.5% solution) is suggested. Fifty-two patients with abscess of the
      lung (main group) were treated by this method, 46 (88.4 +/- 4.4%) were cured, in
      5 (9.6 +/- 4.1%) transformation to a chronic abscess occurred, one patient (1.9
      +/- 1.7%) died. Transthoracic puncture with a commonly used needle and
      administration of antibiotics into the cavity of the abscess were performed in 57
      patients (control group). Thirty-eight patients (66.7 +/- 9%; p less than 0.05)
      recovered, chronic abscess formed in 14 patients (27.6 +/- 5.9; p less than
      0.05), 5 patients (8.7 +/- 3.7%) died. The duration of treatment of patients in
      the main group was reduced by 16.1 days. The method of skin coloured liquid
      crystal thermography was employed in 28 patients to determine the optimal point
      for puncturing the abscess, as the result of which complications were avoided and
      the number of failures in puncture of the lung destruction cavity reduced by
      half.

PMID- 2285561
TI  - [Biomechanical properties of the human esophageal wall and their significance in
      surgery].
AB  - The authors studied the biomechanical and acoustic properties of the esophageal
      wall as well as the roentgeno-optic density of the esophagus according to its
      anatomical parts in a wide age range. The mechanical properties were found to be
      heterogeneous and anisotropic. Their characteristics changed under the effect of
      atropine and acetylcholine. The property of being distorted and strength decrease
      in esophagitis, rigidity increases. The rate of spreading of ultrasound increases
      in compression and ageing but reduces in esophagitis. The obtained data make it
      possible to develop new methods of diagnosis and management of diseases of the
      esophagus.

PMID- 2285562
TI  - [Prognostication of surgical risk in surgery of the lungs].

PMID- 2285563
TI  - [Mitral valve prosthesis because of bacterial endocarditis in a 2-year-old
      child].

PMID- 2285564
TI  - [Successful aorto-superior mesenteric artery shunt in acute mesenteric
      thrombosis].

PMID- 2285565
TI  - [Hemorrhagic pneumonitis with recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage].

PMID- 2285566
TI  - [Esophageal cyst].

PMID- 2285567
TI  - A participative approach to cost reduction.

PMID- 2285568
TI  - Current problems confronting community health services--Part 1.

PMID- 2285569
TI  - Topical and systemic antibiotics: is there a rationale?
AB  - Topical and systemic antibiotic therapy is common in dermatology, yet it is hard
      to find a rationale for a particular route in some diseases. Any rational choice
      needs to take efficacy, cost, and the likelihood of antibiotic resistance into
      account. Aspects of these factors are discussed in relation to the therapy of
      infectious and noninfectious bacterial skin diseases.

PMID- 2285570
TI  - The role of microorganisms in atopic dermatitis.
AB  - The course of atopic dermatitis is widely determined by environmental factors
      such as physical or psychogenic stress and reactions to allergens or
      microorganisms. The latter include bacteria, viruses and fungi, especially
      Staphylococcus auerus, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Pityrosporum orbiculare.
      In childhood, Impetigo around the big joints is frequently seen, while the
      characteristic reaction to S. auerus in the young adults is pruritic pustules on
      the extremities or an exacerbation of the eczema to an exudative dermatitis.
      Similarily, P. orbiculare may induce a flare-up of the eczema of the head and
      neck, while HSV may cause a true wide-spread infection known as eczema
      herpeticum. An immunological disorder, a fragile skin, and special properties of
      the microorganism may account for the altered response to infection or severe
      colonization in the patient with atopic eczema. During exacerbations of the
      eczema, supplementary treatment with proper antimicrobial agents has been shown
      to be of great value.

PMID- 2285571
TI  - The role of microorganisms in psoriasis.
AB  - The microflora of 297 psoriasis patients was extensively examined. Throat, urine,
      and skin surfaces from scalp, ears, chest, face, axillary, submammary, umbilical,
      upper back, inguinal crease, gluteal-fold, perirectal, vaginal, pubis, penis,
      scrotal, leg, hands, feet, finger, and toenail areas were cultured for aerobic
      bacteria, yeast, and dermatophytes. Antibody levels to streptococcal enzymes were
      performed (streptolysin-O, DNAse-B, hyaluronidase, STREPTOZYME). Giemsa smears
      and KOH preparations were also used to determine yeast and dermatophyte presence.
      Associated organisms thought to provoke a psoriatic attack were as follows:
      streptococcal groups A, B, C, D, F, G, S viridans, S pneumoniae; Klebsiella
      pneumoniae, oxytoca; Escherichia coli; Enterobacter cloacae, E aerogenes, E
      agglomerans; Proteus mirabilis, P vulgaris; Citrobacter freundii, C diversus;
      Morganella morganii; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P maltiphilia, P putida; Serratia
      marcescens; Acinetobacter calbio aceticus, A luoffi; Flavobacterium specie; CDC
      groups Ve-1, Ve-2, E-o2; Bacillus subtilis, cereus; Staphylococcus aureus;
      Candida albicans, C parapsilosis; Torulopsis, glabrata; Rhodotorula and
      dermatophytes. One or more antistreptococal enzyme tests was positive in 50% of
      patients. Titers to hepatitis E were elevated in one patient and to HIV in two
      patients.

PMID- 2285572
TI  - Lyme borreliosis: aspects of tick-borne Borrelia burgdorferi infection from a
      dermatologic viewpoint.
AB  - During this decade, Lyme borreliosis has emerged as an important health problem,
      especially in Europe and in the United States, and there has been an explosive
      growth of knowledge about this condition. The true incidence of lxodes-borne
      borrelial infection is probably increasing, at least in parts of the world, but
      the reported increase is also partly attributable to a greater recognition and
      awareness of this infection. This paper reviews the basic knowledge about
      Borrelia burgdorferi, its vectors, and its reservoirs. The tendency for Lyme
      borreliosis to mimic other diseases and the similarities to syphilis are
      described. The nomenclature of the dermatologic manifestations and the staging of
      the disease as a localized, disseminated, and chronic infection are summarized.
      The clinical manifestations, from the dermatologist's point of view, and the
      sometimes difficult task of diagnosis both at the clinical and laboratory level
      are reviewed. The dermatologic manifestations erythema migrans, secondary,
      multiple erythema migranslike skin lesions, borrelial lymphocytoma, and
      acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans may serve as helpful landmarks in the
      identification of Lyme borreliosis.

PMID- 2285573
TI  - The pathogenic staphylococci.

PMID- 2285575
TI  - The influence of various factors on the human resident skin flora.
AB  - Various factors, e.g. prolonged occlusion, skin disinfectants, systemic
      antimicrobials, can have an impact on the ecosystem of the normal human skin
      flora for a short time. These impacts are of clinical importance in the treatment
      of some skin diseases, where members of the normal human skin flora are involved
      in the pathogenesis of the disease, e.g. Propionibacterium acnes in acne
      vulgaris, Corynebacterium species in erythrasma, trichomycosis palmellina and
      pitted keratolysis, Pityrosporum orbiculare/ovale in Pityriasis versicolor,
      Pityrosporum folliculitis and others. Using the standardized forehead skin test,
      SFST, proposed by us, antibacterial short-term effects including the action
      degree profile, the action time profile, and the depth penetration profile of a
      topically applied antibacterial agent can be measured. Testing 60 v/v%
      isopropanol, 60 v/v% n-propanol, povidone iodine (aques solution), 3 w/v%
      salicylic acid in 50 v/v% isopropanol and 1 v/v% phenoli liquefacti in 50 v/v%
      isopropanol, salicylic acid showed equivalent reduction factors as 60 v/v% n
      propanol immediately after the application. With the modified SFST, salicyclic
      acid tincture produced a 50-fold higher bacterial density reduction 12 hours
      after the fourth application and a 100-fold reduction 12 hours after the eighth
      application in comparison with 60 v/v% isopropanol. Salicylic acid, mainly used
      in dermatotherapy as a keratolytic agent, fulfills all these above mentioned
      requirements including a well antimicrobial efficacy. Since Salicyclic acid is
      also effective against yeast and dermatophytes, the substance has some advantages
      over other antimicrobials used in the dermatotherapy.

PMID- 2285574
TI  - Microbiology of specialized skin: the vulva.
AB  - Human vulvar skin is an example of specialized skin. This is not only true for
      its gross and microscopic anatomy and physiology, but also for its microbiology.
      To the microbiologist, the vulva consists of several distinct ecotopes. These are
      defined by the physical factors, especially occlusion, nutrient factors, and by
      the close proximity to the vagina, the urethra, and the anus, which may result in
      contamination with the flora typical for those sites. Of the vulva ecotopes, only
      the labia majora have been seriously studied. The microbial flora of the labia
      majora is characterized by a high density of microorganisms, as is typical for
      occluded areas of the body, by the presence of organisms common for
      intertriginous skin such as gram-negative rods, and by the carriage of organisms
      unique for the vulva and probably related to urethral and vaginal flora such as
      the nonpathogenic neisseria, lactobacilli, and Gardnerella vaginalis. Finally,
      the labia majora skin is a preferred site of Staphylococcus aureus carriage that
      can be of clinical and epidemiological relevance.

PMID- 2285576
TI  - Antifungal drugs in dermatology.

PMID- 2285577
TI  - Programme on substance abuse. Drug consumption.

PMID- 2285578
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium in water supplies.

PMID- 2285579
TI  - A repeated measurements model with applications in psychology.
AB  - The multivariate Burr distribution is discussed in relation to the analysis of
      repeated measures data in psychology. The ease of coping with censored and
      missing observations is particularly highlighted. A numerical example involving
      test scores of low IQ institutional patients is used to illustrate the method.

PMID- 2285580
TI  - Aromatase and other inhibitors in breast and prostatic cancer.
AB  - Estrogens have an important role in the growth of breast and other hormone
      sensitive cancers. We have shown that 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OHA)
      selectively blocks estrogen synthesis by inhibiting aromatase activity in ovarian
      and peripheral tissues and reduces plasma estrogen levels in rat and non-human
      primate species. In postmenopausal men and women, estrogens are mainly of
      peripheral origin. When postmenopausal breast cancer patients were administered
      either by daily oral or parenteral weekly treatment with 4-OHA, plasma estrogen
      concentrations were significantly reduced. Complete or partial response to
      treatment occurred in 34% of 100 patients with advanced breast cancer, while the
      disease was stabilized in 12%. We recently studied the effects of 4-OHA and other
      aromatase inhibitors, 10-propargylestr-4-ene-3,17-dione (PED) and imidazo[1,5
      alpha]3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrin-6-yl-(4-benzonitrile) (CGS 16949A) as well as 5
      alpha-reductase inhibitors, N,N-diethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5 alpha-androstane
      17 beta-carboxyamide (4-MA) and 17 beta-hydroxy-4-aza-4-methyl-19norandrost-5-en
      3-one (L651190) in prostatic tissue from 11 patients with prostatic cancer and
      six patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and from normal men at
      autopsy. We attempted to measure aromatase activity in tissue incubation by
      quantitating 3H2O released during aromatization of androstenedione or
      testosterone labeled at the C-1 position. The amount of 3H2O released from all
      samples was at least twice that of the heat inactivated tissue samples. The 3H2O
      release was significantly inhibited by 4-OHA and 4-MA, but not by the other
      aromatase inhibitors. However, when HPLC and TLC were used to isolate steroid
      products, no estrone or estradiol was detected in the incubates. Furthermore, no
      aromatase mRNA was detected following amplification by PCR. The 4-OHA was found
      to inhibit 5 alpha-reductase in both BPH and cancer tissue, although to a lesser
      extent than 4-MA. The other aromatase inhibitors were without effect. Although a
      mechanism involving intraprostatic aromatase is not likely, inhibitors may act to
      reduce peripherally-formed estrogens. In postmenopausal breast cancer, the
      results indicate that 4-OHA is of significant benefit.

PMID- 2285581
TI  - Relationship between tumour aromatase activity, tumour characteristics and
      response to therapy.
AB  - Aromatase activity has been measured in human breast cancers by incubating tumour
      minces with [7 alpha-3H]testosterone and characterizing purified oestradiol (E2)
      fractions by chemical derivative formation. Of 247 primary tumours, 178 showed
      evidence of oestrogen biosynthesis, levels varying between 0.5 and 12.5 fmol E2
      produced/h/g tissue. These values were quantitatively small but at least
      comparable with those in other peripheral tissues. There was no correlation
      between presence or level of aromatase activity and the histopathology of the
      tumours although oestrogen biosynthesis was more likely to be present in more
      cellular tumours. Aromatase activity was also unrelated to age, menopausal
      status, lymph node status and T stage of the patient from which the tumour was
      derived. In a subgroup of patients presenting without clinical evidence of
      distant metastatic disease, no significant relation was detected between tumour
      aromatase and disease-free interval, but tumours without aromatase activity were
      associated with increased survival at 36 months after primary treatment. A
      statistically significant correlation was also detected between the presence of
      tumour aromatase and oestrogen receptors. Furthermore, in small subgroups of
      patients with "advanced" breast cancer tumour aromatase was related to response
      to aminoglutethimide but not tamoxifen therapy. Whilst these results do not
      conclusively define a role for local synthesis of oestrogen in the progression of
      breast cancer, this possibility still exists and further studies on tumour
      aromatase are warranted.

PMID- 2285582
TI  - Cholecystokinin and gastrointestinal cancer.
AB  - The gut hormone cholecystokinin exerts various actions on the gastrointestinal
      tract, including the regulation of growth. The hormone has been reported to
      induce hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pancreas and to enhance chemically
      induced pancreatic carcinogenesis in animals. Stimulation of endogenous
      cholecystokinin secretion through the induction of deficiency of intraintestinal
      proteases and bile salts by trypsin-inhibiting nutrients, bile salt-binding drugs
      or surgical intervention is also capable of stimulating growth and tumour
      development in the rat. In man, factors suggested to increase the risk of
      pancreatic cancer, such as a high-fat and high-protein diet or gastrectomy, are
      known to stimulate plasma cholecystokinin secretion. Receptors for
      cholecystokinin have been demonstrated on human pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and
      cholecystokinin has been demonstrated to enhance the growth of xenografted
      pancreatic cancer and to inhibit growth of gastric and bile duct cancer. The
      recently developed cholecystokinin-receptor antagonists inhibit not only
      pancreatic growth but also pancreatic carcinogenesis in animals. These new drugs
      may be valuable new tools for inhibiting pancreatic cancer growth in humans.

PMID- 2285583
TI  - Manipulation of cell cycle kinetics: influence on the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin
      in human breast cancer cells.
AB  - In vitro exposure of estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) EVSA-T human breast cancer
      cells to insulin and/or estradiol had no effect on cell cycle distribution, in
      contrast to a 3-5-fold increase in the percentages of cells in the S-phase of the
      cell cycle in the ER+ MCF-7 cell line. Estrogen pretreatment of MCF-7 cells
      followed by incubation with doxorubicin resulted in an augmented inhibition of
      cell growth compared to unstimulated controls. This delay in growth was
      accompanied by a decrease in the percentages of cells actively synthesizing DNA,
      and by an augmented percentage of cells exhibiting a G2M-amount of DNA at the end
      of a 6-9 day period of culture in complete growth medium.

PMID- 2285585
TI  - Androgen-primed chemotherapy-experimental confirmation of efficacy.
AB  - A current hypothesis suggests that androgen administration prior to chemotherapy
      (androgen priming) may potentiate tumor cytotoxicity in prostate cancer. The
      Dunning R3327G rat prostatic tumor model was used to test this concept
      experimentally. Control groups without priming included (1) intact untreated, (2)
      castrate alone and (3) castrate+ chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, 30 mg/kg/day for
      2 days with repeat cycle in 25 days- CTX). Two experimental groups received
      androgens, one before and one after chemotherapy. Treatment effect was monitored
      by quantitating tumor volume and animal survival. Control groups receiving
      castration and chemotherapy had a retardation of tumor growth and a prolongation
      of survival when compared to untreated animals. Androgen priming before but not
      after chemotherapy enhanced the degree of tumor suppression. With the androgen
      priming protocol, all androgen-primed tumors had regressed, 3/6 tumors had
      disappeared and 3 were only palpable. At the same time point, tumors in all the
      other groups were actively growing and had volumes greater than the initial
      values (P less than 0.01). Median survival was significantly prolonged in primed
      animals 191 vs 40 days for untreated animals and 150 days for the nonprimed
      castration + chemotherapy animals (P less than 0.02). These findings have been
      repeated with several replicate experiments. These observations confirm the
      hypothesis that androgen priming can potentiate chemotherapy in an experimental
      system.

PMID- 2285584
TI  - Assessment of estrogenic recruitment before chemotherapy in advanced breast
      cancer: preliminary results of a double-blind randomized study of the EORTC
      Breast Cancer Cooperative Group.
AB  - We investigated whether estrogenic recruitment could enhance the antitumor effect
      of chemotherapy in 165 patients with advanced breast cancer, presumably sensitive
      to hormonal treatments (ER + and/or PgR + lesions). The therapeutic regimen
      consisted of: (a) estrogenic suppression by aminoglutethimide 1 g/day +
      hydrocortisone 40 mg/day; surgical castration in premenopausal patients only; (b)
      FAC (5FU 500 mg/m2; ADM 50 mg/m2; CPA 500 mg/m2) for 3 weeks; (c) following
      randomization, exactly 24 h prior to chemotherapy, patients had to take 1 tablet
      of either placebo (PL) or 50 microgram ethinylestradiol (EE2). Tolerance,
      responses, time to progression and median survival were identical in both groups.
      Thus, EE2 before chemotherapy did not contribute to the efficacy of this
      particular therapeutic regimen, which yielded an overall response rate of 64%. We
      conclude that the validity of the hormonal recruitment concept has not yet been
      established in clinical practice, so that this approach remains experimental.

PMID- 2285586
TI  - Modulation of oestrogen receptor activity by oestrogens and anti-oestrogens.
AB  - The oestrogen receptor is a member of a supergene family that includes receptors
      for steroid and thyroid hormones, vitamin D3, and retinoic acid. A number of
      additional members of the family have been cloned where the putative ligand
      remains to be identified. The oestrogen receptor is a ligand-activated
      transcription factor that modulates specific gene expression by binding to short
      DNA sequences (oestrogen response elements) located in the vicinity of oestrogen
      regulated genes. Regions of the receptor responsible for hormone-binding. DNA
      binding and activation of transcription, have been identified. The anti
      oestrogen, tamoxifen (Nolvadex), behaves as a weak oestrogen agonist. A model,
      based upon our current understanding of the molecular mechanism of oestrogen
      action, will be presented to explain the cell and gene specific effects of some
      anti-oestrogens.

PMID- 2285587
TI  - Transition of human breast cancer cells from an oestrogen responsive to
      unresponsive state.
AB  - An in vitro model system is described for studying the problem of loss of steroid
      sensitivity in breast cancer cells. Growth of cloned oestrogen-sensitive human
      breast cancer cells in the long-term absence of steroid gives rise to a
      population of oestrogen-insensitive cells. In ZR-75-1 cells, the effect is clonal
      but occurs at high frequency suggesting a mechanism affecting a wide proportion
      of the cell population synchronously. This does not involve any reduction in
      oestrogen receptor number. Furthermore, there is no coordinated loss of oestrogen
      sensitive molecular markers, showing that oestrogen receptors remain not only
      present but functional. These growth changes are not accompanied by any loss of
      growth inhibition by antioestrogen. Although steroid deprivation does not result
      in loss of oestrogen-sensitive markers, this does not hold true for other
      steroids. There was a reduction in progestin, androgen and glucocorticoid
      regulation on transfected LTRs. Loss of steroid-sensitive growth was accompanied
      by changes in response to exogenous growth factors and altered endogenous growth
      factor mRNA production. Steroid-deprived T-47-D cells acquire sensitivity to
      stimulation by TGF beta and have raised TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 mRNA levels. ZR
      75-1 cells are growth inhibited by TGF beta and have reduced TGF beta 1 mRNA
      levels. In MCF-7 cells, increased IGFII mRNA, following transfection, can result
      in an increased basal cell growth rate in the absence of steroid. These findings
      are discussed in relation to possible autocrine mechanisms in the loss of steroid
      sensitivity of breast cancer cells.

PMID- 2285588
TI  - Sensitivity and insensitivity of breast cancer to tamoxifen.
AB  - Tamoxifen is the endocrine treatment of choice for breast cancer. In several
      laboratory models in vivo tamoxifen is a tumoristatic agent. When MCF-7 breast
      cancer cells are inoculated into athymic mice, palpable tumors do not grow unless
      the animals are treated with estrogen, and tamoxifen inhibits estrogen-stimulated
      growth. If tamoxifen is stopped, tumors regrow. These results suggest that
      adjuvant tamoxifen therapy should involve long treatment periods (even lifetime)
      to prevent tumor recurrence. Unfortunately resistance to therapy and patient
      relapse inevitably occur, and such disease recurrence involving tamoxifen
      resistance is difficult to treat successfully. A laboratory model of endocrine
      therapy failure has been developed. When athymic mice with MCF-7 tumors are
      treated for 6-8 months with tamoxifen, several tumors grew and continued to grow
      in tamoxifen-treated mice. These estrogen receptor-positive tumors grow with
      either tamoxifen or estradiol. Tamoxifen-stimulated tumor growth has been
      observed in human endometrial tumors implanted into athymic animals. Growth of
      these tamoxifen-stimulated tumors can be inhibited with the pure antiestrogen ICI
      164,384 upon withdrawal of tamoxifen. These data are discussed in terms of
      treatment strategies for tamoxifen-failed patients.

PMID- 2285589
TI  - Therapeutic potential of pure antioestrogens in the treatment of breast cancer.
AB  - Novel 7 alpha-analogues of 17 beta-oestradiol like ICI 164,384, differ from all
      antioestrogens described previously in being entirely free of partial agonist
      activity. In adult rats, ICI 164,384 blocks completely the stimulatory effects of
      endogenous or exogenous oestrogens and produces a castration-like involution of
      the uterus without affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. If
      analogous effects were achieved in patients, peripherally-selective complete
      oestrogen withdrawal would occur, which presents a novel pharmacological option
      not achieved by any current treatment. Studies with human breast cancer cells
      showed that ICI 164,384 reduced to a greater extent than did tamoxifen, the
      mitotic fraction. This difference may reflect a synergistic stimulatory
      interaction between serum growth factors like insulin, and the partial agonist
      effect of tamoxifen which is not seen with ICI 164,384. In long-term culture in
      the presence of ICI 164,384 no resistant cell lines developed, as has been
      observed previously in studies with tamoxifen. Pure antioestrogens might thus
      have a further therapeutic advantage over partial agonists like tamoxifen in
      reducing the probability of treatment failure due to the regrowth of tumours from
      resistant cells.

PMID- 2285590
TI  - Anti-steroidal and anti-growth factor activities of anti-estrogens.
AB  - Both steroid hormones, such as estrogens and progestins acting via nuclear
      receptors, and growth factors, such as EGF, IGF-I and IGF-II acting via
      transmembrane receptors, are able to modulate the growth of human breast cancer
      cells. In addition to its anti-estrogenic action requiring estrogen receptor (ER)
      and leading to growth arrest, we have previously shown that the anti-hormone
      tamoxifen (Tam) is able to block EGF, insulin and IGF-I mitogenic activities in
      total absence of estrogens (BBRC, 146,1502,1987). This anti-growth factor
      activity is observed exclusively in ER + cells and is rescued by estradiol
      addition, thus suggesting that it is mediated by accessible ER sites. In the same
      culture conditions, progestins and anti-progestins do not display such an
      inhibition, whereas retinoic acid does, thus indicating that this anti-growth
      factor effect is not restricted to ER ligands. To progress in the understanding
      of this inhibition, we first analyzed how Tam could affect EGF and IGF-I binding
      in responsive cells. We have shown that Tam neither affects EGF and IGF-I binding
      to their respective receptors by direct competition nor modulates their
      affinities. However, our recent data suggest that Tam pretreatment (6 days) of
      MCF7 cells, which similarly prevents EGF and IGF-I mitogenic activities, results
      in opposite effects on the concentrations of their binding sites. In conclusion,
      we propose that some steroid antagonists can inhibit not only the action of
      agonist ligands of the receptors they are binding to, but can also modulate the
      action of growth factors by decreasing their receptor concentrations or altering
      their functionalities.

PMID- 2285591
TI  - Antitumor activity and mechanism of action of different antiprogestins in
      experimental breast cancer models.
AB  - Onapristone and other antiprogestins proved to possess a potent antitumor
      activity in several hormone-dependent experimental breast cancer models. This
      activity is as strong or even better than that of tamoxifen or ovariectomy in the
      MXT-mammary tumor of the mouse and the DMBA-and MNU-induced mammary tumor of the
      rat. The antitumor activity is evident in these models in spite of elevated serum
      levels of ovarian and pituitary hormones. The detailed analysis of all our data
      including the morphological (ultrastructure) studies of the mammary tumors of
      treated animals and the effects on growth and cell cycle kinetics using DNA flow
      cytometry indicates that the antitumor action of antiprogestins is mediated via
      the progesterone receptor and related to the induction of terminal cell
      differentiation leading to increased cell death. The strong antitumor activity of
      antiprogestins in our experimental breast cancer models does not primarily depend
      on a classical antihormonal mechanism. The antiprogestin-related reduction of the
      number of mammary tumor cells in the S-phase in our experimental tumor models
      (G0G1 arrest) emphasizes the unique innovative mechanism of action of these new
      agents in the treatment of human breast cancer.

PMID- 2285592
TI  - Treatment of breast cancer with different antiprogestins: preclinical and
      clinical studies.
AB  - Treatment with antiprogestins is a new treatment modality for breast cancer.
      Previously, in rats with DMBA-induced mammary tumors we observed significant
      growth inhibitory effects of chronic treatment with the antiprogestin
      mifepristone (RU486). In addition, in 11 postmenopausal breast cancer patients,
      we observed one objective response, six instances of short-term stable disease,
      and four instances of progressive disease. Side-effects appeared mainly due to
      antiglucocorticoid properties of the drug. Increased plasma estradiol levels were
      observed which probably resulted from ovarian (rat) and adrenal (patients)
      steroidogenesis. Combined treatment with an antiestrogen in the rat model caused
      additive growth inhibitory effects. Tumor inhibition after single treatment with
      mifepristone or tamoxifen was 90 and 75%, respectively. In contrast, when
      combined, tumor remission similar to that caused by LHRH-agonist treatment (50%)
      was observed. Even higher tumor remission was found after combined treatment with
      mifepristone plus LHRH-agonist (75%). In first studies in the rat model we
      observed significant tumor growth inhibitory effects with two new antiprogestins
      of seemingly greater potency which cause less unfavorable endocrine side-effects.
      IN CONCLUSION: combined treatment (antiprogestin plus antiestrogen or LHRH
      agonist) may be of value in endocrine therapy of breast cancer.

PMID- 2285593
TI  - Stimulatory and inhibitory growth factors and breast cancer.
AB  - While steroid hormones act as endocrine effectors of growth and development of
      normal breast and of carcinogenesis and progression of malignant breast, recent
      evidence suggests that local hormonal effectors also exist. These are the growth
      regulatory growth factors. This article summarizes current status of our
      understanding of structure and function of growth factors secreted by the normal
      and malignant mammary epithelium. While growth inhibitory factors and their
      receptors generally suppress development of the transformed phenotype and promote
      differentiation, growth stimulatory factors and their receptors may be necessary
      for both normal proliferation and early stages of malignant progression of breast
      cancer. Overexpression of two receptors, c-erbB-2 and EGF receptor, have also
      been associated with poor prognosis in the clinical disease.

PMID- 2285594
TI  - Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) as a marker for poor prognosis in node
      negative breast cancer patients: neu and tamoxifen failure.
AB  - Analysis of EGFr and ER was performed on tumour samples from 231 patients with
      operable breast cancer followed for up to 6 yr after surgery. The median duration
      of follow-up in patients still alive at the time of analysis was 45 months.
      Thirty-five percent of patients (82) had tumours greater than 10 fmol/mg 125I-EGF
      binding (EGFr+) and 47% (109) had cystolic ER concentration greater than 5
      fmol/mg (ER+), with a marked inverse relationship between EGFr and ER (P less
      than 0.00001). EGFr was second only to axillary node status as a prognostic
      marker for all patients both in terms of relapse-free and overall survival (P
      less than 0.001, logrank EGFr+ vs EGFr-). For patients with histologically
      negative axillary nodes EGFr was superior to ER in predicting relapse and
      survival (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.005, respectively, compared to P
      less than 0.1 and P less than 0.1, logrank). In a multivariate (Cox model)
      analysis only EGFr, out of EGFr, ER, size and grade, was predictive for either
      relapse-free or overall survival for patients with node-negative disease (P =
      0.052 and P = 0.026, respectively). The correlation of neu expression with
      response to tamoxifen in patients with recurrent disease was assessed
      immunochemically. Response rate was reduced in the presence of neu from 50 to 17%
      for ER+ cases and from 26 to 0% for ER- cases.

PMID- 2285595
TI  - Growth factor expression in breast tissue.
AB  - We have studied mRNA levels for a variety of growth factors in biopsy specimens
      from malignant, benign and normal breast tissue. We found TGFb mRNA in all breast
      cancers and neoplastic breast tissues but the level of the TGFb mRNA were found
      to be higher in breast cancer (P = 0.01). TGFa mRNA was detected in a similar
      proportion of cancers as in neoplastic breast tissues but the TGFa receptor EGFR
      mRNA was detected in only 55% of breast cancers but in all non-neoplastic breast
      tissue tested. The presence of EGFR mRNA was inverted related to oestrogen
      receptor status and coexpression of TGFa and EGFR was observed in 28% of
      carcinomas, and significantly more commonly in ER negative tumours (P = 0.01).
      PDGF a and b chain transcripts coexisted in all normal and malignant breast
      tissue. Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA was present in all 15 samples of non
      malignant breast tissue but in only 11 of 21 (52%) of carcinomas.

PMID- 2285596
TI  - The androgen receptor: functional structure and expression in transplanted human
      prostate tumors and prostate tumor cell lines.
AB  - The growth of the majority of prostate tumors is androgen-dependent, for which
      the presence of a functional androgen receptor is a prerequisite. Tumor growth
      can be inhibited by blockade of androgen receptor action. However, this
      inhibition is transient. To study the role of the androgen receptor in androgen
      dependent and androgen-independent prostate tumor cell growth, androgen receptor
      mRNA expression was monitored in six different human prostate tumor cell lines
      and tumors, which were grown either in vitro or by transplantation on (male) nude
      mice. Androgen receptor mRNA was clearly detectable in three androgen-dependent
      (sensitive) tumors and absent or low in three androgen-independent tumors. Growth
      of the LNCaP prostate tumor cell line can be stimulated both by androgens and by
      fetal calf serum. In the former situation androgen receptor mRNA expression is
      downregulated, whereas in the latter no effect on androgen receptor mRNA levels
      can be demonstrated. Sequence analysis showed that the androgen receptor gene
      from LNCaP cells contains a point mutation in the region encoding the steroid
      binding domain, which confers an ACT codon encoding a threonine residue to GCT,
      encoding alanine.

PMID- 2285597
TI  - Clinical significance of oncogenes and growth factors in ovarian carcinomas.
AB  - The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), transforming growth
      factor alpha (TGF alpha) and the c-myc oncogene was investigated in different
      specimens of gynecologic carcinomas. EGF specific binding sites were detected in
      about 50% of adenocarcinomas (ovarian, endometrial, breast) and in over 90% of
      squamous carcinomas (cervical). There is a positive correlation between the EGF-R
      binding assay, immunohistochemistry and the relative amounts of mRNA by Northern
      blotting. TGF alpha was investigated by immunohistochemistry and Northern
      blotting. TGF alpha immunoreactivity was detected exclusively in the epithelial
      cells of nonmalignant tissues (skin, cervix, endometrium, large bowel, lung) as
      well as different ovarian carcinomas. The TGF alpha immunostaining score
      correlates with the TGF alpha mRNA amounts. The c-myc expression was analyzed by
      Northern blotting in the specimens of ovarian carcinomas. Whereas, a positive
      correlation between the c-myc and TGF alpha expression was noticed, no
      correlation existed between EGF-R and c-myc expression. Progressive disease (PD)
      of ovarian carcinomas after chemotherapy was mainly noticed in the group of EGF-R
      tumors and those with high amounts of c-myc mRNA. EGF-R+ ovarian carcinomas
      responded significantly better to chemotherapy. However, similar survival times
      existed between the EGF-R+ and EGF-R- group and the survival times of patients
      having responded to the treatment was reduced in the EGF-R+ group. This indicates
      that EGF-R+ and those carcinomas expressing high amounts of c-myc constitute a
      more aggressive group of ovarian carcinomas.

PMID- 2285598
TI  - Inhibin immunoreactivity in gonadal and non-gonadal tumors.
AB  - Inhibin immunoreactivity was estimated in a number of gonadal and non-gonadal
      tumors. Dog Sertoli cell tumors and human granulosa cell and Leydig cell tumors
      contained high concentrations of inhibin-like material. Levels, comparable with
      those in normal testes and ovaries were detected in human testicular non
      seminomas and in ovarian cystadenomas, thecomas and adenofibromas. No activity
      was found in human testicular Sertoli/Leydig cell tumors and seminomas and in
      ovarian adenocarcinomas, teratomas and a dysgerminoma. Furthermore, human adrenal
      cortical tissue (tumor and hyperplastic adrenal) contained inhibin
      immunoreactivity. No activity was found in human tumors of the stomach, gut,
      liver, kidney, pancreas and mammary gland or in meningiomas. It is concluded that
      inhibin is not a good marker for specific gonadal tumors. Inhibin might have
      intratumor actions as a growth or differentiation factor.

PMID- 2285599
TI  - Cytokines and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
AB  - After administration of the cytokines interleukin 1 (IL1), tumor necrosis factor
      (TNF), interleukin 2 and interleukin 6 to laboratory animals or humans, plasma
      levels of glucocorticoids are elevated. This effect is mediated by activation of
      the hypothalamic-pituitary unit. IL1 and TNF inhibit aldosterone production by
      rat adrenocortical cells in vitro and stimulate renin release by rat renal
      cortical cells. Administration of IL1 or TNF in rats suppresses hypothalamic
      pituitary-thyroid function, whereas IL1 acts at the level of the brain and the
      gonads to interfere with gonadotropin and sex steroid secretion. During
      stimulation of the immune system (e.g. during infectious diseases), peculiar
      alterations in hormone secretion occur (hypercortisolism, hyperreninemic
      hypoaldosteronism, euthyroid sick syndrome, hypogonadism). The role of cytokines
      in these alterations remains to be established.

PMID- 2285600
TI  - Vitamin D: a modulator of cell proliferation and differentiation.
AB  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, [1,25(OH)2D3], the biologically most active metabolite
      of vitamin D3, is involved in the regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone
      metabolism. Recently, receptors for 1,25(OH)2D3 have also been shown in cells and
      tissues not directly related to calcium homeostasis. Experimental data obtained
      with leukaemic and cancer cell lines, both in vitro and in vivo, showed the
      effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on cell differentiation and proliferation. However, high
      doses of the sterol have to be used to observe these effects. Additional studies
      are needed to establish whether 1,25(OH)2D3 or suitable analogues have a
      therapeutic potential in malignant diseases without unacceptable toxicity like
      the development of hypercalcemia.

PMID- 2285601
TI  - In vivo evaluation of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor beta
      1 in mouse tumor models.
AB  - The influence of modulating circulating levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on tumor growth was examined
      in a variety of mouse models. Removal of the EGF-rich submandibular gland from
      host mice failed to alter the growth of a variety of human tumor xenografts or a
      C3H mouse tumor. Infusion of EGF from Alzet minipumps raised circulating EGF
      levels. However, only the A549 human tumor xenograft showed any significant
      increase in growth in the presence of EGF infusion and this response was
      marginal. The growth of Wehi 3BD+ and A549 tumor lines in culture was inhibited
      by TGF-beta 1. The growth of these lines in vivo, however, was not significantly
      altered by the administration of TGF-beta 1 via a variety of routes.

PMID- 2285602
TI  - Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies as potential anti
      cancer agents.
AB  - The EGF receptor is a potential target for antitumor therapy, because it is
      expressed at high levels on many human tumor cells and appears to be involved in
      autocrine stimulation of cell growth in a number of experimental studies. Anti
      EGF receptor MAbs, which block ligand binding, can prevent the growth in culture
      of cells that are stimulated by EGF or TGF-alpha. Growth of human tumor
      xenografts bearing high levels of EGF receptors is also inhibited. A Phase I
      trial in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung has demonstrated the
      capacity of a single dose of 120 mg anti-EGF receptor MAb to localize in such
      tumors and to achieve saturating concentrations in the blood for more than 3
      days, without causing toxicity.

PMID- 2285603
TI  - Suramin, a novel antitumor compound.
AB  - Suramin, a polyanionic compound originally synthesized for use as an
      antiparasitic agent, has recently entered clinical trials for the treatment of a
      variety of human cancers refractory to conventional modalities of therapy. This
      is based on suramin's ability to bind and to inactivate growth factor and enzyme
      systems critical to cellular homeostasis and proliferation. In addition, this
      compound possesses adrenocorticolytic properties in vivo and exerts significant
      cytostatic and cytocidal effects against a variety of human tumor cell lines in
      vitro. Pilot studies using suramin have thus far been conducted in adrenocortical
      carcinoma, prostate cancer refractory to conventional hormonal manipulation and
      nodular lymphomas.

PMID- 2285604
TI  - The partial purification and characterization of GnRH-like activity from
      prostatic biopsy specimens and prostatic cancer cell lines.
AB  - We have investigated the possibility of the secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing
      hormone (GnRH)-like peptides by prostatic cancer cells in culture and their
      presence in cytosolic preparations from human prostatic biopsy specimens. A GnRH
      specific radioimmunoassay showed GnRH-like activity in concentrated cytosolic
      preparations and conditioned media from DU 145, an androgen-insensitive human
      prostatic cell line and from LNCaP, an androgen-responsive prostatic cancer cell
      line. GnRH immunoreactivity in culture media correlated directly with cell
      numbers. HPLC demonstrated that this GnRH-like material co-migrated with
      synthetic GnRH. This homology between synthetic GnRH and partially purified
      prostatic GnRH was confirmed following V8 protease and trypsin digestion which
      resulted in similar alterations in HPLC characteristics. The mean content of GnRH
      like activity/g specimen tissue was significantly more in malignant tissue (88.5
      +/- 80.5 fmol) than in benign (29.6 +/- 22 fmol), though more specimens of benign
      tissue were positive (37/54) than malignant tissue (6/22). This observation,
      taken with an earlier finding of GnRH-specific receptors in a hormone-sensitive
      cell line and human cancer specimens provides supportive evidence for the
      autocrine hypothesis of cell regulation.

PMID- 2285605
TI  - A randomized double-blind study evaluating Anandron associated with orchiectomy
      in stage D prostate cancer.
AB  - A randomized double-blind study with a 3-yr follow-up comparing the two arms
      "orchiectomy + Anandron (300 mg)" vs "orchiectomy + placebo" in 125 patients with
      stage D prostate cancer has confirmed the beneficial effects of the combined
      Anandron therapy on subjective parameters and on the best objective response
      (NPCP criteria), although these effects were not statistically significant, but
      failed to detect any improvement in time-to-disease progression or survival.
      Comparison with the results of other trials emphasizes the urgent need to
      establish suitable prognostic factors by further clinical research before
      evaluating the benefits of individual drugs.

PMID- 2285606
TI  - Long-term treatment with antiandrogens.
AB  - Since the first report in 1966 by Scott and Schirmer on the clinical use of
      antiandrogens in patients with prostatic cancer, several studies have been
      published. Most of these deal with short-term treatment and include only a
      limited number of patients. Steroid antiandrogens have demonstrable
      progestational and antigonadotrophic effects, whereas the non-steroid "pure"
      antiandrogens mainly act peripherally on androgen-dependent accessory genital
      organs and thus preserve libido and sexual potency in most patients. Short-term
      treatment with antiandrogens have exerted responses similar to those achieved
      with conventional endocrine therapy. Because of relatively fewer side effects of
      these drugs, there is an increasing interest in assessment of the long-term
      effect, and some studies have been initiated.

PMID- 2285607
TI  - Effect of the new potent LHRH antagonist antide.
AB  - The ability of the new LHRH antagonist antide to induce a long-term chemical
      castration in adult male rats and cynomolgus monkeys was investigated. The
      animals were treated subcutaneously with different doses either once or on 5
      consecutive days. The effects on serum concentration of LH (only rat) and
      testosterone and on the weights of the testes, prostates and seminal vesicles
      were investigated after different periods of time. Histological evaluation of
      testes, pituitary and hypothalamus was also performed. In the rat a clear dose
      dependent inhibitory effect on the above mentioned parameters was observed
      whereby long-lasting castration-like effects were achieved at concentrations
      between 6 (less than or equal to 8 weeks) and 15 mg/kg (greater than 8 weeks). In
      the cynomolgus monkey a prolonged inhibitory effect was induced only at 15 mg/kg
      and the duration was only 2-3 weeks. Histologically, no signs indicative of
      irreversible effects were observed in either species. IN CONCLUSION: although
      species differences became evident in terms of the duration of a long-lasting
      inhibitory effect on the male reproductive system, antide exhibited such an
      effect in the rat and the monkey and was able to induce a chemical castration in
      both species. In addition, using the rat Dunning R 3327 prostatic carcinoma
      model, 10 mg/kg antide given subcutaneously every 6 weeks for a total period of
      26 weeks, had an inhibitory effect on tumor growth identical to that of
      castration emphasizing the suitability of this compound for treatment of
      prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2285608
TI  - Combination therapy with flutamide and medical (LHRH agonist) or surgical
      castration in advanced prostate cancer: 7-year clinical experience.
AB  - Three hundred and sixty-three patients with clinical stage D2 prostate cancer who
      had not received previous endocrine therapy or chemotherapy were treated with the
      combination therapy using the pure antiandrogen Flutamide and the LHRH agonist [D
      Trp6,des-Gly-NH2(10)]LHRH ethylamide (or orchiectomy) for an average of 771 days
      (24-2607 days). Only 31 of the 308 evaluable patients (10.1%) did not show an
      objective positive response at the start of the combination therapy compared with
      an average of 18% in five recent studies using monotherapy. The median survival
      achieved using monotherapy is approximately 24 months while, in the present
      study, it is increased to 41.2 months, thus giving an additional 17 months of
      survival with the combination therapy. It should be mentioned that at the time of
      relapse, combination therapy is continued and, in addition, further blockade of
      adrenal androgen secretion is achieved with aminoglutethimide and hydrocortisone.
      While our studies showing the advantages of combination therapy with pure
      antiandrogen in advanced prostate cancer have been confirmed by independent large
      scale randomized studies, our preliminary data clearly suggest the interest of
      downstaging early stage prostate cancer by temporary combination therapy prior to
      radical prostatectomy.

PMID- 2285609
TI  - Biological and clinical aspects of prolactin receptors (PRL-R) in human breast
      cancer.
AB  - PRL has a definite activity in the induction and promotion of mouse and in the
      growth of rat mammary tumors. We and others have found that human PRL or growth
      hormone (GH) had a growth promoting effect on human mammary cancer cells. It has
      been shown that prolactin receptors (PRL-R) which are specific for all lactogenic
      hormones (hPRL, hGH, hPL) are present on mammary cancer cells in long-term tissue
      culture and also in tumor biopsies. We found that 43% of the tumors had free PRL
      R (FPRL-R) and that 72% had total PRL-R (TPRL-R) which have been desaturated in
      vitro. A significant correlation (Spearman test) was found between PRL-R
      (especially TPRL-R) on the one hand, estradiol (P less than 0.001) and
      progesterone receptors (P less than 0.01) on the other. The demonstration of PRL
      induced proteins (PIP) might be a better sign of PRL sensitivity than the
      existence or PRL-R; PIP have been found by Northern blot analysis in 47% of 70
      breast cancers. Overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) analysis
      with a median duration of follow-up of 5.3 yr showed that TPRL-R had a
      significant prognostic value only in node positive patients (chi 2 = 5.61, P =
      0.02). Neither FPRL-R or TPRL-R were a significant prognostic factor when studied
      by Cox analysis. This confirms our previous results. Since at least some human
      mammary cancers appear to be PRL-dependent we carried out a multicenter
      randomized trial comparing as the first hormonal treatment tamoxifen (TAM) (30
      mg/day) + bromocriptine (B) (5 mg/day) vs TAM + placebo. 171 patients entered
      this trial. No difference was observed between the two groups in response rates,
      duration of response or survival. Recent studies are thus in favor of a role of
      lactogenic hormones during the course of breast cancer. However no improvement in
      therapy has been observed yet. The combination of drugs to achieve a total anti
      lactogenic treatment, the use of anti-PRL-R antibodies are interesting areas of
      research; the recent cloning of PRL-R and GH receptors may open new clinical
      perspectives.

PMID- 2285610
TI  - Melatonin and human cancer.
AB  - A number of studies performed in vitro and on experimental animals supported the
      view that pineal gland inhibits neoplastic growth. Data in humans are scanty and
      controversial. In the present study we measured serum melatonin (MT), prolactin
      (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) concentrations, at 08.00 and 24.00, in 132 cancer
      patients and in 58 healthy control subjects. The patients were stratified
      according to histology and stage of disease as follows: 30 stage I-II and 45
      stage III-IV breast cancer (BC); 39 stage III-IV lung cancer; 18 advanced
      gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. We also measured MT levels, at the same time
      points, in 20 women with primary BC before and after radical mastectomy. Finally,
      we evaluated the circadian rhythm of serum MT in 18 patients with advanced
      cancer. On the whole, the patients with advanced tumors showed serum MT levels
      significantly higher than controls, without any correlation with PRL and GH
      values. When looking at stage III-IV vs stage I-II BC patients, significantly
      higher MT levels have been found in the former group. The surgical removal of the
      primary BC was not associated with any changes in MT values at both time points
      considered. A highly significant rhythm of serum MT was recorded in advanced
      cancer patients and the rhythmic parameters were substantially superimposable on
      those of the control subjects.

PMID- 2285611
TI  - Hormonal treatment of endometrial carcinoma: an overview and new development in
      biology.
AB  - Progestins are routinely used in the treatment of endometrial carcinomas with
      about 30% response rate. After a 10-12 month mean response time, the tumors begin
      to regrow. This clinical situation has been reproduced in the experimental model
      for human endometrial carcinomas, developed by us. The model consists of growth
      and maintenance of human endometrial carcinomas of different histologic grade and
      sex steroid steroid receptor content, in defined hormonal milieu, by serial
      transplantation in athymic nude mice. Biologically and clinically relevant
      information on the role of steroid receptors in eliciting hormonal responses, the
      effect of combination treatment with tamoxifen and progestin and the mechanism of
      resistance to this treatment after an initial response have been obtained. These
      studies form the basis for designing and testing rational treatment strategies
      for human endometrial carcinomas.

PMID- 2285612
TI  - Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: comparative structure,
      pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.
AB  - Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a novel class of
      antihypertensive and anticongestive heart failure agents with wide patient and
      physician acceptability. By blocking the formation of angiotensin II in blood and
      tissue, all ACE inhibitors significantly lower systemic vascular resistance,
      lower blood pressure, and improve cardiac function, while maintaining or
      enhancing perfusion of vital organs: kidneys, brain, and heart. Captopril is the
      first oral ACE inhibitor with an active sulfhydryl group. Enalapril and
      lisinopril are potent nonsulfhydryl inhibitors of ACE characterized by weak
      chelating properties. The side effects of skin rashes, pruritus, taste
      abnormalities, oral ulcers, pemphigus, and blood dyscrasias have been considered
      to be strongly characteristic of penicillaminelike drugs, including the
      sulfhydryl ACE inhibitors. The class effects of cough, angio-edema, hyperkalemia,
      nonoliguric functional renal insufficiency, and hypotension can occur with equal
      frequency with all ACE inhibitors. It is unclear whether the many yet
      investigational ACE inhibitors would have distinct advantages over captopril,
      enalapril, lisinopril, and enalaprilat. This paper reviews the comparative
      structure and clinical pharmacology of the three commercially available but
      chemically different oral ACE inhibitors.

PMID- 2285614
TI  - Renal effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: nondiabetic chronic
      renal disease.
AB  - Based on studies in the rat remnant kidney model, it has been proposed that
      glomerular hypertension is responsible for the progressive nature of chronic
      renal disease. In that model, therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitors reduced glomerular pressures. As a result, glomerular injury was
      reduced and the rate of progression of renal disease was slowed. Thus,
      alterations in hemodynamics may play an important role in glomerular injury.
      However, it is now evident that a variety of metabolic and other factors affect
      the progression of renal disease. Moreover, recent studies suggest that ACE
      inhibitors may also have beneficial effects that are independent of alterations
      in glomerular pressure. In humans, the glomerular hemodynamic response to renal
      disease cannot be measured, and it is not known whether or under which conditions
      glomerular capillary pressure might be elevated. Treatment with ACE inhibitors
      safely lowers blood pressure without adversely affecting renal function in most
      patients with nondiabetic chronic renal failure. Although proteinuria and the
      rate of progression of renal disease may decrease in some patients, these effects
      are inconsistently seen. Identification of the factors that modulate this
      variability in response to ACE inhibition may provide new insight into the
      pathogenesis and treatment of progressive renal disease in humans.

PMID- 2285615
TI  - ACE inhibitors in renovascular hypertension.
AB  - ACE inhibition has provided many insights into the etiology and treatment of
      renovascular hypertension. Not only have studies using these agents profoundly
      expanded our understanding of the mechanisms governing preservation of renal
      perfusion pressures and function beyond arterial lesions, they have provided
      tools for more precise diagnosis and therapy in clinical practice. ACE inhibitors
      must be considered the agents of choice for the treatment of renovascular
      hypertension and provide an effective and safe medical alternative for many
      patients developing atherosclerotic renovascular lesions with an otherwise
      unacceptable risk for revascularization procedures. With the advent of widespread
      clinical use of these agents, however, come many new questions regarding the long
      term fate of the kidney beyond vascular lesions and the need for preservation of
      renal function.

PMID- 2285616
TI  - Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and vascular hypertrophy in
      hypertension.
AB  - The pathogenesis of hypertension is associated with a remodeling of vascular
      structure. Follow has postulated that the decreased luminal area and thickened
      medial layer in hypertensive vessels enhances the vasoconstrictive response to
      vasoactive agents. It is hypothesized that this increase in vascular reactivity
      may serve to perpetuate hypertension. A growing body of evidence suggests that
      autocrine-paracrine vasoactive substances and growth factors modulate vascular
      structure in hypertension. We speculate that therapeutic interventions that
      normalize blood pressure as well as reverse the vascular remodeling process may
      have special clinical value. The role of the paracrine renin-angiotensin system
      and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension is discussed in this
      context.

PMID- 2285613
TI  - Acute and chronic effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on the
      essential hypertensive kidney.
AB  - The natural course of essential hypertensive renal disease is characterized by a
      slowly progressive impairment of renal function. Initially, the changes are
      functional and reversible; however, structural changes gradually occur, leading
      to hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Similarities exist between the early functional
      hemodynamic changes observed in the essential hypertensive kidney and the
      physiologic renal effects of angiotensin II. To the degree that the initial
      functional changes are the result of excessive endogenous production of
      angiotensin II, interruption of the integrity of this humoral system could be
      expected to reverse the pathophysiologic sequence of events leading to
      hypertensive nephrosclerosis. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of the
      essential hypertensive kidney, the intrarenal effects of angiotensin II, and the
      acute and chronic effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition
      therapy on the essential hypertensive kidney. The data reviewed suggest that ACE
      inhibition therapy does reverse the initial functional hemodynamic changes
      observed in the essential hypertensive kidney and may protect the glomerulus from
      hemodynamically mediated injury.

PMID- 2285617
TI  - Cardiac effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
AB  - ACE inhibitors have provided a major advance in cardiovascular therapeutics. The
      rationale for their use in hypertension and heart failure, and their cardiac
      effects are well documented. Further information is required on the relevance of
      their direct myocardial and other tissue effects, and it is likely that their use
      in hypertension and heart failure will increase further over the next several
      years.

PMID- 2285619
TI  - Effect of enalapril on parasympathetic activity.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of converting enzyme inhibition induced by enalapril on
      parasympathetic activity, we studied ten essential hypertensive patients, age
      range 38-58 years, WHO I-II. Parasympathetic evaluation was obtained by measuring
      the variation of heart period (VHP) during at least 1 minute of steady-state,
      regular respiration. VHP was derived from the difference between the mean of all
      maximum and the mean of all minimum heart periods. The higher the VHP, the higher
      the parasympathetic control of heart rate and vice versa. VHP was measured supine
      and with tilting (30 degrees, 60 degrees, 85 degrees). Blood pressure was reduced
      after 1 month of enalapril treatment, while the heart rate did not change. VHP
      increased at the end of enalapril treatment compared with placebo: in the supine
      position it increased from 36 +/- 3.2 ms to 44 +/- 3.5 ms, p less than 0.01. VHP
      was also increased by enalapril at 30 degrees (p less than 0.05) and 60 degrees
      (p less than 0.05), while no difference was observed at 85 degrees between
      placebo and enalapril. A positive correlation was found between supine enalapril
      changes of VHP and those of systolic and diastolic BP. In conclusion, enalapril
      seems to increase parasympathetic cardiovascular control in essential
      hypertensive patients. This result might explain the lack of increase in heart
      rate that would be expected as a result of the vasodilating effect of enalapril.

PMID- 2285620
TI  - Porcine heparin increases postoperative bleeding in cardiopulmonary bypass
      patients.
AB  - One hundred thirteen patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly
      assigned to receive either bovine or porcine heparin. Heparin was infused at 4.5
      mg/kg during bypass and administered at the lesser of 70 units/kg or 5000
      units/dose at 12-hour intervals postoperatively. Platelet counts decreased to 45%
      of preoperative levels during the first 3 days postoperatively (porcine, 44 +/-
      13%, n = 50; bovine, 46 +/- 15%), but returned to preoperative levels by the
      seventh postoperative day. The average blood loss in the porcine heparin group
      significantly exceeded that of the bovine heparin group (porcine, 1350.7 +/-
      727.8 ml; bovine, 1059.6 +/- 381.0 ml; p less than .01). Consequently, the
      platelet transfusion requirement was greater in the porcine heparin group
      (porcine, 1.7 +/- 3.9 units; bovine, 0.5 +/- 1.7 units; p less than .05);
      however, blood and blood component (with the exception of platelets)
      administration was not significantly different between the two groups. The four
      patients taking anticoagulants or antiinflammatory agents in the porcine group
      required a mean of 8.5 units of red blood cells (RBC) plus supplemental
      platelets. The seven such patients in the bovine group received a mean of 3.0
      units of RBC and no platelets. Thus, the use of porcine heparin resulted in a
      generalized increase in postoperative bleeding with increased management problems
      in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2285618
TI  - Felodipine in the treatment of patients with severe hypertension and impaired
      renal function.
AB  - Twenty-three patients with severe hypertension and impaired renal function were
      included in an open study of the efficacy and tolerance of felodipine treatment
      over 6 months. All patients were previously treated with a diuretic, a beta
      blocker, and a vasodilator, and eight of them also received an ACE inhibitor. At
      the start of felodipine treatment the previously used vasodilator was withdrawn.
      In nine patients the concomitant antihypertensive treatment was reduced during
      the study. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), as 51Cr EDTA clearance, was
      determined before and at the end of the study. The blood pressure (BP) and heart
      rate (HR) were recorded at all clinical visits in the morning 12 hours after the
      evening dose of felodipine and 2 hours after the morning dose. Plasma
      concentrations of felodipine were measured at every visit before the morning dose
      and 2 hours after dose. The BP was reduced after felodipine was substituted for
      the previously used vasodilator. A significant additional anti-hypertensive
      effect was recorded 2 hours after the dose and amounted to -37 +/- 22/-15 +/- 12
      mmHg (p = 0.0001/p = 0.0002) at 6 months. The effect measured 12 hours after the
      dose was less pronounced and was -11 +/- 28/-6 +/- 10 mmHg (p = 0.15/p = 0.03).
      Mean GFR was unchanged during the study, 38 +/- 19 versus 38 +/- 19 ml/min (n =
      16). There was a sixfold interindividual variation in the trough plasma
      concentrations at steady state at the same drug dosage. Higher plasma
      concentrations seemed to be required to achieve the same antihypertensive effects
      as in patients with less severe hypertension and normal renal function.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285622
TI  - Minimal effective concentration values of propafenone and 5-hydroxy-propafenone
      in acute and chronic therapy.
AB  - We evaluated the antiarrhythmic efficacy and the minimal effective concentrations
      of propafenone and its metabolite 5-hydroxy-propafenone during a) acute
      intravenous infusion (1.5 mg/kg in bolus followed by 45 minutes infusion), b) an
      acute oral single-dose test (450 mg), and c) 14-day chronic therapy (300 mg tid)
      followed by a washout. Oxidative metabolism was assessed by a debrisoquine oral
      test in every patient. Eleven patients with stable ventricular premature beats
      (VPBs) greater than or equal to 300/hr and Lown class greater than or equal to 3
      completed the study. The main results emphasized a certain discrepancy between
      the clinical effect of the acute intravenous infusion (efficacy in 5 out of 11
      patients) and of the acute oral test and chronic therapy (efficacy in 11/11),
      with a time lag of the ECG changes during the acute intravenous infusion. The
      minimal effective concentrations were lower after acute oral administration
      compared with chronic treatment both for propafenone (200 +/- 189 ng/ml vs. 492
      +/- 530 ng/ml; p less than 0.05) and for 5-hydroxy-propafenone (82 +/- 40 ng/ml
      vs. 149 +/- 80 ng/ml; p less than 0.02). A linear correlation was demonstrated
      between drug/metabolite ratios of propafenone and debrisoquine, either after
      acute oral (r = 0.91) or after chronic administration (r = 0.84). The
      pharmacokinetics of propafenone was nonlinear and showed wide interindividual
      variations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285621
TI  - Vasodilatory effects of nisoldipine on coronary arteries--correlation with plasma
      levels.
AB  - Vasomotion of angiographically normal and stenotic epicardial coronary arteries
      was analyzed up to 15 minutes after the onset of an intravenous infusion (4
      minutes) of 0.5 mg (13 patients, group A) or 1 mg nisoldipine (13 patients, group
      B). After both doses the maximal increase of the mean diameters of normal
      coronary segments was achieved not before the 15th minute, averaging 11 +/- 6% in
      group A (p less than 0.001) and 18 +/- 9% in group B (p less than 0.001). Eleven
      of 15 and 8 of 9 coronary stenoses in groups A and B dilated to 5-80% and 15-70%,
      respectively. The nisoldipine concentration reached maximal levels at the end of
      the infusion (fourth minute) with an average of 8 +/- 4 ng/ml and 17 +/- 7 ng/ml
      in groups A and B, respectively. A significant correlation between nisoldipine
      plasma levels and dilation of normal coronary segments was obtained only with the
      individual maxima of these parameters and only in group A (p less than 0.01). The
      hysteresis of the coronary dilation in relation to the drug plasma levels may be
      due to the high receptor affinity of nisoldipine. In either group nisoldipine
      provoked a persistent increase in coronary sinus oxygen saturation (p less than
      0.01) and a substantial and prolonged drop in systolic and diastolic aortic
      pressure (p less than 0.001). Both doses of nisoldipine induced a rise in heart
      rate (p less than 0.01) and a slight drop in the rate-pressure product (p less
      than 0.05).

PMID- 2285623
TI  - Drag-reducing polymers: a novel class of diuretic and natriuretic compounds.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that Separan AP-30, a drag-reducing polymer,
      significantly decreased the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits fed a
      high-cholesterol diet. Furthermore, Separan AP-273, a polymer similar to but
      longer than Separan AP-30, markedly increased cardiac output in open-chest rats.
      Preliminary studies in our laboratory have described diuresis and natriuresis
      following the intravenous infusion of Separan AP-273. These studies did not
      determine whether this natriuresis was common to drag-reducing polymers or unique
      to Separan. In the present study the renal effects of two chemically dissimilar
      drag-reducing polymers of molecular lengths approaching approximately 100 microns
      were compared. Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were anesthetized (Nembutal) and a
      tracheostomy was performed. A baseline level of sodium and water excretion was
      established by the infusion of saline (0.097 ml/min, IV). Separan (0.004%), an
      anionic polyacrylamide; Polyox (0.4%), a poly(ethylene oxide); or mannitol (20%),
      an osmotic diuretic, was infused into the jugular vein at 0.0034 ml/min. Separan
      and Polyox both increased the excretion of sodium and water (p less than 0.05).
      At the doses tested, potassium excretion was unaltered in both groups. Separan,
      but not Polyox, produced a modest increase in blood pressure. Creatinine
      clearance was unaltered. At this infusion rate, only hypertonic concentrations of
      mannitol (20%) induced a similar effect. These results indicate that drag
      reducing polymers may represent a novel class of potassium-sparing diuretic and
      natriuretic compounds. The ability of this class of polymers to decrease the
      formation of atherosclerotic plaques, increase blood flow, and produce a
      potassium-sparing natriuresis may be of practical clinical significance.

PMID- 2285625
TI  - Interaction between morphine and granulocyte aggregation in myocardial ischaemia.

PMID- 2285624
TI  - Calcium and blood pressure.

PMID- 2285626
TI  - A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study of OPC-8212 in patients with
      mild chronic heart failure. OPC-8212 Multicenter Research Group.
AB  - OPC-8212 is a newly synthesized, orally effective inotropic agent. Previous
      studies have shown short-term hemodynamic and symptomatic improvement in patients
      with congestive heart failure. However, the long-term efficacy of this agent
      remains to be established. Eighty-three patients with chronic heart failure were
      randomly assigned to treatment with either OPC-8212 (n = 45) or matching placebo
      (n = 38). Of the placebo-treated patients, two patients died and another six
      patients were withdrawn from the study because of a deterioration of heart
      failure, while only 1 out of 45 OPC-8212-treated patients were withdrawn because
      of increased congestive symptoms. After 12 weeks of treatment, the OPC-8212 group
      showed a significant improvement in their numerical scores in sense of well-being
      as judged by the patients subscale A (p less than 0.01) and their physicians'
      general impression of the patients' status (p less than 0.01). The ejection
      fraction obtained from echocardiography increased from a mean (+/- SEM) baseline
      value of 42.8 +/- 2.6% to 46.6 +/- 2.9% (p less than 0.05) in the OPC-8212 group
      and 44.4 +/- 3.7% to 45.5 +/- 4.1% in the placebo group. These effects were not
      associated with an increase in the heart rate. The treatment was well tolerated
      without any limiting side effects. Thus, OPC-8212 is effective in patients with
      chronic heart failure, providing significant hemodynamic and symptomatic benefit
      in chronic treatment, together with a possible improvement of the prognosis of
      patients with heart failure.

PMID- 2285627
TI  - Twenty-four hour ambulatory blood pressure profile of a new, sustained-release
      preparation of nicardipine.
AB  - The 24-hour blood pressure (BP) profile of a new sustained-release preparation of
      nicardipine was assessed in 16 patients with essential hypertension (supine cuff
      diastolic BP greater than 95 mmHg). Twenty-four hour ambulatory intraarterial BP
      monitoring (Oxford system) before treatment revealed a mean (SD) daytime BP of
      174 (19) mmHg systolic and 105 (8) mmHg diastolic, and a mean nighttime BP of 142
      (26) mmHg systolic and 83 (12) mmHg diastolic. Sustained release nicardipine (60
      mg) was administered twice daily for 4-6 weeks and the ambulatory BP monitoring
      repeated. No significant change in heart rate occurred throughout the 24-hour
      period. However, there was a significant reduction (p less than 0.0001) in the
      mean daytime BP of 21 (13) mmHg systolic and 12 (9) mmHg diastolic and of mean
      nighttime BP of 21 (5) mmHg systolic and 13 (11) mmHg diastolic. A similar
      reduction in hourly mean BP occurred throughout the whole 24-hour period,
      including the steep early morning rise in BP. Although vasodilatory-type side
      effects occurred, they were generally mild to moderate and transient. This
      preparation produces a significant reduction in BP throughout the 24-hour period
      without reflex tachycardia.

PMID- 2285628
TI  - Twenty-four hour profile of the hypotensive action of felodipine in essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Felodipine, 10 mg twice daily, and placebo were administered for 5 weeks to ten
      untreated essential hypertensives in a double-blind, random-order, crossover
      study. At the end of each phase patients were assessed by 36 hours of continuous
      intraarterial blood pressure recordings, both during normal activities and
      specified activities. Patients were also assessed by 36-hour Holter analysis,
      maximal exercise testing, radionuclide cardiac scan, and measurement of
      endogenous creatinine clearance and 2-hourly vasoactive hormones. Arterial
      pressure was significantly reduced by felodipine, with mean falls in blood
      pressure of 25.1 mmHg and 12.5 mmHg (systolic and diastolic, respectively) over
      24 hours. Blood pressure was reduced by felodipine during moderate and maximal
      exercise and mental stress. There were no significant changes in heart rate,
      exercise capacity, ventricular ectopy, endogenous creatinine clearance, or
      vasoactive hormones.

PMID- 2285629
TI  - Nisoldipine tablets once daily versus nifedipine capsules three times daily in
      patients with stable effort angina pectoris pretreated with atenolol.
AB  - Treatment with nisoldipine (2 x 10 mg tablets once daily) and nifedipine (2 x 10
      mg capsules three times daily) in patients with severe, but stable effort angina
      pretreated with atenolol (100 mg once daily in 19 patients and 50 mg once daily
      in one patient) were compared for their effects on bicycle exercise tolerance and
      their adverse effects in a randomized 2 x 4 week, double-blind, double-dummy
      crossover study. All patients had multivessel disease, 16 patients had occlusion
      of at least one vessel, and eight patients had a history of myocardial
      infarction. Two patients left the study during the initial nisoldipine period,
      one because of aggravation of the angina and the other because of suspected
      allergic reaction. Addition of nifedipine to atenolol treatment significantly
      improved the variables measured for severity of angina, such as time of exercise
      until 1 mm and 2 mm ST-segment depression, total exercise time and total
      workload. In contrast, no such improvement was noted after the addition of
      nisoldipine to atenolol. However, nisoldipine resulted in a significant
      prolongation of the time to the initiation of chest discomfort, the maximum heart
      rate, and the double product. In atenolol-treated patients with severe effort
      angina pectoris, nifedipine 20 mg tid improved exercise capacity, while
      nisoldipine 20 mg once daily did not have a similar effect.

PMID- 2285630
TI  - The protective effects of cromakalim and pinacidil on reperfusion function and
      infarct size in isolated perfused rat hearts and anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The direct myocardial protective effects of intracoronary infusions of cromakalim
      and pinacidil were determined in an anesthetized canine model of coronary
      occlusion and reperfusion. The left circumflex coronary artery was occluded for
      90 minutes and reperfused for 5 hours, at which time the infarct size was
      determined. Cromakalim (0.1 micrograms/kg/min) or pinacidil (0.09
      micrograms/kg/min) were infused into the left circumflex coronary artery starting
      10 minutes preischemia. Cromakalim significantly reduced infarct size as a
      percent of the left ventricular area at risk (25 +/- 5%) compared with vehicle
      controls (55 +/- 7%). Pinacidil did not reduce infarct size at an equimolar dose,
      but at the higher dose also significantly reduced infarct size. Collateral blood
      flow was not significantly altered by either drug, though reperfusion flow was
      significantly higher in cromakalim-treated animals, particularly in the
      subepicardial region. When the same dose of cromakalim was given starting 2
      minutes before the initiation of reperfusion, no significant beneficial effect of
      cromakalim was observed. In another study, isolated buffer-perfused rat hearts
      were subjected to 25 minutes of global ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion.
      These hearts were treated with 7 microM cromakalim, either starting 10 minutes
      before ischemia or only during reperfusion, and its effect on reperfusion
      function and LDH release were determined. Cromakalim pretreatment (both when
      given throughout the experiment and when not present in the reperfusion buffer)
      resulted in significant improvements in the reperfusion function. Reperfusion
      contracture and LDH were also significantly reduced with this treatment. When
      given only during reperfusion, cromakalim did not reduce the severity of ischemia
      when compared with vehicle controls. Thus, both cromakalim and pinacidil reduce
      ischemic/reperfusion injury, though the timing of treatment may be important.

PMID- 2285631
TI  - Propionyl carnitine in stable effort angina.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-ischemic activity of propionyl
      carnitine (PC) in 18 informed, volunteer male patients, aged 37-70, suffering
      from a typical stable effort angina. The study design was randomized, balanced,
      crossover, and double blinded. The study lasted 75 days. In the first 15 days of
      washout the patients performed two maximal symptom-limited bicycle tests to
      verify the repeatability of the parameters examined. Then one group received PC
      for 30 days 500 mg three times a day, and the other group received placebo (PL)
      three times a day. At the end of 30 days the groups exchanged treatments. At the
      end of each period, 2 hours after the last oral administration, the patients
      performed a maximal symptom-limited bicycle exercise test with increased loads of
      10 watts/min. No significant differences were observed between the two tests
      performed during the wash-out period, for a 1 mm ST-segment depression time, for
      the time to the end of exercise, and for the rate x pressure product at the same
      experimental time. The oral administration of PC in coronary patients increased
      both the 1 mm ST-segment depression time and the time to the end of exercise.
      Furthermore, the drug reduced the ischemic depression of ST at maximal common
      work and at maximal work. After PC, the rate x pressure product was not
      significantly different in relation to placebo at submaximal and maximal
      exercise. Thus PC seems to have an antiischemiclike effect, probably related to
      its metabolic activity.

PMID- 2285632
TI  - Relationship between age and the cardiovascular response to meals.
AB  - In 82 healthy normotensive and hypertensive subjects aged 19-79, blood pressure
      and heart rate were measured for 1 hour before and 2 hours after a meal. Mean
      blood pressure decreased from 147/93 to 139/83 mmHg supine and from 148/101 to
      142/94 mmHg standing (all p less than .001). Older subjects had higher premeal
      blood pressures. There were significant correlations between age and the
      reductions in supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures and standing systolic
      blood pressure, i.e., older patients had greater reductions. However, after
      statistical correction for premeal blood pressure, there was no longer any
      significant relationship between age and the cardiovascular response to meals.
      The greater blood pressure reduction after meals in older patients may be due to
      decreased baroreflex sensitivity in association with higher arterial pressures.
      The changes in blood pressure due to meals may confound the diagnosis of
      hypertension and interfere with the interpretation of the response to
      antihypertensive treatment.

PMID- 2285633
TI  - Atenolol in dilated cardiomyopathy: a clinical instrumental study.
AB  - The usefulness of beta blockers in the treatment of congestive heart failure has
      been questioned. We selected 11 patients, mean age 47.1 +/- 13.8, affected by
      dilated cardiomyopathy in NYHA class III, who had been taking digoxin and
      diuretics for a long time. Atenolol 50 mg was added to conventional therapy. Both
      before and 3 months after treatment a clinical evaluation, chest x-ray, an
      exercise test, and an echocardiogram were performed. We observed an improvement
      of NYHA class in five patients. However, the exercise test showed no improvement:
      2310 +/- 1299 vs. 2902 +/- 983 total kgm (ns). The echocardiogram showed
      improvements of the end-systolic diameter (from 6.3 +/- 1 cm to 5.9 +/- 0.8 cm; p
      less than 0.02), the fractional shortening (from 13.6 +/- 6.3% to 15.2 +/- 5.6%;
      p less than 0.05) the radius/thickness ratio (from 4.14 +/- 0.5 to 3.5 +/- 0.5; p
      less than 0.05), and the wall stress (from 208.4 +/- 49 g/cm2 to 163.5 +/- 41
      g/cm2; p less than 0.02). The inotropic state index did not show any changes. We
      conclude that in some patients with dilated cardiomyopathy beta blockers may
      improve the clinical status and left ventricular performance.

PMID- 2285634
TI  - Involvement of purine compounds in the inotropic action of milrinone.
AB  - In spontaneously beating atria from reserpine-treated guinea pigs, milrinone (1
      100 micrograms/ml) induced a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect but was
      ineffective in preparations preincubated with adenosine deaminase (1 U/ml). Both
      in spontaneously beating and in electrically driven atria, ATP and adenosine
      evoked a dual effect: a first negative phase characterized by a reduction in
      contractile force, followed by a positive phase of increased inotropism. In these
      preparations milrinone inhibited the early negative influence exerted by purine
      compounds and amplified the following positive phase. These data suggest that the
      positive inotropic and chronotropic effect of milrinone may originate from its
      interference with endogenous purines.

PMID- 2285637
TI  - Serotonin and vascular disease. Satellite to the 4th European Meeting on
      Hypertension. June 18, 1989, Milan, Italy.

PMID- 2285636
TI  - Stability of plasma amiodarone levels during chronic oral therapy.
AB  - The variability of plasma amiodarone levels in 51 patients receiving chronic oral
      therapy over 4-53 (median 19) months was examined; 3-14 (median 5) plasma samples
      were obtained. After a loading dose, most patients received either 200 mg or 400
      mg a day. Mean plasma amiodarone concentration was 1.2 +/- 0.6 mg/l and mean
      plasma desethylamiodarone concentration was 1.2 +/- 0.5 mg/l. No relationship was
      seen between height and weight and plasma concentrations. Dose was a significant
      predictor of plasma level (p less than 0.01) although it was a poor predictor of
      steady state amiodarone concentration.

PMID- 2285639
TI  - Oral dosing with ketanserin to control high blood pressure in the elderly.
AB  - Ketanserin is the prototype of a new class of antihypertensive drugs based on a
      selective blockade of serotonin S2 receptors. A number of controlled trials have
      indicated that ketanserin is more effective in older than in younger subjects and
      that, in the elderly, ketanserin may be even more effective than other
      antihypertensive drugs. We set up a large multicenter trial to compare the two
      most common dosages of ketanserin (20 mg and 40 mg twice daily) in patients of 60
      years of age and over. In these patients, blood pressures were elevated
      systolically (SBP greater than or equal to 160 mmHg), diastolically (DBP greater
      than or equal to 95 mmHg), or both, and any existing antihypertensive medication
      was continued at a constant dosage. The total duration of the trial was 3 months
      and monthly control visits were held. Throughout the Netherlands, 252 general
      practitioners participated in the trial, which included 462 evaluable patients.
      After 1 month of open treatment with 20 mg ketanserin twice daily, blood pressure
      was found to be fully normalized in 18% of patients, while the proportion of
      patients with both systolic and diastolic hypertension was reduced from 89% to
      50%. In three out of four patients, an adequate and maximal fall in blood
      pressure was reached only after 2-3 months of treatment. In such patients,
      raising the ketanserin dose from 20 mg to 40 mg twice daily did not result in any
      faster or improved antihypertensive response. A number of symptoms related to
      peripheral circulatory disturbances, or possibly to hypertension itself, markedly
      improved during oral treatment with ketanserin.

PMID- 2285638
TI  - Effects of ketanserin on microhemodynamics and hemorheology in patients with
      essential hypertension.
AB  - Ketanserin, a serotonin antagonist, has recently been developed. This agent
      produces antihemagglutination and dilation of blood vessels. Blood pressure is
      also lowered by ketanserin. We investigated the effect of ketanserin on
      microhemodynamics and hemorheology in essential hypertension. Twenty patients
      with essential hypertension (8 males; 12 females; average age +/- SE-56.2 +/- 2.5
      years). A single dose of 10 mg ketanserin was given orally to each patient,
      without breakfast, on the experiment day. Ketanserin treatment resulted in:
      redution in systolic and diastolic blood pressure; significant decrease in heart
      rate; increase in arteriole and venule internal diameters; increase in blood flow
      velocities and blood flow volumes; significant decreases in whole blood
      viscosities at high shear rate (94.5 sec-1) and at low shear rate (0.376 sec-1),
      with no change in plasma viscosities; significant shortening of plasma passage
      times; and marked decreases in blood concentrations of total protein, albumin,
      and globulin. These data suggest that ketanserin beneficially affects
      microhemodynamics and hemorheology.

PMID- 2285635
TI  - Acute and chronic effects of a diuretic monotherapy with piretanide in congestive
      heart failure--a placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - To evaluate the acute and chronic effects of diuretic monotherapy with 3 mg
      piretanide bid, 46 patients (pts) with congestive heart failure (NYHA II-III)
      secondary to coronary artery disease were studied. Within 3 weeks of therapy, the
      patients lost 1.6 kg body weight. Forty-four patients reported a subjective
      feeling of improvement. Echocardiographically, a highly significant (p less than
      0.001) reduction of diastolic and systolic diameters was found, as well as an
      increase of fraction shortening. Chest x-ray indicated a reduction of heart
      volume from 1012 +/- 263 ml to 936 +/- 233 ml (p less than 0.001). The serum
      potassium level remained unchanged. A subgroup of 26 pts underwent invasive
      hemodynamic examinations. IV injection of 6 mg piretanide resulted in an acute
      reduction of pulmonary wedge pressure (pc) from 20.2 +/- 5.3 mmHg to 11.9 +/- 5.0
      mmHg (p less than 0.001); simultaneously a slight decrease of cardiac index from
      3.2 +/- 0.6 l/min/m2 to 3.0 +/- 0.4 l/min/m2 was observed. Invasive control after
      3 weeks of oral therapy showed no decline of the piretanide effect. The exercise
      tolerance increased clearly from 135 +/- 161 Wmin to 249 +/- 268 Wmin (p less
      than 0.05). A control group of further 14 pts was treated with placebo only and
      did not show any significant changes of pc (20.0 +/- 6.4 mmHg vs. 22.8 +/- 19.2
      mmHg), exercise tolerance, or other clinical parameters. Thus, the diuretic
      monotherapy of congestive heart failure with piretanide is highly effective and
      shows a significant improvement in all clinical and hemodynamic parameters in the
      absence of any remarkable side effects.

PMID- 2285640
TI  - A placebo-controlled crossover study of ketanserin in elderly hypertensive
      patients.
AB  - The results of the European Working Party for Hypertension in the Elderly Study
      showed that treatment of high blood pressure reduced the morbidity and mortality
      from strokes and myocardial infarction and reduced the incidence of heart failure
      in elderly patients. The largest number of hypertensive patients are elderly, and
      it is in this group of patients that the maximum benefit of treatment might be
      expected. The present study was designed to study in detail the efficacy and
      tolerability of ketanserin in an elderly population. Seventeen elderly (greater
      than 70 years) patients with a lying systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg and/or a
      diastolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 90 mmHg were included in the
      study. For the 12 patients who completed the study, the mean blood pressure was
      significantly reduced on ketanserin compared with placebo (p less than 0.001) in
      the supine and erect positions. The mean net changes in blood pressure after 8
      weeks were 21/17 mmHg and 23/16 mmHg erect. Heart rate was also significantly
      reduced (p less than 0.001) by a mean of 8 beats/min lying and 9 beats/min erect.
      Analysis of ambulatory 24-hour ECG tapes showed no significant effect of
      ketanserin on heart rhythms. Ketanserin therapy had no significant effect on
      routine hematology, plasma electrolytes, biochemistry, or urinalysis. Total
      exchangeable sodium and potassium and body weight were also unchanged. On
      ketanserin treatment, the overall quality of life score was significantly
      improved (p = 0.002; analysis of variance on log transformed data) compared with
      the placebo phase.

PMID- 2285641
TI  - Ketanserin and captopril interaction in the treatment of essential hypertensives.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the combination of ketanserin with
      captopril exerts an additive antihypertensive effect, as compared with single
      drug treatment. Twelve patients with uncomplicated moderate essential
      hypertension received, according to a randomized, double-blind, crossover design,
      ketanserin (40 mg twice daily), captopril (50 mg twice daily), the combination of
      the two drugs at these dosages, and the corresponding placebo, each treatment
      being given for 1 month. Both ketanserin and captopril as monotherapy similarly
      and significantly reduced blood pressure as compared with placebo (p less than
      0.001). The combination treatment of ketanserin plus captopril further and
      significantly reduced blood pressure when compared with single drug treatment (p
      less than 0.001). Moreover, the percentage of responders and patients whose blood
      pressure was normalized were significantly greater under the combined treatment
      than under ketanserin or captopril monotherapy (p less than 0.001). These data
      indicate that the combination of ketanserin plus captopril exerts a clear
      additive antihypertensive effect when compared with each treatment as
      monotherapy, a finding that suggests this combination can be usefully employed in
      the treatment of hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2285642
TI  - Comparison of ketanserin and enalapril in the treatment of mild-to-moderate
      essential hypertension.
AB  - In a double-blind 3-month study in mild-to-moderate essential hypertensive
      patients over 50 years of age, ketanserin, a selective S2-serotoninergic
      antagonist with additional alpha 1-adrenergic blocking properties, has been
      compared with enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Supine and
      upright blood pressures and heart rates were recorded for placebo and during
      active treatment (-4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks). Metabolic profile
      (plasma glucose, creatinine, sodium, potassium, total and HDL-cholesterol,
      triglycerides, uric acid) was monitored during treatment with placebo and at the
      end of the study. Mean blood pressure was equally and significantly (p less than
      0.001) lowered by both drugs from 2 weeks of treatment, whereas no changes
      occurred in mean heart rate or in biochemical variables. Dizziness was observed
      in three patients on ketanserin and in one patient on enalapril, whereas headache
      occurred in only one patient on enalapril. These data indicate that ketanserin is
      as effective and well tolerated as enalapril in hypertensive patients over 50
      years of age.

PMID- 2285643
TI  - Serotonin antagonists and vascular protection.
AB  - There is very suggestive evidence for a role of serotonin release from platelets
      in the mechanisms for platelet aggregation, arterial thrombosis, and arterial
      spasm. These effects are mediated via the 5HT2 receptor and are specifically
      antagonized by ketanserin. The recently published PACK study was a randomized
      controlled trial of the effects of ketanserin in patients with intermittent
      claudication. The purpose of the trial was to discover whether ketanserin
      treatment would reduce the incidence of atherosclerotic complications such as
      myocardial infarction or stroke. An unexpected adverse interaction between
      ketanserin and potassium-losing diuretics was observed, causing an excess of
      deaths in the group taking this combination of drugs. The "intention-to-treat"
      analysis showed no overall difference between ketanserin and placebo in terms of
      cardiovascular complications. Withdrawal of patients taking potassium-losing
      diuretics left insufficient numbers of patients in the study to answer the
      original question. However, the "on-treatment" analysis excluding those taking
      the combination suggested strongly, although did not prove, that ketanserin
      reduced thrombotic episodes by about 25%. It is concluded that the risks of
      interactions between many drugs and potassium-losing diuretics make the use of
      the latter undesirable. Further studies on ketanserin, possibly combined with
      thromboxane A2 inhibitors, seem highly desirable.

PMID- 2285644
TI  - Effect of ketanserin on pain perception in arterial hypertension.
AB  - An association between increased tolerance to pain and arterial hypertension has
      been reported in experimental animals and confirmed in humans. The underlying
      mechanisms remain elusive. We have recently reported that diuretics and beta
      blocking treatment do not influence pain sensitivity, despite significant
      reductions in arterial blood pressure. In the present study, ketanserin was
      evaluated. As in previous work, pain perception was assessed with a tooth pulp
      tester. Ten hypertensive subjects were studied basally, after 15 days and after 3
      months of ketanserin treatment (20 mg twice daily). Significant reductions in
      arterial blood pressure and of pain thresholds were observed, but no correlation
      between these changes occurred. These preliminary data indicate that, contrary to
      other hypotensive drugs, ketanserin tends to decrease or reverse the abnormality
      in pain modulation observed in hypertensive patients. The lack of a correlation
      between effects on blood pressure and pain sensitivity seems, however, to favor
      the hypothesis of two independent underlying mechanisms.

PMID- 2285645
TI  - Serotonin and vascular disease: a survey.

PMID- 2285646
TI  - Serotonin and acute cardiovascular disorders.
AB  - In this survey the possible role of serotonin in such acute disorders as systemic
      and pulmonary hypertension following cardiac surgery is discussed. Although
      platelets are activated during cardiopulmonary bypass, the increase in serotonin
      plasma levels is limited because the serotonin released is taken up by normal
      platelets and endothelial cells. This does not imply that serotonin is not
      involved in the origin of systemic hypertension during and after cardiac surgery,
      because subthreshold or threshold doses of this amine amplify the
      vasoconstrictive effect of, for example, epinephrine and norepinephrine, the
      levels of which are significantly elevated under these circumstances. That
      serotonin plays a role through its amplifying effect is supported by the finding
      that ketanserin, a specific S2-serotonergic receptor antagonist with alpha 1
      adrenergic receptor blocking properties, effectively lowers arterial blood
      pressure in patients with systemic postoperative hypertension by combined
      blockade of these receptors. The compound is also effective in the treatment of
      pulmonary hypertension after valve replacement, indicating that serotonin plays a
      role in the origin of this disorder. This idea is supported by the experimental
      finding that serotonin induces pulmonary hypertension. It is an interesting
      observation that, unlike such compounds as nitroprusside, ketanserin does not
      affect intrapulmonary shunting in patients with systemic hypertension and even
      reduces the intrapulmonary shunt fraction in patients with pulmonary
      hypertension. These findings indicate that this compound dilates the resistance
      vessels in well-ventilated, but not in poorly ventilated areas, and may dilate
      constricted bronchi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285647
TI  - Central serotonergic mechanisms in cardiovascular regulation.
AB  - This paper reviews the role of central serotonin-containing neurons in the
      control of blood pressure. Central serotonin nerves have their cell bodies in the
      brainstem in a number of discrete collections, from where they ascend to ramify
      throughout the brain, descend to terminate in the spinal cord, or send shorter
      projections terminating in medulla, pons, and midbrain. Activation of one
      important ascending serotonin pathway innervating the preoptic region of the
      hypothalamus causes an increase in blood pressure. Activation of a bulbospinal
      serotonin projection descending from the ventrolateral medulla (the B3 cell
      group) to terminate in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) also evokes a
      pressor response. This pressor response is independent of that elicited by
      stimulation of the ventrolateral medulla in the adjacent but separate area
      containing the C1 adrenaline cell group. The pressor action appears to depend on
      increased release of serotonin, as detected by microdialysis in the area of the
      IML, and to be mediated by serotonin receptors of the 5HT1 subclass, probably
      located on sympathetic preganglionic neurons. It is possible that neuroactive
      excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate or aspartate, and neuropeptides such as
      substance P, also play a part in the pressor response evoked by stimulation of
      the ventrolateral medulla in the area of the lateral B3 serotonin cells. This
      descending serotonin pathway also appears important in mediating the hypotensive
      action of the antihypertensive drugs methyldopa and clonidine.

PMID- 2285648
TI  - Portal hypertension: serotonin and pathogenesis.
AB  - It has been demonstrated that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) can decrease
      portal vascular resistance in animals and could be a possible mediator for
      intestinal vasodilatation. Moreover, isolated mesenteric vein from portal
      hypertensive rats has been shown to be hyper-responsive to 5HT. Hence 5HT may
      play a role in the pathophysiology of the hyperkinetic syndrome observed in
      patients with portal hypertension. This hypothesis that serotonin might increase
      splanchnic blood flow, and hence portal pressure, led us to propose that 5HT
      receptor antagonists might decrease portal hypertension. We observed that acute
      administration of ketanserin, an antagonist of serotonin at 5HT2 receptors,
      significantly decreased portal pressure and portal-systemic collateral blood flow
      in patients with cirrhosis, whereas hepatic blood flow was not modified. Arterial
      pressure slightly decreased, while cardiac output was not affected by ketanserin.
      These findings were also observed during continuous administration of ketanserin.
      More recently, it has been shown that ritanserin, a more specific 5HT2 receptor
      antagonist, significantly decreased portal pressure in cirrhotic patients.
      Finally, in rats with portal hypertension, ketanserin as well as ritanserin
      produced significant reductions in portal pressure but did not modify portal
      tributory blood flow. In these portal hypertensive animals, 5HT2 antagonists may
      act on hepatocollateral vascular resistance. These studies confirm current
      evidence in favor of a role for the actions of serotonin via 5HT2 receptors in
      portal hypertension and add a new group of substances for its treatment.

PMID- 2285649
TI  - The role of serotonin in the preeclampsia-eclampsia syndrome.
AB  - The cause of preeclampsia, a syndrome unique to human pregnancy, is unknown.
      There is presently no effective pharmacologic therapy once the symptoms have
      appeared. Only delivery is curative. Preeclampsia likely has multiple etiologies,
      each of which activates a common pathway, culminating in diffuse endothelial
      damage, vasospasm, and hypertension. Current investigation suggests that
      serotonin has a pivotal role in the genesis of preeclamptic hypertension. The
      evidence, as obtained from human and animal study, is reviewed in this article,
      and areas in need of further study are highlighted. A modified series of Koch's
      postulates is employed for a framework. Serotonin is the agent but does not
      directly cause the hypertension. Rather, it is suggested that in a milieu
      characterized by a reduction in endothelial-derived relaxing factor and
      prostacyclin, serotonin augments the smooth muscle response to normally occurring
      concentrations of endogenous vasopressors. It is delivered to the site of action
      (the microvasculature) by the platelet, whose aggregation is encouraged by
      dysfunctional endothelium. Either inhibition of the delivery mechanism by a low,
      daily dose of aspirin, or inhibition of the peripheral serotonin type 2 (5HT2)
      receptor, effectively controls the hypertension.

PMID- 2285651
TI  - Carcinoid syndrome and serotonin: therapeutic effects of ketanserin.
AB  - The carcinoid syndrome can arise when effluent blood from carcinoid tumor tissue
      gains access to the systemic, as opposed to the portal, venous system. Features
      include facial flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, right-sided cardiac lesions, and
      retroperitoneal fibrosis. Attacks of flushing, diarrhea, and wheezing can be
      provoked by bolus injections of adrenaline, noradrenaline, or pentagastrin. While
      serotonin usually predominates, carcinoid tumors can also secrete, in varying
      proportions, 5-hydroxytryptophan, kallikrein, kinins, substance P and other
      neuropeptides, prostaglandins, catecholamines, and histamine. Of these,
      serotonin, kinins, histamine, and substance P are possible mediators of flushes;
      serotonin and substance P of hyperperistalsis; and serotonin, kinins, or
      histamine of bronchial constriction. Despite the gross excess of circulating
      serotonin, nearly all is platelet bound and therefore inactive. Very little is
      free in plasma. Demonstration of a contribution of serotonin to carcinoid attacks
      requires assay of free plasma serotonin; measurements of whole blood or serum
      serotonin are of little value. Some, but not all, provoked flushes have been
      shown to be accompanied by a rise in free plasma serotonin or substance P; an
      increase in circulating kinins has been more consistently shown. The 5HT2
      antagonist ketanserin has been found to inhibit both provoked and spontaneous
      attacks of flushing, diarrhea, and dyspnea in a proportion of patients with
      carcinoid syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285650
TI  - Pathogenesis and treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon.
AB  - The pathogenetic theories and treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon are reviewed. In
      primary Raynaud's disease, most evidence supports a local defect at the digital
      artery level, with vasoconstriction or vasospasm of the digital arteries inducing
      the color changes. Normal sympathetic activity, low transmural arterial
      distending forces, and serotonin may be associated factors in the production of
      vasospastic attacks. In Raynaud's phenomenon, persistent vasoconstriction,
      thickened vessel walls, increased blood viscosity, and low digital artery blood
      pressure distal to obstructions may lead to vasospastic attacks with normal
      sympathetic nerve stimuli. Since the underlying cause of primary Raynaud's
      disease is unknown, treatment involves the use of agents to reduce sympathetic
      nerve activity or to prevent vascular smooth muscle contraction. Most patients
      will respond to conservative measures, but if they fail nifedipine is the drug of
      choice and alleviates the syndrome in about two thirds of patients. Reserpine and
      guanethidine may be as effective, but well-controlled studies have not been
      performed. The beneficial response to prazosin is moderate and dissipates with
      time. Side effects with these drugs prevent their use in many patients. Diltiazem
      and nitroglycerin ointments are of questionable value. Ketanserin, a serotonergic
      S2-receptor antagonist, which has been shown to decrease the frequency of
      vasospastic attacks, and parenteral prostacyclin are among the new promising
      therapies.

PMID- 2285652
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine induces contraction in isolated human mammary artery: effect
      of ketanserin.
AB  - 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) treatment produced dose-related contractions in the
      human internal mammary artery with an EC50 value of 3.4 X 10(-7) M. The 5HT2
      receptor antagonist ketanserin reversed the contractions evoked by 5HT in a
      competitive manner at a low concentration (10(-8) M), whereas a noncompetitive
      antagonism was apparent at higher concentrations (5 X 10(-8) M to 5 X 10(-7) M).
      The alpha 1-blocking component of ketanserin was evaluated by studying the effect
      of ketanserin upon the contractile response evoked by norepinephrine. Up to 10(
      7) M, ketanserin did not influence norepinephrine-induced contractions. These
      findings indicate that the mammary artery is a vascular tissue sensitive to
      contractions induced by 5HT and that the drug ketanserin antagonizes this
      contractile response through the 5HT2 receptor subtype.

PMID- 2285653
TI  - Serotonergic antagonists and vascular disease.
AB  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) can evoke both contraction and relaxation of
      vascular smooth muscle. In disease, the constrictor component of the response to
      the monoamine appears to dominate. 5HT2-serotonergic antagonists favor
      dilatation, not only because they block the activating effect of serotonin on
      vascular smooth muscle, but also because they unmask the (endothelium-dependent)
      relaxation to the monoamine and brake the amplifying effect that it exerts on
      platelet aggregation. These properties of serotonergic antagonists help to
      explain their protective effects in vascular disease.

PMID- 2285654
TI  - Influence of long-term treatment with ketanserin on blood pressure, pulmonary
      artery pressure, and cardiac output in patients with heart failure.
AB  - Ketanserin is a selective serotonin2-receptor blocker and by this mechanism
      decreases peripheral resistance and blood pressure in hypertensives. We examined
      the hemodynamic effects of ketanserin during long-term treatment in patients with
      heart failure. Five male patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure
      (NYHA classes II-III) were treated with ketanserin (80 mg daily) for 12 months.
      Before treatment, after 4 weeks, and after 12 months treatment, a Swan-Ganz
      catheter was placed into the pulmonary artery and pulmonary wedge pressure,
      cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were measured at rest and
      on exertion. The pulmonary wedge pressure at rest decreased from 8 mmHg before to
      6 mmHg after 4 weeks and 12 months treatment; on exertion, it decreased from 31
      mmHg before treatment to 24 mmHg after 4 weeks treatment and to 21 mmHg after 12
      months treatment. The mean arterial pressure also decreased at rest and on
      exertion after 4 weeks treatment as well as after 12 months treatment. Cardiac
      output increased slightly and heart rate was unaltered. No serious side effects
      occurred. Ketanserin could become an alternative vasodilator drug in the
      treatment of patients with heart failure.

PMID- 2285655
TI  - Could the increased antihypertensive efficacy of ketanserin in the elderly be due
      to altered pharmacokinetics?
AB  - Ketanserin is a serotonin S2-receptor antagonist that is an effective
      antihypertensive agent with a greater blood pressure reduction in older patients.
      We have reviewed the data from two studies of ketanserin pharmacokinetics in
      elderly patients, one in general practice (GP) and one in hospital patients. We
      compared these data with the results from two of our previous studies in young
      volunteers. The purpose was to determine whether the enhanced efficacy of
      ketanserin in elderly hypertensive patients could be due to altered
      pharmacokinetics. After a single dose of ketanserin, elderly hypertensives showed
      about a 60% increase in bioavailability compared with young volunteers. This
      increase is likely to be explained by a reduced metabolism of ketanserin on first
      pass through the liver. The elimination half-life of ketanserin was found to be
      longer in elderly hospital outpatients, but not in our elderly subjects in
      general practice. This prolongation of the elimination half-life of ketanserin
      appears to be unrelated to age, since the hospital outpatient elderly and elderly
      subjects in general practice were of similar ages. The elimination half-life of
      ketanserinol was longer in the hospital elderly subjects. This probably reflects
      a slight diminution of renal function in the elderly hospital outpatients,
      resulting in reduced clearance of ketanserinol. The peak and trough ketanserin
      concentrations were similar in young and elderly subjects during chronic
      treatment, and it is therefore unlikely that the increased efficacy of ketanserin
      in elderly patients is due to altered pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2285656
TI  - The effects of ketanserin on ventricular ectopic activity in humans.
AB  - Ketanserin is a serotonin S2-receptor antagonist that lowers blood pressure and
      inhibits platelet aggregation. Ketanserin treatment is also associated with
      prolongation of the corrected QT interval. The recently reported Prevention of
      Atherosclerotic Complications with Ketanserin (PACK) trial confirmed this
      prolongation of QT and also revealed a significant excess of deaths in patients
      receiving ketanserin together with potassium-losing diuretics. The investigators
      suggested that this excess of deaths may have been attributable to exacerbation
      of hypokalemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias by the repolarization-prolonging
      effect of ketanserin. However, drugs that prolong the QT interval may affect
      ventricular ectopic activity beneficially, and our study was designed to evaluate
      the effects of ketanserin on ventricular ectopic activity. Twenty patients (18
      male, 2 female) aged 42-73 years were studied, each having at least 15
      ventricular ectopic beats/hour. The study design was a double-blind, crossover
      comparison of ketanserin, 40 mg twice daily, and placebo, both given for 1 week.
      Ventricular ectopic activity was assessed by 48-hour Holter electrocardiogram
      (ECG) tapes at the end of each treatment period. Ketanserin treatment was
      associated with prolongation of repolarization, as reflected by the significant
      mean increases in both QT interval (+30 ms; p less than 0.001) and corrected QT
      interval (+20 ms; p less than 0.05). The mean overall degree of ventricular
      ectopic activity, as represented by a score based on the Lown classification, was
      significantly reduced (p less than 0.05). This was associated with a concordant
      improvement in the individual indices of ectopic activity. Our results show that
      ketanserin significantly suppressed ventricular ectopic activity in our
      normokalemic patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285658
TI  - The effects of cautery on the optic nerve.
AB  - A case history is presented of a patient who sustained visual loss and a third
      nerve palsy after the application of monopolar electrocautery to the orbital
      apex. Because the third-nerve palsy resolved and most of the vision was regained,
      it is theorized that the neurological deficits were secondary to myelin damage
      caused by the monopolar electrocoagulator. The purpose of this article is to
      compare the effects of monopolar electrocoagulation, bipolar electrocoagulation,
      and hot-wire cautery on decompressed optic nerves of cats. Although all three
      forms of coagulation are capable of causing demyelination within the optic nerve
      when used on the nerve sheath, monopolar electrocoagulation resulted in the
      greatest degree of demyelination and bipolar electrocoagulation resulted in the
      least demyelination.

PMID- 2285657
TI  - Effects of ketanserin on intraocular pressure.
AB  - There is evidence that some antihypertensive drugs, such as beta blockers, are
      effective in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) and are commonly used in the
      medical treatment of glaucoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects
      of the anti-serotonergic agent ketanserin, which has associated alpha 1-blocking
      properties, on IOP in normotensive and hypertensive eyes. The first part of the
      study was performed in six arterial hypertensive patients (mean +/- SD blood
      pressure 156/102 +/- 10/6 mmHg) with a pretreatment IOP in the normal range (15.7
      +/- 1 mmHg). Both blood pressure and IOP were measured at baseline and at 1 hour
      intervals up to 3 hours following the oral administration of ketanserin 20 mg or
      placebo, given in a randomized manner. Three hours after ketanserin treatment,
      mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures dropped by 10/5 mmHg and mean IOP was
      reduced by 2.7 mmHg; after placebo, no change was observed in these variables.
      Thereafter, four normotensive patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma (IOP =
      22.8 mmHg) were given 20 mg ketanserin orally. Three hours after administration,
      a 22% reduction in mean IOP occurred (-5.8 mmHg), with a concomitant reduction in
      mean systolic blood pressure of 13.0 mmHg. These results indicate that ketanserin
      treatment reduces IOP and systemic blood pressure. Further, long-term studies are
      needed in order to confirm the efficacy of ketanserin in the medical treatment of
      ocular hypertension.

PMID- 2285659
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in a model of wooden foreign
      bodies in the orbit.
AB  - Wooden foreign bodies in the orbit are not detectable by standard
      roentgenography. Reports in the literature on the ability of computed tomography
      (CT) to detect orbital wooden foreign bodies have varied. To evaluate whether
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would offer any advantage over CT in detecting
      wood in the orbit. MRI and CT were performed on an in vitro model of wooden
      foreign bodies in the orbit. Woods of different types and sizes were studied in
      vegetable fat backgrounds chosen to simulate orbital fat. On CT, most types of
      wood were hypodense to fat. Appropriate window settings were critical in the
      detection of wood by CT: in this model, a window width of 1000 Hounsfield units
      was optimal. On MRI, all types of wood were hypointense to fat. Small pieces of
      wood were surrounded by an MRI truncation artifact consisting of hyperintense
      spots. T1-weighted images demonstrated wood better than T2-weighted images and
      required less scanning time than either proton density or T2-weighted images, MRI
      was superior to CT in detecting the smallest pieces of wood. The role of MRI in
      the detection of orbital wooden foreign bodies in clinical practice remains to be
      determined.

PMID- 2285660
TI  - Primary versus secondary intraorbital implants.
AB  - To compare the results of primary and secondary intraorbital implants after
      enucleation, we retrospectively studied the surgical outcomes of 114 patients. In
      44 patients the implant was inserted immediately after enucleation and in the
      remaining 70 patients the implant was inserted at a later date. To achieve a
      satisfactory cosmetic result, additional procedures were needed in 11% of the
      patients with a primary implant and in 49% of those with a secondary implant. The
      insertion of an implant at the time of enucleation has distinct advantages over
      the insertion of the implant at a later date.

PMID- 2285661
TI  - Bipedicle myocutaneous flap repair of cicatricial ectropion.
AB  - We present a new approach to the bipedicle myocutaneous upper eyelid to lower
      eyelid flap in the repair of cicatricial ectropion in lower eyelid
      reconstruction, and in the release of tension caused by a previous cheek
      rotational flap. By incorporating the pedicles into the flap design, we prevent
      the persistent lymphedema and the raw tissue placed against exposed epidermis
      encountered in previous bipedicle myocutaneous flaps. Although there may be
      disadvantages associated with this procedure, we have not encountered any to
      date. Advantages of this procedure include the double source of blood supply and
      the superior cosmetic result as well as the avoidance of a second operative
      procedure. We recommend the use of the bipedicle myocutaneous flap in selected
      cases.

PMID- 2285662
TI  - Thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the medial rectus muscle.
AB  - Isolated extraocular muscle metastasis is rare and is unreported for thyroid
      carcinoma. The authors describe a 72-year old man who presented with pain,
      redness, and proptosis of the right eye. Orbital computed tomography showed a
      large fusiform soft tissue mass along the medial aspect of the right orbit,
      involving the medial rectus. Orbital exploration disclosed a mass within the
      medial rectus muscle sheath involving the muscle belly. Histopathologic
      examination including electron microscopy, revealed metastatic thyroid carcinoma.
      Systemic treatment with radioactive iodine was recommended and refused by the
      patient. One year later, he died of complications from his metastatic disease.

PMID- 2285663
TI  - Split lamellae switch flap for upper eyelid reconstruction.
AB  - A new concept for elevating a switch flap from the lower eyelid and then closing
      the defect is advocated. This flap is composed of two different-sized lamellae,
      the horizontally extended anterior lamella and the conventional wedge-shaped
      posterior lamella and lid margin. The donor's defect is to be closed with each
      lamella; the posterior lamella is horizontally advanced and directly closed with
      the aid of lateral canthotomy and cantholysis, and the anterior lamella is closed
      directly by extending the incision laterally to the temporal region and advancing
      the skin superolaterally. The switch flap can be applied to previously
      unindicated, nontypical upper eyelid defects by means of the split lamella
      concept and procedure. An illustrative case is presented.

PMID- 2285664
TI  - Nodular fasciitis presenting as an eyelid mass.
AB  - A case of nodular fasciitis occurring in the eyelid is presented. The clinical
      and pathologic features of this rare cause of an eyelid mass are discussed.
      Nodular fasciitis should be considered in the pathologic differential diagnosis
      of connective tissue tumors of the periorbital region. It is important not to
      confuse nodular fasciitis with fibrosarcoma, as simple excision is curative for
      this condition.

PMID- 2285665
TI  - Eyelid lipoid granuloma following topical ointment application.
AB  - Subcutaneous lipogranulomas have been known to occur after injection of lipids
      for cosmetic or therapeutic reasons. Fibrosis may occur around the granulomas,
      giving them a lobulated appearance that can clinically mimic a malignancy. Of the
      few reports of lipogranulomas after the use of topical ointment, none have
      occurred in the eyelid. We report a case of subconjunctival lipogranulomas after
      the use of topical ointment whose clinical appearance was suggestive of sebaceous
      gland carcinoma.

PMID- 2285666
TI  - Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
AB  - A patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and bloody tears is
      described. This case report serves to familiarize the ophthalmic plastic and
      reconstructive surgeon with the differential diagnosis of bloody tears.
      Conjunctival, oral mucosal and cutaneous findings are documented, and the
      systemic and ocular manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are
      discussed.

PMID- 2285667
TI  - Evisceration implant of Proplast II. A preliminary report.
AB  - An evisceration implant made from a highly porous inert, Teflon fluorocarbon,
      Proplast II, and the surgical technique of implantation is described. The implant
      was used in four eyes without complications. The implant and technique have many
      advantages: the ability to absorb antibiotics: the ability to prevent extrusion
      and infection; the fact that it is lightweight, black in color, and capable of
      preserving the cornea.

PMID- 2285668
TI  - Buried quasi-integrated enucleation implant of Proplast II. A preliminary report.
AB  - A preliminary report of a new design for a buried quasi-integrated implant made
      of Proplast II (Vitek, Inc., Houston, Texas, U.S.A.) is presented. The design is
      intended to combine the benefits of an integrated and buried implant.

PMID- 2285669
TI  - The pathophysiology of the anophthalmic socket. Part I. Analysis of orbital blood
      flow.
AB  - A wide variety of complications of the anophthalmic socket develop in patients
      after enucleation, including enophthalmos, superior sulcus deformities, eyelid
      malpositions, implant migration and extrusion, poor prosthetic motility, and
      socket contraction. Changes in the orbital blood flow and metabolic activity of
      the socket tissues and atrophy of the orbital fat occurring after enucleation
      have been suggested as two theoretical mechanisms that result in the development
      of these clinical conditions. Lack of scientific evidence and a limited
      understanding of the pathophysiologic basis of the features of anophthalmos led
      us to evaluate the validity of these proposed mechanisms in an animal model.
      Selected parameters of the normal orbits were compared with the contralateral
      anophthalmic orbits at different time intervals after surgery. Orbital blood flow
      was studied with selective ophthalmic artery angiography and radioactive
      microsphere techniques. Ophthalmic arteriography demonstrated symmetric caliber
      and filling characteristics of the major orbital vessels of the control and
      experimental orbits, although their topographic course was slightly more tortuous
      in the anophthalmic socket. Results of radioactive microsphere analysis of
      capillary blood flow per weight of the different orbital tissue compartments of
      the animals in the long-term group showed no significant difference between the
      normal and anophthalmic sockets. These findings provide evidence that the
      circulation dynamics and blood flow to orbital tissues do not change after
      enucleation surgery.

PMID- 2285670
TI  - The pathophysiology of the anophthalmic socket. Part II. Analysis of orbital fat.
AB  - The pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the clinical features of the
      anophthalmic socket are poorly understood. Atrophy of orbital fat has been
      thought to be a major contributing cause of enophthalmos and the superior sulcus
      deformities that develop after enucleation, but it has never been demonstrated
      histopathologically or confirmed by scientific analysis. This study was
      undertaken to investigate the changes that occur in the orbital fat compartment
      of the anophthalmic socket in an animal model by measuring orbital soft tissue
      mass and evaluating adipocyte cell size. Instead of reduction in the tissue mass,
      a statistically significant greater weight of the fat and connective tissue
      compartment was found in the anophthalmic orbit by nearly 13% compared to the
      control orbit in the animals in the long-term group. No significant change in the
      mean maximal diameter of adipocytes developed 7 months after enucleation. These
      analyses do not support the concept that orbital fat atrophy or a reduction of
      metabolic activity occurs in the anophthalmic socket in this animal model. From
      these results and our previous findings that the circulation dynamics and blood
      flow to orbital tissues do not change after enucleation, we propose that the
      pathophysiologic basis of the problems associated with anophthalmos is a
      disturbance in the spatial architecture and interrelationships of the multiple
      tissue components of the orbit, not a change in the orbital blood flow or
      development of fat atrophy.

PMID- 2285671
TI  - Treatment of refractory orbital pseudotumors with pulsed chemotherapy.
AB  - Five patients with orbital pseudotumor refractive to initial therapy are
      discussed. Three had a destructive granulomatous process associated with a
      sclerosing component. Two exhibited a predominantly lymphocytic infiltration.
      Chemotherapy with Prednisone (100 mg/day) and either Cytoxan (100 mg/day) or
      Chlorambucil (10 mg/day) in 5-day pulses is described. All patients responded
      clinically to this treatment without unfavorable side effects.

PMID- 2285673
TI  - Evaluation of Gore-Tex graft material in the repair of right ventricular outflow
      tract defect.
AB  - Following right ventriculotomy, Gore-Tex PTFE vascular grafts were placed in
      eight neutered male, 6- to 8-week-old, 8- to 12-kg pigs. Ten to 14 months after
      surgery each pig was evaluated by right heart catheterization. The swine were
      sacrificed and the hearts were evaluated grossly and microscopically. Comparison
      of the mean derived cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters in this group with
      published data on swine and humans indicated normal cardiovascular physiology.
      Since there was no gradient across the patched areas, it appears that the patches
      had no adverse effects on the cardiovascular system of growing pigs over an
      approximately 1-year time period. In addition, the Gore-Tex appeared to be
      satisfactory for the repair of right ventricular outflow enlargement. Its
      relative ease of handling, configuration, and lack of aneurysm formation were
      advantages over other available materials. However, focal calcification and
      chronic inflammatory reaction did indicate the possibility of long-term
      prosthetic failure.

PMID- 2285672
TI  - Tube choledochoureterostomy: a simple method for bile diversion.
AB  - A technique of bile diversion by tube choledochoureterostomy has been devised for
      the purpose of studying the role of bile in the intestinal absorption of drugs.
      This method was used in six dogs. No technical difficulties or major
      complications developed, as are inevitable with alternative methods, including
      external fistula.

PMID- 2285674
TI  - Warfarin sodium for anticoagulation of atherosclerotic miniature swine.
AB  - Warfarin sodium (Coumadin) has been used as an effective anticoagulating agent in
      human medicine for many years, although careful monitoring of its effects are
      necessary to avoid excessive anticoagulation. Previous experience with this drug
      for chronic anticoagulation therapy in miniature swine has been limited. The
      effect of warfarin sodium was studied by measuring prothrombin time in twelve 8
      month-old Hanford miniature swine. The pigs had been fed a high-cholesterol diet
      and had undergone a prior coronary artery abrasion procedure for development of
      an atherosclerotic coronary disease model. Atherosclerosis was induced by feeding
      a high-cholesterol diet. Baseline prothrombin time ranged from 12.8 to 15.0 s
      (13.7 s mean). Prothrombin time was determined daily for the first 5 days of
      treatment and at least twice weekly thereafter until the animals were sacrificed.
      Animals received warfarin for 37-41 days. Prothrombin time could be increased 33
      50% by once daily oral administration of warfarin 0.04-0.08 mg/kg. Oral
      administration of more than 0.08 mg/kg as a maintenance dose resulted in the
      death of two pigs. Most animals responded well to 0.08 mg/kg for the first 3 days
      of treatment followed by a maintenance dose of 0.06 mg/kg. Dosage was adjusted
      periodically when prothrombin times exceeded 50% above baseline. It is our
      experience that monitoring prothrombin time at least twice weekly and adjusting
      the maintenance dose can eliminate death losses due to warfarin intoxication.

PMID- 2285675
TI  - Intraluminal bypass device for arterial surgery.
AB  - Over 50,000 artificial grafts are implanted every year in the United States.
      Present surgical procedures require either bypass or clamping off of the vessel
      to be replaced. Complications of these techniques include aneurysms and left
      ventricular overload. In addition, for aortic procedures paraplegia or even death
      can occur. A simple surgical procedure that does not require cardiopulmonary
      bypass, external shunts, or cross-clamping was developed and tested in dogs. An
      intraluminal bypass device was developed to allow blood to flow through the aorta
      to the lower limbs during the procedure. Blood flow stoppage was minimized, which
      should lead to a reduction of morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2285676
TI  - Bile reflux and the gastric mucosa: an experimental ferret model.
AB  - To study the effects of chronic bile reflux on the mammalian gastric mucosa, the
      ferret model was chosen for its practical aptitude and for its similarity to
      human gastric anatomy and physiology. A technique was first perfected for
      endoscopically directed gastric mucosal biopsy in the ferret. Subsequently, a
      surgical model of maximal enterogastric reflux (MR) and a control model of
      minimal reflux or "nonreflux" (NR) were developed. A stable population of 9 MR
      and 9 NR ferrets surviving 1-3 years has been established. All 18 animals, plus 6
      nonoperative control animals, have undergone multiple repeat endoscopy and
      gastric biopsy without complication. The surgical and endoscopic techniques, with
      preliminary findings, are described.

PMID- 2285677
TI  - The effects of testosterone propionate and methenolone enanthate on the healing
      of humeral osteotomies in the Wistar rat.
AB  - A randomized blind prospective study was carried out to determine if an anabolic
      androgenic steroid with a high anabolic/androgenic ratio, Group A, (1/0.05)
      methenolone enanthate (me), compared to an anabolic/androgenic agent with a low
      anabolic/androgenic ratio, Group B, (1.0/1.0) testosterone propionate (tp),
      compared to a control, Group C, cottonseed oil (co), affected midhumeral
      osteotomy healing in 100 two-month-old female Wistar rats. The rats received 4
      mg/kg me, 4 mg/kg te, and equal volumes of co weekly. The rats were sacrificed at
      2, 4, and 6 weeks. The entire humerus with the healing osteotomy was carefully
      dissected until all soft tissue attachments were stripped. The healing callus was
      then subjected to (1) biochemical analysis (hexosamine, hydroxyproline, and
      calcium), (2) biomechanical testing (progressive distraction of the callus at 1
      mm/min on an electrohydraulic materials test system, model 1331, Instron Corp,
      Canton, MA, and (3) histology. Results of the biochemical testing demonstrated
      that the percentage of calcium in the healing callus at 2 weeks in group B (tp)
      was 7.3 +/- 1.0, and this value was greater than that in group C (co), 4.8 +/-
      1.6 (p greater than .01), and greater than that in group A (me), 5.6 +/- 0.6 (p
      greater than .01). At 4 weeks, the percentage of calcium in the callus in group B
      (tp) was 6.8 +/- 1.9, in group A (me) 7.3 +/- 3.7, and these values were both
      greater than that in group C (co), 3.9 +/- 2.2 (p greater than .02 and .01,
      respectively). At 6 weeks the percentage of calcium in the callus in group B (tp)
      was 11.7 +/- 3.9 and in group A (me) 12.7 +/- 3.9, and again these values were
      both greater than that in group C (co), 6.7 +/- 2.6 (p greater than .02 and .01,
      respectively). The remainder of the biochemical analysis, hexosamine and
      hydroxyproline content, did not show a statistical difference in groups A, B, and
      C at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. The biomechanical studies and histology also failed to
      show statistical differences between the three groups at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. The
      conclusion of this study is that an agent with a low androgenic activity does not
      increase calcium callus concentrations early in the course of fracture healing
      compared to an agent with higher androgenic activity. As healing progresses, both
      agents increase the concentration of calcium in osteotomy healing. The clinical
      significance of this study is that agents with low androgenic activities
      favorably influence osteotomy healing and may be clinically useful because they
      lack unwanted virilizing activity.

PMID- 2285678
TI  - Paget's disease and angioid streaks: one complication less?

PMID- 2285679
TI  - Prevalence of angioid streaks and other ocular complications of Paget's disease
      of bone.
AB  - Seventy randomly selected patients with Paget's disease of bone were examined for
      ocular complications. The prevalence of macular degeneration and cataract was
      24.3%. Only one patient was found to have angioid streaks. Eight patients had
      peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy. These findings suggest that the prevalence
      of serious ocular complications of Paget's disease is not as high as previously
      thought. The significance of peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy requires further
      evaluation.

PMID- 2285680
TI  - How large must an iridotomy be?
AB  - Four cases of acute angle closure glaucoma in eyes with a small but patent Nd-YAG
      laser iridotomy are presented, and similar cases in the literature are reviewed.
      Theoretically a 15 microns diameter iridotomy should be large enough to prevent
      angle closure glaucoma due to pupil block. Mechanisms by which larger iridotomies
      fail to prevent angle closure glaucoma, and the role of provocation tests
      following iridotomy, are discussed. An iridotomy should be at least 150-200
      microns in diameter if acute angle closure glaucoma is to be reliably prevented.

PMID- 2285681
TI  - A longitudinal study of children with a family history of strabismus: factors
      determining the incidence of strabismus.
AB  - A longitudinal study of ocular refraction, position, and fixation was performed
      in children with a family history of strabismus. The children were examined at
      regular intervals between 3 months and 4 years of age, and the results are
      discussed in terms of changes in refraction between different ages and
      correlations between refraction and development of strabismus and amblyopia. Six
      of 34 children (17.6%) developed constant or intermittent esotropia. The
      strabismus was first noted between 18 and 30 months of age except in one case.
      All esotropic children were 4 dioptres hypermetropic or more at 6 months, and
      their hypermetropia remained almost unchanged through the years. Seven additional
      children were 4 dioptres or more hypermetropic at 6 months but did not develop a
      squint. In contrast to the squinting children the hypermetropia in these children
      changed towards emmetropia. This emmetropisation was most pronounced during the
      first 2 years of age. The implications of these results for an early diagnosis of
      strabismus amblyopia are discussed.

PMID- 2285683
TI  - Effect of a beta-blocker on altered body position: induced ocular hypertension.
AB  - The intraocular pressures (IOP) were measured in both eyes of 25 healthy
      volunteers in various body positions. One eye was pretreated with levobunolol
      0.5% or placebo applied in a masked, randomised fashion, while the other served
      as control. IOP changes in response to levobunolol and to changes in position
      were significant (p less than 0.0001). However, pressure rises relative to
      position were not significantly different in eyes treated with drug vs placebo.
      Levobunolol did not alter relative changes in IOP from changes in body position.
      However, the overall lowering effect may offer some protection to patients with
      glaucoma.

PMID- 2285682
TI  - Retinal arterial macroaneurysms: risk factors and natural history.
AB  - A case control study was conducted to identify the systemic and ocular risk
      factors for retinal arterial macroaneurysms. Forty-three patients with 52
      photographically confirmed macroaneurysms were located. Forty-three age-matched,
      race-matched concurrent control patients were also identified. The patients with
      macroaneurysms had decreased visual acuity (p less than 0.0001) and a higher
      prevalence of hypertension (p = 0.037), female sex (p = 0.099), and retinal vein
      occlusions (p = 0.055) than controls. In patients with both a macroaneurysm and
      venous occlusion there was a 12.0 times higher prevalence of macroaneurysms in
      the area of retina drained by the occluded vein (p less than 0.05). Common
      findings associated with macroaneurysms included retinal haemorrhage (81% of
      patients), retinal exudate (70%), vitreous haemorrhage (30%), macular involvement
      (30%), and distal arteriolar narrowing (26%). Arteriolar occlusion occurred
      spontaneously (8%) or after laser photocoagulation (16%).

PMID- 2285684
TI  - A functional vagotomy induced by unilateral forced right nostril breathing
      decreases intraocular pressure in open and closed angle glaucoma.
AB  - There is evidence of the central regulation of intraocular pressure, and it has
      been suggested that vagal tone might be increased in glaucoma simplex. The nasal
      cycle, the simultaneous congestion-decongestion response in the nasal cavities,
      reflects the dynamic lateralisation of the autonomic nervous system. Since this
      lateralisation presents with sympathetic activity induced by left brain
      hemisphere stimulation and parasympathetic activity induced by right hemisphere
      stimulation, it was subsequently demonstrated that forced unilateral nostril
      breathing induces selective contralateral hemispheric stimulation as measured by
      relative increases in the electroencephalographic amplitude in the contralateral
      hemisphere as well as alternating lateralisation of plasma catecholamines. Using
      this functional vagotomy, we report that left hemispheric stimulation by 20
      minutes of forced unilateral right nostril breathing led to a significant
      bilateral decrease of 4.6 mmHg (25%) in intraocular pressure in 46 patients with
      open and closed angle glaucoma. However, it significantly increased the IOP in
      three patients with neovascular, one with juvenile onset, and one with closed
      angle glaucoma.

PMID- 2285685
TI  - Choroidal lesions in patients with AIDS.
AB  - Seven cases of bilateral, scattered, yellow-white choroidal lesions have been
      seen in AIDS patients since January 1988. One resulted from presumed extension of
      cryptococcal meningitis into the optic nerve and choroid. All the remaining six
      patients had pneumocystis pneumonia at some time during the course of the disease
      and were receiving aerosolised pentamidine therapy. None died quickly of
      disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection, unlike previously reported patients.
      Mycobacterial infection was also present in five of these six patients. The
      differential diagnosis of this entity in AIDS patients is discussed.

PMID- 2285686
TI  - Therapeutic outcome of patients suffering from malignant melanomas of the
      conjunctiva.
AB  - Eighty-one cases of conjunctival melanoma treated between 1960 and 1988 were
      studied to determine factors that might affect outcome in patients with such
      lesions. The therapeutic procedures performed were local excision (16), local
      excision followed by brachytherapy with Sr-90/Y-90 (32), local excision followed
      by cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen (16), brachytherapy with Sr-90/Y-90 (12),
      local excision followed by external beam irradiation (3), and local excision
      followed by brachytherapy and cryotherapy (2). The median follow-up period was
      5.5 years (longest 26, shortest 1 year). Sixty two patients (76.5%) showed a
      complete regression of the melanoma, 19 (23.5%) developed recurrences, and 15
      (18.5%) died from metastases. The melanomas had developed with almost equal
      frequency from a pre-existing naevus (25.9%), from primary acquired melanosis
      (25.9%), and 'de novo' (30.9%). Small tumours had a higher chance of regressing
      (80.6%) than larger ones (68.6%). The cumulative survival rate was 76% after five
      years and 60% after 10 years from any causes of death and 87.6% after five years
      and 76.3% after 10 years from deaths caused by metastases. Most deaths from
      metastases occurred within 5 years. At 88.5%, the cumulative survival rate of
      patients with small tumours (less than one quadrant of the bulbar conjunctiva and
      less than 2 mm thickness) was significantly higher than that of patients with
      larger tumours (more than one quadrant of the bulbar conjunctiva and/or more than
      2 mm thickness) with 65% after eight years. Local excision followed by beta ray
      irradiation (Sr-90/Y-90) or cryotherapy can be recommended as the treatment of
      choice. Nevertheless the behaviour of conjunctival melanomas remains
      unpredictable in individual cases.

PMID- 2285687
TI  - Endogenous posterior uveitis.

PMID- 2285688
TI  - A case of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. II: The sterol content of a cataractous
      lens.
AB  - The cholestanol content of a cataractous lens nucleus from a patient with
      cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) was quantified by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry and found to be 0.27 micrograms per mg freeze-dried lens tissue. The
      cholestanol-cholesterol ratio of 1.7% in the lens nucleus was similar to that in
      the serum of the CTX patient. The cholestanol content and cholestanol-cholesterol
      ratio in the CTX lens were approximately four-fold and six-fold greater
      respectively than the mean levels found in three senile cataractous lens nuclei
      analysed simultaneously for comparative purposes.

PMID- 2285689
TI  - Histology of the lens in the Weill-Marchesani syndrome.
AB  - The Weill-Marchesani syndrome is a rare systemic connective tissue disease
      characterised by small stature, brachydactyly, ectopia lentis, and spherophakia.
      Three siblings with typical manifestations of this syndrome were reported. The
      ophthalmological findings in all these cases were spherophakia, severe myopia, a
      shallow anterior chamber, and narrow angle glaucoma. Two cases underwent laser
      iridotomy and drug treatment. In the third case the lens was removed from the eye
      because of injury, and this lens was examined by light and electron microscopy.

PMID- 2285690
TI  - Scleral melting in a patient with conjunctival rhinosporidiosis.
AB  - A remarkable case of a scleral melting reaction in association with conjunctival
      rhinosporidiosis is presented and its surgical treatment with a scleral graft
      described.

PMID- 2285691
TI  - Bilateral total corneal epithelial erosion as a side effect of cytotoxic therapy.
AB  - Bilateral total corneal epithelial erosion and descement folds are reported as
      toxic side effects of 5-fluorouracil in a patient with end stage carcinoma of the
      stomach.

PMID- 2285692
TI  - Local anaesthesia for cataract surgery.

PMID- 2285694
TI  - Trial frame for children.

PMID- 2285695
TI  - The Barry Project--a further assessment of occlusal treatment change in a
      consecutive sample: crowding and arch dimensions.
AB  - In a further study of serially treated cases from a Welsh town, the results
      achieved for crowding, tooth alignment, residual spacing, tooth rotation, arch
      dimension, and centre line discrepancy are examined. The initial stability of the
      treatment change in these variables is also presented.

PMID- 2285693
TI  - Local anaesthesia without retrobulbar injection.

PMID- 2285696
TI  - A study of need and demand for orthodontic treatment in two contrasting National
      Health Service regions.
AB  - A study has been made of attitudes towards the need for orthodontic treatment and
      its acceptability to fifth year high school pupils in two regional health
      authorities in England, selected because of differences in the number of
      orthodontists practising in the regions and in the amount of General Dental
      Service orthodontics undertaken in each. The respondents in both regions showed
      similar levels of awareness to the need for treatment, but treatment was found to
      be less acceptable to those in the region where less orthodontic appliance
      therapy was being undertaken. The differences between regions were greater in
      girls than boys. In both regions, girls were more aware of malocclusions than
      boys and were more prepared to accept treatment.

PMID- 2285697
TI  - Fluoride release from orthodontic bonding materials. An in vitro study.
AB  - Decalcification of enamel continues to be a problem with fixed orthodontic
      appliances. An orthodontic bonding composite is now available which claims to
      release fluoride, although there are no data to substantiate this claim. Fluoride
      release from this new material (DIRECT) was measured and compared with two other
      orthodontic bonding materials. The amount of fluoride released was very small and
      unlikely to have a therapeutic effect.

PMID- 2285698
TI  - Panel perception of facial attractiveness.
AB  - The full-face and profile photographic transparencies of 60 subjects (30 male, 30
      female) divided equally among Angles Class I, Class II Division 1, and Class III
      malocclusions, taken before and after orthodontic treatment, were randomly
      distributed in projector carousels and shown to four panels consisting of
      orthodontists, dental students, art students, and the parents of children
      undergoing orthodontic treatment. The faces were rated according to the method of
      Lundstrom et al. (1987). Full-face views generally were rated more attractive
      than profile views and Class II and Class III malocclusion subjects were rated
      lower than Class I malocclusion subjects. While the art student and parent panels
      were less critical in their appraisal of facial attractiveness, they were less
      sensitive to the changes brought about by orthodontic treatment than the
      orthodontist and dental student panels, although all could appreciate an
      improvement in the Class II Division 1 group.

PMID- 2285699
TI  - Variations in the perception of ideal bracket location and its implications for
      the pre-adjusted edgewise appliance.
AB  - An investigation was undertaken of the variability in the perception of ideal
      bracket location for the pre-adjusted edgewise appliance by the same clinician
      (intra-clinician variability) and between different clinicians (inter-clinician
      variability). The effect of recent training and experience upon this variability,
      as well as the likely changes in crown inclination and root apex positioning, was
      also assessed. Results show that both intra- and inter-clinician variability for
      the long axis of the clinical crown (LACC) angulation was large while very small
      variations occurred in the location of the long axis (LA) point. Experience and
      training significantly reduced the variability in LACC angulation, but had little
      effect on the LA point location. The likely clinical implications are limited to
      only minor changes in crown inclination and root apex position for the majority
      of clinicians. However, the extreme intra-clinician variations found in LACC
      angulation could well result in poor root apex positioning.

PMID- 2285700
TI  - Lower incisor torque: the effects of rectangular archwires with a reverse curve
      of Spee.
AB  - The relationship between the Curve of Spee in a rectangular archwire and torque
      in the lower labial segment is discussed. It is concluded that introducing a
      reverse curve in the archwire does not necessarily have any adverse effects on
      final lower incisor inclination.

PMID- 2285701
TI  - Temporary pontics in aesthetic orthodontics--a new design.
AB  - A new and simple technique for aesthetic tooth replacement during orthodontic
      treatment, with a pontic using orthodontic wire mesh, is described and appears in
      the author's clinical practise to be superior to the other techniques reported
      previously. These pontics may be used in maxillary first bicuspid extraction
      cases, and with adaptation where anterior teeth have to be replaced because of
      agenesis, extractions, or traumatic loss. This technique thus also provides the
      clinician with an aesthetic and dependable space maintainer for anterior teeth
      whilst orthodontic treatment is being completed.

PMID- 2285702
TI  - Severe hypodontia in association with Klinefelter (47 XXY) syndrome. A case
      report.
AB  - A case of a boy with only half the complement of normal teeth and taurodontism is
      reported in association with Klinefelter syndrome (47 XXY).

PMID- 2285703
TI  - Underwater orthodontics.
AB  - A report is presented of a scuba diver who was unable to dive using a normal
      commercial mouthpiece due to wearing a fixed orthodontic appliance. The situation
      was resolved with the provision of a customized mouthpiece of simple design and
      manufacture.

PMID- 2285704
TI  - Safety headgear products.
AB  - A survey of safety products in the U.K. demonstrates that the orthodontic
      companies have responded to the need for improvements, and consequently there is
      a wide choice available. Laboratory tests have shown that there is a large
      difference in the effectiveness of safety release headgear systems. Further work
      is needed on safety facebow design to develop a version which meets both the
      requirements of increased safety, and ease of use. Such a safety facebow, used in
      conjunction with an effective 'breakaway' headcap will produce a safer system.
      The safety elements are an integral part of breakaway headgears and safety
      facebows, and when they are used together--no additional cooperation is required
      from the patient to increase the margin of safety.

PMID- 2285705
TI  - Fear and loathing in orthodontics: notes on the death of theory.

PMID- 2285706
TI  - Osseointegrated implant to replace a missing lateral incisor following
      orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 2285707
TI  - An analysis of retrospective data concerning the provision of orthodontic
      treatment.

PMID- 2285708
TI  - Vocational training scheme.

PMID- 2285709
TI  - Prostacyclin levels during orthotopic liver transplantation.
AB  - Many anesthesia providers involved in orthotopic liver transplantation (OTL) have
      become increasingly aware of the incidence of hypotension immediately following
      revascularization of the donor liver. Postreperfusion syndrome (PRS) is usually
      characterized by a decrease in systemic blood pressure of at least 30 torr with a
      duration of 5 minutes or more. Several researchers have suggested that the
      etiology of this hypotension may be related to acute hyperkalemia, acidosis,
      hypothermia, reflex systemic vasodilation, or some yet unidentified prostaglandin
      liberated from the gut at reanastomosis. The potential role of prostacyclin as
      the primary etiologic agent responsible for this syndrome was studied. Serum
      prostacyclin measurements were obtained in seven patients 1 minute before and 5
      minutes after revascularization. Coincident measures were taken of preselected
      cardiovascular parameters. Five patients demonstrated increased levels of
      prostacyclin during clamping of the portal vein and four experienced significant
      hypotension at reperfusion. In the five patients demonstrating hypotension, a
      decrease in heart rate and systemic vascular resistance and an increase in
      cardiac output and PCWP was noted. It is concluded that one or more endogenous
      prostacyclins may play an important role in the etiology of postreperfusion
      syndrome.

PMID- 2285710
TI  - Regional anesthesia in the pediatric patient.
AB  - Pediatric regional anesthesia has been viewed less favorably in the past because
      it was often considered an extra and unnecessary procedure. Current anesthesia
      practice demonstrates that local anesthetic techniques are of great value either
      as the sole anesthetic or for postoperative analgesia in the pediatric
      population. This review of literature contrasts the anatomic, physiologic, and
      pharmacokinetic differences between the pediatric and adult populations regarding
      regional anesthesia. The advantages and special considerations of the pediatric
      population also are reviewed. Regional anesthesia in the pediatric patient
      population does have its benefits and should be considered as an option in the
      provision of anesthesia in the pediatric age group.

PMID- 2285711
TI  - A review of recent cardioactive and vasoactive drugs in anesthesia.
AB  - This survey article provides a current update on a variety of new cardioactive
      and vasoactive drugs that have recently been added to the anesthesia
      armamentarium. Included are discussions of pharmacologic agents, their effects on
      cardiovascular physiology, and mechanisms of each as they relate to specific uses
      of anesthesia care and general clinical practice. The cardioactive and vasoactive
      drugs discussed encompass sympathetic agonists, sympathetic antagonists,
      vasodilators, and calcium channel blockers.

PMID- 2285712
TI  - Writing for publication: an avenue to professional accountability.

PMID- 2285714
TI  - Review of the two sample t tests.
AB  - The t test is a valuable statistical manipulation of moderate strength to
      determine whether a significant difference exists between the means of two
      groups, either paired or unpaired. Generally, the larger the t value, the greater
      chance of its statistical significance. Sample size also will influence the point
      at which t becomes significant, that is, the larger the size of n, the smaller
      the t required to become significant. As the number of degrees of freedom becomes
      larger, a smaller t value is sufficient to reject the null hypothesis, and as
      variability increases, the true chance for significant difference decreases. It
      should be noted that a common error in the use of the t test occurs with
      excessive repetition of the test on the same dataset. A resultant type 1 error
      will be introduced that incorrectly concludes that significant differences have
      been demonstrated when, in fact, they have resulted not from significance but
      from repeated statistical application. In other words, if a .05 level of
      significance is used repeatedly on a dataset, the investigator is assuming that
      there is a 1 in 20 chance of finding a significant difference when there is no
      true difference between variables. It becomes obvious that if 20 repeated
      applications of the t test were performed, one would expect to find one
      significant difference by chance alone when no true difference exists. If more
      than 10 applications of the t test are being conducted on the same dataset, the
      investigator should lower the level of significance (.01) on each individual t
      test of the entire set so fewer null hypotheses are rejected. t Tests numbering
      40 to 50 should have an alpha level of .005. An alternative approach would be to
      consult a statistician and use multivariate statistical procedures.

PMID- 2285713
TI  - Thrombelastograph monitoring: a clinical perspective.
AB  - Thrombelastography (TEG) has been used widely during hepatic transplantation
      procedures to detect intraoperative changes in blood coagulation and as a guide
      to determine appropriate treatment of these changes. The current literature
      identifies the use of TEG for intraoperative management of coagulation as a
      proven reliable and rapid monitoring system. The clinical applicability of TEG
      monitoring for the anesthesia provider will give better intraoperative management
      of hemostasis, optimizing patient care and minimizing blood component use.

PMID- 2285715
TI  - Does the employed technique of endotracheal extubation reduce the risk of
      aspiration?
AB  - Aspiration of gastric contents continues to be one of the most serious
      complications of general anesthesia. Laryngeal competence may be reduced
      immediately following endotracheal extubation, which may increase the risk of
      aspiration. An evaluation research design was used in 20 adult canines to compare
      the techniques of positive pressure extubation and extubation at the height of
      inspiration employing radiopaque barium. Evaluation of radiographs from both
      groups revealed that no aspirate of barium was detected in the tracheobronchial
      trees of any of the dogs. This study establishes that there is no difference in
      the risk of aspiration following endotracheal extubation using the canine model
      regardless of the clinical technique employed.

PMID- 2285716
TI  - Great expectations.

PMID- 2285717
TI  - CRNA vacancy rates in US hospitals.
AB  - The 1988 Survey of Human Resources, conducted by the American Hospital
      Association, quantifies the extent of CRNA shortages in US hospitals. Nearly 12%
      of responding hospitals experienced a shortage of one or more CRNAs at the end of
      1988. The vacancy rate was 10.3%, signifying that 1 in 10 positions remained
      unstaffed. This translates into a shortage of an estimated 514.5 full-time
      equivalent CRNAs. With a 42.5% response rate to the survey, this estimate
      represents the lower boundary on the extent of the shortage. Among the hospitals
      facing the most severe shortages were those in the Middle and South Atlantic
      states, those in the urban areas, federal hospitals, and teaching hospitals.
      Vacancy rates also increased with bed size. Over 40% of hospitals reported that
      it took more than 90 days to fill a vacant position. The most common strategy
      used to deal with CRNA vacancies was overtime or changes in compensation
      programs. Results on the distribution of CRNA vacancies have implications for
      setting educational objectives for the 1990s.

PMID- 2285718
TI  - Monitored anesthetic care for outpatient cataract surgery with alfentanil.
AB  - Alfentanil, a short-acting congener of fentanyl, was studied as an analgesic
      sedative in monitored anesthetic care for outpatient cataract surgery with the
      intent of investigating efficacy in this setting and establishing dosage
      guidelines. Nineteen outpatients were studied, all of whom received droperidol
      0.625 mg and midazolam 0.5 to 1.0 mg prior to a bolus dose of alfentanil
      preceding the administration of local anesthetic facial nerve and retrobulbar
      blocks. Alfentanil was titrated to achieve patient comfort during block
      administration, and sedatives were repeated as necessary intraoperatively. A mean
      alfentanil dose of 8.9 micrograms/kg was found to be effective. Eighteen patients
      (94%) rated the discomfort of local anesthetic blocks as absent or mild, and only
      1 patient (5%) rated the blocks as severely painful. No severe cardiorespiratory
      or central nervous system side effects were observed, and 15% of patients were
      nauseated postoperatively despite droperidol administration. It can be concluded
      that alfentanil is an effective sedative in outpatient cataract surgery with
      minimal side effects reported in this clinical study.

PMID- 2285719
TI  - Efficacy of continuous epidural analgesia and the implications for patient care
      in the early postoperative phase.
AB  - Management of postoperative pain has been shown to be inadequately controlled,
      and, in fact, can have significant deleterious effects on a patient's early
      postoperative recovery. Continuous epidural analgesia has recently been used to
      control postoperative pain. This mode of analgesia controls postoperative pain
      without the delays inherent in the PRN administration of systemic narcotics. This
      was a multidisciplinary, prospective, randomized, double-blind study of various
      epidural analgesic agents in 53 thoracic and 81 abdominal surgery patients. The
      focus of the study was to identify the benefits and problems of continuous
      epidural analgesia for postoperative pain management and the implications for the
      nursing care of the patients. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the analgesia
      was based on the following measures: (1) pain measured at regular intervals in
      the 72-hour period with a visual analog; (2) pain as measured after 72 hours with
      the word descriptor section of the McGill Pain Questionnaire; (3) amount of
      supplemental systemic narcotic analgesic needed; (4) recovery of ambulatory and
      respiratory function, including ability to perform coughing and deep-breathing
      exercises; (5) occurrence of adverse effects; and (6) the type and distribution
      of nursing care problems associated with continuous epidural infusions. The
      results of this study showed that the level of pain relief and recovery of
      postoperative function was superior to that provided by the more widely used
      (PRN) systemic administration of narcotics. With the exception of the report of
      back pain by patients receiving the normal saline epidural solution,
      complications did not occur in a significantly greater proportion when using the
      epidural route. Although some nursing care problems were identified, patients who
      received epidural analgesia were able to be cared for on general care units with
      no adverse effects reported.

PMID- 2285720
TI  - Use of one-way analysis of variance in biomedical research.

PMID- 2285721
TI  - Will the shortage lead to extinction?

PMID- 2285722
TI  - Avoiding unintentional hypothermia: anesthesia implications.
AB  - Maintaining normal thermal balance in the anesthetized patient remains a primary
      physiological consideration for the anesthetist. Because hypothermia occurs
      frequently during surgery and anesthesia, it is imperative that the anesthetist
      fully appreciate the variety of factors associated with unintentional
      hypothermia. This knowledged, coupled with an understanding of physiological
      ramifications and meaningful therapeutic interventions will enable the
      anesthetist to provide optimal care for patients, particularly those at risk for
      developing hypothermia intraoperatively. This survey article will trace current
      research as it applies to the principles underlying proper management of the
      hypothermic patient.

PMID- 2285723
TI  - Ventilatory requirements during general anesthesia: the determinants of an
      "appropriate" response.
AB  - This review addresses the ventilatory requirements for regulating arterial PCO2
      in the pre-, intra-, and postoperative phases of general anesthesia with respect
      both to the spontaneously breathing patient and the ventilated patient. These
      requirements are discussed in the context of (i) the rate of pulmonary CO2
      elimination (VCO2) which, in the steady state, equals the rate of metabolic CO2
      production and is therefore dictated by the metabolic rate and the respiratory
      quotient; (ii) the "set point" at which arterial PCO2 is regulated by the
      ventilatory control system which, for a given VCO2, determines the level of
      alveolar ventilation; and (iii) the dead space fraction of the breath (ie, the
      ratio of the total dead space to the tidal volume) which determines the total
      ventilation.

PMID- 2285724
TI  - Transfusion and coagulation: an overview and recent advances in practice
      modalities. Part I: Blood banking and transfusion practices.
AB  - Increased sophistication in blood banking and transfusion practice has opened new
      directions in management of red cell mass and coagulation. The current trend in
      practice is to avoid absolute hemoglobin or hematocrit values, and to employ
      physiologic parameters to determine the need for transfusion. For red cell mass,
      those parameters include use of oximetry, particularly venous oximetry,
      calculation of oxygen-carrying capacity using cardiac outputs and arterial oxygen
      saturation, and the ability of each patient to increase cardiac output and/or
      maintain suitable arterial pressure with hemodilution. More exacting assessment
      of the coagulation profile, along with evidence that supports the critical
      circulating platelet and fibrinogen levels, permits judicious use of blood
      components.

PMID- 2285725
TI  - Common multiple comparison procedures.
AB  - With all the multiple comparison tests cited above, the logical question is,
      "Which procedure is best?" The answer to this question depends on whether an
      individual's decisions regarding differences should be conservative or
      nonconservative. The most powerful tests (LSD and Duncan's) are nonconservative
      (ie, more likely to detect a significant difference when it doesn't exist).
      Scheff's S method is so conservative that it is not useful when pairwise
      comparisons are desired and is more appropriate for "data dredging," that is,
      looking at contrasts suggested by the data. Waller and Duncan have proposed a k
      ratio rule to determine whether one needs to use a conservative rule (such as
      Tukey's) or a nonconservative rule (such as Fisher's LSD). In practice, the SNK
      procedure is commonly used because it is a good compromise between power and
      conservatism.

PMID- 2285726
TI  - On the road to scholarship.

PMID- 2285727
TI  - Music is a valuable anxiolytic during local and regional anesthesia.

PMID- 2285729
TI  - Anesthetic management of perioperative bronchospasm.
AB  - Bronchospasm is an anesthetic emergency that can lead to life-threatening
      respiratory and cardiac complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are
      essential for successful patient outcomes. Recognition of true bronchospasm can
      be difficult, particularly in anesthetized patients. This article will review the
      epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of
      perioperative bronchospasm.

PMID- 2285728
TI  - Effects of steroids on postoperative nausea and vomiting.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of intraoperative steroids
      was effective in decreasing the incidence of postanesthetic nausea and vomiting
      and whether or not those complications were gender related. This retrospective
      study involved a chart review of 208 patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy at a
      large metropolitan hospital during a 10-month period in 1989-1990. Sixty-one
      patients met inclusion criteria and were accepted into the study. Of these, 34
      patients had received an intraoperative steroid; 21 were male and 13 female.
      Twenty-seven patients did not receive intraoperative steroids; 17 were male and
      13 female. Data collected included the number of pain medications and antiemetics
      used in the postoperative period, as well as the number of episodes of nausea and
      vomiting in the 24 hours following surgery. Results demonstrated that those
      patients who received intraoperative steroids were less likely to experience
      problems of nausea and vomiting than those who did not receive the drug.
      Requirements for postoperative pain medication were also reduced in the steroid
      group. Female patients in both groups were shown to have a greater incidence of
      nausea and vomiting than male patients.

PMID- 2285730
TI  - Premedication for the pediatric patient: new and old drugs.
AB  - Over the last 15 years a rapid growth has occurred in the number of pediatric
      patients that are encountered in the operating room. A developing sophistication
      on the part of both children and parents, coupled with a rapidly expanding
      recognition of the need to minimize the amount of physical and psychological
      trauma that a child has to experience, has led to a growing use of premedication
      agents for children. A review of the premedication agents currently in use, their
      various routes of administration, as well as their associated benefits and risks,
      is presented.

PMID- 2285732
TI  - Linear regression and correlation.

PMID- 2285731
TI  - Transfusion and coagulation: an overview and recent advances in practice
      modalities. Part II: Pharmacologic adjuncts, cell salvage mechanisms,
      alternatives in blood donation.
AB  - Increasing public awareness of the risks associated with the transfusion of blood
      products has encouraged the development of alternatives to the use of homologous
      blood. Pharmacologic agents, cell salvage, and directed donations are three such
      mechanisms being utilized with greater frequency for blood and component therapy.
      At present, only three drugs are available for clinical use: DDAVP, epsilon
      aminocaproic acid, and tranexamic acid. Cell salvage is available in two system
      types. Salvage of whole blood in passive collection systems is simplest to use
      and returns more coagulation factors, but yields a larger volume with a lower
      hematocrit. Whole blood salvage with subsequent washing and resuspension in
      normal saline returns only red cells in saline with the majority of coagulation
      factors removed. The quality of red cells in each system remains relatively
      constant and the decision regarding which system to employ should be based on the
      nature of the surgical procedure and the anticipated blood loss. The development
      of directed donation programs, including autologous predonation and directed
      homologous donation, permits a reduction in the frequency and total number of
      units of homologous volunteer blood administered. Directed blood donation
      provides an additional source of donated blood, but is not demonstrably safer
      than the volunteer homologous pool, and in fact, may even be less safe. Given the
      increased complexity of maintaining a designated donor program, these issues of
      safety play an important role in the ability to maintain operation of large scale
      directed donation programs.

PMID- 2285733
TI  - The arthritis health professions association. The first 25 years, 1965-1990.

PMID- 2285734
TI  - The importance of aspects of treatment for fibromyalgia (fibrositis). Differences
      between patient and physician views.
AB  - Thirty-five individuals with fibromyalgia (fibrositis), 22 of their physicians,
      and 49 rheumatologists on an Arthritis Foundation referral list rated the
      importance of 24 aspects of fibromyalgia treatment. These encompassed symptom
      control, psychosocial factors, information, and physical therapy. Respondents
      with fibromyalgia rated their satisfaction with the way each aspect of treatment
      had been managed by their physician, and each completed a health status
      questionnaire. Fibromyalgia patients viewed 8 of the 24 aspects of treatment as
      significantly more important than did their own physician, and 18 of the 24 as
      significantly more important than did area rheumatologists. Satisfaction with the
      way treatment had been managed was generally low. Some evidence suggested that
      patients' health status was affected positively by the extent to which their
      physician viewed certain aspects of treatment as important. The results are
      expected to be useful in the design of fibromyalgia education programs for both
      lay and health professional audiences.

PMID- 2285735
TI  - Ethnicity, self-care, and use of medical care among the elderly with joint
      symptoms.
AB  - Elderly individuals with self-reported joint symptoms representing three ethnic
      groups (i.e., blacks [n = 105], Hispanics [n = 100], and whites of Eastern
      European origin [n = 112] answered questions about their use of self-care and
      medical care for these symptoms. Ethnic groups differed in both self-care
      practices and their use of medical care for joint symptoms. Multiple regression
      analyses demonstrated that arthritis-specific and general health status were
      better predictors than ethnicity of the tendency to rely on self-care and medical
      care. There was no evidence that self-care served as a substitute for medical
      care.

PMID- 2285736
TI  - Dance-based aerobic exercise for rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Reported here are the results of the first effort to examine the effects of a
      dance-based aerobic exercise program for people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
      Forty-three subjects with RA completed a 16-week program that met twice weekly
      for 2 hours. One hour was devoted to exercise consisting of 15 to 20 minutes of
      warm-ups, 20 to 30 minutes of dance-based aerobic exercise, and 15 to 20 minutes
      of mat work for muscle strengthening and flexibility. The second hour was devoted
      to discussion that emphasized participant problem solving. The combined
      exercise/problem-solving discussion program was called EDUCIZE. Analyses of
      pretest to posttest changes indicated no deleterious effects on disease activity.
      In fact, physician-assessed articular pain and swelling decreased significantly,
      as did 50-foot walk time, pain, and depression. Participants reported significant
      improvement in lower extremity function. Changes in vigor and fatigue approached
      significance. Perceptions of general health as well as four of five quality of
      life indices improved significantly. This study adds to the as yet limited
      literature that indicates that weight-bearing vigorous exercise is beneficial for
      people with arthritis. Controlled studies to validate the findings of this study
      appear warranted. Also important for future research is investigation of the
      influence of the problem-solving discussion component on program effects.

PMID- 2285737
TI  - The impact of JRA on children, adolescents, and their families. Current research
      and implications for future studies.
AB  - This article focusses on the impact of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) on
      children, adolescents, and their families. Investigations reported in the
      literature that consider the etiologic role of psychopathology and JRA,
      psychologic adjustment/maladjustment of adolescents with JRA, family adaptation
      to chronic illness, and changes in the family that affect health outcomes and
      treatment compliance are critically reviewed. Methodologic and research design
      issues are discussed in relation to previous investigations, and implications for
      future research are presented.

PMID- 2285738
TI  - Multidimensional assessment of functional limitations in patients with arthritis.

PMID- 2285739
TI  - Educational and psychosocial needs of patients with chronic disease. A survey of
      preferences of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - There is increasing interest in better defining and meeting the nonmedical needs
      of patients with chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We surveyed
      patients with RA about the importance of eight psychosocial and eight educational
      issues, and asked patients from what source they preferred to get help with these
      issues and which sources they would not use. We also looked at individual
      variables, including sex, age, disease duration, and disease severity, to see if
      they affected patients' choices. The issues rated most important by patients
      included communicating with the doctor, understanding medication, dealing with
      pain, and the effects of arthritis on energy level, the future, and work. Most
      patients preferred to seek help from their physicians, although up to 75% were
      willing to attend groups, and 68% were willing to see individual counselors for
      some issues.

PMID- 2285740
TI  - Achieving consensus on an algorithm for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
      with methotrexate.

PMID- 2285741
TI  - Rest regimen after intraarticular corticosteroid therapy.

PMID- 2285742
TI  - The toxicity of second-line disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs.

PMID- 2285744
TI  - Fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis. Conditions, strategies, and consequences.
AB  - Fatigue is a frequent and debilitating problem for people with rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA). In this descriptive study a Fatigue Interview Schedule was
      administered to 20 patients with RA to elicit symptom-specific information.
      Qualitative analyses resulted in the identification of descriptors of fatigue,
      conditions under which fatigue occurs, an intricate repertoire of strategies used
      to prevent and manage fatigue, and the consequences of chronic fatigue.

PMID- 2285743
TI  - Twenty-five years of research in the Arthritis Health Professions Association
      (AHPA)

PMID- 2285745
TI  - Rheumatology algorithms for primary care physicians.
AB  - Primary care physicians were trained on three rheumatology topics to assess the
      effectiveness of an educational strategy for continuing medical education.
      Algorithm training was shown to be at least as effective as that based on
      standard prose monographs. Both training groups improved their knowledge of
      patient management skills but there were no statistically significant differences
      between groups in the amount learned. When algorithms were used to design text
      materials, the designed texts required less study time than did the annotated
      clinical algorithms alone. That difference was significant for the shoulder pain
      materials (P less than 0.05) but not for the osteoporosis materials. The ratio of
      knowledge gained to study time was significantly higher for the algorithm group
      on the low back pain topic (P less than 0.05) but not for the other topics. Taped
      interview problems tests were studied as a method for assessing patient
      management skills related to problem-specific indicator conditions and were found
      to produce interrater reliability greater than 0.80 on five of the six tests.

PMID- 2285746
TI  - Perspective of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis on issues related to missed
      medication.
AB  - In order to better understand issues surrounding missed medication doses, 140
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a tertiary care clinic were interviewed
      about their medication-taking behavior and beliefs. Findings from work in memory
      and attention and concepts from Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of reasoned action
      were used to guide the development of questions. Key findings included: (a) some
      ignorance about their regimen, (b) a tendency to rely just on their memories
      rather than environmental cues to remember doses, (c) variation in responses to a
      missed dose, and (d) the use of an inferential process for judging a medication's
      efficaciousness. These findings suggest several areas that physicians and allied
      health professionals can investigate with patients to help minimize missed doses.

PMID- 2285747
TI  - Therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions.
AB  - This paper presents a quantitative synthesis of the literature addressing the
      effectiveness of ultrasound in selected musculoskeletal conditions. Pain and
      range of motion appear to improve following ultrasound treatment in acute
      periarticular inflammatory conditions and osteoarthritis, but not in chronic
      periarticular inflammatory conditions. Placebo response and experimenter
      expectancy bias can not be ruled out as explanations for the positive results.
      The literature concerning the therapeutic efficacy of ultrasound for pain and
      immobility in musculoskeletal conditions is therefore inconclusive. Well-designed
      clinical trials are needed to resolve this question.

PMID- 2285748
TI  - The role of expectations and preferences in health care satisfaction of patients
      with arthritis.
AB  - Studies of patient satisfaction have typically been conducted in general patient
      populations with little attention to patients suffering from specific illnesses.
      The purpose of this article is to review literature and raise issues relevant to
      the satisfaction of patients with chronic arthritis. Individuals suffering from a
      chronic illness such as arthritis may be different from others who seek medical
      care in their expectations, what they expect from care, and preferences, what
      they want from care. These differences may occur because patients with chronic
      arthritis have greater experience with care seeking and increasing recognition of
      the potential for poor disease outcomes in spite of adequate care. Literature
      from marketing research and health care which suggests that both expectations and
      preferences influence satisfaction with care will be reviewed. Then specific
      hypotheses about expectations and preferences of patients with chronic arthritis
      will be proposed. Recommendations for future studies of arthritis patient
      expectations and preferences will be made.

PMID- 2285749
TI  - Rheumatology nursing. Evolution of the role and functions of a subspecialty.
AB  - This article traces the evolution and historical background of rheumatology
      nursing through the contribution of those who were a part of the process. The
      role and functions of the rheumatology nurse are revealed in the literature and
      the activities in which rheumatology nurses have been involved. Rheumatology
      nursing as a specialty in itself or as a subspecialty of rehabilitation,
      orthopedic, or medical/surgical nursing is described.

PMID- 2285751
TI  - Pain management in the older adult with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis.
AB  - The study's major purpose was to explore the pain management of the older adult
      with rheumatic disease. Medication, rest, heat, distraction, exercise, and
      talking with others were methods most often used by older adults (n = 31).
      Methods identified by them as most helpful included medication, rest, and heat.
      When the pain management techniques of those adults 65 and over were compared
      with those of younger adults (n = 51), several differences were noted. The
      combined number of methods used by the younger group was significantly greater,
      and they rated relaxation techniques as being significantly more helpful.
      Increasing the elderly arthritis patient's repertoire of pain management
      modalities and measuring the ongoing individual effectiveness of the individual
      and combined methods used are identified as needs to be addressed in improving
      pain management.

PMID- 2285750
TI  - An electromyographic analysis of the hip abductor muscles during a standing work
      task.
AB  - Research data strongly suggest that osteoarthritis of the hip occurs
      statistically more often on the right side. A possible contributing factor to
      this right-sided bias in frequency may be that the articular cartilage on the
      right hip is subjected to relatively higher muscular-based forces throughout a
      lifetime. As an initial attempt to study this possibility, this research examined
      healthy persons to determine the existence of a "dominant" hip similar to that
      expressed for handedness. Electromyographic (EMG) analysis was used to compare
      the electrical activity between the right and left hip abductor muscles during a
      standardized standing work task using 40 right-handed and 40 left-handed healthy
      subjects. Analysis of the data showed that the hip muscle on the side of the
      subject's handedness produced higher normalized EMG activity than did the
      opposite hip; however, the differences were not all statistically significant.
      The trend of this data set, however, warrants further research into a possible
      association between hip dominance, asymmetrical muscle use, and the development
      of hip osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2285752
TI  - Four psychosocial theories and their application to patient education and
      clinical practice.
AB  - Although the development of theoretically based and empirically verified practice
      guidelines is now possible, some health education practice still remains
      uninformed by this research-based knowledge. This article describes four
      psychosocial theories that have been useful in our practices: self-efficacy,
      stress and coping, learned helplessness, and social support. The theories are
      introduced and compared; practical suggestions for their use in the development
      of health education interventions are then discussed. Skills mastery, modeling,
      reinterpretation of physical signs and symptoms, and persuasion are presented as
      ways of enhancing self-efficacy. Some similar strategies are presented as
      examples of coping techniques, including positive reappraisal or
      reinterpretation. Other coping strategies such as confronting, distancing, self
      care, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, escape avoidance or
      ignoring, problem solving, activity, distraction, self-talk, and prayer are also
      introduced. Cognitive restructuring is examined most fully as an example of an
      intervention strategy derived from learned helplessness theory. And finally, five
      strategies for fostering positive social support are presented: enhancing
      personal networks, linking volunteers, establishing mutual aid networks,
      identifying and supporting neighborhood helpers, and community empowerment.

PMID- 2285753
TI  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
AB  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, causalgia, Sudeck's atrophy, shoulder-hand
      syndrome, and transient osteoporosis represent a spectrum of sympathetic
      disturbances which typically present with regional findings. They are often
      pauciarticular in distribution and uniquely sensitive to timely therapeutic
      intervention and to preventative measures. Clinical and radiologic appearances
      are quite characteristic. Thermographic examination provides a valuable tool for
      monitoring the therapeutic response. The major factor in therapeutic efficacy is
      aggressive physical therapy. Although therapeusis has been facilitated by a
      multitude of agents, therapeutic resistance is unfortunately the circumstance,
      when intervention is delayed.

PMID- 2285754
TI  - Self-reported fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis. A pilot study.
AB  - The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the symptom of fatigue in
      rheumatoid arthritis. The instruments used included the Profile of Mood States,
      fatigue and pain visual analog scales, and an interviewer's assessment of
      respondent fatigue. The results indicated that fatigue was a significant problem
      in this sample; fatigue was positively associated with depression, pain, and
      poorer overall mood state; and the three measures of fatigue produced congruent
      reports of fatigue.

PMID- 2285756
TI  - Point: patient control of treatment is essential.
AB  - Who is in control of treatment is an issue clinicians address on a daily basis.
      This represents an ethical dilemma, which sets the principle of autonomy in
      direct conflict with the principle of beneficence. This article advocates giving
      autonomy precedence over beneficence to achieve patient control of treatment.
      Patient control of treatment is essential in chronic disease because the patient
      is the expert in his or her own goals and values, the sick role is inappropriate
      in chronic disease and may have devastating emotional consequences, and in
      actuality the patient is the health care provider.

PMID- 2285755
TI  - Elastic wrist orthoses. Reduction of pain and increase in grip force for women
      with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate effects of elastic wrist orthoses on
      pain, grip strength, and function. Twenty-two women with seropositive rheumatoid
      arthritis (mean age, 53 years) registered their pain on a visual analogue scale
      both with and without orthosis on the wrist of the dominant hand in three
      standardized activities of daily living (ADL) situations. Grip force at onset of
      pain was measured on an electronic instrument (Grippit) with three different
      grips. Pain was decreased by 39%, 42%, and 52% when using an orthosis in the
      three ADL situations. Anecdotally, the women noted that the splints provided
      support and decreased pain both in home, at work, and during leisure activities.
      Orthoses improved grip force at onset of pain by 26%, 22%, and 29%. All subjects
      showed reduced strength (20%-25%) when compared to grip strength in a group of
      women without rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2285757
TI  - Counterpoint: is patient control of treatment always appropriate?
AB  - Health care providers often find tension and even conflict between what they
      consider is important for the patient to do and what the patient wants or decides
      to do. The current trend among patients is to assume more autonomy and freedom in
      the process of their care. Yet situations that commonly arise between the
      provider and the patient prompt the patient to refuse to accept or acquiesce to
      the provider's wishes or choices that are perceived by the provider to be in the
      patient's best interest. Under what circumstances should the provider practice
      beneficence in the form of paternalism at the expense of the patient's autonomy?
      This article explores justifiable paternalism and beneficence.

PMID- 2285758
TI  - Creative dynamics approach to neural intelligence.
AB  - The thrust of this paper is to introduce and discuss a substantially new type of
      dynamical system for modelling biological behavior. The approach was motivated by
      an attempt to remove one of the most fundamental limitations of artificial neural
      networks-their rigid behavior compared with even simplest biological systems.
      This approach exploits a novel paradigm in nonlinear dynamics based upon the
      concept of terminal attractors and repellers. It was demonstrated that non
      Lipschitzian dynamics based upon the failure of Lipschitz condition exhibits a
      new qualitative effect--a multi-choice response to periodic external excitations.
      Based upon this property, a substantially new class of dynamical systems--the
      unpredictable systems--was introduced and analyzed. These systems are represented
      in the form of coupled activation and learning dynamical equations whose ability
      to be spontaneously activated is based upon two pathological characteristics.
      Firstly, such systems have zero Jacobian. As a result of that, they have an
      infinite number of equilibrium points which occupy curves, surfaces or
      hypersurfaces. Secondly, at all these equilibrium points, the Lipschitz
      conditions fails, so the equilibrium points become terminal attractors or
      repellers depending upon the sign of the periodic excitation. Both of these
      pathological characteristics result in multi-choice response of unpredictable
      dynamical systems. It has been shown that the unpredictable systems can be
      controlled by sign strings which uniquely define the system behaviors by
      specifying the direction of the motions in the critical points. By changing the
      combinations of signs in the code strings the system can reproduce any prescribed
      behavior to a prescribed accuracy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285759
TI  - Population coding of stimulus orientation by striate cortical cells.
AB  - I have examined the performance of a population coding model of visual
      orientation discrimination, similar to the population coding models proposed for
      the coding of limb movements. The orientation of the stimulus is not represented
      by a single unit but by an ensemble of broadly tuned units in a distributed way.
      Each unit is represented by a vector whose magnitude and direction correspond to
      the response magnitude and preferred orientation of the unit, respectively. The
      orientation of the population vector, i.e. the vector sum of the ensemble of
      units, is the signalled orientation on a particular trial. The accuracy of this
      population vector orientation coding was determined as a function of a number of
      parameters by computer simulation. I have shown that even with broadly
      orientation tuned units possessing considerable response variance, the accuracy
      of the orientation of the population vector can be as good as behaviorally
      measured just noticeable differences in orientation. The accuracy of the
      population code is shown to depend upon the number of units, the average response
      strength, the orientation band-width, response variability and the response
      covariance. The results of these simulations were also compared to predictions
      derived from psychophysical studies of orientation discrimination.

PMID- 2285760
TI  - Applicability of quadratic and threshold models to motion discrimination in the
      rabbit retina.
AB  - Computational and behavioral studies suggest that visual motion discrimination is
      based on quadratic nonlinearities. This raises the question of whether the
      behavior of motion sensitive neurons early in the visual system is actually
      quadratic. Theoretical studies show that mechanisms proposed for retinal
      directional selectivity do not behave quadratically at high stimulus contrast.
      However, for low contrast stimuli, models for these mechanisms may be grouped
      into three categories: purely quadratic, quadratic accompanied by a
      rectification, and models mediated by a high level threshold. We discriminated
      between these alternatives by analyzing the extracellular responses of ON-OFF
      directionally selective ganglion cells of the rabbit retina to drifting periodic
      gratings. The data show that purely-quadratic or high-threshold systems do not
      account for the behavior of these cells. However, their behavior is consistent
      with a rectified-quadratic model.

PMID- 2285761
TI  - Effects of paranodal potassium permeability on repetitive activity of mammalian
      myelinated nerve fiber models.
AB  - Almost all potassium channels within mammalian myelinated nerve fibers are
      covered by the myelin sheath and their majority is concentrated in a small
      paranodal region. In order to investigate effects of this paranodal potassium
      permeability on nerve fiber behavior via a simulation approach, a myelinated
      fiber model is required that treats myelin sheath and internodal axolemma as
      separate entities. Such a fiber description was developed by Blight (1985) and
      his model was used to investigate the effects paranodal potassium channels have
      on the ability of maintaining repetitive firing in response to a constant current
      injected into the fiber. It was found that increasing the potassium channel
      density at the paranode from low to moderate values widened the range of injected
      currents with a repetitive response. This promotion of repetitive activity by the
      introduction of additional potassium channels occurred up to an "optimal" value
      beyond which a further increase in paranodal potassium permeability narrowed the
      range of currents with a repetitive response. Finally, if a certain limit in
      paranodal potassium channel density was exceeded, repetitive activity was
      abolished completely. These results were obtained regardless of the assumptions
      about the electrical resistance of the myelin sheath. On the other hand, in the
      absence of potassium channels repetitive firing could be observed only when a
      high resistance myelin sheath was assumed, whereas a nerve fiber model with
      electrical properties inferred from intracellular recordings needed at least some
      potassium channels within the paranodal region for repetitive firing in response
      to an injected current.

PMID- 2285762
TI  - A model for neuronal oscillations in the visual cortex. 1. Mean-field theory and
      derivation of the phase equations.
AB  - We study a neural network consisting of model neurons whose efferent synapses are
      either excitatory or inhibitory. They are densely interconnected on a local
      scale, but only sparsely on a larger scale. The local clusters are described by
      the mean activities of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The equations for these
      activities define a neuronal oscillator, which can be switched between an active
      and a passive state by an external input. Investigating the coupling of two of
      these oscillators we found their coupling behaviour to be activity-dependent.
      They are tightly coupled and almost synchronized if both oscillators are active,
      but weakly coupled if one or both oscillators are passive. This activity
      dependent coupling is independent of the underlying connectivities, which are
      fixed. Finally, for coupled active oscillators we derive a simplified description
      by disregarding the amplitudes of the oscillators and working with their phases.
      We use this simplified description in a compagnion article to model the
      oscillations in the visual cortex.

PMID- 2285763
TI  - A model for neuronal oscillations in the visual cortex. 2. Phase description of
      the feature dependent synchronization.
AB  - In a previous paper we have shown, that it is possible to model the oscillations
      observed in an orientation specific column in the visual cortex by coupling
      excitatory and inhibitory subpopulations of neurons which compose the column, and
      that these oscillations can be described by the phases of the corresponding limit
      cycle oscillators. By coupling different columns via long but finite range sparse
      interactions, we generate in the phase description stimulus dependent
      multiplicative couplings which explain experimentally observed synchronization
      effects.

PMID- 2285764
TI  - Relations between tickling and humorous laughter: preliminary support for the
      Darwin-Hecker hypothesis.
AB  - Following hypotheses by Darwin and Hecker on the connection between tickling and
      humorous laughter, questionnaire data were collected from 100 college students
      regarding their reported ticklishness and tendencies to laugh and show responses
      ancillary to laughter. Ticklishness was related to propensities to: (a) giggle,
      (b) laugh, (c) smile, (d) piloerect, (e) blush, and (f) cry. These findings lend
      preliminary support for the Darwin-Hecker conjecture that reflexes underlying
      ticklishness mediate humor. We speculate on possible relations among tickling and
      humor, and reasons why people laugh and smile when they find things funny.

PMID- 2285765
TI  - Gender differences in facial reactions to facial expressions.
AB  - This study explored whether males and females differ in facial muscle reactivity
      when exposed to facial expressions. The study also examined whether the sex of
      the stimulus faces differentially influences the response patterns to facial
      stimuli. Thus, the sex was manipulated in a 2 x 2 factorial design by exposing
      males and females to slides of angry and happy faces displayed by both sexes.
      Facial electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured from the corrugator and
      zygomatic muscle regions. The subjects were also required to rate the stimuli on
      different dimensions. The results showed that angry faces evoked increased
      corrugator activity whereas happy faces evoked increased zygomatic activity. As
      predicted, these effects were more pronounced for females, particularly for the
      response to happy faces. Interestingly, there were no facial EMG effects for
      gender of stimulus. It was further found that males and females perceived the
      stimuli similarly. The results are consistent with previous findings indicating
      that females are more facially reactive than are males.

PMID- 2285766
TI  - Cardiovascular reactivity, anxiety and anger during perceived controllability.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional
      and cardiovascular responses in an aversive active coping situation. A letter
      detection task was presented to 64 male students. From a stream of letters
      scrolling over a screen, subjects were required to eliminate specific letters.
      Task difficulty was varied by changing the speed with which the stream moved
      along on the screen. Perceived control over an aversive loud tone was manipulated
      by instruction. While blood pressure differences in the experimental conditions
      could not be found, the group with perceived control displayed greater increases
      in heart rate and greater shortening of pulse transit time. In subjects low in
      trait anger, belief of control over aversive tones led to heightened
      cardiovascular reactivity compared with subjects high in trait anger. The results
      are discussed with respect to suppression of anger and a possibly opposite effect
      of emotion and mental effort in aversive active coping situations.

PMID- 2285767
TI  - On the cognitive theory of conditioning .
AB  - Furedy (1988) has advanced several arguments which, he considers, produce
      difficulties for a cognitive theory of Pavlovian conditioning. In this paper I
      first discuss some of the reasons why a cognitive theory must be couched in the
      language of intentionality. I then argue that it is extremely difficult to see
      how a cognitive or intentional theory of Pavlovian conditioning can be
      constructed. Instead, the evidence points to the view that Pavlovian conditioning
      consists of the learning of excitatory or inhibitory links between the mental
      images of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Finally, Furedy introduces
      considerable confusion into his account by failing to preserve an absolutely
      crucial distinction: between the mechanism of learning and the nature of the
      knowledge that is acquired during learning.

PMID- 2285768
TI  - Sharing a common language about conditioning requires accurate characterizations
      of each others' positions: reply to Shanks.
AB  - Shanks' characterizations of the positions taken in papers that he comments on
      are inaccurate on a number of basic counts. For example, the papers were
      concerned with human autonomic Pavlovian conditioning, whereas Shanks refers to
      no autonomic evidence in his reply. Again, the two papers more specifically
      targeted by Shanks (Furedy, 1988b; Furedy & Riley, 1987) do not deny "that
      cognitive processes have any relevance for conditioning", but rather advocate
      that both cognitive and non-cognitive factors play roles that need to be
      empirically determined for different preparations and conditions. And the
      characterization of cognitive factors in those papers, contrary to Shanks, is not
      a teleological, intentional one, no matter how fashionable such teleological
      forms of cognitive psychology may be among many current philosophers and
      psychologists. We can proceed towards an empirical resolution of disagreements
      about the role of cognitive factors in human Pavlovian autonomic conditioning
      only if we both refer to the relevant autonomic conditioning evidence, and also
      characterize each others' positions with some accuracy.

PMID- 2285769
TI  - Extended dissociative training of sudomotor response patterns.
AB  - Subjects viewed two feedback displays, one depicting skin conductance and the
      other either respiratory behavior (respiration group) or subtle body movements
      (movement group). The subject's task was to increase skin conductance and the
      concomitant activity on integration trials, and to increase conductance while
      holding the concomitant behavior constant on dissociation trials. All subjects
      succeeded at integration over 15 sessions of training. In addition, 4 of 5
      subjects in the respiration group successfully increased skin conductance on
      dissociation trials without altering the pre-trial pattern of breathing. However,
      volar activities (e.g., finger-to-finger contact, finger flexion) were observed
      on these trials. Volar activities were also adopted on dissociation trials by
      subjects trained in the movement group. Successful subjects in this group
      identified volar manipulations that did not affect a sensitive movement
      transducer. Attempts by subjects to compensate for habituation of conductance
      responses to deep breaths and finger flexion reduced or reversed within-subject
      correlations involving these concomitants, on integration and dissociation
      trials. The results do not support the view that visceral-somatic linkages can be
      uncoupled through instrumental learning.

PMID- 2285770
TI  - [The clinical rheological laboratory].
AB  - To quantify the fluidity of blood it is not suitable to measure whole blood
      viscosity as blood is no Newton's fluid. For this reason, it is necessary to
      measure characteristic blood flow parameters direct. This study presents methods
      of measurement for plasma viscosity, haematocrit, thrombocyte aggregation,
      erythrocyte rigidity, erythrocyte aggregation and leukocyte adhesivity.

PMID- 2285771
TI  - Passive elastic properties of the rat aorta.
AB  - The passive anisotropic elastic properties of rat's aorta were studied in vitro
      by subjecting cylindrical segments of thoracic and abdominal aorta to a wide
      range of deformations. Using data on pressure, axial stretch, outer diameter,
      axial force and wall thickness, incremental moduli of elasticity in the
      circumferential, axial and radial directions were computed. Results indicate that
      while the elastic behavior of the aortic wall is globally anisotropic, there
      exists a state of deformation at which the vessel displays incremental isotropy.
      This state of deformation corresponds approximately to the loading conditions to
      which the aorta is exposed in situ. Values of the moduli, analyzed as a function
      of transmural pressure, show that the stiffness of the aortic wall is fairly
      constant at low pressures but raises steeply for pressures higher than
      physiological. For axial stretches as occurring in situ, the magnitudes of the
      circumferential and radial moduli do not differ significantly for the thoracic
      aorta; hence this vessel can be regarded as transversely isotropic over a wide
      range of pressures. The same observation is valid also for the abdominal aorta
      when pressures equal or smaller than physiological are considered. For both the
      thoracic and abdominal segments of the aorta, the circumferential and radial
      moduli are smaller than the axial modulus at low pressures, while the reverse is
      true for large pressures.

PMID- 2285772
TI  - [Accuracy of instruments for invasive blood pressure measurement with disposable
      transducers. Results of a user survey].

PMID- 2285773
TI  - [Use of a capacitive measuring mat for recording inter-fragment pressures and
      pressure distribution in ventral inter-corporal spondylodesis].
AB  - With respect to ventral interbody fusion, rates of pseudarthrosis of up to 30%
      are reported. With the aim of reducing this figure, the use of dorsal fixation
      systems to stabilise the fused spinal units is recommended by a number of
      authors. The aim of these osteosynthetic procedures is to elevate the
      interfragmentary compression between the ventral bone block and the adjacent
      vertebrae. In order to measure the pressure achievable, and its local
      distribution, an experimental investigation involving the use of a capacitive
      measuring mat has been designed. The system of capacitive measurement and its
      application to the spine is described. The simple mode of measurement and
      mechanical stability, combined with high accuracy, are the specific advantages of
      capacitive systems of measurement. Especially in the documentation of
      interfragmentary pressure and pressure distribution, capacitive measuring mats
      are superior to comparable systems.

PMID- 2285774
TI  - Special issue dedicated to Professor Jeffries Wyman on the occasion of his 89th
      birthday.

PMID- 2285775
TI  - A simple model for solvation in mixed solvents. Applications to the stabilization
      and destabilization of macromolecular structures.
AB  - The properties of a simple model for solvation in mixed solvents are explored in
      this paper. The model is based on the supposition that solvent replacement is a
      simple one-for-one substitution reaction at macromolecular sites which are
      independent of one another. This leads to a new form for the binding polynomial
      in which all terms are associated with ligand interchange rather than ligand
      addition. The principal solvent acts as one of the ligands. Thermodynamic
      analysis then shows that thermodynamic binding (i.e., selective interaction)
      depends on the properties of K'-1, whereas stoichiometric binding (site
      occupation) depends on K'. K' is a 'practical' interchange equilibrium constant
      given by (f3/f1)K, where K is the true equilibrium constant for the interchange
      of components 3 and 1 on the site and f3 and f4 denote their respective activity
      coefficients on the mole fraction scale. Values of K' less than unity lead to
      negative selective interaction. It is selective interaction and not occupation
      number which determines the thermodynamic effects of solvation. When K' greater
      than 100 on the mole fraction scale or K' greater than 2 on the molality scale
      (in water), the differences between stoichiometric binding and selective
      interaction become less than 1%. The theory of this paper is therefore necessary
      only for very weak binding constants. When K'-1 is small, large concentrations of
      the added solvent component are required to produce a thermodynamic effect. Under
      these circumstances the isotherms for the selective interaction and for the
      excess (or transfer) free energy are strongly dependent on the behavior of the
      activity coefficients of both solvent components. Two classes of behavior are
      described depending on whether the components display positive or negative
      deviations from Raoult's law. Examples which are discussed are aqueous solutions
      of urea and guanidinium chloride for positive deviations and of sucrose and
      glucose for negative deviations. Examination of the few studies which have been
      reported in the literature shows that most of the qualitative features of the
      stabilization of proteins by sugars and their destabilization by urea and
      guanidinium chloride are faithfully represented with the model. This includes
      maxima in the free energy of stabilization and destabilization, decreased and
      zero selective interaction at high concentrations, etc. These phenomena had no
      prior explanation. Deficiencies in the model as a representation of solvation in
      aqueous solution are discussed in the appendix.

PMID- 2285776
TI  - A possible new mechanism of oxygen affinity modulation in mammalian hemoglobins.
AB  - Bovine red cells do not contain appreciable amounts of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
      (2,3-DPG). Bovine hemoglobin, however, has a particular sensitivity to chloride
      ions and as a result it can attain oxygen affinity values lower than those
      measured for human hemoglobin in the presence of 2,3-DPG. The interaction of
      bovine hemoglobin with anions is modulated by the hydrophobic characteristics of
      the protein. Comparison of the hydropathy plots of primate and ruminant
      hemoglobins indicates constant regions of opposite hydrophobicity, which have
      fixed amino acid differences. A model is proposed for explaining the regulation
      of oxygen affinity by chlorides, as an alternative to the classic modulation by
      2,3-DPG.

PMID- 2285777
TI  - Thermodynamics of local linkage effects. Contracted partition functions and the
      analysis of site-specific energetics.
AB  - A thermodynamic theory is presented for the description of local, site-specific
      linkage effects in biological macromolecules. The theory is developed from a
      basic isomorphism involving the intensive quantities of a thermodynamic system at
      equilibrium. Local linkage effects can be cast within the same mathematical
      framework as the one used in the statistical thermodynamic theory of global
      linkage effects involving different ligands. In addition to this parallel, local
      linkage effects give rise to apparent violations of thermodynamic stability that
      can be of relevance in energy transduction phenomena. It is also shown that the
      canonical partition function for the macromolecule as a whole can be expressed in
      terms of contracted partition functions that greatly simplify calculations of the
      relevant thermodynamic properties of individual sites. Site-specific Hill plots,
      partition coefficients and free energies of linkage are introduced and their
      properties discussed in connection with those of analogous global quantities.
      Calculation of the free energies of linkage for human hemoglobin yields a minimal
      phenomenological scheme for the coupling among subunits.

PMID- 2285778
TI  - Is symmetry conservation an unessential feature of allosteric theory?
AB  - The role of symmetry in allosteric theory is historically and philosophically
      revisited. The (at least approximate) symmetry of the hemoglobin binding curves
      led investigators to postulate a similar symmetry or equivalence in the binding
      sites, which meant a symmetrical arrangement of the hemes and of the whole
      molecule. Later Monod introduced the concept of symmetry conservation to describe
      allosteric behaviour. It is shown that this postulate does not really belong to
      the framework of allosteric theory as it was developed in thermodynamical terms.
      Symmetry, however, still plays a role at levels in the underlying mathematical
      theory of binding and linkage in biological macromolecules.

PMID- 2285779
TI  - Oxygen binding to partially oxidized hemoglobin. Analysis in terms of an
      allosteric model.
AB  - We report on oxygen binding to partially oxidized (aquomet) hemoglobin. The
      fractional saturation with oxygen is evaluated by deconvoluting the optical
      absorption spectra, in the 500-700 nm wavelength region, in terms of
      oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin spectral components. Experiments
      have been performed with auto-oxidized samples and with samples obtained by
      mixing ferrous hemoglobin with fully oxidized hemoglobin (mixed samples). An
      increase in oxygen affinity and a decrease in cooperativity are observed on
      increasing the amount of ferric hemoglobin in the sample. A high cooperativity
      (nH approximately 2) is maintained even in the presence of 50-60% ferric hemes.
      Moreover, for equal amounts of methemoglobin the oxygen affinity is lower and the
      cooperativity higher for mixed samples than for those auto-oxidized. The results
      are analyzed within the framework of a modified Monod-Wyman-Changeux allosteric
      model taking into account the effects brought about by the presence of oxidized
      hemes and of alpha betta dimers. The distribution of ferric subunits within the
      tetramers in fully deoxygenated and fully oxygenated samples, as derived from the
      model, provides details on the cooperative behavior of partially oxidized
      hemoglobin.

PMID- 2285780
TI  - Amino acid substitutions which stabilize aspartate transcarbamoylase in the R
      state disrupt both homotropic and heterotropic effects.
AB  - We have used site-specific amino acid substitutions to investigate the linkage
      between the allosteric properties of arpartate transcarbamoylase and the global
      conformational transition exhibited by the enzyme upon binding active-site
      ligands. Two mutationally altered enzymes in which an amino acid substitution had
      been introduced at a single position in the catalytic polypeptide chain (Lys-164-
      --Glu and Glu-239----Lys) and a third species harboring both of these
      substitutions (Lys-164:Glu-239----Glu:Lys) were constructed. Sedimentation
      velocity difference studies were performed in order to assess the effects of the
      amino acid substitutions on the quaternary structure of the holoenzyme in the
      absence and presence of various active-site ligands, including the bisubstrate
      analog, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), which has been shown previously to
      promote the allosteric transition. In the absence of ligand, two of the
      mutationally altered enzymes, Lys-164----Glu and Lys-164:Glu-239----Glu:Lys,
      existed in the R conformation, isomorphous with that of the PALA-liganded wild
      type holoenzyme. These enzymes exhibited no conformational change upon binding
      PALA. The unliganded Glu-239----Lys enzyme had an average sedimentation
      coefficient intermediate between that of the unliganded and PALA-liganded states
      of the wild-type enzyme which could be accounted for in terms of a mixture of T-
      and R-state molecules. This mutant enzyme was converted to the fully swollen
      conformation upon binding PALA, phosphate or carbamoyl phosphate. The allosteric
      properties of the mutationally altered species were investigated by PALA-binding
      studies and by steady-state enzyme kinetics. In each case, the mutationally
      altered enzymes were devoid of both homotropic and heterotropic effects,
      supporting the premise that the allosteric properties of the wild-type enzyme are
      linked to a ligand-promoted change in quaternary structure.

PMID- 2285781
TI  - Precision determination and Adair scheme analysis of oxygen equilibrium curves of
      concentrated hemoglobin solution. A strict examination of Adair constant
      evaluation methods.
AB  - To examine the validity of the recent finding by Gill et al. (S.J. Gill, E. Di
      Cera, M.L. Doyle, G.A. Bishop and C.H. Robert, Biochemistry 26 (1987) 3995) that
      the third overall Adair constant (A3) for human hemoglobin tetramers (Hb A) is
      too small to be determined and therefore that the contribution of the triply
      ligated species in the oxygenation process is negligibly small, highly accurate
      oxygen equilibrium curves for concentrated pure Hb A solutions were determined
      with an automatic oxygenation apparatus and analyzed by a least-squares curve
      fitting method with various options. The present results indicate that an
      appropriate choice of weighting for data points is the key to the correct
      evaluation of the Adair constants and the present experimental data cannot
      accommodate the Adair scheme with A3 = 0, giving distinctly positive values for
      A3. Several criteria for correct determination of the Adair constants are
      presented.

PMID- 2285782
TI  - What the intermediate compounds in ligand binding to hemoglobin tell about the
      mechanism of cooperativity.
AB  - The populations of the intermediates in concentrated solutions of hemoglobin A0
      equilibrated at various PCO values, pH 7.0, 0.1 M KCl, and 20 degrees C, have
      been determined using cryogenic methods. Data on CO saturations and distributions
      of intermediates were analysed in terms of the free energies of dimer-tetramer
      assembly of the intermediates (G.K. Ackers and F.R. Smith, Annu. Rev. Biophys.
      Chem. 16 (1987) 583). The cooperative free energy value of the singly ligated
      species was approximately one-half the total cooperative energy. The cooperative
      free energy value of the doubly ligated species was not significantly different
      from that of carboxyhemoglobin. Because of experimental error, the observed
      difference in concentrations among the populations of the doubly ligated species
      cannot be taken as indicative of their functional heterogeneity. Additional
      studies on some NO intermediates have emphasized that (alpha 1 beta 1)(alpha 2
      beta 2)X, a key intermediate in the formulation of the 'third-state' hypothesis
      in the deoxy/cyanomethemoglobin system, has a free energy value for dimer
      tetramer assembly which is critically dependent on the nature of the ligand X as
      suggested by Ackers and Smith (reference as cited above).

PMID- 2285783
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of globin chains in the identification of
      human globin gene abnormalities.
AB  - This article summarizes experience and data obtained using a previously developed
      reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method (J.B. Shelton, J.R.
      Shelton and W.A. Schroeder, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 7 (1984) 1969) in the study of a
      number of hemoglobinopathies in the Sardinian population. The occurrence and
      incidence of several abnormal hemoglobins are described, as well as aspects of
      the expression of abnormal gamma-globin gene arrangements and thalassemic genes.

PMID- 2285784
TI  - Consequences of neglecting the hemoglobin concentration on the determination of
      Adair binding constants.
AB  - It is commonly believed that the tetrameric Adair constants for oxygen binding to
      human hemoglobin can be evaluated from a single oxygenation experiment at 'high'
      hemoglobin concentration without considering the consequence of the presence of
      alpha beta dimers. We present examples which demonstrate that this is a very
      dangerous assumption. Without a knowledge of the complete oxygenation-linked
      dimer-tetramer association reaction (alpha beta Xi----(alpha beta)2Xj), it is
      impossible to predict a priori how high of a hemoglobin concentration would be
      required to make this assumption. Furthermore, without a knowledge of the
      complete oxygenation-linked dimer-tetramer association reaction, it is impossible
      to predict a priori the direction and magnitude of the systematic errors which
      are induced by making this assumption.

PMID- 2285785
TI  - Frequency of abnormal human haemoglobins caused by C----T transitions in CpG
      dinucleotides.
AB  - A large part of human genetic disease apparently arises from deamination of
      cytosines in methylated CpG dinucleotides. Their mutation rate is known to be
      high when C is present as 5-methylcytosine, but is believed to be normal when it
      is unmethylated. The beta-globin gene contains five, the gamma-globin gene two,
      and each of the alpha-globin genes contain 35 CpGs. The CpGs in the beta- and
      gamma-globin genes are methylated, while those in the alpha-globin genes are
      undermethylated. One would therefore have expected the CpGs to be a frequent
      source of mutations in the beta- and gamma-globin genes, but not in the alpha
      globin genes. In fact, the evidence points to CpGs being a frequent source of
      mutations in both the alpha- and beta-globin genes. This suggests either that the
      mutation rates of both methylated and unmethylated CpGs are abnormally high,
      which conflicts with published evidence, or that there is a finite chance of some
      CpGs in the alpha-globin genes of certain individuals being methylated and
      therefore subject to mutation.

PMID- 2285787
TI  - Nested allostery in scorpion hemocyanin (Pandinus imperator).
AB  - The oxygen-binding behavior of the 24-meric hemocyanin of the scorpion Pandinus
      imperator and its dependence on allosteric effectors such as protons can be
      successfully described by the nesting model; the MWC model is not acceptable. The
      affinities of the four assumed conformations of the allosteric unit, the 12-meric
      half-molecule, are not dependent on pH whereas the three allosteric equilibrium
      constants decrease with decreasing proton concentration. Comparison with the
      oxygen-binding behavior of the 24-meric tarantula hemocyanin (Eurypelma
      californicum) reveals that the affinity values for the various conformations seem
      to be conserved for chelicerata hemocyanin.

PMID- 2285786
TI  - Horse heart myoglobin reconstituted with a symmetrical heme. A circular dichroism
      study.
AB  - Proton NMR studies on myoglobins and hemoglobins reconstituted with non-natural
      hemes, possessing different side chains in the pyrrolic rings, have provided
      interesting information for the understanding of the mechanism governing heme
      reorientation in the globin pocket, during synthesis of the native protein in
      vivo or in the reconstitution process in vitro. More recently, circular dichroism
      (CD) studies have been reported as a qualitative, alternative tool, with respect
      to 1H-NMR for detecting heme disorder in a reconstituted myoglobin or hemoglobin.
      In this paper, a CD study is reported on the reconstitution of horse heart
      myoglobin with protoheme XIII, a heme possessing true rotational symmetry about
      its alpha, gamma-meso axis. The results obtained show that the reconstitution
      product with this heme, which binds to the apoprotein with high affinity, not
      dissimilar from that of the natural heme, is characterized by a CD spectrum with
      bands possessing rotational strengths much lower than in the native protein.
      Furthermore, the CD changes detected as a function of time, during heme
      reorientation, in the case of natural heme, are absent when the apoprotein is
      reconstituted with protoheme XIII. These data provide independent evidence for
      reorientation of the natural heme, which follows its insertion into the protein
      matrix.

PMID- 2285788
TI  - Analysis of hemoglobin oxygenation from combined equilibrium and kinetic data. Is
      quaternary enhancement necessary?
AB  - An experimental approach based on four independent techniques, in which kinetic
      and equilibrium measurements of subunit assembly reactions are combined with
      concentration-dependent oxygen-binding curves, has previously been used to
      resolve parameters of the linkage system for human hemoglobin over a wide range
      of conditions [(G.K. Ackers and H.R. Halvorson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71
      (1974) 4312; F.C. Mills et al., Biochemistry 15 (1976) 1093; M.L. Johnson et al.,
      Biochemistry 15 (1976) 5363). Throughout this extensive body of results it has
      been found that the affinity for binding oxygen to tetramers at the fourth step
      exceeds the mean affinity of dissociated dimers. The existence of this
      "quaternary enhancement" effect has recently been questioned by Gibson and
      Edelstein (J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 516) and by Philo and Lary (J. Biol. Chem.
      265 (1990) 139) on the basis of kinetically derived oxygen-binding constants that
      do not exhibit quaternary enhancement. These authors have also suggested that
      quaternary enhancement might not be necessary to explain the oxygen-binding data
      mentioned above. In this study, we have explored the effect of constraining the
      numerical analysis of oxygen-binding data against the new kinetically derived
      binding constants. It is found that the sets of linkage constants which are
      compatible with both the oxygen-binding data and the new kinetically derived
      dimer binding constant require both quaternary enhancement and substantial dimer
      cooperativity. Increasing the dimer cooperativity to compensate completely for
      quaternary enhancement requires both dimeric and tetrameric binding constants
      that disagree with the kinetically derived values. Thus, the quaternary
      enhancement effect cannot be eliminated by readjustment of the remaining
      constants of the linkage system. Possible sources of the discrepancy between the
      kinetically derived binding constants and the otherwise self-consistent data from
      the other four techniques are discussed.

PMID- 2285789
TI  - Thermodynamics of oxygen binding to arctic hemoglobins. The case of reindeer.
AB  - The most surprising characteristic of reindeer hemoglobin (Hb) concerns its
      response to changes in temperature. Thus, the shape of the oxygen-binding curve
      is strongly temperature dependent due to the difference in the enthalpy of
      oxygenation between the T and R state of the molecule. In fact, delta H of oxygen
      binding to the T state is strongly exothermic whereas that of the R state is very
      close to zero or possibly positive after correction for the heat of oxygen
      solubilization. Moreover, the allosteric transition T0----R0 has been found to
      display a negative delta H and a contemporaneous decrease in entropy, a behavior
      which is precisely the opposite of what has been reported for other hemoglobins.
      As a whole, reindeer Hb represents a beautiful example of the significance that
      comparative studies may have in assessing the general validity of the main
      properties of the hemoglobin molecule.

PMID- 2285790
TI  - A cooperative hemoglobin with directly communicating hemes. The Scapharca
      inaequivalvis homodimer.
AB  - The unique functional properties of the homodimeric hemoglobin (HbI) extracted
      from the Arcid blood clam Scapharca inaequivalvis are discussed in the light of
      the unusual assembly of this protein. At variance with vertebrate hemoglobins, in
      S. inaequivalvis HbI, the heme-carrying E and F helices form the subunit
      interface and bring the heme groups almost into direct contact. This creates a
      new pathway for transferring information about the ligation state of the heme
      from one subunit to the other which allows cooperativity in the binding of heme
      ligands to be displayed by a homodimer. The tight coupling between the two
      subunits and the two heme groups also manifests itself in other reactions that
      are cooperative in S. inaequivalvis HbI, but not in human hemoglobin, namely, the
      cleavage of the proximal histidine-heme iron bond and the modification of
      specific residues located at the subunit interface.

PMID- 2285791
TI  - Effect of aromatic isothiocyanates on the functional properties of human
      hemoglobin. Role of the stereochemistry of the charged group.
AB  - The effect of chemical modification of hemoglobin with six derivatives of benzene
      isothiocyanate has been studied. The negatively charged reagents (isothiocyanates
      of benzoic and benzenesulfonic acids) markedly inhibit the interaction of
      hemoglobin with allosteric effectors such as H+, Cl- and organic phosphates; the
      affinity for heme ligands in the absence of effectors is reduced but
      cooperativity is maintained, making these modified hemoglobins suitable models
      for a possible 'blood substitute'. The only uncharged reagent tested
      (isothiocyanate of benzenesulfonamide) increases the oxygen affinity of
      hemoglobin and affects only slightly the interaction with heterotropic ligands;
      its potential use as an antisickling drug is under study.

PMID- 2285792
TI  - Calorimetric determination of linkage effects involving an acyl-enzyme
      intermediate.
AB  - Enthalpy changes of alpha-chymotrypsin acylation by 3-(2-furyl)acryloylimidazole
      (FAI) were calorimetrically determined as a function of pH. By observing the
      functional dependence of acylation enthalpies on buffer ionization heats, a
      complex pH profile was obtained describing proton release accompanying formation
      of acyl-enzyme. A pKa of 4.0 for FAI ionization and apparent pKa values of 6.8,
      7.55 and 8.8 on the enzyme were used to account for the proton release data. A
      model which accounts for the proton release behavior was used to fit the
      acylation enthalpy data and values for the apparent dissociation enthalpies of
      the groups involved were obtained along with a pH-independent intrinsic enthalpy
      of acylation. This model suggests a group with an apparent pK = 6.8 and delta
      Hion = 8.7 kcal/mol which is perturbed to a pK of 7.55 and delta Hion = 7.6
      kcal/mol on attachment of the acyl moiety to the enzyme. The apparent ionization
      enthalpy change for the active-inactive transition (pK3 = 8.8; delta H = 3.0
      kcal/mol) corresponds with that calculated from the data of Fersht (J. Mol. Biol.
      64 (1972) 497). The pH-independent intrinsic enthalpy of acylation (delta H = 
      7.9 kcal/mol) is corrected for group ionizations linked to the acylation process.
      Consequently, it more closely reflects molecular processes of interest such as
      substrate binding, covalent bond rearrangement, and product release.

PMID- 2285793
TI  - Differential scanning calorimetric studies of E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase.
      III. The denaturational thermodynamics of the holoenzyme with single-site
      mutations in the catalytic chain.
AB  - Aspartate transcarbamylase (EC 2.1.3.2) from E. coli is a multimeric enzyme
      consisting of two catalytic subunits and three regulatory subunits whose activity
      is regulated by subunit interactions. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC)
      scans of the wild-type enzyme consist of two peaks, each comprised of at least
      two components, corresponding to denaturation of the catalytic and regulatory
      subunits within the intact holoenzyme (Vickers et al., J. Biol. Chem. 253 (1978)
      8493; Edge et al., Biochemistry 27 (1988) 8081). We have examined the effects of
      nine single-site mutations in the catalytic chains. Three of the mutations (Asp
      100-Gly, Glu-86-Gln, and Arg-269-Gly) are at sites at the C1: C2 interface
      between c chains within the catalytic subunit. These mutations disrupt salt
      linkages present in both the T and R states of the molecule (Honzatko et al., J.
      Mol. Biol. 160 (1982) 219; Krause et al., J. Mol. Biol. 193 (1987) 527). The
      remainder (Lys-164-Ile, Tyr-165-Phe, Glu-239-Gln, Glu-239-Ala, Tyr-240-Phe and
      Asp-271-Ser) are at the C1: C4 interface between catalytic subunits and are
      involved in interactions which stabilize either the T or R state. DSC scans of
      all of the mutants except Asp-100-Gly and Arg-269-Gly consisted of two peaks. At
      intermediate concentrations, Asp-100-Gly and Arg-269-Gly had only a single peak
      near the Tm of the regulatory subunit transition in the holoenzyme, although
      their denaturational profiles were more complex at high and low protein
      concentrations. The catalytic subunits of Glu-86-Gln, Lys-164-Ile and Asp-271-Ser
      appear to be significantly destabilized relative to wild-type protein while Tyr
      165-Phe and Tyr-240-Phe appear to be stabilized. Values of delta delta G degree
      cr, the difference between the subunit interaction energy of wild-type and mutant
      proteins, evaluated as suggested by Brandts et al. (Biochemistry 28 (1989) 8588)
      range from -3.7 kcal mol-1 for Glu-86-Gln to 2.4 kcal mol-1 for Tyr-165-Phe.

PMID- 2285794
TI  - Effects of anions on the molecular basis of the Bohr effect of hemoglobin.
AB  - High-resolution 1H-NMR spectroscopy has been used to investigate the molecular
      basis of the Bohr effect in human normal adult hemoglobin in the presence of
      anions which serve as heterotropic effectors, i.e., Cl-, Pi, and 2,3
      diphosphoglycerate. The individual H+ equilibria of 22-26 histidyl residues of
      hemoglobin in both deoxy and carbonmonoxy forms have been measured under buffer
      conditions chosen to demonstrate the effects of anion binding. The results
      indicate that beta 2His residues are binding sites for Cl- and Pi in both deoxy
      and carbonmonoxy forms, and that the affinity of this site for these anions is
      greater in the deoxy form. Recently assigned, the resonance of beta 146His does
      not show evidence of involvement in anion binding. The results also indicate that
      the binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate at the central cavity between the two beta
      chains in deoxyhemoglobin involves the beta 2His residues, and that the 2,3
      diphosphoglycerate-binding site in carbonmonoxyhemoglobin may remain similar to
      that in deoxyhemoglobin. The interactions of Cl-, Pi and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
      also result in changes in the pK values for other surface histidyl residues which
      vary in both magnitude and direction. The array of pK changes is specific for the
      interaction of each effector. The participation of beta 2His in the Bohr effect
      demonstrates that this residue can release or capture protons, depending on its
      protonation properties and its linkage to anion binding, and therefore provides
      an excellent illustration of the variable roles of a given amino acid. Although
      beta 146His does not bind anions, its contributions to the Bohr effect are
      substantially affected by the presence of anions. These results demonstrate that
      long-range electrostatic and/or conformational effects of anions binding play
      significant roles in the molecular basis of the Bohr effect of hemoglobin.

PMID- 2285795
TI  - Comparative least-squares analysis of hemoglobin oxygen equilibrium curves.
AB  - The oxygen-binding properties of hemoglobin have been studied at 600 microM
      protein concentration with organic phosphate, and analyzed by a series of
      different nonlinear least-squares analysis methods to determine whether reports
      of negligibly small values of the third overall Adair parameter, A3, are
      consequences of the data or a product of the data analysis. Data from other
      laboratories were analyzed as well. The single most important factor in creating
      a measurement that yields a small A3 is the use of equally weighted fitting in
      the Adair equation, while end-weighted fitting generally yields a larger A3.
      Endpoint extrapolation is ruled out as a major cause of abnormal A3 values. Monte
      Carlo simulations of the 600 microM results suggest that, if a small A3 were
      present, end weighting is at least as sensitive to a small A3 as equal weighting.
      We conclude that equally weighted fitting of the tetrameric Adair equation is
      unable to resolve the upper asymptote of the oxygen-binding data, resulting in an
      unusually small value for A3.

PMID- 2285796
TI  - Allosteric regulation, cooperativity, and biochemical oscillations.
AB  - Allosteric regulation is associated with a number of periodic phenomena in
      biochemical systems. The cooperative nature of such regulatory interactions
      provides a source of nonlinearity that favors oscillatory behavior. We assess the
      role of cooperativity in the onset of biochemical oscillations by analyzing two
      specific examples. First, we consider a model for a product-activated allosteric
      enzyme which has previously been proposed to account for glycolytic oscillations.
      While enzyme cooperativity plays an important role in the occurrence of
      oscillations, we show that these may nevertheless occur in the absence of
      cooperativity when the reaction product is removed in a Michaelian rather than
      linear manner. The second model considered was recently proposed to account for
      signal-induced oscillations of intracellular calcium. This phenomenon originates
      from a nonlinear process of calcium-induced calcium release. Here also, the
      cooperative nature of that positive feedback favors the occurrence of
      oscillations but is not absolutely required for periodic behavior. Besides
      underlining the importance of cooperativity, the results highlight the role of
      diffuse nonlinearities distributed over several steps within a regulated system:
      even in the absence of cooperativity, such mild nonlinearities (e.g., of the
      Michaelian type) may combine to raise the overall degree of nonlinearity up to
      the level required for oscillations.

PMID- 2285797
TI  - Bovine trypsinogen activation. A thermodynamic study.
AB  - The N-alpha-L-isoleucyl-L-valine (Ile-Val) activating dipeptide, sequentially
      homologous to the Ile 16-Val 17 N-terminus of bovine beta-trypsin, displays an
      activating effect on equilibria involved in the binding of strong ligands (i.e.,
      n-butylamine and the porcine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (Kazal-type
      inhibitor, type I; PSTI)) to bovine trypsinogen. This property has been
      investigated between pH 3.0 and 9.0 (I = 0.1 M) at 21.0 degrees C. The
      thermodynamics for the interaction of strong ligands with bovine beta-trypsin has
      also been studied under the same experimental conditions. The equilibria involved
      in the binding of the Ile-Val activating dipeptide and/or inhibitors to bovine
      beta-trypsin and its zymogen are described according to linkage relationships,
      wherefore interaction(s) between different functional and structural domains of
      the (pro)enzyme (i.e., the so-called Ile-Val pocket and the primary and/or
      secondary recognition subsite(s)), possibly involved in the bovine trypsinogen-to
      beta-trypsin activation pathway, are considered.

PMID- 2285798
TI  - The energetics of ligand-linked subunit assembly in hemoglobin require a third
      allosteric structure.
AB  - For partially ligated cyanomet hemoglobins, Smith and Ackers (Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. U.S.A. 71 (1985) 4312) determined the free energies of dimer-tetramer
      assembly for all of the partially ligated species using a combination of kinetic
      and equilibrium methods. They found a third apparent cooperative free energy
      level in addition to those of deoxy- and cyanomethemoglobin. Using cryogenic
      methods, Perrella et al. (Biophys. Chem. 35 (1990) 97) confirmed the existence of
      the third cooperative free energy level, but found a different energy level
      assignment for one of the species. These combined studies have yielded a solid
      data base for considering mechanistic issues. The number of cooperative free
      energies delta Gc can, in principle, be different from the number of molecular
      forms which have unique free energies of heme-heme interaction, since delta Gc
      can be an average over conformational subspecies. Furthermore, since the delta Gc
      values are determined from free energies of dimer-tetramer assembly, it is
      necessary to evaluate possible contributions from dimeric properties, and from
      quaternary constraint (or enhancement) effects associated with subunit assembly.
      In this paper we analyze the observed distributions of apparent delta Gc values
      among the various ligation states in terms of mechanisms based on two
      interconvertible molecular forms (R and T) under the most general conditions in
      which (i) dimers may be cooperative, (ii) ligand affinities of alpha-subunits may
      be different within tetramers and dimers, and the same for beta-subunit
      affinities, and (iii) dimers need not be halves of R-state tetramers. It is found
      that the experimental distributions are inconsistent with even the most general
      model of the two-state class; thus, at least three molecular forms of tetramer
      are required, each with an individually different value of cooperative free
      energy (heme-heme interaction). This result implies the existence of at least
      three corresponding molecular structures; while a degeneracy of multiple
      structures into only a few dominant free energy levels is frequently to be
      expected, the reverse situation is extremely unlikely.

PMID- 2285799
TI  - Oscillations in cell morphology and redox state.
AB  - Fluctuations in the intensity of light scattered and absorbed by cells in
      suspension have been analysed by smoothing, periodogram and power spectrum
      methods to reveal oscillations attributed to changes in cell morphology and the
      redox state of NADH and FAD (periods 10 s to 30 min). The rhythms are themselves
      periodically modulated in amplitude at a similar frequency and exhibit burst
      characteristics. The low frequency scatter dynamics are provisionally attributed
      to oscillations in gross morphology and the high frequency variation to changes
      at the cell surface. Agents, such as insulin and transferrin, affect the
      dynamics. The scatter results suggest that rhythmic changes in cell morphology
      associated with locomotion are largely inherent in the cell and not due to
      periodic attachment and detachment from a surface.

PMID- 2285800
TI  - Nonlinear optical effects in oxygen-binding reactions of hemoglobin A0.
AB  - Optical spectra have been taken in the Soret band (440-400 nm) under different
      oxygen partial pressures for hemoglobin (Hb) A0 at pH 7.0, 15 degrees C, 2-3 mM
      heme, 30 mM inositol hexaphosphate, 0.1 Hepes and 0.1 M NaCl. Application of the
      matrix method of singular value decomposition (SVD) to the difference spectra for
      different oxygen pressures shows the presence of at least two distinct optical
      transitions. From this result one concludes that the optical response to oxygen
      binding is nonlinear in the Soret band. The degree of nonlinearity has been
      determined by fitting the data at different wavelengths to the four-step reaction
      Adair equation with the inclusion of optical parameters that describe the
      intermediate oxygenated species. It is found that the data are well-represented
      by two optical parameters at each wavelengths, one which represents the optical
      change for the addition of the first and second oxygen molecules and the other
      which corresponds to the change for the addition of the third and fourth oxygen
      molecules. The ratio of these optical parameters depends only moderately upon
      wavelength with an average value of 0.8 over the Soret band. Thus, there is an
      approx. 20% smaller optical response for the first two ligated species than that
      for the last two ligated species. The overall Adair equilibrium constants are
      evaluated as follows: beta 1 = 0.081 +/- 0.003 Torr-1, beta 2 = 2.53 x 10(-3) +/-
      2.4 x 10(-4) Torr-2, beta 3 = 1.25 x 10(-5) +/- 1.0 x 10(-6) Torr-3, beta 4 =
      1.77 x 10(-6) +/- 1.5 x 10(-7) Torr-4.

PMID- 2285801
TI  - 31P-NMR investigation of trimethylphosphine binding to [alpha Fe(II), beta
      Mn(II)] hybrid hemoglobin. A model for partially liganded species.
AB  - 31P-NMR of trimethylphosphine binding to the ferrous chains of a ([alpha Fe(II),
      beta Mn(II)]hemoglobin hybrid is employed to investigate partially liganded
      species. This study shows that at low pH (6.5), in the presence of inositol
      hexaphosphate, the resonance at 23.2 ppm (from H3PO4) is due to phosphine bonding
      to alpha-chains in the T quaternary state. At elevated pH (7.6), phosphine
      binding to the alpha-chains produces a resonance at 24.8 ppm which is associated
      with a T-to-R conversion. These findings are discussed in relation with our
      previous results on direct observation of intermediate ligation states of
      hemoglobin.

PMID- 2285802
TI  - A possible new control mechanism suggested by resonance Raman spectra from a deep
      ocean fish hemoglobin.
AB  - The rattail fish, Coryphaenoides armatus, lives at ocean depths of 3000 m. As an
      adaptation for pumping oxygen into the swim bladder against the extreme pressures
      at the ocean bottom, the hemoglobin from this fish at low pH exhibits an
      extraordinarily low affinity for ligands. In this study, continuous wave and time
      resolved Raman techniques are used to probe the binding site in this hemoglobin.
      The findings show an association between the low-affinity material and a highly
      strained heme-proximal histidine linkage. The transient Raman studies reveal
      differences in the protein structural dynamics at pH 6 and 8. The emerging
      picture derived from both this and earlier studies is that in vertebrate
      hemoglobins the heme-proximal histidine linkage represents a key channel through
      which species- and solution-dependent variations in the globin are communicated
      both statically and dynamically to the heme to produce an extensive range of
      ligand binding properties. Also presented is a new model that relates both
      intensity and frequency of the resonance Raman band involving the iron-proximal
      histidine stretching mode to specific protein controlled structural degrees of
      freedom. There emerges from this model a mechanism whereby modifications in the
      proximal heme pocket can further reduce the affinity of an already highly
      strained T state structure of hemoglobin.

PMID- 2285803
TI  - Jeffries Wyman: scientist, philosopher and adventurer.

PMID- 2285805
TI  - On the kinetics of suicide substrates.
AB  - We consider a realistic suicide substrate reaction which can be represented by
      four rate equations for the concentrations of the various molecules as functions
      of time. We present a general procedure to obtain accurate, approximate solutions
      analytically in terms of the rate equation parameters. This systematic technique
      provides more accurate approximations to the exact (numerical) solutions than
      other approximate methods which have been proposed based on a pseudo-steady state
      hypothesis.

PMID- 2285804
TI  - A photoacoustic calorimetric study of horse myoglobin.
AB  - The dynamics of the enthalpy and volume changes for the photodissociation of CO
      from horse myoglobin has been studied by time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry
      which measures the dynamics of enthalpy and volume changes on the nanosecond time
      scale. The role of the Lys 45 salt bridge in the ligand dissociation is
      discussed.

PMID- 2285806
TI  - An analytic model for kinetics of hemoglobin reacting with ligand.
AB  - The saturation function Y(t) descriptive of the kinetics of ligand binding by a
      biological macromolecule such as hemoglobin can be represented by Y(t) = Yeq ([1
      + epsilon][1-exp-(sigma 1t])/([1 + epsilon]-epsilon exp-(sigma 1t]), where Yeq is
      the fraction of sites bound at equilibrium, and sigma 1 and epsilon are
      parameters which can be determined by kinetics measurements. If the sites bind
      independently, fixed functional relations hold between the quantities (Yeq, sigma
      1, epsilon). These relations do not hold for cooperative ligand binding. The
      departures of these quantities from that required by the independent sites
      relations provide a measure of cooperativity. The present formulation, which
      includes the approximation that the multiplicity of chemical relaxation processes
      are dominated by a single one, can be extended for more refined applications.

PMID- 2285807
TI  - A newly developed LDL-binding material.
AB  - Results of in vitro and ex vivo experiments with a newly developed LDL-binding
      material are presented. This material consists of macroporous bead cellulose
      which is capable to bind selectively LDL. LDL-cholesterol is considerably
      decreased after contacts of plasma or serum samples with this bead cellulose. On
      the other hand high density lipoproteins (HDL) and other plasma components
      (proteins, enzymes, electrolytes, and metabolic substances) remained high or
      unchanged. Triglycerides (TG)--transported by very low density lipoproteins--are
      also bound up to a certain degree. 1 g of the adsorbent wet mass binds at least
      20 mg cholesterol. The capacity suffices to decrease two- to threefold increased
      cholesterol and LDL plasma levels to the low normal range following passage of
      the sevenfold plasma volume' through two the three LDL adsorbent columns (results
      of perfusion experiments). In vitro and dog experiments revealed only slight
      drops of the hemolytic capacities of the classic complement pathway and moderate
      decreases of the alternative one. But no detectable side effects were noticed in
      the dog experiments.

PMID- 2285808
TI  - Development of selective adsorbent for free-hemoglobin.
AB  - It is well-known that acute renal failure is often caused by hemolysis. Its
      possible causes may be free-hemoglobin (F-Hb), stroma freed from destroyed red
      blood cell, and their combined action. Especially, a great amount of F-Hb is
      liable to flow out during extracorporeal circulation. The plasma fractionation
      using a membrane has so far been applied to remove F-Hb (1). The molecular weight
      of F-Hb of 68,000 which is nearly equal to that of albumin has made it still
      difficult to separate F-Hb effectively. Recently, we have developed an adsorbent
      that is capable of selectively removing F-Hb and succeeded in obtaining its high
      adsorption performance.

PMID- 2285809
TI  - Transference of hepatic coma to normal rats from galactosamine treated donors by
      reverse plasma exchange.
AB  - It was possible by exchange transfusion to induce the same grade of hepatic coma
      in normal recipients as had occurred in donors which had previously been treated
      with D(+) galactosamine hydrochloride (HCl). The exchange transfusion was carried
      out by carotid arterial and jugular venous cannulation in conscious and
      unrestrained recipient rats. Thus, the coma inducing compounds generated as a
      consequence of acute hepatic failure, appear to circulate in the plasma for a
      considerable time after galactosamine-HCl is cleared and these substances are
      able to affect the nervous system in the presence of an intact and functioning
      normal liver.

PMID- 2285810
TI  - Is there a possibility of a bioartificial pancreas?

PMID- 2285811
TI  - Novel endotoxin adsorbing materials, polymyxin-sepharose and polyporous
      polyethylene membrane for removal of endotoxin from dialysis systems.
AB  - In order to remove contaminated endotoxin from dialysis systems, we prepared and
      investigated two novel endotoxin adsorbing materials, Polymyxin-Sepharose
      (PxSeph) and polyporous polyethylene hollow fiber membrane (EHF). PxSeph was
      prepared by covalently immobilizing polymyxin B on Sepharose 4B beads by CNBr
      coupling method. It adsorbed various endotoxins with a high affinity constant and
      could effectively remove endotoxin from aqueous solution and human plasma. EHF
      also removed endotoxins from contaminated water by filtration through EHF
      modules, and its adsorption nature was demonstrated. Both PxSeph and EHF are
      stable in physiological conditions and proved to be useful adsorbents for removal
      of contaminated endotoxin from the hemodialysis systems.

PMID- 2285812
TI  - Advances of adsorbents for hemoperfusion in China.
AB  - Activated charcoal with various coating materials were screened and tested as
      adsorbents in hemoperfusion. Among them silicon rubber polyurethane, crosslinked
      agrose, polyvinyl acetate, polyhydroxy ethyl methacrylate showed good blood
      compatible properties. Various types of resins and carbonized resins with
      different functional groups, and structures were tested for the adsorption of
      small molecules i.e. creatinine, barbiturates, middle molecules i.e. VitB12,
      inulin, cytochrome C and large molecules i.e. unconjugated bilirubin. High
      adsorption capacities were obtained and uncoated carbonized resins showed
      satisfactory blood compatible properties. NK-107 a macroporous, non-coated resin
      is now being manufactured and successfully used clinically on patients for acute
      detoxification of hypnotic drugs. Polysaccharide dialdehyde and polystyrene
      derivatives etc. were used for the removal of urea, ammonia, potassium and
      phosphorus. DNA immune adsorbents were prepared for systemic lupus erythematosus
      therapy.

PMID- 2285813
TI  - Pathogenetic substantiation of extracorporeal detoxication in surgery.
AB  - The report is based on the results of treatment of 116 patients with severe
      purulent-destructive abdominal cavity diseases and 320 patients with liver
      failure due to bile ducts obturation. Along with surgical operations, methods of
      organism extracorporeal detoxication-haemosorption, exchange plasmapheresis,
      autoblood ultraviolet irradiation--were used in all patients either in isolation
      or in combination with each other. Toxical metabolites concentration, blood
      integral toxicity, peptids with mean molecular weight concentration, liver
      profile enzimes activity, lipid metabolism indices, general and liver
      haemodynamics and electroencephalogram were studied. On the basis of correlations
      between indices obtained by the method of extreme grouping factors-syndromes were
      formed, and then in accordance with a special program summary evaluation of
      detoxication was calculated in marks. A drop in lethality by 28.3% was ensured,
      as well as a drop in postoperatyonal liver failure by 51.4%.

PMID- 2285814
TI  - Encapsulation of liver microsomes--a further procedure for detoxication.
AB  - Due to their partial permeability and their good mechanical properties, the
      symplex capsules are technically suited for an application in extracorporal
      detoxification. By this newly developed procedure the activity of encapsulated
      enzymes is considerably increased; thus, application for extracorporal
      detoxification seems to be advisable.

PMID- 2285815
TI  - Investigation of blood-biomaterial interaction by means of a new quantitative
      dynamic measuring principle.
AB  - In this study a new dynamic measuring chamber for flat biomaterials allowing the
      estimation of cell adhesion on test surfaces by measuring the cell lost from
      surface contacting test blood under defined rheological conditions is introduced.
      This was achieved by constructing a test chamber permitting the contact of small
      amount of blood with a large geometrical test surface. The construction consists
      of a spiral-shaped flow channel of 0.3 cm width, 0.02 cm height and 78 cm length.
      The applicability of the new method was demonstrated by evaluation of platelet
      adhesion on siliconized glass, fibrinogen coated glass, cuprophane and
      polyacrylnitrile.

PMID- 2285816
TI  - Bioreactors in medicine.
AB  - The use of immobilized enzyme reactors in medicine is briefly reviewed in this
      presentation. Emphasis is placed on the recent and emerging technology involved
      in development and clinical applications of such devices.

PMID- 2285817
TI  - Development of a C1q-adsorbent for the selective removal of circulating immune
      complexes.
AB  - In body fluids circulating immune complexes possess a substantial pathogenic
      effect on a variety of diseases. Thus it seems to be reasonable to influence the
      pathogenic mechanism of such diseases by removing the circulating immune
      complexes out of the body fluids. The selective adsorbent for binding immune
      complexes were developed as possible alternative of plasmapheresis for specific
      removal of immune complexes out of the blood plasma. The principle is based on
      the biospecific binding of immune complexes to C1q that is immobilized by a
      covalent binding to different solid phases. Thus: so bound immune complexes can
      be separated by detaching the solid phases. The adsorbent may be regenerated by
      non-denaturated media and can be used manyfold. This adsorbent has a high
      biocompatibility and offers the possibility for clinical use.

PMID- 2285818
TI  - Liver support system used sorbent urethane sheet embedded with powdered charcoal.
AB  - Requirements to be met by an artificial liver support system are the abilities to
      perform the function of the liver, i.e., to support the functions of protein
      synthesis, detoxification, and phagocytosis. At present there are no artificial
      liver support that can satisfy all these conditions other than the detoxification
      and protein synthesis by removal and supply in plasma exchange. This mode of
      treatment poses various problems, including the disadvantage of requiring a great
      amount of plasma (1). Noting the adsorption performance of powdered charcoal, we
      have developed a new type of adsorbent for clinical application (UPC, BESPORE,
      Japan Medical Supply Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan) that consists of powdered
      charcoal immobilized and encapsulated on a blood-biocompatible sheet. UPC is
      capable of purifying middle to large molecular weight and protein-bound
      substances, which have been relatively difficult to achieve with conventional
      blood purification (Fig.1).

PMID- 2285819
TI  - Improvement of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) and hemofiltration
      (HF) efficiency by adding hemoperfusion (HP).
AB  - Aiming to improve the efficiency of the blood purification convective methods
      either with spontaneous (CAVH) or with pump-assisted (HF) extracorporeal
      circulation we inserted after the hemofilter a cartridge containing 70 g of
      collodion-coated activated charcoal (CAC) microencapsulated, obtaining so
      hemofiltration and hemoperfusion in series (HF+HP). The obtained results show
      that in both methods HP addition gives a negligible increase of urea clearance
      and a practically null increase of phosphate clearance, whereas creatinine and
      uric acid clearances increase is remarkable especially, in percentage, with low
      blood flows (CAVH). In the HF+HP system we have also been studying B2
      microglobulin (B2-M) clearance aiming at examining the possibility of increasing
      the removal of substances with higher molecular weight. We have been finding HP
      addition increases further on B2-M clearance already high in HF. Therefore we
      think HP addition to convective methods is an interesting step in the attempt to
      carry out highly efficient blood purification methods.

PMID- 2285820
TI  - Peroral application of synthetic activated charcoal in USSR.
AB  - This work presents a review of the enterosorption procedure, spheres of its
      application, the results achieved and prospects for use in the future. This
      technique was developed by the author in the late 1970's and is based on peroral
      administration of high doses of synthetic activated carbons. This review also
      summarises new experimental and clinical reports by Soviet researchers who
      studied the use of enterosorption procedure in liver and biliary tract diseases,
      endogenous intoxications, acute intestinal infections, renal pathologies and
      immuno-dependent diseases, metabolism in aged animals, in oncologic patients,
      abstinence syndrome in alcohol and drug-abuse patients. The peroral application
      of activated carbons has been known for a long time. The most extensive list of
      usage of activated carbons has been presented by Adler in the first quarter of
      this century. The powdery activated charcoal usually was prescribed in doses of 2
      10 g per day, since larger doses caused nausea, vomiting and constipation, and
      that demanded simultaneous usage of cathartics. The Carbon sorption therapy, soon
      became neglected owing to development of potent antibacterial preparations, and
      probably due to depleted enteric content of the components which are necessary
      for the organism. Later, carbon sorption therapy was investigated for use in
      uremia. In 1979, the author of this article proposed the use of oral
      administration of high doses (up to 100-150 g/day) of synthetic activated carbons
      with diameters 0.2-1.0 mm, derived through pyrolysis of various polymeric resins.
      The reasons for this approach which we termed enterosorption, were good
      adsorptive properties, smooth surface, strength and uniformal nature of synthetic
      carbon adsorbents, causing practically no symptoms of enteropathy which are
      typical for high doses of powdery carbons. We have described our earlier clinical
      results of this approach. Since that time the number of studies has substantially
      increased in the USSR. Accordingly, the author deemed it expedient to attempt a
      review of the results.

PMID- 2285821
TI  - Virus infections of the gut and liver.

PMID- 2285822
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection and the intestine.
AB  - HIV is a retrovirus infecting CD4-positive cells causing profound
      immunosuppression, eventually clinically manifest as AIDS. The cells principally
      infected by HIV are T4 lymphocytes (helper) and macrophages. The eventual loss of
      helper cell function is the prime reason for immunodeficiency which renders the
      individual susceptible to opportunistic infections. HIV infection was first
      described in male homosexuals. However, the trend now is for seroprevalence to
      rise rapidly in intravenous drug abusers in the West. In addition, African AIDS
      is thought to be almost exclusively heterosexual in nature, a paradox which is
      not yet fully explained in comparison with the relatively low but increasing
      incidence in heterosexuals in the Western world. Virtually every organ system in
      the body can be affected clinically during the course of HIV infection. The
      gastrointestinal tract is a major target, and the physiological sequelae are an
      important cause of morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of intestinal
      infection is not yet fully understood, however two main mechanisms have been
      postulated. The first is reduced intestinal immunity resulting in chronic
      opportunistic infections, which themselves caused altered intestinal function.
      The second is that HIV itself affects the intestinal mucosa, causing malfunction.
      The mechanisms by which the latter occurs are controversial but may result from
      either direct infection of mucosal epithelial cells or macrophages within the
      mucosa. Reports have documented the presence of HIV genome in both epithelial
      argentachromaffin cells and macrophages. In addition, profound degeneration of
      intrinsic jejunal autonomic neurones has been demonstrated, but the functional
      significance of such denervation is as yet unknown. The clinical stage of HIV
      infection at which intestinal mucosal immunity fails is by definition when
      opportunistic infection occurs (that is, clinical progression to stage IV
      disease), namely AIDS, however a detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of
      intestinal immune failure are lacking.

PMID- 2285823
TI  - Pathogenesis of viral hepatitis.

PMID- 2285824
TI  - Quantitative determination of cholesterol sulphate in plasma by stable isotope
      dilution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - A stable isotope dilution assay has been developed for the quantitative
      determination of cholesterol sulphate in plasma using negative ion fast atom
      bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry. The assay is highly selective and avoids
      problems of contamination from free cholesterol and other conjugates of
      cholesterol present in plasma. (6,7,7-2H3)Cholesterol sulphate is used as the
      internal standard and solvent extraction and silica Sep-Paks are employed to
      isolate plasma cholesterol sulphate. Limited-range acceleration voltage scanning
      in FAB mass spectrometric analyses leads to sub-microgram detection limits.
      Comparison of results obtained by FAB mass spectrometry of the intact cholesterol
      sulphate, and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring of
      the free cholesterol, released by solvolysis of the cholesterol sulphate, showed
      that the latter approach probably overestimates plasma levels of cholesterol
      sulphate.

PMID- 2285825
TI  - Sequence determination of N-acetylated-N,O-permethylated peptides by plasma
      desorption mass spectrometry.
AB  - The plasma desorption mass spectra of N-acetylated-N,O-permethylated peptides
      contain sufficient fragment ions to allow partial or complete sequence
      determination. By optimization of the derivatization procedure and an inclusion
      of a purification step by high-performance liquid chromatrography (HPLC) overall
      sensitivities on the high picomole level are obtained. By using limiting
      derivatization conditions the fully derivatized peptide is easily selected from
      the HPLC separation. Mainly N-terminal sequence ions are observed, facilitating
      sequence determination of naturally N-blocked peptides. Complete sequence
      determination of naturally formylated gramicidin A containing 15 amino acid
      residues and the naturally N-acetylated N-terminal heptapeptide from an acyl-CoA
      binding protein is demonstrated. The sequence of the first six N-terminal
      residues was obtained by derivatization of the A-chain of insulin.

PMID- 2285826
TI  - Thermospray liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric studies with inositol
      phosphates.
AB  - Thermospray mass spectrometry of inositol mono- and polyphosphates, separated by
      ion-exchange chromatography, was evaluated for its potential as a general method
      for quantitative analysis of these substances. The only ions of significant
      abundance that are produced by the thermospray ionization process result from the
      total loss of phosphate from inositol. Thus inositol mono-, tris- and
      hexakisphosphate each gave mass spectra consisting solely of [MH]+ and [MNH4]+ of
      inositol. When the chromatographic eluates are passed through a heated reactor
      prior to the thermospray source maximal yields of these ions are obtained. The
      sensitivity of the technique falls short of that needed for a general method for
      biological applications, because the lower limit of detection is about 100 pmol
      microliter-1. Inositol phosphates peracetylated on C-hydroxyls were also studied,
      with separation by ion-exchange chromatography. Again, thermospray ionization
      produces totally dephosphorylated species, with the highest-mass ions retaining
      all of the acetyl groups, even when using the thermal reactor. Losses of acetate
      were also observed. Sensitivity with the acetyl derivative was comparable to that
      with the underivatized inositol phosphates.

PMID- 2285828
TI  - The mass spectra of 4-aminophenanthrene and its trifluoroacetic anhydride and
      perfluoropropionic anhydride derivatives.
AB  - Several aminophenanthrenes have been examined with electron impact mass
      spectrometry. The trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) and perfluoropropionic
      anhydride (PFPA) derivatives of 4-aminophenanthrene have been studied with
      electron impact as well as both positive and negative ion chemical ionization
      mass spectrometry utilizing methane as a reagent gas. The resulting mass spectra
      indicate a loss of water from the derivatives and a mechanism is proposed to
      account for this loss. The spectra also indicate unique fragmentation patterns
      associated with the position of the substituent, particularly the four position
      which is in the region of the molecule termed the bay region. Another interesting
      aspect is the spectral differences observed for the TFAA and PFPA derivatives of
      4-aminophenanthrene. The positive ion chemical ionization mass spectrum of the
      TFAA derivative indicates an ion [M + H - H2O]+; however, the mass spectrum of
      the PFPA derivative of 4-aminophenanthrene indicates no water loss from the [M +
      H]+ ion. The negative ion chemical ionization mass spectra of the two derivatives
      are also very different. The mass spectrum of the TFAA derivative shows an [M -
      18]- ion and the PFPA derivative shows successive losses of HF with no apparent
      loss of water.

PMID- 2285829
TI  - Reduction processes in fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry: interdependence
      of analyte and matrix redox potentials.
AB  - The reduction of selected redox indicator dyes during fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry was investigated in several different matrices. Reduction is
      indicated by the incorporation of one or more hydrogens into the cation of the
      dye. The extent of reduction of the analyte can be related to the E 1/2 value of
      the reduction potential of the dye. Selection of matrix also influences the
      reduction, the reducing power decreasing in the order glycerol greater than
      sulfolane greater than thioglycerol greater than hydroxyethyl disulfide greater
      than nitrobenzyl alcohol. Evidence is given suggesting that reduction is
      initiated by exposure of the analyte-matrix mixture to atom bombardment. It is
      shown that reduction can be controlled by the addition of metal ions with a very
      low reduction potential to the matrix to act as electron scavengers.

PMID- 2285830
TI  - Artifact formation during derivatization of methylsulfinyl-containing metabolites
      for electron impact mass spectrometry.

PMID- 2285827
TI  - Thermospray high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric
      identification of a bladder carcinogen metabolite isolated from guinea pig urine.
AB  - An in vivo urinary metabolite of the bladder carcinogen 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2
      furyl) thiazole was isolated from guinea pig urine and was identified by direct
      analysis using thermospray mass spectrometry/high-performance liquid
      chromatography as 1-(2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)-1-deoxy-beta-D
      glucopyran uronic acid. The structure of this metabolite was also established by
      chemical synthesis. Both positive and negative ion thermospray mass spectrometry
      of the conjugate showed fragment ions resulting from cleavage across the pyran
      ring of the glucuronic acid comprising of aglycone moiety. These characteristic
      fragment ions may be diagnostic for identification of N-glucuronides from O
      glucuronides.

PMID- 2285831
TI  - Alcohol problems, prevention and epidemiology: looking for the next questions.

PMID- 2285832
TI  - Behavioural (non-chemical) addictions.

PMID- 2285833
TI  - Alcohol problems and the city.
AB  - Alcohol problems have long been especially associated with city life, although
      this perception is not always supported empirically in comparisons of urban and
      rural rates. Potential explanations of higher urban rates include: more complete
      reporting of problems in the city; that problems may occur in the city, but
      involve non-inhabitants; that migrants to the city may be especially attracted by
      or vulnerable to heavy drinking; and characteristics of city lifestyles that are
      conducive to heavy drinking, and to heavy drinking being defined as problematic.
      On the other hand, there are also potential explanations of higher rural rates,
      such as the ready availability associated with home production. Collective
      efforts to reduce rates of alcohol problems have often focused on the city or its
      neighborhoods; these local communities bear many of the costs of the problems,
      while alcohol tax revenues tend to go to national governments. Three forms of
      urban alcohol problems prevention are briefly discussed: local alcohol control
      through municipal public-houses or sales license controls; community action
      movements to reduce rates of alcohol-related problems; and AA and other mutual
      help movements, which are particularly attuned to counteracting
      characteristically urban problems.

PMID- 2285834
TI  - Addiction: definition and implications.
AB  - Integration of addiction into the theory and practice of psychiatry has been
      hampered by the lack of a definition of addiction which is scientifically useful.
      A definition is proposed, with diagnostic criteria specified in a format similar
      to that of DSM-III-R. Essentially, addiction designates a process whereby a
      behavior, that can function both to produce pleasure and to provide escape from
      internal discomfort, is employed in a pattern characterized by (1) recurrent
      failure to control the behaviour (powerlessness) and (2) continuation of the
      behaviour despite significant negative consequences (unmanageability). Some
      practical and theoretical implications of this definition are then explored.

PMID- 2285835
TI  - Is alcohol a carcinogenic risk?
AB  - Consumption of alcoholic beverages has been implicated as a risk factor for the
      development of various cancers including oesophageal, oral, pharyngeal,
      laryngeal, liver and breast cancers. This article is a commentary on an earlier
      paper entitled 'Alcohol: a carcinogenic risk?' which challenges some of the
      evidence relating alcoholic beverage consumption to risk for these cancers. In
      the course of commenting on this paper, evidence is reviewed which shows a
      relationship between these cancers and consumption of alcoholic beverages, which
      is often found to be dose-related.

PMID- 2285836
TI  - Behavioural addictions: common features and treatment implications.
AB  - Marks' editorial is welcome in that is suggests common treatment approaches for
      chemical and behavioural addictions, namely, exposure and relapse prevention.
      There are other common features of addictive substances or activities which may
      explain their addictive potential: they act as operant reinforcers and as
      Pavlovian unconditioned stimuli, tolerance develops, an initial positive mood is
      followed by dysphoria and addictions are stimulated by common states (arousal,
      stress, pain). Most of Marks' features are not unique to addictions but apply to
      primary drive states (normal eating, sleeping, elimination, sex) and many apply
      to normal goal-orientated behaviour. Normal repetitive behaviour is more flexible
      than addictive behaviour, in allowing satisfactory substitution of alternatives.
      The restrictive range of activities which are satisfactory for the addict suggest
      that building up the behavioural repertoire may help in prevention and
      rehabilitation. Tics and Tourette's syndrome should not be regarded as
      addictions, since they involve simple, involuntary and non-goal-directed
      behavioural sequences. Considering addictions as goal-directed is important:
      addicts are often ambivalent about whether they want to give up or continue. This
      often underlies dropout and relapse. Treatment must address this issue.

PMID- 2285837
TI  - The definition of dependence and behavioural addictions.
AB  - DSM-III-R and ICD-10 have incorporated a much broader definition of chemical
      dependence than was included in DSM-III. This broader definition no longer
      requires the presence of tolerance and withdrawal, and places greater emphasis on
      aspects of compulsive use. Using this broader definition, a number of behavioral
      syndromes, especially compulsive and impulse disorders, appear to share
      descriptive similarities with chemical dependence. Although these similarities in
      overt presentation may reflect underlying similarities in pathogenesis and
      treatment response, such a non-specific definition may also obscure important
      differences. Given the available knowledge, it is unclear if it is more useful to
      highlight the similarities among chemical dependencies and other behavioral
      syndromes or to maintain their distinction.

PMID- 2285838
TI  - Trivializing dependence.
AB  - There are a number of repetitive behaviors which have in common what appears to
      be a decrease in an individual's capacity to choose to discontinue them. The
      taxonomy we select to categorize these behaviors depends on our objectives. Broad
      definition which label as 'addictions' both repetitive use of drugs and
      repetitive behaviors not related to drug use call attention to the loss of
      flexibility that the behaviors have in common. However, such broad definitions
      may overemphasize the value of general behavioral approaches to change and
      obscure the fact that seemingly similar behaviors can be dramatically changed by
      very different specific interventions; (for example, nicotine gum for cigarette
      smoking, clomipramine for obsessive compulsive disorder.) It is also possible
      that calling both compulsive hair-pulling and daily heroin use 'addictive
      disorders' may trivialize the concept of addiction and lead to an erosion of
      public support for research and intervention in the chemical addictions.

PMID- 2285839
TI  - National survey of syringe exchange schemes in England.
AB  - This report gives information from an England wide survey of syringe exchange
      carried out in early 1989. A postal questionnaire was sent to 74 agencies,
      responses received from 65 (88%), of which 55 were agencies operating syringe
      exchanges. The development of syringe exchanges has been marked by lack of
      central coordination, supervision and direction, allowing for local autonomy
      sensitivity to local conditions and a resulting diversity of practices. Four
      service models were identified: schemes run by drug agencies; pharmacy-based
      schemes; specialist stand-alone schemes; and schemes based in non-drug agencies.
      The average number of different clients per week was 21 and it is estimated that
      they distributed about one million syringes in the year 1988/89. Pharmacy based
      schemes presented fewer barriers in terms of access but offered limited services
      on site, while drug agency schemes presented more barriers in terms of access,
      but offered more services. The significance of these differences is related to
      the aims of syringe exchange. In a public health orientation, ease of access to
      sterile injecting equipment would be the priority and the question of individual
      help in other areas less important. From a drug problems orientation, the ability
      to offer clients more services to respond to their wider needs would be a
      priority. It is estimated that by the end of 1989 there were approximately 120
      syringe exchange schemes in England.

PMID- 2285840
TI  - The effect of a needle and syringe exchange on a methadone maintenance unit.
AB  - In November 1986, a pilot needle and syringe exchange was established in Sydney
      adjacent to a methadone maintenance unit. A retrospective study was carried out
      to determine the effect of increasing the availability of sterile needles and
      syringes on the treatment outcome of the methadone maintenance unit. In this
      study, an increase in availability of sterile needles and syringes was not found
      to be associated with an increase in the presence of illicit injectable drugs in
      the urine specimens of clients of the methadone programme compared to a control
      methadone unit where there was no known change in needle and syringe
      availability. This study suggests that an increase in the availability of sterile
      needles and syringes does not appear to lead to an increase in the frequency of
      intravenous drug use. The possibility of drug and alcohol treatment centres
      acting as needle and syringe exchange or distribution outlets therefore requires
      consideration.

PMID- 2285841
TI  - Teaching about substance abuse in medical school.
AB  - Physicians often fail to diagnose and treat (or treat properly) alcoholism and
      other chemical dependence in patients. This failure may result from inadequate
      training, a sense of futility about effectiveness of treatment, belief that this
      is a social problem rather than disease or denial because the physician
      him/herself is from a family with substance abuse. A survey of 81 first year
      medical students identified six (7%) with past or present patterns suggesting
      abuse of alcohol or other drugs, five (6%) reporting both personal and immediate
      family abuse patterns, and 25 (31%) who reported such patterns in parents,
      grandparents or siblings. Students who are adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs)
      often need emotional support while learning about alcoholism and its treatment.
      Medical school training about substance abuse must take these needs into
      consideration and provide services approved by, but insulated from, the dean's
      office to help students cope with effects of personal or family substance abuse.

PMID- 2285842
TI  - Combining insights from epidemiological and ethnographic data to investigate
      substance use in Truk, Federated States of Micronesia.
AB  - There has been a recent concern in medical anthropology to combine quantitative
      epidemiological survey methods with qualitative ethnographic fieldwork methods as
      a means for drawing on the strengths of both approaches. This article shows the
      advantages of doing this by examining data on substance use and abuse from Truk,
      Federated States of Micronesia. Ethnographic research in 1976 based solely on
      qualitative methods is compared with a second study by the same investigator on
      the same island 9 years later that combined ethnographic fieldwork with an
      epidemiological general population survey of substance use by 1000 adults. The
      survey data were found to support many of the ethnographic conclusions, provide
      some new information not revealed by use of the qualitative methods and call into
      question a few interpretations of Trukese drinking based on qualitative data
      alone. This buttresses the argument that these methods are complementary, provide
      a cross-check on one another and yield more information when used together than
      either does by itself.

PMID- 2285843
TI  - Cultural background and drinking patterns in problem drinkers in northern Norway.
AB  - It was hypothesized that drinking patterns, treatment goals and psycho-social
      consequences of drinking (as measured by the MAST) would be different in Saami
      ('Lapp') and Norwegian in-patient problem drinkers, due to differences in
      cultural background. Drinking patterns and treatment goals differed
      significantly, implying that Saami clients demonstrated a more periodic drinking
      pattern and, to a smaller extent, tended to prefer total abstinence or a large
      reduction in alcohol consumption as their treatment goal compared to Norwegian
      clients. Furthermore, the Saami clients obtained significantly lower scores on
      the MAST than the Norwegian clients. No differences in degree of physical
      dependence and self-reported alcohol consumption were observed. These findings
      indicate that the drinking culture in the two groups is different. Furthermore,
      the results imply that the MAST yields different problem scores in Saami and
      Norwegian clients, probably due to differences in ways of living in the two
      ethnic groups.

PMID- 2285844
TI  - Influence of religion and culture on drinking behaviours: a test of hypotheses
      between Canada and the USA.
AB  - American Roman Catholic and mainstream Protestant students consume more alcohol
      and have more alcohol abuse problem compared to Canadian students within the same
      religious groups. Among abstinent oriented Protestants there was no difference in
      regards to alcohol consumption or problems related to drinking between the
      countries. For Jews there were mixed results with Americans exhibiting similar
      consumption rates but reporting more problems related to drinking compared to the
      Canadians. Among this sample it was concluded that religious norms have a greater
      influence in cohesive religious groups while cultural norms are more influential
      among less cohesive groups. The results also support the Canadian 'Mosaic' and
      American 'Melting Pot' assumption.

PMID- 2285845
TI  - Drinking games adolescents play.
AB  - In a study of 1230 Norwegian adolescents aged 14-19, the prevalence of
      participation in 'drinking games' and the consequences thereof were investigated.
      The findings indicate that drinking games are very common among Norwegian youth.
      Further, there is a substantially higher alcohol consumption among those who
      participate in these games than among other youth, even when we 'control' for
      other indicators of network 'wetness'. In particular, a high consumption of beer
      among the boys seems to be connected with these games. It seems reasonable to
      assume that the drinking games are of importance for many young people, in
      particular as a means of being accepted by social groups of the same age. The
      games provide an organized, yet exciting frame around the interaction. It seems
      reasonable to assume that the participants usually take part in the games as a
      result of an intention to drink. Even so, it might be argued that the games are
      probably often more than 'neutral tools' to fulfil this intention: first of all,
      the games involve intense contact precisely in connection with alcohol
      consumption. Secondly, we know from previous studies that match rates and role
      modelling in connection with consumption increase with an increase in the
      intensity of group member contact. Finally, the individual member loses control
      and steering of his/her own consumption to a large extent: consumption becomes to
      a large degree a function of other people's actions and the rules of the game in
      question.

PMID- 2285846
TI  - The Mortimer-Filkins test of problem drinking: a review of psychometric
      properties.
AB  - This paper contains a literature review of the psychometric properties of the
      Mortimer-Filkins test of problem drinking. The test was devised initially to
      identify problem drinkers from among drink-driving offenders. It was initially
      validated against a general population, and has since been used with worksite
      populations. The test demonstrates high degrees of internal-consistency
      reliability, test-retest reliability and concurrent validity. It has been shown
      to be predictive of drink-driver racidivism and the occurrence of work injuries
      and injury-related absences.

PMID- 2285847
TI  - Anatomical distribution of soft tissue sepsis sites in intravenous drug misusers
      attending an accident and emergency department.
AB  - Of 77,686 case records of attendance at an accident and emergency department
      during 1986, 488 (0.6%) contained documented evidence of intravenous drug misuse
      (IDM). Clinical examination had revealed signs of soft tissue sepsis in 150 (31%)
      of these, the commonest sites being the wrist and forearm (31% of lesions), the
      antecubital fossa (19%), fingers and hand (14%) and thigh and groin (11%). These
      data highlight the anatomical areas to which medical and nursing staff should pay
      particular attention when examining patients with a background of IDM.
      Conversely, the presentation of soft tissue sepsis in these sites should alert
      clinicians to the possibility of underlying IDM.

PMID- 2285848
TI  - Do children of lone parents smoke more because their mothers do?
AB  - This short report examines the association between smoking behaviours of mothers
      and their 15 year old children, and whether there is a difference between
      families headed by a mother living alone or with a partner. It is based on data
      collected from a cohort of young people and their mothers (N = 967), resident in
      the West of Scotland. We found no evidence that children of lone mothers smoke
      more because their mothers do; the familial transmission of smoking behaviour, at
      15, appeared to be less apparent in households headed by lone than cohabiting
      mothers.

PMID- 2285849
TI  - Drug abuse severity in adolescents is associated with magnitude of deviation in
      temperament traits.
AB  - Substance abusing adolescents were discriminated from normal controls on seven of
      the nine scales comprising the revised Dimensions of Temperament Scales. However,
      upon aggregating the scales into orthogonal dimensions using factor analysis, it
      was found that only activity level was associated with drug use severity. This
      behavioural trait was correlated with seven of 10 scales comprising the Drug Use
      Screening Inventory, including severity of substance use, behavior problems,
      psychiatric disorder, work, peer relationships and leisure activities.

PMID- 2285850
TI  - AIDS and HIV in Ireland.

PMID- 2285851
TI  - Relational and systems methodologies for analysing parent-child relationships: an
      exploration of conflict, support and independence in adolescence and post
      adolescence.
AB  - Research procedures which constitute a significant reorientation towards
      relational rather than individually focused methods are critically reviewed. A
      novel 'paired interview' strategy, consistent with this relational paradigm, is
      employed in two research studies. The first study involves the analysis of 18
      mother-adolescent son/daughter relationships at the time when the young people
      had just left school at the age of 16. A relationship typology was developed for
      these 18 pairs and it is demonstrated that the themes of conflict, independence
      and interdependence can be operationalized using this procedure. The second study
      involves the analysis of 25 mother and post-adolescent daughter relationships to
      test the proposition that such relationships are inherently conflicted. Taken
      together, the two studies demonstrate that mothers and daughters are not
      chronically conflicted in their relationships. Nevertheless, the potential for
      conflict may be a significant element in accounting for girls' adolescent
      development. However, on entering early adulthood, the young women typically
      reach a state of 'interdependence' with their mothers.

PMID- 2285852
TI  - Charity advertising: for or against people with a mental handicap?
AB  - This research investigated whether it is possible for charity advertising
      campaigns to stimulate donations successfully as well as to represent people with
      disabilities as valued human beings. Thirty-eight subjects were required to rank
      10 MENCAP posters along 15 bipolar constructs using a variation of the Q sort
      procedure. Constructs included feelings such as pity, guilt and sympathy,
      constructive helping behaviours such as giving money and time, and perceptions
      such as having rights, value and capabilities. Correlational, cluster and factor
      analyses suggest that images which elicit the greatest commitment to give money
      are those most closely associated with feelings of guilt, sympathy and pity and
      are negatively associated with posters which illustrate people with a mental
      handicap as having the same rights, value and capability as non-handicapped
      persons. The implications of these findings with regard to advertising and the
      principle of normalization (social role valorization) are discussed.

PMID- 2285853
TI  - The terminal nerve of dolphins: gross structure, histology and luteinizing
      hormone-releasing hormone immunocytochemistry.
AB  - The terminal nerve (TN) of several dolphins was examined using gross dissection
      aided by osmium staining, routine light and electron microscopy, and
      immunocytochemistry with antibodies to mammalian luteinizing-hormone-releasing
      hormone (LHRH). The TN consists of numerous pial strands which emanate from large
      paired ganglia located in the dura near the frontal lobe of the hemisphere. The
      strands are largely composed of myelinated axons which extend to basal forebrain
      areas including the anterior perforated substance. Peripheral branches of the
      ganglia run through foramina in the ethmoid bone into the region of the nasal
      sacs and blowhole. Round to oval ganglion cells are scattered along the nerve and
      thousands of similar cells are found in the dural ganglia where they are
      encapsulated by satellite cells. A second, less prevalent cell type is also found
      in the ganglia. These neurons are fusiform, lack a well-defined capsule and are
      LHRH-immunoreactive. The results are compared to observations of the anatomy and
      functions of the TN in other mammals, which unlike toothed whales have retained
      an olfactory system. Involvement in reproduction and control of secretions and/or
      circulation of the nasal sac vocalization system are suggested functions of the
      TN in dolphins.

PMID- 2285854
TI  - Sexually dimorphic areas in the brain of whiptail lizards.
AB  - The whiptail lizard species Cnemidophorus inornatus exhibits sexually dimorphic
      mating behaviors. We report that complementary sexual dimorphisms exist in two
      hypothalamic regions in male and female C. inornatus. The anterior hypothalamus
      preoptic area (AH-POA), which is involved in male-typical mounting and
      intromission behaviors, is larger in males. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH),
      which controls female-typical receptivity, is larger in females. The all-female
      whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus uniparens, a direct descendant of C. inornatus,
      regularly and reliably displays both male-like mounting and female-like receptive
      (pseudosexual) behaviors. Rather than having a male-like AH-POA, however, the AH
      POA as well as the VMH of C. uniparens resemble that of female C. inornatus. The
      biological basis of pseudosexual behavior in the parthenogen appears to be due to
      an unusual sensitivity to ovarian progesterone rather than to a difference in
      brain morphology.

PMID- 2285855
TI  - Ipsilateral retinofugal projections in a percomorph bony fish: their experimental
      induction, specificity and maintenance.
AB  - Adult bony fish possess only a small ipsilateral retinofugal projection, if any.
      Experimental manipulation, such as unilateral enucleation, can lead to an
      enhancement of this projection. We examined the patterns of, as well as the
      conditions for the development and maintenance of an enhanced ipsilateral
      retinofugal projection (EIRP) after nerve crush, after enucleation, and after
      various combinations of both types of surgery in juvenile and adult Haplochromis
      burtoni (Cichlidae). Retinal projections were labeled either unilaterally with
      horseradish perixodase, or with the lipophilic fluorescent dye DiI in aldehyde
      fixed animals, or bilaterally with differently colored fluorescent dextran
      amines. Unilateral nerve crush always leads to the regeneration of retinofugal
      fibers to the contralateral tectum but spares some contralateral diencephalic
      nuclei. In addition, unilateral or bilateral nerve crush in many cases, and
      unilateral enucleation in some cases, leads to the development of an EIRP to the
      ipsilateral diencephalon and tectum. This EIRP persists (4 months and longer
      postoperatively) in only 10% of the unilaterally enucleated animals, in none of
      the animals subjected to unilateral nerve crush and in 79% of the animals
      subjected to bilateral nerve crush. All unilaterally enucleated animals in which
      the remaining, contralateral optic nerve was crushed develop and maintain an
      EIRP. These data suggest that nerve crush alone is sufficient to cause
      regenerating fibers to project, at least transiently, to the ipsilateral side of
      the brain. When the normal contralateral projection is either absent or in the
      process of regeneration, an EIRP can be maintained. In the latter case, alternate
      bands or patches of ipsi- and contralateral fibers in the tectum may result.
      Ipsilateral fibers follow unusual pathways by recrossing at the rostral
      diencephalon. Likewise, regenerating contralateral retinal fibers grow
      differently in this area; here, where the optic-nerve projection is reorganized
      into the optic tract, many regenerating fibers are deflected to the ipsilateral
      side of the brain. Despite atypical routes taken by some fibers, the EIRP
      nevertheless ends only in specific retinorecipient areas. An EIRP develops
      independently of the age of the animal, independently of the time lapse between
      enucleation and nerve lesion, and independently of persisting debris. However, in
      animals receiving an optic nerve lesion a long time after unilateral enucleation,
      the size of the EIRP and its tectal extent are reduced compared to that in
      animals enucleated around the same time as receiving the crush of the
      contralateral optic nerve.

PMID- 2285856
TI  - Configural prey recognition by the praying mantis, Sphodromantis lineola (Burr.);
      effects of size and direction of movement.
AB  - The visually released, predatory behaviors of approaching and striking at prey by
      the praying mantis, Sphodromantis lineola (Burr.), were measured in response to
      various moving, three-dimensional lure configurations. Lures varied in length (3,
      7, 15, 25, 35, 50, 70 or 100 mm), thickness (i.e. width and height: 3, 7, 10, 15,
      20 or 30 mm) and direction (approaching or moving orthogonally). Each of these
      three parameters has a significant effect on whether adult female S. lineola
      recognize a moving object as potential prey. Approaching lures are strong
      releasers of predatory behaviors when they are 3-35 mm long and 10 mm thick.
      Orthogonally moving lures, although overall poor releasers of predatory behavior,
      are at their strongest when 3-35 mm long but only 3 mm thick. These response
      patterns are similar to those for some anurans and urodeles, which also hunt
      small invertebrates with analogous behavioral repertoires. This suggests that
      these groups may have evolved similar algorithms for identifying prey in spite of
      dissimilar neural organization.

PMID- 2285857
TI  - Releasing (unclasping) in male American toads: a neural substrate in the lateral
      subtoral tegmentum.
AB  - Release signals (chirps and side vibrations) are given by a male toad being
      clasped by another toad. These signals trigger immediate releasing (i.e.
      unclasping) by the clasping toad. First, small electrolytic lesions in the
      lateral subtoral tegmentum of male American toads abolished releasing, i.e. these
      toads persisted in clasping release-signaling males. Second, stimulation of this
      area caused bilateral abduction of the forelimbs, as occurs in normal releasing.
      Third, neural responses, resulting from tactile stimulation of either thumbpad,
      could be recorded from this region. Supposedly, similar stimuli would be
      generated by the release vibrations of the sides given by a male being clasped.
      These data are consistent with the participation of the lateral subtoral
      tegmentum in the detection of release signals and in the triggering of releasing.
      Release signaling was probably an important step in the evolution of anuran
      vocalizations. The midbrain tegmentum may contain primitive circuits for the
      detection of stimuli eliciting anuran acoustic behaviors.

PMID- 2285858
TI  - Retinofugal and retinopetal projections in the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti
      (Myxinoidea).
AB  - The retinofugal and retinopetal connections of the Pacific hagfish were
      determined using the fluorescent compound DiI as an in vitro tracer. The
      retinofugal connections were found to be bilateral and to reach preoptic,
      thalamic and pretectal, as well as tectal, targets. No distinct basal optic root
      was found. A retinopetal projection in hagfishes is described here for the first
      time. It originates from two cells groups in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum.
      These retinal connections in hagfishes are compared to the organization of the
      visual system in the second Recent group of jawless fishes, the lampreys. Both
      visual systems are similar in the number and location of the targets of retinal
      fibers. Furthermore, there is a striking similarity in the retinopetal systems.
      Major differences are found in the organization of the optic tract. These
      observations allow the identification of some cell groups not previously
      recognized in myxinoid brains or interpreted differently. Finally, the findings
      are discussed in relation to visually guided behavior in hagfishes.

PMID- 2285859
TI  - Total surface of temporoparietal intrasylvian cortex: diverging left-right
      asymmetries.
AB  - Measurements of the total convoluted surface area of cortex buried in the
      temporoparietal transition of the Sylvian fissure were performed using "three
      dimensional" magnetic resonance morphometry in 10 randomly selected human cadaver
      brains. The measurements comprised the planum temporale, which covers the
      superior temporal gyrus posterior to Heschl's first transverse gyrus, and the
      caudally adjacent walls of the descending and ascending rami of the Sylvian
      fissure. Also, the total convoluted surface of the planum temporale was compared
      with its superficially exposed surface as determined by photographical planimetry
      after brain section, so that the index of cortical folding of the planum
      temporale could be estimated. The following results were obtained: Cortical
      folding of the planum temporale did not differ significantly between left and
      right hemispheres (p greater than .6). The total and the superficially exposed
      surface of the planum temporale showed significant leftward asymmetry (p less
      than or equal to .0078). In contrast, the total surface of cortex buried in the
      caudal segments of the Sylvian fissure posterior to the planum exhibited
      significant rightward asymmetry (p less than or equal to .016). The combined
      cortical surface area buried in the whole posterior Sylvian fissure caudal to the
      first transverse gyrus did not show significant left-right asymmetry (p greater
      than 0.3). The data suggest divergent lateral asymmetries in the posterior
      intrasylvian region with excesses of superior temporal cortex in left hemispheres
      and of supramarginal cortex in right hemispheres.

PMID- 2285860
TI  - The evolution of pure alexia: a longitudinal study of recovery.
AB  - This case report documents the partial recovery, over a 12-month period, of pure
      alexia in an adult female following a left occipital infarction. Measures of
      speed and accuracy were obtained on an oral reading and a lexical decision task
      immediately postonset and then on 10 subsequent occasions. Explicit letter-by
      letter reading was observed only during the first week poststroke but a
      significant effect of word length was seen in all testing sessions. Reading
      accuracy was relatively good at all stages and reading latency showed a
      remarkable decrease over time but did not reach normal reading rates. The
      inability to use higher-order orthographic knowledge, as manifest in the absence
      of a word superiority effect, was still noted at one year postonset. We therefore
      concluded that the change in behavior was attributable to increased proficiency
      in the use of the adaptive letter-by-letter procedure rather than to the
      resolution of the underlying deficit. It is suggested that longitudinal
      neurobehavioral studies add to our understanding of the alexic deficit and
      provide insight into the recovery process.

PMID- 2285861
TI  - Knowing the meaning, getting the point, bridging the gap, and carrying the
      message: aspects of discourse following closed head injury in childhood and
      adolescence.
AB  - Pragmatic communication or discourse was studied in 33 children and adolescents
      following closed head injury. Three-quarters of the sample was impaired on at
      least one of four discourse tests (knowing the alternate meanings of ambiguous
      words in context; getting the point of figurative or metaphoric expressions;
      bridging the inferential gaps between events in stereotyped social situations;
      and producing speech acts that express the apparent intentions of others).
      Resolution of ambiguity was correlated with word fluency and verbal domain
      knowledge, but not with object naming; understanding of metaphor was correlated
      with verbal domain knowledge, but not with literal sentence comprehension or with
      the formation of analogies; making inferences was correlated with working memory
      capacity but not with social knowledge; and producing speech acts was not
      correlated either with sentence construction or with social knowledge. These
      associations and dissociations reveal some of the correlates of impaired
      discourse processing after closed head injury in childhood and adolescence, as
      well as bearing on theoretical questions concerning the nature of normally
      developing discourse processes.

PMID- 2285862
TI  - The effects of head and eye turns on the right ear advantage in dichotic
      listening.
AB  - The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of head and eye
      turns on the ear advantage in dichotic listening (DL) to CV-syllables. Since head
      and eye turns also mean focusing attention to either the left or right side in
      space, a second aim was to evaluate recent arguments that ear advantages seen in
      DL are caused by the perceived position in space of the sound source. Forty right
      handed females had 36 trials of CV-syllables under four different instructions.
      One group (n = 20) was instructed to turn their head (but not their eyes) to the
      right, the left, or straight ahead during stimulus presentations. The fourth
      condition was a standard (no instruction) condition. A second group (n = 20) had
      the same instructions but were told to turn their eyes instead of their heads.
      Conditions were pseudo-counterbalanced across subjects. Consistent with other
      studies, results showed a right ear advantage (REA) in both groups during all
      conditions. However, the REA was largest for the standard condition. Also, more
      subjects showed a REA during the standard condition, and especially compared to
      the turn-right condition. It is concluded that dichotic performance is not caused
      by selective attention to either side in space, and that lateral turns of the
      head and the eyes contralateral to the left hemisphere have an inhibitory (if
      anything) effect on the REA.

PMID- 2285863
TI  - Preference for denotative as opposed to connotative meanings in schizophrenics.
AB  - Twenty schizophrenics, 20 manics and 20 subjects with a depressive illness were
      asked to select the pair of words from a group of three which went together best.
      The groups of words were arranged such that potential pairings reflected shared
      denotative (e.g., linked by being antonyms) or shared connotative meaning (e.g.,
      linked at a metaphorical level). The measure "denotative-based--connotative-based
      selections" was significantly lower in schizophrenics than manics and just failed
      to significantly distinguish schizophrenics from depressives. In a second
      experiment schizophrenics were significantly different from the depressives in
      showing less inclination to select a metaphorical meaning to an ambiguous
      adjective in a sentence. It is suggested that these results arise because the
      schizophrenic relies more on their left hemisphere lexicon in carrying out such
      semantic tasks.

PMID- 2285864
TI  - Differential recovery of languages in a bilingual patient following selective
      amytal injection: a comment on Berthier et al. (1990)

PMID- 2285866
TI  - [Informatics in the operating suite: the computerized anesthesia record].

PMID- 2285865
TI  - On the role of the corpus callosum in cerebral laterality: a comment on Lassonde,
      Bryden, and Demers.

PMID- 2285867
TI  - [Computerized electroencephalographic monitoring in anesthesia].
AB  - The computerized electroencephalogram monitor provides a simple interpretation of
      the standard EEG trend. In the operating room, this compact EEG monitor is
      convenient and the trend is easy to read for a non-specialist user. EEG
      monitoring is especially indicated in carotid endarterectomy for the detection of
      ischemic event during surgery. The use of this monitor should be recommended for
      high risk patients (cardiac surgery, cerebral aneurysm surgery, controlled
      hypotension) to determine the adequate depth of anesthesia and to perform a
      stress-free anesthesia when the anesthetic drug is given by titration according
      to the decrease in the awakening electrical cerebral activity.

PMID- 2285868
TI  - [Facial nerve block in ophthalmologic surgery].

PMID- 2285869
TI  - [Supplementary preanesthetic tests in children. Is this a justifiable
      requirement?].

PMID- 2285870
TI  - [The use of ventilation in ventral decubitus in a case of adult respiratory
      distress syndrome].

PMID- 2285871
TI  - [Does urapidil attenuate the hypertensive response to tracheal intubation at the
      time of general anesthesia?].

PMID- 2285872
TI  - [Cardiovascular collapse following induction by propofol].

PMID- 2285873
TI  - [Anesthesia of a patient with hypertension, respiratory insufficiency and 2
      occurrences of spontaneous pneumothorax for an arterial embolism of the lower
      extremity].

PMID- 2285874
TI  - [Curare in the treatment of tetanus].

PMID- 2285875
TI  - Communication is the key.

PMID- 2285876
TI  - Acute bacterial meningitis. The pathophysiological sequence of events.
AB  - Despite the availability of a new vaccine, acute bacterial meningitis continues
      to be a potentially life-threatening childhood disease. The mortality rate is
      approximately 5% and research suggests that many of the survivors suffer from
      various forms of morbidity. The pediatric intensive care nurse must immediately
      recognize the signs and symptoms of impending complications so that interventions
      can be implemented before it becomes impossible to reverse a critical situation
      and/or to prevent longterm sequelae. Therefore nursing care requires a thorough
      understanding of the pathophysiological sequence of events of this disease
      process.

PMID- 2285877
TI  - The language of computers!

PMID- 2285878
TI  - Priorities for continuing education courses.
AB  - A mail questionnaire on continuing education was sent out to all dentists in
      Alberta and Atlantic Canada. A total of 415 completed questionnaires were
      received from Alberta dentists, while the response from Atlantic Canada was 235.
      A significant majority of the dentists indicated that continuing education was
      important to them. Those who thought that continuing education was important
      tended to be more supportive of mandatory continuing education. October is the
      month that is preferred for courses. In Atlantic Canada, November was the second
      choice, while February was second in Alberta. The three most significant factors
      in the selection of a continuing education course in order of importance were:
      course content, course speaker and location.

PMID- 2285880
TI  - Is your dental practice a profitable business?
AB  - Many dentists are unaware whether their dental practices are profitable
      businesses. A method to assess dental practice profitability, by determining
      percentage return on investment (% ROI), is described. The method involves
      analyzing and adjusting prepared financial statements for a practice, estimating
      the fair market value of the practitioner's professional and managerial efforts
      in the practice, and estimating the fair market value of the practice assets.
      Interpretation of the % ROI determination is discussed.

PMID- 2285879
TI  - What about whiteners? Safety concerns explored.

PMID- 2285881
TI  - The influence of frequent ingestion of acids in the diet on treatment for dentin
      sensitivity.
AB  - For many patients with severe and persistent pain from dentin sensitivity,
      therapeutic interventions often produce unsatisfactory results. Eighteen patients
      with persistent dentin sensitivity following a two-month clinical trial of a
      desensitizing dentifrice and a two-week treatment of four applications of a
      topical fluoride varnish participated in post-hoc evaluation of the association
      between the frequency of acid ingestions in the diet and the persistence of pain.
      A specific food frequency assessment was performed and tested for association
      against longitudinal, clinical and subjective patient assessments. There was a
      negative association (r = 0.49) between the frequency of ingestion of specific
      acid foods and beverages and the persistence of dentin sensitivity. Findings
      suggest that nutritional counselling should be part of the treatment offered for
      patients with these problems.

PMID- 2285882
TI  - The use of an anterior cantilever design for an implant retained overdenture: a
      case report.
AB  - Dental implants, while providing dentistry with some additional unique options
      previously unavailable, have also demanded innovation and imagination from the
      restorative dentist, as illustrated in this unusual prosthetic application. An
      extremely atrophic anterior mandibular ridge was restored to function, aided by
      the placement of 3-13 mm titanium fixtures in massive genoid prominences. Second
      stage surgery confirmed osseo-integration and 3-7 mm abutment cylinders united by
      a stable tripod superstructure, and provided for a bar assembly extending
      approximately 10 mm anteriorly to a position representative of the missing
      anterior ridge. A mandibular implant-retained denture was then fabricated
      opposing a maxillary metal base denture. The combination resulted in a stable,
      functional prosthesis and a satisfied patient.

PMID- 2285883
TI  - The effect of zinc levels in fetal circulation on zinc clearance across the in
      situ perfused guinea pig placenta.
AB  - Although zinc is essential for normal fetal growth and development, little is
      known about factors that influence its transfer across the placenta. The in situ
      perfused guinea pig placenta model was used to study the influence of the zinc
      concentration of fetal circulation on maternofetal placental zinc transfer. A
      placenta of the anaesthetized sow was perfused (on the fetal side) with a
      physiological perfusate via the umbilical vessels, with the fetus excluded. The
      sow was infused intravenously with 65zinc as a tracer of placental Zn clearance,
      and with antipyrine as an indirect indicator of maternal placental blood flow.
      Maternal plasma and placental effluent samples collected at intervals were
      counted for 65zinc by gamma counter, and the absorbance of nitrosated antipyrine
      was measured at 350 nm. Varying the mean zinc concentration in the perfusate from
      0.176 to 1.87 mg/L had no effect on relative zinc clearance calculated as zinc
      clearance/antipyrine clearance (mean +/- SEM; 0.085 +/- 0.010 vs. 0.114 +/-
      0.018; n = 6; p greater than 0.05). The results suggest that short-term changes
      in fetal zinc status do not influence placental zinc transfer.

PMID- 2285884
TI  - Suppression of gill withdrawal reflex behaviours in Aplysia: the role of
      acetylcholine.
AB  - Acetylcholine (ACh) dissolved in seawater and perfused through the isolated gill
      of the Aplysia californica produced suppression of the gill withdrawal reflex
      (GWR) evoked by tactile stimulation of the gill. This suppression was reversible
      upon washout and was blocked by co-perfusion of curare and alpha-bungarotoxin. Co
      perfusion of atropine did not block the suppression of the GWR produced by ACh.
      We concluded that the suppressive effects produced by perfusion of ACh through
      the gill occur as a result of the action of ACh at the nicotinic-like receptors.
      The role of ACh suppression in the mediation of gill reflex behaviours is
      discussed.

PMID- 2285885
TI  - Tricyclic antidepressants inhibit voltage-dependent calcium channels and Na(+)
      Ca2+ exchange in rat brain cortex synaptosomes.
AB  - We have used a resting (5 mM K+) or depolarizing (60 mM K+) choline-based medium,
      and a nondepolarizing sodium-based or choline-based medium, to characterize the
      inhibitory potential of tricyclic antidepressants against the voltage-dependent
      calcium channels or the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange process, respectively, in
      synaptosomes from rat brain cortex. Imipramine, desipramine, amitriptyline, and
      clomipramine inhibited net K(+)-induced 45Ca uptake with similar IC50 values (26
      31 microM), and this uptake was also inhibited by diltiazem with an IC50 of 36
      microM; these results indicate an inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium
      channels by tricyclic antidepressants. The net uptake of 45Ca induced by Na(+)
      Ca2+ exchange was also inhibited by the four tricyclic antidepressants tested,
      but not by diltiazem; imipramine (IC50 = 94 microM) was a more potent inhibitor
      of this process than desipramine (IC50 = 151 microM), and the IC50 values of
      amitriptyline (107 microM) and clomipramine (97 microM) were similar to that of
      imipramine. Some degree (approximately 25%) of brain calcium channel blockade
      could be present at the steady-state concentrations of tricyclic antidepressants
      expected to occur therapeutic use of these compounds to treat depression or panic
      disorder.

PMID- 2285886
TI  - Structural characterization of interstitial cells of Cajal in myenteric plexus
      and muscle layers of canine colon.
AB  - We have carried out a detailed ultrastructural study of the interstitial cells
      near the myenteric plexus of the canine colon and defined the structural
      characteristics which distinguish them from other resident non-neural cells. We
      have also examined the interconnections of these interstitial cells with nerves,
      the longitudinal muscle, and the circular muscle. In addition, we sought
      connections between interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus and those
      described earlier at the inner border of the circular muscle in proximal and
      distal colon. The interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus were structurally
      distinctive, and made gap junctions with one another and occasionally with smooth
      muscle. There seemed to be two subsets of these interstitial cells, one
      associated with the longitudinal muscle and the other with the circular muscle.
      Cells of both subsets were often close (less than or equal to 20 nm) to nerve
      profiles. The interstitial cells near the longitudinal muscle layer penetrated
      slightly into the muscle layer, but those near the circular muscle did not and
      neither set contacted the other. Moreover, interstitial cells of Cajal located
      near the myenteric plexus were never observed to contact those at the inner
      border of circular muscle. The interstitial cells of Cajal at the canine colon
      myenteric plexus are structurally organized to provide independent pacemaking
      activities for the longitudinal and adjacent circular muscle. Their dense
      innervation suggests that they mediate neural modulation of intestinal pacemaker
      activities. Moreover, they lack direct contacts with the interstitial cell
      network at the inner border of circular muscle, which is essential for the
      primary pacemaking activity of circular muscle. The structural organization of
      interstitial cells in canine colon is consistent with their proposed role in
      pacemaking activity of the two muscle layers.

PMID- 2285887
TI  - Prevention of Dahl salt-induced hypertension by chronic dietary tryptophan.
AB  - Four-week-old inbred Dahl salt-sensitive (DS/JR) and Dahl salt-resistant (DR/JR)
      rats were placed on an 8% salt diet with or without a supplemental 2.5%
      tryptophan (Trp). Blood pressures were monitored for the next 5 weeks. Urine
      volumes and ion concentrations were measured during the 6th week. Blood pressures
      of DS/JR rats on control diets elevated rapidly and markedly, whereas pressures
      of DS/JR rats on the Trp-supplemented diet were not significantly elevated over
      those of DR/JR rats. Pressures of DR/JR rats were unaffected by Trp
      supplementation. Urinary sodium was significantly greater in DR/JR rats compared
      with DS/JR rats and was unaffected by Trp supplementation. This suggests that the
      antihypertensive effect of Trp was not at the level of the kidney. We conclude
      that dietary Trp blocks the development of hypertension in DS/JR rats maintained
      on a high salt diet.

PMID- 2285888
TI  - Neuromuscular structures specific to the submucosal border of the human colonic
      circular muscle layer.
AB  - The circular muscle layer of the human caecum and ascending colon is clearly
      subdivided into two portions: an outer one which includes the bulk of the
      circular muscle layer, and an inner one made up of only six to eight rows of
      cells. In the right transverse colon no demarcation can be observed, but a
      difference exists between the innermost and the outermost cells, since those of
      the two innermost rows possess some peculiarities with regard to the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum, glycogen particles, caveolae, and intercellular junctions. In the left
      part of the colon, the circular muscle layer is also divided into two portions.
      In fact, the innermost smooth muscle cells still possess peculiar morphologies,
      progressively increase in number, and become separate from each other making up a
      superficial muscle network. A fibrous lamella, along and inside which a
      ganglionated nerve plexus runs, is strictly apposed to the submucosal border of
      the circular muscle layer of the entire colonic length. A second nerve plexus
      runs between the two portions of the circular muscle layer. Both these plexuses
      are accompanied by interstitial cells of Cajal in the right colon only. The
      peculiar organization of the entire submucosal border of the human colonic
      circular muscle layer distinguishes it from other parts of the gut and probably
      represents a structural basis for control of human colonic motility. The presence
      of putative pacemaker cells (interstitial cells and peculiar smooth muscle cells)
      indicates that the inner border of human colonic circular muscle layer possesses
      pacemaking activities. Moreover, the interstitial cell--smooth muscle cell ratio
      differs depending on the colonic level; two main regions can be identified: the
      right and the left colon. Consequently, we might expect regional variation in
      pacemaking.

PMID- 2285889
TI  - Adrenal versus nonadrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurones in the lower
      thoracic intermediolateral nucleus of the cat: physiological properties.
AB  - Adrenal and nonadrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) in the
      intermediolateral nucleus of spinal segments T8-T10 in the cat were compared
      according to a number of physiological properties. An SPN was classified as
      "adrenal" (n = 37) if it could be antidromically activated by electrical
      stimulation of the adrenal medulla. An SPN that could not be activated from the
      adrenal medulla yet could be antidromically activated by electrical stimulation
      of the greater splanchnic nerve was classified as "nonadrenal" (n = 123).
      Approximately 50% of adrenal SPNs (17 out of 37) were activated antidromically by
      stimulation of both the greater splanchnic nerve and adrenal medulla, suggesting
      that these neurones projected to the adrenal medulla via the greater splanchnic
      nerve, with the other adrenal SPNs taking a different route. The mean conduction
      velocities of adrenal (6.7 +/- 1.8 (SD) m/s) and nonadrenal (6.7 +/- 1.5 m/s)
      sympathetic preganglionic axons were similar. Over 80% of adrenal (31 out of 37)
      and nonadrenal (104 out of 116) SPNs were spontaneously active. The two types of
      neurone were indistinguishable in terms of the rates and patterns of discharge.
      Adrenal SPNs discharged with a mean rate of 1.4 +/- 1.1 spikes/s, and nonadrenal
      SPNs discharged with a mean rate of 1.8 +/- 1.4 spikes/s. With both types of SPN,
      the pattern of spontaneous activity was either irregular or phasic. With the
      latter pattern, periodic bursts of discharge were at the same frequency as
      oscillations in arterial pressure, frequency of ventilation, or phrenic nerve
      discharge. These data suggest that adrenal and nonadrenal sympathetic
      preganglionic neurones in the intermediolateral nucleus in caudal thoracic
      segments share a number of common physiological properties.

PMID- 2285891
TI  - Ca2(+)-activated K+ currents in smooth muscle.
AB  - Calcium-activated potassium currents have been described in a wide variety of
      cell types. This report summarizes some important properties of these currents in
      smooth muscle and provides examples from our recent single channel recordings
      from human cystic artery.

PMID- 2285890
TI  - Effect of RU486 on different stages of mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro.
AB  - 17 beta-Hydroxy-11 beta(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-17 alpha-(1-propynyl)estra-4, 9
      dien-3-one (RU486) inhibited the in vitro development of different stages of
      mouse preimplantation embryos under study. Two-celled embryos, morulae, and early
      blastocysts were obtained from B6D2F1 mice. The embryos were grown in Ham F-10
      nutrient mixture (with glutamine) supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (2.1 g/L),
      calcium lactate (282 mg/L), and bovine serum albumin (fraction V, 3 mg/mL) at 37
      degrees C in a humidified incubator supplied with 5% CO2 in air. RU486 was added
      to the culture medium at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 20 micrograms/mL.
      Culture medium with 0.05% ethanol served as the control. In vitro growth of
      embryos was assessed by the following criteria: (i) two-celled stage embryo
      development to blastocyst stage after 72 h, (ii) morula stage grown to blastocyst
      stage after 24 h, and (iii) early blastocyst stage development to hatching
      blastocyst after 12 h, in culture. RU486 inhibited the in vitro development of
      two-celled embryos, morulae, and early blastocysts at concentrations of 5, 10,
      and 20 micrograms/mL culture medium (p less than 0.001). The inhibitory effect of
      RU486 at these concentrations on the development of all the stages of embryos
      under study was irreversible. However, RU486 did not affect embryo development at
      1 microgram/mL culture medium. The study indicates the direct adverse effect of
      RU486 at 5 micrograms/mL and higher concentrations in culture medium on the
      development of mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro, and it encourages its
      further investigation as a postcoital contraceptive in animal models and humans.

PMID- 2285892
TI  - Nursing research: how does Canada compare internationally?

PMID- 2285893
TI  - Married registered nurses' labour force participation.

PMID- 2285894
TI  - Comparison of pain perceptions among males and females.

PMID- 2285895
TI  - Testing the OSCE: a reliable measurement of clinical nursing skills.

PMID- 2285896
TI  - [Quality of life in paraplegics and quadriplegics: analysis of self esteem].
AB  - This study suggests that self-esteem is a positive indicator of quality of life
      among persons who have sustained a spinal cord injury. Significant correlations
      were found between self-esteem and defensive or avoidance styles of coping. As
      well, self-esteem scores for quadriplegic subjects were significantly higher than
      scores for the paraplegic subjects. These findings should encourage nurses to
      evaluate their client's level of self-esteem as soon as possible during the
      rehabilitation process, so that they might initiate interventions that would
      assist the client to increase this level.

PMID- 2285897
TI  - Developing strategies for teaching nursing diagnosis.

PMID- 2285898
TI  - Discovering nursing research.

PMID- 2285899
TI  - How nursing quality assurance can set the stage for liability.

PMID- 2285900
TI  - A study of glove tears in an orthopaedic OR.

PMID- 2285901
TI  - Competency for the OR registered nurse.

PMID- 2285902
TI  - Identifying the barriers to nursing power in hospitals.

PMID- 2285903
TI  - Laser medical surveillance. A program for operating room nurses working with
      lasers.

PMID- 2285904
TI  - Clinical laser therapy and pain management.

PMID- 2285905
TI  - What it takes to be a leader.

PMID- 2285906
TI  - Credentialing (in laser surgery).

PMID- 2285907
TI  - Caring for confused elders.

PMID- 2285908
TI  - Death with dignity.

PMID- 2285909
TI  - Coping with soft-tissue expansion.

PMID- 2285910
TI  - Focusing on wellness.

PMID- 2285911
TI  - Just do it!

PMID- 2285912
TI  - [The theory of caring by Watson].
AB  - The phenomenon of caring has been the object of much interest among researchers.
      This article explores the ten "carative" factors that form the core of Jean
      Watson's theoretical model and relates them to nursing practice. When
      incorporated into a treatment plan, the factors can help clients and their
      families develop a sense of responsibility and control over illness-induced
      stress. For nurses, the model can be a source of motivation and job satisfaction.

PMID- 2285913
TI  - [The focal study].
AB  - Representing a new approach to assessing the quality of nursing care, the focal
      study provides an effective and systematic method for resolving particular
      nursing problems. This article summarizes a focal study carried out by two nurses
      in the psychiatric unit of a major hospital in Sherbrooke, Quebec. It addresses
      problems associated with the use and completion of the nursing history for each
      client. The methodology used is explained in detail and accompanied by specific
      examples.

PMID- 2285914
TI  - Voluntary euthanasia.

PMID- 2285915
TI  - Protein intake and the kidney.

PMID- 2285916
TI  - Low-dose ciclosporin, prednisone, and azathioprine after initial
      immunosuppression with ciclosporin and prednisone in a pediatric renal transplant
      population.
AB  - The use of a triple therapy regimen after initial immunosuppression with
      prednisone and ciclosporin in the pediatric age groups has not been described.
      Twenty-two patients were switched to low-dose ciclosporin, prednisone, and
      azathioprine due to toxicity, noncompliance, and long-term ciclosporin treatment.
      The acute rejection rate was 13.5%; one graft was lost to irreversible rejection.
      No infections occurred. There was no difference in the frequency of return to
      dialysis in the group converted to triple therapy when compared to a control
      group remaining on double therapy with prednisone and ciclosporin. The efficacy
      and safety of changing immunosuppression in the pediatric age group needs to be
      confirmed in a prospective, randomized fashion.

PMID- 2285917
TI  - Cyclophosphamide-induced sister chromatid exchanges in patients with nephrotic
      syndrome.
AB  - Frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) of peripheral blood lymphocytes was
      used for assessing chromosome damage induced by cyclophosphamide (CY) in patients
      with primary nephrotic syndrome. A significant rise in SCE was seen in all
      patients on a standard 6- to 8-week CY regimen at the beginning of the first week
      of treatment. When CY was discontinued, a gradual decline in SCE was noted which
      returned to a normal limit within 4-6 months after discontinuation of the drug.
      In patients treated previously (mean follow-up 9.6 years, range 1.5-17.5 years)
      with high doses of CY (mean total dose 380 mg/kg, range 120-1,999) or in patients
      on steroid therapy, frequency of SCE was not significantly different from control
      subjects. We concluded that SCE analysis did not reveal any evidence suggesting
      that the dosage of CY used in this study had induced a permanent genetic damage.
      However, further follow-up of patients who had received the largest total doses
      of drug is required.

PMID- 2285918
TI  - Urinary beta-2-microglobulin excretion in prematures with respiratory distress
      syndrome.
AB  - Urinary concentrations of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) were studied in 25
      prematures (less than or equal to 35 weeks) with respiratory distress syndrome
      (RDS), divided into two groups (group 1: ventilation greater than or equal to 2
      days; group 2: oxygenotherapy less than or equal to 4 days), to assess the value
      of beta 2M in the detection of tubular damage in relation to the severity and
      management of the respiratory disease. The data were compared with those obtained
      from 10 healthy controls, matched for birth weight and gestational age.
      Measurements of beta 2M were made on urine collected on days 1, 3, and 5 until
      the recovery phase of RDS was reached. Urinary beta 2M values for infants with
      RDS were increased on days 1 and 3, with respect to the controls, and
      significantly increased in the ventilated group (8,814 +/- 4,768 vs. 2,594 +/-
      3,231 micrograms/l, p less than 0.005 and 7,624 +/- 6,264 vs. 2,762 +/- 2,316
      micrograms/l, p less than 0.05, respectively). Serum sodium and creatinine,
      creatinine clearance, fractional tubular sodium excretion and renal function
      index on day 1 were similar in prematures with or without RDS. However, the
      ventilated newborns presented higher urinary sodium excretions. On the 5th day,
      no significant differences in urinary beta 2M were found among the groups. The
      elevated levels of urinary beta 2M in the acute phase of RDS and in the more
      severe lung disease indicate the existence of subclinical tubular dysfunction,
      probably secondary to hypoxic stress and to negative hemodynamic effects of
      ventilatory management.

PMID- 2285919
TI  - Evaluation of open surgery for staghorn calculi in children.
AB  - We evaluated the results of open surgery in 19 children with staghorn calculi.
      The median age was 3.5 years (range 10 months to 14 years). One patient had
      bilateral calculi, hence 20 renal units were operated upon. Stone clearance was
      achieved in 19 cases by means of a Gil-Vernet pyelocalycolithotomy, alone (n =
      10) or in combination with limited radial nephrotomies (n = 9). Extended
      nephrolithotomy was performed in only 1 case. Complete stone clearance was
      achieved in 13 kidneys (65%). Long-term follow-up showed that there was no stone
      recurrence in any of the 13 renal units rendered completely stone free at
      surgery. There was symptomatic stone recurrence in 1 of the remaining 7 renal
      units with small residual fragments left behind, while in 2 others the residual
      fragments were voided spontaneously. Preoperative and postoperative assessment
      with 99mTc-DMSA renal scans confirmed that no functional loss resulted in any of
      the operated kidneys. Open surgery proved to be safe and effective in the
      treatment of staghorn calculi in children.

PMID- 2285920
TI  - Kidney transplantation from anencephalic donors. Report of 5 cases and a review
      of the literature.
AB  - The results of five 'en bloc' kidney transplants from 5 anencephalic newborns are
      reported. The receptors were 8-50 years old. The graft survival 12 months after
      transplantation was 60%. The average plasma creatinine level the 1st month after
      transplantation was 4.0 +/- 0.8 mg/dl, after 6 months 1.5 +/- 0.8, and is
      currently 1.2 +/- 0.6 mg/dl. The follow-up time ranged from 17 to 55 months (mean
      30.3 +/- 17.5 months). Two grafts were lost during the early posttransplantation
      period (due to arterial thrombosis and vascular rejection, respectively); the
      other grafts are still functioning. Two grafts showed initial oliguria. All of
      the patients required hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis for 5-60 days (mean
      22.5 +/- 21.4 days). The time of cold ischemia ranged from 15 to 35 h (mean 25.6
      +/- 7.7 h). The literature published on the subject is reviewed, and it is
      concluded that anencephalic donors are an acceptable option for transplantation.

PMID- 2285921
TI  - Acute focal bacterial nephritis: emphasis on imaging.
AB  - A case of acute focal bacterial nephritis in a child is presented. Imaging
      findings for various modalities are discussed (nuclear medicine, ultrasound,
      computed tomography, and conventional radiology) with a suggestion for optimal
      imaging strategy in these cases.

PMID- 2285922
TI  - Membranous nephropathy, antitubular basement membrane antibodies and alveolar
      hemorrhage in a diabetic child.
AB  - We describe an 8-year-old boy who was diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus at
      the age of 3 months. During the follow-up the diabetes was uncontrolled, and he
      presented nephrotic syndrome with renal function impairment, a renal biopsy
      showing a membranous nephropathy. Subsequently he had episodes of anemia and
      dyspnea, due to alveolar hemorrhage, and he also developed Fanconi's syndrome. A
      later renal biopsy showed membranous glomerulonephritis and interstitial
      nephritis. The presence of antitubular basement membrane antibodies was noted but
      antialveolar basement membrane antibodies were not detected. We do not believe
      that this unusual clinical picture was a coincidence, and we speculate about a
      possible explanation.

PMID- 2285923
TI  - Cat-scratch bacillus and Streptococcus pneumoniae causing submandibular
      suppurative adenitis and acute glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Acute cervical adenitis is a frequent problem in pediatrics. It is occasionally
      followed by acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis, which has a well-defined set
      of clinical and histological manifestations. We present two rare cases of acute
      postinfectious glomerulonephritis, one associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae
      and the second with cat-scratch disease. Cultures of material from the lymph
      nodes yielded S. pneumoniae type 15 in case 1. A pleomorphic gram-negative micro
      organism, identified by silver stain as cat-scratch bacillus, was found in case
      2.

PMID- 2285924
TI  - Combination of metolazone and furosemide in the treatment of edema in the first
      month of life.
AB  - A combination of metolazone (0.2 mg/kg/day) and furosemide (4 mg/kg/day) was used
      in the treatment of a 2-week-old neonate who developed severe edema after cardiac
      surgery. The edema, which was initially responsive to furosemide, became
      resistant to high doses of this diuretic even with the concomitant use of
      ethacrynic acid. The addition of metolazone to furosemide induced prompt diuresis
      and natriuresis. This combination of diuretics can be helpful in the treatment of
      refractory edema in young infants.

PMID- 2285926
TI  - Phenytoin preferentially inhibits L-type calcium currents in whole-cell patch
      clamped cardiac and skeletal muscle cells.
AB  - The effect of the anticonvulsant diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) was tested on the
      inward calcium currents of whole-cell patch-clamped cells from rat and human
      muscles and from frog atrium. A concentration of 10 microM phenytoin was required
      to obtain a threshold inhibitory effect and, even with high concentrations (100
      microM), the inhibition was not complete. In skeletal muscle (rat and human cells
      in culture), phenytoin (30 microM) exerted a more potent effect on the high
      threshold calcium current (ICa,L inhibition: 53 +/- 6% mean +/- SDn-1) rather
      than on the low-threshold one (ICa,T inhibition: 16 +/- 10%). Similar results
      were obtained on dissociated frog atrial cells. These data are to be contrasted
      with those previously reported on neuronal cells, where specific inhibition of
      ICa,T was reported. Thus, the action of phenytoin appears to be different in
      muscle and nerve so that phenytoin does not appear to be a specific inhibitor of
      ICa,T.

PMID- 2285925
TI  - Aldosterone influences free intracellular calcium in human mononuclear leukocytes
      in vitro.
AB  - Mineralocorticoid receptors have been detected in human mononuclear leukocytes
      (HML) and a physiological effector mechanism was demonstrated subsequently by
      which aldosterone is able to prevent the loss of intracellular sodium, potassium
      and cell water during incubation in an aldosterone-free medium. In the present
      paper, free intracellular calcium, [Ca2+]i, was measured in HML from normal
      subjects by Quin-2 and Fura-2 fluorescence after incubation for 1 h at 37 degrees
      C in RPMI-1640 medium. In fresh HML, [Ca2+]i was 54 +/- 15 nM (Fura-2, mean +/-
      SD, n = 26). After incubation without aldosterone, [Ca2+]i in HML was 118 +/- 27
      nM (Quin-2, n = 11) and 50 +/- 13 nM (Fura-2). After incubation with 1.4 (Fura-2)
      or 2.8 nM (Quin-2) aldosterone, [Ca2+]i was 139 +/- 38 nM (Quin-2, P less than
      0.05 compared with value after incubation without aldosterone) and 57 +/- 11 nM
      (Fura-2, P less than 0.00001). The Kd-value for dose-response curve was 0.4 nM.
      The effect of aldosterone was antagonized by N-ethyl-isopropylamiloride, but not
      by canrenoate, canrenone, cycloheximide and actinomycin D. It was absent in a
      sodium-free buffer. Corticosterone and hydrocortisone were active as agonists.
      These results show that aldosterone exerts an effect on the [Ca2+]i in HML in
      vitro which could be involved in hemodynamic responses to mineralocorticoids if
      also present in cardiovascular tissues.

PMID- 2285927
TI  - Quantitative intracellular calcium imaging with laser-scanning confocal
      microscopy.
AB  - Laser-scanning confocal microscopy has been used to visualise the fluorescence of
      a visible wavelength Ca2(+)-sensitive fluorophore, Fluo-3 in isolated cardiac
      myocytes. A protocol for the derivation of quantitative information from this
      single wavelength indicator is presented. This paradigm involves co-loading cells
      with two Ca2(+)-sensitive fluorescent indicators, Fluo-3 and Fura-2. Wide-field
      ratiometric measurements of Fura-2 fluorescence provided a baseline [Ca2+] upon
      which changes in Fluo-3 fluorescence could be directly expressed as [Ca2+]
      changes. The Ca2+ changes occurring in spontaneously active cardiac cells are
      presented as an example of the method. Although fluorescence energy transfer
      between Fura-2 and Fluo-3 was detectable in some in vitro mixtures of the two
      fluorophores, this process was not evident in co-loaded cardiac cells under the
      loading conditions employed.

PMID- 2285928
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies directed against the calcium binding protein Calbindin D
      28k.
AB  - We have produced 25 clones secreting antibodies directed against chicken
      Calbindin D-28k. Two of them, 300 and 318, recognize determinants conserved in
      fish, chicken, mouse, rat, rabbit, monkey and human Calbindin D-28k. We
      demonstrate their use in the immunohistochemical localization of Calbindin D-28k,
      and in the detection of Calbindin D-28k on immunoblots.

PMID- 2285929
TI  - Effects of glucose on 45Ca2+ outflow, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and insulin
      release from freshly isolated and cultured adult rat islets.
AB  - The present study aimed at comparing the effects of glucose on ionic and
      secretory events in freshly isolated and 5-7 day cultured rat pancreatic islets.
      The capacity of glucose to provoke insulin release was severely reduced in islets
      maintained in culture. Whether in freshly isolated or cultured islets, glucose
      provoked a marked and sustained decrease in 45Ca2+ outflow from islets deprived
      of extracellular Ca2+. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+ throughout, the
      magnitude of the glucose-induced secondary rise in 45Ca2+ outflow was reduced in
      cultured islets. Glucose provoked a weaker increase in [Ca2+]i in islet cells
      obtained from cultured islets than in islet cells dissociated from freshly
      isolated pancreatic islets. On the other hand, the stimulatory effect of
      carbamylcholine on 45Ca2+ outflow was unaffected by tissue culture. Lastly, in
      islet cells obtained from cultured islets, the increase in [Ca2+]i evoked by K+
      depolarization averaged half of that observed in control experiments. These
      results indicate that the reduced secretory potential of glucose in cultured
      pancreatic islets can be ascribed to the inability of the nutrient secretagogue
      to provoke a suitable increase in Ca2+ influx.

PMID- 2285930
TI  - Harare Hospital maternal mortality report for 1987 and a comparison with previous
      reports.
AB  - There were 39 maternal deaths at Harare Hospital during 1987, giving a maternal
      mortality rate of 122/100,000 live births. If women who lived outside the Harare
      Municipality were excluded, the maternal mortality rate for the Greater Harare
      Maternity Unit was 53/100,000 live births. The cases were reviewed at monthly
      meetings in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Hypertensive disease in
      pregnancy caused 28pc of the deaths with haemorrhage, puerperal sepsis and
      abortion accounting for 18pc each. Avoidable factors were felt to be present in
      88pc of cases and these are discussed.

PMID- 2285931
TI  - Anterior encephalocoele--our experience in Harare, Zimbabwe, after the
      introduction of cat scanning.
AB  - A series of eight anterior encephalocoeles is reported. The ratio of anterio to
      occipital encephalocoeles is high compared to the European series and similar to
      one from South Africa. These have been studied by CT Scan which has shown the
      exact anatomy of these abnormalities previously unclear to us. The precise
      information obtained serves to provide a better planned surgical procedure with
      better results and reduced operating time and morbidity.

PMID- 2285932
TI  - Amoebic cases at autopsy and factors that might have contributed to death at
      Ibadan.
AB  - Twenty-one cases of amoebiasis seen at autopsy at the University College
      Hospital, Ibadan, over a 10-year period are reviewed. They constituted 0.59
      percent of 3,556 autopsies performed during this period. Delay in seeking medical
      advice and in diagnosis and commencement of appropriate therapy were some of the
      factors contributing to the mortality in 16 (76pc) cases. Furthermore, Chronic
      renal failure, Cirrhosis, Lymphoma, Pregnancy and Sickle cell disease were also
      contributory factors to mortality in 7 (33pc) cases. With the progressive
      deterioration of the economics of Nigeria, urban migration and the increasing
      size of urban slums with crowded unhygienic conditions, the spread of this
      infection may accelerate and so result in greater mortality in the future.

PMID- 2285933
TI  - Routine chest radiographs in psychiatric patients.
AB  - The routine chest radiographs of 178 psychiatric patients were reviewed. 67
      patients had abnormalities found on their chest radiographs. 22 (32.8 pc) of
      these were significant abnormalities while 45 (67.2 pc) were non-significant.
      There was no significant abnormality detected on the chest radiographs of any
      patient in whom abnormality had not been suspected clinically. No significant
      abnormality was found in patients below the age of 40 years. This study suggests
      that chest radiography should be performed only on psychiatric patients who are
      above the age of 40 years and especially those who have clinical evidence of
      chest disease.

PMID- 2285934
TI  - Neuro-psychiatric manifestations of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
AB  - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been spreading in Africa and other
      continents of the world. While there is a dearth of information on AIDS-related
      neuro-psychiatric disorders in the African population, data from Europe and
      America indicate that patients with AIDS experience a lot of psycho-social
      difficulties and suffer from a variety of psychiatric syndromes such as anxiety
      state, depression, manic illness and schizophreniform disorder. Neurological
      sequelae of AIDS include acute and sub-acute encephalitis, meningitis,
      myelopathy, chorioretinitis and peripheral neuropathy. These changes may occur
      from direct neuropathic effects of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) or
      secondary to opportunistic infections and neoplasms involving the central nervous
      system. It is suggested that psychiatrists need to be fully involved at all
      levels of clinical care, education and research on AIDS. Attention should be
      focussed on the neuro-psychiatric consequences of AIDS in the African population
      to allow for cross-cultural comparison. In addition, the need to incorporate
      information and education programmes on AIDS into the primary health care
      programmes of developing countries is emphasised.

PMID- 2285935
TI  - Misdiagnosis of aneurysms: a case report.
AB  - Three cases in which aneurysms were misdiagnosed to less serous lesions are
      described. Attention is drawn to the possibility of these errors whose
      consequences can be fatal. Some of the problems associated with the handling of
      an inadvertently opened aneurysm are discussed.

PMID- 2285936
TI  - [On-line evaluation of the cardiotocogram using computer technology].
AB  - For an analysis of the cardiotocogram obtained by the fetal monitor HP 8040A the
      authors used original hardware and software means, i.e. PC XT IBM compatible in
      connection with an intelligent analog input periphery, which preprocesses the
      basic information, and with a programme using a scheme originating from the
      Maeda's evaluation of CTG modified by Srp. After having obtained 25 tracings
      (more than 8.5 hours), a detailed analysis of the computer interpretation of each
      course was performed, i.e. of the description of individual pathogenomic
      phenomena of the type of baseline heart rate, amplitude of variability,
      accelerations and decelerations including time parameters and mutual
      correlations. The results of the statistic evaluation are discussed, above all
      those concerning the decelerations, where the interpretation is so far burdened
      by a higher false negativity. Proposals for further elaboration of the programme
      means are presented including the optimalisation of the scheme used in
      evaluation, the running graphic presentation of the results and further graphic
      outputs for documentation purposes.

PMID- 2285937
TI  - [Adenomyosis as a social problem].
AB  - In a retrospective investigation of 149 patients from 1979-1988 with
      histologically confirmed adenomyosis the authors proved by comparison with a
      regional population sample (n = 198) that it is a disease of above average
      fertile women (3.7 pregnancies per woman). The operated women had in their case
      history 1.3 times more deliveries, 1.9 times more spontaneous abortions, twice as
      many induced abortions and 5.3 times as many extrauterine pregnancies. The group
      comprises 1.4 times more women using intrauterine contraception in the past and
      only 2.7% were sterile. The authors were unable to prove a relationship of some
      causes of relative hyperoestrogenism (early menarche, postponed first childbirth)
      and this disease. The higher rate of pregnancies terminated by curettage
      (spontaneous and induced abortions) and the greater preference of IUD in this
      group of women support the hypothesis that intrauterine manipulations are the
      main predisposing factor of endometrial cells into the myometrium. The inhibiting
      effect of pregnancies terminated by lactation on this disease. similarly as
      hormonal contraception, are of little importance, as apparent from our material.

PMID- 2285939
TI  - [1 year experience with intrapartum monitoring based on recommended FIGO
      guidelines].

PMID- 2285938
TI  - [Changes in cholinergic innervation in the human oviduct during pregnancy].
AB  - Using a neurohistochemical method for visualization of ACHE positive nerves
      according to El Badawi and Schenk (5), the authors investigated the distribution
      of the cholinergic innervation in the oviducts of pregnant women. The cholinergic
      nerve fibres were present in the oviducts during all trimesters of pregnancy.
      ACHE positivity of nerve structures in the musculature did not display
      substantial changes. On the other hand, the authors observed in the mucosa of the
      oviduct marked changes. In the first trimester they found few cholinergic fibres,
      in the second and third trimester the number of cholinergic nerve fibres
      increases. The findings provide evidence that the cholinergic innervation of the
      mucosa of the oviduct is oestrogen dependent. It will be necessary to elucidate
      the problem of increasing ACHE positivity of nerve structures during pregnancy by
      further observations.

PMID- 2285940
TI  - [Evaluation of the therapeutic value of ligation of the hypogastric artery in
      severe hemorrhage in gynecology and obstetrics].

PMID- 2285941
TI  - [A new surgical technic in Bartholin gland cysts].

PMID- 2285942
TI  - [Results of donor insemination with short-term and long-term cryopreserved
      sperm].

PMID- 2285943
TI  - [Evaluation of experience with assisted reproduction. I].

PMID- 2285944
TI  - [The mitochondrial genome and mitochondrial diseases].

PMID- 2285945
TI  - [Preparation of the pregnant woman for labor].

PMID- 2285946
TI  - [Interprofessional cooperation between gynecologists and pathologists in the
      district of Karvina leading to a significant decrease in the incidence of
      invasive cancer of the uterine cervix].

PMID- 2285947
TI  - Malaria in tourists to the Dominican Republic.

PMID- 2285948
TI  - Heterosexual behaviors and factors that influence condom use among patients
      attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic--United States.

PMID- 2285949
TI  - Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in a Canadian pregnancy termination
      unit--Quebec.

PMID- 2285950
TI  - Vaccine-related mumps meningitis--Canada.

PMID- 2285951
TI  - New approaches in prevention of pathogen colonization in the intestinal tract of
      food animals.

PMID- 2285952
TI  - [Humanitarian ideals and modern medicine].
AB  - The philosophical heritage of T.G. Masaryk is still meaningful today. His work
      contains principles of humanism which always influenced and will influence above
      all medicine in its human mission. It is deserving that after many years
      Masaryk's Humanitarian Ideals were re-published, the ideas of which can be
      applied and elaborated in all medical disciplines, in theoretical disciplines, as
      well as in prophylactic or experimental medicine. Clinical medicine is also
      imbued by the principles of humanism most closely where the object of interest is
      man as patient and the subsequent state of his physical mental and social
      welfare. Human health thus becomes the prerequisite of self-realization in
      creative work and the basic prerequisite of life in the cultural, spiritual and
      material sphere. Masaryk's philosophical and theoretical heritage stimulates the
      development of principles of humanism in modern contemporary medicine.

PMID- 2285953
TI  - [Aspects of vertical management and "preference" in basic health care].
AB  - The author deals with causes of inequalities of health care in different regions.
      He thinks that it is due to the professional and economic management of the
      health services. Local decision of the Communist Party and the national
      committees was frequently at variance with the competence of the state health
      administration and thus gave preference to some types of health institutions,
      while others were neglected. To ensure an even development it is important to
      introduce more consequential vertical management. The author mentions
      controversies between resolutions of the Communist Party and state organs and
      reality in conjunction with deceiving the public by maintaining that health care
      is developing and improving. Actually the health services deteriorated and only
      narrow specialized branches developed further. The authority of general
      practitioners declined and so did the satisfaction of patients whose health
      deteriorated and whose life expectancy declined. At present the objective is to
      eliminate existing disproportions and restore to the general practitioner his
      original mission and to enable him to become a family doctor. Subsequently the
      author deals with the use of the doctor's working hours, inadequate function of
      the ambulatory services because of technical shortcomings, training of doctors
      and the reduced ratio of paramedical personnel per doctor.

PMID- 2285954
TI  - [The present status and trends in health care expenditures throughout the world
      and in Czechoslovakia].

PMID- 2285955
TI  - [A survey of citizens' views on health care].
AB  - The Institute of Health Information and Statistics organized in 1988 a survey to
      assess citizens' views on the health services. The purpose was to reveal the
      citizens' views and to provide data which would be used by the Ministry of Health
      and Social Affairs during the implementation of provisions to eliminate
      shortcomings and to improve the standard of provided services. The authors
      present the results of the survey.

PMID- 2285956
TI  - [A regional health care information system used in the support of management].
AB  - The District Institute of National Health in Benesov uses automation of
      information oriented above all on therapeutic and preventive care. At present
      analyses on the assembled information are under way and are compared with the
      structure of analyses needed for the management of the health services. The first
      stage deals with the structure of dispensarized diseases which will be published
      by the authors.

PMID- 2285957
TI  - [The effect of MONIKA on the utilization of cardiovascular drugs in districts
      where the system is used].
AB  - In six districts of the Czech Republic where the MONICA programme is implemented
      as well as Hypertension control of the population, the authors compared the drug
      consumption used in the treatment of hypertension in comparable DDD/1000/D units
      during the period from September 1984 to August 1985 and the corresponding period
      two years later. For this purpose four groups were selected according to the ATC
      classification: diuretics, hypotensive drugs (antihypertensive drugs in the
      narrower sense of the word), single-component betablockers and fixed combinations
      of beta-blockers with hypotensive drugs. Six districts selected to match the
      investigated ones were selected as controls, and the drug consumption was also
      investigated. The results for the group of diuretics, hypotensive drugs and
      single component beta-blockers revealed unequivocally a greater increase of
      consumption in the districts included in the MONICA survey than in the control
      districts. Only the group of beta-blockers combined with hypotensive drugs
      revealed a greater increase of consumption in the control districts. The
      districts with the highest drug consumption in the investigated drug groups is
      according to other surveys the only one in the country where in recent years a
      decline of cardiovascular mortality, in particular cerebrovascular mortality, was
      recorded.

PMID- 2285958
TI  - [Health services for elderly diabetics provided by the emergency medical
      service].
AB  - The author gives an account of care of diabetics above 60 years of age who live
      in their homes and require permanent insulin substitution therapy. Insulin
      administration in the evening and on non-work days is ensured by the emergency
      medical service. The author recommends other organizational provisions as regards
      care of elderly diabetics living in their homes and requiring substitution
      therapy.

PMID- 2285959
TI  - [The development of work absenteeism due to home nursing by family members].
AB  - The author investigated the absence from work in employees of the chancellor's
      office of the Comenius University on account of care of a family member, and
      factors, which influence it and consequent economic losses. A substantial part of
      care of family members is on account of infectious diseases (94.8%), in
      particular diseases of the airways which accounted for as much as 76.6% of all
      illnesses requiring treatment and care. The highest mean ratio of required
      treatment was recorded in three-year and two-year old children. These children
      were treated 3-4 times per year. At the chancellor's office of the Comenius
      University absence from work on account of care of a family member caused a loss
      of 4346 work days, which corresponds to an all-year absence of cca 17 employees
      and an economic loss of 243,470 crowns paid as sickness benefits. This fact
      stimulated reflections on the possible prolongation of maternity leave to three
      years.

PMID- 2285961
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 2285960
TI  - Kidney storage for transplantation.

PMID- 2285963
TI  - Granulomatous mastitis--a well defined entity.

PMID- 2285962
TI  - Role of planned parenthood for enrichment of the quality of life in Sri Lanka.

PMID- 2285964
TI  - Dilemmas in the diagnosis and management of intracavernous aneurysm.

PMID- 2285965
TI  - Tuberous sclerosis presenting as an intraventricular tumour.
AB  - We report a case of tuberous sclerosis in an 8 year old girl presenting for the
      first time with features of raised intracranial pressure due to a large
      intraventricular tumour. Occurrence of these tumours in children with tuberous
      sclerosis justifies cranial computerised tomography as a screening procedure to
      detect these tumours early.

PMID- 2285966
TI  - Tumour necrosis factor.

PMID- 2285967
TI  - Intravenous frusemide and intramuscular reserpine--inexpensive regime for the
      treatment of severe hypertension.

PMID- 2285968
TI  - An unusual mis-identification.

PMID- 2285969
TI  - Building bridges between doctors and patients.

PMID- 2285970
TI  - Molecular dynamics simulation of papain-E-64 (N-[N-(L-3-trans-carboxyoxirane-2
      carbonyl)-L-leucyl]agmatine) complex.
AB  - To investigate the possible binding mode of E-64 (N-[N-(L-3-trans-carboxyoxirane
      2-carbonyl)-L-leucyl]agmatine), a potent cysteine protease inhibitor, to papain
      active site, molecular dynamics simulations were applied to two complex forms: R-
      and S- configurational forms of E-64 C2 atom for the covalent bond formation with
      the papain Cys-25 SH group. The tertiary structures of the papain-E-64 complexes
      were built by visual interactive modelling and the energy minimization technique,
      and were subjected to the dynamics simulations of 10 ps. Although no significant
      difference was observed between the potential energies of energy-minimized R- and
      S-complex forms, the molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the hydrogen
      bonding mode of the former form is more advantageous than that of the latter one.
      Comparing with the hydrogen bonds observed in the papain-E-64 complex crystal, it
      could be concluded that the present molecular dynamics simulation reflects well
      the three-dimensional structure concerning the interaction of E-64 with the
      papain active site. The conformational characteristics of E-64 and its possible
      interaction mode with papain were also discussed.

PMID- 2285971
TI  - Estimation of the quantitative structure-activity relationship descriptor sigma
      s0 for di- and tri-substituted benzene derivatives.
AB  - The quantitative structure-activity relationship descriptor sigma S0,
      representing the contributions from dispersion and repulsion interactions can be
      expressed as follows: (1) for disubstituted benzene derivatives, sigma S0(1, 2) =
      0.831 sigma sigma S0(mono) - 0.004, sigma S0(1, 3) = 0.855 sigma sigma S0(mono) -
      0.007, and sigma S0(1, 4) = 0.874 sigma sigma S0(mono) - 0.018; (2) for
      trisubstituted benzene derivatives, sigma S0(1, 3, 5) = 0.752 sigma sigma
      S0(mono) - 0.017, sigma S0(1, 2, 4) = 0.715 sigma sigma S0(mono) + 0.006, and
      sigma S0(1, 2, 3) = 0.723 x sigma sigma S0(mono) - 0.006. These are revealed to
      be successful for the estimation of the descriptors sigma S degrees for optional
      di- and tri-substituted benzene derivatives, and meet the needs of the practical
      qualitative structure-activity relationships.

PMID- 2285972
TI  - Amino acids and peptides. XXVII. Synthesis of phytochelatin-related peptides and
      examination of their heavy metal-binding properties.
AB  - Phytochelatin (PC)-related peptides were prepared by a conventional solution
      method and their heavy metal-binding properties were examined. Different from the
      Cu2+ and Cu+ -binding properties of metallothionein (MT)-related peptides, the
      Cu2+ and Cu+ -binding properties of PC-related peptides were fairly dependent on
      structure. It is of interest that gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly (glutathione) exhibited quite
      different Cu2+ and Cu+ -binding properties from those of other PC-related
      peptides and its binding abilities were comparable to those of MT-related
      peptides. The Cd2+ -binding properties of glutathione were similar to those of
      Cys, and the Cd2+ -binding abilities of PC-related peptides increased in
      proportion to the increase of gamma-Glu-Cys peptide unit.

PMID- 2285973
TI  - Amino acids and peptides. XXVIII. Synthesis of peptide fragments related to eglin
      c and studies on the relationship between their structure and effects on human
      leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin.
AB  - Various peptide fragments related to eglin c, which consists of 70 amino acid
      residues, were synthesized by a conventional solution method and their inhibitory
      effects on leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin were examined.
      Among them, H-Arg-Glu-Tyr-Phe-OMe (eglin c 22-25) and H-Ser-Pro-Val-Thr-Leu-Asp
      Leu-Arg-Tyr-OMe (eglin c 41-49) inhibited cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin but
      not leukocyte elastase, while H-Thr-Asn-Val-Val-OMe (eglin c 60-63) inhibited
      leukocyte elastase but not cathepsin G or alpha-chymotrypsin, although eglin c
      potently inhibited leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin. These
      results indicated that the interaction sites of eglin c with leukocyte elastase,
      cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin might be different.

PMID- 2285975
TI  - Novel 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. I. Synthesis and hypotensive
      activity of 4-(substituted pyridyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives.
AB  - A series of 4-(substituted pyridyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were
      synthesized and their hypotensive effects examined. Several compounds, 2-(N
      benzyl-N-methylamino)ethyl methyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitro-2-pyridyl)
      3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate (2b), its 4-(4-nitro-2-pyridyl) analogue (2g), 4-(3
      trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyl) analogue (2c), 4-(2-trifluoromethyl-3-pyridyl)
      analogue (3e), 4-(4-cyano-2-pyridyl) analogue (2e), 4-(2-cyano-3-pyridyl)
      analogue (3d), and 4-(6-bromo-2-pyridyl) analogue (2i), were found to have a
      hypotensive activity parallel to that of nicardipine; 2c and 3e, in particular,
      had approximately twice the duration of nicardipine, and 2e had the most potent
      hypotensive activity of all the derivatives synthesized.

PMID- 2285974
TI  - Evidence of intercalation of trans-diethylstilbestrol and its methyl ether
      derivatives in multibilayers of egg phosphatidylcholine by high-power deuterium
      nuclear magnetic resonance (2H-NMR) spectroscopy.
AB  - The mode of incorporation of 2H-labeled trans-diethylstilbestrol (DES) (1b) and
      its methyl ether derivatives (2a, 2b, and 3) into multibilayers of egg
      phosphatidylcholine was analyzed by means of deuterium nuclear magnetic
      resonance. A clear distinction was found between DES or its methyl ether
      derivatives incorporated into lipid bilayers and those precipitated in the
      aqueous phase, by taking into account the extent of the motionally averaged
      quadrupole interaction. Thus, it was found that the relative proportion of these
      compounds incorporated into multibilayers decreased in the following order: DES
      (1b) greater than DES monomethyl ether (2a and 2b) greater than DES dimethyl
      ether (3). In addition, we demonstrated that the mode of intercalation in the
      multibilayers differs greatly among these compounds.

PMID- 2285976
TI  - Synthesis of peptides related to immunoglobulin E (IgE) and the examination of
      their pharmacological activity.
AB  - Five kinds of oligopeptides H-Asp-Ser-Asp-OH (1), H-Asp-Gly-Lys-OH (2), H-Ser-Asp
      Gly-Lys-OH (3), H-Asp-Ser-Asp-Gly-Lys-OH (4), and H-Ala-Asp-Ser-Asp-Gly-Lys-OH
      (5) related to immunoglobulin E (IgE) were synthesized by the conventional
      solution method with the objective of obtaining a new type of antiallergic agent.
      Their pharmacological activity was examined by measuring the inhibition of the
      production of IgE and relaxation of the smooth muscle contraction of rabbit
      aorta. H-Ala-Asp-Ser-Asp-Gly-Lys-OH (5) displayed potent inhibition against the
      production of IgE antibody (69.6%) and relaxation against the contraction of
      rabbit aorta.

PMID- 2285977
TI  - Studies on cardiotonic agents. III. Synthesis of 1-[1-(6,7-dimethoxy-4
      quinazolinyl)-4-piperidinyl]-3-substituted 2-imidazolidinone and 2
      imidazolidinethione derivatives.
AB  - A series of 1-[1-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinazolinyl)-4-piperidinyl]-3-substituted 2
      imidazolidinone and 2-imidazolidinethione derivatives was synthesized and
      examined for cardiotonic activity in anesthetized dogs. Alkylation of the 2
      imidazolidinone (1) afforded the N-alkylated products, while alkylation of the 2
      imidazolidinethione (12) afforded the S-alkylated derivatives accompanied with a
      small quantity of the N-alkylated products. The N-alkylated derivatives showed
      generally potent activity, and the S-alkylated ones exhibited weak activity.
      Insertion of an alkyl group between the piperidine and the imidazolidinone moiety
      generally resulted in a fall in activity.

PMID- 2285978
TI  - Triazole antifungals. II. Synthesis and antifungal activities of 3-acyl-4
      methyloxazolidine derivatives.
AB  - Triazole compounds with an oxazolidine ring were designed and synthesized as a
      potential inhibitor of the fungal cytochrome P450 14 alpha-demethylase. In
      testing for antifungal activity against a mouse systemic Candida albicans
      infection, (4R,5R)-3-acyl-4-methyloxazolidine derivatives 4 exhibited remarkably
      high efficacy after oral or parenteral dosing. The potent activity of 4 is
      hypothesized to be a consequence of a structural similarity between 4 and
      lanosterol, a target molecule of the cytochrome P450 14 alpha-demethylase. Highly
      stereoselective synthesis of these oxazolidines is also described.

PMID- 2285979
TI  - Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of human renin inhibitors designed
      from angiotensinogen transition state.
AB  - The synthesis and the structure-activity relationships of renin inhibitors
      designed from the angiotensinogen transition state are described. These
      inhibitors contained residues modified at P1-P1', P2, and P4-P3. Decrease in the
      size of side chain alkyl group in norstatine analog at P1 diminished the
      inhibitory activities of the compounds. Compound 5j, which contained valine
      residue instead of histidine residue at P2, inhibited potently cathepsin D (IC50
      = 6.0 x 10(-9) M) and pepsin (IC50 = 3.5 x 10(-7) M) to the same extent as renin
      (IC50 = 8.5 x 10(-10) M), and thus was not specific for renin. The reduction of
      the beta-carbonyl group to methylene group in beta-carbonylpropionyl residue at
      P4-P3 decreased the potency about 2 orders against human renin (5i: IC50 = 1.1 x
      10(-7) M vs. 1: IC50 = 2.4 x 10(-9) M). These results confirmed the rationality
      of our analysis of the interaction between an orally potent human renin inhibitor
      1 and the active site of human renin using modeling techniques, showing that 1
      fits the active site of renin favorably. The experimental details of the
      synthesis are presented.

PMID- 2285980
TI  - Possible mechanism of the stimulatory effect of Artemisia leaf extract on the
      proliferation of cultured endothelial cells: involvement of basic fibroblast
      growth factor.
AB  - To investigate the possible mechanism of the stimulatory effect of a hot water
      extract from Artemisia leaf (Artemisia princeps PANPANINI) (AFE) on the
      proliferation of endothelial cells, cells from bovine aorta were cultured for 72
      h in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum in the presence of 5
      micrograms/ml AFE. The AFE treatment significantly increased the cell number
      after culture, while in the presence of 10 micrograms/ml unfractionated heparin,
      AFE conversely decreased it. This implied that AFE enhanced the cell growth
      promotion by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The accumulation of bFGF was
      significantly increased in the culture medium, in the low-affinity
      (glycosaminoglycans-binding) fraction, and in the cell extract fraction, but was
      unchanged in the high-affinity (receptor-binding) fraction. The contents of
      [35S]sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycans in both cell layer and the medium were
      not increased by AFE treatment. The proliferation of A10 cells, an established
      cell line of smooth muscle cells from murine aorta, was not stimulated by AFE.
      A10 cells did not produce a significant amount of bFGF in the presence or absence
      of AFE. Thus, the production of bFGF was considered to be involved in AFE
      stimulation of cell proliferation. In conclusion, it was suggested that AFE
      stimulated endothelial cell proliferation by increasing the production of bFGF
      rather than by an increase in the number of bFGF receptors and the content of
      glycosaminoglycans in the cell layer. The enhanced reserve of bFGF in the low
      affinity fraction of cell layer and in the medium would cause the AFE-stimulated
      proliferation of endothelial cells.

PMID- 2285981
TI  - Isolation of two new coumarin glycosides from Notopterygium forbesii and
      evaluation of a Chinese crude drug, qiang-huo, the underground parts of N.
      incisum and N. forbesii, by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - From the ether extract of the underground part of Notopterygium forbesii, two new
      coumarin glycosides, bergaptol-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 6'-O-trans
      feruloylnodakenin, were isolated along with known compounds including seven
      furanocoumarins, two dihydrofuranocoumarins, a sterol glucoside and two phenolic
      compounds. Analysis of their contents by high-performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) revealed that the underground part of N. forbesii contained large amounts
      of p-hydroxphenethyl anisate (0.7%), bergaptol glucoside (0.2%), nodakenin (2%)
      and 6'-O-trans-feruloylnodakenin (0.7%) and a lesser amount of notopterol
      (0.08%), while that of N. incisum contained a large amount of notopterol (1.2%)
      and less amounts of the others. The characteristic difference in chemical
      composition between the two species enabled us to identify the respective
      botanical sources of a Chinese crude drug, Qiang-huo derived from N. incisum and
      N. forbesii by HPLC.

PMID- 2285982
TI  - Quality check of heparin injections by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy.
AB  - The quality of commercial heparin injections was examined by 400-MHz proton
      nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy using several measuring modes.
      The signals of the N-acetyl protons, as well as the sugar-ring protons, attached
      to the sulfamino and sulfato group-bearing carbons could be easily distinguished
      from other proton signals and quantified. Measuring at a high temperature (60
      degrees C) enabled clear isolation of the H-5 proton signal in the sulphated
      iduronic acid residue (Is-5) from other proton signals including that of water.
      The heparin contents of various heparin injections were estimated by using this
      signal as an index. However, the signal intensity was not parallel with
      anticoagulant activity. On the other hand, the N-acetyl proton signal was highly
      correlated to anticoagulant activity. The present method was also useful for
      concurrent identification of additives in heparin injections.

PMID- 2285983
TI  - Degradation and isomerization of nileprost, 5-cyano-16-methyl-prostacyclin, in
      aqueous solution.
AB  - Nileprost is a new prostacyclin analogue stabilized by introduction of the cyano
      group at its 5-position. The acidic and alkaline degradation and the structure
      determination of the degradation products were investigated. The degradation of
      nileprost is very slow in comparison with that of prostacyclin. Although
      prostacyclin is easily decomposed to 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1
      alpha) through the hydrolysis of a vinyl ether moiety, nileprost gives little of
      such hydrolysis product but many isomers and dehydrates. The structures of the
      products were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),
      negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectra (N-FABMS) and nuclear magnetic
      resonance (NMR) studies. It was found that the vinyl ether moiety of nileprost is
      converted from 5Z form to 5E form in both media, and that the omega-side chain
      also undergoes transfer of hydroxyl group or dehydration in acid medium. These
      results indicate that introduction of the cyano group into the 5-position of
      prostacyclin is extremely effective for the stabilization of the vinyl ether
      moiety. Furthermore, on the basis of the structural elucidation, the reaction
      mechanism of nileprost in both media was clarified.

PMID- 2285984
TI  - Direct injection analysis of ketoprofen enantiomers in plasma using column
      switching high-performance liquid chromatography system.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatography system was developed for the
      stereoselective determination of ketoprofen enantiomers in human plasma following
      direct sample injection. The system comprised of a pretreatment column and a
      chiral separation column connected in a series via a switching valve. When a 200
      microliter portion of human plasma containing a therapeutic level of ketoprofen
      was directly applied to the system, ketoprofen was adsorbed in the pretreatment
      column, while plasma proteins were excluded. After the elution of proteins from
      the pretreatment column, the valve was switched and ketoprofen was desorbed and
      transferred to the chiral separation column where the enantiomers were separated
      and determined by ultraviolet-absorption. The mobile phase conditions for the
      pretreatment and chiral separation were optimized, which enabled rapid and
      complete recovery followed by satisfactory separation of the enantiomers. The
      calibration line for each enantiomer showed good linearity in the range of 0.25-5
      micrograms/ml with a detection limit of 0.02 micrograms/ml (signal to noise ratio
      (S/N) greater than 3), which was sufficient for practical demands. The precision
      test indicated that the coefficient of variation for five repeated determinations
      of (-) ketoprofen was 5.4% at 0.1 microgram/ml and 1.4% at 1 microgram/ml.

PMID- 2285985
TI  - Estimation of the molecular volumes of the reaction products between beta-lactam
      antibiotics and aminoglycoside antibiotics, and those of the degradation products
      of beta-lactam antibiotics by isotachophoresis.
AB  - The correlative equations between the molecular volume and the qualitative
      indication (hR) for beta-lactam antibiotics, the reaction products between beta
      lactam antibiotics and kanamycin, and the degradation products of beta-lactam
      antibiotics were hR = 0.32 + 0.080 VA2/3//Z/(N = 15, r = 0.972 for penicillins)
      and hR = 0.04 + 0.072 VA2/3//Z/(N = 12, r = 0.987 for cephems). Where VA is van
      der Waals volume (A3/molecule), hR is the relative step height in the
      isotachopherogram, and Z is the electric change, respectively. According to these
      equations, the molecular volumes of the reaction products between beta-lactam
      antibiotics and the other aminoglycoside antibiotics, and those of the
      degradation products of beta-lactam antibiotics can be estimated from the value
      of hR. Also according to the step height in the isotachopherogram, the reaction
      products or the degradation products may be estimated directly when the electric
      charge is known. It was confirmed that a molecule of aminoglycoside antibiotics
      reacted with a molecule of beta-lactam antibiotics. Therefore, the inactivation
      of aminoglycoside antibiotics is much greater than for beta-lactam antibiotics
      when the clinical doses of these antibiotic combinations are used.

PMID- 2285986
TI  - Discrimination between endotoxin and (1----3)-beta-D-glucan using turbidimetric
      kinetic assay with Limulus amebocyte lysate.
AB  - A procedure for the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test discriminating between
      endotoxin and (1----3)-beta-D-glucan based on the turbidimetric kinetic method
      was proposed. Endotoxin and (1----3)-beta-D-glucan, which are elicitors of the
      activation of LAL, showed different reaction courses with this lysate. To analyze
      the difference in the reactions, two parameters, the maximum differential
      coefficient of the reaction (Dmax) and the reaction time required to obtain Dmax
      (Tp) were defined. The logarithmic plottings of Tp versus Dmax (Tp-Dmax plot)
      discriminated between endotoxin and (1----3)-beta-D-glucan. Endotoxin was
      measured with a standard curve plotting logarithmic endotoxin concentration
      versus Dmax (ET-Dmax plot). The endotoxin calculated from Dmax was less
      influenced by (1----3)-beta-D-glucan than that calculated from the usual gelation
      time. A small amount of endotoxin in a sample could be concealed by the addition
      of polymyxin B, which inhibited the activation of LAL by endotoxin. (1----3)-beta
      D-glucan was measured without being affected by the presence of a small amount of
      endotoxin using LAL with polymyxin B. The following procedure is proposed as a
      LAL test to discriminate between endotoxin and (1----3)-beta-D-glucan. (1)
      Identify the main substance (endotoxin or (1----3)-beta-D-glucan) triggering the
      activation of LAL using the Tp-Dmax plot. (2) Use the appropriate method to
      measure the main substance: the ET-Dmax plot for endotoxin or the LAL with
      polymyxin B for (1----3)-beta-D-glucan.

PMID- 2285987
TI  - Preparation and antitumor activity of hydroxyethylated derivatives of 6-branched
      (1----3)-beta-D-glucan, SSG, obtained from the culture filtrate of Sclerotinia
      sclerotiorum IFO 9395.
AB  - SSG is an antitumor branched (1----3)-beta-D-glucan obtained from the culture
      filtrate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum IFO 9395. Hydroxyethylation of SSG higher
      than MS 0.45 (MS value represents molar ratio of hydroxyethyl group vs. glucosyl
      group) by ethyleneoxide in aqueous sodium hydroxide lose the antitumor activity.
      Degradation of branching point of hydroxyethylated SSG (HE-SSG) by the sequential
      treatments of periodate oxidation, borohydride reduction, and mild acid
      hydrolysis of these derivatives regenerated the antitumor activity. These results
      directly demonstrated that the branching point covered, at least a part of, the
      dormant active site of SSG.

PMID- 2285988
TI  - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis from mevalonate by aminotriazole treatment in
      vivo.
AB  - 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole (aminotriazole) is an irreversible inhibitor of catalase
      which is a marker enzyme of peroxisomes. We studied the effect of aminotriazole
      treatment on biosyntheses of cholesterol and bile acid in vivo. When catalase
      activity of peroxisomes of rat liver was inhibited by aminotriazole treatment,
      bile acid content in the bile was significantly decreased to about 70% of the
      control, but that in the liver was not changed. Cholesterol content in the bile
      was significantly decreased to about 80% of the control, while in liver and serum
      the content was not significantly changed. When [2-14C]mevalonate was
      administered to rats, radioactivities of cholesterol in the liver, serum and bile
      were all drastically decreased by aminotriazole treatment, and an unidentified
      radioactive product was detected. Radioactivity of bile acid in the bile was also
      greatly decreased. In a similar experiment with [4-14C]cholesterol, aminotriazole
      treatment had no effect on the radioactivity of either cholesterol or bile acid
      in the liver, serum and bile. In this case, the unidentified product could not be
      detected. These results indicate that when catalase activity of liver peroxisomes
      is suppressed by aminotriazole treatment, biosynthesis of bile acid from
      exogenous cholesterol is not inhibited, but a step in the pathway of biosynthesis
      of endogenous cholesterol from mevalonate is inhibited.

PMID- 2285989
TI  - Combinative improving effect of increased solubility and the use of absorption
      enhancers on the rectal absorption of uracil in beagle dogs.
AB  - An improvement of the rectal absorption of uracil was examined by the application
      of absorption enhancers in addition to the increased solubility of uracil. Uracil
      was ground with additives such as MgO, sodium 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate, human serum
      albumin or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate. Aqueous, oily and
      powdery formulations, which consisted of the ground mixtures, nicotinamide, urea
      and absorption enhancers such as polyoxyethylene (23) cetylether (BC-23) or
      sodium caprate, were prepared. Uracil solubility in the aqueous formulations was
      increased about 4-13 times that in the corresponding control formulations. When
      rectally administered to beagle dogs, marked increases in the plasma uracil level
      were observed in some of the cases of aqueous and oily formulations. In the
      powdery formulations and formulations containing macromolecular additives,
      however, absorption improvements was not observed. The results indicated that an
      improvement in the absorption of uracil was caused by the combinative improving
      effect of the increased uracil solubility and the promoting effect of absorption
      enhancers.

PMID- 2285990
TI  - Regioselective N-acetylation as a route of nitro-9-phenylenediamine metabolism by
      rat liver cytosol.
AB  - Regioselectivity in N-acetylation of nitro-0-phenylenediamine, a widely used hair
      dye component, by rat liver cytosolic N-acetyltransferases was studied in
      relation to its substituent effects on enzymatic N-acetylation of mono
      substituted anilines. Nitro-p-phenylenediamine was acetylated specifically at the
      N4-position to afford the N4-monoacetate, a major urinary metabolite in the rat,
      when incubated with rat liver cytosol fortified with acetyl-coenzyme A. N1
      Acetylation of nitro-p-phenylenediamine did not take place even when the N4
      monoacetate was used as a substrate, suggesting a strong steric hindrance effect
      of the ortho nitro group on the enzymatic N1-acetylation. The steric hindrance
      effect of the nitro group on the cytosolic N-acetylation of the ortho amino group
      was revealed by a comparative study carried out by using aniline, three
      respective regioisomers of nitroanilines and phenylenediamines as model
      substrates. The comparative study also indicated the enzymatic N-acetylation of
      the mono-substituted anilines to be strongly influenced by the electronic effect
      of the substituents. Regioselective N-acetylation in the hepatic cytosol was also
      investigated with N1- and N4-monoacetates of 1,2,4-triaminobenzene. The
      monoacetates yielded the N1,N4-diacetate, another major urinary metabolite of the
      hair dye component, in the rat, without concomitant formation of the N2,N4
      diacetate or the N1,N2,N4-triacetate. The triacetate was formed only from the
      N1,N2-diacetate in the enzymatic reactions. A comparative study, carried out by
      using N-mono-acetates of three regioisomeric phenylenediamines, indicated that
      the N-acetyl group had a potent steric hindrance effect on the primary amino
      group at the ortho position.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2285991
TI  - Studies on the biosynthesis of corrinoids and porphyrinoids. III. The origin of
      amide nitrogen of vitamin B12.
AB  - To clarify the origin of amide-nitrogen of vitamin B12, [1-13C]aminolevulinic
      acid (ALA) and L-[amide-15N]glutamine were administered to P. shermanii. The 13C
      nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the vitamin B12 subsequently isolated
      showed distinct 13C-15N coupling and isotope shift at six amide carbons. However,
      the C-57 amide carbon showed neither coupling, nor shift. Thus, it was concluded
      that the nitrogens of 6 amides of the side chain were derived from glutamine and
      the C-57 amide nitrogen was from threonine.

PMID- 2285992
TI  - Immunological effect of two synthetic peptides containing alanine or D-alanine
      instead of acetyl group of thymosin beta 4 after treatment of human serum.
AB  - Two analogs of thymosin beta 4 the N-terminal acetyl groups of which were
      substituted by Ala or D-Ala, were synthesized by the solution method and studied
      for their immunological effect on the impaired blastogenic response of T
      lymphocytes isolated from uremic patients after treatment of human serum. One of
      the synthetic analogs, D-Ala-thymosin beta 4 demonstrated a restorative effect on
      these patients when incubated in human serum, but the other analog, Ala-thymosin
      beta 4, showed no restorative effect under the same conditions. These results
      seem to suggest that D-Ala-thymosin beta 4 increases resistance to proteolytic
      degradation by exopeptidases more than Ala-thymosin beta 4.

PMID- 2285993
TI  - Dansylation of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor: spectrometric analysis of the
      fluorescence-labeled inhibitor.
AB  - Specific labeling of tyrosine residues of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (SSI)
      was carried out by dansyl chloride. Analysis revealed that two tyrosine residues
      out of three in SSI were modified. The resulting fluorescent SSI was fully active
      as a subtilisin inhibitor. Fluorescence spectra of the modified SSI were
      investigated. Efficiency of energy transfer from intrinsic tryptophan residues of
      SSI to the introduced dansyl residue was found to be influenced by the complex
      formation of SSI with subtilisin.

PMID- 2285994
TI  - Study on the biodistribution of deuterated biomolecules in mice aiming at new
      diagnostic radio-imaging agents.
AB  - Deuterated compounds (2H-compounds) labeled with 14C prepared from deuterated
      algae, Chlorella ellipsoidea, were examined for their time-coursed distribution
      in mice after intravenous administration. The 14C-2H-compounds were fractionated
      and isolated from algae grown in practically 100 mol% 2H2O in the presence of 14C
      bicarbonate. The fractions obtained were the "basic" and "acid" fractions,
      composed mainly of amino acids and sugar phosphates, respectively, and glucose,
      galactose, and lipid fractions. All fractions were examined for their
      biodistribution in mice bearing Ehrlich solid tumor in comparison with the
      fractions isolated from ordinary Chlorella (1H-Chlorella). 2H-Compounds thus
      examined showed some behaviors different from 1H-compounds. The 2H- "basic"
      fraction distributed more slowly in heart, lung and liver than the 1H-fraction.
      The 2H-specific large distribution in tumor was also observed on this fraction.
      The 2H-dependent characteristics in the distribution of glucose and galactose
      differed. The 2H-glucose level was lower in blood and higher in brain, resulting
      in a brain/blood ratio approximately twice that of 1H-glucose, while 2H-galactose
      did not show such a characteristic. These findings may be useful for the
      application of 2H-biomolecules to functional radio-imaging agents for nuclear
      medicine.

PMID- 2285995
TI  - Interaction of asterriquinone with deoxyribonucleic acid in vitro.
AB  - The interaction of asterriquinone (ARQ), a novel antitumor agent isolated from
      Aspergillus fungi, with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), has been studied. The
      binding of ARQ in vitro with DNA (calf thymus) was ascertained by its behavior in
      gel filtration using a Sephadex G-25 column at pH 5.4. Some ARQ analogs having
      no, or less, antitumor activity did not exhibit any evidence of interaction with
      DNA under the same condition. From the results obtained in this work, the pKa
      value of ARQs seemed to be critical between 6 and 7 for their binding to DNA and
      for exhibition of antitumor activity. Also, ARQ showed serious membrane
      deformations and an inhibitory effect on the membranous adenosine triphosphatase
      of Ehrlich carcinoma cells.

PMID- 2285996
TI  - [Seroprevalence of HIV infection in a population of neurological patients in the
      Central African Republic].
AB  - In order to evaluate the predictivity of neurological signs and symptoms in
      african patients, in Bangui's National Hospital Center (Central African
      Republic), 79 inpatients (aged 15-65 years) presenting with neurological
      manifestations (vascular attack, proved metabolic coma, or neuro-paludism
      excluded), and 64 age and sex matched controls in the same ward, without
      neurological or AIDS-related symptoms, were tested for the presence of HIV1
      antibodies. 51/79 (65%) patients with neurological manifestations were HIV1
      seropositive, and 10 (16%) of 64 controls (P less than 0.001). The positive
      predictive value (PPV) for HIV1 was 100% for patients with cutaneous zona (9
      cases), Bell's palsy (4 cases) or cryptococcal meningitis (8 cases). The PPV for
      HIV1 was less important for the other neurological disorders: 43% for purulent
      meningitis (21 cases), 62% for major involvements of the central nervous system,
      without diagnosed etiology (32 cases; in which 13 were meningo-encephalitis, 16
      focal deficits and 3 possible meningeal tuberculosis). In central Africa, the
      predictivity of neurological manifestations is high for HIV1 infection that
      emphasises the need for including neurological signs in clinical case definitions
      of AIDS in Africa.

PMID- 2285997
TI  - [Prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies in rural areas of Benin].
AB  - A transversal survey has been performed in the Zou Province in the central part
      of Benin located in West Africa close to the western border of Nigeria. The Zou
      Province is an agricultural region which population is about 900,000. A
      randomised sample of 1936 people had been chosen according 1,984 census data. All
      the samples have been examined by ELISA Rapid Elavia Mixt (Pasteur Vaccin). All
      positive samples have been tested with both Elavia I and Elavia II (Pasteur
      Vaccin). 6.6% of sampled population show positive result for HIV1 in ELISA and
      0.9% are positive in ELISA for HIV2. Age, sex and geographical distribution of
      ELISA positive samples is quite uniform. None of positive plasma in ELISA can be
      interpreted as positive in Western-Blot. The first hypothesis discussed by
      authors is possibility of serological conversion occurring at the time of the
      survey. If this unlikely hypothesis is confirmed it means that both viruses have
      recently and suddenly infected the Zou Province at various level of population
      and in all villages of the Province. A second hypothesis is that all plasma have
      antibodies for unidentified related virus which cross reacts with HIV1 or HIV2. A
      third hypothesis is that dysproteinaemia due to parasite or nutrition factors
      produce false positive reactions. This could explain such a positive reaction
      distribution among the whole population. So the last hypothesis must be
      considered with attention.

PMID- 2285999
TI  - [Heterosexual and vertical transmission of HIV-2 infection at the National
      Hospital of Niamey (Niger)].

PMID- 2285998
TI  - [Wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus L., and arboviruses in southeast France.
      Results of two serologic investigations].
AB  - Sera from 269 wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) trapped in 1985 and 1986 in
      Camargue and Vaucluse, France, were studied for antibody against 9 arboviruses.
      By inhibition haemagglutination test, positive reactions were found only against
      West-Nile (0.37%). By complement fixation test, antibodies were detected against
      Eyach (0.92%) and Tribec (0.46%). These results are discussed according to
      arboviruses isolated in France, to previous serosurveys in rabbits and other
      mammals and to potential vectors known to occur in France. Potential impact on
      rabbit population is also discussed.

PMID- 2286000
TI  - [Treatment of typhoid fever for three days with ceftriaxone].
AB  - Due to mass tourism and the exodus of refugees from Africa and Asia, typhoid
      fever, common in the tropics, has reappeared in the more temperate climates. The
      clinical signs of prolonged fever, headache, general malaise, anorexia and
      abdominal pain are not specific enough to allow diagnosis and only a blood
      culture will prove the presence of the disease. Unless there is resistance, which
      is in fact rare in Southeast Asia, chloramphenicol, an effective, well tolerated
      and cheap antibiotic, remains the treatment of choice for typhoid. In the search
      for an alternative treatment a cephalosporin, ceftriaxone (Rocephin) seems
      promising. It has a low MIC of 0.05 micrograms/ml for S. typhi and a high level
      of biliary excretion which destroys S. typhi in the bile and thus prevents
      relapse. In Southeast Asia three consecutive studies, of which two were
      randomised and comparative with chloramphenicol given for 14 days, showed that
      treatment for two or three days, 3 or 4 g per day of ceftriaxone was as effective
      as chloramphenicol and was not followed by relapse. In 46 adults there was one
      failure with ceftriaxone (in an immunocompromised patient) and none in the 30
      patients treated with chloramphenicol, three of which, however, relapsed in the
      15 days after completion of treatment. Defervescence was a little more rapid with
      chloramphenicol (six to seven days) than with ceftriaxone (seven to ten days)
      even though blood, urine and stool cultures were all negative from the third or
      fourth day of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286001
TI  - [Role of cryptosporidiosis in diarrhea among hospitalized adults in Bamako].
AB  - Etiologies of infectious diarrhoeas in hospitalised adults have been studied
      during one year; research of cryptosporidium and isospora oocysts is being made
      with Henriksen-Pohlenz and Kato methods. Diarrhoea is associated with a positive
      HIV serology in 40% cases. Cryptosporidium spp is found in 38% of cases. In 91%
      cases of cryptosporidiosis HIV serology is positive. Cryptosporidiosis is the
      main cause of AIDS diarrhoeas in Mali. 3 cases of isosporiasis are associated
      with cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients. Emaciation and dehydration are the main
      signs of severity. Diarrhoea's profusion, its chronicity and inefficiency of the
      treatments explain the heavy death rate of cryptosporidiosis among seropositive
      patients, which reaches 40% during the first two weeks of hospitalisation.

PMID- 2286002
TI  - [Pulmonary manifestations of malaria].
AB  - Pulmonary edema is a classic and severe manifestation of falciparum malaria. To
      evaluate the predictive factors of this severe complication, we studied
      epidemiological, clinical and biological data of 136 patients with acute malaria.
      Two groups were individualized according to the presence (group I = 53 patients)
      or the absence (group II = 83 patients) of pulmonary manifestations. Pulmonary
      signs incidence was not correlated with impairement consciousness, creatinemia,
      hypoglycemia, and coagulation abnormalities. However, age, tobacco abused, delay
      in starting treatment, oliguria, decreased protidemia were significantly
      increased. These factors, associated with severe malaria, expose to a more
      important risk of pulmonary edema, often induced by reanimation management.

PMID- 2286003
TI  - [Controverted existence of anhaptoglobinemia in the tropics].
AB  - Anhaptoglobinemia in the tropics has long been considered as a genetic phenomenon
      (Allison et al 1968; Sulton et al 1959). However, between 1963 and 1968, several
      other workers found a close relationship between anhaptoglobinemia and hemolytic
      diseases, thus bringing to question the genetic hypothesis which had earlier
      existed. The object of our study was to verify the following in a area that was
      endemic both for malaria and sickle cell disease: if anhaptoglobinemia was
      present in both populations, if it was proportional to the parasite load or the
      amount of hemolysis, if anhaptoglobinemia could be used either as a marker for
      malaria studies or for diagnosis of intravascular hemolysis. Anhaptoglobinemia
      turned out not to be present in all patients suffering from malaria, but was
      proportional to the parasite load and hemolysis. In patients with malaria, it was
      undetected after malarial prophylaxis but reappeared one month after cessation of
      treatment, while, in sickle cells patients, it disappeared at the end of their
      crisis. This was evidence of high reticulocyte regeneration. These findings
      highlight the problem of the existence of the HpO phenotype.

PMID- 2286004
TI  - [A case of subcutaneous dirofilariasis in Tunisia].
AB  - The authors report a case of Scrotal subcutaneous dirofilariasis in man for the
      first time in Tunisia. The diagnosis was established by pathological examination
      of a biopsy but the identification of the species was not possible. Surgical
      exeresis of the node was followed by a complete recovery.

PMID- 2286005
TI  - [Comparative study of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine + sulfadoxine
      pyrimethamine for the treatment of malaria caused by chloroquine-resistant
      Plasmodium falciparum in Maputo, Mozambique].
AB  - To compare the efficacy and side-effects of two therapeutic regimens for
      chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria, a randomized study was carried out in
      69 patients in Maputo Central Hospital in 1986-1987. The two treatments were
      sulfadoxine 25 mg/kg + pyrimethamine 1.25 mg/kg as a single dose (S + P) and
      amodiaquine 10 + 10 + 5 mg/kg over three days with sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine on
      the third day (A + S + P). The cure rate was 25/29 (86%) with S + P and 27/30
      (90%) with A + S + P. No serious side-effects were observed. The probably
      slightly higher cure rate with the triple combination is hardly of clinical
      importance in semi-immune patients, but may theoretically help retard the
      development of resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. This point and the
      question of the incidence of side-effects with the two regimens should be made
      the object of an epidemiological study.

PMID- 2286006
TI  - [The inhibiting effect of anticholera vaccination carried out simultaneously or
      at short intervals on yellow fever immunization. Is it real or assumed? Results
      of a retrospective study].
AB  - 121 serum samples from African adults previously immunised with 17 D yellow fever
      vaccine alone (control group) or simultaneous yellow fever and cholera vaccines
      were tested for yellow fever antibodies by seroneutralization and
      haemagglutination inhibition assays. Comparison of the rates of seroconversion
      and antibody titers between the groups vaccinated the same day or into a short
      (less than or equal to 10 days) or a long time interval with both vaccines and
      the control group gave no significant difference. The association of cholera and
      yellow fever vaccines do not influence the long-term efficiency of yellow fever
      vaccination.

PMID- 2286007
TI  - [The combined measles-yellow fever vaccination in African infants aged 6 to 10
      months].
AB  - The compared tolerance and immunogenicity of vaccines against yellow fever and
      measles, separately administered or combined, have been evaluated in a group of
      319 children from North Cameroon, aged 6-10 months. The clinical tolerance was
      excellent for both the isolated and the combined vaccines. The seroconversion
      level is higher after administration of the combined vaccine: 89.9% against 83.5%
      for measles, 95.8% against 92.6% for yellow fever, but these results are not
      significantly different. 30 days after vaccination, the antibody titers are
      higher with the combined vaccine: 215.3 against 156.5 for measles (non
      significant difference), 34 against 22.6 for yellow fever (highly significant
      difference). Whatever the vaccination method is, the antibody levels are
      protecting. It becomes then possible to include the combined vaccination against
      yellow fever and measles in the EPI of yellow fever endemic countries.

PMID- 2286008
TI  - [Surveys on AIDS in Africa].
AB  - The interest of inquiries on SIDA is analysed through this article to test the
      disease extent among the population and to analyse knowledge and behaviour in
      front of this disease either, in order to organise better prevention campaigns.
      Thus this is the point to lead inquiries on one hand of epidemiological type and
      in the other hand of socio-demographic and anthropological type to study
      behaviours in front of disease and its prevention.

PMID- 2286009
TI  - [Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from continental Portugal and Porto
      Santo].
AB  - The authors report the first results of a study about Culicoides (Diptera,
      Ceratopogonidae) caught in Portugal. They show the existence of 14 species
      hitherto unknown in Portugal, which now brings the number of known species in
      Portugal to 41. C. algecirensis, C. newsteadi and C. scoticus are present in
      Porto-Santo.

PMID- 2286010
TI  - The treatment of childhood nocturnal enuresis in the community.
AB  - The nature of childhood nocturnal enuresis and its psychological treatment are
      briefly reviewed and the major features relevant to providing a community service
      are identified. A treatment system is outlined, based on criteria for inclusion,
      particular treatment packages, specifiable number of contacts and predetermined
      definitions of success. The operation of this treatment system by a small
      multidisciplinary team in a community clinic setting is described and data to
      demonstrate the running and efficacy of the service are presented.

PMID- 2286012
TI  - Purines, lactate and phosphate release from child and adult heart during
      cardioplegic arrest.
AB  - The release of lactate, phosphate and purine catabolites from the heart in adult
      and children undergoing cardiac surgery was recorded. The compounds were
      determined in the coronary effluent collected during subsequent infusions of
      cardioplegic solution into the coronary root. As compared to the infusion just
      after onset of ischemia, both in adults and children manifold increase of the
      release was observed during subsequent infusions. The rates of release of
      lactate, phosphate and purines (adenosine + inosine + hypoxanthine) were 1.5 to
      2.5 times higher in children than in adult hearts during the second cardioplegic
      infusion and 3 to 7 times higher during the third cardioplegic infusion in spite
      of a more frequent infusion of cardioplegic solution in children. A much greater
      increase of the release of lactate, phosphate and purines provides evidence for
      more severe metabolic injury during cardioplegic arrest to the heart in children
      than in adults.

PMID- 2286011
TI  - From the other side: parents' views of their early contacts with health
      professionals.
AB  - The parents of 84 school-age children with cerebral palsy were interviewed about
      their early experiences of dealing with health professionals. Seventy per cent of
      families expressed dissatisfaction with some aspects of their contact with the
      health services during the initial period of diagnosis and referral. Lack of
      explanation, either about the child's condition or the reasons for follow-up, was
      the commonest complaint (58%), followed by having their worries dismissed by
      doctors and the need to make repeated visits before their child's problem was
      recognized (51%). Twenty per cent complained about the manner in which they had
      been told about their child's disability and 5% were critical of the lack of
      understanding on the part of doctors of the practical difficulties they faced. A
      high level of dissatisfaction was found among parents of children who had
      recognized perinatal problems but dissatisfaction was not found to be
      proportional to the severity of the child's handicap. Ways in which the quality
      and delivery of services could be improved are discussed.

PMID- 2286013
TI  - A new approach to the newborn screening for hyperphenylalaninemias: use of L
      phenylalanine dehydrogenase and microtiter plates.
AB  - We adapted the recently described colorimetric method for the specific
      determination of phenylalanine to a microplate assay using a NAD(H)-dependent L
      phenylalanine dehydrogenase. With respect to sensitivity, analytical recovery and
      interrun imprecision this method for measuring phenylalanine in eluates of paper
      dried blood spots is suitable for routine newborn screening for
      hyperphenylalaninemias. In contrast to the microbiological Guthrie assay, with
      the enzymatic method quantitative data may be obtained on the same day, also in
      the blood of newborns on antibiotic treatment.

PMID- 2286014
TI  - Sensitive enzyme immunoassay for human Mn superoxide dismutase.
AB  - A sensitive sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay for measurement of human Mn
      superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) was developed using purified antibodies specific to
      Mn SOD. The antisera were raised in rabbits by injecting Mn SOD purified from
      human liver. The antibody IgG, purified by the use of Mn SOD-coupled Sepharose,
      showed a single band on the immunoblotting test with a crude liver extract. The
      assay system consisted of polystyrene balls with immobilized monospecific
      antibody F(ab')2 fragments and the same antibody Fab' fragments labeled with beta
      D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. The assay was highly sensitive and the
      minimum detection limit was 1 pg human Mn SOD/assay tube. Serum Mn SOD
      concentrations of healthy adults (77.5 +/- 18.0 ng/ml (1 SD), n = 120, 16-64 yr
      old) were not related to age or sex. Immunoreactive Mn SOD was detectable in most
      tissues examined except for erythrocytes. The concentrations of immunoreactive Mn
      SOD and Cu/Zn SOD in the cerebral cortex were not different among the patients
      with Alzheimer's disease, and the age matched and young patients without
      neurological disorders.

PMID- 2286015
TI  - Failure to conserve lactose and glucose polymers during frozen storage of fecal
      specimens: methods for preservation.
AB  - Freezing is often used to retard bacterial enzymatic activity in fecal specimens
      collected to quantify specific carbohydrates. The effectiveness of freezer
      storage on preservation of lactose and glucose polymers was assessed. The data
      showed that more than 50% of lactose that was added to fecal supernatants that
      were stored without treatment for more than 50 days at -20 degrees C was lost.
      Adjustment of pH with HCl (pH 4.9), with HgCl2 (pH 6.3 or 5.85), or with NaOH (pH
      10) improved carbohydrate preservation (P less than 0.0004). Storage of the
      supernatants of fecal homogenates lessened the loss of carbohydrate compared with
      the total homogenates (P less than 0.001). In supernatants, degradation occurred
      via simple hydrolysis; in homogenates, degradation occurred by hydrolysis and
      fermentation to a variety of end-products. Unprocessed fecal specimens that were
      frozen for months, then retrieved and incubated with lactose or glucose polymers
      showed extensive fermentative capacity. Cumulatively, the data indicate that
      enzymatic activity in feces is not halted by storage in the freezer, even if
      bacteria have been filtered from the stool.

PMID- 2286016
TI  - Excretion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in diabetes.
AB  - Excretion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) is decreased in renal failure. We
      assayed it in diabetes mellitus in an attempt to relate it to clinical
      parameters, esp. those of diabetic nephropathy. EGF excretion declined with age
      but in all age groups of diabetic patients was below the first percentile for
      controls. In 26 control and 34 prepubertal diabetic children excretion was
      correspondingly 1126 +/- 442 and 932 +/- 489 pmol/mmol creatinine (P = 0.087); in
      26 control and 42 diabetic adolescents below age 18, 778 +/- 222 and 676 +/- 335
      (P = 0.023) and in 81 control and 83 diabetic adults, 371 +/- 153 and 235 +/- 140
      (P less than 0.0001). Decreased excretion of EGF was seen in some patients
      without any diabetic complications. Excretion of EGF was independently and
      inversely correlated with age and duration of diabetes but not with type of
      diabetes, treatment, body built, C-peptide, plasma glucose, glycohemoglobin or
      retinopathy. A positive correlation was seen with creatinine clearance and a
      negative correlation, with albuminuria, but the strongest and the only
      independent correlation found by stepwise multiple variable selection was with
      serum creatinine (r -0.711, P less than 0.0001). EGF excretion was not elevated
      in patients with hyperfiltration. We conclude that EGF excretion is abnormal in
      many patients with diabetes and that this abnormality reflects a kidney function
      different from glomerular filtration or glomerular permeability.

PMID- 2286017
TI  - HPLC separation of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Application to the amniotic
      fluid.

PMID- 2286018
TI  - Nervus terminalis (cranial nerve zero) in the adult human.
AB  - The presence of an additional cranial nerve (the nervus terminalis or cranial
      nerve zero) is well documented in many non-human vertebrate species. However, its
      existence in the adult human has been disputed. The present study focused on the
      structure and incidence of this nerve in the adult human brain. The nerve was
      examined post-mortem in 10 adult brains using dissection microscopy, light
      microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. In all
      specimens, the nervus terminalis was identified bilaterally as a microscopic
      plexus of unmyelinated peripheral nerve fascicles in the subarachnoid space
      covering the gyrus rectus of the orbital surface of the frontal lobes. The plexus
      appeared in the region of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and coursed
      posteriorly to the vicinity of the olfactory trigone, medial olfactory gyrus, and
      lamina terminalis. We conclude that the terminal nerve is a common finding in the
      adult human brain, confirming early light microscopic reports.

PMID- 2286019
TI  - Neoplastic angioendotheliomatosis (NAE) of the CNS in a patient with AIDS
      subacute encephalitis, diffuse leukoencephalopathy and meningo-cerebral
      cryptococcosis.
AB  - A 12-year-old, hemophilic boy died with acquired immune deficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) after a clinical course characterized by progressive psycho-organic
      syndrome and opportunistic infections. Postmortem neuropathological examination
      revealed a cerebral form of neoplastic angioendotheliomatosis (NAE),
      leukoencephalopathy, giant cell encephalitis and meningo-cerebral cryptococcosis.
      The most unusual finding was the presence of proliferated neoplastic cells within
      lumina of some blood vessels throughout the central nervous system (CNS). These
      cells displayed cytologic features of malignancy and stained positively for
      common leukocyte antigen. Coronal sections showed diffuse cerebral and cerebellar
      leukoencephalopathy with most pronounced loss of myelin and axons in deep white
      matter, while the subcortical arcuate fibers and the corpus callosum were
      partially spared. In these areas numerous small foci of severe myelin loss were
      present. Microglial nodules and distinctive multinucleated giant cells (MGC) were
      numerous. Intracytoplasmic and intranuclear acidophilic inclusions were found in
      a few multinuclear and mononuclear cells. Close contact between mononuclear and
      multinuclear cells suggesting their fusion was also observed. As far as we know
      this is the first case of NAE encountered in AIDS, one of the rare primary
      cerebral forms and the youngest reported case of NAE up to now. This case could
      be considered as one proof more that NAE is a special form of malignant lymphoma.

PMID- 2286021
TI  - Late malignant recurrence of childhood cerebellar astrocytoma.
AB  - Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma of the cerebellum has a benign course and a good
      prognosis. We report a case of juvenile cerebellar astrocytoma in a 6-year-old
      girl that underwent surgical resection of the tumor and had two recurrences, 13
      and 35 years after first removal. After surgery the patient did not receive any
      radiation therapy. The last relapse showed histological features of an anaplastic
      astrocytoma. Six months later the patient died with a diffuse leptomeningeal
      dissemination. Late malignant transformation of a benign cerebellar astrocytoma
      is very rare and it is thought to be favored by postsurgical irradiation. The
      possible pathogenetic mechanisms of this evolution are discussed. This case and
      the few others reported in the literature emphasize the risk of an unpredictable
      outcome with the low-grade cerebellar astrocytomas of childhood.

PMID- 2286020
TI  - Malignant pigmented spinal nerve root schwannoma metastasizing in the brain and
      viscera.
AB  - A 46-year-old woman suffered a meningococcal meningitis followed by a rapidly
      progressive lumbosacral pluriradicular syndrome. Myelography showed multiple
      nodules on the lumbar radices. A biopsy showed tissue with numerous Verocay-like
      bodies, spindle shaped and lymphocytoid cells which was diagnosed as schwannoma.
      There was a small group of polygonal cells with somewhat irregular and
      hyperchromatic nuclei. Postoperatively, she developed intracranial hypertension
      and died. CT scan and MRI revealed multiple occipital lesions consistent with
      metastases. At autopsy the cauda equina showed multiple nodular lesions with
      morphology comparable to the biopsy. However, pigment producing cells were also
      present. There were metastases with distinct morphological features in the brain,
      myocardium, thyroid gland and pancreas. Some consisted of pigmented, large,
      pleomorphic cells, others of non-pigmented, spindle-shaped and less pleomorphic
      cells. In this case, the diagnosis of metastasizing pigmented schwannoma is the
      most plausible hypothesis.

PMID- 2286022
TI  - Autosomal recessive inheritance of polymicrogyria and dermatomyositis with
      paracrystalline inclusions.
AB  - A 7-year-old mentally retarded girl died following subacute dermatomyositis.
      Muscle biopsies supported the clinical diagnosis and revealed paracrystalline
      inclusions on EM. The brain autopsy showed cerebral and cerebellar
      polymicrogyria. The clinico-pathological findings in this child are related to
      similar previously reported data in her older sister. The possibility of a new
      autosomal recessive syndrome involving both fetal brain development and childhood
      immunological function is discussed.

PMID- 2286023
TI  - Effects of various drugs on denervation changes in rat muscles.
AB  - The effects of drugs, known to affect lysosomal enzyme activities on denervated
      gastrocnemius muscles of rats were studied. The drugs used were: amiodarone,
      chloroquine, cortisone, streptomycin and trypan blue. The parameters investigated
      included changes in fibrillations in electromyographs, morphometric evaluations
      of muscle atrophy and replacement, and light and electron microscopic analysis of
      morphological changes and of histochemical acid phosphatase activity. All drug
      treatments reduced the intensity and frequency of fibrillations. Acid phosphatase
      spillage was best inhibited by trypan blue. Progressive muscle fiber atrophy with
      massive aggregation of mitochondria at the cell periphery occurred in denervated
      fibers. Atrophy was expressed both in loss of muscle weight and in reduction of
      average muscle fiber diameter. Administration of all the drugs resulted in
      slowing down of muscle weight loss, particularly 30 days after denervation. All
      drugs induced slowing down of the loss in average fiber diameter on day 3 after
      denervation, while on day 10 only cortisone and amiodarone still exerted this
      effect. A similar transitory slowing of denervation changes was observed in
      estimations of replacement of muscle by collagen and adipose tissue. Only the
      effect of trypan blue and amiodarone persisted on day 10. The results indicate
      that drugs known to inhibit lysosomal enzyme activity may slow down the
      denervation-derived muscle atrophy to a certain extent, but the effects are
      transitory.

PMID- 2286024
TI  - Light microscopic and ultrastructural study on CNS lesions in infantile Gaucher's
      disease.
AB  - We report on the light microscopic and ultrastructural CNS findings and the
      clinical course in a boy with infantile Gaucher's disease who died at 6 1/2
      months. Besides the morphological alterations described in the literature, like
      perivascular Gaucher cells and nerve cell loss, our case was characterized by an
      unusually extensive proliferation of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the vicinity of
      stored material but also in regions where no storage was detected. Electron
      microscopy revealed massively enlarged lysosomes in the storage cells. The
      lysosomes showed twisted tubular structures, some of them penetrating the outer
      membrane. Isolated tubules were found to lie free in the cytosol. These tubules
      correspond to stored crystallized glucocerebroside molecules, which are most
      stable in this twisted arrangement.

PMID- 2286025
TI  - Prenatal genetic counseling.
AB  - Continued advances in reproductive technology and prenatal diagnosis challenge
      genetic counselors in their provision of appropriate prenatal genetic counseling.
      Complex information must be communicated to the couple in a nondirective but
      supportive manner for the couple to make an informed decision. Often pertinent
      information must be gathered and disseminated in a short period of time as a
      pregnancy continues toward the point of viability, and options become limited.
      Prenatal genetic counseling strives to keep up with the changes in reproductive
      technology and prenatal diagnosis in an effort to meet the needs of the patient.

PMID- 2286026
TI  - Part II: fetal clinical genetics.

PMID- 2286028
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Since 1983, prenatal diagnosis for CF has been available. The indirect method of
      microvillar intestinal enzyme analysis was first used, followed by DNA linkage
      studies by RFLPs, and then aided by disequilibrium data. The past year has
      brought new promise with the identification of the CF gene and of a single amino
      acid deletion that is present in 70% of the gene mutations. In the next several
      years, it is hoped that the remaining mutations will be found, thus increasing
      the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis by direct detection of the mutations and
      allowing for carrier testing of the general population.

PMID- 2286027
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of metabolic disease.
AB  - Early detection of metabolic disease affords the possibility of the best possible
      outcome for affected infants. Prenatal diagnostic capabilities allow for the
      institution of prenatal therapy, when indicated, and postnatal optimal
      management. Special formulas, supplemental nutritional therapies, and avoidance
      of dangerous substrates can be begun in the delivery room, if the affected status
      of the patient is known. Such therapies are the current mainstay of treatment of
      inborn errors of metabolism. Earliest possible institution of these therapies
      allows hope for the best possible outcome for affected infants.

PMID- 2286029
TI  - Clinical screening for collagen defects in connective tissue diseases.
AB  - The defects in type I collagen structure or synthesis that produce all four types
      of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type VII and the
      defects in type III collagen structure in EDS type IV can be detected by analysis
      of collagens produced by fibroblastic cells cultured from affected individuals.
      Quantitative defects in synthesis of type I collagen are seen in OI type I and
      qualitative defects of type I collagen characterize OI type II, OI type III, and
      OI type IV and EDS type VII. EDS type IV results from qualitative type III
      collagen defects. All of the disorders are inherited typically in an autosomal
      dominant fashion so that recurrence among offspring of normal parents usually
      results from germline mosaicism for the mutation in one parent. Analysis of type
      I and type III collagen synthesized by cultured chorionic villus cells is used
      for prenatal diagnosis of these disorders.

PMID- 2286030
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies.
AB  - Hemoglobinopathies are frequently occurring disorders for which prenatal
      diagnosis is possible. Couples in which one parent has microcytic hypochromic red
      blood cells; is of Southeast Asian, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, Indian, or
      African origin; or had one previous child with a known hemoglobinopathy or a
      previous hydropic stillbirth should be investigated. The hemoglobinopathies have
      been the paradigm of prenatal diagnosis, and the lessons learned from their study
      are now being applied to a range of other genetic disorders for which the
      responsible genes have been identified.

PMID- 2286031
TI  - Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies: genetics, prenatal diagnosis, and
      future prospects.
AB  - DMD and BMD are now understood at the genetic, biochemical, and molecular levels.
      At the genetic level, both disorders result from mutations of the X-linked gene
      encoding dystrophin. At the biochemical level, DMD results from the deficiency of
      a large protein called dystrophin, whereas BMD results when dystrophin is
      present, though abnormal in either amount or molecular structure. To date,
      thousands of patients have been analyzed for mutations of the dystrophin gene in
      peripheral blood DNA or alterations of the dystrophin protein in muscle tissue.
      The severity of the clinical phenotype of these patients has been compared with
      their dystrophin gene mutations and corresponding dystrophin protein alterations,
      revealing an unexpectedly high degree of correlation. Thus, information derived
      from the molecular analysis (DNA or protein) of a particular patient provides a
      "molecular diagnosis," which is highly predictive of the clinical course that
      patient can be expected to follow. Because molecular diagnoses are independent of
      the patient's age, they provide a prognosis for the large majority of muscular
      dystrophy patients even before clinical symptoms of their disease become
      apparent. Such prognostic molecular diagnoses have proven particularly valuable
      when the patient is an isolated case, with no family history for the disorder.
      Prenatal genetic diagnosis of DMD or BMD may involve use of Southern blot or PCR
      techniques to search for a deletion in the DNA of at-risk fetuses or more
      complicated family linkage studies using intragenic and flanking RFLPs. More
      recently, assay of dystrophin content in fetal skeletal or cardiac muscle from at
      risk abortuses has been accomplished, allowing definitive discrimination of
      affected and normal fetuses in cases in which deletion analyses and family DNA
      studies were equivocal. In utero fetal skeletal muscle biopsy for dystrophin
      protein assay has actually been accomplished in at least one at-risk pregnancy in
      which family DNA studies were uninformative. Dystrophin was present in skeletal
      muscle from this 20-week-old male fetus, and the pregnancy continued, resulting
      in the term birth of a healthy male infant. The future holds exciting
      opportunities for neonatal screening and treatment of these devastating
      neuromuscular diseases.

PMID- 2286032
TI  - Chromosomal mosaicism in chorionic villus sampling.
AB  - The observation of multiple, chromosomally distinct cell lines in chorionic
      villus samples is not an unusual finding and occurs in 1 per 100 samples. This
      frequency is ten times greater than the level of mosaicism observed in newborn
      surveys and, thus, must reflect phenomenon other than true fetal mosaicism.
      Indeed, only 23% of mosaicism detected at CVS is confirmed in the fetus (2.3 per
      1,000 CVS), which is much closer to the newborn rate (1 per 1,000). This
      indicates that most mosaicism encountered in CVS is unrelated to the fetal
      karyotype and as such is an inaccurate prediction of the fetal genotype, the
      purpose of prenatal diagnosis. Most of the mosaicism detected in CVS is due to
      confined placental mosaicism. Either as a result of error-prone cell division
      generating an excess of abnormal cells in extraembryonic tissues or reduced
      selection against aneuploid cells in these tissues allowing their persistence,
      chorionic villi and placenta appear to show much higher levels of mosaicism than
      seen in fetuses. This explains the more frequent finding of multiple cell lines
      in CVS than in amniocentesis or liveborn individuals. The discrepancy between
      levels of mosaicism present in chorionic villi and fetal tissues means that most
      instances of mosaicism detected in CVS are not associated with a fetal
      abnormality and should be evaluated by further prenatal testing, i.e.,
      amniocentesis or fetal blood sampling. Because of the frequency of chromosomal
      mosaicism in CVS and its attendant need for further testing, a discussion of
      mosaicism should be included in counseling prior to CVS. The higher frequency of
      discrepant results in direct CVS preparation emphasizes the prudence of delaying
      decision making until the results of the CVS culture have been obtained. Although
      the observation of mosaicism clearly complicates genetic counseling and decision
      making, it does not appear to be associated with an adverse fetal outcome.
      Whereas most of the mosaicism observed in CVS is the result of confined placental
      mosaicism, other types of discrepancies also occur. Maternal cell contamination
      occurs in about 1% of cases, but is easily evaluated by examining the direct
      preparation and analyzing chromosome polymorphism. The incidence of
      pseudomosaicism in CVS cultures is unclear but probably low. Interestingly, CVS
      analysis has suggested that twinning may be a more common phenomenon at
      conception than reported at birth and that some discrepancies may reflect the
      nonviability of twins with abnormal karyotypes. Chorionic villi sampling remains
      a viable alternative to amniocentesis for early prenatal diagnosis. An
      understanding of the origins of mosaicism in CVS is necessary for

PMID- 2286033
TI  - Genetics of common diseases of adulthood. Implications for prenatal counseling
      and diagnosis.
AB  - Genetic factors play an important role in the development of many common diseases
      of adulthood that result in early morbidity and mortality. Prevention of these
      disorders and their sequelae is best established through early detection and
      early intervention. Although it may be feasible to screen the entire population
      for some disorders (e.g., hypertension), this approach would be expensive and
      impractical for others (e.g., colon cancer). The family history provides an
      inexpensive and convenient method of identifying families at risk for premature
      diseases of adulthood. Family screening for a disorder should be recommended if
      there is increased risk for the disorder among family members, if screening
      methods are available to detect the condition at an early age or preclinical
      stage, and if early intervention will alter the course of the disease. For many
      disorders screening and intervention can prevent the occurrence of clinical
      disease. The prenatal counseling session affords an ideal setting for identifying
      families at risk for diseases of adulthood with major genetic components. By
      reviewing the family history, key family members can be identified and
      investigated, in order to establish a specific genetic diagnosis. At-risk
      relatives can then be counseled and screened for the disorder preclinically and
      premorbidly. The screening and intervention available for a disease depends on
      the nature of the disorder, our understanding of its physiology and etiology, and
      our current technology. The disorders discussed earlier are typical of conditions
      of adulthood that are influenced strongly by genetic factors, especially when
      they appear in younger adults. Atherosclerosis, colon cancer, and diabetes are
      complex phenotypes. Each can be caused by single-gene defects, but commonly the
      genetics are more complex. Empiric data help to establish the risk to an
      individual in the latter cases. In all three examples, early detection should
      lead to treatment, which can prevent more serious sequelae: by treating the
      dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease can be prevented; by removing the benign
      polyp, malignant cancer can be avoided; and when impaired glucose tolerance is
      detected, diet and exercise can prevent or delay frank diabetes and its
      complications. The complete evaluation of individuals at risk for disorders such
      as those in Table 1 and their families can be a complicated task. Referral to a
      center experienced in the genetics of common diseases often may be
      necessary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2286034
TI  - Fetal echocardiography: assessment of cardiovascular anatomy and function.
AB  - Echocardiography is used to assist the prenatal diagnosis group in understanding
      and identifying normal and abnormal structure, function, and rhythm in the fetal
      heart, normal variations, and change during development. Detailed segmental
      analysis of the heart's complex structure can be performed by experienced
      observers and the information used to aid in management decisions and to better
      understand the complex relationships of fetal cardiovascular anatomy and
      function, and fetal outcome. When used prudently, the technology appears to be
      safe to fetus and mother, but all who undergo examination will want to know of
      potential benefits and risks.

PMID- 2286035
TI  - Quantitative imaging in vivo.

PMID- 2286036
TI  - Quantitative imaging in the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Various problems are encountered in measuring gastric emptying, especially
      relating counts to the volume of meal remaining in the stomach. We have developed
      a method which has been validated against aspiration of the stomach. In gastric
      ulcer patients, however, the stomach is large and overlaps the bowel. Results of
      gastric emptying studies in patients who have had surgery for peptic ulceration
      show that impaired gastric emptying is related to the extent of vagotomy and
      pyloric surgery. We have examined the pattern of biliary excretion of
      iminodiacetic acid derivatives and related enterogastric reflux to the amount of
      bile in the stomach as determined by aspiration. However the reproducibility is
      only 75% probably due to day to day variation in its occurrence. The incidence of
      reflux in control subjects and in those with peptic ulcer is discussed, as is its
      relationship to the extent of vagotomy and the length of Roux-en-Y loops. Finally
      the diagnosis of biliary atresia using a similar radiopharmaceutical is
      described. It has been suggested that a high liver to heart ratio excludes the
      diagnosis of atresia, but we have failed to confirm this finding.

PMID- 2286037
TI  - Imaging problems in obstetrics.
AB  - Ultrasound has become a vitally important contributor to obstetric management. If
      undertaken at an appropriate time and by well trained staff, it can provide
      accurate knowledge about gestational age, fetal growth and condition, and also
      fetal normality. This information allows the obstetrician to give optimal care
      and ensure the best possible outcome of the pregnancy.

PMID- 2286038
TI  - Imaging the pathology of myocardial infarction.
AB  - In order to measure the effectiveness of new therapies a technique is needed
      which can measure quantitatively in vivo pathology. In cardiology, the
      introduction of thrombolytic agents, which lyse the initial thrombus, has given
      added stimulus to the search for techniques which would fill this role. In this
      paper the extent to which nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging can
      meet the requirements is discussed.

PMID- 2286039
TI  - Upper airway imaging.
AB  - Sleep apnoea syndrome, consisting of daytime sleepiness and loud snoring, is
      caused by obstruction of the upper airways. This paper reviews the techniques
      which could be used for localising and quantifying the degree of obstruction
      while the patient is sleeping. Each has specific limitations and it is concluded
      that while none is ideal, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound show the
      greatest promise.

PMID- 2286040
TI  - The growth kinetics of human tumours.
AB  - Little recent work has been done on the growth kinetics of human tumours although
      sophisticated radiological techniques are now available. Such sequential
      radiological studies would provide valuable insights into the natural history of
      human tumours and their response to treatment.

PMID- 2286041
TI  - Quantitative coronary angiography.
AB  - While the value of the quantitation of image data often appears to be self
      evident, it is important to consider the use to which it is to be put before
      adopting one particular approach. The importance of this concept is illustrated
      by reference to coronary angiography.

PMID- 2286043
TI  - Pulmonary neutrophil kinetics.
AB  - When in transit in the pulmonary capillaries, neutrophils can interact with the
      endothelium and gas in the alveoli. Neutrophils play a major role in lung
      defences and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of lung injury, such as
      emphysema and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Moreover, the pulmonary
      capillaries receive all of the circulating neutrophils. It is surprising
      therefore, that relatively little is known of the factors which influence the
      passage of neutrophils through the pulmonary circulation. This article reviews
      our knowledge of neutrophil kinetics in the lungs and describes techniques using
      radiolabelled cells to quantify neutrophil traffic in the pulmonary circulation
      which should help to elucidate the pathogenesis of conditions where neutrophils
      are thought to play a role in lung injury.

PMID- 2286042
TI  - The quantitative evaluation of acute lung injury.
AB  - The lung represents a complex barrier between air and blood. Subtle changes in
      the permeability of this barrier can be brought about by injury and only later do
      they become clinically and radiologically detectable. Techniques using
      radioactive traces offer a way of quantifying the degree of lung injury and so
      will aid the development of new forms of therapy.

PMID- 2286044
TI  - Quantifying image quality.
AB  - The measurement of image quality is an essential stage in the evaluation of
      imaging techniques. Yet there is no accepted way of quantitatively assessing
      image quality. Current theories suggest that the quality of the raw data acquired
      by the device can be assessed independently from that of the displayed image. In
      this paper the various experimental techniques suitable for making psychometric
      measurements of displayed image quality are discussed.

PMID- 2286045
TI  - Positron emission tomography.
AB  - While positron emission tomography (PET) represents the most advanced methodology
      using radiotracers, it is subject to two main constraints. The first is the
      physical accuracy with which the regional distribution, time course and
      concentration of the tracer can be determined. This is principally a function of
      the instrumentation. The second constraint is the biological accuracy, that a
      chosen tracer molecule defines the specific biological pathway under study. This
      paper discusses the application of PET, mainly to the brain, and future possible
      improvements to this powerful technique.

PMID- 2286046
TI  - Magnetic resonance velocity mapping.
AB  - Magnetic resonance velocity mapping is achieved by encoding velocity at each
      point in a tomographic imaging plane in the phase of the magnetic resonance
      signal. Although this can be achieved with almost any imaging sequence, cine
      gradient echo sequences are particularly suitable because of the high signal from
      blood and the ability to repeat the sequence rapidly to form a cine image. The
      technique has been shown to be accurate by in vitro and in vivo validation, with
      flow measurements in the great vessels having an accuracy of approximately 6%. A
      potential problem arises from loss of signal from turbulent blood flow, but this
      can be overcome with the use of even echo rephasing and echo times below 5 ms.
      Using such sequences, velocities of up to 6 m s-1 have been measured clinically
      and pressure gradients across valves as great as 16 kPa (120 mmHg) can be
      computed. Clinical application has centred on the measurement of flow in the
      pulmonary circulation and in shunts and conduits in patients with congenital
      heart disease. Other applications include the measurement of valvular
      regurgitation and stenosis, and flow in coronary artery bypass grafts. Flow in
      native coronary arteries has been measured but the technique requires further
      development before such measurements can be considered reliable. Real time
      imaging using echo planar velocity mapping has been achieved and it is hoped that
      this will make coronary artery flow measurements more robust.

PMID- 2286047
TI  - Quantification in impedance imaging.
AB  - Applied potential tomography (APT) is a technique for producing tomographic
      images of the distribution of electrical resistivity within electrically
      conducting objects. Human tissues exhibit a wide range of resistivities and
      images of resistivity within the body should show good contrast. The data used to
      reconstruct such images are measurements of the voltages developed on the surface
      of the object when various patterns of current are passed through the object. The
      reconstruction problem is much harder than for other tomographic modalities but
      we have shown that provided we restrict ourselves to imaging changes in
      resistivity, it is possible to reconstruct images from data collected in vivo. We
      describe some possible clinical uses of the technique.

PMID- 2286049
TI  - Performance criteria for quantitative ultrasonography and image parameterisation.
AB  - For the purpose of assessing and comparing the practical performance of various
      specific approaches to quantitative tissue characterisation, three sets of
      performance criteria are proposed, relating respectively to contrast resolution,
      spatial resolution, and speed of presentation. In each case numerical performance
      targets are suggested: in particular that spatial resolution should preferably be
      within a linear factor of three of the best achievable anatomical resolution of
      the associated imaging techniques and that presentation speed should be 'real
      time' (i.e. about 10 Hz). In the light of these criteria and performance targets
      the main existing approaches to ultrasonic tissue characterisation are then
      considered. These are classified in two groups: first those approaches based on
      measurements of bulk properties of tissues and secondly those related to
      parameters of the structural organisation of tissues. Examination of available
      evidence suggests that the latter group are more promising than the former.
      Finally it is argued that ultrasonic methods of tissue characterisation have
      substantial practical potential but that the realisation of such potential is
      contingent on achieving consensus on choice of a single, optimised and generally
      applicable approach that would carry with it the linked benefits of industrial
      standardisation and broad sharing of clinical experience.

PMID- 2286048
TI  - Quantitative imaging in vivo. Why? What is being done now? What are some of the
      problems? What may the future be?
AB  - The visual system is highly sophisticated, yet at the task of quantifying the
      information in images it is very easily misled. It is probably for this reason
      that medical imaging has often concentrated on the visual analysis of images and
      played down the value of extracting quantitative information. Yet nearly all
      modern medical imaging techniques use digital technology to some degree and
      numerical information can be readily extracted. Unless more use is made of this
      quantitative data, medical imaging will never make the transition from an art
      into a science.

PMID- 2286050
TI  - Quantitative techniques in arterial Doppler ultrasound.
AB  - A brief review is given of quantitative Doppler ultrasound techniques applied to
      arteries. Doppler ultrasound procedures can be split into waveform analysis,
      volume flow measurement and, recently, colour flow imaging. The pulsatility of
      the Doppler waveform has been used to assess distal vascular resistance. In the
      obstetric field the increase in pulsatility seen in the umbilical artery waveform
      when there is placental disease is a good predictor of fetal compromise.
      Considerable effort has been undertaken over the past 20 years in the assessment
      of carotid artery stenosis using Doppler. Both the peak systolic velocity in the
      internal carotid and spectral broadening have been related to the degree of
      stenosis. More complex waveform analysis methods such as principal component
      analysis have been used, however these have not passed into clinical practice.
      Measurement of volume flow in arteries using a duplex system is attractive, but
      in practice there may be large errors and this technique is not routinely
      performed. Recently cardiac output has been measured by a Doppler device using
      the attenuation-compensation principle. This promising technique is currently
      under assessment. Colour flow Doppler raises new prospects for quantitation in
      Doppler. At present the colour flow Doppler image is assessed by eye.
      Quantitative techniques in colour flow are likely to be introduced as experience
      with these systems grows.

PMID- 2286051
TI  - Use of temporal information to quantify vascular leakage in fluorescein
      angiography of the retina.
AB  - Vascular leakage causing macular oedema is an important cause of visual loss in
      retinal vascular disorders such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein
      occlusion. By digitising selected frames from fundus fluorescein angiographic
      sequences we have developed a technique which uses the observed rate of change of
      fluorescence to detect and quantify areas of leakage. Reproducibility studies
      yielded a coefficient of variation of less than 6% for large areas of leakage,
      and 27% for very small areas of leakage. We believe this technique is
      sufficiently sensitive and robust for clinical use, and should find a significant
      role in the management of retinal vascular disorders.

PMID- 2286052
TI  - Quantitative thermal imaging.
AB  - The association between temperature and disease is centuries old. Clinical
      thermology was established by Wunderlich, in 1851, who systemically recorded oral
      temperature with one of the first thermometers capable of reproducible
      measurement. Thermal imaging is highly developed with contemporary infrared
      imaging systems having thermal and spatial resolution far in excess of the
      earlier systems of the 1960s. Real time imaging, together with efficient on-line
      processing, has greatly improved the ease of use and quality of information.
      Microwave energy also forms a (smaller) part of the body's natural reactive heat
      loss. Research into natural microwave detection has shown that 3 GHz and 212 GHz
      energy can be measured. At the former wavelength a deeper source of thermal
      energy is measured; the actual depth varies with the characteristics of the
      superficial tissues, but may be up to several centimetres below the skin. The
      technology is a long way behind that of infrared systems, but nevertheless
      microwave thermography has an interesting future.

PMID- 2286053
TI  - Combining imaging techniques.
AB  - There are many potential advantages in being able to compare corresponding images
      produced by different modalities. For example, the fine anatomical detail
      produced by MRI can be combined with the functional data from SPET. Using brain
      imaging as an example, techniques for selecting the image plane, displaying the
      images and quantifying the data are discussed.

PMID- 2286054
TI  - Stress and coping patterns of participants and non-participants in self-help
      groups for parents of the mentally ill.
AB  - The authors examined differences in stress and coping patterns as well as in
      situationally-related variables between participants and non-participants in self
      help groups for parents of the mentally ill in Israel. Participants, who were
      higher on socio-economic status indicators, reported coping patterns that tended
      to be both more active and interactive. They also reported greater concerns
      around psycho-social issues than non-participants. The authors discuss the
      possible interrelationships among these findings.

PMID- 2286055
TI  - Housing environments and community adjustment of severely mentally ill persons.
AB  - This study examined relationships between the quality and appropriateness of
      housing environments and community adjustment of 729 deinstitutionalized severely
      mentally ill clients in a state-wide community support service program.
      Environmental measures included ratings of the physical condition of the client's
      residence, its adequacy for six key life activities, and the overall
      appropriateness of the residential setting for the client. Community adjustment
      measures included global level of functioning, degree of maladaptive behavior and
      client's perceived quality of life. Evidence is presented that quality and
      appropriateness of housing environments significantly affect aspects of client's
      community adjustment outcomes over a nine-month period.

PMID- 2286056
TI  - Impact of supervised apartments on the functioning of mentally disordered adults.
AB  - The impact on the mentally disordered of living in supervised residences remains
      unclear. The present investigation followed a group of supervised apartment
      residents and a matched comparison group for two years. Symptomatology,
      psychosocial functioning, stress, social support, quality of life, and life
      satisfaction were measured at six month intervals. Readmission and consultations
      in the emergency room were documented for all subjects for the two year period.
      Neither readmission rates, emergency room consultations, nor measures of
      functioning, other than symptomatology, differed for the two groups. It is argued
      that supervised apartments are stressful environments that may lead to
      deterioration in mentally disordered persons.

PMID- 2286057
TI  - Work satisfaction among community-based mental health service providers: the
      association between work environment and work satisfaction.
AB  - This is a study of work environment and work satisfaction among 601 community
      mental health service providers in the central United States. Aspects of the work
      environment may limit resources and strategies available to minimize staff
      burnout and maximize effective service delivery. Three human resource issues
      related to work satisfaction are reviewed: (a) unique constraints in rural mental
      health service delivery, (b) the role of paraprofessionals in service delivery,
      and (c) community-based services for seriously mentally ill individuals. This
      study demonstrates hypothesized associations between work environment and work
      satisfaction variables. The results suggest that staff members working with
      seriously mentally ill individuals are vulnerable to dissatisfaction and stress,
      and may require special skill and mastery enhancement.

PMID- 2286058
TI  - Client confidentiality and the family's need to know: strategies for resolving
      the conflict.
AB  - Vital supports for individuals disabled by mental illness are often provided by
      their families. The ability of these families to help is dependent on their
      knowledge of their relative's illness and treatment regime. However,
      practitioners wishing to provide such information feel a conflict between the
      family's interest in the information and their client's right to confidentiality.
      This article presents strategies to enhance information sharing with families
      while still protecting the client's confidentiality.

PMID- 2286059
TI  - Current community mental health center operations: entrepreneurship or business
      as usual?
AB  - Now that previous funding levels are no longer guaranteed to community mental
      health centers, implementing cost effective and innovative mental health programs
      is increasingly important. This paper reports on a 1987 study of 69 mental health
      center directors from 27 states. The results indicate that while familiar with
      prescriptions for organizational innovation and entrepreneurship, mental health
      center directors are concentrating more on control and efficiency than on
      supporting a structure and atmosphere conducive to creative thinking and
      innovation. Specifically, the structure of work units, work assignments, and
      staff's lack of participation in decision making may inhibit innovation.

PMID- 2286060
TI  - The HIV clinical tutorial for community mental health professionals.
AB  - HIV disease is an emerging community mental health concern. The need for
      specialized training to help community mental health professionals develop
      comprehensive knowledge and skills to serve this new population of clients is
      evident. The HIV clinical tutorial model is an innovative approach to continuing
      education characterized by an experiential and clinical orientation, a small
      participant group, and an interdisciplinary faculty. The three-day intensive
      workshop provides participants with experiences that can alter their perspective
      toward clients affected by HIV/AIDS and toward the role of the mental health
      system in responding to this epidemic. Similar training programs should be
      developed nationwide through collaboration among medical schools, teaching
      hospitals, public health departments and community mental health centers.

PMID- 2286061
TI  - Drosophila src family proteins.

PMID- 2286062
TI  - A comparison of the structure and properties of serum transferrin from 17 animal
      species.
AB  - 1. A comparison of the chemical and physical properties of the iron transport
      protein transferrin, purified from the following seventeen animal sera, is
      reported; human, rhesus monkey, dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse, rat, cow,
      sheep, goat, horse, pig, turkey, duck, turtle and rattlesnake. 2. Similarities
      and differences in molecular weight, isoelectric point, antibody specificity,
      effect of pH on iron release, number of sialic acid residues, amino acid
      composition and the N-terminal amino acid residue, are discussed. 3. The results
      are compared with the commonly accepted evolutionary origins of the 17 species.

PMID- 2286063
TI  - Age-dependent proteins in eyes of annual killifishes Pterolebias longipinnis
      detected by 2-dimensional electrophoresis.
AB  - 1. Eye proteins of Pterolebias longipinnis have been analyzed by 2-dimensional
      isoelectric focusing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis during aging from
      adolescence until normal death. 2. The protein pattern on the gels changed
      gradually with progressing age. 3. In senescent eyes, three protein spots
      appeared for a time and 36 disappeared from the pattern. 4. The isoelectric
      points of the proteins in the presence of urea and the molecular weights in an
      unreducing buffer are presented.

PMID- 2286064
TI  - Membrane damage to Escherichia coli and bactericidal kinetics by the alternative
      complement pathway of channel catfish.
AB  - 1. Increased permeability of cytoplasmic membranes in Escherichia coli was a
      consequence of alternative complement pathway (ACP) activity of serum of channel
      catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Evidence was provided by beta-galactosidase
      activity extracellularly when E. coli was incubated with catfish serum. 2.
      Lesions were detected on outer membranes of E. coli following exposure to catfish
      serum. 3. Catfish ACP induced a temporal sequence of pre-killing and killing
      phases. 4. Loss of cell viability, killing rate and cytoplasmic enzyme release
      increased with increasing serum concentrations. 5. By incubating E. coli with
      sera treated to remove complement, both release of cytoplasmic enzyme and
      bactericidal activity were eliminated. 6. Lethal activity associated with channel
      catfish ACP against Gram-negative bacteria was functionally comparable to that
      seen in mammalian and reptilian systems.

PMID- 2286065
TI  - Comparative study of three phospholipase A2s from the venom of Vipera aspis.
AB  - 1. Three phospholipase A2s, PLA2-I, PLA2-II and PLA2-III, were isolated from
      Vipera aspis venom by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. 2. Purified
      PLA2-I, -II and -III have mol. wts of 30,200, 16,000 and 13,500, and isoelectric
      points of 9.45, 7.65 and less than 4.1, respectively. 3. PLA2-I consists of an
      acidic subunit (mol. wt 13,700, pI: less than 3.5) and a basic subunit (mol. wt
      16,500, pI: 10.6), which can be separated under highly acidic conditions. 4. PLA2
      I possessed lethal activity and LD50 for this preparation was estimated to be
      0.288 (0.209-0.397) micrograms/g, while lethality was not observed when PLA2-II, 
      III or each subunit of PLA2-I were administered. 5. Capillary permeability
      increasing activity was found in the samples which possessed basic isoelectric
      points. Additionally, PLA2-I and its basic subunit drastically prolonged
      activated partial thromboplastin time of platelet rich plasma. 6. Intramuscular
      injections of PLA2-I, -II and -III increased serum creatine phosphokinase
      activity in mice, indicating that damage in muscle was caused by these enzymes.
      7. NH2-terminal sequences of the three PLA2s were compared with other
      phospholipase A2s from snake venoms. Furthermore, antigenicities were tested
      using antiserum prepared against each sample.

PMID- 2286066
TI  - The quantitative and qualitative analysis for biliary lipids in the prairie dog
      Cynomys ludovicianus.
AB  - 1. The quantitative analysis of biliary lipids has been well characterized,
      however, there is little data related to the qualitative and quantitative
      analysis of phospholipids and conjugated bile salts for the prairie dog. 2.
      Gallbladder and hepatic bile were collected and the bile salts in each sample
      were analyzed by first fractionating them into unconjugated, glycoconjugated, and
      tauroconjugated bile salts. These fractions were further resolved by using HPLC
      techniques. 3. The data has shown that cholate exists predominately as the
      tauroconjugate and is the major bile salt, whereas chenodeoxycholate is rarely
      conjugated. 4. The qualitative analysis of biliary phospholipids by thin layer
      chromatography has shown a remarkable similarity to that of humans.
      Phosphatidylcholine was found to be the major phospholipid followed by
      phosphatidylethanolamine with trace amounts of lysophosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylserine.

PMID- 2286067
TI  - Histochemical and biochemical studies on the red and white muscle in rabbit.
AB  - 1. The total amount of triglyceride was 6.00 +/- 0.14 mg/g wet tissue in soleus,
      1.50 +/- 0.52 in extensor digitorum longus and 1.83 +/- 0.88 in gastrocnemius
      muscle. 2. The amounts of triglycerides in the individual types were calculated
      to be very large, moderate and very small in type 1, 2A and 2B, respectively,
      when compared with histochemical studies. 3. Differences in fatty acid
      composition of triglycerides were seen between the soleus and extensor digitorum
      longus, and gastrocnemius showed intermediate values. 4. These results might be
      important corresponding to differences in energy metabolism in different fiber
      types.

PMID- 2286068
TI  - Kinetic characterization of glycogen phosphorylase B from skeletal muscle of the
      mullet Liza ramada.
AB  - 1. Glycogen phosphorylase purified from muscle of mullet (Liza ramada) has been
      kinetically characterized. 2. Kinetic analysis for the substrates glucose-1-P and
      glycogen showed no homotropic co-operativity. AMP exhibited only a slight
      homotropic co-operative behaviour, although it caused a decrease in the Km for
      glucose-1-P. 3. Glucose, ATP and glucose-6-P behaved as phosphorylase b
      inhibitors. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition showed the characteristic
      heterotropic effect both for the substrate glucose-1-P and the activator AMP. 4.
      However, glucose-6-P, which enhances the co-operativity between AMP molecules,
      lost its heterotropic effect on the glucose-1-P saturation curve.

PMID- 2286069
TI  - Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in tissues and hypoxanthine
      concentrations in plasma and CSF of the horse in comparison with other species.
AB  - 1. Plasma hypoxanthine and xanthine concentrations are very low in the horse and
      low in rat, mouse and greyhound compared to concentrations in beagles, man, sheep
      and rabbit. 2. Activities in erythrocytes of the main enzyme metabolizing
      hypoxanthine, hypoxanthine phosphori-bosyltransferase, show a similar pattern
      (Tax et al., 1976, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 54B, 209-212); thus low activities
      have been found where plasma concentrations were low. 3. Hypoxanthine
      phosphoribosyltransferase activities in horse tissue other than erythrocytes are
      similar to those in man and rabbit with high activities in brain; this enzyme may
      therefore be functionally important in equine brain.

PMID- 2286070
TI  - Circannual variations in mevalonate utilization in frog (Rana esculenta).
AB  - 1. The fate of mevalonate, the product of HMGCoA reductase, was studied in male
      and female frogs (Rana esculenta) in order to explain the circannual variations
      of enzyme activity. 2. The incorporation of 2-14C MVA into unsaponifiable lipids,
      cholesterol and dolichol in liver, plasma and eggs was followed. 3. Labeled MVA
      shows a different utilization depending on season and sex. In spring and summer
      cholesterol synthesis is related to hepatic reserve storage in both sexes, while
      the peak of enzyme activity, present only in females in fall, seems committed to
      cholesterol export into the blood and uptake by the oocytes. 4. The presence of a
      MVA-derived protein identifiable with vitellogenin and labeled on the lipid
      moiety, suggests that HMGCoA reductase activity in fall is committed to the
      lipidation of this protein essential for oocyte maturation.

PMID- 2286071
TI  - Amino acid content in several brain regions of the active and hibernating frog,
      Rana esculenta.
AB  - 1. Total free amino acid contents in the optic lobe and diencephalon increased
      significantly during hibernation. 2. Free glutamate + glutamine showed
      significant increases in the cerebral hemisphere, optic lobe, medulla oblongata
      and diencephalon. 3. Free aspartate + asparagine showed significant increases in
      the cerebral hemisphere, optic lobe, diencephalon and olfactory lobe. 4. GABA
      showed a significant change only in the medulla oblongata. 5. Total protein amino
      acid level in the cerebellum and olfactory lobe decreased significantly during
      hibernation and most of the amino acids decreased significantly in these regions.
      6. The amino acid metabolism during amphibian hibernation differs from that of
      the mammal.

PMID- 2286072
TI  - Phospholipase C in human endometrial fibroblasts and its regulation by estrogens.
AB  - 1. Stimulated inositolphospholipid turnover has been proposed as a signal
      transducing mechanism in many cell types. It appears to be initiated by
      stimulation of hydrolysis of inositolphospholipid by a phospholipase C. 2. In
      human endometrial fibroblasts, estradiol was observed to cause sequential
      enhancement of [32P]phosphate incorporation into phosphatidic acid (PA) and
      phosphatidylinositol (PI), indicating an accelerating effect of estradiol on
      inositolphospholipid turnover. Specific 32P-radioactivity in the gamma-phosphate
      of ATP was increased in response to estradiol. Estrone or estriol were without
      any effects. 3. To investigate possible mechanisms by which estradiol activates a
      phospholipase C enzyme in the fibroblasts, the plasma membrane fraction isolated
      from the fibroblasts was exposed to estradiol in the presence of guanosine
      triphosphate (GTP) to detect inositol trisphosphate (IP3) production. The IP3
      production was Ca2+ dependent, a dependency not affected by estradiol. 4.
      However, ATP decreased the Ca2+ concentration required for IP3 production in a
      dose-dependent manner; adenosine diphosphate (ADP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP)
      showed no effects. 5. These findings from cell and cell-free systems might
      suggest that estradiol stimulates a phospholipase C, as a result of enhancement
      of intracellular ATP synthesis, but not as a result of a direct effect on the
      enzyme molecule or direct activation of receptor-phospholipase C unit. 6. This
      may give us new insight into estrogen-stimulated cellular phenomenon through some
      mechanisms other than that classically associated with the action of estrogen.

PMID- 2286073
TI  - Structural characterization of the neural circuit responsible for control of
      cardiovascular functions in higher vertebrates.
AB  - A comparison of structural properties of a biological neural system responsible
      for cardiovascular function control in higher vertebrates with randomly connected
      networks was pursued using matrix representations of those circuits. The
      biological circuit was characterized by the presence of some heavily connected
      nuclei in contrast to the random networks that had equally distributed
      connections between their elements. This property of the analysed biological
      circuit was shown to account for a high logarithmic correlation found between two
      indexes defined to represent pointwise features of the nuclei and their global
      contribution to the whole network. The first index is obtained by the product of
      the number of inputs and of outputs of a nucleus and was called power index (PI).
      The second one, called occurrence index (OI), defines how many times a specific
      nucleus is crossed when all possible pathways joining two nuclei of the circuit
      are obtained. This PI-OI correlation was clearly dependent on the pathway length
      distribution (expressed in number of synapses), and was maximal considering
      pathways with a low number of synapses. When randomly connected circuits were
      analysed lower correlation was found between the same two indexes and only for
      much longer pathways. Therefore, it is proposed that the analysis of the PI-OI
      correlation can be useful to quantify structural differences between biological
      neural circuits as distinguished from randomly connected networks and also
      between neural systems at different levels of phylogenetic and ontogenetic
      development.

PMID- 2286074
TI  - Algorithm for the national allocation of hearts and heart-lungs.
AB  - The algorithm used for the equitable allocation of hearts and heart-lungs to
      potential recipients in the United States is presented. A brief history of the
      development of the algorithm is followed by discussion of the input criteria and
      implementation. The current computer system is discussed with emphasis on access
      by organ procurement personnel.

PMID- 2286075
TI  - A sample computer system for physiological data acquisition and analysis.
AB  - This report outlines a sample configuration of a system which records, stores and
      analyses, graphically and statistically, neurophysiological and cardiovascular
      recordings during an experiment. The system is composed of sensitive
      physiological amplifiers, an analog to digital signal conversion board,
      scientific software, a 80286-based computer with 640 Kb of RAM, and a laser
      printer. Each component of the system is described along with the specific
      task(s) it performs.

PMID- 2286076
TI  - DataVoice: a microcomputer-based general purpose voice-controlled data-collection
      system.
AB  - An integrated system of hardware and software has been developed to combine the
      input of coordinate data from a digitizing pad with voice input for object
      identification or classification. The menu and voice-controlled software
      generates a sequential ASCII file which contains an object identification section
      and a data section. Rules for data entry and analysis programs have been
      developed for several applications. These are being tested and include general
      stereological analyses, bone, kidney and skin histomorphometry, boundary
      analyses, neuron classification and malignancy grading.

PMID- 2286077
TI  - Fuzzy multi-level classifier for medical applications.
AB  - In this paper a fuzzy pattern recognition model is described, which is a tool to
      handle problems with noncrisp and multi-class membership of the objects. It is
      oriented to medical diagnostics, where the patients suffer from more than one
      disease in different degrees. Fuzzy pattern recognition is supposed to fit
      medical diagnostic problems better than conventional pattern recognition. The
      design of a multi-level fuzzy decision scheme is considered in order to derive
      high performance, taking into account expert logic and human experience. Two main
      topics are discussed--the criterion for evaluation of classification accuracy and
      the training rule. The implementation of fuzzy multi-level classifier is
      illustrated with real clinical data.

PMID- 2286078
TI  - An epidemiologic approach to computerized medical diagnosis--AEDMI program.
AB  - A program called "An Epidemiological Approach to Computerized Medical Diagnosis"
      (AEDMI) is presented. Using an interactive questionnaire, physician-patient
      interviews are conducted and a summary of the relevant clinical data is provided.
      Standard items, obtained on a multi-centre basis, form a large-scale data base.
      Simultaneously, the reasoning of clinical experts in each real case is analyzed
      to obtain a knowledge-rules data base. The methodology of the program combines
      Bayesian systems, expert systems, and other new lines of research such as neural
      networks or case-based reasoning. The general concepts of clinical decision
      making aid systems are reviewed. This publication is aimed at obtaining
      international cooperation.

PMID- 2286079
TI  - The evaluation of radioactive microsphere data: remarks on the use of the BMDP
      and SAS statistical software packages.
AB  - We investigated the suitability of BMDP and SAS as an integrated tool for the
      evaluation of regional blood flow data obtained from the radioactive microsphere
      technique. Both packages were applied to a recent study on muscle blood flow with
      a 3-factorial design. The organization of data and files, the strategy of data
      reduction, and the evaluation by means of statistical and graphical techniques
      are shown. The method may be applied to any microsphere study design. A
      considerable amount of time can be saved and data integrity may be improved. The
      statistical quality of the results may benefit from the broad spectrum of
      statistical tests available.

PMID- 2286080
TI  - Real-time multiprocessing of slit scan chromosome profiles.
AB  - The multiprocessor NERV and its application to slit scan flow cytometry is
      described. Up to 320 processors and 640 MBytes of RAM may be used in one VME
      crate, providing a computing power of less than or equal to 1300 MIPS. The
      multiprocessor is controlled by a host computer that provides a friendly user
      interface and comfortable program development tools. All hardware and software
      has been tested on a prototype NERV system with 5 processors. For a real-time
      classification/detection of normal and aberrant chromosomes, the centromeric
      index or the number of centromeres are computed or specifically labeled DNA
      sequences are detected. The program is partitioned into 60 tasks that can be
      executed concurrently. A total analysis time of less than 600 microseconds
      including system overhead will be achieved according to timing measurements which
      have been done for all individual tasks.

PMID- 2286081
TI  - Post-discharge care. Facing fear.

PMID- 2286083
TI  - Prompt action on leg ulcers.

PMID- 2286084
TI  - Through the darkest hour.

PMID- 2286082
TI  - Family planning for travellers.

PMID- 2286085
TI  - Factors determining arterial blood pressure in childhood.
AB  - As part of a programme designed to determine precursors of arterial hypertension
      and atherosclerosis in children and adolescents, a cross-sectional study
      involving the groups of families whose children had different baseline arterial
      pressure levels was conducted. An association between the level of arterial
      pressure in the children and the blood pressure levels and prevalence of
      cardiovascular diseases in their first-degree relatives was found. The most
      informative signs for decreased and increased arterial blood pressure levels in
      children were identified. The findings should be taken into account when
      selecting groups of children who require close medical surveillance.

PMID- 2286086
TI  - Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with thallium-201 for prediction of graft
      patency early after internal mammary artery graft surgery.
AB  - Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with thallium-201 was performed in fifty-four
      patients after internal mammary artery (IMA) graft to the left descending
      coronary artery to determine the influence of the flow rate in the IMA on
      myocardial perfusion after the procedure. The flow rate in the IMA was 40 to 200
      ml/minute (mean 103 +/- 26.6 ml/min). Myocardial perfusion after IMA surgery was
      good in 44 patients (82%). There was a correlation between IMA flow rate and
      surgical results. Only 53% of patients with IMA flow rates below 100 ml/min to
      atmosphere showed good myocardial perfusion.

PMID- 2286087
TI  - Acute rejection and endomyocardial biopsy after heart transplantation.
AB  - The paper presents the experience with acute rejection and endomyocardial biopsy
      in heart transplantation in 28 patients over a period of five years. The authors
      regards endomyocardial biopsy as a sensitive marker of acute rejection,
      especially in patients on long-term cyclosporin immunosuppression. Some aspects
      of episodes of incipient acute rejection and mild acute rejection as well as
      their therapy are discussed.

PMID- 2286088
TI  - Life-threatening arrhythmias stopped by cough.
AB  - In the course of 131 coronary angiographies, a non-ionic hyperosmolar contrast
      medium (Uromiro 75%, Bracco, Milano) provoked transient arrhythmias in 92 cases:
      50 marked sinus bradycardias, 11 asystoles, 21 low-rate idiojunctional rhythms, 1
      first-degree AV block, 7 third-degree AV blocks and 2 ventricular fibrillations.
      In 90 cases the rhythm disturbance was stopped by mere repeated cough. In the 2
      cases of ventricular fibrillation direct current shock was used. If instructed
      coughing started within 8 seconds after the onset of arrhythmia, the patient
      maintained consciousness and the cough, as an internal cardiac massage, proved to
      be an adequate resuscitation method. In case prodromal signs of artificial
      bradycardiac arrhythmias were present, immediate cough could usually prevent the
      loss of consciousness and could also stop the arrhythmia. Therefore it seems
      logical to apply this method in patients at risk of Adams-Stokes attacks. A
      certain number of sudden deaths could be avoided.

PMID- 2286089
TI  - Injury to large arteries in scleroderma.

PMID- 2286090
TI  - Myocardial lipid peroxidation in rats treated chronically with hydralazine and
      its amelioration by vitamin A.
AB  - The effect of long-term intake of hydralazine on myocardial lipid peroxidation
      (measured as formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and lipid
      peroxide concentrations), superoxide dismutase activity, and the protective
      action of vitamin A were studied in rats. Hydralazine was administered to rats
      for 6 months. Compared with the controls, the left ventricle of the hydralazine
      treated animals had an increased thiobarbituric-acid reactive substance content
      and lipid hydroperoxide concentrations per g of wet tissue. Simultaneous
      administration of vitamin A prevented the changes in lipid peroxidation and
      significantly increased the superoxide dismutase activity compared with that in
      hydralazine-treated rats. The results seem to indicate that the increase of lipid
      peroxidation in rats treated with hydralazine is due not only to the stimulation,
      but also to the inhibition of superoxide dismutase activity.

PMID- 2286091
TI  - Chronopharmacology of strophanthin and inderal: an experimental study.
AB  - Chronopharmacological investigations were performed in 54 guinea pigs and 126
      white mice to explore their tolerance to arrhythmogenic and lethal doses of
      strophanthin, and changes in sensitivity to threshold antiarrhythmic dose of
      inderal during 24 hours. The investigations were carried out at a 4-hour
      interval, i.e., six times in 24 hours. The data obtained were processed using the
      approximation method to determine sinusoid fluctuations with an initially given
      period (cosinor analysis) and with an unknown period (non-linear least-square
      method in combination with the method of gradual approximation) on an EC 1045
      computer and a DZ 28 microcomputer. It was found that strophanthin toxicity in
      guinea pigs and white mice reaches a maximum in the late evening, night and early
      morning hours. The acrophases of circadian rhythms of chronotolerance to the
      threshold arrhythmogenic dose of strophanthin, and those of chronosensibility to
      inderal are virtually identical.

PMID- 2286092
TI  - Human circadian rhythms and exercise.
AB  - Many biological functions change cyclically over a 24-h period, such cycles being
      referred to as circadian rhythms. The major rhythms of relevance to examine
      performance are those of body temperature and the sleep-wake cycle. Many
      components of exercise performance are closely related to the body temperature
      curve which peaks in the early evening. Exercise with predominantly neuromotor
      and cognitive components depend also on the underlying sleep-wake cycle. Some
      performance measures are subject to ultradian cycles and show a transient decline
      in the early afternoon. Optimal time of day for exercise is determined not just
      by endogenous rhythms but also by the nature and intensity of exercise, the
      population concerned, environmental conditions, and individual phase types.
      Environmental factors impinging on circadian rhythms include light, heat, air
      ionization, activity and eating patterns, and social activities. Endogenous
      rhythms are desynchronized when perturbed by nocturnal shift work or time-zone
      transitions. Coping with desynchronosis involves behavioral, dietary, or
      pharmacological treatments. Sleep loss interacts with circadian rhythmicity but
      affects cognitive function more so than gross motor actions. The existence of
      self-sustaining rhythms should be recognized by athletic practitioners, sports
      scientists concerned with experimental work and fitness testing, sports injury
      specialists, and sports organizers concerned with the travel plans of athletes.

PMID- 2286093
TI  - Stereotactic neurosurgery.
AB  - Stereotactic neurosurgery is the technique for locating targets of surgical
      interest within the brain relative to an external frame of reference.
      Traditionally, that has meant temporarily attaching a mechanical frame to the
      patient's skull or scalp. Recent techniques are moving toward ways of reducing
      the trauma to the patient while retaining the information provided by the frame.
      Historically, the predominant use of the frames was for placement of electrodes.
      The advent of computed tomography led to a rebirth of stereotaxy for biopsy and
      as a guide for resection. Recent advances in computing are supplementing these
      techniques to allow improved surgical planning and intraoperative information.
      Finally, highly directed radiation therapy or stereotactic radiosurgery is
      discussed.

PMID- 2286094
TI  - Finite element analysis of bioelectric phenomena.
AB  - This article reviews the application of finite element methods to models of
      bioelectric phenomena. The models represent the electrical fields created in the
      body as a result of membrane current sources or external current applied for
      diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. We formulate the governing equations for
      these models and then derive the finite element equations for the generalized
      bioelectric problem. The 32 papers reviewed here, all those appearing in the
      literature to date, cover the areas of electrocardiology, therapeutic and
      functional electrical stimulation in the cerebellum, cochlea, spinal cord, and
      peripheral nerves, cardiac defibrillation, electrical impedance tomography,
      bidomain cardiac models, electroporation, and therapeutic electrical stimulation
      of bone. For each, we summarize the purpose of the study, the model details and
      assumptions, the major results, and the applicability of the study. The models
      are then considered as a group to critique the appropriateness of the finite
      element method, the means of implementation, and the factors affecting accuracy,
      thus providing an overview of the state of finite element modeling of bioelectric
      phenomena.

PMID- 2286095
TI  - Dry storage of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin: a blood substitute.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated the stabilization of liposome-encapsulated
      hemoglobin (LEH) by lyophilization (Cryobiology 25, 277-284, 1988). In the
      present report, we examine the structural and functional recovery of LEH after 3
      months in the dry state. We have investigated the incorporation of the protective
      carbohydrate trehalose in the production and preservation of lyophilized LEH.
      Vesicle size, retention of entrapped hemoglobin, oxygen-carrying capacity, and
      percentage methemoglobin were measured as a function of time stored in the dry
      state under vacuum at room temperature. The results indicate that 150-300 mM
      trehalose maintains LEH dry preparations with little change in their size or
      functional characteristics after 3 months in the dry state. These results are
      compared to those of LEH that has been stored hydrated at 4 degrees C for the
      same time period.

PMID- 2286096
TI  - Mechanical restitution at different temperatures in papillary muscles from
      rabbit, rat, and hedgehog.
AB  - Mechanical restitution curves, i.e., peak isometric force as a function of the
      duration of the preceding test interval, were investigated in papillary muscles
      from rabbit, rat, and hedgehog. Peak force of rabbit papillary muscle increased
      with prolongation of the test interval from about 0.3 s to about 1.0 s and for
      longer intervals peak force declined (called type I mechanical restitution). On
      the other hand, in rat and hedgehog, papillary muscles' force reached a maximum
      value at intervals of 30-120 s (called type II mechanical restitution). When
      temperature was decreased from 35 to 15 degrees C, maximum force of type I
      mechanical restitution shifted from 1.0 to 10 s, whereas maximum force of type II
      restitution did not change significantly. Type II mechanical restitution
      consisted of two different phases, designated phase A and phase B, respectively.
      As temperature was decreased from 35 to 0 degree C in the hedgehog preparation,
      the two phases became even more separated. At 35 degrees C, the rising part of
      mechanical restitution in the rabbit muscle could not be distinguished from phase
      A of the hedgehog preparation and was also very similar to phase A of the rat
      muscle. Phase A is thus present in both type I and type II mechanical
      restitution, but phase B is a special feature of type II mechanical restitution.
      Phase A and phase B might be a manifestation of activator calcium originating
      from two different sources, e.g., the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the sarcolemma.

PMID- 2286097
TI  - The effect of liquid nitrogen submersion on cryopreserved human heart valves.
AB  - Cryopreservation and storage of human heart valves have become an accepted means
      of maintaining a usable supply of heart valves for outflow track reconstructive
      surgery. Valves are typically stored at the vapor phase temperature of liquid
      nitrogen, -130 degrees C and below, to reduce the chance of recrystallization
      within the tissues. Concern over the effects of submersion of the valves in
      liquid nitrogen, i.e., plunging to -196 degrees C, prompted this study.
      Cryopreserved valves were plunged into liquid nitrogen, held for 5 min, and then
      processed (thawed) by standardized protocols. The thawed valves were then
      assessed using scanning electron microscopy and the more traditional histology at
      the light microscope level. Cuspal tissues plunged into liquid nitrogen appear to
      have numerous microfractures over both surfaces of the tissue, penetrating into
      the collagen/proteoglycan matrix. Control cryopreserved valves do not exhibit
      these microfractures. Histologically, the submerged valves appear normal. The
      clinical use of valves which have been submerged in liquid nitrogen is discussed.

PMID- 2286098
TI  - Childhood depression.

PMID- 2286099
TI  - [The physician and his fee--past and present].

PMID- 2286100
TI  - [Technical instruction in radiation protection].

PMID- 2286101
TI  - [The Professional Society of German Surgeons, Inc. (BDC). We greet as new members
      (admissions between the end of October 1989 and the end of October 1990)].

PMID- 2286102
TI  - [Changes in the frequency of interventions in general surgery].

PMID- 2286103
TI  - [The outlook for ambulatory surgery].

PMID- 2286104
TI  - [Ambulatory surgery in the United States of America].

PMID- 2286105
TI  - [The socioeconomic aspects of surgical therapy. A viewpoint from the USA].

PMID- 2286106
TI  - [The value of sonography in the diagnosis of appendicitis. A prospective study of
      100 patients].
AB  - Between October 1988 and July 1989 100 consecutive patients with suspected
      appendicitis were seen at the surgical clinic, University Hospital of Aachen. All
      patients underwent ultrasonographic examination corresponding to a prospective
      study protocol in order to determine the value of ultrasound for the diagnosis of
      acute appendicitis. The sonographic findings were correlated with the histologic
      diagnosis or the clinical course, respectively. We found a sensitivity of 100%
      for appendiceal mass, of 88% for phlegmonous appendicitis and of 25% for
      catarrhal appendicitis. The overall sensitivity was 49% and the overall
      specificity rate was 97%. The overall accuracy rate was 64%. The predictive value
      of a positive test was 97% and the predictive value of a negative finding was
      46%. The morphologic changes during the progress of inflammation of the appendix
      and their sonographic visualisation were discussed. A differentiated concept was
      developed to integrate the sonographic findings in the therapeutic decision.

PMID- 2286108
TI  - [C-reactive protein in the recognition of postoperative infectious
      complications].
AB  - The postoperative levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) of 384 patients were studied
      prospectively. Infectious complications occurred in 50 patients. 92% of these
      patients showed a postoperative CRP increase. The CRP increase could be detected
      in 67.5% prior to the clinical signs of the septic complication, whereas 32.5% of
      the patients showed the CRP increase at the time of clinical symptoms. In 8
      patients with rising CRP levels no septic focus could be detected. CRP seems to
      be a helpful parameter in the postoperative management especially in the early
      diagnosis of septic complications whereas the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and
      white blood cell count, which were detected simultaneously to CRP, lack
      reliability concerning early detection of postoperative complications.

PMID- 2286107
TI  - [Retro- and prospective studies on the value of clinical and laboratory chemical
      data in acute appendicitis].
AB  - In a retrospective study 536 appendicectomized patients were analyzed, in order
      to identify anamnestic, clinical and laboratory findings which allow the
      differentiation between acute and non-acute appendicitis. 150 consecutive
      patients were studied prospectively, which were referred to our department with a
      presumptive diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Eight single criteria were found,
      which exhibited a significantly different frequency in acute and non-acute
      appendicitis. Each criterion showed a low sensitivity and specificity; a score,
      which was created by combination of these single criteria also had low
      sensitivity and specificity. We conclude that the correct indication for
      appendicectomy highly depends on clinical experience of the surgeon.

PMID- 2286110
TI  - [Comments on the practice of appendectomy: a statement on the lead topic "The
      appendectomy"].

PMID- 2286109
TI  - [Fungal peritonitis].
AB  - Mycotic peritonitis can be demonstrated by microbiological, histological and
      serological tests. The disease can be proved histologically by a deep invasion of
      fungi. Initially, the mycotic peritonitis can be caused by polymicrobial
      infections and also by genuine mycotic invasion after perforation of the
      gastrointestinal tract. In the final phase of the disease only these fungi are of
      relevance. In most of the cases candida albicans can be verified. In the
      procedure of programmed peritoneal lavage the mycotic peritonitis provides a
      severe complication. Untreated, it would cause death by dissemination, fungemia
      and candida sepsis. 8 out of 12 patients with candida peritonitis died. Most of
      the patients had been severely ill previously and had shown several risk factors
      promoting mycotic disease. Antimycotic treatment has to be initiated as soon as
      possible, in order to diminish the high lethality.

PMID- 2286112
TI  - [Commentary on the publication by A. Roggo and W. Gradel and on the following
      discussion by U. Paschen].

PMID- 2286111
TI  - [A statement on the publication by A. Roggo and W. Gradel: alternatives to
      primary forefoot amputation].

PMID- 2286113
TI  - World data book of obesity.

PMID- 2286114
TI  - Physical proportion of the Japanese, 1987.

PMID- 2286116
TI  - Trend of average height, weight and skinfolds in the Japanese.

PMID- 2286115
TI  - Epidemiology of obesity in the elderly: CNR multicentric study in Italy.
AB  - This study includes anthropometric measurements (Body Mass Index, triceps and
      subscapular skinfolds, % Body Fat and Mid Arm Muscle circumference) of a cross
      sectional sample of 1247 elderly representative of the Italian population between
      65-95 yr (522 males and 725 females). BMI at the 50th percentile is 26 for males
      and 27.7 for females, at the 90th it is 31.1 and 34.7 for males and females,
      respectively. Compared with the data of Master et al. (1960), 13% (males) and 28%
      (females) of the elderly Italian subjects were overweight in 1985.

PMID- 2286117
TI  - Body weight and longevity: insurance experience in Japan.
AB  - Adverse effects of obesity on health and longevity are widely known in clinical
      medicine. The author reports here the result of a study on the relationship of
      body weight and longevity based on the data obtained by the life insurance cohort
      study in which he participated. The result is summarized below: 1. Mortality by
      body weight assumed a U-shaped curve with the nadir near the average weight for
      both men and women. 2. Because the mortality for some causes went upward toward
      right or reverse with the shift from underweight to overweight, the curve for all
      cause mortality became U-shaped. 3. The relationship between hospitalization
      ratio and body weight showed substantially the same trend although the cause for
      hospitalization varied. 4. The body weight showing the lowest mortality was
      slightly heavier than the average body weight in Japan, which was different from
      North America. 5. Based on Metropolitan Life's principle of lowest mortality, we
      published Meiji Life's height and weight tables in order to set the standard body
      weight for the Japanese today.

PMID- 2286118
TI  - Body mass index and waist-to hip ratio in patients of a stomatologic ambulance.
AB  - The decision limits of the BMI of 25 and 30 used in this paper are commonly
      defined as the thresholds of overweight and obesity, respectively. Our prevalence
      data are well comparable to those of other studies but show some special
      features. Thus, the frequency of moderate overweight (BMI = 25-29.9) in Freiberg
      is obviously higher than reported for men and women (not age-specified) in the
      United Kingdom, The Netherlands, United States, and Australia. Our data differ
      from Rosenbaum's results of a survey of heights and weights in Great Britain 1980
      in the following respects: 1) Higher frequency of overweight in the middle-aged
      groups (30-59 years) of both sexes and 2) higher prevalence of obesity in women
      aged 40-59 and in men aged 30-39. Comparison of our data to those of a
      representative Finnish survey exhibits lower prevalence of obesity (BMI greater
      than or equal to 30) in the age groups 40 to 69 but a surplus prevalence of
      obesity in men aged 30-39. The latter seems to be a special German feature which
      was also seen in the DHP study. The Waist-to Hip Ratios (WHR) in this study were
      focused on the persons with BMI greater than 25 in whom they are important for
      further specification of the cardiovascular risk. The android fat distribution
      pattern is assumed at WHR above 1.0 in men and 0.85 in women. We found the
      android pattern in 20-61% of the men and in 37-76% of the women with BMI greater
      than 25 whereby this percentage steadily increases with age in both
      sexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286119
TI  - Comparison between two methods of hydrostatic weighing without head submersion in
      morbidly obese females.
AB  - This study compared two methods of hydrostatic weighing without head submersion
      to conventional hydrostatic weighting in morbidly obese females. We concluded
      that hydrostatic weighing without head submersion is a valid alternative to
      conventional hydrostatic weighing especially when subjects are apprehensive in
      the water. The use of anthropometric head measures (HWNS-A) did not significantly
      improve the accuracy of the body composition assessment; therefore, elimination
      of these time consuming measurements in favor of the direct correction of head
      above Db is recommended.

PMID- 2286120
TI  - Obesity and its complications observed in health examinations: introduction of
      ACI as an index of type of obesity.
AB  - The prevalence of obesity observed in this study seems higher than that reported
      in the previous study. This is probably due to the characteristics of the
      subjects studied, since they were subjects admitted for health examinations with
      possible selection. However, the observation in this study clearly indicated that
      obesity was a strong risk factor for glucose and lipid metabolism, and
      cardiovascular system, implying a serious effect on health itself in the future.
      On the other hand, it was also noted that the reduction of body weight largely
      contributed to the improvement of these abnormal conditions, giving the rationale
      of weight reduction in the obese people. The type of obesity or regional fat
      distribution is reported important in relation to the complications. ACI, which
      was proposed here as a new index for evaluation of type of obesity, was
      predictive of the complications even in the subjects with normal OBI, suggesting
      its usefulness in health care.

PMID- 2286121
TI  - Sensitivity and specificity of current methods for classifying morbid obesity.
AB  - This study examined the sensitivity and specificity of current methods for
      classifying morbid obesity in females. Results suggest that current methods for
      classifying morbid obesity (greater than or equal to 45.5 kg over ideal weight or
      BMI greater than or equal to 45) do not provide acceptable specificity and
      sensitivity, respectively. We suggest that additional measurements such as total
      body fatness determined by hydrodensitometry be used to classify morbid obesity
      and determine eligibility for aggressive therapeutic interventions for weight
      loss.

PMID- 2286123
TI  - Influence of body image on estimation of body mass index based on self-reported
      weight and height.

PMID- 2286122
TI  - The significance of the ratio of body weight/height as a practical obesity index
      and the changes in the values in Japanese adults.
AB  - 1. It was observed that the W/H ratio highly correlated with body weight, while
      it had low correlation with age and height. From this fact, the W/H ratio was
      considered to have a practical value as an index from which adult obesity can be
      more easily judged than from BMI. 2. The W/H ratios of Japanese adults continue
      to increase in men of all age groups and women in the 50 or older age groups.
      That is, people tend towards obesity with age. Thus this fact may be associated
      with the increase in incidence of adult diseases in Japan.

PMID- 2286124
TI  - Simple estimation of ideal body weight from body mass index with the lowest
      morbidity.
AB  - Body mass index (BMI) is expressed by the body weight (kg) divided by height (m)
      squared. Therefore, if we know ideal BMI, ideal body weight (kg) of each
      individual can be calculated by a formula: Ideal BMI x height (m)2. In order to
      estimate ideal BMI, we investigated average BMI with the lowest morbidity using
      4565 Japanese men and women aged 30 to 59 years. Their BMI distributed widely
      with the highest frequency at 23 in men and 21 in women. The morbidity was
      evaluated by the number of medical problems that the subjects with each BMI have.
      The BMI associated with the lowest morbidity was calculated to be 22.2 kg/m2 in
      men and 21.9 kg/m2 in women according to the quadratic regression curves derived
      from the relation between BMI and morbidity. From these data, we propose that an
      ideal body weight in Japanese is 22 x height (m)2.

PMID- 2286125
TI  - Central obesity, glucose intolerance and other cardiovascular disease risk
      factors: an old syndrome rediscovered.

PMID- 2286126
TI  - Epidemiology of obesity in relationship to some chronic medical conditions among
      Inuit and Cree Indian populations in New Quebec, Canada.

PMID- 2286127
TI  - Body mass index as an independent indicator of blood pressure in normotensive
      Japanese.

PMID- 2286128
TI  - Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between obesity, hypertension and
      coronary heart disease in Micronesian Nauruans.

PMID- 2286129
TI  - Distribution of adipose tissue in relation to cardiovascular and total mortality
      as observed during 20 years in a prospective population study of women in
      Gothenburg, Sweden.

PMID- 2286130
TI  - Fat distribution in relation to risk factors for cardiovascular disease and
      diabetes mellitus in 38 year old European men and women.

PMID- 2286131
TI  - Is the burden of overweight on cardiovascular health underestimated?
AB  - Body mass index (BMI) was studied for its prediction of cardiovascular diseases
      (CVD) among 31,000 adult participants in the health examination survey of the
      Social Insurance Institution of Finland. Mortality, morbidity, and premature work
      disability from CVD of the participants has been followed up for an average of 10
      years by record linkage to the national mortality, hospital discharge, and work
      invalidity pension registers. The risk of disability and morbidity from CVD
      increased linearly with BMI, but mortality was only weakly related to BMI. After
      adjustment for age, smoking, and occupation, the relative risks of work
      disability, morbidity, and mortality from CVD for women with BMI greater than or
      equal to 30 kg/m2 were, respectively, 2.6 (95% confidence interval = 1.8-3.8),
      1.9 (1.4-2.3) and 1.4 (0.7-2.7), compared with the risks for women with BMI less
      than 22.5 kg/m2. The corresponding risks for men were 2.0 (1.5-2.5), 1.8 (1.5
      2.1), and 1.4 (1.0-1.8), respectively. The high risks were largely due to an
      excess of CVD other than myocardial infarction and stroke. Because of the
      associated nonfatal morbidity and disability, overweight remains a major
      preventable risk factor of CVD. CVD in the obese may have a lower than average
      fatality rate.

PMID- 2286132
TI  - Relationship of fat mass and fat distribution to blood pressure.
AB  - The relationship of fat mass, lean body mass (LBM), and fat distribution to blood
      pressure was examined in Japanese adult men and women. Percent body fat was
      estimated using two skinfold thicknesses, and fat mass and LBM were then
      calculated. Correlation coefficients showed that fat mass, fat distribution, and
      age were weakly associated with blood pressure levels, and that the correlation
      coefficients of LBM to blood pressure levels were nearly zero. Stepwise
      regression analysis revealed that fat mass and age contributed significantly to
      the variations in blood pressure levels. In addition, only in the case of men,
      trunk-extremity skinfolds ratio was also entered into the model for diastolic and
      mean arterial blood pressure. It thus has been concluded that fat mass may be the
      more predictive determinant of blood pressure level than LBM in the Japanese
      population, and that the independent correlation of fat distribution to blood
      pressure is rather small.

PMID- 2286133
TI  - Strong association of overweight to high blood pressure in a rural community of
      central Italy: the 'Di.S.Co.' Project.

PMID- 2286134
TI  - Frequency of atherogenic risk factors in Japanese obese children.

PMID- 2286135
TI  - The role of obesity on development of microangiopathy in the patients with non
      insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

PMID- 2286136
TI  - Adverse effects of obesity on lipid and lipoprotein levels in the patients with
      non-insulin dependent diabetes in the young.
AB  - We studied the association of obesity with serum lipid and lipoprotein
      concentrations in 117 patients (62 males and 55 females) with NIDDY and in 40
      nondiabetic control subjects (21 males and 19 females). Obesity at a young age
      was related to increased lipid and lipoprotein levels both in the patients with
      NIDDM and the control group. Moreover, low HDL-c levels were aggravated by
      diabetic status only in males. The BMI and fasting insulin level had a
      statistically significant correlation with the TG and HDL-c level and various
      atherogenic factors. Therefore, it is suggested that the lipid abnormalities seen
      in obesity may be associated with hyperinsulinemia. We conclude that obesity in
      adolescence leads to aberrations of the serum lipid and lipoprotein levels,
      particularly in obese males with NIDDY.

PMID- 2286137
TI  - Influence of obesity on glucose tolerance and IRI response.

PMID- 2286139
TI  - Obesity as prognostic factors in breast cancer.

PMID- 2286138
TI  - Relationships between serum cholesterol and obesity: a field study on nutritional
      background of hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - 1. Serum cholesterol levels in Japan were unrelated to total fat intake and its
      quality. 2. A significant positive correlation was found between serum
      cholesterol level and BMI, and the total energy intake was significantly higher
      in hypercholesterolemic group than in normocholesterolemic group. 3.
      Hypercholesterolemia seems to occur in the background of accumulation of body fat
      due to relative excess of energy intake in Japan.

PMID- 2286140
TI  - Matching for waist to thigh circumference ratio equalizes important metabolic
      risk factors between randomized 30-year-old men and women.

PMID- 2286142
TI  - Decreased social activity in obese adults.

PMID- 2286141
TI  - Prevalence of vascular complications in untreated diabetics with obesity during
      an 18 year period.
AB  - Prevalence of vascular complications in newly diagnosed untreated diabetic
      patients with obesity was studied over a period of 18 years. A total of 742
      patients including 241 subjects with obesity (BMI greater than 25) were analyzed.
      Obese patients showed higher serum cholesterol and triglyceride and lower HDL
      cholesterol levels than non-obese patients. Average prevalence of obesity is
      shown to be 32.5% with higher prevalence in women (37.8%) than in men (28.3%, P
      less than 0.01). No definite change is found in yearly prevalence throughout the
      observation period. Ischemic ECG findings and hypertension were observed more
      frequently in obese (35.8% and 34.9%, respectively) than in non-obese (25.2%, P
      less than 0.02; 24.5%, P less than 0.01, respectively) subjects, while diabetic
      retinopathy was less in obese patients (P less than 0.05). The prevalence of
      proteinuria was almost the same in obese and non-obese groups. These results
      coincide with the general concept that obesity may be responsible for the
      development of macroangiopathy in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2286143
TI  - Inter-relationships between socio-demographic factors and body mass index in a
      representative Swedish adult population.

PMID- 2286144
TI  - Obesity and life style of middle aged Japanese women: an experience of a health
      promotion seminar at a public health center.

PMID- 2286146
TI  - Iron intake in obese menstruating women.

PMID- 2286145
TI  - Criteria to verify attainment of maximal exercise tolerance test with obese
      females.
AB  - This study compared criteria used to determine attainment of maximal ETT used
      with normal subjects to results shown by obese subjects. Results indicated that
      obese subjects do not show the values that normal subjects show for plateau in
      oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, predicted maximal heart rate, or
      perceived exertion. Generally, less than 60% of the obese subjects met criteria
      for maximal ETT. These findings suggest that alternate criteria and/or alternate
      testing are needed to ascertain that ETT was maximal. Suggestions include longer
      treadmill stage times and the use of blood lactate.

PMID- 2286147
TI  - Prevalence of obesity in Pacific and Indian Ocean populations.

PMID- 2286148
TI  - Body weight in the Finnish Twin Cohort.
AB  - We estimated genetic and environmental variance of BMI among 7245 non-pregnant MZ
      and DZ pairs of the same sex from the population-based Finnish Twin Cohort. The
      contributions of additive genetic effects, shared and non-shared environmental
      effects on age-adjusted BMI-variance were estimated by LISREL structural equation
      models. Genetic effects contribute 72% in men and 66.4% in non-pregnant women of
      total variance, while 27.8% of variance among men and 33.6% among women is due to
      non-shared environmental effects. Shared environmental effects were
      nonsignificant (0% for women and 0.2% for men). Similar values were obtained for
      hereditary and non-shared environmental effects, when shared environmental
      effects were not included in the model. The inclusion of pregnant women did not
      substantially change heritability estimates.

PMID- 2286149
TI  - Body mass distribution of a representative adult population in Sweden.

PMID- 2286150
TI  - Obesity in inhabitants living in a fishing and a farm village in Japan.

PMID- 2286151
TI  - Obesity in Istanbul: results from outpatient clinic records over a period of 10
      years.

PMID- 2286152
TI  - High prevalence of obesity in a rural community of central Italy: the 'Di.S.Co.'
      Project.

PMID- 2286153
TI  - Changing distribution of obesity index in freshmen students of Kobe University
      from 1975 to 1985.

PMID- 2286155
TI  - Survey of obesity onset in patients applying for a weight reduction program.

PMID- 2286154
TI  - Incidence of childhood obesity over the last 10 years in Japan.
AB  - 1. Childhood obesity has been increasing for the last ten years in Tateyama City.
      Obesity in boys between the ages of 11 to 13 years was especially prominent. 2.
      Childhood obesity hardly improved especially in middle and morbid obesity. Eighty
      five percent of light obesity in children lead to adult obesity. 3. Complications
      such as hypertension, serum lipid disorder and fatty liver were also observed in
      childhood obesity. Considering that Tateyama City is a typical Japanese country
      city, the above results could be representative of Japanese childhood obesity.
      Recent increases in childhood obesity might be due to the westernized dietary
      habit.

PMID- 2286156
TI  - The prevalence of obesity, risk factors and associated diseases in Klong Toey
      slum and Klong Toey government apartment houses.
AB  - The epidemiological study in low socioeconomic area of Bangkok, Klong Toey slum
      residents (n = 976) and apartment house residents (n = 906) of both sexes
      revealed the prevalence rates of overweight of 25.5% and 30.5%, obesity 10% and
      11.1%; hypertension 17.3%; and 14%; diabetes 4.5% and 5.9%; IGT 6.1% and 4.4%;
      total abnormal GTT 10.6% and 10.3%; hypercholesterolemia 14.1% and 12%;
      hypertriglyceridemia 24.8% and 22.7%; low HDL-C 3.1% and 1.8%; hyperuricemia 7.7%
      and 10.4% respectively. The prevalence rates of the related diseases and
      conditions were increased when BMI was over 25 in both populations except for
      those with abnormal GTT and hyperuricemia in the slum residents. Concerning risk
      factors, discriminant analysis disclosed diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and
      atherogenic index as the first two factors significantly associated with
      overweight and obesity (BMI greater than 25) in both populations. Restructuring
      of the health service delivery system and care-taker re-educating together with
      production of meaningful mass communication media are needed for promotion of
      health care, prevention of these non-communicable diseases and their sequelae by
      non-pharmacological approach.

PMID- 2286157
TI  - Changing body habitus among healthy older men: the NAS Boston VA study of weight
      stability in healthy male volunteers aged 40-80 years.

PMID- 2286158
TI  - The epidemiology of physical activity and childhood obesity.

PMID- 2286160
TI  - [Prevention of formaldehyde-induced occupational dermatoses in health care
      personnel].
AB  - Prevention of Occupational Dermatoses due to Formaldehyde in Employees of the
      Public Health System Occupational dermatoses lead all occupational diseases in
      employees of the Public Health and Social System in the district of Schwerin from
      1977 to 1985. Disinfectants with formaldehyde which mainly produced allergic
      dermatoses were the main reasons. By substitution of formaldehyde as disinfectant
      and the accomplishing of contact-free technologies for cleaning purposes,
      occupational skin diseases in employees of the Public Health and Social System
      could obviously be reduced.

PMID- 2286159
TI  - [Animal experiment model of the effect of ultraviolet irradiation on
      hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria].
AB  - The Effect of UV-Irradiation on the Hexachlorobenzene-induced Porphyria in an
      Experimental Animal Model Hexachlorobenzene is able to induce in humans and
      different animal species a hepatic porphyria, which is comparable to porphyria
      cutanea tarda. We studied whether hexachlorobenzene feeding could induce this
      porphyria also in hairless rats (Rowett-Nude), as these are suitable for
      photobiologic studies. After development of hepatic porphyria the rats were
      irradiated either with UV-A or UV-B light. Biochemical effects on the porphyrin
      metabolism and clinical as well as histologic skin changes were examined. In the
      liver of the porphyric rats, UV-A and UV-B irradiation induced increased
      aminolevulinic acid synthase activity accompanied with augmentation of hepatic
      porphyrin content. UV-A or UV-B irradiation also lead to increased total
      porphyrin contents in the skin of porphyric compared to non-irradiated animals.
      Clinically and histologically, however, only UV-A irradiation induced lesions,
      which were comparable to skin manifestations of porphyria cutanea tarda.

PMID- 2286161
TI  - Study on Chinese common allergens of contact dermatitis.
AB  - Patch tests were performed according to the European Standard Allergens (ESA) in
      204 cases suspected of contact dermatitis. The reaction was positive in 58.33% of
      the cases. The common allergens were nickel (15.7%), fragrance mix (11.8%) p
      phenylenediamine (8.8%), colophony (6.9%), benzocaine (6.4%), formaldehyde
      (5.9%), black rubber mix (4.9%), cobalt (4.4%), balsam of Peru (3.9%), potassium
      dichromate (3.4%), thiuram mix (2.9%) and mercapto mix (2.9%). In 85 cases of
      negative reaction to the European Standard Allergens, 36 were patch tested to
      suspected agents based on the individual case histories, of which 21 positively
      reacted. The common sensitizing agents were ampicillin and thiomersal. Of 204
      cases, 107 were cases of facial contact dermatitis. Patch tests showed that the
      most common allergens were p-phenylenediamine (15.9%), nickel (13.1%) and
      fragrance mix (14.95%).

PMID- 2286162
TI  - Contact granuloma anulare.
AB  - A case of granuloma anulare induced through contact with nickel is described. The
      patch test with 5% nickel sulfate is positive.

PMID- 2286163
TI  - The anatomy of the facial nerve.
AB  - The facial (seventh cranial) nerve arises from the pontomedullary junction by two
      roots: (1) the motor root conveying fibers to muscles derived from second
      branchial arch mesoderm and (2) the nervus intermedius conveying visceral sensory
      fibers from the tongue and palate, and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to
      the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia. The roots pass into the internal
      acoustic meatus where they join. At the lateral end of the meatus, the facial
      nerve passes into the facial canal. The nerve then turns sharply posteriorly at
      the geniculum. The geniculate (sensory) ganglion is situated here, and the
      greater petrosal nerve to the pterygopalatine ganglion arises from this region.
      The facial canal continues posteriorly on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity,
      passing above the fenestra vestibuli and arching downward and laterally to emerge
      at the stylomastoid foramen just after giving off the chorda tympani nerve. The
      posterior auricular nerve and the nerves to the stylohoid and posterior digastric
      muscles arise before the facial nerve enters the substance of the parotid gland.
      In the gland, the nerve divides into five groups of branches (temporal,
      zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical) that supply the muscles of facial
      expression.

PMID- 2286164
TI  - Functions of the seventh cranial nerve.
AB  - The somatosensory fibers in the seventh cranial nerves convey cutaneous
      information from the pinnae and are overshadowed in importance by the gustatory
      afferents in the chordae tympanorum, which, while also carrying parasympathetic
      fibers to the mucous glands, play an essential role in the health and physiology
      of the mouth, nose, and conjunctiva. The motor fibers of the facial nerve proper
      activate the mimetic muscles, and so have a dual role in the expression of
      emotion and the silent or unconscious communication of thought.

PMID- 2286165
TI  - The prognostic value of the stapedius reflex in peripheral facial palsy.
AB  - Stapedius reflex can provide useful prognostic information in FPs when the middle
      ear is normal. Its preservation may have a favorable significance in partial FP
      and Bell's palsy. Its loss, even though less reliable, can also have some value
      as an indicator for a poor prognosis in patients with total and herpes zoster
      FPs. Most importantly, our findings have shown that the SR alone is not
      sufficient to be of prognostic value, but is useful if combined with other
      clinical parameters and electrical responses.

PMID- 2286166
TI  - Intratemporal facial nerve lesions: infections, trauma, and new growth.
AB  - The lesions, infections, traumas, and new growths that affect the intratemporal
      portion of the facial nerve at all ages are examined and discussed. The facial
      nerve is shown to be extremely durable and capable of recovery. The management
      except in complete severence is conservative. Surgical intervention should be
      restricted in the early stages.

PMID- 2286167
TI  - The effects of botulinum toxin on hemifacial spasm: an electrophysiologic
      investigation.
AB  - Forty-one patients with unilateral or bilateral facial spasm were studied by
      electrophysiologic examination. All patients received local treatment with
      botulinum toxin. In the patients and controls, the measurements of the blink
      reflex revealed changes that (1) may indicate a central origin of the spasm in
      some cases, and (2) make it likely that the trigeminal nerve influences the
      facial nucleus and is thus involved in the regulation of the spasm.

PMID- 2286168
TI  - Nipping "malignant" otitis externa in the bud?

PMID- 2286169
TI  - Disintegration of the motor unit in post-polio syndrome. Part II.
      Electrophysiological findings in patients with post-polio syndrome.
AB  - The aim of the study is to investigate the motor unit abnormalities in late
      postpolio muscular atrophy (PPMA) as compared to those found in patients who had
      polio 20-30 years prior to examination without any new clinical signs. The
      quantitative concentric needle EMG and a single fiber EMG techniques were
      employed. Spontaneous activity, the parameters of individual motor units
      potentials (MUP), number of complex potentials and their stability, jitter and
      blocking as well as fiber density (FD) have been evaluated. In PPMA patients (5
      subjects) we found in newly weakened muscles: spontaneous activity, high
      percentage of complex potentials, increased jitter, increased FD. The EMG
      findings in muscles previously affected but without any signs of progression have
      been similar. In the patients with stable nonprogressing postpolio muscle atrophy
      (12) all MUP-s parameters indicated changes similar to PPMA but less marked in
      initially affected muscle with complete or incomplete recovery as well as
      sometimes in initially clinically unaffected muscles. These findings suggest that
      the signs of ongoing reinnervation processes persist many years after polio and
      that PPMA occurring later in life represents disintegration of the previously
      reinnervated motor units. It is still unclear whether this disintegration depends
      on decompensation by different factors of fully reinnervated motor units or
      whether most of the motor units after polio never regained a stable
      reinnervation.

PMID- 2286170
TI  - Discharge pattern of tonically activated motor units during unloading.
AB  - In order to analyse the EMG pattern during unloading of brachial biceps muscle,
      the interference EMG and single motor unit activity were investigated. The
      measurements were done on seven healthy subjects with two types of unloading
      techniques: a) active unloading, when the subjects resisted against an external
      load (10, 20, 30 and 40 N) which is suddenly released, and b) passive unloading,
      performed by low inertia torque motors with independently adjustable background
      extension and suddenly applied flexion torques. Following active unloading the
      silent period duration, the amplitude of the rebound and its segmentation into
      consecutive bursts is changing with initial load, whereas the silent period
      latency remains constant. Following passive unloading the acceleration influences
      predominantly the amplitude of the rebound, without changing its latency and
      silent period duration. The initial voluntary activity influences both silent
      period duration and rebound parameters (latency, amplitude and duration).

PMID- 2286171
TI  - Unilateral enhancement of early and late blink reflex components in hemidystonia.
AB  - The side-to-side differences in the EMG activity of the early and late components
      of blink reflex, regarded as revealing the state of excitability of the brain
      stem reflex centers, have been analyzed in patients with unilateral dystonia
      without demonstrable brain lesions. It has been observed that both early and late
      responses of direct blink reflex were higher on the side affected by hemidystonia
      than on the contralateral one, while the latency values were in the normal range.
      Possibility that an abnormal output from the striatum towards the brainstem
      structures involved in blink reflex appears on the affected side of hemidystonic
      patients is discussed.

PMID- 2286172
TI  - Fiber density in congenital muscle fiber type disproportion. I. Congenital
      myopathies.
AB  - In 15 cases with congenital muscle fiber type disproportion, concentric needle
      EMG (CNEMG) and single fiber EMG (SFEMG) with fiber density (FD) estimation was
      performed. The aim of the work was to establish the nature of congenital muscle
      fiber type disproportion. In 11 cases CNEMG revealed interference pattern on
      maximal effort and low, polyphasic motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) of short
      duration indicating a myopathic lesion. In four other cases electromyographic
      changes were less evident. The FD values were slightly increased in 9 cases. This
      finding could be explained by pronounced muscle fiber splitting with subsequent
      ephaptic transmission or even secondary denervation and reinnervation. The most
      important conclusion from our pilot study is the confirmation of the fact that
      reinnervation with excessive sprouting is not the only mechanism responsible for
      muscle fiber type disproportion.

PMID- 2286173
TI  - The behaviour of the mean power frequency of the surface electromyogram in biceps
      brachii with increasing force and during fatigue. With special regard to the
      electrode distance.
AB  - The present study aims to investigate: a) the relationship between force and mean
      power frequency of the EMG, and b) how the distance between surface electrodes
      influences the mean power frequency. The study consisted of three parts: 1) a
      gradually increasing contraction upto 100% MVC, 2) contractions performed at 5
      different levels from 20% upto 100% MVC with rest in between, and 3) an endurance
      test at 30% MVC. Nine healthy women participated. The elbow was flexed 90 degrees
      and EMG signals were obtained from the biceps brachii. The surface electrodes
      were placed so that electrode distances of 10 mm, 20 mm and 30 mm were obtained.
      The mean power frequency increased upto 60% MVC. Above 60% MVC no change in mean
      power frequency occurred. No differences in the mean power frequency with respect
      to the electrode distances existed at each force level. No significant
      differences were found at each contraction level between the gradually increasing
      contraction and the stepwise increasing contractions. The mean power frequency
      decreased linearly during the endurance test without any differences with respect
      to the electrode distances. It is concluded that the different electrode
      distances do not affect the mean power frequency-force relationship or the
      decrease in mean power frequency during fatigue. It is proposed that the increase
      in mean power frequency, on group level, can be used as an indicator of motor
      unit recruitment. However, this proposal was found to be complicated when
      individual analyses were made.

PMID- 2286174
TI  - Magnetic stimulation F-responses.
AB  - We used the 9 cm Cadwell magnetic coil, stimulating at the wrist, to obtain
      simultaneous median and ulnar nerve F-responses. Surface recording was performed
      from conventional thenar and hypothenar sites. It is known that with this type of
      coil it is difficult to accomplish selective supramaximal stimulation of the
      median or ulnar nerve individually. We found it possible, however, to record a
      compound muscle action potential of supramaximal or near supramaximal amplitude,
      as well as F-responses, in both thenar and hypothenar muscles simultaneously. We
      assessed this technique for F-response latency determination in controls and
      patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. In controls, there was no significant
      difference in the F-minimal latency or the F-minimum-maximum range obtained by
      the two methods. In patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, with median F-responses
      very delayed or absent on conventional testing, magnetically elicited thenar F
      responses were of shorter latency, similar to F's recorded in the hypothenar
      muscles, suggesting they were recorded from ulnar innervated thenar muscles.
      Although magnetic stimulation allows simultaneous determination of median and
      ulnar F-latencies, sparing patients several painful stimuli, and shortening the
      electrophysiologic examination, magnetic stimulation in patients with carpal
      tunnel syndrome may elicit thenar recorded F-responses that are not of median
      origin. Use of this technique is limited by the lack of focality of the stimulus,
      which has been the major limiting factor in its use on peripheral nerves.

PMID- 2286175
TI  - Aging effects on brainstem auditory evoked potentials.
AB  - Since age effects on central conduction time in the acoustic pathway are still
      debated, we recorded brainstem auditory evoked potentials in 154 normoacoustic
      subjects, with no history of neurologic or otologic pathology. Linear regression
      has been used for statistical analysis. Data obtained show an age-related
      prolongation of latency values which is particularly marked for wave I, while
      other waves (particularly wave III) do not show a significant change. Thus,
      interpeak latency (IPL) values do not increase with increasing age: in particular
      IPLs I-II and I-III decrease, showing a negative "r" value, and IPLs I-V and II-V
      (which is to be considered the true "central conduction time" through the
      acoustic pathway) do not show a significant change. Our data seem to demonstrate
      that the aging process is essentially a peripheral phenomenon which does not
      involve the central part of the acoustic pathway.

PMID- 2286176
TI  - F-response assessment in healthy control subjects.
AB  - Various parameters of the F-response (latencies, chronodispersion, amplitude,
      duration, shape, persistence) were investigated in ulnar and tibial nerves of 50
      healthy subjects of both sexes, aged between 16 to 79 years. The observations
      were made bilaterally and the results revealed no significant differences in any
      of the F-parameters by comparing side to side. The relationships between each
      neurophysiological F-response data and limb length, age and sex of control
      subjects were determined. Correlations of high statistical significance were
      found between minimum F-latency and limb length as well as between absolute and
      F%/M-amplitude and age. Cross-correlation coefficients correlating mean
      individual values of latency-duration, latency-amplitude and amplitude-duration
      did not show any significant relationship between latency, amplitude and duration
      in normal subjects.

PMID- 2286177
TI  - Hereditary compression neuropathy. Report of a family.

PMID- 2286178
TI  - Stress, intrusive imagery, and chronic distress.
AB  - Discusses the nature of stress in the context of problems with its definition and
      sources of confusion regarding its usefulness and specificity. Stress can be
      defined as a negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable
      biochemical, physiological, and behavioral changes that are directed toward
      adaptation either by manipulating the situation to alter the stressor or by
      accommodating its effects. Chronic stress is more complex than most definitions
      suggest and is clearly not limited to situations in which stressors persist for
      long periods of time. Responses may habituate before a stressor disappears or may
      persist long beyond the physical presence of the stressor. This latter case, in
      which chronic stress and associated biobehavioral changes outlast their original
      cause, is considered in light of research at Three Mile Island and among Vietnam
      veterans. The role of intrusive images of the stressor or uncontrollable thoughts
      about it in maintaining stress is explored.

PMID- 2286179
TI  - Aerobic fitness, psychological characteristics, and cardiovascular reactivity to
      stress.
AB  - Examined the relations among aerobic fitness (AF), psychological characteristics,
      and cardiovascular reactivity using 62 men divided into highly fit and less fit
      groups based on a maximal treadmill exercise test. Several psychological and
      physiological variables were measured, and subjects' cardiovascular reactivity
      was assessed during a mental arithmetic task and during a video game task. Highly
      fit subjects showed a significantly smaller increase in both diastolic blood
      pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) and reported themselves to be less anxious and
      less angry than less fit subjects. Furthermore, controlling for subjects' scores
      on a scale assessing angry temperament reduced the relationship between AF and
      DBP reactivity to nonsignificant levels. These results suggest that degree of
      dispositional anger, which covaries with increased fitness, may contribute to the
      apparent relationship between AF and DBP--but not HR--reactivity.

PMID- 2286180
TI  - Psychological stress and glucose metabolism in obese and normal-weight subjects:
      a possible mechanism for differences in stress-induced eating.
AB  - Acute psychological stress has been found to impair the handling of a glucose
      load in normal-weight individuals and to produce a delay in gastrointestinal
      transit time. The present study utilized the same paradigm to compare 10 obese
      and 10 normal-weight subjects. All subjects participated in two counterbalanced
      sessions (stress and nonstress). At each session, subjects were fed a
      carbohydrate load, and glucose was measured 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the
      load. On nonstress days, subjects relaxed after the drink; on stress days,
      subjects participated in 30 min of competitive tasks. The stressor significantly
      delayed the glucose response in the normal-weight subjects but did not affect the
      glucose response in obese subjects. This finding may have implications for
      differences between obese and normal-weight individuals in stress-induced eating,
      possibly explaining the decreased consumption of normal-weight individuals during
      stress.

PMID- 2286181
TI  - The natural history of cigarette smoking: predicting young-adult smoking outcomes
      from adolescent smoking patterns.
AB  - Assessed the magnitude of risk that adolescent cigarette smoking carries for
      adult smoking. Using a longitudinal, prospective design, results indicate that
      even infrequent experimentation in adolescence significantly raises the risk for
      adult smoking and that regular (at least monthly) adolescent smoking raises the
      risk for adult smoking by a factor of 16 compared to nonsmoking adolescents.
      Relative risk was also increased by an early onset of smoking and by a stable,
      uninterrupted course from experimentation to regular smoking. Relative risk did
      not significantly vary by age or sex. The continuity of smoking behavior between
      adolescence and adulthood supports the importance of primary prevention programs
      directed at adolescent populations.

PMID- 2286183
TI  - Influence of functional impairment and social support on depressive symptoms in
      persons with diabetes.
AB  - Tested the buffering model of social support among 158 adults with diabetes. We
      predicted that, among patients with higher levels of illness-related impairment,
      adequate social support would act as a buffer against depression. Measures
      included the Beck Depression Inventory; the Sickness Impact Profile; and an
      assessment of the adequacy of social support to enable the patient to deal with
      illness-related tasks, domestic chores, financial responsibilities, and emotional
      needs. Depressive symptoms correlated positively with functional impairment (r =
      .58, p less than .001) and negatively with the adequacy of social support (r = 
      .31, p less than .001). In addition, social support moderated depression in the
      face of greater impairment such that, among patients who reported the most
      illness-related functional disabilities, adequate support provided a relative
      protection from depression. The findings suggest that individuals with inadequate
      support are most at risk to become depressed when disability related to illness
      increases.

PMID- 2286182
TI  - Cigarette smoking and oral contraceptive use influence women's lipid,
      lipoprotein, and cardiovascular responses during stress.
AB  - Investigated the effects of behavioral stress and smoking cigarettes on the
      lipid, lipoprotein, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular responses of female
      smokers who either used or did not use oral contraceptives (OC). Thirty-five
      healthy female smokers (20 of whom used OC) relaxed, smoked, or sham smoked and
      then prepared, delivered, and reviewed a speech presented in front of a video
      camera. Results show that behavioral stress increased total cholesterol, low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
      triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels, with significant increases in
      cholesterol, LDL-C, and free fatty acids apparent only among women who smoked
      during the session. In addition, OC users exhibited larger increases in
      triglyceride and blood pressure responses during stress than did nonusers whether
      or not they smoked during the protocol. Possible physiological mechanisms for
      each of the effects, as well as implications of the findings for understanding
      epidemiological associations among OC use, smoking, and coronary heart disease in
      women are discussed.

PMID- 2286184
TI  - A multivariate analysis of adolescents' orientations toward physician use.
AB  - Health professionals know surprisingly little about the origins of the health
      beliefs and orientations they often seek to change, and they do not know about
      when, or if, changes in these orientations are likely to occur. This study is
      aimed at increasing our understanding of the origins and development of health
      beliefs and attitudes by focusing on the impact of parents' orientations toward
      physician utilization (inclination to consult a doctor when experiencing somatic
      symptoms) on the comparable orientations of their adolescent children. Hypotheses
      regarding direct parent-adolescent links are examined within a multivariate
      structural equations model relating demographics, adolescents' interpersonal
      competencies, and parental variables to adolescents' orientations toward
      physician utilization. Evidence for the development of these orientations is
      obtained by comparing influences across two groups of adolescents: 12- to 13-year
      olds and 16- to 18-year-olds. Findings indicate that adolescents' orientations
      toward physician use are associated with those of their parents and that this
      link is generally stronger and more specific during late adolescence. The model
      also suggests that these orientations conform to social and cultural variables
      related to differences in social stratification.

PMID- 2286185
TI  - Anabolic-androgenic steroids: effects on social behavior and baseline heart rate.
AB  - Examined the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AS) on behavior, baseline
      heart rate (HR), and stress-induced HR responses. Twenty-four cynomolgus monkeys
      were assigned to four mixed social groups of both AS and sham control animals.
      For 2 months, AS-treated monkeys received biweekly injections of testosterone,
      and, on an identical schedule, the control animals were injected with a sham
      solution. Behavioral data revealed that AS disrupted the social milieu such that
      all dominant animals exhibited increases in dominant behavior and subordinates
      manifested increased submission. These changes returned to pretest levels 8 weeks
      following termination of the drug intervention. Affiliative behaviors decreased
      on the part of all animals as a function of AS and, with the exception of play
      behavior, failed to return to pretest levels after the 8-week period of recovery.
      AS created an increase in baseline HR, particularly among the dominant animals.
      Interestingly, the subordinate AS animals experienced a decrease in baseline HR
      response. AS had no apparent influence on stress-induced HR reactivity.

PMID- 2286186
TI  - Risk perceptions and participation in colorectal cancer screening.
AB  - Compared individuals at high versus average risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) with
      respect to factors they cited as affecting their risk of developing CRC. We also
      examined the relationship of these risk-factor perceptions to perceived
      susceptibility and participation in a CRC screening test. All individuals in the
      high-risk group were informed that, as a sibling of someone with CRC, they were
      more likely to get this cancer themselves. We found minimal differences among
      siblings with respect to perceived susceptibility. Further, although high-risk
      siblings were more likely to participate in screening, only 20.2% cited heredity
      as a risk-increasing factor, and, among these siblings, there was no relationship
      between screening participation and the citation of any specific risk factors,
      including heredity. These findings demonstrate the need for more research
      examining how high-risk individuals process risk-relevant information and the
      effect of this information on health behavior.

PMID- 2286187
TI  - Designing for transportation safety in the light of perception, attention, and
      mental models.
AB  - Most recent research on error has concentrated on errors of planning, judgement,
      and action. This paper is concerned with errors in the acquisition of information
      which are caused by perceptual and attentional mechanisms. Failures to schedule
      attentional sampling of the environment will lead to accidents. Theoretical
      models exist for attention and for data acquisition. These models suggest how
      designers might approach human-machine systems so as to reduce error. A brief
      summary of the author's feelings about probabilistic risk assessment and related
      attempts to predict error is provided.

PMID- 2286188
TI  - Variable errors set a limit to adaptation.
AB  - This paper argues that variable error introduces a limit to the extent to which a
      person can be adapted to his or her environment in general, and for the extent to
      which the driver can be adapted to the traffic environment in particular. This is
      because variable error turns what is a deterministic and stable world into an
      uncertain one where it is only possible to be adapted in a statistical sense. A
      series of experiments are then discussed. These experiments show that drivers
      match their utilization of perceptual information to the validity of this
      information, i.e., they treat uncertainty introduced by variable error in the
      perceptual system in the same manner as they treat uncertainty in the physical
      system. This supports the main hypothesis of the paper. A driver may mitigate the
      effects of variable error by having a safety margin, but the relation between
      speeds and accident rates (predicted from the current hypothesis) shows that this
      adaptation is not effective enough. Safety authorities may mitigate the effects
      of variable error by decreasing the variability of the driving environment, e.g.,
      by introducing speed limits.

PMID- 2286189
TI  - The basic driver error: late detection.
AB  - Over the past two or three decades we have been quite successful in reducing
      injuries of car occupants by the use of energy-absorbing techniques; but we have
      not been as successful in reducing the risks of having collisions. When drivers
      are asked why an accident occurred very often they claim that they saw the other
      road user too late to avoid collision. This paper discusses the basic road user
      error of failing to see another road user in time, why such errors happen, and
      how they can be reduced. A detection error is basic, because without detection no
      processing of information, no decision process including that road user, takes
      place. Among the many causes of detection error two of the more important are: a
      lapse of cognitive expectation, illustrated by the failure to scan for a
      particular class of road user, or to look in the appropriate direction; a
      difficulty with perceptual thresholds, illustrated by the failure to discern the
      relevant stimuli in lower levels of ambient illumination or in situations where
      vehicles approach in the peripheral visual field of road users.

PMID- 2286190
TI  - Age, IQ and awareness, and recall of errors.
AB  - Younger people report more lapses than the elderly on the Broadbent Cognitive
      Failure Questionnaire, the Harris and Sunderland Memory Failure Questionnaire,
      and a 'Lost and Found' questionnaire. Lapses are not predicted by IQ or
      vocabulary test scores (AH 4 parts 1 and 2, and Mill Hill). These paradoxical
      findings reveal some logical and methodological difficulties in the
      interpretations of subjective self-ratings. Age and IQ differences in the
      memorability of errors were illustrated using choice reaction time (CRT) tasks.
      All age groups were equally efficient at 'automatic' error detection and
      correction, but older individuals more often omitted controller error-signalling
      responses. Errors followed by controlled responses were better remembered. It is
      argued that conscious self-monitoring and the ability to remember errors improves
      with IQ and declines with age.

PMID- 2286191
TI  - Productivity, stress and the person in the middle.

PMID- 2286192
TI  - Change in visual function and viewing distance during work with VDTs.
AB  - Seven female volunteer bank clerks aged between 24 and 32 yr were selected for a
      laboratory trial after a preliminary ocular examination which showed them to be
      emmetropic or slightly myopic (less than or equal to 1D) and to have normal
      ocular motility or only minor deficiencies. Near and far point refraction and
      phorias and near point fusional vergences were measured before and immediately
      after a 6 h workday at a PC workstation. Eye screen distance (viewing distance)
      was monitored. Near and far distance refraction showed an increase and a decrease
      of accommodation in 13 out of 14 eyes respectively. Fusional convergence
      decreased in six out of seven cases: a smaller decrease in divergence was
      recorded in all subjects. These changes were statistically significant. Viewing
      distance, though showing some interindividual differences, increased considerably
      during the last 2 h of the trial, without reaching statistical significance.

PMID- 2286193
TI  - Speed and accuracy effects of fingers and dexterity in 5-choice reaction tasks.
AB  - In two experiments we studied the influence of dexterity (controls, typists,
      pianists) and of differences between the five fingers of the dominant hand on
      speed and accuracy in a 5-choice reaction task. We used five coloured squares
      (Blue, Green, Yellow, Red, White) as stimuli, randomly varying foreperiods (3
      10s) and an intermediate stimulus-response-compatibility. The results reported
      here were independent of sex, foreperiods, and colour of stimuli. In Experiment 1
      (N = 168) with three groups (controls, typists, pianists) thumb and little finger
      showed significantly shorter reaction times than did index, middle, and ring
      finger. This difference did not interact with dexterity. Averaged across all the
      fingers typists and controls did not differ. Pianists showed significantly
      shorter reaction times than these two groups. Experiment 2 (N = 40) replicated
      all these findings. In both experiments groups did not differ in speed-accuracy
      trade-off. The accuracy of the fingers was independent of dexterity. In all three
      groups the little finger showed the lowest rate of false alarms and the highest
      degree of reliability. The frequency distribution of finger confusions in all
      groups was in accordance with the spatial proximity of fingers: the closer their
      proximity the higher were the rates of confusion. In addition, these
      distributions showed an asymmetry across all three groups. The finger next to the
      'correct' finger in direction towards the thumb showed the highest false alarm
      rate in each case.

PMID- 2286194
TI  - The effect of lifting protocol on comparisons with isoinertial lifting
      performance.
AB  - The purpose of the study was threefold: (1) to determine if protocol constraints
      affected scores on a box-lifting task; (2) to identify any differences in impact
      of protocol changes on male and female scores; and (3) to determine if these
      protocol changes affected correlations between maximal box-lifting scores and
      maximal scores obtained on isoinertial lifting tests. Two hundred and sixty nine
      participants (143 males and 126 females) completed maximal isoinertial lifting
      tests to 1.50 m and 1.80 m using a constrained protocol on an Incremental Lifting
      Machine (ILM). Participants were divided into three samples for completion of a
      maximal box-lifting task, with each sample using one of the following task
      protocols: (1) set style; (2) free style; and (3) ergonomically redesigned.
      Statistical analyses using general linear models procedures revealed that changes
      in protocol constraints significantly affected scores on lifting tasks. Removal
      of protocol constraints resulted in greater percentage increases in task scores
      for females than for males. Furthermore, disparate patterns between genders in
      task-test correlations were observed. It was concluded that the ILM was unable to
      predict female lifting capabilities accurately using any of the three protocols.

PMID- 2286195
TI  - The physical and physiological workload of refuse collectors.
AB  - In order to secure a safer and healthy work situation, the heavy physical loads
      imposed on 23 refuse collectors (aged 26-54) working in the city of Haarlem, in
      The Netherlands, were studied in a series of three experiments between 1984 and
      1987. The aims were respectively (1) to study the load for workers collecting
      dustbins or polythene bags; (2) to introduce changes to reduce the load to avoid
      exceeding the overload criteria by individual refuse collectors; and (3) to
      investigate the effects of interventions to improve the efficiency of refuse
      collecting. The maximal isometric lifting force (Fmax) and the maximal aerobic
      power (VO2max) of 23 refuse collectors were measured in the laboratory. Fmax was
      measured with an isometric dynamometer pulling with one arm from the floor; the
      mean value was 912 (+/- 127)N. VO2max was measured running on a treadmill; the
      mean value was 43.3 (+/- 0.8)ml O2 per kg body mass per min. The physical load on
      the oxygen transport system was measured through work analysis and by a
      continuous registration of the heart rate over three working days. Criteria for
      overload were set at a mean external load of 20% Fmax and a mean energy
      expenditure of 30% VO2max and an energy expenditure of 50% VO2max or more for a
      maximum of 60 min per day. Replacement of dustbins by polythene bags resulted in
      a 70% increase in the total amount of refuse collected, an increase in throwing
      frequency, but a lower mean load per throw, and no significant differences in the
      mean heart rate over the working day. When polythene bags were used the mean
      values did not exceed the overload criteria, but 39% of the individual collectors
      did have a workload that was too high with respect to one of the criteria. In the
      last experiment the collectors were advised to reduce their work load by (a)
      lifting no more than two bags at a time; (b) reducing their walking pace; and (c)
      taking more breaks. Although compliance with the recommendations was good, and
      the weight lifted and the walking speed decreased, the physiological load
      remained the same. This may have been caused by a 15% increase in the total
      amount of refuse that had to be collected at that time.

PMID- 2286196
TI  - System response time and method of pay: cardiovascular stress effects in computer
      based tasks.
AB  - Psychophysiological effects of computer system response time (slow vs. rapid) and
      method of pay (incentive vs. nonincentive) were assessed in a computer-based data
      entry task among forty-five professional typists. Cardiovascular responses (i.e.,
      heart rate and blood pressure) were monitored on a regular basis over four
      consecutive workdays. Heart rate and blood pressure did not vary significantly
      with slow or rapid response times. Incentive pay, however, significantly
      increased blood pressure and decreased heart rate variability across the workdays
      compared to nonincentive pay. Irrespective of response time or method of pay,
      performance of the data entry task for sustained periods of time was associated
      with reduced heart rate and increased heart rate variability. This temporal
      effect was indicative of reduced effort or increased mental fatigue. The results
      of this study suggest that incentive pay programmes in data entry work may
      produce stress-related physiological reactivity among healthy workers.

PMID- 2286197
TI  - Sex differences in anthropometry for school furniture design.
AB  - This paper is concerned with anthropometric dimensions of young Koreans and their
      interrelationships for school furniture design. Ten anthropometric measurements
      were taken from 1248 subjects, age range 6-17. The study investigated sex
      differences in interrelationships between body dimensions, to provide suitable
      sizes of chair and desk for boys and girls. The results showed that stature had a
      high relationship to body dimensions for school furniture design, and that there
      were significant sex differences in relationships between stature and the body
      dimensions. In particular, boys above 126 cm in stature required higher desk and
      chair heights than girls of the same stature. On the other hand, girls above 120
      cm in stature required a larger depth and breadth of chair than boys of the same
      stature.

PMID- 2286198
TI  - Assessing the discomfort of the whole-body multi-axis vibration: laboratory and
      field experiments.
AB  - Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the best procedure
      for predicting the discomfort caused by multi-axis vibration. In the laboratory
      experiment, 11 seated subjects compared single-axis vibration in one axis to
      single-axis vibration in another axis, and compared dual-axis vibration to single
      axis vibration. In the field experiment, 22 lorry drivers rated the discomfort of
      16 different rides. The results show that the best procedure for predicting the
      discomfort is to combine the vibration inputs by taking the square root of the
      sum of squares of the weighted r.m.s. values of the vibration in each axis.

PMID- 2286199
TI  - Anthropometry of Algerian women.
AB  - An anthropometric study was carried out in Algeria between March 1986 and
      September 1987. A set of body dimensions were taken from a sample of 666 Algerian
      female subjects, age range 16-65 years. The subjects were selected randomly and
      covered a mix of occupational groups. The measurements were taken as part of a
      fuller study, and were chosen for their relevance to furniture design and the
      domestic workplace layout. Results are presented, discussed, and compared with
      those of other female populations.

PMID- 2286200
TI  - The physical strain of dairy farming.
AB  - The aim of this study was to estimate the physical stress and strain in diary
      farming, using ambulatory heart rate and oxygen consumption measurements. The
      rate of perceived exertion was estimated with Borg scale. The maximal oxygen
      consumption was measured in the laboratory. The study group consisted of eight
      male and 15 female farmers. The handling of feed and manure was the heaviest work
      task in dairy farming. The aerobic capacity (VO2 max) of female farmers (26 +/- 3
      ml/min/kg) was below average, and their work required over 50% of VO2 max during
      most of the tasks. The VO2 max of male farmers (32 +/- 10 ml/min/kg) was
      moderate, and most work tasks required below 50% of VO2 max. The mean heart rate
      in dairy farming tasks was 99 beats min-1 in men and 116 beats min-1 in women.
      However, according to the rate of perceived exertion, the mean experienced the
      same work tasks as subjectively more heavy than did the women. The physical
      strain of female farmers in dairy farming seems to be too high because of heavy
      work tasks and relatively low VO2 max of women. Special attention should be paid
      to these factors in the occupational health services for farmers.

PMID- 2286201
TI  - Inhibition of the hepatocyte uptake of radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies by
      chelating agents.
AB  - The imaging of small abdominal tumours with indium 111 labelled monoclonal
      antibodies (MAbs) is often obscured by the uptake of activity into the heptocytes
      of normal liver tissue. A model has therefore been developed to analyse reagents
      which may inhibit the hepatocyte uptake of 111In-MAb whilst preserving tumour
      uptake. Primary rat hepatocyte cultures and an epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)
      expressing tumour cell line (MCF7), recognised by the EMA-specific MAb ICR2, were
      obtained in tissue culture. Monolayers of both cells were incubated with the
      111In-MAb with or without the additional reagents and the cell uptake then
      measured and expressed per milligram of cell protein using a Lowry protein assay.
      No preferential reduction in hepatocyte uptake was noted by incubating cells with
      either saturated or unsaturated transferrin. The chelating agent, diethylene
      triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA), however, significantly reduced the uptake of
      activity in hepatocytes but not the tumour cell line (P less than 0.05). An
      optimum concentration and time period for incubating DTPA with labelled MAb was
      established. The mean hepatocyte uptake was reduced by 80% with a 1 h incubation
      with 1 mM DTPA. These results suggest that DTPA may have a role in reducing the
      liver uptake of radioactivity in patient studies using 111In-MAb.

PMID- 2286202
TI  - Feasibility study of radioimmunoguided surgery of colorectal carcinomas using
      indium-111 CEA-specific monoclonal antibody.
AB  - The study was undertaken to define the potential use of indium 111
      carcinoembryonic antigen-specific antibody labelled [CEA F(ab')2] for the
      radioimmuno-detection of colorectal carcinoma using an intraoperative hand-held
      gamma probe. The use of a linear radioactive source allowed optimization of
      physical characteristics. The best results regarding sensitivity and resolution
      were obtained using a 5-mm thick tungsten alloy collimator. A simulation study
      with a liver phantom (22 MBq or 0.6 mCi) was performed to determine the effect of
      side scatter as opposed to direct background and showed that it is possible to
      detect small radioactive targets (3.7 KBq or 0.1 mu Ci) 4 cm from the phantom. A
      clinical study performed with ten patients showed that tumours with good uptake
      of CEA-specific antibody could be detected with sufficient contrast in two
      patients when the probe was used. Results of a biodistribution study performed
      after tumour fragment or normal tissue countings in a well counter showed high
      tumour uptake (above 8 x 10(-3) injected dose/g) and tumour-to-normal tissue
      ratios (between 2.5 and 20) in five patients. Results with the probe showed
      markedly lower ratios. There was no correlation between absolute tumour uptake
      and the count rates of tumour measured intraoperatively. This can be attributed
      to the degradation of depth resolution resulting from the high energy photopeak
      of gamma-emitting 111In.

PMID- 2286204
TI  - Simultaneous measurement of left ventricular function and perfusion.
AB  - A new radiopharmaceutical, methylisobutyl isonitrile (MIBI), has been developed
      as a technetium-99m-labelled alternative to thallium 201 for myocardial imaging.
      By virtue of the high specific activity of 99mTc, some 600 MBq may be
      administered as a 0.3 ml bolus, permitting the acquisition of a first-pass
      nuclear angiogram at rest and at peak exercise. The agent was assessed in ten
      sequential patients referred for routine cardiac catheterisation, who also
      underwent an exercise electrocardiographic (ECG) test. Good quality nuclear
      angiograms, planar perfusion and tomographic perfusion images were obtained; the
      results correlated well with the catheterisation data. Of 30 myocardial segments
      for which wall motion was judged normal/abnormal from the nuclear angiogram,
      results concordant with contrast studies were obtained in 27 (90%). In the case
      of the 50 segments analysed from the perfusion images, concordant results were
      obtained in 43 (86%) from the planar studies and in 42 (84%) from the tomographic
      studies. All normal segments were classified correctly.

PMID- 2286203
TI  - Effect of isoelectric point on biodistribution and inflammation: imaging with
      indium-111-labelled IgG.
AB  - Electrostatic effects play an important role in protein interactions and may
      alter the biodistribution of antibodies. To study the effect of molecular charge
      of the biodistribution and infection imaging properties of human polyclonal
      immunoglobulin G (IgG), its isoelectric point was varied by changing the level of
      diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) substitution: 0.8, 0.9, 3.7, 5.1 and
      5.9 DTPA/IgG. Biodistributions of the different IgG preparations were determined
      at 10 min, 1, 6, 24, and 48 h post injection in normal rats, and infection
      imaging properties were determined in rats with Escherichia coli thigh
      infections. The biodistribution was significantly affected by pI. The
      immunoglobulin preparations with 0.9 and 3.7 DTPA/IgG showed faster clearance
      from the circulation and generally lower accumulation in most organs. The images
      had a target-to-background ratio of approximately 1.3-2.3:1. These results
      suggest that even though targeting is not affected by the level of DTPA
      substitutions, preparations with 0.9 and 3.7 DTPA/IgG may be superior imaging
      agents because of reduced accumulation by background organs.

PMID- 2286205
TI  - Estimation of pulmonary hypertension by perfusion lung scintigraphy:
      gravitational effect of postural changes between the lateral decubitus positions.
AB  - To estimate pulmonary hypertension in patients with various heart diseases, we
      devised a new method using perfusion lung scintigraphy with technetium-99m
      labelled macroaggregated albumin. In this method, changes in the distribution of
      pulmonary perfusion caused by gravitational effects, namely, changes in the total
      count ratios of the right lung against the left lung between right and left
      lateral decubitus positions (rt/lt), were assessed in 62 patients and in 10
      normal subjects. The rt/lt ratios were calculated as indices of the above
      changes. They correlated significantly with mean pulmonary arterial pressure
      (mPAP) (gamma = -0.62, P less than 0.001), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
      (gamma = -0.63, P less than 0.001) and pulmonary arteriolar resistance (gamma =
      0.50, P less than 0.001) in all subjects. In 17 patients with valvular heart
      diseases, the ratio correlated significantly with mPAP (gamma = -0.84, P less
      than 0.001). In 10 patients with various heart diseases, the U/S ratio, i.e. the
      index of changes in the count ratios of the upper field against the lower field
      for the right lung following postural change from the upright to the supine
      position, was also obtained as well as the rt/lt ratio. The latter evidenced a
      better correlation with mPAP (gamma = -0.90, P less than 0.001) than the former
      (gamma = -0.64, P less than 0.05). We conclude that this method is valuable as a
      noninvasive approach for the estimation of pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2286206
TI  - Pulmonary clearance of technetium 99m diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid
      aerosol in patients with amiodarone pneumonitis.
AB  - Amiodarone pneumonitis is a serious complication that may lead to fatal lung
      fibrosis. In an attempt to diagnose this condition as early as possible, the
      technetium-99m-labelled diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (99mTc-DTPA)
      aerosol washout rates of 10 non-smoking normal volunteers (group 1), 10 non
      smoking patients on a long-term amiodarone regimen with dilated cardiomyopathy
      but no congestive heart failure (group II) and 10 patients with amiodarone
      pneumonitis (group III) were compared. Spirometric measurements, as percentage
      predicted, were higher in group I than in group III (P less than 0.05). The
      global mean effective half-lives of 99mTc-DTPA aerosol for both lungs together in
      minutes were 65 +/- 14, 55 +/- 16 and 27 +/- 4 for groups I, II and III,
      respectively. Group III values were significantly lower than those of groups I
      and II (P less than 0.05). Our results demonstrated that amiodarone pneumonitis
      alters the alveolar-capillary membrane permeability to hydrophilic molecules. The
      pulmonary clearance of 99mTc-DTPA aerosol is a useful test in the differentiation
      of patients on a long-term amiodarone regimen without side effects from patients
      with amiodarone pneumonitis. The test is rapid, easy to perform and has the
      potential for playing an important role in deciding which patients should
      discontinue therapy.

PMID- 2286207
TI  - Spatial distribution and temporal changes of pulmonary thallium uptake in
      myocardial perfusion studies.
AB  - Spatial distribution and temporal changes in pulmonary thallium uptake were
      assessed in 24 normal subjects and 35 patients with coronary artery disease
      (CAD). In studies carried out directly after stress and 3 h later, pulmonary Tl
      uptake was assessed as body surface area corrected absolute pulmonary uptake in
      the upper, middle and lower right lung regions, and in the total right lung and
      upper left lung. Pulmonary/myocardial (PM) uptake ratios for these 5 regions were
      calculated as mean pulmonary/mean background-corrected myocardial uptake.
      Additionally, wash-out was assessed for each region and for the myocardium. In
      normal subjects, the initial pulmonary Tl uptake, the PM ratios and Tl wash-out
      were greater in the lower lung regions than in the upper. In the late studies, no
      significant differences in Tl content or PM ratios were found among the regions.
      In patients with CAD, initial pulmonary Tl uptake and PM ratios were greater in
      the lower than in the upper regions, and higher than for the normal subjects in
      all pulmonary regions (P less than 0.001). Tl wash-out was significantly higher
      in the low and middle regions versus the upper region (P less than 0.001) and
      higher in all regions than in normal subjects (P less than 0.001). In the late
      studies no significant differences in Tl content or PM ratios were found between
      any pulmonary regions. Pulmonary Tl content was, in all regions, higher in CAD
      than in normal subjects (P less than 0.01), as were the PM ratios (P less than
      0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286208
TI  - Radiopharmaceuticals: state of the art.
AB  - In the past four years most of the effort in radiopharmaceutical chemistry has
      been devoted to compounds for positron emission tomography, but widespread use of
      this technique is still compromised by its high cost. On the other hand, steady
      progress has also been made in the development of technetium-99m-labelled
      radiopharmaceuticals. A variety of 99mTc-labelled agents is now available or in
      clinical evaluation for the study of brain perfusion (99mTc-labelled HMPAO, ECD,
      MRP20), myocardial perfusion (99mTc-labelled MIBI, teboroxime and phosphines) and
      renal function (99mTc-MAG3, 99mTc-L,L-EC). Different direct reduction methods and
      indirect conjugation methods have been developed to label antibodies or their
      fragments efficiently with 99mTc with preservation of immunoreactivity. However,
      the strict requirements of the regulatory authorities with respect to
      purification and quality of these preparations limit their use drastically in
      clinical practice. Radiopharmaceuticals labelled with beta-emitting radionuclides
      for radioimmunotherapy and palliative treatment of skeletal metastases are
      receiving increasing interest. Numerous agents are now available for imaging
      inflammation, but more clinical experience is required to determine which of them
      is the most appropriate. The growing importance of radiolabelled receptor-imaging
      agents is apparent from the commercial availability of the first such compound in
      Europe.

PMID- 2286209
TI  - Bowel visualization during indium-111-labelled diethylene triamine penta-acetic
      acid cisternography due to massive cerebrospinal fluid leak. Case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - We report a case of massive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage where the tracer
      injected intra-thecally for radionuclide cisternography was later visualized in
      the bowel as well as the nasopharynx. We discuss the potential implications of
      this finding in patients with CSF leaks. A brief review of the diagnosis of CSF
      leaks is included.

PMID- 2286210
TI  - Bone scan and red blood cell scan in a patient with epidermal naevus syndrome.
AB  - A bone scan and red blood cell scan in the rare epidermal naevus syndrome,
      associated with multiple haemangiomas of the bone and hypophosphataemic
      osteomalacia in a 20-year-old man are reported. The typical pattern of
      osteomalacia on the bone scan was associated with lesions of increased bone
      metabolism in the peripheral bones. The haemangiomas did not pool labelled red
      blood cells. Thus, the bone scan seems to be suitable for diagnosing the complete
      extent of haemangiomas in bone, but they could not be specifically proven by red
      blood cell pooling.

PMID- 2286211
TI  - Early intervention for infants with deaf-blindness.
AB  - Few individuals labeled deaf-blind are, in fact, totally deaf and totally blind.
      Many of these individuals have residual sight and hearing, but may not receive
      adequate early training in using these senses effectively. Effective early
      sensory training with infants entails the use of consistent reinforcement methods
      in natural social contexts. Preservice and inservice teachers must become
      knowledgeable in high-quality programming components in which the goal is to
      increase the abilities of students with dual sensory impairments--in both
      mobility and communication--and to help them become independent, responsible
      adults.

PMID- 2286212
TI  - Kindergarten screening predictive inaccuracy: first-grade teacher variability.
AB  - Screening kindergarten students to predict first-grade achievement is
      characterized by rather gross errors over identification and under
      identification. This lack of predictive validity may be the consequence of overly
      simplistic conceptualizations that fail to take into account differences in first
      grade teachers. This study attempted to evaluate the extent to which first
      teachers differ in their preferences, requirements, and expectancies of students.
      Twenty-one teachers ranked 86 student descriptors on a continuum ranging from
      "absolutely contributes to student success" to "absolutely contributes to student
      failure." Results suggest that teachers vary considerably in the way they rank
      student descriptors and that these variations may be a factor in the predictive
      inaccuracy of kindergarten screening.

PMID- 2286213
TI  - When cooperative learning improves the achievement of students with mild
      disabilities: a response to Tateyama-Sniezek.

PMID- 2286214
TI  - International trends in coronary heart disease mortality, morbidity, and risk
      factors.

PMID- 2286215
TI  - The risks and benefits of taking aspirin during pregnancy.

PMID- 2286216
TI  - The epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children and adults: a global
      perspective.
AB  - While a number of advances have been made in our understanding of the
      epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in the past two decades, a number of
      serious questions still require urgent answers. The associations of factors such
      as chronic disease in adults, direct smoking, passive smoking, crowding, and
      breast feeding to acute respiratory infections are now well documented.
      Appropriate changes in public health policy need not be predicated on results
      from still further studies. However, in virtually all of the other areas cited in
      this review, further data are required. In developing countries, studies being
      currently conducted on vitamin A supplementation, malnutrition, and indoor air
      pollution will help address the most pressing issues. More studies are also
      needed on the relations between HIV infection and acute respiratory infections,
      as well as low birth weight and respiratory infection. The National Research
      Council studies have provided important additional data on etiologic agents in
      children in developing countries, but data on adult pneumonia remain sparse. In
      developed countries the issues that may be of greatest interest are the relation
      between maternal antibody levels and passive immunity in infants, the reasons for
      the increase in pneumonia mortality in older age groups, and the relation between
      air pollution and acute respiratory infections (as opposed to morbidity from
      bronchial reactivity). From a methodological viewpoint, the relation between
      previous respiratory infection (particularly in the first year of life) and
      subsequent acute respiratory infection morbidity has been inadequately explored.
      Adjustment for autocorrelation in multivariate models may be necessary if this
      relation is strong. Greater standardization of data collection methods in
      developed and developing countries also needs to be more seriously addressed.
      Given that some advances have been made in this area, the time may be right for
      development of acute symptom questionnaires, akin to the American Thoracic
      Society chronic respiratory questionnaire, for use in both developed and
      developing countries. Standardization of diaries, although somewhat more
      difficult, would also be extremely useful in many instances.

PMID- 2286217
TI  - Thyroid diseases and breast cancer.

PMID- 2286218
TI  - Non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae: a look at the epidemiology of an occasional
      pathogen.
AB  - Non-O1 V. cholerae is a ubiquitous environmental isolate. It is a common
      contaminant of shellfish, and in the developing world, it is frequently isolated
      from food and water. Asymptomatic carriage rates approaching 4 percent have been
      described among persons involved in high-risk activities, such as eating oysters
      in New Orleans or going on pilgrimage to Mecca. The actual occurrence of disease
      appears to be much less common. This is an "occupational" pathogen which may be
      responsible for outbreaks or a high frequency of isolation in certain areas at
      specific times but which generally ranks as a minor cause of diarrheal disease.
      While host susceptibility and infectious dose may help explain the relatively
      infrequent occurrence of non-O1 V. cholerae-associated disease, it also appears
      likely that only a small minority of strains carry the necessary virulence
      factors to cause gastroenteritis. Unfortunately, there does not appear to be a
      single mechanism by which these organisms cause diarrhea; it is likely that we
      will find a heterogeneous pattern of virulence mechanisms, similar to the
      heterogeneity seen among diarrheagenic E. coli. As our understanding of these
      pathogenic mechanisms improves, there should be a corresponding refinement in our
      understanding of the epidemiology of these widely distributed organisms.

PMID- 2286219
TI  - The epidemiology of health effects of disasters.

PMID- 2286220
TI  - Epidemiology of breast cancer.

PMID- 2286221
TI  - Sudden infant death syndrome epidemiology: a review and update.

PMID- 2286222
TI  - Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis: update.
AB  - We have highlighted advances and new developments in the epidemiology of
      rheumatoid arthritis in four major areas. Further research, as suggested by us
      and others (48) should focus on understanding the mechanisms which underlie the
      association of etiologic and protective factors with rheumatoid arthritis, and on
      identifying and modifying prognostic factors associated with long-term morbidity
      and mortality among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Major increases in
      funding provided by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and
      Skin Diseases and the Arthritis Foundation will be needed to realize such efforts
      in the United States.

PMID- 2286223
TI  - Epidemiology of stroke, 1980-1990: a progress report.

PMID- 2286225
TI  - Epidemiologic approaches to the use of DNA markers in the search for disease
      susceptibility genes.

PMID- 2286224
TI  - Genetic epidemiology of hypospadias.

PMID- 2286226
TI  - Epidemiologic issues in the design and use of biologic specimen banks.

PMID- 2286227
TI  - Proxy respondents in epidemiologic research.

PMID- 2286228
TI  - Use of automated databases for pharmacoepidemiology research.

PMID- 2286229
TI  - Orbital position and eye movement influences on visual responses in the pulvinar
      nuclei of the behaving macaque.
AB  - We studied the influences of eye movements on the visual responses of neurons in
      two retinotopically organized areas of the pulvinar of the macaque. Cells were
      recorded from awake, trained monkeys, and visual responses were characterized
      immediately before and after the animals made saccadic eye movements. A
      significant proportion of the cells were more responsive to stimuli around the
      time of eye movements than they were at other intervals. Other cells had response
      reduction. For some neurons, the change in excitability was associated with
      orbital position and not the eye movement. For other cells the change was present
      with eye movements of similar amplitude and direction but with different starting
      and ending positions. Here it appears that the eye movement is the important
      parameter. Other cells had effects related to both eye position and eye
      movements. In all cells tested, the changes in excitability were present when the
      experiments were conducted in the dark as well as in the light. This suggests
      that the mechanism of the effect is related to the eye position or eye movement
      and not visual-visual interactions. For about half of the neurons with
      modulations, the response showed facilitation for stimuli presented in the most
      responsive region of the receptive field but not for those at the edge of the
      field. For the other cells there was facilitation throughout the field. Thus, a
      gradient of modulation in the receptive field may vary among cells. These
      experiments demonstrate modulations of visual responses in the pulvinar by eye
      movements. Such effects may be part of the visual-behavioral improvements at the
      end of eye movements and/or contribute to spatial constancy.

PMID- 2286230
TI  - Local axonal trajectories in mouse barrel cortex.
AB  - Quantitative studies were made of the distribution of labeled intracortical axons
      after focal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into mouse barrel cortex,
      in vitro. The pattern of labeled fibers was compared to that of labeled cell
      bodies with respect to the barrel map in layer IV. We analyzed 4 cortices with
      injections in supragranular layers and centered above a single barrel row.
      Computer microscope/image analysis routines were used to collect the data and to
      perform various statistical analyses on them. The distributions of both labeled
      cells and fibers in layer IV and in the infragranular layers show strong
      connectional tendencies between barrels representing a whisker row. This result
      is consistent with single unit recordings from barrel cortex. Fiber labeling is
      more widespread than cell body labeling in layer IV. In addition, the fibers show
      a directional bias into the adjacent anterior barrel row (e.g., C----D, D----E).
      In earlier 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) studies of behaving animals, the anterior barrel
      rows were more heavily labeled; inter-row projections are therefore predominantly
      from less active to more active barrel columns. These data show that labeled
      fiber distribution differs from the distribution pattern of labeled cell bodies.
      The findings indicate that integration of information between whisker rows within
      barrel cortex involves asymmetrical connections within layer IV and infragranular
      layers.

PMID- 2286231
TI  - Saccade-related responses of centrifugal neurons projecting to the chicken
      retina.
AB  - Centrifugal projections to several sensory systems modulate the afferent activity
      during active behaviors. To see whether such modulation occurred in the visual
      system, we recorded the activity of isthmo-optic neurons in awake chickens during
      eye movements. We find that the discharge of all isthmo-optic neurons tends to
      stop during saccades, although every neuron does not pause for every saccade. The
      pause begins at approximately the same time as the saccade, and pause duration is
      correlated with saccade duration. Pausing during saccades occurs in both dark and
      light suggesting that it is motoric rather that visual in origin. In addition, we
      find that the spontaneous activity of isthmo-optic neurons increases in darkness.
      We discuss the significance of the saccadic modulation of isthmo-optic activity
      in terms of possible functions of the centrifugal projection in modulation of
      ganglion cell activity.

PMID- 2286233
TI  - The organization of torque and EMG activity during bilateral handle pulls by
      standing humans.
AB  - This study examined whether the torques and EMG activity that precede and
      accompany bilateral arm pulls made by standing humans demonstrate a pulse height
      form of organization. Nine adults made abrupt bilateral pulls in the sagittal
      plane against a handle, to force targets equal to 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 95%
      of their maximal pulling force (%MPF). The force applied at the handle, ground
      reaction forces, the center of pressure (CP), and EMG activity in gastrocnemius
      (GS), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA) and quadriceps (QD) muscles
      were recorded. Our analysis divided the action into a pre-pull phase (events
      prior to the increase of handle force) and a pulling phase (while handle force
      was greater than zero). We evaluated the effects of %MPF on the durations and
      peak amplitudes of the pre-pull and pulling angular impulses about the ankle
      joint and on pre-pull EMG patterns. The results showed that the angular impulse
      associated with the pulling torque (due to the reactive force on the body during
      the pull) had a pulse height organization: peak torque increased linearly with
      %MPF, and the durations of the pulling torque were relatively constant. In
      contrast, a pulse height organization did not characterize the pre-pull period
      for either the angular impulse associated with ankle torque (due to net ground
      reaction force) or EMG activity in the leg muscles. Rather, peak ankle torque
      typically increased up to some submaximal %MPF and then plateaued, perhaps due to
      a constraining effect on foot length on CP. The durations of pre-pull ankle
      torques increased over the whole range of %MPF, thereby compensating for the
      limit on ankle torque. Depending on the subject, the muscles were recruited in
      two different orders: GS-BF-TA-QD, or GS-TA-BF-QD. As the %MPF increased, the EMG
      onset times of all four muscles occurred earlier, and there was a greater
      likelihood that the BF, TA and QD muscles would be recruited on a given trial.
      The changes in the ankle torque and EMG patterns were gradual, suggesting that
      the pre-pull phase could have one underlying form of organization, with
      parameters that are tuned to task goals and anatomical constraints.

PMID- 2286232
TI  - Functional connections in the human temporal lobe. I. Analysis of limbic system
      pathways using neuronal responses evoked by electrical stimulation.
AB  - Connections in the human mesial temporal lobe were investigated using brief,
      single pulses of electrical stimulation to evoke field potential responses in
      limbic structures of 74 epileptic patients. Eight specific areas within these
      structures were stereotactically targeted for study, including amygdala,
      entorhinal cortex, presubiculum, the anterior, middle and posterior levels of
      hippocampus and the middle and posterior levels of parahippocampal gyrus. These
      sites were studied systematically in order to quantitatively assess the response
      characteristics and reliability of responses evoked during stimulation of
      pathways connecting the areas. Specific measures included response probability,
      amplitude, latency and conduction velocities. The results are assumed to be
      representative of typical human limbic pathways since all recordings were made
      interictally and response probabilities across sites were not found to differ
      significantly between non-epileptogenic vs. identified epileptogenic regions.
      Field potentials ranging in amplitude from less than 0.1 to greater than 6.0 mV
      were evoked ipsilaterally, with mean onset latencies and conduction velocities
      ranging from 4.4 ms and 3.64 m/s in the perforant pathway connecting entorhinal
      cortex to anterior hippocampus to 24.8 ms and 0.88 m/s in the pathway connecting
      the amygdala and middle hippocampus. Stimulation of presubiculum and entorhinal
      cortex were most effective in evoking widespread responses in adjacent limbic
      recording sites, whereas posterior parahippocampal gyrus appeared functionally
      separated from other limbic sites since its probability of influencing
      ipsilateral sites was significantly lower than any other area. It was
      particularly noteworthy that stimulation did not evoke responses in any sites in
      contralateral hippocampal formation; even though a large number of sites were
      tested with bilateral implantation of homotopic electrodes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286234
TI  - Human arm stiffness characteristics during the maintenance of posture.
AB  - When the hand is displaced from an equilibrium position, the muscles generate
      elastic forces to restore the original posture. In a previous study, Mussa-Ivaldi
      et al. (1985) have measured and characterized the field of elastic forces
      associated with hand posture in the horizontal plane. Hand stiffness which
      describes the relation between force and displacement vectors in the vicinity of
      equilibrium position was measured and graphically represented by an ellipse,
      characterized by its size, shape and orientation. The results indicated that the
      shape and orientation of the stiffness ellipse are strongly dependent on arm
      configuration. At any given hand position, however, the values of these
      parameters were found to remain invariant among subjects and over time. In this
      study we investigate the underlying causes for the observed spatial pattern of
      variation of the hand stiffness ellipse. Mathematically analyzing the relation
      between hand and joint stiffness matrices, we found that in order to produce the
      observed spatial variations of the stiffness ellipse, the shoulder stiffness must
      covary in the workspace with the stiffness component provided by the two-joint
      muscles. This condition was found to be satisfied by the measured joint stiffness
      components. Using anatomical data and considering the effects that muscle cross
      sections and changes in muscle moment arms have on the joint stiffness matrix, we
      found that these anatomical factors are not sufficient to account for the
      observed pattern of variation of joint stiffness in the workspace. To examine
      whether the coupling between shoulder and two-joint stiffnesses results from the
      coactivation of muscles contributing to these stiffnesses, EMG signals were
      recorded from shoulder, elbow and two-joint muscles. Our results indicated that,
      while some muscle coactivation may indeed exist, it can be found for only some of
      the muscles and in only part of the workspace.

PMID- 2286235
TI  - The visual response properties of neurons in the nucleus of the basal optic root
      of the pigeon: a quantitative analysis.
AB  - The response characteristics of single-units in the nucleus of the basal optic
      root (nBOR) of the pigeon accessory optic system (AOS) were investigated using
      standard extracellular techniques. The receptive fields (RFs) were large (20-115
      degrees long) and elliptical and were found throughout the contralateral visual
      field with the exception of the red field. The RFs did not have inhibitory
      surrounds and there was no evidence of retinotopic organization. Most neurons
      responded to small moving spots although the optimal stimulus was wholefield
      motion of a particular direction. Analysis of 166 single-units showed that
      neurons preferring upward, downward and backward (nasal to temporal) motion were
      equally abundant (32.5, 32.5 and 31% respectively), while less than 5% preferred
      forward (temporal to nasal) motion. Mapping studies demonstrated that UP units
      were located in the dorsal portion of the nucleus; DOWN units were found ventral
      to UP units; BACK units were found along the ventral surface of the nucleus; and
      FORWARD units were found in the posterior-dorsolateral margin of the nucleus.
      Most cells were excited by wholefield motion in the preferred direction and
      inhibited by motion approximately 180 degrees in the opposite direction, however,
      some cells lacked the excitatory component while other lacked the inhibitory
      component. Neurons were grouped into six categories based on the relative
      contributions of excitation and inhibition. These results are compared with
      investigations of the AOS of other vertebrates.

PMID- 2286236
TI  - Neurons related to reaching-grasping arm movements in the rostral part of area 6
      (area 6a beta).
AB  - Single neurons were recorded from the rostral part of the agranular frontal
      cortex (area 6a beta) in awake, partially restrained macaque monkeys. In the
      medialmost and mesial sectors of this area, rostral to the supplementary motor
      area, neurons were found which were activated during arm reaching-grasping
      movements. These neurons ("reaching-grasping neurons") did not appear to be
      influenced by how the objects were grasped nor, with some exceptions, by where
      they were located. Their activity changed largely prior to the arm movement and
      continued until the end of it. The premovement modulation (excitatory or
      inhibitory) could start with stimulus presentation, with the saccade triggered by
      the stimulus or after stimulus fixation. The distance of the stimulus from the
      monkey was an important variable for activating many neurons. About half of the
      recorded neurons showed a modulation of the same sign during movement and
      premovement period. The other half showed an increase/decrease in activity which
      was of the opposite sign during movement and premovement period or part of it. In
      this last case the discharge changes were of the same sign when the stimulus was
      close to the monkey and when the monkey moved its arm to reach the objects,
      whereas they were of opposite sign when the stimulus was outside the animal's
      reach. Microstimulation of area 6a beta and the reconstruction of the locations
      of eye movement and arm movement related cells showed that the arm field was
      located more medially (and mesially) than the eye field described by Schlag and
      Schlag-Rey (1987). It is suggested that, unlike inferior area 6, which is mostly
      involved in selection of effectors on the basis of the physical properties of the
      objects and their spatial location (Rizzolatti and Gentilucci 1988), area 6a beta
      plays a role in the preparation of reaching-grasping arm movements and in their
      release when the appropriate conditions are set.

PMID- 2286237
TI  - Gating and reversal of reflexes in ankle muscles during human walking.
AB  - Phase-dependent reflex modulation was studied by recording the electromyographic
      (EMG) responses in ankle flexors (Tibialis Anterior, TA) and extensors
      (Gastrocnemius Medialis, GM and Soleus, SOL) to a 20 ms train of electrical
      pulses, applied to the tibial or sural nerve at the ankle, in human volunteers
      walking on a treadmill at 4 km/h. For low intensity stimuli (i.e. 1.6 times
      perception threshold), given during the swing phase, the most common response was
      a suppression of the TA activity with a latency of 67 to 118 ms. With high
      intensity of stimulation (i.e. 2.8 x T), a facilitatory response appeared in TA
      with a latency of 74 ms. This latter response was largest during the middle of
      the swing phase, when it was correlated with exaggerated ankle dorsiflexion. The
      TA reflex amplitude was not a simple function of the level of spontaneous ongoing
      activity. During stance, TA responses were small or absent and accompanied by a
      suppression of the GM activity with a latency ranging from 62 to 101 ms. A few
      subjects showed an early facilitatory, instead of a suppressive, GM response (88
      to 136 ms latency). They showed a phase-dependent reflex reversal from a dominant
      TA response during swing to a facilitatory GM response with an equivalent latency
      during stance. The GM facilitation occurred exclusively during the early stance
      phase and habituated more than the TA responses. It is concluded that phase
      dependent gating of reflexes occurs in ankle muscles of man, but only when
      vigorous extensor reflexes are present. More commonly, a phase-dependent
      modulation is seen, both of facilitatory and suppressive responses.

PMID- 2286238
TI  - Compensation of horizontal canal related activity in the medial vestibular
      nucleus following unilateral labyrinth ablation in the decerebrate gerbil. I.
      Type I neurons.
AB  - The spontaneous activity and dynamic responses to two frequencies (1.3 and 0.13
      Hz) of sinusoidal angular horizontal head acceleration of type I neurons in the
      medial vestibular nucleus were recorded bilaterally in decerebrate Mongolian
      gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) under three experimental conditions; normal
      labyrinth intact, acutely following unilateral labyrinthine lesion, and four to
      seven weeks following labyrinthine lesion. The mean spontaneous activity and
      number of detected type I neurons decreased immediately ipsilateral to the lesion
      but recovered significantly with time. In contrast, spontaneous activity on the
      contralateral side increased during compensation following hemilabyrinthectomy.
      The mean response gains at both frequencies of head oscillation were depressed
      bilaterally and asymmetrically acutely following the lesion such that the
      response gain of cells on the intact side exceeded that of the neurons recorded
      on the injured side. After compensation the number of detected type I neurons on
      the side ipsilateral to the injury increased but remained below normal levels.
      The mean gains remained depressed but became symmetric with compensation as a
      result of improvement in the response of ipsilateral neurons. The phase of
      responses were significantly advanced in the compensated animals. Although
      response gain is not fully restored, the linearity of the dynamic modulation in
      compensated animals is improved as evidenced by a continuous modulation of the
      increased spontaneous activity of neurons contralateral to the
      hemilabyrinthectomy. It is proposed that this effect is related to the concurrent
      improvement in the linearity of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular response.
      Electrical cathodal polarization of the vestibular nerve ipsilateral to the
      ablated labyrinth was utilized to investigate the relationship between recovery
      of spontaneous activity and dynamic function. Acutely following
      hemilabyrinthectomy, cathodal polarization restored activity in second-order type
      I neurons to near normal levels but their response gain to head rotation remained
      depressed. Similar galvanic stimulation in compensated animals also elevated
      ipsilateral spontaneous activity. As in the acute preparation, such stimulation
      did not modify the response gain or phase. Thus, the improvement in response of
      type I neurons in the compensated gerbil was not a direct consequence of
      restoration of spontaneous activity on the side of the injury.

PMID- 2286239
TI  - Compensation of horizontal canal related activity in the medial vestibular
      nucleus following unilateral labyrinth ablation in the decerebrate gerbil. II.
      Type II neurons.
AB  - The spontaneous activity and dynamic responses to sinusoidal horizontal head
      angular acceleration of type II horizontal semicircular canal related neurons in
      the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) were recorded bilaterally in decerebrate
      Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) under three experimental conditions:
      normal labyrinths intact, acutely following unilateral labyrinthine lesion, and
      four to seven weeks following labyrinthine lesion. The number of type II neurons
      detected contralateral to the lesion was greatly reduced both in the acutely
      hemilabyrinthectomized animals and following compensation. The gain of the
      responses was depressed bilaterally acutely following the lesion. A greater
      reduction in response gain was noted in cells contralateral to the lesion. The
      gain of the contralateral type II responses increased with time such that in the
      compensated animal bilaterally symmetric gains were recorded. While the
      significant changes which occur in the gain of type II neurons with recovery from
      peripheral vestibular lesions can largely be attributed to type I neurons on the
      other side of the midline, changes in type I neurons were not entirely reflected
      in the type II population. The spontaneous activity of type II neurons did not
      undergo any significant changes following the labyrinthine lesion. We present a
      model utilizing the dynamic responses to estimate the functional recovery of
      commissural connections in compensated animals. The overall gain of the
      contralateral type I to ipsilateral type I commissural polysynaptic pathway
      appears to improve, while the efficacy in the reverse direction remains
      depressed, suggesting that modifications in commissural connections, particularly
      involving the type II to type I connections within the MVN on the injured side,
      mediate aspects of behavioral recovery.

PMID- 2286240
TI  - The pearl mutation accelerates the schedule of natural cell death in the early
      postnatal retina.
AB  - The time of maximal occurrence of pyknotic nuclei in the retinal ganglion cell
      layer of postnatal pearl mutant mice is earlier than that in normal mice (Linden
      and Pinto 1985). Both ganglion and displaced amacrine cells and glia populate the
      ganglion cell layer. Thus, in order to show that ganglion cells themselves are
      affected, we counted the numbers of surviving axons in the optic nerve of
      postnatal day (PND) 0, 4, 12 and adult mice. On PND 0, pearl mutant mice had
      139,000 +/- 2800 (SEM) optic axons, about 8% more than wild-type mice (128,000 +/
      1,700; p = 0.031) but on PND 4, pearl mutants had 24% fewer axons than wild-type
      mice (96,000 +/- 3700 and 119,000 +/- 4600, respectively; p = 0.008). Thus, pearl
      mutants lose nearly five times as many retinal ganglion cells as wild-type mice
      in the interval from PND 0 to 4. The number of axons present in adult mice was
      nearly equal (56,700 +/- 3200 for wild-type and 52,500 +/- 2700 for pearl mutants
      p = 0.37). We searched for evidence for changes in the schedule of cell death
      among other neurons of the retina by counting the number of pyknotic nuclei in
      the various retinal layers. On PND 4, pearl mutant mice had more pyknotic nuclei
      in the neuroblastic layer than wild-type mice (5000 +/- 400 and 3900 +/- 300,
      respectively; p less than 0.05). The time-course of the appearance of pyknotic
      nuclei in the outer nuclear layer differed for the two genotypes (ANOVA, F =
      12.5, p less than 0.001). The most striking difference was a greater number of
      pyknotic nuclei on PND 20 for the pearl mutants (1300) than for wild-type (480; p
      = 0.002). However, the total number of photoreceptors in adults did not differ
      between the two genotypes (3.6 x 10(6) +/- 2.4 x 10(5) for wild-type and 3.7 x
      10(6) +/- 3.3 x 10(5) for pearl; p greater than 0.8). These results, taken
      together, show that natural cell death occurs at an earlier time for retinal
      ganglion cells of pearl mutants, but that the total number of retinal neurons
      surviving to adulthood is not affected appreciably by the mutation.

PMID- 2286241
TI  - Finger joint movement sensitivity of non-cutaneous mechanoreceptor afferents in
      the human radial nerve.
AB  - The responses of non-cutaneous receptors in the human hand to normal digit
      movements were studied using single afferent recordings from the radial nerve.
      Eight joint-related afferents had thresholds of 50 mN or less. All responded to
      passive flexion movements within the physiological range of joint rotation and
      showed predominantly static response sensitivity; none increased its discharge
      during passive extension. However, only two of these eight afferents showed the
      same response pattern during active movements; three discharged only during the
      extension phase whereas the other three discharged both during extension and
      flexion. No high-threshold, joint-related mechanoreceptive afferents were
      encountered in a population of 148 afferents recorded from the cutaneous portion
      of the radial nerve indicating a scarcity of such afferents on the dorsal aspect
      of finger joints. Seven high-threshold, subcutaneous mechanoreceptive units not
      related to joints had thresholds for indentations of 50 mN or more and lacked
      responses to finger movements. Low-threshold mechanoreceptive afferents related
      to joints in the human hand may thus provide kinematic information in the
      physiological mid-range of both passive and active movements. Joint position
      cannot, however, be derived unambiguously from their discharge since the receptor
      responses may be dramatically altered by muscle activity.

PMID- 2286242
TI  - Neural mechanisms of directional hearing in the pigeon.
AB  - The directional sensitivity of single auditory neurons in the midbrain (Nucleus
      mesencephalicus lateralis pars dorsalis) of the pigeon (Columba livia) was
      studied, using acoustic free-field stimulation (usually pure tones) in the
      frontal hemifield. Of a total of 337 units, 84.6% showed statistically
      significant changes of their responses as a function of sound azimuth. Of these,
      most units respond maximally to sounds in a particular azimuthal range, each has
      its "best area". These neurons were classified into four classes according to the
      properties of their best areas: (1) contralateral neurons (53.4%); (2)
      ipsilateral neurons (6.2%); (3) frontal neurons (18.1%); and (4) complex neurons
      (3.3%). The first two showed only one border of the best area within the frontal
      hemifield, with an increase of response strength towards the contralateral and
      the ipsilateral side, respectively; with frontal neurons, the best area was
      bounded towards both sides within the frontal hemifield, whereas the complex
      neurons had two or more separated best areas or extensive frontal inhibitory
      areas. In the remaining units (3.6%), termed weakly directional neurons, changes
      of their discharge rate depending on sound azimuth were statistically
      significant, but too poor to determine any best areas. There was a significant
      under-representation of best frequencies in the mid-frequency range (1-2 kHz)
      with a minimum in the relative number of MLD neurons recorded from at 2 kHz.
      However, the directional sensitivity of the neurons quantified by analysing
      different parameters of the directional diagrams (dynamic range, roll-off
      steepness, best area width) was undiminished in the mid-frequency range. In
      several experiments, in addition to the neurons' directional sensitivity in free
      field sound, their sensitivity to interaural ongoing time (phase) differences
      (OTDs) and interaural intensity differences (IIDs) were also tested, using
      dichotic stimulation (pure tones) by headphones. Directional sensitive neurons
      tuned to low frequencies (best frequency less than 2 kHz) were either sensitive
      exclusively to OTDs or to both OTDs and IIDs; the ranges of best OTDs were
      correlated significantly with the azimuthal position of the best area. "High
      frequency" units (best frequency greater than 2 kHz) were sensitive to IIDs but
      not to OTDs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2286243
TI  - Visual and somatosensory processing in the macaque temporal cortex: the role of
      'expectation'.
AB  - The somatosensory and visual properties of cells in a polymodal region of
      temporal cortex were studied in 4 awake behaving macaque monkeys. When stimulated
      passively and out of sight, cells with tactile responses were found to have very
      large receptive fields covering most of the body surface and an apparent lack of
      selectivity for size, shape or texture of the tactile stimulus. These properties
      are equivalent to those described for the anaesthetized preparation (Bruce et al.
      1981). Our study revealed that tactile responses were influenced by the degree to
      which stimuli could be 'expected'. Tactile stimulation arising from active
      exploration of novel surfaces produced vigourous neuronal responses but
      equivalent stimulation of the skin arising when the monkey contacted 'expected'
      surfaces such as itself or items with which it had become familiar produced no
      responses. The responses of cells to active or passive tactile stimulation were
      attenuated when the monkey could see the objects causing the stimulation. For
      cells responsive to more than one sensory modality, visual and somatosensory
      responses were associated in a compatible manner. Cells responsive to the onset
      of touch were selective for the sight of objects moving towards the monkey,
      whereas cells selective for the offset of touch were responsive to the sight of
      movements away from the monkey.

PMID- 2286244
TI  - The histochemical reaction of horseradish peroxidase in rodent 'whole-brain'
      preparations.
AB  - Subsequent to eye injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) 'whole-brain'
      preparations with only the cortex removed were reacted for HRP using
      tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the chromogen and ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM) as
      a stabilizer. Retinal projections could be photographed and visualized globally
      coursing across the surface of the thalamus and midbrain. The brains were then
      sectioned, and when necessary re-reacted, enabling a 3-D reconstruction of
      retinofugal pathways to be made.

PMID- 2286245
TI  - Love and violence: gender paradoxes in volatile attachments.
AB  - This article presents a multidimensional, theoretical model for the understanding
      of relationships in which men are violent toward women. It argues that abusive
      relationships exemplify, in extremis, the stereotypical gender arrangements that
      structure intimacy between men and women generally. Moreover, it proposes that
      paradoxical gender injunctions create insoluble relationship dilemmas that can
      explode in violence. A multifaceted approach to treatment, which incorporates
      feminist and systemic ideas and techniques, is described.

PMID- 2286246
TI  - A study of the role of gender in family therapy training.
AB  - A survey of the role of gender in family therapy training programs was conducted
      by the Women's Task Force of the American Family Therapy Association (AFTA) in
      order to determine the extent to which gender issues were included in the
      curriculum. Questionnaires were sent to 285 programs in the U.S., Canada, and
      overseas. Only 19% (n = 55) of the original sample participated, with the East
      Coast representing the largest proportion of respondents. Findings revealed that
      the three most frequently addressed gender issues are: 1) the impact of cultural
      and economic conditions on single, female-headed families; 2) gender issues
      associated with wife abuse; and 3) an examination of the implications of the
      therapist's gender in therapy interventions. Only 27 programs identify with a
      feminist model or have a clearly defined sense of gender awareness. A significant
      finding associated with the introduction of feminist content was the difficulty
      of integrating gender issues with major theoretical models. Trainee resistance
      and lack of faculty awareness were also considered obstacles to including gender
      in program curriculum.

PMID- 2286247
TI  - From handicap to handy capable: training systemic therapists in use of self.
AB  - This article describes and discusses the rationale for an experiential
      methodology to help trainees expand their repertoire of behaviors in clinical
      situations. The goal in addressing the trainee's personal, "handicapping"
      responses is to pay attention to "how" a therapist is perceived, "why" a
      therapist has certain blindspots, and "what" the therapist does to co-create a
      therapeutic impasse. In addition, experientially considering the impact of self
      encourages therapists to "learn to learn" that they are an active, resourceful
      participant in the evolutionary process of the therapeutic system.

PMID- 2286248
TI  - From universe to multiverses--and back again.
AB  - A number of concepts and ideas from constructivist and second-order cybernetic
      family therapy literature are presented and their implications for therapy are
      examined. I was inspired by and, in this article, refer to videotapes of
      consultations and therapy sessions shown at an international conference on
      constructivism and family therapy in Sulitjelma, Norway, June 1988, and to
      written material from the Tromso group (Tom Andersen and Anna M. Flam), the Milan
      team (Luigi Boscolo and Gianfranco Cecchin), and the Galveston team (Harlene
      Anderson and Harold Goolishian). The article also represents an attempt to use
      constructivist concepts and ideas in a reflection on the author's own
      professional development as a psychologist and family therapist.

PMID- 2286249
TI  - Self-disclosure of personal constructs.
AB  - Sidney Jourard's (19) description of the role of self-disclosure in marriage is
      reviewed. George Kelly's (20) theory of personal constructs is described in an
      effort to explain the complexity of successful marriages and strong families. A
      kind of marital therapy based on the technique of self-disclosure and the
      rationale that couple pathology results from erroneous personal constructs is
      described. The idea that these faulty schemas largely derive from the observation
      of and experience with one's parents' marriage is discussed. The self-disclosure
      of personal constructs may provide a distinctive approach to family therapy.

PMID- 2286250
TI  - [The potentials and outlook for insurance medicine].

PMID- 2286251
TI  - [The quality aspects of the medical care rendered in cost-accounting consultative
      diagnostic polyclinics (the example of Moscow)].

PMID- 2286252
TI  - [The epidemiological characteristics of shigellosis].

PMID- 2286253
TI  - [The diagnosis and management of labor in clinically contracted pelvis].

PMID- 2286254
TI  - [Lymphogranulomatosis and pregnancy].

PMID- 2286255
TI  - [Perforating eye wounds].

PMID- 2286256
TI  - [Ways to raise the quality and efficiency of medical prophylactic care in a rural
      locality].

PMID- 2286257
TI  - [Hypotensive agents].

PMID- 2286258
TI  - [Domestic risk factors for abortion].

PMID- 2286259
TI  - [Mariia Aleksandrovna Sechenova-Bokova].

PMID- 2286260
TI  - [50 years of the Kiev Medical School No. 2].

PMID- 2286261
TI  - [Hemorrhoids and pregnancy].

PMID- 2286262
TI  - [The hypertensive crisis].

PMID- 2286263
TI  - [Endometriosis interna combined with endometrial hyperplasia].

PMID- 2286264
TI  - [New directions in the therapy of rheumatic diseases].

PMID- 2286265
TI  - [The organizational characteristics of medical care in peacetime catastrophes].

PMID- 2286267
TI  - [The requirements for storing inoculation preparations].

PMID- 2286266
TI  - [The methodological aspects of antenatal fetal protection].

PMID- 2286268
TI  - [Pregnancy and labor in women with a contracted pelvis].

PMID- 2286269
TI  - [The chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 2286270
TI  - [Adaptation and stress reactions in trauma and diseases].

PMID- 2286272
TI  - [Current approaches to assessing the hereditary anamnesis in young infants].

PMID- 2286271
TI  - [Nevi].

PMID- 2286273
TI  - [Anti-inflammatory agents].

PMID- 2286274
TI  - [The results of the 15-year realization of the expanded WHO immunization
      program].

PMID- 2286275
TI  - [The hygienic training of female chum (sovkhoz) workers in northern reindeer
      breeding].

PMID- 2286276
TI  - [Premature rupture of the fetal membranes and chorioamnionitis].

PMID- 2286277
TI  - [Renal colic in a patient with ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2286278
TI  - [Urogenital chlamydiosis].

PMID- 2286279
TI  - [Official duty assignments].

PMID- 2286280
TI  - [Prevention in the dispensary care of pregnant women].

PMID- 2286281
TI  - [The circadian and pulsatile secretions of prolactin during pregnancy, labour and
      puerperium].
AB  - The circadian and pulsatile secretions of prolactin were studied in 15 pregnant
      and 5 puerperal women. Blood samples were taken every 15 minutes for 3 hours
      during daytime and at night. Diurnal levels of prolactin and estradiol were
      examined in 135 pregnant women. In addition, prolactin and estradiol of 8
      parturient women were measured every 15 minutes until 24 hours after delivery.
      Prolactin and estradiol levels increased gradually in advance of pregnancy, and a
      positive correlation was revealed between prolactin(Y) and gestational weeks(X):
      Y = 7.125X-42.997, r = 0.9955. Furthermore, a positive correlation between
      prolactin(Y) and estradiol(X) levels was observed: Y = 4.439X + 44.115, r =
      0.7590. The circadian secretion of prolactin was observed in 15 out of 20 cases
      studied. The pulsatile secretion of prolactin was revealed in all 20 cases. The
      daytime pulse-frequency significantly decreased in the 2nd trimester and that of
      the nighttime also decreased in the 3rd trimester. The pulse-amplitude increased
      in advance of pregnancy, but amplitude/baseline value ratio was stationary 28%
      during the daytime and 34% during the nighttime in every trimester of pregnancy.
      63.0% of coincidence in prolactin pulse with increase of immunoreactive LH-hCG
      was observed. The pulsatile secretion of hCG has not been yet reported. However,
      the pulsatile increase of immunoreactive LH-hCG was observed in 10 pregnancies,
      while LH was not detected in any pregnancy by highly specific LH assay. This
      suggested that immunoreactive hCG changed in a pulsatile manner in the blood of
      pregnant subjects. A highly significant decline of prolactin levels was observed
      from 10 hours before until 4 hours after delivery, which did not correlate with
      changes of estradiol levels. These results indicated that the pulsatility and
      circadian secretion of prolactin were preserved during pregnancy and puerperium
      and also suggested that prolactin secretion during pregnancy, delivery and
      puerperium was regulated by at least 3 factors: estradiol, dopamine and LH-hCG.

PMID- 2286282
TI  - [Erythrocyte sorbitol levels in patients with thyrotoxicosis].
AB  - Hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance are frequently observed in patients
      with hyperthyroidism. However, little is known about whether altered polyol
      metabolism in hyperthyroidism is present or not. To examine changes in polyol
      metabolism in hyperthyroidism, we investigated changes in erythrocyte sorbitol,
      glyceraldehyde reductase (GAR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities during
      hyperthyroid and euthyroid states in patients with thyrotoxicosis. Mean levels of
      erythrocyte sorbitol and GAR were 32.0 +/- 1.6nM/g.Hb and 147.1 +/- 0.3mU/g.Hb,
      respectively. In thyrotoxic patients in a hyperthyroid state, these values were
      significantly higher than those in euthyroid controls. Mean level of erythrocyte
      SDH in thyrotoxic patients was weak but was significantly increased in comparison
      with that of euthyroid controls. However, mean levels of erythrocyte sorbitol and
      GAR were remarkably reduced to 23.6 +/- 1.4nM/g.Hb and 125.3 +/- 4.6mU/g.Hb in
      thyrotoxic patients in a euthyroid state after treatment with anti-thyroid drugs
      or by subtotal thyroidectomy. Mean level of SDH, on the other hand, was increased
      after the treatment. In addition, positive correlations were observed between the
      level of erythrocyte sorbitol or GAR, and the level of free thyroxine(FT4) or
      free triiodothyronine(FT3). A negative correlation was observed between the level
      of erythrocyte SDH and the level of FT4 or FT3. These results suggest that the
      level of erythrocyte sorbitol may be increased through direct acceleration of
      erythrocyte GAR activity by increased thyroid hormone levels in patients with
      thyrotoxicosis.

PMID- 2286283
TI  - [Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of plasma 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylglycol and norepinephrine as indicators of sympathetic activity].
AB  - A high performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection
      is described for simultaneously measuring the concentrations of the endogenous
      catecholamines and the deaminated catecholamine metabolite 3,4
      dihydroxyphenyglycol (DHPG) in plasma. Plasma DHPG concentrations as determined
      by the present method were 734 +/- 77pg/ml after 30 min. of supine rest whereas
      plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were 114 +/- 20pg/ml in 5 healthy
      subjects. The DHPG and NE concentrations increased to 891 +/- 64 and 266 +/-
      36pg/ml, respectively, after 30 min. of upright position following 30 min. of
      supine rest. The simultaneous measurement of plasma DHPG and NE concentrations
      may provide a more comprehensive assessment of the sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2286284
TI  - Ethylene glycol toxicity.

PMID- 2286285
TI  - Isolating the cystic fibrosis gene and possibilities for treatment.

PMID- 2286286
TI  - Care of the adult with cerebral palsy.

PMID- 2286287
TI  - Report of Insurance Commissioner's Task Force on Medical Malpractice.

PMID- 2286288
TI  - Intimidation and restraint of trade.

PMID- 2286289
TI  - The idea of innateness: effects on language and communication research.

PMID- 2286290
TI  - The idea of innateness: effects on language and communication research.

PMID- 2286291
TI  - Innate learning preferences: signals for communication.
AB  - Research on the ways in which different species of birds learn to sing is used to
      illustrate the necessity of taking innate factors into account in studies of
      behavioral development. Experiments on two species of songbirds are described
      that reveal innate species differences in responsiveness to tape-recorded songs.
      Conspecific songs are favored over those of other species. These patterns of
      innately varying responsiveness provide a basis for the development, not of
      stereotyped behavior, but of variable, individually learned behavior. The
      viewpoint is presented that mechanisms that differ innately from species to
      species, some with general functions, others specialized for particular
      ontogenetic assignments, provide the necessary substrates with which experience
      interacts.

PMID- 2286292
TI  - Terms of endearment.
AB  - In the animal psychobiology literature, the terms congenital, predetermined,
      heritable, and chronotypy each have meanings that can help differentiate
      implicit, sometimes hidden, elements of the broad and onerous term, "innate."
      Relevant phenomena in animals' nonverbal recognition and communication systems
      are discussed. Several ontogenetic analyses reveal that thermotactile stimulation
      and other forms of heat are potent determinants of learning and attachment in a
      variety of endothermic species. We describe preliminary data from language
      evolution and word usage that mirror physiological and affective aspects of
      thermal stimuli in development. Specifically, we examine the thermal and
      affective meaning of "warm" and "cool" in languages used in temperate and in
      tropical climates, as well as the histories of such words in languages that
      derived from remote linguistic origins, namely Indo-European and Proto-Uralic
      roots. In each of these languages, there have evolved conjoint thermal and
      affective meanings that suggest a reflection of fundamental homeothermic biology
      in the psychology of human language.

PMID- 2286293
TI  - Communicating about communicating: when innate is not enough.
AB  - The cowbird is a brood parasite, providing no parental care to its offspring. The
      species has often been cited as a model of the usefullness of the construct of
      innate behavior, as an explanation of how young cowbirds develop species-typical
      behavior. Here we evaluate the adequacy of this perspective. We show that
      although it is difficult to explain ontogenetic beginnings without recourse to
      the concept of innate behaviors, ontogenetic outcomes are less easily
      accommodated. Constraints on the explanatory power of innateness as an
      ontogenetic concept are demonstrated with data from the development of singing in
      cowbirds and the development of babbling in human infants.

PMID- 2286294
TI  - Language acquisition in a nonhuman species: implications for the innateness
      debate.
AB  - This article approaches the linguistic innateness issue from the perspective of a
      nonhuman species, the bonobo, an ape which is generally taken to be the best
      living model for early hominids. Recent studies indicate that a bonobo reared
      with humans comes spontaneously to comprehend spoken words, to produce novel two
      word combinations, and to respond appropriately to syntactically ordered
      sentences. The difference between the use of word combinations to say what one
      word can accomplish and combinations that convey a novel idea not transmittable
      by a single word is emphasized. It is argued that the use of such novel
      combinations must have preceded the appearance of syntax in the evolution of
      language. The use of multiword novel combinations has not received sufficient
      attention in the literature because of the erroneous assumption that novel
      meanings could only be achieved through syntactical structure. Consequently the
      significance of the ape's linguistic competence has been severely undervalued.

PMID- 2286295
TI  - Structure and stimulation in the ontogeny of spoken language.
AB  - Linguistic innateness is a fundamentally physical notion, which ultimately
      requires independent physical evidence. For spoken language, it is relevant to
      consider babbling, components of which are unaffected by ambient stimulation and
      are predicted by models of vocal tract function. Links between babbling and
      speech point to innate factors in the ontogeny of spoken language and invite
      attention to central control mechanisms. These neural capabilities enable oral
      language learning by providing children with control over an initial stock of
      speech-like movements and by directing their attention to salient linguistic
      patterns. Dispositions to attend to some cues are so strong that little
      stimulation is required. In other cases, predispositions are weak, and
      acquisition requires correspondingly more experience. To understand the ontogeny
      of language, we need to learn which cases are which and to know how these
      interactions occur and change over the course of acquisition.

PMID- 2286296
TI  - Innateness and maturation in linguistic development.
AB  - Language is species-specific, species-wide, and highly structured. Its principles
      (Universal Grammar) are innate (genetically determined) in the child, although
      some linguistic capacity is subject to a maturational schedule, examples of which
      are given. Some particular aspects of language are learned, in a way driven by
      Universal Grammar. However, empiricist "learning theories" of all types are far
      too weak to be useful in explaining either the final adult language or the
      precise timing of developmental processes. The assumption of Universal Grammar
      is, in fact, crucial in explaining what kind of learning actually takes place.

PMID- 2286297
TI  - Input, innateness, and induction in language acquisition.
AB  - Input and innateness compliment one another in language acquisition. Children
      exposed to different languages acquire different languages. Children's language
      experience, however, underdetermines the grammars that they acquire; the
      constraints that are not supplied by input must be available endogenously, and
      the ultimate origin of these endogenous contributions to acquisition may be
      traced to the biology of the mind. To the extent that assumptions of innateness
      encourage greater explicitness in the formulation of theories of acquisition,
      they should be welcomed. Excessively powerful assumptions of innateness may not
      be subject to empirical disconfirmation, however. Therefore, attention should be
      devoted to the development of a theory of language input, particularly with
      regard to identifying invariants of input. In combination with a linguistic
      theory providing an account of the endstate of acquisition, a theory of input
      would permit the deduction of properties of the mind that underlie the
      acquisition of language.

PMID- 2286298
TI  - An ecological approach to language development: an alternative functionalism.
AB  - I argue for a new functionalist approach to language development, an ecological
      approach. A realist orientation is used that locates the causes of language
      development neither in the child nor in the language environment but in the
      functioning of perceptual systems that detect language-world relationships and
      use them to guide attention and action. The theory requires no concept of
      innateness, thus avoiding problems inherent in either the innate ideas or the
      genes-as-causal-programs explanations of the source of structure in language. An
      ecological explanation of language is discussed in relation to concepts and
      language, language as representation, problems in early word learning, metaphor,
      and syntactic development. Finally, problems incurred in using the idea of
      innateness are summarized: History prior to the chosen beginning point is
      ignored, data on organism-environment mutuality are not collected, and the
      explanation claims no effect of learning, which cannot be tested empirically.

PMID- 2286299
TI  - Socio-perceptual bases for the emergence of language: an alternative to innatist
      approaches.
AB  - Recent challenges from a variety of fields suggest a re-examination of the
      nativist position and its implications for child language and communication
      research and theory. Basic assumptions crucial to the innatist position influence
      researchers to ignore the source of input, its characteristics, and its impact on
      language development. In contrast, from a socio-perceptual/ecological position,
      the linchpin of the emergence of language is the dynamic structure of the social
      interactive environment in which the child develops. Evidence from a series of
      studies investigating the social and perceptual bases of the emergence of the
      lexicon is marshaled to support and illustrate this perspective. Parallel
      arguments can and ought to be constructed to explain other aspects of language
      learning.

PMID- 2286300
TI  - A cultural model for the acquisition of language: implications for the innateness
      debate.
AB  - In contrast to other aspects of species-specific development, language
      development represents both the universal thrust of biologically based capacities
      and the socially differentiated results of human experience in culturally
      structured worlds. This article presents a theoretical approach for understanding
      the ways that children's language development is channeled through the culturally
      constructed microenvironment, or "developmental niche." The approach is
      illustrated with examples from research on mother-child speech in a rural
      Africian community and American parents' discourse about their children's
      language development. The cultural model proposed here suggests a wider range of
      environmental input than has been acknowledged by innatist views, and proposes
      that there are cross-cultural differences in the ways that language functions in
      representing experience to the self and communicating about it to others.

PMID- 2286301
TI  - The idea of innateness: effects on language and communication research.

PMID- 2286302
TI  - Instrumented gait analysis after selective dorsal rhizotomy.
AB  - In an attempt to assess quantitatively the effects of selective dorsal rhizotomy
      on ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy, instrumental gait analysis was used
      to document and compare changes following surgery. Stride characteristics,
      dynamic surface electromyography, foot-floor contact patterns and motion of the
      thigh, knee and ankle were analysed. 14 patients (seven independent ambulators,
      seven using assistive devices) aged between 4.6 and 23.5 years were tested before
      surgery and again six to 14 months later. After surgery, the seven independent
      walkers retained the same level of function and one of the assisted walkers had
      progressed to independent walking, but the other six still used the same device
      as before surgery. Selective dorsal rhizotomy reduces spasticity and improves
      gait dynamics, but does not change patterns of muscle activation during walking.

PMID- 2286304
TI  - Incidence of inguinal hernia in children with congenital cerebral palsy.
AB  - The incidence of inguinal hernia among 247 children with cerebral palsy was
      ascertained. During the first year of life, 20 of the 153 boys developed hernia,
      as did one of the 94 girls. Among boys with birthweights of 1000 to 2000g the
      incidence was 31 per cent, which is twice the rate for normal children. The
      incidence among boys with birthweights greater than 2000g was 8 per cent. A
      comparison group could not be found, but this incidence appears to be excessive,
      considering the reported normal incidence of 1 to 4 per cent in boys. The authors
      recommend routine examination for inguinal hernia, particularly for boys with
      birthweights less than 2000g and with spastic tetraplegia. Conversely, one should
      be alert to the possibility of concurrent spasticity in preterm males with
      inguinal hernia.

PMID- 2286303
TI  - Siblings as change agents for promoting the functional status of children with
      cerebral palsy.
AB  - This study evaluated the effectiveness of a four-month intervention program in
      which 31 siblings of 15 children with cerebral palsy were taught about cerebral
      palsy and what they could do to encourage their brother or sister to be more
      independent. The teaching was reinforced by home visits to develop individual
      plans for the children with cerebral palsy, and sibling group meetings were held
      to discuss progress and to provide support. Following this intervention, the
      children with cerebral palsy had significantly increased range of motion of the
      shoulder, elbow and wrist. There were also improvements in ambulation, personal
      hygiene, dressing and feeding. These findings indicate that siblings should be
      involved in the plant of care for children with disability, since they can be
      important teachers, role models and agents of change.

PMID- 2286306
TI  - Sensory visual loss and cognitive deficits in the selective attentional system of
      normal infants and neurologically impaired children.
AB  - The ability of infants to shift their gaze laterally from a central target
      (fixation shift) was investigated in normal one- and three-month-old infants in
      two visual tasks; competition (central fixating stimulus remained visible while
      peripheral target was presented) and non-competition (central fixating stimulus
      replaced by peripheral target). The younger infants were significantly more
      disrupted by the competition condition, in terms of latency to refixate and
      direction of first eye movement. An immature attention system is proposed to
      explain this affect. In addition, visually evoked potentials in response to
      comparable stimuli were easier to elicit in older infants, suggesting that the
      one-month-olds possessed more immature sensory and perceptual visual systems, as
      well as poorer neural systems for controlling selective attention. Both
      techniques have been applied to a group of neurologically impaired children, and
      the results indicate that the tests may be useful in distinguishing sensory loss
      from attentional impairments in these patients.

PMID- 2286305
TI  - Head shaking by visually impaired children: a voluntary neurovisual adaptation
      which can be confused with spasmus nutans.
AB  - Rapid, horizontal, pendular head oscillations were observed in 18 visually
      impaired children with nystagmus during intense visual fixation, and the
      characteristics of this behaviour were analysed. Head tilting and eye deviations
      also occurred in 14 of the children. Their symptoms and signs resembled spasmus
      nutans. Head shaking appeared to be a voluntary, learned, neurovisual adaptation
      to improve visual acuity. Accurate simultaneous recordings of eye and head
      movements are required to understand the pathophysiological significance of these
      head oscillations.

PMID- 2286307
TI  - Ventilator dependency: decision-making, daily functioning and quality of life for
      patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Ventilator assistance is offered to patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy as
      an option to extend life. This paper discusses the effect of respiratory
      difficulties and the subsequent quality of life for 17 patients and 14 family
      members living in the community. Areas covered included decision-making, health,
      education, vocational and recreational status, community resources and life
      satisfaction. Activity levels before and after ventilator use were assessed.
      Despite restrictions in daily life both before and after ventilator use, quality
      of life was fairly good. Restrictions in daily life were caused by a combination
      of progression of the disease and the ventilator, and family members were more
      burdened by the ventilator than were patients. It is concluded that patients and
      their families should make the decision about accepting or rejecting assisted
      ventilation.

PMID- 2286308
TI  - Cerebral arteriovenous malformation, Ondine's curse and Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - A child presented with a congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and
      Hirschsprung's disease. Subsequent investigations demonstrated a cerebral
      arteriovenous malformation. The significance and interrelationship of these three
      conditions is discussed, together with a review of the literature.

PMID- 2286309
TI  - Reversible somatotropin deficiency (psychosocial dwarfism) presenting as conduct
      disorder and growth hormone deficiency.
AB  - The syndrome of reversible somatotropin deficiency (psychosocial dwarfism) is
      characterized by environment-related impairment of stature and mental growth and
      growth-hormone secretion. The syndrome is well illustrated by this case report of
      an eight-year-old boy with psychosocial dwarfism since the third year of life. It
      was undetected for four years, despite his having been in regular contact with a
      number of health workers. After he was removed from the deleterious environment,
      both his growth and behaviour improved markedly, and at follow-up he had
      maintained this progress.

PMID- 2286311
TI  - The dilemma of assessing the visually impaired child.

PMID- 2286310
TI  - Autosomal dominant familial spastic paraplegia: description of a large New
      England family and a study of management.
AB  - A large New England family with autosomal dominant familial spastic paraplegia
      (ADFSP) is described. In a pedigree of 173 family members, 71 affected
      individuals were identified. 16 cases examined by the authors are described with
      regard to the natural history of ADFSP in this family, and a staging system for
      following progress and planning interventions is proposed. Three illustrative
      cases are presented. In this family, ADFSP was found to have a homogeneous
      clinical course, with nearly complete penetrance. Onset, with involvement limited
      to the lower extremities, occurred by three years of age, after which no
      significant progression was noted. Early, aggressive habilitative care may result
      in more functional ambulation for the youngest family members.

PMID- 2286312
TI  - Neurological assessment of the neonate revisited: a personal view.

PMID- 2286313
TI  - Chewable carbamazepine for children with epilepsy.

PMID- 2286314
TI  - [Therapy and prognosis of small breast cancers. Comparison of subcutaneous
      mastectomy procedures with ablatio mammae].
AB  - A retrospective clinical study included 1283 patients with breast cancer. 307 of
      762 tumours with known diameter (mm) were classified as stage pT1 (TNM, 70). Four
      groups were formed to compare the prognosis in subgroups of pT1 cancers: 0-5 mm
      (n = 22), 6-9 mm (n = 22), 10 mm (n = 53) and 11-20 mm (n = 210). A comparison of
      three types of surgery was made: Radical subcutaneous mastectomy (12), bilateral
      modified subcutaneous mastectomy (10, 11), and modified radical mastectomy
      (Auchincloss, 3). Both forms of subcutaneous mastectomy were combined with
      adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy to the side of the tumour. In this trial,
      patients were younger at diagnosis than usually stated in the literature. Small
      breast cancers had the same localisation and histology as large ones. Axillary
      lymph node metastases were identified from a tumour diameter of 6 mm upwards.
      Bilateral tumours were seen in 2 of 22 patients with tumours less than or equal
      to 5 mm. Multifocal growth was observed also in the same size range.
      Histologically different simultaneous invasive unilateral cancers were seen
      starting at a diameter of 8 mm of the larger tumour. Systemic metastases were
      observed in tumours of 10 mm in diameter. Local recurrences occurred in breast
      cancers with a diameter of 2 mm and more. There were no recurrences in the area
      of the nipple or areola in pT1 cancers. Small breast cancers did not appear to be
      biologically different from larger lesions. No prognostic subgroups of pT1 were
      evident beyond the established TNM staging. Disease-free survival was not
      significantly different between the three surgical approaches. Local recurrence
      was significantly less frequent after breast-conserving surgery. A negative
      influence of local recurrence on the prognosis was observed to a similar extent
      irrespective of the type of surgery. The concept of "minimal breast cancer"
      suggesting ablative surgery for a heterogeneous group of preinvasive and small
      invasive lesions is outdated. The different forms of subcutaneous mastectomy are
      a therapeutic alternative in the context of breast-conserving surgery of small
      infiltrating breast cancers. Especially the modified subcutaneous mastectomy
      (Beller) combines a good cosmetic result without prognostic impairment and with a
      potential reduction of the risc of contralateral breast cancer. Further potential
      applications include prophylactic treatment of high-risk patients with
      preinvasive lesions.

PMID- 2286315
TI  - [Clinical aspects and morphology of extra-ovarian serous cancer of the pelvis].
AB  - An extraovarian peritoneal serous carcinoma is characterised macroscopically by
      ovaries without pathology, histologically, however, by a serous carcinomatous
      structure in the pelvis, in an advanced tumour stage of usually marked peritoneal
      carcinomatosis. Extraovarian pelvic serous carcinomas are rarely described in
      literature. In our study on five patients with such carcinomas, laparotomy
      findings revealed peritoneal carcinomatosis as in advanced ovarian carcinomas,
      but without ovarian involvement. Histogenesis does not reveal any difference
      between the extraovarian mesothel, which is of Mullerian origin and the serous
      ovarian carcinoma. Therapy of extraovarian peritoneal carcinoma is similar to
      that of ovarian cancer with maximal tumour reduction and cisplatinum or
      carboplatinum containing chemotherapy. The prognosis is extremely unfavourable
      with little expectation of lengthy remission and survival rates are short.
      Extraovarian serous carcinomas deserve better recognition because they are
      underreported. They must be differentiated from malignant mesotheliomas, which
      are not of Mullerian origin.

PMID- 2286316
TI  - [Sexual rehabilitation of patients with cervix cancer].
AB  - The effects of therapy on the vita sexualis have a great importance in universal
      rehabilitation of patients with carcinomas. 168 treated women suffering from an
      invasive carcinoma of the cervix were consulted about their sex life and the
      relationship with their partner during the follow-up. Depending on the methods of
      therapy (radical operation, primary irradiation, combined treatment), loss of
      libido was seen in 53% of the patients, and loss of orgasm in 61%. The frequency
      of cohabitation decreased in 45% of the consulted persons. 10% of the women
      living in sexual partnership were of the opinion that severe disturbances in
      partner relations resulted therefrom. The least disturbance of the intimate
      relationship was found in women, who had a harmonious family background in life
      and who were informed to a sufficient degree.

PMID- 2286317
TI  - [A trial with immunotherapy of ovarian cancer by idiotype vaccination. Activation
      of the idiotype network in patients with advanced ovarian cancers by treatment
      with monoclonal antibody OC125].
AB  - Up to date, the positive effect of immunotherapy, using tumour-associated
      antigens or tumour cells of ovarian carcinomas, is still vague. Another and
      effective approach to overcome an experimentally induced tolerance, is the
      presentation of an definitive antigen in a different surrounding by the induction
      of the idiotypic network. Antibodies against a tumour-associated antigen are used
      to induce following antibodies, which are directed against the variable antigen
      binding group, the so-called idiotype of the antibody-vaccine. Then, the induced
      antibodies carry a mirror image of the tumour-associated antigen and are
      therefore able to modulate the host's immune response against the tumour. For the
      induction of this system, we used the monoclonal antibody OC125 as a F(ab)2
      fragment, which is directed against the tumour-associated antigen CA125 of
      epithelial ovarian carcinomas. 12 patients with advanced ovarian carcinomas
      received antibody fragments of the OC125 in the course of radioimmunodetections
      since 1985. Until April 1990 only these 5 patients, who developed the anti
      idiotypic antibodies after the vaccination, are still alive. Our first results
      with the induction of the idiotypic network system for patients with advanced
      ovarian carcinomas indicate, that in spite of the same surgical and
      chemotherapeutical treatment, patients show a delayed clinical course after the
      induction of the idiotypic system. The transfer of the definitive tumour
      associated antigen in an idiotypic antigen, seems to modulate the immunoresponse
      of the patients and in this way also the clinical course of a
      malignancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286318
TI  - [Prevention of vaginal prolapse in hysterectomy by suspension of the vaginal
      stump].
AB  - For prophylaxis of enterocele and of prolapse of the vagina following
      hysterectomy, the vaginal stump is fixed in at-risk patients to the sacro-uterine
      ligaments (known as McCall's suture) or to the sacro-spinal ligament (Amreich
      Richter method). We report on the indications and results obtained in 101 sacro
      spinal fixations and 211 McCall sutures in vaginal hysterectomy and 118 McCall
      sutures in abdominal hysterectomy. From 1975 to 1981 sacro-spinal fixation was
      only occasionally employed in prophylaxis of enterocele. After introduction of
      the McCall suture in 1982, the use of this method has been steadily increasing
      and has largely replaced sacrospinal fixation for prophylactic purposes.
      Nevertheless we are still using this often in cases of total prolapse, since in
      that situation, the fixation of the vaginal stump to the sacrouterine ligaments
      (in most cases weakly developed) is insufficient and does not offer enough
      support. Of a total of 350 McCall sutures performed to date, postrenal anuria
      occurred twice after kinking of the ureters, a typical complication that requires
      removal of the McCall suture. In a total of 174 sacro-spinal fixations of the
      vaginal stump for prophylactic or therapeutic indications, pronounced
      intraoperative haemorrhage took place in about 5% of the cases, whereas in one
      case, there was an abscess formation due to an infected haematoma. Technical
      details on both methods and on avoiding complications are discussed.

PMID- 2286319
TI  - [Experience with bladder drainage following gynecologic operations].
AB  - In a retrospective study, the complications of vesical drainage after
      gynaecological surgery in 2362 cases was analysed. The suprapubical catheter was
      found to cause less urinary tract infection than the dwelling transurethral
      catheter. Less intermittent recatheterisation, owing to vesical emptying
      disorders, was needed after suprapubical catheter. Due to frequent obstruction,
      the suprapubical catheter had to be removed earlier in some cases. In this study
      urinary tract infection was more frequently observed after vaginal hysterectomy
      than abdominal. Regarding the incidence of microorganisms in the urine, we found,
      that after Caesarean section Staph. epidermidis occurred more frequently, whereas
      E. coli prevailed in most of the other cases.

PMID- 2286321
TI  - [Risk of abortion following genetic amniocentesis in the 2d trimester in twin
      pregnancies].
AB  - Though the risk of abortion after amniocentesis in singleton pregnancies is well
      known, that for twin pregnancies is still unclear. A retrospective study was
      performed during December 1985 to May 1989 on all twin pregnancies that had
      undergone an amniocentesis, because of advanced maternal age. Out of the 33
      patients aged greater than or equal to 35 years with viable and sonographically
      normal foetuses at the time of amniocentesis, three aborted spontaneously within
      28 weeks of gestation, representing a risk of abortion after amniocentesis of
      9.1%; using a cut-off at 20 weeks of gestation, only two patients aborted, giving
      a risk figure of 6.1%. This is 3.6 times higher than in singleton pregnancies
      (1.7%). However, to evaluate the procedure-related risk of amniocentesis, the age
      dependent spontaneous abortion risk in twin pregnancies has to be considered.
      Accepting a spontaneous abortion risk of 4.5% after 16 weeks of gestation we have
      to calculate an amniocentesis-dependent risk of 1.6% up to the 20th week of
      gestation. It is essential, that the obviously higher genetic risk in twin
      pregnancies and the risk of procedure should be discussed carefully, before a
      patient with a twin pregnancy is advised to undergo genetic amniocentesis.

PMID- 2286320
TI  - [Pregnancy following organ transplantation].
AB  - In 17 of 74 patients, in the 20-40 years of age group, who had undergone an organ
      transplantation (kidney or liver), the course and outcome of pregnancy were
      evaluated. In three cases, the pregnancies ended in premature miscarriage and in
      five cases they were terminated for medical reasons. Nine infants were born alive
      between the 32nd to the 40th week of gestation, six of them spontaneously, three
      of them by abdominal Caesarean section. One of these infants born in the 32nd
      week of gestation with a birth weight of 800 grams died on the second day after
      birth. One infant born in the 33rd week of gestation showed incidence of a
      persistent ductus arteriosis Botalli. Four of the nine newborns suffered from
      intrauterine dystrophy. The birth weight of four further infants corresponded to
      the 10th to 25th percentile. Neither the incidence of a maternal varicella zoster
      infection in the early stages of pregnancy nor the reactivation of a herpes
      simplex (HSV) and cytomegalia virus infection during the pregnancy resulted in
      any perceptible damage to the infant or transplant. During pregnancy, three of
      the mothers were treated with immunosuppressants, either with a combination of
      azathioprine and prednisone (conventional) or cyclosporine (CSA) and prednisone,
      or with a combination of all three drugs (triple therapy). As opposed to the
      newborn of those mothers, who had been treated conventionally, the newborn of
      those treated with CSA showed post partum a tendency towards hypocalcaemia. Two
      of the mothers gave birth to their infants outside the Federal Republic of
      Germany.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286322
TI  - [Pregnancy and labor following liver transplantation].
AB  - We report on pregnancy and delivery in a patient following hepatic
      transplantation. After an uneventful gestation at term, a child of normal body
      weight was born. To the best of our knowledge only 7 successful pregnancies
      following hepatic transplantation have been reported, one of them in the Federal
      Republic of Germany. Amongst the publications mentioned there are only two
      further reports on an immunosuppressive drug regimen utilising cyclosporine plus
      prednisolone. We stress the importance of the following items: peripartual
      immunosuppression, analgesia as well as the necessary control of the coagulation
      system.

PMID- 2286323
TI  - [Choroid metastases in metastatic breast cancer--a rare metastatic site].
AB  - Between 1985 and 1989, four patients with uvea metastases of breast cancers were
      treated in the Dept. of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of the University of the Saar,
      Medical School, in Homburg/Saar. One of these patients developed binocular
      metastases. The patient's age at the primary diagnosis of breast cancer was 48
      years (median), the others were in pre- or peri-menopausal status. Uvea
      metastases appeared in median five years after primary diagnosis, always in
      coincidence with at least one more metastasis of different localisation. All
      cases with uvea metastases have been treated by radiation therapy with 40 gy
      reference dose. In three out of five cases, complete remission of the visus
      restriction could be achieved. In a further case, a temporary partial remission
      occurred. Two relapses were observed after remission induction, one and four
      years after treatment respectively.

PMID- 2286324
TI  - [Relations between psycho-physical acceleration and modern obstetrics].
AB  - In the highly developed countries, an acceleration of human growth and an
      increase in body length can be observed. The weight and length at birth are also
      increasing, which can be proved by our own investigation. Up to now, the theories
      explaining this phenomena are insufficient, because they assume the transmission
      of genetically acquired qualities. The reason for the acceleration is to be
      considered in the advancement of obstetrics as follows: Obstetrical handling,
      forceps and caesarean section permit the delivery of large babies, which were
      often lethal for mother and child. This led to an increase in the frequency of
      genetic developments for greater body length and weight at birth, which had
      formerly been limited by the high mortality rate. The trend towards larger babies
      is caused by an evolutionary selection of an enlargement of the brain, which must
      reach a certain minimum size by the time of birth. The relative enlargement of
      the newborn skull, made possible by advanced obstetrics, permits such increased
      birth weight and length. It also leads to an acceleration of growth and taller
      adults. The consequence of larger babies is an increasing frequency of
      obstetrical operations.

PMID- 2286325
TI  - [Breast saving operation and adjuvant therapy of breast cancer. Report of the
      National Institute of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Conference, Washington
      D.C. 18-21 June 1990].

PMID- 2286326
TI  - Location of a gene conferring DDT resistance but no pyrethroid cross-resistance
      in larvae of Anopheles stephensi.
AB  - In larvae of Anopheles stephensi, DDT resistance of 30 to 40-fold, involving no
      cross-resistance to pyrethroids, showed fully dominant monofactorial inheritance.
      The gene, termed DDT, is located 36.6 cross-over units from the morphological
      mutant, black larvae (Bl), on chromosome III. A polygenic system, which confers a
      17-fold reduction in susceptibility to knockdown by the pyrethroid, permethrin,
      also makes a minor contribution to DDT resistance. It was not possible to block
      DDT resistance with the dehydrochlorinase inhibitor DMC.

PMID- 2286328
TI  - Consideration of the ethnic factor in aging research--the time has never been
      better.

PMID- 2286329
TI  - Intergenerational aspects of the aging of America's elderly: a demographic
      perspective.

PMID- 2286327
TI  - Genetic linkage relationships of eight enzyme/electromorph loci in Anopheles
      minimus.
AB  - Two laboratory stocks of Anopheles minimus, each fixed for variant electromorphs
      of esterases, aspartate aminotransferase, hydroxyacid dehydrogenase,
      phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, mannose phosphate isomerase and glycerol
      dehydrogenase were used to assess linkage relationships between presumed gene
      loci controlling this variation. The two F1, which had been obtained from
      crossing the stocks, were backcrossed to a parental stock. Three loci controlled
      the esterases and one locus each of the other enzymes. Mpi is sex-linked. The
      rest are autosomal and suggested relationships are: Pgd 2.3% recombination from
      Aat and unlinked to any other loci; Est-1-33.8%-Est-3-31.5%-Est-2-21.0%-Had. Gcd
      is unlinked to any other locus. There was evidence of strong interaction between
      the X chromosome of one stock and autosomes of the other in which individuals
      bearing the X chromosome of the one suffered relatively greater mortality and had
      delayed development with respect to other genotypic classes.

PMID- 2286330
TI  - Families and networks among older inner-city blacks.
AB  - These research findings compare the support networks of inner-city blacks and
      whites, 65 years and older, who were selected from hospital medical clinics. Both
      blacks and whites who are in need of help use formal supports. Blacks, however,
      have more active support networks than do whites despite the low incidence of
      support from spouses and children. These social resources result from mechanisms
      in black families that expand network membership through the creation of fictive
      kin.

PMID- 2286331
TI  - A lifetime of work: the context and meanings of leisure for aging black women.
AB  - Qualitative in-depth interviews with 30 African-American women were conducted to
      examine the contemporary meanings of leisure within the context of lifelong work
      histories. Respondents followed a pattern of unpaid agricultural work in
      childhood, paid work in mostly domestic and service jobs as adults, and volunteer
      work in church and senior centers as retirees. The women continued their history
      of self-reliance by incorporating their lifetime of hard work into their leisure
      experiences and service to self and others in old age.

PMID- 2286332
TI  - Late-life sibling relationships: does race affect typological distribution?
AB  - Using a typology of sibling relationships in old age (Gold, 1989a), effects of
      race on distribution of relationships were studied. Differences between elderly
      white and black sibling pairs on several dimensions were also examined. Analyses
      of interview data suggest that race is systematically related to distribution,
      but that other demographic variables do not significantly affect the distribution
      of dyads among categories in the typology. Using log linear models, it was shown
      that the interaction between race, type, and dyadic gender composition was
      significant. Data also suggest that black dyads are represented more frequently
      in the positive categories, and white dyads are more likely to be categorized as
      "apathetic" or "hostile."

PMID- 2286333
TI  - The problem of defining retirement among minorities: The Mexican Americans.
AB  - Using the 1979 Chicano Survey and four different operational definitions of
      retirement, we explored the effects of age, gender, health, birthplace, and
      lifetime work experience on the retirement of Mexican Americans. We found that
      correlates of retirement vary by the definition used. Frequent health limitations
      was associated with retirement defined by self-reported retirement or self
      reported current work status, but not defined by respondents' self-described
      activities or receipt of retirement income. Operational definitions often used in
      discussions of timing and determinants of retirement, thus, poorly fit the
      lifetime work patterns and retirement process of Mexican Americans.

PMID- 2286334
TI  - Ethnic differences in the production of informal home health care.
AB  - Informal health care providers (usually family members, friends, and other unpaid
      helpers) determine the quantity and quality of home health services received by
      the elderly. Yet our knowledge of informal health care production is limited, in
      sharp contrast to our detailed knowledge of market-produced home health services.
      This paper assesses family choices in the production of informal home care, with
      special attention given to the influence of ethnicity on family caregiving style.

PMID- 2286335
TI  - Labor market choices and home health care provision among employed ethnic
      caregivers.
AB  - This paper systematically links and examines two decisions of employed informal
      caregivers, the allocation of time to care production and to the labor market.
      Its main contribution is its evaluation of the influence of ethnicity on the
      family's decisions about providing health care to meet the impending needs of an
      elderly family member or friend. Caregiving production factors, financial
      resources, and personal characteristics of the informal care providers influence
      both caregiving hours and the labor market decisions. German-, Irish-, English-,
      and Afro-Americans differ significantly in their decision to provide informal
      care. Policy and research implications of this analysis are discussed.

PMID- 2286336
TI  - Retirement prospects of the baby boom generation: a different perspective.
AB  - We examine the average economic status of baby boom cohorts as they approach
      retirement chiefly using data on their life cycle income experience to date.
      Contrary to popular impression, baby boomers are likely to enter old age in an
      even better economic position than pre-boom cohorts. Economic and demographic
      adjustments that they made, such as deferred marriages, reduced childbearing, and
      increased labor force participation of wives, have compensated for their
      relatively low wage rates. Potential downside effects of reduced childbearing
      regarding Social Security and health care prospects are discussed.

PMID- 2286337
TI  - Retirement migration and interstate income transfers.
AB  - This paper examines one aspect of the economic impact of elderly migration, the
      transfer of income from state to state, a concern of policymakers, planners, and
      researchers. Using 1980 census microdata files it was determined that billions of
      dollars are transferred between states each year, some states (especially
      Florida) gaining and others losing. The 1980/1981 Consumer Expenditure Interview
      Survey was used to estimate the consumption patterns of the typical migrant
      household. These findings are discussed in the context of state economic
      development.

PMID- 2286338
TI  - Outcome of schizophrenia into later life: an overview.
AB  - Studies of schizophrenia into later life may provide many of the keys to
      understanding the disorder. In this paper, recent developments in the study of
      aging and schizophrenia are reviewed, with particular emphasis on: the course and
      outcome of psychopathological symptoms; cognitive, neurological, and other
      organic factors; and social functioning. Four basic postulates about
      schizophrenia into later life as well as six themes for future research emerge
      from the review.

PMID- 2286339
TI  - Alzheimer's disease and related disorders in state mental hospitals: data from a
      nationwide survey.
AB  - Notwithstanding three decades of transferring of the elderly to nursing homes,
      geriatric patients continue to reside in state mental hospitals. Many of these
      patients, perhaps one-third or more, are thought to suffer from Alzheimer's
      disease and related disorders (ADRD). This study reports data from a nationwide
      survey of state hospitals that provides an exploratory look at the ADRD patients
      currently served in state hospitals. Admission trends, reasons for admission, and
      sources of referral are described. Civil commitment of nursing home patients with
      dementing illnesses and the place of the state hospital in the continuum of care
      for ADRD patients are discussed.

PMID- 2286340
TI  - Prognostic validity of clinical and psychometric variables in psychogeriatric
      inpatients.
AB  - The prognostic validity of both clinical and psychometric variables in a sample
      of psychogeriatric inpatients was evaluated. Elderly patients were divided into
      three outcome groups (nondischarged, n = 29; discharged-readmitted, n = 38; and
      discharged-nonreadmitted, n = 67), and comparisons were made on the clinical and
      psychometric variables. Results were cross-validated on a new sample of patients.
      Discriminant analysis yielded two predictive functions, which appeared to
      represent physical status and behavioral disturbance. Results suggest that a
      combination of clinical and psychometric variables yields the best level of
      prediction.

PMID- 2286341
TI  - Behavioral treatments and pharmacotherapy: acceptability ratings by elderly
      individuals in residential settings.
AB  - We presented residents of a life care community and several nursing homes with
      written scenarios depicting a 75-year-old woman with a behavior problem. The
      client in the case varied by cognitive capacity (impaired or intact) and behavior
      problem (aggression, verbal abuse, or noncompliance). Participants rated three
      treatments with Kazdin's (1980) Treatment Evaluation Inventory: differential
      reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI), time-out, and haloperidol. All
      treatments were considered acceptable, and DRI was rated the most acceptable.
      Ratings for haloperidol and time-out varied by whether the case client was
      described as demented.

PMID- 2286342
TI  - The effects of intergenerational experiences on adolescents and older adults.
AB  - We evaluated an intergenerational program bringing together older people and
      adolescents to examine assumptions underlying intergenerational programming and
      determine if either generation changed its attitudes toward the other. Program
      components allowed older people and adolescents to act as either
      intergenerational helpers or recipients of help. The amount of intergenerational
      contact prior to participating in the program was examined. Only one group's
      attitudes changed following participation in the program: adolescents who helped
      older people showed more enjoyment in being with older people, decreased social
      distance, and a more positive perception of older people's attitudes toward the
      young.

PMID- 2286343
TI  - Older and wiser: a hospital-based comprehensive geriatric program.
AB  - A survey of a sample of members and a 9-month study of all members were
      undertaken in 1988, four years after a hospital implemented a comprehensive
      geriatric program. It was found that surveyed members join this program for its
      reasonable cost but continue with it because of the good health care. Medical
      care and no claim forms or bills were the two services that surveyed members
      valued most and used more. Similarly, the entire membership used these two
      services more; however, it also lodged more complaints about and suggestions for
      improving medical care than any other service.

PMID- 2286344
TI  - A model for interdisciplinary discharge planning in a university hospital.
AB  - This paper presents a model for an interdisciplinary discharge planning team,
      with emphasis on functional status and improved coordination and continuity among
      providers, along with a description of the design and implementation of such a
      program in a university hospital. Results show that more patients are discussed
      and served, with more emphasis on the functional ability of patients, in an
      interdisciplinary versus traditional setting. Communication and education between
      house staff and team members increased substantially with this approach.

PMID- 2286345
TI  - [The materials engineering characteristics of orthodontic nickel-titanium wires].
AB  - Since their introduction in 1971 nickel-titanium wires have been widely used in
      orthodontics. Today, there is a multitude of new NiTi-alloys, whose properties
      are described. Beside the memory effect, these alloys have particular elastic
      properties, which can be characterized by a low modulus of elasticity, excellent
      springback, and pseudoelasticity (superelasticity). These properties are a
      consequence of the fact that depending on temperature and mechanical stress NiTi
      alloys have two crystalline structures: martensite and austenite. The transition
      between these two phases, called martensitic transformation, is responsible for
      the memory effect, where a one way and a two way effect can be distinguished. For
      orthodontic applications pseudoelasticity is regarded as a highly favourable
      property. Pseudoelastic behavior is caused by stress induced martensite.
      Analysing the elastic properties of the available wires two categories can be
      distinguished: "work hardened martensite" and "pseudoelastic alloy". The
      biocompatibility of NiTi is sufficient, it can be used as an implant material.

PMID- 2286346
TI  - [The enamel surface quality after interproximal stripping--a scanning electron
      microscopic assessment of different polishing procedures].
AB  - The surface features of stripped human enamel were studied with the scanning
      electron microscope. The efficiency of rotating diamond and polishing discs was
      compared with that of diamond and polishing strips in a newly developed
      handpiece. Interproximal stripping with fine and superfine grit diamond coated
      discs and strips created furrows which were 10 microns in width. At the interface
      between treated and untreated enamel no hard tissue damage could be observed.
      Under in vitro conditions the furrows resulting from stripping were almost
      totally eliminated by using aluminum oxide coated strips or discs in
      automatically driven handpieces. After 60 s of polishing with each polishing
      strip/disc the treated enamel surfaces were nearly smooth. Only a few isolated
      furrows of 1 to maximum 3 microns were detected. As a result, we can state that
      it is possible to produce surfaces which are smoother than untreated natural
      enamel with the rotating or the oscillating polishing procedure.

PMID- 2286347
TI  - [Orthodontic treatment from the patients' and parents' viewpoint--the results of
      a practical and clinical questionnaire study (II)].
AB  - A questionnaire investigation enrolling more than 300 orthodontic patients and
      their parents was conducted into the subjective appraisal of treatment means and
      doctor-patient-interaction. The majority of the interviewees showed a positive
      respectively indifferent attitude toward their treatment. As patients grow older,
      their views become more differentiated and critical. Impaired speaking was
      mentioned most frequently; psychosocial disadvantages caused by appliance wear
      were suggested mostly by parents. In a minor part of patients, the orthodontist's
      behavior was not in line with their social-emotional needs and expectations.
      Slight failures of adherence with prescriptions were admitted for the daytime.
      Parental supervision appeared to be either energetic or formal yet superficial,
      or insufficient respectively in one third of our cases.

PMID- 2286348
TI  - [The effect of the maxillary sinus floor on orthodontic tooth movement].
AB  - By superimposing 40 pre- und post-therapeutic orthopantomograms the degree of
      tipping and kind of movement of 87 teeth could be described quantitatively,
      dependent on configuration and extension of the basal maxillary sinus. It has
      been shown that, with a more vertical extension (VL = 1) in front of the tooth to
      be moved one can expect an obviously higher degree of tipping (about 10 degrees)
      as compared to teeth moved through a more horizontal maxillary sinus base (VL =
      2). In the group of teeth VL = 1 a correlation between the depth of the maxillary
      sinus recessus and the degree of tipping could be found (p less than or equal to
      0.05); i.e. the deeper the maxillary sinus recessus, the higher the degree of
      tipping. For VL = 2 this correlation is statistically not significant. In the
      group VL = 1 rather a tipping movement, in VL = 2 a translatory movement can be
      expected.

PMID- 2286349
TI  - [Functional treatment after condylar fractures with and without an activator].
AB  - A follow-up study was carried out of 21 patients aged between three and 13 years
      who had sustained fractures of the condylar process. The patients were divided
      into three groups according to the type of treatment carried out--functional
      orthopaedics, intermaxillary fixation with functional orthopaedics and
      intermaxillary fixation with exercises. The clinical results showed in all cases
      good, even excellent restoration of the function. Radiological examination,
      however, revealed that restoration of anatomical form only occurred in 20% of the
      patients. Since several years after the trauma the orthodontically treated group
      showed even a remodelling of the fractured condyles functional treatment approach
      is recommended.

PMID- 2286350
TI  - [The possibility of stimulating mandibular growth in mandibular retrognathism
      with functional regulators and activators compared to a control group--a 6-year
      cephalometric longitudinal study].
AB  - In a teleradiological longitudinal study 86 patients with an Angle class II
      malocclusion were followed over a period of six years the development within the
      range of their facial skeleton. 43 of these patients were treated with a
      functional regulator according to Frankel, 22 with an activator and 21 children
      remained untreated (control group). Compared with the activator-treated group,
      the group treated by regulators of function offered an improved development of
      the lower jaw.

PMID- 2286351
TI  - [The treatment of children with cheilognathopalatoschisis--a contribution to
      psychosocial rehabilitation].
AB  - The long-term treatment of cleft palate patients starts immediately after birth
      and is pursued in orderly fashion [correction of persecuted orderly] to
      adolescence. The results of anonymous survey of the opinion of parents of cleft
      palate children who undergo or underwent early treatment procedures, up to seven
      years of age, are presented. Questions concerned mother's or parent's experience
      of birth, first medical information, early orthopedic care and treatment, and
      psychosocial adjustment of the children as well. This study suggests that
      objective findings in children and subjective conditions of parents do not
      correlate in the beginning, as is to be seen in cleft palate versus cleft lip
      palate group. One other conclusion indicates the existence of a small quantity of
      parents able to accept their affected child without additional problems arising
      from the cleft.

PMID- 2286352
TI  - [Age-dependent soft-tissue changes in the face].
AB  - A sample of class-II-cases, who refused orthodontic treatment, was examined
      cephalometrically before, during and after the pubertal growth spurt. The profile
      of the individuals examined became more retrognathic inspite of the enormous
      growth of the chin. The growth pattern of the facial soft tissue emphasized nose
      and chin prominence. The nose lengthened and thickened, the nasolabial angle
      decreased. The relation of upper and lower lip worsened.

PMID- 2286353
TI  - [Tooth and jaw development in the Silver-Russel syndrome].
AB  - The symptoms of Silver-Russel syndrome are described using two cases. Special
      attention was paid to the development of the teeth and the jaws. The typical
      microretrognathism is accompanied by a frontal crowding especially in the lower
      jaw. It is possible to adjust it to a regular occlusion using functional
      orthopedic appliances. Noticeable is the high degree of caries in the first
      dentition. Paramorphiae are not ascertainable. Etiologically, the submucosal
      cleft palate, which was diagnosed for the first time, would suggest an
      intrauterine disturbance in the eighth to the tenth week of pregnancy.

PMID- 2286354
TI  - The occurrence of variant Ph translocations in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): a
      report of six cases.
AB  - Variants of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) translocation were detected in six of 95
      Ph positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients (6.3 per cent). Two of these
      patients showed a Ph variant of 'simple' type, involving chromosomes 10 and 12.
      In four patients, the variant Ph was of 'complex' type involving a third
      chromosome:chromosomes 1, 6, 7 and 12 in addition to 9 and 22. Two of these
      resulted in the occurrence of a 'masked' Ph. In addition to variant Ph
      translocations, variant breakpoints such as q12 (two patients) and q13 (one
      patient) on chromosome 22 were observed in another three patients with t(9;22).

PMID- 2286355
TI  - Factor X-activating procoagulant in normal and malignant breast tissue.
AB  - Factor X-activating activity (FXAA) was determined by a chromogenic assay in
      normal and malignant breast tissue. FXAA was found in all tissue (n = 38)
      irrespective of pathology, and the activity of normal tissue was similar to that
      of tumours. FXAA correlated with tissue hemoglobin in normal breast (p less than
      0.02) but not in tumours. FXAA was markedly reduced by aluminium hydroxide,
      barium citrate, anti-human factor VII, DFP, PMSF and phospholipase C, but was
      unaffected by iodoacetamide and mercuric chloride. It is concluded that FXAA is a
      serine protease with the properties of a tissue factor-factor VII complex. FXAA
      occurs in normal and malignant breast tissue, although the 'normal' activity may
      be an artefact of the homogenization process.

PMID- 2286356
TI  - Primary and secondary cutaneous lymphomas in Hong Kong Chinese.
AB  - Sixty-eight Hong Kong Chinese patients with cutaneous lymphomas were studied.
      There were 38 males and 30 females and their median age was 52 years. According
      to a staging system as proposed by the Mycosis Fungoides Cooperative Group, 48
      (71 per cent) of the patients had disseminated stage IV disease. There were nine
      (13 per cent) cases of mycosis fungoides. The remaining cases were mostly
      intermediate or high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas according to the Working
      Formulation. Immunophenotyping was performed in 23 cases and in 17 cases (74 per
      cent), T-cell tumours were identified. Many of these T-cell lymphomas were
      unclassifiable according to the Working Formulation and were either pleomorphic
      or immunoblastic-lymphadenopathy-like T-cell lymphoma according to a modified
      system of the Japanese Lymphoma Study Group. A variety of therapies were given to
      these patients and those with stage IV disease had a significantly poorer
      survival. On the other hand, the histology, and immunophenotype did not appear to
      be useful in predicting prognosis.

PMID- 2286357
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of DNA ploidy in large cleaved cell lymphomas.
AB  - The results of nuclear DNA content analysis of a series of 28 patients with large
      cleaved follicular centre cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are reported. DNA
      aneuploidy was found in 11 (39 per cent) cases. The DNA indices of the DNA
      aneuploid peaks ranged from 1.14 to 2.28. Seven (25 per cent) cases were
      tetraploid. DNA ploidy was not associated with prognosis. The percentage of S
      phase cells (SPF) ranged from 2.0 to 30.5 per cent (median 5.1 per cent).
      Lymphoma patients with SPF higher than 9.7 per cent had a worse survival rate
      than patients with lymphoma with less than 9.7 per cent S phase cells but the
      difference did not reach statistical significance. The results of the DNA ploidy
      and SPF were comparable to those of intermediate and high grade malignancy NHLs.

PMID- 2286358
TI  - Decrease in clonogenic tumour cells in bone marrow aspirates from multiple
      myeloma patients due to the incorporation of cyclophosphamide into treatment with
      vincristine, adriamycin and methyl prednisolone.
AB  - A study of 32 patients receiving cyclophosphamide (CY) and verapamil (VER) in
      addition to the drug combination vincristine, adriamycin and methyl prednisolone
      (VAMP) was made in which the clinical response and growth of clonogenic myeloma
      cells (MY-CFUc) from bone marrow aspirates were compared. At presentation, MY
      CFUc were grown from 72 per cent (23/32) of the patients. After treatment with CY
      VAMP or VERCY-VAMP, MY-CFUc were grown from 25 per cent (8/32) of patients of
      whom only 50 per cent responded clinically. The overall clinical response rate
      for patients receiving CY-VAMP and VERCY-VAMP was 64 per cent (9/14) and 72 per
      cent (13/18) respectively of whom 14 per cent in each group achieved complete
      remission. There was no concomitant increase in normal tissue toxicity as
      measured by granulocyte-macrophage colony (GM-CFUc) formation. Comparison of
      these data with our previous study of patients receiving VAMP alone, suggests
      that the addition of CY to the regimen may increase the tumour cell kill. Further
      clinical studies will determine whether there is a significant increase in the
      complete remission rate.

PMID- 2286359
TI  - Cytokine expression in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
AB  - Cytokine expression of potentially active B-cell growth factors (IL-2, IL-4, IL
      6) was investigated by means of mRNA-expression in 29 cases of malignant non
      Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas. Strong signals were found for IL-4 and IL-6 in two and
      five cases, respectively, whereas the majority of the remaining cases did not
      show any detectable mRNA-signals for these growth factors. Comparing these
      results with those of the immunohistochemistry, it could be demonstrated that at
      least in some of these cases the signal was due to an autocrine or paracrine
      phenomenon of the tumour cells.

PMID- 2286360
TI  - Chemical structure of corticosteroids and its relationship with their acute
      induction of lordosis in the female rat.
AB  - The intravenous injection of several corticosteroids in the spayed estrogen
      primed rat resulted, 5 min later, in a remarkable induction of lordosis response
      for deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol. A lower but important effect was
      induced with corticosterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. A chemical
      structure-biological effect analysis showed that C-21 hydroxylation (e.g.,
      deoxycorticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and corticosterone) induces the behavioral
      effect. However, C-11 or C-17 hydroxylation alone promotes the lordosis response
      to a lesser degree (corticosterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone,
      respectively). However, the effect of these latter compounds is significant. From
      the results, it is concluded that deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol along
      with other steroids such as 20 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone are suitable candidates
      for synergizing the well-known estrogen-progesterone induction of lordotic
      behavior.

PMID- 2286361
TI  - Influence of environmental events immediately after birth on postnatal
      testosterone secretion and adult sexual behavior in the male rat.
AB  - A rise in plasma testosterone (T) levels occurs in male rats during the first 2
      hr after birth which is of importance for the process of sexual differentiation.
      To study the influence of environmental factors on the postnatal T surge and
      sexual development, newborn male rats were subjected to various treatments
      immediately after cesarean delivery including cooling, ether anesthesia, and
      mother-infant separation. In adulthood, the animals were observed for masculine
      and feminine sexual behavior. Males anesthetized at 0 hr showed elevated levels
      of feminine sexual behavior and impaired masculine sexual behavior. Pups
      subjected to cooling or mother-infant separation showed slightly prolonged
      intromission latencies, but otherwise normal levels of feminine sexual behavior.
      Significantly elevated plasma T levels were found in intact pups 2 hr after birth
      but not in pups subjected to cooling or ether anesthesia. Significantly higher
      levels of T were observed in pups subjected to cooling 4 hr after birth,
      suggesting a delay of the T surge. The most pronounced impairing effects were
      seen in the defeminization process, but the masculinization process also is
      affected by ether anesthesia. It was concluded that ether anesthesia immediately
      after birth may permanently interfere with the sexual development by suppressing
      the neonatal T surge.

PMID- 2286362
TI  - The effects of gonadal hormones on scent marking and related behavior and
      morphology in female gray short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica).
AB  - The hormonal control of scent marking and related behavior and morphology was
      examined in female gray short-tailed opossums. Females rarely scent marked when
      intact or following ovariectomy. Testosterone (T) but not estradiol (E) treatment
      stimulated chest marking while either hormone stimulated head marking in
      ovariectomized females tested alone. When the same females were tested with
      males, T-treated females showed little scent marking of any type; E-treated
      females showed hip marking in significantly more tests than females in the other
      treatment groups. Suprasternal scent glands (absent in intact females) and
      phalluses of females that received T were significantly larger than those of
      animals that received E or control animals. These findings are discussed with
      respect to similarities and differences between marsupial and eutherian females
      and between male and female gray opossums in the hormonal control of sexually
      dimorphic behavior and morphology.

PMID- 2286363
TI  - Copulatory behavior of adult tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) castrated as
      neonates or juveniles: effect of testosterone treatment.
AB  - The sexual interactions of Saguinus fuscicollis males castrated as neonates, at
      37 days of age, or prepubertally with adult intact females were studied.
      Prepubertally castrated males were observed while receiving testosterone, and
      while being treated with saline. Males castrated neonatally or at 37 days of age
      were observed while receiving testosterone. Neonatal castrates had previously
      been studied without hormone treatment and therefore no control condition was
      included for these animals. Prepubertally castrated males showed Mounts, Mounts
      with Thrusts, and Sexual Tongue Flicking when treated with saline only. In three
      of the four males, all measures of sexual behavior increased with testosterone
      treatment. Neonatally castrated males had failed to display any mounting or
      thrusting without testosterone treatment during a previous study. During the
      present study, three of the four males did not respond to testosterone treatment
      with sexual behavior. The fourth male and one male castrated at 37 days of age
      displayed some sexual behavior. These results suggest that most neonatally
      castrated males are not able to respond to testosterone with the activation of
      copulatory behavior. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in
      callitrichids the sensitive period for behavioral differentiation is shifted into
      neonatal life. However, some neonatally castrated males show a weak response to
      testosterone. This may reflect an extended and perhaps partially prenatal period
      of sensitivity.

PMID- 2286364
TI  - Sustained influence of previous estradiol or testosterone treatments on sexual
      behaviors of female pigs.
AB  - Two studies were conducted to determine the consequences of extended treatment
      with estradiol or testosterone on sexual behavior in postpubertal, female pigs.
      After ovariectomy, either steroid was administered for 6 weeks at dosages
      sufficient to maintain serum concentrations similar to those observed in mature
      male pigs. Behavioral evaluations were initiated 2 months after the last steroid
      treatment. These treatments reduced receptivity (immobile stance when placed with
      a mature male) and proceptivity (preference to remain near a mature male) in
      association with an increase in aggressive behavior. In females treated
      previously with both estradiol and progesterone, sexual behaviors 2 months later
      were similar to those of control females. When evaluations were repeated 5 months
      after extended estradiol treatment had ceased, receptivity and proceptivity had
      returned to that of control pigs and aggressive behavior had diminished greatly.
      Interpretation of these changes in behavior is that extended periods of estradiol
      or testosterone treatment sustain activational influences for a considerable
      amount of time after treatments cease and progesterone antagonizes estradiol's
      effect on these behaviors. In a companion study, pubertal and post-pubertal
      females were similar for receptivity but pubertal females spent less time near a
      mature male. This difference in proceptivity likely reflects a maturational
      change associated with sexual development in female pigs. Collectively, these
      observations in postpubertal, female pigs document that prolonged estrogen
      treatment will activate aggressive behaviors in association with reduced
      proceptivity and receptivity. Because these behavioral changes are reversible by
      5 months after cessation of treatment, they are not the result of sexual
      differentiation.

PMID- 2286365
TI  - The influence of social and endocrine factors on urine-marking by captive wolves
      (Canis lupus).
AB  - Although serum hormones varied seasonally in all adult animals, only dominant
      male and female wolves urine-marked. Serum testosterone and urine-marking rates,
      which increased during the fall/winter breeding season, were positively
      correlated in both male and female dominant wolves. Estradiol, which increased in
      conjunction with proestrus and estrus, was not correlated with female urine
      marking. These findings suggest that hormonal influence on urine-marking in the
      wolf is modulated by social factors and contrast with those for both domestic
      dogs and coyotes, two other members of the genus Canis.

PMID- 2286366
TI  - Effects of the nonsteroidal inhibitor R76713 on testosterone-induced sexual
      behavior in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
AB  - A new triazole derivative, R76713 (6-[4-chlorophenyl)(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1
      yl)methyl]-1-methyl-1H- benzotriazole), was recently shown to inhibit aromatase
      selectively without affecting other steroid-metabolizing enzymes and without
      interacting with estrogen, progestin, or androgen receptors. This compound was
      tested for its capacity to intefere with the induction of copulatory behavior by
      testosterone (T) in castrated Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). In a
      first experiment, R76713 inhibited (range 0.01 to 1 mg/kg) the activation of
      sexual behavior by T silastic implants and hypothalamic aromatase activity in
      castrated male quail in a dose-dependent manner. The 5 alpha- and 5 beta-
      reductases of T were not systematically affected. Stereotaxic implantation of
      R76713 in the medial preoptic area similarly blocked the behavior activated by
      systemic treatment with T, demonstrating that central aromatization of androgen
      is implicated in the activation of behavior. These inhibiting effects of R76713
      on behavior were observed when implants were placed in the medial part of the
      nucleus preopticus medialis, confirming the implication of this brain area in the
      control of male copulatory behavior. Finally, the behavioral inhibition produced
      by R76713 could be reversed by simultaneous treatment with a dose of estradiol,
      which was not behaviorally effective by itself. This suggests that the behavioral
      deficit induced by the inhibitor was specifically due to the suppression of
      estrogen production. This also shows that the activation of copulatory behavior
      probably results from the interaction of androgens and estrogens at the brain
      level, as the two treatments separately providing these hormonal stimuli (T with
      the aromatase inhibitor on one hand and a low dose of estradiol on the other
      hand) had almost no behavioral effects but they synergized to activate copulation
      when given concurrently. These data confirm the critical role of preoptic
      aromatase in the activation of reproductive behavior and demonstrate that R76713
      is a useful tool for the in vivo study of estrogen-dependent processes.

PMID- 2286367
TI  - The effects of androgens and estrogen on the external morphology and electric
      organ discharge waveform of Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae, Teleostei).
AB  - The effects of androgens and estrogen on the external morphology and electric
      organ discharge (EOD) waveform in Gnathonemus petersii, a weakly discharging
      electric fish, were investigated. Following preimplant data collection, juvenile
      and adult fish were gonadectomized and implanted with silastic capsules
      containing either high or low doses of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone
      (DHT), estradiol-17 beta (E2), or cholesterol. One group of fish was treated with
      high doses of DHT + E2. Radioimmunoassays revealed that low-dose implants
      resulted in plasma T levels comparable to and high-dose implants about sixfold
      greater than those found in adult males imported during breeding season. High
      dose E2 implants resulted in higher plasma E2 levels in adults than those in
      juveniles. At either dose, both androgens induced male-like indentations in the
      dorsal margin of the anal fin of juveniles and adult females by 4 weeks
      postimplant. Both low and high doses of T decreased the peak power spectrum
      frequency (PPSF) of Fourier transformations of EODs and increased the durations
      of phases 2 and 3 of the EOD in juveniles and adults, but the high doses caused
      more rapid and profound effects. The two doses of T caused opposite effects on
      the durations of phases 1 and 4 juveniles. The low dose of T decreased the
      durations of phases 1 and 4, while the high dose increased them. In adults, the
      high dose of T increased the duration of phase 1, but had inconsistent effects on
      the duration of phase 4. Total EOD durations were increased by both doses of T in
      juveniles, while adults showed inconsistent effects possibly due to individual
      variability in hormone sensitivity. Compared to T, DHT exerted similar, but less
      dramatic effects on all measures, but only at high doses. E2 significantly
      increased adult PPSFs, the first such finding in a mormyrid species. E2 had no
      effects on juvenile PPSFs, or on adult or juvenile EOD phase durations. The
      effects of DHT + E2 on PPSF and phases 2 and 3 were similar to those of DHT
      alone. These findings demonstrate quantifiable steroid-dependent plasticity in
      the durations of individual phases of EODs in an electric fish and are the first
      to show that the external morphology in Gnathonemus petersii is androgen
      dependent. The results are discussed with regard to methodological considerations
      and hormone studies involving sex differences in EODs reported for this and other
      species.

PMID- 2286368
TI  - Autumnal territorial aggression is independent of plasma testosterone in
      mockingbirds.
AB  - Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) show intense territorial activity in the autumn
      as newcomers attempt to establish space within resident populations. Examination
      of autumnal territorial behavior showed that unmated males sing more and engage
      in more territorial fights than mated males. Newcomers that have just acquired
      space also sing more and show more territorial fights than birds resident to the
      population for at least one prior season. Among established residents, the
      average number of territorial fights was greater in birds that shared more
      territory boundaries with new residents. Radioimmunoassay of plasma samples taken
      from males during the molt and following the onset of territorial defense showed
      that during both periods plasma concentrations of testosterone (T),
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol were basal or below the sensitivity of
      the assay system. Moreover, groups of males that differed in song and territorial
      aggression did not differ in plasma concentrations of T, DHT, or luteinizing
      hormone (LH). Hormone analyses confirm measurements on several other avian
      species suggesting that sex steroid concentrations are low in the fall and winter
      and that variations in aggressive behavior at this time of year may be unrelated
      to LH and androgen levels. Our observations contribute to a growing body of work
      in temperate passerines indicating that the role of androgens in mediating
      aggressive challenge may be restricted to the breeding season. The possible
      hormonal basis (if any) of song and territorial aggression in mockingbirds
      outside the breeding season remains obscure.

PMID- 2286369
TI  - Song acquisition in photosensitive and photorefractory male European starlings.
AB  - We tested the ability of 1-year-old European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to
      acquire songs while in different physiological states. Photorefractory males,
      with low testosterone levels, learned songs as completely and as accurately as
      photosensitive males in full reproductive condition. This indicates that song
      acquisition in 1-year-old males does not depend on high levels of androgens. The
      ability to learn songs during the nonbreeding season may reflect the high song
      output of potential tutors through most of the year, including the
      photorefractory period, and may facilitate increases in song repertoire size in
      adulthood.

PMID- 2286370
TI  - PCR analysis of DNA sequences in single cells: single sperm gene mapping and
      genetic disease diagnosis.

PMID- 2286371
TI  - Development of a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel and molecular probes for human
      chromosome 3.
AB  - A somatic cell hybrid mapping panel and molecular probes have been developed for
      human chromosome 3. This panel defines 11 regions for the short and long arms of
      the chromosome. Four hundred thirty-two probes have been mapped using these
      hybrids. One hundred thirty-one of these probes were derived from EcoRI and
      HindIII flow-sorted libraries. The remaining 301 probes were isolated from NotI
      boundary and random (partial MboI) libraries constructed from a hybrid that
      provided a relative enrichment in 3p DNA sequences. For some regions of the
      chromosome, significant differences in the distribution of probes were noted.
      This was observed for both the unique sequence flow-sorted and NotI probes. These
      differences are in agreement with previous suggestions that Giemsa light bands
      are GC-rich, and therefore gene-rich (especially housekeeping genes), and that
      the Giemsa dark bands may contain DNA that is more highly condensed. The
      isolation of probes from different types of libraries, or by different screening
      strategies, appears to reduce deficiencies that might arise from the use of
      probes derived with a more limited approach. These hybrids and probes should
      facilitate the construction of physical and genetic linkage maps to identify
      various disease loci involving chromosome 3.

PMID- 2286372
TI  - Characterization of the genomic organization of human carcinoembryonic antigen
      (CEA): comparison with other family members and sequence analysis of 5'
      controlling region.
AB  - A cosmid containing the entire coding region for human carcinoembryonic antigen
      has been isolated. Detailed analysis and sequencing have determined an
      organization comprising nine exons encoding amino acids and one for a 3'
      untranslated fragment. Comparison with other family members reveals a complex
      pattern of homology at the 3' end of the gene. The 5' noncoding region is rich in
      purine-rich motifs and possible enhancer elements and has a region with
      properties similar to those of HTF islands.

PMID- 2286373
TI  - Human metallothionein genes: structure of the functional locus at 16q13.
AB  - The functional human metallothionein (MT) genes are located on chromosome 16q13.
      We have physically mapped the functional human MT locus by isolation and
      restriction digest mapping of cloned DNA. The mapped region contains all
      sequences on chromosome 16 that hybridize to metallothionein gene probes and
      comprises 14 tightly linked MT genes, 6 of which have not been previously
      described. This analysis defines the genetic limits of metallothionein functional
      diversity in the human genome.

PMID- 2286374
TI  - The dystrophin gene is autosomally located on a microchromosome in chicken.
AB  - The dystrophin gene has been mapped to a pair of microchromosomes in Gallus
      domesticus. In situ hybridization using a pool of biotinylated human cDNA probes
      allowed detection of this huge single-copy sequence without having to employ
      isotopic labeling. The autosomal nature of the DMD gene in chicken is supported
      by molecular data from quantitative Southern blot analysis and is in sharp
      contrast to that in all eutherian mammals studied, where it is a
      characteristically X-linked locus. With previous data taken into consideration,
      these results should prove significant in understanding the evolution of sex
      chromosomes during speciation as well as highlighting the importance of avian
      microchromosomes.

PMID- 2286375
TI  - Genomic structure and comparison of mouse tissue-specific alkaline phosphatase
      genes.
AB  - A full-length human placental alkaline phosphatase (AP) cDNA was used to identify
      and clone related genes from mouse genomic libraries. We report the cloning,
      sequence, and structural comparison of the mouse embryonic and intestinal AP
      genes and a putative AP pseudogene. All three mouse genes are composed of 11
      exons interrupted by 10 small introns (70-261 bp) with an organization analogous
      to that of the three human tissue-specific AP genes. Introns interrupt the coding
      sequences at identical positions in all three mouse and human tissue-specific AP
      genes. The deduced amino acid sequence of the isozymes predicts proproteins of
      529, 559, and 466 amino acids for embryonic AP, intestinal AP, and pseudo-AP,
      respectively. A repetitive sequence inserted in exon XI of the mouse intestinal
      AP gene codes for a unique stretch of 41 amino acids, 20 of which are threonines.
      This insertion has disrupted a region recognized as being responsible for
      phosphatidylinositol anchorage of human placental AP to the cytoplasmic membrane.
      Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the three mouse AP isozymes form a distinct
      group separate from the human tissue-specific AP isozymes, suggesting the taxon
      specific evolution of the AP genes as opposed to independent evolution of AP
      genes expressed in specific tissues.

PMID- 2286377
TI  - The alpha subunit of cytochrome b-245 mapped to chromosome 16.
AB  - The chromosomal location of the alpha subunit (23-kDa protein) of human
      cytochrome b-245 was analyzed by Southern blot hybridization using DNA isolated
      from a panel of 12 independent human-rodent somatic cell hybrids. The results
      indicate that this protein is encoded at a single locus on chromosome 16.

PMID- 2286376
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of human cartilage link protein (CRTL1) deduced from
      cDNA clones and chromosomal assignment of the gene.
AB  - Little is known about the primary amino acid structure of human cartilage link
      protein (CRTL1). We screened a human genomic library with a cDNA encoding the 3'
      untranslated region and the adjoining B1 domain of chicken link protein. One
      clone was isolated and characterized. A 3.5-kb EcoRI-KpnI fragment from this
      genomic clone that contains the human B1 exon was used to map the gene to
      chromosome 5q13----q14.1. The same fragment was used to screen a cDNA library
      prepared from mRNA of Caco-2, a human colon tumor cell line. Two overlapping
      clones were isolated and shown to encode all of CRTL1. The deduced amino acid
      sequence is 354 residues long. The amino acid sequence shows a striking degree of
      identity to the porcine (96%), rat (96%), and chicken (85%) link protein
      sequences. Furthermore, there is greater than 86% homology between the 3'
      untranslated region of the genes encoding human and porcine link proteins. These
      results indicate that there has been strong evolutionary pressure against changes
      in the coding and 3' untranslated regions of the gene encoding cartilage link
      protein.

PMID- 2286378
TI  - Analysis of mitochondrial ND4 gene DNA sequence in Finnish families with Leber
      hereditary optic neuroretinopathy.
AB  - A mutation in the mitochondrial DNA at nt 11,778 has recently been found in Leber
      hereditary optic neuroretinopathy (LHON), a maternally inherited ocular disease.
      The mutation is located in the ND4 gene encoding subunit 4 of the respiratory
      chain enzyme NADH dehydrogenase. The mutation was subsequently not found in 9 of
      the 20 known Finnish families with LHON, implying that there are at least two
      different mutations associated with the disease. Using direct sequencing of PCR
      amplified mtDNA, we have now sequenced the entire ND4 region in the families
      without the nt 11,778 mutation to find the other mutations. No new mutations in
      the ND4 region were found, suggesting that the putative mtDNA mutation in these
      families may be in the coding regions for other subunits of NADH dehydrogenase
      enzyme. The sequence of ND4 gene as found to be highly homogeneous.

PMID- 2286379
TI  - Localization of the growth hormone gene to the distal half of mouse chromosome
      11.
AB  - A DNA fragment size variant for the growth hormone gene, Gh, has been identified
      among inbred strains of mice. The inbred strains SM/J and CAST/Ei carry the less
      frequent allele Ghb and 11 other strains carry the Gha allele. Segregation
      analysis of data from two crosses involving SM/J and NZB/BINJ and a cross
      involving BALB/cJ and CAST/Ei confirmed the assignment of Gh to mouse chromosome
      11 and placed the locus 2.6 +/- 1.8 map units distal to Erba (avian
      erythroblastosis oncogene A), a position consistent with the assignment of the Gh
      locus to the q22-q24 region of chromosome 17 on the human map. Segregation
      analysis also refined the location of Sparc (secreted acidic cysteine-rich
      glycoprotein) on mouse chromosome 11 to a position 16.7 +/- 4.2 map units
      proximal to Evi-2 (ecotropic viral integration site 2).

PMID- 2286380
TI  - Assignment of the human angiotensinogen gene to chromosome 1q42-q43 by
      nonisotopic in situ hybridization [corrected].

PMID- 2286381
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation methodology: application to enzyme systems.

PMID- 2286382
TI  - Hyperthermia--a new dimension in cancer treatment.

PMID- 2286383
TI  - An insight into the structure of DNA through melting studies.
AB  - Helix-coil transition of calf thymus (CT) DNA in 0.1 M NaCl was observed under
      different environmental conditions for studying structural and conformational
      changes, if any. Pre-exposure of the DNA to different types of radiations - UV
      and gamma-brought different degrees of change (lowering) in the melting
      temperature (Tm). Interaction of drugs (daunomycin and actinomycin-D) increased
      the Tm inducing structural stability. There was 50% more destabilisation in case
      of polynucleotide-drug complex as compared to DNA-drug complex exposed to UV
      radiation. Thermodynamic studies on DNA in D2O (0.1 M NaCl prepared in D2O) were
      carried out and compared with the corresponding results in H2O. Presence of D2O
      increased the stability of the DNA structure. Structural and conformational
      aspects have been discussed in the light of the results obtained.

PMID- 2286384
TI  - Spectroscopic evidence for structural oscillations in DNA caused by oxygen.
AB  - It has been shown that interaction of dissolved oxygen with DNA in an aqueous
      solution causes oscillations in the DNA structure and leads to the formation of a
      loose DNA-oxygen complex. These results have been compared with those obtained
      with solution of DNA in high salt concentration.

PMID- 2286385
TI  - A theoretical study of acriflavin-DNA binding.
AB  - A theoretical study of binding behaviour of acriflavin, a well-known mutagen,
      with DNA base pairs such as AT, GC, TA and CG has been performed using CNDO/2
      method to compute net atomic charges and dipoles located at various centres in
      acriflavine as well as base pairs. Acriflavine-DNA base pair interactions have
      been evaluated using second order perturbation method with multicentered
      multipole approximation. Only minimum energy configurations have been reported.
      Results have been discussed with a view to obtain a comparative behaviour of
      other similar dyes like proflavine and acridine orange.

PMID- 2286386
TI  - Amsacrine binds in a cooperative manner to deoxyribonucleic acid.
AB  - The intercalative binding of the acridine antitumour drug 4'-(9-acridinylamino)
      methane-sulphonate-m-anisidine, a known inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis, to
      native calf thymus DNA has been studied using optical titration method. Amsacrine
      (AMSA) exhibits positive cooperativity in their equilibrium binding to DNA as
      indicated by the positive slope in the initial region of the binding isotherms
      (Scatchard plots) under conditions simulating physiological ionic strengths. m
      AMSA binds with a higher degree of cooperativity than o-AMSA. Although this
      correlates with the effectiveness of the drugs as antitumour agents, the exact
      relationship between the observation of cooperative binding and pharmacological
      activity is yet to be determined.

PMID- 2286387
TI  - Stacking interactions between demethylated ellipticines and DNA base pairs--a
      quantum mechanical study.
AB  - A study of the binding behaviour of ellipticine compounds, derivatives of pyrido
      (4-3b) carbazole, has been carried out to elucidate the relationship between the
      drug-activity and demethylation of ellipticine. An all valence electron method
      (CNDO/2) has been employed to compute molecular charge distribution corresponding
      to various atomic centres of ellipticines and DNA base pairs. Using these atomic
      charges and dipoles, intermolecular interaction energy has been calculated with
      the help of second order perturbation theory and multicentered-multipole
      expansion technique. A comparative analysis of the binding patterns for nor-5,11
      dimethyl-ellipticine and nor-11-methyl-ellipticine has been presented vis-a-vis
      ellipticine. Attempt has been made to correlate interaction energy studies with
      demethylation of ellipticine and the possible binding patterns.

PMID- 2286388
TI  - Mode of action of intercalators: a theoretical study.
AB  - Mode of action of some intercalators has been theoretically investigated on the
      basis of quantum mechanical perturbation method. Energies of H-bond interaction
      between drug chromophore and base pairs have been calculated in all possible
      orientations. The stacking energy has also been calculated with the base pairs.
      The effect of these interactions on specific recognition has also been discussed.
      On the basis of these studies, a model for the interaction of these drugs has
      been proposed. This explains the relative activities of acridine intercalators
      and satisfies the experimental observations.

PMID- 2286389
TI  - Interaction of chlorpromazine with hemoglobin.
AB  - Binding of chlorpromazine (CPZ), a widely used antidepressant tranquilizer, with
      hemoglobin has been studied by equilibrium dialysis method. r/Cf versus r plot
      was typically concave downwards revealing the positive cooperative nature of
      binding. Binding parameters, namely the affinity constant (K) and the degree of
      cooperativity (nH) were determined from the Hill plot. Oxygen was found to be
      released gradually from hemoglobin with gradual addition of CPZ, the extent of
      oxygen release depending on the stoichiometric ratio of CPZ: hemoglobin (D/P).

PMID- 2286390
TI  - Interaction of tyrosine with dissolved oxygen in solution and spectroscopic
      evidence for oscillations.
AB  - Electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of tyrosine have been studied,
      using aqueous solutions containing normal and excess amounts of dissolved oxygen,
      as a function of time. The absorption and fluorescence intensities are found to
      oscillate with time. Interaction between tyrosine and oxygen is appreciable but
      it seems that either the formation of a complex between the two molecules is not
      favoured, or the process of complexation is very slow and the complex weak.

PMID- 2286391
TI  - Chemical probes for water oxidation cycle of photosystem II: Part 2--Effect of
      histidine modifying reagent on thermoluminescence peaks of spinach chloroplasts.
AB  - A modification of water oxidation complex in spinach chloroplasts by rose bengal
      (RB), a known histidine modifying agent, has been studied using
      thermoluminescence (TL) technique. The changes in the TL profiles at low
      concentrations of the dye are explained on the basis of alterations in the
      protein dynamics while those at higher concentrations of the dye are related to
      the oxidation of histidine residues.

PMID- 2286392
TI  - Effect of anticalmodulin and antitubulin on LDL-receptor synthesis in aortic
      smooth muscle cells cultured in vitro.
AB  - Effect of trifluoperazine and colchicine on LDL-receptor synthesis in smooth
      muscle cells exposed to hypercholesterolemic medium in vitro have been studied.
      While trifluoperazine at 25 microM concentration caused stimulation of LDL
      receptor synthesis, colchicine acted as a dose-dependent inhibitor of LDL
      receptor synthesis. Thus calmodulin down regulates LDL-receptor synthesis
      independent of microtubular involvement.

PMID- 2286393
TI  - An approach towards understanding the genesis of sunlight-induced skin cancer.
AB  - The molecular basis of the sunlight-induced skin carcinogenesis has been
      elucidated. Of the two ultraviolet components of sunlight that reach the earth's
      surface the UV-B is known to be carcinogenic but the mode of action of UV-A, the
      predominant component of sunlight, is ill understood. Using the liposomes as a
      model system, it has been shown here that UV-A causes dose-dependent lipid
      peroxidation as estimated by measurements of conjugated dienes, lipid
      hydroperoxides, malondialdehydes and the fluorescent adducts (Schiff bases)
      produced by the reaction of MDA with glycine. Direct exposure to sunlight has
      also been shown to cause dose-dependent lipid peroxidation. The UV-A induced
      lipid peroxidation has also been shown to be dependent on dose rate. While the
      sodium formate, dimethyl sulphoxide, superoxide dismutase and EDTA do not have
      any significant effect, sodium azide, histidine, beta-carotene and dimethylfuran
      were shown to inhibit significantly the UV-A induced lipid peroxidation, thereby
      providing significant evidence of the involvement of singlet oxygen (1O2) as the
      initiating agent. The use of D2O in place of H2O as the liposome dispersing
      medium enhanced to great extent the UV-A induced lipid peroxidation, thereby
      lending additional support to the finding that singlet oxygen was the initiating
      agent. The possible mode of formation of 1O2 on exposure to UV-A was discussed.
      This study also highlighted the role of environmental factors on the sunlight
      induced cutaneous damage. Finally, the relation between lipid peroxidation, DNA
      damage and carcinogenesis has been discussed in a way to suggest the possible
      link between sunlight exposure and causation of skin cancer.

PMID- 2286394
TI  - Physical microenvironment of platelet membrane in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Patients with acute myocardial infarction have more reactive platelets than those
      from normal population. These pathological platelets had more viscous plasma
      membrane, as inferred from fluorescence polarisation studies, and a lower fusion
      activation energy (delta E) of the membrane, reflecting a higher degree of order
      within lipid-lipid interactions.

PMID- 2286395
TI  - [Multiple myeloma: epidemiologic and clinical considerations].
AB  - Some epidemiological and clinical considerations on 184 cases of multiple
      myeloma, diagnosed in the period 1970-1989, are reported. The mean annual
      incidence rate for multiple myeloma was 5.1 per 100,000 residents, with a
      prevalence in male sex and in patients aged more than 65 years. The most frequent
      symptoms at presentation were bone pain and anemia, while the main cause of death
      was renal failure. The survival at three years was about 60%, and at five years
      about 45%. The subdivision of the patients according to the clinical staging
      system proposed by Durie and Salmon has demonstrated a significant difference in
      the three survival curves.

PMID- 2286396
TI  - [Pelvic carcinomatous neuropathy: clinical, radiologic, therapeutic
      implications].
AB  - Carcinomatous involvement of the pelvic nerves (Pelvic Carcinomatous Neuropathy
      PCN-) causes disabling sensorial and motor disturbances of the lower extremities.
      Recurrent rectal carcinomas are the most common cause of PCN because surgical
      obliteration of the perirectal fascia. In 31 cases of PCN Authors describe the
      types of the neoplasm and the sites of involvement of the pelvic nerves
      evaluating clinical syndromes and Computed Tomography. The results of
      radiotherapy (doses between 36-56 Gy) in 14 cases of PCN by recurrent rectal
      cancer are also reported. Although the survival of such patients is poor,
      radiotherapy has obtained a good palliative result in 50% of them.
      Personalization of radiation treatment planning is advisable in order to avoid
      acute side-effects.

PMID- 2286397
TI  - [Cisplatin and cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) for the therapy of primary and
      secondary pleural neoplasms].
AB  - 15 patients with primary or metastatic pleural effusion were studied: 2 had
      diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma and 13 of metastatic pleural disease. The
      treatment used was based on in vitro and in vivo studies which show a synergy
      between ARA-C and Cisplatin. These drugs were instilled in pleural cavity at the
      dose of 100 mg./m2 for Cisplatin and 100 mg. for ARA-C. The cavity was drained
      after 4 hours. The treatment was repeated weekly. All patients had not been
      previously treated with loco-regional therapy. The response rate was 93% with 10
      loco-regional complete remissions (66%). The two patients with malignant
      mesothelioma achieved a complete remission. The overall toxicity was acceptable.
      We conclude that combination of Cisplatin and ARA-C is well-tolerated and
      produces a very high response rate in the treatment of malignant pleural
      effusions.

PMID- 2286398
TI  - [Changes in performance status in patients with pulmonary carcinoma treated with
      mono-fractionation radiotherapy once a week].
AB  - 45 patients with lung cancer at the III and IV stage were treated with once-a
      week radiation therapy. Treatments were carried out with a daily fraction, at
      beginning, of 880 rad (2100 ret) (14 pz.) and 550 rad (1500 ret) afterwards. In
      both cases the total dose was 4400 rad. All the patients had symptoms of locally
      advanced cancer: cough (46%), hemoptysis (31%), dyspnea (62%) and chest pain
      (28%). All of them were out-patients (ECOG 0-1) and presented a Performance
      Status by Karnofsky of 50-80. The average age was 60 (median 65, range 38-85)
      with a raised percent (50%) of collateral illness. The selection of once-a-week
      technique was determined by the bad prognosis and the necessity of symptoms'
      control, allowing the patients to stay in his proper social and family group. All
      the time of therapy and the follow-up the values of Performance Status were
      assigned scrupulously. The analysis showed that the 80% of the patients had a
      subjective improvement which lasted, on average, 4 months (range 1-21) with an
      increase of 20 points of Performance Status after the end of therapies.
      Concluding, the high percentage of success on symptoms presented by the patients,
      confirms the validity of weekly radiotherapy, which guarantees, besides the
      palliative effect, the psychological integrity which is necessary in the last
      period of the life of cancer patient.

PMID- 2286399
TI  - [Ascites and carcinoma of the endometrium].
AB  - The authors exopound three cases of women affected by endometrial carcinoma in
      which the ascithis has represented the first clinic manifestation in absence of
      metrorrhage (first two cases); in the third case, instead, the ascithis has
      appeared four years after the surgical operation of total laparohysterectomy with
      bilateral annexiectomy and telecobaltotherapy. The association of the malign
      ascithis with endometrial adenocarcinoma is of rare observation. The Authors
      think very likely that the intraperitoneal semination in the cases they examined,
      is due to the infiltration of the myometry, of the regional and iuxtaregional
      lymphonoids with formation of ascithis.

PMID- 2286400
TI  - Accidental deaths at home in pediatric patients.

PMID- 2286401
TI  - Pediatric neuro-oncology: controversies in current therapy.
AB  - Current Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of malignant central nervous
      system (CNS) tumors of childhood are reviewed. Combination neurosurgical,
      radiation treatment and chemotherapy have improved both the quality and duration
      of life for the affected children. Controversy exists regarding the appropriate
      adjunctive chemotherapy for newly diagnosed CNS neoplasms but this is being
      prospectively studied in controlled trials. Major dilemmas persist regarding the
      management of low-grade gliomas and recurrent CNS neoplasms. Preliminary data on
      possibly favourable protocols are cited. Future directions for clinical and basic
      laboratory investigation are also briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2286402
TI  - Use of magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric neurologic diagnosis.

PMID- 2286403
TI  - Degenerative disorders of the brain--a clinical and biochemical approach.

PMID- 2286404
TI  - Radionuclide detection of gastroesophageal reflux in children suffering from
      recurrent lower respiratory tract infection.
AB  - Radionuclide gastro-esophageal scintigraphy was performed on 25 control and 183
      children suffering from recurrent lower respiratory tract infection. Gastro
      esophageal reflux (GER) of varying grades was observed in 135 patients. The
      severity of clinical symptoms in the patients was found to be directly related to
      the severity of reflux observed in the radionuclide study. In some patients an
      attempt was also made to quantitate GER by calculating the Gastro-esophageal
      reflux index. The results of the scintigraphic study were correlated with the
      results of the other commonly used and more conventional Barium swallow and
      fluoroscopy study. Gastro-esophageal scintigraphy was found to be much superior
      in terms of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in detecting GER. It was also
      possible to objectively evaluate and monitor response to treatment following
      conservative or corrective surgical therapy using the radionuclide technique. The
      results of the study demonstrated a remarkably high incidence of GER in the
      patients. Whether GER is the cause of recurrent lower respiratory tract infection
      or not is difficult to establish firmly. But within the preview of the study the
      association seems to be very strong and cannot be easily ignored.

PMID- 2286405
TI  - Clinico-bacteriological study of neonatal conjunctivitis.
AB  - Perinatal risk factors and bacteriological profile of conjunctivitis were studied
      among 245 newborns delivered at JIPMER Hospital between July 1986 and June 1988.
      Maternal and neonatal factors like lack of antenatal care, presence of adverse
      intrapartum factors, operative deliveries, birth asphyxia, pre-maturity and
      prolonged hospital stay significantly increased the chances of developing
      conjunctivitis (P less than 0.001). Bacteria were recovered from 163 (66.5%)
      cases. Staphylococcus was the commonest pathogenic bacteria isolated, followed by
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was
      isolated in only one case. Most of the organisms showed in vitro sensitivity to
      chloramphenicol, gentamycin and tetracycline. All the cases responded to topical
      chloramphenicol except three which required systemic antibiotics. No
      complications were observed. The identification and appropriate management of
      high risk pregnancies with minimal hospital stay can reduce the incidence of
      neonatal conjunctivitis.

PMID- 2286406
TI  - Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding acute respiratory infections.
AB  - One hundred and six mothers in a rural area were interviewed to determine as to
      how they recognise pneumonia in children, what therapies they practice with mild
      acute respiratory illnesses and pneumonias and the feeding practices they adopt.
      Most mothers recognised pneumonia by noticing fast respiratory rate and
      difficulty in breathing. More severe cases were recognised by these signs among a
      higher percentage of mothers. As regards management of mild ARI episodes, more
      than half the mothers preferred not to give any treatment or use only home
      remedies. In pneumonias, a majority of them preferred to consult a qualified
      doctor. Nearly a third of them were of the opinion that they would take the child
      to hospital if the disease was severe. Regarding feeding practices, most of them
      stated that they would continue feeding, fluids and breast feeds. Only 10%
      desired to stop and another 15% would decrease the amounts.

PMID- 2286407
TI  - Hospital observation for right lower quadrant abdominal pain with questionable
      acute appendicitis in children.
AB  - 920 children below the age of 12 years were admitted with complaints of pain in
      the right lower abdomen and a suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis. In 720
      patients, clinical diagnosis was made and immediate operation was performed. In
      644 of them (89.5%) an intraabdominal lesion was found but in 76 (10.5%) no
      disease was encountered. Rest 200 patients were observed in the ward and
      progression was noted at regular intervals. Eight of these patients did not
      improve while on observation and they were operated. Five others did not have
      acute appendicitis but in them definite medical diagnosis was made. However in
      remaining 187 observed patients abdominal signs gradually resolved and needed no
      surgery but no definite diagnosis also could be made. They appeared to have non
      specific abdominal pain. The conclusion of the study was that inhospital
      observation of patients with right lower quadrant abdominal pain and questionable
      appendicitis upto three days was a safe way to reduce the rate of negative
      appendicectomies and unnecessary surgical exploration.

PMID- 2286408
TI  - Perinatal and postneonatal mortality in England and Wales among immigrants from
      the Indian subcontinent.
AB  - Perinatal and postneonatal mortality among immigrants to England and Wales from
      India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (Asians) for the years 1982-85 showed significant
      differences not only between the immigrant and indigenous populations, but also
      among the different groups from the Indian subcontinent. Compared with the
      perinatal mortality rate of 10.1 per 1000 total births in UK born mothers, rates
      in infants of mothers born in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan were 12.5, 14.3 and
      18.8 respectively. In contrast, postneonatal mortality in infants of Indian and
      Bangladeshi origin (3.9 and 2.8 per 1000 live births respectively) was lower than
      in the indigenous population (4.1), with Pakistani infants experiencing the
      highest rate (6.4). Excess perinatal mortality in infants of Asian origin was
      apparent at most maternal ages and parities. Pakistani infants had the highest
      rates of perinatal and postneonatal mortality in all age, parity and birth weight
      groups. The Asian groups showed higher mortality from congenital anomalies in
      both the perinatal and the postneonatal period, the rates in Pakistani infants
      being almost double those in Indian and Bangladeshi infants. A significant
      finding was the lower rates of sudden infant death in all the groups of Asian
      origin.

PMID- 2286409
TI  - Knowledge and practices among rural mothers in Haryana about childhood diarrhea.
AB  - Knowledge and practices of 108 rural mothers about childhood diarrhea, were
      determined by using pretested semi-structured interview schedules. The common
      causes of diarrhea reported were eruption of teeth (67.59%), eating of mud
      (51.85%), worm infestation (47.22%), change of climate (35.18%), poor personal
      hygiene (34.25%) and changes in diet (25.92%). Majority (83.33%) of mothers
      practiced food restriction during diarrhea. Seventy seven percent consulted their
      mother-in-laws in the first instance for treatment of diarrhea. The home remedies
      tried by mothers were, isabgol husk with curd (30.55%), ghee with tea (28.70%)
      water boiled with mint leaves (25.92%), local ghutti (22.22%) and unripe mango
      juice (16.66%). Majority of mothers (83.33%) believed that oral rehydration
      therapy alone, cannot treat diarrhea.

PMID- 2286411
TI  - Pediatric emergency news letter No. 12.

PMID- 2286410
TI  - Changing trends in mortality and morbidity in a teaching hospital in central
      India.
AB  - A comparison of mortality and morbidity pattern of hospital admissions of
      children under 14 years during 1966-68 and 1977-81 has been made. Annual
      admission rate has increased from 1515 to 2515, which is in proportion to the
      population increase of 3 lacs from 1966 to 1981. Recently more than 70% were
      discharged within a week as against 52% during 1966-68, indicating a faster
      turnover and a need for more beds. Protein energy malnutrition, infections and
      diarrhoea with dehydration were main killers. The pattern of mortality and
      morbidity has not much changed from 1966 to 81 but mortality rates at all ages
      have considerably declined in recent years (neonatal, post neonatal, preschool
      and school). Measures to decline it further have been discussed. The data should
      be of interest to those engaged in planning health strategies and to teachers in
      defining priorities in Medical education.

PMID- 2286412
TI  - Lethal congenital malformations--role in perinatal deaths.

PMID- 2286413
TI  - Clinico-excisional study of lymphadenitis following B.C.G. vaccination.

PMID- 2286414
TI  - Renal abscess due to Salmonella typhimurium.

PMID- 2286416
TI  - Preoperative starvation--incidence of hypoglycaemia in children.

PMID- 2286415
TI  - Reliability of mother as an informant with regard to immunisation.

PMID- 2286417
TI  - Professor Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990): scientist, scholar and reformer.

PMID- 2286418
TI  - The bioavailability of griseofulvin from microsized and ultramicrosized tablets
      in nonfasting volunteers.
AB  - Tablets of either microsized or ultramicrosized griseofulvin (2 x 125 mg), were
      administered to 6 healthy volunteers of either sex just before a breakfast
      containing 4o g. of butter. The plasma concentration of griseofulvin were
      determined 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 24, and 32 h. after dosing using a spectrofluorometric
      method, and pharmacokinetic parameters (Cp max, t max, AUC 0 - greater than 32)
      were calculated. These parameters were found to be; Cp max = 0.0.681 +/- 0.1
      mu/ml, t max. = 2.51 +/- 0.33 h. and AUC = 14.14 +/- 2.33 micrograms h/ml for
      microsized tablets and Cp max = 0.80 +/- 0.08 +/- g/ml, t max = 2.44 +/- 0.54 and
      AUC = 16.25 +/- 1.16 microgram h/ml for ultramicrosized tablets. Our results show
      that mean peak plasma level and AUC (0 - greater than 32) are only slightly
      higher for the ultramicrosized preparation and the time to peak plasma level is
      similar in two preparations. Therefore, it is concluded that coadministration of
      griseofulvin with food will tend to reduce the difference between the
      bioavailability of the two type of preparations.

PMID- 2286419
TI  - Comparative assessment of pedal pressing rates of self-stimulation of
      hypothalamus and midbrain with both square wave and sine wave stimulus
      parameters.
AB  - In Wistar rats, the regional differences of pedal pressing rates of self
      stimulation (SS) of lateral hypothalamus (LH) and substantia nigra-ventral
      tegmental area (SN-VTA) were assessed with electrodes implanted in both regions
      in each subject. Average of SS rates of SN-VTA sites was significantly higher
      than that of LH sites, tested with both sine wave and square wave types of
      stimuli. There was no significant difference in SS rates between males and
      females, and also in the females between different days of oestrus cycles. The
      high rates of robust SS observed in this study relative to SS rates reported in
      past literature were probably due not only to the placements of electrodes in the
      main substrates of SS, but also to the parameters of stimulus used (0.25 sec
      trains of sine waves through bipolar electrodes).

PMID- 2286420
TI  - Effects of morphine, buprenorphine, pentazocine and nalorphine on acquisition and
      extinction of active avoidance responses in rats.
AB  - The effects of subcutaneous administration of morphine, buprenorphine,
      pentazocine and nalorphine were studied at two dose levels in rats (low dose x 10
      and high dose x 20 of equivalent human dose) on the performance of active
      avoidance responses using a shuttle box. Pretraining injections of both doses of
      pentazocine and low dose nalorphine impaired acquisition on day 1 and day 2.
      Morphine and buprenorphine (at both dose levels) and high dose nalorphine did not
      affect the acquisition process. Post-training administration of morphine (high
      dose) and buprenorphine (both doses) delayed extinction of active avoidance
      responses. Low dose of morphine, high dose of pentazocine and both doses of
      nalorphine did not appreciably affect the extinction process. Mu opioid receptor
      agonists probably act as reinforcers to facilitate memory.

PMID- 2286421
TI  - Protective effect of clonidine against the cardiotoxic effects of ouabain in cat.
AB  - Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest were induced in pentobarbitone
      anaesthetised cats by slow intravenous infusion of ouabain. The dose of ouabain
      required for the induction of the stages of arrhythmias and cardiac arrest and
      the maximum pressor effect induced by ouabain were assessed in control and
      clonidine pretreated cats. Clonidine caused significant delay in the onset of
      cardiotonic effects of ouabain and inhibition of the maximum pressor effect of
      ouabain. The inhibition of cardiotoxic and pressor effects of ouabain may be the
      result of clonidine's effect on the neural components of ouabain action.

PMID- 2286422
TI  - P3 event-related evoked potential in young adults.
AB  - P3 component of event related potential reflects memory and decision making
      processes. It has been applied as an index of information processing in a wide
      variety of normal and cognitive impaired subjects. Scalp P3 was elicited in 24
      male neurologically and audiologically normal young subjects of 17-20 years (Av.
      17.7) of age. Standard auditory 'Oddball' paradigm involving simple
      discrimination task of concentrating on infrequent (target) stimulus and ignoring
      frequent (non target) stimulus was employed. Evoked response trials of
      discriminating 32 target stimuli out of 160 total presented (20% target and 80%
      non target randomly) were replicated and analysed by computer. Latency of P3 as
      305 +/- 18.4 msec and amplitude 6.5 +/- 2.1 uv are being reported which are
      comparable with age and sex matched subjects of western world.

PMID- 2286423
TI  - Effects of yohimbine on dopamine dependent behaviours in rats and mice.
AB  - In the present study we have investigated the effect of yohimbine on dopamine
      dependent behaviours in rats and mice. Yohimbine (1.25 to 10 mg/kg, ip) failed to
      block the conditioned avoidance response in rats, to inhibit the traction
      response in mice and to induce catalepsy in rats and mice. Pretreatment with
      yohimbine (1.25 to 10 mg/kg, ip) had no significant effect on apomorphine
      stereotypy in rats and apomorphine induced cage climbing behaviour in mice.
      However, pretreatment with yohimbine (1.25 to 10 mg/kg. ip) significantly
      increased the intensity of methamphetamine stereotypy and antagonised haloperidol
      catalepsy in rats. Our findings indicate that yohimbine does not possess
      postsynaptic striatal and mesolimbic D-2 dopamine receptor blocking activity.

PMID- 2286424
TI  - Gustatory differences in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid tasters and non-tasters.
AB  - Gustatory differences in Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) tasters and non-tasters were
      studied in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. After presenting for PTC
      sensitivity, gustatory responses to 7 dilutions of test solutions for glucose
      (sweet), sodium chloride (salt), citric acid (sour) and quinine sulphate (bitter)
      were studied in PTC tasters and non-tasters. The intensity and pleasantness
      responses for 4 basic tastes were measured on a 7-point and 6-point category
      scale respectively. Sixty percent of subjects of hyperthyroid and 40% of
      hypothyroid subjects were tasters. Hypothyroid subjects showed more gustatory
      differences as compared to hyperthyroids. The diminished intensity perception for
      sweet and bitter taste was much more prominent in non-tasters than tasters
      hypothyroids. The greater hedonic value for salt was largely observed among
      hypothyroid tasters.

PMID- 2286425
TI  - Comparison of the effects of captopril and enalapril on oxyphenbutazone and
      ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats.
AB  - We have compared the effect of the converting enzyme inhibitors, captopril and
      enalapril, on two models of gastric ulcers, viz; ethanol and oxyphenbutazone
      induced lesions in rats. Both captopril and enalapril did not affect ethanol
      induced lesions. While captopril significantly protected against oxyphenbutazone
      induced lesions, enalapril aggravated the lesions. This difference is probably
      due to the lack of the protective sulfhydryl group in the chemical structure of
      enalapril.

PMID- 2286426
TI  - Diurnal variations in lung transfer factor and its components.
AB  - Serial measurements of transfer factor of lung and its constituent components
      along with FVC and EFR25-75% were undertaken in 20 healthy nonsmoker adult males
      thrice on the same day. All the lung transfer components decreased as the day
      advanced, though reduction was statistically significant for Tlco and VA only.
      These changes were present in association with reduction in FVC and EFR25.75%
      indicating that patency of airways influences diffusion function of lung.
      Variations during the day are less than 7.4% and are hence unlikely to influence
      their diagnostic value, but serial estimation of these functions should
      preferably be carried out at the same time specially in the morning when these
      values are maximum.

PMID- 2286427
TI  - Limitation of experimental myocardial infarct size by magnesium sulfate pre
      treatment in dogs.
AB  - The present study was designed to evaluate the ability of magnesium sulfate (30
      mg/kg, iv, 24 hr and 2 hr prior) to limit myocardial infarct size following
      permanent left coronary artery occlusion in adult mongrel dogs. Non-perfused
      myocardium which is the area at risk was visualised by injecting methylene blue
      intraatrially, 24 hr after coronary artery occlusion. The infarcted myocardium
      was visualised by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Infarct size
      (expressed as % of the risk zone) was significantly reduced in the treatment
      group (P less than 0.001). We conclude that magnesium sulfate exerted a potent
      prophylactic effect in limiting the infarct size in the dogs with permanent
      coronary artery occlusion.

PMID- 2286428
TI  - Acute respiratory infections.

PMID- 2286429
TI  - Brainstem evoked response audiometry in neonates.

PMID- 2286430
TI  - Controversy: ocular prophylaxis of newborns.

PMID- 2286432
TI  - Focus on the pubertal girl in India.

PMID- 2286431
TI  - Management of pneumonia.

PMID- 2286433
TI  - Efficacy of three doses of oral polio immunization beginning within the first
      four days of life.
AB  - A study was carried out to test the efficacy of oral polio immunization
      commencing in the newborn period. In Group A, 47 term newborn infants were given
      trivalent oral polio vaccine (TOPV) within the first four days, at one month and
      at two months. In Group B, 21 infants were given TOPV at 3, 4 and 5 months. The
      seroconversion rates for types 1, 2 and 3 were 87.2, 95.7 and 72.3%, respectively
      in Group A and 85.7, 95.2 and 66.7%, respectively in Group B after 3 doses of
      TOPV, the differences being insignificant. Oral polio immunization beginning in
      the newborn period was as effective as when commenced at 3 months of age. Before
      immunization, the number of babies with protective titers against polioviruses
      were significantly more in Group A as compared to Group B. Thus, the later onset
      of immunization schedule leaves more children susceptible to poliomyelitis during
      the first 3 months of life.

PMID- 2286434
TI  - Prevalence of paralytic poliomyelitis in a rural and urban community of Delhi.
AB  - A community house to house survey to estimate the prevalence of paralytic
      poliomyelitis in children 5-15 years was undertaken from June to August, 1986 in
      the rural and urban field practice areas. The survey covered 96 and 93% of the
      houses in the rural and urban areas, respectively. Prevalence of lameness due to
      poliomyelitis among children aged 5-15 years was 3.5 in the rural and 2.7 in the
      urban area. Community health examination also confirmed that boys were more
      vulnerable than girls.

PMID- 2286435
TI  - Prevalence of placentally transmitted antibodies for measles in infants 3 to 11
      months old in an urban slum community.
AB  - Upto 35% of infants aged between 6 and 11 months are infected with measles in
      India with its associated high morbidity and mortality. The objective of the
      study is to know the waning pattern of placentally transmitted antibodies (PTA)
      for measles so that the age at which children are likely to become susceptible to
      measles infection could be identified. A cross-sectional serological survey of
      children aged 3 to 11 months in one of the Integrated Child Development Service
      (ICDS) area in Madras city slums was done. Venous blood from 376 children was
      collected and was tested for Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) antibodies by
      standard microtitration technique. Titre greater than or equal to 1:8 has been
      considered as protective. The proportion of children with immune level and the
      Geometric Mean Titre (GMT), declined to the least by 5 months which denotes that
      most of the infants become susceptible to measles infection from as early as 5
      months of age. There is no significant difference in the waning pattern between
      different age groups, sex and nutritional status. A community study for
      effectiveness of measles vaccine at 6-8 months of age is needed to know the
      feasibility of immunization earlier than 9 months of age.

PMID- 2286436
TI  - A mixed longitudinal study of physical growth in girls--I.
AB  - A total of 492 apparently normal healthy Punjabi girls belonging to upper socio
      economic status between 5-15 years of age were selected from the schools for the
      study of physical growth. Twenty one measurements were made on each girl. Girls
      below the age of 13 years were examined five times at interval of six months
      each. Beyond 13 years, only those girls who had not attained menarche, were
      followed-up 6 monthly. The linear and circumferential measurements followed
      similar pattern while skinfold thicknesses showed different pattern. Each linear
      and circumferential measurement and weight increased progressively from age 5 to
      15 years. Annual growth gain per year was slow upto 9/10 years followed by a
      rapid growth with a peak velocity between 11-13 years of age. Thereafter, growth
      rate declined. The skin-fold thicknesses showed decrease in absolute values upto
      10 years of age. Beyond 13 years of age, these increased rapidly. However, no
      peak velocity in either of the skinfold was detected. Thus, three periods of
      growth rate, viz., preadolescent (age 5-9 years); adolescent (10-13 years) and
      post adolescent (beyond 13 years) could be identified.

PMID- 2286437
TI  - T and B cell status in bronchiolitis and bronchial asthma.
AB  - Immunologic status of 43 children, 13 with bronchiolitis and 30 with bronchial
      asthma was studied, and compared with 10 infants and 16 healthy children of
      respective control groups. Humoral immunity was assessed by absolute eosinophil
      count and B cell count (EAC rosette method) and cellular immunity by T cell count
      (E rosette method) and DNCB skin test. B cell subset of lymphocytes were raised
      in both the study groups but associated significant eosinophilia was seen only in
      bronchial asthma. The study demonstrated significantly lower mean T cell count
      and depressed DNCB reactivity in children of bronchial asthma. Children with
      bronchiolitis too had significantly lower mean T cell count. Thus both humoral
      and cellular immunity were altered in children with bronchial asthma and
      bronchiolitis.

PMID- 2286438
TI  - Evaluation of steam therapy in acute lower respiratory tract infections: a pilot
      study.
AB  - In a prospective controlled evaluation of steam therapy, in severe acute lower
      respiratory tract infection (ALRI) requiring hospitalization, 16 cases of
      bronchiolitis and 20 cases of pneumonia were assigned alternately to receive
      steam therapy in a cloth tent (Study Group); others served as controls.
      Respiratory status was assessed at the time of admission and subsequently at 6
      hourly interval for 48 hours. No advantage of steam therapy could be identified
      in children with pneumonia. Bronchiolitis patients on steam therapy, as compared
      to the controls, showed a significant decrease in respiratory distress within
      first 24 hours after hospitalization and took significantly shorter time for
      recovery from the distress. The study patients also showed a tendency for rapid
      improvement in hypoxemia. Further critically controlled studies with a larger
      sample size are warranted.

PMID- 2286439
TI  - Plain radiograph skull: is it really needed in epilepsy?
AB  - One hundred and three children with seizure disorder were studied. Plain
      radiograph skull was normal in all the cases. CT scan skull done in 34 patients,
      showed abnormalities in 24 cases. More than 80% children in partial seizures
      group had treatable lesions on CT scans, mainly CNS tuberculoma. The need for
      omitting plain radiograph skull as a routine investigation for epilepsy cases is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2286440
TI  - Composition of ORS.

PMID- 2286441
TI  - Pycnodysostosis.

PMID- 2286442
TI  - Behavioural comparison of normal and asphyxiated newborns.

PMID- 2286443
TI  - Pyruvicacidemia.

PMID- 2286444
TI  - Acute acalculous cholecystitis in a young child.

PMID- 2286445
TI  - Non-neuropathic Gaucher's disease in infancy.

PMID- 2286446
TI  - Neonatal hepatitis and hypoglycemia in a large-for-date baby with alpha-1
      antitrypsin deficiency.

PMID- 2286447
TI  - Goodpasture's syndrome.

PMID- 2286448
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of small bowel.

PMID- 2286449
TI  - Posterior fossa extradural hematoma.

PMID- 2286450
TI  - Progeria.

PMID- 2286451
TI  - Meningitis in Golestan Medical Centre, Ahwaz, Iran.

PMID- 2286452
TI  - Subaponeurotic hemorrhage following forceps extraction.

PMID- 2286453
TI  - Subcutaneous emphysema--an unusual presentation of pneumonia.

PMID- 2286454
TI  - Prophylactic chemotherapy with fosfomycin trometamol versus placebo during
      transurethral prostatic resection.
AB  - A prospective randomized controlled double-blind study was performed on 61
      patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate. The first group of
      31 patients received 3 g fosfomycin trometamol p.o. each on the evening before
      and after the operation; the second group of 30 patients received a placebo.
      Urine samples were taken by catheter puncture 24 and 48 h postoperative. After
      removal of the catheter (day 5) the first midstream urine was collected for
      culture, and from that moment on all patients were treated with a nitrofurantoin
      derivative for two weeks. Although the same strict antiseptic measures were
      standard practice for both groups, the incidence of early postoperative urinary
      tract infections was significantly lower for the fosfomycin trometamol group
      (0/31 versus 6/30 in placebo recipients). None of the patients suffered from a
      major symptomatic or complicated infection. There were no side effects
      registered.

PMID- 2286456
TI  - Detection and management of lower UTI--the value of single dose therapy.

PMID- 2286455
TI  - An open study of the efficacy and safety of single dose fosfomycin trometamol in
      treatment of hospitalised patients with urinary tract infection (pilot study).
AB  - Single dose fosfomycin trometamol (3 g) was used to treat 20 hospitalised
      patients with UTI. Tolerance was good or excellent in 19/20 patients; a
      satisfactory bacteriological outcome was recorded in 11/17 of patients with
      sensitive organisms and a satisfactory clinical outcome was noted in 12/16
      symptomatic individuals.

PMID- 2286457
TI  - Urinary infection in the 1990's: the state of the art.
AB  - Growing points and problem areas in the field of urinary tract infections are
      critically surveyed. It is concluded that there is a particular need for advances
      in rapid tests for bacteriuria (to distinguish between symptomatic patients who
      are infected and those who are not) and for the determination of antibiotic
      sensitivity of infecting organisms. The aetiology of the "urethral syndrome"
      (dysuria and/or frequency without a significant bacteriuria) is still obscure
      although it is becoming clear what suggested possible causes are not responsible
      for it. Another unresolved problem is whether or not to treat asymptomatic
      bacteriuria in all groups of patients especially the elderly, and in the absence
      of pyuria. Similarly it is still not decided what are the optimal lengths of time
      and dosages of antibiotics to treat various types of urinary infections. Finally,
      difficulties involved in preventing infections of in-dwelling catheters, and the
      possibility of obtaining a protective vaccine are discussed.

PMID- 2286458
TI  - The epidemiology of urinary tract infection and the concept of significant
      bacteriuria.
AB  - Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common infections afflicting
      man. Urinary tract infections in young adult women are usually uncomplicated, but
      are often recurrent and cause considerable morbidity. Urinary tract infections in
      pregnant women, elderly patients, and catheterized patients warrant special
      attention because of their association with increased morbidity and possibly with
      increased mortality. Diagnosis of UTI is usually based on quantitation of
      uropathogens in voided urine. The traditional criteria for significant
      bacteriuria, greater than or equal to 10(5) uropathogens per ml of voided urine,
      is insensitive for detecting acute symptomatic cystitis in men and women and
      should be replaced with a lower colony count threshold.

PMID- 2286459
TI  - Natural history of "lower" urinary tract infections.
AB  - Our current knowledge of the long-term outcome of uncomplicated urinary tract
      infections in women is based on a re-evaluation of the criteria for defining
      pyelonephritis at autopsy, careful description of the causes of renal disease
      among patients entering dialysis and transplant programs, long term observation
      of patients, and epidemiologic studies which have attempted to determine the
      association of bacteriuria with mortality. The weight of the evidence favors the
      conclusion that although urinary tract infections can produce severe impairment
      of renal function, this is rare in the absence of a major predisposing factor
      such as obstruction, calculus, reflux, abnormalities of the voiding mechanism or
      diabetes. The predisposing lesions, however, may go undetected until heralded by
      episodes of acute pyelonephritis or by renal failure. Unfortunately, urinary
      tract infections are so common that it is difficult to distinguish the population
      at greatest risk. The possible role of renal damage produced by autoimmune
      mechanisms following infection needs continued study.

PMID- 2286460
TI  - The optimal management of lower urinary tract infections.
AB  - Lower urinary tract infection is a common problem for women, and tends to be
      recurrent. It is not associated with significant long term morbidity. Optimal
      management for symptomatic infection is short course antimicrobial therapy. For
      women with frequent, symptomatic, recurrent infection a number of therapeutic
      options are available including single dose self-treatment, extended low dose
      prophylaxis, or post-intercourse prophylaxis. For women who do not wish to
      experience any symptomatic episodes, prophylactic therapy, either continuous or
      during risk situations particularly post-intercourse, are other options. Which
      therapeutic strategy is followed should be based on patient preference.

PMID- 2286463
TI  - Fosfomycin trometamol: activity in vitro against urinary tract pathogens.
AB  - The spectrum of activity of fosfomycin embraces all the common causes of
      uncomplicated urinary tract infection. The activity is greatly affected by the
      conditions of the test. Glucose, phosphates and NaCl all interfere with the
      activity of the drug, whereas glucose-6-phosphate has a marked potentiating
      effect against many strains. The activity of fosfomycin is greater at acid than
      at alkaline pH; inoculum density also has an effect, but this is less marked at
      acid pH values. Fosfomycin is rapidly bactericidal to susceptible bacteria,
      causing lysis within 30 min. In contrast, fosmidomycin, which also has a narrower
      spectrum of activity than fosfomycin, is much more slowly bactericidal. In the
      form of its trometamol salt, fosfomycin is well absorbed after oral
      administration, and is excreted in high concentration in the urine. Experiments
      in an in-vitro model of the treatment of bacterial cystitis suggest that
      concentrations of fosfomycin achievable in urine after oral administration of
      high doses of the trometamol salt have a marked suppressive effect on bacterial
      growth without favouring the emergence of resistant mutants.

PMID- 2286462
TI  - Fosfomycin trometamol: historical background and clinical development.
AB  - A brief historical review of the clinical development of fosfomycin is given.
      Fosfomycin has attracted great interest because of its broad spectrum of activity
      and excellent tolerability. However, some problems have arsen because of the
      rapid emergence of resistant strains, and the poor bioavailability by oral route.
      Fosfomycin trometamol (a salt of fosfomycin with tromethamine) overcomes this
      difficulty: in fact when given by oral route it reaches very high and persistent
      urinary concentrations (up to 48 h). This behaviour allows a long-lasting
      bactericidal activity in urine to be obtained and the emergence of resistant
      variants to be prevented. These characteristics allowed proposing the drug for
      the "single dose therapy" of lower uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The
      clinical trials confirmed that this assumption was correct, demonstrating the
      excellent therapeutic activity of the drug in this indication.

PMID- 2286461
TI  - Review of published studies on single dose therapy of urinary tract infections.
AB  - The published studies of the use of single dose antimicrobial therapy for the
      treatment of urinary tract infection have been reviewed. In women and children a
      single dose of any of several antimicrobial agents was as effective as a course
      of treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia
      coli. Trimethoprim or co-trimoxazole are currently the preferred agents for
      single dose therapy. Failure of single dose therapy may prove to be a simple
      guide as to the need for further urinary tract investigation or more intensive
      therapy. Single dose antimicrobial therapy is now the treatment of choice for
      uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

PMID- 2286464
TI  - Degree of absorption, pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin trometamol and duration of
      urinary antibacterial activity.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and in particular bioavailability of fosfomycin trometamol
      was studied and compared to the earlier emerging calcium salt formulation by
      administration of 50 mg/kg body weight orally of the two and an identical dose
      intravenously to all of eight healthy male volunteers. The serum and urine
      samples collected over 12 and 48 hours, respectively, were assayed
      microbiologically. The serum peak concentrations were 26.2 mg/l after trometamol
      and 6.5 mg/l after the calcium salt. Based on total area under the serum curves,
      the bioavailability of fosfomycin from the trometamol formulation was 42.3%
      compared to a mere 12% of the calcium salt. Urinary recovery was nearly completed
      within 12 hours, and the amounts eliminated in percentage of the doses were 87,
      43, and 18% after the intravenous, the oral dose of trometamol and oral calcium
      salt, respectively. The serum half-life was 3.4 hours after intravenous
      administration, which demonstrates the inherent rate of elimination of
      fosfomycin. In comparison the half-life values were 3.6 hours after the
      trometamol dose, and 5.6 hours after the calcium salt. The longer elimination of
      the latter is explainable by the less complete absorption and consequent delayed
      absorption of fosfomycin from the calcium salt formulation. The antibacterial
      activity in urine upon administration of 50 mg/kg was prolonged to 48 hours in
      nearly all cases of trometamol orally and more than after the calcium salt orally
      or the sodium salt intravenously. A dose of 3 g for adults - or 50 mg/kg - is
      consistent with the findings in this study.

PMID- 2286465
TI  - Fosfomycin trometamol versus ofloxacin/co-trimoxazole as single dose therapy of
      acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in females: a multicentre study.
AB  - 20 urologists took part in a single blind, randomized study. Female patients with
      acute uncomplicated UTI were recruited. The patients received either a single
      dose of 3 g fosfomycin trometamol versus 200 mg ofloxacin or 1.92 g co
      trimoxazole. Follow-up examinations were carried out after one and four weeks. Of
      562 patients 446 could be evaluated for efficacy and 496 for tolerance. Patients
      were analysed according to the amount of bacteriuria: "significant" (greater than
      or equal to 10(5)/ml), "low count" (10(2) - 10(4) ml) and "no bacteriuria" (less
      than or equal to 10(1)/ml), as well as according to the sensitivity of the
      infecting organisms: sensitive (resistant): fosfomycin trometamol less than or
      equal to 16 mg/l (greater than or equal to 128 mg/l), ofloxacin less than or
      equal to 1 mg/l (greater than or equal to 8 mg/l), co-trimoxazole less than or
      equal to 2/38 mg/l (greater than or equal to 16/304 mg/l). Up to one week the
      following results could be achieved: clinical improvement was attained in
      patients with "significant" bacteriuria (fosfomycin trometamol-150, ofloxacin-89,
      co-trimoxazole-69) in 94.7% for fosfomycin trometamol, in 95.4% for ofloxacin,
      and in 94% for co-trimoxazole; in patients with "low count" bacteriuria
      (fosfomycin trometamol-44, ofloxacin-18, co-trimoxazole-30) in 95.2% for
      fosfomycin trometamol, in 93.7% for ofloxacin, and in 96.4% for co-trimoxazole;
      and in patients with no bacteriuria (fosfomycin trometamol-11, ofloxacin-6, co
      trimoxazole-4) in 81.8% for fosfomycin trometamol, in 100% for ofloxacin and in
      100% for co-trimoxazole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286466
TI  - Single dose fosfomycin trometamol versus multiple dose norfloxacin over three
      days for uncomplicated UTI in general practice.
AB  - The aim of this study was to carry out a small-scale bacteriological comparison
      between a standard therapy with norfloxacin 400 mg twice daily, and fosfomycin
      trometamol (3 g) in single dose in uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI)
      in women. Only patients with UTI with cultures showing a bacterial count of 10(5)
      or more bacteria/ml were included in the study (n = 32; ages 16-75 years). After
      one week sterile cultures were obtained in 14 of 16 cases in the fosfomycin
      trometamol group, and in 14 of 16 cases in the norfloxacin group. After one month
      eradication was confirmed in 13 of 16 patients in the fosfomycin trometamol
      group, and in nine of 16 patients in the norfloxacin group. Recurrence was seen
      in one case in the fosfomycin trometamol group, and in five cases in the
      norfloxacin group. The reinfection and persistence rates were identical (1/16) in
      both groups. The main clinical symptoms disappeared very rapidly after initiating
      treatment, and the correlation with the bacteriological data after one week was
      excellent. Both drugs were well tolerated and the compliance for fosfomycin
      trometamol was 100%.

PMID- 2286468
TI  - A general practitioner multicenter study: fosfomycin trometamol single dose
      versus pipemidic acid multiple dose.
AB  - In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fosfomycin trometamol as single
      dose oral treatment for acute cystitis in women, an open, multicenter comparative
      study was carried out in general practices in France, 386 women, aged 16 to 75
      years, with clinical symptoms of acute cystitis were enrolled in the study to
      receive either a single 3 g oral dose of fosfomycin trometamol or a five-day
      course of 400 mg pipemidic acid twice daily. The diagnosis of cystitis was based
      on clinical symptoms and significant bacteriuria (greater than or equal to 10(5)
      cfu/ml midstream urine). Follow-up examinations were carried out five to ten and
      28 days after the end of treatment, 289 and 244 patients, respectively, were
      available for clinical and bacteriological evaluation at short-term (five to ten
      days) and medium-term (28 days) post-treatment follow-up. Both regimens were
      comparable for clinical and bacteriological efficacy with short-term eradication
      rates of 122/146 in the fosfomycin trometamol group and 130/143 in the pipemidic
      acid group. The results of medium-term follow-up were 113/122 and 114/122 for the
      eradication rates of the respective groups. Both drugs were well tolerated. Side
      effects were mild and of significantly shorter duration in the fosfomycin
      trometamol group.

PMID- 2286469
TI  - Single dose fosfomycin trometamol versus multiple dose nitrofurantoin in pregnant
      women with bacteriuria: preliminary results.
AB  - Pregnancy induces anatomical and physiological changes in the urinary tract. In
      this condition a bacteriuria, even asymptomatic, may lead more frequently to
      pyelonephritis. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women has therefore got to
      be treated. According to recent studies, long course antibiotherapy did not prove
      to be more effective than a single-dose one in the case of non-complicated
      bacteriuria. Moreover, the maternal and foetal toxicity should be reduced in the
      latter regimen. In this paper we present the preliminary results of our study
      comparing a single-dose treatment by fosfomycin trometamol (3 g) and
      nitrofurantoin (200 mg per day during a week).

PMID- 2286467
TI  - Fosfomycin trometamol in a single dose versus norfloxacin for seven days in the
      treatment of uncomplicated urinary infections in general practice.
AB  - The efficacy and tolerability of fosfomycin trometamol in a single dose of 3 g
      was compared with norfloxacin 400 mg b.i.d. for seven days in the treatment of
      adult female patients with uncomplicated urinary infections. 158 female patients
      with a mean age of 30 years who presented symptoms of dysuria and frequency with
      documented pyuria and bacteriuria on urinalysis (greater than or equal to 10(5)
      cfu/ml of urine) were initially included in the study. The total number of
      clinically and bacteriologically evaluable patients was 111, of which 61 received
      fosfomycin trometamol and 50 norfloxacin. One to two days after the double blind
      medication schedule for seven days, 55 of 60 patients (92%) in the fosfomycin
      trometamol group and 48 of 50 patients (96%) in the norfloxacin group were
      clinically cured. 37 patients without significant bacteriuria showed a clinical
      cure rate of over 90% in both therapy groups. Two to three days after the single
      dose treatment with fosfomycin trometamol the initial infecting pathogen was
      eradicated in 60 of the 61 patients (98%). One to two days after a seven day
      treatment with norfloxacin 48 of 50 patients (96%) showed an eradication of the
      initial infecting pathogen. Six weeks after the start of therapy 39/60 patients
      (65%) and 32/49 (65%) in the fosfomycin trometamol and norfloxacin groups
      respectively, remained free from urinary infection. The reinfection rate in both
      treatment groups was approximately 25%. The relapse rate in the post treatment
      evaluation period of four weeks was relatively low in both therapy groups, 5/49
      patients (10%) in the norfloxacin group and 3/55 patients (6%) in the fosfomycin
      trometamol group, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286471
TI  - Restricted environmental stimulation and smoking cessation: a 15-year progress
      report.
AB  - The first successful use of restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST)
      as a method of smoking cessation was reported in this journal in 1972. Since
      then, close to 20 papers and articles have further investigated this application.
      The results have been consistently positive and have further shown that--unlike
      most techniques--REST combines synergistically with other effective treatment
      modalities. The effect of REST seems to target primarily the major problem with
      other known treatments in this area: It substantially reduces the relapse rate
      among clients who quit smoking at the end of treatment. Furthermore, REST is
      safe, has no known adverse side effects, and is easily tolerated by most
      participants. Nevertheless, the method has not found wide acceptance among
      practitioners. This paper explores and answers some of the concerns that may be
      involved in its relative lack of popularity.

PMID- 2286470
TI  - Prophylactic chemotherapy with fosfomycin trometamol during transurethral surgery
      and urological manoeuvres. Results of a multicentre study.
AB  - The aim of the present open prospective study is to evaluate the efficacy and
      safety profile of fosfomycin trometamol in the chemoprophylaxis of urinary tract
      infections following transurethral diagnostic and/or therapeutic manoeuvres. 712
      patients were enrolled in 72 urological surgical centres. All the enrolled
      patients received an initial dose of fosfomycin trometamol (Monuril sachet
      containing 3 g of active drug in powder) 3 h before and a second dose 24 h after
      the transurethral manoeuvres. Clinical and microbiological examinations were
      carried out before the intervention, and then on the second and seventh days
      after the manoeuvres. 94 patients with positive baseline tests were excluded from
      the microbiological follow-up for non-compliance with the main inclusion
      criteria. Out of 618 patients with sterile urine or with bacteriuria less than
      10(5) ml on baseline screening, 20 (3.2%) developed UTI on the second day and 22
      (3.6%) on the seventh day after treatment. Clinical follow-up is in agreement
      with these microbiological data. Overall, a total of 24 side effects were
      observed (3.3%), 16 of which were associated with Monuril treatment. The results
      of this open study agree with the preliminary observations in the controlled
      studies.

PMID- 2286472
TI  - Subjective, social, and physical availability. I. Their interrelationships.
AB  - The alcohol availability literature suggests that physical conditions which
      restrict alcohol availability reduce rates of alcohol consumption. Smart (1980)
      argued that the availability construct should be expanded to include subjective
      and social components. It was hypothesized that people who perceived alcohol to
      be subjectively and socially available would consume more alcohol than those who
      did not and that physical availability would only indirectly affect consumption.
      These hypotheses were examined using data from a telephone survey. In Part I, the
      interrelationships between physical, subjective, and social availability are
      described. In Part II (this journal, Vol. 25, No. 9), the relationships between
      these variables and alcohol consumption are explored.

PMID- 2286474
TI  - Cue-exposure interventions for alcohol relapse prevention: need for a memory
      modification component.
AB  - The ability of cue-conditioned responses (CCRs) to predict relapse in problem
      drinkers across a wide variety of situations is better appreciated when one
      considers that encoded alcohol-related stimuli can be retrieved from memory and,
      consequently, serve as symbolic cues. By decreasing retrieval strength to such
      cues one might: (1) decrease the possibility that such cues elicit alcohol
      related CCRs (urges), which may lead to drinking, and (2) decrease the
      possibility of relapse resulting directly from thinking about drinking. A memory
      modification approach, as compared to cue exposure, may be relatively effective
      with old versus young alcoholics.

PMID- 2286473
TI  - Palm wine drinking in a Balinese village: environmental influences.
AB  - The present study reports observations of drinking patterns and life-style of
      Bali-Hindu men in a Balinese village, Pemuteran, who have a relatively high
      prevalence (about 40%) of excessive consumption of locally produced palm wine.
      Patterns of drinking were defined. They are rooted in the customs of the
      inhabitants prior to mass displacement to a "new" land area following a volcanic
      catastrophe in their old village location in 1963. Excessive drinking appeared to
      be causally related to identified sociocultural factors and to a physically
      impoverished environment that greatly reduced work opportunities during much of
      this year. A similar village in the area which underwent important social and
      drinking pattern changes consequent to government provision of irrigation water
      and greater work opportunities suggests that alcohol drinking in Pemuteran may
      decline under similar social-environmental changes.

PMID- 2286476
TI  - Perceived acceptance and social isolation among recovering homosexual alcoholics.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to identify variables which might be associated with
      perceived acceptance and social isolation among recovering homosexual alcoholics.
      Participants (N = 126) completed a questionnaire which included the Gay Perceived
      Acceptance and Social Isolation Scale (PASI). Data were analyzed utilizing
      stepwise multiple regression. This procedure resulted in the selection of four
      independent variables which, as a set, accounted for more than 50% of the
      variation in PASI scores. Three of the four terms related to sexuality. Results
      indicate that resolution of conflict concerning sexuality could lead to higher
      PASI scores and may increase the prospects of long-term recovery from alcoholism.

PMID- 2286475
TI  - Physical features, physical attractiveness, and psychological adjustment among
      alcohol abuse inpatients.
AB  - Relations between specific physical features, attractiveness, and psychological
      adjustment of alcoholic inpatients were examined. Measures were obtained during
      the first week of admission and 6 weeks later (within 2 weeks of discharge). The
      nine physical features assessed formed three factors: face, facial expression,
      and body. The face factor was more strongly related to history of substance abuse
      than was either of the other factors. Further, the results suggested that
      alcoholism-related face features may be responsible for the documented relation
      between ratings of overall physical attractiveness and ratings of adjustment
      obtained at admission to a chemical dependency program; however, positive changes
      in body features less specifically related to a history of substance abuse
      (posture and grooming) are associated with counselors' ratings of improved
      patient adjustment over time.

PMID- 2286477
TI  - From theory to practice: the planned treatment of drug users. Interview by
      Stanley Einstein.

PMID- 2286478
TI  - Physical activity and cancer.
AB  - Evidence that physical activity may protect against various forms of cancer is
      examined in relation to occupational demands, leisure activities and
      participation in sport while at university. The variety of forms of neoplasm and
      equally varied physical activity histories militate against finding any simple
      relationship between the risk of malignancy and the individual's physical
      activity history. Nevertheless, five of seven major occupational studies suggest
      that a physically active occupation offers some protection against colon cancer,
      and an application of Bradford Hill's criteria generally supports the causal
      nature of the relationship between physical inactivity and an increased risk of
      intestinal neoplasia. However, existing reports are by no means conclusive; there
      thus remains a need for well-designed epidemiological studies of this issue. Data
      from one laboratory also suggest that in women a history of active leisure is
      associated with a reduced prevalence of breast and reproductive system cancers.
      Physical activity potentially encourages a healthy lifestyle, and it could have
      more direct effects on certain forms of carcinogenesis (for instance, by a
      speeding of gastro-intestinal transit, or a moderation of sex hormone levels).
      However, there are also potential negative effects from some types of exercise,
      particularly an excessive exposure to ultra-violet light in certain water sports.
      Since moderate exercise elevates mood and helps to conserve lean tissue, it may
      finally be a helpful component of treatment after a neoplasm has been diagnosed.

PMID- 2286479
TI  - Androgenic response to long-term physical training in male subjects.
AB  - An increase in endogenous androgen production has been observed following long
      term physical training and the beneficial effects of training have been
      attributed in part to this phenomenon. Other investigators, however, found, in
      contrast lower testosterone levels in trained compared with untrained subjects.
      The purpose of the present study was to follow the long-term changes in total
      testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) levels in intensely training individuals. The
      changes in the body's anabolic state, induced by intense long-term physical
      training, were determined using the plasma resting T/C ratio. T and C levels of
      35 young untrained subjects were measured at 6 week intervals during 18 weeks of
      strenuous physical training. All samples were drawn within one half hour of
      awaking (05.30-06.00). Mean serum T levels increased significantly at 6 weeks
      (28.7%, p less than 0.02) and decreased significantly at 12 weeks (20.6%, p less
      than 0.02), but did not differ at 18 weeks compared with levels before training
      was commenced (mean +/- SE, 16.9 +/- 0.2, 21.8 +/- 0.3, 12.8 +/- 0.2 and 17.3 +/-
      0.2 nmol/l at 0, 6, 12, and 18 weeks, respectively). Mean serum C was increased
      significantly (21.3%, p less than 0.005) at 18 weeks (463.5 +/- 19.3, 507.7 +/-
      22.1, 480.1 +/- 19.3, and 565.6 +/- 22.1 nmol/l). T/C ratio decreased
      significantly after 12 and 18 weeks of training. Our results do not support an
      association between reduced total testosterone levels and prolonged training.
      However, hypercorticolism with a relative catabolic state may occur.

PMID- 2286480
TI  - Effects of self-monitored jogging on physical fitness, blood pressure and serum
      lipids: a controlled study in sedentary middle-aged men.
AB  - To study the effects of long-term, home-based exercise on physical fitness and
      cardiovascular risk factors of middle-aged nonsmoking males, a controlled study
      was conducted in 61 sedentary Swiss men. Thirty-nine men were randomly allocated
      to jog 2 h/week for 4 months on an individually prescribed and heart-rate
      controlled basis, whereas 22 men served as controls. Despite varying adherence to
      the exercise regimen, the 4-month net change (effect in exercise group minus
      effect in control group) in estimated endurance capacity was significant and
      positive. Net changes in arterial blood pressure, measured with a random-zero
      device, were nonsignificant, but after exclusion of low-normotensive men (n = 19)
      from analysis, a significant net effect of exercise on diastolic blood pressure
      was seen (-4.3 mmHg; p = .048). The following net changes in serum lipid levels
      occurred: HDL cholesterol + 0.12 mmol/l (p = .028), total triglycerides -0.21
      mmol/l (ns), HDL-C/total cholesterol ratio +0.02 (p = .047). Exploratory analyses
      revealed that an increase in estimated endurance capacity was associated with a
      rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.49 and 0.43, respectively; p
      less than 0.01 both). Changes in the waist-hip ratio were directly related to the
      change in diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.27; p less than 0.05). Multivariable
      analysis indicated that much of the beneficial effect of exercise on diastolic
      blood pressure was apparently mediated through a decrease in body fat. This study
      confirms that individually prescribed jogging can reduce cardiovascular risk
      factors in self-selected nonsmoking males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286481
TI  - Fat storage in athletes: metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and
      running.
AB  - Despite similar rates of energy expenditure during training, it has been
      suggested that swimmers store greater amounts of body fat than runners. To
      investigate these discrepancies, eight male swimmers (S) and runners (R) were
      monitored during 45 min of swimming or running (75% VO2max), respectively, and
      six triathletes were monitored during swimming (ST) and running (RT). Each group
      was also monitored during two hours of recovery. Venous blood samples were
      obtained before exercise, immediately after exercise (0 min) and at 15, 30, 60
      and 120 min of recovery. These samples were analyzed for glucose, lactate,
      glycerol, free fatty acids (FFA), insulin, glucagon, norepinephrine (NE) and
      epinephrine (E). Expired gases and heart rates (HR) were obtained during exercise
      and also during recovery. The caloric cost of recovery was similar, but the RER
      results suggested increased fat oxidation during recovery for the S and the ST.
      Serum glucose was greater (P less than 0.05) immediately after exercise for R
      (6.71 +/- 0.29 mmol/l) and RT (6.40 +/- 0.26) compared to the S (4.97 +/- 0.19)
      and ST (4.87 +/- 0.18), and was significantly elevated for the initial 30 min of
      recovery. FFA were similar throughout the recovery period; however, blood
      glycerol was greater immediately after exercise (0 min) for R compared to S (NS)
      and was significantly elevated after exercise (0 min) for RT compared to ST.
      Differences in blood glucose or fat release were not explained by differences in
      NE or E; however, the glucacon-to-insulin ratio was significantly greater after
      exercise in the S and ST compared to the R and RT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2286482
TI  - Ultra-long-distance running and the liver.
AB  - During an ultra-long-distance race (1000 km in 20 days) the influence of running
      was examined on the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl-transferase
      (GGT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) with regard to their release from the
      liver cells or their induction. Furthermore the liver synthetic capacity was
      assayed by measuring the enzyme activity of cholinesterase and the concentration
      of serum albumin during the race. Of the 110 participants, 55 finished the race
      and only the results of these runners were used in our study. AP increased
      continuously from day 0 (mean = 102 U/L) to day 19 (mean = 120 U/L). A fivefold
      increase of AST and a twentyfold increase of CK up to day 3 was followed by a
      significant decrease towards the end of the race. ALT rose as well up to day 6
      from a mean value of 8 U/L to 24 U/L but remained at this level. Surprising was
      the individual increase of the enzymes GLDH (up to twentyfold) and GGT (up to
      sixfold) in more than half of the finishers on various days indicating liver cell
      injuries. The activity of CHE and the concentration of serum albumin decreased
      during the race, both were significantly correlated.

PMID- 2286484
TI  - Mechanical efficiency during cycling in prepubertal and adult males.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated that values for mechanical efficiency during
      cycle exercise in prepubertal subjects are similar to those in adults. Few
      studies have directly compared these groups, however, and earlier reports did not
      consider the importance of assessing efficiency at similar relative exercise
      intensities. Nineteen prepubertal boys and 21 college men underwent cycle
      exercise testing for determination of delta efficiency (the energy required to
      increase workload), related to both absolute work load and relative work
      intensity (percent VO2max). No significant differences in either of these
      measures were observed between the two groups. Mean delta efficiency between
      workloads of similar relative intensity was 23.2% for the prepubertal subjects
      and 22.5% for the adults (p greater than .05). Between equal absolute workloads
      the values were 23.2 and 26.5%, respectively (p greater than .05). These findings
      support earlier contentions that the efficiency of muscular contraction during
      exercise is comparable in pre- and post-pubertal subjects.

PMID- 2286483
TI  - Blood lactate threshold differences between arterialized and venous blood.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between lactate
      thresholds determined from venous and arterialized blood. Seven endurance-trained
      college males performed an incremental bicycle ergometer exercise test until
      exhaustion. At the end of each 3 min stage, blood was sampled simultaneously from
      a hyperemized ear-lobe and an antecubital vein for the measurement of blood
      lactate (La-). Two-minute rest intervals separated each stage. Arterialized blood
      La-concentrations ([La-]) were significantly higher than venous blood at 350 W
      (14.5 and 9.7 mmol.l-1), maximal exercise (15.5 and 11.39 mmol.l-1), and
      throughout recovery. Arterialized [La-] was significantly higher than venous
      blood at the onset of blood La- accumulation (OBLA) (4.0 and 2.8 +/- 0.1 mmol.l
      1), the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) (3.4 +/- 0.3 and 2.1 +/- 0.1 mmol.l
      1), and the ventilatory threshold (VT) (4.7 +/- 0.9 and 3.2 +/- 0.6 mmol.l-1). No
      significant differences were found between either La-threshold for arterialized
      or venous blood. The oxygen consumption (VO2) at OBLA was significantly lower
      when determined from arterialized blood La (2.3 +/- 0.2 and 2.8 +/- 0.2 l.min-1).
      No significant differences existed between the LT, OBLA, and IAT threshold-VO2
      determinations from arterialized blood; however, significant differences were
      found between IAT-OBLA (2.1 +/- 0.2 and 2.8 +/- 0.2 l.min-1) and LT (2.2 +/- 0.2
      l.min-1)-OBLA from venous blood. These results indicate that differences between
      venous and arterialized blood [La-] need to be considered when comparing
      different anaerobic threshold determinations.

PMID- 2286485
TI  - Differences in aerobic and anthropometric characteristics between peripubertal
      swimmers and non-swimmers.
AB  - In order to judge the effect of moderate sports training on the anthropometric
      characteristics and aerobic capacity of boys before and during puberty, a
      comparative study was conducted of 140 children, 94 of whom were not undergoing
      any specific training and 45 of whom were spending more than 3 hours a week
      practising swimming. The boys were divided into three maturity groups according
      to pubic hair status: prepubertal, pubertal, and end of puberty. The study shows
      greater maximal oxygen uptake in absolute terms, body weight, lean body mass,
      chest circumference, arm circumference, and arm muscle area for the swimmers. The
      morphological differences between the swimmers and non-swimmers concern physical
      characteristics generally involved in swimming. The difference in aerobic
      capacity, however, may be in part due to the morphological changes engendered by
      training; a longitudal study would confirm this. It is suggested that
      anthropometric indicators of arm muscles may be used in the biological
      supervision of swimming training.

PMID- 2286486
TI  - The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and acute upper
      respiratory tract infections.
AB  - A randomly controlled 15-wk exercise training (ET) study (five 45-min
      sessions/wk, brisk walking at 60% heart rate reserve) with a group of 36 mildly
      obese, sedentary women was conducted to investigate the relationship between
      improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness, changes in natural killer (NK) cell
      number and activity, and acute upper respiratory tract infection (URI)
      symptomatology. The study was conducted using a 2 (exercise and nonexercise
      groups) x 3 (baseline, 6-, and 15-wk testing sessions) factorial design, with
      data analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. No significant change in NK cell
      number occurred as a result of ET as measured by the CD16 and Leu-19 monoclonal
      antibodies. ET did have a significant effect on NK cell activity (E:T 50:1)
      especially during the initial 6-wk period [F(2.68) = 12.34, p less than 0.001].
      Using data from daily logs kept by each subject, the exercise group was found to
      have significantly fewer URI symptom days/incident than the nonexercise group
      (3.6 +/- 0.7 vs 7.0 +/- 1.4 days, respectively, p = 0.049). Improvement in
      cardiorespiratory fitness was correlated significantly with a reduction in URI
      symptom days/incident (r = 0.37, p = 0.025) and a change in NK cell activity from
      baseline to six but not 15 wks (r = 0.35, p = 0.036). In summary, moderate ET is
      associated with elevated NK cell activity after six but not 15 weeks, and reduced
      URI symptomatology in comparison to a randomized, sedentary control group.

PMID- 2286487
TI  - Vibratory massage and short-term recovery from muscular fatigue.
AB  - Percussive vibratory massage has long been purported to offset the negative
      effects of muscular exercise. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the
      effect of this type of massage on recovery from repeated submaximal contractions.
      Twelve male subjects performed repeated, static contractions of the quadriceps at
      70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), with periodic MVCs performed after every
      fourth one. This pattern continued until the subject could no longer produce the
      required 70% (Tlim). The entire procedure was repeated three times with rest
      periods between each series. The rate of fatigue (ROF) was calculated from a
      regression line fit to the decline of the periodic MVCs. We studied the ROF
      during static exercise alone, as well as during static exercise following cycling
      for 30 min at 75% VO2max. In the control conditions, the subjects rested for 5
      min between each of the three series of contractions. In the experimental
      conditions the subjects received 4 min of percussive vibratory massage and 1 min
      of rest. The results showed that there was no significant difference in ROF in
      either static or following dynamic exercise between the control and vibrated
      conditions. Although ROF was the same in all experimental conditions. Tlim
      occurred sooner following dynamic exercise because the initial MVC was
      significantly lower than static (p less than .008). We have therefore concluded
      that short-term recovery from intense muscular activity is not augmented by
      percussive vibratory massage.

PMID- 2286488
TI  - Effects of increased training volume on the oxidative capacity, glycogen content
      and tension development of rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - This study examined the effects of a short-term sudden increment in training load
      on the oxidative capacity, glycogen content and tension-generating ability of rat
      skeletal muscle. After training on a treadmill 5 dwk-1 for 9 wk (30 m.min-1 6
      degrees, 60 min.d-1), rats were randomly divided into a normal training volume
      (NTV) group (N = 11) and an increased training volume (ITV) group (N = 8). The
      NTV group were sacrificed 24 h after the last bout of exercise, while the ITV
      group continued to train for further 6 successive days. Training duration for
      this latter group was increased to 120 min.d-1 for the first 2 d; 240 min.d-1 for
      the next 2 d; and 360 min.d-1 for the final 2 d; speed and grade were kept
      constant. Respiratory capacity (QO2) and citrate synthase activity were increased
      (P less than 0.05) in both the soleus and plantaris muscles, with no change in
      the white vastus lateralis muscle of the NTV group when compared to age- matched
      sedentary controls. Glycogen levels were unchanged in these muscles, but liver
      glycogen content was greater (231.9 +/- 10.1 vs 156.8 +/- 15.3 umol.g-1 w.w. for
      the NTV vs age-matched sedentary controls, respectively, P less than 0.05). Peak
      tetanic tension in the gastrocnemius was not changed by training, or the
      increased training load. Citrate synthase activity (umol.min-1.g-1) was
      significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the plantaris (33.3 +/- 1.0 vs 27.0
      +/- 1.7) and soleus muscles (40.5 +/- 2.7 vs 28.4 +/- 1.3) in the ITV vs NTV
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286489
TI  - Previous injuries and persisting symptoms in female soccer players.
AB  - One hundred and fifty players in a female senior soccer division, starting up a
      new season, were examined for past injuries and persisting symptoms. An incidence
      of 0.18 injury/player/year was found, which is not significantly different from
      previously reported injury rates for male soccer. Sprains to the lower extremity
      and shin-splints were the most common previous injuries. Forty-three percent of
      the players had some kind of persistent symptom as a result of a past injury.
      Symptoms from previous ankle and knee sprains and from overuse injuries were the
      most common. Players who had sustained an ankle joint injury were more prone to
      have persistent symptoms (p less than 0.05) if they had persistent mechanical
      instability. Compared to previous retrospective studies on men's soccer, the
      women showed a higher rate of previous patellar dislocations. These injuries
      often caused persistent symptoms. The women showed fewer serious knee injuries.
      This might depend on a real difference in incidence or is just a reflection of
      female players ceasing to play soccer after a severe knee injury.

PMID- 2286490
TI  - Changes in plasma concentration of hypoxanthine and uric acid in man with short
      distance running at various intensities.
AB  - The relationship between running intensity and the accumulation of hypoxanthine
      and uric acid in plasma was studied in four well-trained runners. The runners
      each performed several 800-m runs at different velocities, each run being
      performed on separate days. Venous blood samples were collected before and at
      regular intervals after the runs. The concentration of hypoxanthine and uric acid
      was determined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in plasma
      extracts. A marked increase in the plasma concentration of both hypoxanthine and
      uric acid occurred simultaneously at intensities corresponding to 110, 108, 115
      and 107% of VO2max for subject a, b, c and d, respectively. The sudden sharp
      increase in plasma concentration of hypoxanthine and uric acid may indicate that
      at a certain level of running intensity ATP catabolism exceeds the rate of ATP
      regeneration from the normal metabolic pathways.

PMID- 2286491
TI  - The parable of the forensic psychiatrist: ethics and the problem of doing harm.

PMID- 2286492
TI  - Psychiatric participation in capital sentencing procedures: ethical
      considerations.

PMID- 2286493
TI  - Mental health professionals and the courts: the ethics of expertise.

PMID- 2286494
TI  - On the evaluative nature of competency and capacity judgments.

PMID- 2286495
TI  - Free will, responsibility and the promise of forensic psychiatry.

PMID- 2286496
TI  - Autonomy, self determination, the right of involuntarily committed persons to
      refuse treatment, and the use of substituted judgment in medication decisions
      involving incompetent persons.

PMID- 2286497
TI  - [The prevalence of serological markers for the human immunodeficiency virus and
      the hepatitis B virus in a psychiatric hospital].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV), antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), hepatitis B
      surface antigen (HBsAg), and antibodies to delta virus (anti-DV). DESIGN: Cross
      sectional (prevalence) study. A non-proportional (stratified by length of stay)
      random sample of 20% of admitted patients was selected. CLINICAL SETTING: The
      Hospital Psiquiatrico Nuestra Senora de Montserrat (Sant Boi de Llobregat,
      Barcelona, Spain) admits about 670 patients in its short-term, rehabilitation
      (mid-term) and long-term wards. SUBJECTS: 139 patients were selected: 91% were
      males, mean age was 55 years, and 10% belonged to an HIV risk group; mean length
      of hospitalization since last discharge was 13 years. MEASUREMENTS: Blood samples
      were drawn in October, 1988. Anti-HBc, HBsAg and anti-DV were determined by
      competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Anti-HIV-1 were determined by sandwich EIA;
      negativity of results with high absorbency but below the cut-off point was
      confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS: None of the sampled patients had circulating
      anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Four cases showing high absorbency (below the "cut-off"
      point) were ruled out by Western-blot. Overall, the prevalence of anti-HBc was
      52.8% (54.4% in long-term wards, 35.0% in mid-term wards, and 13.8% in short-term
      wards). The prevalence of HBsAg was 2.3%, of anti-DV 1.5%, and of HDAg 0%.
      CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of anti-HIV is null in the studied institution. Current
      efforts to prevent HIV infection must continue; a hepatitis B vaccination program
      is highly warranted among patients and professionals of the studied hospital.

PMID- 2286498
TI  - [A sentinel physicians network in Castile and Leon: the use of cluster analysis
      to obtain a representative population].
AB  - In order to establish a sentinel physicians network in Castilla y Leon to collect
      systematically population-based morbidity data, a random sample of general
      practitioners (GP's) whose covered population was representative of the regional
      population was obtained. A cluster analysis with the ZBS (Zonas Basicas de Salud)
      was performed according to a list of variables considered important in the
      diseases incidence. Five clusters were obtained in the urban areas and twenty in
      the rural areas, where, after stratification, the GP's random sample was
      selected. The outcome of the distribution, within each cluster, between all
      Castilla y Leon GP's and the sentinel GP's did not show statistically significant
      differences. The statistically significant difference found between the age of
      all GP's and the 127 sentinel GP's, due to the voluntary participation, was not
      found in the comparison of the two populations covered by them, confirming the
      efficacy of this method in the selection of a representative population from a
      random sampling of population groups.

PMID- 2286499
TI  - [The income level and life styles: towards a law of inverse prevention?].
AB  - The study of the determinants of disease-related lifestyles may be relevant for
      better understanding the potential of health policies. In the present work,
      results of the analysis of the Elche Healthy Cities Interview Survey prevalence
      of some disease related lifestyles (physical activity level, cigarette
      consumption, and alcohol intake) are presented according to economic level as
      measured by monthly family income, 573 people randomly selected from the town
      rolls were interviewed at home. No associations were found between economic level
      and alcohol intake or present smoking status. But, trying to stop smoking and
      regular exercise were more frequent behaviors in higher economic groups. The
      ratio of prevalence of regular exercise was 1.73 in favor of the highest economic
      levels. The gradient found was statistically significant (chi 2 for trend = 17.4,
      p less than 0.01). The results may be of relevance when implementing health
      policies to overcome inequalities in health: "unequal interventions" may be more
      adequate.

PMID- 2286500
TI  - [Compulsory vaccination programs in the light of legislation].
AB  - The adequate development of immunization programs deals with the problem of
      obtaining a good vaccination coverage, an essential aspect for the control and
      eradication of the disease in the population. One way of facing this deals with
      the implementation of coercion measures. The present paper analyzes Spanish
      legislation in force with regards to the possibility of applying compulsory
      vaccination programme in the general population and in specific subgroups.

PMID- 2286501
TI  - [Physician participation in surveys on behavior and health conducted by mail].

PMID- 2286502
TI  - [The identification of preventable mortality and its practical applications].

PMID- 2286503
TI  - The association of lingual thyroglossal duct remnants with sudden death in
      infancy.
AB  - Two cases of sudden infant death are described in which relatively large
      posterior lingual midline cysts were demonstrated at autopsy. Death in both
      patients was attributed to upper airway obstruction due to the cysts, both of
      which represented thyroglossal duct remnants.

PMID- 2286504
TI  - Infant tracheotomy--endoscopy and decannulation.
AB  - The records of 73 infants aged 24 months or less who underwent tracheotomy in a
      10-year period were reviewed. Two common problems before decannulation were
      granulations and suprastomal collapse of the anterior tracheal wall above the
      internal stoma. There were no decannulation failures which could not be accounted
      for by the primary airway problem. There was no evidence of unexplained
      "dependence" on the tracheotomy. The results confirm that tracheotomy in the
      infant patient can be safe both short-term and long-term. There has been no
      similar long-term review of tracheotomy in small infants indicating the place of
      endoscopy and the technique of decannulation.

PMID- 2286505
TI  - Congenital hairy polyp of the nasopharynx associated with cleft palate: report of
      two cases.
AB  - Congenital hairy polyp of the nasopharynx is an unusual but well-recognized
      entity. These benign lesions have not been reported in the modern literature in
      association with cleft palate. We report two cases of hairy polyp in association
      with cleft palate, and discuss the pathology of the tumor with emphasis on
      embryology and pathogenesis.

PMID- 2286506
TI  - Otitis media and hearing loss in children attending an ENT clinic in Luanda,
      Angola.
AB  - At the ENT clinic in Luanda, Angola, 110 consecutive cases of children with
      chronic otitis media (COM) were studied to find out some clinical characteristics
      regarding age of onset and duration of otorrhea as well as the general state of
      health of the children. Eighty-five percent of the children had had longstanding
      otorrhea. In 75% of all the cases ear discharge had started during early
      childhood. It was possible to institute a simple conservative treatment of COM.
      Fifty percent returned to the clinic for a follow-up. The majority of the
      children came from families who lived under fairly good social conditions. One
      hundred and five children with sensorineural hearing loss consulted the clinic.
      Many of them had had their hearing loss for several years before coming to the
      clinic. The etiology was in 39 cases infectious disease, meningitis being the
      most common one. Seventy-two percent had severe to profound hearing loss.
      Children with slight to moderate hearing loss rarely appeared at the clinic. Some
      of the hearing-handicapped children could be sent to a special school for
      rehabilitation.

PMID- 2286507
TI  - Rhabdomyoma of the cricopharyngeus in an infant.
AB  - Rhabdomyoma is a rare benign tumor characterized histologically by striated
      skeletal muscle. Rhabdomyomas can be classified into adult and fetal variants.
      The majority of adult variants arise in the head and neck region and are derived
      from the skeletal muscles of the pharyngeal (branchial) arches. The majority of
      cases of fetal variant rhabdomyomas have been described in the postauricular
      region of young children and the vulvovaginal region in middle-aged women. We
      present a case of a 15-month-old infant with a circumferential rhabdomyoma of the
      cricopharyngeus muscle requiring excision of the esophageal inlet and
      reconstruction with a free microvascular jejunal interposition graft. This case
      represents the youngest reported case of adult variant rhabdomyoma. The clinical,
      radiographic, and histologic findings of this unusual case and a review of
      reported cases of rhabdomyoma in the pediatric population will be presented.

PMID- 2286508
TI  - Cysticercosis of the tongue.
AB  - Cysticercosis is a condition where man forms the intermediate host for the
      proglottids of Taenia solium. The common sites of cysticercosis are brain,
      skeletal muscle and subcutaneous tissues, but they can be found at any site. An
      unusual case of lingual cysticercosis is being reported.

PMID- 2286509
TI  - Laryngospasm-induced pulmonary edema.
AB  - We report the case of a 6-month-old child who developed acute pulmonary edema
      because of laryngeal spasm during orthopedic manipulations for congenital hip
      dysplasia. Laryngospasm was probably secondary to an unsuspected light level of
      anesthesia, maintained via face mask. No other predisposing factors, such as
      enlarged adenoid tonsils, laryngitis, epiglottitis, mechanical stimulation of the
      larynx or aspiration of foreign material were identified. Serious oxygen
      desaturation and bradycardia ensued, during inefficient attempts at positive
      pressure ventilation. After emergency intubation without muscle relaxant, copious
      pink secretions emerged from the airway. Negative pressure pulmonary edema was
      confirmed by chest X-ray, and short-lasting arterial desaturation despite
      positive pressure ventilation with high oxygen concentration. This type of
      pulmonary edema is caused by marked elevated negative intra-airway pressure,
      massive sympathetic discharge causing a blood shift from the systemic to the
      pulmonary circulation, and accentuation of physiological ventricular
      interdependence during forceful inspiratory effort against a closed glottis. As
      usual in such cases, pulmonary edema and laryngospasm resolved spontaneously
      without specific treatment, and extubation was carried out uneventfully two hours
      later. The child suffered no sequelae.

PMID- 2286510
TI  - Moderation of morbidity following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: a study of
      awareness under anesthesia.
AB  - Sixty-seven children between the ages 3 and 10, undergoing tonsillectomy and
      adenoidectomy, were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups. Therapeutic suggestions
      recited in English (n = 31), French (n = 19), or continuous white noise (n = 18)
      were repetitively administered by means of earphones in a double blind design.
      Randomization to the English condition was associated with a more favorable
      outcome with respect to all parameters evaluated by physicians and nurses.
      However, statistical significance could not be demonstrated. Should this observed
      favorable outcome be legitimate, cortical interpretation of language context was
      inferred as recovery was not influenced by randomization into the French or white
      noise conditions. Preoperative behavior, as defined by preoperative upset and
      cooperation scores, may be predictive of postoperative convalescence. The
      favorable outcome imparted by the English condition appeared most significant
      with respect to those patients at highest risk for poor convalescence i.e. poor
      status preoperative patients.

PMID- 2286511
TI  - Psychiatric hospitalisations evaluated by patients.
AB  - For a number of years consumer satisfaction evaluation has been used as
      documentary evidence of the effect of treatment in psychiatric service systems.
      Especially in the USA consumer evaluations have been used in connection with the
      closure of the large central mental hospitals and the changeover to a community
      based psychiatric service system. The present investigation was conducted in a
      large psychiatric hospital and confirmed other such investigations that the
      patients are satisfied with the psychiatric treatment system. This result is in
      sharp contrast with society's general attitude to the same treatment system. In
      the present study we found a significant positive correlation between a positive
      assessment of hospitalisation and the relatives' contact with the staff on the
      ward. This is an important result in a period when spending cuts and reductions
      in staff might reduce time for contacts with relatives. Consumer evaluations such
      as the present one are necessary as a basis of future adjustments in the
      psychiatric treatment system.

PMID- 2286512
TI  - Latah as coping: a case study offering a new paradox to solve the old one.

PMID- 2286513
TI  - Comparison of urban and rural respondents' experience and opinion of ethical
      issues in medical care.
AB  - Ninety-four urban and 54 rural respondents who had undergone hospitalisation in
      the previous three years were interviewed using a semistructured interview
      schedule to ascertain their experiences and opinion regarding ethical issues. The
      interview focussed particularly on patients' satisfaction and expectations about
      information provided by medical professionals on various aspects of their
      illness. Results revealed that both the groups were satisfied with the amount of
      information they had received during their hospitalisation. Rural respondents
      were comparatively less satisfied with the information they received regarding
      complications of illness, possible side effects/complications of treatment, and
      nature of investigations. A higher proportion of urban respondents required
      information about other available treatment options and possible outcome of
      illness if left untreated. A higher number of urban respondents felt that
      provision of information about illness may have harmful consequences to the
      patient, and more frequently reported that receiving information was the
      patient's right. These results suggest that although both urban and rural
      respondents were sensitive to ethical issues, the response of urban respondents
      from developing countries is more akin to that of their counterparts in the
      developed countries.

PMID- 2286514
TI  - A new role for the community psychiatric nurse in working with families caring
      for a relative with schizophrenia.
AB  - Over the last 20 years research has convincingly demonstrated that the illness,
      schizophrenia, is amenable to social and environmental influence (Leff et al.
      1982; Falloon et al. 1985; Hogarty et al. 1986). The impetus for the research is
      the fact that, at best, genetic inheritance explains only 70% of the disorder's
      aetiology. The findings of the studies allow certain basic but important
      principles to be formulated. These are that some people inherit a genetic
      predisposition or "vulnerability" to schizophrenia which develops either in
      response to the acute stress of "life events" or the chronic stress encountered
      in some families. Originally the term "Expressed Emotion" was coined to describe
      emotional atmosphere at home which was thought to consist particularly of
      criticism, hostility or emotional over-involvement (Brown et al. 1962).
      Intervention strategies have arisen from the studies which demonstrates that
      stress in families caring for a relative with schizophrenia can be reduced,
      leading to not only a smaller risk of relapse in the relative with the illness,
      but also an improvement in the carer's own mental health status (Tarrier et al.
      1988). Intervention consists of health education for carers and family stress
      management techniques which may help to lessen over-stimulation in family life.
      Community Psychiatric Nurses (CPNs) are a rapidly expanding sector of most mental
      health service provision in the United Kingdom but the evidence is that their
      role with the sufferer from schizophrenia consists largely of the administration
      of depot medication and very little else.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286515
TI  - Comparison of a system of staff prompting with a programmable electronic diary in
      a patient with Korsakoff's syndrome.
AB  - The effect of a programmable electronic diary was compared with a system of staff
      prompting on the attendance at Occupational Therapy groups of a patient with
      Korsakoff's syndrome. Throughout the baseline period, the subject did not attend
      any groups. With the help of verbal prompting and other staff intervention, his
      attendance at groups increased significantly. By the fourteeth week he was
      attending all groups without verbal prompting apparently by using other
      environmental cues. The introduction of the electronic diary at this point was
      not found to increase the subject's attendance at groups further or to reduce the
      need for verbal prompting presumably due to a "ceiling effect". These findings
      suggest that despite severe memory impairment, the patient with Korsakoff's
      syndrome is able to learn new information. The potential of the electronic diary
      for reducing staff input and its use in a less predictable setting need to be
      evaluated further.

PMID- 2286516
TI  - Culture and mental illness in Algeria.
AB  - The main aim of this article is to review research and observations on the
      association between cultural factors and the rates and symptoms of mental illness
      in Algeria. In addition to traditional concepts and practices, modern psychiatric
      services and the classification of mental illness are discussed. Research on
      depression, schizophrenia, drug-abuse and alcoholism are reported. Two major
      sociocultural factors related to mental illness are emphasised: the Muslim
      religion and social changes during both the colonial and post-colonial eras. Many
      culture-specific family stresses are also related to mental illness.

PMID- 2286517
TI  - Living wills.

PMID- 2286518
TI  - Generic drugs.

PMID- 2286519
TI  - The rising cost of medical care.

PMID- 2286520
TI  - Living wills and the right to die.
AB  - Two recent court decisions clarified whether and under what circumstances a
      patient may refuse life-sustaining medical treatment, including food and water.
      The Nancy Cruzan case, decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on June 25, 1990, and
      the case of Shirley Crabtree, decided by Family Court Senior Judge Daniel G.
      Heely in Hawaii on April 26, 1990, had differing outcomes. Moreover, Hawaii has a
      living will statute which purports to place limits on when and whether a person
      may choose to die rather than live in a severely disabled condition. This article
      will summarize the current law, and will offer practical advice to physicians on
      how to deal with these sensitive issues that affect their patients.

PMID- 2286521
TI  - A rural practice report: gathering data.

PMID- 2286522
TI  - A survey of laboratory services for the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease in
      Scotland.
AB  - As laboratory investigation is essential for the diagnosis of Legionnaires'
      Disease, the lack of immediate access to a suitable laboratory may result in
      under, or late, diagnosis. Recently, there has been emphasis on culture as the
      principal means of diagnosis. This survey describes the diagnostic facilities for
      Legionnaires' Disease in Scottish hospitals, particularly in relation to the role
      of the acting reference laboratory in Ruchill Hospital, Glasgow. Facilities have
      clearly been expanding, with six laboratories setting up local services since
      1985. In 1990, 16 out of 36 laboratories (44%) in 10 out of 15 health boards
      offered diagnostic tests for Legionnaires' Disease; of these 14 offered culture.
      All laboratories used the acting reference laboratory (directly or indirectly) to
      confirm positive results. Three laboratories stated that they would test all
      specimens from patients with pneumonia; the others would do so only on request or
      when indicated by clinical judgement. These findings provide confidence about the
      completeness of the surveillance data compiled at the acting reference laboratory
      and make easier the interpretation of information about geographical and secular
      variations in disease incidence. Further expansion of diagnostic facilities,
      particularly culture, with continuing use of the acting reference laboratory for
      more complex tests, conformation of results and quality control, would meet the
      objectives of early diagnosis and effective surveillance.

PMID- 2286523
TI  - Use of computerised records to ensure optimum measles vaccination.
AB  - Measles immunisations in Grampian were studied using the computerised Grampian
      Immunisation Record System. Records of children who were shown to have been
      immunised under 12 months of age were re-checked. This served as an audit of
      Grampian Health Board's centralised computer system and General Practice records,
      and as an educational exercise for the health professionals involved.

PMID- 2286525
TI  - Medical staffing in the National Health Service in Scotland and junior hospital
      doctors' 'promotion prospects'.

PMID- 2286524
TI  - A survey of general practitioners' attitudes to benzodiazepine overprescribing.
AB  - This survey of doctors' attitudes took place against the background of
      professional concern over litigation in the field of benzodiazepine prescribing
      and the prospect of imposed audit of General Practitioner's (GP's) work. One
      hundred and thirty-three GPs in the Argyll and Clyde Health Board Area responded
      to a postal questionnaire (44% response rate) asking about their opinions on the
      reasons for benzodiazepine over-prescribing. Further statements suggested
      possible interventions to reduce this acknowledged problem. The study group
      appear representative of the population from which they are drawn. Benzodiazepine
      over-prescribing appeared to be a meaningful term to the doctors who replied to
      this survey. In their replies, GPs acknowledged this to be a multifactorial
      problem with complex social and psychological roots. Those who responded appear
      to have a positive attitude to reducing the problem and appear willing to use the
      alternative strategies which would be required.

PMID- 2286526
TI  - The chief scientist reports ... neutrophil traffic in human lungs.

PMID- 2286527
TI  - Statistics of deaths from road traffic accidents in Scotland.

PMID- 2286528
TI  - Childhood accident death rates in Scotland.

PMID- 2286529
TI  - The long term effect of seat belt legislation on road user injury patterns.

PMID- 2286530
TI  - Associations between beta-tubulin and mitochondria in adult isolated heart
      myocytes as shown by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy.
AB  - We have investigated the associations between beta-tubulin and mitochondria in
      freshly isolated cardiac myocytes from the rat. Beta-tubulin was identified by
      using monoclonal antibodies for immunofluorescence and high resolution immunogold
      electron microscopy. In addition, conventional transmission and scanning electron
      microscopic studies were performed. After chemical stabilization in a
      formaldehyde solution, the myocytes were shock-frozen at -150 degrees C,
      cryosectioned at -70 degrees C and subsequently processed for immunohistochemical
      and immunocytochemical microscopy. A characteristic of the rod shaped myocytes is
      the presence of a dense network of microtubules in the cytoplasm displaying a
      pattern of strong anti-beta-tubulin reaction. The complexity of this network
      however varies considerably among the myocytes reflecting microtubule dynamic
      instability. Further, our findings demonstrate that the beta-tubulin label in rod
      cells is confined to the perinuclear and interfibrillar spaces and, therefore, is
      largely colocalized with the cytoplasmic organelles. In myocytes undergoing
      severe contracture the distribution of beta-tubulin is entirely restricted to the
      outer mitochondrial-containing domain. This implies that, in a cell model with
      marked segregation of the contractile filaments and organelles, mitochondria are
      codistributed with microtubules in the total absence of desmin intermediate
      filaments. Moreover, our immunogold preparations demonstrate anti-beta-tubulin
      labelling in the outer mitochondrial membrane as well as of fibres in close
      apposition to this membrane. These results indicate the presence of a specific
      beta-tubulin binding to the outer mitochondrial membrane that probably also
      involves microtubule based translocators and/or MAPs.

PMID- 2286531
TI  - Antigenic and catalytic disparity in the distribution of cytochrome P-450
      dependent 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha- and 24-hydroxylases.
AB  - Chick 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase
      with a molecular weight of 57 kDa, can be isolated as described by Mandel et al.
      (1990 b). Under normal physiological circumstances, it occurs exclusively in
      kidney mitochondria. An isozyme of the 1 alpha-hydroxylase, known as the 24
      hydroxylase, which uses the same substrate to yield an isomeric product, is also
      a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, has a molecular weight of 55 kDa, and like-wise
      occurs in kidney mitochondria. The amino-terminal sequences of the first 10
      residues of the two isozymes are 100% homologous. Monoclonal antibodies of the
      IgM class raised against the 1 alpha-hydroxylase, which quantitatively
      discriminate against other P-450 cytochromes of mitochondrial or microsomal
      origin, recognize and interact with the 24-hydroxylase as an antigen. In the
      present study we show that the intestine, which is the only non-renal tissue with
      demonstrable 24-hydroxylase activity, gives a positive peroxidase-antiperoxidase
      immunohistochemical reaction using the monoclonal antibodies against the 1 alpha
      hydroxylase. The reactions revealed that the antigen in the kidney is restricted
      to the cortical proximal tubular cells while in the intestine, the antigen is
      localized in the enterocytes of the villi. In kidney medullary or intestinal
      crypt cells, or in liver, heart and lung tissues where 1 alpha-hydroxylase or 24
      hydroxylase activity could not be detected using cell or tissue homogenates, the
      immunohistochemical reactions were also negative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2286532
TI  - Estradiol distribution and penetration in rat skin after topical application,
      studied by high resolution autoradiography.
AB  - Transdermal pathways and targets in the skin for estradiol were investigated
      using dry-mount autoradiography. 3H-estradiol-17 beta was applied at doses of
      30.1 pmol, 120.4 pmol and 301 pmol/cm2 to shaved rat skin in the dorsal neck
      region. Vehicles were DMSO, ethylene glycol or sesame oil. After 2 h of topical
      treatment with 30.1 pmol 3H-estradiol x cm-2 dissolved in DMSO a distinct
      cellular distribution was apparent. Target cells with concentrations of
      radioactivity were found in epidermis, sebaceous glands, dermal papillae of hair
      and fibroblasts. After treatment with 120.4 and 301 pmol/cm2, a penetration
      gradient of radioactivity was recognizable however it masked specific cellular
      and subcellular uptake. The stratum corneum accumulated and retained
      radioactivity, apparently forming a depot for the hormone. Strong concentration
      and retention of the hormone was conspicuous in sebaceous glands for more than 24
      h, suggesting that sebaceous glands serve as a second storage site for the
      hormone. In all autoradiograms two penetration pathways to the dermis were
      visible: one through the stratum corneum and epidermis, the other through the
      hair canals and hair sheaths.

PMID- 2286533
TI  - Lectin bindings and diethylstilbestrol effects on the recognition of mullerian
      inhibiting substance (MIS) on chick mullerian ducts by MIS-antiserum.
AB  - A high intensity of lectin bindings was demonstrated on the epithelial cells and
      serosa cells of the regressing right Mullerian ducts (Mds) in the female chick
      embryos. The strong lectin bindings occurs on, or in the regressing Md cells
      along with marked surface MIS bindings at the age of day 13. However, at the age
      of days 5-7 1/2, bindings of lectins were weak. Neither Wheat-germ agglutinin
      (WGA) or Concanavalin A (Con-A) labelings before MIS-antiserum (MIS-Ab)
      incubation can block antibody recognitions to the antigens, including MIS and
      growth hormone at the age of day 13. Our previous studies indicated that after
      WGA labeling on the surfaces of Md epithelial cells prior to the incubation of
      MIS-Ab at day 10 did not prevent the recognition of MIS-Ab (Wang 1989). On the
      contrary, at day 7 1/2, the specific binding of MIS was eliminated after
      preincubations with lectins and prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment at
      the age of day 5. It is suggested that DES provides a protection to the Mds from
      MIS-induced regression by preventing the MIS binding to its specific membrane
      receptors. An increase of extra- and intracellular glycoproteins or carbohydrates
      of regressing Md epithelial cells were suggested. Internalization of WGA but not
      MIS molecules was found in Md epithelial cells. The Golgi saccules were negative
      of lectin bindings.

PMID- 2286535
TI  - Surface location and stage-specificity of differentiation antigens on germ cells
      in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), as revealed with monoclonal antibodies and
      immunogold staining.
AB  - During development of juvenile and young adult carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.,
      Teleostei) three differentiation stages were distinguished in the testis: the
      prespermatogenic, the early spermatogenic and the advanced spermatogenic testis.
      Carp testis tissue of these stages was dissociated by enzymatic digestion and
      viable testis cells with well preserved morphological features were obtained. The
      surface location and stage-specificity of differentiation antigens on these germ
      cells was investigated using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against carp
      spermatozoa. Binding of MAbs to cells was visualized with immunofluorescence as
      well as in the immunogold staining assay. Both methods revealed that antigenic
      determinants defined by seven MAbs were located on the outer surface of testis
      cells. Four MAbs, i.e. WCS 3, 17, 28 and 29, reacted with germ cells from both
      pre-spermatogenic testes (WCS 28 weakly) and spermatogenic testes. The antigenic
      determinants defined by three other MAbs, i.e. WCS 7, 11 and 12, appeared only
      after the onset of spermatogenesis. In the immunogold staining assay a post
      fixation and nuclear staining procedure was developed which allowed
      identification of isolated germ cells, revealing clearly, for all seven MAbs,
      that the determinants were expressed on germ cells but not on somatic cells and,
      for WCS 7, 11 and 12 only, that the determinants first appeared on small
      spermatogonia prior to meiosis. A survey of the immunogold assay on the binding
      of the seven MAbs with isolated germ cells from ovaries, is included.

PMID- 2286534
TI  - Histochemical detection of sugar residues in the chick embryo mesonephros with
      lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates.
AB  - Fragments of mesonephros were taken from chick embryos and studied from the 4th
      to the 21st day of incubation. A battery of seven different horseradish
      peroxidase-labelled lectins was used to study the distribution of carbohydrate
      residues in glycoconjugates along the mesonephric nephron during the period of
      excretory activity and the period of involution. ConA and WGA reacted at every
      site of the nephron thus showing the ubiquitous presence of alpha-D-mannose and N
      acetyl-D-glucosamine. SBA was a good marker of the proximal tubule. Other
      lectins, such as PNA and LTA, reacted only for a short time at some sites during
      the considered period of incubation. The presence of sialic acid was detected in
      the podocytes, capillary wall and mesangial cells. From the 10th-11th day of
      incubation changes were noted in the proximal tubule as shown by PNA reactivity.
      This may be significant as regards the exact stage of incubation during which the
      involution of mesonephros begins.

PMID- 2286536
TI  - Caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats: changes in glycoprotein-composition
      of subcellular membrane systems in acinar cells.
AB  - Caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis is characterized by the occurrence of two
      membrane-bound vacuolar systems in acinar cells. Beside digestive enzymes
      containing secretory vacuoles, lysosomal autophagic structures can be identified
      at the ultrastructural level. In the present study glycoconjugate patterns of the
      surrounding membranes were characterized by ultrastructural lectin-binding
      experiments using five colloidal-gold labeled lectins with distinct sugar
      specificities. Furthermore, the profile of membrane glycoproteins of isolated
      vacuolar fractions was studied by SDS-PAGE and lectin-blotting. In pancreatitis,
      membranes of secretory vacuoles showed a significant lower degree of lectin
      binding compared to normal zymogen granules. In contrast, newly appearing
      autophagic vacuoles in pancreatitis revealed a strong membrane labelling for most
      lectins used. The pattern of membrane glycoproteins of secretory and autophagic
      vacuoles as determined by SDS-PAGE and lectin-blotting differed from those of
      normal zymogen granules resembling the protein profile of smooth microsomes.
      Since this pattern requires a previous passage through Golgi stacks, it is
      assumed that the two types of vacuoles derive from Golgi elements. For the
      pathogenesis of caerulein pancreatitis these vacuolar post-Golgi structures seem
      to play an important role.

PMID- 2286537
TI  - Relationship between leukocytic infiltration and endothelial specialization in
      murine cardiac allografts.
AB  - We have used immunologic and histologic techniques to analyze the rejection of
      heterotopic murine cardiac allografts. These studies were designed to test the
      hypothesis that lymph-node-like mechanisms of lymphocyte extravasation develop in
      immediately vascularized organ allografts during the process of rejection. The
      experimental results suggest that lymph-node-like mechanisms are not involved,
      and that an unexpected pattern of lymphocyte infiltration develops in these
      allografts.

PMID- 2286539
TI  - Distribution of HLA class II alleles among Norwegian Caucasians.
AB  - We report genomic HLA class II typing of 181 randomly selected Norwegian
      controls. Seventeen DRB1, 7 DQA1, 10 DQB1, 2 DPA1, and 16 DPB1 alleles were found
      in the tested population. HLA class II antigen and allele frequencies are given,
      as well as the distribution of DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 haplotypes. Linkage
      disequilibrium between some DPB1 alleles and DRB1 and/or DQB1 alleles are also
      reported.

PMID- 2286538
TI  - Reassessment of HLA association with celiac disease in special reference to the
      DP association.
AB  - Patients with the late-onset form of celiac disease have been studied for HLA
      association by conventional serology (DR and DQ typing) and by oligonucleotide
      probing with gene amplification (DP typing). Patients and controls were sampled
      in the Bologna area of northern Italy. Almost all patients were positive for DQw2
      (94%), being DR3 positive (72%) and/or DR7 positive (65%). The proportion of
      DR3/7 heterozygotes in the patients was significantly increased over that
      expected from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No positive association with DR5
      and no significant increase of DR5/7 heterozygotes were observed. Among the DP
      alleles reported to exhibit an association with celiac disease in other
      populations, only DPB3 showed a moderate increase of a borderline significance,
      not attributable to a linkage disequilibrium with DQw2.

PMID- 2286540
TI  - Differences in production values between high- and low-productivity swine
      breeding herds.
AB  - Data were collected from 80 North American users of a computerized health and
      management software program for the period August 1985 through July 1986. Fifty
      four herds were selected for analysis based on selection criteria of 1) stable
      herd inventory, 2) complete recorded data, 3) weaning-to-first service interval
      greater than 3 d and less than 20 d, and 4) culling rate greater than 10%. These
      herds had an average of 18.2 pigs weaned/(female.year) (PWFY), 2.1
      litters/(female.year) (LFY), 81% farrowing rate, 10.2 pigs born live/litter and
      14.5% preweaning mortality. Compared with the 14 herds with the lowest values for
      pigs weaned/(female.year), high-productivity herds (i.e., the 14 herds with the
      highest values for PWFY) had higher LFY, farrowing rate, total and live pigs
      born/litter and sow-gilt ratio; they also had lower nonproductive female days
      (NPFD), lower preweaning mortality and fewer gilts as a proportion of female
      inventory. Herd size and PWFY were not correlated. A negative correlation between
      herd size and pigs born live remained after controlling for average lactation
      length (r = -.30). Nonproductive female days was highly correlated with LFY (r = 
      .87). Increasing herd age, measured by the sow-gilt ratio, was associated mainly
      with a reduction in NPFD, although there was a slight positive association with
      pigs born alive (r = .29).

PMID- 2286541
TI  - Effects of supplemental feed with or without ionophores on lambs and Angora kid
      goats on rangeland.
AB  - Effects of supplemental feed and of ionophore concentration in supplemental feed
      on gastrointestinal rate parameters, forage intake and weight gain were measured
      in individually supplemented grazing lambs and Angora kid goats. The 12 dietary
      treatments included negative control (NC; grazed forage only), positive control
      (PC; grazing plus 13.6 g supplement DM/kg.75), and PC plus monensin or lasalocid,
      each at 33, 66, 99, 132 or 165 mg/kg in the supplement. Gastrointestinal fill,
      retention time, turnover rate and fecal output were estimated by applying a
      single-compartment model to the fecal excretion of a single dose of ytterbium.
      Forage digestibility was estimated from forage and fecal concentrations of
      indigestible fiber. Supplemental feed increased digestibility of forage and total
      intake in sheep but had no effect on forage intake. In goats, supplemental feed
      did not increase digestibility of forage but decreased forage intake.
      Supplemental feed increased weight gain in both species. Increasing the monensin
      concentration in supplemental feed reduced supplement intake greatly in sheep and
      slightly in goats. Lasalocid did not affect intake of supplement by either sheep
      or goats. Overall, ionophores had minimal effects on the response criteria.
      Because feed intake and digestibility were not affected, any increase in gain or
      efficiency in lambs or kid goats on rangeland from consumption of ionophores must
      be a result of their therapeutic value or of improved physiological efficiency.

PMID- 2286542
TI  - Practical means for estimating pork carcass composition.
AB  - Three hundred sixty-one market-weight barrow and gilt carcasses were physically
      dissected into bone, skin, fat and muscle. A three-variable multiple linear
      regression equation containing the same independent variables (warm carcass
      weight, 10th rib loin muscle area and 10th rib fat depth) used (U.S.) to
      determine pork carcass lean weight was found to be the most practical means for
      predicting weight of muscle standardized to 10% fat. Multiple linear regression
      equations containing more than three independent variables produced only slight
      improvements in R2 values; however, the standard deviation about the regression
      line was not greatly improved by the addition of more independent variables to
      this three-independent-variable regression model. A single multiple linear
      regression equation using the three independent variables above may not be
      adequate to describe variation over the entire live-weight range for all hogs
      marketed in the U.S. For most accurate muscle weight prediction, different
      equations should be used for weight subclasses with one equation for carcasses
      under 100 kg and another for those heavier than 100 kg. A single prediction
      equation for muscle weight was adequate for carcasses of both barrows and gilts.

PMID- 2286543
TI  - Breeding value prediction with maternal genetic groups.
AB  - For models with only additive direct genetic effects, the rules of Westell
      combined with the Q-P transformation can be used to calculate the coefficients of
      mixed-model equations corresponding to the inverse elements of the numerator
      relationship matrix and group effects that are used to account for selection on
      ancestors that do not have records. Groups generally can be assigned on the basis
      of most recent ancestors without records. When maternal effects are in the model,
      most recent female ancestors without records contribute maternal effects to their
      progeny. If the vectors for additive direct and maternal effects do not include
      the same animals, numerator relationship matrices for direct and maternal effects
      and between direct and maternal effects are different. Even if they are the same,
      the Q-P transformation and Westell's rules do not lead to simplification for
      calculation of the coefficient matrix unless group assignment is the same for
      direct and maternal effects. This result can be achieved by including each female
      ancestor with offspring having records in both vectors and by assigning both of
      her parents to the same group she would have been assigned for a model including
      only direct effects. This strategy is equivalent to assigning group effects
      similarly for both direct and maternal effects and allows making use of the
      computational efficiency available from the Q-P transformation and Westell's
      rules, which are similar to Henderson's rules for calculating the inverse of the
      numerator relationship matrix.

PMID- 2286544
TI  - Absorption of equations for non-parents for an animal model with maternal effects
      and genetic groups.
AB  - Rules for forming the mixed-model equations for the reduced animal model with all
      relationships and including maternal effects have been set out by Quaas and
      Pollak. They also have shown how to simplify the mixed-model equations when
      genetic group effects are included in the model with what has become known as the
      Q-P transformation. Westell has given rules for calculating the coefficients for
      the Q-P transformed equations that are associated with the inverse of the
      numerator relationship matrix and genetic group effects. Those rules can be
      extended to include maternal effects and genetic groups for maternal as well as
      direct effects. As with the rules of Quaas and Pollak for the equations for the
      reduced animal model, a similar set of rules can be obtained for the genetic
      groups model after the Q-P transformation. The rules are derived easily by
      examining the algebraic results of absorbing the direct and maternal breeding
      value equations for non-parents into the parent breeding value, group and fixed
      effects equations. These rules involve Westell's rules and the inverse elements
      of the genetic (co)variance matrix for direct and maternal additive genetic
      effects. The rules make calculation of breeding values for parents for models
      including direct and maternal genetic group effects nearly as easy as for models
      without genetic group effects. Back solution for direct and maternal breeding
      values of non-parents similarly is as simple as when genetic group effects are
      not in the model.

PMID- 2286545
TI  - Alternative animal models with maternal effects and foster dams.
AB  - Effects of foster dams can be included in genetic evaluations using animal models
      with maternal effects in several ways. The alternatives discussed involve minor
      changes in computing strategies from strategies used with reduced animal models
      that predict breeding values for direct and maternal effects. The easiest
      alternative is to assign foster dams to groups by breed and time period and add
      equations for fixed effects of breed-period. Random and, assumed, independent
      effects of foster dams can be nested in breed-period groups. If foster dams do
      not repeat, then those effects can be absorbed into equations for other fixed
      effects, additive direct breeding value and breed-period effects by slightly
      modifying least squares contributions to coefficients of those equations. A third
      alternative for foster dams of the same breed is to add breeding values for
      foster dams for direct and maternal effects to solution vectors for breeding
      values. Equations are similar to those without foster dams, except that least
      squares contributions to coefficient matrix and right-hand sides are to equations
      for maternal breeding values and nongenetic maternal effects of foster dams
      rather than biological dams. Relationships and covariance between direct and
      maternal effects contribute mixed-model coefficients to direct and maternal
      breeding value equations of biological dams. This alternative basically requires
      only larger solution vectors for direct and maternal breeding values to
      accommodate foster dams that might not be included. The fourth alternative
      includes a vector of maternal breeding values for foster dams of each breed of
      foster dams and would require using rules of Westell to calculate coefficients
      due to relationships and fixed maternal genetic groups within each breed of
      foster dam. These alternatives do not require much additional computational
      effort compared with full or reduced animal model equations when the
      transformation to predict breeding values is used with Westell's rules to
      calculate coefficients due to relationships and genetic group effects due to
      prior genetic selection.

PMID- 2286546
TI  - Embryo-transfer twinning and performance efficiency in beef production.
AB  - Effects of twinning on efficiency of beef production were estimated from results
      of bilateral transfer of two Angus x Hereford (AxH) embryos into each of 241
      heifers and 84 cows (H, A, HxA or Holstein x H) over 4 yr. Calves were weaned at
      180 d and fed either 220 d in a feedlot (1977) or 170 d on forage and 140 d in a
      feedlot (1978 to 1980). Effects of parity, twinning and sex of calf were
      estimated as covariates within year-breed of dam. Pregnancy at 45 to 60 d of
      gestation was 68% in heifers (H) and 74% in cows (C), with 40% single (S) and 60%
      twin (T) births. Dystocia was 28% in H vs 10% in C (P less than .05), and tended
      to be less (P greater than .05) for T than S in H. More placentas were retained
      (P less than .05) for T than for S in both H (35 vs 12%) and C (24 vs 4%). Twin
      gestations averaged 3 d shorter and subsequent calving intervals 13 d longer (P
      less than .05), but total calf mortality was slightly higher (P greater than
      .05). Abortions were 4% in H only. Twinning females lost maternal weight during
      late gestation (P less than .05) when crowding limited voluntary feed intake,
      while fetal requirements were 60% higher (P less than .01). Twins increased milk
      output 25% (P less than .05), but 11% higher feed intake maintained cow weight
      during lactation. Twinning reduced birth weight 13% and weaning weight 17% (P
      less than .05), but 400-d feedlot weight only 9% because of compensating feedlot
      gain. Twins gained 18% faster than S during postweaning 170-d forage feeding, but
      5% slower in feedlot to 8% lighter 490-d weight (P less than .05). Assuming 40%
      higher veterinary and labor costs for twins, estimated integrated herd costs per
      unit of age-constant output value would be lower for T than for S production by
      about 24% for marketing either at weaning or at 400 d.

PMID- 2286547
TI  - Performance of Hereford and two-breed rotational crosses of Hereford with Angus
      and Simmental cattle: I. Calf production through weaning.
AB  - Cow size, reproductive traits and calf performance through weaning were evaluated
      in a range environment for Simmental (S) x Hereford (H) and Angus (A) x H crosses
      in two-breed rotations and straightbred H. Data were grouped into seven dam breed
      categories: straightbred Hereford (H), crossbred F1 S x H cows (SH), S x H cows
      of low percentage H (SHS), S x H cows of high percentage H (HSH), F1 A x H cows
      (AH), A x H cows of low percentage H (AHA) and A x H cows of high percentage H
      (HAH). Straightbred H, SH, AH, SHS and AHA cows were mated to H bulls, HSH cows
      were mated to S bulls and HAH cows were mated to A bulls. Cows in the SHS and AHA
      groups ranged from 1/4 to 3/8 H and their calves from 5/8 to 11/16 H. Cows within
      the HSH and HAH groups ranged from 5/8 to 3/4 H and their calves from 5/16 to 3/8
      H. Cow age ranged from 3 to 10 yr. Simmental-cross cows were heavier and taller
      and produced heavier calves at birth and weaning than A-cross. Pregnancy rate,
      calf birth date and percentage of difficult births did not vary significantly
      among dam breed groups. Within the A x H and S x H rotations, dam breed group
      rankings for calf birth weight were inverse to rankings for proportion of H in
      the breed makeup of the calf.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286548
TI  - Performance of Hereford and two-breed rotational crosses of Hereford with Angus
      and Simmental cattle: II. Carcass traits of steers.
AB  - Calf carcass traits were evaluated for Simmental (S) x Hereford (H) and Angus (A)
      x H crosses in two-breed rotations and for straightbred H. Data were grouped into
      seven dam breed categories: straightbred Hereford (H), F1 S x H cows (SH), S x H
      cows of low percentage H (SHS), S x H cows of high percentage H (HSH), F1 A x H
      cows (AH), A x H cows of low percentage H (AHA) and A x H cows of high percentage
      H (HAH). Straightbred H and crossbred SH, AH, SHS and AHA cows were mated to H
      bulls, HSH cows were mated to S bulls and HAH cows were mated to A bulls. Calves
      from the S x H rotation produced heavier carcasses with less fat, lower quality
      grade, larger longissimus area and increased estimated cutability compared to A x
      H calves. Some significant intergenerational differences were observed within
      rotations, particularly within S x H. Calves from HSH cows mated to S bulls
      produced carcasses with less fat cover, lower quality grade, larger longissimus
      muscle area and higher estimated cutability compared to calves from SHS dams
      mated to H bulls. Within both rotations, evaluation of carcass weight per day of
      age indicated that postweaning ADG was lower for generations for which H was the
      sire breed. Carcass traits of calves from SHS, HSH, AHA and HAH dam breed groups
      from the last 3 yr of the study when calves were fed under two different
      postweaning management systems were evaluated in a separate analysis.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286549
TI  - Effects of errors in pedigree on three methods of estimating breeding value for
      litter size, backfat and average daily gain in swine.
AB  - Estimated breeding value (EBV) was calculated based on either individual
      phenotype (SP), an index of individual phenotype and full- and half-sib family
      averages (SI) or Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP). Calculations were done
      with correct data or data with 5, 10, 15 or 20% of the records per generation
      containing pedigree errors. Traits considered were litter size (LS), backfat (BF)
      and average daily gain (ADG). When data were correct, BLUP resulted in an
      advantage in expected genetic gain over SP of 22, 7.2 or 30.8% for LS, BF and
      ADG, respectively, and over SI of 9.6, 3.8 or 21.4%. When sire and dam pedigrees
      were incorrect for 20% of the pigs each generation, genetic gain using SI was
      reduced by 7, 2.5 or 6.5% and genetic gain using BLUP was reduced by 9.3, 3.2 or
      12.4% for LS, BF and ADG, respectively. With 20% of the pedigrees in error, the
      advantages in genetic gain of using BLUP over SP, the method unaffected by errors
      in pedigree, were 10.5, 3.8 and 14.6% for LS, BF and ADG, respectively. These
      results suggest that, although BLUP is affected to a greater degree by pedigree
      errors than SP or SI, selection of swine using BLUP still would improve response
      to selection over the use of SP or SI.

PMID- 2286550
TI  - Covariances among sire by breed group of dam interaction effects in multibreed
      sire evaluation procedures.
AB  - In multibreed populations, bulls need to be evaluated for additive and
      nonadditive genetic effects. When the nonadditive genetic effects associated with
      a bull are defined as sire x breed-group-of-dam interactions, they can be
      expressed as linear combinations of interactions between alleles of one or more
      breeds at one or more loci. If these specific allelic interactions are assumed to
      be independent, then variances and covariances between sire x breed-group-of-dam
      interaction subclasses can be shown to be linear combinations of variances and
      covariances of specific intra- and interlocus intra- and interbreed allelic
      interactions. Furthermore, covariances between sire x breed-group-of-dam
      interactions due to specific interactions at one, two, or more loci are zero. If
      dams are assumed to be unrelated to bulls and among themselves, except through
      their sires and maternal grandsires, efficient procedures to compute the inverse
      of the covariance matrices of nonadditive genetic effects can be devised, both in
      subclass and in regression models. Recursive procedures developed make possible
      the evaluation of large numbers of bulls for nonadditive genetic effects using
      mixed-model methodology. For completeness, recursive procedures to compute
      nonadditive covariance matrices in subclass and in regression models also were
      developed. The prediction of nonadditive genetic values for bulls, in addition to
      their additive genetic values, will help plan matings, make selection decisions
      more accurate and, possibly, make economic projections better.

PMID- 2286551
TI  - Effect of prenatal testosterone treatment on nitrogen utilization and endocrine
      status of ewe lambs.
AB  - Thirty-eight pregnant Suffolk ewes were assigned randomly to a control group or
      implanted with approximately 2 g of testosterone propionate (TP) when they were
      between d 40 and 60 of gestation. Implants were removed 3 wk prior to lambing.
      Five ewe lambs born to implanted ewes and ten ewe lambs born to nonimplanted ewes
      were utilized in this experiment. Ram lambs were not used in this trial. No
      differences (P greater than .10) were observed for fecal, urinary and total N
      excretion and amount of N absorbed. Nitrogen retained (percentage of N intake and
      g/d) was higher (P less than .05) in prenatally androgenized ewe lambs than in
      control ewe lambs. Plasma insulin concentrations averaged 99% higher (P less than
      .05) in prenatally androgenized ewe lambs. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I
      (IGF-I) concentrations averaged 29% higher (P less than .06) in ewe lambs treated
      prenatally with testosterone. Nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations
      averaged 41% higher (P less than .05) in prenatally androgenized ewe lambs.
      Significant (P less than .05) treatment x time effects were observed in plasma
      thyroxine, glucose and urea N concentrations of prenatally androgenized vs
      control ewe lambs. These significant modifications in the plasma metabolite and
      endocrine status could be an important element of the physiological mechanism(s)
      by which prenatal androgenization improves growth performance and leanness of ewe
      lambs.

PMID- 2286552
TI  - Growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs administered recombinant
      porcine somatotropin during 30 to 110 kilogram live weight.
AB  - To determine growth performance during and after injection of recombinant porcine
      somatotropin (rpSt), crossbred Yorkshire gilts and barrows (n = 54/gender, 27 to
      42 kg BW) were blocked by BW and gender (n = 3 blocks/gender). Within each block,
      three pigs/gender were assigned randomly to each of six pens/block. A diet
      containing 24.8% CP was fed ad libitum. During the live weight period of 30 to
      110 kg, pigs either remained as controls (one pen/block) or were injected (i.m.)
      daily with rpSt (120 micrograms/kg BW) during either 30 to 60, 30 to 100, 30 to
      110, 60 to 100 or 60 to 110 kg BW. Thus, three gilts and three barrows in each of
      three pens received each treatment. Pigs were slaughtered at either 60 kg BW (1 d
      after rpSt injection) or 110 kg BW (1 d, 10 d or 70 d after rpSt injection).
      Relative to controls, pigs injected with rpSt exhibited faster and more efficient
      growth during the injection period (P less than .05) but slower and less
      efficient growth during 10 d after cessation of injection (P less than .05).
      Carcasses of pigs slaughtered 1 d or 10 d after rpSt injection were leaner than
      controls (P less than .05), but among the pigs treated with rpSt, carcasses of
      pigs withdrawn from rpSt for 10 d contained more fat (P less than .05) and had a
      lower percentage of muscle (P less than .05) than carcasses of pigs withdrawn
      from rpSt for 1 d. Growth and carcass measurements were similar (P greater than
      .05) between controls and pigs killed 70 d after rpSt injection.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286553
TI  - Titration of the recombinant bovine somatotropin dosage that maximizes the
      anabolic response in feedlot steers.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the minimum dosage of recombinant
      bovine somatotropin (bST) required to elicit maximum depression in plasma urea
      nitrogen (PUN), an indicator of anabolic activity. Twenty-four steers (389 kg)
      were blocked by weight into six pens. Six steers were placed on each of the
      following bST doses: 0, 8, 16 and 32 mg bST/d. Treatments were administered once
      daily via subcutaneous injections for 21 d. Steers were weighed and jugular blood
      samples were taken on d 0, 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 21 at 1400, approximately 4 h
      after feeding. Delta PUN (DPUN) was calculated as PUN - d 0 PUN. There was no
      dose x time interaction (P = .94) in DPUN. Maximum reduction in DPUN with bST
      occurred by d 7 (P less than .05). Linear (P less than .01) and quadratic (P less
      than .05) orthogonal contrasts indicated that DPUN depression increased with bST
      administration, with maximal reduction calculated to occur with 23 mg (59
      micrograms/kg) bST/d. There was no further decrease in DPUN with 32 than with 16
      mg bST, indicating that the minimum daily dose is at least 16 mg but no more than
      23 mg. A similar dose response was observed in daily gain. Results from this
      study indicate that bST reduced PUN in a dose-dependent manner and that 41 to 64
      micrograms/kg body weight maximized the anabolic effect of bST in growing steers.

PMID- 2286554
TI  - Exogenous human growth hormone-releasing factor and ovine somatotropin improve
      growth performance and composition of gain in lambs.
AB  - The objectives of this study were 1) to compare intermittent subcutaneous
      administration of human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF) at two doses with
      a similar regimen of ovine somatotropin (oST) for effects on growth and
      composition of gain in growing lambs and 2) to determine whether increasing the
      dietary amino acid availability enhances response to oST or hGRF. Eighty
      crossbred ewe and wether lambs (25.5 kg live weight) were assigned randomly in
      pairs to receive four daily injections of excipient, 40 micrograms oST/kg BW, 5
      micrograms hGRF/kg BW or 10 micrograms hGRF/kg BW for 42 (n = 80) or 56 (n = 40)
      d. Doses were adjusted weekly for BW. Mean plasma oST concentrations increased
      from 2.03 ng/ml prior to treatment to 20.64, 4.80 and 5.45 ng/ml with oST, 5 and
      10 micrograms/kg hGRF doses, respectively. Lambs did not become refractory to
      hGRF. Cumulative gain increased approximately 18% with 7 wk of treatment with oST
      and the low dose of hGRF (both P less than .01), and feed efficiency improved 21%
      with oST and 18% with both doses of hGRF (both P less than .05). Carcass lipid
      accretion rate decreased 22% to 30% (P less than .001), and carcass protein
      accretion rate increased 30% to 36% (P less than .001) with hGRF and oST
      treatment, respectively. Addition of fishmeal to the diet at 4% to replace an
      equal amount of soy protein improved gain 8.5%; it improved efficiency 14.2% (P
      less than .05) across all treatments, and it significantly enhanced the effects
      of oST on feed efficiency (interaction P less than .12) and hind leg muscle
      weights.

PMID- 2286555
TI  - Growth and metabolism in somatotropin-treated steers: I. Growth, serum chemistry
      and carcass weights.
AB  - Growth, feed conversion, serum chemistry and gross slaughter characteristics were
      determined in 20 steers (initially 9 mo of age, 231 +/- 18 kg) receiving daily
      injections of either saline (S) or recombinantly derived bovine somatotropin
      (rBST, 20.6 mg/d) for 112 d. Live weight gains were 15% greater for steers
      treated with rBST than for those treated with S. Feed intake was not different
      between S- and rBST-treated steers; thus, feed conversion was 12% more efficient
      in rBST steers. Scanogram backfat measurements were not affected by treatments.
      Serum electrolytes, protein, glucose and most enzyme activities were similar in S
      and rBST steers. Serum urea, creatinine and cholesterol (toward the end of
      treatment) concentrations, however, were lower (P less than .05) in rBST steers,
      suggesting that nitrogen retention was increased and lipid turnover was decreased
      by rBST. Total (P less than .1) and conjugated (P less than .05) bilirubin
      concentrations and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase activity (P less than .05)
      were lower in rBST steers. Carcass weights were not altered, but dressing
      percentages were lower (P less than .05) in rBST steers. This indicated that
      weight gain response to rBST was primarily in noncarcass components; further
      examination showed that this gain was predominantly in gut fill (approximately
      2/3 of the greater live weight gain in rBST steers). Alternative protocols, such
      as administering the hormone to younger animals and (or) for a longer duration,
      may be necessary in order to achieve desirable responses in carcass growth.

PMID- 2286556
TI  - Growth and metabolism in somatotropin-treated steers: II. Carcass and noncarcass
      tissue components and chemical composition.
AB  - Carcass and noncarcass tissue compositional characteristics were determined in
      growing Hereford steers treated with daily subcutaneous injections (20.6 mg/d) of
      recombinantly derived bovine somatotropin (rBST) for 112 d. For carcass primal
      cuts, weights and rates of gain of bone, lean and total fat and site of fat
      deposition were not significantly affected by rBST treatments with the exception
      of a few tissues (loin total weight, flank total and lean weight and shank total
      weight). Lean to fat ratios, however, were greater (P less than .1) for the loin,
      flank, chuck and brisket. Weights and growth of individual muscles from the
      hindquarter were not affected by rBST administration. Weights and(or) average
      daily gains of the liver, kidneys, lungs and trachea and head were greater (P
      less than .05) in rBST-treated animals. Weights and (or) average daily gains were
      greater (P less than .1) in rBST-treated steers for water in the total body and
      carcass, for CP in the total body and noncarcass, and for ash in the total body,
      carcass and noncarcass. Ratios of CP to ether-extractable fat in the total body
      were greater (P less than .1) in rBST steers. These data indicate that rBST
      modified carcass lean and fat composition in cattle, but responses were modest
      compared to effects of somatotropin treatment of swine.

PMID- 2286558
TI  - Postmortem interactions of muscle temperature, pH and extension on beef quality.
AB  - The effect of pH, temperature and structural damage of muscle early postmortem on
      the quality of beef, particularly tenderness, was examined in a randomized
      complete block design with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial. Semitendinosus muscles were
      excised from the right sides of 64 Charolais crossbred steer carcasses, placed in
      a restraint device in a controlled environment and subjected to high (31 degrees
      C) or low (20 degrees C) temperature, high (control) or low (electrically
      stimulated) pH and restraint at excised length or restraint at 125% of excised
      length for 15 min early postmortem. Temperature, pH, shrink, drip loss, cooking
      loss, sarcomere length, fragmentation index, shear force, color reflectance and
      collagen and protein solubilities of the muscles were measured after 7 d of aging
      at 2 degree C. High-temperature aging increased fragmentation index and color
      reflectance and decreased protein solubility (P less than .05). Decreasing pH via
      electrical stimulation increased sarcomere length of the muscles aged at the high
      temperature only (P less than .05). Extension of muscles prior to aging lowered
      shear force values of the low-temperature muscles compared with the high
      temperature muscles (6.12 vs 7.84 kg, SE .38). Stimulation of the muscles also
      decreased collagen solubility in the high-temperature, extended muscles. Although
      postmortem temperature and pH were the factors that influenced meat quality most,
      early postmortem extension should be considered as a modulating variable of meat
      tenderness.

PMID- 2286557
TI  - Growth and metabolism in somatotropin-treated steers: III. Protein synthesis and
      tissue energy expenditures.
AB  - Rates of in vivo protein synthesis in intercostal, sartorius and semitendinosus
      muscle and in the heart, liver, kidneys, rumen and jejunum were determined in 20
      growing Hereford steers treated for 112 d with daily subcutaneous injections of
      either saline (S) or recombinantly derived bovine somatotropin (rBST; 20.6 mg/d).
      In vitro rates of protein synthesis and energy expenditures associated with Na+,
      K+ transport also were determined in external intercostal muscle, liver, kidneys
      and jejunum. Neither in vivo nor in vitro tissue protein fractional synthetic
      rates (mg/[g protein.d]), using either the plasma (P) or intracellular fluid
      (ICF) phenylalanine specific radioactivity for the precursor pool, were affected
      by rBST treatments. Energy expended on Na+, K+ transport was greater (P less than
      .1) in the livers of rBST-treated steers, which would increase the maintenance
      energy expenditures of these steers. Protein accretion rates in the liver,
      kidneys, stomach, hide, and head, feet and tail of rBST-treated steers were
      greater (P less than .05) than in S steers. Tissue amino acid profiles were not
      affected by rBST treatments except in the rumen, where profiles suggested that
      less collagen was present in rumen wall tissue protein of rBST steers. Plasma
      phenylalanine entry rates also were not affected by rBST treatment; muscle
      protein synthesis accounted for a minimum of 20% of this entry rate.

PMID- 2286559
TI  - The prediction of percentage of protein in pork carcasses.
AB  - Determination of percentage of protein in a pork carcass is a very costly and
      lengthy process. Therefore, we attempted to identify an easy and economical means
      to predict protein content of pork carcasses. Forty-seven market-weight pigs were
      slaughtered. The right side of each carcass was skinned, deboned and ground for
      composition analysis. Carcass data were collected on the left side and specific
      gravity analysis was performed on the side, ham and 8-9-10 rib loin section of
      each carcass. The hams and loin sections were dissected into skin, bone,
      subcutaneous fat, seam fat and individual muscles. After these components were
      weighted, they were analyzed for chemical composition. Percentage of chemical
      protein of each animal was determined and correlated with each of the weights and
      measurements taken on the carcass, ham and loin sections. Stepwise regression was
      used to predict decimal fraction of protein using either the carcass data,
      specific gravity ham measurements, loin section measurements or various
      combinations of these. In prediction equation, specific gravity of the carcass
      accounted for 73.4% of the variation found in percentage of protein. Prediction
      equations using indicators from the ham and loin section resulted in equations
      with R-square values as high as .783. These results suggest that specific gravity
      or indicators from the carcass, ham or loin section can be employed to predict
      percentage of protein in pork carcasses.

PMID- 2286560
TI  - The prediction of percentage of fat in pork carcasses.
AB  - Forty-seven market-weight pigs were slaughtered in order to determine percentage
      of chemical fat and in an attempt to determine an easily obtainable and
      inexpensive method to predict this value. The hams and 8-9-10 rib loin sections
      were removed from the left side of each carcass and dissected into subcutaneous
      and seam fat, individual muscles, skin and bone. Weights and chemical analysis
      were determined for each component. Numerous weights, measurements and specific
      gravity were determined on the carcass, ham and loin section of each pig.
      Percentage of chemical fat of each ham, loin section and carcasses was determined
      and correlated with the various weights and measurements taken. Stepwise
      regression was used to develop prediction equations using carcass data, specific
      gravity, ham or loin measurements or various combinations of these as dependent
      variables. The single best indicator of the decimal fraction of chemical fat in
      the pork carcass was determined to be specific gravity of the carcass half, the
      prediction equation using this variable had an R-square of .64. By adding 10th
      rib fat thickness to this equation, the R-square increased to .72. The best
      equation using carcass variables included 10th rib fat and marbling (R-square =
      .67). The loin section proved to be an accurate indicator of composition; ham
      measures were not as accurate as specific gravity and carcass measurements for
      predicting percentage of carcass fat. This research suggests that the percentage
      of chemical fat in the pork carcass can be predicted by an easy and inexpensive
      means.

PMID- 2286561
TI  - Predicting beef-longissimus tenderness from various biochemical and histological
      muscle traits.
AB  - Our objective was to determine the predictive value of various biochemical and
      histological traits for tenderness of the longissimus muscle. Data collected from
      27 crossbred cattle included longissimus pH, temperature, sarcomere length, total
      and percentage of soluble collagen, muscle-fiber type and area, cathepsin B and B
      + L activities, calcium-dependent protease (CDP)-I, -II and inhibitor activities,
      myofibril fragmentation indices (MFI), Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force, sensory
      panel tenderness (SPT) ratings and carcass traits. Stepwise regression analyses
      were performed among breeds or pooled within breeds with WBS and SPT as dependent
      variables. When MFI were included in the analysis, MFI at d 7 explained 50% of
      the variation in WBS and SPT at d 14. An additional 19% of SPT was accounted for
      by the addition of CDP inhibitor d 1 activity and percentage-area of alpha R
      fibers to the model. However, because variation in MFI was not significant within
      breed subclasses and MFI could be classified more as a dependent variable, it was
      removed from the model. This resulted in CDP inhibitor d 1 activity explaining
      44% of the variation in WBS and SPT at d 14. Also, percentage-area of beta R
      fibers, 6 h pH and cathepsin B + L d 14 activity appeared in the model. In
      addition, CDP inhibitor activity was the only variable to be significant within
      breed groups. These data suggest that d 7 MFI could be used as a single predictor
      of d 14 longissimus muscle tenderness; however, CDP inhibitor d 1 activity (a
      biological event) also may be useful in predicting tenderness.

PMID- 2286562
TI  - Yields of by-products from different cattle types.
AB  - Slaughter cattle (n = 360), selected and allocated to types according to their
      phenotypic breed type characteristics, were slaughtered in lots of 15 head at a
      large commercial packing plant. By-product weights were obtained for these lots
      of 15 head after plant personnel had separated the by-products according to plant
      procedures. Percentage of slaughter weight in each by-product was calculated. The
      trait most influenced by cattle type was the hide; Bos indicus cattle generally
      had the greatest percentage of their live weights as hide (green, trimmed,
      fleshed or cured), and Holstein cattle generally had the lowest. For edible by
      products, the liver differed significantly among cattle types, with Holstein
      cattle having the higher percentage of their live weight as liver. Other items
      studied were not significantly or economically different among cattle types.

PMID- 2286563
TI  - Mechanisms associated with the variation in tenderness of meat from Brahman and
      Hereford cattle.
AB  - To study possible mechanisms for differences in meat tenderness, 10 purebred
      Hereford and 10 American Grey Brahman steers were fed a typical feedlot diet and
      slaughtered when ultrasound measurements indicated that they had approximately 1
      cm of fat thickness at the 12th rib. Longissimus muscle from Brahman cattle was
      less (P less than .05) tender after 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 d postmortem than muscle
      from Hereford cattle, but muscle from Hereford cattle showed greater improvement
      in tenderness from 7 to 14 d postmortem than muscle from Brahman cattle
      (interaction P less than .05). Cathepsin B or cathepsin B+L activities and the
      myofibrillar response to elevated ionic strength were not different between
      breeds, but both could be related to the postmortem increase in tenderness of
      both breeds. Calcium-dependent protease activity, as modulated by calcium
      dependent protease inhibitor, seems to play a major role in the inherent
      tenderness differences between breeds.

PMID- 2286564
TI  - Effect of carbadox on net absorption of ammonia and glucose into hepatic portal
      vein of growing pigs.
AB  - Chronic cannulas were placed into the hepatic portal vein, ileal vein and carotid
      artery of growing pigs trained to consume their daily allowance of 1.2 kg of feed
      (16% protein corn-soybean meal basal diet) in a single meal. The average
      preoperative BW of pigs was 44.7 kg for Trial 1 (three pigs) and 35.3 kg for
      Trial 2 (seven pigs). In Trial 1, net absorption of ammonia (NH3) and glucose
      into the portal vein was determined three times at weekly intervals. The net
      portal absorptions were derived by multiplying the porto-arterial plasma
      concentration difference of NH3 and glucose by portal vein plasma flow rate
      estimated with the p-aminohippuric acid indicator-dilution technique. Differences
      in the net portal absorptions of NH3 and glucose among the three weekly
      measurements were small (P greater than .05). In Trial 2, the first sequence of
      net portal absorption measurements was conducted when pigs were fed the basal
      diet, and the second sequence of measurements was conducted after the pigs had
      been fed the diet supplemented with 55 ppm of carbadox for 7 d. Carbadox
      supplementation reduced (P less than .05) plasma NH3 concentration in portal
      plasma during the 2.5-h to 5-h postprandial period and decreased (P less than
      .05) net portal absorption of NH3 during the 2.5-h to 4-h postprandial period.
      Carbadox, however, did not affect (P greater than .05) net portal absorption of
      glucose. We suggest that carbadox suppresses the production of cell-toxic NH3 by
      intestinal microorganisms and, thus, reduces the injury and turnover of
      intestinal cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286565
TI  - Influence of dietary protein and recombinant porcine somatotropin administration
      in young pigs: growth, body composition and hormone status.
AB  - The influence of dietary protein and recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST)
      administration on growth and body composition was investigated in barrows. Ten
      groups of six pigs starting at 30 kg were restrictively fed (approximately 80% of
      ad libitum) one of five diets containing 11, 15, 19, 23 or 27% protein. Diets
      contained skim milk (12%). Soybean meal diluted with cornstarch was used as the
      supplemental source of dietary protein. Diets were isocaloric (3.8 Mcal DE/kg)
      and all contained the same amount of lysine (18 to 20 g/kg). Thirty pigs were
      treated daily with rpST (100 micrograms/kg) by i.m. injection; the remaining pigs
      were treated with sterile diluent (control) for 42 d. Growth rate was greater in
      rpST-treated pigs at all levels of protein intake; however, the magnitude of the
      response to rpST treatment was lowest among pigs fed the diet containing 11%
      protein. Feed:gain ratio, backfat depth and carcass fat content were decreased in
      rpST-treated pigs compared to respective controls. Additionally, the
      concentration of carcass fat decreased concomitantly with an increase in dietary
      protein intake. Concentration of carcass protein increased linearly as dietary
      protein increased in control and rpST-treated pigs. In contrast, treatment with
      rpST was associated with an increased visceral mass; the concentration of protein
      and fat in the viscera was influenced by protein intake but not by rpST. These
      results, characterized by few treatment interactions, suggest that when energy
      intake is kept constant and appropriately fed pigs serve as controls, dietary
      protein and rpST influence growth and body composition by independent
      mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286567
TI  - Oxytocin-induced changes in plasma 13,14 dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2 alpha
      concentrations on days 10, 20 and 30 postpartum in the bovine.
AB  - Eighteen suckled Brahman cows were allotted randomly to treatments arranged in a
      three-period crossover design according to calving date and prior treatment such
      that each cow received 30, 150 and 300 IU oxytocin (OT) i.v. on d 10, 20 or 30
      postpartum. Blood was collected via an indwelling jugular catheter every 15 min
      for 195 min. Samples collected before OT administration were used to determine
      basal plasma 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) concentration.
      Day, time and the day X dose interaction affected PGFM (P less than .0001). All
      doses of OT elevated PGFM on all days postpartum (P less than .0001). Basal PGFM
      was greater (P less than .0001) on d 10 (252.2 +/- 51.2 pg/ml) than on d 20 (78.2
      +/- 14.8 pg/ml) or on d 30 (64.8 +/- 7.4 pg/ml). The rise in PGFM in response to
      OT was greatest on d 10 and decreased (P less than .001) with increasing days
      postpartum. On d 10, 150 IU of OT caused a greater (P less than .0007) rise in
      PGFM than either 30 or 300 IU. On d 20, the 300-IU dose raised PGFM more (P less
      than .005) than either 30 or 150 IU, whereas on d 30 no differences among doses
      were detected. Cows had higher basal PGFM and a greater response to OT on d 10
      postpartum than on d 20 or 30; cows were more responsive on d 20 than on d 30.
      All doses of OT elevated PGFM at all three times postpartum; however, differences
      between doses were not detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286566
TI  - Nutritive value of oat flour and oat bran.
AB  - Oat flour, the by-product resulting from commercial production of oat bran, was
      analyzed to contain 7.7% moisture, 11% CP, 6% crude fat, 8.8% NDF, 1.56% ash
      (.10% Ca, .23% P), 4,265 kcal/kg GE, .41% lysine, .36% threonine, .17%
      tryptophan, .21% methionine and .34% cystine. Chick bioassays revealed that
      lysine and threonine were the first- and second-limiting amino acids in oat
      flour. Slope-ratio protein quality assessment indicated that the protein quality
      of oat flour was similar to that of dehulled soybean meal. True ME (corrected for
      N retention, i.e., TMEn) of oat flour for adult cockerels was 3,726 kcal/kg. A P
      bioavailability assay with chicks indicated that the P in oat flour was 59.7%
      bioavailable relative to a KH2PO4 standard. Oat bran was analyzed to contain 9.7%
      moisture, 15% CP, 6.2% crude fat, 19.2% NDF, 2.33% ash (.12% Ca, .41% P), 4,316
      kcal/kg GE, .59% lysine, .47% threonine, .18% tryptophan, .24% methionine and
      .44% cystine. Protein quality assessment in chicks indicated that the protein
      quality of oat bran was similar to that of dehulled soybean meal. True MEn of oat
      bran was found to be 3,449 kcal/kg. Of the .41% total phosphorus in oat bran,
      42.2% was bioavailable, relative to the KH2PO4 standard.

PMID- 2286568
TI  - Nutrition, body condition and reproduction in beef cows: fetal and placental
      development, and estrogens and progesterone in plasma.
AB  - Mature, pregnant Hereford cows (n = 17) were used to determine the effect of
      nutrition and body energy reserves on fetal development, concentrations of
      nutrients and estrogens in placental fluids, and on progesterone, estrogens and
      placental lactogen in maternal plasma. On d 145 of gestation, cows were assigned
      by breeding date to two groups and fed to achieve either a thin (TH; n = 8) or a
      moderate (M; n = 9) body condition score (BCS) by d 195 of gestation. Body
      weights, BCS, estrogens, placental lactogen and progesterone in plasma were
      determined weekly between d 200 and 256 of gestation. Cows were slaughtered on d
      259 +/- 1 of gestation, and amnionic and allantoic fluids were sampled and
      analyzed for concentrations of protein, fructose and estrogens. Body weights and
      BCS were less (P less than .01) for TH (419 kg; 3.7) than for M (511 kg; 5.7)
      cows at slaughter. Uterine weights were less (P less than .07), but
      chorioallantoic weights were greater (P less than .07) in TH than in M cows.
      Cotyledonary weights were greater (P less than .05) for TH than for M cows, and
      total fructose in amnionic fluid was reduced (P less than .01) in TH compared
      with M cows. Concentrations of estradiol, estrone and placental lactogen were
      greater between d 240 and 256 of gestation for TH than for M cows. We conclude
      that nutrient intake and(or) BCS of beef cows during late gestation influence
      placental weight, fructose in amnionic fluid, and placental lactogen, estrone and
      estradiol in plasma.

PMID- 2286569
TI  - Endometrial inositol phosphate turnover in pigs is reduced during pregnancy and
      estradiol-induced pseudopregnancy.
AB  - Three experiments were conducted to examine inositol phosphate (IP) turnover in
      response to treatments applied in vitro to endometrium from cyclic (CYC),
      pregnant (PREG) and estradiol-induced pseudopregnant (PSP) gilts. In Exp. 1,
      treatments (in 25 microliters .1 M NaHCO3) were 1) control (NaHCO3), 2) 125 ng
      oxytocin, 3) .25 micrograms prolactin, 4) 2.5 micrograms prolactin and 5) 5
      micrograms pig conceptus secretory proteins (pCSP). Basal IP turnover on d 14
      (estrus = d 0) for CYC was 3.9 to 5.0-fold greater than for PREG gilts and .6 to
      1.1-fold greater than for PSP gilts (P less than .05). Oxytocin increased IP
      turnover 23 to 42% in CYC gilts (P less than .05), but not in PREG or PSP gilts.
      The treatment x reproductive status interaction (P less than .05) indicated that
      pCSP increased IP turnover 74 to 140% in PREG gilts but decreased it 18 to 22% in
      CYC and 17 to 50% in PSP gilts. In Exp. 2, treatments were applied in a 2 x 2 x 2
      arrangement: 1) 0 or 125 ng oxytocin; 2) 0 or 2.5 micrograms prolactin and 3) 0
      or 5 micrograms pCSP. Basal IP turnover on d 14 was 3.3 to 5.4-fold greater (P
      less than .05) in CYC than in PSP gilts and was affected by interaction (P less
      than .05) of pCSP and prolactin. Inositol phosphate turnover was increased by
      prolactin (12 to 22%) and by pCSP (7 to 34%) but, when combined, the stimulatory
      effects of each were eliminated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286570
TI  - Effects of intake level on metabolic response to estrogenic growth promoters in
      beef steers.
AB  - Effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES, 10 mg/d orally, Trial 1) or Synovex-S (SYN,
      220 mg ear implant, Trial 2) on gain and N balance (g/d) were determined in
      steers that consumed 1.3, 2.7, 4.4 and 7.4 kg DM/d (Trial 1) and 1.3, 2.9, 4.3
      and 6.6 kg DM/d (Trial 2). Each trial was a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square with
      four pairs of steers per trial (BW:322 kg, Trial 1; 278 kg Trial 2) and a control
      and growth promoter steer in each pair. Steers were fed a pelleted 75%
      concentrate diet containing 16.7% (DM basis). Each period consisted of 1 wk of
      intake adaptation, 5 wk of feeding and 1 wk in metabolism crates (2-d adjustment
      and 5-d collection). Steers were switched among DMI but not among promoter
      treatments. Intercept and slope, respectively, for the regression of BW gain
      (kg/d) on DMI (kg/d) were -.66 and .276 for control vs -.84 and .328 for DES
      steers and -.69 and .276 for control vs -.89 and .356 for SYN steers. Similar
      regression values for N balance (g/d) on DMI (kg/d) were -10.3 and 6.91 for
      control vs -17.2 and 9.10 for DES steers and -4.5 and 4.67 for control vs -7.6
      and 5.85 for SYN steers. Across trials, slopes differed from zero (P less than
      .01), and promoter slopes differed from controls for gain (P less than .01) and N
      balance (P less than .10). During an extra period at the end of each trial, all
      steers were fed the high intake level for 6 wk, followed by N balance
      determinations the last 3 d of a 7-d fast.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286571
TI  - Intake and digestibility of low-quality native grass hay by beef cows
      supplemented with graded levels of soybean hulls.
AB  - Twelve Hereford cows and four mature, ruminally cannulated Hereford x Angus
      heifers were fed supplements providing either 0 (control), 1, 2, or 3 kg/d of
      soybean hulls and including 440 g of protein/d (cottonseed meal was used to
      equalize protein intake) to determine the effects of supplementation on intake
      and utilization of low-quality native grass hay. Cattle were housed in individual
      pens and fed coarsely chopped (5-cm screen) native grass hay harvested in mid
      November (4.1% CP, 76.9% NDF). Hay OM intake peaked (quadratic, P = .04) at 10.1
      kg/d with 1 kg of soybean hulls and decreased when 2 kg (9.8 kg/d) or 3 kg (9.1
      kg/d) of soybean hulls were fed. Although hay intake decreased when soybean hulls
      replaced cottonseed meal, feeding 3 kg soybean hulls decreased hay OM intake by
      only .64 kg. Total OM digestibility increased linearly (P = .009) with added
      increments of soybean hulls (45.8%, 46.2%, 46.6% and 48.6% for 0 through 3 kg
      soybean hulls/d, respectively), indicating that hulls were more digestible than
      the hay. Digestibility of NDF was not affected (P = .14) by level of soybean hull
      supplementation, although ADF digestibility increased (linear, P = .03).
      Increases in OM intake and digestibility with soybean hulls combined to increase
      digestible OM intake (linear, P = .0001). Soybean hull supplementation increased
      ruminal VFA concentrations (linear, P = .04) and the molar proportion of
      propionate (linear, P = .006).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286572
TI  - Influence of dietary aluminum and phosphorus on zinc metabolism in dairy calves.
AB  - The metabolism of a single oral zinc-65 dose was studied in young dairy calves
      fed two concentrations of added A1 (0 and .20% A1) and two concentrations of
      added P (0 and .22% P) for 7 wk. The four treatments were 1) normal P-low A1, 2)
      low P-low A1, 3) normal P-high A1 and 4) low P-high A1. The basal diet (low P-low
      AL) contained, by analysis, .132% P, .74% Ca, .021% A1 and 59 ppm Zn. Zinc-65
      absorption was greater (66.5 vs 63.2% of dose, P less than .10) with the low-P
      diet; added A1 reduced (P less than .05) 65Zn absorption. Calves fed low-P diets
      had higher (P less than .10) concentrations of 65Zn in liver, kidney, spleen,
      heart, small intestine and testicle than those fed normal-P diets. Zinc-65 was
      reduced (P less than .10) in pancreas, heart, testicle and muscle of calves fed
      high A1. Iron was increased in liver and kidney (P less than .10), Zn (P less
      than .10) and Mn (P less than .01) were increased in liver, but Fe in small
      intestine and Cu in muscle and tibia shaft were decreased (P less than .10) in
      calves fed the low-P diets compared to those fed adequate-P diets. High A1
      reduced (P less than .10) Cu in small intestine and tibia shaft. The results
      suggest that zinc metabolism may be moderately affected in calves fed either low
      P or high-A1 diets.

PMID- 2286573
TI  - Digestibility and feeding value of pearl millet as influenced by the brown
      midrib, low-lignin trait.
AB  - Our objectives were to determine the intake and digestibility of pearl millet as
      influenced by the brown-midrib (BMR), low-lignin trait and to determine the
      relative acceptability of BMR pearl millet in relation to its normal counterpart.
      Two field replicates of brown-midrib pearl millet and its normal counterpart were
      harvested as hay at the boot to heading stage twice during the growing season (2
      genotypes x 2 cuttings x 2 field replicates). Twenty-four wethers had ad libitum
      access to a total forage diet (pearl millet forage), water and trace mineralized
      salt. The experimental period was 21 d (14 d for adjustment and 7 d for sample
      collection). Lignin was 23% lower (P less than or equal to .01) and in vitro DM
      digestibility (IVDMD) was 4% higher (P less than or equal to .01) in BMR vs
      normal genotype forages. Wethers preferred first-cutting millet to second-cutting
      millet, as evidenced by 62% higher (P less than or equal to .01) DMI for first
      cutting forages. Dry matter intake of second-cutting forages was higher (P less
      than or equal to .10) for BMR pearl millet forage than for normal pearl millet
      (2.0 vs 1.5% of BW), but first-cutting forages were similar in DMI (2.9% of BW).
      In an acceptability trial of pearl millet regrowth (4 wk), grazing lambs with
      access to both genotypes displayed a marked preference (P less than .01) for the
      BMR genotype, spending an average of 2.6 min on plots containing the brown-midrib
      pearl millet for every minute spent on the normal genotype.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286574
TI  - Influence of forage diets on ruminal particle size, passage of digesta, feed
      intake and digestibility by steers.
AB  - To assess the influence of forage diets on particle size of digesta in the rumen,
      three ruminally fistulated steers were fed alfalfa, orchardgrass or switchgrass
      hays in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Mean sieve size of ruminal digesta for
      alfalfa, orchardgrass and switchgrass diets was 671, 652 and 466 microns,
      respectively. A second experiment examined the influence of ruminal particle size
      on digesta passage, digestibility and intake. Four ruminally fistulated Angus
      Hereford steers were given ad libitum access to different proportions of alfalfa
      and switchgrass in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Either a 100% alfalfa, 50%
      alfalfa:50% switchgrass, 25% alfalfa:75% switchgrass or 100% switchgrass diet was
      offered once daily. Mean sieve sizes of the ruminal digesta of these diets
      responded cubically (P less than .01; 1,066, 946, 1,003 and 925 microns,
      respectively). Mean ruminal turnover times were 24.3, 24.8, 24.7 and 29.8 h,
      respectively. Dry matter intake increased linearly (P less than .10) as the
      proportion of legume in the diet increased; no influence of diet on DM
      digestibility was observed. Passage rate of dosed nylon particles 1, 3 and 5 mm
      in length was influenced (P less than .01) by size; however, no difference in the
      passage rates of the nylon particles due to diet was evident. Particle size of
      ruminal digesta did not respond in a linear manner to the proportion of legume in
      the diet. A smaller ruminal particle size was not associated with a faster
      turnover of digesta.

PMID- 2286575
TI  - Substitution of DL-methionine for soybean meal as a winter supplement for
      gestating cows grazing native range.
AB  - A winter grazing study was conducted to determine whether DL-methionine could
      replace soybean meal as a N supplement for gestating beef cows. During two
      winters (Trial 1, n = 51; Trial 2, n = 60), crossbred beef cows grazed native
      foothill range. Three treatment groups were supplemented with either none (CON),
      DL-methionine (7.5 g Trial 1 and 9 g Trial 2) in .5 kg beet pulp carrier (BPM) or
      .4 kg soybean meal (SBM). Cows were supplemented individually every other day.
      Small differences were noted in cow BW, condition score and blood metabolites.
      Unsupplemented cows lost the greatest amount of BW (P less than .01) in both
      trials and lost more (P less than .05) condition during Trial 1 than cows fed BPM
      or SBM supplements. Blood samples were obtained on two consecutive days during
      each trial (45 d and 25 d prepartum) and analyzed for blood urea N, total
      bilirubin, creatinine, albumin, total protein and cholesterol. A treatment x day
      preparatum interaction (P less than .05) was noted for blood urea. Blood urea
      nitrogen declined as gestation length increased for CON and SBM cows, but blood
      urea of BPM-supplemented cows remained low and unchanged. In situ forage
      digestion was measured in 12 ruminally cannulated cows (four/treatment). In both
      trials, in situ rate of NDF disappearance was greater (P less than .05) for SBM
      than for BPM. In Trial 2, a treatment x sampling hour interaction was detected
      for purine concentration of whole ruminal contents; SBM maintained greater purine
      concentrations throughout the 48-h supplementation cycle than BPM did. Principal
      component analysis suggested that ruminal ammonia limited the microbial growth
      response to DL-methionine. Therefore, alternate-day supplementation of DL
      methionine plus beet pulp did not effectively substitute for soybean meal in
      these trials.

PMID- 2286576
TI  - Physiological and pathological effects of feeding high levels of magnesium to
      steers.
AB  - The effects of feeding high levels of Mg were evaluated in a 130-d study with 24
      steers. Six steers were allotted to each of four diets supplemented with MgO to
      attain .3, 1.4, 2.5 or 4.7% Mg, DM basis. Chromic oxide was used as digesta
      marker; fecal grab samples were collected once daily during nine consecutive 10-d
      periods. Steers fed 2.5 and 4.7% Mg refused some feed during the study, so their
      respective dietary Mg intakes were 2.4 and 3.7% (DM basis). Severe diarrhea and a
      lethargic appearance were observed in steers fed the two higher Mg levels. Fecal
      DM and apparent DM digestibility decreased linearly (P less than .01) with
      increased dietary Mg. Apparent Mg absorption (g/d) increased linearly (P les than
      .01) and apparent Ca and P absorption (g/d) decreased linearly (P less than .01)
      with addition of Mg to the diet. Increasing dietary Mg linearly elevated blood
      serum and erythrocyte Mg (P less than .01; P less than .05, respectively) and
      serum inorganic P (P less than .05) and linearly decreased serum Ca (P less than
      .01). Magnesium concentration in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle and rib-bone and
      P in skeletal muscle all increased linearly (P less than .05) with dietary Mg.
      Increasing dietary Mg in the steers caused a progressive degeneration of the
      stratified squamous epithelium of rumen papillae. A progressively more serious Mg
      toxicosis condition developed over time in steers fed diets containing 2.4 and
      4.7% Mg.

PMID- 2286577
TI  - A sensory perspective of effect of feeds on flavor in meats: poultry meats.
AB  - Reduction of feed costs is a major concern of poultry producers. However,
      replacement of components of a corn-soybean diet with a lower-cost alternative
      requires the assessment not only of poultry performance and carcass
      characteristics but also of resulting meat quality. A brief overview of research
      studies, conducted over the past 10 yr, investigating the effects of alternative
      poultry feedstuffs on poultry meat flavor is presented. The primary focus is on
      the sensory analysis technique employed in these studies to evaluate flavor. The
      studies discussed include examinations of poultry diets that contain various
      levels of rapeseed meal, fishmeal and other feed additives. Diversity of the
      sensory techniques used illustrates the difficulty of comparing sensory results
      among studies. This difficulty is emphasized further with an example of how two
      different sensory sample preparation techniques affected the conclusion drawn
      from replicate studies of poultry diets supplemented with fishmeal (0, 4, 8 and
      12%). One of the replicates was cooked and sampled for sensory analysis; the
      other was placed in 4 degrees C storage overnight. For the samples tested
      immediately following cooking, no difference between the treatments was detected.
      However, when the samples were tested following overnight storage (4 degrees C),
      chicken flavor decreased (P less than .001) and fish-off flavor increased (P less
      than .001) as percentage of fish meal in the diet increased.

PMID- 2286578
TI  - Effects of feeds on flavor of red meat: a review.
AB  - The effects of diet ingredients on red meat flavor are dependent on the type of
      diet, and, to a large extent, on the species: pork, mutton or lamb and beef.
      Sensory analysis of meat flavor has been used in most of the studies on the
      effects of feeds on meat flavor. In general, high-energy grain diets produced a
      more acceptable or a more intense flavor in red meats than low-energy forage or
      grass diets. Feeding pigs unsaturated fats increases the unsaturation in pork fat
      but results in only minor changes in pork flavor. Sheep must be fed protected,
      unsaturated fats in order to increase the unsaturation in their fat to be similar
      to pork fat. This increased unsaturation results in a greater flavor change in
      lamb or beef than in pork. Several dietary ingredients such as fish products, raw
      soybeans, canola oil and meal, and pasture grasses cause undesirable flavors in
      red meat. Analyses of lamb and beef produced on different diets have shown that
      type of feed affects the concentration of many flavor volatile compounds.
      However, only a few studies have quantified the volatiles of beef and lamb
      produced on different diets, and no reports of studies were found in which the
      volatiles of pork produced on different diets had been investigated. Hence, the
      importance of these changes in volatile concentration to meat flavor has not been
      determined.

PMID- 2286579
TI  - Physiology and ecology of the sulphate-reducing bacteria.

PMID- 2286580
TI  - Fate of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in two fermented
      milk products.
AB  - The growth and survival of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Escherichia
      coli was determined in traditionally fermented pasteurized and unpasteurized milk
      and in Lacto, an industrially fermented milk. Each milk treatment was incubated
      at 20 degrees C for 24 h and then stored at either 20 degrees C or 5 degrees C
      for 96 h. Lacto inhibited all the three E. coli strains. Two strains could not be
      recovered and the third survived only in very low numbers after 24 h storage of
      Lacto at both 20 degrees C and 5 degrees C. All three E. coli strains survived
      and multiplied to maximum cell numbers in the range 10(7)-10(9)/ml during
      traditional fermentation of unpasteurized milk. Cell numbers decreased to 10(3)
      10(6) and 10(2)-10(5) during storage of the fermented product at 20 degrees C and
      5 degrees C respectively. Higher maximum numbers, 10(9)-10(10), of the three
      strains of E. coli were attained during traditional fermentation of pasteurized
      milk. The numbers decreased to 10(5)-10(8) and 10(4)-10(7) during storage of the
      fermented product at 20 degrees C and 5 degrees C respectively. Generally, fewer
      E. coli survived when the fermented milk products were stored at refrigeration
      temperature.

PMID- 2286581
TI  - Rapid methods for differentiating gram-positive from gram-negative aerobic and
      facultative anaerobic bacteria.
AB  - Different tests based on lysis by KOH and on reaction with fluorogenic and
      chromogenic substrates, L-alanine-4-nitroanilide (LANA); L-alanine-4-methoxy-
      beta-naphthylamide (MNA); 4-alanine-2-amidoacridone (AAA); L-alanine-7-amido- 4
      methylcoumarin (AAMC); 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulphonic acid (ANS) were compared
      for their suitability to distinguish Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria. A
      concentration of 100 micrograms/ml was chosen for incorporating LANA, AAA, AAMC
      and ANS into the growth medium, based on sensitivity tests. MNA did not show any
      detectable reaction over a concentration range from 50 to 200 micrograms/ml, and
      led to inhibition of all bacteria at 200 micrograms/ml. In the examination of a
      total of 146 bacterial strains, including Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus
      cereus, and B. subtilis the KOH test was not comparable with the Gram staining. A
      good correlation with Gram staining was found between LANA, AAA and AAMC added to
      plate count agar on one hand, and LANA and AAMC impregnated paper strips on the
      other hand, thereby utilizing the aminopeptidase activity. Agar containing ANS
      showed detectable fluorescence with all Gram-negative strains, but with
      Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. epidermidis a weak reaction was also observed.
      AAMC was selected for a rapid paper strip test. With this substrate a pronounced
      blue fluorescence was obtained with Gram-negative colonies.

PMID- 2286583
TI  - Plasmid-encoded resistance to macrolides and lincosamides in Staphylococcus
      hyicus.
AB  - A small plasmid of 2.35 kb, isolated from a porcine Staphylococcus hyicus
      culture, was found to be responsible for constitutive resistance to
      macrolide/lincosamide antibiotics. This plasmid-encoded property could be
      established by interspecific transformation experiments. The plasmid from porcine
      Staph. hyicus was designated as pSE2. It differed on the basis of its restriction
      map from the macrolid/lincosamid resistance (MLR-)-plasmids of other
      staphylococcal species from infections of humans. Furthermore, the pSE2 plasmid
      encoded two proteins of approximately 20.5 and 30 kDa.

PMID- 2286582
TI  - Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to cell monolayers.
AB  - Adherence of four strains of Staphylococcus aureus to eukaryotic cell monolayers
      was assayed with [3H]-thymidine labelled bacterial cells and the results were
      analysed by non-parametric statistical tests. Adherence to primary (human
      mesothelial) and semi-continuous (human embryonic lung) cell monolayers was
      significantly better than to continuous cell lines (HEp2, HeLa and Vero). HEp2
      cell monolayers provided the most reliable assay substrate of the continuous cell
      lines tested. Variation occurred between bacterial culture batches but the assay
      measured significant differences between adhesion levels of the strains and
      distinguished between high level (RN92, 8325-4) and low level (Wood46, ISP458)
      adhering strains. Adherence to different batches of cell monolayers also varied
      but relative adherence values for strains were similar and the ranking of strains
      according to adhesion values was unchanged. Potential adhesion mediators have
      been monitored for their effect on adhesion of a highly adherent strain (RN92) to
      HEp2 monolayers. Fibronectin, protein A and anti-protein A did not significantly
      affect adhesion. Lipoteichoic acid caused a significant inhibition of adhesion.
      With critical statistical analysis to accommodate inherent variations, this assay
      provides a useful model to study factors involved in adherence of Staph. aureus
      to eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 2286584
TI  - The importance of the quinolones in antibacterial therapy.
AB  - New quinolones have obtained a definite position in the treatment of certain
      sexually transmitted diseases, urinary tract infections, prostatitis,
      gastrointestinal infections, nosocomially acquired pulmonary infections with
      resistant organisms, pseudomonas infections in cystic fibrosis, and
      osteomyelitis. The role of the new quinolones in upper respiratory tract
      infections, acute or chronic bronchitis and community acquired pneumonia is far
      less established. Their role in selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal
      tract in neutropenic patients is under investigation. Future modifications may
      increase their usefulness for treatment of mycobacterial infections, chlamydial
      infections, and mycoplasma and ureaplasma infections. The structural relationship
      of the new quinolones with antimalarial drugs may open new perspectives for the
      treatment of falciparum malaria.

PMID- 2286585
TI  - Severe infections treated with intravenous ofloxacin: a prospective clinical
      multicentre Swiss study.
AB  - In this open prospective clinical trial of iv ofloxacin, 87 patients were treated
      for severe bacterial infections. Overall results showed a clinical cure rate of
      75% and 79/87 87 patients improved. 86% of causative organisms (all sensitive to
      ofloxacin) were eliminated. The best results were obtained in urinary tract
      infections where all 30 patients were clinically cured and 27 organisms
      (Escherichia coli, group D streptococcus, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella
      pneumoniae) were eliminated. Rapid clinical cure was observed in five patients
      with prostatitis. Good results were seen in arthritis and osteomyelitis. Less
      than three days of parenteral therapy were required before improvement was seen
      in patients presenting with severe enterocolitis. Ofloxacin treatment was used
      for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in 35 patients. Clinical
      improvement was noted in 28 patients. Five patients had unsatisfactory responses,
      mainly due to underlying diseases. There were two failures, both in pneumococcal
      pneumonia. Three minor side effects were recorded. Ofloxacin can be given for
      severe bacterial infections due to Enterobacteriaceae, other Gram-negative rods
      and other sensitive organisms. It can be given in penicillin allergic patients
      but it should not be used in pneumococcal pneumonia.

PMID- 2286587
TI  - Intravenous ofloxacin in severe infections.
AB  - The efficacy and tolerance of intravenous ofloxacin was studied in 70 patients
      suffering from soft tissue infections (n = 33), intra-abdominal abscesses (n =
      14), septicaemia (n = 12), pneumonia (n = 9) and brucellosis (n = 2). The average
      daily dose was 6 mg/kg divided into two doses. Pathogens treated included
      Enterobacter cloacae (n = 14), Escherichia coli (n = 12), Staphylococcus aureus
      (n = 13), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 11), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 10),
      Enterococcus faecalis (n = 8) and Streptococcus spp. (n = 5). Most patients had
      several underlying diseases. Most of the patients had received other antibiotic
      therapy without success. Clinically, 41% were considered cured, 19% improved and
      30% failed to respond. Bacteriologically, pathogens were eradicated in 52.5% and
      persisted in 22.5%. Adverse reactions included an anaphylactoid reaction,
      abnormal liver function (n = 13) and insomnia (n = 2). This study suggests that
      higher doses of ofloxacin may be needed in deep seated infections.

PMID- 2286586
TI  - Efficacy of intravenous ofloxacin: a French multicentre trial in 185 patients.
AB  - The efficacy of intravenous ofloxacin therapy (200 mg 12-hourly) followed, when
      appropriate, by oral administration of the same dose was evaluated in an open
      multicentre trial involving 185 patients in 31 French hospitals. Dosage
      adjustment was made for patients in renal failure. Infection was hospital
      acquired in 35 cases, 53 patients required admission to an intensive care unit.
      The infections comprised septicaemia (n = 56), pneumonia (n = 18), bronchitis (n
      = 10), urinary tract (n = 78), female pelvis (n = 8), bone and joint (n = 5),
      skin and soft tissues (n = 10). The causative pathogens were: Staphylococcus spp.
      (n = 23), Streptococcus spp. (n = 11), Escherichia coli (n = 85), Haemophilus
      influenzae (n = 9), Klebsiella, Enterobacter or Serratia spp. (n = 21),
      Salmonella spp. (n = 22), Chlamydia spp. (n = 3), Legionella spp. (n = 1),
      Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 1) and miscellaneous Gram-negative bacilli (n = 17).
      All were ofloxacin-susceptible. Mean duration of therapy was 8.06 ( +/- 2.6) days
      for the i.v. and 14.8 ( +/- 14.39) days for the oral preparation. Clinical cure
      was achieved in 173 patients (93.5%). It is concluded that iv ofloxacin is an
      effective treatment for a range of infections due to susceptible organisms.

PMID- 2286589
TI  - Safety profile of the quinolones.
AB  - The most important finding from preclinical evaluation of fluoroquinolones has
      been their arthropathogenic potential in young animals. This toxic effect is
      found with all quinolones known so far and has led to the decision not to use
      them in children and adolescents, despite the fact that the significance of the
      effect for humans is still unclear. The mutagenic potential of the drugs seems to
      be low although bacterial DNA-metabolism is a major target of their action. Newer
      in-vitro methods to study topoisomerases from bacterial and mammalian cells are
      suitable to detect differences in the derivatives with regard to their mutagenic
      potential. The major adverse effects observed clinically with the four most often
      used fluoroquinolones norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and enoxacin are
      gastrointestinal disturbances (1.8-5%), reactions of the central nervous system
      (0.9-1.6%) and skin reactions (0.6-1.4%). Higher incidences have been noticed
      during the clinical evaluation of fleroxacin at doses of 400 mg or more. A
      comparison of the adverse reaction frequencies of fluoroquinolones with those of
      other antimicrobial agents can most closely be made with the results from double
      blind studies. Such results show that in most cases fluoroquinolones have been
      tolerated as well as or better than conventional drugs. Clinically relevant drug
      interactions have been observed with some quinolones that are metabolized
      primarily in the liver: enoxacin and ciprofloxacin reduce the theophylline
      clearance. Also, interactions of quinolones with Mg2(+)-containing antacids,
      which result in tremendous loss of bioavailability, are of therapeutic
      importance. Overall, fluoroquinolones are well tolerated and the incidences of
      side effects are similar to those of other antibacterials.

PMID- 2286590
TI  - Ofloxacin and the gastrointestinal tract: a potential role in the treatment of
      bacterial enteritis.
AB  - Ofloxacin is highly active against most pathogens causing bacterial enteritis.
      High faecal levels are achieved readily following a single oral dose and may
      persist for up to five days despite partial binding by faeces. In addition,
      adequate ofloxacin levels persist in pancreatic secretions and bile for 12 to 14
      h following oral administration. Clinical data from various centres demonstrate a
      prompt response when ofloxacin is administered once-daily for shigellosis,
      salmonellosis and various other enteric pathogens. These theoretical observations
      and clinical data suggest a potential for once-daily oral ofloxacin therapy for
      bacterial diarrhoea.

PMID- 2286588
TI  - Infection prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with acute leukaemia--a randomized,
      comparative study with ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole/colistin.
AB  - Preliminary results are presented of an ongoing, prospective, randomized, study
      comparing ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole/colistin for the prevention
      of infection in patients with acute leukaemia. The results for 59 patients
      (median age 47 years, range 21-72) included 88 episodes of neutropenia, each
      associated with a course of cytotoxic therapy. The main factor measured was the
      time elapsed from the beginning of neutropenia (neutrophils less than
      500/microliter) until the first infectious febrile episode. The median time for
      the period was 12 days (range 1-56) for the cotrimoxazole/colistin group, 15 days
      (range 1-38) for the ofloxacin group and 20 days (range 1-36) for the
      ciprofloxacin group (differences not significant). Microbiologically proven major
      infections occurred in 10/27 treatment courses with co-trimoxazole/colistin 7/31
      courses with ofloxacin and 7/30 courses with ciprofloxacin (P not significant).
      These were mostly due to Gram-positive cocci. There were no Gram-negative
      infections in the quinolone groups compared with one major Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      infection in the co-trimoxazole/colistin group. No Pneumocystis carinii
      infections were encountered. Adverse reactions associated with co
      trimoxazole/colistin required discontinuation of medication in 11/27 treatment
      courses because of compliance problems, skin reactions or gastrointestinal
      intolerance. There were significantly fewer discontinuations in the ofloxacin (n
      = 2) and in the ciprofloxacin groups (n = 3). Major side effects of the
      quinolones included persistent icterus in one patient receiving ofloxacin and
      psychiatric symptoms in one patient receiving ciprofloxacin. It is concluded from
      these data that there were no statistically significant differences between the
      three treatment groups in respect of the prevention of infection.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286591
TI  - Ofloxacin concentrations in tissues involved in respiratory tract infections.
AB  - The literature on the penetration of ofloxacin from blood to respiratory tissue
      and secretions in patients is reviewed. In patients with acute purulent
      exacerbations of chronic bronchitis ofloxacin has a Cmax value in sputum of 2.7
      mg/l after a 400 mg oral dose, 6.1 mg/l after 600 mg and 6.3 mg/l after 800 mg.
      Penetration from blood to sputum varied from 80 to 100%. The concentration of
      ofloxacin in bronchial aspirate, 1 to 6 h after a single oral dose of 400 mg,
      varied between 1.1 and 4.5 mg/l. The ratio between simultaneous mean bronchial
      aspirate and serum concentrations ranged between 0.53 in the second hour and 0.92
      in the fourth hour. Ofloxacin concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
      following an oral dose of 200 mg twice daily for at least four days amounted to
      8.3 mg/l with a corresponding serum concentration of 1.7 mg/l five hours after
      the last dose. The distribution ratio between lavage fluid and serum was 4.9. The
      lung tissue penetration of ofloxacin after a dosage of 200 mg twice daily,
      reached a mean tissue plasma concentration ratio of 3.5 +/- 0.4 for healthy
      tissue and 3.9 +/- 0.4 for diseased tissue. Ofloxacin reaches high intracellular
      concentrations in polymorphonuclear leucocytes, alveolar macrophages, epithelial
      cells and fibroblasts. It is likely that these concentrations will have a
      sustained inhibitory and bactericidal activity against most potential respiratory
      pathogens including: Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, Gram
      negative bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia spp.
      and Coxiella burnetti.

PMID- 2286592
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin and adequacy of maintenance dose for patients on
      haemodialysis.
AB  - Seven patients, three females and four males, aged 33-70 years, with end-stage
      renal disease, on regular haemodialysis were treated for various infections with
      a loading dose of 200 mg and multiple maintenance doses of 100 mg ofloxacin per
      24 h over ten days orally. The pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin were studied at the
      end of the treatment period before, during and after a haemodialysis session.
      Concentrations in plasma and dialysate were measured by HPLC. Mean trough
      concentration (+/- S.D.) of ofloxacin before the last drug intake was 1.6 (+/-
      0.6) mg/l. At a Tmax of 1.5 (+/- 1.1) h a peak concentration of 3.1 (+/- 1.0)
      mg/l was reached. The mean half-lives of ofloxacin (+/- S.D.) which were
      determined in the dialysis-free interval (T1/2 beta) and during the haemodialysis
      session (T1/2HD) were 38.5 (+/- 14.1) h and 9.9 (+/- 3.4) h, respectively. Mean
      dialyser clearance (+/- S.D.) was 59.2 (+/- 15.4) ml/min and the fractional
      removal of ofloxacin amounted to 21.5 (+/- 8.2)%. The data show that in patients
      with regular haemodialysis treatment a loading dose of 200 mg orally and daily
      administration of 100 mg orally of ofloxacin results in therapeutically
      favourable and well tolerated plasma concentrations when given at the end of
      haemodialysis.

PMID- 2286593
TI  - Concentrations of ofloxacin in human bone and in cartilage.
AB  - Concentrations of ofloxacin were determined in bone, cartilage and serum of 23
      patients (8 male, 15 female; age 29-85 years) who underwent total hip replacement
      for osteoarthritis. A single dose of 200 mg ofloxacin was infused over a period
      of 20 min. Blood specimens (total 89), bone (45), and cartilage specimens were
      taken up to 720 min after the infusion. Ofloxacin was determined by high
      performance liquid chromatography. Bone was extracted with buffer three times to
      obtain a complete extraction. An average bone density of 1.9 kg/l was assumed in
      order to convert concentrations from mg/kg to mg/l bone. Mean serum
      concentrations decreased from 7.2 +/- 2.6 (0 min) to 0.5 +/- 0.1 (720 min). Mean
      tissue concentrations (mg/l) at 98, 246 and 716 min after the end of infusion
      were, in cortical bone 0.64 +/- 0.29, 0.86 +/- 0.55 and 0.59 +/- 0.14; in
      cancellous bone, 1.70 +/- 0.72, 1.47 +/- 1.00 and 0.99 +/- 0.43, and in cartilage
      1.38 +/- 1.05; 2.19 +/- 1.56 and 2.18 +/- 0.45. The half-life of ofloxacin in
      tissues was longer than in serum. No side effects were observed.

PMID- 2286594
TI  - Drug interactions with quinolones.
AB  - The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interactions and pharmaceutical
      compatibilities of fluoroquinolones are reviewed. Incompatibilities are observed
      between quinolones and penicillins such as flucloxacillin and amoxicillin and
      with clindamycin when mixed in an administration set. Fluoroquinolones,
      especially enoxacin, and to a lesser extent ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin, inhibit
      the metabolic clearance of theophylline and caffeine. It is advisable to use non
      interacting quinolones such as ofloxacin or norfloxacin or to measure
      theophylline levels and reduce caffeine intake where appropriate. A potential
      interaction with midazolam needs further study. The absorption of
      fluoroquinolones is markedly reduced by antacids, calcium carbonate, ferrous
      sulphate and sucralfate. Although quantitative differences between
      fluoroquinolones exist, these combinations should be avoided whenever possible.
      Cimetidine reduces the metabolic clearance of pefloxacin. More studies are needed
      on the possible reduction of absorption of fluoroquinolones by opiates. Several
      case reports of a pharmacodynamic interaction between fluoroquinolones and
      cyclosporin or oral anticoagulants exist. No pharmacokinetic interaction has been
      observed and more, controlled studies are needed to assess the significance of
      the pharmacodynamic interaction. A high incidence of convulsions has been
      observed in patients receiving the combination enoxacin and fenbufen, an NSAID. A
      synergistic inhibitory effect of fluoroquinolones and several NSAIDs has been
      observed on the binding of the neurotransmitter GABA. Although the relevance of
      this interaction is probably not great, except with fenbufen, a possible
      epileptogenic effect of the combination cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2286595
TI  - A double-blind comparison of low-dose ofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid
      in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of ofloxacin 400 mg once daily and amoxycillin/clavulanic
      acid 500/125 mg three times daily were compared in a double-blind manner in
      patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Of 102 patients
      enrolled, 95 (93%) could be assessed for effectiveness. Treatment success was
      achieved in 41 (84%) of 49 patients in the ofloxacin group compared with 41 (89%)
      of 46 patients in the amoxycillin/clavulanic acid group. One patient who received
      ofloxacin and four patients in the amoxycillin/clavulanic acid group stopped
      medication because of unacceptable side effects. Microbiological results were
      evaluable in 47% of the patients. Predominant initial pathogens were Haemophilus
      influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, sometimes in combination, and less
      frequently Branhamella catarrhalis. In two patients with clinical failure,
      randomized to ofloxacin, the initial pneumococcal strains persisted in the sputum
      after treatment.

PMID- 2286596
TI  - A comparative study of ofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanate in hospitalized
      patients with lower respiratory tract infections.
AB  - We conducted an open randomized trial to compare the efficacy of parenteral and
      oral ofloxacin with that of amoxycillin/clavulanate. A total of 121 patients was
      studied; 92 were clinically evaluable. Of these, 59 patients were treated with
      ofloxacin and 33 with the comparator drug. Patients were given the drugs
      intravenously for a minimum of three days followed by oral preparations for the
      next seven to ten days. Ofloxacin was usually administered as a 200 mg dose bd.
      In the ofloxacin treated group all patients showed clinical improvement. In the
      comparator group 94% improved clinically (either a complete or partial response),
      while 6% were clinical failures. Of the bacteriologically evaluable patients 19
      of 20 showed a satisfactory bacteriological response in the ofloxacin treated
      group, while in the comparator group the bacteriological response was judged
      satisfactory in 14 of 17 patients. A small proportion of patients (7%) treated
      with ofloxacin suffered mild adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, headache,
      hypotension and rash). On the whole, ofloxacin was well tolerated by our
      patients. The two deaths that occurred were in the comparator group. We conclude
      that ofloxacin in both oral and parenteral forms is an effective and safe drug in
      the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.

PMID- 2286597
TI  - Comparison of i.v. ofloxacin and piperacillin in the treatment of complicated
      urinary tract infections.
AB  - Sixty consecutive hospitalized patients with complicated urinary tract infections
      were randomly assigned in a ratio of two patients to 200 mg i.v. ofloxacin per
      day and one patient to 3 x 4000 mg piperacillin. The duration of treatment was
      seven days. Ten patients were excluded from the study because of primary
      resistance of the pathogens to the respective drug (6 of the 40 ofloxacin
      patients and four of the 20 piperacillin patients). Gram-negative bacteria were
      isolated in 64% and Staphylococcus species in 21%. A complete eradication of the
      organisms was found three to four days after the end of therapy in 75% of the
      ofloxacin group and in 73% of the piperacillin patients. At the three to four
      weeks follow-up reinfections were observed in three patients of each group. There
      were no statistical differences in the results. Therapy was discontinued because
      of adverse reactions (nausea, vomiting) in one patient from each group. The study
      shows that it is possible to treat complicated urinary tract infections just as
      successfully with 200 mg i.v. ofloxacin per day as with 3 x 4000 mg piperacillin
      per day.

PMID- 2286598
TI  - Comparison of ofloxacin with doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal
      urethritis and cervical chlamydial infection.
AB  - The efficacy of ofloxacin was compared with that of doxycycline in the treatment
      of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) and cervical chlamydial infection in an open
      randomized study. In total, 182 men and 100 women were enrolled: 92 men and 50
      women received ofloxacin at a dose of 400 mg once daily for seven days, and 90
      men and 50 women received doxycycline at a dose of 100 mg twice daily for seven
      days. All women and 42 men, that is 29 men in the ofloxacin group (32%) and 13 in
      the doxycycline group (14%) were chlamydia-positive on entry into the study.
      Patients were reviewed on completion of the treatment course (day 8) and two
      weeks later (day 22). Clinical cure rates for NGU in assessable patients in each
      treatment group were similar; 73% in the ofloxacin group and 63% in the
      doxycycline group at day 8, and 70% and 90% in the respective treatment groups on
      study completion. Repeat tests for chlamydiae were negative for all male and
      female patients at both day 8 and day 22. Both ofloxacin and doxycycline were
      well tolerated. We conclude that ofloxacin given at a dose of 400 mg once daily
      for seven days is a safe and effective alternative treatment for NGU and cervical
      chlamydial infection.

PMID- 2286599
TI  - An evaluation of preemployment drug testing.
AB  - As part of a blind longitudinal study, 5,465 job applicants were tested for use
      of illicit drugs, and the relationships between these drug-test results and
      absenteeism, turnover, injuries, and accidents on the job were evaluated. After
      an average 1.3 years of employment, employees who had tested positive for illicit
      drugs had an absenteeism rate 59.3% higher than employees who had tested negative
      (6.63% vs. 4.16% of scheduled work hours, respectively). Employees who had tested
      positive also had a 47% higher rate of involuntary turnover than employees who
      had tested negative (15.41% vs. 10.51%, respectively). No significant
      associations were detected between drug-test results and measures of injury and
      accident occurrence. The practical implications of these results, in terms of
      economic utility and prediction errors, are discussed.

PMID- 2286600
TI  - Radical radiation therapy for lung cancer.
AB  - Radical radiotherapy of lung cancer has been studied for over 30 years. Results
      of early trials are often cited to justify a wait-and-see approach for all
      nonresectable patients. Because of more accurate staging, better radiotherapy
      treatment planning and delivery, and recognition of nonanatomic prognostic
      factors, a 2-year survival rate of 20 to 30% is being credibly reported by
      national cooperative groups. Radical radiotherapy for lung cancer is a
      sophisticated process. Treatment planning to maximize the therapeutic ratio,
      adequate hardware, and an understanding and minimization of radiation
      complications are all necessary to optimize treatment.

PMID- 2286601
TI  - The 1990 Everett Idris Evans memorial lecture: the inhalation injury.
AB  - The most important question that had to be answered from our animal data was
      whether a significant difference existed between the two groups. It could be
      observed that the resuscitation with Ringer's lactate did not lead to any
      increased lymph flow or total transcapillary protein flow in spite of the drop in
      protein and oncotic pressure in plasma. With Ringer's lactate there was a lower
      lymph to plasma protein ratio, which might be significant. No negative difference
      could be observed either in the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or pulmonary
      vessel resistance. All animals survived throughout the experiment, and in all
      experiments no advantages regarding the vital parameters could be ascertained
      with the administration of albumin; however, several factors must be borne in
      mind. The inhalation injury was from a heat source alone and no toxic substances
      were involved. Only inhalation trauma was induced in the absence of a surface
      burn wound. The duration of the observation was for only 36 hours. Thus some
      caution must be observed in applying these findings to a clinical situation. In
      our evaluation of the clinical results, we have seen that no differences could be
      established in regard to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and extravascular
      lung water between the Ringer's lactate and the albumin group. In spite of a 50%
      drop in oncotic pressure, however, this is only valid for the first 24 to 36
      hours, after which one could assume that a further protein drop coupled with a
      still raised hydrostatic filtration coefficient would lead to interstitial
      edema.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286602
TI  - Hageman factor-dependent kinin activation in burns and its theoretical
      relationship to postburn immunosuppression syndrome and infection.
AB  - Burn injury and intradermal injection of bradykinin or histamine cause
      permeability changes visualized as dye-release lesions in the skin of guinea pigs
      injected intravenously with Evans blue dye. Antihistamine pretreatment ablates
      the histamine but not the effect of thermal injury or bradykinin. Bradykinin is
      generated via activation of Hageman factor in a two-step reaction. Steps 1 and 2
      can be inhibited by corn trypsin inhibitor and soy bean trypsin inhibitors,
      respectively. Dye-release lesions were reduced from thermal injury and bradykinin
      injections when these substances were injected into the skin first. Angiotensin
      converting enzyme deactivates bradykinin by degrading it. Angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibitor neutralizes angiotensin-converting enzyme. Dye-release lesions
      from both thermal injury and bradykinin injection were enhanced because of
      continued bradykinin build-up when these treatments were preceded by subcutaneous
      injections of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Thus bradykinin is
      generated in thermal injury via the Hageman factor-dependent pathway. Hageman
      factor sits at the apex of a series of interrelated cascade systems, all of which
      impinge on the animal's immune status. Uncontrolled Hagemen factor activation in
      thermal injury may be the link among all the events collectively known as the
      "post thermal injury immunosuppression syndrome."

PMID- 2286603
TI  - Persistence of fetal bovine serum proteins in human keratinocytes.
AB  - Cultured human keratinocytes are used for skin grafts, but their success is
      limited by late graft loss. Development of antibody to fetal bovine serum (FBS)
      protein used in culture media for in vitro keratinocyte growth has been
      identified. The persistence of FBS antigen in skin grafts is important in the
      induction of the immune response and the susceptibility of the keratinocytes to
      immune-mediated injury. The magnitude and longevity of FBS protein persistence on
      human keratinocytes was studied. Secondary passage human keratinocytes were grown
      in media supplemented with 5% FBS. The media was changed to one supplemented with
      pooled human AB serum, and the amount of FBS protein incorporated in the tissue
      was measured over the following 8 days by an ELISA reaction directed against FBS
      antigen. Incorporated FBS antigen decreased for the first 3 days to 31% of
      maximum. There was no further significant decrease for 5 days. Keratinocytes
      grown in alternative serum supplements (NuSerum [Collaborative Research Inc.,
      Bedford, Mass.] and Serum Plus [Hazelton Research Products Inc., Lenexa, Kan.]),
      which contain reduced amounts of FBS, offered no significant reduction in FBS
      protein incorporation. This duration of antigen persistence would make human
      keratinocytes susceptible to cell destruction by immune response to FBS and may
      contribute to delayed loss of human keratinocyte grafts.

PMID- 2286604
TI  - Time course of alterations in lung lymph and bronchial blood flows after
      inhalation injury.
AB  - The effects of inhalation injury on the pulmonary microvascular fluid flux and
      bronchial blood flow were examined in a long-term study of sheep (N = 13). They
      were insufflated with either 48 breaths of cotton smoke (n = 8) or air (n = 5)
      while they were deeply anesthetized with halothane. After injury, anesthesia was
      discontinued and the animals were mechanically ventilated throughout the
      experimental period (24 hours). Bronchial blood flow increased significantly at
      all time points recorded and reached its peak 20 minutes after the inhalation
      trauma (11 +/- 1 ml/hr to 106 +/- 18 ml/hr; p less than 0.05). Thereafter,
      bronchial blood flow decreased to a value that was six to eight times above the
      baseline measurement for the remainder of the study period. With these changes in
      blood flow, there was a concomitant increase in lung lymph flow. This variable
      gradually increased and was 633% of the baseline value (6 +/- 1 ml/hr to 44 +/- 8
      ml/hr) 24 hours after the challenge with smoke. The control animals showed little
      or no change in cardiopulmonary function during the experimental period. There is
      no correlation between the increase in bronchial blood flow and lung lymph flow
      patterns after cotton smoke inhalation injury.

PMID- 2286605
TI  - Determination of tissue viability in experimental electrical injuries.
AB  - Electrical burns or ischemia (induced by vascular ligation) were produced in the
      legs of 15 anesthetized dogs to study evolution of tissue changes compared with
      impedance alterations. After the application of 1-ampere currents at 60 Hz,
      animals were monitored from 1 to 4 days. Muscle impendance was measured with
      frequency sweeping to determine tissue destruction. Nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy (phosphorus 31) was used to assess metabolic activity, and results
      were compared to impedance measurements. In burned limbs, 70% reduction in muscle
      impedance was seen, which corresponds to decreased metabolic activity (absent
      organic phosphates) and suggests necrosis. Visually viable tissue had impedance
      decreases of 25% and levels of organic phosphates slightly lower than normal.
      Relaxation frequencies in dogs with severe burns exceeded 80 kHz; in viable
      tissue, 30 to 40 kHz (normal: 30 kHz). In ischemic muscle, organic phosphates
      decreased rapidly (1 to 2 hours); impedance changes evolved more slowly (1 day),
      but they ultimately reached the same degree of severity. Measurement of impedance
      may be a valuable adjunct in the evaluation of electrical burns, since
      significant changes strongly suggest nonviability.

PMID- 2286606
TI  - Elevated serum aluminum levels in severely burned patients who are receiving
      large quantities of albumin.
AB  - Aluminum contaminates various fluids that are used in intravenous therapy, and it
      is associated with bone disease and encephalopathy. Albumin is highly
      contaminated with aluminum, which is eliminated primarily by renal excretion.
      Patients with burns receive large quantities of albumin and have impaired renal
      function, which puts them at hypothetical risk for aluminum loading. To assess
      the risk of aluminum loading we analyzed sera from 12 patients with burns for
      aluminum concentrations. Serum aluminum concentration was elevated in 8 of the 12
      patients, and levels were at or near toxicity in 3 of the 8. Serum aluminum and
      serum creatinine levels directly correlated, r = 0.71 and p less than 0.005. No
      relation was found between serum aluminum and amount of albumin received.
      However, patients with the highest serum aluminum levels were the most severely
      burned and none survived. Thus patients with burns who are receiving albumin are
      at risk for aluminum loading. Impaired renal function contributes to aluminum
      retention.

PMID- 2286607
TI  - The effect of thromboxane synthetase inhibition on cardiopulmonary function
      during endotoxemia in sheep.
AB  - The early pulmonary hypertension seen with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) has
      been reported as resulting from the release of thromboxane A2. We studied the
      cardiopulmonary response to endotoxin in sheep with and without treatment with a
      thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, OKY-046. The animals were implanted with
      instruments for crystallographic dimension analysis of the left ventricle and
      measurement of left ventricular, aortic, left atrial, and pulmonary arterial
      pressures and cardiac index. Thirteen sheep received 1.0 micrograms/kg of
      Escherichia coli endotoxin with (n = 6) and without (n = 7) OKY-046 (10 mg/kg
      bolus, then 10 micrograms/kg/min). OKY-046 prevented the increase in pulmonary
      arterial pressure and decrease in cardiac index usually seen during the early
      phase of endotoxemia. Between 8 and 12 hours after the administration of
      endotoxin, cardiac index increased from 6.4 +/- 0.8 to 8.4 +/- 0.8 L/min/m2.
      Concomitantly, the end-systolic pressure/diameter relationship (a sensitive
      myocardial contractility index) significantly decreased from 14.7 +/- 0.6 to 7.7
      +/- 0.7 mm Hg/mm. Another index of the left ventricular contractility, the
      maximum rate of pressure rise was also reduced. OKY-046 prevented decreases in
      end-systolic pressure/diameter relationship and maximum rate of pressure rise.

PMID- 2286608
TI  - Observations on stability and contraction of composite skin grafts: xenodermis or
      allodermis with an isograft overlay.
AB  - Composite skin grafts of xenodermis or allodermis with a thin split-thickness
      isograft overlay were evaluated for stability and contraction. Male inbred Lewis
      rats were used as recipients, with Buffalo rats serving as allogeneic dermis
      donors. Cryopreserved human skin was used for xenodermis grafts. The two
      components of the composite graft, the xenodermis or allodermis and the isograft
      overlay, were grafted in one operation to a surgically created wound. Wounds were
      observed for 1 year. The composite skin grafts took fairly well, although spotty
      loss of the overlaid isograft was noted. The xenodermis and allodermis remained
      grossly intact even at 1 year after grafting. However, composite skin grafts in
      this animal model contracted more than did sheet isografts alone.

PMID- 2286609
TI  - OASIS positioning: a respite for therapists.

PMID- 2286610
TI  - The physiologic response of a patient with critical burns to continuous passive
      motion.

PMID- 2286611
TI  - Finger-tip suggestion.

PMID- 2286612
TI  - Burns from hot oil and grease: a public health hazard.
AB  - We examined the incidence, etiology, and morbidity of burns due to hot oil and
      grease. Over a 10-year period from 1976 to 1985, of 1818 patients hospitalized
      for burns, 85 (4.7%) injuries were due to hot grease or oil. The mean age was 20
      years; 34% of patients were less than 8 years old. The mean total body surface
      areas of second- and third-degree burns was 11.5% (range 0.5% to 40%), and the
      average length of hospital stay was 19.6 days. Fifty-eight percent of patients
      required split-thickness skin grafting (n = 49), three required intubation, and
      one required tracheostomy. Seventy-eight percent of oil burns occurred in the
      home. The most common circumstances consisted of children who grabbed the handle
      or electric cord of a frying pan and pulled the hot oil down onto themselves.
      (Nineteen of the 29 children were less than 8 years old (66%).) Burns due to
      cooking oil and grease are associated with considerable morbidity. The high
      boiling point, high viscosity, and potential combustibility of oil increase the
      potential soft-tissue damage when compared with typical scald injuries from hot
      water. The dangers of children pulling on the appliance, the dangers of
      transporting hot oil, the importance of supervision while children are cooking,
      and the importance of knowledge of the management of grease fires is stressed.
      Public education is needed to underline the potential seriousness of these burns.

PMID- 2286613
TI  - Bad advice; bad burn: a new problem in burn prevention.
AB  - Deep partial-thickness burns had been inflicted on the perineal area of an infant
      who was recently treated in our Burn Center. The burns were a result of advice to
      the patient's mother by a pediatrician. The doctor told her to use a hair dryer
      to prevent diaper rash. We surveyed pediatricians, well-baby clinics, and
      pediatric nurse practitioners in our area and found that approximately half of
      them advised the use of hair dryers to treat or prevent diaper rash. We tested
      four widely available hand-held hair dryers to determine potential for inflicting
      burn injury. All of the dryers are capable of delivering air heated to at least
      53 degrees C after 2 minutes of use. We believe that warnings against the use of
      hair dryers for perineal hygiene should be included in burn prevention programs.

PMID- 2286614
TI  - A descriptive summary of New Jersey's 1985 burn population.
AB  - Data obtained from the New Jersey State Department of Health on the 1985
      hospitalized patients with burns and data collected from the National Burn Victim
      Foundation's standard burn reporting form were analyzed to gather information
      about the epidemiology of burns. Children (0 to 4 years of age) continue to be
      the largest percentage of the 0- to 18-year-old age group who sustain burn
      injuries, and 67% of those injuries are sustained by children under the age of 5.
      Males accounted for 69% of the total burn population; 58% of admissions were
      white; 69% of patients were admitted for partial-thickness burns, and 31% were
      admitted for full-thickness burns; the largest primary payer was third-party
      payers; and 92% of patients with burns were discharged to home or self-care. Data
      were also analyzed by examination of selected age groups to determine individual
      needs of specific groups. An analysis of burn injuries reported to the National
      Burn Victim Foundation confirmed previous reports that the home is the most
      likely place for a burn injury to occur and that flame and scald injuries
      predominate; scald injuries comprise 50% of all sustained burns. Gasoline vapors
      accounted for 54% of burn injuries caused by flames. The data supported efforts
      to develop programs that address the needs of the urban child, the 17- to 19-year
      old age groups, and the elderly. The information that was collected served to
      redefine objectives for burn prevention programs.

PMID- 2286615
TI  - Burn ware: Database managers in the burn unit. Part IV.

PMID- 2286616
TI  - Infection control in a burn center.
AB  - No consensus has been reached on the ideal isolation technique to prevent
      hospital-acquired infection in the patient with burns. This study reports four 2
      month consecutive periods of microbial surveillance in a burn center intensive
      care unit. Phase I, the first period of surveillance, demonstrated a unit
      acquired colonization rate of 63%, with the marker organisms appearing at 4 to 8
      days. Direct observation of isolation technique showed a 51% error rate. A
      mandatory educational session reviewing the high colonization rates, observed
      breaks in isolation technique, and principles of infection control failed to
      decrease the colonization rates as measured in phase II. A simplified isolation
      technique was adopted, which led to a decrease in unit-acquired colonization,
      from 63% to 33% in phase III from phase I values (p = 0.0514); and to a
      significant delay in inception, from 7.8 to 21 days, in those colonized with
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p less than 0.05). The simplified isolation technique
      decreased isolation costs over a 6-month period from $53,000 to $30,000. To
      confirm the decrease colonization rates from phase I to phase III, a fourth 2
      month surveillance period was undertaken 6 months later. Phase IV demonstrated
      similar results to those of phase III.

PMID- 2286618
TI  - High performance capillary electrophoresis. The 2nd International Symposium. San
      Francisco, CA, January 29-31, 1990.

PMID- 2286617
TI  - Nutritional considerations in recovered patients with burns.

PMID- 2286619
TI  - Capillary zone electrophoresis for monitoring r-DNA protein purification in multi
      compartment electrolysers with immobiline membranes.
AB  - Isoforms of human monoclonal antibodies against the gp-41 of AIDS virus and of
      human recombinant superoxide dismutase have been purified to homogeneity by
      isoelectric focusing (IEF) in a multi-compartment electrolyser with isoelectric,
      immobiline membranes. This system allows the processing of large sample volumes
      and gram-scale protein loads and can resolve isoforms as close as 0.001 in pI
      difference. The purification progress was usually monitored by analytical IEF in
      immobilized pH gradients (IPG). Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was applied
      to the monitoring of the content of each chamber of the electrolyser. CZE was
      found to be superior in terms of speed of analysis and quantification (but only
      by UV reading at 200-210 nm, i.e., in the region of the peptide bond) but,
      notwithstanding the millions of theoretical plates reported, was no match for the
      resolving power of IPGs, at least for protein analysis. When compared also with
      chromatofocusing, the resolving power decreases in the order IPG greater than CZE
      much greater than chromatofocusing.

PMID- 2286620
TI  - Static and scanning array detection in capillary electrophoresis-mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - An array detection system based on position- and time-resolved ion counting was
      evaluated for capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry using continuous-flow
      fast atom bombardment and a liquid-junction coupling. Peptides with molecular
      masses up to 3200 were measured. A 100-1000-fold improvement over conventional
      detection was demonstrated by applying the array detector in scanning and static
      modes. Absolute detection limits in the range 1-5 fmol are achievable.

PMID- 2286621
TI  - Capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry using a coaxial continuous-flow
      fast atom bombardment interface.
AB  - Mixtures of peptides have been analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis in
      conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS) using an on-line coaxial continuous-flow
      fast atom bombardment interface. MS and MS-MS spectra have been acquired in
      electrophoretic real time from femtomole levels of the peptides, while
      maintaining separation efficiencies in excess of 100,000 theoretical plates.

PMID- 2286622
TI  - Continuous sample collection in capillary zone electrophoresis by coupling the
      outlet of a capillary to a moving surface.
AB  - Use of an on-column frit structure, constructed by sintering a mixture of glass
      powders, makes it possible to ground a fused-silica capillary on its side prior
      to its outlet. Electroosmotic pressure permits convenient sample collection. We
      illustrate the use of this device by depositing the eluent in a continuous manner
      on a moving surface. This provides a permanent record of the separated species in
      a mixture.

PMID- 2286623
TI  - Free solution capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic resolution of
      amino acid enantiomers and peptide isomers with L- and D-Marfey's reagents.
AB  - Separation of amino acid enantiomers and peptide isomers has been made possible
      through the use of Marfey's reagent and high-performance capillary
      electrophoresis (HPCE). Samples of amino acids and peptides were first
      derivatized with Marfey's reagent and subsequently analyzed by HPCE. Different
      modes of separation were investigated including free solution and micellar
      electrokinetic chromatography. The use of micellar electrokinetic chromatography
      in combination with L- and D-Marfey's reagent offered unequivocal means to
      confirm the presence of D-amino acid in an unknown sample. This method is also
      particularly useful for the analysis of peptide isomers.

PMID- 2286624
TI  - Isotachophoretic separation of organic acids in biological fluids.
AB  - The operating conditions for the isotachophoretic separation of organic acids
      were evaluated. At pH values ranging from 2.90 to 4.25 both relative step heights
      and molar flow-rates were determined experimentally for 26 anions. Comparing the
      observed values with simulated data, highly significant (p = 0.0001) correlation
      coefficients of 0.993 and 0.920, respectively, were found at pH 3.50. Whereas the
      concentration of the leading electrolyte did not affect the relative step
      heights, it increased the molar flow-rates significantly. The same applied to the
      detection current. The time of analysis was observed to be a function of the
      concentration of the leading electrolyte. However, the time elapsed between
      injection of the analyte and its detection depended solely on the volume and not
      on the amount of analyte injected. In isotachophoresis, incomplete separation of
      two compounds is indicated by the occurrence of a mixed zone which can hardly be
      distinguished from a pure zone. Thus, knowledge of the separation capacity is a
      prime prerequisite in optimizing the system for the analysis of biological
      fluids. The separability of nine equimolar pairs of anions was determined at pH
      values ranging from 2.90 to 4.25. Although two ionogenic constituents would
      separate only when their migration rates in the mixed state were different, no
      clear correlation was observed between separation capacity and difference in
      relative mobility. Separability, however, was found to increase with increasing
      concentration of the leading electrolyte. While the separation capacity was not
      influenced by the electric current, it was significantly affected by the volume
      injected. In subsequent analyses of serum, cerebrospinal fluid, seminal plasma
      and prostatic fluid, a variety of organic acids could be detected. Calibration
      graphs for the detected anions revealed a detection limit of 1 nmol and linearity
      over their biological concentration ranges. Further, the isotachophoretic results
      correlated well with high-performance liquid chromatographic and enzymatic
      analyses of citric acid and lactic acid in human seminal plasma and cerebrospinal
      fluid, respectively.

PMID- 2286625
TI  - Retention of eleven priority phenols using micellar electrokinetic
      chromatography.
AB  - The use of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MECC) for the separation of
      eleven substituted phenols listed by the United States Environmental Protection
      Agency as priority pollutants was investigated. Solutions of potassium and sodium
      dodecyl sulphate in phosphate-borate buffer of pH 6.6, 7.0 and 7.5 were used as
      the electrophoretic media. Satisfactory separation of the eleven phenols was
      obtained using a 180-microns capillary at 10 kV and pH 6.6 with a solution
      containing both sodium and potassium dodecyl sulphate. Observations on the
      retention behaviour of the phenols in MECC were related to their physico-chemical
      properties.

PMID- 2286627
TI  - Recent developments in electrophoretic methods.
AB  - 13. Given the recent extended review by Vesterberg [J. Chromatogr., 480 (1989) 3
      19] of electrokinetic methods, this survey has been restricted to the last
      decade, which has seen tremendous progress in several fields. DNA electrophoresis
      has experienced strong developments, both in the sequencing strategies (which
      have been largely automated with the use of fluorescent probes) and in pulsed
      field analysis of mega-DNA fragments, which has seen such developments as inverse
      field, contour-clamped and rotating gel platforms, all allowing for straight band
      migration in each lane. Chromosome size mapping has now become a reality. Two
      dimensional (2D) maps have also shown a dramatic improvement in performance,
      largely through the development of immobilized pH gradients, giving highly
      reproducible protein spots in the 2D plane and allowing the exploration of very
      narrow pH regions. Blotting techniques, combined with 2D mapping, allow sequence
      analysis and fingerprinting of a single polypeptide spot in a complex sample
      without resorting to lengthy chromatographic purification steps. Chromatophoresis
      generates a novel type of 2D mapping, based on hydrophobicity vs. size, rather
      than on charge vs. size, by direct coupling of a reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatographic (HPLC) eluate to sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis.
      The new rising star, capillary zone electrophoresis, offers speed, a large number
      of theoretical plates, selectivity and small sample requirements in a highly
      automated equipment.

PMID- 2286626
TI  - Capillary electrophoresis of urinary porphyrins with absorbance and fluorescence
      detection.
AB  - Urinary porphyrins are separated in a 72 cm x 50 microns I.D. fused-silica
      capillary by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with 100 mM sodium
      dodecyl sulfate and 20 mM 3-(cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid at pH 11.
      Detection is accomplished by absorbance at 400 nm or fluorescence with excitation
      at 400 nm and emission at wavelengths above 550 nm. Substantial trace enrichment
      is found for porphyrins in urine samples or for porphyrin standards prepared
      without surfactant in the injection buffer. Limits of detection are in the 100
      pmol/ml concentration range with an optimized fluorescence system. The method is
      shown suitable for the determination of porphyrins in clinical urine specimens.
      Comparisons are made between electrophoretic and chromatographic methods for the
      separation and detection of urinary porphyrins.

PMID- 2286628
TI  - Separation and analysis of DNA sequence reaction products by capillary gel
      electrophoresis.
AB  - This paper demonstrates the potential of capillary gel electrophoresis with laser
      induced fluorescence detection as a tool for DNA sequence determination. Both
      synthetic oligonucleotides and single-stranded phage DNA were utilized as
      templates in the standard chain termination procedure. Primer molecules were
      tagged at the 5' end with the fluorescent dye, JOE. First, baseline resolution of
      a dA extended primer from 18 to 81 bases long, a total of 64 fragments, was
      observed. A second synthetic template was designed to yield alternating stretches
      of dA and dT extensions of the primer. Thirdly, the sequence reaction products
      from a synthetic oligonucleotide template containing all four bases was analyzed
      in four independent runs, one for each of the four base-specific reactions. In
      all cases, the expected number and patterns of peaks were observed by capillary
      gel electrophoretic analysis. Finally, separation of sequence reaction products
      generated with single-strand M13mp18 phage DNA as template exhibited baseline
      resolution of fragments differing in length by a single nucleotide and from 18 to
      greater than 330 bases total length.

PMID- 2286629
TI  - Capillary gel electrophoresis for DNA sequencing. Laser-induced fluorescence
      detection with the sheath flow cuvette.
AB  - Capillary polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation of dideoxycytidine chain
      terminated DNA fragments is reported. A post-column laser-induced fluorescence
      detector based on the sheath flow cuvette was used to minimize background signals
      due to light scatter from the gel and capillary. A preliminary mass detection
      limit of 10(-20) mol of fluorescein-labeled DNA fragments was obtained. The
      system was used to analyze an actual DNA sequencing sample. Theoretical plate
      counts of 2 x 10(6) were produced. Gel stability limits the performance of the
      current system.

PMID- 2286630
TI  - Analysis of dilute peptide samples by capillary zone electrophoresis.
AB  - We report a method for the analysis of dilute peptide solutions by capillary zone
      electrophoresis. The procedure is based on an electrophoretic concentration step
      of the applied peptide solution in the capillary (stacking) prior to separation,
      thus allowing the application of increased sample volumes without a breakdown in
      resolution. Given a constant configuration of the hardware, the method permits
      the analysis of peptide solutions of an at least 5 times lower concentration than
      previously possible. The method was applied to the direct analysis of peptide
      samples separated by narrow-bore reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography for high-sensitivity peptide-sequence analysis.

PMID- 2286631
TI  - High-performance capillary electrophoresis of hydrophobic membrane proteins.
AB  - Hydrophobic membrane proteins, extrinsic and intrinsic ones, were separated by
      high-performance capillary zone electrophoresis (HPCZE) and high-performance
      capillary isotachophoresis (HPCITP). In the case of HPCZE with both coated and
      uncoated quartz capillaries the addition of 7 M urea to the separation buffers
      was necessary to achieve reproducible results. In the HPCITP experiments PTFE
      capillaries were used. When spacers were used, e.g., ampholytes, additional
      splitting of peaks was observed. The splitting was caused by the
      microheterogeneity of the investigated proteins, which are differently
      glycosylated and/or phosphorylated.

PMID- 2286632
TI  - Method optimization in capillary zone electrophoretic analysis of hGH tryptic
      digest fragments.
AB  - The mobile phase composition was optimized for the separation of tryptic digest
      fragments of human growth hormone by capillary zone electrophoresis. The effect
      of pH (pH 2.4, 6.1, 8.1 and 10.4) was evaluated since pH determines the relative
      charge of species, the prime contributor to selectivity; pH 8.1 was selected for
      the optimization studies. Tricine (buffer), sodium chloride (ionic strength
      adjustor), and morpholine (mobile phase additive) concentrations were
      systematically varied a pH 8.1. All three exhibited major effects on the
      electroosmotic flow velocity and current, and minor effects on selectivity.
      Tricine was the most crucial for good resolution, although addition of morpholine
      helped to resolve closely eluting species. The optimum separation conditions were
      found to be pH 8.1 with 0.1 M tricine, 0.02 M morpholine and no salt.

PMID- 2286633
TI  - 5th FPLC Seminar. Titisee, February 21-23, 1990.

PMID- 2286634
TI  - Application of high-performance liquid chromatography to the purification,
      disintegration and molecular mass determination of pyruvate dehydrogenase multi
      enzyme complexes from different sources.
AB  - The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is associated with the inner mitochondrial
      membrane. A gentle and rapid purification procedure, especially for the very
      unstable pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from the extremely thermophilic organism
      Thermus aquaticus, is described. This procedure is based essentially on a
      combination of hydrophobic interaction and of adsorption chromatography by the
      rapid fast protein liquid chromatographic technique. Applying the same method, a
      relative molecular mass of 9.1 . 10(6) daltons was obtained by gel filtration on
      Superose 6 HR 10/30 for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from T. aquaticus. The
      same column served to resolve the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex into its enzyme
      components.

PMID- 2286635
TI  - Application of high-performance liquid chromatography to the purification of the
      putative intestinal peptide transporter.
AB  - A membrane protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 127,000 was identified by
      photoaffinity labelling as (a component of) the uptake system for small peptides
      and beta-lactam antibiotics in rabbit small intestine. This binding protein is a
      microheterogeneous glycosylated integral membrane protein which could be
      solubilized with non-ionic detergents and enriched by lectin affinity
      chromatography on wheat germ lectin agarose. For the final purification of this
      protein and separation from aminopeptidase N of Mr 127,000, fast protein liquid
      chromatography (FPLC) was used. Gel permeation, hydroxyapatite and hydrophobic
      interaction chromatography were not successful for the purification of the
      127,000-dalton binding protein. By anion-exchange chromatography on a Mono Q
      column with either Triton X-100 or n-octylglucoside as detergent, a partial
      separation of the 127,000-dalton binding protein from aminopeptidase N was
      achieved. By cation-exchange chromatography on a Mono S HR 5/5 column at pH 4.5
      using Triton X-100 as detergent also only a partial separation from
      aminopeptidase N could be achieved. If, however, Triton X-100 was replaced with n
      octylglucoside, the binding protein for beta-lactam antibiotics and small
      peptides of Mr 127,000 could be completely separated from aminopeptidase N. These
      results indicate that Triton X-100 should be avoided for the purification of
      integral membrane proteins because mixed protein-detergent micelles of high
      molecular weight prevent a separation into the individual membrane proteins. The
      putative peptide transport protein was finally purified by rechromatography on
      Mono S and was obtained more than 95% pure as determined densitometrically after
      sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. By application of FPLC even
      microheterogeneous membrane glycoproteins from the intestinal mucosa can be
      purified to such an extent that a sequence analysis and immunohistochemical
      localization with antibodies prepared from the purified protein is possible.

PMID- 2286636
TI  - Purification of human placental prostaglandin 15-hydroxydehydrogenase.
AB  - The NAD(+)-linked prostaglandin 15-hydroxydehydrogenase, which is responsible for
      the physiological inactivation of prostaglandins by catalysing the first step in
      the catabolism, was isolated and purified 995-fold from human placenta. The
      introduction of two new chromatographic steps in the purification procedure is
      responsible for an achieved specific activity of 1791 mU/mg. The molecular mass
      of the enzyme, as estimated by fast protein liquid chromatography, was 24,500
      dalton. Sodium dodecyl sulphate discontinuous gel electrophoresis of the
      denatured enzyme revealed a molecular mass of 24,000 dalton. These data suggest
      that the enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain.

PMID- 2286637
TI  - Purification of the glycoprotein glucose oxidase from Penicillium amagasakiense
      by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) in combination with ion-exchange
      chromatography on a Mono Q column was used to purify glucose oxidase from
      Penicillium amagasakiense to homogeneity. Purification was performed with a mixed
      pH and salt gradient, with 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.5) as starting buffer (A)
      and 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 3.6) with 0.1 M NaCl as elution buffer (B). Elution
      conditions were optimized to permit the simultaneous purification and separation
      of the glucose oxidase isoforms. Three peaks, each consisting of 1-2 isoforms and
      exhibiting a homogeneous titration curve profile, were resolved with a very flat
      linear gradient of 5.0-5.1% B in 40 ml. Three more peaks, each consisting of
      several isoforms, were eluted at 10%, 30% and 100% B. Optimization of the elution
      conditions and separation of the glucose oxidase isoforms was only possible
      because of the rapidity of each purification step and the high resolution
      provided by FPLC and Mono Q.

PMID- 2286638
TI  - Analytical fractionation of microsomal cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes from rat liver
      by high-performance ion-exchange chromatography.
AB  - Ion-exchange Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) on Mono Q and Mono S was
      optimized for the analytical separation of microsomal cytochrome P-450 species
      from rat liver. The effects of detergent, pH, gradient profile and column load on
      resolution are demonstrated. Successive application of anion- and cation-exchange
      chromatography leads to eleven separated P-450 fractions. The altered microsomal
      P450 pattern after treatment of rats with various inducers is reflected by
      distinct elution profiles. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and enzymatic analysis imply that several FPLC fractions contain
      more than one P-450 species. Preliminary results are presented showing the
      suitability of immobilized metal affinity chromatography (MAC) for general P-450
      fractionation and thus for the further resolution of Mono Q and Mono S fractions.
      Scale-up for preparative P-450 fractionation is easily done by adapting the
      optimized analytical FPLC procedures to Q- and S-Sepharose Fast Flow.

PMID- 2286640
TI  - Isolation of an outer membrane protein complex from Borrelia burgdorferi by n
      butanol extraction and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography.
AB  - Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, expresses two major
      membrane proteins, designated outer surface proteins A and B, which are of
      antigenic relevance, especially in the chronic phase of Lyme disease. Both
      proteins exhibit strain-related molecular weight variation. A method is described
      for obtaining these proteins from the bacterial membrane, without the use of
      detergents, by a combination of n-butanol extraction and cation-exchange
      chromatography on a Mono S fast protein liquid chromatographic column. This
      method yields up to five times larger amounts of the proteins in aqueous solution
      than previously described protocols, which applied ionic or non-ionic detergents.
      A comparison of extracts obtained by this method from different Borrelia
      burgdorferi strains is reported.

PMID- 2286639
TI  - Purification of a recombinantly produced transmembrane protein (gp41) of HIV I.
AB  - The transmembrane protein gp41, a component of the viral envelope of HIV I, and
      its analogue gp36 of HIV II are important antigens for the sensitive and specific
      detection of anti-HIV antibodies. The immunodominant region of the protein gp41,
      which reacts with 100% of sera of infected persons, was produced by gene
      technological means in Escherichia coli. The protein accumulates in the form of
      insoluble inclusion bodies in the bacterial cell. Purification strategies for
      this aggregated material depend mainly on the isolation of these "inclusion
      bodies" and subsequent washing procedures. Growth conditions of the recombinant
      E. coli cells and the method of the cell disruption are important for the
      efficiency of purification and the recovery of the antigen. Owing to the
      insolubility of the expressed antigen, a significant concentration of recombinant
      gp41 was possible by extracting the soluble cell components. For this purpose,
      mild detergent solutions and low-molarity chaotropic buffer solutions were used.
      After final solubilization in 8 M urea buffer at pH 12.5, further chromatographic
      purification steps followed. The reduction of disulphide bridges with beta
      mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol was important. Gel filtration on a Sephacryl S
      200 or Superose 12 column and/or ion-exchange chromatography on a DEAE-Sepharose
      Fast Flow or Mono Q HR (5/5) column finally resulted in the desired purity of the
      antigen.

PMID- 2286641
TI  - Analysis, purification and properties of a 50,000-dalton membrane-associated
      phosphoprotein from human platelets.
AB  - Recently, the development of a monospecific antiserum against a 46,000/50,000
      dalton membrane protein from human platelets which was stoichiometrically and
      reversibly phosphorylated in intact human platelets in response to vasodilators
      was reported. Using this antiserum, the subcellular distribution and the
      purification of this vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) from human
      platelets has now been analysed. The VASP of human platelets is primarily a
      membrane-associated protein and can be purified to apparent homogeneity by salt
      extraction and sequential ion-exchange and dye-ligand chromatography with a
      purification factor of 1200 and a yield of 13%. Sodium dodecyl sulphate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing and non-reducing conditions
      indicated that purified monomers of this VASP are linked by interchain disulphide
      bonding.

PMID- 2286642
TI  - [Evaluation of left ventricular function in patients with myocardial infarction
      by noninvasive techniques using two-dimensional echocardiography and 201T1 single
      photon emission computed tomography].
AB  - Two dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) and 201T1 single photon emission computed
      tomography (SPECT) were performed in 51 patients with acute myocardial infarction
      (AMI), and the results were compared with those obtained by left ventriculography
      (LVG). After Loh et al., the image of the left ventricular (LV) wall was divided
      into 9 segments. LV wall motion and T1 uptake in each segment were evaluated
      according to their severity and assigned scores from 1 to 5. The degree of global
      abnormality in each patient as determined by each method was obtained by the sum
      of the scores assigned to the 9 segments, and expressed as sigma LVG, sigma 2-DE
      or sigma SPECT, sigma'LVG, sigma'2-DE and sigma'SPECT were also measured for 5 LV
      segments which were equivalent to the right anterior oblique view in LVG.
      Ejection fraction (EF) was measured by LVG using Kennedy's method. The results
      may be summarized as follows: 1) The mean value of sigma 2-DE (sigma 2-DE) was
      almost the same as that of sigma LVG (sigma LVG), but that of sigma SPECT (sigma
      SPECT) was significantly higher than sigma LVG (p less than 0.05). 2) The
      correlation coefficient of sigma LVG with sigma 2-DE was 0.85 (p less than 0.001)
      and with sigma SPECT, 0.72 (p less than 0.001). 3) sigma'LVG, sigma'2-DE and
      sigma'SPECT correlated significantly with EF (LVG: r = 0.82; 2-DE: r = 0.74;
      SPECT: r = 0.63). 4) Using multiple regression analysis, sigma LVG and EF were
      estimated from the sum of the 2-DE and SPECT scores in each segment and expressed
      as sigma LVG and EF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286643
TI  - [Experimental study on the cytoskeletal alteration of hepatocytes in obstructive
      jaundice with special reference to the significance of the localization of the
      intracellular filaments].
AB  - The effects of common bile duct ligation on hepatocytes in rats were investigated
      by light and electron microscopical techniques. Cytoskeletal elements such as
      actin and cytokeratin were immunohistochemically increased in liver cells after
      bile duct ligation. Electron microscopical observation revealed that bile
      canaliculi were rich in microvilli in the control liver, while in the
      experimental rats, the bile canaliculi were dilated. A decreased number of
      microvilli and bleb formations were also noted. In the cytoplasm, pericanalicular
      microfilaments and intermediate filaments were abundant. These findings suggest
      that increased biliary pressure may affect not only the hepatocellular plasma
      membrane constituents, but also the filamentous structure in the hepatocyte.
      Furthermore the congested bile acid affect may be worse after a common bile duct
      obstruction.

PMID- 2286645
TI  - [The influence of anticancer agents at various stages to induce LAK cell on its
      cytotoxicity and cell yield. Examination in vitro].
AB  - To establish the combination of chemotherapy with adoptive immunotherapy (AIT),
      using lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK) and/or interleukin-2 (IL-2), author
      examined the following: 1) Pretreatment with anticancer agents for peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and its effect on LAK cell cytotoxicity and cell
      yield. 2) The addition of anticancer agents in the induction phase to LAK cell
      and its effect on LAK cell cytotoxicity and cell yield. 3) Pretreatment with
      anticancer agents to induced LAK cell and its effect on LAK cell cytotoxicity and
      cell yield. 4) The cytotoxicity of LAK cell against tumor cells treated with
      anticancer agents. Our experiment has shown that when we take peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBMC) to induce LAK cells, there is no influence on its LAK
      cell yield or its cytotoxicity after being harvested as LAK cells, even if there
      is a maximum concentration of anticancer agents, but in the case of the LAK cell
      induction phase VDS, CDDP, ADM and MMC have a significant effect on LAK cell
      yield and on cytotoxicity of LAK cell after being harvested as LAK cells. And it
      has also been shown that, if there is a maximum concentration of anticancer
      agents, it has an effect on the induced LAK cell cytotoxicity and on the LAK cell
      yield after being recultured with IL-2. On the other hand, LAK cell cytotoxicity
      makes no difference to tumor cells whether they are treated or not with
      anticancer agents. These results suggest that we can take peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells to induce LAK cells unrelated to the administration of
      anticancer agents, and that if we use a combination of chemotherapy with adoptive
      immunotherapy (IL-2 administration and/or LAK cell adaptation), we should start
      with the administration of anticancer agents and then administer IL-2 and/or
      transfer LAK cells after the concentration of anticancer agents decreased under
      1/10 of maximum concentration in the blood level of our conventionally clinical
      use.

PMID- 2286644
TI  - [A clinicopharmacological study of serum sodium valproate free level in children
      with epilepsy].
AB  - The VPA total level (T value), the free level (F value), and the free fraction
      (FF) were measured in 74 epileptic children under valproic acid (VPA)
      monotherapy. The relationship between the T value, blood collection time, therapy
      duration, serum free fatty acid, clinical features, F value and FF were then
      studied. Blood was taken either before the morning (pre-breakfast) administration
      of medicine (Cmin), 2-3 hours after the post-breakfast administration (Cmax), or
      both. The subjects were divided into one Cmin. and one Cmax. group. The results
      of serum VPA measurement revealed that T values in the Cmin. group ranged from
      23.0 micrograms/ml to 113.0 micrograms/ml (average: 50.0 +/- 16.2 micrograms/ml),
      F values from 2.0 micrograms/ml to 16.0 micrograms/ml (6.0 +/- 2.7 micrograms/ml)
      and FF from 5.9% to 21.7% (11.8 +/- 3.8%). In the Cmax. group, T values ranged
      from 41.0 micrograms/ml to 163.0 micrograms/ml (80.5 +/- 24.3 micrograms/ml), F
      values from 3.7 micrograms/ml to 22.8 micrograms/ml (10.0 +/- 4.2 micrograms/ml)
      and FF from 7.1% to 22.2% (12.2 +/- 3.3%). There was no difference in FF between
      the two groups. In both groups, T and F values significantly and positively
      correlated and FF was not affected by age or VPA therapy duration. However, FF
      varied in the early stage of medication. In individual cases with no seizures and
      receiving constant doses, the longer the period of medication, the greater the
      decrease in FF. Although free fatty acid was concurrently measured in some cases,
      it did not correlate with the F value or the FF. In 45 cases, changes in the FF
      were followed in both groups on the same day, but no general tendencies were
      noted. Diurnal fluctuation was studied in 4 cases. Significance of the clinical
      features was evaluated. The subjects were then classified by seizure type for
      group comparison and no differences in the FF among the different types were
      observed. During the follow-up period, 5 cases had seizures, but when their serum
      levels were compared with those of members of both groups, the T values did not
      differ. The F values and the FF in the 5 cases were below the mean values of the
      two groups. These findings suggest that when factors affecting VPA protein
      binding are expected to be present or when seizures cannot be controlled despite
      a sufficient T value in the blood, the F value measurement is of particular
      importance.

PMID- 2286646
TI  - [Endoscopic examination in patients with acute corrosive gastritis].
AB  - Clinical significance of endoscopic examination in acute corrosive gastritis were
      evaluated. Serial endoscopic observations were made in men and rabbits with acute
      corrosive gastritis. The endoscopic findings were matched against the
      histological features. The most characteristic endoscopic finding was a brown
      coloration of the mucosa. Histologically, this corresponded to gangrenous mucosa
      which was accompanied by necrosis of the gastric wall throughout its entire
      thickness. When the brown coloration of the mucosa became extensive, chemical
      peritonitis was induced by the leakage of caustic solution through the wall of
      the stomach. The recognition of this brown coloration of the mucosa was often
      hampered by blood coagulo -adhering to the mucosa or brown coloration of the
      mucosa caused by hematin formation. The latter disappeared 3-6 days after the
      ingestion of corrosives. It was concluded that endoscopic examination in patients
      with acute corrosive gastritis should be performed to permit accurate recognition
      of brown coloration of the mucosa 4-7 days after the ingestion of corrosives.

PMID- 2286647
TI  - Isolation of influenza virus in Thailand in the rainy season, 1989.

PMID- 2286648
TI  - The Misplaced Objects Test: a measure of everyday visual memory.
AB  - The Misplaced Objects Test is a computerized test of object location recall. The
      test is structurally similar to tasks used in the evaluation of age and drug
      effects in preclinical animal research. Delayed recall of 20 common objects which
      the subject has placed using a touch sensitive screen in a computer-simulated 12
      room house is evaluated with three measures. Scores include the number of objects
      found on the first attempt (Found 1), the number of objects found on the second
      attempt (Found 2), and the total number of objects found on both attempts (Found
      T). Performance was evaluated in relation to age, gender, education, and
      affective status, as well as in relation to several traditional
      neuropsychological measures. Misplaced Objects Test performance was most strongly
      associated with age and Wechsler Memory Scale Paired Associate Learning.
      Additional significant relationships were found with gender, education, and the
      WAIS Digit Symbol subtest. Potential future applications of the test were
      discussed.

PMID- 2286649
TI  - Confirmatory factor analysis of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised in a sample of
      head-injured patients.
AB  - As part of a standard evaluation of neuropsychological sequelae, the Wechsler
      Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) was administered to 107 patients with a history of
      traumatic brain injury. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on the 12
      subtests of the WMS-R to examine the fit of various hypothesized factor patterns,
      including patterns identified in previous exploratory factor analytic studies.
      Because part of the correlation between immediate and delayed recall trials of
      the same material is attributable to a common measurement procedure, this
      correlation due to measurement commonality was partialled out of the conceptual
      factor structure. The results suggested the presence of 3 distinct but highly
      correlated factors: attention/concentration, immediate memory, and delayed
      recall. Models that posited separate verbal and nonverbal memory processes failed
      to improve fit over more parsimonious models. Comparisons with previous factor
      analytic studies and implications for clinical assessment are discussed.

PMID- 2286650
TI  - Familial resemblance for cognitive abilities in families with P-type dyslexic, L
      type dyslexic, or normal reading boys.
AB  - P-type dyslexic, L-type dyslexic, and normal reading boys, and their parents were
      administered a number of cognitive tasks. The P- and L-type dyslexic boys showed
      impaired performances on tasks representing a verbal/memory dimension. In
      addition, L-type dyslexics performed worse on a figure-rotation task, a result
      that supported the notion of a visuospatial deficit in this type of reading
      disturbance. The parents of P- and L-type dyslexics exhibited lowered
      performances on verbal/memory tasks, but they showed no evidence of impaired
      visuospatial functioning. Indices of familial resemblance revealed differential
      familial resemblances in the three types of families. In the families of P-type
      dyslexics, a high father-son effect was found for the visuospatial dimension. In
      the families of L-type dyslexics, moderately high single-parent/child effects
      were found for both fathers and mothers and for both the verbal/memory dimension
      and the visuospatial dimension. In the families of normal readers, only small
      single-parent/child effects were found.

PMID- 2286651
TI  - Visual recognition memory in normal adults and patients with unilateral vascular
      lesions.
AB  - Visual recognition memory was examined in 310 normal adults (age range 18-91) and
      60 patients with unilateral vascular lesions (30 right, 30 left) using the
      Continuous Visual Memory Test (CVMT). Significant age-related differences were
      found for both acquisition and delayed phases of the CVMT, with older subjects
      performing lower on all variables. Data from clinical groups revealed that both
      patients with left-hemisphere (LCVA) and right-hemisphere (RCVA) lesions
      performed below age-matched controls. However, RCVA patients performed
      significantly worse than LCVA patients. Data generally supported the double
      dissociation hypothesis, with a majority of RCVA patients exhibiting impaired
      visual memory but preserved verbal memory, and vice versa for LCVA patients.
      Results also suggested that the CVMT Delayed task was less susceptible to
      potentially confounding effects of visual-spatial and verbal ability than was the
      acquisition phase.

PMID- 2286652
TI  - Sex differences among non-brain-damaged adults on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence
      Scales: a review of the literature.
AB  - We reviewed studies of the performance of non-brain-damaged men and women on the
      Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (i.e., the Wechsler-Bellevue, Wechsler Adult
      Intelligence Scale, and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised) to determine
      if there were sex differences on specific test items, on specific subtests, or on
      Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, or the Verbal-Performance Discrepancy score. There
      were sex differences on some items of each of the three measures, but the number
      of such differences was small. A number of studies suggested differences on
      subtests of these scales. A meta-analysis indicated that females tended to
      outperform males by about a third of a standard deviation on the Digit Symbol
      subtest, while males tended to outperform females to the same extent or greater
      on the Arithmetic and Information subtests. Finally, in the few studies on IQ or
      discrepancy-score differences, there was no evidence of any consistent
      differences between the sexes in the Verbal-Performance Discrepancy, although
      there was some tendency for males to obtain higher Verbal IQs. This review,
      therefore, does not suggest that there are any major differences between non
      brain-damaged males and females on the Wechsler adult intelligence scales.

PMID- 2286653
TI  - The effect of picture priming on event-related potentials of normal and disabled
      readers during a word recognition memory task.
AB  - Normal and one subtype of disabled readers were compared in their visual event
      related potentials (ERPs) that were elicited by primed and unprimed words during
      a recognition memory task. The primed words were preceded by a picture having the
      same denotative meaning, while unprimed words were preceded by a picture having a
      non-associated meaning. Normal readers exhibited consistently greater amplitude
      than the disabled readers to unprimed words with a negative wave at 455 ms
      (N400). For the disabled readers, this N400 was evident, though somewhat smaller,
      than for controls, at fronto-central placements, but absent at the lateral
      parietal and occipital sites. Priming a word with a picture reduced N400
      amplitude for both the normal and disabled readers. There were no remarkable
      differences between groups in their ERPs to the pictures. The pattern of ERP
      results obtained seems to reflect a failure of this subtype of disabled readers
      to engage long-term, semantic memory, while their short-term linguistic
      processing is intact.

PMID- 2286654
TI  - Persistent memory impairment following transient global amnesia.
AB  - A controlled neuropsychological study of 41 patients tested at 6 months after
      attacks of transient global amnesia (TGA) revealed no evidence of general
      intellectual, immediate (short-term) memory or nonverbal memory impairment. The
      patient group's performance was, however, significantly worse than that of the
      control's on measures of verbal memory notably immediate, 30-minute and 24-hour
      delayed paragraph recall. In addition, tests of public and personal remote memory
      revealed significant impairment of naming and recognition of famous faces, and of
      dating famous events without evidence of a temporal gradient, and impairment of
      cued recall of autobiographical memories on the Modified Crovitz Test. These
      findings suggest that following TGA there is persistent, albeit mild, hippocampal
      diencephalic dysfunction which appears to involve left-sided structures
      preferentially. This impairment probably results from the attack, although a pre
      existent deficit cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2286656
TI  - Recognition memory for words and faces in primary degenerative dementia of the
      Alzheimer type and normal old age.
AB  - The suitability of Warrington's Recognition Memory Test (RMT) for discriminating
      between patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and nondemented elderly
      subjects was tested in a study with 44 patients (aged 59 to 94) and 45 normal
      elderly (aged 69 to 92). The patients showed a significant memory deficit, both
      in Recognition Memory for Words (RMW) and Recognition Memory for Faces (RMF),
      even when the scores were corrected for verbal intelligence score (WAIS
      Vocabulary) or a measure of visuoperceptual ability (Raven's Coloured Progressive
      Matrices, CPM). Word-face discrepancy scores did not differentiate between
      dementia and normal old age. At the 95%-specificity level, the sensitivity of RMW
      and RMF for the detection of memory impairment in dementia was 81% and 100% for
      subjects below 80, and, less satisfactory, 59% and 76% for subjects of 80 years
      or older. Correlational analysis showed that the patients' RMW and RMF scores
      were moderately correlated (r = .40). The significant correlation (r = .45)
      between CPM and RMF suggests that visuoperceptual deficits are involved in
      deficient face recognition.

PMID- 2286655
TI  - Reliability of hand preference items and factors.
AB  - The present study examined the test-retest reliability of a 32-item version of
      the Waterloo Handedness Questionnaire (Steenhuis & Bryden, 1987, 1988, 1989) on
      500 subjects. The questionnaire was shown to be reliable in terms of basic factor
      structure. High test-retest reliability was also found within subjects' responses
      and across items for both right-handers and left-handers, although left-handers
      were less consistent than right-handers, particularly with regard to direction of
      hand preference on individual questionnaire items. Furthermore, the direction of
      hand preference was more reliable than was the degree of hand preference. These
      data support a multidimensional view of hand preference in which both direction
      and degree can be reliably assessed.

PMID- 2286657
TI  - Event-related potentials to emotional and neutral stimuli.
AB  - The present study examined subjects' cognitive processing of pictures of
      emotional and neutral facial expressions, as measured by Event-Related Potentials
      (ERPs). In Experiment 1, 10 subjects viewed two slides of a woman modelling angry
      and happy expressions; in Experiment 2, 10 subjects viewed slides of two women
      modelling neutral expressions. One face appeared on 20% of the trials and the
      other on 80% of the trials. Subjects counted the low frequency target face. In
      both experiments, the area of the P300 component was larger at Pz than Cz. In
      Experiment 1, P300 area was larger when the target was happy; peak amplitude was
      greater when the target was angry. No differences between neutral target faces
      were found for P300 amplitude or area in Experiment 2. These results suggest that
      emotional versus neutral facial expressions elicit different electrophysiological
      responses; responses are further differentiated to positive versus negative
      expressions.

PMID- 2286658
TI  - Statement concerning the NIMH neuropsychological battery.

PMID- 2286659
TI  - Assessment of AIDS-related cognitive changes: recommendations of the NIMH
      Workshop on Neuropsychological Assessment Approaches.
AB  - This article presents an extended (7-9 hours) and a brief (1-2 hours) battery
      designed to evaluate early cognitive changes associated with seropositive,
      asymptomatic persons. The battery was recommended by an NIMH Workgroup which was
      guided by 10 principles in its development. The domains assessed by the battery
      are: (1) Indicators of Premorbid Intelligence; (2) Attention; (3) Speed of
      Processing; (4) Memory; (5) Abstraction; (6) Language; (7) Visuoperception; (8)
      Constructional Abilities; (9) Motor Abilities; and (10) Psychiatric Assessment.
      Although the battery assesses a wide range of psychological functioning, specific
      emphasis has been placed on divided and sustained attention as well as speed of
      processing and retrieval from working and long-term memory. Descriptions of both
      the traditional clinical tests and tasks used in cognitive psychology are
      provided. Although the Workgroup strongly recommends the use of the extended
      battery in order to ensure the most sensitivity, it recognizes that there may be
      situations in which this is not possible. In order to increase the likelihood
      that neuropsychological tests will identify neurologically affected CDC Stage II
      and III seropositive individuals, the Workshop recommends that each patient's
      protocol be rated by two trained neuropsychologists using the same clinical
      criteria. The Workgroup also recommends that a concerted effort be made to
      incorporate data from the extended and the brief batteries in some central data
      bank.

PMID- 2286660
TI  - Frontal-lobe cognitive dysfunction in conduct disorder adolescents.
AB  - Behavioral similarities between antisocial behavior disorders and frontal-lobe
      cerebral impairment have led to suggestions that conduct disorders are
      attributable to disinhibition deficit associated with frontal-lobe cerebral
      functions. This study compared the performance of 21 conduct disorder adolescents
      on measures of cognitive processes associated with frontal-lobe functions with
      that of a matched comparison sample. Conduct disorder adolescents performed more
      poorly on measures sensitive to frontal-lobe dysfunction (conceptual
      perseveration, poorly sustained attention, impaired sequencing on memory and
      motor tasks), but not on non-frontal-lobe specific cognitive measures. Although
      the findings support a neurobehavioral explanation of antisocial behavior as a
      product of cerebral disinhibition, caution is urged in overinterpreting causal
      relationships through neurobehavioral data.

PMID- 2286661
TI  - Delay of gratification in bulimic and restricting anorexia nervosa patients.
AB  - This investigation posited that impairment in the delay of gratification is an
      etiological factor in anorexia nervosa that differentiates between bulimic
      anorexic and restricting anorexic subgroups. Forty-eight women aged 18-32 served
      as subjects. Among subjects aged 18-29, restricting anorexics scored
      significantly higher than bulimic anorexics on delay. Treatment implications
      indicate that restricting anorexics would benefit from intervention designed to
      decrease impulse control, while bulimic anorexics would benefit from intervention
      designed to increase delaying capacity.

PMID- 2286663
TI  - The impact of chronic childhood illness on family stress: a comparison between
      autism and cystic fibrosis.
AB  - The study compared the different patterns of stress reported by mothers of
      children with either a chronic physical illness (cystic fibrosis), a chronic
      psychological disorder (autism), and children without a physical or psychological
      disorder. Twenty-four mothers from each of these three groups completed the
      Questionnaire on Resources and Stress Short Form (Holroyd & Guthrie, 1986). Each
      clinical group exhibited different patterns of stressful response consistent with
      the nature of the disorder and the requirements of care imposed on the families.
      Autism was found to contribute significantly more to family stress than did
      cystic fibrosis. The number of children in the family was not a significant
      variable. Implications for the development of family intervention programs are
      discussed.

PMID- 2286662
TI  - Suicidal behavior among chronic Vietnam theatre veterans with PTSD.
AB  - Suicidal behavior among Vietnam veterans with chronic Post-traumatic Stress
      Disorder (PTSD) was evaluated. Sixty chronic PTSD vets admitted to a Specialized
      PTSD Unit were divided into two groups based on the presence of suicidal
      behavior: 29 patients in a Suicide Group and 31 in a Non-suicide Group. Subjects
      were evaluated on symptoms, psychometric measures, military variables, adjustment
      factors, and pre-military parental patterns of discipline. Results showed that
      the Suicide Group possessed problems in paternal child-rearing patterns, current
      adjustment difficulties, and the PTSD symptoms of survival guilt and crying. In a
      regression analysis, paternal inconsistency of love, survivor guilt, and tendency
      to cry, in addition to age and sex, accounted for the significant variance of
      suicidal behavior.

PMID- 2286664
TI  - Alexithymia and stimulus augmenting/reducing.
AB  - Alexithymia is thought to be a trait that predisposes individuals to
      psychosomatic and drug abuse disorders. It was hypothesized that alexithymic
      characteristics would lead an individual to augment stimuli in order to prevent
      ignoring stimuli that might be dangerous. Subjects (N = 175) were administered
      alexithymia and augmenting-reducing questionnaires. These concepts were related
      as expected for male, but not female, subjects. In addition, it was found that
      alexithymic characteristics in general, rather than a specific difficulty in
      discriminating physical and emotional stimuli, contributed to this relationship.

PMID- 2286665
TI  - Personality and symptom dimensions of the MCMI-II: an item factor analysis.
AB  - The self-reports of a sample of 248 male psychiatric patients on the MCMI-II
      (Millon, 1987) were factor analyzed at the item level. Principal components
      analyses with both Varimax and Direct Oblimin rotations were carried out
      separately on 120 personality disorder items and 51 clinical symptom items. As
      judged by the scree test, seven factors accounted for the personality disorder
      items, and five factors accounted for the symptom items. The personality disorder
      factors were interpreted as Schizotypal, Social Introversion vs. Extraversion,
      Conformity, Submissive vs. Aggressive, Antisocial, Narcissism, and Hostile
      Aggression. The symptom factors were hypothesized to represent
      Depression/Anxiety, Alcohol Dependence, Suicidal Ideation, Hypomania, and Drug
      Dependence. Agreement with a similar analysis of the MCMI-I was close.

PMID- 2286666
TI  - Detection of deception on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI).
AB  - Subjects from a correctional inmate (94 incarcerated males with no history of
      psychiatric treatment) and a forensic inpatient (144 males and 7 females) setting
      were divided into distorted and nondistorted groups based on "fake bad"
      instructions and concurrent MMPI profiles. All subjects also were administered
      the MCMI. Significant differences were found between groups for MCMI profile
      validity, weight factor scores, and total profile correction scores. MCMI
      profiles were consistent with expected symptomatology, test design, and previous
      research. Results suggest that MCMI weight factor scores may be valuable
      indicators of symptom distortion in otherwise valid profiles in forensic
      settings. Results also indicated that the diagnostic accuracy of MCMI reports may
      vary greatly in relation to clinical population, symptom prevalence, and
      diagnostic category.

PMID- 2286667
TI  - Utility of the MCMI-II in assessing suicide risk.
AB  - The MCMI-II profiles of 40 psychiatric inpatients admitted for suicidal ideation
      and 40 patients admitted for a suicide attempt were compared. Subjects in each
      group were matched on sex, history of previous attempts, and other demographic
      variables. While the results indicate very few differences between the MCMI-II
      profiles of these two groups of patients, suicide attemptors scored significantly
      higher on Scale Y (Desirability), which suggests greater tendencies toward denial
      of problem areas. Patients with suicidal ideation yielded a mean profile with
      elevations on Scale 2 (Avoidant), 8A (Passive-Aggressive), 8B (Self-Defeating), C
      (Borderline), D (Dysthymia), and Z (Debasement). These results are discussed in
      terms of a stress-vulnerability model of suicidal behavior with suggestions made
      for expanding on the findings in future studies.

PMID- 2286668
TI  - Age differences among psychiatric inpatients on the MCMI.
AB  - A 2 x 2 x 3 MANOVA was applied to MCMI BR scores obtained from 310 newly admitted
      psychiatric inpatients. The study's purpose was to test the effect of patients'
      age (age less than 36 vs. age greater than = 36), race (White/Black), and
      diagnosis (paranoid schizophrenic/nonparanoid schizophrenic/non-psychotic,
      nonaffectively disturbed) across MCMI personality and clinical syndrome scales.
      On the MCMI personality syndrome scales, age, race, and diagnosis were
      significant. Racial differences were consistent with recently reported research
      (Davis, Greenblatt, & Pochyly, 1990), but the significant differences in
      diagnosis were opposite the direction that might be predicted from the MCMI
      manual. Older patients tended to produce lower symptom scale scores than younger
      patients, with the most meaningful difference found on the Drug Abuse scale.

PMID- 2286670
TI  - The effect of methods of accurate feedback on clinical judgments based upon the
      MMPI.
AB  - This study presents data on the effect of different methods of correct feedback
      on judge accuracy on the identification of neurosis or psychosis from MMPI
      profile patterns by moderately experienced judges (N = 22). Concurrent correct
      feedback is contrasted with correct feedback obtained by application of a
      configural rule system, as well as results from the application of a statistical
      equation. Implications for improving performance of judges are discussed.

PMID- 2286669
TI  - Offense type and two-point MMPI code profiles: discriminating between violent and
      nonviolent offenders.
AB  - Offense data and MMPI profiles were examined for 67 men who had been remanded by
      the courts to a psychiatric hospital forensic unit for pretrial assessment. They
      were classified as violent or nonviolent offenders based upon the nature of their
      offenses. Violent offenders were those charged with assault, robbery, sexual
      assault, and all degrees of homicide. Nonviolent offenders were those charged
      with break, enter and commit, uttering threats, and fraud. The controversial
      issue of two-point MMPI code types (4-3, 4-8/8-4) was addressed. Neither of these
      commonly employed two-point types successfully discriminated between violent and
      nonviolent offenders.

PMID- 2286671
TI  - A limitation of using the Wiener and Harmon obvious and subtle scales to detect
      faking on the MMPI.
AB  - More frequent endorsement of obvious than subtle items on the MMPI has been
      advocated as a strategy to detect negative response bias. An assumption of this
      strategy is that faking is correlated differentially with obvious and subtle
      items, whereas psychopathology is not. In order to evaluate this assumption, MMPI
      profiles were obtained from the records of 375 psychiatric inpatients. Analysis
      revealed a strong positive correlation between profile elevation and obvious
      minus subtle differences. Excluding MMPIs of questionable validity did not weaken
      this relationship. The high correlation between clinical scale elevation and
      obvious minus subtle differences in valid profiles complicates the use of this
      strategy to detect intentional exaggeration of psychopathology.

PMID- 2286672
TI  - Second-order factors of the MMPI item pool in a psychiatric sample.
AB  - Finn's (1986) two second-order MMPI factors, based on the factor scales of
      Johnson, Butcher, Null, and Johnson (1984), were examined in a psychiatric sample
      (N = 2,027) by a confirmatory factor analytic procedure. The two-factor model was
      rejected in the psychiatric sample, and a three-factor model was derived using
      exploratory factor analysis. An Anti-social factor was present in the current
      study, but not in that of Finn (1986). The similarities between the second-order
      factors identified in this study and other factor analyses, including Finn's
      (1986), also are discussed.

PMID- 2286673
TI  - Composite descriptions associated with rare MMPI two-point code types in an adult
      urban psychiatric setting: codes that involve scale 0.
AB  - MMPI files of 1,016 psychiatric patients were searched for protocols with two
      point codes that involved scale 0. Thirty-eight such protocols were found, which
      accounted for 3.7% of the sample. Salient characteristics of the cases were
      noted, and composite descriptions were developed for each of the code types. An
      additional 14 new outpatient cases from our clinic were located over the next 2
      years. Base rates from the original sample, as well as descriptive statistics and
      composite descriptions from the extended sample, are provided for each of the
      eight code types.

PMID- 2286674
TI  - The fragile nature of MMPI code types.
AB  - The percent of code type agreement with the original MMPI is compared with the
      new MMPI-2, an earlier re-norming of the MMPI by Colligan, Osborne, Swenson, and
      Offord (1983), the MMPI-168, and test/retest comparisons of the MMPI with itself.
      Code type agreement ranges from lows of 31 to 41% for the test/retest
      comparability of the original MMPI with itself to 40 to 67% hit rates for the
      MMPI-2, the MMPI 1983 norms, and the MMPI-168. The effect of this on
      interpretation is discussed in the context of previous studies on the MMPI code
      types in relation to broadband diagnosis and comparisons of clinical accuracy of
      computerized reports that have utilized various MMPI versions.

PMID- 2286675
TI  - A comparison of MMPI profile types with corresponding estimated MMPI-2 profiles.
AB  - Changes in mean elevation, dispersion, overall configuration, and code type of
      well-defined MMPI profiles were examined after transformation to estimated MMPI-2
      profiles. A total of 34 MMPI profiles from both Gilberstadt and Duker (1965) and
      Marks, Seeman, and Haller (1974) were analyzed using contemporary MMPI-2 T
      scores. Results yielded a reduction in mean elevation and both increases and
      decreases in scatter about the mean upon transformation to MMPI-2 norms. The
      total configuration of linear MMPI and estimated MMPI-2 T-score profiles
      correlated highly with each other and manifested a similar pattern of correlation
      with the total configuration of Skinner and Jackson's (1978) three modal MMPI
      types.

PMID- 2286676
TI  - The 4-5-6 configuration on the MMPI in bulimics vs. controls.
AB  - The 4-5-6 configuration on the MMPI for females has been associated with problems
      in the direct expression of anger, as well as excessive dependency and
      affectional needs (Greene, 1980). Because these characteristics frequently have
      been ascribed to bulimic women, we hypothesized that the incidence of the 4-5-6
      configuration would be greater for bulimic women (n = 26) than for female
      outpatients (n = 40) or a nonpsychiatric population (n = 31). We did not find the
      predicted differences in incidence of the 4-5-6 configuration in a study that
      used conventional cut-offs and treated the configuration as a discrete variable.
      However, when the characteristic was measured as a continuous variable, the
      nonpsychiatric population differed significantly from both clinical populations.
      Results are discussed in terms of feminine role conflict as a factor that
      differentiates women who seek psychiatric treatment from those who do not.

PMID- 2286677
TI  - The replicable dimensions of the Beck Depression Inventory.
AB  - Numerous studies have focused on the factor structure of the Beck Depression
      Inventory (BDI) because its underlying structure, once identified, may improve
      our conceptualizations of the cognitive processes in depression. These studies
      have produced a wide range of interpretations for the BDI, yet the replicability
      of these factor solutions across independent samples has not been demonstrated.
      In this study, a series of factor analyses were conducted that involved the use
      of a new factor matching procedure (FACTOREP), and both depressed patient and
      normal population samples. The results supported the presence of a large general
      factor only, which suggests that the items of the BDI are tapping a general
      construct of depressive symptoms rather than the variety of more specific
      constructs suggested by previous researchers.

PMID- 2286678
TI  - Psychometric properties of the Wife Abuse Inventory.
AB  - It is estimated that approximately 50% of all married couples experience violence
      during their relationship (Lewis, 1985). The present study (N = 305) investigated
      the psychometric properties of the Wife Abuse Inventory (WAI), which was designed
      to identify women at risk for abuse. The WAI was found to be internally
      consistent, and evidence was obtained for the validity of the WAI as an indicator
      of the potential for being abused by one's spouse. A factor analysis indicated
      that the WAI measures two main factors, emotional and physical abuse, and a
      moderate correlation between the WAI and the Child Abuse Potential Inventory also
      was obtained. The WAI has potential for use as a screening inventory in the
      identification of women at risk.

PMID- 2286679
TI  - The measurement of death depression.
AB  - A 17-item true-false Death Depression Scale with good internal consistency and
      face validity was constructed and found to have six factors--death despair, death
      loneliness, death dread, death sadness, death depression, and death finality. It
      correlated positively with death anxiety, general depression, and general
      anxiety. Feasibility of a Likert format was explored.

PMID- 2286680
TI  - DSM-III-R diagnosis and code types of the diagnostic inventory of personality and
      symptoms in an adolescent clinical population.
AB  - The relationships of high-point code types of the Diagnostic Inventory of
      Personality and Symptoms (DIPS) to the Diagnostic and statistical manual III-R
      (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) were explored for adolescent
      patients (N = 263). Twelve DIPS code types that relate code types to Axis I
      diagnoses are prepared. The three DIPS personality disorder cluster scales and
      the eight combinations thereof are presented as well. Six of the personality
      disorder cluster scale code types that relate to DSM-III-R Axis II categories are
      identified. Finally, a narrative summation of each of the code types is given.

PMID- 2286681
TI  - Clinical reliabilities and validities of the microcomputerized Basic Personality
      Inventory.
AB  - With a population of 64 adult psychiatric patients, we examined the psychometric
      properties of a microcomputerized version of the Basic Personality Inventory
      (BPI). Reliability information suggested that the basic and factor scales were
      internally consistent and stable. Clinical staff ratings were used as criteria,
      and analyses indicated that BPI scales possessed convergent validity. Overall,
      our findings add to the growing literature on the clinical utility of the Basic
      Personality Inventory.

PMID- 2286682
TI  - Subscale structure and stability of the Hansburg Adolescent Separation Anxiety
      Test.
AB  - This study examined four issues related to the Hansburg (1980a, 1980b) Adolescent
      Separation Anxiety Test: (1) How closely is Hansburg's original matrix of
      theoretical factor intercorrelations replicated in the present samples? (2) How
      closely do factors derived from empirical analyses of SAT data obtained twice
      over a 2-year period resemble the composition of Hansburg's theoretically based
      factors? (3) How reliable are SAT scales over this 2-year time interval as
      assessed by test-retest coefficients? (4) How stable are factors derived from the
      empirical analysis over time? A total of 74 late adolescents were given
      Hansburg's SAT in 1984 and 1986. Results indicate moderate correlations for SAT
      scales over time. There is little comparability between empirically and
      theoretically derived factors, nor is there stability of empirical factors over
      time. Research with larger samples is necessary to clarify the empircal factor
      structure of the SAT.

PMID- 2286683
TI  - Comparison of Anglo- and Mexican-Americans on the 16PF administered in Spanish or
      English.
AB  - The 16PF was administered in either Spanish or English to 546 Anglo- or Mexican
      Americans separated into three ethnicity/test language groups: Anglos tested in
      English, Mexican-Americans tested in Spanish, and Mexican-Americans tested in
      English. Multivariate and univariate statistics revealed significant differences
      among the three groups. The largest number of scale differences was between
      Anglos and Mexican-Americans tested in Spanish. The second largest number of
      differences was found between the two Mexican-American groups, and the smallest
      number of differences was found between Anglos and Hispanics tested in English.

PMID- 2286684
TI  - Left temporal lobe brain damage pattern on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
AB  - This study supports an association of left temporal brain damage with the unusual
      WAIS subtest pattern of more impaired Information and Vocabulary than
      Similarities scores. Temporal lesions may impair well-learned verbal memory more
      than reasoning skills. Thirty-six patients with localized left hemisphere brain
      damage in the frontal, parietal or occipital, and temporal lobe were compared
      using an index in which Information and Vocabulary were contrasted to
      Similiarities. Index scores were adjusted for age. Seventy-five percent of the
      temporal patients had negative index scores, and 75% of the frontal patients had
      positive index scores. Temporal patients tended to score more negatively on the
      index than did frontal patients, p less than .05.

PMID- 2286685
TI  - A comparison of the Lacks and Pascal-Suttell Bender-Gestalt scoring methods for
      diagnosing brain damage in an outpatient sample.
AB  - The Pascal-Suttell method of scoring the Bender-Gestalt Test, which is molecular
      and seemingly homogeneous, and the Lacks method, which is molar and apparently
      heterogeneous, were compared for efficacy in diagnosing brain-damaged (n = 52)
      vs. non-brain-damaged (n = 52) outpatients. Both methods were superior to the FS
      WAIS IQ in making this distinction, and adding the WAIS in a discriminant
      analysis did not contribute much in terms of overall differentiation. The two
      scoring systems were correlated highly, and, although the predictive power of the
      Pascal-Suttell procedure was a little better than that of the Lacks, the latter
      has some practical advantages in terms of applicability and ease of scoring.

PMID- 2286686
TI  - Lay theories of psychotherapy. I: Attitudes toward, and beliefs about,
      psychotherapy and therapists.
AB  - Two hundred people completed two questionnaires that concerned their beliefs
      about what psychotherapy clients experience and their attitudes toward
      psychotherapy. Both questionnaires were shown to have an interpretable factor
      structure, and these beliefs and attitudal factors were shown to be clearly
      related. There were no sex, a few age, but a number of educational and
      "psychological experience" correlates of the belief and attitudinal factors. A
      canonical correlation produced one factor that seemed readily interpretable, with
      psychological experience the most powerful correlate of both beliefs and
      attitudes. The results were discussed in terms of the work on lay beliefs and
      expectations about therapy and counseling.

PMID- 2286687
TI  - Client reasons and experiences in treatment that influence termination of
      psychotherapy.
AB  - Thirty-one male and female university counseling center clients completed
      questionnaires that identified reasons for termination and experiences in
      psychotherapy. Early terminators responded that they ended therapy because of
      situational constraints and discomfort with services more often than did late
      terminators. Late terminators said they stopped treatment because of improvement
      attributed to therapy more often than did early terminators. Late terminators
      also reported higher levels of belief that the therapist respected them,
      therapist warmth, and therapist competency than did early terminators. It was
      concluded that motivational factors in which volition plays a greater (reasons
      for termination) and lesser (client experiences) role combine to influence
      psychotherapy termination.

PMID- 2286688
TI  - Coping with dysphoria: gender differences in college students.
AB  - This study examined gender differences in how college students cope with
      dysphoria on their own. Thirty-five male and female college students who reported
      experiencing serious dysphoria within the past year were interviewed about the
      coping techniques they used. Compared to women, men made greater use of
      relaxation, self-reward, and situation changes. Men also employed more coping
      techniques than did women. For women, maintaining a faith in their own
      improvement was correlated significantly with less dysphoria. For men,
      experiencing changes in their lives and putting work into the techniques were
      correlated significantly with less dysphoria. For both sexes, keeping anger in
      was correlated significantly with more dysphoria.

PMID- 2286689
TI  - Indications of physical, sexual, and verbal victimization in projective tree
      drawings.
AB  - Several facets of the Tree-Scar-Trauma hypothesis were addressed. The first
      inquiry was whether scars, knotholes, and/or broken branches on a drawn tree are
      indicative of previous victimization. A statistically significant relationship
      between these variables was found. The study also examined differences between
      mental health patients (N = 56) and control subjects (N = 215) with regard to
      their abuse history and tree drawings. No significant differences between these
      two populations were found. A modification of Buck's (1948) hypothesis with
      regard to the relationship between the location of traumatic indicators on
      projective tree drawings and age of traumatization was tested and not validated.
      However, the association between the duration of physical abuse and the number of
      indicators on the tree was statistically significant.

PMID- 2286691
TI  - Mood changes in substance abuse patients as a result of therapy.
AB  - A sample of 57 substance abuse patients who were participating in a broad
      residential treatment program were evaluated for changes in negative affect. The
      Profile of Mood States (POMS) was administered once a week for 4 weeks. The 4
      week changes on five of the six mood scales were significantly positive after
      treatment. The Interpersonal Style Inventory (ISI), completed at the beginning of
      the program, provided a mean scale score profile. Stylistically, patients were
      low in interpersonal involvement and distinctly below average in level of
      socialization (expedient, cynical, and hostile). In addition, patients could be
      characterized as anxious and dysphoric, impulsive, and dependent as judged by the
      norm sample.

PMID- 2286690
TI  - Personality and intellectual characteristics of adult male felons as a function
      of offense category.
AB  - A step-wise discriminant function analysis identified demographic, personality,
      and intellectual variables that differentiate categories of felony offenders.
      Male inmates (N = 766) were categorized according to their most recent offense
      (Person, Property, Drug, or Indecent Liberties). Each completed the 16PF and the
      Multidimensional Aptitude Battery. A significant discriminant function was
      obtained, with loadings on the variables of age, substance abuse history, and the
      16PF factors of Boldness and Intelligence. The function correctly classified
      42.6% of the inmates into their offense category.

PMID- 2286692
TI  - Emotional effects of physical or mental injury on Hispanic people living in the
      U.S.A. as adjudged from the content of their speech.
AB  - Twenty Hispanic patients, who sustained a work-related physical injury or
      emotional stress, were compared with 20 Hispanic control subjects, who had not
      experienced such a recent injurious event, with regard to their anxiety and
      hostility scores derived from the content analysis of 5-minute speech samples
      using the Gottschalk-Gleser scales. The patient group had significantly elevated
      total anxiety scores compared to the control group.

PMID- 2286693
TI  - Perceptions of therapists as a function of professional fees and treatment
      modalities.
AB  - Consumers, therapists, and researchers share an interest in the topic of service
      fees. The issue of fees can affect clients' evaluation of the provider as well as
      the likelihood of using the service being offered. In a between-subjects design,
      adult males (n = 84) and females (n = 78) read a brief description of a
      psychologist who provided individual or group therapy for a fee of $50, $80, or
      $110. While fees had no effect, treatment mode and participant sex did relate to
      perceptions of therapist credibility. A triple interaction emerged with respect
      to participants' willingness to consult the psychologist. Implications for
      service providers are discussed.

PMID- 2286694
TI  - Bootstrapping: a tool for clinical research.
AB  - The use of the bootstrap sampling technique is applied to the type of data found
      in clinical research. Confidence intervals are computed for simulated values by
      use of SAS. By applying this approach, clinical researchers are free to explore
      topics that do not meet the requirements of traditional statistical analytic
      methods.

PMID- 2286695
TI  - An empirical demonstration of the problem of cluster dissimilarity from different
      clustering methods in a single sample.
AB  - This study utilized the four most commonly employed clustering techniques (CLINK,
      SLINK, UPGMA, and Ward's) to illustrate the dissimilarity of cluster group
      membership (based upon short-form MMPI scale scores and a measure of alcohol
      dependency) between partitions in a sample of 113 impaired driving offenders.
      Results, examined with the Rand index of cluster comparison, demonstrated that
      cluster group membership can be so different between alternative clustering
      methods as to equal chance assignment. Cautions are given with regard to the use
      of cluster analysis for other than exploratory work. In particular, psychologists
      are cautioned against attempting to use cluster analysis based upon personality
      inventory scores (which can never be wholly reliable or discrete) for patient
      classification.

PMID- 2286696
TI  - A national survey of mental health professionals concerning the causes of early
      infantile autism.
AB  - This study is an analysis of mental health professionals' (N = 221) attitudes
      with regard to the etiology of infantile autism. A random sample of members of
      the American Psychiatric Association reveals a strong endorsement of a biogenic
      perspective. Attitudes are analyzed further with regard to variation by school of
      thought and number of years treating autistic patients.

PMID- 2286697
TI  - Validity and reliability of the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation
      Scale: study with intravenous midazolam.
AB  - The Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) Scale was developed to
      measure the level of alertness in subjects who are sedated. This scale was tested
      in 18 subjects in a three-period crossover study to assess its reliability and
      its criterion, behavioral, and construct validity. After receiving either placebo
      or a titrated dose of midazolam to produce light or heavy sedation, each subject
      was administered two sedation scales (OAA/S Scale and a Visual Analogue Scale)
      and two performances tests (Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Serial Sevens
      Subtraction). Two raters individually evaluated the subject's level of alertness
      on each of the two sedation scales. The results obtained on the OAA/S Scale were
      reliable and valid as measured by high correlations between the two raters and
      high correlations between the OAA/S Scale and two of the three standard tests
      used in this study. The OAA/S Scale was sensitive to the level of midazolam
      administered; all pairwise comparisons were significant (p less than 0.05) for
      all three treatment levels at both test periods.

PMID- 2286698
TI  - A scale for rating tricyclic response in major depression: the TRIM.
AB  - We describe the construction and validation of the TRIM, an empirically derived
      scale designed to rate tricyclic antidepressant response in major depression.
      Symptoms selected were those that improved in direct association with therapeutic
      desipramine plasma levels, were frequently present, were substantially correlated
      with the scale total, could be reliably rated, and for which interview ratings
      were concordant with observed behavior. Eight symptoms met these criteria and
      were included. The sensitivity of the TRIM was tested and compared with the
      Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and the Montgomery Asberg Depression
      Scale (MADS) in a new 4-week prospective desipramine study of nonpsychotic
      unipolar inpatients with major depression. TRIM 4-week totals were significantly
      associated with total desipramine plus hydroxydesipramine plasma concentrations,
      r = -0.32, p less than 0.05, but HAM-D and MADS scores were not. Using multiple
      regression to control for pretreatment severity, TRIM scores were significantly
      associated with desipramine plus hydroxydesipramine levels, while HAM-D and MADS
      scores were not. The data appear to validate the sensitivity of the TRIM and
      illustrate that scales designed for drug response may detect drug effects that
      global scales do not.

PMID- 2286699
TI  - Clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical response and plasma
      levels.
AB  - Two related data sets are presented that point to a specific pharmacological
      effect and support a predominantly serotonergic mediation of clomipramine's
      antiobsessional effect. A significant placebo versus clomipramine contrast from
      both the between- and within-group perspectives was found in 25 patients with
      moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder of at least 2 years' duration
      and no evidence of depression who completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled,
      10-week study. There was no significant improvement in the placebo group, six of
      whom subsequently improved with clomipramine. Analysis of the clinical
      significance of pharmacotherapy and the relationship between outcome and plasma
      drug concentrations in 33 obsessive-compulsive disorder patients treated with
      clomipramine (239.4 +/- 57.0 mg/day) revealed that 47% of the patients were rated
      in the subclinical range with one third of the sample being virtually symptom
      free. Plasma levels of clomipramine, but not N-desmethylclomipramine, correlated
      significantly with posttreatment outcome measures, with responders having
      significantly higher clomipramine levels and a trend toward lower
      desmethylclomipramine ratios.

PMID- 2286700
TI  - Medication compliance, antidepressant blood levels, and side effects in Southeast
      Asian patients.
AB  - A study of medication compliance, side effects, and clinical change with the use
      of antidepressants in 32 Southeast Asian refugee patients seen at an urban mental
      health center is reported. Patients met criteria for either major depressive
      episode, posttraumatic stress disorder, or both. Only five of the 32 patients who
      stated that they were taking their medications regularly had antidepressant blood
      levels in the therapeutic range. Another 10 patients had subtherapeutic levels
      and the remaining 17 had undetectable blood levels. Patients with therapeutic
      blood levels had fewer side effects (p = 0.049) than patients with undetectable
      blood levels. Blood levels tended (p = 0.070) to be correlated with clinical
      improvement. The authors discuss cultural attitudes of Southeast Asian refugee
      patients toward medication use and side effects that appear to influence
      medication compliance.

PMID- 2286701
TI  - View from the Nation's Courts.

PMID- 2286702
TI  - Intranasal buspirone.

PMID- 2286703
TI  - A case of mania secondary to hemodialysis: successful treatment with clonazepam.

PMID- 2286704
TI  - Fluoxetine treatment of self-injurious behavior in mentally retarded patients.

PMID- 2286705
TI  - Effect of posture on imipramine and desipramine plasma concentrations.

PMID- 2286706
TI  - Pemoline-induced abnormal involuntary movements.

PMID- 2286707
TI  - Draft legislation: the Science Research Protection Act of 1990.

PMID- 2286709
TI  - Haloperidol plasma levels and acute clinical change in schizophrenia.
AB  - Twenty-five inpatients with acute exacerbations of schizophrenia (by Research
      Diagnostic Criteria) or schizoaffective disorder underwent a prospective
      haloperidol dosing procedure and were assigned fixed doses chosen to yield a
      distribution of haloperidol plasma levels above and below a hypothesized upper
      therapeutic limit of 18 ng/ml. Changes in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores
      after 1 week of treatment were negatively correlated with haloperidol plasma
      levels, and the statistically optimum cutoff point fell near the predicted 18
      ng/ml. Plasma level/response relationships over the subsequent 3 weeks were
      weaker but patients with higher plasma levels had consistently less improvement.

PMID- 2286708
TI  - Acute dystonia during fixed-dose neuroleptic treatment.
AB  - Eighty-six patients with acute psychotic exacerbations were treated with fixed
      dosage regimens of oral fluphenazine up to 10-30 mg/day in randomized, double
      blind studies. Dystonic reactions occurred in 33.8% of the subjects at risk. Of
      these, 58% occurred by the third day, 88% by the fourth day, and 100% by the
      ninth day of treatment; most occurred later in the interdose interval.
      Significant predictors of dystonic reactions were higher fluphenazine mg/kg
      dosage and younger age. There was a trend toward a lower risk of dystonia in
      patients who received amobarbital sodium for agitation. Results are discussed in
      relation to possible mechanisms of neuroleptic-induced dystonia.

PMID- 2286710
TI  - The use of vasoactive agents in the treatment of refractory hypotension seen in
      tricyclic antidepressant overdose.
AB  - In this review, the physiologic and pharmacologic effects of tricyclic
      antidepressants are discussed as they apply to an overdose situation. Systemic
      arterial hypotension is a frequent occurrence in major overdoses. Occasionally
      conventional resuscitative measures such as crystalloid or colloid infusion are
      inadequate and vasoactive agents must be employed in an attempt to normalize
      blood pressure. The use of these agents is discussed in terms of their
      physiologic and pharmacologic actions in the management of refractory hypotension
      induced by tricyclics.

PMID- 2286711
TI  - Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fluphenazine after fluphenazine decanoate
      administration.
AB  - Fluphenazine decanoate is commonly used as part of maintenance treatment of
      schizophrenia, but its pharmacokinetics are poorly understood. We administered a
      single intramuscular dose of fluphenazine decanoate to nine patients and found
      that plasma fluphenazine level did not decline to 50% of the peak level by day 26
      in any of the patients. This means that it has a long half-life measurable in
      months rather than weeks.

PMID- 2286712
TI  - The fluoxetine treatment of low-weight, chronic bulimia nervosa.
AB  - Ten low-weight (mean, 87.8% of ideal), chronic bulimic patients, seven of whom
      were previously unsuccessfully treated with antidepressant drugs, received
      fluoxetine 80 mg/day for 3 months. Endpoint analysis showed a significant
      decrease in bulimic episodes (p = 0.01), vomiting frequency (p less than 0.05),
      and depression scores (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, p less than 0.04;
      Beck Depression Inventory, p = 0.05; Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90 depression
      subscale, p less than 0.05). In addition, trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety
      Inventory trait: p less than 0.002), obsessive symptoms (Leyton Obsessional
      Inventory symptom: p = 0.01; Symptom Checklist-90 obsessive-compulsive disorders
      subscale: p = 0.02), and traits (Leyton Obsessional Inventory trait: p = 0.005)
      also decreased significantly. There was no change in state anxiety or in Leyton
      Obsessional Inventory interference and resistance scores. There was no
      significant increase in weight. Two patients were in remission, two were much
      improved, two improved, and four showed no change. Side effects were minimal.
      There were no dropouts.

PMID- 2286713
TI  - View from the Nation's Courts.

PMID- 2286714
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome without neuroleptics.

PMID- 2286716
TI  - Two cases of activation/jitteriness associated with TCAs.

PMID- 2286715
TI  - Botulinum toxin in treatment of tardive dyskinetic syndrome.

PMID- 2286717
TI  - A pilot trial of levodopa/carbidopa in early cocaine abstinence.

PMID- 2286718
TI  - Manic reaction to lidocaine anesthesia.

PMID- 2286719
TI  - Rifampin-induced methadone withdrawal in AIDS.

PMID- 2286720
TI  - Subject descriptions, control groups, and research designs in published studies
      of language-impaired children.
AB  - We reviewed the 1983-1988 issues of six journals that frequently publish papers
      including specifically language-impaired (LI) subjects. A total of 92 research
      reports provided data for our review. The research reports included experimental
      studies, ex post facto studies, and intervention studies. These studies represent
      a broad spectrum of the theoretical and empirical foundations of knowledge
      regarding LI children. The analysis of the published research centered on subject
      descriptions and the use of control groups. A descriptive analysis of the data
      showed few consistent trends among the studies with respect to subject selection,
      subject description, and the number and types of control groups. We discuss the
      importance of more complete subject descriptions in studies of LI children as
      well as the importance of the choice of matching criteria for control groups in
      between-subjects designs.

PMID- 2286721
TI  - Acquisition and generalization of simple manual sign grammars by aphasic
      subjects.
AB  - The present study investigated the acquisition and generalization of manual sign
      combinations in four moderately to severely aphasic subjects. Two experiments
      were conducted: In the first, matrices were employed to train agent-action-object
      and action-object combinations and monitor generalization. In the second
      experiment, subjects were trained to combine a different set of single signs into
      sign combinations (agent-action-object, action-object) that could be used to
      describe two pictures while generalization was monitored in a third. Results of
      experiment 1 demonstrated that the two least severely aphasic subjects were able
      to acquire and generalize all of the sign combinations presented in the training
      matrices. In the second experiment, although the subjects rapidly acquired single
      signs and combinations, additional training was required for the subjects to
      produce the sign combinations to describe the two pictures and no generalization
      was noted in the third untrained picture. It is concluded that success in manual
      sign training programs is related to severity of aphasia; that aphasic subjects'
      propositional use of manual signs rarely follows simple acquisition; and that
      generalization to untrained stimuli or environments does not occur without
      additional training.

PMID- 2286722
TI  - Long-term speech results of cleft palate speakers with marginal velopharyngeal
      competence.
AB  - The purposes of this study were to (1) examine the long-term speech status of
      patients judged to exhibit marginal velopharyngeal competence at 6 years of age
      and (2) determine whether speech performance data obtained at age 6 could be used
      to discriminate patients with marginal velopharyngeal competence who eventually
      demonstrate velopharyngeal incompetence from those who do not. Longitudinal
      speech performance data were retrieved for 48 subjects and examined descriptively
      for the total group. Data obtained at the subjects' last evaluation (adolescence)
      were then used to reassign these subjects into one of three classification groups
      for estimating velopharyngeal status (competent, marginal, incompetent) on the
      basis of the clinical ratings of velopharyngeal competence assigned at the time
      of their last examination in adolescence. Differences in measures of articulation
      proficiency and hypernasality among the three groups were examined at age 6 using
      an analysis of variance. A stepwise discriminate analysis was also performed to
      determine whether the speech data obtained at age 6 could be used to discriminate
      the three adolescent classification groups. The ANOVA revealed no significant
      differences among the classification groups in type of articulation errors.
      Differences in articulation test scores and severity ratings of articulation
      defectiveness and nasality in connected speech were evident among the groups. The
      discriminate analysis revealed that the groups could be separated, in part, on
      the basis of two variables: the severity ratings of articulation defectiveness
      and nasality.

PMID- 2286723
TI  - Dysarthria of motor neuron disease: clinician judgments of severity.
AB  - Motor Neuron Disease (MND) is a terminal, demyelinating disease affecting upper-
      and lower-motor neurons and producing muscular weakness resulting in a
      characteristic spastic-flaccid dysarthria of speech. The present study
      investigates the relationship between the temporal-acoustic parameters of the
      speech of 15 individuals with MND as they relate to the progression of the
      disease and clinicians' judgments of dysarthria severity. When temporal-acoustic
      parameters are used to predict the progression of MND, it becomes apparent that
      victims provide compensatory gestures to mark voicing distinctions. When the same
      acoustic parameters are used to predict clinician judgments of severity, it is
      found that clinicians tend to use the same temporal cues that mark actual disease
      progression. Differences between the two sets of predictions relate to the
      linguistic systems of both speaker and judge, and the implications of this are
      discussed.

PMID- 2286724
TI  - A comparison of the SSW and language test results.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between the SSW and a
      battery of auditory-language tests in a group of children suspected of auditory
      processing problems. Thirty-one children between the ages of 6.2 and 10.4 were
      referred by their classroom teachers. All children were administered a pure tone
      and an acoustic immittance battery, the SSW test, selected subtests of the
      Clinical Evaluation of Language Functions, the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Auditory
      Skills Battery, an elicited language sample, and the Observational Profile of
      Classroom Communication. No significant correlations were found between the SSW
      right competing and left competing conditions and the auditory-language test
      battery. The findings suggest that these two test approaches measure different
      aspects of auditory processing abilities in children, and both are required to
      adequately describe auditory processing abilities at all levels.

PMID- 2286725
TI  - Improving alaryngeal speech intelligibility.
AB  - Laryngectomized patients using esophageal speech or an electronic artificial
      larynx have difficulty producing correct voicing contrasts between homorganic
      consonants. Voicing of a voiceless consonant is the most frequent listener
      misidentification. A therapy technique is described that emphasizes "pushing
      harder" on voiceless consonants to improve the intelligibility of alaryngeal
      speakers. Laryngectomy speech therapy programs should focus first on the
      production of voiceless consonants before attempting to effect voicing.

PMID- 2286726
TI  - HIV-associated tuberculosis: watch for it in your ICU.

PMID- 2286727
TI  - Septic shock and multiple organ failure: treatment with haemofiltration?

PMID- 2286728
TI  - Severe tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Tuberculosis has now been well documented as a complication of infection with
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but no studies concern patients requiring
      admission to the ICU. We report 12 cases of severe disseminated tuberculosis in
      patients who were seropositive for HIV. Eight patients had diffuse pulmonary
      involvement responsible for acute respiratory failure, 7 of whom required
      mechanical ventilation. Four developed septic shock, and in 3 blood cultures were
      positive for M. tuberculosis. Four patients had central nervous system
      involvement, with coma requiring mechanical ventilation 3 times. Rapid diagnosis
      was permitted in 10 patients by acid-fast smears of pulmonary specimens (8
      patients) and/or tissue biopsies (4 patients). Seven patients died despite
      intensive therapy; autopsy was performed in 4 patients, showing disseminated
      tuberculosis. On the basis of this report, tuberculosis in HIV infection may
      present as an overwhelming systemic disease and thus requires an aggressive
      diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

PMID- 2286729
TI  - Influence of continuous haemofiltration on haemodynamics and central blood volume
      in experimental endotoxic shock.
AB  - In order to assess the influence of continuous haemofiltration (HF) on
      haemodynamics and central blood volume in endotoxic shock, endotoxinaemia was
      invoked in 20 swine (28-32 kg). 15 min after doubling the mean pulmonary
      pressure, the animals were randomly assigned to receive either a zero-balanced
      veno-venous HF with an ultrafiltration and replacement rate of 600 ml/h (HF
      group, n = 10) or to observe the spontaneous course (E group, n = 10) under a
      constant infusion of endotoxin for 4 h. A trend to a higher survival rate in the
      HF group (6/10 vs. 3/10; E group) during the observation period was evident, but
      not statistically significant. Early initiation of HF during endotoxic shock
      modifies the haemodynamic response, lowering the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP),
      PCWP, pulmonary (PVR) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), compared to the
      spontaneous course, whereas the decrement of central blood volume was comparable
      in both groups. These changes cannot be explained by effects of the HF on the
      volume status, but supports and additional effect by the filtration of small and
      medium-sized molecules.

PMID- 2286730
TI  - Pulmonary capillary pressure and gas exchange after E. coli bacteremia in pigs.
AB  - In 9 Goettingen minipigs we studied the effect of E. coli bacteremia on effective
      pulmonary capillary pressure and the longitudinal distribution of pulmonary
      vascular resistance. Precapillary pressure gradient (dPa) was calculated as the
      difference between mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPP) and effective pulmonary
      capillary pressure (Pc) (dPa = MPP-Pc), postcapillary pressure gradient (dPv) as
      the difference between Pc and left atrial pressure (dPv = Pc-LAP). The
      disturbance of pulmonary gas exchange was quantified by the AaDO2 quotient 1
      PaO2/PAO2. Live E. coli infusion resulted in hypodynamic circulatory failure.
      Cardiac index fell from 3.7 +/- 0.81 . min-1.m-2 to 2.2 +/- 0.71 .min-1.m-2 after
      bacteremia lasting for 3.5 h. Simultaneously venous pulmonary vascular resistance
      rose from 25% of total pulmonary vascular resistance before to 32% after 3.5 h
      bacteremia, thus raising Pc from 11 mmHg to 16 mmHg. The degree of respiratory
      insufficiency was correlated with changes of MPP, dPa and dPv: 1-PaO2/PAO2 = 0.2
      + 0.035.dPv (r = 0.829). Our results show, that the longitudinal distribution of
      pulmonary vascular resistance changes during septicemia, thus raising Pc. This
      may be an important factor in the genesis of septic pulmonary failure.

PMID- 2286731
TI  - Acute renal failure following collective intoxication by Cortinarius orellanus.
AB  - Twenty-six young men with no previous medical history all ingested mushroom soup,
      exclusively made with Cortinarius orellanus. They were hospitalized 10-12 days
      after the incident. On admission, 12 patients presented with acute
      tubulointerstitial nephritis with acute renal failure; 8 required haemodialysis.
      In addition to symptomatic treatment, 9 patients were given corticosteroids. In
      this group of 12 patients, 8 recovered rapidly, and the other 4 suffered from
      chronic renal failure for several months. In the other group of 14 patients,
      initial leukocyturia was observed in 12 cases, although renal function remained
      normal during a one-year follow-up. Hepatic acetylation and hydroxylation tests
      performed after 6 months in 22 patients did not provide any explanation for the
      strong individual sensitivity to the renal toxicity of this fungus.

PMID- 2286732
TI  - Pressure transducers: an overlooked source of sepsis in the intensive care unit.
AB  - Between January 1988 and May 1989 twenty cases of bacteremia due to
      Flavobacterium sp. occurred in 17 patients admitted to a surgical intensive care
      unit. Epidemiologic studies disclosed that the source of the Flavobacterium
      bacteremias was contaminated reusable pressure transducers. Despite the use of
      disposable domes spread of the bacteria from the contaminated transducer heads to
      the fluids given to the patients occurred. An indirect contamination by hands at
      the time the equipment was initially assembled must have been the mode of
      transmission. Reinstitution of routine disinfection of the transducer heads
      controlled the outbreak. Disposable domes failed to prevent septicemia from
      contaminated pressure transducers.

PMID- 2286733
TI  - Positive end expiratory pressure and critical oxygenation during transport in
      ventilated patients.
AB  - Transportation of patients critically dependent on positive end expiratory
      pressure (PEEP) can be problematic, as a patient of ours with adult respiratory
      distress syndrome (ARDS) and bilateral broncho-pleural fistulae demonstrated. He
      required intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) (Siemens 900C) with
      100% O2 and PEEP of 2 kPa to maintain his arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) greater
      than 90%. Severe hypoxemia (SaO2 less than 75%) occurred on change to a portable
      ventilator (Oxylog, Drager) with a PEEP value (Ambu 20) at its expiratory port,
      despite adjusting the valve to 2 kPa, continuing use of 100% O2, and varying the
      ventilatory pattern. The problem appeared due to loss of PEEP because of gas leak
      from the lungs via his intercostal catheters. It was solved by introducing a
      continuous O2 flow of 5 l/min into the circuit between the Oxylog non-rebreathing
      valve and endotracheal tube. We used a model lung to investigate the effect of a
      gas leak from the lungs or circuit on the performance of the Oxylog IPPV/PEEP
      system. Lung compliance and ventilatory pattern were adjusted so that tidal
      volume (VT) = 0.61, peak inspiratory Airway pressure (PIP) = 5 kPa, PEEP = 1.5
      kPa, and respiratory rate = 10/min. A small leak was introduced from the lung
      resulting in a decrease in PIP, VT, and PEEP. Adjustment of ventilator minute
      volume to restore PIP to 5 kPa failed to restore PEEP, airway pressure continuing
      to fall throughout the expiratory pause. PEEP was restored by providing a
      compensatory flow of O2 of 5 l/min to the system between the Oxylog non
      rebreathing valve and the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286734
TI  - Fulminant falciparum malaria.
AB  - A case of fulminant falciparum malaria with a 35% parasitaemia, shock and subcoma
      was treated successfully by using parenteral chemotherapy, exchange transfusion,
      dexamethasone, circulatory support and mechanical ventilation. Pathophysiology
      and complications of falciparum malaria are discussed. The treatment of severe
      malaria should aim for a fast reduction in parasitaemia and toxic products. An
      exchange transfusion can be additive to parenteral chemotherapy. Blocking the
      over-reacting cell-mediated immune response, aggressive shock treatment,
      prevention of secondary infections and maintaining normoglycaemia might reduce
      morbidity and mortality of fulminant falciparum malaria.

PMID- 2286735
TI  - Autonomous dysfunction in severe tetanus.

PMID- 2286736
TI  - Perforation of the left ventricle by a temporary pacing lead.

PMID- 2286737
TI  - A rare association of rhabdomyolysis and purpura fulminans in Strep. pneumoniae
      septicemia.

PMID- 2286738
TI  - Four psychoanalytic perspectives: a study of differences in interpretive
      interventions.
AB  - This research study was designed to test two main hypotheses: (1) there are
      detectable differences in interpretive style among classical, Kleinian, Kohutian,
      and Kernbergian analysts; and (2) the nature of these differences can be
      discerned and described. The methodology consists of three phases of data
      collection. The statistical findings are presented, along with clinical examples,
      followed by a discussion of their implications.

PMID- 2286739
TI  - Psychoanalytic concepts of the etiology of severe mental illness.
AB  - In this paper I challenge some prevalent psychoanalytic concepts of the etiology
      and pathogenesis of severe mental illness which I believe to be in need of
      revision. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the etiology of the two
      major adult psychoses, schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness, can be
      attributed to failures in development or fixations during the earliest years of
      life. Furthermore, I believe it incorrect to ascribe these failures of
      development to deficiencies in the early maternal environment. I base my
      disagreements on three main considerations: the misinterpretation of the
      etiological significance of regression, the relevance of new biological data, and
      erroneous conclusions drawn from lack of diagnostic distinctions. I also
      challenge the generally held concept of etiologic phase specificity which
      proposes that failures during various early phases of development can be
      correlated with different kinds of adult psychopathology. In calling this concept
      into question, I argue that current psychoanalytic concepts of the etiology of
      the borderline group of disorders also need to be reevaluated.

PMID- 2286740
TI  - The nature of therapeutic action in psychoanalysis.
AB  - The nature of therapeutic action varies not only with each patient's
      psychological predilection for utilizing opportunities for change, but also with
      the manner in which the analyst or therapist presents opportunity for change.
      Ideally, the therapist bases the latter on personally identifiable theoretical
      concepts and aims. This inquiry focuses on a relatively narrow field of clinical
      material in order to provide as close as possible an examination of therapeutic
      action. The technical approach provides opportunities for change, minimizing
      alterations resulting from internalizing processes or suggestion. The therapeutic
      actions arise from analyst and patient sharing observations of the patient's
      intrapsychic activities of resistance to drive derivatives the patient briefly
      allowed into consciousness, and represent processes of ego maturation set in
      motion by intellectually gained and experientially exercised insights.

PMID- 2286741
TI  - The borderline concept.

PMID- 2286742
TI  - On internal object relations.
AB  - This paper gives an account of the author's attempts to come to terms with the
      concept of internal object relations, and to find an appropriate theoretical
      place for it within non-Kleinian mainstream theory. It is proposed that the
      internal object be regarded as a structure in the nonexperimental realm, being
      built up during development on the basis of the child's subjective perceptual and
      fantasy experiences. The internal objects in turn influence perception, thought,
      fantasy, current object relations, and transference. From the point of view of
      the clinician, the concepts of internal object and of internal object relation
      act as useful organizing constructs for both analyst and patient. Finally, the
      suggestion is made that internal objects can be regarded as the source of
      internal "presences" with which the person constantly unconsciously interacts.

PMID- 2286743
TI  - Mobilizing fundamental modes of development: empathic availability and
      therapeutic action.
AB  - A positive developmental thrust becomes mobilized by virtue of therapeutic
      action. This thrust is specified in terms of a set of fundamental modes of
      development that are biologically prepared and have been identified through
      recent research. The modes are first apparent in infancy and continue throughout
      life. The setting conditions which allow for the fundamental modes of development
      to be reactivated are provided by the therapeutic relationship. It is
      hypothesized that the empathic availability of the therapist enables these modes
      to operate as powerful background influences. Developmental aspects of empathy
      and of availability highlight the importance of adult regulatory functions and
      the construction of shared meaning.

PMID- 2286744
TI  - Developmental psychology and psychoanalysis: I. The context for a revolution in
      psychoanalysis.
AB  - After describing the manner in which the integration of psychoanalysis and
      developmental psychology became a central problem for ego psychology, the author
      examines the conditions that make it possible for new research and theory in
      developmental psychology to contribute to a revolution in contemporary
      psychoanalytic theory. They include: (1) the emergence of a state of "crisis" in
      American psychoanalysis centering on questions of the nature of early development
      and how it can be known; (2) the explosive growth of developmental research on
      early childhood dealing with issues at the heart of that crisis; and (3) the
      presence of a new generation of psychoanalysts and psychoanalytically oriented
      researchers capable of bringing that research to bear on those issues.

PMID- 2286745
TI  - Assessment of suitability for low-fee control psychoanalysis: some theoretical
      and technical considerations.
AB  - In the assessment of suitability for low-fee control analysis, various factors
      may interfere with successful referral, evaluation, and disposition. Variables
      within the referring analyst, patient, candidate, and supervisor are examined in
      their interaction with the circumstances of the assessment enterprise. Issues of
      competence, self-esteem, and oedipal rivalry, as well as guilt feelings, concerns
      about rejection, and other conflicts may be mobilized and may prevent a
      successful outcome. Clinical data from three assessments are presented and
      discussed. The concept of an assessment process, analogous to the psychoanalytic
      process, is proposed. In this process, manifestations of the patient's
      intrapsychic life and indicators of potential transferences emerge in the context
      of the analysis of the patient's reactions to the assessment. Potential sources
      of interference with the assessment process are identified, and measures to avoid
      them are suggested.

PMID- 2286746
TI  - The psychoanalytic case study: toward a method for systematic inquiry.
AB  - This study represents a contribution toward the systematic and empirical
      investigation of psychoanalytic treatments. The method used, the Q-technique,
      allows the transformation of clinical data into a form amenable to quantitative
      analysis, thereby providing an empirical means to test theoretically and
      clinically derived understandings of psychoanalytic process. The treatment hours
      of a six-year analysis were audio-recorded and transcribed, and blocks of ten
      sessions were selected at regular intervals throughout the course of the
      analysis. Transcripts of these hours were then rated in random fashion by
      clinical judges with a Q-set designed to provide a standard language for the
      description and classification of analytic process. These descriptions of
      analytic hours, as structured by the Q-set, proved highly reliable, demonstrating
      the method's promise for addressing the long-standing problem of achieving
      reliable clinical judgments. Results suggest that subjecting the traditional
      psychoanalytic case study to systematic inquiry can contribute to establishing an
      empirical science base for some psychoanalytic propositions.

PMID- 2286747
TI  - Adrenergic modulation of cardiac development in the rat: effects of prenatal
      exposure to propranolol via continuous maternal infusion.
AB  - During early postnatal development, catecholamines are thought to modulate
      cardiac cell replication and differentiation, and to program future beta
      adrenergic sensitivity. To determine if the sensitive period for these events
      extends to prenatal ages, pregnant rats were infused with propranolol
      continuously via osmotic minipumps from gestational day 7 through parturition and
      the offspring were examined for markers of cardiac cellular development (basal
      ornithine decarboxylase activity and levels of DNA and protein) and for
      reactivity to acute beta-adrenergic challenge (heart rate responses and
      stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase). During the propranolol infusion, fetal
      cardiac responses to terbutaline, a beta-adrenergic agonist, were completely
      blocked; after discontinuation of beta-blockade at birth, responses became normal
      and remained unaffected into young adulthood. Biochemical markers indicated a
      delay in cellular development caused by propranolol: basal ornithine
      decarboxylase activity was elevated in the fetus and DNA was subnormal for the
      first week after birth. Cardiac growth was maintained in the face of DNA deficits
      by cell enlargement (elevated protein/DNA) which persisted through weaning. By
      young adulthood, all markers were within normal limits. These data suggest that
      fetal catecholamines, acting on beta-receptors, do play an initial role in
      cardiac cellular development, but that the critical period for programming of
      beta-adrenergic responsiveness occurs later in maturation.

PMID- 2286748
TI  - Insulin-induced alterations in amino acid metabolism in the fetal lamb.
AB  - To investigate the role of insulin in modulation of fetal amino acid metabolism,
      insulin infusions were performed in 10 chronically-catheterized fetal lambs.
      Fetal insulin infusion caused a dose related fall in the arterial blood
      concentrations of 13 of 15 amino acids studied as well as a 15-25% decrease in
      total amino acid concentration. Fetal lambs exhibited a biphasic response of
      umbilical total amino acid uptake when compared to fetal blood insulin
      concentration, i.e., at achieved fetal insulin concentrations less than 100
      microU/ml, umbilical uptake of 9 specific amino acids as well as summed amino
      acid uptake from the umbilical circulation were depressed, but at insulin
      concentrations of 100-350 microU/ml, amino acid uptakes were similar to or above
      control values. Insulin infusion also caused a drastic diminution in the rate of
      fetal urea excretion. These findings suggest that insulin acts in the fetus to
      depress amino acid catabolism, thus altering amino acid extraction and uptake.
      Depressed protein catabolism with or without enhanced amino acid uptake would
      have the theoretical effect of stimulation of net protein synthesis with a shift
      toward use of nonprotein substrates for energy purposes.

PMID- 2286749
TI  - Blood flow to the placenta and lower body in the growth-retarded guinea pig
      fetus.
AB  - Blood flow to the placenta and lower body of control and growth retarded (IUGR)
      guinea pig fetuses was measured between 60-64 days of pregnancy by the
      microsphere technique. Further information about the hepatic blood supply and its
      interlobular distribution was obtained by injecting microspheres into the
      umbilical vein and a branch of the portal vein. Liver weight was reduced by 60%
      in IUGR fetuses from 5.0 +/- 0.2 to 2.0 +/- 0.1 g, compared to a decrease in body
      weight of 50% from 91.6 +/- 3.0 to 45.4 +/- 2.6 g. In addition, there was a
      proportionately greater reduction in the size of the right liver lobe. Umbilical
      blood flow was 10.8 +/- 1.0 ml min-1 in control fetuses and 4.9 +/- 1.2 ml.min-1
      in IUGR fetuses, whilst blood flow in the portal vein was reduced from 1.4 +/-
      0.1 to 0.8 +/- 0.3 ml min-1 and that in the hepatic artery from 0.6 +/- 0.1 to
      0.3 +/- 0.1 ml.min-1. Since ductus venosus flow was absent or negligible, the
      umbilical venous return accounted for greater than 80% of the hepatic blood
      supply in both control and IUGR fetuses. Blood flows were, however, unequally
      distributed between the liver lobes. The right lobe was supplied mainly by the
      portal vein in IUGR fetuses as well as the controls, and received less than 6% of
      the umbilical venous return. No significant change occurred in total liver
      perfusion, which was 2.8 +/- 0.2 ml min-1 per g in control fetuses and 2.6 +/-
      0.4 ml min-1 per g in IUGR fetuses. It is therefore suggested that a high rate of
      liver metabolism is maintained in IUGR, but by a smaller tissue mass, and that
      the rate of umbilical blood flow may be one factor determining the size of the
      liver. The relatively greater reduction in size of the right lobe in IUGR is
      probably the result of poor oxygenation of the portal venous blood.

PMID- 2286750
TI  - Effect of prolonged glucose infusion into fetal sheep on body growth, fat
      deposition and gestation length.
AB  - Eleven Merino sheep fetuses were supplemented with glucose by direct continuous
      intravenous infusion of 50% dextrose into the fetus from day 115 of gestation
      until spontaneous delivery. Infusion rates of 15 or 25 g/day per kg were used and
      equivalent volumes of saline were infused into 11 control fetuses. Infusion
      periods approximated 27 days in both groups. Fetal plasma glucose concentrations
      were significantly (P less than 0.001) elevated throughout glucose infusion and
      resulted in variable but consistently higher plasma insulin concentrations in the
      glucose than in the saline-infused fetuses. Glucose-infused fetuses were
      significantly heavier than controls (mean +/- SEM; 3.86 +/- 0.16 vs 3.28 +/- 0.24
      kg, P less than 0.05) and body fat depots (in g/kg body wt.) were larger in
      glucose-infused than control fetuses (9.91 +/- 0.65 vs 6.73 +/- 0.37, P less than
      0.005, for internal brown fat depots; 1.25 +/- 0.44 vs 0.27 + 0.13, P less than
      0.05, for subcutaneous white adipose tissue). The results indicate that growth
      and lipid deposition in the sheep fetus are responsive to increased glucose
      supply, an effect which may be mediated through the actions of insulin. Mean
      gestation length was 146.60 +/- 1.45 days for controls and 144.18 +/- 1.23 days
      for glucose-infused animals (normal term 150 days).

PMID- 2286751
TI  - Maternal dehydration: impact on ovine amniotic fluid volume and composition.
AB  - Maternal dehydration consistent with mild water deprivation or moderate exercise
      results in maternal and fetal plasma hyperosmolality and increased plasma
      arginine vasopressin (AVP). Previous studies have demonstrated a reduction in
      fetal urine and lung fluid production in response to maternal dehydration or
      exogenous fetal AVP. As fetal urine and perhaps lung liquid combine to produce
      amniotic fluid, maternal dehydration may affect the amniotic fluid volume and/or
      composition. In the present study, six chronically-prepared pregnant ewes with
      singleton fetuses (128 +/- 1 day) were water deprived for 54 h to determine the
      effect on amniotic fluid. Maternal plasma osmolality (306.5 +/- 0.9 to 315.6 +/-
      1.9 mOsm/kg) and AVP (1.9 +/- 0.2 to 22.2 +/- 3.2 pg/ml) significantly increased
      during dehydration. Similarly, fetal plasma osmolality (300.0 +/- 0.9 to 312.7 +/
      1.7 mOsm/kg) and AVP (1.4 +/- 0.1 to 10.4 +/- 2.4 pg/ml) increased in parallel
      to maternal values. Amniotic fluid osmolality (276.8 +/- 5.7 to 311.6 +/- 6.5
      mOsm/kg) and sodium (139.8 +/- 4.8 to 154.0 +/- 5.4 mEq/l) and potassium (9.1 +/-
      1.3 to 13.9 +/- 2.4 mEq/l) concentrations increased while a significant (35%)
      reduction in amniotic fluid volume occurred (871 +/- 106 to 520 +/- 107 ml).
      These results indicate that maternal dehydration may have marked effects on
      maternal-fetal-amniotic fluid dynamics, possibly contributing to the development
      of oligohydramnios.

PMID- 2286753
TI  - Changing pattern of clinical medicine.

PMID- 2286752
TI  - ECG wave form, short term heart rate variability and plasma catecholamine
      concentrations in intrauterine growth-retarded guinea-pig fetuses.
AB  - Electrocardiogram waveform, short term heart rate variability and catecholamine
      concentrations were studied with maternally-induced anesthesia in eleven growth
      retarded guinea-pig fetuses and their normal-sized littermates at 63 days of
      gestation. Intrauterine growth retardation was induced by unilateral uterine
      artery ligation performed between day 32 and 35. In the growth-retarded group
      fetal weight was reduced by 45%. Blood gases, acid-base status and oxygen content
      were similar in the two groups. The growth-retarded guinea-pig fetuses were
      hypoglycemic and demonstrated a rise in hemoglobin concentration. The T/QRS ratio
      (T wave amplitude/QRS amplitude) was similar in both groups. The short-term heart
      rate variability was significantly reduced in the growth-retarded group. Plasma
      catecholamine concentrations were increased in growth-retarded fetuses but
      differed only significantly for noradrenaline compared to controls. We suggest
      that similar T/QRS ratio in both groups of fetuses indicates that aerobic
      myocardial metabolism is maintained among growth-retarded fetuses. The mechanism
      behind the reduced variability is unclear.

PMID- 2286754
TI  - Hypnosis as a therapeutic tool: beliefs among Indian doctors versus present day
      facts.

PMID- 2286755
TI  - Experience with internal iliac artery ligation in obstetrics and gynaecological
      practice.
AB  - Internal iliac artery ligation was performed in 6 patients (bilateral in 5), as a
      prophylactic procedure in 4 and as a life saving measure in 2 patients through
      transperitoneal approach. No morbidity or mortality resulted from this procedure.
      All the 6 patients in whom internal iliac artery ligation was done to control an
      otherwise uncontrollable bleeding from their pelvic tissues had ultimately an
      uneventful recovery. It is advisable to adopt this procedure as a routine in all
      difficult pelvic operations particularly radical operations for gynaecological
      malignancy.

PMID- 2286756
TI  - Place of aspiration cytology in dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
AB  - In 150 cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding the endometrial aspiration
      cytology was compared with histopathology in order to know the value of the
      former in such cases as the technique is found to be safe, simple, reliable and
      well accepted by patients as an outpatient department procedure. The material was
      adequate in 93% cases for cytology. It tallied 100% in tuberculosis and 94% in
      rest of the diseases with histopathology. Both the methods were equally effective
      in diagnosing and phasing the endometrium. But it becomes mandatory to follow up
      the cases where a malignant smear is not corroborated by histopathology.

PMID- 2286757
TI  - Maternal mortality.
AB  - Maternal mortality in Chittaranjan Seva Sadan, Calcutta, in 1983, 1985 and 1986
      was 2.45, 3.01 and 2.8 per thousand respectively. Abortion contributed a little
      in 1983 and 1985, whereas it was 15.7% in 1986. Haemorrhage was the commonest
      single cause of death in 1983 (28%) and 1985 (21.4%) as opposed to eclampsia in
      1986 (28.9%). Infective hepatitis during pregnancy and labour was the commonest
      indirect cause of maternal mortality followed by anaemia. Usual difficulties like
      lack of antenatal care, multiparity, low socio-economical status, illiteracy,
      etc, in populated developing countries are responsible for this sad state of
      affairs in this country as well.

PMID- 2286758
TI  - Verapamil as a hypotensive agent under general anaesthesia.
AB  - Thirty-six adult female patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy under general
      anaesthesia were evaluated for the haemodynamic effects of IV verapamil in bolus
      dose of either 50 micrograms/kg (group A), 60 micrograms/kg (group B) or 75
      micrograms/kg (group C). The result showed a dose dependent fall in the mean
      arterial pressure and increase in the P-R interval. The fall in heart rate was
      marginally more in group A and B as compared to group C.

PMID- 2286760
TI  - Seven years' experience of ureterosigmoidostomy in surgically failed exstrophy of
      the bladder.
AB  - Reconstruction of a typical exstrophy of bladder and to achieve normal or nearly
      normal functional activity is still in investigating stage. In spite of efforts
      of many surgeons satisfactory results are too far to be obtained and it is almost
      impossible to obtain a near normal bladder capacity with full continence, free of
      infection and non-obstructive to the upper urinary tracts. Six cases of exstrophy
      of bladder where reconstruction has failed several times were subsequently
      referred to the urology department of Calcutta National Medical College,
      Calcutta, for urinary diversion; on one case previous attempt at repair resulted
      in small thick walled bladder with recurrent calculus formation. This study was
      made on those 6 patients, their age ranging from 3 to 14 years, in whom
      ureterosigmoidostomy was carried out during the year 1979 to 1986. In all
      patients careful bowel preparation was carried out by low residue diet,
      laxatives, enemas and antibiotics. Two patients developed hyperchloraemia and
      acidosis, 2 pyelonephritis and 2 remained asymptomatic till December 1986. None
      of those patients died so far. Ureterosigmoidostomy is not ideal but it can be
      adequate and sometimes is the preferred form of urinary diversion within limited
      resources. None of the methods of urinary diversion are free from complications
      but considering all, ureterosigmoidostomy as a method of urinary diversion is non
      hazardous simple procedure with practically no mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286759
TI  - Effect of salbutamol on premature labour.
AB  - Salbutamol, a beta-adrenergic stimulant, with a property of smooth muscle
      inhibition has been used in prevention of premature labour on 40 patients. To 540
      ml of 5% dextrose solution 5 mg of salbutamol was added. The infusion was started
      at the rate of 10 drops per minute and then increased by 10 drops every 5-10
      minutes, until uterine contractions ceased. It was observed that in 62.5%
      patients pregnancy was prolonged for more than 7 days and in 80% for more than 3
      days. The mean gain in days was 14.8 days and the maximum was 48 days. The drug
      was more effective in patients with cervical dilatation less than 2 cm and with
      uterine contractions less than 3 per 10 minutes.

PMID- 2286761
TI  - Osteoclastoma at unusual site.

PMID- 2286762
TI  - Buruli ulcer.

PMID- 2286763
TI  - Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis.

PMID- 2286764
TI  - Adverse reactions to rifampicin given in daily regimens: a review.

PMID- 2286765
TI  - Problems of medical education in India.

PMID- 2286766
TI  - Systemic toxicity with cyclopentolate eye drop.

PMID- 2286767
TI  - Use of plaster of Paris in common practice.

PMID- 2286768
TI  - Color and pulsed Doppler studies of atrial flow dynamics in normals and adult
      patients with uncomplicated atrial septal defects.
AB  - Left and right atrial flow dynamics were compared by means of color and pulsed
      Doppler in order to study whether color Doppler could reliably provide
      differentiation between normals [15] and patients without atrial shunt at
      catheterization [12], vs patients with confirmed atrial septal defect [12]. The
      procedure consisted of sequential analysis of colored images throughout the
      cardiac cycle using an apical approach. In addition pulsed Doppler indices were
      calculated from both annular traces, relating diastolic early (E) and late (A)
      filling waves at each annulus (E/A); E and A waves were also summed (E + A), and
      the sum was related between both annuli (Tricuspid/Mitral ratio). Sequential
      analysis had a 100% sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of atrial
      septal defect, showing an asymmetrical pattern with predominant images in the
      right atrium, from the 2nd half of systole till End-diastole, vs the symmetrical
      'Horseshoe' pattern found over both atria for control subjects. It avoided
      diagnostic errors due to overriding septal images in systole in 44% of controls.
      There also was a significant increase of the Tricuspid/Mitral ratios, (for
      duration and velocity time integral of waves) in patients with atrial septal
      defect. The correlation coefficient between ratios and values of the
      Pulmonary/Systemic flow ratio invasively calculated for 10 patients was
      respectively 0.6 and 0.7 (p less than 0.01). Sequential analysis of colored
      images appears highly reliable for the diagnosis of atrial septal defect;
      anomalies of ratios, although of moderate value for predicting shunt magnitude,
      substantiate the inequality of atrial fillings.

PMID- 2286769
TI  - Assessment of normal and abnormal prosthetic mitral valves by Doppler
      echocardiography. Doppler in prosthetic mitral valves.
AB  - Pulsed, continuous-wave, and color Doppler were performed in 165 normal mitral
      prostheses and 58 patients with prosthetic dysfunction (46 regurgitant and 12
      obstructive valves) proved by catheterization and/or surgery. Mean mitral
      gradient (MG) and pressure half-time (PHT) were determined in all cases. Among
      normal prostheses, a wide range of both MG and PHT was observed in each type of
      valve and a considerable overlap between valves of different size. St-Jude's
      valve had the most optimal hemodynamics. Mild mitral insufficiency was detected
      in 14% of tissue and 24% of mechanical mitral valves. Repeat studies were
      performed in 30 patients over a 2.4 years period. Nine patients developed Doppler
      evidence of new prosthetic dysfunction, while Doppler parameters remained
      unchanged in 21 patients during the follow-up period. Among malfunctioning
      valves, Doppler correctly identified all cases of prosthetic obstruction (n =
      12), and 42 of 46 regurgitant valves. We conclude that Doppler echocardiography
      is a very useful technique in both non-invasive assessment and follow-up of
      normal prosthetic valves in the mitral position and in detecting prosthetic
      dysfunction, especially when prosthetic obstruction is present.

PMID- 2286770
TI  - Age-related hemodynamic changes during diastole: a combined M-mode and Doppler
      echo study.
AB  - To determine the effect of aging on the diastolic function of the left ventricle
      (LV) echo examination was performed in 115 subjects (47 women, 68 men) without
      any evidence of organic heart disease (2D and Doppler echo; exercise
      electrocardiography) aged 21 to 72 (mean +/- SD: 41 +/- 14) years. Transmitral
      flow with the characteristic early and late diastolic E-wave (E) and A-wave (A)
      was derived by pulsed Doppler ultrasound, whereas isovolumetric relaxation period
      (IVRP) was assessed by simultaneous M-mode registration of the aortic and mitral
      valve. Significantly increased values in older individuals (41 to 72 years; n =
      57) as compared to younger subjects (21 to 40 years; n = 58) were found for the
      A/E ratio of the peak velocities (PAV/PEV) (90 versus 64%; p less than 0.001) and
      the velocity-time integrals (VTI-A/E) (79 versus 36%; p less than 0.001), atrial
      contribution to LV filling (AFF) (45 versus 26%; p less than 0.001) and
      isovolumic relaxation period (IVRP) (81 versus 72 ms; p less than 0.001). Age
      significantly correlated with PAV/PEV (r = 0.74; p less than 0.001), VTI-A/E (r =
      0.83; p less than 0.001), AFF (r = 0.81; p less than 0.001) and IVRP (r = 0.74; p
      less than 0.001). Thus, age-related hemodynamic changes during diastole are
      characterized by a prolongation of IVRP and an increase of atrial contribution to
      LV filling.

PMID- 2286771
TI  - Variability of coronary flow reserve obtained immediately after coronary
      angioplasty.
AB  - Coronary flow reserve (CFR) improves in most patients immediately following
      coronary angioplasty (PTCA). The degree of improvement, however, may be variable
      and its predictive value for a favorable long-term angiographic result is
      unknown. To evaluate these issues, we used digital subtraction angiography to
      measure CFR in 15 patients before and immediately after PTCA. Minimum coronary
      diameter improved and percent diameter stenosis was reduced immediately following
      PTCA (from 0.75 +/- 0.35 mm to 2.19 +/- 0.56 mm, and from 74 +/- 12% to 27 +/-
      15%, respectively; p less than 0.001). While CFR improved in patients immediately
      following PTCA (from 1.49 +/- 0.75 to 2.68 +/- 1.73; p less than 0.05), a
      substantial variability in CFR measurements (range 0.80 to 8.33) was present. At
      repeat arteriography 2.9 +/- 0.6 months later, 4 patients demonstrated
      restenosis. Compared with the 11 patients without restenosis, those with
      restenosis had similar coronary dimensions and CFRs immediately following PTCA.
      We conclude that coronary flow reserve, determined by digital subtraction
      angiography, improves in most patients immediately after PTCA but the degree of
      improvement is variable. Its ability to predict long-term angiographic outcome
      remains uncertain.

PMID- 2286772
TI  - Real-time distortion correction of digital X-ray II/TV-systems: an application
      example for digital flashing tomosynthesis (DFTS).
AB  - In X-ray image intensifier (II)/TV-camera systems geometric distortions occur,
      e.g. due to the curved input screen of the II. For methods which are based on a
      pixelwise comparison of images, e.g. digital angio-tomosynthesis, an accurate
      correction of these geometric distortions is absolutely necessary. For the
      application of tomosynthesis to coronary angiography the correction in addition
      has to be done in real-time, because the reconstruction of the three dimensional
      structure of the blood vessels has to be done while the patient is undergoing
      catheterization. This paper describes a digital correction unit which allows a
      large variety of geometric distortions to be corrected. It consists of an input
      memory for storing the distorted image, an output memory for storing the
      corrected image and a special address memory which will serve as an address table
      during the correction step. For each element of the output image the location of
      the corresponding element of the distorted input image is determined in a
      preprocessing step and stored in the address memory. The actual correction of an
      image is then done while the image is copied from the input into the output
      memory. In this way 512 x 512 images can be corrected in real-time by a 32-bit
      680X0-based microprocessor system. Presented as Poster at the 3rd International
      Symposium CAR '89 Computer Assisted Radiology, Berlin, June 25-28, 1989.

PMID- 2286773
TI  - The spectrum of mitral regurgitation in idiopathic mitral valve prolapse: a color
      Doppler study.
AB  - To characterize the spectrum of mitral regurgitation in mitral valve prolapse,
      one hundred patients were studied by color Doppler flow mapping. The findings
      were correlated with the clinical presentation and with the possible
      complications. Mitral regurgitation was absent in 46 patients, mild in 26
      patients, moderate in 18 patients and severe in 10 patients. The jet orientation
      was central in 15 patients, antero-medial in 13 patients and postero-lateral in
      26 patients. The regurgitation was early systolic in 7 patients, late systolic in
      20 patients and holosystolic in 27 patients. A good agreement was observed
      between the color flow patterns and the presence, timing and radiation of a
      murmur. Systolic clicks were not predictors of the presence or the severity of
      regurgitation. The grade of mitral regurgitation was positively correlated with,
      age, left heart enlargement and valvular redundancy. No sex difference was
      observed. The prevalence of serious arrhythmias or cerebral ischemic events was
      not significantly increased when a regurgitation was present.

PMID- 2286774
TI  - Clinical value of radioimmunoscintigraphy in the follow-up of ovarian carcinoma:
      a prospective study.
AB  - Twenty-five patients treated with debulking surgery and chemotherapy for ovarian
      cancer were prospectively studied to evaluate the efficacy of
      radioimmunoscintigraphy (RIS) in detecting residual tumor before second-look
      surgery. RIS was performed with the monoclonal antibody OC125 F(ab')2 labelled
      with I-131 without knowledge of clinical data and compared with subsequent
      surgical results. Second look showed tumor persistence in 12 patients, mostly
      characterized by small lesions. The overall diagnostic sensitivity of RIS was 50%
      and the specificity was 85%. In particular, RIS showed better sensitivity for
      pelvic tumor localizations than for abdominal sites (73% vs 33%); this was due to
      the inability of RIS to detect upper abdominal lesions. Therefore, our conclusion
      is that, at present, RIS cannot substitute surgical second-look in the management
      of ovarian cancer, however, considering that also ultrasonography, computer
      tomography and magnetic resonance are not always able to give definite diagnostic
      evidence in the follow-up of ovarian carcinoma, RIS could be added to these
      procedures to balance the limitations of each method. In this regard, the best
      application of RIS could be in the follow-up of patients with marker elevation
      without clinical evidence of disease, especially in the case of pelvic fibrosis
      or adhesions due to previous therapy, where the other non-invasive tools can give
      doubtful diagnostic results.

PMID- 2286775
TI  - Serum SCC-Ag in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - We estimated the serum levels of SCC-Ag, CEA and TPA in 69 patients with head or
      neck neoplasia and 31 healthy patients using a radioimmunometric method (double
      antibody). SCC-Ag concentrations were significantly increased in 43.4% cancer
      patients with respect to the cut-off point value (1.7 ng/ml) of the control
      group, and the specificity was 96.7%. The data varied according to the evolutive
      phase of disease. Since the combined evaluation of SCC-Ag, TPA and CEA serum
      levels increased the sensitivity, that was 71.0%, we thought it opportune to use
      all these markers in the tumoral pathology taken into consideration.

PMID- 2286777
TI  - Levels of human chorionic gonadotropin in breast cyst fluid.
AB  - The results of dosage of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in 75 breast cyst
      fluids taken from 61 patients suffering from breast gross cystic disease (BGCD),
      13 of which had multiple mono and/or bilateral cysts are discussed. The
      corresponding sera were also examined. Assays were carried out using the ELISA
      method. For comparison, HCG levels were also determined in 21 breast cyst fluids
      using RIA method. In 66.7% of the breast cyst fluids examined the hormone levels
      were higher than normal serum values. Corresponding sera showed HCG to be within
      the range of normal levels. In 5 patients the multiple and/or bilateral cysts
      showed widely differing hormone levels. The importance of these observations is
      discussed.

PMID- 2286776
TI  - Tumor markers in pancreatic cancer: a comparative clinical study between CEA, CA
      19-9 and CA 50.
AB  - Seventy-eight patients were evaluated to ascertain the usefulness of markers CA
      19-9 and CA 50 in diagnosing pancreatic cancer, using a less specific marker
      (CEA) as reference. Three groups were considered: a) 36 controls; b) 22 patients
      with benign obstructive jaundice; c) 20 patients with pancreatic cancer.
      Preoperative blood samples were obtained to ascertain CEA (E.I.A.), CA 19-9
      (R.I.A.) and CA 50 (T.R.-F.I.A.). Serum concentrations of the various markers
      were significantly higher for patients with pancreatic cancer in comparison with
      the other groups, at cut-offs of 10 ng/ml (CEA), 100 ng/ml (CA 19-9) and 170 U/ml
      (CA 50). The sensitivity of CA 19-9 (94%) and CA 50 (88%) was much greater than
      that of CEA (30%). The specificity of the three markers in patients with
      pancreatic cancer, with respect to the control group, was 100% and this figure is
      reduced with respect to the group suffering from benign obstructive jaundice
      (CEA: 90%; CA 19-9: 88% and CA 50: 87%). Diagnostic results (sensitivity,
      specificity, positive predictive value (P.P.V.) and negative predictive value
      (N.P.V.] did not significantly increase with respect to CA 19-9 and CA 50 when
      considered individually. It is concluded that the serum concentrations of CA 19-9
      and CA 50 showed high sensitivity and specificity as markers of pancreatic cancer
      with respect to the other groups, pointing towards clinical routine clinical use
      of both markers. In addition, a comparative study of the literature has been made
      and prospects for short-term development and concrete applications for early and
      reliable diagnosis have been highlighted.

PMID- 2286778
TI  - Immunohistochemical distribution of mucinous-like carcinoma associated antigen
      (MCA) in breast and non-breast cancer: comparison with other biological
      parameters.
AB  - The present study reports the immunohistochemical reactivity of the monoclonal
      antibody b-12 (MAb b-12) with malignant human tissues. 173 neoplastic tissues
      were tested: MAb b-12 stained all breast carcinomas independently of their
      histology, with different patterns within the various type of cancer. Some other
      carcinomas (stomach, bowel, ovary, lung, endometrium), were also reactive even if
      the fraction of positive cells was lower. A comparison between the histological
      localization of MCA and that of CEA was performed; anti-CEA antibodies stained
      the cancer tissues with different reactivity and showed different percentages of
      positivity. MCA expression was also compared with other biological parameters
      such as the presence of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PgR),
      epithelial growth factor receptors (EGF-R), and oncoprotein p-53 which is encoded
      by the oncogene N-myc. The proliferative activity was also evaluated by measuring
      the growth fraction (GF) using the antibody Ki67. Any correlation was
      demonstrated between MCA and these parameters except for growth fraction as
      revealed by Ki67 antibody.

PMID- 2286779
TI  - Localization of mucinous-like carcinoma associated antigen (MCA) in breast
      pathology: comparison with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and tissue polypeptide
      antigen (TPA).
AB  - The topographic distribution of a mucinous-like cancer antigen (MCA) recognized
      by a monoclonal antibody b-12 (MAb b-12) was assessed in benign (38) and
      malignant (66) breast tissues. The reactivity of MAb b-12 showed a good
      selectivity for breast tissues, reacting both with normal tissues and breast
      cancer. The degree of MCA expression was evaluated in the various groups of
      breast pathology adopting quantitative criteria of assessment. With the criteria
      of evaluation adopted, strong staining was observed in 71.4% breast carcinomas.
      The most positive reaction was demonstrated in mucinous carcinoma. MCA
      distribution in breast tissue was compared with the distribution of two other
      antigens, CEA and TPA. Reactivity of MAb b-12 was higher than the reactivity
      shown by the anti-CEA and anti-TPA antibodies.

PMID- 2286780
TI  - [Tetanus antitoxin levels in various Japanese age groups in 1989].
AB  - The nationwide DPT vaccine program was started in 1969 for infants under 12
      months of age. In order to estimate the tetanus immune status among the general
      population of various age groups, we measured the serum tetanus antibody level in
      randomly selected outpatients from Metropolitan Tokyo (n = 211, 6 months-60
      years) and Hamamatsu, a city of 510 thousand population (n = 128, 3 years-80
      years) between January 1987 and June 1989. Among the 211 subjects from Tokyo, the
      antibody value exceeding effective level of 0.01 HAU/ml was observed in 102
      subjects (48.3%). The antibody positive rate was 90.8% in subjects of 3 to 21
      years and was 27.7% in subjects of 22 years or older. The positive rate was
      significantly higher in subjects of 21 years or younger (p less than 0.005).
      Among 128 subjects from Hamamatsu, 60 (46.1%) had a positive antibody and the
      antibody positive rare was 96.9% in subjects of 3 to 21 years and was 29.5% in
      subjects of 21 years or younger (p less than 0.005). The above findings indicate
      that our DPT vaccination program has been functioning well for the last 20 years
      and that the immunized population is adequately protected against tetanus.

PMID- 2286781
TI  - [Fundamental studies on serological diagnosis of amoebiasis. 2. Application of
      antigen of Entamoeba histolytica for complement fixation test to
      counterimmunoelectrophoresis; and clinical relevance of serological tests].
AB  - Antigen of Entamoeba histolytica for complement fixation (CF) test was applied to
      counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and the result was compared with that of CF
      test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in regard to sensitivity and
      specificity. Besides, we studied antibody titers to E. histolytica in sera from
      acute and convalescent patients, and from patients with amoebic colitis and
      amoebic liver abscess. Sera used were from patients with amoebic colitis, amoebic
      liver abscess and uninfected control subjects. The CIE was less sensitive than
      the CF test and ELISA. Most CIE-negative samples had low CF and ELISA titers, but
      a few samples had higher CF and ELISA titers. On the other hand, all uninfected
      controls were negative by CIE and ELISA, and 98% were negative by the CF test.
      The level of antibodies tended to decrease with time after clinical recovery, but
      CF test and ELISA results remained positive in all patients 6 months after
      clinical cure. CIE converted negative in only one patient after 6 months. The
      level of antibodies of CF test and ELISA was significantly higher in amoebic
      liver abscess than amoebic colitis. These results suggested that all these three
      methods were so specific, and antibody titers by the CF test and ELISA were well
      correlated to clinical manifestations. The CIE with CF-antigen was less sensitive
      as compared with CF test or ELISA.

PMID- 2286782
TI  - Herpes zoster in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis (PM-DM) were
      retrospectively studied with regard to development of herpes zoster. Herpes
      zoster occurred with high frequency in patients with PM-DM. The clinical courses
      of zoster infections were uneventful; no severe complications nor deaths
      occurred, and only one patient had post-therapeutic neuralgia. No specific
      therapy for this infection was necessary. Zoster tended to occur in the inactive
      stage of PM-DM. PM-DM patients with herpes zoster had a significantly higher
      incidence of antinuclear antibody. There seemed to be no relationship between
      steroid therapy and herpes zoster infection.

PMID- 2286783
TI  - [Nosocomial infection by new quinolone resistant Enterobacter cloacae].
AB  - For the past two years, five strains of new quinolone resistant Enterobacter
      cloacae have been isolated from three patients in our hospital; strain A was
      isolated from patient A, strain B from patient B, and strains C1, C2, C3 from
      patient C. These five strains were resistant to new quinolones and other
      antimicrobial agents including ampicillin, piperacillin, methicillin, cefotaxime,
      cefoperazone, kanamycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, minocycline, and
      chloramphenicol. Plasmid DNA profiles on agarose gel indicated that strain B and
      C3 carried completely the same plasmid pattern, but strain A gave a different
      plasmid pattern. Furthermore chromosomal DNAs extracted from strains A, B and C3
      were digested with restriction endonucleases EcoR I, BamH I and Sma I. They were
      separated by pulsefield gel electrophoresis. The banding profiles of strains B
      and C3 showed the same pattern. It is, therefore, highly suggested that strains B
      and C3 are the same E. cloacae strain, although isolated from different patients
      at different time. The possible route of nosocomial infection between these two
      patients who were hospitalized in the same room after an interval of 4 months was
      discussed.

PMID- 2286784
TI  - [Treatment of strongyloidiasis with mebendazole and its combination with
      thiabendazole].
AB  - Although Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis) infection rate in Okinawa
      Prefecture was less than 2% by the traditional method, it has been proven to be
      6.2% by the new technique--agar plate method. Thiabendazole has strong activity
      to eradicate the organism, but it is well known that the rate of severe side
      effects is extremely high. Therefore, we attempted to evaluate the new treatment
      for the infection by mebendazole and its combination with thiabendazole. The
      reason for use of the drug is based on the reports of successful treatment of S.
      stercoralis infection in humans with the mild and infrequent side effects
      produced by the drug. Thirty three patients were orally given mebendazole 100 mg
      twice daily for 28 days. Twenty six patients were given thiabendazole 500 mg
      thrice daily for 5 days and after that, mebendazole 100 mg twice daily for 9
      days. This combination therapy was repeated twice. The following results were
      obtained: 1) Out of a total of 59 patients, the cure rate was 83.3% (20/24) in
      single use of mebendazole and 100.0% (22/22) in the combination therapy. 2)
      Constipation (9.1%) and headache (9.1%) were of relatively high incidence in the
      mebendazole group, but they were mild. Nausea (19.2%) and headache (15.4%) were
      observed in the combination therapy group and the drug was discontinued in 2
      patients. 3) The incidence of the elevation of S-GOT, S-GPT was noted in 71.4%
      (20/28) for the mebendazole group and 52.2% (12/23) for combination therapy
      group. All 13 patients of the mebendazole group were negative in lymphocyte
      stimulation test for mebendazole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286785
TI  - [Preventive effect of Clostridium butyricum M588 against the proliferation of
      Clostridium difficile during antimicrobial therapy].
AB  - Fecal flora of the patients without remarkable gastrointestinal diseases were
      studied. All patients were treated with antimicrobial drugs with or without Miya
      BM (the preparation of Clostridium butyricum M588). The stools were examined
      before and after (during) antimicrobial treatment. Fecal flora of 69 patients
      before medication was almost the same with that of healthy adults as has been
      reported by Mitsuoka et al. After giving antimicrobials, most bacterial genus
      except Enterococcus and Yeasts in the stool decreased their detection rate and
      their population. This floral change was not much influenced by co-administration
      of Miya-BM. The detection rate of Clostridium difficile and/or the toxin A from
      the stool were markedly increased after giving antimicrobials. When Miya-BM was
      co-administered with antimicrobials, however, the detection of C. difficile
      and/or toxin A was very rare. C. butyricum M588 was recovered from 7 cases out of
      10 patients treated with antimicrobials and Miya-BM. Non-spore form of C.
      butyricum was dominant in the feces of 3 cases, and spore form was dominant in
      the other 4. This result showed that administered C. butyricum M588 germinated in
      intestinal tract.

PMID- 2286786
TI  - [The infection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis in young adult men without
      urogenital symptoms--screening test using urine sediments].
AB  - The detection of C. trachomatis antigen in first-voided urine sediments has
      recently been achieved by means of IDEIA CHLAMYDIA (IDEIA, Novo Nordisk), an EIA
      kit using monoclonal antibodies. Therefore, this kit was used as a screening test
      to examine the infection rate of C. trachomatis in young adult men without
      symptoms. The titers of serum IgA and IgG antibodies to C. trachomatis were also
      determined. 1. Antigen detection from first-voided urine sediments of young adult
      men without urogenital symptoms (141 cases): The detection rate by IDEIA was 5.0%
      (7/141). Three of the 7 cases which were positive for antigen in first-voided
      urine sediments were reaffirmed as having asymptomatic C. trachomatis urethritis,
      since they were also revealed to have C. trachomatis in the urethra. 2. The
      positive rates of serum antibodies: The titers of serum antibody were determined
      in 128 cases out of the 141 cases. The positive rates of IgA and IgG were 6.3%
      (8/128) and 35.9% (46/128) respectively. The positive rates of IgA and IgG
      antibodies were significantly higher in cases with positive antigen in first
      voided urine sediments than in those which were negative. These results indicate
      that this kit is useful for antigen detection. 3. The screening test revealed
      asymptomatic C. trachomatis infections in 5% of young adult men, suggesting the
      extensive spread of the infection. The screening test using first-voided urine
      sediments will be useful in public health.

PMID- 2286787
TI  - [Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Legionella pneumophila using 60
      kDa protein antigen].
AB  - The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been evaluated for the
      detection of antibodies against Legionella pneumophila. Three-grade antigens were
      prepared from Legionella pneumophila serogroup I. Crude antigen was made by
      enzyme digestion, sonication and centrifugation and then became half pure by
      ammonium sulfate precipitation. It was purified to form 60-kDa protein antigen by
      size-exclusion chromatography on a Sephacryl S400 column and ion-exchanged
      chromatography on a DEAE-5PW column. 60-kDa protein antigen was the most
      sensitive of the three antigens, but more cross reactive to K. pneumoniae type II
      than the other two antigens. It is suggested that crossreaction occurs on the
      grounds whether 60-kDa protein is antigen common to L. pneumophila serogroup I
      and K. pneumoniae type II or antigens of such two bacteria co-exist on 60-kDa
      protein.

PMID- 2286788
TI  - [Two cases of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in children].
AB  - Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Y. pseudotuberculosis) infection is an intestinal
      infectious disease comparable in importance as those with Campylobacter or
      Salmonella. Clinical symptoms of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection vary. In this
      report, we will describe the clinical symptoms and immunological conditions of
      the patients with Y. pseudotuberculosis infection, including 2 or our own cases.
      Case 1 was a 4 years old male infant admitted to the hospital with major
      complaints of fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. Kawasaki disease was the most
      suspected diagnosis from the clinical viewpoint. These symptoms improved by
      symptomatic treatments. Serum examination during hospitalisation revealed the
      infection of Y. pseudotuberculosis 4a. Case 2 was a 7 months old male baby with
      psychomotor developmental delay. The patient was admitted to hospital with major
      complaints of fever and eruptions. The patient was diagnosed to have a severe
      infectious disorder based on the clinical symptoms and findings of laboratory
      tests. Treatments with antibiotics improved the conditions. Serum examination
      during hospitalisation also revealed the Y. pseudotuberculosis 5a infection. Both
      of these cases showed decreased cellular immunity during the acute phase of the
      infection which was normalized with the improvement in clinical conditions. It
      was thus suggested that Y. pseudotuberculosis had a possibility to influence the
      cellular immunity of hosts transiently but significantly.

PMID- 2286789
TI  - Hot spots created at skin-air interfaces during ultrasound hyperthermia.
AB  - It is well known that ultrasound beams will be completely reflected at a soft
      tissue-gas interface. The reflected beam is contributing to the power absorption
      at the tissue interface and may cause a hot spot which could prevent therapeutic
      temperatures at the treatment volume. In this study the temperature elevation
      caused by a reflected ultrasound beam at the skin surface has been investigated
      in dogs' thighs in vivo. The magnitude of the hot spot was quantified and the
      effect of entrance angle was also investigated. In addition, the possibility of
      eliminating the hot spot by coupling the beam out of the tissue was studied. The
      results showed that the temperature elevation can be up to four times larger at
      the skin-air surface than in resting muscle under similar exposure. The geometry
      of the reflecting surface had a significant effect on the temperature
      distribution. When the sound was coupled out of the tissue the magnitude of the
      temperature elevation at the skin reduced to less than half (depending on the
      geometry) but was still larger than temperatures measured in muscle. These
      results suggest the need for computerized treatment planning for scanned focused
      ultrasound treatments.

PMID- 2286790
TI  - Thermal enhancement of tetraplatin and carboplatin in human leukaemic cells.
AB  - The thermal enhancement of tetraplatin (racemic, d-trans and l-trans isomers) and
      carboplatin was studied as a function of temperature in vitro in JM, a human
      acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line. Exponentially growing JM cells were
      exposed to tetraplatin (0-10 micrograms/ml) or carboplatin (0-45 micrograms/ml)
      for 1 h at 37-43 degrees C in 1 degree C increments. Graphic analysis
      demonstrated a breakpoint for the onset of thermal enhancement for tetraplatin at
      40 degrees C. Thermal enhancement was maximal at 42 degrees C with no significant
      increase at 43 degrees C. The tetraplatin thermal enhancement ratio (TER) was 2.7
      at 42 degrees C. The TERs for d and l isomers at 41.8 degrees C were not
      significantly different. The relationship of TER to temperature for carboplatin
      closely paralleled that of tetraplatin. The implications of these results are
      discussed in the context of tetraplatin's unique properties.

PMID- 2286791
TI  - Rapid hyperthermic cell sensitivity test measured by RNA synthesis using contact
      sensitive plates of confluent Balb/c 3T3 cell monolayers.
AB  - We have developed a hyperthermic sensitivity test for human neoplastic cells
      using contact-sensitive confluent monolayers of BALB/c 3T3 cells designated as
      'contact-sensitive plates (CSP)', which almost completely inhibited the growth of
      normal cells without influencing the growth of the human neoplastic cells. On
      'CSP', the relative [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA of the hyperthermic
      cultures showed an excellent correlation with the relative clonogenic efficiency
      of the treated cultures. Since 'CSP' allows for only contact-insensitive tumour
      cells to proliferate, our assay will predict the hyperthermic sensitivity of only
      the neoplastic cells. Moreover, even 2 x 10(3) cells derived from clinical tumour
      tissues can be assayed within only 3 days. This assay system is potentially used
      as a rapid in vitro hyperthermic sensitivity test for human carcinoma.

PMID- 2286792
TI  - Effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) and cis-diammine (1,1
      cyclobutanedicarboxylate) platinum (CBDCA) on thermotolerance development and
      thermosensitivity of the thermotolerant cells.
AB  - The interactive effects of combined treatment with heat and CDDP (0.5
      micrograms/ml) or CBDCA (10 micrograms/ml) were examined on the surviving
      fractions of V-79 cells. Both CDDP and CBDCA treatment induced a slight
      enhancement in thermosensitivity of thermotolerant cells. The development of
      thermotolerance during step-up heating was partially inhibited by simultaneous
      treatment with CDDP or CBDCA throughout the heating process. Simultaneous heat
      treatment at 42 degrees C with either drug showed marked interactive effect and
      inhibited the thermotolerance developed during 42 degrees C heating.

PMID- 2286793
TI  - Hyperthermia-induced shedding and masking of melanoma-associated antigen.
AB  - Hyperthermia has been reported to induce a dose-dependent reduction in the
      expression of melanoma-associated surface antigens. The objective of the present
      work was to study the mechanisms for the reduction in the expression of the p250
      antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody 9.2.27. Measurements at 37 degrees
      C showed that antibody binding induced a certain degree of modulation
      (internalization) of the melanoma-associated antigen. Masking of the antigen due
      to internalization and/or damage in situ, as well as shedding of the antigen,
      were measured after hyperthermia, and found to increase in a heat-dose-dependent
      manner, although for antigen masked this increase was not significant compared
      with control cells at 37 degrees C. The sum of antigen shed and masked after
      hyperthermia correlated with the overall reduction in antigen expression measured
      independently. During hyperthermia, antigen was shed and masked in approximately
      equal amounts. After the treatment, hyperthermia-induced shedding continued as a
      function of time and caused a further reduction in antigen expression, but
      masking did not differ from 37 degrees C controls.

PMID- 2286794
TI  - Effectiveness of intrathoracic chemothermotherapy for malignant pleurisy due to
      Ewing's sarcoma: a case report.
AB  - This paper describes a case of malignant pleurisy which showed evidence of the
      effectiveness of a new mode of cancer treatment, intrathoracic chemothermotherapy
      (ICT). ICT consisted of a bolus intrathoracic injection of 50 mg cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) and local heating using 8 MHz radiofrequency
      waves for 60 min. A patient with multiple lung metastases and malignant pleurisy
      on both sides due to Ewing's sarcoma was treated on the right side with ICT,
      along with concomitant systemic administration of 50 mg CDDP. Intrathoracic
      temperatures were monitored by insertion of thermocouple temperature sensors, and
      temperatures of 43 degrees C or over were successfully maintained for about 40
      min during each of three treatments. Although the patient died 3 months later of
      advanced metastases in the left lung and malignant pleurisy on the left side,
      lung metastases in the right lung were stable on radiographs, and autopsy results
      showed no cancerous lesions in the right thoracic cavity, which had been treated
      with ICT. Since no effective response had been obtained clinically or
      histologically before starting ICT, despite frequent administration of anti
      cancer drugs, we conclude that heat acted synergistically with CDDP on drug
      resistant cells in this case.

PMID- 2286795
TI  - The use of hydralazine to manipulate tumour temperatures during hyperthermia.
AB  - Hydralazine is an antihypertensive drug which theoretically could increase tumour
      temperatures during hyperthermia via reduction in tumour blood flow from a
      vascular 'steal' phenomenon. Doses that are therapeutically effective in reducing
      blood pressure in hypertensive patients would probably cause postural hypotension
      and other side-effects in normotensive patients beyond the hyperthermia treatment
      session, however. This study was designed to evaluate whether hydralazine, when
      administered at a safe dose for normotensive patients (0.125 mg/kg, i.v.) would
      be effective in increasing tumour temperatures during hyperthermia. The working
      hypothesis was that hydralazine at a dose of 0.125 mg/kg would be effective in
      raising tumour temperatures during hyperthermia treatment with minimal change in
      blood pressure. Fourteen human and five canine subjects were given hydralazine
      (0.125 mg/kg, i.v.) at the midpoint of a hyperthermia session. Temperatures and
      blood pressures were monitored before and after drug administration. Although
      hydralazine resulted in slight reduction in blood pressure, it was ineffective in
      increasing tumour temperatures in human patients (average maximum rise in median
      temperature was 0.26 +/- 0.32 degrees C). In canine subjects the same dose of
      hydralazine was effective in reducing blood pressure in four of five subjects
      studied (mean maximum drop was 22.7 +/- 4.1 mmHg) and the median temperature rose
      0.8 +/- 0.7 degrees C. In the canine subjects the greater the decrease in blood
      pressure, the greater the increase in temperature. These results suggest that a
      rise in tumour temperature induced by hydralazine is dependent on creating a drop
      in blood pressure. Future studies in this laboratory will include tumour blood
      flow manipulation with antihypertensives which have a shorter half-life and a
      titratable effect. Using this approach, hypotension, which seems to be required
      to raise tumour temperature, will be more controllable in terms of magnitude and
      duration.

PMID- 2286796
TI  - Adjuvant pelvic hyperthermia in advanced cervical carcinoma. I. Feasibility,
      thermometry and device comparison.
AB  - From 1981 to 1989, a total of 26 women with locally or regionally advanced
      carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with radiotherapy (RT) and pelvic
      regional hyperthermia (HT), in the Divisions of Radiation Oncology at the
      University of Utah Medical Center (UU) and the Kenneth Norris Jr Cancer Hospital
      of the University of Southern California (USC). HT was produced by the BSD-1000
      HT system and the annular phased array (AA) applicator usually driven at 60-65
      MHz, or the BSD-2000 HT system and the Sigma-60 (S60) applicator usually driven
      at 70-85 MHz. During the HT sessions acute toxicity was common, particularly
      because of pain within or outside the applicator, which was power-limiting in 43%
      of the patients overall. Pain was more easily manipulated, but more commonly
      power-limiting with the S60. Systemic stress was power-limiting in 22% of
      patients treated with the AA, but in no patients with the S60. Detailed thermal
      mapping and temperature analysis were performed on 26 patients. The mean overall
      average intratumour temperature achieved was 41 +/- 1.1 degrees C for 30 min; 5%
      and 35% of the monitored intratumour loci exceeded 43 degrees C and 42 degrees C,
      respectively. Temperatures recorded in the cervical os and proximal vagina
      appeared lower relative to the monitored normal structures in the region.
      Subacute treatment related toxicities occurred in five patients and included
      protracted pain (three) and superficial second degree burns (one), all of which
      resolved with supportive non-surgical therapy.

PMID- 2286797
TI  - Intracavitary hyperthermia applicators for treating nasopharyngeal and cervical
      cancers.
AB  - Many intracavitary microwave applicators have been designed to heat tissues along
      the side of an antenna. For tumours in nearly closed-end cavities such as the
      nasopharynx and cervix, heating near the tip of the applicators is necessary for
      effective treatment. A nasopharyngeal applicator made of Micro Coax UT-250A and a
      cervical applicator made of RG-9/U cables were designed to provide heating at the
      tip. Return losses of 8-12 dB were obtained at 915 MHz by varying the size of two
      metal sleeves and adjusting the distance between these sleeves and the reflectors
      at the applicator tips. Heating patterns were evaluated on a muscle phantom with
      a thermograph. At 915 MHz, maximum heating rates of 1.3 and 0.85 degrees C/W-min,
      respectively, were observed near the tip of the nasopharyngeal applicator and at
      its first sleeve opening. When operated at 915 MHz the cervical applicator has a
      maximum heating rate of 0.25 degrees C/W-min at the tip. Clinically, both
      applicators require a maximum power of 30 W to provide effective heating. This
      makes it possible to provide intracavitary hyperthermia at rural hospitals and
      small clinics with a small portable system.

PMID- 2286798
TI  - Prognostic indicators and clinical course in proctosigmoiditis.
AB  - The progress and outcome of proctosigmoiditis (PS) varies from a benign self
      limited illness to severe or continuous disease which may require major surgery.
      This study identifies certain clinical features in the presenting attack which
      appear to influence the subsequent course of the disease. Ninety-nine patients
      with PS were referred to a colitis clinic between 1975 and 1985. Sixty have been
      followed for at least five years or have required surgery. They have been
      classified as follows. Group A-asymptomatic after presenting attack (n = 14),
      group B-symptoms after presenting attack for less than 10% of follow-up (n = 25),
      group C symptoms for greater than 10% of follow-up (n = 11), group D - patients
      requiring surgical intervention (n = 10). Data obtained during the initial
      attack, including sex, age, length of history, disease extent, length of first
      attack and therapy, were analysed. There was no significant difference in the
      length of history or extent of disease between groups. The mean ages in groups A
      D were 40, 45, 30 and 24 years respectively. The ages of groups A and B were not
      significantly different, but differed from group C (p less than 0.05) and from
      group D (p less than 0.005). The length of the first attack was significantly
      shorter (p less than 0.01) in groups A and B (median 1.0 and 3.0 months
      respectively) than in groups C and D (median 5.0 and 6.0 months respectively).

PMID- 2286799
TI  - Slow transit chronic constipation (Arbuthnot Lane's disease). An
      immunohistochemical study of neuropeptide-containing nerves in resected specimens
      from the large bowel.
AB  - Seven patients (6 women, 1 man) with severe idiopathic chronic constipation, who
      underwent surgery with subtotal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis, were
      investigated for the occurrence and density of nerve fibres, immunoreactive to
      different neuropeptides in the mucosa, submucosa, ganglia and smooth muscle in
      fresh specimens from the colon ascendens, the colon transversum and the colon
      descendens-sigmoideum. The following substances were studied: enkephalin,
      substance P, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,
      calcitonin gene-related peptide, bombesin, motilin, tyrosine hydroxylase,
      dynorphin and galanin. Nerve fibres immunoreactive to CGRP occurred in large
      numbers in the myenteric ganglia of the patients with severe idiopathic chronic
      constipation, whereas in the myenteric ganglia of the control cases they only
      occurred in low numbers. In two patients there was no detectable motilin
      immunoreactivity and in one patient only sparse in the mucosa and the smooth
      muscle. The other neuropeptides investigated occurred in the density and
      distribution previously reported in the normal gut. With the present technique
      there were indications that patients with severe idiopathic chronic constipation
      have a significant difference in the occurrence of immunoreactive nerve fibres to
      CGRP and motilin compared to control patients.

PMID- 2286800
TI  - Ultrasonic endoluminal examination in the follow-up of colorectal cancer. Initial
      experience and results.
AB  - We have been using endoluminal ultrasonography since 1988 as part of the follow
      up procedure after colorectal surgery. A total of 106 patients with anterior
      resection of the rectum or the sigmoid colon were involved in 1988. The follow-up
      period for these patients ranged from 1 to 56 months after surgery (23.1 +/- 15.1
      months after anterior resection of the rectum; 25.7 +/- 22 months after anterior
      resection of the sigmoid). During the observation period 7 patients developed
      recurrence after anterior resection of the rectum and 5 after anterior resection
      of the sigmoid. The primary stages for these patients had been 7 cases of Dukes'
      B, 3 of Dukes' C1 and 2 of Dukes' D. Raised serum CEA levels were found in 5
      cases. In 3 other cases, we found pathological changes in the anastomotic region
      by means of endoscopy. In these the endorectal ultrasonic scan showed hypodense
      masses as a sign of recurrence. In 2 of these 3 cases, the serum CEA level was
      normal. In 4 cases endoluminal rectal ultrasonography alone was suspicious. This
      led to further diagnostic procedures and finally to radical excision. All
      suspicious ultrasonic images were monitored 2 to 4 weeks later. In cases of
      suspicion, endoscopic, needle or surgical transrectal biopsies were taken from
      all patients. In all cases, histological analysis confirmed the ultrasonic
      diagnosis of local recurrence.

PMID- 2286801
TI  - Surgical management of perforating diverticular disease in Austria.
AB  - Perforated diverticulitis is a much feared complication of diverticular disease
      and requires immediate surgical therapy to limit the incipient peritonitis and
      its sequelae. The ensuing surgical approach which could best irradiate the septic
      focus as well as restore normal intestinal continuity with less morbidity and
      mortality has been a matter of controversy. In the last ten years primary
      resection and colostomy has replaced the three-stage procedure in most cases of
      peritonitis. Primary anastomosis, when peritoneal involvement is well confined,
      has been shown to give excellent results. To assess the surgical management of
      perforating diverticulitis in Austria, a questionnaire was sent to leading
      hospitals throughout the country and information of 241 patients with perforating
      diverticulitis was compiled. The overall peroperative mortality was 9%, and the
      highest rate of complication (37.9%) was observed after primary resection and
      anastomosis with temporary defunctioning proximal colostomy. The mortality, as
      expected, is directly proportional to the extent of peritonitis; it was
      significantly greater among patients with generalised peritonitis and lowest
      among cases of covered perforation.

PMID- 2286802
TI  - Treatment of pilonidal sinus by excision and rhomboid flap.
AB  - A series of 23 patients with chronic pilonidal disease have been treated by
      excision and transposition rhomboid flap. Full primary healing was obtained in
      all patients, with only two cases of wound seroma. The average hospital stay was
      9 days. The mean follow-up period was 12 months, and no late recurrences have
      occurred.

PMID- 2286803
TI  - The effect of age on pelvic floor dynamics.
AB  - Anorectal function is known to be influenced by age but there is only scanty
      information about the effect of ageing on pelvic floor dynamics. Pelvic floor
      movements were assessed by videoproctography in two groups of ten control females
      (mean age of 30.5 and 60.7 years, respectively). A significantly lower pelvic
      floor position was found at rest in the older group (p = 0.02), but younger
      controls showed an increased pelvic floor descent during straining (p = 0.01).
      These results suggest that the pelvic floor is affected by progressive
      denervation but descent during straining tends to decrease with advancing age.

PMID- 2286804
TI  - Emergency resection and primary anastomosis for sigmoid volvulus in an African
      population.
AB  - We report 30 patients who underwent operation for sigmoid volvulus during a two
      year period at the St. Francis Hospital, Tanzania. Five patients were managed
      initially by non-operative reduction. They all underwent elective resection of
      the sigmoid during the same hospitalisation with one operative death. Twenty-five
      patients underwent emergency laparotomy, 12 of them having gangrenous bowel.
      Resection was carried out in 21 patients, 18 of whom had a primary anastomosis
      without protective colostomy. In spite of the high incidence of gangrenous bowel
      (57%), there was only one operative death (5%) in the 18 patients. Initial
      management of sigmoid volvulus should consist of non-operative attempts at
      reduction provided that the bowel is viable. Elective resection should be
      performed during the same hospitalisation. Where non-operative therapy fails or
      bowel gangrene is present, emergency laparotomy has to be carried out. In the
      authors' experience resection of the sigmoid and primary anastomosis can be
      performed safely in this situation.

PMID- 2286805
TI  - Factors affecting anal continence after restorative proctocolectomy.
AB  - The aim of this multicentre study was to define the incidence of disordered
      continence after restorative proctocolectomy and ileoanal reservoir with respect
      to some factors which may influence the postoperative soiling rate. Two hundred
      and seven patients underwent the operation, 156 had their ileostomy closed and
      were all available for a functional assessment. Minor leakage was observed in
      26.9% of cases, whereas 1.9% complained of troublesome faecal soiling. None had
      gross faecal incontinence. Patients over 45 years had significantly more soiling
      than those younger (45% vs 24%, p less than 0.05). Soiling was more prevalent in
      those with ulcerative colitis than with other diseases (35% vs 18% p less than
      0.05). The soiling rate decreased after the first postoperative year from 34% to
      21% (p less than 0.05). A bowel frequency higher than 5 evacuations/24 hours
      increased soiling from 20% to 48% (p less than 0.01). Pouchitis doubled the
      soiling rate from 26% to 50% (p less than 0.05) without there being any
      difference in sphincter function. Soiling was not significantly related to staged
      procedure, J-pouch, perineal complications or a long rectal cuff. Careful
      preoperative evaluation of the anal sphincter should be performed in older
      patients operated on for colitis as they are likely to leak during the first year
      following restorative proctocolectomy, especially in cases with diarrhoea or
      pouchitis.

PMID- 2286806
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis in colorectal carcinoma: prognostic significance of
      cellular DNA content.
AB  - The prognostic value of DNA ploidy status was evaluated prospectively in 70
      patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cellular DNA content was measured by flow
      cytometry from fresh specimens with multiple site sampling. Seventy-five percent
      of cases exhibited a DNA aneuploid pattern. In a univariate analysis, DNA ploidy
      status showed a statistically significant correlation with survival (p less than
      0.05), weaker than Dukes' stage (p less than 0.001). No correlation was observed
      between survival and presence of multiple DNA stemlines. In a multivariate
      analysis, Dukes' stage was the strongest prognostic indicator (p = 0.01) while
      DNA ploidy status did not show an independent prognostic value. It is concluded
      that DNA ploidy status is associated with pathological features of aggressive
      malignancy, but it does not have a determinant role in predicting survival.

PMID- 2286807
TI  - Effects of hysterectomy on bowel and bladder function.
AB  - A case control study compared the bowel habit of 91 post-hysterectomy women with
      paired controls from the same family doctor practice. More cases had an abnormal
      bowel frequency, a firmer stool consistency and assessed themselves as having
      abnormal bowel function, predominantly constipation after hysterectomy, than
      controls. Significantly more cases than controls had consulted a doctor because
      of constipation but there was no significant difference in laxative usage. There
      was a significant short-term association between decreased bowel frequency and
      increased urinary frequency after hysterectomy. This became highly significant in
      those patients who developed chronic symptoms. Oophorectomy, unilateral or
      bilateral, did not significantly affect bowel habit other than to intensify the
      change in stool consistency. The hypothesis is discussed that the post
      hysterectomy effects on bowel and bladder function may have a common aetiology in
      a degree of autonomic denervation of both viscera.

PMID- 2286808
TI  - The endorectal advancement flap procedure.

PMID- 2286809
TI  - Infectious diarrhoea.

PMID- 2286810
TI  - [For readers and authors of the "Journal des Maladies Vasculaires". Several
      precise details on the organization of the Journal: the policy of transparency].

PMID- 2286811
TI  - [Carotid dissection. Study of 28 cases. Contribution of Doppler exploration,
      ultrasonic diagnosis and Doppler color echography].
AB  - Carotid dissections often go undetected or are confused with an arteriosclerotic
      cause; in fact, they rarely require surgical treatment. Twenty-eight extracranial
      carotid dissections (in 25 patients) without direct cervical traumatism were
      explored successively by pulsed and duplex Doppler ultrasonography complemented
      in 10 cases by color Doppler flow imaging and secondarily in all cases by
      arteriography. Pulsed Doppler (DMS Angiodop 481 with 4 and 8 MHz probes) found
      severe hemodynamic signs in 93% of cases: 6 occlusions, 11 generally extensive or
      high tight stenoses and 9 significant slowdowns in carotid and ophthalmic artery
      circulation. For the same internal carotid artery, duplex Doppler (Ultramark 4 or
      Sonedap 40 with 5, 7.5 and 10 MHz probes) initially showed 5 occlusions and 2
      stenoses (4 with fusiform features), 2 double canal images, 8 internal carotid
      arteries with tubular features (internal caliber less than or equal to 2 mm) and
      2 segmental ectasias. There were only 3 other lesions with arteriosclerotic
      features, 2 of which were minor. Duplex imaging was thus suggestive in 57% of
      cases. Color Doppler flow imaging enabled precise visualization of these
      features, better analysis of occlusions and clear detection of 2 other false
      canal images. After 2 years of follow-up, Doppler ultrasound showed
      recanalization in 47% of cases with no anticoagulant complications. These
      combined ultrasonic explorations would thus appear to be useful for early
      diagnosis of carotid dissections, for guiding arteriography and for facilitating
      the monitoring of patients under anticoagulant.

PMID- 2286812
TI  - [Role of laser angioplasty in the management of peripheral arteriopathies. Report
      of 79 cases].
AB  - From May 1988 to November 1989, 79 of the 341 patients admitted to our center
      requiring angioplasty for peripheral artery disease were treated by laser
      angioplasty (LA) associated with secondary dilatation. Laser angioplasty was
      performed with and Nd-YAG laser coupled by an optical fiber to 1.8, 2.2 and 3 mm
      sapphires. The population studied included 64 men and 15 women (mean age: 66
      years). Functional outcome before LA was class II in 85% of cases (n = 67) and
      class III and IV respectively in 10 (13%) and 2 patients. Laser angioplasty was
      the primary indication in 61 patients (77%) with a femoropopliteal (n = 53),
      iliac (n = 7) or axillary (n = 1) arterial obstruction. Laser angioplasty was the
      secondary indication in stenoses which could not be negotiated by a guide or
      balloon (23%; n = 18). Laser angioplasty led to repermeabilization of arterial
      occlusions in 82% of cases. The best results were obtained for short occlusions
      of less than 3 cm (n = 5; 100%) and for femoropopliteal lesions (n = 60; 85%).
      Stenoses were revascularized in all cases. Complementary dilatation was performed
      at the same time in all revascularized patients. Forty-seven revascularized
      patients were followed up 3 to 6 months after LA. Results were good in 36 cases
      (77%); restenosis occurred in 7 cases (15%); and reocclusion in 4 cases (8%). It
      was possible to treat all restenoses percutaneously (dilatation: n = 5; extruder:
      n = 1; stent: n = 1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286813
TI  - [Distal hyperirrigation syndrome. Clinical and physiopathological aspects].
AB  - In this retrospective study, distal hyperirrigation syndrome was identified by
      "irrigraphy", a functional exploration method used to define an irrigation index
      at various levels of the lower limbs as determined by pulse wave amplitude, heart
      rare and segmental resistances. In 47 lower limbs studied, there were 26
      unequivocal, 14 relative and 7 "masked" hyperirrigations. The main etiology was
      diabetes (24 limbs), but the syndrome was also noted in cases of peripheral
      neuropathy and chronic venous insufficiency. There was no basic difference
      between unequivocal and relative hyperirrigations. Some hyperirrigation states
      were not apparent in irrigraphy because of arterial lesions on upstream axes. The
      syndrome was also observed in approximately the same number of cases in insulin
      dependent and noninsulin-dependent diabetes. The clinical disorders observed were
      especially peripheral trophic ones, notably perforating ulcers of the foot or
      various ulcers. Changes in the irrigraphic profile were followed regularly in 20
      limbs. The rise in distal irrigation indices was due to a drop in peripheral
      resistances related to an abnormal opening up of arteriovenous anastomoses. A
      state of spontaneous sympathectomy was thus constituted, particularly in diabetic
      patients. The process was similar in syndromes of neurologic origin and in venous
      stasis. The mechanism was local, with venous hypertension causing the opening up
      of arteriovenous shunts. However, microangiopathic lesions must also be taken
      into account, since they can cause or favor arteriovenous shunting. The opening
      up of arteriovenous anastomoses is in effect the element common to all syndromes
      of distal hyperirrigation of various origins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286814
TI  - [Effects of coronary insufficiency on the early and late results in patients
      surgically treated for aneurysm of the sub-renal abdominal aorta].
AB  - Between 1973 and 1988, 200 patients underwent repair of unruptured aortic
      aneurysm located distal to the renal arteries. There were 181 men (90%) and the
      mean age was 68.8 years. The most serious associated disease was arteriosclerotic
      heart disease which was present in 102 patients (51%): 48 patients had angina
      pectoris; 59 patients had previous myocardial infarct; 8 patients had ischemic
      myocardiopathy. Associated cerebrovascular disease was found in 29 patients
      (15%). Of these 200 patients, 36% had no symptoms relating to the aneurysm. The
      aneurysm was associated with iliac aneurysm (19%), iliac occlusion (14%), distant
      femoral occlusion (14%). In patients with history of coronary arteries disease
      (102), 39 (18%) had a coronary angiography prior the elective resection, 18 (9%)
      coronary artery bypass surgery underwent elective myocardial revascularisation
      prior to elective resection of their aneurysm. The treatment was by graft
      replacement and exclusively by graft inclusion. RESULTS: Death occurred within 30
      days of treatment in 5 patients (2.5%). The first cause of early death was
      myocardial infarct (3). Early peripheral vascular complication occurred within 30
      days in these 200 patients and were thromboembolism in 12 patients and colic
      ischemia in 8 patients. Of the 83 patients (1975-1983) who survived operation,
      follow up information regarding survival was obtained in 79 patients. The overall
      5 and 8 years survival rates in percentage in the series were 69% and 50%. The
      survival rate was greatest in patients free of associated disease and worse in
      patients with myocardial infarctus. Subsequently 24 vascular operations were
      performed in these patients: 7 iliac aneurysms, 16 occlusive lesions and 2 false
      aneurysms. DISCUSSION: Young (15) and associates reported an operative mortality
      rate of 6.3% for elective aneurysm resection but found that 20% of the patients
      with pre-operative evidence of coronary artery disease had post-operative
      myocardial infarct of which 58% were fatal. Hertzer and colleagues (6), using
      routine coronary angiography prior to elective aortic reconstruction, have
      documented a 59% incidence of significant anatomic coronary artery disease. This
      incidence increased to 95% in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and
      suspected coronary artery disease. Only one patient of the 68 patients with an
      abdominal aortic aneurysm had normal coronary arteries in their series. Thus,
      considering the omnious implications of coronary artery disease in patients with
      abdominal aortic aneurysms, routine preoperative coronary angiography has been
      recommended. For Brown and coll. (1), it would appear that the risk of
      prophylactic coronary artery revascularisation may be greater than that for
      elective abdominal aortic aneurysm resection alone in the older age group. For
      the authors, only patients which instable angina pectoris or angina pectoris with
      a myocardial infarct had a coronary angiography. The coronary artery bypass is
      recommended for left maintrunk obstruction or diffuse multivessel coronary artery
      disease.

PMID- 2286815
TI  - [Erythrocyte aggregation and vascular pathology].
AB  - The aggregation of erythrocytes plays an essential part in vascular diseases
      involving both the veins and the arteries. In the veins, where the lowest blood
      flow rates are observed, the conditions of flow foster the aggregation of the
      erythrocytes, which accounts for blood hyperviscosity that may reinforce the
      effects of the stasis. In arterial diseases, hyperaggregation of the erythrocytes
      resulting from risk factors such as smoking, high BP, diabetes, disorders of
      lipemia, etc. contributes to the formation of stenosis, which has severe
      consequences for the patient. The prospects of the treatment aimed at correcting
      the hemorheological disorders caused by hyperaggregation of the platelets are
      ruled by Poiseuille's formula and based on hemodilution processes and the use of
      agents lowering fibrinogenemia or molecules improving the forming properties of
      the red blood cells.

PMID- 2286816
TI  - [Effect of contrast media products on the erythrocyte aggregation and
      deformability in vitro].
AB  - It has been suggested that contrast media could interfere with red blood cell
      aggregation, hyperosmolar media leading to an inhibition of red blood cell
      aggregation whereas non ionic products might induce a sludge phenomenon. We
      present an in vitro study accompanying two contrast media: 1) Ioxitalamate of
      sodium and meglumin (ionic, hyperosmolar). 2) Iopaminol (non ionic). In their
      effect on hemorheological parameters of red blood cell aggregation. Blood samples
      have been obtained from 7 healthy donors. Contrast media have been tested at
      increased contrast media (O.1, 1, 2, 10, 100 mg/ml of Iodine in final
      concentration). The following parameters have been studied: hematocrit,
      fibrinogen level, erythrocyte aggregation using the Erythro-aggregometer*, whole
      blood viscosity at 3 different shear rates (0.87, 18.74, 118 sec.-1) using Low
      Shear 30*. Deformability of red blood cell was assessed by ektacytometry.
      Osmolarity was controlled in each sample. Results show an inhibition effect of
      both contrasts media on red blood cell aggregation. There is a concomitant
      decrease of blood viscosity at low shear rates. On the contrary, apparent
      viscosity increases at high shear rates in parallel with the contrast media
      concentration. This effect is more pronounced with ioxitalamate above a
      concentration of 10 mg/ml. Ektacytometric parameters are not modified by contrast
      media and this could indicate a complete reversibility of the media-induced
      alteration on red blood cell. In order to precise the prothrombotic effect on
      contrast media, hemorheological studies have to be completed by the assessment of
      their effect on hemostatic parameters.

PMID- 2286817
TI  - [Importance of membrane fluidity determination].
AB  - Translational motions of lipids and proteins and molecular motions within the
      lipid hydrocarbon chains of biological membranes can be approached by
      spectroscopic methods. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of spin labels
      bound on proteins or grafted on fatty acids and incorporated into biological
      membranes undergo characteristic changes which may be resolved in terms of
      modifications of membrane environment. However, the method is still scarcely used
      in routine clinical studies. In contrast, fluorescence methods such as
      intermolecular excimers or fluorescence polarization might join the ranks of
      routine analyses. The labeling of lipid compartments with fluorescent probes and
      the study of their spectroscopic properties give informations on the cohesion of
      their immediate environment. Polyenic molecules (DPH and TMA-DPH) which are
      located in different lipid compartments characterize deep and superficial areas
      of cell membrane, respectively. A set of probes in which a 9-anthroyloxy group is
      attached to different positions of a long chain fatty acid provides a means of
      measuring a fluidity gradient into membrane bilayer. Thus, these fluorescence
      methods which are simple and rapid represent a semi-quantitative approach of the
      so called "membrane fluidity". Modifications in membrane fluidity can control the
      expression of proteins, receptors exposed on cell surface and alter functional
      properties of cells. Moreover, pathological processes can also be related to
      fluidity modifications. In particular, in hypertension and vascular diseases, a
      decrease in membrane fluidity has been shown in platelets and red cells.
      Nevertheless, further investigations combining biophysical, biochemical and
      immunological methods are needed to determine the exact relations between
      membrane fluidity, classical rheological properties and cell functions.

PMID- 2286818
TI  - [Hemorheology of venous insufficiency].
AB  - The aim of this paper is to study the rheological properties of blood in patients
      with venous insufficiency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Measurements have been performed
      for 20 healthy control subjects and 20 patients presenting a venous insufficiency
      with varicose veins of lower limbs. Blood has been withdrawn from the veins of
      the lower limbs at rest and after 10 minutes of venous stasis (standing position
      and 100 mmHg tourniquet). The following measurements have been performed:
      hematocrit by microcentrifugation; fibrinogen by nephelometry; plasma viscosity
      by means of capillary viscosimeter (Myrenne KSPV4); deformability by Hanss
      hemorheometer using nucleopore membranes and red blood cell aggregation and
      disaggregation by means of a SEFAM erythro-aggregometer. RESULTS: 1. Hematocrit
      was not significantly different between both groups of subjects at rest. However,
      it increased significantly after venous stasis in patients with varicose veins
      but it was not found to be increased in healthy subjects. 2. Before and after
      stasis, the fibrinogen level was higher in patients than in controls. After
      stasis, a significant increased was found only in the patient group. 3. Plasma
      viscosity was found to be modified as the same manner as the fibrinogen level.
      Besides, the fibrinogen level and plasma viscosity were found to be correlated to
      each other. 4. Before and after stasis, red cells of patients were significantly
      less deformable than those of controls. After stasis, they were found to be more
      altered, in patients. But there were no difference in controls before and after
      stasis. 5. Aggregation and disaggregation parameters have been found to be
      disturbed in patient group. Disturbances were more pronounced after stasis.
      CONCLUSION: Venous insufficiency can be characterized by alteration of
      rheological parameters and the blood stasis in varicose veins may enhance these
      alterations. These results indicate the importance of hemorheological
      disturbances in the pathogenesis of this disease.

PMID- 2286819
TI  - [Clinical hemorheologic study of 65 inflammatory syndromes explored using
      standard biologic examination and total blood filtration test].
AB  - The hemorrheologic impact of an inflammatory syndrome was investigated in a
      prospective biological study of 65 patients by using an erythrocyte filtration
      test on total blood. Impact was assessed by a statistical study of correlations
      between relative filtration time (RFT), inflammation-reactive proteins (IRP) and
      the different parameters of the hemogram. A stepwise multiple regression test
      (SMRT) indicated the dominant role of fibrinogen in determining acceleration of
      the sedimentation rate (p less than 10(-3) and lengthening of RFT (p less than
      10(-3). Moreover, RFT appeared to be very significantly correlated with
      polymorphonuclears (R = 0.55; p less than 10(-3] hematocrit as measured by the
      centrifugation technique (R = 0.34; p = 0.005) and corpuscular concentration in
      hemoglobin (CCHM) (R = 0.30; p = 0.01). A chart predictive of microcirculatory
      risk was deduced from the study based on fibrinogen values and hematocrit.
      However, the relatively low rate of reduction in the total variance observed
      during SMRT suggests the quite relative role of the studied parameters in
      erythrocyte filtration disturbances during an inflammatory syndrome.

PMID- 2286821
TI  - [Chronic false aneurysm of the sub-renal abdominal aorta after abdominal
      contusion].
AB  - A case of aortic false aneurysm after blunt trauma of the abdomen is presented.
      Unlike traumatic lesions of the thoracic aorta this condition seems to be
      extremely rare. To our knowledge, our case is the nineteenth one reported in the
      literature successfully repaired by surgery.

PMID- 2286820
TI  - [Radiation-induced thrombosis of the carotid artery and lingual necrosis. Report
      of a case treated by cervical peridural nerve block].
AB  - A case of lingual necrosis in a patient irradiated 3 years earlier for a
      tonsillar tumor is presented. Imputability to a post-radiology bilateral external
      carotid thrombosis is evoked, where the diagnosis of tumoral recurrence and
      Horton's disease have been ruled out. Cervical peridural nerve block allowed
      successful treatment of this lesion.

PMID- 2286823
TI  - [Cerebral reserve. A method for evaluating cerebro-vascular hemodynamic risk].
AB  - Together with embolic risk, hemodynamic risk tends to play an important role in
      cerebrovascular pathology. Studies of cerebral reserve have resulted from the
      difficulty of accurately estimating the repercussions of arterial lesions. The
      vascular reserve of a given region is the ratio between maximum and baseline
      flow. Maximum cerebral flow is obtained by inhalation of a gaseous mixture
      containing CO2 5%. An excellent correlation was found between lesion size and a
      decrease in the reserve. Three stages could be defined by positron emission
      transaxial tomography: a zone of hemodynamic reserve without modification of
      oxygen extraction; a zone of extraction reserve in which inflow insufficiency is
      compensated by increased oxygen extraction (this is the critical zone requiring
      action); and a zone of actual ischemia in which the extraction reserve is not
      exhausted. However, this technique is cumbersome and difficult to apply.
      Protocols are now being developed using the transcranial Doppler examination to
      define "a limit of autoregulation reserve", in which case it will be possible to
      assess the effects of arterial lesions. In fact, it would appear that cerebral
      irrigation depends on a very large number of factors, many of which are variable,
      whereas only a "snapshot" of the vascular situation can be obtained.
      Nevertheless, hemodynamic risk can be better assessed through an association of
      different explorations.

PMID- 2286822
TI  - [Up-date on atherosclerosis].
AB  - The major steps of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are now well defined.
      Efforts are still required to better characterize: 1. the cellular mechanisms of
      atherogenesis, without ignoring the limitations of the available experimental
      models; 2. the complications of human atherosclerosis, ie the events (ulceration,
      thrombosis) that provoke ischaemic manifestations. Four short reviews on topics
      of special interest follow: proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells;
      interactions of blood cells (platelets, leukocytes) with the arterial wall;
      lipoproteins in the genesis of foam cells; recent progresses in genetic
      epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2286824
TI  - [Vasoactive factors of endothelial origin].
AB  - The discovery of powerful vasoactive compounds synthetized by the vascular
      endothelium has led to the elaboration of new physiopathological concepts. We
      review the present state of knowledge about the role, potential therapeutic
      virtues, and physiopathological consequences of the three major endothelial
      vasoactive factors: 1. Prostacyclin (PG12), a powerful vasodilator, and the most
      potent known inhibitor of platelet aggregation, derived from arachidonic acid
      metabolism: 2: Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) a powerful vasodilator
      thought to be a short-acting nitroxide; 3: Endothelin, a 21 amino-acid peptide
      with potent vasoconstricting properties.

PMID- 2286825
TI  - [Ambulatory treatment of deep venous thrombosis with Fraxiparin. Study of 58
      cases].

PMID- 2286826
TI  - [Laser angioplasty. Problems and perspectives].
AB  - Percutaneous endoluminal balloon angioplasty opened a new area in the field
      vascular therapeutic. Percutaneous laser angioplasty and mechanical abrasion are
      logical extension of this new therapeutic approach. A number of patients have
      been treated by these advanced technics, but their use is not yet of current
      practice in medical centers. Furthermore, from one center to another there are
      notable differences between the means used for angioplasty, what reflects the
      numerous problems which are to be solved: choice of the wavelength : infrared
      emitted by Nd-YAG lasers, visible by argon lasers or ultraviolet by excime
      lasers, pulsed or C.W. lasers, control of the desobstruction process, either by
      radiology, angioscopy, intraluminal vascular ultrasound or fluoroscopy,
      indications. The problem is still real. A lot of desobstruction have been
      performed on proximal lesions, but the future of this technics concerns perhaps
      more distal lesions.

PMID- 2286827
TI  - [Vulvar varices].
AB  - Vulval or vulvoperineal varicose veins generally appear in the course of child
      bearing under the influence of hormonal impregnation on susceptible terrain. The
      vulval venous network is drained by the external pudendal veins, collateral with
      the internal saphenous veins, and by the internal pudendal veins affluent from
      the internal iliacs. Hormonal influence appears to play a major role in
      associating estrogen, progesterone, gonadotropin and corticosteroids, which have
      a lytic action on elastic tissues during motherhood. In the course of pregnancy,
      functional symptomatology is generally visible from the fifth month. The varices
      located at the vulva are generally unilateral, and gradually become congestive,
      appearing as purple protrusions of a soft consistency. After delivery, they are
      attenuated without usually totally disappearing. Outside pregnancy, clinical
      manifestations are less frequent and vulvoperineal varices are only revealed by
      close clinical examination. They are often the causal factor for reflux which,
      regardless of whether it is associated with incontinence of the saphenous trunks,
      provokes varicose dilatation of the lower limbs. Differential diagnosis is
      performed with the post-phlebitic syndrome. Doppler echography allows any
      participation of the deep venous trunks to be ruled out. Phlebography is reserved
      for severe angiomatous dilatations of the vulval region. In the non-pregnant
      patient, treatment consists of sclerotherapy, surgery being reserved for cases
      refractory to this method. In our direct experience with 386 cases, only 85
      females presented isolated vulvoperitoneal varices. Of the 83 patients, treated
      by sclerotherapy, 63% of the cases have shown no recurrence within the subsequent
      three years.

PMID- 2286828
TI  - [Nailfold capillaroscopy. Comparison of 100 subjects over 65 years of age and of
      100 young adults].
AB  - Nailfold capillary microscopy patterns in 100 patients aged more than 65 years
      and free from inflammatory diseases were compared to those of 100 young healthy
      adults. A higher prevalence of arteriovenous sludge (36% vs 7%, p less than 10(
      6)), increase in capillary loop length (12% vs. 0%, p less than 10(-3)) and
      especially prominent subpapillary plexus (63% vs 12%, p less than 10(-9)) was
      found in the geriatric group. Such capillary patterns cannot be considered as
      abnormal in patients aged more than 65 years. Enlargement of capillary loops and
      loss of capillaries were never encountered. Bushy capillary formations and
      hemorrhages were very uncommon in both groups.

PMID- 2286829
TI  - Physiological variations in blood ethanol measurements during the post-absorptive
      state.
AB  - Specimens of arterial plasma and venous whole blood were obtained at 3-10 min
      intervals during the post-peak phase of ethanol metabolism in healthy volunteers.
      The concentrations of ethanol in blood and plasma were determined by headspace
      gas chromatography. This method had a standard deviation of 0.28 mg/dl for whole
      blood and 0.26 mg/dl for plasma and the coefficients of variation were 0.43% and
      0.79% respectively. The physiological variation from time-to-time, expressed as
      the residual standard deviation after fitting the ethanol concentration-time
      regression relationships, ranged from 0.43-3.7 mg/dl (0.65-16%). The time-to-time
      variations in concentrations of ethanol were maximum when there were problems in
      getting an unimpeded flow of blood through the indwelling catheters. The results
      do not support the existence of sporadic fluctuations or spiking in the blood
      alcohol concentration-time profile during the post-absorptive state. Instead,
      this study underscores the need to control carefully the method of sampling blood
      and in this way keep pre-analytical sources of variation to a minimum.

PMID- 2286830
TI  - Analysis of DNA multilocus profiles in a paternity case in which the child's
      profile may be partial.
AB  - This report describes a simple approach to multilocus paternity analysis for
      cases where the child's sample may be inadequate leading to a partial profile. A
      specimen calculation is given. A previous paper described how the various band
      sharing configurations in the DNA multilocus profiles of a mother-child-putative
      father trio could be combined in a comprehensive mathematical analysis to give an
      overall Bayesian likelihood ratio. In that paper, it was assumed that all three
      members of the trio gave full DNA profiles. In some cases that assumption may not
      be valid but it is possible to extend the analysis to allow for partial profiles.
      This paper demonstrates how this may be done by considering the case where the
      child's profile may be partial for one reason or another. A specimen calculation
      is given.

PMID- 2286831
TI  - Potassium-dependent volume regulation in retinal pigment epithelium is mediated
      by Na,K,Cl cotransport.
AB  - Changes in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell volume were measured by
      monitoring changes in intracellular tetramethylammonium (TMA) using double
      barreled K-resin microelectrodes. Hyperosmotic addition of 25 or 50 mM mannitol
      to the Ringer of the apical bath resulted in a rapid (approximately 30 s)
      osmometric cell shrinkage. The initial cell shrinkage was followed by a much
      slower (minutes) secondary shrinkage that is probably due to loss of cell solute.
      When apical [K+] was elevated from 2 to 5 mM during or before a hyperosmotic
      pulse, the RPE cell regulated its volume by reswelling towards control within 3
      10 min. This change in apical [K+] is very similar to the increase in subretinal
      [K+]o that occurs after a transition from light to dark in the intact vertebrate
      eye. The K-dependent regulatory volume increase (RVI) was inhibited by apical Na
      removal, Cl reduction, or the presence of bumetanide. These results strongly
      suggest that a Na(K),Cl cotransport mechanism at the apical membrane mediates RVI
      in the bullfrog RPE. A unique aspect of this cotransporter is that it also
      functions at a lower rate under steady-state conditions. The transport
      requirements for Na, K, and Cl, the inhibition of RVI by bumetanide, and
      thermodynamic calculations indicate that this mechanism transports Na, K, and Cl
      in the ratio of 1:1:2.

PMID- 2286832
TI  - Ion permeation through 5-hydroxytryptamine-gated channels in neuroblastoma N18
      cells.
AB  - Ionic currents induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in cultured neuroblastoma
      N18 cells were studied using whole-cell voltage clamp. The response was blocked
      by 1-10 nM 5-HT3 receptor-specific antagonists MDL 7222 or ICS 205-930, but not
      by 1 microM 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonist spiperone or 5-HT2 receptor-specific
      antagonist ketanserin. These 5-HT3 receptors seem to be ligand-gated channels
      because the response (a) did not require internal ATP or GTP, (b) persisted with
      long internal dialysis of CsF (90 mM), A1F4- (100 microM), or GTP gamma S (100
      microM), and (c) with ionophoretic delivery of 5-HT developed with a delay of
      less than 10 ms and rose to a peak in 34-130 ms. Fluctuation analysis yielded an
      apparent single-channel conductance of 593 fS. The relative permeabilities of the
      channel for a variety of ions were determined from reversal potentials. The
      channel was only weakly selective among small cations, with permeability ratios
      PX/PNa of 1.22, 1.10, 1.01, 1.00, and 0.99 for Cs+, K+, Li+, Na+, and Rb+, and
      1.12, 0.79, and 0.73 for Ca2+, Ba2+, and Mg2+ (when studied in mixtures of 20 mM
      divalent ions and 120 mM N-methyl-D-glucamine). Apparent permeability ratios for
      the divalent ions decreased as the concentration of divalent ions was increased.
      Small monovalent organic cations were highly permeant. Large organic cations such
      as Tris and glucosamine were measurably permeant with permeability ratios of 0.20
      and 0.08, and N-methyl-D-glucamine was almost impermeant. Small anions, NO3-, Cl
      , and F-, were slightly permeant with permeability ratios of 0.08, 0.04, and
      0.03. The results indicate that the open 5-HT3 receptor channel has an effective
      minimum circular pore size of 7.6 A and that ionic interactions in the channel
      may involve negative charges near the pore mouth.

PMID- 2286834
TI  - The stability of self-concept during adolescence and early adulthood: a six-year
      follow-up study.
AB  - The stability and gender differences of self-concept during adolescence and early
      adulthood were studied in 894 randomly selected Finnish subjects using the
      shortened version of the Coopersmith (1967) Self-Esteem Inventory. There were no
      differences between the men and women in the total score for self-concept. In
      early adulthood, men scored higher than women on general self-esteem, and women
      scored higher on the home-parents factor in each developmental period from pre
      adolescence to adulthood. The stability of self-concept, as well as its different
      components, was rather high. General self-esteem showed the highest predictive
      value for the total score 6 years later.

PMID- 2286833
TI  - The effect of altered temperature on Ca2(+)-sensitive force in permeabilized
      myocardium and skeletal muscle. Evidence for force dependence of thin filament
      activation.
AB  - The effect of changes in temperature on the calcium sensitivity of tension
      development was examined in permeabilized cellular preparations of rat ventricle
      and rabbit psoas muscle. Maximum force and Ca2+ sensitivity of force development
      increased with temperature in both muscle types. Cardiac muscle was more
      sensitive to changes in temperature than skeletal muscle in the range 10-15
      degrees C. It was postulated that the level of thin filament activation may be
      decreased by cooling. To investigate this possibility, troponin C (TnC) was
      partially extracted from both muscle types, thus decreasing the level of thin
      filament activation independent of temperature and, at least in skeletal muscle
      fibers, decreasing cooperative activation of the thin filament as well. TnC
      extraction from cardiac muscle reduced the calcium sensitivity of tension less
      than did extraction of TnC from skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle the midpoint
      shift of the tension-pCa curve with altered temperature was greater after TnC
      extraction than in control fibers. Calcium sensitivity of tension development was
      proportional to the maximum tension generated in cardiac or skeletal muscle under
      all conditions studied. Based on these results, we conclude that (a) maximum
      tension-generating capability and calcium sensitivity of tension development are
      related, perhaps causally, in fast skeletal and cardiac muscles, and (b) thin
      filament activation is less cooperative in cardiac muscle than in skeletal
      muscle, which explains the differential sensitivity of the two fiber types to
      temperature and TnC extraction. Reducing thin filament cooperativity in skeletal
      muscle by TnC extraction results in a response to temperature similar to that of
      control cardiac cells. This study provides evidence that force levels in striated
      muscle influence the calcium binding affinity of TnC.

PMID- 2286835
TI  - Ecologically relevant stimuli and color memory.
AB  - Ecologically relevant stimuli were developed as an alternative to Munsell color
      chips. Colored pictures of familiar objects were used to study color memory. We
      investigated the typicality of color to particular objects. Contextually typical
      colors were remembered more accurately than atypical colors were. Moreover, this
      variable had a stronger effect on memory than focality did. We concluded that
      memory for ecologically relevant material is more impressed by a color's relation
      to experience than by its intrinsic properties.

PMID- 2286836
TI  - Detecting orientation of a surface: the rectangularity postulate and primary
      depth cues.
AB  - Computational metaphors for determining the orientation of planar surfaces
      represented in line drawings have exploited a postulate that often surfaces are
      rectangular. Previous research implies that people follow such logic with real
      surfaces in ecological viewing. However, this research is problematic
      methodologically and some research does not directly address the issue. The
      stimuli used in this study were rectangular and trapezoidal; the latter shape was
      used to mislead with regard to orientation under the rectangularity postulate.
      Viewing conditions were monocular and binocular, with and without observer
      movement. The results suggest that the rectangularity postulate was important
      under stationary monocular viewing but diminished with movement and was not
      apparent during binocular viewing. General arguments about the importance of
      secondary depth cues in ecological viewing are developed.

PMID- 2286837
TI  - Music during learning of a tactual-spatial task affects later response
      generalization.
AB  - Equal numbers of men and women learned a finger maze, with half of the subjects
      initially using their right hands and the other half using their left hands. To
      reach criterion, subjects receiving music in the ear ipsilateral to the hand used
      required more trials than did those receiving no music. Furthermore, when the
      right hand ran the maze, music played to the ipsilateral ear also delayed
      learning, compared with music played contralaterally. Binaural music delayed
      learning when the left hand was used but not when the right hand was used.
      Possible causes of these effects are suggested. When subjects switched hands and
      relearned the maze, the number of trials to criterion depended on the group
      subjects were in during initial learning and not on the group they were in during
      the hand reversal (response generalization) trials. Although the music condition
      used determined the effect of music on initial learning and on response
      generalization, some evidence is presented that indicates that the two effects
      are not entirely interdependent and that they may even involve different
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2286838
TI  - The effect of increased incentive on free recall by learning-disabled and
      nondisabled children.
AB  - Immediate free recall by learning-disabled and nondisabled children was compared
      under two incentive conditions. Recall of the first few words of each list by
      disabled children and younger nondisabled children was lower than that by older
      nondisabled children, and receiving a monetary reward increased early list item
      recall by older disabled and nondisabled learners. These findings suggest that
      elaborative encoding processes, such as rehearsal, are impaired in younger
      disabled and nondisabled children and that receiving a reward increased
      elaborative encoding by older children. Similar recall of the last few list items
      by all groups suggests that attention and immediate memory are comparable in
      disabled and nondisabled children of different ages. Receiving a reward increased
      recall of the last few list items by younger disabled and nondisabled children,
      suggesting that a reward increased attention, immediate memory, or both, in these
      groups. Because receiving a reward increased recall equally in all groups, lower
      motivation did not appear to be responsible for the lower recall by younger
      nondisabled children and learning-disabled children.

PMID- 2286839
TI  - Dural fistulae of the tentorium cerebelli. Radioanatomical, clinical and
      therapeutic considerations.
AB  - Among the 84 intracranial dural fistulae treated in the Neuroradiology department
      of the University Hospital Centre of Nancy between August 1983 and April 1990, 10
      (11.9%) were located on the tentorium cerebelli. The patients were 7 men and 3
      women aged from 41 to 61 years at the time of diagnosis. All tentorial dural
      fistulae showed an exclusively cortical drainage, and only one of them was
      associated with probable thrombosis of a major sinus. Nine patients presented
      with at least one episode of neurological deficit (including 2 with progressive
      ascending myelopathy) associated with a cerebro-meningeal haemorrhage in 6 cases.
      In all patients the initial treatment was an endovascular one, subsequently
      reinforced by surgery in 2 patients. In every case the clinical condition was
      improved or stabilized and no recurrent haemorrhage was observed, but
      radioanatomical cure was obtained in only 3 patients: 1 treated by the
      endovascular route and 2 by embolization combined with surgery. The anatomical,
      physiopathological and clinical aspects of these particular fistulae and the
      different possible therapeutic approaches are discussed.

PMID- 2286840
TI  - Treatment of herniated lumbar disc by percutaneous nucleotomy with aspiration.
      Preliminary results in 70 cases.
AB  - Seventy patients suffering from lumbar pain with sciatica, radiculalgia or
      lumbodynia were reviewed at least 3 months after automated percutaneous
      nucleotomy (Nucleotome). There were 26 women and 44 men, aged from 19 to 72
      years. Results were highly satisfactory in 39 patients (56.5%). Among these, 10
      had lumbar pain of discal origin, 15 had pure radiculalgia and 14 had lumbar pain
      and radiculalgia. Incomplete improvement requiring medical treatment was obtained
      in 11 patients (15.5%). The procedure was unsuccessful in 20 patients (28.5%)
      with persistence or worsening of the initial symptoms; 5 of them subsequently
      underwent chemonucleolysis with 4 good medium-term results and 1 failure. These
      preliminary results show that percutaneous nucleotomy seems to be effective in
      lumbar pain of discal origin, with a 66.5% success rate. In patients with pure
      radiculalgia or lumbar pain cum radiculalgia the results are less impressive,
      with a success rate of about 50%. However, this well-tolerated technique may be
      used as first-line treatment of herniated discs when the discs are small,
      subligamentous and non migrated.

PMID- 2286841
TI  - Neurotoxicity of iohexol vs iopamidol in lumbar myelography. Clinical,
      electrophysiological and brain CT scan correlations.
AB  - The potential neurotoxicity of iohexol and iopamidol in lumbar myelography was
      investigated in 20 patients using three criteria: clinical symptoms, EEG
      recordings with spectral analysis and CT scans of the brain. There was no
      significant difference in clinical side-effects between the two groups
      (Iopaminol, Iohexol). In 10 patients (iopaminol 4, iohexol 6) CT scans revealed
      an important penetration of the contrast media into the subarachnoid spaces at 3
      hours and into the cerebral cortex at 24 hours. This cerebral contamination was
      unrelated to the headaches experienced by the patients or to the
      electrophysiological disturbances observed. Spectral analysis in brain
      contaminated subjects showed a reduction of delta, beta 1 and beta 2 bands with
      iohexol. This reduction suggests that EEG activation is less pronounced with this
      agent than with iopaminol.

PMID- 2286842
TI  - Contrast materials with low iodine concentration and intra-arterial digital
      subtraction angiography.
AB  - Intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography was performed in 25 patients,
      using Iopamidol in three different iodine concentrations: 50, 75, and 100 mg I/ml
      and comparing the results obtained with each concentration. The following vessels
      were explored: the aortic arch, the common carotid artery, the internal and
      external carotid arteries and the vertebral artery. The contrastographic effect
      was satisfactory when lower iodine concentrations were used in very selective
      catheterizations while greater concentrations of iodine were needed in less
      selective procedures.

PMID- 2286843
TI  - Recurrent strokes produced by bilateral high intraforaminal entering of vertebral
      arteries. Case report.

PMID- 2286844
TI  - Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Contribution of magnetic resonance imaging to an
      early diagnosis.
AB  - The lesions of the cerebral white matter which characterize Pelizaeus-Merzbacher
      disease are classically observed at pathological examination. An early diagnosis
      can now be obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In an eutrophic first
      son born at term, stridor, nystagmus-like eye movements and axial hypotonia were
      noted immediately after birth and pyramidal signs appeared at 2 months, the only
      extra-clinical finding at that age being prolonged latencies of evoked visual
      potentials. An MRI exploration, performed at 3 months, showed that compared with
      the grey matter the white matter emitted a low-intensity signal on the T1
      weighted sequence and a high-intensity signal on the T2-weighted sequence (signal
      inversion), such diffuse and symmetrical MRI abnormalities being typical of
      dysmyelination. When combined with suggestive clinical signs, these abnormalities
      confirm the diagnosis of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, even in the absence of a
      familial history, and make it possible to warn the parents of the poor prognosis
      and the risk of recurrence among future sons.

PMID- 2286845
TI  - Transalar sphenoidal meningoencephalocele associated with buccal angiomatosis.
      One case.
AB  - Basal encephaloceles are uncommon congenital malformations occurring with an
      estimated frequency of one case in 35,000 births. They are frequently occult
      since they protrude into the orbit, nasal cavity, nasopharynx or paranasal
      sinuses. Basal encephaloceles are divided into five anatomical types. We report a
      case of transsphenoidal encephalocele which differed from the classical type in
      that it protruded through a congenital defect in the greater wing of the sphenoid
      bone. This case had an unusual clinical presentation, being responsible for
      trigeminal neuralgia and associated with an angioma of the soft palate.

PMID- 2286846
TI  - Well woman gynecology. Is it part of nurse-midwifery?

PMID- 2286847
TI  - Midwifery assessment of the well woman. The Pap smear.
AB  - As more women have their well woman gynecologic needs met by CNMs, the impact of
      the midwife's role as a coordinator of women's health care becomes clearly
      evident. Midwives must become experts in screening women of all ages for a
      variety of health care concerns and they must be versed in many aspects of
      gynecologic care, beginning with the Pap smear. As the incidence of human
      papilloma virus has increased significantly in recent years, so has the incidence
      of cervical dysplasia. Understanding the epidemiologic factors for cervical
      dysplasia and the courses of therapy used are integral parts of comprehensive
      nurse-midwifery care.

PMID- 2286848
TI  - Premenstrual syndrome. Current concepts in diagnosis and management.
AB  - Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), a constellation of physical and psychologic
      symptoms, is a common complaint among women of reproductive age, particularly
      women in their 30s or older and among women of greater parity. Symptoms must
      occur in the luteal phase with resolution or improvement within one or two days
      of the onset of menses. Numerous hypotheses have been espoused to explain the
      etiology of PMS, but no definitive cause has been established. The management of
      PMS may include simple measures such as exercise, dietary changes, and vitamin
      supplementation. Pharmacologic agents such as progesterone, prostaglandin
      inhibitors, diuretics, oral contraceptives, or psychotropic drugs may be useful
      in selected clients. Support and counseling is of paramount importance in the
      management of PMS. Nurse-midwives can manage women who have minor and transient
      physiologic and emotional changes associated with mild degrees of PMS. Women with
      moderate and severe symptoms should be referred for evaluation and follow-up.

PMID- 2286849
TI  - Reassessment of the metabolic effects of oral contraceptives.
AB  - During the 30 years of experience with oral contraceptives, dramatic changes have
      occurred in their formulations and in prescribing practices. This article
      analyzes the latest information on the metabolic effects of oral contraceptives
      and makes recommendations for practice.

PMID- 2286850
TI  - Recently approved and experimental methods of contraception.
AB  - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has recently approved two new contraceptive
      methods, and others are nearing approval. In addition, several innovative
      approaches to contraception are under investigation. This paper details the
      latest information on the following methods: Paragard Copper T 380A intrauterine
      device, cervical cap, NORPLANT, vaginal pouch, long-acting injectables, hormonal
      vaginal ring, transdermal patch, experimental male methods, inhibin, and
      contraceptive vaccines.

PMID- 2286852
TI  - National Practitioner Data Bank.

PMID- 2286851
TI  - Chronic moniliasis.

PMID- 2286853
TI  - Smoking and cardiovascular function.
AB  - Compared to non-smokers, chronic smokers are at increased risk of developing
      atherosclerotic vascular disease, myocardial infarction, unstable angina and
      sudden death. The acute systemic hemodynamic response to smoking includes an
      increase in the heart rate, arterial pressure, cardiac output and myocardial
      contractility. These acute effects are primarily mediated by activation of the
      sympathetic nervous system. In patients with heart disease, smoking may cause a
      deterioration in cardiac performance. In the coronary circulation, smoking
      induces coronary vasoconstriction which can be prevented by alpha-adrenergic
      blockade, nitrates and calcium channel blockers. Non-selective beta-adrenergic
      blockade potentiates both the systemic and coronary vasoconstrictor effect of
      smoking. Other adverse effects of smoking on the cardiovascular system include a
      reduction in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, an increase in platelet
      reactivity and an increase in fibrinogen concentrations. These effects on
      systemic and coronary hemodynamics, lipid metabolism and hemostasis may
      contribute to the long-term adverse consequences of smoking.

PMID- 2286854
TI  - Antismoking counselling: methods of helping hypertensive patients to stop
      smoking.
AB  - The factors that promote smoking are social, psychological and pharmacological.
      Social factors are by far the most important when young people are learning to
      smoke and remain important in maintaining the habit. Psychological factors
      include a series of reinforcements of the smoking habit during the day. Nicotine
      plays a crucial role in smoking. Smoking is particularly addictive because it
      delivers nicotine to the brain in rapid peaks at each puff. Since smoking is a
      major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the importance of the physician in
      counselling patients against smoking cannot be overstated. If a hypertensive
      patient who smokes is not advised to stop smoking by his physician, the patient
      may wrongly assume that smoking is of minor importance in his case. Motivating
      the patient is a prerequisite for curing the smoking habit. The ideal is that the
      patient stops smoking completely at a determined point in time. For the strongly
      nicotine-dependent smoker it may be useful to substitute the nicotine from
      cigarettes with, for example, nicotine chewing gum, in order to reduce the
      strength of the nicotine withdrawal reaction at a time when the psychosocial
      withdrawal reaction is most prominent. However, the ultimate aim is to reach a
      completely nicotine-free status. Physicians are advised to learn as much as
      possible about the factors that promote smoking in order to support their
      patients in their attempts to stop smoking.

PMID- 2286855
TI  - Smoking and hypertension as predictors of cardiovascular risk in population
      studies.
AB  - Hypertension is a powerful independent contributor to cardiovascular morbidity
      and mortality, on average conferring a threefold increase in risk at all ages and
      in both sexes. Coronary heart disease is now the chief lethal sequela of
      hypertension, occurring at a rate two to three times higher in hypertensives than
      in normotensives. The risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is also
      greatly affected by cigarette smoking. For each 10 cigarettes per day there is an
      incremental increase in cardiovascular mortality in men (18%) and in women (31%).
      The risk of coronary heart disease that is associated with hypertension varies
      over an eightfold range depending on coexistent risk factors. Smoking increases
      the cardiovascular risk, at any level of blood pressure, for coronary heart
      disease, stroke and cardiac failure. The risk of peripheral arterial disease is
      particularly adversely affected. Trials of antihypertensive therapy to reduce the
      coronary heart disease risk have yielded disappointing results, very likely
      because of failure to correct for blood lipids and cigarette smoking. These
      trials have consistently shown that cigarette smoking has a powerful effect on
      the risk of coronary heart disease whether the patients were treated for
      hypertension or not. Data from the Framingham Study have shown a prompt halving
      of the coronary heart disease risk in those who give up smoking compared to those
      who continue to smoke, regardless of the duration of the habit. Hypertensives who
      smoke one pack of cigarettes a day can quickly reduce the risk by 35-40% by not
      smoking. Switching to filter cigarettes offers no advantage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286856
TI  - Smoking and cardiovascular disease in the general population in Japan.
AB  - The effects of cigarette smoking on cardiovascular disease were investigated in
      the Japanese community of Hisayama. This long-term prospective study assessed the
      occurrence of coronary heart disease and non-embolic cerebral infarction in
      relation to smoking habits at entry. The study population comprised 1603 subjects
      aged greater than or equal to 40 years. Seventy-six per cent of 699 men and 17%
      of 904 women were smokers. During 23 years of follow-up, 73 cases of coronary
      heart disease and 175 cases of non-embolic cerebral infarction developed. In both
      sexes, coronary heart disease occurred more frequently in those who smoked
      greater than 10 cigarettes per day than in those who never smoked. There was no
      relationship between smoking status and the incidence of non-embolic cerebral
      infarction. When more than one of the major risk factors (smoking, hypertension
      and elevated cholesterol) was present in the same person, the risk of coronary
      heart disease increased 2.4-7.7 times. Cox's proportional hazards model showed
      that cigarette smoking was an independent and significant risk factor for
      coronary heart disease, but not for non-embolic cerebral infarction.

PMID- 2286857
TI  - Care of the mouth in the elderly--experience at the Centre de soins continus.

PMID- 2286858
TI  - Determinants of grief resolution in cancer death.
AB  - The death of a loved one can be very difficult, and yet there is little
      information about how nurses can help someone through it. The purpose of this
      exploratory ex post facto study was to determine whether the circumstances of a
      cancer death influence the grief resolution of the survivor at one month after
      the death. The circumstances that were studied include: (1) the place of death,
      (2) the length of the cancer illness, (3) the perceived social support from
      family/friends, (4) the perceived social support from nurses, (5) satisfaction
      with the care received by the loved one, and (6) the quality of death of the
      loved one. Data were gathered from 43 survivors (spouses, children, and parents)
      through questionnaires and an open-ended interview. The study findings provide a
      better understanding and knowledge of nursing interventions for the family/friend
      of the imminently terminal cancer patient.

PMID- 2286859
TI  - Caring for friends--a personal view.

PMID- 2286860
TI  - Controlled drinking, treatment effectiveness, and the disease model of addiction:
      a commentary on the ideological wishes of Stanton Peele.
AB  - Despite a long history of extravagant claims followed by sobering
      discomfirmations, advocates of controlled drinking continue to promote
      nonabstinent treatment goals and procedures for alcoholics. Recent claims by
      Stanton Peele in favor of controlled drinking are examined critically in the
      context of a continuing debate concerning empirical studies of nonabstinent
      treatment goals, treatment effectiveness, and inpatient versus out-patient
      treatment of alcoholism. Peele's views concerning "conventional disease-based
      alcoholism treatment," controlled drinking, and "the disease model" are shown to
      be based largely on inadequate scholarship, misrepresentations of the literature,
      inappropriate comparisons, unwarranted generalizations, and straw-man arguments.

PMID- 2286861
TI  - Codependency: a critique.
AB  - An examination of the origins and development of the codependency concept finds
      it rooted in an obsolete disturbed-personality hypothesis. Both the current
      literature and treatment philosophy in the chemical dependency field reflect this
      perspective and continue to perpetuate a pathogenic view of wives who have
      chemically dependent husbands. Methods of treatment and the validity of treatment
      for what remains an unverified diagnostic entity are challenged on the grounds of
      professional ethics and therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 2286862
TI  - Race/ethnicity and gender differences in the drugs-violence relationship.
AB  - This article examines the drug relatedness of violent events reported by White,
      Black, and Hispanic male and female street drug users from New York City. The
      primary purpose is to determine if the drugs-violence relationship varies for
      these different populations of drug abusers. Drug relatedness is assessed
      according to a tripartite conceptual model of the general relationship between
      drugs and violence. Significant race/ethnicity and gender differences were found
      in regard to the number of violent events manifesting specific drug-related
      dimensions of violence, the drugs associated with these violent events, and the
      primary reasons for the occurrence of these events. The implications of these
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 2286863
TI  - The drug-of-choice phenomenon: why addicts start using their preferred drug.
AB  - The reasons why addicts begin using their preferred drug are examined and
      compared for differences between groups. Utilizing a questionnaire regarding
      their drug of choice and their reasons for use, a survey was made of 130 subjects
      (88 men and 42 women; mean age = 34.3 years) who were actively involved in
      recovery programs. The most frequent period of abstinence from the use of alcohol
      and other drugs was between one and two years. Forty-five of the subjects
      preferred opioids, 27 amphetamines, 24 cocaine, 18 marijuana, and 16 alcohol. The
      reasons for use were separated into three categories: emotional, physical, and
      social. Results showed that the amphetamine and cocaine addicts selected a higher
      number of physical reasons for use, and that the alcohol group chose social
      reasons most frequently. There were no differences between drug groups in total
      number of emotional reasons selected. Specific reasons for use were also analyzed
      between drug-of-choice groups. The findings cast doubt on earlier studies that
      suggested differential psychopathology or emotional disorders among addicts with
      different drugs of choice. Clinical implications of these data are discussed.

PMID- 2286866
TI  - Swallowing the scroll: legal implications of the recent Supreme Court peyote
      cases.
AB  - Two cases decided by the United States Supreme Court in the past two years, with
      the same factual bases and involving the religious use of peyote by Native
      American Church members, are described and analyzed. In 1990 the Supreme Court
      ruled that states may prohibit the use of peyote for religious purposes. These
      cases are examined by applying traditional equal-protection and First Amendment
      religious liberty analyses as well as by traditional Western interpretations of
      sacrament. The Supreme Court now has established a legal precendent running
      contrary to previous lower court cases that has implications for the religious
      use of peyote, specifically, and for nontraditional use of sacramental drugs,
      generally.

PMID- 2286865
TI  - Evidence of discrepant data regarding trends in marijuana use and supply, 1985
      1988.
AB  - Between 1985 and 1988, the estimated number of current marijuana users (i.e., use
      within the past 30 days) in the United States declined 36%, based on self-report
      data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. During the same time
      period, estimated nondomestic production of marijuana available for consumption
      in the United States increased 58% and domestic production increased 119%, while
      there was no clear-cut trend in prices. Reports of marijuana use associated with
      emergency room visits more than doubled in these years. The reasons for these
      apparent discrepancies in the data regarding the supply and use of marijuana are
      unknown. The possible causes of change in these and other measures of illicit
      drug use are examined because they form the basis for assessment of the efficacy
      of the recently proposed 1989 National Drug Control Strategy.

PMID- 2286864
TI  - Clinical diagnostic considerations on cocaine abuse.
AB  - Following a review of the research literature on the psychophysiological effects
      of cocaine, a study is described of a group of 120 cocaine addicts. Of the 120
      patients, 10 (8.33%) exhibited fleeting, unformed, organic delusions and
      hallucinations. Case reports of the 10 cases are presented. The quality of the
      adverse subjective effects of cocaine is emphasized, and the differential
      diagnosis between Cocaine Delusional Disorder and Paranoid Schizophrenia is
      discussed. Guidelines for a more accurate differential diagnosis are provided.

PMID- 2286867
TI  - Haoma-Soma in the world of ancient Greece.
AB  - Evidence of the worship of (nonalcoholic) Haoma-Soma in Iran and India
      (identified by Wasson as Amanita muscaria) can be found in Greece and its
      neighboring lands. While Iranian and India peoples preserved their original
      worship in their final settlements, Indo-European tribes, including the
      Thracians, the Phrygians, and the Greeks, after settling in Europe and Asia
      Minor, abandoned their ancestral worship of Soma (Sabazios) and substituted the
      Semitic (alcoholic) Dionysos. However, they retained traces of the original Soma
      worship in Dionysiac rituals. This modified Dionysiac worship spread throughout
      the Western world. Six formal criteria are used to establish the identify of Soma
      with Dionysos (Sabazios): (1) both cults had the same aim (to cause ecstatic
      behavior); (2) both cults required the attainment of the same spiritual state
      (purity); (3) both cults had an idiosyncratic myth in common; (4) both cults
      showed the identical word root in the name of the worshipped god; (5) both cults
      had identical zoological and botanical associations with their god; and (6) the
      alcoholic god (Dionysos) was depicted as having the same physical effects on
      human beings as that of the ancient nonalcoholic god (Soma).

PMID- 2286868
TI  - A spreadsheet for AIDS: estimating heterosexual injection drug user population
      size from AIDS statistics in San Francisco.
AB  - A single-page computer spreadsheet can be used to back-calculate the size of the
      population at risk from the reported number of AIDS cases and HIV seropositivity
      levels for that population. However, Cohen (1988:35) has cautioned that "this
      method requires some heroic assumptions, and is, therefore, fraught with
      difficulty." Slight variations in the definition of AIDS, in the progression
      rate, and in reported seropositivity rates used as data in the spreadsheet can
      make enormous differences in the results obtained through back-calculation.
      Despite the limitations of the method, an estimate of the possible size of the
      IDU population can be derived from back-calculation, with careful consideration
      of ethnographic realities taken into account. In San Francisco, the present
      authors believe that there were approximately 13,000 heterosexual IDUs as of the
      end of 1989. Further demographic divisions by ethnicity, age, sex, and even
      neighborhood could be made using the same techniques, if AIDS cases and
      seropositivity levels could be obtained for each variable. Table II predicts a
      cumulative 705 AIDS diagnoses among San Francisco heterosexual IDUs by the end of
      1993, or nearly six times as many as reported through 1988. This prediction is
      based on an assumption of 2.5% seroconversion per year (1989-1993) and on modest
      progression-rate increments of 5%, 5%, 4%, 3%, and 3% in the eleventh through
      fifteenth years after HIV infection. Thus, it shows the magnitude of the epidemic
      that San Francisco will shortly face and emphasizes the need to act vigorously to
      prevent further HIV contagion among IDUs as well as from them to their
      heterosexual partners (drug using or not).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2286869
TI  - Establishing a house for the HIV-positive intravenous drug abuser who is
      homeless: analysis of a closing.

PMID- 2286870
TI  - Fluoxetine and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a naturalistic study.

PMID- 2286871
TI  - Virola: a promising genus for ethnopharmacological investigation.
AB  - Data are now available on the antifungal use of Virola from four countries and
      some 14 different tribes of Indians in these countries who employ the Virola
      exudate for the same or similar purposes. Three of the five methods of
      ethnobotanical investigation proposed by Schultes and Swain in 1976 have been
      employed in this ethnobotanical research. Furthermore, both of the present
      authors have successfully employed this antifungal treatment themselves. Given
      that deep fungal infections of the skin are often considered incurable with
      medications currently in use, further laboratory analysis of Virola resin should
      be undertaken as soon as possible.

PMID- 2286873
TI  - Drug problems.

PMID- 2286872
TI  - Treatment of alcoholism.

PMID- 2286874
TI  - Two new psychoactive compounds.

PMID- 2286876
TI  - School performance, academic aspirations, and drug use among children and
      adolescents.
AB  - The relationship between drug use, school performance, and academic aspirations
      among 446 Anglo and Hispanic youths, age nine to seventeen, is explored. Two
      groups of subjects--current substance users and non-users--were interviewed.
      Subjects in each comparison group were similar in age, ethnicity, and gender.
      Overall results, consistent with prior research, indicate a significant
      relationship between current school performance, future educational aspirations,
      and drug use. No difference was noted between substance use groups on indicators
      of general interest in school work or probability of dropping out of school.
      Important differences in response patterns occurring with age, ethnicity, and
      gender were found.

PMID- 2286875
TI  - Risk behaviors and perceptions of AIDS among street injection drug users.
AB  - Standardized survey interviews (n = 325) and guided in-depth interviews (n = 22)
      were conducted with injection drug users (IDUs) in Long Beach, California, to
      document drug usage and injection patterns, sexual practices, perceived risk of
      HIV infection, sources of health information, and knowledge and attitudes about
      AIDS. Most IDUs reported sharing needles (87.9%), and a large minority reported
      regular sterilization of needles/syringes (40.3%). Lower rates of needle sharing
      were reported among cocaine users than among heroin and speedball users. HIV
      seroprevalence was 5.7 percent (11/194). Sexually active female (60.7%) and male
      (20.5%) IDUs reported exchanging sex for money or drugs. Overall, 48.3 percent of
      IDUs reported having made changes in their injection practices and one-third
      reported modifying their sexual behavior in order to avoid HIV infection.
      Differences in drug use, sexual practices, and drug treatment history were found
      with regard to gender, ethnicity, age, and type of drug injected. Implications of
      findings for the development of AIDS risk-reduction programs are presented.

PMID- 2286877
TI  - The perceived effects of drug messages on use patterns in adolescents.
AB  - Following a survey of over 5,000 students in north central Idaho and southeast
      Washington, an interviewing strategy was implemented with 223 adolescents
      randomly selected by their principals. The strategy was designed to learn: 1)
      which sources have utility and credibility with youth in providing drug
      information; 2) whether different message content and delivery style have
      differential effects upon that group; and 3) whether widely held perceptions
      voiced by parents and teachers about their ineffectiveness as information sources
      were accurate. Double-blind interviews, arranged to protect respondent anonymity,
      were conducted by trained interviewers from a research methods class. No
      interview was held when either an interviewer or respondent knew the other. Among
      the important findings of the study were that: 1) parents and teachers are
      trusted, credible sources of drug information; 2) doctors, nurses, law officers,
      and clergy are also credible but not visible to youth; 3) the evil media and
      celebrity fears of parents and teachers are largely ungrounded in adolescent
      perception; and 4) factual information from credible sources emphasizing the
      range of types of negative consequences associated with drug use can exert
      powerful effects upon adolescents' reported personal use of drugs.

PMID- 2286878
TI  - Caffeine consumption, expectancies of caffeine-enhanced performance, and
      caffeinism symptoms among university students.
AB  - The expectancies paradigm developed in alcohol research was used to study
      caffeine consumption and signs of caffeinism in two groups of college students. A
      survey questionnaire was developed to gather self-report data on expectations of
      caffeine-enhanced performance (EP-CAFF), level of beverage caffeine consumed
      daily, and DSM-111 caffeinism signs reportedly experienced after consumption of
      caffeinated beverages. A positive association between EP-CAFF and both caffeine
      consumption and caffeinism signs was predicted. In both initial (n = 527) and
      cross-validation (n = 270) samples, significant correlations between EP-CAFF
      scores and both caffeine consumption and caffeinism symptoms were found. A small,
      but statistically significant, relationship was also found between caffeinism
      symptoms and both alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. Of the 797 subjects
      in the combined sample, 151 (18.9%) endorsed five or more DSM-III caffeinism
      signs. Subjects endorsing five or more signs of caffeinism scored higher on the
      EP-CAFF scale, and consumed more caffeine and alcohol in both studies and smoked
      more cigarettes in study one--but not in study two--than did subjects who
      endorsed fewer than five caffeinism signs. Results support the utility of
      extending the expectancies model of substance use motivation from alcohol to
      caffeine.

PMID- 2286879
TI  - The employment disadvantage of being a smoker.
AB  - Three studies were done to examine the effects of being a tobacco smoker on
      employment prospects. In Study 1, thirty-two subjects reviewed application forms
      and rated four applicants as prospective employees. The subjects rated the
      nonsmoker version of the job applicants significantly more highly for hiring. In
      Study 2, forty-four subjects stated whether they preferred to hire smokers or
      nonsmokers and estimated the preference of employers generally. Those who stated
      a personal preference gave their reasons. Seven personal reasons for preferring a
      nonsmoker were mentioned by at least two subjects. The reasons ranged from
      dislike of tobacco smoke to concern about smokers taking more sick leave. In
      Study 3, which involved forty-six subjects, degree of endorsement of the
      attitudes underlying four of the seven preference reasons were found to be
      associated with degree of preference for non-smokers. The results of the three
      studies provide potentially useful information for job applicants and for
      individuals who design smoking prevention interventions.

PMID- 2286880
TI  - Knowledge and information about drugs in Australia.
AB  - This article uses a national population survey conducted in 1988 to examine drug
      information needs within the Australian population. The analysis concentrates on
      three types of informational needs--knowledge and contact with drug services, the
      nature of the drug information sought, and the sources of drug information. The
      results show that almost half of the respondents in the survey considered that
      they had an adequate amount of information about drugs and there were generally
      high levels of factual knowledge about the drug and alcohol services available in
      the community. Knowledge of drug services was found to be unrelated to the need
      for information, although high levels of knowledge did correlate with a
      willingness to use a variety of medical, welfare, and social support services to
      obtain information. The data indicated that contact significantly correlated with
      both a desire for information and a willingness to consult a variety of services.
      Finally, users of all types of drugs reported higher levels of knowledge, with
      users of illicit drugs, in particular, expressing a greater desire for
      information about all types of drugs and an increased willingness to use a
      variety of welfare and social support agencies.

PMID- 2286881
TI  - Aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp.
AB  - Aplasia cutis congenita is the congenital absence of skin. The majority of these
      defects involve the vertex of the scalp in the area overlying the sagittal sinus.
      The larger defects are predisposed to sudden lethal hemorrhage and require urgent
      closure. Local rotational scalp flaps are recommended for closure of the larger
      defects because they provide the most reliable coverage, eliminate the risk of
      infection and/or hemorrhage, and avoid the alopecia of secondarily healed wounds.

PMID- 2286882
TI  - Coronary sinus thrombosis and myocardial infarction secondary to ventriculoatrial
      shunt insertion.
AB  - Coronary sinus thrombosis was found at necropsy in a girl with spina bifida who
      underwent ventriculoatrial shunt revision. There was secondary myocardial
      infarction, close to the conducting system within the interventricular septum. We
      suggest that this led to cardiac arrest and sudden death.

PMID- 2286883
TI  - Esophageal atresia, distal tracheoesophageal fistula, and an air shunt that
      compromised mechanical ventilation.
AB  - Infants with esophageal atresia and a distal tracheoesophageal fistula are
      predisposed to respiratory failure on the basis of prematurity, respiratory
      distress syndrome, aspiration of saliva, and reflux of gastric contents into the
      tracheobronchial tree. Thoracotomy and primary repair may be delayed to allow
      time for complete evaluation of the infant and respiratory stabilization. Poorly
      compliant lungs and a large distal fistula can result in selective passage of
      ventilatory gases into the gastrointestinal tract with resultant hypercarbia.
      Fogarty balloon occlusion of the distal esophageal segment halts this air shunt
      and facilitates effective mechanical ventilation.

PMID- 2286884
TI  - Use of high-frequency jet ventilation in the management of congenital
      tracheoesophageal fistula associated with respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - Two preterm infants (28 weeks, 960 g; 32 weeks, 1,870 g) with very large
      tracheoesophageal fistulas suffered from respiratory distress syndrome and failed
      to respond to conventional mechanical ventilation despite placement of a
      decompressive gastrostomy. Pulmonary air leaks developed in both, resulting in
      transdiaphragmatic pneumoperitoneum, and significant gas flow occurred through
      the gastrostomy tube despite placement under water-seal. High-frequency jet
      ventilation was instituted in each case and resulted in improved pulmonary gas
      exchange at lower mean airway pressure (12.0 to 6.7 cm H2O; 11.0 to 8.0 cm H2O)
      and in prompt resolution of air leaks. Both patients remained refractory to
      reinstitution of conventional ventilation until division of the fistula in the
      first patient and complete resolution of the respiratory distress syndrome in the
      second.

PMID- 2286885
TI  - Endoscopic restoration of esophageal continuity.
AB  - Severe stricture formation after repair of esophageal atresia with
      tracheoesophageal fistula resulted in obliteration of the esophageal lumen.
      Patency of the esophagus was restored using endoscopic removal of the scar
      tissue. The stricture recurrence was subsequently controlled by Collis-Belsey
      reconstruction of the esophagogastric junction.

PMID- 2286886
TI  - Antethoracic colonic esophagoplasty for esophageal atresia: long-term follow-up.
AB  - We report a case of a 23-year-old woman who underwent antethoracic colonic
      esophagoplasty at age 3 years 10 months for failed intrathoracic correction of
      tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. The appearance of this rarely
      performed procedure is shown with barium swallow and computed tomography.

PMID- 2286887
TI  - Chest tube perforation of esophagus following repair of esophageal atresia.
AB  - The two major acute thoracic complications of closed chest tube thoracostomy are
      pulmonary laceration and vascular compression. We have noted that closed chest
      tube thoracostomy can also perforate an esophageal anastomosis or myotomy site.
      Clinically, such a perforation produces a profuse discharge of gas and/or fluid
      through a chest tube positioned at the level of the anastomosis or myotomy site.
      Plain films demonstrate an accumulation of extrapleural gas and/or fluid adjacent
      to the distal portion of the chest tube. If untreated, these accumulations may
      form into an extrapleural abscess.

PMID- 2286888
TI  - Neurenteric cyst: current management.
AB  - Two newborn infants with neurenteric cysts have been evaluated with recently
      developed imaging techniques. Magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography
      can provide the evaluations needed to facilitate removal of the entire cyst at
      one operation. Appreciation of the extent of the problem allows for expeditious
      evaluation and early definitive surgical intervention.

PMID- 2286889
TI  - Thoracic cage deformity: a late complication following repair of an agenesis of
      diaphragm.

PMID- 2286890
TI  - Simultaneous occurrence of congenital partial pericardial defect and
      posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia.

PMID- 2286891
TI  - The Herbst triad: report of two cases.
AB  - We report two patients with hypoproteinemia and finger clubbing in whom the
      underlying gastroesophageal reflux was only detected after symptoms of esophageal
      stenosis became apparent. Ignorance of gastroesophageal reflux as a possible
      cause of these impressive symptoms led to complications and delayed surgery.

PMID- 2286892
TI  - Acute pancreatitis and gastric volvulus occurring in a congenital diaphragmatic
      hernia.
AB  - Many complications are known to occur in association with congenital
      diaphragmatic hernia. Acute pancreatitis in this situation is very rare. A case
      is reported and guidelines are given for the management of this complication.

PMID- 2286893
TI  - Gastric volvulus complicating Nissen fundoplication.
AB  - Two cases of gastric volvulus in children are reported, one complete and one
      partial. Both occurred subsequent to Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal
      reflux. The symptoms at presentation, and the factors predisposing to volvulus
      postfundoplication are discussed.

PMID- 2286894
TI  - Subtotal gastrectomy in infancy for perforating necrotizing gastritis.
AB  - Necrotizing gastritis is a rare pathology causing a high rate of morbidity and
      mortality in the infants. A 4-week-old baby, with right hypoplastic kidney and
      ectopic ureter, was admitted because of profound septic shock and "coffee ground"
      vomitus. Aggressive treatment was started and hemodynamic stabilization was
      achieved. On the fourth admission day, ascites was noted and on the eighth day in
      a plain abdominal x-ray, free air was shown. At urgent explorative laparotomy,
      double posterior gastric wall perforations with extensive gastric wall necrosis
      were found, which required subtotal gastrectomy. The etiology and pathophysiology
      of this rare process are discussed with an emphasis on the difficulty in
      diagnosis of posterior gastric perforation into the lesser sac.

PMID- 2286895
TI  - Diabetes mellitus 14 years after a subtotal pancreatectomy for neonatal
      hyperinsulinism.
AB  - A 14-year-old girl developed diabetes mellitus 14 years after subtotal
      pancreatectomy for neonatal hyperinsulinism. Diabetes mellitus seemed to be due
      to pancreatectomy and not to the usual juvenile type 1. To the best of our
      knowledge, this type of complication had never been reported such a long time
      after a pancreatectomy.

PMID- 2286896
TI  - Solitary intrahepatic biliary cyst: diagnostic and therapeutic strategy.
AB  - This paper describes a newborn infant in whom an intrahepatic biliary cyst was
      successfully demonstrated by antenatal ultrasound. Postnatally, percutaneous cyst
      aspiration and computed tomography enhanced with intravenous cholangiographic
      contrast proved extremely helpful in the selection of surgical procedure. The
      lesion was completely removed at 12 weeks of age without complications.

PMID- 2286897
TI  - Hepatobiliary cystadenoma: a rare hepatic tumor in a child.
AB  - This report describes a 3-year-old child with a hepatobiliary cystadenoma.
      Cystadenomas are benign, multilocular, cystic neoplasms that usually occur in
      middle-aged women. The patients may be asymptomatic, but often there are vague
      abdominal complaints related to extrinsic compression of the stomach, duodenum,
      or biliary tree. Recurrence following incomplete excision and the presence of
      carcinoma within otherwise benign cysts has been documented. Complete resection
      is the therapy of choice, and thorough histopathologic evaluation is imperative.

PMID- 2286898
TI  - Treatment of disseminated hepatoblastoma involving bilateral lobes.
AB  - A 30-month-old boy was investigated because of a huge abdominal mass in the right
      upper abdomen. A computed tomography scan and celiac angiography showed that the
      tumor involved bilateral lobes of the liver. At first, for this disseminated and
      "unresectable" tumor we did liver biopsy and hepatic arterial catheterization.
      Through this catheter we started chemotherapy using THP-Adriamycin and cis
      platinum. After three courses of chemotherapy, a second-look operation was
      performed and trisegmentectomy was done to remove the main tumor and metastases,
      including the left lobe and the right anterior segment. The trisegmentectomy was
      performed with success, and the boy's serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) remains
      normal 37 months after the start of treatment, indicating a probable permanent
      cure. Such cases have rarely been reported in the literature. Our experience in
      treating this patient would seem to encourage aggressive management of advanced
      hepatoblastoma in other patients.

PMID- 2286899
TI  - Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the ampulla of Vater with long-term survival
      following pancreaticoduodenectomy.
AB  - Rhabdomyosarcoma of the biliary tree is a rare cause of biliary tract obstruction
      in childhood. A 3-year-old child is reported here after presenting with
      obstructive jaundice secondary to an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the ampulla of
      Vater. He underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and
      irradiation. He is now well and free of disease 5 years following treatment. This
      child appears to be the first long-term survivor who has required
      pancreaticoduodenal resection for this lesion.

PMID- 2286900
TI  - Choledochal cyst and congenital hepatic fibrosis.
AB  - A case of choledochal cyst with congenital hepatic fibrosis is described. This
      association is known but insufficiently recognized, as is the association between
      Caroli disease and choledochal cyst. We urge that a specific search be made for
      these related disorders when patients present with manifestations of one of these
      disorders.

PMID- 2286901
TI  - Cancer arising in a choledochal cyst in a 12-year-old girl.
AB  - An adenocarcinoma was found in a choledochal cyst in a 12-year-old girl. This is
      the youngest patient so far reported with an adenocarcinoma in a choledochal
      cyst. The cyst consisted of dilatations of the intrahepatic bile ducts and the
      extrahepatic bile duct. Most of the cyst wall was resected. However, resection of
      the distal part of the cyst wall in the infrapancreatic region was impossible
      because of invasion of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava. This patient
      is now being treated with chemotherapy. We believe that early diagnosis is
      mandatory, and that total excision of a choledochal cyst is advisably to prevent
      the development of carcinoma.

PMID- 2286902
TI  - Obstruction of the Roux limb after portoenterostomy for biliary atresia: a
      delayed complication.
AB  - We report the case of a 5-year-old girl who underwent a Kasai portoenterostomy
      for extrahepatic biliary atresia. The conduit was exteriorized until 11 months of
      age. She was doing well, with stable portal hypertension until she suddenly
      developed jaundice, acholic stools, and bacteremia not responsive to a course of
      steroids and intravenous antibiotics. Suspecting obstruction at the site of the
      previously exteriorized anastomosis, a percutaneous cannulation of the conduit
      was performed. Catheterization of the conduit obstruction unkinked it and
      reestablished bile flow. She has remained anicteric with stable liver function.

PMID- 2286903
TI  - Anomalous biliary ducts associated with duodenal atresia.
AB  - Duodenal atresia is rarely associated with anomalous biliary ducts that permit
      communication between the proximal and distal duodenal segments. Two such cases
      are presented herein and the literature is reviewed. Although the typical
      radiographic pattern of duodenal atresia is the "double bubble" sign with absence
      of distal bowel gas, air may be present in the distal bowel when anomalous bile
      ducts provide a conduit around the atretic segment. Contrast studies are
      generally not performed in the typical clinical and radiographic evaluation of
      duodenal atresia; however, an upper gastrointestinal series may be useful in
      defining the more complex anomaly. Clinical presentation may occur relatively
      late if the biliary communication is large enough to permit passage of some milk
      or formula. Care should be taken at surgery to avoid obstruction or injury to the
      anomalous bile ducts, and operative cholangiography may be useful to document
      continued bile duct patency following repair of the atresia. Theories of the
      etiology of this anomaly relate to interference with recanalization of the
      duodenum by the process of hepaticopancreatic duct formation and persistence of
      the primitive "dual duct" stage.

PMID- 2286904
TI  - Preduodenal portal vein: surgery and radiographic appearance.
AB  - Preduodenal portal vein is rare, with 63 cases reported in the literature. In
      general, this anomaly occurs in children with associated small bowel obstruction.
      We report a newborn infant who presented with duodenal stenosis, mongolism, and
      preduodenal portal vein. Treatment consisted of a duodenoduodenal anastomosis
      without mobilizing the portal vein. The correlation between imaging techniques
      and the operative findings is discussed. Because identification of preduodenal
      portal vein at surgery is important, preoperative sonography may be useful in
      selected cases to define the position of the vein.

PMID- 2286905
TI  - Partial splenectomy for symptomatic splenic hamartoma.
AB  - Lower pole splenectomy with preservation of residual splenic function was
      successfully performed in a 3-year-old boy with a symptomatic splenic hamartoma.
      Following resection, several of the patient's constitutional symptoms resolved.
      This is the first reported case of a splenic hamartoma treated by partial
      splenectomy.

PMID- 2286906
TI  - Hepatic encephalopathy induced by small bowel obstruction in a noncirrhotic child
      with portal vein thrombosis.
AB  - A case of hepatic encephalopathy in a noncirrhotic child, who has undergone a
      previous mesocaval shunt for extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis, is presented.
      Hepatic encephalopathy developed 5 years after the operation and is believed to
      have been precipitated by the presence of small bowel obstruction. Exploratory
      laparotomy and lysis of an adhesion relieved the obstruction and led to the
      resolution of the encephalopathy.

PMID- 2286907
TI  - Iodine toxicity: an unusual cause of cardiovascular collapse during anesthesia in
      an infant with Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - This report describes a case of acute life-threatening iodine toxicity in an
      infant with Hirschsprung's disease caused by rectal irrigation with povidone
      iodine. A hypothesis regarding absorption and recommendations for povidone-iodine
      usage for bowel preparation are presented.

PMID- 2286908
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as a rectal polyp in a child.
AB  - Primary lymphoma of the rectum is extremely rare in children. We report here a 10
      year-old boy with localized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, discovered within a rectal
      polyp. The literature on childhood rectal lymphomas is reviewed. This case
      illustrates the importance of considering the possibility of malignancy with
      rectal polyps, even in children.

PMID- 2286909
TI  - Late urologic complication of an abdominal gunshot wound.
AB  - An unusual late complication of an abdominal gunshot wound is presented. It
      consisted of an acute hydronephrosis of the left kidney by a BB-type bullet that
      migrated into the ureter of a 11-year-old boy 1 month after he was injured in the
      left flank, causing its complete obstruction. A percutaneous nephrostomy was
      performed and, with the help of a basket-type catheter, the bullet was removed.
      To our knowledge this is the first case reported of this rare complication
      treated by this technique.

PMID- 2286910
TI  - Urethral duplication with single bladder and multiple genitourinary
      abnormalities: an example of continent urinary diversion.
AB  - A 13-year-old girl with multiple genitourinary malformations, incomplete bladder
      exstrophy, urethral duplication with single bladder, septate vagina, and total
      urinary incontinence is presented. Prior to admission she had undergone surgery
      for teratoma and calculi of the bladder and partial fecal incontinence. A
      continent urinary diversion was done by bladder augmentation using a cecal
      colonic segment and by surgical closure of the bladder neck. The distal end of
      the appendix was brought to the skin as an inconspicuous, easily catheterizable,
      watertight stoma, our modification of the Mitrofanoff procedure. Excision of the
      vaginal septum, creation of an introitus, and unification of the split clitoris
      improved the cosmetic appearance of the external genitalia and improved the
      outlook for a normal sexual life and pregnancy.

PMID- 2286911
TI  - Death due to high-output cardiac failure in fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma.
AB  - Fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is being recognized with increasing
      frequency. Placentomegaly and hydrops fetalis are preterminal events, and it has
      been suggested that fetal death may be due to high-output cardiac failure from
      arteriovenous shunting through the tumor. We had a chance to examine this
      hypothesis when a 21-week fetus presented with a huge sacrococcygeal teratoma.
      There were marked placentomegaly, cardiomegaly, hyperdynamic ventricles, and a
      pericardial effusion. Doppler studies showed tremendous flow through the SCT with
      extreme enlargement of the inferior vena cava, consistent with congestive heart
      failure from increased flow through the tumor. Hydrops developed, and the fetus
      was delivered because of placental abruption. This case provides supportive
      evidence that the teratoma acts as a large arteriovenous shunt, causing high
      output cardiac failure. We have now collected 18 more cases of sacrococcygeal
      teratoma diagnosed in utero. Of the total 45 cases of fetal SCT, 9 had
      placentomegaly and/or fetal hydrops and all 9 fetuses died in utero or shortly
      after birth. We conclude that the only hope for survival in these severely
      affected fetuses is to reduce blood flow to the tumor before birth.

PMID- 2286912
TI  - Intravascular missile embolization in childhood: report of a case, literature
      review, and recommendations for management.
AB  - A collective review of 20 cases of missile embolization among children (1961 to
      1988) is analyzed, one case added, and guidelines for diagnosis and management
      are outlined. Causative agents were bullets (14 patients), pellets (5), and
      fragments (2). Their trajectory was arterioarterial (11), venovenous (5),
      paradoxical (4), and mixed (1). Diagnosis was suspected when an exit wound was
      absent and the foreign body was traced on regional x-ray. Embolization was
      predominantly to the legs, with a tendency for the left (5 of 8 cases). Upper
      extremity emboli were exclusively to the right. Only one of five cardiac entries
      required closure to control bleeding compared with four of six aortic.
      Embolectomy was performed in 16 patients. The overall mortality rate was 9.5%.
      Factors predicting a favorable outcome are early presentation, diagnosis, and
      intervention; location of cardiovascular entry and embolus site; and presence of
      soft tissue tamponade at entry wound. Although embolectomy for cerebral,
      asymptomatic pulmonary arterial, and silent venous emboli is controversial,
      universal agreement prevails regarding removal of systemic arterial as well as
      venous emboli that are potentially problematic.

PMID- 2286913
TI  - Percutaneous nephrostomy drainage in the management of neonatal anuria secondary
      to renal candidiasis.
AB  - We report a case of anuria in a premature neonate secondary to bilateral
      ureteropelvic junction obstructions related to Candida bezoars. Percutaneous
      decompression and drainage of both kidneys contributed significantly to the
      successful management of renal candidiasis in this patient. A review of the
      literature is presented.

PMID- 2286914
TI  - Fatal aortoesophageal fistula due to double aortic arch: an unusual complication
      of prolonged nasogastric intubation.
AB  - Fatal hematemesis occurred in a 3-month-old boy due to erosion by a nasogastric
      tube into the right component of an unrecognized double aortic arch. This is the
      youngest of six reported patients with arterioesophageal fistula in the
      literature. Including this patient, five of six had nasogastric tubes in place.
      The tube may have led to fistula formation by compression of the esophageal wall
      against an anomalous vessel. When a vascular ring is suspected, indwelling
      esophageal tubes such as nasogastric tubes should not be used.

PMID- 2286915
TI  - Congenital prepubic sinus.
AB  - We report the fourth case of a congenital prepubic sinus extending from the
      anterior bladder wall through rectus fascia to overlying skin. Intermittent
      erythema and discharge prompted exploration and excision. This lesion may
      represent a mild forme fruste of the midline closure defects.

PMID- 2286916
TI  - Porcelain gallbladder in a child: a case report and review.
AB  - Calcification of the gallbladder wall (porcelain gallbladder; PGB) is a rare form
      of gallbladder disease not previously described in a child. A 10-year-old girl is
      presented with PGB that was discovered incidentally during intravenous urography.
      Computed tomography localized the calcification to the gallbladder wall.
      Cholecystectomy was performed due to the associated increased incidence of
      biliary tract carcinoma reported in adult patients. The etiology, diagnosis, and
      management of PGB and its significance in a pediatric patient are discussed.

PMID- 2286918
TI  - Resecting Meckel's diverticula.

PMID- 2286917
TI  - Pleural fluid white blood cell counts.

PMID- 2286920
TI  - Upper renal tract anomalies in patients with hypospadias.

PMID- 2286919
TI  - Total intestinal aganglionosis.

PMID- 2286921
TI  - Nutritional intake in both free-living and institutionalized older adults with
      xerostomia.
AB  - A common problem in the institutionalized as well as the free-living elderly is
      inadequate nutrition. This problem will continue in significance as the
      population continues to age. Previous studies have indicated a variety of
      nutritional deficiencies in the diets of older adults. Chronic degenerative
      diseases and usage of multiple pharmacologic agents are also prevalent in the
      geriatric population and confound this complex problem. A common observation
      among the many contributing factors to the problem of relative or absolute
      malnutrition in seniors is that many individuals exhibit the sign/symptom of
      xerostomia (dry mouth). Recent studies indicate that nearly one in five older
      adults exhibit xerostomia. Xerostomia increases the difficulty of these older
      adults in obtaining the proper nutrition. Problems in lubricating, masticating,
      tolerating, tasting and swallowing food contribute significantly to the complex
      physiological and psychological manifestations of aging. To this date the
      literature fails to demonstrate an association between xerostomia and
      malnutrition in the elderly.

PMID- 2286922
TI  - Food supplement use as related to nutrition knowledge and dietary quality of the
      elderly.
AB  - A study of 227 elderly participants attending Title III-C nutrition programs was
      conducted to determine food supplement use and its relationship to nutrition
      knowledge and quality of the diet. Although nutrition knowledge was found to be
      positively related to the quality of the diet for all subjects, no significant
      differences were found between supplement and nonsupplement users for these two
      variables. Although the mean knowledge score was low, positive relationships were
      found between nutrition knowledge and both education and income for all subjects.
      Amount of participation in the government-sponsored nutrition centers was
      negatively correlated with nutrition knowledge.

PMID- 2286923
TI  - The nutrition information sources of elderly New Zealanders.
AB  - A questionnaire was sent to 230 elderly New Zealanders selected at random from
      the age/sex registers of medical practitioners to investigate their current usage
      and perceptions of nutrition information sources. The sample selected was
      representative of the New Zealand elderly population in terms of age, sex, and
      socioeconomic status distribution. Forty five per cent of respondents indicated
      they had obtained nutrition information in the past twelve months. Doctors (GP's)
      were the most common source of nutrition information--used by 20% of the
      respondents--and many also considered them to be the most reliable and
      trustworthy. Newspapers and magazines were considered to be the least reliable
      source of nutrition information. Approximately two thirds of respondents
      expressed a desire for more nutrition information; pamphlets and GP's were the
      favoured sources. This study suggests lower socioeconomic groups of elderly
      people are less receptive audiences for nutrition information. As other research
      indicates these elderly people are also at greater nutritional risk, reaching
      these groups present a major challenge to nutrition educators.

PMID- 2286924
TI  - Vitamin/mineral supplement use by geriatric outpatients in the United Kingdom.
AB  - Many elderly people in the United States take vitamin/mineral supplements, but
      little is known about supplement use by the elderly in the United Kingdom. Among
      203 patients referred to a geriatric outpatient clinic in Britain, 28% used
      supplements during the last year. Most supplement users consumed them daily and
      had used them for over a year. Multivitamins were the most frequent type of
      supplement taken, followed by Iron, B Vitamins, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E. The
      primary reasons for supplement use were for more energy, treating illness, and
      feeling stronger.

PMID- 2286925
TI  - Coat of arms of the International Association of Oral Pathologists.

PMID- 2286926
TI  - A comparative stereologic and ultrastructural study of blood vessels in
      odontogenic keratocysts and dentigerous cysts.
AB  - Blood vessels were investigated both stereologically and ultrastructurally in
      keratocyst and dentigerous cyst. The volume and surface densities of blood
      vessels in 15 keratocysts and dentigerous cysts were analyzed stereologically. No
      significant differences were found between them using these parameters,
      suggesting that their overall vascularity may be similar. However, the
      ultrastructural study showed marked differences between blood vessels in these
      two types of cysts. It was observed that fenestrated capillaries were found only
      in keratocysts. In addition, degeneration of endothelial lining associated with
      thrombosis was also a prominent feature of this cyst. While ruptured endothelium,
      narrow lumen and Weibel-Palade bodies were characteristic of vessels in
      dentigerous cyst. The presence of fenestrated capillaries in keratocyst and not
      in dentigerous cyst might indicate a rapid transfer of fluid to meet the demand
      of the relatively active proliferating epithelium, which may be promoted by
      growth factors released from platelets in those thrombosed vessels.

PMID- 2286927
TI  - Impact of consumption factors on soft tissue changes in Swedish moist snuff
      users: a histologic study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyze the relative importance for histologic
      changes of the oral mucosa of such consumption factors as years with regular
      snuff use, hours and grams of daily snuff use. The material consisted of biopsies
      of selected cases (two groups) from 252 regular snuff users of whom 184 used
      exclusively loose and 68 exclusively portion-bag packed snuff. Group 1 comprised
      8 pairs of loose snuff users with large differences (14-45 yr) in terms of years
      with regular habit. Many years of snuff use did not per se seem to result in
      tissue changes which significantly differed from changes seen in subjects with
      only a few years of loose snuff use. Group 2 included 5-10 subjects showing the
      lowest and highest daily consumption of loose or portion-bag packed snuff. Among
      those with a low daily consumption, portion-bags seem to be related to less
      pronounced changes than loose snuff. High daily snuff use was associated with
      relatively somewhat more pronounced epithelial surface changes but histologic
      differences between the two habit groups were difficult to identify.

PMID- 2286928
TI  - Primary herpes simplex virus (type 1) infection delays healing of oral excisional
      and extraction wounds in the rat.
AB  - The effect of acute herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection on the healing
      process of intraoral wounds and tooth extraction sockets in the rat was studied.
      A standardized size of the buccal mucosa was excised and molars were extracted
      and a HSV-1 suspension was topically applied. The virus infected wounds were
      clinically characterized by erythema and swelling and histologically by heavy
      inflammation cell infiltrate and abscesses during the first week. The acute HSV-1
      infection was found to significantly delay healing of both types of wounds by 3
      days. Antiviral treatment with acyclovir (ACV) decreased the degree of
      inflammation and improved healing of the infected wounds. The present results
      indicate a delayed and disturbed healing of wounds in the oral cavity in the
      presence of HSV-1. The findings may have a clinical significance for primary or
      latent HSV-1 infections in conjunction with surgical intervention in the oral
      cavity.

PMID- 2286929
TI  - Mucositis prevention by selective elimination of oral flora in irradiated head
      and neck cancer patients.
AB  - Mucositis induced by irradiation is the reactive inflammatory-like process of the
      oropharyngeal mucous membranes following irradiation. Bacteria colonizing the
      oral tissues are thought to contribute to this inflammatory process. The
      eradication of Gram-negative bacilli (selective elimination of oral flora) in
      fifteen comparably irradiated head and neck cancer patients was found to be
      associated with a significant reduction in mucositis compared with two groups of
      15 patients receiving either placebo or chlorhexidine rinsing. Criteria used were
      the extent of local mucositis signs (mucositis score), as well as generalized
      side-effects such as the need of nasogastric tube feedings following severe
      feeding problems. Mucositis signs were confined to erythema only in all
      selectively decontaminated patients. No pseudomembranes were observed and
      artificial feeding was completely prevented. These promising results need further
      confirmation in larger (multicenter) studies.

PMID- 2286930
TI  - Immunohistochemical detection of ras p21 in oral papilloma.
AB  - Twenty-four oral papillomas were fixed in a 10% formalin solution, and 5 mu
      paraffin sections were prepared by normal procedure. Using monoclonal antibody
      NCC-RAS-001 as the primary antibody, the expression of ras p21 in the oral
      papilloma was searched immunohistochemically by the Histostain SP kit. The ras
      p21 was detected in 10 (41.7%) of 24 oral papillomas. In the histologic
      expression, it was less frequently detected in keratinized cell layer and basal
      cell layer, and it was most often detected in the cytoplasm of the cells in the
      spinous cell layer. These findings suggested the close relation between the
      expression of ras p21 and the epithelial proliferation and differentiation in the
      oral papilloma.

PMID- 2286932
TI  - Cellular distribution and pharmacological sensitivity of low Km cyclic nucleotide
      phosphodiesterase isozymes in human cardiac muscle from normal and
      cardiomyopathic subjects.
AB  - Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozymes isolated by DEAE-Sephacel or
      Mono-Q High Performance Liquid Chromatography from cardiac left ventricular
      tissue of normal subjects and patients with end-stage heart failure have been
      compared. With both separation techniques, four major peaks of PDE activity were
      evident in the soluble fractions; only one peak of activity was present in
      particulate fractions. The specific activity of the particulate PDE from
      myopathics was approximately 30-50% of that of normals while the specific
      activity of a soluble form of this PDE (peak IIIa) was reduced by 30% in
      myopathics. No differences in comparison of the other peaks of PDE activity were
      evident. The particulate PDE isozyme has a low Km for cAMP (0.27-0.29 microM), is
      inhibited by cGMP (60-80% at 1 microM), is sensitive to inhibition by
      submicromolar concentrations of CI-930 but not rolipram, and is competitively
      inhibited by milrinone (Kj = 0.3 microM). The first soluble peak of PDE activity
      hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP and is stimulated by calmodulin while cyclic AMP
      hydrolysis by peak II PDE is stimulated by cGMP. The other soluble peak III
      fractions (IIIa and IIIb) hydrolyze cAMP; peak IIIa is inhibited by cGMP or by CI
      930 and milrinone, whereas peak IIIb is also inhibited by rolipram when the
      cardiotonic sensitive PDE is inhibited by CI-930. Thus, cardiotonic-sensitive,
      cGMP-inhibitable, low Km cAMP PDE is present in both the soluble and particulate
      fractions of human cardiac left ventricular muscle of hearts from normal and
      cardiomyopathic subjects while the rolipram-sensitive PDE is present in the
      soluble fraction. The major differences in PDE activity of myopathic relative to
      normal left ventricular tissue are a reduced specific activity and Vmax of
      particulate PDE and one of the soluble peak III PDEs.

PMID- 2286931
TI  - Characterization of detergent dispersed cytidylate cyclase of rat brain.
AB  - Cytidylate cyclase was demonstrated to be distributed in various tissues of rat,
      with the highest activity in brain, and it was shown to be a membrane-bound type
      enzyme. The enzyme was effectively dispersed from the membrane fraction of rat
      brain with 0.3% (w/v) Triton X-100. The dispersed cytidylate cyclase had an
      optimal pH of 9.4 and the activity at a physiological pH of 7.5 was less than 20%
      of the maximum value. This enzyme completely lost its activity in the absence of
      divalent cation such as Mn2+ and Mg2+. The Km value for CTP was calculated as
      0.0156 mM, by Lineweaver-Burk analysis. It was also found that activity of
      dispersed enzyme was inhibited by ATP, but not GTP. Both forskolin and lanthanum
      chloride, which affect adenylate cyclase, showed no effect on cytidylate cyclase.
      These results indicate that cytidylate cyclase is a unique membrane-bound enzyme
      distinct from purine nucleotide cyclases, adenylate cyclase and guanylate
      cyclase.

PMID- 2286933
TI  - Studies on the interaction of daurisoline alkaloid derivatives and calmodulin by
      fluorescence spectroscopy.
AB  - A new kind of bisbenzylisoquinoline compounds, daurisoline alkaloid derivatives,
      has been found to be very potent calmodulin antagonists. The fluorescence spectra
      of interaction between these derivatives and calmodulin have been studied. The
      experimental results showed that these derivatives could interact with calmodulin
      resulting in forming a complex and diminishing fluorescence intensity. The
      process was Ca2(+)-dependent. These derivatives can bind to calmodulin and result
      in conformational change of calmodulin. But the binding site of these derivatives
      on calmodulin may be different from that of trifluoperazine. These derivatives
      can not displace all Ca2+ on calmodulin like trifluoperazine can do. Their
      abilities of antagonizing calmodulin to stimulate calmodulin-dependent cyclic
      nucleotide phosphodiesterase and the affinities of binding to calmodulin were
      related to hydrophobicity of substituting groups in side chain of these
      derivatives. Increase in hydrophobicity of these substituting groups increased
      binding of the derivatives and generally increased the inhibition of calmodulin
      stimulation of calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

PMID- 2286934
TI  - The old and the new in transformed cell signalling: glycolysis, diacylglycerol
      and protein kinase C.

PMID- 2286935
TI  - Contextual influences on narrative discourse in normal young adults.
AB  - In an effort to provide some expectation regarding the influences of task and
      rehearsal, the narrative ability of 20 normal young adults was examined under the
      conditions of story retelling and story generation. Each task was repeated after
      a 1-week interval in order to investigate a possible practice effect. Sentence
      production, intersentential cohesion, and story grammar organization were
      analyzed. Results indicated that the subjects' performance varied as a function
      of task presentation as well as the measure used to describe narrative
      production. The only across-trials difference noted was an increase in cohesive
      adequacy from trial 1 to trial 2 for one of the story generation tasks. It may be
      concluded that (a) context does influence the manner and competence of narrative
      presentation, and (b) that rehearsal of a complex narrative improves narrative
      coherence.

PMID- 2286936
TI  - Do you feel powerless when a patient refuses medication?
AB  - 1. Because a client legally has the right to refuse medication, the nurse can
      only recommend, advise, suggest, or urge the patient to comply. Consequently, it
      is important to understand the nurse's response to patient refusal of medication.
      2. Overall, nurses were more apt to identify with indirect indicators than they
      were to identify words that address the concept directly (control and
      powerlessness). 3. The most common hazard identified in a medication refusal
      event was the potential for injury, and the individuals most at risk were the
      nurse giving the medication and other personnel on the unit. 4. The most
      prominent nursing response to medication refusal was counseling. Nearly all the
      nurse subjects believed that the medication refusal event negatively influenced
      nursing care, the patient/nurse interaction, and patient teaching.

PMID- 2286937
TI  - How are you doing? Patient evaluations of nursing actions.
AB  - 1. Quality of patient care can be enhanced if we know what nursing actions
      psychiatric patients perceive as helpful. Previous research has focused on
      perceptions of patients on medical-surgical units. 2. Patients diagnosed with
      bipolar disorder tended to see nursing actions as more helpful and performed more
      frequently than patients diagnosed with substance abuse. 3. Although positive
      feedback was identified as one of the most helpful nursing actions, it was rated
      only average in frequency of performance. 4. Even patients who had histories of
      long hospitalization did not want nursing staff to do things for them that they
      could do for themselves. Nurses need to focus on teaching self-care skills rather
      than "doing for" the patient.

PMID- 2286938
TI  - Dementia & depression in persons with AIDS: causes and care.
AB  - 1. Nurses who care for AIDS patients are challenged to effectively manage two
      common problems: AIDS dementia complex (ADC) and depression. 2. Nurses can
      briefly assess certain neuropsychological functions related to ADC and
      differentiate dementia from depression. 3. Nursing interventions to manage the
      behaviors associated with ADC and depression can ensure patients' safety and
      promote the quality of their lives.

PMID- 2286939
TI  - How do I know when a relationship with a patient ceases to be therapeutic and
      becomes exploitative?

PMID- 2286940
TI  - It depends on where you're standing.

PMID- 2286941
TI  - When a colleague commits suicide: how the staff reacts.
AB  - 1. A literature review on the subject of suicide by mental health professional
      indicates that research has been limited to family member survivors. There is
      some data on reactions to patient suicide by psychiatrists and psychologists. 2.
      The results of this study show that mental health professional survivors of peer
      suicide experience similar reactions to the studied groups. These include anger,
      guilt, loss of self-esteem, disruption of relationships, and concern about
      assessing for suicidality. 3. Subjects felt the victim did not reach out for help
      because she feared stigmatization; mental health professionals are not permitted
      to have serious problems. 4. The clinical nurse specialist can perform an
      important role by addressing this dynamic and working to provide a supportive and
      nonpunitive environment for mental health professionals experiencing problems.

PMID- 2286942
TI  - Public health service workshop on oral health of mothers and children. September
      10-12, 1989, Alexandria, Virginia.

PMID- 2286943
TI  - Literature and concept review: issues in maternal and child oral health.
AB  - This report has outlined several complex and interrelated issues associated with
      the oral health of the maternal and child population in the United States. As
      recent reports have suggested to begin to positively address these issues,
      coordinated leadership is needed nationally to establish, promote, plan, and
      implement public policy for oral health programs stressing oral health promotion
      and oral disease prevention. Financial resources, allocation of personnel, and
      program priorities need to be committed to effective comprehensive oral health
      programs. Public policies and public health efforts at all levels--federal,
      state, and local in both the public and private sector--need to ensure that a
      full range of oral health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment services
      are available to all children and mothers.

PMID- 2286944
TI  - Contributing factors to maternal and child oral health.

PMID- 2286945
TI  - Oral health status of women and children in the United States.

PMID- 2286947
TI  - New initiatives for advocacy in national maternal and child oral health.
AB  - Despite the serious resultant health, social, and economic consequences for the
      public and the nation, the United States does not appear to have a proactive
      comprehensive oral health policy at this time. Consideration should therefore be
      given to launching a national oral health campaign. While some effort needs to be
      devoted to maintaining existing gains, serious attention must be given to the
      creation of national as well as local constituencies. Without such support
      systems, it is very difficult to achieve major gains. Nationally, consideration
      should be given to working on a comprehensive oral health act. The principal
      strategy should be one of arguing the beneficial effects such an act could have
      on the current major national economic and political concerns.

PMID- 2286946
TI  - Oral health education and promotion in maternal and child health: a position
      paper.
AB  - Oral health education and promotion are the connecting mechanisms among
      prevention, policy development and program implementation, maintenance and
      evaluation. Given the preventive procedures available today, all focus
      populations of women and children should have access to accurate information
      about such procedures as well as access to the procedures themselves.
      Furthermore, appropriate methodologies need to be utilized for community oral
      health education and these methods differ from those commonly used for individual
      education. In the context of maternal and child health there are unprecedented
      opportunities for new accomplishments in oral health. The health education model
      most appropriate for these groups is the public health model, an approach
      designed to empower as well as inform, and one that fosters shared decision
      making among community members and health professionals. Dental professionals
      have the responsibility to address this challenge, and to help correct the health
      information inequities that prevail, especially among the traditionally
      informationally disenfranchised subfocus populations discussed in this paper.

PMID- 2286948
TI  - Integration of oral and general health in maternal and child populations.

PMID- 2286949
TI  - Oral health policy issues for women and children.
AB  - A meaningful national oral health policy is essential to have an impact on the
      oral health of women and children in our country. The federal government must
      exert strong leadership to promote oral health as an integral component of total
      health. The public and private sectors of the dental and health professions must
      work together in developing, promoting, and supporting this policy on the local,
      state, and national level to make an impact on the oral health of the people of
      our nation. This policy must include incentives, resources, evaluation, and
      community participation, to assure that the purpose of the policy is achieved.
      Mark Twain once said: "Even if you are on the right track, you will get run over
      if you just sit still." A national policy by itself is not enough. This policy
      must also include an implementation strategy with constituency support and
      advocacy so that the policy is implemented in an effective manner through
      organized community efforts to improve the oral health of women, children, and
      our nation.

PMID- 2286950
TI  - Resources for improving the oral health of maternal and child populations.

PMID- 2286951
TI  - Standards for maternal and child health care.

PMID- 2286952
TI  - Standards in maternal and child oral health.

PMID- 2286953
TI  - Documentation and evaluation in oral health services.

PMID- 2286954
TI  - Maternal and child oral health issues: research.
AB  - There is currently little oral research directed toward the maternal and child
      health population, especially outside of the National Institute of Dental
      Research funded programs. Although many agencies are involved with research in
      this area, there is no central national coordination, policy, or research agenda.
      Not all segments of the population are benefiting from existing knowledge. To
      improve oral health for all segments of the population, leadership in the
      establishment of research priorities is needed to direct activities that will
      benefit the population groups most affected by oral disease. New directions and
      perspectives are needed in the type of research conducted. The populations and
      conditions studied and the depth of the analyses performed must be extended.
      Additional emphasis should be placed on behavioral, evaluation, and health
      services research and collaborative research with other health fields. The
      population groups studied need to be expanded from the historical focus on
      relatively healthy elementary schoolchildren. As discussed by Waldman,
      information is particularly needed pertaining to children under age five, all
      women, and special population groups. As Frazier and Horowitz indicated, research
      on health promotion and health education within these target populations, as well
      as among other family members and care givers is needed. Data collected from
      surveys need to be analyzed more thoroughly. As new diagnostic systems and oral
      health care technologies are developed, they need to be evaluated adequately for
      safety, effectiveness, and efficiency. To accomplish all these activities,
      financial and human resources are needed--funding from appropriate sources in the
      public and private sector and qualified dental researchers interested in public
      health and clinical issues of concern to the maternal and child population.

PMID- 2286955
TI  - Classification of neurotic disorders.

PMID- 2286956
TI  - Three-dimensional computed tomographic scanning.

PMID- 2286957
TI  - Categorical and unitary classification of neurotic disorder.

PMID- 2286958
TI  - The division of neurosis: a failed classification.

PMID- 2286959
TI  - Double J stents in the treatment of gynaecological injury to the ureter.
AB  - Ureteric injury is a recognized complication of hysterectomy and may present with
      obstruction or fistula. Between 1987 and 1989 in Oxford nine patients with 10
      injured ureters underwent attempted retrograde placement of double J stents.
      Three patients had successful outcomes and one patient with bilateral ureteric
      obstruction required reimplantation of the right ureter after successful stenting
      of the left ureter. One patient required removal of a stent due to irritation but
      her fistula eventually closed. In three patients placement was unsuccessful and
      in one patient injury to the bladder base prevented the ureteric orifices from
      being seen and hence stenting was not possible. Thus five of these 10 injured
      ureters were managed successfully with double J stents. We advocate the initial
      use of double J stents in gynaecological ureteric injury. This approach is simple
      and may cure the fistula. If it is unsuccessful, subsequent reimplantation is not
      hindered.

PMID- 2286960
TI  - Use of bacteriology in anorectal sepsis as an indicator of anal fistula:
      experience in a distinct general hospital.
AB  - The bacteriology of anorectal sepsis in a district general hospital has been
      reviewed to see whether the information gained helped patient management. Forty
      six patients with anorectal sepsis were reviewed, underlying fistulas were
      identified in nine patients (19.5%). Bacteroides species were not routinely
      subtyped in the department. It was found that isolation of unspecified
      Bacteroides species was not helpful in identifying those patients with underlying
      fistulas. Unless subtyping of Bacteroides species is specifically requested, pus
      from anorectal sepsis should not routinely be sent for bacteriology.

PMID- 2286961
TI  - Report of the COMA panel on dietary sugars and human disease: discussion paper.

PMID- 2286962
TI  - Environmental aspects of Cryptosporidium species: a review.

PMID- 2286964
TI  - Dr. Guillotin--reformer and humanitarian.

PMID- 2286963
TI  - Antibody markers in predicting type 1 diabetes: a review.

PMID- 2286965
TI  - Classical notes: Beethoven's medical history. Variations on a rheumatological
      theme.

PMID- 2286966
TI  - Alopecia neoplastica responsive to tamoxifen.

PMID- 2286967
TI  - Psoas transfer after major pelvic resection: long-term functional result.

PMID- 2286968
TI  - An unusual left ventricular mass.

PMID- 2286969
TI  - Churg-Strauss syndrome.

PMID- 2286970
TI  - Behcet's syndrome treated with high-dose intravenous IgG and low-dose aspirin.

PMID- 2286971
TI  - Transverse myelitis following cholera, typhoid and polio vaccination.

PMID- 2286972
TI  - Aspects of AIDS.

PMID- 2286973
TI  - Advanced trauma life support.

PMID- 2286974
TI  - Boerhaave's syndrome.

PMID- 2286975
TI  - Aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis in the prison setting.

PMID- 2286976
TI  - For the dichotomy of the mind.

PMID- 2286977
TI  - Seizure induction by alcohol in epileptic patients.

PMID- 2286978
TI  - Health effects of electromagnetic fields.

PMID- 2286979
TI  - Prevention of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2286981
TI  - Insight and psychosis.

PMID- 2286980
TI  - Newborn circumcision: a long-term strategy for AIDS prevention.

PMID- 2286982
TI  - From Da Vinci to Harvey.

PMID- 2286983
TI  - Postviral syndrome.

PMID- 2286985
TI  - Radiographic pelvimetry for the estimation of pelvic dimensions in Merino, Dormer
      and S A mutton Merino ewes.
AB  - Investigations into ovine pelvic size and its relationship to repetitive rearing
      failure require accurate estimation of pelvic dimensions in live animals.
      Radiographic pelvimetry was used to estimate pelvic dimensions of 84 Merino, 21
      Dormer and 20 S A Mutton Merino ewes. Transverse diameter and conjugate diameter
      were estimated; the area of the pelvic inlet was defined as the product of
      transverse and conjugate diameters. Dissected measurements obtained from all ewes
      after slaughter were regressed on estimated dimensions to obtain prediction
      equations for the correction of radiographic estimates. Prediction equations for
      the estimation of dissected pelvic dimensions from radiographs were accurate (r
      greater than or equal to 0.87), irrespective of dimension estimated or breed.
      Derived equations for estimation of dissected pelvic dimensions for the 3 breeds
      were not statistically different. It was concluded that pelvic dimensions of ewes
      could accurately be predicted by radiographic pelvimetry.

PMID- 2286984
TI  - Initial and developed free fatty acid concentrations in milk from paired normal
      and septic subclinically mastitic udder quarters.
AB  - The free fatty acid (FFA) content of milk from the paired normal (N) and septic
      (Staphylococcus aureus or S. agalactiae) subclinically mastitic (SSM) quarters of
      dairy cows was determined by thin layer chromatography. Within-cow comparisons
      showed the FFA content of milk from the SSM quarters to be consistently
      significantly higher than that of the opposing N quarters: initially and after
      warm agitation and both rapid and slow cooling prior to storage at 4 degrees C
      for 48 h. No correlation existed between initial and post-treatment FFA levels in
      milk from N quarters, but a significant positive correlation in the case of SSM
      milks suggests their greater susceptibility to both spontaneous and induced
      lipolysis. There was no correlation between the somatic cell content and FFA
      levels of either freshly-drawn or processed SSM milk. The study emphasises the
      importance of healthy udders in the production of milk of acceptable flavour and
      aroma.

PMID- 2286986
TI  - [Collagen in boerewors as a measure of quality].
AB  - Formalin-fixed samples (n = 75) of commercial boerewors (traditional farm style
      sausage) were examined for total nitrogen (N) and hydroxyproline (Hypro) N to
      assess their collagen content. Hypo N/total N x 10(3) (unaffected by residual
      fat) varied from 8.23 to 16.50; 3/75 (5%) of samples had ratios equal to or less
      than the control (8.38) i.e. sausage home-made from meat without addition of
      scraps or collagen-rich trimmings. About 95% of samples had ratios greater than
      10, and 5% had ratios greater than double the control. In 75% of the surveyed
      samples, the ratios were more than 1.5 times greater than those of the control.
      To ensure boerewors of good compositional quality, it is advocated that formalin
      fixed samples of the product be subjected to both histological examination and
      collagen determinations. Promulgation of legislation to limit the collagen
      content of boerewors is proposed; a maximum of 12 in the ratio of Hypro N/total N
      x 10(3) is considered reasonable and attainable in the light of the results of
      this survey.

PMID- 2286987
TI  - The influence of body mass and condition on ovulation rate in polyandroalbumin
      immunized S A mutton Merino ewes.
AB  - Two groups of 40 S A Mutton merino ewes were used to determine the effect of body
      mass and condition score on the response of immunisation against androstenedione.
      The effect of immunisation was significant (P less than 0.05) on ovulation rate
      (1.64 for non-immunised and 2.08 for immunised ewes) and higher body mass and
      condition scores acted complimentary to the effect of immunisation. The ovulation
      rate in control ewes was more closely related to condition score (r = 0.511) and
      body mass (r = 0.600) at the end of the experimental period than in the immunised
      ewe group (r = 0.302 and 0.235).

PMID- 2286988
TI  - Salmonellosis in an adult dairy cow.
AB  - An outbreak of diarrhoea occurred in a Jersey herd after the introduction of new
      stock. One of the cows was examined and treated unsuccessfully. Clinical findings
      included depression, fever, dehydration, congestion, signs of colic and a severe
      diarrhoea. The post mortem examination revealed emaciation, pseudomembranous
      enteritis, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and focal disseminated hepatic necrosis.
      Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from the faeces, mesenteric lymph nodes and
      liver.

PMID- 2286989
TI  - Congenital supernumerary ectopic limbs in a Brahman-cross calf.
AB  - Supernumerary ectopic limbs growing from the withers of a calf, were successfully
      removed by surgical excision. The anatomy of the limbs is described and a
      possible embryological basis for the abnormal development is suggested.

PMID- 2286990
TI  - Systemic cryptococcosis in a cat.
AB  - A three-year-old, castrated, male, domestic cat presented with an antibiotic
      resistant rhinitis, generalised lymphadenopathy, and skin nodules distributed
      over the neck, thorax and abdomen. Cryptococcus neoformans was identified on
      cytology and histopathology specimens, and cultured from all the specimens
      submitted. The cat died without antimicrobial therapy being instituted. Systemic
      cryptococcosis was confirmed on necropsy. Lesions were found in the upper and
      lower respiratory tracts, skin, subcutis, skeletal musculature, lymph nodes,
      kidney, eye and brain. This report details a case of systemic cryptococcosis in a
      cat and gives a review of feline cryptococcosis.

PMID- 2286991
TI  - A review of energy metabolism in producing ruminants. 2. Control of nutrient
      partitioning.
AB  - Insulin is the primary short-term hormonal regulator of metabolism in the resting
      ruminant. The concentration of plasma insulin is positively correlated with
      energy intake. Diets producing hyperinsulinaemia, direct the balance towards body
      gain (anabolic). However, in lactating animals, the postprandial rise in insulin
      is reduced, thereby favouring movement of nutrients to the mammary gland and
      promoting gluconeogenesis. Similar mechanisms balance the demands of foetal and
      maternal growth. Glucagon, on the other hand, stimulates both glycogenolysis and
      gluconeogenesis in the liver from glucogenic amino acids, thereby indirectly
      diminishing protein synthesis in muscle. Homeorhetic hormones from both the
      pituitary and reproductive glands, play a major role in the long-term control of
      nutrient partitioning. Oestrogens appear to affect feed intake, promote RNA and
      protein synthesis and inhibit gluconeogenesis in the liver, thereby promoting the
      metabolic adaptations necessary for pregnancy. Progesterone, on the other hand,
      appears to block the action of the oestrogens at cellular level, and may actually
      increase feed intake. The pituitary hormones, prolactin and somatotropin, bring
      about significant improvements in production, especially in milk yield. The
      action of the somatomedins appears to be responsible for the paradoxical spectrum
      of effects attributed to somatotropin.

PMID- 2286992
TI  - The veterinary profession in South Africa: 5. The coat of arms and motto of the
      S.A.V.M.A.

PMID- 2286993
TI  - A clinical study of auriculotherapy in canine thoracolumbar disc disease.
AB  - Auriculotherapy (ear-point acupuncture) was used in dogs (n = 30) suffering from
      thoracolumbar disc disease, Types I-IV, with a duration of 1 to (47 means = 8) d.
      During auriculotherapy treatment, no analgaesics or antiinflammatory medications
      were used. Pressure-sensitive and electrically detectable points on the concave
      aspect of the external auricle were stimulated by insertion of stainless steel
      acupuncture needles for 20 min. One to 6 needles were used on each occasion in a
      maximum of 3 treatments. Fifty per cent of dogs recovered completely and 23%
      improved. Dogs with backpain only (Type I) and dogs with paresis (Type II)
      responded best with mean recovery times of 1.7 and 3.2 d respectively. The
      analgaesic effects were especially impressive. Auriculotherapy failed in 3 (50%)
      paralysed dogs (Types III and IV) in which post-mortem examinations confirmed
      focal myelitis and myelomalacia. Four of 12 dogs (33%) recorded relapsed in 1.4
      to 26 weeks after successful treatment.

PMID- 2286994
TI  - Overberg research projects. V. Anthelmintic sales in the Bredasdorp area of the
      southern Cape.
AB  - In the Bredasdorp anthelmintic market segment with its 327,764 sheep and goats
      and 19,818 cattle, 1,323,770 therapeutic doses of anthelmintic for sheep and
      goats and 6,622 therapeutic doses for cattle, worth R456,800.46 and R22,548.31,
      respectively, were sold during 1988. Fewer than 4 market segment therapeutic
      doses of nematocide, with an annual total average cost of R1.40 per animal, were
      sold for sheep and goats, while only an estimated 33 1/3% of the cattle received
      an anthelmintic, at an annual average cost of R3.41 per animal. Anthelmintic
      prices fluctuated by -12 to +42% in 16 months. Benzimidazoles were responsible
      for 38.5%, ivermectins for 22.1% and combination products for 19.4% of sales. The
      injectable formulation of ivermectin was responsible for 38.5% of ivermectin
      sales and probably used primarily in the control of sheep scab.

PMID- 2286995
TI  - A serological survey for brucellosis in buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger
      National Park.
AB  - A serological investigation was undertaken to determine the prevalence of
      brucellosis titres in buffalo in the Kruger National park. A total of 406 samples
      were collected over a period of one year. The rose bengal and the complement
      fixation tests were used in the investigation as these tests are routinely used
      for cattle sera and have proved to be reliable. In the females, 12.6% adult,
      10.7% sub-adult and 3% juvenile animals reacted positively to the tests. In the
      males, 15.1% adults, 10.6% sub-adults and 5.3% juveniles were recorded as
      positive.

PMID- 2286996
TI  - Helminth and arthropod parasites of Angora goats on irrigated Kikuyu grass
      pastures in the eastern Cape Province.
AB  - Angora goat kids and yearlings grazing irrigated Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum)
      grass pastures in the eastern Cape Province, became heavily infected with
      Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus rugatus, leading to high mortality
      in both age groups. Peak burdens of the former were recorded during March and
      May, and of the latter during May and June. Larger numbers of the cestode
      Moniezia expanza, occurred in the kids than in the yearlings. Despite the stress
      of high helminth burdens, no clinical cases of coccidiosis were seen. Both groups
      of goats were infested with small numbers of immature stages of the tortoise
      tick, Amblyomma marmoreum, and the yellow dog tick, Haemaphysalis leachi.
      Infestation with the biting louse, Damalinia limbata, occurred within 2 d of
      birth, but never reached very large numbers. Larvae of the nasal botfly, Oestrus
      ovis, were present only from January to July.

PMID- 2286997
TI  - Blood constituent responses of animals culled with succinyldicholine and
      hexamethonium.
AB  - Blood constituent responses of elephants and buffaloes culled in the Kruger
      National Park, using a mixture of succinyldicholine and hexamethonium, were
      compared to those of animals culled with succinyldicholine only. The results show
      a decreased physiological response in the animals culled with the mixture,
      characterised by lower total catecholamine, cortisol and glucose concentrations.
      Neither a delay of up to 30 min in obtaining blood samples from culled animals,
      nor a delay of up to 30 min in processing samples obtained immediately after
      cessation of respiration, gave any significant difference in the blood
      constituents which were measured.

PMID- 2286999
TI  - Unilateral lentectomy in a black-shouldered kite.
AB  - An extracapsular lentectomy was performed on an adult black-shouldered kite
      (Elanus caeruleus) presented with a history of head trauma resulting in a
      unilateral cataract and ventro-medial synechia of the right eye. One week post
      operatively, the eye contents were clear and the iris appeared normal. The bird
      was released into a flight cage 3.5 weeks post-operatively. Two weeks later it
      was presented with a ruptured right cornea as a result of trauma and enucleation
      was recommended.

PMID- 2286998
TI  - The bent-leg syndrome in sheep. I. The effect of pregnancy and age of the ewe on
      concentrations of plasma minerals.
AB  - The effect of age of the ewe and pregnancy on concentrations of plasma calcium,
      phosphorus and magnesium and its relationship to the bent-leg syndrome in lambs,
      were investigated. This study included Merino ewes (n = 74), Dohne Merino ewes (n
      = 127), S A Mutton Merino ewes (n = 123) and S A Mutton Merino lambs (n = 145).
      Over a period of 8 years, 52 S A Mutton Merino ram lambs out of a total of 602
      ram lambs weaned (8,6%), developed the bent-leg syndrome compared to the 2 ewe
      lambs out of 591 ewe lambs (0,3%) weaned. It was found that both the age of the
      ewe and pregnancy had no contributing effect in the development of this syndrome.
      The ewes of which the offspring developed the bent-leg syndrome, had an inverse
      plasma Ca:P ratio. Approximately 15% of the S A Mutton Merino ewes which gave
      birth to offspring which developed the bent-leg syndrome, had more than one lamb
      which developed this condition over the past 8 years. It is suggested that these
      ewes are carriers of certain genetic factors which can cause excessive phosphorus
      absorption. No differences in the concentration of plasma calcium, phosphorus and
      magnesium were found between ewe and ram lambs.

PMID- 2287000
TI  - Clinical, pathological and histopathological findings in lambs implanted with a
      growth promoting product containing progesterone and oestradiol.
AB  - Six live wether lambs and the urogenital tracts of 4 others from 4 separate farms
      were presented for examination. In each case the wethers had been implanted
      several weeks previously with a growth promoting product containing progesterone
      and oestradiol. The affected wethers presented with dorsal retroflexion of a
      markedly distended bladder which caused persistent straining, bulging of the
      perineal muscles and rectal prolapse. Enlargement of the bulbo-urethral glands
      and seminal vesicles, with an increase in the volume and viscosity of the
      secretion of the bulbourethral glands was evident on gross examination.
      Histopathological examination of the prostate and bulbourethral glands revealed
      cystic dilation of the glands and hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the
      glandular epithelium. Desquamated cells and eesinophilic-staining material were
      present in many of the dilated lumens. In the seminal vesicles, interstitial
      fibrosis had resulted in the obliteration of large areas of glandular tissue. The
      enlargement of the prostate and bulbo-urethral glands, and particularly the
      increased viscosity of the gland secretions, probably hindered urination,
      resulting in only partial evacuation of the bladder. Attempts to urinate by
      active contraction of the abdominal muscles may have accounted for the dorsal
      retroflexion of the distended bladder. The oestrogenic influence of the growth
      implants is thought to be responsible for these changes.

PMID- 2287001
TI  - A putative outbreak of equine Lyme borreliosis in Natal.

PMID- 2287003
TI  - Practice on the fringe: a legal perspective.

PMID- 2287002
TI  - Electrocardiographic changes associated with altered thyroid function in two
      dogs.

PMID- 2287004
TI  - A review of chemical methods available for the control of gastrointestinal
      nematodes of sheep and cattle.

PMID- 2287005
TI  - Integrated worm control as a strategy in the control of gastrointestinal
      nematodes of sheep and cattle.

PMID- 2287006
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of phenobarbitone in fasting and non-fasting dogs.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of oral phenobarbitone was studied in 10 clinically healthy
      adult dogs. The drug was given once daily in tablet form, at a dose of 5 mg kg-1
      of body mass. Serial venous blood samples (n = 9) were collected from each dog on
      Day 1 (the first day of drug dosing), on Day 22, and on Day 24 after continuous
      dosing. Trough serum concentrations were determined on Day 7, Day 14 and Day 21.
      The drug was administered to the dogs on an empty stomach, except on Day 24, when
      it was given with food, in order to assess the influence of food on its
      absorption. Drug serum concentrations were described by a one-compartmental open
      model with first order absorption and elimination. An average steady-state trough
      serum level of phenobarbitone of 52,96 +/- 8.40 mmol l-1 was achieved after 3
      weeks of daily dosing. The mean elimination half-lives for Day 1 and Day 22 were
      46.3 +/- 11.3 h and 29.3 +/- 4.6 h respectively. The area under the curve for Day
      22 was 1,656.17 +/- 186.45 mumol h-1 l-1 and for Day 24 was 1,493.06 +/- 205.4
      mumol h-1 l-1. The mean clearance value for Day 22 was 0.0133 +/- 0.0016 l h-1 kg
      1. Side effects of polyphagia, polydipsia, sedation and ataxia were commonly
      observed in the first 2-9 d, but disappeared thereafter. It was concluded that a
      dose of 5 mg kg-1 would achieve an average serum concentration of 64.59 mumol l-1
      in adult dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287007
TI  - Bolo disease: a specific, localised skin disease of woolled sheep.
AB  - Bolo disease is limited to Merino and Dohne merino sheep in the Stutterheim and
      Cathcart districts of the eastern Cape Province. It occurs under natural grazing
      conditions regardless of the season of the year and the condition of the natural
      grazing. Ewes and wethers are most frequently affected. Skin lesions are well
      defined, and the corresponding fleece has dark-grey to almost black spots,
      patches or bands varying in number, size and distribution between individual
      sheep. The wool in the affected areas is visibly shorter, less dense and tender,
      and the tips of the staples are spiky. In freshly-shorn sheep, the affected areas
      appear chalky white. Chronic and superimposed acute lesions are present in the
      same specimen histologically. Skin lesions include superficial and follicular
      hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and sebaceous gland hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
      These changes are accompanied by dilatation of some of the follicles in the
      midshaft area, and collapse of the subepidermal tissue with only a few remaining
      collagen fibres separating the follicles and the sebaceous glands from the
      thickened epidermis. Corynebacterium spp. is the most consistent bacterium
      isolated from the lesions. Lesions produced by suspensions of this organism
      simulated both clinical signs and histopathological findings of the natural
      condition.

PMID- 2287008
TI  - Hepatozoon and Ehrlichia in the same canine neutrophil.

PMID- 2287009
TI  - Bolo disease: a bacteriological survey.
AB  - A total of 718 sheep, 381 severely and 190 mildly affected with Bolo disease as
      well as 147 visibly unaffected animals emanating from 15 farms in the Stutterheim
      and Cathcart districts in the eastern Cape were subjected to bacteriological
      examination of skin surfaces and wool specimens. Altogether, 1,168 specimens were
      examined. These included skin swabs, skin scrapings and wool samples.
      Corynebacterium spp represented 94.4% of the primary isolates in cultures
      prepared from all specimens and 97.2% in those derived from skin swabs only,
      while a variety of other bacteria collectively constituted the remainder of
      primary isolates. In all, Corynebacterium spp was isolated from specimens of
      94.2% of sheep severely affected with Bolo disease and from 83.7% of those mildly
      affected, whereas it could only be isolated from 1.36% clinically unaffected
      sheep. In a comparative study, swabs taken directly from the skin surface, proved
      to be the method of choice for the collection of specimens for bacteriological
      examination of Bolo disease. Using this method, Corynebacterium spp. was isolated
      from 98.7% of severely, and 85.3% of mildly affected sheep as well as 4% of sheep
      apparently unaffected by Bolo disease. The isolation of Corynebacterium spp. from
      skin scrapings collected from the 3 categories of affection (73.3%, 57.3% and 4%
      respectively) and from wool samples (52%, 41.3% and 1.3% respectively) proved
      these 2 methods of sampling to be less reliable. A close association has been
      established between the incidence of Corynebacterium spp. and the occurrence of
      clinical Bolo disease.

PMID- 2287010
TI  - Ethics in health promotion and prevention of disease.

PMID- 2287011
TI  - Institute of Medical Ethics: working party report. HIV infection: the ethics of
      anonymised testing and of testing pregnant women.
AB  - An Institute of Medical Ethics working party supports the view that explicit
      permission should normally be sought in the case of testing for HIV antibody. It
      discusses this in relation to anonymised HIV testing for epidemiological
      purposes, concluding that this is to be welcomed, given certain safeguards. It
      next argues that pregnant women may have a greater and more immediate need than
      others to know their HIV status. It concludes that this need does not justify
      testing them without their permission, but can be met by voluntary diagnostic
      testing on an 'opting-out' basis, supported by adequate briefing.

PMID- 2287012
TI  - Specialists without spirit: crisis in the nursing profession.
AB  - This paper examines the crisis in the nursing profession in Western industrial
      societies in the light of Max Weber's theory of rationalisation. The domination
      of instrumental rational action in modern industrial societies in evident in the
      field of modern medicine. The burgeoning mechanistic approach to the human body
      and health makes modern health care services increasingly devoid of human values.
      Although the nursing profession has been influenced by various changes that took
      place in health care during the last few decades (for example greater reliance on
      technology), the underlying values of the nursing profession still emphasise a
      broad definition of the well-being of patients. Hence, in recent years the
      irrational consequences of growing technological medicine in North America has
      resulted in a serious crisis in the nursing profession. To resolve this crisis
      the authors propose a reorganisation of modern health care services on the basis
      of a new paradigm which is compatible with both the health care needs of the
      people and the main emphasis in education and training of the nursing profession.

PMID- 2287013
TI  - Embryo research--why the Cardinal is wrong.
AB  - Reasons are given for suggesting that individuation of the human embryo does not
      begin until the primitive streak forms at about the fourteenth day after
      conception; this view, though contested by many, is held by very many committed
      Christians of all denominations. In the conceptus or pre-embryo, after the
      formation of a blastocyst at about four-five days after fertilisation, biopsy of
      a single cell from the outer layer of cells (which later can form the membranes
      and placenta) can be used to determine the sex of the conceptus and will
      ultimately be used to detect the presence of an abnormal gene such as that for
      Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy, without detriment to development of the basal
      cell mass from which the embryo forms. The potential benefits in the prevention
      of inherited disease are profound.

PMID- 2287014
TI  - Why is preventive medicine exempted from ethical constraints?
AB  - It is a paradox that medical experimentation on individuals, whether patients or
      healthy volunteers, is now controlled by strict ethical guidelines, while no such
      protection exists for whole populations which are subjected to medical
      interventions in the name of preventive medicine or health promotion. As many
      such interventions are either of dubious benefit or of uncertain harm-benefit
      balance, such as mass screening for cancers or for risk factors associated with
      coronary heart disease, there is no justification for maintaining the ethical
      vacuum in which preventive medicine finds itself at present.

PMID- 2287015
TI  - Death in Denmark.
AB  - Does it matter that the hearts of 'brainstem dead' patients may persist in
      beating spontaneously? Hostile reactions, to the Danish inclusion of cardiac
      criteria in the determination of death, betray reductionist views of human life
      at the core of 'brainstem' conceptions of death. Such views (whether centred on
      neurological function or on abstractions concerning 'personhood') supplant the
      richness of human life and death with the poverty of essentialism: and mask the
      lethal nature of beating-heart organ retrieval. The affirmation of cardiac
      criteria for death is not an alternative form of essentialism as some critics
      suppose, but part of an understanding of human life and death which rejects
      essentialism altogether. The spontaneously persistent heartbeat does not
      constitute human life, but most certainly counts for it.

PMID- 2287016
TI  - The ethical use of paradoxical interventions in psychotherapy.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to establish ethical guidelines for the use of
      paradoxical interventions in psychotherapy. These are defined as interventions
      which are counterintuitive, coercive, and which require non-observance by the
      client. Arguments are developed to show that such interventions are associated
      with a psychology that understands individuals solely in terms of their
      relationship: a 'strong interactionist' position. Ethical principles consistent
      with such a position are considered, and from these it is derived that: paradox
      is an ethical technique with resistive patients; it requires consent; its content
      should be consistent with general ethical principles, especially those of
      beneficence and non-maleficence; non-paradoxical techniques should be preferred
      when possible; and it should not be used as an assessment procedure. It is
      concluded that research is needed to explore the effect of such ethical
      guidelines of effectiveness, though preliminary impressions are encouraging.

PMID- 2287018
TI  - Some pitfalls of the authoritarian doctor-patient relationships in primary care
      medicine.

PMID- 2287017
TI  - Review of the teaching of medical ethics in London medical schools.
AB  - The study examined the influence of the Pond Report on the teaching of medical
      ethics in the London medical schools. A questionnaire was given to both medical
      students and college officers. All medical colleges reported that ethics was
      included in the curriculum. However, from students' replies, it seems that
      attendance of optional courses is low and that not all current final year medical
      students have had any formal teaching in medical ethics. Stronger guidelines are
      necessary to ensure appropriate ethical training in London medical schools.

PMID- 2287019
TI  - Oral contraceptive pills. Part II: Potential complications and health benefits.

PMID- 2287022
TI  - Giving & forgiving.

PMID- 2287020
TI  - Assault rifles; definitions, evolutionary history and medical consequences.
AB  - In summary, the evolutionary history of assault rifles may be of interest to some
      medical practitioners. It is important to realize that the term "assault rifle"
      is incorrectly and overused in the lay press. As a rough generalization, the
      wounds from such weapons may fall in between those of handguns on one side and
      full-sized rifles on the other. The major caveat is that there can be major
      variations in the severity of any wound by any weapon and though it may be of
      some help in analyzing potential damage, knowledge of the inflicting weapon does
      not replace the need for good, well established principles of wound management.

PMID- 2287021
TI  - A less than perfect Christmas.

PMID- 2287023
TI  - Theophylline toxicity.

PMID- 2287024
TI  - Nurse-anesthetist loses suit against hospital.

PMID- 2287025
TI  - Antagonism of endotoxin-induced disruption of equine gastrointestinal motility
      with the platelet-activating factor antagonist WEB 2086.
AB  - The effect of pre-treatment with a selective platelet-activating factor (PAF)
      antagonist, WEB 2086, on the actions of low-dose endotoxin was evaluated in
      ponies prepared with gastrointestinal strain gauges. Endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg
      i.v.) produced a marked reduction in gastric contraction amplitude and rate, and
      an increased frequency and reduced duration of jejunal phase III activity fronts
      (AFs). WEB 2086 (6.6 mg/kg) administered i.v. 10 min before the endotoxin,
      produced significant antagonism (P less than 0.001) of the effect of endotoxin on
      gastric contraction amplitude and rate. The combination of WEB 2086 and endotoxin
      produced gastric contractions of significantly (P less than 0.01) higher
      frequency than in the control studies. WEB 2086 also reduced endotoxin-induced
      abnormal phase III AFs in the jejunum and increases in heart rate and packed cell
      volume. These results provide evidence that endogenous PAF plays a role in
      mediating the acute effects of endotoxin on equine gastrointestinal motility.

PMID- 2287026
TI  - The development of drug-metabolizing enzymes in female sheep livers.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine age-related changes of some
      hepatic drug-metabolizing activities in Lacaune ewes in the foetal, neonatal (1
      and 4 weeks), growing (7 months), pregnant (11 months) and adult (6 years)
      stages. Although microsomal cytochrome P-450 was not detected in 3-month-old
      foetuses, it increased regularly from 1-week- to 11-month-old animals. Among
      mixed-function oxidases, the development of aminopyrine and ethylmorphine N
      demethylases, benzo(alpha)pyrene hydroxylase and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase were
      correlated to that of total cytochrome P-450. Due to their presence in foetal
      liver or their more rapid evolution, cytochrome b5, NADPH cytochrome c reductase,
      aniline hydroxylase, benzphetamine N-demethylase and erythromycin N-demethylase
      did not parallel the ontogenesis of cytochrome P-450. Hepatic transferases showed
      different developmental patterns from mono-oxygenases, so UDP
      glucuronyltransferase was detected in the foetus, reached maximum activity in all
      young ages up to the pregnant stage and subsequently fell in adult ewes.
      Concerning glutathione S-transferase accepting 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as
      substrate, similar values were obtained in the foetus and all young animals,
      whereas five- to tenfold higher values were obtained in both pregnant and adult
      female sheep. N-acetyltransferase using sulphamethazine did not significantly
      change from foetuses to adults but there were large differences in the capacity
      of hepatic acetylation between animals belonging to the same group.

PMID- 2287027
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of erythromycin in pigeons (Columba livia).
AB  - Tissue and plasma concentrations were determined after intravenous and oral
      administration of erythromycin to pigeons to establish the pharmacokinetics and
      bioavailability of the drug. A short mean half-life of elimination of 0.9 h was
      found. The relative bioavailability after direct crop administration of
      erythromycin thiocyanate or erythromycin ethylsuccinate at a dosage rate of 100
      mg/kg was less than 10%. At a drug concentration in drinking water of 1 g/l,
      erythromycin plasma levels were barely detectable, whilst lung and trachea
      concentrations reached a maximum of 1.6 micrograms/ml. Even after crop
      administration of 100-mg/kg erythromycin thiocyanate, low plasma levels were
      obtained, whilst lung and trachea concentrations were substantially higher.
      Prescribed drinking-water regimens seemed unable to yield therapeutic tissue
      concentrations. Only individual crop administration seemed an appropriate
      medication method. The use of erythromycin ethylsuccinate did not present any
      advantage in comparison with erythromycin thiocyanate.

PMID- 2287028
TI  - Chirality of the sulphoxide metabolites of fenbendazole and albendazole in sheep.
AB  - Two prochiral sulphide drugs, fenbendazole (FBZ) and albendazole (ABZ) were
      administered orally to sheep. Blood samples were analysed for parent drug and S
      oxidation metabolites and the chirality of the sulphoxide metabolites was
      determined. The plasma concentrations of the enantiomers of the sulphoxides were
      never a racemate. On the contrary, the ratios were greater than 1 as soon as the
      sulphoxide compounds could be detected in plasma. They subsequently increased
      linearly throughout the time course of the kinetics, reaching the level 86:14
      after FBZ and 95:5 after ABZ treatment. The major enantiomer represented 74% and
      86% of the total AUC of SO.FBZ and SO.ABZ, respectively.

PMID- 2287029
TI  - Effects of monensin on the bioavailability and elimination of selenium from blood
      in lambs.
AB  - A bioavailability study was conducted in lambs following intravenous and oral
      administration of sodium selenite (0.4 mg selenium/kg body weight) with and
      without concurrent oral monensin. Two- or three-compartment open models with
      first-order absorption after oral administration adequately described plasma
      selenium disposition irrespective of whether monensin was being administered. No
      significant differences were observed between groups of lambs receiving
      intravenous selenium with or without monensin with respect to distribution or
      elimination half-lives of selenium, areas under the concentration-time curve
      (AUC), volumes of distribution (Vd(ss)), or clearances (Cl). In lambs given
      selenium per os, no significant differences were observed with animals receiving
      monensin as well with respect to absorption and elimination half-lives, Vd(ss),
      or the time at which peak selenium concentrations occurred (tmax). However, peak
      selenium levels (Cmax) and AUC values were significantly higher in the group
      given monensin. The bioavailability of selenium with and without monensin was
      estimated to be 60% and 43%, respectively.

PMID- 2287030
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of fenbendazole in dogs.
AB  - Fenbendazole was administered to dogs at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg body weight on a
      single occasion in gelatin capsules, on 5 consecutive days in feed, and on a
      single occasion as an alginate suspension. It was also administered at a dose
      rate of 100 mg/kg body weight on a single occasion in feed. Following single
      administration of 20 mg/kg fenbendazole mean maximum concentrations (Cmax) of the
      parent drug and its known active sulphoxide metabolite were 0.42 +/- 0.05 and
      0.31 +/- 0.05 microgram/ml, respectively. Mean times until maximum concentrations
      were achieved (tmax) were 12.67 +/- 4.18 and 15.33 +/- 2.81 h, respectively, and
      areas under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) were 5.83 +/- 0.65 and
      4.60 +/- 0.57 microgram.h/ml, respectively. Administration in feed increased the
      apparent bioavailability and administration for 5 consecutive days provided
      sustained plasma concentrations, generally greater than 0.2 microgram/ml.
      Administration as an alginate did not increase bioavailability or extend the
      persistence in plasma. It did increase the tmax to 16.80 +/- 2.93 and 20.00 +/-
      2.53 h for fenbendazole and its sulphoxide metabolite, respectively. Increasing
      the dose from 20 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg did not substantially increase the Cmax or
      AUC.

PMID- 2287031
TI  - Bioavailability of ascorbic acid in horses.
AB  - The bioavailability of ascorbic acid administered to thoroughbreds by
      intramuscular injection was investigated. For intramuscular injection two
      preparations were studied, and the percentage bioavailability up to 24 h of 10 g
      of ascorbic acid was 95% +/- 22 in four horses and 60% in two horses with
      preparations A and B, respectively. Bioavailability at 24 h in three horses
      injected subcutaneously with 10 g of preparation B was 82%. Intramuscular
      injection of both preparations was apparently well tolerated while subcutaneous
      injection of preparation B (pH 6.0) was associated with marked irritancy. In a
      cross-over trial in seven thoroughbreds the effect of 13 or 15 days of oral
      administration of crystalline ascorbic acid (20 g) or ascorbyl palmitate (47 g)
      on plasma ascorbic-acid concentrations was investigated. Marked differences
      occurred between individuals. There was a greater increase in plasma ascorbic
      acid concentration with ascorbyl palmitate compared to ascorbic acid at 6 and 24
      h following administration. In two horses there was no increase in plasma
      ascorbic acid at 6 h following either oral preparation. The finding of lowered
      plasma ascorbic-acid concentrations following a period of supplementation
      warrants further investigation to assess its significance.

PMID- 2287032
TI  - Allometric analysis of doxycycline pharmacokinetic parameters.
AB  - Doxycycline serum concentration-time profiles and elimination half-lives in
      several species were evaluated by allometric techniques. Doxycycline elimination
      half-life increased with body weight. Interspecies scaling of total or free
      doxycycline serum concentration-time profiles was possible by use of Dedrick
      plots with the exception of doxycycline total concentrations in cats. The
      observed difference in cats was attributed to more extensive binding to plasma
      proteins.

PMID- 2287033
TI  - Oral chloramphenicol in dwarf goats--influence of vasopressin on its absorption
      and effect of diet on its biodegradation in ruminal fluid samples.
AB  - The biodegradation of chloramphenicol was studied by incubating the drug (at
      concentrations of 72, 48 and 24 micrograms/ml) with ruminal fluid samples from
      dwarf goats fed two different diets. Biodegradation of the drug was much faster
      in samples from animals which were fed with hay and concentrate than in those
      obtained from goats which were fed grass pellets only. Recently, it has been
      suggested that lysine-vasopressin injected intravenously induces closure of the
      oesophageal groove in cattle and goats. Therefore, the influence of lysine
      vasopressin on the oral absorption of chloramphenicol (50 mg/kg body wt) was
      studied in dwarf goats, using two formulations of chloramphenicol. The results
      suggest that vasopressin failed to induce this reflex mechanism. Furthermore, the
      shapes of the plasma concentration-time curves after oral administration of
      chloramphenicol palmitate and chloramphenicol dissolved in propylene glycol were
      markedly different. Possible mechanisms for the observed differences are
      discussed.

PMID- 2287034
TI  - Comparative pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in cats and dogs.
AB  - The disposition of doxycycline hyclate was studied in six adult mixed-breed
      female cats and six adult mid-sized female dogs following a single intravenous
      administration of 5 mg/kg body weight. Doxycycline volume of the central
      compartment, area volume of distribution, volume of distribution at steady state,
      and total body clearance were significantly smaller in cats. The differences were
      attributed to more extensive binding of doxycycline to plasma protein including
      albumin in cats. The significant differences in the volume of distribution and
      total body clearance were not reflected in elimination half-lives under the
      conditions of this study (sample size, inhomogeneous population). Doxycycline
      elimination half-life was 4.56 +/- 0.68 (SEM) h for cats and 6.99 +/- 1.09 h for
      dogs. Dosage regimens recommended in the veterinary literature were evaluated by
      the computer program PETDR.

PMID- 2287035
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of tinidazole in cows--a preliminary study.

PMID- 2287036
TI  - Distribution of oxytetracycline in normal and diseased ovine lung tissue.

PMID- 2287037
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after oral or percutaneous administration to adult
      milking goats.

PMID- 2287038
TI  - Should duodenal perforation be treated by simple closure or definitive surgery?

PMID- 2287039
TI  - A new look at the nasal adhesions.
AB  - Formation of nasal adhesions is a troublesome complication following nasal
      surgery. They are more commonly seen after combined surgical procedures on the
      nose, but may also appear after a single procedure. We present and discuss this
      problem following correction of the nasal septum through submucosal resection
      (S.M.R.).

PMID- 2287040
TI  - Testicular tumours: histology, prevalence and epidemiology.

PMID- 2287041
TI  - Oral verapamil effects on global and regional left ventricular diastolic filling
      in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - To assess the effects of oral verapamil therapy on global and regional left
      ventricular (LV) diastolic filling of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), we
      studied 9 patients with HCM by radionuclide ventriculography and M-mode
      echocardiography before and after 2 weeks of oral verapamil therapy (240 mg/day).
      LV regional function was assessed by subdividing the LV region of interest into 4
      regions from which global, septal, apical and lateral time-activity curves and
      their first-derivative curves were derived. Diastolic asynchrony during early
      diastole was measured as the sum of the absolute values (total delta t) of the
      time differences (delta t) from peak filling rate in the global left ventricle to
      that in each of the 3 regions. Verapamil did not alter LV systolic function
      globally and regionally. Global LV peak filling rate improved after verapamil
      therapy from 1.92 +/- 0.59 to 2.35 +/- 0.63 end-diastolic counts/s (p less than
      0.02) without altering regional peak filling rates significantly. Global and
      regional times to peak filling rate showed a shortening or no change despite a
      tendency to increase in the diastolic time after verapamil therapy. The total
      delta t decreased from 93 +/- 61 to 41 +/- 23 ms after verapamil (p less than
      0.05), indicating more synchronous LV diastolic filling after verapamil. There
      was a negative correlation between the global peak filling rate and the total
      delta t (r = -0.54, p less than 0.05, n = 18), suggesting that the global peak
      filling rate may improve after verapamil therapy in association with the decrease
      in the asynchronous LV diastolic filling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287042
TI  - Effects of dialysis on left ventricular diastolic filling in patients with
      chronic renal failure--assessment with radionuclide ventriculography.
AB  - To examine the effects of dialysis on left ventricular (LV) filling, gated
      radionuclide ventriculography was conducted in 15 patients with renal failure
      before and after dialysis. The LV regional function was assessed by subdividing
      the LV region of interest into 4 regions from which global and regional time
      activity curves and their first-derivative curves were obtained. Early diastolic
      asynchrony was measured as the sum of the absolute values (total delta t) of the
      time differences (delta t) between the global peak LV filling rate (PFR) and that
      for each of the other 3 regions. Dialysis produced an increase in the peak LV
      ejection rate (PER), heart rate, total delta t and total delta t/diastolic time.
      It caused a delay or tendency to delay in the time to PFR without significant
      changes in the PFR either globally or regionally, and the PFR/PER ratio decreased
      both globally and regionally. These alterations indicated a failure of
      improvement of the global and regional LV filling, with more asynchronous filling
      occurring after dialysis despite the increases in PER and heart rate, both of
      which are expected to increase PFR and shorten the time to PFR. There was a
      negative correlation between the change in total delta t/diastolic time and the
      change in the PFR/PER ratio (r = -0.62, p less than 0.01), with a greater
      increase in asynchrony occurring with the relative greater reduction in the
      relative global PFR compared with the global PER after dialysis.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287043
TI  - 10-year follow-up of young male patients with mild hypertension.
AB  - In 1977, 92 male patients with mild hypertension (persistent diastolic blood
      pressure between 90 and 104 mmHg) were found from among 1608 men aged between 18
      and 40 years old who were employees of an industrial company. Of these, 81
      patients were followed-up for 10 years. After that time, blood pressures (BP) of
      44.4% of the mild hypertensive patients became normotensive (group N); BP of
      22.2% remained mild hypertensive (group M); and BP of 33.4% increased to higher
      levels than the starting BP (group H). Higher levels of systolic and diastolic
      BP, a higher incidence of family history of hypertension, a higher voltage of SV1
      + RV5 on ECG and a lower concentration of serum triglycerides at the starting
      point were risk factors for the progression to higher levels of hypertension.
      Body weights of patients in group H increased significantly during the follow-up
      period. These results indicate that male mild hypertensive patients with the
      above-mentioned risk factors should be followed carefully, especially with regard
      to increased body weights.

PMID- 2287045
TI  - Physical training of the patients with coronary heart disease: noninvasive
      strategies for the evaluation of its effects on the oxygentransport system and
      myocardial ischemia.
AB  - To clarify the central effects of physical training on patients with coronary
      heart disease, 81 subjects were selected for the present study. Evaluations of
      the oxygen transport system function were performed according to the definition
      proposed by Bruce and others in terms of FAI (functional aerobic impairment), LVI
      (left ventricular impairment) or MRI (myocardial reserve impairment), CRI
      (chronotropic reserve impairment) and PCI (peripheral circulatory impairment).
      Remarkable improvement in left ventricular impairment was found in those patients
      with single vessel disease or those who experienced disappearance of chest pain
      after the completion of the program. In another series of study on myocardial
      perfusion performed on 11 patients with coronary heart disease, improvement in
      ischemia was also demonstrated in 7 of 8 patients who revealed redistribution
      pattern in 201TL exercise stress images specifying myocardial ischemia. In
      conclusion, exercise training could induce improvements not only the left
      ventricular functions characterized by increased maximal pressure rate product
      and maximal heart rate, but also in myocardial ischemia. Further studies are
      needed to specify its effects, since natural progression or regression of the
      disease process itself may influence the results.

PMID- 2287044
TI  - Experimental studies on vein graft atherosclerosis (I). Histochemical studies
      using monoclonal antibodies for smooth muscle cells and macrophages.
AB  - Vein graft atherosclerosis characterized by smooth muscle cell proliferation has
      become the most serious cause of late graft failure. This study was designed to
      elucidate why marked histological differences occur in atherosclerotic changes
      between the vein graft and the artery. Fourteen rabbits underwent autonomous
      transplantation of femoral vein sections (10-12 mm in length) into femoral
      arteries on the same side. They were then kept on either commercial or 1%
      cholesterol diet. At 4, 8, 15 and 30 weeks after the operation, they were
      sacrificed and histochemical & immunocytochemical studies on atherosclerotic
      changes found in graft and arteries were carried out, using monoclonal antibodies
      for macrophages (RAM 11) and smooth muscle cells (HHF 35). Atherosclerotic
      lesions found in arteries of rabbits fed by cholesterol for more than 8 weeks
      were characterized with the accumulation of macrophage-derived foamy cells with
      fibrous caps. In contrast, the lesions found in the grafts of the same rabbits
      were occupied with proliferating smooth muscle cells and very few macrophages.
      Furthermore, in lesions of the vein grafts of rabbits fed cholesterol for 4
      weeks, macrophages were rather frequently encountered in the bottom of the
      lesions and/or its medial layer, scattering and sometimes forming mass-lesions.
      These results may suggest structural differences in the vein with its thin and
      sparse internal elastic lamina and with its thin medial layer, allowing
      macrophages to pass easily through the elastic lamina and scatter into the media.
      This may be the reason why autonomous vein graft atherosclerosis is mainly
      composed of proliferated smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 2287046
TI  - Predischarge early exercise therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction
      on the basis of anaerobic threshold (AT).
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an early predischarge
      exercise therapy, started 2 weeks following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), to
      working functional capacity. Seventeen AMI patients (10 males, 7 females, mean
      age 62 +/- 11 years) were examined in this study. Six, serious clinical symptoms
      and complications, were excluded, while the remaining 11 patients completed, the
      whole exercise therapy protocol (2 weeks). Patients performed exercise performed
      for 20-30 min twice daily at a target heart rate (90% level of heart rate at AT)
      on the basis of anaerobic threshold (AT) determined using treadmill ramp exercise
      with our protocol. Heart rates (HR) at rest, warming-up and AT point decreased
      significantly (p less than 0.05) after exercise therapy, although peak HR
      remained unchanged. O2 pulse at the AT point and endpoint, after exercise
      therapy, improved significantly (p less than 0.05), when compared to that before
      therapy. Moreover, AT and peak VO2 improved remarkably (p less than 0.05), as did
      exercise time to the AT point and endpoint after exercise therapy (p less than
      0.05), when compared to that before therapy. These results indicate that the
      predischarge early exercise therapy begun 2 weeks after AMI will be effective and
      beneficial in improving working capacity with improvement of physical
      deconditioning. Additionally, it is necessary that patients with severe clinical
      symptoms and complications be excluded.

PMID- 2287047
TI  - An acute state of a daily physical activity in the chronic stage of myocardial
      infarction and a proposal of an optimal exercise therapy.
AB  - An optimal target of exercise therapy for the chronic stage of myocardial
      infarction (OMI) was proposed by investigating a daily total energy consumption
      (DTEC) in 172 outpatients (142 males and 30 females) with OMI. DTEC was
      significantly lower in OMI than in the preinfarction state: 2005.8 +/- 487.8 vs.
      2451.6 +/- 631.7 Kcal (p less than 0.01) in the male, 1389.9 +/- 367.4 vs. 1626.2
      +/- 426.0 Kcal (p less than 0.01) in the female. Limiting factors of a daily
      physical activity (DPA) in OMI were selected from various non-cardiac and cardiac
      factors by using multifactorial analysis (Hayashi III). Non-cardiac limiting
      factors included; age of greater than 60, house-wife, joblessness and female,
      sex, and cardiac limiting factors included; NYHA class II, III, low anaerobic
      threshold (AT), treadmill exercise tolerance of less than 6 min, Forrester subset
      III, IV, heart failure in OMI and the recurrence of MI. Eighty percent of
      patients without cardiac limiting factors restricted DPA by 25% of DTEC of the
      preinfarction state. Our optimal target of exercise therapy for OMI was set to
      resume DTEC up to the level before MI. For patients without exercise habits,
      activities requiring 100 to 150 Kcal a day were requested. Also, this regimen had
      an educational purpose to obtain self-confidence both mentally and physically and
      was expected to raise the level of DPA to that of preinfarction state.

PMID- 2287048
TI  - Management and evaluation of non-supervised home exercise program in a
      convalescent phase of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Out of 636 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admitted to our
      institution, 183 patients enrolled in our non-supervised home exercise program
      immediately after their discharge from the hospital. The first 40 patients were
      randomized to control and training group, while the remaining 143 patients were
      included in the training group. Before and after the trial, all patients
      underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing; submaximal graded treadmill exercise
      test with the application of expiratory gas analysis. In the training group,
      patients performed 2 km walk-jog exercise everyday for 1 month, keeping their
      heart rate (HR) at 90-100% of that in the anaerobic threshold. HR during exercise
      was monitored by patients themselves, using HR-meter. The anaerobic threshold
      significantly increased in the training group; while control group had no
      significant changes. VO2 and HR significantly increased at the same Borg's
      indices. Psychological improvement was also obtained in the training group
      compared to control group. It is concluded that non-supervised home exercise
      program is effective and easily applicable in the convalescent phase of AMI.

PMID- 2287049
TI  - Cardiac sports rehabilitation for patients with ischemic heart disease.
AB  - This paper summarizes data gathered from an 8 years sports cardiac rehabilitation
      program at Kyoto University and satellite hospital (Takeda Hospital). In total,
      185 patients were rehabilitated under our original program with no serious
      cardiac accidents. Compliance was 58.2% after 6 months of this rehabilitation. In
      patients selected to evaluate the value of rehabilitation, exercise study with
      treadmill and 201Tl scintigraphic study showed improvement in exercise tolerance
      (in 58% of patients) and in perfusion on exercise (in 40%). Coronary angiographic
      study showed regression of arterial narrowing in 16% of the patients studied. We
      conclude that in addition to emotional and psychological support, our sports
      cardiac rehabilitation is safe and effective in improving exercise tolerance and
      cardiac perfusion.

PMID- 2287050
TI  - Physical training in patients with valvular heart disease after surgery.
AB  - The necessity, the methodology and clinical benefit of physical training were
      evaluated in 85 patients with valvular heart surgery. In 21 patients who had
      undergone the exercise stress test before surgery, corrective valvular surgery
      increased maximal oxygen uptake (max.VO2) from 15.4 before to 18.9 ml/min/kg,
      while 11 (52%) of them failed to increase exercise capacity over 5 METs. Of the
      total 85 patients, 41 (58%) again showed reduced exercise capacity in the initial
      postoperative stress test, suggesting that a return to work might be difficult
      without rehabilitation in these patients. We then compared two training programs:
      program A of short duration and frequent exercise and program B of longer
      duration and less frequent exercise, both using a bicycle exercise set at an
      intensity of 70% of the max.VO2. Both programs similarly increased max.VO2, while
      patients preferred program A, suggesting that exercise of longer duration could
      not be tolerated because of deconditioning. Program A was then prescribed to 62
      patients, and it increased max.VO2 from 18.2 to 20.7 ml/min/kg after 4 weeks
      training without any complication. In 9 patients who served as controls
      undergoing no physical training, no spontaneous improvement in exercise capacity
      was observed. Of the 76 patients who received either program A or B, 28 patients
      failed to increase the max.VO2 by 10% or more. These patients presented atrial
      fibrillation, a cardiothoracic ratio greater than or equal to 60% or exercise
      induced ST depression more frequently, suggesting that residual cardiac
      dysfunction might inhibit the training effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287051
TI  - Effects of exercise on coronary risk factors in obese, middle-aged subjects.
AB  - The effects of exercise (10000 walk steps/day) and diet (1500 kcal/day) for 4
      months on coronary risk factors (obesity, hypertension, serum lipid and
      lipoprotein abnormalities) were studied in 332 obese, middle-aged subjects. Body
      weight, skinfold thickness, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum lipid
      and lipoproteins (total cholesterol, triglyceride, and beta-lipoprotein) improved
      significantly (p less than 0.05) during the program. The degree of improvement in
      blood pressures, serum lipids and lipoproteins was greater in abnormal blood
      pressure (greater than 140/90 mmHg) or abnormal serum lipid group than in normal
      group. A significant correlation was observed between daily number of walk steps
      and the improvement of body weight, diastolic blood pressure and HDL-cholesterol.
      Increase of daily steps during the program showed a significant (p less than
      0.05) correlation to the change in HDL-cholesterol. It was suggested that mild
      exercise characterized by brisk walking was effective in the treatment of
      obesity, hypertension and low HDL-cholesterolemia in obese, middle-aged subjects.

PMID- 2287052
TI  - Physical training in the aged person.
AB  - Physical training is considered as fundamental in the functional activation of
      aged people. The authors studied the effects of training especially on
      cardiovascular function and serum lipids. The subjects consisted of 2 large
      groups subdivided into males (M) and females (F). Group A lived with their
      families and were relatively active, Group B lived in a home for retired aged
      people and were physically inactive. AM: N = 25, 65.0 +/- 19.1YO AF: N = 8, 63.1
      +/- 6.7YO BM: N = 13, 69.1 +/- 20.8YO BF: N = 17, 67.5 +/- 18.0YO, 63 persons in
      all. Training heart rates (THR) were calculated using Karvonen's formula from the
      symptom limited maximal heart rate (HR max, S.L.) on a low grade treadmill test.
      Subjects received tasked physical training under the surveillance of a physician
      every hour twice a week for 4 months. Endpoint treadmill speeds were AM46.8 +/-
      25.4, AF42.5 +/- 20.5, BM31.7 +/- 19.0, BF24.7 + 18.1 m/min, reflecting capacity
      for physical work. As expected, HR response to the same load decreased in all
      groups after 4 months of training. Systolic blood pressure response decreased
      significantly in the active group but, surprisingly, increased in Group B.
      Diastolic blood pressure response showed a similar decreasing tendency in both
      groups. Triglyceride decreased in both groups but the decrease was marked in
      Group A. HDL-cholesterol increased significantly in all groups. The ratio of pre
      ejection period over ejection time decreased in all groups reflecting increased
      cardiac muscle contractility. Cardiothoracic ratio decreased in Group B but
      increased in Group A. Basal metabolic rate increased in Group B.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287053
TI  - [Therapeutic effects of a combination treatment with cefmetazole and netilmicin
      against infections complicated with hematological disorders].
AB  - The efficacy and safety of a combination regimen using cefmetazole (CMZ) and
      netilmicin (NTL) were evaluated in the treatment of infections complicated with
      hematological disorders. Primary diseases in 31 patients included in the
      evaluation were acute myelocytic leukemia (3 cases), acute lymphocytic leukemia
      (2 cases), malignant lymphoma (14 cases), chronic myelocytic leukemia (2 cases),
      chronic myelocytic leukemia blast crisis (4 cases), myelodysplastic syndrome (2
      cases), aplastic anemia (3 cases), and malignant histiocytosis (1 case).
      Complicated infections included 29 cases of suspected septicemia, 1 case of
      septicemia and 1 case of pneumonia. Clinical responses were excellent in 6
      (19.4%), good in 12 (38.7%), fair in 1 (3.2%) and poor in 12 (38.7%). The total
      clinical efficacy rate was 58.1%. No significant effect of initial neutrophil
      counts was observed on response rates. Patients who showed increasing neutrophil
      counts during therapy had higher response rates than those in whom the neutrophil
      count decreased or remained unchanged at levels less than 500/mm3 in after
      neutrophil counts. No side effects were observed in any of the 31 patients. In
      conclusion, this combination therapy of CMZ and NTL thus appears to be useful and
      safe in therapies for infections complicated with hematological disorders.

PMID- 2287054
TI  - [Clinical study of S 6472 in urinary tract infection].
AB  - Clinical studies on S 6472, a longer lasting preparation of cefaclor (CCL), were
      performed and the following results were obtained. S 6472 was administered orally
      to 102 patients with urinary tract infections including 16 with acute
      uncomplicated pyelonephritis, 32 with acute uncomplicated cystitis, 31 with
      complicated pyelonephritis and 23 with complicated cystitis. 95 patients were
      treated with 375 mg of S 6472 2 times daily and 7 patients were treated with 750
      mg of S 6472 2 times daily. The overall clinical efficacy was evaluated on the
      basis of the criteria proposed by the Japanese UTI Committee. 1. Clinical
      efficacies in 11 cases of acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis were excellent in 10
      and moderate in 1, with an overall efficacy rate of 100%. Bacteriologically, all
      12 strains identified in the acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis cases were
      eradicated, with an eradication rate of 100%. 2. Clinical efficacies in 21 cases
      of acute uncomplicated cystitis were excellent in 17, moderate in 3 and poor in
      1, with an overall efficacy rate of 95%. As to bacteriological responses, 22
      strains identified in the acute uncomplicated cystitis cases (except 1 of
      Escherichia coli) were eradicated, with an eradication rate of 95%. 3. Clinical
      responses in 43 cases of complicated urinary tract infections were excellent in
      20, moderate in 15 and poor in 8, with an overall efficacy rate of 81%.
      Bacteriologically, 39 strains, including only one strain of P. aeruginosa, in the
      complicated urinary tract infection cases (except 4 of E. coli, 1 of Klebsiella
      pneumoniae, 1 of Enterococcus faecalis and 2 of Enterobacter cloacae) were
      eradicated, with an eradication rate of 83%. As side effects, slight stomatitis
      and gastric discomfort were noted in 1 patient each but we were able to continue
      the medication. Abnormal laboratory test values found were: 1 case of a slight
      and transient increase of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and 1 case of a slight
      and transient increase of serum creatinine level.

PMID- 2287056
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of BMY-28100 in multiple administration].
AB  - A multiple dose trial of BMY-28100, a new oral cephalosporin, was performed in
      volunteers, in order to evaluate its safety and pharmacokinetics. BMY-28100 was
      administered orally 250 mg t.i.d. for 7 days to seven healthy adult males. No
      side effects nor abnormal laboratory findings were observed. Peak levels of serum
      concentration and half-lives after the first and 19th administrations were 4.45
      and 4.83 micrograms/ml and 1.3 and 1.1 hours, respectively. Urinary recoveries in
      24 hours were 53.4% on day 1 and 56.2% on day 7. There was no tendency towards
      accumulation in blood upon continuous daily dosing of 250 mg t.i.d.

PMID- 2287055
TI  - [A double-blind comparative study of S 6472 (a long-acting cefaclor) versus a
      conventional cefaclor preparation in complicated urinary tract infections].
AB  - For an objective evaluation of the clinical efficacy, safety and usefulness of S
      6472 (a long acting cefaclor) in non-catheterized patients with complicated
      urinary tract infections, a double-blind comparative study was performed using
      conventional cefaclor preparation (hereafter, CCL) as the control drug. S 6472
      was administered orally at a single dose of 750 mg twice daily, and CCL at a
      single dose of 500 mg 3 time daily. The duration of the treatment was 5 days for
      either drug. Clinical efficacies were evaluated according to the criteria for
      evaluation of drug efficacy by the Japanese UTI Committee (3rd edition), and the
      following results were obtained. 1. The initial distribution of the patients'
      background characteristics was not significantly different between the S 6472 and
      CCL groups. 2. The overall clinical efficacy rates were 76.2% in the S 6472 group
      and 75.5% in the CCL group, indicating no significant difference between the 2
      groups. When clinical efficacies evaluated according to different types of
      infections (UTI groups), the differences between the 2 drug groups were not
      significant in any of disease groups 2, 3, 4, and 6. 3. Clinical efficacy rates
      as evaluated by attending physicians were not significantly different between the
      2 groups, either. 4. Bacteriological responses were evaluated as eradicated in
      81.2% in the S 6472 group and 78.3% in the CCL group, suggesting no statistically
      significant difference. 5. The incidences of side effects were 2.9% (4/139) in
      the S 6472 group and 0.7% (1/141) in the CCL group, thus no significant
      differences existed between the 2 groups. On laboratory examination, 4 and 5
      abnormal test values, respectively, were detected in 3/94 patients in the S 6472
      group and 5/100 patients in the CCL group, but the difference was not significant
      between the 2 groups, either. All of these side effect symptoms and abnormal
      laboratory test values were mild in severity and transient. The results of the
      overall safety rating which was based on the evaluations of the side effects and
      laboratory test values indicated no significant difference between the 2 groups.
      6. According to judgement by the attending doctors, the clinical usefulness rates
      evaluated based on the results of the efficacy and safety ratings were not
      significantly different between the S 6472 and CCL groups. These findings suggest
      that S 6472 produces excellent therapeutic results in complicated UTI patients
      without indwelling catheters and its clinical efficacy, safety, and usefulness
      are equal to those of the conventional CCL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2287057
TI  - [Effect of BMY-28100 on bacterial flora in adult human feces].
AB  - We investigated effects of BMY-28100 on fecal bacteria. BMY-28100 was
      administered orally to 8 healthy male volunteers between 20 and 24 years of age
      weighing between 58.0 and 79.5 kg. All subjects were given one 250 mg capsule 3
      times a day at 30 minutes after meal for 7 days. Fecal bacterial counts were
      examined 5 days before the start of administration, the day of the start of
      administration, 3, 5 and 7 days after the start of administration, and 3, 5, 10,
      20 and 30 days after the end of administration. Concentrations of BMY-28100 and
      Clostridium difficile D-1 toxin in feces were also examined together with
      examinations for adverse reactions and abnormal laboratory test values. 1. Total
      aerobic bacterial counts increased transiently upon the antibiotic dosage.
      Escherichia coli and yeast like organism increased transiently during the period
      of administration, while the total counts of anaerobic bacteria remained
      constant. Veillonellaceae, Peptococcaceae and Eubacterium decreased transiently
      during the period of administration. Although C. difficile and its D-1 toxin were
      detected in 1 and 5 cases, respectively, these feces appeared normal. 2. Active
      metabolites of BMY-28100 were not detected in the feces. 3. No adverse effects or
      no abnormal laboratory test values were observed.

PMID- 2287058
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of BMY-28100 for bacterial pneumonia in comparison with
      cefaclor in a double-blind study].
AB  - The efficacy, safety and usefulness of BMY-28100 for the treatment of bacterial
      pneumonia were compared with those of cefaclor (hereinafter referred to as CCL)
      in a double-blind study. The daily dosages were 750 mg for BMY-28100 and 1,500 mg
      for CCL, divided into 3 administrations daily. These drugs were administered
      orally for at least 14 days. A total of 172 cases were enrolled in this study. Of
      these, cases which deviated from the protocols were excluded from evaluations.
      Thus, clinical efficacy was evaluated in 124 cases, adverse reactions were
      evaluated in 160 cases, and abnormal laboratory test values were evaluated in 146
      cases. The following results were obtained. 1. Efficacy rates ("good" or better
      responses) in bacterial pneumonia cases as evaluated by the subcommittee were
      81.7% (49/60) in the BMY-28100 group and 89.1% (41/46) in the CCL group, thus no
      significant difference was found between the 2 groups. 2. Efficacy rates ("good"
      or better responses), as evaluated by investigators, in the same bacterial
      pneumonia cases which were subjected to the evaluation by the subcommittee were
      83.3% (50/60) in the BMY-28100 group and 88.9% (40/45) in the CCL group, thus no
      significant difference between the 2 groups was found also. 3. Bacteriological
      response rates in bacterial pneumonia cases were 86.2% (25/29) in the BMY-28100
      group and 85.7% (18/21) in the CCL group with no significant difference between
      the 2 groups. 4. Incidences of subjective/objective clinical adverse symptoms
      were 3.5% (3/85) in the BMY-28100 group and 1.3% (1/75) in the CCL group, and no
      significant difference was observed between the 2 groups. No significant
      difference was also found between the 2 groups in incidences of abnormal
      laboratory test values, as abnormalities were found in 21.1% (16/76) of the cases
      in the BMY-28100 group and 25.7% (18/70) in the CCL group. 5. As for overall
      usefulness of the drug in bacterial pneumonia cases, utility rates ("useful" or
      better evaluations) as evaluated by the subcommittee were 83.6% (46/55) in the
      BMY-28100 group and 90.5% (38/42) in the CCL group, and the rates as evaluated by
      investigators in cases judged as evaluable by the subcommittee were 78.3% (47/60)
      and 82.2% (37/45), respectively. There were no significant differences between
      the 2 groups. The utility rates as evaluated by investigators in cases in which
      diseases were diagnosed as bacterial pneumonia or lung abscess by investigators
      were 78.3% (47/60) in the BMY-28100 group and 82.2% (37/45) in the CCL
      group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2287059
TI  - [Susceptibility of clinically isolated bacterial strains to imipenem/cilastatin
      sodium].
AB  - In vitro antibacterial activities of imipenem/cilastatin sodium (imipenem) and
      other beta-lactams against clinically isolated 353 bacterial strains were
      investigated. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1.
      Imipenem (IPM) showed potent antibacterial activities against Gram-positive cocci
      such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis,
      Streptococcus agalactiae. 2. IPM had inferior or equivalent antibacterial
      activities to beta-lactams against clinically isolated Enterobacteriaceae, that
      is, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia
      marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes and Proteus spp. 3. IPM
      showed potent antibacterial activities against clinically isolated Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Acinetobacter anitratus but not against Xanthomonas maltophilia.

PMID- 2287060
TI  - [Susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents. A study
      mainly focused on imipenem. Reported by the Research Group for Testing Imipenem
      Susceptibility on Clinical Isolates].
AB  - This study was conducted to investigate susceptibilities of clinical bacterial
      isolates to imipenem (IPM) and other antibacterial agents at 64 hospital
      laboratories throughout Japan from September to December of 1988. In this study,
      identification and susceptibility testing were carried out at each laboratory and
      the tests were performed according to the disk dilution method recommended by
      NCCLS in which susceptibilities are classified into "S", "MS", "I" and "R". IPM
      showed markedly high in vitro activities against Streptococcus pneumoniae,
      Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis,
      Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella
      oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens,
      Salmonella spp., Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris,
      Morganella morganii, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Acinetobacter
      calcoaceticus, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Alcaligenes spp., Peptococcus
      spp./Peptostreptococcus spp., Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides spp. IPM also
      had strong activities against Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, but less active against Flavobacterium spp., E. faecium, coagulase
      negative staphylococci (CNS), Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas cepacia. In a
      study in which activities of IPM against bacteria isolated from different
      clinical sources were compared, differences in susceptibilities were observed
      among S. aureus, CNS, A. calcoaceticus and P. aeruginosa, but such differences
      were not apparent among S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, H. influenzae, E. coli, K.
      pneumoniae, E. cloacae, C. freundii, S. marcescens or P. mirabilis.

PMID- 2287061
TI  - [Clinical studies on ceftibuten in the urinary field infection].
AB  - Efficacies of ceftibuten (CETB, 7432-S, 200 mg/capsule) in urinary tract
      infections (UTI) were studied. The results of the study are summarized as
      described below. 1. CETB was administered to 15 complicated chronic cases of UTI
      using a dose level of 400 mg per day. The efficacy rates determined according to
      the criteria prescribed by the UTI committee and according to physicians'
      judgements were 81.8% and 92.3%, respectively. Bacteriological efficacy rates
      were 100% against Gram-negative rods and 87.5% against Gram-positive cocci. 2.
      Only 1 case of adverse reaction, slight dizziness, was noted. 3. CETB appears to
      be the most useful agent of the new oral cephems against strains of Serratia
      marcescens which are resistant to new quinolones.

PMID- 2287062
TI  - [Factors related to prognosis and relapse in acute myelomonocytic and monocytic
      leukemias (M4 and M5)].
AB  - To analyse the factors which were related to prognosis at first examination and
      early diagnosis of relapse in complete remission phase, 26 patients with acute
      myelomonocytic leukemia (M4) and acute monocytic leukemia (M5) were investigated.
      There was a tight relationship between age and remission rate in patients with M4
      and M5. Six of M4 with eosinophilia (M4Eo) patients revealed 83.3% as remission
      rate with good prognosis in the survival curve. LDH level of them was lower than
      other patients significantly. In order to diagnose relapse before clinical
      manifestations, it was useful to follow up number of mature monocytes (over
      600/microliters) in the peripheral blood.

PMID- 2287064
TI  - [Prognosis of childhood mediastinal lymphoma].
AB  - Between 1973 and 1989, 16 children with non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) with a
      mediastinal mass (MM) were treated at our institution with multi-agent
      chemotherapy and radiotherapy. They also received central nervous system (CNS)
      prophylaxis including intrathecal methotrexate administration (14 cases) and
      cranial irradiation (7 cases). Twelve were boys and 4 girls. Median age was 11 +/
      3. One patient died of air way obstruction one day after admission. Fourteen of
      15 patients entered into complete remission (CR) and one patient partial
      remission. Five remains in CR 7 to 175 months after diagnosis (median 76 months).
      Nine patients relapsed in the bone marrow (3 cases), CNS (3), testicles (1), neck
      lymph node (1) and bones plus kidneys (1). Of these, 7 patients died within 13
      months after initial relapse. The disease free survival (DFS) and overall
      survival of all patients were 27% and 33%, respectively. Analysis of the
      prognostic factors among patients with MM+ -NHL revealed that the serum LDH level
      below 1,000IU/l was a good prognostic sign. Other factors such as age, stage,
      initial WBC count, size of MM and response of the MM to the initial treatment did
      not correlate with DFS. Because of its rarity and the poor treatment result, we
      need more aggressive treatment program by a multiinstitutional study for MM+ 
      NHL.

PMID- 2287063
TI  - [Plasminogen activator in leukemic cell homogenate].
AB  - We examined fibrinolytic substances in homogenate of leukemic cells, normal
      granulocyte or mononuclear cells fraction. Plasminogen activators (PA) were
      significantly low in normal cells, but they were slightly increased in
      lymphoblastic leukemia cells and markedly increased in myeloblastic leukemia
      cells. In almost leukemic cells homogenate, the antigen ratio of tissue type PA
      (t-PA)/urokinase type PA (u-PA) was about 2.0. In especially AMMoL and AMoL, PA
      activity had discrepancy between euglobulin lysis time and amidolytic assay using
      chromogenic substrate. As PA inhibitor (PAI)-II was markedly increased in them.
      PAI might effect the PA assay. PA activity of leukemic cells homogenate was
      similar to that without t-PA stimulator and leukemic cells homogenate
      significantly stimulated t-PA. As both PA activity and antigen were statistically
      increased in leukemic cells homogenate of patient with disseminated intravascular
      coagulation (DIC), PA and PA stimulator in leukemic cell might play an important
      role in hypofibrinogenemia or DIC.

PMID- 2287065
TI  - [Basic examination of deoxythymidine kinase using Prolifigen TK kit "Daiichi"].
AB  - To clarify the clinical significance of serum deoxythymidine kinase in various
      hematological disorders, basic examination was performed of a newly developed
      radioenzyme assay kit for TK (Prolifigen TK kit "Daiichi") using 125I-iodo
      deoxyuridine as a substrate. The assessment of the standard curve, and the
      results of recovery test, dilution test, and precision and reproducibility were
      satisfactory. Among several anticoagulant agents tested, heparin was the best one
      showing no influence on the measurement of TK level. Based on these results,
      serum TK level was measured in 140 healthy adults as a control group. There was
      no difference by age and sex. The serum TK level of normal control was 3.1 +/-
      1.2 U/l, with an upper limit of 5.5 U/l.

PMID- 2287066
TI  - [Serum deoxythymidine kinase in adult T-cell leukemia and its related disorders].
AB  - Using Prolifigen TK kit "Daiichi", the serum TK level were determined in patients
      with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and its related disorders. The mean level of
      serum TK at diagnosis was 279.9 U/l in acute type ATL, 27.8 U/l in chronic type
      ATL, 59.0 U/l in lymphoma type ATL, 3.1 U/l in pre-ATL and 2.4 U/l in HTLV-I
      carriers. In these patients, six other kinds of tumor markers such as lactic
      dehydrogenase, beta 2-microglobulin, immunosuppressive acidic protein, ferritin,
      tissue polypeptide antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen were also examined. Among
      the seven tumor markers, TK level showed the most significant difference among
      clinical subtypes of ATL. This indicates that the TK level is one of the
      promising parameters indicative of aggressiveness of ATL cells.

PMID- 2287067
TI  - [Infection prophylaxis in patients with hematological malignancies (I)-
      Successful prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis with sulfamethoxazole
      trimethoprim].
AB  - In a retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy of sulfamethoxazole
      trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis, we
      studied 1760 patients wit hematological malignancies over a twenty-year period
      (1970-1989). 449 patients received oral SMX-TMP, most of all received 400 mg of
      SMX and 80 mg of TMP twice per day. None of the patients receiving SMX-TMP
      developed P carinii pneumonitis, whereas twenty-six (2.0%) of the 1311 patients
      who did not receive SMX-TMP developed P carinii pneumonitis (p less than 0.01).
      We found that the SMX-TMP was very effective in the prevention of P carinii
      pneumonitis in patients with hematological malignancies, and was well tolerated.

PMID- 2287069
TI  - [T-cell malignant lymphoma with hemophagocytic histiocytosis, hyperferritinemia
      and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome].
AB  - A 57-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with high fever and nasal
      obstruction. The diagnosis of T cell type malignant lymphoma (T-ML) was made by
      the biopsy of left nasal cavity tumor. After admission, his general condition was
      improved by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but relapsed a month later. He was
      then treated with chemotherapy, and the partial remission was obtained. During
      the clinical course, he had a high fever again without any significant infections
      or exacerbation of T-ML. The data of coagulation system showed DIC. The levels of
      serum ferritin and LDH were extremely elevated. Bone marrow aspiration showed
      markedly increased hemophagocytic histiocytes. These data suggested that he was
      complicated by DIC and hyperferritinemia closely associated with hemophagocytic
      histiocytosis a part from the underlying T-ML. Causes of DIC and
      hyperferritinemia associated with hemophagocytic histiocytosis in the present
      case were discussed.

PMID- 2287068
TI  - [Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with complex chromosomal aberrations].
AB  - A case of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with complex chromosomal aberrations is
      reported. A 63-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of pancytopenia.
      Bone marrow aspiration resulted in a dry tap and biopsy showed hypoplastic marrow
      with fibrosis. Blast cells in the peripheral blood were identified as
      megakaryoblasts because they were positive for electron microscopic platelet
      peroxidase (PPO). In addition, monoclonal antibody, TP80, to platelet
      glycoprotein II b-III a reacted with in about 26% of the blast cells. Chromosomal
      analysis of the peripheral blood revealed a mosaic pattern of a normal karyotype
      and abnormal ones, including 44, XY, -5, -7, -18, 10q-, +marker.

PMID- 2287070
TI  - [B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia/prolymphocytic leukemia (CLL/PL)--a case report].
AB  - A 48-year-old male was admitted to our hospital on April 20, 1989 because of
      general fatigue and abdominal fullness. Physical examination showed hepatomegaly,
      massive splenomegaly, and systemic lymphadenopathy. Hematological findings
      revealed WBC 73,000/microliters, RBC 289 x 10(4)/microliters, Hb 8.0g/dl, and
      platelet 9.1 x 10(4)/microliters. WBC differential count demonstrated a mixture
      of 63% matured small lymphocytes and 32% prolymphocytoid cells. Bone marrow
      aspiration was unsuccessful with a dry tap. Surface marker analysis of peripheral
      blood lymphoid cells disclosed that they were positive for anti-HLA-DR, CD 5, CD
      19, CD 20, CD 21, CD 25, Sm-IgM, Sm-IgD, and Sm-K. He was diagnosed as B-CLL/PL,
      and treated with VEPA with partial remission. CLL/PL which was advocated by Melo
      in 1986 is regarded as a distinct clinical entity intermediate between CLL and
      PLL in clinical and laboratory features. Our case is interesting with regard to
      good response to combination chemotherapy, though most cases of CLL/PL have a
      resistance to standard chemotherapy.

PMID- 2287071
TI  - [Successful bronchial arterial infusion (BAI) of ACNU in the treatment of
      pulmonary infiltration of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) cells].
AB  - A 35-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of lumbago on March 25,
      1988. On admission white blood count was 1,200/microliters with neutrophils of 9%
      and lymphocytes of 91%, hemoglobin level was 11.2g/dl and platelet count was 55 x
      10(3)/microliters. Bone marrow smear showed 77% leukemic cell including non
      specific or specific esterase-positive cells. Chest X-rays showed the presence of
      mediastinal tumor and diffuse reticular shadows. A diagnosis of ANLL was made and
      a hematological remission was obtained after one course of combination
      chemotherapy consisting of BH-AC, daunorubicin and prednisolone, but the enlarged
      mediastinal tumor and pulmonary infiltration worsened rapidly followed by marked
      dyspnea. This radiographic abnormal shadow was confirmed to be leukemic
      infiltration from the finding of transbronchial lung biopsy. We hesitated to give
      systemic chemotherapy because he also had had liver abscess. Accordingly we
      performed BAI of ACNU at a dosage of 150 mg which led to a dramatic improvement
      in dyspnea. 60Co therapy was performed on the mediastinal tumor. On May 30, when
      he had a relapse, he was unsuccessfully treated with systemic chemotherapy. The
      leukemic cells invaded most of the organs and the patient died on July 19, 1988.
      It is likely that BAI of ACNU for leukemic pulmonary infiltration was effective.

PMID- 2287072
TI  - [A sporadic case of protein C deficiency].
AB  - A congenital deficiency of protein C (PC) is reported in a 42-year-old male,
      suffering from his first spontaneous episode of deep venous thrombosis in the
      left lower limb. The only defect found in laboratory assays for hemostasis and
      hepatic function was half normal level of PC, measured by both immunological and
      functional assays. To confirm congenital PC deficiency, the functional activity
      levels of PC were compared with those of other vitamin K-dependent factors during
      stabilized anticoagulant therapy under stable conditions. Although the patient's
      father had a history of a cerebral vascular accident, his PC level was found to
      be within normal levels. The patient's mother, free from thromboembolic events,
      also had a normal PC level. So the patient seemed to be a sporadic case. However,
      the patient's 14-year-old son, who has been asymptomatic to this time, has the
      same PC deficiency state.

PMID- 2287073
TI  - [Fulminant hepatic failure induced by intermediate dose methotrexate in a case of
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].
AB  - Methotrexate (MTX) is frequently used as an antifolics agent in many malignant
      neoplasms such as leukemia, lymphoma and osteosarcoma. The major side effects of
      MTX are liver and renal damages, bone marrow suppression and so on. But careful
      management and citrovorum factor rescue could decrease the incidence and degree
      of these side effects. In this report, we described a patient with non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma who developed and died of fulminant hepatic failure soon after the
      administration of intermediate dose MTX. Serological tests for HB virus were not
      changed throughout, and lymphocyte stimulation test for MTX was strongly
      positive. His autopsy revealed no inflammatory cell infiltration into the liver,
      but marked biliary congestion which is a distinctive feature of drug induced
      hepatitis. From above results, it was suggested that nature of this fulminant
      hepatic failure was an allergic reaction to MTX. There is no previous report
      which is concerning about MTX and fetal drug related hepatic failure.

PMID- 2287074
TI  - [Multiple myeloma superimposed on adult T cell lymphoma].
AB  - A 77 year-old male was admitted to the hospital because of lumbago and M
      proteinemia. IgA (kappa) monoclonal protein (8,100 mg/dl) was demonstrated in
      serum, and Bence Jones protein (kappa) in urine samples. The bone marrow
      examination showed an increased number of pathological plasma cells (34. 5%).
      Multiple osteolytic lesions were evident on X-ray films. A diagnosis of multiple
      myeloma (MM) was made. He had exudative erythematous skin lesions on his back.
      His serum was positive for antibody to ATLA. A biopsy specimen from the skin
      lesions showed Pautrier's micro-abscess which were filled with Leu 3a positive T
      lymphocytes. 159 base pairs of human T cell leukemia virus I (HTLV-I)/pX position
      was identified from a cutaneous sample utilizing the polymerase chain reaction
      method. Thus, a diagnosis of MM superimposed on adult T cell lymphoma was made.
      An extensive search failed to find any cases complicated with these two diseases
      except a report by Tagawa et al. concerning a patient with ATL who developed IgA
      (kappa) MM during a five year follow up. Therefore, this is the first reported
      case of MM superimposed on ATL.

PMID- 2287075
TI  - [Spontaneous complete remission in a patient with acute monocytic leukemia].
AB  - A spontaneous complete remission was observed in a 47-year-old female with acute
      monocytic leukemia. Resolution of all abnormalities, including systemic papule,
      thrombocytopenia, increased numbers of immature monocytoid cells in the
      peripheral blood and bone marrow, elevation of serum lysozyme and LDH, and
      trisomy 8 on chromosome analysis, occurred without any treatment. Moreover, the
      remission was not associated with any infection or blood transfusion, and is
      persistent for 12-month duration.

PMID- 2287076
TI  - [Primary hepatic lymphoma in a patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and SLE].
AB  - A 29-year-old Japanese male was diagnosed as having autoimmune hemolytic anemia
      (AIHA) in 1985, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 1988. In 1989 a large
      mass was found of the right posterior area in the liver by computed tomography
      and ultrasonography. The liver biopsy specimen showed non-Hodgkin lymphoma,
      diffuse large cell type. No adenopathies or other extranodal involvements were
      detected. He was treated with five courses of CHOP, followed by involved field
      irradiation 24 Gy. On completion of chemoradiotherapy, the mass was smaller in
      size with a sign of partial necrosis. Gallium scan was negative suggesting the
      achievement of a complete remission. Primary hepatic lymphoma is extremely rare,
      and its occurrence in patients with AIHA and SLE has not been reported
      previously. We also review the previously reported cases of primary hepatic
      lymphoma with respect to its clinical management and abscess the therapeutic
      strategy of this unusual extranodal lymphoma.

PMID- 2287077
TI  - [Busulfan lung exacerbated during steroid therapy: a review of Japanese
      literature].
AB  - A 61-year-old male was diagnosed as chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in 1985 and
      had been treated with busulfan for 4 years and 5 months (total 3,572 mg). Since
      he had complained dyspnea with abnormal lung shadow on a chest x-ray film in May
      31, 1989, he was treated with 3 mg/day of dexamethasone under a diagnosis of
      busulfan lung. Dyspnea and lung shadow was remarkably improved after the
      treatment. On July 11, he was admitted our hospital with high fever, hypoxemia
      and diffuse interstitial shadow on a chest x-p. Although intensive treatment with
      10 mg/day of dexamethasone and various antibiotics were done, he died in Aug 6.
      An autopsy revealed the intra-alveolar fibrosis, dense hyaline deposits in
      alveoli associated with atypical type II epithelial cells in the lung. Seven
      cases of busulfan lung have been reported in the Japanese literature. The
      clinical and pathological aspects of these cases, including our case, were
      discussed.

PMID- 2287079
TI  - [Low dose continuous infusion therapy with etoposide (VP-16) and cytosine
      arabinoside (Ara-C) for a patient with refractory acute myelogenous leukemia].
AB  - A 36-year-old man with acute myelogenous leukemia, refractory to the combination
      chemotherapy, developed fungal infection and acute respiratory distress.
      Simultaneously, rapid proliferation of leukemic cells was observed in the blood.
      He was given continuous drip infusion of etoposide (50 mg/day) and Ara-C (20
      mg/day) for 18 days. The leukemic cells disappeared from both the blood and the
      marrow, and complete remission was achieved. There was no adverse effect related
      to this therapy. The low dose combination chemotherapy with etoposide and Ara-C
      is safe to be carried out, and could be effective for the patients with
      refractory leukemia.

PMID- 2287078
TI  - [Cyclosporin therapy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura].
AB  - Nine adult patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were
      treated with cyclosporin. Their platelet counts were all below 5 x
      10(4)/microliters. It was administered orally at 5 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. In one
      patient, the platelet count increased over 10 x 10(4)/microliters in 4 patients
      it did over 5 x 10(4)/microliters. Gingival hyperplasia was observed in one
      patient. Renal dysfunction was not observed in any patients. The elevation of
      PAIgG declined during the period of treatment. These results suggest that this
      therapy may be useful in refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2287080
TI  - [Peritoneal fluid and intra-operative cytodiagnosis].

PMID- 2287081
TI  - [Relation between effusion cytology and clinical condition].

PMID- 2287083
TI  - [Presumption of primary sites from cytological findings--with reference to
      adenocarcinoma cells in the effusions in body cavities].

PMID- 2287082
TI  - [Proliferative characteristics of the cells].

PMID- 2287084
TI  - [Unusual serosal tissue structure, with special reference to the interpretation
      of body cavity cytology].

PMID- 2287085
TI  - [The cytology of peritoneal effusions in surgical treatment of gastric cancer].

PMID- 2287086
TI  - [Ontogeny and function of peritoneal macrophage].

PMID- 2287087
TI  - [Peritoneal cytology of uterine and ovarian cancer].

PMID- 2287088
TI  - [Preparatory techniques of fluids and screening of malignant cells in effusions].

PMID- 2287089
TI  - [Immuno- and enzyme-histochemistry of mucosa and serosa].

PMID- 2287090
TI  - [General aspects and cytology of body cavity fluids].

PMID- 2287091
TI  - [Cytological variations observed in the malignant cells in body cavity fluids].

PMID- 2287092
TI  - [Electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry of the cells in the effusions in
      body cavities].

PMID- 2287093
TI  - [Trichloroethylene concentration in the work environment in relation to the
      development of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis].
AB  - Four cases of primary pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) were studied in
      relation to occupational trichloroethylene (TRI) exposure. Three of the patients
      were exposed to TRI in the process of washing or polishing of camera lenses. The
      maximum concentration of TRI in the work environment of two PCI patients often
      exceeded 50 ppm, though the geometric mean concentrations were below this value.
      Monitoring of TRI exposure by measuring urinary TRI metabolites suggested that
      the third patient had been working in the environment with an 8-h time weighted
      average TRI concentration exceeding 50 ppm. Scrutiny of 19 PCI cases thus far
      collected by us revealed that i) three groups of patients (7 in total) were
      working in the same factories, ii) most of the PCI patients were workers in small
      scale factories having poor working conditions, and iii) occupational TRI
      exposure is probably responsible for the development of primary PCI.

PMID- 2287094
TI  - [Analyses of neurotic symptoms and subjective symptoms of fatigue in seamen
      during a long voyage].
AB  - The variations of neurotic symptoms and subjective symptoms of fatigue were
      studied in relation to circumstances aboard ship in subsamples of the crew (N =
      24) and students and researchers (N = 24) of a training ship belonging to a
      university during a summer voyage of the North Pacific route in 1987. The data
      were obtained by a self-administered questionnaire administered seven times
      before and during the voyage. The present study analysed the data collected
      during the 40 d voyage (the first four questionnaires including that before
      departure). Complaints of neurotic symptoms and fatigue were reported to be much
      greater in the present sample than those in a general occupational setting.
      Although the complaints reported by students and researchers decreased at
      landing, complaints of physical fatigue reported by the crew increased at landing
      but those of mental fatigue hardly changed. With regard to correlation between
      the values of the responses to circumstances aboard ship and the values of
      neurotic symptoms and fatigue, "quality of sleep" was significantly correlated
      with these symptoms for the crew. For the students and researchers, significant
      correlations were demonstrated between such items as "boredom toward work" and
      "quality of sleep", and physical fatigue, between the "anxiety over disease" and
      mental fatigue and "anxiety over disease", "risk of injury" and "fear of death"
      and neurotic symptoms in the first survey after departure (13th day).

PMID- 2287095
TI  - [Work load of nursery teachers in a nursery school. Relationship between age of
      children and work load].
AB  - Time study of six nursery teachers of children aged 0 to 5 was conducted at a
      public nursery school to ascertain their work load, and the results obtained were
      examined from the following two viewpoints. First, comparison was made between
      the results obtained by the following two methods of analysis; 1) An observer
      recorded the work contents and the working postures of a nursery teacher at place
      of work in one-minute units. 2) The nursery teacher was recorded on video tape
      and the analysis of the work contents and the working postures was made in one
      second units. Second, comparison was made between the work loads (work content,
      working posture, walking, lifting children and recess) of nursery teachers of
      children of different age group. The results could be summarized as follows: 1.
      The results of analysis made by the two methods of the work contents and the
      working postures were in good agreement. 2. The higher the age of children in the
      class, the longer was the cumulative time for "indoor group nurture" and the
      shorter was the cumulative time for "help and care for feeding", "help and care
      for afternoon nap" and "help and care for excretion". 3. The higher the age of
      children in the class, the longer was the cumulative time of "standing" in a
      nursery teacher and the shorter was the cumulative time of "sitting on the
      floor". The total time of "bending forward", "squatting" and "rising on the knee"
      occupied 20% of the working hours on an average and was not related clearly to
      the age of children. 4. The frequency of walking was not found to be related to
      the age of children. 5. The nursery teachers of children aged 0 and 1 lifted
      children much more frequently among all nursery teachers. 6. The recess away from
      children was rarely observed throughout the day.

PMID- 2287096
TI  - [Study on the immune complex formation mechanisms of passive Heymann nephritis-
      role of two different renal tubular epithelial antigens].
AB  - This study was undertaken to analyze the mechanisms of immune complex formation
      in Heymann nephritis. We isolated two different RTE antigens by gel filtration
      and prepared rabbit antisera against these antigens. By the indirect
      immunofluorescence method using normal rat renal tissues, the 65,000 molecular
      weight antigen (= beta) was observed not only in RTE, but also in the glomerular
      epithelium, epithelium of the small intestine, liver and spleen. On the other
      hand, the 35,000 molecular weight antigen (= gamma) existed in RTE and epithelium
      of the small intestine. When rats were injected intravenously with rabbit
      antiserum against beta, glomerular depositions were observed within two hours. In
      rats injected with rabbit antiserum against gamma, no glomerular deposition was
      seen within 2 days, but fine granular depositions were observed after 6 days.
      When rat kidneys were perfused with rabbit antiserum against gamma in saline by a
      single pass method, no glomerular deposition was seen. However, in rat kidneys
      perfused with preformed soluble gamma-anti gamma IC, fine granular depositions
      along the capillary walls were seen soon after the perfusion. Further the antigen
      which was reacted with anti gamma antiserum was isolated from normal rat serum by
      immuno-affinity chromatography. These facts suggest that the mechanisms of IC
      formation may be due to not only in situ immune complex formation but also
      circulating immune complex deposition in Heymann nephritis.

PMID- 2287097
TI  - [Studies on the pathogenic roles of antigens isolated from renal tubular cells in
      the classical Heymann nephritis].
AB  - In order to analyze the antigens (Ags) which cause Heymann nephritis (HN) and
      mechanisms of IC formation in the subepithelial site of GBM, we isolated two Ags
      from renal tubular epithelium (RTE) from Wistar rats and prepared rabbit
      antiserum against these Ags. Classical HN was induced by immunization with crude
      renal tissue suspension by the method of Heymann et al. Immunofluorescence method
      in normal rat kidney revealed that the Ag with MW of 65 KD (= beta) existed not
      only in RTE, but also in the glomerular capillary wall. On the other hand, the Ag
      with MW of 35 KD (= gamma) only existed in RTE. Circulating Abs and glomerular
      eluted Abs from the kidney of classical HN, reacted to RTE only by indirect
      immunofluorescence. Soluble Fx1A, beta and gamma were electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE
      gels and transblotted onto nitrocellulose membrane, anti beta Abs reacted to
      several bands including 330 KD band of Fx1A and beta Ag. However anti gamma Abs
      reacted to only 330 KD band of Fx1A and gamma Ags. On the other hand, Glomerular
      eluted Abs from the kidney of classical HN reacted to several bands of Fx1A and
      gamma Ag, but not to beta Ag. These facts suggest that beta and gamma are
      components of 330 KD protein of Fx1A. The gamma Ag is thought to be one of the
      major pathogenic Ag in HN.

PMID- 2287098
TI  - [In situ immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by perfusion of cationized
      antibody].
AB  - In situ immune complex glomerulonephritis can be induced in the rat employing
      cationized antigen planted in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) as a target
      for specific antibody. Another possible mechanism of in situ immune complex
      formation is antibody already present in the GBM to bind circulating antigen.
      Present study was performed in order to determine whether cationized antibodies
      planted in the GBM could react with anionic as well as cationic antigens to form
      immune deposits. Horse ferritin, rabbit antibody to horse native ferritin (f-Ab)
      and rabbit antibody to ovalbumin (o-Ab) were highly cationized as described by
      Danon et al. The ability of the cationized antibodies to precipitate antigens was
      estimated by Ouchterlony analysis. 500 micrograms/100 g body weight (b.w.) of
      cationized f-Ab or o-Ab was perfused into the left renal artery of male Wistar
      rats and 0.1-10.0 mg/100 g b.w. of either native or cationized ferritin or
      ovalbumin was injected respectively into the tail vein 1 hr later. Estimation of
      proteinuria was done and the kidneys were removed up to 5 days for
      immunohistological as well as electron microscopical examination. Cationized
      antibodies bound to anionic sites of the GBM and combined with subsequently
      injected cationized ferritin or native ovalbumin in situ, both leading to
      formation of subepithelial immune deposit with activation of C3 and caused mild
      proteinuria. Native ferritin, however, induced neither subepithelial immune
      deposit nor proteinuria, because it didn't permeate through the GBM. The
      presented model indicates that antibody molecules of high positive charge can
      bind to the GBM and react with specific antigens that are traversing the barrier
      to form immune deposits. This is independent of the charge of antigen provided
      that the antigen molecules are permeable into the GBM, as is the case with
      ovalbumin but not native ferritin.

PMID- 2287099
TI  - [Clinico-pathological evaluation of mesangial IgA deposition of minimal change
      with nephrotic syndrome].
AB  - The case of IgA glomerulonephritis that shows minimal change with nephrotic
      syndrome is unusual. Thirteen patients of mesangial IgA deposition of minimal
      change with nephrotic syndrome (IgAMCNS) are discussed in comparison with twenty
      patients of non IgA deposition of minimal change with nephrotic syndrome (MCNS).
      On a common basis of hematuria, two groups are undistinguished. On a reaction
      pattern to steroid treatment, the former is based on IgA nephritis and the latter
      is based on minimal change with nephrotic syndrome. There is no difference in
      light microscopical findings between the two groups. Electron microscopically,
      the former suggests IgA nephritis and the latter suggests minimal change with
      nephrotic syndrome. In immunofluorescence, the former group is rare to show
      typical IgA glomerulonephritis. In conclusion, IgAMCNS is considered to be
      nephrotic syndrome with asymptomatic IgA deposit in mesangium.

PMID- 2287100
TI  - [Mitochondrial enlargement of renal proximal tubulus as a cause of
      microalbuminuria in non-insulin dependent diabetics].
AB  - To clarify the ultrastructural changes of renal proximal tubulus in initial
      nephropathy having microalbuminuria, we observed 80 biopsies of non-insulin
      dependent diabetics by light and electron microscopically morphometric analysis.
      The patients were divided into four groups; group I; no proteinuria (p.u.) &
      normal serum creatinine (Cr.); less than 1.5 mg/dl, group II; p.u. less than or
      equal to 0.5 g/day & normal Cr., group III; p.u. greater than 0.5 g/day & normal
      Cr., group IV; Cr. greater than 1.5 mg/dl. Age-matched 20 normal patients and 40
      patients with IgA-nephropathy (20 cases with Cr. less than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl,
      20 cases with Cr. greater than 1.5 mg/dl) were used as controls. In diabetics in
      Group I and II, significant changes were as follow. 1) general mitochondrial
      enlargement in size in proximal tubular cells, and significantly related to the
      level of fasting blood glucose, 2) enlargement of proximal tubular cells and
      their nuclei in size, 3) thickening of the proximal tubular basement membrane,
      and in group I, it indicated to get worse in future, 4) no relationship between
      the mitochondrial enlargement and other parenchymal parameters such as glomerular
      sclerotic change, interstitial fibrosis, luminar narrowing of arterioles and
      prognosis. Glomerular nodular-lesion, glomerular sclerotic change, and cortical
      tubulointerstitial fibrosis only appeared in the advanced stages; Group III and
      IV. We concluded that mitochondrial enlargement could be caused by the initially
      urinary excretion of low molecular proteins and microalbumin in diabetics,
      probably due to disturbances of ATP synthesis, reduction of active transport, and
      finally decreased of reabsorption in the proximal tubulus.

PMID- 2287101
TI  - [Glomerular ultrastructures and prognosis of the patients with urinary
      abnormalities found by school screening program].
AB  - Detailed histopathological study were performed and compared with clinical
      features in 120 children with serial renal biopsies who were found by school
      screening program. 41 cases (34.2%) of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), 26 cases (21.7%)
      of thin membrane disease (TMD) and 22 cases (18.3%) of normal glomeruli [(
      Normal]) accounted for 74.2% of all biopsies. 81 cases (67.5%) were revealed to
      be minor glomerular abnormalities by light microscopy and which contained 26
      cases (32.1%) of TMD, 22 cases (27.2%) of [Normal] and 19 cases (23.4%) of IgAN.
      The frequency and the severity of proteinuria was significantly higher in IgAN
      than in TMD and [Normal] (P less than 0.01, P less than 0.05). Hematuria was
      significantly greater in [Normal] than in IgAN. In the 71 follow-up cases, no
      patient went to renal insufficiency, moreover, urinary abnormalities had
      disappeared in 25.4% of the patients including IgAN, TMD, [Normal], nonIgA
      proliferative glomerulonephritis, incomplete foot process disease and MPGN.
      [Normal] consisted of stationary or exercised urinary abnormality.

PMID- 2287102
TI  - [High sensitive photometric assay of pancreatic lipase and clinical investigation
      of urinary lipase in patients with various histopathological types of primary
      glomerulonephritis].
AB  - We measured the activity of urinary lipase by high sensitive photometric method
      using 1,2-dirinoleoilglycerol as a substrate. Also, we investigated the clinical
      significance of the activity of urinary lipase in patients with chronic
      glomerulonephritis (GN) with special reference to the relation between the levels
      of the enzyme and histopathological changes of the kidney. Urinary activity of N
      acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and urinary beta 2-microglobulin (BMG) were
      also measured to compare the difference of renal handling of these 3 substances.
      We could obtain the following results; 1) Good coefficient of correlation was
      observed between the activity of urinary lipase and the excretion of urinary BMG.
      2) No correlation was observed between the activity of urinary lipase and the
      amount of urinary NAG in patients with chronic GN. 3) In some of the cases with
      secondary tubulointerstitial edema and inflammatory infiltration, the values of
      the activity of urinary lipase were markedly elevated. These results suggested
      that lipase was removed from the serum mainly by glomerular filtration and
      reabsorbed almost completely by tubular epithelial cells like the renal handling
      of BMG. In contrast, NAG secreted through the different renal metabolism in
      proximal tubule. The activity of urinary lipase might be a diagnostic marker for
      the secondary acute tubulointerstitial lesions in patients with chronic GN.

PMID- 2287103
TI  - [The effects of r-HuEPO on platelet function and coagulation factors in
      hemodialysis patients].
AB  - To evaluate the effects of correction of anemia with recombinant human
      erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) on the hemostatic defects in uremia, hemostatic
      parameters were examined in 18 patients with renal anemia receiving hemodialysis
      (HD). During the study, hematocrit (Ht) increased from 22.9 +/- 3.1% (mean +/-
      SD) at pre-treatment (stage-I) to 31.0 +/- 3.0% 12 weeks after 3000 IU
      intravenous r-HuEPO administration at the end of every HD (stage-II), and
      decreased to 26.2 +/- 4.2% 6 weeks after r-HuEPO discontinuation (stage III).
      Platelet count did not change among these three stages, however, mean platelet
      volume significantly increased at stage II compared to stage I. Ivy bleeding time
      (Ivy-BT) significantly shortened at stage II (I; 14.3 +/- 6.0, II; 10.1 +/- 6.5
      min, p less than 0.01), and prolonged again at stage III (p less than 0.05 vs
      stage II). Among the patients, 6 out of 18 patients did not show any reduction in
      Ivy-BT (unchanged group). Though there were no significant changes in platelet
      aggregation rates, plasma TxB2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, F. VIII: C, and F. VIII: Ag
      levels throughout the study, platelet adhesion rate was significantly improved at
      stage II (I; 11.8 +/- 6.8, II; 19.6 +/- 12.8%, p less than 0.05), and similar
      augmentation in vWf: Ag was observed. Improvement in these two parameters were
      more remarkable in shortened Ivy-BT group (n = 12) than in unchanged
      group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287104
TI  - [Effect of pulse therapy using 1 alpha(OH)D on secondary hyperparathyroidism in
      patients on maintenance hemodialysis].
AB  - The effect of pulse therapy on severe secondary hyperparathyroidism related to
      chronic renal failure has been examined in 11 patients on maintenance
      hemodialysis by using an oral administration of 8 micrograms of 1 alpha(OH)D
      maximum per week. Throughout the 10 months of this treatment, the serum levels of
      intact-PTH, HS-PTH, and C-PTH were followed up. Additionally, to estimate the
      peak level of 1,25(OH)2D, its serum concentration at 10 hours after the 1 alpha
      (OH)D ingestion was measured. Results have shown that the serum levels of the
      intact-PTH, HS-PTH, and C-PTH were lowered in 9 of these 11 patients, two of this
      number especially showing a marked suppression of the serum intact-PTH to a low
      that was near to the normal upper limit level. In the two other cases of these 11
      patients, no suppression was seen in any of serum PTH levels throughout the 10
      months. In the cases that showed a good response, the 1,25(OH)2D serum
      concentration elevated significantly, to more than 100 pg/ml at 10 hours after
      the 1 alpha (OH)D intake. In contrast, in the 2 cases that showed no response, no
      appreciable elevation in the serum concentrations was noted. Thus, since the
      pulse therapy using 1 alpha (OH)D decreased the serum levels of the intact-PTH,
      HS-PTH, and C-PTH in 9 out of the 11 cases, we have concluded that pulse therapy
      using 1 alpha(OH)D is a valid therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism in
      patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

PMID- 2287105
TI  - [A case of renal cell carcinoma associated with rapidly progressive
      glomerulonephritis].
AB  - A 74-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of a treatment for his
      right renal tumor. The abdominal CT scanning revealed a mass in the right kidney,
      and a right selective renal arteriography demonstrated a hypervascular tumor. On
      admission, urinalysis revealed proteinuria (3-4 g/day) and microscopic hematuria,
      and serum electrolytes were normal. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels
      were 1.6 mg/dl and 30 mg/dl, respectively. A percutaneous right renal biopsy
      specimens showed crescentic glomerulonephritis. Direct immunofluorescence studies
      showed strong linear staining for IgG and IgA along the glomerular capillary
      walls. Electron microscopy showed increased mesangial matrix and swollen
      epithelial cells, but no dense deposits in the para-mesangial area and in the
      glomerular basement membrane. The patient underwent right radical nephrectomy.
      Histologic examination of the resected specimen revealed renal cell carcinoma.
      Postoperatively, he developed rapidly progressive renal failure and the renal
      function could not be recovered. Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique,
      we could not confirm the presence of a serum anti-glomerular basement membrane
      antibody, although the examination could not be carried out until the initiation
      of hemodialysis therapy. Some cases of glomerulopathies associated with renal
      cell carcinoma were previously reported, but the case of crescentic
      glomerulonephritis was very rare.

PMID- 2287106
TI  - [A case of idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy with polyclonal
      hyperimmunoglobulinemia associated with chronic renal failure].
AB  - A rare case of idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy with polyclonal
      hyperimmunoglobulinemia (IPL) associated with chronic renal failure was described
      in this report. A 73-year-old male was admitted and diagnosed as IPL. IPL is
      proposed by Mori et al. in 1980. Clinical entity of IPL is (1) Polyclonal
      hyperimmunoglobulinemia (2) Systemic Lymphadenopathy characterized by remarkable
      mature plasmacytosis without atypism and by no destruction of the structures. (3)
      All disease with polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinemia can be excluded. In this
      patient, physical findings showed enlarged lymph nodes (1-2 cm) in bilateral
      nuchal, submandibular, axillary and inguinal lesions. Laboratory examinations
      showed polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinemia (especially IgG, IgA), anemia and renal
      dysfunction. Microscopic observation of hematoxylin-eosin staining in the
      axillary lymph node showed increased mature plasma cells without evidence of
      malignant growth. Immunoperoxidase staining showed intracytoplasmatic polyclonal
      immunoglobulins. IPL is known as invading other organs besides lymph node, for
      example skin, lung or kidney. This patient showed renal dysfunction (Cr clearance
      11 ml/min, severe proteinuria). Nine cases of IPL and multicentric plasma cell
      type Giant Lymphnode Hyperplasia (GLH) concurrent with renal dysfunction were
      reported. Only in two of them chronic renal failure were reported. Twice a week
      hemodialysis improved his condition and laboratory findings.

PMID- 2287107
TI  - [Urothelial tumor in dialysis patients; report of four cases].
AB  - Four cases of urothelial tumors diagnosed during hemodialysis were reported.
      Patients' ages ranged from 43 to 74 years old. One case was female and others
      were male. Durations of dialysis at the time of diagnosis were 13 to 24 months.
      Chief complaints of these four cases were gross hematuria. One case with bladder
      tumor underwent emergency operation because of repeated bladder tamponade.
      Partial cystectomy was performed on this case. Other two cases with bladder tumor
      were treated with endoscopic method. Simple nephrectomy was done in the case with
      renal pelvic tumor. Post operative course in all four cases were uneventful
      without major complications.

PMID- 2287109
TI  - [Biochemical, molecular biological and immunohistochemical studies on androgen
      receptors in human Leydig cells].
AB  - The possible existence of androgen receptors (ARs) in human Leydig cells was
      examined by means of a biochemical AR assay, Western blot analysis, Northern blot
      analysis and immunohistochemistry. Percoll gradients were utilized to isolate
      highly purified Leydig cells from human testicular tissue. After these cells were
      confirmed to retain their morphological and biochemical integrity, they were used
      for the AR assay, Western blot analysis and Northern blot analysis. ARs in the
      purified Leydig cells were measured using 3H-methyltrienolone as the labeled
      ligand. A high affinity AR was detected in total cell extracts of both purified
      Leydig cells and whole testicular tissues, but the Bmax was less in the former
      than the latter. In Western blot analysis with anti-human AR (hAR) monoclonal
      antibody, two bands, different in molecular weight, were positively stained.
      These two 97 kDa and 80 kDa proteins were thought to be the specific AR proteins
      which were translated from the first and second initiation site of hAR cDNA,
      respectively. Northern blot analysis of RNA from purified Leydig cells as well as
      RNAs from prostatic and total testicular tissues proved the presence of AR using
      the hAR cDNA probe, and showed that the molecular size of AR mRNA is about 9.5
      kb. Immunoreactive ARs in the human testicular tissue with anti-hAR monoclonal
      antibody were found predominantly in the nuclei of Leydig cells, suggesting that
      ARs, like other steroid receptors, exist mainly in nuclei of them. These findings
      provided the evidence that ARs are present in human Leydig cells and suggested
      that some local auto-regulations may exist in the human testis.

PMID- 2287108
TI  - [Hypospadias].

PMID- 2287110
TI  - [Analyses of factors contributing to the erectile dysfunction with aging by
      nocturnal penile tumescence, penile blood pressure index and papaverine test].
AB  - To evaluate the factors contributing to the decline in erectile function with
      age, we performed measurement of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) and penile
      vascular examinations in 407 men. The following results were obtained. 1) The
      penile circumferential increment during NPT measured by an erectometer was
      gradually decreased with age, especially markedly after 60 years of age. The
      percentage of subjects in whom the NPT was less than 10 mm increased with age:
      2.7% in the 5th decade, 7.1% in the 6th decade, 16.7% in the 7th decade and 29.1%
      in the 8th decade. These findings indicate that the incidence of organic erectile
      dysfunction increased with age. 2) To evaluate the penile vascular status,
      measurement of penile blood pressure index (PBPI) and papaverine test were
      performed. The mean PBPI values were significantly decreased in the subjects over
      70 years of age. The percentage of subjects having good response to papaverine
      injection obviously decreased with age: 66.7% between 50 to 59 years, 48.6%
      between 60 to 69 years, and 15.8% of over 70 years. All subjects in whom the NPT
      was less than 10 mm showed either a low PBPI level of less than 0.6 or an
      incomplete response to papaverine injection. These results suggest that penile
      vascular impairment plays a major role in the age-associated decline in erectile
      function. 3) We investigated the relationship between cigarette smoking and
      penile vascular impairment. Smokers showed not only lower PBPI values but higher
      incidence of the incomplete response to papaverine injection than nonsmokers.
      Therefore, it is considered that cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor
      in the erectile dysfunction that occurred in the aged.

PMID- 2287111
TI  - [Bone mineral content after successful renal transplantation].
AB  - In the present investigation, serial measurements of bone mineral content before
      and after successful renal transplantation were evaluated by single photon
      absorptiometry, using a Bone Mineral Analyser (Norland Corp., USA). Twenty-four
      renal transplant recipients, whose grafts were well functioning for more than 6
      months, were the subjects of this study; they were divided into two groups: one
      was AZP group which includes 12 patients receiving azathioprine and high dose of
      steroid and another was CYA group which includes 12 patients receiving
      cyclosporin A and low dose steroid as immunosuppressants. In both groups patients
      were similar in regard to age, source of donor, duration on dialysis prior to
      transplant. Variation rate of bone mineral content was calculated as follows: b
      a/a x 100 (a; value before transplantation, b; value after transplantation).
      Nonpaired t-test was used when comparing the values of both groups. The results
      were as follows: 1) AZP group showed no improvement of BMC after 24 months, but
      only one patient showed improvement of BMC after 36 months. 2) In CYA group,
      improvement of BMC was found in 5 out of 11 patients after 12 months, in 7 out of
      10 patients after 24 months and in 4 out of 4 patients after 36 months. 3) The
      cumulative dose of methyl-prednisolone was significantly lower in CYA group than
      in AZP group both one and three months after transplantation (p less than 0.001).
      It is concluded that the cumulative dose of methyl-prednisolone may have an
      important factor in the recovery of bone.

PMID- 2287112
TI  - [Urodynamic characteristics during animal hypnosis in the rabbit].
AB  - In animal experiments, in assessing the vesicourethral function, it is desirable
      to keep the micturition reflex in a physiologic state. Most anesthetics used to
      immobilize the animals tend to suppress the micturition reflex. An alternative
      means is decerebration. However, a decerebrate animal is not easily prepared.
      Instead of anesthesia or decerebration, we applied animal hypnosis to rabbits for
      immobilization. The urodynamic characteristics during animal hypnosis were
      compared with those under anesthesia. Twenty male rabbits weighting 2.5 to 3.0 kg
      were used. Animal hypnosis was produced by placing the rabbit on its back and
      restraining it in a V-shape trough and maintaining it there until it relaxed.
      Under hypnosis, cystometry was performed by the suprapubic route. The external
      sphincter EMG was recorded simultaneously with bladder pressure using a needle
      electrode. The urethral pressure profile was also measured during hypnosis. These
      measurements were repeated under anesthesia induced by intravenous pentobarbital
      injection (30 mg/kg). Furthermore, the hypnotic degree was assessed from
      respiratory rate and pupil size during these urodynamic measurements. In the
      rabbit, hypnosis began within 1 min and lasted for 30 to 60 min. During hypnosis,
      insertion of a catheter, pricking with a needle electrode and suprapubic puncture
      did not interrupt the immobility. Urodynamic study under animal hypnosis showed
      that, as bladder volume increased, the sphincter EMG activity increased and that
      the EMG activity ceased with bladder contraction. Bladder contraction coincided
      with the expulsion of saline from the urethral meatus. The maximal bladder
      pressure during micturition was 23.5 +/- 8.0 mmHg. The maximal bladder capacity
      at which the micturition reflex occurred was 41.4 +/- 22.3 ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287113
TI  - [Experience with transurethral uretero-nephrolithotripsy using flexible nephro
      ureteroscope].
AB  - Disintegration of urinary stones by electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) under
      transurethral flexible nephro-ureteroscopy was performed for 39 renal and
      ureteral stones in 38 patients. The use of a ureteral guide tube facilitated the
      endoscopic manipulation and allowed the endoscope to access the stones in all
      cases except for two with a severe ureteral stricture. Thirty-seven of the 39
      stones (94.9%) were successfully disintegrated and 35 stones (89.7%) were
      distracted. And 33 stones were completely excreted within 6 months (average, 27.9
      days). Complications including ureteral perforation in 3 cases, one of whom
      required open ureterolithotomy, urinary extravasation in one, failure of removing
      the ureteral stent in one and perirenal abscess in one who underwent surgical
      incision. The transurethral flexible endoscope provides a clear vision in the
      whole urinary tract up to the renal calyx with a minimal complication. This
      technique could be used as a non-invasive treatment of urolithiasis adjunct to
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and also it could be an effective
      measure for other urological diseases such as the upper urinary tract tumors.

PMID- 2287114
TI  - [The changes of serum gamma-Sm level in acute prostatitis].
AB  - gamma-Sm, the specific antigen of the prostate, is useful for the diagnosis and
      following-up of prostatic cancer. It is recognized as the tumor marker. The serum
      gamma-Sm is increased in some cases of acute prostatitis. We evaluated the serum
      gamma-Sm in patients with acute prostatitis. Serum gamma-Sm, PAP, CRP and WBC
      count were measured before treatment with antibiotics and 3 to 5 days and 1 week
      thereafter. In the acute phase of inflammation (before treatment) serum gamma-Sm
      increased in 62.5% of the cases. Then it decreased quickly and was within the
      normal range 3 to 5 days later. This change of serum gamma-Sm is similar to that
      of WBC count, fever and urinalysis. But the decrease of serum gamma-Sm is earlier
      than that of CRP. PAP does not increase in any phase of inflammation. It suggests
      that the serum gamma-Sm reflects cell damages of the prostatic gland or increased
      permeability due to prostatitis.

PMID- 2287116
TI  - [A study on the intratubular androgen receptor in male infertility].
AB  - In order to investigate the presence of androgen insensitivity in patients with
      male infertility, intratubular androgen receptor (AR) was measured in patients
      with idiopathic oligozoospermia and azoospermia. The specimens were obtained by
      testicular biopsy or orchiectomy from 56 patients with oligozoospermia and 5 with
      azoospermia for clinical study, and 17 with varicocele, 22 with vas disorders and
      prostatic cancer, which had a mean germinal epithelium score count of 8.5 or
      greater by the method of Johnsen (JSC) for deciding the cut-off levels, as the
      control group. Intratubular AR was measured by a 5-point micro-receptor assay, an
      exchange assay with the DCC method, using 40 microliters of each sample extract
      and 3H-methyltrienolone as the ligand. The genital skin AR assay was also
      conducted simultaneously in 34 patients. The results were as follows: 1) No
      significant correlation was noted between intratubular ARs and genital skin ARs.
      2) The maximum binding (Bmax) of AR in the total intratubular extract was
      intermediate between that of the cytosol fraction and the nuclear extract. 3)
      Significant correlation was noted between the Bmax of ARs by the micro-receptor
      assay and those by the conventional assay. 4) The Bmax of AR in the control group
      (n = 22) was 30.38 +/- 9.89 fmol/mg protein (mean +/- S.D.) and was over 11
      fmol/mg protein in all cases. Therefore, 11 fmol/mg protein was decided as the
      cut-off level for androgen insensitivity. 5) Comparative studies were undertaken
      between two groups, i.e., low AR group and normal AR group, with AR as a
      parameter for male infertility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287115
TI  - [Urinary FDP D-dimer and E fragments in renal transplantation].
AB  - Both D-dimer and E fragments in urinary FDP were determined in renal
      transplantation patients. Urinary D-dimer fragments increased in 14 out of 20
      acute rejections (70.0%) and in 6 out of 18 chronic rejections (33.3%). Urinary E
      fragments increased in 8 out of 9 acute rejections (88.9%) and in 4 out of 5
      chronic rejections (80.0%). It is suggested that urinary FDP-E fragment is a
      better indicator to detect or predict rejection than the whole Urinary FDP. The
      appearance of D-dimer in the urine indicates intravascular coagulation in
      glomeruli followed by a secondary fibrinolysis in the course of the rejection
      reaction. The urinary D-dimer/FDP ratio which was used as the indicator of
      fibrinolytic activity in glomeruli was obtained in various conditions of renal
      transplants. The ratios were relatively high in the urines from well functioning
      grafts. This ratio deteriorated at the onset of rejection crisis and tended to go
      upward during the course of the recovery when the rejection was reversible. In
      the cases of irreversible acute rejection and chronic rejection, these ratios
      remained at a low level. D-dimer/FDP ratio might be useful indicator to predict
      the reversibility of rejection and the prognosis of renal allograft. Furthermore,
      these findings suggest that fibrinolytic and thrombolytic therapy by the tissue
      type plasminogen activator (t-PA) along with immunosuppressive drugs might be
      more effective for the treatment of these rejections.

PMID- 2287118
TI  - [Study on nucleolar organizer regions in bladder neoplasm].
AB  - Quantification of the argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs), using a
      one-step silver colloid method, was made in proliferative urothelial lesions
      including neoplasm of the rat urinary bladder induced by 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4
      hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) and of the human urinary bladder. The mean
      numbers of AgNORs in various experimental lesions in rats given BBN for 5-30
      weeks in drinking water were: nontreated urothelium (n = 6), 1.26 +/- 0.09;
      urothelium outside focal lesions (n = 10), 1.75 +/- 0.10; simple hyperplasia (n =
      10), 2.01 +/- 0.15; papillary or nodular (PN) hyperplasia (n = 10), 2.15 +/-
      0.19; papilloma (n = 5), 2.37 +/- 0.12; and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) (n
      = 5), 3.52 +/- 0.23. There was a significant difference in the mean number of
      AgNORs between any two groups (p less than 0.05), except for simple hyperplasia
      vs PN hyperplasia (p = 0.085). In various proliferative lesions of human biopsy
      and resected samples, the mean numbers of AgNORs were normal urothelium (n = 8),
      1.71 +/- 0.08; proliferative cystitis (n = 14), 1.79 +/- 0.18; hyperplasia (n =
      8), 1.76 +/- 0.23; mild dysplasia (n = 5), 2.15 +/- 0.36; moderate dysplasia (n =
      13), 2.61 +/- 0.27; severe dysplasia (n = 6), 3.46 +/- 0.57; G0 of TCC (n = 9),
      1.95 +/- 0.17; G1 of TCC (n = 16), 2.39 +/- 0.20; G2 of TCC (n = 21), 3.33 +/-
      0.31; G3 of TCC (n = 15), 4.68 +/- 0.51; and carcinoma in situ of TCC (n = 10),
      3.61 +/- 0.52.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287117
TI  - [Results of 144 cadaveric kidney transplants].
AB  - One hundred and forty-four patients primarily receiving kidneys from cadaver
      donors between Jan., 1978 and Oct., 1989, were reviewed. The patients' ages
      ranged 14-53 with a mean +/- S.D. of 34.7 +/- 8.0 years old. There were 100 males
      and 44 females. Twenty kidneys were harvested from heart-beating donors and 124
      from non-heart-beating donors. In harvest from non-heart-beating donors, we
      performed in situ cooling through a double balloon catheter placed in the aorta
      to minimize prolonged warm ischemia. The number of matched HLA A, B antigens was
      (mean +/- S.D.) 1.7 +/- 0.8 antigens and for HLA DR antigens, it was 1.2 +/- 0.5.
      One hundred and nineteen of the 144 recipients have had a history of blood
      transfusion preoperatively. The patients were treated with four different
      immunosuppressive protocols; regimen I consisting of horse antilymphocyte
      globulin (ALG), regimen II of large-dose (14 mg/kg/day) of cyclosporin (CsA) and
      steroid, regimen IIIa of low-dose (4 mg/kg/day) of CsA, steroid and a short
      course of ALG (500 mg/day) and regimen IIIb of low-dose (6 mg/kg/day) of CsA,
      steroid and a short course of ALG (1000 mg/day). Fifteen patients received
      regimen I therapy from Jan., 1978 to Nov., 1982, 49 received regimen II from
      Nov., 1982 to Dec., 1986, 23 received regimen IIIa from Jan., 1987 to Dec., 1987
      and 57 received regimen IIIb from Jan., 1988 to Oct., 1989.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287119
TI  - [Urodynamic study of the upper urinary tract in the state of ureteral stenting-
      diuresis renography].
AB  - On 24 reno-ureteral units of 21 patients with a silicon ureteral stent,
      urodynamic study of the upper urinary tract was performed by diuresis
      radionuclide urography (DRU). We obtained the following conclusions. 1. A silicon
      stent was useful to maintain urinary stream in ureteral operation. 2. In
      extrinsic ureteral stricture due to pelvic malignant tumor, pattern of DRU was
      still poor after indwelling stent. 3. When a stent of the 5-8F's outer diameter
      was used for an adult, a too thick stent for the ureteral size might rather
      interrupt the urinary stream. 4. Patterns of DRU and GFR measured by Gates'
      method in the state of ureteral stenting could warns that hydronephrotic kidney
      may develop.

PMID- 2287120
TI  - [The brain stem function in patients with brain bladder--clinical evaluation
      using dynamic CT scan and auditory brainstem response].
AB  - A syndrome of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) is occasionally found in
      patients with brain bladder. To evaluate the brain stem function in cases of
      brain bladder, urodynamic study, dynamic CT scan of the brain stem (DCT) and
      auditory brainstem response (ABR) were performed. The region of interest of DCT
      aimed at the posterolateral portion of the pons. The results were analysed in
      contrast with the presence of DSD in urodynamic study. DCT studies were performed
      in 13 cases with various brain disease and 5 control cases without neurological
      diseases. Abnormal patterns of the time-density curve consisted of low peak
      value, prolongation of filling time and low rapid washout ratio (low clearance
      ratio) of the contrast medium. Four of 6 cases with DSD showed at least one of
      the abnormal patterns of the time-density curve bilaterally. In 7 cases without
      DSD none showed bilateral abnormality of the curve and in 2 of 7 cases only
      unilateral abnormality was found. ABR was performed in 8 patients with brain
      diseases. The interpeak latency of the wave I-V (I-V IPL) was considered to be
      prolonged in 2 cases with DSD compared to that of 4 without DSD. In 2 cases with
      DSD who had normal DCT findings, measurement of the I-V IPL was impossible due to
      abnormal pattern of the ABR wave. Above mentioned results suggests the presence
      of functional disturbance at the posterolateral portion of the pons in cases of
      brain bladder with DSD.

PMID- 2287121
TI  - [A case of carcinosarcoma originating from the renal pelvis].
AB  - The first case of carcinosarcoma originating from the renal pelvis in Japan is
      reported. A fifty-five year old woman was admitted to the hospital on July 13,
      1987, complaining of a one-year history of lumbago. On physical examination, a
      mass of child's head size was palpable in the right loin. There were other
      palpable masses in the posterior head (8 x 8 cm), left anterior chest (3 x 3 cm)
      and sacral region (3 x 3 cm). A chest X-ray showed multiple pulmonary metastases
      and an excretory urogram revealed a non-visualizing right kidney. Computed
      tomogram and renal angiogram suggested right renal tumor. Right renal arterial
      embolization with ethanol sclerosing was performed. She had previously undergone
      biopsy of the sacral lesion at another hospital, histological examinations of
      which pointed to suspected carcinosarcoma. She was treated by a combination
      chemotherapy with vincristine, adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. Despite one
      course of chemotherapy, her general condition deteriorated with progression of
      metastatic lesions in the regions other than the lungs. She died of the disease
      on december 9, 1987. Autopsy was performed. Sections of the right kidney showed a
      transitional cell carcinoma in-situ with squamous and glandular differentiation
      in addition to the chondrosarcoma. The metastases were found in the liver, lung
      and bone, all of which consisted of chondrosarcoma. On the other hand skin
      metastases consisted of both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. The
      pathological specimens were reviewed at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology,
      Washington, D.C.

PMID- 2287122
TI  - Intracellular recording of rat neuron activity at the medial preoptic area of the
      hypothalamus using triangular wave microelectrode oscillation.
AB  - A triangular wave microelectrode oscillating apparatus was constructed to
      evaluate an intracellular recording of rat neuron activity in the medial preoptic
      area (POA) of the hypothalamus. In this apparatus, electrodes passed a current
      with a frequency of 1.0 to 1.8 kHz and a voltage of 2.2 to 3.2 V and produced
      micro-oscillation of the electrode tip. The electrode was inserted into a neuron
      of the rat POA in vivo. In vivo recording of the activity of the rat POA neuron
      was possible. By means of electrical stimulation of the median eminence arcuate
      of the hypothalamus, an intracellular recording of antidromic, orthodromic or non
      responding neuron was also possible. As a result, various components of the
      action potential such as the resting, threshold and spike potentials, and
      depolarization and repolarization such as after-hyperpolarization and after
      depolarization were observed. The resting potentials ranged from 45 to 90 mV, and
      POA neurons possessed action potentials of almost the same magnitude. Several
      problems, however, remain to be solved. In general, the time available for the
      intracellular recordings is too short. The cells survive only for 15 minutes at
      the longest and may die in only a few minutes. An improvement of the apparatus
      was mandatory.

PMID- 2287123
TI  - The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a Holstein-Friesian cow.
AB  - A case of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome in a Holstein-Freisian cow aged 10
      year-old was examined in detail. In electrocardiogram (ECG), the P-wave was the
      same configuration in both the normal and abnormal ECG. The PR-interval shortened
      from 0.2 to 0.1 second and the duration of the QRS-complex prolonged from 0.1 to
      0.12 second compared with normal ECG. The delta wave, characterized in WPW
      syndrome, could not be recognized. In echocardiogram, notches were recognized at
      the early stage of ventricular contraction in the interventricular septum. This
      cow was, therefore, diagnosed as type B WPW syndrome. The abnormal ECG
      disappeared by the administration of procainamide. It was strongly indicated that
      the ventricular contraction showing abnormal ECG was generated only by the
      stimulation through an accessory pathway in this cow.

PMID- 2287124
TI  - Isolation of saprophytic Cryptococcus neoformans.
AB  - Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans was carried out on sunflower seed agar
      medium (SFA) and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). Out of 346 environmental
      substrates (133 fruits, 107 avian extreta, 91 vegetables and 15 wooden scrapings)
      tested, 3 specimens were positive for C. neoformans. The positive isolations came
      from the fruits of 2 banana (Musa sapientum) and a potato tuber (Solnum
      tuberosum). The pathogen could not be demonstrated in 107 samples of avian
      droppings and 15 of wooden materials. All the 3 isolates of the yeast were
      obtained on SFA, while they were not cultured on the plates of SDA with
      chloramphenicol which were badly contaminated with rapidly growing molds, yeasts
      and bacteria. To the present author's knowledge, this appears to be the first
      reports of the isolation of this pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast from
      contaminated fruits of banana. We suggest more comprehensive ecological surveys
      to search for environmental niche of C. neoformans var. neoformans and C.
      neoformans var. gattii as the latter variety is also implicated in the etiology
      of cryptococcosis.

PMID- 2287125
TI  - Seasonal distribution of bovine coccidia in beef cattle herd in the university
      farm.
AB  - Fecal samples (2,019) from cattle in the university farm, Tohoku University, were
      examined for coccidian oocysts from April 1986 to January 1987, and 19.3% of them
      was positive for Eimeria spp. Thirteen Eimeria species were identified. Eimeria
      bovis (25.7%) was the most dominant species, followed by E. auburnensis (17.6%),
      E. canadensis (14.5%), E. alabamensis (9.7%), E. ellipsoidalis (8.1%), E. zuernii
      (7.0%), E. bukidnonensis (5.4%), E. brasiliensis (3.9%), E. cylindrica (1.3%), E.
      illinoiensis (0.4%), and E. pellita (0.2%). Fecal samples positive for coccidial
      oocysts amounted to 12.9% and 26.7% on average during grazing on pasture and
      loose housing, respectively.

PMID- 2287126
TI  - Effects of isoprothiolane and phytosterol on lipogenesis and lipolysis in
      adipocytes from rats of dietary fat necrosis.
AB  - To study effects of isoprothiolane and phytosterol on dietary fat necrosis, 3
      groups of rats were fed hardened-tallow (HT) diet. Two groups of rats received
      either isoprothiolane (50 mg/kg) or phytosterol (20 mg/kg) orally once a day
      consecutively for 10 weeks. One group of rats received standard diet (CE-2) as a
      control. Fat necrotic lesions were observed in epididymal and perirenal adipose
      tissues from all rats in the 3 groups fed HT diet. Rats with fat necrosis were
      characterized by visceral type obesity and saturation in fatty acid composition
      of triglyceride in adipose tissue. The highest glucose conversion to total lipids
      was seen in adipocytes from the rats given phytosterol. There was no lipolytic
      response to epinephrine stimulation (1-100 microM) in adipocytes from the rats
      given only HT diet, while similar response of adipocytes from the 2 groups
      treated with either drug to those from the rats fed standard diet was observed.
      The levels of total saturated fatty acids of phospholipid in adipose tissue from
      the rats given either drug were lower than that of the rats given only HT diet.
      These data suggest that either drug alters fatty acid composition of phospholipid
      in fat cell membrane and enhances lipolysis of the cells.

PMID- 2287127
TI  - Properties of tumor infiltrated cells induced by N-CWS.
AB  - Analysis of surface marker of cells after intratumor injection with Nocardia
      rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS) resulted in gradually increasing percentage of
      macrophage, Pan T and BoCD4+ cells. Proportion of BoCD8+ cells gradually
      increased from 4th day and then decreased from 8th day after the injection. Fresh
      tumor infiltrated cells obtained from lymphatic nodule at 8 days after injection
      of N-CWS showed cytotoxic activity against bovine leukemia cell line, but this
      activity decreased with the time of cultivation and no activity could be detected
      after 14 days cultivation. These cultured cells were injected twice to lymphatic
      nodule at one week interval for adoptive immunotherapy and found to induce
      complete regression of nodule after 5 weeks from first injection.

PMID- 2287128
TI  - Contribution of live heartworms harboring in pulmonary arteries to pulmonary
      hypertension in dogs with dirofilariasis.
AB  - To investigate whether adult heartworms harboring in the pulmonary arteries
      contribute to pulmonary hypertension, we determined the cardio-pulmonary values
      immediately before and after removal of heartworms from the pulmonary arteries
      and before and after insertion of live worms in their place. In 10 heartworm
      infected dogs, 8 to 46 worms were removed. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure
      fell significantly from 24.5 +/- 7.9 mmHg to 16.3 +/- 4.9 mmHg (p less than 0.01)
      immediately after removal. The right cardiac output decreased in 7 of the 10
      cases. The total pulmonary resistance and right ventricular stroke work index
      also decreased. At 24 hours after removal, live heartworms were put back into the
      pulmonary arteries of their host dog. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure
      elevated significantly (p less than 0.01) immediately after insertion. The right
      cardiac output further decreased in 7 of the 10 dogs, and the total pulmonary
      resistance and right ventricular stroke work index increased. Separate from this,
      12 to 42 heartworms were transplanted into the pulmonary arteries of 5 heartworm
      free dogs. Immediately after transplantation, the pulmonary arterial pressure did
      not show any significant change. However, the stroke volume decreased, and the
      total pulmonary resistance increased. These facts suggest a contribution of live
      heartworms to the pulmonary hypertension, although there is a complicated
      interaction among the presence of heartworms, the pulmonary lesions and the
      pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2287129
TI  - Identification of staphylococci from bovine mastitis and an examination of their
      susceptibility to antibiotics and beta-lactamase production.
AB  - Strains of Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine mastitic milk at 66 dairy
      farms in Japan during the period from November 1988 to May 1989 were identified,
      and examined for their drug susceptibility and beta-lactamase production in order
      to clarify an epidemiological aspect of bovine mastitis caused by staphylococci.
      The results of bacteriological identification showed that the most predominant
      species was S. xylosus. Other major species isolated were S. aureus, S. sciuri
      and S. hyicus. Thirty-eight (71.7%) isolates of S. xylosus, 21 (45.7%) of S.
      aureus and 5 (71.4%) of S. epidermidis were positive for beta-lactamase
      production. Most of the beta-lactamase-producers of S. aureus were classified as
      high producers, although all of the beta-lactamase-positive S. xylosus isolates
      remained to be low producers. All isolates of S. aureus were sensitive to
      methicillin and cloxacillin at 6.25 micrograms/ml and 1.56 micrograms/ml,
      respectively, and none of methicillin-resistant S. aureus were detected. Isolates
      of other species were considered to be susceptible to 6 beta-lactams, in contrast
      to human isolates, but antibacterial activities of penicillin G and ampicillin
      were affected more strongly by beta-lactamase than those of methicillin,
      cloxacillin, cefazolin and cefoperazone.

PMID- 2287130
TI  - Prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in crows (Corvus levaillantii, Corvus
      corone) and serogroups of the isolates.
AB  - A total of 500 fecal droppings of crows collected from a seashore of an ocean bay
      and from a cemetery on a hill surrounded by a forest were examined for
      thermophilic campylobacters, and the Skirrow's biovars and Penner's serogroups of
      the isolates were determined. The organisms were isolated from 169 (62.6%) of 270
      seashore crow samples and 106 (46.1%) of 230 cemetery crow samples. During the
      investigation period from May 1986 to April 1987, the monthly isolation rate of
      thermophilic campylobacters in the seashore crow varied from 32.0 to 85.0%. C.
      jejuni, C. coli, and C. laridis were isolated from 150, 21 and 14 samples,
      respectively. In case of the cemetery crow, the monthly isolation rate varied
      from 20.0 to 75.0%, and C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. laridis were detected from 80,
      12 and 16 samples, respectively. Among 192 strains of C. jejuni selected from 98
      seashore and 57 cemetery crow samples, 106 (93.0%) of 114 seashore crow strains
      and 69 (88.5%) of 78 cemetery crow strains were identified as Skirrow's biovar I.
      Of 192 strains of C. jejuni serogrouped, 169 strains were classified into 20
      serogroups. The Penner's serogroup 2, one of common serogroups among poultry and
      human isolates in Japan, was the most predominant in crow strains.

PMID- 2287131
TI  - Correlation between haptoglobin and sialic acid or mucoprotein in diseased bovine
      serum.
AB  - The correlation between haptoglobin (Hp) and mucoprotein or sialic acid in sera
      from diseased cattle was examined to evaluate the clinical application of serum
      Hp. First, the ranges of mucoprotein, sialic acid and hemoglobin binding capacity
      (HbBC) of 46 healthy cattle were determined. Then, levels of these reactants in
      35 cattle suffering from various diseases were measured. The frequency of the
      abnormal values was 94.3% in mucoprotein, 45.7% in sialic acid and 82.9% in HbBC
      in diseased cattle. There was a significant correlation between mucoprotein and
      sialic acid, and between HbBC and mucoprotein or sialic acid. Some correlation
      between mucoprotein and neutrophils or alpha-globulin was also observed. In spite
      of high levels of mucoprotein and sialic acid, lower HbBC than expected levels
      were often observed in inflammatory disorders. Such cases might be complicated
      with some hemolytic disorders such as piroplasmosis. Determining serum HbBC
      together with other acute phase reactants might be useful for evaluating
      inflammatory diseases complicated with hemolytic disorders.

PMID- 2287132
TI  - Susceptibility of rough-coated collies to milbemycin oxime.

PMID- 2287133
TI  - Incidence for transuterine migration of embryos in the dog.

PMID- 2287134
TI  - Serotypes of Pasteurella multocida isolates from rabbits and their environment in
      Japan.

PMID- 2287135
TI  - A simple and cheap methods for measuring serum vitamin A in cattle using only a
      spectrophotometer.

PMID- 2287136
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against chicken monocytic leukemia cell line.

PMID- 2287137
TI  - Serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in cattle with inflammatory disease and that
      after operation.

PMID- 2287138
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Eperythrozoon
      wenyoni in cattle.

PMID- 2287139
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quinidine sulfate following direct
      injection to the abomasum in healthy cows.

PMID- 2287140
TI  - Clinicopathological observations on calves with enzootic goiter.

PMID- 2287141
TI  - Histological classification of 62 spontaneous mesotheliomas in F344 rats.

PMID- 2287142
TI  - Detection of Balantidium coli from evacuated feces in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca
      fascicularis).

PMID- 2287143
TI  - Preparation of antiserum against carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) immunoglobulin and its
      application for immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 2287144
TI  - Clinico-hematological observation of calves experimentally infected with
      Theileria sergenti.

PMID- 2287145
TI  - Diarrhea due to "attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (O 26)" infection in a
      calf.

PMID- 2287147
TI  - Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of hypertensive urgencies and
      emergencies.
AB  - Hypertensive crises constitute a group of distinct clinico-pathological entities
      in which rapid control of hypertension is indicated to previous serious
      complications. Although systemic blood pressure is invariably elevated in these
      conditions, it is the status of the target organ function which determines the
      need for urgent reduction of blood pressure. The physicians should be cognizant
      of the pathophysiological basis of hypertensive crises so that rational
      therapeutic choices can be made. The chief objective should be to arrest and, if
      possible, to reverse the target organ damage. Once the diagnosis of hypertensive
      crisis is evident, the blood pressure should be lowered quickly while paying
      careful attention to the cardiovascular, neurologic, and renal function. Several
      potent, parentally effective antihypertensive drugs such as nitroprusside,
      labetalol, and nicardipine are available to produce an immediate fall in blood
      pressure. The choice of drug therapy should be made on the basis of the
      pharmacodynamic and clinical effects, advantages, and disadvantages. Once the
      emergency situation is resolved, the etiology of hypertensive crisis should be
      considered.

PMID- 2287146
TI  - Tailoring the cranio-orbital approach.
AB  - The various modifications and variations of the cranio-orbital approach have been
      recently described; the author uses different modifications according to the
      location, size and extent of the lesion. Some of the prime indications for these
      modifications are presented herein.

PMID- 2287148
TI  - Pharmacotherapy of depression: the American current status.
AB  - This paper is a brief review which deals with research findings, clinical issues,
      and strategies in the pharmacotherapy of clinical depression. The author
      introduces antidepressants which are currently available in the United States.
      They include heterocyclic antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants and second
      generation antidepressants), monoamine oxidase inhibitors, lithium,
      carbamazepine, and others. Under the description of each drug category,
      therapeutic and side effects are briefly discussed in the context of psychiatric
      practice in America. Then, the author gives a birds eye view of American
      pharmacotherapy of using antidepressants in acute, maintenance, and prophylactic
      treatments of depression.

PMID- 2287149
TI  - The classification of the low birth-weight infants from the viewpoint of mental
      development.
AB  - Periodical checkups on 206 infants were carried out in order to elucidate which
      of various factors would pose decisive influence upon the retardation of mental
      development after birth with the AIKEN method. Correlations between average DQ
      (development quotient) and figures of physical measurements at birth were sought
      after. Consequently, weeks of gestation, body weight, cephalic circumference and
      body length at birth revealed certain correlation with the retardation of mental
      development. Multiple regression analysis disclosed highly significant
      correlations of body length and cephalic circumference toward the birth weight.
      Therefore, both weeks of gestation and birth weight are the direct contributory
      factors to average development quotient. Based on this result, a prediction
      equation for the mental development after birth has been proposed. Low average DQ
      was found in high percentages among infants born with toxemia of pregnancy or
      premature rupture of membranes. However, it is suggested that they are not the
      direct causes of such retardation, but are rather provoking short weeks of
      gestation and low birth weight. In summary, the newborn with less than 37 weeks
      of gestation and below 2,000 grams of birth weight would be named and classified
      as a SFD (small for dates) with the problem for mental development (MD-SFD).

PMID- 2287150
TI  - Effect of a stromal cell derived hematopoietic factor on human bone marrow
      progenitor cells.
AB  - Conditioned media (KM-102CM and KM-103CM) obtained from two different human bone
      marrow stromal cell lines (KM-102 and KM-103) were analysed for their ability to
      stimulate human hematopoietic stem cells. Both KM-102CM and KM-103CM stimulate
      the formation of granulocyte-monocyte colony forming unit (CFU-C) and erythroid
      burst forming unit (BFU-E) colonies in the presence of erythropoietin, and also
      maintain the long term proliferation of stem cells in vitro. When KM-102CM and KM
      103CM were fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and treated with
      antiserum against granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) these
      colony stimulating activity (CSA) and burst promoting activity (BPA) contained in
      these media were neutralized by the antiserum and thus proved to be basically
      identical to GM-CSF. These results showed that the GM-CSF produced by the marrow
      stromal cells can maintain and proliferate the hematopoietic progenitor cells in
      the long term and thus gave us an evidence of one of the regulatory functions of
      the marrow stromal cells in hematopoiesis.

PMID- 2287152
TI  - The role of preventive medicine in developing countries.
AB  - In trying to demonstrate the importance of preventive medicine in health care
      promotion, previous studies involving prevention and control of diseases have
      been discussed. Preventive medicine is also urged as the best method to help
      promoting health especially in the developing countries. Developed countries are
      urged to support developing countries, materially and financially in promoting
      their health. In terms of cost analysis prevention is an investment in health
      that produce a reduced probability of mortality and/or morbidity, therefore, we,
      investors in the developing countries, have to sacrifice something today in order
      to gain a benefit at a later point in time.

PMID- 2287151
TI  - Chronic immune thrombocytopenia in sarcoidosis.
AB  - We report a 69 year-old female with sarcoidosis who developed chronic
      thrombocytopenia, a rare complication of this disorder. Histologically normal
      bone marrow with increased number of megakaryocytes and high level of PAIgG
      strongly suggest the immune destruction of platelets as the cause of
      thrombocytopenia. In addition to thrombocytopenia, this case is also distinctive
      in its clinical manifestation. The patient developed several infrequent
      manifestations of sarcoidosis including complete AV block, uveitis, skin
      eruptions and middle lobe syndrome, but, did not have an intrathoracic
      adenopathy, the commonest manifestation of this disease.

PMID- 2287153
TI  - [Acute poisoning with household chemicals in childhood and their ambulatory
      medical treatment].
AB  - Starting from the results of intoxications in childhood available at the Central
      Toxicological Information Service representative examples of the assortment of
      domestic chemicals are presented. After a brief characterization of
      toxicologically relevant components the main symptoms of intoxications and
      recommendations for therapeutic procedures in out-patient medical care are
      described. The drug assortment necessary for the first aid of children
      intoxicated by domestic chemicals is discussed.

PMID- 2287154
TI  - [Children after an electric injury. A retrospective 10 year study].
AB  - We analysed the clinical and laboratory findings of 31 patients who had undergone
      electrical injuries and who were treated in our hospital from 1979 to 1988. Only
      in two out of 30 injuries in the low voltage range we found arrhythmias of the
      heart caused by the accident. The paraclinical findings did not show any
      unambiguous pathological values. In accordance with the bibliography we are of
      opinion that children who underwent low voltage electrical shock may be
      considered as not endangered, of the case history is known and if clinical status
      and electrocardiogram are normal, so that they should not stay in hospital.
      Seldom complications and exeptions are mentioned. Because of the higher incidence
      in the early childhood and the special risk by nonprotected sockets measures
      should be propagated to increase the safety in the domestic environment of the
      children.

PMID- 2287155
TI  - [Capillary resistance in premature and newborn infants and its relation to
      hemostatic potential].
AB  - Capillary resistance, platelet count, platelet adhesiveness and aggregation and
      thrombelastogramm (TEG) were studied in 40 healthy newborn infants (term
      eutrophic, preterm eutrophic and hypotropic). The capillary resistance was normal
      in all cases. The physiologic decrease of platelet aggregation in newborns and
      the prolonged clotting time in TEG (hypotrophic infants) were without influence
      on the capillary resistance. An important factor of the normal capillary
      resistance in newborns is normal platelet adhesiveness.

PMID- 2287156
TI  - [Hemoglobin A1 in hypoglycemias in childhood].
AB  - The average HbA1 concentrations of 20 patients with hypoglycaemic diseases were
      not significantly different from metabolically healthy controls. There was also
      no correlation between the HbA1 and the blood glucose levels of these patients.
      Remarkably, two patients which responded to therapy with an increase of blood
      glucose showed also an increase of HbA1.

PMID- 2287157
TI  - [Voiding delay and urinary tract infection in girls. 6. Training to modify
      voiding delay].
AB  - Aside from antimicrobiotic therapy, the training of micturition discipline is an
      inalienable part in preventing urinary tract infections. The delay of voiding
      until imperative desire to urinate must be avoided. The child has to learn to
      urinate immediately when desire is urgent, but further to urinate prospectively
      before new plays are begun. Experiences with this training program are reported.

PMID- 2287158
TI  - [Calculating the progression of deformation scoliosis].
AB  - The authors have developed a mathematical model for the future prognosis of
      structural scoliosis which is based on the research on 97 patients with borne
      structural scoliosis. In order to make this mathematical model reliable, the
      authors propose a multicentrical research.

PMID- 2287159
TI  - [Nursing care for the adolescent (IV). Introduction to the Youth Welfare system
      in Korea].

PMID- 2287160
TI  - [Nursing care for the adolescent (IV). The situation and view of youth
      counseling].

PMID- 2287162
TI  - [A case study of gallbladder stones].

PMID- 2287161
TI  - [Education of nursing administration. Where are we heading?].

PMID- 2287163
TI  - [Report of the 22nd I.C.M. Internation Congress--love, skill and knowledge].

PMID- 2287164
TI  - [90 predictions for the '90s].

PMID- 2287165
TI  - [Nursing management. Strategies for its success].
AB  - In the past, management had been done over nurses rather than nursing and this
      brought the existence of general manager and as a result, nurse-manager's
      position and role are being threatened. For the up-bringing of nursing to firm
      professional recognition in the 21st century, it is firmly believed that nursing
      managers are to be in the position to play the role of general manager with
      professional qualifications, personal qualities and exact understandings on the
      role and function of each tier group under her/his management. 124 top (3 nursing
      superintendents), middle-range (23 supervisors) and unit managers (98 head
      nurses) from 3 university hospitals in Seoul were interviewed in order to
      investigate their belief in the role, professional qualifications, personal
      qualities as well as the strategy for the development of their leadership
      qualities. The frame of reference for the interview were developed by the
      researcher in reference to relevant literatures. It was the common belief that
      qualifications of top-managers and mid-managers require an educational background
      of master's preparation or higher and clinical career for at least 15 years for
      top-managers and 5-10 years for mid-managers. The personal qualities required by
      nurse managers include; leadership, initiative, judgement, self-confidence,
      flexibility, open-mindedness and strong motivation. Achievement-orientedness
      would greatly help them become excellent managers. On the other hand, for more
      effective management, managers of each their group are to fully understand their
      role and perform their job responsibilities ie. Top managers are supposed to
      study with emphasis on organization, function and conceptual skill while mid
      managers concentrate their effort on the development of skills for direction,
      guidance and human relationship.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287166
TI  - [Nursing care for the adolescent (IV). Adolescent and sexual health problems].

PMID- 2287167
TI  - [A study on the mother-infant interaction in teaching and feeding situations].
AB  - This study was conducted to provide the basic information for nursing
      intervention in infant teaching and feeding situation. The subjects were 30 pairs
      of mother and her infant (9 month) who were normally delivered at 3 university
      hospital in Seoul area. The data collection was conducted by observation using
      videotaperecord from September 27, 1989 to February 26, 1990 in their home. The
      measurement tools used by this researcher were Nursing child Assessment Teaching
      scale (NCATS) and Nursing child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS) which was
      developed by Barnard. The higher sum of "yes" score means the higher mother
      infant interaction level. Mother-Infant interaction behaviors in both situations
      were based on 6 subcategories;sensitivity to cue, response to distress, social
      emotional growth fostering, cognitive growth fostering, clarity of + cues, and
      responsiveness to parent. The data collected through above method were analyzed
      by mean and t-test and the results were as follows. 1. The sum of maternal
      behavior score was 40.2 out of 50.0 in teaching situation and 37.9 out of 50.0 in
      feeding situation. Out of the 4 subcategories on maternal behavior in both
      situation, the highest subcategory was shown by response to infant's distress and
      the lowest subcategory by cognitive growth fostering. 2. The sum of infant
      behavior score was 14.7 out of 23 in teaching situation and 17.9 out of 26 in
      feeding situation. Out of the 2 categories on infant behavior in both situation,
      the highest sub category was shown by the clarity of infant's cue in both
      situation. 3. There was a statistical significance between father's educational
      level and mother-infant interaction in teaching situation; college group was
      higher than high school group, particularly in category of sensitivity to
      infant's cue and cognitive growth fostering. 4. There was a statistical
      significance in teaching situation between mother's educational level and mother
      infant interaction; college group was higher than high school group, particularly
      sensitivity to infant cue, social-emotional growth fostering and cognitive
      fostering. 5. There was no statistical difference in between parent educational
      level and mother-infant interaction in feeding situation.

PMID- 2287168
TI  - [The comparative study on parent-adolescent communication between the model
      student family and the delinquent adolescent family].
AB  - This research is based on the communication system theory which considers the
      family as a communication system or a communication network and which understand
      interpersonal relations among family members through a communication. This
      research is intended to define the difference of Parent-Adolescent Child
      communication between the model student family and the delinquent adolescent
      family, and also found the factors affecting parent-adolescent child
      communication. This aims to clarify wether a delinquent behavior is associated
      with family members' relations caused by dysfunctional communication between
      parents and their child, moreover explorate their problem to find the method of
      nursing intervention for prevention and treatment for delinquency. Subjects are
      190 families (570 persons: father, mother, adolescent child) of model high school
      students and 87 families (261 persons) of delinquent adolescents. The employed
      tool is Olson et al's Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PAC, 20 items). The
      followings are the results derived through hypotheses verification. First,
      Comparison of two groups showed a significant difference in Parent-Adolescent
      Communication (t = 2.77, p less than 0.1). In the communication of delinquent
      group showed lower response than the model group. And also communication of the
      model group was more opened and positive (t = 2.41, p less than .05), and showed
      fewer problems (t = 2.06, p less than .05), the delinquent group had more
      problems. 2ndary, the delinquent group showed significantly more disagreement in
      response to variable of PAC than the model group. As analyzing of factors affects
      the Parents-Adolescent Communication, the best method to protect juvenile from
      delinquency are consistent open-hearted, congruent communication with mutual
      concern and warm mind between parents and child. And even though the all family
      don't hardly send together their time for their job, parents have to arrange many
      times to hold communication with children and to listen attentively to and
      respond to them, and so to increase their satisfaction for their parents. In
      conclusion, it seems that delinquent behavior is the outcome caused by
      dysfunctional communication between the parents and the child because of severe
      generation gap at adolescence period when the child needs communication with
      their parents. Therefore, it seems that the delinquent adolescent is the scape
      goat of the family. Finally, it seems that more effective method to solve
      juvenile delinquents increasing day by day, is the family therapy that all family
      members participate than the individual therapy.

PMID- 2287169
TI  - Infective endocarditis due to the CDC group M6 bacillus.
AB  - Although staphylococcal endocarditis has occasionally been associated with a TTP
      like syndrome, a similar syndrome has not been reported with endocarditis due to
      aerobic gram-negative rods. We report a case of subacute bacterial endocarditis
      with a thrombocytopenic syndrome that at first resembled TTP which was due to an
      unusual gram-negative rod. This case emphasizes the need for repeated examination
      of the bacteremic patient to detect the changing murmurs of endocarditis.

PMID- 2287170
TI  - Lung nodules in a heart transplant patient.

PMID- 2287171
TI  - The trauma care system in Tennessee.

PMID- 2287172
TI  - 'Parameters' in the emergency room.

PMID- 2287173
TI  - Biomedical signal processing (in four parts). Part 1. Time-domain methods.
AB  - This is the first of a series of four tutorial papers on biomedical signal
      processing. It provides an introduction to terminology and basic ideas for
      testing for randomness and trend, and for the determination of basic signal
      properties in the time domain, given the uncertainties associated with the
      estimation process. Techniques outlined in the paper are: the coherent average,
      cross-correlation and covariance, autocorrelation and phase-shift averaging.

PMID- 2287174
TI  - Clinical engineering in Italy: the activity of the National Research Council.
AB  - The results of a five-year effort to rationalise the process of acquisition and
      management of medical instrumentation in Italy are reported and discussed. The
      research programme, sponsored by the National Research Council of Italy, was
      completed in 1988 and focused on (1) acquisition of technology by hospitals; (2)
      assessment of performance evaluation and preventive maintenance procedures for
      biomedical equipment; (3) cost analysis of high-technology health services; (4)
      analysis of clinical engineering activities in Italy. The present situation and
      guidelines for the future are outlined. In Italy there are no official positions
      for clinical engineers in public hospitals; however seven health-delivery
      institutions have established some activity in the field and a total of 15
      engineers are involved in it. Despite the obvious advantage shown by the
      experience of these pilot institutions, the field has serious difficulties in
      developing due to the policy of the Ministry of Health and the consequent lack of
      positions. To reach the level of service provided in other European or North
      American countries, Italy would need at least 500 clinical engineers and 2500
      biomedical equipment technicians. However, the lack of professional opportunities
      does not encourage training activities in the field.

PMID- 2287175
TI  - Adaptive spectral analysis of cutaneous electrogastric signals using
      autoregressive moving average modelling.
AB  - The recording of the human gastric myoelectrical activity by means of cutaneous
      electrodes is called electrogastrography (EGG). It provides a noninvasive method
      of studying electrogastric behaviour. The normal frequency of the gastric signal
      is about 0.05 Hz. However, sudden changes of its frequency have been observed and
      are generally considered to be related to gastric motility disorders. Thus,
      spectral analysis, especially online spectral analysis, can serve as a valuable
      tool for practical purposes. The paper presents a new method of the adaptive
      spectral analysis of cutaneous electrogastric signals using autoregressive moving
      average (ARMA) modelling. It is based on an adaptive ARMA filter and provides
      both time and frequency information of the signal. Its performance is
      investigated in comparison with the conventional FFT-based periodogram method.
      Its properties in tracking time-varying instantaneous frequencies are shown. Its
      applications to the running spectral analysis of cutaneous electrogastric signals
      are presented. The proposed adaptive ARMA spectral analysis method is easy to
      implement and is efficient in computations. The results presented in the paper
      show that this new method provides a better performance and is very useful for
      the online monitoring of cutaneous electrogastric signals.

PMID- 2287176
TI  - Power spectra of single infinite fibre extracellular potentials recorded by a
      bipolar electrode.
AB  - The power spectra of bipolarly recorded extracellular action potentials (EAPs)
      generated by an infinite, homogeneous, excitable fibre in an infinite, resistive,
      isotropic and homogeneous volume conductor were theoretically analysed. The
      changes in the power spectrum of EAP, which occurred as a result of alterations
      in the propagation velocity v and duration Tin of the intracellular action
      potential IAP, were analytically determined for bipolar parallel and radial
      electrodes with a small interpole distance. It was found that the sensitivity of
      the spectral characteristics to alterations in v, Tin and/or the IAP asymmetry
      substantially depends on the fibre-electrode distance; information on the IAP
      fast changes, that seems to be lost in unipolar recording as a result of the
      filtering effect of the fibre-electrode distance, can be restored. The
      orientation of the recording electrode need not be taken into account when a
      qualitative analysis is carried out, but when a quantitative analysis has to be
      performed, then the electrode orientation has a significant influence. A method
      is suggested for determination of the fibres' orientation by means of the
      spectrum of EAPs recorded bipolarly. The selectivity of the bipolar electrodes is
      analysed.

PMID- 2287177
TI  - Noise reduction in biological step signals: application to saccadic EOG.
AB  - A weighted filter for noise reduction in nonrecurrent step signals where adaptive
      filtering cannot be applied is described. An optimal correction of a conventional
      finite impulse response (FIR) filter is achieved by using a priori knowledge of
      noise variance and a continuous estimation of the error signal's power. The
      weighted filter provides an optimal compromise between noise filtering and
      distortionless tracking. The prior knowledge required is that of the noise power
      and the lowest frequency in the noise spectrum. Application of the weighted
      filter to the saccadic electro-oculogram (EOG) results in better estimations of
      saccade duration and velocity.

PMID- 2287179
TI  - Improved method for cardiac output determination in man using ultrasound Doppler
      technique.
AB  - An existing ultrasound Doppler method for measuring cardiac output has been
      improved and refined, partly by locating the sampling volume higher up in the
      aorta while still using the aortic ring size as the effective transverse flow
      area. The basis for using this technique is the approximately rectangular
      systolic velocity profile in the aortic orifice in physiologically and
      anatomically normal subjects, and the fact that this profile velocity is
      conserved as the maximum velocity in the ascending aorta for some 3 to 4 cm above
      the valves. This higher location of the sampling volume improves Doppler signal
      quality, and does not reduce the accuracy of the method, as can be confirmed in
      each experimental subject. Together with automatic computer-based online signal
      analysis, the technique employed enables us to make continuous long-term beat-to
      beat measurements of cardiac output in subjects without aortic valve disease or
      grossly deforming disease of the aortic root.

PMID- 2287178
TI  - Effect of air flow and flow transducer on tracheal breath sounds.
AB  - Tracheal breath sounds (TBSs) were analysed in 12 normal adult subjects at the
      air flow levels of 1.6, 2.1 and 2.6 litres-1, using a low-resistance flow
      transducer, and at an estimated flow of 2.1 litres-1 without the flow transducer.
      The major findings were that the TBSs were significantly distorted by the flow
      transducer, but were independent of air flow. We therefore conclude that true
      TBSs can only really be recorded when an oral flow transducer is not used. The
      within-subject reproducibility of TBS was relatively good, while the cross
      subject comparison of TBS showed that each subject produced their own unique
      spectral pattern, although the TBSs of normal subjects fall in a common frequency
      range. Also, inspiratory sounds were significantly lower in peak frequency than
      expiratory TBSs.

PMID- 2287180
TI  - Analysis of macro- and microstructures of normal and pathological tissues by
      ultrasonic backscattering techniques.
AB  - A technique to obtain the spacing distribution of macro- and microstructures of
      hypercholestrolemic liver, lymphoidlucosed liver, rhinosporidium of man and
      ethmoidal tumour of bovine is presented. The method uses signal processing of
      spatially averaged spectra of ultrasonic backscattering from tissues in the
      frequency range 2-8 MHz. The macrostructure is obtained from signal processing of
      spectral modulation amplitude and the microstructure from the frequency
      dependence of backscattering coefficient. The results obtained show good
      correlation with tissue histologies.

PMID- 2287181
TI  - Three-dimensional measurement system for functional arm motion study.
AB  - An easy-to-use and inexpensive system for studying human movement is described
      and applied to the study of arm movement during feeding. A typical time to
      produce kinematic data for an experiment is one hour, including the experiment.
      System error was found to be less than three per cent. Besides the kinematic data
      the system inherently provides for a permanent video copy of the studied
      movement.

PMID- 2287182
TI  - Analysis of excitable cell activation: relative effects of external electrical
      stimuli.
AB  - In the functional electrical stimulation of nerve an expression defined as the
      'activating function' has been introduced to evaluate the propensity for a
      particular fibre to excite. This approach to determine resulting activation is
      only an approximation as it neglects the presence of the fibres on the applied
      field, in contrast to activity determined from a rigorous solution to the core
      conductor/excitable membrane equations. An alternative approach to determining
      relative excitability based on the induced transmembrane potential is presented,
      thereby allowing for current redistribution via the space constant of the target
      fibre. The paper critically examines the approximations made with activating
      functions, and concludes that as currently formulated the activating function has
      limitations in predicting relative excitability under a number of important
      conditions. In contrast, it is the induced (passive) transmembrane potential that
      provides a quantitatively reliable estimate of the tendency for fibres to excite.

PMID- 2287184
TI  - Cell constant of the tetrapolar conductivity cell.
AB  - The factors that specify the cell constant k of the tetrapolar conductivity cell
      are investigated. An equation to predict the value of k from the geometry of the
      cell is derived and validated by measuring the cell constant for different
      geometries in solutions of known resistivity. The constant-current method for
      tetrapolar resistivity measurement is used. The results show that the value of k
      depends only on the cell geometry and is independent of solution resistivity in
      the range of 30-3000 omega cm. Excellent agreement (less than 5 per cent error
      with a correlation coefficient of 0.99) between the predicted and the
      experimentally measured values of the cell constant is obtained, demonstrating
      that the derived expression can be used to predict the tetrapolar conductivity
      cell constant.

PMID- 2287183
TI  - Selective noninvasive electrode to study myoelectric signals.
AB  - The paper describes the design and construction of a selective surface electrode
      for use in a clinical environment. The main criterion of the design was to enable
      the recognition of individual motor unit action potential trains (MUAPTs) at
      moderate force levels. The main features of the electrode are, first, a small
      concentric bipolar arrangement to avoid electrode/muscle fibre alignment problems
      and to allow measurements within a small, well defined probed volume; secondly,
      the non-requirement for conducting paste or gel; and thirdly, the casing acting
      as an earth plate. All of these simplify its use. The results of tests undertaken
      with the electrode showed that it was able to pick up individual MUAPTs at up to
      20 per cent of maximum voluntary contraction from the first dorsal interosseous
      muscle. Tests were carried out on the small hand muscles to further demonstrate
      the usefulness of the electrode. A computer program was written to calculate the
      shift in frequency of the power spectrum of the recorded myoelectric signal with
      muscle fatigue and hence indirectly to demonstrate the ability of the electrode
      to detect the reduction in muscle fibre conduction velocity.

PMID- 2287185
TI  - Microcomputer-assisted determination of regional myocardial function.

PMID- 2287186
TI  - Pseudomuscular actuator for use in dextrous manipulation.

PMID- 2287187
TI  - Problem with the use of total distance travelled and average speed as measures of
      postural sway.

PMID- 2287188
TI  - Measurement of walking speed in elderly inpatients.

PMID- 2287189
TI  - Novel instrument for measuring the walking speed of elderly patients.

PMID- 2287190
TI  - Stimulation of inspiratory motor nerves with a pulsed magnetic field.

PMID- 2287191
TI  - Rapid recovery physiological preamplifier without AC coupling capacitors.

PMID- 2287192
TI  - Healing and prophecy in the black Spiritual churches: a need for re-examination.
AB  - The beliefs and healing and prophecy rituals of the New Orleans black Spiritual
      churches are similar to those of Spiritualism, a largely white movement, and
      Espiritismo and Santeria among Hispanics. Whereas researchers have criticized or
      ignored the Spiritual churches' therapeutic efforts, they have often described
      the others as beneficial. This article compares the religions and suggests that
      the therapy provided by Spiritual churches be re-examined. Instead of using a
      socio-medical paradigm, I analyze data collected through participant observation
      and ethnohistory in terms of healing in a religious context. People bring their
      "problems" to the Spiritual churches, and participate in rituals that draw on the
      religion's complex belief system. Worshipers experience wholeness and healing as
      their temporal lives and problems are linked to the eternal through the churches'
      use of a style of black cultural expression, asymmetry.

PMID- 2287194
TI  - Religion and traditional medicine: an anthropological case study of a Nigerian
      treatment of mental illness.

PMID- 2287193
TI  - Big and Little Moon Peyotism as health care delivery systems.
AB  - Big Moon Peyotism was introduced in the 1880s to the Delaware, Osage and Quapaw
      of Northeast Oklahoma by John Wilson, a Delaware-Caddo from Southwest Oklahoma.
      This form of Peyotism and the Little Moon ritual developed by the Apache, Kiowa,
      and Comanche of Southwest Oklahoma formed the basis of the two major variations
      of this religion as practiced by Native Americans throughout North America. An
      ethnographic and historic comparison of these religious traditions in Northeast
      Oklahoma presents these as health care delivery systems and highlights the
      importance of health care as a factor in the acceptance and persistence of
      Peyotism.

PMID- 2287195
TI  - Ghost illness of children in north India.
AB  - This analysis of the relationship of infant and childhood illness and death to
      ghost beliefs is based on holistic fieldwork in the late 1950s and the late 1970s
      in Shanti Nagar (a pseudonym), a village in North India. Illness and the
      supernatural world are linked by the concepts of ghosts and Fever, the latter an
      index of ghost illness, deriving from a supernatural being. The links between
      ghosts, Fever, and ghost illness involve basic Hindu beliefs, tales from Hindu
      and Sanskritic texts, ancient curing practices, stress, and local and family
      histories. A limited number of cases from the many in Ghosts: Life and Death in
      North India (R. Freed and S. Freed 1991) are here presented to illustrate
      particular points and general characteristics of ghost illness, including ghost
      possession, when found in children. The village health culture includes curing
      practices from the Atharva-Veda (the most ancient Sanskritic literature),
      Ayurvedic Medicine, Unani Prophetic Medicine, and Western Biomedicine.

PMID- 2287196
TI  - Colors, humors and evil eye: indigenous classification and treatment of childhood
      diarrhea in highland Guatemala.
AB  - Focal group interviews on indigenous perceptions and reported management of
      childhood diarrhea were conducted in 1987-88 in Guatemala as a part of a
      prospective epidemiological field study of chronic diarrhea. Six cognitive
      schemata were identified, each with specific causes, a linked progression of
      concepts, symptoms, signs, and diagnostic characteristics. Nearly all were
      related to the humoral theory of disease, including the concept of evil eye.
      Diarrheal disease was conceptualized in the village as a set of processes which
      could be either "hot" or "cold" rather than as an unchanging single-symptom
      entity occupying only one spot on the humoral continuum. Clarification of the
      temporal relationship between concepts was found to be essential to the
      understanding of these indigenously-defined schemata. Stool color reflecting
      humoral theory was the primary concept used in household-level diagnosis.
      Reported behavior associated with these cognitive schemata (traditional
      treatments, pharmaceutical and dietary management) showed remarkable constancy,
      and adhered for the most part to the humoral concept of equilibrium. These
      included the use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) and liquids. The applied
      importance of humoral theory to home-based use of ORS is discussed briefly as is
      the indigenous definition of dehydration.

PMID- 2287197
TI  - [Neuroses].

PMID- 2287198
TI  - [Torpid schizophrenia].

PMID- 2287199
TI  - [Balneotherapy: pro and con].

PMID- 2287201
TI  - [Traumatic fat embolism].

PMID- 2287200
TI  - [Radiation in medicine].

PMID- 2287202
TI  - [Especially dangerous infections].

PMID- 2287203
TI  - [The methodological aspects of the transition in the system of rendering medical
      care to the new economic mechanism].

PMID- 2287204
TI  - [Model 7-day diet menu No. 4B (the winter-spring season)].

PMID- 2287205
TI  - [Changes in men's sexual functions under the influence of drugs].

PMID- 2287206
TI  - [The use of hawthorn preparations in medicine].

PMID- 2287207
TI  - [The ethical-psychological bases of performing invasive studies of the
      gastrointestinal tract in children].

PMID- 2287208
TI  - [V. I. Rudnev (on the 120th anniversary of his birth)].

PMID- 2287209
TI  - [Congenital hydrocephalus].

PMID- 2287210
TI  - [HIV infection].

PMID- 2287211
TI  - [The causes for the absence of milk in nursing mothers].

PMID- 2287212
TI  - [The pneumococcal vaccine is at the center of attention for nursing personnel].

PMID- 2287213
TI  - [The work day of the nurse in the intensive therapy and resuscitation
      department].

PMID- 2287214
TI  - [The work experience of a pediatric office of acupuncture in a polyclinic].

PMID- 2287215
TI  - [The evaluation coefficients of work participation].

PMID- 2287216
TI  - [Lung cancer: its clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment].

PMID- 2287219
TI  - [The treatment of ischemic disorders of the cerebral circulation].

PMID- 2287218
TI  - [Electric and drug anesthesia].

PMID- 2287217
TI  - [Patient rehabilitation after operations on the stomach].

PMID- 2287220
TI  - [The unresolved problems of Soviet public health].

PMID- 2287221
TI  - [Meteorosensitivity and meteoroprophylaxis].

PMID- 2287223
TI  - [The current methods of drug treatment in glaucoma].

PMID- 2287222
TI  - [Physical factors in combined treatment of patients with peripheral nerve trauma
      to the upper extremities].

PMID- 2287224
TI  - [Prolonged infusion cholecystocholangiography in the early diagnosis of acute
      cholecystitis and cholelithiasis].

PMID- 2287225
TI  - [The prevention and treatment of postinjection complications].

PMID- 2287226
TI  - [Model 7-day menus for therapeutic diets].

PMID- 2287227
TI  - [A validation analysis of the use of drugs in acute respiratory viral infections
      and nonspecific lung diseases].

PMID- 2287228
TI  - [F. P. Gaaz--the initiator of an institution for female medical personnel in
      Russia (on the 210th anniversary of his birth)].

PMID- 2287229
TI  - [The role of the district nurse in preserving the health of the population].

PMID- 2287230
TI  - [A rapid method for determining ventilatory failure].

PMID- 2287231
TI  - [A device for flushing medical syringes and needles with a water jet].

PMID- 2287232
TI  - [Our experience in using trimecaine solutions for surface anesthesia in ENT
      surgery].

PMID- 2287233
TI  - [The organization of the work of nurses in emergency situations].

PMID- 2287234
TI  - [The performance of regional lymphotropic therapy by nurses].

PMID- 2287235
TI  - [Intracranial neoplasms].

PMID- 2287236
TI  - [The rehabilitation of colostomy patients].

PMID- 2287237
TI  - [Cervical osteochondrosis].

PMID- 2287238
TI  - [New developments in inhalation therapy].

PMID- 2287239
TI  - [The improvement in the wages for paramedical personnel under the new economic
      mechanism].

PMID- 2287240
TI  - [The action of pesticides on the human body].

PMID- 2287241
TI  - [Skin tumors in children].

PMID- 2287242
TI  - [The preoperative examination and preparation of patients for surgical
      interventions on the abdominal organs].

PMID- 2287243
TI  - [Diet No. 2 (the winter-spring season)].

PMID- 2287244
TI  - [Drug interactions. 3. Agents affecting metabolic processes].

PMID- 2287245
TI  - [Preparations for multicomponent general anesthesia].

PMID- 2287246
TI  - [The history of the participation of paramedical personnel in the Crimean War
      1854-1856].

PMID- 2287247
TI  - [The use of the Elektronika BK-0010-01 microcomputer in classes on anatomy and
      physiology].

PMID- 2287248
TI  - [Deal with hemorrhoids treatment? That's not my job!].

PMID- 2287250
TI  - Caloric expenditure, life status, and disease in former male athletes and non
      athletes.
AB  - This study examined the association between aerobic, caloric exercise expenditure
      and life status (living vs deceased) as well as the prevalence rates of
      hypertension (HBP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in former male athletes (ATH)
      and non-athletes (N-ATH). The initial survey for this study was done in 1952.
      Follow-up surveys of respondents were done in 1960, 1968, 1976, and 1984. The
      present study used all subjects who responded fully to activity and health
      questions in 1976 and who were reported as either dead or alive (not lost to
      follow-up) in 1984. A total of 348 subjects (185 ATH, 163 N-ATH) were assessed
      and caloric expenditure groups were established by kilocalories (kcal) of aerobic
      exercise per week; 0 kcal (group 1), 1-399 kcal (group 2), 400-899 kcal (group
      3), 900-1499 kcal (group 4), 1500-2499 kcal (group 5), and 2500+ kcal (group 6).
      Only activity considered to be aerobic was used in the establishment of the
      aerobic categories. Death rate was highest in groups 1 and 2. Subjects in group 1
      tended to be the oldest. Year of birth (age) (P less than 0.001) and CVD (P less
      than 0.05) as reported in 1976 were significantly related to mortality between
      1976 and 1984. College athletic status and 1976 exercise level were not
      significantly related to mortality. Prevalence of CVD and HBP was highest in
      groups 1 and 6, suggesting a moderate amount of aerobic activity as optimal.

PMID- 2287249
TI  - Catastrophic injuries and fatalities in high school and college sports, fall 1982
      spring 1988.
AB  - Direct and indirect deaths and catastrophic injuries, defined as any injury
      incurred during participation in a high school/college sponsored sport in which
      there is permanent severe functional neurological disability (nonfatal) or
      transient but not permanent functional neurologic disability (serious), are
      presented for all sports during the period of fall 1982 to spring 1988. Football
      contributed the greatest numbers of catastrophic injuries but also had the
      largest number of participants. Ice hockey, gymnastics, and wrestling are the
      other sports where participants are at greatest risk of catastrophic injury or
      death. Mechanisms of injury in each sport and corrective actions are identified
      and discussed. While high school and college catastrophic injuries may never be
      totally eliminated, they can be dramatically reduced by reliable injury data
      collection and analysis.

PMID- 2287251
TI  - Alterations in plasma volume and protein during cycle exercise throughout
      pregnancy.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of cycle exercise
      on maternal plasma volume (PV) and protein dynamics during pregnancy. Sixteen
      healthy gravidas (age = 23 +/- 4.6 yr) cycled for 5 min (75 W) at 4 wk intervals
      throughout term. Venous blood samples were drawn immediately prior to and during
      the last minute of exercise. Relative (percent) PV changes during exercise were
      calculated from hematocrit ratios and hemoglobin concentrations. Plasma was
      analyzed for total protein ([TP]) and albumin ([ALB]) concentrations and colloid
      osmotic pressure (COP). Resting blood volumes were also estimated (carbon
      monoxide rebreathing) so that absolute PV (ml) and TP and ALB contents (g) could
      be determined. COP increases (P less than 0.001) during exercise were similar at
      all gestational ages. Plasma volume, TP, and ALB decreased during exercise with
      significantly (P less than 0.001) greater losses occurring from 29-32 wk
      gestation. This may indicate an increase in capillary permeability to large
      molecules when vascular volume was highest.

PMID- 2287252
TI  - Transient oliguria with renal tubular dysfunction after a 90 km running race.
AB  - In the course of a 19-d study of renal function in five ultramarathon runners,
      before, during and after a 90 km race, one runner developed transient oliguria
      with renal tubular dysfunction and anuria during and immediately after the race.
      Other features of the renal failure were an 84-fold increase in urine beta 2
      microglobulin excretion (from 0.19 to 16.0 micrograms.min-1) and a much smaller
      increase in urine total protein excretion (from 0.07 to 0.18 mg.min-1) during the
      post-race period. Post-race creatinine clearance remained below pre-race levels
      throughout the study, varying between 42.8 and 72.9 ml.min-1, in contrast to the
      post-race 49% increase in the remaining runners (from 138.1 +/- 12.9 to 205.5 +/-
      59.9 ml.min-1). Osmolal clearance also remained low (0.31 to 0.98 ml.min-1)
      compared with the pre-race values (1.46 +/- 0.02 ml.min-1), as did the urine flow
      rates (0.11 to 0.18 ml.min-1) compared with the pre-race values (0.34 +/- 0.02
      ml.min-1). This renal dysfunction persisted despite the patient receiving 2 l of
      intravenous fluids immediately after the race and probably resulted from fluid
      restriction during the race. There was full recovery of renal function 1 yr later
      when the subject again ran the Comrades Marathon.

PMID- 2287253
TI  - Patterns of weight loss and regain in wrestlers: has the tradition changed?
AB  - To assess current weight loss practices in wrestlers, 63 college wrestlers and
      368 high school wrestlers completed a questionnaire that examined the frequency
      and magnitude of weight loss, weight control methods, emotions associated with
      weight loss, dieting patterns, and preoccupation with food. Clear patterns
      emerged showing frequent, rapid, and large weight loss and regain cycles. Of the
      college wrestlers, 41% reported weight fluctuations of 5.0-9.1 kg each week of
      the season. For the high school wrestlers, 23% lost 2.7-4.5 kg weekly. In the
      college cohort, 35% lost 0.5-4.5 kg over 100 times in their life, and 22% had
      lost 5.0-9.1 kg between 21 and 50 times in their life. Of the high school
      wrestlers, 42% had already lost 5.0-9.1 kg 1-5 times in their life. A variety of
      aggressive methods wer used to lose weight including dehydration, food
      restriction, fasting, and, for a few, vomiting, laxatives, and diuretics. "Making
      weight" was associated with fatigue, anger, and anxiety. Thirty to forty percent
      of the wrestlers, at both the high school and college level, reported being
      preoccupied with food and eating out of control after a match. The tradition of
      "making weight" still appears to be integral to wrestling. The potential
      physiological, psychological, and health consequences of these practices merit
      further attention.

PMID- 2287254
TI  - Cardiovascular adjustments to exercise distributed between the upper and lower
      body.
AB  - The present study examined the hemodynamic differences between upper- and lower
      body exercise where the total power output (PO) was proportionally distributed
      between the upper and lower body. Six males completed five combinations of arm
      leg exercise at maximal and three submaximal intensities. The ratio of arm PO to
      total PO for each exercise combination was 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. At each
      submaximal intensity, VO2 and cardiac output (Q) were not different (P greater
      than 0.05) across exercise combinations. Likewise, heart rate (HR) responses were
      not different for 0, 25, 50, and 75% at level 1 (mean = 102, 102, 106, 106
      beats.min-1, respectively), level 2 (mean = 114, 110, 119, 118 beats.min-1,
      respectively), and level 3 (mean = 127, 124, 132, 131 beats.min-1, respectively).
      However, HR for 100% (arm-only exercise) tended to be higher than 0% at level 1
      (delta HR = 10 beats.min-1; P less than 0.10), level 2 (delta HR = 12 beats.min
      1, P less than 0.06) and level 3 (delta HR = 10 beats.min-1; P less than 0.06).
      At level 1, stroke volume (SV) remained essentially unchanged from 0-75%, while
      SV at 100% (108 ml) was slightly though not significantly lower (P less than
      0.10) than 0% (125 ml). At exercise levels 2 and 3, SV remained unchanged for 0
      and 25%; however, SV at 50, 75, and 100% were generally lower (P less than 0.05)
      compared with 0%. These results indicate that involving the leg musculature to
      varying degrees during arm-leg exercise attenuates the hemodynamic differences
      observed during strict upper body versus strict lower body exercise.

PMID- 2287255
TI  - Differences in epinephrine and substrate responses between arm and leg exercise.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine epinephrine (EPI) and selected
      substrate responses during arm crank (AC) and leg cycle (LC) exercise at the same
      absolute and relative exercise intensity. Nine males performed 30 min AC and LC
      tests at 70% of ergometer-specific peak oxygen uptake (VO2), and a 30 min LC test
      eliciting a similar VO2 required during the AC test. Blood samples (30 ml) were
      collected via an indwelling arm catheter at rest, and at minutes 13 and 28 of
      exercise for determinations of plasma EPI, serum free fatty acid (FFA), serum
      glycerol (GLY), blood glucose (GLU), and blood lactate (LA) concentrations. At
      equivalent VO2, higher (P less than 0.05) EPI, LA, and respiratory exchange ratio
      (RER) responses were obtained during AC than LC exercise. However, these
      physiologic responses were similar during AC and LC exercise at the same relative
      intensity. No significant differences over time were observed for FFA, GLY, and
      GLU between AC and LC exercise at either the same absolute or relative intensity.
      The results support previous hypotheses that AC exercise is physiologically more
      stressful than LC exercise at the same VO2. The data further indicate that
      adrenomedullary activity (EPI response) and substrate utilization (LA and RER
      responses) are regulated by relative exercise intensity and not the exercising
      muscle mass.

PMID- 2287256
TI  - Effects of dehydration on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal distress while
      running.
AB  - Gastrointestinal distress is commonly reported by athletes after ingestion of a
      beverage. We speculate that ingestion may be occurring after dehydration has
      taken place. The high prevalence of GI disorders in marathon runners who have
      lost greater than or equal to 4% body weight supports this theory. To test this
      theory, the effects of dehydration, and dehydration in combination with endurance
      running, on gastric emptying (GE) and frequency of gastrointestinal (GI)
      complaints were tested in this experiment. A complete cross-over study was
      designed. Sixteen subjects ingested 8 ml.kg BW-1 of a 7% carbohydrate (296
      mOsm.kg-1), solution after a euhydration or dehydration regime. Dehydration (4%
      BW loss) was produced by 60% maximal speed running at 30 degrees C or by
      intermittent sauna exposure at 100 degrees C. Euhydration experiments were
      conducted with a 2 h rest period with water administered at 20 and 40 min.
      Gastric drink volumes were measured every 10 min for 40 min. Emptying curves were
      compared using semi-log transformation of the percentage emptying data and simple
      linear regression. The slope of each line was used as a measure of average GE
      rate. Dehydration-exercise resulted in slower GE than in all other treatments (P
      less than 0.05). ANOVA revealed significant effects of dehydration (P less than
      0.05) and exercise (P less than 0.05), these two effects being additive in
      delaying GE. GI complaints were reported by 37.5% of the subjects during
      dehydration-exercise experiments. No GI disturbance was reported in other
      tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287257
TI  - Cutaneous vascular reflexes during exercise in the heat.
AB  - Eight relatively fit men performed cycle ergometer exercise (50% VO2max) for 30
      min at 35 degrees C, less than 40% rh. To determine the importance of changes in
      cardiac filling pressure on the cutaneous vascular responses during exercise, we
      compared data from eight control (normovolemic) and four hypovolemic (19.5%
      decrease in plasma volume (PV) induced by diuretics) experiments. Cardiac output
      was maintained at 13.9 +/- 0.8 l.min-1 during steady state exercise in the two
      conditions. However, heart rate was higher (P less than 0.05) and stroke volume
      (SV) was slightly, although not statistically lower during hypovolemic exercise.
      Forearm venous compliance (FVC) was significantly lower during hypovolemic
      exercise than during control exercise (P less than 0.05). The increases in
      forearm blood flow and arterial blood pressure during exercise were not affected
      significantly by hypovolemia. FVC and SV in both conditions were linearly related
      to changes in central venous pressure during exercise (r2 = 0.88 and 0.78,
      respectively). Since changes in arterial pressure during exercise were not
      correlated with the observed arteriomotor and venomotor responses, we concluded
      that low pressure baroreceptors may have induced peripheral vascular reflexes,
      which act to maintain cardiac output during exercise in the heat.

PMID- 2287258
TI  - Operation Everest II: ventilatory adaptation during gradual decompression to
      extreme altitude.
AB  - To assess the ventilatory adaptation during gradual ascent to extreme altitude,
      we studied seven healthy males as part of the 40 d simulated ascent of Mt.
      Everest in a hypobaric chamber. We measured resting ventilation (VE, l.min-1),
      arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2%), the ventilatory response to oxygen breathing,
      isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), and hypercapnic ventilatory
      response (HCVR) at sea level prior to the ascent (760 torr), 14,000 feet (428
      torr), 24,000 feet (305 torr), and within 24 h of descent (765 torr). VE
      increased from 9.3 +/- 1.1 l.min-1 at 760 torr to 23.4 +/- 1.3 l.min-1 at 305
      torr and remained elevated at 14.7 +/- 0.7 l.min-1 after descent. Oxygen
      breathing decreased VE by 9.6 +/- 1.3 l.min-1 at 305 torr. Isocapnic HVR
      (expressed as a positive slope of VE/SaO2, l.min-1.%SaO2(-1) increased from 0.18
      +/- 0.07 at 760 torr to 0.34 +/- 0.11 and 0.38 +/- 0.5 at 428 torr and 305 torr
      (P less than 0.05) respectively. HVR was elevated further upon return to sea
      level (0.8 +/- 0.09, P less than 0.05). HCVR (S = VE/PETCO2, l.min-1.torr-1)
      increased from sea level (S = 4.4 +/- 0.09) to 305 torr (S = 18.7 +/- 3.5, P less
      than 0.01) and remained elevated upon return to sea level (S = 10.7 +/- 4.6, P
      less than 0.001). This study is the first to investigate the ventilatory response
      to such extreme altitude and so soon after descent and shows that hypoxic and
      hypercapnic responses increase during prolonged progressive hypoxic exposure and
      remain significantly elevated from pre-ascent levels immediately upon descent.

PMID- 2287259
TI  - Maximal inspiratory pressure following maximal exercise in trained and untrained
      subjects.
AB  - Previous investigators have demonstrated that 5-10 min of fatiguing exercise
      would lead to respiratory muscle fatigue in normal subjects. The purpose of this
      study was to determine if there was a differential inspiratory pressure response
      to maximal cycle ergometer exercise in trained and untrained subjects. Six highly
      trained cross country skiers and five untrained college students were studied
      prior to and 10, 60, and 120 s postexercise (incremental VO2max to exhaustion).
      On each occasion, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) was measured at the mouth
      from residual volume. Prior to exercise, the two groups had similar MIP values.
      After exercise, the sedentary subjects experienced significant decreases in MIP
      compared to the preexercise values. These decreases averaged 10%, 17%, and 13% at
      10, 60, and 120 s postexercise, respectively. The skiers, on the other hand,
      showed no evidence of a decrease in MIP postexercise, with the postexercise
      values being slightly, but not significantly, higher than the preexercise values.
      From these results, we conclude that maximal exercise results in inspiratory
      muscle dysfunction in normal subjects but not in athletes training at or near
      elite levels. Thus, it appears that endurance exercise training induces an
      adaptive change in the inspiratory muscles that protects them from the acute loss
      of strength seen following exercise in normal subjects.

PMID- 2287260
TI  - Physiological and performance responses to overtraining in elite judo athletes.
AB  - To determine the effect of large and sudden increases in training volume on
      performance characteristics and the feasibility of using overtraining syndrome
      symptoms to monitor performance changes, 15 elite judo athletes were examined
      through 10 wk of training. Athletes performed their regular regimens of
      resistance (3 d.wk-1), interval (2 d.wk-1), and judo (5 d.wk-1) training in weeks
      1-4. Interval and resistance training volumes increased by 50% in weeks 4-8 and
      returned to baseline in weeks 9-10. Judo training volume was unchanged in weeks 1
      8 but increased by 100% in weeks 9-10. Assessments were made in weeks 2, 4, 8,
      and 10. Isokinetic strength of elbow and knee extensors and flexors increased
      significantly from weeks 2 to 4 (3-13%), was unchanged from weeks 4 to 8, and
      decreased significantly (6-12%) from weeks 4 to 10. Total time for 3 x 300 m
      intervals increased (P less than 0.05) between weeks 2 and 4 and between weeks 4
      and 8, while total time for 5 x 50 m sprints decreased (P less than 0.05) from
      weeks 8 to 10 (less than 2%). Body fat percentage decreased (P less than 0.05)
      from weeks 2 to 10. Body weight, submaximal and maximal aerobic power, resting
      (sleeping) systolic and diastolic pressures, resting (sleeping) submaximal and
      maximal heart rates, exercising blood lactate levels, and vertical jump
      performance did not change significantly with increases in training volume. These
      results suggest that 6 wk of overtraining may affect some but not all aspects of
      performance and that performance may be affected before symptoms of the
      overtraining syndrome appear.

PMID- 2287261
TI  - The effects of arms and countermovement on vertical jumping.
AB  - Countermovement and arm-swing characterize most jumping. For determination of
      their effects and interaction, 18 males jumped for maximal height from a force
      platform in all four combinations of arm-swing/no-arm-swing and
      countermovement/no-countermovement. For all jumps, vertical velocity peaked 0.03
      s before and dropped 6-7% by takeoff. Peak positive power averaged over 3,000 W,
      and occurred about 0.07 s before takeoff, shortly after peak vertical ground
      reaction force (VGRF) and just before peak vertical velocity. Both
      countermovement and arm-swing significantly (P less than 0.05) improved jump
      height, but arm-swing's effect was greater, enhancing peak total body center of
      mass (TBCM) rise both pre and posttakeoff. Countermovement only affected the post
      takeoff rise. The arm-swing resulted in higher peak VGRF and peak positive power.
      During countermovement, the use of arms resulted in less unweighting, slower and
      less extensive TBCM drop, and less negative power. Countermovement increased
      pretakeoff jump duration by 71-76%, increased average positive power, and yielded
      large positive and negative impulses. High test-retest reliability was shown for
      jump descriptive variables. Body weight together with peak posttakeoff TBCM rise
      effectively predicted peak power (multiple R2 = 0.89, standard error of estimate
      = 243 W). The results lend insight into which jumping techniques are most
      appropriate for given sports situations and indicate that a jump test can
      effectively be used to estimate peak power output.

PMID- 2287262
TI  - Effects of a prolonged maximal run on running economy and running mechanics.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to document the effects of a prolonged (30 min)
      maximal run (PMR) on running economy (RE) and running mechanics in 16 male
      runners (mean VO2max = 59.0 +/- 4.5 ml.kg-1.min-1). After completing 60 min of
      treadmill accommodation, each subject performed two 10 min economy runs at 200
      m.min-1. Subjects were also filmed at 100 fps during the last 30 s of each run in
      order to quantify 20 temporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait descriptors previously
      associated with RE variation. Following the second run, each subject completed
      the PMR at 85% of his predicted velocity at VO2max (89% VO2max). One, two, and
      four days after the PMR, subjects repeated the 10 min economy run. No significant
      difference (P greater than or equal to 0.05) in RE (range = 42.3-42.6 ml.kg-1.min
      1) was observed following the PMR. Biomechanical analyses also indicated that,
      with the exception of one variable (plantar flexion angle at toe-off), gait
      characteristics remained unaltered after the PMR. When considered from a cross
      disciplinary perspective, these data suggest that a 30 min maximal run does not
      increase the aerobic demand of running or disrupt the running mechanics of
      moderately trained male subjects who perform subsequent submaximal runs over the
      short term.

PMID- 2287263
TI  - Physiological responses to different cross country skiing techniques on level
      terrain.
AB  - This study compared the physiological responses and ratings of perceived exertion
      elicited by several of the most common currently used cross country skiing
      techniques. The comparison included two classical techniques (kick double pole
      and diagonal stride), two ski skating techniques (V1 skate and marathon skate),
      and the double pole technique on both classical and skating skis. Eight male
      cross country ski racers skied each technique for three laps around a 420 m flat,
      professionally groomed and tracked oval surface at a mean (+/- SD) velocity of
      14.2 +/- 0.6 km.h-1. Heart rate was recorded by telemetry and expired gases were
      collected for determination of minute ventilation and oxygen consumption during
      the final minute of each bout. Rating of perceived exertion was requested
      immediately after each bout. It was found that the diagonal stride technique
      required the highest oxygen consumption, with the V1 skate, marathon skate, and
      kick double pole techniques inducing a 16% lower (P less than 0.01) oxygen cost,
      and the double pole technique inducing a 26% lower (P less than 0.01) oxygen
      cost. Heart rate was also highest (P less than 0.01) with the diagonal stride
      technique and lowest with the double pole technique. The rating of perceived
      exertion was greatest (P less than 0.05) for the diagonal stride technique and
      lowest (P less than 0.05) for the V1 skate technique. These results indicate that
      the double pole technique has the greatest economy, the diagonal stride technique
      elicits the greatest physiological demands and has the highest perceived effort,
      and the V1 skate technique is associated with the lowest perceived effort under
      the conditions of this study.

PMID- 2287264
TI  - Mood and self-motivation in successful and unsuccessful female rowers.
AB  - Mood state (POMS) and self-motivation (SMI) were assessed in 84 women vying for a
      position on a collegiate freshman rowing team. Forty-four of these rowers also
      completed a standardized rowing ergometer task. Mood state was assessed three
      additional times during the season with 22 rowers who adhered to training
      throughout the entire season. No differences (P greater than 0.05) in baseline
      mood state were observed between the dropouts (N = 62) and those who adhered to
      the training (N = 22). However, the dropouts possessed significantly lower self
      motivation (P less than 0.05) and took longer to complete the rowing task than
      did the adherers (P less than 0.05). Near the end of the season, rowers were
      chosen by the coaching staff to compete in regional competition (i.e., successful
      adherers). Initial self-motivation and ergometer performance did not differ
      significantly (P greater than 0.05) between the successful and unsuccessful
      adherers. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that global mood disturbance (P less
      than 0.05) increased during the training season in both groups. At the end of the
      training season, the unsuccessful adherers still possessed significantly (P less
      than 0.05) elevated mood disturbance, whereas the mood of the successful group
      had returned to baseline. It is concluded that female rowers who adhere to a
      season of competitive training have higher self-motivation and superior ergometer
      performances at the outset than do the eventual dropouts.

PMID- 2287265
TI  - Venous and fingertip blood to calculate plasma volume shift following exercise.
AB  - This study determined whether fingertip blood samples used to calculate
      percentage change in calculated plasma volume following exercise were in
      agreement with values obtained from venous blood samples. Twenty-five subjects
      engaged in two cycle ergometer exercises at 100 and 200 W, with percentage plasma
      volume shift (% PVS) determined after each from venous (VB) and fingertip (FT)
      blood. Values for % PVS were FT -6.25% compared with VB -8.04% (P less than
      0.05), with the correlation between the two methods at r = 0.88. The following
      equation was established: corrected FT % PVS = (0.8662 * FT) - 2.625; SEE =
      2.60%. In order to cross-validate this equation, fifteen additional subjects
      submitted to VB and FT. Corrected FT % PVS using the established equation
      resulted in a mean value of 9.53 compared with 10.53% for actual VB % PVS.
      Although these means were not significantly different, there was approximately a
      25% chance that the corrected FT % PVS would be more than one standard error of
      estimate from the regression line. It was concluded that FT underestimates VB %
      PVS. However, when limited to group data, FT can be corrected to favorably
      represent VB % PVS following moderate to heavy cycle ergometer exercise.

PMID- 2287266
TI  - Accuracy and reliability of the Caltrac accelerometer for estimating energy
      expenditure.
AB  - The Caltrac accelerometer is designed to assess energy expenditure during normal
      activity. The aims of the present study were (a) to determine the interinstrument
      and intersession reliability of the Caltrac and (b) to validate these instruments
      with measures of oxygen uptake (VO2) and determine whether Caltracs accurately
      reflect differences in energy expenditure due to sex, body weight, and speed.
      Caltracs were found to have very good interinstrument and intersession
      reliability and to accurately reflect differences in expenditure due to sex,
      weight, and speed. However, Caltracs consistently over-estimated energy
      expenditure by an average of 9-13%. The absolute percent error (percent error
      without consideration of the sign) of the Caltrac was greater, averaging 23%. The
      correlations between Caltrac and VO2 averaged 0.68-0.74. Thus, the Caltracs seem
      well suited for studies of activity level of groups, but may be less useful in
      estimating an individual's activity.

PMID- 2287267
TI  - Prediction of functional aerobic capacity without exercise testing.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop functional aerobic capacity prediction
      models without using exercise tests (N-Ex) and to compare the accuracy with
      Astrand single-stage submaximal prediction methods. The data of 2,009 subjects
      (9.7% female) were randomly divided into validation (N = 1,543) and cross
      validation (N = 466) samples. The validation sample was used to develop two N-Ex
      models to estimate VO2peak. Gender, age, body composition, and self-report
      activity were used to develop two N-Ex prediction models. One model estimated
      percent fat from skinfolds (N-Ex %fat) and the other used body mass index (N-Ex
      BMI) to represent body composition. The multiple correlations for the developed
      models were R = 0.81 (SE = 5.3 ml.kg-1.min-1) and R = 0.78 (SE = 5.6 ml.kg-1.min
      1). This accuracy was confirmed when applied to the cross-validation sample. The
      N-Ex models were more accurate than what was obtained from VO2peak estimated from
      the Astrand prediction models. The SEs of the Astrand models ranged from 5.5-9.7
      ml.kg-1.min-1. The N-Ex models were cross-validated on 59 men on hypertensive
      medication and 71 men who were found to have a positive exercise ECG. The SEs of
      the N-Ex models ranged from 4.6-5.4 ml.kg-1.min-1 with these subjects.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287268
TI  - Exercise-induced hyponatremia--as rare as believed?

PMID- 2287269
TI  - Exopolysaccharide production in Rhizobium and its role in invasion.
AB  - A complex interaction between rhizobia and specific legume plants results in the
      formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. The necessity for signal exchange and
      a chemically based recognition system between the symbiotic partners has been
      appreciated for some time, but the details are only gradually being elucidated.
      The two basic nodule ontogenies exhibit different requirements for Rhizobium
      exopolysaccharides. These surface exopolysaccharide molecules of Rhizobium are
      synthesized at a membrane complex, which is regulated by both transcriptional and
      post-translational controls. The acidic exopolysaccharide probably plays both a
      passive and an active role during the invasion process.

PMID- 2287270
TI  - Towards an understanding of the structural basis of 'forbidden' transport
      pathways in the Escherichia coli lactose carrier: mutations probing the energy
      barriers to uncoupled transport.
AB  - Recent progress in the analysis of mutants of the Escherichia coli lactose
      carrier function is reviewed, with special emphasis on the structural basis for
      energy barriers which prevent 'forbidden' conformational changes. Mutations which
      break down the barriers to forbidden isomerizations involving the binary
      carrier:sugar (CS) and carrier:proton (CH) complexes have been obtained in
      several laboratories. These mutants allow uncoupled transport of H+ or
      galactoside in the lactose carrier which normally couples cation and sugar
      movement in a 1:1 stoichiometry. These uncoupled mutants appear to be associated
      with changes in both sugar and cation recognition, suggesting that the physical
      interactions forming the basis for co-substrate recognition and uncoupling are
      not independently variable. By postulating that translocation involves
      transformation of the stable intermediate of the co-transport cycle to unstable
      transition state conformations of the carrier, it is possible to consider the
      consequences of mutagenesis in terms of transition state theory. Consistent with
      several experimental observations, the analysis predicts in each mutant the
      occurrence of more than one abnormality in the transport cycle (such as changes
      in sugar recognition, cation recognition or the coupling reaction). We have
      called the general phenomenon a 'mutational double-effect' because any mutation
      which alters the Gibbs free energy change of one reaction in the transport cycle
      must affect the free energy change of at least one other reaction in this cycle.

PMID- 2287271
TI  - Escherichia coli molecular genetic map (1000 kbp): update I.
AB  - The sequenced genes from Escherichia coli that are available in the EMBL library
      (release 21) have been localized on an updated and corrected version of the
      restriction map of the chromosome generated by Kohara et al. (1987). One thousand
      kbp of sequenced DNA are incorporated in this update; this is equivalent to 23%
      of the total genome. The accuracy of the map is assessed, and it is corrected and
      updated where appropriate. A significant number of sites were missing from the
      original map, mainly involving two of the eight enzymes used by Kohara et al.
      (1987), ie. PvuII and EcoRV. The nucleotide environment of such missing sites was
      examined and, using an Artificial Intelligence approach, it appears that the site
      for these enzymes is sensitive to context effects. Several genes of known
      position on the E. coli chromosome could not be placed on the restriction map;
      this suggests that additional gaps are likely to exist on the restriction map, in
      addition to the original seven identified by Kohara et al. We have also obtained
      information about the probable direction of transcription of chromosomal genes
      with respect to the map. Most genes are transcribed in the same direction as the
      replication forks, particularly around oriC at 84 min.

PMID- 2287272
TI  - How Escherichia coli RNA polymerase can negatively regulate transcription from a
      constitutive promoter.
AB  - We previously described the structures and functions of specific complexes
      between the bla promoter from Tn3 (present in pBR322) and RNA polymerase (RNAP),
      showing that, at excess RNAP, complexes can form in which one or two RNAPs bind
      to the same promoter (1:1 and 2:1 complexes) (Duval-Valentin and Ehrlich, 1988).
      We report here that the 2:1 complex cannot be detected below 25 degrees C; above
      that temperature, a 1:1 complex forms at a rate one order of magnitude faster
      than that of the 2:1 complex, and above 30 degrees C, the amounts of both species
      become equal for RNAP/promoter ratio r30 less than or equal to r less than or
      equal to 70. The 2:1 complex decays back to a 1:1 complex losing the last RNAP at
      a rate about three times that of the 1:1 complex decay. Functional assays of the
      complexes formed at excess RNAP show that both 1:1 and 2:1 complexes are
      immediately and permanently inhibited, even when the promoters are pre-incubated
      with ribonucleotide selections potentially enabling entrance into abortive
      cycling or formation of a stressed complex. We conclude that the inhibition step
      probably takes place in the complex formation pathway between RPi and RPo, at a
      novel stable intermediate isomer, RPj, formed above 25 degrees C. A possible
      mechanism of formation of the 2:1 complex is outlined. In vivo studies, in which
      r was modified by varying the bacterial growth rate, show a reduction of bla
      expression as r values are upshifted, specific to the bla promoter from Tn3.

PMID- 2287273
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and control of transcription of the bacteriophage T4 motA
      regulatory gene.
AB  - A 2116bp segment of the bacteriophage T4 genome encompassing the motA regulatory
      gene has been sequenced. In addition to motA, five open reading frames were
      identified in the direction of early transcription. The motA gene encodes a basic
      protein of 211 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 23,559.
      Measurements of the rate of transcription of motA showed that the promoter of
      this gene is turned off after only 2 min of T4 development. This early promoter
      presents a structure which is richer in information than that of a classical
      constitutive Escherichia coli promoter. In addition to containing conserved
      sequences centred at -10 and -35, this promoter shares extensive homologies with
      other subgroups of early promoters in regions centred at +3 and at -55. We
      discuss the possible role of these different sequence determinants.

PMID- 2287274
TI  - Analysis of site-directed mutations in the alpha- and beta-subunits of Klebsiella
      pneumoniae nitrogenase.
AB  - Using directed mutagenesis, amino acid substitutions have been made in the alpha-
      and beta-subunits of the klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase component 1 at
      positions normally occupied by conserved cysteine or tyrosine residues. Nif+, Nif
      and intermediate phenotypes have been obtained. To extend our earlier
      biochemical characterization (Kent et al., 1989) the electrophoretic mobility of
      component 1 of the mutant and wild-type nitrogenases has been analysed by non
      denaturing gel electrophoresis. The major and minor forms of component 1
      separated by this methodology have been probed for by using both polyclonal and
      monoclonal antibodies. All Nif+ mutants exhibited a distribution of
      electrophoretic forms of component 1 comparable to the wild type, and the
      abundance of the major form found in purified nitrogenase correlated
      approximately with the specific activity of the extract. In contrast, after
      electrophoresis, component 1 from Nif- mutants exhibited either a major low
      mobility form or a fast-moving form. Analysis of nitrogenase polypeptides
      synthesized in the absence of co-factor (FeMoco) allowed us to conclude that
      changing cysteine 275 to alanine in the alpha-subunit produces component 1
      defective in its interaction with FeMoco. Substitution of other conserved
      cysteine residues by alanine appears to prevent early steps in nitrogenase
      assembly or to promote degradation. Two single mutations (cysteine 89 to alanine
      in the alpha-subunit and cysteine 94 to alanine in the beta-subunit) which are
      tightly Nif- can be combined to produce a weakly active nitrogenase, indicating
      regions involved in the interaction between subunits.

PMID- 2287275
TI  - Evidence that conserved residues Cys-62 and Cys-154 within the Azotobacter
      vinelandii nitrogenase MoFe protein alpha-subunit are essential for nitrogenase
      activity but conserved residues His-83 and Cys-88 are not.
AB  - Metallocluster extrusion requirements, interspecies MoFe-protein primary sequence
      comparisons and comparison of the primary sequences of the MoFe-protein subunits
      with each other have been used to assign potential P-cluster (Fe-S cluster)
      domains within the MoFe protein. In each alpha-beta unit of the MoFe protein,
      alpha-subunit domains, which include potential Fe-S cluster ligands Cys-62, His
      83, Cys-88 and Cys-154, and beta-subunit domains, which include potential Fe-S
      cluster ligands Cys-70, His-90, Cys-95 and Cys-153, are proposed to comprise
      nearly equivalent P-cluster environments located adjacent to each other in the
      native protein. As an approach to test this model and to probe the functional
      properties of the P clusters, amino acid residue substitutions were placed at the
      alpha-subunit Cys-62, His-83, Cys-88 and Cys-154 positions by site-directed
      mutagenesis of the Azotobacter vinelandii nifD gene. The diazotrophic growth
      rates, MoFe-protein acetylene-reduction activities, and whole-cell S = 3/2
      electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of these mutants were examined. Results
      of these experiments show that MoFe-protein alpha-subunit residues, Cys-62 and
      Cys-154, are probably essential for MoFe-protein activity but that His-83 and Cys
      88 residues are not. These results indicate either that His-83 and Cys-88 do not
      provide essential P-cluster ligands or that a new cluster-ligand arrangement is
      formed in their absence.

PMID- 2287276
TI  - Import-defective colicin B derivatives mutated in the TonB box.
AB  - The pore-forming colicin B is taken up into Escherichia coli by a receptor and
      TonB-dependent process. The receptor and colicin B both contain a similar amino
      acid sequence, close to the N-terminal end, termed the TonB box. Point mutations
      were introduced into the TonB-box region of the colicin B structural gene cba
      resulting in colicin B derivatives which were partially or totally inactive
      against E. coli cells. All derivatives still bound to the receptor. An inactive
      derivative killed cells when translocated across the outer membrane by osmotic
      shock treatment, and formed pores in planar lipid bilayer membranes identical to
      the wild-type colicin. Some of the mutations were partially suppressed by
      mutations in the tonB structural gene. It was concluded that the TonB-box
      mutations define a region that is involved in the uptake of colicin B across the
      outer membrane.

PMID- 2287277
TI  - Cysteine-rich outer membrane proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis display
      compensatory sequence changes between biovariants.
AB  - Two cysteine-rich proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis are essential structural
      components of the unique outer membrane of the infectious elementary body. These
      58,000 (outer membrane protein 2; OMP2) and 15,000 (OMP3) proteins also differ
      structurally and chemically between biovariants that differ in invasive
      capability. We have identified the gene for OMP3 and sequenced both trachoma and
      lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) omp3 genes. We have previously sequenced omp2 from
      the LGV biovar and now describe the omp2 sequence for a trachoma biovariant.
      Amino acid sequence differences between biovariants were few but, significantly,
      these changes have altered the charge of both OMP2 and OMP3 such that the net
      charge of each protein differs between biovariants. These compensatory charge
      alterations have implications for the outer membrane organization of these
      proteins. In addition, examination of the OMP3 sequence suggests that OMP3 may be
      a lipoprotein.

PMID- 2287278
TI  - Promoter-upstream activator sequences are required for expression of the xylS
      gene and upper-pathway operon on the Pseudomonas TOL plasmid.
AB  - Stimulation of transcription from the Pseudomonas TOL plasmid xylS gene promoter
      (Ps) and the upper-pathway operon promoter (Pu) is dependent on the positive
      regulator protein XylR activated by an effector molecule such as 3
      cholorotoluene, and on RpoN, an RNA polymerase sigma factor. Mutational analysis
      of the Ps and Pu promoters showed that upstream activator sequences located
      between -110 and -218bp upstream of the main transcription initiation point are
      required for regulated expression from these promoters. A search for homologous
      nucleotide sequences in the -110 to -218bp region in Pu and Ps revealed conserved
      sequences that may act as putative recognition sequences for the XylR protein. Ps
      and Pu exhibit another well-conserved region at around -50bp, which is homologous
      to corresponding sites in other RpoN-dependent promoters and may constitute a
      binding site for integration host factor (IHF).

PMID- 2287279
TI  - Cloning and physical mapping of the sor genes for L-sorbose transport and
      metabolism from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - The sor genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae KAY2026, which enable the bacterium to
      metabolize the ketose L-sorbose, have been cloned on an 8.3kb DNA fragment into
      the multicopy plasmid, pACYC184. The genes were mapped by restriction analysis,
      by deletion mapping and by insertion mutagenesis with Tn1725. The corresponding
      gene products were identified by the maxicell technique. The structural genes
      sorD, sorA and sorE code for a D-glucitol-6-P dehydrogenase (27 kilodalton (kD)),
      an Enzymell (EllSor) activity specific for L-sorbose and an L-sorbose-1-P
      reductase (45kD). Besides these genes for known functions, three additional genes
      were discovered: sorC, coding for a transcriptional 40kD regulatory protein, and
      sorF and sorB, coding for two proteins of 14kD and 19kD, respectively, involved
      in transport. The genes form an operon (gene order sorCpCDFBAE) and are inducible
      by L-sorbose.

PMID- 2287280
TI  - The pYV plasmid of Yersinia encodes a lipoprotein, YlpA, related to TraT.
AB  - A series of lipoproteins was detected in the membrane fraction of Yersinia
      enterocolitica W227, a typical strain from serotype O:9. At least two of them,
      YlpA and YlpB, are encoded by the pYV plasmid. The sequence of ylpA reveals the
      presence of a typical lipoprotein signal peptide. The mature YlpA protein would
      be 223 residues long with a calculated molecular weight of 23798 for the proteic
      moiety of the molecule. YlpA shares 88% identical residues with the TraT protein
      encoded by plasmid pED208, 80% identity with TraT proteins encoded by plasmids
      R100 and F, and 77% identity with the TraT protein encoded by the virulence
      plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium. The ylpA gene hybridized with the pYV plasmid
      of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, suggesting that this gene is conserved among
      Yersinia spp. The production of YlpA is controlled by virF and only occurs at 37
      degrees C in the absence of Ca2+ ions. This co-regulation with the yop genes
      suggests that ylpA is a virulence determinant. However, mutations in ylpA clearly
      affect neither the resistance to human serum nor the virulence for intravenously
      inoculated mice.

PMID- 2287282
TI  - MSMS membership. There are many benefits.

PMID- 2287283
TI  - Physicians face a variety of year-end tax saving strategies.

PMID- 2287281
TI  - Conservation of a hexapeptide sequence in the anchor region of surface proteins
      from gram-positive cocci.
AB  - A highly conserved hexapeptide sequence (both at the protein- and DNA level) has
      been identified within the C-terminal end of all 11 known surface proteins from
      Gram-positive cocci. The hexapeptide, with the consensus sequence LPXTGE, is
      located about 9 amino acids N-terminal from the C-terminal hydrophobic domain
      which is found in all these surface molecules. The conservation of the
      hexapeptide, despite sequence variation within the regions flanking it, suggests
      that it is important for the attachment of these proteins within the cell.

PMID- 2287284
TI  - MSMS issues statement on physician-assisted suicide.

PMID- 2287286
TI  - The word for the future is data.

PMID- 2287285
TI  - Physicians must assume an active role in helping shape our health care system.

PMID- 2287287
TI  - [A comparison of the frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in
      hospital and nonhospital personnel].
AB  - HBsAg and Anti-HBs positivity was determined in hospital personnel and volunteer
      blood donors (controls) by using Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) method. The combined
      prevalence of antigen-antibody positivity among hospital personnel was 40.52%
      (HBsAg 5.57%, Anti-HBs 34.94%) while it was present 37% (HBsAg 6% Anti-HBs 31%)
      in controls. The frequency of the antigen and antibody in hospital personnel and
      controls did not differ significantly.

PMID- 2287288
TI  - [The effects of immunotherapy on lymphocyte subsets and autologous rosette
      formation in allergic asthma patients].

PMID- 2287289
TI  - [Use of various cell culture antigens in the indirect fluorescent antibody test
      for the detection of antinuclear antibodies].
AB  - Cell culture antigens were prepared from Vero, BHK-21 and Hep-2 cells which were
      propagated on slide, for detection antinuclear antibody (ANA) in sera with
      indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). ANA were investigated in 55 sera which
      were positive at 1/20 titer with KB IFAT ANA test kits (Virgo), by using these
      cell culture antigens. 50 sera (91%) with Vero antigens, 46 sera (83%) with BHK
      21 antigens and 44 sera (80%) with Hep-2 antigens were found positive at 1/20
      titer. As conclusion Vero cell culture which is propagated on slide can be used
      as antigen for detection of ANA with IFAT.

PMID- 2287290
TI  - [The determination of the protective potency of the diphtheria component in
      combined vaccines by the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) method].
AB  - The sheep erythrocytes which were coated with diphtheria toxoid by formaldehyde
      tannic acid method are used to identify the specific antibody response in guinea
      pigs that were immunized by adsorbed DPT and DT. It has been demonstrated that
      this antibody response detected by IHA is highly correlative with protective
      antibody response detected by Lethal Challenge Test. It has also been determined
      by IHA method that the immunization potency of diphtheria component can be
      detected by testing only one immunized guinea-pig.

PMID- 2287291
TI  - [Antibiotic and specific immunoglobulin G in the treatment of E. coli sepsis in
      mice previously given steroids].
AB  - Experimental E. coli sepsis was constituted in two groups of mice. One of the
      groups have been immunosuppressed by steroid therapy of ten days (group A) and
      the other group was normal (group B). Ceftriaxone and Ig G, prepared by
      vaccinating rabbits with the same strain of E. coli, were used in therapy. The
      results of the therapy in both were compared. The mortality rate of mice on Ig G
      therapy was % 70 in group A and % 80 in group B and that on ceftriaxone therapy %
      60 and % 50, respectively. The mortality rate was % 30 in both groups with Ig G +
      ceftriaxone therapy. There wasn't any significance between these. On this
      research, the treatment of antibiotic together with Ig G decreased the mortality
      rate. The statistical value of the mortality rate among the treatment groups was
      not found significant.

PMID- 2287292
TI  - [An outbreak of influenza in hospital personnel].
AB  - During the last week of December 1989, an outbreak of respiratory system
      infection involved 32 hospital personnel and 2 patients was detected in Gazi
      University Medical Faculty Hospital. White blood cells count of the patients were
      either normal or there were a slight leucopenia. Throat cultures of the most
      patients were normal. Serum ASO, CRP, bilirubin, AST and ALT were usually within
      normal limits. According to symptoms, signs and laboratory data we considered a
      viral disease, especially influenza. All patients recovered without any sequelae.
      Of 34 in-patients, 8 paired sera, 2 acute phase sera, and 10 convalescent phase
      sera were tested for the presence of Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) antibody to
      three influenza virus strains recommended by WHO in the 1989-1990 season:
      Influenza A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1 N1), Influenza A/Shanghai/11/87 (H3 N2), Influenza
      B/Victoria/2/87. All of the sera were negative for Influenza B/Victoria/2/87.
      There were no significant rises in HT antibody titer for Influenza A/Taiwan/1/86
      (H1 N1). The sera for 4 of 8 patients examined both acute and convalescent phase
      sera had fourfold or greater rise in HI antibody for Influenza A/Shanghai/11/87
      (H3 N2). Four patients examined only convalescent sera had 1/40 or greater rises
      in HI antibody for this influenza subtype. It was considered that this influenza
      outbreak was probably caused by Influenza A/Shanghai/11/87 (H3 N2).

PMID- 2287293
TI  - [Convulsions in childhood Shigella gastroenteritis. An evaluation of risk
      factors].
AB  - Fifty-five patients with the diagnosis of shigella gastroenteritis were studied,
      29 (52.7%) of whom had convulsions. Various symptoms and signs were compared
      between patients with and without convulsions to define risk factors for the
      development of seizures. To have a younger age and high body temperature were
      important predisposing factors. Hyponatremia and type of shigella organism were
      not contributing factors in the development of seizures.

PMID- 2287294
TI  - [Group B streptococcal endocarditis].
AB  - In this article, a case of group B streptococcal endocarditis in a diabetic
      patient, taking immunosuppressive therapy because of dermatomyositis is reported.

PMID- 2287295
TI  - [Sporadic kala-azar in the Black Sea region].
AB  - Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease, also called kala-azar, caused by species of
      Leishmania, which is known as intracellular parasite. Disease show a broad
      spectrum on the clinical symptoms. This infection is seen classically in
      Mediterranean countries, in same Asian countries between 30th-48th north
      parallels and in South America. In Mediterranean countries the parasite causing
      the visceral Leishmaniasis is Leishmania donovani. Turkey is also a Mediterranean
      country taking place between 36th-42nd north parallels.

PMID- 2287296
TI  - [Parasite prevalence in schools with different socioeconomic status and
      evaluation of methods for diagnosing intestinal parasitic diseases].
AB  - In this study; the parasite prevalence of schools with different socio-economical
      status and three methods for diagnosing intestinal parasitosis were evaluated.
      Children from two primary schools and one junior high school with different socio
      economical status participated in the study. The three method used for diagnosing
      parasitosis in this study were direct wet mounts, concentrated saline flotation
      technique, and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation method. Parasitosis was found
      in 69 fecal samples (18%). The distribution of the parasites found were
      Hymenolepis nana (29%), Ascaris lumbricoides (26%), Enterobius vermicularis
      (23%), Trichirus trichiura (18%), taenia saginata (4%). The parasite prevalence
      in schools with low and high socioeconomical status differed significantly (27%
      vs. 5% respectively). Combined methods were superior to single methods. The
      combined method of direct wet mounts and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation was
      the most sensitive method (diagnosis rate 90%). But we think that the combined
      method of direct wet mounts and concentrated saline flotation technique is a
      simpler method with almost equal results (86%).

PMID- 2287297
TI  - [Acute maxillary sinusitis treated with cefaclor].
AB  - 26 girls (54.2%) and 22 boys (45.8%) total 48 patients with clinically and
      radiologically proven acute maxillary sinusitis have been treated with cefaclor.
      The dosage of the drug was 40 mg/kg/daily and the duration of the therapy was 10
      days. Total cure have been achieved in 37 patients (77.1%) and no side effects of
      the drug has been detected.

PMID- 2287298
TI  - [Activity of cefoperazone and cefoperazone-sulbactam against gram-positive and
      gram-negative bacteria].
AB  - The activity of cefoperazone-sulbactam combination against 79 gram-positive and
      205 gram-negative microorganisms was tested and compared with that of
      cefoperazone alone. Cefoperazone-sulbactam combination was active against gram
      positive and gram-negative microorganisms than cefoperazone.

PMID- 2287299
TI  - [Recent developments in the pathogenesis and treatment of anaerobic infections].

PMID- 2287300
TI  - [The role and tasks of university clinics].

PMID- 2287301
TI  - [The difference between scientific and professional work].

PMID- 2287302
TI  - [Clinical manifestations of acute Q-fever].
AB  - The participation of asymptomatic infections and clinical forms of acute Q-fever
      were analysed, using the active epidemiological investigation of the population
      affected by Q-fever epidemics. Out of the total number of registered Q-fever
      cases, the asymptomatic infection was present in 8.36%. The occurrence of
      asymptomatic infection was statistically more frequent by significance in women
      than in men. Pulmonary form of Q-fever occurred in 65.20% of the diseased. This
      clinical manifestation was statistically more frequent by significance in men
      than in women. The difference between the morbidity rates of Q-fever in regard to
      sexes could be caused by both the difference in the intensity of exposure to the
      infection and the difference in clinical presentation and recognition of the
      disease.

PMID- 2287303
TI  - [Reactive characteristics of the neurohypophysis in the early postnatal period].
AB  - The maturity of the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system in the first 10 days of
      the postnatal life of rats was analysed through the potential inhibitory effect
      of ethanol on oxytocin and vasopressin secretion. Experimental animals were
      intraperitoneally injected with ethanol, and the control ones with the
      corresponding amount of physiological solution. Hypophyses were extracted 30 min
      later to be histologically analysed. Although the morphological features of
      neurohypophysis with functionally active pituicytes and dense vascular net were
      present even from the first natal day, neurosecretory grains were noticed not
      before the 8 th day. But the inhibitory effect of ethanol on neurosecretion did
      not manifest itself until the 10 th day, so it can be concluded that in this
      period the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system had not yet reached its level of
      complete maturity. Fatty acids in pituicytes being elements of neurohypophyseal
      neuroglia are pronunced even in animals younger than 10 days, which indicates
      that their origin could not be necessarily linked to the process of
      neurosecretion. In acutely alcoholized offsprings the amount of fatty acids in
      the neurohypophysis was reduced. This is substantiated by the engagement of the
      alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) in
      alcohol metabolism with which follows retarded oxidation process of fatty acids.

PMID- 2287304
TI  - [Body height and weight of school age children in Subotica].
AB  - This paper discusses the result of the stature and body weight cross-sectional
      anthropometric examination of Subotica school children in the school year of
      1986/87. The research specimen consisted of 13.689 students aged from 7-15 years
      which presents the complete population of elementary school children. The mean
      values of stature and body weight for the given sex and age, distributed
      according to standard deviation, create a basis for the working out of a growth
      curve of Subotica school children. The obtained data is of great practical
      importance, since it is applicable in everyday clinical work in school health
      centers.

PMID- 2287305
TI  - [Bleeding in hemophilia as a function of meteorologic changes and the effect of
      tissue hormones].
AB  - Hemophilia is a hereditary coagulopathy which has the characteristic of bleeding
      into various tissues, particularly joints and muscles, bearing the risk of early
      invalidity. A lot of bleedings in children with hemophilia occur without any
      recognizable trauma, spontaneously and during the night. By comparing the
      frequency of bleeding in hemophiliacs with meteorological phenomena, and by the
      one year material revision of the Hematology Department of the Institute for
      Child Care in Novi Sad (Yugoslavia) as well as the simultaneous recording of
      barometric pressure, it was found that the increase of atmospheric pressure was
      strongly associated with spontaneous bleedings in hemophiliacs. It is accompanied
      with a rise in negative air ions that when inhaled interact with platelets and
      decrease blood serotonin, thus blocking its vasoconstrictor effect and
      precipitating bleeding. Antiserotonin activity drugs can have a similar
      influence.

PMID- 2287306
TI  - [Hypoglycemia and states of confusion].
AB  - In states of hypoglycemia apart from vegetative clinical appearances, rough
      psychic disorders can also occur in the sense of the disruption of the levels of
      consciousness, as well as in the form of confusion or the clouding of narrowed
      consciousness. In regard to the fact that these psychoorganic disorders often
      occur without the classical appearance of vegetative disorders which are typical
      for hypoglycemia, psychoorganic disorders therefore, present a great challenge
      and risk in differential diagnostics. The paper presents two types of confusion
      states which can occur in the course of hypoglycemia. They are the stiff,
      stuporous confusion state, as well as the anxious, agitated confusion state.

PMID- 2287307
TI  - [Indications for use of artificial ventilation and its complications in pediatric
      surgery].
AB  - Artificial respiration is often indicated in the child surgical patient
      preoperatively, as well as postoperatively because of the specific features of
      this age group. The characteristics of the respiratory function which are various
      in different ages, as well as the preoperative condition of the child and the
      nature of the surgical procedure and anaesthesia are factors which influence the
      indications for artificial respiration. Of particular importance is the neonatal
      period of the child where beside the immaturity of vital functions, and a high
      metabolism level with small calorie reserves, as well as a large consumption of
      oxygen, there is the addition of stress due to the surgical procedure and
      anaesthesia which can seriously endanger respiration. The paper analyzes
      indications for applying artificial respiration at the Clinic for Child Surgery
      in Novi Sad during a five-year period. Ways of applying artificial respiration,
      its parameters, as well as the complications during its use are followed.
      Artificial respiration was applied in 82 children, 46.34% were newborns operated
      on because of ileus conditions and 43.90% were larger children treated due to
      polytrauma. The most frequent complications were in the group of newborns:
      pneumonia, atelectasis, ductus arteriosus opening, lung bleeding and
      pneumothorax.

PMID- 2287308
TI  - [Parrot's method of angiostereometry in the evaluation of the status of chronic
      venous disease].
AB  - The authors present the results of capillary resistance measurements (CR) in
      three groups of examined subjects: with postthrombophlebitic syndrome, in
      patients with primary varicosis and in examined subjects which comprised the
      control group. We started from the fact that in more severe clinical conditions
      within venous insufficiency there also develop severe consequent conditions with
      the liberation of inflammatory reaction mediators in a greater extent than in the
      less severe cases and the assumption that in such patients CR is also lowered in
      the distant parts of the body. Angiostereometry by Parrot was the used technique.
      A total of 200 hundred persons was investigated. The examined subjects were
      divided into three groups. In group I there were 80 persons, all with the
      postthrombophlebitic syndrome which had the CR mean value of 15.26 cmHg (20.3
      kPa). In group II there were 60 patients with primary varicosis, and the mean
      value of their CR was 17.7 cmHg (23.6 kPa). Group III had 60 examined subjects
      which comprised the control group, and their CR mean value was 19.90 cmHg (26.5
      kPa). The difference was statistically significant. Capillary resistometry by
      Parrot is a very convenient method for the follow up and evaluation of clinical
      conditions of many diseases, as well as the follow up of therapy results. Due to
      all of its advantages it is superior to all stoppage methods such as Rumpel-Leed,
      for example.

PMID- 2287309
TI  - [Drug therapy of obesity--results of treatment with dexfenfluramine].
AB  - The paper presents the results of treatment in 22 obese persons with
      hypoenergetical nutrition of 4200 kJ with the simultaneous application of
      dexfenfluoramine in the daily dose of 30 mg in the course of three months. During
      this period of time an average weight loss of 7.5 kg was achieved, and a loss of
      10 kg and more in one third of the patients. The controlled laboratory parameters
      did not show any significant deviations, and side effects in the form of mouth
      dryness and diarrhea were rare, and of a lighter intensity so that they did not
      demand the stop of therapy. When correctly indicated, dexfenfluoramine presents a
      valuable supplement in the therapeutic arsenal for obesity treatment, because
      thanks to its anorexigenic effect it eases the conducting of hypoenergetical
      nutrition and improves the treatment effect of this pathological condition.

PMID- 2287310
TI  - [Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women].
AB  - A random specimen of 288 women was examined by the use of the indirect
      immunofluorescent test (IIF) for the proof of the Chlamydia trachomatis antigen
      in endocervical swabs (by the help of monoclonal antibodies), and with the ELISA
      test for the proof of IgG antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis in serums, and
      the complement--fixation reaction for the proof of antibodies against the
      Chlamydia-group antigen. These women were previously examined anamnestically and
      clinically in detail. The Chlamydia trachomatis infection was determined in
      29.51% of cases, with a high percentage of positive results in all age groups.
      These infections were more frequently proved, to a considerable extent, in women
      with the diagnosis of sterility than in all other examined women, and in relation
      to all other inflammatory processes it was most frequently diagnosed in women
      with uterine cervix changes (endocervicitis and erythroplasia). A high percentage
      of Chlamydia positive subjects (40.91%) was established in those examined women
      which had pathological pregnancies and births in their past medical histories.
      The humoral immune response to the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections
      was proven in 70.59% of cases. Presented and analyzed are the diagnostic
      possibilities of the used diagnostic tests, where the combination of the IIF and
      ELISA test has shown to be the best.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287311
TI  - [Justification for introducing specific patch test series in the diagnosis of
      contact allergies].
AB  - In contact allergy diagnostic procedures, beside the epicutaneous PATCH testing
      with commercial products, the authors form a standard as well as a certain number
      of specific epicutaneus allergen series, in order to prove the relationship
      between results in two different kinds of investigations, and the justification
      of testing with certain components of a complex product, in which the causative
      agent is often presented in a concentration which is lesser than the
      concentration needed for producing a positive PATCH test. The investigation was
      done including 158 patients with clinically evident contact dermatitis. TROLABR
      Hermal-Chemie Kurt Herrmann standard allergens were put in one standard and
      certain specific series such as: oil and petroleum derivatives and cutting
      fluids, detergents and soaps, leather, textile fabrics, glues, plastics,
      protective agents in agriculture, the dentist's battery, cosmetics, hair
      dressings and hair dyes. Allergic contact sensitivity was detected in 82.2%; in
      the textile battery (23.01%), in rubber, plastics and glues (15.49%), in
      cosmetics (12.83%), in oils, petrol derivatives and cutting fluids (12.83%).
      According to the results in two different kinds of testing and the statistical
      findings, the relationship between the two variables was estimated with a
      statistical significance on the level of 0.01.

PMID- 2287312
TI  - [Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland].
AB  - Ultrasonography takes an important place in the diagnostics of thyroid gland
      diseases. It is a contemporary, uninvasive method of examination, very
      comfortable for the patient. By applying this examination method it is possible
      to attain useful data which are related to morphological changes in the gland,
      while in regard to the functional condition of this organ, it does not present
      any information. The paper presents ultrasonographic features of individual
      thyroid gland pathological conditions. The use of puncture under the control of
      ultrasound can considerably improve the aspiration cito-diagnostics of the
      thyroid gland.

PMID- 2287313
TI  - [Hypoglycemia in childhood. II. Clinical aspects and therapy of hypoglycemia in
      childhood].
AB  - Regardless of age and body weight, hypoglycemia is defined as the glycemia value
      below 2.6 mmol/l. This is the borderline glycemia value, below which the
      suffering begins which directly endangers the CNS development in the newborn
      period. The fact that we registered hypoglycemias in 2/3 of premature infants and
      in 3/4 of low birth weight infants at registration on the ward for premature
      infants at the Institute for Mother and Child Health Protection, in the course of
      1988, tells of the complexity and seriousness of the situation with which we meet
      during the depopulation of the inhabitants. The paper gives physiological basics
      for the understanding of glycose homeostasis in the organism, as the most
      frequent forms of hypoglycemia with which the physician meets in practice. A
      diagnosing and hypoglycemia treatment algorithm is given.

PMID- 2287314
TI  - [Evaluation of the level of suicidal tendencies in women with unwanted
      pregnancies].
AB  - The study was conducted on 250 pregnant women who registered at the Clinic for
      Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Medical Faculty in Novi Sad with the intention
      of terminating their pregnancy. The specimen was divided into three groups on the
      base of pregnancy duration and the legal possibilities of its termination. The
      examined women were polled through a specially constructed questionnaire and the
      PSPI scale for the evaluation of the level of suicide capability and depressive
      state. It was determined that a high score in both scales existed only in those
      women where there was no possibility of legal termination for the existing
      pregnancy. The level of existing suicide capability and depressive state had
      shown to be statistically significant in relation to the other two groups of
      examined women. Out of the list of examined control variables, only the
      impossibility of pregnancy termination was high in correlation with the level of
      both suicide capability and state of depression in the bounds of the risk group,
      which gives this parameter the meaning of a suicidogenic factor in the conditions
      of our investigation.

PMID- 2287315
TI  - [Therapy of resistant ascites using the peritoneojugular (Leveen shunt)].
AB  - Since 1984 the peritoneovenous shunt has been installed in 33 patients (10
      females - 30.3%; 23 males - 69.7%) of the average age of 54 +/- 8, all in the
      phase of therapeutically resistant ascites (alcoholic cirrhosis 28 - 84.85%; 4 -
      12.12% posthepatitic cirrhosis; and 1 - 3.03% hepatic amyloidosis). The control
      group consisted of 39 patients (11 females - 28.2% and 28 males - 71.8%) treated
      in an identical time span with the strict conduction of medicament-diet therapy.
      The aim of this study was to check the value of this method on our own clinical
      patient material, and therefore establish the incidence of complications. By the
      use of a unique protocol we followed mortality, morbidity, body weight, belly
      circumference, diuresis, the ultrasonographic finding of the abdominal cavity and
      the complications which appeared. Out of the group operated on 19 (57%) of the
      patients died, and so did all the control group patients as well. The average
      life duration was 275 +/- 810 days in the group operated on, and 44 +/- 29 (p
      less than 0.005) in the control group. All those alive (14.33-42.42%) lived
      longer than six months. Six patients lived longer than one year (42.85%), 4
      (28.47%) longer than two years, and one (7.14%) longer than three years. There is
      a statistically significant decrease in body weight, belly circumference,
      diuresis increase and the consequent ascites withdrawal. DIC occurred in 2
      patients, shunt malposition in 2, saccular dilatation in 1, plastic peritonitis
      in 6, and ileus in 1 patient. Not one of the listed complications resulted by
      death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287316
TI  - [Psychomotor organization in early school age and its effect on success in
      school].
AB  - The purpose of this paper was to indicate the link between psychomotor
      organization and the success of studying. The examined 223 children of the age of
      8-12, were divided into three groups. As indicators of psychomotor maturity the
      following were used: visual motor capabilities--Bender's Visual Motor Gestalt
      test and complex motor organization--Lury's trial. The paper proves that
      psychomotor maturity is an important factor in the success of studying in the
      early school age, and later on other factors from the multi-factorial etiology of
      unsuccessful studying have an even greater emphasis.

PMID- 2287317
TI  - [The effect of Hatha yoga on poor posture in children and the psychophysiologic
      condition in adults].
AB  - Hatha Yoga's effects on the posture of 15 ten year-old children and also its
      effects on the psychophysical condition of 15 grown-ups was studied. As symptoms,
      during the first examination, 12 of the 15 children had head protrusion, 14 had
      shortened back extensors, all 15 had bent shoulders, relaxation of the frontal
      abdominal wall and shortened flexors of both the calf and thigh. The condition of
      all the children was remarkably better after six months of practice, some of the
      symptoms having completely disappeared (head protrusion, asymmetry of the
      shoulders, mamillas and hips, shortening of the pectoralis and back extensors), 9
      children still had slight to medium relaxation of the frontal abdominal wall, 8
      children still had bent shoulders, and 1 child still had shortened calf and thigh
      extensors. The adults were in a weak or very weak psychophysical condition, they
      tired easily, they complained of sleep disturbances, fluctuation of emotional
      state and irritability. After 3 months of practice, the vital capacity of 8 of
      the adults tested (53.3%) had increased by 435 ml. The time duration of apnoea
      had lengthened for all of the practicing adults, but with a truly large variation
      among them (a median of 14%). The deep waist-bend length of all the practicing
      adults had lengthened by an average of 9.5 cm, and the average length increase
      for the 3-minute running test was 42 m. All those who practiced, had experienced
      an alleviation of psychic difficulties.

PMID- 2287318
TI  - [Thyroid hormones and the development of the nervous system].
AB  - The growth and differentiation of the central nervous system are closely related
      to the presence of iodine and thyroid hormones. During the first trimester of
      human pregnancy the development of the nervous system depends entirely on the
      availability of iodine; after 12 week of pregnancy it depends on the initial
      secretion of iodothyronine by the fetal thyroid gland. During the early stages of
      the development of the nervous system a thyroid hormone deficit may provoke
      alterations in the maturation of both noble nervous cells (cortical pyramidal
      cells, Purkinje cells) and glial cells. Hypothyroidism may lead to cellular
      hypoplasia and reduced dendritic ramification, gemmules and interneuronal
      connections. Experimental studies in hypothyroid rats have also shown alterations
      in the content and organization of neuronal intracytoplasmatic microtubules, the
      biochemical maturation of synaptosomes and the maturation of nuclear and
      cytoplasmatic T3 receptors. Excess thyroid hormones during the early stages of
      development may also cause permanent damage to the central nervous system.
      Hyperthyroidism may initially induce an acceleration of the maturation processes,
      including the migration and differentiation of cells, the extension of the
      dendritic processes and synaptogenesis. An excess of thyroid hormones therefore
      causes neuronal proliferation to end precociously leading to a reduction of the
      total number of gemmules. Experimental research and clinical studies have
      partially clarified the correlation between the maturation of the nervous system
      and thyroid function during the early stages of development; both a deficit and
      excess of thyroid hormones may lead to permanent anatomo-functional damage to the
      central nervous system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287319
TI  - [Surgical exeresis of the lung in mucoviscidosis].

PMID- 2287320
TI  - [Causes and significance of violent group behavior of adolescents].

PMID- 2287322
TI  - [Dilated cardiomyopathy in infants. Report of a clinical case with particularly
      favorable outcome].
AB  - Dilated cardiomyopathy has a poor prognosis in infants and children. We report
      the favourable long term outcome of a case of dilated cardiomyopathy discovered
      at age seven months. The knowledge of natural history of these patients is very
      important to develop predictive indexes to select patients who might respond to
      medical management and those who might be suitable candidates for cardiac
      transplantation.

PMID- 2287321
TI  - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of gastro-protected proteoferrin in the therapy
      of sideropenic anemia in childhood].
AB  - The clinical efficacy and tolerability of gastroprotected ferritin were assessed
      in children affected by iron deficiency and/or sideropenic anemia. Forty-seven
      children with iron-deficiency and/or sideropenic anemia were included in the
      study and were treated with gastroprotected ferritin at a dose of 4-5 mg/kg/day
      per os for 4 months. Only 33 children correctly completed the entire treatment
      cycle, achieving a marked improvement of blood parameters (increased Hb,
      accompanied by higher levels of sideremia and in particular ferritin, with a
      contemporary decrease in erythrocytic protoporphyrin and transferrinemia) and
      clinical symptoms, especially pallor, anorexia, debility, somnolence,
      hyperactivity, disturbed sleep and excessive sweating. Of the remaining 14
      children, 9 failed to present for the planned control after the 4 months of
      therapy, 3 abandoned therapy due to difficulties of assumption and 2 because of
      intolerance phenomena, such as nausea and diarrhoea. In conclusion,
      gastroprotected proteoferrin is efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment
      of iron deficiency in children.

PMID- 2287323
TI  - [Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Report of two clinical cases].
AB  - The cases of two sisters suffering from stature and weight retardation, skeletal
      changes and phosphocalcic homeostasis are reported. Objective examination and
      laboratory data suggested a hypothesis of pseudohypoparathyroidism. After three
      years treatment with vitamin D and thyroxin, the haematochemical parameters
      normalized.

PMID- 2287324
TI  - [Nutritional intervention in cystic fibrosis in infancy].

PMID- 2287325
TI  - [The risk of hepatitis B infection in patients with cystic fibrosis].

PMID- 2287327
TI  - [A case of cystic fibrosis with unusual onset].

PMID- 2287326
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling. Experience of a year at the Palermo
      Department].

PMID- 2287328
TI  - [A comparative assessment of the capacity of 2 bleeding indices to represent the
      concentration of thromboxane B2 in the periodontal tissues].
AB  - Comparative assessment on the capability of two bleeding indexes to measure the
      concentration of thromboxane B2 in periodontal tissues. The aim of the study was
      to compare two bleeding indexes, the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) and the
      Gingival Bleeding Time Index (BTI) in evaluating the intensity of inflammation in
      deep periodontal tissues measured by the level of thromboxane B2 in the tissues
      themselves. Results showed that both bleeding indexes were closely correlated to
      tissue inflammation but that of the two, BTI is more significantly correlated. On
      the basis of these findings, the authors hope to see the application of bleeding
      indexes in clinical and research studies which can offer a graduated assessment
      of bleeding, thus increasing the specificity of this important diagnostic sign.

PMID- 2287330
TI  - [Environmental pathology and dentistry. III. Carcinogenic process of the soft
      tissues of the oral cavity].
AB  - The context in which a relationship between environmental pathologies and
      dentistry is most easily distinguished is with reference to the carcinogenic
      processes of soft tissues in the oral cavity. In this study, a distinction is
      made between potentially cancerous lesions and true carcinomas, and the
      relationship between tumour pathology of the oral cavity and the surrounding
      environment is analysed. Clinical aspects are also illustrated.

PMID- 2287329
TI  - [Environmental pathology and dentistry. II. Occupational diseases and
      stomatomucositis due to allergic factors].
AB  - Professional diseases and stomatomucositis due to allergic factors represent two
      important aspects of odontostomatology in which there is a clear relationship
      with environmental factors. The paper analyses the etiopathogenetic and clinical
      aspects of the most common forms of disease which lead to alterations of the oral
      mucous.

PMID- 2287332
TI  - [Morphological variations of the temporomandibular joint. Statistical studies on
      its anatomical features].
AB  - Data regarding the joints, skeleton and teeth, including specific measurements of
      condylar diameters, the height of mandibular branches and the gonial angle, were
      obtained from the study of 100 dry skulls from young adults of both sexes. An
      innovative measurement technique was required to assess the articular eminence,
      whereas Yale's scale and Scott's method were used to analyse condylar morphology
      and dental wear (attrition) respectively. The presence of elementary, uni- and
      bilateral joint lesions and adaptive remodelling was also assessed. Special
      attention was paid to the examination of possible asymmetries, which proved to be
      numerous, due to the supposed repercussions on mandibular arthrokinematics. The
      correlation between condylar alterations and the various bone and dental
      parameters was not significant, except in the presence of third class bone or
      cross bites. The sample population in question, which possessed abundant dental
      remains, proved to be relatively homogeneous and well distributed in terms of sex
      and age; it may therefore be used as a reference population for the assessment of
      temporomandibular morphology.

PMID- 2287331
TI  - [Mercury as a pollutant in the dental profession. I. Its biological cycle,
      toxicity and monitoring].

PMID- 2287333
TI  - [A comparative evaluation of oral and parenteral cephalosporins in inhibiting the
      growth of bacteria pathogenic to the periodontium].
AB  - A study was carried out in vitro to assess the inhibitory activity on the growth
      of Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius using two oral
      cephalosporins (Cephalexin and Cephradine) in comparison to two parenteral
      cephalosporins (Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxon) and the classic Tetracycline HCl. The
      results of the study show that the inhibitory activity on the growth of the two
      periodontopathogenic bacteria produced by the oral cephalosporins is comparable
      to that of other antibiotics studied, and that in comparison to parenteral
      cephalosporins the former have the advantage of being better accepted and more
      economic.

PMID- 2287335
TI  - [The first molar: its presence, absence and restoration. The results of 2000
      statistical studies].

PMID- 2287337
TI  - [A clinical case of epidermoid cysts of the mandible].

PMID- 2287336
TI  - [Oral ulcerative lesions in young adults].
AB  - Following a general discussion of the pathological and clinical aspects of
      recurring oral ulcerative lesions most frequently observed in dentistry, the
      paper illustrates a few typical and atypical clinical cases. In conclusion, the
      authors make a few comments on the differential diagnosis and therapy of these
      diseases.

PMID- 2287334
TI  - [Empathy and prevention: from the child's viewpoint. Comments on a school diary
      developed from dental prophylaxis messages].
AB  - The paper presents, explains and comments on the theoretical, practical and
      applied aspects of a collaborative enterprise between Health Services and a
      primary school in the context of a dental hygiene and preventive project
      organised by the USSL no. 19 in Mediobrenta. The enterprise in question concerned
      the experimental writing, by the children themselves, of a school diary, based on
      messages regarding dental health and hygiene formulated by the
      Odontostomatological Service in line with learning processes and communication
      models used during infancy. The experiment formed part of the general active
      approach of modern psychological pedagogy, and proved particularly efficacious in
      introducing medical concepts to an infantile population which would otherwise
      have met with much greater resistance.

PMID- 2287338
TI  - [Neurofibroma of the mandible. A review of the literature and a clinical case
      report].

PMID- 2287339
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery of the ventral surface of the mobile tongue. The authors'
      personal experience].
AB  - The neoplastic pathology of the cervico-cephalic district in an advanced stage of
      the disease often of necessity involves radical, mutilating operations. Following
      some brief remarks, personal experience in the reconstructive surgery of the
      ventral face of the mobile tongue and the oral floor is presented.

PMID- 2287340
TI  - [Headaches and craniofacial pains with dental involvement in the classification
      of the International Headache Society (1988)].
AB  - Facial pain often presents complex diagnosis, requiring other specialists'
      consultation. The use of different terminology and protocols can affect the
      information exchange negatively. These problems in the field of headache, cranial
      neuralgias and facial pain lead the International Headache Society to introduce a
      new classification in 1988. The chief difference with the previous ones is the
      presence of strictly codified diagnostic principles. Its target is research, but
      it can help the general practice as well. We discuss the most interesting points
      to the stomatologist.

PMID- 2287341
TI  - [Modifications in the clinical and microbiological parameters of the periodontal
      tissues after the removal of overhanging class-II amalgam fillings].
AB  - A short-term longitudinal study was carried out to assess how microbiological and
      clinical characteristics, measured surrounding periodontal sites with amalgam
      class II fillings intentionally made to overhang, vary following their
      replacement with a correct form of filling. The results of the study showed a
      significant reduction of the total bacterial count and the percentages of Gram
      negative and anaerobic organisms spreading from overhanging fillings to non
      overhanging fillings. The paper concludes that, as has been already demonstrated
      in the case of onlays, there are both qualitative and quantitative variations in
      the subgingival plaque in the presence of overhanging fillings which can lead to
      periodontal damage.

PMID- 2287342
TI  - Relation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism to glycolytic pathway in skeletal
      muscle membranes.
AB  - Skeletal muscle triads are possessing the whole set of enzymes of the
      phosphatidylinositol (PI)-linked signal generating pathway, PI-kinase, PI(4)P
      kinase, and PI(4,5)P2-phospholipase C (PLC). The activities of these enzymes are
      comparable to those found in other cell types for which a functional role of the
      PI-pathway in intracellular signal transduction has been established. For
      skeletal muscle an unequivocal function and an initiating signal for Ins(1,4,5)P3
      liberation is still unknown. However, the observed Ca-dependency of PLC activity
      suggests that here Ins(1,4,5)P3 production is a consequence rather than a cause
      of increasing cytosolic Ca2+. Recently, the glycolytic enzyme aldolase, whose
      activity can be modulated by inositol polyphosphates, has been localized in the
      triadic structure. The enzyme which has a high affinity to Ins(1,4)P2,
      Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, seems to be compartmentalized to the junctional
      foot structure from which it is released upon binding of these molecules. This
      phenomenon could reflect a capability for regulation of the glycolytic flux even
      for aldolase, especially if a non steady-state situation in the junctional gap is
      considered. Meanwhile we have accumulated evidence for the operation of a partial
      glycolytic sequence in the junctional region established by the enzymes aldolase,
      glyceraldehyde-3-P (GAP) dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase. This system
      is able to produce ATP upon oxidation of GAP and could be, because of the
      inositol polyphosphate-sensing abilities of aldolase, a target for the membrane
      associated PI-pathway. The ATP production is however transient which indicates
      the coupling to an ATP hydrolyzing reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287343
TI  - Membrane solubilization with and reconstitution from surfactant solutions: a
      comparison of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine interactions with octyl
      glucoside.
AB  - Most structural and functional studies of membrane proteins eventually require
      that the protein be solubilized from its original membrane, isolated and
      reconstituted into a membrane composed of native or specific phospholipids. The
      conditions comprising a successful reconstitution protocol often seem both
      arbitrary and elusive. The solubilization steps as the neutral surfactant octyl
      glucoside (OG) is added to the negatively charged lipid phosphatidylserine (PS)
      were followed by several optical techniques. Vesicle leakage, changes in
      resonance energy transfer between lipid probes and micelle formation were
      determined as a function of (PS) and temperature. The (OG) needed at these
      transitions was linear with (PS) so that average compositions and the free (OG)
      could be calculated for each point. More OG is needed to solubilize at 15
      compared to 35 degrees C reflecting the temperature dependence of pure OG
      solubility. Although similar, the average compositions of the mixed surfactant
      lipid structure and their temperature dependence were not identical to similar
      points determined for egg phosphatidylcholine and OG.

PMID- 2287344
TI  - Evidence for inhibitory SH groups in the thiol activated K:Cl cotransporter of
      low K sheep red blood cells.
AB  - The monofunctional thiol reagents N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and methyl
      methanethiosulfonate (MMTS) stimulate ouabain resistant (OR) electroneutral K:Cl
      cotransport in LK sheep red blood cells at low, but not at high concentrations.
      Diamide (DM), on the other hand, only stimulates OR K:Cl flux (Lauf, P.K., J.
      Memb. Biol. 101: 179-188, 1988). The DM stimulated K:Cl cotransport was decreased
      toward the control value prior to DM stimulation when NEM or MMTS were added,
      subsequently. The inhibitory effect was dependent on the compound's concentration
      and exposure time and, in the case of MMTS, was reversed upon addition of
      dithiothreitol (DTT). The inhibition was more prominent when NEM treatment was
      performed at pH 8.0 and disappeared at pH 6.0. In contrast the NEM stimulatory
      effect was most effective when the pH of NEM treatment was 6.0 (Bauer, J. & Lauf,
      P.K., J. Memb. Biol. 73: 257-261, 1983). The results suggest the existence of
      additional, however, inhibitory thiol groups in the already thiol-activated K:Cl
      cotransporter, with a different pKa value and a lower affinity for NEM or MMTS as
      compared to the stimulatory thiol groups. Like the activating thiols, the
      inhibitory sulfhydryls appeared to be inaccessible to non-penetrating thiol
      reagents and hence, must be located deeper within the red cell membrane.

PMID- 2287345
TI  - The development of forgetting and reminiscence.
AB  - Many theoretical positions on memory development anticipate that forgetting rates
      should vary substantially with age. The nature of these age variations is also
      relevant to many applied questions about child development that have major social
      policy implications, such as the veracity of children's eyewitness testimony and
      the long-term effectiveness of classroom instruction. Surprisingly, developmental
      studies of long-term retention have repeatedly produced the puzzling finding that
      forgetting rates are age invariant. It now seems, however, that these null age
      trends may have been artifacts of variables such as measurement insensitivity,
      floor effects, and stages-of-learning confounds. Assuming, as some later studies
      suggest, that forgetting rates vary with age when these factors are controlled,
      there are three overriding questions that must be dealt with in the developmental
      analysis of forgetting: the relative importance of storage failure versus
      retrieval failure, the relative importance of true forgetting processes versus
      test-induced processes, and the relative importance of storage-based reminiscence
      versus retrieval-based reminiscence. We describe a framework
      (disintegration/redintegation theory) that provides a conceptual environment
      within which research on these questions can progress. This framework, which
      evolved from fuzzy-trace theory, reinterprets processes such as storage failure,
      retrieval failure, restorage, and retrieval relearning in terms of levels of
      featural integration in traces (i.e., the extent to which contextual information
      is integrated with core semantic gist to produce a coherent representation). The
      theory is implemented in a mathematical model (the trace-integrity model) whose
      parameters deliver measurements of relevant memory processes on a common ratio
      scale. In a series of experiments, the model was used to study the theory's
      predictions about the contributions of these memory processes to long-term
      retention in subjects between the ages of 7 and 70. All the experiments were
      standard long-term retention designs (an initial acquisition session, followed by
      a 1-2-week forgetting interval, followed by a series of retention
      tests).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2287346
TI  - Organ donation.

PMID- 2287347
TI  - From diploma to academic education in Israel.

PMID- 2287348
TI  - Europe against cancer.

PMID- 2287349
TI  - The role of the professional nurse in the ward in the promotion of professional
      practice.

PMID- 2287350
TI  - Rehabilitating paraplegics in the mining industry.

PMID- 2287352
TI  - A service philosophy--who needs one?

PMID- 2287351
TI  - AIDS scan.

PMID- 2287353
TI  - The use of gloves in infection control.

PMID- 2287354
TI  - Urban primary health care.

PMID- 2287355
TI  - Oral fluid therapy--first line therapy for diarrhoea!

PMID- 2287356
TI  - Formative and summative evaluation--Part 2.

PMID- 2287357
TI  - "Danger" hands at work.

PMID- 2287358
TI  - Workforce 2000: has nursing listened?

PMID- 2287359
TI  - The Saudi experience.

PMID- 2287360
TI  - Senior preceptorship: faculty-preceptor collaboration.
AB  - The literature on senior preceptorship focuses principally on student outcomes.
      Little is known about the teaching-learning processes that produce the desired
      results. This article describes the dynamics of faculty-preceptor collaboration
      that fostered bicultural adaptation in students taking a senior preceptorship
      course. Four areas of conflict in normative expectations between education and
      practice are addressed: documentation, theory application, time management, and
      priority setting. The close working alliance between the instructor and
      preceptors was instrumental in helping students reconcile the conflicting norms
      in all areas except priority setting. In addition to the benefits to students,
      the collaboration resulted in mutual appreciation and respect between instructor
      and preceptors.

PMID- 2287361
TI  - Administrative strategies to support staff nurses as moral agents in clinical
      practice.

PMID- 2287362
TI  - Tips for nursing faculty entering clinical practice.
AB  - Many nurse educators perceive a need to maintain clinical competence but
      encounter obstacles to pursuing ongoing clinical practice. This article
      identified five key steps for the educator entering clinical practice; expect
      culture shock, identify orientation needs, find a resource person, learn the
      institution's formal routine, and assess and use the institution's informal
      network. Implementing these strategies will alleviate stress and will help
      faculty members to update their clinical skills and earn the respect of their
      practice colleagues.

PMID- 2287363
TI  - A women's alliance: the Maternal and Infancy Act, 1921-1929.

PMID- 2287364
TI  - Collaboration to facilitate baccalaureate education in emergency departments.
AB  - The use of emergency departments for baccalaureate nursing education has proved
      to be a rewarding experience for students, emergency department (ED) staff, and
      nursing school faculty. The primary factor for the success of this experience was
      the collaborative interaction of ED nursing personnel, and school of nursing
      faculty in designing the educational experience. ED staff complemented the
      faculty role and facilitated clinical experiences for the nursing students. This
      article identifies various teaching principles and strategies ED staff used to
      create a successful clinical experience for baccalaureate nursing students.

PMID- 2287365
TI  - Practice guidelines--new opportunities from a new agency.

PMID- 2287366
TI  - Collaboration to enhance research productivity: the Adjunct Nurse Researcher
      program.
AB  - The Adjunct Nurse Researcher program is a collaborative initiative that
      facilitates design, funding, implementation, and application of clinical nursing
      research. A mutually beneficial effort between a veterans administration hospital
      and a college of nursing, the program was developed in response to clinicians'
      desire for research consultation and academicians' commitment to conduct clinical
      studies. The collaborative research program supports nursing research and fosters
      its research utilization in clinical decision making. The Adjunct Nurse
      Researcher program has led to mutual respect between clinicians and academicians,
      modification in delivery of nursing services, and enriched patient care,
      education, and research environments.

PMID- 2287367
TI  - National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses.

PMID- 2287368
TI  - The silver-haired legislatures.

PMID- 2287370
TI  - Cervical analgesic facet joint arthrography.
AB  - We report on our experience with cervical analgesic facet joint arthrography in
      11 patients (30 joints), of whom nine had previous spinal surgery. In this type
      of patient we have found the procedure to be a diagnostic test as well as a
      preoperative guide to the neurosurgeon, but not a permanent therapy.

PMID- 2287369
TI  - Identifiable causes for poor outcome in surgery for cervical spondylosis. Post
      operative computed myelography and MR imaging.
AB  - Outcome from surgery for cervical spondylosis is often disappointing. To identify
      possible causes of poor outcome 56 such patients referred for post-operative
      computed myelography or MRI were evaluated, 22 of which eventually had further
      surgery. Alternative diagnoses to cervical spondylosis were eventually
      established in 14.3%; 26.8% had spinal cord atrophy 15.6% of which also had
      myelomalacia; 28.6% had diffuse spinal canal stenosis; and in 57.1% surgery had
      failed to decompress the spinal canal. These findings can be partly explained by
      patient selection criteria; nevertheless they do serve to emphasises the point
      often ignored in discussions of the efficacy of surgery in cervical spondylosis,
      that operations significantly often fail to achieve adequate decompression.
      Furthermore there was no evidence in this material that osteophytes regress after
      spinal fusion.

PMID- 2287371
TI  - Specific pattern of ruptured annulus fibrosus in lumbar degenerative
      spondylolisthesis.
AB  - In order to study the antepriori etiologic factors of degenerative
      spondylolisthesis, the discograms and CTD were analyzed and the rate of disc
      slipping and disc indices wer evaluated in 30 cases with degenerative
      spondylolisthesis. (1) The characteristic S-shaped image which extended from
      anteroinferior to posterosuperior up to the posterior margin of a vertebral body
      was observed in 89.7% of slipped discs in lateral discograms. CTD revealed that
      this image represented a circular splitting in the external and intermediate
      annulus fibrosus. (2) Discographic degeneration of the discs adjacent to a
      slipped disc was relatively mild, and their disc indices were not significantly
      different from those of controls. (3) A negative correlation with r = -0.434 was
      found between the slipping rate and the disc index. From these results, it was
      postulated that the site and direction of the circular splitting in laminae of
      the annulus fibrosus, and the direction of the load applied to an intervertebral
      disc are important etiologic factors of degenerative spondylolisthesis.

PMID- 2287372
TI  - Classification of brain tumours by CT-image Walsh spectra.
AB  - Besides clinical and anamnestic data, image information from CT-image data in the
      tumour border was used for classification of brain tumours. If the image regions
      are properly selected a classification rate of 85% is obtained with a hierarchic
      classifier, although our study is based on only 139 patients.

PMID- 2287373
TI  - Intracranial meningiomas: how frequent are indicative findings in CT and MRI?
AB  - Frequencies of CT and MRI findings characteristic of meningiomas were compared in
      50 cases. Plain and contrast enhanced examinations with CT and MRI were evaluated
      retrospectively regarding 12 criteria known to be indicative of the diagnosis of
      meningiomas. CT proved to be superior in demonstrating calcifications and a
      typical tumor density. On the other hand. MRI was better suited for identifying
      the extraaxial location of tumors, the broad contact of tumors to the meninges,
      tumor capsules and meningeal contrast enhancement adjacent to the tumor. Both
      methods provided nearly equal results in demonstrating mass effects,
      hyperostoses, intensive and homogeneous contrast enhancement, and smooth tumor
      contours after contrast administration. On the whole, neither of the two methods
      demonstrated a universal superiority for the diagnosis of intracranial
      meningiomas. Rather, each method displayed distinct advantages.

PMID- 2287374
TI  - Multiple slice FLASH imaging: an improved pulse sequence for contrast enhanced MR
      brain studies.
AB  - A multisclice gradient echo sequence (FLASH) was compared with a conventional
      spin-echo (SE) technique with regard to its value for contrast enhanced brain
      studies. In 50 patients with contrast enhancing intracranial lesions, MR studies
      (0.5 Tesla MR tomograph) were performed with SE images (SE 400/30; four
      images/3.4 min) and FLASH scans (FLASH 315/14, 90 degrees; 15 images/1.4 min)
      before and after Gd-DTPA. Based on visual and quantitative assessment diagnostic
      results of postcontrast SE- and FLASH images were equivalent with respect to
      contrast enhancement, lesion/brain-contrast, lesion/edema-contrast, and lesion
      delineation. Although image quality generally was excellent on postcontrast FLASH
      images, susceptibility artifacts were more severe on FLASH scans than on SE
      images. However, with the exception of postoperative patients with artifacts due
      to metal remains, diagnostic information was not decreased by artifacts on
      postcontrast FLASH images. In conclusion, because of the clearly higher
      efficiency of the multisclice FLASH technique, this pulse sequence offers the
      opportunity to speed up contrast enhanced brain imaging.

PMID- 2287376
TI  - MR findings in mannosidosis.
AB  - MR findings are reported in three patients presenting mannosidosis. Among a
      family of 8 children, 4 presented typical clinical and biological abnormalities
      related to mannosidosis. Brain MR examinations including sagittal T1 and axial T2
      sections were obtained in three patients of this family (one 25-year-old male,
      one 34-year-old female, and one 35-year-old female). MR scans demonstrate seven
      types of modifications: (1) brachycephaly, (2) thick calvaria, (3)
      verticalization of the chiasmatic sulcus, (4) poor pneumatization of the sphenoid
      body, (5) partial empty sella turcica (6) cerebellar atrophy, and (7) white
      matter signal modifications. High signal abnormalities involving the parieto
      occipital white matter are identified on axial T2-weighted scans in the three
      patients and are probably related to demyelination and associated gliosis as
      described previously by several authors on specimens.

PMID- 2287375
TI  - CT cisternography in evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.
AB  - The clinical, radiological and surgical features of 14 patients who presented
      with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and had undergone surgical treatment during a
      three-year period are given with special reference to preoperative evaluation by
      CT cisternography. The merits and demerits of this technique are discussed.

PMID- 2287377
TI  - MR of uncommon congenital and vascular lesions of the intracranial visual
      pathways.
AB  - The MR findings of two patients with rare congenital abnormalities of the optic
      pathways are reported and illustrated, including one case of unilateral aplasia
      of the optic chiasm, tract, and visual radiations and another patient with
      anophthalmos. In three other patients with unusual vascular causes of visual
      disturbance, MR was important in early establishment of an accurate diagnosis and
      had consequent implications for decisions regarding further patient management.

PMID- 2287378
TI  - Mandibular nerve: MR versus CT about 10 proved unusual tumors.
AB  - 10 patients with symptoms of mandibular neuralgia formed the basis of this study.
      They were studied by both enhanced CT and MRI. MRI, better than CT, easily
      permits distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic lesions and detects
      involvement of the cavernous sinus and meninges. Moreover, because of its
      multiplanar imaging capability, and ability to portray exquisite anatomic details
      and characteristic tissue signal intensity, MRI is helpful in the evaluation of
      tumor involvement for biopsy and preoperative planning for these deep tumours.

PMID- 2287379
TI  - Revascularization of brain arteriovenous malformations after embolization with
      bucrylate.
AB  - Between 1984 and 1988, 52 brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) were embolized
      in the Radiology Department of the Toronto Western Hospital. 9 were localized in
      the occipital lobe. There was angiographic follow-up ranging from one to four
      years. Two embolized AVMs, both occipital, showed revascularisation at 6 months
      and two years respectively. In one case the embolization had resulted in a
      complete obliteration of the AVM. In the other, the nidus was reduced by 95%. It
      is suggested that the occipital lobe, because of its rich vascularity, is more
      prone than other parts of the brain to produce intense collateralization leading
      indirectly to resupply of embolized AVMs. Existence of these collaterals may also
      explain the rarity of visual defects in occipital AVMs. These cases confirm the
      need for post therapeutic angiographic controls to assess the stability of the
      results obtained.

PMID- 2287380
TI  - Doppler color flow imaging of common carotid artery dissection.
AB  - Sonographic findings are reported in a case of common carotid artery dissection
      assessed by Doppler color flow imaging and confirmed by angiography. Advantages
      and clinical relevance of this new ultrasound method for this diagnosis are
      discussed.

PMID- 2287381
TI  - Anterior cervical spinal artery originating from a right vertebral artery with a
      bifid origin.
AB  - A case of an anterior cervical spinal artery originating from a right vertebral
      artery with a bifid origin is presented. Such an origin may have important
      surgical consequences, and must be evokated when the vertebral artery enters the
      cervical canal at an unusual level.

PMID- 2287382
TI  - Internal carotid origin of double ophthalmic arteries.

PMID- 2287383
TI  - Cerebrovascular occlusive complications in osteopetrosis major.
AB  - We report the case of a 16-year-old patient with osteopetrosis major, complaining
      of transient sensory and motor disturbances in the left upper limb and dizziness
      on changing the position of his head. Selective angiography of the cerebral
      vessels showed severe narrowing of the internal carotid artery within the petrous
      carotid canal and in its supraclinoid portion. The cervical vertebral arteries
      showed multiple stenosis within the vertebral canal. These findings are explained
      by narrowing of the basal foramina by the osteopetrotic bone.

PMID- 2287384
TI  - Rotational vertebrobasilar insufficiency secondary to vertebral artery occlusion
      from fibrous band of the longus coli muscle.
AB  - Rotation-induced vertebrobasilar artery hypoperfusion causes transient ischemic
      attacks (TIAs), affecting the cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord. When these
      symptoms occur transiently due to head movement, compression of the vertebral
      artery by an extraluminal lesion should be suspected. Cervical spondylotic spurs
      and anterior scalene muscle or deep cervical fascia are among the factors which
      can compress the vertebral artery. When symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency
      occur with rotational head movement, subclavian angiography for visualization of
      the entire vertebral artery in both neutral and rotated head positions should be
      undertaken.

PMID- 2287385
TI  - Peripheral vascular gunshot bullet embolus migration to the cerebral circulation.
      Report and literature review.
AB  - Bullet embolization to intracranial branches of the major cerebral arteries is a
      rare complication of gunshot wounds. A review of the literature on cerebral
      vascular bullet embolization from peripheral sources revealed a number of single
      case reports that included 12 cases involving the anterior cerebral circulation,
      and one which involved the posterior circulation. This communication details two
      additional subjects who were treated at our institution.

PMID- 2287386
TI  - MR findings in globoid cell leucodystrophy.
AB  - The MR findings in an adult patient with globoid cell leucodystrophy (GLD) or
      Krabbe's disease are presented. MRI showed a bilateral periventricular
      hyperintensity of the parieto-occipital white matter on the T2-weighted images. A
      hyperintense signal was seen bilaterally along the corticospinal tract. There was
      no immediate nor delayed contrast enhancement. The MR findings in this case of
      GLD are rather atypical.

PMID- 2287387
TI  - Intraventricular choroid plexus "arachnoid" cyst. MRI findings.
AB  - A young women presented with chronic headaches associated with a cyst of the
      right lateral ventricle. The diagnosis of intraventricular so-called "arachnoid"
      cyst was supported by CT scan, MRI and stereotactic puncture. MRI was of great
      value for demonstrating that the cyst was located within the lateral ventricule,
      that it was delineated by a thin wall adherent to the choroid plexus and that the
      cyst content was CSF-like.

PMID- 2287389
TI  - Germinoma originating in the basal ganglia. Report of a case showing unusual
      appearance on MRI.
AB  - A case of germinoma originating in the basal ganglia is presented. Preoperative
      MRI showed an area of a reticulated core of mixed signal intensity with a
      surrounding rim of low signal intensity in the right basal ganglia on T2-weighted
      image. This finding was reported to be characteristic of cavernous angioma, but
      the tumor was histopathologically identified to be a germinoma with old
      hemorrhage. The pitfall of MRI in diagnosing brain tumors is discussed.

PMID- 2287388
TI  - Intracranial oncotic aneurysms from choriocarcinoma. Case report and review of
      the literature.
AB  - Intracranial oncotic aneurysms are very rare. Only twelve reported cases were
      from choriocarcinoma. We present a new case with two aneurysms disappearing after
      chemotherapy, the second in the literature but the first case with persistence of
      all arteries.

PMID- 2287390
TI  - Visualization of isolated trigeminal nerve invasion by lymphoma using gadolinium
      enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - A 50-year-old man with active histiocytic lymphoma for 12 years developed an
      isolated right trigeminal neuropathy. Initial evaluation with head computed
      tomography, X-rays of the skull base, bone scan, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis
      including cytology were normal. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) showed enlargement of the proximal third of the right trigeminal nerve.
      Gadolinium-enhanced MRI can be useful for the early demonstration of cranial
      nerve invasion by lymphoma.

PMID- 2287391
TI  - Encephalocoele involving the petrous bone.
AB  - The rare occurrence of an encephalocoele through a defect in the tegmen of the
      petrous bone is reported. The case illustrates the association of this
      abnormality with recurrent meningitis and the importance of imaging in defining
      the nature and site of the lesion prior to surgery.

PMID- 2287393
TI  - Correlation to neurology and neurosurgery. 19th annual meeting of the Japanese
      Neuroradiological Society. Tokyo, 22-23 February 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2287394
TI  - [The anatomy of incidents in anesthesia].

PMID- 2287392
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of a cystic meningioma.

PMID- 2287395
TI  - [Epidemiology of incidents in anesthesia].

PMID- 2287396
TI  - [Pharmacologic errors in anesthesia].

PMID- 2287397
TI  - Minimal safety standards for anaesthesia apparatus.

PMID- 2287398
TI  - [Pulse oximetry in anesthesia].

PMID- 2287399
TI  - [Electrical safety in the operating room].

PMID- 2287400
TI  - [The post-traumatic coma: new diagnostic and therapeutic orientations].

PMID- 2287401
TI  - [Physiopathology of post-traumatic coma: new perspectives].

PMID- 2287402
TI  - [Post-traumatic coma: diagnostic approaches and prognostic indices].

PMID- 2287403
TI  - [Multiparametric monitoring in craniocephalic trauma].

PMID- 2287404
TI  - [Head injuries: new therapeutic prospects ].

PMID- 2287405
TI  - [Postoperative pain].

PMID- 2287406
TI  - [Neurophysiology of the primary sensory neuron].

PMID- 2287407
TI  - [Physiopathology of postoperative pain].

PMID- 2287408
TI  - [Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) in the treatment of postoperative
      pain].

PMID- 2287409
TI  - [The rational basis of patient-controlled analgesia].

PMID- 2287410
TI  - [Spinal and intrapleural techniques in postoperative analgesia].

PMID- 2287411
TI  - [Non-pharmacologic techniques for treatment of postoperative pain].

PMID- 2287412
TI  - [Postoperative pain in obstetrics].

PMID- 2287413
TI  - [Postoperative pain in pediatrics].

PMID- 2287414
TI  - [Cagliari: October 22-6, 1990. Round table. "Safety of intravenous anesthetics in
      anesthesia, resuscitation and intensive care"].

PMID- 2287415
TI  - [Diastolic pressure as a measure of the depth of anesthesia in continuous
      infusion with propofol].

PMID- 2287416
TI  - [Safety of intravenous anesthetics. Evaluation of neurologic effects and
      intracranial pressure].

PMID- 2287417
TI  - [Respiratory effects of propofol].

PMID- 2287418
TI  - [Hemodynamic changes in anesthesia with propofol in surgery for intracranial
      aneurysm].

PMID- 2287420
TI  - [Propofol and adrenal function].

PMID- 2287419
TI  - [Evaluation of the QTc interval during induction and maintenance of anesthesia
      with propofol].

PMID- 2287421
TI  - [Safety in anesthesia: internal investigation of the individual (the
      anesthetist)].

PMID- 2287422
TI  - [Anesthetic drugs and the immunocompetent system: the effect on the lymphoid cell
      of complement and phenotype].

PMID- 2287423
TI  - [Sedation with propofol in intensive care ].

PMID- 2287424
TI  - [Drug surveillance in the use of intravenous anesthetics: diprivan, a phase IV
      multicenter clinical study].

PMID- 2287426
TI  - [Congenital cardiopathy with pulmonary hypocirculation in the neonatal emergency
      clinic].

PMID- 2287425
TI  - [Evaluation of the effects of propofol on the heart conduction system using
      transesophageal, electrophysiologic methods].

PMID- 2287428
TI  - [Congenital neonatal cardiopathy with increased pulmonary blood flow complicated
      by systemic obstruction].

PMID- 2287427
TI  - [Transposition of the great arteries in the neonate].

PMID- 2287429
TI  - [Mechanically assisted circulation in cardiologic emergencies and cardiac
      surgery. Results of a multicenter study].

PMID- 2287430
TI  - [Surgical treatment in acute infarct: metabolic aspects].

PMID- 2287431
TI  - [Surgical treatment of acute myocardial infarct. Functional aspects].

PMID- 2287432
TI  - [Complicated coronary angioplasty: role of the anesthetist].

PMID- 2287433
TI  - Hemodynamics and therapy in ARDS.

PMID- 2287434
TI  - [The metabolic response to surgical stress].

PMID- 2287435
TI  - [Metabolic aspects of stress: characteristics of trauma and sepsis].

PMID- 2287436
TI  - [Nutrition in acute respiratory insufficiency].

PMID- 2287437
TI  - [Nutritional problems in chronic recurring respiratory insufficiency].

PMID- 2287438
TI  - [Metabolic nutritional strategy: head injuries].

PMID- 2287440
TI  - [Conditions limiting the utility of the digestive tract].

PMID- 2287439
TI  - [Metabolico-nutritional strategy in postoperative intensive therapy].

PMID- 2287441
TI  - [Segmentary peridural analgesia in labor].

PMID- 2287442
TI  - The influence of epidural analgesia on labor and delivery.

PMID- 2287443
TI  - [Segmentary epidural analgesia: comparison of techniques].

PMID- 2287444
TI  - [Anesthesia for intervention by cesarean section].

PMID- 2287446
TI  - [Ventilation for acute respiratory insufficiency].

PMID- 2287445
TI  - [Peripheral anesthesia for cesarean section].

PMID- 2287447
TI  - [Ventilatory therapy in clinical practice: chronic obstructive respiratory
      insufficiency].

PMID- 2287448
TI  - [Respiratory support in patients with left cardiac insufficiency].

PMID- 2287449
TI  - [Physiopathology, prevention and treatment of postoperative respiratory
      insufficiency].

PMID- 2287450
TI  - [Monitoring of ventilation].

PMID- 2287451
TI  - [Automatic system for acquisition of data in ventilatory therapy].

PMID- 2287452
TI  - [Safety of ambient pressurization in oxygenation].

PMID- 2287454
TI  - [Prevention of fire in the hyperbaric chamber].

PMID- 2287453
TI  - [Safety in the multiplace chamber].

PMID- 2287455
TI  - [Safety of treatment in the hyperbaric chamber ].

PMID- 2287456
TI  - [Antioxidants in hyperbaric oxygen therapy].

PMID- 2287457
TI  - [Monitoring and instrument safety in the hyperbaric chamber].

PMID- 2287458
TI  - [Forensic medical aspects of treatment with hyperbaric oxygen therapy].

PMID- 2287459
TI  - [Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in intensive pathology].

PMID- 2287460
TI  - [Safety standards of hyperbaric systems for treatment of decompression sickness].

PMID- 2287461
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics in anesthesia].

PMID- 2287462
TI  - [The anesthetist and the disease of the century].

PMID- 2287463
TI  - [Our experience with early gastric cancer].
AB  - Gastric cancer has always required surgical therapy since in the majority of
      cases at the moment of treatment symptoms are already at an advances stage. Over
      the past years many advances have been made in the early diagnosis of many forms
      of neoplasia, but the rate of progress has been much slower with regard to
      gastric cancer. Only the preventive and regular use of gastroscopy will allow the
      disease to be diagnosed at a non-advanced stage. The term early gastric cancer is
      used to describe a carcinoma which only infiltrates the mucosa, or the mucosa and
      submucosa, irrespective of lymph node or other metastases. The present study was
      based on a retrospective analysis of cases of stomach cancer observed in the
      Surgical Department of the University of Perugia from January 1963 to December
      1988. A total of 1,263 patients were affected by cancer of the stomach during the
      above period. One hundred and twenty-three cases were not included because of
      incomplete data or insufficient follow-up. A total of 1,140 patients were
      therefore included in the study; of these only 99 cases were affected by early
      gastric cancer. Age, sex, earlier gastric diseases, life styles, familial
      occurrence of disease, and symptomatology were among the different parameters
      evaluated. In addition, the site of disease, diagnostic methods, pre- and post
      operative staging, intramural diffusion of the disease and surgical treatment
      were taken into account. In older cases the 5-year survival rate was calculated,
      whereas in more recent cases statistical methods, based on accumulated data, were
      used to estimate survival rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287464
TI  - [Gastric cancer: prognosis in relation to parietal infiltration and lymphatic
      metastasis].
AB  - The personal experience on the gastric cancer prognosis is reported. Particularly
      it is outlined that survival is strictly dependent on the wall invasion and lymph
      node metastasis. Moreover in cancers with the same wall invasion the prognosis
      changes very much in relation to lymph-nodal status.

PMID- 2287465
TI  - [Clinico-diagnostic and therapeutic considerations on retroperitoneal
      liposarcoma].
AB  - Two patients with retroperitoneal liposarcoma are presented to determine the
      accuracy of diagnostic methods and the role of surgical treatment. In both the
      patients the large retroperitoneal liposarcoma recurred locally after surgery.
      Histological features, clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures, extent of
      surgical resection and adjuvant treatment are reviewed. These data suggest that
      an aggressive surgical approach followed by adjuvant postoperative irradiation is
      the treatment of choice in primary and recurrent neoplasms.

PMID- 2287467
TI  - [Major and minor complications in carotid surgery].
AB  - The Authors report their experience of major and minor complications in carotid
      surgery. They analyse the causes and emphasize that a thorough preoperative study
      and a quick surgical technique are very important in reducing the rate of
      complications in this essentially preventive form of surgery.

PMID- 2287466
TI  - [Acute cholecystitis].
AB  - A review of 360 patients surgically treated for biliary conditions revealed 54
      cases of acute cholecystitis. After a report on the aetiopathogenesis,
      epidemiology, pathological anatomy and clinical aspects of the condition, early
      surgical treatment as soon as the diagnosis has been confirmed by tests, is
      recommended.

PMID- 2287468
TI  - [Hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. Therapeutic considerations].
AB  - One of the post-operative complications of total thyroidectomy is the onset of a
      transitory or permanent hypocalcemic syndrome. Hypocalcemia is caused by
      different physiopathological mechanisms that operate either individually or in
      association (parathyroidal deficit, deficiency of bone calcium subsequent to
      parathyroid osteodystrophy, acute emission of calcitonin into the circulation).
      Calcemia levels were studied p.o. in a selected group of 25 patients who had
      undergone total extracapsular thyroidectomy with the apparent preservation of the
      parathyroid glands. Totals thyroidectomy has been performed in 15 patients with
      euthyroid goitre, in 4 with papillary carcinoma, in 3 with diffuse toxic goitre
      and in 3 with multinodular toxic goitre. Eight patients received drug and diet
      therapy since calcemia levels were lower than 7.5 mg/ml. Fifteen days after the
      operation, calcemia levels in 21 patients were subliminal and dihydrotachysterol
      therapy was commenced. Hypocalcemia was permanent in only one case.

PMID- 2287469
TI  - [Continent cecal-colonic reservoir. Surgical technique].
AB  - The Authors discuss a recent case report treated with radial cystectomy
      associated with a secondary urinary derivation using the caecum-colon reservoir.
      After having reviewed the various surgical procedures involving the urinary
      derivations, the Authors describe the technique used by them paying particular
      attention to the positive aspects of having a low filling pressure reservoir
      controlled by a valid sphincter ileum-caecum valve. Considering the good
      postoperative result with this method, the Authors regard this procedure as an
      alternative to other urinary derivation techniques when carried out with correct
      indications.

PMID- 2287470
TI  - [Spermatic-saphenous vein bypass in the treatment of essential varicocele].
AB  - A new technique for surgical treatment of idiopathic varicocele is described.
      This technique consists of internal spermatic vein ligature and its resection and
      microvascular anastomosis between proximal tract of the internal spermatic and
      saphenous vein. In this way a communication is established between a high regimen
      pressure with a lower one. Fourteen idiopathic varicoceles are successfully
      operated with this new technique.

PMID- 2287471
TI  - [Indications for the use of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap in breast
      reconstruction. Personal experience].
AB  - The paper illustrates the results of the application of the latissimus dorsi myo
      cutaneous flap in breast reconstruction following mastectomy due to cancer in
      five patients with three different indications. Following a critical evaluation
      of the indications and results of breast reconstruction using the rectus
      abdominis myocutaneous flap, the Authors conclude by confirming the validity of
      indications given and the positive characteristics of the myo-cutaneous flap
      used.

PMID- 2287472
TI  - [External trans-columella access to nasal surgery. Results and impressions in 51
      operated cases].
AB  - The Authors report their personal experience relating to 51 cases of nose plastic
      surgery using an external trans-columella access route. From an evaluation of
      results, it emerges that by allowing full exposure of the nasal cartilaginous
      structure, this technique is ideally suited to the treatment of congenital
      deformities, and post-traumatic and iatrogenic consequences. Given the good
      esthetic results of the cutaneous scar, with which all subjects were satisfied,
      this method might also be proposed in selected cases of nose plastic surgery for
      esthetic reasons. Extremely pointed, bifurcate or bulbous nose can easily be
      treated given the direct and "dynamic" view of the anatomic peculiarities
      present. In conclusion, the advantages offered by external access outweight its
      "invasiveness", which appears to be more theoretical than that observed during
      follow up.

PMID- 2287473
TI  - [Heterotopia of the gastric fundus wall in bilobate gallbladder associated with
      dilatation of the main bile duct. Description of a case].
AB  - On the basis of a recent case of fundic gastric heterotopia in the gallbladder,
      the principal, possible embryogenetic hypotheses of the malformation are
      described and discussed. The possibility that acid secretion of the gastric
      glands contained in the ectopic fundic mucosa determined part of the
      symptomatological and clinical picture accompanying signs of lithiasic
      cholecystopathy is also evaluated.

PMID- 2287474
TI  - [Spontaneous internal bilio-digestive fistula after cholecystectomy. A clinical
      report].
AB  - The paper describes a case of spontaneous biliodigestive fistula in a
      cholecystectomized patient. Following a review of other published reports, the
      etiopathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the case are discussed.

PMID- 2287475
TI  - [Leiomyosarcoma of the jejunum associated with severe enterorrhagia. Clinical
      case].
AB  - The paper describes a cases of jejunal leiomyosarcoma associated with severe
      enterorrhagia. The rarity of this lesion and its difficult diagnosis are
      underlined. Having discussed the different anatomo-pathological aspects, the most
      appropriate diagnostic methods for a early diagnosis are examined. Moreover, the
      utility of carrying out a regular clinical and diagnostic follow-up of patients
      who have undergone surgery is stressed so that possible relapses or metastases,
      which are fatal in the majority of subjects affected by this form of neoplasia,
      can be treated as quickly as possible.

PMID- 2287476
TI  - Clozapine: an atypical neuroleptic.
AB  - Since it was synthesized in 1960, much has been written about clozapine. Although
      a number of its properties are those of a neuroleptic, it displays marked
      differences from classical antipsychotics to the extent that it is currently
      listed as an atypical neuroleptic. A classical neuroleptic has been defined in
      man according to its antipsychotic properties, accompanied by extrapyramidal
      effects, and in animals according to its cataleptic properties, its ability to
      antagonize apomorphine and amphetamine stereotypies and to suppress the
      conditioned avoidance response. Moreover, the classical neuroleptic exerted
      depressive and anhedonic effects in most conditioning schedules. With clozapine,
      most of these properties are no longer strictly in force to the point that they
      call in question the validity of the tests carried out to detect the potential of
      neuroleptics. This article attempts to compare the characteristics of clozapine
      with those of classical neuroleptics from a toxicological, neuropharmacological,
      psychopharmacological and clinical point of view.

PMID- 2287477
TI  - Learning and unlearning fear: a clinical and evolutionary perspective.
AB  - Many fears, phobias and rituals seem to arise from prepared phylogenetic
      mechanisms which favor old over new evolutionary dangers and affect the rules of
      aversive learning which govern the acquisition of fear. Recent developments in
      several forms of aversive learning (sensitization, conditioning, extinction,
      observational learning) can improve them as paradigms of the acquisition, spread
      and maintenance of normal and clinical fears. The most reliable treatment for
      phobias and rituals is exposure, whose effects closely parallel the habituation
      of normal defensive responses and the extinction of conditioned fear and
      avoidance in animals. Habituation during exposure is usually slow and step by
      step, and generalizes little, but once attained tends to endure. Conditioned fear
      extinction and fear habituation have similar courses and may depend on similar
      neural processes. To be reduced, avoidance has to be prevented or the safety
      intervals that it heralds must be given up. Some phobias may result less from
      enhanced acquisition than from insufficient exposure to attain habituation.
      Finally, the review discusses the limits of habituation and the instability of
      fear extinction in relation to the long-term efficacy of exposure therapy.

PMID- 2287478
TI  - Cognitive function in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent metabolic abnormalities which
      postmortem studies suggest might be associated with degenerative changes in the
      central nervous system. Acute hypoglycemia does indeed lead to cognitive
      impairment, whereas acute hyperglycemia in the absence of ketoacidosis or
      hyperosmolarity does not. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with
      cognitive deficits that tend to be relatively slight, inconsistent between
      different studies, and unrelated to clinical indicators; they can be ascribed as
      plausibly to psychogenic factors as to degenerative disease. In contrast,
      cognitive impairment in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is more
      conspicuous in tests of learning and memory, consistently associated with a
      patient's level of glycemic control, and more plausibly to be ascribed to
      structural neuropathology. Nevertheless, in both cases the deficits in question
      are unlikely to interfere significantly with patients' everyday functioning.

PMID- 2287479
TI  - Neural transplantation: an historical perspective.
AB  - Literature on transplantation of neural and nonneural tissues into the brains of
      host animals is reviewed in the perspective of various issues. The two dominant
      issues determining this research were elucidation of embryological processes
      underlying the development of the nervous system and regeneration in the host
      brain. A comprehensive review of studies on regeneration in the central nervous
      system (CNS), using this technique of transplantation, indicates that
      regeneration of axonal fibers is small in magnitude and extent, and that it is
      more directly related to the trauma caused to the brain than to any other
      variable. This literature review attempts to provide a perspective to the
      contemporary research on neural transplantation and on regeneration in the CNS.

PMID- 2287480
TI  - Hormonal regulation of sociosexual behavior in female mammals.
AB  - The role of estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) in regulating the expression of
      agonistic, scent marking and proceptive displays is reviewed. In the intact
      sexually mature female, data indicate that agonistic, scent marking and
      proceptive patterns of behavior fluctuate significantly prior to and during the
      period of mating. The propensity to display a specific pattern of behavior is
      dependent upon the stimulus situation. Hence, agonistic behavior may be induced
      by the presence of a conspecific female whereas sexual behavior and proceptive
      responses will be elicited by a male. Administration of E to ovariectomized
      animals does not appear to produce significant effects on agonistic behavior and
      territorial scent-marking responses albeit in a few cases E appears to reduce
      agonistic tendencies toward male conspecifics. Exogenous E treatment, however,
      does appear to induce the occurrence of proceptive forms of scent-marking
      behavior as well as a variety of other proceptive responses which are further
      increased after P treatment. Importantly, the sequential administration of E and
      P facilitates both proceptive and copulatory responses in several rodent species.
      In addition, hormone implant studies indicate that sites in the brain which are
      sensitive to the hormonal facilitation of sexual receptivity concurrently
      facilitate proceptive behavior. On the basis of the current data, ovarian
      hormones appear to exert their strongest effects on producing behavioral displays
      which attract males prior to mating, facilitating sexual receptivity, and
      inducing concurrently proceptive responses which further enhance copulation and
      reproductive success.

PMID- 2287481
TI  - The basal ganglia-orofacial system: studies on neurobehavioral plasticity and
      sensory-motor tuning.
AB  - We have employed the unilateral removal of the vibrissae as a tool to examine
      ensuing behavioral changes in relation to concomitant changes in the central
      nervous system. In this paper we review a series of studies showing that
      unilateral removal of the vibrissae leads to behavioral asymmetries (e.g., in
      thigmotactic scanning) from which rats recover over time. Time-related to these
      behavioral changes we found neuronal alterations in striatal afferents, that is,
      in uncrossed and crossed projections from the substantia nigra and the
      tuberomammillary nucleus. The involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms was
      indicated by results showing that dopaminergic agonists can induce asymmetries in
      thigmotactic scanning and turning; the direction of these asymmetries was also
      dependent on time after vibrissae removal. Furthermore, it was shown that
      endogenous preferential use of one vibrissae side in thigmotactic scanning
      interacts with the expression of spontaneous and drug-induced behavioral
      asymmetries exhibited after unilateral vibrissae removal. Neurochemical studies
      indicated that both unilateral vibrissae removal and unilateral perioral
      stimulation can have lateralized effects on biogenic amines in the brain.
      Finally, using electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra, evidence was found
      for a lateralized and bidirectional interaction between basal ganglia and the
      orofacial systems, indicating an involvement in mechanisms of motivation and
      particular stimulation. These results are important from several perspectives.
      One, they indicate functional links between the orofacial systems and the basal
      ganglia. Two, they raise the possibility that unilateral removal of the vibrissae
      can serve as a model (a) to investigate the dynamics of recovery of function
      after CNS insults, in general, and specifically, (b) to study neuronal plasticity
      in the nigrostriatal and tuberomammillary-striatal pathways, and (c) to
      investigate the neuropharmacology of catecholamine systems in the brain.

PMID- 2287482
TI  - Behavioral correlates of chronic dominance-subordination relationships of male
      rats in a seminatural situation.
AB  - Detailed characterization and analysis of intraspecific aggressive and defensive
      behaviors of rats in mixed sex groups is beginning to provide an understanding of
      the complex pattern of behavioral and physiological change associated with
      variation in dominance status. These findings indicate that male subordination
      dramatically reduces longevity and produces a pattern of behavior changes very
      similar to the defenses elicited by predatory exposure. In addition, many of
      these changes are, in detail, isomorphic to important behavioral features of
      clinical depression.

PMID- 2287483
TI  - The characterization and modelling of antipredator defensive behavior.
AB  - The mammalian behavioral antipredator defense systems have been characterized in
      terms of reactions to present, localizable, threat stimuli: Analysis of the
      relationship between features of the predator and the environment, and specific
      defensive behaviors indicates that the latter can be predicted with a high degree
      of accuracy. A different set of defensive behaviors are seen when rats living in
      burrow systems are confronted by a predator outside the burrow. Flight to the
      burrow and immobility inside the burrow are followed by active investigation of
      the surface where the cat was seen (risk assessment), with all of these
      accompanied by inhibition of nondefensive behaviors such as eating, drinking,
      sexual behavior and aggression. Two additional behaviors are described in this
      context, ultrasonic cries made at a high initial rate (50% time) by animals
      inside the burrow systems, and declining over 1-2 hours following predator
      exposure, and, a specific modification of eating patterns when the subjects
      return to the surface and begin to eat. Eating bouts are shortened, with fewer
      episodes of continuous eating, interspersed with intervals of scanning of the
      environment, a vigilance activity previously reported in field research. This
      analysis of a broad spectrum of defensive behaviors is being used to develop test
      batteries providing simplified models of these phenomena.

PMID- 2287484
TI  - Logistic analysis of the defense reaction induced by electrical stimulation of
      the rat mesencephalic tectum.
AB  - Subliminal and threshold functions of behavioral output to electrical stimulation
      of the rat mesencephalic tectum were fitted using the logistic model. The results
      suggest the existence of isotopic albeit anisotropic freezing and flight
      mechanisms in the dorsal periaqueductal gray and deep layers of the superior
      colliculus. Moreover, the marked parallelism of immobility and running threshold
      functions indicates the probable coupling of these mechanisms through a kind of
      negative feedback. Finally, the good fitting to the model suggests that the
      behavioral output to electrical stimulation of these areas follows a logistic
      function of the logarithm of the stimulus intensity.

PMID- 2287485
TI  - An ethological model for the study of activation and interaction of pain, memory
      and defensive systems in the attacked mouse. Role of endogenous opioids.
AB  - The present work reviews neurochemical, physiological and behavioral data
      recorded from the attacked mouse and integrates them into a model of coping
      mechanisms during social conflict. More specifically, the possible relationships
      between systems of pain, memory and defense are presented, with special emphasis
      on the role of endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs). In recipients of attack,
      decreased beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity and changes in opiate and
      benzodiazepine binding characteristics are found in structures of the brain
      defensive system. EOPs mediate the social conflict-induced increase of dopamine
      synthesis in the periaqueductal grey and frontal cortex. Social conflict
      analgesia in attacked mice is under the control of central opioid and nonopioid
      (e.g., benzodiazepine, glutamate) mechanisms, and is modified by experience
      (e.g., long-term analgesic reaction; tolerance). EOPs and pain-inhibitory
      mechanisms participate in the organization of behavioral defense, recuperative
      behavior and the memory of attack experience. The data are considered in relation
      to the perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain, forwarded by
      Bolles and Fanselow.

PMID- 2287486
TI  - The influence of stress on convulsive parameters in the mouse.
AB  - Mice exposed to the stress of conspecific aggression for 10 min showed shorter
      latencies to convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol but not by pilocarpine.
      This effect was short lived and was not influenced by pretreatment with
      naltrexone (5 mg/kg, SC). The onset of pilocarpine-induced convulsions in
      stressed mice was reduced by the opioid antagonist. Aggression stress did not
      change the incidence, duration or severity of convulsions triggered by the
      chemoconvulsants or electroshock. The results differ widely from those obtained
      using other stressogenic models such as cold-restraint or swim stress. This
      suggests that alterations of convulsive parameters and the involvement of opioid
      mechanisms in their mediation are critically dependent on the characteristics of
      the stressogenic procedure employed.

PMID- 2287487
TI  - Effects of morphine and midazolam on reactivity to peripheral noxious and central
      aversive stimuli.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic tectum elicits behavioral and
      autonomic responses similar to those following peripheral noxious stimulation.
      Benzodiazepine and opioid compounds attenuate escape behavior induced by
      electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray (PAG) and deep layers of
      the superior colliculus (SC). The present study determines if microinjections of
      midazolam and morphine applied to these PAG-SC sites affect both responsiveness
      to peripheral noxious stimulation and to aversive PAG-SC stimulation. Both
      aversive brain stimulation or foot-shocks applied at threshold intensities caused
      running or jumps concomitant with increases in mean arterial blood pressure (MBP)
      and heart rate (HR). Microinjection of both drugs attenuated the behavioral
      reaction and increases in MBP and HR induced by mesencephalic tectum stimulation,
      while attenuating only the increase in heart rate induced by peripheral painful
      stimulation. These results suggest that the neural substrates of the behavioral
      and autonomic effects of stimulating the mesencephalic tectum and peripheral
      nociceptors are different although they may partially overlap.

PMID- 2287488
TI  - Behavioral effects of 5-HT receptor ligands in the aversive brain stimulation,
      elevated plus-maze and learned helplessness tests.
AB  - In order to illustrate the use of animal models in the study of the anxiolytic
      and antidepressant properties of drugs acting on 5-HT receptors, a series of
      experiments is described. With electrical stimulation of the midbrain central
      gray (CG), an aversive area of the brain, the 5-HT-1 receptor antagonist
      propranolol raised the aversive threshold in a dose-dependent way, following its
      microinjection into the CG. This antiaversive effect of propranolol, which is
      similar to that of benzodiazepine anxiolytics, was prevented by microinjection
      into the same brain site of the 5-HT-2 receptor blocker ritanserin. Ritanserin
      itself and the 5-HT-1A receptor ligand ipsapirone caused either little or no
      effect. In another animal model of anxiety, the elevated plus-maze, intra-CG
      propranolol also caused an anxiolytic-like effect, antagonized by ritanserin,
      indicating a 5-HT mediation. However, systemically injected isamoltane, a
      congener of propranolol, was ineffective in the elevated plus-maze, whereas
      ipsapirone caused an anxiolytic effect. Ritanserin was again inactive. Finally,
      both ipsapirone as well as another 5-HT-1A receptor ligand BAY R 1531, given IP,
      reversed the learning deficit resulting from exposure to uncontrollable foot
      shocks, an effect characteristic of antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 2287489
TI  - 5-HT-related drugs and human experimental anxiety.
AB  - Clinical observations and double-blind studies demonstrated an anxiolytic effect
      of drugs that facilitate serotonergic transmission on several anxiety disorders.
      There is a latency of several weeks for their anxiolytic effect to take place.
      There may be, in addition, a biphasic effect, i.e., an acute anxiogenic effect
      followed by an anxiolytic effect after chronic use. In addition, acute
      administration of m-chlorophenylpiperazine (MCPP), an agonist of 5-HT-1
      receptors, increased anxiety in normal volunteers as well as in patients with
      panic or obsessive-compulsive disorders. Studies in health volunteers have been
      performed in our laboratory to explore the acute effect on human anxiety of drugs
      that selectively influence 5-HT neurotransmission. We observed that acute
      administration of chlorimipramine enhanced the rise in anxiety induced in healthy
      volunteers by speaking in front of a video camera. With a similar experimental
      design, we also demonstrated an anxiogenic effect of metergoline, a nonselective
      5-HT receptor blocker. It is suggested that the proanxiogenic effect of acute
      administration of 5-HT uptake inhibitors may be due to impaired 5-HT
      neurotransmission.

PMID- 2287490
TI  - Spontaneous recurrent seizures in rats: an experimental model of partial
      epilepsy.
AB  - Seizures induced by pilocarpine (PILO) have proven to be a useful procedure for
      investigating the basic mechanisms essential for generation, spread and motor
      expression of seizures in rodents. Here we report the long-term effects of PILO
      in rats. Following PILO (380 mg/kg, IP), 3 distinct phases were observed: 1) an
      acute period which lasted 1-2 days which corresponds to the pattern of repetitive
      seizures and status epilepticus; 2) a silent period (4-44 days) characterized by
      a progressive return to normal EEG and behavior; and 3) a period of recurrent
      seizures which started 5-45 days after PILO and lasted up to 120 days. These
      seizures lasted up to 50-60 sec, recurred 2-3 times per week and were more
      frequent during the light period of the light-dark cycle. These serial events
      offer a new method to induce spontaneous recurrent seizures in rats.

PMID- 2287491
TI  - Neurobiology fo stress. Casablanca, Morocco, February 15-17, 1990.

PMID- 2287493
TI  - Stress-ethanol interaction: involvement of endogenous opioid mechanisms.
AB  - Stress effects vary with different environmental situations or stress
      intensities. The effects of restraint stress on locomotion and or corticosterone
      were examined. Rats were restrained for 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 or 120 min, subsequent
      locomotion was measured for 10 min. Rats were also sacrificed for corticosterone
      determinations. Restraint stress affects both variables. Locomotion was recorded
      in rats pretreated with naltrexone or vehicle prior to restraint of 15 or 60 min.
      Naltrexone influenced the effects of stress differentially. It did not affect the
      results following 15 min of restraint but suppressed locomotion after 60-min
      restraint to a level comparable to that found after 15 min. Treatment with
      ethanol (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 g/kg) prior to 15 or 60 min of restraint resulted in the
      prevention of hypomotility induced by 15-min stress. It also interacted
      nonadditively with 15-min stress on corticosterone release. No such interaction
      occurred with 60 min stress. Also, naltrexone made it possible to block the
      effect of ethanol on restraint-induced hypomotility. Results describe stress as a
      nonunitary concept. Its effects tend to vary with its duration. The differential
      interaction of stress with naltrexone and ethanol depending on its duration
      supports the above notion. Results further suggest recruitment of opioid systems
      in long duration stress (60 min).

PMID- 2287492
TI  - Role of genotype in the adaptation of the brain dopamine system to stress.
AB  - Behavioral and biochemical analysis of the effects of stress on brain dopamine
      (DA) functioning in two inbred strains of mice reveals opposite patterns of
      adaptation to chronic stress. Chronically stressed mice of the C57BL/6 (C57)
      strain are characterized by hypersensitive mesolimbic DA autoreceptors and by a
      dramatic increase of D1/D2 DA receptor ratio (possibly postsynaptic) in the
      nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) as revealed by in vivo binding of 3H-spiperone and
      3H-SCH23390. Chronically stressed DBA/2 (DBA) mice present, on the contrary,
      hyposensitive DA autoreceptors and no changes in the D1/D2 DA receptors ratio in
      this brain area. The analysis of the behavioral responses of chronically stressed
      mice of the C57 strain to the mixed D1/D2 receptor agonist apomorphine, to the
      selective D2 agonist LY171555 and to the selective D1 agonist SKF 38393 suggest a
      close relationship between the behavioral alterations produced by chronic stress
      and the alterations of sensitivity of D2 pre- and postsynaptic receptors in the
      mesolimbic system. Furthermore, chronically stressed C57 mice present a marked
      decrease of spontaneous-climbing behavior which is not observed in the mice of
      the DBA strain and is dependent on the alteration of the biphasic evolution of
      this behavior during exposure to the test situation which, for these mice,
      represents a novel environment. Acute exposure to aversive environmental
      conditions induces a biphasic alteration of DA transmission (initial increase of
      DA release followed by a decrease under control levels) in the NAS.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287494
TI  - A reevaluation of physician recredentialing.

PMID- 2287495
TI  - Rural obstetric care and the family physician.

PMID- 2287496
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the cervix.

PMID- 2287497
TI  - Primary care obstetrics in rural western New York. A multi-center case review.
AB  - Obstetric care in rural communities is in crisis due to the shortage of
      practitioners and the pressures of regulatory agencies on small obstetric units.
      We reviewed the records of 297 pregnant women presenting to the offices of 12
      family physicians in rural areas of Western New York State. Local deliveries were
      done in rural hospitals that reported fewer than 500 deliveries per year. Family
      physicians obtained consultation in 36% of the pregnancies. Of these, care
      responsibility was transferred to an obstetrician 50% of the time (18% of all
      pregnancies). Two percent of the cases were transferred to a regional referral
      center. There was one perinatal death and one intrauterine fetal death in this
      series. Of the 222 deliveries by family physicians, oxytocin was used in 23%,
      narcotic analgesia was used in 15.3%, and outlet assist in 8.1%. Labors were
      somewhat longer than standard labor curves, and the overall cesarean section rate
      was 13.5%. We conclude that obstetric care by rural family physicians utilizing
      small rural Western New York hospitals is consistent with standards of care
      elsewhere when practiced in the context of an organized referral network.

PMID- 2287499
TI  - An overview of the activities of the New York State Board for Medicine.

PMID- 2287498
TI  - The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in adults with low-normal blood
      thyroxine levels.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether subclinical hypothyroidism,
      defined as the state in which there is an elevation of thyrotropin blood level
      (TSH) with a low-normal blood thyroxine level (T4), can be found in clinically
      healthy subjects. We identified, by screening of adults in an ambulatory patient
      care facility, 67 persons with T4 at the lower range of normal (4.5-6.0
      micrograms/dL) who were free of acute nonthyroidal illness and who were not on
      medications known to affect T4, other than long term thyroxine therapy. TSH was
      determined in all 67 persons, whose ages ranged from 25 to 87 years. Nineteen
      persons in this population had a history of thyroid disease and 48 did not.
      Elevation of TSH was found in 13 subjects (19%), seven of whom had a history of
      thyroid disease. The prevalence of TSH elevation was 50% in those with T4 of 4.5-
      less than 5.0 micrograms/dL, 26% in those with T4 of 5.0-5.5 micrograms/dL, and
      8% in those with T4 of greater than 5.5-6.0 micrograms/dL (p less than 0.02).
      Three of these 13 patients had been on thyroxine therapy at the time of the
      survey, and their thyroxine doses were adjusted, whereas five others were started
      on thyroxine therapy subsequent to the survey. Treatment doses as low as 0.05
      mg/day increased the T4 and returned the TSH to normal in six patients. In two of
      five patients who went untreated, there was a substantial fall in T4 and/or a
      rise in TSH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287500
TI  - The allocation of scarce medical resources.

PMID- 2287501
TI  - Intestinal obstruction secondary to bezoars.

PMID- 2287503
TI  - Health and health care challenges for New York City in the 1990s.

PMID- 2287502
TI  - Metastatic cancer of the spinal intradural extramedullary space.

PMID- 2287504
TI  - The New York State Department of Health's Part 405 regulations.

PMID- 2287505
TI  - Cross-dressing successfully treated with fluoxetine.

PMID- 2287506
TI  - AIDS morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2287507
TI  - Number of AIDS patients on Medicaid is increasing.

PMID- 2287508
TI  - [Mourning].

PMID- 2287509
TI  - [Nutrition Commission of the Austrian Society of Pediatrics. Comment on nutrition
      with milk formulas and cow's milk. 2. Formulas and cow's milk].

PMID- 2287510
TI  - Long-term follow-up results after surgical repair of esophageal atresia.
AB  - Fiftytwo of 55 children, surviving surgical repair of tracheo-esophageal fistula
      between 1975 and 1985, were reviewed in relation to birth weight and Waterston's
      risk group after a mean follow-up of 7.5 years. The long-term results of
      esophageal atresia patients seem good in 30% of the follow-ups. Esophageal
      dysfunctions and respiratory difficulties were found respectively in 23 (44.2%)
      and 26 (50%) of the children; all the patients were improving after the first
      years of life. Scoliosis affected 27 children (51.9%) and its incidence increased
      with growth. Waterston's classification was a poor prognostic guide, but children
      weighing less than 2500 g at birth remained of relatively lower weight. The
      frequent development of scoliosis with age leads to continue evaluations after
      that respiratory and alimentary problems which might occur in the early years
      have been overcome.

PMID- 2287511
TI  - [The school child carrying heavy burdens].
AB  - In 163 Viennese pupils in standard 1 to 8, the weight of the schoolbag, the
      bodyweight and the ratio of these two parameters were examined in order to
      describe the amount of burden carried by those children. The results were: 1. The
      weight of the schoolbag war 4.0 kg (range 1 to 9 kg). 2. The pupils carried a
      schoolbag weighing on the average 10%, in standard 2 about 15% and in standard 8
      about 6% of their bodyweight. 3. In every 6th pupil, the weight of the schoolbag
      constituted more than 15% of the bodyweight. 4. In analogy to pupils in standard
      2, adults with a body weight of 70 kg would have to carry a weight of up to 17.5
      kg to their working place. 5. While pupils have to carry a burden between 10 and
      25% of their bodyweight, adults were carrying only between 1 and 10% of their
      bodyweight to work. We conclude that pupils are carrying daily a heavy burden in
      form of a schoolbag and adults apparently don't care about it.

PMID- 2287512
TI  - A species and organ specific glomerular basement membrane antigen.
AB  - By the use of a monoclonal antibody reacting with the human glomerular basement
      membrane exclusively we have been isolating a specific glomerular antigen. The
      antibody failed to react with other renal structures and other basement membranes
      and extracellular matrix constituents of other organs or plasma proteins. It did
      not react with glomerular basement membranes of other species as mice and rats.
      For the isolation of the antigen we applied affinity chromatography, on Sepharose
      beads coupled to the monoclonal antibody PM II 34 G3. From this column the
      antigen was eluted under acid conditions. In 8% polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis the approximate molecular weight was estimated with 14400
      daltons, which was confirmed on high pressure liquid chromatography using the Bio
      Sil TSK method. The antigen was temperature sensitive in that at high
      temperatures (60 degrees C) several bands on SDS-PAGE and several peaks on HPLC
      could be noted. This could be responsible for the crystal formation after
      treatment/concentration on the rotary vacuum pump at 60 degrees C. Preliminary
      data of amino acid analysis showed a high glycine content pointing towards a
      collageneous molecule. But cross reactivity with many connective tissue proteins
      could be ruled out by immuno-histochemical techniques and affinity
      chromatography. A major point of interest is that this antigen can be detected in
      human urine under physiological conditions. We are herewith reporting the first
      species and organ specific glomerular basement membrane antigen.

PMID- 2287513
TI  - [Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in childhood].
AB  - FNH of the liver is extremely rare during childhood. Based on relevant literature
      and two of our own cases the diagnosic problems are presented. Unless a clear
      diagnosis can be obtained by using US (Ultrasonic), CT, Szintegraphy and
      Angiography, laparotomy should be carried out to avoid confusion with
      hepatocellular carcinoma or hepatocellular adenome which can become malignant.
      With the exception of biopsy the higher degree of diagnostic accuracy is obtained
      with celiacography. Since FNH does not have a tendency towards malignancy, total
      extsirpation should not be attempted if vital structures are endangered.

PMID- 2287514
TI  - [Initial therapeutic experiences in AIDS in childhood].
AB  - The acquired immuno-deficiency-syndrome in children is a diagnostic and
      therapeutic challenge. The classification of pediatric AIDS follows the
      recommendation of the C.D.C., Atlanta. We report on three children infected by
      their HIV-positive mothers. All three mothers were intravenous drugaddicts, one
      of them already died of AIDS. One child (S.M.) is classified P2-AB, two children
      (K. C., D. M.) suffering from lymphoid interstitial pneumonia belong to category
      P2-C. Patient D. M. was treated with prednisolone following the recommendation of
      Rubinstein. The pulmonary condition improved remarkably. All three patients are
      being under treatment with oral antimycotics and prophylactically with
      Cotrimoxacole for pneumocystis pneumonia. Positive experiences in U.S.A. and
      Europe have encouraged the use of parenteral immunoglobuline-therapy in three of
      our patients to minimize additional viral or bacterial infections. We report on
      our first experiences with this therapeutic regimen. The dosage being used is 0.4
      g/kg body weight every month.

PMID- 2287515
TI  - [Current concepts for surgical treatment of cerebral movement disorders].
AB  - In cerebral palsy orthopedic surgery can avoid deformity, existing deformities
      can be corrected, muscle imbalance can balanced and painful conditions--such as
      early osteoarthritis in hip dislocation--can be diminished. A tremendous
      functional improvement is not to be expected. In order to achieve good results
      the correct diagnosis is important, the natural course of the disease must be
      known. A team approach that includes the pediatric neurologist, physical
      therapist and the orthopedic surgeon is a must. The goals of therapy have to be
      discussed with the patient and his/her parents. If possible electromyography and
      gait analysis should be done but exact clinical evaluation is most important. The
      interactions between different groups of muscles must be known. It is important
      to differentiate primary and secondary, dynamic and fixed deformities. Orthopedic
      surgery can make life easier for a person with cerebral palsy, but cerebral palsy
      itself can never be over come.

PMID- 2287516
TI  - Antibody-mediated immunity in the neonate.
AB  - Our knowledge about the protective value of the passive immunity provided by
      maternal IgG via placenta and SIgA via the milk is still incomplete. Although
      more detailed information is required it is clear that both forms of passive
      protection are important for the neonate. The immune response of neonates in
      secretions appears earlier and is more efficient than previously realized,
      providing SIgA as well as IgM in e. g. saliva. The presence of anti-antibodies
      (anti-idiotypes) in the transplacental IgG and milk SIgA may in fact actively
      prime the immune system of the fetus and the breast-fed infant. This could be one
      explanation why breast-fed infants seem to respond better to ordinary parenteral
      and peroral vaccines, in secretions as well as in serum than those fed a high or
      low protein formula.

PMID- 2287517
TI  - A chronicle of progress.

PMID- 2287518
TI  - New estimates of traumatic SCI prevalence: a survey-based approach.
AB  - New estimates of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) prevalence are developed from
      a survey specifically designed to identify the SCI population in both
      institutional and non-institutional settings. The survey utilised a mixed-mode
      sampling design based on probability sampling methods. Detailed interviews were
      conducted with SCI persons identified in this survey. We estimate that the
      traumatic SCI prevalence rate in the United States is 721 cases per million, and
      that there are about 177,000 SCI persons residing in the United States.

PMID- 2287519
TI  - Benefits of early admission to an organised spinal cord injury care system.
AB  - Patients admitted to the University of Alabama Hospital between 1973 and 1985
      were studied to determine the benefits, if any, of early admission to an
      organised, multidisciplinary spinal cord injury (SCI) care system. Patients
      admitted within 1 day of injury who received all subsequent care within the
      system were compared with patients who received their acute care services
      elsewhere and who were admitted to the system solely for rehabilitation. Both
      patient groups were comparable with respect to age, neurologic level and extent
      of spinal cord lesion, pre-existing major medical conditions, associated
      injuries, ventilator dependency and acute surgical procedure experience. Findings
      included statistically significant reductions in acute care and total lengths of
      stay coupled with a highly significant reduction in the incidence of pressure
      ulcers for patients admitted within 1 day of injury. Moreover, for patients
      admitted within 1 day of injury, mortality rates were lower than reported
      previously for patients not admitted to an organised SCI care system.

PMID- 2287520
TI  - Urological outcome in female patients with spinal cord injury: the effectiveness
      of intermittent catheterisation.
AB  - A review of 52 female patients with spinal cord injury is presented. Twenty five
      of 38 patients seen within 3 months of their injury were discharged on a clean
      intermittent catheterisation regime. Of the 14 patients seen at an interval of 3
      months or greater after the injury, only 3 practised clean intermittent
      catheterisation but 8 had a long-term indwelling urethral catheter as the method
      of management. At 49 months median follow-up, only 14 (50%) continue on the
      programme of intermittent catheterisation and 9 (32%) are dry. This lack of
      success was due to incontinence, despite drug therapy in 17 patients. Recurrent
      symptomatic urinary tract infection occurred in 10 (36%). Thirteen of the 14
      patients (92%) on long-term indwelling urethral catheter developed complications.
      Five patients voided normally. Automatic bladder emptying was employed in only 2
      patients but was associated with the development of a non-functioning kidney in 1
      and severe incontinence in another. Upper tract changes occurred in 7 patients
      (13%) including 3 on indwelling catheter drainage and 2 on intermittent
      catheterisation. Four patients have had implantation of the Brindley intradural
      sacral anterior root stimulator because of recurrent symptomatic urinary tract
      infections and incontinence in all 4. Post-operatively the incidence of infection
      has been reduced. Improvement in the degree of incontinence is related to the
      completion of posterior root section. Those patients who have no alternative to
      long-term catheter drainage are managed by the suprapubic route to avoid urethral
      incompetence. This is combined with catheter clamping for 2 hours daily to
      maintain bladder capacity and anti-cholinergic therapy to reduce detrusor
      contractility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287521
TI  - Anterior plating of unstable cervical spine fractures.
AB  - Medical records and radiographs of 16 patients who had anterior decompression,
      bone grafting, and plating of grade III and IV (Allen 1982) unstable cervical
      spine injuries were reviewed. Surgery was performed within 15 days of injury,
      reductions were achieved and maintained at follow-up, and fusion occurred in all
      cases. Neurologic function stabilised or improved in all cases. However, 3
      patients (19%) had complications that necessitated additional surgery: one
      patient with undiagnosed non-contiguous posterior instability, and 2 patients for
      broken plates. These complications, in retrospect, could have been avoided.

PMID- 2287522
TI  - Use of plasmid analysis to determine the source of bacterial invasion of the
      urinary tract.
AB  - Gram negative colonisation and infection of the urinary tract is a well
      recognised complication of the neuropathic bladder caused by spinal cord injury
      (SCI). K. pneumoniae accounts for one third of all urinary tract infections in
      hospitalised SCI patients. Plasmid analysis has been shown to reliably
      fingerprint bacterial strains, particularly K. pneumoniae, so that growth from
      two separate locations in or on the body can be accurately analysed as to
      migration from a reservoir to a target location. Eighty seven hospitalised SCI
      patients on intermittent catheterisation for a total of 586 patient-weeks were
      studied. Twice weekly catheterised urine specimens and once weekly rectal swab
      cultures were taken from each patient. Thirty seven patients experienced at least
      one clinically significant (colony count greater than 10,000/mL) urinary tract
      colonisation caused by K. pneumoniae, representing 66 total colonisations.
      Further analysis of 31 of these 37 patients revealed: K. pneumoniae in all of
      their stool cultures (p less than 0.05) and the identical strain of K. pneumoniae
      in the urine as well as the stool in 72% of the 66 colonisations (p less than
      0.05). Analysis of 14 patients without K. pneumoniae urinary colonisations showed
      absence of faecal K. pneumoniae in 3, and predominant growth in only 4. In 22 of
      the 37 patients, multiple K. pneumoniae urinary colonisations were noted,
      representing 27 pairs of colonisation. Fifteen of the pairs were found to be
      relapsing (caused by two identical bacterial strains), and 12 were recurrent
      (caused by two different bacterial strains). Thirteen of the 15 relapsing pairs
      also had identical urine and stool K. pneumonia strains (p less than 0.05). All
      colonisations were treated with appropriate antibiotics based on culture and
      sensitivity reports. Fourteen of the 15 relapsing colonisation pairs have
      identical antibiograms (p less than 0.05), while all 12 of the recurrent
      colonisation pairs had different antibiograms (p less than 0.05). The differences
      noted on sensitivity patterns (antibiograms) correlated with differences among
      strains of K. pneumoniae based upon plasmid analysis. Treatment of bacteriuria
      did not affect the nature of repeated colonisations regardless of the antibiotic
      chosen, the route of administration or the duration of treatment.

PMID- 2287523
TI  - Individual differences in the orienting response: nonresponding in nonclinical
      samples.
AB  - The complete failure of the electrodermal orienting response (OR), although
      widely studied in clinical samples, has received little systematic attention in
      work with healthy adults. The published studies of nonresponding using
      nonclinical samples are reviewed, with data from three unpublished studies
      pertinent to the question, to identify the characteristics of nonresponders. The
      most durable findings to date are that nonresponding shows both trait and state
      characteristics, and that nonresponders are more likely to be female than male,
      to show hypoarousal in the electrodermal system but not complete unresponsiveness
      in this system or low arousal in other systems, and to show higher scores on
      measures of impulsiveness and antisociality but not to differ from responders in
      terms of sensation seeking. Most of these data can be reconciled with two
      different accounts of the OR mechanism. One is that proposed by I. Maltzman which
      postulates a difference between voluntary and involuntary ORs, and the other is
      that of J. A. Gray which proposes that the OR is a function of activity in a
      Behavioural Inhibition System. Taken together, these accounts imply that the OR
      reflects attentional and affective processes, and that both cognitive style and
      temperamental differences in the appraisal of threat can lead to electrodermal
      nonresponding.

PMID- 2287524
TI  - The OR and significance.
AB  - A brief review was conducted of past and current research and theory as well as
      future implications of the problem of significance and the OR. Research and
      theory in the field is judged to be at a choice point: advance to interesting and
      important problems integrated with biobehavioral research or enter a blind alley
      of pseudo-problems derived from computer metaphors and cognitive folk psychology.

PMID- 2287525
TI  - Orienting reaction, organizing for action, and emotional processes.
AB  - In the first half of the sixties, general notions were formulated concerning the
      functional role of the orienting reaction (OR) in adaptive activity, its
      elicitation and habituation. These notions included the following: a) The OR is
      elicited only by significant changes in a situation. This implies that OR
      elicitation is preceded by brain processes (usually unconscious) pertaining to
      the evaluation of the significance of changes according to an existing hierarchy
      of motivations, attitudes, and goals. Therefore, the OR is of an active (vs.
      reactive) nature, i.e., is inevitably determined by internal factors of brain
      activity. b) The OR is not a unitary reaction, but a complex polyfunctional
      activity, different aspects of which are reflected in different OR components
      which can be modified rather independently. c) The OR represents the processes of
      organizing new (non-standard) actions: sensory, motor, or intellectual. OR
      habituation is a manifestation of attenuation of the active control of an action,
      and an increase in its automation. Thus, the emphasis in understanding the OR has
      shifted from a predominantly "sensualistic" platform to a predominantly
      "actualistic" one. In recent experiments, the role of emotional processes in the
      elicitation and habituation of components of the OR has been analyzed. Complex
      relations between the GSR and anxiety were found in a study of patients with
      acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome treated with different psychopharmacological
      agents. The study of auditory evoked potential habituation in depressive patients
      has shown the emotional state influence on sensory aspects of the OR with the
      participation of the OR brain mechanisms in perceptual defense.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287526
TI  - Applied orienting response research: some examples.
AB  - The development of orienting response (OR) theory has not been accompanied by
      many applications of the concept--most research still appears to be lab-based and
      "pure," rather than "applied." We present some examples from our own work in
      which the OR perspective has been applied in a wider context. These cover the
      exploration of processing deficits in autistic children, aspects of the
      "repression" of anxiety in elite athletes, and the locus of alcohol effects. Such
      applications of the OR concept in real-life situations seem a logical and,
      indeed, necessary step in the evolution of this area of psychophysiology.

PMID- 2287528
TI  - Editorial-Observation objectivity and the conflict of ideas.

PMID- 2287527
TI  - The orienting response, and future directions of its development.
AB  - The orienting response (OR) is a specific behavioral act directed towards
      extraction of information from the environment. Head and eye movements represent
      only the tip of the iceberg of internal responses, which includes vascular
      modifications, EEG changes, and event-related potentials. Two mechanisms of the
      OR have to be differentiated: voluntary and involuntary. In the event-related
      potential, such a differentiation is expressed in mismatch negativity
      (involuntary effect) and processing negativity (voluntary effect). Single unit
      studies have shown that hippocampal neurones are simulating specific features of
      the OR as a response to novelty. Repeated presentation of stimuli results in a
      selective habituation of novelty detectors in hippocampus and of the OR. The
      trace of a standard stimulus formed at the level of hippocampal neurones matches
      the features of the standard stimulus and can be called a "neuronal model of the
      stimulus." The OR is triggered by mismatch between the test stimulus and the
      elaborated neuronal model, and is activated by verbal instruction, by
      reinforcement during the initial stage of conditioned reflex elaboration, and by
      differentiation of signal and non-signal stimuli. A promising new area of
      practical application of the OR lies in the evaluation of a corridor of optimal
      functional state for efficient computer-based learning. Registration of the OR
      and defensive responses can be used for an objective evaluation of the functional
      state of the student, or, in a wider sense, of the industrial operator. New
      avenues of OR research are opened by recent techniques that isolate single-trial
      event related potentials, and their correlation with autonomic and behavioral
      manifestations of the OR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287529
TI  - The orienting response: stimulus factors and response measures.
AB  - This paper outlines some of the basic ideas of the orienting response (OR) that
      have developed from the classical writings of E.N. Sokolov, in particular the
      effects of stimulus novelty, intensity, and significance upon the OR, and
      predictions about these effects on a range of physiological measures
      traditionally associated with the OR. Such measures include the GSR, respiration,
      heart rate, vascular responses, EEG, and pupil diameter. Unfortunately, many of
      the predictions of classical OR theory do not hold up when such a fine-grain
      analysis is undertaken. Possible conceptualizations of the discrepancies between
      Sokolovian predictions and empirical data are considered--should we accept such
      discrepancies as merely reflecting the imperfect nature of many OR indices, or
      seek other regularizing principles? Preliminary Process Theory has been proposed
      as one alternative account of the existing data base, and similarities and
      differences between it and Sokolovian theory are explored. The need for further
      investigation of such problems, in the very foundations of OR theory, appears to
      be of fundamental importance to the future status of the OR. An appendix provides
      a discussion between Barry and Sokolov on some of these issues.

PMID- 2287530
TI  - Interhemispheric fissure width in neonates on ECMO.
AB  - The neurosonograms of fifty-eight patients treated over a four-year period with
      ECMO support were retrospectively reviewed for analysis of changes in
      interhemispheric (IHF) width while on ECMO. To correlate these measurements with
      patterns of development of total body edema as reflected by chest wall thickening
      on portable chest radiographs, patients were divided into three categories based
      on the pattern and severity of body edema development. Patterns of IHF widening
      were compared between these categories, and to the pattern of development of
      chest wall edema within each category. Results indicate that IHF width tends to
      progressively increase during ECMO and that the pattern of IHF widening tends to
      parallel development of overall body edema. Additionally, IHF widening was found
      to resolve following termination of ECMO support, as demonstrated on follow-up
      cranial CT examinations. Our results suggest that IHF widening in infants on ECMO
      is an intracranial manifestation of the generalized edema accumulation that
      frequently occurs during ECMO.

PMID- 2287531
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in the malformative syndromes with mental retardation.
AB  - We reported on thirteen children affected with malformative syndromes associated
      with mental retardation. MRI examination showed in all of them different types of
      anomalies; agenesis of corpus callosum, ventricular dilatation and cerebral
      matter alterations were the most frequent findings. The authors give a brief
      description of the clinical reports and of the anomalies observed with MRI; they
      conclude that MRI seems to be a valuable tool especially for the study of the
      alterations of the cerebral matter and their correlation with mental retardation.

PMID- 2287532
TI  - The hyperdense choroid plexus: a CT finding associated with aortic arch
      obstruction in the newborn.
AB  - We report the first observation of choroid plexus hyperdensity depicted by CT in
      two newborns with aortic arch obstruction. Neither infant had intracranial
      hemorrhage or infarction demonstrated by autopsy or cranial ultrasonography.
      Although not proven, we believe that such hyperdensity in these two cases
      represents abnormal vascularity within the choroid plexus related to upper
      extremity hypertension.

PMID- 2287533
TI  - Primary alveolar capillary dysplasia.
AB  - We describe two neonates with a lethal form of pulmonary maldevelopment. Both
      infants had bilateral dysplastic immature lungs with poor capillary formation and
      lack of alveolar development. This rare entity should be considered in the
      differential diagnosis of a newborn infant with mild diffuse radiographic
      pulmonary abnormality and severe respiratory distress.

PMID- 2287534
TI  - Pre-suppurative phase of retropharyngeal infection: contribution of
      ultrasonography in the diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Pre-suppurative phase of retropharyngeal infection can't be differentiated from
      retropharyngeal abscess clinically or radiographically. Ultrasound, however, can
      diagnose this common infection in early phase. Early antibacterial treatment
      prevents the suppurative phase, obviates surgery and shortens the hospitalization
      phase.

PMID- 2287535
TI  - The value of Doppler sonography in the detection of major vessel thrombosis in
      the neonatal abdomen.
AB  - Duplex spectral or color Doppler sonography demonstrated major abdominal vessel
      blocks affecting 18 vessels in 16 infants aged between 23 and 56 weeks
      postconceptional age. The portal vein was affected in 8 infants, the renal vein
      in 3, the renal vein and inferior vena cava in 1, the renal artery in 1, the
      inferior vena cava and hepatic vein in 1, and the aorta in 2 infants. Doppler
      sonography confirmed the grey-scale findings and often demonstrated the extent of
      vascular flow, providing functional information not available from the grey-scale
      scan. It facilitated the follow-up of thrombosis during therapy. Most important
      of all, in many instances it enabled a rapid and reliable specific diagnosis
      often not possible on the grey-scale study alone and hence altered patient
      management.

PMID- 2287536
TI  - Primary malignant liver tumors in childhood: assessment of resectability with
      high-field MR and comparison with CT.
AB  - Nine children (mean age 20 months), with proven primary malignant hepatic tumors
      have been examined prospectively by high-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to
      assess tumor resectability. All patients had comparative ultrasonography (US), 8
      patients had X-Ray computed tomography (CT), and surgical correlation was
      available in 8 patients. The hepatic and portal veins and the inferior vena cava
      were visualized in all patients on MR and in 4 of 8 patients on CT. MR accurately
      defined liver parenchymal involvement in all 8 patients who had surgical
      exploration. CT underestimated disease in 2 cases, and defined tumour margins
      less clearly than MR. MR identified abnormal extrahepatic tissue when present,
      but was unable to distinguish viable tumor from necrotic tumor or reactive nodes.
      High quality short TR/short TE spin echo images were obtained by combining
      cardiac triggering and signal averaging. Short TI inversion recovery images
      demonstrated tumor and lymphadenopathy most clearly. We conclude that MR is the
      imaging method of choice for the assessment of liver tumor resectability in
      children.

PMID- 2287537
TI  - Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney: imaging features in two cases.
AB  - Two new cases of malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (RTK) in childhood are
      reported. Both presented with large abdominal masses and developed hypertension
      and one became hypercalcemic during the course of the disease. In each case
      disseminated disease and death occurred within three months of diagnosis. The
      findings on imaging consisted of large renal masses with a central site of
      origin, distant metastases at the time of presentation, and a subcapsular fluid
      collection in one of the two patients. The clinical and imaging features of RTK
      may suggest this diagnosis when faced with a primary renal neoplasm in childhood.

PMID- 2287538
TI  - Renal stone formation following medical treatment of renal candidiasis.
AB  - Two very low birth weight infants who developed renal candidiasis with
      pelvicalyceal fungal concretions were treated medically with Amphotericin B and 5
      Fluorocytosine. Two months following cessation of therapy, the fungal concretions
      decreased in size, became sterile and developed calcification in residual debris.
      The calcifications was still present at demise in one patient and at 18 months
      follow up in the other. These calcifications occurred in the absence of
      simultaneous furosemide therapy.

PMID- 2287539
TI  - Positional variation in the ultrasound appearance of the renal pelvis.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 100 renal sonograms (200 kidneys) was performed to
      determine how the appearance of the renal pelvis varies in the supine und prone
      projections. The renal pelvis had no distention in either projection in 100
      kidneys. The prone position produced dilatation of a previously normal pelvis
      with 60 kidneys or increasing dilatation in 6 kidneys. Other changes in the renal
      pelvis were also identified. We believe this positional change is due to shifting
      of urine from the normal sized calyces (when supine) to the distensible renal
      pelvis (when prone). It is possible that elevation of bladder pressure in the
      prone position may also impede urine flow and produce the observed changes.
      However, it is important to recognize that the slight dilatation of the renal
      pelvis does not indicate pathology.

PMID- 2287540
TI  - Multicentric/massive idiopathic osteolysis in a 17-year-old girl.
AB  - An unusual case of multicentric/multifocal osteolysis with unique clinical and
      radiographic features in a 17-year-old girl is reported. The brother of the
      patient who was probably also affected could not be examined.

PMID- 2287541
TI  - Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh disease): CT and MRI appearances.
AB  - Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE) is a genetic disorder of pyruvate
      metabolism. Until recently the diagnosis of SNE could only be made at autopsy.
      However, an antemortem diagnosis can now be suggested by the correlation of
      clinical and laboratory data with computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). Five children with clinical and laboratory data
      suggesting the diagnosis of Leigh disease were evaluated by CT and MR. MR was
      found to be more sensitive than CT in the detection of areas of necrosis in the
      brain of the five children we studied. The absence of focal lesions detected by
      either modality in one of our patients did not exclude the diagnosis of SNE since
      focal lesions were present at autopsy one month following CT and MR.

PMID- 2287542
TI  - The prenatal development of the normal human skeleton: a combined
      ultrasonographic and post-mortem radiographic study.
AB  - Post-mortem radiography of fetuses with skeletal dysplasia is essential for
      diagnostic classification. Interpretation of the radiographs should be based on
      the knowledge of morphology and dimensions of the normal skeleton in all stages
      of development. A retrospective post-mortem radiographic study is presented with
      measurements of the lengths of the long bones and thoracic and lumbar spine. The
      study included 69 fetuses and neonates with a normal skeleton, whose gestational
      age ranged from 13-42 weeks and who died perinatally or lived for less than one
      week. The measurements of the long bones were plotted on growth curves obtained
      from a prospective longitudinal ultrasonographic investigation of another group
      of 63 normal fetuses from 12-40 weeks of gestation. Thoracic and lumbar spine
      measurements by ultrasonography were not available. The radiographic data of
      thoracic and lumbar spine were, therefore, compared to radiographic studies from
      the literature. No disagreement with these studies was found. It can be concluded
      that measurements of bones from standardized post-mortem radiographs in cases of
      questionable gestational age or defects of bone development can be compared with
      ultrasonographic measurements. To illustrate the usefulness of the graphs, 13
      fetuses with various types of skeletal dysplasia were evaluated retrospectively.

PMID- 2287544
TI  - MR imaging in a patient with Leigh's disease (subacute necrotizing
      encephalomyelopathy).
AB  - Leigh's disease, also known as subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, is a
      rare progressive neurological disorder of childhood that was first described by
      Leigh in 1951. Diagnosis of this disease can be difficult because onset is
      usually insidious and can present with a number of different focal findings,
      however diagnostic imaging has been shown to be of benefit in this regard. We
      present a patient with Leigh's disease in whom serial MR imaging studies helped
      to make the diagnosis and also demonstrated the dynamic characteristic of this
      disease process.

PMID- 2287543
TI  - Tetra-oligodactyly with bilateral aplasia and hypoplasia of long bones of upper
      and lower limbs: a variable manifestation of the syndrome of ectrodactyly with
      tibial aplasia.
AB  - We present, a family manifesting a variation of the syndrome of ectrodactyly with
      tibial apasia. The principal case in the family showed the most severe bilateral
      skeletal malformations of this syndrome. The hand changes of this case (tetra
      oligodactyly with missing 5th rays) and of a relative (oligodactyly with the last
      3 rays being affected) reflected a variable manifestation of "ectrodactyly".
      Additionally, a review of the relevant literature is presented for further
      delineation of various aspects of this syndrome.

PMID- 2287545
TI  - Intracranial human immunodeficiency virus infection in an infant: sonographic
      findings.
AB  - Multiple hyperechoic foci were noted on a head sonogram in the basal ganglia and
      periventricular white matter of an eleven month old, human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) seropositive male infant. The infant presented with failure to thrive,
      recurrent viral and bacterial infections, and progressive neurologic impairment.
      Toxoplasmosis, Cytomegalo-inclusion virus and other "TORCH" infections were
      excluded. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain demonstrated multiple
      punctate calcifications in the above areas. The literature indicates that these
      changes might be the result of direct HIV infection of the brain. To our
      knowledge this is the first reported case of the sonographic findings.

PMID- 2287546
TI  - An enormous shunt between the portal and hepatic veins associated with multiple
      coronary artery fistulas.
AB  - A 9-year-old boy with a rare combination of multiple coronary artery fistulas and
      congenital shunt between the portal and hepatic veins (portal-systemic shunt) is
      presented. The most likely pathogenesis for the portal-systemic shunt in this
      case was persistence of the ductus venosus as a bypass tract of the portal vein.
      This shunt is considered as one cause of cardiomegaly and dilatation of the
      hepatic vein in this case, and careful follow-up is mandatory because this shunt
      could induce portal-systemic encephalopathy. There are a few reports of an
      anomalous portal venous connection to the hepatic vein as a result of abnormal
      portal embryogenesis. We experienced a unique case of congenital portal-systemic
      shunt associated with coronary artery fistulas. The present paper reports
      angiographic findings in this case and the etiological importance of the
      congenital portal-systemic shunt.

PMID- 2287547
TI  - Color-coded Doppler evaluation of cholecystic varices in portal hypertension.
AB  - A 11-year-old white girl presented with a diagnosis of thrombosis of the portal
      vein after newborn septicemia. Duplex sonography revealed significant narrowing
      of the portal vein and its right and left branches. A Doppler signal could only
      be obtained in certain short segments of the portal vein and indicated
      hepatopetal flow. Color-coded Doppler sonography showed extensive varicose veins
      in the gallbladder with a bigger draining vessel running to the porta hepatis.
      Documentation of varices like those in the gallbladder wall confirms the
      diagnosis of portal hypertension and may increase the sensitivity of Doppler
      sonography. Color mapping has the potential to detect unexpected flow and to
      analyze blood flow to better advantage.

PMID- 2287548
TI  - CT cholangiography of a choledochocele.
AB  - Choledochocele is a rare anomaly which has been imaged by a variety of
      techniques, including CT. A case of choledochocele in an eleven-year-old boy is
      reported. CT demonstrated a fluid-filled lesion protruding into the lumen of the
      duodenum and containing stones. CT following oral cholangiogram contrast
      administration and intravenous sincalide confirmed connection of the cystic
      lesion with the biliary tree. This is a safe and noninvasive method for the
      diagnosis of choledochocele.

PMID- 2287550
TI  - Spondylo-epiphyso-metaphyseal dysplasia: an atypical variant.
AB  - In a 12 years, 10 months-old-girl with severe nanism we observed bone changes of
      unusual spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia (S.E.M.D.). The metaphyseal and
      epiphyseal changes in the long bones were symmetrical and mostly rhizomelic -
      with the involvement of the iliac bones, tarsal bones with irregular lesions and
      disproportionally long fibulae; these changes confirm the heterogeneity of the
      disease.

PMID- 2287549
TI  - Caudal regression syndrome and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia in a 6-year-old
      child. A new syndrome?
AB  - A 6-year-old Algerian boy with "caudal regression syndrome" and spondylo
      epiphyseal dysplasia is reported. We believe this represents a new malformation
      syndrome or a random association of two non-related entities.

PMID- 2287551
TI  - Computerized tomography of brain in infantile spasms (West syndrome).
AB  - Computerized tomographic scanning of the brain was performed in 26 infants with
      Infantile spasms. Majority of the patients, 18 (69%) had some abnormality.
      Changes noted were cerebral atrophy in 12, calcifications in 5 and dysgenesis of
      the corpus callosum in 3 patients. One infant each had porencephaly,
      hydrocephalus and cavum septum pellucidum. Five patients had more than one
      abnormality simultaneously. Three infants had progressively worsening atrophy on
      ACTH therapy. Patients with infantile spasms, without any physical or
      neurological abnormality, are unlikely to have any abnormalities on brain CT
      scanning (p = less than 0.005).

PMID- 2287552
TI  - Nursing DataSource 1990: A research report. Volume II--Leaders in the making:
      graduate education in nursing.

PMID- 2287553
TI  - Nursing DataSource 1990: a research report. Volume IV--Focus on
      practical/vocational nursing.

PMID- 2287554
TI  - Evaluation of a rapid monitoring system to study heparin pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacodynamics.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of heparin were studied
      in 10 healthy volunteers using the Hepcon/System B-10. This coagulation
      monitoring system uses each patient's body weight, height, baseline activated
      clotting time (ACT), and heparin dose response values to determine initial
      heparin doses. We administered a calculated mean +/- SD heparin doses of 85 +/-
      14 U/kg to 10 subjects to achieve a mean +/- SD target ACT of 364 +/- 29 seconds.
      This dose produced a mean +/- SD measured peak ACT of 337 +/- 53 seconds from a
      mean +/- SD baseline of 121 +/- 10 seconds. The measured peak ACT values
      resulting from the individualized heparin doses were within 20% of the desired
      peak in 9 (90%) of the subjects. Using the ACT values, the average mean residence
      time for heparin effect was 1.2 hours and half-life was 0.8 +/- 0.2 hours, with
      all the subjects' values returning to within 10% of baseline by 4 hours after the
      dose. Using the protamine-derived heparin concentrations, heparin total-body
      clearance ranged from 43 to 99 ml/hr/kg (mean +/- SD 73.3 +/- 14.5 ml/hr/kg). A
      linear relationship was found between heparin concentration and change in ACT
      that was described by delta ACT = 16.85 + 136.7.(heparin concentration). We
      conclude that this method is easy to perform and accurate for determining initial
      heparin dosage requirements, and could be an important improvement over existing
      approaches. In addition, it is a valuable research tool for studying heparin
      pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2287555
TI  - The effect of tourniquet inflation on cefazolin tissue penetration during total
      knee arthroplasty.
AB  - Patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were randomized to tourniquet
      inflation 1, 2, or 5 minutes after a 1-g dose of cefazolin. Serum, soft tissue,
      and bone samples were obtained at 10, 30, and 60 minutes after inflation,
      immediately prior to tourniquet release (PTR), and 5 minutes after release. Areas
      under the concentration-time curve (AUC10-PTR) were calculated using the linear
      trapezoidal method and normalized to actual body weight, creatinine clearance,
      and length of tourniquet inflation. The percentage of penetration was calculated
      using the normalized values for the respective AUCs. Differences among the groups
      were analyzed using analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test where
      appropriate. Groups were similar for age, actual body weight, duration of
      tourniquet inflation, and creatinine clearance (p greater than 0.05). The median
      percentages of penetration for soft tissue and bone at 5, 2, and 1 minute were
      14.5% and 4.6%, 6.7% and 3.0%, and 5.9% and 4.6%, respectively. Only the
      percentage of soft tissue penetration between 5 and 1 minute was significantly
      different (p = 0.015). Gender and type of anesthesia (general, epidural) had no
      effect on cefazolin penetration into soft tissue or bone. Although increasing the
      time interval between cefazolin administration and tourniquet inflation resulted
      in higher soft tissue drug concentrations, a 1-minute interval resulted in soft
      tissue and bone cefazolin concentrations at or above the minimum inhibitory
      concentration for microorganisms likely to be encountered in this surgical
      procedure.

PMID- 2287556
TI  - Risk of nephrotoxicity with combination vancomycin-aminoglycoside antibiotic
      therapy.
AB  - One hundred five patients receiving concurrent aminoglycoside and vancomycin
      therapy of at least 5 days' duration were retrospectively reviewed for
      development of nephrotoxicity. All had their vancomycin and aminoglycoside serum
      concentrations controlled by a clinical pharmacokinetics service. Nephrotoxicity
      occurred in 28 (27%) of the patients. Twenty-two of the 28 had other factors that
      are known to contribute to renal failure (amphotericin B therapy, sepsis, liver
      disease, obstructive uropathy, pancreatitis, anesthesia). The remaining six
      developed nephrotoxicity without other known contributing factors. Logistic
      regression analysis revealed associations between nephrotoxicity and age, sex,
      aminoglycoside trough and vancomycin peak and trough serum concentrations, length
      of aminoglycoside and vancomycin therapy, concurrent amphotericin B therapy,
      liver disease, neutropenia, and peritonitis (p less than 0.05). In addition to
      factors previously reported, this study found that neutropenia and peritonitis
      are associated with an increased risk of nephrotoxicity. Patients with one or
      more risk factors warrant close monitoring of renal function as well as
      vancomycin and aminoglycoside serum concentrations.

PMID- 2287557
TI  - Influence of pentoxifylline on steady-state theophylline serum concentrations
      from sustained-release formulations.
AB  - This clinical study assessed the influence of pentoxifylline and its metabolites
      on steady-state serum theophylline concentrations. Nine healthy volunteers took
      sustained-release formulations of pentoxifylline, theophylline, and a combination
      of both agents each for 7 days at standard therapeutic doses in a randomized
      order. Serum theophylline concentrations were analyzed using fluorescence
      polarization immunoassay (TDx) technique. During the pentoxifylline treatment
      phase, serum theophylline concentrations were undetectable, demonstrating the
      lack of assay interference from pentoxifylline and its metabolites. Mean trough
      steady-state serum theophylline concentrations were 30% higher (p less than 0.05)
      during the combination treatment phase compared to theophylline administration
      alone, and varied considerably. Although side effects were more frequent during
      the combination phase, differences in the number of adverse reactions did not
      achieve statistical significance. This study demonstrates an interaction between
      theophylline and pentoxifylline, and indicates that close monitoring of serum
      theophylline concentrations during combination therapy is warranted.

PMID- 2287558
TI  - Evaluation of aspirin, caffeine, and their combination in postoperative oral
      surgery pain.
AB  - Three hundred fifty outpatients with postoperative pain after the surgical
      removal of impacted third molars were randomly assigned, on a double-blind basis,
      to receive a single oral dose of aspirin 650 or 1000 mg, caffeine 65 mg, a
      combination of aspirin 650 mg with caffeine 65 mg, or placebo. Using a self
      rating record, subjects rated their pain and its relief hourly for 6 hours after
      medicating. Estimates of summed pain intensity difference, peak pain intensity
      difference, total relief, peak relief, and hours of 50% relief were derived from
      these subjective reports. All active treatments except caffeine were
      significantly superior to placebo. Pairwise comparisons indicated the aspirin
      caffeine combination was statistically superior to aspirin 650 mg alone for hours
      of 50% relief among patients who had severe baseline pain. Adverse effects were
      transitory and none were serious.

PMID- 2287559
TI  - A comparison of the risk of hypoglycemia between users of human and animal
      insulins. 1. Experience in the United Kingdom.
AB  - In a case-control study of 121 young insulin-dependent diabetics diagnosed as
      having an episode of hypoglycemia, the relative risk estimate comparing human
      with animal insulins was 0.8 (95% confidence interval 0.4, 1.6) controlling for
      age, general practice, and calendar time. We conclude that in this study
      population derived from general practices in the United Kingdom, the risk of
      hypoglycemia was no higher in users of human insulin than it was in users of
      animal insulins.

PMID- 2287560
TI  - Hospitalizations because of hypoglycemia in users of animal and human insulins.
      2. Experience in the United States.
AB  - In a 10-year (1979-1988) follow-up study of young insulin-dependent diabetics
      carried out at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, the frequency of
      hospitalization for hypoglycemia remained constant. During the early years only
      animal insulins were available; during the latter years, human insulins were used
      in a majority of patients. The adjusted relative risk estimate for
      hospitalizations for hypoglycemia comparing users of human with users of animal
      insulins was 0.6 (95% confidence interval 0.2, 2.3). We conclude that the use of
      human insulins is not associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for
      hypoglycemia as compared with animal insulins in this population.

PMID- 2287561
TI  - The time to reach steady state after the administration of intravenous bolus,
      constant infusion, and oral immediate-release and sustained-release preparations.
AB  - Based on one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, the equations to calculate the
      specific fractional steady-state of drug level achieved at any time (FSS) after
      administration of intravenous bolus, constant infusion, and oral immediate
      release preparations are reviewed. Also the equation to calculate FSS after
      administering an oral sustained-release dosage form is derived. From these
      equations, it can be shown that the drug FSS after these routes of administration
      is dependent primarily on the elimination rate constant (K). However, for a
      sustained-release preparation, the FSS is dependent on K, drug release rate
      constant (Kr), as well as the fraction of sustained release (Fs) of the dosage
      form. Using the new derived equation for FSS, several simulations were performed
      to evaluate the effects of Kr K, and Fs. These indicate that the time to achieve
      a given FSS is prolonged as Kr or K becomes smaller and as Fs becomes large.

PMID- 2287562
TI  - The effect of theophylline on estimated hepatic blood flow.
AB  - We observed the effect of aminophylline administration on estimated hepatic blood
      flow. Indocyanine green (ICG) 0.5 mg/kg was administered as an intravenous bolus
      dose before and after intravenous infusion of 7 mg/kg aminophylline. Venous blood
      was collected at timed intervals over 15 minutes to construct ICG concentration
      time graphs. Pharmacokinetic values were calculated using non-compartmental
      methods. Estimated hepatic blood flow decreased from 790 +/- 190 to 665 +/- 100
      ml/minute (p less than 0.05) after administration of aminophylline.

PMID- 2287563
TI  - Limited effectiveness of charcoal hemoperfusion in malathion poisoning.
AB  - Malathion is an organophosphate pesticide that can cause respiratory failure and
      death in humans. In vitro studies suggested that hemoperfusion may be valuable in
      treating malathion poisoning. We found that although the charcoal column may
      effect reasonable clearance in the first 2 hours of use, prolonged hemoperfusion
      may require changing the column in severe, acute poisonings.

PMID- 2287564
TI  - Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole anaphylactoid reactions in patients with AIDS: case
      reports and literature review.
AB  - Adverse effects are common in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) who receive trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Two patients
      experienced a rare anaphylactoid syndrome. Within hours of receiving a double
      strength TMP-SMX tablet, a 28-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      positive man developed fever, hypotension, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates.
      Broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy was begun but discontinued 2 days later when
      signs and symptoms resolved and specimens for Pneumocystis carinii were negative.
      A 38-year-old man developed rash, fever, hypotension, hyperbilirubinemia, renal
      dysfunction, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates after taking two doses of oral
      TMP-SMX. Several antimicrobial agents, including parenteral pentamidine, were
      administered despite lack of evidence for P. carinii or other infection. four
      case reports of similar reactions in patients with AIDS have been published.
      Notable differences exist between the syndrome described and anaphylaxis. The TMP
      SMX anaphylactoid reactions in patients with AIDS mimic sepsis or opportunistic
      infection, thus making diagnosis difficult.

PMID- 2287565
TI  - Dobutamine vs dopamine: another look.

PMID- 2287566
TI  - [Results of the treatment of peripheral arterial diseases with PGE1].
AB  - PGE1 (Prostin VR by Upjohn) was administered in the form of intra-arterial
      infusion to the patients with ischaemic disease of the limbs. The investigations
      aimed at collecting additional data contributing to the elaboration of optimal
      administration of the drug, its dosage and objective assessment of the obtained
      results. The obtained results have shown that the therapeutic efficiency of PGE1
      depends on the advancement of ischaemia. Favourable clinical result was achieved
      in 45% of the patients manifested by the decrease of pain and healing rate. Such
      an effect persisted 2-7 months. An increase in serum total proteins and
      fibrinogen fraction and a decrease in platelet aggregation was seen during the
      PGE1 infusion. Skin temperature measurements and radioisotope examination with
      perfusion scintigraphy have shown an increase in blood flow in both muscles and
      other tissues in the treated patients. The obtained results confirmed a value of
      intra-arterial PGE1 infusion in the treatment of ischaemic limb diseases.

PMID- 2287567
TI  - [Sex hormones in men with coronary arteriosclerosis].
AB  - Testosterone and estradiol levels were determined in 85 male patients aged
      between 23 and 52 years with: coronographically diagnosed coronary
      arteriosclerosis (20 with the instable and 37 with stable coronary disease), and
      in 28 healthy volunteers serving as a control group. Testosterone concentrations
      in the instable coronary disease (13.6 +/- 1.7 nM/l) were significantly lower
      than in the stable form of the disease (18.56 +/- 1.1 nM/l) and in healthy
      volunteers 20.9 +/- 1.0 nM/l, p less than 0.02 and p less than 0.001
      respectively. Estradiol concentrations in male patients with instable coronary
      disease (228.3 +/- 22.8 pM/l) and with stable form of the disease (157.0 +/- 12.6
      pM/l) were significantly higher than in healthy volunteers, p less than 0.02 and
      p less than 0.001 respectively. The obtained results indicate gonadal disorders
      in male patients with coronary arteriosclerosis.

PMID- 2287569
TI  - [Clinical aspects of Behcet's syndrome].
AB  - Behcet's syndrome is characterized by the recurrent ulceration of the genitals,
      aphthous lesions of the mouth, uveitis, or iridocyclitis followed by hypopyon.
      Morbidity is increasing in the regions of the Central and North Europe. The
      disease is endemic in the region of Mediterranean Sea and Japan. Clinical course
      of Behcet's syndrome in WHO classification in 4 patients in discussed. Aphthous
      stomatitis, ulceration of the genitals and iridocyclitis dominated in the
      symptomatology. Several laboratory tests including complement, immunoglobulins
      and HLA B-27 were carried out. No abnormal values were seen. A survey of
      literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy is given.

PMID- 2287568
TI  - [Anti-elastin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - Immunological response to elastin-derived peptides may cause tissue damage with
      subsequent degradation of the elastic fibres. Therefore, an incidence of anti
      elastin antibodies in sera of patients with the systemic lupus erythematosus was
      studied. Sixty sera from 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 50
      healthy subjects were assayed with dot-immunobinding technique. Titre 1:10 was
      considered diagnostically significant. Anti-elastin antibodies were diagnosed in
      19 patients (31%) where as they were absent in the control group. In all cases
      anti-elastin antibodies were IgG.

PMID- 2287570
TI  - [Recurrence of autonomous "hot" thyroid nodule after partial thyroidectomy].

PMID- 2287571
TI  - [Diagnosis and differentiation of follicular neoplasms of the thyroid gland].

PMID- 2287572
TI  - [Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland].

PMID- 2287573
TI  - [On different specialties].

PMID- 2287574
TI  - [Neurosonography-ultrasonography in diagnosis of the central nervous system].
AB  - Diagnostic possibilities created by ultrasound in the examination of CNS are
      discussed. Applications of neurosonography in relation to the diagnosis of brain
      and spinal cord diseases are listed. Emphasis is on ultrasound monitoring of
      cerebral biopsy enriching precise diagnosis of CNS.

PMID- 2287575
TI  - [Some epidemiologic and clinical problems in ischemic cerebral stroke].
AB  - The study involved 739 patients with the ischemic cerebral stroke into two
      groups: with reversible and irreversible ischemic cerebral stroke. General
      characteristics of patients (incidence, sex, age etc.) was similar to the
      characteristics of patients from other centres. Morbidity rate for ischemic
      cerebral strokes was 93.9, including reversible stroke 21.3 and other 72.6;
      mortality factor 47.2, and mortality rate 29.6%. An increase in morbidity for
      irreversible stroke in women over 80 years of age is striking. The authors
      suggest that the classification of cerebral strokes should include reversible
      strokes whereas progressive stroke should not be considered distinguished entity.

PMID- 2287576
TI  - [Clinico-morphologic analysis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in patients
      up to the 19th year of life].
AB  - Deaths of patients with the subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were analysed in
      the non-selected autopsy material within 1976-1985. Fifteen cases of the disease,
      i.e. 0.12% of all autopsies and 3.8% of autopsies in the age group between 1 and
      19 years, were noted. Fourteen cases of the subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
      were noted in the age group of 5-14 years. Mean age was 9.3 years. The disease
      was nearly three-fold more frequent in male patients. Time lapse between measles
      infection or antimeasles vaccination and hospitalization for the subacute
      sclerosing panencephalitis was 4.2 years for both sexes and was much lower for
      male patients--2.9 years. Morphological lesions characteristic for the subacute
      sclerosing panencephalitis were seen in the white matter and cortex of the brain
      in all examined patients. Lesions to the basal ganglia were noted in 9 cases, and
      additionally to the brain stem and vermiform lobe in 3 cases. The most frequent
      clinical symptoms accompanying the subacute sclerosing panencephalitis at the
      beginning of the hospitalization, other diseases and conformation of the clinical
      diagnosis with sectional findings are also discussed.

PMID- 2287577
TI  - [Evaluation of the value of determining lysozyme levels in cerebrospinal fluid in
      myeloencephalitis].
AB  - The study aimed at assessing the value lysozyme assay in CFS as indicator of the
      damage to blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and intensification of inflammatory
      process in the course of meningitis. The study involved 20 patients with
      suppurative and 66 with viral meningitis. Control group included 26 patients
      without nervous system disease. To estimate the degree of blood-cerebrospinal
      fluid barrier damage albumin and lysozyme indicators were calculated. It was
      proved, that CSF lysozyme levels are bigger in the suppurative meningitis than in
      viral meningitis. According to the author, CSF lysozyme levels the value of
      lysozyme indicator may inform on intensification of the inflammatory process and
      the degree of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier damage in suppurative meningitis,
      whereas in the viral meningitis they inform on degree of blood-cerebrospinal
      fluid barrier damage, only.

PMID- 2287578
TI  - [Multifocal periventricular leukomalacia in children up to 1 year of life].
AB  - The authors present an analysis of the multifocal leucoencephalomalacia in
      children under 1 year of life based on the material obtained from 2.398
      autopsies. It was found that 32 autopsied children suffered from this disease
      (1.33%). Twenty four of these children were premature. The disease was more
      frequent in the infants (23 cases) than in neonates (9 cases), and in boys (20
      cases) than in girls (12 cases). Multifocal leucoenephalomalacia was manifested
      mainly as spastic infantile paralysis in the majority of the infants (14 cases).
      Morphological lesions to the brain most frequently embraced white substance
      adjacent to the cerebral ventricles (foci of leucoencephalomalacia of 1 cm in
      diameter) and cerebral vessels. Widening of the ventricular system of the brain
      was seen in 15 cases. Pathological reaction resulted from the brain anoxia and
      ischemia in perinatal period (20 cases) or septicaemia (12 cases) while
      predisposing factors included: prematurity, respiratory failure with hyaline
      membranes in the lungs and congenital abnormalities of the heart.

PMID- 2287579
TI  - [Diagnosis of cerebello-pontine angle tumors].
AB  - History and results of investigations in 34 patients with cerebello-pontine angle
      tumours are presented. Tumour was diagnosed in the first, audiological stage of
      the disease only in 4 patients. In 7 more patients additional symptoms of central
      nervous system focal disorders occurred. The remaining 23 patients were in the
      third stage of the disease with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. The
      main reason for such a late diagnosis of the tumour was neglecting of the early
      audiological symptoms of the disease by patients and by general practitioners as
      well.

PMID- 2287580
TI  - [Effect of methylguanidine and guanidinosuccinic acid on pyruvate kinase activity
      in human red cells].
AB  - An effect of methylguanidine and guanidinosuccinic acid on pyruvate kinase
      activity in human red cells was determined in vitro following a 3-hour incubation
      at 37 degrees C. The obtained results have shown that methylguanidine in the
      concentration of 1.8 x 10(-5) M/l inhibits pyruvate kinase activity by 20.8%.
      Pyruvate kinase activity was statistically significantly inhibited on addition of
      methylguanidine in the concentration of 5.4 x 10(-5) M/l whereas higher
      concentrations have no such an effect Guanidinesuccinic acid exerted similar but
      weaker effect on the activity of pyruvate kinase in human red cells. Mixture of
      methylguanidine (5.4 x 10(-5) m/l) and guanidinesuccinic acid (2.8 x 10(-5) M/l)
      does not affect pyruvate kinase activity in normal human red cells under
      identical experimental conditions.

PMID- 2287582
TI  - [The role of modified low density lipoproteins in the development of
      atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2287581
TI  - [Radioisotope cisternography in the diagnosis of subarachnoid cysts].
AB  - Two cases of subarachnoid cysts are presented. Radioisotope cisternography proved
      successful in the diagnosis of this disorder. CT-scan and surgery confirmed
      diagnostic value of the radioisotope cisternography. It may be useful in case of
      inability to use CT-scan, being safe and valuable.

PMID- 2287583
TI  - [Neurological complications of AIDS].

PMID- 2287584
TI  - [Current possibilities of health care on fishing vessels with particular emphasis
      on surgical care].

PMID- 2287585
TI  - Genotypic and immunophenotypic analysis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (Ki-1
      lymphoma).
AB  - Genotypic and immunological analysis was performed in 10 patients with anaplastic
      large cell lymphoma (Ki-1 lymphoma), 4 were male and 6 female.
      Immunophenotypically, 9 of these patients expressed some T cell markers; CD 2 in
      9, CD 4 in 9, CD 3 in 6, CD 8 in 4, and UCHL-1 in 8. For B cell markers, 4
      patients expressed B 1 and one expressed L 26; these patients also expressed T
      cell markers. In genotypic analysis, 9 of 10 cases displayed some incidence of T
      cell receptor gene (TCR) rearrangement or deletion, which was found in 3 patients
      for C beta 1, 7 for C beta 2, 8 for J gamma, 5 for C gamma (Hind III), 5 for C
      gamma (EcoRI), 3 for J delta 1 (Hind III), 3 for J delta 1 (BamHI), 3 for J delta
      2, and 2 for C delta. One patient with rearrangement of TCR also showed
      rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain. Another patient exhibited
      rearrangement of both TCR and immunoglobulin chain. These results indicate a
      common T cell lineage for this type of lymphoma.

PMID- 2287586
TI  - Pro-megakaryoblasts in bone marrow tissue from patients with primary (idiopathic)
      osteo-myelofibrosis (agnogenic myeloid metaplasia). An immunomorphometric study
      on trephine biopsies.
AB  - An immunomorphometric study was performed on bone marrow biopsies from 40
      patients with primary osteomyelofibrosis--OMF, (agnogenic myeloid metaplasia) by
      employment of a monoclonal antibody against glycoprotein IIIa (Y2/51) to
      determine the number of pro-megakaryoblasts. Specimens from 15 individuals
      without any hematological disorder served as controls. With reference to the
      pertinent literature on megakaryocyte precursors and following a pilot study on
      corresponding smears, in tissue sections pro-megakaryoblasts were characterized
      by a size of 42.1 +/- 2.6 microns 2 (diameter 7.5 +/- 0.3 microns). In comparison
      with controls, in OMF no relevant increase in the number of pro-megakaryoblasts
      per square and cubic millimeter bone marrow was evaluable. The relative frequency
      of these precursors was significantly reduced due to an increase in the total
      amount of conspicuously large and abnormal megakaryocytes. Statistical analysis
      failed to reveal any correlations between counts for pro-megakaryoblasts or the
      total number of Y2/51--positive megakaryocytic elements with the density of
      argyrophilic fibers (determined by morphometry) or the platelet values. Our
      findings imply that in OMF the marked increase in circulating progenitor cells of
      the megakaryocyte lineage may be generated by extramedullary, probably splenic
      hematopoiesis. Moreover, the evolution of medullary fibrosis is thought to be
      associated with the striking predominance of large atypical, possibly overaged
      and hyperpolyploid megakaryocytes and not with an increase in precursor cells.

PMID- 2287587
TI  - Endogenous lectins with specificity to beta-galactosides and alpha- or beta-N
      acetyl-galactosaminides in human breast cancer. Their glycohistochemical
      detection in tissue sections by synthetically different types of
      neoglycoproteins, their quantitation on cultured cells by neoglycoenzymes and
      their usefulness as targets in lectin-mediated phototherapy in vitro.
AB  - Endogenous lectins may augment the panel of tumor markers. Specific protein
      carbohydrate interactions especially involve carbohydrate moieties that are
      located at sequence termini, e.g. D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
      Respective endogenous lectins can be detected by suitably constructed
      neoglycoproteins. In order to evaluate the influence of sugar and label density
      as well as coupling mode of the carbohydrate moiety to the carrier protein for
      lectin localization in histopathology, four different types of neoglycoproteins,
      carrying beta-galactosides or alpha- and beta-anomers of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
      were employed to reveal the presence of specific receptors in invasive ductal
      mammary carcinomas with propensity for metastasis formation. Staining of tumor
      cells was more intense than staining of normal cell types. Coupling of the diazo
      derivatives of p-aminophenyl glycosides led in most cases to the relatively
      highest extent of staining in terms of number of stained cells and staining
      intensity. Classified next according to these categories attachment of sugars via
      p-isothiocyanato derivatives or via an aliphatic linker after his reaction with
      the C6-hydroxyl group of the sugar moiety was rather equally well effective,
      whereas reductive amination with concomitant ring opening at the reducing end of
      the disaccharide lactose resulted in neoglycoproteins, yielding the lowest extent
      of staining. The alpha-anomer is preferred as a ligand to endogenous lectins of
      tumor cells to the beta-anomer of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. To reduce the number
      of steps in glycohistochemical processing, glycosylated enzymes were successfully
      employed. They also allowed to measure the lectin density on breast carcinoma
      cells, leading to rational selection for demonstrated lectin-mediated targeting
      of neoglycoprotein-hematoporphyrin conjugates. Immobilization of ligands as an
      approach to prepare histochemically valuable reagents to localize respective
      receptors is not confined to tumor lectinology, as emphasized by additional
      application of hormone-protein conjugates, termed neohormoproteins.

PMID- 2287588
TI  - Immunohistochemical assessment of growth fractions in colorectal adenocarcinomas
      with monoclonal antibody Ki-67. Relation to clinical and pathological variables.
AB  - Immunostaining with monoclonal antibody Ki-67 (MAb Ki-67) has been employed to
      determine the growth fractions in a series of 139 primary adenocarcinomas of the
      large bowel. A wide range (18.9-71.4%; mean 39.4%; median 37.2%) in the
      percentage of Ki-67 reacting cells (Ki-67 index) was observed. The Ki-67 index
      was found to be unrelated to tumour stage, lymph node involvement, and presence
      of synchronous distant metastases. Mucinous carcinomas showed higher levels of Ki
      67 reactivity than non-mucinous adenocarcinomas (P = 0.0003). Among non-mucinous
      adenocarcinomas a significant inverse correlation was demonstrated between the
      percentage of Ki-67 stained cells and the degree of differentiation (P = 0.002),
      and preservation of nuclear polarity (P less than 0.001). Moreover, tumours of
      patients younger than 45 years were generally characterized by high numbers of
      proliferating cells. There was no correlation between Ki-67 index and the other
      clinical and pathological variables examined. In most cases small differences in
      Ki-67 reactivity were observed in different samples from the same tumour. These
      results demonstrate that immunohistochemical assay with MAb Ki-67 represents a
      simple and reliable method for the assessment of proliferative activity in
      colorectal adenocarcinomas and suggest that Ki-67 labeling may provide
      information of clinical relevance in the management of patients with large bowel
      cancer.

PMID- 2287589
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase-positive and negative bone tumors. Ultrastructural and
      immunohistochemical studies of fibroblast-like tumor cells.
AB  - Bone tumors, which consist largely of fibroblast-like cells, were categorized
      into ALPase-positive (3 ossifying fibromas and 2 fibroblastic osteosarcomas) and
      negative (4 non-ossifying fibromas and 5 MFHs) groups. They were investigated as
      to their ultrastructure and immunophenotype using antibodies of fibroblast
      markers (collagen I, III, aminopeptidase M, dipeptidylpeptidase IV and factor
      XIIIa), classical macrophage markers (AACT and AAT) and vimentin. In the case of
      the ALPase-positive group, fibroblast-like cells showed short, branching rough
      endoplasmic reticulum with bundles of microfibrils in their cytoplasms. They were
      often intermingled with osteoblastic cells particularly in proximity to osteoid
      tissue. Furthermore, these cells expressed fibroblast markers of collagen I,
      aminopeptidase M, dipeptidylpeptidase IV and factor XIIIa. Fibroblast-like cells
      of the ALPase-negative group more or less revealed phagosomes in addition to
      fibroblastic features admixed with histiocyte-like cells. They expressed
      classical macrophage markers, but rarely fibroblast markers. The above findings
      indicated that derivation from different precursor cells should be proposed
      between the two groups and that the tumors in the ALPase-positive group might be
      intimately related to a certain population of the bone marrow stromal cells.

PMID- 2287590
TI  - The nature of cytoplasmic vacuoles in chordoma cells. A correlative enzyme and
      electron microscopic histochemical study.
AB  - Enzyme histochemical study revealed that a sacrococcygeal chordoma not only was
      rich in oxidoreductive enzymes but also in the enzymes (phosphorylase,
      hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose phosphate isomerase and UDP-glucose
      dehydrogenase) leading to the synthesis of stromal glycosaminoglycans from
      glycogen. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase is particularly important in oxidizing UDP
      glucose to UDP-glucuronic acid, the building block of hyaluronic acid and
      chondroitin sulfates. These enzymatic activities were consistent with the
      ultrastructural findings of abundant membrane-bound glycogen as well as large
      intracytoplasmic vacuoles with occasional residual glycogen particles.
      Furthermore, ultrastructural histochemical study using high iron diamine (HID)
      specifically localized the sulfated glycosaminoglycans (SG) extracellularly as
      well as intracellularly in distended Golgi saccules and 187-320 nm mature
      secretory vesicles. No HID staining was noted in the large intracytoplasmic
      vacuoles or rough endoplasmic reticulum. This study not only supports the
      hypothesis that the vacuoles of physaliphorous cells are the result of breakdown
      and utilization of membrane bound glycogen in the biosynthesis of SG, but also
      demonstrates that intracellular synthesis and storage of SG in chordoma are not
      in large vacuoles as previous investigators have believed.

PMID- 2287591
TI  - The impact of osteonectin for differential diagnosis of bone tumors. An
      immunohistochemical approach.
AB  - 75 osteosarcoma at various grades of histologic differentiation, including
      chondroblastic and small cell variants, and 5 fibrosarcomas of bone, 5 Ewing's
      sarcomas, 5 malignant fibrous histiocytomas of bone, 8 chondrosarcomas, and 2
      dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas, were investigated immunohistochemically for
      evidence of osteonectin. According to the results of our study, osteonectin is
      present in all osteosarcomas, with special topographic preponderance in the
      osteoblastic and chondroblastic variants. Evidence of osteonectin was also found
      in all other bone tumors we had analysed so far. In chondrosarcomas, positive
      reactions appeared only in the vicinity of trabeculae and in dedifferentiated
      areas. Thus, osteonectin cannot be regarded as a bone-specific protein. Although
      a high affinity for the osseous matrix is one of its undoubted features, it is
      therefore unsuitable for differential diagnostic purposes.

PMID- 2287592
TI  - Elastin in alcoholic liver disease. An immunohistochemical and immunoelectron
      microscopic study.
AB  - Increased elastic stained material has been described in fibrotic and cirrhotic
      liver processes. The aim of this work was to follow the development and
      distribution of elastic fibers from 48 chronic alcoholic patients. Patients were
      scored for fibrosis as 0, without fibrosis or minimal (n = 5); 1, incipient or
      early fibrosis (n = 9); 2, fibrosis or incomplete cirrhosis (n = 12); and 3,
      cirrhosis (n = 22). Elastica staining was performed by orcein, resorcin-fuchsin
      and iron hematoxylin and confirmed by immunofluorescence staining with an anti
      human elastin antibody (Institut Pasteur). Electron microscopy of representative
      cases of each group and electron microscopy of immunolabelled elastin (n = 5)
      were also performed. In early alcoholic fibrosis, oxytalan fibers were pointed
      out in terminal hepatic veins and in Disse space. In fibrous portal extensions
      and cirrhotic internodular septa, oxytalan and elaunin fibers represented the
      major elastin components in association with the alcoholic liver fibroplasia.
      Immunostaining with anti-elastin Ab exhibits the same distribution as with
      histochemical methods in portal and septal zones. Electron microscopy confirmed
      abundant microfibrillar bundles between collagen fibers that mesh and are in
      continuity with elaunin fibers. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed elastin
      deposits in the amorphous material and in association with the microfibrillar
      material in the portal and septal zones and disclosed elastin even in the thin
      strands of fibrotic tissue. In conclusion, elastogenesis, mainly represented by
      oxytalan and elaunin fibers, develops in alcoholic disease and takes part, with
      collagen deposits, in the fibrotic process.

PMID- 2287593
TI  - Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis.
AB  - A case of a malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis is presented. The
      patient with an intrascrotal mass was a 32-year-old Japanese male who had no
      history of asbestos exposure. The tumor was located on the surface of the right
      testis and was composed of columnar to polygonal cells with glandular and
      papillary structures. It showed many mitoses and focal invasion of the tunica
      albuginea. The tumor cells contained alcian blue- and Hale's colloidal iron
      positive, hyaluronidase-digestible materials. Immunohistochemical stains for
      cytokeratin and vimentin were positive, while those for carcinoembryonic antigen,
      epithelial membrane antigen, Leu-M1, and factor VIII-related antigen were
      negative. The systemic examinations revealed no other tumors. Based on these
      findings the tumor was diagnosed as malignant mesothelioma of the tunica
      vaginalis. The differential diagnosis is discussed under the histologic,
      histochemical, and immunohistochemical points of view and the previous literature
      is reviewed.

PMID- 2287595
TI  - Pediatrician's response to a stillbirth or death of a neonate.

PMID- 2287596
TI  - Inpatient care: the general pediatrician's future.

PMID- 2287594
TI  - Pulmonary corpora amylacea contain surfactant apoprotein.
AB  - The case of a 53-year-old female with interstitial pneumonitis is described with
      special regard to biochemical characterization of pulmonary corpora amylacea
      which were found in the lung specimen obtained by bronchial biopsy from the
      patient. The main protein component in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of the
      patient was albumin, but proteins in the precipitate fraction of BAL fluid, where
      the corpora amylacea were recovered, predominantly consisted of 36 kD protein
      which was stained with the monoclonal antibody PE 10 to human pulmonary
      surfactant apoprotein by immunoblot. Histologically the pulmonary corpora
      amylacea were stained with eosin and PAS. The particles were stained
      immunohistochemically by immunoperoxidase reaction using PE 10, but not by
      antibodies to human albumin. The pulmonary surfactant apoprotein seems,
      therefore, to be not simply adsorbed in the particles, but to be contained in
      them. Thus, the surfactant apoprotein may, at least in this case, be involved in
      the formation of pulmonary corpora amylacea.

PMID- 2287597
TI  - Enuresis: the difference between night and day.
AB  - The differentiation between night and day wetting allows the application of
      practical developmental and behavioral approaches to the diagnosis, evaluation,
      and therapy of each problem. Wetting the bed is mainly a developmental issue, and
      wetting the pants is a behavioral one.

PMID- 2287598
TI  - Childhood Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

PMID- 2287600
TI  - Whole cow milk feeding between 6 and 12 months of age? Go back to 1976.

PMID- 2287601
TI  - [Treatment of divorce families--considerations from the viewpoint of object
      relations theory and contextual therapy].
AB  - A child's relationship to both parents in divorcing families is discussed on the
      background of attachment research. Empirical data emphasize the effects of
      quality of attachment to both parents on child development, which arises out of
      the absence or the provision of a secure base. As a consequence the child
      develops internal working models of attachment figures and self, which is
      increasingly individually organized during the preschool years and shows
      considerable continuity throughout early and middle childhood. Adverse effects on
      attachment and its internal representations are expected to the degree to which
      through divorce the provision of a secure base is impaired. In psychological
      practice, parents have to be helped not only in balancing their adult conflicts
      but in providing a secure base for their children, without missusing them as
      alies or exposing them to pathological form of parentificaiton. All those are
      important issues of contextual therapy, which usefullness is especially discussed
      with respect to its key concept "multidirected partiality".

PMID- 2287599
TI  - Health supervision for the high-risk preschooler.

PMID- 2287602
TI  - ["Adolescent crisis" diagnosis reflected in the Rorschach diagnosis].
AB  - In clinical practice the problem of diagnosis and illness concept in adolescent
      psychiatry is related to the highly important consequences concerning various
      therapeutic approaches. Though the socalled diagnostic category "adolescent
      crisis" is not a real psychiatric one it serves for this purpose. The first part
      of this report is a review on the development and common use of this concept. The
      second part is an attempt to investigate the phenomena of adolescent disorder
      which constitute the diagnosis. For this research we use the Rorschachtest based
      on the study of 10 catamnestically controlled single cases. Evidence for the
      prognostic value of the Rorschach-results is-with respect to the question
      "adolescent crisis or schizophrenia?--the patients' clinical state and Rorschach
      findings 5 years after their first hospitalization. In addition an attempt is
      made for find a Rorschach-syndrome which is related to the diagnosis "adolescent
      crisis".

PMID- 2287603
TI  - [Integrated pedagogic-therapeutic process in inpatient group therapy work with
      behaviorally disordered adolescents].
AB  - This article describes a group project involving educational-therapeutic work on
      an inpatient basis with behaviourally disturbed adolescents. It shows how the
      integration of education and therapy, which is considered so necessary at the
      inpatient level, is achieved in group therapy and it describes as well the
      institutional framework within which the group project is carried out, as well as
      the type of practical experience with behaviourally disturbed adolescents which
      preceded the development and application of the group therapy work. The initial
      conditions, aims and the development process of the group therapy which took
      place over a period of two years are presented and four development phases are
      identified and explained. The article ends with observations concerning the self
      evaluation of the group leaders, the general experience gained in the setting up
      of educational-therapeutic group work with behaviourally disturbed adolescents
      and a review of the preliminary results of the group project.

PMID- 2287604
TI  - [Psychodiagnosis as a possibility for systemic intervention? Some comments on
      tests and systemic approach].
AB  - Proceeding from contradicting practical requirements some reflections are being
      made on the possibility of using psycho-diagnostic requests for systemic short
      interventions in "problem determined systems". Referred to a standard diagnostic
      situation some possible circular and hypothetic questions of a first interview
      and potential new interpretations within a concluding statement are listed and
      being illustrated with 2 case studies. There are finally some considerations on
      possible functions of requests for psychological testing in "problem-determined
      systems".

PMID- 2287605
TI  - [The correlation of social support with stress and alcohol drinking in
      adolescents].
AB  - The present review is concerning with the influence of social support on stress
      (14-20 years old students). The analysis of the data supports the hypothesis that
      social support is important for human wellbeing: Boys and girls with high social
      support from parents and teachers drink less alcohol than those with low social
      support. They also have less difficulties to identify with the values of the
      adults, concerning life style. Besides the main effect social support also has a
      buffer function: students with high social support describe less problems and
      attribute them more external. Social support can therefore be interpreted as a
      kind of reducing stress.

PMID- 2287608
TI  - A rapid two-step purification of rat liver fetal thymidine kinase.
AB  - The fetal isoenzyme of thymidine kinase was purified to apparent homogeneity from
      cytosols of rat fetuses liver. A two-step purification including anion exchange
      chromatography and affinity chromatography was developed. The purified enzyme
      appears as oligomeric with a relative molecular weight of 71 kDa. In denaturing
      media its molecular weight was 24 kDa, and its pHi 8.3.

PMID- 2287606
TI  - Purification of adenosine deaminase from chicken-egg yolk by affinity column
      chromatography.
AB  - Adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase; E.C. 3.5.4.4) has been purified
      4686-fold from egg yolk. The procedure developed was used to isolate the enzyme
      from eight chicken eggs. An easily prepared affinity column employing purine
      riboside was used as the final step in the purification. The method developed
      permits the rapid isolation and a high recovery of the protein. The specific
      activity of the enzyme preparation obtained is 81.4 mU/mg.

PMID- 2287610
TI  - Rapid purification of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from mammal's
      erythrocytes.
AB  - A procedure for rapid purification to homogeneity of glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (G6PD) is herein presented. Our method is not new, but represents a
      simplification of the method of De Flora et al. (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 169, 362
      3, 1975) which consisted of three steps: DEAE-Sephadex, phosphocellulose (P11)
      and affinity chromatography on 2'5' ADP-Sepharose. These authors eluted the
      enzyme from the P11 with phosphate and from 2'5' ADP-Sepharose with KC1 and NADP.
      By our method, the DEAE-Sephadex step is omitted, the G6PD is eluted from P11
      with citrate and NADP, and from 2'5' ADP-Sepharose with KC1, NADP and EDTA. The
      elution of the enzyme from the phosphocellulose was studied in detail and the
      temperature effect has been described. We report here an application of this
      method to a rapid microscale purification starting from 3.5-4 ml of rabbit blood,
      which can be performed in about 8 hours and a macroscale purification starting
      from 180-200 ml of human blood, which takes a day and a half.

PMID- 2287607
TI  - Preparation and characterization of a fully active biotinylated probe of
      cholecystokinin.
AB  - In this study we describe the synthesis and purification of biotinylated
      cholecystokinin-8 (Bio-CCK-8) and characterize its use as a probe for the
      pancreatic cholecystokinin receptor. CCK-8 (0.1 umoles) was reacted with either
      radiolabeled d-[8,9(-3)H]biotin succinimide ester (0.5 umoles) or N
      hydroxysuccinimidyl-biotin in dimethylformamide and triethylamine, and purified
      by anion exchange chromatography. Concentrations of Bio-CCK-8 and CCK-8 needed
      for half-maximal inhibition of [125]I-CCK-8 binding to pancreatic membranes were
      the same (1.0 and 1.3 nM). Bio-CCK-8 retained full biological activity as
      determined by stimulation of pancreatic protein secretion from rats, and the
      biotin group bound to CCK-8 retained its high sensitivity for avidin.

PMID- 2287609
TI  - Extracellular alpha galactosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.22) from Aspergillus ficuum NRRL
      3135 purification and characterization.
AB  - Extracellular alpha-galactosidase, a glycoprotein from the extracellular culture
      fluid of Aspergillus ficuum grown on glucose and raffinose in a batch culture
      system, was purified to homogeneity in five steps by ion exchange and hydrophobic
      interaction chromatography. The molecular mass of the enzyme was 70.8 Kd by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 74.1 Kd by gel permeation HPLC. On the
      basis of a molecular mass of 70.7 Kd, the molar extinction coefficient of the
      enzyme at 279 nm was estimated to be 6.1 X10(4) M-1 cm-1. The purified enzyme was
      remarkably stable at 0 degrees C. It had a broad temperature optimum and maximum
      catalytic activity was at 60 degrees C. It retained 33% of its activity after 10
      min. at 65 degrees C. It had a pH optimum of 6.0. It retained 62% of its activity
      after 12 hours at pH 2.3. The Kms for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside, o
      nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside and m-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
      are: 1462, 839 and 718 microM. The enzyme was competitively inhibited by mercury
      (19.8 microM), silver (21.5 microM), copper (0.48 mM), zinc (0.11 mM), galactose
      (64.0 mM) and fructose (60.3 mM). It was inhibited non-competitively by glucose
      (83.2 mM) and uncompetitively by mannose (6.7 mM).

PMID- 2287611
TI  - Longitudinal study of dental caries prevalence and incidence in the rapakivi
      (high fluoride) and olivine diabase (low fluoride) areas of Laitila, Finland.
AB  - This paper is a continuation of the author's study published in 1975. The teeth
      of the school children included in the study were first examined in 1952, re
      examined in 1972 and subsequently at 5-year intervals. Children in the village of
      Salo had drinking water with a high fluride content and those in the village of
      Suontaka drank water with a low fluoride content. In the first examination, the
      Salo children showed a caries prevalence, measured with the DMF inxed, ca. 67%
      lower than the Suontaka children. With some exceptions, such as the first molars,
      the absolute differences in caries prevalence between subjects from the two
      villages had remained practically the same throughout the years. By the 1987
      examination, the difference had been reduced, measured with the DMF index, to
      about 23% and with the DMFS index, to about 28%. In the last 5 years (1982-87),
      the DMFS index of the Suontaka pupils increased by 2.5 and that of the Salo
      pupils by 4.1. In the preceding two 5-year periods the increment in each group
      was ca. 7.0%.

PMID- 2287612
TI  - Occlusal features and caries experience.
AB  - It has been suggested that ideal occlusion would contribute to caries prevention,
      that crowding would predispose teeth to caries, and that enamel defects would
      increase caries susceptibility. Such opinions usually occur in textbooks or
      articles without any reference to relevant scientific evidence. Studies have been
      published that assess the association between occlusal features and caries. The
      studies reported vary greatly with respect to representativeness and diagnostic
      criteria. The findings have been conflicting. The most recent studies that have
      included relatively large numbers of subjects do not confirm an association
      between occlusal findings and caries experience. Crowding does not seem to
      increase susceptibility to caries. The suggested association between enamel
      defects and clinically diagnosed caries has only been studied in deciduous teeth.
      Defective enamel structure appears to increase caries susceptibility mainly in
      children whose enamel defects are caused by nutritional problems early in life
      that affect the whole of the deciduous dentition.

PMID- 2287613
TI  - Short-term retention of glass-ionomer fissure sealants.
AB  - In some studies, rapid loss of glass-ionomer sealants has been reported. The aim
      of this study was, therefore, to examine the retention rate of 4 month old glass
      ionomer sealants (Fuji III). The sealants were applied in 93 newly erupted molars
      and premolars. After four months, 75% of the sealants were totally present, 22%
      partially lost and 3% totally lost. No caries was observed. Impressions were
      taken from occlusal surfaces showing total or partial loss of sealants, and the
      casts were examined using a stereomicroscope or SEM. Examination revealed that in
      most of these cases, the material was still left in the bottom of the fissures.
      This may partly explain why glass-ionomer sealants have prevented caries even
      after they appear to have been lost. In order to examine the penetration of the
      sealant into the fissures, 28 teeth were sealed in vitro, bisected and examined
      using a stereomicroscope. In 19 cases, the sealant had penetrated whole fissure,
      in 7 cases two thirds of the fissure and in 2 cases one third of the fissure or
      less.

PMID- 2287614
TI  - Reliability of the moire method in study of tooth and palatal morphology.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to determine reproducibility of the
      photographic technique, intra- and inter-examiner reliability of the moire method
      for investigating tooth and palatal morphology as well as the agreement between
      the moire method and the palatometer in measuring palatal height. Intraclass
      correlation coefficients (ICC) of 0.88 to 0.95 for three separate photographs for
      each of the same 40 casts taken by three examiners and measured by a single
      examiner exhibited high reproducibility of the photographic technique. For
      studying tooth morphology, the moire lines were counted from the cusp tips to the
      mesiobuccal and distolingual fossae. ICC of 0.92 to 0.99 with 95% confidence
      limits for triple measurements and Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.92 to
      1.00 for double measurements showed high intra- and inter-examiner consistency,
      respectively. For palatal height at the level of the first maxillary molars ICC
      with 95% confidence limits for triple measurements was 0.98 and correlation
      coefficient between two examiners 0.98, respectively. Correlation coefficients
      between the moire method and the palatometer were also high, with a value of
      0.98. In summary, with careful calibration before use, the moire method proved to
      be useful and reliable in studying tooth and palatal morphology.

PMID- 2287615
TI  - Ceroid lipofuscin in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and neuronal ceroid
      lipofuscinoses.
AB  - Ceroid lipofuscin has been found to accumulate in body tissues in two types of
      storage disease, the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) and neuronal ceroid
      lipofuscinoses (NCL), which exhibit different clinical patterns and also differ
      as regards the site of pigment accumulation. The storage material in both
      diseases is similar physically and biochemically.

PMID- 2287616
TI  - [Perception of the necessity of psychological support for patients operated for
      breast cancer. Importance of the professional nurses' role].

PMID- 2287617
TI  - [Project of revision by the nursing personnel in a department of general
      surgery].

PMID- 2287618
TI  - [Lucca residents' perception of the nurse's role].

PMID- 2287619
TI  - [Oncologic nursing in the national circuit].

PMID- 2287620
TI  - [The services of nurses in home care of the elderly].

PMID- 2287621
TI  - [Distribution and control of drugs in unitary doses in hospitals].

PMID- 2287622
TI  - Towards perfection in radionuclide imaging.

PMID- 2287623
TI  - Scatter correction in planar imaging and SPECT by constrained factor analysis of
      dynamic structures (FADS).
AB  - The removal of Compton scattered photons included within the pulse height window
      is recognized as one of the most difficult noise problems in the restoration of
      nuclear medicine images. A new approach to Compton scatter correction based on
      factor analysis of dynamic structures (FADS) is presented in this study. The
      method requires all of the energy information. Acquisition of data can be
      performed either by list-mode or frame-mode. While the former presents some
      theoretical advantages, the latter is actually used in this work. Two factors are
      extracted by FADS, unfortunately no pure photopeak factor can be found by the
      algorithm. These rough factors lead to incorrect factor images. The innovation
      reported here is the use of a constrained photopeak factor. This novel algorithm
      is evaluated both on planar imaging and SPECT data using Monte Carlo simulations
      and real phantoms. A comparison with the modified method of Jaszczak is also
      presented. Different parameters are significantly improved with our recombination
      method in SPECT studies, particularly after attenuation compensation by the
      iterative method of Chang. Compared with the subtraction method the contrast is
      increased by 1.5 for planar Monte Carlo simulations and the scatter fraction is
      reduced four times with our recombination method.

PMID- 2287624
TI  - The nature of the background in radionuclide ventriculography: deductions from
      the mathematical behaviour of the ejection fraction.
AB  - The relationship between the ejection fractions calculated from 'uncorrected'
      radionuclide time activity curves (UEF) and angiographic ejection fractions (AEF)
      in 200 catheterized patients yielded the regression equation AEF = 1.74 UEF +
      0.21. It follows from this linear relationship that the left ventricular ejection
      fraction can be estimated by linear regression without explicit background
      correction: RREF = 1.74 UEF + 0.21, where RREF is the radionuclide regression
      ejection fraction. We first investigated the possibility that changes in photon
      self-attenuation within the cardiac chambers cause the observed mathematical
      characteristics of the cardiac background, B. Self-attenuation was calculated for
      cylindrical and spherical ventricular models. The results were insensitive to the
      particular geometry and would have only a small effect on the observed EF.
      Alternatively, the 'background' may result from extra-ventricular radiation
      scattering from the heart into the detector. If we assume that B should be
      proportional to the ventricular scattering volume, Bd = Kd EDC for diastole and
      Bs = Ks ESC for systole, the background corrected ejection fraction will be BCEF
      = K UEF + (1-K) where K = (1-Ks)/(1-Kd). This agrees with the form of the
      empirical regression equation.

PMID- 2287625
TI  - Background correction in factor analysis of dynamic scintigraphic studies:
      necessity and implementation.
AB  - In factor analysis, structures are separated on the basis of their temporal
      behaviour, even if there is a partial overlap. Usually, the temporal behaviour of
      the system under study cannot be sampled in its true form due to a total overlap
      by the background. In the ROI (region of interest) method, background subtraction
      is used as a means to correct the problem. In factor analysis, this problem has
      been ignored for a long time. We prove that the factor analysis method gives
      incorrect results when there is a total overlap of a structure. By assuming a
      local homogeneity of the overlapping structure, we can greatly improve the
      solution found. Compared with the classical ROI method, our method is operator
      independent and organ specific.

PMID- 2287626
TI  - A fractal interpretation of the dielectric response of animal tissues.
AB  - An improvement to Schwan's model of the dielectric response of biological tissues
      is proposed which is based on a fractal interpretation of the power law behaviour
      (epsilon' alpha epsilon" alpha f"-1) often observed. This interpretation allows
      the response to be more specifically related to the sub-cellular and cellular
      organization of the tissue through its self-similar hierarchical nature. A number
      of examples are discussed ranging in tissue type from the mostly cellular liver
      tissue to nerve tissue (grey matter). Applications of the technique to diseased
      and damaged tissue are briefly touched upon so as to illustrate its potential for
      precisely defining their effect upon the cells' electrical behaviour at a
      specific organizational level.

PMID- 2287627
TI  - A silicon diode in a thimble-type mount for measurement of diagnostic x-ray
      spectra.
AB  - A silicon detector which can be used like a thimble chamber has been constructed.
      The silicon diode chip used here is very small (1.7 x 1.7 x 0.1 mm3), and the
      construction materials of the detector mount are thin and have low atomic
      numbers. Thus, the characteristic x-rays from the mount give no distortion on the
      obtained spectra, and the photons incident on the back surface of the silicon
      chip can be measured. Furthermore, the perturbation of the x-ray field is small.
      The energy resolution of the detector is 2.0 keV (full width at half maximum) for
      59.5 keV photons at room temperature. Bremsstrahlung spectra (60-100 kV, 1-2 mA)
      have been measured without using a pinhole collimator; the obtained spectra are
      in good agreement with those obtained with a Ge detector. The spectrum of the
      radiation in a water phantom irradiated with 90 kV x-rays has also been measured
      by inserting the detector in the phantom; the obtained scattered spectrum has
      been corrected for the angular dependence of detector efficiency. The increase in
      total photon number due to this correction has been found to be below 2%.

PMID- 2287628
TI  - The incorporation of specific tissue/nuclide attenuation data into the Anderson
      method for producing brachytherapy volume-dose histograms.
AB  - Anderson has proposed an analytical method for deriving volume-dose histograms
      relating to three-dimensional brachytherapy distributions. Because the
      mathematical transformation allows the otherwise dominant effects of the inverse
      square fall-off about individual sources to be effectively suppressed, the
      resulting histograms provide the potential for visually and numerically assessing
      the overall quality of a brachytherapy treatment. In this paper the Anderson
      equations have been combined with the radial-dose polynomials of Dale, which are
      applicable to a number of tissue/nuclide combinations, and the predictions of the
      combined formalism have been used to further investigate the physical aspects of
      brachytherapy dosimetry. The problems associated with the dosimetry of low-energy
      gamma-emitters such as 125I are once again highlighted, as are the potential
      advantages of using a radionuclide with an intermediate gamma-ray energy.

PMID- 2287629
TI  - A simplified approach to alpha dosimetry for small spheres labelled on the
      surface.
AB  - The radiation doses to spheres of radii 5-200 microns, labelled on the surface
      with alpha emitters were studied in order to simulate conditions of
      radioimmunotherapy for small tumours. The absorbed fraction of emitted energy and
      the mean absorbed dose per alpha particle in smaller concentric spherical targets
      were calculated for different source sizes. Calculations were first performed for
      monoenergetic emissions. We then considered the dosimetry of two common alpha
      emitters described in the literature (211At and 212Bi). The results agree well
      with different analytical approaches reported in the literature, but differ from
      those obtained using a Monte Carlo code. The computing features have been
      deliberately kept to a low level to allow for simple introduction into hospital
      work. Comparison of the mean absorbed dose per particle between alpha and beta
      emitters seems to favour the use of alpha emitters. However, their high toxicity
      introduces a practical radiation protection problem and our mathematical
      dosimetric approach is valid only for homogeneous distributions of radionuclides
      when, in the case of alpha emitters, the total dose delivered would be much too
      high to be of practical use.

PMID- 2287630
TI  - Ion concentration and haematocrit as determinants of impedance in an erythrocyte
      suspension model of renal medullary tissue.
AB  - In order to analyse the respective roles of ion concentration and fractional
      volume of the interstitial compartment as determinants of the impedance, Z, of
      renal medullary tissue, a model was needed in which both these factors could be
      varied independently. An array of blood cell suspensions ions in saline
      (different haematocrit values and different NaCl concentrations) was used for
      this purpose. It was found that: (i) up to a measuring frequency of about 10 kHz,
      the complex consisting of needle electrodes and 'tissue' can be regarded as
      serially connected resistances, R, and capacitances; (ii) the frequency range 3
      10 kHz can be regarded as optimal since it simultaneously assures low electrode
      polarization and a negligible role of tissue capacitance; (iii) increasing the
      haematocrit had two consequences--a reduced contribution of polarization
      impedance to the total impedance measured and a decreased sensitivity of ion
      concentration measurement from R-1 (conductance); (iv) passive electrical
      properties of renal medullary tissue were close to those of a 75% haematocrit
      cell suspension; (v) since in high haematocrit suspensions the resistive
      component of impedance predominates, within the frequency range 3-10 kHz either
      conductance or admittance, Z-1, can be used as an index of ion concentration; and
      (vi) impedance changes in kidney tissue are primarily determined by fluctuations
      of ion concentration with a less important contribution from interstitial volume
      changes.

PMID- 2287631
TI  - On the effect of neutron dose in pion treatment planning.

PMID- 2287632
TI  - Photosensitized damage to supercoiled plasmid DNA induced by 334-nm radiation in
      the presence of 2-thiouracil consists of alkali- and piperidine-labile sites as
      well as frank strand breaks.
AB  - A covalently closed, supercoiled plasmid was irradiated with 334-nm ultraviolet
      radiation in the presence of the naturally occurring photosensitizer 2-thiouracil
      (s2Ura). After irradiation, some DNA samples were treated to reveal labile sites.
      Agarose gel electrophoresis was then used to resolve the unrelaxed supercoils
      from the relaxed forms, and the DNA bands were quantitated by fluorescence
      scanning. Irradiation of the plasmid in the absence of s2Ura induced small
      numbers of frank DNA strand breaks (FSB), alkali-labile sites (ALS), and
      piperidine-labile sites (PLS). The induction of each of these lesions was
      enhanced 30 times when s2Ura was present during aerobic irradiation. Anoxia, as
      well as the hydroxyl radical scavengers acetate and formate, inhibited the
      formation of all three lesion types. The relative proportions of the three lesion
      types produced by several DNA damaging treatments were measured. Hydrogen
      peroxide, gamma-irradiation, and s2Ura photosensitization produced nearly
      identical damage proportions, with PLS: FSB ratios of 1.25:1, 0.78:1, and 0.84:1,
      respectively. Treatment with singlet oxygen [data from Blazek et al. (1989)
      Photochem. Photobiol. 48, 607-613] produced much different proportions, with a
      PLS:FSB ratio of 4.1:1. These results may indicate a role for hydroxyl radical in
      s2Ura-photosensitized DNA damage.

PMID- 2287633
TI  - Annual exposures to carcinogenic radiation from the sun at different latitudes
      and amplification factors related to ozone depletion. The use of different
      geometrical representations of the skin surface receiving the ultraviolet
      radiation.
AB  - In most calculations of annual fluences of carcinogenic light as well as of the
      radiation amplification factor and of biological amplification factors associated
      with ozone depletions, the radiation is assumed to fall on a horizontally
      oriented plane surface. This is obviously a bad approximation of the surface of
      the human body. In order to evaluate the importance of using a realistic
      geometric representation of the surface of the human body we here present
      calculations of the flux of carcinogenically effective radiation falling on three
      different bodies: a vertically standing cylinder, a sphere and a horizontally
      oriented surface. The exposure to carcinogenic radiation depends strongly on the
      surface geometry. However we find that the radiation amplification factors are
      almost independent of the surface geometry chosen. The biological amplification
      factors for the three geometrical representations are also similar to within 20%.
      The total amplification factor for the increase in the incidence of non-melanoma
      skin cancer related to ozone depletion is about 17% larger when a cylindrical
      representation is used compared to when a plane horizontal surface is considered.

PMID- 2287634
TI  - Model for the global irradiance of the solar biologically-effective ultraviolet
      radiation on inclined surfaces.
AB  - The body surface area of man is the relevant receiving surface for solar UV
      radiation. To consider this body surface geometry, the biologically-effective UV
      radiation of the solar global radiation was measured. This was done at 26
      differently aligned measuring points whose orientation was determined by the
      angle of inclination (vertical) and the azimuth (horizontal). Approximately eight
      hundred sets of measurement series were carried out at 33 different sites. A
      simple model, developed from the data obtained, made it possible to calculate
      relative irradiance as a function of the angle of inclination and the ground
      reflection (UV albedo). Thus relative risk of solar UV exposure to different
      regions of the body can be assessed. In addition to this, if the irradiance on a
      horizontal plane (measured or calculated by a corresponding model) is taken into
      consideration, the absolute values for UV irradiance on tilted planes can be
      determined.

PMID- 2287635
TI  - Transients of uracil and thymine derivatives and the quantum yields of electron
      ejection and intersystem crossing upon 20 ns photolysis at 248 nm.
AB  - Transients of uracil and a series of 17 correlated pyrimidines, e.g. methylated
      bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, and polyuridylic acid [poly(U)] were studied
      after 248 nm excitation by 20 ns laser pulses. The transient absorption spectra
      in aqueous solution at room temperature reveal the triplet state and the hydrated
      electron (e-aq), while the corresponding radical cation could not be observed at
      pH 6-7. Fast loss of the chromophore in the 260-290 nm range within 0.1
      microsecond was observed in aqueous solution in some cases [e.g. poly(U), 5'-UMP,
      uridine, uracil] and in others (thymine, thymidine) virtually not. This
      photobleaching is assigned to formation of the photohydrate. The concentration of
      e-aq shows a quadratic dependence on the laser pulse intensity (IL) in the range
      (0.2-2) x 10(7) W cm-2 and the quantum yield of electron ejection (phi c-) thus
      depends linearly on IL. This behaviour, suggesting that the photoionization
      involves a two-step absorption process, was found for poly(U) and all pyrimidine
      monomers examined. At a constant IL value of 2 x 10(7) W cm-2, phi c- ranges from
      3 x 10(-3) for 1,3-dimethylthymine to 4 x 10(-2) for poly(U). The triplet state
      shows a much larger transient absorbance (delta A, typically in a broad range,
      e.g. 290-500 nm) than that of the neutral radical resulting from the radical
      cation. The triplet state in organic solvents (acetonitrile and ethanol) shows
      generally a significantly larger delta A value than in aqueous solution. The
      estimated quantum yields of intersystem crossing at room temperature are compared
      with those of phosphorescence at -196 degrees C.

PMID- 2287636
TI  - Single- and double-strand break formation in double-stranded DNA upon nanosecond
      laser-induced photoionization.
AB  - Double-stranded (ds) calf thymus DNA (0.4 mM), excited by 20 ns laser pulses at
      248 nm, was studied in deoxygenated aqueous solution at room temperature and pH
      6.7 in the presence of a sodium salt (10 mM). The quantum yields for the
      formation of hydrated electrons (phi c-), single-strand breaks (phi ssb) and
      double-strand breaks (phi dsb) were determined for various laser pulse
      intensities (IL). phi c- and phi ssb increase linearly with increasing IL;
      however, phi ssb has a tendency to reach saturation at high IL (greater than 5 X
      10(6) Wcm-2). The ratio phi ssb/phi c-, representing the number of ssb per
      radical cation, is about 0.08 at IL less than or equal to 5 X 10(6) Wcm-2. For
      comparison, the number of ssb per OH radical reacting with dsDNA is 0.22. On
      going from argon to N2O saturation, phi ssb and phi dsb become larger by factors
      of approximately 5 and 10-15, respectively. This enhancement is produced by
      attack on DNA bases by OH radicals generated by N2O-scavenging of the
      photoelectrons. While phi ssb is essentially independent of the dose (Etot), phi
      dsb depends linearly on Etot in both argon- and N2O-saturated solutions. The
      linear dependence of phi dsb implies a square dependence of the number of dsb on
      Etot. This portion of dsb formation is explained by the occurrence of two random
      ssb, generated within a critical distance (h) in opposite strands. For both argon
      and N2O-saturated solutions h was found to be of the order of 40-70 phosphoric
      acid diester bonds. On addition of electron scavengers such as 2-chloroethanol
      (or N2O plus t-butanol), phi dsb is similar to that in neat, argon-saturated
      solutions. Thus, hydrated electrons are not involved in the chemical pathway
      leading to laser-pulse-induced dsb of DNA.

PMID- 2287637
TI  - Spectroscopic studies of cutaneous photosensitizing agents--XV. Anthralin and its
      oxidation product 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone.
AB  - The photochemistry (Type I and II) of anthralin and its photo-oxidation product
      1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone (1,8-DHAQ) has been studied in ethanol, acetonitrile
      and dimethylsulfoxide using spin-trapping and direct detection of singlet oxygen
      (1O2) luminescence techniques. In ethanol, where it exists in its neutral form
      (AN), anthralin does not undergo either Type I or II reactions upon UV
      irradiation. In contrast, irradiation of anthralin in acetonitrile, a solvent in
      which anthralin is partially converted to its corresponding mono-anion (AN-),
      generates both superoxide and singlet oxygen. Irradiation of anthralin in
      dimethylsulfoxide, where the AN- form is present in substantial quantity,
      generates superoxide and solvent derived radicals but no detectable singlet
      oxygen. UV-irradiation of 1,8-DHAQ in ethanol and acetonitrile produces both
      superoxide and singlet oxygen in significant yields. In dimethylsulfoxide, on the
      other hand, only superoxide and solvent derived radicals are observed. The 1O2
      quantum yield for AN- and 1,8-DHAQ in acetonitrile were determined to be 0.14 and
      0.88 relative to rose bengal in the same solvent. These findings suggest that the
      AN photosensitization occurs via Type I and II pathways, is solvent dependent and
      involves AN- as well as its oxidation product 1,8-DHAQ, which is a more potent
      generator of both singlet oxygen and superoxide.

PMID- 2287638
TI  - Tin etiopurpurin dichloride-sensitized lipid photooxidation of erythrocyte
      membranes.
AB  - Tin(IV) etiopurpurin dichloride (SnET2 x 2Cl) is a photosensitizer which has been
      shown to be an effective photodynamic agent for the treatment of transplantable
      animal tumors in vivo. The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of
      SnET2 x 2Cl on membrane lipid peroxidation. When erythrocyte membranes were
      exposed to visible light in the presence of SnET2 x 2Cl, lipid peroxidation was
      observed. An accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides and an increase in lipid
      fluorescence were also observed. Thin layer chromatography of lipid extracts from
      photooxidized membrane revealed photoperoxide products derived from phospholipid.
      Investigations into the mechanism(s) of lipid peroxidation by SnET2 x 2Cl and
      light-sensitized membranes were also performed. Results indicate that singlet
      oxygen (1O2) plays a major role in lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2287639
TI  - [Psychopathology and criminal personality changes in patients with frontal lobe
      injuries].
AB  - Proceeding from H. Cosack (1937), and in view of the fact that since then no
      further casuistic contributions relating to the crimogenic aspect of the
      psychopathological frontal brain syndrome or to the forensic psychiatry of
      persons with frontal brain damage have appeared, we take up the discussion with
      five of our own cases. Since modern procedures have made it possible to localise
      exactly the consequences of brain damage, a new round of investigations might be
      expected to resolve the problems still left open.

PMID- 2287640
TI  - [Clinical and experimental control of optimal therapy in epilepsy].
AB  - On the basis of a psychopathologically calibrated battery of tests, the effects
      of four drugs commonly prescribed for the alleviation of epilepsy (Valproinat,
      Carbamazepin, Diphenylhydantoin, and Primidon) were examined before and after
      optimisation of therapy. The positive psychotropic effect of Valproinat and
      Carbamazepin, and probably also of Diphenylhydantoin, consists in the
      acceleration of the psychic and motor rate and in the reduction of viscosity and
      perseveration.

PMID- 2287641
TI  - [Functional headaches in patients of a pediatric and adolescent neuropsychiatric
      counseling facility].
AB  - After the evaluation of the anamnestic, clinical, and paraclinical data of 100
      children and young persons with functional headache, the conclusion is reached:
      It is not considered cogently necessary; on clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic,
      and prognostic grounds, to differentiate between tense headache and migraine
      (complicated migraine forms excepted) in functional headache in children. A
      prevalence of girls below the age of 12, as described in literature, was not
      confirmed. Only from the age of 12 is there an increase in proportion of girls as
      first sufferers of functional headache. Short-term prognosis suggests effective
      non-medicamentive treatment.

PMID- 2287642
TI  - [Relation between electrical and mechanical muscle activity in myotonia].
AB  - The relationship between electrical and mechanical muscle activity was
      investigated in the case of twenty patients with myotonia congenita.
      Statistically significant correlations were found to exist between the myotonic
      discharge spasm and the phases of tension and relaxation in the mechanogram. In
      vitro examination for 9-anthracene carbonic acid of individual muscle fiber
      bundles and the examination of a patient with recessive generalised myotonia
      revealed that the incidence of myotonic discharge spasms is accompanied by
      development of tension in the muscle. These findings lend support to the
      assumption that in both forms of myotonia it is the electrical activity that
      induces delay of contraction, and thus accounts for the pathological muscle
      behavior in myotonia.

PMID- 2287643
TI  - [Decentralized psychiatry. Evaluation of the first 5 years of psychiatric service
      based on a general hospital].
AB  - In 1977 the state parliament of Berne took the decision to reform the existing
      psychiatric health care. decentralized, community oriented institutions were to
      be established with the aim of preventing secondary disabilities due to
      psychiatric illness, and of enhancing or instigating rehabilitative measures. 4
      different psychiatric services based in general hospitals were installed. The
      present report presents an analysis of statistical data collected during the
      first 5 years on one of these services. We found a linear increase of admission
      which appears to be due to several factors: demand, image, manpower, cooperation
      with other institutions, breadth of the offered service. Furthermore, the
      distance between the institution and the place of living proved to be an
      important factor influencing the incidence of psychiatric treatment and the
      degree of cooperation with other care services--this aspect being consistent with
      the arguments for a decentralization of care. The degree of consistency in the
      distribution of diagnoses and the changes of treatment was surprising: an average
      of 50% of our patients were referred on an out-patient basis, approx. 40% by
      general hospital wards, 16% remain under the care of the general hospital. Our
      statistical analysis shows that in an average of 61% of the cases in which a
      referral to a psychiatric hospital was discussed, this measure could be avoided
      (although there is a certain degree of subjectivity in this judgement). The
      psychiatric service does not appear to compete with private practice care: 44% of
      the patients are referred to general practitioners and practing psychiatrists for
      after care, while only half as many are referred from private practices.

PMID- 2287644
TI  - [Mobile emergency psychiatry in community psychiatry].
AB  - The de-institutionalization of psychiatric hospitals in the United States of
      America has resulted in the increasing use of psychiatric emergency services at
      the First Aid posts of General hospitals. Out-reaching psychiatric emergency
      services have existed in parts of Europe already for some time and were
      instituted in Amsterdam (The Netherlands), for instance, as long ago as 1930. The
      principles and practice of this kind of service, together with some basic
      figures, are presented, in order to spotlight the fact that such out-reaching
      services are of vital importance for the successful shift from hospital-based
      psychiatric care to community mental health care.

PMID- 2287645
TI  - [Evaluation of a changed psychiatric treatment system--contributions to treatment
      research exemplified by Vienna].
AB  - On the basis of changes that occurred in Vienna, the implications of planned
      interventions into the total structure of the institutional psychiatric care is
      being investigated. By a simultaneous and concerted action in that 1.5 million
      city, the in-patient and out-patient areas have, with the aid of predefined
      goals, been regionalized and much improved in terms of equipment. The number of
      patients in the large mental hospitals dropped by 68.5 percent between 1976 and
      1988. The new out-patient facilities were made use of by 1.09 percent of the
      population from 1980 to 1987. No serious negative developments have been
      recorded. The study shows that the defined goals have to a large extent been
      achieved. In spite of the evident backlog demand, the total costs of the
      institutional psychiatric care did not rise as much as the costs of the general
      in-patient medical care over the same period of time. Changes in psychiatric care
      are measurable, the influence of the institutions on "patient carriers" justifies
      the interest in care research.

PMID- 2287646
TI  - [Inpatient crisis intervention in the general hospital: on the topic of the range
      of indications].
AB  - In social psychiatry crisis and crisis intervention do not have a uniform
      nomenclature. However, the number of institutes which offer in-patient crisis
      intervention as a specific treatment is growing. Therefore, on the way from the
      pilot project to the standardized method, the question of indications becomes
      increasingly important. On the basis of indications we have evaluated our
      practical experience with 1086 patients in a Berlin crisis intervention center in
      a retrospective study. The results present our estimation of the range of
      indications of this specific treatment. In the following article it will be
      explained and brought to discussion.

PMID- 2287647
TI  - Acute effects of single and repeated electroconvulsive therapy on plasma
      catecholamines and blood pressure in major depressive disorder.
AB  - The role of activation of adrenergic neurons by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
      in its antidepressant action was studied by examining acute sympathetic nervous
      system (SNS) responses to ECT during a course of treatment in patients with
      melancholia. ECT had an acute dose-dependent effect on plasma norepinephrine (NE)
      level and blood pressure. The postictal increase in plasma NE and blood pressure
      was independent of electrical seizure duration. Acute levels of NE and
      epinephrine after ECT correlated positively with ECT dosage. No cumulative effect
      of repeated ECT was found on the SNS responses. ECT does activate the SNS in a
      dose-dependent fashion. However, alternative strategies seem necessary for
      studying the action of ECT on noradrenergic neurons to identify effects that are
      cumulative, correspond more closely to the time course of its antidepressant
      action, and correlate with clinical outcome.

PMID- 2287648
TI  - Effects of total sleep deprivation on urinary cortisol, self-rated arousal, and
      mood in depressed patients.
AB  - The possibility that the clinical response to total sleep deprivation (TSD) is
      mediated by dimensions of arousal was investigated in a group of 16 depressed
      patients. Self-reports of activation, stress, and mood were assessed 3 days
      before, during, and 2 days after TSD. Urinary cortisol excretion and responses to
      the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) were also measured. TSD increased
      cortisol excretion in depressed patients and advanced the time of the maximal
      excretion of cortisol. No such changes have been reported for normal subjects.
      Neither the increased excretion nor the time shift was related to the mood
      response to TSD. The DST results were also unrelated to this response.
      Indications that the mood response to TSD may be mediated by dimensions of
      arousal are the significant relationships between this response and the responses
      of subjective stress and activation to TSD. The TSD-induced cortisol increase was
      not related to the subjective arousal response to TSD. The increased cortisol
      excretion itself could be predicted by the averaged baseline levels of subjective
      stress: the lower the stress levels before TSD, the larger the cortisol response
      to TSD.

PMID- 2287649
TI  - Effect of cocaine on rat pineal melatonin synthesis in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Moderate concentrations (10 microM) of cocaine increased melatonin content and N
      acetylserotonin and serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity in rat pineal glands
      freshly placed in organ culture. Pineals cultured for 48 hours or taken from
      ganglionectomized animals did not respond to cocaine. Both procedures markedly
      reduced pineal noradrenalin (NA). Cocaine (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) given to adult intact
      rats stimulated pineal melatonin synthesis but only in animals exposed to
      constant light for 24 hours. Pineal denervation and/or adrenal demedullation
      neither completely eliminated NA from blood nor prevented cocaine-induced
      stimulation of melatonin synthesis in these light-primed animals.

PMID- 2287650
TI  - Physical activity and posture: influence on TSH and thyroid hormones during sleep
      deprivation.

PMID- 2287652
TI  - Dilapidation in schizophrenia: relationship to negative syndrome and prefrontal
      impairment.

PMID- 2287651
TI  - Chronic desimipramine treatment enhances thyroxine deiodination in rat brain.

PMID- 2287653
TI  - Pharmacological responsiveness of dermatitis secondary to compulsive washing.

PMID- 2287654
TI  - Personality, smoking, and alcohol as synergistic risk factors for cancer of the
      mouth and pharynx.
AB  - 34 male patients suffering from cancer of the mouth or pharynx were studied with
      reference to their personality type, smoking and drinking habits, and compared
      with a healthy sample of 1706 men. The three risk factors showed a strong
      tendency to be related to cancer only in combination, adding new evidence to the
      theory that risk factors in cancer act in a synergistic fashion.

PMID- 2287655
TI  - Psychotherapy with depressed incarcerated felons: a comparative evaluation of
      treatments.
AB  - Depressive syndromes are prevalent among prison inmates. By design, penal
      institutions attempt to punish, deter, and isolate criminals. The present study
      represents a beginning step in evaluating treatment interventions which may
      alleviate depression among incarcerated felons. 10 inmates at a large maximum
      security prison were randomly assigned to group cognitive therapy or individual
      supportive treatment plus brief counseling contacts. Analysis indicated
      statistical and clinical significance on measures of depressive symptomatology
      for treatment conditions across the periods of assessment. The findings support
      the utility of depression-treatment programs for prisoners. Moreover, the
      treatment modalities are presented along a variety of dimensions which may be
      useful when considering such interventions at facilities where psychological
      services are limited.

PMID- 2287656
TI  - Using bibliotherapy in clinical practice with children.
AB  - This paper focuses on using bibliotherapy in clinical practice with children. The
      approach is examined and useful books for implementing bibliotherapy are
      presented.

PMID- 2287657
TI  - Belief in myths about suicide and irrational beliefs.
AB  - The degree to which a sample of 133 undergraduates believed in myths about
      suicide was positively associated with their scores on a test of irrational
      thinking.

PMID- 2287659
TI  - Laboratory aggression research and real-life aggression.
AB  - Research on Toch's 10 categories of aggressive personalities is documented.
      Active research on strategies which will reduce the aggressors' violence is
      needed.

PMID- 2287658
TI  - Lesions of the amygdaloid complex impair acquisition of serial pattern learning
      in rats.
AB  - Normal and amygdala-lesioned rats were trained in a runway to respond to a three
      element pattern ending in 2, 12, or 0 Noyes pellets (45 mg), respectively. The
      amygdalectomized rats' performance was inferior to that of normal controls during
      the early and middle stages of training, that is, amygdalectomized rats ran more
      slowly on rewarded trials and developed patterned running later than control
      rats. In the later stages of training, the lesioned rats demonstrated tracking of
      the series elements, reflected by differential running times similar to those of
      the control animals. Results are discussed in terms of some of the current
      theories involving the role of the amygdaloid complex in learning and
      reinforcement.

PMID- 2287660
TI  - An examination of change in reports of AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes in
      1986 and 1988.
AB  - This study employed a cross-sectional design to examine change in AIDS-related
      attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors among students at a western university
      between 1986 and 1988. Analysis indicates that knowledge of how AIDS is
      transmitted improved. There was high association between attitudes to AIDS
      patients and attitudes towards homosexuals. Although attitudes towards
      individuals with AIDS did not change, attitudes towards homosexuals became more
      negative. Men reported more negative attitudes towards AIDS patients and towards
      homosexuals than did women. Most importantly, more students in 1988 reported
      changing their behavior than in 1986. These results are congruent with those from
      other investigations and suggest that AIDS-education campaigns and media
      attention to AIDS are working to change students' high-risk behaviors.

PMID- 2287661
TI  - Validity of the College Maladjustment Scale for identification of distressed
      students.
AB  - Validity of the College Maladjustment Scale for identification of distressed
      students was estimated against scores on the Langner Symptom Survey for 298
      undergraduates. A cut-off score of 20 rather than one of 15, gave a true-positive
      rate of 85% and a true-negative rate of 76%.

PMID- 2287662
TI  - Interpersonal trust, self-disclosure and control in adult children of alcoholics.
AB  - Personality differences between 39 adult children of alcoholics and 28 control
      subjects were evaluated using measures of self-disclosure, trust, and control.
      The former group had higher need for interpersonal control, but no differences
      between groups were found on trust or self-disclosure. Sex of the alcoholic
      parent was related to personality functioning. Subjects with alcoholic fathers
      had higher scores on the control measure, while subjects with alcoholic mothers
      had lower trust scores. For adult children of alcoholics small but significant
      correlations were found between distress associated with parental alcoholism and
      trust (lower) and reported involvement with alcohol (higher). These results
      provide some support for the hypothesis that the effects of parental alcoholism
      persist into early adulthood. The differences documented were modest and did not
      suggest dysfunction in the sample of adult children of alcoholics.

PMID- 2287663
TI  - Subjective stress and productivity in real estate sales people: a replication.

PMID- 2287664
TI  - Homelessness among adults raised as foster children: a survey of drop-in center
      users.
AB  - 74 homeless persons were asked if they had ever been in foster care. Twelve (16%)
      answered affirmatively. Compared with the estimated baseline of adults who had
      been in foster care in the same locality, these homeless persons reported
      histories of foster care at four times the base rate in the general population.
      This finding suggests that children in foster care are at risk of serious
      dysfunction as adults.

PMID- 2287665
TI  - Self-destructiveness and Type A personality.

PMID- 2287666
TI  - Intensity versus type of affect elicited by dissociative cognitions in moderating
      acute pain.
AB  - 75 undergraduates were trained to use cognitions that elicited either high or low
      pleasure, high or low fear, or received an expectancy manipulation. Groups high
      in pleasure showed greater tolerance for pressure pain than other treatment
      groups but did not differ from expectancy; differences were not found on
      discomfort ratings. Results were not attributable to differential compliance with
      instructions, perceived effectiveness of cognitions used, or the number of
      cognitions used. The percentage of time during stimulation that assigned
      cognitions were used appeared to mediate tolerance. Expectations for improved
      tolerance elicited by appealing cognitions and compelling placebos may also
      mediate tolerance.

PMID- 2287667
TI  - Six problems of a prison psychologist: a personal account.
AB  - Based on close to two years as Senior Clinical Psychologist in a prison treatment
      program, the author presents six problems which he faced. These issues would
      likely characterize most prisons. They are authoritarianism, immediate
      supervisor, hostile environment, limited rewards, security vs treatment, and
      physical danger. Among the many examples is the case in which a supervisor
      ordered the psychologist to change his test report, thereby demanding unethical
      behavior.

PMID- 2287668
TI  - Multidimensional health locus of control of health professionals.

PMID- 2287669
TI  - Psychological problems with hair loss in general practice and the treatment
      policies of general practitioners.
AB  - Scalp hair loss problems and the policies of general practitioners were studied
      by sending questionnaires to 374 physicians, of whom 21% responded. About 50% of
      the patients, according to their physicians, had psychological problems which
      predominantly comprised low self-esteem in the male patients and fear and anxiety
      in the female patients. The general practitioners followed the same policy for
      patients with psychological problems and for those without. The findings suggest
      that many alopecia patients need more psychological support from their
      physicians.

PMID- 2287670
TI  - The measurement of narcissism in Asian, Caucasian and Hispanic American women.
AB  - This study compared scores on the 40-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory for
      14 Asian, 58 Caucasian, and 16 Hispanic American college women. Asian American
      women had significantly lower narcissism scores than Caucasian American women and
      also scored significantly lower on four of the seven component scales. Hispanic
      and Caucasian women had similar scores on narcissism. These results may be based
      on an ethnic response set and/or the influence of cultural values present in many
      traditional Asian cultures which are seemingly antithetical to narcissism and
      include modesty, respect for authority, and the valuing of relationship over
      individualism. The importance of including ethnic information in research is
      stressed.

PMID- 2287671
TI  - Interpersonal trust, depression, and suicidal ideation in teenagers.
AB  - Scores on Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale and Beck Depression Scale correlated
      negatively for 40 high school students. Trust scores improved the power of
      depression scores in predicting suicidal ideation.

PMID- 2287672
TI  - The Stressors of Clergy Children Inventory: reliability and validity.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the Stressors of Clergy
      Children Inventory. The initial self-report survey was tested for internal
      consistency reliability. Tests for construct validity, concurrent validity, and
      internal consistency reliability indicated the inventory could be used in
      research. Recommendations for refinement and use were presented.

PMID- 2287673
TI  - Correlates of the MMPI-2 anger content scale.
AB  - Scores on the MMPI-2 anger-content scale were correlated with those on
      Spielberger's anger expression scale, Zelin, et al.'s anger self-report scale,
      and the Cook and Medley hostility scale. Subjects were 32 men and 33 women in
      college. As expected, the anger-content scale correlated significantly with
      measures of anger awareness, anger expression (anger out versus anger in), and
      negatively with anger control. There was also a significant correlation with
      measures of hostility (projection of anger) for men.

PMID- 2287674
TI  - Spectral analysis of interviews conducted by Rogers and Ellis.
AB  - Recordings of famous therapeutic interviews were digitized by computer, then
      subjected to time-series analysis. Spectrograms produced by the same therapist
      seeing different patients were similar, while spectrograms of different
      therapists were rather divergent. Further analyses were carried out on the
      digitized data. The techniques used offer promise as an objective way of
      quantifying therapeutic interview data.

PMID- 2287675
TI  - Depression and locus of control in police officers.
AB  - The earlier observation that students who had attempted suicide had lower scores
      on external locus of control than nonsuicidal ones was confirmed for 63 police
      officers. However, depression was associated with higher external scores.

PMID- 2287676
TI  - Improving compensation policy for hazardous jobs: the equity approach.
AB  - Effective strategies for policies on hazard compensation should account for how
      workers perceive job hazards, form their subsequent demands for wage premiums,
      and the extent to which they are willing to make trade-offs between wage levels
      and perceived job hazards. This paper applied the equity model to explain this
      trade-off among a sample of chemical workers in Egyptian industry. An asymptotic
      relationship seems to fit the data. At low to medium levels of hazard, the hazard
      compensation trade-off ratio appears equal to one. Above this level, the
      relationship seems to show an increasing function, that is, fair compensation
      demand is increasing at a higher rate than the rate of change in the hazard.
      However, at a very high hazard workers expressed their preference for safety
      improvement over additional financial reward. Implications for American
      management and industry are discussed.

PMID- 2287677
TI  - Suicide in adolescents: a comparison of Canada and the United States.
AB  - This paper explores the rate of suicide in teenagers in Canada by comparing this
      to the United States' rate. The data clearly show that the rates of suicide in
      late (15 to 19 yr.) adolescent boys is higher in Canada, suggesting that Canada
      may be facing a relative crisis. These findings are interpreted to suggest that
      there is a greater need for Canadian sociocultural research and response.

PMID- 2287678
TI  - Religiosity and psychological disturbance.
AB  - For 32 men and 53 women undergraduates, scores on religiosity were positively
      associated with those on psychological disturbance. This observation is
      consistent with Ellis's expectation presented in 1982.

PMID- 2287680
TI  - Perceived control and actual outcomes of hassle situations on the job.
AB  - The correlations between initial perceptions of operant control, stress arousal,
      coping style, and reported outcomes of job hassles were examined. Ninety-eight
      subjects described a stressful situation, completed the Stress Arousal Checklist
      and a perceived control instrument. Two days later they completed the Ways of
      Coping Checklist. Subjects were followed for up to six weeks to judge whether or
      not the situation was resolved and by whom. Perceiving control of a hassle
      situation was highly associated with the situation being resolved. However,
      perceiving no control or insufficient resources did not predict outcome as
      clearly. Emotion-focused coping, but not problem-focused coping or stress
      arousal, distinguished situations resolved by the subject from those unresolved
      or resolved in some other way.

PMID- 2287679
TI  - Adolescents' attitudes towards AIDS precautions and intention to use condoms.
AB  - This study investigated attitudes toward AIDS precautions of 370 15- and 16-yr.
      old secondary school students. Attitudes reflected levels of apathy, denial, and
      confusion high enough to lead to concern for this potentially high-risk group.
      Intention to use condoms in future sexual encounters was related to sex, conflict
      and confusion about AIDS precautions, plus other attitudinal variables.

PMID- 2287681
TI  - Underage gambling in Atlantic City casinos.
AB  - A three-year survey of college students was conducted to ascertain the frequency
      and preferences of student gambling at nearby casinos in Atlantic City, New
      Jersey. The data suggest that gambling by underage college students is common and
      indicates that age control at casino entrances is quite poor. An additional
      finding of differential memory for wins and losses suggests the need for an
      information processing analysis of memory for gambling outcomes.

PMID- 2287682
TI  - Treatment of young offenders who drink or use drugs: a critique of McMurran and
      Boyle (1990)
AB  - The 1990 study by McMurran and Boyle suffers from use of a small sample, weak
      intervention and making a big to do about nonsignificant differences. Contrary to
      their claims, there is no reason to think that group intervention will increase
      recidivism.

PMID- 2287683
TI  - Effect of auditory subliminal stimulation on GSR.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the possible effect of auditory
      subliminal stimulation on GSR. 38 undergraduate students were exposed
      subliminally to emotional words while GSR was monitored. The results confirmed
      the hypothesis that auditory subliminal stimulation would effect a significant
      increase in GSR.

PMID- 2287684
TI  - Mental performance in long-term heavy cannabis use: a preliminary report.
AB  - Mental performance of 23 male chronic cannabis users was measured on the 1958
      Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and compared with scores of a control group.
      Analysis showed significant differences on nine of the 14 scores especially those
      indicating capacity for compromise, the elaboration of adequate judgments, and
      the capacity of verbalization and communication.

PMID- 2287685
TI  - Developing a range of services for prisoners with alcohol-related problems: a
      response to Eisenman.
AB  - Eisenman's 1990 criticisms of a published pilot study of the use of self-help
      manuals with prisoners who have alcohol-related problems are addressed. Self-help
      manuals may be of value where other interventions are not applicable. Completion
      of the extended study should provide quantitatively based conclusions.

PMID- 2287686
TI  - Religio-egocentricity in reactive schizophrenia.
AB  - Contending that a religious impulse exists in the unconscious, this paper
      emphasizes the role of the ego in shaping that impulse in Reactive Schizophrenia.
      After describing religiosity in the adolescent neurotic and schizoidal
      personalities, the core of the paper shows how the "fractured ego" in Reactive
      Schizophrenia can range far and wide in building religious systems which, though
      bizarre, are often impressive in their complexity. The paper concludes with a
      comparison between religiosity in the religious thinker and in the Reactive
      Schizophrenic.

PMID- 2287687
TI  - Type A-B behavior and self-reported health problems.
AB  - To measure the relationship between Type A-B behavior and stress-linked symptoms,
      a group of undergraduates were asked to respond to the Glass version of the
      Jenkins Activity Survey and a 25-item stress-linked symptoms checklist. Data from
      472 students were analyzed. As predicted, the results indicated that Type A
      persons experience specific stress-linked symptoms more intensely than their Type
      B peers.

PMID- 2287688
TI  - Effects of personal and universal helplessness upon self-esteem.
AB  - To test effects of personal and universal helplessness on self-esteem, three
      groups of experimental subjects completed a self-esteem questionnaire, worked on
      unsolvable anagrams, completed a posttest self-esteem questionnaire, and
      estimated their success on an angle-matching task. Subjects in a 10% failure
      group were led to believe they failed all anagrams, while 9 other subjects
      succeeded. Subjects in a 50% failure condition were led to believe they failed
      all anagrams while 50% of the subjects succeeded. Subjects in a 100% failure
      condition believed they, and 9 other subjects, failed all anagrams. Control group
      subjects were not exposed to failure. A 2 x 4 (sex x condition) analysis of
      variance, with difference between pretest and posttest self-esteem scores as the
      dependent variable, showed a significant main effect for success/failure
      conditions and sex of subject, and a significant interaction. On the angle
      matching task significant main effects for success/failure and sex were observed.

PMID- 2287689
TI  - Utility of the Stanford-Binet IV Abbreviated Form for placing exceptional
      children.
AB  - Stanford-Binet IV General Purpose Abbreviated Battery Scores were extracted from
      full battery administrations given to 19 developmentally handicapped children in
      a naturally occurring sample. The Pearson correlation with complete test
      Composite Scores was .94 (p less than .001). Short-form scores were higher in
      47%, lower in 21%, and the same in 32% of the cases.

PMID- 2287690
TI  - Relationship between death anxiety and suicide potential in an adolescent
      population.
AB  - The relationship between death anxiety and suicide potential was examined in a
      sample of 62 male and female adolescents whose ages ranged from 16 to 20 yr. A
      Pearson product-moment correlation between scores on Templer's Death Anxiety
      Scale and Cull and Gill's Suicide Probability Scale was significant for death
      anxiety and suicide potential, with higher death anxiety associated with greater
      suicidal risk. The implications of this association with respect to adolescent
      suicidal behaviors is discussed.

PMID- 2287691
TI  - Stress as perceived by professionals.
AB  - This study investigated differences in stress by sex, levels, age, and job
      classifications as perceived by 173 professionals. Subjects responded to the
      Tennessee Stress Scale-L questionnaire which provides measures for the three
      subscales (Stress Producers, Coping Mechanisms, and Stress Symptoms) and Total
      Stress. Significant differences were found between sexes and among stress levels,
      age groups, and job classifications on various subscales and total stress
      measures.

PMID- 2287693
TI  - Experimental and theoretical results for some models of random-dot-pattern
      discrimination.
AB  - The popular, but low-power, two-stimulus signal-detection paradigms are extended
      to generate response-criterion-dependent psychometric functions.
      Maximumlikelihood estimation within a sufficiently powerful experimental design
      is described, and theoretical conditions for the resulting psychometric functions
      to be monotonically increasing are presented. These results are applied to an
      experiment on the detection of spatial-density differences in briefly presented
      random-dot patterns. The results confirm, extend, and complement current notions
      put forth by H.B. Barlow and his co-workers on mechanisms of internal spatial
      density representation and the efficiency of intermediate levels of visual
      processing.

PMID- 2287692
TI  - Perspectival appearing and Gibson's theory of visual perception.
AB  - Although Gibson (1979) did not explicitly discuss the perspectival appearing of
      the ecological environment, his important ecological approach to visual
      perception can accommodate both (a) the stream of visual-perceptual experience
      that flows at the heart of the visual system's total activity of ordinary visual
      preceiving (ordinary seeing), and (b) the dimension of the visual experiential
      stream that is the ecological environment's perspectival appearing to the visual
      perceiver. In the present article, perspectival appearing is located at the level
      of brain centers of the visual system, where processes are determined by the
      spatiotemporally structured visual stimulus flux. And the stream of visual
      experience is interpreted as itself possessing a kind of perspective structure
      (as does the visual stimulus flux), including variant and invariant features that
      the visual system isolates and extracts from experience, producing the
      perceiver's cognitive visual "awareness-of" (Gibson, 1979) the environment and
      self in the environment.

PMID- 2287694
TI  - Semantic context and figure-ground organization.
AB  - The semantic-priming paradigm was used to investigate the effect of semantic
      context on the latency to identify visually ambiguous and unambiguous targets.
      Ambiguous targets had reversible figure-ground organizations analogous to Rubin's
      vase-profiles picture in which the figural vase is shaped by the same contour
      that, if reassigned, shapes two figural profiles. The two organizations of the
      ambiguous targets were either a series of black irregular shapes or a familiar
      word in white letters; subjects were required to achieve the latter organization.
      Unambiguous target words were not reversible. Related primes, unlike unrelated
      primes, facilitated the identification of both types of target; but the magnitude
      of facilitation was greater for ambiguous targets. The results demonstrate that
      semantic context influences the speed of figure-ground organization and add
      perceptual ambiguity to the target manipulations that interact with context to
      affect encoding.

PMID- 2287695
TI  - Perceptual effects of scene context on object identification.
AB  - In a number of studies the context provided by a real-world scene has been
      claimed to have a mandatory, perceptual effect on the identification of
      individual objects in such a scene. This claim has provided a basis for
      challenging widely accepted data-driven models of visual perception in order to
      advocate alternative models with an outspoken top-down character. The present
      paper offers a review of the evidence to demonstrate that the observed scene
      context effects may be the product of post-perceptual and task-dependent guessing
      strategies. A new research paradigm providing an on-line measure of genuine
      perceptual effects of context on object identification is proposed. First
      fixation durations for objects incidentally fixated during the free exploration
      of real-world scenes are shown to increase when the objects are improbable in the
      scene or violate certain aspects of their typical spatial appearance in it. These
      effects of contextual violations are shown to emerge only at later stages of
      scene exploration, contrary to the notion of schema-driven scene perception
      effective from the very first scene fixation. In addition, evidence is reported
      in support of the existence of a facilitatory component in scene-context effects.
      This is taken to indicate that the context directly affects the ease of
      perceptual object processing and does not merely serve as a framework for
      checking the plausibility of the output of perceptual processes. Finally, our
      findings are situated against other contrasting results. Some future research
      questions are high-lighted.

PMID- 2287696
TI  - Lexical integration across saccades in reading.
AB  - Eye movements were recorded during sentence reading to examine the integration of
      parafoveal text across fixations. Four viewing conditions were used, each
      affording full view of the directly fixated word: no preview of the spatially
      adjacent parafoveal word; preview of its beginning trigram; preview of its
      beginning four letters; or preview of all its constituent letters. The magnitude
      of parafoveal-preview benefits (the difference between the no-preview condition
      and the different parafoveal-preview conditions) was examined as a function of
      the size of the saccade to the parafoveal target and as a function of the
      subsequent fixation location at the previewed target. The results revealed no
      effects of saccade size on parafoveal-preview benefits, but large effects of
      fixation position during the initial target fixation. Furthermore, parafoveal
      previews were used during the initial target fixation and during subsequent
      intratarget refixations. The results support a lexical-text-integration
      hypothesis which posits that lexical information is integrated across interword
      fixations and intraword refixations.

PMID- 2287697
TI  - The programming of structural properties of movement sequences.
AB  - The present paper investigates the role of abstract structural properties in the
      programming and execution of movement sequences. Three experiments, using
      converging methods, demonstrate that the motor system represents the abstract
      structural properties of movement sequences. The first two experiments show that
      hierarchical structures over a sequence of tapping movements can be used to
      prepare the motor program, even if the specific elements of the sequence are
      still unknown. Experiment 2 also shows that the preliminary programming of
      structural properties of a movement sequence takes more time than the programming
      of specific elements (start elements). Experiment 3 suggests that abstract
      structural properties can be generalized from a special sequence and that they
      are transferable to other sequences. Abstract structural properties are assumed
      to be an important component of generalized motor programs.

PMID- 2287698
TI  - Programming time in serial tapping responses as a function of pathway constraint.
AB  - This study varied the accuracy demand within a linear series of targets to
      investigate the effect of movement-pathway constraints on response-programming
      time. Sidaway, Christina, and Shea (1988) have suggested that constraints placed
      upon movement initiation by the demand for response precision may play an
      important role in determining the length of the programming process. By varying
      the subtended angles of a series of three targets, this experiment tested the
      specific prediction of Sidaway et al. that programming time may be a function of
      the target, within a line of targets, that subtends the smallest angle at the
      start position. It is this target that demands the greatest precision in the
      movement pathway. Subjects participated in a series of conditions in which the
      size and placement of the target that imposed the maximal constraint was varied.
      In each condition the subjects were required to strike a series of three targets
      with a stylus in a simple reaction-time paradigm. Analysis of the reaction-time
      results revealed a significant effect of size of constraint, but no effect of
      position of constraint. Analysis of the movement-time data dispelled movement
      duration and movement-velocity interpretations of the results and intimated a
      possible online trajectory-correction process.

PMID- 2287699
TI  - On imaging and seeing: repetition priming and interactive views of imagery.
AB  - The interaction between perceptual and imaginal processes was investigated, with
      the use of the repetition-priming paradigm. The idea is that the overlap between
      processes employed in imagery and processes employed in perception will be
      reflected in the amount of transfer from one encounter with an item that engages
      perception or imagery and a second encounter that engages perception or imagery.
      The greater the overlap between perception and imagery, the greater the transfer
      between them should be. The results showed that perceptual and imaginal processes
      transferred maximally to themselves; that is, maximum transfer occurred when an
      item was processed in the same way on both encounters. Further, prior use of
      perceptual processes transferred to the use of imaginal processes, but not vice
      versa. These results are discussed as they relate to the interactive view of
      imagery, which holds that imagery relies on many of the same mental structures
      and processes as perception.

PMID- 2287700
TI  - Insomnia and depression prior to myocardial infarction.
AB  - Insomnia is common among patients who subsequently experience an acute myocardial
      infarction (MI), and is a major symptom of psychiatric depression. The purpose of
      this study was to determine what proportion of patients reporting insomnia prior
      to MI have depression. Of 70 patients with a recent MI, 27 (39%) reported having
      had insomnia for two weeks or longer prior to their MI, 13 of whom (48%) met
      diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode (MDE). MDE accounted for a
      significant proportion of the patients reporting insomnia prior to MI (p less
      than 0.0001). Furthermore, those patients with insomnia who did not meet
      diagnostic criteria for MDE nevertheless had three times as many depressive
      symptoms, excluding sleep disturbance, as did those patients who did not
      experience insomnia prior to their MI (p less than 0.0009). The implications of
      this finding are discussed, as well as possible explanations for the relationship
      between insomnia, depression, and subsequent MI.

PMID- 2287702
TI  - The angry voice: its effects on the experience of anger and cardiovascular
      reactivity.
AB  - The results of two studies show that expressive vocal behavior, specifically,
      speech rate and loudness, influences the experience of anger and cardiovascular
      reactivity. In both studies, participants spoke about anger-arousing and neutral
      events using three different voice styles: fast and loud, slow and soft, and
      normal (personal rate and loudness level). In describing the anger-arousing
      events, both male and female participants reported feeling significantly more
      angry and showed significantly greater blood pressure and heart rate reactivity
      in the fast-loud compared with the normal speaking condition. They also reported
      feeling significantly less angry and showed significantly lower blood pressure
      reactivity in the slow-soft compared with the normal voice condition. For males
      only, the voice manipulation also had significant effects on the participants'
      anger self-ratings and cardiovascular responses during the neutral
      communications, but these effects were clearly weaker and less pervasive than
      those occurring during the angry communications. The results are discussed in
      terms of their implications for (1) the role of expressive vocal behavior in
      emotions, and (2) the modification of coronary-prone behavior.

PMID- 2287701
TI  - Carotid baroreflex sensitivity at rest and during psychological stress in
      offspring of hypertensives and non-twin sibling pairs.
AB  - The baroreceptor reflexes of 38 young adult males were mechanically stimulated by
      negative external cervical pressure during a mental arithmetic task and pre
      stress and post-stress relaxation periods. The subjects comprised 19 pairs of non
      twin siblings. Baroreflex sensitivity was significantly less pronounced during
      arithmetic. Using non-invasive techniques, this finding replicates several others
      indicating a damping of the baroreceptor reflux during stress. More importantly,
      analyses of sibling similarities also revealed significant familiality of
      baroreflex sensitivity, independent of age, body mass, pressure applied and
      baseline heart rate. To examine the relationship between baroreflex sensitivity
      and parental history of hypertension, 21 young adult males with a parental
      history and 25 without participated in a second experiment. The two groups were
      not significantly different in resting baroreflex sensitivity. However,
      sensitivity was damped to a significantly greater degree during mental arithmetic
      in offspring of hypertensives, offering one possible explanation for their
      greater blood pressure reactivity to stress. These results suggest that familial
      influences may effect baroreflex sensitivity and, possibly as a result, blood
      pressure reactivity and risk for hypertension.

PMID- 2287704
TI  - The concept of somatization as a cultural and historical product of Western
      medicine.
AB  - Somatization is handled as a concept that plays an important role in the
      contemporary clinical theory and practice of psychiatry and general medicine. A
      distinct biomedical epistemology and model of illness underlies use of the
      concept and gives it meaning. First, the nature of the assumptions about the
      medical problems described by the concept are outlined. Then, some of the
      cultural and historical aspects of Western medical history that shaped the
      concept and its epistemology are reviewed. The concept is seen to arise as a
      consequence of the development of the modern ontological view of disease, the
      shift in the role ascribed to the nervous system and theoretical developments
      involving the explanation of psychoses through a descriptive language of
      psychopathology and bodily states. A discussion of non-Western perspectives of
      illness is pursued in order to highlight the differences in the conditions that
      led to the evolution of the concept in Western medicine. Some of the theoretical
      quandaries associated with the concept are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2287703
TI  - Predicting personality in adulthood from college MMPI scores: implications for
      follow-up studies in psychosomatic medicine.
AB  - To assess the long-term predictive utility of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
      Inventory (MMPI) content scales, 1,960 individuals who had completed the MMPI in
      college in 1964 or 1965 were administered two measures of adult personality, the
      NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) and the Cook and Medley MMPI Hostility scale,
      in 1988. A comparison group of 274 men and women in the Baltimore Longitudinal
      Study of Aging were given both MMPI and NEO-PI between 1981 and 1987. Predictive
      correlations between MMPI scales and NEO-PI factors were qualitatively similar to
      concurrent correlations, but approximately half as large in magnitude.
      Theoretically, these correlations were interpreted to mean that about half the
      variance in basic dimensions of personality is stable from college age into
      middle adulthood. Practically, the relatively modest correlations suggest that
      predictive studies of medical outcomes probably require large samples, and that
      baseline data from adults (e.g., over age 30) may be more useful for future
      studies. The combination of stability and change suggests that the decade of the
      20s may be a particularly fruitful time to conduct research on interventions to
      alter personality and their effects on health outcomes.

PMID- 2287705
TI  - Pain perception in patients with eating disorders.
AB  - The heat pain threshold was measured with phasic and tonic stimuli under basal
      conditions and after naloxone administration in 10 anorectic and 10 bulimic
      patients as well as in 11 healthy control subjects. Under both kinds of
      stimulation, the basal threshold values were elevated in the bulimic patients and
      in some of the anorectic patients. Naloxone did not differ from placebo in its
      effect on the pain thresholds (phasic and tonic), suggesting that a nonopioid
      mechanism was responsible for the threshold elevation found in the eating
      disorder patients. The plasma cortisol concentration was similar in the three
      groups and not correlated with the basal pain thresholds in the patients. Other
      indicators of dieting such as beta-hydroxybutric acid and triiodothyronine also
      showed no correlation with the basal pain thresholds. Significant height
      correlations can be interpreted as weak evidence that neuropathy is the cause of
      the increase in the pain threshold.

PMID- 2287707
TI  - [Illness in emigration--a study of Turkish patients in general practice from the
      psychosomatic viewpoint].
AB  - The study investigates psychosomatic disturbances in Turkish women patients
      treated in general practices. Our research-tools were the Giessen-List of
      psychosomatic complaints and the doctors' charts. 25 patients were extensively
      interviewed. The whole sample was divided into one subgroup of more, one of less
      acculturated women. There were significant differences between the groups: in the
      non-acculturated group we found more psychic symptoms (depression, loss of
      interest, hypersensitivity). Acculturated women tend to see the physician more
      frequently and are more often certified ill for physical symptoms. Compared with
      a German sample the Turkish women showed a significant higher prevalence of
      somatic complaints.

PMID- 2287706
TI  - [Measuring quality of life in weekly assessment of the disease course in
      myocardial infarct patients--initial results of methodology].
AB  - In a quality-of-life study in the first year after successful in-patient
      rehabilitation following first infarct, a questionnaire method for daily and
      weekly evaluation of subjective life quality was carried out. The questionnaire
      presents varying aspects in particular processes concerning the assessment and
      valuation of life quality. Errors in measurement resulting from processes of
      memory and revaluation as they are possible in methods with longer intervals of
      data collection are avoided. An investigation of the reliability of this method
      revealed good reliability. To definitely assess the validity of this evaluation,
      further inquiries will be necessary. However, the correlation analysis points to
      a great significance of the collected weekly data.

PMID- 2287708
TI  - [Hidden interpersonal structures in medical and psychotherapy interaction with
      foreign patients--presented and discussed with the example of a Turkish patient
      with chronic pain].
AB  - Doctors an psychotherapists often are confronted with many difficulties in the
      treatment of migrant workers with psychosomatic complaints: differences in
      language, social class, ethnicity and cultural origin take influence on the
      genesis of illness and the diagnostical and therapeutic processes. In a project
      for development of psychosomatic treatment of Turkish migrant workers and their
      families, psychotherapy was carried out with the help of Turkish translaters. A
      course of treatment of a Turkish out-patient suffering from chronical pain
      syndrome is recorded with regard to the transference, countertransference,
      possibilities and bounds of cross-cultural psychotherapy with migrant workers.

PMID- 2287709
TI  - [Autonomy and separation dynamics of students].
AB  - A specific group, the patients of our Psychological Counselling Institute for
      students, was examined by means of a described projective test method. Essential
      subjects of dynamic forces of separation and autonomy in the late adolescent
      process of development could be proved and made evident. Obviously there is a
      distinctive need of separation and autonomy. On the way to autonomy there are
      barriers such as ambivalence, sense of guilt and deep fear of separation and loss
      in every dimension as far as suicide. Depressions may differ from the so-called
      adolescent-specific normative light depression, which suggests more likely to the
      fact of self-development. Getting to autonomy resp. the mastering of separation
      is the result of a described specific process of development.

PMID- 2287710
TI  - [Psychosocial effects of plastic surgery reconstruction of the female breast
      following amputation for malignant/benign tumor].
AB  - A total of 98 woman (malignant/benign tumors of the breast, mastectomy
      with/without subsequent reconstructive surgery as well as healthy controls) were
      examined in terms of subjective well-being, psychosomatic reaction patterns,
      subjective impairment due to mastectomy and satisfaction with the outcome of
      reconstructive surgery in this empiric retrospective study. In addition, numerous
      sociographic data were obtained. On the average, the examined women were
      satisfied with the outcome of reconstructive surgery and tended to be
      disappointed with regard to the desired psychosocial improvement. Objective tests
      demonstrate that subjective well-being was less favorable after reconstructive
      breast surgery than in women without reconstruction. In the group "benign tumor
      with subsequent reconstruction" the reaction to emotional strain was
      significantly more characterized by regressive behavior and withdrawal than in
      the group "benign tumor without reconstruction". In the group "malignant tumor
      with reconstruction" this difference was less pronounced. On the basis of these
      results we cannot confirm the assumption that reconstructive surgery of the
      breast has a supportive function.

PMID- 2287711
TI  - [Development of the genetics of lactic bacteria with emphasis on the genetics of
      lactococci and their bacteriophages].

PMID- 2287712
TI  - [Mutants with high butanol production from a strain of solventogenic Clostridium
      isolated from olive black-water].
AB  - Butanol high producing mutants of a solventogenic Clostridium sp. capable of
      degrading olive black water, were selected according to ethanol or butanol
      resistance after treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Mutants
      were quickly screened from isolated colonies and then characterized in standard
      culture conditions.

PMID- 2287713
TI  - [Serologic response measured by complement fixation in children with acute
      respiratory infection].
AB  - The aim of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of complement fixation for
      serological diagnosis of lower acute respiratory infections (ARI) in small
      children in comparison with direct methods such as indirect immunofluorescence
      (IIF) on nasopharyngeal aspirate and tissue culture isolation. Sera from children
      under 5 year of age with ARI were studied by complement fixation for 6
      respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, influenza A
      and B and parainfluenza 1 and 3). In all, 264 pairs of serum samples from
      children with viral ARI diagnosis (n:135) or from doubtful cases (n:90) were
      studied. Thirty nine sera were anticomplementary. In samples from confirmed viral
      ARI patients, seroconversion was detected in 38%, whereas from those with a
      doubtful diagnosis it was only 14%. Seroconversion for RSV and adenovirus was 39%
      and 50%, respectively. On correlating seroconversion for the 6 viruses according
      to age group, 20% positivity was found in the 0-5 month-old group, 35% in the 6
      10 month-old and 30% in those over 11 months of age. For RSV alone, 0-5 month-old
      patients presented 25% seroconversion, and in those over 6 months of age the
      percentage exceeded 60% (p less than 0.001). Complement fixation test sensitivity
      vs direct methods (IIF and/or culture) was 38.5%). Our findings confirm the low
      sensitivity of complement fixation to detect antibodies in ARI, particularly in
      children under 6 months of age and support the higher efficacy of direct
      diagnostic methods. However, complement fixation serology is useful for
      epidemiological studies in children over 6 months of age, since over 60% of RSV
      were readily detected.

PMID- 2287714
TI  - [Isolation of ALteromonas putrefaciens from secondary-recovery water in the
      petroleum industry].
AB  - Eight strains obtained from injection water for secondary recovery of oil were
      isolated and characterized as alteromonas. This species has been reported in a
      relatively great number in the system, after its treatment with cresylic acid
      (used as antibacterial agent). It has the property of forming important viscous
      sediments which are related to biofouling of the injection system.

PMID- 2287715
TI  - [Application of a computer program for identifying different genera and species
      of the Enterobacteriaceae family in clinical bacteriology].
AB  - Computer programs were developed for the selection of a minimum set of
      biochemical tests that allow the identification of the species of
      Enterobacteriaceae with major clinical significance. The system proposed consists
      of nine conventional biochemical tests, the results of which are interpreted with
      the help of a numeric code. This selects the most probable species for each
      result and, when necessary, additional tests can be performed to confirm the
      identification proposed. The system (SYS9E) was used in the identification of 66
      strains of nosocomial origin. The results were compared with those of commercial
      systems.

PMID- 2287717
TI  - [Leuconostocs in raw milk: isolation and identification of species rapidly
      utilizing lactose].
AB  - Fast lactose fermenting Leuconostoc species and subspecies were isolated from raw
      milk. Samples were obtained from dairy farms of the surroundings of Buenos Aires
      city. A lactose, non selective, isolation medium was employed (YCL).
      Differentiation of leuconostocs from Lactobacillus viridescens and L. confusus
      was avoided on account of the use of this medium. 801 typical colonies of lactic
      acid bacteria were selected from YCL agar; 710 of them were identified as lactic
      acid bacteria from which 114 strains belonged to the genus Leuconostoc. These
      last strains were then tested for species and subspecies differentiation by
      dextran production and sugar fermentation. Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp.
      dextranicum and L. lactis were identified. Four strains identified as Leuconostoc
      spp do not belong to any known species.

PMID- 2287716
TI  - [Evaluation of a new medium using red-cell lysate for the isolation of
      Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli].
AB  - A semiprepared medium containing horse globular lysate was evaluated for the
      isolation of Campylobacter under two incubation atmospheres (5% O2 and candle
      jar). Studying 19 known strains of C. jejuni, 151 human and 230 animal fecal
      samples. They were seeded on conventional medium (MC) and on the new medium (MLG)
      and incubated at 42 degrees C for 24 and 48 h. Campylobacter strains grew better
      in 5% O2 atmosphere after 48 h of incubation. All the strains that grew or were
      isolated on MC, could also grow in MLG incubation in candle jar. Campylobacter
      was isolated from human fecal samples with the same frequency (5.3%) in MC and
      MLG, independently of the incubation atmosphere employed. These bacteria were
      isolated in 35.2% and 34.3% of the animal fecal samples seeded on Skirrow
      modified medium and MLG, respectively. The concordance proportion between both
      media was 99.13%.

PMID- 2287719
TI  - [Effect of treatment with p-fluorophenylalanine on the mating capacity of
      industrial polyploid yeasts].
AB  - Brewing yeast strains of the genus Saccharomyces uvarum (carlsbergensis) were
      grown on media containing p-fluorophenylalanine (p-FPA). After the treatment, non
      sporulation colonies were selected, and these were mated with haploid strains of
      flocculent and amylolytic yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces. The selected
      hybrids, which carried the greater part of the parental genetic markers and
      produced asci containing 2,3 and 4 spores per ascus, were placed on sporulation
      medium. Some aspects of the probable action of p-FPA are discussed.

PMID- 2287718
TI  - [Antagonism in vitro among phytopathogenic and saprobic fungi from horticultural
      soils].
AB  - Two methods were tested in order to determine the existence of in vitro
      antagonism among saprobic and pathogenic fungi. These microorganisms were the
      most common isolates from horticultural soils of La Plata (Buenos Aires).
      Trichoderma harzianum; T. koningii and Penicillium sp. were antagonistic to all
      the pathogenic fungi tested, Fusarium solani; F. oxysporum; Alternaria solani;
      Colletotrichum sp. and Sclerotium rolfsii Spicaria sp., Paecilomyces sp. and
      Chaetomiun sp. were antagonistic only to Colletotrichum sp. and Fusarium solani.

PMID- 2287720
TI  - [Principles and applications of PCR].

PMID- 2287722
TI  - [Detection of hepatitis B virus by PCR].

PMID- 2287721
TI  - [DNA analysis using PCR].

PMID- 2287723
TI  - [Understanding of HTLV-I through PCR work].

PMID- 2287724
TI  - [Diagnosis of HIV infection by polymerase chain reaction with non-isotopic
      probes].

PMID- 2287725
TI  - [Molecular diagnosis of hematological malignancies using polymerase chain
      reaction].

PMID- 2287726
TI  - [Pancreatic cancer and oncogenes].

PMID- 2287727
TI  - [DNA typing of HLA class II genes].

PMID- 2287729
TI  - [DNA diagnosis of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency by PCR method].

PMID- 2287728
TI  - [Gene mutation in mitochondrial DNA disease].

PMID- 2287731
TI  - [Abnormalities of the insulin receptor gene in diabetes mellitus and the
      application of the PCR method to the detection of the abnormalities].

PMID- 2287730
TI  - [Detection of gene mutations in hemophilia].

PMID- 2287732
TI  - [Molecular analysis of thalassemia using PCR].

PMID- 2287733
TI  - [Molecular archaeological study on ancient human bones].

PMID- 2287734
TI  - [PCR and its application to forensic science].

PMID- 2287735
TI  - [Design and preparation of primers for the PCR].

PMID- 2287736
TI  - [Instruments and reagents for PCR--with special reference to PCR automated
      instruments and Taq DNA polymerase].

PMID- 2287737
TI  - [Comments on technical problem in PCR].

PMID- 2287738
TI  - [Selective phototherapy (SUP) in the treatment of psoriasis].
AB  - 113 psoriatic patients were treated with SUP combined with 0.1-0.3 per cent
      cignoline. The lamps produced by Heraeus were used, in 48 patients--Psorilux 3060
      and in 65--Psorilux 5050. The first symptoms of improvement were visible after 7
      10 days. The mean duration of the treatment was 4 weeks. In 46 per cent of the
      patients psoriatic eruptions disappeared completely and in the further 44 per
      cent ones a considerable improvement was observed. The better results were
      obtained in patients irradiated with lamp of greater power and in those, who
      received a greater number of irradiations. Severe side effects were observed only
      in 2 cases. Selective ultraviolet phototherapy was found to be a useful method in
      the treatment of psoriasis.

PMID- 2287739
TI  - [Use of Nd:YAG laser for treatment of basal-cell carcinomas and some premalignant
      conditions].
AB  - In 51 patients, 29 female and 22 male of average 61 years old, 94 lesions were
      treated with Nd: YAG laser; 70 basal-cell carcinomas, 9 superficial basal-cell
      carcinomas, 12 actinic keratosis and 3 cutaneous horns. Size of changes varied
      from 7 to 24 mm. Quantity of energy used in laser-therapy was dependent on
      diagnosis, focus size, location and amounted from 50 to 240 J/cm2. Authors are of
      the opinion that Nd:YAG laser-therapy is a very good method for treatment of skin
      tumors. Moreover, the advantage of this method is its possibility of a single
      procedure in the conditions of outpatients clinic.

PMID- 2287740
TI  - [Studies on the production of epidermal cytokines after UVB irradiation in
      patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis].
AB  - The production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-1 inhibitor by
      keratinocytes isolated from the skin of epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients
      was studied. Keratinocytes from uninvolved skin of patients with most pronounced
      neoplastic lesions produced large amounts of an IL-1 inhibitor (20-40 kD).
      Keratinocytes from preneoplastic lesions showed no significant differences
      compared to cells from healthy donors but their production of IL-1 after UVB
      irradiation was increased.

PMID- 2287741
TI  - [Studies of natural killer cell cytotoxicity against human chondrocytes in
      patients with articular arthritic changes complicated by psoriasis and systemic
      scleroderma].
AB  - The natural killer (NK) activity against fetal chondrocytes was studied in
      patients with psoriasis and systemic sclerosis. It was shown that the cell
      responsible for the cytotoxic effect is a lymphocyte CD16+, CD2-. In patients
      with arthritic psoriasis NK activity against chondrocytes was significantly
      higher than in other psoriasis patients or in healthy controls. Preliminary
      studies show that the NK activity against chondrocytes is decreased in patients
      with systemic sclerosis.

PMID- 2287742
TI  - [IgE levels and hypersensitivity to certain inhaled and food allergens in acute
      and chronic urticaria].
AB  - In 79 males aged 19-21 years with acute and chronic urticaria living under
      similar conditions the levels were determined of total IgE (FIST test) and
      specific IgE (FAST test) against the most frequent inhaled and food allergens.
      Statistically significant rise of the mean value of total IgE was noted in both
      groups of patients. In acute urticaria increased concentration of specific IgE
      against inhaled allergens was significantly more common.

PMID- 2287743
TI  - [The usefulness of determining specific immunoglobulins E in atopic dermatitis in
      light of personal investigations].
AB  - In 67 patients with allergic dermatitis the levels of total IgE and specific IgEs
      against 14 allergens were determined by the FAST-test method. The most frequently
      raised levels of specific IgE were found against the following allergens: dog
      epidermis, timothy grass, Candida albicans, beef. Test by FAST method confirmed
      increased levels of total and specific IgEs in most cases of atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 2287744
TI  - [Enteropathic acrodermatitis in light of personal observations].
AB  - Observations are reported carried out on the course and treatment of enteropathic
      acrodermatitis in 14 children. In the children the characteristic clinical
      picture before treatment was associated with low serum zinc level. Determination
      of serum zinc level during the treatment with zinc sulphate is without decisive
      importance for the selection of maintenance doses and the drug must be taken
      often during many years. In the choice of the therapeutic dose the clinical
      effects should be taken into account, and the dose may not be so high that it
      would normalized serum zinc level.

PMID- 2287745
TI  - [Werner's Syndrome].
AB  - A typical case of Werner's syndrome was described. All characteristic features
      were present i.e.: atrophy of muscle and subcutaneous tissue, especially in
      distal parts of limbs, reduced and gray hairs, numerous atrophic ulcers and
      hyperkeratotic lesions in points under the pressure (elbow, feet), diffused
      osteoporosis in all bones, the most intensive in hands and feet, activity dental
      caries, bilateral cataract, high pitched, horse voice, caused by atrophy of voice
      cords, endocrinologic disturbances especially concerning testosterone, follicle
      stimulating hormone, and prolactin, hypoplasia of external genitals, the abnormal
      blood glucose curve. Far reaching resemblance of the Werner's syndrome to the
      physiological senility was emphasized. Good reaction to anabolic drugs was
      described.

PMID- 2287746
TI  - [Pathogenesis of systemic scleroderma--new evidence].

PMID- 2287747
TI  - [Mohs surgery--technique and indications].

PMID- 2287748
TI  - [Use of acupuncture in the treatment of hand ischemia caused by vibration].
AB  - An attempt of treatment of hand ischemia caused by vibration using acupuncture
      has been undertaken in forest workers occupationally exposed to mechanical
      vibration in the early phase of vascular lesions. The workers have been treated
      in the Kolobrzeg city sanatorium. The control groups consisted of forest workers
      of similar age and analogous vascular lesions treated in the sanatorium by
      balneologic methods (mineral salt bath, underwater whirlpool massage) or by
      pharmacologic agents (Pridazol, Bametan); some of subjects of control groups have
      been treated only by the climate therapy without other additives. It has been
      stated that acupuncture significantly ameliorates or even normalizes the
      peripheral ischemia of upper extremities induced by vibration, analogously or
      even better than balneologic therapy. The duration of amelioration period was
      longer in subjects treated by acupuncture than in those treated with balneologic
      methods. In contrast, the pharmacologic treatment or the climate therapy remained
      without effects. The acupuncture therapy is cheaper than balneotherapy and could
      be used by trained industrial physicians in conditions o outpatient care.
      However, there is a need for further studies on detailed conditions of
      acupuncture therapy.

PMID- 2287749
TI  - [Patients with severe tetanus treated in the department of infectious diseases in
      1986-1988].
AB  - The results of treatment of patients with tetanus having severe clinical course
      observed in Department of Infectious Diseases in Cracow 1986-1988 have been
      presented. The documentation of 30 patients with tetanus undergoing intensive
      therapy has been analysed. The mean age of patients was 64 years. In 26 patients
      the controlled respiration has been used. These patients have been treated
      moreover by muscular relaxants such as Pavulon or rarely the tubocurarine
      derivatives. Among patients treated 16 deaths were noted and 14 cases were
      recovered.

PMID- 2287750
TI  - [Hypophysis volume in computerized tomography and clinical grounds for diagnosing
      a primary completely empty sella turcica].
AB  - Computerized tomography (CT) of the sella turcica was performed in 106 women with
      hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian hypofunction, aged from 15 to 50 years. In each
      patient we evaluated tomographically hypophyseal volume and subarachnoid space
      cistern invaginated into the sella turcica. We analysed statistically the
      incidence of amenorrhea, infertility, obesity and arterial hypertension in five
      groups of patients classified according to hypophyseal volume i.e. from below 100
      to over 400 mm3. Is was found that hypophyseal volume of women in the so-called
      empty sella turcica that could correlate significantly with obesity and arterial
      hypertension was up to about 200 mm3, and in case of amenorrhea and infertility
      below 100 mm3. In case of empty sella turcica in women with amenorrhea mean
      hypophyseal volume was significantly lower (about 194 mm3) than in menstruating
      women (about 248 mm3). Invagination of cisterns of the cerebral basis into the
      sella turcica equal to or exceeding three time hypophyseal volume in about 82%
      was associated with its small size i.e. below 150 mm3. Basing on our analysis it
      seem justified to assume that hypophyseal volume up to 150 mm3 is a CT criterion
      of diagnosing completely empty sella turcica.

PMID- 2287751
TI  - [Mitochondrial DNA mutations as a factor of the aging process and degenerative
      changes].

PMID- 2287752
TI  - [The role and mechanism of action of hepatic lipase].

PMID- 2287754
TI  - [Nutrition and immunity].

PMID- 2287753
TI  - [Granulocytopoiesis growth factors. II. Clinical applications].

PMID- 2287755
TI  - [Peroxisomal disorders: morphological, biochemical and clinical aspects].

PMID- 2287756
TI  - [Effect of rheumatoid arthritis complicated by urinary tract infections on the
      activity of lysozyme in the serum of patients].
AB  - In 26 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis complicated by urinary tract
      infections the normal lysozyme activity has been observed in the blood serum.
      After 14 days lasting therapy with nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs no changes
      in the enzyme activity have been observed.

PMID- 2287757
TI  - [Congenital esophageal atresia with esophago-tracheal lower fistula accompanied
      by laryngeal and tracheal flaccidity--clinical observations].

PMID- 2287758
TI  - [Education and continuing education of general practitioners].

PMID- 2287759
TI  - Interpretation of verb phrase anaphora: influences of task and syntactic context.
AB  - When listeners hear a sentence like "Will Carey do it?" they must find an
      interpretation of the phrase "do it", which is an anaphor replacing a full verb
      phrase (VP). To accomplish this task, listeners may use two sources of
      information: finding a recent VP that is syntactically appropriate, or using
      pragmatics to find a recent discourse event that plausibly completes the
      sentence. One theory of anaphor comprehension says that listeners use both
      sources of information in a competition for the best antecedent. Another theory
      says that listeners use only one of those sources, depending on the syntactic
      class of anaphor. Two experiments are reported, one using a reading time
      technique and one a sensicality judgement task. The experiments varied the
      distance of the antecedent from the anaphor, the material that intervened between
      the antecedent and anaphor, and the syntactic class of the anaphor. In the
      reading task, the results followed the predictions of the two-source competition
      theory, as a number of effects were observed, but none of them depended on the
      anaphor's syntactic class. In the judgement task, however, the type of anaphor
      did influence judgement time. The overall results suggest that there are
      important differences between simple comprehension tasks and metalinguistic
      judgements, and that past empirical conflicts may be explicable on this basis.

PMID- 2287760
TI  - The contribution of morphological and semantic relatedness to repetition priming
      at short and long lags: evidence from Hebrew.
AB  - The effect of morphological repetition at lag 0 and at lag 15 on lexical decision
      was investigated in Hebrew with three types of relation between prime and target.
      In the semantic-plus-morphological condition (SM), the prime and the target in
      each pair were two semantically related derivatives of the same root. In the
      "pure morphological" condition (M), the prime and the target derived from the
      same root, but their semantic association was very low, or non-existent. In the
      semantic priming condition (S), primes and targets were semantically associated
      but were not morphologically related. The pure semantic relationship produced a
      significant facilitation at lag 0 that disappeared completely at lag 15. The pure
      morphological relation produced (smaller but) significant facilitation at lag 0
      that was not attenuated at lag 15. When prime and target were semantically as
      well as morphologically related, the facilitation at lag 0 was similar to
      semantic priming, whereas at lag 15 it was similar to the pure morphological
      effect. Significant repetition effects at both lags were also found with non
      words that shared the same (nonsensical) root and differed with respect to real
      derivational affixes. The differential time course for facilitation due to
      semantic and morphological relatedness suggests distinct underlying processes,
      although at lag 0 it is possible that semantic relatedness may augment the
      morphological repetition effect. Morphological repetition probably facilitates
      the retrieval of lexical information that, under certain circumstances, is
      necessary for lexical decision.

PMID- 2287761
TI  - On the peculiarity of simple reaction time.
AB  - Two experiments are reported in which high-compatibility reaction time (RT) tasks
      were performed with, and without, a concurrent secondary task. In both
      experiments, the secondary task interfered to a greater extent with simple RT
      than with choice RT. In fact, the effect of adding a secondary task was to
      eliminate the advantage of simple RT over two-alternative-choice RT. Previous
      studies of this phenomenon employed a task in which subjects raised a finger when
      it received tactile stimulation, while engaging in continuous reading aloud. The
      present experiments show that the effect can be obtained using a different
      stimulus modality (vision) as well as other responses (vocal) and secondary tasks
      (shadowing, auditory step-tracking). The paradigm provides a means of isolating
      preparatory processes that are peculiar to the simple RT task.

PMID- 2287763
TI  - Vision of the stylus in a manual aiming task: the effects of practice.
AB  - Nearly a decade ago, Carlton (1981) showed that in a manual aiming task, vision
      of the ongoing stylus led to a better accuracy than when that source of
      information was not available. However, Elliott (1988) recently failed to
      replicate that finding and, rather, showed that being able to see an ongoing
      stylus did not result in a significant improvement of accuracy over a
      conventional no-vision condition. In the experiment to be reported here, we, on
      the one hand, replicated Elliott's results for the low level of practice
      condition (15 acquisition trials). On the other hand, the results obtained after
      moderate practice (150 acquisition trials) supported Carlton's earlier
      conclusion. These results therefore indicate that after sufficient practice one
      is able to use effectively the information provided by the ongoing stylus to help
      control his/her movement. This conclusion was further substantiated by the
      results obtained in a transfer task. Collectively, the results gave added support
      to a specificity of learning hypothesis (Proteau, Marteniuk, Girouard, & Dugas,
      1987; Proteau, Marteniuk, & Levesque, 1990).

PMID- 2287762
TI  - Effects of sine wave combinations on the development of precognitive mode in
      pursuit tracking.
AB  - A pursuit tracking task was carried out to investigate the effects of
      combinations of sine waves on the development of precognitive mode, which is
      defined as open-loop mode with little feedback. Subjects were asked to track the
      targets, which contained two or three sine waves as components, and then to
      reproduce the target motion after the target had been removed. Frequency
      characteristics of tracking revealed the superiority of the faster component over
      the slower components in terms of both amplitude ratio and tracking lag.
      Subjects' reproduction after removing the target demonstrated that in general,
      subjects could learn and memorize also the slower component motion, which had
      yielded inferior performance during the tracking period. These results are
      discussed in terms of a model based on successive organization of perception.

PMID- 2287764
TI  - [The blood level and a pharmacokinetic model of prilocaine during a continuous
      brachial plexus blockade].
AB  - Continuous brachial plexus blockade achieved by repeated injections through an
      axillary catheter is used increasingly often for microsurgical procedures and for
      postoperative pain relief. Repetitive administration, especially of long-acting
      agents, can cause problems with local anesthetic toxicity. Based upon a
      pharmacokinetic analysis of prilocaine serum concentrations after single-dose
      axillary plexus blockade in 14 patients, a pharmacokinetic model was established
      from which to predict serum concentrations after successive doses. METHODS. Each
      of 14 patients (ASA I-II, age 42 +/- 20 years, height 171 +/- 10 cm, body weight
      72 +/- 9 kg) undergoing minor hand surgery received a single dose of 600 mg (40
      ml 1.5%) prilocaine for axillary plexus blockade. Serial samples were taken from
      the contralateral antecubital vein and serum local anesthetic concentrations were
      measured by gas chromatography. Least square, non-linear regression analysis was
      performed to fit a triexponential curve; standard formulas were applied to
      develop the corresponding open two-compartment model. Computer simulation was
      carried out to predict the accumulation of mean local anesthetic concentrations
      after repetitive dosages. The kinetic model was verified with another set of 5
      patients receiving a repetitive dose of prilocaine. The initial dose was 400 mg
      (40 ml 1%), followed by insertion of a catheter which allowed repetition at 2 and
      4 h. The repetition dose was 300 mg (20 ml 1.5%). RESULTS. Maximal prilocaine
      serum levels of 2.32 +/- 0.80 micrograms/ml were found after 34 +/- 13 min. Mean
      pharmacokinetic data of the open two-compartment model with first order
      absorption from extravascular sites were: t alpha 1/2 = 10 min; t beta 1/2 = 139
      min; V1 = 661; V dss = 254 1; Cltot = 2310 ml/min; tabs 1/2 = 35 min. The
      comparison of predicted and observed serum concentrations after continuous
      anesthesia was excellent. DISCUSSION. Pharmacokinetic data after axillary plexus
      blockade are comparable to those found after i.v. injection. Low serum levels
      were found throughout the 8 h of investigation and accumulation in serum was
      minimal following repetitive doses. There was no loss of action on repetition.
      Predicted values after pharmacokinetic modeling showed good agreement with actual
      measured values. Prilocaine may be a reasonable choice for repetitive use, as is
      appears to be toxicologically safe. Methemoglobinemia resulting from metabolites
      of prilocaine did not lead to complications in our study. It may, however, be a
      problem with repetitive dosages. Further investigations concerning this question
      would be useful.

PMID- 2287765
TI  - [Proposals for standardized documentation of regional anesthetic techniques in
      anesthesia protocols].
AB  - The wide-spread use and wide variety of regional anesthetic procedures makes it
      essential to insist on careful documentation in the anesthetics record, with
      special emphasis on technique, effects and complications. With a view to possible
      medico-legal problems, data should be recorded in considerable detail with each
      technique applied specified. Documentation is discussed according to the
      different procedures and their clinical relevance, with various examples.

PMID- 2287766
TI  - Extracellular DNA in blood and urine as a potential marker for cytotoxicity and
      nephrotoxicity in the mouse.
AB  - Cell death releases products of chromatin catabolism, particularly DNA, which can
      be measured by a DNA assay (using the nick translation reaction) as a marker of
      toxicity. Conditions for blood and urine collection have been established for
      quantitation of extracellular DNA in mice. Toxic doses of lipopolysaccharide (5
      mg/kg) and HgCl2 (3.2 mg/kg) release DNA to plasma and urine. Increase in urinary
      DNA is observed 24 hours after a single injection (5 mg/kg) of gentamicin.
      Quantitation of extracellular DNA can be used to investigate the occurrence of
      cell death in vivo and applied to toxicological studies, in animals and man.

PMID- 2287767
TI  - The effect of acetaminophen on pig kidneys with a 2-bromoethanamine-induced
      papillary necrosis.
AB  - Large White pigs were used to investigate the effects of acetaminophen
      (paracetamol) on normal kidneys or those with an existing renal papillary
      necrosis. Pairs of young female animals were treated with either a single iv dose
      of 50 mg/kg 2-bromoethanamine (BEA), 100 mg/kg/day acetaminophen po for 28 days,
      or a combination of BEA followed by the acetaminophen treatment. Two pigs served
      as untreated controls. Kidney length, diameter and parenchymal thickness were
      measured by ultrasound scans, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective
      renal plasma flow (ERPF) assessed by 99mTc-DTPA and 131I-hippuran renography
      prior to treatment and on day 26. Acetaminophen only caused no renal pathology.
      Despite the lack of a gross RPN, hyperplasia of the pelvic and ureteric urothelia
      (with extensive vacuolation) was observed following BEA, but BEA followed by
      acetaminophen for 28 days did not enhance the lesion. The BEA and BEA
      acetaminophen groups (but not acetaminophen only) showed an increased ERPF
      compared with age-matched controls, but there was no significant difference in
      the overall GFR between the groups.

PMID- 2287768
TI  - Effect of cyclosporine A on accumulation of tetraethylammonium and p
      aminohippurate, and on lipid peroxidation in rat renal microsomes and cortical
      slices.
AB  - The effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on lipid peroxidation (LPO) was assessed in
      renal cortical slices and renal microsomes. Cortical slices were incubated with
      1500 micrograms/ml CsA and microsomes with 0.5-20 micrograms/ml under identical
      conditions (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) for 3 hours, and LPO monitored by the formation
      of malondialdehyde (MDA). CsA at concentrations of 3 micrograms/ml and higher
      caused a significant increase MDA in microsomes and renal cortical slices showed
      a time dependent release of MDA into the incubation medium. The influence of CsA
      on tetraethammonium (TEA) and p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation in renal
      cortical slices was investigated for up to 3 hours with concentration of CsA from
      10 to 1000 micrograms/ml. CsA caused a time- and concentration-dependent decrease
      of TEA accumulation and higher concentrations of CsA decreased PAH accumulation
      in renal cortical slices. The results add further evidence to the suggestion that
      lipid peroxidation participate in CsA-induced impairment of kidney function.

PMID- 2287769
TI  - Platelet-activating factor antagonist, BN-52021 protects against cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum nephrotoxicity in the rat.
AB  - The protective effect of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist, BN
      52021, was assessed on cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum (CDDP)-induced
      nephrotoxicity. Wistar male rats were treated with either a single dose of CDDP
      (10 mg/kg b.w. ip) alone or in association with 7 daily doses of BN 52021 (10
      mg/kg b.w. ip). At the end of the experiment, the CDDP-treated rats lost 25% of
      body weight and serum creatinine and urea increased from 0.041 +/- 0.006 mmol/l
      and 0.165 +/- 0.007 g/l for the control group to 0.202 +/- 0.019 mmol/l and 1.51
      +/- 0.131 g/l versus CDDP respectively. Body weight, serum creatinine, serum urea
      and creatinine clearances were similar to the control group in animals treated
      with CDDP and BN 52021. CDDP caused proximal tubular necrosis and dilatation of
      cortical collecting tubes, changes that were markedly less in the BN 52021
      protected animals. The concomitant administration of BN 52021 with CDDP did not
      modify the plasma pharmacokinetic of CDDP. In addition, BN 52021 did not
      interfere with the antiproliferative and antitumoral actions of CDDP in cultured
      human tumor cells. BN 52021 therefore could prevent the nephrotoxicity of CDDP.

PMID- 2287770
TI  - Adenylate cyclase responses and biochemical characterization of primary rabbit
      proximal tubular cell cultures and LLC-PK1 cells.
AB  - Freshly isolated rabbit proximal tubules (PT), confluent primary rabbit proximal
      tubule cultures (PTC) and LLC-PK1 cells were characterised. Brushborder enzyme
      activities were lower in PTC than in LLC-PK1: ratios were 0.026 for alkaline
      phosphatase (AP), 0.458 for alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and 0.514 for gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). PT/PTC ratios were 79.7 for AP, 7.96 for AAP and
      3.45 for GGT. Specific activities of hexokinase (HK) and lactate dehydrogenase
      (LDH) were high in cultured cells as compared to PT: PT/PTC ratios were 0.063 and
      0.033, while PTC/LLC-PK1 ratios were 0.406 and 1.19 for HK and LDH respectively.
      PTC/LLC-PK1 ratios were 2.21 for Na/K ATPase, 2.07 for succinate dehydrogenase,
      1.12 for cathepsin B, 0.607 for N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and 8.98 for
      glutathione-S-transferase. Adenylate cyclase response to parathormone (PTH), was
      similar in PTC and PT, but stimulated/basal ratios were higher in PT than in PTC.
      LLC-PK1 cells were stimulated by thyrocalcitonin (SCT), arginin-vasopressin (AVP)
      and PTH; stimulated/basal ratios ranked AVP greater than PTH greater than SCT.
      Differences between both types of cultures affect the choice of in vitro model
      for nephrotoxicity studies.

PMID- 2287771
TI  - Relation between toxicity and carcinogenesis in the kidney: an heuristic
      hypothesis.
AB  - Cellular toxicity and cellular carcinogenesis are closely linked. In the kidney,
      this relationship has been emphasized by the recent discovery of a number of
      putatively non-mutagenic chemicals that result in acute and chronic toxicity and
      ultimately in carcinogenesis, especially in the male rat. Many, but not all such
      compounds, result in renal PTE phagolysosomal overload. At the same time, known
      metabolites of other carcinogens, e.g., HCBD and FBPA, result in acute renal
      injury and/or necrosis, followed by chronic tubular disease, interstitial
      nephritis, and ultimately carcinogenesis. A series of cell mechanisms have been
      suggested that lead from acute cell injury to altered control of cell division.
      These mechanisms appear to involve ion deregulation, (especially [Ca2+]i)
      resulting from a variety of continued injuries, (e.g., oxidative stress from
      inflammatory cells) and ultimately leading to altered gene expression.

PMID- 2287772
TI  - Cyclosporine inhibits renal uric acid transport in renal transplants not in
      children treated for nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Children with various grades of renal insufficiency (CON group) maintained uric
      acid excretion over a range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from 27 to 160
      ml/min*1.73m2 despite a decreased filtered load which was paralleled by
      glomerular filtration of uric acid. This was achieved by a compensatory decrease
      of net uric acid reabsorption (TUA) and an increasing fractional excretion of
      uric acid (FEUA) with decreasing GFR. Although there was a decreased GFR in the
      group of children after transplantation (NTx group) there was no difference in
      TUA and FEUA between the NTx group and the CON group. Uric acid transport was not
      affected in children treated with Cyclosporine (CyA) for nephrotic syndrome (NEPH
      group) compared to the CON group. Decreased fractional phosphate reabsorption in
      the NTx group suggests proximal tubule damage associated with disturbed uric acid
      handling. Under conditions of water diuresis hyperuricemia seen in NTx may result
      from an indirect effect of renal ischemic damage due to the transplantation
      procedure causing disturbance of proximal tubular uric acid (active)
      secretion/reabsorption.

PMID- 2287773
TI  - Safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of once-a-day netilmicin and amikacin
      versus their conventional schedules in patients suffering from pelvic
      inflammatory disease.
AB  - The safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of one daily injection (qd) of amikacin
      (AK) and netilmicin (NT) was compared with the recommended schedules (cs), i.e.
      twice-daily or thrice-daily, respectively. Women (17-43 years, n = 78) suffering
      from pelvic inflammatory disease were randomly assigned to qd or cs of either AK
      (14 mg/kg per day) or NT (6.6 mg/kg per day). Biometric parameters were similar
      in the 4 groups and all patients received ampicillin (4 g/day) and tinidazole
      (0.8 g/day). The Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance was used to distinguish
      the effects of the schedules and of the drugs choice on critical parameters.
      Efficacy was similar in the 4 groups and not influenced by the schedule of
      administration. No significant differences in nephro- and oto-toxicity were
      observed as assessed by serum creatinine and losses of hearing at low
      frequencies, but early phospholipiduria and auditory losses at high frequencies
      were significantly reduced with the qd administration compared to cs and by AK
      compared to NT. These data suggest that the qd schedule of AK and of NT is as
      efficacious as their cs schedules, and causes less renal and auditory
      alterations.

PMID- 2287774
TI  - [Ergonomics and health risks for the dentists: overview].
AB  - Ergonomics and the dentists' health risks: a literature overview. As an
      introduction to dental ergonomics the changing attitudes during this century in
      ergonomics and dental ergonomics are summarized. During the last decade dental
      ergonomics have focused its attention mainly on the considerable health risks in
      the dental profession. Several studies indicate that there is still a large gap
      between the theoretical knowledge of work organisation, working postures and
      health risks on the one hand and its application in the dental practice on the
      other hand. Therefore it is useful to take again a closer look at the preventive
      measures that can contribute to less physical and psychological strain in the
      daily practice.

PMID- 2287775
TI  - [Reducing the impact of certain nuisances in the dental office. Working methods
      and arrangement of the premises].
AB  - The activity of the dentists generates nuisances due, for instance, to the use of
      biocontaminating aerosols and the emission of waste containing mercury. These two
      points are thoroughly reviewed in order to raise risk-awareness. As first and
      main victims of these nuisances, dentists must learn preventive methods and how
      to implement them. Anti-polluting methods are explained which are effective and
      easy to apply though sometimes not very well know and IDF recommendations are
      recalled.

PMID- 2287776
TI  - [The use of aluminum-containing toothpaste and its potential risk].
AB  - Epidemiological studies from Norway and England suggest that there is a relation
      between the frequency of Alzheimer's disease and the concentration of aluminum in
      the drinking water. A recent Dutch study suggests further that the role of
      aluminum from tooth pastes may be even more important than that from drinking
      water. For this reason we determined in samples from the Belgian market which
      tooth pastes contained aluminium oxyhydroxide as abrasive. This happened to be
      the case in 5 out of 27 brands. It is not know to us which part of the market
      these tooth pastes represent.

PMID- 2287777
TI  - [Dental adhesion: foundations and clinical results].
AB  - Adhesion is one of the most frequently used words nowadays in dentistry. Although
      our knowledge on adhesion continues to improve daily, the situation is, however,
      far from understood. There is still confusion over what adhesion really is, what
      it means, and how it should be evaluated. The first part of this article deals
      with the general principles of adhesion and the specific within the dental
      profession over the clinical efficiency of available adhesive dentinal
      restorative systems. The second part of this paper presents the 2-year in-vivo
      results of four commercially available dentinal adhesive systems. From this
      trial, it seems that the more recent approach in obtaining adhesion to dentine is
      the most promising in terms of retentive capacities.

PMID- 2287778
TI  - [Esthetic vestibular restorations using composite materials with the direct
      bonding technique. Interim clinical evaluation].
AB  - 503 clinical controls of esthetic restorations made by the direct technique with
      composites were evaluated. Records were made of the type of restoration according
      to the nature of the surface receiving the bonded veneers. Also marginal
      breakdown chipping, fractures, discoloration, loss of glass etc were registered.
      Correlations were made with the age of the restorations, and with personal
      records as hygiene level, age, sex, smoking habits etc. Nearly 10% of the
      controls involved a correction or replacement of the veneer. Nearly 90% of the
      veneers needed repolishing but more than 90% of the patients stayed satisfied
      with the esthetic solution offered. The results were much worse in the poor
      hygiene and smoking groups.

PMID- 2287779
TI  - [Choosing one's furniture, one's dental chair in a more ergonomic style].
AB  - Setting up an ergonomic dental practice is sometimes more difficult than it
      seems. The current trend of combining fixed furniture with a fixed dentist's
      chair is far from being ergonomic. Using the concrete example of his own
      practice, the author explains the soundness of his opinion as regards dentist's
      chairs and cupboards (how to design them and what to put in them).

PMID- 2287780
TI  - Background exposure to chemicals: what is the risk?

PMID- 2287781
TI  - Communication of relative carcinogenic risks: a quantitative approach.

PMID- 2287782
TI  - Risk assessment for aflatoxin: I. Metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by different
      species.
AB  - A comparison of the generation and detoxification of reactive aflatoxin B1
      metabolites in different species may elucidate why animal species vary widely in
      sensitivity to aflatoxin B1 carcinogenicity, in addition to offering some
      perspective on how sensitive man may be to the carcinogenic effects of this
      mycotoxin. Scientific literature comparing the ability of cellular fractions from
      different species to metabolize aflatoxin B1 is reviewed. However, in vitro
      studies exclude components for multiple metabolic pathways, eliminating the
      possibility of competition between metabolic activation and detoxification.
      Quantification of metabolic activation by different species from these studies is
      therefore limited. The species-specific carcinogenic potency of aflatoxin B1 may
      be reflected in levels of aflatoxin B1-DNA adducts generated in vivo. The current
      paucity of quantitative information on human DNA adduct levels does not permit
      comparisons between different species on this basis.

PMID- 2287783
TI  - Risk assessment for aflatoxin: II. Implications of human epidemiology data.
AB  - A review of epidemiology literature revealed that only studies conducted in
      Africa and Asia included data adequate to permit quantitative assessment of the
      dose-response relationship between aflatoxin exposure levels and liver cancer
      rates. Although these studies were judged adequate, their direct use to predict
      risks in U.S. populations may be questioned since hepatitis B virus (HBV)
      infections are far more common in the studied areas than in the U.S. Recent
      research indicates that, if aflatoxin contributes to the development of liver
      cancer, it almost always does so in the presence of HBV infection. The
      African/Asian data do not permit us to estimate the potency of aflatoxin in the
      absence of HBV. Recognizing this, these data can only be used to establish upper
      limits for the predicted excess lifetime risk for liver cancer in the U.S. When
      used in conjunction with aflatoxin exposure estimates for the Southeast U.S.,
      these data predict a liver cancer rate, due to aflatoxin alone, far above that
      actually observed due to all causes; this provides an indication of the
      conservatism of this approach. Data from the Southeast U.S. may be used to
      estimate an excess lifetime risk for liver cancer of 2.17 x 10(-6) x (aflatoxin
      intake, ng/kg/day).

PMID- 2287784
TI  - Routes of chloroform exposure and body burden from showering with chlorinated tap
      water.
AB  - While there is an awareness of the need to quantify inhalation exposure from
      showers, the potential for dermal exposure to organic contaminants in showers has
      not been appreciated or explored. To establish routes of environmental exposure
      from showers, comparisons of the concentration of chloroform in exhaled breath
      after a normal shower with municipal tap water were made with those after an
      inhalation-only exposure. The postexposure chloroform breath concentrations
      ranged from 6.0-21 micrograms/m3 for normal showers and 2.4 to 10 micrograms/m3
      for inhalation-only exposure, while the pre-exposure concentrations were all less
      than the minimum detection limit of 0.86 micrograms/m3. According to an F-test,
      the difference between the normal shower and the inhalation-only exposures was
      considered significant at a probability of p = 0.0001. Based on the difference,
      the mean internal dose due to dermal exposure was found to be approximately equal
      to that due to the inhalation exposure. The effect of the showering activities on
      the concentration of chloroform shower air was examined by comparing air
      concentrations during a normal shower with the air concentrations obtained when
      the shower was unoccupied. The F-test showed that there is no significant
      difference between the two sets of data.

PMID- 2287785
TI  - Chloroform exposure and the health risk associated with multiple uses of
      chlorinated tap water.
AB  - Recently, showers have been suspected to be an important source of indoor
      exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC). The chloroform dose to an
      individual from showering was determined based on exhaled breath analysis. The
      postexposure chloroform breath concentration ranged from 6.0-21 micrograms/m3,
      while all corresponding background breath concentrations were less than 0.86
      micrograms/m3. The internal dose from showering (inhalation plus dermal) was
      comparable to estimates of the dose from daily water ingestion. The risk
      associated with a single, 10-min shower was estimated to be 1.22 x 10(-4), while
      the estimated risk from daily ingestion of tap water ranged from 0.130 x 10(-4)
      to 1.80 x 10(-4) for 0.15 and 2.0 L, respectively. Since the estimates of
      chloroform risk from domestic water use for the three exposure routes--ingestion,
      inhalation, and dermal--are similar, all routes must be used to calculate the
      total risk when making policy decisions regarding the quality of the municipal
      water supply.

PMID- 2287786
TI  - The fallacy of ranking possible carcinogen hazards using the TD50.
AB  - Ames et al. have proposed a new model for evaluating carcinogenic hazards in the
      environment. They advocate ranking possible carcinogens on the basis of the TD50,
      the estimated dose at which 50% of the test animals would get tumors, and
      extrapolating that ranking to all other doses. We argue that implicit in this
      methodology is a simplistic and inappropriate statistical model. All carcinogens
      are assumed to act similarly and to have dose-response curves of the same shape
      that differ only in the value of one parameter. We show by counterexample that
      the rank order of cancer potencies for two chemicals can change over a reasonable
      range of doses. Ames et al.'s use of these TD50 ranks to compare the hazards from
      low level exposures to contaminants in our food and environment is wholly
      inappropriate and inaccurate. Their dismissal of public health concern for
      environmental exposures, in general, based on these comparisons, is not supported
      by the data.

PMID- 2287787
TI  - Measuring carcinogenic potency.

PMID- 2287788
TI  - Assumptions of the HERP Index.

PMID- 2287789
TI  - The importance of ranking possible carcinogenic hazards using HERP.

PMID- 2287790
TI  - Pathophysiology and treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
AB  - Therapeutic approaches to seasonal allergic rhinitis are reviewed in this paper.
      Pharmacotherapeutic approaches include nonsedative antihistamines, anti-allergic
      drugs, vasoconstrictors, anticholinergic agents and topical corticosteroids. The
      choice of treatment depends upon its relative efficacy and safety. Although
      effective, immunotherapy has been seriously questioned in recent years owing to
      the occurrence of possibly serious side-effects. Antihistamines are safe and
      effective for treatment of histamine-mediated symptoms of itching, sneezing and
      rhinorrhoea. The newer compounds do not cause sedation. For nasal symptoms,
      topical anti-allergic drugs are not as effective as other treatments. Topical
      vasoconstrictors are often used, though they cause side-effects when the
      treatment is prolonged. Anticholinergic drugs are safe and effective for
      rhinorrhea. Corticosteroids are highly effective for most symptoms, but their
      administration by oral or parenteral routes cannot be recommended because of side
      effects. Topical corticosteroids inactivated by hepatic first pass metabolism are
      favoured as they are highly effective and safe. Their mechanism of action is not
      completely understood, but they act through both an anti-inflammatory effect and
      an anti-allergic activity decreasing mediator release. These drugs are the most
      effective in the treatment of nasal obstruction because of their anti
      inflammatory effect. They are usually administered in response to symptoms, but
      in the future, it is likely that they will be used prophylactically before the
      pollen season in order to decrease the priming effect.

PMID- 2287791
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of topically active steroids: the selection of
      fluticasone propionate.
AB  - Although corticosteroids have long been known to be effective in the treatment of
      respiratory diseases, the wide range of unwanted side-effects with the systemic
      compounds prompted the development of safe, topically active analogues. Of these
      analogues, betamethasone 17-valerate, beclomethasone 17,21-dipropionate,
      budesonide, flunisolide and triamcinolone acetonide have been developed as
      aerosols for use in asthma and rhinitis with a great deal of success and very
      little detectable systemic activity. In attempts to avoid these minimal side
      effects, further analogues were prepared. The steroid 17-carboxylates were
      extremely active topically when esterified, while the parent acids were inactive.
      Thus, it was possible that enzymic hydrolysis of the ester function would lead to
      systemic deactivation. The 17-carboxylate series was superseded by the
      corresponding carbothioates, particularly fluticasone propionate which showed
      unusually high topical anti-inflammatory activity in rodents but was almost
      inactive after oral administration. This lack of oral activity is attributed to
      hepatic first-pass metabolism to the corresponding 17-carboxylic acid, which is
      virtually inactive.

PMID- 2287792
TI  - The human pharmacology of fluticasone propionate.
AB  - Fluticasone propionate is a potent, locally active glucocorticoid which has no
      demonstrable systemic side-effects when given by the oral or intranasal routes.
      The recommended clinical dose for rhinitis is 200 micrograms once a day
      intranasally or twice a day if symptoms persist. Four studies are described which
      establish the metabolic and pharmacokinetic features of fluticasone propionate
      and which assess the systemic effects of oral and intranasal doses in healthy
      volunteers. The drug was cleared rapidly by metabolism, with a total blood
      clearance equivalent to hepatic blood flow. On this basis, the expected
      extraction ratio would approach unity and oral systemic bioavailability would
      approach zero. This was confirmed by the absence of unchanged drug in the plasma
      up to 6 h after dosing with 1 mg or 16 mg of drug. The principal metabolite
      found, the 17-carboxylic acid derivative, has negligible glucocorticoid activity.
      This rapid clearance to an inactive metabolite is the basis for the observed lack
      of effects on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis after single, night-time
      doses of fluticasone propionate, 16 mg orally, and after fluticasone propionate,
      4 mg intranasally for 1 week. The virtually zero oral bioavailability and lack of
      systemic effects by the oral and intranasal routes are features which are unique
      compared with other glucocorticoids used clinically.

PMID- 2287794
TI  - Fluticasone propionate: a large multicentre trial.

PMID- 2287793
TI  - Nasal pathophysiology.
AB  - The major pathological changes in rhinitis are vascular, with blood sinus
      congestion, transudation and oedema, and glandular, with mucus secretion. Both
      block the nose. Mediators released by antigen-antibody reactions and by
      inflammatory processes will disrupt nasal function in three main ways. First,
      mediators such as histamine, bradykinin and leukotrienes will act directly on
      blood vessels and submucosal glands, causing mucosal thickening and secretion.
      Second, the same mediators will excite terminals of sensory nervous receptors in
      the nose, setting up axon reflexes with release of neuropeptides from other
      branches of the nervous receptors. Neurokinins, such as substance P, will augment
      vasodilatation and transudation and may modulate the secretions from submucosal
      glands. Third, the same sensory receptors when stimulated will set up central
      nervous reflex actions. The responses include sneezing and nasal irritation (both
      prominent features of rhinitis) reflex nasal vasodilatation and mucus secretion,
      and actions on the lower airways. The relative importance of these three
      mechanisms is difficult to assess in man. Successful therapy may act by
      preventing one of the undesirable motor constituents of rhinitis, or may have a
      more general action in lessening inflammation or immunological responses.

PMID- 2287797
TI  - [Time clustering and temporospatial regrouping study of cases of juvenile
      diabetes in the district of Rhone (1960-1980)].
AB  - In order to study the relevance of the influence of environmental factors in
      Insulin-dependent Diabetes, we dressed a statistical analysis of season-related
      diabetes (Roger's test and Wallenstein's test). At the same time, we made a
      statistical analysis of space-time clusters of IDDM patients (Knox method and
      Mantel method). We noted an illness increase between August and February,
      although not significantly. The Wallenstein test clearly shows the existence of
      several significant season-related symptoms. As for the space-time clustering
      tests, and taking into account the relatively short duration of these
      environmental factors none in fact allows to assert the existence of such
      influences.

PMID- 2287796
TI  - [Hospital, occupational health and correction of inequalities in the domain of
      prevention].

PMID- 2287795
TI  - The effects of topical fluticasone propionate on allergen-induced immediate nasal
      airways response and eosinophil activation: preliminary results.
AB  - Nasal application of grass pollen allergen in atopic individuals with seasonal
      rhinitis leads to an early rise in nasal airways resistance. The effects of
      fluticasone propionate, a powerful, topically active glucocorticosteroid, on
      nasal airways resistance and cellular infiltration of the nasal mucous membrane
      were investigated. Fluticasone propionate blunted the rise in nasal airway
      resistance following allergen challenge (P = 0.089). Although this
      glucocorticosteroid did not affect the total number of eosinophils in biopsies of
      nasal mucous membrane, the number of activated eosinophils was significantly
      reduced (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 2287798
TI  - Alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking in gastric cancer. A case-control study.
AB  - This study compares 210 cases of cancer of the stomach (138 males and 72 females)
      with 630 controls (414 males and 216 females) afflicted with a wide variety of
      diseases. All patients (cases and controls) were admitted for treatment at the
      University Hospital of Montevideo, Uruguay in the time period July 1985-December
      1988. They were submitted to the same detailed questionnaire by 3 social workers
      unaware of the objectives of the study. The analysis was performed at the
      Louisiana State University of New Orleans, using multiple logistic regression.
      The variables analyzed were cigarette smoking, alcohol ingestion, salted meat
      intake, total vegetable consumption, total fruit consumption and "mate"
      ingestion. Strong positive associations were found in both sexes for low fruit
      and vegetable consumption, high intake of salted meat and "mate" ingestion. Only
      males showed significantly elevated OR's for tobacco smoking and alcohol
      drinking. Of the main tobacco variables, time-dependent one's (age at start,
      duration) displayed significant gradients of increasing risks. Thus, a prolonged
      exposure seems more important than the amount smoked per day for the risk of
      developing gastric carcinoma. Both wine and hard liquor carried increased OR's,
      but heavy drinkers of wine displayed a six-fold increase in risk, replicating
      previous reports from France.

PMID- 2287799
TI  - [Short-stay hospitalization of elderly persons: first step toward
      institutionalization?].
AB  - One month outcome after hospitalization was studied in 1695 persons aged 75 and
      over, living in the community and admitted to acute care medical units: only 9.6%
      of them were then institutionalized. Returning home requires a high level of
      independence for feeding, mental status and continence. The level of dependence
      of institutionalized patients was particularly high for dressing or bathing,
      technical care, mental status and security. A multivariate analysis showed that
      the only independent predictors of institutionalization were: sex, living alone,
      mental status and hospital type. The role played by physical disability must be
      counterbalanced by the effective physical assistance, brought to the elderly by
      institutional or informal home care after hospitalization. These results allow
      early identification of persons at high risk of institutionalization.

PMID- 2287800
TI  - [Incidence of male urethritis in Tunisia: estimate done with a survey by general
      practitioners (1985)].
AB  - In order to evaluate the yearly incidence of male urethritis in Tunis, a survey
      was carried out among general practitioners, dermatologists and dispensing
      chemists. During a 6-week period, the mean incidence was 3.16 +/- 1.2 for general
      practitioners, 4.65 +/- 2.0 for dermatologists and 3.76 +/- 1.0 for dispensing
      chemists. Taking into account the number of general practitioners in the Tunis
      district, the mean yearly incidence would be about 1,200 cases per 100,000
      inhabitants, or 300 cases per 10,000 men aged 15 years and more. This rate is
      intermediate between estimations obtained by two mathematical hypotheses, taking
      non-responses into account: an optimistic hypothesis with an estimated incidence
      of about 1,700 cases, and a pessimistic hypothesis of about 800 cases per 100,000
      inhabitants, a figure which agrees with an estimate based on the sale of specific
      drugs used for gonorrhoea. This study emphasizes the fact that more than two
      thirds of the patients are treated by private dispensing chemists, and only 7% of
      the cases are notified to the primary health care centres.

PMID- 2287801
TI  - [The Cox model: limitations and extensions].
AB  - The proportional hazards model (Cox's model) does not fit the data in many
      situations. Its limits are reviewed, together with the main goodness-of-fit
      techniques. Some possibilities of extending the proportional hazards analysis are
      also described.

PMID- 2287802
TI  - Content and methods of studies on the prevention and treatment of mental
      disorders in selected psychiatric journals.
AB  - Studies on psychiatric treatments published in 1986 were reviewed in five major
      psychiatric journals (Am. J. Psychiatry, Can. J. Psychiatry, Arch. Gen.
      Psychiatry, Am. J. Orthopsychiatry and Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry). Articles on
      prevention and treatment represent only 27% of the total of titles (194 out of
      731 articles). The studies reviewed focus mostly on the treatment of adults, on
      psychoses, on the short term effect of treatment and on the effect of treatment
      rather than its process. Almost no information is published on the evaluation of
      the process or on the cost of treatment. Studies are for the most part original,
      but they tend to be studies without controls rather than randomized or non
      randomized controlled trials. Interpretation of results rely essentially on
      statistical significance and almost no attention is paid to the evaluation of
      impact, in epidemiological terms, of the cause-effect relationship and to the
      clinical relevance of observed differences. Psychiatrists who read only a few
      major journals of psychiatry should get more information on therapeutic and
      preventive interventions in comparison to other components of clinical work and
      to clinical course of disease.

PMID- 2287803
TI  - [Incidence of cancer in Isere: complementarity between information sources].

PMID- 2287804
TI  - [Life expectancy in good health, a future indicator for measuring the health
      status of populations].

PMID- 2287805
TI  - [The assessment of the incidence of food allergy or intolerance in patients with
      respiratory allergy].
AB  - In this study we have evaluated the possible relationship between food allergens
      and hypersensitivity to grass pollens. One hundred-thirty patients with grass
      pollen pollinosis and symptoms probably related to adverse reaction to foods were
      selected. Skin prick test for food allergens was positive in 79 patients (60.7%)
      Statistical analysis using chi-square test showed a high significant relationship
      between grass pollen and nuts, peanuts, beans and peas (p less than 0.0001).
      Elimination diet and challenge test allowed us to identify the responsible foods
      in 61 out 79 patients (77.2%). Twelve patients were affected by food allergy
      (challenge test, skin prick test and RAST positive and concordant); 49 patients
      suffered from intolerance. Possible causes of this high relationship are
      discussed.

PMID- 2287806
TI  - [Dorsolumbar arachnoid cysts. A case report].
AB  - The authors discuss a case of thoracic-lumbar arachnoidal cyst, which was not
      diagnosed for a long period, despite an obvious presentation with back pain and
      sphincteral problems. The importance of new diagnostic techniques, such as
      nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is underlined.

PMID- 2287807
TI  - [The effects of vinburnine on the blood rheology parameters and on the
      oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. In vitro research].
AB  - The authors investigate the protective action of vinburnine on impairment of
      blood haemorheology and on metabolic parameters due to in vitro ageing of blood
      samples. In each sample the following parameters were measured: blood viscosity
      and filterability, p50 and 2,3-DPG. Vinburnine is able to induce a slight
      improvement of haemorheological parameters and of p50 compared to controls. After
      incubation for 4 hr, a reduced impairment of the mentioned parameters was
      observed in comparison with controls. Some hypotheses are discussed about the
      mechanisms of action of the drug.

PMID- 2287809
TI  - [The role of pulsatile LHRH therapy in women: the treatment of delayed puberty
      and of hypothalamic amenorrhea].
AB  - The importance of gonadotropin pulsatility for normal hypothalamic-pituitary
      gonadal axis function is well known. The most important aim of exogenous LHRH
      administration, given in females with delayed puberty or hypothalamic amenorrhea
      is to physiologically restore LH pulsatility to a more physiologic way as
      possible. In fact, a variable degree of LHRH endogenous defect is present in
      these conditions. Moreover, exogenous LHRH pulsatile administration is able to
      restore normal pubertal development until menarche appears and normal ovulatory
      cycles occur and pregnancy is induced. We reported our experience and review the
      literature regarding the importance and use of LHRH pulsatile therapy in delayed
      puberty and hypothalamic amenorrhea. We have also evaluated the data for various
      administration routes, the choice of patients, response to therapy and the
      possible diagnostic use of pulsatile LHRH with regard to the differential
      diagnosis of delayed puberty.

PMID- 2287808
TI  - [The effects of the acute administration of vinburnine on blood rheology, oxygen
      transport and regional circulation under normal conditions and in hypoxemia. In
      vivo research].
AB  - Vinburnine has been shown to be effective in avoiding chronic ischaemic tissue
      injury. Many studies have demonstrated the antihypoxic and oxygenation properties
      of this drug. In our study we have evaluated in two groups of patients the
      effects on blood rheology, oxygen transport, regional circulation and
      ergospirometric data of 40 mg vinburnine infused in a systemic vein. We have
      selected in the first group 10 patients with low hemoglobin oxygen affinity (p50
      28.6 +/- 1.37 mmHg), in the second one 7 patients with normal values (p50 26.6 +/
      0.84 mmHg). In the two groups of the study we evaluated nutritional blood flow
      by a plethysmographic method, blood gas analysis [correction of hemogasanalitic]
      parameters in arterial and venous blood, haemoglobin oxygen affinity expressed as
      p50 and erythrocytic 2,3-DPG, hemorheologic and ergospirometric parameters. Data
      were evaluated in basal conditions and at the end of the infusion. The
      improvement of rheological properties, hemodynamic and metabolic data in the two
      groups of the study seems to confirm the oxyphoretic properties of this drug.

PMID- 2287811
TI  - [Remarks on medical follow-ups and check-up].

PMID- 2287810
TI  - Schizophrenia as a genetic encephalopathy.
AB  - Evidence from a number of sources suggests that schizophrenia is primarily
      genetic in origin: it may be referred to as a "genetic encephalopathy".
      Intellectual deficits may precede or succeed onset of illness occasionally
      resulting in a true "dementia praecox". Structural changes in the brain (e.g.
      ventricular enlargement) are present early and according to a recent postmortem
      study have a degree of selectivity to the temporal horn on the left side of the
      brain; this suggests there is an arrest of development of cerebral asymmetry. It
      is proposed that the disease arises from an anomaly of the genetic determinants
      of asymmetry (the "cerebral dominance gene") located in the pseudo-autosomal
      (exchange) region of the sex chromosomes. Psychotic illness may represent a
      disadvantageous spin-off of the late evolutionary developments that led to the
      rapid increase in brain capacity in man.

PMID- 2287812
TI  - [The use, abuse and misuse of instrumental examinations in neurology].

PMID- 2287813
TI  - [Disturbances of consciousness and airway reflexes].

PMID- 2287814
TI  - [Health psychology and Type A behavior].

PMID- 2287815
TI  - [Pulmonary hypertension due to autoimmune mechanism].

PMID- 2287816
TI  - [Steroid myopathy].

PMID- 2287817
TI  - [Natural history of severe aortic regurgitation--when should be surgically
      operated? (Part 2)].

PMID- 2287818
TI  - [Senile alteration of hemodynamics in surgery of abdominal aneurysm].
AB  - Hemodynamic measurements were performed before, during and after surgery of
      aneurysmal patients. Fifty non-ruptured infrarenal aneurysmal patients undergoing
      elective aortic reconstructions were studied. Patients who had no evidence of
      heart disease were divided into two groups by age. The older group consisted of
      22 patients older than 70 years of age, and the younger group consisted of 28
      patients younger than 70 years. The results may be summarized as follows: (1)
      Hemodynamics before surgery (volume loaded test): For 500 ml albumin infusion
      within 30 minutes, cardiac indices of the older group kept below 4.0 l/min/m2,
      whereas in the younger group there was an increase from 3.66 to 4.42 l/min/m2.
      (2) Hemodynamics during surgery: Peripheral resistance increased by cross
      clamping of the aorta, and decreased after removal of the aorta, and decreased
      after removal of the cross clamp in both groups. Cardiac indices dropped during
      cross-clamping of the aorta. The older group dropped more noticeably compared
      with the younger group, for instance, at one minute after cross-clamping, the
      older group was 2.04 +/- 0.56, and the younger group was 2.44 +/- 0.56 l/min/m2.
      Mean pulmonary wedge pressure increased gradually during surgery in both groups.
      (3) Hemodynamics after surgery: The older group kept lower cardiac indices
      compared with the younger group, but not so noticeably. These results indicated
      that older patients have low cardiac function for preload and afterload change.
      We will be confronted by an increasing number of older patients in the near
      future. Hemodynamic managements of aortic reconstructions in the elderly might
      become important.

PMID- 2287819
TI  - [Elucidation of reversibility in myocardial injury during hypoxia and
      reoxygenation in papillary muscles of rats].
AB  - We reported the calcium release of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is the major
      source of activator calcium to postrest contraction (PRC), and that the
      transsarcolemmal calcium influx is (the major source of activator calcium) to
      regular contraction in rats. In this study we investigated the combined effects
      of hypoxia and glucose elimination on PRC and regular contraction. In other
      words, using papillary muscles of rats, to elucidate the characteristics of
      reversible or irreversible myocardial injury after ischemia, we investigated the
      effects of hypoxia on both SR and sarcolemmal functions. After 90 min hypoxia
      (the first hypoxia-90 min), regular contraction was significantly more reduced
      than PRC (p less than 0.001; n = 16). With 90 min of reoxygenation, the recovery
      from hypoxic injury of PRC was better than recovery from injury of regular
      contraction (p less than 0.01; n = 16). After either 30 min hypoxia (the second
      hypoxia-30 min) or 60 min hypoxia (the second hypoxia-60 min), regular
      contraction was also more reduced than PRC, respectively (p less than 0.001; n =
      8). However, the recovery from both the second hypoxic injury-30 min and the
      second hypoxic injury-60 min of PRC was not significantly different from that of
      regular contraction, respectively (NS; n = 8). Percentages of diastolic tension,
      which were normalized by baseline regular contraction, increased during hypoxia
      and decreased incompletely after reoxygenation. After the first reoxygenation of
      90 min, 1 microM noradrenaline significantly augmented the magnitude of regular
      contraction (p less than 0.05; n = 5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287820
TI  - [Left ventricular function after prolonged exercise].
AB  - To determine whether depressed left ventricular (LV) contractile function can
      occur after exhaustive exercise, echocardiographic studies were performed in
      eleven athletes before, at the finish (9 minutes) and during recovery (15 hour)
      after the Biwa Lake Ironman Triathlon (3.2 km Swim, 161 km Bike, 32 km Run).
      Before racing and during recovery, the studies were performed both at rest and
      after brief exercise (10-15 minutes). Heart rates after brief exercise were
      comparable to those attained after racing. Digitized M mode echocardiographic
      data as to wall thickness, cavity dimension, fractional shortening (FS) and peak
      circumferential shortening (maxVcf) were obtained. When we compared race finish
      to pre-race brief exercise, the LV end-diastolic dimension (EDD) was reduced (46
      +/- 7 vs 47 +/- 6 mm, less than 0.05) and FS declined (33 +/- 5 vs 39 +/- 6%, p
      less than 0.05). In spite of reduced wall stress, maxVcf decreased. Individual
      percent reductions in FS were not correlated with decrease in EDD, but correlated
      with increases in EDS. Although a persistent reduction in cavity size was
      observed during recovery, FS and maxVcf returned toward the baseline. The results
      suggest that prolonged strenuous exercise may result in impaired LV function in
      part because of a reversible depression in the contractile state.

PMID- 2287821
TI  - [Usefulness for evaluation of the left ventricular disorders by apexcardiographic
      A-wave ratio in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - Usefulness for evaluation of left ventricular disorders by apexcardiographic A
      wave ratio was studied in 48 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These
      subjects were divided into 3 groups: A-wave ratio less than or equal to 15%
      (group 1), 16% less than or equal to A-wave ratio less than or equal to 29%
      (group 2), and A-wave ratio greater than or equal to 30% (group 3). A-wave ratio
      was found to have a positive correlation with Time constant T (r = + 0.71), left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure (r = +0.46), and left ventricular atrial kick
      (r = +0.55). During exercise, ejection fraction decreased significantly (p less
      than 0.05) in group 3 as compared to group 1. During treadmill exercise test,
      rise of systolic blood pressure was significantly (p less than 0.05) poor, and
      there was a large number of ST depression (p less than 0.05) in group 3. It was
      recognized by exercise thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy, that the frequency
      of perfusion defect was 30% in group 3. In conclusion, high A-wave ratio may
      strongly suggest impaired left ventricular diastolic function, and, there was
      correlated to abnormal hemodynamic state during exercise. Apexcardiographic A
      wave ratio proved to be useful in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It
      is useful for evaluation of left ventricular disorders.

PMID- 2287822
TI  - [A rare adult case of double-outlet right ventricle without pulmonary stenosis:
      an autopsy case].
AB  - Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a rare cardiac malformation especially in
      adulthood. We report a woman with DORV who survived to the age of 33 years. She
      had not been seriously limited, before she visited our hospital for cardiac
      evaluation at the age of 25 years. She was cyanotic, and had clubbing of fingers
      and toes and facial edema. Holosystolic murmur and diastolic regurgitant murmur
      were audible along the left sternal border. Chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly and
      enlarged pulmonary trunks. Electrocardiography showed right axis deviation and
      biventricular hypertrophy. Laboratory examination revealed polycythemia (Hb: 22.4
      g/dl), increased levels of hepatic enzymes due to congestive liver and marked
      hypoxemia (Pao2: 40 mmHg), Diagnosis of DORV was made with cardioangiography.
      Surgical repair was not indicated. Thereafter, she experienced recurrent heart
      failure which progressed gradually. She died probably of ventricular arrhythmia
      at the age of 33 years. At autopsy, the heart showed dilatation of the right
      atrium and ventricle, and hypertrophy of the bilateral ventricles. Both the
      pulmonary artery without stenosis and the aorta originated completely from the
      right ventricle, which were almost normally positioned with bilateral conus.
      Large ventricule septal defect was found at the subaortic portion. Patent ductus
      arteriosus and preductal aortic coarctation co-existed. To our knowledge, few
      cases with DORV who survived over 30 years have been reported, and they all
      manifested pulmonary stenosis. The present case is a very rare DORV that survived
      over 30 years without the complication of pulmonary stenosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287823
TI  - [A case of silent posterior myocardial ischemia/left circumflex artery
      obstruction detected by prominent U-wave in right precordial leads].
AB  - A 64-year-old woman with a history of hypertension for ten years and of syncope
      18 month previously visited our Division of Cardiology on 12 June, 1989. The S4
      and mitral regurgitation were audible at the apex, and her electrocardiogram
      showed ST-depression in leads II, aVF, V5-6 and prominent U-wave (PU) in V1-3
      when first seen. Then, she was thought to have a posterior myocardial ischemia.
      PU in V1-3 diminished whereas T-wave increased after nitrate and Ca++ blocker.
      Ergometer exercise ECG showed ST-depression in II, III, aVF, V4-6 and PU with
      decreased T-wave in V2-3 with no apparent symptoms. Simultaneously, Tl-201
      myocardial imaging demonstrated a transient posterior defect. A silent posterior
      myocardial ischemia was, therefore, confirmed. Coronary arteriograms demonstrated
      subtotal obstruction of the proximal left circumflex artery, and the peripheral
      site was filled by collaterals from the right coronary artery. Angina-induced PU
      in the right precordial leads proved to be useful in detection of posterior
      myocardial ischemia, and this marker may also improve the possibility of
      detection of silent posterior ischemia.

PMID- 2287825
TI  - Epilepsy.

PMID- 2287824
TI  - [A case of right ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy, which involved left
      ventricle].
AB  - A case of right ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy which also involved the left
      ventricle was reported. On health screening, a 16-year old woman was pointed out
      to have multifocal PVC and cardiomegaly. Subsequently, she was admitted to our
      hospital because of general fatigue. CTR was enlarged to 54.9% on chest X-ray.
      ECG showed LBBB-type PVC, right axis deviation, low voltage and T wave changes.
      On UCG, RVdD was dilated to 40 mm and LVdD was 37 mm. There was no finding of
      abnormality of the tricuspid valve. On cardiac catheterization, there was no
      shunt disease. Intracardiac pressure was normal. The end-diastolic volume index
      (ml/m2) of RV and LV was 196.7 and 67.4, respectively. And ejection fraction (%)
      was 20 and 40. Ventriculography revealed diffuse dilatation of the right
      ventricle. And lowered contractility existed not only in the right ventricle but
      also in the anterior and apical segment of the left ventricle. T(1)201 myocardial
      perfusion imaging showed irregular perfusion defect of the left ventricle.
      Endomyocardial biopsy revealed marked hypertrophy, partial atrophy,
      disarrangement of myocyte and interstitial fibrosis of the right ventricle. This
      case was considered to be right ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy. It seemed to
      be an intermediate form of dilated cardiomyopathy since it also involved the left
      ventricle. It was an interesting case to illustrate the spectrum of expression of
      cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2287826
TI  - The differential diagnosis of epilepsy.

PMID- 2287827
TI  - Classification of epileptic seizures and syndromes.

PMID- 2287828
TI  - Electrophysiologic methods of evaluating epilepsy.

PMID- 2287829
TI  - Neuroimaging in epilepsy: contribution of MRI, PET and SPECT.

PMID- 2287830
TI  - Role and implementation of long-term monitoring for epilepsy.

PMID- 2287831
TI  - Epileptic syndromes and seizures in infants.

PMID- 2287833
TI  - Epileptic seizures and syndromes in adults.

PMID- 2287832
TI  - Epileptic syndromes and seizure types in children.

PMID- 2287834
TI  - Status epilepticus: concepts in diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2287835
TI  - Selection of drugs for the treatment of epilepsy.
AB  - Antiepileptic drug selection is based on efficacy for specific seizure types and
      epileptic syndromes. For idiopathic generalized epilepsies with absence, tonic
      clonic, and myoclonic seizures, the drug of choice is valproate. Secondary
      generalized epilepsies with tonic, atonic, and other seizure types are difficult
      to treat with any single drug or combination of drugs. The drugs of choice for
      absence seizures are ethosuximide and valproate. For control of tonic-clonic
      seizures, any of the other major antiepileptic drugs can be effective. If
      valproate cannot be used, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, or primidone
      is effective, but ethosuximide or a benzodiazepine needs to be added to control
      associated absence or myoclonic seizures. The drugs of first choice for partial
      epilepsies with partial and secondarily tonic-clonic seizures are carbamazepine
      and phenytoin. Increasing evidence suggests that valproate may be a third
      alternative. Phenobarbital and primidone are second choice selections because of
      side effects. A combination of two of these five major antiepileptic drugs may be
      necessary for inadequately controlled patients. Other epilepsy syndromes such as
      neonatal and infantile epilepsies, febrile epilepsy, and alcoholic epilepsy
      require specific drug treatment. For all these seizure types and epilepsy
      syndromes, treatment ultimately must be selected to provide maximal efficacy and
      minimal adverse effect for each individual patient.

PMID- 2287836
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs.

PMID- 2287837
TI  - The fooling sickness--fictitious, factitious, or faked?

PMID- 2287838
TI  - Predictions of normal forced vital capacity and forced expired volume in one
      second in Tanzanian children.
AB  - Data on ventilatory function with particular reference to forced vital capacity
      (FVC), forced expired volume in one second (FEV1), and FEV1 expressed as
      percentage of FVC (FEV1%FVC) were obtained in 1413 healthy Tanzanian school
      children aged between 8 and 18 years. All subjects were nonsmokers and had
      neither symptoms nor history of cardiopulmonary diseases. Subjects in this study
      were significantly smaller in stature (P less than 0.05) and had smaller FVC and
      FEV1 (P less than 0.001) compared to values reported in children of comparable
      age and stature in the west. Lung volumes could best be described as a power
      function of standing height (y = a.Hb). The power derived from ln FVC on ln H
      were 3.39 and 3.24 for boys and girls respectively, while the power derived from
      ln FEV1 on ln H were 3.11 and 3.03 for boys and girls respectively. Constructed
      prediction formulae gave FEV1 and FVC which showed good agreement with FEV1 and
      FVC computed from prediction equations based on a similar mathematical model for
      black children in the Caribbean.

PMID- 2287839
TI  - [Effects of ethylene glycol on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450].
AB  - The effect of ethylene glycol on rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 was
      studied in vitro and in vivo. The destruction of cytochrome P-450 was not seen in
      vitro. The addition of 1 mM NADPH also did not change. When ethylene glycol was
      added to drinking water at a concentration of 1.0% for 7 days, there was no
      change in the contents of microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450, b5 and heme.
      While NADPH-cytochrome C reductase activity of the exposed group did not change,
      NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity increased significantly.

PMID- 2287840
TI  - [A compartment model of carcinogenesis in lung cancer].
AB  - A compartment model of carcinogenesis which describes separately the process of
      smoking-related lung cancer and that of smoking-unrelated lung cancer is
      presented. This model is well fitted to the equation representing the lung cancer
      incidence rate of the British physicians' cohort. The compartment model is shown
      to agree with the frozen type of incidence curve among ex-smokers. This model is
      biologically plausible in the context of the mechanism of carcinogenesis. For
      planning public health policies in a community and for health education based on
      smoking data, we calculated the change of risk after the cessation of smoking.

PMID- 2287841
TI  - Some properties of fibroblasts from a patient with debrancher deficiency.
AB  - Glycogenosis Type III is characterized by a deficiency of debranching enzyme
      (amylo-1,6-glucosidase, E.C. 3. 2. 1. 33) in most tissues. Low activity of
      liberating glucose from limited dextrin in the biopsied muscle can be
      demonstrated in a patient with this disease. We cultured fibroblasts from a skin
      biopsy from a patient with debrancher deficiency and examined the metabolism of
      glycogen in these cultured fibroblasts. Debrancher activity in the post
      mitochondrial supernatant obtained from these fibroblasts showed a good
      concentration dependent manner but had approximately half of that from normal
      human fibroblasts (YH-1). Although the enzymatic activity of debrancher in the
      cultured fibroblasts from the skin was reduced essentially to the same levels as
      observed in muscle biopsy, little glycogen granules were accumulated in the
      cytoplasm of these fibroblasts as revealed by either light- or electron
      microscopic observation. The fibroblasts obtained in the present study may be
      useful for the analysis of molecular mechanism of the debrancher deficiency
      disease, glycogenosis Type III.

PMID- 2287842
TI  - Histopathological findings in the biopsied muscle of a juvenile type III
      glycogenosis.
AB  - We report a case of juvenile type III glycogenosis that was confirmed by
      histopathological and biochemical studies. The histopathological findings
      consisted of vacuoles, periodic acid-Schiff positive materials, type 2B fiber
      deficiency, mildly positive acid phosphatase reaction and intensely positive non
      specific esterase reaction. It is suggested that the enzyme reactions may be
      related to membrane-bound sacs containing glycogen.

PMID- 2287843
TI  - A case in which coronary spasms were induced by ergonovine provocation at the
      sites of coronary artery ectasia.
AB  - We experienced a patient in whom coronary spasms were induced by an ergonovine
      provocation test during coronary angiography at the sites of coronary artery
      ectasia. The patient was a 45-year-old male with chest pain at rest, which
      promptly disappeared when given sublingual nitroglycerin. Similar attacks
      occurred frequently even with the administration of drugs after admission, but no
      significant changes were observed in electrocardiography (ECG) during the attacks
      or by repeated Holter ECG. The results of exercise ECG and provocation tests such
      as Valsalva maneuver, hyperventilation, and cold pressor test were negative.
      Coronary angiography showed ectatic changes in the left coronary artery, and the
      coronary spasms were induced by ergonovine administration at the ectatic portion
      of the left anterior descending artery and left circumflex artery, and right
      coronary artery with chest symptoms similar to those observed during spontaneous
      attacks. However, there were no significant changes in ECG. This rare case
      suggests an involvement of spasms in the pathogenic mechanism of myocardial
      ischemia in coronary artery ectasia.

PMID- 2287844
TI  - [The amount of nitrogenous oxygen demand (NOD) in BOD--study on effluents and
      influent from biological treatment plants and river waters in Kitakyushu area].
AB  - BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is utilized widely as an index of water quality.
      However, nitrification is a cause of significant errors in measuring BOD,
      particularly when a large population of nitrifying organisms are existing in
      water such as effluents from biological treatment plants. In this case, the use
      of a nitrification inhibitor is recommended, but it is not used commonly. In
      order to investigate the amount of nitrogenous oxygen demand (NOD) which is
      caused by nitrification, BOD with and without inhibitor was measured as samples
      in the Kitakyushu area. About 70 percent of BOD from the effluents of biological
      treatment plants was NOD. In the case of influent of biological treatment plant
      and river waters, 0-39 percent of NOD was contained in BOD.

PMID- 2287845
TI  - [Current status of trans-esophageal echocardiography].

PMID- 2287846
TI  - [Current status of transluminal coronary angioplasty].
AB  - The morphological and clinical indications of coronary angioplasty have been
      widely extended. This technique occupies now a place of choice in the treatment
      of ischemic heart disease. The high success rate is obtained with a minimal rate
      of complications and death. New technical approaches are now proposed in order to
      reduce the incidence of the restenosis, which remains the major problem limiting
      the long-term efficacy of the procedure.

PMID- 2287847
TI  - [Localization of the accessory pathway and surgical treatment in Wolf-Parkinson
      White syndrome].
AB  - The accessory bypass tracts are responsible for many episodes of supraventricular
      arrhythmias in man. The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is the best example. These
      arrhythmias can be refractory to the medical treatment and are sometimes lethal.
      Different techniques can be used to destroy these pathways. The surgical
      dissection is the most widely accepted technique. The accessory pathways are made
      of working muscle and are neither visible, nor palpable by the surgeon. The
      electrical properties of these pathways are used to localize them. These
      techniques are either non-invasive or invasive. The non-invasive techniques
      consist of the careful analysis of the surface electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm
      and during tachycardia. The invasive techniques consist of a pre-operative
      electrophysiological study and intra-operative mapping. The electrophysiological
      study consists of the introduction of multiples catheters inside the heart
      through peripheral veins. The intra-operative mapping consists of measurements
      done on the surface or inside the heart after the chest has been open. After
      precise localization of the areas of insertion of these abnormal tracts the
      surgeon proceeds with the dissection, starting either on the epicardial or on the
      endocardial side of the heart. The surgical results are excellent and there are
      only few complications. These techniques were used to operate six patients
      presenting with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

PMID- 2287848
TI  - [History of the medical campus of the Free University of Brussels].

PMID- 2287849
TI  - [12-31-1992: European medicine without frontiers: myth or reality?].

PMID- 2287850
TI  - The Multiple Sleep Latency Test: individual variability and time of day effect in
      normal young adults.
AB  - The influence of individual characteristics on diurnal physiological sleep
      tendency was investigated in young good sleepers. Fifty-five subjects underwent a
      Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) procedure. Among them 11 also participated in
      Repeated Test Sustained Wakefulness (RTSW) procedure. The MSLT results were
      analyzed as a function of both the number of sleep onsets per day and the time of
      day. Diurnal sleepiness seemed to be better appreciated by sleep onset (SO)
      frequency than by the traditional criteria of sleep latency. SO frequency, unlike
      latency, was influenced by factors such as usual sleep duration, morning/evening
      score, and RTSW procedure. Time of day effect was characterized by a decrease in
      sleep tendency at the beginning and at the end of the day (decrease in SO
      frequency and increase in SO latencies); between these two points a peak of
      sleepiness around 1400 was observed. The morning and evening periods of high
      alertness could represent important anchor points for the coupling of the
      sleep/wake and temperature rhythms.

PMID- 2287851
TI  - Polysomnographic, performance, and personality differences of sleepy and alert
      normals.
AB  - The nocturnal sleep, performance, and personality of healthy, asymptomatic,
      normal young men, 18 who had unusually short sleep latencies on the Multiple
      Sleep Latency Test (average latency, less than or equal to 6 min) and 20 with
      unusually long latencies (average latency, greater than or equal to 16 min) were
      compared. On the nocturnal sleep recording, sleepy subjects had a shorter sleep
      latency, less waking time, and overall greater sleep efficiency than alert
      subjects. During the day, sleepy subjects performed more poorly than alert
      subjects on divided attention and vigilance performance tasks. The sleepy and
      alert subjects did not differ appreciably on the Minnesota Multiphasic
      Personality Inventory and Jenkins Activity measures of personality. On the
      Institute of Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale, the sleepy subjects
      showed higher levels of anxiety than the alert subjects. The data were
      interpreted as indicating that the sleepy subjects had a sleep debt due to
      chronic sleep restriction.

PMID- 2287852
TI  - Sleep patterns related to menstrual cycle phase and premenstrual affective
      symptoms.
AB  - An ovulatory menstrual cycle is characterized by fluctuating levels of
      progesterone. Progesterone, a gonadal hormone known for its soporific and
      thermogenic effects, is present in negligible levels prior to ovulation and in
      high levels after ovulation. To describe and compare sleep patterns in relation
      to ovulatory cycles and premenstrual mood state, sleep was monitored in healthy
      women at two phases of the menstrual cycle. Results indicated that rapid-eye
      movement (REM) latency was significantly shorter during the postovulatory
      (luteal) phase compared to the preovulatory (follicular) phase, but there was no
      significant difference in latency to sleep onset or the percentage of REM sleep.
      While there were no menstrual cycle phase differences in the percentages of
      various sleep stages, the women with negative affect symptoms during the
      premenstruum demonstrated significantly less delta sleep during both menstrual
      cycle phases in comparison with the asymptomatic subjects.

PMID- 2287853
TI  - Sleep in old age: focus on gender differences.
AB  - A meta-analysis was conducted on 27 studies addressing gender differences on 31
      indices of sleeping behavior of persons 58 years of age and older. All pertinent,
      original research articles published in the United States in the last decade were
      included. New findings were compared with summaries from earlier studies to
      complete a picture of current knowledge. Effect sizes were calculated for 23
      variables related to sleep continuity, architecture, and pathology; and effect
      sizes were averaged across studies. Gender difference effect sizes were small to
      moderate, with men tending to show more objective changes from the patterns of
      healthy youthful sleep. Results underscore the importance of health providers
      having an understanding of gender and age in relation to sleep. Findings suggest
      the need to protect the lighter, more fragile sleep of the elderly; to encourage
      regularity in sleep patterns; and to use sleep-inducing medications with caution.

PMID- 2287854
TI  - Preliminary longitudinal assessment of sleep in the elderly.
AB  - This is a preliminary report of a longitudinal assessment of sleep architectural
      changes over time and rate of progression of sleep apnea (SA) and sleep-related
      periodic leg movements (PLMs) in the elderly. Multiple night polysomnograms were
      performed in 11 community resident seniors (8 women and 3 men, aged 60-72 years)
      and repeated 3 years (34-38 months) later. Subjects were selected who exhibited
      at most mild SA or PLMs at initial testing. The respiratory disturbance index
      (but not the movement index) showed a significant increase over 3 years. Sleep
      architecture did not change significantly except for an increase in frequency of
      stage changes that was not solely attributable to the increase in frequency of
      apneas/hypopneas. Together with other published longitudinal studies, these
      findings suggest that elderly individuals with at most mild SA or PLMs can expect
      no more than a mild increase in the frequency of apneas/hypopneas or PLMs over
      the course of a few years.

PMID- 2287856
TI  - Memory sources of REM and NREM dreams.
AB  - Sixteen male volunteers slept 4 nonconsecutive nights each in a sleep laboratory.
      They were awakened for one dream report per night. Awakenings were made, in
      counterbalanced order, from early-night and late-night rapid-eye movement (REM)
      and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Following dream reporting, subjects were asked to
      identify memory sources of their dream imagery. Two independent judges reliably
      rated mentation reports for temporal units and categorized memory sources as
      autobiographical episodes, abstract self-references, or semantic knowledge. We
      replicated earlier findings that semantic knowledge is more frequently mentioned
      as a dream source for REM than for NREM reports. However, with controls for
      length of reports, the REM-NREM difference disappeared, indicating that the stage
      difference in memory sources was not independent of stage difference in report
      lengths. There was a significant effect of time of night on source class, but
      only in REM sleep: Both without and with controls for report length, more
      semantic sources were cited for late than for early REM dreams.

PMID- 2287855
TI  - Electroencephalogram power density and slow wave sleep as a function of prior
      waking and circadian phase.
AB  - Human sleep electroencephalograms, recorded in four experiments, were subjected
      to spectral analysis. Waking prior to sleep varied from 12 to 36 h and sleep was
      initiated at different circadian phases. Power density of delta and theta
      frequencies in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep increased
      monotonically as a function of prior waking. The increase of power density in the
      theta frequencies contrasts with the reported decrease of theta activity as
      detected by period-amplitude analysis. Slow wave activity (power density, 0.25
      4.0 Hz) in NREM sleep during the first 3 h of sleep did not deviate significantly
      from the homeostatic process S of the two-process model of sleep regulation. In
      contrast, visually scored slow wave sleep, stages 3 and 4, deviated from this
      prediction at some circadian phases. It is concluded that, in accordance with the
      two-process model of sleep regulation, slow wave activity in NREM sleep depends
      on prior waking and is not significantly influenced by circadian phase.

PMID- 2287857
TI  - Bibliography of recent literature in sleep research.

PMID- 2287858
TI  - [Ogilvie syndrome in 2 cases of pseudo-pseudo-obstruction of the colon].
AB  - Ogilvie's syndrome is defined as a pseudo-obstruction of the colon of unknown
      cause. A review of recent literature shows a proliferation of reports of such
      cases associated to multiple conditions. The authors present two cases of
      perforated peptic ulcers with peritonitis that mimicked Ogilvie's syndrome in the
      clinical, radiological, and colonoscopic presentations. They propose that pseudo
      obstruction cases obviously caused by adynamic ileus be excluded from the
      Ogilvie's syndrome classification, for a better understanding of its
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 2287859
TI  - [Common bile duct syndrome in children].
AB  - Two children bile duct dilatation due to anomalous junction of the pancreato
      biliary ductal system are reported. A long common channel comes out of the
      duodenal wall and, thus, reflux of pancreatic juice into the biliary tree and
      dilatation of biliary ducts may occur. Clinical findings were upper abdominal
      pain, vomiting, or jaundice. Diagnosis was accomplished by abdominal
      ultrasonography and endoscopic or intra-operative colangiography. Both cases were
      treated by Roux-en-Y hepatico-jejunostomy, the best technique for these cases.
      Follow-up showed that the patients are well and free of symptoms.

PMID- 2287860
TI  - [Ultrastructural and morphometric study of the myeloid parenchyma cells of mice
      prior and after X-ray exposure].
AB  - An electron microscopic study of initial X-ray changes in ultrastructures of bone
      marrow cells was performed. Such changes reached nucleous and cytoplasm
      organellas early (1 hour) after radiation, but were more proeminent later on.
      Subsequent readings (2, 6 hours) showed them more proeminent in cytoplasm
      structures, and the morphologic appearance was close to normal within 12, 14
      days. Quantitative analyses were performed using the marrow recovery coefficient
      (MRC).

PMID- 2287861
TI  - [Bone marrow biopsy in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, chronic lymphoid leukemia and
      mycosis fungoides. 1. Incidence and infiltration patterns].
AB  - Seventy bone marrow biopsies belonging to 53 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas,
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and micosis fungoides were studied. Bone marrow
      involvement was analyzed in correlation to staging before and after treatment.
      Bone marrow involvement was most frequently seen in CLL and IL followed by WDLL
      and PDLL/N and PDLL/D. Highest incidences after treatment were in CLL, WDLL, and
      PDLL/N and PDLL/D. With respect to staging, WDLL disseminated to bone marrow only
      in the late stages (III or IV), whereas the nodular and diffuse forms of PDLL
      presented similar infiltration in all stages. HLL and IL presented a slight trend
      to infiltrate only in the later stages. The pattern of bone marrow infiltration
      was also analyzed considering staging before and after treatment. No clear
      correlation was observed between staging and a specific pattern of bone marrow
      involvement in most cases, and disease evolution and treatment do not seem to
      change infiltration pattern.

PMID- 2287863
TI  - [Current indications for the performance of the ergometric test].

PMID- 2287862
TI  - [Body composition in various nutritional conditions. Experimental study].
AB  - Body composition parameters were studied in different nutritional conditions in
      Wistar rats with experimental cancer. Results were submitted to statistical
      analysis. Under a hyperlipidic diet, fat increased in control rats and decreased
      in animals with tumor; sodium increase and potassium decrease was verified in
      rats with tumor. The NA/K ratio increased in both groups and the N/K ratio
      increased in rats with tumor under standard diet, but decreased in rats with
      tumor under hyperlipidic diet. Fat decreased in the animals with tumor under an
      aproteic diet, but sodium increased. Potassium increased in undernourished
      animals of both groups. The Na/K ratio increased in rats with tumor. A comparison
      was made according to two different standards: "fresh body weight" and "fat-free
      body mass". The parameters analysed showed no significant differences in body
      composition.

PMID- 2287864
TI  - [Congenital muscular dystrophy. Report of 8 cases with evidence of central
      nervous system involvement].
AB  - Twelve patients with congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) diagnosed by clinical
      and laboratorial criteria were submitted to CT scanning. Eight patients presented
      diffuse bilateral hypodensity of the white matter with predominance in the
      frontal lobes. These findings are indicative that CNS involvement in CMD is not
      confined to the Japanese population. Such involvement strongly suggests that the
      disease is transmitted by an autosomal recessive polymorphic gene responsible for
      the involvement of both CNS and skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2287865
TI  - [Should corticosteroids be used in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis?].

PMID- 2287866
TI  - [Diarrhea after gastric surgery].

PMID- 2287867
TI  - [Helicobacter pylori. A new species?].

PMID- 2287868
TI  - [Complications of the surgical treatment of reflux esophagitis].
AB  - The complications presented by 36 patients submitted to anti-reflux procedures
      that were treated in our Hospital in a 10 year period, from September 1978 to May
      1988, are analyzed. The patients were divided in 2 groups depending on the
      initial treatment being performed inside or outside our Hospital. The indication
      for the initial operation was reflux esophagitis in all patients, 4 or whom, had
      developed a shortened esophagus with stenosis. The selected procedures were of
      several types with a clear predilection for the Nissen type fundoplication with
      its variants. Different kinds of complications were observed; mortality was
      associated with gastric or esophageal leak, with a fatal outcome in 11 patients,
      another one died of postoperative pancreatitis and abdominal sepsis (33.3 percent
      mortality rate).

PMID- 2287869
TI  - [Epidemiology of peptic ulcer at the "Salvador Zubiran" National Institute of
      Nutrition].
AB  - In order to know the variations on the epidemiology of peptic ulcer in the INNSZ
      we have studied 850 patients with peptic ulcer between January 1980 and July
      1988, in comparison with 1,000 patients studied in 1960 and in a similar group in
      1980. In the 1988 group, we analyze the characteristics such as: sex, age,
      localization of the ulcer, occupation and habits and we compare them with a
      control group of 850 patients studied in the same time in the INNSZ. According
      with these results, we can appreciate that the duodenal ulcer (DU) has decreased
      from 77.5% in 1960 to 57.5% in 1988. The difference is statistic significant (p
      less than 0.005). About gastric ulcer (GU), its frequency has been increased from
      17.6% to 29.6% with a statistic significant difference (p less than 0.005). The
      esophageal ulcers has been increased too. Other observation is that the general
      proportion of ulcers in the hospital population has been decreased from 7% in
      1960 to 3.6% in 1988.

PMID- 2287870
TI  - [Biliary ascariasis. Experience at the Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzales General Hospital].
AB  - Six cases of biliary ascariasis were treated at Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez General
      Hospital in the last sixteen years. The patient population consisted of five
      female and one male subjects. With a median age of 39 years. Main clinical
      manifestations were abdominal pain mimicking biliary colic, nausea, vomiting and
      jaundice. Diagnosis was established during surgery in four patients and by means
      of abdominal sonogram and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram in two
      cases. Cholecystitis diagnosis was considered preoperatively in three patients
      and cholangitis in another one. Five patients were operated on and in one case
      the worm was successfully removed with the endoscope. Only one patient was
      complicated with biliary peritonitis, hepatic abscess and reinfestation. No
      deaths occurred. Mexican literature published in the lasts 25 years is reviewed
      and the current state in diagnosis and treatment concerning this entity is
      discussed in this paper.

PMID- 2287871
TI  - [Effect of a synthetic somatostatin analogue with delayed action (SMS 201-995) on
      the biliary expenditure in a patient with an external biliary tract fistula].
AB  - The effect of treatment with a long acting analogue of somatostatin (SMS 201-995)
      administered by subcutaneous route 165 micrograms every eight hours in a patient
      with a external biliary fistula is reported. There was a significant reduction of
      the daily fistula output during treatment when compared with the basal periods (p
      = 0.04), with an average decrease of 270 ml/day during the first period of
      treatment and 357 ml/day when the drug was administered the second time (p =
      0.04). There where not changes in the chemical composition of the bile neither
      adverse side effects were observed during treatment. These results suggest that
      SMS 201-995 might be useful in the treatment of external biliary fistulas.

PMID- 2287872
TI  - [Migration of a transhepatic T tube in iatrogenic lesion of the bile ducts.
      Report of a case].
AB  - Benign strictures of the biliary tree present difficult problems in management.
      The method of transhepatic stenting constitutes an excellent and safe procedure
      and provides good results in this kind of surgery. It permits to fix firmly the
      stent, so that migration is not supposed to be possible, something frequently
      seen with conventional T tubes. We report on one patient with iatrogenic
      strictures of the biliary tree who was subjected to reconstructive surgery
      utilizing a transhepatic stent. On the sixth postoperative month, the patient
      presented migration of the stent to the Y-en-Roux intestinal loop. It was
      evacuated in the following hours, and the patient did not have any problem,
      remaining asymptomatic after that.

PMID- 2287873
TI  - [Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Surgical treatment after sclerotherapy. Presentation of
      a case and review of the literature].
AB  - We herein report a case of a male patient aged 23, with acute upper
      gastrointestinal hemorrhage, secondary to ingestion of acetyl salicylic acid.
      Endoscopy showed a linear laceration in the esophagus-gastric union. Based on
      endoscopic findings the diagnosis of Mallory-Weiss Syndrome was established.
      Surgical treatment was required, after sclerotherapy; we reviewed the literature
      for presenting a general panorama of this pathology.

PMID- 2287874
TI  - [Molecular biology in gastroenterology. 1. Genes and DNA recombinant techniques].

PMID- 2287875
TI  - [Radiologic diagnosis and treatment of Ormond's disease].
AB  - Retroperitoneal fibrosis is a rare entity of various causes. The clinical
      findings are not specific. In some cases the diagnosis is suggested by the
      characteristic appearance on urography. The purpose of this investigation is to
      evaluate the typical ultrasound and CT findings of patients with retroperitoneal
      fibrosis. A discussion of the current diagnostic procedure and treatment is
      presented.

PMID- 2287876
TI  - [Juvenile occlusion syndrome of the inferior vena cava with left renal
      deficiency].
AB  - In three juvenile patients, one female and two males aged 14 to 21 years, there
      were recent deep vein thromboses of the lower limbs due to previous infrahepatic
      occlusion of the inferior vena cava associated with a shrunken left kidney
      without clinical manifestation of a nephrotic syndrome. Possible reasons and
      impacts of this probably congenital peculiar vascular syndrome are discussed.
      Radiodiagnostic management in juvenile patients with recurrent venous thromboses
      of the lower part of the body is explained with special respect to secondary
      phenomena of other retroperitoneal organs like adrenals, inner pelvis and
      testicles.

PMID- 2287877
TI  - Ultrasound-guided aspiration cytology of renal expansions.
AB  - Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirates from 52 malignant renal tumours and 128
      benign expansions taken in 1982-1988 were analyzed retrospectively. There were
      three suspicious aspirates (class III) suggesting a possibility of malignancy
      among the cases of benign renal expansions and seven false negative aspirates (C
      I-II) among the malignancies. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the
      method for differentiating malignant cases from benign ones were 94.1%, 85.1% and
      97.5% respectively. Cytology was correct in 86% of the radiologically equivocal
      cases and in 63.6% of the small renal neoplasms. Aspiration cytology identifies
      haemorrhagic cysts and infectious conditions, but is not reliable for the
      detection of malignancy in a multilocular cyst.

PMID- 2287878
TI  - [A large asymptomatic renal hemangioma as a chance radiologic finding].
AB  - The author reports on a large asymptomatic renal haemangioma that was found
      accidentally in the course of a preoperative CT examination. The radiological
      visualisation in plain CT, in serial CT as well as in selective angiography is
      presented. The finding is discussed and compared with the observations reported
      so far in the literature in respect of this rare benign tumour.

PMID- 2287879
TI  - Renal artery aneurysm detected by pulsed Doppler ultrasound.
AB  - A case of a right renal artery in a 70-year-old man is presented. Ultrasound
      shows an anechoic lesion surrounded by hyperechoic areas in the kidney and pulsed
      doppler ultrasound (US) provides a noninvasive diagnosis of a renal aneurysm.

PMID- 2287880
TI  - Percutaneous nephrostomy in the management of urinary leakages and fistulas.
AB  - Treatment with percutaneous nephrostomy (PN) without co-existing stents was
      attempted in 18 patients with urinary fistulas and leakages. Seven patients were
      cured by PN alone. Two of these developed a ureteral stricture at the site of the
      lesion: one showed no impairment of urinary flow on the follow-up, the other
      needed continuous urological surveillance. In the remaining 6 cases PN provided
      temporary relief of the associated urinary stasis. Percutaneous nephrostomy could
      not be applied in 5 cases because of the lack of renal pelvic dilatation. Only
      catheter related complications occurred. Because of its easy and little traumatic
      technique, simple PN could be used as the primary therapeutic approach in such
      lesions.

PMID- 2287882
TI  - New quantified echographic features of normal kidney. Hydronephrosis
      classification.
AB  - During a period of three months, 400 patients with normal kidneys were examined
      by ultrasound. An evaluation of 14 parameters was made including renal volume
      (RV), the correlation RV-weight, RV-height, and RV-age of the patients, the
      quantitative measurement of the renal parenchyma, and the influence of hydration
      and bladder distension on the sonographic diagnosis of hydronephrosis. In 40
      cases, comparison with an additional contrast urography study permitted us to
      obtain the radiographic magnification index. We present 10 figures including
      measurement of the absolute parenchymal thickness, parenchymo-sinusal ratio,
      pyelocalyceal distension and we illustrate the four grades of our hydronephrosis
      classification.

PMID- 2287881
TI  - [Computed serial densitometry of the tissue components of renal angiomyolipoma. A
      new radiohistologic method of in vivo pathologic diagnosis].
AB  - Computerised serial densitometry (CSD) of renal angiomyolipoma (AML) and its
      three tissue components was done in order to find out whether this procedure
      could help in differential diagnosis and provide better data for the
      understanding of AML presentation in CT imaging. It was found that AML detection
      in plain scan tomography requires a fat fraction of more than 50%.
      Angiomyolipomas with a fat fraction of less than 50% need computerised serial
      densitometry to enable differentiation from other unidentified tumours. The
      criteria to be used in these cases are 1) the low curve level and 2) the presence
      and slim shape of the initial circulatory peak. The principle of using standard
      densitometric curves of single tissue components and cells in in vivo tissue
      analysis might gain significance in the noninvasive, computerised qualitative and
      quantitative analysis of the composition of tumours and organs thus creating new
      possibilities for the diagnosis, follow-up and prognosis of diseases.

PMID- 2287883
TI  - [The combined occurrence of pubertal gynecomastia and varicocele].
AB  - Examinations of 39 men between 14 and 18 years of age revealed that half of the
      cases of pubertal gynaecomastia are false gynaecomasties. In reality, the
      patients are suffering from fibrous mastosis. It is shown that gynaecomastia is
      mostly accompanied by left-sided varicocele, whereas in varicocele complaints
      there are only few cases of gynaecomastia. It is concluded that in pubertal
      gynaecomastia it is necessary to determine whether the disease is merely a
      temporary fibrosis that will heal by itself, or whether it is a sign of some
      other, graver disease. On the other hand, the state of the testicles and the
      scrotum should be considered in every case. Surgery of pubertal gynaecomastia is
      considered unnecessary; however, invasive treatment of the varicocele is very
      important. The importance of psychological care of the patients is stressed.

PMID- 2287884
TI  - How many projections are really needed in angiographic assessment of the femoral
      bifurcation?
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyze how many angiographic projections are
      needed in the diagnosis of hemodynamically significant stenoses of the femoral
      bifurcation. A total of 134 femoral bifurcations were examined with triplanar
      angiography in 67 patients (45 men and 22 women). The patients, ranging in age
      from 42 to 81 years (mean 63), suffered from incapacitating symptoms of
      peripheral arterial disease. The contralateral posterior oblique projection
      proved to be the most valuable in the assessment of hemodynamically significant
      arterial stenoses of the femoral bifurcation. An AP projection added information
      on stenoses of the inlets of the deep femoral artery in 9% of cases and on
      stenoses of the inlets of the superficial femoral artery in 6% of cases. An
      arteriographic examination should be started with a contralateral posterior
      oblique projection and this view will suffice in most cases.

PMID- 2287885
TI  - [The spontaneous regression of a dissection of the descending aorta].
AB  - The outcome of an aortic dissection is either endothelialisation of the false
      lumen forming a so-called double aorta, or thrombosis of the sack leading to
      fibrosis. Healing of an aortic dissection, particularly if thrombosis and
      organisation have obliterated the dissected segment, is rare and there are only a
      few case reports on this finding. We report on a case where spontaneous
      resolution of the false lumen of Type B aortic dissection was demonstrated by
      serial contrast enhanced computed tomography after antihypertensive medical
      treatment.

PMID- 2287886
TI  - ["Coral reef" arteriosclerosis: computed tomographic and angiographic findings].
AB  - Patients suffering from "coral reef arteriosclerosis" are presented, the lesions
      being visualised via CT and angiography. This disease is characterised by an
      almost complete occlusion of the median ventricular aorta due to extreme,
      irregularly structured calcareous masses in the vascular lumen. The review of the
      literature points to the possible aetiology and pathogenesis of this disease
      pattern.

PMID- 2287887
TI  - Improved visualization of posterior fossa with clivoaxial CT scanning plane.
AB  - Eighteen patients clinically suspected of having acoustic neurinoma were studied
      in both orbitomeatal and clivoaxial (CA) (the plane perpendicular to clivus) CT
      scanning planes during the same sessions. On the CA cuts there were highly
      significantly less (p less than 0.001) artifacts. Also, the tentorium was highly
      significantly (p less than 0.001) better visualized on the CA cuts. CA cuts could
      be recommended in cases when artifacts disturb the diagnostics of posterior fossa
      pathology or when detailed topographic information about pathologic anatomy round
      the tentorium is needed.

PMID- 2287889
TI  - Proceedings of the Symposium on Sedation and Monitoring in Endoscopy at the World
      Congresses of Gastroenterology. Sydney, Australia, 30 August 1990.

PMID- 2287888
TI  - HIDA-cholescintigraphy in normals. Value of interrupting the migrating motor
      complex (MMC).
AB  - The value of interrupting the migrating motor-complex (MMC) and computer-assisted
      technique in HIDA cholescintigraphy was studied in 10 healthy subjects.
      Sequential scintigrams were sufficient for evaluating biliary-bowel transit time,
      visualization of the gall bladder and liver wash-out. However, the point of
      dynamic equilibrium between net uptake and emptying of the tracer of the gall
      bladder and hepatic areas, required computer assisted technique. Finally,
      interruption of the MMC resulted in biliary-bowel transit within one hour in all,
      but only gall bladder visualization in 8, whereas in the fasting state the gall
      bladder was visualized in all, but with prolonged biliary-bowel transit in one
      subject.

PMID- 2287890
TI  - Monitoring--the anaesthetist's view.
AB  - There is large variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
      sedative drugs in patients thus, a standard dose of sedative may produce
      undersedation in certain patients and substantial oversedation, resulting in
      anaesthesia, in others. Those who administer sedatives should, therefore, have
      the knowledge, skill, and equipment (including monitoring devices) to enable them
      to deal with an oversedated patient. Certain patients are at an increased risk of
      complications owing to sedative administration. Preoperative assessment of
      patients will enable the endoscopist to determine when and how to monitor the
      patient. If continuous monitoring is used, early detection of any potentially
      dangerous pathophysiology is more likely, and thus, the risk of cardiorespiratory
      arrest is minimized. Clinical observation is essential but can be supplemented by
      some extremely reliable and effective devices. Of these, the most important and
      relevant for monitoring during endoscopy is finger pulse oximetry. This technique
      is easy to use, does not interfere with the endoscopy procedure, enables
      continuous monitoring, and is extremely versatile. Pulse oximetry can also alert
      staff to cardiorespiratory problems.

PMID- 2287891
TI  - Monitoring--the gastroenterologist's view.
AB  - Better training standards and widespread adoption of monitoring equipment has
      resulted in a considerable drop in anaesthetic-related deaths. This fall,
      however, has not been reflected in the field of endoscopy, in which over 50% of
      the complications and deaths appear to be due to cardiopulmonary problems,
      suggesting the involvement of sedative drugs. Improvements in monitoring could
      substantially reduce these problems. Staff should be fully trained in endoscopic,
      sedative, and resuscitation procedures; equipment and drugs for resuscitation
      should be immediately to hand; any risk factors in patients who are to undergo
      endoscopy should be identified, and, when necessary, additional monitoring and
      safety procedures should be followed. Pulse oximeters can detect oxygen
      desaturation very early and should be used where risk factors have been
      identified. Use of oximetry and continuous ECG monitoring will improve the
      sensitivity of clinical monitoring and may reduce the number of adverse events
      encountered in endoscopy. Use of supplemental oxygen should be considered.

PMID- 2287892
TI  - Overview of monitoring in endoscopy.
AB  - Gastrointestinal endoscopy has evolved rapidly over the past 30 years and has
      become one of the larger specialities in medicine. An increasing number of
      diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are being performed with the aid of the
      flexible endoscope. With this expansion in the use of endoscopy came the routine
      administration of premedication. The endoscopist thus became a part-time
      anaesthetist. The lack of proper studies to evaluate the untoward effects of
      diazepam and, later, midazolam, at their introduction led to an unfortunate
      increase in reports of fatalities after the introduction of midazolam. Later
      studies showed the safety of these agents when properly administered, but the
      affair served to focus attention on monitoring in gastrointestinal endoscopy. The
      benefits of using extracorporeal monitoring equipment during endoscopy has not
      been proved in clinical trials, and because of this those bodies that issue
      guidelines on medical practice, such as the American Society for Gastrointestinal
      Endoscopy, have not mandated the use of these devices. The guidelines issued have
      emphasized the importance of training and recertification in advanced cardiac
      life support. Many endoscopists are reluctant to recognize their role as
      anaesthetist, and to adopt new practices recommended in the guidelines. However,
      these changes represent the evolution of medicine and reflect the desire to
      ensure a uniform high quality of care and as such should not be resisted.

PMID- 2287893
TI  - Chemoprophylaxis of infective endocarditis.
AB  - Infective endocarditis is a serious disease with a continuing mortality of
      approximately 20%. Risk factors include a variety of congenital and acquired
      heart diseases. Infection follows an episode of bacteraemia which is most
      commonly due to oral bacteria, notably streptococci. Less commonly bacteraemia
      may arise from surgical procedures or diseases of the gastrointestinal and
      genitourinary tracts or from sepsis at other body sites, including intravenous
      drug abuse. Several societies and associations have published recommendations for
      the prevention of bacteraemia in those at risk from endocarditis through the use
      of perioperative antibiotic chemoprophylaxis. The recommendations are targetted
      at patients with defined cardiovascular lesions undergoing dental and other
      procedures known to predictably produce bacteraemia. The major recommendations
      for standard risk patients undergoing dental procedures without general
      anaesthesia is high-dose oral penicillin or amoxycillin. Alternative agents
      include erythromycin and clindamycin. For those requiring general anaesthesia,
      parenteral regimens are generally recommended although the British Society for
      Antimicrobial Chemotherapy permits an oral amoxycillin regimen 4 hours
      preoperatively. For specified gastrointestinal and genitourinary procedures a 2
      drug regimen of ampicillin/amoxycillin (or vancomycin for penicillin-allergic
      patients) plus an aminoglycoside is generally recommended. The emphasis has been
      to simplify the earlier regimens without compromising the antimicrobial
      protection with a view to encouraging maximum compliance. The latter continues to
      be a problem where drug recommendations are either complex or include multiple
      drug or dosage recommendations. The emphasis on maintaining good dental health is
      endorsed by all authorities.

PMID- 2287894
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis of travellers' diarrhoea.
AB  - Travellers' diarrhoea (TD) is a condition affecting a large number of persons
      going to Africa, Asia or Latin America. The aetiology varies but is dominated by
      bacterial enteropathogens. Clinically TD is a self-limiting disease but a
      considerable proportion of those afflicted become incapacitated for one day or
      longer. Antibiotic prophylaxis of TD has been proven to be effective in trials
      comparing doxycycline, trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole, mecillinam, ciprofloxacin or
      norfloxacin to placebo. With all of those except ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin,
      selection of resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the faecal flora has been a major
      problem. In addition, co-trimoxazole has been found to cause high frequencies of
      adverse reactions. It is quite clear that, to avoid overuse of antibiotics and
      unnecessary side effects, prophylaxis of TD must be restricted to risk groups,
      e.g. patients with immunodeficiencies, reduced gastric acidity, inflammatory
      bowel diseases or serious diseases which may be worsened by TD. In other
      individuals going to areas with high incidences of TD short-term self-treatment
      seems to be a better alternative to prophylaxis. Both for prophylaxis and self
      treatment, a fluoroquinolone with documented activity against TD seems to be well
      advised.

PMID- 2287895
TI  - Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis in immunocompromised patients.
AB  - Opportunistic infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality in
      immunocompromised patients. Therefore, high priority should be given to efforts
      of prevention of infectious complications in these patients. Antimicrobial
      chemoprophylaxis is an important part of the preventive strategies used. Regimens
      for chemoprophylaxis are available against bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses.
      Important candidates for prophylaxis are patients with severe neutropenia,
      patients receiving bone-marrow or organ transplants, and patients with AIDS.
      While often effective, antimicrobial prophylaxis may be associated with problems.
      Thus, potential side effects may be serious. Emergence of resistant microbes may
      occur. The compliance may be poor for some prophylactic regimens. The
      disadvantages, including the cost of any particular regimen, should be balanced
      against the benefits obtained. However, the principle of antimicrobial
      prophylaxis remains attractive, and improved regimens will become available in
      the near future.

PMID- 2287896
TI  - Use of vaccines for respiratory infections. Strategies for influenza and
      pneumococcal vaccines.
AB  - Indications for use of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are reviewed in view
      of current knowledge of the incidence, risk factors and etiology of pneumonia in
      adults. It appears that both vaccines contribute equally in an almost additive
      fashion to predicted benefits of vaccination; therefore, both should be used for
      maximum benefit. Target groups for vaccination include both elderly persons (e.g.
      65 years and older) and younger ones who have medical risk factors that increase
      the likelihood or severity of pneumonia.

PMID- 2287897
TI  - New vaccines against bacterial enteric infections.
AB  - During the last 10 years, rapid progress in basic research and biotechnology
      related to enteric infection has now begun to have a substantial impact on
      vaccine development against these infections. Two new typhoid vaccines, one for
      oral administration and the other for injection, which have much fewer and milder
      side effects than previous whole-cell parenteral vaccines, have become available.
      An oral cholera vaccine has been developed which, without any adverse reactions
      at all, confers long-lasting protection against cholera. The new cholera vaccine
      also, through antitoxic immunologic cross-reactivity, protects significantly
      against diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Notable
      progress has also been made towards the development of an oral killed vaccine
      against ETEC diarrhoea as well as live attenuated vaccines against rotaviruses,
      cholera and shigellosis.

PMID- 2287898
TI  - Concluding remarks: antibiotic prophylaxis--policy and strategy.

PMID- 2287899
TI  - Interaction between antimicrobial consumption and selection of resistant
      bacterial strains.
AB  - The relationship between the consumption of antimicrobial agents and the
      emergence of resistance in bacteria is complex. However, there is clear-cut
      evidence that the therapeutic and prophylactic use of antimicrobials is
      associated with the emergence of resistance in the individual patient, in the
      hospital setting, and in the worldwide community as a whole.

PMID- 2287900
TI  - Ecological impact of antimicrobial prophylaxis on intestinal microflora in
      patients undergoing colorectal surgery.
AB  - During recent years the impact of different antimicrobial agents on the
      intestinal microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery has been
      investigated by our research group. Thus the effects on the microflora by
      parenteral administration of piperacillin, cefoxitin, cefbuperazone, moxalactam,
      aztreonam, imipenem, ampicillin + sulbactam, clindamycin, tinidazole,
      ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin have been studied. Pronounced changes were observed
      in the aerobic microflora in patients receiving ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, in
      the anaerobic microflora in patients receiving clindamycin and tinidazole and in
      both the aerobic and anaerobic microflora in those patients receiving
      piperacillin, cefoxitin, cefbuperazone, moxalactam, aztreonam, imipenem and
      ampicillin + sulbactam. Postoperative infections were observed in patients
      receiving piperacillin (2), ampicillin + sulbactam (1), cefoxitin (1), aztreonam
      (3), tinidazole (6), clindamycin (5) and ofloxacin (5). In the patient groups
      receiving cefbuperazone, moxalactam, imipenem and ciprofloxacin, no postoperative
      infections occurred.

PMID- 2287901
TI  - Pharmacokinetic parameters and characteristics relevant to antimicrobial surgical
      prophylaxis.
AB  - The penetration of antimicrobial agents to tissues above the minimum inhibitory
      concentrations of potentially infecting microorganisms is the key to successful
      prophylaxis after surgery. The levels reach relevant inhibitory concentrations
      within 10-15 min after therapeutic doses have been administered. This applies
      even to compounds with a high serum protein binding like flucloxacillin (96%
      binding). Rapid appearance of extravascular levels is also observed for
      antibiotics with particularly large molecular size, such as the macrolides. Peak
      concentrations in extravascular fluid are lower than those in serum. Tissues like
      the kidneys and liver are exceptions to this general rule because of the special
      extraction and concentration powers of these key excretory organs. Once the
      levels in serum and extravascular fluids have equilibrated, extravascular levels
      tend to be similar to the remainder of the dosage intervals in the case of
      substances with serum half-life values (t1/2) of 8-12 hours or more (e.g.
      sulphadiazine, trimethoprim). Compounds with a short t1/2 in the order of ca. 1-2
      hours exhibit extravascular concentrations after equilibrium which tend to be
      above those in serum (e.g. ampicillin, mecillinam). The mechanism of passage from
      blood to extravascular fluids is by passive diffusion following Fick's law of
      diffusion. The question remaining is what pharmacokinetic determinants may be
      relevant to the establishment of extravascular concentrations of antimicrobial
      agents. The major such variable is the serum concentrations of the agent. A
      direct linear relationship has thus been observed for a number of substances
      between the total areas under the concentration versus time curves (AUC) in serum
      and in peripheral fluids like lymph or tissue chamber fluid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2287902
TI  - Antimicrobial prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery and appendicitis.
AB  - The purpose of this presentation is to evaluate the role of anaerobic and aerobic
      microorganisms in postoperative infections after colorectal surgery and
      appendicitis, and to evaluate when antimicrobial agents should be administered
      prophylactically in conjunction with these operations. In one multicenter study,
      prophylactic regimens against anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms were compared
      for durations of one and three days after colorectal surgery. In another
      multicenter study, the effect of a regimen against anaerobes used alone or in
      combination with an agent against aerobes in one preoperative dose were compared.
      The different types of operations had different potential for postoperative
      infections. An antimicrobial agent against anaerobic microorganisms given as one
      preoperative dose may suffice in surgery on the upper part of the colon, but a
      combination with an agent against aerobic bacteria is recommended in rectal
      surgery. The effectiveness of agents against anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in
      preventing postoperative infections after appendectomy in cases of gangrenous or
      perforated appendicitis without general peritonitis were compared in another
      study. This concluded that an agent against anaerobes is recommended when the
      appendix is gangrenous or perforated.

PMID- 2287903
TI  - Antimicrobial prophylaxis in upper gastrointestinal, biliary, stomach and
      oesophageal surgery.
AB  - Start, duration and type of antimicrobial effect are decisive factor in
      prophylaxis in elective gastrointestinal surgery. Using a single dose regimen of
      400 mg doxycycline and 1,600 mg tinidazole immediately prior to surgery a highly
      significant reduction of postoperative infectious complications was achieved in
      colorectal, gastric, small bowel and biliary surgery. Even after 10 years of
      regular use, no signs of clinical resistance have emerged with a wound infection
      rate of 1.2%. In Norway there is today no reason to introduce cephalosporins,
      penems or quinolones in prophylaxis of gastrointestinal surgery.

PMID- 2287904
TI  - Antimicrobial prophylaxis in gynaecological and obstetric surgery.
AB  - Gynaecologic and obstetric surgery generally is prone to infections caused by
      bacteria from vagina. The vaginal flora contains normally more than 40 different
      microorganisms. Some of them are obligate pathogens, such as Chlamydia
      trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and serogroup B streptococci, for other
      microbial species, like mycoplasmas and staphylococci, the pathogenicity is
      uncertain. The vaginal flora is under the influence of a great number of
      variables, such as endocrine factors, life style, contraception, and the use of
      tampons/pads. The recent literature on antibiotic prophylaxis in gynaecology and
      obstetrics is surveyed. The conclusions are: Antibiotic prophylaxis is
      recommended in: Abdominal hysterectomy (in high risk cases), in vaginal
      hysterectomy, fertility surgery, elective abortion and miscarriage (in carriers
      of C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae), in cerclage (in endocervical colonization),
      Caesarean section (in high risk cases), and premature rupture of membranes. Great
      importance is attached to the prevention of infection of the neonates, with
      emphasis on the transmission of serogroup B streptococci and herpes simplex
      virus. The prevention of postoperative and postpartum urinary tract infections is
      discussed.

PMID- 2287905
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis in transurethral surgery. Ceftriaxone versus cephradine
      versus control. A randomized, prospective study in low risk patients.
AB  - In this prospective, randomized study, the efficacy of one dose ceftriaxone or 48
      hour cephradine therapy was compared to a control group to prevent urinary
      infection in 179 patients undergoing TUS. Only patients with low risk of
      developing infections were included. Both cephalosporins significantly reduced
      the incidence of UTI (ceftriaxone 11.9%, cephradine 17.6% compared to controls
      47.2%; p less than 0.0005). Ceftriaxone seemed to have the definite edge in
      antibacterial spectrum and was easier to administer. Both regimens were well
      tolerated. Culture of prostatic chips did not have any significant predictive
      value to determine which patients would develop UTI.

PMID- 2287906
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery.
AB  - Antibiotic prophylaxis is widely used in orthopaedic surgery although proof of
      its usefulness is lacking in some areas. The increasing use of joint replacement
      surgery and fracture fixation means that surgeons must examine the use of
      antibiotic prophylaxis very carefully. Its usefulness has been well demonstrated
      in joint replacement surgery although further work is required in traumatic
      orthopaedics. Additionally further investigation is required into the side
      effects and cost benefits of prophylaxis.

PMID- 2287907
TI  - Antimicrobial prophylaxis in cardiovascular surgery.
AB  - Antimicrobial prophylaxis for cardiovascular surgery has a long history despite
      there being surprisingly little formal proof of the need for it. The stated aims
      of chemoprophylaxis are prevention of early prosthetic valve endocarditis (EPVE)
      and sternotomy infections after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.
      Comparisons of narrow spectrum prophylaxis (flucloxacillin) and broad spectrum
      prophylaxis (cephradine) within a unit dedicated to open-heart surgery over a
      prolonged period suggest that narrow spectrum prophylaxis offers acceptably low
      levels of both infective complications whilst minimising colonisation of the
      patients with Gram-negative bacilli and yeasts. Some of the infective
      complications of open-heart surgery (intravascular catheter infections and
      urinary tract infections) are amenable to prevention by non-antibiotic means.

PMID- 2287908
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis in major head and neck surgery when clean-contaminated
      wounds are established.
AB  - The case reports of 26 consecutive patients undergoing major head and neck
      surgery establishing direct wound communication between skin and mucosa of the
      oral cavity or the pharynx were analysed with respect to postoperative wound
      infections. All but two of the patients were perioperatively administered
      benzylpenicillin or benzylpenicillin in combination with tinidazole. The
      frequencies of wound infections were 23-25% when only severe infections as
      fistulation, pus-formation were taken into account, but 59-75% when also mild
      infections, not likely to impair the healing, were considered. The most
      frequently isolated pathogen in the wound infections was beta-lactamase producing
      Staphylococcus aureus. It is concluded that antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the
      risk of severe wound infections by approximately 50%. Antimicrobial prophylaxis
      can only be regarded as an important complement to good surgical techniques.

PMID- 2287910
TI  - Guidelines for management of pregnant women with infections at delivery and care
      of their newborns.

PMID- 2287909
TI  - Antimicrobial prophylaxis in oral surgery.
AB  - Postsurgical infections after oral surgery in healthy patients are almost
      exclusively wound infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms
      endogenous to the oral cavity. Available data indicate that, in otherwise healthy
      patients, infectious complications after dentoalveolar surgery are decreased
      after penicillin prophylaxis. However, prophylaxis is still not recommended as a
      routine procedure, because wound infections are generally mild and easy to deal
      with. In maxillofacial surgery evidence exists that short term prophylaxis is
      preferable to long term; however, no definite proof is available to indicate that
      prophylaxis is preferable at all. In patients with locally or systemically
      reduced defence mechanisms, antimicrobial prophylaxis is generally advocated.
      Best defined regimens for antimicrobial prophylaxis in oral surgery concern
      patients at the risk of endocarditis, while guidelines still have an empiric base
      in immunocompromised patient groups.

PMID- 2287911
TI  - Pregnant women with acute respiratory illness at term.

PMID- 2287912
TI  - Whooping cough in late pregnancy.

PMID- 2287913
TI  - Varicella-zoster infections in late pregnancy.

PMID- 2287914
TI  - Mumps in pregnancy at term.

PMID- 2287915
TI  - Measles in pregnancy.

PMID- 2287916
TI  - Management of women at term with pregnancy complicated by rubella.

PMID- 2287917
TI  - Infections with echoviruses and coxsackieviruses in late pregnancy.

PMID- 2287918
TI  - Management of women at term with pregnancy complicated by herpes simplex.

PMID- 2287919
TI  - HIV infection and pregnancy.

PMID- 2287920
TI  - Streptococcal infections in late pregnancy and labor.

PMID- 2287921
TI  - Staphylococcal infection in pregnancy at term.

PMID- 2287922
TI  - Listeriosis during pregnancy and in neonates.

PMID- 2287923
TI  - Management of pregnant women with diarrhoea at term and of healthy carriers of
      infectious agents in stools at delivery.

PMID- 2287924
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis infection in late pregnancy and in neonates.

PMID- 2287925
TI  - Lyme borreliosis during pregnancy.

PMID- 2287926
TI  - Is the familial/sporadic subdivision a method of genetics?
AB  - Subdividing a sample of patients on the basis of family history into familial and
      sporadic cases is a simple research method whose purpose is often misunderstood.
      What it can do is to reveal etiological heterogeneity by refuting a hypothesis of
      homogeneity. If familial cases prove to be different from sporadic cases in some
      respect, the question of a refutation arises. Homogeneity is usually assumed in
      genetic work on schizophrenia. This assumption is also widespread outside genetic
      circles, but it is not necessarily true. If it is false, research into the causes
      of schizophrenia must be redirected. The author claims that the use of
      familial/sporadic subdivisions is a clinical research method that does not
      require genetic expertise. Geneticists may frown upon it for its lack of
      sophistication, but the important thing is whether it works in actual attempts to
      refute the homogeneity view.

PMID- 2287927
TI  - Problems and pitfalls of the family history positive and negative dichotomy:
      response to Dalen.
AB  - The authors defend the proposition that the simple division of schizophrenia into
      family history positive versus family history negative in the hope of uncovering
      etiological heterogeneity is too naive for a multifactorial disorder as
      contrasted with rare, mendelizing genetic conditions. Dalen is correct to
      forecast that a monolithic homogeneity view about the origins of schizophrenia is
      likely to be refuted and that it is important to pursue such a strategy. Using
      computed tomographic brain scan results and the simple dichotomy of family
      history positive versus family history negative as an illustration, we show the
      weakness (lack of statistical power) of the strategy. The problem arises from the
      fact that a negative family history for schizophrenia characterizes the vast
      majority of schizophrenic patients just as it does for insulin-dependent
      diabetes, another genetically influenced multifactorial disorder. A continuum
      from more genetic to less genetic variation in the etiology of schizophrenia fits
      the available familial patterns of risk.

PMID- 2287928
TI  - Frontal lobes, basal ganglia, temporal lobes--three sites for schizophrenia?
AB  - This special issue of the Schizophrenia Bulletin focuses on three brain areas
      hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia--the frontal lobes,
      the basal ganglia, and the temporal lobes. Contributors to the issue review
      evidence from brain-imaging, post-mortem, and psychopharmacological studies that
      support the involvement of each of these important brain areas in schizophrenia.
      It is concluded that theories emphasizing cortical/subcortical interconnections
      rather than a single brain area provide the greatest challenge, and also the
      greatest promise, to schizophrenia researchers.

PMID- 2287929
TI  - The frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and temporal lobes as sites for schizophrenia.
AB  - Positron emission tomography studies with fluorodeoxyglucose in patients with
      schizophrenia are reviewed and findings in the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and
      temporal lobes summarized from more than 20 published studies. Despite
      methodological and clinical population differences between studies, most reports
      indicate that patients with schizophrenia are more likely to be low in these
      areas than in the occipital lobe, cerebellum, or in white matter. This is
      consistent with blood flow and some neuroanatomical findings. Cluster analysis on
      our own sample suggests that patients may be low in all three areas rather than a
      pattern of three distinct clusters. Further study of individual symptom
      differences, medication effects, and of psychophysical tasks salient for these
      brain areas is indicated.

PMID- 2287930
TI  - The case of frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia.
AB  - A frontostriatal hypothesis of schizophrenia is advanced which takes into account
      evidence from studies of neurochemical pathology, functional imaging, cognitive
      neuropsychology, and experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, in addition to
      factor analyses of the symptomatic heterogeneity of this disorder. This evidence
      is illuminated by the recent characterization of anatomically segregated,
      functionally distinct corticostriatal loops which provide possible substrates for
      understanding the significance of functional changes in striatal and cortical
      dopaminergic activity interacting with other forms of structural pathology in
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 2287931
TI  - Frontal lobe influences on delusions: a clinical perspective.
AB  - The presence of delusions, a significant feature of many schizophrenic patients,
      implies a disturbance of reality testing. Through descriptions of a number of
      organic delusion syndromes featuring frontal damage, and a theory of prefrontal
      functions, a correlation of schizophrenic delusions and prefrontal malfunctions
      is postulated.

PMID- 2287932
TI  - Hypofrontal vs. hypo-Sylvian blood flow in schizophrenia.
AB  - Hypofrontality in schizophrenia has been a frequent but not consistent finding in
      regional cerebral blood flow studies. However, the contributions of subject and
      state variables such as age, education, task activation, and anxiety, some of
      which are known to influence blood flow profiles, have not been thoroughly
      examined in this population. Here, in a sample including 24 normal, 18
      schizophrenic, 22 bipolar, and 13 unipolar depressive subjects, narrative prose
      memory deficit was found to distinguish both schizophrenic and bipolar subjects
      from normal controls. Further, when these subjects were engaged in repeated
      trials of a verbal recognition memory task, left hemisphere hypofrontal blood
      flow in the early stage of learning was related to narrative memory, independent
      of diagnostic group. In the late stage of learning, state anxiety was
      significantly associated with left hypofrontality, while right hypofrontality was
      significantly related to narrative memory--both findings again independent of
      diagnostic group. A focal suppression of left hemispheric peri-Sylvian activation
      (in Broca's and Wernicke's areas) uniquely characterized schizophrenia after
      taking into account variance due to age, education, gender, state anxiety, and
      verbal memory. It is concluded that a failure of left peri-Sylvian activation
      during memory task performance reflects a unique language-related focal deficit
      in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2287933
TI  - Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia.
AB  - With evidence that determinants of psychosis are present early and influence
      brain development, and in the absence of a significant environmental
      contribution, schizophrenia may be regarded as a genetic encephalopathy.
      Morphological abnormalities are particularly apparent in the temporal lobe and on
      the left side of the brain, and in a number of studies significant diagnosis x
      side interactions have been detected. Such interactions suggest an intimate
      relationship between the disease process and the mechanisms that determine
      asymmetrical brain development. These mechanisms presumably relate to the human
      capacity for speech and communication, and they may have played a critical role
      in the evolution of the human brain. A candidate locus for an asymmetry
      determinant and the psychosis gene within the exchange region of the sex
      chromosomes is proposed. Some sex differences in schizophrenia (e.g., with
      respect to age of onset and brain structure) may relate to subtle differences in
      the rate of asymmetry development in the two sexes.

PMID- 2287934
TI  - Neurobehavioral studies in schizophrenia: implications for regional brain
      dysfunction.
AB  - The application of neurobehavioral methods to the study of brain function in
      schizophrenia can provide useful information on the neurobiology of
      schizophrenia. Standard neuropsychological batteries were designed to assess
      behavioral correlates of regional brain function. Methodological considerations
      in the application of these tests to schizophrenia are discussed. Although there
      is considerable evidence for both frontal and temporal lobe dysfunction in
      schizophrenia, the field is likely to advance further through the systematic
      study of brain function. A combination of neurobehavioral and physiological data
      obtained simultaneously is a promising avenue to pursue, and the behavioral
      imaging method is presented as an example of one approach to data integration.

PMID- 2287936
TI  - Royal Park Multidiagnostic Instrument for Psychosis: Part I. Rationale and
      review.
AB  - The Royal Park Multidiagnostic Instrument for Psychosis (RPMIP) is a validity
      oriented assessment procedure developed for the acute psychotic episode using
      serial interviews and multiple information sources to construct a data base of
      clinical information. A number of sets of operational criteria, including 11
      definitions of schizophrenia and several concepts of atypical, schizoaffective,
      and affective psychoses, are simultaneously applied to the data base to produce a
      diagnostic profile for each patient that can be linked to other variables. This
      article describes the rationale for the development of the RPMIP and contrasts it
      with other assessment and diagnostic procedures. A companion article (Part II)
      presents data on interrater reliability and procedural validity, together with an
      account of the structure and development of the instrument.

PMID- 2287935
TI  - Brain magnetic resonance imaging: approaches for investigating schizophrenia.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the potential for identifying, in vivo,
      specific brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. The detection of
      small morphological differences in areas such as the prefrontal cortex, limbic
      structures, and basal ganglia requires attention to a number of technical and
      methodological details. The effects of age, height, sex, head size, and overall
      tissue loss are of particular concern and are discussed. MRI acquisition and
      processing techniques for improving gray/white tissue contrast and image
      resolution are described, as are techniques for quantitative, volumetric
      measurement of localized regions of interest and specific brain structures as
      well as of the brain as a whole. Techniques for evaluating frontal lobes,
      temporal lobes, and basal ganglia integrity are reviewed, and recent observations
      on these brain regions in patients with schizophrenia are described.

PMID- 2287937
TI  - Royal Park Multidiagnostic Instrument for Psychosis: Part II. Development,
      reliability, and validity.
AB  - The Royal Park Multidiagnostic Instrument for Psychosis is a validity-oriented
      assessment procedure developed for the acute psychotic episode using serial
      interviews and multiple information sources. This article describes the
      development and structure of the RPMIP and reports the findings of an interrater
      reliability study (n = 50). In addition, results are presented from a study that
      examined aspects of the procedural validity of the instrument when contrasted
      with consensus diagnoses made by a team of clinicians applying operational
      criteria in a less formal way to a common sample of patients (n = 87). Finally,
      the role of assessment procedures of this type in research into psychiatric
      disorders is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2287938
TI  - Pyramidical model of schizophrenia.
AB  - Research and treatment of schizophrenia have been impeded by its heterogeneity
      and the lack of well-standardized methods for a comprehensive assessment of
      symptoms, including positive and negative dimensions. To study symptom profiles,
      therefore, we standardized and administered a well-operationalized 30-item
      psychiatric symptom scale to 240 schizophrenic inpatients. Principal component
      analysis suggested a pyramidlike triangular model of uncorrelated but
      nonexclusive syndromes that encompassed the spectrum of psychopathology.
      Negative, positive, and depressive features constituted divergent points of a
      triangular base, and excitement made up a separate vertical axis. Paired
      syndromes could account for symptoms of the paranoid (positive-depressive),
      disorganized (positive-negative), and catatonic (negative-depressive) diagnostic
      subtypes. The transversal positions in this model suggested polarized dimensions
      in schizophrenia, including a prognostic axis (depression-cognitive dysfunction).
      The findings imply that (1) negative and positive syndromes show factorial
      validity and distinction from depression but, alone, are insufficient to
      accommodate the full diversity of symptoms; (2) schizophrenic subtypes derive
      from a hybrid between unrelated but co-occurring dimensions that may define the
      fundamental elements of psychopathology; and (3) the pyramidical model is of
      heuristic value. The results help to clarify the heterogeneity of schizophrenia
      and to illuminate the path toward syndrome-specific treatments.

PMID- 2287939
TI  - First person account: behind the mask: a functional schizophrenic copes.

PMID- 2287940
TI  - Cardiac compression in rheumatoid pericarditis.
AB  - Rheumatoid pericarditis occurs in approximately one third of rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) patients. However, clinically apparent rheumatoid pericarditis is
      infrequent. The authors found clinical pericarditis in 12 of 960 patients
      admitted for RA, 5 of whom had manifestations of cardiac compression. These 5 had
      longer duration of RA, worse functional class, and more extraarticular features
      than the patients without cardiac compression. Presenting features of cardiac
      compression included dyspnea, edema, chest pain, and pulsus paradoxus. Treatment
      of patients with cardiac compression due to rheumatoid pericarditis may include a
      trial of systemically administered corticosteroids, but this should not delay
      surgical intervention for impending tamponade. Pericardiocentesis should only be
      performed as an emergency, life-saving procedure. It may be followed by
      intrapericardiac injection of corticosteroids, but this does not prevent
      recurrence. Longer-lasting benefit is obtained by surgical decompression. Two
      year mortality in patients with cardiac compression was 100%. The literature on
      the subject is reviewed.

PMID- 2287941
TI  - Clinical associations of antiribonucleoprotein antibodies in patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - The authors undertook a cross-sectional study to investigate the clinical
      associations of antiribonucleoprotein (anti-RNP) antibodies in 49 patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without other concomitant connective tissue
      disorders. The traditional counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and the
      immunoblotting (IB) technique were compared. Clinically, special attention was
      given to the identification of sclerodermalike features. All patients completed a
      detailed questionnaire, physical examination, and additional investigations
      including pulmonary function tests, chest roentgenogram, radionuclide transit
      studies of the esophagus, and nailfold capillary microscopy. Pulmonary function
      testing and radionuclide transit studies of the esophagus were very sensitive for
      the detection of (subclinical) pulmonary and esophageal involvement,
      respectively. Within the relatively homogeneous SLE population, a subset was
      recognized that was characterized clinically by the presence of sclerodermalike
      features such as Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, interstitial changes on
      chest roentgenogram, and decreased numbers of nailfold capillary loops, and
      serologically by the presence of anti-RNP antibodies. IB was somewhat more
      sensitive than CIE for the detection of anti-RNP (anti-Sm/anti-nRNP) antibodies
      but did not identify other clinical associations. Thus, anti-RNP antibodies in
      SLE are associated with scleroderma-associated features. For clinical practice,
      CIE is the technique recommended for their detection.

PMID- 2287942
TI  - Increased risk of neisserial infections in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Survival in systemic lupus erythamatosus (SLE) continues to improve because of
      better ancillary care, earlier diagnosis, and earlier treatment. However,
      infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this disease.
      Although corticosteroids and immunosuppresives increase the risk of opportunistic
      infection, the SLE patient is still most at risk from common bacterial pathogens.
      As the prototypic immune-complex disease, patients with active SLE have low
      circulating complement as well as a reticuloendothelial system (RES) saturated
      with immune complexes. It seems intuitive that SLE patients should be most at
      risk for organisms dependent for their removal on the RES or complement for
      opsonization or bacteriolysis. The current series presents four patients with SLE
      and disseminated neisseria infection and brings to 14 the number of patients in
      the literature with disseminated neisserial infection. They are typically young,
      female, with renal disease, and either congenital or acquired hypocomplementemia,
      and may present with all features of a lupus flare. Surprisingly, they are not
      all on corticosteroids or immunosuppressives and have some features that are
      unusual for non-SLE patients with these infections. There seems to be an over
      representation of Nisseria meningitidis (despite potential reporting bias), and
      there ironically may be better tolerance with fewer fulminant complications in
      patients who have complement deficiencies. The best approach for the physician
      treating SLE is to immunize all SLE patients with available bacterial vaccines to
      N meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumonia, have a low threshold of suspicion for
      the diagnosis of disseminated neisserial or other encapsulated bacterial
      infection in the SLE patient who is sick, and to treat empirically with third
      generation cephalosporins after appropriate cultures.

PMID- 2287943
TI  - Functional asplenia in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - A patient with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus was successfully treated for
      pneumococcal sepsis complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock,
      renal failure, and functional asplenia. Functional asplenia was diagnosed from
      the total absence of uptake of intravenously administered 99mtechnetium-labeled
      sulfur colloid. Ten similar cases of functional asplenia occurring in patients
      with systemic lupus erythematosus were noted in a review of the literature. Six
      of these cases, including the current report, were complicated by pneumococcal
      (5) or salmonella (1) sepsis. The patient presented here had an excellent
      antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination. Spleen scan abnormalities fully
      reversed at 1 year. Although functional asplenia is a rare event in systemic
      lupus erythematosus, it appears to predispose to severe septic complications.

PMID- 2287944
TI  - Methotrexate: mechanism of action in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Most studies of immune function in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated
      with methotrexate (MTX) show only marginal effects on humoral or cellular immune
      responses. These include measurements of lymphocyte subsets, proliferative
      responses to mitogens, immunoglobulin production, rheumatoid factor and immune
      complexes. The mechanism of action of MTX in RA might be more antiinflammatory
      than immunosuppressive. This is supported by the rapid clinical response to drug
      treatment and by data from in vitro and animal studies. The inhibition of
      interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity or other inflammatory cytokines by MTX may play an
      important role in the antiinflammatory effect of MTX. MTX effects in RA are not
      fully understood and further studies are needed to clarify its mechanism of
      action. MTX has crucial effects on the cascade of events initiated by some
      cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor), which plays a major role in RA and
      other inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 2287945
TI  - Proteoglycans of articular cartilage: changes in aging and in joint disease.
AB  - In human osteoarthritis and animal models of degenerative joint disease, damage
      to the structure of cartilage proteoglycan is a central event. Loss of
      proteoglycan from the matrix alters the physicochemical properties of the tissue,
      but the pathological process and biochemical mechanisms that lead to this loss
      are poorly understood. This review examines the present state of knowledge
      regarding proteoglycan structure and the changes that occur in aging and
      osteoarthritis. It also discusses how these studies will influence the
      development of new methods for measuring cartilage breakdown.

PMID- 2287946
TI  - Some recent clinical approaches to osteoarthritis research.
AB  - Clinical investigation of osteoarthritis (OA) is the starting point of the
      "research triangle," leading to appropriate animal and in vitro studies. This
      article discusses the historical perspective of clinical investigation,
      definition of OA, case studies taking place in Bristol, assessment and
      measurement of OA, including imaging of various types and possible biochemical
      "markers" of the OA process. The different aspects of the process of OA need to
      be related to outcome, and the future for clinical research in OA is postulated.

PMID- 2287947
TI  - Obesity and osteoarthritis of the knee: evidence from the National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I).
AB  - The importance of systemic/metabolic factors in the association of obesity with
      radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) was examined for 3,905 adults aged 45 to 74
      from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1971 to
      1975 (NHANES I). Obesity was associated with both bilateral and unilateral OA,
      but more strongly with bilateral OA. Obesity was also associated with both
      symptomatic and nonsymptomatic knee OA. Controlling for age, sex, serum
      cholesterol, serum uric acid, diabetes, body fat distribution, bone density, and
      blood pressure did not significantly reduce the association between obesity and
      knee OA. Findings from these data are not supportive of a metabolic link between
      obesity and knee OA.

PMID- 2287948
TI  - The epidemiology of knee osteoarthritis: results from the Framingham
      Osteoarthritis Study.
AB  - The Framingham Knee Osteoarthritis study is a population-based study of
      independently living elderly examining the prevalence of radiographic and
      symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. This group was assessed in the early 1980s at
      which time they had been observed for over 35 years and many risk factors for
      osteoarthritis had been ascertained. Results from this study suggest that knee
      osteoarthritis increases in prevalence throughout the elderly years, more so in
      women than in men. Also, studies of risk factors have shown that obesity precedes
      and increases the risk of knee osteoarthritis, especially in women. Other risk
      factors documented by the Framingham Osteoarthritis study to be important as risk
      factors for disease include knee injury, chondrocalcinosis, and occupational knee
      bending and physical labor. Radiographic knee osteoarthritis was negatively
      associated with smoking. No clearcut relationship of osteoarthritis with estrogen
      use in women was found. In terms of disability, lower extremity dysfunction is
      common in patients with knee osteoarthritis, but upper extremity dysfunction is
      not, and symptoms and severe degrees of radiographic osteoarthritis are
      associated with higher risks of dysfunction.

PMID- 2287949
TI  - The small proteoglycans of cartilage matrix.
AB  - The small proteoglycans (PGs) of cartilage matrix represent a small fraction of
      the total mass of PGs, but with a small size they can be present in equivalent
      moles to the large PGs. Three types of PGs with a wide skeletal and extraskeletal
      distribution, biglycan (PGI), decorin (PGII) and fibromodulin have distinct but
      homologous core proteins containing leucin-rich sequences. Carbohydrate
      substituants (one or two chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate chains for decorin
      and biglycan respectively, chains of keratan sulfate for fibromodulin and
      oligosaccharides) present variations from tissue to tissue and with age and other
      factors. Decorin and fibromodulin appear to interact with collagen and to
      participate in the regulation of collagen matrices. In vitro experiments indicate
      a role for small PGs in adhesion, multiplication, differentiation, and migration
      of cells. Recent data on molecular biology of the small PGs contribute to a
      better understanding of their functions and make the evaluation of their role in
      hereditary diseases.

PMID- 2287950
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of hematologic disorders.

PMID- 2287951
TI  - Clinical and molecular aspects of disorders of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton.

PMID- 2287952
TI  - Immune thrombocytopenia in the perinatal period.
AB  - In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the
      pathogenic mechanisms involved in the allo- and autoimmune thrombocytopenias. A
      number of new platelet-associated alloantigens have been described and platelet
      autoantigens continue to be studied in more detail. Specific assays for
      antibodies directed against the major antigenic platelet glycoproteins are now
      available. Important recent clinical investigations have led to modification of
      the management of immune thrombocytopenia in the perinatal period, resulting in a
      reduced risk of hemorrhagic complications for both mother and infant. Future
      investigations are likely to further improve the outcome of these pregnancies.

PMID- 2287953
TI  - Neutrophils in the newborn: normal characteristics and quantitative disorders.

PMID- 2287954
TI  - Congenital coagulation protein deficiencies in the perinatal period.
AB  - Less common than acquired bleeding disorders in the perinatal period, congenital
      deficiencies of the clotting proteins, particularly the hemophilias A and B, can
      be just as devastating. Detection of these disorders may be delayed because a
      suspect family history is lacking in up to one third of the cases of hemophilia,
      and parents are usually asymptomatic in the other congenital factor deficiencies.
      Physiologically low levels of the liver-dependent and contact factors can make
      the interpretation of the common hemostasis screens difficult. Hence, the use of
      age-adjusted tables such as those presented here is essential. Congenital
      deficiencies of clotting proteins should be suspected when serious CNS bleeding
      occurs in an otherwise healthy baby generally after a day or two. Factor XIII or
      other less common factor deficiencies should be sought when there is prolonged
      bleeding from the umbilical stump. Bleeding after circumcision is a rare early
      indicator nowadays with better techniques. The availability of bedside ultrasound
      to detect CNS hemorrhage early and of fresh frozen plasma for treatment preceding
      the results of specific factor assays should prevent serious sequelae. Elective
      cesarean section is currently recommended when an unborn infant is known to have
      hemophilia.

PMID- 2287955
TI  - Diagnosis and management of thromboses in the perinatal period.

PMID- 2287956
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation in the perinatal period.

PMID- 2287957
TI  - Fertility and pregnancy after malignancy.

PMID- 2287958
TI  - Economic appraisal of new technology in the absence of survival data--the case of
      total hip replacement.
AB  - The development of total hip replacement has reached a level at which little
      further improvement in pain relief or quality of life can be expected from the
      introduction of new prosthetic technology. Rather, it is reasonable to expect
      longer trouble-free prosthetic life. This paper develops a mathematical model for
      a comparative economic appraisal of two types of prostheses, the conventional
      cemented one and the new cementless one. The lack of reliable survivorship data
      precludes reaching definite conclusions. However, by extensive sensitivity
      analysis with respect to a number of cost parameters the model can be used to
      derive conditions under which the cementless prosthesis is more cost effective.
      Expert medical judgement can then be used to gage whether these conditions are
      likely to be satisfied. The paper highlights the importance of collecting
      statistically valid performance data on any new medical technology from its first
      introduction. Without these, its full-scale adoption will be based largely on
      subjective grounds rather than a proper cost benefit analysis. It finally shows
      how both aspects--economic modeling and scientific data collection--form part of
      an integrated management programme for the economic evaluation of new medical
      technology.

PMID- 2287959
TI  - The structure of a factory closure: individual responses to job-loss and
      unemployment in a 10-year controlled follow-up study.
AB  - A prospective study has been conducted of 85 employees (72 women and 13 men) made
      redundant when a brisling sardine factory on the west coast of Norway was shut
      down in 1975. 87 employees (66 women and 21 men) in a 'sister factory' which was
      not shut down, were used as controls. Previous analyses have shown a substantial
      reduction in future employment of the study group, a two-fold increase in time
      consumed on sick leave during the first follow-up year, and a more than three
      fold increase in the life-table based rates of disability pensions (invalidity)
      during the first four follow-up years compared to the controls. In this paper the
      follow-up data regarding six mutually exclusive and inclusive conditions related
      to employment and health have been analysed on a weeks per person per year basis,
      permitting the effects of job-loss over 10 years to be compared with what could
      have been expected had the factory not been closed. For those not subjected to
      old age pension or death, three kinds of long-term adaptation showed a marked
      differential effect among study subjects and controls: a substantial long-term
      reduction in mean time spent in job, an increase in consumption of time on
      disability pension, and an increase in time spent outside the labour force
      without social security coverage, the latter being mostly confined to women.
      These follow-up data provide a comprehensive picture of individual long-term
      adaptation to involuntary job-loss, emphasizing its effects on future employment,
      health, social readjustment and social security benefit consumption.

PMID- 2287961
TI  - A test of the relationship between race, socioeconomic status, and psychological
      distress.
AB  - Contrary to the general position in the research literature, Kessler and
      Neighbors have argued that race has independent effects on psychological distress
      among the lower class in the United States. They claim that lower-class blacks
      have significantly higher levels of distress than lower-class whites and this
      result is due to race rather than social class. A test of this proposition is
      presented in this paper. These data do not support the contention that race makes
      a difference in levels of psychological distress among the lower class. We found,
      that, as income increases among blacks and whites, psychological distress
      decreases and this is especially true for blacks. However, there was no
      significant difference between blacks and whites at the lowest income levels.

PMID- 2287960
TI  - Adverse effects of acculturation: psychological distress among Mexican American
      young adults.
AB  - We examined the relationship between acculturation and psychological distress in
      young (20-30), middle aged (31-50), and older adult (51-74) Mexican Americans (n
      = 3084). The data were from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
      (HHANES). Acculturation was measured with items on spoken and written language
      and ethnic identification. Psychological distress was measured with the Center
      for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We found that as
      acculturation increased, distress significantly increased in young adults but
      tended to decrease in older adults. This general pattern held for males and
      females and was consistent for the CES-D total score and caseness rates. The
      effects of acculturation were independent of the effects of income and education.
      We discuss that alienation and discrimination may be two intervening events
      producing the psychological distress of the highly acculturated young adults.
      Further, our findings tentatively suggest a longitudinal process whereby
      acculturated younger Mexican Americans attempting to advance themselves
      economically and socially in the dominant society strip themselves of traditional
      resources and ethnically-based social support. Through the years, however, they
      may re-establish ties to their native culture which contributes to relatively
      positive mental health.

PMID- 2287962
TI  - Sensitivity to patients' psychosocial concerns: relationships among ratings by
      primary care and traditional internal medicine house officers and patient self
      assessments.
AB  - This study examined house officers' sensitivity to patients' psychosocial
      concerns. Primary care house officers, traditionally trained internal medicine
      house officers, a social worker, and 104 ambulatory care patients independently
      completed an assessment instrument to indicate the extent to which a set of 20
      defined psychosocial issues concerned the patients. We examined the magnitude of
      difference and extent of correlation in the independent reports of the patient,
      house officer, and social worker. These analyses were conducted on both the
      individual psychosocial issues and on sets of concerns derived from an oblique
      rotation factor analysis of the patients' responses. Primary care trainees'
      assessments of their patients' concerns correlated more frequently with the
      independent assessments of the patients and a social worker than did the
      judgments of the traditionally trained house officers. The factor analysis
      identified six factors that accounted for 64.4% of the variance in patients'
      responses. The correlations between the primary care trainees' and patients'
      assessments were statistically significant on five of these six factors; the
      correlations between the traditionally trained residents' and patients'
      assessments were statistically significant on two of the factors. These results
      provide evidence of the primary care house officer training program's achievement
      of the goal of enhanced physician awareness of patients' psychosocial concerns.
      The results also support training efforts aimed at increasing physicians' ability
      to assess their patients' psychosocial concerns.

PMID- 2287963
TI  - Changes in breast-feeding in the Philippines 1973-1983.
AB  - Only limited research has been conducted on the patterns and determinants of
      changes over time in the extent and duration of breast-feeding. Methods are used
      that allow the examination of the effects of changes in population
      characteristics and behavioral factors on breast-feeding outcomes. Comparable
      national surveys are employed to examine the factors associated with the
      combination of a decline in the extent of and an increase in the duration of
      breast-feeding between 1973 and 1983 in the Philippines. Important differences
      are found in the factors explaining the extent and duration of breast-feeding
      between 1973 and 1983.

PMID- 2287964
TI  - Perceptions and behaviour among elderly hospital patients: description and
      explanation of age differences in satisfaction, knowledge, emotions and
      behaviour.
AB  - In this study, it is first of all investigated whether elderly and younger
      hospital patients differ with respect to satisfaction with several aspects of
      their stay in the hospital, medical and hospital knowledge, emotional state,
      seeking information, discussing problems and engaging in self-care. Second, it is
      investigated whether age differences on these variables can be explained by
      demographic variables, previous hospitalization experience, information received
      and personality characteristics on which elderly and younger patients differ.
      Results show that compared to younger patients, elderly patients are more
      satisfied, have less knowledge and a smaller number of emotional problems and are
      less active during hospital admission. These differences covary with, a more
      positive assessment of the information received, a stronger level of external
      control, a higher level of social desirability and stronger feelings of gratitude
      among elderly patients. These results are in line with Taylor's concept of the
      'good patient'. Finally, based on the findings, measures are suggested for health
      workers to promote the well-being of elderly hospital patients.

PMID- 2287965
TI  - [Qualitative and quantitative studies of synovial lesions in early rheumatoid
      arthritis demonstrated by immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - We investigate the early stage of synovial lesions in 12 cases of rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA), which were diagnosed according to the criteria refined by America
      Rheumatism Association in 1987. The purpose of this study was to follow the
      inflammatory process from beginning to well known typical inflammatory features
      which are composed of a lot of lymphocytes and proliferated capillaries and the
      synovial cells. The characteristics of this study were that 1) the arthroscopy
      was applied for observation and getting synovial tissues, 2) 7 kinds of
      monoclonal antibodies were used for biopsied synovial tissues in
      immunohistochemistry study, further 3) qualitative and quantitative methods were
      adopted for identifying the infiltrating cells. These methods have developed
      recently in the fields of orthopaedics and immuno-histopathology, respectively.
      In very early stage, first, HLA/DR positive cells with large elongated cytoplasm
      accompanied but a few processes were found in pericapillary regions. These were
      neither macrophages nor lymphocytes. Following them T lymphocytes appeared and B
      lymphocytes appeared to aggregate in later. Quantitatively the number of HLA/DR
      positive cells including macrophages, B lymphocytes and a part of T lymphocytes
      and of Interstitial cells, increase and occupied the fairly large number of ratio
      in the cells of synovial tissues in RA.

PMID- 2287966
TI  - [Causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis--analysis of 117 cases for
      13 years].
AB  - One hundred seventeen deaths of RA patients (30 males and 87 females) at National
      Sagamihara Hospital for 13 years (1975-1988) were analysed. The average duration
      of disease were 10.5 years in male patients and 17.7 years in female. The average
      life span of the patients with RA, revealing 65.8 years in male and 63.7 years in
      female, were much shorter than of general population. The causes of all deaths
      were investigated by ourselves and/or autopsy. The autopsy was performed in
      56.6%. The most common causes of death in RA patients were infectious diseases
      (20.5%), respiratory diseases (16%, mainly interstitial pneumonia and chronic
      obstructive lung diseases), and gastrointestinal diseases (14.7% chiefly
      perforation or bleeding of peptic ulcer). The distribution of causes of death in
      RA patients was quite different from in general population. The gastrointestinal
      disease decreased from 20% in the early half (1975-1981) to 12.6% in the latter
      half (1982-1987). It seems likely that H2-receptor antagonist played a major role
      for preventing the death by perforation or bleeding of ulcer, because the drug
      has been used since 1982 in Japan. Renal insufficiency including amyloidosis
      increased markedly in the latter half (14.9%) compared with in the early half
      (6.7%). Frequency of infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, and basilar
      impression remain unchanged in all course. Although our study are case-analysis
      in only one institute and further study will be necessary, the accumulation of
      the data investigated by rheumatologist will be helpful to grasp correct cause of
      death in patients with RA.

PMID- 2287967
TI  - [A case of polymyositis associated with unusual CPK isoenzyme pattern and
      myocardial imaging].
AB  - A case of polymyositis (PM) associated with abnormal creatinine phosphokinase
      (CPK) isoenzyme pattern and Thallium-201 (Tl-201) myocardial imaging was
      reported. No such case has ever been reported in Japan. A 44-year-old female was
      admitted for evaluation of muscular weakness of proximal limbs and
      polyarthralgia. On laboratory examinations, the serum levels of CPK, aldolase and
      transaminase were markedly elevated. The electromyograms revealed a typical
      myogenic pattern. On the pathological findings, the principal changes in muscle
      tissue consisted of inflammatory cell infiltration. Based on those findings, she
      was diagnosed as having polymyositis. In our patient, there were three
      characteristics as following; (1) CPK-MB of CPK isoenzyme showed persistent high
      levels, (2) macro CPK in Electrophoresis of CPK was observed, (3) Tl-201
      myocardial imaging revealed multifocal perfusion defects and localized defect in
      left ventricular inferior wall. She was started on therapy with prednisolone (30
      mg/day). The clinical and laboratory manifestations were improved. Abnormal CPK
      isoenzyme pattern and myocardial imaging were also improved parallel with disease
      activity of PM. Thus, this case indicated the relation of the damage of skeletal
      muscle and cardial involvement in PM to unusual CPK isoenzyme pattern. Then wer
      reported this case.

PMID- 2287968
TI  - [A case of temporal arteritis associated with polymyalgia rheumatica and
      subclinical Sjogren's syndrome].
AB  - A case of temporal arteritis (TA) associated with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
      and subclinical Sjogren's syndrome (sub SjS) was presented in this paper. A 76
      year-old-male was admitted with headache, fever and weight loss in April 1987.
      Myalgia of upper extremities and of thighs developed during the past two months
      before admission. He also had noticed bilateral wrist pain. Physical examination
      revealed slight cord-like thickening of left temporal artery with tenderness.
      Cerebral angiography disclosed narrowing of frontal and parietal branches of left
      temporal artery. Temporal artery biopsy was consistent with TA. Diagnosis of PMR
      was made by Bird's diagnostic criteria. Although sicca symptoms were not seen,
      sialography revealed moderate sialectasis. Pathological finding of salivary gland
      was compatible with sub SjS. Possibility of occult lymphoma was eliminated by CT
      scanning or myelogram. Laboratory evaluation disclosed slight anemia,
      leukocytosis and thrombocytosis. Blood chemistry showed no abnormal finding
      except for hyperfibrinogenemia. Serological studies indicated positive C-reactive
      protein and slight elevation of alpha 2 and beta globulin fractions of serum
      protein. Either rheumatoid factors, antinuclear antibodies, anti-smooth muscle
      antibodies, cryoglobulin or circulating immune complexes were not detected. The
      HLA-B8 and DR3, frequently detected in TA and SjS, were not identified.
      Tuberculin test was negative. These results suggested that immunological
      aberration not caused by genetic factors but by senescence would induce presence
      of TA associated with both PMR and sub SjS.

PMID- 2287969
TI  - [Allopurinol induced aplastic anemia in a patient with chronic renal failure].
AB  - A 43 year old female patient with chronic renal failure originated from
      polycystic kidney disease was admitted with pancytopenia. Prior to the admission,
      she had a history of taking allopurinol for 3 months. Allopurinol was
      discontinued immediately and she was treated with blood transfusion (platelet and
      RBC) and fluoxymesterone. The lymphocyte stimulation tests were negative for
      allopurinol and oxipurinol. The determination of serum levels of allopurinol and
      oxipurinol was disclosed to be not so high compared with other patients treated
      with allopurinol. On 45th day after admission, she was transfused with bone
      marrow from her elder brother. Thereafter bone marrow finding of the patient
      began to improve despite the lack of bone marrow engraftment. For further
      improvement, pulse treatment with corticosteroid was carried out. Although the
      pathophysiology of allopurinol-induced aplastic anemia remains unknown, it is
      interesting to note that bone marrow transfusion and pulse treatment with
      corticosteroid seemed effective in this case.

PMID- 2287970
TI  - [Clinical and pathological characteristics found in patients with severely
      involved rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2287971
TI  - Pre-operative evaluation of palpable breast tumours.
AB  - The diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination, mammography and fine-needle
      aspiration cytology in identifying malignancy was retrospectively assessed in 207
      women with palpable breast masses undergoing breast biopsy for histological
      examination. Clinical examination was more sensitive (96%) than mammography (81%)
      or cytology (69%). Cytological examination was totally specific for malignancy.
      The combined evaluation of clinical examination, mammography and cytological
      examination revealed a 100% diagnostic accuracy for concordant triplet results.
      Where discordant triplet results were recorded, 75% of tumours were malignant.
      Biopsy and frozen section are thus recommended if the 'triplet' provides
      conflicting results. Preliminary biopsy and frozen section may be unnecessary
      when the diagnostic triplet unequivocally demonstrates malignancy, or when
      cytological examination reliably reveals the presence of malignancy. Where the
      components of the triplet all point to benignity, the patient may be confidently
      followed up without the necessity of biopsy. The adoption of these guidelines may
      safely reduce the number of open breast biopsies by about 50-60%.

PMID- 2287972
TI  - Subacute and chronic extradural haematomas.
AB  - Over an 8-year period (1982-1989) 43 patients with subacute and chronic
      extradural haematomas were treated. The clinical picture of the patients,
      computed tomography (CT) as well as operative findings and prognosis were
      evaluated. The radiological picture as seen on CT was correlated with the time
      interval elapsing between initial trauma and surgery. Operative findings are
      discussed and the terms 'subacute' and 'chronic' are defined.

PMID- 2287973
TI  - The diagnosis of abdominal injuries in comatose patients.
AB  - The clinical course of 95 comatose trauma patients was prospectively evaluated.
      The role of clinical findings and diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) combined
      with computed tomography (CT) were assessed in the diagnosis of abdominal
      injuries. Seven per cent of the patients were comatose due to hypoperfusion, and
      did not have a primary brain injury. Of the remaining 88 patients, 28% had an
      associated abdominal injury. Hypotension predicted an associated abdominal injury
      with an accuracy of 72%, and a haematocrit less than 30% had an accuracy of 82%.
      Clinical examination was 50% accurate. DPL was 93% accurate, with a false
      positive rate of 10%. No abdominal injuries were present in the group in whom the
      lavage results were negative, while no unnecessary laparotomies were performed in
      the group with a 4+ or 5+ positive DPL (calorimetric method). In the group with
      1+, 2+ and 3+ positive DPL, 3/15 laparotomies (12%) were done for minor abdominal
      injuries. Minimising unnecessary laparotomies was achieved by utilising CT to
      determine the nature and extent of the injury. By using DPL as a screening test,
      and CT to quantify the injury, unnecessary operations can be avoided, and all
      injuries can still be diagnosed.

PMID- 2287975
TI  - The results of posterior chamber lens implantation in a teaching hospital.
AB  - In 1984 extracapsular cataract extraction with the implantation of a posterior
      chamber lens became the procedure of choice in the treatment of cataracts at this
      institution. A retrospective study was carried out to assess the results of this
      operation in the hands of registrars. The results suggest that extracapsular
      cataract extraction with the implantation of a posterior chamber lens can be
      performed safely and effectively in a residency setting when accompanied by
      appropriate education and faculty supervision.

PMID- 2287974
TI  - Incidence of extracranial injuries in fatal head injury patients.
AB  - The clinical notes of 148 patients who were admitted with head injuries and died
      were studied retrospectively and compared with the results of a postmortem
      examination. Risk factors predicting the presence of extracranial injuries were
      sought. Fourteen per cent of patients admitted with head injuries died. Two risk
      factors predicted the presence of extracranial injuries: 67% of the patients with
      an associated injury had been involved in a motor vehicle accident (MVA),
      compared with 32% of those with a head injury only. Shock was five times as
      common in the group with associated injuries than in those without. Associated
      injuries were present in 45% of patients, and 37% of these injuries were not
      diagnosed on admission. In 7% these injuries were the final cause of death. This
      study re-emphasises the fact that multi-organ trauma is common after MVA, and
      shock due to hypovolaemia is an unusual complication of head injury. Searching
      for associated injuries is mandatory in the head-injured patient. Since clinical
      examination is inaccurate, special investigations, such as peritoneal lavage or
      computed tomography, should be utilised for this purpose.

PMID- 2287976
TI  - The arm ergometer exercise test for evaluating coronary artery status in patients
      presenting for peripheral vascular surgery.
AB  - Various non-invasive methods exist for evaluating the cardiac status of patients
      presenting for peripheral vascular surgery. Methods involving exercise on a
      treadmill are frequently used, but adequate testing may be limited in amputees
      and patients with severe claudication or rest pain. An alternative means of
      exercise is the arm ergometer. A study of 130 patients subjected to arm ergometer
      exercise testing before peripheral vascular surgery was undertaken. A control
      group of 29 consecutive patients had coronary angiography. ECG exercise testing
      using the arm ergometer showed a sensitivity for detecting coronary artery
      disease of 46% and a specificity of 100%. In total, 42 tests were positive, 21 on
      patients with no symptoms of ischaemic heart disease and no resting ECG changes
      indicative of ischaemia, and 4 in patients with atypical angina. Muscle fatigue
      proved a problem, especially in women; while the accuracy of the test did not
      decline in patients over the age of 60 years when compared with those under this
      age.

PMID- 2287977
TI  - Fracture of the occipital condyle. A report of 3 cases.
AB  - The term fracture of the occipital condyle is a misnomer and usually represents
      an extensive fracture of the posterior fossa skull base extending onto the
      squamous portion of the occipital bone and even further forward. These fractures
      should be suspected when the lower cranial nerves are affected after severe
      cranial trauma. Conservative management appears to be indicated.

PMID- 2287978
TI  - Primary echinococcus cyst of the thyroid. A case report.
AB  - Although echinococcosis is not rare in South Africa, the location of a hydatid
      cyst in the thyroid is unusual. It usually presents as a solitary nodule, which
      may mimic a thyroid carcinoma. The routine use of aspiration cytology in the
      workup of cases of single thyroid nodules may complicate the further management
      of patients with a hydatid cyst of the thyroid; anaphylaxis and dissemination may
      occur and technical difficulties may be experienced during operation. A case of
      echinococcal cyst of the thyroid presenting as a single thyroid nodule, suspected
      to be thyroid cancer, is reported.

PMID- 2287979
TI  - Swallowed fish bones--is radiography justified? A case report.
AB  - A case report is presented of a swallowed fish bone that migrated submucosally
      into the retropharyngeal tissue. This experience prompted us to investigate the
      detectability of fish bones by standard radiological examination. Nine different
      species of fish were examined. A single rib from each specie was taken and taped
      to the neck of one of us. A lateral soft-tissue radiograph was taken. All of the
      fish bones were quite readily detected. We fell that the results once more
      justify the place of this particular examination in confirming both the presence
      and the location of a swallowed fish bone. However, failure to detect the foreign
      body in this way can by no means exclude its presence.

PMID- 2287981
TI  - Imaging: tool and material.

PMID- 2287980
TI  - Continent vesicostomy with an ileal conduit. A case report.
AB  - A patient is described who had construction of a vesicocutaneous ileal conduit
      with a continent intussusception valve allowing for intermittent self
      catheterisation. The procedure was performed on a 13-year-old male patient with a
      normal bladder but with a totally unreconstructable urethra as a result of
      previous traumatic urethral disruption and unsuccessful urethral alignment
      procedures.

PMID- 2287982
TI  - A comparative study of the foramen transversarium of the sixth and seventh
      cervical vertebrae.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to evaluate the individual variations of the foramen
      transversarium of the seventh cervical vertebra. This foramen sometimes has the
      same dimensions as the foramina of the other cervical vertebrae, but it can also
      be smaller, or absent. In cases where a foramen is present in the seventh
      cervical vertebra, vascular or nerve structures (or both) can be occasionally
      observed within. When the transverse foramina are found to contain none of the
      above structures, what then is to be found within this space? According to our
      results, the transverse foramina of the seventh cervical vertebra almost always
      contains vascular and nerve branches as well as fibrous and adipose tissues. This
      report concerns the results of the macroscopic and microscopic studies concerning
      the contents of the transverse foramina of the sixth and seventh cervical
      vertebrae. The comparative study was completed at the Department of Anatomy of
      the Faculty of Medicine, University Laval.

PMID- 2287983
TI  - A systematic study of the vascularisation of the pancreas.
AB  - The anatomy of the vessels of the pancreas is well known. However, some
      refinement is necessary in response to new requirements. In this study 40
      specimens of pancreas plus duodenum were dissected after injecting the vessels
      with latex. Arteries and veins were measured and drawn. The origin and course of
      the vessels and their anastomoses were studied. If the vessels less than 0.5 mm
      in diameter are disregarded, it is seen that the vascularisation of the head of
      the pancreas can be systematized. Since the development of very selective
      arteriography and phlebography, two main types of artery and of vein have been
      discerned. Charts of the vessels for such an identification have been suggested.
      The two types of vessel are either terminal or anastomotic. Determination of the
      type of vessel can be useful: for the localisation of endocrine tumors of the
      pancreas by selective catheterisation; in making the decision for a limited
      operative intervention when immediate effective blood supply of the remaining
      tissue is important.

PMID- 2287984
TI  - Method of quantitative anatomical study of the dorsal neck muscles. Preliminary
      study.
AB  - Biomechanical models of the cervical spine require knowledge of the position,
      size and orientation of the individual muscles that act on the cervical spine. We
      have developed a technique to stereometrically measure anatomical specimens. The
      apparatus is composed of three graduated metallic rods, which slide along a fixed
      support. This method is accurate to map the anatomy of individual muscles and
      provides quantitative data on their lines of action. Results are obtained from
      one specimen. The computer processing of the collected data allows formulation of
      a three-dimensional model of the neck muscles in man.

PMID- 2287985
TI  - Topographic anatomy of the lumbar lateral vertebral groove. Anatomical basis of
      the surgical approach to extra foraminal herniated disc.
AB  - The study of numerous dissections, sections and X-rays of the lumbar spine has
      enabled us to clarify the connections of the lumbar spinal nerves at their
      emergence from the intervertebral foramen and in the lateral vertebral groove.
      This work naturally leads to the study of the extra foraminal herniated disc by
      an extra isthmian approach or to percutaneous surgery of thoracolumbar discs.

PMID- 2287986
TI  - MR of the paranasal sinuses.
AB  - The purpose of this project was to examine the anatomy and pathology of the
      paranasal sinuses as seen by MR imaging. This was accomplished through
      correlations of MR images of normal volunteers with matched cadaver whole organ
      cryosections. The information obtained by MRI was compared to that of plain films
      and CT in the detection of a variety of conditions affecting the paranasal
      sinuses. The majority of the pathological processes could be quite adequately
      imaged by T1 weighted pulsing sequences. When more tissue specific information
      was required in some infiltrating malignant lesions, T2 weighting pulsing
      sequences are quite helpful for tumors that crossed the subarachnoid space into
      the central nervous system or in characterizing tissues in airless sinuses. Other
      than the single case of osteoid osteoma where X-ray studies were superior,
      magnetic resonance provided equal or superior information to the X-ray
      examinations.

PMID- 2287987
TI  - Left-right asymmetry of the temporal and parietal regions in children: based on
      the medullary pattern of cerebral white matter.
AB  - Lateralization of the posterior temporal lobe and inferior parietal lobule in
      childhood was studied on CT of 276 cases and compared with those in adulthood of
      371 cases. CT images were analyzed based on the morphological features of
      medullary branches of the cerebral white matter. In children below 5 years of
      age, the left planum temporale was already more posteriorly located than the
      right in 56%, while the right was more so in 21%. The asymmetry of the middle
      temporal gyrus was similar to those of the planum temporale. The folding of the
      inferior parietal lobule was extensive and intricate on the left side in 63% and
      on the right side in 8% of children, almost identical to those in the adult. The
      visualization rates of the intraparietal sulcus were lower compared to those of
      the adult, but the higher visualization of the left side was a common tendency
      regardless of age. These alterations in left-right asymmetry seemed to be a
      morphologic substratum indicating the processes of localization of auditory
      function to those association areas.

PMID- 2287988
TI  - MR imaging of the calvarium: pictorial essay.
AB  - Magnetic resonance is unique in its ability to directly image the bone marrow.
      Thus, primary or secondary processes involving the bone marrow of the calvarium
      can be well visualized. In cases of superficial lesions, magnetic resonance
      demonstrates calvarial and bone marrow invasion. This is particularly important
      in cases where surgical preservation of the inner table in contemplated. Both
      erosion and involvement of the calvarium by intracranial processes can also be
      well visualized. Because of the ability of magnetic resonance to image in
      multiple orthogonal planes, it is particularly useful for precise delineation of
      the extent of lesions. Its ability to also image in oblique planes may aid in
      better demonstration of pathology. Use of both T1 and T2 weighted imaging
      sequences may also be of help in determination of the tissue type.

PMID- 2287989
TI  - The supernumerary muscles of the leg: a report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of supernumerary muscles of the leg reported, which were both inserted
      on the sides of the calcaneus. The accessory soleus m., adductor of the fore
      foot, is a variation of the triceps surae which through hypertrophy on the medial
      side of the leg can become particularly problematic in athletes. The fourth
      peroneal m. abductor of the fore-foot, is considered to increase the stability of
      the ankle and is asymptomatic.

PMID- 2287990
TI  - Double thoracic drainage of a left inferior vena cava. Case report.
AB  - The authors report a case of left IVC with a preferential hemiazygos-azygos
      drainage associated with an accessory left superior intercostal vein drainage.
      This exceptional congenital malformation which finds its place in polysplenia was
      studied by cavography, CT and MR imaging.

PMID- 2287991
TI  - Anatomical study of the tricuspid valve and its variations.

PMID- 2287992
TI  - Growth of the facial bones of the fetus.

PMID- 2287993
TI  - Acetylcholine modifies neuronal acoustic rate-level functions in guinea pig
      auditory cortex by an action at muscarinic receptors.
AB  - Cholinergic modification of neuronal responsiveness in auditory cortex includes
      alteration of spontaneous and tone-evoked neuronal discharge. Previously it was
      suggested that the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) and muscarinic agonists on
      neuronal discharge resembled those due to increases in the intensity of acoustic
      stimuli (Ashe et al. 1989). To determine the relationship between neuronal
      modifications due to ACh acting at muscarinic receptors and those due to changes
      in stimulus intensity, we determined acoustic rate-level functions for neurons in
      the auditory cortex of barbiturate-anesthetized guinea pigs before, during and
      after administration of ACh. ACh facilitated acoustic rate-level functions in 82%
      of the cells tested. In addition, during ACh administration 66% of neurons
      responded to stimuli that were previously subthreshold, that is, ACh decreased
      the response threshold. Cholinergic facilitation of rate-level functions was
      attenuated by the general muscarinic antagonist atropine. The nature of the
      muscarinic receptors involved in the actions of ACh was further examined by
      presenting single tones before, during, and after administration of ACh and
      specific muscarinic receptor subtype antagonists, either pirenzepine (M1) or
      gallamine (M2). ACh-induced facilitation of spontaneous and tone evoked neuronal
      discharge was antagonized by pirenzepine, but not by gallamine, suggesting the
      involvement of the M1 muscarinic receptor subtype. These data indicate that ACh
      can facilitate stimulus-evoked responses and decrease response thresholds for
      neurons in auditory cortex, possibly via activation of M1 muscarinic receptors.
      Such effects of ACh acting at muscarinic receptors could underly cholinergic
      regulation of information processing in the auditory cortex.

PMID- 2287995
TI  - Physicians in the reserves. Operation Desert Shield comes home to Texas.

PMID- 2287994
TI  - Inhibition of dopamine synthesis in striatal slices by the D1 agonist SKF 38393
      is not mediated by D1 dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2287996
TI  - Watch for your new AIDS booklet.

PMID- 2287997
TI  - Commentary. Dealing with AIDS in the '90s.

PMID- 2287999
TI  - New Medicare codes may call for keeping track of time.

PMID- 2287998
TI  - Commentary. Medicare's model fee schedule.

PMID- 2288000
TI  - Drug abuse by adolescents.
AB  - Drug abuse is continuing to change the field of health care. Although
      traditionally an area dealth with by psychiatrists, most medical fields are now
      encountering the sequelae of drug abuse in one form or another. The recent
      escalation of drug abuse in the US has increased the need for treatment
      enormously. A 1987 study of 756 emergency rooms reported 46,331 admissions linked
      to cocaine--a 1-year increase of 86% In Texas, the level of adolescent substance
      abuse, which was well below average in 1980, has now reached national levels. As
      such, we in the clinical setting have important opportunities facing us. With the
      sudden onset of this epidemic, few clinicians have had an opportunity to gain
      expertise in recognizing and treating these patients. As earlier intervention is
      more likely to be successful, such knowledge is important to physicians' efficacy
      in addressing this problem. This paper reviews the etiologies and sequelae of
      drug abuse as well as diagnosis, treatment, and the physician's role in stemming
      the current epidemic.

PMID- 2288001
TI  - 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis: three case reports demonstrating an evolution in
      management.
AB  - Treatment of phenotypic females with XY gonadal dysgenesis is evolving. In the
      past, these patients have routinely undergone hysterectomy with bilateral
      gonadectomy. Since the major concern in women with XY gonadal dysgenesis is
      ovarian malignancy, these patients need not only gonadectomy but frozen section
      and appropriate surgical staging based on histologic findings. However, even
      women with stage I dysgerminoma do not require hysterectomy. The state of the art
      in reproductive endocrinology makes it possible for us not only to offer them the
      development of secondary sexual characteristics with cyclic replacement therapy,
      but also the opportunity for childbearing with the use of embryo transfer.

PMID- 2288002
TI  - In vitro culture of cryopreserved bovine mammary cells on collagen gels:
      synthesis and secretion of casein and lactoferrin.
AB  - The preparation, cryopreservation, and culture on type I collagen gels of
      lactating bovine mammary cells with prolonged milk protein synthesis and
      secretion in vitro is described. Cryopreserved cells prepared as acinar fragments
      from either lactating or developing mammary glands attached to the collagen
      substratum within 24-48 hr after plating in serum and hormone supplemented
      medium. During continued culture in hormone-supplemented (insulin, cortisol, and
      prolactin) serum-free medium outgrowth of cells from the attached acinar
      fragments was observed beginning on day 2, with continued outgrowth to near
      confluence by day 6. Two morphologically distinct cell types were evident;
      initial outgrowth was by large polygonal cells that were subsequently overlain by
      spindle-shaped cells. Cells from both lactating and developing mammary glands
      sustained substantial milk protein secretion for at least 14 days in culture.
      Alpha S1-casein synthesis and secretion in cultures of lactating mammary cells
      was dependent on a critical minimum cell population density, below which alpha S1
      casein was not secreted. In contrast, lactoferrin (LF) secretion into the medium
      increased linearly with the increase in cell population density. Cells
      cryopreserved up to 16 months secreted LF at levels comparable to fresh cultures
      of the same cells.

PMID- 2288003
TI  - Differential response of cultured adult cardiac muscle cells to a tumor promotor:
      analysis of myofibrillar organization.
AB  - Cultured adult rat ventricular cardiac muscle cells were exposed to varying
      concentrations of 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13 acetate (TPA) for two weeks. A
      considerable number of cardiac myocytes exposed to a medium with less than 200
      ng/ml TPA were rich in myofibrils. The rest of the myocytes lacked organized
      myofibrils; the terminal parts of these myofibrils were transformed into cord
      like structures largely consisting of dense Z-band materials. Some of these
      aberrant myofibrils contained short normal myofibrillar segments, with
      sarcomeres. A number of myocytes exposed to 200-250 ng/ml TPA contained
      myofibrils, which terminated in cord-like structures. The Z-band materials
      appeared as amorphous dense matrices and some sarcomeres were replaced completely
      or partially by leptomeres; the myocytes contained autophagosomes. The other
      myocytes did not contain myofibrils when exposed to the above higher
      concentrations of TPA. The patches of Z-band materials and structures containing
      Z-band materials attached to thin filaments on either side were scattered
      throughout the sarcoplasm of the cells, which were packed with myofilaments and
      10 nm microfilaments. Some of these myocytes assumed a spindle shape and
      contained myofilaments, 10 nm microfilaments and leptomeres. Some of the
      myocytes, treated with TPA for 1-7 days and then allowed to recover in control
      medium for 7 days, contained various stages of myofibrillar organization, which
      did not differ significantly from those of the myofibril-containing cells exposed
      continuously to TPA as discussed above. The rest of the myocytes during the
      recovery period in control medium did not contain myofibrils. Rough endoplasmic
      reticulum and Golgi bodies in TPA-treated myocytes were found to be highly
      developed as compared to the controls. It is evident from these studies that the
      responsiveness of cardiac myocytes to TPA not only differs from that of skeletal
      muscle cells studied by others, but also varies within a population of cardiac
      myocytes.

PMID- 2288004
TI  - Ultrastructural study of tracer permeability through the cat and ferret enamel
      organ.
AB  - The access of exogenous materials to the developing enamel surface has been
      intensively studied in rodents, but not in other mammalian species. This
      ultrastructural study investigates the permeability of injected horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) and lanthanum tracers in cat and ferret tooth buds. In cat
      enamel organs fixed by immersion, lanthanum did not escape the capillaries
      overlying secretory stage tooth buds, but it did permeate up to the distal
      junctions of ruffle-ended (RA) and the proximal junctions of smooth-ended (SA)
      ameloblasts. Perfusion fixation with lanthanum compromised junctional integrity
      of cat ameloblasts at all stages of development. Similarly, HRP rarely escaped
      the capillaries associated with cat secretory stage enamel organs. However,
      unlike lanthanum, HRP was mostly confined to the vasculature of maturation stage
      enamel organs in immersion fixed cats at all time intervals examined. In ferrets,
      HRP penetrated up to, but not beyond, the distal junctional complexes of
      secretory ameloblasts. In maturation stage enamel organs, HRP coated the
      papillary and RA cells, but did not penetrate the RA distal cell junctions. HRP
      did permeate the extracellular spaces of SA to reach the underlying enamel
      surface. Ameloblasts in transitional phases of SA and RA endocytosed HRP at the
      distal cell surface. This data leads to several conclusions. First, HRP
      localization in the ferret paralleled that observed in rodents. Second, the
      results of cat enamel organs substantiate previous studies showing perfusion
      fixation can increase vascular and intercellular permeability to lanthanum.
      However, in cats fixed by immersion, both lanthanum and HRP were restricted to
      capillaries associated with the secretory stage enamel organ, and only lanthanum
      escaped maturation stage capillaries. It is suggested that variations in the
      fenestrations and distribution of capillaries associated with the cat enamel
      organ may differentially retain some materials and permit other materials to
      escape with relative ease.

PMID- 2288005
TI  - Neonatal and adult adrenal cortex: intercellular permeability to nickel nitrate.
AB  - The intravascular perfusion of nickel nitrate-glutaraldehyde showed a free
      penetration into neonatal and adult adrenal cortex. Tracer deposits were found
      surrounding the cortical cells without interruption; they formed a permeate
      network of intercommunicated intercellular spaces in connection with the vessels.
      No penetration of the tracer was observed between the chromaffin cells of the
      medulla. During the first day after birth, canalicular structures appeared among
      the cortical cells. In the adrenals of 4 and 7-day-old rats the lateral contacts
      between adjacent cells were more extensive. In 10-day-old rats nickel delimited
      the cellular profile, revealing numerous infolded cellular membranes. Gap and
      septate-like junctions were present. In the adult rats the structure of the cell
      membrane was unfolded. The observations made in adrenal cortex of 10 and 90-day
      old rats perfused with lanthanum hydroxide were similar to those on nickel
      treated material. The structural characteristics of this network of
      intercommunicated spaces and the attachments between cortical cells change during
      neonatal development, probably favoring cell interactions.

PMID- 2288006
TI  - Copper deficiency and posterior paralysis (Shalal) in small ruminants in the
      Sultanate of Oman.
AB  - A posterior ataxia or paralysis in goats and sheep is a syndrome known as Shalal
      within the Sultanate of Oman. An investigation was carried out into the etiology
      of the syndrome. Samples of blood and tissues were obtained from normal and
      Shalal-affected goats and sheep. Samples of feed were collected from the affected
      areas of the Sultanate. Chemical analyses of samples showed that affected animals
      suffered from severe copper deficiency in spite of sufficient copper contents in
      feed. However, concentrations of sulphur and iron in the feed were high. It was
      concluded that the Shalal syndrome in Oman is the condition generally known as
      swayback or enzootic ataxia caused by conditioned copper deficiency. The
      deficiency is probably due to copper-sulphur and copper-iron interactions in the
      rumen, enhanced by feeding of fresh roughage containing rumen degradable
      proteins.

PMID- 2288007
TI  - Gastro-intestinal nematode infections in a goat breeding farm in north-western
      Sri Lanka.
AB  - Faecal egg counts were used to study patterns of nematode infestation of adult
      female goats and their offspring according to season, pregnancy and lactation or
      age on a goat farm (n = 2000) in north-western Sri Lanka. Average rainfall in the
      area is 825 mm and temperature is between 23 and 33 degrees C throughout the
      year. The only nematode species present on the farm were Haemonchus contortus and
      Oesophagostomum columbianum. In adult females the faecal egg output was not
      influenced by season and no significant periparturient rise was observed. In kids
      the egg counts rose from the third month of age onwards and reached the same
      levels as the adults by the fourth month. Post-mortem studies on a neighbouring
      farm indicated that hypobiosis was not present.

PMID- 2288009
TI  - Comparison of two cattle production systems in Pabna district Bangladesh.
AB  - In Pabna district, Bangladesh there are two cattle production systems: a draught
      oriented system with local Deshi cattle and more milk-oriented production with
      Pabna Milking Cow (PMC) stock. Deshi animals are smaller than PMC animals. More
      PMC cows are milked than Deshi cows and the milk off-take of PMC cows is much
      higher. The calving interval in Deshi cows is one year longer than in PMC cows.
      The great majority of the bullocks and the bulls are used as draught animals.
      More than 80% of the Deshi cows also have to work compared with only about half
      of the PMC cows. The milk off-take of cows used for draught work is 30% less than
      that of other cows. One of the major differences between the two systems is that
      PMC cows have access to grazing along the rivers. These areas are increasingly
      taken up for cropping and the traditional Pabna milk production farming system is
      gradually being replaced.

PMID- 2288008
TI  - Reproductive performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes after a single injection of GnRH
      early post partum.
AB  - Sixty dairy buffaloes (second to fourth lactation) from a large buffalo farm were
      used to compare the effects of single intramuscular injections of 100 micrograms
      gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), 250 micrograms GnRH or saline given on
      day 14 post partum. The buffaloes had calved at the end of the breeding season
      (December). Milk samples for progesterone determination were taken at the time of
      injection and then three times a week either until first insemination or until
      around day 90 post partum. GnRH given at 14 days post partum resulted in quicker
      completion of uterine involution, earlier resumption of ovarian activity, shorter
      intervals between calving and conception and a better first service conception
      rate in non-suckled dairy buffaloes. Differences between the results obtained by
      a GnRH dose level of 100 micrograms and 250 micrograms were non-significant. In
      the post-treatment period cases of prolonged luteal activity were common in all
      groups of buffaloes. Therefore the sequential administration of GnRH and
      prostaglandin is suggested for the management of post-partum reproductive
      activity in problem herds.

PMID- 2288010
TI  - Isolation of Mycoplasma biotype F38 from sheep in Kenya.

PMID- 2288011
TI  - Protection conferred by vaccination with Blacksburg and Komarov strains of
      Newcastle disease virus against Newcastle disease in Bangladesh.
AB  - An evaluation was undertaken of the efficacy of vaccination of day-old chicks
      with the Blacksburg (B1) strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) followed at
      various times by vaccination with the Komarov (K) strain. Antibody was detected
      by the haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test one week after vaccination with B1
      and titres peaked at three weeks and had declined to undetectable levels by nine
      weeks. After subsequent vaccination with K strain at five, seven or eight weeks
      of age levels of HAI antibody (titre 80 to 640) were detected after three weeks.
      Birds vaccinated at seven weeks were tested for antibody and resistance to
      challenge beyond 19 weeks of age. In this group the HAI titres remained constant
      (80 to 640) up to 32 weeks of age and then steadily declined to 10 to 20 at 44
      weeks of age. A linear relationship between HAI titre and virus neutralising
      index (VNI) was demonstrated with a range of selected sera. Only birds with an
      HAI titre of 80 or greater resisted artificial challenge. It is recommended that,
      following B1 vaccination at day-old and K vaccination at seven weeks old,
      revaccination with K strain should be performed at intervals of not more than
      seven months.

PMID- 2288012
TI  - Rabies in Yemen Arab Republic, 1982 to 1986.

PMID- 2288013
TI  - Antigenic characterisation of virus isolates from vaccinated dogs dying of
      rabies.
AB  - Four rabies virus isolates from dogs that succumbed to rabies infection in
      Nigeria within one year of anti-rabies vaccination were characterised by
      monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The samples were screened for rabies and rabies
      related viral antigens by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, performed with
      MAb 502-2, which recognises the nucleocapsid (NC) protein of all known
      Lyssaviruses and with MAb 422-5 which identifies African rabies-related viruses.
      All four canine virus isolates displayed positive fluorescence with MAb 502-2 and
      were negative with MAb 422-5. In the anti-NC MAb characterisation with a panel of
      34 additional MAbs, all isolates displayed positive staining with 32 of the MAbs,
      were negative with MAb 102-27 and all displayed poor immunofluorescence with MAb
      377-7. On the basis of reactivity with a panel of 40 anti-glycoprotein (G) MAbs
      the isolates were separated into four distinct viral subtypes. None of these
      canine isolates was identified as the common attenuated Flury LEP rabies strain
      used for domestic animal vaccination and none resembled other previously
      characterised rabies viruses from Nigeria.

PMID- 2288014
TI  - Clinical and immunological aspects of hyper-IgM syndrome.
AB  - Eight patients with Hyper-IgM syndrome were subjected to clinical and
      immunological evaluation. There were seven males and one female. All the patients
      had recurrent pyogenic infections; one had lymphoid hyperplasia with centrally
      necrotic granulomas, and one had gingivitis with neutropenia. Isohemagglutinin
      titers were either high or normal in all the patients and five had group 0 blood.
      The percentage of IgM-bearing cells were normal in five patients. The percentage
      of T cells were normal in all the patients, helper T cells were decreased in two
      patients, and suppressor T cells were increased in four patients. These results
      suggest that at least in some patients, the imbalances of T cell subsets may play
      a role in the pathogenesis of the disease rather than it being attributed to an
      intrinsic B cell defect.

PMID- 2288015
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty: immediate and medium
      term results.
AB  - Ten patients with pulmonary stenosis, (six males and four females) whose ages
      ranged between five and ten years (mean age 7 years) underwent cardiac
      catheterization and balloon valvuloplasty. Right ventricular systolic pressure
      before valvuloplasty ranged from 90 to 200 mm Hg (mean 133.5 +/- 33.3 mm Hg). It
      fell to 50-90 mm Hg (mean 64.5 +/- 13.8 mm Hg) immediately after the procedure.
      The peak systolic gradient across the pulmonary valve before valvuloplasty ranged
      from 70 to 180 mm Hg (mean 114.5 +/- 35.4 mm Hg) and decreased significantly to
      30-70 mm Hg (mean 43.0 +/- 13.8 mm Hg) immediately after dilation. Doppler echo
      studies confirmed these results. At repeat cardiac catheterization in three
      patients, five to 15 months after valvuloplasty, restenosis was noted in one
      patient while there was no change in the others. All patients had been followed
      up by Doppler echocardiography. Patients with isolated valvular pulmonary
      stenosis can be adequately and safely treated with balloon valvuloplasty which
      results in excellent immediate and medium-term results.

PMID- 2288016
TI  - Zinc and copper in congestive heart failure.
AB  - In this study serum zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) levels in children with congestive
      heart failure (CHF) were evaluated. The mean serum Zn levels of the patients with
      CHF were 92.9 +/- 18.9 micrograms/100 ml, and they showed a significant decrease
      when compared to controls (p less than 0.05). The mean serum Cu levels, which
      were 173.6 +/- 26.6 micrograms/100 ml, showed a significant increase when
      compared to controls (p less than 0.001). After digoxin therapy, a significant
      increase in Zn levels and a significant decrease in Cu levels were observed.

PMID- 2288017
TI  - Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a child with hemoglobins S and Q-Iran.
AB  - A 13-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is presented. The peripheral
      smear showed, in addition to lymphoblasts, marked anisocytosis, poikilocytosis,
      and polychromasia. In vitro sickling test was positive. Hemoglobin
      electrophoresis at pH 9.0 on starch gel revealed the presence of hemoglobin A,
      hemoglobin S, and a band with a mobility of hemoglobin A2. Structural analysis
      revealed the presence of hemoglobin S and an alpha-chain variant, hemoglobin Q
      Iran. The patient attained remission with the initial therapy administered but a
      relapse occurred five months later. Our study indicates the need for detailed
      investigation of leukemia patients in which abnormal hemoglobins are prevalent.

PMID- 2288018
TI  - A case of late presenting chronic granulomatous disease.
AB  - An eleven-year-old boy with a history of severe lung infection which had been
      resistant to antibiotic therapy for a period of six months demonstrated a
      functional leukocyte defect similar to that found in children with chronic
      granulomatous disease (CGD). X-ray findings suggested a hilar mass, and
      granulomatous lesions developed on the thorax wall. The documentation of this
      case suggests that there may be a late presenting form of CGD.

PMID- 2288019
TI  - Massive paraesophageal hiatus hernia containing colon and stomach with organo
      axial volvulus in a child.
AB  - Paraesophageal hiatus hernia is a very rare entity in children. The majority of
      cases remain asymptomatic and some are diagnosed incidentally. The clinical
      course of a massive paraesophageal hiatus hernia containing colon and stomach in
      a five-year-old boy is presented.

PMID- 2288020
TI  - Sotos syndrome presenting with epilepsy.
AB  - A fourteen and a half year-old boy of tall stature presenting with epilepsy was
      diagnosed as having Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism) at the Hacettepe
      University Children's Hospital. Since EEG abnormalities are known manifestations
      in this syndrome, a case presenting with epilepsy is very rare. We believe that a
      presumed cerebral defect could create convulsions and would thus be the cause of
      cerebral gigantism whose etiology is still unclear. Thus patients with this
      syndrome should be followed up for the risk of epilepsy.

PMID- 2288021
TI  - [Pulmonary embolism: diagnostic strategy and therapeutic management].

PMID- 2288022
TI  - [Pulmonary vasculitis].

PMID- 2288023
TI  - [Conservative treatment of cystic pathology of the spleen].

PMID- 2288024
TI  - [Endoscopic sphincterotomy].

PMID- 2288025
TI  - [Seromucous otitis].

PMID- 2288026
TI  - [Valvular protheses and pregnancy].

PMID- 2288027
TI  - [Quantification of nucleolar organizers in thyroid tumors].

PMID- 2288029
TI  - [Computerized antibiogram].

PMID- 2288028
TI  - [Determination of normal values of the following trace elements: Cu, Mg, Zn in
      the Tunisian child].

PMID- 2288030
TI  - [Retroperitoneal tumors: 4 case reports].

PMID- 2288031
TI  - [Castleman's disease (angiofollicular lymphoid hyperplasia) monocentric,
      mesenteric form: case report].

PMID- 2288032
TI  - [A particularly extensive form of actinomadura madurae mycetoma].

PMID- 2288033
TI  - [A rare but curable cause of arterial hypertension: Conn syndrome caused by a
      hypersecreting adenoma: a case report].

PMID- 2288034
TI  - Imaging biological macromolecules by STM: quantitative interpretation of
      topographs.
AB  - Methods are discussed which permit the calibration of x-, y-, z-sensitivities,
      non-linearities and frequency responses of the scanning device of a scanning
      tunneling microscope (STM) either by interferometry or directly from STM
      topographs. A technique is presented to measure the frequency response of the
      complete STM feedback unit and to derive a maximum speed in z direction which
      allows one to estimate the maximum scanning speed still permitting one to track
      surface corrugations. The signal transfer characteristics of a STM are evaluated
      in a direct comparison with high resolution transmission electron microscopy on
      an identical specimen area. The various effects of contaminants between tip and
      specimen and the finite tip radius receive special attention.

PMID- 2288035
TI  - Scanning tunneling microscopy of a liquid crystalline phase of poly((dA-dT).(dA
      dT)) induced by a histone H1 peptide.
AB  - In this report, we present the first observations of uncoated poly((dA-dT).(dA
      dT)) molecules organized in a liquid crystalline phase induced by the binding of
      a histone H1 peptide. The effect of the peptide on the polymer condensation is
      clearly illustrated on the large-scale STM images which reveal a well defined
      spacing between parallel DNA helices. High resolution images of rare isolated
      molecules of poly((dA-dT).(dA-dT)) exhibit two sets of helical pitch values, 6
      and 7.5 nm. While the lower value can be correlated with the pitch of poly((dA
      dT).(dA-dT)), the larger one may arise from peptide binding in the polymer minor
      groove.

PMID- 2288036
TI  - EELS elemental mapping with unconventional methods. I. Theoretical basis: image
      analysis with multivariate statistics and entropy concepts.
AB  - Electron energy loss filtered images recorded within a transmission analytical
      electron microscope are now widely used for the mapping of the elemental
      distribution of a given atomic species in a specimen prepared as a thin film.
      Such an image processing may produce both valuable results and artifacts if a
      careful inspection of all the hypotheses needed by the calculation is not carried
      out. This paper presents some general statistical methods for a contrast
      information analysis of a noisy image data set. After a brief introduction of
      different concepts such as contrast, variance, information and entropy, two
      unconventional approaches for image analysis are explained: the relative entropy
      computed with respect to a pure random and signal-free image and the factorial
      analysis of correspondence (a branch of multivariate statistics). In the
      companion article (part II), these concepts are applied to real experiments and
      the results compared with those obtained with a conventional method. Although
      electron energy loss spectroscopy is the only technique considered here, these
      methods for image analysis can be applied to a wide variety of noisy data sets
      (spectra, images, ...) recorded from various sources (electrons, photons, ...).

PMID- 2288037
TI  - EELS elemental mapping with unconventional methods. II. Applications to
      biological specimens.
AB  - This article presents two applications of image analysis and processing using the
      unconventional methods described in the companion paper (part I). Both the
      information analysis via relative entropy measurement and mapping and the
      factorial analysis of correspondence are demonstrated to be valuable tools for
      building an elemental map from a set of noisy energy-filtered images recorded in
      an analytical transmission electron microscope. Although the only technique
      considered here is electron energy loss spectroscopy, there is no doubt that such
      methods can be applied to a wide variety of similar problems: only a reduced
      number of underlying hypotheses are needed.

PMID- 2288038
TI  - Simple model of image formation by scanning tunneling microscopy of non
      conducting materials.

PMID- 2288040
TI  - Nitrogen partial pressures in man after decompression from simulated scuba dives
      at rest and during exercise.
AB  - In 5 subjects arterial and central venous nitrogen partial pressures (PN2) were
      measured after decompression from a chamber dive following a decompression
      schedule for scuba diving. The simulated dives consisted of exposure to air at 6
      bar for 30 min corresponding to a depth of 50 m. Afterward the subjects were
      decompressed with decompression stops at 2.5, 2.2, 1.9, 1.6, and 1.3 bar with a
      total decompression time of 67 min. In 3 of the subjects the measurements were
      repeated after they had exercised (workload 75 W) during bottom time. Immediately
      after decompression and every 40 min until Minute 240 arterial and central venous
      blood samples were analyzed for PN2 using a manometric Van Slyke apparatus.
      Venous PN2 remained elevated until 160 min after decompression, indicating still
      incomplete nitrogen washout for at least 2 h after decompression had been
      accomplished. We did not find any difference in PN2 values after decompression
      from dives at rest and after exercise. Applying a computer program based on a
      wide range of theoretical tissue half-times nitrogen elimination proved to be
      consistent with Haldanian theories when using our decompression profile. Our data
      confirm that nitrogen elimination is prolonged after decompression from simulated
      dives at rest and after exercise.

PMID- 2288039
TI  - Excitatory and inhibitory amino-acidergic determinants of the pressure-induced
      neuronal hyperexcitability in rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - In a previous study we found that the intrinsic excitability of the hippocampal
      CA1 pyramidal cells increased under helium pressure (80 bar). We presently show
      that drugs inhibiting gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake or facilitating GABA
      binding partially reversed the pressure-induced hyperexcitability of the CA1
      pyramidal cells. When these drugs were simultaneously applied with 2-D,L
      aminophosphonovaleric acid, a specific antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
      receptors, the effect of pressure on the neuronal excitability was nearly
      abolished. These results suggested that the observed pressure-induced
      hyperexcitability of pyramidal cells resulted from reduced efficiency of GABA
      transmission and facilitated excitation mediated by NMDA receptors.

PMID- 2288041
TI  - Distribution of cardiac output in awake rats during exposure to 5 bar.
AB  - Previous studies have reported increased total myocardial blood flow (TMBF) after
      15 min stable pressure in a normoxic O2-N2 and O2-He at 5 bar, although cardiac
      output (CO), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) remained
      unchanged. In the present study, 2 groups of awake rats were exposed to normoxic
      5 bar atmospheres; group 1 breathing a He-O2-N2 mixture and group 2 a O2-N2
      mixture. Organ blood flow was determined by the microsphere method in control (C)
      (group 1) and after 15 (T1) and 75 min (T2) hyperbaric exposures (groups 1 and
      2). MAP and HR remained at control levels in group 2 animals and increased
      slightly (6-10%, P less than 0.05) in group 1 rats. CO remained unchanged during
      the experimental period in both groups. In group 1, TMBF had increased by 13% (P
      less than 0.05) at T1 and continued to increase at T2 for both groups. Blood flow
      to the liver and spleen increased during the exposure in both groups. Renal blood
      flow fell by 25% from C to T2 (P less than 0.05). The arterial blood gases and pH
      remained at the predive control level in group 2 rats, whereas serum
      corticosterone concentration fell to 60% during compression (P less than 0.01),
      possibly due to N2 narcosis, but increased gradually toward 80% of C value during
      the pressure exposure. We conclude that the increase in TMBF, which is initiated
      by compression to a 5-bar normoxic atmosphere, persists when stable pressure is
      maintained.

PMID- 2288042
TI  - CO2 retention with minimal symptoms but severe dysfunction during wet simulated
      dives to 6.8 atm abs.
AB  - During wet dives in a hyperbaric chamber to 6.8 atm abs (690 kPa), air breathing
      subjects were experimentally exposed to external breathing resistance. Two of
      them were, unbeknownst to themselves, severely incapacitated. In the first
      incident the subject had been exercising for 25 min (end-tidal PCO2 60-65 mmHg,
      7.3-8.0 kPa) when the breathing resistance was rapidly increased from low to very
      high (requiring pressure swings of 80 cmH2O, 8 kPa, peak to peak). He functioned
      normally (end-tidal PCO2 72 mmHg, 9.6 kPa) for about 100 s but 20 s later he was
      confused and irrational. After being extracted from the water (end-tidal PCO2
      above 90 mmHg, 12 kPa), he lost consciousness for about 60 s. In the second
      incident the subject was exercising and breathing against a high resistance
      (pressure swings of 50-55 cmH2O, 5.0-5.6 kPa). His end-tidal PCO2 was high (65-68
      mmHg, 8.7-9.3 kPa) throughout the exercise period, and after 24 min he reported
      mild dyspnea. A few seconds later he became confused. In other experiments both
      subjects voluntarily terminated experiments when the breathing resistance became
      overwhelming. These 2 subjects generally had high end-tidal PCO2 levels, but 1
      other subject with end-tidal PCO2 levels in the same range never experienced any
      problems. These incidents indicate that severe hypercapnia does not necessarily
      correlate with dyspnea and that severe disturbances in mental function due to
      hypercapnia can develop suddenly when high breathing resistance is encountered in
      diving.

PMID- 2288043
TI  - Treatment of experimental cerebral air embolism with lidocaine and hyperbaric
      oxygen.
AB  - Experiments were performed to assess the combined therapeutic effects of
      hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and i.v. lidocaine on neural function after ischemia
      induced by cerebral air embolism in anesthetized cats. Neural function was
      determined by measuring the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) amplitude. Air
      was infused into the carotid artery in increments of 0.08 ml to maintain the SEP
      amplitude at 10% or less of baseline values for 15 min. Three groups were
      studied. A control group (n = 9) received no further treatment after SEP
      suppression. An HBO group (n = 8) was treated with oxygen at 2.8 atm abs for 130
      min. A third group (n = 8) received an i.v. lidocaine infusion in addition to
      HBO. Air infusion suppressed the SEP amplitude to the same level in all groups.
      The control group recovered 27.4 +/- 5.5% (mean +/- SEM) of the baseline SEP
      amplitude, whereas the HBO group recovered 62.0% +/- 7.2%, and the HBO plus
      lidocaine group recovered 75.3 +/- 5.7%. The results show that both HBO and the
      combination of HBO and lidocaine promote a significant recovery of the SEP
      amplitude compared to no treatment. However, lidocaine therapy adds no benefit to
      HBO therapy alone.

PMID- 2288044
TI  - Use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of dysbaric osteonecrosis.
AB  - Comparisons between x-ray and B-mode ultrasonic examinations were carried out in
      32 divers in both shoulders and both hips (128 comparisons in all). The x-rays
      showed dysbaric osteonecrosis (DON) in 46 sites; in 43 of these, the B-mode
      ultrasonogram result coincided with the x-ray finding. We suggest that B-mode
      ultrasonograms can depict the location, form, and size of the lesions. It is an
      easy, efficient, and noninvasive method of diagnosing DON, worthy of further
      investigation and application. Similar good agreement between x-rays and
      ultrasonograms was found with the now-obsolete A-mode technique.

PMID- 2288045
TI  - Transient osteoporosis of the hip.

PMID- 2288046
TI  - The constancy of the relation between pressure and flow in the upper urinary
      tract of the pig.
AB  - The long-term constancy of the pressure-flow relationship of the upper urinary
      tract of the pig was studied in 8 pyeloureteral units and the short-term
      constancy in 10 units. No constancy was found for neither pelvic baseline
      pressure nor for pelvic perfusion pressure with an interval of 10 weeks. Pelvic
      pressure is a very unstable parameter with time but variating within the normal
      range. Contrarily, a good constancy was found for both baseline and perfusion
      pressure when 3 consecutive pressure-flow procedures performed with an interval
      of 30 min were compared to each other. It is concluded that the short-term
      constancy of the pressure-flow relationship may allow in vivo investigations of
      the function--if any--of drugs upon the pyeloureter.

PMID- 2288048
TI  - Urine pH variation dynamics in healthy individuals and stone formers.
AB  - Urine pH density distribution curves have been obtained in groups of patients
      with concrements of various chemical compositions. Quantitative regularities for
      mixing chemical compounds in the concrements established by the infrared
      spectroscopic method have been shown to agree with urine pH distribution density
      (in time). Potential physicochemical mechanisms for the revealed generality are
      considered. In particular, it is indicated that urine pH variations display in
      the first approximation buffer effect of the concrement components. A Fourier
      analysis of pH variations in the homogeneous urine of healthy individuals and in
      the systems of urine versus concrement as a time function has been made. Urine pH
      variations observed have been shown to be approximated by the superposition of
      harmonic vibrations with a range of frequencies multiple of the diurnal one. It
      has been found that a distinctly pronounced and complicated gamut of pH
      fluctuations over the entire physiological range of values (i.e. 4.5-8.5) is
      typical of healthy individuals in contrast to the stone formers.

PMID- 2288047
TI  - Intracavernous drug delivery system: an alternative to intracavernous injection
      in the treatment of impotence?
AB  - In 6 monkeys, the feasibility of chronic intracavernous drug application via a
      permanent intracavernous catheter was examined. In 4 monkeys, a combination of
      papaverine (15 mg/ml) and phentolamine (0.5 mg/ml) was injected via the drug
      delivery system; in 2 monkeys each, 30 or 100 injections were done. As a control,
      saline was injected in 2 monkeys. The dose of the papaverine-phentolamine mixture
      to induce full erection had to be increased by a mean of 240%, comparing the 1st
      to the 30th injection. The dose then remained stable. After 100 injections,
      penile histology showed a thin fibrotic layer around the implantation site of the
      catheter. Beside slight smooth muscle hypertrophy in the papaverine-phentolamine
      group, there were no abnormal findings in the proximal and medical part of the
      cavernous bodies. The distal part of the cavernous bodies showed extensive
      fibrosis due to mechanical irritation by the tip of the intracavernous catheter.
      Given appropriate selection and indication, implantation of an intracavernous
      drug delivery system may be an alternative to chronic intracavernous injection in
      the treatment of impotence.

PMID- 2288049
TI  - Chemical measurement of calcium oxalate crystalluria: results in various causes
      of calcium urolithiasis.
AB  - Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystalluria have been measured chemically
      in 1,173 urine samples whose chemical compositions were also analysed. The
      importance of urinary oxalate as a determinant for calcium oxalate crystalluria
      was confirmed. Significant concentrations of calcium oxalate crystals may be
      present in urine even though the crystals are too small for detection by light
      microscopy or by many particle-counting methods. Calcium phosphate crystals in
      urine always contain a small proportion of calcium oxalate. Results in various
      clinical situations are reviewed.

PMID- 2288051
TI  - Antibiotic cover of transurethral maneuvers with ciprofloxacin and susceptibility
      behavior of pathogens in patients with neurogenic bladder.
AB  - The resistance-inducing capacity of ciprofloxacin is still controversial. In
      order to assess the changes in susceptibility behavior, ciprofloxacin was given
      as antibiotic cover for transurethral maneuvers in multiple sclerosis (MS)
      patients with urinary tract infection prone to recurrence after treatment. The
      aim was to compare the susceptibility pattern before and after treatment in a
      double-blind study using two different dose regimens. Sixty-one patients were
      randomly separated in two groups who received 100 and 500 mg ciprofloxacin
      orally, twice a day for 4 days. Bacterial cultures were performed before and at
      the fourth day of treatment as well as at 6 days and 4 weeks after the end of
      treatment. Altered susceptibility behavior, defined as an elevation of the
      primary minimum inhibitory concentration by at least two dilution steps, was only
      found in three causative organisms out of 86, demonstrating the low resistance
      inducing capacity of ciprofloxacin. There was no significant dosage-related
      difference.

PMID- 2288050
TI  - Long-term acidification of urine in patients treated for infected renal stones.
AB  - The effects of ammonium chloride, methenamine hippurate and ascorbic acid on
      urinary pH was studied in 14 normal subjects. A statistically significant
      reduction of urinary pH was recorded with ammonium chloride in daily doses of 1.5
      and 3 g, but not with 2 g of methenamine hippurate or 1.8 g of ascorbic acid.
      Long-term treatment with ammonium chloride in doses between 1.5 and 3 g was given
      to 11 patients in order to reduce the risk of new stone formation or growth of
      fragments remaining after disintegration of infected renal stones. Biochemical
      stone analyses showed struvite in 9 of the treated stones, and urine cultures
      verified the presence of urease-producing bacteria in 10 patients. Apart from
      ammonium chloride, the patients were treated with antibiotics, in 4 patients
      continuously and in the others during periods from 2 to 34 months. The patients
      were followed for an average period of 32 months. No adverse reactions were
      recorded with the dosage used. Initially, 6 patients were stone-free, whereas 5
      had residual stone fragments with a largest diameter ranging from 4 to 20 mm. At
      follow-up, 2 patients were still stone-free, and of 5 patients with residual
      fragments 1 showed stable disease and 3 an improved stone situation. In 5
      patients, 3 of whom had residual stone fragments, antibiotic treatment had been
      interrupted without infectious relapse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288052
TI  - Isoenzyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase associated with human prostasomes.
AB  - Lactate dehydrogenase (LD, EC 1.1.1.27) activity was determined in serum, seminal
      plasma and prostasomes from normozoospermic and azoospermic (due to vasectomy)
      men. A 10-fold higher activity was noted in seminal plasma as compared with
      serum. LD activity was enriched in prostasomes although a fairly large amount of
      enzyme activity seemed to be free in solution. Isoenzymes LD1, LD2 and LD3,
      present in prostasomes in about equal amounts, gave rise to a characteristic
      isoenzyme pattern that differed distinctly from that found in seminal plasma of
      normozoospermic men, the main isoenzyme of which was LD-X.

PMID- 2288053
TI  - Nuclear DNA analysis: the relevance of ploidy, DNA heterogeneity and phases of
      the cell cycle in 329 patients with prostatic carcinoma. A study on a follow-up
      of eight years.
AB  - The ploidy, DNA heterogeneity and the phases of the cell cycle of the tumor were
      analyzed, by means of single-cell DNA cytophotometry, in 329 patients with
      locally advanced prostatic carcinoma to find out and establish prognostic factors
      apart from those already known (stage, grade). Follow-up periods ranged from 1 to
      9 years. 253 (76.8%) of the 329 patients had carcinoma stage T3 Nx M0, and 76 of
      them (23.1%) had carcinoma stage T3/T4 N2-4 M1. 11.8% of the patients showed a
      cytological grade of malignancy I, while 64.3% had grade II carcinoma and 23.8%
      had grade III carcinoma. Single-cell DNA cytophotometry demonstrated aneuploidy
      rates of up to 71% and diploidy rates of up to 23.8% for the higher grades of
      malignancy, i.e. grades II and III, whereas the diploidy rate established for
      grade I was 68% and the respective aneuploidy rate was 21%. These differences are
      significant (p less than 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the
      results of DNA cytophotometry and the clinical course of the disease. Only 3
      (3.7%) of the patients with diploid tumor cell nuclei developed metastases and
      local tumor progression within 8 years, whereas patients with aneuploid tumor
      cell nuclei showed metastases and local tumor progression within 8-22 months.
      These patients died of carcinoma after an average 18 months following primary
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2288054
TI  - Prognostication of bladder carcinoma by immunohistochemistry: refined and
      combined analysis of staining for MCA and CA50.
AB  - The immunohistochemical reactivity of tumour markers MCA and CA50 was determined
      in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder of WHO grades I-III. The material
      consisted of paraffin-embedded biopsies from bladder tumors in 83 patients. Mean
      follow-up time was 13 years (range 9.6-22 years). Staining indexes for the whole
      section and for the area with maximal staining intensity were calculated (for
      MCA; IMCAtot, IMCAmax, for CA 50: ICA50tot, ICA50max). Also two combination
      indexes were created (Itot, Imax). The relations between histological grade on
      one hand, and IMCAtot (p less than 0.001), IMCAmax (p = 0.007), ICA50tot (p less
      than 0.001), and ICA50max (p less than 0.001) on the other were statistically
      significant. IMCAtot (p = 0.008) and ICA50max (p 0.040) had a statistically
      significant relation to clinical stage. IMCAtot (p = 0.004) and IMCAmax (p =
      0.001) also predicted node involvement with statistical significance.
      Metastasizing behavior could be predicted with all four indexes with statistical
      significance (IMCAtot p = 0.021; IMCAmax, p = 0.001; ICA50tot, p = 0.021;
      ICA50max, p = 0.050), but best with IMCAmax. Bladder cancer survival was related
      to IMCAtot (p = 0.044) and to ICA50tot (p = 0.0009) with statistical
      significance. The higher the MCA positivity and the lower the CA50 positivity,
      the worse was the prognosis. The combination index (Itot) predicted survival (p =
      0.0004) better than IMCAtot or ICA50tot separately. Itot and Imax did not offer
      any advantages over other indexes in predicting node involvement or metastasis.
      Grade II tumors were divided into two prognostic groups using Itot, but the
      difference between survival was not statistically significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288056
TI  - Perineal seeding of prostatic carcinoma after Trucut biopsy.
AB  - Perineal seeding of cancer of the prostate is a rare complication after
      transperineal prostatic biopsy. In the present case the biopsy responsible for
      the seeding was false-negative, but microscopy of the perineal lesion showed a
      differentiated adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2288055
TI  - A case of deoxycorticosterone-producing benign adrenocortical tumor.
AB  - A case of deoxycorticosterone-producing benign adrenocortical tumor is presented.
      A review of the English literature revealed that this is the second case of
      deoxycorticosterone-producing adrenocortical adenoma.

PMID- 2288057
TI  - Sacrococcygeal chordoma: clinicoradiological study.
AB  - A case of sacrococcygeal chordoma is presented. We review the literature and we
      discuss the problems related to the etiology, the symptoms, the diagnosis and the
      treatment of this rare neoplasm. We present and discuss here the importance and
      the different possibilities of new diagnostic techniques, such as the CT and the
      MRI in the diagnosis and management of sacrococcygeal chordoma.

PMID- 2288058
TI  - Ureteral displacement due to congenital psoas muscle hypertrophy.

PMID- 2288059
TI  - A review of the 1988 European seal morbillivirus epizootic.
AB  - An epizootic of morbillivirus infection killed thousands of common seals (Phoca
      vitulina) in European seas in 1988. Most of the affected seals had respiratory
      signs and the main post mortem finding was acute pneumonia. The histopathological
      changes were similar to those of canine distemper. Six common porpoises (Phocoena
      phocoena) found stranded on the coast of Northern Ireland in late 1988 had
      similar lesions. Morbillivirus infection also killed several thousand Siberian
      seals (Phoca siberica) in Lake Baikal in 1987 and 1988. A morbillivirus (phocine
      distemper virus) has been isolated from affected seals in several European
      countries and studies of the antigenicity of the virus indicate that it has
      several unique epitopes that distinguish it from the other known morbilliviruses.
      Biochemical studies of the viral proteins, RNA and nucleotide sequence confirm
      that it is a new morbillivirus. There is seroepizootiological evidence of
      morbillivirus infection in Greenland harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus),
      ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and Dutch common seals several years before the 1988
      epizootic. Antibodies to a morbillivirus have also been found in bottlenose
      dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the eastern coast of the USA. Further studies
      are required to determine whether these sea mammal populations have been infected
      with phocine distemper virus.

PMID- 2288060
TI  - A comparative study of medetomidine/ketamine and xylazine/ketamine anaesthesia in
      dogs.
AB  - The anaesthetic and physiological effects of a combination of 40 micrograms
      medetomidine with 2.5 ketamine, 5.0 or 7.5 mg/kg administered intramuscularly
      were compared with the effects of a combination of 1 mg/kg xylazine and 15 mg/kg
      ketamine. All the combinations rapidly induced an anaesthetic state that
      permitted endotracheal intubation, with the absence of the pedal reflex and with
      good muscle relaxation, and induced bradycardia that was less pronounced as the
      dose of ketamine was increased. All the combinations produced a decrease in
      respiratory rate. Increasing the dose of ketamine combined with medetomidine
      resulted in a very significant prolongation of the duration of anaesthesia, the
      duration of muscle relaxation and the arousal time. The duration of the
      anaesthetic effects of 40 micrograms/kg medetomidine with 5 mg/kg ketamine was
      comparable to that provided by the recommended xylazine/ketamine combination but
      the period of muscle relaxation was significantly longer. The recovery from
      medetomidine/ketamine took longer than recovery from xylazine/ketamine but there
      were fewer side effects.

PMID- 2288061
TI  - Surgical repair of peripheral detachment of the medial meniscus in 34 cattle.
AB  - A detachment of the periphery of the medial meniscus from the joint capsule and
      medial collateral ligament in 34 cattle was repaired by securing the meniscus to
      the joint capsule with vertical mattress sutures during arthrotomy. Of 28 cattle
      with follow-up reports, 20 had recovered satisfactorily by their owners'
      evaluations; 17 were either not lame or slightly lame after the operation and
      three were moderately lame. Three of four cattle without follow-up reports were
      either not lame or slightly lame when discharged from the hospital.

PMID- 2288062
TI  - Survey of the causes of dystocia in sheep.

PMID- 2288063
TI  - Chemical immobilisation in ostriches (Struthio camelus) using etorphine
      hydrochloride.

PMID- 2288064
TI  - Student selection.

PMID- 2288065
TI  - Trimethoprim-sulphonamide hypersensitivity in dogs.

PMID- 2288066
TI  - [Names of plant viruses in Japanese terminology].

PMID- 2288067
TI  - [Genome structure, viral replication and morphologic formation of hepatitis B
      virus].

PMID- 2288068
TI  - [Genome structure, transcription and replication of influenza virus].

PMID- 2288069
TI  - [Genome structure and replication of plant viruses].

PMID- 2288070
TI  - Polymerase chain-reaction-mediated cloning and expression of the coat protein
      gene of potato virus Y in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Complementary DNAs (cDNAs) to the RNA genome of a necrotic strain of potato virus
      Y in Japan (Hokkaido Univ. isolate of PVY-T:PVY-TH) were synthesized and cloned
      into a plasmid pBR322. About 4.3 kbp of the cDNA sequence containing the 3'
      poly(A) tract of PVY-TH was inserted into a recombinant plasmid pBRYT88. The coat
      protein coding region (CP gene) in pBRYT88 was amplified using the polymerase
      chain reaction (PCR) and subcloned into a plasmid pUC119. The nucleotide sequence
      of the CP gene was determined from both the PCR-mediated clones and pBRYT88. The
      CP gene of PVY-TH consisted of 801 nucleotides, corresponding to 267 amino acids
      of Mr 29,811. The predicted amino acid sequence of the PVY-TH CP gene was
      different from that of PVYN (1) in only five amino acids and displayed 98.1%
      sequence homology. This result indicates that PVY-TH is closely related to PVYN
      (1). The cDNAs of the PVY-TH CP gene containing an additional initiation codon
      (ATG) at the 5' end and a stop codon at the 3' end were constructed by PCR
      amplification and subcloned into an E. coli expression vector, pKK223-3. Five
      transformed E. coli colonies expressing the PVY-TH CP were identified by
      immunoscreening using both polyclonal rabbit antiserum against PVY-TH and mouse
      monoclonal antibody (MoAb) specific to PVY-T. The CP of PVY-TH produced in the E.
      coli colonies had an electrophoretic mobility identical to that of native PVY-TH
      CP and reacted strongly to a specific MoAb to PVY-T, but did not react to a
      specific MoAb to an ordinary strain of PVY (PVY-O). The maximum expression of the
      CP in E. coli was approximately 7% of the total soluble proteins. The result
      indicates that the CP gene cloned by PCR was functional and the PCR procedure was
      useful for producing biologically active cDNA clones from a single, long positive
      sense RNA genome encoding a single, large polyprotein precursor, such as
      potyviruses.

PMID- 2288071
TI  - Investigation of the 5' terminal structures of genomic and subgenomic RNAs of
      potato virus S.
AB  - Hybrid arrest translation involving an antisense RNA, generated from a cloned
      cDNA close to the 5' region of potato virus S genomic RNA, blocked the synthesis
      of genomic encoded products but had little effect on subgenomic RNA encoded
      products. Similarly, the synthesis of PVS genomic RNA-directed peptides was
      inhibited by the cap analogue m7G5'ppp5'G, suggesting the presence of a cap
      structure at the 5' terminus whilst subgenomic RNA encoded products remained
      unaffected, suggesting an uncapped structure. This was confirmed by artificially
      produced uncapped subgenomic RNAs translating as efficiently in in vitro
      translation systems as authentic viral subgenomic RNAs.

PMID- 2288072
TI  - Optics, physiology and vision. A festschrift honoring Professor Gerald Westheimer
      on his 65th birthday.

PMID- 2288073
TI  - Do deviations from radiance-invariance of metameric matches contradict the three
      pigment theory of foveal trichromacy?
AB  - According to the pigment theory of matching, metameric matches result from the
      equation of the rates of photoisomerizations for each of the three classes of
      cone pigments excited by the two matched fields. If true, matches are radiance
      invariant and additive. Tests of the theory in this paper show small but
      ubiquitous failures in radiance-invariance due to systematic rather than random
      errors in matching. A choice between two possible explanations for these
      systematic errors favors the view that in subjects who deliberately or
      intuitively search for the middle of the matching range, the errors are due to an
      asymmetry in the Weber fraction for color (Trezona) at low (but not high) levels
      of retinal illuminance.

PMID- 2288074
TI  - The sensitivity of separation discrimination to spatiotemporal jitter.
AB  - Differences of less than 20 sec of visual angle in the separation of a pair of
      closely spaced parallel lines can be reliably detected. This ability is known as
      a hyperacuity because the thresholds are smaller than the diameter of one foveal
      cone. It is shown that this ability does not require a stationary pattern.
      Indeed, correlated horizontal jitter of the line pair has little detrimental
      effect on performance for jitter that ranges up to 8 min arc for two lines with a
      separation of only 6 min arc. Uncorrelated jitter of the two lines, which allows
      the actual separation to vary from moment to moment, causes performance to
      deteriorate at a rate similar to the rise of signal uncertainty. The results
      reflect the operation of a system which is not only extremely robust to
      oculomotor instability but is also robust to positional variation that could not
      be produced by eye movements.

PMID- 2288075
TI  - Conditions for versatile learning, Helmholtz's unconscious inference, and the
      task of perception.
AB  - It is a mistake to consider perception and learning separately because what one
      learns is strongly constrained by what one perceives, and what one perceives
      depends on what one has experienced. I shall propose the hypothesis that
      perception is the computation of a representation that enables us to make
      reliable and versatile inferences about associations occurring in the world
      around us--that is, perception prepares the ground for learning. The statistical
      problem in learning is to determine whether a compound event such as "C followed
      by U" is a random co-occurrence or a significant association, for if it is the
      former it would be a mistake to pay any particular attention to C, whereas if it
      is the latter C is a conditional stimulus for U and a useful predictor for it.
      Now you cannot decide whether the association is random or not without knowledge
      of the prior probabilities of C and U: hence on my hypothesis when you perceive
      an object or event the representation must not only signal "it's there" or "it's
      happened", but must also make evident (or rapidly accessible) the prior
      probability of what has been signalled. Furthermore it must do this for all the
      objects or events that can act as conditional stimuli, and this implies that the
      representative elements should be statistically independent (or approximately so)
      in the normal environment. Forms of coding that would do this, and the
      relationship with Helmholtz's unconscious inference, will be discussed. These
      considerations imply that the task performed in perception has been overlooked
      both by learning theorists and by connectionists working on associative and
      adaptive networks. Coding for independence may be particularly important in
      understanding the developmental processes during the sensitive period: it may be
      the operation that leads ontogenetically-timed, activity-dependent, connections
      to imprint appropriate codes if the animal has experience, but inappropriate
      codes without experience.

PMID- 2288077
TI  - Psychophysical measurement of the blur on the retina due to optical aberrations
      of the eye.
AB  - The blur on the retina in the horizontal meridian due to monochromatic and
      chromatic aberrations has been measured using a novel psychophysical technique.
      Longitudinal chromatic aberration gives the dominant blur for pupil sizes of 4-5
      mm, followed by monochromatic aberrations, and blur due to optical transverse
      chromatic aberration. In some eyes, coma was present as a result of a
      displacement of the axis of symmetry from the centre of the pupil, but in three
      eyes, coma was present without spherical aberration. The technique also allows a
      measurement of the effective pupil centre relative to the geometric centre and a
      partial analysis of the relative positions of the reference axes of the eye.

PMID- 2288076
TI  - Spatiotemporal limitations in bisection and separation discrimination.
AB  - Exposure duration was found to have a different effect on bisection thresholds
      than on separation-discrimination thresholds. Bisection thresholds were higher
      than separation discrimination thresholds between 33 and 150 msec but equal to or
      lower than them at longer durations. Experiments in which stimulus contrast was
      manipulated showed that the effect of exposure duration on separation
      discrimination and bisection thresholds could not be attributed primarily to
      temporal contrast integration. The data could be accounted for by a model in
      which bisection is done by encoding the two separations in bisection
      sequentially.

PMID- 2288079
TI  - Two-pulse monocular and binocular interactions at the differential luminance
      threshold.
AB  - Interaction between two pulses at the differential luminance threshold was
      studied for stimuli pairs presented to the same eye or to opposite eyes with an
      interocular delay. With monocular stimuli, the results replicated the earlier
      observations by Ikeda (1965) and Rashbass (1970) indicating linear interaction
      followed by rectification occurring at about 50-60 msec into the integration
      epoch. Binocular results were different, in accord with observations made in the
      contrast domain by Green and Blake (1981). Binocular stimuli of opposite polarity
      showed no cancellation. Binocular facilitation at threshold was found when either
      the stimuli of the same sign (+ + or - -) occurred with little interocular delay
      (stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA less than 15 msec), or the stimuli of the
      opposite sign (+ - or - +) were presented with an interocular delay between 15
      and 100 msec SOA; the latter effect was at maximum with flashes 50 msec in
      duration presented with 50 msec interocular SOA. These results imply that
      binocular interaction takes place between rectified internal effects of luminance
      pulses. From the two-channel binocular model of Cogan (1987), binocular
      facilitation is attributed to the "fused" response derived from multiplicative
      excitation between same-sign (half-wave rectified), internal pulse responses. The
      absence of cancellation between simultaneous opposite-sign dichoptic stimuli is
      attributed to the "either-eye" binocular process dealing with full-wave rectified
      internal pulse responses to transient stimuli.

PMID- 2288080
TI  - Consequences of spatial sampling for human motion perception.
AB  - This paper describes evidence for spatial aliasing in human motion perception.
      For a certain range of spatial frequencies, interference fringes drifting across
      the extrafoveal retina resemble two-dimensional spatial noise drifting in the
      opposite direction. For retinal locations within 10 deg of the fovea, the
      perceived direction of motion is veridical up to spatial frequencies near the
      cone Nyquist frequency, reverses between one and two times the cone Nyquist
      frequency, and sometimes reverses back to the correct direction at still higher
      frequencies. Thus two "motion nulls", or spatial frequencies at which the
      direction of motion is ambiguous, are typically observed at each retinal
      eccentricity. A computational model is described in which sinusoidal gratings are
      sampled by a cone mosaic and the direction of motion of the filtered output is
      computed. The model predicts that the second motion null, but not the first,
      should be relatively immune to postreceptoral processing and should roughly equal
      twice the cone Nyquist frequency. This prediction is confirmed by psychophysical
      experiments, providing a new technique to estimate cone spacing in the living
      human eye.

PMID- 2288082
TI  - On the neurophysiological organization of binocular vision.
AB  - The considerable mixing in the visual cortex, of signals from left and right
      eyes, provides an abundant population of binocularly activated neurons. Based on
      this and on the fact that cortical cells respond best to different ranges of
      retinal disparities, it has been proposed that these neurons form the
      physiological substrate of stereoscopic depth discrimination. We outline reasons
      here for addressing first the more fundamental issue of the rules of convergence
      in the visual cortex, for input from the two eyes. We show that most of this
      convergence may be described by a linear summation process. However, there is a
      nonlinear mechanism that maintains binocular interaction regardless of large
      differences in stimulus strength between the eyes. This finding suggests that a
      cell which appears to be dominated by one eye, when monocular tests are
      conducted, may respond equally under binocular conditions. In this case,
      binocular processing for all cortical cells could be uniform and independent of
      the ocular dominance values determined monocularly. With respect to a neural
      mechanism for the processing of information concerning different depths in space,
      we propose an alternative to the conventional notion. First, we identify
      fundamental problems with the current view. Second, we describe a procedure which
      allows us to distinguish between the conventional view and our alternative
      proposal. Standard receptive field mapping techniques are not adequate for
      determining phase-disparity relationships of the type we require. Therefore, we
      have employed a reverse correlation procedure which enables efficient and
      detailed mapping of receptive field structure. Third, we describe preliminary
      data concerning the physiological mechanism of stereoscopic depth discrimination.

PMID- 2288081
TI  - Discrimination of relative spatial position.
AB  - Subjects can accurately discriminate small changes in the relative position of
      features within a pattern. Simple patterns (intersected line segments) can
      undergo magnification and a variety of transformations without significantly
      affecting the discrimination thresholds. Features to be localized and compared
      need not be similar. We suggest that such relative position discriminations could
      support complex object identification.

PMID- 2288078
TI  - The spread of adaptation in human foveal and parafoveal cone vision.
AB  - We investigated the spread of bleaching adaptation for human cone vision in the
      central fovea and at an eccentricity of 5 deg in the nasal retina. Cone
      thresholds measured after adaptation to a grating bleach were compared to those
      measured after a uniform bleach. We conclude that the foveal and parafoveal cone
      systems show excellent localization of the effects of adaptation. For areas 2.5-5
      min removed from the bleach, our measurement show only small sensitivity losses
      amounting to between 0.10 and 0.25 log unit elevation in threshold, after taking
      account of optical scatter.

PMID- 2288083
TI  - The processing of object and self-motion in the tectofugal and accessory optic
      pathways of birds.
AB  - This paper reviews electrophysiological studies of motion processing in the
      tectofugal and accessory optic systems (AOS), and suggests these are specialized
      respectively for the analysis of object motion and self motion. Evidence is
      presented which shows that directionally specific neurons in the tectofugal
      system process local motion and are inhibited by wholefield motion. These cells
      respond to kinematograms and moving occlusion edges and may therefore also be
      involved in figure-ground segregation and depth perception. In contrast, cells in
      the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR), a component of the AOS, respond best
      to large slowly moving patterns. These cells are directionally selective
      preferring either upward, downward or backward directions. In the posterior
      region of the nBOR some cells have been found which are binocular and prefer
      either the same or opposite directions of motion in the two eyes. Thus, these
      cells are tuned to respond optimally to either translational or rotational
      components of wholefield motion and it is suggested these may be involved in the
      control of posture and locomotion.

PMID- 2288084
TI  - The influence of contextual stimuli on the orientation selectivity of cells in
      primary visual cortex of the cat.
AB  - Perception of a visual attribute, such as orientation, is strongly dependent on
      the context within which a feature is presented, such as that seen in the tilt
      illusion. The possibility that the neurophysiological basis for this phenomenon
      may be manifest at the level of cells in striate cortex is suggested by
      anatomical and physiological observations of orientation dependent long range
      horizontal connections which relate disparate points in the visual field. This
      study explores the dependency of the functional properties of single cells on
      visual context. We observed several influences of the visual field area
      surrounding cells' receptive field on the properties of the receptive field
      center: inhibition or facilitation dependent on the orientation of the surround,
      shifts in orientation preference and changes in the bandwidth of orientation
      tuning. To relate these changes to perceptual changes in orientation we modeled a
      neuronal ensemble encoding orientation. Our results show that the filter
      characteristics of striate cortical cells are not necessarily fixed, but can be
      dynamic, changing according to context.

PMID- 2288085
TI  - Vernier acuity as line and dipole detection.
AB  - The vernier judgment is commonly thought of as discriminating the displacement of
      a portion of a pattern. However, we have found it revealing to consider vernier
      stimuli in another light; as the composite of a test pattern superimposed on a
      masking pedestal. The pedestal is the pattern with zero spatial offset, and the
      test pattern is the luminance distribution which, when added to the pedestal,
      produces the offset. For example, a vernier offset of an edge can be generated by
      adding a thin line (the derivative of an edge) to one half of an edge pedestal,
      and a vernier offset of a line can be generated by adding a thin dipole (the
      derivative of a line) to one half of a line pedestal. Vernier thresholds for low
      contrast edge and line pedestals can be directly predicted from detection
      thresholds of thin lines and dipoles on uniform fields. A surprisingly simple
      relationship is also derived between vernier thresholds and the size of Ricco's
      integration zone. We have found this masking paradigm to be fruitful and believe
      it is relevant to all the hyperacuities, not just vernier.

PMID- 2288086
TI  - Direct observation of receptors and images in simple and compound eyes.
AB  - The relation between the quality of the optical image and the fineness of the
      retinal mosaic has been studied in eyes of three different optical types: the
      simple eyes of spiders, the superposition compound eyes of moths, and the
      apposition compound eyes of butterflies. In all three it is possible to observe
      both the receptor mosaic and the image in the living eye, using appropriate
      ophthalmoscopic techniques. Whereas in humans the retinal sampling frequency
      approaches the optical cut-off frequency quite closely, in diurnal insects of
      both types the image is undersampled by a factor of 2-3, and in crepuscular
      spiders this factor may be greater than 100. Reasons for these differences are
      discussed.

PMID- 2288087
TI  - Spatial interval discrimination with blurred lines: black and white are separate
      but not equal at multiple spatial scales.
AB  - We used Gaussian blurred lines of same- and opposite-polarity to measure the
      effects of blur on 3-line spatial interval discrimination (bisection). The
      results of our experiments can be summarized as follows. Spatial interval
      discrimination (3-line bisection) thresholds are proportional to the separation
      of the lines (i.e. Weber's law). At the optimal separation, spatial interval
      discrimination thresholds for same-polarity lines represent a "hyperacuity" as
      small as 2 sec arc. For same-polarity Gaussian blurred lines, over a wide range
      of the blur standard deviations (sigma), the optimal threshold occurs when the
      separation is approx. 2 sigma, and the optimal threshold is about 0.02 sigma, or
      a Weber fraction (delta s/s) of 0.01. For opposite-polarity lines, under
      conditions where same-polarity stimuli yield the best thresholds (at a separation
      approximately 2 sigma), spatial interval thresholds are an order of magnitude
      worse than that for same-polarity lines, suggesting that the localization of
      stimili of opposite-polarity is much worse than that of same-polarity stimuli
      over a wide range of spatial scales. At large separations, greater than about 5
      sigma, spatial interval discrimination thresholds are more or less independent of
      both contrast and polarity. While hyperacuity is generally thought of in terms of
      the tiny spatial thresholds which are obtained at small separations with stimuli
      comprised of thin lines, the present results, and those of others, suggest that
      for same-polarity stimuli, hyperacuity thresholds are a general property of the
      visual system, occurring at many spatial scales. The present results also suggest
      that the poor localization of opposite-polarity lines occurs at multiple spatial
      scales, when the line separation is less than about five times the stimulus
      spread. We consider several models which can account for particular features of
      our data.

PMID- 2288088
TI  - Motion at isoluminance: discrimination/detection ratios for moving isoluminant
      gratings.
AB  - Subjects viewed a 2.3 x 2.3 deg patch of a moving 1.3 c/deg, 3.75 Hz sinusoidal
      grating, centered 1.8 deg from fixation. Two-alternative forced-choice contrast
      thresholds were measured along the luminance axis and 10 chromatic axes at
      isoluminance for three tasks: detection (D), form discrimination (F), and
      discrimination of upward from downward motion (M). F/D threshold ratios averaged
      approx. 1:1 on all axes. M/D ratios were approx. 1:1 on the luminance axis, but
      varied from 3:1 to indeterminately large with chromatic axis at isoluminance. We
      conclude that under the present conditions there are large, highly specific
      losses of direction-of-motion information at isoluminance. The results imply the
      existence of chromatic channels that are labeled for form but not for direction
      of motion at threshold. The pattern and significance of variations in M/D ratios
      within the isoluminant plane is also discussed.

PMID- 2288089
TI  - The imprecision of stereopsis.
AB  - In comparison to lateral judgments of distance, stereoscopic judgments are not
      precise. Although stereoacuity thresholds for targets presented in the fixation
      plane can equal the best thresholds for the monocular hyperacuities, i.e. a few
      sec arc, the increment thresholds for disparity are substantially larger than the
      increment thresholds for lateral separation (width). We measured the minimum
      detectable change in the three-dimensional distance separating two features, one
      presented in the fixation plane, and the other some distance in front of it, i.e.
      with a significant standing disparity between the two features. For briefly
      presented targets (150 msec), the Weber fraction for disparity was 10-20% over
      the range from 1 to 20 min arc, while the Weber fraction for width was only 2-3%
      under comparable conditions. The disparity thresholds were substantially improved
      for a longer duration target (1000 msec), but they were still a factor of two
      worse than the monocular width thresholds. In a related experiment, the vernier
      acuity for a standard vernier target was profoundly degraded by pairing the
      offset upper line presented to one eye with a disparate line in the other eye;
      the vernier threshold was elevated for disparities ranging from 3 to 30 min arc.
      This finding shows that the more precise monocular signals are actively
      suppressed in fused or partially-fused stereoscopic images.

PMID- 2288090
TI  - Mechanisms underlying the anisotropy of stereoscopic tilt perception.
AB  - There is a marked anisotropy in the perception of stereoscopic tilt: vertical
      gradients of horizontal disparity are more easily perceived than horizontal
      gradients. This could be explained if orientation disparity (the orientation
      difference in the two eyes' views of the same line) were one of the cues used to
      determine tilt, since orientation disparities are in general larger for vertical
      gradients. We show here that a marked anisotropy in tilt perception is present
      even with stereograms which contain equally strong orientation disparity cues for
      horizontal and vertical gradients. This implies that there must be other
      mechanisms for stereoscopic tilt perception, or further processing steps in the
      use of orientation disparity, which are anisotropic in their mode of action.

PMID- 2288091
TI  - Biases and sensitivities in geometrical illusions.
AB  - Psychometric functions were collected to measure biases and sensitivities in
      certain classical illusory configurations, such as the Muller-Lyer. We found that
      sensitivities (thresholds or just noticeable differences) were generally not
      affected by the introduction of illusory biases, and the implications of this for
      theories of the illusions are discussed. Experiments on the Muller-Lyer figure
      showed that the effect depends upon mis-location of the ends of the figure,
      rather than upon a global expansion as demanded by the size-constancy theory. A
      new illusion is described in which the perceived position of a dot is displaced
      towards the centre of a surrounding cluster of dots, even though it is clearly
      discriminable from other members of the cluster by their colour. We argue that
      illusions illustrate powerful constraints upon visual processing: they arise when
      subjects are instructed to carry out a task to which the visual system is not
      adapted.

PMID- 2288092
TI  - da Vinci stereopsis: depth and subjective occluding contours from unpaired image
      points.
AB  - Distant surfaces are occluded by nearer surfaces to different extents in the two
      eyes, leading to the existence of unpaired image points visible in one eye and
      not the other. An ecological analysis of the real world situation that could have
      given rise to such unpaired points indicates the presence of a depth constraint
      zone, defined by visibility lines between which possible real world points must
      lie. The leading edge of this zone starts at the edge of a fused binocular
      occluding surface and recedes linearly with increases in horizontal distance to
      the unpaired point. Psychophysical evidence indicates that the human visual
      system makes use of this unpaired information in a remarkably adaptive manner,
      showing an increase in perceived depth for increasing horizontal separations
      between the unpaired target and fused edge, at least over a significant angular
      range (approx. 25-40 min arc). We also show that unpaired points in binocular
      images can lead to the formation of subjective occluding contours and surface
      having the qualitatively appropriate sign of depth. Furthermore, we show that the
      visual system could not recover depth of unpaired points camouflaged from the
      other eye against silhouettes. Our findings indicate that the visual system makes
      use of occlusive relations in the real world to recover depth, contour, and
      surface from unpaired points. The fact that such processes must utilize eye-of
      origin information implies that they share this essential characteristic with
      classical or Wheatstone stereopsis. The necessity of eye-of-origin information
      also suggests that the processing may begin relatively early in cortical visual
      processing, possibly as early as V1. Finally, the novel emergence of subjective
      occluding contours from unpaired monocular stimuli raises the possibility that
      this process is mediated by visual experience, built up by the association of
      unpaired points and occluding contours.

PMID- 2288093
TI  - Selective nonconjugate binocular adaptation of vertical saccades and pursuits.
AB  - Hering's law describes the equal and symmetrical rotation of the two eyes. It is
      possible to calibrate the binocular yoking of the two eyes in response to
      disparate size and/or motion of the two ocular images. It is unclear if the ratio
      of movements by the two eyes is modified by selective adaptation of each
      versional system (i.e. saccades and pursuits) or if there is an apparent
      adaptation of Hering's law that results from a single underlying process. The
      latter could be accomplished by vergence (prism) adaptation, which could interact
      with all versional systems. In this investigation, binocularly stimulated
      saccades and pursuits were adapted separately for 2 hr to unequal vertical target
      displacements. Three adaptation paradigms were used; each included a 10%
      binocular gradient disparity. The adapting stimulus for the pursuit system was
      0.25 Hz vertical triangular motion of 20 deg, peak to peak. Two saccade
      adaptation paradigms included one which emphasized correcting vertical disparity
      during the pulse component of the saccade, the other minimized the influence of
      disparity prior to, during and immediately after saccades (vergence paradigm).
      Yoking ratios (YRs) for vertical pursuits and saccades were compared before and
      after adaptation. The pursuit paradigm produced marked adaptation of the pursuit
      YRs while it had negligible effect on saccade YRs. The pulse saccade paradigm
      adapted the saccade YRs twice as much as the pursuit YRs whereas the vergence
      paradigm resulted in little adaptation of YRs for either saccades or pursuits.
      Pursuits adapted to the first paradigm in 15-30 min whereas saccades adapted to
      the second paradigm in 1.5-2 hr. These results indicate that there is not a
      single common nonconjugate adaptation mechanism for vertical pursuits and
      saccades. Results of the vergence paradigm demonstrate that feedback during or
      immediately after eye movements is necessary in order to stimulate the binocular
      versional adaptation mechanism. Versional adaptation may be considered as a
      calibration of Hering's law.

PMID- 2288094
TI  - New directions for oculomotor research.
AB  - This paper reviews major trends in the study of the oculomotor system since
      Westheimer published his doctoral research on this topic 35 years ago. Westheimer
      introduced the use of linear system analysis for the study of eye movements, an
      approach used a great deal by others ever since. Westheimer himself abandoned
      this approach within a decade, in part, because this kind of analysis becomes
      ambiguous when predictive properties of oculomotor system performance become
      prominent. We discuss the implications of ignoring the prominence of predictive
      eye movements and describe recent evidence for their prevelence and power. This
      leads us to propose that a new approach to the study of oculomotor performance is
      required. We also discuss the recent trend to apply the "connectionist" (or
      "neural network") approach in studies of the oculomotor system, and point out
      that the "symbolic", rather than the "adaptive", nature of predictive eye
      movements makes successful extension of these models to oculomotor performance
      unlikely. Our new approach emphasizes the use of natural stimulation in subjects
      free from bodily restraints. Accurate measurement of eye, head and torso
      movements under such conditions has become possible recently and data obtained in
      this manner has led to the discovery of a number of unexpected characteristics of
      oculomotor system performance. These developments have encouraged us to abandon
      the modular view of the oculomotor system, popular since Dodge launched the
      modern era of oculomotor research in 1903, which postulates five, or more,
      largely independent "subsystems". We suggest that only two subsystems (a fast
      saccadic and a somewhat slower smooth) are used to fixate and track a central
      representation of objects located in three-dimensional space. We show that this
      two-subsystem approach is consistent with current knowledge of oculomotor system
      neuroanatomy and neurophysiology.

PMID- 2288096
TI  - A stereoscopic view of visual processing streams.
AB  - Recent anatomical and physiological studies of the visual pathway suggest the
      existence of at least three parallel processing streams in the lateral
      geniculate/primary cortex structure--a magno/interblob stream for motion and
      transient information; a parvo/interblob stream for high spatial frequency,
      static information; and a parvo/blob stream for chromatic and low spatial
      frequency information. How does this functional typology relate to the processing
      for stereoscopic depth? Human stereopsis may be viewed as consisting of three
      distinct types of disparity processing: coarse, local stereopsis suitable for
      stereomovement processing by the magno/interblob stream; fine, global stereopsis
      suitable for the processing of complex random-dot stereograms by the
      parvo/interblob stream; and simple, protostereopsis for processing size
      differences between the two eyes by the parvo/blob stream. Extensive
      psychophysical evidence supports the identification of these three disparity
      processes with the three processing streams.

PMID- 2288095
TI  - Cue summation in spatial discriminations.
AB  - We investigated the extent to which discrimination performance improves when more
      than a single cue distinguishes two patterns. When two simple gratings differ
      slightly in spatial frequency, orientation, and/or contrast, the performance of
      most observers is better in multiple-cue conditions than in single-cue conditions
      and by an amount indicating Euclidean summation of information. These results are
      shown to be consistent with discrimination models that integrate information over
      different, spatially selective pathways. However, little summation is found when
      the task requires integration of cues across widely separated spatial frequency
      bands. This result implies that information is integrated only over pathways
      tuned to a common region of the spatial frequency domain.

PMID- 2288097
TI  - Retinal ganglion cell density and cortical magnification factor in the primate.
AB  - The question of whether the large area occupied by the primate fovea in the
      visual cortex (V1) is the result of a selective amplification of the central
      visual field, or whether it merely reflects the ganglion cell density of the
      retina, has been a subject of debate for many years. Measurements of the ganglion
      cell densities are made difficult by lateral displacements of cells around the
      fovea and the occurrence of amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer. We have
      now identified and counted these amacrine cells by GABA immunocytochemistry and
      by retrograde degeneration of ganglion cells. By reconstructing the fovea from
      vertical and horizontal serial sections, we were able to measure the densities of
      cones, cone pedicles and ganglion cells within the same retina. We found 3-4
      ganglion cells for every foveal cone. This ratio decreased to one ganglion cell
      per cone at an eccentricity of 15-20 deg (3-4 mm) and in peripheral retina there
      are more cones than ganglion cells. The ganglion cell density changes by a factor
      of 1000-4000 between peripheral and central retina. A comparable gradient has
      been reported for the representation of the peripheral and central visual field
      in V1. We suggest that ganglion cell density can fully account for the cortical
      magnification factor and there is no need to postulate a selective amplification
      of the foveal representation.

PMID- 2288098
TI  - Simultaneous orientation contrast for lines in the human fovea.
AB  - When it is surrounded by lines of a differing orientation, a test line changes
      its apparent orientation in a direction away from that of the surround lines.
      Using a nulling technique to arrive at numerical values, the properties of this
      simultaneous orientation contrast have been analyzed: it diminishes with distance
      of the surround lines; rises and then falls off as a function of surround line
      orientation; decreases with exposure duration; is sharply tuned (+/- 100 msec)
      for synchrony of test and surround line presentation; is robust to differences
      between test and surround line disparity but not intensity; and is reduced with
      dichoptic presentation of test and surround lines. Orientation contrast can be
      induced in a variety of oriented features, including illusory contours, an
      ellipse, a moving dot and a row of dots or lines, but two dots alone don't
      suffice. The results are taken as evidence that orientation is a domain sui
      generis, in which simultaneous contrast is exhibited in the same manner as in the
      domains of color, brightness and disparity.

PMID- 2288099
TI  - The presence of a porphyropsin-based visual pigment in the juvenile lemon shark
      (Negaprion brevirostris).
AB  - The visual pigment from the juvenile lemon shark has been extracted and is a
      homogeneous vitamin A2-based porphyropsin with maximum absorption at 522 nm. This
      is the first report of a porphyropsin visual pigment extracted from the retina of
      an elasmobranch. In contrast, the visual pigment from the adult lemon shark
      yields a homogeneous vitamin A1-based rhodopsin with maximum absorption at 501
      nm. We conclude that the porphyropsin of the juvenile lemon shark changes over to
      a rhodopsin as the animal matures.

PMID- 2288100
TI  - Color as a source of information in the stereo correspondence process.
AB  - Although previous research has shown that depth perception is weak for
      isoluminant stereograms, the possibility remains that color plays an important
      role in stereopsis when luminance variations are present. To examine this
      possibility, we measured the relative contribution of chromatic and luminance
      cues in solving the correspondence problem for ambiguous "wallpaper" stereograms
      composed of vertical bars. Using an ideal-observer analysis, we found that
      chromatic cues were used much more efficiently than luminance cues in
      disambiguating these stereograms when the patterns were presented on a dark
      background but were used with about equal efficiency when presented on a light
      background. Another experiment (using the same wallpaper patterns) showed that
      chromatic and luminance cues were also used with about equal efficiency in a
      standard stereo detection task. Some of the implications of these results for
      theories of stereo vision are discussed.

PMID- 2288101
TI  - Equivalent intrinsic blur in spatial vision.
AB  - We used Gaussian blurred stimuli to explore the effect of blur on three tasks:
      (i) 2-line "resolution"; (ii) line detection; and (iii) spatial interval
      discrimination, in both central and peripheral vision. The results of our
      experiments can be summarized as follows. (i) 2-Line "resolution": thresholds for
      pairs of unblurred, low contrast, stimuli are approx. 0.5 min arc in the fovea.
      When the stimulus blur is small, it has little effect upon 2-line "resolution";
      however, when the stimulus blur, sigma, exceeds 0.5 min, thresholds are degraded.
      We operationally define this transition point as the equivalent intrinsic blur or
      Bi. When the standard deviation of the stimulus blur, sigma, is greater than Bi,
      then the "resolution" threshold is approximately equal to sigma. Both the
      unblurred "resolution" threshold, and the equivalent intrinsic blur, Bi, vary
      with eccentricity in a manner consistent with the variation of cone separation
      within the central 10 deg. When the stimulus blur exceeds the equivalent
      intrinsic blur, "resolution" in the periphery is the same as in the fovea. (ii)
      Line detection: when the standard deviation of the stimulus blur, sigma, is less
      than Bi, then the line detection threshold is approximately inversely
      proportional to sigma (it is approximately TdBi/sigma) i.e. it obeys Ricco's law.
      When the standard deviation of the stimulus blur, sigma, is greater than Bi, then
      the "resolution" threshold is approximately equal to sigma and the detection
      threshold is approximately a fixed contrast (to be referred to as Td). According
      to (i) and (ii), the equivalent intrinsic blur, Bi, plays a dual role in
      determining both the "resolution" threshold and the detection threshold, Bi
      corresponds to the "Ricco's diameter" for spatial summation in a detection task,
      and it also corresponds to the "resolution" threshold for thin lines. This
      connection between detection and "resolution" is somewhat surprising. (iii)
      Spatial interval discrimination: thresholds are proportional to the separation of
      the lines (i.e. Weber's law). At the optimal separation, the thresholds represent
      a "hyperacuity" (i.e. they are smaller than the "resolution" threshold). For
      unblurred lines, the optimal separation is approximately 2-3 times the
      "resolution" limit at all eccentricities, so the optimal separation varies with
      eccentricity at the same rate as the equivalent intrinsic blur, Bi. However, the
      optimal spatial interval threshold falls off with eccentricity about 3-4 times
      more rapidly, consistent with the rate of decline of other position acuity
      tasks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2288102
TI  - Equivalent intrinsic blur in amblyopia.
AB  - We used Gaussian blurred stimuli to explore the effect of blur on three tasks:
      (i) 2-line resolution; (ii) line detection; and (iii) spatial interval
      discrimination, in observers with amblyopia due to anisometropia, strabismus, or
      both. The results of our experiments can be summarized as follows. (i) 2-Line
      resolution: in normal foveal vision, thresholds for unblurred stimuli are approx.
      0.5 min arc in the fovea. When the standard deviation (sigma) of the stimulus
      blur is less than 0.5 min, it has little effect upon 2-line resolution; however,
      thresholds are degraded when the stimulus blur, sigma, exceeds 0.5 min. We
      operationally define this transition point, as the equivalent intrinsic blur, or
      Bi. When the stimulus blur, sigma, is greater than Bi, then the resolution
      threshold is approximately equal to sigma. In all of the amblyopic eyes, 2-line
      resolution thresholds for unblurred stimuli were elevated, and the equivalent
      intrinsic blur was much larger. When the stimulus blur exceeds the equivalent
      intrinsic blur, resolution thresholds were similar in amblyopic and nonamblyopic
      eyes. (ii) Line detection: in both normal and amblyopic eyes, when the stimulus
      blur, sigma, is less than Bi, then the line detection threshold is approximately
      inversely proportional to sigma; i.e. (it obeys Ricco's law). When sigma is
      greater than Bi, the equivalent intrinsic blur, then the detection threshold is
      approximately a fixed contrast. All of the amblyopic eyes showed markedly
      elevated thresholds for detecting thin lines, but normal or near normal
      thresholds for detecting very blurred lines. Consequently, Ricco's diameter is
      larger in amblyopic than in normal eyes. (iii) Spatial interval discrimination:
      thresholds are proportional to the separation of the lines (i.e. Weber's law). At
      the optimal separation, spatial interval discrimination thresholds represent a
      "hyperacuity" (i.e. they are smaller than the resolution threshold). For
      unblurred lines, the optimal separation is approx. 2-3 times Bi. In the normal
      fovea, and in the amblyopic eyes of anisometropic amblyopes the optimal spatial
      interval discrimination threshold is about one-fifth of the resolution threshold
      (i.e. a hyperacuity); and over a wide range of separations, spatial interval
      discrimination thresholds begin to rise when the stimulus blur exceeds about one
      third of the separation between the lines as long as the contrast is sufficiently
      high. In contrast, in strabismic amblyopes, like the normal periphery, the
      optimal spatial interval discrimination thresholds are worse (higher) than would
      be expected based upon the resolution limit of the strabismic amblyopic
      eye.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2288103
TI  - The influence of stimulus size on newborns' discrimination of chromatic from
      achromatic stimuli.
AB  - We used an habituation procedure to explore newborns' ability to detect
      successive changes in luminance and based on those data, their ability to
      discriminate chromatic from achromatic stimuli. Newborns were very insensitive to
      successive changes in luminance: after habituating to a white square of given
      luminance, they showed no evidence of dishabituating when the luminance of the
      square increased or decreased by 0.37 log cd/m2, but dishabituated only to the
      next larger difference of 0.53 log cd/m2. Moreover, after newborns were
      habituated to a series of white squares that varied widely in luminance, they did
      not react when the luminance of the square was increased as much as 0.71 log
      cd/m2. In the color vision experiments, infants were habituated to a series of
      white squares of varying luminance and then tested with a chromatic square and
      with a white square of novel luminance. The size of the squares was also varied.
      The results showed that newborns discriminated 8 deg red (lambda peak = 650 nm)
      and 16 deg green (lambda peak = 540 nm) squares from white but required a larger
      stimulus (16 deg) to demonstrate the discrimination of yellow (lambda peak = 585
      nm) from white. In addition, newborns showed no evidence of discriminating a 32
      deg blue (lambda peak = 470 nm) square from white. Thus, although the results
      imply that newborns are at least dichromats, they also show that their color
      vision mechanisms are immature, particularly those operating in the blue and
      yellow spectral regions.

PMID- 2288104
TI  - Nonlinear analysis of spatial vision using first-and-second-order Volterra
      transfer functions measurement.
AB  - The harmonic input method of nonlinear system identification is modified to allow
      the Volterra series approach to be used for psychophysical investigation of
      various aspects of human pattern vision in the spatial frequency domain. While it
      is well known that only one modulation transfer function provides a complete
      characterization of a linear system, a number of multidimensional transfer
      functions are needed to identify a nonlinear system. We have shown, that so far
      as the contrast sensitivity to sine-wave gratings may be used for an empirical
      estimate of the first-order modulation transfer function of the human visual
      system, the contrast sensitivity to difference harmonics may be used as an
      empirical estimate of the second-order modulation transfer function. A difference
      harmonic arises from a mixture of two sine-wave gratings resulting from the
      nonlinearity of the visual system. Difference harmonic, experienced as some
      periodic beatlike structure, may still be observed if frequencies of the
      component gratings are higher than the maximum visual acuity. The visibility of
      the low-frequency beatlike pattern produced by pairs of sine-wave gratings, which
      themselves are of spatial frequencies too high to be resolved, could be accounted
      for either by a difference frequency distortion product (Burton, 1973) or by a
      special beat detector (Derrington & Badcock, 1985). We found that increasing the
      contrast of one component grating may be compensated for by reducing the contrast
      of the other component grating, the beatlike pattern being at threshold. This is
      exactly what would be expected if the beatlike pattern is detected because of the
      difference harmonics produced by nonlinearity of the visual system. We have
      determined contrast thresholds for the difference harmonics which occur between
      two unresolved different spatial frequencies. The contrast sensitivity function
      for difference harmonics was found to have a marked similarity both in the shape
      and position of peak sensitivity to the contrast sensitivity function for single
      sine-wave gratings. Another important characteristic of the contrast sensitivity
      function for difference harmonics is that it depends only on the frequency
      difference, delta f = f1 - f2, rather than on the value of either f1 or f2. All
      this indicates that a difference harmonic arises from local nonlinearities in the
      visual system. More specifically, the visual system may be represented as a
      cascade system, composed of a linear system with transfer function O (f) followed
      by a nonlinear element, r(.), without spatial spread in cascade with another
      linear system with transfer function P (f).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2288105
TI  - [Components of the blink reflex].

PMID- 2288106
TI  - [Pulmonary sequestration].

PMID- 2288107
TI  - [The amount and viscosity of nonstimulated mixed saliva and dental caries].

PMID- 2288108
TI  - [Morphological changes in tissues in frostbite].

PMID- 2288109
TI  - [Cytological analysis of secretions in secretory otitis. Additional criteria for
      placement of ventilation tubes].

PMID- 2288110
TI  - [Plasma exchange in the treatment of patients with immunoneurologic disorders].

PMID- 2288111
TI  - [Production and clinical study of sodium fluoride tablets in the treatment of
      otosclerosis].

PMID- 2288112
TI  - [The emotionally immature personality and the possibility of adaptation in the
      military environment].

PMID- 2288113
TI  - [Arbovirus infections in Yugoslavia].

PMID- 2288115
TI  - [Surgical treatment of iridodialysis].

PMID- 2288114
TI  - [Methods of surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma].

PMID- 2288116
TI  - [Cat-scratch disease with neurologic complications. Case report].

PMID- 2288117
TI  - [Cytological screening of precancer and cancer of the cervix uteri].

PMID- 2288118
TI  - [Imprinting of cytochrome P-450 and regulation of expression of its sex isoforms
      in the rat liver].

PMID- 2288119
TI  - [Artificial abortion as a risk factor of cancer].

PMID- 2288121
TI  - [Development of the methods of preoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer].
AB  - The following conclusions were made on the basis of long-term follow-up of 3680
      breast cancer patients receiving various irradiation modalities as component of
      combined or complex treatment. Surgery may be recommended as single or starting
      procedure for stage I tumors only. Otherwise, preoperative large-fraction
      irradiation in combination with microwave hyperthermia, if available, should be
      preferred for operable tumors whereas inoperable cases call for application of
      standard fraction radiotherapy of primary tumor and regional lymph node areas.

PMID- 2288122
TI  - [Increase of dissemination processes in palpation and puncture of tumors].
AB  - Palpation and puncture are used for diagnosis of some tumors. These procedures
      may cause trauma and thus stimulate tumor dissemination. Special experiments were
      carried out to assess the role of these methods in tumor spreading.

PMID- 2288120
TI  - [Steroid hormone receptors in lung cancer tissue].
AB  - Receptors to estrogens (ER), progesterone (PR), glucocorticoids (GR) and
      androgens (AR) were assayed in 44 lung cancer patients to evaluate hormonal
      sensitivity of tumor. In 30 cases, active forms of GR were additionally measured
      by DNA-cellulose adsorption method. GR appeared to be most frequent (65%). Tumors
      contained PR and ER in 22% and 16% respectively, but failed to reveal AR. A
      correlation was established between stage and GR positivity, with 83 +/- 8% of GR
      positive tumors observed at stage T1-3N0M0 as compared to 50 +/- 12% at stage T1
      3N 1-2M0 (P less than or equal to 0.05). As few as 55% (11 out of 20) of GR
      positive tumors revealed receptors capable of activation and interaction with DNA
      cellulose. These tumors alone, one third of tumors studied, are likely to respond
      to glucocorticoid treatment.

PMID- 2288124
TI  - [Determination of groups at risk for laryngeal tumors].
AB  - A procedure for development of an adequate screening program for detecting
      precancer and cancer of the larynx was elaborated on the basis of outpatient
      charts and regular check-up data. Patients with laryngeal neoplasia were included
      into the "cancer" group (47), those with hyperplastic laryngitis--"precancer"
      (189) and disease-free subjects--into the "normal" group (260). Cancer suspects
      as identified by the procedure should be referred to the otolaryngologist for
      closer examination.

PMID- 2288123
TI  - [Modifying effects of pregnancy and lactation on the structure of N-methyl-N
      nitrosourea-induced tumors of the mammary glands in rats].
AB  - The structure of breast tumors induced by a single i. v. injection of 50 mg/kg
      methylnitrosourea was compared in virgin rats and those who had been given the
      carcinogen 30 days prior to onset of gestation. After delivery, progeny were
      weaned from some animals to stop lactation. In the parous animal group,
      epithelial component of benign tumors was more pronounced than in virgins whereas
      malignant tumors showed higher level of cell differentiation.

PMID- 2288125
TI  - [Questionnaire-based determination of groups at high risk for lung cancer].
AB  - The factor analysis of qualitative parameters carried out in 968 patients with
      lung cancer helped identify certain features which may play the key role in the
      development and, consequently, diagnosis of various types of the disease. In
      workers of major industries, smoking proved a significant factor of higher
      incidence of lung cancer. Formation of the habit at an earlier age, its intensity
      and concomitant occupational hazards were found to increase the risk of cancer,
      particularly, in males. Mass screenings and questionnaire--based interviewing of
      smokers are suggested. Young age and heavy smokers should be included in groups
      at risk irrespective of occupation.

PMID- 2288126
TI  - [Comparative analysis of combined and complex methods of the treatment of stage
      IIIb breast cancer].
AB  - Results of treatment of 433 patients with stage IIIb breast cancer were analysed.
      Large-fraction radiation treatment and combination chemotherapy followed by
      surgery proved superior to standard fraction irradiation plus surgery for the
      initial treatment of stage IIIb breast cancer.

PMID- 2288127
TI  - [A complex of conservative rehabilitation measures in postmastectomy edema].
AB  - An effective complex of rehabilitative procedures was developed on the basis of
      the data on 440 tumor-free patients suffering postmastectomy edema as a result of
      radical treatment for primary breast cancer. The complex included pneumatic
      compression for edema of the arm, low-frequency electric and magnetic therapy,
      massage, calisthenics and drug treatment.

PMID- 2288128
TI  - [Results of combined treatment of cancer of the gastric antrum and gastric body].
AB  - The paper discusses the results of a cooperative study concerned with the
      immediate and end results of treatment of stage III cancer of the antral part and
      body of the stomach in patients randomly assigned to receive surgery either alone
      (142 cases) or in combination with preoperative Co 60 gamma teletherapy (139).
      Preoperative radiotherapy was not followed by increase in postoperative
      complication rate as compared to surgery alone. Combined treatment appeared to
      assure higher three- and five-year survival. Irradiation in the total dose of 20
      Gy induced grade I-II pathomorphosis of tumor. Ways towards raising the efficacy
      of the radiation component of combined (radiosurgical) treatment of gastric
      cancer need to be further investigated.

PMID- 2288129
TI  - [Use of lasers in the treatment of diseases of the cervix uteri and vulva].
AB  - The results of laser treatment of 215 outpatients with cervical and vulval
      pathology are discussed. An unfocused high-energy CO2 laser was used to irradiate
      large areas of the vulva whereas a focused one--for treating precancer and early
      cancer of the uterine cervix by evaporation and conization. A low-energy helium
      neon laser was used for the treatment of concomitant and precancerous lesions of
      the organs either alone or in combination with the CO2 laser. Said combination
      proved the most effective.

PMID- 2288130
TI  - [Problems of oncology in the works of Professor P. N. Napalkov (on the 90th
      anniversary of his birth)].

PMID- 2288132
TI  - [Subconscious image recognition].
AB  - Two experiments demonstrate the influence of an unconscious form of information
      storage on behavior. In the learning phase, subjects see pictures in which other
      pictures or figures are embedded. The experimental procedure makes sure that
      these embedded figures cannot be seen (or consciously identified) by the
      subjects. Nevertheless, the results of a perceptual identification task in the
      test phase prove that information of these unidentified figures has been stored
      by the subjects: In a clarification task, subjects were shown the cut out,
      previously embedded figures and other pictures which they had to name as quickly
      as possible. The experimental group, which had seen the pictures with the
      embedded figures in the learning phase, was much quicker in responding to the
      naming task than the control group, which had not seen these pictures before.
      These results are discussed in terms of a distinction between sensori-perceptual
      and conceptual information storage in humans. Conceptual information is
      characterized as meaningful, symbolic, and accessible to conscious reasoning and
      remembering, while sensori-perceptual information is seen as nonsymbolic,
      modality-bound, and restricted to unconscious reactivations in data-driven
      process repetitions.

PMID- 2288131
TI  - [Psychophysiologic abnormalities in schizophrenia: some implications for
      therapy].
AB  - On the basis of several studies, some psychophysiological activation
      abnormalities in schizophrenia are explained. These abnormalities give rise to at
      least three therapeutic aims: (1) As some psychophysiological systems may be
      under- and others overaroused in schizophrenic patients compared to normal
      controls, therapeutic interventions should approach the systems selectively. (2)
      The ability to modulate the psychophysiological activation, which is diminished
      in schizophrenic patients, should be improved. (3) Schizophrenic patients need a
      more differentiated perception of their own state of activation. These aims
      contrast somewhat with past therapeutic studies, which tried to change activation
      for the purpose of tension reduction. It seems advisable to link basic
      psychophysiological research more closely to the development of therapies.

PMID- 2288133
TI  - [Psychological classification and significance of odors].
AB  - The description of odors by basic sensual qualities proves to be rather
      difficult, as olfaction is a very complex matter that allows no simple
      schematization. While physiologists try to discover the biological bases of
      olfaction, psychologists consider the possibility of grouping odors by their
      perceptual qualities. Recent studies have shown that pleasantness is a basic
      dimension in judging odors. The present study was carried out to break
      pleasantness down to its various aspects, and thus to give a description of the
      very properties that make a pleasant odor smell pleasant. Sixty women and 40 men
      judged 10 odors by a list of 14 properties on rating scales. Significant
      correlations occurred between the average profiles of pleasant smells,
      characterizing them as mild, bright, conventional, harmonious, warm, clean, and
      soft. Unpleasant smells with their average profiles also highly correlated were
      often said to be pungent, dark, exciting, heavy, cold, hard, and disharmonious.
      All properties used on the list proved to be suitable for odor judging. The
      possibility of characterizing pleasant odors as well as unpleasant odors (despite
      their perception qualities) by elaborated profiles containing the various aspects
      of pleasantness is discussed.

PMID- 2288134
TI  - [Value of the interactional anger model: studies in management and competitive
      sports].
AB  - This study focuses on testing the interactional approach underlying the anger
      models of Novaco (1978) and Spielberger (1988). An additional goal was to
      demonstrate different types of situations that give rise to anger and different
      dimensions of anger response in two samples of 97 managers and 74 athletes.
      Results showed that an anger response could be differentiated into a
      physiological, a cognitive, and two behavioral components. For the latter, it was
      confirmed that the expression of anger could be categorized into two independent
      components, anger in and anger out. Classifying anger situations revealed only a
      limited situation specificity of the tendency toward anger. The results on the
      validity of the interactional approach depended on the methods of analysis
      chosen. If the percentage of variance components were interpreted in the
      direction of an interactional approach, the external validity coefficients in at
      least one sample could not be interpreted unequivocally in this direction.

PMID- 2288135
TI  - [Structure of the hypochondriacal and hysteroid personality].
AB  - Hypochondriacal and hysteroid personalities are considered the extreme variants
      of defined emotional and motivational dimensions. The hysteroid personality is
      mainly characterized by a strong need for social attention and respect as well as
      by a lack of emotional genuiness. For the diagnosis of hypochondriacal and
      hysteroid personality tendencies, a Hypochondria-Hysteria Inventory was developed
      and employed in 13 different samples with a total of 1206 persons. The index
      scores of the individual degrees of hypochondriacal and hysteroid tendencies were
      demonstrated to be of sufficient reliability. There was no important relationship
      between the individual degrees of hypochondriacal and hysteroid tendencies.
      Hypochondriacal tendencies are significantly correlated with general anxiety,
      neuroticism, depression, inhibition and psychasthenia as well as with a general
      negative self-concept. There is only a weak and partial significant relationship
      to the degree of introversion. The intensity of hypochondriacal tendencies
      increases with age. Hysteroid personality tendencies are significantly associated
      with extraversion, a certain degree of aggressiveness as well as with unconcern
      and sociability. The intensity of hysteroid tendencies in older adults is lower
      than in adolescents and young adults.

PMID- 2288136
TI  - [Smiling of preschool children in performance-oriented situations: assessment of
      the emotional significance in relation to other facial expressions].
AB  - The goal of the reported experiment was to study how adults judge the meaning of
      different kinds of smiling and laughing by preschool children, and the role
      played by other facial movements in determining this meaning. Videotapes and
      photographs of spontaneous facial expressions of children in a play situation
      served as stimuli. The results show that different kinds of smiling were judged
      by the adult subjects as being significantly different from each other. In order
      to find subgroups within the stimuli, cluster analyses were performed, and the
      resulting clusters indicated different mixtures of positive and negative emotions
      contained within the pictures. Regression analyses showed that the adults'
      judgements were dependent on the number of indicators for positive and negative
      emotions which could be seen in the pictures. The most important indicator
      movement for the judged strength of the positive emotion expressed in the smile
      was the raising of the cheeks and, for negative emotions, the lowering of the lip
      corners. The significance of the components of the expressions as well as the
      strength of the expressed emotion were, however, dependent on the mode of
      presentation (video/photo).

PMID- 2288138
TI  - Low fluid intake lowers stool output in healthy male volunteers.
AB  - Inadequate fluid intake is though to be one frequent cause of chronic
      constipation, although this has never been shown. In order to test whether fluid
      deprivation has an influence on colonic function, we studied eight healthy male
      volunteers (median age 23 y, range 21-28 y) with respect to stool frequency,
      stool weight and mean oroanal transit of radiopaque markers in a control week
      with a fluid intake of more than 2500 ml beverages per day and in a week with a
      fluid intake of less than 500 ml beverages per day. The two weeks followed each
      other in randomised order (with a wash out week in-between) and were standardised
      as to nutrition and physical activity. Stool frequency diminished from 6.9 +/-
      0.9 to 4.9 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SEM) defaecations per week (p = 0.041) and stool
      weight from 1.29 +/- 0.20 to 0.94 +/- 0.17 kg per week (p = 0.048) during fluid
      restriction. Mean oroanal transit times were similar in the two weeks. In
      conclusion, our study shows that a relatively short period of fluid deprivation
      decreases stool frequency and stool weight in healthy volunteers. Therefore, a
      low fluid intake may well be an aetiologic factor for chronic constipation in
      some patients and too low a fluid intake should be corrected. There is no
      evidence, however, that an increase of fluid intake within feasible limits has a
      beneficial effect on chronic constipation.

PMID- 2288137
TI  - [Recall of odors: naming and autobiographical memories illustrate odor
      aftereffects].
AB  - In the study phase, subjects had to encode either odors or the names there of by
      generating autobiographical memories, by judging the quality of the food source
      of the odors, or by labeling responses to odors. At the testing stage, explicit
      and implicit olfactory memory performance was assessed. With recognition testing,
      the provision of odors at study improved performance. Furthermore, recognition
      depended on elaborative encoding conditions with olfactory stimuli only. Implicit
      memory was measured by the correctness and speed of labeling responses at the
      testing stage. Old odors were named more correctly and faster than new ones, but
      only if subjects had encoded odors in the study phase. These results demonstrate
      that implicit memory in naming odors depends on olfactory stimulus processing and
      is not a purely verbal priming effect. As a further measure of implicit memory,
      the speed of autobiographical memory productions was assessed. We registered
      shorter reaction times for old versus new odors. But again, this effect of
      implicit memory was restricted to conditions of odor pre-experiences in the study
      phase. We conclude that olfactory memory is based on different types of memory
      traces. Implicit memory measures may prove to be useful in isolating sensory and
      other attributes of olfaction that seem to be interacting in making explicit
      memory judgments.

PMID- 2288139
TI  - [Diagnosis and prevalence of latent hepatic encephalopathy].
AB  - To compare the efficacy of various psychometric and neurophysiological tests in
      the detection of latent hepatic encephalopathy (LHE) cerebral functions were
      studied in 146 patients with liver cirrhosis but without overt encephalopathy and
      in 146 matched controls. Patients with liver cirrhosis scored significantly worse
      than controls in 8 out of 11 tests. Best discrimination between patients with
      cirrhosis and controls was obtained by testing for reaction time to white and
      colored light with a reaction time apparatus (DTG), and with the digit symbol
      (UT1) and block design test (UT4), i.e. with two Wechsler adult intelligence
      scale performance tests. Thirtyseven out of 146 (25%) patients with cirrhosis
      reveiled an abnormal result with the DTG alone. A combination of the DTG, UT1 and
      UT4 yielded the diagnosis in 44 (30%) patients. LHE correlated with the severity
      of the disease (Child-Pugh classification) but not with its etiology or with
      portasystemic shunting. In the Federal Republic of Germany about 300,000 subjects
      suffer from liver cirrhosis. Based on our results 100,000 of them may have LHE.

PMID- 2288141
TI  - [Preventing the recurrence of common bile duct calculi following endoscopic
      papillotomy with ursodeoxycholic acid].
AB  - The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on recurrence prevention of choledochal
      calculi after endoscopic sphincterotomy (EPT) was evaluated in 46 patients, whose
      bile duct stones had been removed endoscopically. 22 patients received 500 mg of
      ursodeoxycholic acid once a day, 24 patients received placebo. 1 recurrent stone
      could be detected in the ursodeoxycholic acid treated group 19 months after EPT,
      whereas 4 recurrent stones occurred in the placebo group about 16 months after
      EPT. Cholesterol saturation index decreased significantly by the ursodeoxycholic
      acid treatment 12 and 24 months after EPT (0.93 +/- 0.17 vs. 0.69 +/- 0.12 vs.
      0.72 +/- 0.07). The nucleation time increased statistically significant from 9.0
      days to 20.4 (12 months) and 17.7 (24 months) days, respectively. Obviously,
      pharmacological effects of ursodeoxycholic acid exist which modify important
      processes in the gallstone's pathogenesis.

PMID- 2288140
TI  - [Risk in elective cholecystectomy].
AB  - From 3/1982 to 12/1989 773 patient underwent an elective Cholezystectomy at the
      Surgical University Hospital of Ulm. In 87% of cases the indication was a
      symptomatic cholelithiasis, the mean age being 55.4 years for females and 56.6
      years for males. Intraoperative complications were rare (2.8%) and of a technical
      nature. Postoperative morbidity was 15.2%. General disturbances occurred in 10.3%
      and were age-depended. Local postoperative problems (4.9%) did not show this age
      dependent distribution. Residual stones were detected in 0.8% of cases; they were
      removed operatively or endoscopically or crushed by shock waves. 1.3% of patients
      had to be re-operated. In the age group under 70 years as well as over 70 years
      lethality was 0%. In 9 cases (1.16%) a gallbladder carcinoma was found
      incidentally during the operation. We think that elective cholecystectomy is a
      safe therapeutic procedure in gallbladder stone disease, which also considers the
      association of chronic cholelithiasis and gallbladder carcinoma.

PMID- 2288142
TI  - [Hemodynamic consequences of portal decompression: which is the optimal shunt?].
AB  - Increased sinusoidal resistance in cirrhosis results in a decrease of the portal
      and a compensatory increase of the arterial blood supply to the liver. With
      increasing vascular resistance and development of extrahepatic collaterals
      stagnation and even reversion of the portal blood flow may occur. In the latter
      condition, the arterial blood leaves the liver through two routes: 1) through the
      sinusoids and the hepatic veins, and 2) through the portal vein. Experimental and
      clinical studies revealed that the arterio-portal pathway is metabolically
      inferior to the regular arterio-hepatic-venous pathway. This suggests a decrease
      in liver function with an increased incidence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in
      patients with reversed portal blood flow. Based on these findings, surgical
      shunts may be classified according to their effect on the arterial liver
      perfusion. The end-to-side shunt and the distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) do not
      cause diversion of the arterial liver perfusion. In contrast, side-to-side
      shunts, with the portal vein available as an outflow tract, consistently lead to
      diversion of the arterial blood supply resulting in reversed portal blood flow.
      Thus, side-to-side shunts are supposed to have an increased incidence of HE due
      to decreased liver function. This hypothesis is supported by 7 controlled and
      randomized studies which reveal comparable results of end-to-side shunts and DSRS
      but significant disadvantages of side-to-side shunts compared to DSRS.

PMID- 2288143
TI  - [Hygienic measures in endoscopy].
AB  - Risks of infection associated with endoscopy, sources of infection, relevant
      microorganisms (P. aeruginosa, Serratia, HIV, HB, Cryptosporidiosis),
      disinfection procedures and the steps of disinfection procedures and reasons for
      failing of disinfection procedures are discussed. Channel systems and rinsing
      solutions are relevant but until today underestimated sources of infection. In
      detail the contamination of the channel system in endoscopes, problems of good
      disinfection and the significance of mechanical cleaning are described. In cases
      of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections after endoscopy an immediate investigation
      of the contamination of the endoscope and of rinsing solutions is necessary.
      Automatic disinfection systems are requested, because with such systems a higher
      security for patient and personal is achievable. A regular control of the
      efficacy of the disinfection process by a competent Hygiene-Institute is
      recommended.

PMID- 2288144
TI  - [The use of immunoenzyme analysis for recording specific IgM antibodies in
      syphilis patients].
AB  - Specific IgM antibodies were assayed in blood sera of 230 patients with various
      forms of syphilis and of 561 controls. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) sensitivity has
      made up 95.8 percent for primary syphilis, 93.8 percent for secondary new, 78.3
      percent for secondary recurrent, 35.4 percent for early latent, 37.5 percent for
      late latent, and 80 percent for unknown syphilis. False-positive reactions were
      recorded in 5.5 percent of cases and were as a rule seen in the sera from
      patients with diffuse diseases of connective tissue. IgM EIA has proved highly
      effective in testing the sera from patients with primary seronegative syphilis
      and from subjects who had sexual intercourse with patients suffering from
      contagious forms of syphilis.

PMID- 2288145
TI  - [Tigazon in the therapy of patients with circumscribed scleroderma].
AB  - Therapeutic efficacy of tigason in local scleroderma has been demonstrated in 50
      patients. The drug has proved effective at all active stages of the process. Its
      action is favorable in sclerosis and in deep infiltration foci, when traditional
      therapy, including cuprenil, are of poor efficacy. Tigason altered the course of
      the disease, making it more benign. The authors recommend this drug, particularly
      for patients with intolerance of or resistance to the traditional therapy.

PMID- 2288146
TI  - [The principles of immunocorrection in dermatology].

PMID- 2288147
TI  - [A mathematical model of membrane ion transport in psoriasis].
AB  - The authors discuss the problems related to mathematical simulation of ionic
      transport via cellular membrane and to identification of such models as
      exemplified by calcium metabolism. The examined model adequately reflects the
      characteristic features of the time course of ion transport in various stages of
      psoriasis, this permitting the use of this model in mathematical solving of the
      problem of optimal treatment of psoriasis patients. Graphs and results of
      estimations made with personal IBM-compatible computer are presented.

PMID- 2288148
TI  - [The occurrence of squamous-cell skin cancer in psoriasis patients].
AB  - Basing on literature data, the author analyzes the conditions that may be
      conducive to the development of squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin in patients
      suffering from psoriasis. Five cases of squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin in
      psoriasis patients were observed by the author. A poor prognosis is most
      frequently explained by late diagnosis of the tumor process. The author
      emphasizes the necessity of timely cytologic and histologic studies in
      differential diagnosis of skin tumors in psoriasis patients.

PMID- 2288149
TI  - [The effect of central electroanalgesia on the structural changes in the nerve
      fibers of patients with atopic dermatitis].
AB  - Nerve fibers ultrastructure in dermal papillary layer from foci of involvement
      was examined in atopic dermatitis patients before and after therapy with central
      electroanalgesia. Before therapy considerable destructive changes in nerve fibers
      were seen, i. e. Schwann cell cytoplasm and nerve cell appendages edemas, no
      neural tubes in the appendages. A course of treatment resulted in clinical
      improvement and appearance of small-diameter appendages of nerve cells on the
      periphery of nerve fibers that were often not completely covered with Schwann
      cell appendages. Parallel neural tubes were seen in these appendages. The authors
      suppose that appearance of nerve cell appendages with neural tubes is a
      morphologic manifestation of nerve fibers regeneration processes after treatment.

PMID- 2288150
TI  - [The cytotoxic effect of the thrombocytes from patients with mycosis fungoides
      and Kaposi's sarcoma].
AB  - The platelet cytotoxic action on tumor cells was studied in patients with mycosis
      fungoides and Kaposi's sarcoma. The findings evidence, that along with the known
      populations of cytotoxic effector cells, such as lymphocytes and monocytes,
      platelets may destroy tumor cells as well. Platelet ability to induce tumor cell
      lysis is essentially increased in mycosis fungoides patients treated according to
      scheme B. The data indicate that platelets from patients with mycosis fungoides
      and Kaposi's sarcoma are characterized by cytotoxic activity against AKL
      continuous tumor target cell line.

PMID- 2288151
TI  - [Experience in treating residual urethritis and its complications with low
      intensity laser radiation].
AB  - The authors analyze the results of laser therapy of residual urethritis and
      complications of urethral inflammations: cystitis, prostatitis, epididymitis,
      urethral strictures. Laser therapy was found particularly effective in the
      treatment of residual urethritis and valuable in multiple-modality treatment of
      urethrogenic epididymitis, cystitis, and prostatitis. The authors discuss the
      possibility of palliative therapy of cicatricial strictures of the urethra
      developing after installations and instrumental invasions for urethritis.

PMID- 2288152
TI  - [Solar activity and venereal disease morbidity].
AB  - Analysis of the solar activity and incidence of sexually-transmitted diseases
      over the period of 1954 through 1987 has revealed that development of fading of
      an epidemic process in sexually-transmitted diseases does not depend on
      enhancement or weakening of solar activity. These values much differ in respect
      of many parameters in various years, there is no correlation as regards the
      length of the periods between the minimal and maximal values or over these
      periods in various years. The morbidity rates are in inverse correlation with the
      activity of therapeutic and prophylactic institutions in detecting the patients
      during all types of prophylactic check-ups.

PMID- 2288153
TI  - [The pathophysiological disorders and experimental therapy in pemphigus and
      pemphigoid].
AB  - Guinea pig experiments (n = 196) with simulation of pemphigus vulgaris and
      bullous pemphigoid helped detect pathophysiologic and metabolic disorders similar
      for these autoimmune bullous dermatoses: decompensated endoproteinase-inhibitor
      system, impaired ratio of cyclic nucleotide to arachidonic acid oxigenase
      metabolism products concentrations in the blood of experimental animals. The key
      point in the treatment of animals with pemphigus vulgaris was endogenic
      proteinase inhibition, that in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid--blocking of
      mononuclear macrophagal histolytic potential.

PMID- 2288154
TI  - [The dynamic serological reactions after treating patients with early forms of
      syphilis by the single-course shortened reserve method].
AB  - A total of 156 patients with early syphilis were treated with tetracyclin and
      oletetrin. The drugs were administered 4 times daily (every 6 hrs) in a dose of
      0.5 g (daily dose 2.0 g). Patients with primary seropositive syphilis were
      treated for 20 days, the dose per course being 40 g, those with secondary fresh
      syphilis for 25 days, dose per course 50 g, those with secondary recurring
      syphilis for 40 days, dose per course 80 g. The treatment was well tolerated by
      all the patients. Early negative results of specific serologic tests after
      treatment confirm the efficacy of the suggested method.

PMID- 2288155
TI  - [Netherton's syndrome].
AB  - A 10-year-old female patient with Netherton's syndrome is described, who
      developed characteristic symptoms: rounding linear ichthyosis, bamboo brittle
      hair and atopic dermatitis. Ten-week saturation of the body with vitamin A and
      other vitamins, therapy with immunostimulants and surface demulcents and
      exfoliating agents resulted in a considerable improvement of the patient's
      condition.

PMID- 2288156
TI  - [A case of generalized herpes zoster ending fatally].

PMID- 2288157
TI  - [Behcet's syndrome].
AB  - A case with Behcet's syndrome is described with multiple lesions in the buccal,
      genital, and ocular mucosa and a manifest pathologic reaction of the skin to
      injuries. Immunologic examinations have revealed changes that confirmed an
      autoaggressive pattern of the disease, that could be corrected with combined
      administration of corticosteroids and cytostatics.

PMID- 2288158
TI  - [A telangiectatic clinical variant of mastocytosis].
AB  - Six cases of telangiectatic clinical variant of mastocytosis (TMV) are reported.
      Patients' age varied from 33 to 62, there were 2 men and 4 women. A number of
      clinical features of TMV were detected in the course of follow-up: a generalized
      type of the skin process; abundant maculopapular eruptions colored brownish,
      sometimes with a cyanotic shade, liable to fuse and form diffuse foci of
      involvement; development of telangiectasias on the surface of these eruptions;
      symptoms of elevated blood histamin levels, i.e. regular blood congestion,
      enhanced itching, tachycardia, gastrointestinal events, etc.; systemic
      mastocytosis (3 of the 6 patients developed lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly).
      The detected features of the condition permit considering TMV as an individual
      clinical variety of mastocytosis.

PMID- 2288159
TI  - [Mycetoma of the hand].
AB  - A case with a rare localization of mycetoma, on the hand, is described. A 31-year
      old male patient developed this condition in 5 months after injury with a rope.
      Surgical treatment for a phlegmon of the left hand was ineffective. After
      microscopic and bacteriologic studies the dermatologists have diagnosed a
      pseudomycotic (actinomycotic) mycetoma of the left hand and lower third of the
      left arm. Streptomycin, penicillin, and actinolysate therapy essentially improved
      the course of the process. A review of literature on the etiology, epidemiology,
      clinical picture and therapy of mycetoma is presented.

PMID- 2288160
TI  - [Acro-osteolysis simulating mycetoma of the foot (pseudomycetoma)].
AB  - Idiopathic multicentric acro-osteolysis is a complex heterogenic disease that may
      simulate mycetoma. A ten-year-old child has developed the condition, diagnosed as
      mycetoma for 7 years. Medical genetic examination of the patient helped correctly
      diagnose the disease. Proband's younger brother suffered from the same condition.
      Segregation analysis has revealed a recessive sex-linked inheritance of the
      disease.

PMID- 2288161
TI  - [The formation of a School of Dermatostomatology at the N. A. Semashko Moscow
      Medical Stomatology Institute. On the 90th anniversary of the birth of B. M.
      Pashkov (1899-1973)].

PMID- 2288162
TI  - [An annotated index to the methodological materials and manuals on dermatology
      venereology published in 1987].

PMID- 2288163
TI  - [The intensification of lipid peroxidation in the skin for the suppression of
      experimental dermatitis].
AB  - Guinea pig experiments making use of spectrofluorometry have revealed reduced
      level of Schiff's bases in skin biopsy specimens obtained from foci of allergic
      contact dermatitis induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Iron sulfate
      electrophoresis resulted in a decrease of the sensitization and of the allergic
      contact dermatitis intensity, as well as in enhancement of lipid peroxidation in
      the skin. These data permit a supposition that reduction of lipid peroxidation is
      one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of delayed type hypersensitivity, and that
      lipid peroxidation enhancement in the skin by iron sulfate electrophoresis is one
      of the possible mechanisms of suppressing allergic contact dermatitis.

PMID- 2288164
TI  - [Psychological symptoms in school children. An epidemiologic study].
AB  - After a study of almost complete patient populations at selected child and
      adolescent psychiatric facilities as part of the federal government's
      "Modellprogramm Psychiatrie", two groups of children were investigated with the
      Child Behavior Checklist: a representative sample of 1969 school children between
      6 and 17 years of age and 404 patients from child and adolescent psychiatric
      services. The presence of psychiatric problems was based on symptoms reported by
      the parents that experts rated as requiring treatment (at least two critical
      items). Of the 1969 school children, 253 (12.7%) required counseling or
      treatment, but only 64 (3.3%) were being treated for psychiatric problems or a
      developmental delay, half of them at non-psychiatric medical facilities. Symptoms
      prevalence correlated with age, social class, type of school and nationality.

PMID- 2288165
TI  - [How reliable is the diagnosis "anorexia nervosa"?].
AB  - A report is given on a 14-year-old girl and a 13-year-old boy from a group of 83
      patients who met the diagnostic criteria (MAS; DSM-III-R) for anorexia nervosa.
      The behavior therapy interventions did not have the expected effects in either
      child. On repetition diagnostic evaluations showed that the girl had esophageal
      achalasia within the scope of Turpin's syndrome (megaesophagus, bronchus
      deformation) and the boy Burkitt's lymphoma (malignant non-Hodgkins' lymphoma).
      The differential diagnostic and classification problems associated with the
      diagnosis anorexia nervosa are pointed out.

PMID- 2288166
TI  - [Are there sex differences in the manifestation of hyperkinetic syndrome?].
AB  - Thirty-nine children (14 girls and 25 boys) were compared for sex differences in
      the severity of the hyperactive syndrome. A more severe form of the disorder in
      hyperactive girls suggested by the sex-related multiple threshold model of
      inheritance could not be shown. The severity of the disorder is considered to be
      the result of symptom severity combined with the effect on everyday life. The
      rating instruments used were the Conners Rating Scale and the Steinhausen Global
      Assessment Scale for Children and Adolescents. No significant differences were
      found for the symptoms impulsivity, inattention, and overactivity as assessed
      with the Yale Children's Inventory. However, the boys tended to be even more
      impulsive than the girls. The results were controlled for age, adverse family and
      social circumstances and gender-oriented expectations.

PMID- 2288167
TI  - [Evaluation of a transitional group home for psychiatric patients during and
      after adolescence].
AB  - A report is given on a 6-year follow-up study of a project involving outpatient
      treatment of adolescents and young adults (16-21 years of age) coupled with group
      living following inpatient treatment for psychiatric disorders. During the period
      studied 45 of the 53 participants completed treatment. The mean duration of
      treatment was 46 weeks for both the group with and without psychotic symptoms.

PMID- 2288168
TI  - [Presentation of violence in the media and its effects on children and
      adolescents].

PMID- 2288169
TI  - [The "daughterly" existence. Unanswered questions about the female Oedipus
      complex].
AB  - The author investigates the structural difficulties currently involved in
      arriving at a conclusive definition of the female Oedipus complex. She shows how
      Freud's theory of the female Oedipus complex, originally a theory of non
      individuation, now figures as a theory of individuation, with old, partriarchally
      oriented constructs and modern ideas of emancipation having entered into complex
      combinations that can sometimes be disentangled only with difficulty. Finally,
      three aspects of the female Oedipus complex are examined: 1. its importance in
      the acquisition of female sexual identity, 2. its function as a locus for finding
      the heterosexual object, and 3. its role as a locus for the resolution or
      fixation of the "daughterly" existence.

PMID- 2288170
TI  - [Separation--aloneness--departure as steps in female development from the
      psychoanalytic viewpoint].
AB  - Discussed here is the necessity of an inner process of separation from a maternal
      provider of care and the mother as a first oedipal object of love for the
      nonpathological early development of the young girl. The process of separation is
      bound up with necessary and intense reactions of disappointment in the mother and
      a destabilization of the young girl's feelings of her own value. It thus bears
      with it a threat of regression that could result in a fixation on the mother. Two
      such patterns of fixation, one of "compensation model" and the other the
      "providing of care model", are discussed. On the other hand, attention is also
      given to the progressive possibilities for coming to terms with the crisis in the
      relationship and the feelings of her own worth in the young girl. These
      possibilities are to be found in the young girl's decisive turning away from the
      mother in order to form her own identity by mobilizing and developing her own
      resources. This by no means implies an immediate turn to the father. First of
      all, this new object of love is already taken by the mother, and secondly, the
      girl wants to feel strong, not weak, in approaching him and must therefore keep
      him at a distance.

PMID- 2288171
TI  - [Tendency of concrete interpretation of the "Anna threefold" fantasy in "late"
      mothers and in the area of reproduction technology].
AB  - Leonardo da Vinci's painting "The Virgin and Child with St. Anne" ("Anna
      Selbdritt" = Anne Threefold) is used here to explain and illustrate early
      infantile female fantasies deriving from the narcissistic desire to correspond to
      the omnipotent mother and infantile ideas about the imaginary child. The painting
      is analyzed as an image of the central female fantasy in need of development. It
      is argued, on the basis of observation of the psychodynamic singularities found
      among a clinical sample of "late mothers" and their "planned" children that among
      women with a personal history of disturbance of the development of female
      identity there can be an acting out and concretization of these early fantasies
      during a narcissistic crisis with the fulfillment of an urgent desire for
      children. The central female developmental phases are, as it were, subverted.
      This "bypassing" of a developmentally adequate transformation of early infantile
      fantasies involves not only a disturbance in the relationship to the mother's own
      child and to her mother but also an impairment of the sense of female and
      maternal identity and of the ability to establish heterosexual relationships.
      There is also discussion of the degree to which reproductive medicine encourages
      and strengthens female willingness to concretize untransformed infantile
      fantasies and thus threatens to become a tempting instrument of power over more
      than just a woman's body.

PMID- 2288172
TI  - [Multi-axial diagnosis in psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy--a report of
      experiences].
AB  - A certain number of attempts to establish a multi-axial classification system in
      psychiatry go back to before the introduction of the DSM-III. Such diagnostic and
      classificatory attempts are almost totally lacking, however, in the fields of
      psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine. This discussion presents and evaluates
      a multi-axial diagnostic and documentary system that has been under development
      and testing in the Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine at the
      University of Gottingen since 1986 as well as first empirical results from the
      year 1987. Results show that multi-axial diagnostics represent a useful and
      promising approach, particularly for psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy.

PMID- 2288173
TI  - [Psychosomatic aspects of neurologic diseases. Experiences with clinical
      neurology from the viewpoint of the psychoanalyst].
AB  - The great relevance of psychoanalytic-psychosomatic aspects for a more profound
      understanding of neurological diseases is the topic of this article. In terms of
      medical history, the development of the discipline of neurology especially in
      Germany is outlined, whereby neurology and psychosomatic medicine share the fate
      of a handicapped individuation. On the background of this delayed establishment
      as branches of their own, the mutual denial of neurology and psychosomatic
      medicine up to the present is discussed. By means of a survey of literature and
      case examples of several neurological disorders (hysterical conversion symptoms,
      selected diseases of the extrapyramidal motor system, lumbago, sciatica,
      cephalgia, epilepsy) the great importance of psychosomatic medicine and
      psychoanalysis for neurology is pointed out.

PMID- 2288174
TI  - [Spontaneous symptom remission in an initial psychoanalytic interview].
AB  - A case illustration will be demonstrated in which by projective identification
      the analyst was experienced to feel like the patient, acquiring the patients
      symptoms. For a couple of days the patient remained in a state without complaints
      as was determined in a second interview by an independent analyst.

PMID- 2288175
TI  - [Neuroses and symptom choice. Comment on Walter Brautigam's "Origin of neurotic
      and psychosomatic diseases"].

PMID- 2288176
TI  - Pre-surgical identification of the patient at risk for developing venous
      thromboembolism post-operatively.
AB  - The pre-surgery identification of patients at risk for the development of post
      operative venous thromboembolism has not yet been achieved. It is a well
      recognized fact that major surgery without prophylaxis encompasses a high risk
      for thrombosis, in particular orthopaedic operations (hip/knee surgery
      approximately 50%) and abdominal surgery (approximately 20%). Other well-defined
      risk factors, though rarely occurring, are deficiencies of the major inhibitors
      of blood coagulation (i.e. protein C, protein S and antithrombin III). Less well
      defined risk factors are a history of previous thrombosis, obesity, varicosis,
      cancer etc. In an attempt to identify patients at risk for thrombosis prior to
      surgery, several investigators have developed complicated risk predictors, i.e.
      formulae comprising combinations of coagulation test results and physical
      characteristics such as body weight. However, the clinical usefulness has only
      been demonstrated in two small studies evaluating gynaecological surgery
      patients. These prognostic indices have not, however, found general acceptance
      and are not used routinely. The importance of all these risk factors for patient
      management with regard to thrombosis prevention is relatively small. Irrespective
      of the absence or presence of identified risk factors, currently the majority of
      patients will receive some formal thrombosis prophylaxis. The major problem at
      present is the development of proximal vein thrombosis despite the best possible
      thrombosis prophylaxis (approximately 10% after hip surgery). Identification of
      these patients pre-operatively or in an early stage in the post-operative phase
      by single screening tests should be a major research issue. Furthermore, the
      development of a prophylactic regimen which eliminates proximal deep vein
      thrombosis is still desperately needed.

PMID- 2288177
TI  - How long after surgery does the risk of thromboembolism persist?
AB  - Many of the risk factors which occur immediately after major general surgical
      operations persist for several weeks, and therefore a study was undertaken to
      assess the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in the 6 week period following
      surgery. Fifty seven patients who had undergone major surgery were studied, most
      of whom received deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in the form of graduated
      compression stocking and subcutaneous heparin. Only four patients did not receive
      prophylaxis. Patients were studied for 6 weeks using Doppler ultrasound. 125I
      fibrinogen scanning, strain gauge plethysmography and venography. Thirteen of the
      51 patients who had not developed a deep vein thrombosis at the time of discharge
      did so during the 6 week period. It was concluded that the risk factors may
      persist in many patients and that deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis should be
      continued for longer than the hospital stay.

PMID- 2288178
TI  - Benefits of prophylaxis in general surgery.

PMID- 2288179
TI  - Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgical
      procedures.
AB  - Patients having major orthopaedic surgical procedures have a high risk of venous
      thromboembolism. The distribution of thrombi following hip surgery differs from
      most other high risk situations, as 30-40% of all thrombi occur in proximal veins
      and many are unassociated with distal vein thrombosis. Many of these thrombi are
      undetected by currently available screening tests, but are detected by
      venography. Of the various prophylactic methods available, oral anticoagulants,
      adjusted-dose heparin and low molecular weight heparins are most effective in hip
      surgery, and oral anticoagulants and external pneumatic compression are most
      effective in knee surgery.

PMID- 2288180
TI  - Biochemical aspects of the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis.
AB  - In this review, an attempt has been made to present new data on the mechanisms
      that can be involved in DVT and to emphasize the role of the cell in these
      processes. It has been demonstrated that cells can mediate the relevant
      expression of tissue factor without cell disruption and that the fibrinolytic
      responses can also be modulated by the cells. It has also been demonstrated that
      the fibrinolytic system seems to be designed to work on the cell surface based
      upon (1) the existence of specific receptors, (2) the modulation of the
      expression of these receptors and (3) the comprehensive increase in plasmin
      generation by up-regulating, for example, the plasminogen receptors. It could
      also be worthwhile to attempt to explain some beneficial effects of drugs such as
      heparins by studying their action on these compartments. It is important to note
      that recently Rosenfeld et al. have described an increase in t-PA and u-PA
      binding to endothelium by pre-incubation of endothelial cells with unfractionated
      heparin. This work would be a first step in a very exciting and interesting new
      era in the prevention of venous thromboembolism.

PMID- 2288182
TI  - Consideration on serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) concentration and
      T3/T4 ratio in the patients of senile dementia--is it possible to prevent cerebro
      vascular dementia?
AB  - Serum T3 concentration and T3/T4 Ratio in the patients of senile dementia (SD)
      are smaller than those in the healthy. Especially, those in the group of cerebro
      vascular dementia (CVD) were remarkably lower than the healthy. However average
      of serum T4 in the former is very similar to it in the latter. This fact suggests
      the disturbance of metabolic transformation of T4 to T3 in the post-apoplectic
      brain. It seems to lead man to the metabolic disturbances of glucose, protein,
      nucleic acid, etc, and moreover CVD. Basing on the experiences, the author thinks
      of the next .--'Cerebro-vascular dementia may be able to be prevented, if a very
      small dose of triiodothyronine (T3) is given to the early stage after an
      apoplectic attack with a consideration to side-effects of T3. Moreover, T3 may
      bring a preventive and therapeutic effect even to senile dementia of Alzheimer's
      type (SDAT).' 'The reason why the Japanese people have tended to suffer from CVD
      more frequently than SDAT, may be due to the customs, of which they have lived in
      seaside and taken iodine-rich fishes and marine plants as their subsidiary foods,
      as if the schizophrenic patients in the Alpine regions of iodine-lack were
      characterized by prevalence of so called negative symptoms'.

PMID- 2288181
TI  - [Effects of catecholestrogen and catecholestrogen 2-monomethyl ether on serum
      lipids and lipoproteins in rats].
AB  - To clarify the mechanism of action of catecholestrogen and catecholestrogen 2
      monomethylether on lipid metabolism, the effects of 2-OHE1, 2-MeoE1, 2-MeoE3 and
      E2-17 beta on serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride levels,
      beta/alpha lipoprotein ratio, body weights and uterine weights were investigated
      in five serial experimental systems using normochoesterolemic and dietary
      hypercholesterolemic female rats those were previously oophorectomized. The
      results obtained were as follows: 1) In a short term hormone administration
      experiment using normocholesterolemic rats, 2-OHE1, 2-MeoE1, and 2-MeoE3 showed a
      serum triglyceride reducing effect as strong as that of E2-17 beta. 2) To
      integrate the results of the short term hormone administration experiment in
      normocholesterolemic rats and the results of short term and long term hormone
      administration experiments in dietary hypercholesterolemic rats, the serum
      cholesterol reducing activity was in the following sequences; 2-MeoE3 not equal
      to E2-17 beta greater than 2-MeoE1 greater than 2-OHE1. Hypocholesterolemic
      activity of 2-MeoE3 was almost equivalent or slightly stronger than that of E2-17
      beta, and 2-MeoE1 showed approximately a half of that of E2-17 beta. 3) According
      to the results of the short term hormone administration experiment, and the long
      term hormone administration experiment in dietary hypercholesterolemic rats, the
      serum HDL-cholesterol increasing effect was in the following relation; E2-17 beta
      greater than 2-MeoE3 greater than 2-MeoE1. Dose dependency was not observed in
      the serum HDL-cholesterol increasing effect. 4) From the results of the short
      term hormone administration experiment, 2-MeoE3 had an equal or stronger activity
      than that of E2-17 beta in serum beta/alpha lipoprotein ratio decreasing effect.
      5) In experiment 4 which 2-MeoE3 and E2-17 beta were administered singly or
      combined with Tamoxifen to the dietary hypercholesterolemic rats, the
      hypocholesterolemic effect of neither hormone was inhibited by Tamoxifen. On the
      other hand, the uterotrophic activity of E2-17 beta was slightly, but not
      significantly inhibited by Tamoxifen. 6) Although E2-17 beta, 2-MeoE1 exhibited a
      remarkable uterotrophic activity and a slight reducing effect on body weight,
      neither 2-OHE1 nor 2-MeoE3 had an effect on uterine weight or body weight. Given
      these results, it was strongly suggested that the effects of catecholestrogen and
      catecholestrogen 2-monomethyl ether on serum lipids were not mediated by the
      estrogen receptor system but by other mechanisms of action.

PMID- 2288183
TI  - [Analysis of rat hemopoietic cells using monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - Rat hemopoietic cells were analyzed with immunohistochemical technique, binding
      inhibition assay and flow cytometer using a monoclonal antibody (UB-12) to rat
      fetal liver hemopoietic cells. UB-12 positive cells were recognized in only red
      pulp but not in white pulp of spleen. The number and fluorescence intensity of UB
      12 positive cells in spleen appeared to reach to peak at 6 weeks old occupying
      about 60 to 70% of total cells in red pulp. On the other hand, OX-7 (anti-Thy-1)
      positive and W3/13 (anti-leuko-sialoglycoprotein) positive cells were found in
      both red and white pulp, but not in marginal zone of spleen. UB-12 antigen was
      found on the surface of the cells only in the early stages of hemopoiesis:
      relatively large nuclei of UB-12 positive cells were rich in heterochromatin.
      There were a large number of free-ribosomes and some mitochondria in cytoplasm,
      and a centriole was observed in cytoplasm at some sections of UB-12 positive
      cells. From the EPICS analysis of adult rat bone marrow cells using UB-12, OX-7
      and W3/13 monoclonal antibodies, the percent of UB-12, OX-7 and W3/13 positive
      cells was 82%, i.e., 18% was negative from these monoclonal antibodies. UB-12
      single positive, OX-7 single positive and W3/13 single positive cells were 7%, 7%
      and 47%, respectively. The percent of triple positive cells with these antibodies
      was about 2%.

PMID- 2288184
TI  - [ Topography of carpal bone - An experimental model for carpal tunnel syndrome ].
AB  - By preparing a new experimental model for the carpal tunnel syndrome, the authors
      evaluated the differences of the human and rabbit carpal tunnels using a
      comparative anatomical study. A nearly identical situation-regarding the osseous
      and connective tissue formations in the carpal channel--was found. Therefore, the
      carpal tunnel of the rabbit is recommended for a model of chronic nerve
      compression, which is now planned by the authors.

PMID- 2288185
TI  - Functional construction of the superficial and deep fascia system of the lower
      limb in man.
AB  - The muscular system, the connective tissue and the bones are the components of a
      biomechanical pelvis-lower extremity model. The occasional electrical events in
      the muscles were not taken into account, as they can only be measured by
      physiological methods. In this publication, the connective tissue of the lower
      extremities is examined. The connective tissue system of the thigh and leg was
      prepared; after removal of the muscles the so-called 'hollow' lower extremity
      could be studied. A topographical documentation followed, and the structure and
      directions of the fibers were observed with polarized light. The connective
      tissue systems of the lower extremities and bones form a biomechanical, effective
      and functional system, the bone-fascia-tendon system. The components of the
      connective tissue in such a system are the fascia lata, the crural fascia, the
      iliotibial tract, the femoral and crural intermuscular septa, and the membrana
      interossea. The iliotibial tract is not the sole part of this system having a
      tension band effect, other components--above all the lateral femoral
      intermuscular septum--also reduce the forces acting on the bones. Therefore, the
      tensile strength of the iliotibial tract has to be considered lower as supposed.
      The iliotibial tract is not a part of the fascia lata; it is an independent,
      vertically tightened tendon of the 'pelvic deltoid muscle' (gluteus maximus,
      tensor fasciae latae). The iliotibial tract passes over the greater trochanter
      like on a roller bearing. It is not attached directly to the greater trochanter
      and to the lateral femoral condyle, so that previous models have to be modified.
      The iliotibial tract glides in a fascia bag which is composed of oblique and
      horizontal fibers of the broad fascia. The iliotibial tract, as tendon of the
      pelvic deltoid muscle, continues in a lateral location into the leg where it is
      fixed to the lateral malleolus. The present report provides a new description of
      the structure of the connective tissue system of the lower extremities. The model
      reported complies with the laws of similarity mechanics by describing exactly the
      geometric, physical and functional conditions. This representation could
      facilitate the construction of a computer-aided, efficient, biomechanical model
      of the pelvis-lower extremity region considering also the complex functional
      circumstances, in contrast to previous models. In order to construct such a
      model, the data obtained by the examination of the connective tissue of the lower
      extremities have to be given into a data bank, which, however, has to be built
      up.

PMID- 2288186
TI  - Observation of the proximal portions of axons of anterior-horn cells in the human
      spinal cord.
AB  - The proximal portions of axons of large anterior-horn cells were investigated in
      the lumbar cords of 10 normal human autopsy cases. Light-microscopically, 81
      myelinated axons were observed to be connected with the cell body. Of the 81
      axons, 78 emanated from the cell body and 3 others originated in the proximal
      part of primary dendrites. As for normal-looking neurons (n = 77), the length of
      the axon hillock plus initial segment was 64.0 +/- 12.3 microns (average +/-
      SEM), ranging from 47.5 to 110.0 microns, while the diameter of the thinnest
      portion of the initial segment was 2.40 +/- 0.30 microns (average +/- SEM),
      ranging from 1.32 to 3.92 microns. Electron-microscopically, the predominant
      organelles of the axon hillock were mitochondria, neurofilaments which merged
      into the axon and occasional granular endoplasmic reticulum. A few synaptic
      boutons were found on the surface of the axon hillock. The cell membrane of the
      initial segment consisted of a layer of electron-dense material (undercoating).
      The cytoplasm contained many neurofilaments, running parallel to the longitudinal
      axis of the initial segment. Among the neurofilaments, lysosomes, smooth
      endoplasmic reticulum, dense bodies and vesicular profiles as well as
      mitochondria were seen. At the beginning of the myelin sheath, the axoplasm
      contained mitochondria, many neurofilaments and occasional lysosomes.

PMID- 2288189
TI  - Ultrastructural circadian variation of mast cells in the pinna of the mouse.
AB  - It has been found previously under the light microscope that there was a
      circadian variation in mast cell number in the pinna of mice. The mast cell
      number was increased at 18.00 h and decreased at 06.00 h. In the current study, 5
      mice of each group were synchronized for 4 weeks with a standard lighting regimen
      (light: 06.00-20.00 h; dark: 20.00-06.00 h). Both pinnas of every mouse of each
      group were removed at 06.00, 12.00, 18.00 and 24.00 h, respectively. Under the
      electron microscope, it was observed that more degranulated mast cells were found
      at 06.00 h and more intact mast cells were visible at 18.00 h. It appeared that
      the mast cell numbers, decreased and increased under the light microscope, were
      due to mast cell degradation and regranulation. This finding suggests that a
      functional circadian variation exists in the mast cell under physiological
      conditions.

PMID- 2288187
TI  - Smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells of Cajal and myenteric plexus
      interrelationships in the human colon.
AB  - The plane between longitudinal and circular muscle of human colon, as revealed on
      examination with light and electron microscopes, has no clear-cut border. Some
      groups of smooth muscle cells, obliquely oriented and with features similar to
      both circular and longitudinal ones--the connecting muscle bundles--run from one
      muscle layer to another. Other groups of smooth muscle cells, possessing their
      own specific ultrastructural features--the myenteric muscle sheaths--, make up
      envelopes of variable thickness around some myenteric ganglia and nerve strands,
      partially or completely embedding them in one or other muscle layer. Non
      neuronal, non-muscular cells (interstitial cells of Cajal, covering cells,
      fibroblast-like and macrophage-like cells) complicate the texture of the
      myenteric muscle sheaths, creating an intricate, interconnected cellular network
      inside them, widespread among nerve bundles and smooth muscle cells; however,
      only interstitial cells have cell-to-cell junctions also with the smooth muscle
      cells and nerve endings. These data document the existence in this colonic area
      of two different types of muscle cell arrangements, one of which, the myenteric
      muscle sheath, only contains putative pacemaker cells.

PMID- 2288188
TI  - Fenestrated capillaries in the ventral sebaceous gland of the Djungarian hamster,
      Phodopus sungorus.
AB  - The ventral sebaceous gland of the Djungarian hamster is a macroscopically
      visible organ situated in the midventral area of the abdominal wall. It consists
      of densely packed acini arranged in lobules with common excretory ducts. The rich
      vascular network of the gland is characterized by fenestrated capillaries.
      Fenestrated endothelium has not yet been reported as a characteristic and regular
      finding within sebaceous glands. Results are discussed with regard to
      proliferation rate of sebocytes and the demand of fluid and nutrient supply.

PMID- 2288190
TI  - A morphometric ultrastructural study of the nucleus of cerebellar granule cells.
AB  - A quantitative approach to the nuclear ultrastructure of cerebellar granule cells
      is described here. The study was made using conventional electron microscopy from
      cerebellar cortices of adult rats by means of a semiautomatic image analyzer. The
      basic observation is that the nuclei of mature granule cells constitute a
      homogeneous population in terms of morphometric and stereologic data; in fact,
      the volume density of condensed chromatin within the nuclei remains practically
      constant in all nuclear sections. These results seem to indicate the existence of
      a cell-specific nuclear morphometric phenotype which might be considered as an
      effective criterion for the typification of this cellular lineage.

PMID- 2288191
TI  - Functional anatomy of the human saccus lacrimalis.
AB  - The relations between the saccus lacrimalis and different portions of the
      musculus orbicularis oculi were studied in orbital regions of human fetuses
      sectioned into numbered series. No insertions of the pars lacrimalis or Horner's
      muscle on the saccus were found. These muscular fibres pass along the dorsal wall
      of the saccus and are separated from it by the reflex tendon of the ligamentum
      palpebrale mediale. The only muscular fibres that insert on the saccus are those
      that approach the anterior face of the saccus and the fornix. The fibres that
      insert on the anterior face proceed from the deep bundles of the pars preseptalis
      of the lower eyelids, and those that insert on the fornix derive from the deep
      bundles of the pars preseptalis of the upper eyelid.

PMID- 2288192
TI  - The epithelial lining of the bovine ejaculatory duct.
AB  - The bovine ejaculatory duct is lined by a pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
      Two cell types are present: small basal cells and columnar principal cells in
      different functional states. The basal cells are able to accumulate lipid
      material. The principal cells are observed in a less active state and in a state
      of either increased endocytosis and fluid uptake or active spermiophagy.
      Endocytotically active cells are characterized by an apical brush border and a
      system of microvesicles, multivesicular bodies and lysosomal dense bodies. Cells
      involved in phagocytosis of spermatozoa are mostly provided with a smooth apical
      border, an expanded Golgi apparatus, many phagocytic vacuoles and condensing
      phagolysosomes.

PMID- 2288193
TI  - Esophageal prostaglandins in guinea pigs and rats.
AB  - The synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) in the mucosa of the esophagus is studied
      in 20 albinotic adult guinea pigs and rats using the radioimmunoassay method.
      Both species investigated synthesize five PGs. The PG synthesis activity in the
      guinea pig's esophagus is higher than that in the rat's. PGE2 and PGF2 alpha
      might be involved in the regulation of lower esophagus sphincter pressure.

PMID- 2288194
TI  - Neuroepithelial endocrine cells in the lung of the lungfish Protopterus
      aethiopicus. An electron- and fluorescence-microscopical investigation.
AB  - The occurrence and distribution of neuroepithelial endocrine (NEE) cells was
      demonstrated electron- and fluorescence-microscopically in the lungfish
      Protopterus aethiopicus. They were only found to occur solitarily in the basal
      part of the cilio-mucous epithelium which is restricted to the pneumatic duct and
      adjacent parts of the common anterior chamber. The NEE cells show a yellow,
      formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. Electron-microscopically, all the NEE cells
      are characterized by membrane-bound electron-dense secretory granules with
      varying diameters, ranging from 75 to 150 nm. These granules are distributed
      throughout the cytoplasm with a higher concentration in the basal region. The NEE
      cells were regularly found to contain paracrystalline inclusions with a tubule
      like substructural arrangement. A small part of the NEE cells appeared to reach
      the luminal surface by means of a long slender process bearing specialized beaded
      microvilli on its apical pole. Intraepithelial nerve fibres, with the
      ultrastructural characteristics of afferent fibres, were found running parallel
      to the airway surface. Nerve profiles, largely resembling the latter, can be seen
      in the proximity of the basolateral plasma membrane of the NEE cells. In
      addition, nerve terminals containing an aggregation of small clear vesicles are
      in close contact with the NEE cells. In conclusion, it appears that, as has so
      far been assumed in higher vertebrates, the NEE cells in the lung of Protopterus
      may perceive changes in the airway gases whereupon they could respond by
      releasing a chemical modulator, influencing contacting afferent nerve terminals
      or nearby smooth muscle bundles. Furthermore, intraepithelial nerve fibres or NEE
      cells might be stretch-sensitive.

PMID- 2288196
TI  - Age-related osteo-arthrotic degeneration of the temporomandibular joint in the
      mouse.
AB  - The light-microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of the
      temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of female STR/IN mice, aged from 3 to 12 months,
      were studied. Every TMJ of an adult mouse starts to degenerate in early adulthood
      and subsequently suffers from osteo-arthrosis. Ageing of the TMJ is characterized
      by thinning out of its cartilaginous components. The chondrocytes are no longer
      distributed regularly in the ground substance but form clusters. Cracks and
      fissures invade the condylar cartilage and lead to the formation of cartilage
      islands, which finally become loose as free bodies in the lower joint chamber and
      joint capsule. The lower joint chamber diminishes, but no ankylosis is observed.
      Ultrastructurally, the number of vesicles around the degenerated chondrocytes
      increases. Aged chondrocytes contain more lysosomes. The condylar surface becomes
      irregular and reveals microscars. Its surface is covered by an electron-dense
      fine granular material, considered to be built up by proteoglycans. Compared to
      the male ICR mouse, the osteo-arthrotic destruction of the cartilage, the
      subchondral sclerosis and the deformation of the underlying bone exhibit only
      minor states in the female STR/IN mouse. Concerning the aetiology and
      pathogenesis, the very early degeneration of the mostly unloaded TMJ seems to be
      based on a genetically altered composition of the articular cartilage, possibly
      due to failing articular chondrocyte responses to stimuli connected with
      degeneration and repair.

PMID- 2288195
TI  - Dimensions and arterial vascular supply of the sesamoid bones of the human
      hallux.
AB  - The arterial supply of the ossa sesamoidea hallucis was studied in 13 subjects of
      both sexes by gross anatomical dissection. The majority of the ossa sesamoidea,
      i.e. 63% of the medial and 58% of the lateral sesamoid bones (SB), were supplied
      by a single artery. 26% of the medial and 32% of the lateral SB received 2
      sesamoid arteries. In left feet only, 3 sesamoid arteries were found to supply
      11% of the medial and 10% of the lateral SB. The actual number of sesamoid
      arteries proved to correspond to the dimensions and compactness (robusticity) of
      the ossa sesamoidea hallucis as well as to several other parameters, such as
      anthropometric dimensions, sex and footedness of the individuals.

PMID- 2288197
TI  - Pattern formation of the sensible nerves in the hand of mouse embryos with
      special reference to the posterior-anterior developmental gradient.
AB  - The development of the sensible innervation of the hand was investigated. For
      this reason normal forelimbs and limb bud cultures from 12- to 14-day-old mouse
      embryos were stained in toto using the cholinesterase technique. The dorsal side
      of the hand is mainly innervated by sensible branches of the radial and the
      musculocutaneous nerve, which penetrate the fascia in the region of the elbow.
      From here they grow in a distal direction forming the dorsal digital nerves. On
      the ventral side the median nerve grows in a subfascial compartment towards the
      palmar side of the hand. While passing the wrist the median nerve exhibits a
      frayed appearance. A net of branching and anastomosing small nerve fibre bundles
      is visible. This implies that on the palmar side of the metacarpal region of the
      hand-plate no specific highways for the growing nerve fibres exist. From late day
      12 to early day 14 of embryonic development this diffuse nerve net is organized.
      In a posterior-anterior (ulnoradial) developmental gradient the common palmar
      digital nerves were formed, and these nerves divide at their tip into the proper
      digital nerves. However, the proper digital nerves again follow special pathways
      during their outgrowth.

PMID- 2288199
TI  - Histochemistry and ultrastructure of nerve fibres and contractile cells in the
      tunica albuginea of the rat testis.
AB  - Whole-mounted preparations of the tunica albuginea of the rat testis were studied
      using light microscopy techniques for demonstration of cholinergic nerve fibres
      (Karnovski-Root method), catecholaminergic nerve fibres (De la Torre's method)
      and actin filaments (avidin-biotin-peroxidase method). An ultrastructural study
      of different regions of the albuginea was also performed. Cholinergic fibres were
      seen to penetrate into the albuginea with the testicular artery to form a broad
      network in the mediastinum testis, many fibres ending beneath the rete testis
      epithelium. Catecholaminergic fibres penetrated through the middle part of the
      cauda epididymis and formed a plexus in the albuginea covering the inferior
      testicular pole. This plexus gave rise to straight fibres which formed
      varicosities, some of them appeared related with mast cells. Actin-containing
      cells were only found beneath the rete testis epithelium. These cells were
      similar to myofibroblasts. The location of both cholinergic fibres and
      contractile cells among the rete testis channels suggests that these cells may be
      involved in the pumping of semen towards the ductuli efferentes and that their
      contractility may be regulated by cholinergic fibres.

PMID- 2288198
TI  - Reproductive biology of the male bent-winged bat, Miniopterus schreibersii
      (Vespertilionidae) in southeast South Australia.
AB  - The seasonal chronology of the events of the reproductive cycle, and changes in
      the structure and function of the primary and accessory organs of the male bent
      winged bat, Miniopterus schreibersii, were studied at latitude 37 degrees S in
      temperate southeastern Australia. The testicular cycle commenced in late spring
      (November), and sperm appeared in the seminiferous tubules and epididymides in
      early fall (March). The cycle of the accessory sex gland complex generally
      paralleled the testicular cycle, reaching maximum hypertrophy at the time of
      insemination in late fall (April/May). Thereafter, the primary and secondary sex
      glands (except the ampullary gland) involuted as the animals entered winter
      torpor. However, a cauda epididymal store of sperm persisted until late spring,
      and sperm were often observed, as well, in the ampullary gland duct and alveoli
      throughout winter. This study has confirmed that male Miniopterus differs from
      other vespertilionids in that accessory gland activity declines following the
      fall breeding in keeping with the fact that, unlike in other vespertilionids,
      insemination, ovulation and conception are concurrent events in the fall in this
      species. The reduced secretory status of the Leydig cells and exceptionally low
      levels of circulating androgens throughout the year, in combination with the
      presence of viable epididymidal sperm for most of gestation, are all interesting
      features of this reproductive cycle.

PMID- 2288200
TI  - Age-dependent changes of ultrastructure and thyroid-stimulating hormone
      immunoreactivity in the pars tuberalis of the rat.
AB  - The pars tuberalis of the rat adenohypophysis was investigated by
      immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy at different stages of the peri- and
      postnatal development. A characteristic pattern of changes in thyroid-stimulating
      hormone immunoreactivity of pars tuberalis-specific secretory cells was observed
      with an increase in staining intensity after birth, a marked reduction in
      adulthood and a subsequent increase in senium. Electron microscopy showed age
      dependent changes in the number of dictyosomes per cell, in the number of large
      lysosomes per area of cytoplasm and in the extension of the granular endoplasmic
      reticulum. The number of secretory granules per area of cytoplasm was maximal
      perinatally; there was no correlation between granule content and
      immunoreactivity. Thyrotropes of the pars distalis did not show comparable
      immunohistochemical or ultrastructural changes.

PMID- 2288201
TI  - Microanatomy of retia mirabilia of bowhead whale foramen magnum and mandibular
      foramen.
AB  - The morphology of vessels of the cervical rete mirabile near the region of the
      foramen magnum of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, as well as of retial
      vessels of the mandibular foramen was studied by light and transmission electron
      microscopy. A comparison of arterial and venous components of the mandibular rete
      revealed considerable arterial branching and arteriovenous anastomoses. Although
      the small arteries of bowhead retia contained the same layers found in nonretial
      arteries, several distinctive morphologic features were evident. These included
      wide separation by collagenous connective tissue and small size of individual
      smooth muscle cells of the tunica media. These myocytes also contained
      considerable perinuclear glycogen and communicated minimally with adjacent
      myocytes by small foot-like cytoplasmic appendages as well as branching of
      basement membranes. Ganglia-like neural plexuses were observed within the tunica
      media of arterial retia. Endothelial cells lining the intima demonstrated loose
      peripheral edges which frequently projected into the vessel lumen, and these
      cells rested upon a subjacent layer of reticular fibers. It is known for some
      species that the retial supply to the brain in whales largely supplants an
      internal carotid arterial supply and that the spinal cord is supplied by retia.
      The physiologic role of the bowhead mandibular retia remains unknown. The retia
      mirabilia of cetaceans are considered as one of the morphologic adaptations which
      modulate hemodynamics during diving and resurfacing. The morphologic features of
      these vessels in the bowhead whale, as revealed by electron microscopy, appear to
      reflect the capability to respond in a slow but sustained manner to diving, and
      the large glycogen deposits may help sustain vascular myocyte metabolism during
      prolonged submersion.

PMID- 2288202
TI  - Sensory innervation of the temporomandibular joint in the mouse.
AB  - The sensory innervation of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of 8 STR/IN mice
      was investigated by means of light and electron microscopy. Through the cutting
      of complete semithin sections in series it was possible to investigate the joints
      thoroughly. Additionally, one joint with its nerve supply was reconstructed three
      dimensionally with a computerized three-dimensional programme. The reconstruction
      was based on one complete semithin section series. The joint's nerve supply
      originates from the nervus auriculotemporalis and additionally from motor
      branches of the n. mandibularis: n. massetericus, n. pterygoideus lateralis and
      the nn. temporales posteriores. The greatest number of nerve fibres and endings
      is located in the dorsolateral part of the joint capsule. They lie only in the
      stratum fibrosum and subsynovially. Neither the stratum synoviale nor the discus
      articularis contain any nerve fibres or endings, whereas the peri-articular loose
      connective tissue is richly innervated. The only type of nerve ending observed
      within the joint was the free nerve ending, which is assumed to serve not only as
      a nociceptor but also as a polymodal mechanoreceptor. Merely within the insertion
      of the musculus pterygoideus lateralis at the collum mandibulae single stretch
      receptors of the Ruffini type were observed. Ultrastructurally, they correspond
      to those described in the cat's knee joint. Neither lamellated nor nerve endings
      of the Golgi or Pacini type were observed in the joint or in the peri-articular
      connective tissue. The unexpected paucity of nerve fibres and endings in the TMJ
      itself of the mouse suggests that the afferent information from the joint is less
      important for position sense and movement than the afferent information from
      muscles, tendons and periodontal ligaments.

PMID- 2288203
TI  - The phosphorus content of lysosomes in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. A study
      using electron-spectroscopic imaging.
AB  - In the present study, the distribution of phosphorus was analyzed within
      lysosomes of hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and mast cells in untreated liver tissue
      of mice by the use of electron-spectroscopic imaging, a new electron
      microscopical method which combines microanalysis with ultrastructural
      representation and allows to image the spatial distribution of light elements
      such as O, N or P in cells and tissues. The obtained analytical data unfolded
      marked differences regarding the phosphorus content of lysosomes within
      hepatocytes. Whereas peribiliary bodies always included phosphorus highly
      condensed in a coarse-granular distribution, the lysosomes apart from biliary
      capillaries contained different amounts of phosphorus, varying from high
      concentration to moderate and negligible amounts appearing as dust-like powder in
      the lysosomal interior. In contrast, the lysosomes of Kupffer cells always
      comprised phosphorus in high density and similar concentration as it is found in
      cytoplasmic ribosomes. These results confirm a pronounced and unexpected
      heterogeneity regarding the elemental composition of lysosomes in hepatocytes and
      Kupffer cells. It may be assumed that this heterogeneity is not accidental but
      based on differences in the functional state of lysosomes and the activity of
      their hydrolytic enzymes.

PMID- 2288204
TI  - Nude mice are not hairless. A morphological study.
AB  - In the present study, the morphological aspect of the skin and the hairs of
      athymic, macroscopically nude mice (NMRI, nu/nu) was investigated by descriptive
      light- and electron-microscopical methods and compared with the appearance of the
      skin and the hairs in normally haired mice (NMRI). These morphological studies
      revealed that athymic, macroscopically nude mice are not at all hairless, but
      have about the same number of hair bulbs, embedded in the hypodermis, as normally
      haired animals. However, within the hair follicles of athymic mice, the
      keratinization processes are obviously deeply impaired, resulting in the
      formation of short, crippled and bent hair shafts which only seldom emerge from
      the hair follicles. The cuticles of the inner root sheath and the hair are not
      built up, the cortex of the hair being composed by abnormal globular aggregates.
      The epidermis shows similar disturbances of keratinization, which are reflected
      by the presence of only few and thin bundles of tonofilaments in the basal,
      spinous and granular layers of the epidermis and, in the stratum corneum, by
      bizarrely formed and irregularly arranged lamellae of corneocytes, separated from
      one another. These results demonstrate that athymic, nude mice are not hairless
      but that the development and differentiation of hairs are severely injured in
      this mouse mutant. Analogously, the keratinization of the epidermis is also
      impaired. In view of the previously shown ectodermal defect as primary cause for
      the dysgenesis of the thymus, it seems to be probable that defects of the
      ectoderm are actually the common reason for both the thymus dysgenesis and the
      severe disturbances of hair development in 'athymic, nude' mice.

PMID- 2288205
TI  - Development of the adrenergic innervation in the myocardium and coronary arteries
      of the dog.
AB  - The development of the adrenergic cardiac innervation was studied in premature
      dog fetuses, puppies and adult dogs by means of the formalin-induced fluorescence
      technique. A point-counting technique was used to evaluate the density of
      innervation. Two types of fluorescent profiles can be observed in the heart
      during development: (1) sprouting axons, and (2) beaded terminals. The axonal
      fluorescence disappears in adult neurons. A different morphology and a different
      time course of development enable to study separately the innervation of the
      myocardium (cardiomotor innervation) and that of the vessels (vasomotor
      innervation). The late prenatal innervation is very poor (0.1 hit). The first but
      very scant cardiomotor terminals appear in this period. A mature cardiomotor
      innervation is found in 4-month-old puppies [1.5 +/- 0.3 (SD) hits]. The
      vasomotor innervation is shifted to the right. The development of beaded vascular
      terminals begins and matures 1-2 weeks later. The growing fluorescent axons
      reveal that the myocardium is supplied by axons of the cardiac plexus and of the
      perivascular nerves; the vascular wall, on the other hand, is supplied by the
      perivascular nerves only. The developmental, spatial and morphological
      differences in innervation suggest that two different types of neurons exist in
      the sympathetic ganglia: (1) neurons innervating the vessels (coronaromotor
      neurons), and (2) neurons innervating the myocardium (cardiomotor neurons).

PMID- 2288206
TI  - Two forms of free mononuclear cells in sinusoids at the beginning of hepatic
      hemopoiesis of the mouse embryo: a qualitative and cytometrical study.
AB  - Two forms of mononuclear cells were seen in the liver sinusoids of an 11-day
      mouse embryo. They were qualitatively and cytometrically examined by light and
      electron microscopy. The first form consisted of free macrophages which possessed
      erythrophagosomes in the cytoplasm, many cytoplasmic extensions on their cell
      surface and clear vesicles singly or in groups in the cell periphery. The average
      cell diameter of macrophages was 10.4 +/- 1.6 microns and the nuclear-cytoplasmic
      (N-C) ratio 0.36 +/- 0.11. The second form of mononuclear cells in the sinusoids
      was free from large heterophagosomes. The majority of them ranged from 7 to 12
      microns in cell diameter and had a larger N-C ratio than the first form. The
      cytometrical results showed that the two types of mononuclear cells contained in
      the sinusoids of the 11-day embryo are similar in properties to the mononuclear
      cells in extraembryonic and yolk sac vitelline vessels before the start of liver
      hemopoiesis. The origins of sinusoidal mononuclear cells of these two forms are
      discussed in relation to the yolk sac ones.

PMID- 2288207
TI  - Relation of the glenoid fossa to craniofacial morphology, studied on dry human
      skulls.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to compare glenoid fossa dimensions and craniofacial
      morphology on the basis of standard lateral roentgenograms. To overcome the
      difficulties encountered in making exact measurements on living subjects, 59 dry
      skulls were used. Eight angular measurements were taken to describe the form of
      the skull base, mandible, and articulating surface of the glenoid fossa, four
      linear measurements to describe the position of the fossa, and one to describe
      the size of the whole skull. A close relationship was observed between the
      morphology of the articulating surface of the glenoid fossa and the mandibular
      morphology. The skull base angulation was associated with the position of glenoid
      fossa in two ways. Basically, the position of the fossa is related to skull base
      characteristics, but the location of the articular eminence in relation to the
      clival plane suggests that the mandibular condyle may cause a remodeling of the
      eminence anteriorly when the glenoid fossa otherwise is translocated posteriorly
      in association with the flat skull base.

PMID- 2288208
TI  - Assessment of a single-item dental anxiety question.
AB  - This paper discusses issues related to the validity and usefulness of a single
      item measure of dental anxiety: The Dental Anxiety Question (DAQ) 'Are you afraid
      of going to the dentist?'. A nationwide random sample of 1351 people aged 15-79
      years answered the DAQ and Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS). In addition, the
      respondents were categorized with regard to gender, age, geographic areas, and
      residential districts. The internal consistency reliability coefficient for CDAS
      was high (alpha = 0.91), and DAQ correlated highly with all of the four items on
      the CDAS (mean, r = 0.71). The correlations between the DAQ and the CDAS were
      high for men, women, and between age groups (r = 0.74-0.86). Women had
      significantly higher mean values on the DAQ than men in all age groups, and for
      both genders the mean DAQ values decreased with increasing age. The DAQ mean
      values were insignificantly different across geographic areas and residential
      districts. The conclusion is drawn that the DAQ shows promising qualities as a
      reliable and valid measure of the overall dental anxiety in the Norwegian adult
      population.

PMID- 2288209
TI  - Dental practitioners' evaluation of the metal-resin and metal-ceramic technique
      in the treatment with fixed prosthetic restorations.
AB  - To collect information on the use of the metal-resin and the metal-ceramic
      technique, a questionnaire survey among general practitioners was carried out in
      Bergen, Norway. Of the 20 dentists (16% sample) randomly selected among the
      private general practitioners, 17 (85%) responded. The results indicated that 45%
      metal-resin and 55% metal-ceramic constructions were inserted. Metal-ceramic
      crowns were selected for their favorable esthetics, whereas metal-resin
      appliances were preferred because of their repair possibilities and good marginal
      adaptation. Most dentists (70%) claimed that metal-resin restorations have a
      better marginal adaptation than metal-ceramic constructions. Location in the
      mouth, the general periodontal condition, and evidence of wear in the remaining
      dentition also appeared to influence the selection of the type of tooth-colored
      veneered crown.

PMID- 2288210
TI  - Clinical variables affecting the marginal degradation of amalgam restorations.
AB  - The influence of different clinical variables on the marginal degradation of
      amalgam restorations was studied in a clinical trial of class-II amalgam
      restorations. Seven Scandinavian dentists using 5 different alloys placed 468
      restorations in 210 patients. The marginal degradation was scored on impressions
      of the restored teeth by using a six-point ordinal rating scale and was
      transformed to ridit values. After 5 years 126 patients with 296 restorations
      remained in the trial. Ridit analysis and paired comparison tests utilizing the
      Bonferroni correction factor at each yearly interval indicated that the extent of
      degradation of the restoration margins was influenced by the location in the
      mouth, the position on the tooth, the type of alloy, and the operator. The
      results demonstrate that features of the cavity preparation and the handling of
      the material by the operator are more important for the degradation of the
      restoration margins than other clinical variables.

PMID- 2288211
TI  - Cavity design and marginal degradation of the occlusal part of Class-II amalgam
      restorations.
AB  - The effect of variations in the design of class-II cavity preparations on the
      marginal degradation of amalgam restorations was included as a study aim in a
      clinical trial. Four hundred and sixty-eight restorations were placed in 210
      patients by 7 Scandinavian dentists using 5 different alloys. The marginal
      degradation was scored on impressions of the restored teeth by means of a six
      point ordinal rating scale. The scores were then compared with defined
      characteristics of the occlusal parts of the initial cavity preparations.
      Characteristics of the cavity that could be related to the marginal degradation
      were diverging occlusal cavity walls, occlusal cavity depth, fissures
      perpendicular to the cavosurface angle, and rough or variable occlusal
      cavosurface angles. Cavity preparation features not influencing the rate of
      degradation were the occlusal width, the location of the cavosurface angle on the
      cusp slope, occlusal cavosurface angles with sectors smaller than 90 degrees, and
      less than 1 mm enamel remaining between the cavity preparation and another
      restoration. The association between the different cavity design features and the
      marginal degradation varied with the different alloys. Superior marginal
      performance is probably the result of optimal condensation or surface treatment,
      rather than features of the cavity preparation.

PMID- 2288213
TI  - Epidemiologic survey of children with end-stage renal disease.
AB  - We performed an epidemiologic study on the basis of a questionnaire survey of 162
      children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Sixty-nine (43%) of our 162
      children, including 25 detected at mass screening of urine, were found by chance
      hematuria and/or proteinuria. The three major causes of ESRD in our children were
      chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) in 56, congenital anomalies of the urinary tract
      in 30, and nephrotic syndrome (NS) in 27. The renal pathology in 39 children with
      CGN or NS was focal glomerular sclerosis in 15, diffuse mesangial GN in 7, IgA GN
      in 5, membranoproliferative GN in 3, membranous GN in 3, and unclassified in 6.
      Forms of dialysis initiated were hemodialysis in 91 children, continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) in 66, and intermittent PD in 5. Renal
      transplantation was performed on 38 children, and the graft and the patient
      survival rates were 76% and 89%, respectively. The survival rate of our 162
      children for a mean follow-up of 8.1 years was 77%. In conclusion, an integrated
      program of maintenance dialysis and transplantation provides a favorable life for
      children with ESRD.

PMID- 2288212
TI  - Associations between six DNA probe-detected periodontal bacteria and alveolar
      bone loss and other clinical signs of periodontitis.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to assess the associations between the
      presence and amounts of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides
      gingivalis, B. intermedius, Eikenella corrodens, Wolinella recta, and
      Fusobacterium nucleatum in the periodontal pocket and the degree of alveolar bone
      loss and other clinical signs of periodonitis, such as probing pocket depth,
      attachment level, and presence of bleeding on probing at the same site. The study
      material comprised 16 subjects with or without approximal sites showing
      longitudinal alveolar bone loss who were selected from a group of 142 subjects
      monitored radiographically over the past 4 years. In this group 105 sites were
      examined, of which 58 showed recent alveolar bone loss greater than or equal to 1
      mm. Subgingival plaque was collected with absorbent paper points and hybridized
      with 32P-labeled DNA probes specific for the above-mentioned bacteria. The amount
      of each bacterial species was correlated with the degree of bone loss over time
      and the three clinical measurements by means of Spearman rank correlation. A.
      actinomycetemcomitans showed poor correlations with all three clinical signs of
      periodontal inflammation, whereas B. gingivalis and W. recta demonstrated
      significant positive correlations with the three clinical measurements and with
      attachment level and pocket depth, respectively. In addition, the amount of A.
      actinomycetemcomitans, B. gingivalis and W. recta showed significant positive
      correlation with the extent of alveolar bone loss at the site. In contrast, the
      amounts of B. intermedius, E. corrodens, and F. nucleatum showed negative
      correlations with all four measurements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288214
TI  - Cerebral and abdominal arterial hemodynamics in preterm infants with patent
      ductus arteriosus.
AB  - Using Doppler echocardiography we evaluated the effect of ductal shunt flow on
      the cerebral and abdominal arterial blood flow in 25 preterm infants. Eligible
      for inclusion in this study were healthy preterm newborn infants. They were
      divided into two groups based on their gestational age: group A, 33-36 weeks (15
      infants) and group B, 28-32 weeks (10 infants). Two-dimensional Doppler
      echocardiograms were obtained in each infant during the first 8 hours of life and
      repeated every 6-12 hours until no ductal shunt flow could be detected. Flow in
      the ductus arteriosus, the basilar artery and the coeliac artery were examined.
      Closure of the ductus arteriosus occurred significantly later (p less than 0.05)
      in group B than in group A. Pulsatility indices of flow in the basilar and
      coeliac arteries were high when the ductus was patent, decreasing to a fixed
      level with closure. This study suggests that a shunt of the patent ductus
      arteriosus (PDA) adversely influences the cerebral and abdominal blood flow in
      preterm infants.

PMID- 2288215
TI  - Adverse effects on EEG and clinical condition after immunizing children with
      convulsive disorders.
AB  - 116 immunizations were given to 61 children with febrile convulsion or epilepsy
      who had not had a seizure for 1 year since the last attack. In 92 of the 116
      immunizations the electroencephalogram (EEG) was examined before and after
      immunization. No adverse effects on the EEG were observed in 19 immunizations
      with Japanese encephalitis, measles, mumps or rubella vaccines. Epileptic spikes
      reappeared after 10 immunizations and epileptic spikes increased after 10
      immunizations among 73 given for diphtheria, acellular pertussis and tetanus
      (DPT), diphtheria and tetanus (DT), or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). A
      convulsion was observed once in one child 7 days after immunization with BCG. A
      follow-up EEG examination is necessary after children with convulsive disorders
      are immunized.

PMID- 2288216
TI  - Immune response of subjects at high risk of hepatitis B to a new genetically
      engineered hepatitis B vaccine administered in low doses by the intradermal
      route.
AB  - Fifty-eight subjects at high risk for hepatitis B were vaccinated with hepatitis
      B vaccine prepared by a DNA recombinant technique (Engerix B- Smith-Kline
      Biologicals) by the intradermal route with low doses (5 microgr) at 0, 15, 30 and
      45 days on the volar surface of the arms. A positive immune response (100%) was
      found in all children (5 affected by thalassemia, 5 affected by sickle cell
      anaemia, 9 affected by neurological handicaps) and in all healthy medical staff.
      None showed side-effects and the small pigmented macula following vaccination
      disappeared after a few months. Since the World Health Organization proposed a
      program of mass vaccination in highly endemic areas for hepatitis B, the authors
      suggest that the use of the new engineered vaccine in low doses by the
      intradermal route could represent an effective strategy to realize this project.

PMID- 2288217
TI  - Analysis of breathing pattern in children with asthma.
AB  - The breathing pattern in children with asthma was studied, using respiratory
      inductive plethysmography. The subjects were 31 children with mild to moderate
      asthma (15 males, 16 females; aged 6-15 years, average 11 years). The respiratory
      rate was 25.5 +/- 10.7/min. (mean +/- S.D.) during asthma attacks and 18.4 +/-
      5.0/min. between attacks with a significant increase during attacks (P less than
      0.001). The expiratory time was 1.774 +/- 0.833 second during attacks, and 2.125
      +/- 0.602 seconds between attacks. The expiratory time to total respiratory time
      ratio (TE/TTOT) was 0.631 +/- 0.056 during attacks and 0.608 +/- 0.035 between
      attacks. Thus there was a slight prolongation at the time of attack, but the
      difference was not significant. The tidal volume was increased slightly during
      mild and moderate attacks. VT/TI (mean inspiratory flow) was increased during
      attacks. The respiratory pattern was thoracic during attacks and changed to the
      abdominal pattern with improvement.

PMID- 2288218
TI  - Upshaw-Schulman syndrome in two siblings.
AB  - Upshaw-Schulman syndrome is a rare disease, and familial occurrence has not been
      reported. In this paper, two Japanese brothers, aged 2 and 6 years, with
      microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and fragmented red cells from
      the newborn period are reported. Unusually large von Willebrand factor (vWF)
      multimers were found in the plasma samples from both cases during remission,
      while the quantities of the unusually large vWF multimers decreased greatly at a
      low platelet count. They were temporarily relieved from hemolytic anemia and
      thrombocytopenia by infusions of plasma from normal donors. It appears that our
      patients lack an unidentified plasma factor, which is genetically determined.

PMID- 2288219
TI  - Problems in case definition of Reye's syndrome.

PMID- 2288220
TI  - Reye and Reye-like syndromes: results of a pilot study in Peninsular Malaya,
      1986.
AB  - A pilot epidemiologic study of all cases of Reye and Reye-like syndromes was
      undertaken at 8 representative major hospitals in Peninsular Malaya from January
      1st to December 31st 1986. The cases were classified as definitive Reye's
      syndrome, clinical Reye's syndrome and encephalo-hepatopathies. Less than 50% of
      cases reviewed fulfilled the National Center for Disease Control criteria for
      clinical Reye's syndrome. Causes of Reye-like syndromes/encephalo-hepatopathies
      included fulminant hepatitis, Japanese B encephalitis, dengue, septicaemia, and
      complex febrile fits. It was not possible to differentiate clinical Reye's
      syndrome from the other encephalo-hepatopathies by either the clinical features
      (except for jaundice) or biochemical parameters. Liver biopsy is necessary for a
      definitive diagnosis of Reye's syndrome in Malaysia, because of the high
      prevalence of Reye-like diseases. The mortality rate in the 2 groups of patients
      is similar. Ingestion of salicylates was not found to be significantly associated
      with Reye and Reye-like syndromes in this study.

PMID- 2288221
TI  - Reye's syndrome in Thailand.

PMID- 2288222
TI  - Non-icteric fulminant hepatitis and Reye's syndrome: comparison of laboratory
      data.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with suspected Reye's syndrome (RS) were seen in our
      Department from 1974 through 1987. Liver biopsy confirmed the diagnoses of RS and
      non-icteric fulminant hepatitis (NIFH) in 7 and 5 cases, respectively. NIFH was
      the most common RS mimicker. Total bilirubin, LDH and serum ammonia levels showed
      no significant differences between RS and NIFH. However, the levels of serum GOT
      and GPT were significantly higher in the NIFH group. Serum and urinary carnitine
      levels were measured in both groups, but the results were inconclusive. Amino
      acid analysis in one RS and two NIFH patients showed no significant differences
      in the ratio of branched chain to aromatic amino acids. However, one RS patient
      showed a high level of lysine. Histological findings in the liver of two NIFH
      patients showed minor mitochondrial swelling and microvesicular fat, but the
      major finding was hepatic necrosis. Our experience indicates that NIFH and RS
      cannot be differentiated by routine laboratory tests. Liver biopsy is essential
      for the accurate diagnosis of RS.

PMID- 2288223
TI  - Carnitine metabolism and urinary organic acid excretion in Reye's syndrome and
      salicylate intoxication.

PMID- 2288224
TI  - Carnitine deficiency in inherited organic acid disorders and Reye syndrome.
AB  - A large quantity of propionylcarnitine in the urine of patients with propionic
      acidemia and methylmalonic aciduria was demonstrated. The amount excreted
      depended on the administered L-carnitine dose from 25 to 75 mg/kg/day. A high
      level of propionylcarnitine was also detected in the amniotic fluid of fetuses at
      risk of methylmalonic aciduria. Glutaric aciduria type 1 was characterized by
      excessive urinary excretion of glutarylcarnitine. In a neonate with glutaric
      aciduria type 2, several specific acylcarnitines were detected in the urine.
      These included isovaleryl-, acetyl-, isobutyryl-, and butyrylcarnitine as major
      carnitine esters and glutaryl-, and octanoylcarnitine as minor components.
      However, the pattern of acylcarnitines excreted changed from isovalerylcarnitine
      (via leucine) to isobutyrylcarnitine (via valine) during early life. In patients
      diagnosed as Reye syndrome, tissue carnitine deficiency was not always recognized
      and no decrease in the free/total carnitine ratio was found in the liver or
      muscle. The clinical and pathophysiological manifestations seen in these
      disorders are considered to relate to mitochondrial activity. Therefore, it is
      necessary to measure acylcarnitine fractions in the urine in order to obtain more
      precise information about mitochondrial function because carnitine and
      acylcarnitine compounds may express the metabolic state of mitochondria.

PMID- 2288225
TI  - Factors in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from children with viral
      encephalopathies impair glucose transport.
AB  - Since glucose transport appears to be inhibited in viral infections, we looked
      for inhibitors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of children with febrile
      convulsions (FC) and Singapore syndrome (SS). When incubated with rat and human
      adipocytes both fluids from FCs inhibited the utilization of glucose supplied in
      the medium as exhibited by decreased synthesis of triglycerides. Sera in the
      acute stage of the illness were more inhibitory than those from convalescents.
      There was competition between 3-0 methyl glucose and the CSF factors suggesting
      competitive inhibition at the plasma membrane. This may be due to anti-idiotypic
      antibodies. The likelihood of a second inhibitor is suggested by (1) the
      inhibitory activity of the larger of two fractions (about 80,000 molecular
      weight, corresponding to albumin) obtained in gel filtration chromatography of
      pooled CSF and (2) failure to observe a decrease in inhibitory activity with
      recovery from SS following management with hyperglycaemia-producing infusions.
      These observations are consistent with glycated albumin as a possible factor.
      Further characterization is called for to ascertain the genesis of viral
      encephalopathies.

PMID- 2288226
TI  - Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure in Reye's syndrome--5 years
      experience.
AB  - Monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) and efforts to keep the ICP below the
      critical level are vital in the treatment of Reye's syndrome. Continuous
      monitoring of ICP was carried out in 21 cases of Reye's syndrome who were at or
      beyond stage III at the time of admission to the Veterans General Hospital,
      between January 1981 and August 1986. Seventeen had ICP ranging from 15 mmHg to
      67 mmHg. Three patients died, 1 in stage V with an ICP of 67 mmHg received a
      craniectomy, and 2 others were in stage IV with ICP's of 66 mmHg and 25 mmHg,
      respectively. The fatality rate was 14% (3/21). Among 18 patients, 5 had moderate
      psychomotor retardation (PMR), 4 had severe PMR and 2 had mild PMR. The remaining
      7 patients survived without sequelae. Blood exchange transfusion could further
      reduce ICP and seemed to improve neurologic outcome. Blood ammonia higher than
      400 micrograms% is indicative of a bad prognosis. Hyperventilation was the most
      rapid and effective means of reducing moderate degrees of increased ICP. During
      intensive supportive care, we also found that coughing, endotracheal intubation,
      seizures, asynchronous respiration to an artificial respirator, suction of the
      airway and any painful stimulation caused further increases in ICP and worsened
      the situation. Care should be given to avoid these factors.

PMID- 2288227
TI  - Mitochondrial changes and carnitine status in fasting rats.
AB  - To elucidate mitochondrial morphology and related pathophysiology in the fasting
      state, liver mitochondrial area, plasma levels of carnitine and non-esterified
      fatty acids were measured in fed (N = 30) and fasted for 5 days (N = 28) rats.
      The rats were divided into three groups according to body weight: 100 g-group
      (aged 5 weeks), 200 g-group (aged 7-8 weeks), 400 g-group (aged 15-16 weeks).
      Electron microscopy of the liver revealed mitochondrial enlargement in fasted
      rats. There were significant differences in mitochondrial area measured by
      digitizer, between fasted groups with 100 g and 200 g body weights and the
      compatible fed groups. The grade of mitochondrial swelling was inversely
      proportional to the body weight (i.e. the age). The fasting induced decreased
      plasma levels of free carnitine and increased plasma levels of acylcarnitine.
      Plasma free carnitine levels in all fed rats appeared to be directly correlated
      to the body weight. The above mitochondrial swelling and abnormal carnitine
      status are hallmarks of Reye's syndrome (RS). These changes are not specific to
      RS but might be attributable to fasting.

PMID- 2288228
TI  - Carnitine metabolism in rats with 4-pentenoic acid induced fatty liver.
AB  - The effects of 4-pentenoic acid, a chemical claimed to induce fatty liver
      morphologically similar to that seen in Reye's syndrome, on carnitine metabolism
      and on hepatic histology were studied. Male Wistar rats were injected with 50
      mg/kg doses of 4-pentenoic acid intraperitoneally every four hours over a period
      of 82 hours. Control rats received a similar volume of saline instead. The
      animals were then sacrificed at 82 hours. Liver, serum and urine were collected
      and stored in dry ice. The concentrations of free, acyl-, and total (free plus
      acyl) carnitines determined in serum were found to be significantly decreased in
      the rats which had received 4-pentenoic acid, while the concentrations of acyl-
      and total carnitines were significantly elevated in urine. In the liver tissue,
      the concentrations of short chain- and medium chain-acylcarnitines tended to be
      elevated, but the differences were not statistically significant. These results
      suggest that enhanced acylation of free carnitine with metabolites of 4-pentenoic
      acid, and excretion of the resulting acylcarnitine into urine are likely
      mechanism of the 4-pentenoic acid-induced hypocarnitinemia. Liver histology
      revealed marked fatty change with minute fat droplets similar to those observed
      in Reye's syndrome, and very slight alteration in mitochondrial configuration.

PMID- 2288229
TI  - The effects of salicylate on ketogenesis, gluconeogenesis and urea production in
      rat liver perfusion.
AB  - In order to elucidate the relation between the hepatotoxicity of salicylate (SA)
      and the pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome (RS), urea production, gluconeogenesis
      and ketogenesis were investigated in isolated perfused rat livers in the presence
      of salicylate (SA) and oleate. Although urea formation from 0.5 mM NH4Cl, 2 mM
      ornithine and 0.3 mM oleate was not inhibited by infusion of SA, 3 mM SA caused a
      26% decrease of ketogenesis, 85% decrease of 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio
      (30HB/AcAc) and 45% increase of oxygen consumption. Glucose production from 2 mM
      pyruvate in the presence of 0.3 mM oleate decreased by 33% after administration
      of 3 mM SA, and 30HB/AcAc ratio also decreased by 33%. The decrement of
      gluconeogenesis and that of the 30HB/AcAc ratio were very close. These results
      suggested that ATP production was maintained but that the intra-mitochondrial
      redox state was changed to a more oxidized state after SA administration in
      perfused rat livers. This change in redox state could be responsible for the
      decrease of gluconeogenesis. Metabolic characteristics found in RS were not
      obtained by infusion of 3 mM SA and 0.3 mM oleate in rat livers. Therefore, some
      other factors in addition to SA seem necessary to establish an animal model of
      RS.

PMID- 2288230
TI  - Evaluation of the possible role of glucose, carnitine, coenzyme Q10 and steroids
      in the treatment of Reye's syndrome using the margosa oil animal model.
AB  - Glucose and steroids have been used in the treatment of children with Reye's
      syndrome, while carnitine and coenzyme Q10 have been the subject of some recent
      studies which suggest that these agents may have a role in the treatment of
      Reye's syndrome and Reye-like syndrome due to margosa oil poisoning. Because of
      the paucity of causes of Reye's syndrome seen at any one centre, the clinical
      variability of the disease, and limited knowledge of definite aetiologic factors,
      controlled clinical trials are not easy to carry out or to interpret in human
      cases. These caveats were overcome by evaluation of these four treatment
      modalities in an established margosa-oil-induced animal model of Reye's syndrome.
      Effectiveness of the treatment modalities was determined from clinical response
      and histopathologic parameters (grading of light microscopic fatty changes and
      ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes). Results show that carnitine per se
      produces a small improvement in survival, but statistically, more significant
      benefit is seen with glucose administration. Carnitine plus 10% dextrose appears
      to produce better results. Evaluation of coenzyme Q10 and carnitine on
      histopathologic parameters in the liver after a sublethal dose of margosa oil
      showed no obvious ameliorating effect on liver pathology. Steroids
      (dexamethasone/methylprednisolone) had no beneficial effects in reducing
      mortality, affecting glycogen storage or lipid accumulation. Changes in the
      mitochondria, ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum were unaltered from the groups
      treated with margosa oil alone. While glucose and carnitine supplements appear to
      be beneficial, the other modes of therapy do not seem to hold much promise in the
      treatment of Reye-like syndrome in the margosa-oil-induced animal model.

PMID- 2288231
TI  - The independence of horizontal and vertical dimensions in handwriting with and
      without vision.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between horizontal
      and vertical components of handwriting production when subjects were instructed
      to vary the size of these components separately or together. The effect of vision
      on these instructed size transformations also was examined. Eight female adults
      participated in the experiment. The basic task was to write the words 'poppy' and
      'wood' cursively five times, the first time in their normal size and then with
      four size transformations. These transformations--one-fourth, one-half, double,
      and four-times their normal size--were made under three different sets of
      instructions (width only, height only, both) and in two visual conditions
      (normal, blindfolded), for a total of six sets of five repetitions. The
      individual slopes (changes in actual values across the transformation values) for
      width and height under instructions to change both parameters were almost
      identical to the width and height slopes under instructions to change only the
      single parameter, supporting the notion of the independence of the horizontal and
      vertical components. Further, an analysis of these individual slopes indicated
      that the size transformations were significantly greater (p less than 0.05) (and
      closer to the instructed values) with vision than without vision.

PMID- 2288232
TI  - The spatial distribution of attention during covert visual orienting.
AB  - Many studies of covert orienting of visual attention in response to informative
      pre-cues have focused on the spatial distribution of improved or impaired
      performance. One can find at least four different models in the literature, each
      describing a different distribution: the fixed gradient spotlight; the zoom lens
      spotlight; the hemifield activation hypothesis; and the flexible allocation of
      resources model. In previous work examining procedural details that might have
      led to the formulation of the hemifield activation hypothesis, it was postulated
      (Klein and McCormick 1989) that under conditions of uncertainty about which of
      two locations to attend, an observer may focus attention on a visual channel
      (i.e., midlocation placement of a fixed gradient spotlight) that is spatially
      intermediate. The present experiment was designed to distinguish among the four
      models of attentional distribution, and to test the midlocation placement
      strategy. Our findings show support for midlocation placement, demonstrate
      evidence against flexible allocation and hemifield activation, but could not
      differentiate between fixed gradient and zoom lens variants of the spotlight
      model.

PMID- 2288233
TI  - The relation between response-specificity, S-R compatibility, foreperiod duration
      and muscle-tension in a target aiming task.
AB  - Three experiments are reported aiming at a further understanding of the effect of
      response-specificity, operationalized as the degree of commonality of direction
      of movements. In a previous study, Spijkers (1987) has claimed that response
      specificity affects the readiness of the motor system and is not related to
      response-selection processes. These suppositions were generally confirmed in
      experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Common to both experiments were the variables
      average movement velocity and response-specificity. In experiment 1 the effect of
      the additional variable foreperiod duration was found to interact with that of
      response-specificity, hereby confirming its expected relation to the muscular
      system. The effect of response-specificity did not interact with that of spatial
      S-R compatibility in the second experiment, but also failed to show a main
      effect. The third experiment examined the supposed relation of response
      specificity more directly through manipulation of the muscle-tension of the
      responding limb. The predicted form of the interaction between the effect of
      response-specificity and muscle-tension was confirmed which provided additional
      evidence for the interpretation of response-specificity effects in terms of
      differential muscular activation.

PMID- 2288234
TI  - Patient preferences for physician gender in the male genital/rectal exam.
AB  - This paper presents the results of a descriptive survey assessing male patients'
      past experience, current preferences, and concerns regarding the gender of the
      physician performing the male genital/rectal exam. The sample consists of 72 male
      patients seen at a university-based family practice clinic located in a small
      rural community in Michigan. Patient age and physician gender preference were the
      main independent variables of interest. This study found that 51.5% of all male
      patients in the sample indicated a preference for a male physician to perform the
      genital exam while 48.5% indicated no preference for physician gender. In
      contrast, for the rectal exam, 61.5% of all male patients indicated no preference
      for physician gender while 38.5% did express a preference for a male physician.
      No one expressed a preference for a female physician for either the genital or
      rectal exams. Further analysis revealed that male patients over the age of 40 who
      prefer a male physician do so, at least in part, because it would be embarrassing
      to have a female physician perform the exam. Few, however, would refuse to allow
      a female physician to perform the exam. Respondents preferred certain positions
      for the exam and these are a means of minimizing potential embarrassment in the
      older patient.

PMID- 2288236
TI  - The premarital exam: a patient perspective.
AB  - Forty-five recently married patients were surveyed on the content of their
      premarital exam and their opinions of what ought to be included and excluded.
      Although most respondents desired the physician to raise the topics of
      reproductive biology (62%), health history (62%), and the sexual relationship
      (53%), one-third of the subjects also sought counsel on interpersonal relations
      and childrearing issues. Most subjects in this latter group left the premarital
      exam with their relationship and childrearing questions unanswered. Female
      patients were more likely than male patients to have their questions or concerns
      addressed, raising the question of a selective gender bias. These findings
      indicate that physicians should offer counsel on most topics without waiting for
      the patient to ask, allowing patients to turn down unwanted help, rather than
      having to ask for information in sensitive areas.

PMID- 2288235
TI  - Publications by family physicians in non-family medicine journals.
AB  - Why do some family physician (FP) authors submit manuscripts to non-family
      medicine journals instead of to family medicine journals? This study identified
      all 32 FP-authored articles that were published in several widely read non-family
      medicine journals over a 4-year period. Twenty-nine (90.6%) of the FP authors
      thus identified responded to a questionnaire soliciting the article's publication
      history. Of the 29, only one author had initially submitted his article to a
      family medicine journal. The most common reason cited by the other authors for
      not submitting to a family medicine journal was a perception that the non-family
      medicine journals had wider readership and prestige than family medicine
      journals. Other authors indicated that institutional promotion and tenure
      committees give less weight to publications in family medicine journals and,
      therefore, these authors felt it was preferable to publish in non-family medicine
      journals.

PMID- 2288237
TI  - Documentation of referrals: recording bias due to patient insurance type.
AB  - This study explores a possible association between the propensity of primary care
      physicians to record referrals on special referral forms and the source/mechanism
      of payment for services. Using a randomly selected sample of visits to University
      faculty family physicians over a 12-month period, referrals were identified from
      three sources: progress notes, a special form that was included in the patient's
      chart, and a computerized list that was generated from the special referral form.
      A notation in one or more of these sources constituted a referral. Using all
      three sources, the referral rates were 13.8 referrals per 100 patient encounters
      for Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) patients, compared with 14.1 for
      Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) patients and 10.4 for patients with other
      insurance (p = .83). The progress note in the patient chart was the best source
      for determining whether a referral had been requested, with approximately 85%
      documentation. Special forms were not likely to be completed for referrals,
      especially for non-HMO patients (less than 30% documentation). Thus, reliance on
      a special form for documentation of referrals would have led to the erroneous
      conclusion of higher referral rates for HMO patients. The tendency of providers
      to be more complete in recording referrals of HMO patients (a recording bias) may
      account for the observed higher rate of referral of such patients in other
      studies.

PMID- 2288238
TI  - Primary care research finds a home in federal government.

PMID- 2288239
TI  - Assessing threats to the validity of experimental and observational designs.
AB  - Experimental designs, particularly the randomized trial, are viewed as the most
      scientifically rigorous methods by which knowledge is attained. Most clinical
      disciplines, however, use observational study designs more frequently than
      experimental designs. Nevertheless, the scientific rigor of experimental designs
      can be approximated by observational designs if common internal validity threats
      are recognized and addressed during the development of the research protocol.
      This paper presents a model of threats that can be applied to both types of
      designs to compare their scientific merits.

PMID- 2288240
TI  - Home blood pressure readings in borderline hypertensive patients.
AB  - Home blood pressure monitoring can provide valuable information for physicians
      managing borderline hypertensive patients. This study was conducted to compare
      office and home blood pressures in 36 borderline hypertensive subjects, and to
      determine the accuracy of the home monitoring unit used. The patients were very
      willing to record their home blood pressures for an extended period of time. The
      home blood pressure monitors were found to be quite accurate, and blood pressures
      measured at home were significantly lower than readings obtained in the office.
      In 39% (14 of 36) of the subjects studied, the average home blood pressures were
      more than 10 mmHg lower than their office readings. These findings support the
      hypothesis that home blood pressure monitoring can be useful in the management of
      borderline hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2288241
TI  - Changes in acetylcholine receptor distribution and binding properties at the
      neuromuscular junction during aging.
AB  - Junctional and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors were characterized in
      diaphragm muscle obtained from mature adult and aged rats. Rhodamine-conjugated
      alpha-bungarotoxin was used to visualize receptor localization. At this level of
      resolution, there were no major changes in receptor distribution, and nerve
      terminals were consistently associated with receptors and vice versa. Specific
      binding characteristics were assayed by measuring 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin
      binding. Maximal binding to intact junctional and extrajunctional tissue samples
      was greater in the older rats. The association rate constant in minced tissue
      decreased in the older animals. Retardation of the initial rate of toxin binding
      by d-tubocurarine was described by a two-component nonlinear Hofstee plot; values
      of Ki were about the same for both age groups, but there was a significant shift
      towards the low-affinity values in the aged rats. Miniature end-plate currents
      (m.e.p.c.s.) were recorded under voltage-clamp conditions before and after AChE
      inhibition. When AChE activity was inhibited m.e.p.c. amplitudes and decay time
      constants increased in both age groups. The magnitude of these increases was
      larger in the older animals. Inhibition of AChE did not affect mean channel open
      time, which was estimated from spectral analyses of ACH-induced membrane noise.
      Lipid composition was assayed in whole muscle and isolated sarcolemma. Muscle
      cholesterol concentration rose 15-20 percent, but phospholipid concentrations
      were maintained. However, neither cholesterol, phospholipid levels, nor membrane
      fluidity changed significantly with age in isolated sarcolemmal membrane
      fractions. These data indicate that the numbers of junctional and extrajunctional
      receptors increase with age. In the junctional region, this is quite likely due
      to an expanded field of receptors and not an increased density. This is
      associated with an increased fraction of receptors with lower binding affinity
      during aging. These changes apparently are not caused by major changes in
      membrane fluidity or lipid composition.

PMID- 2288242
TI  - Motor nerve terminal restoration after focal destruction in young and old mice.
AB  - Regeneration of soleus motor nerve terminals after focal destruction by black
      widow spider venom (BWSV) or its active factor alpha-latrotoxin (LTx) was
      compared in young and old CBF-1 mice. The object was to determine whether
      previously reported delayed regeneration after nerve injury in old rodents was
      due to altered removal of debris, or delay or aberrancy in structural or
      functional restoration of the neuromuscular junction. In addition, the use of a
      new fluorescent technique permitted for the first time quantitation of the
      accuracy of early nerve terminal regeneration in mammalian muscle.
      Immunohistochemical and electron micrographic studies showed no age difference in
      destruction of terminals and removal of debris 2 days after toxin application.
      The indirect twitch and structural reinnervation (measured with flourescent
      techniques) returned to an equal extent in young and old mice beginning at 3 days
      after LTx treatment. BWSV (as opposed to LTx) delayed regeneration 1 day in young
      but not in old mice. On the first day of reinnervation, there was perisynaptic
      outgrowth in both young and old mice, although in the latter, there was a higher
      incidence of aberrant outgrowth. The relation between return of twitch strength
      and recovery of nerve terminal area (measured in teased zinc iodide-stained
      preparations) showed no age dependency. We conclude that factors cited to explain
      altered reactive sprouting in the aging CNS do not apply to regeneration of
      peripheral motor nerve terminals. However, it is possible that the aberrant
      regrowth observed at the neuromuscular junction in old mice will pertain to the
      aging CNS. Altered axonal rather than nerve terminal regeneration is the likely
      source of delayed peripheral nerve regeneration in old animals.

PMID- 2288243
TI  - Cholinergic modulation of aged-like retention deficits in young autoimmune mice.
AB  - Separate age groups of autoimmune NZB/BINJ and non-autoimmune C57BL/BNNia mice
      were compared for habituation of locomotor activity and its retention over four
      separate testing sessions spaced at 24-hr intervals. A decline in locomotion
      (distance in cm) or in the time spent in the center zone as a function of
      sessions was taken to indicate retention for habituation to stimuli within the
      test apparatus. The time spent in the center zone decreased as a function of
      sessions in young and mature C57BL/6NNia mice but failed to show reliable between
      session decreases in old (24-26-months) C57BL/6NNia mice. When compared with the
      old C57BL/6NNia mice, young NZB/BINJ mice showed similar impairments. Habituation
      of locomotion was present in all age groups of C57BL/6NNia mice, but absent in
      NZB/BINJ mice regardless of age. The retention impairments of 2-4 month old
      NZB/BINJ mice were attenuated when i.p. injections of 0.04-0.16 mg
      physostigmine/kg were given just following each habituation session. The
      effectiveness of physostigmine was substantially reduced when injections were
      delayed by 20 min or longer following each habituation session. The time
      dependent reversal of the aged-like retention deficits by the cholinesterase
      inhibitor, physostigmine, suggests that cholinergic modulation of memory storage
      processes may be impaired in NZB/BINJ mice.

PMID- 2288244
TI  - Pre- and post-synaptic cholinergic dysfunction in aged rodent brain regions: new
      findings and an interpretative review.
AB  - Age-related impairment of dynamic aspects of central cholinergic
      neurotransmission has been indicated by many studies of aged rodents, but the
      regional distribution of cholinergic deficits and the relative contribution of
      presynaptic hypofunction and reduced acetylcholine release, loss of synaptic
      integrity or loss of muscarinic receptors remains unclear. This study therefore
      compared choline acetyltransferase activity (as a structural marker) and sodium
      dependent high affinity choline uptake (which reflects both ongoing cholinergic
      neuronal activity and structural integrity) in the hippocampus, cortex and
      straitum of male C57BL mice at 3-4, 10-12 or 28-32 months of age. To evaluate the
      relationship of changes in muscarinic receptors to presynaptic alterations,
      binding of the antagonist 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate was compared in membranes
      prepared from each of these brain regions. High affinity choline uptake was
      significantly reduced in all three brain regions by 28-32 months of age. This
      trend was already evident by 10-12 months of age, especially in hippocampus and
      cortex. By contrast, choline acetyltransferase activity was unchanged in striatum
      and actually increased in hippocampus and cortex of aged mice. Muscarinic binding
      was reduced significantly only in striatum and this effect was significant by 10
      12 months of age. This decrease in antagonist binding was accompanied by a small
      but significant reduction in the relative proportion of high affinity agonist
      sites as defined by carbachol displacement. The impairment of high affinity
      choline uptake in the absence of a parallel reduction of choline
      acetyltransferase activity suggests a decline of ongoing cholinergic activity
      rather than loss of terminal integrity as the basis of presynaptic deficits in
      aging. This functional decline may be exacerbated by reduction of muscarinic
      receptors in striatum. Despite considerable literature support for the hypothesis
      that cholinergic mechanisms are impaired with age, several controversies leave
      important issues unresolved. Therefore, the present results are discussed in the
      context of a critical review with emphasis on dynamic properties of presynaptic
      function which require analysis in experimental animal models. The impact of
      normal aging on brain cholinergic systems is distinguished from the
      neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer disease in that presynaptic function is
      compromised with a relative preservation of the integrity of
      innervation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2288245
TI  - Influence of development and aging on nicotinic receptor subtypes in rodent
      brain.
AB  - The influence of development and aging on nicotinic receptor subtypes in rodent
      brain was investigated. 3H-nicotine and 3H-acetylcholine (3H-ACh) were used as
      receptor ligands. Specific binding sites for 3H-nicotine and 3H-ACh were detected
      in mouse brain during the late prenatal period. A drop in the number of 3H
      nicotine and 3H-ACh binding sites was measured shortly after birth. The 3H
      nicotine and 3H-ACh binding sites showed different time courses during prenatal
      development. Competition experiments using unlabelled (-)nicotine and 3H-nicotine
      revealed one population of high affinity nicotinic binding sites in the cortex of
      1-day and 5-day-old mice whereas both a set of high and low affinity binding
      sites were found in adult mice. The proportion of cortical high and low affinity
      nicotinic binding sites did not change with aging although the absolute amount of
      high affinity nicotinic binding sites decreased. The 3H-nicotine binding showed
      different temperature dependence in rat brain of different ages. The results
      illustrate dynamic changes in nicotinic receptor properties during life span of
      rodents.

PMID- 2288246
TI  - [Germinal tumors of the testis. A caseload and review of the literature].
AB  - Between 1974 and 1988, 35 testicle germinal tumours, 16 seminomas and 19 non
      seminomas, were studied. Mean age in seminoma cases was 34 years and 26 in non
      seminoma cases; the former were mainly presented as located stages at the time of
      diagnosis (75%) while the latter were, on the contrary, mostly stages II and III.
      Following orchiectomy, all histologically pure seminomas received radiotherapy
      with the exception of two cases. All of them are presently free from the disease
      with an average follow-up of 2.8 years (range 0.5-5 Yr.) Radiotherapy continues
      to be proposed as first choice therapeutic action for siminomas in located
      stages, although we do not disagree with other more conservative possibilities.
      In the non seminoma group, all three patients diagnosed in stage I were
      clinically controlled without supplementary therapy, two of them having a
      recurrence during the first year of follow-up, but currently free of the disease
      after chemotherapy and surgery of residual masses. Of the three non seminoma
      patients in stage II, with negative post-orchiectomy markers, two underwent
      lymphadenectomy and the other one only chemotherapy. In the remaining group of
      non seminoma patients, and always after an orchiectomy, chemotherapy was
      performed as first choice therapy, although rescue lymphadenectomy was required
      in eight cases. Chemotherapy schemes with cisplatin have relegated to a second
      level any other therapy for the non seminoma patients. The excellent response and
      reduction of side effects allow the adoption of more conservative attitudes. This
      paper explains our retrospective study and, following a wide review of exiting
      literature, discussed any conflictive prognostic and therapeutic items.

PMID- 2288247
TI  - [Results of total androgenic blockade for the treatment of disseminated cancer of
      the prostate].
AB  - Following Labrie's idea, during the last three and a half years about 35 stage D
      patients were treated with Total Androgenic Blockade, while Radiotherapy and
      adjuvant TAB was used in 7 stage C patients. Subjective response rate in stage D
      was 86%. In 46% of the cases there was some sort of objective response (either
      partial or complete). After 43 months the actual survival rate is 34%. These
      results show no improvement from other series, but the inclusion of patients with
      little life expectancy should be taken into account. Results obtained in stage C,
      though very few patients were included in the series, were good, and patients
      currently alive remain free from local and metastatic illness. Since the number
      of patients was reduced, no conclusion can be drawn. In view of the disease
      progression, Estracyt was used as a second line therapy. Results have been poor
      showing some subjective, but no objective, response usually of short duration, in
      all patients (5 cases) undergoing such therapeutic procedure.

PMID- 2288248
TI  - [Clinical and diagnostic aspects of infective nephrobronchial fistulae].
AB  - After reviewing all of our hospital admittances, this paper presents two cases of
      nephrobronchial fistula (NBF) occurring in two patients, one with renal abscess
      like granulomatous pathology and one with xantogranulomatous pyelonephritis
      (XGP). After commenting on these cases and including iconography, among which a
      fistulography, very rare in this type of cases, should be emphasized, the
      coincidence of the three microorganisms (and the presence of Morganella morganii)
      in lung cultures, and kidney in one case, is recorded. The paper remarks on the
      hidden clinical development, modes of presentations and the time of diagnosis
      which was pre-operative. Also clinical, diagnostic and behaviour of the NBFs and
      etiological diseases is reviewed.

PMID- 2288249
TI  - [Metastasizing kidney cancer. Experience with interferon alfa-2a and
      vinblastine].
AB  - Management of renal cells carcinoma still remains a therapeutic challenge.
      Nephrectomy is the primary therapy when the disease has a definite location. In
      advanced or disseminated cases, the various traditional procedures, including
      radiotherapy, chemotherapy or hormonal regimes, have obtained poor responses.
      Survival shows a direct relationship with the biological aggressiveness of the
      tumour and histological factors. Results recorded in the literature using
      specific immunotherapeutic agents are encouraging although the real value of this
      regimes has not yet been established in large series of prospective studies. The
      Oncology Unit of our Urology Service has obtained optimal follow-up in a group of
      patients included in a combined protocol of interferon alpha-2a and vinblastine
      as cytotoxic agent.

PMID- 2288250
TI  - [Cardiopulmonary by-pass with cardiac arrest and deep hypothermia for the
      surgical treatment of tumor thrombi in the vena cava caused by kidney carcinoma].
AB  - The by-pass technique with controlled cardiac arrest and hypothermia is probably
      the best method for an extirpation of intracava tumoral thrombi in renal tumours.
      The technique is easy to perform, represents a great help in the extirpation of
      thrombi regardless their size and location, and avoids massive bleeding.

PMID- 2288251
TI  - [Stage Ta/T2 bladder tumors: prognostic and clinical course factors].
AB  - One hundred and twenty-three patients with a Ta/T2 stage vesical tumour were
      studied in order to identify the histological aspects associated to a tumoral
      behaviour particularly aggressive. The multivariate study demonstrates that those
      patients with a infiltrating tumour (T1-T2) or diffused urothelial dysplasia,
      have specially high possibilities to progress with regard to the degree of cell
      anaplasia (p less than 0.05); very close follow-up is needed in those patients.
      Likewise, patients presenting disseminated dysplastic lesions and with a history
      of previous urothelial tumours, progress to a new tumour stage with a
      significantly higher frequency (p less than 0.01); in those cases, radical
      surgery is the choice treatment.

PMID- 2288252
TI  - [Prognostic value of initial function in graft and patient survival in cadaveric
      renal transplant; impact of cyclosporin A].
AB  - This paper presents our experience with 237 primary renal cadaveric transplants
      and analyzes related factors to Initial Non-Function, its influence on graft and
      patient survival as well as the impact of cyclosporin A on graft survival. Our
      study shows better graft survival rates in patients treated with cyclosporin A
      and in patients with Immediate Initial Function.

PMID- 2288253
TI  - [Percutaneous resection of benign renal cysts].
AB  - Six patients carrying bulky renal cysts located in the kidney lower pole were
      treated by percutaneous resection of the cystic wall. No complications were
      observed during the peri and postoperational period. In all cases disappearance
      of symptoms was observed, and the total success rate (absence of residual cavity)
      recorded was 4/6, two cases presenting persistence of a small residual cavity
      which originated one case of relapse. The paper presents the technique used, and
      the indications and possible therapeutic actions for the treatment of simple
      kidney cysts are discussed.

PMID- 2288254
TI  - [Vascular complications of kidney transplant. Stenosis of the renal artery].
AB  - The present paper analyzes the incidence of vascular complications and their
      treatment, in a series of 500 consecutive Heterotopical Kidney Transplants (KT),
      performed in our Service between January 1978 and December 1988. There was a
      total of 14 (2.8%) complications of which 8 (1.6%) correspond to renal artery
      stenosis. Of the 8 cases with renal artery stenosis, in 2 of them primary
      surgical treatment was indicated. The first one was a transplantectomy (TRX) and
      the second one reconstructive direct surgery. In the 6 remaining patients a
      Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty (PTA) was indicated. In three of these
      patients the stenosis resolved although one of them needed a second dilatation.
      In the last three there was: a thrombosis requiring TRX, a post dilatation anuria
      added to failure in the treatment of HT and which, finally, had to undergo
      surgery, and a third failure that could not be resolved by surgery and had to be
      subjected to graft nephrectomy. One of the patients in the surgical group died.

PMID- 2288255
TI  - [Rapidly growing leiomyosarcoma of the kidney].
AB  - One case of renal leiomyosarcoma in an adult man with fast growth is presented.
      Clinical and iconographic features of the cases are compared with other cases
      reported and their diagnostic and therapeutic orientation discussed.

PMID- 2288256
TI  - [Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate. Report of 2 cases].
AB  - Prostate T.C.T. is a rare tumour representing about 1% of all prostate tumours.
      Out of 435 patients diagnosed in our prostate cancer service between 1975 and
      1988, only 2 presented the features of transitional carcinoma of prostatic ductus
      coexisting in both cases with a glandular type tumour (0.45%). Both cases were
      treated in a palliative way through R.T.U. and hormonotherapy, also performing in
      one case telecobalto-therapy. The two cases presented had a very poor evolution,
      and die 6 month after diagnosis due to tumoral progression with a widespread bone
      metastasis, blastic in one case and mixed in the other one.

PMID- 2288257
TI  - [Giant tumor thrombus in the renal vein. Diagnostic accuracy of CAT].
AB  - A clinical case of a clear-cells renal tumour, located in the left kidney, with
      occupation of renal vein by a 7.7 cm thick tumoral thrombus, not affecting the
      cava vein lumen is presented. CAT and selective left renal venography were the
      exploratory means which provided the diagnosis. In the study of renal vein
      affectation by tumoral thrombus, the CAT accuracy can be equal to that of
      venography, the latter being indicated in dubious cases.

PMID- 2288258
TI  - [Papillary necrosis and formation of fungal balls in a patient with AIDS: a
      clinical case and brief review].
AB  - An AIDS case, with a Candida urinary infection causing papillary necrosis and
      accompanied by occurrence of fungal lumps is reported. The paper remarks on the
      incidence and peculiarities of urinary affectation in these patients, emphasizing
      the usefulness of percutaneous nephrostomy as a diagnostic, and above all as a
      therapeutic procedure, in cases of expanded urinary tract.

PMID- 2288259
TI  - [Polyuric dilatation of the urinary tract in congenital nephrogenic diabetes
      insipidus. Clinical and diagnostic aspects. Presentation of a case and review of
      the literature].
AB  - Massive polyuria existing in congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can cause
      a more or less severe dilatation of the urinary tract in absence of obstruction.
      Clinical and diagnostic aspects of this pathology are presented relating then
      with other types of diabetes insipidus. One case of bilateral severe dilatation
      with evolution towards renal atrophia is presented. Mechanical obstruction was
      discarded. The disease was refractory to urinary concentration tests and therapy
      to reduce urine volume. The possible etiopathological mechanisms of functional
      obstruction and surgical alternatives directed to preserve the kidney function
      are explained and discussed. The current literature is reviewed but the cases
      reported are few due to the low incidence of urological affectation. Presence of
      kidney atrophia is exceptional.

PMID- 2288260
TI  - [Colpo-urethral suspension for stress incontinence].
AB  - The paper explains the results obtained in 90 female patients with stress urine
      incontinence (90% in grade II at medium stress) who have undergone surgery
      through the vagina to free the urethra, cervix vesicae and bladder, raising them
      with a silk transversal suture anchored to the pubourethral ligament residues as
      well as anal and pubococcygeal ligaments. All the operations were performed by
      the author, achieving good results in 88.8% of the cases and with a post
      operational follow-up ranging from 5 months to 13 years. These results can be
      overlapped with those obtained through optional routes, either abdominal and
      combined.

PMID- 2288262
TI  - [Retroperitoneal appendicular abscess: urologic management].
AB  - A case of retroperitoneal abscess with appendicular origin is presented. Both
      diagnostic process and therapeutic approach is analyzed. We also review the
      literature on cecal appendix pathology and its relationship to the urinary tract.

PMID- 2288261
TI  - [Testicular and epididymal malacoplakia. Presentation of a case and review of the
      literature].
AB  - A case of testicular malacoplakia and epididymis in a 62 year old man is
      presented. A literature review is made (only 6 cases describing epididymal
      malacoplakia have been reported), commenting on the clinical, diagnostic,
      anatomopathological, pathogenic and therapeutic aspects of malacoplakia.

PMID- 2288263
TI  - [Polyps of the posterior urethra: presentation of a new case].
AB  - Presence of polyps in the posterior urethra are a rare cause of childhood
      obstructive uropathy. The diagnosis is done through clinical and mictional
      cistouretrography findings, and the choice therapy during paediatric age is
      transurethral resection. In this paper, a review of the literature is made
      discussing the major aspects regarding this pathology.

PMID- 2288264
TI  - [Brucellar orchitis with abscess].
AB  - A clinical case of orchitis with brucellosis etiology is presented. Testicular
      symptomatology appeared from the beginning of the brucellosis's general clinical
      picture. It envolved painfully and increased the testicular size, with no
      mictional symptoms, expanding progressively in spite of specific brucellosis
      therapy given from the beginning, towards formation of an intratesticular abscess
      which required orchiectomy, a way of progression we have not found in the related
      literature. The main differential diagnosis must be done with tuberculosis
      orchitis. Since our country had the largest incidence of brucellosis in Europe,
      and it is possible that in many cases a orchiepididymarial condition can become
      apparent in the initial phases, this is an etiology that should be taken into
      account among specific orchiepididymitis.

PMID- 2288265
TI  - Tobacco smoking and atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2288266
TI  - Tobacco smoking and atherosclerosis: overview.

PMID- 2288267
TI  - Some acute effects of smoking on endothelial cells and platelets.

PMID- 2288268
TI  - Platelets in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2288269
TI  - Smoking, platelet reactivity and fibrinogen.

PMID- 2288270
TI  - Vascular and platelet eicosanoids, smoking and atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2288271
TI  - Macrophage influence on smooth muscle phenotype in atherogenesis.

PMID- 2288272
TI  - Cigarette smoking and platelet function: relation to nicotine, carbon monoxide
      and saturated fat.

PMID- 2288273
TI  - Smoking as a predictor of atherosclerosis in the Honolulu Heart Program.

PMID- 2288274
TI  - Atherosclerosis alters the response to activated platelets and leukocytes.

PMID- 2288275
TI  - Platelets in chronic smokers show a hyperactive response in vitro to a foreign
      surface.

PMID- 2288277
TI  - Effect of nicotine and carbon monoxide on prostacyclin production by the rabbit
      heart.

PMID- 2288276
TI  - Platelet-vessel wall interactions in individuals who smoke cigarettes.
AB  - Our studies have shown that there an increased excretion of urinary metabolites
      of thromboxane A2 in healthy, young male chronic smokers. This arachidonic acid
      metabolite from platelets reflects evidence of increased activation in vivo.
      These data contrast with the ex vivo study of platelets in chronic smokers and
      point out the fact that selection of cells for ex vivo study may not
      appropriately reflect the in vivo pathophysiologic situation. The platelet
      activation related to chronic smoking appears to result from both a direct, non
      sympathoadrenally mediated activation which is rapidly inducible and reversible
      as well as a more persistent activation which long outlasts the smoke exposure.
      This latter mechanism appears to result from persistent vascular damage as
      reflected by the enhanced prostacyclin metabolite excretion. The acute, direct
      effect of smoking on the platelet appears to be a minor component of the altered
      platelet function. This latter inference may account for the inability in some
      studies to observe a small incremental, acute change superimposed on the
      persistently increased platelet reactivity secondary to the enhanced interactions
      with a damaged vasculature.

PMID- 2288278
TI  - Relations between smoking, food intake and plasma lipoproteins.

PMID- 2288280
TI  - Normalization of high density lipoprotein cholesterol following cessation from
      cigarette smoking.

PMID- 2288279
TI  - Lipoproteins and diet in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2288281
TI  - Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary artery disease.
AB  - The epidemiologic evidence linking cigarette smoking to coronary artery disease
      has been supported by multiple studies over a period of 30 years. Community based
      cohort studies such as the Framingham study have shown that cigarette smokers are
      at a markedly elevated risk of developing cardiovascular events. These studies
      have also shown that former cigarette smokers have a decline in the excess
      incidence over a period of several years to approach that of non-smoking
      populations. Uncertainty then appears to exist as to whether cigarette smokers
      are at increased risk of cardiovascular events solely because of acute effects of
      smoking or whether cigarette smoking is also a risk factor for atherosclerosis.
      Evidence that cigarette smoking is a risk factor for atherosclerosis comes from
      autopsy and cardiac catheterization laboratory. While not all of these studies
      show a relationship, the data do, for the most part, show a definite relationship
      between cigarette smoking and atherosclerosis. Catheterization and autopsy
      studies suffer from biases that prevent application of prediction models to the
      general population. However, the combined view of the community based,
      catheterization and autopsy studies supports a unifying hypothesis of acute
      effects that may lead to cardiovascular events in the setting of established
      vascular disease as well as vascular damage that may promote the development of
      atherosclerosis. Cessation of smoking will rapidly remove the acute effects, and
      may lead to inactivation of acute lesions. The underlying substrate of
      atherosclerosis and coronary obstructive lesions appears to be correlated with
      long term cigarette smoking.

PMID- 2288282
TI  - Cigarette smoking causes acute changes in arterial wall mechanics and the pattern
      of arterial blood flow in healthy subjects: possible insight into mechanisms of
      atherogenesis.

PMID- 2288283
TI  - How does the arterial endothelium sense flow? Hemodynamic forces and signal
      transduction.

PMID- 2288284
TI  - Smoking and blood rheology.

PMID- 2288285
TI  - Effects of cigarette smoking on coronary vascular dynamics: relationship to
      coronary atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2288286
TI  - Cigarette smoking and coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2288287
TI  - Adrenal release of catecholamines in the coronary and myocardial response to
      nicotine.
AB  - The role of cardiac neural stimulation in the absence of direct effects of
      nicotine and other circulating factors was evaluated by perfusing a region of
      left ventricular myocardium with blood from a reservoir during systemic nicotine
      infusion. In normally perfused myocardium, contractile function increased, but in
      reservoir-perfused myocardium, function deteriorated. To evaluate direct effects
      of nicotine on myocardial contractile function, nicotine was infused directly
      into a perfused coronary artery. An intracoronary concentration of nicotine
      equivalent to that caused by intravenous administration (0.69 +/- 0.08 micrograms
      per ml plasma) had no effect on myocardial contractile function. An intracoronary
      nicotine concentration of 5 micrograms/ml was required to directly increase
      contractile function to approximately the same extent observed during intravenous
      nicotine. To evaluate the role of circulating catecholamines in the myocardial
      contractile response to intravenous nicotine, observations were made before and
      after bilateral adrenalectomy. Adrenalectomy markedly attenuated the pressor
      response to intravenous nicotine and abolished the positive cardiac inotropic
      response. We conclude that the adrenal release of catecholamines is primarily
      responsible for increased myocardial contractile function during intravenous
      nicotine.

PMID- 2288288
TI  - Effects of cigarette smoke and nicotine on platelets and experimental coronary
      artery thrombosis.
AB  - The causal link between smoking, atherosclerosis and an increased risk for acute
      platelet mediated coronary events such as acute platelet thrombus formation,
      myocardial infarction, and sudden coronary death is not clear. Our studies
      suggest that there may be a transient increase in in vivo platelet activity with
      each exposure to cigarette smoke or elevated plasma nicotine. It is thought that
      platelets may contribute to the acceleration of the atherosclerotic process by
      several mechanisms (5). Thus it may be that each time a person increases their
      platelet activity, by smoking or some other means, and given other predisposing
      conditions such as elevated lipids and/or acute intimal damage, such as rupture
      of an atherosclerotic plaque, the atherosclerotic process may be enhanced. In
      addition it appears that cigarette smoke makes a developing thrombus more
      adherent and less likely to embolize distally, although the effect is transient.
      Finally, cigarette smoke may provide the final stimulus for an occlusive coronary
      thrombus in a stenosed coronary artery already predisposed to thrombosis by other
      risk factors. This may account for the fact that the risk of coronary occlusion
      and myocardial infarction decreases markedly in the first year after quitting
      (65). It may be that smoking has a greater likelihood of precipitating a fatal
      thrombus than it does of accelerating the altherosclerotic process. This would be
      reflected in the inability of aspirin to prevent the smoking induced enhancement
      of CFR's in our model (23) or the enhancement of platelet function in men with
      coronary artery disease (66).

PMID- 2288289
TI  - The central nervous system and atherogenesis: interrelationships.

PMID- 2288291
TI  - Smoking, catecholamines and their effects on endothelial cell integrity.

PMID- 2288292
TI  - Cigarette smoking and endothelial injury: a review.

PMID- 2288290
TI  - Cigarette smoking and extracranial carotid atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2288293
TI  - The effects of nicotine on aortic endothelial cell turnover and ultrastructure.

PMID- 2288294
TI  - Ultrastructural events associated with endothelial cell changes during the
      initiation and early progression of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2288295
TI  - Smoking and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
AB  - Atherosclerosis begins in childhood as arterial intimal lipid deposits and
      progresses to occlusive arterial lesions in middle age or later.
      Dyslipoproteinemia, hypertension, and male sex are major risk factors for
      atherosclerotic disease and also contribute to atherogenesis. Tobacco smoking is
      well established as a contributor to atherosclerotic disease, particularly to
      coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Smoking augments
      atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and probably also increases the risk of
      thrombosis independently of mural atherosclerosis. Smoking greatly augments
      atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta, and is the major cause of abdominal
      aortic aneurysms. There are many physiologic responses of the body to tobacco
      smoking that may mediate its effects on atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic
      disease, but there is little evidence to indicate the importance of these
      relative to one another. We may anticipate the discovery of many smoking-genetic
      interactions in the future and these are likely to be helpful in resolving these
      questions of etiology and pathogenesis.

PMID- 2288296
TI  - The effect of cigarette smoke, nicotine and carbon monoxide on arterial wall
      permeability and arterial wall uptake of 125 I-fibrinogen.

PMID- 2288298
TI  - Whither herpesviruses?

PMID- 2288297
TI  - A double-blind clinical study in patients with herpes zoster to establish YN-72
      (Brovavir) dose.
AB  - Double-blind clinical trials were performed with a placebo to determine the
      optimum dose of YN-72 in patients with herpes zoster. YN-72 at 10, 50, and 100 mg
      was administered orally three times daily for 7 days. A total of 226 patients
      entered the present trial. Six of the 226 patients were excluded from statistical
      analysis of data. Furthermore, seven patients were excluded from the analysis for
      efficacy and usefulness, and included in the analysis for safety. The numbers of
      patients included in the analyses for efficacy and usefulness were 50 in the
      placebo group, 54 in the YN-72 30-mg/day group, 56 in the 150-mg/day group, and
      53 in the 300-mg/day group. The numbers of patients included in analysis for
      safety were 53 in the placebo group, 58 in the YN-72 30-mg/day group, 56 in the
      150-mg/day group and 53 in the 300-mg/day group. The effectiveness rate at the
      end of administration was 42.0% in the placebo group, 79.6% in the YN-72 30
      mg/day group, 80.4% in the 150-mg/day group, and 61.5% in the 300-mg/day group.
      The rates in the YN-72 groups were significantly higher than in the placebo
      group. Evaluation at the end of the trials revealed that administration of YN-72
      was effective. Among skin symptoms, administration of YN-72 accelerated the
      disappearance of erythema and vesicles and the formation of crust. Administration
      of YN-72 tended to accelerate the reduction and disappearance of pain. Reduction
      and disappearance in the YN-72 150-mg/day group occurred significantly earlier
      than in the placebo group (log-rank test).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288300
TI  - Outcome at six and twelve months post inpatient treatment for cocaine and alcohol
      dependence.
AB  - This study presents outcome rates for inpatient treatment for alcohol, cocaine
      and other drug dependence. The abstinence rates at six and twelve months post
      discharge and other demographic information are compiled on 1,627 patients
      admitted to an inpatient treatment unit for the rehabilitation of cocaine,
      alcohol and other drug dependence. The percent of the 1,627 patients with the
      diagnosis of alcohol dependence only was 42%, cocaine, alcohol and other drug
      dependence 25%, and alcohol and other drugs, 28%. The abstinence rate at six
      months for patients with alcohol dependence only was 75%, alcohol and other drug
      dependence 82%, cocaine dependence 76%; at twelve months, the abstinence rates
      were 71%, 66%, and 62% respectively.

PMID- 2288299
TI  - Psychosocial inventory among first-year college students by patterns of alcohol
      use.
AB  - We surveyed 1703 first-year students at the University of Virginia one month
      after arrival who used alcohol at some time in their lives. Our survey looked at
      drinking practices and psychosocial patterns. Men drank more and more often than
      women. Our data suggest that in defining frequent heavy drinkers, one should
      consider body weight. Now, we define frequent heavy drinking as five or more
      drinks in a row at least weekly for men, and for women, we use three to four
      drinks or more in a row at least weekly. Frequent heavy drinkers and students
      with psychosocial problems appeared disproportionately among students planning to
      join fraternities and sororities. We believe efforts to correct alcohol abuse and
      addiction by college students must focus, at least in part, on social
      organizations, especially fraternities and sororities. Also, we must attend to
      psychosocial features that predispose to alcohol abuse and addiction.

PMID- 2288302
TI  - Rate-depressant effects of ethanol on fixed-ratio responding in ALKO AA and ANA
      rats.
AB  - The ALKO AA and ANA rats have been selectively bred for high versus low ethanol
      preference, respectively. AA rats have been shown to self-administer ethanol,
      whereas ANA rats do not. These animals also show a range of differences on tasks
      which measure sensitivity to ethanol, but the relationship between ethanol intake
      and sensitivity to this drug in these rats is not clear. This study examined
      sensitivity to ethanol in AA and ANA rats as determined by ethanol's rate
      depressant effects on schedule controlled (Fixed-Ratio (FR) 32) responding
      reinforced by water deliveries. Non-drug rates of responding were similar for
      both lines across baseline, sham injection and vehicle conditions. Ethanol
      produced dose-dependent decreases in responding in both the AA and ANA rats. Dose
      response curves indicated that AA rats were slightly more sensitive to the acute
      effects of ethanol than were ANA rats, with ED50 values of 0.52 and 0.69 g/kg for
      AA and ANA rats, respectively. Overall, however, the effects of ethanol on rats
      of responding were similar across the two lines of rats. While it is possible
      that constraints on behavior imposed by FR schedules could be masking underlying
      differences in tissue sensitivity between these animals, the results indicate
      that ethanol intake under preference or reinforcement conditions does not appear
      to be highly controlled by initial sensitivity to ethanol as measured by effects
      on operant performance.

PMID- 2288303
TI  - Increased membrane order of erythrocytes in alcoholics as measured by
      fluorescence polarization: a possible marker for tolerance in alcoholics.
AB  - The erythrocyte membranes from 9 healthy non-alcoholic controls and 8 alcoholic
      patients (fulfilled DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol dependence) were compared for
      changes in membrane order as measured by fluorescence polarization. The mean
      amount of change in fluorescence polarization in response to in vitro exposure to
      ethanol was significantly less in the alcoholics than controls. This increased
      membrane order of the peripheral blood erythrocytes suggests the presence of
      pharmacodynamic tolerance to ethanol in the alcoholic patients.

PMID- 2288301
TI  - Male drinking and drunkenness in Middletown.
AB  - Based on anthropological evidence, MacAndrews and Edgerton state that drunken
      comportment consists of "time-out" behaviors, subject to the norms of drinking
      groups, the rewards of such socially licensed behaviors comprising the drinking
      motive. This perspective was applied to working-class bars in Middletown,
      Indiana. Although there was a wide range of behavior by bar, drinker category,
      and the number of drinks consumed, observed patterns suggest the presence of
      norms. Dramaturgical styles were also noted and typologized; these styles appear
      to comprise the acting out of sub-culturally desirable roles. The possibility
      that alcohol facilitates such activities is suggested by earlier laboratory work
      on drinking fantasies. Drinking rewards may, therefore, stem from altered states
      of consciousness rather than social license alone.

PMID- 2288304
TI  - Psychoneurotic and psychopathic personalities of polydrug abusers and effects of
      didactic instruction.
AB  - An investigation into the use of psychometric assessment instruments to produce
      psychographic profiles which proved superior to the use of individual measures on
      drug accepting versus drug rejecting age generational gaps is appropriate when
      considering drug and alcohol education programs. Clinical studies show that
      polydrug abusers have many psychoneurotic and psychopathic traits which can be
      measured through valid personality tests. Cuevas (1989), employed the Western
      Personality Inventory (Manson 1963) to identify individuals whose behavior and
      personality structure indicated they were polydrug users or had serious polydrug
      problems. The instrument revealed that a combinative process utilizing comparison
      groups from known polydrug abusers as a discriminant analysis technique with
      controls provided a high degree of accuracy. A high degree of precision in
      prediction was maintained in validation trials on independent samples. The
      personality characteristics and traits were extracted from a combination of
      commonly ordered personality tests. Results of the investigation indicate that
      clinical usage of the screening procedure is readily available without
      sophisticated computer support or the need for trained psychometricians.
      Additional results identified the process as interventive, therefore providing a
      simple way to produce early didactic preventive instruction.

PMID- 2288305
TI  - Drug relationships in violence among methadone maintenance treatment clients.
AB  - In this paper the nature, scope, and drug relatedness of violent events reported
      by a sample of methadone maintenance treatment clients is examined and compared
      with events reported by a sample of drug abusers not in treatment. The drug
      relatedness of events is ascertained according to a tripartite model of the drugs
      violence relationship. Data derive from a study of the drugs-violence nexus among
      male drug users and distributors who lived in or frequented the lower east side
      of Manhattan. Among the major findings were that while events reported by the
      treatment group were less likely than those reported by the not-in-treatment
      group to be related to heroin, total alcohol and cocaine related dimensions of
      violence were similar for the two groups. There was no difference between these
      groups in terms of the proportion of events that were drug related or the
      proportion of drug related events that could be attributed to each of the three
      posited models of drug relatedness. The implications of our findings are
      discussed.

PMID- 2288306
TI  - [Clinical observation on renal pelvic and ureteral tumors].
AB  - During the 18 years from October, 1971 to September, 1989, 40 patients with renal
      pelvic and ureteral tumors were treated at our Department of Urology. Thirty were
      male and 10 female, and were between 44 and 83 years old with a mean age of 65.5
      years. Histopathologically, there were 38 transitional cell carcinomas and 2
      squamous cell carcinomas. There was a positive correlation between grade and
      stage of tumor. Among the patients with transitional cell carcinoma, the five
      year survival rate was 54.4% for all the patients, 57.1% for patients with renal
      pelvic tumors and 48.4% for those with ureteral tumors respectively, as measured
      by the Kaplan-Meier's method. Stage and intravascular invasion of the tumor were
      the most influential factors for prognosis. There was no evidence in this series
      to show the usefulness of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, such as bladder
      instillation or peroral administration of various anti-tumor drugs, as a
      prophylactic use for recurrence of the bladder tumor in low stage cases.

PMID- 2288307
TI  - [Follow-up study of residual and recurrent stone after extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy].
AB  - The rate of residual stones and that of recurrent lithiasis were investigated in
      183 patients who had undergone extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
      between July, 1986 and December, 1988. The investigation was done by
      questionnaire survey at 22 institutions including our hospital on patients who
      were followed up after ESWL. The 183 patients included 126 male and 57 female
      patients between 9 and 77 years old (the mean 43.6 years). The greater part of
      patients had lithiasis of the lower renal calyx and upper ureter. The rate of
      residual stones 3 months after ESWL was 33.3% (61 patients) and the success rate
      was 72.2%. Chemical analysis of stones disclosed calcium oxalate-containing
      stones in 61% and calcium phosphate-containing ones in 10.8%. Recurrence of
      lithiasis was observed in 18 of the 131 patients (13.7%) who could be followed up
      for 6 months or more. These results were compared with those obtained after
      endoscopic treatment at Kinki University.

PMID- 2288308
TI  - [Diffusion of cefmenoxime into prostatic fluid in the patients with acute
      bacterial prostatitis].
AB  - Expressed prostatic fluid (EPS) levels and serum levels of cefmenoxime (CMX)
      after intravenous administration were examined in 16 patients with acute
      bacterial prostatitis and 23 patients without prostatic diseases. Blood was drawn
      at 30, 60, 120 minutes and EPS was taken by prostatic massage at 60 minutes after
      the intravenous administration of 2 g CMX to evaluate the concentration of CMX.
      The concentration of CMX was determined by the bioassay using the E. coli NIHJ JC
      strain. The relationships between the EPS/serum ratio and peripheral WBC counts,
      CRP value and ESR 1h value were also analyzed. The serum levels of CMX at 60
      minutes ranged between 20.3 micrograms/ml and 73.5 micrograms/ml (mean +/- S.D.:
      41.8 +/- 14.2 micrograms/ml) in 16 patients with acute prostatitis, and between
      21.5 micrograms/ml and 89.5 micrograms/ml (mean +/- S.D.: 49.5 +/- 18.7
      micrograms/ml) in 23 patients without prostatic diseases. The EPS levels ranged
      between 0.4 micrograms/ml and 30.8 micrograms/ml (mean +/- S.D.: 12.6 +/- 9.6
      micrograms/ml) in 16 patients with acute prostatitis, and between 0 and 2.3
      micrograms/ml (mean +/- S.D.: 0.7 +/- 0.8 microgram/ml) in 19 patients without
      prostatic diseases. In 4 patients without prostatic diseases, the EPS amount was
      not large enough to evaluate the concentration of CMX. The EPS/serum ratio ranged
      between 0.006 and 0.697 (mean +/- S.D.: 0.31 +/- 0.21) in patients with acute
      prostatitis and between 0 and 0.058 (mean +/- S.D.: 0.015 +/- 0.018) in patients
      without prostatic diseases. The diffusion of CMX into the prostatic fluid in
      patients with acute prostatitis was strikingly higher than that in patients
      without prostatic diseases (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288309
TI  - [Treatment of condyloma acuminata using human lymphoblastoid interferon].
AB  - Eighteen cases of condyloma acuminata were treated by human lymphoblastoid
      interferon (HLBI). Seventeen were male and one was female. Five cases were
      recurrent cases. Except one patient, all the patients were administered HLBI by
      intralesional injection. Five patients were treated by single injection. Others
      were given 2 to 8 injections during one to 5 weeks. Total dose varied from 3 x
      10(6) to 24 x 10(6) U. Of the eighteen patients, 6 showed a complete response and
      3 a partial response (greater than 50% reduction in size of the lesion). In 5 of
      the 11 patients (45%) who were treated with a total dosage of more than 12 x
      10(6) U, the lesion was completely cleared. Six patients who showed a complete
      response did not experience recurrent disease during the 6-month follow-up
      period. In conclusion, intralesional administration of HLBI for condyloma
      acuminata proved to be effective.

PMID- 2288310
TI  - [Coexistence of cyst and tumor in the same kidney: a case report].
AB  - A case of renal cyst associated with renal tumor is presented herein. A 40-year
      old male patient visited our outpatient clinic for left renal cyst which had been
      found by ultrasonography on routine clinical examination. CT scan demonstrated an
      irregular area in the cyst wall measuring about 2 cm in thickness which showed
      enhancement of density with contrast medium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      also demonstrated a round mass with abnormal signal on the cyst wall, protruding
      into the cyst cavity. Transabdominal radical nephrectomy was performed on 13 July
      1987, and to the resected kidney was attached a cyst measuring 7 cm in diameter
      in the lower pole. Grossly, the cyst contained amorphous red-brown material which
      turned out to be old blood clots and the wall harbored a tumor (3.0 x 2.5 cm).
      Histologically, the tumor was renal cell carcinoma, the surface of which was
      covered with necrotic tissue. The coexistence of renal cyst and tumor is rare and
      62 cases were collected from the Japanese literature including our case, and
      discussion was made in relation to the etiological factors.

PMID- 2288311
TI  - [A case of renal cell carcinoma with polymyositis].
AB  - We report a case of renal cell carcinoma with polymyositis. A 62-year-old female
      with a diagnosis of polymyositis was referred to our department because of the
      right renal mass discovered by computed tomography. An ultrasonography and renal
      angiography showed a solid and hypovascular area at the middle pole of the right
      kidney. A fine needle aspiration biopsy of the mass was performed and the
      cytology showed a papillary adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the right radical
      nephrectomy was carried out and her myopathic symptoms were slightly improved
      postoperatively. The patient has remained well without recurrence or metastasis
      for two years.

PMID- 2288312
TI  - [Right thoracic kidney with simple renal cyst: report of a case].
AB  - A case of right thoracic kidney with simple renal cyst is reported. A 67-year-old
      man was pointed out to have an abnormal shadow in the right lower lung field of
      chest X-ray film. He was asymptomatic. Laboratory test was normal. Computed
      tomography and excretory urography confirmed the right thoracic kidney with a
      simple cyst. Adrenal scintigraphy revealed a high ectopic adrenal gland with
      right thoracic kidney. Since he was asymptomatic, treatment was not required.
      High ectopic kidney is extremely rare and 74 cases have been reported in the
      domestic literature in Japan. Thoracic kidney should be considered as one of
      differential diagnoses of abnormal mediastinal shadow.

PMID- 2288313
TI  - [Primary carcinoma in situ of the ureter: a case report].
AB  - A case of primary carcinoma in situ of the ureter in a 77-year-old man is
      reported. The patient had been to another hospital with right flank pain and
      macroscopic hematuria. Ultrasound sonogram showed right hydronephrosis. An
      excretory urogram showed right hydronephrosis and stenosis of right ureter. He
      was referred to our hospital for further evaluation and treatment. Retrograde
      pyelogram demonstrated a right ureteral stricture at the level of S1-2, but no
      space occupying lesion was detected in the ureter. Cytology of voided urine was
      negative for malignant cells and no other abnormal findings were present. Probe
      laparotomy was performed under the preoperative diagnosis of ureteral stricture.
      During the operation, frozen section examination of the stenotic ureter showed
      carcinoma in situ and so we performed right total nephroureterectomy with a
      bladder cuff. Pathologic diagnosis was primary carcinoma in situ of the right
      ureter. The patient has been doing well for six months postoperatively with no
      evidence of recurrent or metastatic disease.

PMID- 2288314
TI  - [A case of retroperitoneal Hodgkin's disease with dysuria].
AB  - A case of retroperitoneal Hodgkin's disease with dysuria is reported. A 56-year
      old man visited our hospital with the complaints of dysuria and lower abdominal
      mass. On physical examination, an unmovable hard smooth mass of fist size was
      palpable in the lower abdomen and prostate was slightly swelling by rectal
      digital examination. Excretory urography demonstrated medial deviation of left
      lower ureter and bladder deformity. Retrograde urethrocystography showed
      deviation and compression of prostatic urethra. On CT, tumors were composed of
      several round masses, which surrounded the left common iliac artery on
      angiography. Surgical extirpation was carried out and histological examination
      revealed Hodgkin's disease. As postoperative treatment, chemotherapy with
      cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisolone was performed, and 30
      months after the operation the patient was asymptomatic.

PMID- 2288315
TI  - [Ectopic prostatic polyp preoperatively diagnosed as bladder tumor: a case
      report].
AB  - We report a case of ectopic prostatic polyp preoperatively diagnosed as bladder
      tumor. Several examinations highly suggested the possibility of a bladder tumor
      invading prostatic tissue, but the exophytic lesion was located proximal to the
      verumontanum. Transurethral resection of the lesion was performed, and the
      histological examination revealed typical findings of benign prostatic
      hyperplasia. We reviewed 42 cases of ectopic prostatic tissue reported in the
      Japanese literature. Ectopic prostatic tissue should be considered in the
      differential diagnosis of hematuria in the male.

PMID- 2288316
TI  - [Clinical study of estramustine phosphate disodium (Estracyt) on prostatic cancer
      -results of long-term therapy for 38 patients with prostatic cancer].
AB  - Estramustine phosphate disodium (Estracyt) was used in the treatment of 38
      patients with prostatic carcinoma for at least 1 year. Of these patients 37
      patients were treated with Estracyt as primary treatment and 1 patient had been
      treated with another antiandrogenic therapy before the Estracyt treatment.
      Estracyt was given orally in a dose of 560 mg/day in divided oral doses. The
      clinical evaluation was done for the change of PAP, the relapse rate, the
      survival rate and the side effect. Among 22 cases which had shown abnormally high
      PAP values before the treatment started, the values decreased or normalized in 21
      cases (95.5%) in the first year of administration of Estracyt. In 6 cases,
      however, the values increased again in the second year or later. Relapse was
      observed in 10 (26.3%) out of 38 cases. Relapse rate was 2.6%, 51.7%, and 51.7%,
      at the first, third, and fifth year, respectively. Survival rate was 97.4% at the
      first year, 88.5% at the third year, and 68.8% at the fifth year for the follow
      up study. Side effects were observed in 14 (36.8%) out of 38 cases. The main side
      effect was gynecomastia. Gastro-intestinal disturbance and edema were also
      observed. However, there were only 2 cases (5.2%) in which administration of
      Estracyt had to be discontinued.

PMID- 2288317
TI  - [Clinical effect of terodiline hydrochloride on pollakisuria and urinary
      incontinence].
AB  - Efficacy and safety of terodiline hydrochloride were studied by treating 38
      patients who complained of pollakiuria and incontinence with this drug.
      Terodiline hydrochloride in a dose of 24 mg once or 12 mg twice a day was
      administered to these patients for 4 weeks and the conditions of the patients
      before and after the treatment were evaluated. According to the subjective
      symptoms, pollakisuria during the daytime and at night, incontinence, anischuria
      at night and frequency of urination were all reduced significantly. Objective
      symptoms detected after the treatment a tendency of increase (p less than 0.1) in
      the bladder volume at the time of maximum micturition. However, no change in the
      urination volume and the maximum urine flow was observed before and after the
      administration. A significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in residual urine was
      noted after the treatment. The results were favorable with overall improvement of
      78.4% and efficacy of 75.7%. Side effects were observed in 3 of the 38 cases
      (7.9%), but all the symptoms were slight.

PMID- 2288319
TI  - Drug testing effectiveness in identifying and preventing drug use.
AB  - The effectiveness of drug testing in identifying and preventing drug use was
      assessed by a study of intercollegiate athletes required to participate in a
      urine testing program. Five hundred athletes who underwent testing were
      contrasted with a comparison group of 124 athletes not tested. Results show that
      some drug-using athletes avoided detection. Although many reduced their drug
      usage, some continued in the same pattern as before; a few actually increased
      drug usage.

PMID- 2288318
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of vasopressin in the elimination of intestinal gas].
AB  - Vasopressin, a hormone secreted from the posterior lobe of the hypophysis, has
      endocrinological and antidiuretic effects; it contracts vessels and smooth
      muscles, especially intestinal smooth muscle. In the present study, we
      investigated the role of vasopressin (Pitressin: arginine-vasopressin) in
      elimination of intestinal gas on excretory urography reading. Sixty outpatients
      were randomly divided into six groups. In Group I, the routine procedure was
      employed, i.e. laxatives the previous night and NPO the morning of the
      examination. In Groups II to VI, different dose regimens were employed: 6 or 10
      units of Pitressin was administered by subcutaneous injection 30 minutes prior to
      injection of a contrast medium, with or without NPO. Intestinal gas elimination
      was evaluated by X-ray films taken before and after injection of Pitressin. The
      efficacy was rated by four grades. There were no significant differences in the
      gas elimination or occurrence of side effects between any two groups. Younger
      patients seemed to respond quickly to Pitressin and good effects were obtained.
      These results indicate that the pretreatment for excretory urography with 6 units
      of Pitressin without NPO may be a safe and effective alternative method for
      elimination of intestinal gas, in particular for young patients.

PMID- 2288320
TI  - Racial differences in acceptability and availability of drugs and early
      initiation of substance use.
AB  - This paper examines differences among three racial groups in exposure to three
      risk factors for drug use (availability of drugs, acceptability of drug use, and
      peer alcohol use), and the relationship of these factors to drug use initiation
      in a sample of preadolescent urban youths. Tobacco and alcohol initiation rates
      were highest among Whites, lower among Blacks, and lowest among Asian-Americans.
      Paralleling these differences, White youths reported the greatest access to
      marijuana, greatest parental tolerance of substance use, and greatest intentions
      to use drugs as adults. Blacks somewhat less, and Asian-Americans the least. No
      racial differences appear in the proportion who reported that their peers used
      alcohol. Marijuana availability and peer use predicted substance initiation for
      all three racial groups. However, intentions to use substances as an adult and
      perceived parental tolerance of substance use predicted drug use only for White
      and Asian-American youths, while the expectation of punishment for drug use
      predicted lower drug use only among Black youths. Implications for prevention are
      discussed.

PMID- 2288321
TI  - Lifetime patterns of substance use among general population subjects engaging in
      high risk sexual behaviors: implications for HIV risk.

PMID- 2288322
TI  - Trends in criminal activity and drug use over an addiction career.
AB  - The present study, involving 132 narcotic addicts with multiple periods of
      addiction, examines trends in criminal activity and drug use over successive
      periods of addiction and successive periods of nonaddiction during an average 15
      year addiction career. Significant decreases over successive addiction periods
      were found for four (of five) categories of crime: theft, violence, drug
      distribution, and "other" crime (primarily gambling). These results appear to be
      accounted for by a disproportionately high level of crime during the first
      addiction period. Criminal activity, most notably theft and violence, decreased
      over successive periods of nonaddiction, though not significantly. Although more
      evidence is needed, a particularly large addiction vs nonaddiction disparity in
      crime rates for Hispanic addicts revealing a low propensity for crime when not
      addicted suggests that crime reduction may be a reasonable objective in the
      treatment of these individuals. With regard to drug use over the addiction
      career, the most dramatic increases over time were found for illicit methadone
      and cocaine. Rates of heroin and marijuana use declined. Generally, nonnarcotic
      drug use, other than use of cocaine and Valium, tended to decrease progressively
      over time regardless of addiction status. These results, along with findings
      relevant to the "maturing out of addiction," are discussed.

PMID- 2288323
TI  - Parent-adolescent problem-solving interactions and drug use.
AB  - This study reports on the social problem-solving interactions of young
      adolescents in single-parent and intact families on substance-specific and
      nonsubstance-related issues. Although research has shown the impact of families
      on adolescent substance use, all of the previous results have been based on
      questionnaire or interview data. A sample of 128 families was selected from a
      larger sample of 763 within a longitudinal study of adolescent substance use.
      Parent(s) and one adolescent, aged 11-15, participated in interactions which were
      videotaped for later coding. In three standard scenarios, the families discussed
      fictional assignments from a health class teacher about the use of cigarettes,
      alcohol, and marijuana. In addition, they discussed an issue salient to them that
      was the source of recent conflict. Results showed that aversive affective
      behavior was more likely to be displayed by substance-using adolescents, whether
      or not the issue was drug-related. Mothers' and fathers' alcohol use was also
      shown to contribute to alcohol and cigarette use among their children, while
      fathers' smoking contributed to marijuana and hard drug use. These data suggest
      that such families may not be skilled at resolving issues and coping with life's
      difficulties whether or not they are drug-related.

PMID- 2288324
TI  - Treatment retention of patients referred by public assistance to an alcoholism
      clinic.
AB  - In order to ascertain the relative impact of coercion by a welfare program on
      retention in an ambulatory alcoholism program, records of 178 consecutive
      admissions to an inner-city alcoholism clinic were reviewed. Patients who came to
      the clinic via coerced referral from a public assistance agency were as likely to
      remain in treatment for at least nine sessions as self-referred patients.

PMID- 2288325
TI  - Phencyclidine and violent deaths in St. Louis, Missouri: a survey of medical
      examiners' cases from 1977 through 1986.
AB  - A survey of 104 deaths involving phencyclidine (PCP) occurring from 1981 through
      1986 in metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri, is presented. Four black males (22-33
      yr) died from fatal PCP intoxication. PCP was detected in an additional 100
      deaths: 81 homicides, 13 suicides, and 6 accidental deaths. Seventy-five of these
      deaths were homicides of Black males (mean age 27 years) typically dying from
      gunshot wounds, 64 cases. In 50% of deaths where PCP was detected, other drugs
      were co-administered: ethanol (35%) and cocaine (20%) being the most common
      mixtures. A dramatic continuous increase in PCP abuse from 1984 through 1986 was
      demonstrated by drug abuse indicator data: treatment admissions, emergency room
      episodes, police exhibits, and driving under the influence of PCP arrests.
      Increased abuse of PCP in St. Louis has been associated with increased medical
      emergencies and violence against persons.

PMID- 2288326
TI  - A double-blind amino acids, L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine, and placebo study with
      cocaine-dependent subjects in an inpatient chemical dependency treatment center.
AB  - In a six-month double-blind study in an inpatient chemical dependency facility,
      29 cocaine-dependent subjects were studied to determine if the amino acids, L
      tryptophan and L-tyrosine, would decrease cocaine craving and withdrawal
      symptoms. Those subjects receiving placebo were shown to have a statistically
      significant increase in only one physical symptom category. The drug craving and
      other major physical and subjective symptoms were not shown to be significant.
      This study is consistent with a literature review in demonstrating that the amino
      acids do not significantly reduce most symptoms of cocaine craving and withdrawal
      when used alone.

PMID- 2288327
TI  - The diagnosis and treatment of panic disorder in alcoholics: three cases.
AB  - It has been postulated that many alcoholics use alcohol to "self-mediate"
      symptoms of anxiety or panic. Early diagnosis and treatment in this population
      are both complicated by symptoms of alcohol withdrawal and controversial because
      of the belief that alcoholics will abuse anxiolytics. The authors present three
      patients with alcoholism in whom diagnosis of panic was facilitated by
      intravenous lactate infusion, and whose symptoms were alleviated by clonazepam.
      All three patients were able to maintain sobriety during treatment. The authors
      conclude that in a subpopulation of alcoholics, pharmacotherapy for panic may be
      indicated and not lead to anxiolytic abuse.

PMID- 2288328
TI  - Chemical dependency in women: important issues.
AB  - This paper touches upon several important issues in our current understanding of
      alcohol and other drug use and abuse by women. Societal attitudes as both
      protective and destructive forces are discussed. Recent findings relating to
      physiology and psychopathology are also discussed in relation to casefinding and
      treatment. Finally, a number of current prevention and policy considerations are
      mentioned.

PMID- 2288329
TI  - Underdiagnosis of psychoactive-substance-induced organic mental disorders in
      emergency psychiatry.
AB  - The tendency of emergency psychiatrists to make alcohol- and drug-related
      diagnoses was examined before and after the addition of a standardized
      psychoactive substance use questionnaire. The addition of the questionnaire
      resulted in a significant increase in the number of psychoactive-substance
      induced organic mental disorder (substance-induced disorder) diagnoses. The
      questionnaire selectively increased the recognition of nonalcoholic substance
      induced disorders while not significantly increasing the diagnoses of alcohol
      induced disorders when alcohol was used alone. This suggests that nonalcoholic
      substance-induced disorders are underdiagnosed in emergency psychiatry. With the
      increase in the diagnoses of substance-induced disorders, there was a significant
      decrease in the frequency of psychotic disorder diagnoses and a significant
      increase in the frequency of adjustment disorder diagnoses. The clinical impact
      of underdiagnosing and misdiagnosing substance-induced disorders is discussed.
      Overall, the findings suggest that an increased awareness of substance use
      history, by the use of a standardized questionnaire, is an effective means of
      increasing the diagnostic yield of substance-induced disorders in the psychiatric
      emergency room. Follow-up studies using urine drug screening are recommended.

PMID- 2288330
TI  - Evidence for altered desipramine disposition in methadone-maintained patients
      treated for cocaine abuse.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of desipramine (DMI) and its 2-hydroxy metabolite (OHDMI)
      were compared among 72 patients being treated with desipramine for either
      depression (n = 39) or cocaine abuse (n = 33). Eleven cocaine abusers who were
      concurrently maintained on methadone had a significantly lower ratio of DMI dose
      to plasma concentration (0.9) than the depressives (2.2) or nonmethadone cocaine
      abusers (2.0). Their OHDMI/DMI ratios were significantly lower (0.19) than for
      either the other 22 cocaine abusers (0.39) or the depressed (0.50) patients. This
      difference was not due to DMI dosage. Although the underlying mechanism cannot be
      determined from these plasma studies, possible reduced hydroxylation of DMI in
      methadone patients suggests the need for DMI plasma monitoring.

PMID- 2288331
TI  - Perinatal outcome associated with PCP versus cocaine use.
AB  - Phencyclidine (PCP) remains a widely used illicit drug, especially among
      adolescents and young adults. The pharmacologic effects of PCP are similar to
      those of cocaine; therefore, in this retrospective study 37 PCP-intoxicated
      parturients were matched for ethnicity, tobacco use, age, gravidity, and degree
      of prenatal care with 37 cocaine-intoxicated parturients. Infants exposed to PCP
      in utero, like those exposed to cocaine, had a high incidence of intrauterine
      growth retardation (32 vs 19%, N.S.), precipitate labor (43 vs 27%, N.S.),
      symptoms of neonatal drug withdrawal/intoxication, and prolonged neonatal
      hospitalizations. Moreover, they were more likely to have meconium-stained
      amniotic fluid (30 vs 19%, p = .05) and less likely to be born prematurely as
      cocaine-exposed infants. The comparison between the long-term developmental
      outcome of these groups awaits further study.

PMID- 2288332
TI  - [Natural history and current surgical prognosis of intracranial arterial
      aneurysms].
AB  - The abrupt flow of blood in the meninges or in the brain after fissure or rupture
      of an arterial aneurysm still remains a medico-surgical emergency which includes
      the mobilisation of important technical and financial means which justifies
      itself by the reduction of the occurrence of a more severe accident and to give
      the patient its best chances. The cure of a cerebral aneurysm and its
      intracranial consequences must not be dissociated from its clinical context.
      Surgical indication must take into account the cause of the vascular lesion, the
      background on which it has evoked, its natural outcome which is characterised by
      rebleeding and vasospasm. Surgical cure of intracranial aneurysm is one of the
      great achievement of modern surgery. A better understanding of the malformation,
      the improvement of neuro-anesthesia and intensive care, and the use of pre
      operatoire adjuvants have considerably improved the surgical results over the
      years. At the moment, alternative treatment start to emerge such as selective
      vascular catheterism with ejectable balloon which become more feasible and
      seductive.

PMID- 2288333
TI  - [Cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Natural history. Therapeutic approaches].
AB  - Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most frequent clinical manifestation of
      arteriovenous malformations (AVM). That clinical manifestation is more frequent
      and more severe in youngest patients. Cerebral angiography demonstrates the
      location and size of the AVM and identifies its arterial supplies. These
      informations are related to the neurological status of the patient to decide the
      most adequate treatment. Surgical treatment, embolization or radiosurgery can be
      performed or associated to eradicate totally the AVM. Several procedures are
      sometimes necessary to obtain the definitive cure of the malformation.

PMID- 2288334
TI  - [Consequences of meningeal hemorrhage during the first days after its onset].
AB  - Results of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the acute phase are represented by
      the direct threat of vasospasm. The first step still is to recognise SAH, so that
      all misleading clinical aspects of arterial aneurysm rupture do not misguide, or
      even fail to do the right diagnosis. If so, rebleeding still remains a real
      danger. Among biological patterns, hyponatremia is an important factor of
      vasospasm. Cardiovascular symptoms are represented by a sudden and transient
      arterial hypertension which can drive to a diagnostic error and
      electrocardiographic abnormalities, which are directly related with the degree of
      vasospasm; their evolution is completely regressive. Main intracranial
      consequences are early hydrocephalus, worsening of consciousness and progressive
      ventricular distension on CT scan and vasospasm, which occurs between the 4th and
      the 12th day, may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, responsive for delayed
      ischemia, followed by deterioration of consciousness and focal neurological
      signs. The main factors responsible for the vasospasm are a high amount of blood
      in basal cisterns on CT scan; an increase of substances released by the lysis of
      hemoglobin in CSF; hyponatremia, hypovolemia, and decrease in cerebral blood
      flow. Consequences of these disorders have to be well known in the medical
      treatment before and after operation.

PMID- 2288335
TI  - [Physiopathology of meningeal hemorrhage caused by aneurysmal rupture:
      extracerebral aspects].
AB  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage induces a lot of extracerebral disturbances such as:
      systemic hypertension, electrocardiographic abnormalities both morphological,
      rhythmic and subendocardial damages; those events have been interpreted as
      overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. In biochemical changes,
      hyponatremia early recognized was referred during a long time to a syndrome of
      inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Hyponatremia is now referred to
      a cerebral salt-wasting. Hypovolemia often observed supports the use of volemic
      expansion in the prevention and treatment of ischemic complications associated
      with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The hypothalamus which lies in close
      anatomical proximity to the circle of Willis may be directly influenced by the
      rupture of a cerebral aneurysm. So, hypothalamic dysfunction may affect pituitary
      adrenal function sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. The knowledge of all
      these disturbances, and their mechanisms supports the current strategies for the
      management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

PMID- 2288336
TI  - [Epidemiology of meningeal hemorrhage caused by aneurysmal rupture (report of 600
      cases)].

PMID- 2288338
TI  - The transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of vasospasm and of
      intracranial hypertension after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - The transcranial doppler (T.C.D.) is a non-invasive technique useful for the
      evaluation of vasospasm and intracranial hypertension in patients with
      subarachnoid hemorrhage (S.A.H.). Eighteen patients with recent S.A.H. were
      studied by means of T.C.D. device: in 14 patients the source of bleeding was a
      ruptured aneurysm of the circle of Willis, while the remaining 4 presented a
      negative four-vessels angiography. All the patients were studied 5 and 10 days
      after the bleeding. Our data showed that the ultrasonographic demonstration of
      vasospasm and/or I.C.H. is clearly related to the clinical status of the
      patients. No significant T.C.D. difference was noticed between the "sine materia"
      S.A.H. patients and the ones with ruptured aneurysm.

PMID- 2288337
TI  - [Single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) during the first 72 hours
      after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a study of 45 cases].
AB  - Forty five patients suffering by S.A.H., with I-III degree according to Hunt-Hess
      classification, have been studied with SPECT, performed within 72 hours from the
      hemorrhage, in order to evaluate early alterations of cerebral blood flow and
      their prognostic value. The patients with a clinical worsening showed an
      important diminution of C.B.F. detected by SPECT and a great amount of blood in
      the sub-arachnoidal spaces at the CT scan (III degree, according to Fischer). If
      these results will be confirmed with further studies, it could be possible to
      early identify a group of patients with a high risk of developing a cerebral
      vasospasm.

PMID- 2288339
TI  - [Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: techniques and results. Report
      of 130 cases].
AB  - Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms is gaining an important
      development thanks to the further technical advances in catheters and occlusion
      materials (detachable and non detachable balloons). This treatment, performed
      under slight neuroleptanalgesia, allows access to the aneurysmal sac for
      selective occlusion with preservation of the parent vessel. In cases of fusiform
      or wide neck aneurysms, and if selective endosaccular occlusion is impossible or
      hazardous, the parent vessel occlusion can be performed with a test occlusion.
      Tolerance test occlusion of the parent vessel includes clinical monitoring,
      angiographic demonstration of good collateral supply and functional measures with
      local cerebral blood flux studies and transcranial doppler. This therapeutic
      approach is relatively simple in regard of neurosurgical treatment and allows
      improvement of the management of surgical high risk lesions.

PMID- 2288340
TI  - [Anesthesia for intracranial aneurysms treated by endovascular approach: 31
      cases].
AB  - Midazolam perfusion associated to fentanyl injections induces a sedation
      sufficient to allow balloon progression through vessels as far as aneurysm, an
      often long procedure, even for very anxious or neurological damaged patients. At
      the same time, sedation lightening as well as specific antagonists naloxone or
      flumazenil can reverse such a sedation to permit a reliable neurological
      examination after the balloon dilatation which is necessary too. Nevertheless
      this sedation requires to take great care to install patient and to use a tele
      monitoring.

PMID- 2288341
TI  - [Clinical outcome in the surgery of intracranial aneurysms: 229 cases].

PMID- 2288342
TI  - [Clinical course after surgery of aneurysms of the anterior communicating
      artery].
AB  - The evolution and correlations between initial state and outcome (one year) are
      analysed in 81 patients with anterior cerebral artery aneurysm. The age and
      initial evaluations are seldomly correlated with late evaluations, Jennett and
      Holbook scales, frontal syndrome, amnesia. The evaluations at one month are very
      significantly correlated to the late evaluations.

PMID- 2288343
TI  - [Stereotaxic radiosurgery:methods and indications in the treatment of cerebral
      arteriovenous malformations].
AB  - After Leksell and Steiner's pioneering experience with the use of the gamma
      units, another technically different system has been developed, using a linear
      accelerator. It's a very precise stereotactic radiosurgical approach which allows
      to deliver the necessary dose of radiation to the target volume while sparing the
      surrounding structures from potentially dangerous levels of radiation. This
      hyperselective irradiation is a new and complementary method of treatment of
      arteriovenous malformations located in central or functionally critical areas of
      the brain. The aim is to obtain a progressive and total obliteration of the
      lesion. The place of radiosurgery is obviously reserved for the patients who do
      not seem able to profit from the benefits of open surgery and/or embolization
      techniques.

PMID- 2288344
TI  - [Protocol for preparation, anesthesia and monitoring in therapeutic angiography].
AB  - The procedures involved in cerebral and medullary embolization produce special
      problems for the anesthesiologist. Some imperatives must be followed in order to
      minimize the high neuroradiological risks associated with these long and
      repetitive procedures. The first of these imperatives is sedation, which
      throughout the procedure should be sufficient, although not narcotic enough to
      prevent neurological evaluations. The use of a benzodiazepine (Midazolam) in
      conjunction with an analgesic (Alfentanil) that is rapidly eliminated answers
      this need. The prescription of vasodilatator agents depends on the location of
      the embolization. Calcium channel blockers should be used following embolism of
      the internal carotid while nitrate derivatives are recommended after embolism of
      the external carotid. Reduction of the risk of thrombosis is accomplished by
      perfusion with anti-sludge or, with exception to therapeutic procedures involving
      hemostasis, by perfusion with acetylsalicylic acid. Following evaluation of 105
      procedures in 75 patients it is concluded that this sedation produces reliable
      results and allows the procedure to be performed with maximal security.

PMID- 2288345
TI  - [Anesthetic management for arteriographic evaluation and endovascular treatment
      in children with arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen].
AB  - In a series of 23 consecutive patients under 3 years old with VGAVM managed in
      Bicetre from 1985 to 1990, 19 have been angiographically explored and 16/19
      embolized (35 total procedures). Anaesthetic management must be adapted to the
      consequences of this disease: heart failure in newborns, intracranial
      hypertension in infants and the technical constraints of anaesthesiology in
      infants during neuroradiological explorations. Our results are satisfactory when
      compared to the classical bad prognosis of the disease: 90% of all the heart
      failures were ameliorated or cured; 10 infants are anatomically cured. The
      technical morbidity and mortality in embolized patients is nil. No perfusion
      breakthrough phenomena was observed in this series.

PMID- 2288346
TI  - [Arteriovenous malformations in children. A series of 61 cases].
AB  - A series of 61 cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformations(AVM) was observed in
      children under 15 years of age during the last 18 years; 7 concern infants under
      12 months and more than 50% are children between 10 and 15 years old. Intra
      cerebral hemorrhage was revealing in 45 cases (7.7%) and 12 patients were in
      comatose state at presentation; 8 children (1.1%) only presented epilepsy alone;
      53 cases (86.8%) were operated upon and only one has had a partial removal; 2
      children were cured by stereotactic radiosurgery; one child must be embolize and
      5 children were not treated; 50 cases (82%) have a good or an excellent result
      with normal life; 7 cases (11.5%) have sequellae and only 4 children (6.5%) died.

PMID- 2288347
TI  - [Surgery of intracerebral arteriovenous malformations: the anesthesiologist's
      point of view. Report of 50 cases].
AB  - This retrospective study was undertaken in order to analyse the application of
      the grading scheme of Spetzler and Martin to a series of 50 excised arteriovenous
      malformations. The frequency distribution of scores was as follows score II, 21
      cases; score III, 18 cases; score IV, 7 cases and score V, 4 cases. Neurological
      deficit (54%), intracerebral hematoma (34%), intraventricular (12%) and
      subarachnoid hemorrhage (24%), epileptic seizure (26%), difficulty of surgery
      duration (8.1 h +/- 2.8), per-operative bleeding and coagulation abnormalities
      (14%), post-operative morbidity (early postoperative neurological status,
      duration of controlled ventilation and stay in Intensive Care Unit) and outcome
      were taken as target variables. Youth has a favorable influence on outcome: 100%
      of patients less than 30 years have a good outcome, whereas 88% of the 30 to 50
      years old group and 67% of the patients older than 50 years have a similar
      favorable recovery. According to these factors, the clinical grading scale of
      Spetzler and Martin seems to provide a good pre-operative evaluation of surgical
      risks.

PMID- 2288348
TI  - [Intracerebral hematoma caused by rupture of intracranial angioma. Analysis,
      prognosis and clinical course of 35 comatose patients admitted to intensive care
      units].
AB  - The outcome of 35 patients in deep coma (GSS less than 7) due to an intracerebral
      hematoma following ruptured arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and admitted to a
      neurosurgical intensive care unit is reviewed. Eighty percent of these patients
      had a cerebral AVM and 20% had an AVM in the posterior fossa. All had a medical
      treatment of increase intracranial pressure (ICP). Twenty-four patients or 68.6%
      had an early surgical treatment or some days further and 13 had a good outcome,
      six had a persistent coma or a residual neurological deficit and five died. Four
      patients or 11.4% had an endovascular embolisation therapy and three had no
      satisfactory results and one died; all had a new intracranial hemorrhage with
      hematoma. Seven patients were not treated: four died before 48 hours of
      hospitalisation, one is in persistent coma and two are waiting an endovascular
      embolisation, alive but with a neurological deficit. The results suggest that
      neurosurgical treatment are a safe and effective means for treatment of these AVM
      with compressive intracranial hematoma.

PMID- 2288349
TI  - [Abortion as a cause of maternal mortality].
AB  - It has been shown that 65.8% of 343 women died in the second trimester and 69.6%
      after an illegal abortion. Sepsis and peritonitis were the main causes in the
      general population (73.9%) and in women who died from illegal abortions (88.6%).
      Defects in medical care were found.

PMID- 2288350
TI  - [The role of mass screening in reducing maternal and perinatal mortality].
AB  - The change in antenatal care is discussed for the last 40 years. Evidence is
      presented on the efficacy of antenatal care with the advent of current
      approaches. Its role in the reduction of maternal mortality is shown.

PMID- 2288351
TI  - [Interrelations between obesity in pregnancy and fetal weight and their
      correlations with other perinatal risk factors].
AB  - This study involved 16 newborns of mothers with excessive body weight and 108
      newborns with increased birth weight. Increased weights of the mothers and
      newborns as perinatal risk factors (RF) were compared with each other and further
      31 RF in a total population of 1119 newborns. Maternal obesity correlated with
      increased birth weight. Further associations of perinatal RF included toxemia of
      pregnancy, cesarean delivery, contracted pelvis, and neonatal hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2288352
TI  - [Ultrasonographic diagnosis of developmental facial defects in fetuses].
AB  - Findings of 55 ultrasound examinations have been evaluated in 35 fetuses with
      various facial malformations detected by ultrasound and confirmed at birth.
      Ultrasonographic presentations and diagnostic criteria are given for major
      facial, palate and lip clefts, abnormal nasal shape, hypo and hypertelorism,
      microphthalmia, exophthalmia, micro and macrogenia, macroglossia. Ultrasonography
      proves to be a highly revealing diagnostic study with the provision of a good
      structural visualization and physicians' skill.

PMID- 2288353
TI  - [Burns in pregnant women].

PMID- 2288354
TI  - [Initial colloid-osmotic status of plasma as a criterion of the severity of
      gestosis and the selection of hemodilution solution].
AB  - Major determinants of the colloid osmotic plasma status have been followed up in
      90 pregnant women with various types and severity of toxemia. Toxemia of
      pregnancy was associated with normo-, hypo- and hyperosmotic states, and severe
      forms of it, such as pre-eclampsia, most typically coexisted with either
      increased or decreased osmolality. Toxemia of pregnancy was most severe in
      preexisting hypoosmotic states. Identification of abnormalities in the osmolality
      and colloid oncotic pressure may allow differential qualitative and quantitative
      selection of solutions for fluid therapy and appropriate infusion rates.

PMID- 2288355
TI  - [Improving the diagnosis and pathogenetic therapy of perinatal pathology].

PMID- 2288356
TI  - [Characteristics of the changes in the indicators of central hemodynamics and
      oxygen-transport function of blood in pregnant women with anemia].
AB  - The central hemodynamics and blood oxygen transport have been examined in 73
      pregnant women with anemia. In most anemic pregnant women, depression of blood
      oxygen saturation was associated with a hyperkinetic pattern of circulatory
      adaptation. However, effective and actual blood oxygen transport acutely worsened
      with greater severity of anemia. The central hemodynamics and oxygen transport
      ought to be monitored during the evaluation of severity of anemia and correction
      of blood oxygen transport in pregnant women.

PMID- 2288357
TI  - [Reflex correction of the tocolytic activity in premature labor].
AB  - Reflex relaxation using transcutaneous electroneurostimulation (TENS) has been
      employed in premature labor. Low-frequency TENS proved helpful in the prevention
      and therapy of un-coordinated uterine contractions and thus in the reduction of
      perinatal mortality.

PMID- 2288358
TI  - [Effect of umbilical cord pathology on the outcome of labor].
AB  - Literature and the authors' evidence concerning effects of umbilical abnormality
      on maternal and fetal outcomes has been overviewed. It is emphasized that
      identification of umbilical abnormality during labor and delivery, but not only
      during pregnancy, will improve obstetric outcomes.

PMID- 2288359
TI  - [Evaluation of functional activity of the complement system in differential
      diagnosis of chronic salpingo-oophoritis].
AB  - Nonspecific and selected determinants of humoral immunity have been evaluated in
      122 patients who clinically presented with "chronic salpingo-oophoritis". An
      objective confirmatory study is laparoscopy. The patients with clinical
      presentations of chronic salpingo-oophoritis displayed depressed phagocytic
      activity of neutrophils and function of complement in its both pathways.
      Alternatively, humoral immune parameters (serum levels of immunoglobulins A, M, G
      and circulating immune complexes) were normal. Functional evaluation of the
      classical and alternative complement activation pathways may provide a
      noninvasive objective test for differential diagnosis of chronic salpingo
      oophoritis.

PMID- 2288360
TI  - [Characteristics of the clinical course of acute adnexitis in patients using
      intrauterine contraceptive devices].
AB  - Clinical presentations of acute inflammatory adnexae diseases (AIAD) have been
      delineated in 127 patients who were users of intrauterine contraceptives (IUC).
      It was found that these diseases occurred with severe clinical symptoms in IUC
      users and were associated with prominent morphologic lesions: pyosalpinx and
      suppurative ovarian inflammation in every 2nd case, suppurative endomyometritis
      in every 3rd and parametritis in every 10th case. To prevent AIAD, the use of IUC
      should rigorously follow indications and contraindications. The use of IUC ought
      not be protracted beyond 3 years.

PMID- 2288361
TI  - [Pathogenetic aspects of structural changes in the breasts in benign hyperplastic
      uterine diseases in patients of reproductive age].

PMID- 2288362
TI  - [Possibilities of echography in the diagnosis of didelphia of the uterus and
      double vagina with unilateral disorder of the outflow of menstrual blood].
AB  - A study in 30 patients with an obstructed rudimentary vagina has demonstrated
      that sonography offers an early diagnosis and adequate management of patients
      with unilateral menstrual flow obstruction. It prevents an infection of the
      internal genitalia and results in complete reproductive rehabilitation of the
      patients. Renal sonography indirectly confirms the diagnosis since an aplastic
      kidney is located on the side of the accessory obstructed vagina in 100% of these
      patients.

PMID- 2288363
TI  - [Use of bi-active coagulation in the treatment of various associated and
      precancerous diseases of the cervix uteri].
AB  - An atraumatic technique of bioactive electrocoagulation in an electrolyte
      solution has been developed for associated or precancerous cervical conditions
      involving the superficial mucosa. This modality reduced the incidence of
      postoperative complications and relapses. The procedure is painless and
      electrically safe.

PMID- 2288364
TI  - [Prevention of early toxemia in the planning of pregnancy].

PMID- 2288365
TI  - [Individual characteristics of resistance of pregnant animals to acute hypoxic
      hypoxia].

PMID- 2288367
TI  - [Is "late pregnancy toxemia" late?].

PMID- 2288366
TI  - [A method of ultraviolet irradiation of blood in the complex treatment of
      patients with inflammatory genital diseases].

PMID- 2288368
TI  - [Status of the sympathetic-adrenal system in female infertility of neuroendocrine
      origin].

PMID- 2288369
TI  - [Criteria of immunologic imbalance in patients with ovarian neoplasms].

PMID- 2288370
TI  - [Echographic aspects of differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the
      adnexa uteri].

PMID- 2288371
TI  - [Ligation of the internal iliac arteries as a step in the surgical treatment of
      obstetric hemorrhages].

PMID- 2288372
TI  - [Experience with using non-traditional methods in the training of obstetricians
      and gynecologists during clinical clerkship].

PMID- 2288373
TI  - [Dissertation output in 1989].

PMID- 2288374
TI  - [The role of maternal health services in reducing maternal mortality].

PMID- 2288375
TI  - Pain in newborns and prematures: current practice and knowledge.
AB  - No unambiguous answer can be given as to whether newborns are able to feel pain
      similar to that experienced by older children and adults. However, there are
      several lines of evidence--anatomical, physiological and behavioral--which
      substantiate the possible presence of distressing nociceptive activity in the
      full-term and preterm neonate. Although the efficacy and safety of anesthesia in
      newborns and prematures has repeatedly been demonstrated, there are still
      numerous recommendations and current practices, based on antiquated theories,
      that withhold adequate medications from neonates during surgery. Even if the
      emotional and cognitive aspects of nociception in the newborn remain a subject of
      speculation giving rise to philosophical discussions as to the correct
      terminology, it is the mandate of newborns' physicians to provide the best
      possible therapy to their patients and to protect them from distress, unease and
      presumptive pain.

PMID- 2288376
TI  - Visual and auditory evoked potential correlates of cerebral malformations.
AB  - To date there are no systematic studies of the evoked potential correlates of
      cerebral malformations. A total of 109 sensory evoked potential studies (20 ERGs,
      61 VEPs and 28 ABRs) were performed in 27 children with defined cerebral
      malformations. Diagnoses were confirmed by CT scan, supplemented by MRI, cranial
      ultrasound, or neuropathological examination. Sensory evoked potential studies
      were abnormal in over half of patients studied, but the VEP was unable to
      identify or distinguish specific supratentorial cerebral malformations. ABR
      abnormalities were documented in cases of holoprosencephaly, lissencephaly,
      pachygyria and generalized megalencephaly. ABR abnormalities were not observed in
      septo-optic dysplasia or focal dysplasia of the cerebral cortex. We conclude that
      evoked potentials are not a diagnostic criterion of severe dysplasias, but rather
      serve as a supplementary tool for detecting the variable associated abnormalities
      of brain development that may affect visual and central auditory pathways or
      their cerebral cortical or brainstem targets.

PMID- 2288377
TI  - Sturge-Weber disease: operative indications and surgical results.
AB  - Patients with Sturge-Weber disease with epilepsy refractory to medical therapy
      have been reported to develop slowly progressive neurological deficits and
      ultimately become moderately or severely disabled. We studied six patients with
      Sturge-Weber syndrome including its incomplete form. Three out of six patients
      with Sturge-Weber syndrome revealed evolution of calcified angioma on computed
      tomography. All of the three cases developed medically intractable seizures.
      Total and/or subtotal hemispherectomy was performed for these three cases. The
      surgery was effective for controlling seizures in all three cases except one with
      infantile spasm with hypsarrythmia on electroencephalogram who is still on
      anticonvulsant. Although the unremitting deterioration in mental retardation and
      hemiparesis was not effectively prevented by the surgery possibly because the
      timing of surgery was delayed in one case, the surgery not only stopped the
      frequent medically-intractable seizures, but also dramatically prevented the
      psychomotor deterioration in the other case. Although the role of surgical
      treatment for the patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome remains poorly defined, one
      can expect excellent results if the indications for surgery are carefully
      analyzed and hemispherectomy is performed on an individual basis.

PMID- 2288378
TI  - Early predictors of neurodevelopmental outcome at 12-36 months in very low
      birthweight infants.
AB  - We followed-up 71 preterm survivors, 36 (50.7%) females and 35 (49.3%) males,
      correlating the results of neurological examinations (NE) at 40 weeks of
      corrected gestational age (GA) and the cerebral ultrasound (US) diagnosis with
      the neurodevelopmental outcome at 12-36 months of life. All 34 children with
      normal NE at term presented adequate neurodevelopmental outcome; these subjects
      have a normal US scan or a scan that is pathologic for uncomplicated hemorrhage.
      Of the 6 children with pathologic NE, but a normal US, 3 (50%) had a normal
      outcome, while 2 (34%) had mild impairments and 1 (16%) grave neurodevelopmental
      deficits. Of the 31 subjects with pathologic NE and US, 12 (39%) showed a normal
      outcome, and 6 (19%) had mild and 13 (42%) grave neurodevelopmental deficits;
      signs of parenchymal lesions with or without periventricular hemorrhage were
      particularly correlated to US. We conclude that the combination of the results of
      NE at 40 weeks GA and brain US are useful in early neurodevelopmental prognosis
      in very low-birthweight infants.

PMID- 2288379
TI  - Aberrant sleep patterns in children with the Rett syndrome.
AB  - Previous studies on the characteristics of disturbed sleep/wake patterns in
      children with the Rett syndrome have yielded inconsistent findings. In the
      current study, momentary time sampling procedures were used to measure the
      sleep/wake patterns of 20 girls with classical Rett syndrome. These patients had
      significantly more total sleep than age peers (M = 110.1; Zm = 2.58; p = .01),
      significantly less nighttime sleep (M = 80.8; Zm = -7.53; p less than .0001), and
      significantly more daytime sleep (M = 24.5; Zm = 8.71; p less than .0001). Night
      sleep was negatively correlated with age (r = -.59; p less than .01); day sleep
      was positively correlated with age (r = .54; p = .01). These girls also displayed
      night wakings on 20.9% of nights, delayed sleep onset on 67.8% of nights and
      early wakings on 24.5% of nights. These data clearly demonstrate that children
      with the Rett syndrome have markedly impaired sleep/wake patterns and suggests
      that the sleep dysfunction may worsen over time.

PMID- 2288381
TI  - Seizure prognosis and EEG evolution in complex partial seizures of childhood
      onset.
AB  - We studied the clinical course and seizure prognosis of 126 children with complex
      partial seizures regularly followed up for more than 4 years in our clinic.
      Clinical and EEG features of 63 seizure-free patients were compared with those of
      63 patients with persistent seizures. The features contributing to poor prognosis
      were 1) mental retardation, 2) a history of status epilepticus and 3) abnormal
      basic rhythm in EEG. CT abnormality, a history of febrile convulsions (FC), the
      clustering of seizures and association with other types of seizures did not
      influence prognosis. We divided the patients into four groups according to the
      evolutionary pattern of seizure discharges: Group A, 55 (43.7%) patients with
      spike focus always fixed in the same region; Group B, 20 (15.9%) patients with
      wandering foci; Group C, 10 (7.4%) patients with multifocal spikes; and group D,
      41 (32.5%) patients with no focal discharges. There was no difference in seizure
      prognosis among these four groups, but the patients with a focus in the anterior
      temporal region in Group A evidenced the worst prognosis.

PMID- 2288380
TI  - REM sleep abnormalities in severe athetoid cerebral palsy.
AB  - Various abnormalities of sleep have been reported in extrapyramidal diseases in
      adults. We have investigated the disturbances of REM sleep (SREM) in severe
      athetoid cerebral palsy (ACP) originating perinatally. Ten ACP patients, 5 males
      and 5 females ranging from 15 to 30 years old, were studied by means of all-night
      polygraphic examination. Three cases showed a marked decrease in rapid eye
      movements in SREM. Moreover, the tone of submental muscle in SREM was also
      disturbed in three. Regarding body movements during sleep, gross movements and
      twitch movements of the submental muscle were analyzed. In most of the patients,
      an abnormal distribution of body movements according to sleep stages was
      observed, the rate being significantly reduced in SREM. REMs, atonia and body
      movements are considered to be related to the brainstem function in animals. The
      results of the present study suggest that perinatal extrapyramidal diseases could
      also coincide with brainstem dysfunctions.

PMID- 2288382
TI  - Comparative experimental study of antiepileptics--regional specificity of
      antiepileptic action of carbamazepine, phenobarbital and valproate sodium.
AB  - The antiepileptic action of carbamazepine (CBZ), phenobarbital (PB), and
      valproate sodium (VPA) was examined in 109 adult male rabbits during steady state
      serum levels produced on the basis of the pharmacokinetics of each drug. The
      duration and discharge pattern of electrically induced focal and secondarily
      generalized after-discharges (ADs) in the motor, visual cortices and hippocampus
      were compared before and after administration of doses of each drug. A CBZ level
      of 3-30 micrograms/ml shortened the duration of both neocortical and hippocampal
      ADs. CBZ at levels above 5 micrograms/ml suppressed the spread in the secondarily
      generalized ADs originating from the neocortical areas, but not that originating
      from the hippocampus. PB levels of 10-80 micrograms/ml shortened the duration of
      both neocortical ADs, especially motor ADs, whereas they had little or no effect
      on the hippocampal ADs. VPA showed inhibitory effects on both the neocortical and
      hippocampal AD durations only at high levels of 400-1,100 micrograms/ml. However,
      the inhibitory effects were more marked on the latter than the former, and
      further, the effects were enhanced as time elapsed. These results suggest that
      the action of each drug on focal seizures is region-specific.

PMID- 2288383
TI  - Electron microscopic study on the homozygote (Ml/Ml) of the macular mutant mouse.
AB  - The macular mouse is a mutant mouse with a defect in copper transport and an X
      linked recessive inheritance. Its hemizygote (Ml/y) is considered to be an
      appropriate model fo Menkes kinky hair disease (MKHD). In this study, homozygote
      (Ml/Ml) were bred by coupling CuCl2-treated Ml/y with heterozygote (Ml/+). Both
      Ml/Ml and Ml/y die around day 15 of age. However, treatment with CuCl2 enables
      them to live until adulthood. The brains of Ml/Ml were chronologically examined
      by light and electron microscopy. In the non-treated Ml/Ml, abnormal mitochondria
      increased in number in the cerebral cortical neurons and in the cerebellar
      Purkinje cells from day 7 to 14 of age. In the treated Ml/Ml, the administration
      of CuCl2 improved the abnormality of the mitochondria in the cerebrum by day 20,
      but those in the Purkinje cells remained until day 60. Flattened cisterns and
      intracytoplasmic inclusions were also observed in the Purkinje cells of treated
      Ml/Ml. These ultrastructural changes were quite similar to those observed in the
      Ml/y. Our mutant mice (treated Ml/Ml), when they are coupled with treated Ml/y,
      can give birth to offspring, all of which will be genetically Ml/y or Ml/Ml.
      These fetal mice will be very helpful for studying the pathological and
      biochemical condition of prenatal MKHD.

PMID- 2288385
TI  - Epileptic seizures difficult to differentiate from alternating hemiplegia in
      infants: a case report.
AB  - A child with epileptic seizures had a clinical course similar to that of
      alternating hemiplegia of infancy (AHI). Tonic hemiplegia began at 2 months of
      age, and atonic alternating hemiplegia and tetraplegic attacks began at 2 years
      of age. Clinical findings were paroxysmal ocular movement abnormalities,
      choreoathetotic involuntary movements, and severe developmental retardation. An
      interictal EEG at 6 years of age showed multiple independent spike discharges. An
      ictal EEG showed diffuse irregular spike-wave and slow wave bursts following
      focal spikes. The present case suggests that a long-term extensive follow-up is
      necessary to differentiate epileptic seizures from AHI.

PMID- 2288384
TI  - Improvement of action myoclonus by an administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan and
      carbidopa in a child with muscular subsarcolemmal hyperactivity.
AB  - We report a 3-year-11-month-old boy who manifested action myoclonus only.
      Histochemical analysis of the quadriceps muscle revealed subsarcolemmal
      hyperactivity. The administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa
      dramatically improved the action myoclonus and reduced an amplitude of giant
      somatosensory evoked potentials. A nosological relation of this case with
      "essential myoclonus" and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy was discussed.

PMID- 2288386
TI  - Muscle involvement in mucolipidosis IV.
AB  - A 15-month-old boy, thought to have a congenital myopathy, was subsequently
      diagnosed as having mucolipidosis type IV, with typical membranous inclusions in
      muscle fibers. Involvement of skeletal muscle in this lysosomal storage disease
      may explain the motor delay and hypotonia that are its most common presenting
      signs.

PMID- 2288388
TI  - Abnormal urinary excretion of polyamines in HHH syndrome (hyperornithinemia
      associated with hyperammonemia and homocitrullinuria).
AB  - The HHH syndrome (hyperornithinemia associated with hyperammonemia and
      homocitrullinuria) is characterized by a very rare genetic defect of ornithine
      transport in mitochondrial membrane. We first demonstrated that a patient with
      HHH syndrome excreted about 6 times higher amount of polyamines in urine than the
      control when supplemented with high protein diets and ornithine loading. Each
      urinary polyamine fraction measured by HPLC method in HHH syndrome appears to be
      increased, as compared with those of the control. These data suggest that
      increased urinary excretion of polyamines in this syndrome is closely related to
      overflowing of plasma polyamine due to an ornithine transport defect in the
      mitochondrial membrane.

PMID- 2288389
TI  - Crossed cerebellar diaschisis in the Sturge-Weber syndrome.
AB  - Crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) is known as a cerebellar hemispheric
      hypometabolism due to contralateral supratentorial infarction or tumor. We report
      a case with the Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), whose cerebral blood flow was
      reduced in the anatomically affected lesion of cerebrum and in the contralateral
      cerebellar hemisphere. Not only acquired diaschisis, but congenital ischemic
      disorders such as SWS also showed CCD.

PMID- 2288387
TI  - A boy with the Rett syndrome?
AB  - A 13-year-old Kuwaiti boy met all necessary and almost all supportive criteria
      for the Rett syndrome. Electron microscopy of muscle biopsy specimen revealed
      abnormal mitochondria, a finding that has recently been reported for girls with
      the Rett syndrome. The results of other laboratory investigations were normal,
      besides a blood ammonia level of 100 microM/L. The mitochondrial changes observed
      in girls may be the consequence of an X-borne gene mutation, in which case only
      the female zygote survives because of the normal allele on the second X
      chromosome. However, another genetic possibility discussed is inheritance
      according to "metabolic interference" of an X-borne allele, which does not rule
      out the possibility of a male being affected. We assume that the case reported
      might be a male variant of the Rett syndrome.

PMID- 2288390
TI  - Abstracts from the 12th Annual Conference on Febrile Convulsions. Tokyo, December
      15, 1989.

PMID- 2288391
TI  - Celery allergy associated with birch and mugwort pollinosis.
AB  - Skin prick tests (SPT) with various celery, carrot and potato preparations (raw,
      cooked, cooking water of each vegetable and allergen extracts) as well as
      specific IgE determinations by RAST to celery mix, celeriac (or root celery),
      stick celery and heated celery extracts were performed in 70 patients with
      positive prick or intracutaneous tests to birch and/or mugwort pollens and celery
      (extract and/or raw). 94% of the patients showed positive prick tests to raw
      celeriac, 36% to cooked celeriac and 8/13 to cooking water. Celery-birch positive
      patients (n = 13) showed negative or low RASTs to heated celery extracts and to
      stick celery. By contrast, in the celery-mugwort sensitive patients (n = 6) the
      celery RASTs with heated celery extracts remained clearly positive and high RAST
      values to stick celery could be found. Celery-birch-mugwort-association (n = 22)
      favoured more positive results with relatively high values of RAST to celeriac.
      The results of homologous and heterologous RAST inhibition experiments with
      birch, mugwort, unheated and heated celery (100 degrees C) carried out in nine
      celery-RAST positive sera are also discussed.

PMID- 2288392
TI  - Seasonal variation of IgE synthesis in vitro by human peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells.
AB  - Seasonal variations in IgE antibody synthesis in vitro were studied in cultures
      of blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from 11 pollen allergic individuals. The IgE
      levels were significantly higher in two summer seasons than in the winter and
      spring between them. Net synthesis was confined to the summer in all but one of
      the patients. All the IgE in the cultures outside the pollen season represented
      preformed IgE which was present mainly (59%) in the monocyte fraction. Thus,
      preformed IgE seems to persist in monocytes at times when there is little de novo
      synthesis of IgE.

PMID- 2288393
TI  - Immunochemical investigation of allergens from Rhizopus nigricans.
AB  - The allergenic proteins of mould, Rhizopus nigricans extract (RNE) were
      identified and characterized by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), thin-layer
      isoelectrofocusing (TLIEF) and RAST inhibition. CIE revealed that the extract
      contained at least 31 distinct antigens. On TLIEF the extract resolved into 22
      bands in pI 3.5-6.8. Two important allergens, Rhiz IIIb and VIb were purified by
      a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography on
      DEAE-Sephadex column and gel filtration. Twenty and 12 micrograms of Rhiz IIIb
      and Rhiz VIb were sufficient to give 50% RAST inhibition as against 43 micrograms
      of crude RNE. Rhiz IIIb and Rhiz VIb were found to be glycoproteins with
      molecular weights of 12,400 daltons and 14,200 daltons, respectively. Rhiz IIIb
      was found to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and
      TLIEF with a pI of 4.8, while Rhiz VIb gave a single band on PAGE and resolved
      into two Coomassie blue stained bands with pI 3.6 and 3.8. It was possible to
      separate the components of RNE on fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) using
      an anion exchanger Mono Q column. The identification and characterization of the
      antigenic and allergenic proteins in the extract will be useful in
      standardization of RNE and in preparation of an in-house reference standard.

PMID- 2288394
TI  - A prospective study of cow milk allergy in Danish infants during the first 3
      years of life. Clinical course in relation to clinical and immunological type of
      hypersensitivity reaction.
AB  - A cohort of 1749 newborns from the municipality of Odense born during 1985 at the
      University Hospital were followed prospectively for the development of IgE
      mediated and non-IgE-mediated cow milk allergy (CMA) during their first year. The
      diagnosis of CMA was based on the results of strict elimination/milk challenge
      procedures in a hospital setting, and continued clinical sensitivity to cow milk
      (CM) was assessed by rechallenging every 6-12 months until the age of 3 years.
      Further, in infants with CMA, the clinical course of adverse reactions to other
      foods and the development of allergy to inhalant allergens by 3 years were
      investigated. Of 117 (6.7%) with symptoms suggestive of CMA, the diagnosis of CMA
      was proven in 39 infants (2.2%). 64% showed cutaneous symptoms, 59%
      gastrointestinal symptoms, and 33% had respiratory symptoms. 92% had two or more
      symptoms and 72% symptoms from greater than or equal to 2 organ systems. Based on
      a positive skin prick test (greater than or equal to 2+) and/or AL-RAST class
      greater than or equal to 2 to CM 16 infants at the time of diagnosis, and at
      reinvestigation at 1 year, a further five infants giving a total of 21, were
      classified as having IgE-mediated CMA, 19 infants showed "immediate reactions" to
      CM (within 1 h after intake of 2.3 g milk protein) and 20 infants were "late
      reactors". No significant correlation between IgE-mediated CMA and "immediate
      reactions" to CM was demonstrated. The overall prognosis of CMA was good with a
      total recovery of 22/39 (56%) at 1 year, 30/39 (77%) at 2 years, and 34/39 (87%)
      at 3 years. Adverse reactions to other foods, particularly egg, citrus, tomato,
      developed in a total of 21/39 (54%) with the maximum point prevalence of 15/39
      (38%) at 18 months, and 9/39 (23%) were still intolerant to other foods at 36
      months. Inhalant allergy before 3 years developed in 11/39 (28%), particularly
      against dog and cat to which the infants had been exposed. Infants with CMA and
      early IgE sensitization to CM had an increased risk of persisting CMA (24%),
      development of persistent adverse reactions to other foods (38%), particularly
      egg white (29%), and finally, inhalant allergy (48%) before 3 years of age.

PMID- 2288395
TI  - Mastocytosis and atopy: a study of 33 patients with urticaria pigmentosa.
AB  - Thirty-three patients with histologically verified urticaria pigmentosa were
      studied for coexisting atopic disease by means of history, skin prick testing
      with five common inhalants and serological investigation for total IgE and
      specific IgE antibodies to five common inhalants. The prevalence of atopy in
      urticaria pigmentosa was similar to that observed in the normal Swiss population,
      both on the basis of history (7/33 = 21%) and of positive skin prick tests to
      common inhalants (12/33 = 36%). However, total serum IgE levels were
      significantly lower (geometric mean value 16.8 kU/l) than in a control group of
      52 Swiss blood donors of comparable age and sex distribution (geometric mean
      value 43.0 kU/l, t = 2.93, P less than 0.005). Specific IgE antibodies to common
      inhalants were also observed less frequently in urticaria pigmentosa patients
      than in controls, although this difference was not statistically significant. Low
      total and specific IgE values in patients with urticaria pigmentosa may be
      explained by increased absorption of circulating IgE to abundant tissue mast
      cells.

PMID- 2288396
TI  - Double-blind evaluation of effectiveness and safety of flunisolide aerosol for
      treatment of bronchial asthma in children.
AB  - A double-blind study was carried out in 20 asthmatic children in order to
      evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroid
      flunisolide. 0.5 mg of the drug was administered by a jet nebulizer twice daily
      for 2 months. Respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function values and methacholine
      PC20-FEV1 were evaluated, as also morning cortisol levels, plasma cortisol
      increase after ACTH test, and 24-h urinary cortisol excretion. The data obtained
      show the efficacy of the drug in reducing symptoms. No significant difference was
      observed in pulmonary function values and in bronchial reactivity results between
      the two groups. No effect of flunisolide was observed on hypothalamic-pituitary
      adrenal function. This study confirms the efficacy and safety of flunisolide (0.5
      mg b.i.d.) in the treatment of asthmatic children.

PMID- 2288397
TI  - Food and food additives in children with severe atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 2288398
TI  - [Ethmoid-maxillary mucocele as a manifestation of primary lymphoma of the orbit].
AB  - A primary lymphoma of the orbit developed at par with a mucocele of the sinus
      (perhaps originated by the tumor) made very difficult the diagnosis of the
      patient. About this case the AA, consider the aspects more interesting of the
      primary lymphoma of the orbit and the possible influence of this kind of tumors
      as starting point of the mucocele.

PMID- 2288400
TI  - [Lysozyme in the treatment of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. A new concept in
      its etiopathogenesis].
AB  - The A. inform about the results achieved with lysozyme chlorhydrate in the
      treatment of 15 patients with juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. The lysozyme is
      an electropositive enzyme which synthesis is related to the degree of proteins
      and vitamin B complex ingestion. Lysozyme is a component of the immunitary
      inespecific system, serving to prevent against HPV-DNA at the level of the
      secretory film of the mucociliary apparatus of the respiratory mucous membrane.
      Furthermore, lysozyme hydrolyzes the mucopolysaccharide of the connective tissue
      and inhibits the virus-DNA replication. 100-300 mgr daily during 30-60 days
      simultaneously with hyperproteic diet and vitamin B complex (after correction of
      the nutrimental deficiencies) brought about the evanishment of papillomatosis.
      The A. suggest that the predisposition to infection by virus DNA is primarily of
      immunitary origin, because of lysozyme deficiency, and secondary due to a low
      intake of proteins and vitamin B complex.

PMID- 2288399
TI  - [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. An epidemiological and clinical study].
AB  - Clinical and epidemiological data from 46 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
      retrieved from our E.N.T. department data base are analysed. These tumors
      represent about 5% of all head and neck carcinomas seen at our department between
      1984 and 1989. Neither geographic origin nor occupation of patients have proved
      significant to the epidemiological analysis. Patients are most frequently in
      their sixth decade of life at presentation, with a clear male predominance, but
      not as marked as in other locations of head and neck tumours. As in other series,
      a significant relationship between nasopharyngeal tumours and alcohol and tobacco
      consumption has been discarded. Most patients were in good condition at
      diagnosis. Sublocation (usually on the lateral and/or posterior walls of the
      nasopharynx), predominance of undifferentiated carcinomas and isolated neck
      adenopathy as presenting symptom, are all features found in our series as well as
      in other reports. In contrast, the time between first symptom and diagnosis has
      been moderately longer in our patients. Cranial nerve and base of skull
      involvement have been found in 20% and 37% of cases, respectively. A great
      proportion of patients present with advanced disease: T3-T4 tumours in 67%;
      clinically detectable adenopathy in 69.5%; and distant metastasis in 4.3% of
      cases. Almost 75% of our patients showed stage IV disease at diagnosis.

PMID- 2288401
TI  - [Malignant otitis externa and HIV antibodies. A case report].
AB  - The AA. inform about the case of a young man, 23, with immunodeficiency (positive
      HIV antibodies) and malignant otitis externa associated. They recall the
      etiopathogenesis, the diagnosis, the evolution and the treatment of the disease,
      pointing out that this case is the first one (published in the ENT bibliography)
      of malignant otitis-external otitis and HIV linked together.

PMID- 2288402
TI  - [Lingual hamartoma].
AB  - The hamartoma is a benign tumor resulting of a mixture of normal and mature
      tissues and cells, sitting on an organ or tissue showing identical cell
      components. From the perusal done of the bibliography they appear as rare
      malformations basically compound of fibrous tissue, fat, acini of salivary glands
      and smooth muscle.

PMID- 2288403
TI  - [The problems posed by nasosinusal chondrosarcoma: a review of the literature and
      a case report].
AB  - Presenting the case of a massive chondrosarcoma arising from the nasal cavity.
      The related literature comprises less than 150 chondrosarcomas originated on the
      facial skeleton. The AA. discuss the protean manifestations of this kind of tumor
      and emphasize the aggressive therapy required. Correlation is made with the
      existing body of information regarding this entity.

PMID- 2288404
TI  - [A retrospective study of 250 diagnostic and therapeutic microlaryngoscopies].
AB  - Perusal of 250 microlaryngoscopies done with either diagnostic or therapeutic aim
      and statistical analysis of all them. Bibliographic review checking own results
      with those of similar studies.

PMID- 2288405
TI  - [Tuberculous otitis media].
AB  - Report of a case of middle ear tuberculosis in an elderly woman with a chronic
      discharging ear withstanding the common treatment. The diagnosis could be made
      through examination of the pieces taken at surgery (tympanoplasty). The A. advice
      is to arouse suspicion when findings compatible with tubercular otitis are
      encountered, in order to treat wisely the patient and avoid complications.

PMID- 2288406
TI  - [Extrarenal elimination procedures in acute kidney failure].
AB  - In spite of continuous progress in intensive care during the past two decades,
      there is no definite proof that the prognosis of critically ill patients with
      acute renal failure has actually improved. Nevertheless, the development of
      hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration and of the continuous methods has extended
      the therapeutic spectrum and allows therapy to be adapted to the specific
      cardiovascular and metabolic situation of the individual patient. Detoxification
      is carried out intracorporeally in peritoneal dialysis or extracorporeally by
      means of filters and membranes with different filtration properties. Peritoneal
      dialysis is seldom indicated in operative patients, because of its low efficiency
      and the hypercatabolism that is often observed, except in situations where
      continuous abdominal lavage is desired, as in peritonitis or necrotizing
      pancreatitis. The standard detoxification method is hemodialysis in which the
      filter is perfused in the opposite direction to blood flow. Solute transport is
      the result of diffusion, osmosis and, to a minor extent, convection, and the
      elimination of small molecules is favored. As huge amounts of dialysate have to
      be used, a central water regeneration unit is the technical prerequisite for
      hemodialysis. In critically ill patients bicarbonate dialysis should be
      preferred, because it is hemodynamically better tolerated. Hemofiltration relies
      on convection rather than diffusion through a membrane with a cut-off between
      20,000 and 50,000 daltons. The ultrafiltrate largely resembles plasma water.
      Fluid loss is substituted by appropriate electrolyte solutions allowing space for
      negative balances and hypercaloric parenteral nutrition. Hemofiltration is better
      tolerated than hemodialysis and was introduced to improve the elimination of
      toxic middle molecules. In intensive care units without access to hemodialysis or
      intermittent hemofiltration continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH), first
      proposed by P. Kramer, has become an alternative, mainly because of its
      simplicity and the absence of hemodynamic side effects. The drawback of this
      method is its limited efficiency. In hypercatabolic patients daily
      ultrafiltration rates of 10-15 l will not reduce blood urea sufficiently. The
      same holds true for severe hyperkalemia. One attempt to increase efficiency is
      predilution, which involves adding part of the substitution fluid before the
      filter, to enhance blood flow and to increase the effective filtration pressure
      by lowering the oncotic pressure of the plasma. Predilution will increase the net
      urea clearance by some 20%. Another way to enhance filtration is to apply
      negative pressure to the membrane with the aid of an infusion pump at the
      filtrate side. The development of better filters with smaller resistances may
      further increase filtration rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2288407
TI  - [Famotidine dosage in children. The effect of different doses on the pH and
      volume of the gastric juice].
AB  - Children undergoing general anesthesia are at increased risk of severe aspiration
      pneumonitis. Cimetidine and ranitidine, specific histamine (H2-receptor)
      antagonists, when given 1-3 h preoperatively markedly reduce the acidity and
      volume of gastric content. A newer compound, famotidine, is a more specific
      antagonist with no inhibitory effect on the drug metabolizing microsomal enzyme
      systems of the liver (cytochrome P-450), in contrast to cimetidine. An additional
      clinical advantage is a possible longer duration of action. In order to evaluate
      these potential advantages we studied the effects of preanesthetic oral
      famotidine on gastric fluid pH and volume in 4 groups in a random manner.
      METHODS. With parental consent, 107 infants and children (ASA I status, 4 months
      to 14 years old, NPO for at least 6 h) received either no famotidine (n = 29) or
      0.15 mg/kg (n = 27), 0.3 mg/kg (n = 25) or 0.6 mg/kg (n = 26) famotidine at 7.00
      a.m. Following induction by mask with nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2O/O2) and enflurane
      (E) or i.v. thiopental, intubation was performed in all patients. Anesthesia was
      maintained with N2O/O2 and E. A orogastric double-lumen tube was passed into the
      stomach, and the gastric content was aspirated in a uniform manner. Gastric
      volume was recorded and pH values were measured with pH paper. RESULTS. In the
      control group, 28 of 29 patients (97%) had a pH less than 2.5, 18/29 (62%) had a
      gastric volume greater than 0.4 ml/kg and 17/29 (59%) had a pH less than 2.5 and
      gastric volume greater than 0.4 ml/kg, meaning an increased risk of pneumonitis
      if the child aspirates the gastric content. Famotidine administration was
      effective between 1.5 and 6 h after oral administration. Preoperative famotidine
      application produces pH values of gastric contents higher than 2.5 in all dosage
      groups (84%, 94%, 75%), and these differences were highly significant (P less
      than 0.001), whereas the gastric volume reduction with these doses was not
      significant. The incidence of pH less than 2.5 and volume of gastric contents
      exceeding 0.4 ml/kg did not vary with the different doses of famotidine. As there
      were no measurable differences in the effect of famotidine, we recommend that
      children at high risk of pulmonary aspiration receive 0.15 mg/kg famotidine
      orally at least 1.5 h but not later than 6 h before induction.

PMID- 2288408
TI  - [Initial results of the reliability and validity of a German-language scale for
      the quantitative measurement of postoperative pain in young children].
AB  - In a previous study it was proved impossible to evaluate the validity of a system
      modified according to McGrath et al. for measuring postoperative pain in
      children. Three reasons were postulated for this result. The analgesics used did
      not modulate the pain in such a manner that the statistical analysis was
      effective; or the postoperative pain had an acute onset or fluctuated and the
      regular observations did not allow detection of the pain peaks; or the system
      used did not measure pain. Therefore, a new and different approach was adopted to
      evaluate the reliability and validity of a scoring system for the measurement of
      postoperative pain in small children. MATERIAL. Sixty children classed as ASA I
      and II and aged between 1 and 5 years were randomly allocated to 2 groups: one
      group received Tramadol (0.5 mg/kg) after the induction of anesthesia and the
      other group received placebo. Premedication and anesthesia were standardized. All
      indications were accepted except for urgent operations and painful diseases. For
      1 h after the operation the children were continuously observed by an experienced
      pediatric anesthetist who did not know what drugs had been given. Every 15 min
      and when the observer was convinced that the children were in pain and needed
      analgesics the following items were scaled: wakefulness, wake-up reaction,
      crying, facial expression, position of the trunk, position of the legs, muscle
      tone, making contact, verbal communication on being asked about pain, special
      defense against stimuli and consolability. The items were included in a factor
      analysis (principal components). The number of the factors was detected using the
      Scree test. The only items accepted as reliable were those that had a substantial
      load of at least 0.4 at each measurement. The reliability coefficient was
      computed with the split-half technique (odd-even). The validity was estimated
      with a multifactorial analysis of variance with repeated measurements. When the
      observer was convinced that any child was in pain, Metamizol (15 mg/kg) was
      administered. Significance was assumed at P less than 0.05. The study was
      accepted by the ethical committee of the Ruhr University, Bochum. RESULTS. A
      replication verified the results of the previous study: the factor analysis
      resulted in a one-factorial solution. Of the 8 items (wakefulness, wake-up
      reactions, crying, position of the trunk, position of the legs, verbal
      communications on being asked about pain, special defense against stimuli) only 4
      had a sufficiently substantial load on all measurements (crying, facial
      expression, position of the trunk and position of the legs). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2288409
TI  - [The determination of an effective therapeutic infusion rate for intravenous
      anesthetics using feedback-controlled dosages].
AB  - The determination of MAC values (minimum alveolar concentrations) for inhalation
      anesthetics and, correspondingly, of MIR values (minimum infusion rates) for i.v.
      anesthetics necessarily requires the use of therapeutically ineffective doses so
      that reactions to skin incision can be observed. EEG feedback-controlled dosing
      systems for i.v. anesthetics make it possible to determine dose requirement
      curves, allowing the definition of effective therapeutic infusion rates (ETI).
      During total i.v. anesthesia in 11 patients treated with fentanyl the mean
      effective infusion rate for methohexitone was found to be 4.68 +/- 1.39 mg/min,
      while for propofol the mean ETI in 11 volunteers was determined at 9.90 +/- 2.46
      mg/min. The implications of feedback-controlled dosing systems for the study of
      clinico-pharmacologic problems in anesthesia are discussed.

PMID- 2288410
TI  - Ion mobility spectrometry.

PMID- 2288411
TI  - Spacelab life sciences I: Living with microgravity.

PMID- 2288412
TI  - Near-infrared spectrometry of microorganisms in liquid pharmaceuticals.
AB  - Biotechnology and pharmaceutical research have created a number of new and
      potentially life-saving drugs. Many of these drugs are formulated as injectable
      products. Some drug products do not survive autoclaving or other means of
      terminal sterilization. An aseptic filling process is typically used to sterilize
      such products, but it is less reliable than autoclaving, making detection of
      unsterile units even more essential. Invasive microbiological methods and
      turbidimetry are currently employed as inspection techniques. These processes are
      time-consuming, destroy product, and may not detect low levels of contamination.
      Near-IR light scattering is proposed as a new method of determining low levels of
      contamination noninvasively and nondestructively. The method is used successfully
      in the current study to detect contamination by a species of yeast, mold, and
      bacteria in intact plastic infusion bags at levels as low as three colony-forming
      units per milliliter for yeast. By use of the near-IR method, each injectable
      unit can be evaluated with its integrity maintained, allowing the product to be
      dispensed or evaluated by another analytical method.

PMID- 2288413
TI  - Characterization of underivatized lipid biomarkers from microorganisms with
      pyrolysis short-column gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry.
AB  - A microvolume Curie-point pyrolysis short-column (5 m) gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) procedure was developed for the characterization of
      various lipid moieties in microorganisms. High linear flow rates (approximately
      175 cm/s) characterized the GC conditions in order to effect an efficient
      chromatographic transfer and elution of the underivatized diglycerides and
      monoglycerides, and small modifications were necessary to the ion trap MS system
      in order for it to accommodate the relatively high gas load. During a typical
      analysis run anhydrodiacylglycerides eluted within a 5-6-min time frame. Gram
      positive bacilli and Gram-negative species were differentiated from each other by
      the pyrolysis patterns of their lipid components. In spite of the complexity of
      the analyte, a straightforward visual analysis was achieved with the aid of
      simple computerized data display procedures. These procedures included
      examination of (1) total ion current (TIC) profiles of the lipid region of the
      reconstructed chromatogram, (2) the integrated mass spectrum of this region, (3)
      selected reconstructed ion chromatograms (RICs), (4) RIC intensity distributions,
      and (5) corresponding mass spectra. An appealing aspect of the lipid data
      reduction procedure is that most of it can be accomplished visually without
      requiring computerized pattern recognition techniques.

PMID- 2288414
TI  - Liposome flow injection immunoassay: implications for sensitivity, dynamic range,
      and antibody regeneration.
AB  - We have developed a liposome-based flow injection immunoassay (FIIA) system for
      quantitation of a clinical analyte, theophylline. With very minor changes in
      assay format, this procedure can also be used for the quantitation of anti
      theophylline. Automated sequential analyses were performed at room temperature
      with picomole sensitivity and a day-to-day coefficient of variation of less than
      5% for aqueous solutions. The system components include liposomes that contain
      fluorophores in their aqueous centers and an immobilized-antibody reactor column.
      The immunoreactor was regenerated hundreds of times over 3 months of continuous
      use with no measurable loss of antibody activity. The two assay formats studied
      produced distinct dynamic ranges for their respective analytes. The special
      advantages of using flow injection analysis for immunoassays and of using
      liposomes in FIIA are discussed.

PMID- 2288415
TI  - Determination of aromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids, peptides, and
      proteins using high-performance liquid chromatography with photolytic
      electrochemical detection.
AB  - Aromatic amino acids, sulfur-containing amino acids, peptides containing such
      constituents, and proteins can now be detected in high-performance liquid
      chromatography by the use of on-line, postcolumn, continuous photolytic
      derivatization with electrochemical (HPLC-hv-EC) detection. The overall approach
      is a very simple, reproducible, rapid, and fully automatable approach for the
      determination of certain amino acids, peptides, and proteins with excellent
      selectivity, sensitivity, and linearities of response. Dual-electrode response
      ratios, lamp-on/lamp-off behavior, and chromatographic capacity factors all
      contribute to the enhanced selectivity of the overall HPLC-hv-EC determination
      for these particular classes of bioorganics and biopolymers. The analytical
      figures of merit, chromatography detection, and method validation approaches have
      all been optimally derived and demonstrated reproducible. Applications of the
      basic methodology to real-world samples are demonstrated and validated.

PMID- 2288416
TI  - Determination of fluoride ion in animal bone by microdiffusion analysis.
AB  - A microdiffusion analysis method for the determination of fluoride ion in animal
      bone sample was established by using a new diffusion cell. The cell is equipped
      with a water jacket to control the temperature. The space inside the cell is
      divided by a crossed-beam stand into top and bottom parts. In the bottom part,
      derivatization of fluoride ion to trimethylfluorosilane (TMFS) by
      hexamethyldisiloxane as the reagent occurs, with the volatile TMFS being absorbed
      into alkali placed in an open-top cup supported by the stand. The cell is placed
      on a magnetic stirrer to rotate the stirring bars in both reaction and absorption
      solutions. Stirring and elevation of temperature increase the reaction rates.
      Maintaining the cell at 40 degrees C for 3 h is sufficient for complete
      extraction of fluoride ion from the bone and its recovery. With our method, more
      than 10 micrograms/g of fluoride ion in bone can be assayed with a coefficient of
      variation of less than 3%. The fluoride levels of various rat bones were
      clarified.

PMID- 2288417
TI  - Photodissociation-photoionization mass spectrometry of n-octene isomers.

PMID- 2288418
TI  - Recovery of voltammograms by target factor analysis of current-time data in
      electrochemical detection.

PMID- 2288419
TI  - [Intrapulmonary venous admixture during open heart surgery].
AB  - Monitor-computer study of changes in the ventilatory parameters, hemodynamics,
      gas exchange has shown that assisted circulation in patients operated on for
      acquired heart valve defects causes in the postperfusion period a 2-fold increase
      in intrapulmonary venous admixture (Qs/Qt), which accompanied an increase in
      alveolar-arterial difference (pO2) and a fall in arterial blood pO2. An increase
      in Qs/Qt upon assisted circulation is associated with a decrease in
      ventilation/perfusion pulmonary ratio and possible deterioration of diffuse
      processes due to hemodilution-induced water balance disturbances. Controlled lung
      ventilation with positive end respiratory pressure (5-8 cm H2O) partially
      decreases intrapulmonary shunting and improves arterial blood oxygenation.
      Positive effect, i. e. improved oxygenating lung capacity and decreased
      intrapulmonary shunting is achieved with water balance normalization due to early
      administration of diuretics upon assisted circulation.

PMID- 2288420
TI  - [The status of hemostasis in patients undergoing surgery with artificial
      circulation].
AB  - Hemostasis has been assessed in 200 patients during and after cardiopulmonary
      bypass surgery depending on different protamine sulphate (PS) doses injected for
      heparin neutralization. It has been demonstrated that the use of 1:1 PS to
      heparin ratio leads to adequate heparin neutralization and does not cause the
      appearance of residual heparin in the blood. PS administration at a dose not
      exceeding that of heparin was accompanied by an intraoperative decrease in
      platelet count and its more rapid recovery in the early postoperative period.

PMID- 2288422
TI  - [Evaluation of the function of the left heart ventricle during the modeling of
      right ventricular hyperfunction using a pulsatile pump].
AB  - Left ventricular function was studied in 11 acute experiments on dogs during
      right ventricular hyperfunction modelling using an artificial heart ventricle
      (AHV). The right ventricle was excluded from circulation and replaced by AHV.
      First the baseline condition with regard to the cardiac index was recovered. The
      right ventricle was considered to be completely functionally replaced when no
      hemodynamic changes were observed. When the AHV output increased by 26% there
      were no considerable changes in hemodynamics and the functional condition of the
      left ventricle remained adequate. If the output was 56% higher certain
      hemodynamic changes and a tendency towards deterioration of the left ventricular
      function have been observed. The final stage of the experiments was characterized
      by twice as high ANV output, as compared to the initial one, which caused
      considerable hemodynamic changes and greater left ventricular weakness.

PMID- 2288421
TI  - [The mechanisms of hemodynamic shifts in normovolemic hemodilution].
AB  - Normovolemic hemodilution is shown to activate adaptation mechanisms of the
      heart, regional circulation and microvasculature. This is accompanied by a
      decline in the total peripheral resistance, an increase in venous return and
      intensification of the regional tissue blood flow. An increase in the cardiac
      output is due to mobilization of the functional cardiac reserve and is not
      accompanied by intensification of the heart work. Accelerated pulmonary
      circulation in normovolemic hemodilution may lead to functional shunting and
      blood oxygenation disturbances in patients with anatomic and functional
      respiratory changes.

PMID- 2288423
TI  - [Consciousness in general anesthesia].

PMID- 2288424
TI  - [The 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content and its influence on hemoglobin-oxygen
      affinity in patients following open heart surgery].
AB  - 70 patients have been examined in the early postoperative period after
      aortocoronary bypass surgery and surgical correction of acquired heart valve
      defects. 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration was shown to increase in
      acute postoperative disturbances. The increase was most pronounced in reduced
      oxygen transport to tissues. However, with 2,3-DPG synthesis and metabolism
      slowed down, its concentration did not always correspond to the real state of the
      cardio-respiratory system. Changes in H+ concentration played a certain role in
      the regulation of 2,3-DPG content. In patients with cardio-respiratory
      disturbances 2,3-DPG concentration increased by 0.55 mcM/ml on average, with
      plasma pH increased by 0.1. No such regularity has been observed in patients with
      uncomplicated postoperative period. A positive correlation has been established
      between changes in 2,3-DPG concentration and the position of oxyhemoglobin
      dissociation curve. Considerable fluctuations in P50 value standard in
      cardiorespiratory disturbances have been observed. However 2,3-DPG effect was not
      the only mechanism causing these fluctuations.

PMID- 2288425
TI  - [Lipid metabolism during general anesthesia with halothane in relation to the
      oxygen content in the inhalation mixture].
AB  - Lipid metabolism (nonesterified fatty acids, triglycerides) was studied in
      experimental animals under halothane anesthesia in conditions of spontaneous
      respiration in dependence on oxygen content in the inhalation mixture. The
      results have shown that changes in blood lipid fractions depend on oxygen
      concentration in the inhalation mixture during anesthesia. In high oxygen
      content, there is an enhancement of lipolysis in fatty tissues. Lipogenesis
      processes predominant in the liver do not depend on oxygen concentration in the
      inhalation mixture.

PMID- 2288426
TI  - [General anesthesia in non-cardiac surgery in patients with transplanted hearts].
AB  - At present non-cardiac surgery is infrequent in patients survived after heart
      transplantations. The authors review specific features of general anesthesia in
      such a clinical situation on the basis of their own two clinical observations and
      literature data. The principles for the anesthesiological management are
      analysed. They are specific sterility rules, atypical mechanisms of cardio
      vascular system adaptation to stress and peculiar reaction of a denervated heart
      to pharmacological agents.

PMID- 2288427
TI  - [The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the osmotic status of children with
      surgical pathology of the abdominal organs].
AB  - The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) on blood osmolality has been studied
      in children with abdominal pathology. It has been shown that HBO has a
      considerable effect on blood osmolality evident both during and after the HBO
      session. To prevent possible HBO-induced disturbances of blood osmolality special
      pretreatment with ten infusion solutions has been suggested. Pretreatment
      resulted in enhanced compensatory abilities of the body with regard to adaptation
      to HBO-associated osmotic stress. This may be confirmed by absolute values of
      blood osmolality and some ospogramme components and by the absence of
      complications in the pretreated children.

PMID- 2288428
TI  - [The general biological principles of the development of complications in the
      postoperative period of acute peritonitis and the expediency of hemosorption].
AB  - The dynamic study of a number of clinical and laboratory findings in 107 patients
      with acute peritonitis have shown that with the current complex infusion therapy
      the onset of postoperative complications is to a great extent mediated by high
      toxin level--medium molecular mass polypeptide, inhibiting the processes of
      protein synthesis and consequently causing changes in the relationship between
      adaptation compensatory reactions, which demonstrates the necessity of additional
      active detoxicating therapy, i.e. hemosorption (HS). HS was performed to 126
      patients and its efficacy in pronounced toxemia was established. The data
      obtained make it possible to consider HS as an effective means preventing the
      onset of postoperative complications in acute peritonitis.

PMID- 2288429
TI  - [The role of cellular and humoral mediator systems in the pathogenesis of shock
      lung, caused by endotoxins].

PMID- 2288430
TI  - [The content of prostaglandins A and E in the blood and renal tissues in the
      early phase of experimental acute renal failure caused by the crush syndrome].
AB  - Prostaglandin (PG) A and E content in the blood and renal tissues (cortex and
      medulla) has been studied in 25 dogs in the early phase of acute renal failure
      (ARF). It has been found that by the 4th hour of compression PG content increases
      drastically in the blood and renal cortex and decreases in the renal medulla.
      Compression relief and ARF progress were accompanied by a drop in PG
      concentration both in the blood and the renal cortex and medulla. It is concluded
      that enhanced PGE2 synthesis is a protective reaction preventing the damage of
      the renal structure and function. The following decrease in PGE2 level is
      mediated by progressing effect of aggressive factors on the interstitial cells of
      the renal medulla and the endothelial cells of the cortex vessels--as a basic
      source of endogenous PG synthesis. The results obtained are experimental proof of
      PGE2 use in the complex therapy of ARF.

PMID- 2288431
TI  - [The effect of severe closed chest trauma on gas exchange].
AB  - Ventilation and gas exchange lung functions were studied in 110 patients with
      severe closed chest trauma. In chest trauma that was not accompanied by
      intrapulmonary traumatic changes the main pathogenetic mechanism of gas exchange
      damage was marked pain syndrome. Such patients did not suffer from severe
      arterial hypoxemia and their intrapulmonary shunting did not exceed 15%.
      Analgesia and, if necessary, lung decompression improved considerably respiratory
      parameters and prevented the onset of severe pulmonary failure. Patients with
      intrapulmonary traumatic changes (lung contusion, intrapulmonary hematomas) were
      characterized by progressing arterial hypoxemia due to a considerable increase in
      intrapulmonary shunting. These patients are managed mainly by preventive therapy
      of pulmonary hyperhydration, thorough tracheobronchial cleansing, cough
      stimulation, prevention of pneumonia.

PMID- 2288432
TI  - [The choice of a program of discrete plasmapheresis in the preoperative
      preparation of patients with diffuse toxic goiter].
AB  - The state of circulation and its impact on the nature of hemodynamic response
      during discrete plasmapheresis has been studied in 91 patients with
      hyperthyroidism. It has been established that the nature of cardio- and
      hemodynamics depends on the severity of the disease and the cardiac rhythm. In
      patients with mild hyperthyroidism the volume of single blood exfusion (BE)
      should not exceed 800 ml of blood and plasma should be replaced by colloid and
      crystalloid preparations in the ratio of 1:1. In patients with severe
      hyperthyroidism and normal cardiac rhythm the volume of single exfusion should
      not exceed 600 ml and plasma should be replaced by cryoplasma. In patients with
      severe hyperthyroidism and atrial fibrillation blood exfusion should be limited
      to 400 ml of blood. Simultaneously with blood exfusion it is expedient to perform
      cryoplasma infusion. Glycerol trinitrate and calcium antagonists may be used to
      prevent pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2288433
TI  - [A case of the successful treatment of an 11-year-old child with a fulminating
      form of tetanus].
AB  - A case of a successful treatment of a patient with an extremely severe tetanus
      form is described. The management of the patient included massive specific
      antibacterial and infusion therapy, hemoperfusion, standard and high frequency
      controlled lung ventilation. The problems of patient activation and respiration
      recovery have arisen in the course of treatment. They were dealt with, using
      hemoperfusion that reduced the residual effect of sedative agents and
      myorelaxants, as well as high frequency jet ventilation, which accelerated
      respiration recovery.

PMID- 2288434
TI  - [Determination of the degree of saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in blood
      microsamples].
AB  - The method of polarographic determination of blood O2 content (CO2) and oxygen
      capacity (OC) is described. The method for the calculation of Hb O2 saturation
      (SO2) by CO2 to OC ratio was compared to direct SO2 measurement on OSM-2
      radiometer. The measured and calculated SO2 values were identical and correlated
      well (r-1.0), the accuracy of calculation independent of the baseline blood pO2
      and Hb concentration. P50 and pO2 values, with SO2-50%, calculated by Hill's
      formula using the calculated and measured SO2 values were identical.
      Polarographic method of CO2 calculation does not require large blood volumes, is
      realized using simple devices and microanalysers, possesses adequate accuracy and
      reproducibility of the results.

PMID- 2288435
TI  - [Errors and complications in the catheterization of the superior vena cava and
      their prevention].

PMID- 2288436
TI  - [Experience in the use of epidural anesthesia in a multi-profile hospital].
AB  - The article analyses the experience of the use of 14,634 epidural anesthesia
      procedures in a city multi-profile hospital. The authors express their ideas on
      the use of epidural anesthesia with opiates and local analgesics as one of the
      anesthetic techniques in the operative and postoperative periods. All the
      complications and adverse events of epidural anesthesia are thoroughly analysed,
      with the number indicated somewhat lower than in other articles by Soviet
      authors. Ways of decreasing the frequency of complications are suggested and
      wider use of the technique is recommended.

PMID- 2288437
TI  - [The use of clopheline in premedication].
AB  - Central and peripheral hemodynamic changes have been studied in 80 patients aged
      18 to 67 years after planned gastro-intestinal and biliary surgery. In 40 of them
      clopheline (clonidine) was used in premedication. The use of clopheline in
      premedication led to stabilization of central hemodynamic parameters, made it
      possible to improve considerably microcirculation, avoid the unfavourable effects
      of psychic tension, induction to anesthesia, laryngoscopy and tracheal
      intubation. All the above permits the authors to recommend the use of clopheline
      in premedication.

PMID- 2288438
TI  - [Artificial circulation with auto-oxygenation].

PMID- 2288439
TI  - [What do we know about lipoproteins containing apo A-I?].
AB  - Since the Alaupovic's original concept, the lipoproteins were more and more
      classified according to their biochemical composition. Between the different and
      well identified lipoproteins particles, those containing apo A-I were
      particularly studied. These particles had a very great heterogeneity with respect
      to both their physicochemical properties and their apolipoproteins composition
      especially if they had or not the apo A-II. This criterion was frequently used
      for their classification in two different populations: the lipoproteins which
      contained both apo A-I and apo A-II (Lp A-I:A-II) and the other lipoproteins
      which contained apo A-I but no apo A-II (Lp A-I). All the two lipoprotein
      populations could be divided in several subpopulations. Among the two categories
      of lipoprotein particles, those devoid of apo A-II were described as the actual
      anti-atherogenic ones. Indeed, the Lp A-I population appeared as the only
      lipoproteins which decreased in serum during an atherosclerotic affection, this
      phenomenon being related to the favourable role of the Lp A-I population in the
      normal metabolism of lipids. Only the Lp A-I were demonstrated be able to induce
      and enhance the cholesterol efflux from culture cells. The Lp A-I:A-II function
      remained unknown, but the hypothesis is raised of a possible regulatory role
      which could be related to the high concentration of LpA-I in the cholesterol
      reverse transport.

PMID- 2288440
TI  - Susceptibilities of coagulase-negative staphylococci to aminoglycosides
      antibiotics as compared by early bactericidy assays.
AB  - Twenty four strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci from clinically
      significant blood cultures were separated in four groups on the basis of
      oxacillin susceptibility and phenotype of resistance to aminoglycoside
      antibiotics. Susceptibility testing included disk diffusion testing, M.I.C. and
      M.B.C. determinations and finally, measurements, at sequential times (from 0 to 6
      hours), of the bactericidal effect of aminoglycosides alone or combined with
      oxacillin or vancomycin. Aminoglycosides clinical use (gentamicin, netilmicin,
      tobramycin and amikacin) exhibited an efficient early bactericidy over the
      sensitive strains to any tested aminoglycosides and to oxacillin (group 1, 13
      strains). When strains having a phenotype of resistance to kanamycin and neomycin
      (group 2, 4 strains) or kanamycin and tobramycin (group 3, 2 strains) were
      considered, amikacin inefficiency was assessed by time-killing assay even though
      disk diffusion testing as well as M.I.C. and M.B.C. determinations failed to
      demonstrate it. In the same way, only bactericidy measurements indicated the lack
      of activity of amikacin or netilmicin over strains exhibiting a phenotype of
      resistance to gentamicin plus kanamycin and tobramycin (group 4, 5 strains).
      Netilmicin appeared as the most active aminoglycoside over the strains studied.
      Crude results of disk diffusion testing might appear as an oversimplification,
      especially when coagulase-negative staphylococci are considered; the early
      bactericidy assay findings were stressing for the need of interpreting the
      results of antibiotic testing on the ground of resistance mechanisms.

PMID- 2288441
TI  - Prothrombin time in the monitoring of oral anticoagulant: a comparison of results
      using different thromboplastins.
AB  - The objective of this report is to compare the prothrombin time performed with
      thromboplastin of different tissues and species in patients under oral
      anticoagulant therapy as well as the way of expressing the results. The results
      showed that the ISI of the thromboplastin of human and rabbit brain are very
      close to the IRP BCT/253 (1.2 vs 1.1) and RBT/79 (1.3 vs 1.4), respectively. In
      contrast, the rabbit lung thromboplastin showed the greatest differences in the
      ISI values (1.6 vs 1.4) and in the CV (6.1%). The authors found significant
      statistical differences with the results of the prothrombin time as expressed in
      activity percentage (p less than 0.001) in three plasma pools of patients under
      different oral anticoagulant level for all thromboplastins studied. However, if
      the results are expressed in terms of INR, the values obtained are almost the
      same. The results here reported would demonstrate that the prothrombin time as
      INR allows the use of only one scheme for oral anticoagulant control when the
      thromboplastin reagent is calibrated according to the recommendations of the WHO.

PMID- 2288443
TI  - Amplify or improve detection.
AB  - Quantification with accuracy at the molecular level, by simple means, is the
      challenge for new generations of biospecific assays. In order to reach this goal,
      it is necessary to reduce the non-specific background of the current assays and
      further to amplify the detection signal or to expand the surface of the solid
      phase. For now, significant additions in performance can be achieved if we
      balance new ways of amplification with progressive improvements of existing
      procedures. For the future, new concepts derived form biosensors approach will
      lead to simultaneous multiple analysis on the same sample.

PMID- 2288442
TI  - [Determination of salivary cortisol levels by an immunoenzymatic method].

PMID- 2288444
TI  - Time-resolved fluorescence in biospecific assays.
AB  - Fluorescent lanthanide chelates and their detection using time-resolved
      fluorometry for in vitro as well as for microscopic bio-specific assays are
      reviewed, with reference to other fluorescent dyes and labelling materials. The
      minimum detectable dose of labelled components and the theoretical ultimate
      sensitivities of immunoassays and DNA-assays are discussed and compared with
      experimental results. It is concluded that the time-resolved fluorometry provides
      a high sensitivity labelling method in immunoassays, and a sensitivity comparable
      to phosphorus-32 in DNA hybridization assays. It is also concluded that
      lanthanide chelates are a potential alternative for organic fluorescent dyes in
      microscopy and that they are most useful in multiparameter assays. The
      combination of organic fluorescent dyes and lanthanide chelates provides the
      highest separation efficiency between two assay parameters.

PMID- 2288445
TI  - [A bioluminescent solid phase for immunoassays and the detection of nucleic
      probes].
AB  - A luminescent adsorbent constituted of bacterial luciferase, FMN oxidoreductase
      and a protein, such as an antibody or an oligonucleotide coimmobilized on
      Sepharose, has been used to detect a label enzyme (Glucose 6 phosphate
      dehydrogenase). The label enzyme, bound to the solid phase, produces NADH and
      start an enzymatic chain reaction leading to light emission. The dehydrogenase,
      which is not bound to the solid phase, produces NADH in solution which is rapidly
      oxidized by a scavenger system (lactate dehydrogenase plus pyruvate) and thus
      does not participate in light emission. Using this solid phase, binding assays do
      not require separation of the excess of label, and the assay protocol is limited
      to the addition of sample, and luminescent reagents. The authors have used this
      solid phase for rapid immunoassays of haptens and proteins but also for the rapid
      quantitation of DNA sequences obtained by enzymatic amplification catalysed by a
      thermostable DNA polymerase.

PMID- 2288446
TI  - Target amplification for DNA analysis by the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become a standard laboratory technique.
      An enzymatic reaction, as simple to perform as it is satisfying to contemplate,
      the PCR solves two of the more universal problems in the chemistry of natural
      nucleic acids. It allows for the physical separation any particular sequence of
      interest from its context; and then provides for an in vitro amplification of
      this sequence which is virtually without limit. The surprising robustness of PCR
      derives from its fortuitous combination of three phenomena, each of which is
      intrinsically powerful. The first of these is the impressive ability of almost
      all oligodeoxynucleotides to bind tightly and specifically to their complementary
      nucleic acid sequences, discriminating easily between hundreds of thousands of
      sites. The second familiar phenomenon is illustrated by the notion that the
      probability for the occurrence of a compound action is the product of the
      individual probabilities for the occurrence of each of its components. The third
      phenomenon embodied in the polymerase chain reaction relates to the branching
      structure of its propagation and the inherent robustness attached to such a form.
      Consideration of the above leads to certain generalities regarding the relative
      utility of various protocols for carrying out the PCR. Specific conditions of
      time, temperatures, concentrations, etc. will be described, as well as sample
      preparation and analytical methods.

PMID- 2288447
TI  - Use of MagniSep chromium dioxide particles in an immunoassay system.
AB  - The use of chromium dioxide particles as a solid support for very sensitive and
      rapid immunoassays, is the result of the combination of large surface area (40
      m2) and high protein uptake capacity (40 mg/g) allowing rapid capture kinetics
      and high binding capacity. Magnetic and physical properties of these particles
      give a rapid separation, a complete resuspension and a rapid high-efficiency
      washing, highly desirable characteristics for efficient automation of
      immunoassays. Good precision and accuracy, exemplified by excellent recovery,
      parallelism and correlation were demonstrated. Test results prove that the
      technology is highly flexible and applicable to a variety of assay formats.

PMID- 2288448
TI  - [Evaluation of a technique for determining blood ethanol levels by gas
      chromatography. Committee for "determination of blood ethanol levels"].
AB  - Art. R.24-1 of the Code governing distribution of beverages and preventive
      measures against alcoholism: "If the verifications are performed following a
      traffic accident having occurred under the conditions provided at article L.88 of
      the present code or in application of articles L.1 and L.3 of the traffic code,
      the requesting authority keeps a copy of form A and sends: 1. The first blood
      specimen samples, along with four copies of forms A, B and C, to a laboratory of
      an establishment part of the public hospital system as defined at article 3 of
      law n. 70-1318 of December 31 1970 or to an expert biologist registered on the
      list held by the court of appeals as provided by article R.32 of the code
      governing distribution of beverages and preventive measures against alcoholism;
      2. The second sample, along with one copy of forms A, B and C, to another expert
      biologist registered on the same list and in charge of eventually performing a
      control analysis. The laboratory or the expert biologist having performed the
      analysis reports the results on forms C and forwards one copy of forms A, B and C
      directly, under separate cover and stamped confidential to the competent
      Procureur de la Republique, to the region in which the misdemeanor or the
      accident occurred. The results reported on the form are immediately transmitted
      to the requesting authority.

PMID- 2288449
TI  - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) Scientific Division.
      Committee on Apolipoproteins, Working Group on Antibody Reagents. Selection and
      characterization of monoclonal antibodies for measuring plasma levels of
      apolipoproteins A-I and B.

PMID- 2288450
TI  - [Dynamics of infestation with gastrointestinal strongyles of moors grazed by
      sheep in the Mediterranean area].
AB  - The dynamics of free-living stages of sheep Nematodes was studied. The kinetics
      of infective larvae population was established during 16 months by sampling grass
      and faeces every 2 wk on an area frequently used by ewes on 3 out of 4 paddocks
      grazed by a flock. The periods at high risk for animal infection were autumn and
      spring, the moors being sterilized during summer by the dryness. Teladorsagia
      circumcinta, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis and N. spathiger
      were the main species. Free-living populations were quantified during the grazing
      seasons on 2 out of the 5 paddocks grazed by a second flock. Herbage and faeces
      were sampled on 12 areas from each paddock. Deposited eggs on each area were
      calculated at each rotational cycle by coproscopy and by estimating the amount of
      faeces deposited on the ground. Faeces appeared to be the main reservoir of
      infective larvae during the dry periods of spring and autumn. With rainfall the
      larvae were liberated from faeces and the populations on herbage increased
      steeply. The distribution of larval populations on the moor were highly
      correlated to the distribution of the eggs deposited during the preceding grazing
      cycle.

PMID- 2288451
TI  - Epidemiology of gastrointestinal helminths of sheep in the Rabat area of Morocco.
AB  - The epidemiology of gastrointestinal helminths of sheep on permanent pastures in
      Morocco was studied by monthly examination of faeces of ewes for helminth eggs
      and by use of batches of 3 tracer lambs each month from December 1979 to November
      1980. The main helminth genera encountered were Teladorsagia, Haemonchus,
      Trichostrongylus and Moniezia, with Nematodirus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and
      Trichuris occasionally recorded. The faecal egg counts of ewes showed 2 peaks;
      the first in March due to the acquisition of larvae during the rainy season and
      periparturient rise, the second in October probably due to maturation of
      inhibited larvae. The worm burdens of tracer lambs showed that there was a
      gradual accumulation of nematodes from December, reaching a peak in May; an
      absence of infection in July and August during the dry period, and a second peak
      in November. Infection by Moniezia was higher during the dry season.

PMID- 2288452
TI  - [Frequency of abortion and seroprevalence of the principal diseases causing ovine
      infectious abortion in the area of Rabat (Morocco)].
AB  - A survey was carried out on 23 sheep flocks to estimate the frequency of abortion
      as well as the prevalence of antibodies against abortive infections. During the
      visit of each farm, a questionnaire was completed with the collaboration of the
      owner and blood samples were collected from all aborted ewes and some of those
      with normal lambing. A rate of 7% abortion was reached in both aborted and
      normally lambed ewes. Anti-Chlamydia psittaci antibodies were the most frequently
      detected (14 flocks). Anti-Coxiella burnetii and anti-Toxoplasma gondii
      antibodies were found in 9 flocks, whereas anti-Brucella and anti-Salmonella
      abortus ovis were present in only 1 flock each. None of the 5 infections was
      detected in 2 flocks. Mixed infections were prevalent: 13 flocks were
      simultaneously infected by at least 2 abortive pathogens. The procedure used does
      not allow the cause of abortion to be identified in all cases.

PMID- 2288453
TI  - [Virucidal efficacy of eight disinfectants against pneumovirus, coronavirus and
      parvovirus].
AB  - The virucidal activity of 8 disinfectants was analyzed towards 3 groups of
      viruses responsible for diseases in animals (pneumovirus, coronavirus,
      parvovirus). Whether organic matter is present or not, parvoviruses are the most
      resistant, since concentrations of disinfectants 20-500 times higher than those
      inactivating coronaviruses and pneumoviruses must used. When organic matters are
      present the activity of disinfectant is considerably reduced. Among the products
      tested, 0.8% soda and sodium hypochlorite with 1 degree chlorometric were the
      most active.

PMID- 2288454
TI  - Assessment of the role of manganese in congenital joint laxity and dwarfism in
      calves.
AB  - Pregnant beef cows were winter-fed (November 15 to calving) hay (24 cows), red
      clover silage (21 cows) or grass silage (52 cows). Blood samples were taken from
      each cow in December and February. A condition of congenital joint laxity and
      dwarfism was observed in 38% and 28% of calves born to cows fed red clover silage
      and grass silage, respectively. None of the calves born to hay-fed cows were
      affected by the condition. The congenital joint laxity and dwarfism was
      associated with a lower serum manganese concentration in silage-fed cows than in
      hay-fed cows. However, manganese concentrations were similar in red clover
      silage, grass silage and in hay. A lower bioavailability of manganese in silages
      other than in hay, resulting in an apparent manganese deficiency in silage-fed
      cows, is suggested as a possible factor contributing to the etiology of
      congenital joint laxity and dwarfism in calves.

PMID- 2288455
TI  - [Influence of the season and of gestation on the plasma concentration of thyroid
      hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in Sahel Peulh ewes].
AB  - Seasonal and gestational variations of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
      plasma concentrations were evaluated in 12 pregnant and 6 non pregnant adult
      Sahel Peulh ewes. Blood samples were drawn from all animals at different dates
      for radio-immunoassay. In this particular breed of sheep, plasma triiodothyronine
      and thyroxine levels did not present significant variations from the beginning of
      the cool season (December) until the end of the dry warm season (May). On the
      contrary, a highly significant rise of hormones (P less than 0.01) was observed
      at the onset of the humid warm season (June). Moreover, a significant decrease of
      thyroid hormone plasma levels (P less than or equal to 0.05) greater for
      thyroxine than triiodothyronine was observed at the end of gestation,
      particularly in twin pregnancies. At birth, the thyroxine plasma level was higher
      in single than in twin lambs (139.6 +/- 66.5 vs 110.5 +/- 43.8 ng/ml).

PMID- 2288456
TI  - Pseudodiastrophic dysplasia evolution with age and management. Report of two new
      cases and review of the literature.
AB  - Two new patients with pseudodiastrophic dysplasia are reported. Clinical and
      radiologic features, genetics, as well as, course and management of the disease
      are described for these two patients and seven others reported in the literature.
      Based also on histological findings, special emphasis is put on differential
      diagnosis with diastrophic dysplasia.

PMID- 2288457
TI  - The significance of accessory bisatellited marker chromosomes in amniotic fluid
      cell cultures.
AB  - Thirteen new cases of accessory bisatellited marker chromosomes were found among
      20,370 amniocentesis. Six of these were familial, six originated de novo and in
      one case the origin of marker chromosome remained unknown. Eleven cases were
      carried to term and follow up studies revealed no abnormality. In two cases the
      pregnancies were terminated and the pathological examination revealed apparently
      normal fetuses. A cytogenetic categorization of bisatellited marker chromosomes
      is described. The available data show clearly that there is no increased risk for
      offspring with abnormal phenotype born to a healthy carrier of an accessory
      bisatellited marker chromosome with either a single or two closely adjacent C
      bands (category AI or AII). The unbiased sample of cases with de novo accessory
      bisatellited marker chromosomes of category AI or AII is still too small to allow
      a satisfactory estimation. However, the actual risk for a fetus to be affected
      may be low too.

PMID- 2288458
TI  - Flow cytometry of normal and abnormal pig karyotypes. Preliminary report.
AB  - Flow cytometry technique was applied to normal pig chromosomes and to three
      different reciprocal translocations: trcp (4q-; 14p), trcp (3p+;7q-) and trcp (1q
      ;15q+). The rearranged chromosomes generate new peaks which seem to correspond to
      their relative lengths. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm these results by
      banding analysis and/or by hybridization on these chromosomes with probes of
      genes known to be localized on them.

PMID- 2288459
TI  - Exclusion of linkage between D3S47 (C17) and ADRPII gene in two large families of
      moderate autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa: evidence for genetic
      heterogeneity.
AB  - Autosomal dominant forms of retinitis pigmentosa appear among the most frequent
      types of retinal degenerations. Two clinical subtypes have been recognized,
      namely the early onset, severe form (type I) and the late onset, moderate form
      (type II). A linkage between the D3S47 probe (C17) with the gene of the type I
      has been recently demonstrated by Humphries et al., 1989. Here, two families with
      type II of the disease have been tested for possible allelism at the D3S47 locus.
      A negative lod-score was found with this probe and a linkage with this region
      could be excluded. These results support the hypothesis of a genetic
      heterogeneity in autosomal dominant forms of retinitis pigmentosa.

PMID- 2288460
TI  - [r14 syndrome without major dysmorphism].
AB  - An 8-year-old boy, mentally retarded and epileptic since the age of six months,
      was found carrier of ring 14 chromosome. A dystrophy of the eye fundi was
      observed (whitish puncta of the macula); except for the "almond shaped eyes",
      there was no obvious dismorphism.

PMID- 2288461
TI  - Polydactyly in four generations of an Algerian family with variable metacarpo
      phalangeal relationship in an individual.
AB  - We report an Algerian family in which four generations show polydactyly with
      variable numbers of metacarpals and phalanges. The extraordinary rearrangements
      of the metacarpals and phalanges shown in the X-rays are most unusual. The family
      is highly consanguineous. The mode of inheritance appears to be dominant with
      reduced penetrance and variable expression.

PMID- 2288462
TI  - Trisomy 9 mosaicism in a girl with multiple malformations.
AB  - A one-year-old girl with a mosaicism for an extra chromosome 9 is reported.
      Clinical findings included severe growth and mental retardation, frequent
      respiratory infections, peculiar face, skeletal and craniofacial abnormalities,
      seizures, spasticity, cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal and genitourinary
      alterations. These findings were compared to those of the 10 other previously
      reported cases of trisomy 9 mosaicism. This helps to define the most constant
      phenotypical characteristics and most frequent major malformations which occur in
      trisomy 9 mosaicism. It is noteworthy that the reported percentage of trisomic
      cells was different in lymphocytes and in fibroblasts in each case.

PMID- 2288463
TI  - Unusual mosaic trisomy 13 through 13/13 translocation and monosomy 13 with a
      small ring.
AB  - Apparently the first patient with de novo mosaicism 46,XX,t(13q13q)/46,XX,
      13,+r(13) is described. The two cell lines were present at a frequency of 34% and
      66%, respectively. The infant survived for about three months. The prominent
      dysmorphic features were: birth-weight and head circumference below the 3rd
      centile, encephalocele, multiple skin tags of low set dysplastic ears, coloboma
      of the left iris, short upward slanting palpebral fissures, and prominent nasal
      root. An imperforate anus, recto-vaginal fistula, enlarged adrenals,
      missing/hypoplastic kidneys, and limb anomalies were also present. It is
      postulated that the ring is a secondary anomaly arising from the 13q13q
      translocation.

PMID- 2288464
TI  - [Proximal monosomy 13].
AB  - A 45,XX,-13, der(22), rcp(13;22)(q12;q13)mat karyotype was observed in a 7-month
      old female with multiple congenital anomalies. Her mother is a balanced
      t(13;22)(q12;q13) carrier.

PMID- 2288465
TI  - Ring chromosome 6: twenty years follow-up.

PMID- 2288466
TI  - Immunological and molecular mechanisms in reproduction. Proceedings of the
      International Meeting for Reproductive Immunology. Puszczykowo-Niwka, Poland, May
      22-25, 1989.

PMID- 2288467
TI  - Immunological mechanisms in recurrent spontaneous abortion.
AB  - The acceptance and maintenance of pregnancy remains a biological mystery. The
      conceptus expresses paternal and embryonic antigens that are foreign to its
      maternal host yet is not always immunologically rejected. In this chapter we have
      presented a review of protective immunologic mechanisms possibly responsible for
      the maintenance of pregnancy, as well as a summary of current data suggesting
      immunologic mechanisms responsible for pregnancy wastage. Major rapid advances in
      understanding immunoreproduction should occur over the next several years due to
      major advances in the rapidly expanding field of immunology. It is now possible
      to perform in depth studies of immunoregulatory mechanisms. Numerous biochemical
      mediators of immunological responses have been defined and mass produced for use
      in research. These mediators have enabled the definition of cellular and humoral
      interactions within the immune system, and between the immune system and
      reproductive tissues. Monoclonal antibodies have also been produced that identify
      many of these mediators and leukocyte markers associated with immune function. It
      is now possible using these new immunological reagents to probe the immune
      mechanisms and immunoregulatory events responsible for the success and failure of
      reproduction. Systematic approaches utilizing these techniques are and will
      continue to contribute significantly to a further understanding of the
      immunological mechanisms involved in recurrent spontaneous abortion, which is
      prerequisite for developing truly effective treatment modalities.

PMID- 2288468
TI  - Immunomodulatory mechanisms during normal pregnancy.

PMID- 2288470
TI  - Luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptors in myometrium and
      their role in uterine motility.
AB  - The object of this paper is the existence of LH/hCG receptors in female uterine
      tissue. Specific and high-affinity binding sites for LH are present in the pig
      and rabbit uterus. Estradiol promoted the synthesis of LH receptors in porcine
      myometrium. Stimulation of LH receptors with hCG in estrogen-primed tissue had a
      quiescence effect on myometrial contractility in vitro. The physiological role of
      uterine LH receptors in maintenance of myometrial quiescence is discussed.

PMID- 2288469
TI  - Endocrine regulation of the immune system during pregnancy.
AB  - Among the potentially immunosuppressive substances present in pregnancy serum,
      progesterone seems to play a major role in reducing in vitro responsiveness of
      maternal lymphocytes. Although the physiological importance of systemic
      immunosuppression is not clear, it seems likely that the action of progesterone
      is not restricted to the fetomaternal interface, where high local concentrations
      of this hormone are present. Sensitivity of maternal lymphocytes obtained from
      peripheral blood, to blocking by progesterone is increased. Relatively low
      concentrations of the hormone, e.g., that present in the serum are sufficient to
      cause depression of lymphocyte functions. Because of the diverse in vitro effects
      of this hormone, nearly all stages of the immune response are affected.
      Suppressor cells appear to play an important role in mediating this effect.
      Concerning the mode of action of progesterone, recent data suggest a receptor
      mediated effect, in which arachidonic acid metabolism is involved. The biological
      significance of the above mentioned phenomena is not yet established. For
      elucidating this point, further experimental evidence would be needed for, or
      against the crucial role of progesterone-mediated immunosuppression in the
      maintenance of pregnancy. It is going to be difficult to dissect immunologic and
      other effects of progesterone in vivo, nevertheless, it seems clear that these
      investigations require in vivo systems. An attractive approach would be isolation
      and characterization of progesterone binding structures in immunocompetent cells
      of healthy pregnant women, and raising antibodies, which could discriminate
      between these binding sites and progesterone receptors of the placenta. The use
      of these antibodies, or receptor blockers of high specificity might provide a
      possibility to discriminate between immunological and other biological effects of
      progesterone in vivo.

PMID- 2288472
TI  - Reproductive immunology: relevance to infertility practice.
AB  - Both, men and women can develop antisperm antibodies as the response to numerous
      factors, however immune-mediated infertility is a relative condition, i.e. may
      reduce but not totally prevent fertility. Different techniques can detect
      antisperm antibodies and show how these antibodies may interfere with
      fertilization process. To overcome immune-mediated infertility, the
      immunosuppressive therapy and in vitro treatment of antibody-coated sperm cells
      including in vitro fertilization have been proposed.

PMID- 2288471
TI  - Mucosal immunity of the mammary gland and immunology of mother/newborn
      interrelation.
AB  - Mammary gland is assumed to function as a part of the common mucosal immune
      system. Lymphocytes observed in the mammary gland derived their origin from
      precursor immunocompetent cells presented in BALT and GALT. In relation to local
      immunity of the other sites of the mucosal membranes, lymphocytes homing to the
      mammary gland are regulated by lactogenic hormones. The other peculiarity of the
      mammary gland mucosal immunity is a direction of the milk protective factors. The
      secretory products of lactating mammary gland provide a protection not for own
      organism, but for newborn infant. The human neonates are essentially devoid of
      differentiated mechanisms of the secretory immunity. The low IgA level and high
      free Sc level in newborn secretions reflect the immaturity of the mucosal
      immunity in the neonatal period. But some evidences suggest the activation and
      fast maturation of newborn mucosal immunity. There were shown the sharp rises of
      IgA levels in different newborn's secretions during the neonatal period. Using as
      an object for the study on the neonatal mucosal immunity the newborn mammary
      gland, we detected the higher level of Ia-positive cells in neonatal milk in
      relation to maternal milk, in spite of the low level of Ia-positive cells in
      newborn's blood. Local immunity seems to function, at least partially,
      independently on systemic functions in neonates. Significant influence on the
      development of newborn mucosal immunity exerts maternal milk. The circumstantial
      evidences support the promoting effect of the human milk on the SIgA synthesis by
      newborn mucosal membranes. It is impossible to exclude the feasibility of
      antiidiotypic antibodies presented in human milk actively immunize offspring. At
      the same time, numerous immunosuppressive factors were found in colostrum. It
      seems that these factors can protect the newborn immune system against
      overstimulation by large number of environmental antigens. Human colostrum and
      milk provide also to neonate numerous soluble and cellular factors of passive
      immunization. Thus, we can say that human milk serve as a connection link between
      maternal and newborn immune system, and the main role in mother/newborn
      interrelations plays the local immunity.

PMID- 2288474
TI  - Immunological and molecular mechanisms in reproduction. Introduction.

PMID- 2288473
TI  - Antisperm antibodies.
AB  - Significant progress is being made in the study and treatment of infertility due
      to antisperm antibodies. Increased knowledge of the antigenicity of sperm and
      oocytes and continued study of the immunology of the male and female reproductive
      tracts should yield a greater understanding of the mechanisms of immunologic
      infertility. Such an understanding will permit novel and specific therapy for the
      infertile couple. Until such research is forthcoming, continued clinical research
      is imperative to increase the efficiency and success of treatment.

PMID- 2288476
TI  - Cell-mediated immunity and inflammatory processes in male infertility.
AB  - Considerable evidence indicates that white blood cell concentrations are often
      elevated in semen of infertility patients, and that white blood cell products can
      affect sperm function in vitro. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that
      leukocytospermic semen samples exhibit poor motility characteristics and impaired
      ability to function in sperm penetration assays. We believe that the
      identification and quantification of white blood cells in semen should be an
      integral component of every semen analysis. If properly diagnosed, a significant
      number of infertility patients with leukocytospermia may benefit from antibiotic,
      antiviral, or anti-inflammatory drug treatments. Further studies should be
      directed at better defining the role of bacteria, viruses and other pathogens in
      leukocytospermia, and further understanding the effects of WBC products on sperm
      function.

PMID- 2288475
TI  - Relevance of immuno-contraceptive vaccines for population control. II. Gamete
      antigens.
AB  - Some new information on the sperm and seminal plasma antigens which can induce
      responses which decrease fertility has been obtained. This recent development has
      not, however, brought the understanding of the subject to a stage where the
      production of a contraceptive antisperm vaccine for the female can be discussed
      realistically. Many laboratories are continuing the active investigation of the
      potentials of zona pellucida antigens for contraceptive approach. Also, passive
      immunization with human monoclonal antibodies promises to be an effective and
      safe method for short-term contraception and early pregnancy termination.

PMID- 2288477
TI  - Immunosuppression by seminal plasma and its possible biological significance.
AB  - The data support the role of seminal plasma facilitating the transmission of
      virus and establishment of infection when all depositions of semen occur, but
      systemic absorption would also be possible by vaginal intercourse if lesions or
      abrasions caused for example by other s.t.d's, were present. The severity and
      rapid increase in the population of certain sexually transmitted agents make it
      imperative that epidemiological studies are initiated to study any correlation
      with changes in sexual behaviour and contraceptive practices. Finally, further
      isolation and characterization of seminal plasma components should lead to a
      clear understanding of their action as both regulatory molecules and in their
      possible contribution to disease.

PMID- 2288478
TI  - Endogenous alkaloids in man, VII: 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta
      carboline--a potential chloral-derived indol alkaloid in man.
AB  - The trichloromethyl tetrahydro-beta-carboline 5, an imaginable, chloral-derived
      mammalian indol "alkaloid", was prepared in high yields and was shown to be
      formed even under mild, physiological conditions, in aqueous medium. For its
      detection in low concentrations, a chromatographic procedure was elaborated.
      Furthermore, its potential metabolite 8 was synthesized for the first time.

PMID- 2288479
TI  - [Hypertensive acting 5-(beta-aminoethyl)aminoisoxazoles: synthesis and screening
      of derivatives with with partially rigid C-5 side chains and omega-position
      heterocyclics].
AB  - Isoxazoles with a 1,2-diaminoethane side chain at C-5 are synthesized by
      nucleophilic substitution of 5-chloro derivatives. Using piperazine,
      imidazolidine and 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, resp., isoxazoles with partially rigid
      chains at C-5 are formed. The same procedure succeeds in the synthesis of
      isoxazoles having a heterocycle at the omega-position of the side chain. The
      hypertensive activity of all new compounds is shown for the pithed and the
      anaesthetized rat, resp. According to structure activity relationships the
      hypertensive activity of compounds 7 and 8, resp., is mainly determined by the
      heterocycle at the omega-position (piperazine greater than piperidine
      approximately pyrrolidine greater than morpholine). Derivatives 2-5 with
      partially rigid 5-(beta-aminoethyl)amino side chains show less hypertensive
      activity than the corresponding compounds without restrictions.

PMID- 2288480
TI  - Hypolipidemic activity in rodents of phenobarbital and related derivatives.
AB  - A series of 5-alkyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid analogues were shown to be potent
      hypolipidemic agents in rats and mice at 20 mg/kg/day. This dose is lower than
      that required for hypolipidemic activity for clofibrate and nicotinic acid
      derivatives in rodents and man. These new derivatives reduced both serum
      cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rodents by either the oral or
      intraperitoneal route of administration. Previous studies have demonstrated that
      similar heterocyclic compounds, i.e. cyclic imides, glutarimides and hydantoins
      are potent hypolipidemic agents in rodents. The barbituric acid derivatives
      probably interfered with de novo synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids in the
      early steps since the agents inhibit the activities of ATP-dependent citrate
      lyase and acetyl-CoA synthetase. Triglyceride synthesis may be blocked since the
      agents inhibited the rate limiting enzyme, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate-acyl
      transferase. Rat tissue lipids especially cholesterol and triglycerides were
      reduced after 14 days treatment. Fecal lipids were increased in cholesterol and
      phospholipid content by selected compounds. The rat serum lipoprotein after 14
      days drug administration showed reduced VLDL-cholesterol and HDL-triglyceride
      contents. The modulation of the lipid content of the serum lipoproteins by the
      barbituric acids suggest that these agents may be helpful in treating clinical
      hyperlipidemic disease states.

PMID- 2288482
TI  - Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of some new tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5
      thiadiazine-2-thione derivatives of ampicillin.
AB  - Compounds having alpha-[dihydro-5-substituted 6-thioxo-2H- 1,3,5-thiadiazine
      3(4H)-yl]benzylpenicillin structure were synthesized by the reaction of
      ampicillin trihydrate, formaldehyde and dithiocarbamic acid salts. The structures
      were evident from chemical and spectral analysis. The antimicrobial activities of
      the compounds were investigated against some gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus
      and Streptococcus faecalis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa) bacteria and some yeast-like fungi (Candida albicans, C.
      parapsilosis, C. stellatoidea and C. pseudotropicalis) and molds such as
      Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum,
      Penicillium and Aspergillus by the tube dilution method. In addition to MIC
      (minimal inhibitory concentration), MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration) and
      MFC (minimal fungicidal concentration) values were determined using ampicillin
      trihydrate as standard. The compounds synthesized were usually found as effective
      as ampicillin trihydrate against S. aureus and S. faecalis and less effective
      than ampicillin trihydrate against E. coli. Both the compounds synthesized and
      ampicillin trihydrate are ineffective in the concentrations studied against P.
      aeruginosa. Compound 10 and 11 are more effective against all the yeast-like
      fungi than the other compounds and ampicillin trihydrate.

PMID- 2288481
TI  - 2-phenylindole-linked nitroimidazoles as potential radiosensitizers for estrogen
      receptor positive tumors.
AB  - 5-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylindole was linked to nitroimidazoles by
      tetramethylene and hexamethylene spacer groups. Derivatives with a C6-spacer (4c
      and 4d) exhibited high binding affinities for the estrogen receptor (RBA = 3.5;
      estradiol: 100), a prerequisite for a selective uptake by estrogen receptor
      positive tumors. Both compounds inhibited the growth of hormone-sensitive human
      MCF-7 mammary tumor cells at concentrations greater than 5 x 10(-6) M, presumably
      due to the weak antiestrogenic effect observed in the mouse uterine weight test.

PMID- 2288484
TI  - Quinazolinones, XVII: Synthesis and pharmacological activities of some
      antipyryloxoalkyl-thioquinazolinones.

PMID- 2288483
TI  - Compounds with positive inotropic activity, III: Synthesis of 4-aminoquinoline
      derivatives as potential positive inotropic agents.
AB  - Anilinoacrylic acid derivatives 2-4 are the key intermediates from which 1-alkyl
      substituted 4-aminoquinoline 10-15 as well as 4-alkylaminoquinoline derivatives
      16-23 are synthesized and examined for positive inotropic activity on isolated
      left atria and papillary muscles from guinea-pig. Structure activity
      relationships indicate that the effect depends on the alkyl side chain of the
      target compounds.

PMID- 2288485
TI  - [Annual scientific session in the framework of the 100th anniversary of the
      German Pharmacologic Society. Berlin, September 8-12, 1990. Abstracts].

PMID- 2288486
TI  - [An empirical comparison of 5 standard procedures for one-dimensional scaling].
AB  - Scales on the badness of 10 offenses/crimes are derived by using the five most
      common scaling methods: averaging of the badness-ratings of the stimuli on an 11
      point scale; mean ranks of complete rankings of the 10 stimuli; Thurstone scales
      for complete forced-choice and constant-sum pair comparisons, resp.; and ratio
      scales derived from pairwise ratio judgments for all pairs. From older
      investigations, a logarithmic correspondence of ratio scales and Thurstone or
      average ratings, resp., can be predicted. The data corroborate this prediction.
      They show furthermore that the ratio scale has an exceedingly close, logarithmic
      relation to each of the other four scales. We therefore conclude that, once a
      universe has been shown to be scalable, a scale can be constructed very
      economicaly by simply averaging ratings.

PMID- 2288487
TI  - [Self-concept related information processing in relation to perceived personal
      ability].
AB  - Cognitive self-schemata are conceived of as being generalized representations
      about the self which have been derived from previous experiences and the
      evaluations of these experiences. Self-schemata organize and guide the processing
      of self-related information. An experiment investigating such processing of self
      related information in relation to perceived own ability--the self-concept of
      ability--as a variant of cognitive self-schemata is reported. Subjects with
      varying levels of self-concept of ability are requested to judge ability-related
      adjectives with regard to the self. The results indicate that those individuals
      with high perceived own ability judge adjectives which are consistent with this
      self-perception significantly faster and more frequently as being self
      descriptive than adjectives which are inconsistent with this self-perception.
      Individuals with low perceived own ability do not differ in response latency and
      percentage of words judged as being either self-descriptive or not. Overall the
      results confirm only the assumption that individuals with high perceived own
      ability--but not individuals with low perceived own ability--possess ability
      consistent cognitive self-schemata.

PMID- 2288488
TI  - [The eukolos-dyskolos dimension: locus of control and personal satisfaction].
AB  - It is first asked how Hofstatter's (1986) personality dimension dyskolos-eukolos
      could be validated without directly using self-assessments of subjective well
      being. It is argued that internal and external locus-of-control beliefs could be
      tied to this construct. A study with 264 respondents shows that internal beliefs
      lead to well-being ratings that are higher in every life aspect than those
      associated with ratings of external beliefs. The effects are only marginally
      greater for control beliefs directly related to the different life aspects. It is
      hypothesized that internal control beliefs and high satisfaction are both
      generated by experiences of behavior that is both successful and causally self
      attributed.

PMID- 2288489
TI  - [Determinants of juror decision making: an example for using time series analysis
      in legal psychology].
AB  - Social sciences need to supplement the traditional methods of cross-sectional or
      static analysis by dynamic analysis. The analytic utility of the Box & Jenkins
      method is demonstrated by an application in the area of legal psychology. As
      observers of an entire trial by jury on attempted murder fourty-one law students
      continuously rated their impression of the defendants guilt any time they
      experienced a just noticeable change in guilt perception. With the transcript of
      the trial recorded on tape a detailed content analysis was performed as to
      extralegal vs. legal evidence, abstract vs. concrete presentation of information,
      factual vs. emotional emphasis, compassion for defendant and attribution of
      responsibility (external vs. internal). It was found that legal relevance,
      attribution of responsibility, and abstract vs. concrete information are the best
      predictors of the time series of guild perception.

PMID- 2288491
TI  - [Allergic respiratory tract diseases and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid].

PMID- 2288490
TI  - The effect of ethanol on stress-induced tachycardia.
AB  - A study was designed to answer the questions if low doses of ethanol would reduce
      stress induced increases in heart rates, if covariations would be observed
      between ethanol induced changes in heart rates and changes in emotional states
      and mental performance and if tolerance to ethanol or other personality factors
      would influence the ethanol induced cardiac effects. Forty-four male students
      with a history of high and low alcohol consumption according to questionnaire
      scores were matched for extraversion and neuroticism and then assigned to a group
      receiving either 0.8 g/kg of ethanol or a placebo drink. A stress condition of
      mental arithmetic was applied prior to and 45 minutes after ingestion of the
      drink. Heart rates and ratings of emotional states by adjective check lists were
      recorded before and after each stress session. A significant reduction of stress
      induced heart rate increases in both high and low drinking groups but no ethanol
      dependent change of resting heart rates were observed. Reductions of autonomic
      stress response by ethanol were weakly but positively correlated to respective
      reductions of affective stress responses and impairment of the quality of mental
      performance. High trait anxiety subjects seemed to benefit more from ethanol with
      respect to reductions of cardiac and emotional arousal than low anxious subjects.

PMID- 2288492
TI  - [Involvement of infections in asthmatic attack: with special reference to changes
      in leukocytes and eosinophils].
AB  - Changes in leukocytes and eosinophils in 60 patients with non-infectious attack
      (NIA patients) were compared with those in 50 patients with infection-related
      attack (IRA patients). In 30 (50%) of the 60 NIA patients, eosinophilia without
      leukocytosis was observed on admission, and in 23 (76%) of these 30 patients
      eosinophilia disappeared within 2 weeks of admission. In 36 (72%) of the 50 IRA
      patients, leukocytosis without eosinophilia was observed on admission, and the
      periods from the onset of infection to admission were inversely correlated with
      leukocyte counts. In 22 eosinophilia patients among the 50 IRA patients, the
      periods from the onset of infection to admission were correlated with eosinophil
      counts for up to 40 days, and in 13 (76%) of 17 eosinophilia patients not
      receiving a long-term steroid therapy during admission, eosinophilia continued
      for more than 2 weeks even after anti-asthmatic and anti-infectious therapies.
      There was no significant difference in serum IgE levels between the two groups on
      admission. These results suggest that evaluations of leukocytes/eosinophils on
      admission and clinical courses are very useful in the management of asthmatic
      patients with or without bacterial infections.

PMID- 2288493
TI  - [Preventive effect of a novel leukotrienes antagonist ONO-1078 on leukotriene C4-
      and D4-induced human bronchial smooth muscle contraction].
AB  - To study whether a novel leukotrienes antagonist ONO-1078 (4-oxo-8-[4
      phenylbutyloxy) benzoylamino]-2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-1-benzopyran hemihydrate)
      prevents leukotrienes C4- and D4-(LTC4, LTD4) induced human bronchial smooth
      muscle contraction, we examined the bronchial contractile response to LTC4 and
      LTD4 in the presence or in the absence of ONO-1078 in human bronchial strips. We
      prepared 4 strips from each of 5 patients undergoing lobectomy of the lung
      because of lung cancer. We mounted the strips in organ baths and measured the
      contractile response to LTC4 and LTD4 from 10(-11) M to 10(-7) M after incubation
      with ONO-1078 (10(-8) M, 10(-7) M and 10(-6) M) and without ONO-1078. ONO-1078
      shifted the dose response curve to LTC4 to higher concentration in dose dependent
      fashion, and it significantly inhibited the contractile response to LTC4 and
      LTD4. In the presence of L-serine borate complex (45 mM), an inhibitor of gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase, ONO-1078 significantly inhibited the LTC4-induced
      contraction. On the other hand, ONO-1078 had no effect on the contractile
      response to acetylcholine. These results suggest that ONO-1078 is a specific
      antagonist of LTC4 and LTD4 receptors in human bronchial smooth muscle. Because
      the effect of LTC4 and LTD4 is thought to be an important part of the
      pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, our results also suggest that ONO-1078 may be a
      useful prophylactic drug for bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2288494
TI  - [Total IgE, specific antibodies to cow's milk proteins, beta-lactoglobulin and
      eczema in one month infants].
AB  - Total IgE, specific IgE.IgA.IgG.IgM antibodies to whole cow's milk and beta
      lactoglobulin were measured in 32 term and 23 premature infants. 1) The term
      infants who developed eczema till one month had significantly high specific IgG
      titers to whole cow's milk and beta-lactoglobulin in cord blood serum. It is
      concluded that specific IgG antibody to whole cow's milk and beta-lactoglobulin
      in cord blood serum have predictive value for the development of eczema till one
      month. 2) Some of mixed feeding premature infants produced specific
      IgE.IgA.IgG.IgM antibodies to whole cow's milk and beta-lactoglobulin till one
      month. These infants produced various kind of specific antibodies to whole cow's
      milk and beta-lactoglobulin. 3) The premature infants who developed eczema at one
      month had significantly high specific IgA.IgG titers to cow's milk and high
      specific IgA titers to beta-lactoglobulin in serum at one month. These infants
      had a tendency to show high total IgE value and high specific IgM titers to cow's
      milk and high specific IgG.IgM titers to beta-lactoglobulin. It is concluded that
      specific antibodies to whole cow's milk and beta-lactoglobulin are responsible
      for the development of eczema in one month infants.

PMID- 2288495
TI  - [Allergenicity of the osmophilic fungus Aspergillus restrictus evaluated by skin
      prick test and radioallergosorbent test].
AB  - Recently large amounts of Aspergillus restrictus, a species of osmophilic fungi,
      have been detected in house dust using culture media with low water activity. But
      little attention has been paid to this fungus as an allergen. In the present
      study, the authors examined the allergenic activity of A. restrictus by skin
      prick tests and radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) on 94 asthmatic patients (mean
      age 12.0, range 3-18). Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata and house dust
      were used for comparison. In the skin prick tests, A. restrictus, A. fumigatus,
      A. alternata and house dust elicited positive reactions in 8 (8.5%), 8 (8.5%), 15
      (16.0%) and 69 (73.4%) patients, respectively. RAST showed positive reactions in
      27 (28.7%) subjects for A. restrictus, 22 (23.4%) for A. fumigatus, 35 (37.2%)
      for A. alternata, and 75 (79.8%) for house dust. These results indicated that
      some asthmatic individuals showed immediate-type hypersensitivity to A.
      restrictus, and the prevalence of hypersensitivity of A. restrictus determined by
      skin prick tests and RAST was comparable with that of A. fumigatus but lower than
      that of A. alternata or house dust. This indicates that this fungal species may
      be of importance as a causative agent in atopic diseases.

PMID- 2288496
TI  - [Suppressive effect of azelastine on the induction of Df antigen specific IL-2
      responsiveness in lymphocytes from patients with bronchial asthma].
AB  - Effect of azelastine on the induction of Dermatophagoides farinae (Df)-antigen
      specific IL-2 responsiveness of the lymphocytes was examined. Azelastine
      suppressed the induction of IL-2 responsiveness induced by Df antigen in
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with bronchial asthma in a dose
      dependent manner. Azelastine suppressed antigen presenting adherent cells but not
      non-adherent responder cells (T cell rich fraction). The antigen specific IL-2
      responsiveness induced by purified protein derivative (PPD) in healthy adults was
      also suppressed by this drug, but not by concanavalin A (Con A). These data
      suggest that Azelastine suppresses the antigen specific lymphocyte reactions, and
      that these effects are based on the weak suppressive effect on antigen presenting
      and/or processing pathway.

PMID- 2288497
TI  - [A case of food-dependent-exercise induced anaphylaxis possibly induced by
      shellfish (Sulculus Supertexta and Turbo Cornutus)].
AB  - A 17 years old girl experienced an anaphylactic reaction of urticaria, dyspnea,
      syncope and hypotension while riding a bicycle 55 minutes after eating shellfish
      Lapas shellfish which was a-like Sulculus Supertexta (SS). She recovered within
      several hours after the emergency treatment. Another attack occurred 3 months
      later while she was running with a dog 30 minutes after eating shellfish (Turbo
      Cornutus; TC). RAST scores were 4 for Lapas and 2 for TC. RAST inhibition test by
      ELISA showed a high crose-reaction between keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and
      Lapas, and between KLH and TC, while the cross reaction between Lapas and TC was
      low. Gel chromatography with sephacryl G-200 revealed that both Lapas and TC had
      several allergens with different molecules which were detected by ELISA. Exercise
      challenge produced an immediate fall of FEV1 and a significant increase in plasma
      histamine levels for 45 minutes.

PMID- 2288498
TI  - [A case of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis].
AB  - A 15-year-old man with food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis is reported.
      The patient had begun to run 4 hours after he had lunch on fried shrimps. When
      running about 2000 m, he suffered from general cutaneous erythema with itching,
      urticaria, angioedema of face and dyspnea. He had experienced the similar
      episodes associated with postprandial exercise before. Skin test and IgE-RAST
      were positive for shrimp. Exercise challenge test after having 20 g boiled shrimp
      was conducted, and the elevation of plasma histamine level was recognised. 25
      cases with food-dependent exercised-induced anaphylaxis have reported in Japan.
      13 of 25 cases were related with wheat, and 10 cases were related with shrimp. 14
      of 25 cases had experienced the similar episodes. Exercise as part of planned
      health program has virtually mushroom world-wide. Therefore, the fact that
      anaphylaxis can be a complication of such exercise must be recognised if
      appropriate prevention and treatment are to be administered.

PMID- 2288499
TI  - [Liver regeneration and immune system--morphological and cytochemical studies of
      activated spleen cells during the liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy].
AB  - Morphological and cytochemical changes were investigated in spleen cells after
      70% hepatectomy in mice. During liver regeneration after the hepatectomy, the
      spleen weight gradually rose to a peak at 6 day. In the spleen, the number of POD
      positive myelocytic cells and NCAE-positive granulocytic cells also reached a
      peak 4 days after the operation and then decreased. On the other hand, ANBE
      positive monocytic cells gradually increased up to 9 day and didn't decrease for
      this period. On day 9 of the culture, the boundary between the red and the white
      pulps of the spleen became unclear. In this spleen, the clusters of blast cells
      were sporadically observed. Splenic T cells cocultured with nonparenchymal
      adherent normal liver cell or nonparenchymal adherent normal liver cell
      supernatant developed into granulocyte colonies in earlier periods and monocyte
      colonies in later periods. These findings suggest that the factors released from
      liver cells may regulate strictly spleen cell activation. Blast cell formation in
      the culture with nonparenchymal adherent normal liver cell supernatant was
      amplified by anti interferon (alpha + beta) antibody. These facts indicate that
      the functional network of cytokines is formed by the interaction of various
      cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, CSF, IFN, etc.) in nonparenchymal adherent normal liver
      cell supernatant.

PMID- 2288500
TI  - [Relationship between bronchial reactivity to inhaled acetylcholine, eosinophil
      infiltration and a widening of the intercellular space in patients with asthma].
AB  - The hypothesis that epithelial damage is related to the development of bronchial
      hyperreactivity has been supported by many studies. Therefore, we further
      examined whether or not subjects with bronchial epithelium damage showed
      increased bronchial responsiveness. We took biopsy specimens of the airway mucosa
      from 20 asthmatic patients with various degrees of disease severity and bronchial
      hyperreactivity by using a bronchofiber scope. The morphology of the biopsy
      specimens was studied by electron microscopy. Bronchoscopy was carried out after
      local anesthesia. Specimens of bronchial mucosa were obtained from 20 asthmatic
      patients (14 males, 6 females) in remission. The electronmicroscopic studies
      showed widening of the intercellular space between the epithelial cells and
      openings of the tight junctions, as well as infiltrations of eosinophils and
      their granules beneath and between epithelial cells. The tight junction refers to
      the space between epithelial cells exposed to the airway surface, leading down to
      the intercellular space. The intercellular space refers to the space between
      epithelial cells, below the tight junction. Interestingly, eosinophils and their
      granules were found mainly in the widened intercellular space. The incidence of a
      widening of the intercellular space was higher in specimens showing eosinophil
      infiltration than in those not showing eosinophil infiltration. A significant
      correlation was found between the respiratory threshold to acetylcholine and the
      percentage of opened tight junctions (r = -0.47, p less than 0.05) and/or the
      widening of the space between epithelial cells (r = -0.65, p less than 0.01).
      These results suggest that widening of the intercellular space may be caused by
      infiltrations of eosinophils and that this widening increases bronchial
      reactivity.

PMID- 2288501
TI  - [Digitalis. Why not use it?].

PMID- 2288502
TI  - [New perspectives in the control of hypercholesterolemia with the use of HMG CoA
      reductase inhibitors].

PMID- 2288503
TI  - Dipyridamole-echocardiography test: a new tool for the diagnosis of coronary
      artery disease.

PMID- 2288504
TI  - [Differences between men and women in fatal cases of myocardial infarction: study
      of 200 necropsies].
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare morphological characteristics from myocardial infarction (IM)
      in men and women in 200 consecutive necropsies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Necropsy
      heart findings from 62 female cases compared with those from 138 male cases, from
      patients who died from transmural myocardial infarction. Age ranged from 21 to 82
      (mean 60) years. RESULTS: Concerning the coronary arteries, the number of 3 major
      (right, left anterior descending and left circumflex) epicardial coronary
      arteries narrowed at some point greater than 70% in cross-sectional area by
      atherosclerotic plaque was not significantly different; on the other hand, there
      were more severe lesions in the left main coronary artery in men (10.33%) than in
      women (1.64%) (p = 0.050). 33.33% of men and 43.55% of women had only recent
      myocardial infarction (1 month or less); 33.33% of men and 14.52% of women had
      only old myocardial infarction (more than 1 month); 33.33% of men and 41.94% of
      women had both recent and old myocardial infarction. 12.90% of women and 2.17% of
      men showed rupture of the left ventricle (p = 0.0220). 15.22% of men and 6.45% of
      women had left ventricular aneurysms (p = 0.830). CONCLUSION: There are more
      deaths during the acute phase of MI, in the first infarction and from rupture of
      the left ventricle in female patients; in men, there are more deaths occurring in
      chronic phases of the disease and with previous myocardial infarction; and more
      severe narrowing from the left main coronary artery.

PMID- 2288505
TI  - [Coronary flow reserve during myocardial reperfusion, after 15 minutes of
      ischemia].
AB  - PURPOSE: To study the coronary resistance reserve on the reperfused myocardium,
      damaged by 15 minutes of severe ischemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight mongrel
      dogs, of either sex, weighing 14.4 to 21 kg were used. The index studied was the
      late diastolic coronary resistance. The coronary reserve was studied through
      reactive hyperemia produced by 10 seconds of coronary occlusion in the 5, 10, 15
      and 20 minutes of reperfusion. Histological studies were done in the reperfused
      and control areas. RESULTS: The myocardial structure in the reperfused area was
      essentially normal, without any lesion on the capillaries or intra-myocardial
      vessels. The diastolic coronary resistance, after reactive hyperemia, during the
      reperfusion 20 minutes, have no differences with the control values. The coronary
      resistances in the reperfusion time, improved progressively until normal control,
      considering the perfusion pressure. CONCLUSION: The coronary vascular reserve is
      preserved after 15 minutes of ischemia, followed by 20 minutes of reperfusion,
      considering the perfusion pressure.

PMID- 2288506
TI  - [Spectral analysis of the arterial pulse during extracorporeal circulation.
      Experimental study in dogs].
AB  - PURPOSE: Spectral analysis of arterial pulse was performed during cardiopulmonary
      bypass with both pulsatile and continuous flow in order to evaluate the pulse
      model best suitable to reproduce physiological circulatory conditions. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Ten adult mongrel dogs were submitted to cardiopulmonary bypass with
      a roller pump for continuous flow and pulsatile flow pump in parallel. The
      physiological pressure waves, the roller pump waves and the pulsatile pump flow
      waves were recorded. During the pulsatile flow we varied the ejection period of
      the pump in relation to the total cycle by 70%, 60%, 50%, 40% and 30%. RESULTS:
      The roller pump flow showed a bifid wave followed by single peak wave. During
      spectral analysis we observed three harmonic components of the same amplitude.
      The using of the pulsatile pump flow proportioned, by spectral analysis, harmonic
      components whose amplitudes are inversely proportional for ejection/cycle ratio.
      CONCLUSION: The fundamental component of the pressure wave during the
      physiological flow, the pulsatile flow, and that of the roller pump stays the
      same, if the same blood flow is maintained; the pulse of the flow is inversely
      proportional to the ejection/cycle ratio; the roller pump produces a flow pattern
      that cannot be described as laminar; the ejection/cycle ratio of 30% seemed ideal
      for the performance of pulsatile flow perfusion.

PMID- 2288507
TI  - [A new reconstructive technique in cases of mitral insufficiency caused by the
      elongation of the chordae tendineae of the anterior cusp. A case report].
AB  - A new technique is proposed for mitral incompetence due to elongated chordae
      tendineae of the anterior leaflet. It consists in shortening the chordae
      tendineae of the leaflet level. First, we make a longitudinal orifice in the
      anterior leaflet just near its free edge and the elongated chordae tendineae.
      Through the orifice and with the help of a micro nerve hook we pull the elongated
      chordae the necessary to keep the anterior leaflet in the same level of the
      posterior leaflet. The orifice is then closed with a polipropilene 5-0 suture.
      The mitral annuloplasty was performed with a Gregori IMC prosthetic ring. The
      excellent clinical and laboratorial data suggest that mitral insufficiency due to
      elongated chordae tendineae can be corrected by this technique.

PMID- 2288508
TI  - [Transluminal angioplasty of aortopulmonary anastomosis by the Jatene surgical
      technique. Report of 2 cases].
AB  - Two patients with transposition of the great arteries submitted to Jatene surgery
      at ages of 6 days and 6 months respectively, presented in the postoperative
      period stenosis of the aorto-pulmonary anastomosis. The diagnosis was made three
      and six years after the surgery. In both patients successful percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was performed, respectively six months and
      immediately after the diagnosis. Pressure gradients decreased from 83 mmHg to 24
      mmHg in the first case, and from 76 mmHg to 13 mmHg in the other case, with clear
      improvement of the angiographic image. Complications of the procedure did not
      occur in any case. This application for PTA was not previously reported and
      should be considered as an alternative to the surgical correction of the "new"
      pulmonary trunk stenosis in the Jatene surgery.

PMID- 2288509
TI  - [Angioplasty of the anterior descending artery with abnormal origin: use of a new
      low-profile catheter balloon. A case report].
AB  - It is possible to perform transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA) in thin vessels
      presenting severe obstructions. One of the achievements that made such procedure
      possible is the development of a new generation of balloon catheters. In this
      case report the TCA was performed in a very thin left anterior descending artery
      with an anomalous origin, a quite rare situation that represents a major problem
      to the traditional dilator system. The catheter used was a Probe (USCI), which
      differs of the traditional balloons in a number of characteristics. The authors
      consider the procedure in detail pointing out the advantages of using of the new
      generations and discuss the impact that newer technological developments will
      have in enlarging the indications for TCA and improving the results.

PMID- 2288510
TI  - [Anatomo-clinical correlation. Case 2/90 (Instituto do Coracao do Hospital das
      Clinicas--FMUSP)].

PMID- 2288511
TI  - [Platelet aggregation, coronary insufficiency and aspirin].

PMID- 2288512
TI  - [Efficacy and tolerance of a new calcium-channel blocking agent (nitrendipine) in
      the treatment of arterial hypertension].
AB  - PURPOSE: Assess the efficacy and tolerability of nitrendipine, 20 mg/day, in mild
      to moderate essential hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 95 to 114 mmHg).
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty patients in an open comparative trial (drug x
      placebo) during six weeks. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured in
      orthostatic and supine position and after hand-grip maneuver every two weeks.
      RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell significatively in the
      treated group by the end of the study-supine (161 mmHg +/- 11 to 138 mmHg +/- 13
      and 105 +/- 5 to 81 mmHg +/- 7 p less than 0.05) and orthostatic position (153
      mmHg +/- 13 to 132 mmHg +/- 13 and 104 mmHg +/- 15 to 81 mmHg +/- 7, p less than
      0.05) and after hand grip maneuver (170 mmHg +/- 21 to 148 mmHg +/- 22 and 108
      mmHg +/- 5 to 85 mmHg +/- 7 p less than 0.05). Significant modifications were not
      observed in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in placebo group under the
      following conditions: supine (168 mmHg +/- 8 to 168 mmHg +/- 17 and 107 mmHg +/-
      5 to 107 mmHg +/- 3) and orthostatic positions (167 mmHg +/- 9 to 163 mmHg +/- 14
      and 107 mmHg +/- 5 to 107 mmHg +/- 4) and after hand grip maneuver (178 mmHg +/-
      17 to 173 mmHg +/- 16 and 107 mmHg +/- 4 to 108 mmHg +/- 6). Significant changes
      in heart rate did not occur in both groups after treatment. Heart rate elevation
      observed after hand grip maneuver did not change. Adverse effects like headache,
      palpitation and dizziness occurred in both groups. Electrocardiogram, x-ray and
      blood chemistries were not modified during the trial.

PMID- 2288513
TI  - [Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2288514
TI  - [Non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The superiority of
      echocardiography with dipyridamole].

PMID- 2288515
TI  - [Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study].

PMID- 2288516
TI  - Coronary sinus interventions: state of the art and initial clinical experience
      with retroperfusion support during angioplasty.

PMID- 2288517
TI  - Hemodynamic changes after an intensive short-term exercise and nutrition program
      in hypertensive and obese patients with and without coronary artery disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness of the Pritikin diet and exercise program on
      cardiovascular hemodynamics using the noninvasive technique of Thoracic
      Electrical Bioimpedance (TEB). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty subjects divided in
      two groups, according to their body habitus and hemodynamic disturbances. These
      data were compared to a group of 10 healthy individuals not involved in the
      program. Hemodynamic parameters were collected at admission and at the end of the
      intensive 26-day program of exercise and nutrition. RESULTS: In obese and
      hypertensive subjects not on medication we observed that cardiac index increased
      from 3.27 +/- 0.4 to 3.58 + 0.5 L/min/m2; mean arterial pressure decreased from
      100 +/- 8.5 to 94.8 +/- 7.9 mmHg while systemic vascular resistance index
      decreased from 2362 +/- 391 to 1934 +/- 357 dynes. sec. cm-5/m2; p less than 0.05
      (Data obtained in supine position). Also documented was a improvement in
      ventricular performance after postural changes from upright to supine based on
      indices of left ventricular performance, uniquely obtained by the TEB technique.
      From admission to discharge, changes were: Ejection fraction 48% to 53%; Peak
      flow index 295 to 316 ml/s/m2 and Index of contractility 40 to 47 s-1, explained
      by a shift on the ascending limb of the Starling curve. CONCLUSION: In a selected
      population, this rehabilitation program is effective for hemodynamic improvement
      that can be partially explained by metabolic and biochemical changes already
      reported from this Center.

PMID- 2288518
TI  - [Occlusion of secondary branches after angioplasty of the left descending
      coronary artery].
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and clinical presentation of the occlusion of
      such secondary branches in patients with single vessel coronary artery disease in
      the left anterior descending artery, who underwent a first elective and
      successful PTCA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred and thirteen side branches of
      121 patients considered to be at risk. They were divided into group I (GI-85 side
      branches, 39.9%), if they originated from the atherosclerotic site; and group II
      (GII-120 side branches, 61.5%), if their origin would be involved during the
      balloon inflation. In the GI there were 54 septal branches and 31 diagonal
      branches, and 36& had angiographic evidence of ostium disease. GII was
      constituted by 77 septal and 51 diagonal branches, and 7.8% of them had evidence
      of ostium disease. RESULTS: Seven side branches (3.3%) at risk occluded, 4 from
      GI (4.7%) and 3 (2.3%) from GII. As for the clinical presentation, 57% of them
      had angina, where as 28.6% showed minor abnormalities in the ECG. No patient
      elevated its serum CK-MB, and silent occlusion occurred in 43% of them.
      CONCLUSION: Occlusion of side branches is a low incidence phenomenon, which
      happens more often in septal branches with ostium disease that originates from
      the atherosclerotic site; that about half of the patient had silent occlusion
      (43%) or mild ischemic manifestations.

PMID- 2288520
TI  - [Myocardial lesions after snake bites by the Crotalus durissus terrificus species
      (rattlesnake). A case report].
AB  - Extensive and severe myocardial lesions are reported in a patient who died due to
      snakebite (Crotalus Durissus Terrificus). These lesions are documented by
      clinical, electrocardiographic, enzymatic and histological evidences. The main
      pathological features are represented by sarcoplasmatic vacuoles, densely clumped
      myofibrils and amorphous acidophilic mass into the cardiac fibers. These lesions
      are identical to those which have already been described in skeletal muscle after
      snakebite. This seems to be the first case report that shows undoubt myocardial
      lesions due to snakebite with anatomopathological documentation.

PMID- 2288519
TI  - [Histologic response of the myocardium to various immunosuppressor schedules in
      patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and diagnosis of myocarditis at
      endomyocardial biopsy].
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyse the histological evolution of endomyocardial biopsies from
      children with active myocarditis, submitted or not to immunosuppressive therapy.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four groups of patients were compared, clinically treated
      as follows: group I--anticongestive drugs (4 patients); group II--prednisone (5
      patients); group III--prednisone plus azathioprine (9 patients); group IV-
      prednisone and cyclosporine (5 patients). RESULTS: No patient from group I
      presented any histological improvement during a mean period of 9 months, while
      evident histological improvement occurred in 25% of patients from group I, 67%
      from group III and 80% from group IV. The microscopical aspect of resolving
      myocarditis was only observed in patients from groups III and IV, after
      treatment. CONCLUSION: The immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine or
      cyclosporine plus prednisone leads to decrease of active myocarditis intensity in
      a higher proportion of cases than the treatment with only prednisone or no
      immunosuppressive drugs.

PMID- 2288521
TI  - [Communication between left atrium and venous coronary sinus associated with
      stenosis of the venous ostium and with stenosis the mitral valve. A case report].
AB  - Woman, 76 years old with mitral stenosis died due to peripheral arterial
      embolism. The necropsy identified left atrial to coronary sinus fenestration
      associated with stenosis of the coronary sinus ostium and rheumatic mitral
      stenosis.

PMID- 2288522
TI  - [Anti-endocardium antibodies and inversion of autoimmunity mechanisms in the
      chronic phase of rheumatic fever].

PMID- 2288523
TI  - [Angioplasty complications: occlusion of the secondary branches].

PMID- 2288524
TI  - [Empiric therapy with amiodarone in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy
      and sustained ventricular tachycardia].
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-term empiric amiodarone
      therapy in patients with recurrent Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (SVT) and
      Chronic Chagasic Myocarditis (CCM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients
      with CCM and SVT, eighteen (51%) of them were refractory to other antiarrhythmic
      drugs. The Amiodarone loading dose was between 600 and 1200 mg/day, mean of 883
      +/- 239 mg/day, from a period of one to four weeks. The maintenance dose was
      decreasing in the follow-up period, it fell down to 356 +/- 125 mg/day at the end
      of six to 80 (mean = 27 +/- 20) months. Cumulative, event-free interval curves
      were generated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Clinical variables were compared with
      the use of the Student t-test or by means of chi-square tests. RESULTS: The
      probability to suppress SVT was, 0.62 in 12 months, 0.56 in 24 months and 0.44 in
      36 months, with regular use of amiodarone. The probability to the occurrence of
      sudden death was 0.0 in 12 months, 0.04 in 24 months and 0.11 in 36 months. The
      stratification of risk to clinical recurrence was significative to the left
      ventricular disfunction. All patients with functional class III or IV and LV
      ejection fraction less than 30% at radioisotopic ventriculography had clinical
      recurrence, while just 30% of patients with functional class I and II have got it
      (p less than 0.05). Fifteen (42.8%) patients had side effects. The treatment was
      discontinued in four patients (11.5%). CONCLUSION: The empiric treatment with
      amiodarone apparently was effective in patients with SVT and CCM and functional
      class I and II. Patients with functional class III and IV did not get benefits
      from the treatment. In these cases other therapy must be pointed out.

PMID- 2288525
TI  - [Left ventricular pressure-diameter and stress-diameter relations in humans.
      Standardization and critical analysis of the method].
AB  - PURPOSE: To provide a critical analysis of the fluid filled manometric system and
      M-mode echocardiography and, by their association, to standardize the
      determination of left ventricular (LV) pressure-diameter and stress-diameter
      relationships in humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The pressure curve and the LV M
      mode image was obtained in 24 patients with cardiopathy. The dynamic
      characteristics of the fluid-filled system have been studied to define the
      amplitude, the resonance and the time gap of the pressure curve register. The
      delay of the pressure curve recording was determined in all cases by comparing
      pressure curve and echocardiographic aortic valve registers. The values of
      pressure, diameter, posterior wall thickness and LV meridional stress was
      calculated at every 0.02s. RESULTS: Preliminary analyses of the fluid-filled
      manometric system indicated that this system has variable dynamic
      characteristics. The pressure-diameter and stress-diameter loops obtained were
      similar to those of the literature. The values of end-systolic stress, percentage
      of fractional shortening, ejection fraction and circumferential fiber shortening
      rate of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 5) were significantly reduced
      when compared to the values of patients without left ventricular overload (n = 8)
      and patients with ventricular volume overload. It has been verified, also, that
      the retard of the pressure curve record introduced by the fluid-filled manometric
      system does not modify the values of these variables. CONCLUSION: The LV pressure
      diameter and stress-diameter relationships obtained by the association of
      echocardiography and LV manometry showed functional characteristics of the
      ventricle that could not appear by the use of the echocardiography or by the LV
      manometry themselves.

PMID- 2288526
TI  - [Regional irrigation of the pericardium in children].
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the irrigation of both fibrous pericardium and the
      parietal layer of serosal pericardium in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The
      cadavers of 10 children of both sexes, under the age of one. In this study we
      adopted the regional divisions described by DI Dio, which considers a plane
      between the two phrenic nerves that divides the areas of pericardium into ventral
      and dorsal regions. We also refer to these regions as antephrenic and
      retrophrenic respectively. In addition, we consider the inferior pericardium to
      be that portion of pericardial sac related to the diaphragm. RESULTS: The
      pericardium ventralis was more frequently irrigated by branches of the following
      arteries: thoracicae internae dextra and sinistra, pericardiacophrenica dextra in
      9 cases; pericardiacophrenica sinistra in 8 cases; and less frequently, by
      branches of the arteriae phrenicae inferiores dextra and sinistra, epigastrica
      superior sinistra, thimica, rami thimici of the a. thoracica interna dextra, and
      rami thimicus and esophagealis of the a. subclavia dextra. The pericardium
      dorsalis was more frequently supplied b the following arterial branches:
      bronchiales in 9 cases; esophagealis of the aorta in 8 cases; and in a frequency
      inferior than 4 cases, we observed the following arteries: thyroidea inferior
      sinistra, intercostalis suprema, pericardiacophrenicae dextra and sinistra,
      subclavia sinistra, coronariae dextra and sinistra, phrenicae superior and
      inferior sinistra, thoracica interna dextra, intercostales posteriores primae
      dextra and sinistra, truncus costocervalis and rami esophageales of the a.
      gastrica sinistra. The pericardium inferior was irrigated by branches of the
      arteriae phrenicae inferiores dextra in 10 cases and sinistra in 9 cases.
      CONCLUSION: Analysis of the results demonstrated that similar behavior in the
      pericardium regional irrigation offers a standard for intervention in the
      pericardium.

PMID- 2288527
TI  - [Tricuspid catheter-balloon valvuloplasty. Report of 4 cases].
AB  - Tricuspid stenosis was treated in four patients by percutaneous balloon
      valvotomy. A mean pressure gradient equal or higher than 3 mmHg across the
      tricuspid valve using Doppler echocardiography and the increase of this pressure
      gradient during inspiration were the most significant criteria for diagnosis and
      quantification of tricuspid stenosis. There was a considerable hemodynamic
      improvement with reduction of the tricuspid valve gradient and relief of symptoms
      after balloon tricuspid valvotomy.

PMID- 2288528
TI  - [Postoperative jaundice syndrome after mitral valve replacement. A case report].
AB  - A 52-year old woman was submitted to mitral valve replacement. The operation
      proceeded without complications. Jaundice had been noted since the first
      postoperative (po) day and increased progressively due to conjugated bilirubin.
      Abdominal examination was normal and no signs of infection or circulatory failure
      were noted. Conjugated bilirubin levels increased from 6 mg/dl on the second po
      day to 20.4 mg/dl on the sixth po day and to 32 mg/dl on the tenth po day.
      Gammaglutamyl transferase levels were 600 U/L (normal up to 18 U/L) and lactate
      dehydrogenase levels were 396 U/L (normal) up to 240 U/L) on the seventh po day.
      Alkaline phosphatase levels were 1880 U/L (normal up to 170 U/L) whereas glutamic
      oxalacetic transaminase levels were 60 U/L (normal up to 15 U/L) and glutamic
      pyruvic transaminase levels were 66 U/L (normal up to 17 U/L) on the tenth po
      day. Abdominal ultrasonography did not disclose dilatation of intra and extra
      hepatic biliary system. The patient died after a percutaneous hepatic biopsy
      procedure. The jaundice was attributed to a cholestatic syndrome after cardiac
      surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass, due to an impairment of the excretory
      function of the hepatocyte.

PMID- 2288529
TI  - [Posterior infarction due to coronary embolism in a patient with valve
      prosthesis. A case report].
AB  - A female patient, 56, with mitral heart disease and chronic atrial fibrillation
      is presented. She underwent mitral valve replacement with bioprosthesis twice
      previously. Suffering from hypercholesterolemia and not in anticoagulant therapy,
      she was admitted in the emergency room with clinical history and
      electrocardiogram of a posterior infarction. Diagnosis was later assured by serum
      CK-MB and coronary arteriography. The electrovectocardiographic aspects of the
      case agree with those reported in the literature.

PMID- 2288530
TI  - [Doppler color echocardiography flow mapping: basic principles, normal flow
      patterns and main clinical applications].

PMID- 2288531
TI  - [Simvastatin (MK-733), a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in the treatment of
      hypercholesterolemia in elderly patients with atherosclerosis].
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of simvastatin, a new and
      potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in
      elderly patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients, 14 female and 6 male,
      aged 65 to 72 years (x = 69 +/- 3), with total cholesterol (TC) above 260 mg/dl
      and triglycerides below 350 mg/dl were studied. All patients presented clinical
      evidences of atherosclerotic disease and were followed up for 6 months. Monthly
      visits were required for clinical and laboratory evaluation. The initial dosage
      of simvastatin was 10 mg/day; dosage was titrated up to 10 mg/day or to a minimum
      of 5 mg/day in intervals of at least 4 weeks, in order to maintain LDL
      cholesterol below 140 mg/dl. To evaluate the changes on plasma lipid levels, the
      mean value of determinations during the placebo baseline period was compared to
      the mean value of determinations during the active treatment period. RESULTS:
      There were significant reductions of total cholesterol (-26.4%), triglycerides (
      16.0%), LDL-cholesterol (-35.2%), VLDL-cholesterol (-15.4%), TC/HDL-C (-30.7%),
      and LDL/HDL-C (-39.5%). There was significant elevation of HDL-cholesterol
      (+5.2%), although this response was not uniform. The drug was well tolerated:
      only five patients reported transient clinical adverse experiences that subsided
      spontaneously. Two patients had elevation of CPK and one of TGP. The drug did not
      have to be discontinued in any case. Ophthalmological examinations performed
      before treatment compared to examinations at the end of the study showed no
      signficant alterations. CONCLUSION: Simvastatin in elderly patients appeared to
      be a potent TC and LDL-C lowering drug and presented mild but significant effect
      on the elevation of HDL-C. There was good tolerability, with low incidence of
      adverse experiences. This fact is important when one considers drug therapy for
      hypercholesterolemia in this age group.

PMID- 2288532
TI  - [Therapeutic decision in sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with
      cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2288533
TI  - [Physician-patient relations].

PMID- 2288535
TI  - Getting started in acupuncture.

PMID- 2288534
TI  - Fellowships of the Fielding Research Trust.

PMID- 2288536
TI  - Clinical exercise testing in the normal thoroughbred racehorse.
AB  - To evaluate normal cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of Thoroughbred
      horses to a standardised treadmill exercise test, we examined 28 horses ranging
      in age from 1 to 4 years. The group consisted of eight yearlings, eight 2-year
      olds and twelve 3 and 4-year-olds. All horses except the yearlings were in
      training, and either racing or ready to race, at the time of examination. None of
      the horses had histories of performance problems. On the first day the horses
      received a full physical examination, resting electrocardiogram, upper
      respiratory tract endoscopy and either one or two acclimatisation runs on the
      treadmill. The following day they were given an exercise test on a treadmill
      inclined at 6 degrees (+10% slope). The test consisted of 3 min at 4 m/sec, 90
      sec at 6 m/sec and 60 sec intervals at 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13 m/sec. During the
      last 15 sec of each step, blood samples were collected for plasma lactate
      determination, expired respiratory gases were obtained using an open flow mask
      system for measurement of oxygen uptake, and heart rate was measured using
      telemetry electrocardiogram. From these measurements, various derived values were
      calculated, which have been used by others as indices of exercise capacity. These
      values included: V200 (speed at HR of 200 bpm), VHRmax (speed at which horses
      reached maximum HR), VO2-200 (oxygen uptake at a HR of 200 bpm), VO2max (maximum
      oxygen uptake), VLA4 (speed at which horses reached a plasma lactate of 4 mmol/l)
      and HRLA4 (HR at which horses reached a plasma lactate of 4 mmol/l). The
      yearlings had significantly lower values than the older age groups for most of
      the derived values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288537
TI  - Susceptibility of mulesing wounds to oviposition and strike development by the
      Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina.
AB  - The age and/or physical condition of mulesing wounds had a significant effect on
      both the oviposition response of L. cuprina and the ability of the wound to
      support a strike. Up to 48 h after mulesing, untreated wounds elicited a strong
      oviposition response in contrast with chemically treated wounds, although
      subsequent larval development was negligible. Seven to 9-day-old wounds, however,
      regardless of the wound treatment, were highly attractive oviposition sites,
      which subsequently developed into strikes; the D3 formulation of Defiance*S,
      however, significantly depressed strike development and shows promise as a mules
      wound treatment. A marked improvement in the wound healing 14 to 16 d after
      mulesing coincided with a significant decrease in oviposition. Only those sheep
      whose wound scabs remained broken, exposing pus and raw tissue, attracted
      oviposition; subsequent development of the eggs into strikes was negligible.

PMID- 2288538
TI  - The pathogenesis of the nervous syndrome of Phalaris aquatica toxicity in sheep.
AB  - The clinical signs displayed by 96 sheep affected by the nervous syndrome of
      Phalaris aquatica toxicity and 10 normal sheep injected intravenously with the
      phalaris alkaloid, 5-methoxy dimethyltryptamine (dose range 0.01 to 5.0 mg/kg),
      were observed. The distributions of phalaris indole-like cytoplasmic pigments in
      nuclei of the brains and spinal cords of 9 naturally affected sheep were
      determined microscopically. Based on the relationship between clinical signs and
      the central nervous system nuclei involved in their production, the distribution
      of phalaris indole-like pigments, and the pharmacology of dimethylated
      tryptamines, it is suggested that the nervous syndrome induced by Phalaris
      aquatica results from a direct action of phalaris alkaloids upon serotonergic
      receptors in specific brain and spinal cord nuclei.

PMID- 2288539
TI  - Prevalence of udder bacteria in milk samples from four dairy goat herds.
AB  - The prevalence of udder bacterial infections in 4 commercial goat herds in New
      South Wales was examined. Coagulase negative staphylococci were the predominant
      bacteria isolated being cultured from 13.3% of the 896 halves tested. Other
      bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (less than 1% of halves),
      streptococci (0.6%) and coliforms (2.0%). The low prevalence of udder bacteria
      contributing to the contamination of the milk was attributed to the milking
      management practices carried out in these herds, in particular pre-milking and
      post-milking antisepsis.

PMID- 2288540
TI  - Oral vaccination of chickens against Newcastle disease with V4 vaccine delivered
      on processed rice grains.
AB  - An international effort (sponsored by the Australian Centre for International
      Agricultural Research) is being made to develop oral vaccines that will protect
      village chickens against Newcastle disease. The vaccines being used are
      derivatives of the avirulent Australian V4 strain that have been selected for
      enhanced heat resistance. The present study, undertaken in Sri Lanka, used local
      processed (parboiled) rice as a vehicle for the vaccine. Chickens receiving two
      doses of vaccine on cooked, parboiled rice were completely protected against
      contact challenge with the virulent SL 88/1 Sri Lankan strain of Newcastle
      disease virus Chickens kept in contact with these vaccinated chickens were
      similarly protected. Lower levels of protection were achieved with vaccine given
      on uncooked parboiled rice. V4 vaccine administered intranasally also gave
      complete protection. Serums from vaccinated chickens that survived challenge were
      tested for haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies, using both vaccine virus and
      challenge virus as antigens. Titres were higher against vaccine virus.

PMID- 2288541
TI  - Intestinal atresia in Friesian calves.

PMID- 2288542
TI  - Listeria species in foods of animal origin.

PMID- 2288543
TI  - Insecticidal control of Lucilia cuprina: strategic timing of treatment.

PMID- 2288544
TI  - Dieldrin residues in sheep following contamination by spraying or feeding.

PMID- 2288545
TI  - Does contact lead to similarity or similarity to contact?
AB  - Evidence from the Finnish Twin Registry (e.g., Rose et al., 1988) shows that
      adult monozygotic (MZ) twins are more similar, within pairs, in personality if
      the cotwins are presently cohabiting or in frequent contact than if they are
      seldom in contact. Results of a follow-up study led Kaprio et al. (1990) to
      conclude that "changes in social contact between monozygotic cotwins precede (and
      causally contribute to) changes in their intrapair similarity" (p. 9). If true,
      this conclusion has important theoretical implications, e.g., many heritability
      estimates would have to be revised downward. We adduce evidence suggesting that
      similarity leads to contact, rather than the other way around. Low correlations
      between twins' frequency of contact and their absolute within-pair difference on
      all traits thus far studied indicates that, whichever the direction of causality,
      the relationship between MZ within-pair similarity and their frequency of contact
      is very weak.

PMID- 2288546
TI  - Personality and reproductive fitness.
AB  - The relationship between reproductive success (number of biological children) and
      personality was explored in 1101 postmenopausal females from the Australian twin
      registry. The quadratic response surface relating fitness to extraversion (E) and
      neuroticism (N) showed a saddle point at intermediate levels of E and N.
      Selection was shown to be stabilizing, i.e., having an intermediate optimum,
      along the axis low E, low N-high E, high N and more mildly disruptive, having
      greater fitness in the extremes, along the axis low N, high E-high N, low E.
      Neither dimension of personality considered by itself showed a significant linear
      or quadratic relationship to reproductive success. Sections through the fitness
      surface, however, show selection tends to favor high neuroticism levels in
      introverts and low neuroticism levels in extroverts.

PMID- 2288547
TI  - Alternative common factor models for multivariate biometric analyses.
AB  - In prior research we have shown how linear structural equation models and
      computer programs (e.g., LISREL) may be simply and directly used to provide
      alternatives for the traditional biometric twin design. We use structural
      equations and path models to define biometric group differences, we write
      traditional common-factor models in the same way, and then we take a detailed
      look at some alternative multivariate and biometric models. We contrast the
      biometric-factors covariance structure approach used by Loehlin and Vandenberg
      (1968), Martin and Eaves (1977), and others with the psychometric-factors
      approach used by McArdle et al. (1980) and others. We use the multivariate
      primary mental abilities data on monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins from
      Loehlin and Vandenberg (1968) to detail fundamental differences in model
      specification and results. We extend both multivariate biometric approaches using
      exploratory and confirmatory multiple-factor models. These comparisons show that
      each alternative multivariate methodology has useful features for empirical
      applications.

PMID- 2288548
TI  - Developmental isolation and subsequent adult behavior of Drosophila
      pseudoobscura.
AB  - When isolated from all contact with other flies until the opportunity to exercise
      mating choices, Drosophila pseudoobscura displays genetically-mediated
      compensatory behavior: heterokaryotypic females are more vulnerable than
      homokaryotes to wholly restricted contact with conspecifics. They are less able
      to demonstrate normal frequency-dependent sexual selection after isolation than
      their own homokaryotypes. However, the later the isolation in this holometabolous
      insect--eggs, first instars, second instars, third instars, pupae, imagoes--the
      fewer the behavioral effects of this isolation.

PMID- 2288549
TI  - Seizures in relation to shunt dysfunction in children with meningomyelocele.
AB  - To determine whether seizures are a reliable sign of increased intraventricular
      pressure in children with shunt-dependent hydrocephalus and meningomyelocele, we
      performed a retrospective chart review of 346 patients with meningomyelocele and
      shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. Fifty-one patients had seizures. Seizure episodes
      were investigated to determine whether they were temporally associated with shunt
      dysfunction. Episodes of actual or presumed shunt dysfunction were analyzed as to
      presenting symptoms, ventriculogram, computed tomography scan, and shunt film
      results. These 51 patients had 129 admissions for possible shunt dysfunction. One
      hundred one admissions were due to increased intraventricular pressure; nine (9%)
      of these, had a seizure as one of the presenting symptoms. All of the nine
      episodes had other common presenting symptoms of shunt dysfunction, such as
      headache, vomiting, lethargy, or respiratory compromise. We conclude that
      seizures alone are an inadequate predictor of shunt dysfunction in children with
      meningomyelocele, but can be seen as one of the presenting symptoms.

PMID- 2288550
TI  - The incidence of retinoblastoma in the United States: 1974 through 1985.
AB  - We have estimated the incidence of retinoblastoma in the United States from data
      available form the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the
      National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md (1974 through 1985). The larger number of
      cases available (220) compared with those of previous US population-based studies
      enabled us to evaluate change in incidence over time and to more precisely
      estimate incidence according to various demographic characteristics. The
      incidence of retinoblastoma has been almost uniform form 1974 to 1985. The
      average annual incidence of retinoblastoma was 5.8 per million for children
      younger than 10 years and 10.9 per million for children younger than 5 years.
      There was no difference in the incidence of retinoblastoma by either sex or race.
      The overall 5-year cumulative survival rate was 91% (95% confidence interval, 87%
      to 95%). The data indicate a worsening survival with increasing age at diagnosis,
      through age 2 years, but a less clear relationship of survival with diagnosis
      beyond age 2 years.

PMID- 2288551
TI  - Are low tidal volumes safe?
AB  - High airway pressure may be injurious to lung parenchyma, but lowering airway
      pressure using conventional mechanical ventilation necessitates lowering tidal
      volume (VT). Intubated patients in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) were
      randomly assigned to group 1 (VT = 12 ml/kg, n = 56) or group 2 (VT = 6 ml/kg, n
      = 47). Variables recorded included acute physiology and chronic health evaluation
      (APACHE II) score, mean peak airway pressure (MPAP), mean PaO2/FIO2, incidence of
      pulmonary infectious complications (PIC), duration of intubation (DOI), and
      duration of SICU stay (DOS). Results in the table are means +/- SE. (table; see
      text) The incidence of pulmonary infection tended to be lower and DOI and DOS
      tended to be shorter for nonneurosurgical and noncardiac surgical patients
      randomized to low VT, suggesting that morbidity may be decreased. The use of low
      VT was associated with a statistically significant but clinically irrelevant
      decrease in oxygenation. The routine use of low VT appeared to be safe in a
      selected population of patients in the SICU.

PMID- 2288552
TI  - Non-specific abdominal pain--an expensive mystery.
AB  - Non-specific abdominal pain (NSAP) is a common cause of urgent admission to
      surgical wards. We studied 80 such patients prospectively. NSAP was commonest in
      female patients under 30. The pain was localized in the right lower quadrant in
      32 patients (40%) and in 56 (70%) the pain was aggravated by movement. Viral
      studies failed to show any abnormality except in one patient with raised acute
      and convalescent titres but three patients had raised antistreptolysin 0 titres.
      The psychological results demonstrated that the NSAP group had the same levels of
      anxiety and depression as the control group and also had no evidence of increased
      preceding life events.

PMID- 2288553
TI  - Improved methodology for analyzing local and distant recurrence.
AB  - Studies of radiation therapy and/or surgery in the treatment of cancer frequently
      use actuarial methods to estimate curves of time to local failure and compare two
      such curves with statistical methods originally developed for survival data. In
      such analyses, patients who fail first in distant sites or die before local
      failure are considered censored for time to local failure. While the arithmetic
      of these calculations is usually correct, the interpretation of the results is
      almost universally incorrect. For example, an actuarial Kaplan-Meier curve of
      time to breast recurrence after breast conserving treatment consistently
      overestimates the percentage of patients who would benefit from a subsequent
      mastectomy. Actuarial methods require the assumption that time to local failure
      and time to distant failure are statistically independent. For most human
      malignancies this is not a reasonable assumption, since there are always some
      patient subgroups at high risk of both local and distant failure and some patient
      subgroups at low risk for either type of failure. Without the assumption of
      independence, the time to local failure distribution is not well defined. The
      basic problem is that estimating time to local failure falls into the category of
      analyzing "competing risks," since the various causes of failure are competing
      for the same patient. For this reason, the effects of a particular treatment on
      local failure cannot be assessed separately from its effects on distant failure.
      This report explains the concepts of statistical independence,
      nonidentifiability, and competing risks and illustrates the pitfalls of using
      actuarial methods to assess local tumor control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288554
TI  - Blood-red residual after cherry-flavored magnesium citrate.

PMID- 2288555
TI  - The relationship between caregiving and employment. A study of stress in employed
      and unemployed caregivers of elderly persons.
AB  - The need for persons to provide care on an informal basis to frail and dependent
      elderly persons has generated a "caregiving crisis" in this country. Middle age
      women, the traditional caregivers for most generations, are no longer readily
      available to provide informal care. Instead, they are likely to be struggling to
      cope with the dual demands of paid employment and family responsibilities.
      Significant differences exist between employed and unemployed caregivers in
      relation to age, marital status, gender, personal health status, and caregiver
      care recipient relationships. However, no differences exist in relation to the
      amount of stress experienced as a consequence of caregiving responsibilities.
      Occupational health nurses have an ideal opportunity to help employed caregivers
      cope with their caregiving responsibilities both at the worksite and in their
      personal lives.

PMID- 2288556
TI  - A review of ECT for children and adolescents.
AB  - Two cases of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescence are presented and the
      literature on the use of ECT in childhood and adolescence is reviewed. ECT was
      effective in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and depression.
      Inadequate information exists to make a judgment regarding schizophrenia,
      delirium, and anorexia nervosa. ECT is not effective in autism and chronic
      organic brain syndromes. Complications cited include organicity and seizures in
      the period immediately after ECT, anxiety reactions, and disinhibition. Long-term
      memory deficit or cognitive impairment has not been found, although further
      research to rule out residual impairment is needed.

PMID- 2288557
TI  - Frozen pre-embryos.

PMID- 2288558
TI  - Acute viral myocarditis. A death associated with anaesthesia.
AB  - The death of a 35-year-old woman in the immediate postoperative period as a
      result of undiagnosed acute viral myocarditis is described. The presentation,
      diagnosis and course of the disease is discussed. It is recommended that wider
      use to be made of routine electrocardiographs as a screening test.

PMID- 2288559
TI  - Monitoring and patient safety.

PMID- 2288561
TI  - Descending necrotizing mediastinitis: transcervical drainage is not enough.
AB  - One of the most lethal forms of mediastinitis is descending necrotizing
      mediastinitis, in which infection arising from the oropharynx spreads to the
      mediastinum. Two recently treated patients are reported, and the English-language
      literature on this disease is reviewed from 1960 to the present. Despite the
      development of computed tomographic scanning to aid in the early diagnosis of
      mediastinitis, the mortality for descending necrotizing mediastinitis has not
      changed over the past 30 years, in large part because of continued dependence on
      transcervical mediastinal drainage. Although transcervical drainage is usually
      effective in the treatment of acute mediastinitis due to a cervical esophageal
      perforation, this approach in the patient with descending necrotizing
      mediastinitis fails to provide adequate drainage and predisposes to sepsis and a
      poor outcome. In addition to cervical drainage, aggressive, early mediastinal
      exploration--debridement and drainage through a subxiphoid incision or
      thoracotomy--is advocated to salvage the patient with descending necrotizing
      mediastinitis.

PMID- 2288560
TI  - Magnesium sulfate is the ideal anticonvulsant in preeclampsia-eclampsia.
AB  - The pathogenesis of eclamptic convulsions is unknown. A review of the world
      literature indicates considerable controversy regarding the ideal anticonvulsant
      to prevent or control these convulsions. Parenteral magnesium sulfate is the drug
      of choice to control eclamptic convulsions in North America, but it is rarely
      used for this purpose overseas. The efficacy and safety of magnesium sulfate in
      the treatment of preeclampsia-eclampsia have been well documented during the past
      60 years. During the same time period, numerous anticonvulsant drugs have been
      used overseas; however, the ideal drug is yet to be found. Recently phenytoin has
      been recommended as an alternative for magnesium sulfate; however, comprehensive
      data regarding its safety and efficacy are lacking. The evidence in the
      literature indicates that magnesium sulfate is the ideal anticonvulsant in
      preeclampsia-eclampsia.

PMID- 2288562
TI  - Early operative fracture management of patients with multiple injuries.

PMID- 2288563
TI  - Changes in risk factors and the decline in mortality from cardiovascular disease.
      The Framingham Heart Study.
AB  - A decline in mortality from cardiovascular disease over the past 30 years has
      been well documented, but the reasons for the decline remain unclear. We analyzed
      the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease and death from cardiovascular
      disease in three groups of men who were 50 to 59 years old at base line in 1950,
      1960, and 1970 (the 1950, 1960, and 1970 cohorts) in order to determine the
      contribution of secular trends in the incidence of cardiovascular disease, risk
      factors, and medical care to the decline in mortality. The 10-year cumulative
      mortality from cardiovascular disease in the 1970 cohort was 43 percent less than
      that in the 1950 cohort and 37 percent less than that in the 1960 cohort (P =
      0.04 by log-rank test). Among the men who were free of cardiovascular disease at
      base line, the 10-year cumulative incidence of cardiovascular disease declined
      approximately 19 percent, from 190 per 1000 in the 1950 cohort to 154 per 1000 in
      the 1970 cohort (0.10 less than P less than 0.20 by chi-square test), whereas the
      10-year rate of death from cardiovascular disease declined 60 percent (relative
      risk for the 1950 cohort as compared with the 1970 cohort, 2.53; 95 percent
      confidence interval, 1.22 to 5.97). Significant improvements were found in risk
      factors for cardiovascular disease among the men initially free of cardiovascular
      disease in the 1970 cohort as compared with those in the 1950 cohort, including a
      lower serum cholesterol level (mean +/- SD, 5.72 +/- 0.98 mmol per liter [221 +/-
      38 mg per deciliter], as compared with 5.90 +/- 1.03 mmol per liter [228 +/- 40
      mg per deciliter]) and a lower systolic blood pressure (mean +/- SD, 135 +/- 19
      mm Hg, as compared with 139 +/- 25 mm Hg), better management of hypertension (22
      percent vs. 0 percent were receiving antihypertensive medication), and reduced
      cigarette smoking (34 percent vs. 56 percent). We propose that these improvements
      may have had more pronounced effects on mortality from cardiovascular disease
      than on the incidence of cardiovascular disease in this population. Our data
      suggest that the improvement in cardiovascular risk factors in the 1970 cohort
      may have been an important contributor to the 60 percent decline in mortality in
      that group as compared with the 1950 cohort, although a decline in the incidence
      of cardiovascular disease and improved medical interventions may also have
      contributed to the decline in mortality.

PMID- 2288564
TI  - Left-handedness in offspring as a function of maternal age at parturition.

PMID- 2288565
TI  - SCID continues to point the way.

PMID- 2288566
TI  - The influence of breast surgery, breast appearance, and pregnancy-induced breast
      changes on lactation sufficiency as measured by infant weight gain.
AB  - We conducted a prospective study of the associations between several biologic and
      surgical breast factors and the onset of lactation in 319 healthy, motivated,
      primiparous women who were breastfeeding term, healthy, appropriate for
      gestational age or large for gestational age infants. During the last trimester
      of pregnancy subjects' breasts were examined for surgical incisions, size,
      symmetry, and nipple protuberance, and women estimated their prenatal breast
      enlargement. At two visits in the first two weeks postpartum, infants were
      weighted naked, and mothers reported the magnitude of postpartum breast
      engorgement when their milk came in. Breastfeeding was evaluated at each visit,
      and interventions were recommended for problems, with emphasis on maximizing milk
      yield. Lactation was deemed sufficient when an exclusively breastfed infant
      achieved an average weight gain of 28.5 g or more per day between the two visits.
      Infants gaining less than 28.5 g per day with breast milk exclusively, and those
      requiring formula supplement returned for a third visit at or before 21 days of
      age, when final lactation outcome was assessed based on weight gain between the
      second and third visits. Within three weeks postpartum 85 percent of the mothers
      achieved sufficient lactation, whereas 15 percent had persistent milk
      insufficiency despite intensive intervention. Of the study population, 6.9
      percent had undergone previous breast surgery. Women with periareolar breast
      incisions were nearly 5 times more likely to have lactation insufficiency than
      were those without surgery (relative risk [RR] = 4.55; 95 percent confidence
      interval [CI] = 2.21-9.43; P less than 0.001). Insufficient lactation was
      significantly associated with minimal prenatal breast enlargement (P less than
      0.02) and minimal postpartum breast engorgement when milk came in (P less than
      0.001). Although not statistically significant, women with inverted nipples were
      more likely to have lactation insufficiency compared with those with normal
      nipples (RR = 2.94; 95% CI 1.05-8.20; P = .07). The findings from this study
      indicate that certain biologic and surgical breast variables are associated with
      lactation insufficiency.

PMID- 2288567
TI  - NAP-1 (IL-8)

PMID- 2288568
TI  - Fatal infection with a novel, unidentified mycobacterium in a man with the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2288569
TI  - Guidelines for the use of zidovudine for post-exposure prophylaxis after
      needlestick injuries in health care settings.
AB  - A protocol for the management of health care personnel after exposure to the
      human immunodeficiency virus in the workplace is set out. The use of zidovudine
      is advocated, although sufficient evidence for its use in these circumstances is
      lacking. Recommendations for zidovudine chemoprophylaxis, including dosage
      regimens, duration of therapy, and laboratory monitoring tests, are given. The
      need to avoid occupational needlestick injuries is stressed.

PMID- 2288570
TI  - Assessing the health objectives of the nation.

PMID- 2288571
TI  - The epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections in children under
      five years of age in the Northern Territory: a three-year study.

PMID- 2288572
TI  - Colorectal cancer: implications of mass screening for public health.
AB  - The faecal occult blood test (FOBT) for colorectal cancer has a place in clinical
      practice in case finding, and, perhaps, in screening high-risk groups, but is it
      a worthwhile screening test when applied to the general population? This question
      is important and topical: there is increasing interest in Australia in screening
      by FOBT, but such a programme would be neither free of risk, nor inexpensive. We
      argue that there is not yet satisfactory evidence that screening by FOBT reduces
      mortality from colorectal cancer. There is no quicker way of learning whether
      FOBT saves lives than to wait for the results of the major overseas trials, the
      first of which should become available in the next three to five years. Until
      this evidence becomes available, Australia should not proceed with mass screening
      for colorectal cancer by FOBT. Sporadic and haphazard screening should be
      discouraged. What we can, and should, do now is find out more about the attitudes
      and behaviour of consumers and providers of screening by FOBT, the infrastructure
      that would be required to promote and sustain an effective mass screening
      programme, the total costs of colorectal cancer screening, and the performance in
      representative populations of new screening technologies.

PMID- 2288573
TI  - Supplemental and congenitally absent premolar teeth.

PMID- 2288574
TI  - The approach to nonsustained ventricular tachycardia after a myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2288575
TI  - Non-surgical mitral valvotomy.

PMID- 2288577
TI  - Hypnosis.

PMID- 2288576
TI  - Medical responsibility and global environmental change.
AB  - Global environmental change threatens the habitability of the planet and the
      health of its inhabitants. Toxic pollution of air and water, acid rain,
      destruction of stratospheric ozone, waste, species extinction and, potentially,
      global warming are produced by the growing numbers and activities of human
      beings. Progression of these environmental changes could lead to unprecedented
      human suffering. Physicians can treat persons experiencing the consequences of
      environmental change but cannot individually prevent the cause of their
      suffering. Physicians have information and expertise about environmental change
      that can contribute to its slowing or prevention. Work to prevent global
      environmental change is consistent with the social responsibility of physicians
      and other health professionals.

PMID- 2288578
TI  - The use of laboratory data.

PMID- 2288579
TI  - Lefthandedness among students of architecture and music.
AB  - Three groups of subjects (60 students of architecture and 88 of music, and 87
      from a general student group) were assessed on lefthandedness, reading problems,
      dyslexia, and stuttering. There was a higher frequency of lefthandedness among
      students of architecture, as well as a higher frequency of reading difficulties,
      dyslexia and stuttering among students of architecture and music, than the
      comparison group. These findings were discussed in relation to Geschwind's
      hypotheses.

PMID- 2288581
TI  - Pet population control.

PMID- 2288580
TI  - Choice cuts for patients with AIDS?

PMID- 2288583
TI  - NAP-1/IL-8.

PMID- 2288582
TI  - Tricuspid atresia. Surgical treatment, pediatric nursing care.
AB  - Tricuspid atresia is one of the least common congenital heart defects
      representing less than 3% of all reported cases. The course and prognosis depends
      on the underlying anatomy; however, the prognosis is guarded in all cases.
      Intraoperative mortality is between 5% to 7%. Without surgical treatment, these
      children die. Of those who have surgery, more than half survive until their
      second decade. At approximately 15 years of age, the mortality rate increases as
      a result of congestive heart failure, pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, and
      dysrhythmias. Surgical repair for children with tricuspid atresia involves
      palliative surgery in infancy followed by corrective surgery when the child is
      three to four years of age. The Fontan procedure is the surgical procedure of
      choice for children undergoing corrective surgery for tricuspid atresia. It
      involves anastomosing the pulmonary artery to the right atrium to create a
      connection between the systemic venous and pulmonary circulation. Children
      undergoing corrective surgery for tricuspid atresia require diversified nursing
      care. Nurses from the cardiovascular unit, the operating room, and the pediatric
      intensive care unit work interdependently to facilitate the transition of the
      child and family through the various stages of the hospitalization. As a result
      of a collaborative and comprehensive nursing approach, these children and
      families may have a more positive experience.

PMID- 2288584
TI  - 'Analysis of patterns of use of an emergency dental service'.

PMID- 2288585
TI  - Osteoporosis after 60.

PMID- 2288586
TI  - Factor VIII related antigen measurement.

PMID- 2288587
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging: is it safe?

PMID- 2288588
TI  - ARDS treated with sustained adrenocortical steroids.

PMID- 2288589
TI  - The role of prevention objectives.

PMID- 2288590
TI  - The dynamic formulation and modern psychiatry.

PMID- 2288591
TI  - Clinical otosclerosis.

PMID- 2288592
TI  - Data update.

PMID- 2288593
TI  - Causes of death from asthma.

PMID- 2288594
TI  - Newborn circumcision and cancer of the penis.

PMID- 2288595
TI  - Funding the Human Genome Project.

PMID- 2288596
TI  - Catastrophic consequences of internal mammary artery hypoperfusion.

PMID- 2288597
TI  - Fatal arterial gas embolism.

PMID- 2288598
TI  - Calcium supplementation in black Africa.

PMID- 2288599
TI  - More on "Losec or Lasix?".

PMID- 2288600
TI  - Correction and withdrawal of conclusion--a child with phenotypic Laron dwarfism
      and normal somatomedin levels.

PMID- 2288601
TI  - Changes in risk factors and the decline in mortality from cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2288602
TI  - The use of laboratory data.

PMID- 2288603
TI  - AST:ALT ratios.

PMID- 2288604
TI  - Clostridial cellulitis with gas.

PMID- 2288605
TI  - Injuries in day care.

PMID- 2288606
TI  - Sex and cultural differences in lefthandedness.
AB  - Sex differences are presented for the students of architecture and music, and the
      distribution of sex in the tested sample, and the population is discussed. The
      results are related to other studies in Scandinavia, which give comparable
      results. A genetic/cultural model is used to discuss the differences between
      results from Scandinavia, USA, and other parts of the world.

PMID- 2288607
TI  - Breast milk jaundice.

PMID- 2288608
TI  - Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease in nonimmunocompromised hosts.

PMID- 2288609
TI  - Quality assurance in private veterinary laboratories.

PMID- 2288610
TI  - Melanoma marker and breast carcinoma.

PMID- 2288612
TI  - Triplet pregnancies--are we really doing better?

PMID- 2288611
TI  - Acquired methemoglobinemia. The relationship of cause to course of illness.
AB  - To better characterize methemoglobinemia in children, we reviewed the charts of
      17 patients who were admitted to a children's hospital over the last 10 years.
      Two distinct groups were identified: (1) The endogenous group (n = 9) included
      patients with methemoglobinemia associated with an intercurrent illness. (2) The
      exogenous group (n = 8) included patients with methemoglobinemia secondary to
      drug exposure. Despite similar initial methemoglobin levels in the endogenous
      (mean, 29%) and exogenous (mean, 28%) groups, children in the endogenous group
      had more acidosis (serum bicarbonate levels of 5.9 vs 19.1 mmol/L and arterial pH
      of 7.01 vs 7.35). All the children in the exogenous group with methemoglobinemia
      secondary to an accidental ingestion stayed only 1 day in the hospital, while
      children in the endogenous group were admitted for an average of 19 days.
      Children with methemoglobinemia secondary to a drug exposure have a more benign
      illness with a shorter duration than children with methemoglobinemia associated
      with an intercurrent illness. It appears that the absolute level of methemoglobin
      is not as important as the underlying cause in determining both the course and
      severity of illness.

PMID- 2288613
TI  - Acute viral myocarditis?

PMID- 2288614
TI  - Drug usage by anaesthetists.

PMID- 2288616
TI  - Clearing the air: the theory and application of ultraviolet air disinfection.

PMID- 2288615
TI  - Accountability and anonymity.

PMID- 2288617
TI  - The Angelchik antireflux device: a 5-year experience.

PMID- 2288618
TI  - Esophagectomy for Barrett's esophagus.

PMID- 2288620
TI  - Misunderstanding about Bibliography of Agriculture.

PMID- 2288619
TI  - Relationship of head circumference to measures of school performance.

PMID- 2288621
TI  - Nicotinic acid in NIDDM.

PMID- 2288622
TI  - American Medical Association white paper on elderly health. Report of the Council
      on Scientific Affairs.

PMID- 2288623
TI  - Research priorities in respiratory nursing. This official statement of the
      American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, June 1990.

PMID- 2288624
TI  - [Lyophilized allogeneic costal cartilage as reconstruction material in middle-ear
      surgery].
AB  - From 1.1. 1983 to 31.3. 1983 we used lyophilised allogenic costal cartilage as
      reconstruction material in middle ear surgery in 53 patients. Reconstructions of
      the posterior bony canal wall were performed in cholesteatoma surgery in 89% of
      the cases. Lyophilised cartilage was also used for the restoration of a traumatic
      defect in the posterior bony canal wall, for the reconstruction of an atretic ear
      and an old radical cavity, for closing of a bony defect in the roof of the
      mastoid, and shaping a cartilaginous columella, or modiolus. Lyophilised
      cartilage fulfills its function completely in 87% of the cases. 5 reconstructions
      of the posterior bony canal wall were moderately sunk in. The ears were however
      dry and free of an inflammation. Both the ear canal and the drum were easy to
      survey. In 2 cases of a recurrent cholesteatoma, the lyophilised cartilage was
      extensively destroyed. There were no problems, such as incompatibility, host
      versus graft reaction, infection or distortion of the cartilage. With regard to
      our results, we recommend lyophilised allogenic costal cartilage as
      reconstruction material in circumscribed defects of the bony ear canal and in
      bony defects of the skull base of the ear, if larger and thicker pieces of
      cartilage, as can obtained from the patient's ear, are necessary.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288625
TI  - [Hearing ability after cholesteatoma surgery].
AB  - Five years after cholesteatoma surgery (primary operation in 1981 and 1982) we
      examined 112 patients to determine the hearing and clinical results in follow-up.
      In 12 (10.7%) patients Cholesteatoma recurred. During the period of follow-up 28
      (25%) ears underwent second surgery. Comparing the open (50.9%) with the closed
      (49.1%) technique a better air bone gap was gained for the closed technique
      procedures. This was confirmed when the different types of tympanoplasty were
      compared between the two groups. In 69.5% of the closed procedures the air bone
      gap was less than 20 dB, whereas the value for the open technique was 51.1%. In
      30 patients a second-look operation was recommended, which was performed in 15
      persons; 8 recurrent cholesteatoma were detected. Reducing the application of the
      closed procedures from a rate of 78.1% in the years 1971/1972 to 49.1% in
      1981/1982, we saw a distinct reduction of cholesteatoma recurrence from 25% in
      1971/1972 to 10.7% in the present study. The data show that the advice for a
      second-look operation should be seriously considered. Furthermore, the study
      indicates that due to modern tympanoplastic techniques also in longterm follow-up
      good hearing results can be obtained.

PMID- 2288626
TI  - [Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in the stroma of squamous cell carcinomas of
      the ENT area studied using monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were used to examine the presence and nature of tumor
      associated macrophages and T-lymphocytes in 26 cases of squamous cell carcinoma
      of head and neck. The content of macrophages varied according to the
      differentiation of the carcinoma: high differentiation was evidenced by a
      labelling index by an index between 13.5% and 23.7%, poor differentiation from
      27.4% to 35.8%. T-lymphocytes were found where tumors were inflamed, but there
      was no significant correlation between tumor differentiation and infiltrating T
      lymphocytes. The present results that prognosis decreases with the increasing
      number of tumor associated macrophages in squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2288627
TI  - [The clinical manifestations of histologically classified malignant lymphomas in
      the ENT area].
AB  - For an optimum therapy of malignant lymphomas in the ENT region an extensive
      analysis of the interrelations of exact histological classification, clinical
      manifestation and prognosis is desirable. We therefore classified, according to
      various criteria, 57 patients (34 male, 23 female) aged between 17 and 88, in
      whom the first diagnosis of a malignant lymphoma was established at our
      department between 1970 and April 1989. Histologically, in 52 cases (91%) this
      concerned a non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), in the other 5 cases Hodgkin's disease
      (HL). According to the "Kiel classification", 60% of the NHL displayed a high
      degree of malignancy, 36% a low one, while 4% could not be exactly classified
      histologically. Clinically (Ann Arbor classification), 27 patients with NHL were
      at stage I (with 21 at stage IE), 16 patients at stage II (with 14 at stage II
      E), and 9 patients at stage IV. The first manifestation was often extranodular (9
      patients tonsil, 8 parotid gland, 8 base of tongue, 7 nasopharynx). A cervical
      lymph node enlargement was the first sign in 12 patients only. Four patients with
      NHL additionally developed a second malignancy (squamous cell carcinoma) of
      another localization. The 5-year survival rate was 81% at stage I, but there were
      no meaningful differences between stage II (51%) and stage IV (40%). Our study
      demonstrated that malignant lymphomas of the head and neck are primarily NHL
      which frequently affect an extranodular organ as a first manifestation. Moreover,
      malignant lymphomas in the ENT region seem to have a relatively good survival
      prognosis even in an advanced stage.

PMID- 2288628
TI  - [The effect of functional impairments and autonomic symptoms on the quality of
      life after the therapy of tumors in the ENT area].
AB  - Life quality in tumour patients has received growing scientific and public
      attention. While most studies focus on patients with tumours in the thorax or
      abdomen, less is known about determinants of life quality in patients with
      tumours in the head-neck region. In this report, we focus on the role of tumour
      localisation, clinical staging, functional impairments, and vegetative symptoms
      on the rating of life quality. In a structured interview, 222 tumour patients
      regularly followed-up by the Department of Otorhinolaryngology were asked about
      aspects of their illness, especially with regard to life quality. The results
      show that clinical stage of tumour had an U-shaped effect on life quality.
      Patients on stage 1 or on stage 3 had higher life quality ratings than patients
      on stage 2, which may indicate divergent coping styles of the patients. Patients
      with impairments of swallowing, tasting, whispering or breathing rated
      significant lower on life quality. Moreover, patients suffering from pain, with
      sleeping problems, with impairments of their bodily appearance or of their sex
      life rated significantly lower on life quality. Tumour localisation had no effect
      on ratings of life quality. In conclusion, it can be stated that life quality of
      tumour patients in otorhinolaryngology is influenced by clinical stage of the
      tumour, functional impairments and vegetative symptoms.

PMID- 2288629
TI  - [The further development of the 3D-MRI reconstruction technic for the head-neck
      area].
AB  - Twenty-one healthy volunteers and seventeen patients with head and neck lesions
      were examined with 3D MR imaging since the end of 1988. A new kind of
      reconstruction mode was used, which shows the structures of the region of
      interest by overlaying a predetermined window within the three-dimensional
      reconstruction of the head. Using this mode, the morphology of the lesion could
      be evaluated more precisely than by using individual two-dimensional slices. With
      regard to preoperative surgery planning, the previous results were insufficient.
      With the new development and increased capacity of the MRI-technique and
      improvement of the reconstruction mode it is now possible to "cut" several slices
      in different orientations into the head achieving higher resolution of the
      images. The innovation of the method and its actual clinical value is discussed
      in the example of a meningioma of the sphenoid which has been examined by both
      reconstruction modes.

PMID- 2288630
TI  - [Peritonsillar abscess in the ultrasonic image].
AB  - A prospective study was carried out to evaluate the sensitivity of
      ultrasonography in diagnosis of peritonsillar abscess (Quinsy). In 1986 through
      1989 all cases of doubtful peritonsillitis were subjected to B-mode
      ultrasonography of tonsils before tonsillectomy was carried out. 36 patients were
      included in this clinical study. In cases of clinically uncertain peritonsillar
      abscesses the sensitivity of the method was 82%. However, only four false
      positive cases ("abscess in the scan but no pus during surgery") occurred.

PMID- 2288631
TI  - [Lethal midline granuloma as a result of months-long immunosuppressive therapy. A
      case report].
AB  - A case of lethal midline granuloma is reported, which resulted from
      immunosuppressive therapy with corticoids over months because of pulmonary
      fibrosis. An autoimmune disease according to a cell mediated immune reaction
      (type IV--classification of Coombs and Gell) is discussed. Wegener's
      granulomatosis and a T-cell lymphoma were excluded. Continuation of this
      lymphoproliferative disease would eventually have resulted in a T-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2288632
TI  - [Drug pain therapy in patients with advanced head-neck tumors].

PMID- 2288633
TI  - Agonist-stimulated turnover of the phosphoinositides and the regulation of
      adrenocortical steroidogenesis.
AB  - Just as the recognition of the role of the phosphoinositides and phosphoinositols
      as a cellular signalling pathway has seen a dramatic advance in the last 10
      years, so parallel investigations in adrenocortical cells have led to an equally
      dramatic increase in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the control
      of adrenal steroidogenesis. In rat and bovine adrenocortical cells, the non-cAMP
      stimulatory agonists AII, acetylcholine and vasopressin have been shown to
      promote receptor/G-protein-mediated activation of a polyphosphoinositide-specific
      phospholipase C. In turn, studies in rat ZG and bovine ZG and ZFR cells have
      provided strong evidence for a causal relationship between the rapid and
      sustained formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and DG by phospholipase C,
      and the subsequent increase in steroidogenesis in these cell types. In addition
      to describing the stimulatory effects of the various agonists on phospholipase C
      activity, this review has considered whether agonists may act through stimulation
      of phospholipase A2. No agonist can be said to act exclusively through
      phospholipase A2, and only AII can be said not to act through phospholipase A2 in
      adrenocortical cells. It seems unlikely that many studies will focus on this
      question in future unless an alternative physiological role for phospholipase A2
      becomes apparent.

PMID- 2288634
TI  - Relaxin gene expression in the porcine follicle during preovulatory development
      induced by gonadotrophins.
AB  - Northern analysis was used to identify relaxin gene expression in ovaries of
      prepubertal pigs primed with pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and human
      chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). The cellular distribution of relaxin transcript in
      the developing follicle was localized by in-situ hybridization histochemistry.
      Three probes complementary to non-overlapping regions of the porcine prorelaxin
      molecule were used to identify relaxin gene expression in ovarian follicular
      tissue collected 0, 48, 60, 72 and 84 h after treatment with PMSG/hCG. A 1 kb
      transcript was detected in ovarian extracts of prepubertal gilts from 48 to 84 h
      after PMSG stimulation. This corresponds to the molecular size of the relaxin
      transcript reported in the pregnant sow ovary. Relaxin mRNA levels increased in
      ovaries from animals 48 through 84 h after PMSG. In-situ hybridization showed
      that the site of relaxin synthesis was the theca interna layer of the developing
      follicle. Relaxin mRNA was not observed in other follicular cell types, in small
      or atretic follicles or in follicles from unstimulated animals. The distribution
      and relative concentration of relaxin mRNA showed a good correlation with in
      vitro production and immunohistochemical localization of relaxin previously
      reported in the developing pig follicle. The presence of both protein and mRNA
      for relaxin in the growing follicle supports a role for relaxin as a local
      regulator of ovarian function.

PMID- 2288635
TI  - Growth hormone receptors in hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic tissues.
AB  - Central GH receptors (GHR) have been identified in hypothalamic and extra
      hypothalamic tissues of rabbit and chicken brains. Plasma membranes of the rabbit
      brain demonstrated specific saturable high-affinity, low-capacity binding sites
      for 125I-labelled GH. RNA extracted from hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic
      tissues of rabbit and chicken brains contained mRNA that hybridized with a cDNA
      probe for the rabbit liver GHR. This transcript was of a similar size to the
      major GHR mRNA moiety in rabbit liver. The expression of these moieties was age
      related, and higher in adult than in neonatal animals.

PMID- 2288636
TI  - Effect of testosterone on regulation of the level of sex steroid-binding protein
      mRNA in monkey (Macaca fascicularis) liver.
AB  - Two specific oligonucleotide probes complementary to different regions of human
      sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) cDNA were used to study the levels of hepatic
      monkey SBP mRNA during different hormonal states. In females the SBP mRNA level
      was higher than in males and paralleled the serum SBP level. After castration,
      the SBP concentration increased in the serum but was reduced after testosterone
      treatment. In contrast, the hepatic SBP mRNA level decreased after castration and
      was restored by testosterone treatment. These results suggest a high homology of
      the nucleotide sequence between human and monkey SBP mRNAs. The changes in liver
      SBP mRNA levels may explain the sex difference in plasma SBP concentrations, but
      mechanisms other than the regulation of transcription may regulate the plasma
      concentration in monkeys.

PMID- 2288637
TI  - Parathyroid hormone-related peptide in normal human fetal development.
AB  - Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) has been detected in fetal serum and
      amniotic fluid. Using a combination of immunocytochemistry and molecular biology
      we have detected the peptide and its mRNA in a variety of fetal tissues
      throughout gestation. Tissue-specific mRNA isoforms were observed, the pattern of
      hybridization of which changed throughout gestation. In addition, the intensity
      and pattern of immunocytochemical localization of the peptide was found to vary
      over the time-period studied (8-30 weeks). PTHrP is expressed by a variety of
      tumours associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy and
      probably accounts for the hypercalcaemia by virtue of its limited amino acid
      homology with parathyroid hormone. These data demonstrate for the first time that
      PTHrP, a tumour-related peptide, is expressed during normal human fetal
      development, and suggest the possibility that it may function to regulate fetal
      calcium balance and growth in utero.

PMID- 2288638
TI  - Hypothalamo-pituitary regulation of the c-myc gene in rat liver.
AB  - Expression of the c-myc gene was studied in the livers of male and female Wistar
      rats. Furthermore, the effects on hepatic c-myc expression of neonatal and adult
      castration, with or without testosterone supplementation, as well as of
      continuous administration of GH to intact males, were analysed. Expression of c
      myc was low in 6-day-old animals of both sexes, reached a maximum at 35 days of
      age and declined to the level of adult animals at 70 days. In prepubertal
      animals, expression was higher in females, but was higher in males after the
      onset of puberty, the postpubertal female rat liver exhibiting 50-70% of the
      expression in males. Treatment of adult male rats with bovine GH in osmotic
      minipumps for 1 week reduced c-myc expression to the level of female rats.
      Castration, both neonatally and of adults, also feminized hepatic c-myc
      expression. Testosterone supplementation of the castrated animals increased the
      expression towards the level in sham-operated controls. These results indicate
      that the c-myc gene is regulated by the hypothalamo-pituitary-liver axis via the
      sex-differentiated pattern of GH secretion, in analogy with other sex
      differentiated hepatic functions, such as metabolism of steroids and xenobiotics.
      Neuroendocrine regulation of a gene such as c-myc, which is involved in the
      control of cell proliferation and differentiation, represents another aspect of
      the complex influence of GH on various somatic functions.

PMID- 2288639
TI  - Proinsulin processing in electrically permeabilized rat islets of Langerhans.
AB  - Proinsulin conversion to insulin was studied using electrically permeabilized rat
      islets of Langerhans. Using high-performance liquid chromotography separation of
      radiolabelled islet proteins, we have demonstrated that conversion was dependent
      upon temperature, sensitive to pH and regulated by MgATP. Ammonium acetate was
      used to collapse the granular pH gradient, over a pH range of 3.5-7.4. Conversion
      was optimum at pH 4.5-5.5 and was reduced, but not abolished, at pH 7.4. Ca2+ (10
      microM) and 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (500 nM), which are insulin
      secretagogues in permeabilized islets, caused no significant stimulation of
      conversion.

PMID- 2288641
TI  - [Inflammation: a major role in the occurrence of bronchospasm].
AB  - Until now, when bronchospasm occurs, modifications of the contractility of smooth
      muscle and mediator release have been considered as the main causes. Better
      understanding of the epithelial barrier indicates that it takes part in all
      stages of the reduction of bronchial diameters. Inflammation is also implicated
      in hyper-reactivity of smooth muscle, in mediator release and in the production
      of cellular factors such as the cytokines by the epithelium. There are many
      causative cells, but it is probable that the eosinophils are the group that plays
      the preponderant role in the appearance of bronchospasm.

PMID- 2288642
TI  - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): the child and the mother].
AB  - Recent papers again stress the central problem of transfusion-associated AIDS,
      since several episodes of HIV infection lasting 6 months or longer without the
      detection of HIV antibody have been reported, with obvious and important public
      health and clinical implications. As a consequence, it has been estimated that
      the potential infected blood units are 2 or 3 in 100,000. The proportion of
      transfusion-infected women is about 4%, and with the increasing worldwide
      incidence of HIV infection in women of childbearing age, the repercussions in the
      pediatric age level are dramatically evident. Then the question of the long term
      vigilance of all infants and children with AIDS should be done.

PMID- 2288640
TI  - Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of complementary DNA for
      bullfrog prolactin.
AB  - A prolactin cDNA was cloned from a cDNA expression library constructed from total
      RNA of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) adenohypophyses by immunoscreening with
      antiserum against bullfrog prolactin. The cDNA clone thus obtained contained a
      249 bp insert. Using this clone as a probe, plaque hybridizations were performed
      and two additional clones obtained. These clones had a polyadenylation site
      different from that of the first obtained clone, suggesting that the 3'
      untranslated sequence was heterogeneous in length. The longest clone contained
      830 bp, which encoded part of the signal peptide and the entire sequence of
      mature prolactin. The deduced amino acid sequence was in good accord with that
      determined by direct protein sequencing of purified bullfrog prolactin. The
      length of the bullfrog prolactin mRNA was estimated by Northern blot analysis to
      be about 1.0 kb. Homologies of prolactin nucleotide and amino acid sequences
      between bullfrog and other vertebrates were 64 and 65% for man, 66 and 68% for
      pig, 61 and 52% for rat, 69 and 74% for chicken, and 50 and 35% for salmon
      respectively. Highly conserved regions reported for mammalian prolactins also
      existed in bullfrog prolactin. Homologies of nucleotide and amino acid sequences
      between prolactin and GH of bullfrog origin were 49 and 25% respectively. Using
      the cDNA, the content of prolactin mRNA in the pituitary glands of metamorphosing
      tadpoles was measured. Prolactin mRNA levels rose at the mid-climax stage,
      suggesting that the increase in plasma and pituitary prolactin levels known to
      occur at the climax stage accompanies the increase in prolactin synthesis.

PMID- 2288643
TI  - State of teaching allergy in Europe.

PMID- 2288644
TI  - [Allergic reaction and vascular permeability].
AB  - The allergic reaction is characterized by an inflammatory phenomenon that
      comprises a cellular aspect and a vascular aspect. The vascular aspect is linked
      to the production of several mediators able to induce a vascular
      hyperpermeability. Among these mediators it is possible to find histamine,
      prostaglandins, leukotrienes, PAF, neuromediators, kinins, anaphylatoxins.

PMID- 2288645
TI  - Intradecidual T lymphocytes lack immunohistochemically detectable T-cell
      receptors.
AB  - The decidua apparently plays a major role in immune tolerance to the
      semiallogeneic embryo. In the present study we applied the immunohistochemical
      ABC method to investigate the expression of CD3, TCR alpha/beta and TCR
      gamma/delta molecules on intradecidual T cells with a panel of mAbs. Whereas
      intradecidual T cells expressed readily detectable amounts of CD3, they lacked
      immunohistochemically detectable amounts of either alpha/beta or gamma/delta TCR
      heterodimers on their cell surface. Peripheral blood smears of the same patients
      showed normal expression of alpha/beta and gamma/delta TCR on CD3+ T cells. The
      specific absence of (alpha/beta or gamma/delta) TCR molecules on the surface of
      intradecidual T cells could be one of the decisive factors in tolerance of the
      maternal immune system towards the fetus.

PMID- 2288646
TI  - Paraimmunology in the decidua?

PMID- 2288647
TI  - Detection of immunoregulatory lipid-like factors in human amniotic fluid.
AB  - The immunosuppressive activity of amniotic fluid (AF) is extensively documented
      in the mouse. Although this property is due in part to the presence of alpha
      fetoprotein (alpha-FP), other immunosuppressive factors are suspected. In this
      article, we demonstrate that human amniotic fluid lipid extract (AFLE) is
      inhibitory of, although not cytotoxic to, PHA-activated human lymphocytes, of
      mouse bone marrow cells, and of different established cell lines of human and
      mouse source. This effect is shown to be reversible. Under preparative thin layer
      chromatography (TLC) using chloroform:methanol:water (60:38:8) as solvents, the
      activity of AFLE migrates to two peaks of inhibition with Rf values of 0.46-0.62
      and 0.84-1, respectively. These lipid-like factors may play a role as a
      nonspecific immunoregulatory mechanism which prevents maternally mediated immune
      rejection of the conceptus.

PMID- 2288648
TI  - Danazol suppresses the production of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor
      by human monocytes.
AB  - The effects of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), and danazol on the production of
      interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by OK-432 (a
      streptococcal preparation)-stimulated monocytes were examined. E2 and P at
      physiologic concentrations enhanced IL-1 beta and TNF production by monocytes
      from donors with lower control levels (without steroids added) of IL-1 beta and
      TNF. However, E2 and P at physiologic concentrations did not affect IL-1 beta and
      TNF production by monocytes from donors with higher control levels of IL-1 beta
      and TNF. Danazol inhibited IL-1 beta and TNF production by monocytes in a dose
      dependent manner from not only donors with lower control levels of IL-1 beta and
      TNF but also donors with higher control levels of IL-1 beta and TNF. Danazol at a
      concentration of 10(-6) M significantly suppressed IL-1 beta and TNF production
      in the presence of E2 and/or P at concentrations giving peak responses of IL-1
      beta production. These findings suggest possible new mechanisms of action for
      danazol in the treatment of endometriosis and infertility associated with immune
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2288649
TI  - Lack of complement activation in the seminal plasma of men with antisperm
      antibodies associated in vivo on their sperm.
AB  - A specific and sensitive "sandwich"-type radiolabeled antiglobulin assay (RAA)
      using monoclonal anti-human C5b-9 neoantigen and polyclonal anti-human C5b-9 was
      used to evaluate the presence of the in vivo product of human complement (C)
      activation (SC5b-9) in the seminal plasma (SP) of 19 fertile and 61 infertile
      men. SP SC5b-9 was detectable in 7 (8.7%; 1 fertile and 6 infertile men) of the
      80 men with a range of 10 to 175 ng/ml. Levels of SP SC5b-9 in other men were
      below the limit of detection (less than 10 ng/ml). Of the 33 infertile men with
      sperm-associated immunoglobulin (Ig) G and/or IgA, 27 (82%) had undetectable
      levels of SP SC5b-9 immunoreactivity. There was no correlation between the SP
      SC5b-9 levels and the degree of sperm-associated IgG (r = 0.086) or IgA (r =
      0.23) activity. However, significant deposition of sperm-bound C5b-9 due to
      autologous C activation was demonstrated by flow cytometry of donor sperm treated
      with sera from autoimmune men with ASA in their sera and on their sperm. These
      findings suggest that sperm-bound Ig cannot activate C in SP.

PMID- 2288650
TI  - [25th anniversary of the Gastroenterology Society of East Germany. III.
      Organization of the sub-specialty gastroenterology].
AB  - The designation of "gastroenterology" was coined in 1896 by Hemmeter. In this
      article, the foundation of the first gastroenterological societies in the USA, in
      Japan, and in Poland is reported; the foundation of international societies of
      this specialty is mentioned too. The establishment of gastroenterological
      journals in Japan and in France is pointed out. Finally, the arrangement of the
      governmental acknowledgement of the sub-specialization in gastroenterology in the
      German Democratic Republic is described.

PMID- 2288651
TI  - [Pathophysiologic aspects of diarrhea].
AB  - Introductory the anatomical particularities of the small and large bowel in their
      connection to absorption and secretion are represented. According to that the
      paper of pathophysiological processes by the hand of typical examples of the
      different kinds of diarrhoea (osmotic-, secretoric-, motility induced diarrhoea,
      diarrhoea by morphological changes of the small- and/or large bowel, diarrhoea by
      disturbances of the active ionic transport) has been taken place.

PMID- 2288652
TI  - [Abdominal ultrasound diagnosis of malignant lymphomas].
AB  - The abdominal clinical staging in malignant lymphomas should be started from
      sonography. The size of detectable lymph nodes and focal lesions in liver and
      spleen (to 0.5 cm on favourable conditions of examination) reflects a comparable
      position of ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The
      last called method seems to be advantageous only in the pelvic region. Involved
      lymph nodes in malignant lymphomas on the contrary to metastatic infiltration in
      carcinomas appear for the most part hypoechoic. The sonographic findings in
      liver, spleen, pancreas and kidneys infiltrated by lymphomas and other malignant
      diseases do not differ significantly. The involvement of gastrointestinal tract
      can be associated with the so called "bull's eye"-, "target"- or "pseudokidney"
      sign. The endoscopic sonography could improve the preoperative staging by
      measuring thickened gastrointestinal wall structures and by detecting infiltrated
      neighbouring organs. Ultrasound-assisted needle biopsies are useful. However the
      favourable results reported (sensitivity, positive correlation, concordance-100%)
      seems to be connected with low number of cases involved. Remarkable proportion of
      false negative results should be expected. Laparotomy with splenectomy remains
      the most accurate staging method in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas.

PMID- 2288654
TI  - [Changes in pure human pancreatic juice in chronic pancreatitis].
AB  - Investigations of pancreatic juice revealed new insights into the pathogenesis of
      chronic pancreatitis (cP). But many results are contradictory. In this paper pure
      human pancreatic juice from patients with cP (n = 14) was compared with results
      obtained from normal subjects (n = 22). The pancreatic juice was obtained
      endoscopically recording the absorption (280 nm) simultaneously. By means of this
      special technique 4 fractions could be exactly distinguished: 1. wash-out-period,
      2. phase of secretin action, 3. phase of pancreozymin (CCK) action, and 4. post
      CCK-phase. Total protein, trypsinogen, zinc sodium, and potassium were
      determined. In fraction 1 (wash-out-period) mean values of protein, trypsinogen
      and zinc are lower in patients with cP compared with control subjects. In case of
      zinc the difference is statistically significant. In fraction 2 (secretin-phase)
      no differences could be detected between cP and control subjects. In contrast in
      fraction 3 (CCK-phase) mean values of protein and trypsinogen are lower in
      control subjects than in patients with cP. But the standard deviations are so
      high that all differences are not statistically significant. The results indicate
      that under fasting conditions the pancreatic juice content of protein,
      trypsinogen and zinc is lower in patients with cP. But patients with cP can be
      stimulated much better with CCK than control subjects. Till now such a different
      behaviour during wash-out-period and CCK-stimulation is not reported in the
      literature.

PMID- 2288653
TI  - [Treatment of chronic hepatitis B with interferon alpha-2b].
AB  - A total of 58 patients with histologically confirmed chronic viral hepatitis B
      and presence of HBsAg and HBV-DNA in the serum were randomized in a prospectively
      controlled trial. 30 patients were treated with 3 megaunits of rIFN a-2b s.c.
      thrice weekly for 4 months. 28 controls received no treatment. The post-treatment
      follow-up period consisted of 6 months. 28 patients treated and 27 controls
      completed the protocol. One female patient of the treatment group showed a
      complete response (loss of HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV-DNA), 8 other patients (32%)
      revealed a partial response to therapy (loss of HBeAg and HBV-DNA). Three
      patients of the control-group (11%) lost HBeAg and HBV-DNA spontaneously. This
      finding is statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The elimination of HBV
      markers from the serum was associated with a normalization of aminotransferase
      activities in the serum. A reactivation of hepatitis was not observed after
      seroconversion.

PMID- 2288656
TI  - [Lymph drainage disorder as a pathogenetic co-factor in acute pancreatitis?].
AB  - Experiments performed on 71 Wistar rats confirm that preexisting interruption of
      lymph drainage by ligation of the ductus thoracicus can have a major influence on
      the development of pancreatitis. The effect of a ductus hepatopancreaticus
      blockade in experimental group A (32 animals) was greatly exacerbated by previous
      ligation of the ductus thoracicus (experimental group B; 34 animals). Edema of
      the interstitial pancreatic tissue led to lipolytic necrotizing pancreatitis with
      a slight hemorrhagic component, increasing ascites after the 12 th hour of the
      experiment, and numerous abdominal fat necroses after about 19 hours, but only
      relatively minor necroses of acinar parenchyma cells in the pancreas. Fat tissue
      necroses were only found in almost 20% of the animals in group A, and these
      probably resulted from manipulation of the duodenum during the implantation of a
      shunt to divert the bile, whereas they were found in all animals of group B after
      the 19th hour of the experiment, usually in large numbers. The sometimes
      considerable increases in serum amylase and particularly lipase activity were
      caused by obstruction of the efferent ducts, but did not increase appreciably
      after disturbance of the lymph drainage systems. On the contrary, under these
      circumstances, drainage of the salivary edema via the peritoneal mesothelium and
      into retroperitoneal fat tissue must be considered responsible for ascites and
      the initiation of fat cell necroses by lipase and other enzymes.

PMID- 2288655
TI  - [Spontaneous course of chronic gastritis in corpus and antrum--is there a
      regression?].
AB  - In 148 patients (medium of 59, 1 years) we investigated the natural history of
      chronic gastritis within 1-7 years (average of 5.9 years). We performed two
      biopsies, but in 35 cases 3 or 4 biopsies. In most patients the histological
      picture was not changed. In superficial gastritis of the body we observed a
      regression more often than a progression. Regression of atrophic gastritis was
      see in body and antrum. The rate of regression was higher in cases with 3 or 4
      biopsies and with a longer interval of observation. The frequency of regression
      was higher than awaited according to simultaneous biopsies (criticism of method).
      There was no difference of rate of regression in various age groups and in
      various diagnosis (gastric or duodenal ulcer). In gastritis Type B the regression
      was more seldom than in gastritis Type a or type AB. For spontaneous regression
      no cause was found.

PMID- 2288657
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies for specific immunoperoxidase detection of Campylobacter
      pylori].

PMID- 2288658
TI  - [Clinical symptoms, psychopathology and intestinal motility in patients with
      "irritable bowel"].

PMID- 2288659
TI  - Radiology in the diagnosis and staging of renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a potentially curable lesion, is the most common
      primary renal malignancy. Due to the importance of early diagnosis and the lack
      of specific clinical features of RCC, imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis
      and management of RCC. Newer imaging modalities have superseded plain-film
      radiography in the diagnosis of RCC by offering greater sensitivity and
      specificity in both diagnosis and staging. RCC can be diagnosed with computed
      tomography (CT) with greater than 95% accuracy. Once an RCC is detected, tumor
      staging becomes paramount for treatment planning. Greater than 90% staging
      accuracy can be accomplished with CT alone using techniques described in this
      article. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to achieve staging accuracy
      similar to CT. MRI and ultrasonography (US) should be used to aid the diagnosis
      and staging of RCC in equivocal CT cases. The appropriate use of additional
      staging adjuncts including arteriography, phlebography, skeletal and thoracic
      imaging is described in this article.

PMID- 2288660
TI  - Principles of protocol optimization for MRI of the abdomen and pelvis.

PMID- 2288662
TI  - MRI in liver disease.

PMID- 2288661
TI  - Practical aspects of vascular imaging using MRI.
AB  - MRI is an accurate means of noninvasively assessing vascular abnormalities.
      However, multiple potential pitfalls exist. In order to minimize error, a
      knowledge of the flow phenomena seen on various pulse sequences, along with an
      understanding of pulse sequence modifications that alter these flow phenomena, is
      necessary. With such an understanding, the current utility of MRI for solving
      commonly encountered clinical problems of the vascular tree is addressed.
      Emphasis is placed on a "how-I-do-it" approach, realizing that the reader will
      make modifications where necessary due to differences in hardware, software, and
      experience. As appropriate, references to the literature are made in an attempt
      to justify the use of MRI for the particular problems being discussed.

PMID- 2288663
TI  - MRI of the prostate.
AB  - Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in the world. It is the most
      frequently diagnosed cancer in the American male population and the second most
      lethal cancer in American men. However, concurrent benign prostatic hyperplasia
      occurs in almost all men developing the malignancy (although the two processes
      are unrelated) and many others who have no evidence of cancer. Imaging evaluation
      of the prostate can be for diagnostic or staging purposes. While MRI can be used
      on occasion for diagnostic evaluation of prostatic disease, it is most often
      reserved for evaluation of men with known pathology. The use of MRI is important
      to plan the appropriate therapeutic approach to men with prostate cancer. An
      understanding of the newer concepts of anatomy, origins of disease, spread of
      cancer, and the clinical implications of pathological change of the prostate are
      important and are discussed in this article. The uses of MRI, the deficiencies of
      the study, the techniques needed to utilize the modality appropriately, and
      diagnostic criteria and limitations are also discussed.

PMID- 2288664
TI  - Gynecologic applications of MRI.
AB  - Gynecologic anatomy is consistently depicted with MRI. Abnormal developmental
      anatomy is also well assessed. In cases of complete or partial vaginal agenesis
      where ultrasound is equivocal, MRI can be definitive. The various subtypes of
      uterine anomalies are well delineated with MRI. MRI is the optimal technique in
      the therapeutic evaluation of leiomyomas, because the number, size, location, and
      degeneration can be documented. It is particularly useful in the identification
      of the ovaries in the presence of an enlarged leiomyomatous uterus. Adenomyosis,
      an often neglected diagnosis, is distinguishable from leiomyomas. In the setting
      of an equivocal ultrasound, MRI is useful in discerning whether a mass is ovarian
      or uterine in origin. Endometriosis, a disease routinely diagnosed and staged by
      laparoscopy, does have a typical MR appearance and therefore can usually be
      differentiated from other adnexal masses. Dermoids are readily diagnosed with
      MRI. Other adnexal masses do not have a specific MR appearance and morphologic
      criteria as used with ultrasound or CT must be relied upon in suggesting whether
      or not the mass is benign or malignant. MRI is the procedure of choice in the
      staging of cervical and endometrial cancer.

PMID- 2288665
TI  - Environmental stimuli modulate the circadian rhythm of [3H-methyl]thymidine
      incorporation into brain DNA of male rats.
AB  - A circadian rhythm of DNA synthesis is present in most organs of adult mammals,
      with peak levels (acrophase) generally in the rest period. We have recently
      reported that in the rat brain the acrophase of the rhythm of thymidine
      incorporation into DNA occurs on the contrary during the active period. To
      determine whether the brain waking activity was exerting a modulatory action we
      measured the circadian rhythm of incorporation in the brain and kidney of young
      adult male rats housed in conditions of sensory and social enrichment or
      impoverishment for four days. Biochemical and autoradiographic data show that the
      brain rhythm persists in the enriched condition, but is abolished in the
      impoverished condition. On the other hand, the rhythm of incorporation in the
      kidney is maintained in both conditions. These results suggest that the
      permanence of the brain oscillation is selectively dependent on the complexity of
      the sensory and social stimulation.

PMID- 2288666
TI  - Effects of peripherally administered arginine-vasopressin on learning, retention
      and forgetting in mice.
AB  - The effects of peripheral injections of (Arg)-vasopressin were investigated on
      different stages of memory processes using an appetitive visual discrimination
      task and a one-trial passive avoidance conditioning in mice. The peptide was
      administered at one of two doses: 50 micrograms/kg or 25 micrograms/kg. The main
      effects of vasopressin were observed only for the higher dose. Concerning pre
      session vasopressin administration in the visual discrimination task, the effect
      of the peptide seemed to depend on the level of learning reached at the time of
      treatment. Indeed, we observed a deleterious effect of vasopressin on learning
      capacities when the peptide was administered before the first learning session, a
      bimodal effect (either an improvement or an impairment) on performance when the
      peptide was administered before the second learning session and an important
      enhancement of retention performance when the peptide was administered before the
      retention session, performed 24 days after training. When post-session
      vasopressin administration was assessed, an improvement of performance was
      observed indicating a facilitatory effect of vasopressin on consolidation
      processes. When passive avoidance conditioning was used, an enhancement of
      retention performance was registered only when the peptide was injected before
      the retention session at the 50 micrograms/kg dose. No facilitation was observed
      for the 25 micrograms/kg dose whatever the experimental condition was, i.e. post
      learning or pre-retention injection. In order to test eventual non-specific
      effects of vasopressin, the influence of the peptide on locomotor activity was
      assessed before the two doses. The results show an important reduction of
      locomotor activity with the 50 micrograms/kg dose, during 4 h following
      vasopressin injection. No effect was observed with the 25 micrograms/kg dose. The
      whole results suggest that vasopressin-induced hypoactivity can directly
      influence the subsequent learning performance when the treatment was performed in
      pre-session situations. However, when the level of information is sufficient and
      beyond the direct effect of the drug, a memory effect may be considered with the
      50 micrograms/kg dose independently from the locomotor effect, when the treatment
      was delivered during consolidation period (post-session) or in long-term
      retrieval situation (pre-session).

PMID- 2288667
TI  - The effects of forebrain ischaemia on spatial learning.
AB  - Rats were subjected to 15 min of forebrain ischaemia using the 4-vessel occlusion
      method. Following recovery they were trained using place navigation learning in a
      Morris water maze and forced choice rewarded alternation in a T-maze. Ischaemic
      rats were impaired in place navigation learning but the deficit was transient and
      there was no impairment of subsequent transfer test performance. Food-rewarded
      forced-choice alternation in a T-maze revealed a persistent impairment in
      ischaemic rats. The behavioural deficits were associated with neuropathological
      damage in the CA1 cell layer of the dorsal hippocampus with varying degrees of
      damage in layers CA2, CA3 and CA4. Granule cells in the dentate gyrus were not
      visibly affected. Variable amounts of lesion damage were found in the
      dorsolateral striatum. Ischaemic rats are therefore impaired on both place
      navigation and forced choice rewarded alternation, suggesting that ischaemic
      brain damage affects reference and working memory processes to different extents.
      Forced choice alternation may be the more sensitive method of assessing cognitive
      changes caused by forebrain ischaemia.

PMID- 2288668
TI  - Individuals with sociopathic behavior caused by frontal damage fail to respond
      autonomically to social stimuli.
AB  - Following damage to ventromedial frontal cortices, adults with previously normal
      personalities develop defects in decision-making and planning that are especially
      revealed in an abnormal social conduct. The defect repeatedly leads to negative
      personal consequences. The physiopathology of this disorder is an enigma. We
      propose that the defect is due to an inability to activate somatic states linked
      to punishment and reward, that were previously experienced in association with
      specific social situations, and that must be reactivated in connection with
      anticipated outcomes of response options. During the processing that follows the
      perception of a social event, the experience of certain anticipated outcomes of
      response options would be marked by the reactivation of an appropriate somatic
      state. Failure to reactivate pertinent somatic markers would deprive the
      individual of an automatic device to signal ultimately deleterious consequences
      relative to responses that might nevertheless bring immediate reward (or,
      alternatively, signal ultimately advantageous outcomes relative to responses that
      might bring immediate pain). As an example, activation of somatic markers would
      (1) force attention to future negative consequences, permitting conscious
      suppression of the responses leading to them and deliberate selection of
      biologically advantageous responses, and (2) trigger non-conscious inhibition of
      response states by engagement of subcortical neurotransmitter systems linked to
      appetitive behaviors. An investigation of this theory in patients with frontal
      damage reveals that their autonomic responses to socially meaningful stimuli are
      indeed abnormal, suggesting that such stimuli fail to activate somatic states at
      the most basic level. On the contrary, elementary unconditioned stimuli (e.g. a
      loud noise) produce normal autonomic responses.

PMID- 2288670
TI  - Load compensation in human goal-directed arm movements.
AB  - We analysed the execution of multijoint pointing movements in humans while weight
      or spring loads were applied to the pointing hand. Visual feedback on arm and
      hand position was excluded. Movement paths, final positions, and normalized
      velocity profiles were found to be load-independent, except for the very first
      movement after a load change. With increasing size of a weight load movement
      velocity decreased, and movement duration increased by the same factor, i.e. the
      velocity profiles were rescaled in magnitude and time. In contrast, under a
      spring load movement velocity and duration were not different from no-load
      controls. These findings led us to propose a new hypothesis on load compensation
      by the motor system. We suggest that an important controlled variable is a
      fictional force acting externally on the hand, and that the inertia- and gravity
      related components of this force are controlled separately; then, loads are
      compensated by time scaling of the inertia-related, and magnitude scaling of the
      gravity-related component. The predictions of this hypothesis regarding movement
      paths and velocities under weight and spring loads are in good quantitative
      agreement with our experimental data. When specifically asked to do so, our
      subjects were able to generate velocity profiles under a weight load that were
      not different from those under no-load conditions, which suggests that
      alternative control strategies are available when needed.

PMID- 2288669
TI  - Unit activity of the medial wall of the frontal cortex during delayed performance
      in rats.
AB  - Unit activity from the medial frontal cortex was studied in rats during delayed
      performance on the U-shaped maze. Most units sampled responded to more than one
      event in the experimental sequence. Spatio-selective units suggest that this area
      is involved in short-term memory. Several types of spatio-selective units were
      recorded. Specific responses of spatio-selective units appear linked with a level
      of training. A possible role of the medial wall for goal-directed behavior based
      on probability prognosis is discussed.

PMID- 2288671
TI  - Behavioral studies of the sensitive periods of development of visual functions in
      monkeys.
AB  - The age-dependent effects of monocular form deprivation on psychophysically
      determined visual functions were investigated in rhesus monkeys. Monocular form
      deprivation was initiated at various ages from 1 to 25 months and maintained for
      18 months. The effects of form deprivation varied across the visual functions
      evaluated. Absolute scotopic sensitivity was depressed by form deprivation
      initiated only at 1 or 2 months of age. Photopic, increment-threshold spectral
      sensitivity functions showed alterations in sensitivity levels for monkeys
      treated at 5 months of age or earlier, with no effect thereafter. Monocular form
      deprivation at 1 to 5 months of age resulted in profound deficits in spatial
      modulation sensitivity. The effects on spatial vision decreased systematically as
      the age of onset was delayed from age 6 to 18 months. Finally, binocular
      summation measures revealed an absence of binocular vision even for the monkey
      form-deprived at 25 months of age, i.e. the experimental treatment series failed
      to define the upper limit of the age-range for the effects of monocular form
      deprivation on binocular summation mechanisms. Comparisons of the age-dependent
      effects of monocular form deprivation across the various functions demonstrated
      that the sensitive period, i.e. the period of life during which a visual function
      may be altered by monocular form deprivation, was different for each of the
      psychophysical measures of visual function.

PMID- 2288672
TI  - Response of neurons in the macaque amygdala to complex social stimuli.
AB  - The presence of neurons in macaque temporal cortex and amygdala which fire
      selectively in response to social stimuli has been demonstrated by several
      investigators. The extent to which such neuronal populations may respond to a
      broad range of social features, including expressive movements and interactions,
      has not been fully explored due to the difficulty of presenting such complex
      stimuli in a controlled fashion. We describe a method for presenting moving
      segments of macaque behavior, visual and auditory, to animal subjects during
      single unit recording. The method permits a broad range of stimuli to be used
      both as probes and as controls. In addition, a novel technique for monitoring eye
      position in alert macaque subjects is described. We present results from the
      medial amygdala and adjacent cortex, demonstrating that neurons in these regions
      respond selectively to features of the social environment.

PMID- 2288673
TI  - Animal models of human amnesia and dementia: hippocampal and amygdala ablation
      compared with serotonergic and cholinergic blockade in the rat.
AB  - The behavioral effects of combined bilateral hippocampal and amygdala ablation
      (previously proposed as a model of human global amnesia) were compared to those
      seen with central blockade of the ascending cholinergic and serotonergic
      projections (a possible model of human global dementia) in male hooded rats. Rats
      were prepared with: (a) bilateral surgical lesions of the hippocampus and
      amygdala; (b) pharmacological blockade of central cholinergic and serotonergic
      function by systemic injections of scopolamine and p-chlorophenylalanine; and (c)
      neurotoxic lesions of the rostrally projecting serotonergic nuclei in the
      brainstem using intracerebral injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, later
      combined with scopolamine. The behavioral tests used were: an open field test, a
      swim-to-platform test, and a Lashley III maze. In all 3 tests, rats with either
      the neurotoxin lesions plus scopolamine or p-chlorophenylalanine plus scopolamine
      treatment showed greater impairments in comparison with controls than did the
      combined lesion group. These results indicate that simultaneous blockade of
      central serotonergic and cholinergic transmission has a greater effect on some
      aspects of the organization of behavior than large surgical lesions of the
      hippocampus and amygdala.

PMID- 2288674
TI  - A further characterization of the spatial problem-solving deficit induced by
      lesions of the medial frontal cortex in the rat.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to investigate the basis of the spatial impairment
      displayed by rats with lesions to the medial frontal cortex, using a three-table
      Y-shaped apparatus. In both experiments, animals were first given an exploratory
      experience of the maze, followed by a short feeding experience on one of the
      tables, and were then required to return to the location where they had just been
      fed. In Expt. 1, a spatial working memory procedure was used in which the
      location of the goal table was varied from day to day. When compared to normal
      animals frontal rats showed a marked impairment, despite the addition of (a)
      distinctive visual cues on the tables and their associated runways, or (b) a
      conspicuous visual pattern placed directly above the goal. Expt. 2 used a spatial
      learning procedure, in which the spatial location of the goal table remained
      constant over days. However, the whole apparatus was daily rotated so that
      animals could not learn to associate the goal table with specific cues located
      behind it. This procedure did not prevent frontal animals from learning the
      consistent location of the food by using the spatial relationships of the
      environment. These results, together with previous ones, suggest that frontal
      animals suffer from a specific (though not restricted to the domain of spatial
      information) working memory deficit, and their spatial reference memory is not
      impaired.

PMID- 2288675
TI  - Effects of nucleus accumbens lesion on female rat sexual receptivity and
      proceptivity in a partner preference paradigm.
AB  - A partner preference paradigm, stud male vs estrous female, was used to study
      sexual behavior. Ovariectomized Wistar rats received bilateral electrolytic (n =
      33) or sham (n = 16) lesion of the nucleus accumbens. Animals were tested in two
      different experimental situations, either with stimulus animals tethered (test
      with possibility of mating) or with stimulus animals behind a wire mesh (test
      without possibility of mating). Each test was carried out once prior to surgery
      and twice postoperatively following priming with estradiol benzoate and
      progesterone. Lordosis, rejection behaviors and soliciting patterns were scored
      in tests with tethered stimulus animals. The tendency of the experimental female
      to approach and remain in the vicinity of each stimulus animal was quantified to
      study the partner preference. Nucleus accumbens lesion increased the number of
      rejection responses to male mount attempts without modifying either receptivity
      estimated by lordosis reflex or soliciting behaviors. Control females showed a
      statistically significant preference for the male throughout the experiments.
      Lesioned females exhibit a preference for the male only in the test without
      sexual interaction possibility. This preference disappeared in the test with
      possibility of mating and it was even reversed when the male showed copulatory
      activity. These results, together with the absence of changes in lordosis
      behavior and soliciting activity, suggest that both the inversion in preference
      and the higher levels of mount rejections found in the lesioned animals are more
      likely attributable to hyperreactivity to the copulatory stimulus rather than an
      alteration in the female's rat sexual motivation.

PMID- 2288677
TI  - Regional cues and visual discrimination in the rabbit.
AB  - Rabbits were trained to discriminate patterns consisting of straight bars and
      rows of dots of different orientation. It was found that using proximal pattern
      presentation, at a distance of 5 cm in front of the animal, dot rows of different
      orientation are not discriminated on the basis of tilt extrapolation, but by the
      use of regional cues.

PMID- 2288676
TI  - No correlations between spatial and non-spatial reference memory in a T-maze task
      and hippocampal mossy fibre distribution in the mouse.
AB  - Two reference memory tasks were tested in a T-maze, which was placed in a
      spatially richly structured environment and turned 180 degrees between trials
      following a semi-random schedule. Male mice from 9 different inbred strains were
      either trained always to go to the same place (spatial task) or always to make
      the same turn (non-spatial task). Animals were subsequently processed for Timm's
      stain and the sizes of their intra- and infrahippocampal mossy fibre terminal
      fields (ipp-MF) were measured. Significant strain differences were found for this
      variable and in both learning tasks, but learning and hippocampal variation did
      not correlate. This disagrees with earlier findings in a radial maze, where
      significant correlations between the iipMF and spatial reference memory were
      obtained. Two hypotheses are brought forward to explain this discrepancy. First,
      in radial mazes (multiple choices) different memory capabilities might be used
      than in T-mazes (only two choices). Second, a considerable amount of stress
      appeared to be present in our subjects, possibly induced by the large size of the
      T-maze. This might have interfered negatively with acquisition. Further
      experiments will be needed to test these hypotheses.

PMID- 2288678
TI  - [Microleakage in composite restorations: experimental study].

PMID- 2288679
TI  - [Evaluation of dimensional stability of elastomers].

PMID- 2288681
TI  - [Prosthetic rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants].

PMID- 2288680
TI  - [Odontogenic and nonodontogenic oral cysts: classification, diagnosis and follow
      up].

PMID- 2288682
TI  - [Vertigo of dental significance].

PMID- 2288683
TI  - [Preliminary report on the use of chlorhexidine incorporated in a resin on tooth
      surfaces].

PMID- 2288684
TI  - [Esthetic-conservative solutions through osseointegration].

PMID- 2288686
TI  - [Technique for dilating the gingival sulcus].

PMID- 2288685
TI  - [Ceramic onlays: light microscope study].

PMID- 2288687
TI  - [Marginal adaptation of porcelain inlays].

PMID- 2288688
TI  - [Microscopic evaluation of posterior glass-ionomer cements and composites].

PMID- 2288689
TI  - [Analysis of tooth-restoration margins].

PMID- 2288690
TI  - [Adhesion between dentin and dental amalgam with resin-cement].

PMID- 2288691
TI  - ["In vivo" study in Class V cavities].

PMID- 2288693
TI  - [Passive post].

PMID- 2288692
TI  - [Survey of Baseline and Ful-fil restorations].

PMID- 2288695
TI  - [Maintenance of esthetic composite restorations].

PMID- 2288694
TI  - [Polishing and maintenance of amalgam restorations].

PMID- 2288696
TI  - [Sterilization of implants].

PMID- 2288697
TI  - [Provisionalization with a thermoplastic acetalic material].

PMID- 2288698
TI  - Membrane topology, structure, and functions of the penicillin-interactive
      proteins.

PMID- 2288699
TI  - Regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by growth-modulating agents.
AB  - The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, a tyrosine kinase which mediates the
      mitogenic and tumorigenic action of EGF on epithelial cells and fibroblasts, is a
      target for the regulatory action of other growth-modulating agents. We have
      identified at least three mechanisms by which heterologous agents such as tumor
      promoters regulate the EGF receptor: modulation of receptor binding or kinase
      activity through phosphorylation, down regulation of the receptor through
      internalization, and enhanced receptor synthesis through transcriptional
      activation. Both calcium- and sodium-dependent signaling pathways play a role in
      one or more of these processes.

PMID- 2288700
TI  - Self-assembling bilayer lipid membranes on solid support.
AB  - Solid-supported bilayer lipid membranes (s-BLMs) that possess some properties
      similar to those of conventional BLMs can be self-assembled on a freshly cleaved
      metal wire by a two-step procedure: (i) The tip of a Teflon-coated platinum wire,
      while immersed in a lipid solution, is cut off with a scalpel; (ii) the new tip
      of the wire, having become coated with lipid solution, is transferred into 0.1 M
      KCl. After a few minutes, a stable lipid bilayer forms spontaneously on the tip
      of the wire, as verified by electrical measurements. An application of such a
      supported BLM (s-BLM) is reported for the detection of Pb2+ ions. The s-BLM is
      liquid-crystalline in structure, which makes it amenable to modification for
      basic studies, as well as for technological applications such as biosensors and
      molecular electronic devices.

PMID- 2288701
TI  - Properties and possible function of phosphatidylinositol-transfer proteins.
AB  - It is proposed that the phosphatidylinositol-transfer protein (PI-TP) may
      function as a carrier of phosphatidylinositol (PI) in the cell. PI-TP occurs in
      all mammalian tissues examined and appears to be strongly conserved. Its
      intracellular distribution was studied by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence
      techniques. PI-TP displays a dual specificity in that it preferentially transfers
      PI over phosphatidylcholine (PC) between membranes. Its lipid binding site and
      transfer characteristics were investigated with fluorescent PI and PC analogues
      containing parinaroyl- and pyrenylacyl-labeled chains. PI-TP is ideally suited
      for maintaining PI levels in intracellular membranes, possibly the plasma
      membrane.

PMID- 2288702
TI  - Inositol phosphates in receptor-mediated cell signaling: metabolic origins and
      interrelationships.
AB  - We have investigated the metabolic interrelationships of the major inositol
      phosphates in vasopressin-stimulated WRK 1 mammary tumor cells which were labeled
      to equilibrium with [14C]inositol and briefly, just prior to stimulation, with
      [3H]inositol. A comparison of the 3H/14C ratios of these compounds with those of
      the cellular inositol lipids suggests that most of the known inositol mono-, bis
      , tris-, and tetrakis-phosphates are derived from precursors with turnover rates
      similar to those of these lipids. However, Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 (which is the major
      inositol tetrakisphosphate to accumulate in stimulated WRK 1 cells),
      Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5, and InsP6 had 3H/14C ratios of 0 in this experiment, indicating
      that they must have a different metabolic origin.

PMID- 2288703
TI  - The future of liposomal drug delivery.
AB  - Liposomes are microvesicles composed of continuous bilayers of phospholipid
      surrounding an aqueous phase. They have been extensively used to deliver
      antibiotics, antifungal agents, and antiviral compounds for the treatment of
      animal model infections. Three rationales have been invoked to justify their use
      as carriers of anti-infectious agents: (i) passive targeting of compounds to the
      mononuclear phagocytic system for enhanced effects at this site; (ii) targeted
      drug delivery; and (iii) site-avoidance delivery, wherein the rate of transfer of
      drug to the toxic site(s) is reduced but not the drug transfer rate to the active
      site. All strategies result in an increase in the therapeutic index of the drug;
      however, to obtain optimal drug therapy the characteristics for a particular drug
      for site-specific delivery differ from those of site-avoidance delivery. Future
      developments that will permit a larger variety of agents to be delivered in
      liposomes include the development of fusogenic liposomes and of liposomes that
      avoid the reticuloendothelial system.

PMID- 2288704
TI  - Is there any role of membrane bilayer-skeleton interaction in maintaining the
      transmembrane phospholipid asymmetry in erythrocytes?
AB  - Erythrocyte membrane phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed in two surfaces
      of the membrane bilayer. This asymmetry in these cells, on one hand, has been
      considered to arise from the membrane skeleton-bilayer interactions, while on the
      other, it has been thought to originate from an ATP-dependent aminophospholipid
      pump. A critical analysis of these two proposals, in the light of the existing
      literature, reveals that neither the membrane skeleton nor the aminophospholipid
      pump is adequate per se to maintain the phospholipid asymmetry. Instead, evidence
      is presented to show that the phospholipid pump together with the membrane
      skeleton is required for generation and maintenance of the transmembrane
      phospholipid asymmetry in native erythrocytes.

PMID- 2288705
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of sugar transport across mammalian and microbial cell
      membranes.
AB  - Recent DNA cloning studies have revealed the existence of a large family of
      homologous sugar transporters in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The
      family includes passive transporters typical of mammalian tissues and active,
      H(+)-linked sugar transporters from bacteria. Each of these transporters
      characteristically contains two groups of six putative membrane-spanning alpha
      helices separated by a large, hydrophilic, cytoplasmic region. Both the N
      terminal and C-terminal regions of the sequence are also predicted to be
      cytoplasmic. Biophysical and other studies on the human erythrocyte glucose
      transporter, the only member of the family so far isolated in functional form,
      suggest that the membrane-spanning alpha-helices associate to form a hydrophilic
      channel or a substrate-binding cleft extending across the membrane. It is likely
      that the mechanism of substrate translocation involves alternate exposure of the
      substrate-binding site to each face of the membrane via a conformational change.
      Studies in progress on the erythrocyte transporter are beginning to identify
      regions of the protein involved in substrate binding and the conformational
      change, and should throw light on the mechanism of sugar translocation in the
      sugar transporter family as a whole.

PMID- 2288706
TI  - Control of the transmembrane phospholipid distribution in eukaryotic cells by
      aminophospholipid translocase.
AB  - The aminophospholipid translocase is a plasma membrane Mg2(+)-ATPase which
      selectively pumps the aminophospholipids (phosphatidylserine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine) from the outer to the inner monolayer in eukaryotic
      cells and is predominantly responsible for the asymmetric phospholipid
      distribution of the plasma membrane. Similar ATP-dependent transport of
      phospholipid takes place in some organelles such as chromaffin granules. On the
      other hand, the phospholipid flippase of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum does not
      require ATP and has a low lipid specificity. The biological implications of these
      phospholipid flippases are discussed.

PMID- 2288707
TI  - Erythrocyte membrane abnormalities in sickle cell disease.
AB  - A large fraction of circulating sickle red cells contain one or more large
      vesicles which are not found in normal erythrocytes. These vesicles contain very
      high levels of Ca2+, and probably account for the long-known elevation of
      cellular Ca2+ in sickle cells. These vesicles contain the plasma membrane
      CaATPase and leak Ca2+ by a nitrendipine-sensitive pathway. The question of
      whether an abnormal endocytic process occurs in sickle cells which could give
      rise to these vesicles was examined using the nonspecific endocytic marker
      Lucifer yellow (LY). The kinetics of formation of LY-labeled endocytic vesicles
      in sickle cells includes a slow component which is not found in normal (or
      sickle) reticulocytes. In addition, the number of sickle cells in which
      endocytosis can be demonstrated with this nonspecific marker consistently exceeds
      the number which can be labeled with markers of the receptor-mediated endocytic
      process. The results suggest that a slow, abnormal endocytosis takes place in
      sickle cells which may be the source of the Ca2(+)-containing vesicles, and
      therefore of the elevated Ca2+ levels characteristic of the circulating cells in
      this disease.

PMID- 2288708
TI  - Enhanced intracellular delivery of methotrexate by a receptor-mediated process.
AB  - In the present investigation we have described a method of enhancing the uptake
      of methotrexate by macrophages. This enhanced uptake was mediated by endocytosis
      through the "scavenger receptor" system which recognized maleylated bovine serum
      albumin. Experimental evidence showed that macrophages internalized methotrexate
      coupled to maleylated bovine serum albumin through a saturable process at 37
      degrees C leading to an eightfold higher concentration of cell-associated
      methotrexate compared to the free drug. Following uptake, the drug conjugate was
      degraded in the lysosomes leading to intracellular release of a pharmacologically
      active form of methotrexate. When administered to macrophages infected with
      Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, the drug conjugate could eliminate the
      intracellular amastigotes more efficiently than the free drug. The leishmanicidal
      effect of the drug conjugate was inhibited in the presence of excess maleylated
      bovine serum albumin and lysosomal inhibitors such as chloroquine and monensin.
      Addition of folinic acid to the medium also prevented the elimination of the
      amastigotes by the drug conjugate. These results suggested that the scavenger
      receptor-mediated endocytosis of the drug conjugate led to enhanced transport and
      intracellular release of a pharmacologically active form of methotrexate
      resulting in more efficient killing of the amastigotes compared to the free drug.
      This modality of delivering drugs selectively to macrophages might have utility
      in the chemotherapy of macrophage-associated disorders in general.

PMID- 2288709
TI  - Targeting of plant glycoside-bearing liposomes to specific cellular and
      subcellular sites.
AB  - The possibility of using liposomes as an effective drug delivery system has been
      studied by incorporation of two plant glycosides of varying terminal sugar
      residues onto the surface of liposomes and examination of their distribution in
      different tissues. The two glycosides, corchorusin D and asiaticoside having
      glucose and rhamnose respectively at the terminal ends wee selected for the
      purpose. The hepatic uptake of liposomes made from egg lecithin, cholesterol and
      dicetyl phosphate and either of the two glycosides was compared. The hepatic
      uptake of asiaticoside bearing liposomes was reduced, whereas that of corchorusin
      D bearing liposomes was enhanced and was specific for glucose. Liver perfusion
      followed by cell separation showed that the uptake is mostly into the non
      parenchymal cells of liver. The distribution of corchorusin D bearing liposomes
      was maximal in the lysosomal fraction of the non-parenchymal cells. Ways of using
      corchorusin D bearing liposomes as delivery systems for drugs or enzymes to
      lysosomes have been sought.

PMID- 2288710
TI  - The role of the membrane skeleton in concanavalin A-mediated agglutination of
      human erythrocytes.
AB  - In the erythrocyte membrane, the mobility of band 3 protein, the receptor for
      concanavalin A (Con A), is drastically reduced by the membrane skeleton. Yet, the
      vesicles free of membrane skeletal proteins, isolated from the highly
      agglutinable proteinase-treated cells, are found to be devoid of Con A
      agglutinability. The vesicles bind Con A in normal amounts, and remain
      agglutinable with the wheat germ and Ricinus agglutinins. Intracellular
      entrapment of monospecific antibodies to spectrin and 4.1 protein (two of the
      major skeletal components of the membrane) is also found to inhibit agglutination
      by 30-50%. Thus the membrane skeleton appears to play a positive role in the
      agglutination of the cells with Con A. The anti-ankyrin antibodies are found to
      be without any effect. The anti-band 3 (cytoplasmic domain) antibodies are also
      inhibitory to agglutination. Since Con A binding to cells alters the shape
      responses and deformability of the cells, and the cells resist fragmentation at
      49 degrees C, the properties of the whole skeleton, especially spectrin, appear
      to be changed. The Con A-bound membranes also do not release the complex of
      spectrin-band 4.1-actin when extracted with a hypotonic medium. It appears that
      Con A binding leads to interaction of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor with
      a skeletal component, possibly spectrin. Subsequent to this, the receptor
      molecules and the skeletal proteins undergo aggregation in the membrane, which is
      detected by their crosslinking by an 8.6-A span bifunctional reagent. The
      contractility believed to be associated with the membrane skeleton may be
      responsible for the aggregation.

PMID- 2288711
TI  - Effect of cholesterol in various liposomal compositions on the in vivo toxicity,
      therapeutic efficacy, and tissue distribution of amphotericin B.
AB  - The effect of cholesterol in neutral, positively and negatively charged liposomes
      on the toxicity, therapeutic efficacy, and alteration in the tissue distribution
      pattern of amphotericin B (Amp-B) in normal and infected mice was studied. It was
      observed that inclusion of cholesterol (CHOL) into egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC)
      liposomes increased the LD50 of Amp-B from 5.3 to 8.5 mg/kg body weight. In the
      case of phosphatidylserine (PS) liposomes as well as stearylamine (SA) liposomes,
      cholesterol incorporation had no effect in altering the toxicity of the drug. The
      survival pattern of animals with all types of liposomal formulation of Amp-B was
      similar. The tissue distribution studies indicated that in the case of normal
      mice, cholesterol inclusion in all types of liposomes increased the organ
      concentration of the drug in various tissues. In infected animals, the
      concentration of Amp-B in all organs was increased when cholesterol was included
      in EPC and EPC/PS liposomes. The organ concentration of Amp-B in lung and liver
      after 1 h of injection was the same in the case of EPC/SA and EPC/SA/CHOL
      liposomes. Considering the observations on toxicity, therapeutic efficacy, and
      tissue distribution, it was suggested that cholesterol had a beneficial
      therapeutic effect on neutral EPC liposomes.

PMID- 2288712
TI  - Membrane lipid peroxidation by UV-A: mechanism and implications.
AB  - UV-A produced a dose-dependent linear increase of lipid peroxidation in liposomal
      membrane, as detected by the assay of (i) conjugated dienes, (ii) lipid
      hydroperoxides, (iii) malondialdehydes (MDA), and (iv) the fluorescent adducts
      formed by the reaction of MDA with glycine and also a linear dose-dependent
      increase of [14C]glucose efflux from the liposomes. UV-A-induced MDA production
      could not be inhibited by any significant degree by sodium formate, dimethyl
      sulfoxide, EDTA, or superoxide dismutase but was very significantly inhibited by
      butylated hydroxytoluene, alpha-tocopherol, sodium azide, L-histidine,
      dimethylfuran, and beta-carotene. MDA formation increased with an increase in the
      D2O content in water, leading to a maximal amount of nearly 50% enhancement of
      lipid peroxidation in 100% D2O vis-a-vis water used as dispersion medium. The
      experimental findings indicate the involvement of singlet oxygen as the initiator
      of the UV-A-induced lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2288713
TI  - Regulation of respiratory activity of brown adipose tissue mitochondria through
      changes in cytochromes.
AB  - Exposure of cold-acclimatized rats to heat (37 degrees C) for a short period
      decreased brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondrial substrate-dependent oxygen
      uptake and H2O2 generation. Both the concentration and substrate-dependent rate
      of cytochrome b reduction decreased as early as 3 h of heat exposure. These
      results identify cytochrome b as the locus of regulation of electron transport in
      BAT mitochondria under conditions of heat stress.

PMID- 2288714
TI  - Exploiting the cell membrane for the production of heterologous proteins in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The bacterial membrane serves both as a cell organelle and as a barrier for
      segregating the metabolically active cytoplasm from the extracellular milieu.
      Thus we can use plasmid vectors designed to produce a hybrid protein containing
      an efficient signal peptide coupled to the amino terminus of the cloned
      heterologous protein (secretion cloning vectors) for the production of proteins
      which are insoluble, proteolytically sensitive, or bacteriocidal when produced in
      the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that human granulocyte
      macrophage colony stimulating factor can be isolated as an active species only
      after transport into the bacterial periplasm. Production of the protein in the
      bacterial cytoplasm is bacteriocidal. We also demonstrate that biologically
      active human interleukin 4 appears only after transport of the protein into the
      bacterial growth medium. The protein forms membrane-associated aggregates in the
      cytoplasm, and demonstrates an active but nonnative conformation when expressed
      in the periplasm. This may correlate with the affinity of the interleukin 4
      molecule for negatively charged macromolecules, including bacterial membrane
      components and bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which may alter the folding pathway
      inside the cell.

PMID- 2288715
TI  - Heterotypic and homotypic cell-cell adhesion molecules in endothelial cells.
AB  - Sickle red blood cells display an abnormal propensity to adhere to cultured
      bovine aortic endothelial cells when compared to normal red blood cells. The
      adherence was potentiated three-fold by endothelial cell derived conditioned
      medium, enriched in multimers of von Willebrand factor. Such adherence was
      ablated by 80% by either the synthetic peptide (RGDS) or antibody to GPIIb/IIIa,
      indicating the presence of RGD peptide recognition domain/receptor in either
      endothelial cells or sickle cells or both. The adherence was also inhibited by
      70% by phosphatidylserine, but not by other phospholipids, indicating the
      presence of putative receptors for this phospholipid in endothelial cells. The
      labeling of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells with monoclonal antibodies
      revealed the localization of MAB D2 to regions of cell-cell contact. The antigen
      on endothelial cells which cross-reacts with this antibody has a Mr of 130,000.
      The addition of such an antibody during the plating of endothelial cells
      disrupted monolayer formation. It appears that a 130-kDa polypeptide antigen in
      endothelial cells which is recognized by MAB D2, may be a cell-cell adhesion
      molecule.

PMID- 2288716
TI  - Hydrophobic photolabeling in membranes: the human erythrocyte glucose
      transporter.
AB  - Human erythrocyte membranes were labeled with a hydrophobic photoactivable
      reagent, 2-[3H]Diazofluorene. Electrophoretic analysis of the protein fraction
      showed that several membrane spanning proteins like Band 3 (the anion
      transporter), Band 4.5 (the glucose transporter), and the sialoglycoproteins PAS
      1, 2, and 3 have been labeled. To isolate the diazofluorene-labeled glucose
      transporter, the membrane preparation was solubilized with Triton X-100 and
      passed through a DEAE-cellulose column. The flow-through fraction was analyzed by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Radioactive analysis
      of the gel indicated that besides the Band 4.5, two more proteins corresponding
      to the Band 3 and Band 6 regions also coelute with the glucose transporter in the
      flow-through fraction. On the other hand, use of n-octyl glucoside gave a
      relatively better preparation. The 2-[3H]DAF-labeled glucose transporter isolated
      by the latter method on tryptic digestion indicated that the Mr 18,000 fragment
      corresponding to the C-terminal transmembrane fragment is labeled.

PMID- 2288717
TI  - Set my factors free.

PMID- 2288718
TI  - Potential therapeutic applications of PHA-L4, the mitogenic isolectin of
      phytohemagglutinin.
AB  - Assuming that the attributes of the mitogenic-leukoaggglutinating (L4) isolectin
      of phytohemagglutinin as a proposed ideal biologic response modifier can be
      confirmed, it could prove to be a highly versatile agent with broad therapeutic
      potential for several areas of management including cancer and cancer surgery
      adjuvant, critical infections (including that with the human immunodeficiency
      viruses), vaccine adjuvant, allograft transplantations, aplastic anemias, and
      extensive burns. The isolectin is predictably more likely to be effective as an
      adjuvant or adjunctive agent than as an induction agent. Initial evaluation in
      dogs would serve the double purpose of establishing a presumptive key role in
      veterinary medicine and expediting the development of its use in humans.

PMID- 2288719
TI  - Rationales for combining chemotherapy and biotherapy in the treatment of cancer.
AB  - Chemotherapy and biotherapy are the two systemic modalities available for cancer
      treatment. In vitro assays and animal studies suggest various rationales for
      combining these two modalities. The first approach is to take advantage of
      apparent additive or synergistic cytotoxic and/or cytostatic effects of both
      modalities. A second approach is the use of chemotherapy to maximally cytoreduce
      tumor, followed by biotherapy to restore the immune system and/or to enhance
      immunologic elimination of microscopic tumor. The third approach uses biotherapy
      to diminish chemotherapy toxicities so that higher and more intense doses of
      chemotherapy can be used. The fourth approach involves the use of biologics to
      modify the tumor environment in order to enhance the delivery of chemotherapy
      molecules. A fifth approach is the use of chemotherapy as a biologic response
      modifier to enhance antitumor effects of biotherapy. The sixth strategy is to use
      biologics to reduce or overcome cell resistance to chemotherapy. Clinical trials
      are in progress exploring these various strategies. The end point of all of these
      approaches must be an improved risk to benefit or toxicity to efficacy ratio in
      the context of cancer treatment.

PMID- 2288720
TI  - Sequential treatment of melanoma patients who progressed on interleukin-2 and
      dacarbazine by alpha-interferon and dacarbazine--a preliminary report.
AB  - alpha-Interferon, 3 x 10(6) U/m2 every other day, and dacarbazine, up to 800
      mg/m2 every 3 weeks, were given to nine patients with metastatic malignant
      melanoma who had progressed on a combination of interleukin-2 and dacarbazine.
      Partial response was documented in two patients for 9 and 4 months. Responsive
      sites were the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, and skin. Failure to respond to one
      biologic response modifier does not predict the response to another modifier.

PMID- 2288721
TI  - Chronic major aphthous stomatitis: oral treatment with low-dose alpha-interferon.
AB  - Two patients with chronic major aphthous stomatitis of at least 3 years duration
      were treated with single daily oral doses (1,200 IU) of interferon alfa-2 alpha
      (HuIFN alpha). Both patients responded with complete remission of aphthae within
      6 weeks. One patient had no recurrence of the disease during a 6-month
      observation period. The second patient had a recurrent aphtha approximately 4
      weeks after the initial lesion resolved; however, the recurrent lesion was less
      severe than the patient had historically experienced. Retreatment of the
      recurrent lesion with HuIFN alpha resulted in complete remission within 1 week,
      and there were no further recurrences during the 6-month observational period.

PMID- 2288722
TI  - Modification of lymphokine-activated killer cell accumulation into tumor sites by
      chemotherapy, local irradiation, or splenectomy.
AB  - The effects of chemotherapy or local irradiation on lymphokine-activated killer
      (LAK) cell accumulation into tumor sites were investigated. Lymphokine-activated
      killer cells labeled with 111In-oxine were injected into the caudal vein of
      C57BL/6 mice that had been previously transplanted with 3LL cancer. An adoptive
      transfer of LAK cells was carried out 4 days after treatments. Twenty-four hours
      after the transfer, tumor tissues were excised, and the accumulation of labeled
      LAK cells in the tumor was measured. In two different experiments, LAK cell
      accumulation in tumor in the nontreated group was 2.15% and 1.58% of the
      administered dose per gram of tissue. The accumulation in the groups of mice
      treated with cyclophosphamide, nimustine hydrochloride, or Adriamycin increased
      fourfold (7.38% dose/g, 6.61% dose/g), threefold (6.47% dose/g) and twofold
      (4.46% dose/g), respectively, as compared with the nontreated group. These agents
      induced significant tumor regression. In the group treated with bleomycin, which
      showed no significant effect on tumor growth, LAK cell accumulation in tumor
      remained unaltered (1.57% dose/g). However, the group treated with local
      irradiation, which induced significant tumor reduction, showed no increase in LAK
      cell accumulation into tumors. These results suggest that some antitumor drugs
      enhance LAK cell accumulation into tumor sites and that this increase is due to
      tumor modification by antitumor drugs.

PMID- 2288723
TI  - Distribution of human recombinant interferon-alpha 2 in rat plasma, liver, and
      experimental liver metastases.
AB  - It has been ascertained that one of several possible reasons for negligible
      interferon activity in solid tumors, namely, hepatic metastases induced in rats
      after intraportal injection of Walker carcinoma 256 cells, is the significantly
      lower levels of interferon in the interstitial fluid of metastases in comparison
      to normal liver and plasma.

PMID- 2288724
TI  - Detection of cellular platinum using the monoclonal antibody 1C1.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, 1C1, developed using a trans-R,R-1,2-diamminocyclohexane
      (DACH) modified platinum analog (DACH-Pt-SO4) complexed with DNA was shown, using
      the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to have the ability to bind to
      both free drug DACH-Pt-SO4 and to the drug-DNA complex. Using competitive ELISA,
      1C1 was found to recognize non-DACH-containing platinum compounds, such as cis
      dichlorodiammine platinum (II) (CDDP). 1C1 exhibited strong binding to slot
      blotted, DACH-Pt-SO4-treated DNA and moderate binding to the CDDP-DNA complex,
      but was unable to detect DACH containing methyliminodiacetato-trans-R,R-1,2
      diamminocyclohexane platinum (II) (MIDP)-modified DNA. Immunocytochemical
      staining studies using 1C1 antibody on CDDP-treated BRO melanoma cells showed
      preferential staining of the cytosol compared with the nucleus. Although the
      extent of staining was dose dependent, a heterogeneous staining pattern was
      observed. Multicellular spheroids of MDA886LN squamous carcinoma cells treated
      with CDDP showed intense staining on the growing periphery compared with weak but
      homogeneous staining within the spheroid. Cell cycle-dependent uptake of CDDP in
      synchronized BRO cells may partly explain the observed heterogeneity of platinum
      distribution.

PMID- 2288725
TI  - Fiber diffraction analysis of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus using limited
      numbers of heavy-atom derivatives.
AB  - The structure of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus has been determined from
      fiber diffraction data to a resolution of 5 A, using only two derivatives and
      without making any specific assumptions about the molecular structure of the
      virus. Because of the cylindrical averaging of fiber diffraction data, large
      numbers of heavy-atom derivatives have been required in previous structure
      determinations, but it is shown that simplifying assumptions about the
      overlapping intensities in fiber diffraction are sufficient for structure
      determination at this resolution using only two derivatives.

PMID- 2288726
TI  - Reliability of assessments by skilled observers using the Glasgow Coma Scale.
AB  - The management of patients at risk of neurological deterioration is often centred
      around serial assessments made by nursing and medical clinicians using the
      Glasgow Coma Scale. Although accepted throughout the world as a reliable and
      consistent tool for such assessments, little work has been done to validate the
      original claims of reliability. In this study a very high degree of inter-rater
      reliability was demonstrated between registered nurses (RNs) who were educated
      and experienced in use of the scale. Implications for clinical practice are
      discussed.

PMID- 2288727
TI  - Paediatric atopic dermatitis: parameters of aetiology, diagnosis and management.
AB  - Atopic dermatitis is not merely a skin condition. It can have a profound physical
      and psychological effect on the child and his/her family. This article discusses
      aetiology of the disease and describes appropriate management strategies.

PMID- 2288728
TI  - A clinical learning milieu: nurse clinicians' attitudes to tertiary education and
      teaching.
AB  - A target population of 742 registered nurses (RNs) who had direct contact or
      potential for direct contact with college nursing students were surveyed
      regarding their attitudes to the transfer of undergraduate nurse education to the
      tertiary sector, and to helping teach/supervise students. The RNs were located at
      19 of 21 hospitals providing clinical experience for students of one college
      during semester one in 1989; 490 (66%) returned completed questionnaires. These
      bedside nurse clinicians were clearly divided on whether the transfer would
      ultimately benefit the nursing profession. Despite this, nearly all preferred to
      work in a hospital providing clinical experience for college students; they saw
      teaching as an essential part of the RN's role and gained satisfaction from it.

PMID- 2288729
TI  - Health teaching in clinical nursing practice.
AB  - The Nurses' Board of Western Australia identifies health teaching as one of five
      essential role competencies in its regulation of professional nursing practice.
      This implies that patient/client education is recognized as a fundamental
      component of health care, however there is mounting concern within the profession
      that nurses are not taking full advantage of teaching opportunities that present
      in clinical practice. This paper reviews literature about health teaching and
      suggests that patients should be better informed about their health status and
      future health maintenance.

PMID- 2288730
TI  - Evaluation of a family care centre in NSW.
AB  - To evaluate the Mt Druitt Family Care Centre a number of variables were measured:
      clients' anxiety and confidence before and after attendance, feedback on their
      experiences at the Centre and mothercraft skills and abilities on disengagement.
      Forty-one new clients whose ages reflected those of the area's child-bearing
      population participated. Most frequently reported presenting problems were:
      children not sleeping, concern with play activities and feeding difficulties.
      After attending the Centre there was a significant increase in the confidence
      levels and a decrease in anxiety levels of the service users. Most reported
      satisfaction with the service.

PMID- 2288731
TI  - [Kinetics of aliphatic alcohols (methanol, propanol-1 and isobutanol) in the
      presence of alcohol in the human body].
AB  - I. In several experiments the kinetics and questionable mutial influences of
      Methanol, Propanol-1 and Isobutanol were examined while Ethanol was present. II.
      In five different experiments 30 persons got separate congeners (7 mg Methanol/kg
      body weight, 5 mg Propanol-1/kg body weight, 5 mg Isobutanol/kg body weight) with
      0.8 g Ethanol/kg body weight. The times of drinking took both 30 and 60 minutes.
      Blood samples were taken partly half hourly, partly every quarter of an hour
      while the experiments took 4 to 9.5 hours. III. Apart from shown exceptions the
      curves of the Ethanol concentrations during the phases of elimination showed the
      familiar linear slope, whereas the corresponding Methanol concentrations went up
      on average of 0.17 mg/kg/hour. Propanol-1 as well as Isobutanol took exponential
      courses in their phases of elimination. The corresponding results have been shown
      and discussed in detail.

PMID- 2288732
TI  - [Prevention of alcohol-related crimes--a new project in Netherlands].
AB  - In this article a survey on a new Dutch project to prevent criminality in
      connection with alcohol is given. This project is a teaching course and was
      developed in connection with the already in 1988 in this periodical discussed
      Alcohol Traffic Project. It is a project for secondary prevention, aimed at the
      prevention of recidivism of delinquency in connection with alcohol. The new
      project is discussed together with the first results of its practical use.

PMID- 2288733
TI  - [Regulation for medical-psychologic examination of drunk drivers].
AB  - The author gives some further arguments for the truth of the critical review by
      Muller on the present legal situation of the medical-psychological examination of
      first-time drunken drivers by order (Blutalkohol 27, 116). He demands: Every
      person who applies for a driver's licence and whose former driving licence has
      been withdrawn should (after a screening of his person) be obliged to present a
      short expert opinion by a medical-psychological examination department, which
      gives hints on the further procedure before he is permitted to get a new driver's
      licence. The same procedure should be in force for persons who apply for a
      driver's licence on probation, if their former driving licence on probation has
      been withdrawn. Post-schooling, which is included in the law on driving licences,
      should not be carried through, if it is evidently hopeless. A certification on
      the participation in post-schooling course within the scope of the driver's
      licence on probation should not be given, if the aims of the course are evidently
      not within reach.

PMID- 2288734
TI  - [Diagnosis of alcoholism based on detection of a transferrin variant by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting].
AB  - A sensitive method is discribed for the diagnosis of alcoholism. The method is
      based on the detection of a transferrin variant (carbohydrate deficient
      transferrin = CDT) in plasma of alcoholics. The determination of CDT, the
      presence of which is characteristic for chronic alcoholism, is performed in three
      steps: The plasma proteins are separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and then transferred electrophoretically onto a nitrocellulose sheet; finally,
      the transferrin types on the nitrocellulose sheet are specifically detected by an
      antibody reaction. With the exception of certain cases (genetic variants, rare
      diseases) CDT is found only during chronic alcohol consumption. In comparison to
      other markers for chronic alcoholism an advantage of CDT is its higher
      specificity. A further advantage of the method is that CDT can be identified with
      high sensitivity by the use of a relatively small amount of technical equipment.

PMID- 2288735
TI  - [Evolution of dental education].

PMID- 2288736
TI  - [Facial and general growth and development of Valle del Aburra individuals].

PMID- 2288737
TI  - [Dental wear in children in relation to enamel chemical composition and saliva
      buffer capacity].

PMID- 2288738
TI  - [Determination of saliva secretion rate and buffer capacity in relation to caries
      incidence in students].

PMID- 2288739
TI  - [Effect of a short course of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash as an oral
      hygiene aid in patients with fixed orthodontics].

PMID- 2288740
TI  - [(Clinical case). Impacted incisors].

PMID- 2288741
TI  - [Stomatological atlas. Pigmentations of the oral mucosa].

PMID- 2288742
TI  - Efficiency of a computer network in the administrative and medical field of
      cardiac surgery. Concept of and experience with a departmental system.
AB  - We report on a pilot project implementing electronic data processing (EDP) in the
      Department of Cardiac Surgery of the University of Heidelberg, based on a concept
      of complete integration of a medical database system into everyday clinical
      routine. A computer network was installed and has been in use since August 1988
      as a department system supporting both the administrative and the medical side of
      the department (documentation, information, research, archives, organization,
      secretarial office, billing, statistics and communication). With a computer
      assisted documentation system and standardized data acquisition, nearly 80% of
      letters and reports on operations are written automatically without any further
      need for dictation. Automatic computer controlled follow-up has been initiated to
      cover all patients operated on in our hospital. The complete integration of a new
      method of clinical documentation and EDP into everyday clinical routine and the
      extensive use of computer-derived information have proved to be significant
      advances. Our practice of computer-assisted information management and
      departmental organization serves the patient by; (1) providing up-to-date valid
      information for the clinical staff; (2) establishing and stabilizing contact and
      communication with physicians elsewhere, e.g. cardiologists; (3) facilitating pre
      and postoperative contact with patients; (4) helping to optimize medical
      treatment by routine statistical data analysis (quality assurance); (5) creating
      a clear and logical computer-assisted departmental organizational structure; (6)
      permitting long-term evaluation of operative results based on a standardized
      computer-controlled follow-up procedure; (7) improving the quality of medical and
      administrative data.

PMID- 2288743
TI  - Reduced blood loss and transfusion requirements with low systemic heparinization:
      preliminary clinical results in coronary artery revascularization.
AB  - In coronary artery revascularization, low systemic heparinization was compared to
      full systemic heparinization during perfusion with heparin surface-coated
      cardiopulmonary bypass equipment. Twelve patients were randomly assigned to two
      groups and perfused with low [activated clotting time (ACT) greater than 180 s]
      or full (ACT greater than 480 s) systemic heparinization. A standard battery of
      blood samples was taken before the procedure, after heparinization, and at
      regular intervals during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. No differences were
      seen between the two groups in regard to age, body surface area, preoperative
      hematocrit, duration of bypass, bypass hypothermia, cross-clamp time, and number
      of bypasses per patient. However, there were more internal thoracic artery (ITA)
      grafts in the group with low systemic heparinization (1.5 +/- 0.8 ITA grafts per
      patient versus 0.8 +/- 0.4 ITA grafts per patient with full heparinization; p
      less than 0.05). The oxygenator gradient at the end of perfusion (before weaning)
      was 107 +/- 40 mmHg for low versus 110 +/- 10 mmHg for full heparinization
      (difference not significant). The total amount of heparin used was 7200 +/- 1030
      IU for low versus 51400 +/- 9700 IU for full (p less than 0.05). Postoperative
      hematocrit was 35.0 +/- 2.0% for low versus 24.7 +/- 2.7% for full (p less than
      0.05). Total chest tube drainage was 428 +/- 153 ml/m2 for low versus 935 +/- 414
      ml/m2 for full (p less than 0.05). Homologous transfusions of blood products were
      necessary in 3/6 patients for low versus 6/6 patients for full (p less than
      0.10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288744
TI  - Coronary artery bypass surgery with minimal use of homologous blood. Effects of a
      simple and inexpensive blood conservation programme.
AB  - Restriction of donor blood transfusions in cardiac surgery should decrease the
      risk of infective contamination and antigenicity. Following a simple, systematic
      and inexpensive blood conservation program, we report on 250 consecutive patients
      undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery, 247 (98.6%) of whom did not
      need homologous blood transfusions. At least one internal mammary artery was
      grafted in all but one patient, in combination with saphenous vein grafts.
      Intraoperatively, autologous heparinized blood was removed before bypass and
      retransfused at the conclusion of extracorporeal circulation. The remaining
      volume of the oxygenator and tubing set was retransfused without any cell
      processing or hemofiltration. Using the hard-shell cardiotomy reservoir from the
      heart lung machine, autotransfusion of the shed mediastinal blood was continued
      hourly up to 18 h after surgery. The mean postoperative mediastinal bleeding was
      622 +/- 287 ml, of which 589 +/- 296 ml was autotransfused. Five patients (2.0%)
      needed re-exploration for bleeding, and three of these received 1-4 units of
      homologous blood. No other patients needed red cell transfusions. Seven patients
      were given a mean of 2.6 units of fresh frozen plasma because of coagulopathy.
      Thus, altogether 240 patients (96%) were not exposed to any homologous blood
      products during their hospital stay. Morbidity was low. At discharge, the mean
      hemoglobin concentration was 12.0 +/- 1.4 g/dl and the mean hematocrit 36.0 +/-
      4.2%. There were no deaths.

PMID- 2288745
TI  - Circulatory support in infants with post-cardiopulmonary bypass left ventricular
      dysfunction using a left ventricular assist device.
AB  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been advocated as the most appropriate
      mode of circulatory support in the paediatric age group for post-cardiopulmonary
      bypass ventricular dysfunction. The results in infants who have predominantly
      left ventricular failure, or who require such support in order to be weaned off
      bypass, have been disappointing. Three infants with severe left ventricular
      dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass for correction of congenital heart
      defects have been managed with a left ventricular assist device. Two required
      this form of circulatory support in order to be weaned from full bypass while in
      the third infant it was instituted for progressive left ventricular dysfunction
      postoperatively. All three were less than 10 kg in weight. Left atrial appendage
      to aortic bypass was effected using a closed loop circuit with a constrained
      vortex pump (Biomedicus). Duration of support ranged between 40 and 146 h. One
      infant made a complete recovery and was able to be discharged home 20 days
      postoperatively. Another made a circulatory recovery such that both mechanical
      and inotropic support could be discontinued but had sustained massive
      neurological damage. The third died of progressive left ventricular dysfunction.
      This experience with a left ventricular assist device demonstrates that it is
      technically feasible in small infants, and can be performed to good effect in
      infants with predominant left ventricular dysfunction following cardiac surgery.
      It may well be more appropriate than extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in this
      group of patients.

PMID- 2288746
TI  - Prevention of spinal cord ischemia in surgery of thoraco-abdominal aneurysms. The
      Bio Medicus pump, the recording of somatosensory evoked potentials and the impact
      on surgical strategy.
AB  - Over a 15-month period 14 consecutive patients underwent surgery for extensive
      thoracoabdominal aneurysms with a nonheparinized centrifugally pumped (Bio
      Medicus) bypass and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) recording. Six patients
      had a femorofemoral and eight patients a left atrial-common femoral artery
      bypass. The study aimed to assess the contribution of this approach to the
      prevention of spinal cord ischemia and the impact of the approach on surgical
      strategy. All patients survived operation; the 30-day and hospital mortality was
      21% (three patients). Two patients became paraplegic. No major cardiac and renal
      complications occurred. Distal aortic perfusion allowed staged cross-clamping of
      the aorta in five (35.7%) patients, resulting in a significant reduction in mean
      spinal cross-clamp time: 23.4 min versus a calculated time of 47.2 min in the
      same patients if distal aortic perfusion had not been used (p less than or equal
      to 0.002). In one patient surgical strategy was adjusted during cross-clamping in
      order to reattach a critical intercostal artery. SEP-derived information
      confirmed the appropriateness of the surgical strategy in all cases. Whether the
      spinal cord was protected by this perfusion remained unproven. No bypass-related
      complications occurred. Distal aortic perfusion and concomitant SEP monitoring
      offer an improvement of surgical strategy and safer surgery.

PMID- 2288747
TI  - Pulmonary reperfusion injury: evidence for oxygen-derived free radical mediated
      damage and effects of different free radical scavengers.
AB  - Blood granulocyte-mediated reactions involving generation of oxygen-derived free
      radicals have recently been shown to be capable of causing injury to the lungs.
      These findings suggest a similar mechanism also to be involved in the development
      of pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion injury. In the present study, therefore, the
      effects of three oxygen-derived free radical scavengers, superoxide dismutase
      (SOD; 1 mg/kg), catalase (20,000 IU/kg) and allopurinol (45 mg/kg), were
      evaluated during reperfusion in a rabbit model after 2 h normothermic ischemia of
      the lung. During reperfusion, ischemic lungs were found to have an elevated
      pulmonary vascular resistance, increased total and extravascular lung water
      content, and decreased arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) compared to control
      animals. SOD and catalase, but not allopurinol, were able to reduce pulmonary
      injury by lowering the pulmonary vascular resistance, but could not prevent
      pulmonary damage as shown by total lung water (TLW) or PaO2. It is concluded that
      oxygen-derived free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide and the superoxide anion
      may play an important role in precipitating pulmonary injury after ischemia. The
      failure of xanthine oxidase inhibition (allopurinol) to exert protective effects
      may suggest that oxygen-derived free radical generation following pulmonary
      ischemia occurs predominantly via leukocyte-mediated reactions.

PMID- 2288748
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy evaluation of the Abiomed 5000 ventricular support
      system after clinical biventricular assistance.
AB  - Twenty-nine days after implantation of an Abiomed 5000 biventricular support
      system for otherwise intractable end-stage cardiomyopathy, the inner surfaces of
      the device were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM
      showed clean surfaces inside the blood sacs, with only rare fibrin deposits.
      There were platelet adhesions on the ventricular side of the artificial
      atrioventricular valves; no deposits were on the opposite side. Structural
      deterioration of the closing edge of the artificial valves could be seen. The
      tubing system was likewise covered by a uniform deposition of single platelets
      with no major thrombus formation. Postmortem examination of the patient, on the
      other hand, revealed gross thrombus formation inside both atria at the
      cannulation sites, despite efficient anticoagulation. We conclude that the
      Abiomed 5000 per se is unlikely to be the site of major thrombus formation
      leading to subsequent embolization after 660 h implantation. However, the
      structural integrity of the adapting areas of the leaflets may become a point of
      concern. Further research is necessary to improve the atrial cannulation
      technique in order to prevent the atrial thrombus formation demonstrated as the
      source of systemic embolization.

PMID- 2288750
TI  - Gastroepiploic artery free graft for coronary bypass.

PMID- 2288749
TI  - Hepato-atrial anastomosis as emergency treatment for traumatic rupture of
      suprahepatic inferior vena cava and hepatic veins.
AB  - The case of a 21-year-old patient operated on as an emergency for traumatic
      rupture of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic vein (HVs) is
      presented. Since anatomic reconstruction of the ruptured vessels was considered
      unfeasible, a direct anastomosis was instituted between the right atrium and the
      liver capsule around the disrupted IVC and HVs, using extracorporeal circulation,
      deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Hemorrhage was easily controlled and the
      patient survived. As far as we know, this operation, originally developed for the
      treatment of the Budd-Chiari syndrome, has never been used before as a life
      saving procedure under the circumstances described.

PMID- 2288751
TI  - [Neuro-functional aspects of syncope].

PMID- 2288752
TI  - [Otitis externa maligna and cranial neuropathy].
AB  - Malignant external otitis (MEO) is a disease of the external auditive channel
      (EAC) due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa which usually involves individuals with
      diabetes mellitus. It may result in the invasion of the cranial base with cranial
      neuropathy and a high mortality rate despite therapy. We report the clinical
      features, diagnostic procedures, evolution and therapy of 8 patients with MEO,
      seven of which had cranial neuropathy. All patients have diabetes except one who
      had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. All had otalgia, otorrhea and headache
      lasting for several months. Six patients had homolateral (as related to the MEO)
      facial palsy. One patient with bilateral MEO developed bilateral facial palsy and
      lesion of the cranial nerves VI (unilaterally) and IX through XII (bilaterally).
      In all patients P. aeruginosa was cultured from the EAC exudate scintigraphy with
      99Tc showed uptake at medium ear and mastoid level in all 8 patients, suggesting
      a possible osteomyelitis. Scintigraphy with 67Ga was positive in the 6 cases
      where it was carried out, showing uptake in the soft tissues of the cranial base.
      Computed tomography was carried out in 6 patients, and it was useful to define
      the anatomical extent of the disease. The patients received different therapeutic
      schedules, particularly the combination of a betalactamic and aminoglucoside
      antibiotics. Follow up was characterized by common recurrences, and one patient
      died. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent the extension
      and recurrence of MEO are discussed. Cranial neuropathy is considered as a poor
      prognostic finding.

PMID- 2288753
TI  - [Parkinsonism after methyl alcohol poisoning].
AB  - Two cases of parkinsonism due to methyl alcohol poisoning are reported. In the
      first patient, parkinsonism features were mild and stable, while in the second
      they progressively developed in the weeks following the poisoning. None of the
      two patients had significant visual abnormalities during the clinical evolution.
      Both patients had symmetrical putaminal lesions in CT, and one in NMR imaging.
      The response to antiparkinsonism drugs was absent in one case and it could not be
      evaluated in the other because of patient's death. On the basis of theses two
      cases the clinical and therapeutic features of this type of striatal parkinsonism
      are compared with those with parkinsonism due to other toxic agents. In view of
      the topography of the lesions of this poisoning, which is shared by other
      conditions such as Leber's disease or Leigh's syndrome, and the analogy with the
      presynaptic action of MPP+ in the parkinsonism due to MPTP, a possible
      implication of mitochondrial metabolism in the pathogenesis of this syndrome is
      discussed. The lack of knowledge of the real incidence of this complication in
      the survivors of methyl alcohol poisoning suggests the need to perform studies
      with a prolonged and systematic clinical follow up.

PMID- 2288755
TI  - [Pure sensory syndrome caused by capsular hemorrhage in the territory of
      distribution of the anterior choroid artery].

PMID- 2288754
TI  - [Neuro-psychological disorders in hypothyroid dementia. Description of case].
AB  - Hypothyroidism is one of the most frequent causes of treatable symptomatic
      dementia. However a detailed description of its neuropsychologic characteristics
      in the medical literature is lacking. We have studied a 70 year old patient
      suffering severe mental deterioration, cerebellopathy, myopathy and
      hypothyroidism with a complete set of neuropsychologic and psychometric tests:
      mental mini-examination, Blessed's scale, neuropsychologic examination, WAIS,
      Bento visual retention test, Rey's picture, words learning, delayed recall of
      words, verbal fluency, reaction times and maintained attention. This type of
      dementia is characterized by a low score in all tests which improves
      progressively with the treatment and it is also accompanied by a lack of language
      defects, nonconstructive apraxia or agnosia. The recovery involves the
      attentional field and the memory as well as the two intelligence indices. However
      this improvement is more apparent in the tests related to attention and
      visuospatial information processing. It is concluded that hypothyroid dementia in
      this patient had characteristics "subcortical dementia" and a neuropsychologic
      deterioration pattern rather nonspecific with a slight predominance of the
      attentional and visuospatial defects.

PMID- 2288756
TI  - [Importance of magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of Hallervorden- Spatz
      disease: presentation of a case with familial history].

PMID- 2288757
TI  - [Epidemiology of the forms of neurological presentation in patients with AIDS].

PMID- 2288758
TI  - [Amyotrophic neuralgia of the shoulder and Addison's disease].

PMID- 2288759
TI  - [The high resolution G band of human chromosomes at 1200 band stage].
AB  - The high resolution G band of human chromosomes at 1200 band stage was analyzed
      under microscope and every band was identified based on the 850 band stage
      chromosome diagram of ISCN (1985). A set of photographs of haploid set
      chromosomes at 1200 band stage was presented on which every dark band was marked.

PMID- 2288760
TI  - [Study on protein polymorphism of Chinese KM subcolonies].
AB  - This paper presents the results of study on 24 protein markers by means of
      electrophoresis in 4KM subcolonies maintained in Beijing, Shanghai and Changcun,
      and compares it with that of one NIH colony introduced from U.S.A. in 1982. The
      results revealed that: (1) There were few genetic variants on allelic
      constitutions of Chinese KM mouse colonies, and the genetic distance among KM
      subcolonies is 0.008-0.027 positively related with the time the colony closed;
      (2) The unique position of S: KM mouse was shown in phylogenetic diagram of 4 KM
      subcolonies, which agrees with the result from mandible analysis; (3) The allelic
      constitutions of KM mice differs from NIH mice a Swiss derivative colony at Es-3,
      Es-10, Glo-1, Gpt-1, Got-2 and Mpi-1 loci and the average genetic distance
      between KM and NIH colonies is 0.131 + 0.011, which indicates that Chinese KM
      mice is one of non-Swiss derivative subspecies.

PMID- 2288761
TI  - [Isolation and mapping of arbitrary single copy DNA fragment located on human
      chromosome 11p11-q11].
AB  - A library of genomic DNA has been constructed in EMBL3 lambda phage, from a
      Chinese hamster/human lymphocytes somatic cell hybrid carrying human chromosome
      11 and 20. Recombinants containing human genomic DNA origin can be isolated from
      the hybrid cell genomic library by using species-specific probe. 8 single copy
      fragments have been isolated from 13 recombinants. One of them designated as FD11
      1 has been identified on chromosome 11 by hybridized it with hybrid cell clone
      panel and mapped on chromosome 11p11-q11 by chromosome in situ hybridization. On
      chromosome 11, 3 linkage groups were reported, which located on 11p15, 11p13 and
      11q13 respectively. Therefore, the FD11-1 will supply a new locus on chromosome
      11 for linkage analysis. Endonuclease recognizing sites and potential recognizing
      sites on FD11-1 will guide the further RFLP studies.

PMID- 2288762
TI  - [Dependence of recA gene for the replication of chromosome of Escherichia coli
      initiated by the integrated mini-F plasmid carrying IS1 sequence].
AB  - We have reported the dependence of recA gene for the replication of chromosome of
      E. coli initiated by the F' plasmid but not the F plasmid. Mini-F plasmids with
      ISI sequence and origin of replication from F and F' plasmid have been
      constructed. 20% of the integrative suppression strains of these mini-F plasmids
      were found to be recA dependent, irrespective of the origin of replication (F or
      F' plasmid) and the direction of replication (uni- or bidirectional). The
      reported experimental results tend to suggest that the site of integration is of
      primary importance in the dependence vs independence of recA gene for the
      replication of the chromosome initiated by the integrated plasmid.

PMID- 2288763
TI  - The effect of hypoxia on the erythropoietin response of the uremic rabbit model.

PMID- 2288764
TI  - Effect of dietary palm oil on lipoprotein lipases: lipoprotein levels and tissue
      lipids in rat.
AB  - The aims of our study were to investigate the effect of dietary palm oil on the
      levels of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, fat distribution (in the aorta and
      liver), and total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triacylglycerol levels in young rats
      (70 g body wt) over a period of 10 weeks. Palm oil-fed rats showed higher growth
      rate and lower triacylglycerol levels than the control group. Hepatic lipase
      activity was correlated to the liver fat distribution (correlation coefficient, r
      = +0.682) as seen by histopathological sections and was similar for both the palm
      oil and the control diets. Palm oil-fed rats exhibited a significantly higher HDL
      cholesterol to total plasma cholesterol ratio when compared to animals fed the
      control diet. The triacylglycerol levels correlated inversely to the HDL
      cholesterol levels (r = -0.536) while the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity
      correlated directly to the LDL level (r = +0.617) for both groups of animals. The
      fatty acid profiles of adipose and liver tissues and plasma revealed that
      saturated fatty acids--palmitic and stearic--were preferentially incorporated in
      liver and adipose tissues and less in the plasma. This accounts for lack of
      deposition in the arterial wall and for the antithrombotic tendency of palm oil.
      Thus, our present findings suggest that dietary palm oil may not contribute to
      the risk for coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2288765
TI  - Purification and characterization of a kallikrein from human submaxillary glands.
AB  - A tissue kallikrein was purified over 1500-fold from the postmicrosomal
      supernatant of human submaxillary glands. The purified enzyme gave a single band,
      corresponding to an apparent molecular weight of 42,000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. This enzyme cross-reacted with the anti-human urinary kallikrein
      antiserum. The purified enzyme was characterized in comparison with the purest
      human urinary kallikrein preparation. Both enzymes hydrolyzed the synthetic
      substrate, Ac-Phe-Arg-OMe, most effectively. Aprotinin, TLCK, and PMSF suppressed
      the enzyme activities, while SBTI, LBTI, and alpha 1-antitrypsin had no effect at
      all. The purified enzyme generated kinin from the natural substrate, kininogen.
      It was concluded therefore that the purified enzyme is a typical tissue
      kallikrein.

PMID- 2288766
TI  - Glycopeptides in pus of acute pleurisy patients.
AB  - Glycopeptides were isolated from tryptic digests of pus from acute pleurisy
      patients. The hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid contents rose over the first 2
      4 days after admission to the hospital, continued at high levels for 5-8 hospital
      days, and fell to low levels after 9 hospital days. The course of duration after
      admission to the hospital was divided into three stages: 1-4 days after admission
      to the hospital, 5-8 hospital days, and 9-21 hospital days. Materials
      corresponding to these three stages were then collected for fractionation by DEAE
      cellulose column chromatography. Fractionation of glycopeptides by DEAE-cellulose
      column chromatography yielded three glycopeptide fractions at 0.05 to 0.2 M NaCl.
      Column chromatography of crude material on DEAE-cellulose showed an increase in
      the 0.2 M NaCl fraction from the concentrate over a period of 4-8 hospital days
      due to a large increase in sialic acid-rich glycopeptide fraction.

PMID- 2288768
TI  - Inhibition of fatty acid-supported mitochondrial respiration by cyclosporine.
AB  - We have shown that, in addition to inhibition of the succinate-supported energy
      pathway (5), CS inhibition of mitochondrial Complex II activity also limits fatty
      acid oxidation. These results are consistent with the participation of altered
      lipid metabolism in CS nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2288767
TI  - On rat renal aminolevulinate transport and metabolism in experimental Fanconi
      syndrome.
AB  - Hereditary tyrosinemia, an autosomal recessive disease of human infants, is
      characterized by severe liver disease, a renal Fanconi syndrome, and urinary
      excretion of large quantities of both aminolevulinate (ALA) and succinylacetone
      (SA). The latter is a metabolic end-product of tyrosine catabolism in affected
      individuals, produced by both liver and kidney, and is a potent inhibitor of
      aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) in liver. This inhibition has been assumed to
      result in release of large amounts of aminolevulinate from liver into the
      circulation, with subsequent urinary excretion. In the present report we examine
      the effects of succinylacetone on rat renal cortical tubular handling of ALA and
      the relationship to tubular heme content, demonstrating a marked impairment of
      each. In contrast, maleic acid was found to have no effect on either renal ALAD
      or heme content. Thus, we conclude that renal handling of ALA in SA-treated rat
      renal cortex may indicate a contribution by the kidney to the increased net ALA
      excretion observed in hereditary tyrosinemia.

PMID- 2288769
TI  - Biotin uptake in cultured hepatocytes from normal and biotin-deficient rats.
AB  - Biotin uptake was studied in isolated cultured hepatocytes of normal and biotin
      deficient rats. Biotin uptake was temperature-dependent with respect to physical,
      but not to chemical, processes, proportional to the exogenous biotin
      concentration in the medium, independent of pH and sodium ion concentrations of
      the medium, and uneffected by the presence of structural analogues of biotin or
      metabolic inhibitors in both normal and biotin-deficient hepatocytes. These
      results suggest that biotin uptake occurs by a passive, nonmediated, non-energy
      dependent mechanism in rat hepatocytes.

PMID- 2288770
TI  - DNA from Guthrie spots for diagnosis of DMD by multiplex PCR.

PMID- 2288771
TI  - [Cerebellar AVM--clinical analysis of 14 cases].
AB  - The authors report on their experience with 14 cases of cerebellar arteriovenous
      malformation (AVM), with emphasis on their clinical symptoms and treatment
      problems. The incidence of cerebellar AVM was 7.5% in all cases of intracranial
      AVM. Twelve of them presented with hemorrhages, one with a headache and one with
      a focal neurological deficit related to the "steal" phenomenon. Three out of 4
      poor risk patients with intracerebellar hematoma recovered well after their
      operations. Thus, we can say that surgical treatment should be performed even if
      the patient's state seems hopeless. The nidus was located at the vermis in 7, at
      the cerebellar hemisphere in 5, and at the tonsil in 2 cases. The surgical
      approach to the superior surface of cerebellum or the tonsil near the brainstem
      became a problem. In our series, all surgically treated cases were approached
      through the suboccipital route with the patient in the prone position and the
      surgical results were favorable. On the other hand, one case which underwent
      conservative treatment died due to rebleeding. Thus, as the follow-up mortality
      with conservative treatment is higher and the results of surgery are better,
      surgical treatment should be attempted. Preoperative MR imaging is one of the
      useful methods used to determine whether an excision is possible without
      significant deficit, especially in cases in which the AVM is located near the
      brain stem. In our series, two patients had concomitant aneurysms related to
      feeding arteries. Another interesting case of a neonate who had a small tonsillar
      AVM is reported.

PMID- 2288772
TI  - [Myopathy in acromegaly. Report of two cases].
AB  - Acromegaly is often associated with neuromuscular disorders. Most of them are
      caused by compression of nerves with hypertrophic bone and soft tissues or
      complications of diabetes mellitus. Myopathy has rarely been reported in the
      Japanese literature. We report two cases with myopathy out of 14 cases of
      acromegaly. Case 1 is a 62-year-old woman who developed muscle weakness and
      atrophy in the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and femoral regions after a 10-year
      history of acromegaly. She showed positive Gowers' sign and normal DTRs. Basal
      growth hormone (GH) level in plasma was 1076 ng/ml. Electromyograms (EMG)
      obtained from the deltoid and rectus femoris muscles revealed typical myopathic
      abnormalities; an excess of small-amplitude, short-duration, polyphasic motor
      unit potentials. Histological examinations of the rectus femoris muscle showed
      diffuse atrophy of both type I and type II fibers. She also had bilateral carpal
      tunnel syndrome and bilateral tarsal tunnel syndrome, which were confirmed by
      nerve conduction studies of median nerves and posterior tibial nerves. A cranial
      computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated sellar mass with suprasellar
      extension. She underwent transsphenoidal adenomectomy and radiation therapy. GH
      level lowered to 29 ng/ml, however, myopathy remained unchanged for 3 years after
      the surgery. Case 2 is a 38-year-old woman who had undergone partial removal of a
      pituitary adenoma 9 years after the onset of acromegaly. Basal GH level in plasma
      before the surgery had been 1694 ng/ml and was still high after the surgery (100
      505 ng/ml). The patient developed proximal muscle weakness and atrophy 4 years
      after the surgery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288773
TI  - [Studies of age-related changes in intracerebral small vessels of rat--do all
      cerebral blood vessels get aging concurrently?].
AB  - Age-related changes of intracerebral small blood vessels were studied with light
      and electron microscopes. In the first step of this investigation (Experiment 1),
      Wistar rats of 4-month-old were employed to determine the appropriate
      concentration of administrated HRP (horseradish peroxidase) for surveying the
      uptake capacity of HRP. Each rat was injected HRP intravenously under light
      anesthesia with ether. After 30 minutes, rat brains were excised and prepared for
      stretch specimen (Mato et al, 1979). Light microscopically, corresponding with
      decrease of the concentration of injected HRP, the reaction products of HRP in
      the cytoplasm of fluorescent granular perithelial (FGP) cells reduced linearly
      and the injection of 5 mg HRP revealed only FGP cells in the parietotemporal
      region of cerebral cortex. Referring to the results mentioned above, 10 mg of HRP
      was decided to be applicable dose for the following study. In the next experiment
      (Experiment 2), Wistar rats of 4-month-old, 1.7-year-old and 2.4-year-old were
      used for the study on the relation between morphological alteration of vascular
      cells and changes of uptake capacity of FGP cells in aging. At 30 minutes after
      the injection of 10 mg, rats were perfused and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and
      2% paraformaldehyde under light anesthesia. Then, rat brains were removed and
      divided coronally into three parts. After slicing with Vibratome, number and
      distribution of FGP cells were studied under light microscope. The other
      specimens were dehydrated and embedded in Epon 812. The ultrastructure of
      vascular cells (endothelial and smooth muscle cells) and FGP cells at each age
      was examined with JEM 2000 EX electron microscope. Supplementary, ultrastructure
      of middle cerebral and retinal arteries of 2.4-year-old rats was also studied for
      comparison with that of the intracerebral (cortical)small vessels. The findings
      obtained from Experiment 2 could be summarized as follows; 1. Light
      microscopically, in 4-month-old and 1.7-year-old rats, FGP cells including
      positive granules of HRP were often recognizable along small blood vessels of
      cerebrum, especially in cerebral cortices. In 2.4-year-old rats, the numbers of
      FGP cells with positive granules of HRP decreased significantly (p less than
      0.01). It was confirmed that the uptake capacity of FGP cells reduced with aging.
      But, exceptionally, regardless from aging of animals, FGP cells belonging to a
      few special vessels in the parietotemporal area of cerebral cortices included
      many and intense reaction products. 2. Electronmicroscopically, the vascular
      cells changed in appearance and contents with aging.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2288774
TI  - [Changes in RCBF and edema after transient cerebral ischemia--ischemic threshold
      of postischemic hypoperfusion].
AB  - Brain damage after transient cerebral ischemia may be related to changes in
      postischemic cerebral blood flow and brain edema. In this study, the relationship
      between postischemic cerebral blood flow and edema was evaluated in the gerbil.
      Bilateral carotid occlusion (for 1, 1.5, 5, 15, or 30 min) was carried out in 110
      female gerbils (50-70 g) under anesthesia with 2% halothane in 30% O2 and 70%
      NO2. Cerebral blood flow was measured by a [14C]-iodoantipyrine method modified
      slightly for use in small animals, and brain edema was evaluated by a specific
      gravity method. The threshold duration of ischemia which gives rise to subsequent
      hypoperfusion or edema was also established. In another 52 female gerbils under
      the same anesthesia, we investigated the effect of ischemia of variable duration
      on postischemic blood pressure and blood gas. Throughout all experiments, rectal
      temperature was maintained at 37-38 degrees C with a heating pad. Student's t
      test was used to calculate statistical significance. Neither blood pressure nor
      blood gas did vary significantly at any time following recirculation. Each brain
      region showed the same pattern of blood flow change, one almost independent of
      duration of occlusion. Namely, after the release of occlusion, transient recovery
      of blood flow was observed. But the flow then fell to 30-40% of the normal value
      at 1 h, after which it returned up to normal at 6 h. The severity of postischemic
      hypoperfusion was also independent of occlusion time. Interestingly, we did not
      observe postischemic hyperemia in any experimental groups except mild hyperemia
      in hippocampus after 5 and 15 min ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288776
TI  - [Changes in content of excitatory amino acids in the brain and cerebrospinal
      fluid].
AB  - Recently epilepsy is analysed on terms of two different conditions, seizure
      susceptibility and seizure induction. Much attention has been paid to excitatory
      amino acids in these conditions. An examination was made of changes of glutamate
      and aspartate in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a cat amygdaloid
      kindling model so as to determine whether excitatory amino acids are possibly
      involved in seizure susceptibility and seizure induction. Twenty crossbred adult
      cats were divided into four groups: a sham operation group (Sh) as the control,
      just after stage 4 seizure group (S4), just after stage 6 seizure group (S6), and
      stage 6 group 2 weeks after the last stimulation (S6-2W). CSF, blood and 13
      individual brain regions were taken at 9 + 4 degrees C, and their glutamate and
      aspartate contents were measured by high performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC). Glutamate concentration was significantly higher in the S6 group than in
      the Sh group in CSF and less in the S6 group than in the Sh group in the left and
      right amygdala, hippocampus and piriform cortex. No aspartate could be detected
      in the CSF of any group, nor did it change significantly in the blood or brain.
      Based on the above results, the content and release of glutamate and aspartate
      apparently do not change in seizure susceptibility and glutamate is released from
      kindled tissues in seizure induction, thus showing it to be involved in seizure
      induction in a cat amygdaloid kindling.

PMID- 2288775
TI  - [Immunohistochemical study of placental form of glutathione S-transferase in
      human brain tumors and fetal brains].
AB  - The activity of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-pi) was examined in
      100 cases including various histologic subtypes and grading of human brain tumors
      and 10 cases of fetal brains by immunohistochemical studies. The 69% of cases
      with brain tumors were shown to be positive for GST-pi. This activity in
      neuroepithelial tumors tended to increase in order to tumor grading, however,
      medulloblastoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) were not
      immunoreactive with GST-pi. Embryonal carcinoma showed strong staining, although
      fetal brains were negative. The metastatic brain tumors showed the same
      reactivity with GST-pi as those of original carcinomas. Moreover, the difference
      of GST-pi activity was investigated on some brain tumors treated with or without
      antitumor drug, such as 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl) methyl-3-(2
      chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU). The 85% of recurrent cases
      showed strong staining with GST-pi, and GST-pi activity seemed to be increased
      after treated with ACNU. The present study indicated that GST-pi might be a
      useful marker for human brain tumor, as the same conclusion was applicable to
      other neoplastic lesions examined previously. It is suggested that the increased
      GST-pi activity with malignancy of tumor may indicate the tendency to recurrence.
      The presence of such activity in tumor cells may also imply their acquired
      multidrug resistance. Our findings suggest that the evaluation of GST-pi activity
      in brain tumors will offer a predictive value for eventual behavior of the tumor.

PMID- 2288777
TI  - [Regional difference in free fatty acids release and the action of phospholipase
      during ischemia in rat brain].
AB  - It is well known that levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in the brain rapidly
      increase during ischemia. FFA release during ischemia is generally due to the
      disturbance of reacylation by ATP depletion and deacylation from membrane
      phospholipids by the action of phospholipase. The present study examined the
      regional difference in brain FFA levels and also the action of phospholipase from
      the effect of NMDA antagonist (MK-801) and phospholipase C inhibitor (PMSF) on
      FFA release during complete ischemia in rat brain. Complete brain ischemia was
      induced with cardiac arrest by intracardiac injection of KCI. A focused microwave
      was irradiated to the head of rats 0, 2, 4 and 8 minutes after cardiac arrest.
      Samples of the neocortex, striatum, hippocampus and thalamus were dissected. FFA
      were measured in each sample. In the vulnerable regions such as neocortex,
      hippocampus and striatum, arachidonic acid and other FFA levels rapidly increased
      from the onset of ischemia. All FFA levels in the thalamus were significantly
      lower than those in the other regions during ischemia. The regional difference of
      FFA levels during ischemia seemed to be responsible for the regional difference
      of the vulnerability to ischemia. MK-801 inhibited the FFA release mainly from
      phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine between 2 and 4 minutes of
      ischemia. On the other hand, PMSF inhibited the FFA release mainly from
      phosphatidylinositol during the first 2 minutes of ischemia and from
      phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine until 8 minutes of
      ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288778
TI  - [A case report of acute leukemia following the onset of cerebral sinus
      thrombosis].
AB  - A case was reported in which the patient, whose leukemic cells were not found in
      the peripheral blood, died several days after the onset of cerebral sinus
      thrombosis, and after the autopsy acute leukemia was diagnosed. The patient, a 68
      year-old female, was admitted with clouding of the consciousness. In the initial
      examination, she was semicomatose, pendulum-like movement was seen in the
      eyeballs, and hemorrhagic maculae on the trunk and extremities. Among the
      laboratory findings, WBC was 8, 100 (B 1, St 6, S 77, L 14, Mon 2), RBC 375 x
      10(4), Hb 12.5, Ht 37, PLT 3.5 x 10(4), PT 15.6, PTT 68, Fib 158, FDP 10 and AT
      III 75. In contrast enhanced CT, an empty triangular sign was observed. On the
      third hospital day, the patient died of a cerebral hernia. On autopsy, thrombosis
      was found in the bilateral sigmoid sinus. In the cerebral tissue, congestion was
      throughout the brain, and many leukemic cells were seen in the dilated blood
      vessels, but there was no infiltration into the parenchyma. The bone marrow,
      hypercellular, showed many intermediate type and blastic myeloid cells. The main
      neurological complications of leukemia are leukemic infiltration and intracranial
      hemorrhages. Capillary obstructions associated with the disseminated
      intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome are rarely experienced, but obstructions
      of thick arteries or thick veins such as venous sinuses are seldom seen in
      general, and most reports of such cases were those resulting from chemotherapy
      after making a diagnosis of acute leukemia. In the literature, there have been
      only two reports in our literature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288779
TI  - [Monitoring of auditory brainstem response (ABR) during microvascular
      decompression (MVD): results in 400 cases].
AB  - In recent years, microvascular decompression (MVD) has been well established as a
      definitive surgical procedure in the management of hemifacial spasm (HFS) and
      trigeminal neuralgia (TN). With careful microsurgical technique, MVD can be
      performed accurately without significant morbidity. However, some incidence of
      postoperative hearing disturbance has been reported as one the annoying
      complications. In order to avoid complications of the 8th nerve, we have been
      using intraoperative monitoring of auditory brainstem response (ABR) for the past
      5 years. This report presents the results of ABR monitoring in our personal
      series of 400 MVD cases. Our clinical results consist of 225 HFS and 175 TN, who
      underwent recording of ABR before, during and after MVD, including audiometry
      before and after the operation. There are 107 males and 293 females with the age
      ranging between 22 and 79, averaging 55 years old. Under routine general
      endotracheal anesthesia, the patient was placed in a lateral position and a small
      retromastoid opening was made. Pieces of teflon tape and fibrin glue was used to
      transpose, reposition and fixate the offending vessels. We used CADWELL 5200 and
      recorded ABR with needle electrode and click sound averaging 1500 times. ABR
      recordings were performed on admission, at the beginning of the operation, during
      nerve decompression and wound closure and at the time of discharge. The interpeak
      latency of waves I-V and the wave V amplitude during nerve decompression or wound
      closure were compared with those on admission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288780
TI  - [Analysis of water content in rat brain using Raman spectroscopy].
AB  - Laser Raman spectroscopy has not been applied to brain tissue. However, this
      method can possibly analyze the constituent elements of living tissue of cellular
      and molecular level easily, and this might be essential for further brain
      research. I attempted to analyze the water content of brain tissues, which was
      measured by Raman spectrum of CH and OH groups, in normal and edematous rat brain
      tissues. The experimental results indicated that the peak intensity of CH group
      originated from protein, 2935 cm-1 in wave number, was constant in normal, dried
      and edematous brain tissue. Therefore it could be used as internal standard. As
      the peak intensity of OH group, 3390 cm-1 in wave number, was originated from
      water, the relative amount of water content in the brain tissues could be
      evaluated by OH/CH value. The OH/CH value was not significantly different between
      the cortex and the thalamus, but it was significantly higher in the gray matter
      (thalamus) than in the white matter (pons). The OH/CH value was decreased in
      dried specimens. In experimental edematous brain tissues, which was produced by
      intraperitoneal injection of organic tin, the OH/CH value was evidently increased
      in the thalamus but not much changed in the pons. This results were well
      compatible with cytotoxic edema, which was reported to be produced by organic
      tin. It is suggested that laser Raman spectroscopy can be used for brain edema
      research as one of the strong weapon, in analyzing water content of brain tissues
      on a cellular level.

PMID- 2288781
TI  - Fluoridation monitoring: a systematic approach.

PMID- 2288783
TI  - The gray tooth--traumatized primary incisors.

PMID- 2288782
TI  - Prosthetic specialist team helps patients feel whole again.

PMID- 2288784
TI  - Collection makes office visit a lesson in history.

PMID- 2288785
TI  - Panoramic zonography of the midface: a clinician's guide to vertical
      magnification.
AB  - Surgical procedures involving the maxilla require details regarding the
      topography of the nasal floor and that of the maxillary sinus. Panoramic
      zonography can provide this information with a minimum of radiation exposure and
      may be used in certain instances when other imaging modalities cannot. Spatially
      dependent variations in vertical magnification inherent to panoramic zonography
      using the midface program were determined. Radiographic lengths of marker wires
      attached at seven locations along the maxillary arch of dry skulls were measured.
      Radiographs were obtained at 0, -10 and -20 mm shifts. Analysis of variance and
      ranking did not reveal any significant differences in magnification between
      skulls. However, a dichotomy between the anterior and posterior portions of the
      maxillary arch in terms of vertical magnification was found at all three shift
      positions. In addition, at all marker locations, the magnification diminished as
      a function of decreasing shift position. These variations are due to the fact
      that teeth within the arch are not all located at the central plane of the focal
      trough generated by the unit. The results provide the clinician with vertical
      magnification factors from which actual measurements can be derived from
      zonographs.

PMID- 2288786
TI  - Smokeless tobacco spoils more than the world series.

PMID- 2288787
TI  - Pathways of insertion.
AB  - Each day, many dental procedures are successfully performed with local
      anesthesia. Their use is so commonplace that it would be difficult to imagine
      performing dentistry without them. The vast array of local anesthetics and the
      techniques for their delivery has allowed patients the opportunity to have dental
      treatment performed efficiently and comfortably. Yet, the practitioner cannot
      become complacent in their usage. The complex muscular, vascular, neural, and
      osseous interrelationships in the oral and craniofacial area mandate a thorough
      knowledge of this region. The purpose of this article is to review these
      relationships relative to the ability to obtain and maintain anesthesia. Further,
      blood vessels and other anatomic entities about which the deposition of local
      anesthesia should be made cautiously will be discussed.

PMID- 2288788
TI  - Practical approach to sterilization.

PMID- 2288789
TI  - Dental educators answering a need.

PMID- 2288790
TI  - Survey at urban college indicates compliance.
AB  - While the emergence of AIDS and associated barrier controls has impacted on
      dental practice, little inquiry has been undertaken to explore changes in
      clinical teaching. The purpose of this study was 1) to determine if any changes
      in teaching behavior have occurred, and 2) to explore attitudes of clinical
      faculty concerning controls. A questionnaire was sent to all clinical faculty at
      an urban college of dentistry. Most faculty reported being aware of and complying
      with control protocols. Although the majority of respondents (62 percent)
      reported spending the same amount of time with students and patients before and
      after barrier controls, a substantial number reported spending more time with
      students and patients implementing control techniques and less time in physical
      contact with patients and demonstrating dental procedures. The majority of the
      faculty felt the college's barrier controls were about right, although some
      recommended specific additions and deletions. Attitudinal responses were quite
      varied and often emotional, ranging from "No matter what we do, it can never be
      enough" to "It's ridiculous."

PMID- 2288791
TI  - Understanding grief and mourning.

PMID- 2288792
TI  - Quality assessment system: the search for validity.

PMID- 2288793
TI  - Restoration of primary incisors one of most challenging procedures.

PMID- 2288794
TI  - Esthetic modification of fused maxillary anterior teeth.

PMID- 2288795
TI  - Microscopic dentistry--a simple upgrade.

PMID- 2288796
TI  - Understanding of manufacturing process increases efficacy of patient examination
      gloves.

PMID- 2288797
TI  - Orthodontic presbyopia.

PMID- 2288799
TI  - Pathological alterations in human tendons.
AB  - The present authors analyzed the pathological alterations of 1966 tendons
      examined in the National Institute of Traumatology, Budapest, during the past 18
      years. The majority of cases proved to be tendinopathies (hypoxic-degenerative
      tendinopathy or calcific tendinitis, tendolipomatosis and mucoid degeneration)
      leading to tendon rupture. The incidence of tendon tumors, foreign bodies,
      infectious tendon diseases, and other pathological conditions was clearly lower.
      The methods of tissue preparation and of examination of tendon specimens were
      also evaluated. Light microscopy was sufficient for the diagnosis of pyogenic
      tendinitis, tumors, xanthoma, gout, and gangrene. In degenerative tendinopathies
      and alterations due to hereditary disease, electron microscopy was necessary.
      Polarization microscopy had a key role in examination of collagen structure and
      architecture, and identification of foreign bodies in the tendons. Enzyme
      histochemical and immunohistochemical examination were reliable but not
      absolutely necessary in the diagnosis of tendon pathology.

PMID- 2288798
TI  - "Physiological osteoporosis" and "osteoblast insufficiency" in old age.
      Comparative radiological-morphometric and statistical studies on the spongy bone
      of lumbar and cervical vertebral bodies.
AB  - To investigate the expectation of general insufficiency of osteoblasts with
      increasing age, we studied autotopsy material from 105 deceased persons of both
      sexes who had died between 16 and 91 years and in whom clinically manifest
      diseases of the bone had been excluded. Quantitative morphometric examination of
      the structure of the spongy bone of the 3rd-5th lumbar vertebral bodies (LVBs)
      and of the 5th-7th cervical vertebral bodies (CVBs) was carried out in frontal
      and sagittal planes, the parameters analysed being volumetric density (Vv),
      surface density (Sv) and specific surface area (S/V), and the results were
      subjected to statistical evaluation. The results showed that in the three LVBs,
      Vv, Sv and S/V behave in a similar manner, Vv and Sv decreasing after the age of
      50 years by more than one-third while S/V remains constant throughout life. The
      three lower CVBs had higher values than the LVBs for all three structural
      parameters. In the 7th CVB somewhat lower Vv and Sv values and higher S/V values
      were found than in the 5th and 6th. The age-related changes, by contrast, were
      very small. This differing behavior of the spongy bone in the two regions of the
      spinal column is an expression of the different characteristic loading forces in
      each regions: LVB loading is predominantly static, CVB loading mainly dynamic.
      Thus, from the functional point of view, what is known as "physiological
      osteoporosis due to ageing" is nothing more than adaptation by an ageing bone to
      physical activity, reflecting--like the bone of the young adult--the current
      loading of the cancellous bone by the actions of the musculoskeletal system.
      Since such physical activity is often age-related, the performance of the
      osteoblasts does not depend upon age per se, but merely on the remaining
      functional adaptive capacities of the ageing organism as whole.

PMID- 2288800
TI  - Chronic painful sesamoids of the thumb.
AB  - In patients with persistent localized pain at the level of a sesamoid bone of the
      thumb not obviously related to trauma, sesamoidectomy gives excellent results.
      Often no X-ray or histological abnormalities are found, leaving the origin of
      pain problems still unsolved.

PMID- 2288801
TI  - Ultrasonographic detection of foreign bodies in soft tissue. A human cadaver
      study.
AB  - The usefulness of ultrasound in the detection of foreign bodies was examined in a
      blind study in human cadavers using glass, plastic and wood as foreign bodies. Of
      65 foreign bodies placed in 102 cicatrices, 58 were found using a 5 MHz
      transducer. The sensitivity was 89% and the specificity 93% making ultrasound a
      useful clinical tool for this purpose.

PMID- 2288802
TI  - Diagnosis of bone and joint infection by leucocyte scintigraphy. A comparative
      study with 99mTc-HMPAO-labelled leucocytes, 99mTc-labelled antigranulocyte
      antibodies and 99mTc-labelled nanocolloid.
AB  - Fifty-five patients with 60 suspected infections of bones or joints were studied
      with 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneaminooxine- (HMPAO-) labelled leucocytes and 99mTc
      labelled antigranulocyte antibodies, in part supplemented with 99mTc-labelled
      nanocolloid. The findings using the different procedures were in good agreement.
      Apart from in vertebral lesions, a negative scan--even if the radionuclide bone
      scan is positive--excludes an infection with high probability (sensitivity 94%).
      The low specificity (57%) is due to positive imaging of various non-infected
      lesions. Spondylitis usually shows as non-specific cold lesions. A subtraction
      technique with computer assisted analysis of HMPAO and nanocolloid scans provides
      a more precise diagnosis of this condition.

PMID- 2288803
TI  - Correction of clubfoot relapse using Ilizarov's apparatus in children 8-15 years
      old.
AB  - Treatment of relapsed or neglected clubfeet between the age of 8-15 years is at
      present unsatisfactory. Correction by triple arthrodesis with wedge osteotomies
      is not possible before the end of skeletal maturation. This caused us to use
      Ilizarov's external fixator, which made it possible to correct all components of
      clubfoot simultaneously by continuous guided distraction. Thirteen feet in 12
      children were treated. A plantigrade foot was achieved in all cases. All patients
      were able to wear ready-made shoes. Complications were some slight and two severe
      pin track infections, temporary edema, and two relapses successfully treated by
      means of second procedures.

PMID- 2288804
TI  - Posterior occipito-cervical fusion in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The instability of atlanto-axial subluxation remains a challenging problem in
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In order to preserve as much function of the
      cervical spine as possible, inclusion of the occiput into the fusion should
      exclusively be performed when there is a radiologically or clinically manifest
      pathological condition of the atlanto-occipital joint or marked upward migration
      of the dens axis. In order to prevent irreversible damage to the spinal cord, an
      early indication of surgical stabilization is recommended. This article presents
      a retrospective analysis of the clinical and radiological results of occipito
      cervical fusion in 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis using a modified
      Brattstrom technique. The complications encountered were mainly due to the use of
      wire fixation, reinforcement using bone cement and insufficient reduction of
      atlanto-axial subluxation.

PMID- 2288805
TI  - Aseptic osteonecrosis of the humeral trochlea (Hegemann's disease).
AB  - A differential diagnosis of diseases affecting the elbow joint in children should
      also give due consideration to osteonecroses. They are very rare in the context
      of the humeral trochlea, the case with which we are concerned being one of a
      total of 15. In the light of this syndrome's relative rarity, we will report on
      the case of a 7-year-old boy. This is also the first time that a MR image of
      Hegemann's disease has been shown.

PMID- 2288806
TI  - Modification of the Wagner lengthener to permit dynamic axial loading.
AB  - The Wagner lengthener is mechanically excellent, but it lacks a function allowing
      dynamic axial loading (dynamization), which stimulates bone consolidation at the
      lengthened section. The authors devised a simple metal insert with which they
      modified the Wagner lengthener to permit dynamization. The modified appliance was
      successfully used in two patients.

PMID- 2288807
TI  - Prognosis of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in young adults.
AB  - From 1982 to 1987, 194 patients with 196 primary traumatic anterior shoulder
      dislocations were treated in our hospital. One hundred and sixty-six patients
      with 168 shoulder dislocations (87%) were available for study at follow-up an
      average of 4 years after treatment. The most important prognostic factor in
      relation to recurrence was the age of the patient at the time of the primary
      dislocation. The highest recurrence rate was found in patients of 30 years and
      younger (64%). Athletes in this age group had no worse a prognosis as to
      recurrence than non-athletes. A fracture of the greater tuberosity improved the
      prognosis significantly (P less than 0.01). Neither the presence of a Hill-Sachs
      lesion nor the period of immobilization influenced the recurrence rate in
      patients aged 30 years and younger.

PMID- 2288808
TI  - Incomplete avulsion of the femoral attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament
      with an osteochondral fragment in a twelve-year-old boy.
AB  - Isolated avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament from the femoral attachment
      of the knee as a hyperextension injury is rare. We saw a young child with an
      incomplete avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament that occurred after a blow
      to the anterior tibial surface of a flexed knee; the child revealed a lack of
      knee extension due to a pinch of the osteochondral fragment connected to the
      anterior band of the posterior cruciate ligament in the knee joint. Arthroscopic
      extirpation of a fragment was undertaken.

PMID- 2288809
TI  - Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation of a phalanx.
AB  - A rare proliferative osteochondromatous malformation of a proximal phalanx is
      described. This malformation may mimic the appearance of a sessile osteochondroma
      or parosteal osteosarcoma on X-rays and may be mistaken for a low-grade
      osteosarcoma on histology, with disastrous therapeutic consequences. We found
      that cryotherapy followed by local excision was adequate to remove the tumour.

PMID- 2288810
TI  - AIDS epidemic, emotional strain, coping and psychological distress in homosexual
      men.
AB  - This study examined the process by which emotional strain imposed by the threat
      of AIDS may manifest itself as psychological distress, assessed by depressive
      symptomatology, in a sample of homosexual men. Specifically, the study examined
      the extent to which the perceived threat of AIDS is related to depression, and
      how coping resources, such as locus of control and social support, influence this
      process. Results highlight the role of social support and locus of control. These
      factors were found to be the strongest correlates of depression, and appear to
      exert a considerable influence on the associations between strain measures and
      depressive symptomatology.

PMID- 2288811
TI  - "What upsets me most about AIDS is ...": a survey of children and adolescents.
AB  - While AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes have been studied in different
      populations, little attention has been given to emotional reactions to the
      epidemic or to the validity of frequently employed forced-choice questionnaires.
      Spontaneous emotional reactions to the AIDS crisis were assessed in 441 fifth,
      seventh, and tenth graders from one school district. Students responded to one
      open-ended question, "What upsets me most about AIDS is...." Loglinear analysis
      revealed grade as a significant variable: fifth graders were most upset by AIDS'
      lethality, while tenth graders felt helpless. Cognitive and emotional factors
      were postulated to account for these differences. Students who correctly
      responded to knowledge-related, open-ended questions were likely to correctly
      answer comparable forced-choice questions. AIDS education strategies that
      consider grade-specific anxieties are suggested.

PMID- 2288812
TI  - African-American and Hispanic-American adolescents, HIV infection, and preventive
      intervention.
AB  - This paper considers strategies for preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      infection among African-American and Hispanic-American adolescents. We describe
      culturally sensitive interventions based on social learning theory. The
      interventions combine elements of cognitive-behavioral skills for problem
      solving, coping, and interpersonal communication with elements of ethnic pride
      and HIV facts. The paper discusses the strengths and limitations of skills
      intervention for AIDS prevention and concludes with directions for research.

PMID- 2288813
TI  - Promoting AIDS risk reduction via behavioral training.
AB  - The present study employed behavioral techniques to teach assertive strategies
      designed to reduce the risk of contracting AIDS and to promote "safer-sex"
      behaviors. A total of 79 university students (38 male and 41 female) were
      included in the final data analysis. Subjects participated in three one-hour
      training sessions which included live modeling of assertive interactions, role
      playing, behavior shaping, corrective feedback, verbal reinforcement,
      assertiveness training, and an AIDS educational lecture. Dependent measures
      included ratings of the key components of assertive behavior from videotaped role
      plays at pre- and posttests. Behavioral training had a positive effect on
      participants' assertive behavior. On the role-play ratings, experimental subjects
      were rated higher on overall assertiveness than the controls. Even brief
      behaviorally based educational interventions can produce increases in assertive
      behaviors known to be related to AIDS prevention, for example, insisting on
      condom use and requesting information about a prospective partner's sexual and
      drug use histories. Behavior changes extended to in vivo situations, of course,
      remain less assured.

PMID- 2288814
TI  - Evolution of college students' AIDS-related behavioral responses, attitudes,
      knowledge, and fear.
AB  - Data were collected (a) to document extant levels of AIDS-risk behavior, AIDS
      preventive behavior, AIDS-knowledge, and attitudes toward prevention among
      college students, (b) to assess the evolution from 1986 to 1988 of college
      students' behavioral and attitudinal responses to the AIDS epidemic, and (c) to
      document changes over time in college students' knowledge about AIDS. Although
      students' current levels of AIDS-knowledge were found to be relatively high, and
      their attitudes toward prevention were in the neutral range, actual preventive
      behavior was low, and unsafe sexual practices were high. Concerning changes in
      these dimensions across time, data using comparable samples of undergraduates in
      1986, 1987, and 1988 indicated that there were substantial increases in knowledge
      about AIDS, in the favorability of attitudes toward certain "safer-sex" behaviors
      (e.g., discussing "safer sex"), and in the utilization of relevant informational
      resources. Students' perceptions of others' vulnerability to AIDS (but not their
      own vulnerability), had also increased. However, at the same time, students
      reported a decrease in the safety of their sexual behaviors. Numbers of sexual
      partners, likelihood of being in an intimate (sexual) relationship, and unsafe
      sexual practices have all increased since 1986. Finally, evidence suggested that
      alcohol may play a significant role in students' AIDS-risk behavior.

PMID- 2288815
TI  - Care of AIDS patients as a source of stress to nursing staff.
AB  - A questionnaire was administered to the nursing staff of a large teaching
      hospital to determine: 1) sources of stress in caring for AIDS patients; 2)
      perceived sources of stress in being an AIDS patient; and 3) attitudes towards
      "deserving" various illnesses. Principal components analyses revealed a number of
      factors related to increased stress, including: general concerns about the care
      of these patients; specific concerns in crises situations; and concerns regarding
      the personal/social implications of caring for these individuals. These factors
      were not related to either prior experience taking care of AIDS patients, or
      nursing specialty. In addition, persons with AIDS were viewed as "deserving"
      their illness in much the same way as noncompliant diabetic or renal patients.
      Potential implications of these findings and suggestions for future research
      directed towards mitigating these occupational stressors are given.

PMID- 2288816
TI  - The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center for the City of New York.

PMID- 2288817
TI  - The biological and clinical significance of the major cross-reacting idiotype of
      the rheumatoid factor.

PMID- 2288818
TI  - Bone loss in prednisone treated sarcoidosis: a two-year follow-up.
AB  - We followed up 35 sarcoid patients treated with prednisone for two years in order
      to evaluate bone mineral loss over time. Vertebral cancellous mineral content was
      detected by quantitative computed tomography and calibration phantom before
      beginning prednisone therapy and monitored two more times at yearly intervals.
      The percent mineral loss (ML%) averaged -13.9 +/- 2.1 at the end of the first
      year and -15.3 +/- 2.6 at the end of second year. We conclude first, that the
      time course of mineral loss in prednisone treated sarcoidosis is similar to that
      of other diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. In a separate group of
      10 early postmenopausal females, we observed a greater ML% averaging -21.9 +/-
      16.6 and -26.2 +/- 18.5, at the end of the first and second year respectively.
      Our second conclusion was thus that the synergic effect of postmenopausal status
      and prednisone therapy results in an ML% far more significant than expected from
      the two single conditions.

PMID- 2288819
TI  - [Blood pressure changes induced by physical exercise and tyramine infusion in
      hypertensive and normotensive subjects].
AB  - The aim of our investigation was to assess blood pressure (BP) and heart rate
      (HR) variations in 20 essential hypertensive male inpatients (WHO class I and II)
      and in 20 normotensive healthy volunteers submitted to three provocation tests:
      isometric handgrip (IHG), bicycle ergometric exercise (BEE) and tyramine infusion
      (TI) given as i.v. boluses with saline in a single-blind manner. According to our
      data, IHG induced a comparable rise of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic
      blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate in both hypertensive and normotensive
      subjects. BEE, compared with IHG, caused a more significant (p less than 0.01)
      rise in SBP and heart rate in both groups. By contrast, DBP during BEE increased
      significantly in hypertensive (p less than 0.01), but decreased slightly in
      normotensive subjects (p = n.s.). TI caused a dose dependent SBP rise in both
      groups studied, while DBP and HR were unaffected. BP elevation was, however, more
      marked in hypertensive subjects. Confirming this finding, significantly lower
      tyramine doses were required to produce the same SBP increase in hypertensive
      patients than in the normotensive volunteers. In short, an SBP rise during TI,
      and a DBP rise during BEE may be the markers of enhanced cardiovascular
      reactivity on the part of hypertensive subjects. Our study suggests that BP
      reactivity to stress may be different according to the laboratory stress employed
      and also that BEE and TI are more useful than IHG for the assessment of enhanced
      cardiovascular response to stress in hypertensive subjects.

PMID- 2288820
TI  - [Microalbuminuria, an early marker of renal changes in essential hypertension].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to verify if microalbuminuria (AER) could be an
      early feature of renal hemodynamic changes in essential hypertension. Fifty-three
      patients with newly diagnosed essential hypertension (EH) underwent 24-hour blood
      pressure monitoring (24h-BP). Furthermore, AER and glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR) were evaluated by obtaining 24-hour urine collection: day- and night-time
      urine was kept separate. Data from the 53 EH patients were analyzed both
      collectively and after subdivision into two subgroups based on AER values (less
      or more than 16 micrograms/min). In the 53 EH patients, 24h-AER correlated
      significantly to both 24h systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) (r = 0.58
      and 0.67, respectively). The subgroup with AER greater than 16 micrograms/min
      showed higher values of 24h-BP and GFR than the other subgroup. Moreover, in the
      first subgroup, 24h-systolic BP (r = 0.61) and 24h-diastolic BP (r = 0.68)
      correlated with AER. Our data seem to indicate that among the hypertensive
      patients, there is a subgroup of subjects whose hypertensive disease is
      characterized by high blood pressure as well as elevated microalbuminuria and
      glomerular filtration rate values. Increased microalbuminuria in newly diagnosed
      hypertensive disease seems to be due to glomerular hypertension and early altered
      microvascular permselectivity, and would thus indicate an early clinical
      expression of altered renal hemodynamics.

PMID- 2288821
TI  - [Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; an important cause of asthma sometimes
      ignored].
AB  - The Authors describe a clinical case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
      that remained unrecognized for a long time. The pathogenetic role of the
      environment, home climatology, and familiarity is considered. A possible
      therapeutic approach involving the use of associations of steroids and
      ketoconazole is also discussed. The Authors would like to draw the attention of
      physicians to forms of bronchial asthma with eosinophilia.

PMID- 2288822
TI  - [Prognostic evaluation in multiple myeloma. Relationship between immunological
      types, single prognostic factors, clinical staging systems, morphological
      classification systems and survival].
AB  - The prognostic value of the multiple myeloma (MM) immunological type, of 20
      different single prognostic variables, of 11 clinical staging systems, and of 6
      morphological classification systems was evaluated in 121 patients (71 males and
      50 females, 75 MM IgG, 26 MM IgA, and 20 MM micromolecular), who were followed
      from diagnosis to demise. The values of the prognostic variables related to
      diagnosis were correlated with survival by means of univariate analysis;
      multivariate analysis according to Cox's model was employed to select highly
      significant parameters correlated with survival among these variables. Every
      patient was retrospectively staged according to each clinical and morphological
      system. Mean survivals were computed for each group on the basis of immunological
      type, mean value of each prognostic factor, clinical and morphological stage.
      Survival curves were computed and compared. All prognostic parameters showed a
      significant relationship with survival, even though p-value differed.
      Multivariate analysis according to Cox's model has indicated the following
      variables as significantly correlated with survival: bone marrow plasma cell
      percentage, degree of lytic bone lesions, hemoglobinemia value, and serum levels
      of beta 2-microglobulin. Each clinical and morphological staging system, as well
      as immunological types and mean value of single prognostic parameters, have
      divided patients into separate groups with significant differences in mean
      survival and in survival curves. All of these factors could be taken into account
      for correct prognostic evaluation, and, if they were applied in different steps
      of diagnosis and therapy, it would be possible to study the MM patient under
      different perspectives, in order to have a more complete picture of the disease
      and of the patient.

PMID- 2288823
TI  - [Treatment of renal carcinoma with alpha-interferon: biological bases and
      clinical results].
AB  - The distinctive biology of renal cell carcinoma and its low response to
      conventional therapies have prompted researchers in this field to search for
      other therapeutic strategies. In this paper we describe the current concepts
      regarding the biology of this neoplasia and new therapeutic perspectives for this
      disorder, with particular interest in the use of biological response modifiers,
      including alpha-interferon (alpha-IFN). In view of the evidence of spontaneous
      regressions of metastases observed after nephrectomy, a possible role of the
      immune system has been hypothesized in modulating the natural course of renal
      cell carcinoma. In this context, several groups have focused their attention on
      the immunotherapeutic approach to this disease. Major biological characteristics
      of alpha-IFN are reported here, with particular attention paid to its
      immunomodulatory properties. As a matter of fact, significant results have been
      obtained by using this molecule, either alone or in association with
      chemotherapeutic agents (vinblastine). In this paper we focus on the efficacy of
      these therapeutic approaches by reporting the data obtained from the major
      clinical trials in which alpha-IFN has been used, including a personal series of
      cases.

PMID- 2288824
TI  - Further development of a morphine hydrogel suppository.
AB  - 1. A sustained release monolithic morphine hydrogel suppository (MHS) was
      developed and administered to five volunteers. 2. The MHS delivered a mean of 55
      mg morphine over 12 h. The mean plasma morphine concentration was 15 ng ml-1 from
      2 to 12 h after administration. 3. Plasma morphine concentrations were comparable
      with those reported for the same dose given orally over the same time period. 4.
      The morphine hydrogel suppository appears to be an effective means of delivering
      morphine and may be of value in the management of chronic pain.

PMID- 2288825
TI  - Midazolam and nitrazepam in the maternity ward: milk concentrations and clinical
      effects.
AB  - 1. In a randomized study of 22 patients in a maternity ward, the residual
      concentrations of two hypnotics, midazolam 15 mg p.o. and nitrazepam 5 mg p.o.,
      in early breast milk and plasma were measured 7 h after intake on day 2 to day 6
      postpartum. Milk pH, milk fat and binding to plasma proteins were also
      investigated. Sleep variables were scored on questionnaires. 2. No measurable
      (less than 10 nmol l-1) concentrations of drug in milk were found in the group
      receiving 15 mg midazolam at night, either after the first night or after the
      fifth night. Additional investigations in two mothers demonstrated that midazolam
      and its hydroxymetabolite disappeared rapidly from milk with undetectable levels
      after 4 h. The mean (s.d.) milk to plasma ratio for midazolam was 0.15 (0.06) in
      six paired samples. It may be assumed that practically no midazolam is
      transferred via early milk to the baby if the baby is nursed more than 4 h after
      tablet intake. 3. Milk nitrazepam concentrations increased significantly from the
      first (30 nmol l-1) to the fifth morning (48 nmol l-1) in the group receiving 5
      mg nitrazepam at night. The mean (s.d.) milk to plasma ratio of nitrazepam after
      7 h was 0.27 (0.06) in 32 paired samples, and did not vary from day 1 to day 5.
      Plasma protein binding of nitrazepam in puerperal women was found to be lower
      than that in plasma of healthy controls. The average amount of nitrazepam
      received by the breast-fed baby in the morning was calculated to increase from 1
      to 1.5 micrograms 100 ml-1 breast milk, from days 1 to 5. In the mothers
      nitrazepam was associated with better hypnotic effect, but a higher incidence of
      complaints than midazolam. 4. Milk pH, assuming anaerobic conditions, was found
      in 10 women to average 6.91 +/- 0.09 (s.d.) on days 2-6 postpartum, which is less
      than previously reported. 5. It is concluded that both hypnotics may be used
      safely for a few days in the maternity ward. However, possible long-term effects
      in the suckling infant of small doses of benzodiazepines ingested with breast
      milk remain to be investigated.

PMID- 2288826
TI  - A comparison of the central nervous system effects of haloperidol, chlorpromazine
      and sulpiride in normal volunteers.
AB  - 1. Twelve healthy male volunteers participated in four experimental occasions
      during each of which they were dosed with one of the following anti-psychotic
      drugs: chlorpromazine (50 mg), haloperidol (3 mg), sulpiride (400 mg) and
      placebo. Drugs were allocated to subjects in a double-blind, crossover fashion.
      2. The subject's mood state, psychometric performance and electroencephalogram
      (EEG) were assessed pre-dose, and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 and 48 h post-dose. Mood
      states were assessed using 16 visual analogue scales and psychomotor performance
      was measured using the following tests: elapsed time estimation, tapping rate,
      choice reaction times, a rapid information processing task, flash fusion
      threshold, a manipulative motor task, digit span, body sway and tremor. 3.
      Chlorpromazine and haloperidol significantly reduced subjective ratings of
      'alertness' and 'contentedness', and haloperidol significantly reduced feelings
      of 'calmness'. Sulpiride did not significantly affect any of the visual analogue
      scales. 4. All three anti-psychotic drugs had similar EEG effects with peak
      effect 2 to 4 h postdose. The profile was characterised by an increase in the
      proportion of slow wave activity (delta and theta) as well as decreased alpha (8
      14 Hz) and faster (beta) wave activity. 5. Chlorpromazine reduced tapping rate
      and increased choice reaction movement times. Haloperidol reduced the flash
      fusion threshold frequency at 6 h post-dose. Sulpiride prolonged the duration of
      the manipulative motor task, particularly at 48 h post-dose. 6. All three anti
      psychotic drugs impaired performance on the rapid information processing task.
      Chlorpromazine significantly reduced the number of correct letter pair
      identifications at 2, 4 and 6 h post-dose, haloperidol at 4, 6, 8, 24 and 48 h
      post-dose, and sulpiride at 24 h post-dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288827
TI  - A comparison of the effects of zolpidem and placebo on respiration and oxygen
      saturation during sleep in the healthy elderly.
AB  - 1. In a double-blind placebo controlled trial, zolpidem 10 mg, a new
      imidazopyridine hypnotic drug, was administered to 10 elderly female patients and
      placebo to 11, all recovering from hip and knee replacement surgery. Respiratory
      monitoring with an inductance plethysmograph and pulse oximeter showed that
      treatment over a 4 night period did not increase significantly the severity,
      frequency or duration of hypoxaemic episodes leading to SaO2 less than 90% or
      less than 85% when compared with placebo. Confidence intervals (corrected for
      baseline differences) for the median differences between the two groups on night
      7, the fourth night of treatment, were from -1.85 to 0.480 and from -1.07 to 0
      respectively for the frequency, and from -0.76 to 0.15 and -0.5 to 0 for the
      duration of the hypoxaemic episodes. The incidence of sleep related respiratory
      disturbances was not significantly increased compared with placebo on any night.
      2. Respiratory monitoring using a simple inductance plethysmograph and pulse
      oximeter is acceptable to patients and staff. 3. The evaluation of all hypnotic
      and sedative drugs should include their effects on respiration during sleep.

PMID- 2288828
TI  - Amphetamine-like effects in humans of the khat alkaloid cathinone.
AB  - 1. The chewing of khat leaves as a stimulant is common in certain countries, and
      the effects of this material are supposed to be due to the phenylalkylamine
      alkaloid cathinone. In order to determine the effects of this substance in
      humans, a single oral dose of cathinone or placebo was administered to six
      healthy male volunteers in a double-blind, random order crossover study. 2.
      Cathinone produced increases in blood pressure and in heart rate, and these
      changes were concomitant with the presence of cathinone in blood plasma. 3. The
      physical and mental changes that the subjects reported during the experiment
      indicated that cathinone has in humans euphorigenic and psychostimulant effects.
      4. These observations support the assumption that cathinone is the constituent
      mainly responsible for the effects of khat, and they show that this alkaloid has
      also in humans amphetamine-like effects.

PMID- 2288829
TI  - An investigation of the role of metabolism in dapsone-induced methaemoglobinaemia
      using a two compartment in vitro test system.
AB  - 1. We have utilized a two compartment system in which two teflon chambers are
      separated by a semi-permeable membrane in order to investigate the role of
      metabolism in dapsone-induced methaemoglobinaemia. Compartment A contained a drug
      metabolizing system (microsomes prepared from human liver +/- NADPH), whilst
      compartment B contained target cells (human red cells). 2. Incubation of dapsone
      (1-100 microM) with human liver microsomes (2 mg protein) and NADPH (1 mM) in
      compartment A (final volume 500 microliters) led to a concentration-dependent
      increase in the methaemoglobinaemia (15.4-18.9% at 100 microM) compared with
      control (2.3 +/- 0.4%) detected in the red cells within compartment B. In the
      absence of NADPH dapsone had no effect. 3. Of the putative dapsone metabolites
      investigated, only dapsone-hydroxylamine caused methaemoglobin formation in the
      absence of NADPH (40.6 +/- 6.3% with 100 microM). However, methaemoglobin was
      also detected when monoacetyl-dapsone, 4-amino-4'-nitro-diphenylsulphone and 4
      aminoacetyl-4'-nitro-diphenylsulphone were incubated with human liver microsomes
      in the presence of NADPH. 4 Dapsone-dependent methaemoglobin formation was
      inhibited by addition of ketoconazole (1-1000 microM) to compartment A, with IC50
      values of 285 and 806 microM for the two liver microsomal samples studied. In
      contrast, methaemoglobin formation was not inhibited by cimetidine or a number of
      drugs pharmacologically-related to dapsone. The presence of glutathione or
      ascorbate (500 microM) did not alter the level of methaemoglobin observed.

PMID- 2288830
TI  - Fat preload delays gastric emptying: reversal by cisapride.
AB  - 1. Meals empty more slowly when they contain fat. 2. This study investigated
      whether an intragastric fat preload in comparison with a water preload affected
      gastric emptying of a semisolid meal and antral motor activity, and whether
      cisapride reversed such effects. 3. Twelve healthy subjects were studied under
      three conditions each: (A), preload of 50 ml water orally; (B) and (C), preload
      of 50 ml cream (20 g fat). After preloads, subjects reclined right sided for 20
      min. Thereafter, placebo in conditions (A) and (B) and 10 mg cisapride in (C)
      were administered i.v. in a random double-blind fashion and subjects ingested a
      semisolid radiolabelled 1150 kJ meal. Gastric emptying and antral motor activity
      were recorded scintigraphically for 50 min using a dual-headed gamma camera. 4.
      Gastric emptying was significantly slower (P less than 0.005) after fat preload
      and placebo than after water preload and placebo. Cisapride administered after
      fat preload abolished the delaying effect of the fat preload (P less than 0.001).
      5. Antral contraction amplitudes after fat preload and placebo were higher (P
      less than 0.01) than after water preload and placebo as well as fat preload and
      cisapride at the start of recording and decreased slightly thereafter, whereas
      slight increases occurred in the other conditions. Frequency and propagation
      velocity of contractions were not differently affected. 6 Gastric emptying is
      delayed after prior fat ingestion and this effect is abolished by cisapride.

PMID- 2288831
TI  - Digital blood flow and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor blockade after ketanserin in
      patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.
AB  - 1. The effect of ketanserin on digital blood flow and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
      induced platelet aggregation was studied in 18 patients with Raynaud's
      phenomenon. 2. Measurements were made before and after a single dose of 20 mg
      ketanserin and again after 1 month of continuous treatment with 20 mg ketanserin
      three times a day. 3. Digital blood flow was assessed by changes in digital pulse
      volume; platelet aggregation by changes in light transmission after challenge
      with 10(-5) M 5-HT. 4. Ketanserin induced a rise in digital blood flow and
      blocked the platelet response to 5-HT; the two events were not correlated and
      were independent of subjective improvement. 5. These data do not support the
      suggestion that 5-HT2-receptor blockade is of major importance in the dilatory
      effect of ketanserin in Raynaud's phenomenon.

PMID- 2288832
TI  - Cutaneous blood flow responses in the forearms of Raynaud's patients induced by
      local cooling and intradermal injections of CGRP and histamine.
AB  - 1. The cutaneous responses of the forearm to local cold exposure and intradermal
      injection of CGRP and other vasoactive mediators were compared in primary
      Raynaud's sufferers and normal volunteers. 2. Skin responses in the forearm were
      measured in terms of erythema reddening and skin blood flow. Visual responses
      were recorded by tracing and then area calculated by computerised planimetry.
      Skin blood flow was measured using a laser Doppler blood flow meter. 3. Cooling
      (5-6 degrees C for 2 min) of a 1 cm2 area of the forearm caused a localised
      reactive hyperaemia response in normal volunteers, measured using the last
      Doppler blood flow meter. The peak response in Raynaud's patients was
      significantly smaller than that of normal volunteers. 4. The cutaneous responses
      of Raynaud's patients and normal volunteers to intradermal injections of CGRP,
      histamine and PGE2 were not significantly different. 5. The results suggest that
      Raynaud's sufferers do not exhibit a diminished response to CGRP in the cutaneous
      microvasculature and can respond normally to histamine with an axon reflex
      mediated flare.

PMID- 2288833
TI  - Control of blood pressure in hypertensive patients with felodipine extended
      release or nifedipine retard.
AB  - 1. This multicentre hospital study compared the antihypertensive efficacy and the
      tolerability of once daily felodipine extended release (ER) with twice daily
      nifedipine retard (R) in hypertensive patients inadequately controlled on
      metoprolol monotherapy. 2. One hundred patients, aged 20-70 years, whose seated
      diastolic blood pressure was 100-115 mmHg after 4 to 6 weeks of metoprolol (200
      mg day-1) monotherapy, were randomised, double-blind, to receive felodipine ER 10
      mg once daily or nifedipine R 20 mg twice daily for 8 weeks. The dosage of
      felodipine or nifedipine was doubled if seated diastolic blood pressure exceeded
      95 mmHg, 2 or 4 weeks after randomisation. Metoprolol 200 mg once daily was taken
      throughout the trial. 3. Fifty-one patients received felodipine ER and 49
      nifedipine R; 46 and 45 respectively completed the 8 week trial. About half of
      patients on each treatment needed the higher dose. The baseline characteristics
      of the felodipine and nifedipine groups were generally well balanced. 4. Seated
      diastolic blood pressure was reduced by 17 mmHg for felodipine (24 h post-dose)
      and by 9 mmHg for nifedipine (12 h post-dose), a difference between treatments of
      8 mmHg (95% confidence interval 5 to 12 mmHg, P less than 0.0001). The attained
      blood pressures at the end of the study (felodipine 90 +/- 10, mmHg, mean +/-
      s.d.; nifedipine 95 +/- 10) were also significantly different (95% confidence
      interval for the 5 mmHg difference, -9 to -1 mmHg, P less than 0.02).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288834
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of eltoprazine in healthy male subjects after single dose oral
      and intravenous administration.
AB  - The kinetics, safety and tolerability of eltoprazine hydrochloride were studied
      in an open, cross-over, partially randomised design after single oral (8 mg) and
      intravenous (3 and 8 mg) doses to 12 healthy male subjects. After intravenous
      administration, the mean t1/2 ranged from 7 to 9 h, the MRT was 11 h, CL was 487
      +/- 148 (3 mg dose) and 471 +/- 56 (8 mg dose) ml kg-1 h-1, while CLR was 226 +/-
      124 (3 mg dose) and 189 +/- 38 (8 mg dose) ml kg-1 h-1. The Vss was 3.3 +/- 0.7
      (3 mg dose) and 3.8 +/- 0.5 (8 mg dose) 1 kg-1. Cumulative renal excretion was
      40%. The AUC and the cumulative urinary excretion were directly proportional to
      dose within the range of 3-8 mg. Values of tmax varied from 1 to 4 h after oral
      administration. The mean Cmax value was 24 ng ml-1 after an oral dose of 8 mg.
      The plasma elimination half-life after oral administration was 9.8 +/- 3.9 h.
      Absolute oral bioavailability was 110 +/- 32%. Dose-dependent somnolence was
      observed.

PMID- 2288835
TI  - Lack of effect of co-trimoxazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
      nifedipine.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of nifedipine and its primary oxidised metabolite, M-I were
      studied in nine healthy volunteers following a single oral dose of 20 mg
      nifedipine alone or after pretreatment with oral co-trimoxazole. Following
      pretreatment with co-trimoxazole, no significant effect was detected on maximum
      plasma concentration, elimination half-life, or area under the plasma
      concentration-time curve of either nifedipine or M-I, nor on the blood pressure
      response to nifedipine.

PMID- 2288836
TI  - Morphine sulphation in children.
AB  - The metabolism of morphine was studied in nine children and seven preterm
      neonates receiving a continuous infusion of morphine. All the neonates and three
      children had detectable concentrations of morphine-3-sulphate (M3S) in urine.
      None of the neonates or the children had detectable concentrations of morphine-6
      sulphate (M6S) in urine. None of the children had detectable concentrations of
      M3S in plasma. The M3S/morphine ratios were significantly higher in neonates than
      children (P less than 0.01), suggesting that morphine sulphation decreases after
      the neonatal period. The amount of M3S formed, even in neonates, is low
      suggesting that this is a minor metabolic pathway.

PMID- 2288837
TI  - Long term high dose morphine, ketamine and midazolam infusion in a child with
      burns.
AB  - The metabolism of morphine and ketamine was studied in a 14 month old child with
      extensive burns, who received infusions of both drugs for more than 30 days. The
      mean plasma clearance of morphine was 29 ml min-1 kg-1 and the plasma ratios of
      morphine-6-glucuronide to morphine were similar to those previously reported in
      children. The mean plasma clearance of ketamine was 32 ml min-1 kg-1 which is
      greater than that previously reported in older children and adults. There were no
      complications despite high dose long term therapy with morphine, ketamine and
      midazolam.

PMID- 2288838
TI  - Use of Emax model in diuretic studies.

PMID- 2288839
TI  - Theophylline and isoniazid.

PMID- 2288840
TI  - [Transduodenal sphincterotomy in the treatment of common bile duct lithiasis:
      review of 179 cases during 14 years of experience].

PMID- 2288841
TI  - Carcinoma of the rectum: factors influencing the prognosis.
AB  - Three hundred and thirty one patients with cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid
      junction, operated on during the period 1968-1985 are here examined. The study
      shows the prognostic value and the impact that stage, histopathological grade,
      number and location of nodal metastases, morphology of the primary tumour,
      occurrence of obstruction, perforation, and haemorrhage have on the natural
      history of the tumour. Stage and histopathologic grading resulted as the most
      outstanding prognostic parameters also because they are correlated to the
      presence, number, and location of nodal metastases as well as occurrence of
      obstruction, perforation and haemorrhage. The study concludes that: a) stage
      according to the Dukes-Gabriel classification still has a reliable prognostic
      predictivity, since it faithfully reflects major anatomic situations observed in
      rectal cancer; b) Dukes' stage C cases should be considered as a non-homogeneous
      group with a distinct biological behaviour depending on the number and site of
      the lymph nodes involved; c) intraoperative staging of the tumour, if possible,
      should guide the excision extent on a curative aim, where the term means a
      prospective evaluation based on statistical data correlating stage and survival.

PMID- 2288843
TI  - [Anatomo-surgical notes on transhiatal access in esophagectomy].
AB  - The Authors through an anatomic study on 20 cadavers specify the surgical
      procedure for transhiatal esophagectomy and describe the anatomical structures
      involved. The proper manoeuvres and artifices to avoid intraoperative accidents
      are suggested. Finally, the indications for this peculiar operation are
      discussed.

PMID- 2288842
TI  - [Venous grafts in reimplantation of the thumb].
AB  - The Authors analyze their experience of 25 thumb reimplantations and
      revascularizations within 5 years. The importance of the first finger in the
      functional hand economy as well as the ratio between reimplantation take rate and
      degree of functional recovery with regard to the type of trauma, technique used,
      and possible and incidental complications are underlined. The venous autologous
      grafts are of great importance in this microsurgical area and they are more and
      more applied. In most cases, indeed, intimal lesions are more extended than their
      macroscopic appearance and the tract of damaged vessels is always wider than
      assessed. The graft interposition solves the problem with the further advantage
      to preserve the maximal bone length and to avoid especially contaminated areas.
      The results achieved confirm these statements and the Authors conclude for the
      absolute need of venous grafts in thumb reimplantations, especially after
      amputation from avulsion or crush traumas, even though a greater skill is
      necessary in using this technique.

PMID- 2288844
TI  - [Depression and self perception in chronic hemodialysis patients].
AB  - The research analyses the influence of variables such as sex and social condition
      during psychologic adjustment to haemodialysis. The measure of depression and
      self-perception during various years of dialysis represented the index of
      adjustment. The analysis of the variance showed that people of low social class
      are more at risk among patients in haemodialysis. Women are more depressed
      compared to men. The Author points out the ambivalence of the employment as a
      factor facilitating the adjustment to haemodialysis.

PMID- 2288846
TI  - [Our experience in vascular trauma of the limbs].
AB  - Progress in the management of complex vascular injuries of the limbs has not
      eliminated the necessity for amputations. Physicians' failure to suspect vascular
      injury on admission in traumatized patients causes delay in the diagnosis and
      management of arterial injury that ultimately leads to limb loss. High index of
      suspicion, early recognition by clinical evaluation, routine use of Doppler
      flowmeter and broad indication of preoperative angiography result in prompt
      repair of these lesions in the majority of cases. In managing the lower popliteal
      or trifurcation vessels, distal radial and ulnar artery as well as nerve
      injuries, the Authors believe microsurgical techniques should always be employed.

PMID- 2288845
TI  - [Functional changes in the biliary system following extrahepatic biliary
      obstruction].
AB  - To assess the potential structural changes of the biliary tree and liver in
      patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction, the resected specimens of 20
      patients operated for benign biliary stricture were evaluated by means of
      immunocytochemical and histological methods. Furthermore, liver biopsies were
      taken for the same purposes. The results showed that in the dilated segment of
      the hepatic duct proximal to the stricture, innervation was greatly reduced or
      completely absent with associated advanced morphological and histological changes
      and high intrabiliary pressure levels. Similar findings were observed in the
      liver biopsies, too. These biopsies showed advanced morphological and
      histological changes associated with reduced innervation. By contrast, the
      nondilated segment of the hepatic duct, distal to the obstruction, showed normal
      innervation, normal morphology and histology and normal levels of intrabiliary
      pressure. The present study provides evidence that in cases of extrahepatic
      biliary obstruction, there are advanced pathological changes in the biliary tree
      associated with innervation impairment. These structural changes are associated
      with functional changes in both the liver and the biliary tree. Such functional
      changes represent a threat to the patient, particularly if major surgery is
      required. Increased biliary pressure appears to be a major cause of the
      development of these changes. Biliary drainage, either surgical or endoscopic, is
      indicated as the only alternative to reduce intrabiliary pressure and to
      contribute to a reversal of these structural and functional changes.

PMID- 2288847
TI  - [Hemocholecyst: a rare cause of hemoperitoneum].
AB  - A rare case of haemoperitoneum due to gallbladder rupture with intraluminal
      bleeding is reported. The importance of a coagulopathy in the etiology of the
      disease is pointed out: in the present case it was related to cirrhosis and
      anticoagulant treatment during dialysis sessions.

PMID- 2288848
TI  - [Endoscopic polypectomy and adenoma-carcinoma sequence of the large intestine.
      Considerations on personal case series].
AB  - Since the introduction of colonoscopic polypectomy, the management of colonic
      polyps has dramatically changed. What once was a major transabdominal operation
      now is a routine therapeutic endoscopic procedure. To test the hypothesis of the
      adenoma-carcinoma sequence histopathologic features of polypoid lesions are
      retrospectively evaluated. In our experience with 566 polypectomies 430
      adenomatous polyps, 71 hyperplastic, 58 inflammatory polyps, and 4 juvenile
      lesions are reported. Only adenomatous polyps showed dysplasia. Overall, severe
      and moderate dysplasia was respectively observed in 6.7% and 23% of the adenomas.
      Infiltrating carcinoma was present in 2.2% of the cases. Villous adenomas showed
      high rates of severe dysplasia (37%) and invasive carcinoma (18%). Location and
      sex did not seem to have a role in the malignant potential of adenomas.

PMID- 2288849
TI  - [Primary gastric lymphoma].
AB  - Primary gastric lymphoma (P.G.L.), though rare, is nevertheless the most frequent
      non-epithelial neoplasm of the stomach. The Authors report their experience based
      on 18 cases of lymphoma observed from 1975 throughout 1989. Diagnostic and
      therapeutic problems related to the disease are stressed, uncertain in the
      results the former, still discussed the latter. The crucial role of surgery,
      either diagnostic or therapeutic, even in advanced stages, is underlined.

PMID- 2288850
TI  - [A comparative study of the nuraghi of Sardinia and the torre of Corsica].

PMID- 2288851
TI  - [Early gastric cancer: staging and diagnostic-therapeutic trends].
AB  - The Authors in reviewing the main epidemiological and histological features of
      Early Gastric Cancer, dwell upon the atypical symptomatology pointing out the
      importance of an early diagnosis for a successful surgical treatment.
      Furthermore, they affirm the primary role of subtotal gastrectomy, associated
      with regional lymphadenectomy and omentectomy. At last, the need to extend
      postoperative follow-up to the main abdominal and thoracic organs for the
      frequency of synchronous or metachronous neoplasms is stressed.

PMID- 2288853
TI  - [Acute appendicitis in patients under 5 and over 60 years of age].
AB  - The authors reviewed the records of 48 patients, 24 under age 5 and 24 over age
      60, from a total of 690 patients who underwent emergency appendectomy for acute
      appendicitis between 1974 and 1989. The natural history of acute appendicitis was
      similar for the two groups. A perforated appendix was found in 20.8% of patients
      under age 5 and in 37.5% of patients over age 60; the corresponding rate for the
      total of 690 patients was 12.8%. The high percentage of perforation, when
      compared to the total of patients, is probably due to the thin wall of the
      appendix in infants and to the inability of the child to communicate the
      effective symptoms. As for the elderly, a reduction of the lymphoid and muscular
      tissues associated with a reduced lumen and vascularization of the organ, and at
      last, a delay in seeking medical care could account for the high perforation
      rate. The most common complications were due to infection. The mortality rate was
      0% in children and 8.3% in the over-sixty age group.

PMID- 2288852
TI  - [Muciparous cells and endocrine cells of the gallbladder epithelium in patients
      with uncomplicated cholelithiasis].
AB  - In this study the authors have investigated the different morphofunctional
      features of the gallbladder mucosa in patients with uncomplicated cholelithiasis.
      Histological changes, type and distribution of endocrine and mucin-producing
      cells were characterized by immunocytochemistry and mucin histochemistry. The
      authors attempted to correlate these findings to the number and size of
      gallbladder stones as well as type of bacteria present in the bile. The results
      indicate that, despite similar clinical parameters, a wide range of histological
      changes may occur in the gallbladder mucosa of these patients. Moreover, the
      presence of some endocrine and mucin-producing cell types in the so called
      "pyloric metaplasia" led the Authors to hypothesize that the latter may be a
      trivial event.

PMID- 2288854
TI  - [Thyroid cancer and its incidence in nodular thyroid diseases: our experience].
AB  - The authors report their experience with 453 cases of thyroid nodules observed
      over a period of 5 years. The intention was to determine the incidence of
      malignant lesions. A female prevalence of the nodular pathology was clearly
      evident (7.2%), with a maximum incidence between the 3rd and 6th decade. Among
      malignant tumors (14.2%) the following histologic types were most frequently
      found: papillary adenocarcinoma (5.7%), follicular adenocarcinoma (2.7%), occult
      cancer (2.7%), anaplastic cancer (2.3%). Up to the 4th decade female prevalence
      was clearly evident (Max in the 3rd decade; F/M ratio = 6.5); then an increased
      male incidence was registered bringing to a reduction of the F/M ratio (1.5 in
      the 5th and 6th decade) and to its inversion in the 7th decade (M/F = 1.25).

PMID- 2288856
TI  - [Treatment of stenosis of the posterior urethra using Sachse's urethrotome].
AB  - The authors suggest to treat the stenosis of the posterior urethra with a
      technique able to prevent relapses as much as possible. For this reason they
      recommend the improved technique of Sachse as the more suitable, avoiding,
      though, irritative stimuli (resections and indwelling catheters).

PMID- 2288855
TI  - [Latissimus dorsi flap in reconstructive surgery of the lower limbs].
AB  - The free latissimus dorsi flap has been used to repair 10 complex losses of
      substance of the lower extremity. The results have shown the great reconstructive
      potentialities of the microvascular transfer of this muscle, considered by the
      authors the most versatile of the myocutaneous flaps. Among the advantages there
      are the extended surface, its thickness, its pedicle with adequate length and
      diameter as well as the absence of functional involvement, especially by
      preserving the upper branch of the thoracodorsal nerve. The indications, however,
      are limited due to a significant rate of complications which prevent its extended
      use.

PMID- 2288857
TI  - [Therapy of biliary calculi: yesterday and today].

PMID- 2288858
TI  - A system for viably maintaining a stirred suspension of multicellular spheroids
      during NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - We have developed a system for the perfusion of a stirred suspension of
      multicellular spheroids during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
      Measurement of the medium temperature, pH, oxygen tension, and glucose and
      lactate concentrations demonstrated that the macroenvironmental conditions around
      the spheroids during perfusion matched those in standard spinner culture flasks.
      Spheroids cultured in the NMR perfusion chamber for up to 48 h were virtually
      identical to spheroids cultured under standard conditions in terms of volume and
      cell number growth, the extent of central necrosis, cellular clonogenicity, and
      proliferative status. To avoid problems in interpreting the NMR spectra, we have
      used a medium containing 10% of the normal inorganic phosphate concentration;
      comparative growth and NMR studies showed that this medium had no effect on the
      results reported. 31P NMR spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that the mean pH,
      nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) to inorganic phosphate (Pi) ratio, the total amount
      of NTP, and the total energy charge were essentially constant over 8 h of
      analysis. Stopping the stirring of the spheroid culture during analysis resulted
      in depletion of the nucleotide phosphate pool in 30 min, with an accumulation of
      Pi and a shift to a more acid intracellular pH. This effect could be reversed if
      stirring was resumed within 30 min. Stopping the perfusion while maintaining
      stirring resulted in a deterioration of the 31P spectra until no high energy
      phosphates remained at 120 min and the pH fell to approximately 6. This effect
      was also partially reversible after 30 min of reperfusion, with recovery to a
      normal 31P spectrum requiring 10 h. The combination of the spheroid model system
      with 31P NMR spectroscopic analysis will provide a powerful tool for
      investigating basic questions about the regulation of tumor cell energy
      metabolism and viability.

PMID- 2288859
TI  - Stoichiometry of phosphocreatine and inorganic phosphate changes in rat skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - The apparent T1's of phosphate metabolites were measured during and after series
      of twitch contractions in gastrocnemius muscles of pentobarbital-anesthetized
      rats by steady-state progressive saturation using spatially-selective composite
      pulses. There was no significant change in apparent T1's of inorganic phosphate
      (Pi), phosphocreatine (PCr), or the three phosphates of ATP. There was a 5-10%
      decrease in the sum of Pi and PCr integrals, and in the sum of the gamma- and
      beta- phosphates of ATP during stimulation, but no significant change in the
      ratio (Pi + PCr)/(gamma-ATP + beta-ATP). The results indicate that there is no
      selective decrease in NMR observable Pi during or after a series of muscle
      contractions.

PMID- 2288860
TI  - A 31P study of fatigue and metabolism in human skeletal muscle with voluntary,
      intermittent contractions at different forces.
AB  - Normal subjects performed voluntary, isometric exercise 1 s contraction, 1 s rest
      for 10 min) of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle with a target force of
      25, 50 and 100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force. 31P NMR spectra
      were collected continuously before, during and after exercise. Data were also
      taken from the resting muscles 2-28 h after the studies at 50% MVC. Calculations
      were made of the intracellular pH and concentrations of PCr, Pi, ATP, ADP and
      H2PO4-. The 25% MVC contractions did not affect the MVC, but those at 50 and 100%
      MVC reduced the force by 20% and 60%, respectively (p less than 0.005). During
      the highest force contractions, the MVC declined from the first minute but the
      target forces of 25 and 50% were maintained throughout. All protocols caused
      significant changes in pH, PCr, Pi, ADP and H2PO4-. Exercise at 50% MVC caused
      greater metabolic changes than that at 25%, but there was no overall difference
      in the pH and phosphorus metabolites between the two higher forces. In parallel
      studies, electrical stimulation of the muscle indicated that during the voluntary
      contractions with a target force of 100% MVC in the magnet: (a), additional
      muscles were being used to generate the recorded force; and (b), the subjects
      were not fully activating the FDI. There was no obvious causal relationship
      between any one metabolite and the decline of force. Resting muscle showed an
      increase in the Pi peak 2-28 h after exercise at 50% MVC force, despite the
      muscles being of full strength and pain free.

PMID- 2288861
TI  - Metabolic heterogeneity in RIF-1 tumours detected in vivo by 31P NMR
      spectroscopy.
AB  - The spatial distribution of phosphate metabolites and pH within subcutaneously
      implanted RIF-1 tumours was determined by 1-dimensional phosphorus chemical shift
      imaging. 31P spectra from two to three 4 mm thick cross-sectional slices were
      obtained for each tumour. Quantitative morphometry was used to estimate the
      amount of necrosis within those slices. A spatially heterogeneous distribution of
      phosphate metabolites and pH was detected in most of the tumours. Levels of
      necrosis ranged from 0-24% for the tumours in this study. There was no
      significant correlation between the extent of necrosis over this range and levels
      of metabolites or pH, suggesting that factors besides necrosis can contribute to
      spectral heterogeneity.

PMID- 2288862
TI  - Bifurcation of the amphibian embryo's axis: analysis of variation in response to
      egg centrifugation.
AB  - Xenopus embryos have been reported to vary widely in their developmental response
      to centrifugation. Variation in response to centrifugation, as measured by embryo
      survival and twinning of axial structures, was monitored different spawnings of
      Xenopus laevis eggs. A convenient method for quantifying the egg cytoplasm's
      potential for displacement in a centrifugal field was employed. It involved
      testing small batches of eggs from each spawn under carefully controlled
      conditions for displacement of the cytoplasm while held in an inverted
      orientation. The cytoplasmic immobility (CIM) values thus measured in samples
      from each spawn were correlated with the spawning's developmental success
      (survival of embryos) and the twinning frequency after centrifugation. Those
      spawnings with high CIM values (i.e. a rigid or stiff cytoplasm) had the highest
      survival rates and the lowest frequency and severity of twinning in centrifuged
      eggs. Variations in CIM account for the broad variation in response to
      centrifugation previously noted in several reports and further emphasize the role
      cytoplasmic compartments play vis-a-vis egg organization and early embryonic
      pattern formation.

PMID- 2288863
TI  - Effects of relaxation of mechanical tensions upon the early morphogenesis of
      Xenopus laevis embryos.
AB  - In Xenopus laevis embryos at the early gastrula stage, circumferential tensions
      of embryonic ectoderm were relaxed by making sagittal or transversal slits in the
      ventral parts of embryos and inserting into surgical cuts the sectors of
      homologous tissue from same-stage embryos. Changes in tensile patterns were
      controlled by measuring cell surface angles. Immediate decreases in surface cell
      wall tension as related to transversal wall tension were registered. Within
      minutes of the operation, the lobopodial activity of the inner ectodermal surface
      increased. The subsequent gastrulation movements were disturbed, germ layers
      partially mixed and archenteron reduced. The areas of extensive cell
      columnarization in the ectoderm of operated embryos were less regularly arranged
      and were extended much more ventrally than in intact embryos. Ventro-dorsal
      migration and latero-medial intercalation of mesodermal cells also were
      suppressed. As the operated embryos developed, we observed increases in the total
      amount of neural tissue, associated sometimes with duplication and even
      triplication of neural tubes, duplication of otic vesicles, partial fusion of
      axial rudiments, suppression of mesodermal segmentation and branching or bending
      of notochord. In the gravest cases the antero-posterior embryo polarity was
      disturbed. In some cases we observed the formation of axial rudiments in ventral
      implants. The role of tensions in determining the patterns of morphogenetic cell
      movements and in establishing the morphological order of normal development is
      discussed.

PMID- 2288864
TI  - Expression and distribution of carbohydrate sequences in chick germ cells: a
      comparative study with lectins and the NC-1/HNK-1 monoclonal antibody.
AB  - The expression of end-chain sugar residues and of oligosaccharidic sequences has
      been investigated in chick germ cells at critical stages during the migration,
      proliferation and sexual differentiation of these cells. Fluorescent lectins and
      indirect immunofluorescence studies using the NC-1/HNK-1 monoclonal antibody
      indicate a remarkable control of glycosylation during germ cell embryonal life.
      Besides a retained expression of glucose/mannose residues, it was found that
      alpha- and beta-galactose residues, N-acetyllactosamine and N-N'
      diacetylchitobiose sequences as well as the sulfated trisaccharidic NC-1 epitope
      were detectable in a stage-specific pattern. Present at a very high density in
      the cytoplasm and on the surface of the early germ cells at premigrative and
      migratory stages, the staining for these carbohydrate sequences gradually
      disappeared when the germ cells settled and proliferated in the developing
      gonadal primordia. The disaccharide Gal beta 1----3 Gal NAc was exclusively
      detected in migrating PGCs. In sexualized gonads, acetyllactosamine and/or
      diacetylchitobiose were similarly reexpressed in both oogonia and spermatogonia.
      Spermatogonia displayed beta-galactose residues and a high immunoreactivity with
      the NC1 Mab, indicating modulations in PGC glycosylations related to the
      acquisition of sexual phenotypes. In addition NC-1 was found to be expressed in
      the somatic component of the undifferentiated gonad and in the testis
      interstitial gland.

PMID- 2288865
TI  - Changes in membrane properties during in-vitro meiotic maturation of the limpet
      Patella vulgata.
AB  - Changes in the membrane properties of the oocyte of the mollusk, Patella vulgata,
      were analyzed following the induction of meiosis reinitiation by paleopedial
      ganglia extract or by the weak base ammonia. During maturation it was possible to
      distinguish between an early phase characterized by an initial hyperpolarization
      and a late phase consisting of a depolarization which triggers an action
      potential with a long-term overshoot (20 minutes) of the membrane potential.
      Major changes in individual ionic permeabilities were studied using both current
      and voltage clamp conditions. The depolarizing phase appears to depend on
      decreases in K+ membrane permeability. Finally we observed that the overshoot did
      not appear to be directly related to germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) since it
      was absent in Na-deprived artificial sea water and could be elicited in the
      presence of TEA bromide, which did not induce maturation. This last observation
      suggests that it may result from a change in specific K+ ion permeability due to
      the possible activation of stretch channels.

PMID- 2288866
TI  - Proteolytic enzyme activity in rat hindlimb muscles in fetus and during post
      natal development.
AB  - The enzymatic activity of two lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and cathepsin
      D, was determined in fetus and during post-natal development of the rat
      gastrocnemius muscle in comparison to the histological differentiation of this
      muscle. The specific activity of cathepsin D and acid phosphatase was 7 and 2.5
      fold higher in the muscle during development until 20 days after birth, than that
      of mature muscle, respectively. A trend of gradual decrease in the activity of
      these enzymes was observed concomitantly with the differentiation and maturation
      of the muscle from mononucleated cells in the fetus to myotubes formation at day
      1 after birth, followed by the formation of "young" and then striated myofibers
      in 10- and 20-day old neonates, respectively. However, no correlation could be
      found between the lysosomal enzyme activity and the developmental stages of the
      muscle until 20 days after birth. It is suggested that the elevated activity of
      lysosomal acid hydrolases may be associated with late developmental processes
      from young to mature myofibers in normal skeletal muscle and not only in various
      pathological conditions.

PMID- 2288867
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of infertile women.
AB  - Infertility can be due to a variety of causes, ranging from genetic or endocrine
      disturbances to structural abnormalities. Imaging is often used in the evaluation
      of anatomic abnormalities. The advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has
      greatly improved diagnostic accuracy in the workup of several entities causing
      infertility. Developmental abnormalities of the reproductive tract are
      particularly well suited to diagnosis by MRI, which clearly demonstrates the
      zonal anatomy of the corpus, cervix, and vagina. Correct classification of an
      anomaly can spare the patient unnecessary laparoscopy or surgery. Leiomyomas,
      another cause of infertility, are optimally evaluated by MRI, since the size,
      number, location, and extent of degeneration can be identified. These factors are
      important in deciding how the leiomyomas will be treated. Adenomyosis can cause
      uterine enlargement and can be misconstrued as fibroids. MRI is the only
      noninvasive method that can prospectively diagnose adenomyosis. Ovarian masses
      can also give rise to infertility. MRI is particularly well suited to clarify
      whether a mass is uterine or ovarian. It is also much more specific than
      ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of a mass, especially endometriomas,
      dermoids, and fibromas. Polycystic ovarian disease, usually diagnosed via
      hormonal measurements, also has a characteristic appearance on MRI.

PMID- 2288868
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of gynecologic malignancy.

PMID- 2288870
TI  - Cultural diversity at the School of Nursing.

PMID- 2288869
TI  - Postoperative and postradiation changes in the pelvis.

PMID- 2288871
TI  - The geriatric nurse practitioner: coming of age.

PMID- 2288872
TI  - The fourth mission: a new role for the academic medical center.

PMID- 2288873
TI  - Lisl Standen, class of 1940. Citizen Standen.

PMID- 2288874
TI  - Mutant p53 DNA clones from human colon carcinomas cooperate with ras in
      transforming primary rat cells: a comparison of the "hot spot" mutant phenotypes.
AB  - The majority of the p53 genes derived from human colorectal carcinomas contain
      point mutations. A significant number of these mutations occur in or around amino
      acids 143, 175, 273, or 281. Experiments presented here demonstrate for the first
      time that p53 DNA clones containing any one of these mutations cooperate with the
      activated ras oncogene to transform primary rat embryo cells in culture. These
      transformed cells produce elevated levels of the human p53 protein, which has
      extended half-lives (1.5-7 h), as compared to the wild-type human p53 protein (20
      30 min). The p53 mutant with an alteration at residue 175 (p53-175H) binds
      tightly to the cellular heat shock protein, hsc70. In contrast, the p53 mutants
      possessing mutations at either residue 273 or 281 (p53-273H/281G) do not bind
      detectably to this heat shock protein and generally are less efficient at forming
      transformed foci in culture. The transformed cell lines are tumorigenic in nude
      mice. Thus, two classes of p53 mutant proteins can be distinguished: p53-175H,
      which cooperates with ras efficiently and binds to hsc70, and p53-273H/281G,
      which has a reduced efficiency of transformed foci formation and does not bind
      hsc70. This demonstrates that complex formation between mutant p53 and hsc70 is
      not required for p53-mediated transformation, but rather it facilitates this
      function, perhaps by ensuring sequestration of the endogenous wild-type p53
      protein. The positive effect on cell proliferation by these mutant p53 proteins
      is consistent with a role for activated p53 mutants in the genesis of colorectal
      carcinomas.

PMID- 2288876
TI  - The human multidrug resistance gene: sequences upstream and downstream of the
      initiation site influence transcription.
AB  - To identify the DNA sequences required for multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene
      transcription, we have optimized conditions for transcription of the MDR1
      proximal promoter in vitro. Using HeLa cell nuclear extracts, the direction,
      initiation, and RNA polymerase II dependence of transcription in vitro accurately
      reflect events in cells. The DNA template concentration, reaction temperature,
      and MgCl2 concentration were critical parameters of the in vitro system. Using
      conditions optimized for these parameters, the effect of deletions in the 5'
      flanking region and deletions in sequences downstream of the initiation site were
      examined. We found that deletion of sequences 5' and 3' of the transcription
      initiation site modulated the level of transcription. Of particular interest was
      the deletion of exon 1 sequences +5 to +127, which completely inhibited
      accurately initiated MDR1 transcription. Reconstitution of the +5 site, used for
      initiation in vivo and in vitro, did not reverse the inhibition. MDR1
      transcription was specifically inhibited by an oligonucleotide corresponding to
      sequences +46 to +58. Our data indicate that sequences both upstream and
      downstream of the transcription initiation site modulate the efficiency of the
      MDR1 proximal promoter.

PMID- 2288875
TI  - A nuclear factor that binds to ras-responsive enhancer elements is present in
      human tumor cells.
AB  - The ras protein can be viewed as molecular switches for undetermined signal
      transduction pathways. We are interested in defining the downstream effectors and
      targets associated with ras signal transduction. A nuclear target of ras action
      is the conserved sequence element TGACTCT, which functions as a ras-responsive
      transcriptional element (RRE). An Mr 120,000 nuclear factor present in
      transformed murine cells recognizes the RRE. Mutation of the conserved RRE
      element to the palindromic element AGACTCT created a binding site that is
      recognized with 5-fold greater affinity by the Mr 120,000 factor. The palindromic
      element functions as an RRE as determined by transient transfection assays. UV
      crosslinking of nuclear factors in human tumor cell lines to the palindromic
      element revealed that an Mr 120,000 factor that recognized RREs was present in
      cells that contain activated Ha- or N-ras genes, but not in human tumor cells
      that lack activated ras. Expression of exogenous activated ras in a human tumor
      cell line that lacks the oncogene induced the Mr 120,000 factor. The Mr 120,000
      factor, which we have termed ras-responsive factor 1, is an intermediate in the
      signal transduction pathway that links ras to the nucleus and may play a role in
      the initiation or progression of human tumors containing an activated ras gene.

PMID- 2288877
TI  - Transforming growth factor beta 1 acts as an autocrine-negative growth regulator
      in colon enterocytic differentiation but not in goblet cell maturation.
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory (Schroy, P., Rifkin, J., Coffey, R.J.,
      Winawer, S., and Friedman, E. (Cancer Res., 50: 261-265, 1990; Schroy, P.C.,
      Winawer, S., and Friedman, E. Cancer Lett., 48: 53-58, 1989) found that a 7-day
      treatment of the human colon carcinoma cell line HT29 with the differentiation
      agent hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) induces both a 4-5-fold increase in
      transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) mRNA levels and reduced
      tumorigenicity in vivo. A series of 15 cloned lines with different commitments to
      differentiation has been isolated from 20-day HMBA-treated HT29 cells, maintained
      without HMBA, and utilized to study the role of TGF beta 1 in colon carcinoma
      differentiation. Two such lines, HD6 and HD8, differentiate to 97 and 76% mucus
      secreting goblet cells, respectively, in columnar monolayers in postconfluent
      culture. Both HD6 and HD8 cells exhibit low TGF beta 1 mRNA levels, little
      different from the undifferentiated HT29 parental line, and exhibit no growth
      modulation in response to exogenous TGF beta 1. In contrast, two other lines, HD3
      and HD4, differentiate to fluid-transporting enterocytic cells with functional
      brush borders and exhibit autocrine-negative growth response to TGF beta 1. Both
      lines express TGF beta 1 mRNA at levels 11-12-fold higher than the parental line
      and respond to exogenous TGF beta 1 by growth inhibition. HD3 cells secrete
      biologically active TGF beta 1 into conditioned media, which inhibited growth of
      a TGF beta 1-sensitive mink cell line. This inhibition was blocked by antisera to
      TGF beta 1, proving the specificity of the inhibition. A range of concentrations
      of this TGF beta 1 antiserum stimulated HD3 cell growth in a dose-dependent
      manner, further documenting the autocrine-negative response of the cells to TGF
      beta 1. Another cell line, HI1, was blocked in enterocytic differentiation. HI1
      cells synthesized as much TGF beta 1 mRNA as HD3 and HD4 cells, yet they
      responded to exogenous TGF beta 1 with less growth inhibition, suggesting some
      impairment in their response to TGF beta 1. A third class of response to TGF beta
      1 was exhibited by the HP1 cell line, which was resistant to HMBA-induced
      differentiation, remaining undifferentiated with a multilayered growth pattern.
      HP1 cells synthesized TGF beta 1 mRNA at levels over 20 times the parental level
      but were stimulated to divide by TGF beta 1, exhibiting autocrine-positive
      response to this growth factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2288878
TI  - A single Cys706 to Phe substitution in the retinoblastoma protein causes the loss
      of binding to SV40 T antigen.
AB  - Most naturally occurring mutants of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein contain large
      deletions or truncations. The small cell lung carcinoma cell line H209 contains a
      normal-sized but unphosphorylated RB protein (Hensel et al., Cancer Res., 50:
      3067-3072, 1990), which fails to form a complex with SV40 T antigen, suggesting
      that the RB gene of H209 may contain a subtle mutation. To define this mutation,
      the RB complementary DNA and genomic DNA were sequenced, revealing a point
      mutation in exon 21 that changed a G to a T. This results in an amino acid
      substitution of a Phe for Cys706. The mutant RB complementary DNA was used as a
      template for in vitro transcription and translation to synthesize the mutated
      protein. The resulting protein failed to bind to SV40 T antigen, demonstrating
      that a single missense mutation of the RB gene led to the complete inactivation
      of the ability of the RB protein to bind T antigen.

PMID- 2288879
TI  - Transformation by a ras oncogene causes increased expression of protein kinase C
      alpha and decreased expression of protein kinase C-epsilon.
AB  - Rat embryo fibroblasts and liver epithelial cell lines normally express two
      isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC), PKC alpha and PKC epsilon. Derivatives of
      these cells transformed by an activated human c-H-ras oncogene display a several
      fold increase in expression of PKC alpha and a concomitant decrease in PKC
      epsilon, at both the protein and mRNA levels. Similar changes are seen when the
      transformed phenotype is induced by Zn2+ in cells carrying the activated ras
      oncogene under the control of a metallothionein promoter. Studies using cell
      lines that express very high levels of PKC beta 1, studies using a specific
      inhibitor of PKC (CGP 41251), and studies in which PKC activity is down-regulated
      by treatment with a phorbol ester tumor promoter provide evidence that the
      effects of the ras oncogene on the expression of PKC alpha and PKC epsilon are
      mediated mainly through a PKC-independent pathway. The present results provide
      the first evidence that transformation of cells by an oncogene can alter the
      relative expression of specific isoforms of PKC. It is possible that these
      changes contribute to the malignant phenotype of these cells.

PMID- 2288880
TI  - Characterization of epidermal growth factor receptor induction by retinoic acid
      in a chemically transformed rat liver cell line.
AB  - Levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor expression vary widely among
      cell lines derived clonally from a chemically transformed population of rat liver
      epithelial cells. Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A that stimulates
      differentiation in a number of embryonal cell lines, increases the level of 125I
      EGF binding in several clones of the transformed cell lines. One such cell line,
      GP6ac, which reverts to a less transformed phenotype when treated with RA,
      exhibited a 3-4-fold increase in surface EGF receptors with prolonged (2-5-day)
      RA exposure. The increase persisted as long as the cells were treated with RA.
      The increase in surface EGF receptors was due to induction of receptor
      biosynthesis, which occurred within 4 h at both the mRNA and protein levels and
      persisted until the RA was withdrawn. Paradoxically, the RA response was
      accompanied by an initial 40-50% decrease in 125I-EGF binding during the first 12
      h of RA treatment. The decrease was due primarily to a reduction of receptor
      affinity. Since the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate also
      decreases 125I-EGF binding and increases EGF receptor biosynthesis in GP6ac
      cells, we tested the effect of RA in cells depleted of protein kinase C by
      prolonged treatment (18 h) with 10 microM 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
      The absence of protein kinase C did not affect the induction of receptor mRNA and
      protein or the decrease in binding during the early period of RA exposure. This
      indicates that RA induction of EGF receptor synthesis in GP6ac cells involves
      signaling pathways distinct from those utilized by phorbol esters.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288881
TI  - Expression of the human retinoblastoma gene product pp110RB in insect cells using
      the baculovirus system.
AB  - The product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB) was overproduced in
      cultured insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. Upon insertion of
      the cloned human RB complementary DNA sequence into the viral genome downstream
      of the promoter of the polyhedrin gene, full-length RB protein with an apparent
      molecular weight of 110,000 was expressed in the insect cells. This protein was
      found to be phosphorylated, located in the nuclei of the infected cells, and
      immunologically indistinguishable from pp110RB of human cells as assayed by
      several anti-RB antibodies. Following cell disruption and a one-step
      immunoaffinity chromatographic purification, 6-12 mg of soluble pp110RB with
      approximately 95% purity were obtained per liter of infected suspension culture.
      Characterization of the two known biochemical properties of RB protein showed
      that this purified protein from insect cells behaved similarly to the authentic
      human pp110RB. First, it bound to DNA, and second, it could form a specific
      complex with SV40 T antigen in vitro. Prompt translocation of the protein from
      cytoplasm to nucleus after microinjection further indicated that the purified RB
      protein may be active. The availability of soluble, intact, and presumably active
      pp110RB in large quantity represents a significant advance for studying the
      biochemical and biophysical properties of the RB gene product as well as its
      potential biological function in cancer suppression.

PMID- 2288882
TI  - Difficulties and hope in artificial organ research.

PMID- 2288883
TI  - Elasto-mixed lubrication in total hip prostheses.

PMID- 2288884
TI  - Mechanical properties of cultured endothelial cells exposed to shear stress.

PMID- 2288885
TI  - Inelastic constitutive modeling for blood vessels based on viscoplasticity.
AB  - A transversely isotropic inelastic constitutive model based on the concept of
      internal variable theories is proposed to describe the hysteresis loops of blood
      vessels under cyclic loading by taking account of loading path dependence as well
      as loading rate dependence. The comparison of the numerical results with
      literature shows that the present model can describe the anisotropic inelastic
      mechanical behavior well.

PMID- 2288886
TI  - Analysis of gas transport in high-frequency ventilation.
AB  - The pendelluft effect on gas transport and exchange in high-frequency ventilation
      was investigated by using a simple computational model, in which each pendelluft
      zone extending over lower generations of airways consists of two branches
      performing asynchronous motion. The calculated results show that the gas exchange
      is markedly improved by the pendelluft when the sloshing of flow is generated
      between neighboring airways.

PMID- 2288887
TI  - Fluid flow in a strongly curved pipe.

PMID- 2288888
TI  - Isotonic myocardial segment dynamics during barium contracture as a useful index
      of the cross-bridge kinetics: effect of adrenaline.

PMID- 2288889
TI  - Assessment of left ventricular regional work under ischemia.
AB  - The wall tension-regional area (T-A) loop method, a new approach assessing
      regional contractile function of the left ventricle, has been developed in
      experiments performed on the isolated dog heart. Regional work is quantitatively
      determined by the area within a T-A loop with physically correct dimensions of
      energy (Joule) and regional contractility can be reliably assessed by the end
      systolic T-A relation (ESTAR). During global ischemia, both the T-A loop area and
      the slope of the linear ESTAR decreased in proportion to the decreases in left
      ventricular stroke work and contractility. During regional ischemia, the T-A loop
      area in an ischemic region decreased to near zero, and the ESTAR markedly shifted
      to the right with a decreased slope and an increased regional area intercept. In
      contrast, the T-A loop in a non-ischematic region showed an increase in systolic
      area shrinkage and a decrease in regional work, demonstrating hyperkinesis due to
      regional afterload reduction. In addition, the ESTAR in a non-ischemic region
      remained almost unchanged. Thus, using the T-A loop method we can reliably assess
      regional work and contractility of a left ventricular region under ischemia.

PMID- 2288890
TI  - Evaluation of left ventricular function by application of external minute
      vibration.

PMID- 2288891
TI  - Optimal afterload for the heart vs. optimal heart for the afterload.

PMID- 2288892
TI  - Non-stationary analysis of electromyographic activity prior to a ballistic
      voluntary contraction.
AB  - The electromyogram (EMG) in a ballistic voluntary action of muscle after a slight
      sustained contraction shows a short period of decrease or disappearance of the
      activity prior to the onset of phasic discharge. The EMG of elbow extensor
      (triceps brachii) prior to phasic discharge was analyzed as a non-stationary
      stochastic process. The distribution of the EMG amplitude began to change from
      100 ms before the phasic discharge. The statistical test showed that the EMG
      activity became non-Gaussian from 30 to 50 ms before the phasic discharge. The
      standard deviation of the EMG showed a decreasing tendency from 80 to 100 ms
      prior to the phasic discharge. The statistical evidence for the EMG depression
      was also confirmed in fourth and sixth order coefficients of the orthogonal
      expansion of the probability density function. These results suggested that the
      EMG process profoundly changed its statistical characteristics just before the
      phasic discharge.

PMID- 2288893
TI  - Endogenous dopamine and cyclic events in the fish retina, II: Correlation of
      retinomotor movement, spinule formation, and connexon density of gap junctions
      with dopamine activity during light/dark cycles.
AB  - In the fish retina, retinomotor movement, spinule formation, and alteration of
      connexon density within gap junctions occur in response to changes in ambient
      light conditions. All of these morphological parameters can also be influenced by
      the application of dopamine. This study examines whether the morphological
      alterations of these structures are correlated with the activity of endogenous
      dopamine during an entrained 12-h light/12-h dark cycle and after 1-h sort-term
      adaptation periods. The two measured parameters of retinomotor movement, cone
      inner segment length and pigment dispersion, were well-correlated with endogenous
      cyclic dopamine activity. However, retinomotor movement was initiated already at
      the end of the entrained dark period, before the onset of light and before the
      onset of dopamine turnover. Furthermore, a 1-h dark-adaptation period in the
      middle of the light phase reduced dopamine activity but did not affect
      retinomotor movement. At the switch from light to dark and after a 1-h light
      period at midnight retinomotor movement correlated exactly with dopamine turnover
      and illumination conditions. The formation of spinules was correlated with
      dopaminergic activity during all phases of the light/dark cycle and during short
      term adaptation periods. Spinules were expressed in the light when dopamine
      activity was high and they were retracted when dopamine activity was reduced
      during darkness. Connexon density of horizontal cell gap junctions showed a
      weaker correlation with the endogenous dopamine turnover. In this case, a high
      activity of endogenous dopamine was paralleled by a high density of connexons.
      Our results suggest that endogenous dopamine is involved in the cyclic regulation
      of the observed morphological alterations and that dopamine is part of the light
      signal for these mechanisms.

PMID- 2288894
TI  - Cone receptive field in cat retina computed from microcircuitry.
AB  - The receptive-field profile of the cone in cat-retina was computed. The
      computation was based on (1) the known anatomical circuit connecting cones via
      narrow-field bipolar cells to the on-beta ganglion cell; (2) the known
      physiological receptive-field profile of the on-beta (X) cell at the
      corresponding eccentricity; and (3) a model in which the beta receptive field
      arises by linear superposition of cone receptive fields. The computed cone
      receptive field has a center/surround organization with a center almost as broad
      as that of the beta cell center. The cone surround is comparably broad to that of
      the beta cell but somewhat lower in peak amplitude. The problems to which the
      center/surround receptive field are the solution, namely, signal compression and
      noise reduction, apparently must be solved before the first synapse of the visual
      pathway.

PMID- 2288895
TI  - Spatial and temporal analysis by neurons in the representation of the central
      visual field in the cat's lateral suprasylvian visual cortex.
AB  - We studied quantitatively the receptive-field properties of 74 units recorded
      from the representation of the central visual fields in the cat's lateral
      suprasylvian (LS) visual cortex. In agreement with previous workers, we found
      that LS receptive fields tended to be large and to lack discernible spatial
      structure. They resembled the complex receptive fields of areas 17 and 18 in
      their general organization. We examined the responses of these neurons to moving
      optimally oriented sinusoidal gratings that varied in spatial and temporal
      frequency of drift. Most LS neurons were selective for the spatial frequency of
      sinusoidal gratings; 7% responded to all spatial frequencies below a cutoff
      value. In agreement with previous reports, the optimal spatial frequencies for LS
      neurons covered a wider range than is seen in either area 17 or 18 alone (0.05-1
      cycle/deg), but are certainly included in the range covered by both these
      afferent areas. Individual neurons in LS responded to a range of spatial
      frequencies broader than is typical for neurons in areas 17 and 18. The effect of
      varying the drift rate of otherwise optimal gratings was similar in LS to that
      reported for areas 17 and 18. Most neurons were optimally responsive to drift
      rates between 0.5 and 4 Hz, and resolved frequencies as high as 10-30 Hz. A few
      neurons had optima higher than 6 Hz and resolved frequencies in excess of 30 Hz.
      We conclude that the receptive fields of LS neurons reflect rather closely the
      properties of their afferents from areas 17 and 18.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2288896
TI  - Postsynaptic potentials and morphology of tectal cells responding to electrical
      stimulation of the bullfrog nucleus isthmi.
AB  - Postsynaptic responses of tectal cells in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) were
      intracellularly recorded following electrical stimulation of the optic tract and
      the nucleus isthmi, and fluorescent dye, Lucifer yellow, was injected into some
      of the impaled cells to show their morphologies. Two main response types were
      found: The first type was an EPSP followed by an IPSP, and the second type was
      single IPSP. The first type predominates in cells responding to the optic tract
      stimulation and the second type prevails in cells responding to the isthmic
      stimulation. Fifteen cells stained with Lucifer yellow were localized in layer 6
      (11 cells), layer 7 (1 cell), and layer 8 (3 cells). They were mainly identified
      as pear-shaped cells, large ganglionic cells, and stellate cells. Three
      injections demonstrated "dye-coupling," which labeled up to six cells following
      one injection. Comparisons of postsynaptic potentials with cellular morphologies
      suggested that the nucleus isthmi could directly excite large ganglionic neurons
      in layer 6. Synaptic mechanisms for strong isthmic inhibition on the tectal
      neurons remain unknown.

PMID- 2288897
TI  - Binocular neurons in the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) of the pigeon are
      selective for either translational or rotational visual flow.
AB  - Previous electrophysiological studies have shown that neurons in the nucleus of
      the basal optic root (nBOR) of the pigeon respond best to wholefield stimuli
      moving slowly in a particular direction in the contralateral visual field. In
      this study, we have found that some nBOR neurons respond to wholefield
      stimulation of both eyes. These binocular neurons have spatially separate
      receptive fields in both visual fields. Some binocular neurons prefer the same
      direction of wholefield motion in both eyes, and thus respond best to wholefield
      visual motion which would result from translation movements of the bird, either
      ascent, descent, or forward and backward motion. Other neurons prefer opposite
      directions of wholefield motion in each eye and therefore respond optimally to
      wholefield visual motion simulating rotational movements of the bird, either roll
      or yaw. These binocular neurons may play a crucial part in the locomotor behavior
      of the pigeon by providing visual information distinguishing translational and
      rotational movements.

PMID- 2288898
TI  - Skin response to histamine dry skin prick test: influence of duration of the skin
      prick on clinical parameters and on skin blood flow monitoring.
AB  - This comparative trial (histamine dry skin prick test versus control prick test)
      evaluates with subjective and objective clinical methods (i.e. itch scores, wheal
      area, and wheal and flare area) and with laser Doppler flowmetry (multiple sites
      measured between 5 and 15 min after prick test) the effect of increasing the
      duration of the skin prick (1, 3 and 10 s). As compared with control prick tests,
      all objective clinical parameters after histamine prick test were significantly
      different from the control prick tests. There was no interaction between agonist
      duration of prick test and clinical parameters. When present, itch was reported
      only after histamine prick test. Skin blood perfusion values were evaluated with
      Laser Doppler flowmetry at prick test sites and at 1 cm distance from the prick
      test site. At control and histamine prick test sites, increased blood flow values
      were observed and a moderate interaction between agonist-duration of prick test
      and repeated measurement was noted (one tail P less than 0.05); there were indeed
      lower values 9 min after histamine prick tests whatever the duration of the prick
      test. At 1 cm distance from histamine prick test sites, all skin perfusion
      measurements (either 5-8 or 11-14 min) showed increased values over data recorded
      after control prick test (P less than 0.0001). On pooled data recorded at
      distance from histamine or control prick tests, there was a significant
      interaction between agonist-duration of prick test and laser Doppler flowmetry (P
      less than 0.0004).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288899
TI  - Immunohistological detection of proliferating cells in normal and psoriatic
      epidermis using Ki-67 monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Ki-67 monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been suggested to react only with
      proliferating cells. In order to study epidermal proliferating cells,
      immunohistological staining was performed with Ki-67 on 14 skin specimens from
      normal subjects and 30 from patients suffering from psoriasis. Staining of nuclei
      by Ki-67 was clearly observed in the epidermis. In normal epidermis, Ki-67+ cells
      were sparse in the basal layer (L1) and next upper layer (L2), while in psoriatic
      epidermis, they were abundant in L1, L2 and a few layers above L2. The percentage
      of positive cells in L1 of normal and psoriatic skin were 4.5 and 54%,
      respectively. Double staining (Ki-67 and S phase stain using bromodeoxyuridine)
      was also performed, and the results showed that: 1) the distribution patterns of
      Ki-67+ cells and those of S phase cells were similar in every section examined;
      2) Ki-67 stained almost all S phase cells, and 3) Ki-67 also recognized
      considerable numbers of non-S phase cells. Therefore our data indicate that Ki-67
      can detect a certain population of epidermal proliferating cells that includes S
      phase cells. Although it remains unclear whether all the proliferating cells in
      the epidermis can be detected by this mAb, we suggest that Ki-67 staining is an
      easy and useful technique for evaluating the proliferative activity of the
      epidermis.

PMID- 2288900
TI  - Detection of keratinolytic proteinase in skin tissues from guinea pigs infected
      with Microsporum canis by an immunoperoxidase technique.
AB  - An immunoperoxidase technique was performed to detect keratinolytic proteinase
      (KPase) in sections of the skin taken from guinea pigs infected with Microsporum
      canis and in cultured M. canis using polyclonal antisera to purified KPase. Of
      tissue samples from guinea pigs infected with M. canis, all sections of
      erythematous lesions showed positive staining mainly in the horny layer and the
      hair follicles. Positive depositions were seen only at the level of the outer and
      inner root sheaths of the hair follicles in sections of skin lesions showing
      scales and crusts. However, sections from areas of alopecia following
      desquamation of the crust showed no depositions of bright red reaction products.
      The patterns of deposition of KPase according to the clinical course of
      experimental dermatophytosis were consistent with the existence of organisms
      observed by PAS and methenamine silver stains. These results suggest that KPase
      may be produced during infection with M. canis after the development of erythema
      and before desquamation of the crust.

PMID- 2288901
TI  - UV-induced erythema and photocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2288902
TI  - Absence of platelet aggregation activity in blister fluids from epidermolysis
      bullosa dystrophica and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.

PMID- 2288903
TI  - Brains, behaviors, and magic bullets.

PMID- 2288904
TI  - The function of adipocytes in the bone marrow stroma.
AB  - The fibroblasts and adipocytes of the bone marrow stroma provide the cytokines
      and extracellular matrix proteins required for the maturation and proliferation
      of the circulating blood cells. Due to the complexity of the bone marrow as an
      organ, the normal physiology of these stromal cells is not well understood. In
      particular, the role of adipocytes in the bone marrow remains controversial.
      Cloned bone marrow stromal cell lines provide an in vitro model for analysis of
      the lympho-hematopoietic microenvironment. These cells may be capable of multiple
      differentiation pathways, assuming the phenotype of adipocytes, chondrocytes,
      myocytes, and osteocytes in vitro. Characterization of these cell lines and
      recent in vivo experiments give new insight into the normal physiology of the
      bone marrow.

PMID- 2288905
TI  - Tadpoles and tumors. Cell Differentiation and Cancer sponsored by the National
      Cancer Institute and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Lihue, HI,
      USA, January 18-20, 1990.

PMID- 2288906
TI  - Intermediate filaments and intermediate skiers assemble. Cytoskeleton and Cell
      Regulation: a UCLA symposium sponsored by Genentech and Glaxo, Steamboat Springs,
      CO, USA, January 20-26, 1990.

PMID- 2288907
TI  - Right on target. Applications of Homologous Recombination to Human Disease
      sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIGMS, NIDDK, and NICHD)
      Bethesda, MD, USA, November 6-8, 1989.

PMID- 2288908
TI  - DNA replication can overcome the silencer function on transcription.
AB  - Several cis-acting transcriptional silencer elements that are dispersed over a
      long (more than 1 kb) region upstream of the mouse DNA polymerase-beta gene
      repress transcription not only of this gene but also of heterologous promoter
      enhancers of other genes. The effect of DNA replication on the functions of these
      silencer elements was examined by combining them with transiently replicating
      plasmids carrying the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and the
      replication origins (ori) of polyoma virus and SV40 DNA. The silencers functioned
      efficiently when these plasmids were transfected into mouse NIH 3T3 and monkey
      CV1 cells. These cells lack T antigen and therefore do not allow replication of
      the plasmids. The silencers also functioned when the plasmids contained
      nonfunctional SV40 ori. In contrast, the negative effect of the silencer was not
      observed when the plasmids were transfected into cells producing large T
      antigens, such as MOP8 cells and COS1 cells. The observed differences in the
      silencer function between the permissive and nonpermissive cells was not due to
      differences in plasmid copy numbers in the cells. The results indicate that
      ongoing DNA replication can completely overcome the negative effects of the
      silencer elements on transcription.

PMID- 2288909
TI  - Multiple genes encoding zinc finger domains are expressed in human T cells.
AB  - Proteins containing zinc finger domains have been implicated in developmental
      control of gene expression in Drosophila, Xenopus, mouse, and humans. Multiple
      cDNAs encoding zinc (II) finger structures were isolated from human cell lines of
      T-cell origin to explore whether zinc finger genes participate in the
      differentiation of human hematopoietic cells. Initial restriction analysis,
      genomic Southern blotting, and partial sequence comparisons revealed at least 30
      nonoverlapping cDNAs designated cKox(1-30) encoding zinc finger motifs. Analysis
      of cKox1 demonstrated that Kox1 is a single-copy gene that is expressed in a
      variety of hematopoietic and nonhaematopoietic cell lines. cKox1 encodes 11 zinc
      fingers that were shown to bind zinc when expressed as a beta-gal-Kox1 fusion
      protein. Further analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence revealed a heptad
      repeat of leucines NH2-terminal to the finger region, which suggests a potential
      domain for homo- or heterodimer protein formation. On the basis of screening
      results it was estimated that approximately 70 zinc finger genes are expressed in
      human T cells. Zinc finger motifs are probably present in a large family of
      proteins with quite diverse and distinct functions. However, comparisons of
      individual finger regions in cKox1 with finger regions of cKox2 to cKox30 showed
      that some zinc fingers are highly conserved in their putative alpha-helical DNA
      binding region, supporting the notion of a zinc finger-specific DNA recognition
      code.

PMID- 2288910
TI  - We GNOMES find the PROJECT an atlas but no treasure.

PMID- 2288911
TI  - The many faces of epidermal growth factor repeats.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a short peptide with a distinctive motif of six
      cysteines. This motif is found in many different proteins of diverse functions.
      One approach to determining the functional utility of EGF repeats is to undertake
      a methodical analysis of each individual protein. While this approach has met
      with some success, it has been applied to only a small fraction of all the EGF
      repeat-bearing proteins. A second approach is to consider all these proteins as a
      whole but give particular attention to structural and functional similarities.
      This review attempts a broad, although not comprehensive, survey of the families
      of proteins containing EGF repeats, with particular emphasis on the relative
      distribution of calcium-binding and noncalcium-binding EGF repeats.

PMID- 2288912
TI  - Rocky Mountain kinase fever. Receptor-Mediated Second Messenger Pathways: A UCLA
      symposium sponsored by ICI Pharmaceuticals and Smith Kline and French, Keystone,
      CO, USA, January 27-February 3, 1990.

PMID- 2288913
TI  - Heavy metal groupies. The Inorganic Chemistry/Molecular Biology Interface: A UCLA
      symposium, Taos, NM, USA, February 24-March 1, 1990.

PMID- 2288914
TI  - Targeted insertion of exogenous DNA into the eukaryotic genome by the Cre
      recombinase.
AB  - Cre is a 38-kD protein from bacteriophage P1 that catalyzes site-specific
      recombination between 34-bp loxP sequences. Our previous work has shown that Cre
      can perform site-specific excisive recombination not only in prokaryotes, but
      also in eukaryotes such as yeast and cultured mammalian cells. In this work we
      show that intermolecular Cre-mediated recombination can specifically direct the
      integration of a loxP-containing circular DNA into a chromosomal loxP site, both
      in yeast and in mammalian cells. The resulting integrants are predominantly
      simple single-copy insertions. Cre-mediated recombination thus provides a simple
      way to direct single-copy site-specific integration of exogenous DNA into the
      eukaryotic genome.

PMID- 2288915
TI  - An unstable domain in the vicilin genes of higher plants.
AB  - The genes for the vicilin seed storage proteins of higher plants code for
      proteins that fall roughly into two size classes. All the vicilin genes descended
      from a single ancestral gene, and there is considerable homology among the amino
      acid sequences of all vicilin proteins except in an NH2-terminal domain that is
      present only in the vicilins of the large size class. This domain, composed
      largely of charged residues, has diverged greatly. Its nucleotide composition in
      all species is high in G + A (sense strand) and the domain contains long
      polypurine.polypyrimidine tracts. Slippage in replication due to non-B DNA
      structures (for example, H-DNA) resulting from these tracts is considered to be
      the cause of the rapid divergence of this domain.

PMID- 2288916
TI  - The nurse's guide to biliary prosthesis placement.
AB  - As a member of the GI team, a well-trained endoscopy nurse is instrumental in the
      successful placement of a biliary prosthesis. This illustrated guide presents
      components of the process in a format designed for easy reference.

PMID- 2288917
TI  - Biliary manometry.
AB  - The purpose of the paper is to introduce the reader to sphincter of Oddi
      dysfunction and the technique of biliary manometry. This paper will review
      sphincter of Oddi anatomy and physiology, abnormalities, patient selection,
      equipment and technique used in testing, interpretation and scoring.

PMID- 2288918
TI  - Innovations in dilators for GI tract stenoses.

PMID- 2288919
TI  - Interviewing, orientation and evaluation.
AB  - Interviewing, orientation and evaluation of staff are probably three of the most
      important and challenging tasks of any manager. This paper will discuss these
      processes and how they can be of value in the GI Unit.

PMID- 2288920
TI  - Constipation in the long-term care facility.
AB  - In the long-term care facility, constipation is a problem of clinical
      significance. An awareness of the types and specific causes of constipation, such
      as underlying medical conditions and side effects of medication, can facilitate
      management of these patients. Problems unique to long-term care patients also
      need to be addressed. This review emphasizes that constipation in these patients
      needs to be addressed individually and that regular inservice education can
      optimize nursing care.

PMID- 2288921
TI  - Communication: a pound of prevention.
AB  - The SGNA members identified many concerns regarding malpractice, negligence and
      liability during the Roundtable Discussion, "When You Think the M.D. Is
      Wrong...", and in the 1988 SGA Legal Issues Survey. These concerns included:
      communication, documentation, patient and staff abuse, abandonment, personal
      liability and informed consent, to name a few. This article is the first in a
      series that will address those concerns. Many of the situations described by the
      members during the Roundtable Discussion and in the Survey centered around
      deficiencies in communication which led to conflict. This article discusses
      communication as your first line of defense to prevent conflict, and ultimately,
      a law suit. Resolution of disagreements or conflict can occur simply and
      professionally, in most instances, with everyone winning. In addition, a
      discussion relating to communication as a conflict management technique, which
      may ultimately result in the desired outcome, is also presented.

PMID- 2288922
TI  - Monitoring and intravenous sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy.

PMID- 2288923
TI  - Nutritional consequences and therapy in Crohn's disease.
AB  - Since low intakes of energy and other nutrients are significant factors leading
      to malnutrition in Crohn's disease, increased attention should be paid to
      assessing the nutritional status and intake of these patients in the hospital and
      on an outpatient basis. If nutritional intervention can be instituted early, some
      of the numerous and serious nutritional consequences of Crohn's disease may be
      lessened. For this condition where no therapy, surgical or medical, has proven to
      be more than partially effective, nutritional therapy may be a crucial factor. It
      is hoped that a better understanding of the nutritional consequences and current
      therapy of Crohn's disease will be beneficial in recognizing and treating the
      nutritional needs of patients with Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2288924
TI  - Narcan (naloxone HCl).
AB  - The gastroenterology nurse must be familiar with the use of Narcan. Narcan is
      frequently administered in the endoscopy suite after the procedure for the
      reversal of narcotic depression induced by pre-procedure intravenous sedation.
      Knowledge of Narcan will allow the nurse to safely administer the medication as
      well as adequately assess the patient's response to it.

PMID- 2288925
TI  - Participatory management.
AB  - In recent years, management philosophy regarding the work of professional groups
      has undergone considerable change. Professional nurses require various elements
      of management unique to the service-based professions. The purpose of this
      article is to examine the philosophy of participatory management and its
      application to nursing care delivery.

PMID- 2288927
TI  - Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis? Check your patient's symptoms.

PMID- 2288926
TI  - Prepare for the 1990s: Part I. Update: tuberculosis, hepatitis and acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - To properly care for patients, gastroenterology nurses and associates need
      current information for safe and effective infection control. It is important to
      understand the infections that potentially could be transmitted in the GI unit.
      Knowledge is needed for the preparation and care of equipment to minimize
      transmission of infectious agents. Health care providers responsible for the
      disinfection of endoscopic equipment must know which infectious and chemical
      cleaning agents threaten them. This column will attempt to cover these areas
      during the coming year.

PMID- 2288928
TI  - The development and utilization of patient education videos.
AB  - Making and utilizing your own videos can be a great educational addition to any
      endoscopy department. With the types and numbers of endoscopy procedures
      increasing daily, new areas of patient education need to be explored to keep the
      patients ultimately informed. This article is meant to stimulate the imagination
      about what can be done to improve the effectiveness of a busy endoscopy unit in
      the area of patient education.

PMID- 2288929
TI  - Fluid and electrolyte balance and the patient with a digestive disorder.
AB  - It is the intention of this article to provide basic fluid and electrolyte
      information for the purpose of explaining imbalances that may occur in patients
      with disorders of the digestive tract. It is important to understand these
      imbalances in order to assess patients with electrolyte imbalances accurately and
      to provide rapid treatment based on these assessments.

PMID- 2288930
TI  - Inside the national government alphabet.

PMID- 2288931
TI  - SGNA standards for practice for gastroenterology nurses and associates.
AB  - Since 1986 the SGNA Board of Directors has been working toward a new set of
      standards that would recognize the changes that had occurred within the
      profession and the Society, as well as look toward the future. With the
      assistance of a facilitator, an innovative set of qualitative outcome standards
      were recently developed by the Standards of Practice Committee and approved by
      the SGNA Board of Directors. Several plans are being made to introduce the
      Standards to the membership. This article introduces the concept, the Standards
      and makes suggestions for their practical application in the work place.

PMID- 2288932
TI  - Endoscopic lithotripsy of biliary stones.
AB  - Historically, gallstone therapy has been surgery. Gastrointestinal endoscopists
      and radiologists are now becoming increasingly active in the definitive
      management of both cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis. Today, for
      uncomplicated cholelithiasis and for many cases of choledocholithiasis in
      patients without increased surgical risk, biliary surgery remains the recommended
      treatment by internists and surgeons alike. However, with an increased battery of
      available therapeutic modalities, management decisions and strategies are
      becoming more complex and the treatment of biliary stone disease in the future
      will be different than it was in the past.

PMID- 2288933
TI  - Risks of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and therapeutic
      applications.
AB  - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and its therapeutic applications
      are the most invasive and risky procedures performed regularly by endoscopists.
      Potential complications include those of the endoscopy (sedation reactions,
      infection transmission, perforation, etc.), those specific to instrumentation of
      the bile duct and pancreas (sepsis, pancreatitis) and those caused by therapeutic
      intervention, especially sphincterotomy (perforation and bleeding). These complex
      procedures require two fully trained GI nurse assistants. One is responsible for
      the safety of the patient (who is often elderly and frail) before, during and
      after the procedure. The other is responsible for ensuring that all necessary
      equipment is available and correctly disinfected and assists the endoscopist
      during the examination.

PMID- 2288934
TI  - Esophageal self-dilatation: interdisciplinary responsibilities for a
      comprehensive treatment plan.
AB  - Although self-dilatation at home has not received much mention by
      gastroenterologists, it can be a safe and effective method of treatment for
      certain patients. This paper outlines specific parameters to consider in
      identifying potential candidates for self-dilatation and describes other related
      factors in need of appraisal in order to ensure safety and efficacy. Like so many
      other treatment plans, the key to success may depend upon adequate patient
      instruction, compliance and periodic follow-up. Nurses working in
      gastroenterology settings can offer valuable assistance in identification as well
      as care of these patients.

PMID- 2288935
TI  - Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes: the nurse's role in a moral, ethical,
      and legal dilemma.
AB  - The introduction of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes (PEG) has enabled
      us to prolong the life of those who would otherwise die of malnutrition. This
      option has forced the medical community and society to consider the implications
      of this procedure not only for their loved ones but for themselves. What are the
      factors that influence the implementation of this procedure and what are the
      ramifications of this action? Concern for a loved one is but one issue. There is
      a far more universal impact. This article explores some of the considerations for
      the use of feeding tubes.

PMID- 2288936
TI  - Nursing malpractice: the importance of documentation, or saved by the pen!
AB  - Documentation is an elemental to nursing as wound care and vital sign assessment.
      This article examines the reasons and techniques for accurate and complete
      documentation in a medical record. Several examples of nursing malpractice
      involving improper documentation are described. Abbreviations, flow sheets,
      incident reports, late entries, errors and content are included in the discussion
      presented.

PMID- 2288938
TI  - Gastrointestinal endoscopy education for nursing units within the hospital.
AB  - Rapid advances in gastroenterology challenge those professionals active in the
      field to keep abreast of the state of the art. Other hospital nursing
      professionals who care for GI patients also need to be aware of how their roles
      are being changed by these advances. This paper describes the development of an
      educational program for these professionals. An outline of the course material is
      provided to assist others in developing their own programs.

PMID- 2288937
TI  - Pediatric liver transplantation: Part I. Choosing and caring for the transplant
      candidate.
AB  - Liver transplantation is now an accepted modality of treatment for acute
      fulminant hepatic failure, end-stage chronic liver disease and certain hepatic
      based inborn errors of metabolism in children. This paper reviews the criteria
      used in selecting appropriate candidates for transplantation based on a knowledge
      of the natural history of the underlying disease and the individual patient's
      condition. Important clinical, laboratory, radiologic and histologic data used to
      make decisions regarding transplantation are reviewed. Nutritional assessment and
      management are emphasized as part of the comprehensive evaluation and therapeutic
      plan to prepare a patient for transplantation.

PMID- 2288939
TI  - Losec (omeprazole/MSD).
AB  - The treatment of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome has represented a
      challenge in the past. Losec Delayed-Release Capsules may provide these patients
      with a well-tolerated alternative, allowing them a more natural lifestyle. In
      addition, Losec may also offer benefits to the patient suffering from severe
      gastroesophageal reflux disease in whom traditional therapy is not providing
      adequate results. Knowledge of this newer medication and its advantages and
      disadvantages will allow the nurse to take an active role in patient instruction
      regarding this therapy.

PMID- 2288940
TI  - Savvy positioning...maximizing employee value.

PMID- 2288941
TI  - Infection control issues in the gastrointestinal endoscopy unit.
AB  - The gastroenterology nurse is an integral member of the patient care team with a
      wide range of responsibilities combining the role of patient care manager with
      technical responsibilities for the use of complex equipment. With the increase in
      diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy has come a keener awareness of what
      constitutes proper cleaning and disinfecting of endoscopes and endoscopic
      accessories as well as general aspects of infection control.

PMID- 2288942
TI  - Enteric infections in gay men.

PMID- 2288943
TI  - Tools for patient education.
AB  - There are many pamphlets, brochures and educational videos available for use in
      patient teaching. This article is a listing of some of the many items available
      and where to obtain them.

PMID- 2288944
TI  - Point-counterpoint issues.

PMID- 2288945
TI  - Political power within the nursing community.

PMID- 2288946
TI  - Clinical nursing research: recipe for success.
AB  - Clinical nursing research is gaining popularity. The following is a step-by-step
      process the novice researcher can follow to successfully complete a research
      study. The process begins with identifying the research problem and ends with
      publication of results. Tips for avoiding common pitfalls are suggested. The
      value of the practicing nurse's contribution in identifying clinical problems for
      investigation is becoming appreciated. Educators are looking for access to
      subjects and are thus interested in collaborating with practicing nurses. Funding
      sources are interested in well-planned clinical studies. The timing is perfect-
      so get involved.

PMID- 2288947
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasonography.
AB  - Endoscopic ultrasonography is a new and interesting technique. It is the only
      imaging technique that provides images of the gastrointestinal wall. Because of
      the high frequency used in EUS, it may provide high resolution images of
      gastrointestinal organs such as the pancreas. Although the equipment used for EUS
      is similar to that used for more familiar diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic
      procedures, there are substantial differences as well. The EUS procedure is more
      complex and difficult than many standard endoscopic procedures, and it requires
      close cooperation between the endoscopist, nurse and the patient. Despite the
      cost and difficulties of establishing this procedure in an endoscopy unit, EUS
      offers considerable promise as a new method of investigation.

PMID- 2288948
TI  - Intraesophageal balloon distention in the manometric evaluation of chest pain.
AB  - Drug provocation is routinely used during esophageal manometry in the evaluation
      of chest pain of presumed esophageal origin. As significant side effects have
      been associated with the use of drugs in provocation, and these provocative tests
      are inadequately sensitive to exclude esophageal etiology as the cause of chest
      pain, alternative provocative tests have been sought. Intraesophageal balloon
      distention (IEBD) has recently been reintroduced as a method of pain provocation
      in the manometric evaluation of chest pain. IEBD produces pain on distention
      which resolves immediately on deflation. To evaluate graded IEBD as an effective
      and safe method of pain provocation, 66 consecutive patients presenting with
      chest pain and 10 asymptomatic volunteers were studied. We conclude that balloon
      distention is an effective and safe method of pain provocation and can easily be
      performed in conjunction with standard esophageal manometry.

PMID- 2288949
TI  - Writing job descriptions.
AB  - The skill of writing job descriptions begins with an understanding of the
      advantages, as well as the basic elements, of a well written description. The end
      result should be approved and updated as needed. Having a better understanding of
      this process makes writing the job description a challenge rather than a chore.

PMID- 2288950
TI  - Pediatric liver transplantation: Part II. Managing the long-term complications.
AB  - Increasing numbers of children are receiving liver transplants at major centers
      and returning to their home hospitals for long-term follow-up. This review
      summarizes the long-term complications in pediatric liver transplant recipients
      and their recognition and management. Emphasis is placed on an understanding of
      the practical aspects of the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of cyclosporine, the
      major immunosuppressive drug used in these patients. Common infectious problems,
      particularly serious viral infections, are reviewed with their unique clinical
      presentations in this immunocompromised population. Therapeutic alternatives for
      episodes of acute rejection are offered to facilitate communication with the
      transplant center and familiarize the local pediatric gastroenterologist and his
      or her staff with the management issues facing those who take care of these
      complex patients.

PMID- 2288951
TI  - Educating patients on the run.
AB  - This article discusses patient education in the endoscopy laboratory. It
      addresses quality usage of time available to perform patient teaching, the
      problems encountered and the effects of stress on the learning process.

PMID- 2288952
TI  - Certification: questions and answers. The next step.

PMID- 2288953
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis: the who, when, where, why, and with what!
AB  - In our daily routines in the endoscopy suite antibiotic prophylaxis is often
      discussed, debated and provided to our patients. Review of the literature
      provides little data on the safety and efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis and on
      the patient population who should receive this form of therapy. The purpose of
      this review is to try to put into perspective the rationale and potential
      protocols for provision of antibiotic prophylaxis in our patients.

PMID- 2288954
TI  - Understanding recurrent abdominal pain of childhood.
AB  - Recurrent abdominal pain is a distressing childhood phenomenon. It is a benign
      pain syndrome, with no definitive cause, affecting more than 10% of all school
      aged children. It is important for gastrointestinal nurses to recognize the
      symptoms of recurrent abdominal pain and provide individualized management for
      the child and family.

PMID- 2288955
TI  - Nursing implications after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
AB  - The development of therapeutic endoscopic procedures over the past 20 years has
      been phenomenal. From the visualization of bile and pancreatic ducts years ago,
      technology has progressed to complex sphincterotomies, stenting and removal of
      common duct stones. Nurses working with these patients after these procedures
      need physical assessment skills and a knowledge base of both the therapeutic
      endoscopic procedures and the complications associated with the procedures.

PMID- 2288956
TI  - The next step in the certification process: a challenge for the gastroenterology
      nurse and associate.
AB  - The achievement of specialty certification requires time, effort and commitment
      on the part of the candidate. Recognizing the expanded role of the
      gastroenterology nurse and associate has led to validation of the expertise and
      specialized knowledge by means of the two-discipline examinations. To the
      specialist the process of certification provides self-assessment and an ongoing
      mechanism for evaluation and accountability. Individuals have expressed the
      personal satisfaction in the achievement, the peer recognition and advanced
      career opportunities that certification has provided them.

PMID- 2288957
TI  - A tree without fruit.

PMID- 2288958
TI  - Certification issues.

PMID- 2288960
TI  - Political savvy: taking charge of your profession.

PMID- 2288959
TI  - Aminophylline reversal of midazolam sedation.

PMID- 2288961
TI  - Endoscopy assessment tool--a new approach.
AB  - Endoscopy outpatient assessment should be simple, yet comprehensive. Assessment
      is done to identify nursing care problems in order to deliver appropriate care.
      Four weaknesses are commonly found with outpatient assessment tools: assessment
      criteria are not based on Standards of Care, abnormal findings are not easily
      identifiable, nursing care problems are not stated, and there is no stated plan
      of care. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new concept for the GI
      outpatient assessment. In the proposed concept, the "traditional" assessment is
      merged with a nursing care plan to produce a comprehensive assessment tool.
      Assessment criteria are based on predetermined Standards of Care. The assessment
      analysis is stated via the same assessment tool as a nursing problem, and the
      care plan interventions are noted and based on nursing care problems.

PMID- 2288962
TI  - Everted glove-pouch technique: a simple method for the hygienic disposal of
      contaminated guide-wires, catheters and tubes.
AB  - In order to reduce the risk of nosocomial infection during endoscopic procedures,
      a simple, safe and economical technique for disposal of contaminated guide-wires,
      tubes and catheters is described. A disposable glove, everted over a coiled wire
      or other endoscopic accessory, creates a pouch which then contains the
      contaminated object to be discarded. This everted glove-pouch technique prevents
      dispersal of secretions into the endoscopic environment and provides a convenient
      means for disposal of these otherwise awkward endoscopic accessories.

PMID- 2288963
TI  - Percutaneous-endoscopic biliary stent placement: a clinician's perspective.
AB  - When it becomes necessary to relieve obstructive biliary jaundice, many
      alternatives are entertained by the physician, the patient and the family. This
      article describes percutaneous-endoscopic biliary stent placement from this
      gastrointestinal clinician's point of view, taking into account the previously
      utilized efforts of surgery, radiology and endoscopy. It will serve as a
      reference for all those who choose our method when the need to relieve biliary
      obstruction is encountered.

PMID- 2288964
TI  - The anatomy of a malpractice lawsuit.
AB  - The rules and laws that govern lawsuits can differ greatly from state to state.
      This is especially true in the area of medical malpractice. In the last few years
      there have been a multitude of new laws enacted and an equal amount of
      legislation is under consideration as of this writing. This article is a general
      description of the legal process that occurs when an individual health care
      provide is sued.

PMID- 2288965
TI  - Praise as a means to increase job satisfaction.
AB  - Employees who receive praise for their work develop pride in themselves and their
      performance. Positive reinforcement techniques are easy to learn and are
      rewarding for both supervisor and employee. Today's employees want and expect
      guidance and feedback about their performance. Acknowledging desired behavior may
      even eliminate corrective counselling sessions. It is essential to the success of
      service industries such as health care to have front line people who project
      confident, caring attitudes and provide superior service.

PMID- 2288967
TI  - A model research grant proposal.

PMID- 2288968
TI  - A beginner's guide to research.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the research process and
      highlight some of the most important aspects. The definition of research and some
      general terminology are reviewed. Included in this article are discussions of the
      following: defining a problem, reviewing the literature, types of study designs,
      sampling, types of measurement, reliability and validity, limitations and
      assumptions, data analysis, ethical concerns with human subjects, and time
      management. Examples of published research are used to illustrate the points
      where necessary. A supplemental bibliography is provided to direct the interested
      reader to more in-depth discussions of the various aspects of the research
      process.

PMID- 2288966
TI  - Survey results: identification of research interests and needs in SGNA.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the interest level and needs of the
      Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates (SGNA) to develop a research
      program for (SGNA), whose members care for patients with gastrointestinal (GI)
      problems. A questionnaire mailed to all members (3500) focused on their research
      interest and experience, and 358 questionnaires were returned (return rate 10%).
      Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and content
      analysis. Educational levels were: 8% LPN, 32% RN, 16% AD, 31% BA/BS, 9% MA/MS.
      Sixty-seven percent were employed in GI endoscopy laboratories. Approximately 35%
      had some type of research experience. The mean level of interest in research,
      rated on a scale of 0 (none) to 10 (high), was 6.6 (+/- 2.3). There was a
      significant difference between education and interest levels (RN and AD mean =
      6.2, MS and "other" mean = 7.6). Moderate interest was expressed for all aspects
      of research (data collection--highest; finding funding--lowest). Two commonly
      expressed needs were for information about current GI research and how to begin
      the research process. The most frequently cited clinical problems needing study
      were infection control, staffing, and intra-procedure medication use and
      monitoring. This study demonstrated an interest in research among GI nurses of
      varied educational backgrounds and experience. Nurses in practice have observed
      many areas of concern and recognize the value of research to contribute to the
      improvement of their practice.

PMID- 2288969
TI  - Review of current research on midazolam and diazepam for endoscopic
      premedication.
AB  - This article reviews the current and past research on the use of midazolam and
      diazepam as endoscopic premedication. The pharmacology and mechanisms of action,
      use of the medications for endoscopic procedures, dosing schedules, and
      monitoring are addressed. Several research studies are cited that have examined
      and compared the two medications during endoscopy, as well as in related medical
      fields.

PMID- 2288970
TI  - The Oklahoma Foundation for Digestive Research (OFDR): a working environment for
      clinical research.

PMID- 2288971
TI  - Research, career development and training opportunities at the National Center
      for Nursing Research.
AB  - Research, career development, and training grant mechanisms available at the
      National Center for Nursing Research are described. Funding is available for
      applications using any of these grant mechanisms. Submission of high-quality
      applications focusing on gastroenterology nursing issues is encouraged.

PMID- 2288972
TI  - [Supernumerary teeth in the deciduous dentition].
AB  - The Authors presented sovrannumeraries (S) teeth in primary dentition, and the
      pedodontic, surgical and orthodontic problems. Semeiotics signs, and X Ray
      suggested, are described. All the types of S. teeth are showed: supplementaries,
      conoides, tuberculates and infundibuliformes. For every type characteristics,
      problems and surgical timing are described. Tuberculates and infundibuliformes
      teeth are the most dangerous for the permanent teeth interrupted: eruption delay,
      dilacerations, impactions, fusion, follicles, diseases, are reported. The
      direction of the growth of S. teeth must be analyzed. If the direction is
      external the timing of surgery is very important. Finally the Authors emphasized
      the role of cooperation of pedodontist, with oral surgeon and orthodontist for to
      obtain good results.

PMID- 2288973
TI  - [pH of sealing materials as guidelines to their biocompatibility].
AB  - The Authors evaluate the pH of some vitroionomeric and resinous products usually
      used to seal pits and fissures of the occlusal surfaces of molars making a
      comparison among these materials.

PMID- 2288974
TI  - [Orthopantomography and auxological diagnosis].
AB  - The results of a research about dental age assessment and its relationships with
      skeletal age are presented. Using a method based on eight stages of tooth
      formation, as visualized on panoramic radiography, a sample of 327 patients
      between 3 and 13 and 1/2 was investigated. Data were analyzed splitting into sex
      and skeletal Class groups and following the steps: 1) description: by charts and
      percentages; 2) analysis: by contingency tables and independence statistical
      tests; 3) synthesis of association: by a proper index.

PMID- 2288975
TI  - [Pedodontic sedation as an alternative to general anesthesia in "intractable"
      children].
AB  - Some particular strategies to face the treatment of fearful children are
      discussed. The Authors show both psychological and pharmacological techniques
      (especially conscious sedation with N2O/O2), very useful to know the patient
      better and to start a good relation with the dentist, avoiding any possible
      negative reaction as well.

PMID- 2288977
TI  - [Light microscope study of human dental morphogenesis].
AB  - Human teeth morphogenesis was studied by optical microscopy from the 10th to 20th
      week of fetal life. Enamel, dentin and pulp development were analyzed. An
      important observation on mandibu teeth arises from this investigation that
      consists in a biforcation of mandibular ossification in two branches, this could
      allow to the teeth to develop inside the mandibular arch.

PMID- 2288976
TI  - [Epidemiological survey of a Siena school population. 1. Prevalence of
      malocclusion].
AB  - The Authors made a transversal epidemiological study on 256 children attending
      the elementary schools in a commune of Siena. The subjects aged between 6 and 11
      years have been examined having in view a registration of prevalence of
      dysgnathia problems in children.

PMID- 2288978
TI  - [Chemo-mechanical system of selective caries removal].
AB  - Carious cavities treated with traditional system and with chemo-mechanical system
      have been compared at Sem. The pulpal biocompatibility and toxicity absence are
      clinically and radiographically observed and verified on elements subjected to
      direct and indirect pulpal capped treatment.

PMID- 2288980
TI  - [Interceptive treatment in pedodontics].
AB  - The Authors point out the expedient that support a normal eruption of the teeth
      when used during secondary dentition avoiding a following orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 2288979
TI  - [Interceptive therapy of Class III].
AB  - The early morphofunctional reequilibration of skeletal III Class pattern is one
      of the keys of resolution of this complex and dramatic pathology. Long-term
      controls suggest the use of Quad-Helix and III Class elastic traction as soon as
      possible, in order to correct premaxillary and maxillary hypoplasia eventually
      complicated by a posterior cross-bite. The simplicity of interceptive therapy is
      inversally proportional to the benefits that could be obtained and which are
      reliable and stable.

PMID- 2288981
TI  - [Unusual (saw-like) temperature dependence of the rate of irreversible
      thermoinactivation of enzymes].
AB  - An unusual ("zig-zag") temperature dependence of the rate of irreversible
      thermoinactivation of enzymes was observed for native and covalently modified
      alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin. This dependence was characterized by alternation
      of plots with positive and negative apparent values of activation energy for the
      thermoinactivation process. A kinetic scheme which reflects the observed
      regularities in thermoinactivation for which the temperature-dependent
      conformational transition is an essential feature, is proposed. Fluorescence
      spectroscopy data suggest that the conformational transition predicted by the
      scheme is of the unfolding type. Substantial differences in thermostabilities of
      "high temperature" and "low temperature" conformations of enzymes may be due to
      different mechanisms of their irreversible thermoinactivation.

PMID- 2288982
TI  - [Reorganization of chromatin superstructure during marked changes in the rate of
      protein synthesis].
AB  - The changes in the structure and RNA-polymerase activity of rat liver cell
      chromatin after a single injection of cycloheximide (3 mg/kg of body mass) were
      studied. The cycloheximide-induced fluctuations in protein synthesis rates are
      concomitant with episodes of drastic changes in the chromatin structure. The
      reorganization of the general protein structure is associated with an increase or
      a decrease of the RNA-polymerase II activity. The data obtained suggest that the
      activation-inactivation of RNA-polymerase II in cell nuclei is due to
      reorganization of chromatin infrastructures--from higher levels of the electron
      dense chromatin package to the unfolded nucleosomes of the transcriptionally
      active protein.

PMID- 2288983
TI  - [Changes in the level of tightly-bound mitochondrial phospholipids induced by
      exogenous factors].
AB  - The effects of some parameters of the incubation medium (tonicity, H+ and Pi
      concentration) on the phospholipid content in rat mitochondrial extracts prepared
      by normal extraction and by extraction with strongly acidified solvent mixtures,
      were studied. It was found that after normal extraction with a chloroform
      methanol mixture, 8% to 25% of mitochondrial phospholipids can be additionally
      extracted by acidified solvent mixtures. The concentration of weakly extractable
      lipids depends on the tonicity and ionic composition of the incubation medium. It
      was suggested that there exist in mitochondria two lipid pools, a loosely and a
      tightly-bound ones; the equilibrium between these pools is effectively regulated
      by medium tonicity and other external factors.

PMID- 2288984
TI  - [Serine proteinase from the higher basidiomycetes of Coprinus genus].
AB  - A thiol-dependent serine proteinase has been isolated for the first time from a
      higher basidiomycete Coprinus 7N culture filtrate by affinity chromatography on
      bacitracin-Sepharose combined with ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose.
      This procedure resulted in a homogeneous enzyme with 32-fold purification and 55%
      yield. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 33,000 Da and pI of 8.5; its amino acid
      composition appears as follows: Lys7, His7, Arg10, Asx29, Thr24, Ser30, Glx19,
      Pro13, Gly39, Ala40, Cys2-3, Val23, Met1-2, Ile14, Leu13, Tyr6, Phe7. The enzyme
      shows the optimal activity towards Z-Ala-Ala-Leu-pNA at 8.5 and is stable at pH 6
      9. The temperature optimum of the enzyme activity lies at 37 degrees C. The
      proteinase is completely inactivated by the specific inhibitors of serine
      proteinases, diisopropylfluorophosphate and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, as well
      as by the SH-group reagent, p-chloromercuribenzoate. The Coprinus 7N proteinase
      hydrolyzes, azocasein, azoalbumin, hemoglobin, fibrin and synthetic chromogenic
      peptide substrates, e. g., Z-Ala-Ala-Leu-pNA, Z-Gly-gly-Leu-pNA. Some properties
      of the Coprinus 7N proteinase are very similar to those of thiol-dependent serine
      proteinases from bacilli, actinomycetes, fungi and plants which form a subfamily
      of thiol-dependent serine proteinases within the family of subtilisins.

PMID- 2288985
TI  - [Phospholipids and glycosphingolipids in cultured skin fibroblasts from healthy
      donors and patients with systemic scleroderma].
AB  - A comparative study of phospho- and glycosphingolipids of cultured skin
      fibroblast from healthy donors and from patients with systemic sclerodermia (SSD)
      was carried out. It was shown that the total phospholipid content in SSD
      fibroblasts is elevated. No significant changes in the concentration of neutral
      glycosphingolipids were observed. The ganglioside composition of SSD cell
      cultures differs significantly from that of healthy donor cells. The
      concentration of the gangliosides, GM3 and GM1, is decreased; no ganglioside GD1a
      was found in SSD fibroblasts. The data obtained are suggestive of changes in the
      properties of fibroblast surface which can be manifested both in the impaired
      reception of matrix proteins and in the impairment of basic properties of the
      membrane. These changes are well correlated with the results of previous studies
      on the AMP cyclase system.

PMID- 2288986
TI  - [Ethanol-metabolizing enzymes from human testis].
AB  - Testicular ethanol-metabolizing enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase, microsomal
      ethanol-oxidizing system, catalase) were investigated. Alcohol dehydrogenase was
      purified to homogeneity and its main kinetic parameters were analyzed. It was
      shown that alcohol dehydrogenase corresponds to class III isozymes and does not
      participate in ethanol oxidation. The testicular microsomal ethanol-oxidizing
      activity does not exceed 0.02 nmol/min/mg of protein. The activity of catalase
      and its peroxidase component is far lower in the testes than in the liver. On the
      whole, testicular tissue is rather inactive in respect of ethanol oxidation.

PMID- 2288987
TI  - [Kininase from the Latrodectus tredecimguttatus venom. Characteristics of the
      enzyme as a thiol endopeptidase hydrolyzing the -Pro7-Phe8- bond of bradykinin].
AB  - The nature of the bradykinin (BK)-hydrolyzing (kininase) activity of
      peptidhydrolase isolated from spider (Latr. tredecimguttatus) venom has been
      studied. It was found that the BKase activity of the enzyme is fully inhibited by
      organic mercurials (10(-5)-10(-6) M) as well as by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic
      acid) (10(-7) M); the latter blocks three SH-groups within the enzyme molecule.
      Serine and metalloproteinase inhibitors have no effect on the kininase activity.
      Thin-layer chromatography on silicagel revealed that the highly purified enzyme
      hydrolyzes the -Pro7-Phe8- bond of BK liberating the C-terminal dipeptide, HPhe
      ArgOH. Besides, the kininase splits off the C-terminal tripeptide from
      angiotensin I by hydrolyzing its -Pro7-Phe8-bond. The enzyme does not exhibit any
      exopeptidase activity with free and N-substituted tri- and pentapeptides. The
      data obtained suggest that the Latr. tredecimguttatus kininase can be related to
      thiol endopeptidases hydrolyzing the peptide bonds formed by proline carboxyl.

PMID- 2288988
TI  - [Regulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver of vitamin B1-deficient rats].
AB  - Radiometric assays revealed that thiamine deficiency in rats to whom
      hydroxythiamine was administered in variable doses, is concomitant with
      activation of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate in liver tissue. The most probable
      mechanism of this effect is the cAMP-dependent activation of key enzymes of
      intracellular glucose synthesis. This process is facilitated by the diminution of
      the ratio of free forms of NAD+ and NADPH in the cytoplasm.

PMID- 2288989
TI  - [The effect of caldesmon and tropomyosin from smooth muscles on the motility of
      myosin head in ghost muscle fibers].
AB  - The effects of caldesmon and smooth muscle tropomyosin on the motility of myosin
      subfragment I (SI) modified by N-(iodoacetyl)-N'-(1-naphtyl-5-sulfo)
      ethylenediamine (1.5-IAEDANS) was studied in myosin-, troponin- and tropomyosin
      free rabbit ghost muscle fibers using the polarized microphotometry technique. It
      was found that the fluorescence anisotropy initiated by the 1.5-IAEDANS-SI
      arrangement in the fibers is higher in the presence of tropomyosin than in its
      absence. Caldesmon diminishes the fluorescence anisotropy of the fibers. Data
      from a kinetic analysis suggest that the motility of fluorophores in the presence
      of tropomyosin in thin filaments is markedly decreased. Caldesmon weakens the
      effect of tropomyosin on the fluorescent label motility. It was supposed that
      caldesmon and tropomyosin initiate conformational changes in myosin heads which
      are accompanied by loosening or strengthening of their bonds with F-actin,
      respectively. Caldesmon inhibits the effect induced by tropomyosin.

PMID- 2288990
TI  - [The effect of changes in the lipid composition of membranes on the functional
      activity of platelets].
AB  - The phospholipid and fatty acid composition as well as the effect of platelet
      lipid composition modifications on the functional parameters of platelets were
      studied in blood sera from healthy donors and from patients with ischemic heart
      disease (IHD). It was found that the content of cholesterol and phospholipid
      hydrolysis products in IHD patients was increased. Reconstitution of the lipid
      composition of donor platelets by lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidic acid,
      fatty acids and cholesterol led to the increase of the platelet functional
      activity. It is suggested that the increased adsorption of Ca2+ on platelet
      surface is due to alterations in the platelet lipid composition in IHD and after
      modifications.

PMID- 2288991
TI  - [A study of hexokinase isoenzymes in rat sarcoma M-1].
AB  - Using a wide spectrum of criteria, the isozyme composition of hexokinase from
      sarcoma M-1 reinoculated to rat m. gastrocnemius was studied. The structural,
      physicochemical and functional properties of the homogeneous enzyme which is
      represented in sarcoma M-1 by one molecular form, were investigated. Some
      properties of the enzyme (amino acid composition, resistance to mild proteolysis,
      Mr, pH-dependence of enzyme activity, electrophoretic mobility, kinetic
      behaviour) indicate that sarcoma M-1 hexokinase is a specific form of the enzyme
      which differs markedly from other known isozymes of mammalian hexokinase. The
      observed peculiarities of sarcoma M-1 hexokinase are discussed in terms of
      present-day concepts on the structure of isozymic spectra of enzymes in
      neoplastic tissues.

PMID- 2288992
TI  - Glutathione peroxidase and selenium levels in the preterm infant.
AB  - Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and selenium are important in the prevention of
      cellular oxidant damage. Whole-blood GPX and plasma selenium were measured at
      birth and sequentially afterwards in 75 preterm babies. GPX activity at birth was
      2.74 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- SEM) U/ml. Mean GPX activity remained relatively
      unchanged for up to 70 days postnatal age. Plasma selenium at birth was 0.43 +/-
      0.02 (mean +/- SEM) mumol/l), decreasing to low levels by 10 weeks postnatal age.
      Neither GPX activity nor plasma selenium was related to birth weight, gestational
      age or infant sex.

PMID- 2288993
TI  - Key enzymes of purine degradation and reutilization in human fetal liver and
      brain.
AB  - The activities and kinetic parameters of 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine monophosphate
      (AMP) deaminase, and hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) were
      assayed in human fetal brain and liver. The apparent activity of 5'-nucleotidase
      decreases in the liver and increases in the brain with gestation. Its apparent Km
      is about 27 microM for AMP in the brain at term and liver throughout gestation
      but about 60 microM in the premature brain. The activity of (AMP) deaminase in
      the liver increases, while that in the brain does not significantly change with
      gestation. Its apparent Km for AMP is about 5 mM in the tissues studied. The
      activity of HGPRT increases with gestation in both the fetal brain and liver, and
      is altogether high in the fetal brain. Its apparent Km for hypoxanthine appears
      to be high, about 59 microM, in the tissues studied. The activities measured
      reflect the maximal capacities of the enzymes. Conclusions concerning their in
      vivo activities cannot, however, be based on studies employing disrupted cells.

PMID- 2288994
TI  - Effect of maternal vitamin-A administration on fetal lung vitamin-A stores in the
      perinatal rat.
AB  - Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for normal differentiation and integrity of
      developing respiratory epithelium and its deficiency has been linked to an
      increased susceptibility to lung injury. Because significant vitamin-A storage
      occurs in the fetal lung near term in the perinatal rat, prematurely born animals
      deprived of adequate stores in their lungs may be susceptible to the adverse
      effects of vitamin-A deficiency. It would be desirable if lung vitamin-A stores
      could be augmented with maternal administration, but the feasibility of this
      strategy has not been reported. We therefore conducted this study in rats to
      determine whether maternal administration of vitamin A could increase the lung
      stores of vitamin A in the offspring. Vitamin-A-sufficient pregnant rats were
      given a single dose of either vitamin A (50,000 IU retinyl palmitate) or 0.9%
      saline solution on gestational day 16 (term = 21 days) by the intragastric route.
      High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure concentrations of
      vitamin A and its esters in fetal and neonatal lungs and livers at times ranging
      from gestational day 17 through 21, and from postnatal day 1 through 14. The
      concentrations of vitamin-A esters in the lungs of fetuses and newborn pups of
      the vitamin-A-treated animals were significantly (1.7- to 7.1-fold) higher than
      those of the control group. This increase in the lung vitamin-A ester
      concentrations was seen within 24 h of maternal administration and persisted
      throughout the 14-day postnatal period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2288995
TI  - Intestinal permeability to intact lactose in newborns and adults.
AB  - Small amounts of lactose have been shown to be absorbed intact across the
      intestine and excreted unchanged in the urine of newborns and adults. We designed
      a study to quantitate the intestinal uptake and urinary excretion of this
      disaccharide in these age groups. Similar amounts of lactose were given orally to
      17 term newborns (age: 24.8 +/- 3.0 h) as a standard infant formula, and to 15
      adult lactose absorbers (age: 28.1 +/- 2.6 years) and 11 adult lactose
      malabsorbers (age: 24.7 +/- 2.9 years) as a 20% water solution. Following lactose
      ingestion, breath was collected every 30 or 60 min for 3 h and analyzed for
      hydrogen concentration. Urine was also collected, and lactose and creatinine
      concentrations were determined. Peak hydrogen concentration was less than 20 ppm
      above baseline in newborns and adult lactose absorbers and 85 +/- 14 ppm in adult
      lactose malabsorbers. Urinary lactose excretion, expressed as a function of body
      weight (mg/ml/kg b.w.), was substantially greater in newborns (4.2 +/- 0.82) than
      in adult lactose absorbers (0.29 +/- 0.07; p less than 0.001) and adult lactose
      malabsorbers (0.55 +/- 0.04; p less than 0.01). Similarly, urinary lactose
      excretion expressed as a ratio of urinary lactose to urinary creatinine (mg/mg)
      was increased (p less than 0.001) in newborns (2.05 +/- 0.26) when compared to
      adult lactose absorbers (0.11 +/- 0.02) and adult lactose malabsorbers (0.20 +/-
      0.02). Our data demonstrate that the intestinal uptake and urinary excretion of
      intact lactose is significantly increased in newborns compared to adult subjects.

PMID- 2288996
TI  - Levels of insulin-like growth factor I in full- and preterm human milk in
      comparison to levels in cow's milk and in milk formulas.
AB  - The content of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in human milk, cow's milk and
      cow's-milk-based infant formulas was determined by radioimmunoassay. The mean
      levels of IGF-I in full-term milk and preterm milk 0-4 days post partum 2.2 +/-
      0.3 and 2.4 +/- 0.5 ng/mg protein, respectively. The IGF-I content in human milk
      was not affected by gestational age or birth weight and was constantly excreted
      up to 10 days post partum. The IGF-I content in human milk was significantly
      higher than that in cow's milk (0.6 +/- 0.1 ng/mg protein, p less than 0.01). IGF
      I was not detected in the milk formulas. The IGF-I in human milk might be
      absorbed or could act locally in the intestine and may be of importance in the
      nutrition of neonates.

PMID- 2288998
TI  - Temporal relationship between clinical changes and MAT changes following ECT.

PMID- 2288997
TI  - The uptake of amino acids and oxygen across the rabbit uterus in normal and
      postterm pregnancies.
AB  - Nineteen pregnant rabbits were studied at three different gestational ages in
      terms of uterine uptake of amino acids and oxygen under unstressed, steady-state
      conditions. The three gestational age groups were: (1) 23-25 days, (2) 26-31
      days, and (3) 32-34 days (post term). The arteriovenous differences for all amino
      acids except glutamate and aspartate were significant in groups 1 and 2. Uterine
      amino acid coefficients of extraction were markedly reduced in the postterm
      animals (3), despite an increased uterine coefficient of extraction for oxygen.
      The uterine coefficients of extraction of amino acids were 2-2.5 times greater
      than those across the pregnant Uterus of the sheep. There was also an increased
      uptake of amino acid per millimoles/liter of oxygen in the rabbit compared to the
      sheep. Maternal arterial amino acid concentrations were not significantly
      different in groups 1 and 2, but the gluconeogenic amino acids serine and alanine
      were significantly increased in maternal arterial blood of postterm animals.

PMID- 2288999
TI  - Hypersensitivity to m-chlorophenylpiperazine in a subject with subclinical panic
      attacks.

PMID- 2289000
TI  - Glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase activity in lymphocytes from patients with
      Alzheimer's disease and normal controls.

PMID- 2289001
TI  - Triiodothyronine potentiation of tricyclic antidepressant treatment in patients
      with panic disorder.

PMID- 2289002
TI  - Evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli.

PMID- 2289003
TI  - Filter frequency in P3 experiments.

PMID- 2289004
TI  - Drug versus behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

PMID- 2289005
TI  - Lithium potentiation of tetracyclic antidepressants.

PMID- 2289006
TI  - Stereotypic behavior and hyponatremia.

PMID- 2289007
TI  - Buprenorphine responders.

PMID- 2289008
TI  - Interactions between somatic cells and germ cells throughout mammalian oogenesis.
AB  - Oocytes and their companion somatic cells maintain a close association throughout
      oogenesis and this association is essential for normal oocyte and follicular
      development. This review summarizes current concepts of the role of the somatic
      cells in the regulation of mammalian oocyte growth, the maintenance of meiotic
      arrest, the induction of oocyte maturation, and the acquisition of full embryonic
      developmental competence during oocyte maturation in vitro. Gap junctions appear
      to mediate these regulatory processes. The regulatory interaction of oocytes and
      somatic cells, however, is not unidirectional; the oocyte participates in the
      proliferation, development, and function of the follicular somatic cells. The
      oocyte secretes factors that enable the cumulus cells to synthesize hyaluronic
      acid and undergo cumulus expansion in response to hormonal stimulation. In
      addition, the oocyte produces factors that promote the proliferation of granulosa
      cells. These interactions in vitro do not appear to require the mediation of gap
      junctions. The oocyte also promotes the differentiation of granulosa cells into
      functional cumulus cells, but this function of the oocyte appears to require the
      continued presence and close association of the oocyte and granulosa cells.
      Therefore, oocytes and follicular somatic cells are interdependent for
      development and function.

PMID- 2289009
TI  - Evidence for a direct negative effect of estradiol at the level of the pituitary
      gland in sheep.
AB  - The purpose of this experiment was to determine if pituitary stores of LH could
      be replenished by administration of GnRH when circulating concentrations of both
      progesterone and estradiol-17 beta (estradiol) were present at levels observed
      during late gestation. Ten ovariectomized (OVX) ewes were administered estradiol
      and progesterone via Silastic implants for 69 days. One group of 5 steroid
      treated OVX ewes was given GnRH for an additional 42 days (250 ng once every 4
      h). Steroid treatment alone reduced (p less than 0.01) the amount of LH in the
      anterior pituitary gland by 77%. Pulsatile administration of GnRH to steroid
      treated ewes resulted in a further decrease (p less than 0.01) in pituitary
      content of LH. Compared to the OVX ewes, concentrations of mRNAs for alpha- and
      LH beta-subunits were depressed (p less than 0.01) in all steroid-treated ewes,
      whether or not they received GnRH. The ability of the dosage of GnRH used to
      induce release of LH was examined by collecting blood samples for analysis of LH
      at 15 days and 42 days after GnRH treatment was initiated. Two of 5 and 3 of 5
      steroid-treated ewes that received pulses of GnRH responded with increased serum
      concentrations of LH after GnRH administration during the first and second
      bleedings, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289010
TI  - Characterization of a sperm-specific nuclear autoantigenic protein. I. Complete
      sequence and homology with the Xenopus protein, N1/N2.
AB  - In our studies on specific sperm proteins that function in fertilization, an
      autoantigenic, postacrosomal sperm protein has been found to originate in the
      testis as a nuclear-associated protein. This nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein
      (NASP) contains a C-terminal nuclear translocation signal and has structural
      similarities to the lamins and other nuclear proteins; and its 2.5 kb mRNA is
      apparently tissue-, but not species-, specific. DNA clones from a rabbit testis
      cDNA library and a rabbit genomic library were sequenced in order to characterize
      NASP. The polyadenylated mRNA has 39 bases of 5' untranslated sequence, an open
      reading frame of 2043 bases encoding 680 amino acids, and a 104 base 3'
      untranslated region (2,186). The encoded polypeptide has a calculated molecular
      weight of 73,533 and a pI = 4.06, containing 25% acidic residues. One clone
      (R1.2) expressing the C-terminal 446 amino acids was used to express a fusion
      protein. The expressed R1.2/beta-galactosidase fusion protein was found to be
      autoantigenic. Secondary structure predictions for NASP showed that 69% of the
      molecule had a high probability of forming alpha-helices and that several alpha
      helical regions had a characteristic repeating heptad pattern that in the
      intermediate filaments and nuclear lamins is involved in coiled-coil interactions
      with other molecules. In addition to the nuclear translocation signal common to
      many nuclear proteins, NASP also showed homology with the Xenopus histone-binding
      protein, N1/N2.

PMID- 2289011
TI  - Characterization of a sperm-specific nuclear autoantigenic protein. II.
      Expression and localization in the testis.
AB  - The testis- and sperm-specific nuclear autoantigenic protein, NASP, has a 2.5-kb
      mRNA that encodes a protein of molecular weight 73,533 and has several structural
      features of nuclear proteins. To further characterize NASP and confirm the
      structural predictions that NASP was a nuclear protein, specific immunostaining
      using a specific anti-recombinant protein antibody and in situ hybridization with
      a cDNA were used. In testis sections, NASP was first detected in the nuclear area
      of primary spermatocytes. During the subsequent meiotic divisions, NASP was
      partitioned into the cytoplasm and then reassociated with the reforming nucleus.
      No antibody labeling was associated with the chromatin. During spermiogenesis,
      NASP became restricted to the post-acrosomal region of the spermatozoon, although
      some labeling appeared in residual bodies and subsequently in the tubule lumen.
      NASP was not found in somatic cells. The detection of NASP mRNA transcripts in
      primary spermatocytes by in situ hybridization supported the immunolocalization
      results and indicated that NASP expression was under transcriptional control.

PMID- 2289012
TI  - Photoperiod affects reproductive responsiveness to 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone in
      house mice.
AB  - House mice (Mus musculus) have traditionally been characterized as
      nonphotoperiodic because reproductive function is unaffected by day length in the
      laboratory. In the present study, the reproductive responsiveness of CF1 mice to
      a naturally occurring plant metabolite was assessed in animals that were
      maintained in either long (16L:8D) or short (8L:16D) photoperiods from birth
      until the end of the study. Males and females were implanted i.p. with either an
      empty Silastic capsule or one containing 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (6-MBOA) at
      either 21 or 60 days of age for 3 days. Other 31-day-old mice were implanted with
      capsules for 8 wk. Three-day exposure to 6-MBOA stimulated uterine growth in
      short-day, adult females, but did not affect adult females housed in long
      photoperiods. Short-term treatment with 6-MBOA did not significantly affect
      reproductive parameters in either long- or short-day peripubertal house mice, or
      in adult males regardless of photoperiod, nor did exposure to 6-MBOA for 8 wk
      influence reproduction in males in either photoperiodic condition. However, short
      day female mice had significantly reduced ovarian and uterine masses after 8 wk
      chronic 6-MBOA treatment as compared to long-day animals or mice unexposed to 6
      MBOA. Short-day females exposed to 6-MBOA for 8 wk developed a denser pelage
      compared to long-day mice treated with this compound. Photoperiod-mediated
      differential responsiveness to 6-MBOA indicates that female house mice can
      discriminate long from short days, and these results suggest that the
      physiological mechanisms for photoperiodic responsiveness remain extant in this
      species previously characterized as nonphotperiodic.

PMID- 2289013
TI  - Effect of pregnancy and exogenous ovarian steroids on endometrial prolactin
      receptor ontogeny and uterine secretory response in pigs.
AB  - During gestation, pigs have constant circulating levels of prolactin (PRL), and
      lack decidual PRL and placental lactogens. Effects of PRL on uterine physiology
      in pigs may be due to changes in endometrial PRL receptors. In this study,
      effects of the conceptus and cyclic hormonal environment on endometrial PRL
      receptors were investigated. Endometrial PRL receptor numbers were similar
      between Days 8 and 15 for cyclic gilts. In contrast, endometrial PRL receptor
      numbers for pregnant gilts were similar between Days 8 and 11, then increased (p
      less than 0.05) on Day 12 and remained elevated between Days 14 and 30. This day
      by-status interaction approached significance (p less than 0.06) and overall
      receptor numbers were higher (p less than 0.01) for pregnant than for cyclic
      gilts. Pig conceptuses secrete estrogen between Days 11 and 12; therefore,
      regulation of endometrial PRL receptors by acute administration of estradiol was
      investigated. Uterine flushings and endometrium were collected from one uterine
      horn of cyclic gilts on Day 11; then, at 1, 6, 12, and 24 h following a single
      injection of estradiol valerate (EV; 5 mg, into adipose tissue), uterine
      flushings and endometrium were collected from the second uterine horn.
      Endometrial PRL receptor numbers were higher (p less than 0.05) at both 1 h and 6
      h after treatment with EV and then decreased (p less than 0.02) by 12 h to below
      pretreatment values. In uterine flushings, total recoverable protein (p less than
      0.05), uteroferrin (p less than 0.01), leucine aminopeptidase (p less than 0.05),
      calcium (p less than 0.03), sodium (p less than 0.01), and potassium (p less than
      0.05) increased between 12 and 24 h following EV treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289014
TI  - Interaction of bovine uterine luminal protein with interleukin-2 and the
      interleukin-2 receptor of T lymphocytes.
AB  - Bovine uterine luminal proteins (ULP) collected on Day 17 of pregnancy were
      tested for inhibition of binding of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to the IL-2 receptor (IL
      2R) of bovine (CLC) and human (HLC) T lymphocytes and for binding to IL-2.
      Additional experiments assessed IL-2 binding to the p55 alpha chain (Tac protein)
      of the IL-2R of HLC. High- and low-molecular weight (Mr) ULP components (H-ULP
      greater than 248,000 Mr and L-ULP 21,000 Mr, respectively) inhibited (p less than
      0.05 and 0.01, respectively) the binding of 125I-IL-2 to the IL-2R of CLC,
      whereas only H-ULP inhibited (p less than 0.05) binding to the IL-2R (presumably,
      the p75 beta chain) of HLC. H-ULP failed (p greater than 0.05) to bind to the p55
      alpha chain of the IL-2R of HLC. For IL-2 binding, L-ULP failed (p greater than
      0.05) to bind 125I-IL-2 in short (2 h)-term and long (45 h)-term experiments,
      whereas binding was evident (p less than 0.05) for H-ULP at 2 h of incubation.
      For H-ULP, mean (+/- SEM) percentages for bound and unbound 125I-IL-2 were 70.1
      +/- 11.4 and 29.9 +/- 11.4, respectively. Further purification of H-ULP yielded a
      component (1.76 x 10(6) Mr) that bound 11.7% of 125I-IL-2 and inhibited (p less
      than 0.01) thymidine uptake and binding of 125I-IL-2 to the IL-2R of CLC. H-ULP
      mediated suppression of lymphocyte proliferation may result from blocking IL-2R
      recognition of IL-2 as well as binding to IL-2, whereas suppression by L-ULP may
      predominantly result from blocking IL-2R.

PMID- 2289015
TI  - A quantitative study of spermatogenesis in the developing rat testis.
AB  - Quantitative (stereological) studies were performed to determine the number of
      germ cells in the developing rat testis. Sprague-Dawley rats aged 1-70 days were
      fixed by immersion or perfusion and embedded in Epon Araldite. Blocks of tissue
      were sectioned at 1.5 microns and stained with toluidine blue dye. Sections were
      systematically scanned and the areal density of nuclear profiles counted using an
      unbiased counting frame. Numerical density and absolute number of germ cells in
      the processed block were then estimated. Corrections for processing shrinkage
      were determined by comparing the volume of processed and unprocessed samples. The
      results demonstrate the necessity of determining absolute number rather than
      volume density (or areal density) in comparing germ cell numbers. In these
      experiments, spermatogonial numbers stabilized in the range 18.4-23.6 million per
      testis on Day 30. The number of primary spermatocytes that were first apparent on
      Day 15 increased rapidly to 54.6 million per testis on Day 30 and then slowly to
      73.6 million on Day 70. Round spermatids were first apparent on Day 25 and
      increased rapidly to 85.7 million per testis on Day 40, then continued to
      increase to 151.9 million on Day 70. The study provides both methods and baseline
      data for future experiments involving manipulation of the spermatogenic potential
      of the testis.

PMID- 2289016
TI  - Purification and characterization of Pz-peptidase B, a neutral
      metalloendopeptidase from bovine spermatozoa.
AB  - We have demonstrated previously that the Pz-peptide synthetic substrate is
      cleaved by two distinct spermatozoal peptidases, Pz-peptidases A and B. To
      facilitate further investigations, Pz-peptidase B was purified from bovine
      spermatozoa. The soluble extract from 81 grams of washed epididymal spermatozoa
      was fractionated by a five-step procedure consisting of anion-exchange, lectin
      affinity, hydrophobic interaction, chromatofocusing, and gel filtration
      chromatography. This method yielded 1 mg of 170-fold purified Pz-peptidase B with
      a 26% recovery. The purified Pz-peptidase B was electrophoretically homogeneous
      and possessed a monomeric molecular weight of 90,700. Isoelectric focusing
      revealed microheterogeneity with pIs ranging from 5.02 to 5.09. Pz-peptidase B
      was irreversibly inactivated at pH 3.5 or below, and activity was reduced at
      moderate ionic strengths. Hydrolysis of the Pz-peptide was maximal at pH 7.5. Pz
      peptidase B was strongly inhibited by a metal chelator and phosphoramidon.
      Reactivation of metal-depleted enzyme by various metal ions suggested that Pz
      peptidase B was a zinc metallopeptidase. Pz-peptidase B hydrolyzed a wide variety
      of synthetic substrates and physiologically activity peptides at the amino side
      of hydrophobic amino acids. These results established that Pz-peptidase B should
      be classified as a neutral metalloendopeptidase. Overall, the properties of Pz
      peptidase B were very similar to those of previously described neutral
      metalloendopeptidases implicated in degradation of regulatory peptides.

PMID- 2289017
TI  - Characterization of Sertoli cells cultured in the bicameral chamber system:
      relationship between formation of permeability barriers and polarized secretion
      of transferrin.
AB  - Sertoli cells from immature rats (18 days old) were cultured on Millipore filters
      impregnated with reconstituted basement membrane in bicameral chambers. Three
      types of cultures were obtained: 1) confluent monolayer cultures that formed a
      permeability barrier (impermeable), 2) confluent monolayer cultures that did not
      form a permeability barrier (permeable), and 3) subconfluent cultures
      (permeable). The relationships among fluid equilibrium, electrical resistance,
      and [3H]inulin transport between the apical and basal reservoirs of the chambers
      were examined. An impermeable confluent monolayer is defined when the cells of
      the Sertoli cell epithelial sheet are able to prevent hydrodynamic equilibration
      of fluid levels between the apical and basal reservoirs of a bicameral chamber.
      That is, a permeability barrier is present between the two sides of the chamber
      when fluid levels (volumes) do not change. In the impermeable confluent Sertoli
      cell monolayers, 7.5 +/- 0.6% of added [3H]inulin diffused across the monolayer
      during a 6-h collection period versus 13.7 +/- 0.5% in permeable cultures.
      Conversely, the electrical resistance was higher in the impermeable monolayers
      (41-71 ohm.cm2) than in the permeable layers (less than 33 ohm.cm2). A reciprocal
      linear relationship (Y = -4.68(X) + 91.50, r = 0.808) exists between inulin flux
      and electrical resistance, and this relationship is a function of cell density.
      Transferrin (Tf) was one of a few proteins detected in the basal medium of
      bicameral chambers, whereas most de novo synthesized proteins were secreted into
      the apical reservoir of the chamber. No significant differences in the total
      amount of Tf secreted by impermeable or permeable monolayers of Sertoli cells
      were observed. However, the Sertoli cell secretion ratios (apical/basal) of Tf
      during a 15-20-h collection period were 2.03 and 1.57 for impermeable monolayers
      plated at 2.4 x 10(6) and 3.6 x 10(6) cells/well, respectively, but less than 1.0
      in permeable layers of cells. When fewer than 2 x 10(6) Sertoli cells were
      plated, the apical/basal polarity of Tf secretion declined to below 1 in a 24-h
      culture period, even though those chambers contained impermeable monolayers
      (recognized by the lack of hydrodynamic equilibrium). These results indicate that
      polarized secretion by Sertoli cells is dependent on (1) plating density and (2)
      formation of an impermeable epithelial sheet.

PMID- 2289018
TI  - Common sulfoglycolipid receptor for mycoplasmas involved in animal and human
      infertility.
AB  - Sulfoglycolipids are ubiquitous components of the male germ cell membrane.
      Sulfogalactoglycerolipid (SGG) is restricted to mammalian cells and has recently
      been implicated in sperm/egg interactions. Mycoplasma infections have been
      implicated in infertility in a variety of species, including humans. Four such
      species-specific mycoplasmas, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis
      (humans), Mycoplasma pulmonis (rodents), and Ureaplasma diversum (cattle) are not
      shown to specifically recognize SGG and the sphingolipid counterpart,
      sulfogalactosyl ceramide. This glycolipid receptor binding may relate to the
      reproductive pathogenesis of these organisms.

PMID- 2289019
TI  - Aromatase activity in adult guinea pig brain is androgen dependent.
AB  - Androgen metabolism in target tissues constitutes an important step for
      understanding hormone action. The in situ aromatization of androgen represents
      one of these metabolic events. We characterized aromatase activity (AA) in a
      microsomal preparation of brain tissue from adult guinea pigs since earlier
      reports questioned its presence in neural tissues of this species. Analyses
      revealed an apparent substrate affinity (approximately 17 nM) that was equivalent
      in adult males and females. However, adult male brains contained greater
      quantities of AA than female brains. Specifically, AA in the preoptic area (POA:
      p less than 0.05) and the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH; p less than 0.01) was
      greater in males than in females. AA was concentrated in the limbic system and
      hypothalamus (amygdala greater than POA greater than septum greater than MBH),
      whereas low levels were consistently measured in cortical tissue. In vitro
      estrogen formation was significantly lower in POA (p less than 0.05) and MBH (p
      less than 0.01) after castration. After dihydrotestosterone treatment, AA
      returned to levels equal to or greater than those observed in intact males. These
      data indicate that AA does exist in the guinea pig brain and is modulated by
      androgens through the androgen receptor. The presence of high levels of aromatase
      activity may suggest a role for locally formed estrogens in brain function in
      this species.

PMID- 2289021
TI  - Interpreting the visible absorption bands of 1,4-(dihydroxy)-9,10-anthraquinone
      and its metal chelates.
AB  - The visible absorption spectra of 1,4-(dihydroxy)-9,10-anthraquinone and of
      Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) chelates have been studied in different organic
      solvents. This system provides a model for the anthracycline antibiotics and
      their metal chelates. The band structure of the spectrum has been determined
      using the second and fourth derivatives of the spectrum. The visible absorption
      band of the parent molecule can be assigned to a single electronic state with a
      reduced dipole moment in the excited state; structure in this band is ascribed to
      two overlapping vibrational progressions. In contrast, the dianion (hydroxy
      protons removed) shows a single electronic state with an increased dipole moment
      in the excited state; structure in this band can be assigned to a single
      vibrational progression. All of the metal chelates show spectra which are similar
      in appearance to that of the dianion although the identity of the metal
      determines the bathochromic shift of the absorption band. Titration of 1,4
      dihydroxyanthraquinone with Cu(ClO4)2.6H2O demonstrates that three chelates with
      metal-to-ligand ratios of 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 can form depending on the identity of
      the metal, ratio of metal to ligand, and donor character of the solvent.

PMID- 2289020
TI  - Lactoferrin binding molecules in human seminal plasma.
AB  - During ejaculation, the iron binding protein lactoferrin binds to sperm and forms
      a major component of sperm-coating antigens. Physicochemical properties of
      lactoferrin in seminal plasma (SP) and on sperm differ from those of purified
      lactoferrin. These differences have been attributed to the binding of unknown
      seminal macromolecules to lactoferrin. We have studied lactoferrin binding
      molecules in SP. The SP samples were coated onto microtiter plates and tested for
      binding of biotinylated lactoferrin. SP was found to specifically bind
      biotinylated lactoferrin. This binding was competitively inhibited by
      coincubation with unlabeled lactoferrin but was not affected by control
      incubations done with human IgG or transferrin. Lactoferrin binding molecules in
      SP were biochemically characterized by using SDS-PAGE and ligand blotting.
      Biotinylated lactoferrin bound to SP molecules of approximately 120, 60 and 30
      kDa. No binding was observed with biotinylated transferrin. The presence of
      molecules that associate with lactoferrin in SP was further studied by using
      crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Lactoferrin in SP immunoprecipitated as two peaks,
      one of which corresponded to purified lactoferrin. These results suggest that
      some lactoferrin molecules in SP are free and that others are associated with
      lactoferrin binding molecules. Binding of lactoferrin to lactoferrin binding
      molecules appears to change its physicochemical properties and thus could
      influence its biologic activity and its affinity to sperm.

PMID- 2289022
TI  - Selective 1H-NMR relaxation investigations of membrane-bound drugs in vitro. 3.
      Calcium-entry blockers and adenosine.
AB  - Selective proton relaxation rates (SPRR) were measured for selected protons of
      nimodipine or diltiazem in the presence of neutrophils, allowing detection of
      binding to the cell membrane. Fast exchange exchange of drug molecules between
      bound and free environments was shown to be the main factor determining the
      enhancement of SPRR, whereas viscosity effects could be neglected. The SPRR
      enhancement was almost completely cancelled out by the presence of adenosine as a
      cosolute in a dose-dependent fashion, leading to the suggestion that the
      endogenous mediator 'adenosine' affects binding of calcium-entry blockers to the
      neutrophil surface.

PMID- 2289024
TI  - Thoughts for the next 20 years.

PMID- 2289023
TI  - Allowance for thermodynamic nonideality and Donnan effects in binding studies.
      Activity coefficients of charged ligands in the presence of albumin.
AB  - A combination of ultrafiltration with either equilibrium dialysis or frontal gel
      chromatography has been used to evaluate the effects of thermodynamic nonideality
      in mixtures of bovine serum albumin and charged ligands. Studies with methyl
      orange, chlorpromazine and chromate as ligand all demonstrated inadequacy of the
      Donnan effect for description of the difference between the concentrations of
      free ligand in a mixture and the protein-free phase with which it is in dialysis
      equilibrium. On the basis of a quantitative relationship derived for the
      situation in which Donnan and thermodynamic nonideality effects both operate,
      values of the second virial coefficient for albumin and ligand have been
      determined. For albumin and either methyl orange or chlorpromazine the magnitude
      of this second virial coefficient has been rationalized on the statistical
      mechanical basis of excluded volume. For the albumin-chromate system, however,
      the thermodynamic nonideality was manifested as a negative deviation from
      Raoult's Law, in keeping with the classical behaviour of electrolyte ions. From
      the viewpoint of the characterization of ligand binding a unique feature of the
      ultrafiltration/gel chromatography and ultrafiltration/equilibrium dialysis
      methods is their ability to define not only the binding function but also the
      activity coefficient of ligand for a given acceptor-ligand mixture. Consequently,
      irrespective of whether the ligand is charged or uncharged, the intrinsic binding
      constant that is determined is the thermodynamic parameter instead of the
      apparent value that is obtained from methods based on assumed thermodynamic
      ideality.

PMID- 2289025
TI  - AIDS-related dementia and competency to stand trial: a potential abuse of the
      forensic mental health system?
AB  - Public health officials, hospital administrators, forensic directors, jail
      wardens, judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys must confront the issue: how
      should cases of individuals with AIDS dementia be treated when they are found to
      be permanently incompetent to stand trial? Although charges are sometimes
      dismissed in advanced cases of dementia, the more common pattern involves
      placement of the defendant in a public facility while awaiting trial. The refusal
      of some state facilities to accept these patients raises a host of legal, moral,
      and medical questions that virtually every urban state's forensic system will
      have to consider in the near future.

PMID- 2289026
TI  - The emergency petition process in Maryland.
AB  - Maryland's Emergency Petition statute allows a violent or suicidal person with a
      mental disorder to be brought to an emergency facility for rapid evaluation
      regarding the need for emergency treatment. Although many states have similar
      laws, little has been written in the psychiatric literature about the emergency
      petition process. The investigators evaluated emergency petition documents,
      demographic data, and the adequacy of emergency room records for all patients
      brought to a large county hospital in Prince Georges County, Maryland, by
      emergency petition during a one-month period. All emergency petition patients in
      Prince Georges County are brought to this hospital site. Of 94 petitioned
      patients examined during the study period, 92 records were available for review.
      The emergency petition was found to meet appropriate legal criteria in 94 percent
      of cases. More than half of all patients evaluated were intoxicated on alcohol or
      illicit drugs, and the majority of these patients were released from the
      emergency room as no longer dangerous after their acute intoxication resolved. In
      contrast to previous studies most of the patients evaluated were affluent, had
      health insurance, and were employed.

PMID- 2289028
TI  - Criminal defendants who desire punishment.
AB  - Some defendants desire to be punished. Sometimes psychotic motivations underlie
      punishment-seeking behavior; sometimes they do not. The defendant's clinical
      status is relevant to his competency to stand trial and to waive other rights.
      These issues are illustrated by presentation of a case of a defendant who sought
      punishment. The importance of psychiatric assessments of these defendants is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2289027
TI  - Mandatory reporting of sexually exploitative psychotherapists.
AB  - Although there is unanimity among mental health professionals as to the unethical
      aspect of psychotherapist-patient sexual contact, there is disagreement as to
      whether subsequent treating psychotherapists should be required to report the
      abuse of a former therapist to a licensing agency. Such reporting may have
      negative effects upon the patient and upon the patient's relationship with the
      therapist. It may also, however, prevent further exploitation by the original
      abusing therapist. Three states have adopted reporting statutes designed to
      protect patients from this type of abuse. The current statutory enactments of
      California, Wisconsin, and Minnesota are compared in terms of their differing
      approaches to the problem.

PMID- 2289029
TI  - A comparison of civil patients and incompetent defendants: pre and post
      deinstitutionalization.
AB  - There has been a great deal of speculation that deinstitutionalization has
      resulted in the criminalization of the mentally ill. Using two samples of
      defendants found incompetent to stand trial (IST) and two samples of civil
      patients randomly selected from five states, pre and post deinstitutionalization,
      this research compares changes in their mental health and arrest histories. After
      deinstitutionalization, fewer and less dramatic differences in the arrest and
      mental health histories were evident between ISTs and civil patients. Both
      patient samples displayed significant increases in prior hospitalization and
      arrest histories. Among the civil patients there was a significant increase in
      the frequency and seriousness of criminal activity. There was no evidence that
      IST commitments are being expanded to hospitalize the nondangerous mentally ill
      no longer subject to civil commitment.

PMID- 2289030
TI  - Post-Hinckley insanity reform in Oregon.
AB  - The 1983 Oregon legislature responded to public pressure to narrow the
      application of the insanity defense by eliminating personality disordered
      individuals from consideration for an insanity verdict. This article examined the
      effects of the statutory change, and found no significant change in the frequency
      of insanity acquittals of personality disordered subjects between the three pre
      reform years (n = 21) and the three post-reform years (n = 14). We also reviewed
      how the Psychiatric Security Review Board handled these patients once committed
      to their jurisdiction. We constructed a matched comparison group of psychotic
      acquittees and found that in the pre-reform years the personality disordered
      subjects spent less time in the system and less time in the hospital than the
      psychotic patients. However, in the post-reform years their time in the system
      and time in the hospital was the same as the psychotic controls. There were fewer
      decisions to discharge personality disordered patients from the system after the
      reform, although this difference may be due to factors other than the statutory
      reform itself. The conclusion is that narrowing the insanity defense is a worthy
      goal which may be difficult to achieve.

PMID- 2289031
TI  - Self-incrimination and denial in the juvenile transfer evaluation.
AB  - Clinical evaluation of alleged juvenile delinquents regarding possible transfer
      to adult court must be conducted before adjudication of the facts of the case.
      This requirement leads to problems for the juvenile court and for the psychiatric
      consultant in managing certain potentially incriminating information that the
      defendant may reveal in the evaluation process. Both explicity self-incriminating
      information, and also denial of involvement in the alleged offense, present
      problems in this regard. Explorations of procedural protections for dealing with
      explicity self-incriminating information, and of the clinical and forensic
      problems in interpreting defendants' denial of culpability in these
      circumstances, do not yield fully satisfying answers to the problems. The author
      suggests some procedural compromises, and discusses the dilemma at the boundary
      of juvenile court jurisdiction that underlies these problems.

PMID- 2289032
TI  - [The inter-metacarpo-phalangeal spaces].
AB  - The study of the inter-metacarpophalangeal spaces on 20 human bodies raises the
      question of the existence of bursae at this level, in line with recent studies
      (BOSSEY, MIDY) suggesting that such bursae are present at the level of the foot.
      Careful dissection and histological studies revealed characteristics compatible
      with both of the following hypotheses: either there are bursae not described
      until now in anatomy textbooks, or these are virtual spaces limited by a cul-de
      sac of the aponeuroses of the hand in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th spaces. Tissue
      analysis that could determine more specifically the nature of the limiting
      membrane of these spaces, as well as pathological studies demonstrating the
      occurrence of common anomalies of bursae in these spaces, are required in order
      to conclude definitively on the nature of the inter-metecarpophalangeal spaces.

PMID- 2289033
TI  - [Anatomic basis of the Lockhart-Mummery procedure in the treatment of total
      rectal prolapse in children].
AB  - From four pelvic cavities of adults (2 males and 2 females) and one of neonate
      the authors studies structures between rectum ventrally and sacrum dorsally.
      Always they found an avascular space behind the perirectal fascia in which were
      embedded arteries of rectum and above the presacral fascia with inside median
      sacral artery and sympathic trunks. This avascular space permit to made there
      surgically procedures such Lockart-Mummery to attach rectum to sacrum.

PMID- 2289034
TI  - [Various mechanic characteristics of bony structures of the temporo-mandibular
      joint in several classes of mammals studied by measurement of hardness and
      resistance to penetration].
AB  - Applying the principles of mechanics, the authors have studied and compared the
      bony structures of the temporo-mandibular joint. Using the means of investigation
      usually implemented in the metallurgical sector, they have tried to establish a
      link between the morphology and mechanical strength of the various components of
      this joint in some subjects belonging to the mammals classification and with
      various feeding modes. The results obtained by hardness micrometry tend to show
      that during masticatory movements, the temporo-mandibular joint works in a
      hanging rather than in a compressed mode.

PMID- 2289035
TI  - [Lymphatic afferents and efferents of lymph nodes of the Barety's space. Anatomic
      review in adults].
AB  - Lymph nodes of the Barety's space (LNLB) often involved in lung diseases are
      known under various names for a long time ago by pathologists. Our study involves
      360 cadavers of adult subjects. The injection of a dye was performed by direct
      catheterization of a pulmonary segment. L.N.L.B. were directly or indirectly
      coloured (inter connected ganglionary network) more often from the lobes of the
      right lung, but from the lobes of the left lung too. From L.N.L.B. the lymphatic
      flow discharges in the venous confluent of the neck in the right side; in 1/4 of
      the cases a mediastinal efferent joints the left venous confluent too. From the
      lower lymph nodes of the space efferents can go to lymph nodes which are located
      right along the arch of the azygos vein (and then to the thoracic duct) and in
      the left side the group of left suprabronchial lymph nodes (then either to the
      thoracic duct in the mediastinum, or to the recurrent chain to the neck). At
      last, it seems that inside the lymph nodes themselves, lymphatic flows exist, the
      topography and the nature of which change according to the area interested by the
      injection.

PMID- 2289036
TI  - [The arcus palmaris profundus].

PMID- 2289037
TI  - [Mechanics of the characteristic geometry of the human spine undergoing vertical
      pressure].
AB  - Since MAGENDIE in 1816, it has been a common assertion in books of Anatomie that
      curves of the spine increase its strength. This increase in strength has been
      estimated by a formula attributed to EULER: R = nc2 + 1 in which R is the
      strength and nc2 stands for the square of the number of curves. Applying the
      actual law of Euler on the strength of beams submitted to a vertical effort, the
      authors conclude that strength is increased by about 30% and not multiplied by
      10, 16 or even 17 as is often falsely written.

PMID- 2289039
TI  - [Contents of the transversal foramen of the seventh cervical vertebra].
AB  - The purpose of our study was to evaluate the individual variations of the foramen
      sometimes has the same dimensions as the foramen of the other cervical vertebrae,
      but it can also be smaller, or absent. In cases where the foramen is present in
      the seventh cervical vertebra, vascular or nerve structures (or both) can be
      occasionally observed within. When the transverse foramina are found to contain
      none of the above structures, what then is to be found within this space?
      According to our results, the transverse foramina of the seventh cervical
      vertebra almost universally contain vascular and nerve branches as well as
      fibrous and adipose tissue. This report concerns the results of the macroscopic
      and microscopic studies concerning the contents of the transverse foramina of the
      seventh cervical vertebra.

PMID- 2289038
TI  - [Comparative mechanic resistance of frozen and irradiated spongy bone].
AB  - The mechanical properties of 20 frozen (-30 degrees C) femoral heads are
      determined. 10 were treated by gamma radiations. It is noted that the rate of
      weakness of cancellous bone is 20%.

PMID- 2289040
TI  - [Cartilaginous and bony anatomy of the human cotyloid cavity: preliminary study
      for the analysis of the specific dynamics of cotyloid cornua].
AB  - Recent studies on acetabular and periacetabular deformations help to understand
      hip functioning. They encourage a new anatomic analysis of the bony and
      cartilagenous frameworth of the hip. The authors report as biomechanical
      preleminary, a radiological and anatomical study on the behavior of the
      periacetabular region. The results are compared to the anatomical litterature and
      conclusions are drawn.

PMID- 2289041
TI  - [Intramuscular vascularization of the human latissimus dorsi].
AB  - The anatomical data concerning to the latissimus dorsi and its neurovascular
      pedicle are revised with its applications in reconstructive surgery. The use of
      this muscle in cardiomyoplasty depends upon a good understanding of its
      vascularisation and the intramuscular innervation. Our angiological study of the
      human latissimus dorsi demonstrates clearly the topographic distribution of the
      branches of the thoraco dorsal artery ant the peripheral blood supply after
      interrupting the intercostal and lumbar perforating vessels. These findings
      demonstrate the vascular reliability of the muscle for cardiomyoplasty.

PMID- 2289042
TI  - Morphological study of one septal trabecula carnea of the left ventricle.
AB  - This work was carried out in 50 hearts of human adult cadavers of both sexes,
      whose obit causes were not related to diseases which could have been directly
      involved with the heart. The septal trabecula carnea was identified in 45 hearts
      (90%), with origin in the superior portion of the interventricular septum and the
      other extremity was sited in 33 cases (61.1%) in the base of the anterior
      papillary muscle. It was unique in 37 hearts (82.2%) and dissociated in 8 hearts
      (17.8%). The more frequent length and width was 40 mm and 3 mm, respectively.

PMID- 2289043
TI  - [Anatomic basis of the harvest of abdominal organs for organ transplants].
AB  - The abdominal organs removals, with a view to transplants, are complex surgical
      operations which require a perfect knowledge of visceral vascular anatomy. The
      common point of these removals is the "birenal en bloc excision", whose we have
      codified the development. This removal has induced us to revise many points of
      surgical anatomy and particulary: the connections between the liver and the right
      kidney; the importance of the mesoduodenum; the relative orientations of the
      portal vein and inferior vena cava axis; the ureteral vascularisation; the
      topography and the number of renal arteries; the connections between renal
      arteries orifices and superior mesenteric arterial orifice. When we have to
      remove, besides the kidneys, the liver or the pancreas or even the small
      intestine, surgical problems are the same, but then, the dissections concern also
      the celiac axis and the superior mesenteric artery. These multiple removals raise
      also many questions to the anatomist, the most interesting concerning: the
      multiple hepatic arteries; the connections between celiac branches of the
      abdominal aorta. All these notions are envisaged not only by the light of the
      anatomical preparations but also by reference to the clinical experience of the
      authors.

PMID- 2289044
TI  - Use of enzymatic reactors in the high performance liquid chromatographic
      determination of ethanol and methanol with electrochemical detection.
AB  - Despite numerous applications both in industry and in analytical chemistry,
      immobilized enzyme technology has encountered only limited success in modern
      liquid chromatography. The strict requirements of enzymatic reactors for high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (i.e., mechanical resistance, limited
      void volumes, high contact surface, high binding capacity, stable enzyme-to
      matrix bond without loss of enzyme activity) are not yet fully met by
      commercially available products. In our laboratory, the development of post
      column reactors with immobilized alcohol oxidase on-line with an HPLC/EC system
      has been undertaken. Three home-made reactors were produced: in the first alcohol
      oxidase from Candida boidinii was quasi-immobilized onto an HPLC-sized anion
      exchange support, in the second the enzyme was bound to a silica-based support
      via Schiff's base formation, and in the third a covalent linkage to an epoxy
      activated hydroxyalkyl methacrylate material was chosen. Chemical immobilization
      proved superior to the ionic binding. The importance of limiting the post-column
      band spreading due to the reactor void volume, by using HPLC-size supports, was
      confirmed.

PMID- 2289045
TI  - Determination of amines, amine metabolites and some amine metabolizing enzymes by
      high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Some useful high performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination
      of amines, amine metabolites and amine metabolizing enzymes are described. These
      include the separation of tyramine in wines and beers, determination of
      tryptamine in urine, assay of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase
      and analysis of amine-aldehyde condensation products.

PMID- 2289046
TI  - Microsomal delta 9, delta 6 and delta 5 desaturase activities and liver membrane
      fatty acid profiles in alcohol-fed rats.
AB  - In experimentally produced alcoholic fatty liver microsomal fatty acid
      composition was measured using gas chromatography. The results showed an increase
      in linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) and hexadecaenoic acid (22:6, n-3) and a decrease in
      arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) in alcohol-fed rats. Using high performance liquid
      chromatographic separation of radiolabelled substrate and products, delta 9,
      delta 6 and delta 5 desaturase enzymes were assayed. The activity of delta 9 and
      delta 5 desaturase was decreased in alcohol-fed rats and delta 6 desaturase
      activity was similar in control and alcohol-fed groups. These results indicated
      there was no causal relationship between desaturase activity and membrane fatty
      acid changes. Increased amounts of eicosatrienoic acid (20:3, n-9) in rats fed
      less than 5% fat were observed in both control and alcohol-fed rats. The results
      indicated that essential fatty acid deficiency was not due to alcohol
      consumption.

PMID- 2289047
TI  - Isocratic high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of S
      adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine in animal tissues: the effect of
      exposure to nitrous oxide.
AB  - A simple isocratic high performance liquid chromatographic method for the
      simultaneous measurement of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine
      (SAH) in animal tissues is described. The direct injection of perchloric acid
      tissue extracts and rapid resolution of both compounds in a single run reduces
      any sampling and analytical errors in determining the SAM/SAH ratio, a measure of
      methylation reactions. The method has been used to determine changes in brain
      SAM/SAH ratios after exposure of rats to nitrous oxide.

PMID- 2289048
TI  - L-dopa as substrate for human duodenal catechol-O-methyltransferase and aromatic
      L-amino acid decarboxylase.
AB  - Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
      (AADC) activities were determined in human gastrointestinal samples. L-dopa was
      used as the substrate and the reaction products 3-O-methyldopa (3OMD) and
      dopamine were separated by reversed phase HPLC and detected by electrochemical or
      UV detection. COMT activities varied between 40-350 pmol/mg/min and AADC
      activities between 100-3300 pmol/mg/min in different parts of the
      gastrointestinal tract. COMT inhibitors nitecapone (OR-462) and OR-611
      effectively inhibited human gastrointestinal COMT activity in vitro, the IC50
      values ranging from 10-20 nM and 5-75 nM, respectively. In vitro carbidopa
      inhibited AADC slightly more effectively than benserazide.

PMID- 2289049
TI  - Separation and quantification of histamine and N tau-methylhistamine in brain
      extracts.
AB  - Histamine and its N tau-methyl derivative can be separated from perchloric acid
      extracts of rat brain by high performance liquid chromatography on a C18 column
      under isocratic conditions eluting with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer containing
      0.19 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate and 25% methanol. Using electrochemical
      detection, histamine and N tau-methylhistamine can be detected at levels of less
      than 40 pg/microL tissue extract (less than 1 pmol). The retention times for
      histamine and N tau-methylhistamine were 15 min and 23 min, respectively, at a
      flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, and both compounds eluted as acceptably sharp peaks. The
      concentrations of histamine and N tau-methylhistamine in brain from seven-day-old
      rats were found to be very similar to those obtained by other analytical
      procedures.

PMID- 2289050
TI  - High performance liquid chromatographic studies of erythrocytes haem biosynthetic
      enzyme activities in alcoholic macrocytosis.
AB  - The activities of 5-aminolaevulinate dehydrase (ALA-D), hydroxymethylbilane
      synthase (HMB-S), uroporphyrinogen III synthase (URO-S) and uroporphyrinogen
      decarboxylase (URO-D) in the erythrocytes of alcoholics were assayed and compared
      with those in controls and abstaining alcoholics. The HMB-S and URO-S activities
      in alcoholics were significantly higher than the controls and there were
      significant correlations between enzyme activities and mean corpuscular volume
      (MCV). Alcoholics abstaining from alcohol over a nine-month period showed a
      return to normal enzyme activities in parallel with the normalization of their
      MCV. Abstaining alcoholics thus all had normal HMB-S and URO-S activities. The
      ALA-D and URO-D activities of alcoholics were not significantly different from
      controls or from abstaining alcoholics. Alcohol appears to have a selective
      effect on the haem biosynthetic enzymes in the erythron.

PMID- 2289051
TI  - Coproporphyrinogen oxidase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase and ferrochelatase
      activities in iron-overloaded and ethanol-treated rats.
AB  - The activities of coproporphyrinogen oxidase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase and
      ferrochelatase in liver homogenates of iron-overloaded and acutely or chronically
      ethanol-treated rats were assayed by high performance liquid chromatographic
      methods. Decreased coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity was found in chronically
      carbonyliron-fed rats while the activities of protoporphyrinogen oxidase and
      ferrochelatase remained unchanged. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase and
      protoporphyrinogen oxidase activities in both chronically and acutely ethanol
      treated animals were not significantly different from controls. In chronically
      ethanol-fed rats normal ferrochelatase activity was found.

PMID- 2289052
TI  - A new high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous
      measurement of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. Concentrations in
      pig tissues after inactivation of methionine synthase by nitrous oxide.
AB  - A rapid gradient method has been established to measure simultaneously the tissue
      levels of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). The
      method involves application of a 15%-25% linear gradient of methanol over a
      period of 10 min to an initial mobile phase of 15% methanol with 25 mM sodium
      phosphate, 10 mM 1-heptanesulfonic acid solution at pH 3.2 and a flow rate of 1
      mL/min. AdoHcy elutes at 9.5 min and AdoMet at 12.6 min. The assay has a
      detection limit of 10 pmol and is linear in the concentration range 30-800 pmol.
      The method was used to assess changes in AdoMet and AdoHcy concentrations of pig
      tissues after seven days exposure to the anaesthetic gas nitrous oxide which
      irreversibly inactivates methionine synthase and induces an inability to recycle
      homocysteine, particularly in neural tissues. The treatment caused significant
      alterations in cellular AdoMet:AdoHcy ratios which were principally due to a
      dramatic rise in AdoHcy concentrations.

PMID- 2289053
TI  - The high performance liquid chromatography of enzyme systems relating to purine
      and pyrimidine metabolism: an overview.
AB  - Purines and pyrimidines are now routinely separated by HPLC. By careful selection
      of chromatographic conditions which match the expected changes in hydrophobicity
      and/or ionic nature of the substrate and products most enzymes of the purine and
      pyrimidine salvage pathways can be routinely and accurately determined. Ion
      paired reversed-phase systems are often the most advantageous. The relevance of
      such assays to biomedical analysis including their role in the diagnosis of
      inborn errors of metabolism is stressed.

PMID- 2289054
TI  - Beyond platitudes: Problem drug use: a review of training.

PMID- 2289055
TI  - Development of a district training strategy.
AB  - This paper reiterates the need for training in addiction for primary care workers
      and proposes motivational and structural explanatory frameworks to further our
      understanding of the difficulties in recruitment of staff from the variety of
      occupational groups to substance misuse training. This analysis is applied to
      inform the design and delivery of training locally. The basic tenets of a
      district training strategy are derived from this analysis and the training
      strategy for the two Leeds District Health Authorities is described. The strategy
      is based upon identification of the specific occupational needs of each primary
      care worker group at each stage of their career, and upon the utilization of
      available resources to fulfil their training needs in the occupation specific
      context. The different occupational groups have different roles to play in the
      prevention and management of substance misuse and the specific skills required
      will be closely tied into their particular role and based upon pre-existing
      skills. The resources for and methods of implementing the strategy are described.

PMID- 2289056
TI  - The practical business of treatment--13. Providing health care for drug users?
AB  - The majority of drug users neglect their health and have limited access to
      primary and preventative health care services. A health care team was developed
      in an attempt to provide health care for drug users, to prevent the spread of HIV
      and provide health education to the drug users. The health problems were related
      to injecting drugs, comprising abscesses, peripheral neuropathy and poor
      peripheral circulation. A high level of past infection with hepatitis B virus was
      noted, indicating the need for hepatitis B vaccination for drug users.

PMID- 2289057
TI  - The unofficial history of drug use: a study in a Brazilian sample.
AB  - Interviews were conducted with 59 former intensive users of illicit drugs with no
      evidence of current social or behavioural dysfunction. Data were gathered by in
      depth standardized interviews through which, past and current psychoactive
      substance use (including alcohol, tobacco and tranquillizers) were assessed.
      Special attention was given to the subjects' attributions as to what had caused
      the change in the drug use pattern. Events attributed for ending or substantially
      decreasing drug use were categorized as follows: 'physical-mental
      problems/disliked side effects' (27.1% of respondents),
      'developmental/maturational/existential reasons' (27.1%), 'formal or informal
      drug treatment system' (11.8%), 'interpersonal reasons' (10.2%), 'job or
      school/performance lowering' (10.2%), 'religious/spiritual involvement' (6.8%),
      and 'legal/financial problems' (6.8%). The major finding was that only 7 out of
      the 59 respondents (11.8%) reported having ever been in any formal or informal
      drug treatment system.

PMID- 2289058
TI  - The criminality of new drug users in Glasgow.
AB  - The drug use and crime of 210 teenage licit and illicit drug users were examined.
      Over 90% of the sample, including non-users, soft drug users, opioid users and
      injectors, were obtained via the same 'snowball' of friends and acquaintances.
      None had been injecting for more than 2 years. It was found that the frequency of
      use of all licit and illict drugs and the frequency of all crimes were
      intercorrelated. However, even many of the opioid injectors in this sample were
      not near-daily users and 'addiction' did not explain the results of regression
      equations predicting crime and drug use; crime explained drug use more than drug
      use explained crime and drug use was not a major unique predictor of theft. The
      criminal drug-using teenagers in this sample were better regarded as
      'delinquents' than as 'drug-abusers' or 'drug addicts'. Delinquent behaviour of
      all kinds appeared to be increased by prior criminal experience, having
      delinquent friends and lack of conventional social support (notably including
      having spent time in care). Implications of these findings for theories of
      delinquency and the practice of treatment and prevention are discussed.

PMID- 2289059
TI  - Drug abuse and alcohol problems among cocaine abusers in an assessment/referral
      service.
AB  - This paper reports the social, demographic and drug abuse backgrounds of cocaine
      abusers seen at an alcohol and drug abuse assessment centre in Kitchener,
      Ontario. It compares cocaine abusers to cannabis users and alcoholics of the same
      age at the same centre. Cocaine and cannabis abusers are mainly young, single
      males while alcohol abusers are much older. The cocaine and cannabis abusers are
      both heavy drinkers but the cocaine group contained more high-risk drinkers, more
      drug injectors and had a higher alcohol consumption. Cocaine abusers are young
      poly-drug users for whom drinking is also a major problem. Treatment plans should
      take these problems into account.

PMID- 2289060
TI  - Drug use, injecting practices and sexual behaviour of opioid users in Sydney,
      Australia.
AB  - This paper examines drug use, injection practices, and sexual behaviour in a
      sample of 100 opioid users, both in and out of current opiate treatment.
      Approximately three-quarters of subjects reported that they had used more than
      one illicit substance in the month prior to being interviewed. Needle sharing was
      common, with 29% of subjects having used a needle in the past month after it had
      been used by someone else, and 25% having passed on a needle after they had used
      it. The level of condom use was low, with 66.7% of subjects never having used a
      condom with their regular partner in the month prior to interview, and 20.7% of
      subjects who had engaged in sex with a casual partner during this period not
      having used a condom. Variables which were predictive of HIV risk-taking
      behaviour in relation to needle use were poly-drug use, not being in current
      treatment, and level of heroin use. Only age was predictive of risky sexual
      behaviour, with younger subjects being associated with more risk-taking
      behaviour. It was concluded that while opiate treatment was associated with lower
      levels of risky injecting practices, there was no association between treatment
      and safer sexual practices. Given the importance of sexual transmission of HIV
      more attention needs to be given to the sexual risk-taking behaviour of
      intravenous drug users.

PMID- 2289061
TI  - Occupational risk factors in alcoholism.
AB  - This study has investigated the presence and influence of six of the eight risk
      factors previously identified, which are common to occupations associated with
      high rates of alcoholism. The factors studied were availability of alcohol at
      work, social pressure to drink from colleagues, separation from family due to
      work commitments, lack of supervision, collusion by colleagues, and stresses and
      strains. The sample was drawn from problem drinkers attending a community drug
      treatment centre in London. None of the six factors was found to have a
      significant influence on the development or maintenance of these subjects'
      alcohol problems. It is concluded that these risk factors, while previously shown
      to be associated with those who seek medical treatment for the physical
      consequences of long-term alcohol misuse, are not of significance in the
      different populations of those who present for psychological alcohol treatment.

PMID- 2289062
TI  - Effects of the elimination of a state monopoly on distilled spirits' retail
      sales: a time-series analysis of Iowa.
AB  - Since the end of prohibition in the USA, only one state, Iowa, has eliminated its
      state retail monopoly of distilled spirits sales for off-premise consumption. In
      March 1987 all state retail stores were closed, and private establishments were
      licensed to sell distilled spirits. Interrupted time-series analyses of apparent
      spirits consumption in Iowa, controlling for nationwide sales trends over the
      past two decades, identified a statistically significant 9.5% increase in spirits
      sales following the policy change. While there was a corresponding 13.7% decline
      in wine sales, and no change in beer sales, privatization of spirits retail sales
      yielded a net increase in total alcohol consumption in Iowa. No changes were
      found in spirits sales in states bordering Iowa.

PMID- 2289063
TI  - Changes in the use of intoxicants after onset of pregnancy.
AB  - A sample of 416 pregnant women were interviewed with emphasis on their use of
      alcohol, tobacco, and legally prescribed and illegal drugs before and after onset
      of pregnancy. The results indicate a significant reduction in alcohol
      consumption, tobacco smoking and the use of legally prescribed and illegal drugs
      in connection with the pregnancy. There was no correlation between socio-economic
      level and use of intoxicants. There was a correlation, however, between the use
      of intoxicants by the pregnant women and the use of such substances by other
      significant persons in their environment.

PMID- 2289064
TI  - Eating disorders in women who abuse alcohol.
AB  - It has been suggested that various forms of addictive behaviour and substance
      abuse co-exist more frequently than would be expected by chance. Such co
      morbidity may lessen the effectiveness of treatment, and may not be recognized by
      clinicians who specialize in one particular form of addiction. This study
      addresses one aspect of this issue: the co-existence of eating disorders and
      alcohol abuse. Women attending an alcohol treatment unit completed a self-report
      measure of the clinical features of eating disorders. Thirty-six per cent of the
      sample reported the symptom of binge-eating, 26% fulfilled diagnostic criteria
      for a probable current clinical eating disorder, and 19% had a history of
      probable anorexia nervosa. The findings suggest that the behaviour and attitudes
      characteristic of clinical eating disorders are over-represented in women
      receiving treatment for an alcohol problem, and further study of such co
      morbidity is merited.

PMID- 2289065
TI  - The efficiency of a questionnaire in detecting heavy drinkers.
AB  - The suitability of the nine-question Malmo modified Michigan Alcoholism Screening
      Test (Mm-MAST) was tested on 133 40-year-old men and 140 45-year-old men
      attending a voluntary population health screening in a typically week-end
      drinking society. With a cut-off level of two 'yes' answers 29% of the middle
      aged male population has been reported to give a positive result in this
      questionnaire. In our study alcoholics were excluded. The amount and type of
      alcohol consumed per week was asked. The subjects were divided into three groups:
      (1) social drinkers (0 or 1 'yes' answer), (2) suspect abusers (two 'yes'
      answers), and (3) abusers (three or more 'yes' answers or drinking at least 280 g
      absolute alcohol per week). Group 2 reported drinking more than group 1, but
      according to biological markers they belonged better to group 1 than group 3.
      With the originally recommended cut-off level of two 'yes' answers 50.8% of 40
      year-old men and 36.5% of 45-year-old men in our study proved positive. With the
      three 'yes' answer criterion the corresponding percentages were 28.5 and 24.0.
      Forty- and 45-year-old men in group 2 gave many positive answers in the question
      concerning week-end drinking and avoidance of alcohol for a time, as did 40-year
      old men in the question concerning bad conscience after drinking. Beer and
      spirits were the most popular beverage combination and week-end drinking was the
      commonest drinking habit. The number of positive answers correlated well with the
      announced amount of alcohol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289067
TI  - A smack in the eye for standard drugs and HIV education.

PMID- 2289066
TI  - Solvent use and psychiatric comorbidity.
AB  - From a family study of 286 alcoholics, 157 felons, 60 control subjects, and 1640
      of their relatives, 130 solvent users were retrospectively identified. Risk for
      diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder was significantly elevated for all
      solvent users. Relatives, though not probands, were more likely to receive
      diagnoses of alcoholism and secondary depression, but this relationship appeared
      to be mediated by the presence of antisocial personality disorder. Solvent users
      were not at increased risk for primary depression or other psychiatric illnesses.
      Subjects reporting any solvent use also had significantly increased risk of
      suicidal ideation and suicide attempt compared to non-users, with half of the
      solvent users reporting suicidal ideation and 30% reporting a history of suicide
      attempt. However, risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among solvent
      users appeared to covary with presence of antisocial personality disorder,
      alcoholism, and secondary depression rather than being specifically associated
      with solvent use.

PMID- 2289068
TI  - Smoking status and hair cotinine.

PMID- 2289069
TI  - Drug dependency units.

PMID- 2289070
TI  - HIV and AIDS in European prisons.

PMID- 2289071
TI  - Assessing everyday memory in patients with dysphasia.
AB  - An assessment of the current memory status of patients referred for speech
      therapy is rarely provided, but may be useful in indicating whether there is
      memory loss in addition to language deficits. Failure to progress during
      treatment could be due to failure to remember the content of the previous
      sessions. Most existing memory tests are unsuitable for assessing subjects with
      dysphasia. For that reason we sought to modify the Rivermead Behavioural Memory
      Test (RBMT: Wilson, Cockburn & Baddeley, 1985), which was developed to measure
      the existence and extent of everyday memory problems and which contains both
      verbally and non-verbally mediated items. The study described here, based on a
      sample of 176 brain-injured patients, showed that a mild to moderate language
      deficit did impair performance on the RBMT. The influence was found to be limited
      to a subset of verbal memory items. A shortened version of the test was developed
      and shown to be sensitive to memory deficits and insensitive to the effects of
      dysphasia. Revised norms for this version of the test are provided. These should
      enable an estimate to be made of the presence and magnitude of memory deficits in
      dysphasic patients, allowing treatment to be optimized.

PMID- 2289073
TI  - Self-help manuals for problem drinking: the relative effects of their educational
      and therapeutic components.
AB  - This study was concerned with the effects of a self-help manual, administered
      under conditions of minimal therapist contact, on the alcohol consumption of 26
      media-recruited volunteers. It was found that the self-help programme was
      effective in bringing about a reduction in self-reported alcohol consumption. In
      addition, the order of presentation of the health education and self-management
      components of the self-help manual was important with respect to outcome. The
      group receiving the components in the order self-management followed by education
      showed a better outcome, in terms of lowered alcohol consumption, than a group
      receiving the same material in the reverse order. An explanation for this is
      advanced in terms of the model for process of change put forward by Prochaska &
      DiClemente (1983). Noting that the use of self-help is best documented for those
      with less severe alcohol dependency, a number of points for both practice and
      future research are made.

PMID- 2289072
TI  - Suicidal intent, hopelessness and depression in a parasuicide population: the
      influence of social desirability and elapsed time.
AB  - This paper reports the first British study to assess the construct validity of
      Beck's Hopelessness Scale (HS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). On the
      basis of interviews with 50 economically active parasuicide patients, it was
      confirmed that hopelessness accounts for the relationship between depression and
      suicidal intent. Moreover, it was shown that social desirability neither
      confounds the relationship between hopelessness and suicidal intent, nor has any
      predictive power in explaining variation in suicidal intent. On the other hand,
      the interval ('elapsed time') between the commencement of the parasuicidal act
      and of the research interview was significantly and positively correlated with
      suicidal intent, and elapsed time was a significant predictor of the total score
      on Beck's Suicidal Intent Scale. Two explanations for this finding are proposed:
      the first is based on the possibility that elapsed time is an indirect or proxy
      measure of medical seriousness; the second derives from the likely impact of
      prolonged hospital stay on the patient's interpretation or understanding of
      his/her behaviour. Researchers are advised to take into account the moderating
      effect of elapsed time when designing studies which examine psychological
      processes in parasuicide.

PMID- 2289074
TI  - Do self-report measures of affect agree? A longitudinal study.
AB  - As part of a study of the association between changes in mood and migraine
      attacks, daily self-report data on anxiety and depression were collected from 37
      female patients attending a migraine clinic. A combination of the Irritability
      Depression Anxiety (IDA) Scale and two visual analogue scales (VAS) was used. The
      IDA and VAS measures of anxiety and depression were significantly associated in
      only 55 and 61 per cent of patients respectively.

PMID- 2289075
TI  - Performance on tests sensitive to frontal lobe lesions by patients with organic
      amnesia: Leng & Parkin revisited.
AB  - Groups of amnesics with aetiologies that included chronic alcoholism,
      encephalitis and ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoAA) were
      examined on the Cognitive Estimation Test (CET), FAS Word Fluency Test (FAS) and
      the full and Nelson (1976) versions of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).
      The alcoholic amnesics were impaired on all four tests, whereas the post
      encephalitic amnesics were impaired on the FAS and CET but performed normally on
      both versions of the WCST. The ACoAA amnesics were impaired on both the FAS and
      the CET, and scored at a level in between the other amnesic subgroups on the
      WCST.

PMID- 2289076
TI  - Cognitive responses and the control of post-operative pain.
AB  - This paper examines the relationship between spontaneous cognitive responses and
      reported pain experience in an acute pain population. Fifty-two patients,
      admitted for planned major surgery, had their pain intensity, distress and coping
      responses assessed 48 hours post-operatively. Significant correlations were
      obtained between negative responses and ratings of pain intensity and distress.
      No significant correlation was obtained between the analgesic dose and any other
      variable. The implications of the findings for the management of post-operative
      pain are discussed.

PMID- 2289077
TI  - Violent behaviour and interpretative bias: an experimental study of the
      resolution of ambiguity in violent offenders.
AB  - The present study used an information-processing approach to investigate
      differences in interpretation of sentences which were ambiguous for violent or
      neutral meaning across three groups of subjects: violent offenders, non-violent
      offender controls and a group of non-offender controls. Subjects were presented
      with unambiguous and ambiguous sentences. The ambiguous sentences were selected
      so that they could be interpreted in either a threatening or neutral manner. A
      recognition memory test indicated that both offender groups were more likely to
      interpret violent ambiguous sentences in a threatening fashion, with the opposite
      being shown by the non-offender group. This difference was found to be
      significant. A control condition suggested that the interpretative bias was
      specific to violent material and not a general anxiety response. Furthermore, the
      tendency to infer violent threat was found to correlate with hostility. The
      results are discussed in relation to cognitive theories of anger and aggression.

PMID- 2289078
TI  - Utility and validity of the STAI with anxiety disorder patients.
AB  - Factor analytic studies of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) have provided
      support for the concepts of state and trait anxiety. This article reports the
      factor structure of the STAI (Form X) using 205 panic-disordered patients with
      and without agoraphobia. Results show that a two-factor oblique solution is the
      most appropriate, accounting for 41.1 per cent of the variance. Eighteen of the A
      State items had salient loadings on factor 1 (state anxiety) and all 20 of the A
      Trait items had salient loadings on factor 2 (trait anxiety). This study
      demonstrates the utility of the STAI in measuring anxiety in clinical populations
      and further supports the theoretical distinction between state and trait anxiety.

PMID- 2289079
TI  - Single case experimentation: a seventeenth century example.
AB  - This paper describes a seventeenth century case which contains most of the
      features of a modern single case experiment. The method employed was similar to
      the forced choice technique now used to detect 'hysterical' sensory symptoms.

PMID- 2289080
TI  - Assessing the validity of NART-estimated premorbid IQs in the individual case.
AB  - The National Adult Reading Test (NART: Nelson, 1982) has become the standard
      means of estimating premorbid intelligence. The danger in using the NART for this
      purpose is that it yields an invalid estimate if a client's performance on the
      test has suffered impairment. In the present study a sample of 659 healthy
      subjects was used to build a regression equation for the prediction of NART
      scores from demographic variables (i.e. years of education, social class, age and
      sex). The multiple correlation between these demographic variables and the NART
      was .70 (p less than .0001). Comparing a client's obtained and predicted NART
      score will permit the clinician to assess objectively whether NART performance is
      impaired, and thus whether or not the NART will provide a valid estimate of
      premorbid intelligence.

PMID- 2289081
TI  - Modifying memory function: use of a computer to train mnemonic skills.
AB  - This single case study illustrates the potential for training individuals with
      neuropsychological deficit to develop coping skills by which they can generate
      their own compensating strategies. Computer programs may be particularly suitable
      for this kind of training.

PMID- 2289082
TI  - Screening impotence by home nocturnal tumescence self-monitoring.
AB  - Twenty subjects complaining of impotence were assessed using nocturnal penile
      tumescence (NPT), neurological, vascular and hormonal analysis. Subjects
      undertook NPT in both home and hospital environments: 10 hospital first and 10
      home first. There were high levels of agreement between diagnosis using NPT in
      the two conditions and diagnosis from the physiological tests. There was a high
      correlation of frequency of erections between the home and hospital conditions,
      together with a high consecutive night reliability when using the monitor in the
      home condition (r = .94, p = .001).

PMID- 2289083
TI  - Overgeneralization: an important but non-homogeneous construct.
AB  - Two self-report scales--the Cognitions Questionnaire (Fennell & Campbell, 1984)
      and the Attitudes to Self Scale (Carver & Ganellen, 1983)--which attempt to
      measure overgeneralization in depression are described. In line with previous
      research, both measures correlated with levels of depression, but the lack of a
      direct relationship between them implies that the construct of overgeneralization
      may not be a homogeneous one. Suggestions are made for future research which
      include elaboration of the construct and the development of new methods for
      measuring it.

PMID- 2289084
TI  - Control of eating and attributional style.
AB  - The contribution of attributional style to the prediction of adherence to a
      dietary regime was assessed. An internal attributional style for negative events
      was found to predict diet-breaking behaviour. Attributions of 'global' causes for
      a particular lapse were found to predict a more serious relapse during the period
      of dietary restriction.

PMID- 2289086
TI  - Contributions of dendritic spines and perforated synapses to synaptic plasticity.
AB  - The dynamic nature of synaptic connections has presented morphologists with
      considerable problems which, from a structural perspective, have frustrated the
      development of ideas on synaptic plasticity. Gradually, however, progress has
      been made on concepts such as the structural remodelling and turnover of
      synapses. This has been considerably helped by the recent elaboration of unbiased
      stereological procedures. The major emphasis of this review is on naturally
      occurring synaptic plasticity, which is regarded as an ongoing process in the
      postdevelopmental CNS. The focus of attention are PSs, with their
      characteristically discontinuous synaptic active zone, since there is mounting
      evidence that this synaptic type is indicative of synaptic remodelling and
      turnover in the mature CNS. Since the majority of CNS synapses can only be
      considered in terms of their relationship to dendritic spines, the contribution
      of these spines to synaptic plasticity is discussed initially. Changes in the
      configuration of these spines appears to be crucial for the plasticity, and these
      can be viewed in terms of the significance of the cytoskeleton, of various
      dendritic organelles, and also of the biophysical properties of spines. Of the
      synaptic characteristics that may play a role in synaptic plasticity, the PSD,
      synaptic curvature, the spinule, coated vesicles, polyribosomes, and the spine
      apparatus have all been implicated. Each of these is assessed. Special emphasis
      is placed on PSs because of their ever-increasing significance in discussions of
      synaptic plasticity. The possibility of their being artefacts is dismissed on a
      number of grounds, including consideration of the results of serial section
      studies. Various roles, other than one in synaptic plasticity have been put
      forward in discussing PSs. Although relevant to synaptic plasticity, these
      include a role in increasing synaptic efficacy, as a more permanent type of
      synaptic connection, or as a route for the intercellular exchange of metabolites
      or membrane components. The consideration of many estimates of synaptic density,
      and of PS frequency, have proved misleading, since studies have reported diverse
      and sometimes low figures. A recent reassessment of PS frequency, using unbiased
      stereological procedures, has provided evidence that in some brain regions PSs
      may account for up to 40% of all synapses. All ideas that have been put forward
      to date regarding the role of PSs are examined, with particular attention being
      devoted to the major models of Nieto-Sampedro and co-workers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2289085
TI  - An analysis of the correlation of lesion size, localization and behavioral
      effects in 283 published studies of cortical and subcortical lesions in old-world
      monkeys.
AB  - The present article evaluates the quality and magnitude of the effects of lesion
      size and location and their interaction, on the behavioral performance of old
      world monkeys by a quantitative comparison of 283 published studies. The results
      indicate that lesion size alone is a poor predictor of the behavioral performance
      of monkeys, as opposed to Lashley's work in rats. Lesion location is a reliable
      predictor of the behavioral performance for brain regions thought to be primarily
      involved in a specific behavior; however, similar behavioral effects, although
      less reliable, can be observed for many different lesion loci, suggesting a
      specialized and a holistic brain functioning to be working at the same time. Some
      lesion loci are, in sharp contrast to current hypotheses about functional
      localization in the brain, not associated with impairments, but with significant
      improvements of a specific behavior. For such lesion loci the correlation of
      lesion size and behavioral performance may yield significant positive
      relationships (that is, increasing behavioral improvement with increasing lesion
      size); these relationships are contrasted by the significant negative
      relationships obtained for lesions of brain regions thought to be primarily
      involved in a given behavior. Thus, the lesion size may be a good predictor of
      the behavioral performance, depending on the lesion location and on the behavior
      under measurement. The behaviors analysed in this study were discrimination or
      delayed reaction or delayed matching-to-sample. The former two behaviors involve
      habit-like learning and are thought to be mediated by corticostriate functional
      pathways in the brain and the latter behavior implies the learning of single
      events, being thought to be mediated by corticolimbic functional pathways in the
      brain. Improved performances were observed for habit-like behaviors after lesions
      of brain regions (lateral frontal, premotor/motor, parietal, inferotemporal
      cortex, amygdala and fornix) being not primarily involved in a given behavior but
      possibly being able to inhibit the corticostriate pathways. Interestingly,
      lesions of subareas of the neostriatum were found to cause impairments in habit
      like behaviors presumably being processed via these subareas (e.g. head of the
      caudate nucleus and delayed reaction), but to cause significant improvements in
      other behaviors (e.g. head of the caudate nucleus and visual discrimination).
      Thus, it may be concluded that diverse systems of functionally interconnected
      brain regions may maintain reciprocal inhibitions, with the result that a lesion
      within one system not only leads to a loss of one behavior, but in addition leads
      to a modification, may be a facilitation, of another behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2289087
TI  - Integrated phylogeny of the primate brain, with special reference to humans and
      their diseases.
AB  - Fossil, comparative anatomic and ontogenic data suggest that several systems of
      functionally and anatomically related brain regions underwent selective expansion
      or differentiation during primate evolution, according to the principle of
      'integrated phylogeny'. This process was closely tied to expansion of the
      neocortex, particularly of its association areas. System I regions include the
      association neocortices as well as the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the entorhinal
      cortex, and subdivisions of the septum, hippocampal formation and amygdaloid
      complex. This system undergoes degeneration in Alzheimer's and Pick's diseases
      and Down syndrome. System II includes segregated circuits involving parts of the
      frontal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and substantia nigra, and can become
      defective in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Huntington's and Parkinson's
      diseases. Certain nuclei in the mesencephalon and brainstem, which co-evolved
      with System I and II regions, also demonstrate pathology in diseases affecting
      these systems. Integrated phylogeny of each of these systems during primate
      evolution likely was promoted by regulatory mutations, gene duplications or
      chromosomal rearrangements. Thus, understanding the genetic basis of integrated
      phylogeny of systems of brain regions during primate evolution may elucidate the
      pathogenesis of the human diseases which affect these regions.

PMID- 2289088
TI  - The descending auditory pathway and acousticomotor systems: connections with the
      inferior colliculus.
AB  - In this review the following major points are emphasized. First, the descending
      auditory system includes 3 separate, but parallel pathways connecting the AC, MGB
      and IC. Each pathway makes a strong set of connections with a distinctive area
      from each of 3 auditory centers. The three sets of connections are mutually
      exclusive, such that the pathways describe 3 separate corticocolliculo-geniculate
      systems. Thus, multiple feedback loops between the AC and the IC are formed which
      create a great capacity for parallel processing of auditory information. Second,
      the IC projects to the SOC and, in particular, to the source of olivocochlear
      efferent neurons. The connections of the IC with the AC rostrally, and with the
      olivocochlear neurons caudally, imply a descending trisynaptic pathway from the
      cortex to the cochlea whose travel time could better that of the ascending
      pathway and thus provide an efficient feedback mechanism. It is probable that the
      IC influences cochlear signal processing. The reciprocal connectivity between any
      two of either the IC, SOC or the CN, again, affords to the auditory system
      remarkable parallel processing capabilities. Finally, the descending auditory,
      and 'extra-auditory' connections of the IC bestow a functional separateness to
      the 3 nuclei of the IC, a view that is best illustrated by description of the ICX
      as an acousticomotor nucleus, having connections with the SC, cerebellum and
      somatosensory and vocalization systems. More sophisticated questions about the
      descending auditory system will incorporate these present observations and test
      functional implications to which they allude.

PMID- 2289089
TI  - The cerebellum and learning processes in animals.
AB  - In theories of motor learning, the cerebellum is assumed to be the storage site
      of the engram. Recent evidence is presented that the cerebellum, in addition to
      its mediation of learning of simple motor responses, has a role in cognitive
      behaviors. For this type of learning, it is possible that the storage site is not
      the cerebellum, but cerebellar target areas. The possible role of the cerebellum
      in spatial learning and discrimination learning is emphasized. Ascending
      cerebellar afferents to fronto-parietal association cortex, the limbic system and
      the superior colliculus and feedback loops from these areas may be the anatomical
      basis underlying cerebellar modulation of spatial learning. In regard to
      discrimination learning, the possible significance of pathways arising from the
      visual cortex to pontine nuclei projecting to the cerebellar hemispheres must be
      evaluated. Although much remains to be resolved, the cerebellum seems to
      contribute to various emotions such as fear, the neural basis of which being
      cerebellar contributions to the reticular activating system, the limbic system
      and two-way hypothalamo-cerebellar connections.

PMID- 2289090
TI  - The similarities and dissimilarities between community and clinic cases of
      depression.
AB  - It has been hypothesised that community cases of depression compared with clinic
      cases: (a) have fewer symptoms; (b) have milder symptoms; (c) have different
      symptoms; (d) are of shorter duration; (e) are less incapacitating; (f) are more
      environmentally and less biologically caused; and (g) respond better to
      psychological than pharmacological intervention. A review of the literature
      indicates that some of these hypotheses have not been tested, others have not
      been adequately tested, and none has been unequivocally confirmed. Further
      investigations of these important issues are required.

PMID- 2289091
TI  - The functions of asylum.
AB  - Many of the functions of large psychiatric hospitals were those of asylum. As the
      structure of services has changed and the role of the large hospital has
      diminished, the necessity to continue to cover their functions has tended to be
      forgotten, partly because it has been thought that, even at best, they were
      purely protective. Such a point of view cannot be sustained. The functions of
      asylum have always been both refuge and recuperation. 'Community care' will come
      to deserve the odium now attached to the worst practices of former times if the
      tradition of asylum practised in the best of the large hospitals is not (with
      appropriate modification) acknowledged, properly placed in the psychiatric
      curriculum, and given high priority in service planning.

PMID- 2289092
TI  - Affective disorders among women in the general population and among those
      referred to psychiatrists. Clinical features and demographic correlates.
AB  - In a study comparing depressive disorders detected in a field survey (n = 90)
      with patients referred to a specialist treatment setting (n = 63), the clinical
      features and demographic correlates of 'cases' of affective disorders proved to
      be similar. However, those in treatment settings appeared to have more people
      achieving definite case status. Hospital-referred cases were also more likely
      than community cases to be older and single, and this difference persisted even
      after controlling for chronicity of symptoms.

PMID- 2289093
TI  - Gender-mediated clinical features of depressive illness. The importance of
      temperamental differences.
AB  - In a consecutive clinical series of 538 subjects with primary mood disorders the
      male:female differences were most skewed (1:4) in recurrent unipolars, 1:2 in
      single episode and bipolar I subtypes, and about even (1:1) in bipolar II. The
      sexes did not differ in age at onset of depression, stressors preceding index
      episodes, endogenous features, psychotic symptoms, suicide attempts, and rates of
      chronicity. Females had lower mean number of hypomanic, and higher mean number of
      depressive, episodes. Females also exhibited more anxiety and somatisation, and
      were more likely to endorse psychopathological items on self-report instruments,
      which were not reflected in objective measures. Finally, they were more likely to
      have been admitted to hospital. These gender differences could in part be
      explained by the higher prevalence of the depressive temperament in women, and of
      the hyperthymic temperament in men.

PMID- 2289094
TI  - The Social Functioning Scale. The development and validation of a new scale of
      social adjustment for use in family intervention programmes with schizophrenic
      patients.
AB  - Social functioning as an outcome variable in family interventions with
      schizophrenic patients has been a relatively neglected area. The requirements of
      a scale of social functioning to measure the efficacy of family interventions
      include: the measurement of skill/behaviour relevant to the impairments and the
      demography of this group; the ability to yield considerable information with an
      economy of clinical time; and the establishment of 'comparative' need through
      comparison between subscales and with appropriate reference groups. Results from
      three samples show that the Social Functioning Scale is reliable, valid,
      sensitive and responsive to change.

PMID- 2289095
TI  - Comparison of the General Health Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and
      Depression Scale.
AB  - The specificity and sensitivity of the HAD, 12-item GHQ and CIS were calculated
      by comparing the scores of dermatological patients on these tests with a
      criterion measure of disorder. Since psychiatry, along with many other branches
      of medicine, does not have an error-free criterion, it was assumed that the
      criterion was an underlying latent construct which was measured by all of the
      tests and could be derived by factor analysis from the scores on them. No
      differences were found between the two questionnaires (HAD and GHQ) in their
      ability to detect cases of minor psychiatric disorder although they were somewhat
      less reliable than the CIS.

PMID- 2289096
TI  - The prediction of rehabilitative success after three years. The use of social,
      symptom and cognitive variables.
AB  - A three-year follow-up study of 49 psychiatric patients, representative of those
      found in long-stay care, tested whether behavioural, symptom and demographic
      variables as well as response-processing difficulties could predict levels of
      psychiatric care. The researchers were blind to the criteria for allocating
      patients to particular forms of care and the staff responsible for care had no
      access to information collected by the research team. Not only was it possible,
      using only these few factors, to predict the form of care, but one factor,
      response processing, was related to whether patients moved to more independent
      forms of psychiatric care.

PMID- 2289097
TI  - Cognitive-behavioural problem solving in the treatment of patients who repeatedly
      attempt suicide. A controlled trial.
AB  - In a controlled trial, 20 patients at high risk of repeated suicide attempts were
      randomly allocated to either cognitive-behavioural problem solving or a
      'treatment-as-usual' control condition. The group practising problem solving
      improved significantly more than controls on ratings of depression, hopelessness,
      suicidal ideation and target problems at the end of treatment and at follow-up of
      up to one year, and there was evidence of an effect on the rates of repetition
      over the six months after treatment.

PMID- 2289098
TI  - Patient psychopathology and expressed emotion in schizophrenia.
AB  - The relationship of a full range of psychiatric symptoms to EE was examined in 40
      men with BPRS and SANS diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
      Patients from high-EE families had significantly higher ratings of positive
      symptoms, anxious depression, and overall psychopathology, but not negative
      symptoms, than did those from low-EE families. In predicting relapses of
      schizophrenia, account may need to be taken of an interaction between subtle
      differences in symptoms and relatives' attitudes.

PMID- 2289099
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in schizophrenia. A lateralisation study.
AB  - The SSEPs obtained from 19 schizophrenics defined by RDC, DSM-III and PSE
      criteria were compared with those from a control group of healthy volunteers.
      Previous findings of an abnormal lack of lateralising response in schizophrenic
      patients were not replicated. No significant difference in either amplitude or
      morphology between the traces obtained from the two groups were recorded.
      Ipsilateral and contralateral latencies for stimulation of the left and right
      index finger showed no significant difference in peak latency for any component
      between patient and control group. When mean peak-to-peak amplitudes were plotted
      the contralateral component was always greater in amplitude than the ipsilateral
      one. An objective measure of the degree of lateralisation, the percentage
      lateralisation quotient, showed no lateralisation differences between the patient
      and control groups. A case of myogenic contamination of ipsilateral components
      was observed calling into doubt findings where no temporal region monitoring has
      been performed.

PMID- 2289100
TI  - A tribute to Lasegue's description of anorexia nervosa (1873), with completion of
      its English translation.
AB  - Gull and Lasegue are usually credited with the first description of anorexia
      nervosa. In general, however, the work of the French neuropsychiatrist has been
      underestimated, and English-speaking colleagues who refer to Lasegue's writing on
      'hysterical anorexia' almost exclusively rely on the translation of his French
      paper, which in 1873 appeared in a British medical journal, the same year as the
      original publication. However, some important passages had been omitted from the
      translation, and this has not previously been noted.

PMID- 2289101
TI  - Psychotic depression presenting as status epilepticus.

PMID- 2289102
TI  - Audiotape therapy for persistent auditory hallucinations.
AB  - We report a case of a man with recurrent depression and persistent second-person
      auditory hallucinations telling him to kill himself. Using an audiotape cassette
      and headphones the duration of the hallucinations decreased significantly.
      Helpfulness of the audiotape continued at 15 months follow-up.

PMID- 2289103
TI  - Delusional misidentification of familiar inanimate objects. A rare variant of
      Capgras syndrome.
AB  - A 52-year-old woman presented exclusively with delusional misidentification of
      inanimate objects in the context of a short-lived acute psychotic episode.
      Certain theories are useful in understanding the formation of delusions of
      doubles in the patient (e.g. processes intrinsic to the
      depersonalisation/derealisation phenomena may have been aetiologically
      significant), but the actual choice of objects remains difficult to explain.

PMID- 2289104
TI  - Capgras syndrome in a patient with migraine.
AB  - Capgras syndrome in a patient with migraine is reported. It is difficult to
      establish whether this association, which has only been reported once before, had
      aetiological significance or was coincidental. Investigating all cases of Capgras
      syndrome for organic pathology by MRI is suggested.

PMID- 2289105
TI  - Unwanted erections in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
AB  - The presentation of inappropriate penile erections calls for great caution in
      making a diagnosis. Two patients who had unwanted erections also had obsessive
      compulsive disorder--a previously unreported association. Obsessive-compulsive
      disorder is not inconsistent with unwanted erections and should be considered in
      assessment.

PMID- 2289106
TI  - Aerosol addiction.
AB  - A case of dependency on prescribed pressurised aerosols in a patient with asthma
      and mild mental handicap is reported. The majority of reported cases involve
      young asthmatics, abuse being reported mainly using salbutamol inhalers although
      other inhalers have also given cause for concern. The agent of addition is
      uncertain although it may be the fluorinated hydrocarbons used as propellants,
      rather than the active substance itself.

PMID- 2289107
TI  - Three thousand days of pregnancy. A case of monosymptomatic delusional
      pseudocyesis responding to pimozide.
AB  - An unusual case of pseudocyesis of almost ten-year duration, characterised by a
      monosymptomatic hypochondriacal delusion and a selective response to pimozide is
      reported. The nosological status of the diagnosis, delusional (paranoid)
      disorder, is suggested to be a variety of the Kraepelinian concept of paranoia.
      The therapeutic pitfalls of relying on a phenomenological distinction between
      overvalued ideas and delusional beliefs are discussed.

PMID- 2289108
TI  - Personality and outcome of depression.

PMID- 2289109
TI  - Violence in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2289110
TI  - Oestrogen therapy for the menopause.

PMID- 2289111
TI  - The 'new cross-cultural psychiatry'.

PMID- 2289112
TI  - The Lomax affair.

PMID- 2289113
TI  - Education for the 21st century.

PMID- 2289114
TI  - Treatment of depression with pumpkin seeds.

PMID- 2289115
TI  - How informed and binding is informed consent?

PMID- 2289116
TI  - Psychoanalysis.

PMID- 2289117
TI  - Dye-induced 'photo-degeneration' and 'photo-permeabilization' of mammalian
      neurons in vivo.
AB  - Dyes are known to induce neuronal 'photo-degeneration' and 'photo
      permeabilization' in fly photoreceptor cells in vivo. In the present study, we
      attempted to generalize this photodynamic damage to vertebrate neurons, using the
      rat retina, a brain part which is optically accessible in vivo. After
      intravitreal injection of the photosensitizing dye Rose Bengal (RB), irradiation
      of the retina of a living rat with a T-shaped microbeam was found to induce
      striking 'optograms' which could be observed on the excised retina. The T-shaped
      pattern which was to be seen in the translucent retina under transmitted light
      was attributed to neuronal degeneration of the neurons irradiated in the presence
      of RB, as attested by classical degenerative features such as a cytoplasmic
      darkening or a drastic swelling. The T-shaped pattern could also be observed on
      adding the dye Lucifer yellow to the extracellular space of the retina either in
      vitro or in vivo, showing that the cells irradiated in the presence of RB became
      permeable. These structural reactions were observed in the cells in the inner
      nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL), in the processes in both
      plexiform layers, and in the ganglion cell axons crossing this area, whereas the
      photoreceptors in the outer retina appeared to be undamaged. From these
      reactions, due to photo-degeneration and photo-permeabilization, it was possible
      to identify the photodynamic damage to the nervous system histologically at the
      macroscopic, cellular and ultrastructural levels. In view of its accuracy and
      reproducibility, the photo-lesion technique holds great potential as a tool for
      investigating various nervous systems.

PMID- 2289118
TI  - Estradiol-induced prolactinomas: differential effects on dopamine in posterior
      pituitary and median eminence.
AB  - Prolactin release is inhibited by dopamine and stimulated by estradiol. Dopamine
      is released from nerve terminals in the median eminence and posterior pituitary.
      Estradiol may act directly on the anterior pituitary or by modulating the two
      dopaminergic systems. Estradiol treatment induces the formation of prolactinomas
      in Fischer 334 rats. Therefore, this strain was chosen as the experimental model.
      The first objective was to determine whether estradiol differentially regulates
      the two dopaminergic systems. The second objective was to explore whether the
      anterior pituitary in estradiol-treated rats acquires the capability for de novo
      synthesis of dopamine. Rats were ovariectomized and implanted with estradiol
      capsules (OVEX + E2). Controls were untreated ovariectomized rats (OVEX). Three
      weeks thereafter, rats were killed. Anterior and posterior pituitaries and medial
      basal hypothalami (MBH) were removed and individually incubated for 60 min in
      Hank's balanced salt solution containing 10 microCi [3H-]tyrosine. The median
      eminence was then dissected from the MBH. Tissues were homogenized in perchloric
      acid and the supernatant fluids were extracted with alumina. Both endogenous and
      tritiated dopamine were simultaneously quantitated by HPLC. Prolactinoma
      formation in OVEX + E2 rats was confirmed by dramatic rise (50-fold) in plasma
      prolactin levels and marked enlargement (3-fold) of the anterior pituitary.
      Estradiol treatment caused a significant 60% reduction in both dopamine content
      and synthesis in the median eminence. In contrast, estradiol treatment affected
      neither dopamine content nor synthesis in the posterior pituitary. There was no
      evidence for de novo synthesis of dopamine in anterior pituitaries from either
      OVEX or OVEX + E2 rats. We conclude that the two dopaminergic systems which
      regulate prolactin secretion, exhibit a differential response to estradiol.

PMID- 2289119
TI  - The pattern of 72-kDa heat shock protein-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain
      following flurothyl-induced status epilepticus.
AB  - The inducible 72-kDa heat shock protein (HSP72) is a highly conserved stress
      protein that is expressed in CNS cells and may play a role in protection from
      neural injury. We used a monoclonal antibody to HSP72 and immunocytochemistry to
      localize HSP72 in the rat brain 24 h following either 30 or 60 min of flurothyl
      induced status epilepticus. Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with halothane,
      paralyzed, and ventilated, and remained normotensive and well oxygenated for the
      duration of the seizures. Seizure activity was quantified via analysis of the
      scalp EEG pattern. HSP72-like immunoreactivity (HSP72-LI) was induced in specific
      brain regions in a graded fashion that correlated, in part, with the duration and
      degree of seizure activity. Milder seizures produced HSP72-LI limited to layers 2
      and 3 of frontoparietal cortex, dentate hilus cells, and CA3 pyramidal neurons.
      More extensive seizures led to HSP72-LI in layers 2, 3 and 5 of frontoparietal
      and visual cortex, dentate hilus cells, CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons, and
      certain thalamic and amygdaloid nuclei. These are similar to many, but not all,
      of the brain regions known to be injured with this model. No HSP72-LI was
      observed in sham-treated controls or flurothyl-treated animals whose seizures
      were controlled with pentobarbital. HSP72-LI thus localizes to certain regions of
      seizure-induced injury, and may provide a sensitive method of detecting neuronal
      'stress' or injury relatively soon after status epilepticus. Whether or not HSP72
      synthesis plays a protective role in the pathogenesis of seizures, or is only a
      marker for cell injury, remains to be determined.

PMID- 2289121
TI  - Glucose utilization and reflex activity of the transected rat spinal cord.
AB  - Spinal cord glucose utilization (SCGU) of gray and white matter was studied with
      the quantitative autoradiography [14C]2-deoxyglucose methodology, below and above
      a complete low thoracic transection. One day after transection, a generalized
      decrease in SCGU was observed in gray matter, particularly marked in the dorsal
      horn of the lumbar cord. A progressive increase in SCGU was observed thereafter.
      Values reached levels greater than those of non-transected controls by 2 and 4
      weeks after the intervention in ventral horn of the lumbar cord, and ventral and
      dorsal horn of the cervical cord. A similar behavior of SCGU was observed in
      white matter of transected animals. The development of 17 lumbar reflex
      modalities was quantified between days 1 and 28 after spinal transection. The
      delay in emergence of these reflexes was related to their complexity. Correlation
      of reflex scores with SCGU was significant for all lumbar cord regions but
      linearity of this relationship was only observed in white matter. These results
      uncover a close relationship between SCGU and reflex activity of the spinal cord
      below a complete transection, particularly striking in white matter and suggests
      a role of the fasciculi proprii of the spinal cord in this phenomenon.

PMID- 2289120
TI  - Activity of cat locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons during the defense
      reaction.
AB  - The single-unit activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) neurons was
      recorded in freely moving cats during naturally induced defense reactions.
      Defense reactions, consisting of arched back, piloerection, flattened ears and
      mydriasis, were elicited by exposing the cat either to a dog, or to a cat
      displaying aggressive behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the
      hypothalamus. LC-NE neurons were identified using previously established
      criteria, including suppression of firing during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
      and in response to clonidine administration. Exposure to a dog evoked defense
      reactions and increased the tonic firing rate of LC-NE neurons (n = 8) from a
      baseline of approximately 0.9 spikes/s to approximately 2.5 spikes/s. Exposure to
      an aggressive cat evoked defense reactions that were qualitatively very similar
      to those produced by dog exposure, and elevated the tonic firing rate of LC-NE
      neurons (n = 8) from a baseline of approximately 1.0 spikes/s to approximately
      2.5 spikes/s. In addition to these tonic elevations of activity, LC-NE neurons
      discharged in phasic bursts (as high as 10 spikes in a 500 ms period) in close
      association with specific threatening acts made by the dog or hypothalamically
      stimulated cat. The mere presence of a dog was sufficient to evoke tonic
      activation of LC-NE neurons, even in the absence of threatening advances by the
      dog, whereas exposure to a hypothalamically stimulated cat produced LC-NE
      neuronal activation only when the stimulated cat showed aggressive behavior.
      These results extend our previous work, which examined the response of LC-NE
      neurons to environmental and physiological stressors, into a more ethologically
      relevant domain, and suggest that LC-NE neuronal activation may play a role in
      the response to threatening or challenging situations.

PMID- 2289122
TI  - The morphology of regenerating peripheral nerves is modulated by the surface
      microgeometry of polymeric guidance channels.
AB  - The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of synthetic guidance
      channel surface microgeometry on morphological patterns of neural regeneration.
      Tubes with smooth (S), rough (R), or alternating smooth-rough (S/R) or rough
      smooth (R/S) inner surfaces but with identical chemical composition and
      permeability characteristics were used to bridge a 4-mm nerve gap in a transected
      mouse sciatic nerve. Animals received S and R channels for 1, 2 and 4 weeks and
      both S/R and R/S channels for 2 and 4 weeks. At 1 week, the S tubes contained a
      longitudinally oriented fibrin matrix not contacting the channel's smooth inner
      wall, whereas R tubes featured an unorganized fibrin matrix which, together with
      fibroblasts and macrophages, had invaded the channel's rough trabecular network.
      After 4 weeks, S tubes contained discrete, free-floating nerve cables with
      numerous myelinated and unmyelinated axons surrounded by a thin, continuous
      epineurial-like layer, whereas R tubes were completely filled with a loose
      connective tissue stroma with only a few axons. In combined S/R or R/S channels,
      the general morphological patterns in individual S or R segments were similar to
      those observed in pure S or R channels, regardless of whether the tube segment
      was positioned at the proximal or distal nerve end. Proximal smooth channel
      segments contained discrete cables which abruptly fanned out to completely fill
      the lumen in distal rough segments. The opposite pattern was observed with
      proximal rough and distal smooth segments. At 4 weeks, myelinated axons were
      observed along the entire length of S/R and R/S tubes. These results suggest that
      the surface microgeometry of guidance channels influences the outcome of
      peripheral nerve regeneration, potentially by affecting the early arrangement of
      the fibrin matrix and/or inducing different cellular responses.

PMID- 2289123
TI  - Antibody to a soluble protein purified from brain selectively labels layer V
      corticofugal projection neurons in rat neocortex.
AB  - An antibody to a soluble protein (protein 36) isolated and purified from rat
      brain labels the cell bodies and processes of pyramidal cells within layer V of
      the rat neocortex. We have used the fluorescent retrograde axonal tracer, Fast
      blue, in combination with FITC immunocytochemistry to determine the projection
      sites of the cortical neurons detected by this antibody. Retrogradely labeled
      pyramidal tract neurons and corticotectal neurons are labeled with the protein 36
      antibody, but the callosally projecting neurons within layer V are not. Thus
      within the neocortex the antibody to protein 36 may selectively detect a
      particular class of neuron, the corticofugal projection neurons of layer V.

PMID- 2289124
TI  - Effects of medial septal lesions on operant delayed alternation in rats.
AB  - The septohippocampal system regulates spatial behavior, memory and response
      flexibility. This experiment determined which of these functions is disrupted by
      medial septal lesions which impair operant delayed alternation in rats. Male
      hooded rats received either medial septal lesions or a control operation.
      Following recovery, they were reinforced for alternating left and right lever
      presses in an operant chamber. The effects of various delays (0, 10 and 20 s),
      and exteroceptive cues were assessed. Medial septal lesions did not impair
      alternation performance at the 0-s delay, but did produce severe impairments at
      the 10- and 20-s delays. An exteroceptive light cue which reduced the spatial
      requirements of the task did not ameliorate this impairment. However, an
      exteroceptive light cue which reduced the working-memory requirements of the task
      did ameliorate the lesion-induced deficit on delayed alternation. While the
      lesioned rats also made more perseverative errors than the controls,
      statistically removing this influence from the data did not modify the results.
      These data suggest that medial septal lesions in rats impair operant delayed
      alternation by disrupting the general process of working-memory rather than
      spatial behavior or response flexibility.

PMID- 2289125
TI  - Enzyme histochemical profiles of fish spinal motoneurons after cordotomy and
      axotomy of motor nerves.
AB  - Histochemical profiles were made of identified spinal motoneurons from normal
      adult zebrafish and from animals subjected to cordotomy or unilateral axotomy of
      the motor nerves. The lesions caused an increase of the myotomal area with
      oxidative muscle fibers. We studied the question: do changes in the myotomal
      muscle configuration concur with changes in the enzyme histochemical profiles of
      innervating motoneurons? Based on the location and size of cell somata, two
      categories of motoneurons are distinguished: large white (W) motoneurons that
      innervate the deep fast, glycolytic muscle fibers, and smaller red and
      intermediate (RI) motoneurons that innervate the superficial slow oxidative and
      intermediate muscle fibers. In normal animals, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      activity is high in the large W motoneurons and relatively low in the small RI
      motoneurons. The reverse holds for succinate dehydrogenase activity is high in
      the large W motoneurons and relatively low in the small RI motoneurons. The
      reverse holds for succinate dehydrogenase activity. W and RI motoneurons show
      similar nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase activity. Short- (2 weeks)
      and long- (8 weeks) term effects of lesions were studied. The results show that:
      (1) the 3 types of lesions lead to prolonged changes in the enzyme histochemical
      profiles of spinal motoneurons. The type of change depends on the type of lesion
      and on the type of motoneuron; (2) unilateral axotomy of the motor nerves affects
      the histochemical characteristics of spinal motoneurons and the myotomal muscle
      fiber type configuration on the ipsi- and contralateral side. The contralateral
      effects are conceived as adaptations to maintain a left-right symmetry in the
      motor output.

PMID- 2289126
TI  - Noxious stimulation of the toes evokes long-lasting, naloxone-reversible
      suppression of the sural-gastrocnemius reflex in the rabbit.
AB  - Repetitive stimulation of the small myelinated and non-myelinated afferents of
      the common peroneal (c.p.) nerve evokes a long-lasting (20-25 min), naloxone
      reversible inhibition of the sural-gastrocnemius reflex in the decerebrated and
      spinalized rabbit. Altering the number and frequency of stimuli applied to the
      c.p. nerve showed that this inhibition was dependent on temporal summation of
      afferent input from that nerve, and that the optimum frequency for producing the
      effect was between 2 and 10 Hz. Application of natural conditioning stimuli in
      and around the receptive field of the c.p. nerve showed that noxious, but not
      innocuous, mechanical and thermal stimuli could evoke long-lasting inhibition of
      the sural-gastrocnemius reflex. Thermal stimuli produced a biphasic change in the
      excitability of the reflex with facilitation followed by inhibition. The opioid
      antagonist naloxone (250 micrograms.kg-1) blocked all suppression resulting from
      these natural noxious stimuli. Chemical stimulation of the skin with mustard oil
      did not evoke naloxone-reversible inhibition of the reflex. These results
      indicate that intensely noxious stimuli can promote the release of opioid
      peptides in the spinal cord, and that one of the functions of these peptides may
      be to regulate the level of excitability in withdrawal reflex pathways.

PMID- 2289127
TI  - The 70-kDa epileptic cortical protein elicits bursting activity accompanied by a
      reduction of outward current in Euhadra neurons which is inhibited by an antibody
      against this protein.
AB  - The effect on membrane properties of 70-kDa protein (namely P70), a specific
      protein found in cobalt-induced epileptic cortex of rats, was examined
      electrophysiologically in identified neurons of the snail, Euhadra peliomphala.
      Injection of P70 into the neurons elicited a bursting activity resembling the
      paroxysmal depolarization shift seen in mammalian epileptic neurons and a
      reduction of the outward current, which were suppressed by Ca2(+)-free saline or
      tetraethylammonium. The injection of P70-antibody into neurons, preceding the P70
      injection, markedly inhibited the bursting activity and the reduced outward
      current elicited by P70. These findings suggest that P70 causes a reduction of
      Ca2(+)-dependent potassium conductance which may be one of the mechanisms
      generating epileptic bursting activity.

PMID- 2289128
TI  - Exposure to triphenyl phosphite results in widespread degeneration in the
      mammalian central nervous system.
AB  - Previous studies in mammals have found that exposure to triphenyl phosphite
      results in cellular and axonal degeneration in the spinal cord and medulla.
      However, the nature of concomitant clinical signs suggested that other areas of
      the central nervous system might also be affected. In this study, the brains of
      ferrets receiving single subcutaneous injections of triphenyl phosphite were
      examined 8-12 days after dosing. Widespread areas of axonal, terminal, and
      somatic degeneration were seen in medullary, pontine, and thalamic nuclei.
      Extensive axonal and terminal degeneration were also noted in the cerebellar
      granule cell layer and in the cerebral cortical primary visual and sensorimotor
      areas. These data indicate that triphenyl phosphite exerts a potent neurotoxic
      effect, not only in the medulla and spinal cord, but also in the cerebellum,
      thalamus, and cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2289129
TI  - Rate of re-entrainment of circadian rhythms to advances of light-dark cycles may
      depend on ways of shifting the cycles.
AB  - When an 8-h advance of a light-dark (LD) cycle was accomplished by shortening of
      one dark period by 8 h, the rat pineal N-acetyltransferase rhythm was abolished
      during the first 3 subsequent cycles and reappeared in its original waveform
      during the fifth cycle only. When the 8-h advance shift was accomplished by
      lengthening of two consecutive light periods by 8 h, the N-acetyltransferase
      rhythm persisted and attained its original waveform by 2 days earlier than under
      the former shift. Re-entrainment is thus more rapid when the advance shift is
      accomplished by twice delaying than by once advancing of the LD cycle by 8 h.

PMID- 2289130
TI  - Hippocampal kindling alters the concentration of glial fibrillary acidic protein
      and other marker proteins in rat brain.
AB  - The effect of hippocampal kindling on neuronal and glial marker proteins was
      studied in the rat by immunochemical methods. In hippocampus, pyriform cortex and
      amygdala there was an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),
      indicating reactive gliosis, and an increase in the glycolytic enzyme NSE,
      suggesting increased anaerobic metabolism. Neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)
      decreased in pyriform cortex and amygdala of kindled rats, indicating neuronal
      degeneration.

PMID- 2289131
TI  - Sexual dimorphisms in the vocal control system of a teleost fish: ultrastructure
      of neuromuscular junctions.
AB  - In the sound-generating fish, Porichthys notatus, large, nest-guarding 'Type I'
      males use their swimbladder 'drumming' muscles to produce acoustic communication
      signals. Females and another group of smaller sexually mature males ('Type II')
      have not been observed to produce sounds. Electron microscopy was used to compare
      the morphology of the neuromuscular junctions in vocalizing Type I males to those
      of Type II males and females. Significant differences were seen in synaptic
      vesicle density, terminal size, degree of terminal invagination below the muscle
      fiber surface, number of Schwann cell processes along the non-synaptic boundary
      of boutons, and the number of boutons per innervation site.

PMID- 2289132
TI  - Effects of beta-endorphin on DNA synthesis in brain regions of preweanling rats.
AB  - Recent studies of whole brain in rat pups have shown a marked decrease in DNA
      synthesis following intracisternal (i.c.) administration of beta-endorphin (BE).
      This investigation examines DNA synthesis in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum
      to determine whether the effect shows regional selectivity. Two- to twenty-day
      old rats were given a single ic injection of BE, and DNA synthesis was assessed 1
      h later. In the cerebral cortex, a region that undergoes major phases of cell
      multiplication in the immediate pre- and postnatal periods, BE significantly
      decreased DNA synthesis in 2-day-old rats, and a maximal inhibition was obtained
      by 4 days of age. In contrast, the cerebellum, a region that grows predominantly
      after birth, showed less sensitivity to BE during the early postnatal days, and a
      maximal effect was not attained until 10 days of age. While at 15 days of age the
      inhibition began to diminish in the cortex, a maximal effect was still seen in
      the cerebellum. Naloxone prevented the response in both brain regions, indicating
      the participation of opioid receptors. These results indicate that CNS BE is
      apparently able to alter DNA synthesis throughout the brain, with the greatest
      sensitivity occurring in those regions with highest mitotic rates at the time of
      exposure to BE.

PMID- 2289133
TI  - Daily cocaine treatment produces a persistent reduction of [3H]dopamine uptake in
      vitro in rat nucleus accumbens but not in striatum.
AB  - Daily administration of cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p. x 3 days) led to a decrease in the
      total amount of 15 nM [3H]dopamine uptake in rat nucleus accumbens with no change
      in uptake in the striatum when tested 24 h after the last injection. There was an
      increase in the Km for dopamine uptake in the nucleus accumbens of cocaine
      treated rats, with no change in the Vmax. Furthermore, cocaine was a more potent
      inhibitor of [3H]dopamine uptake in vitro in the nucleus accumbens of rats
      treated with cocaine than in those which had received saline.

PMID- 2289134
TI  - Is there a role for an endothelium-derived relaxing factor in nociception?
AB  - Many of the circulating algesic agents released in response to ischemia produce a
      profound vasodilatation possibly through the release of an endothelium-derived
      relaxing factor (EDRF) as well as pain. We report here that intravenously
      administered S-nitrosocysteine, a putative EDRF, and not the nitric oxide
      liberating compound sodium nitroprusside produces significant alterations in
      nociceptive behavior that are abolished by bilateral vagotomy. These results are
      consistent with a role for EDRF in peripheral nociceptive mechanisms.

PMID- 2289135
TI  - Opioid peptide regulation of neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis:
      a microiontophoretic study.
AB  - Single unit activity was recorded from neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria
      terminalis (BNST) in response to single or combined microiontophoretic ejection
      of D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide (DAME) and naloxone. BNST neurons showed
      predominantly excitatory responses following small iontophoretic applications of
      DAME, and these responses were antagonized by naloxone. In contrast, inhibitory
      responses that were elicited by DAME required larger ejection currents and
      usually failed to show naloxone antagonism. The results indicate that activation
      of enkephalin-sensitive BNST neurons by DAME is primarily, but not exclusively,
      excitatory, which suggests that these responses may reflect differences in
      receptor sensitivity to the applied agonist.

PMID- 2289136
TI  - Increased immunoreactivity of brain spectrin in Alzheimer disease: a marker for
      synapse loss?
AB  - Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized, among other pathological alterations, by
      an extensive synapse loss. Brain spectrin is a membrane skeleton protein found in
      synapses, and its immunoreactivity has been shown to increase in the rat model of
      denervation. In order to test the hypothesis that there is an increase in brain
      spectrin immunoreactivity in relation to the synapse pathology in AD, we studied
      brain sections and homogenates from AD and control cases and found increased anti
      brain spectrin immunostaining of neurons, fibers, and plaques, with a relative
      decrease in the granular pattern of neuropil immunoreactivity. Western blot
      analysis showed a 25% increase in the 150 kDa bands (degradation products) in the
      cytosolic fraction and a decrease in the 240 kDa band (intact brain spectrin) in
      the particulate fraction. Altered immunostaining of brain sections and Western
      blot was not observed with an antibody against red blood cell spectrin
      demonstrating the specific change of brain spectrin. These results support the
      contention that increased brain spectrin immunoreactivity is a marker of synapse
      or neuronal loss and further supports the concept of synapse pathology in AD.

PMID- 2289137
TI  - Frontal lobe contribution to voluntary movements in humans.
AB  - We assessed the contribution of human prefrontal cortex to movement related
      potentials (MRPs) generated prior to voluntary movements. MRPs were recorded
      during self-paced movements of the right thumb (experimental condition I), the
      left thumb (experimental condition II) and both thumbs (experimental condition
      III) from patients with focal lesions centered in dorsolateral frontal
      association cortex (PFCx, n = 11) and in age matched controls (n = 11). Controls
      generated a slowly rising readiness potential (RP) beginning at about 1000 ms
      prior to movement. A negative shift (NS') began at about 450 ms and a motor
      potential (MP) appeared at about 100 ms prior to movement. Both the NS' and MP
      were maximal over scalp sites contralateral to movements. Unilateral PFCx lesions
      preferentially reduced the RP and NS' components of the MRP. This indicates that
      PFCx is involved in a neural network beginning at least 1000 ms prior to
      movement. The differential PFCx effects on the early (RP, NS') and late
      components (MP) suggest that these MRPs index different movement-related
      circuits.

PMID- 2289138
TI  - Effects of MK-801 upon local cerebral glucose utilisation in conscious rats
      following unilateral lesion of caudal entorhinal cortex.
AB  - Local cerebral glucose utilisation was examined in 62 discrete regions of
      conscious rats following unilateral ibotenic acid lesion of the caudal entorhinal
      cortex, and subsequent pharmacological challenge with (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro
      5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801), a non-competitive N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Fourteen days after unilateral
      lesion of the entorhinal cortex, there were no significant alterations in local
      cerebral glucose use except within the lesioned entorhinal cortex (reduced by 31%
      compared to sham-operated control animals). In sham-operated animals, systemic
      administration of MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) induced anatomically organised
      alterations in glucose use with increases in olfactory areas, subicular complex
      and some limbic areas (posterior cingulate cortex, mammillary body and
      anteroventral thalamic nucleus), and decreases in the inferior colliculus and
      neocortex (auditory, sensory-motor, somatosensory and frontal cortices). In
      animals with unilateral entorhinal cortex lesions, the metabolic response to MK
      801 differed significantly from the response to the drug in sham-lesioned animals
      in a number of regions, viz. hippocampus, molecular layer (ipsilateral to
      lesion), entorhinal cortex (ipsilateral), dentate gyrus (ipsilateral),
      presubiculum (bilateral), parasubiculum (bilateral) and nucleus accumbens
      (bilateral). The ability of MK-801 to reduce glucose use in the neocortex was not
      altered by entorhinal cortex lesion. These data suggest that the functional
      consequences of non-competitive NMDA receptor blockade are dependent in some
      areas upon the integrity of the perforant pathway from the entorhinal cortex to
      the hippocampus.

PMID- 2289139
TI  - The role of striatopallidal neurones utilizing gamma-aminobutyric acid in the
      pathophysiology of MPTP-induced parkinsonism in the primate: evidence from
      [3H]flunitrazepam autoradiography.
AB  - The GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in the basal ganglia of primates treated
      with the neurotoxin n-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been
      studied by semi-quantitative autoradiography with [3H]flunitrazepam ([3H]FNZ).
      Systemic treatment with MPTP produced a stable and lasting parkinsonian
      condition, with pronounced bradykinesia, akinesia and tremor. In the lateral
      segment of the globus pallidus (GPL) there was a significant reduction of [3H]FNZ
      binding compared with non-treated animals. There were no significant changes in
      the [3H]FNZ binding in the caudate nucleus, putamen and medial globus pallidus
      (GPM). This suggests that MPTP-treatment increases GABA release within the GPL
      exclusively. In view of the available evidence suggesting increased striatal
      output, and reduced unit activity within the GPL of the MPTP-treated primate, it
      seems likely that the striatal GABAergic output to the GPL is overactive in this
      model of Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, as there is no evidence for a change
      in GABA function within the GPM using this measure, the striatal neurones which
      innervate the GPM may be differentially affected by loss of dopamine innervation.
      In line with structural evidence and extrastriatal dopamine receptor distribution
      this suggests that the two striatopallidal systems are functionally
      heterogeneous. A hemi-parkinsonian primate model has also been used in this
      study. This model was produced by injection of MPTP directly into one carotid
      artery. The substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) was destroyed on the injected
      side alone, and consequently the appearance of parkinsonian symptoms was confined
      to the contralateral side. [3H]FNZ binding in the GPL appears to be bilaterally
      reduced in this model, suggesting an interaction between the treated and non
      treated side of the brain. In addition there is increased binding in the putamen
      and GPM with respect to the non-treated side of the brain. The increased [3H]FNZ
      binding in the GPM of the unilateral model may be due to the greater disruption
      of the nigropallidal and/or nigrostiatal dopamine neurones relative to the
      systemic model. The former would have the effect of uncoupling D1 dopamine
      receptors located on the terminals of striatal efferents from nigropallidal
      dopamine input, and as D1 dopamine receptors are implicated in the presynaptic
      control of GABA release from the terminals of striatal efferents, this would
      consequently reduce the level of GABA release in the GPM. The latter possibility
      would suggest that striatopallidal neurones projecting to GPM are more resistant
      to the effects of dopaminergic denervation than those projecting to GPL.

PMID- 2289140
TI  - Parameters of retinal graft-mediated responses are related to underlying target
      innervation.
AB  - Retinae taken from embryonic mice were transplanted to the brain of newborn rats.
      One eye was removed from the recipients at this time to promote innervation of
      host visual centers. After 4-6 weeks the optic nerve of the remaining eye was
      transected to eliminate all visual afferents of host origin and 4-6 days later
      the grafts were exposed surgically for testing. Nineteen animals with grafts
      located on the dorsal surface of the cerebellum form the basis of this study.
      Animals differing markedly in behavioral performance were selected for
      simultaneous immunohistochemical processing. Measurements of peak density and
      area of mouse-specific immunoreactivity associated with the olivary pretectal
      nuclei (OPN) were compared to pupillary response parameters using the Pearson
      correlation coefficient. This analysis was performed on the combined data from
      all groups and revealed a number of highly significant correlations between both
      area and density of labelling and pupillary response parameters. In all 7 co
      processed groups, the best responders within each group showed the heaviest
      innervation of the olivary pretectal nucleus. These findings indicate therefore
      that the degree to which a transplanted retina innervates the appropriate host
      brain target is an important determinant of graft efficacy. The xenograft
      mediated pupillary reflex provides a model which permits detailed analysis of the
      relationship between connectivity and behavior in a simple relay system.

PMID- 2289142
TI  - Interactions of visual and auditory mossy fiber inputs in the paraflocculus of
      the rat: a gating action of multimodal inputs.
AB  - We have demonstrated previously that visual and auditory inputs reach the rat
      paraflocculus via dorsolateral pontine gray from the secondary regions of the
      visual and auditory cortices. It has also been demonstrated that mossy fiber
      responses can be evoked to physiological acoustic stimuli in unanesthetized
      preparations. In this study, we investigated the interaction of auditory and
      visual inputs in the paraflocculus. Activity of parafloccular neurons was
      recorded in immobilized, locally anesthetized hooded rats. Selected images and
      tones were presented to animals. Orientation, position, and velocity of visual
      stimuli and different parameters of acoustic stimuli were controlled by a
      computer. Visual and auditory stimuli were also presented in combination or in
      different temporal sequences. We discovered that visual and auditory stimuli have
      coextensive termination zones in paraflocculus, and influence the same neurons in
      60% of the cases. Combined auditory and visual stimuli produced synergistic
      responses in parafloccular neurons in comparison with single modality stimuli.
      Augmentation of responses could be observed even when one of the stimuli was
      subthreshold and did not alter per se the neuronal activity. Our findings suggest
      that within the cerebro-cerebellar system, subthreshold inputs are capable of
      powerful control over the neuronal activity and may alter responses to subsequent
      stimuli when properly biased by inputs from paired modalities.

PMID- 2289141
TI  - Neural nicotinic acetylcholine responses in sensory neurons from postnatal rat.
AB  - The whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique was used to study
      nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) responses in freshly dissociated dorsal root
      ganglion (DRG) cells from postnatal rat. At negative holding potentials with
      physiological solutions in the bath and the pipette, ACh (20 microM), nicotine (5
      microM) or DMPP (20 microM) activated inward currents in 51% of the cells.
      Average current density was higher in 1-month-old compared to newborn animals.
      Nicotinic agonist-induced currents were unaffected by atropine (10 microM) but
      reversibly blocked by hexamethonium (20 microM). Although labeling with
      fluorescent alpha-bungarotoxin (BGT) demonstrated the presence of toxin binding
      sites on DRG cells, DMPP-induced inward currents were unaffected by micromolar
      BGT. Neuronal bungarotoxin (100 nM), in contrast, led to a largely irreversible
      block of the nicotinic responses. These results show that postnatal DRG cells
      express functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) of a neuronal type.

PMID- 2289143
TI  - Increased type II glucocorticoid-receptor numbers and glucocorticoid-sensitive
      enzyme activities in the brain of the obese Zucker rat.
AB  - The possibility that the glucocorticoid-dependence of obesity of the obese fa/fa
      rat reflects on overactivity of glucocorticoids on the brain has been
      investigated by studies of enzyme activities and glucocorticoid type II (GR)
      receptors. The activity of 2 glucocorticoid-sensitive enzymes, glycerol-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase, were increased in the
      hippocampus of obese rats. In contrast malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase,
      glucocorticoid-insensitive enzymes, were normal. Adrenalectomy of obese rats
      reduced glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity to the level of lean rats.
      Scatchard analysis of [3H]corticosterone binding showed that the number of type
      II (GR) receptors was increased in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of obese rats
      but the affinity of these receptors was reduced. The evidence supports the
      hypothesis of excessive central glucocorticoid activity in the obese rat.

PMID- 2289144
TI  - Different changes in spontaneous field potential oscillations precede
      epileptiform bursting in hippocampal slices perfused with penicillin or reduced
      magnesium.
AB  - Power spectra were used to analyse spontaneous field potentials (SFPs) recorded
      in the CA3 distal apical dendritic region of guinea pig hippocampal slices
      perfused with either penicillin or reduced Mg2+. High concentrations of
      penicillin (2000 IU/ml) progressively converted the low amplitude, irregular
      oscillations observed in control medium to higher amplitude, low frequency,
      rhythmic oscillations at approximately 2-3 Hz just prior to the onset of
      spontaneous, synchronized bursting. Low concentrations (50-300 IU/ml) increased
      the power of frequencies below 10 Hz and suppressed higher frequencies in a dose
      dependent fashion. Although Mg2(+)-free medium also increased the magnitude of
      the SFPs prior to the onset of synchronous bursting, the changes were smaller
      than with penicillin and the frequency distribution was completely different. Low
      concentrations of Mg2+ (0.0-0.5 mM) increased the power across all frequencies,
      however, the maximal effect was on frequencies between 5 and 25 Hz. The
      transition from normal to epileptiform activity may proceed through at least 2
      distinct intermediate states. When recurrent inhibition is blocked (penicillin),
      synchronous synaptic activity precedes the onset of bursting, whereas non
      specific increases in excitability and activation of NMDA receptors (reduced
      Mg2+) produce an asynchronous transition state.

PMID- 2289145
TI  - Beta-amyloid protein increases the vulnerability of cultured cortical neurons to
      excitotoxic damage.
AB  - Glutamate neurotoxicity may be an underlying pathological mechanism contributing
      to neuronal cell loss in a variety of conditions including Alzheimer's disease
      (AD). In this study, we examined whether the beta-amyloid protein found in the
      neuritic plaques of AD alters the susceptibility of neurons to excitotoxic
      damage. While mature cortical neurons exposed to beta-amyloid protein for 2-4
      days did not appear to be damaged, their vulnerability to low-intensity exposure
      to glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and kainate increased, suggesting that this
      mechanism may contribute to the neurodegeneration seen in AD.

PMID- 2289146
TI  - Morphological changes of taste buds and fungiform papillae following long-term
      neurectomy.
AB  - Long-term neurectomy of chorda tympani-lingual nerves results in a complete
      disappearance of taste buds from rabbit fungiform papillae. This supports the
      view that taste buds of mammalian fungiform papillae are neurally dependent.
      Furthermore, the covering epithelium of denervated fungiform papillae develops a
      characteristic keratinization pattern corresponding to that of filiform papillae.

PMID- 2289147
TI  - Presence and induction of Fos B-like immunoreactivity in neural, but not non
      neural, cells in adult rat brain.
AB  - The presence and induction of Fos B, a novel growth factor-activated gene, was
      investigated in adult rat brain using an antiserum to Fos B and
      immunocytochemical methods. In normal rat brain immunoreactivity was detected in
      the nuclei of nerve cells scattered in the cerebral cortex, striatum, amygdala,
      hippocampus and dentate gyrus. This immunostaining was not present in adjacent
      brain sections incubated with anti-Fos B serum preadsorbed with the Fos B
      peptide. Furthermore, Fos B-like immunoreactivity was induced in neurons by two
      treatments (focal brain injury and haloperidol injection) that are known to
      induce Fos, however, whereas Fos levels returned to baseline 24 h after these
      treatments, Fos B-like immunoreactivity remained elevated at this time point.
      Also, although focal brain injury and rolipram injections induced Fos in
      ependymal and glial-like cells in rat brain, Fos B-like immunoreactivity was not
      detected in these non-neural cells. The implications of these results for the
      presence of Fos B in adult neurons is discussed.

PMID- 2289148
TI  - Habenulopetal catecholaminergic projections in the rat brain: a combined Fluoro
      Gold/catecholamine fluorescence study.
AB  - Habenulopetal catecholamine (CA)-containing neurons were determined using Fluoro
      Gold retrograde tracing combined with a CA-fluorescence technique. A robust
      number of habenulopetal CA neurons were found mainly in the ipsilateral locus
      coeruleus (LC), while a considerable number of habenulopetal non-CA neurons were
      found in the LC, subcoeruleus, A5, A4 and A7 areas.

PMID- 2289149
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) distribution in the tissue and extracellular
      compartment in different regions of rat brain.
AB  - The regional distribution of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was examined in
      the tissue and extracellular compartment of rat brain. The tissue content of IGF
      I was the highest in the pituitary gland, followed by the olfactory bulb, upper
      brainstem, cerebellum, striatum, hippocampus, lower brainstem, and cerebral
      cortex. The extracellular concentration was studied by intracerebral
      microdialysis technique, and the highest content was found in the hippocampus,
      followed by the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, cerebellum, striatum, and cerebral
      cortex. The tissue and extracellular contents were significantly correlated in
      the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, cerebellum, striatum, and cerebral cortex. IGF
      I might act by paracrine and/or autocrine regulatory mechanisms in these regions.

PMID- 2289150
TI  - MK-801 antagonizes methamphetamine-induced decreases in hippocampal and striatal
      corticosteroid receptors.
AB  - Administration of methamphetamine (15 mg/kg) to adrenalectomized rats
      significantly decreased hippocampal type I and II corticosteroid receptors as
      well as type II receptors in the striatum. Type II receptors in the frontal
      cortex and hypothalamus were unaffected by methamphetamine administration.
      Pretreatment with MK-801, a non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate
      receptors, antagonized the methamphetamine-induced decrease in hippocampal and
      striatal corticosteroid receptors. These results are in agreement with previous
      studies demonstrating that some of the neurobiological effects of methamphetamine
      may be mediated via a mechanism involving excitatory amino acids.

PMID- 2289151
TI  - Stressor induced variations of intracranial self-stimulation from the mesocortex
      in several strains of mice.
AB  - Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) from the mesocortex was assessed in
      BALB/cByJ, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice immediately, 24 h and again 168 h following
      stressor application. Stressor exposure failed to influence ICSS performance in
      C57BL/6J mice, while self-stimulation performance was reduced among BALB/cByJ
      mice only in the immediate post-stressor interval. In contrast, DBA/2J mice
      exhibited reduced rates of responding for brain stimulation at each of the post
      stressor intervals. The potential contribution of DA alterations to the strain
      dependent variations of ICSS performance induced by uncontrollable footshock are
      discussed.

PMID- 2289152
TI  - Hydrocephalus in developing cats: physiological properties of visual cortex
      cells.
AB  - We have studied electrophysiologically by single cell recording in the visual
      cortex, whether modification of the visual system in developing and in adult cats
      by hydrocephalus has an effect on processing of visual information. One of our
      cats (H1) had developed a complete hydrocephalus and the others partial, as
      proved by either complete or partial dilation of the lateral ventricles,
      respectively and by the thinning of the cortex. Despite this, the horizontal
      lamination and the vertical organization of the cortex were fully preserved.
      Except for the optic radiation and the corpus callosum which was remarkably
      modified, the optic tract, chiasm, nerve and retina were morphologically and
      histologically normal. The visual behavior of the hydrocephalic cats was normal.
      This was also reflected, by and large, in the physiological properties of the
      visual cortex. However, in cat H1 there were many more visually unresponsive
      cortical cells in comparison to its matched controls (C1) and the normal cats. A
      reduced responsiveness was also found in cat H2 with partial hydrocephalus but
      not in the other partial hydrocephalic cats. Similarly, the ocular dominance
      distribution of the cells was affected in cat H1 in comparison to the control
      cats as indicated by the changes found in the relative proportions of
      contralaterally and ipsilaterally driven cells in the two hemispheres. No change
      was, however, found in the partially hydrocephalic cats. Most of the cells in the
      hydrocephalic cats were orientation specific, similarly to the result of their
      matched controls. Direction specific cells were much smaller in proportion in cat
      H1 but not in the other cats, in comparison with their matched controls. In
      keeping with this, a large increase was found in the receptive field area of cat
      H1, a smaller one in cat H2 and none in the other hydrocephalic cats in
      comparison to the matched controls. The eccentricity distribution of the
      receptive fields in the hydrocephalic cats was the same as expected under normal
      conditions. It was concluded that in the way hydrocephalus had modified the brain
      of several of our cats, a quantitative effect was induced in visual cortex cells
      leading to some degradation of function; this change, however, did not interfere
      with their basic visual properties.

PMID- 2289153
TI  - A method for gustatory stimulus delivery in awake rhesus monkeys.
AB  - A novel taste stimulus delivery technique along with a simple electronic onset
      marking system, designed for complex, neurophysiological-behavioral experiments
      in awake monkeys, are described. Intraoral implantation of a polyethylene tubing
      fistula enabled us to perform repeated, well-standardized application of various
      taste solutions to broad areas of gustatory receptors on the tongue, palate,
      pharynx and epiglottis while activity of single neurons was extracellularly
      recorded in behaving rhesus monkeys. By introducing an electronic marking onset
      and duration of the stimulation could be determined.

PMID- 2289154
TI  - Predegenerated peripheral nerve grafts facilitate neurite outgrowth from the
      hippocampus.
AB  - Autologous predegenerated (10 days after transection) (PD) distal stumps of rat
      sciatic nerves and nonpredegenerated (NPD) nerves were implanted into the
      hippocampus. Light microscopic examination of sections treated by hematoxylin
      eosin and Nauta-Gygax silver method was performed at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks
      following implantation and revealed that two weeks after surgery PD implants were
      better connected with the surrounding brain tissue than NPD nerve fragments.
      Greater differences were observed at the 4th week of the experiment.
      Predegenerated grafts were better vascularized and contained many fibers bridging
      the site of anastomosis. At the 8th and 16th week, there were, in the microscopic
      preparations, no visible differences between PD sciatic nerve grafts and NPD
      ones.

PMID- 2289155
TI  - Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the
      brain stem of the cat.
AB  - By using intratissue injections of colchicine and an indirect immunoperoxidase
      technique, we studied the distribution of cell bodies and fibers containing
      neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the brain stem of the cat. The densest
      clusters of immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the following nuclei:
      anteroventral cochlear, lateral reticular (internal and external divisions),
      dorsal tegmental, inferior colliculus and dorsal nucleus of the lateral
      lemniscus. By contrast, the nuclei abducens, the nucleus of the trapezoid body,
      preolivary, interpeduncularis, infratrigeminal, gigantocellular tegmental field,
      coeruleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus had the lowest density. Finally,
      a moderate density of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive cell bodies was found in
      the nuclei: lateral tegmental field, laminar spinal trigeminal, praepositus
      hypoglossi, superior colliculus, lateral vestibular and motor trigeminal. In
      addition, a mapping of the neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive fibers was carried
      out. Thus, the densest network of immunoreactive fibers was observed in the
      laminar spinal trigeminal nucleus. The nuclei periaqueductal gray, inferior
      central, praepositus hypoglossi, postpyramidal raphe, dorsal raphe, incertus and
      medial vestibular contained a moderate density of immunoreactive fibers, whereas
      the nuclei interpeduncularis, inferior colliculus, superior central, gracile,
      retrorubral, Kolliker-Fuse, dorsal tegmental, ambiguus and alaminar spinal
      trigeminal had the lowest density of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive fibers.
      The anatomical location of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity suggests that the
      peptide could play an important role in several physiological functions, e.g.,
      those involved in cardiovascular, auditory, motor, visual, nociceptive and
      somatosensory mechanisms.

PMID- 2289156
TI  - Units in tegmental nuclei responding to stimulation of gastric vagal and greater
      splanchnic fibers in the cat.
AB  - The response of neurons in the ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei during
      electrical stimulation of the gastric vagal fibers which serve the proximal
      stomach and the left greater splanchnic fibers were evaluated in chloralose
      anesthetized cats. The mean latency of 181 gastric vagally evoked unitary
      responses recorded in the tegmental nuclei was 352.2 ms, whereas the latency of
      the left greater splanchnic-evoked tegmental response was significantly less
      (63.2 ms). The unitary responses to the gastric vagal and greater splanchnic
      fibers stimulation were bilaterally distributed in the ventral and dorsal
      tegmental nuclei. Convergence of the gastric vagal input from the proximal
      stomach and the left greater splanchnic input was observed in 151 units (83
      percent). Stimulation of the greater splanchnic nerve usually resulted in a short
      latency excitation followed by an inhibitory effect on gastric vagally evoked
      responses. The results suggested that some convergent splanchnic inhibition of
      gastric vagally evoked responses was mediated via an interneuron. Projections
      from the nucleus tractus solitarius and the parabrachial nucleus to the tegmental
      nuclei were also identified electrophysiologically by direct microstimulation of
      the two former areas. The significant number of gastric vagal and splanchnic
      evoked unitary responses recorded in the ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei
      suggested that they may serve as an important pontine site for processing of
      visceral information between the nucleus tractus solitarius and forebrain sites.

PMID- 2289157
TI  - Hippocampal pathway to the amygdala and stress ulcer development.
AB  - The objective of the first study was to localize the reported aggravation of
      stress ulcers found after large bilateral hippocampal lesions in rats. Lesions in
      the ventral hippocampus produced a similar increase in the severity of gastric
      erosions after cold-restraint, as was seen after large bilateral lesions. Dorsal
      hippocampal damage produced no differential effects. In the second experiment,
      high-frequency electrical stimulation of the ventral CA1 region of the
      hippocampus, a procedure known to induce long-term potentiation, increased the
      evoked potentials in the lateral central nucleus of the amygdala, and in adjacent
      parts of the lateral and basolateral nuclei. The increase in the efficacy of
      synaptic transmission in this pathway attenuated stress ulcer development. It was
      concluded that the ventral hippocampus is part of a coping system, and a
      strengthening of synaptic connections with the central amygdala increases the
      coping ability of rats under stress conditions.

PMID- 2289158
TI  - GABA accumulating neurons are relatively resistant to chronic hypoxia in vitro:
      an autoradiographic study.
AB  - Whether there is preferential loss of certain types of nerve cells or specific
      cellular functions after hypoxic or ischemic insults remains unclear. To evaluate
      this phenomenon in vitro, the vulnerability of GABAergic neurons to hypoxia was
      investigated both quantitatively and with autoradiography. Immature neuronal
      cortical cultures obtained from fetal mice were subjected to chronic hypoxia (5%
      O2) for 24 h or 48 h and then returned to the normoxic condition for 48 h. The
      shorter hypoxic exposure resulted in significantly reduced numbers of neurons in
      comparison to the longer exposure and also to controls (29% and 26%,
      respectively; p less than 0.001). LDH efflux, a reliable indicator of cell
      damage, also was higher after the shorter exposure insult. Nevertheless, in these
      same 24 h hypoxic cultures there was prominent sparing of those neurons which
      accumulate GABA: by 48 h of recovery GABAergic neurons constituted 29.3 +/- 2.0%
      of the remaining neuronal population in comparison to 11.6 +/- 0.6 and 14.4 +/-
      0.8% for controls and 48 h hypoxia, respectively; (p less than 0.001). Although
      total GABA uptake per neuron was significantly decreased after both types of
      insult, there was a concomitant increase in glial GABA uptake (i.e., that which
      could be displaced by beta-alanine). These observations suggest that certain
      GABAergic cortical neurons are relatively more resistant to chronic hypoxia than
      the general neuronal population and that depression of overall neuronal GABA
      uptake may be associated with enhanced glial GABA uptake.

PMID- 2289159
TI  - Adrenalectomy decreases neuropeptide Y mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that glucocorticoids may increase NPY and NPY mRNA levels.
      To determine if endogenous corticosterone affects the level of NPY mRNA in areas
      that control NPY levels in the paraventricular nucleus, we examined the effects
      of adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement on NPY mRNA levels in the arcuate
      nucleus and brainstem. Rats were either adrenalectomized, adrenalectomized and
      corticosterone replaced, or sham-operated. The arcuate nucleus, hypothalamus
      (excluding arcuate nucleus), and brainstem were collected and the RNA isolated.
      Dot blots were made of each tissue and the NPY mRNA quantitated by densitometry.
      Adrenalectomy significantly reduced NPY mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus, while
      corticosterone replacement restored the NPY mRNA levels. NPY mRNA levels in the
      remainder of the hypothalamus were not affected by adrenalectomy. Adrenalectomy
      also had no affect on NPY mRNA levels in the brainstem. These data suggest that
      the paraventricular nucleus may be affected by glucocorticoids via an NPY pathway
      and that the two major afferent pathways of NPY-containing neurons to the
      paraventricular nucleus may be regulated by different mechanisms.

PMID- 2289160
TI  - Treadmill locomotion and aversive effects induced by electrical stimulation of
      the mesencephalic locomotor region in the rat.
AB  - The effects of electrical stimulation of the "mesencephalic locomotor region" and
      adjacent dorsolateral tegmentum were assessed and compared in the same rats in
      freely moving conditions or when lightly anesthetized and suspended over a moving
      treadmill. In freely moving conditions, electrical brain stimulation (EBS) of
      this part of the mesencephalon elicited mainly aversive effects (escape
      reactions: violent running and explosive jumps), but also ipsiversive circling
      and "gnawing." On the treadmill, EBS induced flexions of hindlimbs followed by
      locomotion (stepping) or flexions only. In addition, it was found that locomotion
      and flexions on the treadmill were almost exclusively elicited by EBS of sites
      positive for escape reactions in freely moving conditions.

PMID- 2289161
TI  - In vivo voltammetry study of the modulatory action of prolactin on the mesolimbic
      dopaminergic system.
AB  - The effects of an acute subcutaneous injection of ovine prolactin (PRL) or its
      vehicle on total motor activity and the extracellular levels of dopamine (DA),
      DOPAC and ascorbic acid (AA) in the nucleus accumbens were monitored
      simultaneously in freely behaving male rats. The neurochemical data were obtained
      by Differential Normal Pulse Voltammetry using electrochemically pretreated
      carbon fiber microelectrodes and numerical waveform analysis of the catechol
      peak. PRL treatment increased the extracellular levels of DA and DOPAC in the
      nucleus accumbens, which is consistent with previous reports using other
      methodologies. Furthermore, there was a concomitant decrease in the AA signals
      and motor activity. These findings suggest an antagonistic action of PRL on
      dopaminergic transmission in the mesolimbic system.

PMID- 2289163
TI  - Taste responses in the parabrachial pons of ovariectomized rats.
AB  - Since the early 1970s it has been known that female rats prefer higher
      concentrations of sweet stimuli compared with males. Recent data have revealed
      that electrophysiological responses to sweet tastes recorded in the parabrachial
      nucleus of the pons (PbN), the second relay in the neural pathway for taste, are
      larger in diestrus female rats compared with those in males. Because it has been
      shown that ovariectomized rats have lowered preferences for saccharin compared
      with intact females, it is possible to predict that responses to sweet stimuli in
      the PbN of ovariectomized rats might be smaller than those in intact females. To
      investigate this hypothesis, electrophysiological responses to representatives of
      the 4 basic taste qualities, i.e., salty, sour, sweet and bitter, were recorded
      in the PbN of ovariectomized rats. Gustatory stimuli included NaCl (0.1 M), HCl
      (0.01 M), sucrose (0.5 M), quinineHCl (0.01 M) and Na-saccharin (0.004 M).
      Comparison of taste responses of 49 PbN units in ovariectomized rats with those
      in the PbN of intact female and male rats showed that responses to sweet stimuli
      were of comparable magnitude to those in female rats but elevated compared with
      those in male rats. However, responses of PbN units to quinine appeared to be
      larger in ovariectomized rats compared with those in the PbN of both intact
      female and male rats. These results suggest that decreased saccharin preference
      in ovariectomized rats may reflect a greater sensitivity to the bitter components
      of the taste of saccharin. Moreover, these data provide evidence that taste
      responses in the PbN are influenced by both the activational and organizational
      actions of ovarian hormones.

PMID- 2289162
TI  - Responses to small magnetic variations by the trigeminal system of the bobolink.
AB  - Electrophysiological recordings from the ophthalmic nerve and the trigeminal
      ganglion of the bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) indicate the presence of units
      (14% of the spontaneously active cells) that are sensitive to small changes in
      the magnetic field. The most common response was an increase in the rate of
      spontaneous activity. The most sensitive units responded to changes of 200 nT
      (less than 0.5% of the earth's total field). Other responses included reaction to
      a 0.5 Hz sinusoidal variation of the magnetic field, and to the movement of a
      hand-held bar magnet. Because of their sensitivities, the responses to small
      variations in the magnetic field may be involved in detection of the proposed
      magnetic navigation map. One possible transducer substance that could account for
      such a sensitivity is magnetite, which has been previously reported in the upper
      beak area of the bobolink.

PMID- 2289164
TI  - Central monoamine metabolism in the male Brown-Norway rat in relation to aging
      and testosterone.
AB  - Concentrations of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC),
      homovanillic acid (HVA), noradrenaline (NA), free 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic
      acid (5-HIAA) were determined in brain regions of 5-, 20-, and 32-month-old male
      Brown-Norway rats using high pressure liquid chromatography. In view of the
      activating effects of sex steroids on peptide and monoamine transmitter systems
      and the declining plasma testosterone levels with aging, the effects of
      testosterone supplementation on age-related changes in central monoamine
      metabolism were also studied. Age-related decreases in monoamine metabolism were
      observed in nigrostriatal, mesocortical and coeruleohippocampal systems. Marked
      reductions in DOPAC (35%) and HVA (50%) occurred in the ventral tegmental area
      between 20 and 32 months of age. 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels showed reductions and
      increases depending on the brain region. Testosterone administration resulted in
      elevations of HVA in the substantia nigra and MHPG in the locus coeruleus and
      hippocampus, which were most pronounced in young animals. It is concluded that
      there are marked differences in age-related changes between nigrostriatal,
      mesocortical and coeruleohippocampal systems and that testosterone exerts a
      stimulatory influence on some aspects of monoamine metabolism in young but not in
      aged animals.

PMID- 2289165
TI  - Calcium deposits develop in rat substantia nigra but not striatum several weeks
      after local ibotenic acid injection.
AB  - The excitotoxin ibotenic acid (IBO) was used to place local circumscript lesions
      in rat substantia nigra (SN). Four to six months after the injection we found in
      the neuron depleted SN basophilic deposits resembling calcium concretion.
      Additional experiments revealed that calcium deposits, as verified with the
      alizarin red stain, were first detectable after a delay of 4 weeks. They
      increased in number, size and extent over the following 12 weeks, but remained
      confined to the boundaries of SN. Injection of at least 3.5 micrograms IBO was
      necessary for induction of deposits. In striatum, 14 micrograms IBO did not cause
      clearly identifiable concretions. Thus, IBO-induced lesions are not stationary
      but mature, and the long-term effects can be different in different brain
      regions. These observations may have some relevance for considerations on the
      cause of the idiopathic nonarteriosclerotic calcifications.

PMID- 2289166
TI  - Refeeding attenuates bombesin-induced hypothermia in the rat.
AB  - The tetradecapeptide bombesin is a potent agent in producing hypothermia when
      injected centrally. Bombesin-induced hypothermia at normal ambient temperature
      occurs under conditions of food deprivation or insulin-induced hypoglycemia. This
      experiment examined the effect of refeeding on the duration of bombesin-induced
      hypothermia. Rats (n = 7) received microinfusions of bombesin (0.1 microgram/1.0
      microliter) into the preoptic area under separate conditions of food deprivation
      (18 h) and insulin pretreatment (10 U/kg, IM). Core body temperature was
      evaluated over a period of 4 h with or without food available during testing.
      Hypothermia was observed under all conditions during the first 2 h. Food-deprived
      and insulin-pretreated rats not permitted access to food remained hypothermic
      until at least 4 h following bombesin. These results are discussed in terms of
      the possible role of glucose availability in the production and duration of
      bombesin-induced hypothermia.

PMID- 2289167
TI  - Real-time imaging of intracellular calcium change with simultaneous single
      channel recording in mammary epithelial cells.
AB  - A method of continuous image subtraction of fura-2 fluorescence made it possible
      to observe real-time (video rate) changes in intracellular calcium (Cai). This
      simple method is very useful for simultaneous measurements in electrophysiology
      with a system containing cells of different states. A method for synchronous
      recording of Cai change and single channel activity is also described. In
      cultured mammary epithelial cells, these methods revealed a propagating Cai
      signal induced by mechanical stimulation and spontaneous Cai oscillation with
      synchronous activation of calcium-activated potassium channels.

PMID- 2289168
TI  - A simplified technique for chronic cerebrospinal fluid collection in the awake
      dog.
AB  - A modified design for a guide tube to facilitate collection of cerebrospinal
      fluid from the lateral ventricle of awake dogs was developed. The modifications
      allowed for rapid, inexpensive and secure implantation. The tested guide tubes
      remained in place and patent for 20 weeks.

PMID- 2289169
TI  - Serotonin release in lateral and medial hypothalamus during feeding and its
      anticipation.
AB  - In the present experiments we extend previous findings that established a
      relationship between feeding behavior and hypothalamic serotonin as measured by
      in vivo microdialysis. The new result is hypothalamic release of serotonin in
      anticipation of eating when the animal sees and smells food. We have now verified
      brain serotonin peaks in four different ways: 1) a serotonergic reuptake blocker
      (fluoxetine 1 or 10 microM) in the perfusion medium raised basal levels of
      serotonin, 2) every sample was oxidized at two potentials using a dual
      potentiostat to confirm the voltage characteristics of each peak, 3) serotonin
      peaks were reduced by the selective serotonin cell body agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di
      n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), thus helping confirm that most of the
      serotonin observed in these experiments was neuronal in origin, and 4) lateral
      and medial hypothalamic microdialysis probes were used simultaneously to monitor
      the degree of diffusion from one to the other. The results show that
      extracellular serotonin increases at both sites during preingestive events as
      well as during eating, but not afterwards.

PMID- 2289170
TI  - Tryptophan increases extracellular serotonin in the lateral hypothalamus of food
      deprived rats.
AB  - Although it is well established that increases in tryptophan availability can
      increase brain serotonin synthesis, the effect of tryptophan loads on serotonin
      release is not as clear. We have used in vivo microdialysis in order to monitor
      extracellular serotonin in the lateral hypothalamus to examine this issue.
      Tryptophan methyl ester (100 mg/kg IP) was administered to ad lib-fed and 48-h
      food-deprived rats. The results suggest that a peripheral tryptophan load can
      elevate extracellular serotonin in food-deprived subjects more effectively than
      in food-replete subjects.

PMID- 2289171
TI  - Impact of hypothalamic d-norfenfluramine and peripheral d-fenfluramine injection
      on macronutrient intake in the rat.
AB  - Previous research with hypothalamic injection of serotonin (5-HT) has suggested
      that this monoamine may act within the medial hypothalamus to suppress
      carbohydrate intake in a selective, phasic and circadian-related fashion. To
      explore further the action of 5-HT in the brain, the present studies tested the
      serotonergic stimulants, d-norfenfluramine (DNF) and d-fenfluramine (DF), in
      freely feeding, brain-cannulated animals maintained on pure macronutrient diets
      (protein, carbohydrate and fat) and tested at different times of the diurnal
      cycle. The results show that administration of DNF into the paraventricular
      nucleus (PVN) potently influences appetite for a specific nutrient at a
      particular time of the light-dark cycle. Specifically, DNF injection at the onset
      of the nocturnal (active) period selectively and dose-dependently suppresses
      carbohydrate consumption, while leaving protein and fat intake unchanged. This
      drug, however, has no effect, even at high doses, on macronutrient intake in the
      middle and late h of the dark phase, strongly implicating a function for
      hypothalamic 5-HT in the control of carbohydrate ingestion at the beginning of
      the nocturnal cycle. The possibility that peripherally injected DF may act, in
      part, through this endogenous serotonergic system is supported by the additional
      finding that, at low doses of 0.06-0.5 mg/kg, DF preferentially modulates
      carbohydrate ingestion exclusively at the onset of the nocturnal period. However,
      at doses above 0.5 mg/kg, this compound produces a potent and general suppression
      of feeding of all macronutrients. In animals with brain cannulas aimed at
      different hypothalamic nuclei, the feeding-suppressive effect of DNF is found to
      be site specific; it is localized to the medial hypothalamic nuclei, including
      the ventromedial, suprachiasmatic and dorsomedial nuclei as well as the PVN.
      Serotonin in these nuclei may function to produce satiety specific for
      carbohydrate and, through the suprachiasmatic nucleus, control energy intake in a
      circadian-related manner.

PMID- 2289172
TI  - Regional neuroprotective effects of pentobarbital on ischemia-induced brain
      damage.
AB  - We investigated the neuroprotective effect of pentobarbital, a GABAA receptor
      effector, on ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbils. The animals were allowed to
      survive for 7 days after 10-min ischemia induced by bilateral occlusion of the
      common carotid arteries. Morphological changes and abnormal calcium accumulation
      were evaluated in selectively vulnerable areas after ischemia. Pentobarbital (40
      mg/kg, IP), administered 30 min prior to ischemia, significantly reduced neuronal
      cell loss in the neocortex, the striatum, and the hippocampal CA3 sector.
      However, pentobarbital failed to prevent the damage to the hippocampal CA1 sector
      and the thalamus. 45Ca autoradiographic study also revealed that a marked calcium
      accumulation was found in the selectively vulnerable regions after ischemia,
      which was consistent with the extent of histological neuronal damage. The
      abnormal calcium accumulation was reduced in the sites corresponding to most of
      the regions in which the protective effect of pentobarbital was found. The
      results suggest that ischemia-induced neuronal damage may be partly caused by an
      imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory input.

PMID- 2289173
TI  - Effects of perinatal diazepam administration on two sexually dimorphic
      nonreproductive behaviors.
AB  - The effects of prenatal and/or early postnatal diazepam (DZ) administration on
      open field activity and continuously reinforced lever-pressing response were
      studied. Rat pups of both sexes were prenatally (during the last week of
      pregnancy) and/or postnatally (from the day of birth to day 16) daily exposed to
      a 2.5 mg/kg dose of DZ. At the age of 60 days all groups were tested in the open
      field for 5 consecutive days and thirty days later they were studied in a
      continuously reinforced lever-pressing situation during four consecutive days. In
      the open field test, females showed greater activity than males and prenatal
      and/or early postnatal DZ treatments did not alter this sexual dimorphism,
      although all treatments decreased the open field activity in both male and female
      60-day-old rats. In the Skinner box, 90-day-old males presented higher rates of
      lever-pressing response than females, and only the early postnatal DZ treatment
      was effective in altering this sexual dimorphism, by decreasing the male's but
      not female's rates of response. These results are discussed in regard to the
      possible interaction between DZ and gonadal hormones during the early sexual
      differentiation period.

PMID- 2289174
TI  - Connections of the caudal cerebellar interpositus complex in a new world monkey
      (Cebus apella).
AB  - The afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellar interpositus complex were
      studied in a capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) that had received a transcannular
      horseradish peroxidase implant into the caudal portion of the anterior
      interpositus nucleus and posterior interpositus nucleus. While the heaviest
      anterogradely labeled ascending projections were observed to the contralateral
      ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, pars oralis (VPLo), efferent
      projections were also observed to the contralateral ventrolateral thalamic
      nucleus (VLc) and central lateral (CL) nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar
      complex, magnocellular (and to a lesser extent parvicellular) red nucleus,
      nucleus of Darkschewitsch, zona incerta, nucleus of the posterior commissure,
      lateral intermediate layer and deep layer of the superior colliculus,
      dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, contralateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti
      pontis and basilar pontine nuclei (especially dorsal and peduncular), and dorsal
      (DAO) and medial (MAO) accessory olivary nuclei, ipsilateral lateral (external)
      cuneate nucleus (LCN) and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), and to a lesser extent
      the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and caudal nucleus prepositus
      hypoglossi (NPH), and dorsal medullary raphe. The heaviest retrograde labeling
      was corticonuclear Purkinje cells in the paramedian cerebellar cortex lateral to
      the vermis of lobules IV-VIII. Otherwise, retrogradely labeled sources of
      afferents were predominantly contralateral in the dorsal, dorsomedial,
      paramedian, and peduncular sectors of the basilar pons, NRTP, and dorsal
      accessory (DAO) and medial accessory (MAO) of olivary nuclei, but were
      predominantly ipsilateral in the LCN, LRN, and in the medullary reticular
      formation along the roots of the hypoglossal (XII) cranial nerve. It appeared
      that the connections with the contralateral dorsal basilar pons, NRTP, DAO and
      MAO, and ipsilateral LCN and LRN are reciprocal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289175
TI  - Complex attributes of lateral hypothalamic neurons in the regulation of feeding
      of alert rhesus monkeys.
AB  - To elucidate the roles of glucose-sensitive (GS) and glucose-insensitive (GIS)
      cells of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), single neuron activity was recorded
      during 1) microelectrophoretic administration of chemicals, 2) a conditioned bar
      press feeding task, 3) gustatory, 4) olfactory, and 5) electrical brain
      stimulation. GS and GIS neurons showed different firing rate changes during
      phases of the task, and the responses were highly influenced by the palatability
      of the food and the motivational (hunger or satiety) state of the animal. The two
      groups of cells also differed in their responsiveness to gustatory and olfactory
      stimuli: GS neurons were more likely to respond to tastes and odors than GIS
      cells. Taste- and odor-responsive GS neurons were primarily suppressed by
      electrophoretically applied noradrenaline and were localized ventromedially
      within the LHA. The chemosensitive GIS cells, being organized along a
      dorsolateral axis, were especially excited by dopamine. The two sets of neurons
      had distinct connections with associative (orbitofrontal, prefrontal) cortical
      areas. GS and GIS cells, thus, appear to have differential and complex attributes
      in the control of feeding.

PMID- 2289176
TI  - The effects of semi- and HPLC-purified human satietin and alpha-1-glycoprotein on
      ingestion and body weight.
AB  - Satietin is thought to be an endogenous glycoprotein that can suppress food
      intake (FI) and body weight (b.wt.). In Experiment 1, rats were ICV infused with
      either a-CSF or with 50 micrograms/rat of human satietin. FI was suppressed (p
      less than 0.05) for 2 days after infusion, whereas b.wt. was attenuated (p less
      than 0.05) for 14 days. In Experiment 2, the previously thought homogenous human
      satietin was further purified by HPLC and this yielded two peaks (A and B). Rats
      were ICV infused with either a-CSF or 50 micrograms/rat of Peak A, Peak B or the
      semipurified parent human satietin (sph-SAT) from which the peaks were derived.
      All three treatments suppressed (p less than 0.05) FI on day 1 after infusion and
      on day 2 in the groups that received Peak A and sph-SAT. Body weight was
      attenuated (p less than 0.01) in all the experimental groups on day 1 and for 2
      and 10 days, respectively, in the Peak A and sph-SAT-treated groups.
      Immunostaining revealed Peak A contained both albumin and alpha-1-glycoprotein
      (A1G), whereas Peak B contained neither. In the last experiment rats were ICV
      infused with either a-CSF or 50 micrograms/rat of A1G or A1G that was put through
      the sph-SAT extraction procedure. FI was suppressed (p less than 0.01) and b.wt.
      attenuated in both experimental groups only on the first day postinfusion. These
      data suggest that some, but possibly not all, of the previously found biological
      activity attributed to sph-SAT might be due to contaminants of the preparation.

PMID- 2289177
TI  - Dopamine in the lateral hypothalamus may be involved in the inhibition of
      locomotion related to food and water seeking.
AB  - Experiments were conducted in male rats to assess the motor effects of bilateral
      intraperifornical microinjections of sulpiride, dopamine (DA) and other drugs.
      Sulpiride increased locomotion of the animals in all the experiments reported
      here. DA (10 micrograms) administered 5 minutes before sulpiride (8 micrograms)
      reduced the motor stimulant effect of the neuroleptic from 1601.3 +/- 337.6 to
      742.5 +/- 180.4 counts/30 min. SCH 23390 (15 micrograms), haloperidol (2.5
      micrograms) and atropine (18 micrograms) did not modify the locomotion level of
      animals acclimated to the actimeters. After carbachol (5 micrograms) the animals
      attained a level of hyperactivity (1459.5 +/- 146.5 counts/30 min) similar to
      that induced by sulpiride (1595.7 +/- 365.7 counts/30 min) in the same
      experiment. In other experiments DA (10 micrograms) administered 30 min before
      sulpiride again blocked the effect of 8 micrograms of sulpiride, and reduced the
      initial hyperactivity of food- and water-deprived animals previously familiarized
      with the actimeters (922.4 +/- 49.38 counts/15 min under saline, vs. 544 +/- 29
      counts/15 min under DA). The same DA dose did not modify the initial spontaneous
      activity of nonfamiliarized nonfood-deprived rats (508.9 +/- 96.1 after saline
      vs. 520.9 +/- 47.1 after DA). These results suggest the presence of cells in the
      lateral hypothalamus involved in the control of locomotion. These experiments
      also suggest that locomotion triggered by the LH may be exploratory behavior
      essential to the search for water and food. As a corollary, DA in the LH appears
      to be involved not only in the inhibition of feeding and drinking but also in the
      inhibition of exploratory and food- and water-directed locomotion.

PMID- 2289178
TI  - Structural and stereoisomeric specificity of serum-borne sugar acids related to
      feeding control by rats.
AB  - Specificity of chemical structures and stereoisomers among serum-borne short
      chain organic acids in rats were assessed for their effects on feeding behavior
      and humoral factors by infusion into the rat third cerebroventricle. Infusion of
      glyceric acid (1.0 mumol), 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid gamma-lactone (3,4-DB) or
      3,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone (2.50 mumol) immediately before the
      dark phase decreased food intake for, at most, 24 h. These acids did not
      significantly affect drinking or ambulation. Initial feeding, not necessarily
      accompanied by periprandial drinking, was induced after infusion of 2,4
      dihydroxybutanoic acid gamma-lactone, 2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma
      lactone (2,4,5-TP) or exogenous 2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanoic acid gamma-lactone
      (2.50 mumol) in the light phase. Of these acids, 3,4-DB most potently suppressed
      and 2,4,5-TP most potently enhanced feeding. Of these, the 2S,4S-isomer and the
      3S-isomer were the most potent of 2,4,5-TP and 3,4-DB, respectively. Only the
      2S,4S-isomer of 2,4,5-TP induced hypoglycemia with hyperinsulinemia, whereas
      opposite effects were produced by the 3S-isomer of 3,4-DB. The results indicate
      that the positions of the hydroxyl groups on 4-butanolide and the S- and S,S
      stereoisomers are important in modulating food intake through the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2289180
TI  - Sexual abuse in the developmentally disabled: dilemmas of diagnosis.
AB  - Evaluation of developmentally disabled persons for physical signs of sexual abuse
      presents many challenges to the practitioner. This group is especially vulnerable
      to all types of abuse. A group of 35 mentally retarded females from a residential
      treatment facility was examined by the child abuse medical team at Harbor/UCLA
      Medical Center after one inpatient was found to be pregnant. Patients ranged in
      age from 13 to 55 years (median, 26 years; mean, 31.3 +/- 13.6 years). All of the
      women had some degree of disability, with 24 (69%) being categorized as
      profoundly retarded. No patient was able to provide a history. There were 13
      (37%) patients who had genital findings we believe are consistent with prior
      vaginal penetration. Dilemmas which arose during evaluation included the
      significance of healed genital lesions in this population and the implications of
      the findings for the residential facility. While developmentally disabled persons
      need an advocate in the medical and legal systems, these patients can overwhelm
      the practitioner. Whenever possible, a team approach is recommended to decrease
      the work load and frustration and provide collegial support and affirmation of
      findings.

PMID- 2289179
TI  - Feeding can enhance dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex.
AB  - Fluctuations of cortical dopamine during feeding were examined by in vivo
      microdialysis. Dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and
      homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography
      and electrochemical detection. Food-deprived rats were trained to eat by pressing
      a bar for food when a light and a feeder were turned on. The day of the
      experiment a microdialysis probe was inserted in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of
      the rats and dialysates were collected every 20 minutes while the light and the
      feeder were off. When the neurochemical baseline was stable the light and the
      feeder were turned on for 20 minutes only. During this time the rats ate (mean
      204 pellets = 9.2 g) and DA increased about 55%, remained high for another 20
      minutes and then gradually returned toward baseline levels. DOPAC increased 30%
      in the first 20 minutes after the eating bout. HVA increased 40 minutes after the
      eating bout. Histology showed the probes were located in the anteromedial region
      of the PFC. We conclude that dopamine turnover in the mesocortical system
      increases during feeding under the conditions used. The results are discussed in
      terms of the role of the PFC in food intake modulation.

PMID- 2289182
TI  - Aggressive children in a day treatment program: changed outcome and possible
      explanations.
AB  - An earlier study (Gabel, Finn & Ahmad, 1988) of severely disturbed children
      treated in a day hospital program, found that outcome was particularly poor for
      children with preadmission histories of severe aggressive/destructive behavior.
      The study reported here compares the outcome in a more recent group of children
      treated in the same setting with the earlier group's outcome. The recent group of
      children, like the earlier one, was made up of youngsters who were often from
      dysfunctional and abusive families. Outcome for aggressive children, including
      aggressive children with histories of suspected child abuse/maltreatment, was
      significantly improved. Possible reasons for this improvement in outcome in terms
      of programmatic changes that had occurred are discussed.

PMID- 2289181
TI  - Childhood sexual abuse: long-term effects on psychological and sexual functioning
      in a nonclinical and nonstudent sample of adult women.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to explore how the experience of childhood sexual
      abuse is related to long-term psychological and sexual functioning in a
      nonclinical and nonstudent community sample of women. Questionnaires were
      distributed to 1,500 nurses and returned anonymously. Fifty-four women who had
      been sexually abused as children (age 15 or younger) responded. These subjects
      were then matched with 54 nonabused control subjects. Although there was no
      difference on a measure of self-esteem, the abused group reported more symptoms
      of distress on the Global Severity Index and on seven out of nine subscales of
      the Derogatis Brief Symptom Inventory. They also reported more disturbance on a
      scale which examined psychological symptoms that have been commonly reported in
      the literature to be particularly associated with sexual abuse. These differences
      between the abused and nonabused groups were evident even after controlling for
      differences in subjects' perceptions of parental emotional support. Unlike the
      results for psychological adjustment, however, the abused subjects did not differ
      from the control subjects on self-reported levels of sexual satisfaction or
      sexual dysfunction.

PMID- 2289183
TI  - Self-concept, motivation, and competence among preschoolers from maltreating and
      comparison families.
AB  - Maltreated children are at risk for impaired cognitive and school functioning. In
      this study, the role that home environment, self-concept, and mastery motivation
      play in this relation was investigated. Thirty-six preschool children and their
      mothers, representing three family backgrounds (12 low-income maltreating, 12 low
      income comparison, 12 middle-income comparison), were assessed in a
      preschool/home study. Children from maltreating families scored lower than their
      peers on several measures of cognitive and physical competence and on ratings of
      motivation. At the same time, these children significantly overrated their
      physical competence, and self-ratings of competence and acceptance tended to be
      higher (and less realistic) than those of their low-income peers. An overall
      difference in developmental quality of the home environment of maltreating
      families was largely accounted for by socioeconomic status (SES), but the
      tendency of these homes to be less clean and safe remained significant even after
      SES was controlled. Various aspects of the home environment were associated with
      superior task performance, but not with motivation or self-perceptions. Whereas
      the general home environment may affect competence, relationship factors
      implicated in maltreatment may be more important in shaping self-concept and
      motivation.

PMID- 2289184
TI  - A qualitative analysis of adult incest survivors' responses to sexual involvement
      with therapists.
AB  - Six women who had histories of incest and had been sexually involved with
      therapists participated in qualitative research employing semi-structured, open
      ended interviews. Transcribed interviews were content analyzed for recurrent
      regularities in topics, themes, events, and dynamics. Following content and
      cluster analyses of interviews, three overall themes emerged that appeared most
      salient in attempting to understand the development and maintenance of
      therapeutic relationships in which incest survivors experienced additional abuse.
      The themes were (1) early environment that prohibited the development of a sense
      of "personhood" in incest survivors, (2) repeated experiences of
      depersonalization inside and outside of therapy that reinforced a state of non
      personhood, and (3) adoption of a "surrender pattern" to cope with violations,
      including therapist violations.

PMID- 2289185
TI  - Perpetrator status and the personality characteristics of molested children.
AB  - The personality and intellectual characteristics of three groups of children, one
      molested by a teacher (n = 16), a second group (n = 16) where the offender was a
      member of the child's family, and a non-molested control group (n = 16) were
      contrasted. The children were evaluated using the Personality Inventory for
      Children (PIC), the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ), and the Wechsler
      Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R). There were few differences between the
      two molested groups or between boys and girls. However, comparisons of molested
      and non-molested children showed significant differences on 23 of 34 scales on
      the PIC and CPQ combined. WISC-R verbal IQs were also lower for the molested
      groups. While the lack of differences between the two molested groups may have
      been due to the parent-like relationship between the teacher and the children he
      molested, the results suggest that a relatively noncoercive style of abuse can
      still produce significant psychological impairment.

PMID- 2289186
TI  - Psychosocial adjustment in adolescent child molesters.
AB  - This study compared adolescent child molesters (n = 31) with nonsex offending
      delinquents (n = 34) and normal adolescents (n = 71) on standardized measures of
      social competence and psychological adjustment. The measures included the
      Adolescent Assertiveness Scale, the Survey of Heterosocial Interactions, the Self
      Consciousness Scale, the Social Anxiety and Distress Scale, the Revised UCLA
      Loneliness Scale, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, the Beck Depression
      Inventory, the Norwicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, and the Jesness
      Inventory. Results were consistent with predictions. Molesters showed
      significantly more global maladjustment than normals and were more socially
      anxious and threatened by heterosocial interactions than nonsex offending
      delinquents. A discriminant function analysis suggested that molesters, more than
      delinquents, were likely to perceive themselves as socially inadequate and to be
      externally oriented in their attributional style. Results support the hypothesis
      that social skill deficits and social isolation are risk factors that may
      predispose some adolescents to commit sexual crimes against children.

PMID- 2289188
TI  - A fresh or flawed approach to child protection in Victoria, Australia?

PMID- 2289187
TI  - Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a family affair.
AB  - Munchausen syndrome by proxy is an unusual form of child abuse: a child presents
      with an illness that has been factitiously produced by a parent, typically the
      mother. A case of chronic illicit insulin administration to a one-year-old girl
      is described. Despite temporary separation of the child from the mother and long
      term psychiatric intervention, factitious illnesses continued, including urine
      specimen contamination, laxative-induced diarrhea, suspected bladder
      catheterization, and suspected poisoning. Retrospective review of the medical
      records of the mother and two siblings demonstrated previously unrecognized
      evidence of factitious illnesses. The medical records contained evidence of 30
      separate episodes of suspected or documented factitious illness in these four
      members of the same family. This unique family illustrates the significant
      morbidity of Munchausen syndrome by proxy and a poor response to psychiatric
      treatment.

PMID- 2289189
TI  - Alleged child abuse in custody access disputes.

PMID- 2289190
TI  - Shaken impact syndrome.

PMID- 2289191
TI  - Response to commentary by N. Fost on Ethical considerations in testing victims of
      sexual abuse for HIV infection.

PMID- 2289192
TI  - [The health system in Japan and France].
AB  - In 1987, male life expectancy at birth rose to 75.6 years in Japan, but reached
      only 72 years in France. Nevertheless, per capita health expenditures were lower
      in Japan (6,074 French francs in 1986) than in France (6,721 French francs in
      1986). This does not imply that the Japanese health system is "economic" at all
      levels. The average annual hospital stay (in short-term hospitals) in 1986 rose
      to 39.7 days in Japan, as compared to 13.6 days in France. Per capita consumption
      of pharmaceuticals in 1987 was US$ 208 in Japan, compared to US$ 136 in France.
      These differences come from two specific Japanese features. Japanese physicians
      (most of whom are in private practice, as are their French and American
      colleagues) are allowed to have beds in their office and to hospitalize their
      patients there. Consequently, the number of beds and the average hospital stay
      are much higher in Japan. Secondly, Japanese physicians can give pharmaceuticals
      directly to their patients, which raises pharmaceutical consumption considerably.
      Needless to say, the results obtained currently by the Japanese health system are
      extremely positive. This is probably due to the fact that nowadays the Japanese
      have succeeded in integrating the advantages of the Westernization process
      (hygiene, eradication of infectious diseases, etc.) without adopting its
      disastrous aspects (for example, unhealthy lifestyles). However, this is simply
      an assumption for the time being.

PMID- 2289194
TI  - [Markov chain analysis of the movement of geriatric pensioners].
AB  - The movements of geriatric patients through the eight health zones of Canton Vaud
      (Switzerland) are analyzed. The procedure for modelling the patients' moves
      between various states with a Markov chain is detailed and the results presented.
      Markov chain analysis may constitute a predicting model. Movement prediction may
      then assist in delineating various health areas. For the time being, the limits
      of health areas are usually decided upon following conventional administrative
      patterns without any regard to reality. Markov chain analysis could be of
      assistance in rationalizing this process.

PMID- 2289193
TI  - Some recent developments in cancer epidemiology.

PMID- 2289195
TI  - Balance between community-based and hospital--institutional care of the elderly.

PMID- 2289196
TI  - [Imbalance of distribution of physicians in the Arab world].
AB  - The Arab world, as a whole, now has 8.5 medical doctors per 10,000 population.
      This average covers a great diversity of national situations; for example 0.6
      doctors per 10,000 population in Somalia, and 17.5 doctors per 10,000 population
      in Qatar. From the viewpoint of medical staffing, the Arab countries can be
      grouped into four categories: (i) Countries with low medical density: their
      national staff is scarce, they do not have a long academic tradition, and they
      have to rely on foreign physicians (Yemen, Djibouti, Somalia, Mauritania). (ii)
      Countries with acceptable medical density: they have strengthened their medical
      training system during the last decades, their production of medical graduates is
      now fairly high, and there is seemingly a threat of oversupply (Algeria, Tunisia,
      Syria, Iraq). (iii) Countries with relatively high medical density: their medical
      staffing is below that of developed countries, but their economic possibilities
      are reduced, which leads to an oversupply; these countries are exporters of
      medical manpower (Egypt, Jordan). (iv) Countries that import medical manpower
      although their own medical density is quite high: their medical training is
      recent or non-existent and their health system relies to a great extent on
      foreign doctors (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Libya,
      Kuwait). They are all oil producers. In brief, a shortage and an oversupply of
      medical doctors coexist in the Arab world, and concerted action is required.

PMID- 2289197
TI  - Enhanced resistance against Escherichia coli infection by subcutaneous
      administration of the hot-water extract of Chlorella vulgaris in cyclophosphamide
      treated mice.
AB  - The effects of Chlorella vulgaris extract (CVE-A) on the recovery of leukocyte
      number and the augmentation of resistance to bacterial infection were examined in
      CDF1 mice made neutropenic by cyclophosphamide (CY). They were treated
      intraperitoneally with CY (150 mg/kg) on day 0, and were given CVE-A (50 mg/kg)
      subcutaneously (s.c.) every other day from day 1 to day 13 after CY treatment.
      CVE-A accelerated the recovery of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the
      peripheral blood in CY-treated mice. The number of granulocyte/monocyte
      progenitor cells (CFU-GM) in the spleen increased rapidly and highly after the
      administration of CVE-A in CY-treated mice, in contrast to the absence of change
      due to CVE-A in the number of bone marrow cells in CY-treated mice.
      Administration of CVE-A in CY-treated mice enhanced the accumulation of PMN in
      the inflammatory site and the activity of the accumulated leukocyte cells in
      luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. The mice became highly susceptible to an
      intraperitoneal infection with E. coli on day 4 after CY treatment, whereas the
      mice given CVE-A showed an enhanced resistance against E. coli infection,
      irrespective of the timing of challenge. The bacterial number in CY-treated mice
      increased explosively after inoculation, resulting in death within 24 h. A
      progressive elimination of bacteria was observed from 6 h in the peritoneal
      cavity, spleen and liver of CY-treated mice given CVE-A s.c. These results
      indicate that CVE-A can be used as a potent stimulant of nonspecific resistance
      to infection in neutropenic mice.

PMID- 2289198
TI  - Opposing influence of age on the growth and colony-forming ability of mouse
      melanoma B16 and mammary adenocarcinoma: correlation with natural killer
      activity.
AB  - C57B1 and CBA mice of different ages (6, 12, 26 or 35 weeks) received
      intramuscular inocula of melanoma B16 or mammary adenocarcinoma (MCa),
      respectively. Median survival time was shorter, the younger the recipients. Tumor
      enlargement was correspondingly retarded in older mice. This was associated with
      decrease of natural killer (NK) activity in the spleens. However, the
      cytotoxicity against fresh syngeneic tumor cells, increased with age in CBA mice.
      In contrast to the growth of intramuscular tumors, the ability of intravenously
      injected B16 or MCa cells to form nodules in the lungs was significantly superior
      in old animals (35 weeks or more), with low levels of NK activity, than in young
      ones (6 weeks) with high levels of NK activity. Stimulation of NK activity by
      poly(I).poly(C) reduced the number of MCa colonies by 50% in the lungs of old
      mice, but had no effect on colony-forming ability in young animals. The observed
      association of tumor growth with age and NK activity levels may reflect (a) an
      interplay of tumor-inhibiting and tumor-promoting effects of NK cells, changing
      with age, and (b) the accessibility of tumor cells, inoculated intramuscularly or
      captured in the lungs, to these influences.

PMID- 2289199
TI  - Selective restoration of immunosuppressive effect of cytotoxic agents by
      thymopoietin fragments.
AB  - Swiss male mice were immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide, cisplatinum,
      vincristine and methotrexate. The ability of the thymopoietin (TP) fragments TP
      3, TP-4 and TP-5 to restore antibody production and phagocytosis was studied.
      Impaired antibody production after vincristine treatment was partially or totally
      restored by TP-3, TP-4 or TP-5. Only TP-3 or TP-5 interfered with the antibody
      production-damaging effect of cisplatinum. The same effect of methotrexate could
      not be influenced by any of the TP fragments. The phagocytic capacity of
      peritoneal macrophages was reduced by vincristine, methotrexate and
      cyclophosphamide treatment. In this respect, TP-3 protected the function of
      macrophages against vincristine and cyclophosphamide treatment. TP-4 was active
      in the case of damage caused by vincristine and methotrexate, and TP-5 interfered
      with the phagocytosis-inhibiting effect of methotrexate. Each TP fragment seems
      to have a specific target orientation within the immune system. This also means
      that the proper TP fragment should always be chosen for combination therapy with
      various types of cytotoxic drugs.

PMID- 2289200
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma treated by vaccines for active specific immunotherapy:
      correlation of survival with skin testing by autologous tumor cells.
AB  - Eighteen patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, who were treated by
      vaccines for active specific immunotherapy, also completed skin testing with
      autologous tumor cells, both prior to and following vaccine treatment. All
      patients have now been followed for more than 5 years. Ten patients who remained
      skin-test-negative following treatment had no clinical responses, and all had
      expired by 22 months. Eight patients became skin-test-positive; three of these
      had clinical regressions and three remain alive after more than 69 months. The
      survival times of the skin-test-positive group were significantly superior to
      those of the skin-test-negative group. The results suggest that skin testing with
      autologous tumor cells may accurately identify those patients who have acquired
      antigen-specific cell-mediated antitumor immunity.

PMID- 2289201
TI  - Successful adoptive immunotherapy of minimal residual disease after
      chemoradiotherapy and transplantation of bone marrow purged of leukaemia with
      mafosfamide.
AB  - The effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy in eliminating minimal residual
      disease in tumour-bearing mice after bone marrow transplantation was tested. This
      model mimics the human clinical condition when autologous bone marrow was purged
      ex vivo of leukaemia with mafosfamide or was not purged, and stored in liquid
      nitrogen before transplantation. Animals with minimal residual disease were
      prepared with marrow-ablative but leukaemia-noncurative doses of cyclophosphamide
      (CY) and total body irradiation followed by bone marrow transplantation. The next
      day after transplantation the recipients were injected with splenocytes immunized
      against the leukaemia cells (Imm-SPL) or monoclonal antibody (mAb). All the
      control mice died from leukaemia relapse, but 51% of purged bone marrow
      recipients, which received Imm-SPL, were cured. In similar conditions mAb did not
      exert a therapeutic effect. Imm-SPL were not able to eradicate minimal residual
      disease in the recipients of nonpurged bone marrow. Thus, in an animal model, we
      demonstrated that purging of bone marrow before grafting seems to be
      indispensable for successful adoptive immunotherapy of minimal residual disease
      (MRD) after autologous bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2289202
TI  - Effective drug-antibody targeting using a novel monoclonal antibody against the
      proliferative compartment of mammalian squamous carcinomas.
AB  - mAb 174H.64, which selectively recognizes an epitope expressed on the
      proliferating cells of mammalian squamous carcinomas, was covalently coupled to
      daunomycin (DM) by an acid-sensitive linker and tested for its selective
      cytotoxicity for squamous carcinomas. A murine lung squamous carcinoma model for
      chemoimmunotherapy using mAb 174H.64-DM conjugates was developed. This model
      utilizes the KLN-205 cell line, which metastasizes to the lungs following i.v.
      injection and shows a pattern of growth similar to those of spontaneous squamous
      carcinomas, characterized by highly proliferative cells at the periphery of the
      tumor (reactive with 174H.64) with the keratinized differentiated cells toward
      the center (not reactive with 174H.64). 174H.64-DM conjugates showed marked and
      specific cytotoxicity against KLN-205 cells both in vitro and following i.v.
      injection of the immunoconjugate in mice with established lung metastases. The
      conjugate was nearly as effective as daunomycin alone when incubated in vitro
      with KLN-205 cells and much more effective than daunomycin alone in vivo or other
      control immunoconjugates, which were ineffective. Finally, while the free 174H.64
      mAb produced a significantly increased time of survival of mice bearing KLN-205
      metastases, a much greater survival was found with mice treated with the 174H.64
      DM immunoconjugate, some mice apparently demonstrating long-term survival
      (greater than 100 days). We conclude that mAb 174H.64 may have potential
      therapeutic benefit against squamous carcinoma.

PMID- 2289203
TI  - Enhanced tumor susceptibility of immunocompetent mice infected with lymphocytic
      choriomeningitis virus.
AB  - Mice infected i.v. with high doses of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV;
      10(5)-10(6) plaque-forming units) 8-10 days prior to challenge with the
      methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma tumor cell line MC57G or the melanoma
      cell line B16 tumor cells showed an enhanced tumor susceptibility with respect to
      both growth kinetics of the tumor and the minimal dose necessary for tumor take.
      After transient initial growth, MC57G tumor cells were all rejected by uninfected
      C57BL/6 mice by day 14. Mice preinfected i.v. with LCMV 3 weeks before or at the
      time of tumor challenge, but not those infected 2 months before or 7 days after,
      showed increasing tumor growth, the tumor take being 100% for 10(6), 50% for
      10(5) and 37% for 10(4) MC57G tumor cells injected into the footpad compared with
      resistance to 10(6) cells in normal mice. B16 melanoma cells also grew more
      rapidly in LCMV-preinfected mice and by day 40 tumors were established with about
      100 times fewer cells, i.e. about 10(3) compared with 3 x 10(4)-3 x 10(5) for
      uninfected mice. Analysis of the growth of tumor cells in normal and in LCMV
      carrier mice revealed that the latter mice were not more susceptible to LCMV
      infected than to uninfected MC57G. Since LCMV-carrier mice fail to mount LCMV
      specific T cell responses, these results suggest that anti-LCMV-specific T cells
      may be responsible for acquired immunodeficiency hampering immune surveillance
      against the tumors studied.

PMID- 2289204
TI  - Trial of anticancer immunotherapy with immobilized pokeweed mitogen:
      immunotherapy by extracorporeal circulation.
AB  - For the purpose of activating the immune system in the living body, we made use
      of pokeweed mitogen (PWM). PWM, a type of lectin, has the potential to induce
      anticancer cells. In order to utilize this potential and apply it to cancer
      therapy by hemoperfusion with PWM, the lectin is immobilized on the surface of
      synthetic polymer beads and these beads are packed into a minicolumn. Human
      peripheral lymphocytes were activated by circulatory contact stimulation through
      the PWM column for 1h. After circulatory contact stimulation through the column,
      lymphocytes were collected and used as effector cells. Cytotoxicity tests were
      measured by 51Cr-release assay using K-562 cells and Daudi cells for targets.
      This material could enhance natural killer activity and induce cytotoxicity
      against natural-killer-resistant Daudi cells. Lymphocytes activated by the PWM
      column were injected intraregionally into nude mice bearing MKN-1 tumor, and
      suppression of tumor growth was recognized. Anticancer activities by direct
      hemoperfusion treatment with a PWM minicolumn were examined in Vx2-tumor-bearing
      rabbits. A single treatment using the PWM column was performed 6 days after tumor
      inoculation. Suppression of the tumor growth was observable for 25 days. PWM
      minicolumns are a likely anticancer material, acting as immunomodulators.

PMID- 2289205
TI  - Common expression of a tumor necrosis factor resistance mechanism among
      gynecological malignancies.
AB  - The efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) as an anticancer agent is
      limited. This limitation might be related to the expression of a protein
      synthesis-dependent resistance mechanism that prevents the lysis of tumor cells
      by TNF alpha. To test this possibility eight randomly selected human cell lines,
      three derived from ovarian carcinomas and five derived from cervical carcinomas,
      were tested for their in vitro sensitivity to TNF alpha-mediated lysis. The
      results of this analysis showed that all eight cell lines are normally resistant
      to lysis by TNF alpha. However, in the presence of inhibitors of protein
      synthesis, seven of them showed a significant increase in TNF alpha-mediated
      lysis. Measurement of protein synthesis showed that there is a linear correlation
      between the level of inhibition of protein synthesis and the level of TNF alpha
      mediated lysis. The fact that seven of eight randomly selected cell lines are
      resistant to TNF alpha because they express a protein-synthesis-dependent
      resistance mechanism suggests that this mechanism of resistance may be common
      among gynecological cancers. The results also suggest that a therapy involving
      TNF alpha and inhibitors of protein synthesis might be useful for the treatment
      of gynecological malignancies.

PMID- 2289206
TI  - Proteoglycan-targeted antibodies as markers on non-Hodgkin lymphoma xenografts.
AB  - A family of mono- and polyclonal antibodies raised against proteoglycans or their
      "subcomponents" served as novel markers to characterize the phenotypes of three
      non-Hodgkin lymphoma xenograft lines (HT 58 lymphoblastic, HT 117 centroblastic,
      HT 130 centrocytic) together with normal, human peripheral blood B lymphocytes.
      These xenografted NHL lines, maintained by serial transplantations on
      artificially immunosuppressed mice, expressed very similar B-cell-related
      antigens and differences on the cell surface (HT 58 greater than HT 117 greater
      than HT 130 greater than B cells) when they were exposed to monoclonal antibodies
      (mAb) to cartilage proteoglycans. Anti-proteoglycan antibodies used in this study
      recognize complex epitopes of core protein segment associated with carbohydrate,
      shared by human cartilage proteoglycans and certain lymphoma cells. The binding
      of these antibodies was independent of cell-cycle phase. The results suggest that
      the anti-proteoglycan mAbs could be used as new phenotypic markers to
      individualize non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

PMID- 2289207
TI  - Effects of bestatin on myelopoietic stem cells in normal and cyclophosphamide
      treated mice.
AB  - The effect of bestatin on hematopoietic parameters and bone marrow progenitor
      activity (colony-forming unit - granulocyte/macrophage: CFU-GM) was examined in
      normal and myelosuppressed C57BL/6 mice. CFU-GM frequency and absolute number
      were determined with a limiting dilution analysis of bone marrow cells in soft
      agar using recombinant murine colony-stimulating factor - granulocyte/macrophage.
      We report that bestatin increased splenic, bone marrow, and peripheral blood
      cellularity and the number of CFU-GM over a dose range from 2.5 mg/kg through 100
      mg/kg following i.p., i.v., or oral administration. The greatest myeloid
      stimulation was observed following multiple injections of bestatin. Bestatin also
      increased the recovery from cyclophosphamide-induced myelodepression as measured
      by these parameters. The hematopoietic properties of bestatin following oral
      administration is of potential importance for clinical application.

PMID- 2289208
TI  - Presence of an enlarged pool of MOPC-315-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte
      precursors in the thymuses of mice that eradicated a large MOPC-315 tumor as a
      consequence of low-dose melphalan therapy.
AB  - We have previously shown that, as a consequence of low-dose melphalan (L
      phenylalanine mustard) treatment, thymocytes from mice bearing a large, day-10
      MOPC-315 tumor, but not thymocytes from normal mice, acquire the ability to
      generate an enhanced level of antitumor cytotoxicity upon in vitro stimulation
      with MOPC-315 tumor cells plus low concentrations (9.0-90 IU/ml) of exogenous
      interleukin-2 (IL-2). Here we show that the time interval between tumor
      inoculation and low-dose melphalan therapy as well as the magnitude of tumor
      burden at the time of the chemotherapy are important for the ability of the drug
      to render thymocytes more responsive to in vitro stimulation with MOPC-315 tumor
      cells plus low concentrations of recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2). Specifically, the
      chemotherapy was found to be effective in enhancing the thymic antitumor
      reactivity only if the mice bore a large, late-stage tumor. Comparison of
      thymocytes from untreated mice bearing a large, late-stage tumor to thymocytes
      from normal mice revealed that tumor-bearer thymocytes contained approximately a
      three-fold higher frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) for MOPC
      315-associated antigens. Following curative low-dose melphalan therapy of mice
      bearing a large, late-stage MOPC-315 tumor, the frequency of CTLp for MOPC-315
      associated antigens increased further, reaching a level approximately tenfold
      higher than that found among thymocytes of normal mice. At the same time, the
      frequency of CTLp for an antigenically unrelated allogeneic tumor (EL4) as well
      as the overall percentage of mature cells was not increased. The cells
      responsible for the exertion of the enhanced antitumor cytotoxicity following in
      vitro stimulation of thymocytes from mice treated with low-dose melphalan when
      they have a large, late-stage MOPC-315 tumor are of the CD8+/CD4- phenotype.
      Thus, the enhanced level of antitumor cytotoxicity generated by thymocytes from
      mice that are treated with low-dose melphalan when they have a large, late-stage
      MOPC-315 tumor is due, at least in part, to the presence of an enlarged pool of
      CTLp specific for MOPC-315-associated antigens, which mature into CD8+/CD4-
      effector cells upon stimulation with MOPC-315 tumor cells plus low concentrations
      of rIL-2.

PMID- 2289209
TI  - Recombinant interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells in renal cancer
      patients: I. Phenotypic and functional analysis of the peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells.
AB  - The efficacy of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) or rIL-2 plus lymphokine
      activated killer (LAK) cells in cancer therapy has been demonstrated by several
      groups both in experimental models in animals and clinical trials in humans, but
      their effects in vivo have yet to be clarified. Starting February 1988, we have
      treated 12 patients affected by advanced renal cancer with rIL-2 + LAK cells
      according to an open, non-randomized, phase II trial. Immediately before each rIL
      2 infusion and during the last day of infusion, immunological tests were
      performed on the patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells. During rIL-2
      infusion we have observed a slight increase of the spontaneous cell proliferation
      and of natural killer (NK) and LAK activity; phenotypic analysis showed a
      significant decrease in the CD4+ T-lymphocyte subset, both in percentage and in
      absolute number. Conversely, before each cycle CD4+ cells increased when compared
      to basal values. No significant variations were observed in the CD8+ T-lymphocyte
      subset. Furthermore, a significant increase of the NK cells (CD3- CD56+ CD16+)
      was evident during rIL-2 infusion.

PMID- 2289211
TI  - Postoperative active specific immunization in curatively resected colorectal
      cancer patients with a virus-modified autologous tumor cell vaccine.
AB  - Active specific immunotherapy was performed in a phase I study in 20 colorectal
      cancer patients after surgical resection of the tumor. An autologous tumor cell
      vaccine surface modified by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was used, which showed
      the following characteristics. After mechanical and enzymatic dissociation of the
      tumor tissue an average of 5 x 10(7) cells/g tissue was obtained. According to
      trypan blue dye exclusion assay the average viability was 72%. Following
      irradiation (200 Gy) the inactivation of proliferative activity of the cells
      could be demonstrated by the absence of incorporation of 3H-labelled thymidine.
      The cells were, however, still metabolically active as shown by the incorporation
      of [3H]-uridine and a mixture of 3H-labelled amino acids. Epithelium-specific
      antigens (detected by mAb HEA125) were expressed on more than 75% cells of the
      cell suspension indicating a high amount of (epithelium-derived) tumor cells. In
      order to increase the immunogenicity of the tumor cells the suspended cells were
      infected by the nonlytic, apathogenic Ulster strain of NDV. The successful
      modification of tumor cells with NDV could be shown by electron microscopy. Three
      weeks postoperatively cells were thawed, virus-modified, and inoculated
      intradermally in the upper thigh. Several cell and virus concentrations were
      tested in each patient. As control, tumor cells without NDV, NDV alone and normal
      colon mucosa were used. The number of tumor cells ranged from 2 x 10(6) up to 2 x
      10(7) cells and NDV concentrations from 4 to 64 hemagglutination units (HU) were
      tested. Sixteen patients responded with a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)
      skin reaction to the vaccine. The best DTH reaction, measured 24 h following
      vaccination, was obtained using a vaccine consisting of 1 x 10(7) tumor cells and
      32 HU NDV (median induration of 8 mm). Response to NDV alone was seen in 2
      patients only (median induration of 3 mm); 12 patients responded to tumor cells
      (1 x 10(7) alone (median induration of 4 mm). Of 10 patients tested with normal
      colorectal mucosa, 4 responded with a median induration of 3.5 mm. DTH responses
      to the vaccine of 1 x 10(7) tumor cells and 32 HU NDV increased throughout the
      repeated vaccinations to a median induration of 9.5 mm at the end of the therapy.
      No severe side-effects in the course of the immunotherapy, except for mild fever
      in 4/20 patients, were observed. The results of our phase I study show that this
      type of autologous colorectal tumor cell vaccine is ready for a large clinical
      trial to prove its efficacy.

PMID- 2289212
TI  - Mechanisms of tumour rejection in the murine DBA/2-SL2 concomitant immunity
      system.
AB  - The mechanisms of rejection of secondary tumours were studied in concomitant
      immunity using transplants of standard-size solid SL2 tumours in syngeneic DBA/2
      mice. In such a system primary tumor implants are not rejected, in contrast to
      secondary tumour implants. The second tumour was mainly rejected 2-4 days after
      implantation. Both primary tumour and secondary tumour implants (which are
      rejected) contained hardly any lymphocyte infiltrate, whereas, 2-4 days after
      implantation they contained 40%-50% macrophages, which were cytotoxic in vitro.
      Transfer (s.c.) of these tumours to naive mice showed that cellular infiltrates
      in the secondary implants did not always cause tumour rejection. Serum collected
      on day 4 after implantation of the secondary tumour was cytotoxic to SL2 tumour
      cells in vitro, whereas serum from mice with only primary implants was not
      cytotoxic on day 4 after implantation. Preliminary characterization of this
      cytotoxic factor showed that it was heat-labile, as cytotoxicity disappeared
      after 30 min at 56 degrees C, the molecular mass of the factor was higher than
      100 kDa, and it was not IgG. We hypothesize that secondary tumours in the DBA/2
      SL2 concomitant immunity system are rejected mainly between 2 and 4 days after
      implantation as a result of the combined action of cytotoxic serum and the
      presence of 40%-50% cytotoxic macrophages. The primary tumour is not rejected at
      2-4 days after implantation as there is no cytotoxic factor.

PMID- 2289210
TI  - Susceptibility of autologous target cells to lysis by lymphokine-activated
      effectors from interferon-alpha-treated chronic myelogenous leukaemia patients.
AB  - Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients in chronic phase display compromised
      lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell induction, which is partly restored after
      therapy with interferon alpha. However, the relative resistance of the leukemic
      cells from these patients to autologous or allogeneic LAK lysis is not affected
      by this treatment. In an attempt to render CML cells more susceptible to lysis or
      cytostasis, they were precultured in serum-free medium with or without
      recombinant growth factors. In eight patients studied, interleukin-3 (IL-3)
      significantly enhanced the spontaneous short-term (6-day) proliferation of CML
      cells, with retention of ability to form colonies in methylcellulose. Culture in
      either medium alone or IL-3 led to a significant enrichment of CD14+ and CD33+
      cells but to a reduction in CD34+ cells. In contrast, culture of the same cells
      in IL-2 (to generate autologous LAK activity) resulted in a loss of CD14+ and
      CD33+ as well as CD34+ cells but in a significant increase in CD3+ and CD56+
      cells. Despite similarities in their phenotypes, IL-3 cultured cells but not
      those cultured in medium alone acquired susceptibility to lysis by the IL-2
      cultured autologous LAK cells. These results may have significance for the design
      of novel combination immunotherapy in CML.

PMID- 2289213
TI  - A multicellular tumor spheroid model of cellular immunity against head and neck
      cancer.
AB  - A multicellular tumor spheroid (MTS) model for head and neck cancers has been
      used to examine the immune function of fresh and 6-day interleukin-2(IL-2)
      activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). MTS are individually cultured in
      the presence of effector cells, and the spheroids' growth is monitored by sizing
      them under an inverted microscope. Dose/response studies for IL-2 (0-100 U/ml)
      alone and for fresh unstimulated PBL (0-10(5) cells/MTS) showed no effects on MTS
      growth. IL-2-activated PBL (0-10(5) cells/MTS), in contrast, modulated MTS growth
      in a multiphasic pattern: MTS growth was unperturbed for the first 3 days and
      then growth inhibition occurred, followed by MTS disintegration. Histological
      analysis showed that intact MTS histoarchitecture correlated with unperturbed
      growth, and increasing cell sloughing and MTS dissolution and replacement by
      activated PBL correlated with growth inhibition and disintegration. Flow
      cytometric sorting of lymphocyte subset populations indicated that it was the
      Leu19+CD3- cells that produced these growth-modulatory effects. In contrast to
      the initial LAK cell resistance of MTS, single-cell suspensions demonstrated
      significant lysis in standard 4-h chromium-release assays. Differences between
      single cells and MTS suggest a potential for tissue-like organization as a factor
      in lymphokine-activated killing.

PMID- 2289215
TI  - Insulin agonist therapy: a challenge for the 1990s.

PMID- 2289216
TI  - A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of enalapril and sustained-release
      diltiazem in mild to moderate essential hypertension.
AB  - The subjects of this multicenter study were 159 patients aged 21 to 76 years with
      mild to moderate uncomplicated essential hypertension. The patients were randomly
      assigned to receive up to 40 mg of enalapril daily or 360 mg of sustained-release
      diltiazem daily for a titration period of eight weeks and then maintenance doses
      for four weeks. The treatment goal was a supine diastolic blood pressure of less
      than 90 mmHg or a fall of at least 10 mmHg from baseline. During titration, 62%
      of the enalapril-treated patients and 51% of the diltiazem-treated patients
      reached the treatment goal after two weeks, 82% and 74% after four weeks, 87% and
      84% after six weeks, and 92% and 87% after eight weeks. During the maintenance
      period, 85% of the enalapril-treated and 87% of the diltiazem-treated patients
      maintained the goal blood pressure. Treatment side effects were reported by 21%
      of the enalapril-treated patients and 29% of the diltiazem-treated patients;
      treatment was discontinued in two patients from each group because of side
      effects. It is concluded that both drugs were generally well tolerated and
      effective in the treatment of adult mild to moderate essential hypertension.

PMID- 2289214
TI  - The effect of ranitidine on cellular immunity in patients with multiple myeloma.
AB  - Multiple myeloma is characterized by an increased susceptibility to infections
      and to other malignancies. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study the
      potential impact of immunomodulation by ranitidine was studied in 20 patients
      with multiple myeloma. Three patients were untreated, while 17 after previous
      cytotoxic therapy were in a stable phase of their disease. All were without
      clinical signs of infections and at that time had not been treated with other
      immunomodulating agents. The patients were randomized to oral ranitidine 300 mg
      twice a day for 21 days or placebo, and several immunological parameters related
      to multiple myeloma were studied. The blood monocyte chemotactic response was
      improved in patients treated with ranitidine, and superoxide anion production
      increased from 2.02 nmol/min to 3.86 nmol/min (median values), while it was
      unchanged in patients given placebo (2.19-2.25 nmol/min) (P less than 0.005
      between groups). Among ranitidine-treated patients spontaneous NK cell activity
      was unchanged, while in vitro interleukin-2- and interferon-alpha-stimulated NK
      cell activity decreased (P less than 0.03, respectively). As production of oxygen
      radicals constitutes an important mechanism of monocyte killing activity against
      microorganisms and probably against malignant cells, it is suggested that
      ranitidine may be of beneficial impact in the treatment of multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2289217
TI  - Efficacy of ciprofibrate in primary type II and IV hyperlipidemia: the Italian
      multicenter study.
AB  - The 127 diet-resistant primary hyperlipidemic patients received 100 mg of
      ciprofibrate daily for 12 weeks. In the 63 patients with type IIa hyperlipidemia
      and 41 patients with type IIb hyperlipidemia, serum levels of total cholesterol,
      very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
      triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides, and apolipoprotein
      (apo) B decreased significantly and levels of high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol and apo A-I increased significantly. Similar changes occurred in the
      23 type IV patients, except that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels
      increased significantly and apo B levels did not change. No clinically
      significant side effects or drug-related abnormal laboratory test results were
      noted. It is concluded that ciprofibrate is a safe and potent hypolipidemic
      agent.

PMID- 2289218
TI  - Citicoline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Eighty-five patients with an established diagnosis of primary Parkinson's disease
      were randomly assigned to receive their usual dose of levodopa (mean, 381 mg
      daily) plus 1,200 mg of citicoline daily or half their usual dose of levodopa
      (mean, 196 mg daily) plus the citicoline. Results of the Webster Rating Scale, a
      pegboard test, drawing, writing, and walking tests, a test of emotional state,
      and an overall assessment, administered before and after four weeks of treatment,
      revealed no significant between-group differences. Improvements on the tests were
      shown by more patients who received half their levodopa dose plus citicoline than
      by those who continued to receive their usual levodopa dose plus the citicoline.
      It is concluded that the levodopa-saving effect of citicoline could be used to
      decrease the incidence of side effects and retard the loss of efficacy of
      levodopa in long-term treatment.

PMID- 2289219
TI  - Nifedipine retard in the treatment of hypertension. A study using ambulatory
      blood pressure recordings.
AB  - The subjects were 24 patients, aged 37 to 66 years, with mild to moderate
      hypertension, treated with nifedipine retard (mean dose, 47 mg daily) for 7 to 16
      weeks. The mean 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) declined significantly
      from 158/101 before treatment to 136/87 mmHg after treatment. Daytime BP declined
      from 160/101 to 133/86 mmHg and nighttime BP from 152/98 to 132/85 mmHg; the
      diurnal variation in diastolic BP was lost during treatment with nifedipine. The
      consecutive hourly BPs were all significantly lower after treatment. BPs in
      response to physiologic tests were significantly reduced after treatment. Heart
      rate increased significantly during treatment. Side effects (palpitations, pedal
      edema, and flushing of the face) were reported by four patients. It is concluded
      that nifedipine retard is safe and effective in the treatment of mild to moderate
      hypertension.

PMID- 2289220
TI  - Treatment of asthma with tulobuterol or albuterol in school-age children.
AB  - The subjects were 40 children aged 6 to 16 years with stable chronic asthma; 20
      were randomly assigned to receive 40 micrograms/kg of tulobuterol twice daily and
      20 received 100 micrograms/kg of albuterol three times daily for three months.
      Patients were assessed by spirometry after the morning dose of medication at 0,
      2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. After initial dosing, the mean percentage
      increases in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were significantly
      higher in the tulobuterol-treated patients than in the albuterol-treated
      patients: at 30 minutes after dosing, the mean increase was 17.2% in the
      tulobuterol group and 5% in the albuterol group; at one hour, 20.3% and 6.8%.
      Similar results were found at 12 weeks. Mean changes in forced vital capacity and
      peak expiratory flow rate were similar to the changes in FEV1. Treatment side
      effects were reported by seven tulobuterol-treated patients and by four albuterol
      treated patients. Tulobuterol treatment was withdrawn in one patient because of
      severe vomiting and headache of unknown cause. No changes in cardiovascular
      function were found in any patient. It is concluded that tulobuterol taken twice
      daily was more effective than albuterol taken three times daily in the treatment
      of asthma in children.

PMID- 2289221
TI  - The effects of intermittent and continuous intravenous infusion of famotidine on
      gastric acidity in patients with peptic ulcers.
AB  - The effects of intermittent or continuous intravenous infusion of a daily dose of
      40 mg of famotidine on the intragastric pH over a 24-hour period were studied in
      five patients with gastric ulcers and five with duodenal ulcers. Gastric pH was
      measured continuously using a pH meter. Famotidine was administered at 12-hour
      intervals for intermittent infusion or was given by continuous infusion. The mean
      cumulative percentage of pH readings at 6 to 7 or above with continuous infusion
      was significantly higher than with intermittent infusion in both gastric and
      duodenal ulcer patients. Thus, the continuous intravenous infusion of a daily
      dose of 40 mg of famotidine appears to be more useful for the preservation of a
      high gastric pH in gastric and duodenal ulcer patients than the intermittent
      infusion of the same daily dose of famotidine.

PMID- 2289222
TI  - Efficacy and gastrointestinal tolerability of beta-cyclodextrin-piroxicam and
      tenoxicam in the treatment of chronic osteoarthritis.
AB  - Thirty patients aged 26 to 70 years with a history of chronic osteoarthritis of
      at least eight years were randomly assigned to receive 20 mg daily of beta
      cyclodextrin-piroxicam (beta-CDP) or tenoxicam for eight weeks. Both drugs
      effectively reduced pain, inflammation, and functional limitations of the
      affected joints. Endoscopy revealed minor posttreatment hemorrhagic lesions and
      erosions; these tended to be less severe in the group treated with beta-CDP than
      with tenoxicam. Slight to moderate gastrointestinal symptoms were reported by one
      patient treated with beta-CDP and three patients treated with tenoxicam; the
      symptoms were poorly correlated with endoscopic findings. It is concluded that
      both drugs are safe and effective in the control of symptoms in patients with
      chronic osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2289223
TI  - Caries status in Europe and predictions of future trends.

PMID- 2289224
TI  - Remineralization of human dentine in vitro.
AB  - In this paper the in vitro remineralization of human dentine with 0, 0.5, 2 and
      10 ppm F in the remineralization solution is presented and analyzed by
      microradiography. Furthermore, the remineralization data of human and bovine
      dentine are quantitatively compared. The main results of this paper are: (1) the
      efficacy of human (and bovine) remineralization is about proportional to the
      square root of the F level in the remineralizing solution, and (2) the amount of
      mineral effectively deposited in the dentine is most likely controlled by the
      diffusion of fluoride into the tissue. This study shows furthermore that although
      numerical differences exist in the remineralization of human and bovine dentine,
      the general remineralization behaviour is quite similar. The presence of F- in
      the parts per million range is essential for the remineralization efficacy in
      vitro and also for the 'overremineralization' of the outer dentine surface.

PMID- 2289225
TI  - A model study for quantification of approximal caries with a fluorescent dye.
AB  - The fluorescence intensity of the dye Fluorol 7GA in in vitro caries lesions was
      measured through a strip of plastic either 2 or 1.5 mm in thickness. The light
      scattering in the plastic strips was comparable with light scattering in sound
      enamel. This method was chosen as a model for fluorescent dye measurement at
      approximal sites, where the fibreoptic probe cannot be placed directly on the
      lesion, so that measurements have to be made through a thin layer of sound
      enamel. It appeared that the fluorescent dye can be measured through a layer of
      scattering material and that a linear correlation exists between fluorescence
      intensity and calcium loss as measured by longitudinal microradiography. The
      correlation coefficient for the 2-mm plastic strip was r = 0.76. With the 1.5-mm
      plastic strip the fluorescence intensity recordings were about twice as high, and
      the correlation coefficient was r = 0.81. From these measurements a proposal for
      an application procedure emerged for the use in a clinical situation. Also the
      transmission of light at 550 and 650 nm, at which wavelengths the fluorescent dye
      does not absorb, through plastic strips of varying thickness was measured. It is
      shown that by measurement of transmission of a non-adsorbing wavelength, the
      fluorescence intensity measured through a layer of scattering material can be
      corrected for this layer.

PMID- 2289226
TI  - [Journal of Czech Physicians. Index issue].

PMID- 2289227
TI  - Abnormal perceptual experiences in migraine.
AB  - The prevalence of abnormal perceptual experiences as symptoms of migraine attacks
      was determined in a consecutive series of 46 new female referrals to a migraine
      clinic. All patients met the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache
      Society for migraine with aura or migraine without aura and had no other serious
      physical illness. Seven patients (15%) reported abnormal perceptions (olfactory
      and/or gustatory hallucinations and distortions of body image) as part of most
      migraine attacks. A statistically significant association was found between these
      abnormal perceptual experiences and complaints of mood change, particularly
      increased depression and irritability, as part of most migraine attacks. It is
      suggested that spreading depression of cortical electrical activity may be
      responsible for the manifestations of temporal lobe and limbic system
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2289228
TI  - Cerebral mapping in subjects suffering from migraine with aura.
AB  - Cerebral mapping of the spontaneous electroencephalographic activity was
      performed in 31 subjects suffering from migraine with aura and the results were
      compared with those of a matched control group. All the patients were examined
      during the interictal period. While traditional visual interpretation of EEG
      records was negative in all but five cases (16.1%) spectral analysis showed an
      asymmetry in alpha total power over the posterior regions in 13 cases (41.9%) and
      an asymmetry in alpha band peak frequency in 17 (54.8%). By means of cerebral
      mapping and statistical significance probability mapping we were able to
      demonstrate a significant increase in alpha total power in 13 cases (41.9%) and a
      regional increase in delta and theta total power in 20 cases (64.5%). In
      comparison with the control group, the migraine patients showed a widespread
      increase in slow activity (theta and delta) mostly over the temporal regions.

PMID- 2289229
TI  - The influence of sex and pre-traumatic headache on the incidence and severity of
      headache after head injury.
AB  - Pre- and post-traumatic headache of 168 individuals aged 18-60 years was
      registered 9-12 months after a head trauma. Headache before the trauma was
      reported by 39.9%, women being in the majority. After the trauma 64.3% were
      suffering from headache. Post-traumatic headache was reported by 64 patients
      (38.1%), of whom 22 patients experienced an increase of already existing headache
      and 42 patients complained of new headache. Patients suffering from headache
      before the trauma were not more at risk of having post-traumatic headache than
      patients who did not suffer from headache before the trauma. Patients who
      experienced an increase of already-existing pre-traumatic headache used more
      analgesics than patients first suffering from headache after the trauma. Post
      traumatic headache was reported by more women than men (p less than 0.02), the
      corresponding relative risk being 1.6. Both the use of analgesics and the
      frequency of headache showed a significant increase for patients with post
      traumatic headache when compared with a "control group" of 41 patients with
      unchanged headache and when compared with all patients with headache before the
      trauma. There was no significant difference in the location of pain between the
      groups analysed.

PMID- 2289230
TI  - Functional radiographic examination of the cervical spine in patients with post
      traumatic headache.
AB  - The segmental extension-flexion motion of the cervical spine and the overall C1
      C7 motion were measured on functional X-rays in 19 patients with post-traumatic
      headache and 19 age- and sex-matched controls. The extension-flexion C1-C7 motion
      was reduced in patients with post-traumatic headache due to reduced motion in
      three segments: C2-C3, C5-C6 (p less than 0.05), and C6-C7 (p less than 0.01). In
      both groups a negative correlation between the C1-C7 motion and age was found,
      but the regression coefficients were different. Only in the control group could a
      negative correlation between segmental motion and age be demonstrated. In the
      patients with post-traumatic headache a statistically significant negative
      correlation between the log (pain index) and the age-corrected C1-C7 motion was
      found (p less than 0.04). On the segmental level a negative correlation between
      the log (pain index) and the age-corrected C1-C2 and C5-C6 motion could be
      demonstrated (p less than 0.05). Regarding C6-C7 there was a tendency to negative
      correlation. Furthermore, a negative correlation between the frequency of
      associated symptoms (dizziness, visual disturbances and ear symptoms) and the age
      corrected C5-C6 motion was found. Consequently the decrement of motion primarily
      affected C2-C3, C5-C6, and C6-C7, whereas the analysis of correlation with pain
      index indicated C1-C2 and C5-C6 (C6-C7) as the most important segments involved.

PMID- 2289231
TI  - Migraine and menstruation: a pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To define the term "menstrual" migraine and to determine the
      prevalence of "menstrual" migraine in women attending the City of London Migraine
      Clinic. DESIGN: Women attending the clinic were asked to keep a record of their
      migraine attacks and menstrual periods for at least 3 complete menstrual cycles.
      RESULTS: Fifty-five women completed the study. "Menstrual" migraine was defined
      as "migraine attacks which occur regularly on or between days -2 to +3 of the
      menstrual cycle and at no other time". Using this criterion, 4 (7.2%) of the
      women in our population had "menstrual" migraine. All 4 women had migraine
      without aura. A further 19 (34.5%) had an increased number of attacks at the time
      of menstruation in addition to attacks at other times of the cycle. Eighteen
      (32.7%) had attacks occurring throughout the cycle but with no increase in number
      at the time of menstruation. Fourteen (25.5%) had no attacks within the defined
      period during the 3 cycles studied. DISCUSSION: A small percentage of women have
      attacks only occurring at the time of menstruation, which can be defined as true
      "menstrual" migraine. This group is most likely to respond to hormonal treatment.
      The group of 34.5% who have an increased number of attacks at the time of
      menstruation in addition to attacks at other times of the month could be defined
      as having "menstrually related" migraine and might well respond to hormonal
      therapy. The 32.7% who have attacks throughout the menstrual cycle without an
      increase at menstruation are unlikely to respond to hormonal therapy. The 25.5%
      who do not have attacks related to menstruation almost certainly will not respond
      to hormonal therapy.

PMID- 2289232
TI  - Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 99mTc-HMPAO (hexamethyl
      propylenamino oxime) in chronic paroxysmal hemicrania--a case report.
AB  - The case of a 69-year-old woman with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH) is
      presented in whom cerebral perfusion was investigated using the flow tracer 99mTc
      hexamethyl propylenamino oxime (HMPAO) and single photon emission tomography
      (SPECT). There was a bilateral hypoperfusion in the fronto-parietal region
      between attacks--without medication as well as under effective treatment with
      verapamil. During an attack, however, SPECT investigation showed a normal
      cerebral perfusion. Further investigation is required to find out whether these
      SPECT findings are due to primary alterations of brain perfusion in CPH or are
      only of epiphenomenological nature. The observed effectiveness of verapamil in
      the prophylactic treatment of CPH should be verified in a greater number of
      patients.

PMID- 2289233
TI  - Event-related slow potentials and associated catecholamine function in migraine.
AB  - Plasma norepinephrine and dopamine and event-related slow potentials were
      measured at menses and ovulation in migraine with and without aura relative to
      normal subjects. The results indicated that at menses, but not ovulation, plasma
      dopamine was increased and norepinephrine was decreased relative to normal. This
      catecholamine imbalance was greater in migraine without aura than in migraine
      with aura. Conversely, event-related slow potentials measured over the posterior
      cortex at ovulation but not at the menses was altered relative to normal. Early
      epoch negativity was reduced in migraine with aura, whereas late epoch negativity
      was reduced in migraine without aura. The results suggested that (a) migraine
      without aura may involve dynamic shifts in the function of both norepinephrine
      and dopamine responsive neurons; (b) pathophysiology of migraine with aura is
      less dependent on catecholamine imbalance (norepinephrine alone affected); (c)
      these pathophysiological mechanisms are most prevalent in or restricted to
      posterior cortical regions but may be modulated by brainstem mechanisms.

PMID- 2289235
TI  - Periodontal ligament injection.

PMID- 2289234
TI  - The headache profile of idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
AB  - The headache profile of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH, pseudotumour
      cerebri) has not previously been prospectively studied. We administered a
      questionnaire to 63 cases at the time of diagnosis. Fifty-eight of the cases had
      headache and 93% of those with headache reported it to be their most severe ever.
      Patients characteristically noted a pulsatile headache of gradually increasing
      intensity that had awakened them. Daily headache occurred in 74% of those
      reporting headache. Pain in a nerve root distribution or retro-ocular pain with
      eye movement, uncommon with other headache disorders, help to differentiate this
      headache syndrome.

PMID- 2289236
TI  - Personality characteristics in the TMJ pain patient.

PMID- 2289237
TI  - Child abuse: the dentist's responsibility.

PMID- 2289238
TI  - Childhood abuse linked to dental fears.

PMID- 2289239
TI  - Team approach to TMJ.

PMID- 2289240
TI  - [Reconstructive procedures in war injuries of the larynx and trachea].
AB  - In recent years the authors operated three casualties from non-European
      battlefields with severe laryngotracheal stenoses due to war injuries. Median
      laryngotomy (thyrocricotracheotomy) made a revision and modification of the
      internal injury possible. An implanted tube from a vascular prosthesis, packed in
      Hydron kept the replaced cartilaginous cross bar and possibly mucous grafts from
      a gingivobuccal fold in the correct position. A cross bar made from a
      cartilaginous or bony portion of a rib also dilated the lumen. It was kept in
      position by the perichondrium of the cartilaginous cross bar sutured to the
      margin of the mucosal remnants. All three patients were decannulated.

PMID- 2289241
TI  - [Manifestations of epidermolysis bullosa in the deglutition tract].
AB  - An account of a rare mucosal form of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica in a 26
      year-old female patient. The mucosal manifestations involved severe stenosis of
      the oral portion of the oesophagus. After exhausting all conservative therapeutic
      procedures (corticoids, transfer factor, dilatation), the stenosis of the
      oesophagus was successfully operated by resection of the stenotic portion and a
      plastic operation.

PMID- 2289243
TI  - [Bronchial reactivity in patients with nasal polyps].
AB  - Nasal polyposis is in 25-70% complicated by the development of bronchial asthma,
      its attribute being bronchial hyperreactivity (BH). The authors examined 101
      patients (23 with polyps and asthma, 53 with polyps and 35 controls) using the
      standard bronchoconstriction test as described by Cockroft and Vondra). By
      inhalation of increasing concentrations of histamine solutions the provoking
      concentration, PC20, was assessed. In the group with polyps and asthma 56%
      patients suffered from spontaneous bronchial obstruction and 44% from high and
      medium BH (PC20 less than 1.0 mg/ml). In patients with nasal polyposis alone in
      21% spontaneous obstruction was found or a high BH, similarly as in the group
      suffering from asthma (PC20 less than 0.5 mg/ml). A medium BH was recorded in 23%
      and a mild BH in 26% (PC20 less than 1-2 mg/ml). 30% of patients with polyps are
      normoreactive (PC20 greater than 2 mg/ml). In the control group all patients were
      normoreactive. Patients with polyps and a high or medium BH are a risk group (44%
      of patients) threatened by the development of asthma. They call for longitudinal
      follow up of the BH and frequent check-up examinations by an ENT specialist and
      allergologist. Many years' verification of this hypothesis and evaluation of
      other risk factors is necessary for a more detailed analysis of the risk group of
      patients with polyps.

PMID- 2289244
TI  - [Treatment of tinnitus by Neolidocatone administered by iontophoresis into the
      middle ear].
AB  - The authors describe a possible therapeutic approach mitigating tinnitus. It is
      not causal treatment but only symptomatic and extends the group of methods which
      influence tinnitus. The authors describe their own experience with iontophoresis
      of the middle ear with Neolidocatone-a derivate of Lidocaine which was done with
      a SANOMATIC apparatus, using galvanic current 1.5 mA. In one third of the
      patients it proved possible to mitigate the tinnitus permanently, in the
      remaining patients it persisted in the original intensity. The group of patients
      was heterogeneous from idiopathic tinnitus without impaired hearing, patients
      with otosclerosis, cervicocranial syndrome to those with Meniere's disease. The
      cause of tinnitus did not influence the therapeutic results.

PMID- 2289245
TI  - [Calculation of percentage of hearing loss in speech audiometry].
AB  - In a previous paper the authors explained, based on statistical analysis, the use
      of mixed Czech verbal audiometry for the percentage evaluation of auditory
      losses. In the present work the above problems are discussed and an actual
      example of calculation of auditory losses is given. Based on statistical
      processing of more than 200 sound and verbal audiograms a table was prepared
      where the number is inserted corresponding to the sum of 50% and 100%
      comprehensibility of a mixed verbal set in dB. A reading of the percentage
      hearing loss is then taken. In case of discrimination loss in verbal audiometry
      its value is added to the sum of 50% and maximum attained comprehensibility. If
      the thus calculated percentage hearing loss in verbal audiometry differs from the
      hearing loss assessed according to Fowler and Sabine in sound audiometry, in the
      final evaluation the mean of the two percentage values is used.

PMID- 2289242
TI  - [Tuberculosis of the cervico-facial lymph nodes in childhood].
AB  - The authors proved a tuberculosis origin of lymphadenitis of the cervicofacial
      area in 16 of 63 children operated on account of this suspected diagnosis. In all
      instances it was verified by bioptic examination of the removed lymph nodes.
      However, in no instance acid resistant rods were detected in the microscopic
      sections. Only in two bacteriological evidence was provided of the presence of
      mycobacteria tuberculosis in the preoperative punctate from colliquated lymph
      nodes but not in material obtained from the nodes. The attempt at typing of the
      causative agent was, however, not successful. In the submitted work the authors
      paid attention to some aspects of this disease in children, its problems in the
      area of the parotid gland.

PMID- 2289247
TI  - [Psychosocial aspects of patients with cystic fibrosis in adolescence and
      adulthood].

PMID- 2289246
TI  - [Agreement between auditory threshold calculated from cortical evoked response
      audiometry and tone audiometry in occupational hearing loss].
AB  - In a group of 126 men the authors evaluated the auditory threshold from cortical
      ERA findings and comparison with their threshold sound audiometry. The mean age
      of the patients means = 52.5 years (min. = 25 years, max. = 69 years, s = 8.95).
      Noise exposure means = 16.5 years (min. = 4 years, max. = 30 years, s = 4.5). In
      79.3% the men worked as miners in uranium mines, other mining occupations were
      represented only by small numbers. The arithmetic mean of the total percentage
      hearing loss (calculated according to Fowler) means = 49.7% (min. = 17%, max. =
      100%, s = 15). The cumulative frequency of differences between the auditory
      threshold of the sound audiogram and cortical ERA: (table; see text) The
      cumulative frequency of differences in the total percentage hearing loss between
      sound audiograms and cortical ERA: differences up to +/- 5% hearing loss were
      recorded in 24.3% of the group, differences up to +/- 10% in 43.9%, differences
      up to +/- 15% in 58.9%, differences up to +/- 20% in 70.1%. In the group of 126
      examined subjects we detected 12 aggravating subjects (9.5%), their mean age
      being by 6.7 years lower than the mean of the whole group, the mean exposure to
      noise is by 3.2 years shorter. The differences between the auditory threshold
      reported by the aggravating men and the cortical ERA are highest in verbal
      frequencies, on average they are per fr of 2 kHz 27.3 dB, 1 kHz 24.3 dB, 0.5 kHz
      20.1 dB, 4 kHz, 10.0 dB. The differences between the total percentage auditory
      loss calculated from sound audiograms and cortical ERA reaches on average 41.5%.

PMID- 2289248
TI  - [Sex determination using the polymerase chain reaction method for amplification
      of DNA segments on the X and Y chromosomes].
AB  - The authors tested the rapid and accurate prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of sex
      by the method of amplification of specific portions of DNA of sex chromosomes. To
      ensure a maximum reliability of the diagnosis the authors recommend combined
      examination of specific sequences from the heterochromatin region of the long arm
      of the Y chromosome (Yq) and from alphoid satellite sequences of DNA from the
      pericentromeric portion of chromosome X and Y (Xc and Yc). For further
      improvement of the reliability the authors recommend to digest the Yc
      amplification product obtained by means of restriction endonucleases Msp I, Eco
      Ri and Hini I. Correct assessment of the diagnosis was confirmed in all examined
      subjects (12) from DNA and chorium.

PMID- 2289249
TI  - [Congenital heart defects in children born 1981-1987 in the Bratislava District
      and surrounding countryside].
AB  - In 1981-1987 of 61,420 liveborn children in the districts Bratislava-town and
      Bratislava-country 480 infants with inborn heart disease were born of whom 135
      died. The mean incidence of congenital heart disease is 7.81% and the mean
      mortality 2.22%. During first week 42% of the 135 infants with congenital heart
      disease died. From an analysis of the deceased, operated and living candidate for
      operation the authors estimated 273 cardiological surgical operations for 216
      children from the total of 480 with congenital heart disease. The results may
      serve as a basis for therapeutic and preventive care within the framework of the
      cardiovascular programme for children.

PMID- 2289250
TI  - [Beta thalassemia in pediatric practice. A group of 22 pediatric patients].
AB  - The authors describe 22 cases of beta-thalassaemia minor in 11 boys and 11 girls
      from Czech families. The children suffer as a rule mild hypochromic anaemia with
      marked microcytosis and rather elevated red cell values. The serum ferritin
      values are normal, serum iron is normal or slightly elevated. In all children the
      ratio of haemoglobin A2 is raised (to 4-7%) and in 40% the ratio of haemoglobin F
      is raised (to 1.5 to 5.9%). There are no differences between boys and girls in
      the investigated parameters. The boy have, as compared with adult men with beta
      thalassaemia minor, significantly lower values of red blood cells and serum
      ferritin. There are no significant differences between girls and adult women
      suffering from this disease.

PMID- 2289251
TI  - [The effect of air pollution on the occurrence of respiratory tract diseases in
      children in Slovakia].
AB  - In 1986 and 1987 the authors investigated the incidence of diseases of the
      respiratory system in children in 13 areas with a contaminated atmosphere. The
      morbidity was compared with the incidence of diseases in children living in an
      area with a relatively clean living environment. In 1986 the group comprised
      8,973 children, in 1987 9,409 children aged 7-14 years. The morbidity was
      recorded by health community paediatricians according to the International
      Classification of Diseases and evaluated by means of the annual incidence. The
      authors calculated also the mean period of illness of the airways. In 11
      contaminated areas they found a significantly higher incidence of respiratory
      diseases (p less than 0.01) and higher mean duration of respiratory diseases, as
      compared with the control area.

PMID- 2289252
TI  - [Vitamins C and E in neonates and their mothers].
AB  - During the spring months serum levels of vitamin C and E were investigated in 49
      women at the end of pregnancy and in their infants at the delivery and on the
      fifth day after birth. The authors found that 23.3% of the pregnant women (n =
      43) who gave birth to mature, normal neonates were not adequately saturated with
      vitamin C during the spring months. Almost 13% of the infants (12.8%) had lower
      vitamin C levels on the fifth day after delivery. Two thirds of the mothers (67%)
      of premature infants (n = 6) had low vitamin C levels. The vitamin E levels in
      the pregnant women were adequate, 38% of the five-day-old infants had reduced
      vitamin E levels.

PMID- 2289253
TI  - [Reactivity and immunologic activity of polyvalent split influenza vaccine in
      children].
AB  - In a group of 144 children (six months to 15 years) three doses vaccine were
      administered. The latter contains the main strains of the influenza type A and
      strain type B. From the clinical evaluation ensued that this vaccine in children
      is areactogenic even after repeated doses. The morbidity was followed up for 18
      months and during this period in the immunized communities no case of influenza
      was recorded. The antibody levels were assessed by the haemagglutination
      inhibition test (HIT) and the enzyme test (NIT) The assessed HI titres were high
      after the second and third dose, in particular as regard subtype H3N2 and H1N1.
      The titres against subtype H2N2 and type B were markedly lower. Antibodies
      against neuraminidase were highest against subtype N1 and type B, lowest against
      N2. The dynamics of the formation of antineuraminidase antibodies was similar as
      that of haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies. Based on these results the
      vaccine is evaluated as very satisfactory and after approval by the Ministry of
      Health and Social Affairs this vaccine will be used for a field trial in 1-2
      thousand children where above all the protective effect of the vaccine will be
      investigated. This vaccine is intended for children, with the aim to induce
      complex immunity against influenza.

PMID- 2289254
TI  - [Endoscopic colorectal polypectomy in children and adolescents].
AB  - Endoscopic polypectomy was performed in a total of 22 children and two
      adolescents aged 3 to 17 years. The most frequent symptom leading to examination
      was enterorrhagia. During 31 colposcopic examinations a total of 113 polyps was
      removed. From the histological aspect in all patients juvenile polyps were
      involved, only in one patient with familial polyposis a tubular adenoma was
      detected. No complications were observed. Endoscopic polypectomy from the large
      intestine and rectum in children is a safe and satisfactory method which replaces
      the standard surgical approach and is much more sparing for the child.

PMID- 2289255
TI  - [The effect of a single therapeutic dose of Intussin on the ultrastructure of the
      epithelium of the respiratory tract].
AB  - The effect of administration of a single therapeutic dose of Intussin on the
      ultrastructure of the rabbit tracheal epithelium was investigated. Twenty minutes
      after the application of five drops of Intussin only slight reaction of the
      pseudostratified ciliated epithelium was recorded. The ciliated cells manifested
      only slight signs of pathological alteration. Stimulation of 36 +/- 2% of goblet
      cells and degeneration of 7 +/- 2% of these cells were recorded. The average
      number of kinocilia per 1 microns2 of the ciliary border area was significantly
      (P less than 0.005) reduced to 6.7 +/- 0.5. However 97 +/- 2.7% of kinocilia
      remained intact. There was slight but significant (P less than 0.005) increase in
      number of pathological and degenerated kinocilia. As morphological signs of
      impaired mucus flow clumps and layers of inspissated secretion and numerous
      bacteria were found in the area of the ciliary border. Owing to the slight damage
      to the ciliary border and to the low degree of stimulation of the goblet cells
      the impairment of the self cleaning ability of the epitselium was obviously due
      to the ciliostatic action of some component of this preparation.

PMID- 2289257
TI  - [The persistent pulmonary hypertension syndrome in neonates after intrauterine
      exposure to indomethacin].

PMID- 2289256
TI  - [Use of steroid indicators in monitoring the treatment of congenital adrenal
      hyperplasia].
AB  - The authors divided forty children and adolescents with inborn adrenal
      hyperplasia caused by a block of 21-hydroxylase of steroids (CAH) according to
      clinical criteria into adequately and inadequately treated. Substitution
      treatment with hydrocortisone or hydrocortisone combined with fludrocortisone was
      administered three times a day in individual doses. In order to find an adequate
      indicator of the adequacy of therapy, the authors assessed in addition to total
      urinary 17-oxosteroids also 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and 11
      beta-hydroxyandrostenedione in serum. The values of urinary 17-oxosteroids did
      not correspond to the clinical condition of the children; in younger children
      three was a high percentage of falsely positive and in older children of falsely
      negative results. As to serum steroids, the most suitable indicator for
      monitoring was 17-hydroxyprogesterone. The authors consider its levels above 30
      nmol/l as a basis for consideration of raising therapeutic doses, while levels
      below 2.2 nmol/l signalize possible overdosage of the drug. Concurrently elevated
      levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione are found in particularly
      inadequately treated children. 11 beta-hydroxyandrostenedione is not a useful
      indicator for monitoring of CAH treatment. In any case it is necessary, when
      controlling CAH therapy, to select an individual procedure and to evaluate
      results in the context with the patient's clinical condition.

PMID- 2289258
TI  - [Analysis of infant mortality in Slovakia in 1988].

PMID- 2289259
TI  - [Experience with Vietnamese mothers and their children in an infant care
      facility].

PMID- 2289260
TI  - [Prevention of tooth decay by fluoridation].

PMID- 2289261
TI  - [Successful treatment of Sjogren's syndrome in 2 children].

PMID- 2289262
TI  - [Voice change as an indicator of maturation in boys].

PMID- 2289263
TI  - [Health and healthy air (cleaners, air washers)].

PMID- 2289264
TI  - [Epidemiologic aspects of neonatal sepsis].

PMID- 2289265
TI  - [The significance of monitoring intracranial disorders of the CNS using 2
      dimensional ultrasonography--the image in neonates].
AB  - The authors emphasize the importance of the long-term follow up of intracranial
      disorders of the CNS by two-dimensional ultrasonic B-visualization in early
      infancy. They demonstrate the practical results on examinations of four patients
      with different types of intracranial lesions where "monitoring" by the B
      visualization made it possible to follow up the fate of the non-operated focus
      and in operated patients to visualize the outcome or failure of neurosurgical
      intervention. The authors prefer ultrasonic examination in early infancy to other
      neuroradiological methods, in particular because it is unpretentious, simple,
      safe and the results are easily interpreted.

PMID- 2289266
TI  - [Lactate dehydrogenase in the cerebrospinal fluid in 57 hypoxic neonates].
AB  - The authors used assessment of lactic dehydrogenase activity in cerebrospinal
      fluid to evaluate the severity of hypoxic damage of the CNS of neonates. The
      highest activity was recorded in infants who died in conjunction with the hypoxic
      lesion of the CNS. The lowest activity was found in neonates with a permanently
      normal neurological finding during infancy. From the results ensues the
      prognostic importance of the above examination for subsequent psychomotor
      development of children.

PMID- 2289267
TI  - [Alloimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia due to anti-P1A1 thrombocyte antibodies].
AB  - The authors describe three patients with neonatal thrombocytopenia where they
      detected in the maternal serum, using the immunofluorescence and immunoenzymatic
      test, antibodies against thrombocytes and thus confirmed the alloimmune nature of
      thrombocytopenia. By molecular characterization of the immunoreactivity of the
      thrombocytic antibody in the mother of neonate no. 1 evidence was provided that
      the antibody is against glycoprotein IIIa which carried antigen P1A1. In the
      reference laboratory in Amsterdam the anti-P1A1 specificity of this thrombocytic
      antibody was confirmed. The authors obtained and tested the first type anti-P1A1
      serum in Czechoslovakia which can serve to detect P1A1 antigen negative subjects.

PMID- 2289268
TI  - [The effect of natural and artificial nutrition on vitamin C and E levels in the
      normal infant].
AB  - During the spring months the vitamin C and E serum levels were assessed in 44
      normal infants. In addition the serum levels of vitamins C and E were assessed in
      17 breastfed infants and their mothers. Low vitamin C levels were recorded in
      five infants (12.2%). Of these four were bottlefed and one infant had a mixed;
      mostly formula diet. Two infants with a low vitamin C level had fruit juices and
      strained fruit. All breastfed infants were well saturated with vitamin C despite
      the reduced vitamin C level of one nursing mother. Low vitamin E levels were
      found in two infants (4.5%). Both infants were under six weeks and were
      bottlefed. After supplementation of the diet with nonmilky products the vitamin E
      levels rose in breastfed as well as bottlefed children. In breastfed infants
      older than six weeks the vitamin E levels were significantly higher (p less than
      0.001), as compared with bottlefed infants. The results of the investigation
      confirmed that only breastfeeding or well adapted cows milk formula ensure an
      adequate vitamin C and E level in normal infants.

PMID- 2289269
TI  - [The effect of increased production of androgens on the development of body build
      morphology. Case report of an androgen-active tumor in a monozygotic twin].
AB  - The authors present an account on monozygotic twins where in one girl an androgen
      active adenoma of the adrenal cortex during early puberty led to the development
      of the Morphogram of Body Build (Case-report of throughout the period of
      investigation intact from the hormonal aspect. Four years after resection of the
      tumour endocrine and anthropometric characteristics of the two sisters were
      evaluated: the hormonal status of both is normal, the somatic differences are
      manifested by a different final height, biacromial width and chest circumference.
      The results are conceived as a precedent for evaluation of risks associated with
      administration of anabolic steroids in children.

PMID- 2289271
TI  - [A national working seminar of leading workers in child health care--Lnare 1989].

PMID- 2289270
TI  - [Balloon dilatation of subvalvular membranous stenosis of the aorta in an 8-year
      old boy].
AB  - Case-history of an eight-year-old boy with subvalvular membranous aortal stenosis
      where the authors used for treatment percutaneous dilatation by means of a
      balloon catheter without using surgery. The authors recommend to eliminate the
      stenosis as soon as possible before serious aortal insufficiency develops.

PMID- 2289272
TI  - [Pediatric education].

PMID- 2289273
TI  - [The work of the physician in nursery schools].

PMID- 2289274
TI  - [Methodology of the home visit service by the pediatric nurse].

PMID- 2289275
TI  - [Adoption of gypsy and non-gypsy children].

PMID- 2289276
TI  - [Meeting of the working committee of leading pediatric professionals including
      regional pediatricians, other child care physicians and regional pediatric nurses
      held on June 29-30 1989 in Tabor].

PMID- 2289277
TI  - [The epidemiologic situation in the Czech Republic in 1988].

PMID- 2289278
TI  - [Natural feeding of infants in Slovakia].

PMID- 2289279
TI  - [Training of health administrators at the threshold of the third millenium].
AB  - In the historical part of the article the author tried to draw the readers'
      attention to undergraduate and postgraduate training of leading workers in the
      health services, as discussed by conferences of the Communist Party and
      conferences of Ministers of Health from Socialists countries. In the second part
      the author draws attention to an analysis of the age and qualification structure
      of public health officers (incl. tables), and the third and final part is devoted
      to comments on postgraduate training in the discipline, based on some new
      findings and reflections on the personality of the leading public health officer
      in the Czechoslovak health services.

PMID- 2289280
TI  - [The impact of psychological stress on somatic and biochemical parameters in an
      atypical sports discipline].
AB  - The subject of our interest was to investigate the response of the organism to
      mental strain in an atypical sports discipline. To this end we examined 10 chess
      players. We assessed their pulse rate at rest, before a contest, immediately
      after the contest and after 5 mins. recovery. Statistical evaluation revealed an
      increased heart rate before the contest, as compared with rest at a level of
      significance of 0.01; after the contest as compared with the status before the
      contest at a level of 0.02; in the recovery stage, as compared with rest, at the
      0.01 level. As a control group we examined 10 hockey players under the same
      conditions and the results were compared with the chess players. For scientific
      practice it is necessary to find a way to monitor the internal environment during
      a chess game (catecholamines, lactate, glucose, fatty acids, cholesterol and
      others). As soon as this will be possible without disturbing the reflection
      process of the chess player, we shall be able to obtain more information on the
      adaptation of the organism to mental strain during a game of chess.

PMID- 2289281
TI  - [The present status and trends in health care expenditures throughout the world
      and in Czechoslovakia].
AB  - Expenditure on health services on a world-wide scale have an ever increasing
      trend. The trends in advanced countries where nowadays the expenditure on health
      services is cca 10% of the national gross product is to restrict a further rise
      and to make maximum use of available resources. In Czechoslovakia the position is
      different, as expenditure on health services is roughly half as compared with
      advanced countries. Provisions thus will be specific and funds from other sources
      than the stage budget will be increased and there will be efforts to achieve a
      maximum effectiveness as regards the use of available resources. At the same time
      it will be, however, necessary to make an effort to increase the total volume of
      financial resources for the health services. The importance of these efforts
      ensues from the present health status of the population.

PMID- 2289282
TI  - [A method for studying total population morbidity in the Czech Republic in 1986].
AB  - The authors evaluate the method applied in an extensive investigation of the
      general morbidity of the Czech population implemented in 1986, based on treated
      morbidity, not combined with the method of actual medicinal examinations. The
      population sample was selected by one-stage selection, randomization was made by
      birth data (seventh day in odd month). In the investigation participated all
      health community and factory doctors, as well as paediatricians and adolescent
      medical officers in the Czech Republic. Morbidity was assessed retrospectively
      from the documentation of health community doctors. The investigation confirmed
      the hypothesis that this method can be used under local conditions for periodic
      examinations of the general morbidity of the population.

PMID- 2289283
TI  - [Demographic trends and the health status of the Czech population in the 80s].
AB  - The author summarizes basic indicators from which conclusions can be drawn on the
      health status of the population of the Czech Republic in the eighties up to 1988.
      She emphasizes the mortality life expectancy at birth, abortion rate, work
      incapacity on account of illness and injury, morbidity from diabetes and
      tuberculosis, the trend of newly detected malignant tumours and causes of
      invalidity. The assessed data are supplemented by figures and maps.

PMID- 2289284
TI  - Evidence for spontaneous segregation phenomena in mixed micelles of gangliosides.
AB  - A light scattering study of the effect of mixing in aqueous solution two
      gangliosides, GM2 and GT1b, having different hydrophilic headgroups and similar
      lipid moieties is presented. Mixed micelle formation with spatial segregation of
      one ganglioside with respect to the other was observed. It is also shown that
      segregation is a spontaneous phenomenon which is explainable only in terms of
      simple geometrical arguments, that is by the fact that the large headgroup of
      GT1b provides the lipidic core of the aggregate with a better shielding from
      water in the highly curved regions than the smaller headgroup of GM2 can do. This
      finding may be of help in understanding the behaviour of gangliosides in
      artificial and natural membranes.

PMID- 2289285
TI  - Factors contributing to the distribution of free fatty acids among phospholipid
      vesicles.
AB  - The distribution of free fatty acids at equilibrium after incubation of small
      sonicated unilamellar vesicles (SUV) with large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) of
      different lipid composition has been determined. Stearic acid (SA) and oleic acid
      (OA) showed similar preferences for SUV and LUV of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine
      (EYPC). Both ionized and protonated forms of the free fatty acids (FFAs) behaved
      similarly with respect to the equilibrium distribution between EYPC of different
      size. The charge of the vesicles was found, however, to be important, since both
      FFAs in their ionized form preferentially associated to vesicles of
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) as compared with vesicles of phosphatidylglycerol (PC).
      While SA preferred membranes in the gel state, OA showed preference for the
      membrane in fluid state. The insertion of both OA and SA in
      phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)/phosphatidylcholine vesicles is less favourable
      than in vesicles of pure PC. All these data suggest that membrane lipid content
      may play a role in determining the distribution of free fatty acids among the
      membranes of a cell.

PMID- 2289286
TI  - Comparison of energy-minimized crystal structures of 2,3-dilauroyl-D-glycerol, 3
      palmitoyl-DL-glycerol-1-phosphorylethanolamine and 1,2-dilauroyl-DL
      phosphatidylethanolamine:acetic acid.
AB  - Computational procedures have been developed by which the total energy of a lipid
      multibilayer can be calculated and minimized. The energy is expressed as a sum of
      non-bonded, electrostatic, hydrogen bonded and torsional energy terms and
      includes intramolecular and intermolecular components. Calculations were carried
      out on three lipid crystals for which structural data are available from X-ray
      diffraction analysis. For each crystal, the energy was minimized as a function of
      all bond rotations, molecular rotations and translations and the lattice
      constants. The minimized structures differed by only small amounts from the
      experimental structures, which confirms the validity of the current set of energy
      functions and parameters for use with lipids. The intermolecular energy of each
      crystal is analyzed in terms of lateral interactions, interactions between the
      two monolayers of the same bilayer and interactions between bilayers. The
      intermolecular non-bonded energy per CH2 or CH3 group in the acyl chains is also
      given.

PMID- 2289287
TI  - A facile synthesis of an aldehydic analog of platelet activating factor and its
      use in the production of specific antibodies.
AB  - The multistep synthesis of a platelet activating factor (PAF) analog having a
      reactive aldehyde group at the omega-end of the sn-1 position is described. A
      novel ozonolysis of a double bond was employed to generate the aldehyde group in
      high yield under mild conditions. The aldehyde group was generated at the last
      step of the synthesis to avoid any reactions of protection and deprotection. The
      natural chiral center at the sn-2 position was introduced at the first step so
      that no steric resolution of the final product was needed. This analog of PAF was
      conjugated to thyroglobulin via reductive amination and then used to immunize
      rabbits for production of specific antibodies. The purified antibodies bind
      stereospecifically to tritiated PAF and crossreact minimally with lyso-PAF,
      plasmalogens and other phospholipids. The solid-phase radioimmunoassay thus
      developed detects as low as 20 pg of PAF per assay tube and should be applicable
      to the quantitation of PAF in biological systems.

PMID- 2289288
TI  - Interaction of dextran sulfate with phospholipid surfaces and liposome
      aggregation and fusion.
AB  - The binding of dextran sulfate to phospholipid liposomes was investigated by
      microelectrophoresis experiments. The polyanion binds to neutral phospholipid
      liposomes (DMPC and PE) only in the presence of Ca2+. If positively charged
      stearylamine is incorporated in the vesicles dextran sulfate is bound without
      Ca2+. Negatively charged phospholipids as PS do not bind dextran sulfate, even in
      the presence of millimolar concentrations of Ca2+. The adsorption of dextran
      sulfate results in an aggregation of vesicles due to a bridging mechanism. In all
      cases the aggregation is followed by a disaggregation toward higher dextran
      sulfate concentrations. The disaggregation process starts at polymer
      concentrations smaller than the concentration of the onset of saturation of the
      adsorption. By use of the probe dilution method a fusion of small DMPC and
      DMPC/PE vesicles in the presence of Ca2+ and dextran sulfate was found.

PMID- 2289290
TI  - Thermodynamic and structural effects of propranolol on DPPC liposomes.
AB  - Some thermodynamic and structural aspects of propranolol-DPPC liposomes
      interaction were investigated by DSC and X-ray diffraction: the lamellar
      arrangement of the lipid matrix remains intact even at high concentrations of the
      drug (until 1:1 drug/lipid molar ratio). However, the bilayer thickness increases
      significantly and the chains become perpendicular to the lamellar planes, for
      increasing drug content. At still higher propranolol concentrations a hexagonal
      phase occurs followed by a lamellar phase, in which the liposomes are destroyed.
      Moreover, the presence of propranolol has been found to impart fluidity to the
      lipid matrix.

PMID- 2289289
TI  - Phospholipids showing complex bilayer phase transitions. II. Four sulfur
      containing phosphatidylcholines.
AB  - The main phase transitions of aqueous dispersions of four synthetic
      phosphatidylcholines (PCs) containing sulfur atoms in thioester and thioether
      linkages have been studied by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry
      (DSC). The transition enthalpies ranged from 7.4 to 10.3 kcal mol-1, with values
      for tm, the temperature of maximal excess heat capacity, in the range 38.0 to
      40.8 degrees C. The corresponding values for dipalmitoyl PC (DPPC) are 8.5 kcal
      mol-1 and 41.7 degrees C. Curve fitting required the sum of from one to four two
      state components to give an accurate representation of the observed DSC curves.
      Comparison of the results given here with those reported by B.Z. Chowdhry, G.
      Lipka, J. Hajdu and J.M. Sturtevant, (1984) Biochemistry 23, 2044-2049, for PCs
      containing amide, ether or carbamoyl linkages in place of the usual ester bonds
      shows that small changes in organic structure can result in large changes in
      thermotropic behavior. The complexity in the cases showing more than a single two
      state component is presumably due to a series of sequential cooperative
      transitions the character of which is at present unknown.

PMID- 2289291
TI  - Short chain phospholipids in membrane protein crystallization: a 31P-NMR study of
      colloidal properties of dihexanoyl phosphatidylcholine.
AB  - The colloidal features of short chain phospholipids can be deduced from 31P-NMR
      analysis by comparison with available data on phospholipid aqueous dispersion. In
      this study with dihexanoyl phosphatidylcholine, detergent phase separation was
      obtained by temperature shift and by addition of the precipitating agent
      polyethylene glycol. The 31P-NMR spectra indicate that the detergent micelles
      fuse to enter the hexagonal HII and lamellar phases. Consequences for the
      crystallization of membrane proteins are discussed.

PMID- 2289292
TI  - Public health surveillance of AIDS and HIV infections.
AB  - The general methods used for public health surveillance of acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases and of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      infections are no different from those used for other diseases and infections.
      However, the methods used must be adapted to the unique epidemiology, wide
      variation in prevalences, and the very long incubation period of HIV infections.
      In addition, the severity of AIDS and the extreme social and personal
      implications of identifying HIV-infected persons make surveillance of AIDS cases
      and HIV infections much more difficult and place paramount importance on issues
      such as anonymity and confidentiality. Information on the occurrence of AIDS
      cases is essential for planning and developing the clinical and laboratory
      facilities needed for treatment and care of patients with the disease. However,
      surveillance of AIDS cases is of limited value for assessing the magnitude and
      future trends of the pandemic because the number of such cases detected,
      diagnosed, and reported reflect HIV infections that were acquired many years
      previously. In addition, there are significant problems associated with the
      accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of most AIDS case-reporting systems.
      Routine HIV surveillance systems are being developed worldwide. Such systems must
      be adapted to the prevailing epidemiological situation; and the sampling methods
      used in populations where the prevalence of infection is very low must
      necessarily differ from those where it is moderate to high. Large-scale
      population serosurveys are very costly, and the results from such surveys may
      also be of limited accuracy because of serious problems of selection and
      participation bias. Furthermore, they may become outdated rapidly in areas where
      a high incidence of HIV infection occurs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289293
TI  - Serodiagnostic tests for tuberculosis: a need for assessment of their operational
      predictive accuracy and acceptability.
AB  - There have been numerous unsuccessful attempts to develop clinically useful
      serodiagnostic tests for tuberculosis. Although the large number of published
      reports clearly show that antibody levels are significantly higher in patients,
      as a group, than in a control population, little consideration is given to the
      value of the tests in various operational situations. In this paper we review the
      criteria generally used to assess the usefulness of a diagnostic test and
      introduce two new concepts--namely, operational predictive accuracy and
      operational acceptability.

PMID- 2289294
TI  - Acute respiratory infections in children: a case management intervention in
      Abbottabad District, Pakistan.
AB  - Between 1985 and 1987, a community-based case-management programme for acute
      lower respiratory infection (ALRI) was conducted in a rural district of northern
      Pakistan. The impact on infant and child mortality of this programme, which
      included active case-finding and maternal health education, was evaluated. In
      1985-86, the ALRI-specific mortality rate among children less than 5 years old in
      31 intervention villages was 6.3 deaths per 1000 children per year, compared with
      14.4 in seven control villages (P = 0.0001). Within one year of the interventions
      being extended to the control villages in 1987, the ALRI-specific mortality rate
      in these villages dropped by 55% to 6.5 per 1000 children per year (P = 0.06).
      The total child mortality rate in 1985-86 was 29.0 per 1000 children per year in
      the intervention villages and 39.4 per 1000 children in the control villages, a
      difference of 26% (P = 0.01). With the interventions in 1987, the total child
      mortality rate in the control villages declined by 29% to 27.8 per 1000 children
      per year (P = 0.09). Similar intervention-associated declines in the infant
      mortality rate were also observed. Case management of acute respiratory infection
      by village-level community health workers backed up by local health centre staff
      appeared to significantly reduce both ALRI-specific and total infant and child
      mortality rates in this setting.

PMID- 2289296
TI  - Accessibility of dog populations for rabies control in Kathmandu valley, Nepal.
AB  - The accessibility of dogs in urban areas of Kathmandu valley was measured using
      the following approaches: determination of the proportion of dogs that bore signs
      of having been the objects of religious worship and other signs of household
      association, supplemented by information obtained by interviewing people in the
      neighbourhood; and the vaccination coverage attained in a rabies control campaign
      that was preceded by intensive activities to encourage the community to
      participate. An accessibility rate of 90-95% was determined using the first of
      these approaches, whereas 75-80% of the total dog population was reached in the
      vaccination campaign.

PMID- 2289295
TI  - Surveillance and control of meningococcal meningitis epidemics in refugee
      populations.
AB  - Epidemics of communicable diseases pose a direct threat to refugee and internally
      displaced populations, and could lead to high mortality rates and a disruption of
      basic health care services. Several large refugee populations live in regions of
      high meningococcal disease endemicity and their camps are at risk for outbreaks
      of meningococcal meningitis. Surveillance in these camps allows early detection
      and control of impending outbreaks. Confirmation of meningococcal disease can be
      performed under field conditions using simple techniques, such as latex
      agglutination. Isolates should be obtained for serogroup confirmation and
      antibiotic sensitivity studies at reference laboratories. Serogroup information
      is used to determine the risk of widespread epidemic disease and the utility of
      available vaccines. During epidemics, treatment regimens should be standardized,
      preferably with an effective single-dose antibiotic. Mass vaccination campaigns
      should be initiated, the populations at high risk being targeted for vaccination
      as quickly as possible. When the risk of epidemic disease is deemed to be high,
      preemptive vaccination may be warranted. Daily surveillance using a simple case
      definition is essential during an epidemic to determine the effectiveness of
      control measures and to delineate high-risk groups for vaccination or
      chemoprophylaxis. Many of these recommendations can be applied also to other
      populations in developing countries.

PMID- 2289297
TI  - Sanitation in rural communities in Bangladesh.
AB  - Household sanitation in developing countries, especially in the rural areas, is
      poor. An evaluation of what was achieved in this regard during the 1980-90 decade
      of safe water supply for all was carried out in the present study. It was
      observed that even where a safe water supply and sanitary latrines were provided,
      people did not always use them. While 23% of the studied households had sanitary
      latrines, children in about 11.5% of these households did not use them and women
      in about 6% of households did not use them for micturition at night. Not a single
      house in the study area could fulfil all the criteria of sanitary housing in a
      strict sense; for example, although 34.5% of the households had tubewells, only
      11.5% of them had a satisfactory level of water usage. Since socioeconomic
      conditions and education influence the level of sanitation, improvements in both
      are required.

PMID- 2289298
TI  - Breast-feeding and child-spacing: importance of information collection for public
      health policy.
AB  - The presence of lactational amenorrhoea cannot be fully relied upon to protect
      the individual mother against becoming pregnant. Nevertheless, the use of breast
      feeding as a birth-spacing mechanism has important implications for global health
      policy. This article identifies the information that should be collected and
      examined as a basis for developing guidelines on how to reduce the dual
      protection afforded by postpartum lactational amenorrhoea and other family
      planning methods, and discusses when such methods should be introduced.

PMID- 2289299
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in combination with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and
      primaquine in male Thai patients with falciparum malaria.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of mefloquine (M) were studied in 59 male Thai patients with
      falciparum malaria. Mefloquine was administered alone (750 mg orally; group 1),
      or with primaquine (PQ, 45 mg; group 2), or in combination with sulfadoxine (1.5
      g) + pyrimethamine (75 mg) (MSP; group 3), or as MSP + PQ (group 4). All patients
      in groups 1, 2 and 4 initially responded to treatment, but two patients from
      group 1 had RI recrudescent infections. One patient in group 3 failed to respond
      to treatment and was considered to have RII resistance, while a further patient
      from this group had RI recrudescence. The pharmacokinetic parameters for group 1
      and group 3 were not significantly different. Co-administration of primaquine
      alone had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of mefloquine, but there
      was a statistically significant decrease in the terminal elimination half-life of
      mefloquine for group 4 relative to that for group 3.

PMID- 2289302
TI  - Neuropsychiatric aspects of HIV-1 infection.

PMID- 2289301
TI  - Risk and surveillance of individuals with heritable factors for colorectal
      cancer. WHO Collaborating Centre for the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - Heritable and genetic factors pertinent to colon cancer can be divided into three
      categories: inherited syndromes, genetic epidemiology, and molecular genetics.
      Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Gardner syndrome (GS) are rare
      dominantly inherited syndromes characterized by hundreds to thousands of colonic
      adenomatous polyps. Colon cancer occurs at a young age in both diseases unless
      the colon is removed. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and familial juvenile polyposis are
      inherited hamartomatous polyposis conditions with a less dramatic, but definite,
      increased risk for colon cancer. These four polyposis syndromes together account
      for less than 1% of cases of colon malignancy. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal
      cancer is a dominantly inherited form of colon cancer characterized by an early
      age of onset and a predilection for proximal colonic tumours. Multiple primary
      malignancies are frequently observed and one or several adenomatous polyps are
      often present in affected individuals; 4-6% of colon cancer cases occur in
      relationship to this syndrome. Genetic epidemiological studies have consistently
      shown that first-degree relatives of persons with colon cancer have a twofold to
      threefold increased risk of having colon malignancy. More recent studies have
      found a similar risk among relatives of those with adenomatous polyps. Studies of
      colon cancer and adenomatous polyps in pedigrees have further demonstrated that
      this familial clustering probably occurs on the basis of partially penetrant
      inherited susceptibilities. These inherited susceptibilities probably interact
      with environmental factors to give rise to polyp growth and finally colon cancer.
      Molecular studies have begun to elucidate the genetic mechanisms of colon cancer
      at the DNA level. The germinal mutation of FAP and GS has been localized to the
      long arm of chromosome 5. Tissue samples from "random" adenomatous polyps and
      colon cancers have shown frequent and specific acquired DNA sequence deletions on
      chromosomes 5, 17, and 18. Mutations and over-expression of the ras oncogene
      likewise have been observed in such tissues. The chromosome 5 defect in polyp and
      cancer tissues is probably at the same locus as the germinal mutation of FAP.
      There is evidence that this locus normally regulates expression of the c-myc
      oncogene, which in turn probably has a regulatory function in DNA replication.
      The chromosome 17 deletion is a mutation of the gene for the transformation
      associated protein, p53. Appropriate screening starting at a relatively young age
      is necessary to prevent cancer in the inherited syndromes. Screening is also
      indicated in close relatives of those with nonsyndromic or common colon cancer in
      view of the moderately increased risk for colon cancer in this group.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2289300
TI  - Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases: the global picture.
AB  - Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are now the commonest group of notifiable
      infectious diseases in most countries, particularly in the age group of 15 to 50
      years and in infants. Their control is important considering the high incidence
      of acute infections, complications and sequelae, their socioeconomic impact, and
      their role in increasing transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
      The worldwide incidence of major bacterial and viral STD is estimated at over 125
      million cases yearly. STD are hyperendemic in many developing countries. In
      industrialized countries, the bacterial STD (syphilis, gonorrhoea, chancroid)
      declined from the peak during the Second World War till up to the late fifties,
      then increased during the sixties and early seventies, and they have been
      decreasing again from the late seventies till the present. In the industrialized
      world, diseases due to Chlamydia trachomatis, genital herpes virus, human
      papillomaviruses and human immunodeficiency virus are now more important than the
      classical bacterial ones; both groups remain major health problems in most
      developing countries. Infection rates are similar in both women and men, but
      women and infants bear the major burden of complications and serious sequelae.
      Infertility and ectopic pregnancies are often a consequence of pelvic
      inflammatory disease, and are preventable. Sexually transmitted diseases in
      pregnant women can result in prematurity, stillbirth and neonatal infections. In
      many areas 1-5% of newborns are at risk of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, a
      blinding disease; congenital syphilis causes up to 25% of perinatal mortality.
      Genital and anal cancers (especially cervical cancer) are associated with viral
      sexually transmitted diseases (genital human papillomavirus and herpes virus
      infections). Urethral stricture and infertility are frequent sequelae in men.

PMID- 2289304
TI  - Hemorrhage produces depression in microvascular blood flow which persists despite
      fluid resuscitation.
AB  - Although various hemodynamic changes occur during and following hemorrhagic
      shock, the progressive changes in microvascular blood flow (MBF) in various
      organs under those conditions have not been determined. To study this, non
      heparinized rats were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm
      Hg until 40% o the shed blood volume was returned in the form of Ringer's lactate
      (RL). The rats were then resuscitated with 2, 3, or 4 times (x) the volume of
      maximum bleedout with RL. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to determine the
      MBF in the liver, kidney, spleen, skeletal muscle, and small intestine at
      different intervals following hemorrhage and resuscitation. The results indicate
      that MBF was significantly decreased during hemorrhage and remained depressed 30
      240 min post-resuscitation in all the measured organs. This was not due to the
      decreased hematocrit since acute hemodilution did not significantly depress MBF.
      These results indicate that 1) LDF is a useful technique for repeated assessment
      of MBF following hemorrhage and resuscitation; 2) resuscitation with 4x RL
      increased central venous pressure to more than twice the normal value but did not
      restore or maintain MBF, suggesting that pharmacological support may be needed
      under such conditions; 3) the lack of maintenance of MBF following hemorrhage and
      resuscitation may form the basis of multiple organ failure observed following
      severe and prolonged hemorrhagic shock.

PMID- 2289303
TI  - Changes in catalase activity in lung and liver after endotoxemia in sheep.
AB  - Endotoxemia in the sheep produces oxidant-induced cardiopulmonary dysfunction and
      lung and liver lipid peroxidation, which can be prevented with exogenous
      catalase, indicating a role for hydrogen peroxide. We determined whether
      endotoxin-induced oxidant release altered endogenous catalase activity to help
      explain the lipid peroxidation. Unanesthetized sheep were given 2 micrograms/kg
      Escherichia coli endotoxin and killed at 5 hr or 24 hr. Lung and liver lipid
      peroxidation, measured as malondialdehyde, and catalase activity were determined
      after endotoxin and compared with controls. Lung tissue MDA increased by 100% at
      5 hr and was still elevated by 50% at 24 hr, while catalase activity decreased by
      50% at 5 hr and remained decreased, suggesting irreversible inactivation. Liver
      MDA was also doubled at both 5 and 24 hr, but catalase activity remained
      unchanged. We conclude that endotoxemia results in a significant inactivation of
      endogenous catalase activity in lung, but not in liver. The lung may be more
      prone to a subsequent H2O2 injury before restoration of catalase activity.

PMID- 2289305
TI  - A multicenter evaluation of the Boehringer Mannheim/Hitachi 717 system.
AB  - Analytical performance of the Boehringer Mannheim/Hitachi 717 system was
      evaluated in a multicenter study involving seven different laboratories. Fifty
      five methods including end point chemistries, enzymes, ISE, TDM, DAU, and
      specific protein assays were assessed over a 7 month period. Methods on the
      analyzer exhibited excellent precision with CVs less than 2% for within run
      precision, and CVs less than 3% for between day precision for most analytes;
      linearity, which met or exceeded manufacturer's claims; minimal sample and
      reagent carryover, and no significant interference from hemolysis; icterus; and
      lipemia. Recovery of the assigned value for 10 analytes in SRM 909 was
      acceptable. Comparison of methods with other BM/Hitachi analyzers resulted in
      slopes close to unity (0.93-1.06); comparison to other clinical chemistry
      analyzers yielded slopes of 0.88-1.07. Excellent performance and diverse method
      applications make the BM/Hitachi 717 analyzer a suitable instrument for work
      station consolidation.

PMID- 2289306
TI  - Polymerase chain reaction: amplification of DNA from fixed tissue.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows the analysis of DNA from biologic
      samples containing only nanogram quantities of DNA. We used DNA purified from
      fresh or frozen peripheral blood (PB) leukocytes and formalin, or B-5 fixed bone
      marrow aspirate clots (BM). A sequence of the beta-globin gene was amplified via
      the PCR then hybridized with allele specific oligonucleotide probes for
      hemoglobin A, S, and C. All DNA preparations, including formalin and B-5 fixed
      BMs, were successfully amplified; the hybridization of the amplified products
      resulted in patterns consistent with the hemoglobin phenotype for all patients.
      PCR can be used on DNA from many sources; retrospective studies using paraffin
      embedded fixed tissue are possible because extremely small amounts of DNA present
      in fixed tissue can be successfully amplified.

PMID- 2289307
TI  - Rapid automated analysis of glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and S-transferase
      activity: application to cisplatin-induced toxicity.
AB  - We describe a rapid kinetic method for the automated determination of the
      xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and
      glutathione S-transferase, and its application to the study of cisplatin-induced
      toxicity. Liver, kidney and urine from control and cisplatin-treated rats were
      used as the source of enzymes. Advantages over conventional spectrophotometric
      methods include speed (25 assays in 4 min), small sample size, and improved
      precision. We show that glutathione S-transferase activity in liver is slightly
      reduced by cisplatin treatment, whereas all three enzymes are reduced in the
      kidney. Glutathione-S-transferase activity appeared in urine between the third
      and seventh days after cisplatin injection. Using these enzyme activities in
      cisplatin-treated rats, we suggest that the renal enzymes are more sensitive
      markers of toxicity than hepatic enzymes.

PMID- 2289308
TI  - Comparison of assays for prostatic and total acid phosphatase.
AB  - Total and tartrate inhibited acid phosphatase was determined on the Technicon
      Chem 1 and evaluated against a Cobas-Bio centrifugal analysis procedure and an
      immunochemical method. Precision and reference range studies were performed for
      the Chem 1 acid phosphatase procedure and correlation was established with the
      other methods. The Chem 1 method for measuring total and prostatic acid
      phosphatase is a sensitive method with good correlation to the centrifugal
      analysis and the immunochemical method. The assay is fully automated and requires
      no manual off-line sample preparation.

PMID- 2289309
TI  - The effect of desferal on rat heart mitochondrial function, iron content, and
      xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase conversion during ischemia-reperfusion.
AB  - Cardiac mitochondrial function as measured by oxidative phosphorylation is
      impaired by ischemia; and, this deteriorates even further on reperfusion of the
      heart. Free oxygen radicals, especially the formation of hydroxyl radicals via
      the iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss and Fenton reactions have been implicated in the
      reperfusion injury. In this study, the effect of desferrioxamine (desferal) in
      the perfusate on mitochondrial function of isolated rat hearts during different
      periods of normothermic ischemic cardiac arrest (NICA), and subsequent
      reperfusion was investigated. Mitochondrial functions measured were the QO2
      (state 3); ADP/O ratio and oxidative phosphorylation; the mitochondrial, loosely
      bound (chelateable) iron (LB-iron); the xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine
      oxidase activities. Inclusion of desferal in the perfusion solution significantly
      improved mitochondrial function during the different NICA periods, and prevented
      the deterioration of mitochondrial function resulting from reperfusion. Desferal
      did not significantly affect the LB-iron content of the mitochondria or the ratio
      of xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase activities in the mitochondria during
      NICA or reperfusion. Our experiments suggest that iron, which is free to be
      chelated by desferal, plays a role in this injury to the rat myocardium.

PMID- 2289310
TI  - Clinical assessment of specific enzyme immunoassay for the human cardiac myosin
      light chain II (MLC II) with use of monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A highly specific enzyme-linked "sandwich" immunoassay was developed for
      determining cardiac myosin light chain II (MLC II) in serum by using an
      anticardiac MLC II monoclonal antibody and a solid phase consisting of glass rods
      coated with another monoclonal antibody. We can detect as little as 0.2 ng of
      cardiac MLC II per assay. The measurable range of cardiac MLC II concentration in
      serum is 1 to 30 micrograms/L. The assay demonstrated no cross-reactivity with a
      skeletal muscle MLC within the measurable range. The mean coefficients of
      variation were 6.1% within assay and 5.1% between assay. The concentration of
      cardiac MLC II in sera from healthy subjects ranged from 0 to 4.0 micrograms/L
      (mean 0.75 micrograms/L and median 0 micrograms/L). The concentrations of cardiac
      MLC II in serum of patients with skeletal muscle disease due to various causes (n
      = 15) and patients with effort angina (n = 25), in general, were not
      significantly elevated above normal. In all patients with myocardial infarction,
      the concentrations of cardiac MLC II were over 4.0 micrograms/L at 12 h after
      onset. The mean (+/- 1 SD) peak concentration of cardiac MLC II was 16.2 (+/-
      4.4) micrograms/L at 90 h (mean) after onset. On the 5th day, the cardiac MLC II
      concentrations in all patients with myocardial infarction were significantly
      elevated above normal; none showed abnormal MB-creatine kinase (CK-MB) activity
      at this time. Thus, the measurement of cardiac MLC II concentration in serum may
      be useful to provide a specific and sensitive diagnosis of myocardial necrosis at
      any time period following myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2289311
TI  - Serum type-2 macro-creatine kinase isoenzyme is not a useful marker of severe
      liver diseases or neoplasia.
AB  - We studied the creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme pattern in sera from 332 patients
      affected by hepatic cirrhosis and several neoplastic diseases (102 cirrhosis, 36
      hepatocarcinoma, 16 metastatic liver tumor, 40 breast cancer, 18 other neoplastic
      diseases and 120 cases of leukemia or lymphoma) to evaluate both its diagnostic
      utility for cancer diagnosis and its power as a prognostic index. Type-2 macro CK
      (mitochondrial creatine kinase) was detected, with no statistical difference in
      cirrhosis (14%), hepatocarcinoma (16%), metastatic liver tumor (31%), breast
      cancer (5%) and other tumors (6%). It was not detected in any patient with
      leukemia or lymphoma. The presence of type-2 macro CK was unrelated to the stage
      of either cirrhosis or hepatocarcinoma, according to Child and Okuda,
      respectively, nor was it correlated to serum cytolytic enzyme levels or to gamma
      globulin levels. In cirrhotics, type-2 macro CK was not linked to serum levels of
      the following tumor markers: alpha-fetoprotein, pseudouridine and gamma
      glutamyltransferase isoenzymes complexed to low-density lipoprotein. In addition,
      the atypical band persisted in several patients with cirrhosis monitored for six
      months who did not show any evidence of evolution toward hepatocarcinoma. Thus,
      type-2 macro CK has poor diagnostic sensitivity for neoplastic diseases, and
      lacks prognostic value both in cirrhosis and neoplastic diseases.

PMID- 2289312
TI  - Biochemical investigation of a child with molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
AB  - A girl aged eight months, who presented with developmental delay and dislocated
      optic lenses, was diagnosed as having combined sulfite oxidase and xanthine
      dehydrogenase deficiencies consistent with molybdenum cofactor deficiency. The
      diagnosis was confirmed by demonstrating the absence in urine of urothione, a
      molybdenum cofactor metabolite. Prenatal diagnosis excluded the disease in the
      mother's second pregnancy. A summary of an in vitro study of molybdenum cofactor
      synthesis in the patient is given.

PMID- 2289313
TI  - A possible relationship between Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, urinary tract
      anomaly and prune belly syndrome.
AB  - We report here two siblings diagnosed as having Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. In
      addition to Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, one of the siblings was also diagnosed
      with prune belly syndrome. The other sibling suffered from obstructive uropathy
      and unilateral cryptorchidism, which are also seen in prune belly syndrome. We
      believe that these two cases point to a potential association between Beckwith
      Wiedemann syndrome, prune belly syndrome, and urinary tract anomaly.

PMID- 2289314
TI  - Excess of HLA parental sharing in families with Turner patients.
AB  - In utero selection processes are probably related to mother-father compatibility
      as has been reported in abortion-prone couples and in Down syndrome studies. In
      order to analyse this phenomenon, we investigated families with chromosomal
      imbalance (Turner syndrome). We chose this model because previous data indicated
      a high frequency of HLA-A31 and B38 in Turner patients and in their mothers. We
      report high HLA antigen sharing in Turner families and great histocompatibility
      between mother and affected daughter, not related to abortion histories. The
      proportion of HLA-A homozygous cases among Turner children was higher than
      expected. The level of lymphocytotoxic antibodies against fetus in mothers of
      Turner patients was comparable to that of mothers of families with normal
      fertility and probably favoured these pregnancies.

PMID- 2289315
TI  - Homozygous C4A deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis of patients
      from a defined population.
AB  - Homozygous C4A deficiency was found at a prevalence of 16% (13/80 patients) in
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The patients represented all diagnosed cases
      retrieved from a defined population in Southern Sweden, which minimizes the
      influence of patient selection. Photosensitivity was more common among C4A
      deficient patients than among other SLE patients (p less than 0.05). Otherwise,
      clinical features were similar in the two groups. In addition, no differences
      were found with regard to presence of various autoantibodies (anti-dsDNA, anti
      Sm, anti-RNP, anti-SSA, anti-SSB, rheumatoid factors and anti-cardiolipin). In
      patients expressing both C4A and C4B isotypes, C4B/C4A quotients were fairly
      stable in plasma irrespective of disease activity. This argues against
      preferential break-down of either isotype during complement activation in the
      disease. The increased photosensitivity of C4A-deficient patients partly
      resembles the findings in patients with complete deficiencies of classical
      pathway components.

PMID- 2289316
TI  - Craniofrontonasal dysostosis: variable expression in a three-generation family.
AB  - A family with craniofrontonasal dysostosis (craniofrontonasal dysplasia) is
      described. There were three severely affected females, two of them daughters of
      apparently healthy parents. Examination of the male relatives revealed orbital
      hypertelorism and other minor anomalies in two of them, including the father of
      the two affected daughters. This family emphasizes the wide variation in the
      phenotype of craniofrontonasal dysostosis and suggests that male relatives with
      minor manifestations of the syndrome may be at high risk of having severely
      affected daughters. The expression of the gene may be modified by the sex.

PMID- 2289317
TI  - Emery-Dreifuss syndrome in three generations of females, including identical
      twins.
AB  - Emery-Dreifuss syndrome is characterized by early contractures, slowly
      progressing muscle wasting and cardiomyopathy, often presenting as heart block.
      The syndrome is usually inherited as an X-linked recessive. We present a family
      with four affected females in three generations, including a pair of identical
      twins. All patients developed elbow contractures, scoliosis, and stiffness of the
      spine and neck from the age of about 10, with little progression in later years.
      The proband developed cardiomyopathy at the age of 45, whereas her mother died at
      41 without a confirmed diagnosis of cardiomyopathy. The twin daughters of the
      proband had no unequivocal signs of cardiomyopathy at the age of 21 years. Early
      recognition of this syndrome is important because of the possible development of
      heart block.

PMID- 2289318
TI  - Clinical expression of Menkes syndrome in females.
AB  - Three female patients with Menkes syndrome are described. Clinically, they have
      typical Menkes syndrome. Biochemically, they have significantly increased 64Cu
      uptake in cultured fibroblasts. The chromosomal analysis was normal for two of
      the patients and abnormal for one patient (45X/46XX mosaicism).

PMID- 2289319
TI  - Attitudes of parents of cystic fibrosis children towards neonatal screening and
      antenatal diagnosis.
AB  - Information on parents' attitudes towards neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis
      (CF) and antenatal diagnosis by chorion villus biopsy (CVS) has been derived from
      a detailed questionnaire administered to parents of CF babies diagnosed early
      following newborn screening (18 babies), and later on account of clinical
      criteria (11 babies). Screening was by measurement of immunoreactive trypsin
      (IRT) on Guthrie card blood spots, which was the basis of the Wales/West Midlands
      IRT Screening Survey, 1985-1989. Families questioned were from Wales. Most
      parents supported screening: parents of 15/18 (83%) screened babies and 10/11
      (91%) unscreened babies. Following antenatal diagnosis, 15/29 (52%) of families
      would abort a CF foetus. Neither standard of education nor social class
      correlated with attitudes to screening or antenatal diagnosis, although these
      factors were related to the parents' knowledge of CF in general. Several families
      emphasised the importance of minimal delay between the initial mention of the
      possibility of CF on IRT testing and confirmation (or otherwise) of the
      diagnosis. Four mothers acknowledge temporary rejection of their babies during
      the period of uncertainty or following the procedures of diagnosis, emphasising
      that neonatal screening for CF can have a psychological impact on the parent
      child bonding. Although most families supported neonatal screening for CF, this
      study underlines some of the difficulties which may be encountered during the
      procedure of screening for CF by IRT.

PMID- 2289320
TI  - Re-evaluation of GM2346 from a del(16)(q22) to t(4;16)(q35;q22.1).
AB  - Reassessment of the cytogenetics of a patient previously karyotyped as
      del(16)(q22) demonstrates the presence of a balanced translocation,
      t(4;16)(q35;q22.1). This patient should not be included in any future comparison
      involving the clinical features of patients with deletions of the long arm of
      chromosome 16.

PMID- 2289321
TI  - An isolated case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in a female with a deletion
      of DMD cDNA.
AB  - An isolated case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in a female who has a
      deletion of the DMD locus is described. This patient was a 26-year-old woman born
      to unrelated, healthy parents. She was initially examined at age 6 because of a
      waddling gait. At age 15, pseudohypertrophy of calves and pes equinus were
      observed along with proximal muscular weakness and wasting. Her serum creatine
      kinase level was high and histological evidence of muscular dystrophy was
      apparent on muscle biopsy. The patient was ambulant at age 15 and progression of
      motor disability has been slow. Chromosomal studies revealed a normal karyotype,
      and mental retardation is moderate. DNA analysis at age 26 revealed that she has
      a deletion of DMD cDNA 8 mapped within Xp21 and is heterozygous for the deletion.
      Since diagnosis of DMD is now dependent on the evidence of mutation or deletion
      at Xp21, this patient is thought to have a form of DMD. Expression of the DMD
      gene in the heterozygous state might be due to random but unequal lyonization.

PMID- 2289322
TI  - Radiographic assessment of rheumatoid arthritis. Controversies and perspectives.

PMID- 2289323
TI  - Cytokines and inflammatory arthritides.

PMID- 2289324
TI  - Zinc profiles in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Evidence has accumulated which suggests that zinc may play an important role in
      immune function and inflammation. In this study we examined the zinc status in
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, other rheumatic diseases
      and healthy controls. Results indicate that serum and plasma zinc levels are
      decreased significantly in patients with RA. Reduced zinc values may be due to
      decreased albumin-bound and micromolecular protein-bound zinc.

PMID- 2289325
TI  - Rheumatologic manifestations of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV).
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the type and frequency of rheumatologic
      manifestations among patients followed at an HIV clinic in a general hospital,
      and to evaluate the usefulness of a questionnaire in identifying the presence of
      these manifestations. Fifty-two consecutive patients with HIV infection completed
      a questionnaire regarding the presence of rheumatologic symptoms. All patients
      were interviewed and examined for the prevalence and spectrum of musculoskeletal
      manifestations. The questionnaire was found to be sensitive in identifying
      patients with rheumatologic manifestations which were detected on clinical
      examination. The latter were found in 34 patients (65.3%). Twenty-one patients
      (40.3%) had arthralgias, 8 (15.2%) had spondyloarthropathies (including Reiter's
      syndrome, psoriatic arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy). Two
      patients (3.8%) had oligoarthritis and one case each had myositis, Sjogren's
      syndrome and Behcet's syndrome. Muscle pain was common, occurring in 35% of the
      patients, and it was related to the use of zidovudine therapy. In contrast to
      previous reports, most of the patients with arthritis had mild disease,
      responding promptly to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This difference may
      be explained by the use of zidovudine therapy, stage of HIV infection, and
      lifestyle. A questionnaire may be helpful in identifying the prevalence of
      rheumatologic manifestations in HIV-infected subjects.

PMID- 2289326
TI  - Anticardiolipin antibody determination: comparison of three ELISA assays.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare two commercial kits (A and B) with our our
      own assay (C) for the determination of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL). In 42
      controls no subject was found to be aCL positive with kit A, seven were aCL
      positive with kit B and 1 with assay C. In 61 patients, the results were as
      follows: 50.8% aCL positivity for A, 57.4% for B and 50.8% for C. Only 57.3% of
      the patients were either positive (20 patients) or negative (15 patients) in the
      three tests. As for controls the concordance in patients was better between kit A
      and assay C than between kit B and assay C. Another group of patients with high
      IgM blank values in assay C were selected; when their blank values as measured
      with the kits were subtracted, 40% of the aCL positive patients with kit A became
      negative. In summary this comparison indicates that aCL positivity may vary
      according to the assay used and that non-specific binding may lead to false
      positive results.

PMID- 2289327
TI  - Simultaneous evaluation of membrane bound and soluble interleukin 2 receptor
      expression in the blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We studied the levels of membrane-bound and soluble-form interleukin 2 (IL-2)
      receptors in forty patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Levels of IL-2 receptors
      in the sera and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis were
      elevated when compared to values observed in normal sera and synovial fluid
      derived from the osteoarthritic joint. Simultaneous elevation of IL-2 receptor
      expression in blood and synovial fluid lymphoid cells was also detected, but no
      correlation was found between the two parameters nor between serum IL-2 receptor
      levels and the hemosedimentation rate. We conclude that measurement of serum
      concentrations of soluble IL-2 receptors should be used with caution as an index
      of disease activity, but may be useful when used in conjunction with other
      parameters in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2289328
TI  - Clinical evaluation of radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Four rheumatologists and 2 radiologists utilized 3 reading techniques to evaluate
      clinical radiographic progression in selected serial hand and wrist films from 5
      rheumatoid arthritis patients. The carpometacarpal radio determinations were the
      most internally consistent; global assessment and total erosion + joint space
      narrowing scores showed the best between-method correlations; and the erosion +
      joint space narrowing scores depicted most sensitively the progression over time
      which was not affected by immunomodulating agent or non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory agent therapy. In this study, instructed, non-experienced readers
      detected rheumatoid radiographic progression utilizing readily available scoring
      techniques.

PMID- 2289329
TI  - Orbital pseudo-tumor in temporal arteritis revealed by computerized tomography.

PMID- 2289330
TI  - DISH and ankylosing spondylitis. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Ankylosing spondylitis (A.Sp.) and diffuse idiopatic skeletal hyperostosis
      (DISH), represent the most common inflammatory and degenerative enthesopathies,
      respectively. Despite their rather frequent occurrence in the rheumatic disease
      care setting, few case reports of their simultaneous presence in the same patient
      have appeared in the literature. We describe here a further observation and
      review the rheumatologic literature.

PMID- 2289331
TI  - The role of vascular endothelium in the pathogenesis of connective tissue
      disease: endothelial injury, activation, participation and response.
AB  - Vascular involvement in the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases is well
      documented but poorly understood. Endothelial cell activation and injury play a
      central role in the disease process. The interaction of endothelium with
      circulating inflammatory and immune cells may trigger a series of events that
      include the expression of adhesion molecules and MHC antigens in association with
      the synthesis and release of various active peptides that have the potential for
      inflaming the surrounding tissues. The understanding of the nature of endothelial
      functional changes in the disease process may provide opportunities for
      intervention and prevention.

PMID- 2289332
TI  - High dose immunoglobulin therapy in severe juvenile chronic arthritis: long-term
      follow-up in 16 patients.
AB  - Sixteen children with severe juvenile chronic arthritis received high dose
      intravenous immunoglobulin (IVGG). Extra-articular symptoms improved to some
      degree in 6 of ten patients. A decrease in the number of active joints occurred
      in 7 patients of the 11 who received more than ten months of IVGG. Hemoglobin
      levels increased, the ESR and platelet counts decreased and the IgG levels
      diminished in most of the patients who received long term treatment. The
      treatment was totally ineffective in three children who had very severe disease.
      Two children had respectively a vasculitic rash and urticaria thought to be side
      effects of the treatment. One had proteinuria. This last might have been due to
      other therapeutic agents given. Although clinical and biological benefits
      occurred in some, the state of the patients who had short term (m = 2-3 months)
      or long term (m = 2-7 years) therapy was not different at the last visit.

PMID- 2289333
TI  - A long term study of 22 children with brucellar arthritis.
AB  - Brucellar arthritis remains a serious a problem in Mediterranean countries. In
      the pediatric group it has not received enough attention. We have analysed the
      clinical features of 22 children followed in a large hospital for the last 10
      years. Fever (68%), malaise (50%), myalgia (18%) and abdominal pain (14%) were
      the most common systemic symptoms. Three different patterns of arthritis were
      observed: acute (45%), chronic (41%) and recurrent (14%). Monoarthritis (45%)
      with hip involvement was very common. Response to treatment with large doses of
      cotrimoxazol for a long period of time was good. No toxicity was observed.

PMID- 2289334
TI  - The plasma cofactor and anticardiolipin antibodies.

PMID- 2289335
TI  - Fibromyalgia in a pair of identical twins.

PMID- 2289336
TI  - Skin diseases in pregnancy.

PMID- 2289337
TI  - Skin changes during pregnancy.

PMID- 2289338
TI  - Transdermal drug absorption during pregnancy.

PMID- 2289339
TI  - Dermatopathology for the obstetrician.

PMID- 2289340
TI  - Pruritus in pregnancy.
AB  - Diagnosis of the cause of pruritus in a pregnant patient should be approached
      systematically, beginning with a detailed history (especially drug exposure) and
      physical examination. Systemic diseases must be excluded. Liver function tests
      and hepatitis screen are in order if symptoms suggest liver dysfunction. Stool
      examination for ova and parasites may be included when there is no skin lesion.
      Biopsy of an obvious skin lesion or a specific radioimmunoassay may be helpful. A
      dermatologic consultation is warranted when the diagnosis is in doubt and skin
      lesions are present. An accurate diagnosis is imperative since certain
      dermatologic disorders may increase maternal and fetal morbidity and even
      mortality.

PMID- 2289341
TI  - Bullous dermatoses and prurigo of pregnancy.

PMID- 2289342
TI  - Papular dermatoses of pregnancy.

PMID- 2289343
TI  - Cutaneous manifestations of collagen vascular disease in pregnancy.

PMID- 2289344
TI  - Erythema nodosum, estrogens, and pregnancy.

PMID- 2289346
TI  - Cutaneous manifestations of bacterial and viral disorders in pregnancy.

PMID- 2289345
TI  - Melanoma in pregnancy.
AB  - The clinical course of malignant melanoma in pregnancy has been a subject of
      controversy, but current evidence indicates that it is similar to the clinical
      course in non-pregnant patients. Early detection and biopsy of localized disease
      is crucial because early treatment provides an excellent prognosis. Surgical
      excision is the primary therapy for this disease. As the primary care provider
      for many women in the reproductive age group, obstetrician-gynecologists have an
      opportunity to detect these lesions at their earliest stages when they are
      amenable to cure. Overall, maternal metastases to the fetus and placenta are very
      rare events and do not warrant elective termination based on the maternal
      diagnosis. However, a thorough examination of the infant and placenta should be
      done in all cases of melanoma complicating pregnancy. After treatment, long-term
      follow-up is recommended. Since most recurrences develop within 3 years after the
      diagnosis, it remains prudent to recommend that these patients avoid a subsequent
      pregnancy during this interval.

PMID- 2289347
TI  - Cervical cancer.

PMID- 2289348
TI  - Pap smears and screening for cervical neoplasia.

PMID- 2289349
TI  - Treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

PMID- 2289350
TI  - Cervical cancer in pregnancy.

PMID- 2289351
TI  - Microinvasive cervical cancer.

PMID- 2289352
TI  - Surgical staging of cervical cancer.
AB  - Noninvasive radiologic methods to detect paraaortic lymph node metastases are
      reliable when combined with FNA of enlarged lymph nodes. However, the sensitivity
      is low, and undetected microscopic metastases leads to treatment failure. These
      patients with paraaortic lymph node metastasis are not treated with extended
      field radiation, and they all die within 3 years. The CT scanning is probably the
      best diagnostic method to evaluate cervical cancer, because it can assess the
      primary tumor, the urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, liver parenchyma, and
      retroperitoneum. It also permits the guidance of FNA and the arrangement of
      radiation ports. Surgical staging provides the direct assessment of the
      peritoneal cavity and the retroperitoneal spaces. Metastatic tumor, including
      enlarged lymph nodes, can be resected, but this is of dubious benefit. The
      operative morbidity is acceptable, with fewer intestinal complications when the
      extraperitoneal approach is used, and long-term morbidity is minimal when
      appropriate paraaortic radiation doses are employed (less than 5,000 cGy).
      Surgical staging has provided data on the frequency of paraaortic lymph node
      metastasis by stage of cervical cancer, and thus, treatment strategies can be
      better developed. Extended-field radiation results in 5-year survival rates of 20
      25% in patients with microscopic paraaortic lymph node metastasis, patients who
      would not survive without the treatment. However, surgical staging has produced
      only a modest boost in survival rates, because of the high rate of pelvic and
      systemic failure. When extended-field radiation is used prophylactically or in
      patients with probable lymph node metastasis seen on radiographic studies,
      survival rates are similar to patients irradiated after surgical staging finds
      paraaortic lymph node disease. As our ability to predict, and detect
      nonsurgically, positive paraaortic node disease improves, extended radiation (or
      other adjuvant therapy) could be used more frequently without operation in
      patients who are at high risk for metastatic disease. In a study by Haie et al,
      prophylactic paraaortic radiation was given to patients at high risk for
      paraaortic metastasis. In patients with a high probability of local disease
      control, paraaortic radiation significantly reduced the incidence of paraaortic
      and distant metastases. Patients with known paraaortic lymph node metastases
      frequently have occult systemic metastases. In these same patients, pelvic
      failure is also common. Thus, until effective systemic therapies emerge, a marked
      improvement in survival is unlikely in patients who have paraaortic lymph node
      metastasis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2289353
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix.

PMID- 2289354
TI  - Surgery or radiation for early cervical cancer.
AB  - In summary, neither radiation nor surgery is clearly superior. The benefits of
      surgery include: 1) emotional satisfaction that the tumor has been removed, 2)
      accuracy of surgical staging, 3) preservation of the ovaries, 4) no secondary
      uterine cancer (a very uncommon problem), and 5) complications that are more
      readily correctable. Radiation offers the major advantages of being useful in
      most patients regardless of age or medical condition and is the choice for large
      cancers. Because stage IB cervical cancer is a very diverse pathological entity
      with a number of potential prognostic factors (including cell type, depth of
      invasion, tumor volume, lymphatic space involvement, and occult lymph node
      metastases), and because patients present with a number of other conditions
      (including excess weight, advanced age, prior pelvic surgery or infection, and
      severe medical illness), we are fortunate to have two good methods for treating
      cervical cancer. Prospective randomized studies will be necessary in the future
      to better define specific advantages in the various clinical settings. But, in
      general, the following have proven most expedient: 1) class I hysterectomy, for
      microinvasive cancer of 3 mm invasion or less without lymphatic space
      involvement, 2) modified, extended hysterectomy (class II) and pelvic
      lymphadenectomy for lesions of 3 mm and lymph vascular space involvement or when
      the lesion seems to just exceed 3 mm and for very early adenocarcinoma, 3) an
      extended hysterectomy (class III) and pelvic lymphadenectomy for larger IA2, IB,
      and IIA lesions that are less than 4 cm, particularly for the pregnant or younger
      patient, and when ovarian conservation is desired, 4) radiation therapy is used
      for lesions over 4 cm and for women with severe medical illness making extended
      hysterectomy too hazardous, 5) combination therapy and chemotherapy are now
      reserved for study in poor prognosis patients with very large lesions (greater
      than 6 cm), occult metastases, and unfavorable histologic criteria (Table 2).

PMID- 2289355
TI  - Therapy of patients with positive nodes.

PMID- 2289356
TI  - New techniques in radiation therapy for cervical cancer.

PMID- 2289357
TI  - Pelvic exenteration for recurrent cervical cancer.

PMID- 2289358
TI  - Chemotherapy of cervical cancer.

PMID- 2289359
TI  - The technical aspects of computers.
AB  - This chapter is concerned with the technical aspects of computers. It is
      therefore concerned with how computers came about in the way they did, and who
      were the people who pioneered their development--what they were like in the early
      years, what they are like now, and what are likely to be the future developments.
      The emphasis is always on giving information to the readers so that they may know
      what questions to ask of the experts and, equally important, which experts to
      spend time with. In consequence of this last statement it becomes necessary to
      present a panorama showing the range of computers both size-wise and cost-wise;
      such scenario will therefore cover the vista from large main-frames (which must
      inevitably be needed in District Health Authorities and District General
      Hospitals) to the desk-top personal computers which all clinicians of the future
      will find essential. Because readers will be experiencing the impact and,
      hopefully, the benefits of the computer at the lower end of the size and price
      scale, considerable space has been devoted to explaining the various items (disc
      drives, monitors, printers) that pervade the microcomputer scene. New terminology
      must be introduced to readers if they are to discuss intelligently their computer
      needs to the providers of such facilities. Just as an automobile is no use
      without oil, petrol, water and a competent user, so the computer hardware needs
      computer software and a competent user. The chapter therefore continued with some
      considerable space being devoted to software (operating systems, programming
      languages, utilities and expert systems) so that the user will have clear
      guidance as to which path to follow in order to become a competent user of the
      present and future technology. Because of the rapid advances in data storage, in
      networking and in computer programs, the clinicians of tomorrow will have vast
      sources of information at their disposal. This latter will include not only
      patient records, but also drug data-sheets, textbooks, journals and research
      reports. Finally, lack of space has prevented some topics receiving more than a
      cursory mention. This is known but, like real life, one has to make judgements as
      to the relative importance of the topics and include those which come out top. It
      is hoped that the readers will not be too disappointed: if they absorb all that
      is here they will be very knowledgeable indeed.

PMID- 2289360
TI  - Computing and decision support in obstetrics and gynaecology.

PMID- 2289361
TI  - Data collection for an obstetric department.
AB  - A well-designed computerized data collection system allows an accurate, complete
      data-set to be compiled for all pregnant women. It should be able to produce all
      the documentation necessary for pregnancy care, with minimum delay, and avoid
      repetitive data entry. Data is stored on computer on the back of operational
      tasks so that it may be subsequently used for audit. In addition it may be used
      for research purposes. Patient care can be improved if the computer is programmed
      to react to certain items being entered by requesting further relevant data
      items. This therefore acts as a teaching method. A further extension of this is
      to use the data to help reach a diagnosis and thus suggest a logical management.
      A computerized data collection system cannot bring order out of chaos. Before
      introducing one there must be well-stated objectives of what is required from it.
      It must be clearly stated what is to be collected by whom and for what purpose.
      Apart from the capital outlay there may be a need to set money aside for revenue
      purposes for additional staff involved in maintaining the system. If a large
      system is being introduced then this will have considerable implications with
      regard to the work done by some staff, and job descriptions may need
      renegotiation--an aspect usually overlooked.

PMID- 2289362
TI  - Choosing a computer system.

PMID- 2289363
TI  - History-taking by computer.

PMID- 2289364
TI  - Linking and integrating computers for maternity care.
AB  - Functionally separate computer systems have been developed for many different
      areas relevant to maternity care, e.g. maternity data collection, pathology and
      imaging reports, staff rostering, personnel, accounting, audit, primary care etc.
      Using land lines, modems and network gateways, many such quite distinct computer
      programs or databases can be made accessible from a single terminal. If computer
      systems are to attain their full potential for the improvement of the maternity
      care, there will be a need not only for terminal emulation but also for more
      complex integration. Major obstacles must be overcome before such integration is
      widely achieved. Technical and conceptual progress towards overcoming these
      problems is discussed, with particular reference to the OSI (open systems
      interconnection) initiative, to the Read clinical classification and to the
      MUMMIES CBS (Common Basic Specification) Maternity Care Project. The issue of
      confidentiality is also briefly explored.

PMID- 2289365
TI  - Computerized automation of clinical trials.
AB  - Over the past decade computers have revolutionized medical record systems. Data
      is now legible, organized and easily retrievable. The next decade will see a
      revolution in the way large multi-centre clinical trials are carried out.
      Computerized automation of trials improves compliance with the protocol,
      identifies deviations from the randomization system and reduces missing and
      erroneous data. Computerization also improves recruitment and eliminates mistakes
      during data transfer. All of these proven advantages are bought for a fraction of
      the cost of the investigators' time.

PMID- 2289366
TI  - Principles of interfacing computers to medical equipment.
AB  - Table 3 shows a comparison of the interface standards considered. RS232 has the
      advantages of availability, flexibility and low cost. Variants on the standard
      overcome its limitations in data-rate and distance. The Centronics parallel
      standard is available on most personal computers and is particularly suitable for
      high data-rates over short distances. Other PC standards such as SCSI are special
      purpose interfaces and therefore more difficult to use. GPIB is a robust and well
      specified standard often used for the control of laboratory instruments.

PMID- 2289367
TI  - Computerized analysis of cardiotocograms and fetal movements.
AB  - Important biological signals from the fetus, including fetal heart rate and fetal
      movement, were obtained electronically by recent medical engineering techniques
      and processed (usually) via analogue-to-digital converter followed by analysis on
      a personal computer. The knowledge of obstetrical experts was analysed and used
      in computer processing. Fetal heart rate changes were initially studied by the
      use of a minicomputer, programmed to provide automatic quantification of the
      signal and diagnosis of fetal distress. The program was memorized by programmable
      read only memory (PROM) and used in a clinical system. The results obtained by
      the system were used in many obstetrical research studies, and automatic
      diagnosis was used in clinical practice. An ultrasonic Doppler fetal
      actocardiograph was also created. The amplitude and interval of the electrical
      deflections produced by fetal movement were analysed. Fetal behavioural states
      were automatically recognized in this way. Cross-correlational analysis of fetal
      heart rate and fetal movement showed a close relationship between the two
      phenomena.

PMID- 2289368
TI  - Expert systems in obstetrics and gynaecology.

PMID- 2289369
TI  - Computer-aided decision support--glittering prospects, practical problems, and
      Pandora's box.
AB  - This chapter explores some of the prospects for and problems of computer-aided
      decision support in clinical medicine, with special reference to acute abdominal
      pain of both surgical and gynaecological origin. The need for such systems is
      argued, and it is further demonstrated that their provision is both feasible and
      (where implemented) associated with tangible improvements in performance by
      inexperienced hospital doctors. The problems of implementation are nevertheless
      formidable and these are discussed.

PMID- 2289370
TI  - Limitations of expert systems: intuition versus analysis.

PMID- 2289371
TI  - Decision analysis in obstetrics and gynaecology.
AB  - Decision analysis has its weaknesses: it may oversimplify problems, and
      probability and utility estimates may be biased. However, the alternative-
      decision-making by intuition--is likely to oversimplify problems even more and to
      be subject to even greater bias. Clinicians and patients often ignore major items
      of data, they handle probabilistic information badly, and their decisions are
      subject to a number of well-documented biases (Tversky and Kahnemann, 1974).
      Concern over these problems is not a reason to avoid decision analysis. Probably
      the greatest virtue of the decision tree and the other components of decision
      analysis is that the method forces decision-makers to make the bases for their
      decisions explicit. Generating the information often clarifies problems, and the
      source of difference of opinion can then be elucidated. Most of the benefits of
      decision analysis come to the decision-maker in the early part of the analysis as
      the problem is formulated and probabilities and values are estimated. Only
      occasionally is it necessary to perform new research, formally measure experts'
      opinions by the Delphi method, or do elaborate sensitivity analysis.

PMID- 2289372
TI  - Computer-aided clinical management: microscopic cancer of the ectocervix.
AB  - The main value of decision analysis is that it makes the trade-offs involved in a
      decision explicit. When depth of invasion is less than 3 mm with no vascular or
      lymphatic involvement, the risk of spread is so low that radical surgery is not
      warranted. When the lesion involves lymphatics but does not penetrate the
      basement membrane more than 1 mm, conservative therapy is still recommended if
      the operative mortality rate of radical treatment is at least 3.5 per 1000.
      However, in units with a low operative mortality rate, radical treatment offers
      the greatest survival advantage provided that fertility is not an issue. These
      statements refer only to optimizing survival chances and the decision is one of
      probabilistic dominance where correct treatment is determined entirely by
      probabilities rather than utility. For a young potential mother who accepts some
      risk to preserve fertility, the situation is different. Conservative therapy may
      be preferable despite lymphatic or vascular involvement provided that there is no
      more than 1 mm depth of invasion. Where invasion exceeds 5 mm, or where it
      exceeds 3 mm with vascular involvement, the risk of spread increases
      exponentially, and there must be very few patients for whom conservative therapy
      is appropriate.

PMID- 2289373
TI  - Audit.

PMID- 2289374
TI  - Early dental treatment for the poor at the Reading Dispensary.

PMID- 2289375
TI  - Origins of plastic surgery in India.

PMID- 2289376
TI  - Dental remedies--a pharmaceutical historical account.

PMID- 2289378
TI  - Valadier revisited.

PMID- 2289379
TI  - Origins of military dentistry.

PMID- 2289380
TI  - Pilleau family: Huguenot goldsmiths in London.

PMID- 2289381
TI  - BASIC programs for the quantitative analysis of Gaussian curves.

PMID- 2289382
TI  - Parallelism test on microcomputers for statistically comparing regression lines
      of bivariate data sets.
AB  - Biomedical research is frequently confronted with regression lines that
      directionally describe the trend of phenomena, each one represented by a set of
      correlated x and y data. There could be a need to verify whether the regressions
      lines of two (or more) phenomena are statistically comparable in their slopes and
      intercepts, in order to draw conclusions about the similarity or dissimilarity of
      the conditions under scrutiny. The parallelism test the principles and
      methodology of which are presented here addresses this problem. A program for
      microcomputers is supplied as a non-profit software that can be freely shared on
      the understanding that the copyright belongs to the authors of this article.

PMID- 2289383
TI  - Operation research for estimation of ambulance requirement in a hospital.

PMID- 2289384
TI  - MIC-III--an integrated software package to support experiments using the
      radioactive microsphere technique.
AB  - MIC-III is a versatile program system to support gamma spectrometry data
      management and data collection for experiments using the radioactive microsphere
      technique. It is mainly written in PASCAL and running on a minicomputer.
      Hierarchical organ dissection schemes are used for unique classification and
      identification of samples. For each series of experiments, up to 12 different
      nuclides and up to 20 different organ dissection schemes can be handled
      simultaneously. Sample weights are collected on-line and sample radioactivities
      are measured automatically by gamma spectrometry under process control. The
      spectra with a resolution of 1022 channels are analyzed using a modified linear
      regression technique and a strategy to compensate for global spectrum shifts. The
      spectrum deconvolution algorithm was evaluated by calculating the recovery
      indices for known nuclide mixtures and compared to the stripping method, matrix
      method and a linear regression technique using window counts. Recovery values
      produced by MIC-III are better balanced than those of the other methods. MIC-III
      showed the smallest dispersion of the recovery index and exhibited least error
      accumulation in case of spectrum shift. MIC-III computes regional blood flow and
      arterio-venous shunt, and provides interfaces to customized programs or
      statistical software packages for further analysis. It has successfully been
      employed in more than 140 experiments.

PMID- 2289385
TI  - Homogeneity of relative risk against two-step alternatives.
AB  - In this paper the computational aspects of testing the null hypothesis of
      homogeneity of relative risk against two-step alternatives are examined. This
      representation is the same as that introduced by Anderson and Senthilselvan
      (Appl. Stat. 31 (1982) 44-51), i.e. a two-step model. Such alternatives may be
      used to represent decay in effect or, perhaps, inversion of the regression effect
      or crossing hazards. For such models inferential aspects are slightly more
      involved than for instance with proportional hazards models having fixed effects,
      even when time dependent as in O'Quigley and Pessione (Biometrics 45 (1989) 135
      144). The necessary techniques for carrying out tests based on the two-stage
      model have recently been developed (O'Quigley and Pessione (Biometrics (1990) (in
      press] and in this paper we outline the necessary steps to be taken in the
      construction of algorithms to implement the proposed procedures. Programs
      enabling analyses based on the assumption of homogeneity of risk are very widely
      available. These include software packages such as BMDP, SAS, SPSS and GLIM. In
      the output of these packages, as well as that from most other standard routines,
      is contained all the necessary information to carry out the tests proposed by
      O'Quigley and Pessione. Here we detail the explicit formulae needed for carrying
      out the calculations in practice. The special cases of crossing hazards are
      considered in detail.

PMID- 2289386
TI  - A program for calculating multiple metal-ligand solutions.

PMID- 2289387
TI  - Parallel line analysis: multifunctional software for the biomedical sciences.
AB  - An easy to use, interactive FORTRAN program for analyzing the results of parallel
      line assays is described. The program is menu driven and consists of five major
      components: data entry, data editing, manual analysis, manual plotting, and
      automatic analysis and plotting. Data can be entered from the terminal or from
      previously created data files. The data editing portion of the program is used to
      inspect and modify data and to statistically identify outliers. The manual
      analysis component is used to test the assumptions necessary for parallel line
      assays using analysis of covariance techniques and to determine potency ratios
      with confidence limits. The manual plotting component provides a graphic display
      of the data on the terminal screen or on a standard line printer. The automatic
      portion runs through multiple analyses without operator input. Data may be saved
      in a special file to expedite input at a future time.

PMID- 2289388
TI  - Cycle control on low-dose oral contraceptives: a comparative trial.
AB  - Cycle control was studied comparing the monophasic oral contraceptive Loestrin
      with three low-dose phasic preparations (Triphasil, Ortho 10/11 and Ortho 7/7/7)
      in 391 women of whom 300 completed 6 cycles. Loestrin subjects had a rate of
      occurrence (31% of cycles) for intermenstrual bleeding (IMB) comparable to the
      rates for subjects on the phasic preparations (36%, 37% and 37%, respectively).
      Triphasil subjects had lower rates than the Ortho 10/11 and Ortho 7/7/7 subjects
      (p less than 0.01) in cycle one when all subjects were analyzed and in pre-study
      users when continuing menstrual flow (CMF) episodes were not included as IMB. IMB
      was a cause for dropping out of the study in 7% of subjects who were evenly
      distributed between groups. There were no differences between groups for BTB when
      perceived by subjects as a side effect. Spotting was perceived as a side effect
      more often with Ortho 10/11 and Ortho 7/7/7 use than with Triphasil (p less than
      0.01). Loestrin, Ortho 10/11 and Ortho 7/7/7 subjects were more likely to report
      amenorrhea (p less than 0.001) and less likely to report leg cramps (p less than
      0.01) compared to those on Triphasil. Triphasil subjects were less likely to
      report acne than subjects on Ortho 7/7/7 (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2289389
TI  - The need for prophylactic antibiotics after female sterilization: tetracycline in
      Bangladesh.
AB  - All female sterilization patients in Bangladesh receive five-day courses of
      tetracycline capsules every six hours as a postoperative prophylactic. A double
      blind randomized study was conducted by the Bangladesh Fertility Research
      Programme (BFRP) to determine whether prophylactic antibiotics reduced infection
      after minilaparotomy, and to compare the prophylactic effectiveness of
      tetracycline and ampicillin. Women recruited from throughout Bangladesh (N =
      1350) received five-day courses of 250 mg tetracycline, 250 mg ampicillin, or
      placebo. The infection rate was significantly lower with tetracycline than with
      placebo (6% vs 10% with placebo), but did not differ significantly between the
      ampicillin and placebo groups or between the tetracycline and ampicillin groups.

PMID- 2289390
TI  - Post-operative discomfort after ring or clip tubal ligation--is there any
      difference and do indomethacin suppositories help?
AB  - One-hundred patients undergoing Falope ring or clip laparoscopic tubal ligation
      were given either a placebo or a 100 mg indomethacin rectal suppository one hour
      pre-operatively. Treatment was randomised and double-blind. Post-operative
      analgesic requirements and side effects were monitored. Forty-seven patients
      receiving indomethacin and 48 patients receiving placebo were available for
      analysis. Thirty-five patients in the indomethacin group required Meperidine
      (pethidine) analgesia (mean dose 58 mg) compared to 41 patients (mean dose 65 mg)
      in the placebo group. These differences were not significant. There were no
      significant differences in the non-narcotic analgesia given to each group, the
      side effects or the number requiring to stay overnight in the hospital. Analysis
      of the analgesic requirements of the 53 patients having clip sterilization and
      the 42 patients sterilized with Falope rings showed no statistical differences.
      This trial suggests that the immediate post-operative discomfort rates between
      ring and clip tubal occlusion are not different and that there is no significant
      benefit from the use of an indomethacin suppository pre-operatively.

PMID- 2289391
TI  - IUD (Nova-T) insertion following induced abortion.
AB  - In a prospective study, 86 women who had an IUD (Nova-T) inserted immediately
      after induced abortion were compared to 95 abortion patients who started another
      contraception (control I). Additionally, the rate of complications following IUD
      insertion in a Family Planning Clinic (control II) were studied in 83 non
      pregnant women. The overall infection rate for post-abortion patients was 4.4%
      (5.8% in the study group, 3.2% in control I). No infections were observed in
      control group II. Confidence limits (95%) for the three groups were overlapping.
      Among the women in the study group, bleeding and pain were not more frequent, but
      if one of these complications occurred, it tended to be more serious and the
      duration was longer. The number of days before resumption of work after abortion
      was 3-4 days in both abortion groups. After three months, the continuation rate
      was 83% (71 of 86) in the study group, 76% (72 of 95) in control I and 93% (77 of
      83) in control II. Sixty-nine of the 181 women admitted for legal abortion had
      been admitted for the same reason previously. In this study, the recurrence rate
      after 12 months was 0% in the study group and 4.2% (4 of 95) in control group I.
      The insertion of an IUD at the time of abortion seems to be an effective and
      acceptable solution to the problem of recurrent abortion.

PMID- 2289392
TI  - Regulation of non-pregnant human uterine contractility. Effect of antihormones.
AB  - Uterine contractility was recorded on cycle day LH+6 to LH+8 in a control and
      treatment cycle in 14 healthy non-pregnant volunteers. In the treatment cycle the
      subjects received either 50 mg of the antiprogestin RU 486 daily for three days
      or 40 mg of the anti-estrogen tamoxifen daily for two days. The treatment started
      on day LH+2. During the recording, 2 to 5 micrograms PGF2 alpha was administered
      into the uterine cavity. The plasma levels of progesterone and estrogen were the
      same in both the control and treatment cycles. RU 486 caused a significant
      increase in uterine contractility expressed in Montevideo Units (MU) and a
      decrease in uterine tonus in comparison with corresponding data obtained in the
      control cycle. Following treatment with tamoxifen, uterine contractility was
      lower but the difference was not significant. PGF2 alpha invariably caused a
      stimulation of uterine contractility. However, treatment with the antihormones
      did not influence the response. The result of the present study indicates that
      the change in uterine contractility occurring in the latter part of the menstrual
      cycle and during menstruation is due to progesterone withdrawal.

PMID- 2289393
TI  - Chronic toxicity of styrene maleic anhydride, a male contraceptive, in rhesus
      monkeys (Macaca mulatta).
AB  - A newly developed male contraceptive, styrene maleic anhydride (SMA), was
      injected in the vas deferens of male rhesus monkeys for safety evaluation at the
      dose of 100 mg (contraceptive dose, CD), 250 mg (CD x 2.5) and 500 mg (CD x 5.0),
      and the monkeys were kept under observation for one year. The observed
      behavioural, haematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters in
      treated monkeys were comparable to controls. The results suggest the polymer SMA
      to be safe up to 5 times CD in monkeys.

PMID- 2289394
TI  - The run-in period in clinical trials. The effect of misclassification on
      efficiency.
AB  - This article considers the effect of misclassification of potential participants
      during the run-in period preceding randomization in a clinical trial. We present
      a simple mathematical model of adherence that allows for misclassification.
      Simulations based on this model assess the impact of a run-in period on
      statistical power. The run-in period is most effective when there is a high
      proportion of poor adherers and a low rate of misclassification. In situations
      with either a high degree of adherence or substantial misclassification, the run
      in period may reduce the efficiency of the trial, particularly when the cost of
      recruitment is high. We also discuss the early adherence in two recently
      conducted trials that had no run-in periods in order to estimate the extent of
      misclassification and consequent effect on power that would have been observed
      had a run-in occurred.

PMID- 2289395
TI  - [Bonding of silver amalgam to dental hard tissue: study of the seal of
      Amalgambond].

PMID- 2289396
TI  - [An electrophoretic key for classifying adults of twin Drosophila species of the
      virilis group living in the Palearctic].

PMID- 2289397
TI  - [The organization of mouse immunoglobulin genes making up the chromatin].

PMID- 2289398
TI  - [The pathways of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid formation in the liver cell
      nuclei of white rats].

PMID- 2289399
TI  - [An effective method for constructing long DNA fragments].

PMID- 2289400
TI  - [Oligonucleotides complementary to the mRNA of the c-HA-ras gene suppress human
      cell proliferation in culture].

PMID- 2289401
TI  - [The localization of the gene of the vaccinia virus that codes for the 36K major
      membrane protein].

PMID- 2289402
TI  - [The experimental biochemical analysis of the stimulating action of
      metalloatranes on connective tissue proliferation in the stomach wall].

PMID- 2289403
TI  - [The reflection of the stage of decision making in the impulse activity of the
      cortical neurons depending on the alteration of the parameters of the behavioral
      result].

PMID- 2289404
TI  - The role of plasma lipids as predictors of risk for coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2289405
TI  - Redefining risk factors for coronary heart disease: the benefit of regulating
      lipoproteins. Proceedings of a symposium. Nice, 13 September 1989.

PMID- 2289406
TI  - Modelling the Helsinki Heart Study by means of risk equations obtained from the
      PROCAM Study and the Framingham Heart Study.
AB  - Data from the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study have been used to
      develop a mathematical model that accurately predicts the outcome of treatment in
      a primary prevention study (the Helsinki Heart Study). The PROCAM study
      identified 8 major risk factors for coronary heart disease: age, total plasma
      cholesterol level, plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level,
      systolic blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, angina pectoris, and a family history
      of myocardial infarction. A single risk factor such as total plasma cholesterol
      level is not sufficiently sensitive to identify individuals at high risk of
      coronary heart disease. The total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio is
      recommended for clinical use. On the basis of these data, a primary prevention
      strategy for coronary heart disease in West Germany has been proposed to optimise
      the cost-effectiveness of such treatment. Future research should focus on the
      identification of feasible and sensitive risk factors for coronary heart disease.
      Fibrinogen and apolipoproteins have already attracted interest in this regard but
      more definitive studies are required to confirm their role as risk factors for
      coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2289407
TI  - Diet and exercise as regulators of lipid risk factors.
AB  - Comparisons of different countries have shown that populations with a low dietary
      intake of saturated fat also have a low mortality from coronary heart disease.
      Controlled-feeding experiments have shown that the potential for altering plasma
      cholesterol levels and, consequently, altering the risk of coronary heart disease
      by dietary modification is great. However, in practice the influence of dietary
      advice to the general population on plasma cholesterol levels has been less
      pronounced. Several investigators have shown that by decreasing the intake of
      saturated fats and dietary cholesterol and increasing the intake of
      polyunsaturated fats and foods providing soluble fibre, plasma cholesterol levels
      can be reduced by up to 29% and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol by over
      33%. In most studies, levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol are
      not materially altered by modern lipid-lowering diets; generally, plasma levels
      are maintained, or increased after correction of overweight is is achieved. It
      has been calculated that the risk of fatal coronary heart disease is 32% lower in
      subjects consuming such a diet than in those following a typical American diet,
      and life expectancy is 5 years greater in the former group. Life expectancy is
      also 2 to 3 years longer in populations habitually following low fat diets than
      in Western populations. Frequent exercise has been inversely related to risk of
      coronary heart disease. Physically active individuals have a more favourable
      lipoprotein profile than sedentary individuals but the extent of a direct effect
      of exercise on lipoprotein levels is not known.

PMID- 2289408
TI  - Pharmacological intervention for altering lipid metabolism.
AB  - Pharmacological intervention for altering plasma levels of lipoproteins is
      usually aimed at reducing atherogenesis and preventing coronary heart disease
      (CHD). Drug therapy should be attempted only after other nonpharmacological
      methods (such as elimination of smoking, weight reduction and exercise) have been
      tried. An overview of the metabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) particles is the basis of this paper. Various sites
      suitable for pharmacological intervention are identified. LDL metabolism can be
      altered at 2 potential sites, with a consequent reduction in the plasma level of
      this atherogenic lipoprotein. Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA)
      reductase inhibitors (such as lovastatin) and cation-exchange resins (e.g.
      cholestyramine) reduce LDL levels by stimulating the hepatic synthesis of
      apolipoprotein (apo) B,E receptors. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion
      is inhibited by nicotinic acid (niacin) and gemfibrozil, leading to a secondary
      decrease in LDL production from VLDL. Probucol also reduces the LDL concentration
      and inhibits the oxidative modification of LDL. Gemfibrozil and other fibrates
      stimulate lipoprotein lipase activity, thereby decreasing VLDL concentration.
      Reduction of the LDL concentration is effective in reducing CHD incidence,
      whether this is achieved by stimulation of catabolism or inhibition of production
      of the lipoprotein. In contrast, the mechanism of raising plasma HDL-cholesterol
      levels is probably relevant to the potential clinical benefits associated with
      drug therapy. Gemfibrozil and cholestyramine stimulate synthesis of apoprotein
      A1, the major protein constituent of HDL particles. Both drugs have been shown to
      reduce the incidence of CHD in clinical trials, via mechanisms that are related
      in part to their HDL-raising activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289409
TI  - Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and atherosclerosis.
AB  - Although still the subject of debate, most investigators accept that plasma
      triglyceride levels are a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Data from
      epidemiological studies such as the Framingham Heart Study, the Paris Prospective
      Heart Study and the Stockholm Heart Study have shown that patients with elevated
      plasma triglyceride levels have a higher incidence of coronary heart disease. In
      one study, coronary heart disease mortality fell by 36% after continued lowering
      of plasma triglyceride levels. In patients whose triglyceride levels fell greater
      than 30%, mortality decreased by 60%. The effect of triglycerides as a risk
      factor appears to be obscured in studies that use multiple cardiac end-points.
      Several studies demonstrated a stronger association between plasma triglyceride
      levels and coronary heart disease in patients with total cholesterol levels less
      than 5.7 mmol/L, or high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels less than 1
      mmol/L. Angiographic data have confirmed these findings and show clearly that
      elevated triglyceride levels are frequently observed in men with coronary heart
      disease. Other studies have demonstrated that remnants of triglyceride-rich
      lipoprotein particles are cytotoxic and atherogenic in vitro and in vivo. Also,
      patients with familial dys beta-lipoproteinaemia, a condition characterised by
      high levels of triglyceride-rich very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles,
      have a high risk of atherosclerosis. Thus, there seems to be evidence supporting
      the atherogenic properties of cholesterylester-rich particles, or remnants
      thereof.

PMID- 2289410
TI  - HDL-cholesterol as a risk factor in coronary heart disease. An update of the
      Helsinki Heart Study.
AB  - The aim of the Helsinki Heart Study, a 5-year primary prevention placebo
      controlled study involving 4081 dyslipidaemic men (aged 40 to 55 years), was to
      investigate if increasing high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol plasma
      levels and decreasing low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels would
      reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease. Gemfibrozil 600mg twice daily was
      administered to induce these changes in lipoprotein levels. Baseline HDL
      cholesterol levels in the study group were similar to those in the general
      population. Data from patients treated with placebo were analysed to investigate
      the influence of HDL-cholesterol levels on the incidence of coronary heart
      disease. Using the number of cardiac end-points per 1000 person-years to indicate
      the risk of coronary heart disease, it was clear that elevated HDL-cholesterol
      levels reduced the risk of coronary heart disease while the incidence increased
      at low HDL-cholesterol levels. This relationship was not altered when the effect
      of HDL-cholesterol levels was analysed jointly with other coronary risk factors
      (age, smoking or blood pressure). A weaker association was seen between LDL
      cholesterol and risk of coronary heart disease, and triglycerides appeared to
      have no significant effect on the incidence of the disease. The data clearly
      suggest that HDL-cholesterol is a strong predictor of the incidence of coronary
      heart disease in the placebo group of the Helsinki Heart Study.

PMID- 2289412
TI  - Expression of developmentally regulated genes in the nervous system.

PMID- 2289411
TI  - Expression of the beta-S100 gene in brain and craniofacial cartilage of the
      embryonic rat.
AB  - The distribution of beta-S100 mRNA within the brain and skull of the 14-day rat
      embryo was determined using in situ hybridization. In nonnervous tissue, signal
      corresponding to beta-S100 mRNA was prominent within cartilaginous regions.
      Signal appeared to be confined to chondrocytes and was not observed within
      undifferentiated cells of the perichondrium. Within the skull, expression of beta
      S100 mRNA was prominent in the nasal region and maxillary process as well as
      within Meckel's cartilage. Signal was also observed within the cranial base of
      the embryonic skull. In the embryonic brain, beta-S100 mRNA was prominent within
      the ventricular region of the myelencephalon and could be localized to a layer of
      cells lining the ventricle. Although beta-S100 mRNA has been shown to accumulate
      postnatally in the central nervous system, the present results clearly identify
      high levels of beta-S100 mRNA within specific regions of the embryonic brain and
      skull.

PMID- 2289413
TI  - Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein expression during development in normal and
      myelin-deficient mice.
AB  - The myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is identified by monoclonal
      antibody 8-18C5. MOG is localized on the surface of myelin and oligodendrocyte
      processes. Recently, several studies have shown that MOG plays an important role
      as a target for antibody-induced demyelination. In the present study, we
      investigated MOG expression in the brains of normal and myelin-deficient (mld)
      mutant mice during development. By gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, we
      observed the developmental pattern of two closely migrating bands, with apparent
      molecular masses of 26 and 28 kilodaltons. Their concentrations increased
      coordinately during the most active phase of myelin and myelin basic protein
      (MBP) synthesis. Between 20 and 25 days of age, the MOG developmental pattern
      superimposed that of MBP as well as myelin yields. In mld mutant mice, which are
      affected by a severe deficit of MBP synthesis, MOG was present at reduced levels
      (40% of controls at 60 days of age). At 85 days of age, mld mice exhibited
      increased concentrations of MBP, and myelin was better compacted. At this age,
      MOG concentrations increased and reached 70% of controls. These results suggest
      that MOG could play a role in the maintenance or completion of the myelin sheath.
      Its expression level may be modulated by the presence of compact myelin and/or
      MBP in the myelin sheath.

PMID- 2289414
TI  - The myelin-deficient rat mutant: partial recovery of oligodendrocyte maturation
      in vitro.
AB  - The morphological and immunocytochemical identification and characterization of
      the myelin-forming cell, the oligodendrocyte, have defined a model system for
      developmental studies. The myelin-deficient (md) rat mutant lacks myelin in the
      central nervous system and fails to express the normal developmental increase in
      oligodendroglial and myelin markers, apparently as a consequence of a point
      mutation in the proteolipid protein gene. In the present work, we compared the
      developmental pattern of primary glial cultures derived from newborn md rat
      brains to those derived from wild-type animals. Brain cell suspensions were
      prepared from each rat pup and cultured separately. We found by
      immunocytochemical and enzymatic analyses for the various markers that the
      developmental cascade of oligodendroglial marker expression is delayed,
      oligodendrocytes failing to mature compared to normal cultures. However, a
      partial recovery of marker expression was observed in md-derived cultures as
      compared to development previously reported in the intact md animals. We suggest
      that the partial recovery of the sequential expression of oligodendroglial
      markers may be due to a supportive environment provided to the oligodendrocyte
      progenitor cell (1) by tissue culture conditions or (2) by the absence of the
      blood-brain barrier in contrast to its presence in the intact animal.

PMID- 2289416
TI  - New trends and advanced techniques in clinical neurophysiology.

PMID- 2289415
TI  - Transfection of transformed shiverer mouse glial cell lines.
AB  - In the course of studies on glial cell differentiation in the mouse mutant
      shiverer, we have established by infection with a temperature-sensitive
      retrovirus encoding the SV40 T antigen a few glial cell lines that divide rapidly
      at 33 degrees C, the permissive temperature, and whose phenotypes at the
      nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) resemble either astrocytes or
      oligodendrocytes. One astrocyte-like clone (clone SF11) expresses glial
      fibrillary acidic protein at 33 degrees C and expresses this marker strongly at
      39 degrees C as well. One oligodendrocyte-like clone (DM5) that we have succeeded
      in maintaining at 33 degrees C can be induced to express galactocerebroside and
      2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase at the elevated temperature but
      never expresses the more differentiated markers of the myelination state, such as
      the myelin proteolipid protein or the myelin-associated glycoprotein. Clone DM5,
      as is the case with other oligodendrocyte clones we have prepared by the method
      described here, is quite fragile and survives for only several (5-6) days at the
      higher temperature. Both clonal lines can serve as host cells for expressible
      cDNAs introduced by transfection, such as the neurofilament protein, NF-M, and
      the small myelin basic protein.

PMID- 2289417
TI  - Electrophysiological assessment of nociception in normals and patients: the use
      of nociceptive reflexes.

PMID- 2289418
TI  - Vestibular evoked potentials with short and middle latencies recorded in humans.
AB  - Following success in recording short latency vestibular evoked potentials in
      experimental animals, we have succeeded in our attempts to record such potentials
      in human subjects. The stimuli were repetitive, short steps of high intensity
      angular acceleration (10,000 degrees/sec2) with short rise times which would
      synchronously activate many neurons of the vestibular pathway. Stringent control
      procedures ensured that the recorded activity was not an artefact. Short latency
      vestibular evoked potentials were recorded in 10 normal subjects with peak
      latencies of 3.5, 6.0 and 8.4 msec and amplitudes of 0.5 microV. Middle latency
      potentials were also recorded with latencies of 8.8, 18.8 and 26.8 msec and
      amplitudes of 15 microV. These responses were absent in a cadaver and in patients
      with bilateral dead labyrinths. In normal subjects, these vestibular evoked
      potentials were not affected by white noise. In conclusion, short and middle
      latency vestibular evoked potentials were recorded in normal human subjects.

PMID- 2289419
TI  - Methodological and physiological aspects of motor evoked potentials.

PMID- 2289420
TI  - Physiologic mechanisms underlying the generation of far-field potentials.

PMID- 2289421
TI  - Excitatory and inhibitory effects of magnetic coil stimulation of human cortex.

PMID- 2289422
TI  - Cortico-facial and cortico-trigeminal projections. A comparison by magnetic brain
      stimulation in man.

PMID- 2289423
TI  - Selective effects of repetition rate on frontal and parietal somatosensory evoked
      potentials (SEPs).
AB  - The effects of changing the stimulus presentation rate on early parietal (N20
      P25) and frontal (P22-N30) somatosensory potentials (SEPs), evoked by median
      nerve stimulation, were investigated in 15 normal subjects. Stimuli were
      presented at 0.1, 0.4, 1.0, 4.0 and 10/sec. Only minor latency changes, mainly
      for the frontal P22 component, were observed when the stimulus rate was increased
      up to 10/sec: while the frontal P22-N30 complex was more rapidly and severely
      reduced in amplitude than the parietal N20-P25 complex. The differential effects
      of stimulus presentation rate on early frontal and parietal SEPs support the
      hypothesis of separate neural generators and suggest that the choice of the
      stimulation frequency may be critical for the interpretation of diagnostic SEP
      studies.

PMID- 2289425
TI  - Electrophysiological perspectives on comprehending written language.

PMID- 2289424
TI  - The effect of stimulus frequency on spinal and scalp somatosensory evoked
      potentials to stimulation of nerves in the lower limb.
AB  - The effect of variation in the stimulus frequency on spinal and cortical
      somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) to common peroneal nerve stimulation at
      the knee (CPN-K) and tibial nerve stimulation at the ankle (TN-A) was studied in
      11 healthy subjects. Six stimulus frequencies, 0.7, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 10.0
      Hz, were used in random order. With increasing stimulus rate spinal responses
      remained unchanged. By contrast, early cortical responses became significantly
      reduced in amplitude or undetectable for stimulation frequencies above 3.0 Hz for
      the CPN-K and 5.0 Hz for the TN-A. In 2 subjects the configuration and the
      latency of CPN-K SSEPs were affected by stimulus frequency. Similar changes were
      not observed in TN-A SSEPs.

PMID- 2289426
TI  - Habituation of K-complexes or event-related potentials during sleep.
AB  - We examined habituation and dishabituation of evoked K-complexes (equivalent to
      auditory event-related potentials) during sleep. Habituation is investigated by
      presenting trains of stimuli with a 5 sec inter-stimulus interval and a 4 min
      inter-train interval. Habituation is complete by the third identical stimulus in
      a train and dishabituation occurs after deviant stimuli and after the inter-train
      interval. Although there are morphological differences between K-complexes in
      sleep and auditory event-related potentials in wakefulness, they share the
      phenomenon of habituation to repetitive events.

PMID- 2289427
TI  - The skilled performance positivity after learning a skilled task.
AB  - The effect of an intensive training period and that of a time-distributed
      training on skilled performance positivity (SPP) have been studied. SPP is a
      potential associated with knowledge and evaluation of the results of a goal
      directed bimanual self-paced task requiring particular ability. Nine subjects
      with average intelligence but with some difficulties in the motor-perceptive
      sphere were studied. The task consisted of initiating the sweep of an
      oscilloscope with a self-paced movement and terminating it within 50 msec +/- 10
      msec. The subjects had to repeat this task several times at various time
      intervals. The electrical activity was recorded from Fpz, Fz, Cz, Pz, P4, P3 and
      the right/left precentral areas. For each performance, performance time,
      performance shift taken as the accuracy index, as well as the percentage of
      target performances were evaluated. Motor performances improved with both
      distributed and intensive practice. Only distributed practice had a significant
      effect on SPP latency and amplitude. SPP latency decreased in all brain areas,
      whereas amplitude increased in the prefrontal, frontal and left precentral areas.
      These results seem to suggest that the performance evaluation processes take
      place more quickly and efficiently through distributed practice.

PMID- 2289428
TI  - Event-related potentials in populations at risk for alcoholism.

PMID- 2289429
TI  - Mapping of event-related potentials to auditory and visual odd-ball paradigms.
AB  - This paper reports the results of recordings and maps of event-related potentials
      (ERPs) obtained in normal subjects, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD),
      progressive supranuclear palsy, confusional states, and in subjects with
      homonymous hemianopsia. ERPs were recorded from 19 scalp electrode derivations
      using both visual and acoustic paradigms. In normal subjects, the topographical
      distribution of all ERP components is described in detail. In 45% of AD patients,
      ERPs were normal; in 35%, although present, ERP components were delayed, while in
      the other 20% the N2 and P3 peaks could not be recorded. In patients with
      progressive supranuclear palsy, the normal ERP sequence was not identified. Our
      findings in normals and in hemianopic patients suggest that the early modulation
      of stimulus-related potentials could be located in primary associative areas, and
      that N2, P3a, P3b, SW should have different origins.

PMID- 2289430
TI  - Electrophysiological assessment of cognitive disorder in closed head-injured
      outpatients.
AB  - Severe closed head-injury results in a multitude of long-lasting cognitive
      deficits. ERPs can effectively complement the more traditional behavioural
      measures to provide information that is not available through any other means. It
      is now fairly clear that a late positive wave, P3, associated with contextual
      updating is attenuated and prolonged in a variety of conditions in the head
      injured. It is also possible that measures of selective attention such as the
      processing negativity may be abnormal in this group. A more definitive statement
      will, however, have to wait the results of further investigations. A number of
      investigators have now indicated that cognitive processing is slowed in the head
      injured. Again, ERPs have been instrumental in explaining why it is slowed.
      Decision-making time as measured by RT is generally longer than P3 latency.
      Because P3 latency is delayed in the head-injured, the time required for
      evaluation of the stimulus (recognition and classification) is slowed in the head
      injured. The additional delay in RT must, however, be explained by other
      processes, most probably a response bias that perhaps emphasizes accuracy at a
      cost of speed. Such a strategy can be manipulated if the patient is provided with
      cues about their speed of responding. Finally, ERPs have been instrumental in
      explaining possible reasons for cognitive slowing. A powerful CNV technique may
      permit the categorization of the head-injured into at least 2 distinctive groups:
      those that tend to underprocess information (perhaps as a result of apathy or a
      lack of motivation) and those that tend to overprocess (perhaps as a result of an
      inefficient and needless processing of irrelevant information resulting in
      fatigue). The extent to which the different modes of information processing are
      related to the site of brain injury and possible personality change remains an
      issue of speculation.

PMID- 2289432
TI  - Beware of the average reference in brain mapping.

PMID- 2289431
TI  - Dopaminergic pharmacological manipulations in normal humans confirm the
      specificity of the visual (PERG-VEP) and cognitive (P300) electrophysiological
      alterations in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Retinal and occipital visual evoked potentials and event-related potentials
      (P300) have been recorded in normal human subjects before and after the
      administration of the dopaminergic receptor antagonist, haloperidol, and/or the
      dopaminergic precursor L-DOPA. The data show that either retinal or occipital
      visual potentials and P300 are delayed by haloperidol. These findings are
      consistent with the hypothesis that haloperidol in healthy subjects mimicks the
      electrophysiological abnormalities observed in Parkinson's disease. On the other
      hand, L-DOPA does not generally modify these latencies in normals, while it is
      known to decrease the same parameters in parkinsonian patients. This is in accord
      with the involvement of a specific mechanism in the recovery observed in
      parkinsonian patients after L-DOPA therapy. Our data confirm that the alterations
      of visual and cognitive potentials observed in Parkinson's disease are closely
      related to the impairment of dopaminergic transmission.

PMID- 2289433
TI  - Utility of short-latency evoked potentials in the classification of progressive,
      early onset cerebellar ataxias.
AB  - In recent years, several authors have proposed new classifications of inherited
      ataxias, some of them being based on systematic clinical studies of large groups
      of patients. This methodic approach has led to the identification of new types of
      ataxias and helped the development of molecular biology research in these
      diseases. Up to now, nerve conduction velocity and evoked potential studies have
      not been considered in the classification of hereditary ataxias. We have studied
      the results of short latency evoked potentials in 102 patients affected by a
      early onset, progressive cerebellar ataxia. Based on the results of this study
      and a review of the literature on this subject, we will evaluate the utility of
      nerve conduction velocity and evoked potential recordings in the classification
      of this group of diseases.

PMID- 2289434
TI  - Maturation of short latency somatosensory evoked potentials by median nerve
      stimulation: a cross-sectional study in a large group of children.
AB  - We have conducted two studies to evaluate the maturational changes of SEP in 206
      subjects from neonatal period through adulthood. The first study was done with a
      cephalic reference electrode and included 137 subjects from 41 weeks
      (conceptional age) to 9 years of age, divided in 5 different age groups. In the
      second study, we used an extracephalic reference electrode and recorded SEPs in
      69 normal subjects aged from 4 to 34 years, divided in 3 age groups. Our results
      show that there is a highly significant correlation between age and height in all
      the age groups studied. Peripheral and central components of SEP mature at
      different rates with adult values being reached for central conduction times (N9
      P14, N9-N20, N13-N20 and P14-N20) between 4 and 9 years of age. Male and female
      subjects were compared in both studies and no significant differences were found
      in any of the age groups for any of the wave latencies or interpeak latencies
      analyzed.

PMID- 2289435
TI  - Evoked potentials in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

PMID- 2289436
TI  - Long latency reflexes of human arm muscles in health and disease.

PMID- 2289437
TI  - Electrophysiological assessment of the spinal mechanisms underlying spasticity.

PMID- 2289438
TI  - Loss of parietal and frontal somatosensory evoked potentials in hemispheric
      deafferentation.

PMID- 2289439
TI  - Topographic maps of single sweep long-latency median nerve SEPs.

PMID- 2289440
TI  - Motor tract excitability changes in spastic patients: studies with non-invasive
      brain stimulation.

PMID- 2289441
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials and motor cortex stimulation in myelopathies.
AB  - Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) to stimulation of the
      tibial nerve at the ankle and at the knee and motor action potentials (MAPs)
      recorded from the tibial muscle during transcranial stimulation of the motor
      cortex were recorded in 21 patients with myelopathy. The electrophysiological
      results were compared with the clinical evolution over 12 months. Both scalp
      SSEPs and MAPs were absent in 10 patients with clinically 'complete cord
      transection.' The clinical and electrophysiological data remained unchanged in
      these patients. Scalp SSEPs were present at the first examination in all 11
      patients with clinically 'incomplete cord lesion.' All these patients improved in
      the following year. The clinical recovery was almost complete in 3 patients who
      had normal scalp SSEPs but varied markedly in 8 patients with abnormal SSEPs.
      Normal MAPs were obtained in 1 of the 3 patients who showed the best clinical
      recovery. In the other subjects, MAP findings did not show a clear correlation
      with either the clinical signs or the course.

PMID- 2289442
TI  - Electrophysiological assessment of somatic nerves controlling the genital and
      urinary functions.

PMID- 2289443
TI  - Magnetic evoked fields of the human brain: basic principles and applications.

PMID- 2289445
TI  - Diagnostic significance of tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (spinal
      and cortical components) with spinal cord lesions.
AB  - Forty normal subjects were investigated with the somatosensory evoked potential
      technique following stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve in order to yield
      information upon normal values, and especially the origin of the cervical
      potential. Subsequently an electrophysiologic localization of tumours along the
      spinal cord was attempted in 18 patients with spinal tumours. In C2 recordings
      with Fz reference 3 components, N28, N30, and N34, are visible. Simultaneous
      cortical and cervical recordings with mastoid, knee, and neck references suggest
      a cranio-cervical origin of N28, a subcortical origin of N30 and a thalamic or
      thalamo-cortical origin of N34. In patients, the lumbar spinal cord potentials
      regularly yielded a useful additional information with respect to the tumour
      site. The cervical potentials added in 5 out of 18 patients additional
      information localizing the tumour within the spinal cord or brain-stem.

PMID- 2289444
TI  - Electrically induced long-latency response in triceps surae muscle: results in
      central paresis.

PMID- 2289446
TI  - SEP and MRI findings in patients with localized brain-stem lesions.

PMID- 2289447
TI  - Short- and long-term evoked potential sequelae of deviations from homeostasis.

PMID- 2289449
TI  - A comparative EEG/MEG equivalent dipole study of the pattern onset visual
      response.

PMID- 2289448
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in severe head trauma.

PMID- 2289450
TI  - Multi-level epidural recordings of spinal SEPs during scoliosis surgery.
AB  - Spinal somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded in 35 neurologically normal
      patients undergoing surgery for scoliosis. The recording electrodes were placed
      in the dorsal epidural space. Stimulation was of the tibial nerve in the
      popliteal fossa and the posterior tibial and sural nerves at the ankle. At
      thoracic levels the response consisted of at least 3 components with different
      peripheral excitation thresholds and spinal conduction velocities (range 35-85
      m/sec). All components were conducted mainly in tracts ipsilateral to the
      stimulus, component 1 being most laterally located. At low stimulus intensity
      only the fastest activity was recorded but higher intensities elicited
      additional, slower conducting components. Component 1 was much less prominent
      when the posterior tibial nerve was stimulated at the ankle and absent from the
      (cutaneous) sural nerve response. Component 1 is likely to be due to the
      stimulation of group 1 muscle afferents which terminate in the dorsal horn and
      activate second-order neurones, many of whose axons go to form the ipsilateral
      dorsal spinocerebellar tract. Components 2 and 3 are believed to be largely
      cutaneous in origin and to be conducted mainly in the dorsal columns.

PMID- 2289451
TI  - Epidural and subpial cortico-spinal potentials evoked by transcutaneous motor
      cortex stimulation during spinal cord surgery.
AB  - Cortico-spinal potentials (CSPs) to transcutaneous motor cortex stimulation were
      recorded epidurally and subpially in 8 patients undergoing spinal cord surgery.
      In 6 patients without cortico-spinal tract involvement, a CSP consisted of a
      direct (D) wave, which was followed by indirect (I) waves at a higher stimulus
      intensity. The D wave appeared at 25-50% of the maximum stimulus intensity. With
      increasing stimulus its amplitude levelled off between 10 and 30 microV when
      recorded epidurally. At high stimulus a prominent indirect potential (I' wave)
      appeared which followed the D wave after 2.2-3.6 msec. The D and I' wave
      conduction velocities calculated in 3 cases were identical -65, 70 and 80 m/sec.
      Subpial records had larger amplitudes than epidural ones but were of the same
      configuration. In 2 patients with spastic paraparesis the CSP changes were
      detected below the site of the cord lesion.

PMID- 2289452
TI  - Multimodal evoked potentials in HIV infected patients.
AB  - We studied 126 HIV seropositive patients (106 men, 20 women; mean age: 32 years):
      45 had neurological signs, 81 had none. Multimodal evoked potential (MEP)
      assessment included: visual EPs by flash and reversal checkerboard; brain-stem
      auditory EPs; somatosensory EPs by stimulation of the median nerve. Evaluation
      also included: electroencephalography, electromyography with measurement of
      conduction velocities, neuroimaging (CT scan and MRI). We found abnormal MEPs for
      all modalities. The prevalence of abnormal results was high in neurologically
      symptomatic patients; in non-neurological subjects, the changes were more
      dramatic as HIV infection progressed. Whatever the stage of the disease, the
      modalities were equally affected. MEPs were abnormal in 54.7% of patients: in
      41.8% of those without neurological signs vs. 85.7% of those with these signs.
      Comparison of MEPs and other electrophysiological procedures and neuroimaging
      techniques showed the high sensitivity of MEPs at all stages of the disease. EMG
      was sensitive and complementary to MEPs. EEG and neuroimaging showed
      abnormalities principally at the neurological symptomatic stage. Our results
      agree with those found in the literature. Abnormal MEPs may: (1) indicate latent
      neurological involvement of the visual, auditory and somatosensory pathways, (2)
      help diagnose an encephalitis suspected on neuropsychological, non-quantifiable
      testing.

PMID- 2289453
TI  - Early abnormalities of cognitive event-related potentials in HIV-infected
      patients without clinically evident CNS deficits.

PMID- 2289454
TI  - Technical requirements for evoked potential monitoring in the intensive care
      unit.

PMID- 2289455
TI  - Neurographic assessment of central delay changes in the H reflex pathway: a new
      test of spinal function in man.

PMID- 2289456
TI  - Physiology and clinical applications of hand muscle reflexes.
AB  - Hand muscle reflexes to stretch or electric stimulation of mixed nerves consist
      of two main components, the short latency reflex (SLR, M1) or Hoffmann reflex
      (HR) and the long latency reflex (LLR, M2). The SLR is most likely a spinal,
      monosynaptic reflex and all the evidence presently available supports a
      transcortical pathway of the LLR. Investigations in normal subjects demonstrate
      that the LLR is a reflex mediated by fast conducting muscle and cutaneous
      afferents. Group II muscle afferents do not significantly contribute to this
      reflex and it cannot be explained by repetitive excitation of spinal
      oligosynaptic pathways. These findings should not be uncritically generalized to
      other muscle groups, because the central and peripheral mechanisms apparently
      differ according to the body region and mode of stimulation. The LLR of hand
      muscles is most likely involved in skillful movements of the fingers. It is
      believed to assist rapid compensatory responses to unexpected disturbances. In
      addition to the main component of the LLR, which is called LLR II, the study of
      electrically elicited thenar reflexes following stimulation of the median nerve
      disclosed further LLR components, the LLR I and the LLR III. The latter reflexes
      are rarely seen in normal subjects but have a significance in several diseases.
      Several abnormalities could be demonstrated in different diseases. Enhanced HR
      and reduced LLR are found in spasticity of various origin. Enhanced LLR I are
      frequently seen in Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and reflex myoclonus.
      Absent or reduced LLR II is found in Huntington's disease and in different focal
      brain lesions but not in symptomatic choreatic syndromes of other origin. Delayed
      latencies of the LLR II or absent LLR II have been described in multiple
      sclerosis. Enhanced LLR III may occur in cerebellar diseases. The method to
      elicit LLR of thenar muscles by electric stimulation may prove to be useful for
      clinical neurophysiology.

PMID- 2289457
TI  - DNA sequencing in HydroLink matrices: extension of reading ability to greater
      than 600 nucleotides.
AB  - All the systems for optimizing DNA sequencing published so far have introduced
      modifications regarding: (i) linearization of band migration via ionic strength
      gradients or wedge-shaped gels; (ii) automatization of band reading via
      introduction of fluorescent probes; (iii) direct blotting analysis; (iv) pulsed
      electric fields and (v) discontinuous buffer systems. In all these systems, DNA
      sequence reading with an accuracy of ca. 98% rarely exceeds a length of 350
      bases. We have chosen, in order to increase the reading ability of a single gel,
      to manipulate the characteristics of the gel matrix. The Seq-HydroLink gel
      formation here reported allows optimal reading, from a single gel run, of at
      least 600 bases. In order to guarantee this reading ability in a single run, the
      upper and lower ends of the ladder are time-resolved, i.e. the same sample is
      applied to the gel matrix at three different time intervals. The present system
      represents an increase of at least 30% in reading ability as compared with any
      type of polyacrylamide gel formulation so far reported.

PMID- 2289458
TI  - Free-flow electrophoresis under microgravity: evidence for enhanced resolution of
      cell separation.
AB  - A mixture of fixed rabbit, guinea pig and rat erythrocytes, suspended in a
      relatively conductive solution, was separated by means of continuous free flow
      electrophoresis (CFFE) under 1 g- and microgram- conditions using a specially
      designed electrophoretic module. Short duration microgram conditions were
      realized on board a sounding rocket. Due to the energy input and the associated
      thermal convection a separation of the three differently charged cell types in
      distinct peaks was not possible under 1 g-conditions as shown by reference
      experiments on the ground before launch. In contrast to the poor resolution under
      1 g-conditions, clear separation of the cell mixture could be recorded after lift
      off of the rocket under microgram-conditions. Repeated measurements demonstrated
      that the separation profile was completely stable during the entire microgram
      phase of about 6 min. Since the CFFE experiment in space was an exact replica of
      the ground reference experiments, the results demonstrated unambiguously the
      potential of CFFE for cell separation under microgram-conditions in media of high
      ionic strength.

PMID- 2289459
TI  - Correlation of migration behavior in free-flow zone electrophoresis and
      electrophoretic titration curve.
AB  - The correlation of electrophoretic migration behavior in free-flow zone
      electrophoresis (FFZE) and electrophoretic titration curve (ETC) has been
      explored. It is shown that the ETC of a protein or a mixture of proteins can be
      used to predict the fraction numbers at which those proteins elute in a
      preparative scale FFZE experiment. The ETC is a quick and effective way to choose
      optimal buffer conditions in FFZE. FFZE is employed to determine the isoelectric
      points (pI) of proteins whose pIs lie beyond the range of IEF 3-9 gels. It is
      found that separations in FFZE are governed by the net surface charge of the
      proteins.

PMID- 2289460
TI  - Synthesis of thiomorpholino buffers for isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH
      gradients.
AB  - The two commercially available Immobilines having a pK of 6.2 (2-morpholino ethyl
      acrylamide) and 7.0 (3-morpholinopropylacrylamide) have been modified and two new
      buffers have been synthesized: 2-thiomorpholinoethylacrylamide, pK 6.6, and 3
      thiomorpholinopropyl acrylamide, pK 7.4. The replacement of an oxygen with a
      sulfur atom in the morpholino ring is thus seen to shift the pK values of these
      two bases by +0.4 pH units. In formulations in which the two new bases replaced
      the standard morpholino derivatives, identical pH profiles and protein patterns
      were obtained. The reason for this work was to try to close the gap between the
      pK 7.0 and 8.5 species and to provide the users of immobilized pH gradients with
      more buffers in the neutral pH region. The two new thiomorpholino derivatives are
      an important step in this direction.

PMID- 2289461
TI  - Isoproteins and an isoelectric focusing mutant of human apoprotein serum amyloid
      A.
AB  - On isoelectric focusing of human plasma and subsequent immunoblotting, using
      antii-human serum amyloid A (SAA) antibodies, a genetic variant of SAA was
      detected in a family of Turkish origin. All affected members of the family were
      apparent heterozygotes for the mutant protein, which underwent a charge shift of
      about one charge unit toward the anode. The variant is likely to be a mutant of
      the most prominent forms of SAA (SAA1 and SAA2, or SAA1 and SAA1 des Arg). The
      appearance of a genetic variant of two of the six reported SAA-isoforms in human
      plasma supports the concept of SAA proteins being products of different genes.

PMID- 2289462
TI  - Direct immunoblotting from histological sections of brain onto nitrocellulose:
      evaluation with the protein neurophysin.
AB  - A method for the isolation and localization of proteins and peptides from
      histological sections of rat and human brain by immunoblotting is described. For
      validation, the well-characterized protein neurophysin was electrophoretically
      transferred from formaldehyde-fixed or fresh tissue sections onto a
      nitrocellulose membrane. Neurophysin on the nitrocellulose membrane was detected
      by a specific antibody reaction. The antibody against neurophysin was visualized
      either by using secondary antibodies, conjugated with peroxidase or by protein A
      gold, followed by enhancement with silver. With this simple and fast method,
      neurophysin (or other proteins and peptides) can be identified on nitrocellulose
      membranes in areas that correspond to anatomically defined regions. Since the
      procedure combines the advantages of precise regional localization of
      polypeptides with the specificity of antibody-antigen reactions, the method may
      prove useful for rapid screening of the distribution of peptides or proteins in
      (brain) tissue.

PMID- 2289463
TI  - Characterization of human catalase by isoelectric focusing in presence of urea.
AB  - Human catalase from erythrocytes and liver were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel
      isoelectric focusing in presence and absence of urea using two different pH
      gradients, namely pH 6-8 and pH 6.7-7.7. In presence of urea, human catalase
      focused in the pH range 6.75-7.0, slightly anodal to that of hemoglobin A. In
      narrow pH gradients, human erythrocyte catalase was microheterogeneous.
      Neuraminidase from different sources and peptide-N-glycosidase F were applied to
      investigate the presence of sialic acid and/or carbohydrate chains in human
      catalase. A shift in the focusing pattern of both erythrocyte and liver catalase
      towards the anode was observed after treatment with one of the commercially
      available neuroaminidase preparations. This unusual result could be related to a
      contaminating protease since no effect was observed when the catalases were
      treated in presence of a serine protease inhibitor. In contrast, bovine liver and
      Macaca erythrocyte catalase did not display any detectable change in their
      focusing patterns after treatment with any of the neuraminidase preparations.

PMID- 2289464
TI  - Involvement of cysteine residues in the electrophoretic mobility of histone H3 in
      acid-urea-Triton gels.
AB  - Carbamylation of cysteines 96 and 110 in histone H3 increases the electrophoretic
      mobility of this histone in acetic acid-urea-Triton X-100 polyacrylamide gels but
      has no effect in gels lacking Triton. Residue 96 appears to be a major
      determinant in the affinity of histone H3 for the nonionic detergent Triton.
      Carbamylation and carboxymethylation of cysteine 96 caused a major loss of the
      gel retardation caused by Triton. Carbamylation of cysteine 110 did not affect
      Triton binding but prevented ionization of the thiol side-chain moiety in the
      acetic acid-urea-Triton X-100 gel.

PMID- 2289465
TI  - Two-dimensional electrophoresis of membrane proteins: separation of myelin
      proteins.
AB  - A method for two-dimensional electrophoretic separation of myelin proteins is
      presented. The first dimension consists of isoelectric focusing of lyophilized
      and delipidated membrane proteins, solubilized in a mixture of the nonionic
      detergent Triton X-100, the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS, 9 M urea and carrier
      ampholytes, and incorporated into a slab gel before separation. Subsequent
      discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was
      performed by moulding the isoelectric focusing slab gel with its supporting glass
      plate into the stacking gel. This method proved to give highly reproducible
      results since mechanical forces and thus the risk of stretching, folding or
      rupture of the isoelectric focusing slab gel is minimized. Furthermore, by
      immunoblotting, the positions of myelin-associated glycoprotein and 2',3'-cyclic
      nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase were established with specific antibodies.

PMID- 2289466
TI  - Resolution of a paradox in the electrophoresis of DNA in agarose gels.
AB  - A paradox was observed in a previous study of the electrophoresis of linear DNA
      fragments in agarose gels (D. L. Holmes and N. C. Stellwagen, Electrophoresis
      1990, 11, 5-15). The pore size of the agarose matrix was more accurately
      determined if the root-mean-square radius of gyration was used to measure DNA
      macromolecular size. However, the Ogston equations were obeyed and other gel
      parameters such as the apparent fiber radius and fiber volume appeared to be
      better described if the geometric mean radius was used to measure DNA size. This
      paradox can be resolved if relative mobilities (with respect to the smallest DNA
      molecule in the data set) are used to construct the Ferguson plots, instead of
      absolute mobilities. Using relative mobilities and the root-mean-square radius of
      gyration, the Ogston equations are obeyed and the pore size of the matrix is
      consistent with values determined by other methods.

PMID- 2289467
TI  - Native bromoperoxidases do not bind to nitrocellulose: use of DEAE-cellulose as
      an alternative in blotting.
AB  - Bromoperoxidases were investigated by protein blotting after polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. While the denatured proteins bound to nitrocellulose, the native
      enzymes did not. Instead, they could be transferred successfully to DEAE
      cellulose. Procedures for immunostaining and glycoprotein detection with
      concanavalin A on DEAE-cellulose are described. The results indicate that binding
      of native proteins to nitrocellulose can not necessarily be assumed. DEAE
      cellulose is suitable both to investigate this phenomenon or as a substitute for
      nitrocellulose in blotting of native proteins.

PMID- 2289468
TI  - Serum proteins of rats exposed to organic solvents examined by horizontal two
      dimensional electrophoresis with an immobilized pH gradient in the first
      dimension.
AB  - Serum proteins of rats, exposed to methoxyethylacetate and a combination of
      methoxyethylacetate and isobutylacetate, were analyzed by horizontal high
      resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients in
      the first dimension. A total of 410 polypeptides were detected with either
      increasing or decreasing spot intensities after rat exposure to the organic
      solvents.

PMID- 2289469
TI  - Anticonvulsant effects of diazepam and MK-801 in soman poisoning.
AB  - An animal model was developed to evaluate the anticonvulsant effects of diazepam
      and MK-801 in soman poisoning and to examine the possible mechanism of soman
      induced convulsions. The oxime HI-6 (125 mg/kg, i.p.) was given to male rats, to
      increase survival, 30 min prior to 180 micrograms/kg, s.c. (equivalent to 1.6 x
      LD50) of soman, which produced 100% occurrence of convulsions. Initially,
      diazepam was studied with or without the concomitant administration of various
      doses of atropine sulfate 30 min prior to soman challenge. Diazepam (1.25-10.0
      mg/kg, i.m.) alone did not prevent soman-induced convulsions. In the presence of
      2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg of atropine, the anticonvulsant ED50 doses of diazepam were
      0.490, 0.257, 0.132 and 0.136 mg/kg, respectively. Atropine sulfate at a dose of
      16 mg/kg prevented the soman-induced hypersecretion, showed some anticonvulsant
      activity and provided a good motor recovery. MK-801 by itself, at or above 1
      mg/kg, prevented convulsions, but markedly potentiated the lethal effects
      produced by soman. With atropine (16 mg/kg), the anticonvulsant ED50 for MK-801
      was 0.037 mg/kg, which indicated that MK-801 was about 4 times as potent as
      diazepam, and the lethal interactions between MK-801 and soman were suppressed.
      The findings indicate that, in soman poisoning, diazepam and MK-801 are effective
      anticonvulsants in the presence of the anticholinergic atropine sulfate. The
      possible sequence of events and neuropharmacological mechanism of soman-induced
      convulsions are discussed.

PMID- 2289470
TI  - Effect of a novel anticonvulsant, zonisamide (AD-810, CI-912), in an experimental
      model of photosensitive epilepsy.
AB  - The effects of a novel anticonvulsant, zonisamide (3-sulfamoylmethyl-1,2
      benzisoxazole), on photically induced seizures were studied in the lateral
      geniculate-kindled cat. Zonisamide was found to reduce the behavioral severity of
      seizure responses to photic stimulation in a dose-related manner. This
      anticonvulsant effect was only observed with doses that caused behavioral
      toxicity, but anticonvulsant action outlasted behavioral effects. The present
      results suggest that zonisamide may be effective in the treatment of human
      photosensitive epilepsy.

PMID- 2289471
TI  - Stargazer: a new neurological mutant on chromosome 15 in the mouse with prolonged
      cortical seizures.
AB  - We report here the initial description of the inheritance pattern, linkage
      mapping, and electroclinical phenotype of a recessive mutation on mouse
      Chromosome 15, stargazer (stg), that produces epilepsy. The salient epileptic
      phenotype is a syndrome of spontaneous, prolonged, generalized spike-wave
      cortical discharges with behavioral arrest. A second, complex, seizure pattern
      featuring movements during the discharge can also appear. The stg/stg mutant
      phenotype confirms the general principal that inherited epilepsies sharing
      similar cortical excitability patterns can be transmitted by single gene loci
      residing on different chromosomes and provides new evidence that the severity of
      seizure expression depends on the specific mutant gene affected.

PMID- 2289472
TI  - Hyperventilation-induced EEG changes in humans and their modulation by an
      anticonvulsant drug.
AB  - Surface-negative DC shifts, arising from depolarization of apical dendrites of
      cortical pyramidal cells, represent excitability of cortical neuronal networks.
      Hyperventilation, used in epilepsy diagnosis to provoke epileptiform discharges,
      is thought to increase excitability of neuronal tissue; correspondingly,
      hyperventilation produces negative DC shifts. Extreme negative DC shifts,
      accompanying epileptiform EEG patterns, have been observed in epileptic patients
      during hyperventilation. Anticonvulsants, supposed to dampen cortical
      excitability, should inhibit the development of overexcitability and, hence, also
      of pronounced negative DC shifts. The present study examined DC shifts induced by
      hyperventilation in healthy human subjects under the influence of the
      benzodiazepine, clonazepam, which is used as anticonvulsant. In a double-blind
      setting, 36 male student volunteers received 4.5 mg clonazepam or the equivalent
      amount of placebo. DC-EEG and respiration rate were measured during 3 periods
      each of 3 min: baseline, hyperventilation, and recovery. Compared to baseline,
      hyperventilation produced a negative DC shift of an average 36 +/- 8 microV under
      placebo conditions. Clonazepam reduced the hyperventilation-induced negativity to
      13 +/- 5 microV. Negativity suppression became weakened with increasing blood
      plasma levels of the drug. Respiration depth and frequency, increasing under
      hyperventilation, did not differ among the groups. Clonazepam treatment gave rise
      to beta-waves and prevented the increase in alpha and theta activity that was
      found in placebo subjects during the recording period; this was only true,
      however, for low to moderate plasma concentrations of clonazepam. Results are
      consistent with the notion that a hyperventilation-induced increase in neuronal
      excitability can be measured by cortical DC shifts. The reduction of negative
      shifts under anticonvulsants might indicate dampening of cortical neuronal
      excitability which is intended by antiepileptic drugs.

PMID- 2289473
TI  - Evaluation of early and late presented tasks in the intracarotid Amytal test for
      epileptic patients.
AB  - The temporal relation between speech and somatomotor effects was analyzed in 24
      epileptic patients who underwent bilateral intracarotid Amytal tests.
      Furthermore, a chronological study of the task presentation was carried out. The
      memory test included 3 pre- and 12 post-injection items, the latter consisting of
      6 words and 6 concrete pictures. Both hemispheres had low free verbal recall
      capacity. The speech-dominant hemisphere recognized 45% of the words and 58% of
      the pictures; the non-dominant side 17% and 32%, respectively. An epileptic
      lesion in the right temporal lobe only reduced the word recognition at a
      statistically significant level. Despite the early start of task presentation,
      both hemispheres recognized the early items almost as well as those presented
      later. This makes it possible for an extensive test battery which in turn helps
      to quantify memory capacity. If this method is used to test hemisphere memory,
      the possibility of interhemispheric cooperation is reduced, thereby increasing
      the validity of the results. The results are discussed in relation to intra- and
      interhemispheric communication during amobarbital sedation and regression.

PMID- 2289474
TI  - Test-retest variability in children with epilepsy--a comparison of WISC-R
      profiles.
AB  - Reports of test-retest variability appear recurrently in relation to epilepsy. To
      date, the amount of information available on the stability of cognitive profiles
      over a number of years is limited. In this study, 45 children were assessed,
      using the Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children - Revised (WISC-R). The
      children were retested after a period of at least 2 years. A group of 20 children
      was tested 3 times. The average follow-up period was 4.2 years. Although most
      subjects in our sample had a high seizure frequency and continued to have their
      seizures during the period of follow-up, a marked stability of cognitive profiles
      is found over a period of time. These profiles show low scores for the subtests
      Information, Coding, Digit Span, Vocabulary and resemble profiles reported in
      other studies on subjects with intractable epilepsies.

PMID- 2289475
TI  - Time-dependent pro- and anticonvulsant effects of cysteamine on the development
      and expression of amygdaloid kindled seizures.
AB  - The time-dependent pro- and anticonvulsant effects of cysteamine, a depletor of
      somatostatin, were investigated on the development and expression of amygdaloid
      kindled seizures. Acute administration of cysteamine (25-400 mg/kg, i.p.)
      produced a dose-dependent potentiation of kindled seizures when evoked 4 h after
      the drug. However, the seizures initiated 1 day after drug administration were
      dose-dependently suppressed. Furthermore, elicitation of seizures 4 h after
      cysteamine enhanced its anticonvulsant effects at 1 day after the drug, causing a
      parallel left shift of the dose-response curve. Since it has been reported that
      somatostatin is released during generalized seizures, the seizures given 4 h
      after cysteamine may encourage the somatostatin depletion by cysteamine and
      thereby potentiate its later anticonvulsant effects. The repeated administration
      of cysteamine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) during kindling development strongly retarded the
      development of generalized seizures but not the development of focal seizures or
      of afterdischarges in the amygdala. In contrast to the acute experiments,
      kindling stimulation given 4 h after each cysteamine treatment did not augment
      the blocking effect on kindling development. These data indicate that chronic
      cysteamine treatment has a strong inhibitory effect on the development of
      amygdaloid kindling.

PMID- 2289476
TI  - Amygdaloid kindling and kindled seizures in rats receiving chronic ethanol
      administration.
AB  - The effects of chronic ethanol administration were studied in rats receiving
      amygdaloid kindling. Daily ethanol administration 10 min prior to kindling
      stimulation delayed acquisition of kindling without affecting the electrical
      afterdischarge. For the lowest tested dose of ethanol (0.5 g/kg), this delay was
      restricted to kindling stages 1 and 2. For the higher doses of ethanol (1.0 and
      1.5 g/kg) this delay became more severe and stages 3 and 4 were blocked. Ethanol
      produced a clear dose-related anticonvulsant effect upon kindled seizures. After
      repeated exposure to kindling stimulation and ethanol this anticonvulsant effect
      vanished. After a 15-day interval without stimulation or ethanol application
      kindled animals were insensitive to ethanol's anticonvulsant effect. In
      conclusion, it is suggested that the anticonvulsant effects of low ethanol doses
      are restricted to kindling stages 1 and 2 and that anticonvulsant effects of high
      ethanol doses are limited by tolerance and by the level of consolidation of the
      kindled seizure. Finally, we suggest that the anticonvulsant properties of
      ethanol are not due to its general depressant effect but to some rather specific
      action.

PMID- 2289477
TI  - The role of technical, biological and pharmacological factors in the laboratory
      evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. I. The influence of administration vehicles.
AB  - Although animal models, such as electroshock seizures, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)
      induced seizures and the rotorod test, are widely employed in the search for and
      evaluation of new anticonvulsant drugs, the important role of diverse technical,
      biological and pharmacological factors in the interpretation of results obtained
      with these models is often not recognized. In order to delineate factors other
      than strain, sex, age, diet, climate, and circadian rhythms, which are generally
      known, a series of studies was undertaken. In the experiments described here, the
      influence of administration vehicles and drug formulations on bioavailability,
      potency and time course of anticonvulsant drugs was studied in mice. Two standard
      anticonvulsant drugs, primidone and carbamazepine, with poor aqueous solubility
      were used for these experiments, because water insolubility is a common problem
      in the laboratory evaluation of anticonvulsant agents. Since vehicles, especially
      organic solvents or detergents, may exert effects of their own, sensitive
      electroshock and PTZ seizure threshold tests were used for the assessment of
      vehicle-related actions. Of various aqueous or lipophilic vehicles tested, only
      glycofurol increased seizure thresholds, when concentrations exceeding 10% were
      administered. However, even at a concentration of 30%, the solubilizer did not
      exert measurable effects in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test in mice,
      but markedly potentiated the effect of primidone. In contrast, polyethylene
      glycol 400 (PEG 400) up to a concentration of 30% did not affect electrical or
      chemical seizure thresholds nor did it alter the pharmacological potency of
      primidone. When primidone or carbamazepine were administered as a suspension in a
      Tween/water vehicle, their anticonvulsant effects were considerably lower
      compared to injections of the same doses as a solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2289478
TI  - The effect of interstimulation interval on the assessment of anticonvulsant drug
      potency in fully kindled rats.
AB  - Multiple stimulation regimes with interstimulation intervals of 0.25-2 h were
      investigated in fully kindled rats as methods of testing the time course and
      potency of anticonvulsant drugs after a single administration. Protocols with
      conventional interstimulation intervals of 1-3 days were used for comparison.
      Prior to the drug experiments, the different stimulation regimes were examined in
      drug-naive, kindled rats in order to determine the extent of postseizure
      inhibition occurring with such protocols. All stimulations were carried out with
      a suprathreshold current of 500 microA. Using protocols with 3-9 stimulations
      within 8 h, seizure severity was relatively stable, but motor seizure duration
      was reduced in most experiments. Both decreases and increases were observed with
      respect to afterdischarge duration (ADD). The increases in ADD were primarily due
      to the appearance of 'secondary' afterdischarges with small amplitude, which were
      associated with immobility, intermittent facial clonus and head nodding. After a
      series of stimulations at short intervals, reduced seizure severity was observed
      after this series for at least 1 week, so that an interval of at least 2 weeks
      had to be interposed between multistimulation experiments in the same group of
      rats. When the effects of carbamazepine, 15 mg/kg, were determined with 4
      different stimulation regimes, it was found that the anticonvulsant potency of
      the drug was higher in experiments with short interstimulation intervals compared
      to conventional protocols with interstimulation intervals of 1-3 days, indicating
      synergistic effects between the drug and postictal inhibition. Indication for
      such synergism was also found when the animals were only stimulated once daily
      during the drug experiments. With higher doses of carbamazepine or phenobarbital,
      30 mg/kg, the difference between the stimulation protocols was less marked.
      Furthermore, the time course of anticonvulsant action determined with different
      stimulation regimes was similar. The data indicate that multistimulation regimes
      can be used in kindled rats to determine the time course following single
      administration of anticonvulsant drugs, but such protocols may lead to an
      overestimation of anticonvulsant potency.

PMID- 2289479
TI  - Analysis of central cardioarrhythmogenic triggers in experimental epilepsy.
AB  - The cardioarrhythmogenic potential of epileptic foci induced at mesencephalic and
      rhombencephalic levels was analyzed in hemispherectomized rats. Topical
      application of penicillin-G onto the mesencephalic quadrigeminal lamina or onto
      the fourth ventricle induced paroxysmal activity at the mesencephalic or bulbar
      neurone level. At the mesencephalic levels, the paroxysmal activity was
      characterized by a significant increase in the spontaneous frequency of the
      neurones, with the appearance of multiunit activity and rhythmical outbursts. The
      simultaneous recording of myocardial electrical activity and blood pressure
      showed that the paroxysmal activity triggered short-latency sinus
      bradyarrhythmias with wandering of the sinus pacemaker, the appearance of
      biphasic or negative P waves, some premature ventricular contractions and non
      significant reduction of systolic and diastolic pressures. When the paroxysmal
      activity stopped, the cardiac rhythm and blood pressure returned to basal values.
      At the bulbar level, the paroxysmal activity appeared with longer latency and
      usually the rhythmical outbursts were not observed. Following bulbar paroxysmal
      activity only short-lasting episodes of sinus bradyarrhythmias appeared.
      Midcollicular transection eliminated paroxysmal activity at the bulbar level, and
      blood pressure and cardiac rhythm resumed basal values. After transection, an
      additional application of convulsant drug (penicillin-G or pentylenetetrazole)
      onto the fourth ventricle did not induce the reappearance of paroxysmal activity
      and the consequent cardiovascular alterations. The results showed the existence
      of a cardioarrhythmogenic trigger localized at the mesencephalic level which
      spreads paroxysmal activity upwards. A hypothesis to explain the appearance of
      fetal haemodynamic modifications and life-threatening arrhythmias has been
      proposed.

PMID- 2289480
TI  - Cognitive function in adult epileptic patients established on anticonvulsant
      monotherapy.
AB  - A battery of psychometric tests was administered to 110 patients with epilepsy
      and to 24 non-epileptic controls. Eighty-four patients had been established on
      treatment with a single anticonvulsant drug (35 carbamazepine (CBZ), 30 sodium
      valproate (VPA), 19 phenytoin (PHT)) at unaltered dosage for the previous 3
      months. The remaining 26 patients were untreated at the time of study. No
      individual test discriminated between the groups. Tests were converted to
      standard scores and summated to give overall psychomotor, memory and side-effect
      assessments. There were no important differences between the performances of
      untreated epileptic patients and non-epileptic controls. The CBZ-treated patients
      had poorer psychomotor scores than both control groups and the VPA-treated
      patients (all P less than 0.05). The PHT patients scored less well on the
      composite memory scale than did VPA patients and non-epileptic controls (both P
      less than 0.05). There were no significant differences in subjective side-effects
      among the groups. This study demonstrated that anticonvulsant monotherapy has
      little effect on overall cognitive function in patients tolerating treatment.
      Psychomotor performance appeared to be selectively influenced by CBZ and memory
      impaired by PHT. VPA may be the drug to chose when cognitive function is an
      important consideration. Different cognitive modalities can be affected by
      different first-line anticonvulsants and this should be taken into account when
      choosing the most appropriate drug for an individual patient.

PMID- 2289481
TI  - The efficacy and long-term tolerability of lamotrigine in the treatment of severe
      epilepsy.
AB  - We report the effects of the addition of lamotrigine, a novel antiepileptic drug,
      to the therapy of 125 patients with severe refractory epilepsy. Forty-five
      patients (36%) reported adverse experiences and in 19 (15%), the drug was
      withdrawn. The commonest adverse experiences were diplopia, headache, ataxia,
      drowsiness, skin rash and deterioration in seizure control. Two patients were
      withdrawn for other reasons. The remaining 104 patients were followed for a mean
      of 11 months (range 3-27): 26 (25%) of these showed a marked improvement in
      seizure frequency (a 50% or more reduction when compared with the pre-trial
      period), but no patient was rendered seizure-free. Tolerance to the effects of
      the drug was not seen.

PMID- 2289482
TI  - Clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of epilepsy in rural
      Ethiopia: a community-based study.
AB  - A community-based epidemiological study of neurological disorders was performed
      in a rural area in Ethiopia. The most prevalent neurological disorder identified
      was epilepsy, found in 316 persons. The prevalence of epilepsy was 5.2/1000
      inhabitants at risk, 5.8 for males, 4.6 for females. The highest age-specific
      prevalence was found for ages 10-19 years. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were
      the most common seizure type and occurred in 81%. On clinical grounds, partial
      seizures occurred in 20% and in 29% of these secondary generalization followed.
      During seizures, 8.5% had been injured by burns and 5.7% by trauma. Eighty-four
      percent had seizures at least monthly. Seizures occurred in 4.8% of siblings.
      Traditional treatment with local herbs, holy water and amulets was the most
      common. Only 1.6% had been treated with recognized antiepileptic drugs. Mental
      retardation was the most common associated disorder, found in 7.9% of the persons
      with epilepsy. During a period of 2 years, 8 persons died of status epilepticus
      and 1 from severe burns as a result of falling into a domestic fire during a
      seizure. EEG was recorded in 73%. Epileptiform activity occurred in 18%.

PMID- 2289483
TI  - Effect of pinealectomy on cortically kindled rats.
AB  - Cortical kindling in pinealectomized rats was studied to observe the effect of
      pinealectomy on local afterdischarge thresholds and seizure development. Although
      the local afterdischarge thresholds were not affected by pinealectomy, the
      kindling process itself was hastened. These results suggest that the
      anticonvulsive function of the pineal body is due not to a decrease in local
      afterdischarge thresholds, but to retardation of secondary generalization.

PMID- 2289484
TI  - Blood glucose extraction as a mediator of perceived exertion during prolonged
      exercise.
AB  - The effect of blood glucose extraction on the perception of exertion was examined
      during prolonged arm exercise. Eight male subjects consumed in counter-balanced
      order a standard daily diet containing either (1) 75 g dihydroxyacetone and 25 g
      sodium pyruvate (DHAP) or (2) an isocaloric amount of placebo, to manipulate
      blood glucose extraction. Following each 7-day diet, subjects exercised to
      exhaustion at 60% of peak arm oxygen consumption. Ratings of perceived exertion
      (Borg, CR-10 scale) were obtained for the arms (RPE-A), legs (RPE-L), chest (RPE
      C) and overall body (RPE-O) every 10 min of exercise. After 60 min of continuous
      exercise, blood samples were drawn from the radial artery and axillary vein.
      Ratings of perceived exertion did not differ between trials during the first 50
      min of exercise. At the 60-min time point, perceived exertion was lower (P less
      than 0.01) in the DHAP than placebo trials for the arms (RPE-A: 4.25 vs 5.50) and
      overall body (RPE-O: 3.25 vs 4.00). These differences persisted throughout
      exercise. RPE-L and RPE-C did not differ between trials. Whole-arm arterial
      venous glucose difference was higher (P less than 0.05) in the DHAP (1.00 mmol.l
      1) than placebo (0.36 mmol.l-1) trials, as was fractional extraction of glucose
      (22.5 vs 9.0%). Respiratory exchange ratio was the same between trials. Triceps
      muscle glycogen was (1) higher in the DHAP than placebo trial at pre-exercise (P
      less than 0.05), (2) decreased during exercise and (3) did not differ between
      trials at exercise termination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289485
TI  - Habitation and recovery of vascular responses in calf and forearm and of the
      level of pain sensation during the cold pressor test in man.
AB  - Forearm and calf blood flow were measured using a mercury-in-silastic gauge
      during immersion of one foot in water at 4 degrees C. The subjects were asked to
      assess the level of pain on a scale 0-10. The effects of one session of repeated
      immersions on the vascular response in the calf, forearm and on subjective pain
      sensation were studied. In 6 of the 14 subjects vasodilatation was elicited in
      both forearm and calf during the first immersion. During the first session the
      vasodilation diminished, while subjective pain sensation remained at the level of
      7 on the scale. In 4 subjects vasoconstriction in both calf and forearm occurred
      during the first immersion. During repeated immersions forearm vasoconstriction
      subsided, while in the calf it remained at the same level. The level of the
      subjective pain sensation diminished from 7.5 to 5 in 1 subject. Repeated
      immersions in six to ten daily sessions led to reduction of vasodilatation in
      calf and forearm while there was a small change in the pain sensation, i.e.
      reduction from the level of 6.9 to 5.7 (P less than 0.01). In subjects in whom
      vasoconstriction in forearm and calf was observed no clear trend in vascular
      responses was observed during the repeated daily sessions while the pain
      sensation in 1 subject was reduced from 6 to 4.8. In 3 subjects the change of
      vascular responses was different in the forearm and calf.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289486
TI  - Determination and interpretation of mechanical power in human movement:
      application to ergometer cycling.
AB  - Based on a model consisting of three rigid links, an instantaneous power equation
      has been deduced for ergometer cycling which shows a causal relationship between
      power liberated in joint rotation on the one hand and the rate of change of
      segmental energy plus the power transferred to the pedal on the other. The shape
      and magnitude of these two types of power have been calculated by measurements of
      pedal force and cinematographic analysis and the results show fair agreement
      between them. When cycling at a mean exercise intensity of 340 W at 90 rpm, less
      than 28 W appears to be lost in the (necessary) changes of segmental energies. It
      is suggested that power liberated in the joints should be judged as the source of
      power in the power equation. It is, therefore, proposed that this power should be
      defined as external power in this and other human movement.

PMID- 2289488
TI  - Protein: creatinine and trypsin inhibitor: creatinine ratios in the urine of
      marathon runners.
AB  - We measured changes in the protein: creatinine and trypsin inhibitor: creatinine
      ratios in the urine of six male marathon runners. Samples of urine were collected
      before the run, immediately after the run and in 6-h collections for 2 days. We
      found the greatest increase in the protein: creatinine ratio (2.6 times greater)
      in urine collected immediately after the run and the greatest increase in the
      trypsin inhibitor: creatinine ratio in urine samples collected 6-12 and 12-18 h
      after the run (2 and 3 times greater, respectively). This suggests the existence
      of different mechanisms for these two physiological processes. The later increase
      in the trypsin inhibitor: creatinine ratio was perhaps, due to a state of short
      lived inflamation and shock after severe physical effort.

PMID- 2289487
TI  - The correlation of cardiac power output to exercise capacity in chronic heart
      failure.
AB  - Cardiac haemodynamics are deranged in chronic heart failure but fail to predict
      the exercise capacity of the patient. Cardiac power output is a descriptor of
      cardiac function derived from preload, blood pressure and cardiac output. Forty
      one patients with moderately severe and severe chronic heart failure were
      exercised on a cycle ergometer to determine the relationship between traditional
      haemodynamics and cardiac power output and exercise capacity. Resting cardiac
      power output was no more predictive of exercise capacity than resting stroke-work
      index or resting cardiac index (r = 0.53, 0.61 and 0.51 respectively). Maximum
      cardiac power output and the ability to increase cardiac power output, however,
      were correlated with exercise capacity (r = 0.79 and 0.80). It is concluded that
      resting cardiac power output does not predict subsequent exercise capacity but
      that maximum cardiac power output and the ability to increase cardiac power
      output on stimulation are good descriptors of functional cardiac reserve.

PMID- 2289489
TI  - Effect of pyridostigmine on the exercise-heat response of man.
AB  - The effect of pyridostigmine on thermoregulatory responses was evaluated during
      exercise and heat stress. Eight heat acclimated, young adult male subjects
      received four doses of pyridostigmine (30 mg) or identical placebo tablets every
      8 h, in a double blind, randomized, cross-over trial. A 30.3%, SD 4.6% inhibition
      of the circulating cholinesterase (ChE) activity was induced in the
      pyridostigmine-treated group. The subjects were exposed to 170-min exercise and
      heat-stress (dry bulb temperature, 33 degrees C; relative humidity 60%)
      consisting of 60 min in a sitting position and two bouts of 50-min walking (1.39
      m.s-1, 5% gradient) which were separated by 10-min rest periods. No differences
      were found between treatments in the physiological responses and heat balance
      parameters at the end of exposure: heart rate (fc) was 141 beats.min-1, SD 16 and
      150 beats.min-1, SD 12, rectal temperature (Tre) was 38.5 degrees C, SD 0.4
      degrees and 38.6 degrees C, SD 0.3 degrees, heat storage was 60 W.m-2, SD 16 and
      59 W.m-2, SD 15 and sweat rate was 678 g.h-1, SD 184 and 661 g.h-1, SD 133, in
      the pyridostigmine and placebo treatments, respectively. The changes in Tre and
      fc over the heat-exercise period were parallel in both study and control groups.
      Pyridostigmine caused a slight slowing of fc (5 beats.min-1) which was consistent
      throughout the entire exposure (P less than 0.001) but was of no clinical
      significance. The overall change in fc was similar for both groups.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289490
TI  - Effect of fluid intake on renal function during exercise in the cold.
AB  - The effect of an imposed drinking discipline versus ad libitum drinking was
      studied on 21 healthy, well-trained volunteers, during a continuous 4.5-h march
      at an altitude of 1,700 m and an ambient temperature of 0 degree C, SD 1. Group I
      (n = 13) was instructed to drink 250 ml of warmed, artificially sweetened fluid
      every 30 min, whereas group II (n = 8) drank plain water ad libitum. The median
      fluid intake in group I was significantly higher than in group II (P less than
      0.0002). Serum urea and osmolality decreased during the march in group I (P less
      than 0.05; P less than 0.002, respectively) with no significant change in group
      II. In both groups, a similar increase in haemoglobin concentration concomitant
      with a reduction in calculated blood and plasma volume was observed after
      exercise and did not correlate with the state of hydration. Total urine volume,
      creatinine clearance, urea clearance and potassium excretion were significantly
      higher and urinary osmolality was lower in group I than in group II (P less than
      0.05). These results reflect a state of extreme "voluntary dehydration" in the
      control group when no fluid intake was obligatory. Thus, during exercise in the
      cold, under conditions similar to those in this study, a fluid intake of 150 ml.h
      1 should be maintained in order to keep a urinary flow of about 1 ml.kg-1.h-1 and
      to achieve a good state of hydration.

PMID- 2289491
TI  - The influence of body position on maximal performance in cycling.
AB  - Six healthy male subjects performed a 3-min supramaximal test in four different
      cycling positions: two with different trunk angles and two with different saddle
      tube angles. Maximal power output and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were
      measured. Maximal power output was significantly higher in a standard sitting
      (SS, 381 W, SD 49) upright position compared to all other positions: standard
      racing (SR, 364 W, SD 49), recumbent backwards (RB, 355 W, SD 44) and recumbent
      forwards (RF, 341 W, SD 54). Although VO2max was also highest in SS (4.31 l.min
      1, SD 0.5) upright position, the differences in VO2max were not significant (SR,
      4.2 l.min-1, SD 0.53; RB, 4.17 l.min-1, SD 0.58; RF, 4.11 l.min-1, SD 0.66). It
      is concluded that (supra)maximal tests on a cycle ergometer should be performed
      in a sitting upright position and not in a racing position. In some cases when
      cycling on the road, higher speeds can be attained when sitting upright. This is
      especially true when cycling uphill when high power must be generated to overcome
      gravity but the road speed, and hence the power required to overcome air
      resistance, is relatively low.

PMID- 2289492
TI  - The influence of exercise intensity on the power spectrum of heart rate
      variability.
AB  - The power spectral analysis of R-R interval variability (RRV) has been estimated
      by means of an autoregressive method in seven sedentary males at rest, during
      steady-state cycle exercise at 21 percent maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max), SEM
      2%, 49% VO2max, SEM 2% and 70% VO2max, SEM 2% and during recovery. The RRV, i.e.
      the absolute power of the spectrum, decreased 10, 100 and 500 times in the three
      exercise intensities, returning to resting value during recovery. In the RRV
      power spectrum three components have been identified: (1) high frequency peak
      (HF), central frequency about 0.24 Hz at rest and recovery, and 0.28 Hz, SEM
      0.02, 0.37 Hz, SEM 0.03 and 0.48 Hz, SEM 0.06 during the three exercise
      intensities, respectively; (2) low frequency peak (LF), central frequency about
      0.1 Hz independent of the metabolic state; (3) very low frequency component
      (VLF), less than 0.05 Hz, no peak observed. The HF peak power, as a percentage of
      the total power (HF%), averaged 16%, SEM 5% at rest and did not change during
      exercise, whereas during recovery it decreased to 5%-10%. The LF% and VLF% were
      about 50% and 35% at rest and during low exercise intensity, respectively. At
      higher intensities, LF% decreased to 16% and VLF% increased to 70%. During
      recovery a return to resting values occurred. The HF component may reflect the
      increased respiratory rate and the LF peak changes the resetting of the
      baroreceptor reflex with exercise. The hypothesis is made that VLF fluctuations
      in heart rate might be partially mediated by the sympathetic system.

PMID- 2289493
TI  - Effects of velocity of isokinetic training on strength, power, and quadriceps
      muscle fibre characteristics.
AB  - Twenty young men trained the right knee extensors and flexors on an isokinetic
      dynamometer three times weekly over a 10-week period. During each session, 10 men
      in the slow training group completed three sets of 8 maximal contractions at a
      rate of 1.05 rad s-1, whereas the other 10, the fast group, completed three sets
      of 20 contractions at a rate of 4.19 rad s-1. Subjects wer pre- and post-tested
      for peak torque and power on an isokinetic dynamometer at 1.05, 3.14, and 4.19
      rad s-1. Proportions of muscle fibre-types and fibre cross-sectional areas were
      determined from biopsy specimens taken before and after training from the right
      vastus lateralis. When testing was conducted at 1.05 rad s-1, the slow group
      improved (P less than 0.05) peak torque by 24.5 N m (8.5%), but no change was
      noted for the fast group. Power increased (P less than 0.05) by 32.7 W (13.6%) in
      the slow group and 5.5 W (2.5%) in the fast. At 3.14 rad s-1, both groups
      increased (P less than 0.05) peak torque and power. At 4.19 rad s-1, the fast
      group increased (P less than 0.05) peak torque by 30.0 N m (19.7%), whereas no
      training effect was observed in the slow group. There was no significant change
      in power in either group at 4.19 rad s-1. No significant changes were observed
      over the 10-week training period in percentages of type I, IIa and IIb fibres,
      but both groups showed significant increases (P less than 0.05) in type I and IIa
      fibre areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289494
TI  - Cardiac responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre in different body positions.
AB  - A standardized Valsalva manoeuvre (VM) with a 15-s straining period was repeated
      in each of four postures by six male subjects. The postures were supine (SUP),
      sitting leaning back (LB), sitting leaning forward (LF) and standing (ST). During
      straining, the increase in heart rate (fc) was different between LB and LF (+50%
      and +23%, respectively P less than 0.05). The decrease in stroke volume (SV),
      which was monitored by means of impedance cardiography, was different (63%, 68%,
      39%, and 72%, P less than 0.001) as well as the decrease in cardiac output (CO)
      (55%, 53%, 26%, and 61%, P less than 0.001) in SUP, LB, LF, and ST, respectively.
      Accordingly, after pressure release the smallest changes of SV, fc and CO were
      found in LF. In conclusion, cardiovascular stability during straining was
      increased during LF. Consequently, this posture would appear to be superior to
      other postures during unavoidable VM (weight lifting and defaecation). To perform
      tests on autonomic function LB would appear to be superior to the other postures
      because of the large autonomic responses, combined with minimum risk for the
      subject. The impedance method provided simple and reproducible determinations of
      SV changes during VM.

PMID- 2289495
TI  - Differences in H-reflex between athletes trained for explosive contractions and
      non-trained subjects.
AB  - The efficacy of type Ia synapse on alpha-motoneurons of soleus and lateral
      gastrocnemius muscles has been investigated, using the H-reflex technique, in
      athletes engaged in sports requiring very rapid and intense contractions
      (sprinters and volley-ball players) as well as in non-trained subjects. It has
      been observed, in both muscles, that the ratio between the mean value of the
      maximal reflex response (Hmax) and the mean value of the maximal direct response
      (Mmax) elicited upon electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve is significantly
      smaller in athletes trained for explosive-type movements than in non-trained
      subjects. This difference in the Hmax: Mmax ratio was dependent on a smaller
      amplitude of Hmax and not on a greater amplitude of Mmax. No significant
      differences were observed between sprinters and volley-ball players. In both
      trained and non-trained subjects, soleus and lateral gastrocnemius muscles
      displayed significant differences in Hmax: Mmax ratio and Mmax amplitude but not
      in Hmax amplitude. Since the H-response is considered to be due mainly to
      activation of the smallest motoneurons in the motoneuronal pools, the difference
      in Hmax amplitude and Hmax: Mmax ratio between athletes and non-trained subjects
      could have been dependent on a lower incidence of these motoneurons in the
      athletes. This is in accord with the mechanical needs of muscles during explosive
      type power training. Although this difference may have been wholly determined
      genetically, the possibility is discussed as to whether the lower incidence in
      sprinters and volley-ball players of small motoneurons could have been related to
      a training-induced transformation of small and slow motoneurons into large and
      fast ones.

PMID- 2289496
TI  - Effect of strength training on the relationship between magnetic resonance
      relaxation time and muscle fibre composition.
AB  - The effect of muscle hypertrophy on the relationship between magnetic resonance
      (MR) relaxation time and muscle fibre composition was investigated. Relaxation
      time and muscle fibre composition were measured in five subjects before and after
      a 20-week period of strength training. Muscle fibre composition in all subjects
      exhibited a significant shift to a predominance of fast-twitch (FT) fibres as a
      result of 20-week strength training (% area FT fibres: mean values from 49.8%, SD
      17.9% to 57%, SD 5.6%; P less than 0.05). Longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and
      transverse relaxation time (T2) were prolonged significantly after strength
      training (T1 mean values from 334.9 ms, SD 13.6 to 359.0 ms, SD 9.0, P less than
      0.001; T2 from 27.5 ms, SD 0.9 to 30.8 ms, SD 2.3, P less than 0.05). A constant
      relationship was observed in changes caused by strength training in muscle fibre
      composition (% area FT) and relaxation time, with a high correlation obtained
      between both parameters. These results indicate that MR relaxation time can be
      used for non-invasive estimation of muscle fibre composition.

PMID- 2289497
TI  - A systems model of training responses and its relationship to hormonal responses
      in elite weight-lifters.
AB  - A systems model, providing an estimation of fatigue and fitness levels was
      applied to a 1-year training period of six elite weight-lifters. The model
      parameters were individually determined by fitting the predicted performance
      (calculated as the difference between fitness and fatigue) to the actual one. The
      purpose of this study was to validate the systems model by comparing the
      estimated levels of fatigue and fitness with biological parameters external to
      the model calculation. The predicted and the actual performances were
      significantly correlated in each subject. The calculated fitness and fatigue
      levels were related to serum testosterone concentration, testosterone: cortisol
      and testosterone: sex hormone binding globulin ratios. The best results were
      obtained by the comparison between fitness and testosterone levels, which varied
      in parallel in each subject. In two subjects this correlation was significant (r
      = 0.91, P less than 0.05, and r = 0.92, P less than 0.01). The fitness changes
      calculated in each subject between the 15th and the 51st weeks of training were
      significantly correlated with the changes in serum testosterone concentration
      measured in the same period (r = 0.99, P less than 0.001). For the whole group
      testosterone and fitness variations were also significantly intercorrelated (r =
      0.73, P less than 0.001). Correlations, less homogeneous and less significant,
      were calculated also for other hormones and ratios. These results suggest that
      (1) the relationships between training and performance can be described by the
      systems model, (2) the estimated index of fitness has a physiological meaning.
      The fatigue index remains to be clarified.

PMID- 2289498
TI  - Glycogen and triglyceride utilization in relation to muscle metabolic
      characteristics in men performing heavy-resistance exercise.
AB  - Nine bodybuilders performed heavy-resistance exercise activating the quadriceps
      femoris muscle. Intermittent 30-s exhaustive exercise bouts comprising 6-12
      repetitions were interspersed with 60-s periods for 30 min. Venous blood samples
      were taken repeatedly during and after exercise for analyses of plasma free fatty
      acid (FFA) and glycerol concentration. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the
      vastus lateralis muscle before and after exercise and assayed for glycogen,
      glycerol-3-phosphate, lactate and triglyceride (TG) content. The activities of
      citrate synthase (CS), lactate dehydrogenase, hexokinase (HK), myokinase,
      creatine kinase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), were analysed.
      Histochemical staining procedures were used to assess fibre type composition,
      fibre area and capillary density. TG content before and after exercise averaged
      (SD) 23.9 (13.3) and 16.7 (6.4) mmol kg-1 dry wt. The basal triglyceride content
      varied sixfold among individuals and the higher the levels the greater was the
      change during exercise. The glycogen content decreased (P less than 0.001) from
      690 (82) to 495 (95) mmol kg-1 dry wt. and lactate and glycerol-3-phosphate
      increased (P less than 0.001) to 79.5 (5.5) and 14.5 (7.3) mmol kg-1 dry wt.,
      respectively, after exercise. The HK and HAD/CS content respectively correlated
      with glycogen or TG content at rest and with changes in these metabolites during
      exercise. FFA and glycerol concentrations increased slightly (P less than 0.001)
      during exercise. Lipolysis may, therefore, provide energy during heavy-resistance
      exercise of relatively short duration. Also, storage and utilization of
      intramuscular substrates appear to be influenced by the metabolic profile of
      muscle.

PMID- 2289499
TI  - Serum ferritin and serum iron changes after cross-country and roller ski
      endurance races.
AB  - We have studied the variations induced in iron status parameters by four
      endurance races of different lengths. A comprehensive group of 48 healthy, non
      iron deficient, endurance athletes were evaluated before and after four different
      cross-country and roller ski races: I = Skirollonga, roller ski race for
      individuals (n = 10), mean duration (MD) = 1 h 48 min; II = Marcialonga, cross
      country ski race for individuals (n = 9) MD = 3 h 10 min; III = 12-h of
      Caldonazzo (Trento-Italy) roller ski relay race (n = 13) MD = 12 h; IV = 24-h of
      Pinzolo (Trento-Italy) cross-country ski relay race (n = 16) MD = 24 h. In the
      relays the MD includes both exercise and recovery times. Blood samples were taken
      before and after every race for the determination of the following haematological
      parameters: red blood count, haemoglobin, and packed cell volume, serum iron
      concentration [SI], serum ferritin concentration [FERR] and total iron binding
      capacity (TIBC). The results showed a constant significant increase of [FERR]
      after the races (+44.9% in I, +50.5% in II, +51.2% in III and +36.5% in IV, P
      less than 0.01) while [SI] increased only in the first two races (+28.2% in I and
      +19.7% in II, P less than 0.01) and showed a remarkable decrease in the longer
      races (-46.1% in III and -39% in IV, P less than 0.01). The TIBC increased in all
      the races (except II) to the same extent (range 10%-12%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289500
TI  - Physiological differences between black and white runners during a treadmill
      marathon.
AB  - To determine why black distance runners currently out-perform white distance
      runners in South Africa, we measured maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), maximum
      workload during a VO2max test (Lmax), ventilation threshold (VThr), running
      economy, inspiratory ventilation (VI), tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (f)
      and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in sub-elite black and white runners matched
      for best standard 42.2 km marathon times. During maximal treadmill testing, the
      black runners achieved a significantly lower (P less than 0.05) Lmax (17 km h-1,
      2% grade, vs 17 km h-1, 4% grade) and VI max (6.21 vs 6.82 l kg-2/3 min-1), which
      was the result of a lower VT (101 vs 119 ml kg-2/3 breath-1) as fmax was the same
      in both groups. The lower VT in the black runners was probably due to their
      smaller body size. The VThr occurred at a higher percentage VO2max in black than
      in white runners (82.7%, SD 7.7% vs 75.6%, SD 6.2% respectively) but there were
      no differences in the VO2max. However, during a 42.2-km marathon run on a
      treadmill, the black athletes ran at the higher percentage VO2max (76%, SD 7.9%
      vs 68%, SD 5.3%), RER (0.96, SD 0.07 vs 0.91, SD 0.04) and f (56 breaths min-1,
      SD 11 vs 47 breaths min-1, SD 10), and at lower VT (78 ml kg-2/3 breath-1, SD 15
      vs 85 ml kg-2/3 breath-1, SD 19). The combination of higher f and lower VT
      resulted in an identical VI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289501
TI  - Reaction time and electromyographic activity during a sprint start.
AB  - Eight male sprinters were filmed running three maximal starts over 3 m on a long
      force platform. The subjects were divided into two groups (n = 4) according to
      the leg on which the electromyograph (EMG) electrodes were fixed. When in the set
      position one group had electrodes on the front leg (FLG) and the other group on
      the rear leg (RLG). The EMG activities of the gastrocnemius caput laterale muscle
      (GA), vastus lateralis muscle (VL), biceps femoris caput longum muscle (BF),
      rectus femoris muscle (RF) and gluteus maximus muscle (GM) were recorded
      telemetrically using surface electrodes. Total reaction time (TRT) was defined as
      the time from the gun signal until a horizontal force was produced with a value
      10% above the base line. Pre-motor time was defined as the time from the gun
      signal until the onset of EMG activity and motor time (MT) as the time between
      the onset of EMG activity and that of force production. Reproducibility of the
      reaction time variables was satisfactory (r = 0.79-0.89; coefficient of variation
      = 8.8%-11.6%). The TRT was 0.121 s, SD 0.014 in FLG and 0.119 s, SD 0.011 in RLG.
      The MT ranged from 0.008 s, SD 0.009 (GM) to 0.057 s, SD 0.050 (GA) in FLG and
      from 0.018 s, SD 0.029 (GA) to 0.045 s, SD 0.009 (GM) in RLG. In some individual
      cases there were no MT values before horizontal force production.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289502
TI  - EMG spectral shift as an indicator of fatigability in an heterogeneous muscle
      group.
AB  - Changes in electromyogram (EMG) power spectra were investigated in the triceps
      surae muscles of two classes of individuals (untrained subjects and athletes)
      maintaining a plantarflexion torque of 80% of maximal voluntary contraction until
      exhaustion. A set of 23 parameters describing changes in the frequency content
      and power of EMG was defined. For most experiments, classical changes were found,
      indicating a shift of the EMG spectra towards lower frequencies and an increase
      in the total power of the signals. In 12% of the experiments, alternations in
      activity between synergistic muscles were found, leading to a large variability
      in the spectral parameters. After the expression of each experiment in terms of a
      reduced data matrix and matrix to vector transformations, three methods of
      discrimination were used to classify subjects with respect to changes in the EMG
      signal during sustained contraction: (1) evaluation of the most discriminating
      parameter, (2) principal components analysis, (3) transformation maximizing
      differences between classes. Method (3) was found to be preferable since it led
      to good separation of the two classes in a reference group of subjects and a
      satisfactory projection of each individual from a group of unknowns into the
      appropriate class. These results suggest using a method such as this for
      ergonomic or athletic training purposes rather than the usual method of
      monitoring the frequency shift of the EMG.

PMID- 2289503
TI  - Analysis of determinants of swimming economy in front crawl.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between swimming
      economy, energy cost to move the body per unit distance (CS) at a given velocity
      (v) and the potential determinants, i.e. performance level, body size, swimming
      technique and v. A total of 101 males were studied. Three performance levels (A,
      B, C) were determined, ranging from the slower (A) to the faster times (B, C). At
      level C and at 1.1 m.s-1, CS 1.1, was reduced by 55% and 25% when compared with
      levels A and B and when calculated per unit of surface area (SA) and unit of
      hydrostatic lift (HL). For the whole group of swimmers, CS 1.1 = 21.88 SA-2.15 HL
      + 5.9 (r = 0.56, P less than 0.01). Among the 101 swimmers, three other groups
      were selected to evaluate specifically the influence of arm length and swimming
      technique on CS, i.e. arm or leg swimmers and sprinters versus long-distance
      swimmers, CS was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower for long-arm swimmers,
      arm and long-distance swimmers than for short-arm, leg and sprint swimmers by
      12%, SD 3.3%, 15%, SD 3.8% and 16.5%, SD 3%, respectively. For all groups, CS
      increased with v on average by 10% every 0.1 m.s-1. It is concluded that
      technical ability cannot be interpreted directly from CS. Performance levels,
      body size, swimming technique and v at which the measurements are obtained must
      be also taken into account.

PMID- 2289504
TI  - Hematological and biochemical changes during a short triathlon competition in
      novice triathletes.
AB  - Short-course 'sprint' triathlons have become popular in recent years, often as a
      precursor to the longer full-course triathlons. We undertook a study
      investigating the haematological and biochemical changes that occur in novice
      triathletes between the start and finish and after each of the three legs of a
      short sprint triathlon involving swimming, cycling and running. The changes that
      occurred in the triathlon included a significant (P less than 0.003) decrease in
      weight from 71.7 kg, SD 7.9 to 70.3 kg, SD 7.6. Throughout the time span of the
      triathlon, the white blood cell count increased significantly (P less than
      0.001), as did the platelet count (P less than 0.005) and plateletcrit (P less
      than 0.001). There were no significant changes during the period of the race in
      any of the other haematological variables measured. The biochemical variables
      measured were glucose, triglycerides, sodium, potassium, calcium, lactate
      dehydrogenase, creatinine and aspartate aminotransferase. Triglyceride, calcium
      and potassium values did not change between the pre- and post-race samplings. All
      other biochemical parameters showed a significant change (P less than 0.05 or
      better). Changes that occurred in the haematological and biochemical parameters
      between stages were many and varied. There was also a significant change in
      plasma volume during the swimming event (P less than 0.001), but this returned to
      normal during the later stages of the triathlon. In conclusion the changes that
      occurred during the triathlon were many and were similar to those reported
      elsewhere in the literature for longer events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289505
TI  - Occurrence of MRI abnormalities in patients with isolated optic neuritis.
AB  - 24 patients with clinically isolated optic neuritis (ON) were examined with MRI.
      Only 5 patients (22.9%) had a normal MRI scan. The number of detected clinically
      silent lesions ranged from 0 to 38. They were mainly located in the frontal and
      parietal white matter. All patients with more than 3 lesions on MRI had
      pathological findings in CSF. There was no correlation between the number and
      location of lesions and age at onset of ON.

PMID- 2289506
TI  - Familial, alternating Bell's palsy with dominant inheritance.
AB  - In this paper we present a study of 6 cases, running through three generations of
      a Dutch family, with alternating Bell's palsy in an autosomal dominant mode of
      inheritance. The study included medical history data, neurological examination,
      blood glucose tests, electromyography, orbicularis oculi reflexes and
      radiological investigation. In 3 cases a bilateral hypoplasia or scanty
      cellularization of the mastoid bone and a unilateral obtuse tip of the petrous
      part of the temporal bones were found. These findings may be a potential
      inherited etiologic factor.

PMID- 2289507
TI  - Effectiveness of Madopar HBS plus Madopar standard in patients with fluctuating
      Parkinson's disease: two years of follow-up.
AB  - Clinical response to a new galenic formulation of levodopa plus benserazide,
      Madopar HBS, was studied in 25 fluctuating parkinsonians. This open study was
      planned in two phases. In the first phase, the administering of HBS alone
      resulted in a surprisingly high number of dropouts. In the second phase, Madopar
      standard in association with Madopar HBS, the follow-up period was 24 months. A
      stable long-lasting improvement in predictable fluctuations and their severity
      was maintained for the whole period without any change in drug dose. Nocturnal
      and early morning akinesia improved too. The study shows that Madopar HBS plus
      Madopar standard is effective in producing a prolonged and stable response in
      parkinsonian fluctuating patients.

PMID- 2289508
TI  - Myopathological findings in thalassemia major.
AB  - In thalassemia major (TM) one third of patients suffers from muscle wasting,
      weakness and cramps. Six patients with TM were studied. All had muscle wasting
      and proximal weakness; serum levels of vitamin E were low (0.6-7.0 micrograms/dl)
      while CPK, LDH and aldolase were normal. EMG revealed low-amplitude short
      duration polyphasic potentials in 3 patients and normal activity in 3 others.
      Nerve conduction velocities were normal in 3 patients studied. On muscle
      biopsies, moderate variation in fiber size with fiber atrophy and preponderance
      of type 1 fibers were discovered. Our findings confirm the existence of
      nonspecific myopathic changes in TM. Chronic vitamin E deficiency should be
      considered in the pathogenesis of the myopathy in TM.

PMID- 2289509
TI  - Early neuropsychological outcome after carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - 30 patients with a history of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and 16 patients
      with cerebral infarcts were evaluated neuropsychologically 1-3 days before
      carotid endarterectomy, due to hemodynamically significant carotid artery
      stenosis, and again 2 weeks and 2 months after operation. Preoperatively, there
      were no differences between the groups, but postoperatively the
      neuropsychological outcome of the TIA patients was better than that of the
      infarction patients. Consequently, carotid endarterectomy patients cannot be
      studied as one group in neuropsychological examinations but various subgroups
      should be dealt with separately. In the TIA group 2 months after operation, the
      patients with left-sided operations had improved in verbal but not in visual
      tests, and the right-operated patients showed improvement also in visual tests.
      Therefore, the use of sum scores across neuropsychological tests is not
      preferable in the evaluation of the effects of carotid endarterectomy because
      after unilateral operation the cognitive improvement is greater in functions
      ipsilateral to the operation side.

PMID- 2289510
TI  - Sympathetic skin potentials and bulbocavernosus reflex in patients with chronic
      alcoholism and impotence.
AB  - Fifteen chronic alcoholic male patients with impotence have been investigated
      with the electrophysiological method of sympathetic skin potentials recorded from
      the genital skin and with the electrically induced bulbocavernosus reflex. Both
      electrophysiological tests did not differ from those of normal controls. It was
      proposed that there is no obvious role of the peripheral neuropathic factors in
      the pathogenesis of impotence in chronic alcoholism.

PMID- 2289511
TI  - Aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation and arteriovenous fistula in posterior fossa
      compression syndrome.
AB  - To discuss the problem of neuroradiological preoperative procedures in patients
      with therapy-resistant facial pain, we present 3 case examples of vascular
      processes in the cerebellopontine angle (aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation,
      arteriovenous fistula). The microsurgical treatment in combination with
      artificial embolization is described. The vascular causes of microvascular
      compression at the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve and malformations
      involving the nucleus caudalis are reviewed.

PMID- 2289512
TI  - Infarction of the conus medullaris.
AB  - We encountered a patient with acute cauda equina syndrome. The clinical course,
      laboratory data and imaging study, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      strongly suggested that this episode was caused by a vascular disorder of the
      conus medullaris. We emphasized the diagnostic usefulness of MRI in the vascular
      disease of the conus medullaris as well as the clinical importance of this
      disease in the differential diagnosis of acute cauda equina syndrome.

PMID- 2289513
TI  - Pseudotumor cerebri complicating typhoid fever.
AB  - The case of a 22-year-old patient is described, who developed a clinical picture
      of pseudotumor cerebri in the course of typhoid fever, an association not
      previously described. The patient progressed favorably after treatment with
      amoxicillin. The etiopathogenesis of pseudotumor cerebri is briefly discussed, as
      is the need to study the possible existence of this disorder in cases of typhoid
      fever patients with headaches and/or visual deficits which are not readily
      explained.

PMID- 2289514
TI  - Encephalopathy due to toluene sniffing. Report of a case with magnetic resonance
      imaging.
AB  - A 27-year-old man with a 10-year history of toluene abuse developed dementia,
      cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria and pyramidal signs. Magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) revealed atrophy of the cerebrum, corpus callosum, cerebellum and
      brainstem. The internal capsule showed abnormal intensity. Chronic toluene abuse
      may affect not only the cerebral and cerebellar cortex or brainstem but also the
      subcortical cerebral white matter. MRI may be a sensitive tool to use in
      evaluating the severity and prognosis of the neurological syndrome resulting from
      toluene abuse.

PMID- 2289515
TI  - Modulith SL 10/20--experimental introduction and first clinical experience with a
      new interdisciplinary lithotriptor.
AB  - More than 20 second-generation lithotriptors have been introduced for
      extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. Despite great technical progress, each
      machine still has its specific short-comings. In cooperation, Storz Medical
      (Kreuzlingen, Switzerland) and the Department of Urology (Klinikum Mannheim,
      FRG), have developed a new lithotriptor designed to overcome these drawbacks.
      Energy source: Electromagnetic cylinder with paraboloid reflector (40 cm) for
      focusing, providing a wide range of pressure (190-1,000 bar) and a focal zone of
      28 x 6 mm. The focal depth is maximally 15 cm. Coupling and positioning: Water
      cushion with patient lying on a specially designed 'acoustic cradle' consisting
      of an impedance-adapted foil. This is integrated in either a manually or
      automatically operated table. Localization: Coaxial ultrasound probe for real
      time scanning and integrated C arm with pulsed fluoroscopy using a virtual focus
      (moved along x-axis) for stone localization. In 1989, we commenced with the first
      treatment based on our own in vitro and in vivo studies to determine the range of
      energy required for safe application. We treated 137 stones (100 caliceal, 19
      pelvic and 18 ureteral) in 88 patients. The mean generator voltage was 16 kV (10
      18 kV). Successful disintegration was achieved in 83 patients (95%) employing an
      average of 2,359 impulses (940-3,500). Thirteen percent of the treatments were
      performed without any anesthesia on lower generator voltage (10-15 kV), whereas
      the majority of calculi were treated under intravenous analgesia. The 5 failure
      cases included 2 stones in a caliceal diverticulum. Moreover, 12 patients with
      biliary calculi (11 gallstones and 1 bile duct stone) were successfully treated;
      1 of these cases required a second treatment session.

PMID- 2289516
TI  - Percutaneous treatment of benign renal cysts.
AB  - The percutaneous treatment of benign renal cysts has been proposed in alternative
      to conventional surgery. It minimizes the complication rate and assures good
      clinical results. In our Department, 15 patients with 16 symptomatic benign renal
      cysts underwent either percutaneous cyst aspiration + sclerosis (10 cases) or
      percutaneous resection of the cyst wall (6 cases). In the first group, all
      patients were relieved from symptoms, and 70% had no residual cavity. Two
      patients presented a secondary infection of the cyst, treated with systemic
      antibiotics and percutaneous drainage (1 case). In the second group, we did not
      observe any complication, all patients were relieved from symptoms, and only 1
      cyst recurred, probably due to incomplete resection.

PMID- 2289517
TI  - Transprostatic selective cystectomy with an ileal bladder.
AB  - Since 1987 we have changed our surgical approach to radical cystectomy and ileal
      neobladder in order to maintain erectile function and urinary continence. The
      routine diagnostic work-up includes a staging transurethral resection of the
      prostate in order not to miss any ductal involvement. The selective
      cystovesiculectomy is performed by cutting through the apex of the prostate, thus
      leaving a wide, funnel-shaped tunnel of the prostatic urethra for the anastamosis
      with the M- or W-shaped ileal reservoir. The preliminary results of 27 patients
      show excellent results concerning erectile function and continence, as requested
      by our predictive criteria. Especially the continence achieved after a training
      period of 3 months is reliable. Further observation will show whether the
      functional improvements and advantages in the operative technique are achieved at
      the cost of a higher relapse rate of urethral tumors.

PMID- 2289518
TI  - Volume-corrected mitotic index and mitotic activity index in transitional cell
      bladder cancer.
AB  - A retrospective study was done including 265 patients with a mean clinical follow
      up of 10 years. The mitotic activity in initial bladder tumor biopsies was
      estimated using two different methods: the traditional mitotic activity index
      (MAI) and the recently introduced volume-corrected mitotic index (M/V index). The
      grading results obtained using these indexes were compared to prognostic
      information obtained by subjective histological grading (WHO) and clinical
      staging (UICC). The progression of bladder cancer during the follow-up period was
      significantly related to the M/V index (p less than 0.0001), MAI (p less than
      0.0001) and histological grade (p less than 0.0001) in that order. The
      progression in Ta-T1 tumors was significantly related to the M/V index in
      univariate and multivariate analysis as well. The recurrence-free period was
      significantly related to MAI (p = 0.006) and M/V index (p = 0.032). Clinical
      stage (p less than 0.0001), histological grade (p less than 0.0001), M/V index (p
      less than 0.0003) and MAI (p less than 0.0001) predicted bladder cancer-related
      survival. In a multivariate analysis the M/V index predicted the progression and
      survival better than MAI and gave comparable results to those obtained with
      subjective histological grading. The results encourage the use of the M/V index
      in grading bladder cancer in place of MAI.

PMID- 2289519
TI  - Suspected pyelo-ureteral junction obstruction in the fetus: when to do what? I. A
      clinical update.
AB  - In fetal hydronephrosis, pyeloplasty is still recommended shortly after birth.
      Otherwise, according to older studies, the kidneys are said to deteriorate, and
      the chances for recovery diminish. Modern diagnostic tools, estimating renal
      function and the degree of obstruction, have shown that this is not always true;
      to what extent, however, is uncertain. The present survey of pelvic dilatation
      discloses that a surprisingly large number of patients are free of other symptoms
      and signs, independent of their age. Significative obstruction was found in only
      half of the hydronephroses. Renal-function reduction, usually moderate and
      probably compensated for, was observed in only one third. Progressive
      deterioration was either absent or slow and mild. Improvement on release occurred
      in half of the function-reduced kidneys. Antenatally detected cases exhibited the
      same pattern; furthermore, urinary tract infections occurred only exceptionally
      and usually mildly, even in those patients who were not operated. Infants showed
      a tendency to spontaneous resolution of the hydronephroses. Therefore, the
      correction in the neonate has no scientific support. A renal-function defect or
      significant obstruction must first be verified before an operation should be
      performed (within 3-6 months). Otherwise, the intervention may be postponed for
      years or, perhaps, needs never to be performed.

PMID- 2289520
TI  - Male complete urethral duplication: report of 3 new cases.
AB  - Urethral duplication (UD) is a very rare congenital malformation, either in its
      complete or incomplete presentation. Its different types of appearance as well as
      the usually associated malformations (genitourinary, gastrointestinal, musculo
      skeletal, and others) make it a complex disorder which requires an individualized
      treatment. Three new cases of complete UD are now reported. One of them is
      associated with diphallus, and another with severe renal failure due to
      obstructive uropathy which needed renal transplantation 3 years after diagnosis.
      We describe and analyze the diagnostical and therapeutical approach used for each
      case.

PMID- 2289522
TI  - Sarcoidosis of the ureter.
AB  - We present a case of sarcoidosis of the ureter which caused obstruction. This
      'one-organ' localization is very rare and raises diagnostic problems.

PMID- 2289521
TI  - Use of the Wallstent endourethral prosthesis in the treatment of recurrent
      urethral strictures.
AB  - Urethral strictures recur in about 30% of the cases irrespective of treatment. We
      describe a new urethral stent, originally developed in our institution for
      vascular use after transluminal angioplasty. We have previously tested the
      biocompatibility and tolerance in the normal urethra of dogs in a study with a 1
      year follow-up undertaken in 1986. The stent has a braided structure, made of
      fine stainless steel wires and is self-expanding when released from a special
      endoscopic instrument. Since November 1987, we have implanted the stent in 25 men
      (mean age 54 years), after a previous urethrotomy had been performed. Eighteen
      were evaluated. Results are good, morbidity and complications occasional. This
      new technique has a considerable future in treating recurrent urethral stricture.

PMID- 2289523
TI  - Memantine reduces repetitive action potential firing in spinal cord nerve cell
      cultures.
AB  - (1) The anticonvulsant effects of memantine were examined and compared with those
      of baclofen in monolayer primary cultures of murine nerve cells using
      conventional intracellular recordings. (2) Memantine and baclofen (each 10-100
      microM) decreased spontaneous synaptic activity when action potential frequencies
      exceeded 6 Hz. Neurons firing action potentials at frequencies below 6 Hz (about
      90% of all impaled cells), however, were not affected by the drugs. (3) Memantine
      reduced the duration of strychnine-elicited bursts and the firing rate of action
      potentials within a burst. In contrast, baclofen lowered the frequency of the
      bursts without reducing intra-burst firing. The duration of the bursts was
      increased. (4) Memantine, but not baclofen, reduced the extent of sustained
      repetitive firing evoked by pulses of depolarizing current. (5) In the presence
      of memantine, the second of two electrically evoked action potentials
      increasingly failed to appear as the intervals between successive stimulating
      pulses were shortened. Such an effect was not seen when baclofen was applied.
      Thus, both antispastic agents, memantine and baclofen, reduce hyperactivity of
      spinal cord neurons in culture, although their mechanisms of action are
      different.

PMID- 2289524
TI  - Acetyl-l-carnitine restores the daily pattern of hypothalamic beta-endorphin in
      rats exposed to continuous light.
AB  - With the aim of evaluating the effect of acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) on the daily
      pattern of hypothalamic beta-endorphin (beta-EP), we studied the effect of
      chronic treatment with ALC on hypothalamic beta-EP contents after suppression of
      the dark-phase of the light-dark cycle in female rats. We evaluated the
      hypothalamic content of beta-EP immunoreactivity every 3 h for 24 h in: (1)
      female rats treated with ALC for 15 days; (2) female rats treated with ALC for 15
      days and exposed to continuous light for 24 h. The concentration of beta-EP
      immunoreactivity in tissue extracts was measured by radioimmunoassay. The results
      demonstrate that concentrations of beta-EP immunoreactivity in the medial basal
      hypothalamus show a circadian rhythm, with beta-EP immunoreactivity levels being
      higher during the night than during the rest of the day. Exposure to continuous
      light for 24 h abolished the nocturnal increase in hypothalamic beta-EP
      immunoreactivity. Rats treated with ALC showed a daily pattern in the beta-EP
      content of the medial basal hypothalamus similar to that of control rats. These
      data emphasize the possible role of ALC in restoring or maintaining the
      endogenous rhythmicity of central beta-EP.

PMID- 2289525
TI  - Endothelin-1 increases arterial sensitivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine.
AB  - Rings of rabbit abdominal aorta were pretreated with endothelin-1 (ET-1) or
      vehicle and then isometric contractions to cumulative additions of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were recorded. ET-1 at concentrations of 0.4, 1 and 2 nM
      produced contractions of 7, 15 and 35% of maximal potassium chloride-induced
      contractions, respectively. Pretreatment of aortic rings with these
      concentrations of ET-1 increased (P less than 0.01) arterial sensitivity (EC50)
      to 5-HT 1.9-, 2.4- and 3.5-fold, respectively, without affecting peak 5-HT
      induced force. Acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-dependent aortic relaxations
      were not affected by pretreatment with ET-1-pretreated but not untreated aortic
      rings. These results suggest that ET-1 could promote arterial vasospasm by
      sensitizing the artery to 5-HT released from platelets.

PMID- 2289526
TI  - Role of capsaicin-sensitive neurons in catecholamine secretion from rat adrenal
      glands.
AB  - Sensory fibres innervate the adrenal medulla but their function is not known. In
      the present study, we have used the sensory neurotoxin capsaicin to evaluate the
      effect of capsaicin sensitive sensory fibres on catecholamine (CA) secretion from
      isolated perfused rat adrenal glands. CA secretion in response to 1 and 10 min
      electrical field stimulation of adrenal nerve terminals was significantly
      attenuated in the adrenal glands of adult rats pretreated as neonates with
      capsaicin and was frequency dependent, being more pronounced at the higher
      frequencies of stimulation (5 to 30 Hz) than at the low (0.3, 1 Hz) frequencies.
      Perfusion of control rat adrenal glands with capsaicin did not evoke CA
      secretion, but did increase CA secretion in response to perfusion with nicotine.
      Perfusion with capsaicin for 30 min (but not for 4 min) reduced the CA secretory
      response to subsequent nerve stimulation. The results suggest that capsaicin
      sensitive sensory neurons innervating the adrenal medulla are involved in the
      regulation of adrenal CA secretion evoked by electrical stimulation of adrenal
      nerve terminals.

PMID- 2289527
TI  - A pharmacological study of the responses induced by muscarinic agonists on the
      isolated superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.
AB  - We have studied the muscarinic agonist induced responses on the guinea-pig
      superior cervical ganglion in vitro, as recorded from the internal carotid nerve
      using a grease-gap. The principal response was a depolarization, but a small
      hyperpolarizing response could be revealed under certain conditions. We
      determined the pA2 of a number of muscarinic antagonists against the muscarine
      induced depolarization. Four selective antagonists and atropine appeared to act
      competitively. The rank order of their pA2s was 4-DAMP (8.5), atropine (8.4),
      pirenzepine (8.0), methoctramine (7.2) and AF-DX 116 (6.3). In addition to
      muscarine, we assessed the potency and relative maximum response of nine other
      muscarinic compounds to depolarize this preparation: carbachol, 5
      methylfurmethide, oxotremorine, oxotremorine-M, pilocarpine, RS 86, AF102B and
      two novel compounds L-670548 and L-679512. L-670548 was the most potent and
      AF102B was the least potent agonist tested. Only AF102B evoked a maximum
      depolarization that was significantly smaller than muscarine. A hyperpolarizing
      response to carbachol (1 microM) could be recorded when the superfusing medium
      contained 0.3 microM pirenzepine and only 0.1 mM CaCl2 (cf. usual 2.5 mM). This
      response was relatively small compared to that evoked on the superior cervical
      ganglion of the rat. It was blocked by the cardioselective antagonists
      methoctramine (0.1-0.3 microM) and AF-DX 116 (0.3-1.0 microM). Of the 10 agonists
      tested, only carbachol, oxotremorine and oxotremorine-M reproducibly evoked a
      hyperpolarizing response. It was concluded that muscarinic agonists can induce a
      depolarization of the guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion mediated by M1
      receptors. The activation of cardiac-like M2 receptors resulted in a
      hyperpolarizing response that was relatively small.

PMID- 2289528
TI  - Reduction of the severity of experimental gastric and duodenal ulceration by
      interleukin-1 beta.
AB  - Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) has been reported to stimulate prostaglandin
      synthesis by the rat stomach in vitro and to inhibit gastric acid secretion in
      vivo. We have therefore tested the hypothesis that IL-1 beta might have
      protective actions in experimental models of gastroduodenal ulceration. IL-1
      beta, given i.p., dose and time dependently reduced the severity of ethanol
      induced gastric damage. A pretreatment time of 90 min was found to produce the
      greatest reduction of damage, while doses of 0.1 micrograms/kg or greater were
      found to produce significant effects. The protective actions of IL-1 beta were
      abolished by prior boiling or by pretreatment of the animals with indomethacin,
      and were not shared by the nonapeptide fragment 163-171. IL-1 beta also reduced
      the severity of gastric damage induced by indomethacin and the duodenal
      ulceration induced by cysteamine. The results indicate that IL-1 beta has
      protective actions in three separate experimental models of gastroduodenal
      ulceration. The mechanism of action of IL-1 beta is not entirely clear, but
      contributions of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition of gastric
      acid secretion cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2289529
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine does not release endothelium-derived relaxing factor in rat
      isolated coronary arteries.
AB  - Removal of the endothelium from isolated rat proximal and distal coronary artery
      segments shifted the 5-HT concentration-response curve to the left without
      affecting, the maximal contractile response. 5-HT had no relaxing effect in 10(
      5) M prostaglandin F2 alpha-precontracted vessels with an intact endothelium in
      the presence of 10(-5) M ketanserin. The spontaneous myogenic tone increased in
      both proximal and distal coronary artery segments after the endothelium had been
      removed. Indomethacin (10(-5) M) reduced the response of the proximal coronary
      artery segments to 5-HT by 35% but indomethacin had no effect on the 5-HT
      concentration-response curve of the distal coronary artery segments. Indomethacin
      relaxed precontracted (40 mM potassium) proximal coronary artery segments
      independently of the presence of the endothelium, suggesting a non-specific
      relaxing effect of indomethacin in these arteries. It is concluded that rat
      coronary artery endothelium is unresponsive to 5-HT because it lacks 5-HT1
      receptors. The increased 5-HT sensitivity and spontaneous myogenic tone of
      endothelium-denuded rat coronary arteries is probably due to the elimination of
      the relaxing stimulus mediated by spontaneously released endothelium-derived
      relaxing factor.

PMID- 2289530
TI  - Tetrahydroaminoacridine induces opposite changes in muscarinic and nicotinic
      receptors in rat brain.
AB  - Rats were treated with 10 mg/kg tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) twice daily for 14
      days. THA (10 mg/kg) induced a significant decrease in the number of muscarinic
      receptors (both M1 and M2) in the cortex and striatum, whereas the number of
      nicotinic receptors in the cortex and hippocampus increased. Rats treated with
      physostigmine (0.9 mg/kg) showed a reduced number of muscarinic receptors, but no
      change in nicotinic receptors. The results indicate that treatment with
      cholinesterase inhibitors can induce opposite changes in brain muscarinic and
      nicotinic receptors in vivo.

PMID- 2289531
TI  - Endothelin-induced constriction of guinea pig airways: role of platelet
      activating factor.
AB  - Endothelin-1 (ET-1, 1-100 nM) evoked a concentration-dependent contraction of
      guinea pig trachea and upper bronchi in vitro. The response was significantly
      attenuated by BN 52021 (ginkgolide B, 10 microM), a specific receptor antagonist
      to platelet-activating factor. Precontraction of the tissues with endothelin (50
      nM) desensitized tissues to platelet-activating factor (200 nM), while
      preincubation of the tissues with platelet-activating factor slightly inhibited
      the response to endothelin. These findings suggest that platelet-activating
      factor may mediate endothelin-induced airway contraction in the guinea pig.

PMID- 2289532
TI  - Endothelin is a potent constrictor of human vessels used in coronary
      revascularization surgery.
AB  - We studied the interaction of endothelin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor
      (EDRF) in human saphenous veins and internal mammary arteries using isolated ring
      preparations. Endothelin was a more potent constrictor of human internal mammary
      arteries and saphenous veins than norepinephrine. The ability of acetylcholine to
      reverse endothelin-induced contraction was greater in the internal mammary
      arteries than in saphenous veins. However, nitroprusside produced similar and
      near-complete inhibition of endothelin precontraction in both arteries and veins.
      We conclude that endothelin is a potent constricting agent in human internal
      mammary arteries and saphenous veins in vitro. Endothelin-induced
      vasoconstriction is effectively inhibited by EDRF, but human saphenous veins
      appear to have limited capability for endothelium-dependent dilation.

PMID- 2289533
TI  - Relaxations of guinea-pig isolated trachea induced by platelet-activating factor
      are epithelial-dependent and are antagonised by WEB 2086.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF, 10-1000 pmol) induced dose-dependent relaxations
      of the basal tone of superfused strips of epithelium-intact guinea-pig trachea.
      Indomethacin (1.4 microM) completely inhibited and WEB 2086 (1 and 10 nM)
      effectively antagonised these relaxations. Following epithelial removal PAF
      evoked a single contraction. These results show that the PAF-induced relaxations
      of guinea-pig trachea are dependent on an intact epithelial layer and are
      mediated by a cyclo-oxygenase product.

PMID- 2289534
TI  - 5-HT3 receptor antagonists attenuate cocaine-induced locomotion in mice.
AB  - The 5-HT3 receptor antagonists ICS 205-930 and zacopride attenuated cocaine
      induced locomotor activity in C57BL/6ByJ mice. In contrast, the aselective 5-HT1
      and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, methysergide did not affect the response to
      cocaine. The effect of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists was not due to general
      sedation, because zacopride did not alter the locomotor response to caffeine.

PMID- 2289535
TI  - Angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the rat brain.
AB  - The non-peptide angiotensin II (AII) receptor subtype selective antagonist, DuP
      753, was used to characterize AII receptor binding sites in the rat brain. DuP
      753 competed for specific 125I-[Sar1,Ile8]AII (125I-SIAII) binding in many brain
      nuclei (IC50 = 20-30 nM), but was a weak competitor at remaining sites (IC50
      greater than 10(-4) M). DuP 753 sensitive binding sites (designated AII alpha
      subtype) correspond with areas where binding is inhibited by sulfhydryl reducing
      agents, whereas DuP 753 insensitive sites (AII beta) correspond with areas where
      binding is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reducing agents.

PMID- 2289536
TI  - Angiotensin II monoclonal antibody: blood pressure effects in normotensive and
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The angiotensin II (AII) specific monoclonal antibody KAA8--a selective
      functional AII antagonist and a hypotensive agent in high renin hypertensive rats
      -did not lower blood pressure in conscious normotensive rats (NRs) and
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The non-peptide AII receptor antagonist
      DuP 753 decreased blood pressure significantly in SHRs but not in NRs. These
      results suggest the involvement of locally released AII in the control of blood
      pressure in SHRs but not in NRs.

PMID- 2289538
TI  - Limited HIV screening may not work.

PMID- 2289539
TI  - HIV spread and common STDs.

PMID- 2289537
TI  - 1S,3R-ACPD stimulates and L-AP3 blocks Ca2+ mobilization in rat cerebellar
      neurons.

PMID- 2289540
TI  - Deaths rise among young men.

PMID- 2289541
TI  - Effects of state welfare, abortion and family planning policies on premarital
      childbearing among white adolescents.
AB  - This study develops an empirical model that measures the influence of state
      welfare, abortion and family planning policies on decisions concerning premarital
      pregnancy, abortion and single parenthood. Data are based on the fertility and
      marital experiences of white females from the three youngest cohorts of the
      National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, for 1979-1986. The results show that laws
      restricting contraceptive availability are associated with a higher risk of
      pregnancy. Restrictive policies on public funding of abortions reduce the
      likelihood of abortion, while greater availability of abortion services is
      associated with a higher likelihood that adolescents will obtain abortions.
      Finally, the estimates indicate that higher welfare benefits reduce the
      probability that pregnant adolescents will marry before bearing their children.

PMID- 2289542
TI  - HIV/AIDS knowledge and sexual behavior among high school students.
AB  - Data from the 1989 Secondary School Student Health Risk Survey indicate that 54
      percent of all high school students in the United States had had some form of
      HIV/AIDS education in school. Responses to a questionnaire on HIV/AIDS knowledge
      show that nearly all students knew the two main modes of HIV transmission-
      intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse. Students who had been taught about
      HIV and AIDS in school gave correct answers to questions about the virus more
      often than those who had not received instruction. Students who knew more about
      HIV transmission were less likely to report having had two or more sexual
      partners and more likely to report consistent condom use.

PMID- 2289543
TI  - Variations in fertility by marital status and marriage order.
AB  - Analysis of data from the June 1985 Current Population Survey reveals that
      although marriage continues to be an important setting for childbearing, the
      strength of this relationship varies considerably by the mother's race, education
      and age at first birth. The largest proportion of white births occurs during
      first marriages, with the next largest group made up of premarital births; that
      pattern is reversed for black births. The proportion of births occurring during
      second marriages is twice as high among whites as among blacks; however,
      intermarital childbearing is more common among blacks than among whites. For both
      races, the number and proportion of all births that occurred in second marriages
      increased between 1973-1974 and 1983-1984; in the latter period, women who were
      in their second marriage had about 300,000 births a year. About half of all
      nonmarital births in 1983-1984--370,000 births a year--were of birth order two or
      higher.

PMID- 2289544
TI  - Evaluating the impact of a theory-based sexuality and contraceptive education
      program.
AB  - A controlled field study involving 1,444 adolescent males and females 13-19 years
      of age was performed to compare a sexuality education program based on the health
      belief model and social learning theory with several publicly funded community
      based and school-based interventions. Among males who had never had intercourse
      prior to participating in the study, those in the experimental program were more
      likely than those in the comparison programs to maintain abstinence over the next
      year; there was no program effect, however, among females. Among female
      adolescents who initiated intercourse after the start of the study, attendees of
      the comparison programs were more likely to have used an effective contraceptive
      at most recent intercourse and to have used an effective method more consistently
      than were those who attended the experimental program; no such association was
      seen among comparable young men. Both experimental and comparison programs
      significantly increased the consistent use of effective methods among teenagers
      who had been coitally active before attending the programs. Among males, however,
      when preintervention contraceptive efficiency was held constant, the experimental
      program led to significantly greater contraceptive efficiency during the follow
      up year than did the comparison programs; among females, the two approaches
      produced an equivalent degree of improvement. Finally, prior exposure to
      sexuality education was associated with greater contraceptive efficiency at the
      one-year follow-up among almost all sexual-experience and gender groups,
      regardless of the type of intervention program attended.

PMID- 2289545
TI  - Health objectives for the year 2000.

PMID- 2289546
TI  - Generation of oxygen free radicals from blood eosinophils from asthma patients
      after stimulation with PAF or phorbol ester.
AB  - Eosinophils (EOS) may play an important role in the pathophysiology of bronchial
      asthma because they can release oxygen free radicals and several basic proteins
      which are cytotoxic to bronchial epithelium. We have studied the response of EOS
      isolated from the blood of atopic subjects with symptoms of asthma (AS, n = 7) or
      rhinitis (AR, n = 4) or without symptoms (AA, n = 5) and of subjects with the
      hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES, n = 5). EOS were separated using metrizamide
      density gradients and activated in vitro with platelet-activating factor (PAF,
      100 nM) or phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 100 nM). Oxygen free radical
      generation was assessed by a lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) assay. EOS
      purity was 83 +/- 1.7% (mean +/- SEM) with greater than 95% viability. Background
      CL responses of EOS from HES were significantly higher than those from AA (p less
      than 0.01) and AR (p less than 0.05). Normodense EOS from AS (PAF-induced CL = 90
      +/- 27 mV) were more responsive to PAF than were those from AR (17 +/- 13 mV, p
      less than 0.01) and from AA (23 +/- 14 mV, p less than 0.01). Similar results
      were obtained with PMA. Hypodense EOS from HES subjects were as responsive as
      normodense EOS from AS to PMA and PFA. Thus, EOS from AS have an enhanced
      potential for activation, particularly by PAF; this may represent an important
      mechanism for the perpetuation of the inflammatory response in asthma, since EOS
      can also release PAF.

PMID- 2289547
TI  - The relative contribution of bronchoalveolar macrophages and neutrophils to
      lucigenin- and luminol-amplified chemiluminescence.
AB  - The relationship between differential cell counts and latex-stimulated luminol
      and lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence (CL) was investigated by mixing
      alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained at bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with
      allogeneic peripheral blood neutrophils (PMN) in varying proportions. In 5 non
      asthmatic subjects, the mean luminol-amplified CL increased linearly from 2.1
      (0.9 SEM) x 10(5) counts per second (cps) with less than 2% PMN, greater than 96%
      AM to 47.3 (11.1 SEM) x 10(5) cps with greater than 94% PMN, 0% AM (r = 0.996, p
      less than 0.001). The regression had a y-intercept indistinguishable from 0 cps,
      suggesting that luminol-amplified CL exclusively reflected PMN activity. Using
      the same technique, the mean lucigenin-amplified CL showed a fall from 35 (2.3
      SEM) x 10(5) cps with a cell population of greater than 96% AM, less than 2% PMN
      to 20 (2.3 SEM) x 10(5) cps with 0% AM, greater than 94% PMN. Both PMN and AM
      appeared to contribute to lucigenin-amplified CL, with AM contributing
      approximately 1.7 times as much activity per cell as PMN. Lucigenin-amplified CL
      appeared to be an appropriate technique for measuring AM activity when the
      proportion of PMN in mixed cell populations was small. A linear relationship was
      found between percent PMN count and luminol-amplified CL measured in a mixed BAL
      cell population from asthmatic subjects (p less than 0.01) and non-asthmatic
      controls (p less than 0.01). The slope of this regression line was significantly
      greater for subjects with asthma than for control subjects (p less than 0.01),
      suggesting a uniform increase in PMN activity in cells obtained from asthmatic
      airways.

PMID- 2289548
TI  - Effects of anaerobiosis upon morphology and energy metabolism of alveolar
      macrophages cultured in gas phase.
AB  - Metabolic and morphological effects of anoxia were studied in alveolar
      macrophages obtained by lung lavage from guinea-pigs by means of an original
      method of cell culture allowing direct contact with air without interposition of
      liquid medium. After selection by glass adherence, alveolar cells were layered on
      a porous membrane applied to the surface of a reservoir filled with nutrient
      medium. Alveolar macrophages were then cultured in gas phase under either aerobic
      or anaerobic conditions for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cellular adenosine triphosphate
      (ATP) content, an indicator of cell vitality, significantly decreased by 68 and
      88% after 48 and 72 h of exposure to anaerobic environment, respectively.
      Significant increases in lactate production (68% at 24 h) and in glucose uptake
      (125% at 24 h), evidence of marked glycolytic activity, occurred before these
      falls in intracellular ATP and parallel decreases in culture medium pyruvate
      level (76 and 85% at 48 and 72 h, respectively). The shift of energy metabolism
      resulted in cell death after 72 h, as noted by morphological degeneration and
      decreased cellular ATP content. Twenty-four hour re-exposure to normoxic
      atmosphere showed that recovery was possible when duration of anaerobiosis did
      not exceed 48 h. This reversibility in anoxic cell injury has been related to
      plasma membrane integrity. The results of these studies indicate that alveolar
      macrophage resistance to anaerobiosis is limited as ATP content falls and
      morphological degeneration occurs after 48 h. This novel approach of anaerobic
      effects at the cell level should be adaptable to investigations of activity and,
      in particular, the mechanisms of metabolic activity of antianoxic drugs.

PMID- 2289549
TI  - Bronchial epithelium in humans recently recovering from respiratory infections
      caused by influenza or mycoplasma.
AB  - Sixty three bronchial mucosal biopsies were collected from 12 patients recovering
      from respiratory infections with influenza virus (n = 8) and Mycoplasma (n = 4).
      The bronchoscopy was performed within 1-6 wks from the onset of symptoms. Of the
      63 biopsies prepared for light microscopy, 27 biopsies from the influenza
      patients and 10 from the Mycoplasia patients were further analysed at the light
      and electron microscope level. The epithelium and the underlying stroma was
      analysed morphometrically and the results were compared to those of 39 biopsies
      from 27 healthy subjects. A slightly raised bronchial reactivity was noted in two
      patients. In the influenza patients the epithelial height was greater compared to
      that of the healthy subjects and subepithelial lymphocytosis was noted. Areas
      with damaged epithelium, epithelium shedding, and occasionally a thickened
      basement membrane, considered typical for asthma, occurred in both infected
      groups, and in the biopsies of the healthy subjects.

PMID- 2289550
TI  - Influences of inhaled tobacco smoke on the senescence accelerated mouse (SAM).
AB  - We studied the influences of inhaled tobacco smoke on lung structure, biochemical
      changes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and glutathione (GSH) content of
      the lung in the senescence accelerated mouse (SAM), using 30 female SAM-P/8 as
      the "senescence-prone series", compared with SAM-R/1 as the "senescence-resistant
      series". At 18 wks of age, half of each series were housed in Hamburg II machines
      and exposed to an atmosphere of tobacco smoke for 5 wks, 10 min a day, 5 days a
      wk. At 24 wks of age, all of the animals were sacrificed. Blood, lung, liver,
      kidney and eyes were removed and the contents of GSH and thiol group (-SH) were
      measured (n = 5). We also performed BAL, to determine its total protein, albumin,
      and fibronectin contents, and elastase-like activity, elastase inhibitory
      capacity (EIC), and trypsin inhibitory capacity (TIC) (n = 5). Histological
      changes of the lungs from non-lavaged animals were also examined by light
      microscopy (n = 5). In SAM-P/8 not exposed to tobacco smoke, the mean linear
      intercept was longer than that in SAM-R/1. The exposure of SAM-P/8 to tobacco
      smoke caused increases in its lung weight and the ratio of albumin to total
      protein in BAL fluid, a decrease in the EIC/TIC ratio in BAL fluid, and a
      decrease in the GSH content and the GSH/-SH ratio of the lung, compared with
      those not exposed. We also observed focal infiltration of macrophages into
      alveoli with hyaline membrane and thickened alveolar wall in SAM-P/8 with tobacco
      exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289552
TI  - CO transfer capacity as a determining factor of survival for severe hypoxaemic
      COPD patients under long-term oxygen therapy.
AB  - The transfer capacity for carbon monoxide is a commonly used method in clinical
      practice but is rarely considered as a prognostic factor for patients under long
      term oxygen therapy (LTOT). LTOT was applied to 217 stable, severely hypoxaemic
      (arterial oxygen tension (PaO2 less than 7.3 kPa or 55 mmHg) chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, according to the usual recommendations. The
      average survival rate of this series is rather poor: 46% at 24 months. There is
      nevertheless an important difference between patients with a normal transfer
      coefficient and those with a decreased one (79% survival at 2 yrs as compared to
      37%). On the other hand, the degree of airflow limitation has no prognostic value
      in the present series of very disabled patients. We can conclude that hypoxaemic
      COPD patients with a severely decreased transfer coefficient have a poor
      prognosis, even under LTOT, compared to patients with an equivalent impairment of
      airflow limitation and hypoxaemia but with a normal CO transfer factor/alveolar
      ventilation ratio (TLCO/VA).

PMID- 2289551
TI  - Peak inspiratory flow and inspiratory vital capacity of patients with asthma
      measured with and without a new dry-powder inhaler device (Turbuhaler).
AB  - In 101 asthmatic adults with varying degrees of bronchial obstruction, lung
      function tests including peak inspiratory flow (PIF), inspiratory vital capacity
      (IVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced
      expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) measurements were made. Significant
      correlations between inspiratory and expiratory volumes were found. In most
      patients, PIF was less reduced than the expiratory parameters of pulmonary
      function. When inhalation was performed through the new multi-dose, dry-powder
      inhalation device, Turbuhaler (PIF-TBH), it was significantly lower than PIF
      measured without Turbuhaler. In previous studies, PIF-TBH of 30 l.min-1 or more
      has proven sufficient to produce a therapeutic dose of terbutaline, and to
      produce significant bronchodilatation. Of 101 asthmatics in the present study,
      only four had PIF-TBH of less than 30 l.min-1. Although no parameters of
      spirometry could accurately predict PIF-TBH, there was a tendency for patients
      with severely impaired ventilatory capacity to produce lower PIF-TBH than
      patients with normal or near-normal ventilatory capacity. If patients with
      severely impaired ventilatory capacity are to receive inhalation therapy through
      Turbuhaler, either PIF or PIF-TBH should be measured, or the effect should be
      carefully monitored.

PMID- 2289554
TI  - Adult-onset Still's disease revealed by a pleuropericarditis.
AB  - We report a case of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) revealed by
      pleuropericardial manifestations. A 40 yr old black woman was admitted for flu
      like syndrome with pharyngitis, hectic fever, polymorphonuclear hyperleucocytosis
      and pleuropericarditis. The diagnosis of AOSD was supported by 3 major and 3
      minor criteria after exclusion of infectious, haematological and connective
      tissue diseases. Pulmonary involvement is infrequent in AOSD, and consists of
      transient pulmonary infiltrates and chronic restrictive pattern. However,
      pleuritis, like pericarditis, is present in 25% of cases. Initial onset of
      pleuritis, associated with fever and hyperleucocytosis preceding articular
      manifestations could be responsible for a delay in diagnosis and a subsequent
      worsening in the prognosis of the disease. A rapid improvement is usually
      observed under nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or corticosteroid treatment.

PMID- 2289553
TI  - Biochemistry and turnover of lung interstitium.
AB  - The lung contains a host of extracellular matrix components that comprise the
      supporting and adhesive elements of conducting airways, alveoli and the vascular
      tree. While none of these components is unique to the lung, their peculiar
      distribution determines the architecture and function of this gas exchange organ.
      Cells and tissues of the lung interact with the matrix through a variety of
      surface receptors, especially the integrins and adhesive molecules, some of which
      may play important roles in lung injury and repair. Collagen type I is the
      predominant determinant of tensile strength, but as many as 11 other genetic
      types of collagen with specialized adhesive and connecting functions can be found
      in various lung structures, including cartilage and basement membranes. Excessive
      matrix accumulation in the lung is the result of a complex set of influences on
      gene regulation, part of which may be due to the presence of inflammatory
      cytokines that directly stimulate matrix synthesis. However, degradation and
      turnover of the matrix are also critical processes influenced by many of the same
      mediators. Collagenase and gelatinase (type IV collagenase) are tightly-regulated
      metalloenzymes that, together with a set of specific inhibitors of
      metalloproteinases, determine the net abundance and distribution of collagen.
      Elastases of several biochemical types are also under tight regulation by
      proteinase inhibitors. Elastin is essential to lung function at the level of
      alveolar wall resiliency and patency, and loss of elastin in emphysema appears to
      be due to uncontrolled degradation of the embryologically-established pattern of
      elastic fibres accompanied by nonfunctional replacement as a response to injury.
      Injury to the vascular endothelium of the lung, as well as other physiological
      insults that elevate pulmonary blood pressure, can lead to the excessive
      accumulation of collagen and elastin in the conductance and resistance arteries
      of the pulmonary circulation. Mechanical stress and endothelial injury may
      mediate the medial hypertrophy of these vessels. Extracellular matrix components
      are critically involved in every stage of lung biology: development, normal
      function and acute and chronic disease states. To date, only glucocorticoids,
      cross-linking inhibitors, and protease inhibitors have been used in a general
      attempt to suppress either excessive matrix accumulation or loss. More detailed
      understanding of the regulation and specific interactions of matrix components is
      central to the analysis of disease states and the development of appropriate
      therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 2289555
TI  - Pulmonary sequestration with congenital broncho-oesophageal fistula.
AB  - Complaints of older patients due to a congenital broncho-pulmonary foregut
      malformation are rare. A 53 yr old woman presented with this condition. The
      diagnosis was made by means of oesophagography, which showed a broncho
      oesophageal fistula. Using the supplying vessel, identified by angiography, as a
      guideline, an operation was carried out to correct the anomaly.

PMID- 2289556
TI  - Transient solitary pulmonary nodule caused by Dirofilaria immitis.
AB  - The second described case of solitary transient lung nodule caused by Dirofilaria
      immitis is reported. Diagnostic thoracotomy can be avoided with the use of enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and hence a conservative serological follow
      up is warranted in endemic areas.

PMID- 2289557
TI  - Calcified pulmonary tumour with dyspnoea.

PMID- 2289558
TI  - Rating respiratory disability: a report on behalf of a working group of the
      European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology.
AB  - A rating procedure for respiratory disability has been developed; it entails
      measuring the symptom-limited maximal oxygen uptake or estimating the maximal
      uptake from the results of a submaximal exercise test and other relevant
      variables. The derivation assumes a linear scale of disability between the limits
      0% and 100% which are defined. The percentage disability of 157 men with
      respiratory limitation of exercise has been used to delineate empirical grades of
      disability. These are of similar form to those used for grading respiratory
      impairment. More information is needed with a view to validation.

PMID- 2289560
TI  - Precise diagnosis of airflow obstruction--does it matter for treatment? SEPCR
      Workshop, Wiesbaden 1989.

PMID- 2289559
TI  - Precise diagnosis of airflow obstruction - does it matter for treatment? Some
      problems with current labels.

PMID- 2289561
TI  - Precise diagnosis of airflow obstruction - does it matter for treatment? An
      international questionnaire survey and its implications.
AB  - As emphasised by the recent international questionnaire survey, the absence of an
      agreed terminology in chronic non-specific lung diseases leads to much confusion
      and undoubtedly impairs communication between physicians. In each patient within
      the scope of CNSLD, the presence and combination of a number of basic features
      should be identified. The term bronchial asthma should be used when a number of
      features are present which are sufficiently characteristic to differentiate it
      from other forms of permanent airway obstruction. In non-asthmatic obstructive
      disease the term 'COLD' (or COPD), followed by some qualifying labels, seems
      preferable. Use of the term 'chronic bronchitis' should be restricted to refer as
      'chronic mucus hypersecretion' or be abandoned.

PMID- 2289562
TI  - Defining and describing airways obstruction in children.

PMID- 2289563
TI  - Precise diagnosis of airflow obstruction - does it matter for treatment? The
      assessment of reversibility: what physiological tests?

PMID- 2289564
TI  - Precise diagnosis of airflow obstruction - does it matter for treatment? The
      assessment of reversibility: short-term.

PMID- 2289565
TI  - Chronic wheezers. Treat and what the hell!

PMID- 2289566
TI  - Definitions of chronic respiratory disease: what about children?

PMID- 2289567
TI  - Diagnosing malignant pleural mesothelioma.

PMID- 2289568
TI  - Assessment of disability.

PMID- 2289569
TI  - The effect of aminophylline on function and intracellular pH of the rat
      diaphragm.
AB  - We studied the effect of aminophylline on twitch tension (TT) and intracellular
      pH (pHi) in isolated rat diaphragm strips that were fatigued, hypercapnic, or
      hypoxic. Superfused muscles were directly stimulated at 0.5 Hz. The pHi was
      measured from distribution volumes of dimethyl-oxazolidinedione. Fatigue was
      induced by intermittent tetanic stimulation. Hypercapnia and hypoxia were
      produced by altering superfusate carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) or oxygen tension
      (PO2). Aminophylline (1.0 mmol.l-1) reversed the twitch decay seen during fatigue
      or hypercapnic acidosis, and caused partial recovery of twitch depression during
      hypoxia. Muscle fatigue was not due to an intracellular acidosis. Both
      hypercapnia and hypoxia lowered pHi. Aminophylline did not alter pHi in
      unstimulated muscles, but caused a significant fall in pHi in stimulated muscles
      that were fatigued or hypoxic. High dose aminophylline improved twitch tension in
      diaphragm strips that were fatigued, acidotic, or hypoxic. Twitch potentiation
      was not due to an intracellular alkalosis. Aminophylline lowered pHi in
      stimulated muscle, and thus, theoretically, could sometimes be harmful in the
      treatment of muscle fatigue.

PMID- 2289570
TI  - [Iatrogenic central artery embolism].
AB  - This paper presented 3 cases of central retinal artery embolism (CRAE) caused by
      the drug injection at the head and neck. In two of the three cases, the emboli
      were formed by the suspended drug which entered CRA resulting in the occlusion.
      Another case was caused by the large amount of meglucamini diatrizoas which was
      injected too quickly during angiography. The CRA was filled up with fluorescein
      in a very short time, which lead to ischemia and hypoxia of the retina. This
      paper stressed the importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment. The
      authors also Discussed the method of drug injection at the head and neck.

PMID- 2289571
TI  - [Obliterative peripheral retinal vascular disease in children].
AB  - Obliterative peripheral retinal vascular disease in children is a rare disease.
      Only 4 cases had been reported abroad. No case of this disease was reported in
      China before. This paper reported a 13-year-old girl suffering from this disease
      in both eyes. Neovascular glaucoma of her left eye has developed and that of her
      right eye was still in early stage. Fluorescein angiography changes, diagnosis
      and differential diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of the disease were
      discussed.

PMID- 2289572
TI  - [The analysis of foreign bodies in the anterior chamber in 165 cases].
AB  - One hundred and sixty-six eyes of 165 patients with foreign bodies in the
      anterior chamber who were treated at our center from 1966 to 1988 were
      retrospectively reviewed. Among them there were 109 eyes with nonmetal foreign
      bodies, 55 eyes with metal foreign bodies and three eyes with foreign bodies of
      unknown nature. Most of these foreign bodies were stone or iron. 83.6% of the
      patients were in the age range from 7 to 40 years, and the left eyes were
      affected more than the right eyes. Mostly, the foreign bodies were located on the
      surface of iris (97 cases) and at the anterior chamber angle (40 cases). The
      rates of blindness were 27.8% and 16.3% before and after operation. The
      postoperative visual acuity were: 0.05-0.2 in 27 eyes, 0.3-0.9 in 66 eyes,
      greater than 1.0 in 43 eyes and the rest of the eyes lower than 0.05. The
      presurgery treatment such as miosis and reduction of intraocular pressure, the
      selection of operative methods according to the nature, size, location of the
      foreign bodies and tissue wrapped up were discussed. If combined procedures
      should be done, it is better to remove the foreign bodies first and then perform
      the operation for complications.

PMID- 2289573
TI  - [The clinical use of sodium hyaluronate eyedrops as a substitute for tears].
AB  - The present paper reports on the curative effect of the 0.1% Sodium hyaluronate
      (Na-HA) eyedrops jointly manufactured by Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital and
      Guangzhou Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Industry. 70 cases were studied.
      There were kerato-conjunctivitis sicca, lagophthalmos corneal fluorescein diffuse
      punctate epithelial lesion caused by contact lens, and keratitis punctata
      superficialis. The results showed effective treatment which occupied 95.7%. In
      the discussion, the authors point out that Na-HA has the same stagnatisity and
      elasticity as biotears because of its adhesion to the corneal epithelium.
      Moreover, it has the water-retaining microsponge action similar to that of
      mucopolysaccharide. Hence, Na-HA has protective effects on corneal epithelium.
      Finally, the authors conclude that Na-HA eyedrop is so far the most ideal
      substitute for tears and superior to other artificial tears.

PMID- 2289574
TI  - [Visual pigment genes for color vision defects].
AB  - Applying recombinant DNA techniques, the structures of red pigment gene (RPG) and
      green pigment gene (GPG) were analyzed for 43 patients with protan or deutan
      (including 3 females), 4 normal relatives and 3 carriers out of 3 families, as
      well as 11 normal controls. Abnormality of RPG was detected in all 19 protan and
      that of GPG was found in 14 out of 24 deutan. In about 80% (32/40) of protan and
      deutan the changing of exon 5 for RPG or GPG was discovered. In protan the normal
      RPG was replaced by a 5' red -3' green hybrid gene. Some of the deutan had no
      GPG, some had 5' green -3' red hybrid gene with or without GPG. Furthermore, the
      exon 5 of RPG and GPG was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and
      further analyzed by Rsa I digestion. The results for PCR are identical to that of
      Southern blot hybridization.

PMID- 2289575
TI  - [The relationship of structure in vivo of low tension glaucoma and myopia].
AB  - The structure in vivo and incidence of myopia on thirty patients with low tension
      glaucoma were studied in this paper. Results showed that the incidence of high
      myopia of patients with low tension glaucoma was higher than normal. All of the
      mean values of the thickness of lens, the length of vitreous and axis, and the
      area of optic disc were larger than normal too. These indicate that patients with
      low tension glaucoma may often be associated with high myopia, and their
      structure of eye in vivo differs from normal. These may be related to
      pathogenesis of disease with low tension glaucoma. The relationship of myopia and
      structure of optic disc with glaucoma were briefly summarized.

PMID- 2289576
TI  - [The visual-vestibular interaction in normal subjects].
AB  - Full-field optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) at constant speed of 40 degrees/s and 60
      degrees/s, vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) (sinusoidal 0.2Hz, 60 degrees/s peak
      velocity) with different background (light and dark) and VOR-fix were observed in
      72 normal subjects (144 normal eyes). The gain, FCV and DP of OKN, VVOR, VOR were
      also analysed. The gain of OKN is reduced accompanied with stimulation
      increasing, while the FCV is increased. The gain of VVOR is 1.08 +/- 0.09(mean +/
      SD), while the gain of VOR is 0.64 +/- 0.09. The FCV of VOR is much reduced than
      that of VVOR. The FCV in the groups under 30 years of age are much faster than
      the groups above 30 years of age. The VOR-fix gain is 0.05 +/- 0.04. The DP of
      OKN, VVOR, and VOR are 0.05 +/- 0.04. The results showed an co-operation between
      visual and vestibular systems and the results also suggested that the series
      methods of visual-vestibular interaction (OKN, VVOR, VOR, VOR-fix) might be
      useful in eye movement examination.

PMID- 2289577
TI  - [Experimental study on cyclosporin A (CsA) acting on rejection of heterolamellar
      corneal transplantation].
AB  - The experiment involved the transfer of lamellar corneas (0.3mm thick and 10mm
      diameter central epithelium with stroma) from fresh bovine eyes onto rabbits
      eyes. RESULTS: group 1, control, (4 rabbits), the donor corneas remained
      transparent for up to 7-10 days on the recipient rabbit eyes. After that time,
      all animals in this group rejected their grafts promptly. They showed markedly
      circumcorneal congestion, edema and vascularization of the cornea.
      Histopathology: There are apparently cellular infiltration of leukocytes in the
      grafts, and graft bed of the cornea, which are found also in the iris. Group 2: 3
      rabbits were treated with 1% CsA in castor oil, 5 times per day. After 16 days,
      One of three rabbits showed mild rejection. Group 3: 4 rabbits were treated with
      CsA, I.M. 15 mg/kg/D. None has any immunological response to the grafts. The
      histopathology of group 2 and 3 shows no cellular infiltration, except one. CsA
      can 1. inhibit the rejection of the heterograft. 2. prolong the survive of the
      heterograft. 3. inhibit the vascularization. 4. has less side effects.

PMID- 2289578
TI  - [Serum antibodies to bovine retinal S antigen in the patients with uveitis and
      healthy subjects].
AB  - The antibodies to bovine S-Ag in sera were determined by ELISA in 43 patients
      with acute or chronic, anterior or panuveitis and in 32 healthy persons as
      controls. The results showed that the antibodies titers to bovine S-Ag in the
      patients with panuveitis were not different from those in the controls (P greater
      than 0.05). However the antibody titers to bovine S-Ag in the patients with
      anterior uveitis were significantly lower than those in the controls (0.01 less
      than P less than 0.05). It is suggested that there are naturally occurring
      antibodies to S-Ag in health persons. The relationship between antibodies to S-Ag
      and uveitis is discussed. It is indicated that natural antibodies to S-Ag may
      play a protective role in the healthy subjects.

PMID- 2289579
TI  - [Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of choroidal melanoma].
AB  - Ten choroidal melanomas studied were with computed tomography (CT, nine cases)
      and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, one case). Both techniques detected all the
      intraocular tumors with localization and determination of the extent of the
      lesions. Three of them were found to have extraocular extension. Because both T1
      and T2 were relatively shortened in melanoma, on T-weighted MR image, the tumor
      was seen as an area of moderately high signal and on T weighted image, melanoma
      appeared as an area of low signal. MRI can provide a histological diagnosis of
      this tumor.

PMID- 2289580
TI  - [The visual evoked potentials in ischemic optic neuropathy].
AB  - In this study the pattern-reversal stimulation was used for analysing the
      clinical VEP in 27 cases (37 eyes) of ischemic optic neuropathy (ION), and
      combined uses of visual field (VF) and contrast sensitivity (CS) examinations
      were compared and observed with 3 kinds of spatial frequencies (60', 30', 15'
      check size), VEP in the eyes of ION displayed decrease in amplitude as a dominant
      manifestation accompanied by the slight increase of latency period. The abnormal
      latency and amplitude were 83.5% and 81.3% respectively. The decreased CS in the
      ION eyes was appeared mainly in the stimulation of middle and high frequencies or
      all frequency bands. There was a significant correlation between the VEP
      amplitude and CS in the patients with ION. The quadrant VF defect and bow-shaped
      scotoma were displayed in majority of the cases. Abnormal VEP was shown to be
      related to the central VF impaired. Among these patients, 7 cases (8 eyes) were
      followed up with VEP, however the VEP amplitude was shown decreasing somewhat
      compared with first exam. The results indicated that the ION was responsible for
      many visual function damages.

PMID- 2289581
TI  - [Microsurgery to treat lesions in or near the eyeball wall].
AB  - Four sub-retinal cysticerci and 12 cases of nonmagnetic intraocular foreign
      bodies near the eyeball wall were first localized with indirect ophthalmoscopy
      and then removed successfully under surgical microscopy. Three layers, ie white
      sclera, black supra-choroid pigment and light brown choroidal tissue with white
      vascular pattern were encountered before reaching the sub-retinal larval. The
      ischemic appearance of the choroid probably was caused by compression of the
      larval underneath it. Intraocular foreign bodies usually appeared in the wound
      accompanied by liquified vitreous as soon as the incision was made. If
      intraocular inflammation exist, foreign body can be found within the pus or dense
      exudates.

PMID- 2289582
TI  - [Primary study of iontophoresis of zinc ion in treatment of retinitis
      pigmentosa].
AB  - We report here the preliminary effects of zinc iontophoresis in treatment of 26
      Rp patients who had decreased zinc serum level or abnormal ratio of serum copper
      to zinc. Through more than 20 to 30 times of therapy, the vision of 15.38% eyes
      increased more than "3 lines", 4% eyes increased more than 5 degrees in the
      visual field, 13.46% eyes improved in dark adaptation threshold (greater than
      1.0), the visual functions of the rest eyes were slightly improved or unimproved.
      The fundus didn't change before & after treatment. There were no changes of ERG
      in 8 eyes of 4 cases. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages between Zn
      iontophoresis and Zn compound taken orally, the improvement of vision by direct
      electric current therapy, the relationship between the metabolism of Zn element
      and Vit A and influence of Zn over the mechanism of dark adaptation were also
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 2289583
TI  - [New approach for management of retinal detachment with macular hole].
AB  - Three kinds of unconventional methods were used to treat retinal detachment with
      macular hole in 17 cases (17 eyes). A combination of vitrectomy, transscleral
      drainage and intraocular air injection was used for the cases of retinal
      detachment with macular hole and evident vitreous traction. Transscleral drainage
      combined with air injection was used for those of macular hole without vitreous
      traction. For the cases of combined peripheral and macular holes, we treated only
      peripheral holes, ignoring the macular hole. After a 3-16 months follow-up, 15
      out of the 17 eyes obtained retinal anatomic reattachment (88.2%), 10 eyes had
      their vision improved, 4 eyes remained unchanged, 9 eyes obtained a visual acuity
      of better than 0.05 postoperatively. Compared with the conventional method of
      macular buckling, these procedures have the advantages of less damage to macula,
      less complications and more satisfactory visual improvement.

PMID- 2289584
TI  - [Posterior scleral reinforcement operation in the high myopia with macular
      degeneration].
AB  - The authors performed posterior scleral reinforcement operation on 23 cases of
      high myopia with macular degeneration. One eye underwent surgery and the another
      eye served as control. Follow-up period ranged from 3 to 24 months. It was found
      that the corrected vision and refractive degree of the operated eye maintained
      the original levels and that the control eyes tend to become worse during the
      follow-up periods. It was also observed that the blood circulation of the macular
      area of operated eye seemed to be improved, and the bioelectricity was activated.
      No serious complications were found. Therefore the authors pointed out, for high
      myopia patients, if the condition advanced constantly, the posterior scleral
      reinforcement operation is a method of choice before other better therapeutic
      methods are established.

PMID- 2289585
TI  - [A study on treatment of retinal detachment with unseen retinal breaks].
AB  - 64 cases (66 eyes) of retinal detachment in which no breaks can be found were
      treated with pars plana vitrectomy, scleral buckling or encircling procedures.
      The selection of operation depended on the shape and size of retinal detachment,
      the position of peripheral retinal lattice degeneration, phakia or aphakia,
      traumatic situation and the appearance of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The
      results showed that the detached retina was successfully reattached in 53 eyes
      (80.3%), 4 eyes were improved (6%), only 9 eyes failed (16.7%). The technic of
      operation and application are discussed. We consider that suitable active
      surgical treatment for this kind of cases is encouraging.

PMID- 2289586
TI  - Implementing an office infection control program.

PMID- 2289587
TI  - Update 1990: diseases of major concern to dental health personnel.

PMID- 2289589
TI  - Back yard poisons.

PMID- 2289588
TI  - Understanding nicotine addiction and intervention techniques for the dental
      professional.

PMID- 2289590
TI  - Financial aid--your ticket to the fast track.

PMID- 2289591
TI  - [Bullous lesions of the vestibular mucosa].

PMID- 2289592
TI  - [Anesthesia and resuscitation in dentistry. Professional responsibility 2].

PMID- 2289593
TI  - [Esthetic restoration of the posterior sector. State of the art].
AB  - Patient's aesthetic requirements have increased in the past few years. The
      limited resistance of composites to wear has delayed their universal adoption for
      restoration of Class I and II cavity preparations in adult teeth. Although the
      potential use for posterior composite resin appears promising, the point at which
      such materials may be regarded as ideal, reliable, routine alternatives to silver
      amalgam has not been reached for materials of previous generation. To resolve
      some of the problems associated with the posterior composite resin, new materials
      (photo-cured GIC, multi step bonding agent, improved composite resins as P-50,
      Heliomolar Radiopaque, Ray Post) and new techniques have been introduced. In this
      paper the problems and questions raised with the use of posterior composites have
      been discussed.

PMID- 2289594
TI  - [When is an implant indicated? Need for a new approach].
AB  - The present popularity of implantology is partly due to the fact that it has now
      become fashionable, and this practice demands a new criterion of assessment. This
      can only be the clinical radiological one in which the choice of an implant must
      be made exclusively on the basis of a careful examination of the various existing
      situations within the field of implantology.

PMID- 2289595
TI  - Setting fees: how to stay in the ballpark.

PMID- 2289596
TI  - Using computers ... and actually liking it.

PMID- 2289597
TI  - It pays to communicate with your dental lab.

PMID- 2289598
TI  - Young dentists' three biggest mistakes.

PMID- 2289600
TI  - Employee benefits and your bottom line.

PMID- 2289601
TI  - Ignoring labor laws will cost you.

PMID- 2289599
TI  - Staff salaries and benefits: national and regional survey.

PMID- 2289602
TI  - Performance reviews: who needs them?

PMID- 2289603
TI  - Computerizing your office manual.

PMID- 2289604
TI  - Municipal bonds: checkpoints for investment.

PMID- 2289605
TI  - Recession-proof your practice.

PMID- 2289606
TI  - Tooth whitening: the financial rewards.

PMID- 2289607
TI  - How to handle your office real estate.

PMID- 2289608
TI  - Amalgam and your practice.

PMID- 2289610
TI  - How to speed insurance claim approval.

PMID- 2289609
TI  - Taking the bite out of X-rays.

PMID- 2289611
TI  - MAO inhibitors, antimanic agents.

PMID- 2289612
TI  - Holobiochemistry: the effect of local environment upon the equilibria and rates
      of biochemical reactions.

PMID- 2289613
TI  - Regulation of protein degradation in the liver.

PMID- 2289614
TI  - Ca2(+)-binding to citrate cycle dehydrogenases.

PMID- 2289615
TI  - Purification and partial sequence of the rabbit mammary gland prolactin receptor.
AB  - 1. The prolactin receptor from rabbit mammary gland was purified to near
      homogeneity using a novel hydrophobic interaction chromatographic procedure. 2.
      Part sequencing (101 residues) revealed 34% identity with the rabbit liver growth
      hormone receptor, providing support for the existence of a new class of
      transmembrane receptors regulating growth and lactation.

PMID- 2289616
TI  - Mitochondrial biogenesis: do liver mitochondria contain glycoproteins and
      glycosyltransferases?
AB  - 1. Subcellular fractions isolated from livers of 19-day-old chicken embryos were
      analyzed in order to assess whether liver mitochondria contained glycosylated
      proteins or had mannosyl- or sialyl-transferases that could transfer sugars to
      mitochondrial macromolecules. 2. Proteins in liver mitochondrial membranes and
      matrix fractions were screened for their affinities for concanavalin A (Con A).
      3. After separation by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, a
      significant number of the proteins bound [125I]Con A, and the binding of the
      lectin was substantially inhibited by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. 4. In addition,
      radio-iodinated matrix proteins were screened for lectin-binding properties by
      chromatography on Con A covalently linked to agarose. 5. A number of proteins,
      representing 14% of those loaded onto the column, became tightly bound to the
      agarose-linked lectin, and the molecular weights of several of those proteins are
      reported. 6. Mannosyltransferase activities were measured in fractions highly
      enriched for mitochondria. 7. In the reactions, mannose was transferred from
      guanosine diphosphomannose to materials insoluble in 0.3% trichloroacetic acid or
      in chloroform:methanol (2:1). 8. The fractions also catalyzed the transfer of
      mannose to materials extractable in chloroform:methanol and which migrated with
      the Rf of dolichol phosphate on Silica Gel H. 9. Dolichol phosphate stimulated
      the transfer of mannose to those materials extractable in the organic solvents.
      10. Marker enzyme analyses indicated that the mannosyl transferase activity in
      the mitochondrial fraction could not be accounted for entirely by contaminating
      microsomal membranes. 11. Although sialyltransferase activity was detected also
      in the mitochondrial fractions, the levels of the activity and the kinetics of
      the reactions indicated that Golgi membranes were most likely the sources of the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2289617
TI  - Translatability of mRNA from brain of infant rabbits exposed chronically to
      aluminium.
AB  - 1. Polysomes were isolated from the brain of infant rabbits at 22 days of age.
      The animals received s.c. injections 3 times weekly of aluminium (Al) maltolate
      (3 mg Al/kg body wt) or Al lactate (16 mg Al/kg body wt) from 5 days of age. 2.
      The polysomes were used to direct the incorporation of [14C]leucine into peptides
      in a brain protein synthesizing system and exhibited a decreased activity when
      obtained from aluminum exposed infants. 3. The mRNA obtained from the polysomes
      was used to direct the incorporation of [35S]methionine into peptides in an mRNA
      dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The translatability of the mRNA derived
      from aluminum exposed infant brains was significantly lower than that of
      preparations from control infant rabbits. 4. Al bound to maltolate, a ligand
      soluble in lipids as well as water, was considerably more detrimental to brain
      protein synthesis than Al bound to lactate.

PMID- 2289618
TI  - 31P NMR study of phosphorus metabolites in fast and slow muscles.
AB  - 1. 31P NMR was used to characterize phosphate pools in perchloric acid extracts
      of muscles with various composition of muscle fibre types. 2. The white m.
      pectoralis major (MPM) of chickens 15 min post mortem is characterized by 1.6
      times higher relative content of phosphocreatine (PCr) in comparison with mixed
      leg muscle (LM) of this species. The glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) does not
      occur in MPM at NMR detectable level in contrast to the leg muscles. Relative
      amounts of other phosphates are similar in both muscles. 3. The intermediate MPM
      of pigeons as well as mixed LM of this species contain 15 min post mortem a very
      small amount of PCr and ATP but a large amount of inorganic phosphate. Relative
      content of GPC is higher in leg muscles than in intermediate MPM. 4. Muscles with
      higher occurrence of white fibres contain relatively more PCr than muscles with
      lower occurrence of white fibres. 5. The occurrence of GPC seems to be connected
      with metabolism of red muscle fibres.

PMID- 2289619
TI  - Cytochrome P-450-linked monooxygenase systems of bovine brain mitochondria and
      microsomes.
AB  - 1. Cytochrome P-450-linked monooxygenase of mitochondria and microsomes of the
      cerebrum, cerebellum and pituitary gland of bovine brain were investigated
      biochemically and immunochemically. 2. The cytochromes P-450scc and P-450(11)
      beta, NADPH-ferredoxin reductase and adreno-ferredoxin were detected and their
      enzymatic activities of steroid hydroxylations were found in the bovine brain.

PMID- 2289620
TI  - Some properties of the apoenzyme of NADPH-adreno-ferredoxin reductase from bovine
      adrenocortical mitochondria.
AB  - 1. An apo-NADPH-adreno-ferredoxin reductase (EC 1.18.1.2) was obtained from
      bovine adrenocortical mitochondria and its physicochemical properties were
      investigated. 2. The effects of various substances such as NADPH, FAD and adreno
      ferredoxin on the interaction of the apo-reductase were investigated by various
      column chromatographies. 3. The apo- and holo-reductases were found to be
      separated by adreno-ferredoxin affinity chromatography. 4. The removal of FAD
      from NADPH-adreno-ferredoxin reductase did not affect the net charge of the
      reductase. 5. The values of s20,w of apo- and holo-reductases were 3.8 x 10(-13)
      sec and 3.9 x 10(-13) sec, respectively. 6. The apo-reductase was more easily
      denatured by heat treatment than the holo-reductase. 7. FAD, and adreno
      ferredoxin and both could protect the apo-reductase from thermal inactivation.

PMID- 2289621
TI  - Effect of distal small bowel resection on ACAT activity and microsomal lipid
      composition in rat small intestine.
AB  - 1. The acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity and lipid composition
      of intestinal microsomal membrane were investigated 6 weeks after both 50 and 75%
      distal small bowel resection (DSBR). 2. No changes in both microsomal ACAT
      activity and cholesteryl ester levels were found, while microsomal non-esterified
      cholesterol content was increased after the surgical operation. 3. The total
      phospholipid content of the microsomes did not change as a result of DSBR. 4. The
      microsomal phospholipid fatty acid composition showed a significant increase in
      saturated fatty acids together with no changes in both total monounsaturated and
      total polyunsaturated fatty acids after resection. 5. An increase in the levels
      of linoleic acid accompanied by a decrease in arachidonic acid was found in
      remnant intestine of resected rats.

PMID- 2289622
TI  - The substrate-associated protein p45 of porcine endothelial cells: multiple
      isoforms, cytoskeletal-like properties and induction by hyperoxic stress.
AB  - 1. Cultured mesenchymal cells respond to hyperoxic (hyper-O2) stress with
      increased cell flattening/substrate adhesion and overall 47-69% reductions in
      total matrix-associated (i.e. saponin-resistant [SAP fraction]) protein. 2.
      Electrophoretic analysis revealed a selective hyper-O2-related 2.7- to 4-fold
      increase in SAP and cytoskeletal fraction deposition of the protein p45 beginning
      early (within 12 hr) after initial exposure of porcine endothelial cells to hyper
      O2 and increasing over a 48 hr period. 3. p45 consisted of 8 distinct isoforms
      differing only in pI; hyper-O2-augmented matrix deposition of 3. p45 consisted of
      8 distinct isoforms differing only in pI; hyper-02-augmented matrix deposition of
      p45 involved all 8 isoforms with the more basic subtypes exhibiting slightly
      greater net increases. 4. Both the specificity and time course of p45 induction,
      relative to the onset of hyper-O2 cytoarchitectural remodeling, indicate that p45
      up-regulation constitutes an early aspect of the hyper-O2 adaptive response.

PMID- 2289623
TI  - Uptake and receptor binding of dexamethasone in cultured 7800 C1 hepatoma cells
      in relation to regulation of cell growth and peroxisomal beta-oxidation.
AB  - 1. Uptake and binding of dexamethasone to glucocorticoid receptor has been
      studied in Morris hepatoma 7800 C1 cells in relation to its effect on cell growth
      and peroxisomal beta-oxidation. 2. Intact cells showed saturable, specific
      dexamethasone binding of limited capacity and Scatchard analysis revealed one
      single class of binding sites with equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.24
      nM similar to other glucocorticoid receptors. However, the binding capacity of 24
      fmol/mg cell protein is less than 5% of previously reported values. 3. Uptake of
      [3H]dexamethasone by intact cells was temperature dependent giving a linear
      Arrhenius plot with a calculated energy of activation of 58.5 kJ mol-1 x degree
      1. 4. Cytosol fractions had specific binding proteins for glucocorticoid hormones
      with sedimentation coefficient of ca 7S. No specific binding sites for
      [3H]dexamethasone was demonstrated in purified membrane fractions. 5.
      Dexamethasone and the synthetic fatty acid analogue tetradecylthio acetic acid
      (TTA) both inhibited the growth of the 7800 C1 cells and induced the peroxisomal
      acyl-CoA oxidase activity. A combination of the two compounds gave additive
      effects. Both these effects of dexamethasone and TTA were counteracted by
      insulin. 6. We conclude that dexamethasone induces growth inhibition and enzyme
      induction by binding to functional intracellular glucocorticoid receptors. The
      action of dexamethasone is consistent with a dissolution in the membrane from
      where it diffuses passively into the cell and binds to specific receptors in an
      energy dependent step. 6. The synergistic action of dexamethasone and TTA and the
      counteraction exerted by insulin are not due to changes in the dexamethasone
      receptor affinity or binding capacity.

PMID- 2289624
TI  - Effect of propionate on the utilization of nitrogen from 15NH4Cl for urea
      synthesis in hepatocytes isolated from sheep liver.
AB  - 1. The effect of ornithine (2.0 mM) and propionate (5.0 mM) on the utilization of
      N from 15NH4Cl (5.0 mM) for urea synthesis in hepatocytes isolated from sheep
      liver was investigated. 2. The capacity of sheep hepatocytes to utilize
      [15N]ammonia in the absence of the other exogenous substrates was very low and
      amounted 132 +/- 37.3 mumol/hr per 1 g dry wt. 3. Ornithine failed to affect the
      total [15N]ammonia uptake and total urea synthesis, but at the same time it
      markedly increased the utilization of [15N]ammonia for ureagenesis and diminished
      the rate of urea synthesis from endogenous sources. 4. Propionate markedly
      increased total [15N]ammonia utilization and total urea formation; this increase
      resulted from the rise of ammonia utilization for urea synthesis and it was
      similar in the presence or absence of ornithine. 5. The capacity of sheep liver
      cells to utilize ammonia in the presence of propionate (in the presence or
      absence of ornithine) amounted to 256 mumol/hr per 1 g dry wt, thus being similar
      to the values in vivo. 6. It is concluded that in sheep hepatocytes both
      ornithine and propionate stimulate the utilization of ammonia for urea synthesis
      and these effects take place independently and occur by different mechanisms.

PMID- 2289625
TI  - Binding of 125I-labelled albumin by isolated rat renal brush-border membrane
      vesicles. Evidence for uptake and internalization process.
AB  - 1. In the kidney, filtered proteins are rapidly reabsorbed by the proximal tubule
      via adsorptive endocytosis. This process starts with the protein binding to the
      luminal brush-border membrane. 2. The binding of 125I-labelled albumin to rat
      renal brush-border membrane vesicles and the effect of a low molecular weight
      protein lysozyme on that binding was assessed by the filtration method. 3. The
      Scatchard plot revealed a one-component binding-type curve with a dissociation
      constant Kd of 430.9 nM and 39.6 pmol/mg membrane protein for the number of
      binding sites. 4. Albumin binding was saturable and reversible, time and
      temperature dependent and the initial rate enhanced by increasing amounts of
      lysozyme. 5. The fact that association of albumin with the brush-border membrane
      vesicles was dependent upon the intravesicular space suggested a double process,
      binding of the ligand to the membrane surface and its internalization. These data
      suggest that albumin has a different binding site than that of a low-molecular
      weight protein lysozyme, with a constant affinity value near physiological loads.
      That specificity may confer selectivity upon the endocytic uptake process.

PMID- 2289626
TI  - Preparation, properties and antileukemic activity of arabinosylcytosine
      polysaccharide conjugates.
AB  - 1. Conjugates of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC) with polysaccharides
      containing carboxyl groups, such as polygalacturonic acid (PGA) and
      carboxymethylated yeast beta-D-glucan (CMG) were prepared. 2. Activation of the
      polysaccharidic carboxyl group by isobutylchloroformiate and formation of a
      peptide bond via 4-NH2 group of araC was used for a coupling reaction. 3.
      Elementary analysis, u.v. and i.r. spectra confirmed the structures of the
      conjugates. 4. The conjugates were most stable against the hydrolysis under the
      mild acid conditions. 5. It was also shown that under the physiological
      conditions trypsin catalyze the conjugate hydrolysis and the catalytic effect is
      higher than that of chymotrypsine. 6. It is suggested that trypsin or trypsin
      like proteases could participate in the hydrolysis of the conjugates in vivo. PGA
      araC and CMG-araC showed 1.5- or 2.5-times higher antileukemic activity than both
      free araC or polysaccharides.

PMID- 2289627
TI  - The roles of three forms of human thyroid hormone receptor in gene regulation.
AB  - We have expressed three forms of human thyroid hormone receptor (hTR alpha 1,
      alpha 2, and beta) in cultured cells by transient transfection. hTR alpha 1 and
      beta transfected cells showed increased triiodothyronine (T3) binding capacity,
      but hTR alpha 2 transfected cells did not. When hTR alpha 1 or beta was
      cotransfected with pUrGH(S), in which a portion of the rat GH 5' flanking region
      (-236/-147) was ligated into the CAT reporter plasmid (pUTKAT1), T3 increased CAT
      gene expression. When hTR alpha 2 was cotransfected with pUrGH(S), T3 did not
      alter CAT gene expression. When hTR alpha 1 or beta was cotransfected with
      pUrGH(O), in which a synthetic oligonucleotide representing the TRE from the rat
      GH 5' flanking region (-189/-160) was substituted for the natural enhancer in
      pUTKAT1, T3 increased CAT gene expression. When hTR alpha 1 and beta were
      cotransfected with pUrGH(O), induction by T3 was increased. When hTR alpha 2 was
      cotransfected with hTR alpha 1 or beta, induction by T3 was decreased. These
      results indicate that hTR alpha 1 and beta function as native TR, that hTR alpha
      1 and beta can recognize the same TRE, that hTR alpha 1 and beta can function
      additively, and that hTR alpha 2 can inhibit the action of hTR alpha 1 and beta.

PMID- 2289628
TI  - Potassium raises cytochrome P-45011 beta mRNA level in zona glomerulosa of rat
      adrenals.
AB  - During potassium repletion of potassium-deficient rats, a marked rise in the
      adrenal zona glomerulosa content of cytochrome P-45011 beta mRNA preceded an
      extensive increase in corticosterone methyl oxidation (CMO) 1 and 2. Potassium
      intake did not substantially affect zona glomerulosa cytochrome P-450SCC or zona
      fasciculata-reticularis cytochrome P-45011 beta mRNA levels. We had previously
      shown that the induction of CMO 1 and 2 in the zona glomerulosa of potassium
      repleted rats was associated with the appearance of a second form of cytochrome P
      45011 beta with a lower molecular weight (49,000) than the major form of the
      enzyme (51,000). On the basis of the present observations, mRNAs encoding the two
      forms of the enzyme would be homologous and of similar length. Potassium intake
      thus controls the biosynthesis of the 49 kDa enzyme most likely at the level of
      transcription or, alternatively, by influencing mRNA stability.

PMID- 2289629
TI  - cDNA-derived amino acid sequences of choriocarcinoma alpha- and beta-subunits of
      human choriogonadotropin.
AB  - Although amino acid sequences of the alpha- and beta-subunits of human
      choriogonadotropin (hCG) are known, only limited information is available on the
      disease state hCG. We have examined the amino acid sequences of the alpha- and
      beta-subunits of hCG from choriocarcinoma BeWo cells. The amino acid sequences
      were derived from the nucleotide sequences of BeWo cDNA clones of hCG alpha- and
      beta-subunits and were found to be identical with those of the normal subunits.
      It appears that the differences between the normal and the choriocarcinoma alpha-
      and beta-subunits of hCG reside primarily in the carbohydrates rather than the
      amino acid sequences. It may be pointed out that although coding and non-coding
      regions of BeWo cDNA clones of CG alpha and CG beta had several base changes from
      the hCG alpha and hCG beta cDNAs, these changes did not result in the alteration
      of their amino acid sequences. The longest BeWo alpha and beta cDNAs were 719 and
      878 base pairs (bp) in length and lacked only 16 and 7 bp from the transcription
      start sites respectively. BeWo CG alpha cDNA had two base changes in the non
      coding regions, one insertion of C at position 39 and another substitution of T
      for A at position 651, the latter change deleted one HindIII polymorphous site.
      The BeWo CG beta cDNA also had two base substitutions, A for G at 131 in the non
      coding region and T for C at 807 position in the coding region.

PMID- 2289631
TI  - Cloning and in vivo expression of bovine growth hormone receptor mRNA.
AB  - A cDNA for the bovine growth hormone (bGH) receptor has been cloned out of a cDNA
      library prepared from liver of a pregnant Holstein heifer. The cDNA clone
      hybridizes to a single 4.5 kb mRNA species and shares a high degree of sequence
      homology with growth hormone receptors cloned from other species. Utilizing the
      bGH receptor cDNA as a probe, a relatively high level of bGH-receptor mRNA was
      detected in bovine liver. In comparison to liver values, lower concentrations of
      bGH-receptor mRNA were detected in bovine kidney, anterior pituitary, and mammary
      gland. Because specific binding sites for bGH have not been convincingly
      demonstrated in isolated cell membranes from whole bovine mammary tissue, mammary
      tissue from two pregnant heifers (separate experiments) was separated into
      fractions enriched for epithelium, stroma, and blood components. These fractions
      were then probed for growth hormone receptor mRNA using solution hybridization
      nuclease protection assays performed on isolated RNA. The assay results indicated
      that a low level of bGH-receptor mRNA is relatively evenly distributed throughout
      the mammary tissues of the two cows studied. In contrast, experiments using a
      probe to bovine insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) indicate that the IGF-I mRNA
      is localized in the stromal/blood component of the mammary gland. These data
      suggest a possible paracrine mechanism for bGH action in the mammary gland.

PMID- 2289630
TI  - Characterization of insulin degradation products generated in liver endosomes: in
      vivo and in vitro studies.
AB  - The degradation products generated from A14 and B26 125I-labelled insulins in
      liver endosomes in vivo and in vitro have been isolated by high-performance
      liquid chromatography and cleavages in the B chain have been identified by
      automated radiosequence analysis. In rats sacrificed various times after
      injection of each of the 125I-labelled insulins, two major degradation products
      slightly less hydrophobic than intact iodoinsulins were identified; these
      accounted, at 8 min. for about 45% (A14 125I-labelled insulin) and 15% (B26 125I
      labelled insulin) of the total radioactivity recovered, respectively. The
      products generated from A14 125I-labelled insulin contained an intact A chain,
      whereas those generated from B26 125I-labelled insulin contained a B chain
      cleaved at the B16-B17 bond. With B26 125I-labelled insulin, two minor products,
      with cleavages at the B23-B24 and B24-B25 bonds, were also observed. In vivo
      chloroquine treatment did not alter the nature but caused a decrease in the
      amount of insulin degradation products associated with endosomes. When endosomal
      fractions isolated from iodoinsulin injected rats were incubated at 30 degrees C
      in isotonic KCl, a rapid degradation of iodoinsulin, maximal at pH 6, was
      observed. With A14 125I-labelled insulin, the two major degradation products
      identified in vivo were generated along with monoiodotyrosine, but with B26 125I
      labelled insulin monoiodotyrosine was the main product formed. Addition of ATP,
      presumably by decreasing the endosomal pH, shifted the medium pH for maximal
      iodoinsulin degradation to about 7-8. These studies have allowed a direct
      identification of two previously suggested cleavage sites in the B chain. They
      have also shown that the degradation products generated in cell-free endosomes
      under conditions that promote endosomal acidification are similar to those
      identified in vivo.

PMID- 2289632
TI  - Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for the gamma subunit of Xenopus
      fibrinogen, the product of a coordinately regulated gene family.
AB  - Fibrinogen, the major structural protein involved in blood coagulation, is
      synthesized and secreted by the liver. In the frog Xenopus laevis, fibrinogen
      production is dramatically induced by glucocorticoids. The hormonal stimulation
      requires synthesis of three separate subunits, designated A alpha, B beta, and
      gamma. For investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying this coordinate
      induction, we have isolated cDNA clones for the subunits of Xenopus fibrinogen.
      In this communication we describe the identification of clones for the gamma
      chain. Initially, a Xenopus liver cDNA library in pBR322 was screened with a rat
      gamma chain cDNA and a clone representing half of the 1600-base frog gamma mRNA
      was identified. This clone was shown to be complementary to gamma mRNA by hybrid
      selection of mRNA that translated in vitro into the gamma polypeptide. A clone
      about 1460 base pairs in length was then isolated from a Xenopus liver lambda
      gt10 cDNA library and subcloned into Bluescript SK-. This clone, designated X1
      gamma 3, contains the entire 3'-end and lacks 38 bases at the 5'-end of gamma
      mRNA. The deduced amino acid sequence at the N-terminal is compatible with a
      signal peptide of 20-23 amino acids, in agreement with the calculated size of the
      frog gamma chain signal peptide. Following the signal sequence is a region of
      highly conserved amino acids that participate in disulfide bond formation
      critical for the maintenance of tertiary structure in mammalian fibrinogen. The
      gamma cDNA clone was used to measure gamma mRNA in purified Xenopus liver cells
      treated with glucocorticoids in primary culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289634
TI  - Appropriate actions.

PMID- 2289633
TI  - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin inhibition of 17 beta-estradiol-induced
      increases in rat uterine epidermal growth factor receptor binding activity and
      gene expression.
AB  - Treatment of immature female Sprague-Dawley rats with 17 beta-estradiol (5
      micrograms/animal) resulted in an increase in uterine epidermal growth factor
      (EGF) receptor binding activity. Moreover, in a separate study it was also shown
      that 17 beta-estradiol increased steady-state levels of rat uterine EGF receptor
      mRNA as determined by Northern analysis. In contrast, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo
      p-dioxin (TCDD) caused a dose-response decrease in constitutive rat uterine EGF
      receptor binding activity and this was paralleled by a decrease in steady-state
      levels of uterine EGF receptor mRNA. Cotreatment of the animals with both TCDD
      (16 nmol/kg) and 17 beta-estradiol (5 micrograms/rat) gave results which showed
      that TCDD significantly inhibited the estrogen-induced increases in rat uterine
      EGF receptor binding activity and EGF receptor mRNA levels. These results further
      extend the range of antiestrogenic properties of TCDD and suggest that the
      inhibition of growth factor expression may play a role in the growth-inhibiting
      properties of TCDD in estrogen-responsive tissues or cells.

PMID- 2289635
TI  - Chronic use of hypnotics in a family practice--patients' reluctance to stop
      treatment.
AB  - Insomnia is a common symptom in family practice, and hypnotics are frequently
      prescribed for its treatment. A survey was performed in an urban clinic serving
      1900 persons in order to detect the prevalence of this disorder and to reassess
      the need for hypnotics. Sixty-one patients were identified who were taking
      prescribed hypnotic drugs, mainly benzodiazepines. All were over the age of 40,
      and they comprised 8.1% of this age group. Forty-five were chronic users, taking
      hypnotics for more than 4 months during a 6-month study period. Eighty-nine
      percent of these chronic users were above 60 years of age. Seventy-seven percent
      had difficulty initiating sleep and 23% had problems maintaining sleep.
      Information was given to these patients on the side effects and possible
      addictive nature of chronic hypnotic use. Different kinds of psychological
      support were offered as alternatives to drug treatment, but these were refused by
      all. We conclude that in view of the addiction associated with chronic use and
      the difficulty of weaning patients off the sleeping pill, there is a place for
      more careful evaluation and management before hypnotics are prescribed.

PMID- 2289636
TI  - Demographic, social and stress correlates of hypertension among the urban poor.
AB  - The relationship of demographic, social, and psychological variables to the
      diagnosis of hypertension in a population of urban, poor, predominantly black out
      patients is reported. Subjects were 182 patients presenting for health care at
      Wayne State University Family Practice Clinic. Age, race, marital status,
      attendance at religious services, education, employment status, income, source of
      income and interpersonal stress were significantly related to a diagnosis of
      hypertension in this sample. Of those characteristics found to be significantly
      related to hypertension, discriminative analysis showed that age, race, education
      and frequency of church attendance were most important in predicting a diagnosis
      of hypertension among this out-patient sample of the urban poor. Implications for
      clinical care and for future research needs are considered.

PMID- 2289637
TI  - The effect of socio-economic status on birth weight in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - In order to study the effect of socio-economic status on the birth-weight of
      Saudi newborns, we studied a random sample of 4498 pregnant Saudi women from four
      major hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Birth-weight was classified into four
      categories for comparison, using a modified Dowding (1981) classification: low
      birth weight (less than 2500 g), sub-optimal (2500-2999 g), optimal (3000-3999 g)
      and above optimal (greater than 4000 g). Measure of the socio-economic status was
      based on the family income, since in Saudi Arabia this is the most potent
      indicator which affects living standards. The results indicate that there is a
      direct correlationship between family income and birth weight (P less than 0.001,
      chi 2 test).

PMID- 2289638
TI  - Diabetes care in a rural primary health care district where patient education is
      given high priority. Metabolic evaluation.
AB  - The present population-based study comprises 84% of all known diabetics cared for
      at a rural primary health care centre. Patient education has been given high
      priority as an integral part of the treatment provided by a specially trained
      nurse and dietician under the supervision of the general practitioners. Most of
      the patients were under good metabolic control, as reflected by HbA1 (diet
      treated, n = 119, 7.3 +/- 1.3%; oral agent-treated, n = 127, 7.8% +/- 1.3%;
      insulin-treated, n = 110, 8.0 +/- 1.3%; reference range 5.3-7.3%). Obvious
      reasons for any high HbA1 values were found.

PMID- 2289639
TI  - Feasibility and effects of a diabetes type II protocol with blood glucose self
      monitoring in general practice.
AB  - A diabetes protocol characterized by self-monitoring of blood glucose was
      introduced in four general practices with the aim of making the frequency of
      consultations dependent on the metabolic regulation and emphasizing body weight
      reduction. The feasibility of the programme was investigated and the results
      after 1 year were compared with those of conventional care in four control
      practices. In the experimental practices, 13 patients switched from a medical
      specialist's to a general practitioner's supervision, 20 remained under
      supervision of their GP and 33 started self-monitoring. The self-monitoring rate,
      the consultation frequency according to protocol, the low number of dropouts and
      inadequate referrals and adherence to the therapeutic scheme showed that the
      protocol was feasible for both the GPs and the patients. At the initial
      assessment, the regulation of the diabetes was worse in patients of the
      experimental group, compared with those of the control group (mean HbA1 9.7% vs
      8.9%; p less than 0.05). On average, patients in the experimental group (n = 56)
      lost 0.4 kg of body weight, whereas those in the control group (n = 73) gained
      0.1 kg (n.s.). The mean change in HbA1, adjusted for the initial value, was -0.4%
      in the experimental and +0.5% in the control group (p less than 0.05). The
      results of the protocol can be attributed to a combination of greater
      participation of the patient, the individualized consultation frequency and the
      prescription of oral hypoglycaemic agents according to body weight development.

PMID- 2289640
TI  - Impact of day care on dementia patients--costs, well-being and relatives' views.
AB  - Forty-seven patients in psychogeriatric day centre were analysed regarding use of
      resources, costs and well-being. The level of well-being was based on interviews
      with staff and relatives and related to the economic outcome--a cost utility
      analysis. A 6 month period prior to day care was compared with the first 6 months
      in such care. The use of resources at home increased by 20% while the use of
      institutional care was reduced by 22%. Fifty-three percent of the patients
      improved in their well-being after participation in day care. When the cost of
      utility analysis was applied, the cost for a well-year was 4293 pounds.

PMID- 2289641
TI  - Coronary heart disease prevention in primary care: seven lessons from three
      decades.

PMID- 2289642
TI  - Coronary risk factors: value of screening and preventive strategies in general
      practice.

PMID- 2289643
TI  - A study of the correlation between serum total cholesterol and low-density
      lipoproteins (LDL) in Chinese.
AB  - Serum total cholesterol and lipoprotein analysis was performed on the same blood
      samples of 139 asymptomatic Chinese subjects aged 40-60 years. There was a highly
      significant correlation between serum total cholesterol and low density
      lipoproteins (correlation coefficient = 0.8376, p less than 0.001) in Chinese,
      which means that total cholesterol can be used as the initial screening to
      identify individuals who may need lipoprotein analysis. The American National
      Cholesterol Education Programme (ANCEP) recommended threshold total cholesterol
      levels that indicate lipoprotein analysis for the high risk and low risk groups
      were found to have high sensitivities and negative predictive values but
      relatively low specificities and positive predictive values. Thirty to forty per
      cent of the lipoprotein analyses recommended by the ANCEP guidelines were not
      necessary. There was no significant age or sex influence on the degree of
      correlation between serum total cholesterol and LDL.

PMID- 2289644
TI  - A simple score for the identification of patients at high risk of organic
      diseases of the colon in the family doctor consulting room. The Local IBS Study
      Group.
AB  - In order to develop a scoring system for selecting patients at high risk of
      organic diseases of the colon, who would need a colonoscopy or a barium enema, we
      conducted a study with 14 GPs in the local health care district of Modena. Over
      one year, 254 consecutive patients who consulted their GP for chronic abdominal
      pain were asked to answer a guided questionnaire. A checklist of simple
      parameters suggestive of the presence of organic diseases of the colon was also
      registered by the GP. For the final diagnosis, the patients underwent either a
      colonoscopy or a barium enema. Data collected were analysed by means of a
      stepwise logistic regression analysis to obtain a weighted score for the
      diagnosis of either irritable bowel syndrome (score less than 0) or organic
      disease (score greater than 0). Out of the 25 parameters explored, six were
      significantly more common among patients with organic disease and weighted as
      positive score (namely ESR greater than 17 mm, first hour, history of blood in
      the stool, leukocytosis greater than 10,000 cm3, age greater than 45 years,
      slight fever and presence of neoplastic colonic diseases in first-degree
      relatives). On the contrary, five parameters were more frequent among patients
      with irritable bowel syndrome and weighted as negative score (namely visible
      distension of the abdomen, feeling of distension, presence of irritable bowel
      syndrome in first degree relatives, flatulence and irregularities of bowel
      movement). Our scoring system correctly classified 83.5% of the cases, and it was
      very sensitive (82.4%) for the diagnosis of organic disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289645
TI  - Three generations of females in China: a trilogy of reports from China Welfare
      Institute.

PMID- 2289647
TI  - Statistical aspects of controlled single subject trials.
AB  - Randomized controlled trials in groups and single subjects differ in several
      statistical aspects. In group trials the experimental unit is a randomly selected
      subject from a predefined population and this subject is randomly assigned to a
      treatment. Outcome is confined to average effects which can be generalized to the
      specific population, but which do not necessarily apply to individual persons. In
      single subject trials the experimental unit is a treatment period and each
      treatment period is randomly allocated in a multiple cross-over sequence of
      periods. The single subject is only representative of itself, but similar
      responses in corresponding single subject trials may justify careful
      extrapolation of the results. Single subject trials have a high risk of Type II
      errors. However, the randomization procedure chosen and the type of statistical
      test applied may enhance the statistical power of such trials. Internal validity
      depends on modeling the trial design to the clinical features, drug properties
      and statistical requirements, while reliability is determined by the
      reproducibility of the trial response.

PMID- 2289646
TI  - The importance of the GHQ in general practice.
AB  - The relationship between General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) score and complaints
      presented at the general practitioners office was examined, and showed that the
      correlation between them is not as high as might be expected. Many patients who
      present psychosocial problems to their GP appear to have a low GHQ score; many
      patients with a high GHQ score exclusively present somatic complaints, which are
      also assessed by the GP as being purely somatic. Implications of the results are
      discussed.

PMID- 2289648
TI  - The Child Survival Revolution: a critique.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to critically examine what has come to be known as
      the Child Survival Revolution, a programme launched by UNICEF to promote growth
      monitoring, oral rehydration therapy (ORT), breast-feeding and immunizations in
      the Third World. These four health interventions have collectively come to be
      known as GOBI or GOBI-FF if one adds the provision of food and family planning
      services. Two (not necessary original) hypotheses will be explored here: firstly,
      the child survival revolution cannot work in isolation. It must be tied to other,
      more fundamental changes in political and economic power structures; secondly,
      the success of these interventions is inextricably tied to their acceptance and
      implementation at the grassroots level (a bottom-up versus a top-down approach).

PMID- 2289649
TI  - Selections from current literature: mammographic breast cancer screening.

PMID- 2289650
TI  - [Transfusion: risks and future prospects].

PMID- 2289651
TI  - [Chrono-risks in the episodes of fatal pulmonary thromboembolism].
AB  - A study on circadian and circannual rhythmicity in the episodes of fatal
      pulmonary thromboembolism has been conducted in 152 cases. The data demonstrate
      that the incidence in the episodes of pulmonary thromboembolism, evaluated as
      hour and day of onset in the clinical symptoms, presents a temporal, both
      circadian, and circannual distribution. The greater incidence occurs in the
      morning hours and in the winter season. The rhythmometric analysis by "cosinor"
      method showed a significant circadian and circannual rhythms in incidence of
      episodes of fatal pulmonary thromboembolism. The temporal distribution does not
      seem to be casual, but the effect of interrelationship between exogenous rhythms,
      such as those in the haemostatic system, endogenous rhythms, such as the cold
      temperature, and disease. These results demonstrate that the pulmonary
      thromboembolism is a disease with an high "chrono-risk", i.e. it is an expectable
      disease in its temporal recurrence.

PMID- 2289652
TI  - [Effects of physical activity on microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetics without
      nephropathy].
AB  - Physical exercise is a well known provocative test for early renal abnormalities
      detection in diabetes mellitus. Aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of
      daily activity and physical exercise on albumin excretion rate (AER) in 2 groups
      of albustix negative type I diabetics (IDDM). In group I of 76 patients aged 7-58
      years, AER measured in 24 h urine (14.1 +/- 1.7 micrograms/min) and overnight
      urine (11.1 +/- 1.7 micrograms/min) was similar. A significant correlation was
      found between AER values obtained from the two urine collection procedures (r =
      0.55; p less than 0.001). In group 2 of 37 patients aged 7-48 years and in 25
      matched controls, the effect of physical exercise on AER was evaluated comparing
      overnight urine and post-exercise urine collection. AER increased significantly
      in IDDM after exercise. In conclusion our results show that 1) AER is not
      affected by daily activity; 2) physical exercise is a usefull provocative test to
      detect early renal abnormalities.

PMID- 2289653
TI  - [Diagnosis of digestive diseases].

PMID- 2289654
TI  - [Heart myxomas].

PMID- 2289655
TI  - [Chronic T-cell lymphatic leukemia].

PMID- 2289656
TI  - [A clinical case. Sporadic Fahr's disease].

PMID- 2289658
TI  - [Cholestatic hepatitis induced by the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination. A
      case and review of the literature].
AB  - We report the case of a patient who developed jaundice after receiving
      amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for 7 days. Laboratory features were consistent with
      acute cholestatic hepatitis. Histopathological examination of a liver specimen
      showed cholestasis. Complete recovery occurred within 2 months after withdrawal
      of the drug. Analysis of the 24 reported cases of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
      induced hepatitis revealed a predominantly cholestatic syndrome occurring soon
      after drug administration. In all cases, hepatic dysfunction disappeared within 1
      to 3 months after discontinuation of the drug. Because of the small number of
      cases in contrast with the widespread use of this drug, associated with blood
      hypereosinophilia or eosinophilic infiltration of portal triads in some cases, a
      hypersensitivity phenomenon is suggested.

PMID- 2289657
TI  - [A case of primary osteosarcoma of the liver].
AB  - The authors report a case of primary osteosarcoma of the liver in a 75 year-old
      man with post hepatitic B cirrhosis. The hepatic tumor was discovered on
      ultrasound and computed tomography. Angiography showed a hypervascularized tumor.
      The patient died rapidly. Diagnosis of primary osteosarcoma of the liver was
      established through histopathological examination of post mortem specimens and
      was confirmed by immunohistochemical study. From this and two other previously
      reported cases the authors describe the different primary hepatic tumors
      mimicking osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2289659
TI  - [Intestinal lymphangiectasis secondary to cicatricial fibrosis of mesenteric
      nodes: a nosologic entity?].
AB  - Exsudative enteropathy was suspected in a 27-year-old man with lower limb edema,
      hypoprotidemia and hypoalbuminemia. Gastrointestinal mucosa, kidney, liver, and
      heart were normal. Laparoscopy showed diffuse small intestine lymphangiectasia.
      This diagnosis was confirmed by the microscopic examination of several biopsies
      obtained at laparotomy. Pathological examination of peritoneal, lymph nodes, and
      liver biopsies showed fibrous thickening of the peritoneum and fibrosis of the
      lymph nodes. Our patient has been followed for 16 years. Substantial improvement
      of clinical symptoms was obtained by following a special salt-free diet
      containing short-chain triglycerides. However biochemical abnormalities have
      persisted. Exsudative enteropathy due to intestinal lymphangiectasia may be
      observed in heart and liver diseases as well as in malignant affections of
      mesenteric lymph nodes. If these conditions are excluded, intestinal
      lymphangiectasia may be considered as a primitive lymph vessel malformation. The
      discovery of primitive intestinal lymphangiectasia in an adult cannot be
      attributed to congenital abnormalities alone. Fibrosis encountered in some cases
      suggests that an inflammatory process of unknown origin may trigger the onset of
      intestinal lymphangiectasia.

PMID- 2289660
TI  - [Ovarian tumor and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. A case report].
AB  - A case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome associated with ovarian mucinous cystadenoma and
      ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules is presented. The sec cord tumor with
      annular tubules was described in 1970 by Scully, who recognized its striking
      association with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. This tumor is an almost constant
      finding in patients' ovaries with this disorder. Three cases of ovarian mucinous
      cystadenoma and sex cord tumor with annular tubules associated with Peutz-Jeghers
      syndrome were found in the literature. Our observation confirms that gynecologic
      abnormalities are an important manifestation of the syndrome and require careful
      surveillance.

PMID- 2289661
TI  - [Invalidating polyarthritis in chronic pancreatitis. Recovery by
      pancreaticojejunostomy].
AB  - A 38 year-old man presented with migratory joint arthropathy. He complained of
      abdominal pain, diarrhea and weight loss for 2 years. Periarticular needle
      aspiration yielded cytosteatonecrosis. The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis was
      based on the results of ultrasound, CT scan, and endoscopic retrograde
      pancreatography. The latter showed a dilated and moniliform main pancreatic duct.
      Failure of symptomatic medical treatment of arthritis led to perform
      pancreaticojejunostomy which was followed immediately by complete relief of
      arthritic symptoms. During pancreatic disease, whether malignant or benign, joint
      involvement is often associated with bone, cutaneous, serosal, and multiorgan
      involvement. The pathogenesis and therapy of joint lesions in pancreatic disease
      are controversed. Surgical treatment of the causative disease, and especially
      pancreaticojejunostomy should undoubtedly be considered more often.

PMID- 2289662
TI  - Dermoid cyst of the pancreas. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - During an annual check-up in a 46 year-old man, a round mass was discovered in
      the left hypochondrium upon abdominal ultrasonography. Computed tomographic scan
      located the mass at the upper border of the body of the pancreas, suggesting an
      expansive process. Left pancreatectomy was performed, leading to the discovery of
      a dermoid cyst. This cyst was apparently part of the pancreatic parenchyma. Only
      11 cases of dermoid cysts of the pancreas have been reported between 1918 and
      1977. Elective enucleation of the cyst is thought to be adequate surgical
      treatment.

PMID- 2289663
TI  - [Value of serum mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase activity as a diagnostic
      marker of liver disease in heart failure].

PMID- 2289664
TI  - [Is there a relationship between endoscopic gastroesophageal patterns and the
      presence of anemia in cirrhotic patients?].

PMID- 2289665
TI  - [Percutaneous alcoholization guided by ultrasonography for cancer of the
      pancreas: a new therapeutic possibility?].

PMID- 2289666
TI  - [Hemolytic uremic syndrome revealed by the association of acute pancreatitis and
      ulcerative colitis in adults].

PMID- 2289667
TI  - [Bilharziosis caused by Schistosoma mekongi: diagnosis by rectal biopsy and
      treatment with praziquantel: report of 5 cases].

PMID- 2289668
TI  - [Esophageal ulceration associated with ingestion of Di-Antalvic (a combination of
      dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol)].

PMID- 2289669
TI  - [Hepatotoxicity of antimicrobial agents. II: Urinary antiseptics, antitubercular
      agents, antiparasitic agents, antifungal agents, antiviral agents].

PMID- 2289670
TI  - [Value of upper digestive fibroscopy in the evaluation of initial spread of
      malignant extradigestive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Results in 101 patients].
AB  - The aim of this prospective study was to assess the frequency of gastroduodenal
      involvement during initial staging of extradigestive non Hodgkin's lymphoma. One
      hundred and one patients (64 men and 37 women; mean age 57.7; range 22-77 years)
      underwent an upper digestive endoscopy with multiple biopsies before any
      treatment. The origin of lymphoma was nodal in 76 cases and extranodal in 25
      cases. Biopsy specimens were taken from all gross lesions; when the mucosa was
      considered as normal, biopsy specimens were obtained from the corpus, the antrum,
      and the duodenum. Endoscopy was normal in 37 patients; nevertheless in 4/37
      patients, biopsies revealed lymphoma infiltration. In 64 patients, endoscopy
      showed macroscopic anomalies: biopsies were negative in 47 patients and showed
      lymphoma involvement in 17 patients. The involvement site was the corpus of the
      stomach (11 cases), the antrum (9 cases), and the duodenum (9 cases); lesions
      were multifocal in 10/21 patients. The association of several types of lesions
      was noticed in 5 patients. Lesions included volcano-like craters (8 cases), large
      folds of brain-like appearance (4 cases), tumors greater than 3 cm (3 cases),
      gastric ulcers (3 cases), erosive gastritis (3 cases), and erythematous
      duodenitis (2 cases). Overall, 21 of 101 patients (20.8 percent) had positive
      biopsies, 17 with endoscopic lesions and 4 without. Only 5/21 patients presented
      upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Staging of the lymphoma changed to Stage IV in
      11 patients (4 stage I, 4 stage II and 3 stage III) (10.9 percent) after
      gastrointestinal involvement was documented. Gastroduodenal involvement is not
      related to initial site (nodal or extranodal), stage of extension or grade of
      malignancy of the lymphoma.

PMID- 2289672
TI  - [Lack of predictive factors for symptomatic recurrence of Crohn disease at the
      site of surgical anastomosis].
AB  - Recurrence of Crohn's disease at the ileocolonic anastomosis after curative
      surgery is frequent. Prognostic value of several parameters at the time of
      surgery was studied in 37 patients to detect early symptomatic recurrence of
      Crohn's disease after surgery. These included patient age at the time of surgery,
      sex, disease duration before surgery, clinical activity index, length of resected
      bowel, presence of granulomas in resected bowel segment, indication for surgery,
      type of medical treatment before surgery, and biochemical parameters at the time
      of surgery (ESR, C reactive protein and serum albumin level). Symptomatic
      recurrence associated with endoscopic lesions at the anastomotic site was
      observed in 10 of 37 patients (27 percent), within one year after surgery. None
      of the studied parameters were able to differentiate the patients with recurrence
      or not.

PMID- 2289671
TI  - [Socioprofessional consequences of Crohn disease].
AB  - To evaluate evolutivity and social repercussions of Crohn's disease, the same
      gastroenterologist interviewed 151 out of 197 patients with Crohn's disease (77.5
      percent) who had been hospitalized from 1964 to 1986 in our unit. The other 46
      could not be traced or refused to participate. There was no difference regarding
      age, sex, duration of illness, pattern of lesions and operations between the two
      groups. At the time of observation, mean follow-up was 7.8 years and two thirds
      of the patients had inactive disease. During the previous year, the course of the
      disease was quiescent in 50 percent of all patients; this rate increased with
      duration of follow-up and time from surgery. A constant rate of stable course was
      observed (20 percent) irrespective of duration of disease and time of surgery.
      The interviews were compared with those obtained from an age and sex-matched
      group of 70 previously healthy subjects admitted to the hospital for less than
      one month. The education and socioeconomic levels were higher in patients with
      Crohn's disease than in controls, in spite of the fact that 25 percent of
      patients whose disease begun during scholarship complained of difficulties at
      school, and nearly 20 percent of all patients were partially or totally unable to
      work. Sports and cultural activities were the same in Crohn's disease and in the
      control group. Tobacco intake was slightly higher at time of diagnosis but it was
      equal in both groups at the time of the interview. Non allopathic advice or
      treatment were sought by 48 percent of Crohn's disease patients (7 percent in
      controls).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289673
TI  - [Use of the colon for esophageal substitution. Mortality and morbidity. Report of
      105 cases].
AB  - One hundred and five colonic interpositions were performed in 102 patients. The
      indications for operation were caustic stenosis in 57 cases (Group A) and
      esophageal cancer in 45 patients (Group B). The right colon was used in 97 cases
      and isoperistaltic transverse colon in 8 cases. Eighty-nine transplants were
      anastomosed to the cervical esophagus and 16 to the pharynx. The distal
      anastomosis was to the antrum in 67 cases, to the second duodenum in 37 cases,
      and to the jejunum in 1 case. The overall mortality rate was 8.6 percent (9
      cases), 5.3 percent (3 cases) in group A and 13.6 percent (6 cases) in group B (p
      less than 0.05). The morbidity rate was significantly higher in group B than in
      group A (77.3 percent vs 53.7 percent, p less than 0.05). Ischemic necrosis (3
      cases) and chronic ischemia of the transplant (7 cases) were the major
      complications. Strictures occurred at the proximal anastomosis significantly more
      often in group B (63 percent) than in group A (40 percent) (p less than 0.05).
      Seven failures occurred in 93 survivors, i.e. oral feeding was impossible. In
      conclusion, mortality and morbidity rates of coloplasty are high. The use of
      colon as an esophageal substitute is justified only in case of caustic stenosis
      with unavailable stomach.

PMID- 2289674
TI  - [Morphological and functional adaptation of the small intestine to protein
      intake. Effect of deprivation and supplemented diets].

PMID- 2289675
TI  - Purification and characterization of Atlantic salmon growth hormone and evidence
      for charge heterogeneity.
AB  - Highly purified growth hormone (GH) has been isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo
      salar) pituitaries by extraction with acid acetone, acidic precipitation, and
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The yield was 2.5
      mg/g wet tissue. The Atlantic salmon GH (sGH) emerged as a single symmetrical
      peak after HPLC on a reverse phase C18 column. SDS-gel electrophoresis revealed
      only one band with an estimated molecular weight of 23,000. Atlantic sGH showed a
      uniform molecular weight, but two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis of the
      purified sGH revealed charge heterogeneity with pI's ranging from 6.5 to 8.2.
      Treatment of the purified sGH with alkaline phosphatase concentrated these
      different forms into a single more alkaline position (pI 8.2) indicating removal
      of acidic groups. These results were documented using both silver- and
      immunostaining of the 2D SDS gels. The purified sGH was phosphorylated in vitro
      by a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation of sGH may be a post
      translational modification resulting in several molecular forms with variable
      acidity. Analysis of the amino acid composition of Atlantic sGH revealed homology
      with GHs isolated from other teleost species and the amino-terminal sequence
      showed only three different amino acids within the first 25 residues compared to
      GH isolated from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus
      kisutch) pituitaries. Atlantic sGH had a methionine as the amino-terminal
      residue. Antibodies against chum sGH cross-reacted with Atlantic sGH. Antibodies
      against either Atlantic or chinook (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) salmon prolactin
      or human GH did not cross-react with Atlantic sGH. Atlantic sGH was shown to have
      a slight growth-promoting activity in the rat tibia assay.

PMID- 2289676
TI  - Effect of gonadal steroid hormones on the metabolic rate of the cold-acclimated
      gonadectomized male and female Chalcides ocellatus (Forskal).
AB  - Male and female Chalcides ocellatus were gonadectomized and cold acclimated at 15
      degrees for 1 week. Lizards were injected with testosterone and estradiol, and
      their oxygen consumption was determined at 15 degrees. Testosterone and estradiol
      caused a significant increase in the whole body rate of oxygen consumption in
      male and female lizards, respectively.

PMID- 2289677
TI  - Purification and characterization of androgenic hormone from the terrestrial
      isopod Armadillidium vulgare Latr. (Crustacea, Oniscidea).
AB  - Androgenic hormone (AH) was purified from hypertrophied androgenic glands of
      intersexed Armadillidium vulgare (genetic males feminized by symbiotic
      endocellular bacteria). Two isohormones labeled AH1 and AH2 with similar
      molecular weights in the range 17,000-18,000 were isolated. Amino acid analysis
      showed the absence of cysteine in these two forms. A polyclonal antiserum was
      raised which recognized AH1 and AH2. The physiological significance of this
      polymorphism is still not known.

PMID- 2289678
TI  - Antagonism of responses to arginine vasotocin by its structural analogs in the
      bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.
AB  - Antagonism of arginine vasotocin (AVT) actions in vivo by synthetic AVT analogs
      was studied in bullfrogs. In addition, one analog was examined for its in vitro
      effect on water flux in the urinary bladder and on vascular contraction in a
      dorsal aortic preparation. AVT and its analogs were injected into conscious
      bullfrogs while blood pressure and urine flow rate were recorded simultaneously.
      d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVT induced a slight, but not statistically significant,
      antidiuresis and a clear vasopressor response. d(CH2)5Tyr(Et)OVT and
      d(Et2)Tyr(Et)OVT did not show any intrinsic effects. These analogs partially
      blocked the antidiuretic effects of AVT and completely blocked the pressor
      effects of AVT. In studies in vitro, 1 microM d(Et2)Tyr(Et)OVT antagonized AVT
      stimulated water flux, whereas 10 nM competitively inhibited (by about 50%) the
      vasocontraction induced by AVT. These results suggest that d(Et2)Tyr(Et)OVT has
      no intrinsic activity but retains a relatively high receptor affinity, thereby
      producing effective antagonism of AVT in target cells of vascular smooth muscle.
      On the other hand, this antagonist showed no detectable intrinsic activity and
      appeared to be a weaker antagonist in target cells of the urinary bladder. This
      suggests that there might be two types of AVT receptors in bullfrogs.

PMID- 2289679
TI  - The complete amino acid sequence of prolactin from the sea turtle (Chelonia
      mydas).
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of prolactin (PRL) from a reptile, the sea
      turtle (Chelonia mydas), was determined for the first time. Sequence analysis was
      performed on fragments obtained from cleavage of intact and performic acid
      oxidized hormone with lysyl endopeptidase, Staphylococcus aureus protease, and o
      iodosobenzoic acid employing manual Edman degradation. The sea turtle PRL
      consists of 198 amino acid residues with three disulfide linkages formed between
      residues 4-11, 58-173, and 190-198 and possesses heterogeneity indicated by four
      replacements at positions 55, 145, 148, and 171. Sequence comparison with other
      vertebrate PRLs revealed that the degree of sequence identity conforms well to
      expectations based on phylogeny except for the rodent PRLs; sea turtle PRL has
      86% identity with chicken PRL; 81% with horse, pig, and fin whale PRLs; 75-71%
      with cattle, sheep, and human PRLs; 60-56% with mouse and rat PRLs; and 35-31%
      with carp, salmon, and tilapia PRLs.

PMID- 2289680
TI  - The role of hormone binding in the cold suppression of hormone stimulation of the
      pituitary, thyroid, and testis of the turtle.
AB  - The ability of hormones to bind to their functional receptors on turtle
      (Pseudemys scripta) endocrine target tissues in the cold was tested by treating
      tissues with secretagogues at low temperatures (5-15 degrees) and then following
      subsequent target stimulation in the absence of secretagogue at a warm
      temperature (28 degrees). Administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),
      corticotropin-releasing hormone, and growth hormone-releasing hormone to
      pituitaries at low temperatures (20 degrees or below) suppressed responses in
      growth hormone (GH) and thyrotropin (TSH) secretion and there was little or no
      response in pituitaries subsequent to warming. In contrast, gonadotropin
      releasing hormone treatment of pituitaries, TSH treatment of thyroid glands, and
      gonadotropin (FSH and LH) treatment of testes in the cold (down to 5 degrees) was
      followed by a large response in the target glands (secretion of LH, thyroxine,
      and testosterone (T), respectively) following warming. Additional studies with
      FSH and LH showed that these hormones can bind to testes rapidly (within 5 min)
      at low temperatures where no acute response is observed, although the dose
      sensitivity and the extent of this priming in the cold are less than at warm
      temperatures. Thus, postreceptor events may be more important than binding per se
      for temperature effects on hormone responses of tissues, but even this component
      of cell function varies among tissues. The effects of a receptor-independent
      secretagogue (tetraethylammonium chloride), which causes cell depolarization by
      blocking K+ efflux, were also blocked at low temperatures in thyrotropes and
      somatotropes but not in gonadotropes. Rapid depressions in TSH and GH secretions
      following cooling of TRH-stimulated pituitaries and of T secretion in LH
      stimulated testes provide further evidence for cold sensitivity of postreceptor
      processes in these tissues.

PMID- 2289681
TI  - The crab-eating frog Rana cancrivora: serum mineral concentrations and histology
      of the ultimobranchial gland and the parathyroid gland.
AB  - In the crab-eating frog Rana cancrivora, taken from a full-strength seawater
      pond, the in situ levels of serum Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, Pi, urea, and osmolarity
      were examined. The levels were higher than those usually reported for freshwater
      anurans. However, values for the monovalent salts, urea, and osmolarity were
      lower than those reported by Gordon et al. (1961, J. Exp. Biol. 38, 659-678)
      following immersion of this species in 80% seawater for 7 days. The histological
      features of the ultimobranchial gland and parathyroid gland were coincident with
      those known in usual freshwater frogs, in spite of the peculiarity of the habitat
      of this species. The ultimobranchial gland was composed of a single follicle or
      multiple follicles. In most parenchymal cells, immunoreactive calcitonin was
      detected using the PAP method with anti-salmon calcitonin antiserum. In the
      parathyroid gland, cells in the central part of the gland were smaller than those
      in the peripheral part.

PMID- 2289682
TI  - Seasonal changes in gonadal steroids of a monogamous versus a polyandrous
      shorebird.
AB  - We examined the relationship between circulating levels of gonadal steroids
      (testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol) and breeding behavior in semipalmated
      sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) and red-necked phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus)
      breeding sympatrically at La Perouse Bay, 40 km east of Churchill, Manitoba.
      Semipalmated sandpipers are territorial and monogamous. Both parents incubate
      equally. Red-necked phalaropes are nonterritorial and polyandrous. Only male
      phalaropes care for eggs and young. Gonadal steroid hormone profiles were not
      reversed in the sex-role-reversed species. There was little difference in
      testosterone profiles between males of the territorial and nonterritorial
      species.

PMID- 2289683
TI  - The occurrence of chronic hypocalcemia following parathyroidectomy in the green
      frog, Rana clamitans.
AB  - The plasma calcium concentrations of parathyroidectomized male specimens of the
      green frog, Rana clamitans, were monitored for 44 or 62 weeks. Plasma total and
      ionized calcium levels of the parathyroidectomized animals decreased 31-53%
      within 3 days, continued to fall to approximately 50% of the preoperative levels
      by Weeks 3-9, and remained at these low levels for the duration of the
      experiments. Plasma sodium, pH, and hematocrit levels were unchanged. The chronic
      hypocalcemia resulted in tetanic spasms in all of the long-term
      parathyroidectomized animals and in the death of most of the long-term
      parathyroidectomized animals. Thus, in the green frog the presence of the
      parathyroid gland is required for maintenance of blood calcium levels and for
      survival.

PMID- 2289684
TI  - Relationship between brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone and final reproductive
      period of the adult male sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus.
AB  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) concentrations were measured in brains of
      adult male sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, during their final reproductive
      period. The lampreys were collected during their upstream migration in coastal
      New Hampshire rivers and sampled at the trap (referred to as Group A) or they
      were transferred to an artificial spawning channel (referred to as Group B).
      Plasma estradiol and progesterone were also measured, and histological
      examination of the gonadal stages was done as well. The concentrations of brain
      GnRH and plasma estradiol fluctuated significantly through time. There was a rise
      in brain concentrations of GnRH coincident with an increase in temperature just
      prior to spawning. In addition, there was a significant progressive correlation
      between increasing plasma estradiol and temperature in lampreys from Group B
      during the period studied. These studies provide evidence for progressive
      seasonal relationships between changes in brain GnRH and gametogenic and
      steroidogenic activity of the gonads in adult male sea lampreys during their
      final reproductive period.

PMID- 2289685
TI  - The response of nucleus preopticus neurosecretory cells to ovarian pressure in
      the frog, Rana tigrina.
AB  - Intraovarian pressure (IOP) of 5, 15, and 25 mm Hg was administered in the frog,
      Rana tigrina, and the response of the nucleus preopticus (NPO) pars
      magnocellularis was investigated with aldehyde fuchsin (AF) stain and
      immunocytochemical method using neurophysin (NP) antisera. The 5 mm Hg IOP
      treatment resulted in cell and cell nuclear hypertrophy (P less than 0.001);
      discrete signs of de novo synthesis of AF-positive and NP-immunoreactive material
      in the perikarya and remarkable increases in the number and size of "Herring
      bodies" in the processes were observed. Stimulatory response after 15 mm Hg IOP
      treatment was characterized by dramatic augmentation of the AF-positive and NP
      immunoreactive material in the processes; the engorged and coalescing Herring
      bodies totally predominated the lateral preoptic area. IOP of 25 mm Hg resulted
      in extensive loss of secretory material; the processes revealed the presence of
      vacuoles indicative of the rapid anterograde transport of the neurosecretory
      material. Furthermore, the application of IOP seemed to promote the transport of
      NP-immunoreactive material toward the anterior preoptic area and amygdala pars
      medialis and the release of secretory material into the cerebrospinal fluid. No
      changes were observed in the NPO when treatment was preceded by the transection
      of ipsilateral dorsal spinal nerve roots or the spinal cord. The results suggest
      the existence of an afferent neural pathway from the ovary capable of conducting
      the stretch signals to the NPO and triggering the synthesis and release of
      neurohypophysial hormones.

PMID- 2289686
TI  - Temperature modulation of photoperiodically induced LH secretion and its
      termination in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
AB  - Long days induced LH release in photosensitive Japanese quail and ambient
      temperature did not affect this process. Temperature also did not affect the
      levels of circulating LH concentrations at the steady state of LH release on long
      days. On the other hand, low ambient temperature was required to reduce
      circulating LH to a nonbreeding level together with the change of the photoperiod
      from long to short days; the changes of the photoperiod without low ambient
      temperature induced a decrease of circulating LH only to a certain level (1-2
      ng/ml) which could maintain reproductive activity. The results also indicated
      that there were three levels of circulating LH in quail which were tentatively
      designated as a nonbreeding level (less than 0.5 ng/ml), a basal breeding level
      (1-2 ng/ml), and a steady breeding level (ca. 4 ng/ml). By photostimulation,
      levels of circulating LH increased to the steady breeding level directly and
      gradually, or leveled off after overshooting it. Photoperiodic changes from long
      to short days under moderate temperature resulted in a decrease in circulating LH
      to the basal breeding level which, however, could keep the gonad and the
      accessory sex organs active. Photoperiodic changes under cold ambient temperature
      reduce circulating LH to the nonbreeding level at which the gonad and the
      accessory sex organs regressed completely. These results suggest that ambient
      temperature is involved in the mechanism controlling an annual reproductive
      cycle, especially at the termination of the reproductive activity, in Japanese
      quail.

PMID- 2289687
TI  - Color psychology: a critical review.
AB  - A review of the field commonly referred to as color psychology poses a number of
      organizational problems stemming from the size and diversity of the literature,
      the range of issues investigated, and the different degrees of experimental rigor
      exercised. As a selective approach is both inevitable and desirable, the focus of
      this review is on those laboratory studies involving an "evaluative" response to
      color patches or chips. Numerically, this research represents the main body of
      work in color psychology and in experimental aesthetics generally.

PMID- 2289688
TI  - Child and maternal correlates of impulse control in 24-month-old children.
AB  - In two studies, we assessed the ability of 24-month-old children (N = 82) to
      delay a response to an attractive stimulus on a series of tasks administered by
      either the child's mother or a female adult stranger. In both studies, delay
      performance was consistent across tasks, but findings were inconsistent as to the
      effect on delay performance of a child's gender or the examiner's relationship to
      the child. Mothers' ratings of their children's personality predicted delay
      performance; superior performance was associated with low impulsivity, high
      attention span/persistence, and low sociability. Superior delay performance was
      also associated with low maternal directiveness as assessed on compliance tasks,
      and with mothers' encouragement of independence as assessed on a child-rearing
      attitude questionnaire.

PMID- 2289689
TI  - [The image of Byzantine medicine in the satire "Timarion"].
AB  - Byzantine medicine is usually regarded as a static and non-creative descendant of
      classical Greek medicine, a point of view confirmed by the Byzantine medical
      texts. In this essay, the anonymous satire "Timarion" is analyzed in respect to
      its image of contemporary medical theory. Timarion, the fictive narrator, falls
      ill with a fever and is brought to Hades by two conductors of souls. They assert
      that he cannot survive, because he has secreted all his elementary bile.
      According to a decree by Asclepios and Hippocrates posted in Hades, any person
      that has lost one of his four elements may not live longer. In Hades Timarion
      sues to the court of judges of the dead. His lawyer, the sophist Theodore of
      Smyrna, persuades the judges that the bile excreted by Timarion has not been
      elementary in the sense of humoral pathology. So Timarion is allowed to return to
      life. The author of the satire ridicules the fundamental axiom of the four
      humours. Asclepios, Hippocrates and Erasistratos, who are attached to the
      infernal court as experts, cannot defend their theory against the convincing
      arguments of a sophist. The "divine" Galen, who probably would have been able to,
      is absent in order to complete a book of his. The "Timarion" with its harsh
      critique of medical theory is very amusing and a rare example of "actuality" in
      Byzantine literature.

PMID- 2289690
TI  - [Plague and creative art. On the influential effect on art of the 14th century by
      black death].
AB  - The present paper tries to shed light on the influence of the plague upon art. It
      considers above all the period after the "Black Death", i.e. the second half of
      the 14th century. Some changes of art are quantitative: its production is
      lessened by the effects of the plague--e.g. by the death of an artist--or
      increased by religious donations. The influence on style is similarly
      contradictory. Retardation as well as acceleration of the stylistic development
      can be observed. A third point consists in the changes in iconography of "Post
      Plague-Art", showing a different interpretation of existing themes or introducing
      new ones. The varied conditions of production and reception of the different
      artistic genres makes the examination of the interaction between plague and art
      extremely complex.

PMID- 2289691
TI  - [Criminal madness in the 18th century].
AB  - Forensic psychiatry, as we know it, was established in the early 19th century.
      But already the "Ancien Regime" knew--with regard to mentally disturbed criminals
      -particular legal and medical considerations and practical arrangements. The
      author analyses the theoretical reasoning of some cases selected from the
      judicial archives of Geneva (mainly 18th c.). This enables him to establish the
      great lines of a "prehistory" of forensic-psychiatric expertise.

PMID- 2289692
TI  - [Institutional establishment of pathologic anatomy in the 19th century at
      universities in Germany, German-speaking Switzerland and Austria].
AB  - The institutionalization of an academic discipline in the university system is a
      complex process influenced by several intra- and extrascientific, personal and
      economic factors. Starting with pathological anatomy at the beginning of the 19th
      century, we analysed its development from a subsidiary to a fully established
      discipline. We ascertained different stages of institutionalization:lectureship,
      associate chair, chair, institute. At each stage we found supporting as well as
      hindering factors. It could be shown that the structure of the German academic
      system was especially conductive to the establishment of the new discipline.

PMID- 2289693
TI  - [Leysin and its medical past].
AB  - The mountain village of Leysin (Ct. de Vaud, Switzerland) enjoyed an
      international reputation as a place for the cure of tuberculosis. This was mainly
      due to Auguste Rollier (1874-1954), who, at the beginning of this century,
      initiated heliotherapy of bone and joint tuberculosis. The author describes the
      development of Leysin in its medical as well as in its social aspects. She
      stresses the role of the "Societe climaterique", founded in 1890 by both
      physicians and hotel-keepers. Finally, she discusses the influence of principles
      applied in the fight against tuberculosis on our way of life in general.

PMID- 2289694
TI  - Antioxidant activity of ebselen and related selenoorganic compounds in microsomal
      lipid peroxidation.
AB  - Ebselen, 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)one, and its derivatives were
      compared for their ability to protect microsomal membranes against
      iron/ADP/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation, measured as low-level
      chemiluminescence and accumulation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
      (TBARS). The concentrations of the compounds required to double the lag time of
      the control with no added antioxidants were 0.13 microM for ebselen, 0.5 microM
      for the N-pyridyl analog, 0.3-0.7 microM for the selenylsulfides, about 1.0
      microM for the selenoxide derivative and 2.0 microM for the sulfur analog of
      ebselen. The open-chain seleno- and thioether derivatives, on the other hand,
      exhibited comparatively low abilities to protect the membrane, the lag doubling
      concentrations for these compounds being 100-1,000 fold higher than that for
      ebselen. The rate of loss of alpha-tocopherol in the microsomal membrane during
      peroxidation was significantly diminished in the presence of 0.1-0.5 microM
      ebselen, while the glutathione adduct of ebselen was equally effective in
      protecting the loss of alpha-tocopherol. The sulphur analogue and, the benzylated
      and methylated derivatives of ebselen did not afford protection. Ebselen was
      without effect in microsomes from vitamin E-deficient rats up to 20 microM,
      indicative of the dependence of its protective ability upon alpha-tocopherol.

PMID- 2289695
TI  - Electrochemical properties as a function of pH for the benzotriazine di-N-oxides.
AB  - The electrochemistry of five benzotriazine di-N-oxides has been examined by
      cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse and dc polarographies as a function of
      pH. Between the pH range 8.5 and 2 the trend to less negative potentials with
      lowering of pH can be described by an equation of the type Ep = -apH + b.
      Comparison has been made with the mono- and zero-N-oxides which were found to
      show virtually identical trends in electron affinity with pH. The general
      electrochemical characteristics for the di- and mono-N-oxides under acidic
      conditions were found to be comparable with the zero-N-oxide. This was
      particularly the case on repeat scanning in the cyclic voltammetric mode. The
      redox mechanism involved reduction by a 4-electron addition step and subsequent
      loss of the N-oxide group(s) yielding the intact benzotriazine heterocycle. The
      heterocycle was also redox active, involving a reversible 2-electron reduction.
      For the di-N-oxides these two stages could be identified as separate processes at
      alkaline pH, but only a single step at acidic values. The mono-N-oxide in which
      the electrochemical behaviour was dominated by the triazine, showed only a single
      reduction step, although the single N-oxide group was redox active.

PMID- 2289697
TI  - Focus on forensics.

PMID- 2289698
TI  - Pregnancy and extrahepatic portal hypertension. Review and report on the
      management.
AB  - The authors report on 17 pregnancies of 7 patients with extrahepatic portal
      hypertension (EPH). Before conception all patients underwent splenectomy, in 5 of
      them portosystemic shunts were performed and 3 women received esophageal
      sclerotherapy as well. Three patients had esophageal varices before and
      throughout the pregnancy, and in 1 patient pregnancy was electively terminated on
      4 occasions for previously bleeding varices; then the sclerotherapy eradicated
      the varices, and she had a successful pregnancy, in which the varices recurred.
      No gastrointestinal bleeding was seen during the pregnancies. There were toxemia
      in 1, edema in 2, anemia in 3, cesarean section in 10, puerperal endometritis in
      4 and puerperal thrombophlebitis of the leg in 2 pregnancies. One spontaneous
      abortion and 12 live births among them with 3 preterm infants were encountered.
      All newborns were healthy and appropriate for their gestational age. The authors
      review the maternal as well as fetal complications and discuss the current
      management for pregnant women with EPH.

PMID- 2289696
TI  - Stimulatory and inhibitory actions of proteins and amino acids on copper
      catalysed free radical generation in the bulk phase.
AB  - The effect of a variety of proteins and amino acids was investigated on oxygen
      free radical activity as assessed by copper/hydrogen peroxide induced benzoate
      hydroxylation as well as copper-catalysed ascorbate autoxidation. Serum albumins
      from a variety of species (human, bovine and dog) had both inhibitory and
      stimulatory effects depending on the molar copper to protein ratio; low ratios
      were inhibitory and high stimulatory. Some other proteins tested (lysozyme,
      soybean trypsin inhibitor and conalbumin) also had dual (inhibitory and
      stimulatory) effects, as did both histidine and polyhistidine, but all effects
      occurred at different molar ratios presumably dependent on the relative
      affinities for the copper ions. In contrast, metallothionein and caeruloplasmin,
      proteins specialised to bind copper in vivo had no stimulatory effects. In this
      paper we show that in addition to their fairly well documented inhibitory
      effects, under certain conditions some proteins also stimulate radical reactions.
      The possible role of this phenomenon in vivo is discussed.

PMID- 2289699
TI  - Maternal serum levels of estriol, prolactin, human placental lactogen and
      chorionic gonadotrophin related to fetal sex in normal and abnormal pregnancies.
AB  - A total of 222 pregnant women had repeated hormone assays of prolactin, estriol,
      human chorionic gonadotrophin and placental lactogen between week 20 and
      delivery. The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal serum levels
      of the above-mentioned hormones differed between normal and abnormal pregnancies,
      that is preterm, preterm small-for-date (SFD), SFD at-term and normal at-term
      deliveries, with special regard to fetal sex. The results of the present study
      indicated differences related to preterm deliveries and intrauterine growth
      retardation. This finding was reflected in the estriol levels when mothers of
      both boys and girls were included, suggesting a primary involvement of
      fetoplacental factors in these pathological pregnancies. However, when only
      mothers of girls were investigated, the development of growth retardation was
      mainly seen in maternal serum hPL differences, thus suggesting a placental
      involvement.

PMID- 2289701
TI  - Characteristics of the umbilical artery velocity waveform as function of
      measurement site.
AB  - In 30 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies, varying in duration between 24 and 40
      weeks, the variability of the flow velocity waveform (FVW) along the course of
      the umbilical artery was investigated. Blood flow velocities were recorded at 4
      locations in the vessel: within the fetal abdomen, 0-5 cm from the origin of the
      umbilical cord, in the free-floating part, and 0-5 cm from its insertion in the
      placenta. From the Doppler signals recorded, the pulsatility index (PI) and a
      parameter for the frequency distribution index (FDI) were calculated. PI values
      differed among the locations, but no unequivocal tendency could be demonstrated.
      Statistical analysis, including multiple regression analysis for maternal and
      menstrual age and fetal heart rate, showed no significant difference in PI and
      FDI values for any of the 4 locations. It can be concluded that in uncomplicated
      pregnancies, possible changes in FVW (quantified by PI) along the course of the
      umbilical artery have no clinical relevance. Therefore, standardization for the
      sampling site when measuring PI in this vessel seems to be unnecessary.

PMID- 2289700
TI  - Uterine norepinephrine levels are correlated with contraction force, but not with
      the occurrence of preeclampsia.
AB  - The aim of the present experiments was to investigate a possible correlation
      between the occurrence of preeclampsia and the levels of norepinephrine in human
      myometrial biopsies obtained from the lower uterine segment at the time of
      cesarean section. Norepinephrine was measured directly by the technique of muscle
      CATS, and indirectly by measuring the effect of their release on the K(+)-induced
      force development of the myometrial strip. Two distinct types of force
      development depending on the level of endogenous norepinephrine were observed,
      but they were not correlated with the development of preeclampsia. This was
      confirmed by the absence of correlation between uterine norepinephrine levels and
      the occurrence of preeclampsia. Therefore, no correlation between myometrial
      catecholamine content and the development of preeclampsia could be demonstrated.

PMID- 2289702
TI  - The grand multipara in modern obstetrics.
AB  - From April 1985 to March 1986, 1,252 women were admitted for delivery at the Al
      Hada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Of these, 224 (17.9%) were grand
      multiparas (GM) defined as mothers of parity greater than or equal to 6. History,
      labor and delivery as well as postpartum and neonatal courses were recorded using
      computerized records for later statistical calculations. The obstetric and
      perinatal outcome was calculated comparing the GMs to para-1 mothers and para-2-5
      patients (P2-5), respectively. The latter group being empirically considered as
      the 'ideal' patient group. On comparing the GM group to that of P2-5,
      significantly higher frequencies of intercurrent diseases, especially diabetes
      mellitus and gestational diabetes, were found. Among GMs, transverse lie, primary
      uterine inertia, fetal heart rate abnormalities, failure to progress and
      postpartum hemorrhage were encountered significantly more often than in the other
      groups. The incidence of placenta previa was likewise significantly increased
      among the GMs as was the number of cesarean sections, particularly those of the
      primary emergency type. There was no maternal mortality. The perinatal morbidity
      was significantly higher in the GM group. However, no significant difference in
      perinatal mortality was found between the groups. It is concluded that with few
      exceptions the GM can be safely delivered by means of modern obstetric
      management.

PMID- 2289703
TI  - Reproductive hormones during termination of early pregnancy with mifepristone.
AB  - Thirteen women received a single oral dose of 600 mg mifepristone (RU486; Roussel
      Uclaf, Paris, France) on day 0 to induce first-trimester abortion. Eleven women
      had a complete abortion, and 2 had a continuing pregnancy and were considered as
      failures. Plasma levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) increased from day
      0 in all women, but dropped sharply after day 3 in women with successfully
      induced abortion. In these women, the levels of progesterone, 17 alpha
      hydroxyprogesterone and estradiol-17 beta increased from day 0 to day 1 and then
      dropped. In the 2 failed inductions, the steroid levels remained virtually
      unchanged. In the complete abortions, the main prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite,
      15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha, increased to a significant peak at day 6
      followed by a significant fall to day 14. These findings supports a direct effect
      of mifepristone on the decidua, initiating prostaglandin synthesis. It is also
      suggested that there is a luteolytic effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha, as the
      levels of corpus luteum steroids started to fall before the drop in hCG.

PMID- 2289704
TI  - Human recombinant interleukin-1 alpha increases elastase-like enzyme in human
      uterine cervical fibroblasts.
AB  - Production of the elastase-like enzyme, Suc-(Ala)3-p-nitroanilide hydrolase, was
      examined in human uterine cervical fibroblasts. The metallo-dependent enzyme is
      present in both media and cellular fractions. Human recombinant interleukin-1
      alpha stimulated cells to produce and secrete this elastase-like enzyme. These
      results suggest that modulation of this enzyme activity by interleukin-1 may play
      a significant role in the ripening and dilation of the cervix, because elastin is
      a component of the uterine cervix and its peptides are known to be chemotactic
      for leukocytes.

PMID- 2289705
TI  - Sonographic findings of uterine leiomyosarcoma.
AB  - We describe herein various sonographic features of uterine leiomyosarcoma.
      Transabdominal scanning (TAS) revealed an image indistinguishable from benign
      leiomyoma, with evidence of degeneration. Transvaginal scanning (TVS) clearly
      showed the thinness of the myometrium, and the possibility of deep myometrial
      invasion was suspected at intraoperative open direct ultrasonography (ODU). A
      very high peak systolic velocity and a slightly increased diastolic component at
      the periphery of the tumor were evident with pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Thus,
      TAS, TVS, ODU and Doppler ultrasound will yield useful information for the
      physician attempting to evaluate the extent and vascularity of uterine
      leiomyosarcoma.

PMID- 2289706
TI  - Indices of hypercoagulation in cancer as compared with those in acute
      inflammation and acute infarction.
AB  - The mean levels of fibrinopeptide A (FPA), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT),
      and soluble fibrin (tPA method) in cancer patients (n = 32) were intermediate
      between those of patients with cerebral infarction and pancreatitis who had the
      most abnormal results and patients with myocardial infarction and pneumonia who
      had the least abnormal results. Patients with disseminated malignancies (n = 16)
      had significantly higher mean levels of FPA (10.6 vs. 5.3 nmol/l) and TAT (11.0
      vs. 4.4 pmol/l) than patients with limited malignancies (n = 16). The difference
      in soluble fibrin (fibrin monomer, FM; 22.1 vs. 18.0 nmol/l) was not significant.
      The values of FPA, FM, and TAT in the patient population correlated
      significantly. There was a negative correlation between the level of antithrombin
      and test results for FPA (-0.69), FM (-0.48), and TAT (-0.38) in the cancer
      patients. Even cancer patients with locally limited disease may have elevated
      FPA, FM, and TAT test results, indicating a state of definite hypercoagulation.

PMID- 2289707
TI  - Coagulation activation in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - One hundred and fourty-eight insulin-dependent diabetic patients were available
      for this study; 56 males and 92 females. For the investigation of coagulation
      activation we determined activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time,
      and fibrinogen besides fibrin monomers and thrombin-antithrombin III complexes
      (TAT-III). We assessed large percentages of increased fibrinogen levels but non
      significant increases of the mean values in comparison with the reference group.
      The values for thrombin time were significantly prolonged, although relatively
      small percentages were exceeding the reference range. For the activated partial
      thromboplastin time, the values exceeded the upper reference limit, and the mean
      values were significantly higher than those of the reference group. Also for the
      fibrin monomers we obtained often enhanced values, and moreover, the values were
      significantly higher as compared with the reference subjects. The amount of TAT
      III concentrations above the reference range was much smaller than for the fibrin
      monomers and the TAT-III levels were not significantly enhanced. The results
      presented here are indicative of coagulation activation in diabetics, as
      indicated by the fibrin monomers and more or less by the TAT-III levels.
      Moreover, there could be demonstrated a positive correlation between fibrin
      monomer levels and HbA1 concentrations.

PMID- 2289708
TI  - Interaction between nabumetone--a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug--and
      the haemostatic system ex vivo.
AB  - Twenty-six healthy volunteers were given the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
      nabumetone (1 g/day p.o.) for 10 days. Platelet aggregation tests in response to
      adenosine diphosphate, adrenaline, collagen, arachidonic acid, and ristocetin and
      bleeding time and coagulation screening tests were performed on three occasions:
      (1) before drug therapy; (2) on the last day of drug therapy, and (3) 5 days
      after the end of therapy. No significant changes were noted in platelet
      aggregation, bleeding time, or the coagulation screening tests, except for a
      significant drop in fibrinogen during therapy and for 1 week after stopping the
      drug. The lack of any antiplatelet action and minimal effects on the coagulation
      parameters recommend the drug as a suitable antirheumatic in patients with
      bleeding disorders. The hypofibrinogenaemic action requires further studies.

PMID- 2289709
TI  - [Intraosseous emergency infusion].
AB  - Difficulties in establishing an intravenous line in the critically ill child may
      lead to failure and thus endanger life. The technique of intraosseous infusion,
      once common, was abandoned in the early 1950s, but is now being reintroduced. It
      is safe, does not require prior skills, has few complications and may be
      lifesaving. Substances absorbed through the bone marrow are delivered into the
      blood circulation as soon as after intravenous injection. A critically ill,
      preterm neonate who needed emergency fluids and in whom intraosseous infusion was
      given, is presented.

PMID- 2289710
TI  - [Surgery for craniopharyngioma].
AB  - We present a series of 20 patients (11 males) operated on for craniopharyngioma
      through a frontal craniotomy during an 11-year period. They ranged in age from 7
      months to 58 years (mean 20 years). The most common symptoms were headaches,
      blurred vision and endocrine disorders. The perioperative mortality was 5% and
      morbidity 25%. 5 (25%) patients need reoperation; 13 (65%) received additional
      radiation therapy. In 94% visual function improved. 65% continued to have or
      developed endocrine problems, although all were well controlled with supplemental
      therapy. These results, similar to those reported from other centers, justify a
      combination of radical surgery and radiation therapy for this condition.

PMID- 2289711
TI  - [Use of stethoscope by mothers of asthmatic children ages 1-5].
AB  - The mothers of 24 asthmatic children aged 1-5 years, who visited a department of
      family medicine at the time of the attacks, were assigned alternately to 2
      groups. The experimental study group got guidance and instruction in the use of
      the stethoscope, and also participated in a self-management educational program
      led by the family physician. The control group only got guidance and participated
      in the latter program. The purpose of the study was to determine whether mothers
      could assume more responsibility in decision-making with regard to their
      children's asthmatic attacks after basic technical guidance in the use of the
      stethoscope and in the interpretation of auscultatory findings. The results show
      that the initial steps in self-management were adequate in the 2 groups. These
      included recognition of the first signs of asthma in the child, a relaxed
      attitude (not to panic), the dispensing of suitable amounts of fluid, and the
      administration of bronchodilator medication without waiting for the physician's
      examination. Instructions to continue bronchodilator drugs, both oral and by
      inhaler, were more detailed in the experimental group. During the year of follow
      up there were fewer visits to the clinic and the emergency room and no hospital
      admissions by those in the experimental group. The main conclusion of this study
      is that in conjunction with a self-management program, it is possible to teach
      mothers to use a stethoscope, to correctly interpret the auscultatory findings
      and accordingly, to give adequate treatment. This reduces clinic and emergency
      room visits and hospital admissions, relieves anxiety, and increases confidence
      in coping with this illness.

PMID- 2289712
TI  - [Metastatic malignant melanoma of the small bowel as a surgical emergency].
AB  - 2 cases of metastasis of malignant melanoma to the small bowel presenting as
      surgical emergencies due to obstruction, are reported. In both cases there was no
      other evidence of metastatic spread at the time of surgery. Segmental resection
      of involved bowel was performed, providing satisfactory palliation. This
      reinforces the opinion that surgical resection of symptomatic metastases of
      malignant melanoma to the small bowel is justified, despite the poor prognosis of
      the disease itself.

PMID- 2289713
TI  - [Malignant skin neoplasms].
AB  - Malignant skin neoplasms of the auricle and peri-auricular region constitute only
      6% of all skin cancers. However, rates of recurrence and metastasis are higher
      than for other cutaneous malignancies. Of 81 patients with malignant skin
      neoplasms of the auricle, 53.1% had basal cell carcinoma, 39.5% squamous cell
      carcinoma and 7.4% malignant melanoma. The neoplasms were 4 times more common in
      men (more than in other series), and more common in those of Ashkenazi origin
      (75% of the patients) and in the elderly (peak incidence in the 7th decade). All
      patients were treated surgically, and 21 were also irradiated. In 4 with cervical
      metastases neck dissection was performed. The recurrence rate for all neoplasms
      was 12.4% and the rate of metastases to regional lymph nodes from squamous cell
      carcinoma, 12.5%. There was a marked correlation between positive margins after
      surgical excision and rates of recurrence and regional metastases. Malignant skin
      neoplasms of the auricle should be regarded as high risk lesions which often
      recur and/or metastasize. Therefore, it is recommended to excise the tumors
      adequately so as to get negative margins, and to follow-up with careful, frequent
      evaluation.

PMID- 2289714
TI  - [Ocular injury by artificial snow spray].
AB  - We treated the eyes of 12 children, aged 2.5-16 years, which were injured by
      artificial snow-spray during Israel's Independence Day festivities in 1987 and
      1989. There was chemical damage to the conjunctiva and cornea which took 1-3
      weeks to heal.

PMID- 2289715
TI  - [Neonatal respiratory distress due to congenital laryngeal cyst].
AB  - Severe, progressive, neonatal respiratory distress in a 27-month-old girl which
      required endotracheal intubation, was due to a congenital supraglottic saccular
      cyst, a rare cause. Aryepiglottic fold bulging and medial displacement of the
      left side of the larynx, resulting in considerable narrowing of the air-way, were
      prominent direct laryngoscopic findings. Transoral needle aspiration temporarily
      improved the infant's condition, but recurrences required repeated endotracheal
      intubation and needle aspiration. CT imaging demonstrated an intralaryngeal,
      supraglottic saccular cyst. At 2 months of age the cyst was successfully excised
      via a paramedian thyrotomy, and tracheotomy avoided. We suggest surgical excision
      of congenital saccular laryngeal cysts in infants who do not respond to repeated
      needle aspiration, as effective definitive treatment.

PMID- 2289716
TI  - [Partial sensory palsy of median nerve due to neurilemmoma].
AB  - A neurilemmoma that developed in the median nerve caused partial sensory loss in
      a 54-year-old woman. All symptoms disappeared within 3 months of excision of the
      tumor. This presentation highlights the fact that symptoms of nerve compression
      can be caused by intraneural tumors.

PMID- 2289717
TI  - [Recent advances in the understanding and management of acute myeloid leukemia].

PMID- 2289718
TI  - [Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: from the sixties to the eighties].

PMID- 2289719
TI  - [Gynecological risk factors for osteoporosis].

PMID- 2289720
TI  - [Indomethacin and a tocolytic agent: fetal and neonatal outcome].

PMID- 2289721
TI  - [Vitamin D and the immunological system].

PMID- 2289722
TI  - [Corrosive damage to upper gastrointestinal tract by caustic substances].

PMID- 2289723
TI  - [Condylomata acuminata during pregnancy].

PMID- 2289724
TI  - [Do not resuscitate orders: dilemma and resolution].

PMID- 2289725
TI  - [Atrioventricular block].

PMID- 2289726
TI  - [Significance of prenatal diagnosis of fetal choroid plexus cysts].

PMID- 2289727
TI  - [Is there a diagnostically silent HIV infection? Study of intimate partners of
      infected hemophilia patients].

PMID- 2289728
TI  - [AIDS. Non-criminalization of the physician-patient relations. Reader opinion on
      "Physician confidentiality and HIV infections"].

PMID- 2289729
TI  - [Morphology of Alzheimer disease].
AB  - During the course of Alzheimer's disease, considerable amounts of abnormal
      proteins accumulate within the brain, in particular in the cortex. Some of this
      material is extracellular (amyloid), some within the neurons (neurofibrillary
      changes). The extent of the pathological deposits is variable, some regions being
      particularly severely involved. The entorhinal cortex is already destroyed in the
      initial phase, followed, in a stepwise fashion, by the hippocampus and the
      association areas in the isocortex. The undisturbed transfer of information from
      the isocortical association areas to the hippocampus via the entorhinal area is
      of importance for mnestic functions. The destructive cortical changes of
      Alzheimer's disease lead to early and severe impairment or complete blockage of
      this information pathways.

PMID- 2289730
TI  - [Diagnosis of Alzheimer's dementia].
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Owing to
      a lack of accurate easily determined clinical criteria, neuropathological
      findings remain decisive for establishing the diagnosis. However, full
      utilization of all the presently available methods, such as history taking,
      physical examination, neurological and mental status, psychological testing,
      laboratory examinations, additional procedures involving the use of diagnostic
      equipment, can result in a diagnostic accuracy of about 90%. The very wide
      spectrum of possible differential diagnostic possibilities can be greatly reduced
      by the judicious use of a few selective examinations. Here, the possibilities
      available in the doctor's office are better than ever before. Of decisive
      importance for the patient is to consider the possibility of dementia, and to
      exclude treatable causes as soon as possible.

PMID- 2289731
TI  - [Diagnosis of Alzheimer dementia. 1: Diagnostic aid (ADRDA criteria) and test for
      general practice (MMS)].

PMID- 2289732
TI  - [Expert commission for questions of physician malpractice. More than 10 years
      service for the patient and physician--report from the Sudbaden District Chamber
      of Medicine].
AB  - The provision of an objective expertise on medical practice by an expert
      commission and arbitration board aims to make it easier for the patient to prove
      a justified claim, and for the physician to reject unfounded accusations made
      against him. A retrospective consideration of the activities of the expert
      commission on questions of medical liability at the Medical Society of Baden
      Wurttemberg for the region covered by the District Medical Society Sudbaden shows
      that the expert commission is being approached progressively more often. The
      medical discipline most frequently involved is surgery. Although claims are more
      frequently made against hospital doctors than against doctors in private
      practice, the latter are more likely to be guilty of maltreatment. Iatrogenic
      mistakes made during routine treatments can lead to serious consequences for the
      patient. An analysis of the activities of the expert commissions can open up new
      possibilities for quality control in medical care and further medical education.

PMID- 2289733
TI  - [Physiologic and pathologic age related changes in the stomach].
AB  - While it would be an exaggeration to claim that the stomach does not age, age
      related physiological changes are exceptions rather than the rule. In most
      patients, chronic gastritis is induced by Helicobacter pylori, and autoimmune
      gastritis is rare. A specific ulcer of old age is unlikely; most ulcers in the
      elderly are drug-induced, with the NSAIDs predominating. Consideration should be
      given to the fact that a variety of drugs may damage the mucosa, and also to the
      problems of drug treatment in the elderly patient.

PMID- 2289734
TI  - [Diseases of the large intestine in the aged. Constipation--diverticulosis-
      tumors--ischemia].
AB  - In no other part of the gastrointestinal tract is there such a wide range of
      incidence of pathological changes and such a marked increase in incidence with
      increasing age as the colorectum. In view of the increasing numbers of old people
      in the general population, therefore, gastroenterologists are increasingly being
      confronted with these diseases. The most important in practical terms are
      constipation, colonic diverticulosis with its complications, benign and malignant
      tumors, and the damages to the wall of the colon resulting from deficient
      perfusion. In the case of geriatric patients, the evaluation of the
      symptomatology, so important for the diagnosis, can be difficult, since the
      complaints may be overemphasized owing to anxious self-observation, or, owing to
      a reduction in cerebral capacity, are not adequately appreciated and reported.

PMID- 2289735
TI  - [Age related changes in the liver. Consequences for drug therapy].
AB  - The most significant morphological peculiarity of the liver in old age is "brown
      atrophy", with a reduction in weight and volume of the organ. The physiological
      metabolic functions of the liver are extremely well preserved right up into very
      old age. There is, however, some impairment of function with respect to the
      elimination of exogenous substances and drugs. The major cause of this is a
      decrease in hepatic perfusion, the volume of the liver, and the number of
      functioning hepatocytes. Thus, since the elimination capacity of both the kidneys
      and the liver can be reduced in old age, drugs should initially be administered
      at lower doses in geriatric patients.

PMID- 2289736
TI  - [Physiologic and pathologic age related changes in the small intestine].
AB  - Age-related morphological or functional changes are known to occur in numerous
      organ systems. In the case of the small bowel, only mild impairment of such
      functions as carbohydrate absorption and in particular vitamin D and calcium
      absorption have so far been reported. The latter is possibly of significance for
      the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Other disturbances appear to have
      no clinical relevance, since the considerable functional reserve capacity of the
      small bowel can largely compensate them. To date, no morphological correlate has
      been established for the known functional disorders.

PMID- 2289737
TI  - [Diagnosis of Alzheimer's dementia. 2. Severity--differentiation from vascular
      forms of dementia (Hachinski Score)].

PMID- 2289738
TI  - [24-hour blood pressure monitoring. Results with captopril once a day].
AB  - In a trial conducted in a physician's office, the adequacy of a single daily dose
      of the ACE-inhibitor captopril in the management of hypertension was investigated
      by 24-hour monitoring. Patients of both sexes shown by conventional blood
      pressure measurements to respond to captopril were included in the study. After a
      two-week washout period, during which no anti-hypertensive treatment was given,
      the patients were subjected to 24-hour blood pressure monitoring prior to and
      following eight weeks of treatment with a daily dose of 50 mg captopril. At the
      end of the treatment period the mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure decreased
      from 158 (SD +/- 24) mmHg to 131 (SD +/- 20) mmHg, and the mean 24-hour diastolic
      blood pressure from 99 (SD +/- 22) mmHg to 84 (SD +/- 14) mmHg. No side effects
      were observed. These results show that a single daily dose of captopril suffices
      to reduce blood pressure adequately over 24 hours also under outpatient
      conditions.

PMID- 2289739
TI  - On to Wendover.

PMID- 2289740
TI  - Health care is not enough.

PMID- 2289741
TI  - Sex differences in salicylic acid metabolism in streptozotocin induced diabetes
      in rats.
AB  - The metabolism of salicylic acid was studied in male and female streptozotocin
      induced diabetic Wistar rats. Results obtained showed that in both sexes there
      was a significant increase in urinary excretion of salicyluric acid in diabetic
      rats when compared to controls (P less than or equal to 0.001). Within the
      diabetic groups, there was a significant increase in the urinary excretion of
      salicyluric acid in the female in comparison to the male rats (P less than or
      equal to 0.01). A statistically significant increase was observed in urinary
      excretion of salicyl-glucuronic acid in diabetic female compared to control
      female rats (P less than or equal to 0.01) while comparison of diabetic male to
      control male showed a significant decrease in urinary excretion of salicyl
      glucuronic acid (P less than or equal to 0.01). Comparison of the diabetic female
      and male groups showed a high statistically significant difference in urinary
      excretion of salicyl-glucuronic acid. The diabetic ration, ie diabetic/control
      was significantly higher in female than in male rats with respect to salicyl
      glucuronic acid (P less than or equal to 0.001) and total urinary excretion (P
      less than or equal to 0.01). The diabetic ratio may likely reflect the true
      significance of the roles played by the two metabolic pathways. The results
      suggest sex differences in the metabolism of salicylic acid; this may also be the
      case in other disease states.

PMID- 2289742
TI  - Alcohol and GABA: ethanol intake modifies hippocampal nipecotic acid binding in
      ethanol-preferring and non-preferring rats.
AB  - 3H-nipecotic acid (3H-NIP) binding to GABA uptake recognition sites was studied
      in the hippocampus of 3 groups of male, Long Evans rats: Group 1: ethanol-naive
      rats (ENR); Group II: ethanol-preferring rats (DR) and non-preferring rats (NDR),
      which had consumed about 5 g.kg-1.d-1 and 1 g-1.d-1 of alcohol respectively in
      the form of a 12% ethanol solution prior to 3H-NIP binding analysis; Group III:
      DR and NDR who had had no access to ethanol for 21 d after the initial exposure
      of ethanol solution (28 d). Binding studies showed that ethanol drunk by both DR
      and NDR in Group II decreased 3H-NIP binding (Bmax decreased) with an enhancement
      of affinity (KD decreased). In rats subjected to withdrawal of ethanol (Group
      III), affinity of 3H-NIP for GABA uptake sites was higher than in controls (Group
      I), but lower than in Group II, Bmax in this group being higher than in the 2
      other groups. In Group III, KD was higher in DR than in NDR. These results showed
      that ethanol intake, in a free-choice paradigm, altered 3H-NIP binding, and that
      differences in ethanol intake between DR and NDR were associated with differences
      in sensitivity of hippocampal GABA uptake sites. These differences in 3H-NIP
      binding could either precede ethanol intake, or be a direct result from it. The
      results, together with data from other laboratories suggest that: 1), 3H-NIP
      binding sites are involved in the regulation of ethanol intake; 2), 1 factor
      responsible for individual differences in ethanol response is reflected by the
      GABA uptake system.

PMID- 2289743
TI  - Investigations of the antifibrillatory activity of flunarizine and lidoflazine in
      isolated hearts of rabbits and guinea pigs.
AB  - In Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT)
      was measured by applying rectangular impulses of 3ms duration at a frequency of
      20Hz. Perfusion with 0.2 and 0.4 microM of flunarizine or 0.2 microM of
      lidoflazine produced a significant rise in VFT. When the hearts were perfused
      with higher concentrations of either drug (0.8 microM flunarizine, 0.4 and 0.8
      microM lidoflazine), VFT did not continue to increase in a dose-dependent manner
      but rather a smaller increase in VFT than the previous dose was observed. Both
      drugs caused significant decrease in the spontaneous heart rate and amplitude of
      contraction of the isolated rabbit heart. In the Langendorff-perfused guinea pig
      heart, perfusion with 0.8 microM of flunarizine produced complete protection
      against ouabain-induced ventricular fibrillation while 7 out of 7 and 1 out of 6
      hearts fibrillated in the presence of 0.2 and 0.4 microM of the drug
      respectively. During perfusion with 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 microM of lidoflazine the
      incidence of ventricular fibrillation was 3 out of 6, and 5 out of 7 hearts
      respectively. These results may indicate a limited effectiveness of these 2
      calcium entry blockers against ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 2289744
TI  - Kinetic analysis of the binding of nomegestrol acetate to the progesterone
      receptors in rat uterus by competition studies.
AB  - The characteristics of binding (Kinetic and equilibrium binding analysis) of
      nomegestrol acetate (NOM, 17 alpha-acetoxy-6 alpha-methyl-19-nor-pregna-4.6-diene
      3.20-dione) to the progesterone receptor (PgR) in rat uterine cytosolic fraction
      were determined in comparison to progesterone (P), to fully appreciate the
      amplitude and specificity of the induced biological response. Since an
      appropriate radio-labelled form of this steroid molecule was not available,
      competition studies were performed against the synthetic progestin: [3H]-Organon
      2058 [( 3H]-ORG). This allowed a direct comparison between the unlabelled forms
      of NOM and P, the kinetic constants of which were respectively: Inhibition
      constant (Ki): 22.8 and 34.3 nM; Association rate constant (k1): 0.39 X 10(3) and
      0.21 X 10(3) M-1.s-1; Dissociation rate constant (k-1): 1.81 X 10(-5) and 2.16 X
      10(-5) s-1. These results are much more informative than the mere determination
      of relative binding affinities which only reflect the specificity of the PgR. It
      was concluded that NOM behaves like the natural hormone in the cytosol of rat
      uterus.

PMID- 2289745
TI  - Effect of bromocriptine on neurogenic vasoconstriction in the isolated
      autoperfused hindquarters of the rat.
AB  - The effects of local administration of bromocriptine were studied in the isolated
      autoperfused hindquarters of the rat, and compared to the actions of apomorphine
      and pergolide. Local injection of bromocriptine (1 microgram kg-1) (into the
      hindquarters) did not alter perfusion pressure, but reduced the pressor response
      to electrical stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chains at all frequencies
      used (0.5-10 Hz; 5 ms; 35 V). Bromocriptine (1 microgram kg-1) did not alter the
      increases in perfusion pressure induced by local administration of noradrenaline.
      The effects of local administration of apomorphine (1 microgram kg-1) and
      pergolide (1 microgram kg-1) were similar to that of bromocriptine. The
      inhibitory effect by bromocriptine, apomorphine and pergolide of the stimulation
      evoked pressor responses was completely antagonized by intravenous administration
      of the dopamine receptor antagonist sulpiride (0.3 mg kg-1) but was not by the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (1 mg kg-1). In this dose, yohimbine
      antagonized the inhibitory effect of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (1
      microgram kg-1). The inhibitory effect of clonidine was not altered by sulpiride
      but was antagonized by yohimbine. The results indicate that bromocriptine like
      apomorphine and pergolide inhibit neurally-induced pressor responses in the
      autoperfused hindquarters of the rat by stimulation of presynaptic dopamine
      receptors. Stimulation of these receptors leading to a fall in noradrenaline
      release and consequently of vasomotor tone, might at least in part explain the
      vasodilatator effects of bromocriptine in the rat.

PMID- 2289746
TI  - Hemodynamic and cardiac effects of spiraprilat in normal and sodium depleted
      conscious dogs.
AB  - The cardiac and hemodynamic effects of 3 doses (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg, iv) of
      spiraprilat, the diacid active metabolite of the new angiotensin I converting
      enzyme inhibitor spirapril, have been investigated and compared to those of
      saline in chronically implanted conscious dogs at rest. Under a normal sodium
      diet, spiraprilat, 1 mg/kg, induced significant (at least P less than 0.05)
      decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP, -11%), total peripheral resistance
      (TPR, -21%), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP, -15%) and increases
      in heart rate (HR, +12%) and cardiac output (CO, +16%) whereas dP/dtmax remained
      unchanged. Spiraprilat-induced tachycardia was not modified by propranolol pre
      treatment but was abolished by previous administration of the propranolol-N
      methylatropine combination. Spiraprilat, 0.1 mg/kg, did not affect any parameter,
      but spiraprilat, 0.3 mg/kg, showed intermediate effects. Finally, sodium
      depletion strongly potentiated spiraprilat effects on MAP, TPR, LVEDP, HR and CO.
      We conclude that: a), in conscious dogs under normal sodium diet, spiraprilat
      reduces TPR and MAP through peripheral vasodilating properties; b), spiraprilat
      induced tachycardia is mainly related to parasympathetic tone withdrawal,
      possibly in relation with high and low pressure baroreceptors deactivation; and
      c), sodium depletion considerably potentiates spiraprilat cardiac and hemodynamic
      effects.

PMID- 2289747
TI  - What do economists think patients want?

PMID- 2289748
TI  - Reins or fences: a physician's view of cost containment.

PMID- 2289749
TI  - Hospital labor markets in the 1980s.

PMID- 2289750
TI  - Young physicians and the future of the medical profession.

PMID- 2289751
TI  - Americans' views on health care: a study in contradictions.

PMID- 2289752
TI  - Uninsured patients in District of Columbia hospitals.

PMID- 2289753
TI  - Area variations in selected Medicare procedures.

PMID- 2289754
TI  - Malpractice insurance costs and physician practice, 1983-1986.

PMID- 2289755
TI  - The role of foundations in American society.

PMID- 2289756
TI  - Working for children: the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.

PMID- 2289757
TI  - Promoting health for all Americans.

PMID- 2289758
TI  - Achieving prescription drug savings.

PMID- 2289759
TI  - The pharmaceutical industry: a national resource.

PMID- 2289760
TI  - Constraining costs at the community level: a critique.

PMID- 2289761
TI  - Treating mental illness: generalist versus specialist.

PMID- 2289762
TI  - Insuring the children: a decade of change.

PMID- 2289763
TI  - The failure of prenatal care policy for the poor.

PMID- 2289764
TI  - Portal hypertension.

PMID- 2289765
TI  - Prediction of esophageal varices in cirrhosis by per-rectal portal scintigraphy.
AB  - Portal circulation in patients with chronic liver disease was evaluated by per
      rectal portal scintigraphy, and per-rectal portal shunt indices were calculated
      to estimate the extent of the portosystemic shunt. The purpose was to identify
      patients with cirrhosis at special risk of developing esophageal varices. The
      cumulative incidence of varices in 3 years of the study in patients whose shunt
      index was originally 20% or over, was significantly higher than that in patients
      whose shunt index was originally under 20%. The cumulative survival rate in 7
      years of the study in patients whose shunt index was originally under 70% was
      significantly higher than that in patients whose shunt index was originally 70%
      or over. The information obtained by calculating the shunt index could be used by
      physicians in out-patient clinics when deciding the schedule with which to
      monitor patients using barium esophagogram or endoscopy, and choosing the
      examination method.

PMID- 2289766
TI  - Hemodynamic evaluation of portal hypertension.
AB  - The portal circulation has long been relatively inaccessible to clinical
      investigation, a fact which has hindered the management of patients with portal
      hypertension. In recent years an increasing number of techniques have become
      available for hemodynamic evaluation of the portal circulation. This review
      discusses the most important of these, and attempts to highlight clinical
      situations in which hemodynamic assessment may be of value to the individual
      patient.

PMID- 2289767
TI  - Radiological diagnosis of bleeding esophageal varices.
AB  - With bleeding esophageal varices radiological investigation of the underlying
      cause, mostly portal hypertension, is necessary. The cross-sectional imaging
      methods are suitable for non-invasive differentiation of the various types of
      underlying obstruction. Angiography may be necessary to verify the pathological
      findings (i.e. the extent of thrombosis), for complete demonstration of the
      topographical anatomy and assessment of hemodynamic parameters, and is thus an
      integral part of the diagnostic work-up before shunt surgery.

PMID- 2289768
TI  - Conservative and semi-invasive modalities for treating bleeding esophageal
      varices.
AB  - Although controversial, pharmacological therapy aimed at controlling acute
      variceal bleeding is widely used. A combination of intravenous vasopressin and
      nitroglycerin or glypressin alone with the aim of lowering portal pressure is
      currently recommended. Immediate endoscopy is mandatory to confirm that the
      patient is bleeding from varices. When variceal bleeding is detected, the patient
      should be immediately submitted to sclerotherapy, if expert treatment is
      available, or have the bleeding controlled by balloon tamponade or by
      pharmacological means, with subsequent performance of sclerotherapy with the use
      of a flexible endoscope within 6 to 24 hours, or transportation of the patient to
      a special center during this time. If bleeding has stopped, sclerotherapy can be
      performed immediately, or the patient can be observed while appropriate long-term
      management is planned. Patients who do not respond to immediate or delayed
      emergency sclerotherapy should be identified early and their suitability for a
      shunt or devascularisation procedure assessed. There is no question that at least
      after one or two early or even late recurrences of variceal hemorrhage, surgery
      should be planned and initiated. Although sclerotherapy is the favored form of
      emergency treatment, a nonshunting procedure or a portosystemic shunt operation
      should be recommended and thoroughly evaluated in order to determine whether this
      may be a preferable therapeutic option in a minority of patients, representing
      about 20% of all patients bleeding from esophageal varices referred to our
      institution.

PMID- 2289769
TI  - Hypercoagulopathy after repeated injection of 5% ethanolamine oleate to sclerose
      esophageal varices.
AB  - Hematological and coagulating parameters were examined in 53 patients in an
      attempt to find possible evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation after
      intravascular injection of 5% ethanolamine oleate to sclerose esophageal varices.
      FDP-E in the peripheral blood measured by latex photometric immunoassay
      significantly increased from 111.2 +/- 112.9 to 234.2 +/- 178.3 ng/ml and 370.4
      +/- 189.5 ng/ml one hour after the first and second sessions of sclerotherapy,
      respectively (p less than 0.01). The other parameters showed no significant
      change, except on the first day after sclerotherapy. The increase of FDP-E was
      closely related to fibrinopeptide A (r = 0.689, p less than 0.01) and fibrinogen
      (r = 0.585, p less than 0.05), before the sclerotherapy. As repeated
      intravariceal sclerotherapy over short time intervals can lead to a deterioration
      of the coagulating system, especially in patients with abnormal preoperative
      coagulopathy, latex photometric immunoassay for FDP-E is a rapid and useful
      method of monitoring alterations in the coagulating system.

PMID- 2289770
TI  - Over-tube technique and intentional removal of the distal mucosa with repeated
      injections of 5% ethanolamine oleate to sclerose esophageal varices.

PMID- 2289772
TI  - Constipation: a medico-surgical problem.

PMID- 2289771
TI  - Indications and results of shunt operations in the treatment of patients with
      recurrent variceal hemorrhage.
AB  - None of the portasystemic shunts are ideal for all patients with recurrent
      variceal hemorrhage. Hemodynamic and clinical status should determine the type of
      shunt selected. Patients with a compatible anatomy, hepatopetal protal flow and
      controlled ascites are best served by a distal splenorenal shunt. Patients with
      variceal hemorrhage and medically resistant ascites are candidates for a side-to
      side shunt, with consideration being given to an operation that avoids dissection
      of the porta hepatis. The end-to-side portacaval shunt should be used only in the
      emergency situation when other options are not available. However, due to the
      effectiveness of other therapies, such as sclerotherapy, in controlling bleeding,
      emergency shunts are rarely required. On the basis of the controlled trials of
      distal splenorenal shunt versus sclerotherapy, the latter is the initial
      treatment of choice with distal splenorenal shunt used promptly when
      sclerotherapy fails. Patients who live in remote areas, and noncompliant
      individuals may be best served with a distal splenorenal shunt as initial
      therapy.

PMID- 2289773
TI  - Surgery for constipation: irrational things for desperate people?

PMID- 2289774
TI  - Chronic idiopathic constipation with outlet obstruction.
AB  - Defecatory difficulties may be a source of great distress to patients. Normal
      defecation requires the coordination of abdominal and pelvic muscles. Throughout
      the last decade, many studies have demonstrated various and often mixed
      abnormalities of these mechanisms. Pathophysiological studies are able to
      determine, in a specific patient, the most probable causes of the obstructive
      symptom. Progress in the management of such disorders can only be achieved by
      understanding their pathophysiology.

PMID- 2289775
TI  - Surgical aspects of severe chronic non-Hirschsprung constipation.
AB  - This paper reviews the methods available for selecting patients with disabling
      non-Hirschsprung constipation eligible for surgery, and the surgical methods
      reported. It is concluded that careful evaluation of the patient may help in
      selecting the most suitable treatment. The demonstration, however, of a specific
      morphological abnormality would, of itself, not seem to justify surgical
      correction. The surgical criteria remain to be defined by additional
      physiological research, and the outcome of the various surgical procedures is
      always uncertain. Surgery should only be undertaken in patients with disabling
      symptoms, in whom prolonged conservative treatment has failed completely.

PMID- 2289776
TI  - Neuropathology of Hirschsprung's disease: en face study of microdissected
      intestine.

PMID- 2289777
TI  - The metabolism of anthranoid laxatives.
AB  - The anthranoid compounds, which chemically can be described as dihydroxy
      anthraquinones, -dianthrones and -anthrones, possess a laxative effect. As these
      substances are the constituents of some plants and their extracts, they are often
      referred to as vegetable laxatives. If present in the glycoside form, these
      compounds represent unique targeting molecules; after oral administration they
      are carried, unabsorbed, to the large intestine, where the active aglycon is
      released by bacterial hydrolysis of the sugar. The intestinal bacterial flora
      also accounts for the reduction of anthraquinone aglycons to the corresponding
      anthrones. After absorption, the anthranoids are transformed mainly to their
      corresponding glucuronide and sulfate derivatives, which appear in urine and
      bile. Experiments with radiochemical anthranoids showed a significant clearance
      of tissue-bound activity of all organs, except the kidneys, which exhibited a
      pronounced retention of anthranoid equivalents. It is argued that therapy with
      anthrone C-glycosides (present, for example, in cascara) or dianthrone O
      glycosides (present for example, in senna) is preferable therapy with
      anthraquinones, as the anthranoid moiety of the former seems to be substantially
      less readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2289778
TI  - Specific cellular immune response in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection.
AB  - The leukocyte migration inhibition test was performed in 39 patients with
      Helicobacter pylori infection and in 38 patients without such infection. The
      culture of Helicobacter pylori was used as antigen. A highly significant
      inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration was found in patients with Helicobacter
      pylori infection. The results can be taken as proof of a systemic immune response
      to helicobacters at the cellular level in patients with Helicobacter pylori
      infection.

PMID- 2289780
TI  - Endoscopy as a hobby, and complications.

PMID- 2289779
TI  - Does jaundice increase the frequency of gastroduodenal ulcerations?
AB  - We have studied the frequency of gastric and duodenal ulcerations in 200
      jaundiced patients (106 males, 94 females, mean age: 69.1) compared with 100
      patients without jaundice (65 males, 35 females, mean age: 47.8). The study was
      designed to determine the effect of sex, age, duration and etiology of jaundice
      on the frequency of ulcerations. Each patient underwent ERCP, with careful
      examination of the stomach and duodenum. Ulcerations were seen in 35 patients
      with jaundice (17.5%) and in 2 patients without jaundice (2%). The difference was
      significant for duodenal ulcerations (p less than 0.01), but not for gastric
      ulcerations. There was no significant difference in the influence on the
      frequency of ulcerations of sex and duration of the jaundice. Ulcerations were
      more frequent in the case of neoplastic obstruction of the main bile duct (p less
      than 0.001) than in other etiologies.

PMID- 2289781
TI  - Abnormal arginine-vasopressin responses to metoclopramide and insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia in type I diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Alterations in the control of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) secretion have been
      described in type I diabetes mellitus. In order to gain a better insight into
      this problem, we examined whether insulin-dependent diabetics in good metabolic
      conditions and without diabetic complications had an abnormal AVP responsiveness
      to metoclopramide (MCP), an AVP-stimulating agent with a central site of action.
      In addition, we tested the AVP response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the
      same subjects. Twenty insulin-dependent diabetic men without neuropathy or other
      diabetic complications were divided into two groups according to the duration of
      their illness (10 patients who had been diabetic for less than 10 years, group 1,
      and 10 patients who had been diabetic for more than 10 years, group 2). Eleven
      age- and weight-matched normal men participated as controls. All groups were
      tested with MCP (20 mg in an intravenous bolus) and, on a different occasion,
      with insulin-induced (0.15 IU/kg) hypoglycemia. Experiments started after
      optimization of the metabolic status of the diabetic men by 3 days of treatment
      with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Basal concentrations of AVP were
      similar in all groups (diabetics of group 1: 2.2 +/- 0.2 pmol/l, mean +/- SE;
      group 2: 2.3 +/- 0.2 pmol/l; normal controls: 2.2 +/- 0.2 pmol/l). Administration
      of MCP induced a striking elevation of plasma AVP levels in the normal controls
      and in the diabetic subjects of groups 1 and 2. All subjects showed a mean peak
      response at 15 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289782
TI  - Plasma beta-endorphin during fasting in man.
AB  - To identify the effects of acute starvation on endogenous opioids in man, plasma
      beta-endorphin (beta-EP) was measured in 17 patients before, during and after
      fasting. Patients were assigned a posteriori into two groups: group A, comprised
      of 11 patients able to tolerate 5-7 days of fasting, and group B, comprised of 6
      patients able to tolerate 10 days of fasting. Changes in plasma beta-EP, serum
      cortisol, circulating nutritional markers, and their relative levels were
      assessed on the 5th and 10th days of fasting, and on the 5th and 10th days of the
      refeeding period. Beta-EP had increased by the 5th day (group A: 4.74 +/- 0.42 to
      6.91 +/- 0.65 pmol/l, p less than 0.01; group B: 3.60 +/- 0.48 to 5.14 +/- 0.22
      pmol/l, p less than 0.05, and remained at 5.05 +/- 0.65 pmol/l on the 10th day
      (group B: 0.05 less than p less than 0.1) during fasting. Group B had lower
      levels of plasma beta-EP on the 5th day of fasting than group A (p less than
      0.05). However, serum cortisol levels changed similarly in both groups. Plasma
      beta-EP showed no significant correlation with either the percentage of body
      weight lost or the body mass index (kg/m2) over this study period. These findings
      indicate that plasma beta-EP is elevated in the early phase of fasting, while not
      directly being associated with body weight changes. Plasma beta-EP is lower and
      less activated in subjects who are able to tolerate fasting for longer periods.

PMID- 2289783
TI  - Influence of growth hormone on thymic endocrine activity in humans.
AB  - The thymus produces humoral factors that induce the proliferation and
      differentiation of T cells which are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
      Experimental data have suggested that this thymic hormone production is modulated
      by the neuroendocrine network and, in particular, by growth hormone (GH) and
      thyroid hormones. To study the role played by GH in thymic endocrine activity in
      humans, the circulating level of one of the best known thymic peptides, i.e.
      thymulin (Zn-FTS), has been determined, after a washout period of 2 weeks without
      GH treatment, in GH-deficient children before and after a single injection of GH.
      The basal thymulin level is consistently lower in GH-deficient children than in
      healthy age-matched controls. A single injection of GH induces a significant
      increment of the thymulin level for at least 48 h. Since thymulin activity may
      also depend on zinc bioavailability, on thyroid hormone turnover and on the
      eventual presence of thymulin-inhibitory substances, all these aspects have been
      checked. No supporting evidence regarding the existence of these kinds of
      interferences in GH-deficient children has been substantiated. A positive
      correlation has been found between the serum level of insulin-like growth factor
      I, but not of GH, and thymulin activity. These data suggest that GH may directly
      or indirectly modulate the thymic endocrine function in humans. Whether and to
      what extent such a modulation is relevant to the functioning of the immune system
      remains to be ascertained.

PMID- 2289784
TI  - Regulation of growth hormone secretion in human trophoblastic cells in culture.
AB  - In this study, we have cultured in vitro purified trophoblastic cells from first
      trimester and term human placenta. These cells were obtained by specific
      enzymatic digestion and centrifugation through a Percoll gradient. Using 2
      specific monoclonal antibodies, the pituitary 22-kD growth hormone (GH) and the
      placental GH variant were assayed in the culture medium by radioimmunoassay.
      After 48 h of culture, only the placental GH variant was measured in the medium
      corresponding to first-trimester placenta (3.4 ng/24 h/10(5) cells).
      Surprisingly, an immunoactivity pattern of pituitary GH type was found in 3 out
      of 5 media conditioned with term placenta cells, while GH immunoactivity was very
      low, around the detection level, in the 2 others. These secretions are not
      modified with the time in culture and the state of differentiation of the cells
      from cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast. Neither in early nor in term
      placenta does the addition of GH-releasing factor (10(-6) M in the culture
      medium) stimulate the secretion of pituitary 22-kD GH or placental GH variant.

PMID- 2289785
TI  - Neonatal skeletal maturation in congenital hypothyroidism and its prognostic
      value for psychomotor development at 3 years in patients treated early.
AB  - Neonatal skeletal maturation was assessed by different methods based on the bone
      centres in the knee and ankle region in 46 infants with true-positive (patients)
      and 17 infants with false-positive screening tests (controls). The patients and
      controls did not differ in mean age at X-ray examination and age at the start of
      treatment (14.5 +/- 5.7 days). One of the methods used to score the size of
      femoral and tibial epiphyses was just as good as the other ones tested, but has
      the advantage of being the easiest to use and therefore clinically most suitable.
      Skeletal maturity assessed by this method correlated best with serum T4 (r =
      0.62, p less than 0.01). Griffiths tests were performed in 37 of the 46 patients
      at 28-48 months of life. The best correlation obtained between neonatal skeletal
      maturity and Griffiths global developmental quotient at 3 years of age was r =
      0.58 (p less than 0.001). Although statistically significant, it was too weak to
      be of clinical value in identifying individual patients at risk. We conclude that
      an assessment of skeletal maturation is not useful for the prognosis of
      psychomotor development in individual patients with congenital hypothyroidism
      receiving treatment within the first 2 weeks of life.

PMID- 2289786
TI  - Comparison of pattern recognition methods for computer-assisted classification of
      spectra of heart sounds in patients with a porcine bioprosthetic valve implanted
      in the mitral position.
AB  - The diagnostic performance of two pattern recognition methods (or classifiers) to
      detect valvular degeneration was evaluated in 48 patients with a porcine
      bioprosthetic heart valve inserted in the mitral position. Twenty patients had a
      normal porcine bioprosthetic valve and 28 patients had a degenerated
      bioprosthetic valve. One method was based on the Gaussian-Bayes model and the
      second on the "nearest neighbor" algorithm using three distance measurements.
      Eighteen diagnostic features were extracted from the sound spectrum of each
      patient and, for each method, a two-class supervised learning approach was used
      to determine the most discriminant diagnostic patterns composed of 6 features or
      less. The probability of error of the classifiers was estimated with the leave
      one-out approach. The performance of each method to discriminate between normal
      and degenerated bioprosthetic valves was verified by clinical evaluation of the
      valves. The best performance in evaluation of the sound spectrum (98% correct
      classifications) was obtained with the Bayes classifier and two patterns of six
      features each. The percentage of false positive classifications of valve
      degeneration was 0% and the percentage of false negative classifications was 4%.
      Sensitivity for the detection of valve degeneration was 96%, specificity was
      100%, positive predictive value was 100%, and negative predictive value was 95%.
      The best performance of the nearest neighbor method (94% correct classifications)
      was obtained by using the Mahalanobis distance and five patterns composed of
      three, four, five, or six diagnostic features. Using a pattern composed of only
      three features, the percentage of false positive classifications for degeneration
      was 10% and the percentage of false negative classifications was 4%.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289787
TI  - Spectral characteristics of sound transmission in the human respiratory system.
AB  - The amplitude of sound transmission from the mouth to a site overlying the
      extrathoracic trachea and two sites on the right posterior chest wall over the
      100-600 Hz frequency range was measured in eight healthy adult subjects. An
      acoustic driver and a rigid tube were employed to introduce sound into the mouths
      of the subjects at resting lung volume, and the transmission measurements were
      performed using lightweight accelerometers. Similar spectral characteristics of
      acceleration were observed in all of the subjects showing peaks in the
      transmission. These characteristics included 1) two regions of increased
      transmission over the frequency range of the measurements, 2) a decrease in the
      magnitude of acceleration of the chest wall as compared to the tracheal site of
      roughly 20 dB at lower frequencies, 3) a strong trend of decreasing acceleration
      of the chest wall with increasing frequency. These spectra agreed favorably with
      the predictions of a theoretical model of the acoustical properties of the
      respiratory system. The model suggests the primary structural determinants of a
      number of the observed characteristics including the importance of the lung
      parenchyma in sound attenuation.

PMID- 2289788
TI  - Approximation of surfaces in quantitative 3-D reconstructions.
AB  - In serial section reconstructions a series of planar profiles are taken
      representing curves on the surface of the structure to be reconstructed. For a
      number of quantitative serial section methods, approximation of a surface is done
      by the formation of tiles between points of adjacent profiles. As generally
      proposed, finding this approximation has been difficult due to the inordinately
      large number of possible solutions resulting from different combinations of tiles
      between points. Current algorithms have either applied heuristic criteria to
      force the formation of only one solution or have searched all acceptable
      combinations for one that minimizes some cost function. The algorithm presented
      has been developed to choose the tiling which minimizes the estimated error when
      the tile approximation of the surface is used in subsequent quantitative
      algorithm such as the calculation of surface area.

PMID- 2289789
TI  - A new approach to the modeling and control of postoperative pain.
AB  - The objective of this paper has been to explore contributions which the
      technology of control engineering can make to the relief of postoperative pain. A
      human-operated, closed-loop, analgesic drug injection system has been designed to
      alleviate chronic pain. In this system, a patient presses a button when pain
      relief is required. A computer interfaces the button to the patient's drug
      injection pump. A patient pain model has been developed to describe the dynamics
      of the human physiological and psychological responses to chronic pain. A
      pharmacokinetic model of analgesia is also included. The pain model has been
      validated by adjusting its parameters so that its behavior mimics actual button
      pressing records of self-administered analgesia. A modified Smith delay
      compensator and IPFM controller are used to compensate for the inherent
      nonlinearity of the system and to obtain the high performance required. The
      results of this simulation study are promising. The nonlinear patient pain model
      represents a contribution to the description of the dynamics and quantification
      of pain. The control algorithms proposed have shown, through modeling studies, an
      improvement in the performance of self-administered analgesia systems. The
      simulated patients obtained good pain relief without excessive button-pressing,
      and without undesirable high concentrations of opioids being observed. The
      SDC/IPFM controller architecture has been found to be robust in the presence of
      pain noise and pharmacokinetic plant parameter changes.

PMID- 2289790
TI  - Optimal design of a thermistor probe for surface measurement of cerebral blood
      flow.
AB  - Microthermistors are put on the surface of cerebral cortex to monitor local
      cerebral blood flow (CBF) continuously with minimal tissue damage and disturbance
      to the normal physiological state. Using a distributed, dynamic model of the
      measurement system, we simulated the effects of this flow measurement method
      under isothermal and adiabatic boundary conditions. Numerical results show that
      the adiabatic boundary condition can provide maximal sensitivity to perfusion
      changes at physiological perfusion levels. The constant power and constant
      temperature operating modes are compared in terms of output relation,
      sensitivity, and frequency response through analytical and numerical solutions.
      While the steady-state relations between thermistor measurements and perfusion
      for the two modes do not differ significantly, the constant temperature mode has
      better frequency response. Analytical results show that the relative sensitivity
      is the same for the two modes and is approximately proportional to the radius of
      thermistor. If there is an unperfused layer surrounding the thermistor, the
      sensitivity will decrease as the thickness of the layer increases. Simulations
      predict that the thermal measurement has a low-pass frequency response and the
      cutoff frequency is inversely proportional to the probe surface area. The results
      provide a theoretical foundation to the optimal design of thermistor probe for
      continuous CBF measurement from tissue surface.

PMID- 2289791
TI  - The construction of an anatomically based model of the human ventricular
      conduction system.
AB  - The ventricular conduction system is a complicated network of specialized muscle
      cells responsible for the transmission of electrical activity between the atria
      and the ventricles of the human heart. It has been the focus of numerous
      electrical and anatomical studies at both the microscopic and macroscopic levels.
      An understanding of its behavior at both levels is considered important, because
      it is primarily responsible for the spread of excitation in the ventricles.
      Previous computer models have been very simple ones that have been primarily
      adjuncts to models of the ventricles. This paper describes a strategy for the
      construction of conduction system models which is based on real microscopic and
      macroscopic features, although the model still is much simpler than reality. The
      model contains almost 35,000 individual cylindrical elements, each of whose
      physical dimensions approximate unit bundles of Purkinje and atrioventricular
      nodal cells. The model, whose physical appearance closely resembles that of the
      conduction system, was generated from limited anatomical data in less than 2 min
      CPU time on an IBM 3090 at the Cornell National Supercomputer Facility.

PMID- 2289792
TI  - A moving-actuator type electromechanical total artificial heart--Part I: Linear
      type and mock circulation experiments.
AB  - A new type of motor-driven total artificial heart system with a moving-actuator
      mechanism has been developed. The prototype system consists of a brushless dc
      motor inside of a rolling-cylinder, two arc-shaped pusher-plates and two
      polyurethane sacs. The moving-actuator type electromechanical pump has structural
      advantages of small size and light weight, as compared to other reported motor
      driven pumps with fixed-actuator mechanisms. The results of the mock circulation
      tests are reported in this paper with a cardiac output of 9 L/min at an aortic
      pressure of 120 mmHg and a heart rate of 120 bpm. The fulfillment of the basic
      control requirements of the artificial heart was also confirmed, i.e., preload
      sensitive and afterload insensitive cardiac output response and balanced right
      and left ventricular outputs.

PMID- 2289793
TI  - A moving-actuator type electromechanical total artificial heart--Part II:
      Circular type and animal experiment.
AB  - A new type of electromechanical total artificial heart (TAH) based on circular
      rolling-cylinder mechanism was developed to overcome critical problems in motor
      driven artificial hearts such as large size and difficulties in fitting the heart
      to atrial remnants and arterial vessels. Its performance and reliability were
      evaluated in mock circulation and in an animal implant experiment. The total
      weight and volume of the pump is 650 g and 600 mL, respectively. This new pump
      was implanted in a calf for total heart replacement and 96 h of survival was
      achieved. The whole system, including pump, controller, and control algorithm
      performed well enough to improve the prospect of eventual clinical application of
      our TAH system.

PMID- 2289794
TI  - Automatic stance-swing phase detection from accelerometer data for peroneal nerve
      stimulation.
AB  - The development of implantable peroneal nerve stimulators has increased interest
      in sensors which can detect the different phases of walking (stance and swing).
      Accelerometers, having a potential for implantation, are studied as detectors for
      the swing phase of walking to replace footswitches. Theoretically, we could show
      that accelerometers can be used to distinguish between stance and swing phase.
      Attaching accelerometers between ankle and knee joint the equivalent acceleration
      of the ankle joint was calculated. This resulted in a typical and reproducible
      signal in which the different walking phases were identified. Automatic detection
      algorithms, based on cross correlation calculation were developed and tested.
      Measurements from four healthy and four hemiplegic subjects resulted in a total
      of 317 and 272 steps, respectively. One of the hemiplegic subjects was considered
      to be a failure due to large disturbances in the acceleration signal during the
      swing phase of walking, which may be related to the use of crutches. Taking part
      of the data as a learning set and the other part as an evaluation set we found
      two errors in the push-off detection for both the healthy subjects and the
      remaining three hemiplegic subjects, out of 152 and 106 steps, respectively. In
      addition, we showed that when using one accelerometer closely below the knee
      joint almost identical results can be achieved. This could lead to a combination
      of sensor and stimulator into one implantable device.

PMID- 2289795
TI  - An algorithm for 3-D automatic movement detection by means of standard TV
      cameras.
AB  - An algorithm for the computation of 3-D coordinates (space intersection) of
      marked points on a moving subject surveyed by a couple of TV cameras is presented
      herein. It has been designed in order to meet the requirements of routinary
      analysis in biomechanic laboratories. 3-D geometrical arrangement of the TV
      cameras (space resection) is obtained by means of a method which is based on an
      iterative least-squares estimation and requires little time for calibration
      operations; 3-D coordinates are computed by means of a fast geometrical
      intersection algorithm. The whole algorithm has been extensively used in
      different laboratories and results on its reliability and accuracy are reported.

PMID- 2289796
TI  - Protecting your practice from crime.

PMID- 2289797
TI  - Advanced dental education in Illinois: a profile.

PMID- 2289798
TI  - Implementation of the National Practitioner Data Bank.

PMID- 2289799
TI  - From the Magnificent Mile to the heartland, dentistry stresses quality of care.

PMID- 2289801
TI  - Hazards of gloves in dentistry.
AB  - Concerns about AIDS, hepatitis and infection control have increased the use of
      gloves in medical and dental practice. Though generally assumed to be protective,
      gloves pose many hazards to the practitioner and patient. This is especially
      significant in dentistry where a large assortment of materials and manipulative
      techniques are used as part of treatment. Gloves, with relatively large
      porosities, are poor barriers to viruses. They can promote bacterial growth, skin
      lesions, toxic and allergic reactions in patient and staff. Gloves are costly,
      time consuming to use, reduce sensitivity and dexterity. Gloves do not protect
      the wearer from penetrating injuries, the leading source of HIV and HBV
      infections in health care workers. The use of gloves is helpful only in those
      cases where their advantages outweigh liabilities. Governmental regulations,
      requiring universal glove-wear compliance, may not be in the best public or
      professional interest.

PMID- 2289800
TI  - Dental practice developments in the state of Illinois.

PMID- 2289802
TI  - Use of an intra-pontic attachment as cosmetic support for a removable appliance.
AB  - When using an introcoronal precision attachment in a combined Fixed and Removable
      Prosthodontic case, the retention and appearance can be greatly improved. When
      taking into consideration these advantages one must not forget the disadvantages
      and possible violation of the biological principles of tooth preparation. Because
      in order to obtain a restoration with adequate contours it is necessary to reduce
      a significant amount of tooth structure. In this case the attachment is used in a
      catelever pontic avoiding any excessive tooth reduction. In metal-ceramic
      restorations it is important that a glazed surface be achieved upon completion
      because it enhances material strength and reduces plaque retention. This clinical
      report presents a step-by-step procedure using an intra-pontic attachment as a
      retainer for a removable partial denture. The procedural sequence assures optimal
      marginal integrity and glazed porcelain surfaces upon completion. A post-solder
      technique is recommended to assemble multi-abutment metal ceramic fixed partial
      dentures.

PMID- 2289803
TI  - Making the most of your newspaper advertising budget.

PMID- 2289805
TI  - Rockford dentist creates county disaster team.

PMID- 2289804
TI  - What's affecting our insurance plans.

PMID- 2289806
TI  - Alice in wonderland: a closer look at the bewildering world of UCR.

PMID- 2289807
TI  - New ISDS Mascot comes to life.

PMID- 2289808
TI  - Deadly dietary deceptions.

PMID- 2289809
TI  - Limitations of Medicaid dentistry in the 1980s.
AB  - A review is provided of the general developments of Medicaid dentistry during the
      1980s with emphasis on the variations between the state programs. "In an effort
      to control rising Medicaid costs, New York State plans this fall to set annual
      limits on doctor and laboratory visits and prescriptions for its 2.3 million
      recipients."

PMID- 2289810
TI  - [Ultrasonographic study in dermatology].

PMID- 2289811
TI  - [The so-called herpes gestationis factor in bullous pemphigoid].
AB  - We have investigated the presence of the so-called "herpes gestationis factor" in
      the serum of fifteen patients with bullous pemphigoid and one patient with
      cicatricial pemphigoid, that were negative for circulating anti-basement membrane
      antibodies, using the complement fixation test (substrate: human normal skin, 0
      group). We have found herpes gestationis factor in 30% of the serologically
      negative patients. The presence in the serum of an auto-antibody IgG1 (HGF)
      highly avid for complement, may determine the false serological negativity in
      this patient.

PMID- 2289812
TI  - [Immunophenotype of lymphocytic infiltrate in mycosis fungoides at the plaque
      stage and at the tumor stage. A comparative study].
AB  - An immunohistochemical study of 18 cases of mycosis fungoides (8 cases in tumor
      stage, 10 in plaque stage) is reported. Seven immunohistochemical parameters were
      set to evaluate the immunophenotype of the lymphocytes int he two stages of the
      disease. The results showed loss of differentiation and marked activation of the
      neoplastic lymphocytes with the progression of the disease from plaque to tumor
      stage.

PMID- 2289814
TI  - [Significance and possible role of reactive T-cell infiltrate in primary B-cell
      lymphoma of the skin].
AB  - Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (pCBCLs) represent a distinctive group from
      both the clinical and histomorphologic point of view, and, when compared with
      node-based lymphomas, tend to have a much more indolent behavior. In light of
      current knowledge of Skin Immune System (SIS), the actual cutaneous origin of
      pCBCLs and their relationship to SIS are an interesting matter of debate. In 24
      cases of pCBCLs, we evaluated the evolutionary modifications of reactive T-cell
      infiltrate and the morphologic evidence of High Endothelial Venules (HEV). The
      amount of reactive T-cells was inversely related to the growth rate of skin
      lesions; a significant correlation was found between amount of reactive T-cells
      and HEV expression. Interestingly, the dramatic reduction of reactive T-cells and
      rapid growth of neoplastic B-cells found in nodular, quickly growing lesions,
      does not however correlate with the quite good overall clinico-biologic behavior
      of pCBCLs.

PMID- 2289813
TI  - [Prevalence of food allergy in patients with urticaria-angioedema syndrome].
AB  - We have studied 239 patients, 53 males and 186 females, mean age 31.9, affected
      by urticaria-angioedema syndrome. Fifty-three patients didn't complete the study.
      One-hundred-three of the other 186 patients went on elimination diet: 111
      patients suffered from chronic urticaria-angioedema syndrome and 21 subjects
      suffered from acute syndrome. Eighty-one out of the 132 patients obtained good
      results from dietetic management (p less than 0.001). Double blind challenge test
      was positive in 42 subjects: 29 patients suffered from Food Allergy and 13
      patients from Food Intolerance. Thus, the prevalence of Food Allergy in patients
      who completed dietetic management was 21.9% (29 patients out of 132). If we
      evaluate all the 186 patients affected by urticaria-angioedema syndrome, the
      prevalence of Food Allergy is 15.5%.

PMID- 2289815
TI  - [Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Review of the literature and
      immunological studies of 11 patients].
AB  - Following a broad review of the literature referring to the histopathological
      clinical, immunological and immunogenetic characteristics of a particular variety
      of recently identified cutaneous lupus erythematosus, namely subacute lupus
      erythematous, the results of immunopathological studies in 11 patients (6 of whom
      presented the ring polycyclic variety and 5 the psoriasiform variety) are
      reported. Serum and skin samples were compared in both varieties and it was noted
      that there is: 1) a more marked incidence of hypocomplementemia and the presence
      of immune circulating complexes in the ring-polycyclic variety; 2) a more
      frequent demonstration of IgG and C at the dermo-epidermic junction and on the
      edge of superficial derma vessels in the same variety. These findings are
      interpreted as being the consequence of a more frequent and severe systemic (and
      above all renal) impairment in the ring-polycyclic variety.

PMID- 2289816
TI  - [A case of recurrent circinate erythematous psoriasis (Lapiere)].
AB  - The Authors report a case of infantile recurrent circinate erythematous
      psoriasis, as described by Lapiere, in a nine year old child. Particular features
      of the case are the relative rarity of the disease that shows a benign chronic
      recurrent course.

PMID- 2289817
TI  - [Lichen planus/lupus erythematosus overlap syndrome].
AB  - A patient, showing features of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) of the face and
      of lichen planus (LP) on the arms, is reported. The histopathology showed a
      typical LP on the dorsum of the hand and a DLE on the face, but direct
      immunofluorescence in both cases was more suggestive of LP.

PMID- 2289818
TI  - Abstracts of papers presented at the 31st Annual Conference of the Indian Society
      of Gastroenterology. Jaipur, November 25-28, 1990.

PMID- 2289819
TI  - [Antioxidant status after surgical stress].
AB  - Trauma and anaesthetics are responsible for local and general change in the
      organism. The characteristic changes in metabolism are caused by hormones. In
      addition, the increased glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, proteolysis and
      lipolysis are characteristic of this catabolic metabolism. Three groups (injured
      patients, patients with pulmonary disease, multiple trauma patients) showed an
      elevated lipid peroxidation as indicated by increased formation of TBA-reactive
      substances in the post-trauma or after surgery phase. The production of free
      radicals is supported by several stress factors. In this connection, the state of
      metabolism of the patients, several anaesthetics and the artificial respiration
      is very important. Enzymatic protecting systems (SOD, GSH-Px, Catalase) react to
      oxidative stress by positive adaptation. The non-enzymatic antioxidative systems
      (tocopherol, ascorbic acid, selen) are diminished, indicating an increased
      requirement.

PMID- 2289820
TI  - Relationship between the airway response to inhaled sulfur dioxide, isocapnic
      hyperventilation, and histamine in asthmatic subjects.
AB  - To determine whether bronchoconstriction induced by sulfur dioxide can be
      predicted by the airway response to inhaled histamine, we exposed on two days 46
      patients with asthma to air or 0.5 ppm SO2. The exposure protocol consisted of 10
      min of tidal breathing followed by 10 min of isocapnic hyperventilation at a rate
      of 30 l/min. Airway response was measured before (baseline) and after
      hyperventilation in terms of specific airway resistance, SRaw. Exposure to air
      increased baseline mean (SD) SRaw from 6.27 (2.12) to mean (SD) maximum post
      hyperventilation SRaw of 9.10 (4.38) cmH2O*s (P less than 0.0001). Exposure to
      SO2 increased mean (SD) baseline SRaw from 6.93 (3.29) to mean (SD) maximum post
      hyperventilation SRaw of 18.21 (18.69) cmH2O*s (P less than 0.0001). Mean (SD)
      effect of SO2 defined as difference between maximum post-hyperventilation SRaw
      after SO2 versus air was 9.11 (16.14) cm H2O*s. When evaluated individually, 26
      and 34 of the 46 patients showed an airway response to hyperventilation of air
      and SO2, respectively. Airway response to histamine was determined as the
      histamine concentration necessary to increase specific airway resistance by 100%,
      PC100SRaw. The airway response after SO2 and PC100SRaw showed a weak but
      significant correlation (R = -0.48), whereas the responses to hyperventilation
      and SO2 did not correlate. We suggest that the mechanisms by which histamine and
      SO2 exert their bronchomotor effects are different and that in asthmatic patients
      the risk of pollutant-induced asthmatic symptoms can be poorly predicted by
      histamine responsiveness.

PMID- 2289821
TI  - Neurophysiological and psychophysical measurements reveal effects of acute low
      level organic solvent exposure in humans.
AB  - The organic solvent tetrachloroethylene (Per) is proposed to be a human
      neurotoxicant. In order to evaluate whether the sensory system is affected by Per
      at low concentrations, two groups of male volunteers were exposed in an
      inhalation chamber to 10 and 50 ppm Per, respectively. During the inhalation
      exposure, which lasted for 4 h per day on four consecutive days, visually evoked
      potentials (VEPs) and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were measured.
      In addition, in some of these volunteers, the visual contrast sensitivity was
      determined psychophysically. In the group exposed to 50 ppm Per, the VEP peak
      latencies N75, P100 and N150 increased in the course of the inhalation period. A
      comparison of the two groups revealed statistically significant differences of
      these latency changes during Per exposure. In contrast, the BAEPs of the two
      groups did not differ significantly during the whole exposure period. The
      contrast sensitivity functions showed a tendency of increased threshold contrasts
      at low and intermediate spatial frequencies during exposure to 50 ppm Per. The
      results indicate visual system dysfunctions in terms of delayed neuronal
      processing time and altered contrast perception due to acute Per exposure.

PMID- 2289822
TI  - Hydrocarbon exposure, hypertension and kidney function tests.
AB  - Control and hydrocarbon exposed workers participated in a cross-sectional study
      about the nephrotoxicity of chronic hydrocarbon exposure. Different markers of
      glomerular and tubular function as well as the celluria were examined and
      compared. The results show that the interaction between hypertension and
      hydrocarbon exposure has an influence on the kidney function. For the clearance
      the interaction age-exposure seems to play a more important role than age or
      exposure alone. The most useful markers appear to be the albuminuria, the N
      acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity, the retinol-binding-protein concentration
      and the creatinine clearance.

PMID- 2289823
TI  - Variability in transepidermal water loss of the skin: evaluation of a method to
      assess susceptibility to contact dermatitis in epidemiological studies.
AB  - Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) has been suggested to be a measure which can be
      used to identify subjects at risk for the development of contact dermatitis.
      Transepidermal water loss is high when the barrier function of the skin is
      impaired. It is assumed that subjects with a high TEWL have skin which is more
      permeable to substances causing contact dermatitis. The inter-individual and
      intra-individual variability of simultaneous TEWL measurements and TEWL
      measurements over a period of three weeks were estimated in healthy individuals.
      The intra-individual coefficient of variation (CV) of simultaneous measurements
      was 13.5%. The intra-individual coefficient of variation of the measurements on
      consecutive days was somewhat higher (15.1%). The intra-individual coefficients
      of variation were low compared to the inter-individual coefficients of variation.
      The results indicate that transepidermal water loss is a stable personal
      characteristic, which can be studied as a risk factor in epidemiologic studies on
      contact dermatitis.

PMID- 2289824
TI  - Short-term respiratory changes in polyurethane foam workers exposed to low MDI
      concentration.
AB  - Our study included 27 polyurethane foam workers exposed to MDI only at low
      concentrations (ranging from 0.0005 to 0.001 ppm) and 27 clerks from the same
      factory matched by age. Respiratory function tests were performed on a Monday and
      Friday of the same week at shift onset, 4 h later and at shift end. The subjects
      under study were asymptomatic for asthma. The two groups had quite similar
      spirometric values with minimal functional impairment. A statistical analysis was
      carried out by Student's t-test for matched pairs and two-way analysis of
      variance (ANOVA), in order to take into account both occupational exposure and
      smoking habits. No significant differences between the two groups were observed
      with paired t-tests in the respiratory parameter trend during both the Monday and
      Friday work shift. Nor were differences observed within the two groups when
      Friday's and Monday's results were compared. No significant differences between
      the two groups were found in paired comparisons between Friday and Monday for
      respiratory parameters. ANOVA demonstrated that the FEV1 and FEF25-75 reduction
      present on Friday, when compared to Monday, was related to smoking and not to
      occupational exposure. In conclusion our findings showed no short-term
      respiratory changes in subjects exposed to low MDI concentration.

PMID- 2289826
TI  - Improvement in HPLC analysis of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid, a promising
      substitute for phenol in the assessment of benzene exposure.
AB  - Urinary trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), a minor metabolite of benzene, is a
      potential candidate for biological monitoring of benzene. A clean-up procedure
      using SPE extraction cartridges was applied to urinary samples in order to
      improve the reliability of t,t-MA determinations by HPLC-UV greatly and to carry
      out convenient analyses on a routine scale, particularly at low levels of t,t-MA
      concentrations. The detection limit of the method is low enough to measure
      urinary t,t-MA at a concentration of 0.05-0.1 mg/l. The recovery rates and
      relative standard deviations from spiked urines (1 mg/l to 20 mg/l) were about
      90% and 5%, respectively. t,t-MA was found to be rapidly excreted by rats and
      humans. In rats the background range never exceeded 0.5 mg/l with a mean
      concentration around 0.3 mg/l. In 49 human blank urines, t,t-MA average and
      median-value were respectively around 0.2 and less than 0.1 mg/l with a range of
      less than 0.1 to 0.5 mg/l. Experimental exposure of rats for 1 h to 10.2 ppm of
      benzene induced urinary excretion of 13 mg/l of t,t-MA during a 6-h post-exposure
      period while occupational exposures to 2.6 ppm (mean exposure level during 5 d-8
      h) and 7 ppm (4 h) of benzene resulted in urinary excretion of 2.1 (mean
      excretion level) and 6.5 mg/l respectively at the end of the exposure. In humans,
      t,t-MA has a similar half-time as phenol. Analysis of urinary t,t-MA seems to be
      a better indicator than phenol for the assessment of exposure to low levels of
      benzene. Ingestion of 200 mg of sorbic acid, the only other known precursor of
      t,t-MA, interfered minimally with the background excretion of t,t-MA.

PMID- 2289825
TI  - Increased formation of DNA adducts in cultured fibroblasts of patients with
      aplastic anemia after in vitro incubation with benzo(a)pyrene.
AB  - In inbred mice strain DBA/2, genetically controlled differences in aryl
      hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity have been demonstrated that predispose to
      aplastic anemia. To test the hypothesis of a similar mechanism in humans, we
      studied the formation of benzo(a)pyrene DNA adducts and water-soluble metabolites
      in skin fibroblasts from eight patients with aplastic anemia and eight normal
      controls. The ratio of water-soluble metabolites and DNA adducts was 46.5 +/-
      16.6 in patients and was significantly lower as compared to 82.9 +/- 38.5 in
      controls (P less than 0.05). We conclude that increased formation of genotoxic
      intermediates may be a pathogenetic mechanism in some patients with aplastic
      anemia.

PMID- 2289827
TI  - Single needle haemodialysis.

PMID- 2289828
TI  - Is folate supplementation necessary in dialysis patients?

PMID- 2289829
TI  - Hyperparathyroidism and parathyroidectomy in renal failure.

PMID- 2289830
TI  - The University: an ancient guide to modern solutions in present techno-medicine.

PMID- 2289832
TI  - Kinetic modeling of intracellular pH and comparison with 31P NMR experimental
      values in dialysed uremic patients.
AB  - Changes in intra-erythrocytic pH values over time, during and after bicarbonate
      hemodialysis, were studied with 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Simultaneously,
      pH values of whole blood were obtained by a gazometric method. A two-compartment
      model appeared to be the simplest kinetic model to explain the shifts in proton
      concentrations in extra- and intra-cellular media. Non-linear regression was used
      to determine exchange constant values. There was a very good correlation between
      the experimental and calculated proton concentrations. This model can describe
      all patients but individual experimental constants must be determined. Under
      these conditions a single blood pH determination before dialysis will permit
      determination of the initial intra-erythrocytic pH and monitoring of intra
      erythrocytic pH during hemodialysis.

PMID- 2289831
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and beta 2-microglobulin levels in chronic
      hemodialysis patients.
AB  - We measured tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha), interleukin-1 (IL1-B), and beta-2
      microglobulin (B2M) levels in 10 chronic hemodialysis patients before and during
      dialysis with six different dialysate/dialyzer combinations. The mean pre
      dialysis serum level of B2M was 23.4 +/- 11.1 mg/L (nl less than 3 mg/L). There
      was no significant effect of hemodialysis with any dialysate/dialyzer combination
      on intradialytic serum B2M levels. Five patients had detectable pre-dialysis
      serum levels of TNF alpha (greater than 40 pg/ml) at least once and 2 had
      detectable levels prior to all dialyses. Six patients had detectable pre-dialysis
      serum levels of IL1-B (greater than 20 pg/ml) at least once, and 2 had detectable
      levels prior to all dialyses. Serum TNF alpha, IL1-B and B2M levels were not
      significantly correlated with one another. Our data do not support the hypothesis
      that blood-membrane interactions significantly affect circulating levels of TNF
      alpha, IL1-B or B2M. Chronic high level elevations of plasma IL1-B and TNF alpha
      are not uniformly observed in hemodialysis patients, arguing against a role for
      these substances as systemic uremic toxins.

PMID- 2289833
TI  - Particle release from haemodialysers.
AB  - Release of particles from eight makes of hollow-fibre and one make of flatplate
      dialyser have been studied, and the relationship between rinsing volume and
      particles recovered established. In a supplementary study the effect on the
      number of particles released was assessed when striking the dialyser header
      during priming. Particle size distribution indicated that the majority of the
      particles recovered were less than 5 microns in diameter. A separate analysis of
      the particles in the 5-30 micron size range showed two different patterns of
      particle release. In the dialysers containing ethylene vinyl acetate (EVAL) or
      Cellulate the number of particles recovered were within the 95% range of the
      particles in the rinsing fluid and did not alter with increasing rinsing volume.
      In the dialysers containing Cuprophan and Hemophan the initial particle numbers
      were higher but fell rapidly up to a 450 ml rinse volume; increasing the rinse
      volume to 1050 ml did not alter particle recovery. Analysis of variance failed to
      differentiate between individual dialysers. Striking the header during priming
      resulted in a transient statistically nonsignificant increase in the number of
      particles recovered.

PMID- 2289834
TI  - The fluid mechanics of a sac-type ventricular assist device.
AB  - Flow visualisation and velocity measurement studies have been carried out on the
      liquid side of a sac-type VAD. The objectives have been to identify both good
      (e.g. short residence times) and bad (e.g. high turbulence levels) flow
      characteristics. The flow was visualised using polystyrene micro-spheres
      illuminated with white light on selected transverse planes across the pumping
      chamber and its inlet and outlet connections. These results then served as a
      guide for velocity measurements using laser-Doppler anemometry. Flow tests were
      run using water or a water/glycerol mixture. Operating conditions were determined
      from the appropriate fluid mechanics modelling laws to ensure dynamical
      similarity. Initially, steady flow behaviour was investigated including the
      effects of removal and insertion of the tilting-disc inlet and outlet valves. In
      subsequent full pumping tests, using a pneumatic driver, regions of high shear,
      separation, and high turbulence intensity have been identified.

PMID- 2289835
TI  - Micro-pressure sensor for continuous monitoring of a ventricular assist device.
AB  - We have been involved in the development of a clinical ventricular assist device
      (VAD) system. Here, we report our investigation of in vitro and in vivo stability
      and sensibility of pressure microsensors. The sensors were mounted in the in-flow
      and out-flow cannulae wall to measure the left atrial and aortic pressures during
      VAD pumping. The pressure sensitive surface of the piezoresistive effect absolute
      pressure sensor was coated with a thrombo-resistant polymer, as was the inner
      surface of the cannulae of the VAD. In the in vitro and chronic animal
      experiments which were of more than a month duration, reliable stability and
      sensitivity, without any thrombus formation on the blood contacting surface of
      the sensors, and high sensitivity were observed. After chronic experiments, the
      sensitivity of sensors was reevaluated in the mock circulatory system as compared
      to reference values. The relationship between the output of the micro-sensors and
      the reference value was linear and correlated well.

PMID- 2289837
TI  - Model of removal of immunoglobulins from plasma by extracorporeal
      immunoadsorption with sepharose-protein A.
AB  - A mathematical model is developed which relates the time needed to perform
      immunoadsorption with Sepharose-Protein A to the column dimensions and choice of
      whether to use one or two columns. Measurements of parameters needed to apply the
      model, including the reaction rate constant and adsorption capacity, are
      reported. It is concluded that one large column can remove immunoglobulins more
      quickly than two smaller columns containing the same total volume of Sepharose
      Protein A, but with the penalty of a greater loss of other plasma constituents.
      The model involves only simple computations, and can be applied to other
      immunoadsorbents if the dissociation constant of the complex formed by adsorption
      is lower than the final plasma concentration of the molecule adsorbed.

PMID- 2289836
TI  - Evaluation study of calves with total artificial heart (TAH) surviving for 218
      293 days of pumping.
AB  - Evaluation of five longest surviving calves among a total of 54 longterm
      survivors, at the Brno Research Centre was performed. These calves were treated
      by administration of antihypertensives and partially by electrical stimulation of
      the right atrium to reduce central venous pressure (CVP). Treatment for CVP was
      effective, as compared with two groups of 5 calves each not treated in this way,
      and it is assumed to be an important factor for prolongation of survival.
      Mineralization of driving diaphragms was present in all these calves. No
      preventive measures of this pathologic change were performed in this group.
      Another complication is hemolysis, which is partly caused by immune mechanisms
      initiated by administration of alpha-methyl dopa and partly by mechanical
      destruction due to a heavily mineralized driving diaphragm. The prevention of
      mineralization is another important problem for future research. Other problems,
      concerning the survival of TAH recipients are discussed.

PMID- 2289838
TI  - Past, current, and future directions in Canadian drug policy.
AB  - Canada's earliest drug laws were directed at the opiates and cocaine. More recent
      concerns have been with cannabis, other hallucinogens, and the reemergence of
      cocaine, especially in the form of crack. Renewed enforcement efforts, combined
      with the redirection of priorities toward demand reduction via educational
      intervention, have been the hallmarks of recent Canadian drug policy initiatives.
      Some implications of these strategies for the future definition of the boundaries
      of Canada's drug problems, and likely policy directions, are discussed.

PMID- 2289839
TI  - Substance misuse and the law in the Dominican Republic.
AB  - This article addresses critical issues dealing with substance use and misuse in
      the Dominican Republic: the present state of drug use and misuse, the law, and
      efforts to deal with the problem. Drawing upon the available literature,
      observations, and personal interviews, the paper discusses the current efforts
      relative to the problem of substance use and misuse, offering recommendations
      dealing with future policies on drug use and misuse in the Dominican Republic.
      Among the recommendations, it is felt that the problem of substance misuse needs
      to be recognized as a national priority and that the current law, punitive in
      nature, must be reviewed, taking into consideration the different points of view
      of those involved and/or affected by the drug problem.

PMID- 2289841
TI  - The past, present, and future of drug abuse and its prevention in Spain.
AB  - This article sets out the basic guidelines being applied in governmental and
      institutional action concerning drug trafficking and consumption in Spain. After
      a brief survey of the history of trafficking and consumption, and of government
      policy in this area, the current Spanish National Drugs Plan is described in
      detail. This ambitious project is of recent date, and it is still too early to
      attempt exhaustive evaluation of its results. However, a number of suggestions
      based on consideration of what has been achieved so far are made in the hope that
      they may serve to redirect future efforts to where they are most needed in this
      urgent field.

PMID- 2289840
TI  - Coca and cocaine in Peru: an international policy assessment.
AB  - Using part of a set of ethnographic data gathered over a 5-year period on the
      political economy of cocaine in Peru, the study examines the impact of coca and
      cocaine on the social and economic policies of Peru. Before assessing the
      Peruvian government's role in international drug policy, the article briefly
      surveys the traditional use of coca and production, trafficking, and abuse of
      cocaine within the context of a much larger national problem. The paper concludes
      with a critical evaluation of the limited investment in crop substitution and
      eradication programs supported by the American government.

PMID- 2289842
TI  - Britain's "substance abuse policy": realities and regulation in the United
      Kingdom.
AB  - The historical development of policy concerning drugs in Great Britain is
      described. A major feature of this is that it originated out of international
      agreement rather than being the result of a domestic need. Not until the 1960s
      was there an emergence of evidence of a growing number of drug users. This led to
      the removal of the right to prescribe drugs in treatment from doctors in general
      practice and the establishment of clinics for the treatment of addicts. It is
      noted that the policy is substantially punitive and that large numbers of people
      are dealt with by the courts for drug offenses. The statistical data on drugs and
      the current treatment practices are also discussed.

PMID- 2289845
TI  - Research and clinical practice.

PMID- 2289843
TI  - U.S. drug policy in the 1990s: insights from new data from arrestees.
AB  - What has been overlooked in recent years, and what the new findings presented in
      this paper indicate, is that even as there has been a welcome and dramatic drop
      in middle-class and causal drug use in the United States, revealed by the
      National Household Survey and the High School Senior Survey, there remains a
      stubborn hard core of drug use in criminals. Data from the newly established Drug
      Use Forecasting (DUF) program suggest that the arrestee population contains many
      of the frequent users of cocaine in the United States. These arrestees are part
      of a deviant segment of the population having multiple behavioral, vocational,
      and educational deficits. The danger exists that as drug use declines in the
      middle class, this residual group of dysfunctional drug users will become a
      national scapegoat subject to extremely harsh societal reactions, or
      alternatively, be neglected and "written off" by the larger society. A more
      humane alternative is to take advantage of the access to these persons that the
      criminal justice system affords to address their drug use and associated
      problems.

PMID- 2289844
TI  - Vertical facial excess in children: a clinical perspective.

PMID- 2289846
TI  - Mapping neuropeptide-containing pathways in the brain with special reference to
      data obtained from the rat limbic system.

PMID- 2289847
TI  - Spermatogenesis of Drosophila hydei.

PMID- 2289848
TI  - Molecular biology of the anion exchanger gene family.
AB  - The gene family of anion exchangers consists of at least four or five members, of
      which three have been characterized at the cDNA level. AE1-3 encode polypeptides
      that share significant homology with the erythrocyte anion exchanger, band 3
      (AE1). Expression of cDNAs encoding these genes in heterologous systems confirms
      that this sequence similarity is reflected in the capacity to mediate reversible
      Cl/HCO3 exchange. While the NH2-terminal domain of band 3 is known to interact
      with several cytoplasmic proteins in erythrocytes, the function of the analogous
      domains of AE2 and AE3 remains unknown. The AE1 gene is expressed coordinately
      with other erythroid genes during erythropoiesis in both avian and mammalian
      erythroid progenitor cells. In addition, AE1 is expressed at the basolateral
      plasma membrane of the acid-secreting intercalated cells of the kidney. AE2 is
      expressed in a number of epithelial and nonepithelial cells; it may be expressed
      in the Golgi apparatus of some of these cells. AE3 is expressed in excitable
      tissues, including neurons and muscle. It is likely that these proteins play a
      role in regulation of intracellular pH and chloride in their respective tissue.
      Understanding of the physiological roles of these proteins, both for ion
      transport and for plasma membrane organization, remains a central issue.

PMID- 2289849
TI  - Modes of cell migration in the vertebrate embryo.

PMID- 2289850
TI  - Transcriptional control of alcohol dehydrogenase genes in plants.

PMID- 2289851
TI  - The phagosome-lysosome membrane system and its regulation in Paramecium.

PMID- 2289852
TI  - [Continuing education. Syncope].

PMID- 2289854
TI  - [What is guaranteed in fibrinolytic therapy of deep venous thrombosis?].

PMID- 2289853
TI  - [What is reliable in therapy of osteoporosis?].

PMID- 2289855
TI  - [What is guaranteed in therapy of acute intermittent porphyria?].

PMID- 2289856
TI  - [Aminosalicylates in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases].

PMID- 2289857
TI  - [What is guaranteed in the therapy of primary biliary cirrhosis with bile
      acids?].

PMID- 2289858
TI  - [Diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and inner ear hearing loss (Wolfram syndrome)
      in a 29-year-old patient].

PMID- 2289860
TI  - [Evaluation of blood pressure in stress].

PMID- 2289859
TI  - [Bilateral renal artery embolization for refractory nephrotic syndrome].

PMID- 2289861
TI  - [Continuing education. Hematuria].

PMID- 2289862
TI  - [Bone metabolism and the parameters of its activity].

PMID- 2289864
TI  - [Metabolic osteopathies in childhood].

PMID- 2289863
TI  - [The pathomorphology of metabolic osteopathies--the information potentials of
      iliac crest biopsies, the pathophysiology and the latest ideas on the structure
      of the spongiosa].

PMID- 2289865
TI  - [Tumorous osteopathy and tumorous hypercalcemia].

PMID- 2289866
TI  - [Paget's disease of the skeleton].

PMID- 2289867
TI  - [Benzene-associated myelofibrosis at an early stage].

PMID- 2289868
TI  - [Autoimmune hemolytic anemia following recurrent infections with Salmonella
      typhimurium and E. coli].

PMID- 2289869
TI  - [Lipid-lowering agents--the costs/use relation].

PMID- 2289870
TI  - Isis Current Bibliography of the history of science and its cultural influences.
      1990.

PMID- 2289871
TI  - Structural requirements for binding of adenosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP
      gamma S) to human neutrophils.
AB  - Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) respond via pertussis toxin-sensitive
      pathways to extracellular nucleotides with an elevation in intracellular calcium
      ([Ca2+]i) and enhancement of the O2- generation induced by the chemotactic
      peptide N'-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP). Binding studies with adenosine 5'-O-(3
      thio[35S]triphosphate) ([35S]ATP gamma S) have recently identified at least two
      classes of receptors on intact human neutrophils. In this study, we further
      characterize nucleotide binding to this receptor with respect to its specific
      structural requirements. Utilizing [35S]ATP gamma S as the primary ligand and
      various nucleotides and ATP analogues, competitive binding studies demonstrate
      that: (1) the triphosphate tail is essential for maximal receptor binding; (2)
      chemical modifications of the phosphate tail have profound effects on binding
      efficacy; (3) the base ring is recognized by the receptor, with purines being
      preferentially recognized; and (4) except for a spacing function, the ribose ring
      of nucleotides does not appear to be important for nucleotide binding. In
      addition, we demonstrate that the presence of divalent cations inhibits [35S]ATP
      gamma S binding, suggesting that the tetraanionic form of ATP (ATP4-) is the
      nucleotide species reactive with the receptor.

PMID- 2289872
TI  - In vivo augmentation of local xenogeneic graft-versus-host reaction by cimetidine
      and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin.
AB  - Histamine-2 receptor blocker therapy (cimetidine) was combined with nonspecific
      Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunomoderation in order to obtain a more
      directed immunostimulatory response. To establish this the local xenogeneic graft
      versus-host reaction (XGVHR) was used as objective in vivo parameter. In this
      placebo-controlled experiment the lymphocytes of inbred Sprague-Dawley rats were
      transferred intradermally to partially immunosuppressed guinea pigs after
      treatment with either or both of the test substances. The surface areas of the
      local XGVHRs were evaluated 48 and 72 h later. The local XGVHRs caused by
      lymphocytes obtained from rats treated with either cimetidine or BCG alone did
      not differ significantly from those caused by lymphocytes obtained from placebo
      treated rats. Combination therapy, however, resulted in significant augmentation
      of the local XGVHR, clearly indicating a synergistic effect between cimetidine
      and BCG. The XGVHR appears to be a satisfactory model for evaluating drug effect
      on cell-mediated immune reaction in vivo.

PMID- 2289873
TI  - Corticosteroid and immune responses of mice following mini-osmotic pump
      implantation.
AB  - Serum corticosteroid (CS) levels were measured in (B6xA)F1 mice following the
      implantation of ALZET mini-osmotic pumps. Studies of shipment stress were used as
      a basis for comparison. At 24 and 48 h following the implantation of pumps CS
      levels were moderately elevated. However, immunization of animals at 24 h
      postsurgery with sheep erythrocytes showed normal immune responses. The results
      of these experiments indicate that the use of mini-osmotic pumps for the delivery
      of immunomodulatory drugs induces moderate and short-term increases in CS levels,
      which do not appear to interfere with normal immune function.

PMID- 2289874
TI  - Uromodulin: a specific inhibitor of IL-1-initiated human T cell colony formation.
AB  - Uromodulin, an 85 kDa naturally occurring immunosuppressant, was found to
      selectively and specifically inhibit the ability of IL-1 to induce colony
      responses by highly enriched suspensions of PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes.
      Dilutions of 1 x 10(-8) M completely blocked the colony growth of T lymphocytes
      cultured with 50 U/ml IL-1; 1 x 10(-9) M dilutions reduced scores by 83%. By
      contrast, uromodulin did not inhibit the responses of unseparated mononuclear
      cells, isolated T lymphocytes cultured with irradiated adherent cells, or
      stimulated T cells whose growth was initiated by either IL-2 or a soluble factor
      derived from Raji cells.

PMID- 2289875
TI  - Intramedullary osteosynthesis. 1. Kuntscher nailing in the femur.
AB  - Based on more than 20 years experience, the authors support the effectiveness of
      intramedullary nailing in the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the femur.
      They review the history and advantages of this method and discuss the
      biomechanical principles on which it is based. Recent advances in technique have
      made it possible to secure proximal and distal anchorage in cancellous bone. This
      allows the method to be extended to more proximal and distal fractures than in
      the traditional method which is applicable only to the middle third. It also
      facilitates progressive axial compression, early loading and early mobilisation
      of the limb, thus creating the optimum biological conditions for consolidation
      and joint function. The closed method also reduces blood loss and the risk of
      infection. The techniques adopted to deal with more complex situations are
      described. These include moderately comminuted oblique and spiral fractures and
      certain bifocal fractures. Finally, the results of treating 450 cases are
      reviewed, with a longterm analysis of 198 patients.

PMID- 2289876
TI  - A comparison between cemented and cementless implants in revision arthroplasty of
      the hip following resection arthroplasty.
AB  - Twenty patients underwent hip re-arthroplasty following resection arthroplasty
      due to former prosthetic infection, aseptic loosening, or TBC coxitis. In 9 cases
      Gentamycin-loaded cement was used. In 11 the re-arthroplasty was cementless. The
      overall results, evaluated by the Mayo and Harris scoring systems, were
      moderately good. Seventy-five per cent of patients reported relief from pain and
      improved hip function. However, in the previously infected cases significantly
      better results were found in the cementless group, while major complications such
      as deep infection, luxation, or loosening of the implant were mainly concentrated
      in the cementless re-arthroplasties following aseptic loosening and cemented re
      arthroplasties following septic as well as aseptic failures.

PMID- 2289877
TI  - The association of two or more surgical methods in the tibia.
AB  - The authors propose the association of two or more surgical methods in the
      treatment of aseptic pseudarthrosis of the tibia with the object of increasing
      the probability of union and reducing the period of disability. Based on the
      anatomo-pathological features of the pseudarthrosis, methods aimed at obtaining
      mechanical stability (fibula pro tibia, Kuntscher) and methods which stimulate
      biological repair (decortication, transplants) are associated. The results
      obtained confirm the theoretical presuppositions, revealing a relatively short
      amount of time required for healing.

PMID- 2289878
TI  - Immediate complications and associated lesions in fractures of the pelvis. A
      review of 447 cases.
AB  - The high incidence of pelvic fractures and the frequency of complications and
      associated lesions encouraged us to conduct a retrospective study with the
      purpose of evaluating the treatment of these patients. 447 fractures of the
      pelvis were reviewed. Of these, 84% were characterised by associated lesions
      either secondary to the fracture or involving other systems. Collaboration
      between the various disciplines involved is essential in order to guarantee the
      best possible treatment of these patients.

PMID- 2289879
TI  - The surgical treatment of recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder.
AB  - The authors analysed the results obtained in 94 recurrent dislocations of the
      shoulder submitted to surgery between 1979 and 1988 according to the Latarjet
      method. After considering the reasons for selecting this method, they discuss
      some aspects of the physiopathology of recurrent dislocation and instability of
      the shoulder. the principles of the Latarjet method are described and the Patte
      modification, used by the authors since 1986, is briefly illustrated. The long
      term results were evaluated according to the walch and Duplay evaluation scheme.
      Sixty-nine patients with a follow-up ranging from a minimum of 1 year to a
      maximum of 9 were reviewed. The results were excellent or good in 93% of the
      cases.

PMID- 2289880
TI  - Osteoid osteoma of the talus.
AB  - The talus is a rare site of predilection for osteoid osteoma. This tumor, in its
      juxta-articular position, presents particular clinical and pathological features.
      Three cases of subperiosteal osteoid osteoma are discussed in patients aged 15,
      17 and 25 years. In diagnosis, a basic role is played by awareness of the
      disease, which must lead to the use of bone scan, indicating the site of the
      pathological lesion, which may be difficult to determine because of subtle
      radiographic modifications, and particularly because of long-term changes in the
      symptoms. Radiographic examination (standard x-rays, enlarged x-rays), often
      characterises and reinforces what is diagnostically suspected. CAT clearly shows
      the features and type of osteoid osteoma in relation to the adjacent structures.
      Sequential angioscintigraphy, based on the captation curve of the radionuclide,
      may suggest the nature of the lesion, subsequently confirmed by the macroscopic
      picture and histological examination.

PMID- 2289881
TI  - Intramedullary osteosynthesis. 2. Kuntscher nailing in fractures of the tibia.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to discuss diaphyseal fractures of the tibia treated
      by intramedullary Kuntscher nailing. This is based on 368 cases treated over the
      last 20 years. Closed intramedullary osteosynthesis favours the healing process,
      resulting in the early formation of callus which is of good quality and abundant.
      A careful review of the cases showed a 93.7% incidence of good results.

PMID- 2289882
TI  - A new guide in the surgical reconstruction of the cruciate ligaments.
AB  - The authors present a guide for the perforation of the transskeletal tibial and
      femoral tunnels during reconstruction of the anterior and posterior cruciate
      ligaments, by both arthroscopy and arthrotomy. This guide is accurate,
      maneuverable, light and has the advantage of being able to be oriented at
      different planes.

PMID- 2289883
TI  - The correction of valgus knee by temporary epiphyseal stapling.
AB  - Unilateral temporary epiphysiodesis with Blount staples is a surgical method used
      to gradually correct axial deviations of the knee, slowing down the growth of one
      side of the conjugate cartilage. The authors analyse the results obtained with
      this method in the treatment of infantile valgus knee, in an attempt to determine
      an average monthly value of angular correction, based on which it is possible to
      plan the best time to perform this type of surgery. They affirm the effectiveness
      of the procedure, the success of which nonetheless appears to be related to the
      correct choice of the site of application and the number of staples used.

PMID- 2289884
TI  - Arthrodesis of the knee: a baropodometric evaluation of the long-term results.
AB  - A study of plantar loading has a place in orthopaedic literature today thanks to
      the studies conducted by various authors (Stott et al., 1973; Braun et al., 1980,
      Corvi et al., 1985; Salsano et al., 1986; Pisani, 1987). It is the purpose of
      this study to report the results obtained by using the baropodometer to study the
      static and dynamic functions of the foot in patients who were submitted to
      arthrodesis of the knee 15 or more years ago.

PMID- 2289885
TI  - The Steindler method in the treatment of paralytic elbow flexion.
AB  - Based on an average follow-up of 8.6 years, the authors analyse the functional
      results obtained in 16 patients submitted to Steindler flexoroplasty of the elbow
      between 1975 and 1986. The absence of active flexion of the elbow produces a
      severe deficit in the upper limb even when there is good function of the shoulder
      and hand. Since 1921, the year in which Steindler published a report on his
      surgical method, numerous surgical methods have been described for the treatment
      of paralytic elbow. Clark (1946), Merle d'Aubigne et al. (1956), Brook and Sendon
      (1959) propose transposing pectoralis major by suturing it to the tendon of the
      biceps muscle. Le Coeur (1953) instead isolates pectoralis minor and then
      transposes it on the biceps tendon. Bunnel (1951) describes two methods: the
      first consists in isolating the sternocleidomastoid by lengthening it with the
      fascia lata and inserting it into the tendon of the biceps, the second proposes
      anteriorly transposing the distal triceps tendon. Hovnanian (1956) and Zancolli
      and Mitre (1973) transpose the latissimus dorsi by inserting it distally on the
      distal biceps tendon, while Axer et al. (1973) transpose part of the same muscle.
      It is the purpose of this study to report the experience obtained using the
      Steindler method in 22 patients affected with paralysis of the flexor muscles of
      the elbow.

PMID- 2289886
TI  - Mineralometry of the lumbar spine and histomorphometry of the iliac crest:
      preliminary results of a comparison of several parameters in the same individual.
AB  - Twelve patients affected with various bone pathologies (osteoporosis, renal
      osteodystrophy, osteogenesis imperfecta, hyperparathyroidism) were submitted to
      mineralometry of the lumbar spine with double photonic ray and transiliac biopsy
      for histomorphometry. A comparison of the values obtained for the mineralometric
      and histomorphometric parameters--despite the small number of cases--revealed a
      correlation between bone mineral content of the lumbar spine and trabecular and
      cortical bone volume of the iliac crest. The correlation is even more significant
      for the sum of these last two parameters. It may be concluded that: 1) both the
      methods have predictive values for an evaluation of osteopenia; 2) the
      measurement of cortical and subcortical bone volume increases the significance of
      the histomorphometric finding (which is usually limited to the trabecular bone
      volume); 3) there is a correlation between histomorphometry (iliac crest bone
      volume) and mineralometry (lumbar spine with double photonic ray) in the same
      individual.

PMID- 2289887
TI  - Fractures and osteoporosis.
AB  - The prevention of fractures in the elderly population has become a primary
      objective of public health because of the costs involved, in both economic and
      social terms. The present effective method for measuring bone mass has called
      attention to the relationship between osteoporosis and the risk of fracture. A
      reduction in bone mass is a determining factor, but not in itself sufficient for
      an overall understanding of the problem. This study collates anatomical,
      physiological, biomechanical and epidemiological data, which makes it possible to
      evaluate the different factors involved in predicting fractures in subjects
      affected with osteoporosis.

PMID- 2289888
TI  - Experimental osteoporosis in the rat induced by a hypocalcic diet.
AB  - The administration of a diet deficient in calcium in the rat quickly produces a
      reduction in the skeletal mass, with narrowing of the diaphyseal cortex, and less
      density of the metaphysis. The bone mineral content, determined by a double ray
      photonic mineralometer, is significantly lower as compared to controls, while
      histological examination does not reveal defects in calcification. The
      pathogenetic mechanism is characterised by stimulation of the parathyroid glands
      in response to a decrease in plasma calcium determined by the insufficient diet.
      We observed a bone response in two phases: the first, with elevated velocity of
      remodelling and prevalence of osteoclastic resorption despite the presence of
      intense osteoblastic activity; the second, with reduced bone remodelling (except
      for the metaphyseal area). Although these observations do not imply that human
      osteoporosis involves the same pathogenetic mechanism, it appears possible to use
      this experimental model to study the effects of endocrine and pharmacological
      factors on the activity of bone remodelling, which also in human osteoporosis is
      characterised by the prevalence of osteoclastic resorption.

PMID- 2289889
TI  - Pelvic stabilisation of a large chordoma of the sacrum. Description of a case.
AB  - Chordoma is a primary malignant bone tumour which derives form residue of the
      notochord. It constitutes 1.4% of all primary bone tumours, and in approximately
      half the cases it is localised in the sacrum. It is characterised by slow growth,
      but also by high local invasiveness, local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis.
      The literature reports many cases of chordoma of the sacrum, most of which do not
      extend beyond the second sacral metamere. The case presented here is a large
      chordoma which extended proximally as far as the 1st sacral metamere bilaterally,
      so that subtotal resection of the sacrum was required. There is very little data
      in the literature on the stability of the pelvis after such ample removal.
      Considering the young age of the patient we decided to stabilise the pelvis with
      Luque segmental instrumentation.

PMID- 2289890
TI  - Distractional hemi-epiphysiolysis of the wrist. Presentation of a case and the
      surgical method used.
AB  - It is the purpose of this study to illustrate the possibility of correcting
      angular deformities of the wrist during growth by means of asymmetrical
      epiphyseal distraction (distractional hemi-epiphysiolysis), using the Monticelli
      Spinelli external fixator. The authors present and discuss some problems related
      to this method due to the rarity of its clinical application to the upper limb,
      and to the wrist in particular.

PMID- 2289891
TI  - Posterior hip dislocation with slice fracture of the femoral head: removal of the
      cephalic fragment.
AB  - Three patients with posterior dislocation of the hip associated with Pipkin type
      II fracture of the femoral head were treated surgically by removal of the
      cephalic fragment, as closed reduction had not been satisfactory. The clinical
      and radiographic results were good after 1 year, and none of the patients showed
      radiographic signs of avascular necrosis.

PMID- 2289892
TI  - Anti-idiotypes used in immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 2289894
TI  - Silver staining of nucleolar organizer region associated proteins using
      polyethylene glycol as the protective colloidal developer.
AB  - A simple modification to the silver staining technique for the demonstration of
      nucleolar organizer region associated proteins is described. Polyethylene glycol
      20,000 is used instead of gelatin as the colloidal developer. This modified
      technique remains a one stage procedure that is quick and easy to perform. It
      results in reduced precipitate and less non-specific staining with specimens in
      which it had been previously difficult to demonstrate these intranuclear silver
      staining structures.

PMID- 2289893
TI  - Immunohistochemical detection of tumour-associated aldehyde dehydrogenase in
      formalin-fixed rat and mouse normal liver and hepatomas.
AB  - This communication describes a method and results for the immunohistochemical
      detection of a tumour-associated isoenzyme of aldehyde dehydrogenase (BALDH). The
      method is a substantial improvement over standard histochemical detection methods
      which require either frozen or mildly fixed tissues, since BALDH expression was
      detected in the cells of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded liver tissues of both
      mice and rats. Using the immunohistochemical method, we detected BALDH expression
      diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatomas in the male Sprague-Dawley rat and in male
      B6C3F1 mouse hepatomas induced with either diethylnitrosamine, ethylnitrosourea
      or dichloroacetic acid. BALDH was also detected in three hepatoma cell culture
      lines which express different levels of BALDH. These results were compared to
      results with normal liver and hepatoma sections from the same animals and the
      three cell culture lines using a standard histochemical method to detect BALDH.
      In nearly all these tissue sections and cell cultures, expression of BALDH was
      detected in identical sites with either method. The diethylnitrosamine and
      dichloroacetic acid induction of the BALDH isozyme, as reported here, has not
      been reported previously and further substantiates the use of BALDH as a
      histochemical marker for mouse hepatocarcinogenesis. Given the few reliable
      histochemical markers for mouse hepatocarcinogenesis, the immunohistochemical
      method will be useful for further validation of BALDH as a histochemical marker
      for this species. Thus, BALDH expression could be detected in any number of
      carcinogen-induced lesions such as altered foci, nodule or hepatomas, from
      archived, formalin-fixed tissues of past mouse carcinogenesis studies which were
      based on a variety of mouse strains, carcinogens and induction protocols.

PMID- 2289896
TI  - [New illuminated spectacles for vestibular diagnosis].
AB  - Frenzel's spectacles have been essential tools for the clinical examination of
      the vestibular system since 1925. However, they may lead to false-negative
      results because they enable the patient to fixate, or to false-positive results
      because they induce pseudospontaneous nystagmus. Both pitfalls originate from
      direct illumination of the patient's eyes, and we propose a new design using
      indirect illumination.

PMID- 2289895
TI  - [Current pathophysiologic aspects of allergic rhinitis, II].

PMID- 2289897
TI  - [Frequency spectra and filtering of the early auditory evoked potential].
AB  - We analysed the spectral content of click-evoked fast auditory evoked potentials
      (FAEPs) at stimulus levels of 80 dB nHL and were able to demonstrate the
      influence of the different frequency bands of the FAEP spectrum on the shape of
      the FAEP. The different kinds of filter and their typical effects are discussed,
      and some examples are demonstrated. Analogue high-pass filters with a steep slope
      change the shape of the FAEP markedly, because of the great phase distortion (non
      linearity of the phase function). Therefore only one-pole filters (6 dB/octave)
      with a low cut-off frequency below about 70 Hz should be used. Higher cut-off
      frequencies can be used with digital zero-phase or linear-phase highpass filters.
      However, such frequency components which are essential for amplitudes and/or
      latencies of the FAEP should not be attenuated strongly by the filtering.
      Therefore, the low cut-off point should not exceed about 200 Hz.

PMID- 2289898
TI  - [Effect and effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in chronic hearing
      disorders. Report of 557 cases 1989].
AB  - After ten applications of hyperbaric oxygen therapy to 557 patients with hearing
      loss, 27.8% of the patients experienced a hearing improvement of more than 10 dB.
      Tinnitus improved in 62.2% of all cases. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy should be used
      for all cases of extreme hearing loss or severe tinnitus that is resistant to the
      usual therapy.

PMID- 2289899
TI  - [Fine needle biopsy in diagnosis of cervical lymph node changes].
AB  - In this study the validity and specificity of fine needle aspiration biopsy in
      cervical lymph node disease was examined. From 1983 to 1989, 495 outpatients were
      subjected to fine needle aspiration biopsies. One hundred and seven of the smears
      were not usable due to insufficient material. Tumour cells were found in 124 of
      the remaining 388 smears. In 117 of these cases the cytological findings were
      confirmed by later histology or clinical history. In the 7 remaining cases the
      cytological diagnosis of malignant lymphoma was disproved by histology. There
      were 38 (14%) false-negative diagnoses in 264 smears without tumour cells. In
      most of these cases the patient had undergone prior surgical or radiation therapy
      or had a malignant lymphoma. In spite of this relatively high number of false
      negative results fine needle aspiration biopsy is helpful in the diagnosis of
      cervical lymph node disease. It must be emphasized that it is a screening method
      only: in the diagnosis of a tumour the method can only confirm and never disprove
      the clinical suspicion of malignancy.

PMID- 2289900
TI  - [Voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy in West Germany. Current state of
      the art].
AB  - In 1987 Lopez published the results of a survey of voice rehabilitation after
      total laryngectomy as carried out by 400 North American ENT surgeons. In order to
      obtain the same information on the current state of voice rehabilitation in the
      German Federal Republic we did a similar survey of 103 ENT clinics. Ninety-five
      (92%) questionnaires were evaluated. Each year, 2200 laryngectomies are carried
      out in Germany. Oesophageal speech is the most frequently used form of voice
      rehabilitation in both countries. In the USA voice prostheses are fitted by 88%
      of the surgeons questioned to a total of 30% of patients; in Germany only 22% of
      the clinics in which laryngectomy is carried out fit these devices to a total of
      5.6% of patients. External vibrators are used with equal frequency (28%). In
      contrast to the United States, where intraoral aids are currently used in 15% of
      patients, we do not employ these at the present time at all. Voice shunt
      operations (Staffieri, Asai, Amatsu etc.) are still carried out in 7 clinics
      (6.7%) on 0.7% of all patients (USA: 16% of surgeons on 15% of patients). In the
      United States 9% of patients are not rehabilitated compared with 6.7% in the
      Federal Republic.

PMID- 2289901
TI  - [Diagnosis of oropharyngeal function with FLASH-MR tomography].
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has several advantages over conventional X-ray
      methods: the patient is not exposed to radiation; images of any chosen level can
      be taken without changing the position of the patient; soft tissues are well
      differentiated; and artefacts due to dental materials are avoided. Thus, in
      certain fields of ENT diagnosis MRI is superior to computed tomography, for
      example, in the imaging of acoustic neuromas, glomus tumours and tumours of the
      parotids, oropharynx and orbit. The measuring time per slice image, which was
      previously measured in minutes, has been reduced by a factor up to 1000 by the
      FLASH (fast low angle shot) technique. Thus, it is now possible to follow human
      physiological processes on an MRI film with a frame speed of 5 pictures using a
      whole-body magnet. Films of speech, tongue movements and the act of swallowing
      reveal the value of this technique for the functional diagnosis of disease of the
      oropharynx. Precise imaging of the anatomical and functional situation,
      especially of soft tissues, is superior to that of previous methods such as
      ultrasound, X-ray, and endoscopy.

PMID- 2289902
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of tumor-induced facial paralysis. Chordoma of the
      craniocervical transition].
AB  - A chordoma rarely arises in the head and neck: it is considered as malignant
      because of its clinical behaviour and histological appearances. Usually chordomas
      paralyze the third to the sixth cranial nerves. We report a paralysis of the
      facial nerve, an event not so far reported as an early symptom of chordoma of the
      head and neck.

PMID- 2289903
TI  - Case report. Louisiana Crozat study club.

PMID- 2289904
TI  - Maxillary expansion and its effect on nasal respiration.

PMID- 2289905
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment planning of germination.

PMID- 2289906
TI  - Dental applications of ultrasound treatment.

PMID- 2289907
TI  - Essentials of a successful practice.

PMID- 2289909
TI  - Segmental diastolic narrowing of epicardial coronary arteries in aortic
      regurgitation. Phase analysis by quantitative angiography of coronary artery
      diameter change during cardiac cycles.
AB  - A new finding of a segmental narrowing of the left anterior descending coronary
      artery in diastole (diastolic narrowing: DN) was reported. DN was found in 6 out
      of 45 patients (13.3%, 5 males, 1 female) with chronic aortic regurgitation (AR).
      It is likely that aortic regurgitation was more severe in terms of the history of
      heart failure, regurgitant fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index
      and pressure, and aortic diastolic pressure in the patients with DN compared with
      those without DN. The phasic change of DN in cardiac cycles was analyzed by
      quantitative angiography, and indicated that DN commences at a point in mid
      diastole when coronary vascular driving pressure (the instantaneous aortic and LV
      pressure difference) becomes abnormally reduced, reaches its maximum at end
      diastole, and gradually recovers as aortic pressure increases during systole. In
      two patients, DN was no longer evident after valve replacement. We concluded that
      DN, a new coronary arteriographic finding, reflects the integrated severity of
      AR.

PMID- 2289908
TI  - Estimation of left-ventricular systolic performance and its determinants in man
      from pressures and dimensions of one beat: effects of aortic valve stenosis and
      replacement.
AB  - Within a thick heart-chamber wall, there is a midwall element or layer whose
      displacements best express systolic performance. The volume enclosed by that
      midwall element (Vm) and the average stress in that element (sigma m) can be
      calculated accurately by simple formulae. From simultaneous left-side pressure
      tracings and contrast cine-ventriculograms, Vm and sigma m were calculated at 20
      ms intervals for an entire cardiac cycle in five normal subjects and in eight
      patients before and one year after replacement of stenotic aortic valves. Prior
      to surgery, the overloaded left ventricles were not hypertrophied enough to
      restore normal mid- and end-ejection stresses. Four had subnormal cavity ejection
      fractions, but all had subnormal midwall ejection fractions. All had subnormal
      fractional midwall ejection rates and prolonged active intervals (from the
      beginning of activation to the end of deactivation). Judging from pre-ejection
      pressure-development rates, the pressure-developing ability was not consistently
      elevated by concentric hypertrophy, because the stress-developing ability
      (contractility) was usually subnormal. The ability to shorten in the absence of
      afterload appeared to be subnormal in about half of the cases. The subnormal
      midwall ejection fractions appeared to be due to various combinations of
      increased mid- and late-ejection stresses, reduced contractility, and reduced
      shortening ability. On average and in several cases, reduced shortening ability
      appeared to be the main cause of the reduced performance. The effect of the
      slowed fractional midwall ejection rate to reduce the midwall ejection fraction
      was partially compensated by a prolonged active interval, by prolonged ejection
      time relative to the active interval, and by a more sustained ejection rate.
      Valve replacement partially restored all values except contractility towards
      normal, but the restorations of wall/cavity ratio and active interval were
      slight.

PMID- 2289911
TI  - Contractility to minimize oxygen consumption for constant work in dog left
      ventricle.
AB  - We studied whether an optimal Emax (contractility index) to minimize myocardial
      O2 consumption (MVo2) for a constant external work (EW) and, hence, maximize
      mechanical work efficiency exists as a nadir of MVo2 within the physiological
      range of Emax. MVo2 and Emax were measured in the left ventricles (LV) of 10
      dogs. In each experiment, heart rate, cardiac output, and mean aortic pressure
      were kept constant by pacing, bypassing the right heart, and adjusting the
      inflation of an intra-aortic balloon, respectively, to maintain a constant EW.
      MVo2 was determined as the product of coronary arteriovenous O2 difference, and
      coronary blood flow drained from the right heart. Emax was obtained by an abrupt
      aortic occlusion method. We changed Emax over 1.4-16.1 mmHg.ml-1.100 g) by
      dobutamine, propranolol, and sodium pentobarbital. The obtained MVo2-Emax
      relationship showed that MVo2 correlated positively with Emax in 9 of the 10 dogs
      (correlation coefficients = 0.68-0.96). In one of the 9 dogs and the remaining
      dog, MVo2 slightly increased with decreases in Emax below 7-8 mmHg.ml-1.100 g. We
      conclude that the optimal Emax to minimize MVo2 for a constant EW does not
      generally exist as a nadir of MVo2 in the physiological range of Emax in dog
      hearts.

PMID- 2289910
TI  - Clinicopathological study of myocardial infarction with normal or nearly normal
      extracardiac coronary arteries. Quantitative analysis of contraction band
      necrosis, coagulation necrosis, hemorrhage, and infarct size.
AB  - In order to clarify the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (MI) in
      hearts with normal coronary arteries, infarct size, and the extent of contraction
      band necrosis (CBN), coagulation necrosis, and hemorrhage were quantitatively
      examined using an image analyzer in 5 autopsy cases of MI with normal or nearly
      normal extracardiac coronary arteries. One patient died 40 h after acute MI. A
      second patient with acute MI due to severe spasm of segment 6, confirmed by
      cineangiography, died three days later. The third patient had already suffered a
      subarachnoid hemorrhage, and died 10 h after the onset of acute MI. The fourth
      patient had aortic stenosis and regurgitation. She developed acute MI due to
      total occlusion of segment 6, confirmed by cineangiography 4 h after the onset,
      and died 61 days later. Autopsy revealed old anteroseptal MI with normal coronary
      arteries and valvular thrombi. The fifth patient had a malignancy, and died one
      day after the onset of acute MI. Autopsy revealed multiple occlusive thrombi in
      the small intramural coronary arteries of the left ventricular wall supplied by
      segment 14, without any stenosis in the feeding vessel. Most infarcts were
      localized in the territory supplied by 1 or 2 of the 3 epicardial coronary
      arteries, and coincided with the clinically diagnosed infarct site. The infarct
      size ranged from 3%-26% of the left ventricular wall, and infarcts were generally
      localized to the inner third of the wall (67 +/- 20%). Histological examination
      of the four patients with acute MI revealed diffuse CBN (86 +/- 14% of the
      infarcted area) and/or hemorrhage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2289912
TI  - Chromatographic procedures for the separation of water-soluble acid dye mixtures.
      1955.

PMID- 2289913
TI  - Determination of pentachlorophenol in animal tissues: a Canadian perspective.
AB  - Analytical methods for pentachlorophenol (PCP) residues in edible animal tissue
      have been reviewed, with particular reference to gas chromatographic methods of
      analysis. Results of analyses demonstrate that significant residues of PCP can
      persist for several weeks in animals exposed to contaminated bedding. National
      surveys in Canada have found that the incidence of PCP residues in pork in excess
      of 0.1 ppm was reduced from 32% of survey samples in 1981-1982 to 6.6% of samples
      tested in 1987-1988. An interlaboratory sample exchange among Canadian
      laboratories demonstrated that the PCP analytical method currently used by
      Agriculture Canada could be successfully transferred to other laboratories. An
      exchange of samples between regulatory laboratories of Agriculture Canada and the
      Food Safety and Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
      demonstrated equivalency of results for the 2 methods currently used in the
      respective laboratories, with relative standard deviations for analytical results
      ranging from 4.4 to 22.2%.

PMID- 2289914
TI  - Matrix solid phase dispersion isolation and liquid chromatographic determination
      of five benzimidazole anthelmintics in fortified beef liver.
AB  - A multiresidue method for isolation and liquid chromatographic determination of 5
      benzimidazole anthelmintics (thiabendazole, oxfendazole, mebendazole,
      albendazole, and fenbendazole) in beef liver tissue is presented. Blank or
      benzimidazole-fortified liver samples (0.5 g) were blended with octadecylsilyl
      derivatized silica packing material (C18, 18% load, endcapped, 2 g). A column
      made from the C18/liver matrix was first washed with hexane (8 mL), following
      which the benzimidazoles were eluted with acetonitrile. The acetonitrile extract
      was then passed through an activated alumina column. The eluate contained
      benzimidazole analytes that were free from interfering compounds as determined by
      UV detection (photodiode array, 290 nm). Correlation coefficients of standard
      curves for individual benzimidazoles isolated from fortified samples, using
      internal standardization, were linear (0.996 +/- 0.002 to 0.999 +/- 0.001) with
      average relative percentage recoveries from 62.0 +/- 6.7 to 86.8 +/- 8.6% for the
      concentration range (100-3200 ng/g) examined. The interassay variability was 7.0
      +/- 4.1 to 12.9 +/- 10.2% with an intra-assay variability from 2.2 to 4.0%.

PMID- 2289915
TI  - Matrix solid phase dispersion isolation and liquid chromatographic determination
      of oxytetracycline in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle tissue.
AB  - A method for isolation and liquid chromatographic determination of
      oxytetracycline in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle tissue is presented.
      Blank control and oxytetracycline-fortified fish muscle tissue samples (0.5 g)
      were blended with octadecylsllyl (C18, 40 microns, 18% load, endcapped)
      derivatized silica packing material (2 g) containing 0.05 g each of oxalic acid
      and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. A column made from the C18/fish tissue
      matrix was first washed with hexane (8 mL), following which the oxytetracycline
      was eluted with acetonitrile-methanol (1 + 1, v/v) containing 0.06% w/v each of
      butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. The eluate contained
      oxytetracycline analyte that was free from interfering compounds when analyzed by
      liquid chromatography with UV detection (photodiode array set at 365 nm).
      Standard curves for oxytetracycline isolated from fortified samples were linear
      (0.998 +/- 0.002) with an average absolute percentage recovery of 80.9 +/- 6.6%
      for the concentration range (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 ng/g)
      examined. The interassay variability was 11.3 +/- 5.2% with an intra-assay
      variability of 1.1%.

PMID- 2289916
TI  - Matrix solid phase dispersion isolation and liquid chromatographic determination
      of sulfadimethoxine in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle tissue.
AB  - A method for the isolation and liquid chromatographic determination of
      sulfadimethoxine in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle tissue is presented.
      Blank control and sulfadimethoxine-fortified fish muscle tissue samples (0.5 g)
      were blended with octadecyisilyl (C18, 40 micrograms, 18% load, endcapped)
      derivatized silica packing material. A column made from the C18/fish tissue blend
      was first washed with hexane (8 mL), following which the sulfadimethoxine was
      eluted with dichloromethane (8 mL). The eluant contained sulfadimethoxine analyte
      that was free from interfering compounds when analyzed by liquid chromatography
      with UV detection (photodiode array, 270 nm). Standard curves for
      sulfadimethoxine isolated from fortified samples were linear (0.999 +/- 0.001)
      with an average relative percentage recovery of 101.1 +/- 4.2% for the
      concentration range (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 ng/g) examined using
      sulfamethoxazole as the internal standard. The interassay variability was 10.7 +/
      8.2% with an intra-assay variability of 2.2%.

PMID- 2289917
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay for screening of sulfathiazole in honey.
AB  - A simple enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed to screen honey samples for
      sulfathiazole (ST) adulteration. Honey samples required only a 30-fold dilution
      before use in the procedure. Because 96 well microtiter plates were used and only
      100 microL of diluted honey sample was required per well, numerous replicates or
      samples could be tested simultaneously. The EIA was able to detect at least 0.3
      ppm levels of ST in honey and also provide a rough quantitation of ST amounts.

PMID- 2289918
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of multiple sulfonamide residues in bovine
      milk.
AB  - A liquid chromatographic method has been developed for simultaneous determination
      of residues of 10 sulfonamide drugs at 10 ppb and above in raw bovine milk. The
      method is based on a chloroform-acetone extraction, evaporation of organic phase,
      dissolution of residues in an aqueous potassium phosphate solution, and
      extraction of fatty residue into hexane. The aqueous layer is collected,
      filtered, injected onto an LC system, and detected by ultraviolet absorption at
      265 nm. To elute all 10 sulfonamides isocratically, 2 chromatographic conditions
      are required. Seven sulfonamides can be quantitated with 12% methanol in the
      mobile phase; 4 sulfonamides can be quantitated with 30% methanol.
      Sulfamethazine, the most widely used sulfonamide, is detected on both systems.
      Recoveries are 44-87% for individual sulfonamides, with only 2 below 60%.
      Coefficients of variation are 3-13% at 10 ppb.

PMID- 2289919
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of cephapirin residues in milk.
AB  - A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for quantitative determination
      of cephapirin residues in milk that also resolved cephapirin from ampicillin,
      cloxacillin, and penicillin G. Diluted milk was passed through a C18 cartridge on
      which the cephapirin was adsorbed; then, interfering material was removed by
      washing with water and methylene chloride and cephapirin residues were eluted
      with methanol-acetonitrile (25 + 75). After drying, residues were dissolved in
      the mobile phase for injection. The LC system had an ultrasphere-ODS column with
      RP-18 Spheri-10 guard column and a UV detector with a 254 nm filter. The mobile
      phase was 85% sodium acetate (0.01M) and 15% methanol-acetonitrile (25 + 75) with
      a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Sensitivity was 20 ppb or less with a recovery of 61-80%
      in the range studied. Other beta-lactam antibiotics tested did not interfere with
      detection of cephapirin. Analysis of 30 samples of commercial homogenized milk
      obtained for a survey of antibiotics in consumer milk in Canada revealed no
      detectable cephapirin residues.

PMID- 2289920
TI  - Determination of pyrantel in swine liver by flame ionization gas chromatography
      and confirmation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - During an evaluation of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
      confirmatory procedure of Lynch and Bartolucci for pyrantel residues in swine
      tissues, we developed a GC flame ionization method for quantitating pyrantel
      residues in extracts of swine liver. The method was subjected to trial
      principally in the laboratories of Biospherics, Inc., using control liver,
      fortified control liver, and incurred liver tissue samples. Although the method
      does not meet all of the current Food and Drug Administration criteria, it
      compares favorably to the official determinative method. Portions of the same
      extract can be used for quantitation and for GC/MS confirmation, true recoveries
      appear to be slightly higher, and an internal standard is not required. The
      precision of this method equals or exceeds that of the official determinative
      method.

PMID- 2289921
TI  - Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of six sulfonamide residues
      in egg and animal tissues.
AB  - A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method using selected ion monitoring
      mode for simultaneous determination of 6 sulfonamides in egg and edible animal
      tissues has been developed. Sulfonamides are extracted from a sample with
      acetonitrile. The extract is passed through a silica cartridge column and
      concentrated. Diazomethane in ether is added to methylate sulfonamides. After
      evaporation, the residue is dissolved in methylene chloride and cleaned up by
      silica gel column chromatography. The methylene chloride eluate containing
      sulfonamide-methyl derivatives is evaporated to dryness, redissolved in ether and
      partitioned between 6N hydrochloric acid. The acid phase is made alkaline,
      extracted with ether, and the ether solution, after concentration, is analyzed by
      gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. Average
      recoveries from egg and silver salmon fortified at 1 and 0.2 ppm levels with 6
      sulfonamides are 99.2 and 84.3%, respectively; coefficients of variation are 7.03
      and 11.20%, respectively. Detection limits are 0.01-0.05 ppm.

PMID- 2289922
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of clobetasone-17-butyrate in ointments.
AB  - A liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been developed for determination of
      clobetasone-17-butyrate in ointment using clobetasone propionate as an internal
      standard. Separation was carried out on a C18 reverse-phase column using water
      methanol as a mobile phase. Methylparaben and propylparaben (both sodium salt)
      used as preservatives did not interfere with separation. Compounds are detected
      photometrically at 235 nm. Mean assay results for 0.05% commercial ointments were
      100.36% (n = 5). Mean recovery of clobetasone-17-butyrate added to commercial
      ointment was 99.89%.

PMID- 2289923
TI  - Analysis of illegally distributed anabolic steroid products by liquid
      chromatography with identity confirmation by mass spectrometry or infrared
      spectrophotometry.
AB  - Anabolic steroid products found in the illegal market are primarily oil-based
      injectables or tablets and often do not contain the ingredients declared on the
      label. An analytical scheme based on a reverse-phase liquid chromatographic (LC)
      system for screening, tentative identification, and quantitation is presented.
      Methanolic sample extracts are chromatographed on an octadecyl column using 2
      mobile phases (methanol and (75 + 25) methanol-water) and tracked at 3
      wavelengths (240, 210, and 280 nm) or with a photodiode array UV detector.
      Retention time ratios (RR) relative to testosterone and UV data are used for
      tentative identification. The same LC system serves as a cleanup and isolation
      step for identity confirmation by direct insertion probe mass spectrometry (MS)
      or Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR). Recoveries range from
      96.2 to 100.2% for 11 different steroids extracted from sesame oil. LC RR values
      for over 40 steroids, analytical results for typical products, and MS and FTIR
      spectra for selected compounds are presented.

PMID- 2289924
TI  - Turbidimetric assay of tylosin in animal feeds containing urea.
AB  - A turbidimetric method is described for determination of tylosin in animal feeds
      containing urea. This method includes several modified or new steps to existing
      turbidimetric and AOAC plate assays that improve the extraction of tylosin,
      remove interferences from feeds, free tylosin activity, concentrate tylosin from
      low-level feeds, and reduce variability of assay results. A larger analytical
      sample size has been incorporated into the assay to decrease variability of assay
      results. A methanol-phosphate buffer extraction solution has replaced the hot
      buffer and methanol extraction solution. A hydrolysis step, which is not
      contained in the AOAC plate assay, was developed to free tylosin from the tylosin
      urea adduct that forms over time in feeds containing urea. A disposable C18
      column was used to concentrate tylosin from feeds at levels less than 15 ppm. By
      increasing the analytical sample size from 25 to 100 g, the coefficient of
      variation for 12 weighings of cattle feed was reduced from 28.4 to 9.3%. Average
      recoveries from cattle rations containing tylosin at levels of 8, 10, and 100 ppm
      were 94, 94, and 91%, respectively.

PMID- 2289925
TI  - Determination of ivermectin in medicated swine feeds at the 2 ppm concentration
      level.
AB  - An analytical method has been developed that is applicable to the determination
      of Ivermectin in medicated feeds at the 2 ppm concentration level. It is based
      upon liquid chromatographic analysis with a reverse-phase column and ultraviolet
      detection. After the drug is extracted from the feed into methanol, an analytical
      sample is prepared by the consecutive use of column chromatography on alumina and
      solid-phase extraction on Sep-Pak C18 and silica cartridges. This procedure has
      been applied to the concentration range 0.50-3.0 ppm of Ivermectin in feed with
      an accuracy of +/- 2% mean relative error and a precision of +/- 2% relative
      standard deviation at the 2 ppm concentration level.

PMID- 2289926
TI  - Determination of gentian violet, its demethylated metabolites, and leucogentian
      violet in chicken tissue by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
AB  - A method is presented for determination of residues of gentian violet (GV), its
      demethylated metabolites (pentamethyl and tetramethyl), and leucogentian violet
      (LGV) in chicken tissue. The analytes are extracted from tissue with
      acetonitrile/buffer and partitioned into methylene chloride. Polar lipids are
      removed on an alumina column followed by partitioning into methylene chloride
      from a citrate buffer. The compounds of interest are isolated on a disposable
      carboxylic acid cation exchange column and then eluted with 0.02% HCl in
      methanol. GV, its metabolites, and LGV are determined by liquid chromatography
      using isocratic elution with a buffered mobile phase from a cyano column and
      amperometric electrochemical detection at +1.000 V. Average recoveries of GV and
      LGV from commercially purchased chicken liver fortified with 20 ppb of each
      compound were 92% [standard deviation (SD) = 7, coefficient of variation (CV) =
      7.6%] and 86% (SD = 7, CV = 8.1%), respectively. Average recoveries of GV, LGV,
      the pentamethyl metabolite, and 1 of the tetramethyl metabolites from control
      chicken liver (provided by the Center for Veterinary Medicine) fortified with 20
      ppb of each compound were 80% (SD = 7, CV = 8.8%), 76% (SD = 3, CV = 3.9%), 83%
      (SD = 6, CV = 7.2%), and 76% (SD = 8, CV = 10.5%), respectively. Mean results
      from 10 analyses of residue-incurred chicken liver were 31 ppb GV (SD = 3, CV =
      9.7%), 34 ppb pentamethyl metabolite (SD = 3, CV = 8.8%), and 40 ppb tetramethyl
      metabolite(s) (SD = 2, CV = 5.0%), for an average value of 105 ppb total residues
      (SD = 6, CV = 5.7%); no LGV was found. Data are also presented to show
      applicability of the method to muscle tissue.

PMID- 2289927
TI  - Gas chromatographic-chemiluminescence method for determination of volatile N
      nitrosamines in minced fish-meat and surimi-meat frankfurters: collaborative
      study.
AB  - A collaborative study was carried out on a solid-phase extraction method for
      separating volatile N-nitrosamines, particularly N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA),
      from combination minced fish or surimi-meat frankfurters with detection by gas
      chromatography-chemiluminescence (thermal energy analyzer). The results from the
      10 collaborators were evaluated using the most recent AOAC guidelines for
      determining outliers and for the analysis of variance. For NDMA, repeatability
      standard deviations, sr, ranged from 0.56 to 2.25; repeatability relative
      standard deviations, RSDr, ranged from 8.9 to 11.5%. Reproducibility standard
      deviations, SR, for NDMA ranged from 1.40 to 6.49, and reproducibility relative
      standard deviations, RSDR, ranged from 24.2 to 28.9%. Our data compared favorably
      to the reproducibility (RSDR) curve of Horwitz. The method has been adopted
      official first action by AOAC.

PMID- 2289928
TI  - Design and analysis of qualitative collaborative studies: minimum collaborative
      program.
AB  - Collaborative studies involving qualitative data are usually conducted under
      design constraints to fulfill the requirements for quantitative studies. The data
      from these qualitative studies are often analyzed in a manner that ignores the
      fact that collaborative studies involve matching (i.e., each laboratory analyzes
      a portion of each test sample). This report presents some design considerations
      and analysis procedures for qualitative collaborative studies that take into
      account that the design involves matching. Suggestions are offered as to the
      number of laboratories and test samples to use in the minimum collaborative
      program, and analysis procedures for outier screening are detailed. Method
      performance is assessed through such indicators as sensitivity, specificity,
      false positive, and false negative rates. Methods for estimating the error of the
      performance indicator rates are explained, and procedures are given for
      estimating false positive and false negative rates for lot defect rates that may
      occur in practice.

PMID- 2289929
TI  - Colorimetric and fluorometric substrate immunoassays for detection of Salmonella
      in all foods: comparative study.
AB  - Two modified fluorescent enzyme immunoassays for the detection of Salmonella in
      food have been developed. Both of the new procedures, which substitute a
      colorimetric substrate for the fluorescent substrate and in which results are
      read visually or with a photometer, are modifications of AOAC method 989.15. The
      visually read procedure uses the same antibody-coated wells as in method 989.15.
      The colorimetric end point of the assay is determined by comparing the solution
      color to a color chart. The assay result may also be read in a photometer, if the
      solution is first transferred to a transparent microtiter well. The second
      procedure designed to be read in a photometer substitutes clear, antibody-coated
      wells for those used in the fluorescent assay. The colorimetric assays employ
      identical monoclonal antibodies for capture and detection of Salmonella as used
      in the fluorescent assay. In this comparative study, the performance of each new
      assay was consistent with the performance of method 989.15. These methods have
      been adopted official first action by AOAC as alternative methods for the
      detection of Salmonella in foods.

PMID- 2289930
TI  - Determination of sulfur dioxide in grapes: comparison of the Monier-Williams
      method and two ion exclusion chromatographic methods.
AB  - Results for determination of sulfur dioxide in grapes were compared by 3 methods:
      the modified Monier-Williams method, acid distillation/ion exclusion
      chromatography with electrochemical detection (AD/IEC-EC), and alkali
      extraction/ion exclusion chromatography with electrochemical detection (AE/IEC
      EC). An unusual positive response was observed during the later stage of the
      Monier-Williams distillation of both control grapes and sulfited grapes.
      Development of volatile acidic compounds in parallel with this Monier-Williams
      response and darkening of sample was also observed by collection in an alkali
      trap and analysis using anion exclusion chromatography and photodiode array
      detection. No parallel increase in sulfite was observed by the more selective
      AD/IEC-EC method, which clearly demonstrated that the response observed during
      the later stage of the Monier-Williams method is a false positive, probably due
      to caramelization reaction products. Monier-Williams results for grapes
      containing ca 10 ppm sulfite were in reasonably good agreement with those by
      either the AD/IEC-EC or AE/IEC-EC methods, presumably because the false positive
      response in the Monier-Williams analysis compensated for the somewhat incomplete
      recovery of sulfite. The AE/IEC-EC method is recommended because it is rapid,
      sensitive, straightforward, and free from interference. Accurate results by
      Monier-Williams analysis could be obtained by limiting distillation to 60 min and
      correcting for recovery.

PMID- 2289931
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of three sulfonamides in animal tissue and
      egg.
AB  - Sulfonamides are widely used as a feed additive in animal production in Japan.
      The present paper is a determination of 3 sulfonamides: sulfamethazine (SMZ),
      sulfamonomethoxine [SMX, 4-amino-N-(3-methoxypyrazinyl)-benzenesulfonamide], and
      sulfadimethoxine (SDX) in animal tissue and egg by liquid chromatography (LC).
      Tissues were extracted with acetonitrile and fat was removed by liquid/liquid
      partition. The sulfonamides were purified by an ODS cartridge column; then each
      compound was separated by an ODS LC column and detected at 268 nm. Quantification
      levels were 0.02 ppm for SMZ and SMX, and 0.04 ppm for SDX; detection limits were
      0.01 ppm for SMZ and SMX, and 0.02 ppm for SDX. Calibration curves were linear
      between 2 and 40 ng for SMZ and SMX, and between 4 and 80 ng for SDX. Recoveries
      from muscle and egg samples spiked with 1-2 micrograms/10 g were 81-98%.

PMID- 2289932
TI  - A displacement pump procedure to load extracts for automated gel permeation
      chromatography.
AB  - Automated gel permeation chromatography (GPC) effectively separates lipids from
      pesticides in sample extracts that contain fat. Using a large syringe to load
      sample extracts manually onto GPC models having 5 mL holding loops is awkward,
      slow, and potentially hazardous. Loading with a small-volume displacement pump,
      however, is convenient and fast (ca 1 loop every 20 s). And more importantly, the
      analyst is not exposed to toxic organic vapors because the loading pump and its
      connecting lines do not leak in the way that a syringe does.

PMID- 2289933
TI  - Chiral high performance liquid chromatography of drug molecules.
AB  - The individual enantiomers of racemic drugs frequently differ in their biological
      effects. For pharmacological studies of such drugs there is therefore a need for
      an effective means of separating and quantifying the enantiomers in biological
      samples. As their physicochemical properties are similar, the assay of
      enantiomers is generally regarded as difficult, time-consuming and error-prone.
      However, recent developments in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      chiral stationary phase technology overcome some of these problems and provide a
      more efficient and reliable way of assaying enantiomeric drugs.

PMID- 2289934
TI  - Stability of prednisolone and prednisolone acetate in various vehicles used in
      semi-solid topical preparations.
AB  - The stability of prednisolone and prednisolone acetate has been investigated at
      37 degrees C in seven semi-solid vehicles, including almond oil, beeswax,
      Cremophor RH 40, Lanette N, and hydrogel formulations of hydroxy-propylcellulose,
      carbomer and bentonite. Extraction methods and a high-performance liquid
      chromatographic (HPLC) procedure have been developed in order to assay the
      content of undegraded steroid at time 0 and after 28 days. Prednisolone acetate
      showed superior stability compared to prednisolone. Bentonite induced
      considerable degradation of both steroid compounds, whereas the two absorption
      bases, Cremophor RH 40 and Lanette N, affected mainly the stability of
      prednisolone. In the carbomer hydrogel, prednisolone acetate hydrolysed to a
      small extent during the trituration process. The most effective steroid stability
      was found in the two lipophilic bases and the hydroxypropylcellulose hydrogel.

PMID- 2289935
TI  - Effect of excipients on the stability of levothyroxine sodium tablets.
AB  - Levothyroxine sodium tablets from two different manufacturers were analysed using
      the USP-NF method of analysis, a stability-indicating high pressure liquid
      chromatographic (HPLC) procedure. The results indicate that one particular
      manufacturer's 0.2-mg pink tablets contain some excipient(s) which act as a
      catalyst to hasten decomposition after extraction of levothyroxine for analysis.
      The same tablets from a different batch showed an additional long peak in the
      chromatogram, which indicated that the excipient(s) may have been changed. The
      same manufacturer has also used three different types of bottles/lids for the
      same product during the last year. Good manufacturing practice requires that new
      compatibilities/stability studies be conducted to assure the quality of the
      product. Ongoing stability studies are required by the Food and Drugs
      Administration (FDA). The use-life of 0.2-mg pink tablets of this manufacturer
      may be short.

PMID- 2289936
TI  - Analysis of the factors influencing anti-epileptic drug concentrations-
      carbamazepine.
AB  - The factors that influence carbamazepine (CBZ) serum concentrations and
      level:dose ratios were evaluated retrospectively on 83 consecutive routine CBZ
      determinations from chronically treated epileptic patients. The total level:dose
      ratio was lower when the drug was given in combination with phenytoin or with
      phenytoin plus other anti-epileptic drugs (AED) than when CBZ was given alone.
      The free level:dose ratio was also decreased during concomitant treatment with
      phenytoin. In spite of alterations to both level:dose ratios, the free fraction
      of CBZ was unaltered when in combination with other AEDs. There were
      statistically significant correlations between the CBZ dose (mg/kg/day) and the
      serum levels:total (r = 0.372, P less than 0.001) and free (r = 0.335, P less
      than 0.005). However, the wide scatter in the CBZ serum levels at each given dose
      were such that the relationships had no predictive values. Stepwise multivariate
      regression analysis (MVR) was also performed. A comparison of the normalized
      regression coefficients indicated that the CBZ dose, PHT dose, the time elapsed
      from the previous dose, the albumin concentration and the triglyceride levels
      were important factors which influence the CBZ total serum level. Similar
      analysis for the CBZ free serum level, gave a multiple correlation coefficient of
      0.838, which indicates that 70.3% of the variance was explained by nine
      independent variables. The major factors that significantly affected the free
      serum level of CBZ were CBZ dose, PHT dose, the time elapsed from the previous
      dose and the triglyceride and albumin levels. Our observations indicate that it
      may be possible to predict reliably the CBZ serum concentrations for individual
      patients before institution of CBZ therapy.

PMID- 2289938
TI  - Microbial contamination and preservation efficacy of cough preparations.
AB  - Cough syrups, manufactured by four different Jordanian pharmaceutical companies,
      were examined for microbial contents and efficacy of preservation from fungal and
      bacterial contamination. Five per cent of the tested samples were found to be
      contaminated by Candida albicans and 30% of the products examined did not comply
      with the pharmacopoeial requirements for optimal preservation from fungal
      contamination. All the products tested were free from bacteria and were
      efficiently preserved against accidental bacterial contamination.

PMID- 2289939
TI  - Rediscovering the act of interviewing by pharmacists.

PMID- 2289937
TI  - Analysis of the factors influencing anti-epileptic drug concentrations--valproic
      acid.
AB  - The factors that influence valproic acid (VPA) serum concentrations and
      level:dose ratios were evaluated, retrospectively, on 51 consecutive routine VPA
      determinations from 50 chronically treated epileptic patients. The influence of
      co-medicated anti-epileptic drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine),
      alone or in combination, on total and free levels of VPA was studied.
      Furthermore, the possible influence of certain physiological and/or
      pathophysiological factors (age, weight, sex and clinical laboratory data) was
      considered. The total level:dose ratio was lower when VPA was given in
      combination with phenytoin or with carbamazepine than when VPA was given alone.
      The free level:dose ratio also decreased during concomitant treatment with
      phenytoin. The free fraction of VPA was unaltered when in combination with
      phenytoin or with carbamazepine, whereas it was decreased by a combination with
      phenytoin plus carbamazepine. As a whole, strong, positive, correlations existed
      between the VPA dose (mg/kg/day) and the total and free serum levels of VPA in
      the range of less than 15 mg/kg/day, but both levels of VPA tended to flatten out
      at the range of more than 15 mg/kg/day. These findings should therefore be
      considered when defining dosage regimens or interpreting serum drug
      concentrations. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis (MVR) showed that the
      VPA dose, simultaneous carbamazepine intake, serum glutamic oxalacetic
      transaminase (SGOT) and serum albumin concentration were important determinants
      of VPA serum concentrations.

PMID- 2289940
TI  - Bezafibrate in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia in post-menopausal women.

PMID- 2289941
TI  - Family therapy--developments in thinking and practice.

PMID- 2289942
TI  - A prospective study of the relationship between specific language impairment,
      phonological disorders and reading retardation.
AB  - Language and literacy skills were assessed in 83 8 1/2-year olds whose language
      development had been impaired at 4 years of age. Provided that language problems
      had resolved by age 5 1/2 years, literacy development was normal, but many of the
      children who still had verbal deficits at 5 1/2 years of age did have reading
      difficulties and persisting oral language impairments later on. In these
      children, reading comprehension tended to be poor relative to reading accuracy.
      Syntactic competence in the preschool period accounted for a substantial
      proportion of the variance in literacy attainments, after allowing for the
      effects of non-verbal ability. There were only weak links between expressive
      phonological disorders and later ability to read either meaningful text or non
      words.

PMID- 2289944
TI  - Recent achievements and adversities in anxious and depressed school age children.
AB  - Recent social achievements, friendship difficulties and life events were
      investigated for their relative effects on the probability of being a case of
      anxious or depressive emotional disorder. There are no significant differences
      between cases and controls for the presence of one or more recent social
      achievements. The probability of being a case is best predicted by a
      consideration of the independent effects of life events and the interactive
      (multiplicative) effects of the absence of recent social achievements with
      moderate to poor friendships. The absence of social achievements appears to exert
      significant risk for emotional disorder only in the presence of moderate to poor
      friendships. We have termed this an enhancing factor. There appears to be no
      greater probability of being anxious rather than depressed as a consequence of
      these factors or mechanisms occurring in the lives of school age children.

PMID- 2289943
TI  - The 'Jupiter' sinking: effects on children's fears, depression and anxiety.
AB  - Twenty-five girls who survived the sinking of the cruise ship 'Jupiter' were
      compared with three other groups of girls--71 controls from a separate school; 46
      girls in the same school who had not wanted to go on the cruise; and 13 girls who
      were in a 'near miss' group in that they wanted to go but did not get places. All
      completed the Fear Survey Schedule for Children (revised form), the Children's
      Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Birleson Depression Inventory. Survivors did not
      become generally more fearful. Rather, they developed significantly greater fears
      to stimuli related to the traumatic event. The results are discussed in relation
      to the conditioning theory of the acquisition of phobias.

PMID- 2289945
TI  - Temperament characteristics and clinical outcomes in young children with diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - Thirty-four children with diabetes and their mothers were studied to investigate
      the relationship between individual differences, as measured via the temperament
      construct, and disease-related indices. Analysis of variance revealed that child
      characteristics such as age, sex, duration of disease, higher activity level, and
      shorter attention-span were related to behavioral compliance. Multivariate
      discriminant analyses revealed that combinations of certain child and maternal
      characteristics were highly efficient in distinguishing between children in
      adequate vs poor glycemic control and behavioral compliance. The optimum model
      for classification of regimen adherence used a combination of child
      characteristics. The optimum model for glycemic control used both child and
      parent temperament characteristics.

PMID- 2289946
TI  - Oppositional disorder in children: a validation study comparing conduct disorder,
      oppositional disorder and normal control children.
AB  - Subjects with oppositional disorder (OD, N = 21) and conduct disorder (CD, N =
      22) were compared with normal controls (NC, N = 20) to determine whether OD is a
      distinct disorder. OD subjects exhibited high rates of associated attention
      deficit, emotional and learning disorders. Compared with NC, OD subjects had high
      rates of problems in social relationships and came from families characterized by
      marital fights, dysfunction, and paternal psychopathology. Compared with CD, OD
      was less often characterized by undersocialization and separations from fathers
      and more often characterized by dissatisfaction in the marital relationship.
      These results suggest that OD is a variant of CD rather than of normality.

PMID- 2289948
TI  - Intergenerational links between psychiatric disorder in mothers and daughters:
      the role of parenting experiences.
AB  - An intergenerational community study in Islington, north London, has considered
      psychiatric disorder in mothers and their adolescent and early adult daughters
      and the role of parenting in any link between the two. The results indicate that
      daughters are more likely to have disorders at a case level when their mothers
      have chronic or recurrent episodes of disorder at this level. Such conditions in
      the mother relate to the daughters' reports of adverse family experience
      involving maternal antipathy and neglect and physical and sexual abuse, most
      usually at the hands of a father or stepfather. These adverse experiences are
      associated with disorder in daughters independently of any disorder in the
      mother.

PMID- 2289947
TI  - Formal thought disorder in childhood onset schizophrenia and schizotypal
      personality disorder.
AB  - The Kiddie Formal Thought Disorder Rating Scale (K-FTDS) was examined in a sample
      of 29 schizophrenic, 10 schizotypal, and 54 normal children, aged 5-12.5 yrs. The
      schizophrenic and schizotypal children had significantly more illogical thinking
      and loose associations than the normal children. There were no significant
      differences between the illogical thinking and loose associations ratings of the
      schizophrenic and schizotypal children. Young schizophrenic, schizotypal, and
      normal children had more illogical thinking and loose associations than older
      children in their respective groups. The diagnostic, developmental, and cognitive
      implications of the study's results are discussed.

PMID- 2289949
TI  - Concepts of emotion in institutionalized children.
AB  - Institutionalized children of 7, 11 and 15 years of age were interviewed with
      regard to their concept of emotion. Questions were posed pertaining to the
      identification of emotion, the effects of emotion on other psychological
      processes, and the strategies by which both the display and experience of emotion
      may be regulated. The results of this study were analysed together with those
      from an earlier study conducted by Harris, Olthof and Meerum Terwogt (1981) in
      which non-institutionalized schoolchildren were interviewed. The
      institutionalized children show the same general (development) shift in their
      conception of emotions, albeit in a delayed fashion in some cases, as was found
      in the earlier study for the non-institutionalized schoolchildren. That is to
      say, whereas the youngest children focus on the publicly observable components of
      an emotion, the older children also take the hidden mental aspect of an emotion
      into consideration. The institutionalized children differ from the non
      institutionalized children in that they claim to be less attentive to their own
      emotions as well as those of others; they do not consider it feasible to actually
      change an emotion; and they consider the effect of emotions to be more
      detrimental. These results are discussed in terms of a learned helplessness
      explanation.

PMID- 2289950
TI  - Vulnerability to childhood problems and family social background.
AB  - The relationship between family social background and risks of problems in the
      areas of health, education, behaviour and offending was examined in a birth
      cohort of New Zealand children studied to the age of 11 years. The analysis
      showed the presence of small consistent correlations between family social
      background and individual outcomes on a range of childhood measures. These
      correlations ranged from 0.12 to 0.31 with a median value of 0.18. The
      association between family social background and childhood outcomes was modelled
      using LISREL modelling methods which assumed that this association was mediated
      by common non-observed vulnerability processes. This analysis suggested that
      while variations in family social background act as relatively weak determinants
      of specific problem outcomes, these factors had a relatively strong influence on
      the child's generalized vulnerability to a wide range of childhood problems. The
      implications of these results for research into social background and childhood
      are discussed.

PMID- 2289951
TI  - The private side of public health.

PMID- 2289952
TI  - On becoming a public health professional: reflections on democracy, leadership,
      and accountability.

PMID- 2289953
TI  - The future of public health: a local health department view.
AB  - This is an examination of factors responsible for the "disarray" in public health
      activities as described in the Institute of Medicine report on The Future of
      Public Health. It approaches the problem primarily from the viewpoint of the
      local health agency. Three contributing factors are discussed: disproportionate
      national expenditures for medical care as compared to public health funding;
      structural flaws in organization leading to functional difficulties; and medical
      profession opposition to an expanded role for local health departments. The
      problem of inadequately sized local governmental jurisdictions which are unable
      to supply sufficient resources for their health departments is discussed, and the
      complexities of remedial mergers across political boundaries are explored.
      Suggestions for improving the functions of local health departments include the
      provision of medical care services, not as a last resort as the Institute of
      Medicine report suggests, but as equal and perhaps superior competitors in the
      marketplace; increased state financial and technical support; and a proposed new
      federal program, The Health Objectives 2000 Act, S.2056, which will make specific
      provision to greatly strengthen health departments, facilitate the incorporation
      of missing skills and expertise in local health units, and enhance their
      capabilities to function as front-line agencies which are essential for achieving
      effective public health action.

PMID- 2289954
TI  - Environmental health policies in the 1990s.
AB  - After almost a decade of suspension between progress and retrogression,
      environmental issues are back at the top of the national agenda. The evidence is
      visible in many forums of public discussion. But the development and
      implementation of a new wave of environmental policies will require attention to
      at least three issues: setting priorities, emphasis on science and technology,
      and a focus on human resources development.

PMID- 2289955
TI  - Health, equity, and reproductive risks in the workplace.
AB  - Potential exposure to occupational reproductive hazards raises complex questions
      regarding health and gender discrimination in the workplace. On the one hand,
      growing scientific evidence suggests that workplace exposures to either sex can
      cause a wide range of disorders ranging from infertility to adverse pregnancy
      outcomes. On the other hand, policies alleging to protect workers from
      reproductive risks have often reinforced gender inequalities in the workplace.
      This article sheds new light on this continuing debate through an examination of
      the policy insights suggested by a recent study of reproductive hazard policies
      in Massachusetts. In what ways do policies evidenced in this study reflect or
      differ from historical patterns of protectionism? The article presents a
      political-legal review of reproductive hazard policies in the workplace, then
      examines the policy implications of the Massachusetts study, and finally presents
      the prescriptions for change that are implied by both the historical and
      contemporary evidence.

PMID- 2289956
TI  - Simulating the effects of poverty on the race disparity in postneonatal
      mortality.
AB  - The U.S. postneonatal mortality rate has declined from over 60 postneonatal
      deaths per 1,000 live births at the turn of the century to below 4 deaths in
      1987. It is generally accepted that this impressive decline is due to
      improvements in the general standard of living throughout the twentieth century.
      However, efforts to reduce the race differential in postneonatal mortality have
      been less successful. Black postneonatal mortality rates have been roughly double
      the white rate since race-specific data has been collected. This paper examines
      the degree to which the substantial race disparities in postneonatal mortality
      are a function of race disparities in the prevalence of poverty. The analysis
      specifies a race-specific model of postneonatal mortality. The model is then
      manipulated to allow for a simulation of the impact of reducing black poverty on
      the postneonatal mortality race disparity. It is concluded that racial
      postneonatal mortality differentials may be addressed by remedies which need not
      be explicitly medical intervention (e.g. effective policy that reduces
      disparities in socioeconomic status).

PMID- 2289957
TI  - Termination of health benefits for Pittston mine workers: impact on the health
      and security of miners and their families.
AB  - Mine workers represented by the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) have had
      comprehensive medical care coverage since 1950. On February 1, 1988, UMWA
      employees of the Pittston Coal Group had their health care benefits abruptly
      terminated. Renewal of these benefits became a major reason for the subsequent
      UMWA strike against Pittston. In December, 1989, physician interviewers were
      organized to document the human experience of this termination of health care
      benefits. This report summarizes these interviews, and concludes that the UMWA
      experience in the Pittston coal fields is one example of the barriers to health
      care experienced by an increasing proportion of the United States population.

PMID- 2289958
TI  - Economic adjustment and the future of health services in the Third World.
AB  - Hard economic times in the Third World in the 1980s found many countries unable
      to maintain previous levels of health and social services in the face of the
      mounting service cost of their external debt and declining export earnings. The
      economic adjustment policies promoted by the World Bank and International
      Monetary Fund on the basis of market ideology were not able alone to improve the
      economic status of the debtor countries and did have deleterious effects on their
      health services and the health status of their population. Less pressure to
      privatize health services, more aid from abroad for the public sector, and a
      reallocation of scarce government resources from military to social purposes
      would help to rectify the situation, although sustained long-run improvement
      would still depend on the external factors that determine economic prosperity,
      and the prognosis in this respect is uncertain.

PMID- 2289959
TI  - Pesticide health and safety policy in the UK: a flawed and limited approach?
AB  - The approaches to the environmental and occupational health regulation of
      pesticides vary from country to country. This paper looks at some of those
      approaches with particular reference to the UK. In the UK, control standards for
      certain pesticides are significantly less stringent than elsewhere in Western
      Europe and indeed the Americas. The reasons for these differences are examined,
      with examples given of the more cautious approaches and the wider control
      philosophies adopted outside the UK. UK pesticide legislation is set in an
      international context. Alternative strategies for regulating UK pesticides are
      outlined and new policy options presented.

PMID- 2289960
TI  - Psychological functioning in children with cyanotic heart defects.
AB  - The relationship between congenital heart disease (CHD) and psychological
      functioning was studied in 63 children with transposition of the great arteries
      (TGA) and 77 children with tetralogy of Fallot (TF). These youngsters were
      compared with a group of 36 children originally diagnosed with CHD, but who
      spontaneously recovered (SR) without medical intervention. All children were
      under one year of age when diagnosed and were given psychological testing between
      5.5 and 6.3 years. Children with TGA and TF had poorer overall psychological
      functioning and significantly greater central nervous system (CNS) impairment
      than the SR children. However when the effects of IQ and CNS impairment were
      controlled, there were no differences between groups. The diagnosis of a severe
      cyanotic heart defect does not appear to make a child more likely to have
      emotional disorder in the absence of other factors.

PMID- 2289961
TI  - The school breakfast program and cognition in adolescents.
AB  - We studied cognitive function and metabolic status in a group of healthy
      adolescents fed the government supplied breakfast (n = 18) versus a control group
      (n = 16) fed a very low calorie meal. Serum glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate
      levels were repeatedly measured at predetermined intervals throughout the testing
      period. Acute cognitive and mood effect were evaluated in all subjects on a pre
      post basis. No significant group differences emerged on a battery of
      psychological measures that assessed short-term auditory memory, vigilance,
      impulsivity, and mood. Neither serum glucose or beta-hydroxybutyrate levels
      correlated significantly with any behavioral measure. Results are discussed in
      the context of previous studies of nutrition and cognition.

PMID- 2289962
TI  - Cognitive functioning in long-term survivors of childhood leukemia: a prospective
      analysis.
AB  - Treatment-related cognitive impairments have been reported for survivors of
      childhood leukemia following prophylactic central nervous system (CNS) treatment
      with 2400 cGy craniospinal irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy. The present
      study was designed to prospectively evaluate cognitive functioning of 24 children
      prior to CNS prophylaxis of 1800 cGy of craniospinal irradiation and intrathecal
      drugs, and at intervals of 1 and 4-5 years. At diagnosis, prior to CNS treatment,
      all 24 subjects performed in the average range of intelligence, as measured by
      the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. Subjects continued to perform in the average
      range with no significant declines at the 1-year follow-up. Significant declines
      in cognitive functioning, however, were found at the 4- to 5-year follow-up
      period, with five subjects (21%) performing in the low average or borderline
      levels of intelligence. Of the 19 subjects performing in the average range, five
      showed significant discrepancies between Verbal and Performance IQ scores. Nine
      subjects exhibited poor performance on a subtest cluster assessing perceptual and
      attentional processes. With regard to school experiences, 50% of the subjects had
      received some type of special education services. The findings indicate the need
      for annual evaluations of cognitive functioning in long-term survivors of
      childhood leukemia who received 1800 cGy craniospinal irradiation, to identify
      potential cognitive late effects of treatment requiring appropriate special
      education services.

PMID- 2289963
TI  - Transcutaneous oxygen tension in preterm neonates during neonatal behavioral
      assessments and heelsticks.
AB  - This study evaluates the effects of neonatal behavioral assessments and
      heelsticks on transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2) in 37 preterm neonates from a
      neonatal intensive care unit. Two behavioral assessments were evaluated, the
      Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS) and the Neurobehavioral
      Assessment for Preterm Infants (NAPI). TcPO2 during heelsticks was used as a
      comparison because reliable decreases have typically been noted during
      heelsticks. Although the heelsticks resulted in significant declines in TcPO2,
      the behavioral assessments led to only negligible changes in TcPO2. Observed
      changes during the behavioral assessments occurred in a small number of infants,
      primarily during the few test procedures administered to the infants outside of
      their isolettes. Accordingly, it is suggested that time outside the isolette and
      associated temperature changes may be more critical variables than the
      assessments per se.

PMID- 2289964
TI  - An exploratory study of the structure and validity of pediatric examination of
      educational readiness (PEER) factors.
AB  - The Pediatric Examination of Educational Readiness (PEER) is an assessment
      instrument specifically designed for use by pediatricians in assessing the
      development of preschool children. The present study investigated the
      psychometric properties of the PEER. Specifically, factor analyses of items from
      the Developmental Attainment and Associated Observation components of the test
      were performed. The PEER was administered to 69 preschool children. Three major
      factors were identified as making up the Developmental Attainment portion of the
      test: perceptual-motor, verbal-cognitive, and gross motor. The Associated
      Observations component was found to be composed of only one factor, attention.
      Children's performance on only two of these four factors was associated with
      their performance on the McCarthy Scales, the Woodcock-Johnson skills cluster,
      and the Minnesota Child Development Inventory. Discussion focused on the validity
      and utility of the PEER.

PMID- 2289965
TI  - Anxiety among hospitalized latency-age children.
AB  - We investigated the following three assumptions regarding anxiety in hospitalized
      children: (1) anxiety decreases during hospitalization, (2) anxiety correlates
      with symptoms, procedures, and parental anxiety, and (3) anxiety is reduced
      following guided play with real and simulated medical equipment. Fifty latency
      age children and their parents were studied. Anxiety was measured by self-report,
      parental report, nurse's report, and direct observation. Potential correlates
      were monitored daily by review of patient care records, and interviews of primary
      nurses and parents. Hypothesis one was confirmed; anxiety decreased significantly
      (p less than 0.001) across the four assessments. Hypothesis two was confirmed;
      symptoms, procedures, and parental anxiety accounted for 27-30% of the variance
      in children's anxiety. Hypothesis three was not confirmed; anxiety decreased
      following guided play, but not enough to reach statistical significance.

PMID- 2289966
TI  - Documenting the efficacy of psychosocial care in the hospital setting.

PMID- 2289967
TI  - Resistances to the biopsychosocial approach: individual, familial, and systemic.

PMID- 2289968
TI  - Society for behavioral pediatrics lectureship.

PMID- 2289969
TI  - A critique of current diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity
      disorder: clinical and research implications.
AB  - The present paper critiques the current diagnostic criteria from the DSM-III-R
      and the draft criteria proposed for the ICD-10 for attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Improvements made in the criteria over earlier
      editions are discussed along with continuing limitations in these approaches to
      clinical diagnosis. The issue of whether ADHD constitutes an actual syndrome is
      also reviewed. It is concluded that despite contradictory evidence for
      covariation of the symptoms, the disorder meets other important conditions for
      syndrome definition and should continue to be viewed as such. The variability of
      symptoms across settings and parameters which may affect this variability are
      briefly noted as is the impact of this symptom instability on establishing
      diagnostic criteria. A number of suggestions for revision of these criteria are
      provided that can be incorporated into current clinical and research practices to
      improve the rigor and discriminative validity of the criteria for ADHD. The
      implications of these revisions for clinical diagnosis are also discussed.

PMID- 2289970
TI  - Typologies of nonadherence in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - The complex and arduous treatments required to maintain the health and prolong
      the life of patients with cystic fibrosis combine with other factors to create a
      climate within which the active following of prescribed medical treatment is
      often compromised. The authors' clinical experience and collection of
      descriptions of more than 1,200 critical incidents from 223 patients and members
      of their immediate families has led to the description of three basic typologies
      of nonadherence or noncompliance in the medical treatment of this illness. These
      are inadequate knowledge, psychosocial resistance, and educated nonadherence.
      Clinical use of this conceptual framework may enhance diagnostic and treatment
      efforts. Although the specific application described is concerned with cystic
      fibrosis, it seems reasonable to conclude that the same principles are applicable
      to other chronic illnesses of childhood.

PMID- 2289971
TI  - Parvalbumin-containing GABAergic interneurons in the rat neostriatum.
AB  - Antibodies to the intracellular calcium binding protein parvalbumin were shown to
      label specifically a distinct group of neostriatal GABAergic neurons. These
      neurons corresponded to the intensely staining subclass of neostriatal GABAergic
      neurons that have previously been shown to be a class of aspiny interneurons in
      the neostriatum. The parvalbumin neurons were aspiny neurons with varicose
      dendrites distributed throughout the neostriatum in a pattern identical to the
      intensely stained GABA neurons, and both populations of neurons showed increased
      numbers in the lateral part of the neostriatum. Double labeling of single neurons
      with both the GABA and parvalbumin antisera showed that all parvalbumin neurons
      were positive for GABA, but some GABA labelled neurons were not immunoreactive
      for parvalbumin. These parvalbumin-negative GABAergic neurons were
      morphologically similar to the spiny projection neurons, which are GABAergic but
      usually are not so heavily stained. The relationship of the GABA-containing
      parvalbumin neurons to the striatal mosaic organization was determined by using
      immunocytochemistry for another calcium binding protein, calbindin D28K, to label
      the matrix compartment of the striatum. The distribution of parvalbumin-positive
      neurons relative to the calbindin-positive matrix and calbindin-poor patches was
      determined by using pairs of adjacent sections stained with the calbindin and
      parvalbumin antisera. This analysis showed that the somata of the parvalbumin
      neurons were present in both patch and matrix compartments, and their axons and
      dendrites crossed the boundaries between compartments. A quantitative analysis of
      the number of neurons in each compartment revealed that the neurons showed no
      preferential distribution in either compartment, but instead were present
      according to the area occupied by that compartment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2289972
TI  - Quantitative, three-dimensional analysis of granule cell dendrites in the rat
      dentate gyrus.
AB  - The three-dimensional organization of dentate granule cell dendritic trees has
      been quantitatively analyzed with the aid of a computerized microscope system.
      The dendrites were visualized by iontophoretic injection of horseradish
      peroxidase into individual granule cells in the in vitro hippocampal slice
      preparation. Selection criteria insured that the analyzed cells were completely
      stained and that only neurons with two or fewer cut dendrites in the distal
      portion of the molecular layer were analyzed. Twenty-nine of the 48 sampled
      granule cells had no cut dendrites. The granule cells had between one and four
      primary dendrites. Granule cell dendritic branches were covered with spines and
      most extended to the hippocampal fissure or pial surface. The mean total
      dendritic length was 3,221 microns with a range from 2,324 microns to 4,582
      microns. The dendrites formed an elliptical plexus with the transverse spread
      averaging 325 microns and the spread in the septotemporal axis averaging 176
      microns. On individual neurons, the maximum branch order ranged from four to
      eight and the number of dendritic segments ranged from 22 to 40. Approximately
      63% of the dendritic branch points occurred in a zone that included the granule
      cell layer and the inner one-third of the molecular layer. The dendritic tree was
      organized so that, on average, 30% of the length was in the granule cell layer
      and proximal third of the molecular layer, 30% was in the middle third, and 40%
      was in the distal third. Comparisons were made between the dendrites of granule
      cells in the suprapyramidal and infrapyramidal blades of the dentate gyrus.
      Suprapyramidal cells had a significantly greater total dendritic length than
      infrapyramidal cells, their transverse spread was higher, and they had a greater
      number of dendritic segments. When neurons in the suprapyramidal blade were
      further subdivided on the basis of somal position within the depth of the cell
      body layer, superficial neurons were found to have a greater number of primary
      dendrites, more elliptical trees, and larger transverse spreads of their
      dendrites. There were no significant differences in dendritic segment number or
      total dendritic length between superficial and deep cells.

PMID- 2289973
TI  - Specificity of filiform hair afferent synapses onto giant interneurons in
      Periplaneta americana: anatomy is not a sufficient determinant.
AB  - The synapses between the filiform hair sensory afferents and giant interneurons
      (GIs) 1-6 of embryonic and first instar cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, were
      used to investigate the role of neuronal anatomy in determining synaptic
      specificity. The pattern of afferent-to-GI synapses was first determined by
      intracellular recording of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). The
      lateral (L) axon synapses only with GIs 3, 4, and 6, while the medial (M) axon
      synapses with the contralateral dendrites of all six GIs but with the ipsilateral
      dendrites only of GIs 1, 2, and 4. The three-dimensional anatomy of the filiform
      afferents and GIs was determined by injection of cobalt. There is little
      anatomical segregation of the filiform afferents; consequently, there is no
      correlation between the anatomy of the GIs and their synaptic inputs. The M axon
      and ipsilateral GI3 were studied in more detail by light and electron microscopy.
      Despite the presence of an anterior M axon branch which loops around the
      ipsilateral GI3 neurite at a distance of 2 microns, no synapses are formed
      between them. This lack of synapses is not due to the presence of physical
      barriers. Investigation of filiform afferents and GIs in embryonic ganglia shows
      that at no stage are the afferents sufficiently separated for their anatomy to be
      an important factor in determining the specificity of the synaptic inputs of the
      GIs. It was postulated that two pairs of complementary cell surface labels would
      be sufficient to code for this specificity, and that, in GIs 3, 5, and 6, spatial
      differences in the expression of these labels allow the M axon to distinguish
      ipsilateral dendrites from contralateral.

PMID- 2289974
TI  - Regeneration of adult dorsal root axons into transplants of fetal spinal cord and
      brain: a comparison of growth and synapse formation in appropriate and
      inappropriate targets.
AB  - Cut dorsal root axons regenerate into transplants of embryonic spinal cord and
      form synapses that resemble those found in the dorsal horn of normal spinal cord.
      One aim of the present study was to determine whether these axons also regenerate
      into and establish synapses within transplants of embryonic brain. A second aim
      was to compare the patterns of growth in embryonic brain and spinal cord
      transplants. Embryonic spinal cord or brain was transplanted into the lumbar
      enlargement of adult Sprague-Dawley rats, the L4 or L5 dorsal root was cut, and
      the cut root was juxtaposed to the transplant. The transplants included whole
      pieces or dissociated cell suspensions of embryonic day 14 (E14) spinal cord, or
      whole pieces of E14 neocortex, E18 occipital cortex, E15 cerebellum, or E18
      hippocampus. One month later the regenerated dorsal root axons were labeled by
      immunocytochemical methods to demonstrate calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).
      CGRP-immunoreactive axons regenerated into all the transplants examined and
      formed synapses in the neocortex and cerebellum transplants in which they were
      sought. Synapses were far rarer in neocortex and cerebellum than we had observed
      previously in transplanted spinal cord, and the patterns of growth differed in
      transplants of spinal cord and brain. In solid transplants of spinal cord,
      regenerated axons remained relatively close to the interface with the dorsal
      root, branched, and formed bundles. Areas of dense ingrowth were separated by
      regions with few labeled axons. In transplants of brain regions, the regenerated
      axons were few, unbranched, and appeared as individual fibers rather than in
      bundles, but they were distributed widely in neocortex transplants. The results
      of quantitative studies confirmed these observations. The area fraction occupied
      by regenerated axons in solid spinal cord transplants was significantly larger
      than in occipital cortex or cerebellum transplants. Distribution histograms of
      the area occupied in transplants demonstrated that regenerated axons were
      distributed sparsely but homogeneously in transplants of brain, whereas spinal
      cord transplants were heterogeneous for regenerated axons and contained areas in
      which growth was dense or sparse. In contrast, several measurements of axon
      distribution, including area, longest axis, and length of lateral extension,
      indicated that CGRP-labeled axons spread more widely in occipital cortex
      transplants than in solid transplants of spinal cord or cerebellum. The results
      indicate that embryonic CNS tissues that are not normal targets support or
      enhance the growth of severed dorsal roots and suggest that the conditions that
      constitute a permissive environment for regenerating axons are relatively
      nonspecific.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2289975
TI  - Contribution of brainstem GABAergic circuitry to descending antinociceptive
      controls: I. GABA-immunoreactive projection neurons in the periaqueductal gray
      and nucleus raphe magnus.
AB  - The fact that GABA receptor agonists and antagonists influence nociceptive
      thresholds when microinjected into the rostroventral medulla or in the spinal
      cord may reflect the involvement of GABAergic neuronal elements in endogenous
      antinociceptive pathways. In the present study we used immunocytochemistry and
      retrograde tract tracing to investigate the contribution of GABAergic projection
      neurons to the antinociceptive network linking the midbrain periaqueductal gray
      matter (PAG), the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), and the spinal cord dorsal horn.
      The tracer, WGAapoHRP-Au was injected into either the NRM or the spinal cord and
      the distribution of labeled neurons in sections of the PAG and medulla,
      respectively, was studied. The same sections were immunostained to demonstrate
      GABA-immunoreactive neurons. Although GABA-immunoreactive neurons were abundant
      in the PAG, only 1.5% were retrogradely labeled from the NRM. Similarly, very few
      GABA-immunoreactive neurons within the cytoarchitectural boundaries of the NRM
      were retrogradely labeled from the spinal cord. A much higher proportion of GABA
      immunoreactive neurons in the region lateral to the NRM, however, were
      retrogradely labeled from the spinal cord. Eighteen percent of GABA
      immunoreactive neurons were retrogradely labeled in the nucleus reticularis
      paragigantocellularis; conversely, 15% of the retrogradely labeled neurons in
      this region were GABA-immunoreactive. These results indicate that GABAergic
      projections constitute a very minor component of the PAG-NRM-spinal cord pathway;
      however, there is a significant contribution of GABAergic neurons to the spinal
      projections that originate lateral to the NRM. The majority of GABAergic neurons
      in the PAG and NRM are presumed to be inhibitory interneurons that directly or
      indirectly regulate activity in efferent pathways from these regions.

PMID- 2289976
TI  - Contribution of brainstem GABAergic circuitry to descending antinociceptive
      controls: II. Electron microscopic immunocytochemical evidence of GABAergic
      control over the projection from the periaqueductal gray to the nucleus raphe
      magnus in the rat.
AB  - Pharmacological, physiological, and behavioral studies suggest that inhibitory
      GABAergic neurons influence the projection from the midbrain periaqueductal gray
      matter to the medullary nucleus raphe magnus. The present study used electron
      microscopic immunocytochemical techniques to examine the morphology and synaptic
      relationships of GABA-immunoreactive terminals in the ventrolateral
      periaqueductal gray. These putative GABAergic terminals comprise almost 40% of
      all axon terminals in the periaqueductal gray. GABA-immunoreactive terminals
      contain small, clear, pleomorphic or round, vesicles, and 46% also contain some
      dense-cored vesicles. In some experiments we also used a colloidal gold
      conjugated retrograde tracer to label periaqueductal gray neurons that project to
      the nucleus raphe magnus. About half of the synaptic inputs onto the cell bodies
      and proximal dendrites of retrogradely labeled neurons are GABA-immunoreactive;
      these putative GABAergic synapses, which directly control activity in neurons
      projecting from the periaqueductal gray to the nucleus raphe magnus, might
      mediate the antinociception-related effects of exogenous GABAA receptor ligands.

PMID- 2289977
TI  - Macaque accessory optic system: I. Definition of the medial terminal nucleus.
AB  - The organization of the accessory optic system (AOS) has been studied in the
      macaque monkey following intravitreal injections of tritiated amino acids in one
      eye. Retinal projections to the dorsal (DTN) and the lateral (LTN) terminal
      nuclei are identical to those previously described in other primate species. We
      observed an additional group of retinorecipient cells of the AOS, located between
      the cerebral peduncle and the substantia nigra, which we define as the
      interstitial nucleus of the superior fasiculus, medial fibers. In this report, we
      focus our attention on the medial terminal nucleus (MTN). Although a ventral
      division of this nucleus (MTNv) was not observed in the macaque, the retina
      projects to a group of cells in the midbrain reticular formation (MRF), which we
      argue to be homologous to the dorsal division of the MTN (MTNd). To provide
      evidence in support of this homology, the retinal projection to the MTNv and MTNd
      was also examined in 21 additional species from 11 orders of mammals including
      carnivores, marsupials, lagomorphs, rodents, bats, insectivores, tree shrews,
      hyraxes, pholidotes, edentates, and five additional species of primates. Whereas
      the retina projects to both ventral and dorsal divisions in all species studied,
      in haplorhine primates only the projection to the MTNd is conserved. The relative
      topological position of the MTNd in the MRF, dorsomedial to the substantia nigra
      and ventrolateral to the red nucleus, remains constant throughout the mammals.
      The trajectory of fiber paths innervating the MTNd is also similar in all
      species. In addition, the MTNd has comparable afferent and efferent connections
      with retina, pretectum, and vestibular nuclei in all species thus far studied.
      These results support the unequivocal conclusion that the MTNd is an unvarying
      feature of the mammalian AOS.

PMID- 2289978
TI  - Localization of two calcium binding proteins, calbindin (28 kD) and parvalbumin
      (12 kD), in the vertebrate retina.
AB  - We used immunocytochemistry to locate two calcium binding proteins, calbindin
      (CaB) and parvalbumin (PV), in the retina of goldfish, frog, chick, rat, guinea
      pig, dog, and man. The location of CaB depended on the type of dominant
      photoreceptor cells in birds and mammals. In cone-dominant retinas such as those
      of the chick, CaB-like immunoreactivity was found in the cones, cone bipolars,
      and ganglion cells. Amacrine cells 5-12 microns across were also labeled. In rod
      dominant retinas, such as those of the rat, guinea pig, and dog, horizontal
      cells, small amacrine cells (about 6 microns across), and cells in the ganglion
      cell layer were labeled. In the human retina, which has both cones and rods in
      abundance, cones, cone bipolars, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and small and
      large amacrine cells were labeled. In the frog and goldfish, the level of CaB
      like immunoreactivity was low. In the frog, a few cones, amacrine cells, and
      cells in the ganglion cell layer were labeled. No immunoreactive structures were
      seen in the goldfish retina. PV-like immunoreactivity was found in chicks, rats,
      and dogs. No such immunoreactive structures were seen in the other species. In
      the chick, only amacrine cells were labeled. In the rat, amacrine cells and
      several displaced amacrine cells were labeled. In the dog, in addition to
      amacrine cells and displaced amacrine cells, horizontal cells were strongly
      labeled. Thus, PV-like immunoreactivity was found in those elements relating to
      the modulation of the main pathway of the visual transmission system.

PMID- 2289979
TI  - Measurement of tissue perfusion by oxygen transport patterns in experimental
      shock and in high-risk surgical patients.
AB  - Survivors of high-risk general (noncardiac) surgery were observed to have cardiac
      index (CI) values averaging 4.5 l/min.m2, oxygen delivery (DO2) of greater than
      600 ml/min.m2, and oxygen consumption (VO2) of 170 ml/min.m2. In contrast, these
      values were relatively normal in patients who subsequently died. A very early
      predictive index based on these observations was found to predict outcome in 94%
      of high-risk patients. The hypotheses that increased DO2 and VO2 in the survivors
      represent compensatory physiologic responses and that these values were
      appropriate therapeutic goals were tested in prospective randomized clinical
      trials and found to reduce mortality and morbidity significantly. The optimal
      goals were more easily attained with colloids, red cells, dobutamine, and
      vasodilators, according to their capacity to improve tissue perfusion, as
      reflected by increased flow and oxygen transport. The extremely complex
      interactions between DO2 and VO2 are reviewed.

PMID- 2289980
TI  - The relationship between oxygen demand, oxygen uptake, and oxygen supply.
AB  - Results of the relationships between oxygen supply, demand, and uptake can be
      used to interpret cardiac output values, identify types of acute circulatory
      failure, guide attempts to improve cellular function, and thus prevent the
      development of multiple organ failure and death. Five steps in the interpretation
      of cardiac output values are recommended: (1) relate cardiac output to the
      patient's size; (2) determine the presence of anemia or hypoxemia; (3) measure
      mixed venous O2 saturation and (4) blood lactate levels; and (5) evaluate O2
      uptake before and after a transient increase in cardiac output.

PMID- 2289981
TI  - Optimal oxygen delivery in critically ill patients.
AB  - Standard hemodynamic support in septic shock is to increase pulmonary capillary
      wedge pressure to above 15 mmHg by volume replacement and to give inotropic
      support if the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is not adequate. In an attempt to
      decrease mortality in critically ill patients, oxygen delivery (DO2) was
      increased by switching inotropic support from dobutamine alone or in combination
      with norepinephrine to dopamine alone, or by adding dopexamine, prostacyclin, or
      hypertonic saline to the treatment. DO2 increased significantly in all patients,
      but the increase in DO2 was accompanied by only a 10% increase in oxygen
      consumption (VO2). The increase in VO2 was similar in survivors and nonsurvivors
      and in patients with and without septic shock. The results indicate that if
      adequate volume and inotropic support is provided for critically ill patients,
      the detectable oxygen debt is small and has little effect on patient outcome.
      When DO2 is adequate, factors other than a tissue oxygen deficit seem to
      determine patient outcome.

PMID- 2289982
TI  - Regulation of myocardial oxygen delivery.
AB  - In most organs, oxygen consumption is maintained at relatively constant levels as
      oxygen delivery decreases, until a critical level is reached. This biphasic
      action is not observed in the heart. Myocardial oxygen consumption is supply
      dependent at all levels of myocardial oxygen delivery, because changes in
      myocardial oxygen delivery modify ventricular loading conditions and hence
      myocardial oxygen consumption. Since the oxygen content of coronary sinus blood
      is very low, only limited increases in oxygen extraction are possible. Therefore,
      coronary dilation is the primary mechanism for increasing myocardial oxygen
      delivery. Four- to sixfold increases in coronary blood flow can occur in several
      animal species and in human beings. Apart from metabolic control mechanisms, the
      regulation of myocardial oxygen delivery is multifaceted; major factors include
      extravascular compressive forces, autoregulation, neural controls, and humoral
      factors. In situations of decreased myocardial oxygen delivery, coronary vessels
      dilate to increase flow, and as coronary flow reserve falls to zero, flow becomes
      exquisitely dependent on perfusion pressure. With onset of supply dependency,
      contractility falls in an effort to maintain cardiac output at a given myocardial
      oxygen consumption.

PMID- 2289983
TI  - Hemodynamic aspects of multiple organ failure.
AB  - Multiple organ failure (MOF) secondary to sepsis is associated with a high
      mortality. A large body of evidence suggests that the disturbed relationship
      between oxygen supply and oxygen uptake plays an important role in the
      pathogenesis of MOF. The relationship between oxygen-supply dependency and MOF
      and the practical implications of the relationship are reviewed. It is concluded
      that, apart from the all-important eradication of the source of the sepsis,
      optimizing oxygen transport is the best method of preventing the development of
      MOF. Since the effects of hemodynamic and ventilatory treatments on oxygen uptake
      are often unpredictable, the impact of the treatments on oxygen uptake should be
      evaluated directly.

PMID- 2289984
TI  - Regional oxygen delivery in oxygen supply-dependent states.
AB  - Assessment of the adequacy of systemic O2 delivery (DO2) is central in the
      evaluation of critically ill patients, but estimates of systemic DO2 do not
      assess the effectiveness of regional DO2 to all vascular beds whose functions may
      require different degrees of blood flow depending on their metabolic and
      functional demands. The oxygen supply-consumption curve includes a supply
      independent portion, which represents the reserve capacity of the body to
      maintain oxygen consumption (VO2) despite inadequate increases in DO2, and a
      supply-dependent portion, which represents the physiologic adaptation that occurs
      once DO2 is unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body. Experiments in dogs
      revealed that when systemic DO2 was progressively reduced, blood flow was
      maintained in the vital organs (heart and brain) and redistributed away from the
      kidneys and liver, enhancing the ability of the whole organism to use oxygen
      efficiently. Disease states and iatrogenic conditions that alter this
      vasoregulatory process may directly impair organ system function.

PMID- 2289986
TI  - Infections in intensive care.

PMID- 2289985
TI  - Practical points in the application of oxygen transport principles.
AB  - Application of the principles of oxygen transport in the management of critically
      ill patients can influence the frequency of organ failure and outcome. Adequate
      tissue oxygen consumption in these patients may depend on a supranormal level of
      oxygen delivery. The equations used for calculating oxygen delivery and
      consumption are provided, and it is noted that clinicians should have a clear
      understanding of the limitations of each of the measurements included in the
      equations. The methods used to perform the measurements are reviewed. Widespread
      acceptance and use of oxygen transport protocols in treatment is only possible if
      the measurements on which they are based are accurate and properly interpreted.

PMID- 2289987
TI  - The haemodynamics of septic shock.
AB  - Both peripheral vascular abnormalities and changes in myocardial function are
      hallmarks of septic shock. Their complex interactions result in inadequate and
      maldistributed microcirculatory flow and progressive organ dysfunction.
      Inappropriate vasodilation, microembolization and endothelial cell injury are
      proposed mechanisms that may induce maldistribution of flow in the
      microcirculation and inefficient, defective peripheral oxygen extraction.
      Abnormal myocardial function is manifested by diminished right and left
      ventricular ejection fractions, ventricular dilatation, altered Frank-Starling
      curves and diastolic pressure-volume relationships. These changes are already
      observed in an early stage of septic shock and are entirely reversible in
      survivors.

PMID- 2289988
TI  - A model for the interplay of inflammatory mediators in sepsis--a study in 48
      patients.
AB  - Previously we studied levels of the cytokine IL-6 and activation of the
      complement and contact system and of neutrophils in a group of 48 patients with
      sepsis. Some of these inflammatory parameters appeared to be associated with a
      poor prognosis. Here we report on the relationships of C4a and C3a (complement
      activation products), of factor XII and prekallikrein (contact system proteins),
      of elastase (a protease released by activated neutrophils) and of the cytokine IL
      6 to hemodynamic and biochemical parameters measured in those 48 patients at the
      time of admission to the Intensive Care Unit. No significant correlations between
      any inflammatory parameter and either systemic vascular resistance or cardiac
      index were found. Mean arterial pressure significantly correlated with both
      factor XII and prekallikrein levels. Lactate correlated with C3a and C4a, with
      elastase, and in particular, with IL-6, whereas it did not correlate with either
      factor XII or prekallikrein. Platelet numbers inversely correlated with both C3a
      and C4a, as well as with elastase and IL-6, whereas they positively correlated
      with factor XII and prekallikrein. Based on these findings we propose a model for
      the interplay of these inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of sepsis. This
      model takes into consideration the occurrence of capillary leakage, shock,
      disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia and of acute phase
      reactions in sepsis.

PMID- 2289989
TI  - Mediators of multiple organ failure.
AB  - Multiple Organ Failure (MOF) has largely been attributed to bacterial sepsis,
      though conclusive evidence of an essential role for bacteria and/or their
      endotoxins is still lacking. On the other hand, MOF and the clinical syndrome of
      sepsis may be aseptically induced in germ-free animals. This paper reviews the
      evidence that excessive activation of endogenous humoral mediators and
      inflammatory cells may cause this highly lethal syndrome.

PMID- 2289990
TI  - The epidemiology of infections in intensive care units.
AB  - This report identifies some of the risk factors underlying the acquisition of
      hospital infections in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs).
      Infection rates vary in different institutes and in different types of ICUs.
      Patients are particularly prone to septicaemia and respiratory infections and the
      underlying risk factors are frequently related to poor invasive techniques or
      contaminated equipment used in supportive therapy. In trauma patients, wound
      sepsis is common and polymicrobial sepsis is a major problem. Patients in ICUs
      are temporarily immunocompromised and are at risk from acquiring multiply
      antibiotic resistant gram negative bacilli. The majority of these are of an
      endogenous nature and necessitate the empirical use of antibiotics. The misuse of
      antibiotics however often leads to the selection of difficult to treat gram
      negative bacilli. Antibiotic usage in ICUs should be strictly controlled and used
      appropriately, preferably after appropriate microbiological specimens have been
      collected.

PMID- 2289991
TI  - Infection v. colonisation.
AB  - The interaction between bacteria and the human respiratory tract is complex and
      while the concept of three states, namely sterility, colonisation, and infection
      is clinically convenient it is inevitably in oversimplification. Evidence from
      both clinical and laboratory observations has led to some ideas about the
      relationship between colonisation and infection and while these are helpful in
      defining the steps involved, the decision of whether and when to start new
      treatment remains one of clinical judgement. This article reviews the evidence
      from lung disease both in and out of an intensive care unit and attempts to
      define the frontier between infection and colonisation in different clinical
      settings.

PMID- 2289992
TI  - The emergence of antibiotic resistance: myths and facts in clinical practice.
AB  - Selection pressure, caused by the use of antibiotics--especially in hospitals--is
      the main factor responsible for the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
      Resistance can arise endogenously by mutation (one-step, as found for
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis to rifampicin, or multi-step, as in gonococci to
      benzylpenicillin), or exogenously by transfer of R-factors. Mechanisms of
      resistance may involve a decrease in permeability, chemical modification of the
      antibiotic, or a change in the affinity of the target site. There are many
      misconceptions concerning the incidence, nature and spread of antibiotic
      resistance, and some of the most important of these are discussed. The emergence
      and spread of resistance can be controlled by adhering to antibiotic policies and
      by preventing or controlling outbreaks of infection. The importance of resistant
      organisms can be diminished by the development of new antibiotic agents,
      preferably containing new chemical entities.

PMID- 2289993
TI  - Clinical use of selective decontamination: the concept.
AB  - Infections can be classified according to: (1) the type of offending
      microorganism (virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites), (2) according to the clearance
      by the defence system (T cell dependent/independent) and (3) in case bacteria are
      the causative agents in Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections. The latter
      classification in Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections has appeared to have
      a practical consequence. Gram-negative bacteria, often involved in major
      infections and yeasts, appear to play practically no role in the intestinal
      ecological system. Consequently, it is nowadays increasingly attempted to
      eliminate Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts selectively from the digestive tract
      with antimicrobial agents. Selective suppression of Gram-positive bacteria may
      severely affect the ecosystem of the digestive tract. This selective suppression
      of Gram-negatives must be continued as long as patients are immunocompromised
      (locally or systemically) and is called selective decontamination of the
      digestive tract.

PMID- 2289994
TI  - Selective decontamination in intensive care practice: a review of clinical
      experience.
AB  - Acquired infection is a common problem in intensive care and in a general ICU the
      infection rate can exceed 80% in patients ventilated beyond 5 days. SDD, adapted
      from regimes used in neutropenic patients, was first introduced to the ICU
      situation in Groningen. This article reviews 10 published trials of SDD in ICU.
      The trial designs vary but all show a significant reduction in both colonisation
      rates and acquired infection rates. Infection rates were reduced from 10%-78% to
      3%-10% in the SDD treated groups. Of the 10 trials 2 showed an overall reduction
      in mortality 2 showed a reduction in infection-related mortality and 1 showed a
      reduction in mortality amongst trauma patients. Although further evaluation of
      trials is required SDD now appears to be of proven efficacy in certain groups of
      high risk patients within ICU.

PMID- 2289995
TI  - Effects of selective decontamination on gram-negative colonisation, infections
      and development of bacterial resistance in esophageal resection.
AB  - Patients undergoing an esophageal resection because of carcinoma are at risk of
      developing postoperative respiratory tract infections. These patients were
      studied with respect to preceding colonisation with gram-negative bacilli and the
      effect of selective decontamination (SD) in decreasing this phenomenon, thereby
      reducing gram-negative infections. We randomised prospectively 114 patients into
      a test group receiving SD-medication (n = 56) and a control group receiving
      conventional prophylaxis. Postoperatively, all patients were admitted to the
      intensive care unit and mechanically ventilated. The preoperative administration
      of SD-medication resulted in adequate decontamination within 3-4 days in most
      patients, and SD could prevent gram-negative colonisation and infections
      effectively. Discontinuation of SD showed gram-negative (re-)colonisation, and
      resulted in 12 infections in 4 patients having late complications. This indicates
      that prolonged use in these patients might be beneficial. This new antibiotic
      prophylaxis proved effective, without causing an increase in bacterial
      resistance.

PMID- 2289996
TI  - Impact of dosage schedule of antibiotics on the treatment of serious infections.
AB  - Experimental studies suggest that the importance of the antibiotic dosage
      schedule for therapeutic efficacy in severe infection and when host defences are
      impaired is related to the class of antibiotic. The efficacy of beta-lactams is
      mainly dependent on the maintenance of adequate antibiotic concentrations in
      plasma during the entire treatment interval, and not on high peak concentrations.
      The efficacy of aminoglycosides is related to the total dose administered, i.e.,
      the area under the concentration-time curve, irrespective of the frequency of
      administration. This difference in efficacy between beta-lactams and
      aminoglycosides in relation to the dosage schedule correlate well with
      differences between both classes of antibiotics in kinetics of antibacterial
      activity in vitro and in vivo. Another factor relevant in this respect is the
      post-antibiotic effect (PAE) which means the suppression of bacterial regrowth at
      the end of the period of exposure to antibiotic.

PMID- 2289997
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in critically ill patients.
AB  - Differences in pharmacokinetic data of aminoglycosides, ceftazidime and
      ceftriaxone between intensive care patients and volunteers or patients who are
      less severely ill, are described. Similar differences are observed for midazolam.
      In severely ill patients with normal renal function a wide interpatient
      variability of aminoglycoside half-life (t1/2) and increased distribution volume
      (Vd) are observed. This results in inadequate serum levels. A pharmacokinetic
      approach of drug dosing, based on serum concentrations in individual patients, is
      advised. For ceftazidime and ceftriaxone similar changes of t1/2 and Vd are
      observed. Since protein binding is frequently reduced in severely ill patients,
      the influence of altered binding of highly bound drugs on Vd and drug clearance
      is discussed. As both may be increased by reduced protein binding, the change of
      t1/2 to be expected is unpredictable. Dosing regimens should be based on
      pharmacokinetic data derived from patients whose severity of disease is
      comparable to that of the patients to be treated.

PMID- 2289998
TI  - Difficult-to-treat infections.
AB  - The most common problems in the management of serious bacterial infections were
      reviewed. As illustrations, the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in two
      types of deep-seated infections--both associated with a poor penetration of
      antibiotics--were discussed: (1) In suppurative central venous thrombophlebitis,
      conservative therapy frequently fails; if so, one should promptly switch to a
      surgical approach; (2) in most patients with a parapharyngeal space infection, a
      non-surgical approach can be recommended including early diagnosis by computed
      tomography (CT), CT-guided needle aspiration, prompt administration of
      benzylpenicillin in high and frequent dosages or continuously, and follow-up by
      CT. This regimen may prevent radical surgery even in the presence of deep neck or
      mediastinal abscesses.

PMID- 2289999
TI  - Treatment of sepsis in an intensive care unit.
AB  - The management of severe bacterial sepsis is an integral part of intensive care
      medicine. Early and appropriate treatment with antimicrobials positively affects
      mortality and significantly reduces the time spent in both intensive care and the
      hospital. Drug choice is usually made on a "best guess" basis and instituted
      prior to receipt of appropriate blood, sputum, urine or drainage culture results.
      Bactericidal drugs should be given in combination, delivered by intravenous bolus
      and directed towards broad cover of all likely pathogens.
      Aminoglycoside/ureidopenicillin combinations are synergistic and widely used-
      often combined with metronidazole. Aminoglycoside toxicity can be reduced by
      giving the drug once daily (OD) rather than by traditional multiple daily dosing
      (MDD) and by measuring peak and trough serum levels. Efficacy is increased by
      attention to the peak serum level/MIC ratio which determines the response to
      treatment. Several newer agents have been more recently introduced. These drugs
      include ceftazidime, imipenem/cilastatin, the quinolones and clavulanic
      acid/semisynthetic penicillin combinations. Other newer drugs currently under
      evaluation include aztreonam, teicoplanin, the penems and carbapenems.

PMID- 2290000
TI  - Changes in sudomotor nerve territories with aging in the mouse.
AB  - This study evaluates sudomotor function in the hindpaw of young and aged mice.
      Sweating was stimulated by pilocarpine injection and by electrical stimulation of
      the sciatic, tibial, peroneal, sural and saphenous nerves. The number of
      responsive sweat glands of the paw was determined by the silicon mold technique.
      The results obtained provide evidence that the number of functioning sweat glands
      of the hindpaw tended to decrease in aged mice. The peripheral sudomotor
      territories and the complement of sweat glands for individual nerves declined
      slightly with age. Moreover, the number of sweat glands responsive to cholinergic
      stimulation was decreased when compared with the number responsive to electrical
      stimulation of the sciatic nerve in aged mice. These and previous observations
      suggest that the number of sudomotor axons in the peripheral nerve, as well as
      their capabilities for compensatory reinnervation of sweat glands by regeneration
      and by sprouting, is reduced with aging.

PMID- 2290001
TI  - Vagal-induced vomiting in decerebrate cat is not suppressed by specific 5-HT3
      receptor antagonists.
AB  - Cancer therapy with cytotoxic drugs such as cisplatin or cyclophosphamide is
      usually associated with violent crisis of vomiting. Recently, it was shown that 5
      HT3 receptor antagonists block cisplatin-induced vomiting but the mechanisms and
      their sites of action remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that these agents
      act on structures within the central nervous system by evaluating the
      effectiveness of vagal stimulation in eliciting fictive vomiting in decerebrate,
      paralyzed and ventilated cats before and after administration of such agents.
      Fictive vomiting was defined as a series of large bursts of synchronous activity
      in the phrenic and abdominal (expiratory) nerves (retching) followed by a burst
      in which the abdominal activity was prolonged (expulsion). The latency and number
      of these co-activations were measured before and after intravenous administration
      of three 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (GR 38032F (Ondansetron). Zacopride, and BRL
      43694A (Granisetron]. All compounds, administered at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg
      failed to block vomiting behaviour in 100% and 68% of trials, respectively. Nor
      did their administration affect the latency and number of co-activations. We
      conclude that intravenous administration of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists do not act
      centrally on either the brainstem neuronal network known as the "vomiting center"
      or related neuronal structures. Our results suggest that the anti-emetic effect
      of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in cisplatin-induced vomiting is mediated
      peripherally rather than centrally.

PMID- 2290003
TI  - [Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Report of 3 cases].
AB  - Since the antibiotic era, endophthalmitis has been a rare complication of
      bacterial septicemia. The authors report hereby 3 cases of endogenous bacterial
      endophthalmitis. Both eyes were involved in one case. Causative bacteria were
      identified in blood. Cultures were positive respectively for Streptococcus
      pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. All patients
      received intravenous antibiotherapy, once intravitreal antibiotic was injected.
      Clinical manifestations were three times panophthalmitis with dramatic course. In
      one case, only the anterior segment was involved. The course became complicated
      with a cataract, but the patient finally recovered. Although several clinical
      types with distinct prognoses can be defined, endogenous bacterial
      endophthalmitis remains a devastating situation. Treatment is controversial
      because of the uncertainty about the value of intravitreal antibiotics and
      vitreous surgery.

PMID- 2290002
TI  - Neuropeptide Y mimics a non-adrenergic component of sympathetic vasoconstriction
      in the bullfrog.
AB  - The effects of preganglionic sympathetic nerve stimulation and exogenous agents
      upon vascular tone were observed in hindlimb preparations of pithed adult
      bullfrogs. Repetitive electrical stimulation of the sympathetic C, but not the B,
      system elicited arterial vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow in vascular beds
      supplying the sartorius muscle and the skin. Close-arterial injections of
      epinephrine and neuropeptide Y each mimicked neurogenic vasoconstriction. After
      close-arterial injection of phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, the
      maximal effects of nerve stimulation were delayed in onset and reduced in
      magnitude, but not eliminated. Pretreatment with phentolamine blocked the
      vasoconstriction caused by injection of epinephrine, and produced a mild
      reduction in responses to neuropeptide Y. These observations demonstrate the
      vasomotor function of the sympathetic C system and they support the hypothesis
      that neuropeptide Y and epinephrine function as cotransmitters in postganglionic
      C neurons.

PMID- 2290004
TI  - [Torpid endophthalmitis in pseudophakia: diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties.
      Apropos of 4 cases].
AB  - The authors report four cases of chronic endophthalmitis following extracapsular
      cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation in the posterior chamber.
      The first attack of intraocular inflammation occurred in the form of recurrent
      iridocyclitis two to six months after surgery. The first attack usually responded
      well to local corticosteroids. After many relapses of inflammation, increasingly
      resistant to medical treatment, a severe attack occurred leading to the decision
      to treat such endophthalmitis surgically: endocular fluid aspiration, vitrectomy,
      intraocular injection of antibiotics combined with systemic antibiotics and
      corticosteroids. It may be very difficult to prove the infectious origin of
      torpid endophthalmitis. Growing bacteria from endocular fluid aspirates is much
      more difficult than in acute endophthalmitis. No organisms were found in this
      series by this method, despite the fact that fluid aspiration was often performed
      many times in these 4 cases. A bacterium was identified in 3 cases, twice on the
      implant itself and once after culture of an iridectomy specimen. Intraocular
      antibiotic injections resulted in the complete recovery of one patient. Following
      failure of standard treatment, intraocular lens explantation resulted in the
      disappearance of infectious inflammatory signs in 3 cases. The treatment of
      chronic endophthalmitis is governed by the same rules as acute endophthalmitis
      but is not always as successful. Intraocular lens removal is often the only
      solution and confirms the pathogenic hypothesis that slime production by
      organisms, their adherence to the intraocular lens and their quiescent state make
      them less vulnerable to antibiotics and host defences.

PMID- 2290005
TI  - [Oculomotor paralysis and Lyme disease].
AB  - Lyme disease is an infectious multi system disorder caused by the spirochete
      Borrelia Burgdorferi. Neurologic syndromes occurring during the second stage of
      the illness are common and the neurologic feature is extremely variable. We
      report a case of Lyme disease with diplopia. In contrast with most reported cases
      of ocular motor involvement in Lyme disease, no other systemic symptoms were
      detected. The serodiagnosis, although mildly positive, was confirmed by western
      blot antibodies analysis and evaluation of CSF antibodies. Symptoms readily
      vanished 3 days after the introduction of antibiotherapy. The efficacity of
      antibiotic therapy on the quality and timing of functional recovery justifies the
      use of this therapy.

PMID- 2290006
TI  - [Fluorophotometry of the vitreous body in diabetics without retinopathy or with
      minimal retinopathy].
AB  - Vitreous fluorophotometry using the Fluorotron Master, was performed on the two
      eyes of 56 diabetics patients 45,65 year-old +/- 14,91 (mean +/- S.D.), duration
      of diabetes was 15,14 years +/- 9,17; and on one eye of 17 normal subjects 39,18
      years old +/- 11,19. According to biomicroscopic and angiographic examinations,
      only diabetic subjects with either no or microaneurysmal retinopathy were
      included. Three groups of right and three groups of left eyes were made: Groups
      1: no retinopathy (28 right eyes, 27 left eyes); Groups 2: 1 to 5 microaneurysms
      (11 right eyes, 20 left eyes); Groups 3: greater than 5 microaneurysms (11 right
      eyes, 9 left eyes) For the two eyes, posterior vitreous penetration ratio
      increased with the degree of retinopathy. In the eyes without retinopathy (Groups
      1), the penetration ration is not statistically different from the normal
      subjects; it was the opposite for the eyes with microaneurysmal retinopathy
      (Groups 2 et 3). The results indicated a breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier
      only when clinical diabetic retinopathy was present. The relation between
      fluorophotometric evaluation and the degree of retinopathy showed that vitreous
      fluorophotometry can be useful in the follow-up of diabetic subjects.

PMID- 2290007
TI  - [Effect of mydriasis and cycloplegia on close-range visual acuity in
      pseudophakia].
AB  - We have studied 21 eyes of 17 patients which underwent 3 Months before a standard
      extracapsular cataract extraction and implantation into the sulcus of a posterior
      chamber lens. All the eyes had a final uncorrected far and near vision of 0.4
      (20/50) or better. We have measured the uncorrected near vision before and after
      pupillary dilatation with 5% phenylephrine. Then, after additional 0.5%
      cyclopentolate induced cyclopegia, near vision was evaluated again. Our results
      show a statistically significant decrease in the uncorrected near vision after
      pupillary dilatation (p less than 0.001). On the contrary additional cyclopegia
      does not significantly reduce the uncorrected near vision (p greater than 0.08).
      Our observations confirm the importance of unimpaired pupillary movement as
      regards best possible uncorrected near vision in pseudophakic patients. The
      activity of the ciliary muscle does not seem to mainly contribute to the
      phenomenon of pseudoaccommodation.

PMID- 2290008
TI  - [Dermoid of the cornea. Report of 2 cases of Ida Mann's 2nd type].
AB  - At the opposite of epibulbar dermoids (which are isolated or combined), dermoids
      of IDA MANN's second type are uncommon. The two cases reported had a big size and
      covered almost the cornea, without damage on the descemet's membrane, the
      endothelium and the other eyeball structures. This lesion is classified by the
      W.H.O. among choristomas. It's made of skin recovering fat which includes in
      different figures, hair follicle, eccrine and sweat glands. Total excision is the
      best treatment, but couls become complicated by cornea perforation. It could be
      followed in some cases by keratoplasty. Amblyopia could go with this
      malformation.

PMID- 2290009
TI  - [Mathematical model of the rotation of cornea].
AB  - The aim of our study is to informatise the procedure, ie, design the computer
      system and software necessary to automatically define the parameters of our
      problem. To achieve this, we have used an image analyser which permits us to
      acquire and digitalise a photograph of the lesioned cornea. Digitalisation of the
      image allows us to determine the co-ordinates (x, y) of the points which lie on
      the lesion periphery as well as the co-ordinates of the corneal centre, ie,
      geometric centre of the cornea. One calculates the centre of trephination and the
      optimal diameter of trephination as a function of a point situated on the lesion
      edge.

PMID- 2290010
TI  - [Intraorbital involvement in multiple myeloma].
AB  - According to data from the literature, intraorbital involvement in multiple
      myeloma is rare. Such involvement may result in exophthalmia, itself the first
      manifestation and presenting feature of myeloma. These lesions can respond
      remarkably to radiotherapy. The authors present a new case report.

PMID- 2290011
TI  - [Ischemic occlusion of the central retinal vein and protein C deficiency].
AB  - We present a case of a 52-year-old woman suffering from an ischemic central
      retinal vein thrombosis with neovascular glaucoma of her left eye. Protein C
      activity was found to be reduced (32%). This supports the hypothesis that protein
      C may play a role in the pathogenesis of ocular vaso-occlusive disease, as
      protein C is an important inhibitor of hemostasis. Thus, we suggest to measure
      protein C in patients with preceding thromboembolic diseases or assumed disorders
      of coagulation.

PMID- 2290012
TI  - [Degenerative lesions of the retinal periphery: when and how to treat?].

PMID- 2290013
TI  - [A color after-effect: the McCollough effect].
AB  - Coloured after-effect parameters have already been studied but the process
      involved in these events remains unknown. In the case of the McCollough effect,
      Shute has shown that the induced colour decreases rapidly at first and then more
      slowly. In a normal subject the effect can no longer be detected after
      approximately 2 hours. Results have been used to determine a relationship between
      the purity of the induced colour and time: I = I0 e-bt, where b is a typical
      parameter of the subject related to his physiological state. A figure of b
      approximately 0.03 min-1 was obtained in the normal subject. The rate of decay is
      influenced by certain drugs. In particular, a greater decrease in induced colour
      is obtained when caffeine is taken. In this case, the value of the decay constant
      b is about 0.06 min-1. Results obtained with anticholinergic agents are
      contrasted with those obtained with caffeine: slowed decay occurs. Hence the
      value of the decay constant is about 0.01 min-1. Data show that the McCollough
      effect could be an inhibitory mechanism in a visual pathway and which tends to
      suppress neural connections. It should be noted that the geometrical structures
      of patterns play an important part in the perception of the induced colour. For
      example, with square-wave gratings, the strength of the induced colour depends on
      spatial frequency and orientation. The McCollough effect mainly concerns the ways
      in which we perceive both pattern and colour. It may be located either within the
      retina or more centrally in the visual system.

PMID- 2290014
TI  - Two cases of late life alcoholism.

PMID- 2290015
TI  - The role of mutual support groups and family therapy for caregivers of demented
      elderly.

PMID- 2290016
TI  - Analysis of patients in their fifties: some aspects of technique.

PMID- 2290017
TI  - Assessment and treatment strategies with the late life alcoholic. Introduction.

PMID- 2290018
TI  - Treating the late life alcoholic: guidelines for working through denial
      integrating individual, family, and group approaches.

PMID- 2290019
TI  - Altered concentrations, patterns and distribution in lipoproteins of serum
      gangliosides in liver diseases of different etiologies.
AB  - Concentrations, patterns and distribution in different lipoprotein classes of
      human serum gangliosides were investigated in acute and chronic liver diseases of
      different etiologies. The total concentrations of gangliosides were moderately
      elevated in sera of patients with cirrhosis and acute B or NANB virus hepatitis,
      but almost 3-fold in those with severe cholestasis. Up to three unknown
      gangliosides appeared in the sera of six out of nine patients with alcoholic
      cirrhosis. They accounted for 11-27% of total serum gangliosides. In acute viral
      hepatitis very small amounts of these gangliosides were inconsistently detected.
      In severe cholestasis (bilirubin greater than 10 mg/dl) the distribution of serum
      gangliosides was altered in different lipoprotein classes including lipoprotein X
      (LP(x)). The results indicate that the liver produces serum gangliosides. The
      diseased liver is supposed to affect the total concentration, pattern and
      distribution of serum gangliosides in different lipoprotein classes as a result
      of at least two different pathogenetic events: the qualitative and quantitative
      alterations of their biosynthesis and secretion into the circulation (cirrhosis);
      and the alteration of lipoprotein metabolism following cholestasis.

PMID- 2290020
TI  - Effect of sensory denervation with capsaicin on liver fibrosis induced by common
      bile duct ligation in rat.
AB  - Hepatic fibrosis represents an important stage in the progression of chronic
      liver disease to cirrhosis. In the present paper we have investigated whether
      capsaicin-sensitive neuropeptide-containing sensory neurons may participate in
      the development of liver fibrosis. The expression of hepatic fibrosis induced by
      common bile duct obstruction has been studied both in capsaicin- and vehicle
      treated rats. Common bile duct-induced liver fibrosis was less marked in
      capsaicin-treated rats than in vehicle-treated rats. Diffuse alterations of liver
      parenchyma structure with marked collagen deposition and nodular regeneration
      occurred 8 weeks after common bile duct ligation in vehicle-treated animals,
      while none of the capsaicin-treated rats exhibited the formation of complete
      connective septa altering the parenchyma architecture. Both vehicle- and
      capsaicin-treated rats showed an increasing number of desmin-positive cells in
      the perivenular zone, but the density of these cells was lower in treated animals
      than in untreated rats. The hydroxyproline content of the liver increased after
      common bile duct ligation in a time-dependent manner. Eight weeks after bile duct
      obstruction vehicle-treated rats showed a 7-fold increase of liver collagen
      content in comparison to normal animals. This enhancement was about 3.5-fold in
      capsaicin-treated rats. These findings raise the possibility that the peripheral
      release of neuropeptides stored in sensory nerves might participate in the
      development of liver fibrosis following common bile duct obstruction.

PMID- 2290021
TI  - The relation of periportal fibrosis to portal hypertension.
AB  - To clarify the relation of periportal fibrosis to portal hypertension, the
      present study was undertaken in rats given lithocholate. Portal vascular
      resistance measured by an isolated liver perfusion method increased with the
      length of lithocholate administration. In vivo portal vein pressure elevation was
      closely correlated to the increase in portal vascular resistance. The blood
      pressure difference between the portal vein and the terminal portal venule
      increased compared to control rats. The blood pressure differences between the
      terminal portal venule and the terminal hepatic venule, and between the terminal
      hepatic venule and the inferior vena cava, were almost the same as those in
      control rats. Lithocholate administration induced narrowing and meandering of the
      portal vein branches due to periportal fibrosis with proliferation of bile
      ductules. There was no perceptible change in the sinusoids and the hepatic vein
      branches. These data suggest that periportal fibrosis causes deformation of the
      peripheral branches of the portal vein and leads to presinusoidal portal
      hypertension.

PMID- 2290022
TI  - D-penicillamine therapy in patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis
      and major prednisolone-induced adverse effects.
AB  - Six patients with histologically proven HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis
      (CAH), who were initially treated successfully with prednisolone with or without
      azathioprine, developed unacceptable adverse effects due to prednisolone. In all
      six patients the liver disease relapsed on reduction of the prednisolone dose and
      they subsequently entered a trial of low dose D-penicillamine. Two of the
      patients required early withdrawal of D-penicillamine and a third patient, who
      had a good clinical and biochemical response initially, developed heavy
      proteinuria at 14 months. In the remainder, D-penicillamine was well tolerated
      and the liver disease satisfactorily controlled permitting reduction of the
      prednisolone dose to 2.5 mg daily. We conclude that in this subgroup of patients
      with HBsAg-negative CAH and major prednisolone-induced adverse effects, D
      penicillamine is an effective alternative therapy although side effects are
      common.

PMID- 2290023
TI  - A novel oral adjuvant for hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines.
AB  - A plasma-derived HBV vaccine was administered to 86 healthy men ranging in age
      from 40-56 years. A relatively high rate of nonresponders was found among the men
      who received the HBV vaccine alone. There was a significantly higher HBs antibody
      response rate among the vaccinees who received an oral adjuvant (taurine)
      compared to those not receiving the adjuvant. In the vaccinees who received the
      oral adjuvant, an in vitro polyclonal antibody response to taurine was detected
      in 17 (58.6%) of the 29 HBs responders, but in none of the HBs nonresponders. The
      development of oral adjuvants other than aluminum may be a valuable approach to
      the study of HBV vaccination.

PMID- 2290024
TI  - Inhibition in fat-storing cell multiplication by a factor produced by normal
      cultured murine hepatocytes.
AB  - In this study we demonstrate that hepatocytes isolated from normal mice may
      efficiently inhibit the multiplication of fat-storing cells (FSC) in culture,
      either in a coculture system where both cell types are separated by a filter of
      0.45 microns pore size or via their conditioned medium. The inhibition may be
      completely reversed when the hepatocytes are removed and the culture medium is
      renewed. The inhibitory factor appears as early as 8 h in the medium with an
      almost maximum effect being reached after 24 h, as long as protein synthesis is
      allowed. It rapidly loses its efficiency through dilution. The inhibitory
      capacity of the conditioned medium is maintained after heating at 56 degrees C,
      dialysis of 100,000 x g centrifugation, but reduced after trypsin treatment. The
      infection of the hepatocytes by ectromelia virus causes an almost total
      suppression of the synthesis of the inhibitory factor. This latter result
      suggests that the multiplication of FSC, which may be inhibited by normal
      hepatocytes, would no longer be hindered in case of disregulation.

PMID- 2290025
TI  - Ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy of focal liver lesions: techniques,
      diagnostic accuracy and complications. A retrospective study on 2091 biopsies.
AB  - Two thousand and ninety-one ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsies were performed
      in 1946 patients to diagnose focal liver lesions. The diagnostic accuracy of fine
      needle biopsies is very high (only one false positive was observed), both for
      aspiration biopsy (93.4%) and for cutting biopsy (95.1%). The difference is not
      statistically significant. In cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (but not in cases
      of metastasis or hepatic lymphoma), double biopsy (aspiration and cutting) showed
      higher diagnostic sensitivity than single methods. A certain number of benign
      focal liver lesions were also diagnosed. In the present series, no case of death
      following liver puncture was observed. Intraperitoneal hemorrhage was the most
      common complication. The risk with a cutting needle being higher than with an
      aspirative needle.

PMID- 2290026
TI  - Circulating osteocalcin in primary biliary cirrhosis following liver
      transplantation and during treatment with ciclosporin.
AB  - Circulating osteocalcin, a non-collagen bone protein is considered a useful
      indirect index of turnover. Osteocalcin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay
      in 57 female patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) from two centres, 52
      normal female controls, 11 female patients following liver transplantation for
      PBC and seven female patients with PBC treated with Ciclosporin. Serum levels
      were significantly less in the PBC group (median 10 ng/ml) compared to normals
      (median 15 ng/ml: p less than 0.001). Patients with PBC treated with Ciclosporin
      had significantly higher levels than untreated patients (median 23 ng/ml: p less
      than 0.001). Levels also increased significantly following transplantation when
      all patients were receiving Ciclosporin (median 40 ng/ml: p less than 0.001). The
      results suggest that the abnormal bone metabolism of PBC is significantly altered
      by Ciclosporin and liver transplantation.

PMID- 2290028
TI  - Interleukin-6 release by rat liver macrophages.
AB  - Tissue macrophages of the liver (Kupffer cells) release interleukin-6 (IL-6) in
      vitro. Since Kupffer cells reside in close proximity to hepatocytes, which are
      major target cells of IL-6, the regulation of IL-6 release by hepatic macrophages
      has been investigated in this study. Using the hybridoma growth test to detect IL
      6, we found that Kupffer cells already maximally release IL-6 at endotoxin
      concentrations as low as 1.0 ng/ml. The stimulated secretion of IL-6 was
      increased 4-8-fold by endotoxin when compared to the control macrophages
      incubated in serum-containing medium alone. The preincubation of macrophages with
      interferon-gamma enhanced the capacity of Kupffer cells to respond to endotoxin.
      The secretion of IL-6 could also be induced by interleukin (IL)-1 beta and tumor
      necrosis factor (TNF-alpha). The most potent inducers, however, were the
      paramyxoviruses Newcastle Disease Virus and Sendai Virus. The release of IL-6 by
      macrophages upon stimulation with endotoxin was almost completely inhibited by 1
      microM dexamethasone. Whereas 100 nM of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibited the
      release of TNF-alpha in rat Kupffer cells, it did not affect the secretion of IL
      6.

PMID- 2290027
TI  - Prostanoid release of cultured liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in response to
      endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor. Comparison with umbilical vein endothelial
      cells.
AB  - Vascular endothelial cells release prostanoids, especially prostacyclin, when
      properly stimulated. In addition to short acting stimuli like thrombin and
      histamine an increased prostanoid release occurs in the presence of endotoxin,
      interleukin 1 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The response of sinusoidal
      endothelial liver cells to such stimuli - probably important in hepatic
      inflammatory disease - is unknown. Sinusoidal endothelial liver cells from the
      guinea pig were isolated by centrifugal elutriation and investigated as confluent
      monolayers. Their prostanoid release in response to endotoxin and human
      recombinant TNF was determined by radioimmunoassays and compared to that obtained
      with cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. A pronounced time- and dose
      dependent release of prostanoids was found with both cell types in response to
      endotoxin. In contrast to umbilical vein cells, liver endothelial cells produced
      not only large amounts of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and some PGE2 but also thromboxane
      B2. Only umbilical vein endothelial cells responded to TNF with an increased 6
      keto-PGF1 alpha release, emphasising the metabolic differences between both cell
      types.

PMID- 2290029
TI  - Latency and reactivation of a precore mutant hepatitis B virus in a chronically
      infected patient.
AB  - In human patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) seroconversion from HBe
      to anti-HBe often signals virus elimination. Occasionally, a second viremic phase
      is observed which may be due to superinfection with a variant or reactivation of
      a latent virus. To differentiate between these two possibilities we investigated
      the nucleotide sequences of virus populations from sera of a chronically infected
      patient who had two distinct viremic phases, one e-antigen positive and one anti
      HBe antibody positive. By direct sequencing of amplified HBV C- and pre-S gene
      sequences we found that the viruses in the two populations differed by only two
      point mutations, one of which prevents expression of precore derived e-antigen.
      In the nonviremic phase viral DNA and antigen were found in the liver but
      nucleocapsid protein expression appeared drastically downregulated. These data
      demonstrate that HBV can enter a latent phase with low expression of core protein
      and selection for HBV variants which cannot synthesize e-antigen. This suggests
      that e-antigen expression can be a critical target for virus elimination and that
      loss of its expression can prolong chronicity and provoke latency of HBV
      infection.

PMID- 2290030
TI  - Detection of HDV-RNA by PCR in serum of patients with chronic HDV infection.
AB  - In this paper, we studied the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in
      HDV-RNA detection. Using serial dilutions of serum samples of known
      concentrations of HDV-RNA, PCR was 10,000-times more sensitive than slot-blot
      hybridization. PCR was used for the detection of HDV-RNA in 33 serum samples
      negative to HDV-RNA by conventional slot-blot hybridization. HDV-RNA was detected
      in 18/33 (54%) of the samples included in this study using PCR. When positivity
      to a viral genome was related to other viral replication markers, it was found
      that among the 18 patients positive to the viral genome, 13 (72%) had hepatitis
      delta antigen in the liver, and five (28%) were negative. In conclusion, HDV-RNA
      detection by gene amplification is 10,000-times more sensitive than slot-blot
      hybridization, and allows the detection of viral replication in patients without
      other viral replication markers.

PMID- 2290031
TI  - Genetic basis of nonresponse to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialyzed patients.
AB  - Genetic factors are implicated in the response of normal subjects to hepatitis B
      vaccine. The aim of our study was to investigate if HLA Class I and II proteins
      could participate in a nonresponse to this vaccine in immunocompromised, namely
      hemodialyzed, patients. One hundred and seven hemodialyzed patients (68 men and
      39 women, mean age 35 years) were vaccinated with Pasteur Hevac B vaccine, with a
      mean delay of 2 months following the onset of chronic hemodialysis. Patients were
      considered nonresponders when their serum antiHBs remained less than 10 mUI/ml on
      at least two occasions within the 12 months following the vaccination. HLA-A, B
      and DR antigens were determined by complement-dependent microlymphotoxicity.
      Ninety patients (84%) were responders and 17 (16%) nonresponders. The HLA-A1, B8
      and DR3 frequency was higher in nonresponders (35, 35 and 44%, respectively) than
      in responders (18, 4 and 14%, respectively). The extended haplotype HLA-A1, B8,
      DR3 was more frequent in the former (19%) than in the latter (2%) (p less than
      0.03). There was only one female within the nonresponders (6%) as compared to 37
      (41%) in the responders (p less than 0.05). We conclude that genetic determinants
      (sex and HLA markers) play a critical role in the induction of an antiHBs immune
      response in both immunoincompetent hemodialyzed patients and normal
      immunocompetent hosts.

PMID- 2290032
TI  - Measles and rubella antibodies in patients with chronic liver disease.

PMID- 2290033
TI  - Changes in the plasma clearance of antipyrine after treatment of healthy male
      volunteers with epomediol.

PMID- 2290034
TI  - Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid induced cholestasis.

PMID- 2290035
TI  - [In vitro test of piezoelectric lithotripsy with ultrasound detection using an
      EDAP LT 01 lithotripser].
AB  - 200 in vitro shots were performed with an EDAP LT 01 system in order to test the
      sensitivity of the various urinary stones to lithotrity and to study the action
      of the various shot parameters. All calculi do not have an equally favorable
      reaction to lithotrity. The deciding factor is neither their hardness, nor their
      chemical composition, nor their crystallizing shape, but rather the architecture
      ruling the arrangement of the crystallins forms in the calculus. The most
      important shot parameter is the power of the system, which conditions its
      efficiency. However, the shooting method, and more specifically the setting of
      the shot rate, allows adjusting the shots according to the desired results. The
      lithotriters will only be improved, ie. made more effective and less traumatic,
      if these experiments are continued.

PMID- 2290036
TI  - [Vesicorenal reflux in children under 2 years of age. Indications and results of
      surgical treatment].
AB  - On the basis of 133 cases, the authors analyse the clinical features and the
      modalities of the treatment of vesicorenal reflux in children under age 2. The
      number of girls is higher than that of boys. The diagnosis is most often
      established between 0 and 6 months of age, with a very marked peak between 0 and
      1 month. The usual warning sign is a urinary infection with fever. Pyerography is
      normal in every second case, and retrograde cystography is the key examination,
      which confirms the reflux and establishes its side and degree (bilateral reflux
      in 53% of cases, stage II in 48% of cases). 33 children were operated at once.
      Another 100 first had a medical treatment, ie. urinary antibiotics, on the basis
      of strict criteria that are listed here. This medical treatment has been very
      disappointing: 20 children were lost to follow-up and 47 had secondary surgery.
      When surgery is necessary, advancing plasty according to Cohen's procedure yields
      excellent results: 98.6% of 76 operations were successful. The authors therefore
      think that Cohen's procedure is widely indicated, even in children under age 2.

PMID- 2290037
TI  - [Chemotherapy in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. Phase
      II trial of a combination of doxorubicin and cisplatin].
AB  - Between January 1, 1983 and December 31, 1984, 18 patients with advanced
      transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium were treated in a Phase II trial
      with doxorubicin 45 mg/sqm plus cisplatin 90/mg/sqm/day every four weeks. 17
      patients were evaluable for response. There were: 4 partial responses (24% of
      response objective effects, 95% confidence limits are 15% and 33%) and 13
      failures. The median survival was 18.5 months for responders and 10 months for
      non responders.

PMID- 2290038
TI  - [Effects of Botulinum A Toxin on the periurethral striated sphincter of the
      neurogenic bladder. Preliminary study].
AB  - The goal of this study was to try to determine the effects of the Botulinum A
      Toxin on the spasticity of the rhabdosphincter in 9 men with spinal cord injury
      and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. The cystometrography, before and after the
      endoscopic injection of 100 units of Botulinum A Toxin, consisted of recording
      the bladder, urethral and rectal pressures with microtip transducers the
      anatomical position of which was radiographically controlled. The subjective and
      objective results of that study allow us to conclude that the Botulinum A Toxin
      has a place in the treatment of spinal injuries with detrusor-sphincter
      dyssynergia. Due to his blocking effect on the release of acetylcholine in the
      motor nerve endings, the Botulinum A Toxin suppresses or decreases the spasticity
      of the rhabdosphincter and improves voiding. Although its relatively short living
      action (2-3 months) may require renewed injections, it has the advantage to hold
      off a surgical treatment such as a sphincterotomy and to give the patient another
      chance to reach a balanced bladder function secondary to the postinjection
      changes of reflexes which may have taken place between the bladder and the
      rhabdosphincter and vice versa.

PMID- 2290039
TI  - [Ureteral stenosis in pancreatitis. Role and value of the double J tube].
AB  - One case of right ureteral stenosis due to a flow of necrosis from an acute
      lithiasic pancreatitis, treated with the insertion of a double J tube, is
      reported. 14 cases of ureteral stenosis following pancreatitis have been found in
      the literature. They occur whatever the severity of pancreatitis and can either
      reveal it or, on the contrary, be asymptomatic. The ureteral lesions are of three
      kinds: compression by a pseudocyst of the pancreas, sheathing of the ureter and
      "ureteritis" in the flows of necrosis, necrosis of the ureteral wall. The
      management of these ureteral stenoses involves treating both the pancreatitis and
      the obstruction, according to its type. In cases of compression or sheathing of
      the ureter, ureteral endoprostheses inserted in an early stage allow maintaining
      the patency of the ureter during the healing phase. In case of ureteral necrosis,
      nephrostomy, then ureteral resection prove to be necessary.

PMID- 2290040
TI  - [Prostatic utricle in adults. Report of 4 cases].
AB  - We present here four cases of adult prostatic utricules, and discuss the
      endoscopic or surgical treatment. A brief embryological and clinical summary
      allows a better understanding of this malformation. Therapeutic indications are
      reviewed and transtrigonal approach is described. We think that this surgical
      procedure gives better results and less morbidity.

PMID- 2290041
TI  - [Renal parenchymal malakoplakia. A case report].
AB  - A case of renal parenchymal malakoplakia, with tumoral appearance is reported
      here. The clinical, pathological, and imaging (including US, CT and
      arteriography) findings of this unusual site of the disease, whose diagnosis
      requires necessarily a biopsy, are presented.

PMID- 2290042
TI  - [Unilateral hematoma of the adrenal gland. Review of the literature. A case
      report].
AB  - The authors report one case of post-traumatic hematic pseudocyst of the right
      adrenal demonstrated with magnetic resonance imaging. Total adrenalectomy was
      performed; the clinicopathological examination confirms the absence of any
      underlying tumoral process and allows the hypothesis that stress was a fostering
      factor. After a review of the literature noting that the risk of hemorrhagic
      recurrence is underestimated, while the number of underlying cancers is small and
      easily detected since imaging of the adrenals has been refined, the authors
      discuss the procedure of treatment and the technical aspects of surgery for the
      hematomas confined to the adrenal space: surgical exeresis is proposed as a rule,
      but this should be qualified, as a medical alternative can be justified provided
      the causal affection disappears and a strict observation with computed tomography
      or magnetic resonance imaging is ensured.

PMID- 2290043
TI  - [A study of the long-term graft patency using a saphenous vein graft following
      aorto-coronary bypass surgery].
AB  - Long term graft patency after aorto-coronary (A-C) bypass surgery has been
      reported in the West and the data shows a lower patency rate in saphenous vein
      grafts (SVG) than internal mammary artery grafts. We studied the long term SVG
      patency in cases of Japanese patients at our institute, and we have compared our
      results with those in the West. The subjects, including children, were 211 cases
      who received A-C bypass surgery using at least one SVG from Jan., 1975 to Sept.,
      1989. 182 of these cases (examination rate: 86%) received a postoperative
      angiography one or three months after surgery. The postoperative study took the
      form of either a selective coronary angiography or a digital subtraction
      angiography. In 81 cases, using the same two methods, graft patency was
      reconfirmed from one to eleven years after surgery. Early graft patency including
      children was 95%. Long term graft patency in the adult cases was 89% from 1 to 2
      years (mean: 1.3 years), 94% from 2 to 5 years (mean: 3.2 years), 88% from 6 to
      11 years (mean: 7.1 years) following the operation. Six patients died during the
      post operative follow up period. Two cases were sudden death, one resulted from a
      reoperation for recurrent angina, two were caused by malignant neoplasm and other
      was the result of a cerebro-vascular accident. The results correlating the long
      term graft patency using a SVG and long term mortality were not as negative at
      our institute as they have been in studies done in the West.

PMID- 2290044
TI  - [Eight cases of thymic cyst].
AB  - Eight cases of thymic cyst were treated in our hospital from Jan. 1967 to Oct.
      1989, which were 5.6% of all mediastinal tumors and 35% of congenital cysts. All
      cases were discovered incidentally by routine chest roentgenograms. All but one
      had no respiratory symptoms. There were no associated autoimmunological disorders
      such as myasthenia gravis. These tumors showed water density in computed
      tomography, low intensity area in T1 and high intensity area in T2 weighted
      magnetic resonance image. Garium scans were negative in all cases. Operations
      were performed in all cases for their diagnosis and treatment. All of our cases
      had no signs of malignancy on pathological examinations, and they are free of
      recurrence during subsequent follow ups. Study of intracystic fluid revealed high
      titer of CA19-9 and CEA in spite of normal titer in serum, which might be useful
      clue to preoperative diagnosis. For the poor risk patients with thymic cyst,
      percutaneous aspiration might be diagnostic and therapeutic when there is no sign
      of malignancy.

PMID- 2290045
TI  - [Flow cytometric analysis of cellular DNA content of lung cancer with reference
      to survival].
AB  - The cellular DNA content of lung cancer were measured by flow cytometry on 223
      paraffin-embedded specimens prepared from resected lung carcinomas. According to
      the histological type of lung cancer, the mean values for the DNA Index were 1.41
      in adenocarcinoma, 1.39 in squamous cell carcinoma, 1.33 in large cell carcinoma
      and 1.84 in small cell carcinoma. The DNA Index of small cell carcinoma was thus
      slightly higher than that of the other histological types, without statistically
      significant difference. Of 223 lung carcinoma cases, 131 (59.1%) were DNA
      aneuploidy and 92 (40.9%) were DNA diploidy. DNA aneuploidy was found in 56.1% of
      adenocarcinomas, 59.5% of squamous cell carcinomas, 53.3% of large cell
      carcinomas and 100% of small cell carcinomas. According to the staging of the
      lung cancer, the mean values of the DNA Index were 1.40 in stage I, 1.46 in stage
      II, 1.36 in stage IIIA, 1.48 in stage IIIB and 1.48 in stage IV. No statistically
      significant differences were found among these stages. DNA aneuploidy was found
      in 57.1% of stage I, 57.9% of stage II, 54.7% of stage IIIA, 60.0% of stage IIIB
      and 75.0% of stage IV. The correlation of DNA content with survival were
      investigated in 94 cases with stage I non-small cell carcinoma which underwent
      absolute curative resection. Of 94 cases, the 5-year survival rate of 40 cases
      with DNA diploidy was 81.1% and a mean survival time 111 months, while this one
      of the remaining 54 with DNA aneuploidy was 58.4% and a mean survival time 80
      months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2290046
TI  - [Cross circulation (CC) as an assist method for canine orthotopic cardiac
      transplantation--estimation of usefulness judging from intra- and postoperative
      hematological and biochemical examinations].
AB  - We employed cross circulation (CC) as an assist method for canine orthotopic
      cardiac transplantation in 8 dogs to obtain long term survivals. Hematological
      and biochemical examinations were performed intra- and postoperatively, to
      estimate usefulness of CC. The support dog weighted about 3 times as much as the
      recipient dog. Using different anesthesia, the systolic pressure of the support
      dog and the pressure gradient between the support and recipient were kept above
      150 mmHg and 50 mmHg, respectively. Cyclosporin and prednisolone were
      administered for immunosuppressive therapy. All could be extubated on the 1st to
      3rd postoperative day, and 6 survived more than 2 weeks. During the operation
      under CC, changes of LDH and lactic acid were much less, no free hemoglobin was
      detected, and total protein and hematocrit remained well compared with operation
      under heart-lung machines. CRK, CPKMB, GOT and GPT increased shortly after
      operation, but returned to the preoperative values within 2 weeks. In CC, owing
      to avoidance from mechanical destruction of red blood cells, coagulation
      disorders and hemodilution, hemolysis and hemorrhage could be decreased, and
      oncotic pressure remained well, and no severe damage occurred in the recipient
      organs. Thus, CC is useful as an assist method for canine orthotopic cardiac
      transplantation.

PMID- 2290047
TI  - [Epidural anesthesia with buprenorphine for chest surgery and its prophylactic
      effects of postoperative pulmonary complications].
AB  - To clarify the prophylactic effect of epidural anesthesia with buprenorphine on
      postoperative pulmonary complications, the incidence of pulmonary complications
      after chest surgery was evaluated in 2 groups: the group that underwent epidural
      anesthesia, namely the test group, and the control group. Pulmonary complications
      were classified as follows: mild complications, sustained wheezing and/or small
      atelectasis-like shadows seen on chest x-rays. These improved by conventional
      methods except for bronchial toilet. Moderate complications included pneumonia
      and/or respiratory failure and/or atelectasis which needed bronchial toilet.
      There were 56 cases (58%) with no pulmonary complications in the control group
      and 89 cases (77%) in the test group. The number of patients with pulmonary
      complications were 40 (42%) in the control group and 27 (23%) in the test group,
      respectively (p less than 0.01). Those with mild or moderate complications were
      25 (26%), 15 (16%) in the control group and 21 (18%), 6 (5%) in the test group,
      respectively. There was significant difference between no complication group and
      moderate complication group (p less than 0.01). These results show that epidural
      anesthesia is useful in preventing pulmonary complications after chest surgery.

PMID- 2290048
TI  - [Shortest route for in situ left thoracic artery to left anterior descending
      coronary artery].
AB  - For coronary artery bypass grafting, the internal thoracic artery (ITA) graft
      carries a greater long-term patency and a decreased need for reoperation when
      compared with the saphenous vein graft. However, the number and length of ITAs
      limit their use. In an effort to extend the use of the ITA and to improve
      patency, we evaluated the shorter course from the left ITA (LITA) origin to the
      left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). We compared the distance using
      the conventional route over the lung (20 patients) with that using the newly
      devised route medial to the lung and through the pericardial incision (20
      patients). The distance using the route medial to the lung and through the
      pericardial incision was 12.6 +/- 1.4 cm (mean +/- SD), which was shorter
      compared with 15.1 +/- 1.1 cm of the route over the lung (p less than 0.01). And
      also the route medial to the lung and through the pericardial incision could
      avoid the danger of strectching or kinking by the inflated left lung. From these
      results, we concluded that the use of the route medial to the lung and through
      the pericardial incision was better method of extending the use of the in situ
      LITA to LAD.

PMID- 2290049
TI  - [Surgery for postinfarction ventricular septal perforation under hypothermic
      fibrillatory arrest with pulsatile perfusion].
AB  - Surgery were performed by 2 different methods of myocardial protection in 17
      patients with postinfarction ventricular septal perforation (VSP) from 1982 to
      1989. Ten consecutive operations were performed using hypothermic fibrillatory
      arrest with pulsatile perfusion (VF group). Pulsatile flow was produced by an
      intra-aortic balloon pumping device. Other 7 consecutive VSP operations were
      performed using cardioplegic arrest (CP group). In the VF group, the mean age was
      67 years (range 54 to 78 years), and VSP was located in the anterior wall in 7,
      in the inferior wall in 2, and in the anterior and inferior walls in 1 patients.
      The operation was performed 2.5 days after the onset of VSP. In the CP group, the
      mean age was 71 years (range 50 to 78 years), and VSP was located in the anterior
      wall in 6 and in the inferior wall in 1 patient. The operation was performed 4.7
      days after the onset of VSP. Cardiogenic shock developed after septal rupture in
      50% of the patients in the VF group and 71% in the CP group (N.S.). Prior to the
      operation, no significant differences were found in hemodynamic status between
      the 2 groups. Cardiac index in the VF group was higher than that of the CP group
      (p less than 0.05) shortly after cardiopulmonary bypass. The operative mortality
      rate was 10% in the VF group and 57% in the CP group. From these clinical
      results, hypothermic fibrillatory arrest with pulsatile perfusion can be
      beneficial as a method of myocardial protection during surgery for VSP and
      presently this has become the method of choice in our department.

PMID- 2290050
TI  - [Pure aortic valve regurgitation due to congenital bicuspid valve--analysis of 7
      cases and a report of 2 rare cases].
AB  - The congenital bicuspid aortic valves usually become stenotic with severe
      calcification or regurgitant due to infective endocarditis (IE). However, pure
      aortic valve regurgitation without calcification or IE may be occurred. We report
      seven these cases out of 30 bicuspid valved patients who underwent aortic valve
      replacements. Pathological findings of these resected valves revealed neither
      calcium deposit nor findings of infection, but commonly showed myxoid
      degeneration. They were operated on at the mean age of 39, while those with
      calcified bicuspid aortic valves had an average age of 56. Two rare cases in whom
      an anomalous fibrous band on the larger cusp attached to the aortic wall were
      also reported.

PMID- 2290051
TI  - [The surgery of pharyngoesophageal carcinoma with vascular anastomosis].
AB  - Reestablishment of gastrointestinal continuity following resection of
      pharyngoesophageal carcinoma can be a challenging problem. Recent developments in
      vascular surgery have made microvascular anastomosis possible and practical. At
      present free intestinal interposition grafts and revascularization of the
      proximal end of pedicle grafts offer the surgeon new options. From 1983 through
      1989, reconstruction with vascular anastomosis was performed in 18 cases with
      pharyngoesophageal carcinoma. Patients were 47 to 88 years old, mean 62.1 years.
      Reconstructive methods included; free jejunal graft in 14, revascularization of
      proximal end of a pedicled gastric tube in 1, revascularization of proximal end
      of a pedicled jejunum in 1, interposition of free jejunal graft between a
      pedicled gastric tube and the pharynx in 1 and interposition of free ileal graft
      between a pedicled jejunum and the cervical esophagus in 1 case. Modified radical
      neck dissection was performed in all cases and superior mediastinal lymph node
      dissection with median sternotomy was added in 5. The internal jugular vein and
      common carotid artery were the donor vessels of choice, but in the case of severe
      sclerosis of the carotid artery, another cervical artery was chosen. The vascular
      anastomosis was performed using interrupted 7-0 Prolene sutures in the anterior
      wall and running 7-0 Prolene sutures in the posterior wall under 2.25
      magnification. The patency of the anastomosed vessels was confirmed by Doppler
      flowmeter. The postoperative following-up periods ranged from 1 to 73 months with
      a mean of 16.5 months, and the survival rate was 66.2% at 1 year and 42.6% after
      3 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2290052
TI  - [The effect of chemical ablation with lugol solution for ventricular
      tachyarrhythmia on cardiac function].
AB  - Among various methods to treat ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) in the presence
      of acute myocardial infraction, the surgical approach is a somewhat
      unsatisfactory method in case of preoperative acute hemodynamic deterioration.
      The transatrial approach with the "topical" application of Lugol solution on left
      ventricular (LV) endocardium, without left ventriculotomy, i.e. a transatrial
      chemical ablation method; has been reported in our department as suggestive to
      being efficacious. The objective of the present study is to investigate the
      occurrence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) and the like, as well as to examine
      the impact on heart function, particularly LV function, by employing the just
      above mentioned approach. 15 mongrel dogs were being experimented on. Through a
      left transatrial approach toward LV endocardium and the application of Lugol
      solution, with pulmonary artery flow being as constant; we measured pre- and post
      operative left atrial (LA) pressure, LV pressure, aortic pressure, LV functional
      shortening, and stroke volume. In addition, the same protocol was also employed
      in another group, with the application of physiologic normal saline solution,
      instead. A comparative study was made between the two groups. In the Lugol
      solution group, postoperative LA pressure and LVEDP showed a tendency toward
      exhibiting higher values, when compared to preoperative readings. However, no
      significant difference was observed in this setting. Furthermore, in comparison
      with postoperative readings in the saline group, the mean LA pressure in the
      Lugol solution group exhibited a tendency toward somewhat higher values.
      Nonetheless, no significant difference was observed in LV functional shortening
      between the two groups; though it is known a LBB pattern could be noticed on ECG
      in the Lugol solution group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2290053
TI  - [Report of two operated cases with erythrocyte antibody].
AB  - Two operated cases with erythrocyte antibodies were reported. In the first case
      who required the second open heart operation for mitral stenosis, delayed
      hemolytic transfusion reaction by erythrocyte antibodies was recognized. The
      direct and indirect Coombs' tests were negative and the erythrocyte antibodies
      were not detected preoperatively. Massive blood transfusion during perioperative
      period precipitated secondary immunoreaction and reproduction of antibodies. An
      anti-c antibody and anti-E antibody were detected by the serologic studies on the
      11th and 16th postoperative day. In the second case, stenotic mitral valve was
      replaced without homologous blood transfusion, because anti-C antibody was
      detected preoperatively. We believe that open heart operations without blood
      transfusion should be done, whenever possible, it should be kept in mind that
      delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction by erythrocyte antibody may occur after
      blood transfusion.

PMID- 2290054
TI  - [A case of recanalization of LV-RA communication associated with tricuspid
      regurgitation complicating active endocarditis in chronic renal failure].
AB  - Open heart surgery (patch closure of the defect and tricuspid valvuloplasty with
      DeVega's annuloplasty) has been successfully performed on 35-year-old woman who
      has had a history of VSD closure and was undergoing hemodialysis. The patient has
      also been under treatment for active endocarditis due to streptococcal infection.
      Hemofiltration method was used during cardiopulmonary bypass. We describe our
      experience and discuss the management of the problems in this case.

PMID- 2290055
TI  - [Two treated cases of infectious endocarditis with subsequent rupture of cerebral
      aneurysm].
AB  - Infectious cerebral aneurysm secondary to infectious endocarditis is susceptible
      to rupture and its prognosis is unfavorable with high mortality. Recently, we
      encountered two cases (a 20-year-old man and a 21-year-old woman) with
      intracranial bleeding due to this disease at the Department of Surgery, Aomori
      Rosai Hospital, and succeeded in replacing the mitral valve. Based on the present
      case and related reports in Japan and abroad, the importance of immediate
      appropriate brain surgical treatment and subsequent radical treatment such as
      replacement of the mitral valve for infectious endocarditis is shown for
      improvement in the lifesaving rate for intracranial bleeding due to the present
      disease.

PMID- 2290056
TI  - [Surgical therapy for WPW syndrome combined with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia].
AB  - A 47-years old man presented with life-threatening paroxysmal supraventricular
      tachycardia. Electrophysiological study revealed both paroxysmal atrial
      tachycardia and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. The earliest site of
      activation during paroxysmal atrial tachycardia was located on the cranial
      portion of the left atrium and just behind the aorta. The atrioventricular
      accessory passway was located at the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle.
      Cryosurgical ablation was performed to the cranial portion of the left atrium and
      the accessory passway was interrupted from inside of the left atrium under the
      cardiopulmonary bypass. In the postoperative electrophysiological study, neither
      atrial tachycardia nor atrioventricular reentrant tachycardias was inducible.
      Since then he has never experienced tachycardia attack for one year.

PMID- 2290057
TI  - [A case of a chronic traumatic thoracic aneurysm with compression of left main
      bronchus at the isthmus].
AB  - A case of successfully treated chronic traumatic thoracic aneurysm is reported. A
      43-year-old man was admitted suffering from severe respiratory distress. He had a
      history of a blunt chest trauma in a traffic accident twenty-three years ago. A
      plain chest film, bronchofiberscopy, chest CT, MRI and angiography revealed a
      calcified aneurysm with compression of left main bronchus at the isthmus. He was
      successfully treated by replacement with woven Dacron graft under partial left
      heart bypass by means of a centrifugal pump. His postoperative course was
      uneventful. The literature states operative cases demonstrate a significantly
      higher survival rate compared to the nonoperative cases. Surgical treatment
      should be strongly considered for potential aortic rupture.

PMID- 2290058
TI  - [Successful surgical treatment of automatic atrial tachycardia].
AB  - A 3-year-old boy had chronic repetitive atrial tachycardia. The tachycardia could
      not be induced neither terminated with rapid atrial pacing nor atrial
      extrastimuli. Overdrive suppression and warm-up phenomenon were demonstrated.
      These electrophysiological features suggested atrial ectopic automaticity.
      Endocardial and epicardial mapping determined the origin of tachycardia at the
      left atrial appendage. The LA appendage was excised and the tachycardia was
      completely terminated. The patient is asymptomatic without medication and
      echocardiographic indices of left ventricular function returned to normal over 1
      year follow-up period.

PMID- 2290059
TI  - [Management of acute empyema with leakage of bronchial anastomosis after right
      sleeve upper lobectomy--a case report].
AB  - Bronchopleural fistula developing empyema after pulmonary resection is a fatal
      complication. But we have successfully treated this complication after right
      sleeve upper lobectomy. The patient was a 61-year-old male, who has a squamous
      cell carcinoma originating in the right upper lobe of the lung in the clinical
      stage of IIIa. Right sleeve upper lobectomy with pericardiotomy to reduce the
      tension of bronchial anastomosis and R2a lymph node dissection. The leakage of
      bronchial anastomosis was complicated on 5th postoperative day and developed
      aspiration pneumonia of right middle and lower lobe and empyema. Reoperation was
      done on 7POD and completion pneumonectomy, omentopexy and open window thoracotomy
      were performed. Then endotracheal tube had been inserted into the left main
      bronchus and he controlled under respirator. Six weeks after that fistula was
      cured. Empyema, which caused by methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, was
      cured by open drainage for 2 weeks and closed drainage and irrigation for 14
      weeks. He discharged 16 weeks after reoperation.

PMID- 2290060
TI  - [A case of a patient with the non-confluent main pulmonary artery with the left
      pulmonary artery after a left Blalock-Taussig shunt for tetralogy of Fallot,
      which underwent a successful two staged radical repair].
AB  - We report on a 14-year-old girl with tetralogy of Fallot and the non-confluent
      main pulmonary artery with the left pulmonary artery after a left Blalock-Taussig
      shunt. She underwent a left-sided classic Blalock-Taussig shunt at the age of
      one. However, she showed repeated dyspnea and increasing cyanosis, and
      cardioangiography showed the non-confluent main pulmonary artery with the left
      pulmonary artery. Corrective surgery of tetralogy of Fallot was done by a two
      staged operation. In the first stage, a EPTFE prosthesis was grafted between the
      main pulmonary artery and the left pulmonary artery, and in the second stage,
      intracardiac operation was performed. The late postoperative status and
      hemodynamic results were satisfactory and we emphasize the rational for this
      approach.

PMID- 2290061
TI  - [A case report of successful emergency re-AVR for structural failure of a Hall
      Kaster prosthesis].
AB  - A rare case of Hall-Kaster prosthetic valve dysfunction was reported. The patient
      was admitted with acute cardiac failure. She had previously received aortic valve
      replacement (AVR) using 23A Hall-Kaster prosthesis. Prosthetic valve dysfunction
      was diagnosed by both cinefluoroscopy and echocardiography. Emergent re-AVR was
      carried out and dislodgement of the pivot was revealed. Postoperative course was
      uneventful. Reports of structural failure of the Hall-Kaster (Medtronic-Hall)
      prosthesis are extremely rare. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case
      of dislodgement of the disc from the pivot of the Hall-Kaster prosthesis.

PMID- 2290062
TI  - [Tracheal T-tube treatment following tracheoplasty--post-intubation tracheal
      obstruction and stenosis].
AB  - A 26-year-old man with post-intubation tracheal obstruction and stenosis was
      treated at our department. The lesions were granulomas, showing almost complete
      obstruction of the tracheal lumen at the stomal level, circumferential cuff
      stenosis at the cuff level and pressure necrosis on the trachea directly behind
      the brachiocephalic artery. Circumferential resection of the trachea including 13
      tracheal cartilages with end to end tracheal anastomosis was performed. The site
      of the anastomosis was covered with pedicled omentum retrosternally. Seven days
      following the tracheal resection, a granulomatous lesion resulting in dyspnea was
      found at the distal trachea of the anastomosis. Subsequently, a tracheal T-tube
      was inserted, he had a remarkable improvement of the patient's overall condition.
      Pedicled omental wrapping of tracheal anastomotic site was found quite useful,
      particularly in the case of possible anastomotic insufficiency. Treatment of post
      intubation stenosis with tracheal T-tube proved effective when the tracheal
      resection was not possible.

PMID- 2290063
TI  - [A case of postoperative chylothorax successfully treated by thoracoscopic fibrin
      gluing].
AB  - Chylothorax was complicated on the 10th postoperative day in a 66-year-old male
      who underwent left pneumonectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection for
      squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. After the leakage point was determined by
      lymphangiogram and CT, fibrin gluing was performed via flexible fiberoptic
      thoracoscope. By this procedure the chylous fistulas were completely controlled.
      Application of fibrin glue through thoracoscope appeared very useful for the
      treatment of postoperative chylothorax.

PMID- 2290064
TI  - [A case report of surgical treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis in
      tricuspid position].
AB  - A case of right sided prosthetic valve endocarditis in tricuspid position was
      presented. This 38-year-old male underwent tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) with
      SJM (31 mm) prosthetic valve because of tricuspid valve endocarditis caused by
      staphylococcus epidermidis five years ago. At the beginning of this year, 1989,
      he was admitted with complain of high fever and bloody sputa. Doppler color
      imaging showed prosthetic valve was stenotic whose pressure gradient was 16 mmHg
      in peak pressure gradient, but vegetation was not identified. Following with
      gastrectomy perhaps due to AGML, re-TVR was done with Carpentier-Edwards vale (31
      mm). He was discharged without any problems. It seems important to determine the
      timing of re-operation before leading any complications.

PMID- 2290065
TI  - [Surgical therapy of ruptured aortic aneurysm involving a Shuford type-3 right
      sided aortic arch].
AB  - A 64-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of severe back
      pain of sudden onset on Nov. 2, 1988. Aortogram and chest-CT demonstrated a
      ruptured dissecting aortic aneurysm involving a Shuford type-3 right-sided aortic
      arch. Emergency operation was done under temporary brachio-femoral arterial
      bypass. The thoracic aorta was transected distal to an aberrant left subclavian
      artery. The entry which located proximal to the aberrant subclavian artery was
      closed by two u-stay sutures with pledgets. The transected aorta was closed and
      reinforced with Sandwich method using Teflon-felt. The false lumen completely
      disappeared on chest-CT on 36th day postoperatively, and the patient is now doing
      well, although re-thoracotomy was necessary because of post-operative bleeding.
      To our knowledge, this is the first case of repair of a ruptured dissecting
      aortic aneurysm involving a right-sided aortic arch which is reported to be very
      rare.

PMID- 2290067
TI  - Cholinergic vasoconstriction in the eye.
AB  - Data is presented to support a physiologic vasoconstrictor function of the
      parasympathetic nervous system in the anterior uvea of the eye. Studies in
      rabbits, cats and monkeys demonstrate that stimulation of the parasympathetic
      nerve fibers running with the oculomotor nerve to the eye induces a reduction in
      blood flow of the iris and in rabbits in the ciliary processes in addition.
      Pharmacologic blocking experiments indicate that most of this phenomenon is based
      on a cholinergic component. Since at least in rabbits mechanical factors such as
      stretching of the iridial tissue, a steeling phenomenon to nearby tissues of
      blood as well as secondary effects caused by changes in the intraocular pressure
      can be excluded, the reduction in blood flow in all likelihood reflects a true
      vasoconstriction. Experiments in unanesthetized rabbits indicate that there is a
      continuous physiologic cholinergic vasoconstrictor tone in the iris and ciliary
      processes normally. Thus, the anterior uvea in mammals may be one of the tissues
      exhibiting a cholinergic vasoconstriction phenomenon, found more commonly in
      lower vertebrates.

PMID- 2290066
TI  - Morphine-induced pupillary fluctuation: physiological evidence against selective
      action on the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
AB  - In the rat, the predominant pupillary effect of morphine sulfate (30 mg/kg, i.p.)
      is mydriasis, interrupted periodically by miotic excursions. Using infrared video
      pupillometry, respirometry and EEG recording, we had previously reported that
      miotic excursions are always correlated with the onset of EEG bursting, while
      mydriatic excursions are preceded by respiratory slowing and correlated with EEG
      burst cessation. In the current study, we found that during morphine-induced EEG
      bursting and related miosis, delivery of an alerting stimulus to the rat caused
      an immediate conversion sequence composed of respiratory slowing, burst cessation
      and mydriatic excursion. We also simulated morphine-induced EEG bursting through
      non-opioid means by delivering kindling electrical stimuli to the amygdala. When
      the stimulus was given during morphine-induced mydriasis, the stimulus-induced
      bursting resulted in a miotic excursion identical to spontaneous morphine-induced
      miotic excursions. These results indicate 1) that the reticular activating system
      is involved in morphine-induced mydriatic excursions and 2) that EEG bursting is
      not simply correlated with morphine-induced miotic excursions, but causes them.
      Collectively, these results strengthen our hypothesis that the Edinger-Westphal
      nucleus is not the site in which the selective, receptor-mediated pupillary
      effects of morphine are initiated.

PMID- 2290068
TI  - Haloperidol delays visually evoked cortical potentials but not electroretinograms
      in mice.
AB  - Visually evoked cortical potentials (VECPs) and electroretinograms (ERG) to flash
      stimulation were studied in one ICR strain mouse and 23 ICR mice, respectively.
      The effect of a dopamine receptor blocker, haloperidol, on both responses was
      investigated. Significant peak latency prolongation was found in VECPs following
      injection of haloperidol, while the amplitude reduction of the b-wave was found
      in ERG. No effect of anesthetics only on ERG was found. It has been assumed that
      haloperidol affects VECPs related function mainly the higher visual pathway.
      However, the slight decrease of the b-wave amplitude of ERG could not exclude the
      possibility of the toxic effect on the retina.

PMID- 2290069
TI  - Adjustment of blood sugar levels with insulin and glucagon eyedrops in normal and
      diabetic rabbits.
AB  - The ophthalmic solutions of insulin and glucagon plus permeation enhancers, BL-9
      and Brij-78, were administered to rabbit eyes to study the systemic absorption of
      these peptide drugs and their effects to affect the blood glucose levels. When
      plain insulin eyedrops were given, the blood sugar levels were little affected.
      When insulin plus permeation enhancers were instilled to the eyes, the blood
      glucose reduced markedly in both normal and diabetic animals. Although sufficient
      concentrations of glucagon can be reached with plain glucagon eyedrops, the
      addition of permeation enhancers increased the systemic absorption of glucagon
      through eyes markedly. As a result, the blood sugar levels were raised markedly
      by glucagon eyedrops at much lower concentrations. These results indicate that
      systemic delivery of insulin, glucagon, and other peptide drugs through eyes is a
      feasible alternative route to parenteral injection particularly when permeation
      enhancers are added.

PMID- 2290070
TI  - Review: systemic absorption of topically applied ocular drugs in humans.
AB  - Literature on human plasma concentrations after instillation of ocular timolol,
      levobunolol, atropine, cyclopentolate, scopolamine, phenylephrine, betamethasone
      and technetium Tc 99m and theories of lacrimal drainage were reviewed. In all
      studies the eyedrops absorbed rapidly into the systemic circulation. Like the
      kinetics of the tracer substances in lacrimal scintigraphy, the plasma drug
      levels showed interindividual variations. Plasma levels of ocular drugs were
      lower when punctal occlusion was applied, the mechanism, however, could not be
      explained. Since an early and a late plasma peak was occasionally registered in
      some subjects in timolol and cyclopentolate studies, it is suggested that
      systemic absorption of ocular drugs is low during the nasolacrimal passage but
      occurs during conjunctival and nasal contact.

PMID- 2290071
TI  - Diagnosis without doctors.
AB  - Computer-based diagnostic systems are widely regarded as having only a supportive
      role in assisting physicians make diagnostic decisions. Continuing progress in
      the design of diagnostic software, however, may not only produce systems which
      have heuristic and consultative value, but which may render the traditional role
      of the physician as a 'polyfunctional practitioner' obsolete should it become
      feasible to replace practitioner-dependent diagnostic skill with more accurate,
      reliable and cost-effective computer-based programs. Should the implementation of
      such programs prove to be both a more practical and beneficial alternative than
      continuing to rely upon the exercise of practitioner-specific diagnostic skill,
      it would be unethical if the traditional role of the physician qua diagnostician
      were not phased out and supplanted by a more modular approach to medical decision
      making.

PMID- 2290072
TI  - Why the standard view is standard: people, not machines, understand patients'
      problems.
AB  - The 'Standard View' regarding computer-based medical diagnostic decision support
      programs is that, while such systems may be useful adjuncts to human decision
      making, they cannot replace human diagnosticians. Mazoue (1990) disputes this
      viewpoint. He notes that human diagnosis is prone to a variety of errors, and
      claims that the processes of data collection for diagnosis and the intellectual
      task of making a diagnosis are independent. Mazoue believes that recent progress
      in computer-based diagnosis has been encouraging enough to consider the concept
      of "human-assisted computer diagnosis". This commentary explains why the Standard
      View should remain standard. Diagnosis is a complex process more involved than
      producing a nosological label for a set of patient descriptors. Efficient and
      ethical diagnostic evaluation requires a broad knowledge of people and of disease
      states. The state of the art in computer-based medical diagnosis does not support
      the optimistic claim that people can now be replaced by more reliable diagnostic
      programs.

PMID- 2290073
TI  - An ethnomedical perspective of medical ethics.
AB  - Ethnomedicine is the field that analyzes medical traditions comparatively. An
      ethnomedical approach is used in the essay to analyze the topic of medical
      ethics. General properties of medical ethics as realized in different societies
      are outlined. These pertain to the healer's relations with clients, with other
      healers, and with the group or society. The conditions of medical practice and
      the influence of social and political factors that affect them are discussed in
      relation to medical ethical questions. Unique developments of contemporary
      medical science that affect and condition practice and raise new ethical
      questions are examined in light of ethnomedical generalizations. The essay aims
      to clarify the cultural bases of medicine generally and ethical aspects of
      medical practice and care more specifically.

PMID- 2290074
TI  - Hydatidiform moles and teratomas confirm the human identity of the
      preimplantation embryo.
AB  - Results of recent research on hydatidiform moles and teratomas show that during
      pregnancy the embryo does not receive any message or information from the mother
      able to control the mechanisms of development or to produce the type of cellular
      differentiation necessary for building the tissues of the new human adult. Thus,
      the biological identity of the new human being does not depend on the sojourn in
      the uterus; the preimplantation embryo is the same individual of the human
      species as the adult, into whom the embryo can in principle develop.

PMID- 2290075
TI  - Zygotes, souls, substances, and persons.
AB  - The thesis that the human zygote is essentially identical with the person into
      which it can develop is difficult to maintain, because the zygote can become
      several persons. In addition, the thesis depends upon ambiguities in the notions
      of human being, human individual, human body, and soul. A human being may be
      individual in the sense of either a biologically integrated unity or a
      psychologically integrated unity. A person is a psychologically integrated unity,
      because it must unify its experiences in morally imputable actions. To say that
      the zygote is a person requires one to assert that the zygote has the same
      principle of psychological integration, i.e., a rational soul, as one who can
      obviously manifest psychological integration. The assertion is incapable of being
      justified in empirical (e.g., non-religious) terms.

PMID- 2290076
TI  - Medical Critique [Krytyka Lekarska]: a journal of medicine and philosophy-1897
      1907.
AB  - Medico-philosophical reflections were developed in the 19th and the 20th
      centuries by three consecutive generations of Polish physicians, active in what
      was later named the Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine. The second
      generation of this school published its own journal, Medical Critique [Krytika
      Lekarska], from 1897 to 1907. Medical Critique included numerous articles on the
      nature of medical knowledge, the reductionism versus holism debate in biology and
      medicine, the importance of teleologically-oriented approaches in medicine, the
      influence of theories and of a priori ideas on clinical observations and on
      'clinical facts', the problem of classification of diseases, the normative and
      ethical dimension of medicine, and the ion relationships between philosophy,
      history and medicine. The existence of a journal dealing specifically with
      theoretical reflections on medicine undoubtedly contributed to the propagation of
      original work in the philosophy of medicine in Poland.

PMID- 2290077
TI  - Medicine in John Locke's philosophy.
AB  - John Locke's philosophy was deeply affected by medicine of his times. It was
      specially influenced by the medical thought and practice of Thomas Sydenham.
      Locke was a personal friend of Sydenham, expressed an avid interest in his work
      and shared his views and methods. The influence of Sydenham's medicine can be
      seen in the following areas of Locke's philosophy: his "plain historical method";
      the emphasis on observation and sensory experience instead of seeking the essence
      of things; the rejection of hypotheses and principles; the refusal of research
      into final causes and inner mechanisms; the ideal of irrefutable evidence and
      skepticism on the possibilities of certainty in science. The science which for
      Locke held the highest paradigmatic value in his theory of knowledge was
      precisely medicine. To a great extent, Locke's Essay on Human Understanding can
      be understood as an attempt to justify, substantiate, and promote Sydenham's
      medical method. This method, generalized, was then proposed as an instrument for
      the elaboration of all natural sciences.

PMID- 2290078
TI  - The measurement of oxygen-derived free radicals and related substances in
      medicine.
AB  - Due to the high reactivity of the chemical species and the presence of multiple
      potentially interfering substances, the measurement of oxygen-derived free
      radicals in biological material requires highly developed techniques. The
      currently employed methods are reviewed according to the reactions upon which
      they are based, the assays, possible interferences and their use in medical
      research. Detection of the emission of light is a very popular method. Although
      it is in principle unspecific, there are modifications to measure individual
      radical species. The only direct way to detect radicals is electron spin
      resonance spectroscopy. Among the specific assays for O2- the reductions of
      nitroblue tetrazolium or cytochrome c are predominant. For the detection of H2O2
      different techniques are employed for either intracellular or extracellular
      determination. An array of substances has been used for the measurement of OH.
      Which of them is the most useful depends on the question to be answered. There
      are also indirect methods that determine free radicals based on chemical
      modifications caused by them; the most important assays of this kind quantify
      lipid peroxides. In addition, assays for thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
      and DNA strand breaks and interstrand crosslinks are used.

PMID- 2290079
TI  - An improved method for quantitative determination of urinary porphyrins by use of
      second-derivative spectroscopy.
AB  - An improved assay for quantification of urinary porphyrins by use of second
      derivative spectroscopy is described. A new method for calculation of the
      porphyrin concentration is developed and the whole procedure is computerized.
      Acidified urine samples can be assayed within a few minutes by using this method.
      Precision and recoveries for both uro- and coproporphyrin are good. The method is
      presented as a very fast and accurate assay for the screening and quantification
      of urinary porphyrins.

PMID- 2290080
TI  - Metabolic alterations in end-stage and less severe heart failure--myocardial
      carnitine decrease.
AB  - Severe tissue carnitine deficiency impairs fatty acid oxidation. In explanted
      hearts from patients with end stage heart failure a 57% carnitine decrease was
      found in comparison with healthy donor hearts (p less than 0.05). The reduction
      of myocardial carnitine levels affected all areas of the explanted hearts to a
      comparable extent. Carnitine decreases in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy or
      coronary artery disease were similar. Endomyocardial biopsies from patients with
      less severe heart failure due to cardiomyopathy (n = 28) or other myocardial
      diseases (n = 8) showed a 42% decrease of total myocardial carnitine (in nmol/mg
      non-collagen protein) in comparison with biopsies from patients with normal
      cardiac function (controls) (heart failure: 5.7, confidence interval 4.2-7.0;
      controls 9.3, confidence interval 7.6-12.0, p less than 0.005). Free myocardial
      carnitine in heart failure was also different from controls (heart failure: 4.2,
      confidence interval 3.7-5.3; controls 10.3, confidence interval 7.5-12.2, p less
      than 0.001). The decrease of free and total myocardial carnitine was comparable
      in dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure due to other diseases. Alterations in
      myocardial carnitine content represent therefore non-specific biochemical markers
      in heart failure with yet unknown consequences for myocardial function.

PMID- 2290081
TI  - 2nd European Symposium on hormone and drug assessment in saliva. Perspectives for
      basic research and clinical practice. Trier, March 28-30, 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2290082
TI  - Prechilling and vacuum mixing not suitable for all bone cements. Handling
      characteristics and exotherms of bone cements.
AB  - Nine bone cements were tested for handling characteristics, intrusion, doughing
      time, setting time, and exothermic temperature. Comparative studies were made of
      manual mixing and vacuum mixing of cement components stored at room temperature
      or chilled to 5 degrees C. Vacuum mixing of cement packages stored at room
      temperature was inapplicable except for the low-viscosity brands, as the cements
      became too viscous to mold test specimens. Prechilling and vacuum mixing
      prolonged the setting time and preserved a lower viscosity during the handling
      period. Palacos R and Palacos G were most suitable for this method, whereas a
      considerable increase in exothermic temperature was experienced with the other
      brands. The method might, however, be considered for Zimmer and Cerafix also, as
      the exotherm was of the same magnitude as for Palacos brands.

PMID- 2290083
TI  - Fatal fat embolism following total condylar knee arthroplasty.
AB  - Although fatality from fat emboli syndrome following total knee arthroplasty has
      been reported, most cases occurred following the insertion of hinged prostheses
      and few are documented with detailed pathology. The authors present the case of a
      75-year-old patient with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis who underwent a total
      condylar type total knee arthroplasty procedure using an intramedullary femoral
      alignment system and expired 6 hours following surgery. On autopsy he had
      multiple organ involvement with fat emboli. Especially with the present use of
      intramedullary alignment systems and the increasing numbers of one-stage
      bilateral total knee arthroplasty procedures the potential for this problem must
      be recognized so that early therapy can be instituted.

PMID- 2290085
TI  - Uncemented press-fit total knee arthroplasty.
AB  - Nineteen total knee arthroplasties in 16 patients were performed using a new
      prosthesis designed specifically for uncemented, press-fit fixation without any
      provision for tissue ingrowth. This design may be suited for use in patients with
      juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, postseptic knees, failed total knee arthroplasties
      with large bone stock deficiencies, and young, active, overweight individuals.
      Preservation of bone stock is possible because the fixation stems are nails
      rather than larger cement pegs, removal for revision is easier without cement,
      sequestration of microbes within cement cannot occur, and bone graft may be
      continually loaded with this type of prosthesis. Pain relief, discarding crutch
      support, operative blood loss, and corrective alignment were equivalent to
      results obtained with cemented arthroplasty. Seventeen of the 18 knees available
      for review (average follow-up period, 3 years, 7 months; range of follow-up
      period, 2 years, 10 months to 4 years, 11 months) were pain-free. Range of motion
      averaged -2 degrees of extension to 101 degrees of flexion. Ambulation was
      unrestricted and unsupported in the majority of patients. Radiographic evaluation
      showed the development of increased bone density under the tibial plateau as well
      as a sclerotic line at the ends of the femoral and tibial stems. This observation
      gives support to the theory that multiple microtrabecular fractures with healing
      form a new supportive "subchondral bone plate." There was one incidence of tibial
      subsidence. Prosthesis migration and loosening were not observed.

PMID- 2290084
TI  - Popliteal aneurysm after total knee arthroplasty. Case reports and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Vascular complications after total knee arthroplasty include arterial occlusion,
      arterial severance, arteriovenous fistula, and arterial aneurysm. Both a false
      aneurysm and a true aneurysm of the popliteal artery are described. The false
      popliteal aneurysm resulted from direct surgical trauma and required excision and
      repair. The true popliteal aneurysm was unsuccessfully treated with excision,
      transfemoral thrombectomy, and bypass surgery. Many of the vascular complications
      after total knee arthroplasty may be preventable and the following prudent
      guidelines are suggested. Careful preoperative evaluation is critical, including
      past medical history, palpation of pedal pulses, and review of radiographs to
      identify abnormal calcification in the vessels. Vascular consultation may be
      necessary. Should a vascular complication occur, immediate intervention with the
      advice and assistance of a vascular surgeon is imperative.

PMID- 2290086
TI  - Fracture of the femoral component in unicompartmental total knee arthroplasty.
AB  - A fracture of the anterior flange of a femoral component in a unicompartmental
      knee has been seen. This was thought to be due to lack of bony support leading to
      cantilever bend. The solution would seem to be to add a metal web to strengthen
      that area of the femoral component.

PMID- 2290087
TI  - Gluteal nerve damage following total hip arthroplasty. A prospective analysis.
AB  - Injuries to the peroneal or tobial divisions of the sciatic nerve occur in
      approximately 0.7-7.6% of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. No prior
      studies have investigated the incidence of injury to the superior or inferior
      gluteal nerves during hip surgery. This study evaluates the incidence of injury
      to the superior and inferior gluteal nerves in 55 patients undergoing total hip
      arthroplasty using a newly devised EMG scoring system. Subclinical gluteal nerve
      injury was documented in over 77% of patients, whether a posterior or a lateral
      approach to the hip was used.

PMID- 2290088
TI  - Gradual low riding of the patella during postoperative course after total knee
      arthroplasty in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Patellar height in the lateral view of radiograms was measured on 94 knees of 61
      women before and after total knee arthroplasty in order to study postoperative
      changes of position. The mean age of patients at surgery was 58.4 years (range,
      30-77 years). Eighty-one knees were rheumatoid and 13 osteoarthritic. Inserted
      prostheses were Kinematic anteriorly joined type in 49 knees, Kinematic posterior
      cruciate retention type in 19, and UCI type in 26. The observation period ranged
      from 6 months to 9 years, with an average of 2.6 years after surgery. The ratio
      of length of the patellar ligament to that of the patella (Insall-Salvati's
      ratio) decreased by more than 10% of preoperative value in 61 knees, remained
      unchanged in 31, and increased in only 2. The average ratio was 0.93 +/- 0.16
      before surgery and 0.75 +/- 0.20 at the final follow-up examination (P less than
      .01).

PMID- 2290089
TI  - Total shoulder arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty. Indications for glenoid
      resurfacing.
AB  - The results of total shoulder arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty in a similar
      patient population were compared in an effort to define more clearly the
      indications for resurfacing the glenoid. The results of 64 Neer
      hemiarthroplasties in 59 patients were compared with 146 Neer total shoulder
      arthroplasties in 134 patients in a retrospective review of the period between
      1974 and 1986. The average follow-up period was 44 months (range, 24-124 months).
      Hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty produced similar results in
      terms of functional improvement. Pain relief, range of motion, and patient
      satisfaction were better with total shoulder arthroplasty than hemiarthroplasty
      in the rheumatoid population. Progressive glenoid loosening was found in 12% of
      total should arthroplasties but no correlation with pain relief or range of
      motion was noted. Total shoulder arthroplasty is recommended for patients with
      inflammatory arthropathies, and hemiarthroplasty is recommended for patients with
      osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, and four-part fractures with preservation of
      glenoid congruity and absent synovitis.

PMID- 2290090
TI  - Tissue response in relation to type of wear particles around failed hip
      arthroplasties.
AB  - To establish the types of wear particles and associated tissue response around
      human prostheses the periprosthetic tissues around 50 hip arthroplasties revised
      for aseptic loosening of one or more components were examined by light
      microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersing x-ray
      microanalysis. The tissues around cementless metal-on-bone and ceramic-on-ceramic
      prostheses contained few or no prosthesis wear particles. The tissues around
      metal-on-metal prostheses contained large numbers of metal particles and large
      numbers of macrophages, and occasional multinucleate giant cells. The tissues
      around cemented metal-on-polyethylene prostheses often contained large numbers of
      small and large polyethylene particles, variable numbers of cement particles, and
      occasional metal particles. Large numbers of macrophages and multinucleate giant
      cells were frequently seen in these tissues. Lymphocytes were occasionally seen
      in association with metal particles. Ultrastructural studies of the
      periprosthetic tissues confirmed the phagocytosis of submicroscopic wear
      particles by macrophages. Varying degrees of degenerative change in macrophages
      were seen in association with phagocytosis of metal particles. Large numbers of
      cytolysosomes were seen in cells in association with the accumulation of wear
      particles.

PMID- 2290091
TI  - ICLH double-cup arthroplasty, 1980-1987.
AB  - The results are presented of 92 double-cup arthroplasties modified in light of
      previously published experience. The review period lasted up to 7 years after
      operation. Eighty-six had a metal femoral component and six had a ceramic femoral
      component. Forty metal femoral cups were matched with a cemented acetabulum,
      while with 46 the acetabular implant was cementless. The overall revision rate
      for the metal femoral cups was 23.3%, and a further 31.8% demonstrated
      radiological signs suggestive of loosening. There was no difference between the
      cemented and uncemented cups in terms of revision rates or clinical results. The
      clinical results of those hips that have not yet loosened were excellent. A
      histological study showed that femoral lossening was associated with an erosive
      cellular response. Surface arthroplasty of the hip with current materials should
      be abandoned.

PMID- 2290092
TI  - Total elbow arthroplasty.
AB  - The results of 36 total elbow arthroplasties in 32 patients are presented. The
      follow-up period ranged from 3 to 12 years. The preoperative diagnosis was
      rheumatoid arthritis in 27 patients and posttraumatic degenerative joint disease
      in 5. There were 23 women and 9 men. Unconstrained prostheses (London) were
      implanted in 6 elbows, semiconstrained prostheses (MAYO, AMC, and triaxial) in
      26, and constrained prostheses (GSB, Schlein) were used in 4. There were five
      perioperative fractures (14%) that were successfully treated nonoperatively.
      Three ulnar nerve neuropraxias occurred (8%), one of which required surgical
      exploration and repeat anterior transfer of the nerve. Two superficial
      postoperative infections (6%) responded to nonoperative treatment. Major
      complications necessitating revision surgery occurred in 18 (50%). Loosening of
      the prostheses occurred in nine (25%); two were treated by reimplantation, with
      prosthetic removal in the others. Deep infections in four (11%) and dislocations
      occurring in two (6%) necessitated prosthetic removal. Traumatic fractures
      occurred in two (6%); one was successfully treated by internal fixation, while
      the other failed internal fixation, requiring prosthetic removal. Radiolucent
      lines were seen in 20 (56%).

PMID- 2290093
TI  - Polyethylene bearing component failure and dislocation in the triaxial elbow. A
      report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of polyethylene bearing failure in the Triaxial elbow are presented.
      Although these were low-demand patients with the prostheses properly aligned, the
      severity of the wear suggests inadequate prosthesis design.

PMID- 2290094
TI  - The effects of the media upon family life.

PMID- 2290096
TI  - To pulp cap or not to pulp cap: that is the question!

PMID- 2290095
TI  - Report on AIDS Conference.

PMID- 2290097
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint.
AB  - Correct diagnosis of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint
      requires both a comprehensive clinical and radiographic evaluation. Plain film
      tomography, transcranial radiography, arthrography and computed tomography have
      all been used to assess the status of the joint structures. Magnetic resonance
      imaging is a relatively new modality used for imaging many different organ
      systems. Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint has certain
      distinct advantages over previously used techniques in evaluating patients for
      internal joint derangements. The applicability of magnetic resonance imaging in
      the diagnosis of internal derangements will be discussed.

PMID- 2290098
TI  - T M J screening for orthodontics.
AB  - A crisis seems to be developing in the ongoing dilemma of the relationship of
      orthodontics to temporomandibular disorders. Articles in the lay and dental press
      bear out this increasing concern. This paper provides a six step TMJ screening
      process for all dental practitioners providing orthodontic services. Specialty
      licensed orthodontists as well as dentists providing orthodontics as a part of
      family practice will find these guidelines simple to incorporate into their
      clinical evaluations.

PMID- 2290099
TI  - The emerging profile of dental manpower in Oklahoma. 1: Oklahoma county.
AB  - This is the first report of a three part study. Part I focuses upon the dental
      manpower profile of Oklahoma County between the years 1972-1989 (Part II will
      emphasize the dental manpower profile of Tulsa County, and Part III, will be
      inclusive of the dental manpower profile of all other Oklahoma counties). In all
      phases of the study, data has been stratified into six categories, namely,
      general practitioners, specialists, full time general practice dental faculty,
      full time specialist dental faculty, and public health dentists. The demographic
      data analyzed in Part I, demonstrated an increasing average age of the dentists
      from 45.33 years of age in 1972 advancing to 48.33 years of age in 1989. The
      University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry is currently the primary resource of
      the dental manpower pool in Oklahoma County. The data indicated a downward turn
      in the percentage of dentists choosing to locate in Oklahoma County.

PMID- 2290100
TI  - Endodontic isolation techniques.

PMID- 2290101
TI  - Preceptorship training. Transition from student to practitioner.

PMID- 2290102
TI  - Parenteral administration. An overview.

PMID- 2290103
TI  - Endodontics: errors in instrumentation.
AB  - The authors provide a pictorial review of technical errors in endodontic
      instrumentation. Examples of separated instruments, abrupt constriction,
      laceration, canal transportation, and control zone errors are provided. The
      potential problems and effect on prognosis associated with these errors are
      explained.

PMID- 2290105
TI  - The greatest virtue.

PMID- 2290104
TI  - Dilemma of denture contamination.
AB  - Fourteen dentures from patients requiring new dentures were cultured, treated
      with Clorox/Cascade/H2O solution, Brushgard, Polident, or distilled water and re
      cultured. All fourteen dentures were contaminated with multiple microorganisms.
      The Clorox/Cascade/H2O solution was most effective at decontamination with 71% of
      the treated dentures showing no growth of microorganisms. Brushgard showed no
      growth in 57%; Polident showed no growth in 36%; and water showed no growth in
      14%. Of note, Brushgard, Polident, and water treated dentures also allowed growth
      and predominance of other microorganisms that did not predominate on the original
      culture. The results of this study indicate that there is no product on the
      market at this time capable of consistently disinfecting the denture depths.

PMID- 2290106
TI  - Adolescent drug and alcohol abuse: a time for physician response.

PMID- 2290107
TI  - Mental retardation, 1990: an overview.
AB  - This paper presents some of the major advances that have occurred in the field of
      mental retardation over the past 30 years. Included in this list are the
      developments of cytogenetics, etiology of cerebral palsy, progress in prevention
      as in Tay-Sachs disease and phenylketonuria, the fragile X syndrome, and the
      influence of certain aspects of diet on the developing fetus. Also included is a
      discussion of some of the areas of management of persons with mental retardation
      which remain as challenging problems for the future. These include persons who
      are both mentally retarded and emotionally ill, persons who are in penal
      institutions, and persons who have familial mental retardation.

PMID- 2290108
TI  - Funny money--Part II.

PMID- 2290109
TI  - An opening door.

PMID- 2290110
TI  - Cancer of the prostate--an overview.
AB  - The prostate, so named because of its anatomical position, is a small, chestnut
      sized gland. Despite its small size, it is the source of one of the most
      prevalent internal malignancies in man. Recently the incidence of prostate cancer
      has surpassed even cancer of the lung. Nonetheless, little if anything is known
      about its pathogenesis or its natural history.

PMID- 2290111
TI  - Medical student career choices--the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine
      experience, 1981-1990.
AB  - This is the second of several articles dealing with medical education and
      recruitment in Oklahoma and generated at the request of the OSMA-OUHSC Liaison
      Committee. The articles were sought out and submitted with the assistance of
      Edward N. Brandt, Jr., MD, PhD, executive dean of the University of Oklahoma
      College of Medicine.

PMID- 2290112
TI  - AIDS precautions in hospitals costing more than estimated.

PMID- 2290115
TI  - Glutathione S-transferase detoxication enzymes in cervical neoplasia.
AB  - Altered expression of the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) has been implicated
      in the progression to tumour after exposure to carcinogens, and GST Pi has been
      suggested as a possible marker of preneoplasia in the cervix. We have studied
      expression of the GST isoenzymes in normal cervix, non-dysplastic cervical
      condylomata, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and invasive squamous
      carcinoma of the cervix using immunocytochemistry. An increase in GST Pi in CIN
      as compared with normal cervix was paralleled by a reduction in the expression of
      microsomal GST. Similar changes were seen in cervical condylomata and immature
      squamous metaplasia, and thus neither isoenzyme is a marker of dysplasia.
      Microsomal GST was expressed in only 66 per cent of cases and in 22 per cent
      showed strong expression in vascular endothelium. These findings are of
      particular interest in view of the association between cervical carcinoma and
      cigarette smoking. Differences between individuals in the ability to detoxify
      environmental carcinogens may influence the likelihood of progression from benign
      proliferation to invasive malignancy.

PMID- 2290113
TI  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF/URO) induces expression of regulatory peptides in
      damaged human gastrointestinal tissues.
AB  - The pS2 gene encodes for a small cysteine-rich protein, and was originally found
      by differential screening of a cDNA library from the human breast carcinoma cell
      line, MCF-7. The presence of pS2 is closely correlated with oestrogen dependence
      in breast carcinomas. While the function of pS2 is unknown, pS2 protein has been
      shown to be homologous with the gastrointestinal peptide hormone pancreatic
      spasmolytic polypeptide (PSP) and its human counterpart hSP, in which a 5
      cysteine domain is tandemly repeated. The 5' flanking region of the pS2 gene
      contains an enhancer region responsive to oestrogens and to epidermal growth
      factor (EGF/URO). We now report that pS2 and hSP expression occurs in a wide
      range of endodermally-derived tissues, including the duodenum, the pancreas, and
      in a recently defined cell lineage associated with chronic gastrointestinal
      ulceration. In each case, this expression was associated with secretion of
      immunoreactive EGF/URO. We further show that the co-expression of pS2 and hSP in
      gastric surface epithelial cells is also associated with the secretion of EGF/URO
      in the subjacent mucous neck cells. Our results indicate that local EGF/URO
      secretion induces pS2 and hSP in adjacent cells, and that these molecules are
      then available to participate in pathophysiological responses. The finding of
      similar patterns of EGF/URO, hSP and pS2 expression in association with chronic
      damage suggests that this is a fundamental response in the healing of these
      tissues.

PMID- 2290114
TI  - Steroid receptors and Ki-67 reactivity in ovarian cancer and in normal ovary:
      correlation with DNA flow cytometry, biochemical receptor assay, and patient
      survival.
AB  - Steroid hormone receptors and reactivity for Ki-67 proliferation antigen were
      studied immunohistochemically in non-neoplastic post-menopausal human ovary and
      in 29 ovarian cancers. In the normal ovary, oestrogen (OR) and progesterone
      receptors (PR) were found in the surface epithelium and PR also in the ovarian
      stroma. Of the ovarian carcinomas 38 per cent (11/29) contained OR and 69 per
      cent (20/29) PR. Oestrogen receptor expression was confined to malignant cells,
      whereas PR was present occasionally also in the tumour stroma. In most cases, ORs
      and PRs were found only in a small population of cancer cells. The growth
      fractions assessed by the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells ranged from 1 to 59
      per cent (mean 19.7 per cent) with a significant correlation (r = 0.74, P less
      than 0.0001) to S-phase values (mean 12.9 per cent, range 1.2-25.9 per cent)
      determined by DNA flow cytometry. High Ki-67 (greater than or equal to 15 per
      cent) and S-phase levels (greater than or equal to 7.5 per cent) correlated with
      advanced disease stage and patient survival but not with OR or PR status,
      suggesting that hormone-receptor pathways and proliferative activity are not
      related in ovarian cancer. Positive OR status, however, identified patients with
      a better prognosis (P = 0.02), suggesting a correlation with tumour
      differentiation. The independent prognostic value of oestrogen receptor status
      and Ki-67 remains to be determined, but the prognostic impact of Ki-67 was
      comparable to that of S-phase values.

PMID- 2290117
TI  - Determinants of glomerular cross-sectional area.
AB  - A method of measurement of glomerular cross-sectional area was applied to 267
      renal biopsies from 19 groups of patients with well-defined pathological and
      clinical conditions. There was a correlation between the mean glomerular area for
      each group and the percentage of global sclerosis in each group. A few groups had
      glomeruli that were larger than would be expected from their percentage of global
      sclerosis, probably due to cellular proliferation and/or infiltration. A few
      groups had glomeruli that were smaller than would be expected from their
      percentage of global sclerosis, probably due to ischaemic shrinkage. These
      observations indicate that as well as the known influence of body size on the
      glomerular area, the number of functioning glomeruli in the body has an important
      effect on the glomerular area.

PMID- 2290116
TI  - Loss of alkaline phosphatase activity in duodenal mucosa: a marker for precursors
      of gastric metaplasia?
AB  - Biopsy specimens from duodenal mucosa in 34 patients with upper gastrointestinal
      symptoms and endoscopically abnormal mucosa (including duodenitis, active
      duodenal ulcer, and healed duodenal ulcer) and in 9 patients with histologically
      normal mucosa were examined histologically for gastric metaplasia and endogenous
      alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. Using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and
      periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), we found gastric metaplasia in 91.2 per cent (31 out
      of 34) of patients with altered duodenal mucosa and in 33.3 per cent (3 out of 9)
      of patients with histologically normal, non-inflamed duodenal mucosa (P less than
      0.001). To characterize gastric metaplasia further, histochemical methods for AP
      activity were applied to duodenal mucosa specimens. No AP activity was detected
      in complete metaplastic cells, but focal or diffuse loss of AP activity was
      frequently shown in otherwise normal appearing enterocytes next to metaplastic
      cell groups. Focal loss of AP activity was also detected in seven out of nine
      healthy controls (= 77.8 per cent) which appeared normal when stained with H&E.
      Our results suggest that the loss of AP activity in enterocytes may be an early
      marker of developing gastric metaplasia or at least a morphological manifestation
      of cell damage.

PMID- 2290119
TI  - [Gas-liquid chromatography coupled with infrared spectrophotometry with Fourier
      transform (FITC). Application to drug analysis. I. Barbiturates].
AB  - Capillary gas chromatography with infra-red detection (FTIR) was used for the
      qualitative determination of ten barbiturates. The identification is valid only
      for 1 microgram drug by injection. Comparison between usual and Fourier transform
      infra-red spectra is also provided.

PMID- 2290118
TI  - Comparative endotoxin-induced hepatic injury in young and aged rats.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that aged rats are more susceptible to the
      lethal effects of endotoxin (ET) than young rats. The early (15 min to 7 h)
      hepatic ultrastructural and biochemical changes induced by ET in young (6 months)
      and aged (24 months) rats were evaluated to elucidate cell populations and/or the
      mechanisms that may be responsible for the previously observed differential
      effects. Aged rats given ET had significantly increased numbers of neutrophils in
      hepatic sinusoids at 30 min and thereafter as compared with ET-treated young
      rats. Morphologic evidence of coagulation within hepatic sinusoids, including
      aggregates of fibrin enmeshed among polymorphonuclear leukocytes and platelet
      aggregates, was frequently observed in ET-treated aged rats but not in ET-treated
      young rats. In contrast, Kupffer cells of ET-treated young rats frequently
      contained phagocytized neutrophils and platelets, whereas this phenomenon was
      rarely observed in Kupffer cells of ET-treated aged rats. Hepatocellular
      morphologic injury was more pronounced and occurred at earlier time periods in ET
      treated aged rats, and was accompanied by significant increase in hepatic
      transaminases. ET-treated aged rats had an earlier onset and greater severity of
      endothelial cell injury than did ET-treated young rats. The results of this study
      indicate a greater aggregation of blood elements in the hepatic sinusoids of aged
      rats following the intravenous administration of ET, which suggests that a
      greater diminution in microcirculation was induced in aged rats by ET.
      Additionally, the increased phagocytosis of inflammatory cells by Kupffer cells
      of young rats may be a mechanism which affords protection against endotoxin
      induced lethality.

PMID- 2290120
TI  - Determination of chlorpheniramine maleate, dihydrocodeine bitartrate and
      ephedrine hydrochloride in cough mixture by derivative and differential
      spectrometry.
AB  - A method is presented for the determination of chlorpheniramine maleate,
      dihydrocodeine bitartrate and ephedrine hydrochloride in a three-component
      mixture without prior separation. Chlorpheniramine maleate was determined by the
      first and second derivative-differential spectrophotometry, while dihydrocodeine
      bitartrate was directly determined using first and second derivative
      measurements. Ephedrine hydrochloride could be determined by first and second
      derivative spectrophotometry after its oxidation with sodium metaperiodate. The
      method was proved using synthetic mixtures of these drugs and was applied for
      their determination in syrup with a coefficient of variation less than 2%.

PMID- 2290121
TI  - Determination of isothipendyl or dimethothiazine with their sulphoxides using
      third- and fourth-derivatives spectroscopy on a diode-array spectrophotometer.
AB  - Third- and fourth-derivative spectrophotometry (3D + 4D), with a diode-array
      spectrophotometer, has been used for the assay of mixtures of each of
      isothipendyl hydrochloride (I) and its sulphoxide (II) or dimethothiazine
      mesylate (III) and its sulphoxide (IV). The parent compounds have been determined
      by measuring the 3D at 256 nm, 246-256 nm and 256-264 nm and 4D at 250 nm for (I)
      and 3D at 255 nm or 283 nm and 4D at 257 nm for (III). The sulphoxides have been
      assayed by measuring the 3D at 285-290 nm and 4D 285-290 nm for (II) and 3D at
      305 nm and 4D at 303-310 nm for (IV). Beer's law is obeyed and the detection
      limits for the proposed 3D and 4D has been calculated. The recovery of these
      drugs and their sulphoxides in laboratory-made mixture and dosage forms has been
      reported.

PMID- 2290122
TI  - [In vitro study of the adsorption of chloroquine by an antidiarrheal remedy
      traditionally used in Africa].
AB  - Mouboumou is a traditional medicine prepared from the inner part of termitarium
      and is used in traditional medicine in Zaire. In tropical diseases, antimalarial
      drugs are often used simultaneously with antidiarrheal absorbent drugs, which
      might, by their adsorbent properties, compromise the efficacy of the antimalarial
      treatment. The present in vitro study has allowed to determine the adsorption
      characteristics of chloroquine on Mouboumou; kaopectate was used a reference
      adsorbent. The adsorption of chloroquine by these two adsorbents is very
      important (from 30 to 60%) and fits quite well in with the Langmuir's relation. A
      decrease of bioavailability of chloroquine, due to the adsorption phenomena,
      might be observed in vivo and could contraindicate the concomitant administration
      of these drugs.

PMID- 2290123
TI  - [Pharmaceutical engineering in drug formulation].
AB  - The industrial pharmacist, a "pharmaceutical engineer"? The prospect is tempting
      if only beneficial to drug quality. The Pharmaceutical Engineering comes from
      Chemical Engineering and Engineer sciences and allows the pharmacist to achieve
      his aim. We define here the basis of this recent concept, its intervention and
      interest in the pharmaceutical sciences, more particularly in formulation.

PMID- 2290124
TI  - [Reactions and interactions of drugs].

PMID- 2290125
TI  - Atherosclerosis and molecular pathology: mechanisms of cholesteryl ester
      accumulation in foam cells and extracellular space of atherosclerotic lesions.
AB  - This article reviews aspects of the molecular pathology of cholesteryl ester
      accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions. 1. Transcytosis of lipoproteins through
      cultured endothelial monolayer. 2. Transformation to foam cell from macrophage.
      3. Cholesteryl ester deposition in the extracellular space of atherosclerotic
      lesions. We also discuss the development and use of novel monoclonal antibodies
      recognizing atherosclerotic lesions and peroxidized lipoproteins prepared from
      atherosclerotic lesions.

PMID- 2290126
TI  - Suppression of tumor cell growth and mitogen response by aporphine alkaloids,
      dicentrine, glaucine, corydine, and apomorphine.
AB  - The aporphine alkaloids, dicentrine, glaucine, corydine, and apomorphine were
      shown to have inhibitory activity against several mouse tumor cell lines,
      leukemia P388 and L1210, melanoma B16, bladder cancer MBC2, and colon cancer
      Colon 26 in culture. These aporphine alkaloids also inhibited the mitogen-induced
      lymphocyte proliferation as well as the growth of IL-2 dependent CTLL2 line in a
      dose-dependent way. Of the four alkaloids apomorphine proved to be most potent in
      the inhibitory action. Apomorphine treatment resulted in some prolongation of
      survival time of the mice inoculated i.p. with P388, although its activity was
      not enough to meet the standard criterion for antitumor activity.

PMID- 2290127
TI  - Glycine conjugation of the substituted benzoic acids in vitro: structure
      metabolism relationship study.
AB  - The relationships between the chemical structure and glycine conjugation of 10
      para- and 8 meta-monosubstituted, and 6 disubstituted benzoic acids were examined
      in the rat liver and kidney mitochondria. For the simultaneous determination of
      the acid and its glycine conjugate, a simple and specific high performance liquid
      chromatographic method was developed. The extent of glycine conjugation of a
      series of substituted benzoic acids in liver mitochondria was similar to that in
      kidney mitochondria. Glycine conjugation increased with greater lipid solubility.
      On the other hand, more bulky substituents at the p- or m-position on the benzene
      ring reduced the glycine conjugation. The dependence on van der Waals volume (Vw)
      values for substituents reflects the importance of steric effects in the glycine
      conjugation. However the steric effect of the substituent was slightly less
      pronounced at the m-position than at the p-position. These results indicate that
      an active site of the enzyme possess limited steric bulk tolerance.

PMID- 2290129
TI  - The study of clostridial and related toxins. The search for unique mechanisms and
      common denominators.
AB  - Experiments have been conducted that deal with the structure and biological
      activity of clostridial toxins. Studies have dealt mainly with botulinum
      neurotoxin, but work has also been done with tetanus toxin and with the binary
      toxin. Structural studies indicate that proteolytic processing of botulinum
      neurotoxin induces two major outcomes: activation and aging. The first is
      associated with a marked increase in toxicity and with conversion from a single
      chain to a dichain structure. The second is associated with nominal changes in
      toxicity and with molecular rearrangements in the dichain structure.
      Immunological studies have resulted in isolation and characterization of a
      monoclonal antibody that neutralizes tetanus toxin. Monoclonal antibodies have
      also been raised against botulinum neurotoxin, and these antibodies have been
      used to demonstrate that: i) activation is not due to marked conformational
      changes in the relevant epitopes, ii) binding of the toxin to cholinergic nerve
      endings does not produce detectable conformational changes, and iii) all
      functional domains of the toxin appear to be internalized simultaneously.
      Immunological studies done in vivo and in vitro suggest that certain antibodies
      may enter cholinergic nerves and neutralize subsequently internalized toxin.
      Additional work on clostridial toxins has produced the following results: i) the
      ligand binding assay typically used with tetanus toxin (i.e., low pH and ionic
      strength) is of questionable biological significance, ii) the binary toxin, like
      the clostridial neurotoxins, enters cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and
      iii) tetanus toxin can alter the disposition of protein kinase C in one
      neuroblastoma cell line.

PMID- 2290128
TI  - Using polymerized C9 to produce a monoclonal antibody against a neoantigen of the
      human terminal complement complex.
AB  - The terminal complement complex (TCC), consisting of C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9,
      contains neoantigens that are absent from the individual native components.
      Neoantigens are present both in the membrane-bound (MAC) and the fluid-phase
      (SC5b-9) complex. The present study describes production of monoclonal antibodies
      (MoAbs) against neoantigens of both forms of the TCC using human C9 polymerized
      in Zn2+ as an immunogen. One of ten MoAbs obtained, MoAb 1B4, reacted with the
      tubular C9 polymer, but not with either the native or sodium dodecyl sulfate
      denatured monomeric C9, as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western
      blotting. Moreover, MoAb 1B4 cross-reacted both with MAC and SC5b-9. This
      suggests MoAb 1B4 recognized a neoantigen in the moiety of C9 polymer in the TCC.
      MoAb 1B4 will be of value for definitive identification of MAC and for
      quantitation of SC5b-9 in plasma and urine.

PMID- 2290130
TI  - Presynaptic actions of botulinal neurotoxins at vertebrate neuromuscular
      junctions.
AB  - 1. In the present paper we review some presynaptic aspects of the mode of action
      of botulinal toxins (BoTxs) at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions with emphasis
      on studies carried out in our laboratories using electrophysiological and
      morphological techniques. 2. Spontaneous quantal transmitter release recorded as
      miniature end-plate potentials is drastically affected by BoTxs. The low
      probability of release at poisoned terminals can be enhanced by carbonyl cyanide
      m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), Cd2+ and La3+. However, CCCP and La3+ which
      drastically deplete clear synaptic vesicles from unpoisoned terminals failed to
      markedly affect the density of synaptic vesicles at poisoned terminals. It is
      concluded that poisoned terminals have a reduced sensitivity to the release
      promoting action of Ca2+, Cd2+ and La3+. 3. When comparing the effect of the
      various BoTxs on nerve-impulse evoked transmitter release it appears that
      increasing phasic Ca2+ entry into the terminals enhances evoked synchronized
      quantal release only from terminals poisoned with serotypes A and E. In contrast,
      enhanced Ca2+ entry into terminals poisoned with serotypes B, D and F induced a
      period of high frequency asynchronous release suggesting that these BoTxs may
      affect a presynaptic step beyond the influx of Ca2+, that may be involved in the
      synchronization of transmitter quanta. These data suggest that the actions of
      BoTxs involve several steps of the acetylcholine release process. 4. The analysis
      of presynaptic currents which depend on both Ca2+ entry and intraterminal
      background Ca2+ levels strongly suggests that neither Ca2+ entry nor
      intraterminal Ca2+ levels are altered by BoTxs. Furthermore, poisoned terminals
      are no more efficient than unpoisoned ones in dealing with Ca2+ overloads. 5.
      Finally, the morphological examination of junctions paralysed by BoTx-A indicates
      that the toxin triggers a particularly important overgrowth of the nerve
      terminals and suggests that the in vivo functional recovery may occur from an
      extension of the original nerve terminal arborization and the concomitant
      remodelling of postsynaptic structures.

PMID- 2290131
TI  - Trophic interrelations at the neuromuscular junction as revealed by the use of
      botulinal neurotoxins.
AB  - 1. From denervation studies the trophic influence of the motor nerve on the
      muscle cell is well documented while little is known about the influence of the
      muscle on the nerve. Sectioning the axon invariably destroys the nerve terminals
      and produces nerve degeneration products which themselves may affect nerve and
      muscle properties. With regard to those difficulties we believe that the
      botulinal neurotoxins (BoTx) are valuable complements to denervation since they
      selectively interrupt impulse transmission across the synapse without damaging
      its morphology. 2. Paralysis of mouse or rat skeletal muscle in vivo with BoTx
      type A causes marked growth of motor nerve terminals. The sprouting terminals are
      rich in large dense-core synaptic vesicles containing various neuropeptides and
      they spontaneously release large quanta of ACh. Thus, it appears that paralysis
      by BoTx is a strong stimulus for motor nerve growth and the delivery of "trophic"
      substances to the nerve terminals. 3. Postsynaptically, in extrajunctional areas,
      paralysis by BoTx induces all the changes observed following denervation, i.e.
      atrophy, appearance of extra-junctional ACh receptors, TTX-resistant action
      potentials, a fall of resting membrane potential, fibrillation potentials and the
      disappearance of extrajunctional acetylcholinesterase activity. Endplate
      properties are, however, largely maintained. 4. BoTx blockade delays and prevents
      the retraction of polyneuronal innervation and motoneurone death during
      development. This supports the suggestion that the paralysed muscle secretes
      factors essential for growth and for the survival of motoneurones. 5. Like
      denervated muscle, BoTx paralysed ones, express a high endocytotic activity
      restricted to a segment in the endplate region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2290132
TI  - Membrane interactions of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins: a photolabelling
      study with photoactivatable phospholipids.
AB  - Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins (TeNT and BoNT) bind strongly and specifically
      to the nervous tissue, as it can be inferred from their potency and from their
      effects restricted to the nervous system. The molecular basis of these properties
      are presently unknown. As a first approach, we have investigated the interaction
      of TeNT and BoNT with model membranes by photolabelling with phospholipid
      analogues carrying the photoreceptor group at different positions of the lipid
      molecule in order to probe different membrane regions. We found that at neutral
      pH TeNT and BoNTs (type A, B and E) adsorb onto the surface of negatively charged
      liposomes. Polysialogangliosides increase this interaction only slightly thus
      suggesting that they provide a minor contribution to toxin lipid binding. On this
      basis we propose that clostridial neurotoxins bind to lipids via both a
      predominant unspecific interaction with negatively charged lipids (including
      gangliosides) and a specific, but weaker, interaction with polysialogangliosides.
      At acidic pH values both chains of these neurotoxins are labelled strongly by
      photogroups located in the hydrophobic milieu of the membrane with a pH
      dependence that overlaps the range of pH values reached in the endosomal lumen.
      This result is consistent with their insertion into the lipid bilayer in
      agreement with the idea that clostridial neurotoxins may penetrate into cells via
      intracellular low pH compartments.

PMID- 2290133
TI  - Psychiatric aspects of hyperthyroidism.
AB  - This article reviews the psychiatric aspects of hyperthyroidism. The
      psychosomatic theory in the aetiology of thyrotoxicosis is first reviewed in
      relation to pre-morbid personality and stress. The nature of hyperthyroidism is
      briefly analysed, as it has direct relevance to the integral psychiatric
      manifestations of the disorder. Psychiatric manifestations are then described:
      firstly, those that are an integral part of hyperthyroidism and; secondly, those
      which have been reported to occur in association with hyperthyroidism. The
      psychosocial impact of the disease is also considered. There follows a discussion
      of the antecedents of psychiatric disorder in relation to mediating psychological
      and biological factors. The article reviews past and present evidence concerning
      the nature of the association between hyperthyroidism and other psychiatric
      disorders. Course and outcome of psychiatric disorder in hyperthyroidism are
      reviewed and, lastly, an appraisal is made of implications for management.

PMID- 2290134
TI  - Psychosocial correlates of hemoglobin Alc in young adults with type I diabetes.
AB  - To determine whether psychosocial variables are related to long-term glycemic
      control; trait anxiety, depression, loneliness and life stress were assessed in
      48 Type I diabetic patients. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), an indicator of long-term
      glycemic utilization, was assayed from blood samples drawn shortly before the
      self-report instruments were administered. Of the psychosocial variables, anxiety
      was significantly related to current values of HbA1c. The association between
      anxiety and current HbA1c remained after statistically controlling for
      potentially confounding variables, including the previous value of HbA1c. Despite
      the stability of HbA1c values over time, anxiety scores were not significantly
      correlated with follow-up HbA1c. The implications of the significant
      relationships between psychological constructs and glycemic control are
      discussed.

PMID- 2290135
TI  - The effect of exercise on normal mood.
AB  - Research has shown that aerobic exercise is effective in alleviating depression.
      However, the contention that aerobic exercise similarly has an enduring
      beneficial psychological effect on the mood of normal, non-depressed individuals
      has not been verified. Research examining the effects of exercise on normal mood
      has yielded inconsistent findings, due in part to methodological shortcomings.
      The present study attempted to rectify these methodological difficulties and
      evaluated the effect of 13 weeks of aerobic exercise on the mood of normal, non
      depressed men and women. Groups intended to be non-aerobic and waiting list
      controls were included in the design, as were a stratified random sampling
      procedure, measurement of physical fitness, and a seven-day pre/post-program
      assessment period for both positive and negative mood. Results indicated that,
      although subjects demonstrated significant improvement in physical fitness, there
      were no significant changes in either positive or negative mood. Thus, in
      contrast to effects with clinical depressives, exercise does not appear to have
      any long-term beneficial effect on the mood of non-depressed individuals selected
      from a normal, i.e. non-clinical, population.

PMID- 2290137
TI  - Depression increases mortality and morbidity in acute life-threatening medical
      illness.
AB  - The presence of depression in consecutive admissions with life-threatening
      illness was assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).
      The 211 patients had one of four conditions, myocardial infarction (N = 100),
      subarachnoid haemorrhage (N = 41), pulmonary embolism (N = 40), and acute upper
      gastrointestinal haemorrhage (N = 30). Depression was measured using both the
      standard MADRS, and a modified version excluding somatic items which might be
      influenced by the underlying illness. The patients were also assessed for
      severity of illness and cognitive dysfunction. The results showed that
      immediately following a life-threatening illness approximately 34% of the
      patients were depressed, using the modified scale, but that the depressed group
      did not have a more severe physical illness. However, the depressed patients had
      a significantly poorer outcome over the 28 days following admission, with 47% of
      the depressed patients dying or having life-threatening complications, as opposed
      to 10% of the non-depressed group. This study demonstrates that the psychological
      state of an individual can affect their individual risk of mortality following
      physical illness.

PMID- 2290136
TI  - A plea for the diagnosis of hypochondriacal personality disorder.
AB  - Hypochondriacal personality disorder is identified as a separate condition by
      cluster analysis of data from a structured interview for assessing personality
      disorders, the Personality Assessment Schedule. Close examination of the patients
      identified as having hypochondriacal personality disorder suggests that they have
      common characteristics, including excessive preoccupation with the maintenance of
      health, distorted perception of minor symptoms so that they are elevated to the
      status of major disease, and frequent medical consultations and disciplines
      fringing on medicine. In a study of 1000 psychiatric patients 2.5% were found to
      have the disorder, most frequently among the affective psychoses.

PMID- 2290138
TI  - Changes in depression scores following life-threatening illness.
AB  - Measuring depression in medically ill patients can be affected by the somatic
      symptoms occurring due to the underlying illness. This study used the Montgomery
      and Asberg Depression Rating Scale, over a 21-day period in 211 patients with
      acute life-threatening illness, to assess the influence of three factors upon the
      incidence of depression. These were time of measurement, the cut-off point used,
      and the effect of excluding somatic items. Using the standard rating scale, and a
      cut-off point for depression of 7, 63% of the patients were depressed on
      admission, 46% at one week and 37% at two weeks. Raising the cut-off point for
      depression to 14 and 21 led to 39% and 16% being depressed on admission and only
      8% and 2% at one week respectively. In those patients scoring up to 14 over 75%
      of this score was accounted for by somatic symptoms. If the rating scale was
      modified to exclude somatic items from the score the rating scale performed more
      consistently, and the influence of somatic items was reduced. This study shows
      that the time of interview, the cut-off point used, and the influence of somatic
      items are all important in determining the incidence of psychiatric morbidity
      detected in this patient population.

PMID- 2290139
TI  - Attributions and self-esteem in depression and chronic fatigue syndromes.
AB  - There is considerable overlap in symptomatology between chronic fatigue syndrome
      (CFS) and affective disorder. We report a comparison of depressive phenomenology
      and attributional style between a group of CFS subjects seen in a specialized
      medical setting, which included a high proportion with depression diagnosed by
      Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), and depressed controls seen in a specialized
      psychiatric setting. Significant symptomatic differences between the depressed
      CFS group and depressed controls were observed for features such as self-esteem
      and guilt as well as attribution of illness. All the CFS groups tended to
      attribute their symptoms to external causes whereas the depressed controls
      experienced inward attribution. This may have resulted from differences in the
      severity of mood disorder between the samples, but it is also suggested that an
      outward style of attribution protects the depressed CFS patients from cognitive
      changes associated with low mood but at the expense of greater vulnerability
      towards somatic symptoms such as fatigue.

PMID- 2290140
TI  - Blood pressure in healthy men and women under laboratory and naturalistic
      conditions.
AB  - Thirty healthy nonsmoking men and 30 women underwent a laboratory reactivity
      assessment with systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate
      (HR) recorded at rest and during behavioral (mirror image tracing, mental
      arithmetic, color word conflict task and a semistructured Type A interview), and
      physical tasks (isometric exercise and the cold pressor test). Causal SBP and DBP
      were measured in a physician's clinic. Four months earlier SBP, DBP and HR had
      been monitored during a day at work and a day at home. Readings obtained in the
      clinic, at rest and during stress in the laboratory were related to real-life
      levels, reactivity (work-home difference) and variability. For men level of
      cardiovascular activation at rest and during all stressors in the laboratory
      correlated with levels at work and at home. The best laboratory/real-life
      relation was observed for SBP. Systolic blood pressure levels during stress
      correlated with the work-home difference. Systolic blood pressure reactivity
      (laboratory stress levels - rest levels) to most behavioral tasks correlated with
      SBP levels at work and home. Daily variability and reactivity correlated with SBP
      reactivity to mental arithmetic and the color word conflict task. For women,
      levels of SBP and HR at rest and during all stressors correlated with SBP and HR
      at work and at home. The best laboratory/real-life relation for women was
      observed for HR reactivity. Casual BP in the clinic correlated with work blood
      pressure but generally not with daily reactivity or variability. We conclude that
      BP and HR levels measured in the laboratory generalizes to real life BP and HR in
      both men and women and also to real life SBP reactivity in men. Laboratory
      induced SBP reactivity also shows a weak relation to real life SBP levels,
      variability and reactivity in men.

PMID- 2290142
TI  - Differentiating life stresses prior to admission to hospital for appendicectomy
      and parasuicide.
AB  - Life events were collected (using the Bedford College method) in 78 women
      patients aged 15-40 yr, of whom 39 were admitted for the removal of an appendix
      which proved to be normal at operation and in whom no organic cause for their
      pain was found, and a matched group of 39 parasuicide patients. Utilizing
      measures derived from previous life event studies the parasuicide group were
      characterized as having recently experienced life stressors containing threat,
      uncertainty, impaired relationships and choice of action. They were likely to
      have played some part in bringing about these stressors and to have had poor
      social supports. In contrast 'normal appendix' patients had recently experienced
      life stressors characterized by threat and uncertainty. These stressors were
      unlikely to have been brought about by the subject and the patients had good
      social supports.

PMID- 2290141
TI  - Symptom reporting during voluntary hyperventilation and mental load: implications
      for diagnosing hyperventilation syndrome.
AB  - Hyperventilation is considered an important factor in the production of a variety
      of somatic symptoms. This complex of symptoms is called the Hyperventilation
      Syndrome (HVS). Recognition of symptoms during the hyperventilation provocation
      test (HVPT) is a widely used criterion for diagnosing HVS. The validity of this
      criterion is tested in the present study. Twenty-three patients suspected of HVS
      performed a HVPT (hyperventilation during 3 min) and a mental load task (Stroop
      Color Word Test; CWT). It appeared that about the same number of patients (61%)
      recognized symptoms during the HVPT as during the CWT (52%), despite severe
      hypocapnia in the first test and normocapnia in the second. Reporting of symptoms
      was significantly related to psychological state and trait measures (SCL-90 and
      STAI scores) and unrelated to the degree of hypocapnia. These data have far
      reaching consequences, as they not only undermine the validity of the HVPT, but
      also question the tenability of the concept of HVS.

PMID- 2290143
TI  - [Imaging of infections of the locomotor apparatus].

PMID- 2290145
TI  - [Hepatic tuberculosis after Hodgkin's disease. Echographic and x-ray computed
      tomographic aspects. A case report].
AB  - The authors report a case of hepatic tuberculosis on a pre-existing Hodgkin
      disease with hepatic localisations. They point out how echographic and CT imaging
      are non specific in this disease and so insist on the diagnostic interest of
      puncture-biopsy under guidance of the hepatic nodules.

PMID- 2290144
TI  - [Intrathoracic chondrosarcoma arising at a rib in a patient with multiple
      exostoses].
AB  - A case of chondrosarcoma arising from the 7th left rib in a patient with multiple
      exostosis disease is reported. The initial CT scan feature is a purely
      intrathoracic mass with a parietal and pericardial junction and calcifications
      within the tumor. A review of the literature about the costal chondrosarcoma and
      their CT scan features is done and shows the uncommon initial aspect of this
      case.

PMID- 2290146
TI  - [Kahler's disease of the stomach. A case report].
AB  - The authors report a case of a gastric involvement by a multiple myeloma,
      suspected on ultrasonography although the gastric endoscopy was normal. The
      barium examination and the CT scan agreed with the ultrasound hypothesis
      confirmed by histology.

PMID- 2290147
TI  - [Correlations between anatomy and computerized tomography findings in
      transtentorial cerebral herniation].
AB  - The diagnosis of transtentorial brain herniation has long relied on
      encephalography, then arteriography. Computerized tomography (CT) is a safer
      method which permits a more precise and earlier visualization of temporal and
      central herniations and herniation of the culmen cerebelli, which are the three
      varieties of transtentorial herniation. In an attempt to evaluate the reliability
      of CT images of herniation, the authors have conducted a study of anatomy-CT
      correlations, using autopsy specimens of brains with these three types of
      transtentorial herniation. Temporal herniation was well studied, irrespective of
      the CT reference plane. Direct visualization of temporal uncus herniation and
      filling of the homolateral perimesencephalic cistern was regularly obtained.
      Central herniation was better visualized when the occipito-temporal was used as
      reference. The disappearance of perimesencephalic cisterns on CT sections through
      the widest part of the tentorial incisura is the best element of diagnosis.
      Herniation of the culmen is easily studied on the conventional orbito-meatal
      plane. Provided CT scans are performed with the technique they recommend, the
      authors consider that this examination is reliable for the diagnosis of
      transtentorial herniation. Some variations in the anatomy of the incisura may
      explain why the clinical consequences of herniation are varied. CT perfectly
      shows the configuration of this notch and therefore may be helpful in predicting
      the prognosis.

PMID- 2290148
TI  - [Imaging of cancer of the uterine cervix].
AB  - Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transrectal or transvaginal
      ultrasound (TRUS, TVUS) had an important place in imaging techniques of cervical
      carcinomas and raise the question of modifying the imaging strategies. For the
      diagnosis of primitive tumor, those techniques cannot take the place of clinical
      examination and gross examination. In the assessment of parametrial involvement,
      TRUS which has better accuracy than clinical examination, and MRI which is
      considered as the most accurate technique, have an important role to play. In the
      follow-up and the detection of recurrences, MRI is actually considered as the
      best imaging technique. The authors, according to recent data in literature and
      their own experience, present basic concepts of imaging strategies for staging
      and follow-up of cervical carcinomas.

PMID- 2290149
TI  - [6th consensus conference on intensive care and emergency medicine. Thoracic
      radiographies and skull radiographies in emergencies].

PMID- 2290150
TI  - Suppress rheumatoid inflammation early and leave the pyramid to the Egyptians.

PMID- 2290151
TI  - Winning the battle, losing the war? Another editorial about rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Major advances in the therapy of RA will likely require future scientific
      breakthroughs in the understanding of pathophysiology. That is not to suggest
      that clinical investigations should be put on hold while the entire focus of
      research shifts to the laboratory bench. Clinical studies of very early RA,
      including early treatment interventions, would appear to be of major importance.
      However, better characterization of the early clinical course and identification
      of pathologic markers of progressive disease are needed before formal randomized
      treatment studies of early disease can be initiated. The entire role of
      aggressive management, particularly with combination chemotherapy, at any stage
      of RA is in desperate need of answers. In clinical practice it would appear that
      combination chemotherapy is widely used, often as a last resort in treatment
      resistant patients who have failed conventional therapies. The published clinical
      studies would seem to support, but certainly not prove, a valuable potential role
      for combination chemotherapy in this setting. Moreover, the studies seem to
      indicate some increased risk of drug toxicities, the limitations of which are not
      readily apparent for most combinations. Based on the successes observed in these
      patients that are very difficult to treat, the possibility of a more fundamental
      role of combination chemotherapy in treatment of the disease has been advocated.
      These questions need to be resolved by well designed, randomized controlled
      trials. There is an urgent need to do the trials soon before combination
      chemotherapy gains an even stronger foothold in therapy.

PMID- 2290152
TI  - Cytokine inhibitors and osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2290153
TI  - Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical study with HLA typing.
AB  - We examined both clinically and by determining HLA-A, -B, -C and -DR antigens 50
      patients thought to have seronegative erosive polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) in Finland and the USSR. All the patients fulfilled at least 4 of the 1987
      ARA criteria for RA. According to HLA typing and clinical findings, of which a
      part was collected by followup, the patients fell into 5 groups: HLA-B27 related
      diseases, putative psoriatic arthritis, putative juvenile chronic polyarthritis,
      and seropositive and seronegative RA. Our results indicate that most of the
      patients with seronegative RA had some other disease. In the remaining cases the
      presence of rheumatoid factors had not been examined adequately, especially at
      the early phase of disease. The classification of erosive seronegative
      polyarticular patients is discussed.

PMID- 2290154
TI  - Effects of human 17 kDa interleukin 1, 25-31 kDa thymocyte stimulating activity
      and the 6-9 kDa interleukin 1 inhibitor on calcium release in the newborn murine
      calvarial assay.
AB  - The effects of human monokines on calcium release from cultured newborn murine
      calvarium were studied. Highly purified interleukin 1 (IL-1) (17 kDa) and
      recombinant IL-1 beta in the concentration range 0.2-20 U/ml released significant
      amounts of calcium. Mean resorption indices (RI) at 0.2 U/ml were 1.28 and 1.49,
      and at 20 U/ml, were 1.82 and 1.72, respectively. Calcium release was abrogated
      by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor piroxicam. Thymocyte stimulating activity (TSA)
      25-31 kDa alone at 0.14 U/ml released calcium in a prostaglandin dependent manner
      with a mean RI of 2.13, a significantly greater calcium release than that
      obtained by 17 kDa IL-1 at 20 U/ml. The 6-9 kDa inhibitor of IL-1 induced
      thymocyte proliferation alone also released calcium in a prostaglandin dependent
      manner with a mean RI of 2.29 at 200 inhibitory U/ml. Addition of 6-9 kDa IL-1
      inhibitor to the 25-31 kDa material did not significantly change the calcium
      release, whereas addition of the inhibitor to 17 kDa IL-1 produced a significant
      increase in calcium release.

PMID- 2290155
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus in Iceland 1975 through 1984. A nationwide
      epidemiological study in an unselected population.
AB  - In a nationwide study the 1982 revised ARA criteria were applied for the
      classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This unselected group of
      patients included all cases diagnosed and managed in hospitals, as well as
      outside hospitals in Iceland over the 10-year period from 1975 to 1984. Seventy
      six new cases were found, with an incidence of 5.9 and 0.8/100,000 for females
      and males at risk, respectively. The mean age at diagnosis was 46.6 years. Twenty
      five percent of the patients would have been missed had the study included
      hospital patients only. A clinical pattern different from previous studies was
      found as illustrated by a low incidence of kidney disease; nephritis was found in
      20% of patients. Comparison with a former study on SLE in Iceland shows an actual
      increase in incidence over a period of 10 years. The 5 year survival was 84% and
      the 10 year survival 78%.

PMID- 2290156
TI  - Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus among Egyptian children.
AB  - A prospective analysis of 30 Egyptian children with systemic lupus erythematosus
      (SLE) was conducted throughout a 3 year period. The average followup period was
      13 months. The age of onset ranged from 8 to 14 years. Most cases presented with
      more than one of the classical features of the disease. However, 23.3% presented
      primarily with major organ involvement. One case presenting with cardiac
      tamponade is reported in our series. The clinical and laboratory manifestations
      of the disease are presented, though more complete studies are required to
      confirm any possible differences in these disease manifestations compared with
      those found in other populations. Contrary to the frequently held view, our
      results suggest that childhood onset SLE is not rare in Africa or at least some
      parts of the continent.

PMID- 2290157
TI  - Major clinical diagnoses found among patients with Raynaud phenomenon from the
      general population.
AB  - This study of 62 individuals with Raynaud phenomenon (RP) drawn from the general
      population of South Carolina shows a profile of associated diseases that is
      different from the one reported from hospital based studies. We found that
      connective tissue diseases affect a much smaller fraction of patients with RP
      than previously reported. Compared to RP negative controls, our RP positive group
      was found to suffer more frequently from a variety of diseases, both RP related
      and not RP related.

PMID- 2290158
TI  - Serological arguments for classifying Raynaud's phenomenon as idiopathic.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with idiopathic Raynaud's phenomenon were followed
      prospectively for a mean period of 48 months. Clinical and laboratory assessments
      were performed on admission and on followup. The sera were analyzed for the
      presence of autoantibodies (antinuclear, antiskeleton and antiorganelle
      antibodies). Sixteen patients were antinuclear antibody positive and 2
      anticentromere antibody positive. Eight patients produced antivimentin, 5
      antimitochondrial, 4 anti-Golgi complex, and 3 anticentriol antibodies. Eleven
      patients produced antidesmosome antibodies. Only one patient (anti-RNP and
      antidesmosome antibody positive) developed a systemic disease (mixed connective
      tissue disease) during followup. The initial screening of sera may help to
      classify Raynaud's phenomenon as idiopathic more accurately.

PMID- 2290159
TI  - Hypophospholipasemia A2 in systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), total and pancreatic, were quantitated in 91 sera of
      patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The mean total PLA2 of 216 +/- 161 U/ml
      (SD) was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than in controls (317 +/- 128
      U/ml). In 55 of 91 patients (60%) PLA2 was more than 1 SD and in 6 (7%) more than
      2 SD below the normal mean. Serum pancreatic PLA2 was also significantly lower in
      SSc. The prevalence of low serum total PLA2 was significantly greater (p less
      than 0.001) than in healthy adults, or in patients with rheumatoid arthritis,
      systemic lupus erythematosus or vasculitis. Repeat assays of PLA2 activity in 10
      patients with SSc documented persistence of low PLA2. Among 76 patients with SSc
      with complete clinical and laboratory assessment, there were 48 with low and 28
      with normal (or slightly elevated) PLA2. These 2 groups showed no differences in
      disease manifestation or therapy. The group with low serum PLA2 had lower
      erythrocyte sedimentation rates (p less than 0.0005) and lower neutrophil (p less
      than 0.05) and monocyte counts (p less than 0.025) in the peripheral blood. The
      finding of low serum PLA2 activity adds to the spectrum of arachidonic acid
      pathway abnormalities associated with SSc, and may in part be related to the
      paucity of inflammatory changes observed in this disease.

PMID- 2290160
TI  - Prevalence of antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi in children with juvenile
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Lyme arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) share a number of clinical
      features. Our study was performed in order to determine the prevalence of
      antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi in 50 children with JRA who reside in a
      nonendemic area. Three patients were weakly reactive and one patient was reactive
      when tested using an enzyme immunoassay to detect serum antibody to B.
      burgdorferi. No patient, however, had definitive serologic evidence of B.
      burgdorferi infection by Western blot analysis. We conclude that the prevalence
      of antibody to B. burgdorferi is very low in children with JRA who reside in a
      nonendemic area.

PMID- 2290161
TI  - HIV associated arthropathy: HIV antigen demonstration in the synovial membrane.
AB  - Light and electron microscopic studies were performed on the synovial membranes
      of 5 patients with HIV associated arthropathy. An immunoperoxidase technique with
      the use of monoclonal antibodies against CD4, CD8, B and DR lymphocytes, and HIV
      p24 antigen was also used. Mild to moderate nonspecific proliferative changes and
      increased vascularity of the subsynovial space were seen. Electron dense deposits
      and viral-like particles were not observed. Immunohistochemical staining revealed
      HIV p24 positive staining in cells of the synovial lining layer and in the
      mononuclear cells of the subsynovial space. CD4, CD8, with predominance of CD8,
      and B and DR cells were also present. The presence of HIV p24 antigen may be
      indicative of a role, yet to be defined, in the pathogenesis of HIV associated
      rheumatic disorders.

PMID- 2290162
TI  - Fibromyalgia in human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Tenderness was assessed by point count and by scored palpation in 51 patients
      with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection as well as 51 patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 50 patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Fifteen
      of 51 (29%) patients with HIV infection met criteria for fibromyalgia, based on
      the presence of 10 tender (of 14) "fibrositic" points. Similar results were
      observed among patients with PsA (24%). The prevalence of fibromyalgia was higher
      among patients with RA (57%). Patients with HIV and PsA were less tender than
      patients with RA. Fibromyalgia in patients with HIV was significantly associated
      with myalgia and arthralgia, but not with age, duration of HIV infection, stage
      of HIV disease, or zidovudine therapy.

PMID- 2290163
TI  - A prospective double blind dummy placebo controlled study comparing triamcinolone
      hexacetonide injection with oral diclofenac 50 mg TDS in patients with rotator
      cuff tendinitis.
AB  - A prospective double blind placebo controlled study was carried out to compare
      the effects of subacromial injection of triamcinolone and oral diclofenac in
      patients with rotator cuff tendinitis over a 4-week period. Both forms of
      treatment were superior to placebo in reducing pain, improving active abduction
      and reducing functional limitation. Triamcinolone showed the greatest effect in
      these respects, and was significantly superior to diclofenac when patients
      showing improvements in all 3 variables together (responders) were considered.

PMID- 2290164
TI  - Glycosaminoglycans alter the capacity of low density lipoprotein to bind to
      monosodium urate crystals.
AB  - Low density lipoprotein (LDL) has previously been demonstrated to be a potent
      inhibitor of human inflammatory cell activation by monosodium urate (MSU)
      crystals in vitro. As suppression of cellular responses to crystals by LDL is
      known to be dependent on the binding of LDL to urate crystals we further
      evaluated the mechanism and regulation of LDL binding to urate crystals in vitro.
      Using nonlinear, least squares methodology to analyze binding, we found LDL to
      saturably and reversibly bind with high affinity (Kd 9.3 x 10(-9) M) to MSU
      crystals. LDL binding was competitively inhibited by LDL but not by a variety of
      other positively charged moieties. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) (heparin, heparan
      sulfate, hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate), in diminishing order of potency,
      inhibited the binding of LDL to crystals. This inhibitory activity was dose
      dependent, sensitive to digestion with glycosidases and appeared to be specific
      for polymerized GAG, as glucuronic acid, dextran, dextran sulfate, as well as
      isolated amino sugar constituents of GAG were either weakly inhibitory or
      inactive. GAG also promoted dissociation of bound LDL from the urate crystal
      surface. The results indicate that LDL binds saturably and reversibly to urate
      crystals and that polymerized, but not depolymerized, hyaluronate and other GAG
      inhibit LDL binding to urate crystals. This suggests that the amount of LDL
      coating intraarticular urate crystals could vary during the course of a gouty
      paroxysm.

PMID- 2290166
TI  - Dapsone is an effective therapy for the skin lesions of subacute cutaneous lupus
      erythematosus and urticarial vasculitis in a patient with C2 deficiency.
AB  - The deficiency of second component of complement (C2d) is the most common
      hereditary complement deficiency. Patients with C2 deficiency are frequently
      associated with an auto-immune disease process, in particular, systemic lupus
      erythematosus (LE)-like syndrome and/or vasculitic syndrome or bacterial
      infections. C2d has been associated with the LE subset of subacute cutaneous LE
      (SCLE), the presence of anti-Ro (SSA) antibodies, and the human leukocyte antigen
      (HLA) types A10, B18, DR2. We describe the clinical, serologic and immunogenetic
      data in a patient with manifestations of Sjogren's syndrome who developed
      urticarial vasculitis and photosensitive annular SCLE which were effectively
      treated with oral dapsone. Our case illustrates the dynamic nature of LE.

PMID- 2290165
TI  - Growth promoting peptides in osteoarthritis: insulin, insulin-like growth factor
      1, growth hormone.
AB  - Alterations of cartilage and bone, as seen radiographically, are fundamental
      features of osteoarthritis (OA). Endogenous compounds that regulate bone and
      cartilage metabolism were quantified by radioimmunoassay in patients with OA and
      in suitable normotensive controls matched for age, sex, race, height, and weight.
      Levels of 3 growth promoting compounds were abnormal in OA as demonstrated by low
      levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and elevated levels of insulin and
      growth hormone (GH) compared to controls. Our findings support a role for these
      peptides in the pathophysiology of OA.

PMID- 2290168
TI  - Septic arthritis due to group C streptococcus: report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - A case of polyarticular septic arthritis due to Lancefield group C streptococcus
      is described and the clinical details of 9 reported cases of septic arthritis due
      to group C streptococcus reviewed. Several features of the presentation and
      course of these patients, including polyarticular involvement (4/10), bacteremia
      (5/10), clinically important dysfunction in other systems (4/10 patients:
      cardiac, 3; CNS, 2; pneumonia, 1; gastrointestinal, 1), fatal outcome (3/10
      patients, 2 during the course of active infection) and poor functional outcome in
      affected joints (4/7 surviving patients), serve to place group C streptococcus
      septic arthritis as a syndrome distinct from that usually expected with
      streptococcal septic arthritis. Specific features of the bacteriology of group C
      streptococcus are reviewed (including confusion with group A streptococcus when
      analyzed using nonserologic methods, occasional zoonotic source, and frequency of
      tolerance to penicillin) in order to emphasize the importance of both the
      specific identification of this particular streptococcal strain and the
      initiation of aggressive antibiotic therapy when group C streptococcus is
      identified as the causative agent in a case of septic arthritis.

PMID- 2290167
TI  - Hypoglycemia due to antiinsulin receptor antibodies in systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - An elderly woman with unexplained episodic fasting hypoglycemia was hospitalized
      for ascites. Evaluation revealed polyserositis, arthritis and immunologic
      abnormalities that suggested the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
      Antibodies to insulin receptor with insulin binding inhibitory activity were
      detected in her serum. Treatment with prednisone was accompanied by resolution of
      hypoglycemic episodes and disappearance of the antireceptor antibodies.
      Autoantibody mediated alterations in serum glucose may be included in the growing
      list of autoimmune phenomena in SLE. Antiinsulin receptor antibodies should be
      sought in patients with SLE and idiopathic hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2290169
TI  - Purulent pericarditis and cardiac tamponade caused by Nocardia asteroides in
      mixed connective tissue disease.
AB  - Pericardial nocardiosis is extremely rare, but may affect especially
      immunocompromised hosts. We describe the first reported case of purulent
      pericarditis with cardiac tamponade as the initial presentation of systemic
      nocardiosis in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease. Our case
      emphasizes the importance of identifying infectious causes of pericarditis in
      patients with connective tissue diseases. Longterm survival was achieved with a
      combined medical and surgical approach.

PMID- 2290170
TI  - Septic olecranon bursitis caused by Neisseria sicca.
AB  - A man with rheumatoid arthritis developed a septic olecranon bursitis due to
      Neisseria sicca. This case confirms the potential pathogenicity of Neisseria
      sicca and emphasizes that positive cultures for this organism should not be
      readily dismissed.

PMID- 2290171
TI  - Lymphoma presenting as a popliteal mass in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A patient with HLA-B27 and rheumatoid factor positive rheumatoid arthritis
      presented with a painless swelling in his popliteal fossa. Clinical features were
      atypical for a Baker's cyst, and subsequent investigation showed this lesion to
      be a primary malignant lymphoma.

PMID- 2290172
TI  - Recurrent calcific periarthritis, erosive osteoarthritis and hypophosphatasia: a
      family study.
AB  - We describe a mother and 2 daughters with familial recurrent calcific
      periarthritis in a family with an inherited tendency to develop generalized
      osteoarthritis (OA). Low levels of serum alkaline phosphatase were found in 1 of
      the daughters while the mother developed erosive OA in later life. HLA typing was
      noncontributory. However, the 3 individuals with periarthritis possessed blood
      group A+, while the 6 unaffected family members were O+. The experience of this
      family adds weight to the case that recurrent calcific periarthritis may be due
      to an inherited abnormality of alkaline phosphatase production and suggest that
      this may also be responsible for the recently observed association of calcific
      periarthritis and erosive OA.

PMID- 2290173
TI  - Slow acting drugs--outcome no different than 15 years ago.

PMID- 2290175
TI  - Reactive arthritis after hepatitis B vaccination.

PMID- 2290176
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as knee monoarthritis with a popliteal cyst.

PMID- 2290177
TI  - Evaluation of a functional index for patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 2290174
TI  - Time to be scientific.

PMID- 2290178
TI  - Two perio/endo case reports. Case 1: diagnosis aided by facial scars. Case 2:
      diagnosis aided by gutta percha point.

PMID- 2290179
TI  - Coronally repositioned flap: a 25 year result and commentary.

PMID- 2290180
TI  - Oral mucosal ulceration due to hexetidine.

PMID- 2290181
TI  - Resolution of gingival recession following orthodontic therapy.

PMID- 2290182
TI  - Relationship between periodontal integrity and the quality of restorative
      dentistry.

PMID- 2290183
TI  - Eating disorders: a primer for the substance abuse specialist. 2. Theories of
      etiology, treatment approaches, and considerations during co-morbidity with
      substance abuse.
AB  - In the first paper of this two-part sequence on the eating disorders of anorexia
      nervosa and bulimia nervosa, clinical and biological features, both cross
      sectorial and longitudinal, were reviewed. In this paper, proposed theories of
      etiology are examined, and theoretical and practical considerations for the
      substance abuse specialist who encounters a chemically dependent patient with a
      concurrent eating disorder are described.

PMID- 2290184
TI  - Difficulties in a clinical application of methadone-dose contingency contracting.
AB  - We review outcome of 14 methadone-maintenance patients who were offered a choice
      of administrative discharge or a methadone-dose contingency contract for
      continued drug abuse. In the three months before intervention, only 38% of urines
      were drug-free, while 55% were drug-free during the three-month intervention.
      Marked improvement occurred during the first month, while later the effect faded.
      Nine patients discontinued or reduced drug abuse, arriving at stable or
      fluctuating dose, and did not detoxify. Five others continued drug abuse,
      eventually reducing their methadone doses to zero. The procedure at least
      temporarily reduced drug abuse among the former group, but lack of uniformity in
      applying contingencies may have weakened the effect. Considering the spreading
      AIDS epidemic, we review the confusing literature on management of still-abusing
      methadone maintenance patients and suggest a protocol for their treatment.

PMID- 2290185
TI  - Chemical dependency in women: a description of its effects and outcome on
      adequate parenting.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to define chemical dependency in women as a
      maladaptive response to inadequate upbringing. A description of the situational
      and psychological variables that characterize chemically dependent women is
      offered as well as attributes these women lack that are necessary for effective
      parenting. The dysfunctional child-rearing patterns and the consequential outcome
      for the children are also described. Suggestions for clinical intervention are
      provided.

PMID- 2290186
TI  - Drug testing: medical, legal, and ethical issues.
AB  - Laboratory testing for drugs is a controversial issue in America. The authors
      present arguments for mandatory use under specific circumstances. Physical
      limitations of each test are discussed in terms of applicability as well as
      protection of the person being tested.

PMID- 2290187
TI  - Individualized care for the treatment of alcoholism.
AB  - Through a discussion of several case vignettes, the author emphasizes the
      utilization of an individually tailored treatment approach when working with
      people experiencing problems related to alcohol consumption. Patients may achieve
      abstinence without believing in the disease concept of alcoholism, and attending
      Alcoholics Anonymous meetings need not always be a part of the treatment.
      Furthermore, for some patients, controlled drinking may be as desirable an
      outcome as abstinence. The importance of entertaining a multiplicity of
      perspectives when conducting clinical work with such patients is discussed.

PMID- 2290188
TI  - Staffing patterns of American methadone maintenance programs.
AB  - Methadone maintenance is the most frequently utilized treatment for heroin
      addiction and also represents one of the best AIDS-prevention tools for the IV
      drug using population. Despite these important roles, very little has been
      reported about how methadone maintenance clinics are staffed. Surveys covering
      various aspects of program operations, including staffing, were sent to all
      clinics (N = 557) listed in the 1984 National Directory of Drug Abuse and Alcohol
      Treatment Programs. Using ANOVA, staffing patterns were compared across programs
      as a function of clinic size, city size, region of the country, and funding
      resources. While few differences were found based on city or clinic size,
      staffing patterns varied as a function of regional location as well as the
      sources of a clinic's funding.

PMID- 2290189
TI  - Depression among alcoholics in a Turkish sample.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to identify the predictor variables of
      depression among alcoholics in a Turkish mental hospital. A questionnaire and the
      Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were utilized to collect data from 71 male
      alcoholics. A stepwise multiple regression analysis between the BDI scores and
      demographic and health-related variables resulted in the identification of
      marital problems and physical problems due to alcohol as the risk factors. The
      findings are discussed within the context of the findings from Western countries
      and the similarities are pointed out.

PMID- 2290190
TI  - The Mental Health/Drug and Alcohol Program at Torrance State Hospital.

PMID- 2290191
TI  - [The 20th Regional Meeting of East and West of Japan, Japanese Society of
      Nephrology. April 20-21, 1989 and April 26, 1990].

PMID- 2290192
TI  - [123I-IMP single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study in childhood
      epilepsy].
AB  - N-isopropyl-p[123I]-iodoamphetamine (IMP) single photon emission computed
      tomography (SPECT), X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) and magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) were performed in 18 children with idiopathic seizures. In children
      with idiopathic seizures SPECT identified abnormal lesions in the highest rate
      (50%) compared with X-CT (11%) and MRI (13%), but the findings of SPECT poorly
      correlated with the foci on electroencephalography (EEG). Idiopathic epilepsy
      with abnormal uptake on SPECT was refractory to medical treatments and frequently
      associated with mental and/or developmental retardation. Perfusion defects
      identified on SPECT probably influenced the development of the brains in
      children. IMP SPECT is useful in the diagnosis and medical treatment in children
      with seizures.

PMID- 2290193
TI  - [Myocardial viability in QS region after PTCR].
AB  - Myocardial viability after PTCR in patients with first anterior myocardial
      infarction was studied one month after the onset of acute myocardial infarction
      by profile curve of Tl-201 coronal myocardial SPECT images. Patients were devided
      into two groups according to left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), i.e. group
      A (EF more than 50%; 11 cases , EF; 62 +/- 10%) and group B (EF less than 50%; 9
      cases, EF; 40 7%). Patients in group A showed an increase in serum GOT at the
      acute phase of acute myocardial infarction (322 +/- 182IU), decreased %Tl-201
      uptake in QS region (65 +/- 7%) significantly less than the normal range, large
      size of region of infarction (214 +/- 83 degree) and abnormal QS in ECG (V1-3QS;
      2 cases, V1-4QS; 8 cases, V1-5QS; 1 case). Improvement of wall motion in region
      of infarction was noted in 9 cases. Patients in group B showed an increase in
      serum GOT (651 +/- 382 IU p; ns), %Tl-201 uptake in QS region (48 +/- 7% p
      greater than 0.001) significantly less than the %Tl-201 uptake in group A, size
      of defects (243 +/- 45 p; ns) and abnormal QS in ECG (V1-3QS; 1 case, V1-4QS; 7
      cases V1-5QS; 1 case). Improvement of wall motion was noted in 2 cases. The study
      showed that %Tl-201 uptake in region of infarction in patients with well EF was
      significantly more than that in patients with depressed EF. Mechanism of
      maintaining well EF after PTCR was suggested as the following, i.e. in the region
      released from severe ischemic attack part of myocardium resulted in necrosis,
      accompanying elevation of serum enzyme and appearance of QS, though part of
      myocardium might be salvaged from necrosis and contribute to EF in chronic phase.
      It has been generally thought that abnormal QS waves noted in anterior chest
      leads of ECG in chronic phase indicated transmural myocardial infarction in the
      anterior region. From this study it was concluded that QS region with %Tl-201
      more than 50% did not generally correspond to transmural myocardial necrosis and
      that for estimation of myocardial viability %Tl-201 uptake might be more useful
      than ECG.

PMID- 2290194
TI  - [Evaluation of pontine visualization with single photon emission computed
      tomography using N-isopropyl-p-(I-123)iodoamphetamine in normal and pathological
      cases].
AB  - Pontine visualization with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
      using N-isopropyl-p-[I-123]iodoamphetamine (I-123 IMP) was evaluated in 99 cases
      including 46 cases of brain infarction, 25 of other cerebrovascular disorders and
      28 of brain tumor and in 19 normal subjects. In each case, SPECT using a rotating
      gamma camera was started at 30 minutes after intravenous administration of 111
      MBq of I-123 IMP. Transverse images were reconstructed parallel to the cantho
      meatal line and displayed on films. Pontine visualization was visually classified
      into three grades: high radioactive accumulation confined to the pons with clear
      contour (Grade 3), faint accumulation with indistinct contour in the pontine
      region (Grade 1), the pontine accumulation was identified but its activity was
      less significant (Grade 2). The results showed that grade of the pontine
      accumulation was lower in pathological cases compared to normal subjects. Six
      cases with brain stem lesion demonstrated pontine accumulation of grade 1 in 4
      case and of grade 2 in 2 cases. Lower grade was also revealed in 29 cases with
      crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD). No significant correlation was observed
      between classified grade of pontine accumulation and maximum counts of
      reconstructed images. We concluded that SPECT could detect brain stem lesions and
      that lower accumulation in pons with CCD positive cases was thought to partially
      reflect the reduced blood flow and metabolism in the pontine nuclei.

PMID- 2290195
TI  - [Evaluation of factor analysis and other functional images in exercise gated
      blood-pool study].
AB  - Factor analysis, a new method of functional imaging, has been applied to
      cardiovascular nuclear medicine. Because of the difficulty of its interpretation,
      it has not been popular as a method for detecting abnormal wall motion. The
      purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of factor analysis in
      exercise gated blood-pool study in patients with ischemic heart disease. In our
      factor analysis, left ventricular region of interest (LVROI) was extracted to
      exclude the surrounding radioactivities. The new method was compared with 1) the
      conventional factor analysis using whole region (whole ROI method), and with 2)
      the other functional images, i.e. stroke volume, ejection fraction and phase
      images. At first we tried 3-factor analysis of the LVROI method, which resulted
      in many uninterpretable factors. Whereas in 2-factor analysis no uninterpretable
      factors were extracted. In comparison with cine-mode display, the LVROI method
      with 2-factor analysis showed the best sensitivity (85%) and specificity (100%).
      In exercise gated blood-pool study, it became easier to detect abnormal wall
      motion by comparing the factor image at exercise with resting image. In
      conclusion, the 2-factor analysis using the LVROI method greatly improved the
      limitation of conventional factor analysis, and will be useful in detecting wall
      motion abnormality in patients with ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2290196
TI  - [Assessment of transient dilation of the left ventricular cavity in patients with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy].
AB  - Exercise Tl scintigraphy (EX-Tl) provides a noninvasive means of identifying
      myocardial perfusion abnormalities in patients (pts) with hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy (HCM). We have noted that some pts with HCM have a pattern of
      transient dilation of the left ventricle (LV) on the immediate post exercise
      images as compared with 3 hour redistribution images. We presumed that left
      ventricular dilation was caused by subendocardial hypoperfusion. So we studied
      transient dilation of the LV in 50 pts with HCM and 20 controls (C). Initial and
      delayed conventional short tomographic images were obtained after reconstruction
      of 30 projections acquired over 180 degrees. Thirty six radii every 10 degrees
      were generated from the center of the middle myocardial images of the short axis.
      An area surrounded by the thirty six points of maximal count on each radius was
      calculated in initial and delayed images. Transient Dilation Index (TDI) as an
      index of dilation was determined by dividing an area in initial image by an area
      in delayed image. TDI in pts with HCM was larger than that in C. Pts with HCM
      were classified into the two groups, Group A: TDI greater than 1.11 (mean + 2 SD
      in C), 24 pts, Group B: TDI greater than 1.11, 26 pts. Frequency of pts with
      history of chest pain in Group A was higher than that in Group B, and frequency
      of pts with positive exercise ECG in Group A was higher than that in Group B. End
      diastolic volume in Group B did not change 10 minutes after exercise by
      radionuclide ventriculography. In conclusion, transient dilation of the LV in pts
      with HCM by EX-Tl is in appearance, and may reflect subendocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2290197
TI  - [Assessment of myocardial viability by resting 201Tl SPECT image].
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess whether resting 201Tl scintigraphy is
      superior in detecting viable myocardium than previous conventional methods. We
      performed not only stress 201Tl SPECT but also resting 201Tl SPECT within one
      month in 65 patients with coronary artery disease. Resting 201Tl images were
      quantitatively compared with 4 hour late images of stress study using a polar
      map. In stress study, redistribution was recognized on 83% (25/30) of non-MI SEGs
      with perfusion defect in the stress 201Tl image, and on 39% (18/46) of infarcted
      SEGs. The agreement of resting 201Tl study with 4 hour late images of stress
      study was shown on 93% (28/30) of non-MI SEGs and on 52% (24/46) of MI SEGs. The
      increased uptake of 201Tl in resting study, however, was found on 13 (46%) of 28
      MI SEGs showing fixed defects in stress study. In stress delayed image with fixed
      defect, the %Tl uptake of improved SEGs was higher than that of unchanged SEGs
      (59 +/- 10% vs 48 +/- 11%; p greater than 0.05). There was no viable myocardium
      which had %Tl uptake less than 40% at stress delayed image. In conclusion, the
      resting 201Tl imaging will give an important information as for the myocardial
      viability showing fixed defects, if more than 40% Tl uptake is observed.

PMID- 2290198
TI  - [Estimation of I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardial washout].
AB  - A crosstalk from I-123 to Tl-201 (Tl) window was 35 +/- 30% (mean +/- SD) and 30
      +/- 10% in a myocardial phantom and the images of 6 patients respectively.
      However, the crosstalk from Tl to I-123 was approximately 1% in each. I-123 MIBG
      (MIBG) and Tl myocardial SPECT images were recorded in 3 normal volunteers (N),
      10 patients with myocardial infarction (MI), and 4 with dilated cardiomyopathy
      (DCM). The MIBG and Tl imagings were performed on the other day to avoid the
      crosstalk. Myocardial washout rates (WR) of Tl and MIBG were derived from 15 min
      and 4 hour images. WR of Tl was approximately 36% in each group. On the other
      hand, WR of MIBG in DCM (52 +/- 7%) and MI (41 +/- 14%) groups were statistically
      higher than in N (24 +/- 7%) group. Thus WR of MIBG would be useful to detect
      abnormalities in adrenergic nervous system.

PMID- 2290199
TI  - [Evaluation of syndrome X by exercise stress thallium-201 SPECT].
AB  - Using exercise stress thallium (Tl)-201 SPECT, we studied 11 patients with
      Syndrome X who had anginal pain and ischemic ECG change during exercise in spite
      of angiographically normal coronary artery. In three patients, the initial stress
      image showed mild hypoperfusion in the area of ST segment depression, but the
      delayed image showed complete or incomplete redistribution. Eight cases showed
      normal perfusion. This result suggests that some patients of Syndrome X could be
      caused by small vessel disease.

PMID- 2290200
TI  - [Simple quantification of brain perfusion SPECT with IMP using a large field
      gamma camera].
AB  - We have developed a simple method to quantitate brain perfusion SPECT with N
      isopropyl-p-[123I]iodoamphetamine (IMP). After an intravenous bolus injection of
      IMP, serial dynamic images of the brain and the lung were obtained every 5 sec
      for 2 min, followed by a SPECT scan at 20 min. Based on the assumption of IMP as
      chemical microspheres, fractional uptake (FU) of IMP in the brain was calculated
      from the time-activity curves of the total brain and the total lungs. FU showed a
      strong positive correlation with inverse of the body surface area which was
      calculated from the height and weight of the individual subject, suggesting that
      FU is influenced by cardiac output. Quantification of IMP brain perfusion SPECT
      was attempted with FU and estimated cardiac output in each subject, providing an
      index of regional cerebral blood flow. Compared with PET measurement of regional
      cerebral blood flow, the present method tended to overestimate the flow values.
      This method has a great advantage that it can be applied in many institutions
      having large field gamma cameras. However, the accuracy of the measurement may be
      limited in the tall subjects and in the cases with cardiopulmonary diseases, and
      further investigation is required to clarify the usefulness and limitation of
      this approach.

PMID- 2290201
TI  - [Assessment of right ventricular function by first-pass radionuclide
      ventriculography: fixed area vs separate area method for calculation of right
      ventricular ejection fraction].

PMID- 2290202
TI  - [The evaluation of RIA for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)].

PMID- 2290203
TI  - [Reproducibility of a non-invasive quantitative assessment of cerebral blood flow
      using 123I-IMP SPECT].

PMID- 2290205
TI  - [Accumulation of 99mTc-HMDP in radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis--report of 6
      cases].

PMID- 2290204
TI  - [Lung perfusion scintigraphy in congenital heart disease].

PMID- 2290206
TI  - [Imaging diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy by 99mTc-labeled serum albumin].
AB  - Abdominal scintigraphy with intravenous injection of 99mTc-labeled serum albumin
      was performed in 6 patients with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) and 3 patients
      with non-gastrointestinal tract disorders. In 3 out of 6 patients with PLE,
      abnormal radioactivity was observed in the ileum region 3 hours after injection,
      and thereafter clear colon image was obtained. In the remaining 3 patients, the
      colon was visualized 24 hours after injection. On the other hand, in all patients
      with non-gastrointestinal tract disorders, no abnormal radioactivity was observed
      in the abdomen until 24 hours after injection. These results indicate that
      gastrointestinal protein loss could be demonstrated by scintigraphy with
      intravenously administered 99mTc-labeled serum albumin. In one healthy subject,
      99mTc-labeled serum albumin was administered orally and abdominal scintigraphy
      was performed. Gastrointestinal tract image was only observed and no other image
      was demonstrated until 24 hours after oral administration. This result suggests
      that 99mTc excreted into the gastrointestinal tract is not reabsorbed. Therefore,
      abdominal scintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled serum albumin appears to be a simple
      and useful method for diagnosis of PLE.

PMID- 2290207
TI  - [Evaluation of latent cardiac disease in diabetic patients with Tl-201 exercise
      myocardial scintigram and blood pool scintigram].
AB  - To find latent heart disease in diabetic patients, 142 diabetic patients were
      divided into 4 groups: 1) No hypertension and normal ECG (DM group); 2)
      Hypertension recognized clinically (HT group); 3) Myocardial damage on ECG (MD
      group) 4) group associated with the previous 2 (HT + MD group). In all groups Tl
      201 exercise myocardial scintigrams and blood pool scintigrams were taken for
      comparative analysis. Positive rates of SPECT were 27.7% (23/83) in the DM group,
      30.0% (9/30) in the HT group, 50.0% (6/12) in MD group, and 70.6% (12/17) in the
      HT + MD group. The rate in the HT + MD group was significantly higher than in
      that of the DM and HT groups (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.01). Blood pool
      scintigrams revealed that in the HT + MD group, as compared with the normal
      control group, both 1/3 FF and PFR were significantly depressed, in addition to
      significant TPF prolongation in the former (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.05,
      p less than 0.05). These findings suggest that in diabetic patients hypertension
      and myocardial damage would lead to a high incidence of abnormality in SPECT and
      left ventricular rapid filling dysfunction. This indicate a high incidence of
      latent cardiac disease which can be recognized in diabetic patients by stress
      myocardial and blood pool scintigrams.

PMID- 2290208
TI  - [Dynamic renal scintigraphy of dissecting aneurysm of abdominal aorta].
AB  - Dynamic renal scintigraphy on 15 patients of dissecting aneurysm of abdominal
      aorta extending below the renal arteries were retrospectively studied. The
      results were reviewed and classified into 3 types according to perfusion images
      and parenchymal tissue uptake: Type A: symmetric perfusion and parenchymal tissue
      uptake, Type B: asymmetrical perfusion and parenchymal tissue uptake, Type C:
      Delayed perfusion of one kidney and symmetric parenchymal tissue uptake. The
      number of patients who showed Type A, Type B, and Type C were 3 cases, 6 cases,
      and 6 cases, respectively. In all Type A and 3 of Type B, perfusion of bilateral
      renal arteries was mainly from true lumen. In the remaining 3 cases of Type B, 2
      had one renal artery obstructed with thrombus; 1 had a deformity of one kidney
      (the blood supply was mainly from a false lumen), suggestive of renal infarction.
      On the other hand, in all 6 Type C cases, the renal artery where perfusion was
      delayed was apparently supplied from false lumen. It is suggested in this
      retrospective study that the findings in Type C, where delayed perfusion of one
      kidney and symmetric parenchymal tissue uptake were found, were due to the
      presence of delayed flow through the false lumen; and therefore, specific to
      cases where the main blood supply of one renal artery from false lumen.

PMID- 2290209
TI  - [Factor analysis in thallium-201 chloride thyroid studies].
AB  - Factor analysis was applied to thyroid thallium-201 imaging to get separated
      image of tumor from normal thyroid tissue. Thirty-eight patients with various
      thyroid tumors which were histologically confirmed were included in this study.
      Following intravenous injection of 111 MBq (3 mCi) of 201Tl chloride, thyroid
      images in 64 frames were taken for 30 to 60 minutes using Toshiba gamma camera
      system and data were analyzed by 2 or 3 factor analysis. In 28 of 38 patients
      separated images of the lesions from normal thyroid were obtained and time
      activity curves of various shapes corresponding to the lesions were also
      obtained. When the curves were classified into 3 groups according to their
      shapes: increasing, flat and decreasing, follicular carcinoma did not show
      increasing shape whilst neither of papillary carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
      and anaplastic carcinoma showed decreasing shape. The shapes of the curves were
      thought to be reflected in clearance of the agent from the lesions. Factor
      analysis in 201Tl chloride thyroid scan provided separated image of tumor from
      normal thyroid gland automatically and the obtained curves corresponding to the
      lesions provided information for estimating the characteristics of thyroid
      tumors.

PMID- 2290210
TI  - [Assessment of the biological activity of residual or recurrent neuroblastoma
      tumors with 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy].
AB  - 131I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is now accepted as a useful agent for the
      diagnosis of adrenal medullary tumor. The aim of this paper is to evaluate 131I
      MIBG for the assessment of the biological activity of residual or recurrent tumor
      after initial treatment in patients with neuroblastoma. Nineteen scans were
      performed for 9 patients, mean age 3.5 years-old. Computed tomography
      demonstrated paravertebral mass in six and metastatic liver tumor in four cases.
      Anterior and posterior images of the thorax and abdomen were taken 48-72 hours
      after injection of 7.4-18.5 MBq (0.2-0.5 mCi) 131I-MIBG. Positive images were
      obtained in 8 scans for four patients and followed by rapid growth of tumor and
      increased urinary dopamine. The biological activity of residual or recurrent
      tumor was thought to be high in these patients. Eleven scans for 5 patients
      revealed negative. In four of them, the tumor size reduced and urinary dopamine
      value remained within normal limits on the follow-up study. The tumor was assumed
      to have low biological activity in these patients. One case in which initial scan
      was negative became positive on the follow-up study. 131I-MIBG activity did not
      well correlate with urinary vanillylmandelic acid as compared with urinary
      dopamine. In conclusion, 131I-MIBG proved to be useful for assessing biological
      activity of residual or recurrent tumor of neuroblastoma and estimating the
      prognosis of the patient.

PMID- 2290211
TI  - [Asymmetry of cerebral blood flow in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer
      type by SPECT using I-123 IMP].
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was determined by single photon emission CT
      (SPECT) with N-isopropyl-p-[123I]iodoamphetamine in 22 patients with clinically
      diagnosed senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT) and in 18 age matched
      controls. We calculated asymmetry indices (AIs) of rCBF for matched right-left
      regions of interest. rCBF of parietal lobe in SDAT patients was significantly
      most laterally asymmetrical, but the least in occipital lobe. Lateral asymmetry
      of rCBF in SDAT patients correlated with asymmetry of language and visuospatial
      functions; decreased rCBF in the left parietal lobe was associated with language
      dysfunction, and that in the right parietal lobe, with visuospatial dysfunction.
      Furthermore cerebellar AIs correlated negatively with those of the cerebral
      hemisphere and lower frontal region in SDAT patients. The results demonstrate
      that rCBF measurement by 123I-IMP SPECT is useful to detect lateral asymmetry in
      reduction of rCBF in SDAT.

PMID- 2290213
TI  - [111In-antimyosin Fab scintigraphy in cardiovascular diseases: (multicenter
      clinical trial)].
AB  - In a multicenter study, a total of 380 patients with myocardial infarction,
      myocarditis and cardiomyopathy underwent 111In-Antimyosin Fab myocardial imaging.
      111In-Antimyosin Fab was administered intravenously and myocardial images were
      obtained 48 hours later. Only 3 patients developed mild adverse effects. Human
      antimouse antibodies were detected in 7 patients. Positive scans in patients with
      myocardial infarction were seen in 92/119 (77%) within 2 weeks after the onset of
      myocardial infarction, in 58/71 (82%) at 3-4 weeks, in 20/22 (91%) at 4-8 weeks
      and 17/31 (55%) thereafter. The location of myocardial damage delineated by 111In
      Antimyosin Fab imaging was concordant with the infarct location by ECG and
      coronary angiography. In patients with myocarditis, 111In-Antimyosin Fab uptake
      was positive in 7/12 (58%) within 8 weeks and 6/17 (35%) thereafter. Positive
      111In-Antimyosin Fab scans were seen in 12/36 (33%) in dilated cardiomyopathy and
      in 17/19 (89%) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Although the mechanism of
      persistently positive 111In-Antimyosin Fab images in the subacute to chronic
      stage of myocardial infarction and myocarditis remains to be clarified, 111In
      Antimyosin Fab may be useful for the detection of the diseases and in evaluating
      the prognosis of patients with cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2290212
TI  - [Study by I-123-IMP-SPECT before and after surgery for craniosynostosis].
AB  - Single photon emission computed tomography with N-isopropyl-p-[I
      123]iodoamphetamine was performed in 13 cases of craniosynostosis before and
      after surgery. Of 13 cases, 8 cases (62%) showed focal low perfusion area on
      preoperative study. Four of seven cases (57%) with brachycephaly showed low
      perfusion areas in either of frontal lobes, occipital lobes, and cerebellum.
      Besides, two patients with scaphocephaly and one with plagiocephaly showed low
      perfusion area in unilateral cerebral hemisphere. Two Crouzon disease cases
      showed no focal low perfusion area, but an Apert disease showed low perfusion
      areas in both frontal lobes, cerebellum, as well as left occipital lobe.
      Corresponding CT and MRI showed no focal abnormality in any of these cases. These
      low perfusion areas were diminished or disappeared after surgical treatment in 6
      cases (75%). We concluded that the I-123-IMP-SPECT is considered to be a useful
      index for the evaluation of functional recovery after surgery in cases with
      craniosynostosis.

PMID- 2290214
TI  - [A case of stunned myocardium determined by nuclear cardiac imaging].
AB  - A 75 year old woman with acute chest pain was diagnosed as unstable angina.
      Anterior akinesis of left ventricule and small anterior perfusion defect were
      found by 99mTc blood pool imaging and 201Tl myocardial imaging. Coronary
      arteriography showed no organic stenosis, though anterior akinesis was still
      continued. Furthermore this akinesis and perfusion defect by 201Tl were all
      disappeared two weeks later. Thus, we determined this case as a stunned
      myocardium followed by severe angina with transient coronary obstruction.

PMID- 2290215
TI  - [Accumulation of 111In-antimyosin antibody at the focal site of inflammation].
AB  - An p6-year-old man with anterior acute myocardial infarction was administered
      antimyosin antibody labeled with 74 MBq (2 mCi) 111In, and abnormal hot activity
      was observed in the left lung by immunoscintigraphy. 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy
      also showed abnormal uptake in this lesion. At this time, this patient complained
      of fever and cough with sputum, and roentgenography showed a coin lesion-like
      shadow at the same location of the lung. By treatment with antibiotics, his
      symptom was improved and coin lesion-like shadow disappeared. So we thought the
      RI uptake area in the left lung was inflammatory lesion. This case suggests that
      111In-antimyosin antibody can be trapped to the focal site of inflammation.

PMID- 2290216
TI  - [Effect of biliary obstruction and cholangitis on serum SPan-1 level].
AB  - We investigated the effect of biliary obstruction and cholangitis on serum SPan-1
      level in 14 patients (5 patients with pancreatic cancer and 9 patients with
      biliary tract cancer) who were performed PTCD for biliary obstruction. 1 out of 5
      cases with pancreatic cancer and 8 out of 9 cases with biliary tract cancer
      showed a decrease of SPan-1 level with improvement of jaundice. It suggested that
      the effect of biliary obstruction and cholangitis on serum SPan-1 level was much
      more in biliary tract cancer than in pancreatic cancer. There was no significant
      difference in changes of between serum SPan-1 level and serum CA 19-9 level after
      PTCD. We conclude that the effect of biliary obstruction and cholangitis on serum
      SPan-1 level is almost same on serum CA 19-9 level.

PMID- 2290218
TI  - [Relationship between the number of acquired counts and quality of a
      reconstructed image in 123I-IMP single photon emission CT].

PMID- 2290217
TI  - [A comparative study of myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTc-SQ-30,217 and 201Tl in
      cases with myocardial infarction].
AB  - A comparative study of myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTc-SQ-30217 (SQ) and 201Tl
      was performed in 6 patients having ischemic heart diseases which were confirmed
      by the coronary angiography. The SQ study was done 1 week after the 201Tl study.
      Both studies were performed in exercise and resting state. Degree of perfusion
      defect was compared between SQ and 201Tl SPECT by means of scoring 0-2 (0: no
      defect, 1: equivocal, 2: definite defect) by five doctors (two physicians and
      three radiologists). Ability of this agent to detect the ischemic lesions was
      similar to that of 201Tl except for two regions. Effect of the liver image on the
      evaluation of the inferior wall of the left ventricle was small on this study,
      although the hepatic accumulation of the tracer was prominent. This agent is a
      promising tracer for the evaluation of myocardial perfusion in the cases with
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2290219
TI  - [Indication and limitation of inhalation therapy].
AB  - In recent years, the clinical application of aerosol inhalation therapy has
      increased rapidly, however, many problems are not yet fully dissolved. In this
      symposium, most adequate condition and procedure for the inhalation therapy in
      terms of lesional localization and the recognition of therapeutic limitation were
      mainly discussed.

PMID- 2290220
TI  - [Aerosol generators and the determination of their aerosol size distribution].
AB  - To determine aerosol size distribution of several particle generators for the
      inhalation therapy we employed a laser scattering method and QCM cascade impactor
      method. The particle size distribution measured by the latter method showed MDI
      less than Diskhaler less than Jet nebulizer, the smaller in order. Our model
      analysis also suggests that an usage of a spacer (especially the size of around
      150 ml) enable to increase the total amount of aerosol inhalation into the lungs,
      when MDI is applied as an aerosol generator.

PMID- 2290221
TI  - [Distribution and site of action of inhaled aerosols].
AB  - Intrapulmonary distribution of nebulized aerosols and sites of air way dilatation
      following metered-dose aerosol delivery were studied by radionuclide methods.
      Aerosols penetrate to more peripheral site in slow inhalation and deposition of
      aerosols in diseased area was enhanced by release at a high lung volume.
      Pulmonary deposition of radioaerosols released from spacers was over 50% of
      activity in the spacer. Predominant site of bronchodilatation (beta-stimulant)
      was on large airways, though action on small airways was also noted.

PMID- 2290223
TI  - [Corticosteroid--effects of beclomethasone dipropionate 800 micrograms/day].
AB  - The effects of beclomethasone dipropionate (BD) 800 micrograms on steroid
      dependent adult asthmatics were examined. The study consisted of two groups; 20
      patients on 800 micrograms and another 20 patients on 400 micrograms. In
      addition, 800 micrograms was administered to an additional 12 patients receiving
      400 micrograms with insufficient effects. After two weeks of observation period,
      BD was administered for 12 weeks, and its effects adverse reactions were analyzed
      on the basis of asthma patients' diary etc. As the results, effects appeared
      earlier in the 800 micrograms group than in the 400 micrograms group and marked
      efficacy was seen. The 800 micrograms group was much better than the 400
      micrograms group in the achievement of weaning from or of dose reduction of
      systemic steroid. A significant increase of serum cortisol levels which was
      considered to be due to the decrease of the systemic steroid usage was noted.
      Considerable efficacy was also observed in patients whose dosage had been
      increased from 400 micrograms to 800 micrograms. High dose administration usually
      increases topical side effects such as hoarseness and stomatitis, however the use
      of spacers was effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of those symptoms.

PMID- 2290222
TI  - [Inhalation therapy for bronchial asthma. A. Bronchodilator--beta 2-stimulant].
AB  - In the treatment of bronchial asthma, usefulness of beta 2-agonists aerosol
      inhalation are emphasized as well as sustained theophylline tablets recently. In
      this study, the effectiveness of procaterol metered dose inhalor on asthmatic
      patients were examined compared with procaterol tables. The effect of procaterol
      inhalor together with sustained-theophylline on Holter ECG were also examined.
      When procaterol was exchanged to inhalation from tablets, 41% of the patients
      were improved symptomatically. Procaterol inhalor had no effect on Holter ECG.
      Procaterol inhalation regularly was expected to be more useful in treating
      asthmatic patients than tablets.

PMID- 2290224
TI  - [Effect of a spacer device used with metered dose inhaler].
AB  - Metered dose inhaler (MDI) is widely used in treatment of bronchial asthma. But
      adequate efficacy is not obtained if the patients use an improper technique of
      inhalation. The spacer device was designed to reduce such inhalation errors.
      Three types of spacers (pear type, tube type, paper spacer) were studied to
      confirm their usefulness in bronchial asthma. Bronchodilating effect of
      procaterol (10 micrograms/puff X 2) in conventional MDI or MDI with a spacer was
      evaluated. There were no significant difference in the effect on the pulmonary
      function after single inhalation of MDI with or without a spacer for 60 minutes.
      In regular use of MDI with a spacer for two weeks, PEFR and FEV1.0 were slightly
      improved. These results suggest that effect of MDI with a spacer may be more
      effective than MDI alone in regular use.

PMID- 2290225
TI  - [Expectoration and inhalation therapy].
AB  - We analysed sputum properties based on certain clinical information such as
      sputum volume, its gross appearance, the diagnosis, and difficulty in
      expectoration. We also compared sputum properties, clinical information and the
      effects of inhalation drugs on sputum in vitro, and on this basis evaluated the
      indications and limitations of inhalation therapy. It appears that inhalation
      therapy is limited by sputum properties, because the properties of large amounts
      of sputum, purulent sputum, and sputum expectorated with great difficulty are
      apparently different from those of other types of sputum. The effect of
      inhalation drugs on sputum was studied in vitro. Distilled water and normal
      saline showed as mucolytic agents. Bromhexine was acids in solution. The acidity
      caused the sputum to gel and reduced its mucolytic effect. Tyloxapole was
      alkaline in solution. The alkalinity decreased the mucociliary transport rate
      (MTR). Acetylcysteine had a marked mucolytic effect and decreased the MTR. There
      was a particular desire to develop drugs which improved MTR, because MTR is
      impaired by large amounts of sputum and sputum expectorated with great difficulty
      as well as in the case of sputum from diffuse panbronchiolitis patients.

PMID- 2290226
TI  - [Inhalation therapy of antibiotics].
AB  - We produced experimental murine Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia by air-borne
      infection using exposure apparatus (LD50: 9.7 X 10 C.F.U./lung). The MIC value of
      cefazolin was 1.56 micrograms/ml, and that of gentamicin was 0.39 micrograms/ml.
      We treated this murine pneumonia with aerosolized antibiotics. The infected mice
      received inhalation of 50 mg (5 mg/ml), 100 mg (10 mg/ml), 200 mg (20 mg/ml) and
      400 mg (40 mg/ml) gentamicin were alive. Survival rate of the infected mice
      treated with inhalation of 1000 mg (100 mg/ml) cefazolin was low, but that of
      them received inhalation of 500 mg (50 mg/ml) cefazolin was high. On the basis of
      these experiments it is suggested that aerosol of 50 mg/ml cefazolin gets to
      alveoli, and inhalation therapy of low level of cephems is proper for bacterial
      respiratory infections. Inhalation therapy of 50 mg/ml cephem for chronic
      bronchitis had a marked clinical effect. This proves that aerosol of cephem gets
      to infected bronchi.

PMID- 2290227
TI  - [Step section preparation of transbronchial lung biopsy material in diffuse lung
      disease].
AB  - We retrospectively prepared step sections of the transbronchial lung biopsy
      (TBLB) materials which revealed nondiagnostic findings in their original sections
      in patients with diffuse lung disease, and evaluated the significance of the
      examination of step sections in the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease. Of 131
      cases with nondiagnostic TBLB findings, the preparation of step sections resulted
      in specific findings in 6 cases (malignancy 3 cases, tuberculosis 1 case,
      cryptococcosis 1 case and viral infection 1 case), and histopathological changes
      consistent with the clinical diagnosis in 25 cases. The step section preparation
      was especially useful for the detection of epithelioid granuloma and tumor tissue
      in patients with sarcoidosis and carcinoma, respectively, while its contribution
      to the diagnosis of collagen-vascular disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis,
      atypical pneumonia and pneumoconiosis was relatively small. The step section
      preparation was also useful for the detection of bronchiolitis obliterans. In
      addition, step sections uncovered clinically unnoticed infection (purulent
      exudate in the alveolar space) in 6 cases, 3 of whom actually developed pneumonia
      thereafter. Thus, the preparation of step sections was considered to be useful
      clinically in 37 cases (28.2%). The preparation of step sections is recommended
      before a further diagnostic procedure is chosen, when TBLB performed in patients
      with diffuse lung disease reveals nondiagnostic findings.

PMID- 2290228
TI  - [Glycosaminoglycans in human normal lung tissues and lung cancer tissues].
AB  - The quantitative changes of glycosaminoglycans in tumor tissue of human lung
      cancers (6 squamous cell carcinomas, 7 small cell carcinomas and 10
      adenocarcinomas) were studied. Normal lung tissues contained of 3.38 mumol uronic
      acid/g dry weight glycosaminoglycans which consisted of hyaluronic acid,
      chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. The total amount of
      glycosaminoglycans in human lung cancer tissues increased 1.7 to 3.5 times in
      comparison with that in normal lung tissues. The increase in tissue content of
      glycosaminoglycans was accompanied by an increase in the chondroitin sulfate
      level in every histologic type of lung cancer, as well as marked increase in
      hyaluronic acid level in squamous cell carcinomas, and a moderate increase in
      small cell carcinomas. The concentrations of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate
      in lung cancer tissues did not show any significant changes compared with those
      in normal lung tissues. The increase in total amount and changes in the
      composition of glycosaminoglycans in human lung cancer tissue were closely
      related to the histologic type of the tumor. In adenocarcinomas, some acid
      glycoprotein with sialic acid was simultaneously detected during the separating
      course of glycosaminoglycans, which was considered to be derived from mucinous
      substances related to adenocarcinoma cells.

PMID- 2290230
TI  - [Relationship between pulmonary functions and sleep respiratory abnormalities in
      obstructive sleep apnea syndrome].
AB  - Pulmonary function tests were performed in 18 cases of obstructive sleep apnea in
      supine and sitting positions and the relationship between pulmonary function and
      polysomnographic data was analyzed. %FRC and PaO2 were reduced in the supine
      position compared with those in the sitting position. It was suggested that the
      reduction of PaO2 was mainly caused by the elevation of CC/FRC ratio in supine
      position. The relationship between pulmonary function data and polysomnographic
      data were analyzed, and an inverse relationship between %FRC in sitting position
      and desaturation was observed and also a positive relationship between PaO2 in
      the supine position mean-nadir SO2 was found. Saw-tooth sign and VE50/VI50
      greater than 1 on flow-volume curves were not related to the apnea index and
      desaturation index. These results indicate that the F-V curve is not useful for
      the diagnosis of OSA.

PMID- 2290229
TI  - [Bronchial hyperresponsiveness to histamine in guinea pig induced by intravenous
      administration of platelet activating factor].
AB  - Platelet activating factor (PAF) has recently been demonstrated to play an
      important role in allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma. Changes in airway
      wall thickness have recently been suggested to cause excess airway narrowing of
      asthma. In this study, the authors examined the bronchial hyperresponsiveness to
      histamine in guinea pig induced by intravenous administration of PAF by measuring
      dynamic compliance and dynamic respiratory resistance. Moreover, a new formula
      which can exclude the effect of the changes of the airway wall thickness was
      proposed. With this formula, the administration of PAF was suggested to induce
      airway wall to be thickened. The ratio of bronchial smooth muscle constriction by
      histamine was significantly enhanced by the administration of PAF (p less than
      0.05). Moreover, antagonists such as CV3988 and CV6209 inhibited the effect of
      PAF. The above results suggest that PAF may be an important mediator affecting
      bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

PMID- 2290231
TI  - [Change in the zone of apposition of the human diaphragm associated with
      ventilatory movement].
AB  - The movement of the cephalic margin of the zone of apposition (ZOA) of the
      diaphragm associated with ventilatory movement was measured using ultrasonography
      in 24 healthy subjects and 45 patients with various pulmonary diseases. A
      transducer was placed on the lower chest wall, and movement of the cephalic
      margin of ZOA was measured during maximal inspiratory maneuver and expiratory
      maneuver from end expiratory position in supine and sitting positions in healthy
      subjects, and in the supine position in patients. In healthy subjects, there was
      a linear relationship between inspiratory or expiratory volumes and movement of
      the cephalic margin of ZOA. Movement in the supine position during vital capacity
      maneuver was 103.0 +/- 15.6 (mean +/- SD), 106.6 +/- 17.2, 108.5 +/- 18.2, and
      114.8 +/- 16.3 mm on the left anterior, right anterior, left posterior, and right
      posterior axillary lines, respectively. In the supine position, movement on the
      right posterior axillary line was significantly larger than that measured on
      other axillary lines (p less than 0.05). Movement during maximal inspiratory
      maneuver in the supine position was significantly larger than that in the sitting
      position (p less than 0.01). Movement during maximal expiratory maneuver in the
      supine position was significantly smaller than that in the sitting position (p
      less than 0.01). Patients showed decreased movement and great differences in
      movement between the left and right anterior axillary lines. Seven patients out
      of 28 with normal spirograms showed decreased movement on either or both sides.
      These data suggest that: 1) the movement of the cephalic margin of ZOA reflects
      diaphragm displacement; and 2) difference in ventilatory function of right and
      left hemithorax can be detected by movement of the cephalic margin of ZOA.

PMID- 2290232
TI  - [Quantitative assessment of dyspnea by introducing new indices based on the Borg
      scale during exercise test and the correlation with parameters of pulmonary
      functions at rest].
AB  - Incremental exercise test with a bicycle ergometer was performed on thirty eight
      patients (11 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 6 patients with
      interstitial lung disease, 21 patients with preoperative check up for respiratory
      disease). In 34 patients except four patients with interstitial lung disease,
      there was a close correlation between dyspnea expressed on the Borg scale (BS)
      and oxygen consumption (VO2) (r = 0.778-0.998). To evaluate dyspnea in more
      quantitative manner, we introduced three parameters by the BS-VO2 regression
      line. The Borg scale slope (BSS) represents the slope of the regression line,
      threshold load of dyspnea (TLD) represents the onset of dyspnea on the regression
      line, and the breakpoint load of dyspnea (BLD) represents the maximum oxygen
      consumption before the subject interrupted exercise. BSS had significant negative
      correlations with VC, %VC, FEV1.0, TLC, DLco, and %DLco. TLD and BLD had
      significant positive correlations with VC, FEV1.0, DLco, and %DLco. No
      correlation was found between dyspnea evaluated by the Hugh-Jones classification
      and the parameters of pulmonary functions (VC, FEV1.0, DLco) at rest. From these
      findings, we conclude that the degree of dyspnea sensation on exercise correlated
      with parameters of pulmonary function at rest, and that these newly introduced
      parameters using the Borg scale were useful for a quantitative assessment of
      dyspnea in health and disease.

PMID- 2290233
TI  - [Relationship between cough threshold to inhaled tartaric acid and sex, smoking
      and atopy in humans].
AB  - It has been reported that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) elicits
      dry cough more frequently in women than in men. This study was designed to
      evaluate whether airway cough receptors are more sensitive in women than in men.
      Cough threshold to inhaled tartaric acid was measured in 33 men and 29 women. In
      non-atopic and non-smoking subjects, geometric mean value of cough threshold in
      women was 10.0 (GSEM, 1.29) %, which was significantly (p less than 0.02) lower
      than that in men, 22.5 (GSEM, 1.30) %. In non-atopic men, the cough threshold was
      significantly (p less than 0.05) lower in smokers (9.3 (GSEM, 1.57) %) than in
      non-smokers. In non-smoking women, the cough threshold was significantly (p less
      than 0.02) lower in atopic subjects (4.2 (GSEM, 1.33) %) than in non-atopic
      subjects. These results demonstrated that airway cough receptors may be more
      sensitive in women, smoking men and atopic women.

PMID- 2290234
TI  - [A case of Aspergillus empyema with bronchopleural fistula].
AB  - Pleural aspergillosis is not a common disease and we recently experienced a case
      of Aspergillus empyema with bronchopleural fistula. A 76 year-old man was
      admitted to our hospital with productive cough and fever. Chest X-ray films
      showed infiltration in the right lower and left middle field and rather lucent
      area (clearing) in the right lower lung. Antibiotic therapy was administered but
      no improvement was obtained. Chest CT scan and right bronchography revealed
      empyema in the right back portion and bronchopleural fistula in the right lower
      lobe. Needle aspiration biopsy was performed and Aspergillus fumigatus was
      isolated from pus. A diagnosis of Aspergillus empyema with bronchopleural fistula
      was made. We began intrapleural administration of miconazole and empyema was
      improved partially. For the complete treatment, right lower lobectomy and
      decortication were performed, but unfortunately he died of acute pneumonia 16
      days after operation.

PMID- 2290236
TI  - [A case of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia with pneumothorax and
      pneumomediastinum, accompanied by rapid progression of cystic changes on CT].
AB  - A case of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) with pneumothorax and
      pneumomediastinum was presented. A 52-year-old male was admitted with the
      complaint of cough, fever and dyspnea. Chest roentgenogram revealed bilateral
      reticulonodular shadow and right pneumothorax. Radiological, laboratory and
      clinical findings were consistent with the diagnosis of acute exacerbation of
      IIP. Repeated chest CTs showed diffuse interstitial opacities and the presence of
      pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. Furthermore, honeycombing and bullous change
      progressed markedly for two months. The mechanisms of pneumothorax and
      pneumomediastinum were speculated to be due to the rupture of those cystic
      lesions which had grown rapidly on follow-up CTs. It was suggested that the
      formation of honeycombing occurred within a few months and the increasing of
      honeycombing might be accompanied by so-called acute exacerbation of IIP. We
      propose that follow-up CTs were useful for the chronological study for
      interstitial lesions of IIP.

PMID- 2290235
TI  - [A case of multiple inflammatory tracheo-bronchial polyps associated with chronic
      sinusitis].
AB  - A 57 year-old woman was aware of breath odor and visited to our hospital. There
      were no abnormal findings in her physical examination and chest X-ray. Multiple
      polyps in the trachea and both main bronchi were discovered by fiberoptic
      bronchoscopy. They were 0.1-0.5 cm in diameter. In a histological examination,
      squamous metaplastic epithelial cells and numerous inflammatory cells
      infiltrating subepithelially were seen. No malignant cells were found. The
      patient had suffered from chronic sinusitis for 15 years, and it was suggested
      that the development of tracheo-bronchial polyps was associated with chronic
      sinusitis.

PMID- 2290237
TI  - [Hypoxemia of liver cirrhosis--an autopsy case study].
AB  - 41 year-old male with liver cirrhosis accompanying severe hypoxemia was
      presented. Shortly after the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, he suffered from
      exertional dyspnea and cyanosis. Though home oxygen therapy had been prescribed
      for 2 years, hypoxemia gradually progressed accompanied by persistent cough,
      mucous sputa and intermittent fever. The chest X-ray revealed bilateral
      interstitial shadow particularly localized in lower lung fields. The
      arteriovenous shunt ratio was shown to be 24% by oxygen method. Perfusion lung
      scan using 99mTc-labeled MAA revealed perfusion defects in bilateral lung fields
      and radionuclide uptake was strongly demonstrated in the kidneys. These clinical
      data suggested that severe hypoxemia was probably due to multiple arteriovenous
      shunt. With further progression of hypoxemia for 4 months, he died of hepatic
      failure and pulmonary infection. Autopsy showed Miyake's type B cirrhosis.
      Multiple pleural and subpleural arteriolar nevi were demonstrated grossly and
      microscopically. There were no arteriovenous malformations demonstrated after
      injection of barium-gelatin solution into the pulmonary artery. Histologically,
      irregularly dilated vessels were found in the lung parenchyma beneath the pleura
      and filled with blood and injection material. These clinical and pathological
      findings provided evidence that the mechanism of arterial desaturation was
      pulmonary arteriovenous shunting due to liver cirrhosis.

PMID- 2290238
TI  - [A case of antithrombin III abnormality presenting as bronchial asthmatic symptom
      due to pulmonary thromboembolism].
AB  - A 32-year-old housewife with AT III abnormality visited our out-patient clinic
      because of dyspnea on April 14, 1988, and was diagnosed as bronchial asthma of
      non-atopic type. In spite of treatment, her asthmatic symptom did not improve.
      Therefore, she was admitted to our department on August 12 for a detailed
      examination and more effective therapy. Xanthine derivatives and beta 2 stimulant
      were ineffective, and only steroid hormone was effective to some degree.
      Pulmonary perfusion scan revealed that her pulmonary thromboembolism had become
      worse. Then she was treated with AT III concentrate and urokinase and her
      asthmatic symptom was significantly improved and steroid hormone could be easily
      reduced. Her asthmatic symptom was suggested to be due to progression of
      pulmonary thromboembolism. We were not able to find any other report of a case
      with AT III abnormality presenting as bronchial asthma due to pulmonary
      thromboembolism.

PMID- 2290240
TI  - Elusive verities.

PMID- 2290239
TI  - [Primary pulmonary lymphoma diagnosed by transbronchial biopsy and
      bronchoalveolar lavage findings].
AB  - A 45 year-old male was admitted to Tokyo University Hospital because of a
      submandibular tumor. Biopsy specimen of the tumor showed medium-sized non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma of follicular type and immunoperoxidase staining of frozen
      sections demonstrated an overwhelming predominance of B lymphocytes with IgM,
      lambda chain. In the meanwhile, chest X-ray taken on admission showed an ill
      defined consolidation with a tumor-like appearance in the right middle lung
      field. Transbronchial biopsy of this lesion revealed massive infiltrations of
      small and medium sized lymphocytes, having the same markers as those of
      submandibular tumor (IgM, lambda chain) and an analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage
      showed a significant increase of CD19-positive B lymphocytes. Reviewing of check
      up X-ray films showed the lung lesion to have preceded the submandibular tumor
      and to have increased its size in several years. On the basis of the similarity
      of histological and immunohistochemical findings between pulmonary and
      submandibular tumor, and considering the time course of the appearance of these
      tumors, we concluded that these tumors were of the same histological nature and
      had originated in the lung and metastasized to submandibular gland. This is a
      relatively rare case of pulmonary lymphoma metastasizing to the submandibular
      gland, in which transbronchial biopsy specimen and analysis of lymphocytes in
      bronchoalveolar lavage were helpful in establishing the diagnosis.

PMID- 2290241
TI  - The expanded duty of a psychiatric health care provider to third parties.

PMID- 2290243
TI  - The esophageal ECG for diagnosing arrhythmias.

PMID- 2290242
TI  - Maternal death studies.

PMID- 2290244
TI  - [Comparative study on head nurses' perception to own role and staff nurses' role
      expectation to their head nurse between university hospitals and general
      hospitals].
AB  - The organization of nursing department significantly effects the hospital
      management. Especially, the head nurse is one of the most important position
      because head nurse is a first-line manager in the hospital level, a middle
      manager in nursing service organizations level and the top manager in each
      nursing unit level. This study was attempted to show the ideal model and rule by
      compare head nurses' role perception with staff nurses' role expectation
      according to two types of hospital. The survey was conducted among 94 head nurses
      and 233 staff nurses who are working at 5 different University Hospitals over 600
      beds and 93 head nurses and 218 staff nurses who are working at 12 different
      General Hospitals between 100-300 beds in Seoul. The data was collected in a
      period from 8th September to 13th October in 1989 and the instrument used for
      this study was based on Han's one and referred back to many literary sources and
      revised. The collected data was analysed by computer using S.P.S.S. program as a
      Mean, Percentage, Cronbach's alpha, Chi-Square, t-test and ANOVA. 1. The study
      was compared to the difference of the two subject group's general characteristics
      according to a type of hospital. As a result, there were significant differences
      in age, educational background and career. 2. This Study was compared to the
      difference of the two subject group's role perception and role expectation about
      each question according to a type of hospital. The result of this comparisons as
      follows: First, These were the most important issue between both groups: "Head
      nurse has to know about her staff's events and problems and then help them to
      solve that promptly" Second, These were the least important issue between both
      groups: "Head nurse has an interview with patient's family and visitors", "Head
      nurse is interested in her staff's privacy". 3. This study was compared to the
      differences of each role areas according to a type of hospital. As a result,
      there were no significant differences both two subject groups except nursing
      manager role in staff nurses' group (t = -2.893, df = 449.0, p = 0.004). 4. This
      study was tested to the difference of the two subject groups according to general
      characteristics. As a result, All of that there were no significant differences.

PMID- 2290245
TI  - [A randomized controlled trial to motivate worksite fecal occult blood testing].
AB  - Colorectal cancer is second only to lung cancer as a cause of death due to cancer
      in the United States. Studies have shown that fecal occult blood (FOB) tests are
      effective in detecting colorectal cancer in its early stages. To motivate
      worksite FOB testing, a randomized controlled trial was conducted. Employees 40
      years or older from three federal agencies in Washington State were randomized to
      a control group (n = 139) which received a letter stating the availability of the
      FOB test at the worksite clinic or to an intervention group (n = 139) which
      received the letter about facts on colorectal cancer and a Colorectal Cancer Risk
      Appraisal. The Colorectal Cancer Risk Appraisal included a feedback on an
      individual's risk of developing colorectal cancer compared to his/her peers in
      terms of 'normal', 'moderate', or 'high' risk status. After 3 months, a follow-up
      questionnaire was sent to all participants to measure the effectiveness of the
      intervention. In the analysis of the three major outcomes, two possible
      confounding factors (dietary fat and family history of colorectal cancer) were
      controlled by logistic regression. Based on a review of the worksite clinic
      records, the intervention group had 4.3% higher compliance rate with the FOB test
      during the follow-up period compared to the control group (p = .10). The largest
      effect of the intervention was on the employees' intention to get a FOB test
      within the next year (62.6% in the intervention group vs. 36.2% in the control
      group, OR = 3.18, p less than .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2290246
TI  - [Health status of elderly persons in Korea].
AB  - This Study was done to design and test an instrument to measure the health status
      of the elderly including physical, psychological and social dimensions. Data
      collection was done from July 18 to August 17, 1990. Subjects were 412 older
      persons in Korea. A convenience sample was used but the place of residence was
      stratified into large, medium and small city and rural areas. Participants
      located in Sudaemun-Gu, Mapo-Gu, and Kangnam-Gu, Seoul were interviewed by
      brained nursing students, and those in Chungju, Jonju, Chuncheon, and Jinju by
      professors of nursing colleges. Rural residents were interviewed by community
      health practitioners working in Kungsang-Buk-Do, Kyngsang-Nam-Do, Jonla Buk-Do,
      and Kyung Ki-Do. The tool developed for this study was a structured questionnaire
      based on previous literature and then tested for reliability and validity. This
      tool contained 20 physical health status items, 17 mental-emotional health status
      items and 38 social health status items. Physical health status items clustered
      in to six factors such as personal hygiene, activity, home management, digestive,
      sexual, sensory, and climatization functions. Mental-emotional health status
      items clustered into two factors, mental health and emotional health. Social
      health status items clustered into seven factors, grandparent, parent, spouse,
      friend, kinships, group member and religious role functions. Data analysis
      included percentage, average, S.D., t-test and ANOVA. The results of the analysis
      were as follows: 1. The tool measuring the health status of the elderly and
      developed for this research had a relatively high reliability indicated by a
      Cronbach = 0.97793. 2. Average score of the subjects physical health status was
      4,054 in a 5 point likert scale, mental-emotional health status was 3.803, social
      health status was 2.939 and the total average was 3.521. The social status of the
      subjects was the lowest and the next was mental-emotional health status; physical
      health status was the highest. 3. Educational background, perceived health
      status, the amount of pocket money were related to physical and mental-emotional
      health status and family structure was related mental-emotional physical and
      social health status. Occupation was related to physical and mental-emotional
      status. Area of residence was related to mental-emotional and social status.
      Source of living in the expenses was related to physical and mental-emotional
      health status marital status to mental-emotional and social health status, and
      the number living in the home physical health status and religion to social
      health status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2290247
TI  - [Predictors of sick role behavior in patients receiving radiotherapy for cancer].
AB  - Cancer is still a threat to human beings. The incidence and mortality rate of
      cancer have been gradually increasing as the life span has been lengthened.
      Radiotherapy is one of the most commonly used treatments for cancer. This study
      explored the influence of social support and stress on sick role behavior of
      patients receiving radiotherapy for cancer. The subjects for this study were 60
      patients undergoing radiotherapy for cancer, selected from the radiotherapy
      treatment unit of the out patient departments of two major medical centers in
      Jeonju. Data were collected from February 1 to 28, 1990 by a Likert Scale
      Questionnaire and an interview schedule designed by the investigator. Data
      analysis included percentages, mean and standard deviation, t or F-test, Pearson
      Correlation Coefficient and stepwise multiple regression. Results included the
      following: 1. Support came primarily from sons and daughters (90.1%); the type of
      support was primarily emotional support from friends (60.0%); informational
      support came from health personnel (81.7%); and material support was sons and
      daughters (40.0%); satisfaction with support was highest for the spouse (4.02 +/-
      .52). 2. Among the patient's demographic status was occupation the was the only
      socioeconomic characteristic influencing sick role behavior (F = 2.91, p = .029).
      3. Directly previewed support was positively correlated with sick role behavior
      (r = .2374, p = .034). 4. Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine the
      predictors of sick role behavior. Directly perceived support was the most
      significant predictor accounting for the highest contribution to sick role
      behavior (5.6%). Directly perceived support, socioeconomic status, perceived
      stress and indirectly perceived support variables together, accounted for only
      6.8% of sick role behavior.

PMID- 2290249
TI  - [A study on the development of standardized nursing care plans for computerized
      nursing service].
AB  - A central issue in the development of nursing practice is to describe the
      phenomenon with which nursing is concerned. To identify the health problems which
      can be diagnosed and managed by the nurse is the first step to organize and
      ensure the development of nursing science. Therefore the academic world has been
      discussing the application of the nursing diagnosis in nursing practice as a
      means of improving quality of care. The objectives of this study were to develop
      a standardized nursing care plan for ten selected nursing diagnoses to form a
      database for computerized nursing service. The research approach used in the
      study was (1) the selection of the ten nursing diagnoses which occur most
      frequently on medical-surgical wards, (2) the development of a standardized
      nursing care plan for the ten selected nursing diagnoses, (3) application of the
      plan to hospitalized patients and evaluation of the content validity by the
      nurses, and (4) evaluation of the clinical effects after the use of the
      standardized nursing care plans. The subjects were 56 nurses and 395 hospitalized
      patients on two medical and two surgical unit. The results of this study were as
      follows: 1) The ten selected nursing diagnoses for the development of the
      standardized nursing care plans were "PAIN, SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ALTERED HEALTH
      MAINTENANCE, ALTERATION IN NUTRITION, ANXIETY, CONSTIPATION, ALTERED PATTERNS OF
      URINARY ELIMINATION, DISTURBANCE IN BODY IMAGE, POTENTIAL FOR ACTIVITY
      INTOLERANCE AND ACTIVITY INTOLERANCE". 2. The developed standardized nursing care
      plans included the nursing diagnosis, definition, defining characteristics,
      etiologic or related factors that contribute to the condition, recording pattern,
      desired outcomes and nursing orders (nursing interventions). 3. The plan was used
      with hospitalized patients on medical-surgical wards to test for content
      validity. The patient's satisfaction with the nursing care and nurses' job
      satisfaction were investigated to evaluate the clinical effects after the use of
      the standardized nursing care plans. A comparison of patient satisfaction with
      nursing care before and after the introduction of the standardized nursing care
      plans showed a statistically significant higher level of satisfaction with the
      standardized care plans. There was no difference in the level of job satisfaction
      expressed by the nursing staff before and after the standardized nursing care
      plans were introduced. However, when opinions about the use of the standardized
      nursing care plans were examined it was found that there was a positive effect on
      clarity in defining the nursing problems, determining nursing cost, more feasible
      goal setting, effective and systematic nursing records and indications for
      nursing research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2290248
TI  - [Factors influencing sexual satisfaction in women who have had a hysterectomy: a
      comparative group study].
AB  - This descriptive study was done to identify factors influencing sexual
      satisfaction in women who had had a hysterectomy and to compare these women who
      had not had a hysterectomy. The purpose was to contribute theoretical
      understanding on which to base nursing care planning. One group of subjects were
      156 women who had had a hysterectomy, between one and 18 months post surgery,
      living with their spouse, having no complications, and menstruating before
      surgery. The other group of subjects were 282 healthy women who were living with
      their husbands and menstruating. The study tool consisted of 108 items including
      item concerning personal characteristics, characteristics related to the
      hysterectomy, husband's support, body image, emotions, attitude toward the sexual
      relationship, knowledge of sexuality, sexual behavior, and sexual satisfaction.
      Sexual satisfaction was measured by a tool based on Derogatis Sexual Function
      Inventory. The range of the internal level of the study tool was from .5208 to
      .9462. Data collection was done during the period from June 20 to Aug. 20, 1989.
      The same questionnaire was used of data collection for both groups, but a mail
      survey method was used for the women who had had a hysterectomy, and an interview
      method was used for the women who had not had a hysterectomy. Data analysis was
      done using frequency, ratio, mean and S.D. for the characteristics of the
      subjects and level of sexual satisfaction. t-test or ANOVA was used for the
      differences between the groups with regard to the general and hysterectomy
      related characteristics. The relationship between the score for sex life related
      factors and the level of sexual satisfaction was analyzed using the Pearson
      Correlation, and the influencing factors on sexual satisfaction were analyzed by
      stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Mean
      age and income level were the only general characteristics for the two groups
      that were significantly different. The mean age, and income level of the group
      who had had a hysterectomy were 45 years, and 1,150,000 won respectively, and for
      those who had not had a hysterectomy, 41 years and 999,000 won. 2. There was no
      statistical difference of the sexual satisfaction score between the two groups.
      3. There was differences in the factors influencing sexual satisfaction between
      the two groups. Factors influencing sexual satisfaction for the group who had had
      a hysterectomy were husband's support (R = .5793, P = .000) and the women's
      Knowledge of sexuality (R = .6670, P = .000) (total variance: 33.56).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2290250
TI  - [Patients' preferences for nurses' nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing
      rounds and administration of oral medication].
AB  - Nursing involves deep human interpersonal relationships between nurses and
      patients. But in modern Korea, the nurse-patient relationship tends to be
      ritualistic and mechanestic. Patients usually express the hope that nurses be
      more tender and kind. Patients expect nurses to express their warmth especially
      through nonverbal behaviour. This study was conducted to identify patients'
      preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth. Through the confirmation
      of these preferences, nurses may learn how to enhance their interpersonal
      relationships with patients. Subjects for the study were 73 patients who had been
      admitted to a university teaching hospital for at least three days and agreed to
      be interviewed by the investigator. The interactions were studied nonverbal
      expressions of warmth during nursing rounds and administration of oral
      medication. The interview schedule was especially designed by the investigator to
      measure the nurse's posture, the distance between the nurse and the patient, the
      nurse's eye contact, facial expression, hand motion and head nodding. Data
      analysis included frequencies, percentages and X2-test. The results of this study
      may be summerized as follows: 1. Patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal
      expressions of warmth during nursing rounds. Preferred nurse's posture was
      sitting (50.7%) or standing (49.3%) opposite the patient. Preferred distance
      between the nurse and the patient was close to the bed (93.2%), less than 1m.
      Preferred eye contact was directed to the patient's eyes or their affected part
      (41.1%). Preferred facial expression was a smile (97.3%). Preferred hand motions
      were light gestures (41.1%). Patients preferred head nodding which approved their
      own opinions (69.9%). 2. Patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions
      of warmth during administration of oral medication. Preferred nurse's posture was
      standing and waiting to confirm that the medication had been taken (58.9%).
      Preferred distance from the patient was at arm's length, 0.5-1m (64.4%). Patients
      preferred direct eye contact (58.9%) and a smile (94.5%). Patients preferred that
      the nurse put the medicine directly the patient's hand (64.4%). Whether the nurse
      nodded her head or not was not considered important. 3. The relation of general
      characteristics and patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of
      warmth during nursing rounds and administration of oral medication. During
      nursing rounds, the age of subjects (p = 0.010) and the standard of education (p
      = 0.026) related to the distance between the nurse and the patient. The sick
      hospital ward related to the eye contact (p = 0.017) and facial expression (p =
      0.010).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2290252
TI  - [Stressful life events, health symptoms, social support and coping in early
      adolescents].
AB  - Numerous research reports have substantiated the role of stressful life events in
      relation to the onset of health changes. The relationship tends to hold across
      different age groups. Theoretically, adolescence has been considered a
      developmental crisis period of great stress, impoverished coping skills and high
      vulnerability to biological, social and psychological demands. The research
      problem addressed by this study was to examine the relationships between
      stressful life events and health symptom patterns, and the effect of two
      variables, coping and social support, theoretically considered to mediate the
      relationship between stress and health symptoms in adolescents. The following
      five hypotheses were tested in this research: 1. Health symptoms are positively
      related to stressful life events in adolescents, 2. Health symptoms are
      negatively related to coping in adolescents, 3. Health symptoms are negatively
      related to social support in adolescents, 4. When coping is controlled, the
      relationship between health symptoms and stressful life events will decrease, and
      5. When social support is controlled, the relationship between health symptoms
      and stressful life events will increase. The study subjects consisted of 1090
      high school students of the metropolitan city of Seoul. The following sampling
      procedure was used: 1. Of the 169 high schools in nine school administrative
      districts in the city, a proportional sample of ten schools was selected. 2. One
      class from each of the freshman and sophomore was randomly selected and all the
      students who were in the sampled class were used as the study sample. The study
      was limited to freshman and sophomore adolescents, aged 15 to 18 (mean = 16.6).
      Of the 1090 subjects 688 (63%) were boys and 402 (37%) were girls. An Adolescent
      Inventory of Stressful Life Events, a Health Symptom Questionnaire and an
      Adolescent Coping Inventory were adapted for this study. The Norbeck Social
      Support Questionnaire was utilized to collect the data on perceived social
      support. Five high school teachers in the areas of school health and counselling
      reviewed the items of each questionnaire for content validity. A pilot study was
      undertaken to ascertain reliability. Fifty three high school students responded
      to the questionnaires and gave their opinions on the items. For stressful life
      events, health symptoms, coping, and social support, the Cronbach's alpha's on
      the study were .70, .94, .77, and .76, respectively. Research assistants attended
      all the sampled classes with the school proctor to explain the purpose and
      procedures of the study to the students. The questionnaires along with a
      ballpoint pen were distributed to the students who were asked to complete each
      item.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2290251
TI  - [Quality of life of middle aged persons who have cancer].
AB  - This descriptive study was under taken to explore relationships among the quality
      of life, health locus of control and perceived state of health persons with
      cancer to contribute theoretical understanding about these phenomenon of interest
      to the quality of nursing care. The subjects of this were 200 persons with cancer
      (100-in patients and 100-out patients), both male and female, between 30 and 59
      years of age. Data were obtained using a convenience sample technique from two
      university hospitals in seoul from August, 1989, to June, 1990. The instruments
      used for this study were the Quality of life scale developed by Ro, You-Ja and
      the Health Locus of Control scale developed by Wallston & Wallston. Data were
      analyzed using a SAS program for ANOVA, t-test, Schefffe test, Pearson
      Correlation Coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression. The results were as
      follows: 1. The scores on the quality of life scale ranged from 95 to 191 with as
      mean of 147.85 (range 47 to 235). The Mean scores (range 1-5) on the different
      dimensions were family relationships 3.50, relationships with neighbours 3.48,
      self-esteem 3.17, physical state and function 2.99, economic life 2.93 and
      emotional life 2.91. 2. Significantly higher scores on the quality of life and
      demographic characteristics were as follows: the quality of life for women (t =
      2.80, p = .006), for those without complications (t = 2.54, p = .013), and for
      those who perceived their illness as mild (F = 4.85, p = .009). Higher scores on
      quality of life were correlated with the following: 1) emotional state and the
      age group 50-59 (F = 3.43, p = .34). 2) economic life and higher income (F =
      6.72, p = .002), those without complications (t = 2.68, p = .00), and those who
      perceived their illness as mild (F = 3.11, p = .05). 3) self-esteem and marriage
      (F = 3.64, p = .028), those without complications (t = 2.18, p = .03), and those
      who perceived their illness as mild (F = 7.72, p = .000). 4) physical state and
      function and the age group 30-39 (F = 4.65, p = .010), those without
      complications (t = 2.00, p = .05), and those who perceived their illness as mild
      (F = 3.38, p = .04). 5) family relationship and those who live with their spouse
      (t = 2.82, p = .005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2290253
TI  - [Study on folk caring in Korea for cultural nursing].
AB  - Care is a central concept of nursing. Nursing would not exist without caring.
      Care and quality of life are closely related. Human behavior is a manifestation
      of culture. We can say that caring and nursing care are expression of culture.
      The nurse must understand the relationship of culture with care for ensure
      quality nursing care. But knowledge of cultural factors in nursing is not well
      developed. Time and in-depth study are needed to find meaningful relationships
      between culture and care. Nurses recognized the importance of culturally
      appropriate nursing. There are two care systems in culturally based nursing. The
      folk care system and the professional nursing care system. The folk care system
      existed long before the professional nursing care system was introduced into this
      culture. If the discrepancy between these two care systems is great, the client
      may receive inappropriate nursing care. Culture and subcultures are diverse and
      dynamic in nature. Nurses need to know the caring behaviors, patterns, and their
      meaning in their own culture. In Korea we have taken some first step to study
      cultural nursing phenomena. It is not our intent necessarily to return to the
      past and develop a nationalistic of nursing, but to identify the core of
      traditional caring and relate that to professional nursing care. Our Assumptions
      are as follows: 1) Care is essential for human growth, well being and survival.
      2) There are diverse and universal forma, expressions, patterns, and processes of
      human care that exist transculturally. 3) The behaviors and functions of caring
      differ according to the social structure of each culture. 4) Cultures have folk
      and professional care values, beliefs, and practices. To promote the quality of
      nursing care we must understand the folk care value, beliefs, and practices. We
      undertook this study to understand caring in our traditional culture. The Goals
      of this study were as follows: 1) To identify patterns in caring behavior, 2) To
      identify the structural components of caring, and 3) To understand the meaning
      and some principles of caring. We faced several questions in this study. Who is
      the care-giver? Who is the care-recipient? Was the woman the major care-giver at
      any time? What are the patterns in caring behavior? What art the principles
      underlying the caring process? We used an interdisciplinary team approach,
      composed of representatives from nursing and anthropology, to contribute in-depth
      understanding of caring through a sociocultural perspective. A Field study was
      conducted in Ro-Bong, a small agricultural kinship village.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2290254
TI  - [Transesophageal cardiac electric stimulation in patients with acute myocardial
      infarct complicated by rhythm and conduction disorders].

PMID- 2290255
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of central hemodynamics parameters and phase pattern
      of left ventricular systole during transesophageal cardiac pacing test].

PMID- 2290256
TI  - [Changes in R wave amplitude in patients with ischemic heart disease and non
      coronarogenic lesions of the myocardium during graded physical exercise].

PMID- 2290257
TI  - [Dynamics of leukocytic thermostable alpha-glycoprotein and C-reactive protein in
      patients with ischemic heart disease during surgery with artificial circulation].

PMID- 2290258
TI  - [A rare variant of sick sinus syndrome and its surgical treatment].

PMID- 2290259
TI  - [Current concepts on etiology and pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy:
      analysis of viral immunological theories].

PMID- 2290260
TI  - [Results of USSR and GDR cooperation in the area of surgical treatment of
      ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2290261
TI  - [Changes in contractile function of the left ventricle under the effect of
      thrombolytic reperfusion of the coronary arteries in acute myocardial infarct].
AB  - A total of 73 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) were included into a
      prospective study involving intravenous and/or intracoronary streptokinase
      administration. The total ejection fraction (EF) and the extent of left
      ventricular dys- and akinetic areas were measured by contrast ventriculography in
      the first 3-9 hours and 4 weeks after the onset of MI symptoms. Coronary
      reperfusion performed in the first 3 hours after the onset of symptoms in
      patients with anterior MI (n = 8) and following 3-9 hours (mean 6.6 +/- 0.89
      hours) in patients with inferior MI (n = 17) significantly (p less than 0.05)
      reduced the extent of dys- and akinetic areas from 20.5 +/- 4.16 to 6.0 +/- 3.99
      and 10.0 +/- 1.56 to 5.0 +/- 1.74%, respectively) following 4 weeks. EF
      significantly (p less than 0.01) increased in the former and tended to show an
      increase from 51.0 +/- 2.44 to 64.0 +/- 2.26% (p less than 0.1) in the latter. In
      patients with anterior MI (n = 19) there was a tendency to a decrease in the
      extent of dys- and akinetic areas from 26.0 +/- 2.85 to 17.0 +/- 3.9 (p less than
      0.1) following 3-9 hours. No substantial changes were observed in the values of
      left ventricular dys- and akinesis and EF in patients with anterior (n = 13) and
      inferior (n = 16) MI without coronary reperfusion.

PMID- 2290263
TI  - [First-time occurring angina pectoris: dynamics of coronary artery stenosis
      during a 1-year follow-up].
AB  - Thirty patients with first angina (FA) underwent repeated coronary angiographic
      examinations in the first 3 months of the disease and 15.0 +/- 3.1 (M +/- sigma)
      after. At the second coronary angiography, 9 (30%) patients developed a clinical
      remission. The time course of stenoses was assessed by a quantitative method such
      as the vessel contour outline one. Six (20%) patients displayed stenosis
      regression, 5 (17%) had both regression and progression, 11 (37%) exhibited
      progression, 8 (26%) showed no changes. The multifactorial discriminant step-by
      step analysis was employed to assess the predictive value of various clinical,
      bicycle ergometric, lipid, and angiographic factors in the time course of
      stenoses. In the first year of the follow-up, stenosis regression was seen in 20%
      of the FA patients. By the second coronary angiography, the patients with
      remained angina showed a high probability that there had been a progression of at
      least one stenosis. The probability was also high in patients with less obesity,
      a greater number of affected vessels and a more severity of the disease in the
      first month.

PMID- 2290262
TI  - [Immediate and late prognosis in patients with unstable angina under medical
      treatment].
AB  - The study was undertaken to examine 221 patients with unstable angina (UA) in the
      acute period and repeatedly on average of 5.3 years later. Myocardial infarction
      and sudden coronary death were regarded as unfavorable outcomes of UA. Out of all
      the patients included into the study, 33 (15%) developed myocardial infarction on
      days 2-28 of hospital stay, which resulted in death in 7 patients; 6 more
      patients died suddenly. The hospital mortality rate was 5.8%. Of 175 patients
      discharged from the unit, 31 developed myocardial infarction in the late period,
      1 case ended with a fatal outcome, sudden coronary death was observed in 32
      cases. The mortality rates by years were the following: 10.2% within the first
      year, 17.4% for 3 years, and 28.2% for 5 years. The choice of a complex of
      initial signs mostly significant for defining the risk for complications with the
      use of Cox's model of proportional risks indicated that the outcome of UA was
      affected by the following significant factors: 1) ST segment depression in the
      leads V4-V6; 2) duration of aggravated condition; 3) duration of coronary heart
      disease; 4) the number of resting anginal episodes; 5) a patient's fitness on his
      admission to hospital; 6) a history of arterial hypertension; 7) negative T waves
      in the leads V4-V5.

PMID- 2290264
TI  - [Study of in vitro thromboxane A2 generation by platelets of patients with first
      time appearing angina pectoris under the effect of fish diet].
AB  - Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) is a pathogenic factor as it stimulates thrombogenesis and
      causes vasospastic reactions typical of coronary heart disease. The
      eicosapentaenic acid (EPA)-rich diet containing precursors of inactive TxA2
      synthesis and the routine hospital diet (No. 10 according to Pevzner) were
      examined for effects on platelet generation of TxA2 on induction of ADP
      aggregation in 12 patients with first angina (FA). In patients with FA keeping
      diet No. 10, the platelets were found to be able to generate TxA2 under the
      influence of ADP, while in those on EPA-rich diet, the latter failed to exhibit
      this capacity. It was suggested that the EPA-containing fish diet might affect
      platelet aggregation favourably, which followed from the evidence for decreased
      pathogenic TxA2 generation in the aggregated platelets from FA patients and a
      lower risk of vascular spasms.

PMID- 2290265
TI  - [Platelet aggregation and plasma lipid spectrum in patients with myocardial
      infarct developing on the background of first-time appearing angina pectoris].
AB  - Patients with myocardial infarction in the presence of first angina pectoris have
      been found to display less platelet aggregability in the acute period of the
      disease than those with recurrent myocardial infarction, which is associated with
      a lower incidence of postinfarction complications and smaller plasma triglyceride
      levels. The changes observed in plasma lipid concentrations and platelet
      aggregation in different periods of the disease have been shown to be similar to
      those seen in patients with myocardial infarction concurrent with sustained
      angina.

PMID- 2290266
TI  - [Blood lipophages in patients with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - Ninety three individuals were examined and divided into 3 groups: (1) patients
      with coronary heart disease in the presence of angiographically documented
      coronary atherosclerosis; (2) those with non-specific aortoarteritis; and (3)
      subjects without signs of cardiovascular disease. Blood levels of lipid-saturated
      mononuclear cells were measured by flow cytofluorimetry. The patients (42 (90%)
      patients of 46) of the first group were found to have higher blood lipophages
      than those of the other groups, no correlation being established between the
      plasma content of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and
      triglycerides.

PMID- 2290267
TI  - [Causes and significance of myocardial ischemia occurring during coronary
      ventriculography in patients with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - A relationship was examined between the development of myocardial ischemia in
      patients with coronary heart disease before coronary ventriculography and the
      status of coronary vessels, coronary reserve, myocardial contractility, and the
      autonomic nervous system. Before coronary ventriculography, myocardial ischemia
      was found to occur in the patients when there was a marked activation in the
      sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system and a clear-cut decrease in
      coronary reserve. The occurrence of myocardial ischemia in the patients before
      coronary ventriculography contributed to decreased left ventricular myocardial
      contractility and increased the cardiodepressive effects of a contrast agent.

PMID- 2290268
TI  - [Correlations of laboratory and instrumental method parameters in the diagnosis
      of acute ischemic lesion of the myocardium].
AB  - The detection rate was examined for ECG (EchoECG) equivalents of clinical
      coronary heart disease (CHD) forms, such as angina pectoris, focal myocardial
      dystrophy, small and large myocardial infarction, at various levels of the peak
      activity of blood creatine phosphokinase in the acute period of the disease. A
      series of investigations revealed in the acute period the time when myoglobin,
      CPK, CPK MB, AST, and LDH attained their maximal blood content, which were
      directly related to the molecular weight of proteins. The findings allowed the
      author to consider a relationship between the values obtained by diagnostic
      techniques and the time course of an infarct process, the mass of ischemic
      necrosis and its topography in the myocardium.

PMID- 2290269
TI  - [Paired bimanual isometric exercise as a method in choosing anti-ischemic therapy
      of patients with acute myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2290270
TI  - [A new antianginal preparation: isosorbide-5-mononitrate].
AB  - Repeated treadmill exercise tests were used in 20 patients with stable exercise
      induced angina in order to comparatively examine various dosage forms of
      isosorbide-5-mononitrate (IMN) and isosorbide dinitrate (ID) during their single
      administration. The antianginal effect of conventional IMN tablets (Monisid,
      Bulgaria) lasted about 5 hours and 1-2 hours longer than that shown by long
      acting tablets (Olicard, FRG) and lasted on an average of 12 hours. There was a
      correlation between the antianginal effect of IMN and its blood concentration. A
      significant individual variability was observed in the potency of all the dosage
      forms of IMN and ID under study. The dosage form of IMN had antianginal effects
      that were similar and even superior to those exhibited by ID.

PMID- 2290271
TI  - [Surgical treatment of unstable and early postinfarction angina pectoris].

PMID- 2290272
TI  - [Phosphocreatine in the treatment of patients with myocardial infarct: effects on
      hemodynamics and oxygen supply].
AB  - Changes in the major parameters of central and intracardiac hemodynamics and
      body's oxygen supply were examined in 93 patients with massive myocardial
      infarction in the in-hospital period of the disease. Traditional therapy was
      given to 71 patients; in addition, phosphocreatine infusions (a course dose being
      30 g) were used in 22 patients in acute myocardial infarction. Phosphocreatine
      therapy failed to substantially affect cardiac pump function, but prevented left
      ventricular dilation and development of congestive heart failure. The patients
      receiving phosphocreatine showed an increase in body's oxygen consumption due to
      its elevated tissue extraction. No adverse effects of phosphocreatine were found.

PMID- 2290273
TI  - [Changes in hemodynamics and oxygen demand in patients with ischemic heart
      disease during graded psychoemotional stress].
AB  - One hundred and forty five patients were subjected to graded psychoemotional
      stress, their oxygen demand being simultaneously analysed. Ischemia was found to
      develop the more frequently, the more severe functional class a patient has with
      a negative stress, the patients had higher oxygen consumption, larger cardiac
      output, lower total peripheral resistance. Myocardial ischemia occurred with
      inadequately increased oxygen consumption during the test, diminished stroke
      volume and enhanced total peripheral resistance.

PMID- 2290275
TI  - [A prospective study on mortality and incidence of myocardial infarct and stroke
      in male population 40-59 years of age at different risk levels].
AB  - Prognostic value of tentatively identified levels of risk (coronary heart
      disease, risk factors, their combinations) for total, and cardiovascular
      mortality and myocardial infarction and stroke incidence was evaluated within the
      framework of the multifactorial coronary heart disease prevention programme. It
      was found that subjects without CHD in the presence of 3 risk factors or more
      represented a group at the same high risk for myocardial infarction and death as
      CHD patients without myocardial infarction, which requires that this population
      be comprehensively medically monitored. The multifactorial prevention programme
      has made it possible to reduce the level of a relative risk in subjects with CHD
      or those without CHD in the presence of 3 risk factors or more in the population
      of males aged 40-59 years. It may be thus expected mortality rates from chronic
      noncommunicable disease to be reduced among the general population.

PMID- 2290274
TI  - [Psychological personality traits and development of cardiovascular diseases in
      young men (results of a 10-year prospective study].
AB  - Cardiovascular abnormalities developed in 7.3% among physically and mentally
      healthy males aged 20-29 years after 10 years of practical activities that made
      it necessary to take crucial decisions under conditions of time shortage and
      information gap, to show determination and courage. The incidence rate for
      cardiovascular diseases was 38.8% among males with asthenic personality traits
      and 6.9% in those with sthenic traits (p less than 0.001). In persons with well
      balanced personality traits, cardiovascular diseases were ascertained not to
      develop. The disparity between the psychological traits and those demanded by
      occupational activities is the major pathogenic factor as considered by the
      authors.

PMID- 2290276
TI  - [Quantitative electrocardiography in the differential diagnosis of heart
      diseases].

PMID- 2290277
TI  - [Analysis of several methods of detection of biorhythms in chronodiagnosis and
      chronotherapy of cardiovascular diseases].
AB  - The paper analyses the characteristics of mathematical methods for detecting the
      biorhythms currently used for the chronodiagnosis and chronotherapy of
      cardiovascular diseases. Emphasis is laid on the assessment of the resolving
      power of algorithms and programs applied to the detection of circadian biological
      rhythms. The paper also discusses whether chronodiagnosis and chronotherapy of
      cardiovascular diseases are admissible by clinically available mathematical
      methods for detecting circadian rhythms. In addition, it deals with theoretical
      conditions required for accurate detection of varying frequency biological
      rhythms from length-limited data arrays and proposes a mathematical method
      suitable to a problem to detect biological rhythms with periods unknown in
      advance.

PMID- 2290278
TI  - [Correlation of arterial pressure in the forearm with blood pressure in the
      ascending aorta].
AB  - Forearm blood pressures obtained by auscultation were compared with the data of
      pressure recording in the ascending aorta during diagnostic catheterization in
      243 patients with coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension and some
      malformations of the heart. With indirect measurement, systolic blood pressure
      was shown to be sufficiently reliable and to characterize systolic pressure in
      the ascending aorta with assurance, the pressure in the aorta being slightly less
      (some 10%) in approximately half the cases. The regression equation for systolic
      pressure in the ascending aorta against forearm pressure is as follows: Y = 0.96X
      - 1. Measurement of diastolic pressure in the ascending aorta yields less
      accuracy, so it is advisable to use two regression equations: (1) Y = 0.98X - 1
      for a diastolic pressure of 80 mm Hg or less and (2) Y = 0.85X + 2 for a pressure
      of greater than 80 mm Hg. Thus, ascending aorta pressure values required for
      invasive hemodynamic studies may be satisfactorily calculated from the data of
      blood pressure auscultative measurement.

PMID- 2290279
TI  - [Clinico-instrumental characteristics of the state of the myocardium of patients
      with long Q-T interval syndrome detected during a population survey].
AB  - A comprehensive clinical and instrumental study involving the collection of
      complaints, resting ECG records, bicycler ergometry, Holter monitoring,
      echocardiography was performed in 80 Novosibirsk's residents (66 males and 14
      females) aged 25-64 years who had the prolonged Q-T interval syndrome detected
      during a population survey. ECG frequently showed the early ventricular
      repolarization syndrome (23%) in males and left ventricular hypertrophy (36%) in
      females. Bicycle ergometry increased Q-T interval in 11% of males and decreased
      or unchanged it in the remaining cases. Holter monitoring revealed cardiac
      arrhythmias in 39% of males and 64% of females, supraventricular and monotopic
      ventricular premature beats being prevalent. The method was found to have
      advantages in detecting arrhythmias. Echocardiography performed in males made it
      possible to identify ventricular septum hypertrophy (40%) and mitral valve
      prolapse (20%). The examinees with the prolonged Q-T interval syndrome mostly had
      arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and alcoholic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2290280
TI  - [State of the atrial myocardium in patients with paroxysmal form of fibrillation
      arrhythmia].
AB  - Seven two patients with coronary heart disease complicated with paroxysmal atrial
      fibrillation were studied by using accelerated atrial vector cardiography and M
      mode echocardiography. Vector cardiography made it possible to reveal the signs
      of left atrial hyperfunction with normal left atrial echocardiographic
      dimensions. There were lower values for left ventricular myocardial contractility
      in parallel with higher echocardiographic dimensions of the left atrium. In the
      patients examined, progression of cardiosclerosis was accompanied by decreased
      amplitude values for the P loop on the vector cardiogram strip along with slower
      intraatrial conduction with an increase in the size of the left atrial cavity.

PMID- 2290281
TI  - [Significance of single-dose captopril test in the differential diagnosis of
      primary aldosteronism].
AB  - The captopril test was used to make a differential diagnosis of various types of
      primary aldosteronism. After captopril, there was no change in the activity of
      the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system only in the group of patients with
      aldosterone-producing adenomas in a histological variant of "adenoma and
      atrophy". The findings suggest that aldosterone secretion regulation is autonomic
      in the adenoma unassociated with the function of the renin-angiotensin
      aldosterone system only in the case of isolated adenoma with a histological
      variant of adenoma and atrophy. In patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas
      in the presence of the variant "adenoma and hyperplasia", aldosterone secretion
      retains sensitivity to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as in patients
      with idiopathic hyperplasia and hypertensive disease, which indicates that it is
      possible to differentiate isolated "adenoma and atrophy" from hypertensive
      disease and idiopathic hyperplasia, despite its combination with tumor by using
      the captopril test.

PMID- 2290282
TI  - [X-ray-morphological characteristics of the coronary reperfusion phenomenon in
      patients with myocardial infarct during thrombolytic therapy].
AB  - An analysis was made of the findings of angiographic studies (coronary
      angiography and left ventriculography) performed in 57 patients with myocardial
      infarction along with successful coronary thrombolysis before thrombolytic
      therapy, at coronary reperfusion (CR), and on days 24 and 28 of the disease. The
      analysis defined two types of restoration of coronary blood flow: (1) gradual
      ("slow") and (2) single ("rapid") CR. Angiographic signs of coronary thrombosis
      in the first hours of myocardial infarction, complicated pattern of a residual
      stenosis, and more marked left ventricular myocardial dysfunction on day 28 of
      the disease were more frequently encountered in patients who had undergone
      "rapid" CR, whereas the uncomplicated pattern and high degree of a residual
      stenosis were seen in patients who had received "slow" CR. At the same time left
      ventricular myocardial contractility changed to a lesser extent on day 28 of
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2290283
TI  - [Early changes in lipid composition of subcellular structures of the myocardium
      during intensive physical exercise].

PMID- 2290284
TI  - [Effects of lidocaine on intramural circulation in isolated rabbit heart
      ventricle preparations].
AB  - Mapping was used on isolated rabbit ventricular specimens to study effects of
      lidocaine, 2-8 mg/l, on persistent intramural reentry involving the areas of slow
      transmural conduction. The agent was shown to produce antiarrhythmic and
      arrhythmogenic effects at the same time. Lidocaine reduced the duration of an
      arrhythmia, but provoked its initiation. Both these effects of lidocaine were
      attributable to its action on the refractory period of a slow transmural
      conduction area.

PMID- 2290285
TI  - [Effects of N-propylajmaline bromide and trimecaine combination on normal and
      abnormal automatism of Purkinje fibers in dogs and arrhythmias at the late stage
      of experimental myocardial infarct].
AB  - Prajmalium bromide in combination with trimecaine was tested for effects on
      arrhythmias in the late period of canine experimental myocardial infarction. The
      combination given in subthreshold doses was found to restore sinus rhythm in 8 of
      11 cases. It also decreased the maximum repolarization rate in rat papillary
      muscles to a greater extent than either drug given alone. The rate of spontaneous
      firing of Purkinje fibers from the ischemic zone was decreased by the combination
      of the drugs.

PMID- 2290287
TI  - Your computer and you.

PMID- 2290286
TI  - Your computer and you.

PMID- 2290289
TI  - Your computer and you.

PMID- 2290288
TI  - Your computer and you.

PMID- 2290291
TI  - [Pseudoretinoblastoma. Differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma].
AB  - Between 1958 and 1988, at the ophthalmopathological laboratory of Utrecht
      University, different diseases were found in 60 eyes of 59 patients with the
      clinically established or tentative diagnosis of retinoblastoma. In this
      collection of extremely heterogeneous cases of pseudoretinoblastoma congenital
      malformations accounted for around 50% of the cases, inflammatory conditions for
      35% and other diseases, including other tumors, for 15%. Modern examination and
      treatment methods have brought about a considerable reduction in the number of
      such cases.

PMID- 2290290
TI  - [Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: new discoveries in pathophysiology and
      therapy].
AB  - In this article the authors review present knowledge concerning the pathogenesis
      of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). The function of cells such as
      macrophages, fibroblasts, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and glial cells, as
      well as their interaction with constituents of the extracellular matrix such as
      fibronectin, vitronectin, and factor XIII, are described. Current data on growth
      factor involvement in the pathogenesis of PVR are explained. Attention is focused
      on the histopathological differences between traumatic and idiopathic membranes,
      "young" and "old" membranes, and PVR and diabetic membranes. On the basis of the
      findings presented, the importance of the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier,
      the participation of the coagulation system, and immunological aspects of
      membrane formation are discussed. Conceivable new strategies for medical
      treatment of PVR are proposed.

PMID- 2290292
TI  - [Binocular vision after secondary lens implantation following vitreoretinal
      silicon oil surgery].
AB  - In 10 cases, aphakia after silicone oil surgery was corrected as follows: after
      completion of all retinal interventions, but not less than 3 months after
      silicone oil removal, an anterior chamber lens (Kelman Multiflex) was implanted.
      Binocular vision was interrupted for periods ranging from 4 months to 4.6 years
      (mean 2 years). Tests of the recovered binocular vision, on average 13 months
      after implantation of the lens, revealed simultaneous vision in 7 cases and
      exclusion in 2 (primary amblyopia; secondary divergent squint). Stereoscopic
      vision of 3800" was achieved in 4 cases, and of 200" in one. Four patients
      regained measurable fusion, between 6 and 29 diopters.

PMID- 2290293
TI  - [Surgical therapy of uveitis].
AB  - Cryotherapy is a good method of treating chronic uveitis, because it is minimally
      invasive and there are normally no complications. It has proved possible to
      reduce the frequency and intensity of inflammatory episodes, so that in many
      cases systemic drug therapy is superfluous. Stabilization or even regression of
      secondary conditions such as cystoid macular edema or cataract has been achieved,
      a phenomenon also observed among the present authors' own patients. In cases
      which did not respond to cryotherapy or where there were severe vitreous
      opacities vitrectomy was performed. A total of 207 eyes were followed up, on
      average for 1 1/2 years. During this time visual acuity remained stable or
      improved in 76% of those treated by cryotherapy, and in over 86% of those treated
      by vitrectomy.

PMID- 2290294
TI  - [Retinal vasculitis with multifocal chorioretinitis].
AB  - Multifocal retinochoroiditis was diagnosed in 16 patients (13 female, 3 male).
      The patients also had cells in the vitreous, and in some cases pronounced retinal
      vasculitis, cystoid macular edema and papilledema. The patients' ages ranged from
      62 to 77 years. There was anterior segment involvement in 13 cases. One patient
      had subretinal neovascularization in both eyes. Fluorescein angiograms revealed
      leaks from the retinal vessels, papilledema, and macular edema. So far, the
      authors have not succeeded in classifying the changes described as belonging to a
      known disease entity. The findings most closely resembled a disease described by
      Dreyer and Gass in 1984 as "multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis". Similar
      changes were seen by Tiedemann in 1987, in patients with Epstein-Barr viral
      antibodies.

PMID- 2290295
TI  - [Results after retinotomy and retinectomy in the treatment of complicated retinal
      detachment].
AB  - Of 241 cases operated with pars-plana vitrectomy and silicone oil filling for
      complicated retinal detachment we performed retinotomies for drainage of
      subretinal fluid or removal of subretinal strands in 48 cases (20%) and
      retinectomies for relief of traction in 80 cases (33%). We found no negative
      influence of these retinotomies and retinectomies on the anatomic or functional
      outcome in our major indication groups--PVR, PDR and perforating injury. With
      increasing size of the retinectomy the anatomic success rate fell from 100% in
      cases with a 90 degrees retinectomy to 76% with a retinectomy larger than 270
      degrees. In 21 out of 80 cases traction relief was insufficient so that we had to
      enlarge the retinectomy. 17 of these 21 cases could then be attached permanently.

PMID- 2290297
TI  - [Saccular initial segments of the lymphatic vessel system].
AB  - It is commonly said that the lymphatic system begins "blindly" as saccular
      outpocketings. In order to examine these saccular outpocketings, 120 injections
      into the conjunctival lymphatics of 60 bovine postmortem eyes were carried out,
      measuring the level of injection pressure and simultaneously documenting the
      various filling stages photographically. 20 trials were selected for further
      analysis. We recorded low initial pressures when the tip of the needle was
      situated close to a larger lymphatic vessel and the coloured solution (1% aqueous
      Berliner Blue) as possibly applied intravascularly. Higher initial pressures were
      seen on positioning inside fine networks of vessels. Extremely high initial
      pressures without any visible filling of vessels but in the presence of
      simultaneously increasing depots of dye were probably caused by absent or
      insufficient connection between the tip of the needle and a vessel. During
      lymphography numerous coarser and finer, tube-like projections (saccular
      outpocketings) filled, from which further progression of the coloured solution
      could only be observed when higher injection pressures were applied. We were able
      to prove that such segments had connections to neighbouring vessels as well as
      forming plexus of their own. Based on our findings we have reason to doubt the
      existence of tube-like initial segments in the lymphatic system. Rather in the
      conjunctiva of the bovine eye this system has the structure of a fine network
      where tube-like segments can be demonstrated as temporary filling stages.

PMID- 2290296
TI  - [Tonometry with a new non-contact tonometer].
AB  - We conducted comparative measurements with 100 healthy probands and patients
      suffering of glaucoma with both a Goldmann Applanation Tonometer (GAT) and the
      new Keeler Non Contact Tonometer (NCT). A noticeable conformity of mean values in
      the group I with values under 23 mm Hg and in group II with values greater or
      equal 23 mm Hg was obvious. The results of three NCT measurement values were
      compared with those of four measurements. The Keeler NCT nearly fulfills the
      needed criteria for the first group with pressure under 23 mm Hg except for a
      high standard deviation. In group II (pressure greater or equal 23 mm Hg) the
      demanded nominal values are exceeded.

PMID- 2290298
TI  - [Computer-controlled analysis of the optic papilla with the Optic Nerve Head
      Analyzer: normal values and various age dependent papilla parameters].
AB  - The Rodenstock Optic Nerve Head Analyzer was used to study the disk parameters of
      194 eyes of 122 healthy subjects. No age-related changes in the neuroretinal rim
      area or in the cup/disk ratio could be detected. Furthermore, no significant
      differences in the mean values of disk parameters were found when right eyes were
      compared with left eyes or when eyes of male and female subjects were compared.
      It was thus possible to base calculations of normal values for disk parameters on
      the entire sample of 194 eyes, irrespective of age and sex. It was also possible
      to determine the range of variation of these parameters. Statistical analysis of
      the data produced the following results: the smallest mean neuroretinal rim area
      is in the temporal disk quadrant; the largest is in the nasal disk quadrant. The
      mean neuroretinal rim area of the upper quadrant is almost as large as that of
      the lower quadrant. Consequently, the temporal quadrant has the largest cup/disk
      ratio, while the nasal quadrant has the smallest. The cup/disk ratios of the
      upper and lower quadrants are almost identical. The range of variation of all
      disk parameters was found to be considerable, i.e., the neuroretinal rim area of
      the whole disk, as well as that of each disk quadrant may be very small, not only
      in glaucomatous but even in normal eyes. Accordingly, the cup/disk ratio may be
      large even in normal eyes. Due to the broad range of interindividual variation of
      disk parameters, a single examination with the Optic Nerve Head Analyzer is not
      sufficient to distinguish normal from glaucomatous disks. Follow-up examinations
      are therefore required for early diagnosis of glaucoma, because the finding of a
      reduction in neuroretinal rim area during follow-up must be interpreted as an
      important sign of early glaucoma damage.

PMID- 2290299
TI  - [Late hypotonia after posterior chamber lens implantation].
AB  - Case reports of two patients who developed a sudden hypotony with visual loss
      after an uneventful extracapsular cataract-extraction with posterior chamber lens
      implantation. There is evidence for the reason to be a contraction of the
      posterior capsule. This may lead to a traction at the ciliary body and a
      ciliochoroidal detachment. The rapid improvement of vision and intraocular
      pressure after Nd-YAG-Laser capsulotomy supports the postulated theory of this
      rarely discussed complication of intraocular lens implantation after
      extracapsular cataract-extraction. In this situation we recommend a capsulotomy
      in due time.

PMID- 2290300
TI  - [Subretinal granuloma with calcinosis in toxocariasis].
AB  - A 27 year old male patient with a subretinal granuloma was diagnosed as having a
      serologically established toxocara infection (Immunoprecipitation test in living
      larva). Calcifications could be demonstrated in X-ray and CT-scan imaging. The
      significance of calcifications for the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma
      must be seen in relative terms.

PMID- 2290301
TI  - [Eye involvement in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome].
AB  - The Hyperimmunoglobulinemia-E-Syndrome (HIE) is characterized by high levels of
      serum-IgE, diminished counts of T-suppressor-cells, eosinophilia, and disturbed
      chemotactic functions of neutrophil granulocytes. An 8 years old female,
      suffering from hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (HIE), showed marginal corneal ulcera
      since five years. Positive conjunctival smears included several bacterias and
      chlamydia, but never local herpes virus. Inspite of treatment by antibiotics,
      virostatica, and therapeutical contact lens, a spontaneous corneal perforation
      occurred. A penetrating keratoplasty was successful for a short time, but soon
      ulceration rose again. At last a second penetrating keratoplasty was necessary.
      The early status showed tidy results, but some weeks later marginal ulceration
      occurred again. There was no clinical proof for herpetical genesis of the course,
      but evidence is conceivable for pathomechanisms similar to conjunctivitis
      vernalis.

PMID- 2290303
TI  - [Idiopathic hypereosinophilia syndrome].
AB  - The author describes a case of rare idiopathic hypereosinophilia demonstrated by
      a 26 years old man. General symptoms were founded 4 years before and now disease
      takes a progressive course including a rapid decrease of visual functions.
      Several alterations of organic findings were also found in heart, liver, lung,
      spleen and brain. A marked musculatur dystrophia in regions of upper arms and
      calf muscles was demonstrated by the young man. Using ophthalmoscope infarctions,
      edema and hemorrhage in the retina were found, also new growth of vessels,
      hemorrhage into the vitreous body and detachment of retina.

PMID- 2290302
TI  - [Post-concussion decrease in aniseikonia tolerance].
AB  - Besides loss of convergence and accommodation, head injuries can cause fusion
      deficiency. Part function of sensory fusion is tolerance to sphaerical and
      meridional aniseikonia. We will present a patient, whose aniseikonia tolerance
      decreased after a brain concussion.

PMID- 2290304
TI  - [Combined foreign body and paracentesis needle with interchangeable cone (Luer
      system)].
AB  - Author designed an ophthalmochirurgical instrument for deep foreign bodies of
      cornea, calculi infarcts, cyst punction, especially for paracentesis, too. The
      essential is standardized Luer-conus, which permits to put up any hypodermic
      needle of Luer-system.

PMID- 2290305
TI  - [Evaluation of instrument improvements in oculomotor muscle surgery].
AB  - Five improvements of surgical instruments for strabismus-surgery are introduced;
      these are a small muscle-hook, a broad, flat muscle-hook, two variants of a
      retractor and one instrument for the resection or tucking of a rectus-muscle. All
      instruments have proved to be less traumatic and seem much safer than others even
      in less experienced hands. Most of them have been used over a period of more than
      10 years in a specialized department.

PMID- 2290306
TI  - [Ophthalmologic treatment in Nepal].

PMID- 2290307
TI  - [Surgical therapy of acute and embolizing deep venous thrombosis--indication,
      technical principle, results].
AB  - Between 1977 and 1986, 185 patients with deep venous thrombosis (117 with acute
      occlusive and 68 with embolizing deep venous thrombosis) underwent venous
      thrombectomy with arterio-venous fistula. The early patency rate was 96%, and the
      perioperative mortality rate, 3.8%. Of the 157 patients in whom extremities were
      involved, 147 were examined 12-118 months postoperatively (mean 43 +/- 23 months)
      clinically, by Doppler ultrasound and by light reflexion rheography (LRR). In 49%
      of the patients, various kinds of swelling or oedema of the involved extremities
      were present. There were no hemodynamical disturbances in 53% (LRR-examination);
      competent venous valves were found in 44%. According to the severity of symptoms
      and hemodynamical findings, postthrombotic syndrome was absent in 47%, mild in
      20%, moderate in 28%, and severe in 5% (7 patients, 4 with venous ulcers). Six of
      the 7 patients with severe postthrombotic syndrome belonged to the group operated
      for embolizing thrombosis, where no selection of cases was performed. The best
      long-term results were achieved in patients operated for acute occlusive
      thrombosis of the iliac and iliofemoral veins. Venous thrombectomy with av
      fistula can achieve sufficient early and long-term results in the treatment of
      deep venous thrombosis, provided strict selection of patients and a meticulous
      technique are practised.

PMID- 2290308
TI  - Circadian rhythm of interleukin-1 production of monocytes and the influence of
      endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids in man.
AB  - We found a dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous and LPS-induced IL-1
      production of isolated human monocytes by methylprednisolone (MP) in vitro.
      Kinetic studies of spontaneous and LPS-induced IL-1 production of isolated
      monocytes of 10 normal individuals showed a synchronous circadian rhythm, with
      its maximum at 4:00 p.m. and its minimum at 4:00 a.m., which is most probably
      independent of the physiological circadian rhythm of cortisol levels because the
      IL-1 production was of the same value at the times of maximum and minimum
      cortisol levels. In contrast, in a patient with hypercortisolism and a preserved
      circadian rhythm of cortisol levels, we found the minimum of IL-1 production at
      4:00 p.m., 8 hours after the maximum cortisol level was reached. Furthermore, in
      7 patients with sarcoidosis both spontaneous and LPS-induced IL-1 production of
      isolated monocytes were significantly decreased 8 hours after the first injection
      of MP (1 mg/kg bw i.v.) compared to the values before MP administration. Our
      findings suggest a physiological circadian rhythm of spontaneous and LPS-induced
      IL-1 production of monocytes, independent of physiological cortisol levels,
      whereas unphysiological amounts of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids cause
      a substantial inhibition of IL-1 production with a latency time of 8 hours.

PMID- 2290309
TI  - Uric acid levels in southern Germany in 1989. A comparison with studies from
      1962, 1971, and 1984.
AB  - Since 1962 our group has performed four studies on uric acid values in blood
      donors in southern Germany (Bavaria). Uric acid levels in men have increased over
      the years, from 4.86 mg/dl in 1962 to 6.00 mg/dl in 1971, 5.60 mg/dl in 1984, and
      5.90 mg/dl in 1989. Levels in women have increased slightly, from 4.05 mg/dl in
      1962 to 4.35 mg/dl in 1971, 4.10 mg/dl in 1984, and 4.16 mg/dl in 1989. Women
      aged 51 to 60 years had significantly higher uric acid levels than those in the
      fourth decade. In women treated with oral contraceptives uric acid levels were
      significantly lower than in other women of the same age. Hypouricemia (uric acid
      levels less than or equal to 2.0 mg/dl) was observed in three women, none of whom
      had a history of medication. Hyperuricemia exists when uric acid levels are
      greater than or equal to 6.5 mg/dl. In 1989 2.6% of the female blood donors and
      28.6% of the males were hyperuricemic, with an increased risk of gout,
      nephrolithiasis, and nephropathy.

PMID- 2290310
TI  - [Clinical problems of extrapyramidal diseases].

PMID- 2290311
TI  - [Kaposi's sarcoma of the colon simulating ulcerative colitis].

PMID- 2290312
TI  - [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of gastroduodenal erosions].

PMID- 2290314
TI  - [Bronchitis].

PMID- 2290313
TI  - [So-called functional diseases and disorders of the stomach].
AB  - While analyzing the data available in the literature and their own findings, the
      authors propose a classification of functional diseases and disturbances of the
      stomach by origin, nature of functional disorders, and clinical symptoms. They
      consider the features of gastric functional disturbances in chronic diseases of
      the gastrointestinal tract, abnormalities of other organs and systems, diseases
      of the nervous system, intoxications, arrhythmias, nitriture, etc. Among the
      patients admitted to the Clinic of Neuroses and Psychotherapy, individuals
      suffering from neurotic disorders or neurotic continuous mild abnormalities of
      the stomach, neurosis-like disorders complicating the course of chronic
      gastroenterologic diseases have been identified. Principles and patterns of
      management of patients with gastric functional diseases and disturbances have
      been developed.

PMID- 2290315
TI  - [Hippocrates].

PMID- 2290316
TI  - [History of Friedrich Engels' illness].

PMID- 2290317
TI  - [Primary pulmonary hypertension].

PMID- 2290318
TI  - [Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the stomach].

PMID- 2290319
TI  - [Postoperative reflux gastritis].

PMID- 2290321
TI  - [Ecology and allergology].

PMID- 2290320
TI  - [Ion and water transport in human large intestine in the normal state and
      pathology].

PMID- 2290322
TI  - [Status of microcirculation and rheological properties of blood in patients with
      cerebral circulatory disorders].
AB  - Microcirculation and rheological properties of blood were investigated over time
      on the basis of the findings of biomicroscopy of the bulbar conjunctiva in 61
      patients with different stages of circulatory encephalopathy in the presence of
      arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis. Rheological properties of blood were
      changed at all stages of disease. Correlations between the ability of
      erythrocytes to aggregation and the degree of their intravascular aggregation by
      the findings of biomicroscopy of the bulbar conjunctiva were not found. The
      importance of investigation of the intravascular aggregation of erythrocytes and
      theological properties of blood for assessment of the cerebral vascular
      microcirculation, control of therapy, and verification of some aspects of the
      mechanism of action of various drugs was shown.

PMID- 2290323
TI  - [Effect of finoptin on systemic and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with early
      cerebrovascular disorders in arteriosclerotic stenosis of major arteries of the
      head].
AB  - Blood Evans Blue dilution and ultrasound Doppler cardiography were used to
      examine systemic and cerebral hemodynamic changes after a single intravenous
      administration of finoptin (5 mg) and its course treatment (a daily dose of 120
      240 mg) in 30 patients with initial signs of cerebrovascular insufficiency and 30
      patients with transient cerebrovascular disorders in the presence of
      atherosclerotic stenoses of the cephalic great arteries. Finoptin was found to
      increase the linear velocity of blood flow mainly in stenotic arteries, without
      causing intracerebral steal. The agent also exerted a clear-cut cardiodepressive
      action which was levelled off by its vasodilating effect by the end of its course
      therapy.

PMID- 2290324
TI  - [Cranial electric stimulation in the treatment of patients with initial stages of
      hypertension and signs of masked depression].

PMID- 2290325
TI  - [Possibilities of correction of mental disorders and dyslipoproteinemia in
      patients with neurocirculatory asthenia].
AB  - A total of 230 patients with neurocirculatory dystonia (NCD) were investigated.
      Different mental disorders associated with the atherogenic nature of
      dyslipoproteinemia were revealed in the majority of patients using the clinical
      scale and MMPI test. Psychotropic agents used for a period of 2-4 mos improved
      the mental status of these patients, increased exercise tolerance, and decreased
      blood levels of free fatty acids (FFA). A course of exercise training (graded
      walking) for 4-6 mos. helped to enhance exercise tolerance, to lower the blood
      levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, FFA, the total fraction of low- and very
      low-density lipoproteins, to reduce manifestations of hypochondriasis,
      depression, and neurasthenia . The results obtained can be used for developing
      programs of NCD patients' rehabilitation.

PMID- 2290326
TI  - [Benign intracranial hypertension syndrome].
AB  - Altogether 45 patients (41 women and 4 men) with benign intracranial hypertension
      (BIH) were observed. BIH developed in 22 women in the gestation period, in 4
      during a menopause, in 2 in the presence of hypothyroidism, in 2 due to
      respiratory infection, in 2 due to a slight cerebrocranial injury, and in one
      patient with associated galactorrhea-amenorrhea. The cause of BIH in 12 patients
      remained unclear. Most of the women were obese (33 of 41). The clinical picture
      of BIH consisted of headaches, congested optic discs, and elevated pressure of
      cerebrospinal fluid. In most cases prognosis turned out favorable. In the
      residual period, 1 patient had amaurosis, 25 presented with mild headache, 19
      completely recovered. Three women had recurrent BIH.

PMID- 2290327
TI  - [Correlations of clinico-functional manifestations of cerebral arteriosclerosis
      and microcirculatory indicators in patients with a history of myocardial
      infarction].
AB  - Combined estimation of signs of cerebral circulatory disorders, the state of
      microcirculation and a degree of CHD was done in 111 male patients after
      myocardial infarction. Disorders in the system of the terminal bed which
      corresponded to the severity of clinical manifestations of disorders of coronary
      and cerebral circulation, were revealed in the overwhelming majority of the
      patients. The most noticeable changes in the terminal blood flow were observed in
      patients with marked clinical signs of atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels.
      They also had a more severe course of postinfarction cardiosclerosis. Since
      noticeable microcirculatory disorders were detected in all these patients, it
      could be assumed that they were suggestive of the presence and severity of
      atherosclerosis. Symptoms of CNS lesion developed against this background and
      depended on the features of cerebral circulation and some other factors.

PMID- 2290328
TI  - [Gastric functional disorders in patients with various hemodynamic types of acute
      myocardial infarction].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the results of investigation of acid- and enzyme
      producing, motor and evacuatory function of the stomach on days 2, 10-15, 28-35
      after myocardial infarction. Correlation of the type and severity of gastric
      dysfunction and the type of hemodynamic reactions developing in myocardial
      infarction, was established. The most serious and prolonged disorders were
      detected in patients with hyper- and especially hypodynamic disorders of central
      hemodynamics which were indicative of close relationships between the type of
      hemodynamic reactions in myocardial infarction and gastric function. Drug
      correction of gastric dysfunction in myocardial infarction is achieved by
      administration of sulpiride and protein-oxygen cocktails which are recommended
      for prophylactic purposes.

PMID- 2290329
TI  - [Comparative effectiveness and biological equivalency of new nifedipine
      preparations in patients with exercise-induced stenocardia].
AB  - The effectiveness of fenigidin and cordafen was studied in comparison with
      placebo and corinfar after a single administration during pharmacodynamic
      investigations with tredmill in 14 patients with stable exertional angina. Blood
      nifedipine concentrations were also compared. The potency of fenigidin was shown
      to be weaker than that of corinfar. The effect of cordafen and corinfar did not
      differ significantly. The mean concentrations of nifedipine in the blood serum
      after administration of equal doses of cordafen and corinfar did not differ
      considerably, either. Thus the findings were indicative of the equal potency of
      the same single doses of cordafen and corinfar and of less marked potency of
      fenigidin due to lower bioavailability.

PMID- 2290330
TI  - [Expediency of long-term anti-angina therapy and physical exercises in patients
      with angina pectoris and a history of myocardial infarction].
AB  - Altogether 105 patients were investigated 1.5-2 mos after myocardial infarction.
      They were divided into 2 groups: 1) 57 patients on nitrates or anapriline for one
      year; 2) 48 patients on acetylsalicylic acid (0.25 g/day) and nitrates by strict
      indications. Patients of the both groups performed physical exercises for one
      year by the methods developed at the All-Union Cardiology Research Center. The
      differences between Groups 1 and 2 were statistically insignificant in deaths
      (3.5 and 4.2%, respectively), recurrent myocardial infarctions (8.8 and 6.3%),
      CHD exacerbations (12.2 and 20.8%), higher tolerance, performance volume, double
      product, and threshold oxygen consumption. It was concluded that during a year
      therapy in patients with myocardial infarction who performed physical exercises,
      the long-term antianginal therapy chosen on an individual basis had no advantages
      over low-dose acetylsalicylic acid and a single use of nitrates (according to
      strict indications).

PMID- 2290331
TI  - [Relation between the duration of cardiac pain and the state of the coronary
      vessels in patients with acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - The study compared specific characteristics of cardiac pain syndrome with
      coronary arteriography findings for 100 patients in acute period of myocardial
      infarction. The evidence obtained suggests that duration of cardiac pain does not
      depend on the type of obstruction in the infarction-related coronary artery. Long
      standing radiating pain occurred in affected anterior interventricular branch.
      The pain seems related to total asynergia severity and the lesion of coronary
      bed. Neuroleptanalgesia induced more continuous anesthesia in patients with
      infarction-related circumflex branch and anterior coronary artery while its
      effect reduced in ++multi-vascular affection of the coronary bed. No relapses of
      pain syndrome were recorded in responders to intracoronary thrombolytic therapy.

PMID- 2290332
TI  - [Comparative study of potassium-sparing effects of triamterene and amiloride in
      the treatment with hydrochlorothiazide].
AB  - Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), 25 or 50 mg a day, alone and in combination with
      triamterene (T), 50 and 100 mg, respectively, or amiloride (A), 2.5 and 5 mg,
      respectively, was examined for effects on daily urinary potassium and sodium
      excretion. Daily sodium excretion was increased 1.5-2-fold with a double dose of
      the combined drugs as compared with their single dose. T and A produced additive
      effects on the natriuretic action of HCT. Lower doses of HCT and T failed to
      prevent urinary potassium loss, but their potassium-sparing effect was shown with
      their double dose. This effect was largely displayed by A given in a single or
      double dose. Lower serum potassium levels were seen with all the drugs, but this
      was less marked with HCT combined with T or A than with HCT monotherapy. Their
      double dose reduced serum potassium levels to an insignificantly greater extent.
      In some cases, the elderly patients developed hyperkalemia during the combined
      therapy. Thus, with the routine dose ratios, A showed a slightly higher potassium
      sparing effect than did T. Some patients taking HCT in combination with T showed
      reddish-brown crystals and casts in the urinary sediment, which may indicate its
      tubular interstitial damaging action. Consequently, use of the combined drugs is
      more preferable than HCT monotherapy, and HCT in combination with A is likely to
      be more preferable than that with T.

PMID- 2290333
TI  - [Dissecting aneurysm of the abdominal aorta simulating acute abdominal diseases].
AB  - The paper is concerned with analysis of 9 case histories of patients with
      dissection and rupture of the abdominal aorta, simulating the acute abdomen.
      Diagnosis of this complication was very difficult: it was established in one
      patient only, in another patient it was suspected. In the other cases, a
      diagnosis was made at autopsy only. Physicians and surgeons of emergency care,
      outpatient clinics and hospitals should keep this pathology in mind.

PMID- 2290334
TI  - [Biological effects of Gelatinol during artificial circulation].
AB  - The levels of plasma fibronectin (FN) were investigated in patients during heart
      surgery using artificial circulation. Plasma FN levels were assessed by
      electroimmunoassay (rocket immunoelectrophoresis) and bioassay (aggregation of
      gelatin-coated microparticles). The application of gelatinol in hemodilution++
      composition led to the depletion of bioactive Fn from 140 to 0 micrograms/ml,
      whereas immunoreactive Fn levels were slightly elevated. The in vitro experiments
      have shown that gelatinol inhibits the aggregation of gelatinol-coated
      microparticles and chemiluminiscence of neutrophils, stimulated by gelatin-coated
      particles. Gelatinol elimination from hemodilution++ composition resulted in the
      reduction of postoperative mortality and accelerated tissue reparation.

PMID- 2290335
TI  - [Age-related changes in the cardiovascular system od patients with chronic
      obstructive bronchitis].

PMID- 2290336
TI  - [Problems of cerebral stroke in the light of various mathematical models].

PMID- 2290337
TI  - [Experience with the Chinese therapeutic gymnastics in the complex treatment of
      patients with bronchial asthma].
AB  - A group of 8 bronchial asthma patients underwent daily conditioning involving
      Chinese specific exercises and the respiratory complex. The patients achieved a
      positive response. This justifies the addition of the above conditioning systems
      to combined ambulatory treatment of bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2290338
TI  - [Clinical effectiveness of delayed-action theophylline preparations].
AB  - Clinical efficiency of course treatment has been assessed for 5 long-acting drugs
      of theophylline series: retaphylline (Finland), theo-dur (Sweden), durophylline
      (Yugoslavia), theopek and theobilong (USSR). The drugs were tested in 139
      patients with chronic++ bronchial obstruction. It was established that first-line
      therapy with theophylline should be started with low doses (400 mg/day) and last
      for 3 days to define individual sensitivity to theophylline drugs followed by
      increasing doses. On day 7 serum theophylline levels were to be measured for
      control and dose correction. In cross administration and adequate doses the drugs
      activity was similar. For patients suffering from nocturnal asthma attacks it was
      an atypical doze regimen implying administration of two-thirds of the day, dose
      in the evening that produced the highest effect. The incidence and severity of
      CNS, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects varied with the dose blood
      concentration and individual sensitivity to theophylline.

PMID- 2290339
TI  - [Esophageal ulcer].
AB  - Local esophageal ulcer was detected in 53 (0.56%) of 9493 patients who were
      examined endoscopically in view of different complaints of pains in the
      alimentary system. Ulcers detected in the patients were localized in the distal
      part of the esophagus in 52.83%, in its middle third in 35.85%, in its upper
      third in 11.31%. Macroscopically, ulcers were divided into focal (41.5%),
      squamous-infiltrative (32.2%) and deep (26.4%) types; their microscopic structure
      was investigated. In 56.7% they were combined with chronic gastritis. Squamous
      infiltrative and deep types should be diagnostically differentiated from early
      cancer.

PMID- 2290340
TI  - [Mallory-Weiss syndrome in acute poisoning with non-caustic substances].
AB  - The authors presented the results of diagnostic and therapeutic
      esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the Mallory-Weiss syndrome observed in patients
      with acute ++non-caustic poisoning. Altogether 47 patients were investigated for
      suspected gastrointestinal bleeding. The Mallory-Weiss syndrome was detected in
      20 (42.5%) patients. Therapeutic endoscopic intervention was performed in 5 cases
      of this syndrome to stop bleeding.

PMID- 2290341
TI  - [Gastrofluorography in mass screening of patients with stomach ulcer].
AB  - The purpose of the paper is to assess the role of present-day fluorography
      combined with endoscopic investigations in the detection of peptic ulcer. A study
      of the results of gastrofluorography with videocontrol has shown high
      potentialities of the method during primary detection of ulcer among persons at
      high risk for the disease and subsequent control of therapeutic efficacy. The
      high coverage, low cost and low radiation load proposed by the program make it
      possible to considerably improve the whole system of prophylactic medical
      examinations of the patients. The modifications made by the authors in the
      examination make it possible to raise the accuracy of diagnosis of stomach ulcer
      recurrences by 28% and to reduce the annual rates of recurrence 1.5-fold.

PMID- 2290342
TI  - [Preventive chemotherapy of duodenal ulcer].
AB  - An attempt was made to solve the problem in preventive drug therapy for duodenal
      ulcer in terms of various types of the course of the disease, its heterogeneity,
      features of metabolic processes, a patient's age, individual selection of the
      optimal drug, its dosage, regimen, intake duration, which would provide a
      differential individual design of drug therapy and change multicomponent drug
      therapy by mono- or diet therapy. Pharmacokinetic features of currently available
      antiulcer agents of groups of pyrenezepine or H2-blockers of histamine are
      presented, which should be taken into account when these drugs are used. A
      relationship is shown between the pharmacokinetics of drugs to an immune response
      as production of specific anti-drug++ antibodies that occasionally cause
      inefficiency of the therapy performed and a relapse of the disease during
      continuous treatment. The outcomes of differential preventive therapy are given
      in various types of the course of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2290343
TI  - [Hydrogen test: its diagnostic possibilities in intestinal diseases].
AB  - The determination of hydrogen in exhaled air by gas chromatography was used for
      investigation of patients with relapsing diarrhea of various genesis. An
      increased H level on an empty stomach, regarded as a sign of bacterial growth in
      the intestine, was detected in 45% of examines, mainly in celiac disease
      immunodeficiency, intestinal tuberculosis, diverticulosis, diabetic enteropathy,
      and erosive duodenitis. An increase in the H level in exhaled air after a lactose
      tolerance test (50 g of lactose) made it possible to diagnose lactose deficiency
      in 38% of patients with chronic relapsing diarrhea. In the irritable colon
      syndrome lactose deficiency was detected in 40% of patients.

PMID- 2290344
TI  - [Prognostic signs of accelerated progression of nephrotic types of chronic
      glomerulonephritis].
AB  - A prognostic value of some clinical and morphological signs was followed up in 43
      patients with chronic glomerulonephritis concurrent with the nephrotic syndrome
      versus 85 with other clinical types of the disease. There was a statistically
      significant incidence of disease progression in combination with arterial
      hypertension, resistance of the nephrotic syndrome over 12 months and detection
      of sclerosing renal glomeruli and interstitium within 2 years after onset of the
      disease. The protracted course of the nephrotic syndrome is a precursor of
      occurrence of chronic renal failure. With less prolonged phases of the syndrome
      there is evidence for a long-term period of functional compensation. Occurrence
      of arterial hypertension early in the disease, as early renal parenchymal
      sclerosis, fails to predict the rates of chronic renal failure development. In
      the absence of these factors, the possibility of prompt disease progression may
      be rejected in all likelihood.

PMID- 2290345
TI  - [Myoglobinopathy as a cause of acute interstitial nephritis].
AB  - The course of the acute renal failure (ARF) was studied in 3 patients with
      rhabdomyolysis (1 with the position compression syndrome, 1 with march
      myoglobinuria, and 1 with chronic recurrent rhabdomyolysis). The ARF syndromes
      were revealed in 2 patients 5-7 days after onset of the disease; in 1 patient
      (chronic recurrent rhabdomyolysis), ARF recurred. This suggests that the patients
      developed acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) Prolonged myolytic conditions due to
      ill-timed initiation of treatment led to the fact that AIN was complicated by ARF
      in 2 patients, and 1 patient with chronic myopathy had an "immune readiness" for
      myoglobin to affect the kidneys, which also resulted in ARF. It was stressed that
      the methods of extracorporeal detoxification (hemodialysis, hemosorption) were
      highly effective in treating AIN and ARF.

PMID- 2290346
TI  - [Ultrasonographic control of the renal state after remote shock- wave
      nephroureterolithotripsy].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the problems of ultrasound diagnosis of
      nephrolithiasis during distant shock-wave nephroureterolithotripsy. A scheme of
      ultrasound investigation of patients was developed. The morpho-functional state
      of the kidney was assessed during lithotripsy of calculi of different
      localization. A skialogical picture of the most spread concrements was described.
      USI was shown to be a highly effective diagnostic method permitting one to
      determine a degree of renal regeneration during therapy.

PMID- 2290347
TI  - [A case of nephritis in epidemic parotitis].

PMID- 2290348
TI  - Naturally emerging porcelain crown on a free-standing dental implant.

PMID- 2290349
TI  - Current medications of a dental patient population.

PMID- 2290350
TI  - Investigation of the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the chromosomes of young and
      elderly individuals.
AB  - Active oxygen species have been considered to be responsible for the aging
      process and for the induction and initiation of neoplastic processes. The effect
      of hydrogen peroxide, an active oxygen species, was investigated in the
      chromosomes of three young women (20-21 years of age) and of three elderly women
      (73-79 years of age) in a culture medium favorable to the appearance of folate
      sensitive fragile sites. Hydrogen peroxide at a final concentration of 5 X 10(-6)
      during the final hours of culture caused a significant increase in hypodiploidy
      and structural aberrations, chromatid gaps in particular, only in the cultures
      from the three elderly women, suggesting that the chromosomes of older women are
      more sensitive to this agent than those of younger women. The preferential
      chromosome loss in both treated and untreated cultures from the elderly women
      involved chromosome X. The preferential sites for structural aberrations were
      9p12, a constitutive heterochromatin site and 6q21, where the gene of
      mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, an enzyme involved in antioxidant processes
      in the cell, is located. Hydrogen peroxide significantly intensified the effect
      naturally occurring in the cells of elderly persons, such as hypodiploidy and
      increased structural aberrations, thus acting at the chromosome level in a manner
      similar to that of the natural aging process of the organism.

PMID- 2290351
TI  - Binding and uptake of ligands for mannose-specific receptors in liver cells: an
      electron microscopic study during development and aging in rat.
AB  - The binding and uptake of mannose exposing ligands in rat liver cells during
      development and aging was studied. The mannose-specific receptors are visualized
      using 5-nm diameter colloidal gold particles coated with invertase or mannan. It
      was found that the binding sites are present on sinusoidal liver cells since
      prenatal life but their quantitative and qualitative cell surface expression
      changes with age. The number of receptors affects the endocytotic capacity of
      Kupffer cells which is low during perinatal and aging periods and reaches the
      values of adult animals between the 11th and the 15th day after birth. Our
      results indicate that the expression and the activity of mannose-specific
      receptors on sinusoidal rat liver cells is related to the differentiative stage
      of the organ.

PMID- 2290352
TI  - Aging and sex-related changes in the biomechanical properties of the rabbit
      medial collateral ligament.
AB  - The effects of aging and sex on the tensile properties of the rabbit medial
      collateral ligament (MCL) were examined. The femur-MCL-tibia complex (FMTC) of
      male and female rabbits, of representative ages before and after epiphyseal
      closure up to the onset of senescence (i.e., 3.5, 6, 12 and 36 months of age)
      were examined. A group of 48-month-old female rabbits was also tested. The
      specimens were tensile tested to failure in order to obtain both the load
      elongation curve of the FMTC (structural properties) and the stress-strain curve
      of the MCL substance (mechanical properties). Significant increases in the linear
      stiffness, ultimate load and energy absorbed at failure of the FMTC were noted in
      both the males and females during skeletal maturation, but the FMTCs of the older
      rabbits began to show a slight decrease in these properties. The ultimate load of
      the FMTC for the male rabbits reached its plateau at approximately 6 months of
      age, while that of the females did not plateau until 12 months of age. The modes
      of failure correlated well with closure of the epiphyses in both sexes, i.e.,
      tibial avulsion failure for the skeletally immature groups and mid-substance for
      the skeletally mature groups. The modulus of the MCL substance increased during
      maturation for both sexes until 12 months, and then gradually declined until 48
      months. The tensile strength remained relatively constant after 12 months of age
      but was slightly reduced at 48 months for the females. Thus, the rate of skeletal
      maturation contributed in part to the differences in the tensile properties of
      both the male and female rabbits.

PMID- 2290353
TI  - Characterization of liver lysosomal enzyme activity in hepatocytes, Kupffer and
      endothelial cells during aging: effect of dietary restriction.
AB  - The specific activity of 4 lysosomal enzymes was studied in homogenate,
      hepatocytes, Kupffer and endothelial cells isolated from the livers of female
      Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3.5, 12 and 24 months. Cells were obtained by enzymatic
      digestion and centrifugal elutriation. Cell viability was not affected by age or
      diet. In hepatocytes, the activities of all enzymes (acid phosphatase, beta
      galactosidase, arylsulfatase B and cathepsin D) increased with age in rats fed ad
      libitum (A) but were not altered significantly by dietary restriction. The
      activities of all enzymes except acid phosphatase were systematically higher at
      3.5 months of age in Kupffer and endothelial cells than in hepatocytes. Acid
      phosphatase, arylsulfatase B and cathepsin D activities increased with age in
      both Kupffer and endothelial cells. Beta galactosidase was decreased
      significantly with age in Kupffer cells but was elevated in endothelial cells.
      Rats exposed to dietary restriction (R) showed higher activities of beta
      galactosidase, arylsulfatase B and cathepsin D when compared to corresponding A
      animals with the exception of the younger age group. No clear cut pattern was
      observed in acid phosphatase activity. Thus, the activities of liver lysosomal
      enzymes increase with age but the pattern of change differs with respect to
      enzyme and cell populations. The heightened enzyme activity in Kupffer and
      endothelial cells from R rats may reflect a more efficient phagocytic capacity in
      these animals.

PMID- 2290354
TI  - Factors involved in the age-related alteration in the efficiency of the brain
      bioenergetics.
AB  - The synaptic energy state may be defined by the redox state of the
      intramitochondrial NAD-couple (delta Gox-red) and the phosphorylation state of
      adenine nucleotide system (delta GATP). The biological energy 'lost' by the
      system during the coupled reactions is calculated as delta delta G = delta Gox
      red-delta GATP. These evaluations are performed in synaptosomes isolated from the
      forebrain of rats of different ages (20, 60 and 100 weeks of age) and incubated
      in Krebs-Henseleit-Hepes (pH 7.4) buffer, for 10 min at 24 degrees C. The animals
      are submitted for 10 min to different degrees of in vivo hypoxia. To better
      elucidate the mechanism of action, the effects of the pretreatment with agents
      inducing vasodilation (papaverine), or acting on cerebral carbohydrate metabolism
      (hopanthenate), or on neurotransmission and cerebral metabolism (theniloxazine)
      are tested. In synaptosomes isolated from the forebrain of animals submitted to
      moderate degree of hypoxia (PaO2 = 32-29 mmHg) the efficiency of the system is
      quite similar to that observed in normoxia, with the exception of the older rats.
      In synaptosomes isolated from the forebrain of rats submitted to severe degree of
      hypoxia (PaO2 = 20-18 mmHg) the efficiency is altered as a function of both aging
      and severity of hypoxemia. Drug pretreatment may partially interfere with the
      delta delta G by hypoxemia, the action being related to the rat age and hypoxic
      degrees. The age-related decrease in the efficiency of the coupled states seems
      to be related to alteration in the phosphorylation state of adenine nucleotides.

PMID- 2290355
TI  - Age-related changes of glycosylation pattern in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The glycosylation pattern in isolated rat hepatocytes during pre- and post-natal
      development and senescence has been studied by following: the [14C]glucosamine
      and [3H]galactose incorporation into cellular glycoproteins and glycolipids and
      the activity of two microsomal enzymes, N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-1-P transferase and
      galactosyl transferase. The data show a lowered precursor incorporation into
      lipids and proteins in the fetus, newborn and old rats versus the adult. Only the
      galactosyl transferase activity is enhanced on the 19th and 22nd day of fetal
      life. The glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine content in both soluble and
      protein bound fractions was increased, while the galactose content in lipids and
      proteins decreased in the fetal stage. The different sugar composition of the
      proteins, and the decreased glucosamine and galactose incorporation into the
      proteins, observed in the fetus, newborn and old rat, suggest a post
      translational modification which may cause alterations in functions usually
      mediated by glycoproteins.

PMID- 2290356
TI  - The accumulation of oxidized isoforms of chicken triosephosphate isomerase during
      aging and development.
AB  - Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) from mammals undergoes two specific deamidations
      (Asn-15 and Asn-71) which destabilize the isologous dimer and lead to the
      degradation of the protein. In aging cells and tissues, the deamidated isoforms
      accumulate apparently due to age-related changes in protein turnover. Chicken TPI
      lacks one of these sites (i.e., Asn 71----Lys), but also exhibits unstable
      isoforms. These isoforms are the result of the specific oxidations which occur
      both in vitro and in vivo. Electrophoretic analyses of various tissues from
      chicken show that the most oxidized isoform, which is present in adult tissues,
      is only present in small quantities in tissues of the newborn chick. Moreover,
      embryonic tissues contain almost exclusively the fully reduced form of TPI. Thus,
      it appears that oxidation rather than deamidation constitutes the first step in
      the degradation of avian TPI. TPI may be the first example of a protein which has
      evolved two different types of modifications (deamidation and oxidation) which
      trigger its degradation. The accumulation of both deamidated and oxidized
      isoforms in different species may provide clues to the underlying basis for the
      accumulation of modified proteins in aging.

PMID- 2290357
TI  - Tissue specific expression of mouse transferrin during development and aging.
AB  - Transferrin (TF) is a major plasma protein that binds ferric iron and transports
      it to all target tissues of the body. This study is the first step to identify
      the tissue specific expression of the transferrin gene in mice during
      development, into maturity and throughout the aging process. The transferrin gene
      expresses mainly in mouse liver, the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. In
      mouse, transferrin is expressed in peritoneal macrophages and in mouse macrophage
      cell line MO59. At 19 days of gestation, transferrin mRNA is detected in the
      fetal lung, heart, stomach and kidney. TF mRNA levels increase in liver
      throughout gestation with maximum expression occurring at 19 days. Transferrin
      mRNA was detected in placentas of pregnant mice, with levels progressively
      increasing throughout the term of pregnancy. The levels of liver TF mRNA in mouse
      vary in a cyclic manner during the development increasing with the aging
      processes. Because of the dynamic nature of tissue requirements for transferrin
      during homeostasis the TF gene serves as a promising system for analyzing tissue
      specific regulation in vivo during development and aging. Results from this study
      designate periods in the life-span of the mouse where regulatory mechanisms
      interacting with the TF gene appear to dynamically alter its expression.

PMID- 2290358
TI  - Characterization of the subtypes of cell motility in ageing human skin
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Previous studies have noted alterations in cell migration during wound healing
      with age. Both intracellular and extracellular factors alter cell migration. In
      an effort to clarify the relationship between ageing and cell motility we have
      utilized time-lapse videomicroscopy to quantitatively and qualitatively study the
      various subtypes of cell motility including membrane ruffling, lamellapodal
      extension and cell translocation of ageing human fibroblasts in culture. We
      demonstrate a global decline in all types of cell motility of human fibroblasts
      with increasing donor age. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this decrease in cell
      motility with ageing is independent of chemotactic gradients.

PMID- 2290359
TI  - How a CPA helps you become a better business manager.

PMID- 2290361
TI  - Putting the horse before the cart.

PMID- 2290360
TI  - Local color: an American technician in Europe.

PMID- 2290363
TI  - Industry experts look at the past, predict the future for the technician-dentist
      relationship.

PMID- 2290362
TI  - Technicians and dentists partners for better dentistry.

PMID- 2290364
TI  - Study clubs pool talent to promote mutual growth.

PMID- 2290365
TI  - Oldest study club in the U.S.

PMID- 2290366
TI  - Precious metals in dentistry: a decade of change.

PMID- 2290367
TI  - How to prevent cross contamination.

PMID- 2290368
TI  - [Solar elements in the control of photon irradiation parameters in radiotherapy].
AB  - A study was made of the dosimetric characteristics of semiconductor detectors (on
      the basis of silicon with the p-i-n structure) and combined detectors
      (scintillation crystals based on CsJ/Tl combined with silicon detectors). The
      spectral characteristics of semiconductor and combined detectors are described.
      The results of levelling of hardness dependence by filtration and combination of
      detectors are presented; their isotropism is reviewed.

PMID- 2290370
TI  - [Selector of R wave of electro-cardiosignals with increase of the amplitude by
      the slope].
AB  - The given selector of R waves selects a signal from a combination of
      electrocardiosignals and jamming on the basis of computing the product of the
      amplitude of positive overshoots by the slope of their posterior fronts and
      comparison of the magnitude derived with an automatically changing threshold. The
      selector is comparatively unsophisticated in use, is highly jamproof and has a
      good speed of response. It is desirable that it may be used in cardiological
      devices working in conditions of motor activity of man.

PMID- 2290369
TI  - [Evaluation of the stability of algorithms in data processing by computerized
      diagnostic cardiocomplex ECG C3T-01].
AB  - Evidence is provided for the model of choosing cardiosignal depiction to estimate
      one of the most important parameters of an outfit operation - stability of the
      results of electrocardiosignal (ECS) processing. It should be mentioned that
      despite the fact that the given parameter is not so far generally acknowledged,
      it reflects accurately enough the operation "reliability" of the automated
      system. The author bases theoretically the choice of the adaptive piecewise model
      of ECS. Describes the results of testing real ECS estimated according to 3
      different processing algorithms bearing in mind the protection of the latter ones
      from additive interference of different types. Analogous studies were also
      carried out with artificial ECS. Analyzing the research findings the author
      arrives at the conclusion that the up-to-date automated systems are to be
      equipped with appliances enhancing the computation stability of algorithms of
      signal processing.

PMID- 2290371
TI  - [Effects of instability of x-ray radiation intensity on the characteristics of
      images of computerized tomography].

PMID- 2290372
TI  - [A lighting device for medical endoscopes].
AB  - The author relates approaches to enhancing the effectiveness and safety of the
      lighting system of endoscopes. The optical and structural diagrams of the
      lighting unit for endoscopes have been devised. Pilot items of the lighting units
      based on an illuminating lamp 15-150, intended for flexible and rigid endoscopes
      of new generation have been manufactured. The unit provides for increasing the
      life of low-voltage filament lamp as well as for their work in the nominal mode
      within the range of the mains voltage fluctuations +/- 10% over the whole life.

PMID- 2290373
TI  - [Mathematical model of technical equipment of a clinical-diagnostic laboratory].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the problems of technical equipment of standard
      clinico-diagnostic laboratories (CDL) in this country. The authors suggest a
      mathematic model that may minimize expenditures for laboratory studies. The model
      enables the following problems to be solved: to issue scientifically-based
      recommendations for technical equipment of CDL; to validate the medico-technical
      requirements for newly devised items; to select the optimum types of uniform
      items; to define optimal technical decisions at the stage of the design; to
      determine the lab assistant's labour productivity and the cost of some
      investigations; to compute the medical laboratory engineering requirement for
      treatment and prophylactic institutions of this country.

PMID- 2290374
TI  - [A method of studying characteristics during modeling of blood flow in stenosed
      vessels].
AB  - A new method of visualization employed in experimental hydrodynamics, namely a
      method of photochromic visualization (PCV), was used to examine the fluid flow in
      a tube with a diaphragm. The PCV is based on the design of colour markers in a
      model physiological solution exposed to laser radiation for 10(-6) to 10(-9) s.
      For the model flow in a tube with transitory Re numbers both qualitative and
      quantitative data were obtained. A round tube with a central hole in it and a
      diaphragm was chosen as an experimental stenosed vessel. The structure of the
      flow beyond the diaphragm was determined, with diameters of the central hole and
      Re numbers varying. It has been established that the level of tangential stresses
      increases as the diameter of the central hole in the diaphragm is diminished. It
      has been shown as well that the structure of the flow beyond the diaphragm
      undergoes alterations, provided medicamentous additions are introduced into the
      model physiological solution.

PMID- 2290375
TI  - [Computerized hydrodynamic system "Flow" for testing artificial heart valves].
AB  - The computerized mock circulation system is described for analyzing the
      hydrodynamic characteristics of artificial heart valves. Flow studies have been
      carried out on 6 mechanical valves of various types. The volumetric flow,
      pressure upstream and downstream were measured and the mean systolic pressure
      drop and energy losses were calculated. The commercial model of the EMIKS valve
      shows much lower values of pressure drop and one of the smallest value of energy
      losses among the tested artificial heart valves.

PMID- 2290376
TI  - [Design aspects and hydrodynamic characteristics of the Bionics heart valves].
AB  - It has been shown that Bionics prostheses compare very favorably with
      bioprostheses based on rigid supporting frameworks. The advantages of the above
      prostheses lie in the fact that the supporting frameworks of changed stiffness
      used in their modelling possess damping capacities at minute physical loadings,
      which considerably improves the hydrodynamic characteristics of biovalves.

PMID- 2290377
TI  - [A device for assessment of seminal fluid quality].
AB  - An improved television microscope for seminal fluid quality analysis is
      described. It makes it possible to objectively evaluate the quality of the
      seminal fluid in terms of the number of sexual cells, mobile gametes and the rate
      of their movement in a spermatic sample as well as their structural organization.
      Precision and reproducibility of the results are attained due to an additional
      device for image assessment. The results of the clinical trials of the device in
      seminal fluid analysis in fertile and infertile men are presented.

PMID- 2290378
TI  - [Electrosurgical device EKhBCh-25-1-C].
AB  - The outfit is intended for cutting, coagulation and microcoagulation of the
      biological tissue by high-frequency current during surgical interventions in
      stomatology. The outfit ensures smooth control of outlet power. It is fitted out
      with a timer for automatic time lag of electrosurgical exposure. The generator is
      triggered by pressing the pedal or push button of the electrode holder. The
      outfit is also equipped with a kit of instruments. A short technical
      specification of the outfit is given.

PMID- 2290379
TI  - [Flow structure in artificial heart ventricle].
AB  - The flow structure in the artificial heart ventricle has been investigated by
      laser knife visualization method using fluorescence. It is shown that the flow
      structure is essentially three-dimensional. The effect of inlet artificial valve
      orientation on the flow structure is demonstrated. The artificial ventricle
      elastic cover deformation process is reviewed.

PMID- 2290380
TI  - Group processes involved in coming to terms with a mentally retarded identity.
AB  - A growing body of research has documented the existence of the problem of stigma
      among people with mental retardation. Normalization-based services often seem to
      collude with current consensus, which indicates that the best way to cope with
      stigma is by "passing" for "normal." In the present paper we presented an
      alternative method of dealing with stigma, namely, group therapy based on the two
      paradigms of loss and consciousness raising. In talking about their experiences
      with retardation and stigma, seven group members passed through six stages:
      denial, statement, recognition, exploration, meaning, and acceptance.
      Implications of this approach for working with people who have mental retardation
      were discussed.

PMID- 2290381
TI  - Serving people who are dually diagnosed: a program evaluation.
AB  - The progress of a group of clients during their first year in a special program
      for persons who are both mentally retarded and psychiatrically impaired was
      described. The clients increased their level of independence and decreased their
      frequency of problem behaviors. However, they still faced significant obstacles
      to further growth, particularly the need to develop residential alternatives and
      community supports. The salience of these same issues for all individuals with
      dual diagnoses was discussed.

PMID- 2290382
TI  - Instruction on Piagetian concepts for children with mental retardation.
AB  - Eighteen children with mild mental retardation were pretested on unidimensional
      classification (oddity), unidimensional seriation, number conservation, Slosson's
      Intelligence Test, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). The children
      were instructed on the Piagetian concepts twice per week for 4 months via a
      learning-set technique. All 315 problems (except 20 verbal classification and 15
      verbal seriation items) involved concrete items. When posttested at the
      semester's end, the children had, with few exceptions, mastered the Piagetian
      concepts and made significant gains on performance on the PPVT.

PMID- 2290383
TI  - Abuse of persons with mental retardation: characteristics of the abused, the
      abusers, and the informers.
AB  - Data from confirmed incidents of abuse in public residential facilities were
      analyzed. Among the findings were that the number of confirmed incidents of abuse
      were relatively small, that direct care staff members committed and reported most
      incidents of abuse, and that most incidents of abuse occurred on the second
      shift. Abused residents were similar to the general resident population on basic
      demographic variables, but more abused residents were in the upper IQ and
      adaptive behavior levels. Abuse committers were more often males than females.
      Some tentative recommendations were given for reducing resident abuse in public
      residential facilities.

PMID- 2290384
TI  - Effectiveness of rehabilitation programs on a remainder population: a
      retrospective analysis.
AB  - Retrospective analyses were conducted on a remainder population of 361
      individuals with mental retardation at a rehabilitation institute. Program
      effectiveness was determined by means of aggregate and individual changes in
      performance on several instruments. Psychometric tests showed no significant
      increases in test scores whereas gains were found on all adaptive functioning
      instruments. Programs dealing with daily living and more conceptual material
      appeared to be more effective than vocational programs. One third of the
      remainder clients gained from the institute's programs.

PMID- 2290385
TI  - [The eye and vertigo].

PMID- 2290386
TI  - [Drug interactions with quinolones. Modification of hepatic monooxygenases as the
      cause].

PMID- 2290387
TI  - The pursuit of health.

PMID- 2290388
TI  - The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War: transnational
      midwife of world peace.
AB  - The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) is a
      contemporary example of a successful transnational non-governmental organization
      (NGO) which is providing leadership in accordance with Robert O. Keohane's
      definitional criteria. It has focused on the political issue-area of the
      prevention of nuclear war. Presently, it is cautiously expanding its mandate in
      order to engender international trust and co-operation in its role as an
      effective world leader. International or transnational NGOs have their roots in
      Quakerism of nearly 200 years ago. They take on a variety of forms but tend to
      share a distinguishing set of common characteristics. Since 1945, the number of
      international NGOs has grown impressively. The US affiliate of IPPNW, Physicians
      for Social Responsibility (PSR), anticipated the non-governmental function of
      IPPNW by almost two decades, essentially serving as a prototype in limited ways.
      PSR was founded in 1961 by a group of young doctors deeply concerned about the
      medical effects of nuclear war. From this founding group of US physicians came
      the leadership for IPPNW's formation in late 1980. The past successes and ongoing
      efforts of IPPNW as outlined in this paper demonstrate that IPPNW is serving in
      the needed role of a transnational organization acting as a midwife for the
      birthing of a new global comprehensive security system.

PMID- 2290390
TI  - SatelLife: partnerships in global communication for health.

PMID- 2290389
TI  - German physicians against war since 1870. Essay review.

PMID- 2290391
TI  - [The differential diagnosis of intestinal amebiasis].
AB  - Differential diagnosis of intestinal amebiasis (106 patients), acute Flexner's
      dysentery (105 patients) and nonspecific ulcerative colitis (31 patients) based
      on the clinical data and rectoromanoscopic findings is described. Rapidly and
      gradually progressing in the first 7 days intestinal amebiasis is characterized
      by a gradual onset, normal t0 with mounting general weakness, celiectasia,
      diarrhea with hyaloid mucus, focal catarrh-hemorrhagic changes and appearance of
      individual oval transversal ulcers on the colon mucosa.

PMID- 2290392
TI  - [The dynamic activity of lymphocyte succinate dehydrogenase and its correlations
      in experimental malaria].
AB  - Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes has been
      studied in progressing experimental malaria on a P. yoelii model, the strain 265
      BY; the multinipple rats Mastomys natalensis. Cytochemical method employing n
      nitrotetrazolium violet was used. Comparative analysis of changes in SDG activity
      in peripheral blood lymphocytes and changes in the level of parasitemia has
      demonstrated that day 10 was a critical period when there was an evident inverse
      correlation between the qualitative parameters. The findings give evidence of SDH
      participation in an adequate response of immunocompetent cells to malaria
      infection, thus leading to recovery.

PMID- 2290393
TI  - [The modelling of the development of Plasmodium yoelli yoelli in different
      vertebrate hosts].
AB  - Outbred mice and inbred BALB/c mice were used for simulating Plasmodium yoelii
      yoelii (strain 265 BY) development. When the infection is initiated by
      standardized blood cryosamples and in sporozoite infection in various vertebral
      hosts the infection develops likewise as regard to parasitemia cyclic
      recurrences, however, the magnitude of parasitemia peaks, time of their
      occurrence, its stabilization or attenuation are different, which to a great
      extent determines the period of gametocyte infectivity. Reproducibility of the
      models developed is ensured by the use of the same agent strain and host species,
      standardization of the inoculum type and the following characteristics of the
      vertebral host: sex, age, source and route of infection, chronobiology of
      schizogony and gametogony (quantitative and qualitative characteristics),
      duration of the infection (including a prepatent period) and the number of
      development peaks. An optimal model of the infection is merozoite infection of
      mice, when the first peak of gametocytemia is achieved during moderately
      increased parasitemia, prior to the parasitemia peak. The absence of marked
      interactions in asexual and sexual development of the parasite, and the
      coincidence of the parasitemia and gametocytemia peaks (infection models in
      BALB/c mice and sporozoite infection in mice) restrict substantially model
      standardization and selection of donors for infecting the carriers.

PMID- 2290395
TI  - [The characteristics of Aedes togoi susceptibility to Plasmodium gallinaceum].
AB  - A high level of mutual adaptation has been established between Ae. togoi and P.
      gallinaceum strains. The level of sensitivity of Ae. togoi to the above agent is
      higher than that of Ae. aegypti in the proportion of the individuals infected and
      the number of agents in them. No correlation in the infectivity of the species
      compared has been observed.

PMID- 2290394
TI  - [A computer estimation of Plasmodium falciparum sensitivity to antimalarial
      compounds based on in vitro test data].
AB  - A modified computer programme has been suggested for the assessment of falciparum
      malaria agent sensitivity to malariacidal agents. Regression analysis of the
      results of the in vitro tests is performed using a logistic function.

PMID- 2290396
TI  - [A clinico-serological study of Lyme disease in the northwestern USSR].
AB  - To reveal clinical signs and symptoms of Lyme's disease in the population of the
      endemic area, clinical and serological examinations of 416 persons have been
      performed. Preliminary screening, using indirect immunofluorescence, has revealed
      in 230 persons (group I) antibodies to the agent of the disease at a titre of
      greater than or equal to 1:20. Group II consisted of 186 patients who had not
      been serologically examined. Lyme's disease diagnosed in most cases by erythema
      annulare was found in 8 patients from group I and 12 patients from group II, all
      in all in 20 patients (4.8%) of all the patients examined. No typical late signs
      and symptoms of Lyme's disease have been observed. High antibody titres (greater
      than or equal to 1:80) were found in 24% of patients in group I and in 4.1% of
      patients in group II. Different clinical and immunological courses of borreliosis
      in the endemic area are discussed.

PMID- 2290397
TI  - [Immunoblotting in the study of the antigenic structure of Leishmania].
AB  - Using immunoblotting, the antigenic structure of 6 Leishmania strains has been
      studied: 1) MHOM/IN/80/DDS--Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani; 2) MHOM/SU/63/VL-
      L. sp. ZMA; 3) MHOM/SU/73/K-27--L. tropica; 4) MHOM/SU/73/5Ash--L. major; 5)
      MHOM/GE/84/H-132--L. mexicana amazonensis; 6) REPT/SU/83/3960-GC--L.
      (Sauroleishmania) gymnodactyli. Antigens of Leishmania surface membranes and
      rabbit antisera against them have been used. Among the agents of leishmaniasis in
      the Old World (1-4), the most intensive antigenic lines were found in the medium
      and high-molecular mass area (43-200 kD). In L. (L) mexican a amazonensis (5)
      species-specific lines have been identified in 10-22 kD area, which is indicative
      of considerable antigenic differences in Leishmania of the Old and New Worlds.
      The most marked antigenic differences from other types were noted in L. (S)
      gymnodactyli (6). It was characterized by the absence of antigenic bands in the
      medium and high molecular mass areas, the lines associated with species-specific
      determinants located in the low molecular mass area (18 and 25 kD). The results
      of cross-reacting c-ELISA using the same antigens and antisera correlated well
      with the above data of immunoblotting. Immunoblotting may be used for
      identification of species-specific antigenic structures which may be helpful in
      serological tests for more accurate leishmania identification and leishmaniasis
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2290398
TI  - [Does the suction biting of uninfected ixodid ticks protect against tick-born
      encephalitis in subsequent bites?].
AB  - It has been experimentally established that suction of noninfected preimago and
      imago of Ixodoidea to sensitive animals (e.g. white mice) does not lead to the
      elaboration of immunity protection from bites of insects infected with tick-borne
      encephalitis virus. A protecting effect may be manifested in decreased likelihood
      (incidence) of repeated suction to animals formerly bitten by ticks.

PMID- 2290399
TI  - [Experimental imaginal Echinococcus multilocularis infestation of golden
      hamsters].
AB  - The imago stage of Echinococcus multilocularis development (prior to maturation
      of parasite oocysts) has been described in the intestine of golden hamsters
      infected by parenteral penetration of an Alveococcus agent and given
      hydrocortisone subcutaneously for 3 days before the infection and on the day of
      the infection, mean total drug dose being about 250 mg/kg. The number of
      helminths developed on days 8-35 of postinvasion ranged from 432 to 1863, their
      length was 1.0 to 4.0 mm and the number of segments did not exceed 2. Oocyst
      maturation was noted on day 20 of postinvasion. High oocyst invasiveness was
      confirmed by a biological test on 32 cotton rats aged 1-1.5 months who were
      administered parenterally 2-3 helminths containing 86 to 284 oocysts. All the
      rats died of severe hepatic alveococcosis on days 24-43 of postinfection.

PMID- 2290400
TI  - [An immunoenzyme test in the diagnosis of opisthorchiasis and in
      seroepidemiological research].
AB  - An indirect method for the determination of antibodies to Opisthorchis antigens
      has been used in the elaboration of enzyme immunoassay for opisthorchiasis
      diagnosis. A visual method for the assessment of the results has been suggested.
      Its diagnostic efficacy has been determined. With the study of 1722 sera of the
      control subjects, the test specificity was 97.5%. Test sensitivity in the acute
      stage of the disease (40 patients) was about 100%, in the chronic stage (435
      patients) it depended on oocyst production by the parasite. With less than 10
      oocysts per I g feces, test sensitivity did not exceed 34.3%, with more than 1000
      oocysts per I g feces it reached 94.4%. Mass population screenings, using the
      test in question, in 2 opisthorchiasis foci with different levels of endemia have
      shown that their results correspond to the data of copro-ovoscopy. The use of the
      test is most promising for the diagnosis of early phase of opisthorchiasis and
      the assessment of epidemiological situation in the foci.

PMID- 2290401
TI  - [The insulin, C-peptide and glucagon content of the blood of patients with
      chronic opisthorchiasis].
AB  - Insulin, C-peptide and glucagon levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in the
      blood of 42 patients with chronic opisthorchiasis and 27 healthy subjects. An
      insignificant decrease in insulin levels and a drastic decrease in C-peptide and
      glucagon levels have been established.

PMID- 2290402
TI  - [The search for new antiparasitic agents. 1. The synthesis and study of the acute
      toxicity of new halogen-containing benzamides].
AB  - The paper presents the results of toxicological study of 44 compounds of the
      benzamide series synthesized during search for new anthelminthic agents. The
      dependence of the toxic effect of the benzamides synthesized on their structure
      is analysed. The experiments were carried out on white mice given the compounds
      under study once orally. The maximum tolerated doses of the compounds are
      presented. It has been found that 34 out of 44 compounds have a low toxicity and
      are worth of further anthelminthic screening.

PMID- 2290403
TI  - [Diphyllobothriasis in the Far East of the USSR].
AB  - The analysis of the literary data has shown that the population of the Far East
      is infected not with D. latum, as in other areas of the disease distribution, but
      with the Far Eastern tapeworm type D. klebanovskii. The final hosts of the
      parasite are the representatives of the Carnivora order, while the additional
      hosts are fish of Oncorhynchus and Salvelinus genera. Helminthiasis foci are
      localized in seaside biotopes on the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk and the
      Bering Sea. The remaining area of the disease distribution, including Maritime
      and Khabarovsk Territory, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions and the sea water area
      were a zone to which D. klebanovskii is brought by Pacific Ocean salmon with
      pseudofoci of invasion.

PMID- 2290404
TI  - [The isoenzyme identification and pathogenic characteristics of clones of
      Leishmania major, L. sp. nov. and L. gerbilli].
AB  - Using Fonbrune's micromanipulators, 16 freshly obtained Leishmania isolates (13
      from R. opimus, 1 from P. papatasi, 2 from patients with skin leishmaniasis) have
      been cloned. 4 out of them were L. major isolates, 5 were L. sp. nov. isolates, 5
      were mixed L. major and L. sp. nov. isolates and 1 was L. gerbilli isolate. 316
      clones were identified using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel by 8 enzymes:
      PGI, PGM, 6-PGD, MDG, G-6-PGD, ME, ALAT, ASAT--and tested for pathogenic activity
      on golden hamsters. It has been shown that clones of different Leishmania species
      are characterized by specific pathogenic activity (L. major, by high and L. sp.
      nov. and L. gerbilli, by low activity). 9-25% of isolates obtained from R. opimus
      consisted of L. major-L. sp. nov. clone mixture. The isolates obtained from
      patients with skin leishmaniasis consisted of L. major clones alone. The rate and
      nature of changes in Leishmania isolate properties during cultivation in
      different media and golden hamsters depends on the species clone structure of the
      isolate.

PMID- 2290405
TI  - Evolution of the free autogenous graft to accomplish predictable root coverage. A
      historical perspective.

PMID- 2290406
TI  - DOTS hygiene data is complete.

PMID- 2290407
TI  - [Serious acute hepatocellular insufficiency in children: EEG prognostic
      features].
AB  - Fulminant Hepatic Failure (FHF) in children leads to 60 to 90% of mortality
      without age influence, depending on the studies. Twenty-two children with this
      disease had daily EEG, 15 died, seven survived. The neurological electroclinical
      study evidenced a stereotyped evolution of the EEG anomalies which were not age
      related, but correlated to clinical stages of coma and to severe coagulation
      disorders; 5/22 children with clinical and/or EEG convulsive disorders died. One
      child exhibited triphasic slow waves and died from paracetamol intoxication. A
      prospective study of a larger population could help to recognize factors of
      decision for hepatic transplantation.

PMID- 2290409
TI  - [Lesion of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve caused by fracture of the hook of
      the hamate].
AB  - We present a case of lesion of the deep branch of ulnar nerve at the wrist caused
      by fracture of the hook of the hamate. According to Wu's classification (1985)
      based on clinical and electromyographic findings and the clinicoanatomic
      correlations, our case corresponds to type IV of this classification with a pure
      motor ulnar neuropathy with sparing of hypothenar muscles. Improvement was
      observed after surgery.

PMID- 2290408
TI  - Rudimentary spike-wave complexes in children during drowsiness.
AB  - This study consists of the investigation of the anamnestic and electroclinical
      features of 37 children who showed paroxysmal activity on EEG during drowsiness.
      This activity is composed of generalized slow high-voltage waves with intermixed
      spikes and sharp waves (Rudimentary Spike-Wave complexes). All the children had
      suffered from febrile convulsions, with none of them developing epileptic
      syndromes during the 3 years following the onset of the study. We point out the
      diagnostic value of RSW as well as the necessity of careful monitoring of the
      waking-drowsy state during EEG in children with febrile convulsions.

PMID- 2290410
TI  - F response in vascular and degenerative upper motor neuron lesions.
AB  - The F response represents the recurrent discharge of a small percentage of the
      motoneuron pool activated antidromically by any single impulse delivered to the
      nerve. We studied F waves from median nerve stimulation in 22 controls, in 30
      patients with spasticity after cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and in 4 patients
      with familial spastic paraplegia (FSP). The following parameters were analyzed:
      median nerve conduction velocity, median nerve M response amplitude (M), average
      amplitude of 16 F responses (F16); persistence of F response (Fp) defined as the
      percentage of measurable responses to 16 stimuli, average amplitude of F response
      expressed as percentage of maximal M amplitude: (F16/M%). Results showed that Fp,
      F16 and F16/M% values were significantly increased on the spastic side of CVA
      patients and in FSP. Our findings indicate that after upper motor neuron lesions
      (whatever etiology and course) a change in the frequency of recurrent discharge
      and/or in the total number of lower motor neurons capable of backfiring occurs.
      Therefore, F response reflects the hyperexcitability state of the lower motor
      neurons in spasticity.

PMID- 2290411
TI  - Carpal tunnel syndrome: a clinical electrophysiological study of 84 cases.
AB  - A retrospective study of 84 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), for a
      total of 118 hands, was performed in order to check clinical aspects of the
      disease including age of onset, sex, side affected, other associated pathological
      conditions, and to assess the existence of correlation between the clinical
      picture and electrophysiological parameters. All patients were subjected to
      careful clinical observation and electromyographic and electroneurographic
      examinations. Our study confirms that the female sex is by far predominant, the
      most interesting ages being the 5th and 6th decades of life and the right side is
      more affected than the left. None of the patients had a family history of CTS.
      The sensory pathology is far more frequent than the motor one and the percentage
      of hands with sensory and motor deficit increases with the duration of the
      disease. As far as the electrophysiological data is concerned, the most important
      and also the earliest alterations fundamentally concern the distal motor latency
      and distal sensory conduction velocity of the median nerve and the amplitude of
      its sensory action potential (SAP). This study leads us to point out a
      significant correlation in CTS between electrophysiological (distal motor latency
      and distal sensory conduction velocity of the median nerve, amplitude of its SAP)
      and clinical parameters (symptomatology and duration of the disease).

PMID- 2290413
TI  - Mississippi Dental Association. Roster 1990.

PMID- 2290414
TI  - First bite mark convictions in Mississippi.

PMID- 2290412
TI  - Attenuation of the early anterior negativity of median nerve somatosensory evoked
      potential in the MPTP-treated monkey.
AB  - Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were recorded in 7 Cynomolgus
      monkeys, before and after the administration of N-Methyl 1,4 Phenyl 1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropiridine (MPTP), a neurotoxin which induces a parkinsonian syndrome in
      primates. Following MPTP administration, the amplitude of the negative component
      recorded at 15 ms over the frontal derivations (N15) decreased by 70% or more.
      This amplitude reduction was not modified by administration of dopamine
      precursors. These findings shed light on recent findings in human parkinsonian
      patients.

PMID- 2290415
TI  - [Mechanism for suppression mRNA translation with antisense oligonucleotides].
AB  - Experimental studies of the effects of antisense oligonucleotides on translation
      of mRNAs in cell-free systems are reviewed. Oligonucleotides complementary to the
      leader sequences or to the sequence overlapping the initiating codon region of
      mRNAs inhibit translation of the messengers. In the presence of ribonuclease H,
      oligodeoxyribonucleotides and their phosphorothioate analogs complementary either
      to the mentioned mRNA regions or to the mRNA coding sequence suppress the
      translation due to the RNAs cleavage. This inhibition-enhancing mechanism does
      not operate in the case of the oligonucleotide analogs--oligonucleoside
      methylphosphonates and oligonucleotides built of the alpha-nucleosides, since the
      complexes formed by RNA and these analogs are not substrates of the ribonuclease
      H. The translation inhibition efficiency is determined by the oligonucleotides
      lengths and by the availability of the complementary sequence in the mRNA
      structure. The oligonucleotides inhibitory power can be improved by the coupling
      to the oligonucleotides of the intercalating groups and the reactive groups.

PMID- 2290416
TI  - [Recombinant DNA in the study of protein hormones].
AB  - The structures of some genes of pituitary, hypothalamic and thyroid protein
      hormones are reviewed. Cys-elements in the 5'-enhancer area of prolactin and
      growth hormone genes were identified by some authors. The possibility of
      biosynthesis of two variants of growth hormone and two different biologically
      active calcitonin related peptides are considered as results of alternative pro
      mRNA splicing after expression of growth hormone and calcitonin genes. LH-RH and
      GH-RH gene structures are presented. They code the primary structures of several
      peptide hormones with different biological activities. These peptides are
      released after proteolytic processing of high molecular weight protein
      precursors. The structural and functional organization of the glucocorticoid
      receptor is discussed.

PMID- 2290417
TI  - [Recombinant DNA in the study of diabetes mellitus].
AB  - The structure and the regulatory mechanisms of insulin gene expression as well as
      the structure of the 5'-regulatory region of its gene are reviewed. Protein
      binding sites of the 5'-enhancer area of the insulin gene were identified by
      methods of site mutation, footprinting and competitive amplification in several
      papers. Diabetes induced by site mutation of the insulin gene is considered. Some
      viruses and viral proteins suppress the regulatory region of the insulin gene and
      induce diabetes symptoms. Transgenic animals carrying the natural human insulin
      gene together with the 5'-regulatory sequence in their genome show elevated human
      insulin and C-peptide secretion in response to high blood glucose concentration.
      The insulin receptor gene structure and mechanisms of insulin receptor
      functioning are discussed.

PMID- 2290418
TI  - [Molecular drive].
AB  - The review of the concept of molecular drive developed by Dover is presented. The
      ideas on the possible role of non-coding DNA are described and the duplication of
      genes as the fundamental factor preceding the appearance of the gene, which
      possesses a new function are characterized. The non-Mendelian processes--the non
      equal crossing-over and the conversion of genes are considered. Molecular drive
      includes both these phenomena and the transposition of genes. The examples of
      drive are presented. Drive can be considered as the fundamental molecular
      mechanism of speciation and macroevolution. Evolution at molecular level is
      directly connected with the non-constancy of the genome and is non-Mendelian and
      non-Darwinian. Both the coding and non-coding DNA can serve as material for
      evolution.

PMID- 2290419
TI  - [Interaction of bromophenol blue with serum albumin: criteria for using dyes for
      assessing the state and quantity of protein].
AB  - The optical properties of the complexes of the pH-dependent dye bromophenol blue
      (BPB) with human serum albumin were investigated by the spectrophotometric
      method. The solvatochromic longwave displacement of bound BPB-2 absorption and
      BPB-1/BPB-2 redistribution were shown to form the optical signal of complexes.
      Because of the distortion of the bound BPB-2 signal its quantity was determined
      as delta A630 = A630 - A660 and the use of lambda max as structural parameter was
      limited to low pH less than or equal to 3. The conclusion was made that BPB is
      inapplicable as a structural probe on account of low structural dependence of
      delta A630 and pH-limitation of lambda max used. The maximal absorption delta
      Amax = Amax - A660 and its structural independence were obtained in the region of
      70-100% occupation of the dye-binding centers of the protein. It is the optimal
      conditions for the quantitative determination of protein. After maximal dye
      binding (15-16 molecules of BPB per 1 molecule of albumin) the aggregation and
      precipitation of the complexes occurred.

PMID- 2290421
TI  - [Regulation of thermal stability of enzymes by changing the composition of media.
      Native and modified alpha-chymotrypsin].
AB  - Stabilizing effect of denaturing salts on irreversible thermoinactivation of
      native and modified alpha-chymotrypsin at elevated temperatures is observed. The
      effect is caused by a shift of conformational equilibrium, at the primary step of
      reversible unfolding in the course of thermoinactivation, to a more unfolded form
      which is not able to refold "incorrectly". The stability of alpha-chymotrypsin is
      regulated within a wide range by medium alteration: the stabilizing effects are
      similar to those achieved by multipoint attachment of the enzyme to a support or
      by hydrophilization of protein by covalent modification.

PMID- 2290420
TI  - [Directed reconstruction of the influenza virus hemagglutinin gene].
AB  - A new approach to create chimeric genes by directed exchange of oligonucleotide
      fragments was developed. By oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis a few deletion
      mutants of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene were obtained. These
      variants of HA gene contain unique restriction sites in DNA regions coding for
      the A and B epitopes of the HA molecule. The obtained special vectors may be used
      for cloning DNA fragments coding for new amino acid sequences in internal sites
      of the HA gene.

PMID- 2290422
TI  - [Theoretical examination of kinetic regularities in interaction of second
      messenger systems upon activation of cells by an external chemical signal].
AB  - A model of cell activation under the action of an external chemical signal is
      examined. The model is based on the assumption of simultaneous stimulation of, as
      a minimum, two different systems of second messengers interacting with each
      other. The kinetics of intracellular response may be principally different in
      character depending on the relation of model parameters. Ligand specificity
      manifests itself either in qualitative changes in the behavior of the system
      under the action of different ligands of the same class or in changes in the
      efficiency of intracellular response. In terms of these notions an interpretation
      of experimental data on cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration oscillations in individual
      cells is presented. Methods for experimental verification of the model are
      considered.

PMID- 2290423
TI  - [Various views on the formation of the spatial structure of proteins].
AB  - Basing on the protein tertiary structure data analysis, the peculiarities of
      enzymatic catalysis, as well as on the results of ab initio conformational energy
      map calculations of dipeptides, the conclusion is drawn, that the synthesis of
      polypeptide chains on the ribosome occurs on the right hand conformation of amino
      acid residues. For the number of amino acid residues to transfer to left hand
      conformation, local and electoral conditions are necessary. Some possible errors
      in the X-ray crystal structure data of proteins are pointed out.

PMID- 2290424
TI  - [S-N transition of the saccharide ring in B-form DNA].
AB  - A conformational transition of a single deoxyribose was analyzed in B-form
      trimers dA3:dT3 and dG3:dC3, both in the purine and pyrimidine chains. The main
      results were obtained for the duplexes with frozen ends, which could be extended
      by regular double helixes. The geometry of the central sugar ring in the duplexes
      may strongly deviate from the regular conformation. When deoxyribose changed its
      conformation in the central pyrimidine, the energy increase was proved to be less
      significant in comparison with that for purine. In the case of Thy, a decrease in
      pseudorotation angle P from 140 to 80 degrees causes the energy increase of 0.5
      kcal/mol only, the barrier being 1.2 kcal/mol. The energy profile for Cyt has
      several local minima. The results of calculations were compared with numerous
      experimental data, they help to explain some NMR data. A perturbation of the
      duplex AAA:TTT structure caused by the thymine sugar ring transition, produces 5
      degrees bend of the DNA axis directed toward adenines. We also investigated the
      influence of such conformational disturbance on the neighbouring base pairs, in
      particular the transition in the trimers with unfrozen ends.

PMID- 2290425
TI  - [Prospects for realizing a structure of the spiral-turn-spiral type in a "zinc
      finger"].
AB  - The realization of two models for Zn-finger structure--DNA-binding domain was
      estimated by taking into account the geometric and energetic requirements of
      polypeptide chain folding. The following structures were taken as models:
      antiparallel beta-structure and helix-turn-helix motif. The latter hasn't been
      considered earlier as the possible structure for Zn-finger. The preference was
      given to the above-mentioned models on the base of the available experimental
      data. It was shown that the helix-turn-helix motif for which the angle between
      axes of alpha-helices doesn't exceed 40 degrees cannot be excluded from the list
      of the assumed models for Zn-finger. There is a suggestion that the helix-turn
      helix motif is likely to be characteristic for the majority of DNA-binding
      domains in proteins.

PMID- 2290426
TI  - [Mutagenesis, directed by artificial oligonucleotide analogs. I. Participation of
      ribonucleotide fragments in DNA replication and repair].
AB  - The mutation system has been developed to study the mutagenic properties of
      modified oligonucleotide analogs. The mutagenic properties of oligonucleotides
      containing one ribonucleotide have been examined. The presence of a
      ribonucleotide is shown not to induce any mutations. But when the oligonucleotide
      induces two marker deletions detached by 6 nucleotides they may be repaired
      separately, in this case the deletion bordering with the ribonucleotide is
      predominantly repaired.

PMID- 2290427
TI  - [Structure of the Bacillus brevis metalloprotease gene].
AB  - Primary structure of DNA fragment of 2355 b.p., encoding metalloprotease gene of
      Bac. brevis, had been determined. Open reading frame for a protein with size of
      528 amino acid residues was found in this sequence. The encoding protein is
      homologous to metalloproteases of Bac. stearothermophilus, Bac. cereus, Bac.
      subtilis and Bac. amyloliquefaciens. The structure of Bac. brevis metalloprotease
      gene reveals that this enzyme is synthesised as pre-pro-protease with signal
      peptide and pro-region, which are cut during its synthesis. The proposed size of
      mature protease is 304 amino acid residues. The residues, essential for
      catalysis, binding of Zn ion and Ca ions were found on the basis of Bacilli
      metalloproteases structures comparison.

PMID- 2290428
TI  - [The oxenoid model of the mechanism of activating molecular oxygen by cytochrome
      p450: the role of substrate structure].
AB  - The arene oxides formation energy for about 30 benzene derivatives were
      calculated in frames of MO LCAO method. The benzene derivatives are typical
      substrates of cytochrome P-450 catalyzed aromatic oxidation. The relationship
      between the formation energy of tetrahedral type arene oxides and the relative
      reactivity of substrates toward microsomal hydroxylation was found. The formation
      energy of arene oxides correlates also with toxicity of benzene derivatives. Some
      limitations of the oxenoid model are discussed.

PMID- 2290429
TI  - [Type II restrictases: a schematic of possible evolutionary connections between
      enzymes and palindrome tetranucleotide recognition segments].
AB  - The data on restriction endonucleases which recognize tetranucleotide palindromic
      sites are analysed. The rules of restriction endonuclease sites transformation
      have been formulated, general graph and evolution tree are suggested and
      discussed.

PMID- 2290430
TI  - [Four-stranded DNA. Conformational analysis of regular spirals of
      poly(dT).poly(dA).poly(dA).poly(dT) with different base binding variations].
AB  - Conformational analysis of four stranded DNA helices
      poly(dT).poly(dA).poly(dA).poly(dT) with parallel arrangement of the identical
      sugar-phosphate chains connected by twofold symmetry has been performed. All
      possible models of symmetrical base binding were checked. By the potential energy
      optimization the dihedral angles and helices parameters of stable conformations
      of four stranded polynucleotides were calculated. The dependences of
      conformational energy on the base complex structure and mutual orientation of the
      poly(dA).and poly(dT) chains were studied. Possible biological functions of four
      stranded helices are discussed.

PMID- 2290431
TI  - [What is the role of autoimmune processes in nephropathies?].
AB  - Classical autoimmune nephropathies rarely occur during childhood. They include
      the glomerulonephritis and tubulointerstitial nephritis caused by antibasement
      membrane antibodies and the systemic lupus erythematosus. The autoimmune
      pathogenesis of glomerulopathies such as minimal change disease and different
      forms of tubulointerstitial nephritis which are more frequent in children is not
      proven yet. The possible mechanisms of autoimmune disorders affecting the kidneys
      are 1. the genetic predisposition, 2. a defect in the immune system, 3. exogenous
      agents leading to cross-reactivity or polyclonal B cell stimulation, and 4.
      endogenous agents leading to immunogenic autoantigens. This review summarizes the
      current knowledge on the autoimmune pathogenesis of nephropathies derived from
      investigations in humans and animal experiments.

PMID- 2290432
TI  - [Facial injuries caused by dog bites in childhood. Clinical staging, therapy and
      prevention].
AB  - Dog bite injuries are a frequent cause of facial injuries in childhood. Between
      1986 and 1990 we treated 16 children with facial dog bite injuries. Based on
      these experiences we suggest a clinical classification, corresponding therapeutic
      rules and prophylactic possibilities, summarized according to the literature. It
      is our aim to establish guidelines for the physician concerned with the therapy
      of these injuries, and advice to involved families.

PMID- 2290433
TI  - [Therapy of hypertonic dehydration].
AB  - Hypertonic dehydration developed in 30 patients (age ranged from 17 days to 28
      months) with acute gastroenteritis. Rehydration was achieved with i.v. solutions,
      early potassium replacement, and especially with oral solutions (WHO-solution: 90
      mval/l Na+ content). The average amount of sodium and fluids was 23.2 mval/kg/d
      and 270 ml/kg/d respectively to cause an average drop in sodium of 0.6 mval/h.
      There were no CNS-complications or deaths.

PMID- 2290434
TI  - [Pyridoxine-dependent seizures. Remarks on clinical variability and
      pathogenesis].
AB  - The clinical variability of pyridoxine dependent seizures is greater than
      mentioned in most textbooks. The seizures can start during the first days of
      life, or later during the first year. Frequently they are therapy-resistant, but
      seizure free periods of several weeks duration can be achieved with
      anticonvulsants in some patients. The response to the injection of pyridoxine can
      be delayed. A trial with daily oral administration of pyridoxine is often more
      suitable than a single injection.

PMID- 2290435
TI  - [Translocation trisomy 4q in 2 siblings as a sequela of paternal balanced
      reciprocal translocation: t(1;4)(q44;q31)].
AB  - In a sister and a brother with striking similarity of facial dysplasias, severe
      disturbance of expressive speech, and mild mental retardation a partial trisomy
      of the long arm of chromosome 4 was identified as cause of these anomalies. The
      partial trisomy 4q was due to a balanced translocation between the chromosomes 1
      and 4 in the father of both children.

PMID- 2290437
TI  - [Primary lymphatic dysplasia in a newborn infant].
AB  - We describe a case of primary lymphatic dysplasia in a newborn, presenting with
      lymphedema, chylothorax, and chylous ascites. Malfunction of the lymphatic
      system, which is supposed to cause this rare disorder, could also be responsible
      for a number of cases of non-immunologic hydrops fetalis.

PMID- 2290436
TI  - [Severe liver involvement by Capillaria hepatica].
AB  - Human hepatic capillariasis is a rare disease, which predominantly affects
      children aged 1 to 4 years and has a poor prognosis in extensive infections. This
      is the first case observed in Germany. The main symptoms are those of severe
      parasitosis: persistent high fever, hepatomegaly, and excessive
      hypereosinophilia. Diagnosis is confirmed by the finding of intracellular typical
      eggs in liver biopsy. There is a lack of established therapy; our 18 months old
      girl developed liver fibrosis. She survived under a prolonged treatment with high
      doses of Thiabendazole and two single doses of Ivermectine. Decortin was given to
      inhibit further granulomatous processes in the liver.

PMID- 2290438
TI  - [Schizophrenia and alcohol. On the psychopathology of schizophrenic coping
      style].

PMID- 2290439
TI  - An expression-site-associated gene family of trypanosomes is expressed in vivo
      and shows homology to a variant surface glycoprotein gene.
AB  - Utilizing first-strand cDNA from different stages, a gene family was identified
      that is expressed in bloodstream form trypanosomes but not in cultured procyclic
      forms. This family of 50-100 genes, termed bloodstream-specific 1 (BS1), shares a
      chromosomal distribution pattern similar to the variant surface glycoprotein
      (VSG) genes and the expression-site-associated genes (ESAGs). The BS1 genes are
      expressed in several variants of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and in Trypanosoma
      brucei gambiense. Sequence analysis of five members of this gene family reveals
      the recently described ESAG 6 and ESAG 7 genes as well as the ESAG X gene to be
      members of this family. We have been unable to localize the BS1 gene product in
      the cell but show that chronically infected rabbit serum recognizes recombinant
      BS1 protein arguing for expression in vivo. Finally we note that the derived
      protein sequence for the BS1 genes suggests an evolutionary relationship with at
      least one variant surface glycoprotein gene, and hence these studies may provide
      clues to understanding the molecular origins of antigenic variation in
      trypanosomes.

PMID- 2290440
TI  - Characterisation of protein kinase C like activities in Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - Protein kinase activities in bloodstream and procyclic forms of Trypanosoma
      brucei have been partially purified and characterised. Cytosolic extracts were
      separated on DEAE-cellulose and assayed for the ability to phosphorylate histone
      in the presence of Ca2+ and diacylglycerol. Five peaks of activity were
      identified in bloodstream T. brucei and only three in procyclic lysates. One of
      the kinases present in bloodstream T. brucei shares may characteristics with
      mammalian protein kinase C. Further characterisation of the kinases using an in
      situ assay after separating proteins by isoelectric focussing confirmed that the
      kinases present in bloodstream and procyclic stages differed in properties and
      either bloodstream kinases are more stable or greater in number than procyclic
      kinases. A protein present in bloodstream T. brucei was shown by Western blot
      analysis to contain an epitope recognized by a monoclonal antibody raised against
      mammalian protein kinase C. We thus conclude that the protein kinases are
      differentially regulated between the two stages of the parasite and that the
      bloodstream stage has a protein kinase C homologue. The implications of these
      findings in relation to a cellular signalling pathway in trypanosomes is
      discussed.

PMID- 2290441
TI  - Cloning and characterization of the rRNA genes and flanking regions from Babesia
      bovis: use of the genes as strain discriminating probes.
AB  - Three sets of rRNA genes (units 1S-3S) have been identified in Babesia bovis
      (Samford isolate). All three units are present in the same, probably single, copy
      number. The rRNA genes and flanking regions have been analysed by cloning,
      restriction mapping and DNA hybridization. The units are approximately 7 kb in
      length and have essentially identical restriction maps. In contrast the flanking
      regions exhibit significant restriction site differences. However, the regions
      upstream of all three units are related and sequences similar to part of the
      region upstream of units 1S and 3S are present in multiple copies in the genome.
      The downstream regions appear to be unrelated, but downstream from unit 1S is a
      region of at least 7 kb similar to a second region not closely linked to the rDNA
      units. The restriction enzyme site polymorphisms in the flanking regions of the
      equivalent units in different isolates allow ready discrimination among six
      different isolates of B. bovis.

PMID- 2290442
TI  - Primary structure of the 25-kilodalton ookinete antigen from Plasmodium
      reichenowi.

PMID- 2290443
TI  - Antigenic diversity in Thai Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite proteins.

PMID- 2290444
TI  - Purification and characterization of glycerol kinase from Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - Glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30)(GK) from the glycosomes of Trypanosoma brucei has
      been purified and its kinetic properties have been examined. It has a molecular
      weight of approximately 53,000 and exists in solution as a monomer. This GK has a
      broad pH optimum, with equal activity between pH 7 and 9.5. Its catalytic
      mechanism appears to be random bi bi, with some cooperativity in substrate
      binding at high pH. The apparent Michaelis constants are: Kglycerol = 0.26 +/-
      0.02 mM and KATP = 0.19 +/- 0.02 mM at pH 7.4, and Kglycerol = 0.17 +/- 0.03 mM
      and KATP = 0.26 +/- 0.02 mM at pH 9.0. Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) up to 10 mM
      displays virtually no product inhibition of the forward reaction, but ADP is a
      weak inhibitor, competitive with ATP and uncompetitive with glycerol. The forward
      reaction is catalyzed very efficiently in vitro, but the reverse reaction
      proceeds at an extremely low rate, consistent with its unfavorable delta G. Under
      anaerobic conditions T. brucei GK is thought to convert ADP and G3P to ATP and
      glycerol rapidly inside the intact glycosome, where it is tightly coupled to the
      other glycosomal enzymes. Our kinetic analyses suggest that GK may not rely on
      any unusual intrinsic properties to catalyze this reverse reaction: rather, the
      unusually high intraglycosomal concentrations of G3P and ADP, and the presence of
      efficient ATP traps, may drive this reaction by mass action.

PMID- 2290445
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a repetitive DNA element from the genome of the
      human filarial parasite, Brugia malayi.
AB  - The genome of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi contains at least two
      major repetitive DNA elements. One, referred to as the HhaI family, consists of
      10(4)-10(5) tandemly arrayed copies per haploid genome of a monomer of 322 base
      pairs and does not contain a cleavage site for the restriction endonuclease MboI.
      We constructed a library of MboI-digested genomic B. malayi DNA in BamHI-cut
      M13mp18 resulting in the exclusion of the HhaI repeat family from the library.
      Hybridization of this genomic library with nick-translated genomic DNA yielded
      several copies of a repeat family which we have named the BmMboI family. From
      sequence analysis of more than 50 monomers, which differ from each other in
      sequence and length, we have been able to divide the monomers into several
      regions based on the level of sequence conservation. Southern blot analyses of B.
      malayi genomic DNA digested with a variety of restriction endonucleases and
      probed with the isolated repeat demonstrate multiple bands of varying sizes
      except with HindIII-cut DNA, where the repeat is found only in very high
      molecular-weight DNA.

PMID- 2290446
TI  - Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis circumsporozoite gene structure and its
      implications for the evolution of the repeat regions.
AB  - The circumsporozoite (CS) gene encodes the most immunogenic component of the
      plasmodial sporozoites. The immunodominant epitope-encoding domain of the CS gene
      shows sequences that are repeated in tandem. A detailed analysis of the CS
      repeats of certain closely related malaria parasites (strains of Plasmodium
      cynomolgi, Plasmodium knowlesi, and Plasmodium vivax) showed that they evolve
      rapidly yet are well conserved within the gene. We were interested in studying
      whether the CS repeats of Plasmodia more distantly related to these species
      evolve in a similar manner. To this end, we isolated and characterized the
      Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis CS gene. A comparative analysis of its sequence
      with that of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii shows that both have three sets of repeats,
      termed PR, R1, and R2. The R1 and basically also the R2 sequences show the
      features observed in most CS repeats, i.e., they evolve rapidly and are nearly
      perfectly tandemly repeated. In contrast, the PR repeats are not internally
      conserved nor divergent in sequence. The implications of these findings for the
      evolution of the CS repeats are discussed.

PMID- 2290447
TI  - Mode of action of the schistosomicide hycanthone: site of DNA alkylation.
AB  - Condensation of hycanthone N-methylcarbamate (HNMC) with deoxyguanosine (dG)
      furnished a mixture of the N-1 and N2 adducts which were purified and
      characterized as their acetates. Condensation of HNMC with thymidine (T) gave the
      N-3 adduct in poor yield. Adenosine (A) and cytidine (C) did not react with HNMC.
      Incubation of schistosomes with either [3H]hycanthone (HC) or [3H]HNMC furnished
      DNA to which [3H]HC was covalently bound. The alkylated DNA was degraded
      enzymically and the radiolabeled nucleosides were separated using HPLC. Two major
      peaks were observed which coincided in retention time with the synthetic N-1 and
      N2 alkylated dG. Alkylated T was absent. Thus, the site of alkylation of DNA by
      either HC or HNMC is dG.

PMID- 2290449
TI  - [Psychophysiology of anxiety diseases].

PMID- 2290448
TI  - Cloning, expression, and cDNA sequence of surface antigen P22 from Toxoplasma
      gondii.
AB  - Immunoblot, immunofluorescence, and complement-mediated cytolytic assays revealed
      that two new monoclonal antibodies raised against a membrane-enriched fraction of
      Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites recognize protein P22 on the surface of the
      parasite. Using these monoclonal antibodies to screen a cDNA expression library
      in lambda gt11, several clones expressing recombinant fusion proteins were
      isolated. Subsequent screening of the library with a synthetic oligonucleotide
      derived from the 5' end of one of these cDNAs permitted the isolation of
      additional nonexpressing clones containing the entire translated sequence. Blots
      of parasite RNA and DNA suggested that the corresponding gene occurs as a single
      copy in the tachyzoite genome. The amino acid sequence deduced from the composite
      cDNA indicates a primary translation product with a theoretical molecular weight
      of 18,959. As expected for surface protein P22, the putative polypeptide contains
      a predicted N-terminal signal sequence and a C-terminal hydrophobic region
      characteristic of proteins attached to the membrane by a glycophospholipid
      anchor. Recombinant fusion proteins produced by the expressing clones were
      recognized on immunoblots by IgG antibodies in the sera of humans with acute and
      chronic T. gondii infection. Antibodies selected by the fusion protein reacted
      predominantly with a 22-kDa antigen on immunoblots of parasite lysate.

PMID- 2290450
TI  - [Panic attacks and panic disorder--diagnosis, validation and therapy].

PMID- 2290452
TI  - [Disorders of self-perception and self-concept in psychiatric patients.
      Construction and validation of the Self-Perception and Self Concept Test].

PMID- 2290451
TI  - [Psychologic disorders in internal medicine-psychosomatic patients].

PMID- 2290453
TI  - [Case report of paranoia--affective paraphrenia or schizophrenia?].

PMID- 2290455
TI  - [Comments on the contribution by P. Hoff. "Mesmerism"--a forerunner of
      psychotherapy].

PMID- 2290454
TI  - [Psychopathologic symptoms in 2 cases of partial trisomy 13].

PMID- 2290456
TI  - [Transcranial Doppler ultrasound monitoring of osmo-oncotherapy in neurosurgical
      patients with brain edema].
AB  - Transcranial Doppler sonography is described and recommended as being well suited
      for the continuous monitoring of neurosurgical intensive-care patients parallel
      to ECG monitoring. The article discusses the problems involved with both methods,
      their efficiency possible risks of application (damaging of immobile tissue
      situated within the ultrasonic beam).

PMID- 2290457
TI  - Dimethyl sulfoxide in the management of patient with brain swelling and increased
      intracranial pressure after severe closed head injury.
AB  - The results of a prospective study on the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in
      patients with severe closed head injuries causing brain edema and increase in
      intracranial pressure (ICP) are presented. 10 patients were selected and
      carefully analyzed according to Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores and severity of
      brain edema. The results demonstrate that DMSO rapidly reduces the raised ICP,
      increases the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and improves the neurological
      course and outcome without affecting the systemic blood pressure and patient
      responsiveness except only in one patient. We also point out that the rebound
      effect does not occur.

PMID- 2290458
TI  - [Significance of reprocessed 3D gradient echo sequences in spinal MRT for
      surgical interventions in syringomyelia].
AB  - Taking a patient with advanced syringomyelia as an example, the article presents
      a method in which reprocessed 3D-gradient echo sequences from spinal MRI allow
      centred reconstructions which show all sections of the syrinx, even where the
      spinal column is curved. This method played an essential role in satisfactorily
      determining the position of the syrinx for a median myelotomy which, according to
      clinical criteria, brought about an effective reduction in pressure from the
      syrinx.

PMID- 2290459
TI  - [Complications of ventral fusion operations in degenerative intervertebral disk
      diseases].
AB  - 1112 anterior cervical fusion operations were performed on 951 patients according
      to the method described for the first time by Grote in 1970. The neurogenic,
      mechanical and inflammatory complications arising with this method are described.
      The typical complications are demonstrated by means of case reports and their
      possible causes are discussed. The incidence rate of the individual complications
      is compared with that reported in the literature for a total of 8366 fusions
      performed on 6384 patients.

PMID- 2290460
TI  - [Results of treatment after chemonucleolysis with reference to a special
      rehabilitation program].
AB  - Between January 1985 and March 1987, the authors used chemonucleolysis to treat
      66 patients. Patients were observed for an average of 18.2 months. Clinical and
      radiological follow-up examinations were performed and the results compared with
      those of other authors. In the present study, particular attention was paid to a
      program of physiotherapy which used Brunckow's modified lifting exercises.
      Compared with other follow-up studies, the results of treatment using this form
      of chemonucleolysis therapy were in the top third. Chemonucleolysis is better for
      treating sciatica than lumbago. Persistent lumbago can be improved successfully
      if subsequent physiotherapy is rigidly adhered to. Stabilization through
      Brunckow's modified lifting exercises is especially suitable for this purpose.
      There is no correlation between the alteration in the height of the
      intervertebral space and the clinical picture. A measurement of disk slackness
      does not allow any prognosis as regards success of treatment. Results have shown
      that a high degree of success can only be achieved where diagnosis is accurate.
      Where lumbago has been resistant to therapy for a long time, chemonucleolysis
      should be prescribed with caution.

PMID- 2290461
TI  - [Clivus C2 aneurysmal bone cyst--contribution to problems of surgical treatment,
      radiotherapy and individually determined growth trends].
AB  - A man of 46 years of age had recurrences of an aneurysmatic bone cyst (Clivus
      C1/2) despite of repeated radical operations (3 times, transoral approach).
      Additional radiotherapy resulted in stabilization and cure. Problems of surgical
      treatment, radiotherapy and of tendency to growth inherent in the lesion are
      discussed.

PMID- 2290462
TI  - [Retroperitoneal vascular injuries in lumbar intervertebral disk operation:
      report of 2 cases with a special course].
AB  - The author reports on two cases of retroperitoneal vascular lesions during lumbar
      vertebral disc surgery. The causative origin of the lesion and the initial signs
      and symptoms agree with the experiences described in the literature. However, the
      further course of these specific lesions differed to some extent from what had
      been expected. In the case where the aorta had been injured, there was at first a
      neurological deterioration associated with paraplegia; a pattern of shock
      developed after two hours only. The second case was an arterial lesion that did
      not require surgery due to spontaneous occlusion of the injured vessel (fifth
      lumbar artery, or a. lumbalis ima).

PMID- 2290463
TI  - Circulating autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - By using indirect immunofluorescence method, we analyzed the presence of
      antinuclear, anticardiac, microsomal, parietal-cell, smooth-muscle and
      mitochondrial antibodies in sera of 33 patients with definite multiple sclerosis
      (MS), without clinical evidence of associated autoimmune disorder, and 14
      patients with other neurological disorders (OND). In MS patients, the prevalence
      of both organ-specific and non-organ-specific antibodies was significantly higher
      (p less than 0.05) than in OND patients. In both groups, the titers of
      circulating antibodies were low. The presence of low levels of autoantibodies in
      sera of MS patients might be the result of immunodysregulation in MS.

PMID- 2290464
TI  - The effect of piracetam on the recurrent inhibition of motor neurones.
AB  - Piracetam as a nootropic agent is known to exert its effect by activating and
      protecting the neuronal cell functions. The mechanism, how piracetam acts, is
      still unknown. However, some experimental data point to the facilitating role of
      piracetam in the cholinergic synaptic transmission. According to the generally
      accepted fact that the recurrent inhibition of motoneurons occurs as a result of
      cholinergic activity, this model has been used in our experiments, which were
      performed on the spinal cord of decerebrated cats. The significant potentiation
      and prolonged duration of the recurrent inhibition following intravenous
      application of piracetam (100 mg/kg) obtained in our experiments, as well as the
      fact that atropine (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) antagonize this effect, offers the conclusive
      evidence of direct facilitatory action of piracetam in the cholinergic
      neurotransmission process.

PMID- 2290465
TI  - Intra- and extracranial circulatory changes in cigarette smokers assessed by
      ultrasound: transcranial Doppler (TCD) and duplex scanning investigation.
AB  - The group of 98 "healthy smokers" was analyzed in order to evaluate potential
      influence of cigarette smoking on intracranial blood flow disturbances and
      extracranial carotid intimal changes, performing transcranial Doppler (TCD) and
      Duplex scanning of the carotid arteries. Almost 70% of smokers analyzed in our
      study had some intracranial circulatory changes, predominantly in the vertebral
      arteries (35%). Half of smokers analyzed had some pathological intimal changes in
      the carotid arteries. The most frequent finding was wall thickening (23%) and
      then calcified (13%) and soft plaques (10%). Dose response relationship between
      smoking and atherosclerosis is also introduced. More than 30 cigarettes smoked
      per day can significantly influence plaque development and already 20 cigarettes
      smoked per day can cause significant intracranial blood flow disturbances. The
      majority of our investigated smokers were in high risk category for development
      of cerebrovascular disease and 5% were in a very high risk category. Cessation of
      cigarette smoking will eliminate it as a risk factor. A low dose-response
      relation and the development of tolerance produced by exposure to nicotine were
      also introduced.

PMID- 2290466
TI  - The treatment of nocturnal enuresis by acupuncture.
AB  - The etiology of enuresis is not completely explained. It is assumed that it might
      be a psychosomatic disorder caused by psychological and urological
      predispositions combined with unfavorable environmental factors. Thirty-seven
      patients of both sexes (mean age 8 years) were included in the acupuncture
      treatment. They had not shown any improvement after psychotherapy. During the
      observation period of 6 months (180 days) after the acupuncture treatment, the
      statistical decrease of enuresis was evident (2.9), thus confirming that
      acupuncture represents a new possibility of treatment of patients with enuresis.

PMID- 2290467
TI  - Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials in children with migraine: a
      correlation analysis.
AB  - Visual potentials evoked by pattern reversal (PRVEPs) were studied in 64 normal
      children (age range 7 to 15 years) and in 20 age-matched patients with common and
      complicated migraine (age range 6 to 16 years). Most of them were studied before
      and during prophylactic therapy. A Quadristim set (Alvar) was used to present
      checkerboard patterns on a TV monitor, to amplify the EEG signals and to average
      and plot the evoked potentials. The potentials were elicited by binocular full
      field 2/s checkerboard reversal, recorded from an electrode 4 cm above the inion,
      and analyzed for latency, amplitude and waveform morphology. The degree of
      similarity between pairs of PRVEPs was determined by the correlation coefficient.
      In all our patients no pronounced influence of the disease itself was
      demonstrated on the PRVEP latencies and amplitudes, but in most of them the
      correlation coefficients were significantly different from that showing the
      measure of normal PRVEP variations. Prophylactic medication influenced non
      significant increase of the coefficient. This increase seems to be related to
      recovery from medication in terms of attack frequency. No significant difference
      in PRVEP results of common and complicated migraine was noticed. The PRVEP
      distortion can be revealed by the correlation coefficient but not by other PRVEP
      parameters. Therefore, this parameter may be useful as a sensitive measure of
      both PRVEP distortion and PRVEP improvement. Our results give further evidence
      that non-demyelinating disorders, but with ischemic damage and abnormalities in
      neurotransmitters, can produce measurable changes in PRVEP morphology.

PMID- 2290468
TI  - Medullomyoblastoma.
AB  - A case of medullomyoblastoma, arising in the cerebellar vermis of a five-year-old
      boy, is presented. The light and electron microscopic features of the tumor are
      described and compared to other published cases. Within typical medulloblastoma
      areas light microscopy revealed signs of neuroblastic differentiation thus
      indicating its neuroepithelial origin. No signs of glial differentiation were
      found. Myogenic tumor component formed irregular, distinctly separated islands
      although some intermingling of two cell types was observed at the borders between
      the two zones. Within the myogenic tumor component, electron microscopy revealed
      rhabdomyoblastic elements in different stages of differentiation, frequently
      forming small groups encompassed by the same basement membrane. No indication of
      a common host cell for two cell lines was observed. No mesenchymal elements other
      than muscle, and no indication of possible teratoid origin of this tumor were
      observed. Considering histogenesis of muscle elements within this neuroepithelial
      tumor, the origin from multipotential neural-crest-derived ectomesenchymal cells
      seems the most appropriate one.

PMID- 2290470
TI  - [Work capacity in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage without detection of an
      aneurysm].

PMID- 2290471
TI  - Study of serum and cerebrospinal fluid enzymes in diagnosis and differential
      diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases.
AB  - In the paper are presented the results of total enzyme activity investigation:
      GOT, GPT, LDH and CPK, and of the CPK isoenzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid of
      148 examinees and in the serum of 67 examinees with an acute stroke, who were
      treated at the Intensive Care Unit of the Department of Neurology and Institute
      of Neuropathology, Clinical Medical center "Rebro". The aim was to determine the
      reliability of the applied methods in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases,
      particularly in the differential diagnosis of cerebral hemorrhage, ischemia and
      subarachnoidal hemorrhage. The highest frequency of pathologic findings of the
      tested enzymes in the whole group of patients with CVA was obtained in the
      determination of the CPK total activity assessment, then followed the assessments
      of LDH activity, isoenzyme CPK profile, GOT and finally GPT activity. A larger
      number of pathologic findings of all mentioned enzymes and CPK isoenzymes was
      found in the group of patients with ICH. In the patients with ICH and ISI, who
      survived stroke a higher incidence of normal findings of the total enzymic
      activities was found, while in those who died from ICH a higher incidence of
      pathologic findings could not be established. The correlations between the total
      CPK activity in the serum and in the cerebrospinal fluid does not exist, as well
      as the correlation between the CPK isoenzyme profile in the serum and CSF.

PMID- 2290469
TI  - [A 2-year study of patients up to 55 years of age with cerebrovascular
      disorders].
AB  - During the years 1986, 1987, all patients with cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
      under 55, admitted to Department of Neurology Ljubljana were prospectively
      studied. The significant differences between this group and the group of patients
      with CVA in all ages were found in relation to sex, frequency of different forms
      of CVA, and early and late mortality.

PMID- 2290472
TI  - Dysplastic granulo-molecular hypertrophy of the cerebellar cortex (L'hermitte
      Duclos disease): report of three cases.
AB  - In this paper three cases with peculiar disease of the cerebellar cortex are
      presented. The disease is well known as L'hermitte-Duclos disease (LDD), but
      nowadays it is also called "dysplastic granulo-molecular hypertrophy of the
      cerebellar cortex" according to the modern theories of its etiology. Curious
      changes of the cerebellum in LDD are probably the result of a combination of
      delayed migration of Purkinje cells which occurs during the intrauterine period
      of cerebellar development, and of reactive hypertrophy of granular cells.
      Presented cases of L'hermitte-Duclos disease are, according to the literature,
      more or less typical by their clinical appearance and by their histological
      findings. Our electromicroscopical data support the findings of those authors who
      found only axodendritic sinapses on the hypertrophied ganglion cells, according
      to the idea that those cells are originally granular cells of the cerebellar
      cortex. CT scan of all our patients revealed parallel, worm-like, hyperdense
      formations in a hypodense process of the cerebellum. The same picture existed in
      some other described patients, but attention was paid to it. We consider this
      picture on the computed tomography to be characteristic, if not even patognomonic
      for the L'hermitte-Duclos disease, which gives us an entirely new scientific
      contribution in the process of the diagnosis of this peculiar disease.

PMID- 2290473
TI  - [Distal latency in motor neuron disease].
AB  - In our investigation 24 patients suffering from spinal amyotrophy and 11 from
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were analyzed in order to determine the influence
      of these diseases on teh conduction velocity of the distal motor and sensory
      fibers. Both diseases belong to motor neuron diseases and are of unknown
      etiology. The conduction velocity was measured by using electroneurographic
      methods. Distal motor latency is expressed as a quotient of terminal latency that
      is obtained by dividing the distance between the stimulation and the registration
      point by the latency of response and was measured in cm/ms. It represents the
      conduction velocity of the distal motor fibers. Its sensory equivalent is the
      sensory conduction velocity S0-S1. In our work the mean values of distal motor
      and sensory latencies were counted and the correlation between them was examined.
      We also counted the percentage of the patients with the pathological values of
      these parameters. The results indicate that the "motor neurone disease" affects
      the conduction velocity of the distal motor and sensory fibers. The distal
      sensory latency was prolonged in higher percentage than the motor latency.
      Between motor and sensory latencies no correlation was found.

PMID- 2290475
TI  - A misdiagnosed case of neurinoma of the 8th cranial nerve and adult respiratory
      distress syndrome.
AB  - A case of a 81-year old female patient with a clinically non-verified neurinoma
      of the 8th cranial nerve is presented. According to symptoms and radiological
      examinations, esophageal neoplasm with esophago-tracheal fistula was suspected.
      The patient died on the 4th day after radiological examination due to progressive
      respiratory failure. Autopsy revealed neurinoma of the 8th cranial nerve as well
      as adult respiratory distress syndrome due to aspiration of the radiological
      contrast medium.

PMID- 2290474
TI  - Electroencephalographic findings in coma caused by fatal chloroquine poisoning.
AB  - A 19-year-old patient in deep anoxic coma after cardiopulmonary arrest due to
      suicidal acute overdosage of chloroquine was resuscitated at the intensive care
      unit. An EEG starting about 12 hours later and lasting for 93 minutes showed a
      rapid succession of diffuse ectopic rhythms, diffuse slow output, generalized
      periodic slow waves in paroxysmal episodes which preceded burst suppression
      patterns and definite establishment of electrocerebral silence. All these EEG
      patterns indicating a poor prognosis were registered about three hours before the
      patient died during irreversible ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 2290477
TI  - Changes in cerebral white matter in a case of congenital muscular dystrophy (non
      Fukuyama type).
AB  - A 3-year-old Japanese boy with congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) and normal
      intelligence is presented. He had not learned to crawl, shuffled on his bottom,
      and could not walk. At 7 months, his CT-scan had showed periventricular low
      density and mild ventricular dilatation, and spike or sharp wave discharges were
      seen on EEG. At three years of age, his CT-scan revealed wide-spread hypodensity
      in the cerebral white matter, EEG showed multifocal discharges, and MRI showed
      abnormal high density area in the cerebrum on spin echo image. These findings
      suggest the existence of an intermediate form of CMD between the Fukuyama type of
      CMD and the classical occidental type of CMD. The combination of repeated CT and
      MRI scans seems necessary for the evaluation of CNS abnormalities in CMD.

PMID- 2290476
TI  - Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita; feeding, language and other health problems.
AB  - A survey of the health problems of 87 individuals with arthrogryposis multiplex
      congenita revealed a high proportion (51) with major feeding difficulties in
      infancy. This was generally related to structural abnormalities of the jaw and
      tongue. Children thus involved were more prone to recurrent chest infections,
      constipation, and poor growth and weight gain. In addition, there was a strong
      association between initial feeding difficulties and subsequent language
      problems. Early identification of a sub-group of children with arthrogryposis
      multiplex congenita is therefore possible who may require continuing therapy from
      a number of disciplines.

PMID- 2290478
TI  - Carnitine metabolism and morphometric change of liver mitochondria in valproate
      treated rats.
AB  - The effect of the administration for 7 or 28 days of 50 mg/kg/day valproate (VPA)
      on carnitine metabolism and morphological changes of liver mitochondria in
      immature rats was evaluated. The dose of VPA was almost the same as that we
      clinically used. Carnitine concentrations in serum, red blood cells (RBC),
      muscle, liver and urine were measured. The rats treated with VPA for 7 days
      showed no significant change in carnitine concentration in each tissue examined
      or by morphology. In the serum, RBC and muscle of rats treated with VPA for 28
      days, free carnitine levels decreased, while acylcarnitine levels and the ratio
      of acylcarnitine to free carnitine (acyl/free ratio) increased. Mitochondrial
      enlargement was also induced and urinary acyl/free ratio of VPA treated rats was
      higher than that of control rats after the 14th day of the treatment. These
      results suggest that carnitine deficiency and morphometric changes in
      mitochondria occur time dependent even if the dose of VPA is clinically
      appropriate.

PMID- 2290479
TI  - Steroid responsive familial neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies.
AB  - Autosomal dominant motor and sensory neuropathy with liability to pressure
      palsies was studied in three members of the same family. Only one of two
      monozygotic twin sisters was clinically affected. She developed unilateral
      peroneal palsy twenty minutes following local pressure. Electromyography revealed
      a weak intermediate innervation pattern with very rapid action potentials in the
      right anterior lower leg muscle. A 25-70 per cent reduction of motor and sensory
      conduction velocity was recorded in the clinically unaffected twin sister and in
      the father. The electrophysiological findings in the mother were normal. The
      sural nerve biopsy revealed "sausage-like" formations. The palsy persisted for
      two months and disappeared after eight weeks of fluocortolon treatment. It is
      possible that the myelin sheaths acted as antigen.

PMID- 2290480
TI  - Central nervous system malformations and white matter changes in pseudo-neonatal
      adrenoleukodystrophy.
AB  - Clinical, biochemical and morphological findings in a 16-month-old infant girl
      with pseudo-neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy are reported. The parents were first
      cousins and the baby was born at term, small for gestational age. The neonatal
      period was characterized by convulsions resistant to treatment, generalized,
      severe muscle hypotonus, feeding difficulties and poor weight gain.
      Developmentally she remained at a neonatal level. A CT-scan showed low density of
      cerebral white matter and MR examination white matter changes, a thin corpus
      callosum, cerebellar malformation and dorsal displacement of the brainstem. There
      was an accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in serum lipids and
      cultured skin fibroblasts but plasmalogen and phytanic acid levels were normal. A
      liver biopsy revealed enlarged peroxisomes staining for catalase. Three similar
      cases have been reported previously; in two of these there was a deficiency of
      acyl-CoA oxidase. MR evidence of leukodystrophy combined with gross cerebral and
      cerebellar morphologic changes have not been reported earlier.

PMID- 2290481
TI  - Decreased erythrocyte and platelet phospholipids and fatty acids in juvenile
      neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Batten disease).
AB  - Total cellular and phospholipid fatty acids were analyzed in erythrocytes and
      platelets from six patients with juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis
      (Spielmeyer-Vogt, Batten disease, JNCL). The results were compared to those of
      age-matched controls. The amounts of total fatty acid and the phospholipid
      classes, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and
      phosphatidylserine (PS) were significantly decreased in patients when related to
      cellular protein. The reductions in total fatty acids were 27% in erythrocytes
      and 50% in platelets. Erythrocyte PC reduction was 36%, PE was 44% and PS 27%.
      There were no major qualitative differences in the phospholipid fatty acids,
      suggesting that the fatty acid composition of the reduced phospholipid was
      normal, and that there is a generalized phospholipid deficiency in these cells in
      JNCL. This was not related to nutritional status. The pathogenesis of Batten
      disease may be related to abnormal membrane function resulting from this marked
      phospholipid deficiency.

PMID- 2290482
TI  - Chondrodystrophic myotonia (Schwartz-Jampel syndrome) in South African children.
AB  - Three children with the clinical features of the Schwartz-Jampel syndrome are
      presented, two with classical features and the third with physical and
      radiological features resembling those found in the Schwartz-Jampel syndrome but
      myotonia could not be elicited either clinically or electrophysiologically.
      Various arguments are put forward for the absence of myotonic phenomena in the
      latter child.

PMID- 2290483
TI  - Neonatal hemangiomatosis presenting as infantile spasms.
AB  - The previously unreported association of neonatal hemangiomatosis and infantile
      spasms is described in a 4-month-old female. The high mortality and morbidity of
      this neurocutaneous syndrome necessitates prompt recognition and investigation,
      to enable identification of associated internal lesions.

PMID- 2290484
TI  - Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood--a new syndrome.
AB  - A child with intermittent upward deviation of the eyes starting at 9 months of
      age, compensating bending forward of the head, nystagmus on attempted downward
      gaze and a mild gait ataxia is described. The symptoms gradually disappeared
      between 3 and 4 years of age. Four cases with identical clinical findings have
      been initially described by Ouvrier in Australia (5) as "benign paroxysmal tonic
      upgaze of childhood". It is apparently a new syndrome.

PMID- 2290485
TI  - Neonatal echovirus encephalitis with white matter necrosis.
AB  - The authors report a case of neonatal echovirus encephalitis associated with
      white matter necrosis. The pattern of illness in the neonatal period was
      diphasic, marked by hyperthermia and the occurrence of seizures. Echovirus was
      recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      performed at one month of age showed right periventricular white matter necrosis.
      The infant exhibited mild left hemiparesis. Cerebral MRI at 6 months of age
      showed a delay in myelination in the right hemisphere. Echovirus encephalitis in
      the neonate can cause brain damage.

PMID- 2290486
TI  - Ataxia, developmental delay and an extensive neuronal migration abnormality in 2
      siblings.
AB  - Two siblings with developmental delay and a non-progressive cerebellar ataxia are
      described. The electroencephalograms in both children showed a rather unusual
      pattern of high amplitude 10-12/s rhythms maximal anteriorly, while extensive
      neuronal migration abnormalities were apparent on Magnetic Resonance scans. There
      were no dysmorphic features, metabolic abnormalities, chromosomal defects or
      evidence of prenatal environmental toxins. It is considered that these siblings
      have an autosomal recessive neuronal migration defect which has not previously
      been reported.

PMID- 2290487
TI  - Effectiveness of hemispherectomy in hemimegalencephaly with intractable seizures.

PMID- 2290488
TI  - Walker-Warburg syndrome.

PMID- 2290489
TI  - Sensitivity to eye gaze in prosopagnosic patients and monkeys with superior
      temporal sulcus ablation.
AB  - Accuracy at perceiving frontal eye gaze was studied in monkeys and human subjects
      using a forced-choice detection task on paired photographs of a single human
      face. Monkeys learned the task readily, but after bilateral removal of the banks
      and floor of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) they failed to perform the task
      efficiently. This result is consistent with the conclusion, based on recordings
      from single cells in awake, behaving monkeys [Perret et al., Physiological
      Aspects of Clinical Neuro-ophthalmology, Chapman & Hall, London, 1988] that this
      region of the temporal lobe is important for coding information about eye-gaze of
      a confronting animal. Human subjects were given identical stimuli in a task where
      they were asked to detect "the face that is looking straight at you". Human
      performance is sensitive to the degree of angular deviation from the frontal gaze
      position, being poorest at small angular deviations from 0 degrees. This was also
      true of monkeys viewing these stimuli, pre- and post-operatively. Compared with
      normal controls, two humans prosopagnosics were impaired at this task. However
      the extent of impairment was different in the two patients. These findings are
      related to earlier reports (including those for patients with right-hemisphere
      damage without prosopagnosia), to normal performance with upright and inverted
      face photographs, and to notions of independent subsystems in face processing.

PMID- 2290490
TI  - Recognition of unfamiliar faces in prosopagnosia.
AB  - Prosopagnosia is clinically defined as a specific and extreme inability to
      recognize familiar faces. However, doubts have been expressed concerning
      prosopagnosics' preserved ability to recognize unfamiliar faces and to make other
      within category discriminations. The present study pursues these doubts. If
      recognition of unfamiliar faces and objects is intact, then prosopagnosics should
      demonstrate normal processing for all tasks that depend on the possession of
      intact stored visual descriptions at the category level. In particular, they
      should show normal face and object superiority effects. A detailed investigation
      was carried out on a well documented prosopagnosic (KD) and less extensively on
      three other (RB, AH and OA) well attested cases. Experiments 1 and 2 considered
      whether face and object superiority effects were observed in these patients. No
      difference in the pattern of recognition performance was found between normal and
      unusual arrangements of faces and objects. Their pattern of performance differed
      both from unilateral brain-damaged patients and normal controls. The results
      suggest both that these prosopagnosic patients were impaired on the recognition
      of unfamiliar faces and that their problem is not specific to faces. Experiment 3
      showed that KD was impaired on a face/non-face decision task but appeared to
      benefit by the stimulus being presented in the normal orientation. For normal
      controls, mental rotation of a face appeared to be a separate process from face
      categorization. Experiment 4 found that KD, AH and OA were impaired, compared to
      normal controls, in their ability to recognize emotional expressions but not more
      than brain-damaged controls. The impairment of the prosopagnosics tested in the
      present study is placed at the interaction between stored object descriptions and
      the structural encoding stage of Bruce and Young. Consideration is given to an
      elaboration of the structural encoding stage in which boundary (category
      defining) information is separately processed from surface (detailed texture)
      information.

PMID- 2290491
TI  - Perception of ambiguous figures after focal brain lesions.
AB  - Forty patients with unilateral frontal or posterior brain damage and 20 normal
      control subjects were tested on an ambiguous figures task (AFT). For each figure
      they were asked to recognize both ambiguous images. Subjects failing to recognize
      the second aspect of an ambiguous figure were prompted with the name of the image
      not yet perceived. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was also administered
      to all subjects. Frontal patients exhibited greater difficulty in shifting from
      one aspect of an ambiguous figure to the other than did patients with more
      posterior lesions and control subjects. In addition, frontal-posterior and
      control differences were highly significant for number of prompts given. For the
      frontal patients, significant correlations were found between the number of
      prompts on the AFT and the number of perseverative errors on the WCST. Poor
      performance on the AFT can be considered as a "frontal lobe sign" of perceptual
      persevation.

PMID- 2290492
TI  - Semantic capabilities of the left and right cerebral hemispheres in
      categorization tasks: effects of verbal-pictorial presentation.
AB  - Two lateral tachistoscopic experiments were carried out to test semantic
      capabilities of the left and right cerebral hemispheres through categorization
      tasks with verbal and pictorial presentations. RVF advantages were obtained for
      verbal presentations in both category-membership and category-matching tasks.
      However, no significant visual-field differences were found for any pictorial
      presentation. We also found a higher degree of sensitiveness of the positive
      judgements for the detection of hemispheric differences and sex differences in
      patterns of functional asymmetries with a greater lateralization in males.

PMID- 2290493
TI  - Recognition of fused dichotic words: an examination of the effects of head-turn
      and perceived spatial position.
AB  - Ear advantages for verbal stimuli were determined for male and female right
      handed subjects using a fused dichotic words test. Subjects performed the word
      recognition task with their heads turned 90 degrees to the left, 90 degrees to
      the right, and straight ahead. In addition, subjects provided subjective
      judgements with regard to the perceived spatial position of the sound. A
      significant right ear advantage was evidenced under all three head turn
      conditions, although the magnitude of the REA was reduced in the right head turn
      condition. There was no significant effect of sex. Judgements of perceived
      spatial position indicated that subjects perceived the fused sound as coming from
      the centre of the head, regardless of the head's orientation with respect to the
      body. These findings suggest that ear of entry rather than the perceived position
      of a sound source is the major factor in determining the perceptual asymmetries
      observed with dichotic stimuli.

PMID- 2290494
TI  - Sparing of attentional relative to mnemonic function in a subgroup of patients
      with dementia of the Alzheimer type.
AB  - Patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) received two tests of visual
      selective attention, together with tests of spatial and visual recognition memory
      and visuospatial conditional learning previously used to show deficits early in
      the course of DAT. One set of attentional tests compared visual discrimination
      learning along intra- and extra-dimensional shifts, using a "total change"
      design. In the 12 DAT patients capable of attempting the extra-dimensional shift
      (subgroup 1), performance was equivalent to that of controls. This subgroup was
      also unimpaired at simple and compound discrimination learning and reversal and
      an intra-dimensional shift. They were as accurate as controls on a visual search
      task requiring matching of stimuli on two dimensions with variable numbers of
      alternatives, but were significantly impaired in the tests of recognition memory
      and learning. By contrast, the other 13 patients showed marked impairments in the
      attentional tasks. This subgroup was also significantly worse than subgroup 1 in
      performance on the visual recognition and conditional learning tasks, and showed
      greater severity on most of the clinical ratings of dementia. The sparing of
      attentional shifting in patients early in the course of DAT is contrasted with
      the impairments previously described in patients with Parkinson's disease with
      only mild or absent memory loss. The implications of this double dissociation of
      deficits for understanding the neural bases of the cognitive deficits in these
      two neurodegenerative diseases are discussed and their significance for the
      staging of DAT is considered.

PMID- 2290495
TI  - The contribution of vision to asymmetries in manual aiming.
AB  - An experiment was conducted to examine the hypothesis that the right hand system
      is superior in the processing of visual information. A manual aiming task
      utilizing four visual conditions was employed. In the full-vision (FV) condition
      subjects were afforded vision of both the hand and the target throughout the
      course of the movement. In the ambient-illumination-off (AO) condition, the room
      lights were extinguished at movement initiation, thus preventing vision of the
      moving limb. The target remained illuminated. In the target-off (TO) condition,
      the target was extinguished upon initiation of the movement. Ambient illumination
      and thus vision of the hand remained present. Finally there was a no-vision (NV)
      condition in which ambient illumination was removed and the target was
      extinguished upon initiation of the response movement. Although the manipulation
      of vision had potent effects upon terminal accuracy, and influenced reaction and
      movement time measures, the hands did not differ in the extent to which these
      characteristics were expressed. A left hand advantage for reaction time was
      observed. This may reflect a relative increase in right hemisphere involvement
      prior to aiming movements which are spatially complex.

PMID- 2290496
TI  - An examination of the crowding hypothesis in epileptic patients who have
      undergone the carotid amytal test.
AB  - Epileptic patients who had undergone the carotid amytal test were assessed on a
      variety of measures of verbal and non-verbal ability. All patients had left
      hemisphere dysfunction of early onset. Patients with atypical speech patterns
      performed as well as patients with left hemisphere speech on most, though not
      all, measures of language function. Transfer of language to the right hemisphere,
      however, occurred at a heavy cost. Patients with atypical speech patterns
      performed more poorly than their left hemisphere speech counterparts on a wide
      variety of non-verbal tests. These results are discussed in terms of the
      "crowding" hypothesis.

PMID- 2290497
TI  - [Hemodynamic monitoring in surgery of intracranial aneurysm and prevention of
      cerebral vasospasm].

PMID- 2290498
TI  - [Pulse oximetry monitoring in the diagnosis of gas embolism in neurosurgery].

PMID- 2290499
TI  - [Obstetric analgesia/anesthesia with continuous peridural block: 10 years'
      experience].

PMID- 2290500
TI  - [Peridural analgesia in labor: comparison of two different methods].

PMID- 2290501
TI  - [Continuous peridural administration of bupivacaine and buprenorphine: effect on
      labor].

PMID- 2290502
TI  - [Continuous peridural analgesia in cesarean section and the control of
      postoperative pain].

PMID- 2290503
TI  - [Computerized clinical records for obstetrical analgesia/anesthesia].

PMID- 2290504
TI  - [Not only with analgesia].

PMID- 2290505
TI  - [Pain and cognitive activity in labor].

PMID- 2290506
TI  - [Neurobehavioral response of neonates after cesarean section: multivariate
      analysis of perinatal variability].

PMID- 2290508
TI  - [Indications for pulse oximetry in obstetrics].

PMID- 2290507
TI  - [Relationship between anesthesia and B lymphocyte-subpopulations in neonates].

PMID- 2290509
TI  - [Maternal mortality in cesarean section: anesthetic causes].

PMID- 2290510
TI  - [Pheochromocytoma in pregnancy: anesthesiologic considerations].

PMID- 2290511
TI  - [Critical review of transfusion activity in general surgery. Proposed application
      of a program of autotransfusion].

PMID- 2290512
TI  - [The necessity of transfusion in neurosurgery. Critical review of 741
      operations].

PMID- 2290513
TI  - [Advanced techniques of saving blood in cardiosurgery].

PMID- 2290514
TI  - [Comparison of various techniques of saving blood for surgery of scoliosis].

PMID- 2290515
TI  - [Determination of circulating haptoglobin as a parameter for evaluation of
      microhemolysis following autotransfusion].

PMID- 2290516
TI  - [Determination of components C3-C4 of complement in patients after
      autotransfusion].

PMID- 2290517
TI  - [Intra- and postoperative blood recovery in major orthopedic surgery].

PMID- 2290518
TI  - [Indobufen and calcium heparin for the prevention of thromboembolism in hip
      prosthesis surgery in patients who have undergone hemodilution].

PMID- 2290519
TI  - [Evaluation of postoperative pain in gynecology].

PMID- 2290520
TI  - [Ineffectiveness of intravenous PCA in the control of labor pain].

PMID- 2290521
TI  - [The PCA1 Bard pump in immediate postoperative pain].

PMID- 2290522
TI  - [Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine in the cisterna magna for
      treatment of oncologic cerebro-cervico-brachial pain].

PMID- 2290523
TI  - [Pediatric version of the pain questionnaire: applications in the postoperative
      period].

PMID- 2290524
TI  - [Changes in immunoreactive plasma beta-endorphin during and after surgery in
      children: correlations with the CHEOPS and HAPPY-SAD-FACE scales].

PMID- 2290526
TI  - [Ketoprofen for the treatment of postoperative pain in appendectomy in children].

PMID- 2290525
TI  - [Pain in children: proposal for an evaluation protocol].

PMID- 2290527
TI  - [Problems in placing a subcutaneous peridural or subarachnoid catheter: our
      experience with the Ramaioli's button].

PMID- 2290528
TI  - [Postoperative peridural analgesia in major surgery: comparison of 3 methods].

PMID- 2290530
TI  - [Preoperative peridural administration of clonidine. Description of a case].

PMID- 2290529
TI  - [Peridural analgesia with dexamethasone and thymopentin: influence of the
      hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis].

PMID- 2290531
TI  - [Thoracic surgery and intrapleural analgesia: our experience].

PMID- 2290532
TI  - [Intrapleural analgesia in thoracic surgery: preliminary results].

PMID- 2290533
TI  - [Cerebral flowmetry in the study of headaches].

PMID- 2290534
TI  - [Nimodipine for the treatment of hemiplegic migraine. Description of a clinical
      case].

PMID- 2290535
TI  - [Epidural electrostimulation in the treatment of painful obstructive arteriopathy
      syndromes of the legs].

PMID- 2290536
TI  - [Somatosensory evoked potentials in arteriopathy patients treated with
      electrostimulation of the posterior cord].

PMID- 2290537
TI  - [Analysis of 23 years of activity of a polyvalent resuscitation department at a
      clinical IRCCSS hospital: socioeconomic, ethical and organizational implications
      on the eve of the year 2000].

PMID- 2290538
TI  - [A new system of transportation of critical patients].

PMID- 2290539
TI  - [Incidence of mortality in patients over seventy-five years of age admitted to
      the Intensive Care Unit].

PMID- 2290540
TI  - [Psychophysical stress in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Department. I:
      purpose and method of the study].

PMID- 2290541
TI  - [Psychophysical stress in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Department. II:
      results of a preliminary study].

PMID- 2290542
TI  - [The role of transesophageal echocardiography in intensive care].

PMID- 2290543
TI  - [Oxygen transport-consumption relationship calculated from variables measured by
      the same method].

PMID- 2290544
TI  - [Arterial oxygen status determined by routine blood gas analysis and multiple
      wavelength blood oximeter. Evaluation of a new algorithm in critical patients:
      theory].

PMID- 2290545
TI  - [Oxygen status of arterial blood in critical patients: statistical analysis].

PMID- 2290546
TI  - [Oxygen status of arterial blood in patients in critical intensive care: clinical
      cases].

PMID- 2290547
TI  - [The role of O2 saturation monitoring in patients in critical intensive care].

PMID- 2290548
TI  - [The effect of PEEP in patients with acute respiratory insufficiency with and
      without inflection in the pressure/volume curve].

PMID- 2290549
TI  - [Pulmonary tissue and gas distribution in normal subjects and in patients with
      ARDS: effects of PEEP].

PMID- 2290550
TI  - [Capillary oximetry as an index for determination of the level of positive end
      expiratory pressure (PEEP)].

PMID- 2290551
TI  - [Inspiratory resistance during mechanical ventilation: effect of positive end
      expiratory pressure].

PMID- 2290552
TI  - [Effect of PEEP on respiratory resistance in patients with respiratory
      insufficiency].

PMID- 2290553
TI  - [Continuous positive and negative pressure ventilation in normal subjects].

PMID- 2290554
TI  - [Control of the expiratory pattern during mechanical ventilation].

PMID- 2290555
TI  - [Experience with a combination of mask CPAP and minitracheotomy].

PMID- 2290557
TI  - [Experimental evaluation of a prototype of absolute antibacterial filter as a
      moisture and heat exchanger].

PMID- 2290556
TI  - [Mask CPAP in patients with thoracic trauma].

PMID- 2290558
TI  - [Tracheal stenosis of the congenital type in an adult].

PMID- 2290559
TI  - [Correlation of respiratory function and blood gas analysis in patients with
      obstructive bronchopneumopathy in acute or stabilized chronic phase].

PMID- 2290560
TI  - [Retrospective analysis of 28 patients with chronic bronchopneumopathy (COPD) in
      the decompensation phase treated at the Resuscitation Center].

PMID- 2290561
TI  - [Can the respiratory muscles rest during intermittent negative pressure
      ventilation (INPV) in COPD?].

PMID- 2290563
TI  - [Proposal for a method of evaluation of muscular efficiency in weaning in
      patients with COPD decompensation].

PMID- 2290562
TI  - [Evaluation of traditional parameters and the Morganroth system to monitor the
      weaning process in patients treated with long-term mechanical ventilation].

PMID- 2290565
TI  - [Respiratory resuscitation in AIDS. Experience at a Resuscitation Center].

PMID- 2290566
TI  - [Effects of pretreatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on pulmonary
      ultrastructural alterations induced by oleic acid in sheep].

PMID- 2290564
TI  - [Home artificial ventilation--follow-up of 10 patients].

PMID- 2290567
TI  - [EEG monitoring in intensive therapy].

PMID- 2290568
TI  - [Correlations of clinical and diagnostic-instrumental variables in the prognostic
      function in 2 series of patients in traumatic cerebral coma].

PMID- 2290569
TI  - [Correlation of EEG and the state of consciousness in severe cranial trauma].

PMID- 2290570
TI  - [Spatial mapping of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) in coma patients
      (preliminary data)].

PMID- 2290571
TI  - [Motor evoked potentials (MEP) in cranial trauma].

PMID- 2290572
TI  - [Post-traumatic brain-stem coma: prognostic limitations of evoked potentials].

PMID- 2290574
TI  - [Intracranial dynamics and monitoring of patients with severe acute brain
      injury].

PMID- 2290573
TI  - [BAEPs in the clinical evaluation of coma patients].

PMID- 2290575
TI  - [Oximetry at the jugular bulb as an index of cerebral oxygenation].

PMID- 2290576
TI  - [Post-traumatic coma: therapeutic procedures. Our experience].

PMID- 2290578
TI  - [Incidence of infections at a new General Resuscitation Center. Comparison with
      the previous session].

PMID- 2290577
TI  - [European multicenter study on the prevention of infections in intensive care-
      preliminary phase: Italian data].

PMID- 2290579
TI  - [Complement anaphylotoxins and elastases in sepsis].

PMID- 2290580
TI  - [Hemorrhagic shock and rapid volemic restoration: analysis of infusion systems
      and working proposal].

PMID- 2290581
TI  - [First experience with hepatic transplant in children at the Ospedale Maggiore
      Policlinico of Milan].

PMID- 2290582
TI  - [Major hepatic resection in children: changes in the hepatic function indices].

PMID- 2290583
TI  - [Hemodynamic and respiratory changes in experimental multivisceral
      transplantation].

PMID- 2290584
TI  - [A singular case of Blizzard syndrome diagnosed at the ICU].

PMID- 2290585
TI  - [The role of N-acetylcysteine and forced diuresis in the treatment of Phalloidea
      poisoning: clinical cases].

PMID- 2290586
TI  - [Immediate and protracted (intensive) treatment of near drowning].

PMID- 2290587
TI  - [Mechanical ventilation in hyperbaric environment: experimental evaluation of the
      Drager Hyperlog].

PMID- 2290588
TI  - [Changes in mechanical and metabolic parameters of maximal effort in moderate
      hyperbaric air ].

PMID- 2290589
TI  - [Transcutaneous oximetry during OIT in patients with leg ulcer of various
      etiologies ].

PMID- 2290590
TI  - [The role of hyperbaric oxygenation in treatment of retinal occlusive pathology].

PMID- 2290591
TI  - [Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of mucormycosis].

PMID- 2290592
TI  - [Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for cerebral edema].

PMID- 2290593
TI  - [Controversies and certainties concerning ovarian dysgerminoma].
AB  - In discussing dysgerminoma, the Authors focus their attention on those anatomo
      pathological and therapeutic aspects which are still controversial. With regard
      to the latter, some Authors have suggested conservative therapy, while others
      underline the need for radical surgery followed by physiotherapy. The aim of the
      present study was to focus the attention of specialists in the field on this
      topic, in order to highlight the accepted features of this pathology.

PMID- 2290594
TI  - [Effect of hysterectomy and ovariectomy on the incidence of malignant neoplasms
      of the female genital tract].
AB  - The true risk population for uterine and ovary cancer have been studied,
      according to the prevalence of histerectomy and oophorectomy in the Trieste area
      female population. The calculation of the females at risk for these tumors
      permits to recalculate the incidence rates that are usually underestimated. This
      adjustment increases the rates in all genital tract tumors from 14% to 18%, but
      does not modify the relative frequency per age groups or the incidence in the
      temporal trends. An exception is represented from the uterine corpus cancer in
      which the correction of the population modifies the temporal trend for the age
      group over 60 years. The incidences tend in fact to increase significantly more
      after the adjustment.

PMID- 2290595
TI  - [Occult mammary lesions: preoperative localization. Review of the literature].
AB  - The preoperative localisation of occult mammary lesions can be performed using
      fine needle biopsies, thus limiting esthetic damage in those patients in whom
      histological tests prove the lesion to be benign. Various methods have been
      proposed over the past 20 years. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate
      published data in order to determine which is the most appropriate method in
      terms of simplicity and efficacy.

PMID- 2290596
TI  - [Uterine rupture in modern obstetrics].
AB  - The paper reports 18 cases of womb rupture observed in the Institute of
      Gynecology and Obstetrics at the University of Turin from April 1978 to June
      1988. Following an analysis of the data relating to the above cases, the paper
      concludes that in order to reduce the incidence of womb rupture it is important
      to hospitalize high-risk patients preferably before the start of labour so as to
      intervent using caesarian section.

PMID- 2290597
TI  - [Pathologic conditions related to sterilization in the female].

PMID- 2290598
TI  - [Postoperative radiotherapy in endometrial adenocarcinoma].
AB  - We present the results of the association of surgery and radiotherapy in
      endometrial adenocarcinoma. We have 151 cases of which we know FIGO
      classification, pTNM, histological grading and myometrium infiltration. Follow-up
      is considered between 6 months and 10 years. We report the survival graphic lines
      for a five year period relative to every single prognostic factor.

PMID- 2290599
TI  - [Uterine fibromyoma in pregnancy].
AB  - Data are reported relating to the study of 100 pregnant women, aged between 30
      and 49 years old, effected by one or more fibroma nodules on the body of the
      womb. From an analysis of results, it appears that appropriate obstetric care can
      significantly reduce the risk of both maternal and fetal complications.

PMID- 2290600
TI  - [Clinical study of the efficacy and tolerability of nimesulide in suppositories
      compared to flurbiprofen in gynecology].
AB  - The efficacy and tolerability of nimesulide in a new pharmaceutical suppository
      form were assessed in a double blind study versus flurbiprofen in pain
      inflammatory pathologies of obstetrico-gynecological nature. One hundred patients
      with pelvic inflammatory disease were randomly assigned to treatment with
      nimesulide or flurbiprofen. Both drugs, administered in a dose of 2 suppositories
      a day for 7 days, evidenced speedy, effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory
      activity combined with good tolerability. Specifically, as regards the pain
      component, nimesulide demonstrated a significantly more marked analgesic effect
      than flurbiprofen in the first two hours of treatment.

PMID- 2290601
TI  - [Randomized study of the use of synthetic diosmin in premenstrual and vascular
      dysplastic mastodynia].
AB  - The antalgic effect of synthetic diosmin in 120 patients suffering from vascular
      and premenstrual mastodynia is studied compared to the same number of non-treated
      cases. The therapy has been carried out for one consecutive year. For the same
      period the course of the painful symptomatology, both in the cases treated and in
      the controls, has been checked. For the treated cases a significant decrease of
      the painful symptomatology has been obtained and this decrease was maintained.

PMID- 2290602
TI  - [Fetal nutrition: physiopathology and therapeutic possibilities].
AB  - The paper focuses on problems relating to fetal nutrition and its relation to
      maternal dietary habits. Following a rapid review of the role played by vitamins
      and oligoelements, the therapeutic value of integrating the diet with vitamin
      mineral substances is assessed. The positive action of these substances is
      counterbalanced by the fact that materno-fetal nutritional phenomena pass through
      a pool of biochemical activities which depend on the anatomico-functional
      integrity of the placenta as the necessary condition for therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 2290603
TI  - [A case of right incomplete uterine aplasia with right tubal abortion.
      Etiopathogenic and clinical evaluation].
AB  - The Authors report a case of right tubal abortion diagnosed by ultrasound in the
      sixth week of pregnancy. The operating report of pseudounicorn uterus showed a
      pregnancy in the tubal anlage of the atrophic hemicorn after external migration.

PMID- 2290604
TI  - Postnatal development of the monoamine vesicular transporter in mesencephalic and
      telencephalic regions of the rat brain: a quantitative autoradiographic study
      with [3H]dihydrotetrabenazine.
AB  - [3H]Dihydrotetrabenazine [3H]TBZOH, a high affinity ligand of the monoamine
      vesicular transporter, has been used to study by autoradiography the development
      of monoaminergic synaptic vesicles from birth to adulthood, in the rat brain. The
      study was focused on dopaminergic areas. Binding sites for [3H]TBZOH were already
      detectable in 1-day-old rats, and the affinity for the ligand was identical in
      the striatum of 8-day-old and adult rats. The density of binding sites almost
      attained the adult level at day 20 postnatal in regions rich in dopaminergic cell
      bodies (substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area), as well as in
      the lateral septum. In the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle,
      the increase in binding sites density was progressive from birth to adulthood.
      This increase was more pronounced in the olfactory tubercle.

PMID- 2290605
TI  - Sodium- and bicarbonate-independent regulation of intracellular pH in culture
      mouse astrocytes.
AB  - The intracellular pH (pHi) of cultured mouse astrocytes was measured with double
      barrelled pH-sensitive microelectrodes. In bicarbonate-buffered saline pHi was
      7.05 and in HEPES-buffered saline 6.68. In both solutions H+ was not in
      electrochemical equilibrium; pHi was 0.7-1 pH unit more alkaline than expected
      from passive H+ distribution. Cells were acidified by applying NH4+ and the
      subsequent regulation of pHi was studied in bicarbonate-free saline. The mean
      rate of pHi recovery was 0.2 pH units min-1 which was not changed by amiloride or
      by removal of external Na+. Thus, the cells recovered from an acid load
      independently of Na(+)-H+ exchange, Na(+)-HCO3- cotransport or any other
      bicarbonate- or Na(+)-dependent mechanism.

PMID- 2290606
TI  - Non-quantal acetylcholine release at mouse neuromuscular junction: effects of
      elevated quantal release and aconitine.
AB  - The rate of non-quantal acetylcholine (ACh) release was estimated at the mouse
      neuromuscular junction by observing the effect of (+)-tubocurarine on endplate
      membrane potential or current in preparations pretreated with an irreversible
      anti-acetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE). Voltage clamping was an effective method
      for measuring non-quantal release. Non-quantal release was markedly inhibited by
      10 microM aconitine. Non-quantal release was not significantly increased by 10
      microM dihyroouabain (DHO). (It has been reported that ouabain increases the
      leak). Non-quantal release was roughly doubled following exposure to hypertonic
      solution or to elevated K(+)-solution. This is in accord with the hypothesis that
      the leak is by way of ACh transporters incorporated into the terminal membrane
      following exocytosis, but other interpretations remain to be tested.

PMID- 2290607
TI  - Neuropeptide Y activates inwardly-rectifying K(+)-channels in C-cells of
      amphibian sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is found in the C-cells yet is absent from the B-cells of
      amphibian sympathetic ganglia. The effects of this peptide on both cell types
      were studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique. Although NPY
      had little effect on the B-cells, it opened inwardly-rectifying K(+)-channels in
      C-cells. This effect of the peptide on C-cell K(+)-channels was similar to that
      produced by muscarine and adrenaline and may be related to autoreceptor function.

PMID- 2290608
TI  - Regeneration of retinal axons in grafts of peripheral and central nervous tissue
      in the adult rat.
AB  - Peripheral nerves were autologously grafted to the retinae of adult rats. The
      distal end of the nerves was inserted into fetal tectal tissue placed within
      cortical lesion cavities. Two to 8 months later, anterograde pathway tracing
      using horseradish peroxidase demonstrated retinal axons regenerating along the
      length of the PNS nerve graft in 87% of animals with viable PNS and fetal tectal
      grafts. Of these animals, retinal axons grew into the tectal neuropil in 23% of
      cases but specific innervation of appropriate target regions was not detected.

PMID- 2290609
TI  - Cyclopyrrolones, unlike some benzodiazepines, do not induce physical dependence
      in mice.
AB  - In a model of physical dependence in mice, treatment with cyclopyrrolones such as
      zopiclone and suriclone (from 4 to 400 mg/kg/day), did not modify the sensitivity
      of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor complex to the partial inverse
      agonist FG 7142 following their withdrawal, whereas sensitivity changes were
      observed after treatment and withdrawal from some benzodiazepines (e.g.
      lorazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam and triazolam). These data suggest that, in
      contrast to some benzodiazepines, zopiclone and suriclone may not produce
      physical dependence.

PMID- 2290610
TI  - Opposite changes of dopamine turnover in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens
      after amygdaloid kindling.

PMID- 2290611
TI  - Spatial learning is affected by transient occlusion of common carotid arteries
      (2VO): comparison of behavioural and histopathological changes after '2VO' and
      'four-vessel-occlusion' in rats.
AB  - Place learning in the Morris water maze following transient (24 min) occlusion of
      the common carotid arteries (2VO), and following permanent occlusion of both
      vertebral arteries plus transient (20 min) clamping of the carotids (4VO) was
      investigated in rats 6-9 days after occlusion. Both 2VO and 4VO treatment
      increased the latency to find the hidden platform during escape trials; spatial
      bias, tested in a probe trial, was decreased. Histological analysis revealed
      neural necrosis in the CA1 sector of the hippocampus in 4VO rats but not in 2VO
      animals. The data suggest that an experimentally induced reduction in cerebral
      blood flow of 50% (after 2VO) or 95% (after 4VO) produces persistent functional
      changes even in absence of actual neural damage.

PMID- 2290612
TI  - Gangliosides attenuate the delayed neurotoxicity of aspartic acid in vitro.
AB  - The neurotoxic effects of L-aspartate were evaluated in rat cerebellar granule
      cell cultures. Acute (15 min) exposure to L-aspartate produced a time-dependent,
      delayed degeneration of neuronal cell bodies and neurites (LD50 about 40 microM)
      over 24 h. Aspartate neurotoxicity was prevented by competitive and non
      competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, but not by non-NMDA
      antagonists, suggesting a major involvement of NMDA receptors in this neuronal
      injury. Gangliosides, including GM1, were also effective in attenuating the
      cytotoxicity of L-aspartate. The neurotoxic potential of L-aspartate may thus
      contribute to pathologies involving the action of endogenous excitatory amino
      acids.

PMID- 2290613
TI  - Effects of enucleations and visual deprivation on adenosine A1 and A2 receptor
      binding in superior colliculus of rat.
AB  - Adenosine receptors of A1 and A2 subtypes on retino-collicular projections in rat
      were studied using [3H]cyclohexyladenosine ([3H]CHA), [3H]N
      ethylcarboxamidoadenosine ([3H]NECA), and [3H]CGS 21680. Unilateral enucleation
      significantly reduced by 51% [3H]CHA binding to A1 sites, and by 42% the A1
      component of [3H]NECA binding in contralateral SC. The binding of [3H]CGS 21680
      and [3H]NECA to A2 sites was not significantly affected by enucleation
      procedures. No significant reductions in adenosine receptor binding were observed
      in SC from rats exposed to a dark environment for three weeks. The reductions in
      A1 but not A2 adenosine receptor binding strongly suggests that A1 sites are
      presynaptically located on retinal projections and are vulnerable to
      deafferentiation-, but not visual deprivation-induced decreases.

PMID- 2290614
TI  - A10 somatodendritic dopamine autoreceptor sensitivity following withdrawal from
      repeated cocaine treatment.
AB  - The mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) pathway is known to be involved in both the
      rewarding properties of cocaine and in behavioral sensitization to its locomotor
      stimulating effects. We investigated changes in DA neurons in this pathway
      following withdrawal from repeated cocaine treatment. Rats were injected with 10
      mg/kg cocaine or 1 ml/kg saline twice daily for 14 days. One day, 4 days and 8
      days after treatment, inhibition of cell firing by the DA agonist apomorphine was
      measured in DA neurons using in vivo single cell recording techniques. As
      previously reported, the somatodendritic autoreceptor appeared subsensitive one
      day after treatment. This autoreceptor subsensitivity persisted four days, but
      not eight days, after treatment. Although not a persistent alteration,
      autoreceptor subsensitivity may be necessary to trigger other permanent changes
      involved in behavioral sensitization.

PMID- 2290615
TI  - Postural muscle onset and voluntary movement in the elderly.
AB  - In young and elderly subjects, push and pull arm movements were executed during
      sitting or standing, under both simple reaction (SR) and choice reaction (CR)
      conditions. The combined reaction time (RT) results showed that CRT was larger
      than SRT in both groups. While sitting, the young group exhibited only slight
      change in RT, whereas the elderly group showed sizeable RT decrease. During
      standing, for the SR condition, the elderly's RTs were slightly slower than the
      young's; in contrast, for the CR condition, the elderly's RTs were substantially
      slower. Further, when the activation of ankle-stabilizer muscles was examined, it
      was found that postural muscle onset was essentially the same under both
      conditions. Focal-muscle onset and reaction time, under the choice condition,
      however, was sensitive to age-related differences. When these data are taken
      together, they suggest that the elderly may have an impaired postural system
      which is slow to stabilize the body prior to movement initiation.

PMID- 2290616
TI  - Synapses upon the axon origin of dorsal horn neurons in the rat spinal cord.
AB  - Axon terminals synapsing with axon hillocks or origins of Golgi-impregnated and
      gold-toned neurons in the dorsal horn of the rat were shown in serial electron
      micrographs. Synapses occurred irrespective of the site (perikaryon or dendrite)
      and mode (with or without an axon hillock) of the axon origin. The synapsing axon
      terminals contained 3 populations of vesicles: pleomorphic and flattened synaptic
      vesicles and a combination of pleomorphic and dense-core vesicles. The membrane
      thickening in the axon-axon hillock synapses was of the symmetrical type.

PMID- 2290618
TI  - Systemic glutamate induces degeneration of a subpopulation of serotonin
      immunoreactive neurons in the area postrema of rats.
AB  - Neuronal damage in the area postrema (AP) of adult Sprague-Dawley rats was
      induced by subcutaneous administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG; 9 mg/g
      b.wt.). Serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) neurons were visualized in the AP 3 h
      or 7 days after control or MSG treatment. At 3 h post MSG, many 5-HT-IR neurons
      showed morphological signs of degeneration, such as, cytoplasmic vacuolization,
      chromatin clumping and dendritic hypertrophy. MSG treatment caused a 30%
      reduction of detectable AP 5-HT neurons after 7 days. We conclude that a
      subpopulation of serotonergic neurons in the AP is sensitive to the
      neuroexcitotoxic effect of systemic glutamate.

PMID- 2290617
TI  - Involvement of AChergic systems in chlordiazepoxide induced impairment of passive
      avoidance response.
AB  - The chlordiazepoxide (CDP)-induced impairment of the passive avoidance response
      was attenuated by Ro 15-4513, a benzodiazepine inverse agonist, physostigmine and
      scopolamine at low doses. In a biochemical approach, CDP increased, but Ro 15
      4513 decreased the acetylcholine (ACh) levels of cerebral cortex. After the
      training of passive avoidance, the ACh levels in the hippocampus and cerebral
      cortex decreased. This change disappeared by pretraining administration of CDP.
      These results suggest that the effect of CDP on the passive avoidance response
      was related to AChergic neuronal systems.

PMID- 2290619
TI  - Identification of GABAergic amacrine cell-like neurons developing in chick
      retinal monolayer cultures.
AB  - Purified neuronal monolayer cultures were prepared from embryonic chick retinae.
      Using immunocytochemistry for GABA and autoradiographic demonstration of
      [3H]muscimol uptake as markers, approximately 32% of the cells were identified as
      putative in vitro counterparts of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic)
      amacrine cells. Whole cell patch clamp recordings revealed close similarities
      between identified [3H]GABA accumulating neurons in culture and amacrine cells
      recorded in retinal slices, with respect to voltage-dependent membrane currents
      and to ion channels gated by exitatory (N-methyl-D-aspartate, kainate,
      quisqualate, glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA, glycine) amino acid agonists. The
      results demonstrate that retinal neurons are able to differentiate in dissociated
      retinal cultures. Such cultures may thus serve as a model system to study
      development and function of CNS neurons.

PMID- 2290620
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of endopeptidase-24.11 in the nucleus tractus
      solitarius of the rat brain.
AB  - Recently, it has been hypothesized that the N-terminal portion of substance P
      (SP), SP(1-7), which results from the action of endopeptidase 24.11
      (EC3.4.24.11), could be involved in mediating the depressor effects of
      baroreceptor afferent activation via its action on cells in the nucleus tractus
      solitarius (NTS). In this study, the binding of a monoclonal antibody to
      endopeptidase 24.11 was examined immunohistochemically at the level of the caudal
      medulla of the rat brain. By light microscopy, intense immunoreactivity was seen
      in the NTS, in fibers bordering the area postrema, and in the area postrema
      itself. After electron microscopy, endopeptidase 24.11-like immunoreactivity was
      seen to be associated with the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane in axons,
      dendrites and glial processes. Antigen was also associated with synaptic vesicles
      and plasma membranes in presynaptic terminals forming mainly axo-dendritic
      synapses typical of vagal afferent terminals involved in the baroreceptor reflex.
      Thus, endopeptidase 24.11 appears to be localized at sites where it could
      effectively process SP prior to its binding to postsynaptic receptors.

PMID- 2290621
TI  - In vivo recovery of Schwann cell-neuronal interactions altered by nerve growth
      factor suppression in the rat.
AB  - Recovery of Schwann cell-neuronal interactions altered by suppression of
      endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) with antibodies to NGF (anti-NGF) was
      determined by morphometric analysis of unmyelinated and myelinated sensory fibers
      in the T9 dorsal roots in 3 groups of animals: (1) rats one week after cessation
      of anti-NGF treatment (anti-NGF + 1WK), (2) rats given antibodies to NGF (anti
      NGF) and (3) untreated same age littermates (UNTR). The results indicate that (1)
      recovery of normal myelination begins within one week of cessation of anti-NGF
      treatment for small caliber fibers and (2) the observed results of anti-NGF
      treatment on Schwann cell-neuronal interactions were due to anti-NGF treatment
      and were not an indirect effect of a general diseased state.

PMID- 2290622
TI  - Competitive substrate inhibition in the histochemistry of cholinesterase activity
      in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - We used acetylcholine and butyrylcholine to competitively inhibit the cleavage of
      acetylthiocholine or butyrylthiocholine in plaques and tangles of Alzheimer's
      disease. Butyrylcholine was much more effective than acetylcholine in reducing
      the histochemical reaction for acetylcholinesterase not only in neuronal fibers,
      but also in plaques and tangles. This is in keeping with biochemical data on
      acetylcholinesterase and supports the existence of true acetylcholinesterase
      activity within plaques and tangles. However, 2-4 times higher acetylcholine and
      buturylcholine concentrations were necessary to inhibit the plaque and tangle
      bound enzyme. Together with the previously reported different pH optima, this
      suggests that the plaque- and tangle-bound acetylcholinesterase may represent an
      altered form of this enzyme.

PMID- 2290623
TI  - Corticobulbar projections to upper and lower facial motoneurons. A study by
      magnetic transcranial stimulation in man.
AB  - To investigate the human corticofacial projections, we recorded the compound
      motor potentials and single motor unit potentials evoked by magnetic transcranial
      stimulation, in the frontalis and lower facial muscles of healthy subjects.
      Potentials secondary to activation of the corticobulbar tract were contralateral
      in lower and bilateral in upper facial muscles. Even though the latency of
      responses was longer than would be expected for direct cortico-motoneuronal
      connections, these cannot be excluded either for lower or upper facial
      motoneurons.

PMID- 2290624
TI  - Alterations in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the upper
      dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord in the course of transganglionic degenerative
      atrophy and regenerative proliferation.
AB  - Transection of a peripheral nerve induces marked increase in the glial fibrillary
      acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral, segmentally related
      upper dorsal horn. Increase of GFAP immunoreaction is similar to, but not
      identical with, that observed after dorsal rhizotomy. If the peripheral nerve
      succeeds in regenerating, GFAP immunoreactivity in the upper dorsal horn returns
      to normal. It is concluded that the amount and distribution of GFAP is determined
      by transganglionic degenerative atrophy. Wallerian degeneration and regenerative
      proliferation of dorsal root axon terminals, respectively.

PMID- 2290625
TI  - Significance of dopamine receptor antagonists in human postural control.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different dopamine
      receptor antagonists on the function of proprioceptive reflex mechanisms involved
      in the regulation of stance and gait. Haloperidol as preferential D2 and the
      'pure' dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride significantly reduced the level
      of the reflex response in the gastrocnemius muscle following backward
      perturbation. Flupentixol, however, which in addition blocks D1 receptors, had no
      effect on compensatory gastrocnemius EMG responses. Furthermore, neither the
      peripherally acting dopamine D2 receptor antagonist domperidon nor the sedative
      diazepam had any significant influence on this functionally essential reflex
      mechanism. None of the drugs tested had a significant effect on the tibialis
      anterior responses elicited following forward perturbation. It is concluded that
      the reduced stretch sensitivity of the gastrocnemius (but not that of the
      tibialis anterior) during perturbations of stance described for parkinsonian
      patients corresponds to these results and arises from an impaired function of
      central dopamine D2 receptors.

PMID- 2290626
TI  - Intracellular Mg2+ modulates the A-current and its blockage by catechol in
      isolated Lymnaea neurons.
AB  - The effects of intracellular Mg2+ (2-8 mM) upon the transient outward current
      (the A-current) under normal conditions and under catechol-induced blockage were
      studied in molluscan neurons by using the voltage-clamp and intracellular
      dialysis techniques. Identified giant Lymnaea stagnalis L. neurons were
      investigated at room temperature (20-22 degrees C). When applied intracellularly,
      Mg2+ caused both time- and dose-dependent shifts of the voltage dependence of the
      steady-state activation and inactivation of the A-current to more negative
      membrane potentials. Upon external application, catechol suppressed (5-6 mM) or
      eliminated (9-10 mM) the A-currents, slowed down the current decay and shifted
      the activation and inactivation curves to more positive membrane voltages.
      Intracellular Mg2+ decreased the blocking ability of extracellularly applied
      catechol, whereas catechol antagonized the Mg2(+)-induced negative shift of the
      steady-state activation and inactivation curves of the A-currents.

PMID- 2290627
TI  - Distribution of valves in the great saphenous vein; its clinical implications.
AB  - The number and distribution of valves were examined in 26 great saphenous veins.
      The number of valves per vein ranged from 3 to 11 with an average of 6.7. The
      valves tended to be concentrated in two segments; one within 10 cm from the
      sapheno-femoral junction, and the other between 35 cm and 45 cm from the sapheno
      femoral junction. More than 55% of the valves were located in these two segments.
      This fact should be taken into account when obtaining vein segments in graft
      operations.

PMID- 2290628
TI  - Position of the sapheno-femoral junction; to what extent is ideal "in situ"
      saphenous vein graft possible?
AB  - The relative position of the sapheno-femoral junction (SFJ) with respect to the
      origin of the arterial trunk from which the deep femoral artery arises was
      examined. Among 47 SFJ's, 9 (19%) were located at a proximal level to the
      arterial trunk, another 9 (19%) were located at an equal level to the trunk, and
      the remaining 29 (62%) were located at a distal level to the trunk. "In situ"
      saphenous vein graft for occlusion of the femoral artery is best indicated when
      the SFJ is located proximal to the arterial trunk. Our results suggested that
      such cases are encountered in as few as 19% of patients.

PMID- 2290629
TI  - Is vertebral artery passage through the foramen transversarium related to
      axillary artery perforation into the brachial plexus?
AB  - Matching examinations between the level of axillary artery perforation into the
      brachial plexus and the level of vertebral artery passage through the foramen
      transversarium were performed on 42 sides in 21 cadavers. As a result, it became
      clear that the two levels vary independently of each other.

PMID- 2290630
TI  - Microvascular architecture of the enamel organ of the upper major incisor in the
      rabbit.
AB  - The ultrastructure of the ameloblasts in the rabbit major incisor was
      investigated previously by Okada (1983) and the amelogenetic process was
      classified into six zones/stages. The present paper deals with changes in the
      microvascular architecture and ultrastructure of the blood capillaries in
      proportion to the amelogenetic process in the upper major incisor of the rabbit
      utilizing the acryl plastic injection method. Three different vascular layers
      were observed in the periodontal spaces of the major incisor of the rabbit. The
      inner vascular network consisted of a capillary network supplying the enamel
      organ and its meshes have vigorously changed during the amelogenesis. The
      capillary network was observed to be in the shape of a ladder with a continuous
      wall in the proliferation zone, to appear as round meshes with a fenestrated wall
      in the differentiation zone, as polygonal meshes with abundant fenestrations in
      the secretion zone, as ovoid meshes with fenestrations in the early maturation
      zone, and finally as coarse and avoid meshes with a continuous wall again in the
      late maturation and regression zones. In the intermediate layer, arterioles and
      venules were located close to the capillary network, and the arterioles were
      derived from the short and long branches of the anterior superior alveolar
      artery. In the outer layer, a sinusoid network was observed to be in contact with
      the alveolar wall and received blood from the capillary network as well as venous
      vessels in the alveolar bone. The ladder-shaped capillary network mentioned above
      was thought to represent an intermediate form towards the succeeding zone, in
      which the round meshes may be suitable for supplying the nutrient elements that
      are needed in the differentiation of the inner enamel epithelial cells. The
      polygonal and ovoid meshes may be favorable for the transport of various
      necessary metabolic materials that are involved in the enamel ground substance
      formation and calcium deposition within a very short period.

PMID- 2290631
TI  - Fluid-path in the mandible and maxilla.
AB  - We examined fluid-paths in the maxilla and mandible of the dog, and compared them
      with Kihara's extravascular fluid-path-system. Areolar tissue is formed in the
      walls of the Volkmann's and Haversian canals. This tissue is composed of
      collagenous and reticular fibers. Kihara confirmed the collagenous fibers were
      encircled, however we could not ascertain whether they were encircled or not. We
      have compared the paths in the walls of the Volkmann's and Haversian canals with
      Kihara's fluid paths, and found the paths in the bone do not belong to the
      category of Kihara's paths. Namely, the term "extravascular fluid path" should
      not be applied to the areolar tissue in the bone. We suggest the term "fluid
      path" for this tissue in the bone. The areolar tissue in the walls of the
      Volkmann's and Haversian canals and endosteum communicate with one another. We
      call them collectively endosteum. Yoshikawa called the areolar tissue in the
      Volkmann's and Haversian canals perivasculare lymsphraume. However, this
      designation is inadequate considering the actual characteristics of this tissue.

PMID- 2290632
TI  - Immunohistochemical study of S-100 protein in the bovine lymph node and spleen.
AB  - Immunohistochemistry using anti-bovine S-100 protein serum was examined in the
      bovine lymph node and spleen. In the lymph node, immunoreactivity was found in
      endothelial cells of lymph vessels and in endothelial and reticular cells of the
      sinuses. In the spleen, immunoreactivity was observed in endothelial cells of the
      trabecular artery, central artery, penicillar artery, sheathed artery, terminal
      capillary, trabecular vein and lymph vessel. In addition, the follicular
      dendritic cells in germinal centers both of the lymph node and spleen were
      stained with S-100 protein. These findings suggest that S-100 protein of the
      vascular systems may be related to the flow of lymph and blood.

PMID- 2290633
TI  - Pecten of the chick eye demonstrated by vascular casts.
AB  - Vascular casts demonstrated the capillary network and characteristic features of
      the inner surface of the capillaries in the chick pecten oculi. Pecten
      capillaries anastomosed free with each other to form a complicated network of
      many layers of capillaries. The capillary diameter varied from capillary to
      capillary, and sometimes ampulla-like features were seen. Numerous pores in the
      casts of the capillaries corresponded to endothelial processes. Pits represented
      of nuclear imprints. These scanning electron microscopic findings in vascular
      casts were not incompatible with those seen by transmission electron microscopy.

PMID- 2290634
TI  - Effect of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on human dental enamel.
AB  - The crystallographic alterations of the hydroxyapatite under the laser
      irradiation were evaluated by the x-ray diffraction pattern analysis and scanning
      electron microscopic observation. Recrystallization may occur in fused and
      resolidified dental enamel by the pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiation. Two different
      grades of energy densities such as 400 pulses and 800 pulses were given to the
      powdered enamel. The irradiation was performed at a peak power of 500W with a
      pulse width of 10 msec.; the average output of 10W, spot size of 3mm and two
      pulses were given in every second. After the 800 pulses of Nd:YAG laser
      irradiation to the human dental enamel the x-ray diffraction pattern demonstrated
      both alpha-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite peaks. With the lower level of
      energy at 400 pulses, no significant differences were seen in the diffraction
      patterns between lased and unlased enamel. In scanning electron microscopic
      findings, there were no significant changes between lased and unlased enamel.
      When the unlased and lased enamel were exposed to acid solution, unlased enamel
      showed a honeycomb pattern, while the lased enamel showed preferentially removed
      prism core material.

PMID- 2290635
TI  - Morphology of the tracheobronchial tree of the Ganges river dolphin (Platanista
      gangetica).
AB  - To contribute to the phylogenetic evaluation of the river dolphin, the morphology
      of the tracheobronchial tree of the Ganges river dolphin was analyzed according
      to Nakakuki's fundamental bronchial tree model of mammals. In the right lung, the
      bronchial tree consists of the tracheal bronchus, five lateral series bronchi,
      three dorsal series bronchi and one ventral series bronchus. In the left lung, it
      consists of five lateral series bronchi, four dorsal series bronchi and one
      ventral series bronchus. In the Ganges river dolphin, the tracheal bronchus
      corresponds to type III of Nakakuki's nomenclature. This characteristic is of
      especial interest in light of the fact that the Ganges river dolphin has a
      forestomach as do Artiodactyla.

PMID- 2290636
TI  - Prevention of dry socket: an overview.
AB  - Dentists, exodontists, oral surgeons, and now oral and maxillofacial surgeons
      have been plagued with a postextraction complication, commonly known as "dry
      socket," since the inception of our profession. Other designations that have been
      attached to this malady over the years include alveolar osteitis, postextraction
      osteitis, osteomyelitic syndrome, alveolar sicca dolorosa, and, latterly,
      fibrinolytic alveolitis. Myriad attempts to eliminate this painful condition have
      been made, to no avail. Nonetheless, significant progress has been made in an
      endeavor to reduce its incidence. Perhaps it is time to take an inventory of the
      proven methods that will assist the practitioner in reducing the incidence of
      this complication in his/her practice. This article presents a review of past
      investigations that appear to have merit in this regard, with a summary of
      recommendations at the conclusion of the article.

PMID- 2290638
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a single crystal sapphire tooth implant in human beings.
AB  - Single crystal sapphire implants are commercially prepared ceramics of aluminum
      oxide. These endosseous implants have been placed in patients at Washington
      University since 1978. The course of patients has been followed closely with
      periodic clinical and radiographic evaluations. Sapphire is well tolerated by
      hard and soft tissue and provides excellent abutments for fixed partial dentures.

PMID- 2290637
TI  - A comparison of midazolam with and without nalbuphine for intravenous sedation.
AB  - The introduction of nalbuphine to intravenous sedation with midazolam added
      little to the quality of sedation for short operative procedures. There was a
      greater tendency for patients who received nalbuphine and midazolam to sleep in
      the afternoon after treatment compared with those who received only midazolam.
      Significantly more patients had nausea and vomiting in the midazolam/nalbuphine
      group than did patients in the midazolam-only group.

PMID- 2290639
TI  - Effects of removing inferior alveolar neurovascular structures on mandibular
      growth and the eruption of permanent dentition in puppies.
AB  - Investigation was performed on the effects of removing the inferior alveolar
      neurovascular structures on the permanent dentition and mandibular growth. Five
      puppies with erupted deciduous teeth had the inferior alveolar neurovascular
      structures removed unilaterally. When the test animals were 28 weeks old,
      examination revealed that the deciduous teeth on the side operated had exfoliated
      but permanent teeth did not replace them. On the other hand, the permanent teeth
      on the side not operated on replaced the exfoliated deciduous teeth. After a
      second period of 28 weeks, the germs of the permanent teeth on the side operated
      on were still buried in the mandibular bone, and the permanent teeth on the side
      not operated on erupted normally. Mandibular measurements demonstrated that
      translative and transformative growth and developmental processes were normal in
      both the sides operated on and the sides not operated on.

PMID- 2290640
TI  - Unusual treatment of an aggressive polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with a 3-year
      follow-up.

PMID- 2290642
TI  - A very large maxillary cuspid.
AB  - This brief report describes an extracted maxillary permanent cuspid tooth that is
      longer than any previously reported human tooth. This tooth was removed from a
      patient of short stature.

PMID- 2290641
TI  - Orofacial odontogenic infections: review of microbiology and current treatment.
AB  - Orofacial odontogenic infections are common. Current evidence indicates that
      anaerobes play a major role in these infections and that the most common
      microbial isolates are Bacteroides, fusobacteria, peptococci, and
      peptostreptococci as well as some viridans streptococci. Drainage must be
      established where possible. Penicillin is still the drug of first choice for
      therapy, with metronidazole a good alternative. Nevertheless, not all clinicians
      are aware of current views and, therefore, this article is a state-of-the-art
      review for the practicing clinician of the microbiology and antimicrobial therapy
      of orofacial odontogenic infections.

PMID- 2290643
TI  - Malignant melanoma of the oral cavity. A case report.
AB  - The oral cavity is a rare location for the development of primary malignant
      melanoma. Less than 2% of all malignant melanomas develop in the region. A case
      report is presented, illustrating the management in the site of the palate,
      together with a review of the relevant literature.

PMID- 2290644
TI  - Oral lichen planus: the clinical, historical, and therapeutic features of 100
      cases.
AB  - Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory epidermal and mucosal disease, the cause
      of which is poorly understood. We reviewed the clinical and historic features of
      100 patients referred to our clinic for diagnosis and management of lichen
      planus. The age, gender, chief complaint, duration of the chief complaint,
      medical history, medications, and clinical findings were recorded. Past
      therapeutic modalities were reviewed. Of therapeutic significance, 25 patients
      with oral lichen planus had a secondary oral candidiasis. Management of
      symptomatic lichen planus with topical and systemic steroid is discussed. The
      pharmacology of topical and systemic steroid usage and the rationale for
      treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2290646
TI  - A comparison of the signs of temporomandibular joint dysfunction and occlusal
      discrepancies in a symptom-free population of men and women.
AB  - To date, there has been no conclusive explanation for the predominance of female
      patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. The purpose of this
      study was to survey a normal population without symptoms for the presence of
      certain putative signs of TMJ dysfunction in association with certain signs of
      occlusal discrepancy and to determine the presence of any gender variation. The
      subjects (217 men and 217 women) were examined for the presence of three putative
      signs of TMJ dysfunction: limited mandibular opening (under 37 mm), deviation on
      opening, and joint sounds. The subjects were also examined for the presence of
      four signs of occlusal discrepancy: an anterior slide from centric relation (CR)
      to centric occlusion (CO), lateral slide from CR to CO, nonworking occlusal
      contacts, and working disclusive contacts distal to the canines. CR is the
      mandibular position at which the condyles are in their most superior position on
      the posterior aspect of the articular tubercles. CO is the mandibular position at
      which the mandibular and maxillary teeth are in maximum intercuspation. There
      were no significant differences in the prevalence of the putative signs of TMJ
      dysfunction and occlusal discrepancy between men and women. It was concluded that
      factors other than the presence of these signs of TMJ dysfunction and occlusal
      discrepancy are responsible for the high predominance of female patients with TMJ
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2290645
TI  - Candidal infection in oral lichen planus.
AB  - The prevalence of candidal infection in lichen planus (LP) and its possible
      association with ulceration were independently examined in two archived series of
      108 and 77 cases derived from two separate populations. To ensure that similar
      material was being compared, each case was histopathologically reassessed and
      confirmed as LP or reclassified as nonspecific lichenoid stomatitis (NSLS),
      lichenoid dysplasia (LD), or other (O). Three further sections, cut at 25 microns
      intervals, were stained with periodic acid-Schiff reagent for the identification
      of intraepithelial candidal pseudohyphae. As control specimens, 61 normal and 59
      hyperkeratotic mucosal samples were similarly processed and examined. Candidal
      infection was found in 17.4% and 16.4% of ulcerated and nonulcerated LP cases,
      respectively, and in 40.0% and 16.7% of ulcerated and nonulcerated NSLS cases,
      respectively. One case of LD was infected. Each control series contained one
      infected case. The results indicate that candidal infection occurs more readily
      in LP and NSLS, with no apparent association with ulceration in LP. The
      comparatively marked increase in the infection prevalence of ulcerated NSLS
      cannot be statistically confirmed, and its significance remains uncertain.

PMID- 2290647
TI  - Grinspan's syndrome: a drug-induced phenomenon?
AB  - Three cases of apparently drug-induced Grinspan's syndrome involving the triad of
      oral lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension are reported. Because
      drug therapy for diabetes mellitus and hypertension is capable of producing
      lichenoid reactions of the oral mucosa, the question arises as to whether
      Grinspan's syndrome is an iatrogenically induced syndrome.

PMID- 2290648
TI  - Oral cancer: a survey of 566 cases from the University of Connecticut Oral
      Pathology Biopsy Service, 1975-1986.
AB  - A survey of the University of Connecticut Oral Pathology Biopsy Service was
      undertaken to analyze cases of oral cancer accessioned during the 12-year period,
      1975 through 1986 inclusive. Of 33,429 total specimens accessioned, there were
      546 malignant oral neoplasms diagnosed and reported. Sixty-five (11.5%)
      originated from out of state. Invasive intraoral squamous cell carcinoma was the
      predominant tumor (69.7% of total), whereas lip cancer constituted only 2.8% of
      all malignancies. Minor salivary gland adenocarcinomas accounted for 11% of total
      malignancies whereas verrucous carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, and miscellaneous
      other forms of oral cancer accounted for the remainder (4.6%, 5.3%, and 6.6%,
      respectively). Cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma were further analyzed by
      year, sex distribution, location subsite, age at diagnosis, and histologic grade.
      With the exception of histologic grading, we found that the characterization of
      cases of squamous cell carcinoma within the biopsy service tended to parallel
      results from a separate but related statewide analysis of both oral cancer and
      intraoral squamous cell carcinoma from Connecticut over a much longer time span.
      We concluded that the picture of oral cancer as characterized by cases within the
      University of Connecticut Oral Pathology Biopsy Service is generally reflective
      of the disease on a statewide level.

PMID- 2290649
TI  - Pathologic characteristics of human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-related
      extranodal orofacial lymphomas.
AB  - Eleven cases of extranodal orofacial lymphomas (EOFL), consisting of four HTLV
      related and seven HTLV-unrelated EOFL, were investigated with respect to the
      immunohistochemical and clinical features. HTLV-related EOFL were of T-cell
      phenotype and were associated with a poorer prognosis than HTLV-unrelated EOFL,
      most of which were of B-cell origin. The appearance of giant cells with
      cerebriform nuclei was helpful in identifying HTLV-related EOFL. The relatively
      high incidence of T-cell type EOFL in our series was considered to be related to
      the high percentage of HTLV carriers in our district, an area endemic for adult T
      cell leukemia-lymphoma.

PMID- 2290650
TI  - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma of the tongue.
AB  - A case of posterior tongue lymphoma associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)
      that occurred as a lesion in the lingual dorsal portion is reported in a 64-year
      old woman. Initially, a diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma was considered as no
      findings associated with ATL except lymphadenopathy and serum anti-ATLA
      antibodies were present. Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy were administered
      with favorable results; however, 4 months later, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
      developed, and 2 months later, generalized lymphadenopathy and hypercalcemia
      evolved. At this time, a diagnosis of ATL was made. The patient died of renal
      dysfunction 6 months after the initial presentation. In suspected cases of ATL
      and malignant diseases of T-cell lineage, namely, malignant lymphoma and mycosis
      fungoides, the presence of HTLV-1 infection should be confirmed by testing for
      anti-ATLA antibodies.

PMID- 2290651
TI  - Peripheral ameloblastoma with clear cell differentiation.
AB  - This report details a case of mandibular peripheral ameloblastoma having a clear
      cell component. The latter consisted of ovoid cells with vacuolated or clear
      cytoplasm and vesicular or pyknotic nuclei that may be disposed as discrete
      clusters or show direct transition from typical acanthomatous areas. Comparison
      of this lesion with other odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumors that contain
      clear cells is discussed in the context of the differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2290652
TI  - Intracoronal radiolucencies within unerupted teeth. Case report and review of
      literature.
AB  - A panoramic radiograph obtained during orthodontic treatment revealed an
      intracoronal radiolucency within an unerupted permanent second molar. This
      unusual entity was successfully treated by surgical and endodontic intervention,
      followed by restorative and orthodontic treatment. These treatments enabled the
      tooth to maintain pulpal vitality, erupt, complete root formation, and function.
      This report will review the proposed etiologies for this condition, discuss the
      need for surgical intervention, and present the details of the case.

PMID- 2290654
TI  - The radiographic density of composite restorative resins.
AB  - The radiodensities of enamel, dentin, aluminum, and 14 modern composite resins at
      thicknesses of 1 to 4 mm were compared. Nine of the 14 composites were radiopaque
      with respect to that of aluminum. Radiolucent lesions or voids were simulated by
      cutting grooves 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm deep in aluminum stepwedge blocks,
      superimposing stepwedges of the radiopaque composites over the blocks, and
      radiographing the combination. It was found that only five of the nine radiopaque
      composite materials possessed radiodensities that permitted clear radiographic
      detection of the smaller defects.

PMID- 2290653
TI  - A comparison of two temporary restorations: light-cured resin versus a self
      polymerizing temporary restoration.
AB  - Temporary restorative materials are an important component of endodontic therapy.
      They must both adequately seal the access preparation between visits and protect
      the obturated canal(s) from microleakage until a permanent restoration can be
      placed. The efficacy of Cavit and T.E.R.M. (a new light-cured composite product)
      was compared with the use of a carbon black coronal microleakage protocol. The
      teeth examined had previously received coronal restorations. After the teeth were
      accessed, restored with Cavit or T.E.R.M., and exposed to the dye, they were
      cleared. Three-dimensional assessment then revealed that Cavit more consistently
      provided an effective seal. In addition, a great deal of microleakage was
      observed around the permanent restoration-tooth interface. This indicates that
      perhaps leaking permanent restorations should be removed in their entirety before
      initiation of endodontic treatment.

PMID- 2290655
TI  - Radiopacity of glass ionomer dental materials.
AB  - The radiopacity of glass ionomer dental materials is quite variable. The use of a
      poorly radiopaque material as a base under other restorative materials can
      mislead the dentist to a diagnosis of recurrent decay. This study investigates
      the radiopacity of these materials and proposes a minimal radiopacity under which
      a material should not be used as a base or liner. All base, liner, and core
      formulations of glass ionomer under investigation were more radiopaque than
      dentin. All restorative and luting formulations of glass ionomer under
      investigation were less radiopaque than dentin and therefore should be avoided as
      bases or liners.

PMID- 2290656
TI  - Radiographic detection of recurrent carious lesions associated with composite
      restorations.
AB  - The greatest potential problem associated with posterior composite restoration is
      secondary caries detection. It is essential that secondary caries is detected as
      early as possible to enhance the prognosis for a successful treatment outcome.
      This laboratory study evaluated the optimum level of radiopacity of composite
      materials for radiographic detection of secondary carious lesions associated with
      composite materials. Results indicated that for the radiologic detection of
      secondary caries, it is sufficient for composite materials to have the same level
      of radiopacity as enamel.

PMID- 2290657
TI  - Dens invaginatus with partial coronal agenesis.

PMID- 2290658
TI  - Unusual radiographic root morphology.

PMID- 2290659
TI  - Idiopathic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis mimicking retained root tip.

PMID- 2290660
TI  - Stent-aided imaging for osseointegrated implants.

PMID- 2290661
TI  - Sagittal fracture of the head of the mandibular condyle.

PMID- 2290663
TI  - "Megalith".

PMID- 2290662
TI  - Bilaterally missing coronoids.

PMID- 2290664
TI  - [Specific features of osteosynthesis using a pivotal compression-distraction
      apparatus].
AB  - The article is devoted to the analysis of 5-year-long application experience of
      the rod-based apparatus with external fixation. The apparatus have been developed
      at the institute named after prof. M. I. Sitenko. Certain advantages and
      indications for rod-fixation in traumatology have been substantiated. In urgent
      traumatology the apparatus made the best showing in treatment of the open
      fractures. Possibility of these apparatus application as the treatment-and
      transportation immobilization facilities in case of mass entrance of victims has
      been demonstrated. Rod-based apparatus are widely used for fixation in case of
      correcting osteotomies, limb stretching (especially of the femoral segment) in
      children as well as for fixation of the instable spine damages. Complications in
      case of rod application manifest themselves as suppuration of the soft tissues
      and osteomyelitis. But their number is lower as compared with the wire apparatus
      application.

PMID- 2290666
TI  - [Surgical treatment of injuries of the long flexor tendon of the 1st finger].
AB  - The results of the surgical treatment of 74 patients with damages of long flexor
      tendon of the I-st finger of hand justify application of different methods of
      restorative therapy depending on the level and term of trauma, 30 perfect, 25
      good, 17 satisfactory and 2 bad results have been registered. Adequate
      restoration of thumb bending function following transposition of the surface
      flexor tendon of the III finger was observed that allowed the authors to draw a
      conclusion on expediency of application of this method in inveterate cases with
      flexor functional failure.

PMID- 2290665
TI  - [Combined osteosynthesis using biocompatible polymer fixators in the treatment of
      tubular bone fractures].
AB  - In the paper, apart from the results of clinical application of biocompatible
      polymeric fixatives, are presented the detailed characteristics of physical and
      mechanical properties of polymeric rods, indicated prospects for development of
      the following generations of biocompatible polymeric fixatives, exhibiting not
      only high strength but therapeutic activity as well due to incorporation of
      different medicinal substances as components of the polymeric base composition.
      The authors present detailed description of the combined osteosynthesis methods
      on a basis of use of biocompatible polymeric fixatives according to the fracture
      localization, period of time elapsed since the moment of trauma etc., analyze the
      remote results of the treatment.

PMID- 2290668
TI  - [Combined surgical treatment of inveterate lesions of median and ulnar nerves].
AB  - In the paper, on the basis of the treatment of 70 patients with inveterate
      damages of hand, nerves or finger flexor nerves and tendons, complicated by
      secondary neurogenic deformations, is demonstrated efficiency of single-staged
      combined operative treatment aimed at restoration of damaged structures of hand
      and correction of developed secondary deformations. Possible volume of single
      staged operative treatment, optimal methods of surgical correction of
      deformations and terms of its accomplishing are determined. Good and satisfactory
      results have been obtained with 63 patients.

PMID- 2290667
TI  - [X-ray diagnosis of injuries of middle and distal parts of the hand].
AB  - 384 victims aged 1 to 14 years with damages of middle and distal hand parts were
      examined. The rate of osteo-epiphysiolysis, hand damages without affection of
      zone of growth in different short bones of hand is presented. Significant group
      of damages is composed of subperiosteal fractures and osteo-epiphysiolysis.
      Special features of different types of osteo-epiphysiolysis and roentgenologic
      signs which differ them from juxta-epiphyseal fractures are described. Of special
      significance in diagnosis of osteo-epiphysiolysis is the "bone lamina" sign and
      uneven expansion of the zone of growth.

PMID- 2290669
TI  - [Effects of electrets on bone reparation during intramedullary osteosynthesis].
AB  - With the goal of improvement of intramedullary osteosynthesis efficiency in
      treatment of composite and associated fractures of long bones by way of
      improvement of fixatives according to their electrical properties and
      optimization of reparative electrogenesis conditions in 72 experiments with
      animals the effect of electro-conductive properties and electrostatic field of
      intra-bone implanted rods on the osteo-reparation following transverse osteotomy
      has been studied, the method has been elaborated and on the basis of dynamic
      analysis of 147 clinical observations has been given comparative evaluation of
      the results of polytetrafluorethylene intramedullary osteosynthesis. The
      advantages ethylene-based electrets application in case of intramedullary
      osteosynthesis. The advantages of electret application for activation of osteo
      reparation, improvement of the results of treatment and reduction of terms of
      rehabilitation of victims with critical traumata have been demonstrated.

PMID- 2290671
TI  - [Use of electromagnetic feedback in the rehabilitation of children with injuries
      of the elbow joint].
AB  - The paper is devoted to the non-drug functional treatment of children with elbow
      joint damages by the use of portable self-contained device, based on the
      principle of electromagnetic feedback. It is demonstrated that sending of
      artificial feedback signals (light, sound) at the moment of arbitrary contraction
      of the muscles being trained during 8-10 treatment procedures ensures restoration
      of muscular-articular sense, strength, endurance of weakened muscle groups,
      normalizes volume of motion in the elbow joint.

PMID- 2290670
TI  - [Special features of correction of hyperosmolar alcoholic syndrome in injured
      patients].
AB  - Hyperosmolar alcoholic syndrome in traumatologic patients, admitted to a hospital
      in a state of alcoholic intoxication, is not unusual. Recommended treatment of
      this state is based on correction of metabolic acidosis, forced diuresis and
      normovolemic hemodilution with the help of hyperoncotic solutions. In the process
      of examination of 94 patients have been revealed increase of osmolarity due to
      high content of blood alcohol, decrease of sodium concentration and increase of
      colloid-osmotic pressure level, connected with inadequate autohemodilution. In
      these patients pathogenetically justified is the use of hypotonic solutions of
      glucose-novocaine mixture, ensuring immediate replacement of extra- and
      intracellular water space deficiencies of organism, that made possible to abandon
      application of forced diuresis, metabolic acidosis correction and costly
      hyperoncotic solutions.

PMID- 2290672
TI  - [Effectiveness of irrigation-aspiration drainage in the treatment of chronic
      osteomyelitis].

PMID- 2290673
TI  - [Reconstruction of the thumb using a "Chinese surgical flap"].

PMID- 2290674
TI  - [Treatment of scalp injury of the hand by microsurgical autotransplantation of
      the greater omentum].

PMID- 2290675
TI  - [Method and device in isolation and section of the sural nerve used in neural
      autograft].

PMID- 2290676
TI  - [A device for wire osteosynthesis].

PMID- 2290677
TI  - [An X-ray-functional study of the radiocarpal joint in patients with sequelae of
      fractures of the forearm bones].

PMID- 2290678
TI  - [Needs (demands) of the population for ambulatory and hospital traumatologic
      orthopedic service].

PMID- 2290679
TI  - [Organization of the care of children with sequelae of locomotor system
      injuries].

PMID- 2290680
TI  - [Theoretical and clinical bases of the method of osteosynthesis by screws in
      oblique and spiral fractures of the tibia].
AB  - The results of experiments with axial loading of human tibia preparations used
      for simulation of oblique (spiral) fractures and different methods of
      osteosynthesis by screws revealed that higher strength was ensured by the method
      of bone connection with the screws directed perpendicular to the segment axis
      (4.1 times more than in case of screws directed perpendicular to the plane of
      fracture). Explanation of the obtained facts necessitated development of more
      precise biomechanical model of deformation. Practical recommendations have been
      formulated.

PMID- 2290681
TI  - [Clinico-statistical classification of combined and multiple injuries with
      prognostic elements].

PMID- 2290682
TI  - [Bite wounds].

PMID- 2290684
TI  - [Use of monochromatic red light in traumatology and orthopedics (II)].

PMID- 2290683
TI  - [Medical aid in polytrauma].

PMID- 2290685
TI  - [Experience in the use of AO-Poldy implants for supraosseus osteosynthesis].
AB  - Having used since 1968 in MONICI the massive metal plates of different
      configuration and size, developed by Swiss association of osteosynthesis AO and
      Czechoslovakian company Poldy, the authors summarize the experience of great
      clinical material. Altogether, there have been operated over 1000 patients with
      recent and inveterate fractures of tubular bones, pseudoarthroses, incorrectly
      consolidated fractured fragments, and 603 of them in MONICI. Some of the implants
      have been adapted by the authors. In doing so, AO principles and techniques were
      thoroughly observed. Positive results obtained at 96% of patients with grave bone
      pathology demonstrate expediency of more broad introduction of the mentioned
      implants for supraosseous osteosynthesis in our country.

PMID- 2290686
TI  - Diketopiperazine-mediated peptide formation in aqueous solution.
AB  - Though diketopiperazines (DKP) are formed in most experiments concerning the
      prebiotic peptide formation, the molecules have not been paid attention in the
      studies of chemical evolution. We have found that triglycine, tetraglycine or
      pentaglycine are formed in aqueous solution of glycine anhydride (DKP) and
      glycine, diglycine or triglycine, respectively. A reaction of alanine with DKP
      resulted in the formation of glycylglycylalanine under the same conditions. These
      results indicate that the formation of the peptide bonds proceeds through the
      nucleophilic attack of an amino group of the amino acids or the oligoglycines on
      the DKP accompanied by the ring-opening. The formation of glycine anhydride, di-,
      tri- and tetraglycine was also observed in a mixed aqueous solution of urea and
      glycine in an open system to allow the evaporation of ammonia. A probable pathway
      is proposed for prebiotic peptide formation through diketopiperazine on the
      primitive Earth.

PMID- 2290687
TI  - Was there a universal tRNA before specialized tRNAs came into existence?
AB  - It is generally true that evolving systems begin simply and become more complex
      in the evolutionary process. For those who try to understand the origin of a
      biochemical system, what is required is the development of an idea as to what
      simpler system preceeded the present one. Here we present an hypothesis that a
      universal tRNA molecule, capable of reading many codons may have preceeded the
      appearance of individual tRNAs. Evidence seems to suggest that this molecule may
      have been derived from a common ancestor of the contemporary 5S rRNAs and tRNAs.

PMID- 2290688
TI  - [Contribution of proteolytic enzymes to the knowledge of biologic functions of
      fibronectin].
AB  - Proteolytic enzymes have been used to separate and analyze the fibronectin
      sequences responsible for the multiple interactions between fibronectin and
      collagens, proteoglycans, cell surfaces, etc. The location of these sequences on
      the molecule subunits has also been determined. This short article summarizes
      these results as well as future prospects.

PMID- 2290689
TI  - [Lipoproteins, elastases and atherogenesis].
AB  - Increased lipid deposition and fragmentation of elastic lamellae are main events
      in atherogenesis. Relationships between lipoproteins and elastase can exist: i)
      interactions between lipoproteins and arterial wall cells from mesenchymal or
      inflammatory origin can modulate the expression and secretion of elastase; ii)
      such neutral proteases can degrade protein constituents of lipoproteins, and
      modify their physical and biological properties.

PMID- 2290690
TI  - [Endothelial cell proteases and their modulation by platelets].
AB  - Endothelial cells produce and secrete a large number of proteases which are
      implicated in various disease states. These proteases fall into two classes:
      serine proteases include plasminogen activators (t-PA) and urokinase (u-PA) and
      play a major role in fibrinolysis, tissue repair and carcinogenesis; and
      metalloproteases include collagenases and stromelysine, two enzymes involved in
      the tissue remodelling that occurs during angiogenesis and tumor growth. The
      authors have recently identified two other proteases in porcine aortic
      endothelial cell culture medium. One is an elastase-like enzyme of the
      metalloprotease group, whereas the other is a new protease whose molecular weight
      is 85 Kd and whose activity becomes apparent only after exposure of the
      endothelial cells to platelets. The term Platelet Endothelial Cell Activated
      Protease accurately describes this enzyme. PECAP degrades casein and fibrinogen.
      Because PECAP is not inhibited by the usual inhibitors of the various classes of
      proteases, it remains at present unclassified.

PMID- 2290691
TI  - [Localization and activity of different lysosomal proteases in rat macrophages
      infected by Leishmania amazonensis].
AB  - Leishmania are protozoans of the trypanosomatidae family that cause human
      infections. The amastigote form of Leishmania is an obligate intracellular
      parasite of mononuclear phagocytes that multiplies within parasitophorous
      vacuoles (pv) of phagolysosomal origin. To investigate the strategies which allow
      Leishmania to withstand these potentially cytotoxic conditions, the distribution
      and activities of various lysosomal peptidases in rat macrophages infected or
      uninfected with Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes were studied. Specific
      immunoglobulins against cathepsins (cat.) B, H, L and D were used to localize
      these endopeptidases by immunocytochemistry. Results showed that most or even all
      of the secondary lysosomes in the host cell fuse with parasite-filled phagosomes,
      leading to translocation of the proteases in the parasitophorous vacuoles. A
      further study consisted in assays of five protease activities:
      dipeptidylpeptidases (DPP) I and II (exopeptidases), cat. B, cat. H and cat. D.
      Infection of macrophages was followed by a gradual increase in all these protease
      activities except for DPP II. These increases were apparently not related to
      parasite protease activities. It seems that infection by Leishmania amazonensis
      is followed by increased synthesis and/or reduced catabolism of host cell
      lysosomal proteases or alternatively by inactivation of endogenous inhibitors.
      Amastigote infectivity may be related, at least in part, to the development of
      mechanisms that allow the parasite to withstand unfavorable environmental
      conditions.

PMID- 2290692
TI  - [Proteolysis of the extracellular matrix in periodontal disease].
AB  - Maintenance of teeth in the alveolar ridges requires integrity of the tooth
      gingiva attachment. The strength of this connection is due in part to the
      presence of collagen and fibronectin. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate factors capable of altering these two components. In both gingival
      explant culture extracts and fractions from bacteria associated with periodontal
      disease, enzyme activities against type I collagen and fibronectin were found.

PMID- 2290693
TI  - [Stimulation of epidermal growth in equivalent skin by tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteases].
AB  - Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMP) is a major regulator of extracellular
      matrix synthesis and degradation. Moreover elevated tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteases levels are found in the blister fluid of many diseases,
      suggesting that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases plays a role in epidermal
      and dermal wound healing. The aim of this work was to study the effects of human
      recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases in a skin equivalent model used
      to evaluate the effects of drugs on epidermal and dermal components. Planimetry,
      DNA assays, and histologic studies showed that tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteases enhanced the growth of normal human keratinocytes on dermal
      equivalent. Thus, the extracellular matrix regulator tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteases also stimulates the growth of keratinocytes. Identity of the
      gene encoding tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases and Erythroid Potentiating
      Activity (EPA) has been reported. The effects of tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteases on keratinocytes described herein are reminiscent of the
      stimulating effect of erythroid potentiating activity on the growth of erythroid
      precursors.

PMID- 2290694
TI  - [Proteases and tumor invasion].
AB  - Degradation of basement membranes is a common feature in the vicinity of
      carcinomas. It is likely explained by the action of various proteinases, some
      being produced by tumor cells themselves and some originating in the surrounding
      tissues. The proteinases which are involved in this lytic process are numerous.
      Among them one has to stress first plasminogen activators and plasmin and on the
      other side collagenases. Actually these enzymes seem to have a coordinate action,
      so as to be described as a proteolytic cascade. Another important factor lies in
      the existence of proteinases inhibitors. If the balance between proteinases and
      their inhibitors is altered, basement membranes can be degraded, allowing tumor
      cells to pass through them, as shown by in vitro experiments.

PMID- 2290695
TI  - [The revival of proteinases].
AB  - In this article, which was presented at the meeting on proteases (organized by
      the French Society for Connective Tissue Studies and held in Paris in September
      1989) current lines of research on proteases are analyzed. A few examples show
      that the current renewed interest in this field is the result of qualitatively
      new facts and ideas.

PMID- 2290697
TI  - [Model of protease I from the crab Uca pugilator].
AB  - Collagenolytic protease I from the fiddler crab Uca pugilator is one of the
      serine proteases of the trypsin family. A graphic molecular model was built on
      the basis of the sequences and crystalline structures of four homologous proteins
      which were superimposed in order to identify structurally conserved regions. The
      sequence of protease I was matched to sequences of the reference proteins,
      without allowing any deletions or insertions in these regions. For structurally
      variable regions, the most similar sequences of the four reference proteins were
      selected. Intramolecular steric clumping due to replacement of reference side
      chains by protease I side-chains were corrected by adjusting side-chain
      conformations. The model was optimized by energy minimization. The conformation
      of the primary specificity pocket for protease I predicted by the model indicated
      a preference for P1 hydrophobic or positively charged substrates. This prediction
      is consistent with biochemical findings. Because soya bean trypsin inhibitor
      (STI) has been shown to inhibit protease I, a tentative model of the complex was
      constructed and possible protease I-STI interactions were analyzed.

PMID- 2290696
TI  - [Structural aspects of the interaction between elastase and macromolecular
      inhibitors and of the regulation of its activity].
AB  - Conformational states of elastase complexed with macromolecular inhibitors were
      studied. Chemical reactivities of amino acid side-chains were used as
      conformational probes providing information on the structure of neighboring
      regions of the polypeptide chain. Variations in the chemical reactivity of
      ionizable groups of elastase and anhydroelastase complexed with alpha-1
      antiprotease and ovomucoid were evidenced for segments 27-36, 42-53 and 118-136,
      which are not directly involved in interactions with the inhibitor. Studies of
      the denaturation of these complexes using differential chemical labeling showed
      that these conformational modifications were responsible for a decrease in
      overall stability of the enzyme complexed with the inhibitors. The magnitude of
      this decrease was estimated at 5 Kcal/mole. This finding suggests that
      interactions at the active site also induced changes in overall conformation of
      the molecule.

PMID- 2290698
TI  - [Modulation of epithelial differentiation of cultured rat bladder carcinoma].
AB  - Epithelium-to-mesenchyme transformation plays a key role in tissue remodelling in
      embryos since it allows cells from the primitive epithelia to migrate to other
      sites where they participate in the formation of new structures. A similar
      phenomenon may be involved in the detachment of malignant cells from neighboring
      primary tumor cells, which is a prerequisite to the invasion of neighboring
      tissues or the development of metastases. To test this hypothesis, an in vitro
      model using a rat bladder carcinoma cell line was developed. Cells exhibited
      epithelial features under standard culture conditions. After exposure to a
      soluble inducer (acidic FGF) or the specific extracellular matrix components
      (collagens), the cells acquired a fibroblastic phenotype, separated from one
      another, and started to move freely on the substrate. Inducers were found to act
      synergistically on the fibroblastic transformation of carcinoma cells and to
      promote the penetration of these cells into collagen gels.

PMID- 2290699
TI  - [Digestion in vitro of basal membrane, bovine lens capsule, by human liver
      lysosome cathepsins B, H and L and ascitic fluid tumor cathepsin B from ovarian
      adenocarcinoma].
AB  - Lysosomal cysteine proteinases, cathepsins B, H and L, and tumor cathepsin-B-like
      protease, are capable of digesting bovine lens capsule, a typical basement
      membrane, in vitro. Cathepsins L and H proved most active in the pH range 5.0
      7.0, whereas cathepsin B and cathepsin B-like protease showed greatest activity
      at pH 3.0. The process was slow and involved binding of the proteases to the
      basement membrane. These proteases, of which some are produced by malignant
      cells, may contribute to tumor spread and progression to metastatic disease.

PMID- 2290700
TI  - [Proteolytic potential of fibronectin and degradation of extracellular matrix].
AB  - Fibronectin is one of the major adhesive glycoproteins and bears interaction
      sites for both cell receptors and the extracellular matrix. Disappearance of
      fibronectin is the first step of cellular transformation in carcinogenesis. This
      phenomenon has been ascribed to increased proteolysis of fibronectin or of its
      cellular receptor. Results obtained during previous studies by the authors have
      shown that the fibronectin molecule has latent proteolytic activities which
      become apparent only after the action of other external proteases. Two
      proteinases, FN-gelatinase and FN-laminase, were identified in cathepsin D
      fibronectin digest. The acute activity of these two proteases is responsible for
      degradation of the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the sequences and functions
      of both enzymes share a number of features with retroviral proteases.

PMID- 2290701
TI  - Anatomical measurement in restorative dentistry.

PMID- 2290702
TI  - Profile of Dr. Richard Goodkind.

PMID- 2290703
TI  - Oral complications and management of cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2290704
TI  - Effect of peroxides on teeth and tissue. Review of the literature.

PMID- 2290706
TI  - When should I value my practice?

PMID- 2290705
TI  - Profile of Dr. Norman Holte.

PMID- 2290707
TI  - Recombinant erythropoietin: a landmark in erythroid differentiation.

PMID- 2290708
TI  - Mitoxantrone and intermediate-dose cytarabine in relapsed or refractory acute
      myeloblastic leukemia.
AB  - In order to reduce the incidence of severe complications noted with regimens
      containing high-dose cytarabine (HD ARA-C), wer used a combination of
      mitoxantrone (MTZ) in optimal dosage (12 mg/m2/day for 5 days) and cytarabine in
      intermediate dosage (1 g/m2 twice daily for 3 or 5 days). Thirty patients aged 2
      to 65 years (median 51) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), either refractory (8
      patients), in first relapse (20 patients) or chemoinduced (2 patients), received
      this program. Seventeen (57%) achieved complete remission (CR). The main
      prognostic factor was the previous use of HD ARA-C (21% CR for patients
      previously treated with HD ARA-C versus 87% for patients treated with
      conventional doses: P less than 0.001). Mucositis was the most significant
      extrahematologic side-effect. There was no severe cerebellar toxicity. Two
      patients had transient congestive cardiac failure. This regimen is effective and
      relatively well tolerated in heavily pretreated patients. It can be used either
      as induction or consolidation therapy in AML.

PMID- 2290709
TI  - Radioimmunoassay of immunoreactive erythropoietin as a clinical tool for the
      classification of polycythaemias.
AB  - Radioimmunoassay of erythropoietin (EPO) has been used for evaluating its
      clinical usefulness in distinguishing polycythaemia vera (PV) from pure
      erythrocytosis (PE). A normal log distribution (13.40 mU/ml +/- 2.45) was
      observed in the 66 reference samples. Similar results were observed in 29 pure
      thrombocytaemias (13.23 +/- 5.19). In PV patients, whether in clinical remission
      or in active phase, the EPO titer was lower than normal values (respectively 7.32
      +/- 3.63 and 6.59 +/- 2.75), without any correlation with the haematocrit (44 to
      51% and 52 to 71%). In the anaemic cases (excessive therapy, spent phase,
      myelofibrosis), a slight excess of EPO titer was observed, but less than expected
      when taking the hematocrit into account. In contrast, pure erythrocytosis is a
      very heterogeneous group, with the highest EPO values in the well-defined
      secondary cases, and normal or slightly excessive values in most of the cases,
      but with some low values similar to those observed in PV cases. In term of PV
      diagnosis, a 90% predictive value is observed when a "cut-off" value of 11 mU/ml
      is chosen. When the "cut-off" is 16 mU/ml, no PV case was observed beyond this
      value. We conclude that EPO assay is useful in myeloproliferative diseases from a
      practical point of view.

PMID- 2290710
TI  - Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis or Kikuchi's disease. Anatomo-clinical
      study of 4 cases.
AB  - Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadentis (HNL) is an uncommon clinical and histologic
      entity, essentially diagnosed in Japan since 1972. The clinical picture is
      usually characterized by cervical lymphadenopathy and fever, females being more
      often affected. Leukopenia and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate are
      frequent. The etiology is still unknown, but a viral origin is most likely. The
      clinical course is always favorable without treatment, except in one case. The
      histological picture, with necrotic foci surrounded by histiocytes, immunoblasts,
      small T lymphocytes and plasmacytoid monocytes (so-called plasmacytoid T cells),
      is characteristic. Nevertheless, HNL may be mistaken for malignant lymphoma both
      clinically and histologically. We report 4 cases of HNL. One of these presented
      severe leukothrombopenia; the serum of this patient significantly suppressed the
      maturation of granulocytic precursor cells in the bone marrow.

PMID- 2290711
TI  - Evaluation of the efficacy of prophylactic intravenous antibiotherapy with
      ceftriaxone in post-chemotherapy agranulocytic patients.
AB  - A prospective study was carried out in 44 patients treated by intensive
      chemotherapy inducing a prolonged neutropenia (granulocytes less than
      0.5.10(9)/l). All the patients were isolated in protected rooms, received a
      pathogen-free diet and nonabsorbable oral antibiotics. After double-blind
      randomization, 22 patients received 2 g of Ceftriaxone (Cef) in a daily infusion
      beginning on the first day of chemotherapy; and 22 patients received 2 g of
      placebo (P) under the same conditions. Prophylaxis was continued until the
      neutropenia resolved (granulocytes greater than 0.5.10(9)/l) or until the onset
      of infectious symptoms. 19 patients in each group developed febrile episodes,
      occurring significantly later in the Cef group (16.6 days versus 10.6 days in the
      P group). No Cef-resistant organism was isolated. Finally, the time at which
      apyrexia was obtained after the beginning of curative antibiotherapy was the same
      in both groups. The routine intravenous administration of Cef in combination with
      nonabsorbable antibiotics is a useful approach in reducing the risk of infection
      in the neutropenic host.

PMID- 2290712
TI  - Nicotine increases basal prostacyclin production and DNA synthesis of human
      endothelial cells in primary cultures.
AB  - In order to better understand the direct effects of nicotine on the metabolism of
      human vascular endothelial cells we studied the effect of the drug on
      prostacyclin (PGI2) production and cellular proliferation. This study was
      performed in an in vitro model of primary cultures of human umbilical vein
      endothelial cells. PGI2 level was measured with a radioimmunoassay of 6-keto-PGF1
      alpha secreted into culture medium. We observed that incubating the cells with
      nicotine resulted in a dose-dependent increase of the basal level of PGI2;
      however, at high doses, nicotine, tended to decrease the capacity of production
      obtained by thrombin stimulation. Endothelial cell growth was stimulated by
      nicotine with a maximal effect at 0.05 microgram/ml nicotine. We conclude that
      nicotine appeared, in some experimental conditions, to stimulate some parameters
      of endothelial cell metabolism and particularly prostacyclin production. Our
      results stress the importance of the experimental conditions, and may provide an
      explanation for the disparities of results in the literature. The results are
      discussed in relation to smoking induced vascular alteration.

PMID- 2290713
TI  - Association of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and human immunodeficiency
      virus infection.
AB  - A 35 year-old HIV-positive male intravenous drug abuser developed thrombotic
      thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) during the course of recto-sigmoiditis secondary
      to Shigella flexneri. Complete remission was achieved by aggressive treatment of
      a combination of plasma exchange, fresh frozen plasma infusion, continuous
      prostacyclin perfusion, p.o. administered aspirin-dipyridamol and intravenous
      injections of vincristine. During acute microangiopathy, an acquired type II von
      Willebrand disease was diagnosed. TTP is a newly-recognized hematologic
      manifestation of HIV-1 infection; endothelial damage by endotoxin during course
      of infection or by high serum levels of circulating immune complexes may be a
      causative mechanism of microangiopathy causing hemolysis and platelet
      consumption.

PMID- 2290714
TI  - Congenital sideroblastic anemia without clinical iron overload. A case report.
AB  - An 18 year old boy presented with microcytic hypochromic anemia. Erythrocytic
      abnormalities and family studies suggested congenital sideroblastic anemia (CSA),
      but atypical features included absence of clinical iron overload, scanty iron
      deposits in mitochondria of late erythroblasts and reticulocytes, and a high
      platelet count. An unusual adhesion between bone marrow macrophages and
      reticulocytes was observed by electron microscopy. Haematological response was
      seen following pyridoxine administration, thus fending support to the diagnosis
      of CSA.

PMID- 2290715
TI  - The scope of utilisation of nurses in MCH care services in India.

PMID- 2290716
TI  - Obstetric ultrasound.

PMID- 2290717
TI  - Drug abuse--a reappraisal.

PMID- 2290718
TI  - Health of children.

PMID- 2290719
TI  - Supportive supervision.

PMID- 2290720
TI  - Mechanical ventilation: a challenge to nursing.

PMID- 2290721
TI  - Accuracy of flexible fiberoptic endoscopy in identifying abnormal endotracheal
      tube positions.
AB  - This study was carried out to investigate the accuracy of a simple,
      nonmaneuverable, flexible fiberoptic catheter in identifying both normal and
      abnormal endotracheal tube (ETT) positions. In addition, the utility of flexible
      fiberoptic endoscopy (FFE) for ETT position determination in inexperienced hands
      was examined. One adult dog was sedated and instrumented in the esophagus and
      trachea with identical ETTs. Four possible ETT positions (trachea, carina,
      bronchus, esophagus) were randomly assigned. One investigator positioned the ETT
      into the assigned position by fluoroscopy. Four other blinded investigators were
      asked to determine the ETT position using the fiberoptic catheter. Each blinded
      investigator was given 15 seconds to complete the examination and record the ETT
      position. Randomization resulted in 25 ETT positions examined by each of the four
      blinded investigators for a total of 100 FFE determinations. FFE ETT
      determination was correct in 97% of the examinations. All esophageal intubations
      were correctly identified. Two tracheal locations were misdiagnosed as carina and
      bronchial, while one carinal location was incorrectly judged as tracheal. The
      sensitivity of FFE ETT localization was 91.7%, and the specificity was 98.6%.
      There was no difference in performance by investigator training level or
      endoscopy experience. We conclude that FFE is a rapid and accurate method for
      determining both normal and abnormal ETT locations. ETT position determination
      can be confidently performed by health professionals with minimal training.

PMID- 2290722
TI  - Adoption of intraosseous infusion technique for prehospital pediatric emergency
      care.
AB  - A telephone survey was conducted, contacting 51 designated state EMS offices, to
      determine the extent of use of intraosseous (IO) infusions in prehospital
      pediatric emergency care nationally and to identify common means of promoting IO
      adoption, training EMS personnel, and monitoring intraosseous field use. Less
      than half of the respondents reported actual prehospital use of IO infusions in
      pediatric patients, and an additional third indicated that they were unaware of
      any future plans for introducing the technique into EMS practice. This study's
      documentation of the current limited prehospital use of intraosseous infusions
      indicates a need for concerted efforts to promote broad adoption and continued
      evaluation of the IO technique in prehospital pediatric emergency care.
      Suggestions to enhance adoption include increased utilization of existing
      successful IO teaching approaches, development of national EMS standards
      regarding intraosseous infusions, active involvement of EMS regulatory agencies
      for widespread practice changes, and consistent quality assurance activities.

PMID- 2290723
TI  - A comparison of three formulations of TAC (tetracaine, adrenalin, cocaine) for
      anesthesia of minor lacerations in children.
AB  - A randomized, prospective, double-blind study comparing three formulations of the
      topical anesthetic solution TAC for laceration repair was undertaken in 250
      children. The children's wounds were anesthetized with either TAC I (original
      formulation--0.5% tetracaine, 1:2000 Adrenalin, 11.8% cocaine), TAC II (1.0%
      tetracaine, 1:4000 Adrenalin, 7.0% cocaine), or TAC III (1.0% tetracaine, 1:4000
      Adrenalin, 4.0% cocaine) prior to repair. The solutions were compared with
      respect to efficacy, acceptability, wound complications, and side effects. We
      found comparable efficacy of the three formulations, with similar efficacy to 1%
      lidocaine infiltration for facial and scalp wounds. Anesthesia for extremity
      wounds was adequate in only 39.9% of cases, regardless of TAC strength. Wound
      complications and side effects were within expected and acceptable limits. Our
      findings support use of TAC for face and scalp lacerations and a change to a less
      concentrated TAC preparation, such as our "TAC III," which is presumably safer
      for widespread use.

PMID- 2290724
TI  - Epidemiology of ocular complications of childhood head trauma.
AB  - Head trauma is a frequent cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. We have
      studied 293 children aged zero to 18 years who suffered from head trauma, in
      order to assess the importance and frequency of ocular complications of head
      trauma. Very significant statistical differences show that children aged zero to
      12 years are at risk for ocular complications more frequently than older
      children. The prompt diagnosis of ocular symptoms and signs and their
      differentiation can be of value in the early and correct diagnosis of head
      trauma, thus insuring effective treatment. These data emphasize the importance
      and prevention of head trauma in children. A pediatric victim of head trauma can
      surely benefit from the strict cooperation among emergency specialists,
      pediatricians, ophthalmologists, and neurologists.

PMID- 2290725
TI  - An arm red and hot: infection or not?

PMID- 2290726
TI  - It may be more significant than you think: BB air rifle injury to a child's head.
AB  - BB guns of 20 years ago were constructed of coils and springs which generated
      relatively little force, so that a projectile posed little threat of serious
      injury. Today, the coil and spring construction has been replaced by pump action
      pneumatic chambers which allow generation of muzzle velocities near 350 ft/sec.
      Speeds of 150 ft/sec and 200 ft/sec are required for skin penetration and bone
      penetration, respectively. We present a seven-year-old boy who suffered
      intracranial parenchymal injury from an air-powered BB gun projectile while
      playing with friends. We discuss literature which suggests these once-innocent
      toys are now harbingers of severe, if not fatal, injury.

PMID- 2290727
TI  - Pott's puffy tumor: a complication of frontal sinusitis.
AB  - In children sinusitis is a frequent complication of upper respiratory infections
      but an infrequently considered diagnosis. Although most sinus infections are
      resolved without complications, when complications do occur they can be serious
      or life threatening. The most common ones occur in the orbit, but CNS extension
      is not infrequent. Osteomyelitis and resulting subperiosteal abscess of the
      frontal bone--the so-called Pott's puffy tumor--is a less common, and perhaps
      less frequently recognized, serious complication of frontal sinusitis. This paper
      describes two patients with subperiosteal abscess resulting from frontal
      sinusitis, one with CNS and orbital extension. A brief literature review is
      presented, and presentation, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2290728
TI  - Posttraumatic cortical blindness: are we missing the diagnosis in children?
AB  - A potential etiology of anxiety and agitation in the posthead trauma patient is
      cortical blindness. Cortical blindness can be seen after both mild and severe
      head trauma. Early recognition and understanding of this syndrome can lead to a
      decreased anxiety level, not only for the patient, but for the parents as well.
      Two cases of posttraumatic cortical blindness are presented. The signs and
      symptoms of cortical blindness, its presentation, diagnosis, and outcome are
      discussed. The available literature is reviewed and discussed.

PMID- 2290729
TI  - Delayed brachial artery occlusion owing to a dog bite of the upper extremity.
AB  - We report a case of delayed presentation of vascular injury from a superficial
      dog bite of the upper extremity in a five-year-old male. This example of a
      significant arterial injury, in the setting of seemingly minor trauma, is the
      first known report of blunt arterial trauma owing to a dog bite in any age group.
      Blunt arterial trauma in children is rare unless associated with fractures,
      dislocations, or massive crush injuries. Additionally, persistent pulses
      following arterial occlusion are rare and can potentially lead to misdiagnosis of
      a serious arterial injury. A brief review of pediatric blunt vascular injuries is
      presented with implications for diagnosis and management of such cases.

PMID- 2290731
TI  - Tympanic membrane thermometer: a new and improved way to measure temperature?

PMID- 2290730
TI  - Presentation and management of an acute caffeine overdose.
AB  - A one-year-old white female ingested approximately two to three grams of caffeine
      (200-300 mg/kg). The patient survived the ingestion with a maximum caffeine
      concentration of 385 micrograms/ml four hours postingestion. The child developed
      ventricular arrhythmias, seizures, metabolic disturbances, and severe pulmonary
      edema. She survived without apparent long-term sequelae despite having reached a
      serum caffeine concentration that is the second highest reported level in a
      survivor.

PMID- 2290732
TI  - Suture selection for the pediatrician.

PMID- 2290733
TI  - Care of febrile children with HIV infection in the emergency department.

PMID- 2290734
TI  - Multiple trauma motor vehicle accident.

PMID- 2290735
TI  - Respiratory distress in a child in the office.
AB  - We have reviewed respiratory distress from a pathophysiologic approach. Two
      specific disease entities, epiglottitis and asthma, which commonly present with
      respiratory distress, are reviewed. The office management of respiratory distress
      encompasses early recognition of disease to prevent symptoms from progressing.
      Referral should be considered in any difficult cases.

PMID- 2290736
TI  - Promoting patient self-management in the health care system.

PMID- 2290737
TI  - Effectiveness of a hospital-based cooperative care model on patients' functional
      status and utilization.
AB  - The primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that inpatient
      care which emphasized structured, patient education, self-care and social support
      from a care partner (the Cooperative Care Program) is a cost-effective
      alternative to the more expensive staff-intensive, traditional hospital care; and
      that such care can be substituted without resulting in poorer outcomes with
      regard to subsequent health status or use of services. The effects of this
      program on patient and physician acceptance, patient knowledge and treatment and
      health status, were evaluated by means of an experimental design with comparable
      groups of patients assigned to experimental (cooperative care) or control (usual
      hospitalization) group status. Follow-up analyses of both groups of patients for
      a 12-month time period concluded that there were comparable and equally positive
      post-hospitalization experiences, with greater than 90% of both groups of
      patients functioning well with respect to a series of measures of functional
      status. There was no evidence that Cooperative Care patients were re-hospitalized
      more often or needed more emergency, home care or other types of services. There
      was, on the other hand, evidence of the positive effect on patient understanding,
      adherence to treatment, satisfaction, and self-management.

PMID- 2290738
TI  - Promoting patient involvement: educational, organizational, and environmental
      strategies.
AB  - The chronic nature of disease in the late 20th century, the issues of health
      resource constraint, and substantial ethical concerns associated with high
      technology medical care require the identification of efficient and effective
      ways to involve patients and families in ongoing health decision making and self
      management. While only a limited number of comprehensive approaches have been
      identified, a wide range of more limited interventions by hospitals and other
      health care providers suggest the practicality of these strategies. Although the
      research base is weak with regard to the combination of the interventions, more
      evidence suggests the value of such strategies as changes in the physical
      environments of health care institutions, interventions to promote a healthier
      organizational culture, changes in the care delivery process, increasing
      patient/family responsibility for care delivery, and helping patients adapt
      regimens to their own lifestyles.

PMID- 2290739
TI  - Creating self-care units in the acute care setting: a case study.
AB  - Creating an environment in which patient's responsibility for self is fostered
      and nurses can practice professional and autonomous nursing practice is a
      challenge in today's hospitals. Innovative systems and structures need to be
      developed to assure quality of patient care and a high quality work environment.
      Newark Beth Israel Medical Center responded to the many demands of the mid-1980s,
      including increasing acuity of patients hospitalized, personnel shortages in
      nursing, physical therapy and other disciplines, and diminishing dollars
      available to the health care institution, through the creation of Self-Care
      Units. This article reviews how they came about, the way in which Self-Care Units
      function within the acute care setting and the management philosophy and
      structure which make them work. The experience at Newark Beth Israel Medical
      Center demonstrates that the potential exists to put control back at the bedside
      with the patient and the health care team working with the patient to achieve
      mutual goals. The focus of care has shifted from a "doing for" to a "working
      with" patients to identify interventions which promote active participation in
      hospitalization and a sense of self responsibility.

PMID- 2290740
TI  - Illness as an educational opportunity.

PMID- 2290741
TI  - Models of helping and coping in cancer care.
AB  - This paper provides a theoretical analysis of four models of helping and coping
      as they relate to cancer care. The four conceptual models focus on the issue of
      whether or not patients should be viewed as responsible for the cause or the
      treatment of their cancer. The moral model, characterized by the holistic health
      movement, holds patients responsible for both causing and resolving health
      problems. The compensatory model, exemplified by cancer education programs,
      attributes low responsibility to patients for causing health problems but high
      responsibility for resolving them. The medical model views patients as neither
      responsible for causing nor for resolving health problems. The enlightenment
      model, typified by the healing movement, holds people responsible for causing
      their health problems, but not for resolving them. An attempt is made to examine
      existing programs in cancer care in light of these models. The present analysis
      addresses the following questions. Why is each of these models appealing? Why are
      they sometimes embraced by patients or health care providers? What are the
      benefits and disadvantages of using each of these models with cancer patients?
      What happens when the health care provider and patient hold different models
      regarding the patient's responsibility or participation in the cause of the
      disease or its treatment? Further research is needed to determine the conditions
      under which a particular model results in better health outcomes for patients,
      and to assess how factors such as extent of disease or type of cancer influence
      the patient's choice of a model.

PMID- 2290742
TI  - Dental patient education: self-care to healthy human development.
AB  - Credited with a long history of providing preventive care, dentists are
      challenged by increasing demands from better educated consumers interested in
      improving their health and caring for themselves. The task of administering
      patient education services, identifying patients at risk, targeting specific
      behaviors for change, and managing costs is the subject of this case study. The
      Self-Care Motivation Model described here, is used to develop a patient
      education/smoking cessation/lifestyle change program for a patient with numerous
      dental and general health disturbances. Time and cost saving methods for
      administering such total patient care are discussed. Suggestions for reframing
      the context of dental patient education and health behavior change initiatives to
      include general healthy human development competencies are provided.

PMID- 2290743
TI  - State-specific smoking-attributable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      mortality--United States, 1986.

PMID- 2290744
TI  - Management of patient education in US hospitals: evolution of a concept.
AB  - While patient education has been an integral part of health care for centuries,
      the management of this process is a relatively new concept for US hospitals.
      Beginning in the late 1960s, documentation of patient education coordinator
      positions, policies, committee mandates, and other management structures began to
      appear. National surveys and projects documented the growth of these structures
      and provided some evidence that their existence positively impacted the number of
      programs and their effectiveness. Financial pressures on hospitals including the
      advent of the prospective pricing system, other actions by government and
      business to control health care costs, and changes in technology have resulted in
      budget cuts, staff reductions, and reorganizations that have posed new challenges
      for the development of patient education management. This paper discusses these
      developments and their impact on management of patient education programs in
      hospitals.

PMID- 2290745
TI  - Facilitating the involvement of Canadian health care facilities in health
      promotion.
AB  - Following a brief background of Canadian health promotion policy efforts, the
      Canadian health care system, and a discussion of the reasons for increased
      interest in the area, two health promotion and health care facility initiatives
      undertaken by the Canadian Hospital Association are presented. The first
      describes the findings of a 1986 survey of Canadian hospitals (n = 732) in terms
      of the level of commitment to health promotion, the future priority of health
      promotion for four target groups, the types of programs and activities, and the
      perceived obstacles to implementing health promotion. The results suggest that
      although health promotion is considered an important role for hospitals, most
      health promotion activities in Canadian hospitals can be classified as ad hoc.
      The second initiative presents the summary of a focus group meeting which was
      established to further the organized involvement of health care facilities in
      health promotion. Findings are described as follows: a shared vision of health
      and health promotion; the role of health care facilities in health promotion; and
      the implementation of health promotion in health institutions. These efforts
      culminated in the striking of a national working group by Health and Welfare
      Canada to develop a document which will serve as a framework for health promotion
      in health care facilities.

PMID- 2290746
TI  - Patient education policy and practice in Australian hospitals.
AB  - In Australia little is known of the quality and range of patient education
      programs or their level of support. A national survey was conducted to establish
      a baseline of the number of programs being conducted, the level of administrative
      support and the sophistication of practice. This survey shows that most hospitals
      in Australia conduct some patient education programs. Teaching and metropolitan
      public hospitals conduct the most, 95% and 88%, respectively, private hospitals
      the least, 47%. The programs conducted mainly cover chronic health problems such
      as diabetes (80% of all hospitals offering programs), heart disease (52%) and
      cancer (36%). The main reason given for not conducting education programs is lack
      of trained staff (59%). Of the programs which are conducted only half are
      planned. Most of the hospitals surveyed had few of the administrative components
      found to be necessary to support planned, patient education programs. The two
      most common administrative components were documentation in patient notes (48% of
      hospitals conducting programs) and a resource center (34%).

PMID- 2290747
TI  - Patient education in Dutch hospitals: the fruits of a decade of endeavors.
AB  - In this article a description is given of the development of the function of
      patient education coordinator in the Netherlands. In general, these developments
      have been successful. The differences in emphasis between the work of Dutch
      coordinators and those in the United States are discussed, set against the
      background of the Dutch health care system and its prevailing attitudes. Besides
      sketching the common elements which have proven to be successful ways of inducing
      organizational change, a description is given of a particularly successful
      project involving feedback from patients to medical specialists. This project
      succeeded in combining aspects of organizational change and the education of
      members of the medical staff in communication with patients; it might be useful
      for emulation by others. The article concludes by sketching changes in general
      political and cultural ideology and the way these changes affect the developments
      in patient education.

PMID- 2290749
TI  - Hospitals and health care providers as agents of patient education.

PMID- 2290748
TI  - Comparative analysis of patient education by four professions in The Netherlands
      and the United States.
AB  - This cross-national comparison study of four health professions is based on
      review and analysis of professional policy documents and explores the way these
      selected professions integrate and structure patient education as a professional
      function. Factors that are internal and external to each of these professions are
      discussed and compared between the two countries. Professional policy documents
      related to patient education in nursing, pharmacy, dietetics, and physical
      therapy are examined in light of changes in dominant concepts of care, changing
      norms of professional organizations, changes in professional preparation, changes
      in patient roles, changes in the organization of patient care, and the changes in
      the health care delivery environment. Differences and similarities between the
      Netherlands and the United States provide an impetus for developing hypotheses on
      cross-national developments in patient education and ways for several elements to
      interact and affect acceptance of and implementation of the patient education
      function by health professions.

PMID- 2290750
TI  - Meeting information needs of significant others: use of the Cancer Information
      Service.
AB  - Although significant others (spouses, relatives and friends) of cancer patients
      play an important role in providing support and assistance to the patient, their
      need for information regarding the disease is frequently overlooked by the health
      care system. This analysis examines information needs of (1) diagnosed cancer
      patients, (2) significant others of diagnosed cancer patients and (3) the general
      public, as reflected in their calls to the Cancer Information Service (CIS), a
      national toll-free telephone inquiry service. Major focus is on the types of
      cancer-related subjects significant others inquire about, as well as how they
      first found out about the CIS. Results indicate that significant others are
      similar to diagnosed cancer patients in their need for additional information on
      specific cancer sites, treatment, and referrals for second opinions, but differ
      in their request for information on counseling services and clinical trials.
      Additionally, significant others and cancer patients are similar in how they find
      out about the CIS. In contrast, significant others differ from the general public
      in their information requirements, as well as in their source of referral to the
      CIS. While the CIS appears to be a channel of communication capable of addressing
      the dynamic information needs of significant others, further research concerning
      the effectiveness of the CIS and other channels of cancer information in
      satisfying the information requirements of significant others is recommended.

PMID- 2290751
TI  - An investigation of beliefs about smoking among diabetes patients: information
      for improving cessation efforts.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to identify differences between current smokers and
      ex-smokers in beliefs about the health effects of smoking. This information will
      enable educators to design better smoking cessation interventions for diabetes
      patients. A smoking behavior questionnaire was developed to collect information
      about demographics, personal lifestyle, and beliefs about smoking and diabetes.
      Participants were 40 current smokers and 30 ex-smokers located from a patient
      registry at the University of Virginia Diabetes Research and Training Center.
      Less than half of the diabetic smokers in the study reported receiving advice to
      quit from their physician and none of them reported having attended a formal
      smoking cessation program. Results indicate that demographic and lifestyle
      variables predict 21% of the variance between smokers and non-smokers in this
      sample. The group of health belief variables collectively raised the amount of
      variance that could be accounted for from 21% to 42%. It is recommended that
      health professionals who provide services to diabetes patients determine present
      smoking behavior of each diabetes patient, provide firm advice to stop smoking,
      assess the special circumstances of the smokers, and offer specific smoking
      cessation programs to meet the unique needs of diabetes patients.

PMID- 2290752
TI  - Communication within low income families and the management of asthma.
AB  - This study examines the effects of communication between low income urban parents
      and children about a chronic disease on the extent to which parent and child
      effectively manage the illness. Four asthma communication factors were identified
      by principal component analysis. We found that mothers whose preferred language
      was Spanish, and families who were not receiving public assistance, communicated
      more frequently about asthma in general. Spanish speaking mothers and their
      children communicated more about potential home treatments for asthma, and the
      more adults in the household the less there was communication about the need for
      emergency services for asthma. Mothers who preferred to speak Spanish had higher
      levels of management of the most recent asthma attack. Those whose children
      communicated with them about asthma in general were higher level managers.
      Children who influenced their parents' decisions about school attendance, and
      those whose mothers were more highly educated, had higher levels of asthma attack
      management. More educated mothers, ones whose children were younger at the time
      of the onset of asthma, and one who received public assistance, were more
      involved "in general" in their child's asthma care.

PMID- 2290754
TI  - Apparent per capita ethanol consumption--United States, 1977-1986.

PMID- 2290753
TI  - Diabetes education activities in Japan.

PMID- 2290755
TI  - Patient education: an international comparison.

PMID- 2290756
TI  - Factors influencing patients' informational needs at time of hospital discharge.
AB  - The relationship between patients' perceived informational needs and selected
      sociodemographic and illness-related variables were examined in a sample of 301
      adult medical and surgical patients preparing for discharge from an acute care
      setting. Marital status, living arrangements and chronicity of illness had no
      influence on the importance of informational needs as measured by the Patient
      Learning Need Scale (PLNS). More informational needs were identified by females
      than males, and those with malignant as opposed to benign disease. Length of time
      spent in the hospital, number of discharge medications, and patient perception of
      the influence of the illness on life were positively correlated with
      informational needs at the time of discharge.

PMID- 2290757
TI  - How much time do nurses spend teaching cancer patients.
AB  - As patients live longer and hospital stays grow shorter the demand for nurses to
      teach effectively and efficiently increases. Given the current nursing shortage,
      nurses have less time available to do teaching. As a result, hospitals will have
      to be creative in providing quality education in a cost-effective manner. A
      descriptive study was undertaken to establish a baseline on how much time nurses
      actually spend teaching. Seven to ten consecutive admissions on each inpatient
      unit for a total of one hundred twenty-one patients were enrolled into the study
      during a seven-day period. All patient/family teaching was documented until the
      patient was discharged or transferred. Data were collected on a total of 825 days
      of patient hospitalization. The average teaching time per patient per day (pppd)
      was 16.6 min. This teaching time amounts to 128 h a day and costs the center
      $2355 in nurses hourly wages each day or $859,657 per year. This study has
      established that nurses spend a significant amount of time teaching and has
      estimated its cost. It provides a baseline for making comparisons in teaching
      methodologies. Patient Education closed circuit television (CCTV) may be an
      alternative to one-on-one teaching and decrease the amount of time the nurse
      spends in repetitive teaching.

PMID- 2290758
TI  - Are patient education research proposals getting a fair shake?

PMID- 2290759
TI  - Case study: disease prevention--new roles for nurses in rural Australia.
AB  - Nurses are taking a leading role in preventing disease on the North Coast of New
      South Wales. In addition to heart health programs, nurses are also involved in
      Early Childhood Clinics, immunization campaigns, pap smear and breast self-exam
      campaigns, nutrition education and walking-for-pleasure groups. It would be safe
      to say that without nurses making new roles for themselves, there would be very
      few disease prevention campaigns on the North Coast.

PMID- 2290760
TI  - Nursing patient education: a Canadian perspective.
AB  - The health care system in Canada is gradually shifting towards greater emphasis
      on patient involvement, health promotion and management of chronic illness.
      Nurses can play a key role in shaping these changes. This article provides an
      overview of several facets of the nurse's role in patient education: national
      policy guidelines, standards of care, research and exemplary patient education
      programs.

PMID- 2290761
TI  - How do primary care residents manage patient non-adherence?
AB  - Managing patient non-adherence to prescribed regimens is a daunting challenge for
      the clinician. Although a variety of adherence management techniques have been
      proposed, we know little about what approaches are currently used in practice.
      This project studied adherence management techniques of 25 family medicine and
      internal medicine residents. We videotaped a 10 minute interview between the
      resident and a simulated patient with uncontrolled essential hypertension. We
      analyzed the videotapes using quantitative and qualitative methods and found the
      residents employed a variety of heterogeneous, unsystematic, and possibly
      ineffective compliance management techniques.

PMID- 2290762
TI  - Family development and the use of diabetes groups: experience with a model
      approach.
AB  - Health professionals commonly recognize the need to educate the child or
      adolescent with diabetes in developmentally appropriate ways and to include the
      family in this process. Identification of family life cycle stages and tasks is
      useful in developing continued opportunities for support and education of these
      families. A variety of group experiences were used to promote family development
      in the following stages: child-bearing; preschool; school-age; and teenage.
      Recommendations are made for implementing groups to provide support and education
      for the family of a child or adolescent with diabetes.

PMID- 2290763
TI  - Cigarette smoking--Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1988.

PMID- 2290764
TI  - Alcohol-related mortality and years of potential life lost--United States 1987.

PMID- 2290765
TI  - Readability and content analysis of print cholesterol education materials.
AB  - This article reports the results of an analysis of the readability levels and
      content of 38 print cholesterol education materials available from government,
      health agency, professional association, university and industry sources. Each
      item was characterized according to the primary intended audience (general
      public, public and screening participants, or those identified with elevated
      cholesterol and patients in treatment), size, length and appearance. Readability
      analysis was done using the SMOG and Fog Grading formulas and content analysis
      examined the presence of messages in each of nine key areas. The readability
      assessment revealed that the average reading grade level was close to Grade 11,
      which is too difficult for many adults. Content analysis suggested a need to
      better address other heart disease risk factors, portion size and the use of
      brand name food recommendations. Further practice and research needs are
      identified.

PMID- 2290767
TI  - State-specific changes in cholesterol screening and awareness--United States,
      1987-1988.

PMID- 2290766
TI  - Child problem solving competence, behavioral adjustment and adherence to lipid
      lowering diet.
AB  - Dietary problem solving competence, behavioral adjustment and low density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) changes were evaluated in a cross-sectional study
      of 55 hyperlipidemic children and adolescents more than 12 months after they had
      been prescribed lipid-lowering diets. Adolescents who were able to generate
      multiple ways to cope with dietary temptations described in hypothetical
      vignettes evidenced better dietary adherence than adolescents who could produce
      fewer coping strategies. Observation of parent-child interaction during a
      standard menu planning task revealed that child satisfaction with the diet was
      positively associated with parental attempts to solicit and reinforce the child's
      involvement in meal planning. Findings raise the possibility that behavioral
      problem solving training might improve long term dietary adherence in adolescents
      and encourage further research on families' responses to nutritional counseling.

PMID- 2290768
TI  - The development of a patient knowledge test on maternal phenylketonuria.
AB  - A short multiple-choice knowledge test on maternal phenylketonuria was developed
      and validated. It was administered to 49 young female patients participating in a
      longitudinal study. The test was analyzed for its psychometric qualities and was
      found to be reliable: Cronbach alpha 0.62. Its validity was indicated by a
      moderate correlation with IQ scores (r = 0.40) and by its significantly
      differentiating between subjects who participated in patient education group
      meetings and those who did not. Items varied in difficulty, indicating which
      areas of knowledge need special educational efforts. The test was recommended for
      use to assess patients' knowledge, to identify misconceptions that appear to be
      remedied by patient education, to stimulate group discussions and to help
      evaluate educational programs.

PMID- 2290769
TI  - A randomized controlled trial on the effect of an information booklet for young
      families in Denmark.
AB  - The aim of the study was to describe young families' illness-behavior in
      connection with minor illness in children aged 0-8 years, and to assess the
      effect of delivered written health education. The effectiveness of written health
      education in the management of minor illness was evaluated by a randomized
      controlled trial. One hundred young families from one group practice were
      allocated at random to a study group and a control group. The study group
      received written health education. Health education resulted in more self
      treatment and fewer contacts with the general practitioner (GP), and the families
      indicated worry less often as the main reason for consulting the GP. The GPs'
      assessment of the appropriateness of the families' consultations showed no
      significant differences between the study and the control groups. It is
      recommended that GPs, in connection with prophylactic child examinations, hand
      over a patient education manual. This manual could form the basis for a dialogue
      between the GP and the parents when their child becomes ill.

PMID- 2290770
TI  - Can medication education improve the drug compliance of the elderly? Evaluation
      of an in hospital program.
AB  - We report the evaluation of a pharmacist-led medication education program for the
      elderly. The program consisted of a single group-based education session followed
      by individual pre-discharge counseling. Patients also received an individual
      medication record card. The study design was a nonrandomised trial. Patients in
      the control group received a "dummy" intervention conducted on alternate months
      to the medication program. Drug compliance was assessed by interviewer
      administered questionnaire in the patients' homes at 1 and 3 months post
      discharge. The main outcome factor of interest was severe noncompliance with
      essential medications. This meant taking 80% or less or conversely 120% or more
      of those medications prescribed for the control of the patient's medical
      condition. At 1 and 3 months post-discharge, no effect of the program was
      detected. However, among the sub-group of patients taking four drugs or more the
      effect of the program was evident at 3 months post-discharge. Among this group at
      3 months post-discharge, 55% of control group patients were severely noncompliant
      with essential medications as compared to 32% of the education group (a
      difference of 23%, 95% confidence interval 4-42%). This effect was not accounted
      for by possible confounding factors such as age, sex, number of medications and
      the patient's living arrangements.

PMID- 2290771
TI  - Contraceptive use in the United States, 1973-88.

PMID- 2290772
TI  - Progress toward achieving the 1990 national objectives for the misuse of alcohol
      and drugs.

PMID- 2290773
TI  - Patient education prepares for medical care rationing.

PMID- 2290774
TI  - The cholesterol controversy and health education: a response to the critics.
AB  - The rapid pace of cholesterol reduction initiatives has given rise to
      considerable controversy regarding the scientific basis for mass efforts to lower
      blood cholesterol and the proposed guidelines for treatment. This article
      summarizes the key criticisms in the cholesterol controversy and identifies
      responses that have been given, as well as emerging perspectives. The issues are
      summarized in four categories: the science base, translation of the science into
      clinical medicine, misuse of the cholesterol issue to serve profit motives, and
      public health policy regarding allocation of resources for prevention. It is
      important for health and patient educators to be aware of the criticisms, to
      appreciate their origins and to understand the available responses in order to be
      effective agents for chronic disease risk reduction.

PMID- 2290775
TI  - Counseling strategies for blood cholesterol screening programs: recommendations
      for practice.
AB  - Blood cholesterol screening programs offer an important venue for nutrition
      counseling aimed at lowering blood cholesterol levels. This paper presents a
      screening, counseling and referral protocol that has been developed by the
      Pawtucket Heart Health Program (PHHP). A review of general considerations for
      counseling strategies in the screening context highlights the necessity for
      brief, focused, behaviorially oriented tactics. The PHHP Summary and Referral
      protocol includes a review of multiple risk factors for heart disease, a
      discussion of blood cholesterol levels, recommendations for eating pattern
      changes based on response to a food frequency questionnaire, and a final summary
      and referral as needed. The training of lay volunteers and health professionals
      in delivery of the program is also reviewed.

PMID- 2290776
TI  - Putting patient education back into control.

PMID- 2290777
TI  - Knowledge improvement and metabolic control in diabetes education: approaching
      the limits?
AB  - Evaluation of diabetes education programs (DEPs) has provided minimal empirical
      support for a relationship between improved knowledge and better metabolic
      control. We hypothesized that improved knowledge in specific areas is predictive
      of changes in specific measures of diabetes control. Patients (n = 558) attending
      one of five DEPs completed a diabetes knowledge questionnaire at baseline and
      post-DEP. Glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) was measured at baseline and at 3 months
      follow-up. Total diabetes knowledge (DKN) scores increased significantly by 18%,
      but improvement was uncorrelated with changes in GHb (r = 0.03). Improvement in
      nine specific content areas failed to predict changes in GHb (all P greater than
      0.05) and improvement in knowledge of the causes of hypoglycemia did not predict
      changes in frequency of hypoglycemia (chi 2 = 1.54; P greater than 0.05). We
      conclude that neither global nor specific knowledge improvement predicts
      metabolic control in diabetes and suggest that evaluation of diabetes education
      should focus more intensively on behavioral and attitudinal outcomes.

PMID- 2290779
TI  - Effects of parental relaxation training on glycosylated hemoglobin of children
      with diabetes.
AB  - Since 1975, interest in biofeedback, relaxation and self-regulation has increased
      for people with diabetes mellitus. Although children and adults using relaxation
      training enhanced by some method of biofeedback training have been studied,
      nothing has been done to document its effect on the children's Hgb A1c
      (glycosylated hemoglobin). Parents scoring 300 or above on the "Life Stress
      Scale" participated in 10 weeks of progressive relaxation training supported by
      temperature biofeedback. Their children's blood was tested for glycosylated
      hemoglobin prior to the relaxation training process and again at the conclusion
      of the study. The outcome demonstrated no significant differences in pre- versus
      post-Hgb A1c in the control group (P less than 0.16). In spite of the small
      sample size, the pre- versus post-experimental group demonstrated a significant
      difference (P less than 0.045). The significance of the utilization of such
      practices will be discussed relative to the outcome of increased control of blood
      glucose levels.

PMID- 2290778
TI  - Measuring the attitudes of patients towards diabetes and its treatment.
AB  - The following is a study of the general diabetes-related attitudes of 1202
      patients with diabetes in Michigan. The instrument used to measure attitudes was
      a revised version of the Diabetes Attitude Scale (DAS) designed to measure the
      attitudes of health care professionals. A factor analysis of the revised DAS
      yielded seven diabetes attitude factors. These factors represented patients'
      attitude toward: (1) the need for special training in order to provide diabetes
      care; (2) patient compliance; (3) the seriousness of noninsulin-dependent
      diabetes (NIDDM); (4) the relationship between blood glucose levels and
      complications; (5) the impact of diabetes on the patient's life; (6) patient
      autonomy; (7) team care. Overall, the respondents to this survey displayed
      attitudes consistent with the current recommendations of health care
      professionals in the field of diabetes. The revised DAS is an instrument that can
      be used to measure and compare the attitudes of both health care professionals
      and patients on a variety of diabetes-related issues.

PMID- 2290780
TI  - Patients should participate in designing diabetes educational content.
AB  - Patients with diabetes are ultimately responsible for their disease management,
      but many patients with diabetes do not have the necessary knowledge or skill.
      Recently developed National Standards for diabetes care include patient
      education. A nonprobability, convenience sample of 50 patients and 50 staff
      nurses was selected to judge the relative importance (on a 1 to 6-point Likert
      type scale) of 108 content items developed under the 15 areas designated for
      patient education in the National Standards. Questionnaire return rates were 88%
      for nurses and 82% for patients. Internal consistency for questionnaire subscales
      ranged from 0.81 to 0.97. Findings indicated a high degree of congruence between
      patient and nurse content rankings, r = 0.71 to 0.81 (excluding the Medication
      subscale). Seven of the 15 content areas were ranked almost equally. Areas ranked
      low in importance were general facts, psychosocial aspects and health care
      benefits. This study supports the notion that patients should be included when
      planning diabetes patient education activities.

PMID- 2290781
TI  - A guide for assessing a patient's level of personal responsibility for diabetes
      management.
AB  - This paper presents a guide for assessing a diabetic patient's level of personal
      responsibility. In the general population, high levels of personal responsibility
      have been shown to be related to psychological well-being and are especially
      appropriate for chronic disease such as diabetes. With diabetes, patients are
      required to deliver virtually all of the daily self-care. Successful adaptation
      to this role is enhanced when patients are able to accept personal responsibility
      for having and treating their diabetes. The paper describes five levels of
      personal responsibility starting with the lowest level in which patients feel
      overwhelmed, hopeless, and helpless and ending with the highest level in which
      patients accept diabetes as a fact of their lives and fully accept responsibility
      for it. A discussion of assessing the patient's level of personal responsibility
      and responding appropriately to patients at different levels is included.

PMID- 2290782
TI  - Rethinking the models and modes of diabetes education.
AB  - Diabetes patient education has emerged as an integral component of comprehensive
      diabetes care during the past 50 years. The medical model of information transfer
      is now inadequate to support the variety of effective techniques which have been
      shown to influence patients' knowledge and health behavior. To cope with rapidly
      changing patterns of diabetes care, diabetes education must develop new models
      and modes. This article presents a re-evaluation of the traditional concepts of
      diabetes education and identifies new challenges and new directions for the
      1990s.

PMID- 2290784
TI  - Characterization of the yellow pigment in the axanthic mutant of the Mexican
      axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.
AB  - The yellow pigment observed in older axanthic (ax/ax) mutant Mexican axolotls
      (Ambystoma mexicanum) was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and by
      spectrofluorometry of its acetyl derivative. Ethanol extracts from the skin of
      axanthic animals were acetylated and the chloroform-soluble portion of the
      product mixture was compared with a chloroform solution of an authentic
      riboflavin tetraacetate standard prepared in the same manner. The pigment in
      these two solutions behaved identically on thin layer chromatograms and in
      fluorescent emission spectroscopy. This confirms that the yellow pigment seen in
      these genetically axanthic animals is riboflavin and, since it cannot be
      synthesized by the animal, must be derived from the diet.

PMID- 2290783
TI  - Clarifying the role of the diabetes educator in Europe.

PMID- 2290785
TI  - Characterization of calcium uptake in chick retinal pigment epithelium.
AB  - 45Ca uptake was studied in isolated chick retinal pigment epithelial cells. 45Ca
      was accumulated by a saturable, temperature-dependent system with a KM of 400
      microM and a Vmax of 0.13 mumoles2mg protein/min, which depends on the external
      sodium concentrations. The transport system was present early during embryonic
      development. RPE cells of three breeds of chicks with different degrees of
      pigmentation accumulated calcium proportionally to the melanin content of the
      cells, suggesting that pigment granules participate in the storage and regulation
      of intracellular calcium.

PMID- 2290786
TI  - Hairless pigmented guinea pigs: a new model for the study of mammalian
      pigmentation.
AB  - A stock of hairless pigmented guinea pigs was developed to facilitate studies of
      mammalian pigmentation. This stock combines the convenience of a hairless animal
      with a pigmentary system that is similar to human skin. In both human and guinea
      pig skin, active melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the
      interfollicular epidermis. Hairless albino guinea pigs on an outbred Hartley
      background (CrI:IAF/HA(hr/hr)BR; designated hr/hr) were mated with red-haired
      guinea pigs (designated Hr/Hr). Red-haired heterozygotes from the F1 generation
      (Hr/hr) were then mated with each other or with hairless albino guinea pigs. The
      F2 generation included hairless pigmented guinea pigs that retained their
      interfollicular epidermal melanocytes and whose skin was red-brown in color.
      Following UV irradiation, there was an increase in cutaneous pigmentation as well
      as an increase in the number of active epidermal melanocytes. An additional
      strain of black hairless guinea pigs was developed using black Hr/Hr animals and
      a similar breeding scheme. These two strains should serve as useful models for
      studies of the mammalian pigment system.

PMID- 2290787
TI  - Radiosensitivity of murine and human melanoma cells: a comparative study with
      different models.
AB  - The in vitro radiosensitivity of one murine melanoma cell line (Cloudman S91 CCL
      53.1) and three human melanoma cell strains (C8146C, C8161, and R83-4) were
      studied. Cells were irradiated by single dose X-rays and plated either in agar or
      on plastic. The survival curves were fitted by the single-hit multitarget, two
      hit multitarget, and quadratic models. Multiple comparisons of the residual sum
      of squares suggested that the two-hit model was clearly inferior to the single
      hit and quadratic models. No statistically significant difference was suggested
      for either the single-hit or quadratic models. Furthermore, on examination of the
      differences in correlations between the observed and predicted values, the
      residual plots (observed minus predicted over dose) failed to suggest a clear
      advantage of either the single-hit multitarget or the quadratic models. Either
      model could be recommended for analysis of in vitro radiation data.

PMID- 2290788
TI  - [Acceptability of pre-formulated consent forms for internal autopsy (autopsy
      consent) in hospital admission contracts. Decision of the Federal court 31 May
      1990 on revision of the regulation of the Koblenz court 15 September 1989].

PMID- 2290789
TI  - [Histopathologic classification of Hodgkin's lymphomas. Report of the reference
      pathology of the German Hodgkin Study].

PMID- 2290790
TI  - [Clinical and immunohistochemical studies of synovial amyloid in chronic renal
      failure].

PMID- 2290791
TI  - [Helicobacter pylori and B-gastritis: nonspecific and specific immune
      mechanisms].

PMID- 2290792
TI  - [Papulosis atrophicans maligna--Degos disease].

PMID- 2290793
TI  - [Late recurrence of a hemangiopericytoma with lipomatous components].

PMID- 2290795
TI  - [Solitary right coronary artery--a rare coronary artery anomaly].

PMID- 2290794
TI  - [Accessory liver without efferent bile duct. Study and discussion of a rare
      surgical specimen].

PMID- 2290796
TI  - [Comment on the contribution by B. Sprakel, A. Bosse, B. Reers, G. Winde, H.
      Sprakel: On the topic of the generalization of Crohn disease].

PMID- 2290797
TI  - [Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840)].

PMID- 2290798
TI  - Current topic: the role of macrophages in the uterine response to pregnancy.
AB  - Immunohistological experiments have established patterns of distribution of
      macrophages in the pregnant uterus and some data have been accumulated on
      potential chemoattractants for these cells. The results of several lines of
      inquiry indicate that, as with macrophages in other tissues, these cells are
      multi-functional. Further experimentation is likely to be technically demanding
      because of indications that intricate hormone-prostaglandin-cytokine networks
      regulate uterine macrophage activities. The question of cytokine synthesis by
      uterine macrophages is particularly intriguing (Hunt, 1989a, Journal of
      Reproductive Immunology, 16, 1-17) and particularly difficult. These
      morphologically heterogenous cells are interspersed throughout the uterus with
      other types of cells that synthesize some of the same molecules, and the
      manipulations required for isolation could easily affect transient gene
      transcription (Taniguchi, 1988). Thus, many experiments must be performed on
      intact tissues using immunohistology and in situ hybridization. Although these
      remarkable cells undoubtedly contribute to the required developmental events of
      pregnancy, uterine macrophages may have detrimental as well as beneficial
      effects, particularly in cases of infection. Activation by interferons and
      bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) disrupts normal synthetic patterns, and
      results in secretion of increased concentrations of bioactive proteins and
      lipids. Higher levels of IL-1 (Romero et al, 1989), TNF-alpha (Casey et al, 1989)
      and IL-6 (Romero et al, 1990), as well as increased levels of prostaglandins
      (Romero et al, 1987), all products of activated macrophages, are associated with
      pregnancy termination due to infection. Some of these molecules could induce
      premature labour, and others might alter cellular functions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2290799
TI  - Histological study of the materno-embryonic interface in spontaneous abortion.
AB  - In a histological study of 184 specimens of complete spontaneous abortion, the
      following points were delineated. In cases of anomaly or death of the conceptus,
      there was a reduced trophoblastic penetration into the decidua and into the
      spiral arteries where physiological changes were limited or absent. Trophoblastic
      proliferation within the columns and the outer shell was limited with frequent
      disruption or even disappearance of the shell. These findings seem to be related
      to the untimely initiation of blood flow in the intervillous space which in turn
      is associated with arrest of pregnancy and eventual expulsion.

PMID- 2290800
TI  - Accelerated expression of Ca antigen by placental villous trophoblast in pre
      eclampsia.
AB  - The Ca antigen is expressed by a range of normal tissues, as well as by many
      malignant neoplasms. The former includes placental villous syncytiotrophoblast
      where it appears first on syncytial sprouts at 20 weeks gestation, and
      progressively becomes more intensely and widely expressed on the surface of the
      trophoblast of villi of all sizes. We report here the prematurely intense
      expression of the antigen in pre-eclampsia (22 cases), by comparison with control
      sections from uncomplicated pregnancies. The expression of this antigen may have
      value as a relatively objective marker of accelerated maturation of the placental
      villous tree. It is suggested that the premature expression of Ca antigen in
      villous trophoblast in pre-eclampsia is due to external modification of a
      temporally related gene activation.

PMID- 2290801
TI  - Oxygen diffusive conductances of human placentae from term pregnancies at low and
      high altitudes.
AB  - A morphometric model of oxygen diffusion is employed to calculate the partial,
      total and specific conductances of human placentae from low- and high-altitude
      term pregnancies. Placentae were obtained from indigenous and non-indigenous
      populations and the diffusion pathway dissected into six tissue compartments.
      Birthweights were reduced at high altitude but were greater in natives versus non
      natives. The altitudinal differences were associated with changes in placental
      diffusive conductances. The partial conductance of the villous trophoblast was
      conserved but the conductance on the maternal side was increased as was the
      conductance of the villous stroma. Fetal conductances were conserved (plasma) or
      diminished (erythrocytes). We conclude that birthweights are reduced at high
      altitude despite the attempts to increase the total placental diffusive
      conductance for oxygen. The mechanisms underlying these adaptations are
      discussed.

PMID- 2290802
TI  - Purification of human cytotrophoblast from term amniochorion by flow cytometry.
AB  - Term cytotrophoblast do not express polymorphic MHC Class I antigens, unlike
      other fetal and maternal cells in the amniochorion/decidua. This allows
      cytotrophoblast to be isolated and purified from this tissue, utilizing 4E, a
      monoclonal antibody specific for HLA-B, which labels only non-trophoblast. We
      have developed a method using enzymic dispersion and Percoll gradient
      centrifugation, followed by flow cytometry, that yields, on average, a total of 5
      X 10(6) term extravillous cytotrophoblast, 97 per cent pure. The availability of
      highly purified extravillous cytotrophoblast, for the first time, permits precise
      investigation of trophoblast function.

PMID- 2290805
TI  - Short communication: placental collagen and premature rupture of fetal membranes.
AB  - Collagen content of 43 placentae from clinically normal females who went into
      labour spontaneously was determined by assaying hydroxyproline. In 23 cases the
      membranes ruptured before or at the beginning of labour, and in 20 cases the
      rupture was intrumentally provoked during the expulsive period. In the group with
      prematurely ruptured membranes, hydroxyproline concentration was 11.52 +/- 1.83
      micrograms/mg lyophilized tissue, whereas in the other group concentration was
      20.29 +/- 4.32 micrograms/mg tissue. These data disclose a much lower collagen
      placental content in the group with premature rupturing of the membranes.

PMID- 2290803
TI  - Interaction of 125I-labelled ceruloplasmin with human trophoblast cells in vitro.
AB  - In vitro binding, internalization and release of the plasma protein ceruloplasmin
      was investigated using primary cultures of human placental trophoblast cells.
      Binding of 125I-labelled ceruloplasmin at 4 degrees C reached equilibrium by 5-6
      h; binding was linear throughout all concentrations tested (1 nM-3.3 microM).
      Addition of greater than 5-10 microM unlabelled ceruloplasmin or a variety of
      other proteins (albumin, transferrin, IgG) were equally effective in displacing
      bound ceruloplasmin in a concentration-dependent manner. When cells were
      incubated at 37 degrees C, the majority of surface-bound 125I-labelled
      ceruloplasmin was released directly to the extracellular medium. Trypsin
      resistant radioactivity increased to 18 per cent of initially bound ceruloplasmin
      within 1 min, declining to 5 per cent by 2 h. The acquisition of trypsin
      resistant radioactivity was unaffected by the addition of a variety of metabolic
      inhibitors and no evidence of intracellular degradation of ceruloplasmin was
      found. In summary, our results suggest that the majority of ceruloplasmin binding
      to trophoblast cells is nonspecific, of low affinity, and easily dissociable at 4
      degrees C. Only a small amount of ceruloplasmin appeared to be internalized, by
      an as yet unknown mechanism.

PMID- 2290804
TI  - Transferrin receptor expression in early postimplantation mouse trophoblast and
      associated tissues.
AB  - The expression of the transferrin receptor (TR) was examined on murine
      trophoblast cells on days 6, 8 and 10 of gestation, using a monoclonal antibody
      visualized by indirect immunofluorescence on cryostat sections of the implant
      site. In the day 6 tissues, TR were observed on both the ectoplacental cone (EPC)
      and mural giant cell trophoblast populations, as well as on the embryonic
      ectoderm, anti-mesometrial decidual cells, uterine glandular epithelium and
      myometrium. By the 8th day of gestation, TR expression was weak, or undetectable
      on trophoblast giant cells (TGC), but remained strong on the proliferating cells
      of the EPC and embryo. In the definitive placenta (day 10), TR are expressed
      primarily on the differentiated labyrinthine trophoblast cells involved in the
      maternal-fetal transfer of iron.

PMID- 2290806
TI  - [Tuberculosis morbidity in the areas under strict radiation control].
AB  - The levels of tuberculosis morbidity in the areas of a strict radiation control
      imposed as a consequence of the accident at the Chernobyl atomic power station
      are determined by the following two factors: outflow of young people (including
      children) whose tuberculosis morbidity is rather low; and lesser coverage of the
      population by preventive fluorographic examinations. In the majority of the areas
      of a strict radiation control, lesser coverage of the population by preventive
      fluorographic examinations has a predominant influence on the tuberculosis
      morbidity rates which appear to be lower than in 1985. At the same time the
      percentage of the destructive forms in newly diagnosed patients with respiratory
      tuberculosis happens to increase, while the proportion of those developing focal
      pulmonary tuberculosis appears to decrease. Tuberculosis case-finding is the
      urgent problem which should be achieved by means of non-radiation methods of
      detecting this disease.

PMID- 2290808
TI  - [The efficacy of different chemotherapeutic regimens in patients over 50 years
      old with newly detected destructive tuberculosis of the lungs].
AB  - The outcomes of treatment of 217 patients aged 50 or over with newly diagnosed
      destructive pulmonary tuberculosis were analysed. Their management included the
      following 3 regimens: Groups 1 and 2 were on intermittent regimen with drugs
      introduced parenterally, and Group 3 was on a daily regimen with drugs introduced
      orally. The intermittent regimens can compete with a daily one, whereas a
      parenteral administration of all the three drugs (Group 2) can even surpass it in
      to its efficacy. Cavity closure rate was registered in 74.2, 81.4 and 60.0% in
      the Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. If compared to a daily oral administration,
      the intermittent one leads to the elimination of destructive changes in the lungs
      more rapidly and in a shorter period of time. A significant improvement of
      tolerance to the intermittent drug administration and a decrease in the
      prescribed medicinal load on the body are noted.

PMID- 2290807
TI  - [Improvement of chemotherapy of primary forms of pulmonary tuberculosis in
      adolescents].
AB  - Observation findings concerning 112 adolescents with tuberculosis are presented.
      The patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 61 cases with primary
      forms of tuberculosis and without lung tissue destruction or bacillary excretion.
      The best part of this group was affected by tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph
      nodes and focal tuberculosis. Group 2 consisted of 51 patients with primary
      tuberculosis in addition to lung tissue destruction or bacillary excretion. Most
      of these patients had infiltrative tuberculosis. Their treatment regimens were
      standard ones. The patients of group 1 are recommended to have a 6-month hospital
      management and a subsequent additional treatment at a sanatorium for 3 months.
      The period of the in-patient chemotherapy of group 2 should be no less than 9
      months plus 3 months of additional treatment at a sanatorium.

PMID- 2290809
TI  - [Clinical and laboratory studies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis treated
      with pyrazinamide].
AB  - Different combinations of tuberculostatic drugs containing pyrazinamide were
      prescribed to 144 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. In 3 months of treatment,
      bacterial excretion was observed in 89.7% of newly diagnosed patients and in 59%
      of cases with chronic forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. Side effects due to
      pyrazinamide were registered in 16.8% of the patients. In 2-3 months of therapy
      there were no differences traced in the condition of the liver, lipoid
      peroxidation or antioxidative activity as well as in a number of immunologic
      indices both in subjects receiving different combinations of antituberculous
      drugs, containing pyrazinamide, and in the control group of patients untreated
      with the drug.

PMID- 2290810
TI  - [The problem of drug allergy in patients with tuberculosis].
AB  - Some aspects of drug allergy in tuberculosis patients are given. The rate of drug
      allergy in these cases makes up 14.65% and tends to further increase. The
      frequency of such allergy depends on sex, age, specificity of a tuberculous
      process and underlying diseases. A list of the drugs more frequently causing
      allergic reactions was made. As far as antituberculosis institutions are
      concerned, it seems necessary to organize proper prevention, diagnosis and
      treatment of drug allergies that would meet modern requirements.

PMID- 2290812
TI  - [Clinico-roentgenologic aspects of cancer of the lung in patients with
      tuberculosis].

PMID- 2290811
TI  - [Tuberculomas of the brain].
AB  - Literature data and individual observations of 5 cases with a rare disease, like
      tuberculoma of the brain, are presented. From the clinical point of view, the
      disease in children, aged 4-9 years, proceeds like cerebral tumor. A surgical
      intervention has revealed a tuberculoma of the cerebellum in 4 and that of the
      truncus cerebri in 1 patient. The diagnosis of tuberculoma of the brain was
      confirmed histologically. Clinico-laboratory data and the impact of
      tuberculostatic therapy in the postoperative period were studied.

PMID- 2290813
TI  - [Classification of respiratory insufficiency in pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - 605 patients with different forms of pulmonary tuberculosis were examined. Blood
      gases and acid-base condition (ABC) were studied. In 22.2 per cent of the
      patients, hypoxemia was lacking with normal ABC and no respiratory failure (RF);
      in 36.6 per cent, hypoxemia was not accompanied by ABC changes and hence was
      caused by circulatory disturbances; in 15.6 per cent, it was combined with
      respiratory alcoholism; and in 6.8 per cent, with respiratory acidosis. The rest
      of the cases found to have metabolic disturbances of the ABC. Thus, hypoxemia is
      observed both with chronic forms of tuberculosis and with infiltrative/focal one,
      i.e. it follows a subacute course. In case of pulmonary tuberculosis, it is
      recommended to isolate subacute RF with PaO2 of 68.3 +/- 0.56 mm Hg, chronic RF
      of the 1-st phase with PaO2 of 71.8 +/- 0.7 mm Hg and chronic RF of the 2-nd
      phase with PaO2 of 64.2 +/- 0.88 mm Hg and accompanied by chronic cor pulmonale.
      In this case it seems necessary to find the basic mechanism of RF which is
      important for the treatment purposes.

PMID- 2290815
TI  - [Diagnostic fluorography of the lungs using 70-millimeter film].

PMID- 2290814
TI  - [Scanographic evaluation of sarcoidosis of the respiratory organs using 67Ga
      citrate].
AB  - Scanographic examinations with the use of citrate 67Ga in patients with
      respiratory sarcoidosis made it possible to discover valid incidence,
      localization and evidence of a pathological process. In 54 (62.1%) out of 87
      patients with the process in its active phase, a regional function of the lymph
      nodes and the lungs was identical to the clinically found phase of the process,
      while in 33 (37.9%) cases there were discrepancies both in its activity and
      absence. Besides, due to the scanographic examinations it was also possible to
      detect higher accumulation of the given radiopharmaceutical in the lymph nodes of
      3 (9.1%) out of 33 patients characterized by a regressive and stabilized phase,
      thus confirming the process activity. In 23 (19.2%) out of 120 cases,
      extrapulmonary sites of the sarcoid process were revealed by means of citrate
      67Ga.

PMID- 2290816
TI  - [Experience in the use of the Pneumoscreen apparatus to study the external
      respiration function in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 2290817
TI  - [A method of studying alveolar ventilation at rest and during a test with
      physical exertion].

PMID- 2290818
TI  - [Nodal silicotuberculosis].

PMID- 2290819
TI  - [A decline in the efficacy of hyposensitization due to the adverse effects of
      antitubercular agents against a background of immuno-correction].

PMID- 2290820
TI  - [Assessment of the functional status of the ciliary apparatus of the respiratory
      pathways during pathology of the respiratory organs].
AB  - Using a television system, the function of the ciliary system of the bronchial
      ciliated epithelium in patients with acute pneumonia, chronic and acute
      bronchitis and in healthy subjects was studied. Diagnostic signs of the ciliary
      dysfunction in respiratory pathology were defined, i.e. lower ciliary rate, their
      shorter amplitude, local and general dysmetachronia, etc. The influence of
      temperature and medium pH changes on the ciliated epithelium's motor activity in
      normal and pathologic cases was analysed.

PMID- 2290821
TI  - [Characteristics of mycobacteria isolated from man, animals and environmental
      objects].
AB  - The paper deals with the identification results of mycobacteria isolated from
      man, animals and environmental objects. Mycobacterium bovis had a high resistance
      towards all trial drugs. Nevertheless, the representatives of atypical
      mycobacteria were resistant to streptomycin, isoniazid and PAS. The analysis of a
      specific spectrum of mycobacteria isolated from the environmental objects
      indicated that, according to Ranyon, it contained representatives of different
      groups. Under unfavorable tuberculosis epidemiologic and epizootologic
      conditions, the study of mycobacteria circulating on the animal habitat objects
      is of great practical importance.

PMID- 2290822
TI  - [Tuberculosis and maternity].
AB  - Tuberculosis during pregnancy is mainly detected by complaints. An infiltrative
      form of tuberculosis is the most common one in patients of this group. A clinical
      course of tuberculosis in the pregnant women is accompanied by a profound iron
      deficiency anemia and develops with higher tuberculin sensitization. As compared
      with the infants born to mothers who were given antituberculous drugs, these born
      to mothers with pulmonary tuberculosis not treated during their pregnancy have a
      lower birthweight. Breast-fed infants born to tuberculosis-affected mothers who
      were treated during their pregnancy have a higher body weight by their first year
      than bottle-fed ones and those born to non-treated mothers. Breast milk of
      mothers with pulmonary tuberculosis contained M. tuberculosis and L-forms but was
      not a source of infection transmission.

PMID- 2290823
TI  - [A comparison of the morphological indices of disorders of lymph dynamics and the
      functional indices of the lungs in patients with tuberculosis and bronchogenic
      cancer].
AB  - A comparative analysis was made with regard to histologic examination findings of
      the external respiration function indices in 156 patients with cancer and newly
      diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. The given analysis has demonstrated that as
      compared with pulmonary tuberculosis patients the external respiration function
      was more disturbed in subjects with a tumor process. This observation mainly
      concerned the persons with central cancer at the age below 50 and whose
      ventilation disturbances mostly had an obstructive nature caused by both
      endobronchial growth of the tumor and a mechanical underflow of the lymph.
      Lymphodynamic disturbances in the case of cancer were more evident than in
      tuberculosis.

PMID- 2290824
TI  - [Indices of humoral immunity in inhabitants of the Far North infected and sick
      with tuberculosis].
AB  - As a result of a complex study of the humoral immunity indices in tuberculosis
      infected and affected inhabitants of the Extreme North with reference to the
      immunoglobulin A, G, M levels, titers of heterohemagglutinins (HHA) and specific
      antibodies defined by means of indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT), complement
      fixation test with tuberculin and IHAT with phosphatidic antigen (IHAT-Ph), two
      simple and quite informative tests, i.e. HHA and IHAT-Ph, are recommended for the
      practical use in health system. HHA level greater than 1/4 indicates the absence
      of immunodeficiency in system B. The results of IHAT-Ph, being adequate to the
      main clinical manifestations of tuberculosis (including bacillary excretion and
      lung tissue destruction), can be used as an additional diagnostic and evaluation
      method of tuberculous activity when the subjects from specific infection foci are
      examined or during their inpatient and dispensary observation and management.

PMID- 2290825
TI  - [The organization of antituberculosis measures in a rural district].

PMID- 2290826
TI  - [The prognostic significance of x-ray morphological changes in the lungs and the
      character of bacterial shedding in patients with newly detected destructive
      tuberculosis].

PMID- 2290827
TI  - [A rare case of sarcoidosis of the abdominal lymph nodes complicated by
      obstructive jaundice].

PMID- 2290828
TI  - [Resection of the upper pulmonary lobe because of tuberculosis in complete situs
      inversus viscerum].

PMID- 2290829
TI  - New shapes in HIV protease inhibitors.

PMID- 2290830
TI  - Comparative molecular modeling of Amphioxus calcium vector protein with
      calmodulin and troponin C.
AB  - Calcium vector protein (CaVP), a new protein isolated from Amphioxus muscle,
      binds in a Ca2(+)-regulated manner to a 27 kd target protein, named CaVPT, whose
      function has not been elucidated yet. CaVP bears significant sequence homology to
      both calmodulin and skeletal muscle troponin C, especially in the C-terminal half
      of the molecule, which presumably contains the two functional Ca2(+)-binding
      sites. The N-terminal half contains two abortive EF-hands and is intramolecularly
      crosslinked with a disulfide bond. Using the crystallographic structures of
      calmodulin and striated muscle troponin C as a framework, we constructed two
      different three-dimensional models of CaVP and modeled the intramolecular
      disulfide bridge. The modeling based upon the coordinates of calmodulin yields a
      Ca2(+)-filled sites configuration in the N-terminal half of the molecule, even
      though no Ca2+ is bound in this half, whereas the troponin C-derived model
      generates a Ca2(+)-empty sites configuration. The models predict that neither is
      the Ca2(+)-filled nor in the Ca2(+)-empty sites conformation is there any steric
      and/or energetic obstacle for the formation of the disulfide bridge and that the
      disulfide bond is poorly accessible to reducing reagents. The optical properties
      of the Trp and Tyr residues of CaVP indicate that the calmodulin-derived model
      represents the most plausible prediction.

PMID- 2290831
TI  - Solution structure of the DNA-binding domain of the yeast transcriptional
      activator protein GCN4.
AB  - The solution structure of an active synthetic peptide containing both the leucine
      zipper and the adjacent basic domain of the yeast transcription factor GCN4
      (residues 220-280) was determined by NMR. The two domains show structurally
      distinct behaviours. In the absence of DNA, the basic domain is, although very
      flexible, structured and fluctuating around a helical conformation. The leucine
      zipper region forms a long, uninterrupted helix. From a suitable set of NMR
      distances the three-dimensional structure of the leucine zipper monomeric sub
      domain was calculated by distance geometry algorithms. The structure of the
      symmetrical parallel dimer was obtained by model building using the NMR
      information. A smaller peptide with the sequence of the isolated basic region
      (residues 1-35 of the 61 residue peptide) was also synthesized. Circular
      dichroism studies showed 30-40% helicity. A flexible helix spans the region
      between residues 8 and 21. The comparison of our results with suggested models is
      discussed in detail.

PMID- 2290832
TI  - Cleavage-site motifs in mitochondrial targeting peptides.
AB  - Although mitochondrial targeting peptides lack a common consensus sequence, a
      certain bias in the positional distribution of amino acids has recently been
      found. These patterns seem to be associated with cleavage of the precursor
      proteins by matrix processing proteases. We have extended the previous studies
      and found new sequence motifs that are conserved within subgroups of
      mitochondrial targeting peptides. These motifs have certain common themes,
      indicating that they are associated with cleavage by one single protease. Two of
      the conserved patterns have a high predictive value, but even for sequences that
      do not possess these patterns, a fairly accurate prediction of the cleavage site
      is shown to be possible. We also suggest that a well-conserved RXY decreases
      (S/A) pattern may be used to engineer efficiently recognized cleavage sites into
      uncleaved or artificial mitochondrial targeting peptides.

PMID- 2290833
TI  - Inter-species sequence conservation of single-spanning transmembrane regions.
AB  - The extent of inter-species sequence identity in single-spanning transmembrane
      regions of integral membrane proteins was evaluated. The sequences of the 32
      human transmembrane regions were compared with the respective rodent homologues.
      The identity between homologous transmembrane regions ranged from 32 to 100%,
      compared with a mean value of 14% identity between unrelated transmembrane
      sections. On average the identity between homologous transmembrane regions is
      slightly higher than for the rest of the chain. These values suggest that, in
      general, there are structural and/or functional constraints on the transmembrane
      regions beyond the simple requirement to act as a passive, nonpolar, connecting
      region across the cell membrane. Although there is limited experimental evidence
      available, the three transmembrane regions (CD2 antigen, MHC class I and ICAM-1)
      with particularly low values of inter-species identity (less than 50%) are
      probably not involved in an interaction with another transmembrane section in the
      same cell.

PMID- 2290834
TI  - Interaction of metal ions with carboxylic and carboxamide groups in protein
      structures.
AB  - An analysis of the geometry of metal binding by carboxylic and carboxamide groups
      in proteins is presented. Most of the ligands are from aspartic and glutamic acid
      side chains. Water molecules bound to carboxylate anions are known to interact
      with oxygen lone-pairs. However, metal ions are also found to approach the
      carboxylate group along the C-O direction. More metal ions are found to be along
      the syn than the anti lone-pair direction. This seems to be the result of the
      stability of the five-membered ring that is formed by the carboxylate anion
      hydrogen bonded to a ligand water molecule and the metal ion in the syn position.
      Ligand residues are usually from the helix, turn or regions with no regular
      secondary structure. Because of the steric interactions associated with bringing
      all the ligands around a metal center, a calcium ion can bind only near the ends
      of a helix; a metal, like zinc, with a low coordination number, can bind anywhere
      in the helix. Based on the analysis of the positions of water molecules in the
      metal coordination sphere, the sequence of the EF hand (a calcium-binding
      structure) is discussed.

PMID- 2290835
TI  - Geometry of interaction of metal ions with histidine residues in protein
      structures.
AB  - An analysis of the geometry and the orientation of metal ions bound to histidine
      residues in proteins is presented. Cations are found to lie in the imidazole
      plane along the lone pair on the nitrogen atom. Out of the two tautomeric forms
      of the imidazole ring, the NE2-protonated form is normally preferred. However,
      when bound to a metal ion the ND1-protonated form is predominant and NE2 is the
      ligand atom. When the metal coordination is through ND1, steric interactions
      shift the side chain torsional angle, chi 2 from its preferred value of 90 or 270
      degrees. The orientation of histidine residues is usually stabilized through
      hydrogen bonding; ND1-protonated form of a helical residue can form a hydrogen
      bond with the carbonyl oxygen atom in the preceding turn of the helix. A
      considerable number of ligands are found in helices and beta-sheets. A helical
      residue bound to a heme group is usually found near the C-terminus of the helix.
      Two ligand groups four residues apart in a helix, or two residues apart in a beta
      strand are used in many proteins to bind metal ions.

PMID- 2290836
TI  - Site-directed mutagenesis reveals functional contribution of Thr218, Lys220 and
      Asp304 in chymosin.
AB  - The functional contributions of amino acid residues Thr218 and Asp304 of
      chymosin, both of which are highly conserved in the aspartic proteinases, are
      analysed by means of site-directed mutagenesis. The optimum pH values, milk
      clotting (C) and proteolytic (P) activities and kinetic parameters for synthetic
      oligopeptides as substrates were examined for the mutant enzymes. The mutation
      Thr218Ser caused a marked increase in the C/P ratio, which seemed to be due to a
      change in substrate recognition. Although the negative charge of Asp304 had been
      expected to play a role in lowering the optimum pH values in the aspartic
      proteinases, this turned out not to be the case in chymosin because both the
      mutations Asp304Ala and Asp304Glu caused a similar shift of the optimum pH
      towards the acidic side. In addition, the mutation Lys220Leu, which we generated
      previously, was found to cause a decrease in the C/P ratio, mainly due to the
      increase in the proteolytic activity.

PMID- 2290837
TI  - Site-directed mutagenesis of Arg60 and Cys271 in ornithine transcarbamylase from
      rat liver.
AB  - We have investigated the putative carbamylphosphate- and ornithine-binding
      domains in ornithine transcarbamylase from rat liver using site-directed
      mutagenesis. Arg60, present in the phosphate-binding motif X-Ser-X-Arg-X and
      therefore implicated in the binding of the phosphate moiety of carbamylphosphate
      has been replaced with a leucine. This results in a dramatic reduction of
      catalytic activity, although the enzyme is synthesized in cells stably
      transfected with the mutant clone and imported, correctly processed and assembled
      into a homotrimer in mitochondria. The sole cysteine residue (Cys271) has been
      implicated in ornithine binding by the chemical modification studies of Marshall
      and Cohen in 1972 and 1980 (J. Biol. Chem., 247, 1654-1668, 1669-1682; 255, 7291
      7295, 7296-7300). Replacement of this residue with serine did not eliminate
      enzyme activity but affected the Michaelis constant for ornithine (Kb),
      increasing it 5-fold from 0.71 to 3.7 mM and reduced the kcat at pH 8.5 by 20
      fold. These changes represent a loss in apparent binding energy for the enzyme-
      ornithine complex of 2.9 kcal/mol, suggesting that Cys271 is normally involved in
      hydrogen bonding to the substrate, ornithine. The cysteine to serine substitution
      also caused the dissociation constant (Kii) for the competitive inhibitor, L
      norvaline to be increased 10-fold, from 12 to 120 microM. The small loss in
      binding energy and relatively high residual catalytic activity of the mutant
      strongly suggests that a number of other residues are involved in the binding of
      ornithine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2290839
TI  - Current and future trends in anticonvulsant, anxiety, and stroke therapy.
      Proceedings of a symposium. Princeton, New Jersey, May 21-23, 1989.

PMID- 2290838
TI  - Antiepileptic drugs: historical perspective, current therapy, and clinical
      investigations.

PMID- 2290840
TI  - Preclinical drug development in the antiepileptic drug development program. A
      cooperative effort of government and industry.

PMID- 2290842
TI  - Anxiety--social issues of treatment.

PMID- 2290841
TI  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder and its treatment with serotonin-selective agents.

PMID- 2290843
TI  - Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and trauma in relation to possible
      therapeutic approaches.

PMID- 2290844
TI  - Limitations of in vitro models of ischemia.

PMID- 2290845
TI  - Adenosine: its relevance to the treatment of brain ischemia and trauma.

PMID- 2290846
TI  - Role of oxygen radicals in stroke: effects of the 21-aminosteroids (lazaroids). A
      novel class of antioxidants.

PMID- 2290847
TI  - Brain anti-cytoxic edema agents.
AB  - The work described in this chapter has indicated that improved outcome from an
      experimental head injury model can be achieved by drugs which are non-diuretic
      derivatives of loop diuretics, namely indanyl and fluorenyl compounds which are
      derivatives of ethacrynic acid. These drugs were originally identified by us on
      the basis of their efficacy in inhibiting [K+]-stimulated, HCO3(-)-dependent
      swelling of brain cerebrocortical slices. Swelling of glial cells (astrocytes)
      has long been known to be associated with such slice swelling and astrocyte
      swelling is a major locus of cytotoxic or cellular brain edema. Qualitative and
      quantitative electron microscope studies have shown that L644,711, a particularly
      effective member of the fluorenyl class of drugs, inhibits astrocytic swelling
      associated with an experimental animal head injury model. We have suggested that
      astrocytic swelling in pathological states may be partly due to activation of Cl
      /HCO3- and Na+/H+ exchange systems driven by increased astrocytic intracellular
      hydration of CO2, and recent work has indeed shown that the ability of the
      indanyl and fluorenyl drugs to inhibit brain slice swelling and protect against
      head injury correlates closely with their ability to inhibit Cl-/HCO3- exchange.
      All these data suggest that astrocytic swelling, which seems to precede neuronal
      degeneration and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, is deleterious and that
      prevention of such swelling can lead to effective therapy. We have used primary
      astrocytic cultures to explore reasons why astrocytic swelling could be harmful.
      Exposing such astrocytes to hypotonic medium causes rapid swelling with a slower
      return to normal volume in the continued presence of hypotonic medium, a process
      known as regulatory volume decrease or RVD. Such RVD is associated with marked
      release of several amino acids, including L-glutamate. L644,711 and other Cl
      /HCO3- transport inhibitors such as SITS and furosemide, but not the selective
      Na+ + K+ + 2Cl- co-transport inhibitor bumetanide, inhibit such swelling-induced
      release of L-glutamate. Thus, L644,711 and other drugs may be effective in
      promoting recovery from head injury and other pathological states in which
      astrocytic swelling occurs either by initially preventing the swelling or
      inhibiting the release of excitotoxic excitatory amino acids if swelling does
      occur, perhaps depending at what time the drug is given.

PMID- 2290848
TI  - Clinical testing of compounds modifying acute and chronic neurodegeneration in
      the CNS.

PMID- 2290850
TI  - NPC 12626, a novel, competitive NMDA antagonist: pharmacological and
      toxicological profile.

PMID- 2290849
TI  - Status of PR 934-423, a novel anticonvulsant targeted for generalized
      tonic/clonic seizures (new designation is FPL 12924AA).

PMID- 2290852
TI  - Novel research strategies for antiepileptic therapy.

PMID- 2290851
TI  - Preclinical anticonvulsant and neuroprotective profile of 8319, a non-competitive
      NMDA antagonist.
AB  - 8319, ((+-)-2-Amino-N-ethyl-alpha-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)benzeneethanamine 2HCl), is
      a novel compound with the profile of a non-competitive NMDA antagonist. The
      compound displaced [3H] TCP with high affinity (IC50 = 43 nM), but was inactive
      at the NMDA, benzodiazepine and GABA sites; in vivo, 8319 showed good efficacy as
      an anticonvulsant and potential neuroprotective agent. It blocked seizures
      induced by NMDLA, supramaximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), picrotoxin,
      and thiosemicarbazide with ED50's of 1-20 mg/kg ip. As a neuroprotective agent,
      8319 (30-100 mg/kg sc) prevented the death of dorsal hippocampal pyramidal cells
      induced by direct injection of 20 nmol NMDA. At 15 mg/kg ip, the compound was
      also effective against hippocampal neuronal necrosis induced via bilateral
      occlusion of the carotid arteries in gerbils. In summary, 8319 is a
      noncompetitive NMDA antagonist with good anticonvulsant activity and may possess
      neuroprotective properties useful in the treatment of brain ischemia.

PMID- 2290853
TI  - Role of the glutathione-glutathione peroxidase cycle in the cytotoxicity of the
      anticancer quinones.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase, in
      the presence of reducing equivalents from the tripeptide glutathione, is
      responsible for detoxifying hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides generated
      as a consequence of the cyclic reduction and oxidation of quinone-containing
      anticancer agents including doxorubicin, daunorubicin, mitomycin C, diaziquone,
      and menadione. Alterations in the intracellular levels of glutathione peroxidase
      or glutathione can significantly affect the activity of these drugs against human
      tumor cells and the expression of their normal tissue toxicity, especially with
      respect to the heart. Furthermore, augmentation of the glutathione peroxidase
      pathway appears to render certain human tumor cells relatively resistant to the
      anticancer quinones; therefore, the glutathione peroxidase system may, at least
      in part, modulate certain forms of acquired drug resistance in man. Thus, the
      glutathione peroxidase cycle appears to play a central role in maintaining
      intracellular peroxide homeostasis during quinone-induced oxidative stress.

PMID- 2290854
TI  - Activation and pulmonary toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
AB  - Pyrrolizidine alkaloids unsaturated in the 1,2 position are hepatotoxins. Certain
      of them, such as monocrotaline, are also pneumotoxins, producing pulmonary
      arterial hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy as a delayed response two
      weeks after administration. Pneumotoxicity is the result of hepatic metabolism,
      the lung itself being unable to bioactivate pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The changes
      produced in the lung following exposure to pneumotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids
      are reviewed, together with the factors and interventions which modify or
      influence these changes. In the main, the earliest changes are seen in vascular
      smooth muscle and in the interactions between the smooth muscle and the
      endothelium. The search to identify the pneumotoxic metabolite is reviewed. It is
      generally accepted that pyrroles, or dehydroalkaloids, are responsible for the
      toxicity of pyrrolizidines. However, the primary pyrroles are intensely reactive,
      hydrolyzing and polymerizing within seconds in aqueous solution. Evidence for and
      against the pneumotoxin being a primary pyrrole or a stabilized secondary
      conversion product of a primary pyrrole is discussed.

PMID- 2290855
TI  - Biochemistry and genetics of monoamine oxidase.
AB  - This chapter reviews the two mitochondrial flavin containing isozymes of
      monoamine oxidase. Section 1, "Biochemistry" discusses assays, substrates and
      inhibitors, phylogenic and tissue distribution, interactions with lipids,
      nutritional studies, protein structure, kinetic and chemical mechanistic
      proposals, and biosynthesis. Section 2, "Inheritance" discusses possible genes
      involved in expression, genetic studies of platelet MAO-B and fibroblast MAO-A,
      and chromosomal location. Section 3, "Molecular Genetics" reviews the cloning of
      their cDNAs, their intra- and interspecies homology and structural inferences
      made from deduced amino acid sequences. Section 4, "Regulation" gives an overview
      of levels in development and aging, and effect of drugs. The final section 5,
      "Role in Human Disease" discusses physiological function and effects of altered
      levels in humans and animal models including complete absence due to a
      submicroscopic chromosomal deletion in several human patients.

PMID- 2290856
TI  - Localization, distribution, and induction of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and
      aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity within lung.
AB  - The metabolism of xenobiotics within lung often leads to toxicity, although
      certain pulmonary cells are more readily damaged than others. This differential
      susceptibility can result from cell-specific differences in xenobiotic activation
      and detoxication. The localization and distribution of xenobiotic-metabolizing
      enzymes (cytochromes P-450, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, epoxide hydrolase,
      glutathione S-transferases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and a sulfotransferase)
      and of aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase activity determined
      immunohistochemically and histochemically, respectively, within lung are
      discussed. Findings reveal that xenobiotics can be metabolized in situ, albeit to
      different extents, by bronchial epithelial cells, Clara and ciliated bronchiolar
      epithelial cells, and type II pneumocytes and other alveolar wall cells and that
      enzymes and activities are not necessarily induced uniformly among these cells.

PMID- 2290857
TI  - Deoxyribonucleotide analogs as inhibitors and substrates of DNA polymerases.
AB  - Inhibitory and substrate properties of analogs of deoxyribonucleoside
      triphosphates toward DNA polymerases are reviewed. A general introduction is
      followed by a description of DNA polymerases and the reaction that they catalyze,
      and sites at which substrate analogs may inhibit them. Effects of modifications
      in the major family of compounds, nucleotide derivatives, at the base, sugar and
      triphosphate portions of the molecule, are summarized with respect to retention
      of substrate properties and generation of inhibitory properties. Structure
      activity relationships and the basis of selectivity in the second family of
      compounds, deoxyribonucleotide mimics, are also presented. Conclusions are drawn
      regarding the structural basis of inhibitor selectivity and mechanism,
      relationship between in vitro and in vivo effects of inhibitors, and the promise
      of inhibitors as probes for study of active sites of DNA polymerases.

PMID- 2290858
TI  - The prevention of antimalarial drug resistance.
AB  - The deployment of antiprotozoal drugs on a large scale for prophylaxis or
      monotherapy inevitably results in the selection of drug-resistance. The use of
      appropriately selected drug combinations may impede this process. Point mutations
      underlie resistance to dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors such as pyrimethamine.
      Potentiating combinations of such compounds with sulfonamides or sulfones have
      effectively delayed resistance to them. The use of triple combinations may be of
      value in protecting such compounds as chloroquine and mefloquine, resistance to
      which is associated in some cases with gene amplification. It is essential to
      seek partner compounds for any new antimalarials, e.g. artemisinin. Past
      experience with existing compounds is discussed and the need to make use of all
      available means of interrupting malaria transmission is stressed, rather than
      depending entirely on drugs.

PMID- 2290859
TI  - [Vascular dermatology. French Society of Phlebology. Paris, 17 March 1990].

PMID- 2290860
TI  - [Microvascular anatomy of the skin and its appendages].
AB  - The microcirculatory bed of the skin has traditionally been divided into small
      arteries, precapillary arterioles, capillaries and venules. Also the most recent
      classification emphasize that the blood supply of the human dermis is a
      microcirculatory bed. Therefore, considering for example the skin of the lower
      limbs, there are too much anatomic and topographic peculiarities of the skin and
      subcutaneous tissue, so that a generalization of the microcirculatory patterns
      appears to be illusory and misleading. In fact, the foots plant is a "special
      microcirculatory region", and so the finger tips and the nail beds. Rich on
      arterio-venous anastomoses, on endoarterious blocking devices regulating the
      capillary blood flow, this "microcirculatory region" is characterized by
      haemodynamic patterns which are not comparables with those of other regions where
      AVA or other "special vessels" are absent. The microangiotectonic, i.e. the
      distribution in the tridimensional space of the dermis, adipose tissue and muscle
      of the smallest blood vessels show relevant differences in the foots, legs, knees
      or thighs. Normally, it is admitted that the majority of the papillary dermal
      vessels are postcapillary venules, but the ultrastructure of the arterioles and
      venules in the mid and lower dermis differs from the ultrastructure of comparable
      vessels of the deeper layers or of the subcutaneous fat. For these reason and on
      the basis of bioptic specimens of the skin, adipose tissue and muscles of the
      whole lower limbs, the subdivision in "microcirculatory regions" is proposed. The
      criteria are the presence or absence of AVA, the structure and localization of
      the endoarterious blocking devices, the structure of valve-containing venules and
      the microvessels-tissue relationship. Computerized Laser-Doppler Flowmetry and
      infra red Photo-Pulse Plethysmography, computerized Telethermography with
      physical stimulations, High Performance Contact Thermography and continuous
      registration of the skin temperature associated with pharmacological vasoactive
      stimulation, are helpful to identify and characterize functionally the
      "microcirculatory regions" of the lower limbs.

PMID- 2290861
TI  - [The physiology of microcirculation].

PMID- 2290863
TI  - [The classification of systemic vasculitis. Pathogenetic aspects--perspectives].

PMID- 2290862
TI  - [The principles, significance and limits of the measure of transcutaneous PO2 in
      vascular pathology].

PMID- 2290864
TI  - [Deep vasculitis].
AB  - The author gives a definition of the term "vasculitis". Histopathological
      modifications are the result of a disturbance in the barrier function exerted by
      the vascular endothelium. The disturbances observed are characterized by piles of
      endothelial or intimal debris associated with a perivascular inflammatory
      reaction of the connective tissue and the appearance of a resorption granuloma.
      Whether superficial or deep, vasculitis can become "nodular" in appearance and is
      then characterized by "nodules" or "patches". In order to implement aetiological
      treatment, it is necessary to look for the causative agent: an infectious, drug
      or bacterial allergen, or hypertension is frequently involved.

PMID- 2290866
TI  - [Pigmented livedo. Histologic design and pathogenetic hypothesis].
AB  - Pigmented livedo is a frequently encountered disease. It occurs as an ochre
      reticular membrane which does not disappear when the limb is raised. It is
      characteristic in persons who already have livido reticularis and who expose
      themselves for several hours every day to the heat from chimneys or foot-warmers.
      We wanted to study the histological context of this disease in a group of female
      patients that we kept under observation. The data that we compiled showed that it
      is due to lymphocytic vasculitis accompanied by atrophy of the epidermis,
      hyperpigmentation of the basal keratinocytes and telangiectasia. Our pathogenetic
      hypothesis is that it involves vasculitis "a calore", with atrophy of the
      epidermis, telangiectasia and melanoid pigmentation, which is the cause of the
      characteristic brown pigmentation.

PMID- 2290865
TI  - [Necrotic atheromatous angiodermatitis of the legs].

PMID- 2290867
TI  - [Stasis dermatitis and its complications].

PMID- 2290868
TI  - [Stasis cellulitis].

PMID- 2290869
TI  - [Canyon-varices. Consequence and cause of sclerous cellulitis and their
      treatment].
AB  - Cutaneous and subcutaneous sclerosis of venous origin ("hypodermite chronique" to
      the French and "indurated cellulitis" to the Anglo-saxons) is always created by a
      "varicose vein-canyon", which communicates with one or several inadequate
      perforating? Varicose vein-canyons, or rather the circulatory and hypertensive
      disturbances that they engender, are without doubt mainly responsible for chronic
      panniculitis. It is extremely important to inactivate them to bring about
      regression of the sclerosis. The various ways of tackling the problem are based
      on three different principles: --contrasting the reflux from varicose vein
      canyons by external compression; --cutting only vertical long reflux, by ablation
      or sclerosis of the inadequate saphenous veins and the other proximal varicose
      veins; --adding to the suppression of the long reflux by interruption of short
      reflux in the legs. The author insists yet again on the value of the "Glauco
      Bassi hook method", for which panniculitis is a choice indication, either because
      is enables the largest of the varicose vein-canyons (the "Leonardo vein") to be
      reached easily (and sometimes even to remove a few centimeters by rolling around
      forceps introduced into two incisions ten millimetres long at the most), or
      because there are few alternatives for interrupting the leakage points, if "sunk"
      varicose-veins are involved.

PMID- 2290870
TI  - [Subcutaneous calcinosis and ulcers of the leg. Apropos of 40 cases].

PMID- 2290871
TI  - Immunizations.
AB  - The primary care physician has few tools as effective as immunization. Patients
      deserve to be advised about prophylaxis and appropriately treated when the need
      arises. Monitoring of the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) is
      the most efficient manner of keeping current. The Journal of the American Medical
      Association usually quotes the important advances from the MMWR. The local health
      department is generally helpful in covering local crises or giving travel advice.

PMID- 2290872
TI  - Infectious diseases.

PMID- 2290873
TI  - The office laboratory.
AB  - Few areas of medicine are experiencing such tremendous growth as the office-based
      laboratory. Recent advances in technology and changes in reimbursement practices
      have greatly expanded the potential of this segment of patient care. In the 1990s
      the physician has opportunity to introduce many testing procedures to the office
      laboratory that were not available 20 years ago. Requirements in the areas of
      quality assurance and quality control are constantly changing. These regulations
      vary from state to state and each laboratory should know what is required by
      their respective certifying agency. In today's market, the physician must choose
      between the referral laboratory or the resources in the office and consider which
      option provides the best in care and cost to the patient.

PMID- 2290874
TI  - Eye infections.
AB  - This article provides an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of eye
      infections. The seriousness of eye infections can range from benign and self
      limiting to lethal. The primary care physician must determine the seriousness of
      each particular infection and then, based on that determination, must treat or
      refer the patient.

PMID- 2290875
TI  - Upper respiratory tract infections.
AB  - Upper respiratory tract infections are among the most common acute infections in
      humans. This review discusses the clinically important aspects of the
      epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management,
      complications, and prevention of the common cold, pharyngitis, otitis media, and
      sinusitis. Most episodes of the common cold and pharyngitis are of viral origin,
      and curative therapy is not available. Streptococcal pharyngitis, acute otitis
      media, and sinusitis are secondary to bacterial infections, and antibiotic
      therapy is important.

PMID- 2290876
TI  - Lower respiratory tract infections.
AB  - Although lower respiratory tract infections are frequently diagnosed in a primary
      care setting, they are still associated with a significant morbidity and
      mortality, which warrants a careful approach to treatment. Knowledge of the most
      common cause based on the age of the patient, location where the infection was
      acquired, and clinical presentation helps to direct empiric treatment. A few
      basic laboratory studies, especially a sputum Gram stain, can allow for more
      specific treatment. Identification of patients at increased risk for virulent
      organisms should make the primary care physician consider inpatient treatment
      along with an aggressive diagnostic workup and broad-spectrum antimicrobial
      treatment. Prevention should always be considered.

PMID- 2290877
TI  - Urinary tract infections.
AB  - Urinary tract infections are a common infection for the primary care physician to
      see in the office. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and
      prophylaxis are discussed. Information regarding special patient populations,
      such as pregnant women and children, is also provided.

PMID- 2290878
TI  - Sexually transmitted diseases.
AB  - Over the past two decades the incidence of STDs has dramatically increased in the
      United States. Most patients with these infections present first to primary care
      physicians. All physicians must be familiar with the common STD syndromes and the
      indications for specific diagnostic tests in order to provide a comprehensive
      treatment plan. Primary prevention strategies based on patient education and
      secondary prevention through judicious use of screening tests in appropriate
      settings can also limit the morbidity associated with STDs.

PMID- 2290879
TI  - Infectious skin diseases.
AB  - Descriptions of individual diseases, including impetigo, scarlet fever, and toxic
      shock syndrome, are presented in the context of the specific organisms that cause
      them. Pictures are used to show some of the diseases. Testing and treatment
      information for these diseases are included.

PMID- 2290880
TI  - Antibiotics for common infections in the elderly.
AB  - A decline in host defense mechanisms and concurrent diseases combine to make the
      elderly patient particularly susceptible to common infections. The bacterial
      cause and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns may also be different in the
      elderly. The appropriate selection and dosing of antibiotics for elderly patients
      with such common infections as pneumonia, bronchitis, urinary tract infections,
      and skin and soft-tissue infections will optimize the patient's response while
      minimizing adverse consequences.

PMID- 2290881
TI  - Individual and group training program.
AB  - We describe the experience of a didactic analysis group during a 3-year period in
      the Academy of Analytical Psychotherapy placing special emphasis on the training
      of the psychoanalyst, who, apart from carrying out his individual analysis, must
      complement it with group training. The advantages of the group analysis are given
      particular attention when evaluating the training of the candidate from the point
      of view of the psychoanalyst and the 6 doctors who have received this education.
      In this type of training for individuals and groups the program aims at a deeper
      study of the aspects of narcissism, the formation of the self and the social ego
      which we consider to be the fundamental elements in the development of this
      didactic experience.

PMID- 2290883
TI  - The problem of integrating biological and psychodynamic views in
      psychotherapeutic training of physicians.
AB  - A clinical seminar was arranged for the purpose of examining the special problems
      of doctors undergoing supplementary training in psychotherapy. Diagnostic and
      therapeutic problems analyzed during the seminar could be attributed to a one
      sided overemphasis of either somatic or psychodynamic findings. The physician
      tends to administer only pharmacotherapy for illness of supposed organic origin,
      and only psychotherapy for disorders of supposed psychological origin. Yet most
      of mental diseases require a synthesis of both biological and psychological
      procedures. There is no special psychotherapeutic technique, which distinguishes
      the medical psychotherapist but the ability to integrate psychological and
      somatic perspectives of the patient.

PMID- 2290884
TI  - Teaching problem-oriented therapy.
AB  - The therapeutic concept is problem- and patient-oriented. In analogy to it the
      didactic concept is problem- and therapist-oriented. The essential point is
      learning in groups from practical cases. Problem-oriented in this context means
      that the problems-solving process in which the patient and the therapist are
      engaged is supported by the observer group. Therapist-oriented means that the
      learning process should take account of the different preferences and experiences
      of the therapists. That can only be accomplished by problem-oriented learning.
      Each psychotherapy training group consists of 4 assistant doctors and a
      supervisor and stays together about 1 year. The strongly structured concept of
      problem-oriented therapy (POT) [Blaser et al., 1988] offers the beginner a
      framework by which he can guide the dialogue with the patient. The eclecticism of
      POT allows the more experienced therapist to try out new methods without losing
      track of the problem. The constantly changing role of being observer or therapist
      supports the group coherence, and furthermore it promotes an important element of
      therapeutic competence, the ability to get into a close relation with the patient
      and at the same time being able to observe oneself, the patient and the
      therapeutic process from a more distant view. In addition to the POT training
      group tutorials in special psychotherapy methods and single supervision sessions
      are offered.

PMID- 2290882
TI  - The importance and purpose of medical psychology in the study of medicine.
AB  - Medical psychology is to be understood both as an interdisciplinary science,
      orientated to the bio-psychosocial concept of illness as well as a basic medical
      attitude that encompasses the whole of a doctor's activity. In the curriculum the
      students must be provided with a medico-psychological training that is specific
      to individual phases of study. This requires a didactic process that is centered
      on the student, both in the teaching of medical psychology as well as in medico
      psychological hospital practice, which is to be achieved in close cooperation
      with other medical subjects. Medical psychology is mostly described as a newer
      scientific discipline. It does have a history, however, that has evolved over
      time. Although medical psychology has always been a building block in the
      thinking and actions of the medical profession, it is now explicitly anchored in
      the training (i.e. in the curriculum) of doctors.

PMID- 2290886
TI  - Complementary individual and group analytic training for future psychotherapists.
AB  - Whereas individual training analysis offers the candidate the possibility of
      thoroughly working through unconscious tendencies, desires, and anxieties that
      come to the foreground, a dyadic setting group analysis permits one to observe
      and to analyze all the many narcissistic, power, and rivalry problems that are
      activated in a group setting, and to undergo a social learning process. The
      author describes the value of training for the (later) activity as individual or
      especially as group analyst. This training includes participation in an analytic
      self-experience group (psychodynamic group process), supervision by an
      experienced group analyst of the work done in an analytic group, and comoderating
      of an analytic group by two psychotherapists.

PMID- 2290885
TI  - Training in short-term psychotherapy.
AB  - A new approach to short-term psychotherapy, based on psychoanalytic theory is
      presented as 'Therapy of limited time and objectives'. Personal experience,
      psychoanalytic knowledge and flexibility for accepting technical modifications
      allows for familiarity with concepts such as 'available setting', 'operational
      time' and 'adequate therapeutic time', which together with supervision and deep
      psychoanalytic learning, emphasizing counter-transferential knowledge, shall help
      to achieve a true epistemophilic sentiment, essential for empathic observation
      and listening, basic for training in short-term psychotherapy.

PMID- 2290887
TI  - Psychotherapy training in an isolated setting.
AB  - This paper describes the setting up of a training programme in psychodynamic
      psychotherapy in Perth, 'the most isolated city in the world'. Previous attempts
      to do so have petered out after a short period of time. It had certainly never
      been possible to develop a training programme. Initially a study group of
      interested health professionals was formed in 1984 which met to study certain
      texts at fortnightly meetings and participated in workshops conducted by the
      supervisors who visited from Sydney, 3,400 km away. At the end of that year the
      study group was changed into the Association for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy of
      Western Australia. The foundation members were also the first training group. The
      training programme consisted of fortnightly meetings concerned with intragroup
      issues, administrative matters and with the didactic programme: this consisted of
      seminars being conducted as part of a training programme in Sydney which were
      recorded on videotape and flown to Perth. As the 3-year training progressed we
      also added additional topics of our own. On the alternative fortnight the members
      split into small groups for peer supervision of audiotape recordings of sessions
      with the patient being supervised. In addition there were supervision workshops
      conducted by the visiting supervisors from Sydney. The paper also discusses the
      logistical problems of conducting such a training as well as transference and
      countertransference issues that arose within the group of trainees as well as
      with the supervisors who were so far away.

PMID- 2290888
TI  - Problems in the use of video recordings in training for psychotherapy.
AB  - In Britain, personnel of the state psychiatric service provide many forms of
      psychotherapy, to very many people. To train psychologists, psychiatrists and
      other professionals is therefore a large-scale task. To simplify and economize on
      this task, teaching methods are sought which attempt to provide the trainee with
      models of behaviour (towards the patient) which are efficacious. This paper
      offers a discussion of some theoretical and practical problems involved in this
      approach, which may affect both the therapeutic task and the development of the
      therapist.

PMID- 2290889
TI  - Experiences with psychotherapy training in India.
AB  - On the basis of 32 years of psychiatric experience in India, the author tries to
      show how difficulties encountered not only in psychotherapy with Indian patients,
      but also in supervision of candidates in training for psychotherapy can be
      related to specific cultural patterns of personality development and social
      intercourse and, beyond this, traced back to their deeper roots in the
      traditional Indian world view, as represented by the ancient Hindu scriptures.
      Starting with the latter, she shows how the lack of an 'anthropocentric
      orientation', the discouragement of egoistic and individualistic strivings, the
      doctrine of 'karma' and re-incarnation, all essential elements of traditional
      Hindu philosophy, and all pointing to an ultimate reality that goes beyond
      anything that speech or even thought can reach, leave very little to work on for
      someone who were to approach an entirely traditional Indian scene with the tools
      and methods of Western psychotherapy. Yet, in view of the present trend towards
      'Westernisation', Western methods of psychotherapy have their place, at least for
      the most modernised sectors of the population. Even then, traditional patterns of
      personality development and family organisation which, even in a modern setting,
      still persist, place obstacles in the way of a smooth and meaningful application
      of Western psychotherapeutic models, not only in clinical practice, but also in
      the training of therapists. In addition, certain traditional notions concerning
      the relationship of an Indian 'guru' to his disciples work against a ready
      understanding and acceptance of Western theories and practices. This applies in
      particular to 'transference' and more so to 'negative transference' in the
      therapeutic relationship.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2290890
TI  - Mentality and neurosis: evolutionary thinking in cognitive therapy.
AB  - Cognitive therapy includes a variety of methods. There are two main schools, a
      currently predominant American one, and an earlier European one. They give
      different emphasis to the concept of the evolution of human cognition. There is
      agreement on the particular significance of surmounting absolutist thinking.

PMID- 2290892
TI  - Psychotherapeutic approach to the management of the severely injured patient.
AB  - In this modern day and age, severe injury has become the dire consequence of an
      ever-increasing number of motor vehicle, industrial and mining accidents as well
      as sport-, military- and terror-related incidents that occur. The management of
      the severely injured patient is mostly directed on an exclusively physical level.
      Often, very little attention is afforded to the psychosocial factors that prevail
      following physical trauma. The author describes and discusses how holistic
      multidisciplinary intervention within the medical milieu facilitates a more
      psychotherapeutic approach to the management of severely injured patients. This
      approach facilitates physical recovery and increases the rate of readjustment and
      reintegration into society, of those who have sustained severe injury.

PMID- 2290891
TI  - Structure of medical psychotherapy: program for academic formation.
AB  - Starting from a general definition of psychoanalysis and with the aim of
      deepening our knowledge of the relationship between theory and practice, a
      scientific structure of psychotherapy is developed. The necessity of a training
      for doctors specialized in the field of psychotherapy has led us to design a
      training program consisting of three academic courses. This program, established
      by the Academy of Analytical Psychotherapy in a University Department of
      Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, introduces a new speciality in our country. In
      these three academic courses the theoretical aspects are covered (in a series of
      courses, seminars and lectures) as well as practical aspects (dealt with in
      sessions of individual and group psychoanalyses) and methods of evaluation at
      both individual and group levels. The model stated above can be considered the
      basis of a training program for doctors specializing in analytical psychotherapy.

PMID- 2290893
TI  - Inpatient treatment of conversion disorder: a clinical investigation of outcome.
AB  - In a retrospective survey, a group of 220 patients with conversion symptoms was
      subdivided according to clinical findings at the time of discharge. The longer
      the duration of the symptom and the older the patient, the less was the
      beneficial effect of treatment. One particular problem with therapy for
      conversion symptoms lies in the fact that, in his own eyes, the patient is not
      psychologically ill, but physically ill. Time and again, it proved a therapeutic
      blind alley to try and convince the patient that the cause of his conversion
      symptoms was 'purely psychological'. Special guidelines for therapy of conversion
      symptoms are derived.

PMID- 2290894
TI  - Hypnosis, attention and concentration: reflections on the possibilities of
      hypnosis outside the hypnotic setting.
AB  - The authors define the concepts of attention, concentration and hypnosis.
      Starting from these theses they examine the possible existence of a continuum of
      states of consciousness, from wakefulness to the so-called hypnosis, with an
      increasing number of correlations of neurophysiological plasticity. The authors
      point out that, in those cases in which the requirements needed for the hypnotic
      phenomenon to take place are lacking, it is possible to exploit the patient's
      'concentration' by using a kind of ideoplastia which goes with it. The final
      question is whether or not the concepts of concentration and hypnosis are
      synonymous - whether or not concentration is hypnosis or vice versa. The authors
      offer some personal and original reflections on these questions.

PMID- 2290895
TI  - Theory and technique of problem-oriented therapy.
AB  - Problem-oriented therapy (POT) features the following essentials: problem
      orientation, eclecticism, patient orientation and brevity. These ingredients,
      above all the eclecticism, are detailed: diverse psychotherapeutic interventions
      are administered to foster awareness, modification of thought patterns,
      modification of behavior, emotionality, awareness of the body, ability to relax,
      and support. The required abilities of the therapist are mainly flexibility and
      transparency of his therapeutic actions. The definition of the problem which is
      negotiated together with the patient is decisive for the selection of the
      intervention strategy. An example illustrates the use of POT especially as in
      contrast to school-consistent traditional therapies.

PMID- 2290896
TI  - Subjective illness concepts and problem-oriented therapy.
AB  - Subjective illness concepts mean the comprehensive psychological explanations
      about causes and functions of actual problems by the patient. These concepts are
      related to basic needs and they historically arise from interactions with the
      social environment. In respect to the actual situation they are constructed in a
      new way. They aim at reorganizing the needs of the sick individual as well as
      monitoring his experience of being ill. Often they do not accomplish this aim
      because they appear to be deficient for many reasons. In the therapeutic
      situation the patient is confronted with the scientific theories of his
      therapist. Both concepts represent different perspectives of the same problem.
      However, both have to be discussed in a cooperative manner and ultimately result
      in a complementary view which we denote as 'problem definition'.

PMID- 2290897
TI  - Changes in the patient's perception of his therapist in the process of group and
      individual psychotherapy.
AB  - The patient's perception of his therapist seems to be one of the major components
      of the therapeutic relationship. The different psychotherapeutic setting seem to
      influence the dynamics of the therapeutic relationship along with some other
      therapist and patient variables. Two groups of patients treated in the Department
      of Neurotic Disorders of the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (Warsaw) were
      investigated 2 times during their course of psychotherapies (individual, group).
      The perception of the therapist was measured by the Adjective Raging Scales
      constructed for the purpose of this research. These data were correlated with the
      results of the ACL (Gough) as a measure of personality traits and with the
      intensity of the clinical symptoms.

PMID- 2290898
TI  - Analysis of femininity: a didactic group experience.
AB  - We present an analysis of femininity carried out by 6 female doctors who,
      following a 1-year didactic group experience, bring into question
      psychoanalytical hypotheses and theories, describing dreams and fantasies about
      castration, penis envy and the male/female opposition, finally establishing what
      can be currently considered to be 'feminine' and going on to ask themselves about
      the female identity in terms of its own internal structure without referring to
      questions of class or gender.

PMID- 2290899
TI  - Abuse of psychotherapy: psychotherapist-patient intimacy.
AB  - An increasing number of reports in the last few decades suggest a certain breach
      of psychotherapist-patient fiduciary relationships in the form of sexual intimacy
      rationalized as 'genuine love, expressed in both word and deed' in a context of
      social-moral permissiveness. Around 3.1% female to 13.7% male therapists appear
      to engage in some form of intimacy; 4.9% psychiatric residents have acknowledged
      sexual interaction with supervisors. Regulations and laws are being enacted in
      various jurisdictions, reducing concerns on confidentiality breach in reporting
      offenders. Administrative, civil and criminal options are offered to the victims
      of psychotherapists' sexual misconduct.

PMID- 2290900
TI  - The development of clinical research in a psychiatric institution.
AB  - The author describes the development of the research activity at a psychiatric
      clinic near Oslo, Modum Bads Nervesanatorium, a psychotherpeutic-oriented
      institution treating patients with neuroses, substance abuse and character
      disorders. In 1985 an institute for clinical research was built as an independent
      unit within the hospital, and the influence of its activities upon the treatment
      is described in the article.

PMID- 2290901
TI  - The Tao, psychoanalysis and existential thought.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to clarify some existing misunderstandings in the
      area of psychotherapy, existential approach and the Eastern Tao (Zen Buddhism,
      Confucianism, Lao-tzu, Chuang-tzu) by showing the common elements between Eastern
      Tao and psychoanalysis, and existential thought. The author compared the goal of
      Tao practice, namely, Zen Buddhism, Confucianism etc. with that of Western
      psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychotherapy. He
      concludes that these goals are the same and that the names are different. He also
      compared the procedures and processes of psychoanalysis and Zen practice. Sudden
      enlightenment and gradual training in Zen practice were compared with insight and
      'working through' in psychoanalysis. Zen emphasis on relationship, ego strength
      and interpretation was linked with similar topics in psychoanalysis. The results
      of Zen practice and the central features of every psychoanalytic treatment were
      examined and found the same, that is, the resolution of, or transcending of, love
      (dependence) and hate (hostility). The description of a mature analyst and that
      of a Boddhisattva were compared and found the same. A trace of neurotic
      motivation remains but they are not influenced by it in helping others. The
      problem of theory and reality was discussed and strong emphasis on reality was
      described; in other words, the goal is directed at reality and theory is only a
      means pointing at reality. If you see the reality, you should forget the theory.

PMID- 2290902
TI  - Psychotherapist and expansion of awareness.
AB  - The author emphasizes the therapist's well-integrated and matured personality as
      the crucial element for being a good psychotherapist; therefore, it is essential
      for a psychotherapist to make ceaseless efforts regarding his own personality
      growth with his ongoing therapeutic experiences. Nevertheless, nowadays students
      are apt to satisfy themselves with or cling to the theories and techniques of
      psychotherapy, neglecting their own personality growth. The author attributes
      such a tendency, on the one hand, to the contemporary thought of 'technology
      first and convenience first', on the other, to the current system of medical
      education which is extremely faithful to scientism. He warns that concepts or
      theories sometimes serve as a barrier in one's mind and falsify the reality. He
      reiterates the importance of the therapist's own maturity and expansion of
      awareness. In this context, the author recommends Zen meditation or Theravada
      meditation as one of the advanced courses of training for psychotherapists. He
      elucidates a way of promoting one's awareness in Zen meditation and what the
      ultimate state of "no-self" of Zen should be, based on his own experience of Zen
      practices.

PMID- 2290903
TI  - Training and postgraduate training in psychosomatics and psychotherapy in the
      Federal Republic of Germany today.
AB  - The training of medical and psychological students at the universities is
      completely separated. The postgraduate training to become a psychosomaticist,
      psychotherapist, or psychoanalyst again joins the colleagues of the two branches
      separated since Descartes and W. Wundt. The curricula and the quantitative
      result, i.e. the numbers of physicians and psychologists in the FRG, will be
      described here.

PMID- 2290904
TI  - Positive psychotherapy: a transcultural and interdisciplinary approach to
      psychotherapy.
AB  - The development of society may be described in terms of the following structural
      changes: (a) increased population, which requires other rules of contact for
      adequate forms of social relationships; (b) urbanization, with people living
      together in clusters, which, on the one hand, intensifies social relationships,
      but, on the other, reduces possibilities for real friendship; (c)
      differentiation, which rests on increasing technological development and requires
      specialization in partial functions; (d) transcultural problems. With people in
      the industrialized countries, this somatic-psychosocial relationship finds
      expression in the famous deadly sins of civilization, the risk factors. The
      following five factors are responsible for the origin and development of
      psychosocial and psychosomatic diseases, especially the so-called diseases of
      civilization: alcohol; intoxicants and drugs; smoking, overweight, sedentary
      life; and emotional stress (anxiety and inner tension).

PMID- 2290905
TI  - Training and development of psychotherapy in Korea.
AB  - In this paper, the author presented the assimilation and development of Western
      psychotherapy in Korea in their historical perspectives since the introduction of
      Western psychoanalysis and dynamic psychotherapy to Korean cultural soil. The
      author also described in detail the present status of psychotherapy training in
      Korea. The philosophical goal of training and development of Korean psychotherapy
      has been and will be to unify and integrate Western psychotherapy and traditional
      Eastern Tao (Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism) which, the author believes, is
      the highest form of psychotherapy.

PMID- 2290906
TI  - Theory and technique in dynamic psychotherapy--curative factors and training
      therapists to maximize them.
AB  - Three principles of curative factors in dynamic psychotherapy are reviewed: (1)
      Achieving a helping relationship; (2) achieving self-understanding, and (3)
      maintaining the gains. A new development in psychotherapy research is
      illustrated: the creation of operational measures that relate to the curative
      factors: the therapeutic alliance, the transference, accuracy of interpreting the
      transference, insight, change in transference and psychiatric severity. Such
      operational measures can be reliably estimated from psychotherapy sessions
      because they specify what each measure represents. A special format for training
      therapists to foster these curative factors is presented called 'group training
      in supervision of psychotherapy'.

PMID- 2290907
TI  - Significance and importance of the psychotherapist's personality and experience.
AB  - The psychotherapist's personality demands an open dynamic organization of the
      psychophysical systems that determine characteristic behavior and thought. A
      therapist must think and act coherently with his social ideals. Freedom,
      creativity and affection shall help to achieve a true 'therapeutic disposition'
      where knowledge and empathy are paramount and constantly available. A real
      experience develops from authentic self-correcting practice.
      'Countertransferential narcissism' must be studied in order to free the therapist
      from internal conflictive compromises. Thus, epistemophilic feelings--basic for
      psychotherapy--can increasingly be developed within a therapist's personality.

PMID- 2290908
TI  - Can psychotherapeutic competence be taught?
AB  - This paper is presented in defense of an educational concept for
      psychotherapists, which is based on the proposition that attitudes as well as
      behavioral components can be shaped by training. The training program contains
      the process of observing, reflecting and practicing individual segments of
      constructive therapeutic behavior as a part of education in client-centered
      therapy.

PMID- 2290909
TI  - Sensual-imaginative training methods for students of medicine.
AB  - A specific lecture course for medical students is described which elucidates the
      interactions of the role of initial doctor-patient and student-patient interviews
      in cases where psychotherapy is to be applied to the treatment of psychosomatic
      illnesses. The ultimate goal of this living-learning-based teaching system is to
      allow the student to experience and evolve a concept of the role of the doctor
      with respect to the patient. The teaching system is structured in the frame of
      Balint groups [Balint, 1975]. Emphasis is placed on describing how medical
      students undergo an emotional awareness training program, to enable them to
      function and develop their new role as a doctor with reduced fear. We report
      about a specific setting in Balint groups, in which mood, physical sensation and
      fantasy work are made into the center point of the group process.

PMID- 2290910
TI  - Psychotherapeutic training in an institutional setting.
AB  - Many child and adolescent psychotherapists are asked to work in specialized
      institutions (where the children are either interns or externs), with children
      presenting behaviour problems, learning difficulties, mental handicap or
      important psychosocial problems. They learn through diverse treatment forms, or
      parent accompaniment during the child's treatment (bifocal or conjoint treatment
      more or less regular therapeutic sessions with both parents and children, etc.).
      The treatment of children within an institution makes the treatment modalities
      and technique more complicated. The psychotherapist must have a perfect knowledge
      of the specific environment of the child, and keep in mind the desires and
      requests of the direction and the people who work directly with the child
      (teachers, specialized teachers, etc.). How can the problems brought up by the
      rivalry between the institution and the psychotherapist be canalized: length of
      therapy, merits (how did the pedagogical intervention help, recognition of a
      specific action or of work done in conjunction with the educative action)? If
      these facts are not recognized, the treatment will often be interrupted and the
      psychotherapist may be excluded from the institution. This will be avoided by
      ensuring further training of the therapist.

PMID- 2290911
TI  - Psychotherapy: healing by culture.
AB  - Culture, defined as a system of beliefs, values and behavioral patterns, plays an
      important role in psychotherapy, albeit a role that most psychotherapeutic
      theories hardly acknowledge. Psychotherapeutic and anthropological research over
      the last few decades has indicated that common beliefs concerning illness and
      cure shared by therapist and patient are a central factor in determining illness
      behavior and outcome of therapy. In fact, such belief systems may account for up
      to 60% of therapeutic efficacy. Psychotherapy thus appears by and large to be
      healing by culture. Training programs in psychotherapy should therefore pay more
      attention to the role of culture.

PMID- 2290912
TI  - Questions of guidance and supervision at the beginning of psychotherapy in
      children and adolescents.
AB  - Firstly, the significance of the establishment of a positive working alliance in
      children and adolescents at the beginning of a potential psychotherapy is
      described. Secondly, questions of supervision by means of psychodramatic
      treatment of transitional situations are discussed. (1) Children and adolescents
      are mostly presented by the parents and initially have no or hardly any
      motivation for psychotherapy. The author therefore recommends inter alia a ten
      wish phantasy game at the first encounter with the child or adolescent
      irrespective of the reason for presentation by the parents. The possibility of
      being able to express ten wishes or changes which a fairy or a magician would
      fulfill for the child encourages the patient to name the most diverse levels and
      dimensions of his/her psychological reality and to reflect it in the form of
      wishes. The therapist thus provides space for yearnings and compensatory
      'counterworlds', frequently leading to a positive contact in a subsequent dialog
      about the wishes. (2) In training, the young psychotherapist is often not aware
      of his transference and countertransference relationship. Psychodramatic role
      play in a supervised colleague group or in the development of a psychodramatic
      'family sculpture' may frequently clarify the situation quickly by own experience
      and by 'psychodramatic reflection technique'.

PMID- 2290913
TI  - The significance and importance of supervision in psychotherapy training.
AB  - Though supervision has a central part in training there is little systematic
      study about how supervisees learn and how supervisors teach. After discussing the
      dynamics of interaction between trainees and supervisors and the necessity to
      differentiate between teaching and learning, the author summarizes the
      conclusions drawn from his own systematic study of the learning process in
      supervision.

PMID- 2290914
TI  - Getting supervisory experiences with 'Socialization' and professional training of
      young medical doctors in psychiatric care units.
AB  - Relations with psychiatric and psychotherapeutic patients call for a high degree
      of social competency on the part of the staff and the patient's physician.
      Successful education and socialization of young physicians therefore depend to a
      large extent on the milieu and structure of the institution and the team they are
      working in. Material from supervisory hours in two different psychiatric units
      was collected over several years. It could be shown that the choice of cases
      presented very often reflected the team's situation, covertly and to a certain
      extent unconsciously mirroring the challenges, fears and other emotional
      problems. The work of a supervisor should tend to make such covert and generally
      burdensome reactions to institution-bound influences and structure accessible and
      more conscious.

PMID- 2290915
TI  - Possibilities and limits of training in medical psychotherapy within an
      interdisciplinary cooperation.
AB  - In Switzerland as a rule a first main accent of the training as a psychotherapist
      with medical background takes place during the years between qualifying as an MD
      and obtaining the specialization certificate as a psychiatrist. These years are
      usually spent in institutions in which the obligation to serve the population
      ranks higher than to provide a training for psychotherapists. With the increasing
      number of doctors in free practice, including medical psychotherapists, the
      patients treated in institutions are those who need guidance provided by a
      pluridisciplinary team of professionals with different backgrounds. This is not
      only the case for inpatient units specialized in psychotherapy but also for
      psychiatric wards in general. More and more psychiatric services are being
      established in the field between the psychiatric clinic and the private practice
      of psychotherapists, in the form of day-care units or teams working in the
      community or in liaison psychiatry within the units of the somatic disciplines.
      The everyday situation of a resident on the way to becoming a psychotherapist
      consists in trying to treat patients by psychological means and methods together
      with other doctors, psychologists, social workers and nurse therapists who
      understand at least their attitude as a psychotherapeutic one. In my view this
      way of working is practised more and more. Can it be taken as a part of the
      training of psychotherapists or not? I think yes, because many abilities which
      are part of basic psychotherapy can continually be trained in such a setting in
      which the critical attitudes of representatives of other disciplines have
      stimulating effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2290916
TI  - Reflux nephropathy.

PMID- 2290917
TI  - Natural history of the diabetic neuropathies.

PMID- 2290918
TI  - Abnormalities of glucose tolerance following gestational diabetes.
AB  - Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were studied in 56 women 6-12 years
      following a pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes, and in 23 matched
      controls. At recall 14 women were known to have diabetes and five were again
      pregnant with recurrent gestational diabetes. The early development of diabetes
      was associated with a fasting plasma glucose greater than 6 mmol/l during
      pregnancy and with a high plasma glucose response to oral glucose which persisted
      after delivery. Obesity was predictive of non-insulin-dependent diabetes whereas
      those that later required insulin were not obese. At recall, seven of the
      remaining 37 women were found to have unrecognized diabetes, 13 had impaired
      glucose tolerance (IGT) and 17 were normal by WHO criteria using a 75 g oral
      glucose tolerance test. In these 37 women, fasting plasma glucose and the glucose
      response to oral glucose in pregnancy were not predictive of subsequent diabetes
      or impaired glucose tolerance. Obesity in pregnancy and subsequent weight gain
      were associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and impaired glucose
      tolerance at recall. Insulin deficiency was observed during the oral glucose
      tolerance test in the diabetics (the mean +/- SEM ratio insulin area:glucose area
      4.1 +/- 1.3 diabetics, 10.7 +/- 1.8 controls, p less than 0.05), whereas in the
      group with impaired glucose tolerance insulin levels were high and in proportion
      to their hyperglycaemia (insulin area:glucose area 10.9 +/- 1.4 IGT, 9.4 +/- 1.4
      controls). Women with normal glucose tolerance and previous gestational diabetes
      had significantly lower insulin responses than their controls, despite mild
      hyperglycaemia (insulin area:glucose area 4.0 +/- 0.7 normal glucose tolerance,
      7.6 +/- 1.1 controls, p less than 0.02). Abnormalities of glucose tolerance and
      insulin secretion are present following a gestational diabetic pregnancy.
      Gestational diabetes identifies women at risk for developing diabetes and
      impaired glucose tolerance, both of which are risk factors for premature vascular
      disease.

PMID- 2290919
TI  - Valproate metabolism during hepatotoxicity associated with the drug.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of valproate and certain of its metabolites and their
      patterns of excretion in urine are described in three adults who developed
      hepatotoxicity during treatment of epilepsy with sodium valproate. One patient
      also developed a degree of reversible renal insufficiency, whilst another may
      have had associated infectious mononucleosis. All three cases showed evidence of
      impaired mitochondrial beta-oxidation of valproate. In one the impairment was at
      the stage catalysed by fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, in another at the stage
      catalysed by 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and in the third at the stage
      catalysed by enoyl-CoA hydratase and possibly also at the next stage catalysed by
      3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The impaired beta-oxidation meant that valproate
      metabolism was diverted into various alternative pathways. Plasma concentrations
      of the suspected hepatotoxic metabolite 4-en-valproate were normal for the
      valproate-treated population in all cases. By analogy with certain spontaneous
      and acquired human disorders of branched chain amino acid metabolism, it is
      suggested that valproate-associated hepatotoxicity may represent the consequences
      of a valproate overload on a limited mitochondrial beta-oxidation capacity,
      causing accumulation of a toxic product of endogenous branched chain amino acid
      metabolism.

PMID- 2290920
TI  - Reflux nephropathy and primary vesicoureteric reflux in adults.
AB  - We have studied the clinical features and course of adults with reflex
      nephropathy and/or primary vesicoureteric reflux, paying particular attention to
      the differences between males and females, and the presenting features that
      influence prognosis. In our series of 293 patients, females outnumbered males in
      the ratio 5:1 and most presented with urinary infection, whereas males most
      commonly presented with features of renal damage such as proteinuria,
      hypertension or renal failure. Males more commonly had bilateral scarring and
      persistent reflux. One hundred and forty-seven patients were followed for two
      years or more (range 2-19 years); deterioration in renal function occurred in 55
      (37 per cent). Risk factors for a rise in plasma creatinine were, in descending
      order, the presence of proteinuria, an elevated plasma creatinine concentration,
      bilateral scarring, male sex and the presence of hypertension. Stepwise multiple
      regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors were proteinuria,
      elevated plasma creatinine concentration and hypertension; gender and the
      presence of persistent reflux had no independent influence on the course of renal
      failure.

PMID- 2290921
TI  - Incidence, causes and mechanism of hypercalcaemia in a hospital population in
      Hong Kong.
AB  - To determine the incidence and causes of hypercalcaemia in a hospital population
      in Hong Kong, all 29,107 samples received in the laboratory in one year were
      analysed for plasma calcium and albumin, and samples with a plasma calcium
      concentration adjusted for albumin greater than 2.55 mmol/l were investigated.
      Plasma calcium greater than 2.55 mmol/l was found in 462 patients. Repeat samples
      were received from 302 of these and hypercalcaemia was confirmed in 183. The main
      causes of hypercalcaemia were malignancy (72.1 per cent), tuberculosis (6.0 per
      cent), and primary hyperparathyroidism (5.5 per cent). In the malignant
      hypercalcaemia group, carcinoma of lung was the most common (31.8 per cent) and
      carcinoma of breast was uncommon (3.0 per cent). Secondary deposits in bone were
      detected in 35 of the 122 solid tumours. In order to identify the mechanism of
      hypercalcaemia the contributions of renal tubular reabsorption and increased bone
      resorption to the plasma calcium concentration were calculated. Increased tubular
      reabsorption was the main contributor to hypercalcaemia in primary
      hyperparathyroidism and carcinoma of liver (none of whom had bony metastases) and
      it contributed significantly to hypercalcaemia in carcinoma of lung without bony
      metastases and carcinoma of oesophagus. We conclude that in Hong Kong (a) primary
      hyperparathyroidism is uncommon, (b) tuberculosis is an important cause and (c)
      humoral factors may be responsible for a relatively high proportion of cases of
      malignant hypercalcaemia.

PMID- 2290923
TI  - Age-specific incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Oxfordshire.
AB  - The epidemiology of Guillain-Barre syndrome was examined in a population-based
      retrospective study using defined diagnostic criteria and linked hospital
      records. Between 1974 and 1986 there were 72 incident cases, giving a crude
      annual incidence rate (95 per cent confidence interval) of 1.1 per 100,000
      persons per year (0.8-1.4). Age-adjusted incidence rates were insignificantly
      higher for women, 1.23 (0.8-1.6), than for men, 1.0 (0.6-1.3). After infancy,
      rates increased with age, and remained high in the over-75 age group. These
      variations in incidence were not explained by variations in severity. There was
      evidence of an increase in rates over the period surveyed. Rates tended to be
      higher in the winter and early spring. The incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome
      in the elderly has been underestimated in the past, and this study shows no
      evidence of a previously reported bimodal distribution of age-specific incidence
      in adult life.

PMID- 2290922
TI  - Antibodies directed against neutrophils (C-ANCA and P-ANCA) are of distinct
      diagnostic value in systemic vasculitis.
AB  - In a prospective study, sera from over 700 patients with suspected vasculitis,
      including over 200 patients undergoing renal biopsy, were examined for antibodies
      to neutrophil cytoplasmic antigen (ANCA). An indirect immunofluorescence assay on
      ethanol fixed human neutrophils identified two types of autoantibody: C-ANCA,
      which produces diffuse cytoplasmic staining and P-ANCA, which produces an
      artefactual nuclear/perinuclear staining pattern. The diagnosis of patients in
      whom ANCA of either form was found was established following case note review
      according to defined diagnostic criteria. Forty of 45 patients whose sera
      contained C-ANCA at a titre of greater than or equal to 1/40 satisfied the
      diagnostic criteria for Wegener's granulomatosis or microscopic polyarteritis.
      Twelve of 30 patients with P-ANCA at a titre of greater than or equal to 1/40
      were also classified as having one of these disorders. Seventeen of the remaining
      18 patients had immune-mediated disorders with deep organ damage. Of 47 ANCA
      positive patients who underwent renal biopsy, 21 had glomerulonephritis
      associated with Wegener's glomerulonephritis and a further 22 had a necrotizing
      or crescentic glomerulonephritis. Ethanol fixation is important for
      discrimination of C-ANCA and P-ANCA. C-ANCA are highly specific for Wegener's
      granulomatosis and microscopic polyarteritis. In patients undergoing renal
      biopsy, the presence of these antibodies is highly specific for a necrotizing or
      crescentic glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2290925
TI  - [Drug-induced changes in the lungs].
AB  - There is a growing number of drugs with lung toxicity, and radiologists are
      increasingly confronted with nonspecific patterns of possibly drug-induced lung
      disease. The present article reviews clinical symptoms, pathological findings and
      radiographic features associated with drugs causing lung disease. Roentgen
      morphological categorization is based on the predominant pattern and
      distinguishes five groups of drugs that cause interstitial opacities, air space
      consolidation, mixed interstitial and consolidating opacities, pulmonary edema
      and alterations associated with pulmonary vessels. Clinical, pathological and
      radiological findings are nonspecific in the majority of cases, and clinicians
      and radiologists can only hope to assess the probability of drug-induced lung
      disease by correlating radiographic and clinical data. Useful clinical data
      include respiratory symptoms, results of respiratory function tests, dose and
      schedule of drug administration, and information concerning concomitant or
      previous administration of drugs or radiation therapy. Useful radiographic data
      include the distribution of densities seen on the chest radiograph, the presence
      or absence of thoracic adenopathy and pleural effusion. Drug-induced lung disease
      frequently simulates disseminated opportunistic infections (particularly
      pneumocystis carinii) and must be differentiated from these because the treatment
      is completely different. Since early recognition and withdrawal of the noxious
      agent constitute the best treatment for drug-induced disease, the physician's
      alertness to drug toxicity is most important.

PMID- 2290924
TI  - [The value of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of interstitial lung
      diseases].
AB  - Bronchoalveolare lavage (BAL) allows microscopic, cytologic and immunocytologic
      diagnosis of alveolar and interstitial lung disease. The indications for BAL
      depend on chest X-rays, signs and symptoms and lung function tests, e.g.,
      spirometry or whole-body plethysmography, CO-diffusion capacity and blood gases
      during exercise. Supporting laboratory parameters are angiotensin converting
      enzyme, antinuclear antibodies and serum precipitins. Pulmonary parenchymal
      pathology documented on chest X-rays or by high-resolution computed tomography of
      the chest allows selective investigation of the involved areas. Different typical
      patterns with predominantly neutrophils or lymphocytes and their subsets or the
      presence of malignant cells or Pneumocystis carinii in the BAL fluid allowed the
      diagnosis in 115 patients. If possible, histological confirmation should be
      achieved by transbronchial biopsy. When indications are carefully applied and are
      based on the history as well as the clinical signs and symptoms, BAL is an
      efficient diagnostic tool in interstitial lung disease, which can be performed in
      out-patients even if transbronchial biopsy is done.

PMID- 2290926
TI  - [Radiologic diagnosis of pneumoconioses].
AB  - Radiology is extremely important in the diagnosis of occupational lung disease.
      Owing to its general availability and international comparability, the
      roentgenographic pa view of the chest obtained by the high-voltage technique is
      still the basis of the radiologic examination. Supplementary investigations are
      necessary for medical reasons, however, as well as for documentation of experts'
      certification. Valuable diagnostic information is supplied by oblique views of
      the thorax and by conventional X-ray tomography, though not by scintigraphic
      examinations or - up to now - by digital luminescence radiography. Ultrasound
      helps in the differentiation of free pleural fluid, organized pleural effusion,
      and pleural malignancy. In addition, computed tomography (CT) can be guided by
      ultrasound. CT has emerged as the method of choice for examination and for
      support of medical experts' certification of pneumoconiotic pleural disease, and
      high-resolution CT (HRCT) is also increasing used for examination of
      pneumoconiotic lung foci as well. Diagnostic accuracy in pneumoconiosis is
      further improved by shorter CT scanning times in combination with HRCT.

PMID- 2290928
TI  - [Interstitial cancerous lung diseases. Lymphangiosis carcinomatosa and leukemic
      pulmonary infiltrates].
AB  - The radiological findings in pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis and in
      leukemic pulmonary infiltrates mirror the tumor-dependent monomorphic
      interstitial pathology of lung parenchyma. It is a proven fact that pulmonary
      lymphangitic carcinomatosis is caused by hematogenous tumor embolization to the
      lungs; pathogenesis by contiguous lymphangitic spread is the exception. High
      resolution CT performed as a supplement to the radiological work-up improves the
      sensitivity for pulmonary infiltrates in general and thus makes the differential
      diagnosis decided easier. Radiological criteria cannot discriminate the different
      forms of leukemia. Plain chest X-ray allows the diagnosis of pulmonary
      involvement in leukemia due to tumorous infiltrates and of tumor- or therapy
      induced complications. It is essential that the radiological findings be
      interpreted with reference to the stage of tumor disease and the clinical
      parameters to make the radiological differential diagnosis of opportunistic
      infections more reliable.

PMID- 2290927
TI  - [Thoracic sarcoidosis].
AB  - Sarcoidosis is essentially a granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. The
      pathogenesis is assumed to consist in an abnormal immune reaction to a still
      unidentified antigen. The commonest manifestations of sarcoidosis are mediastinal
      and hilar lymphadenopathy and pulmonary infiltrates. The complex variety of
      clinical presentations of sarcoidosis means that the differential diagnosis has
      to include a wide range of entities. The clinical and radiological features of
      thoracic sarcoidosis are described, and the spectrum of relevant investigations
      is discussed. With respect to radiological diagnosis, computed tomography, with
      its higher sensitivity than other techniques, is of particular value for the
      precise determination of the morphological correlate of pulmonary and nodal
      changes and their functional relevance.

PMID- 2290929
TI  - [Changes in the lungs in mucoviscidosis. Feasibility and advantages of different
      imaging techniques].
AB  - Pulmonary abnormalities in cystic fibrosis result from the obstruction of small
      bronchi by highly viscous mucus. Chronic obstructive lung disease and recurrent
      pulmonary infections result in a typical radiographic pattern later in the
      disease. Most patients can now be expected to survive into adulthood. The
      radiologist must make a careful comparison of serial films in order to detect
      complications early. By far the most important imaging modality is the
      conventional chest radiograph. CT is more sensitive for detection of structural
      abnormalities of the lung. Bronchography is a dangerous procedure and can lead to
      rapid deterioration of lung function. Lung scanning is a very sensitive method
      for demonstrating regional disturbances of ventilation and may reveal
      abnormalities earlier than conventional radiographs. In severe hemoptysis,
      selective bronchial arteriography with embolization of the bleeding vessel can be
      a life-saving procedure.

PMID- 2290930
TI  - [The status quo and future of interventional radiology. Thoughts on a
      controversial subject].

PMID- 2290931
TI  - [Congenital heart defect. Patent ductus arteriosus. Stage: Eisenmenger syndrome
      (Stage III) with right heart insufficiency].

PMID- 2290932
TI  - Immune reactions against intracerebral murine xenografts of fetal hippocampal
      tissue and cultured cortical astrocytes in the adult rat.

PMID- 2290933
TI  - Prevention of neural allograft rejection in the mouse following in vivo depletion
      of L3T4+ but not LYT-2+ T-lymphocytes.

PMID- 2290934
TI  - Current progress in studies of GnRH cell-containing brain grafts in hypogonadal
      mice.

PMID- 2290935
TI  - Dopamine neurone grafting to the weaver mouse neostriatum.

PMID- 2290937
TI  - Transplantation of glial cell cultures into areas of demyelination in the adult
      CNS.

PMID- 2290936
TI  - Timing of neuronal replacement in cerebellar degenerative ataxia of Purkinje cell
      type.

PMID- 2290938
TI  - Grafting of embryonic motoneurons into adult spinal cord and brain.

PMID- 2290939
TI  - Double step neural transplants to replace degenerated motoneurons.

PMID- 2290940
TI  - The development of retinal projections.

PMID- 2290941
TI  - Detecting the world through a retinal implant.

PMID- 2290942
TI  - Participation of graft and host brain dendrites in the establishment of
      interconnections.

PMID- 2290943
TI  - Functional integration of neurons in homotopic and heterotopic intra-cortical
      grafts with the host brain.

PMID- 2290944
TI  - Remodelling of intrinsic and afferent systems in neocortex with cortical
      transplants.

PMID- 2290945
TI  - Acetylcholine release from intrahippocampal septal grafts is under control by the
      host brain: a microdialysis study.

PMID- 2290947
TI  - Adrenal chromaffin cells as multipotential neurons for autografts.

PMID- 2290946
TI  - In vivo microdialysis: a new approach for the study of functional activity of
      grafted monoaminergic neurons and their interaction with the host brain.

PMID- 2290948
TI  - Cholinergic-rich transplants alleviate cognitive deficits in lesioned rats, but
      exacerbate response to cholinergic drugs.

PMID- 2290949
TI  - Spatial memory deficit resulting from ischemia-induced damage to the hippocampus
      is ameliorated by intra-hippocampal transplants of fetal hippocampal neurons.

PMID- 2290950
TI  - Transplantation of fetal hippocampus may prevent or produce behavioral recovery
      from hippocampal ablation and recovery persists after removal of the transplant.

PMID- 2290952
TI  - Identification of grafted neurons with fluorescent-labelled microbeads.

PMID- 2290951
TI  - Functional consequences of neocortical transplants in rats with a congenital
      brain defect: electrophysiology and behavior.

PMID- 2290953
TI  - Ultrastructural organization within intrastriatal striatal grafts.

PMID- 2290954
TI  - Polymer encapsulated dopaminergic cell lines as "alternative neural grafts".
AB  - Our preliminary findings (Jaeger et al., 1988; Aebischer et al., 1989; Tresco et
      al., 1989) and the studies in progress show that encapsulated dopaminergic cell
      lines survive enclosure within a semi-permeable membrane. The encapsulated cells
      remained viable for extended time periods when maintained in vitro. Moreover,
      encapsulated PC12 and T28 cells have the potential to survive following their
      implantation into the forebrain of rats. Cell lines are essentially "immortal"
      because they continue to divide indefinitely. This property allows perpetual
      "self-renewal" of a given cell population. However, the capacity of continuous
      uncontrolled cell division may also lead to tumor formation. This in fact is the
      case for unencapsulated PC12 cell implants placed into the brain of young Sprague
      Dawley rats (Jaeger, 1985). Cell line encapsulation has the potential to prevent
      tumor growth (Jaeger et al., 1988). Survival for 6 months in vitro suggests that
      encapsulation does not preclude long-term maintenance of an homogeneous cell line
      like PC12 cells. The presence of mitotic figures in the capsules further supports
      the likelihood of propagation and self renewal of the encapsulated population.
      Another significant property of cell lines is that they consist of a single,
      genetically homogeneous cell type. They do not require specific synaptic
      interactions for their survival. In the case of PC12 and T28 lines, the cells
      synthesize and release neurotransmitters. Our data show that PC12 and T28 cells
      continue to release dopamine spontaneously and to express specific transmitters
      and enzymes following encapsulation. Thus, cell lines such as these may
      constitute relatively simple "neural implants" exerting their function via
      humoral release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2290955
TI  - Anatomical and physiological properties of the cortical and thalamic innervations
      of neostriatal tissue grafts.

PMID- 2290956
TI  - Behavioural recovery following transplantation of the neuroblastoma cell line IMR
      32.

PMID- 2290958
TI  - Grafts, growth factors and grafts that make growth factors.

PMID- 2290957
TI  - Improvements in MPTP-induced object retrieval deficits and behavioral deficits
      after fetal nigral grafting in monkeys.
AB  - Improvements in MPTP-induced deficits were only found in subjects that received
      fetal substantia nigra transplants into the caudate nucleus. The MPTP-induced
      deficits were assessed using an object retrieval task that examined cognitive and
      subtle motor performance and by behavioral observation to determine the overall
      status of the subjects. Subjects that were also moderately or severely impaired
      by MPTP administration but that received inappropriate donor cells or implant
      sites (cerebellum to CN or SN to cortex) did not show any evidence of behavioral
      recovery. These subjects could not respond on the task in the months after
      grafting and were sacrificed, showing no improvements in parkinsonian signs or
      healthy behavior signs, up to 5-6 months after surgery. Grafting of SN cells into
      the striatum of non-MPTP lesioned subjects failed to modify normal behavior or
      induce abnormal behavior determined by our 2 behavioral assessment methods. In
      those monkeys that received the appropriate transplants, TH immunohistochemistry
      revealed that cells of the fetal substantia nigra grafted into the caudate
      nucleus survived and extended neurites into the host striatum. Indeed, grafted
      dopamine neurons were often associated with appreciable innervation of the
      caudate nucleus and appeared to be well incorporated into the host brain. In
      contrast, examination of the striatum of subjects in the inappropriate-graft
      group (e.g., cerebellar cells grafted into the caudate) showed no evidence of TH
      staining within the graft or host caudate nucleus. This indicated that there was
      no evidence of dopamine neurons present in the grafted tissue and that the mere
      presence of a fetal graft did not appear to induce sprouting in these MPTP
      treated subjects. Although behavioral recovery occurred in only those monkeys
      that received appropriate transplants (fetal SN to host CN) and not in those that
      received inappropriate grafts (fetal cerebellum to CN or fetal SN to cortex), the
      CSF HVA levels did not distinguish those monkeys with improved parkinsonism from
      those that remained severely parkinsonian. The finding that in some SN-CN grafted
      subjects reported here, there was evidence of increased dopamine and lowered
      HVA/dopamine ratio in the vicinity of the SN grafts (cf. Elsworth et al., 1990b)
      is consistent with the hypothesis that graft-derived or graft-induced dopamine
      production is responsible for behavioral recovery. In addition, the finding that
      CSF HVA levels in non-MPTP lesioned subjects were unchanged by fetal SN grafts
      further indicates that CSF HVA levels may not be sufficiently sensitive to
      changes in central dopamine production to reflect release of dopamine from
      relatively small grafts that may, in lesioned subjects, modify behavior.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2290960
TI  - Preliminary report on adrenal medullary grafting and cografting with sural nerve
      in the treatment of hemiparkinson monkeys.

PMID- 2290959
TI  - Striatal adrenal medulla/sural nerve cografts in hemiparkinsonian monkeys.

PMID- 2290961
TI  - Preliminary report on adrenal medullary grafting from the American Association of
      Neurological Surgeons Graft Project.

PMID- 2290962
TI  - United Parkinson Foundation Neurotransplantation Registry: multicenter US and
      Canadian data base, presurgical and 12 month follow-up.

PMID- 2290963
TI  - The clinical application of cell grafting techniques in patients with Parkinson's
      disease.

PMID- 2290964
TI  - The adrenal medullary transplant operation: the Chicago experience. The Rush
      Research Group and Colleagues.

PMID- 2290965
TI  - Autologous adrenal medulla to caudate nucleus transplantation in advanced
      Parkinson's disease: 18 month results.

PMID- 2290966
TI  - Is autologous transplant of adrenal medulla into the striatum an effective
      therapy for Parkinson's disease?

PMID- 2290967
TI  - A year follow-up of autoimplants of perfused adrenal medulla into parkinsonian
      patients. CPH Neural Transplantation Group.

PMID- 2290968
TI  - Adrenal medullary transplants as a treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2290970
TI  - Adrenal medulla autograft in 3 parkinsonian patients: results using two different
      approaches.

PMID- 2290969
TI  - Diffusible neurotrophic factors for thalamic neurons are released from target
      neocortex and non-target cerebellum.

PMID- 2290971
TI  - Stereotactic adrenostriatal autografts for parkinsonism: rationale, techniques
      and observations.

PMID- 2290972
TI  - Disappearance of a putative DA-neuron antibody following adrenal medulla
      transplantation: relationship to a striatal-derived DA neuron trophic factor.

PMID- 2290973
TI  - Differential regulation of striatal dopamine D1 and D2 receptor systems in
      Parkinson's disease and effects of adrenal medullary transplant.

PMID- 2290974
TI  - Practical aspects of the use of human fetal brain tissue for intracerebral
      grafting.

PMID- 2290975
TI  - Therapeutic effects of human fetal dopamine cells transplanted in a patient with
      Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2290976
TI  - Stereotactic implantation of foetal mesencephalon (STIM): the UK experience.

PMID- 2290977
TI  - Neural transplantation in Parkinson's disease: the Swedish experience.

PMID- 2290978
TI  - Effects of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) on transplanted cholinergic
      neurons from the fetal septal nucleus.

PMID- 2290980
TI  - The role of cytokines in macrophage activation.

PMID- 2290979
TI  - Chromaffin grafts: survival and nerve fiber formation as a function of donor age,
      nerve growth factor and host sympathetic denervation.

PMID- 2290981
TI  - The oral antiarrhythmic drugs.

PMID- 2290983
TI  - Vector-borne diseases.

PMID- 2290982
TI  - Dioxopiperazines: chemistry and biology.

PMID- 2290984
TI  - Interaction of cancer chemotherapy agents with the mononuclear phagocyte system.

PMID- 2290985
TI  - Drug molecules of marine origin.
AB  - Somewhat accelerated developments in the chemistry and pharmacology of marine
      molecules during the eighties are a clear indication of the biomedical potential
      of marine organisms for the twenty-first century. Unfortunately, the overall
      effort toward the field is still insignificant. Both industry and governments are
      spending only a token share of R&D funds in pursuit of pharmacologically active
      substances from the sea. A critical appraisal of the literature reveals the
      existence of fascinating molecules with unusual and potent activities. The
      challenge of harnessing the clinical potential of these molecules is clearly
      evident. It is only awaiting the awakening of the academic, industrial, and
      federal researchers and resources. Only a concerted and a massive effort can
      shorten the time between now and the first clinical drug from the sea.

PMID- 2290986
TI  - The impact of state and society on medical research.

PMID- 2290987
TI  - [Hysteria].

PMID- 2290988
TI  - [Significance of the treatment dialogue for the therapeutic process].
AB  - Patients do not change only because of their insights. They must also have the
      opportunity to identify with the analyst's therapeutic functions (acting,
      interpreting). The concept of action-dialogue is illustrated with a case example.

PMID- 2290989
TI  - [Cain. The separation of shame and guilt exemplified in Genesis].
AB  - Referring to Cain's fratricide, the authors investigate the origin of guilt. They
      assume that feelings of shame preceded feelings of guilt and that the former are
      the cause of the destructiveness and persistence of the latter.

PMID- 2290991
TI  - The career structure campaign.

PMID- 2290990
TI  - [Psychoanalytic observations on musical creativity].
AB  - The author applies concepts of creativity, developed in regard to literature and
      graphic arts, to the field of music. He refers to Sterba's concept of "regressive
      self passage" as an explanation of musical creativity. Modern theories of
      narcissism as well as composers' personal accounts are incorporated into the
      argument.

PMID- 2290992
TI  - Assertiveness and the nurse.

PMID- 2290994
TI  - Organisational restructuring of Queensland public sector health services.

PMID- 2290993
TI  - Geriatric care--the dilemma.

PMID- 2290995
TI  - [Estimation of 3 rate constants of the 3 compartments model in PET measurement by
      a weighted integral method--simulation of estimation errors].
AB  - A simulation study to evaluate the errors in rate constants of the three
      compartment model using the weighted integral method was performed. Ten
      combinations of 7 kinds of weight functions, the errors were tested in 18F
      fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) study. The error factors arising in PET measurement
      were statistical noise, cerebral blood volume, time shift and scanning time of
      PET measurement. Errors in each rate constant were within the range of 10 percent
      and those in k1k3/(k2+k3) within 1 percent. The weighted integral method was
      confirmed to be a faster method than the conventional least squares method within
      a reasonable error range.

PMID- 2290997
TI  - [Evaluation of renal blood volume by PET--the aorta-kidney equilibrium monitored
      with C15O].
AB  - Twenty subjects inhaled C15O and its dynamics were monitored to determine when
      equilibrium between the aorta and kidney occurred. One minute after inhalation,
      the increase in radioactivity in the aorta paralleled that in the kidney, but
      thereafter, both declined slowly. The ratio of aorta/kidney radioactivity become
      constant 1 min after inhalation and remained unchanged for 4 min. Thus renal
      blood volume can be measured 1 min after inhalation of C15O its distribution in
      the aorta and kidney has attained equilibrium.

PMID- 2290998
TI  - [Evaluation of 1 cm dose equivalent rate using a NaI(Tl) scintillation
      spectrometer].
AB  - A method for evaluating 1 cm dose equivalent rates from a pulse height
      distribution obtained by a 76.2 mm phi spherical NaI(Tl) scintillation
      spectrometer was described. Weak leakage radiation from nuclear facilities were
      also measured and dose equivalent conversion factor and effective energy of
      leakage radiation were evaluated from 1 cm dose equivalent rate and exposure
      rate.

PMID- 2290996
TI  - [Mortality reduction in mice administered a single abundant dose of zinc,
      manganese or magnesium after irradiation by gamma-rays at sublethal doses].
AB  - Radioprotective effect has been observed in mice which have subcutaneously
      received a single dose of abundant inorganic zinc or manganese 24 hours before
      gamma-ray irradiation with a sublethal dose. Mechanism of the radioprotection has
      been suggested to be an abundant production of metallothionein (MT) induced by
      the metals. But process of the protection might be more complicated because
      immunological and hematopoietic functions are remarkably inhibited by the
      irradiation and many zinc binding-compounds with biological functions are known
      at present. Furthermore, the effect of these metals has been observed by the
      administration only before the irradiation. Radioprotective effect was shown in
      mice which were administered with not only zinc and manganese, but also
      magnesium. It seems that mechanism of the radioprotection of magnesium is
      different from that of zinc or manganese since magnesium is not known to induce
      MT production. It was observed that the relative concentration ratio of
      radioactivity in tissues and organs at 7th day (after injection of 65Zn) showed a
      marked difference between in irradiated and non-irradiated mice.

PMID- 2290999
TI  - [Present status and future potential of positron emission tomography].

PMID- 2291000
TI  - [A guideline for clinical application of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies
      produced in individual medical research laboratories. Subcommittee on Medical
      Application of Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies, Medical and Pharmaceutical
      Committee, Japan Radioisotope Association].

PMID- 2291001
TI  - [Measurement of radiation energy and its application (16). VI. Measurement of
      neutron energy and its application (2)].

PMID- 2291002
TI  - [Dentures on Disk implants. 2. complete fixed denture: the Antistress Diskimplant
      system].

PMID- 2291003
TI  - [History of dental prosthetics].

PMID- 2291004
TI  - [Gnathological set-up in orthognathic surgery. 1. Orthognathic surgery].

PMID- 2291006
TI  - Immunophenotypic analysis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - Flow cytometric cell analysis with fluorescence-labeled antibodies has become a
      very useful methodology for the immune phenotyping of lymphocytes. The continued
      evaluation of lymphocyte cell surface antigens has been of value in this respect
      by providing a clear picture of lymphocyte differentiation steps. Thus it is now
      possible to precisely identify lymphocytes of abnormal phenotype which may
      represent malignant cells. Detection of monotypic populations of lymphocytes
      represents a monoclonal expansion of a lymphocyte subset which is the hallmark of
      malignancy. In the case of B cell lymphoma, detection of monotypic populations
      rests on the finding of a monoclonal expansion of a cell type bearing one type of
      light chain and of heavy chain and/or one of the specific B lymphocyte
      differentiation antigens. The diagnosis of T cell malignancy is more difficult to
      establish and a diagnosis of T cell lymphoma rests on the finding of an abnormal
      phenotype. Thus flow cytometry in combination with histomorphologic examination
      is a useful technique for the more precise diagnosis of lymphomas and for the
      establishment of treatment protocols.

PMID- 2291005
TI  - [Biology and differentiation of lymphocytes in the classification of lymphomas].
AB  - The classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are briefly discussed and the
      processes of proliferation and differentiation of B and T lymphocytes are
      analyzed. The B and T lymphocytes engaged in the immune response arise from
      precursor cells through a two-cycle process of proliferation and differentiation:
      the first cycle produces cells with antigen receptors of varying specificity
      (resting circulating B and T lymphocytes); the second cycle produces B and T type
      effector cells and "memory" cells. Each phase of B and T differentiation can give
      rise to a type of lymphoma; in fact, malignant lymphomas can be divided into
      categories of precursor B and T cell lymphomas, resting B and T cell lymphomas
      and activated B and T cell lymphomas. Hodgkin's lymphoma could be considered a
      lymphoma arising from activated cells with atypical phenotype, i.e. Hodgkin and
      Reed-Sternberg cells. These cells secrete cytokines which recruit lymphocytes,
      histiocytes, eosinophils and plasma cells which form the cellular background
      typical of this tumor.

PMID- 2291007
TI  - [Hypercalcemia and neoplasms: recent advances in pathogenesis].
AB  - The mechanisms of paraneoplastic hypercalcemic syndromes are heterogeneous.
      Neoplastic hypercalcemia without bone metastatic disease is caused by parathyroid
      hormone related protein, whose action is comparable to parathyroid hormone.
      Growth transforming factors, platelet derived growth factor, tumor necrosis
      factors and interleukin 1 are also involved in humoral hypercalcemia of
      malignancy. In addition to these substances, hypercalcemia in bone metastatic
      disease may be related to PGE. Tumor necrosis factors and interleukin 1 play a
      major role in multiple myeloma as well as in Adult T cell Leukemia/Lymphoma where
      overproduction of vit D3 by lymphomatous cells can also be significant.

PMID- 2291008
TI  - [Therapy of multiple myeloma and its complications].
AB  - A dramatic improvement in the prognosis of multiple myeloma has been obtained
      since treatment with alkylating agents was introduced in the sixties. In recent
      years much effort has been made to ameliorate the obtained results by employing
      polychemotherapy schedules of treatment. However, no significant improvements
      with respect to the conventional melphalan-prednisone treatment, in terms of
      survival duration, have been observed. New therapeutic approaches, such as the
      use of biological response modifiers and the autologous or allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation offer new perspectives for multiple myeloma patients. In this
      paper we discuss current trends in the therapy of multiple myeloma and of related
      complications.

PMID- 2291009
TI  - [Dyserythropoietic syndromes: incidence, diagnosis, therapy].
AB  - The nosography of the dyserythropoietic syndromes remains poorly defined in the
      field of clinical hematology. The prominent pathophysiologic feature lies in the
      "ineffective erythropoiesis" as expressed by bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia
      with dysplasia accompanied by a normal or only slightly increased reticulocyte
      count. Both erythrokinetics and ferrokinetics are impaired, as shown by either
      slight reduction of the red cell survival or marked increased rate of serum iron
      transport together with reduced cellular iron utilization. The dyserythropoietic
      syndromes can be classified as acquired, secondary or congenital. The acquired
      ones, especially the sideroblastic forms, belonging to the myelodysplastic
      syndromes, are typical of the elderly whereas the congenital are of childhood.
      Their treatment is still a matter of controversy. However, the employment of
      folic acid, Vit. B12, pyridoxine and androgens can be useful in selected cases.
      In case of severe anemia, blood transfusion are required in association with iron
      chelating agents. However, some biological molecules, such as erythropoietin,
      interleukins 3 and 4, hemopoietic growth factors (especially GM-CSF), could
      represent future prospects of treatment.

PMID- 2291010
TI  - [Minimal residual disease in hematological neoplasms].
AB  - The existence of neoplastic cells with low or no sensibility to antiblastic drugs
      represents the most important cause of relapse in hematological malignancies. The
      amount of leukemic cells that remains after antiblastic chemotherapy represents
      the minimal residual disease. These cells can re-expand at any moment, even after
      months or years, causing short-term or long-term relapse. The minimal residual
      disease is not always detectable with morphological examination. The recent
      utilization of techniques such as cell culture by stimulation with growth factors
      and genetic amplification have made it possible to reach resolutions of more than
      1-10(5) cells. The therapeutic strategies for total eradication of residual
      neoplastic cells are currently under investigation. The combined use of
      biological responder modifiers with chemotherapy or the use of immunotherapy with
      Interleukin-2 or LAK cells has provided one possible solution to this problem.

PMID- 2291011
TI  - [Zinc-protoporphyrin determination in patients with sideropenic anemia and
      insufficient erythropoiesis].
AB  - We have measured erythrocyte Zinc-Protoporphyrin and serum ferritin in 125
      subjects: 100 seemingly healthy controls, 17 with sideropenic anemia and 8 with
      erythropoietic insufficiency (sideropenia without anemia). Erythrocyte Zinc
      Protoporphyrin was measured using Protofluor Z (Helena--Lab.) and serum ferritin
      was tested with immunoenzymatic technics. Patients with sideropenic anemia showed
      erythrocyte Zinc-Protoporphyrin values higher than controls, whereas serum
      ferritin was significantly lower than controls. Patients with erythropoietic
      insufficiency also showed erythrocyte Zinc-Protoporphyrin values higher than
      controls with statistical significance whereas the decrease of serum ferritin was
      not significant. Our study showed that Zinc-Protoporphyrin, in conjunction with
      serum ferritin, is a very useful test for evaluation of iron storage.

PMID- 2291012
TI  - [Multiple myeloma in HIV infection].
AB  - The Authors describe a case of multiple myeloma in a patient with HIV infection:
      this is an exceptional observation in young people and in HIV seropositive
      patients. The marked proliferation of lymphocyte B polyclones, typically found in
      the advanced stages of HIV infection, could be a determining factor in the
      appearance of a malignant clone, causing the onset of multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2291013
TI  - [Lymphoma of the prostate: case reports and subject review].
AB  - Malignant lymphomas involving the prostate are rare whether as primary lymphoma
      or as secondary to generalized disease. Middle age, histotype prevalently non
      Hodgkin, intermediate and high grade of malignancy, symptoms of bladder outflow
      obstruction, diagnosis generally made after histological examination, severe
      prognosis are the most important features that result from literature review. The
      evaluation of therapeutic treatments is difficult as most reports do not include
      a sufficient number of cases. The Authors presenting two cases of lymphoma of the
      prostate point out the usefulness of radiotherapy since the prostate is usually a
      bulky seat of disease and suggest the combination with multiple drug chemotherapy
      for intermediate and high grade of malignancy and in advanced stages. The authors
      suggest that prognosis depends on histotype rather than on prostatic involvement
      of disease.

PMID- 2291015
TI  - [Post-transfusion malaria].

PMID- 2291014
TI  - [Oropharyngeal and rhinopharyngeal carcinomas in patients treated for non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma].
AB  - The authors describe two cases of nasopharynx and oropharynx carcinomas in
      treated non-Hodgkin lymphoma's patients. They evaluate pathogenetic hypotheses
      related to lymphoma, its treatment and some exogenous factors like smoke,
      alcohol, Epstein-Barr virus.

PMID- 2291016
TI  - [Health of the immigrants].

PMID- 2291017
TI  - [Intermittent digitalis therapy? Alcohol and liver diseases].

PMID- 2291018
TI  - [Occupational tumors].

PMID- 2291019
TI  - [A review journal for Italy or for Europe?].

PMID- 2291020
TI  - [All is lost but the honorarium].

PMID- 2291021
TI  - [Choice of antihypertensive drugs].

PMID- 2291022
TI  - [Relationship between number and volume of circulating blood platelets in
      cerebral and myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2291023
TI  - [The patient, above all].

PMID- 2291024
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a biorhythmic variable of human blood.

PMID- 2291025
TI  - [Practical experiences with wheelchair sports of paraplegic patients].
AB  - The group of wheelchair sportsmen presented see their field of activity not only
      in terms of practising sports with its manifold positive effects but also in
      terms of providing information and care for hospitalized paraplegic patients
      and/or recently discharged rehabilitees. The article is based on the answers to a
      questionnaire developed by the sports medical counselling office in Zwickau.
      Severely disabled persons, too, take pleasure in their improved fitness and
      performance.

PMID- 2291026
TI  - [Comments on specific early rehabilitation of patients with severe craniocerebral
      trauma].
AB  - The considerable advances made in the rescue and intensive care fields have
      entailed drastically increased numbers of survivors of severe head injury.
      Because of ethical reasons alone, the call for early rehabilitation of patients
      with persistent vegetative state post-trauma appears justified. Aside lifesaving
      intensive medical care in the acute phase, available empirical studies have so
      far not been able to provide evidence for the superiority of specific early
      rehabilitation measures. Clinicians lack pragmatic decision-making aids in the
      question of how long patients should be treated in the acute clinic. Nursing
      homes currently are no alternative, as they will hardly ever be equipped in a
      manner enabling them to cope with the considerable nursing requirements posed by
      these patients.

PMID- 2291027
TI  - [Expectations of stroke patients and their relatives of rehabilitation].
AB  - The expectations towards rehabilitation held by 45 stroke patients and their
      relatives were investigated. It was found that the expectations held by the
      relatives are more realistic and not quite as optimistic as those held by the
      patients. The patients above all hoped for physical-vocational restoration, the
      relatives on the other hand more for emotional-social recovery. Also dealt with
      are the expectations and notions of patients and relatives in respect of
      duration, location and material rank of rehabilitation. Pointed out are the
      difficulties to be reckoned with on account of the divergent expectancies of
      patients and relatives toward rehabilitation.

PMID- 2291028
TI  - [Rehabilitation in a community psychiatric service facility--success and failure
      during a one year period].
AB  - Rehabilitation outcome was examined within a social psychiatric model institution
      including several partial hospitalization programmes and various outpatient
      services. After a one-year period the treatment success was measured by objective
      criteria in 166 consecutively admitted patients, most of them diagnosed as
      schizophrenics. 75% showed improvements in terms of reduced institutional
      protection and a more independent living situation. Vocational rehabilitation was
      successful in 47%. There was no significant correlation between these outcome
      measures. A poor outcome was found in a group of patients who had received a
      comparatively high rate of therapeutic activities and was classified by
      sociodemographic variables. Consequences concerning the therapeutic approach in
      community mental health services and its evaluation are shown.

PMID- 2291029
TI  - [Lay help in rehabilitation of psychiatrically handicapped patients--report of
      two comparative empirical studies].
AB  - Two studies on lay helping in the rehabilitation of persons with chronic mental
      illness are reported. Lay helpers, clients and staff from two social psychiatric
      centres participated in structured interviewing; supplementary procedures were
      used on some aspects. The findings show that interaction of the three groups
      included is moulded by a multitude of expectations and incompatibilities, which
      are of relevance to the very concept of lay help. "Lay helping" is set out as a
      very meaningful and urgently needed approach in the rehabilitation of persons
      with chronic mental illness- at the same time however characterized as a
      transition toward developing an independent conception in terms of community
      psychology and community psychiatry.

PMID- 2291030
TI  - Recent developments in the treatment and repair of anterior cruciate ligament
      injuries in the athlete.

PMID- 2291031
TI  - Weightlifting training in cardiac patients. Considerations.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in most of
      the industrialised nations in the world. Many treatment strategies are used for
      patients with coronary artery disease. One of these strategies is the use of
      cardiac exercise rehabilitation. The traditional approach to cardiac exercise
      rehabilitation has been the training of large muscle groups using aerobic
      activities such as cycling or walking. These types of activities have been
      demonstrated to improve maximal exercise performance and endurance. However,
      although aerobic performance is improved it does not address another very
      important component of exercise rehabilitation--namely muscular strength.
      Weightlifting training has been demonstrated to improve muscular strength in
      healthy individuals. Until recently this form of exercise training of patients
      with cardiac disease has been avoided due to the haemodynamic response observed
      during isometric (static) exercise. Weightlifting has recently been demonstrated
      not to be a pure isometric exercise and a different haemodynamic response has
      been found even in patients with cardiac disease. For this reason studies of
      weightlifting training have been performed in selected groups of patients with
      coronary artery disease. The results of these studies in this limited group of
      patients have demonstrated the activity is safe and beneficial in terms of
      improving the patient's functional capacity. Weightlifting training may also
      favourably affect the risk factors for coronary artery disease. Based on studies
      reviewed in this paper, recommendations can be made for the weightlifting
      training of patients with coronary artery disease. These include restriction to
      patients who are asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic; initiation of training
      only after a period of aerobic training; the use of single limb activities; a
      maximum intensity no greater than 60% of 1 repetition maximum; patients train at
      their own rate; initially performed in a medically supervised programme; periodic
      reassessment of the exercise prescription; and patients should record their heart
      rate and response to exercise.

PMID- 2291033
TI  - Exercise and mild essential hypertension. Recommendations for adults.
AB  - Chronic essential hypertension is a major public health problem afflicting an
      estimated 15 to 30% of persons from most Western industrialised countries.
      Persons with mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure between 90 and 104mm Hg
      and/or systolic blood pressure between 140 and 159mm Hg) represent the
      overwhelming majority of hypertensive individuals in the general population. The
      achievement of long term blood pressure control in these individuals is of
      central strategic concern in the prevention of hypertension-related morbidity and
      mortality. Epidemiological studies suggest that regular participation in physical
      activity may be beneficial in preventing hypertension. The findings of
      epidemiological studies are supported by a recent meta-analysis of 25
      longitudinal aerobic training studies, in which the average sample-size-weighted
      reductions in resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 10.8mm Hg and
      8.2mm Hg, respectively. Moreover, preliminary analyses from our centre suggest
      that cardiorespiratory fitness and, by inference, aerobic exercise training may
      be of benefit in reducing mortality rates in hypertensive patients. When
      compiling an exercise prescription with the intention of reducing an elevated
      blood pressure and attenuating the risk for coronary artery disease, several
      factors must be considered in order to optimise the likelihood of a safe and
      effective response. Specifically, the 5 basic components of the exercise
      prescription for patients with mild hypertension are safety aspects, the type of
      exercise to be performed, and the frequency, intensity and duration of exercise
      training. For those patients who require pharmacotherapy, the interaction between
      the specific antihypertensive agent and exercise responses must also be
      considered. We recommend that aerobic exercise training be performed at an
      intensity corresponding to 60 to 85% of the maximal heart rate and that the
      duration and frequency be modulated to achieve a weekly energy expenditure of
      between 14 and 20 kcal/kg of bodyweight.

PMID- 2291034
TI  - The development of anterior ligament prostheses. Implications for treatment of
      sports people.

PMID- 2291035
TI  - [Hematoma of the head of the caudate nucleus].
AB  - We studied five patients with cerebral hemorrhage limited to the head of the
      caudate nucleus. This rare localization represents 11% of central nuclei
      hemorrhages. This entity has various clinical expressions; some are similar to a
      subarachnoid hemorrhage, others show the same manifestations associated with
      hemiparesis and neuropsychological findings, while still in others, the
      neuropsychological syndrome with speech, behaviour or memory disturbances
      predominates. Recovery depends on the patient's previous clinical status and on
      the presence of associated lesions at the time of hemorrhage. Typical warning
      signs, like headache, are often absent in the elderly and debilitated.
      Meningismus is explained by the intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage.
      Motor deficit, usually moderate, is probably due to impairment of the anterior
      portion of the posterior arm of the internal capsule. Destruction of the head of
      the left caudate nucleus, which is part of the circuit causing "subcortical
      aphasias", is responsible for non specific speech disturbances, that are however
      remarkably rich in semantic paraphasias. These dysfunctions could be caused by a
      "cortical diaschisis" as suggested by SPECT analysis. Memory dysfunction as a
      result of caudate lesion is questioned. However confusion and behavioural
      disturbances, like preservations, transitory mutism and self neglect, seem
      characteristic. As shown by cerebral blood flow (CBF) studies, these disturbances
      might represent a frontal dysfunction caused by the interruption of the dorso
      latero-prefrontal and orbito-frontal circuits. When the hemorrhage extends beyond
      the head of the caudate nucleus, behavioural changes occur due to the involvement
      of neighbouring structures such as the thalamus, internal capsule, temporal lobe
      and nucleus accumbens. Caudate hemorrhages occur mostly in the elderly, often
      with long-standing arterial hypertension causing lesions of the lenticulo-striate
      arteries. Severe stenosis or complete occlusion of the middle cerebral artery
      with a fragile anastomotic circuit or angiopathies in younger individuals
      (particularly Asiatics: moyamoya disease) are less frequent, but they should be
      considered and investigated by arteriography. Vascular malformations are a rare
      cause and a relationship with amyloid angiopathy can only be suspected.

PMID- 2291036
TI  - [Choreo-acanthocytosis].
AB  - We report a case of choreo-acanthocytosis in a 33 year-old man with mild chorea
      of the limbs but no involuntary movements of the face, areflexia, epilepsy and
      personality changes. Acanthocytosis was 10-20% and creatine-phosphokinase levels
      were raised. Electrophysiological data were consistent with lower motor neurone
      dysfunction. Muscle biopsy revealed changes typical of neurogenic atrophy. Nerve
      biopsy showed a severe loss of large myelinated axons. Electron microscopic
      examination was in favour of primary axonal damage affecting mainly myelinated
      fibers and only slightly unmyelinated fibers.

PMID- 2291037
TI  - [Memory disorders following rupture of anterior communicating artery aneurysm. 22
      cases].
AB  - Twenty-two patients who underwent surgery for ruptured aneurysm of the anterior
      communicating artery were investigated by a battery of neuropsychological tests,
      including memory evaluation tests. According to the results obtained at these
      tests the patients were divided into three groups: 1) 7 patients had no memory
      disorders; 2) 10 patients presented with memory disorders affecting memory; their
      complaints concerned behavior, and the memory deficit was discovered at
      neuropsychological examination; 3) 5 patients presented with an obvious amnesic
      syndrome, and the tests confirmed a severe learning deficit and a severe
      forgetting while recognition remained normal in 4 patients. Age, residual lesions
      at CT and electrophysiological signs of focalization correlated well with the
      residual neuropsychological disorders. Leaving aside quantitative aspects, the
      memory deficits observed in the second and third groups seemed to be
      qualitatively different and might correspond to different anatomical and
      functional sequelae.

PMID- 2291032
TI  - Acute and chronic responses of skeletal muscle to endurance and sprint exercise.
      A review.
AB  - Skeletal muscle adapts to the stress of endurance and sprint exercise and
      training. There are 2 main types of skeletal muscle fibre--slow twitch (ST) and
      fast twitch (FTa, FTb, FTc). Exercise may produce transitions between FT and ST
      fibres. Sprint training has decreased the proportion of ST fibres and
      significantly increased the proportion of FTa fibres, while endurance training
      may convert FTb to FTa fibres, and increase the proportion of ST fibres (i.e. FTb
      ---FTa----FTc----ST). However, the high proportion of ST fibres documented for
      elite endurance athletes may be simply the result of natural selection. ST fibres
      function predominantly during submaximal exercise, whereas FT fibres are
      recruited as exercise intensity approaches VO2max and/or glycogen stores are
      depleted. Long distance runners have greater ST and FT fibre areas than untrained
      controls. However, doubt remains as to whether the ST or FT fibre area is
      greatest in endurance athletes. Increases in FT fibre area seem to occur during
      the first 2 months of training whereas ST fibre areas appear to increase after 2
      to 6 months of training. Sprint training leads to the preferential use of FT
      fibres and male, but not female sprinters have larger FT fibres than untrained
      controls. Mitochondrial proteins and oxidative enzymes, as opposed to VO2max, are
      important determinants of the duration of endurance exercise. Endurance training
      increases intramuscular glycogen stores in both FT and ST fibres and produces a
      'glycogen-sparing' effect which is characterised by an increased free fatty acid
      (FFA) metabolism. The activity of glycogen synthase is also increased by
      endurance training. Sprint training increases glycogen concentrations similarly
      in all fibre types, reduces the rate of glycogen utilisation at submaximal
      workloads and allows supramaximal workloads to be maintained for longer periods
      of time. During endurance exercise the pattern of glycogen depletion varies
      between muscle fibre types and between muscle groups. Glycogen stores in ST
      fibres are utilised initially, followed by stores in FTa then FTb fibres. Sprint
      activities are associated with a much greater rate of glycogen depletion.
      However, it is unlikely that glycogen depletion causes fatigue during sprinting.
      Sprint work is associated with a preferential depletion of glycogen from FTb then
      FTa and ST fibres. Endurance training appears to increase triglyceride stores
      adjacent to mitochondria and ST fibres have greater triglyceride stores than FT
      fibres. Endurance exercise is associated with a preferential use of triglycerides
      from ST fibres and endogenous triglycerides may account for over 50% of the total
      lipid oxidised during exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2291038
TI  - [Dementia and psychiatric disorders in Kufs disease].
AB  - Three patients with adult-onset neuronal-ceroid lipofuscinosis (Kufs' disease)
      are presented. Two cases were familial (autosomal recessive inheritance) and 1
      case was possibly sporadic. The main clinical feature was progressive
      deterioration of cognitive functions. In 2 siblings, aged 37 and 41, dementia was
      associated with personality and behaviour changes, suggesting a psychotic
      disorder and with dysarthria and tic-like dyskinetic movements. In a third
      patient, dementia was only associated with an asymptomatic pigmentary retinal
      degeneration. CT scan revealed diffuse cerebral atrophy in all cases. Diagnosis
      was established by brain biopsy in 2 cases. Autofluorescence emission and
      absorption spectra from the abnormal pigment was studied and was not found
      contributive.

PMID- 2291039
TI  - [Nuclear syndrome of the common oculomotor nerve after skull injury].
AB  - A case of a nuclear syndrome of the oculomotor nerve due to trauma is reported.
      There was 3rd nerve palsy on the ipsilateral side, a superior rectus muscle palsy
      on the contralateral side and a bilateral ptosis. The location was confirmed by
      magnetic resonance imaging and CT.

PMID- 2291041
TI  - [Hypothermia and multiple sclerosis. A case with 3 episodes of transient
      hypothermia].
AB  - On three occasions over a 21-month period, a woman with multiple sclerosis
      presented with hypothermia accompanied by altered consciousness, neurological
      signs and inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. One of the episodes
      included hypoglycaemia. Although repeated MRI examinations, one of them with
      gadolinium injection, gave negative results, hypothalamic demyelination was
      suspected. The 4-year follow-up of this patient suggests that this lesion has no
      prognostic value.

PMID- 2291040
TI  - [Late diagnosis of congenital argininemia during administration of sodium
      valproate].
AB  - Congenital hyperargininaemia is a rare condition transmitted as an autosomal
      dominant trait. Following a one-year free interval, repeated vomiting,
      psychomotor regression and spastic paraparesis with talipes equinus progressively
      develop. The diagnosis, confirmed by arginine assays in blood and urine, is
      probably often missed. We report a case of homozygous arginase deficiency
      belatedly diagnosed at the age of 18 years, when treatment with sodium valproate
      (VPA) was instituted. This female patient presented with psychomotor regression
      since the age of 15 months and with paraparesis since she was 3 years' old. These
      symptoms rapidly became worse. At the age of 18 years, when she was bed-ridden,
      she was hospitalized for subintrant tonic seizures. EEG showed generalized,
      continuous spike-wave discharges at the rate of 3.5 c/s. Treatment with VPA was
      instituted. Five days later, she went into a state of stupor. Blood ammonia level
      was elevated at 362 mumol/l. VPA was discontinued, and this was followed by a
      regression of disturbances of consciousness and by a decrease in arterial
      ammoniaemia, although the ammonia levels remained high, fluctuating between 40
      and 100 mumol/l. Several months after VPA treatment was interrupted, the patient
      had a second episode of stupor, and her ammoniaemia was 500 mumol/l. Serum amino
      acid chromatography showed hyperargininaemia at 501 mumol/l (N = 30-150 mumol/l).
      The diagnosis of arginase deficiency was confirmed by the rise of arginine in red
      cells, cerebrospinal fluid and urine and, above all, by the finding of a deeply
      depressed arginase activity in erythrocytes. In all cases of intolerance to VPA,
      arterial ammoniaemia should be measured after withdrawal of VPA, some time after
      the acute episode.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291042
TI  - [A case of paroxystic hemicrania].

PMID- 2291043
TI  - [A case of Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome].

PMID- 2291044
TI  - [A case of spinal arachnoid cyst].

PMID- 2291045
TI  - [What is new in hyperprolactinemia?].

PMID- 2291047
TI  - [Contribution of applied cytogenetics to medically assisted procreation].
AB  - The cytogenetic studies of gametes and embryos reveal the incidence of
      chromosomic abnormalities in medically assisted pregnancies. When extended to
      natural fecundation, these data enable a better comprehension of the place and
      the role of the selection in the quality of the conceptus.

PMID- 2291046
TI  - [Penis endoscopy: our experience apropos of 200 cases].
AB  - The use of the colposcope and acetic acid in the man has shown many genital
      lesions due to papillomavirus which had not been revealed until then by clinical
      examination. The authors study the prevalence of these lesions in 200 partners of
      women with an HPV genital infection. 71.5 per cent abnormal peniscopies were
      found; 73.5 per cent in the group of partners of women presenting a simple viral
      disease and 63.5 per cent when the women has an associated cervical dysplasia. 34
      per cent of the patients had macroscopically typical or histologically proven
      viral lesions and 14 per cent had minor epithelial lesions evoking the presence
      of HPV. On the whole, considering the prevalence of the masculine lesions, the
      peniscopic screening seems necessary to stop the transmission chain.

PMID- 2291048
TI  - [Spontaneous abortion. Etiologic survey. Results].
AB  - The definition of repeated spontaneous abortions is subject to caution. For some,
      it corresponds to at least three repeated spontaneous abortions with no normal
      previous pregnancy; for others, it comprises the repeated spontaneous abortions
      occurring after a normal pregnancy. It is a frequent problem, especially if one
      tries to give a wider definition. The authors studied the frequency of repeated
      spontaneous abortions in a continuous series of 14,857 pregnancies which took
      place between January 1982 and December 1988. In the study of the aetiology of
      the repeated spontaneous abortions in the various groups of women defined
      according to the number of previous pregnancies and abortions, they find the
      classical causes of repeated spontaneous abortions in all the categories:
      therefore, it seems legitimate to them that a wider definition be given for
      repeated spontaneous abortions.

PMID- 2291049
TI  - [Report on threatened premature labor: etiology, management, results].
AB  - The studies on the aetiological factors of a premature delivery constitute an old
      fear of obstetricians and epidemiologists. However, they remain confused and the
      very definition of prematurity is among the first sources of confusion. There are
      many therapeutic methods considered as preventive. Their efficacy is debatable
      whilst their secondary effects are obvious. In this article, the authors report
      the results of a retrospective study of observations of patients who presented
      threats of premature labour and analyzed the epidemiological aspects, the
      aetiological factors and the therapeutic methods. It seems important to consider
      the risk factors in order to prevent premature labour. A decrease in the use of
      betamimetics and an increase in that of therapies said to be of replacement does
      not seem to be accompanied by a relative increase in the incidence of
      prematurity.

PMID- 2291050
TI  - [Changing management of breech presentation in a primipara].
AB  - The authors investigate the changing management based on a score including the
      prognostic items in a primiparous woman with a breach presentation. The study
      involved two series: one from 1970 to 1975, including 185 breach position
      primiparous women before the score was established, and the other, dating from
      1982 to 1988, consisting of 145 breach position primiparous women after this
      score came into use. The use of the score has tripled the number of cesareans but
      reduced neonatal morbidity. In contrast, the authors note a slight increase in
      maternal morbidity, related to the increased cesarean rate.

PMID- 2291051
TI  - [Treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Experience at the Gynecology
      Obstetrics Center of Amiens].
AB  - The authors report their experience of the surgical treatment of stress urinary
      incontinence. They underline the value of urodynamic tests in the examinations
      for urinary continence and prolapses. In the presence of a transmission defect,
      three different techniques are used: indirect colpopexy by strips (Loffredo) in
      the absence of prolapse, mixed route using vaginal strips (Bologna) in case of
      cystocele, sub-urethral plication reserved for elderly patients presenting a
      prolapse with stress urinary incontinence revealed by the urodynamic tests. The
      follow-up of the patients treated by the Loffredo technique is studied: 92% of
      good middle-term results (after 5 years).

PMID- 2291052
TI  - [Labor under peridural anesthesia. Experience at the Maternity Center of the
      Amiens CHRU].
AB  - The study has been carried out on 476 epidural deliveries. 69 per cent of the
      patients were satisfied. Amongst the 31 per cent of unsatisfied, most claimed
      that the analgesia was not sufficient, mainly due to delayed re-injections.
      Instead of a continuous administration, the authors prefer the use of a bolus
      which is better adapted to the different times of labour. 80 per cent of the
      patients who had a caesarian delivery under epidural anaesthetic were very
      satisfied. The efficacy of the re-injection for post-operative analgesia is also
      to be noted (92 per cent success). Finally, whatever the stage of perfection of
      the epidural technique, it is always better to associate the latter with a good
      psychoprophylaxis.

PMID- 2291054
TI  - [Value of micronutrient supplements in the prevention or correction of disorders
      accompanying menopause].
AB  - The risk of nutritional disturbances, in particular vitamin and trace element
      deficiencies, is high during the menopause. Such deficiency, revealed by
      nutritional surveys, results for life style as well as the natural events of
      ageing, together with hormonal disturbances. The consequences of these
      deficiencies concern sensitivity to estrogens, structure of the skin and its
      accessory structures, bone metabolism, immune function and increased risk of
      degenerative pathology, in particular cardiovascular. Balanced and appropriate,
      multivitamin and mineral supplements i.e. containing all vitamin (A, B2, B5, B6,
      B9, E) and minerals (Cr, Cu, Mg, Se, Si, Zn), thus appear to be justified.

PMID- 2291053
TI  - [Carcinoembryonic antigen in genital infections caused by HPV].
AB  - The immunohistochemical search for the carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) was
      positive in 28.14 per cent of the cases of plane cervical condylomata, in 25 per
      cent of the cases of infections of the vulva by HPV, and in up to 40 per cent of
      the cases of cervical or vulvar lesions. These data are in accordance with those
      reported in the literature, even if the number of cases studied is too limited to
      enable us to make a significant comparison. As a result, the CEA might prove to
      be a useful marker for a more accurate biological and chemical classification of
      genital lesions by HPV.

PMID- 2291056
TI  - [Acute idiopathic dilatation of the right colon or Ogilvie syndrome].

PMID- 2291055
TI  - [Retroplacental hematoma and factor XI deficiency].
AB  - The authors report a case of premature separation of a normally located placenta
      at 28 weeks, associated with factor XI deficiency. The deficiency became known 6
      weeks before the acute episode. In this particular case the deficiency did not
      occur in the context of congenital abnormalities, hepatocellular insufficiency
      nor any autoimmune disease. This rare case raises the problem of the role of a
      coagulation disorder in the etiopathogenesis of retroplacental hematoma.

PMID- 2291057
TI  - [Use of a tubo-uterine catheter in tubal plastic surgery. Anastomoses and tubo
      uterine reimplantations].

PMID- 2291058
TI  - [Reflections on Marshall's operation].

PMID- 2291059
TI  - [Value of a percutaneous estrogen solution in stopping lactation].
AB  - An open trial involving 121 women was carried out to compare the efficacy and
      safety of a percutaneous estrogen solution and of an anti-prolactin solution. The
      complete inhibition of the let-down of milk was slightly less frequently obtained
      with the Percutacrine Oestrogenique that with Parlodel. The efficacy of
      Percutacrine Oestrogenique was linked to two conditions of administration:
      administration soon after delivery and compliance with the dosage, which was less
      frequently achieved than with Parlodel. In contrast, the clinical safety of
      Percutacrine Oestrogenique was excellent, and significantly better than that of
      Parlodel, notably with regard to dizziness (p less than 0.001 for the first 5
      days of treatment). The incidence of the depressive tendency commonly observed
      post-partum was lower in the group of women receiving Percutacrine Oestrogenique,
      and reached the level of significance after 10 days of treatment.

PMID- 2291060
TI  - [Usefulness of the histologic and microbiologic study of liver biopsy in the
      diagnosis of fever of unknown origin].
AB  - Since the usefulness of liver biopsy in the diagnosis of fever of unknown origin
      is still controversial, we analyzed the charts of 54 patients with fever of
      unknown origin in whom histological and microbiological studies of a liver biopsy
      were performed. The cause of fever was established in 43 (80%) patients and it
      was most frequently of an infectious origin (52%). Histological analysis of liver
      biopsy was useful in determining the final diagnosis in 26 patients (48%) and was
      the main/only diagnostic method in a third of them. It was useful even in
      patients with no evidence of hepatic disfunction. Microbiological analysis of
      liver biopsy was positive in 7 cases (25% of infectious causes). We consider that
      liver biopsy should be performed early in the work-up of patients with fever of
      unknown origin.

PMID- 2291062
TI  - [A 10-year prolective study on cancer of the digestive system].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A ten year prolective and multicentre study of cancer of the Digestive
      Tract aims to evaluate the variations on frequency and to identify risk factors.
      METHODS: Ten hospitals are participating five in Mexico City and five in other
      states. Data were obtained through the hospitals files and specially designed
      questionnaires, the latter mainly diet and habits oriented. RESULTS: Through this
      ten years in the 4,715 cases studied we can appreciate a decreasing tendency of
      the carcinoma of the stomach (GC) that has been the most frequent until 1984 in
      the general group General Hospital and Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion. Since
      then and up to date, first place in frequency in shared between the stomach and
      colorectal carcinoma (CRC). CRC has been increasing even in the General Hospital
      in which GC was very high. Eighth years ago we found that people in those
      hospitals in which GC was high the diet was poor in proteins, fat A and C
      vitamin. People in those hospitals with high frequency of CRC had diet high in
      protein, fat and low in fiber. A new study on diet is ongoing. Gallbladder and
      biliary tract carcinoma has been increasing in all the hospitals. A high O blood
      group was found in the Juarez Hospital in which gallbladder carcinoma was the
      highest. O group is highest in the indian people. Cancer of the gallbladder is
      very high in Pimas and Navajos indians. A plan to study litogenic index and
      culture of salmonella is going to be practiced in bile from normal and
      gallbladder carcinoma. Concerning habits, tobacco and alcohol consumption are
      most frequent in cancer of the esophagus and pancreas. Also coffee consumption is
      high in the latter. CONCLUSIONS: Along this 10-year study, the frequency of
      gastric cancer has been decreasing. Instead, the frequencies of colo rectal and
      biliary tract cancers have been increasing. Variations in frequencies correlated
      with the composition of the diet, fiber consumption habits and racial
      characteristics of the different groups.

PMID- 2291063
TI  - [Fasciola hepatica in the common bile duct. Presentation of a case].
AB  - A case of hepatic fascioliasis in the common bile duct is reported in a 54 years
      female. Upon surgical exploration of the biliary tract, one adult form of hepatic
      Fasciola was found, without evidence of cholelithiasis. Retrospectively we
      reviewed the oral cholecystography and the image originally believed to be
      gallstone, in fact was a hepatic Fasciola. Reviewing past literature, we have not
      encountered any previous case in which hepatic Fasciola was diagnosed by oral
      cholecystography.

PMID- 2291061
TI  - [Ultrasound-guided percutaneous plugged biopsy of the liver in patients with
      coagulation disorders. Preliminary report].
AB  - The histopathological study is very useful to establish a correct diagnosis in
      hepatic diseases, nevertheless conventional percutaneous liver biopsy is
      contraindicated in patients with abnormal coagulation. For this reason, some
      other alternatives have been looked for. The purpose of this study was to
      evaluate the safety and effectivity of gelfoam plugged liver biopsy, like
      alternative of the conventional biopsy in patients with impaired coagulation. The
      procedure was done in fourteen patients with prothrombin time longer than twelve
      seconds over the control and platelet count until 20,000/mm3. Besides that, we
      used real time ultrasound to guide the biopsy, in order to improve the safety and
      effectivity of this technique. All were successful, and there were no serious
      complications. This technique is a good alternative in patients with liver
      disease and impaired coagulation, in whom the histological diagnosis is
      essential.

PMID- 2291064
TI  - [Esophageal stenosis in children with recessive epidermolysis bullosa
      dystrophica. Presentation of 6 cases].
AB  - Esophageal strictures may complice Dystrophic Recessive + Epidermolysis Bullosa
      (DREB). We report six consecutive cases of DREB with this type of lesion as the
      main gastrointestinal manifestation. In three children the stenosis was unique
      and located in the upper third one in the middle third, and the last two children
      showed a double stenosis (Upper and middle third) of the esophagus.

PMID- 2291065
TI  - [Resection and primary anastomosis in complicated amebic colitis].

PMID- 2291066
TI  - [Therapeutic paracentesis with albumin infusion for the treatment of tension
      ascites in cirrhotic patients. Preliminary report].
AB  - It has been recently reported that repeated large volume paracentesis (LVP) is a
      safe and efficacious procedure to treat cirrhotics with tense ascitis. In this
      paper we present the results of our experience with the use of this method. We
      studied 10 cirrhotics with tense ascites. The criteria for exclusion are
      described in the text. During LVP, iv albumin infusion was given (25 g each tap).
      Patients were followed during 3-4 months after discharge from the hospital.
      RESULTS: Eighteen LVP were made in 10 patients. The mean age was 56 years (range
      37-77). Six had peripheral edema. The mean volume of ascitic removed was 6.75 L
      (range 5-12) per tap. No clinic or hemodynamic complications were observed. With
      exception of serum cholesterol, which showed a decrease after LVP, laboratory
      tests did not show any significant modification. Two patients died 3 and 6 weeks
      after LVP due to hepatic failure and digestive hemorrhage. The procedure was well
      tolerated. Two were readmitted to the hospital after three months because of
      ascites. We conclude that LVP plus 25 g of i.v. albumin infusion is a safe and
      efficacious method to treat cirrhotic tense ascites. After three months no renal
      function impairment was observed. LVP decrease serum cholesterol.

PMID- 2291069
TI  - [Magnetic resonance imaging and lupus erythematosus of the nervous system].
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was assessed in the management of
      neuropsychiatric manifestations occurring in 6 SLE patients. The MRI scans were
      normal in 3 cases and was associated with remission of the symptoms except for a
      patient who experienced a chorea at the time of the examination. Abnormal MRI
      scans always revealed more lesions than CT scan. 2 different patterns of
      abnormalities seem to correspond to 2 specific disorders. In 2 patients with
      clinical presentation suggesting a cortical ischemia by vascular thrombosis, both
      MRI scans showed areas of abnormal high signal intensities located in the
      subcortical white matter. In one last patient, MRI scan revealed multiple focal
      areas of high signal intensities (on T1 weighter scans) disseminated not only in
      the deep white matter but also in the gray one. These lesions could be depend
      upon demyelinisation which may occur by a local vascular process. This serie
      confirm the interest of MRI in the management of SLE brain involvement as well as
      it points out some problem of interpretation. This suggest further comparative
      studies especially at the real onset and during the course of neuro-psychiatric
      manifestations. At last, the coronal sections may be more informative for the
      diagnosis and pathophysiology than the horizontal ones.

PMID- 2291068
TI  - [Seronegative leukocytoclastic vasculitis preceding the onset of disseminated
      systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - We encountered 4 patients (3 women, 1 man) with cutaneous vasculitis: three have
      a delayed pressure urticaria, two a vascular purpura with which a mixt
      cryoglobulinemia. Histology show a leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Initially all
      studies for lupus erythematosus were negative. However, after 3 to 10 years of
      follow-up, the 4 patients developed clinical, serological and histological
      features of systemic lupus erythematosus meeting four or more criteria of the
      American Rheumatism Association for the diagnosis of SLE. In one case there is a
      moderate renal disease. In three others cases there are a severe visceral injury:
      one with aseptic valvula's injury treated by surgery, another who died from a
      septicemic incident. The last who died from a neurological complication of
      systemic lupus. During the isolated cutaneous vasculitis phasis antinuclear
      antibodies and antibodies to double stranded DNA were all negative. At the time
      of SLE's diagnosis anti-DNA antibodies were present with or without ANA. In all
      four cases hypocomplementaemia was not initially seen which distinguish these
      cases from others previously reported in the literature. The syndrome recognized
      in these patients may constitute an "ante" serological and clinical phasis of
      SLE.

PMID- 2291070
TI  - [Changes in bone volume and mineral density during aging in humans. In vitro
      study on 80 subjects].
AB  - The extent of bone loss was measured and compared at three characteristic
      skeletal sites: the humerus, iliac crest and vertebrum. The most important effect
      of ageing is the fall in bone volume: reduction of bone trabeculae, thinning of
      compact bone and increase in intracortical porosity. Between 40 and 80 years of
      age, women lose 42 percent of their vertebral spongy tissue, 29 percent of their
      iliac spongy tissue and 31 percent of humerus cortical bone. The mean degree of
      mineralization of bone tissue remains constant between 40 and 80 years of age.
      Cortical bone is mineralized to a greater extent than spongy bone: 1.20 g/cm3
      versus 1.0 g/cm3. Bone loss from different skeletal sites varies; within a given
      bone-organ it varies from one point to another. The mineral content of the iliac
      crest differs from that of the vertebrum, but the change is parallel at these two
      sites.

PMID- 2291067
TI  - [Chordoma of the mobile spine. Report of 9 cases. Review of the literature].
AB  - The authors reported 9 cases of chordomas of the mobile spine: 6 lumbars and 3
      cervicals. There are 5 men and 4 women. Mean age at diagnosis is 60 years old.
      Mean delay between the first clinical manifestations and the diagnosis is 22
      months. Clinical findings are not specific. Roentgenologic findings show 2
      typicals aspects: a lytic lesion on the lateral side of the vertebrae frequently
      involving more than one cervical vertebrae, a mixed lesion (lytic and sclerotic)
      or only sclerotic was detected only at the lumbar spine. Magnetic resonance
      imaging and computed tomography are the most useful investigations to determine
      the local extension of the tumor. Certitude of the diagnosis is always
      microscopic. Evolution is difficult to precise in this kind of embryological
      tumor. Radical surgery at the earliest time is the best guarantee of a better
      prognosis which still remain severe.

PMID- 2291071
TI  - [Heel involvement in rheumatoid polyarthritis].
AB  - Calcaneus involvement during the course of RA is poorly known. A clinical and
      radiological study of 408 consecutive rheumatoid feet are then reported. If
      talalgia was seldomly noted (3.7 p. cent), plantar calcaneitis was found in 29.7
      p. cent as plantar spur. Similarly, posterior exostosis was displayed in 30.5 p.
      cent of patients. These radiological abnormalities are increased in RA but
      appeared more as a consequence of the statical modification of the foot secondary
      to RA process than as a direct involvement. Logical orthopedic therapeutics are
      then proposed.

PMID- 2291073
TI  - [Severe psoriatic rheumatism. Treatment with azathioprine. Report of 11 cases].

PMID- 2291072
TI  - [Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome associated with dysthyroidism].
AB  - The occurrence of Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome in a context of dysthyroidism is not
      a chance happening, as is reflected by the 37% rate of incidence. Routine labial
      biopsy, carried out in 59 cases of primary hypothyroidism due to atrophic
      thyroiditis, 20 of Basedow's disease and 4 of Hashimoto thyroiditis identified
      Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome (3-4 Chisholm grade) in 3 of the 59 cases of
      hypothyroidism i.e. in 5 percent, and in one Basedow case out of 20, i.e. 5
      percent. Using Kaplan's criteria, the incidence of Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome
      rises to 22 percent in hypothyroidism and 30 percent in Basedow's disease.
      Consequently, the incidence of Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome is higher in Basedow
      disease than in primary hypothyroidism. Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome is seen
      particularly in dysthyroidism involving manifest and all-round clinical signs.
      This association does not seem to result from one disease being caused by the
      other, but the outcome of the onset of entities to which a genetically determined
      context predisposes the subject, as is shown by the prevalence of HLA DRW3 and
      HLA B8 groupings in Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome, in primary hypothyroidism, in
      Basedow's disease and in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

PMID- 2291074
TI  - [Hormonal treatment of metastatic bone cancer].

PMID- 2291075
TI  - [Infectious oligoarthritis in rheumatoid arthritis. Report of 2 cases].

PMID- 2291077
TI  - [Spinal interapophyseal ankylosisin vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis].

PMID- 2291076
TI  - [Primary amylose revealed by muscular hypertrophy].

PMID- 2291079
TI  - [Pain and the sympathetic nervous system in oral medicine].

PMID- 2291078
TI  - [Algodystrophy of the hip secondary to coxitis caused by brucellosis].

PMID- 2291080
TI  - [Diagnostic temporomandibular arthroscopy. Technic. Normal anatomy].
AB  - The TMJ arthroscopy is an investigation method reserved for those who does not
      respond to non invasive treatments. The technical aspects of the puncture and the
      normal arthroscopic anatomy are studied.

PMID- 2291081
TI  - [Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint. Apropos of 3 cases].
AB  - Synovial chondromatosis of the temporo-mandibular joint is a rare and mild
      disorder. Three cases are reported, one with an histological aspect of
      chondrosarcoma. The evolution is favourable after removing the loose particles
      and the synovial tissues.

PMID- 2291082
TI  - [A complete intermediate temporomandibular joint prosthesis. Evaluation after 6
      years].
AB  - Since 1983 we have inserted more than 100 temporomandibular joint prostheses. A
      review after 6 years allows the respective indications to be listed and the
      complications to be studied in 72 insertions involving 62 cases suitable for
      analysis. The prosthesis is a total intermediary prosthesis forming an unsealed
      cupula composed of 2 halves--a mandibular portion and a temporal portion.
      Insertion of the prosthesis requires preliminary facial nerve dissection then
      osteotomy of the mandibular condyle and its subsequent drilling to allow the
      screwing in of the prosthesis. The prosthesis was used in traumatology, in
      condylar and high sub-condylar fractures, in the event of failure of functional
      treatment, in malformation syndromes, in tumors and, finally, in degenerative
      pathology. 13 prostheses were removed. A study of the probable causes of
      complications shows a predominance of technical problems related to inaccurate
      positioning of the prosthesis, in that it was not placed in the axis of the
      condyle, or that inadequate bicortical support was present. In our opinion, these
      complications do not question the conception of the prosthesis but rather
      indicate that it is necessary to perfect the insertion technique while taking
      advantage of improvements in the prosthesis which are currently under study.

PMID- 2291084
TI  - [Conservative rhinoseptoplasty of the nasal roof].
AB  - Rhinoseptoplasty is proposed to preserve the integrity of the ridge of the nose
      and its natural appearance. It is patterned on Maurel's procedure (1940). After
      mobilization of the bony root of the nose, the resection of a strip of the nasal
      septum just under the "keystone" allows pushing the nose back into the facial
      structures. Besides its simplicity, the advantages of this method include: the
      integral preservation of the ridge of the nose, the controlled reduction of the
      profile. and the relative autonomy of the tip of the nose. The indications for
      this type of rhinoplasty are mainly restricted to straight noses with a mild,
      harmonious osteocartilaginous hump.

PMID- 2291083
TI  - [Repair of mutilations of the lacrimal apparatus].
AB  - Repair of mutilated lacrimal passages should be adapted to the anatomy and
      physiology. Whenever possible, this should be performed as an emergent operation
      and come in as part of an overall therapeutic strategy. Repair methods used are
      simple end-to-end approximation of permeable segments, in case of limited
      lesions, and use of arterial grafts or of adjacent, nasal or saccular mucous
      flaps, in case of extended lesions. When reconstruction is not feasible owing to
      the extent of the lesions or to failure of the repair methods, tear derivation is
      carried out directly via the lacrimal sac or nasal fossa, by means of
      intermediate flaps (primarily nasal mucosa) or indwelling drains. Objectively,
      the functional outcome of repair is hard to assess, as tearing can, by no means,
      be considered a clinical criterion of obstruction, in the same way as lack of
      tearing is not a criterion of permeability. Only dacryography or, when possible,
      postoperative scintigraphy of the lacrimal passages allow for an objective
      evaluation of the results. Thus, although satisfactory results are the rule, long
      term objective observation often leads to mitigating feelings.

PMID- 2291085
TI  - [Condylar fractures and involvement of the trigeminal nerve].
AB  - Although fractures of the condylar neck belong to the most frequent injuries of
      the jaws, and various nerves are found in close proximity to the
      temporomandibular joints, only little mention is made in the literature of the
      neurological complications. An unusual case of V2 and V3 nerve injury is
      presented. The literature is reviewed and the mechanism of the nerve injuries are
      discussed, 21 cases are reported.

PMID- 2291086
TI  - [Late solitary and benign neurilemmoma of the pterygo-maxillary region].
AB  - The neurilemmoma of the pterygoid fossa are very rare. The authors reports one
      case of a 32 years old man, with such a neoplasm, exteriorized on the lateral
      facial region (area of the glandula parotis) clinical and radiological data could
      not differentiate benign neurilemmoma or slow evolutive sarcoma and have
      justified a conservative latero facial approach of the neoplasm. The final
      diagnosis of ancient neurilemmoma was based on both light and electron microscopy
      morphology.

PMID- 2291087
TI  - [Surgical treatment of basocellular carcinoma of the auricular concha. Our
      experiences apropos of 11 cases].
AB  - Next to an anatomical come back authors describe different surgical technics they
      used for the rebuilding of the ear concha, after exeresis of basal cells
      epitheliomas: Post auricular island flap. Pretragian flaps superior pedicle. Post
      auricular flaps with a superior pedicle in two or one time. Clinical cases show
      what they said. To conclude, authors insist on the advantages of surgery: It
      allows, in the "conchal area" a protection of contiguous cartilage, in addition
      to a total check-up of the tumor. Surgical treatment can also be used to correct
      failures or resumption after radiotherapy.

PMID- 2291088
TI  - [Scanner-guided puncture biopsy of a lesion occupying the pterygo-maxillary
      fossa].
AB  - A 26-year old male patient was referred to us for impaired mouth opening.
      Actually, Mr. B. has been followed up for SADAM for 2 years at different hospital
      services. In view of the ineffectiveness of the treatments administered (occlusal
      releasing gutter, antiinflammatory agents) and due to occurrence of severe
      episodes of earache refractory to conventional analgesics, we request that a CT
      scan be obtained to evidence the process invading the pterygopalatine fossa. ENT
      examination and scanner-guided needle biopsy are performed to enable
      anatomopathological analysis and diagnosis.

PMID- 2291089
TI  - [The chemical peel].
AB  - The authors describe the chemical peeling or desquamation method, which more
      precisely consists of cutaneous exfoliation designed to promote young-looking
      skin. They are not concerned with the value of exfoliation as a method to prevent
      skin cancer, the effect of which has been studied by many authors, namely in
      relation to acnitic (senile) keratosis, radiodermatitis, leukoplasia, scleroderma
      pigmentosum, epithelioma.

PMID- 2291090
TI  - [Prejudice related to facial injuries].
AB  - These related prejudices primarily include cosmetic handicap and pain, and
      represent a non-negligible part of the compensations paid to patients suffering
      facial injury. For the specialists, cosmetic prejudice raises problems of
      indications for surgical repair, and more particularly for assessment of the
      damage sustained. Attempts have been made to evaluate the suffering endured, but
      the scales that have been worked out are probably not perfectly adapted to this
      type of lesions. Despite the subjective character of such prejudices, the
      epidemiological studies that were carried out permit to conclude to a certain
      uniformity of the evaluations.

PMID- 2291091
TI  - [Facial pain of cardiac origin].
AB  - Two cases of anginal pain limited to the mandible with secondary radiation of the
      pain to the neck and clavicular region are presented. Although the pain was
      initially diagnosed as odontogenic in origin, further historial workup suggest
      the suspicion of referred pain from coronary insufficiency. Appropriate medical
      referral confirmed diagnostic suspicions. Important aspects involved with
      differential diagnosis of referred anginal pain are also discussed.

PMID- 2291092
TI  - [Lingual chondroma].
AB  - In this article we report a case of chondroma which occurred in the lateral
      margin of the tongue of a 61-year-old male, briefly describing its clinical and
      pathologic features--including immunohistochemical findings--and reviewing the
      literature. There are only about twenty-five reported cases of this rare tumor in
      the literature, and the vast majority of them appeared in younger patients.

PMID- 2291093
TI  - Alkaline citrate in prevention of recurrent calcium oxalate stones.
AB  - Calcium oxalate (CaOx) is the most common constituent of calcium renal stones,
      often mixed with calcium phosphate (CaP). The recurrence rate of these stones is
      high and their aetiology complex. Despite new effective, less invasive methods to
      remove the stones, preventive treatment is often necessary to avoid recurrence.
      Alkaline citrate is a relatively new medical treatment reported to give a stone
      free rate of between 67-92 per cent in long term studies with three daily doses.
      The present investigation was undertaken in order to study further the risk
      factors in CaOx stone formation, the influence and usefulness of a single evening
      dose of alkaline citrate, and the value of a four hour morning urine sample in
      the evaluation of patients who form stones. The highest CaOx crystallisation risk
      (CaOx-CR) in whole urine was recorded in the pH range 4.5-5.5, with lower values
      above this pH. Between pH 6.5-7.5 the number of small CaP crystals was
      considerably increased. The crystallisation of CaOx on hydroxyapatite (HAP) was
      inhibited for four hours by 1 and 2% whole urine or citrate in concentrations of
      1% that in normal urine. The formation of CaP crystals in a supersaturated system
      was considerably reduced when citrate concentrations exceeded 0.5 mmol/l. The
      number of medium sized (6.5-14 microns) and large crystals (15.5-27 microns) was
      reduced, and small crystals (3.5-5 microns) predominated at higher citrate
      concentrations. The correlation between the composition of 24-h urine samples and
      4-h urine specimens collected between 0600-1000, from patients with CaOx stones
      before and during a course of alkaline citrate given as a single evening dose was
      good, with the best correlation recorded during treatment. These results suggest
      that the 4-h urine sample might be adequate for the follow up of patients treated
      with alkaline citrate. A total amount of 7.5 g of potassium sodium citrate (PSC)
      in 1, 2, and 3 doses favourably affected urine composition in patients with CaOx
      stones. Three doses gave the most sustained effect, and a single evening dose
      gave the most pronounced effect between 2200-0600. Long term treatment (mean +/-
      SD duration 3.5 +/- 1.7 years) of patients who formed calcium stones with PSC in
      a single evening dose of 3.75 or 5.0 g (n = 55) gave a stone free rate of 75 per
      cent, but no clinical effect was apparent when 5.0 or 7.5 g were given in two or
      three doses (n = 17).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2291094
TI  - [Use of activated charcoal powder in preparation of swimming pool water--study of
      the introduction of adsorption technique with sand filters].

PMID- 2291095
TI  - [Bacteriologic studies of frequently used swimming and whirl pool water].

PMID- 2291096
TI  - [General requirements in operating whirlpool baths].

PMID- 2291097
TI  - Consensus conferences--a postmodern phenomenon?

PMID- 2291098
TI  - Family resources and children's use of primary health care services in Finland in
      1979.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to determine how children's use of primary health
      care services was related to family resources (socio-economic status, marital and
      residential stability of the family, and core/periphery dichotomy). The
      population consisted of a random sample of 3201 children from 15 municipalities
      in the province of Uudenmaan laani in Southern Finland in 1979. Among two-parent
      families in the core regions total utilization of primary health care services
      was significantly higher among the children of workers and upper white-collar
      employees. Children of farmers and lower white-collar employees in the periphery
      exhibited low primary health care utilization. Children in upper white-collar
      employees' families (both two- and one-parent) in core regions frequently used
      private services. Among children of one-parent families, exceptionally high users
      of private services were children of upper white-collar mothers in core regions,
      and of municipal health services the children of working-class mothers in the
      periphery. Non-migrated children had a slight tendency to use health services
      more than migrated children. Differences in family resources thus cannot be
      ignored when children's utilization of primary health care services is studied.

PMID- 2291099
TI  - Referral of non-urgent cases from an emergency department: patient compliance,
      satisfaction and attitudes.
AB  - A phenomenon of great concern in several Western countries is the number of
      patients with non-urgent ailments attending the often overloaded hospital
      emergency departments (EDs). With a view to providing these patients with more
      appropriate care, they were, in a trial at Huddinge Hospital, Sweden, advised and
      directed to other care facilities by a specially trained nurse. A survey
      indicated that 84% of the patients who agreed to a referral followed the advice
      given. Referred patients were satisfied with the specific service at the ED to
      the same extent as were control patients receiving care according to the usual
      routines of the ED. Moreover, the former were more likely to have a positive
      general attitude towards the ED. There was a positive relationship between
      improvement of presenting symptom and satisfaction with care at the ED, and
      between satisfaction and favourable attitude towards the ED. However, although
      patients were willing to engage in a primary health care oriented behaviour, they
      did not report improvement to the same extent as did ED treated patients and
      their general attitude towards primary health care facilities was not more
      favourable, at least not within a few weeks after referral.

PMID- 2291100
TI  - Soft-tissue injury of the neck in a hospital based material.
AB  - In a study from northern Sweden, 139 patients with a history of a soft-tissue
      injury of the neck were studied. The incidence was 1 per 1000 inhabitants. Male
      patients in the age group 20-29 years were most commonly injured. Traffic
      accidents constituted the major group with 96 (69%) and falls with 24 (17%).
      Forty-one cases received sickness benefit for a median time of 16 days for males
      and 25 days for females. Five persons were on sick-leave for over a year. The
      calculated total cost of treatment and sickness insurance benefit was about 0.9
      million SEK/year.

PMID- 2291102
TI  - The role of alcohol in frostbite injury.

PMID- 2291101
TI  - Product-related childhood accidents. A survey of 1590 cases.
AB  - Over a one-year period prospectively a total of 1,590 product-related accidents
      in the home in children (0-15 years), presented at the two hospitals, were
      registered in a well defined geographical area to analyze injury mechanisms,
      injury panorama and potential risk products. The incidence of accidents in
      children was 279 per 10,000 inhabitants per year. A tendency of a smaller
      incidence with age and a significant higher incidence in boys were found. The
      most common localization of lesion was upper extremities (41%) and face and skull
      (30%). Household furniture and constructional features of the house caused most
      accidents and an alarming high number of burns was registered.

PMID- 2291103
TI  - Ethics and preventive medicine.
AB  - Today different issues of medical ethics are in focus of the debate. A
      theoretical sequence starting at a "prepathogenic" level, ending in terminal
      care, is delineated to clarify the different characteristics of medical
      interventions. In this article we will discuss some ethical problems concerning
      interventions in the first parts of this sequence. Preventive measures at the
      population level are contrasted to the situation when the patient feels ill and
      calls for an intervention. Certain elements of paternalism are often interwoven
      in preventive medicine and health promotion.-The field of preventive medicine
      calls for a vivid theoretical and ethical discussion, which can mean better
      opportunities for effective prevention.

PMID- 2291104
TI  - Mortality estimates of the 1984-85. Ethiopian famine.
AB  - A brief summary of famine and drought from a historical perspective is given. In
      an attempt to estimate the magnitude of deaths due to the 1984-85 famine in
      Ethiopia, a survey was conducted among the resettled famine victims. The results
      show that the expected life at birth among the male and female famine victims was
      6.2 and 5.7 years, respectively. When compared with the highest mortality rates
      ever recorded (that is Coale-Demeny, West Model Life Table level 1), the
      Ethiopian famine induced rate seems to be considerably higher. Regional
      variations between the two famine affected regions show that mortality in Tigrai
      was slightly higher than that of Wello. Also prefamine socio-economic
      differentials between households did not seem to have an effect on mortality. The
      results suggest that as much as 700,000 excess deaths might have occurred during
      the 1984-85 famine period in Ethiopia.

PMID- 2291105
TI  - [Homage to nurse Vasconcelos Esteves, the Sao Vicente de Paulo School of
      Nursing].

PMID- 2291106
TI  - [Handwashing: it is essential even when gloves are used].

PMID- 2291107
TI  - [The dialogue on the humanization of care. The force of conviction].

PMID- 2291108
TI  - [Cholesterol. A review of the new directives].

PMID- 2291109
TI  - [The control of cholesterol by diet].

PMID- 2291110
TI  - [The control of cholesterol by drugs].

PMID- 2291111
TI  - [The nurse and the amputation patient].

PMID- 2291112
TI  - [Deep subcutaneous perfusion: a little-known method for rehydrating the elderly].

PMID- 2291113
TI  - [The foot of the elderly person].

PMID- 2291114
TI  - [The promotion of the image of the occupational health nurse].

PMID- 2291115
TI  - Apartheid, stress and illness: the demographic context of distress reported by
      South African Africans.
AB  - This study examines the relationships between apartheid and the distress
      experienced by adult urban-dwelling Africans in South Africa. The effects of
      apartheid are conceptualised and measured as social and economic disadvantage,
      and this operational definition is justified by a review of the socioeconomic and
      health aspects of apartheid policies and practices. Distress is conceptualised
      and measured as (1) exposure to stressors and (2) experiences of ill health. Data
      was collected from 147 subjects. Analyses indicate that the effects of apartheid
      (represented by socio-economic disadvantage) are significantly related to the
      experience of distress (represented by stress and illness) for black South
      Africans. Multivariate analyses suggest also that the relationships between
      disadvantage and distress are more complex than a simple and direct relationship
      between two variables.

PMID- 2291116
TI  - Valuation of health states by the general public: feasibility of a standardized
      measurement procedure.
AB  - In the context of an international collaborative study we tested the feasibility
      of a utility measurement procedure in the Dutch general population. A postal
      questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 200 households in a town in the
      Netherlands (+/- 50,000 inh.). Respondents were requested to value 14 six
      dimensional health states by means of visual analogue scaling (VAS). The response
      was satisfactory (57%), though about a fifth of those willing to complete the
      questionnaire did not manage to use a VAS to express their opinion. Inconsistent
      answers occurred relatively seldom. Generally consensus existed with regard to
      relative (ranking) and absolute values of different health states. These first
      results encourage us to go on with the development of this international
      instrument for the valuation of health states. We conclude the present instrument
      to be a feasible tool for valuation research, although questions relating to its
      measuring properties, as well as its reliability and validity remain to be
      answered.

PMID- 2291117
TI  - Winter-summer differences in the effects of emotion, posture and place of
      measurement on blood pressure.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess whether the effects of emotional state,
      posture, situation of measurement, and sex on daily blood pressure variation were
      different in subjects measured during summer months (May-September) and winter
      months (November-March). The subjects of the study were 157 patients from the
      Hypertension Center of New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in New York, who
      had ambulatory blood pressure monitoring performed between February 1984 and
      April 1985. Individual pressures taken with the monitor over the day in each
      subject were transformed to z-scores using the subject's daily mean pressure and
      standard deviation in order to assess differences in intraindividual variation.
      The zeta-scores were examined in separate but identical analyses of variance
      models (one for the winter months and one for the summer months) which included
      emotional state (happy, angry, anxious), posture (sitting, standing), situation
      of measurement (home, work, elsewhere) and sex as factors. The results showed
      that more factors had greater effects (as reflected in R2) on blood pressure
      during the winter months than summer months. In particular, the relative effect
      of anxiety, sitting, and being at work or home on blood pressure was
      significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the winter months than summer months.
      In addition, pressure elevation during happiness was also more accentuated in
      winter than summer for diastolic pressure (P less than 0.05). These findings may
      have important implications for the interpretation of population studies
      examining the relationship between blood pressure and psychosocial stressors.

PMID- 2291119
TI  - Correlates of willingness to consider organ donation among blacks.
AB  - Professionals in the health care and organ procurement fields reveal that black
      Americans display limited commitment to organ donation. The present study
      represents an attempt to shed some light on this issue by examining the
      relationship of selected demographic, knowledge and attitude-belief variables to
      willingness to consider organ donation within a black population. Findings
      indicated that only a few of the demographic and knowledge variables were related
      to willingness to consider organ donation. All of the attitude-belief variables,
      however, were found to be significantly associated with the dependent variable.
      Implications of the findings for recruiting black organ donors and future
      research are discussed.

PMID- 2291118
TI  - Roots of increased health care inequality in New York.
AB  - During the 1970s, New York city experienced an epidemic of housing destruction by
      contagious fire and building abandonment. This epidemic was triggered by
      reductions in municipal services, especially fire control, in the poor areas of
      high population density and aging housing. The rapid loss of low rent housing led
      to a wave of forced internal migration of the poor within the city and
      overcrowding of areas adjacent to the burned out ones. The spread of overcrowding
      spread the high fire incidence. The massive upheaval resulted in destruction of
      social networks and in degraded living conditions. Public health, as measured by
      many indices such as disease incidence, substance abuse incidence, infant
      mortality, and incidence of homicide, deteriorated. This deterioration caused
      increased demand for hospital health care, especially emergency service. The data
      on average stay length in the poorest areas in comparison with wealthier areas
      hints that the overloading of the voluntary hospitals in the poorest areas has
      caused care rationing and greater inequality in access to care.

PMID- 2291120
TI  - Changing water-use patterns in a water-poor area: lessons for a trachoma
      intervention project.
AB  - An epidemiological survey carried out in the Dodoma region of Tanzania found that
      high rates of trachoma infection in pre-school children were associated with
      unwashed faces. Prior to a planned trachoma intervention project, a pilot study
      was done on household decisions about water use and perceptions about face
      washing and eye disease. The study found that mothers overestimated the amount of
      water necessary to wash a child's face. In addition, mothers would not change
      their water-use priorities without the consent of their husbands and the support
      of the community. Therefore a health education program was designed to address
      the perception that face washing required a great deal of water. The program also
      sought to involve and re-educate the whole community rather than focus only on
      the mothers who were most likely to wash the children's faces.

PMID- 2291121
TI  - The evolution of antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - The goal of antihypertensive therapy has changed dramatically over the past 40
      years. What was once a treatment for a life-threatening disease has gradually
      evolved to become just one of the many ways of modifying a symptomless risk
      factor. The development of safer drugs throughout the 1970s resulted in treatment
      being offered at successively lower levels of blood pressure elevation, and
      consequently to an ever increasing proportion of the population. Based on new
      evidence from clinical trials, however, recent policy guidelines for the
      treatment of hypertension--especially mild hypertension--have become more
      conservative. Yet, there are a number of reasons for doubting that this policy
      reversal will be transmitted into actual clinical practice, unless major changes
      are made to the arrangement of structural interests--professional, industrial and
      third-party funders--which currently support and maintain antihypertensive
      therapy on a mass scale. Meanwhile, 'control' of blood pressure, 'quality of
      life', and 'compliance' with therapy have become ends in themselves, often to the
      exclusion of much-needed discussion on the real therapeutic goal of
      antihypertensive medication, i.e., the prevention of cardiovascular and
      cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality and the question of whether drugs are
      always the best way to achieve this.

PMID- 2291122
TI  - Determinants of mothers' treatment of diarrhea in rural Ethiopia.
AB  - A total of 6414 mothers in a rural Ethiopian district were sampled and
      interviewed about the presence of under-5 yr children and the prevalence of
      diarrhea in the previous 2 weeks. There were 707 cases of diarrhea among the 6384
      under-5 yr children, yielding a period prevalence of 11.07%. The diarrhea
      associated mortality rate was 11.4/1000 children. A structured questionnaire on
      home and professional treatment as well as knowledge about diarrhea was completed
      by the mothers of 619 of these cases. Over 50% of the mothers restricted the
      child's fluid intake and 70% stopped or decreased food intake; only 20% used ORS
      or cereal based ORT. The major factor associated with adequate home treatment was
      the mother's knowledge about the causes and treatment of diarrhea. Only 26.8% of
      the mothers had sufficient knowledge. Many of the mothers believed that teething
      and accidental falls caused diarrhea and that diarrhea helped to clean out the
      bowels. They also believed that only water should be given to the child, but that
      too much fluid worsened diarrhea. Half of the mothers did not seek professional
      treatment; 20% went to a traditional healer and only 7.3% took the child to a
      health institution. The outcome of the diarrhea was positively associated with
      having sought modern treatment and negatively associated with having gone to a
      traditional healer.

PMID- 2291124
TI  - Drug makers and drug regulators: too close for comfort. A study of the Canadian
      situation.
AB  - Canadian drug laws and regulations have been made increasingly more stringent
      over the past 40 years and are now considered among the strictest in the world.
      However, there are still major gaps in the Canadian regulatory process. These
      deficiencies exist primarily in the areas of the evaluation of the efficacy of
      'old' (pre-1963) drugs; the reporting of adverse effects of both old and
      investigational new drugs; and the requirements for and monitoring of clinical
      drug trials. Each of these problems are discussed and where possible concrete
      examples are used to show how these gaps have either directly or potentially
      endangered the health of Canadians. It is the thesis of this paper that these
      deficiencies result from the close working relationship between the Health
      Protection Branch, which is responsible for regulating drug safety, quality and
      efficacy, and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of Canada,
      representing the multinational companies. These two groups interact primarily
      through an extensive system of liaison committees that allow the PMAC to
      participate in the early stages of drug policy formation. Other groups such as
      workers and consumers are excluded from such discussions. The HPB has also ceded
      responsibility for enforcement of regulations to the PMAC in the areas of quality
      control of manufacturing and pharmaceutical promotion. Restricting the
      interactions between HPB officials and the drug companies is not a viable option.
      As long as the present arrangement is in place with privately owned companies
      being regulated by government, a situation that is likely to prevail for the
      foreseeable future, then it will be necessary for the two groups to have frequent
      and close contacts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291123
TI  - Estimates of psychological distress among Vietnamese refugees: adolescents,
      unaccompanied minors and young adults.
AB  - This study focuses on the assessment of psychological distress among three
      subgroups of Vietnamese refugee youth: adolescents, unaccompanied minors, and
      young adults. Using translated and backtranslated instruments, data was gathered
      in refugee camps in the Philippines in order to provide baseline measurement for
      future comparisons, as well as to begin to develop normative standards for these
      populations. A rationale for the choice of instruments (Vietnamese Depression
      Scale, Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and General Health Questionnaire) is offered
      and mean scores and percentages scoring above established clinical cut-offs are
      presented. Results indicate relatively high levels of depression and anxiety for
      the young adult group, although anxiety appeared high across all three groups.
      All three groups also scored poorly on self-reports of general health, with the
      young adults and unaccompanied minors being especially overrepresented in the
      clinical range. Significant method problems were noted regarding construct
      validity in the assessment of depression, and instructional set differences that
      may account for the relatively low intercorrelations between seemingly similar
      measures.

PMID- 2291125
TI  - Childhood vaccination in a squatter area of Manila: coverage and providers.
AB  - In 1988 a vaccination coverage cluster survey was performed in a squatter area of
      Manila, Philippines. 24% of the surveyed children (aged 1-2 years) were fully
      immunized and 19% not immunized. 60% of the children were vaccinated through
      private organization. The dropout rates of these children were significantly
      lower than those of the children vaccinated through governmental agencies. This
      suggests that services have to be provided by agencies that are based in the
      squatter area. Efforts for improved coverage should focus on lowering the high
      dropout rates and strengthening coordination between the governmental and the
      various private health agencies that provide vaccination service in this squatter
      area. The survey also indicated approaches to strengthening collaboration between
      different service providers.

PMID- 2291126
TI  - Smoking behaviour among pregnant women prior to antenatal care registration.
AB  - Changes in smoking behaviour during early pregnancy and factors influencing such
      changes were studied in an unselected, area-based population. During 1987, all
      women registered at the antenatal care clinics in Uppsala county. Sweden,
      received a self-administered questionnaire regarding past and present smoking
      habits. Thirty-two per cent (n = 1160) were daily smokers at the time of
      conception. Almost one-fourth of the smokers (n = 263) had quit smoking at the
      first visit to antenatal care 6-10 weeks later. Using logistic regression
      analyses, we found that low education, not living with infants's father and
      whether others smoked at home or at work were factors that were independently
      associated with increased risks of smoking at time of conception as well as
      continued smoking in early pregnancy. Continued smoking was also significantly
      more common among women with previous births, women who started smoking at an
      early age and women who smoked heavily.

PMID- 2291127
TI  - Pharmaceutical service delivery by community pharmacies in areas of contrasting
      medical provision.
AB  - The clinical content of community pharmacists' work was studied in a well
      doctored and a poorly-doctored area. A total of 315 interactions between clients
      and pharmacy staff were observed. Some level of clinical work was recorded in
      approximately one-third of these interaction, with this proportion being
      significantly higher in the poorly-doctored area. Alternative interpretations of
      these findings are examined.

PMID- 2291128
TI  - Evaluating health related quality of life: an indifference curve interpretation
      for the time trade-off technique.
AB  - A commonly used method of measuring cardinal preferences for the purpose of
      evaluating health related quality of life is the time trade-off (TTO) technique.
      The TTO technique, although offered as a substitute to the standard gamble (SG)
      technique, is not related in a general way to any existing behavioral theory. We
      suggest that in the context of value function theory the TTO technique is a
      method which enables us to identify different points on an individual's
      indifference curve in his evaluation space. Creating a formal theoretical
      foundation for the TTO technique enables us to better understand and interpret
      the outcome of our measurements. We show, for example, that the current way of
      calculating the value preference of a given health state assumes a very specific
      set of specific set of value functions. This assumption has not been validated in
      empirical studies and thus casts doubt upon the interpretation of these values as
      being the value preferences of individuals for these health states.

PMID- 2291129
TI  - The Parental Bonding Instrument. A decade of research.

PMID- 2291130
TI  - Life events: children's reports.
AB  - Children 7 to 12 years of age were asked to indicate events they had experienced
      in the previous three months in a questionnaire devised for the study. Most
      children were able to complete the questionnaire and reported positive and
      negative events, the most common themes being personal achievement, illness
      related events and problems in relationships. The agreement between parents and
      child reporting of individual events was uneven and children reported more events
      than parents. Psychiatrically disturbed children noted an excess of negative and
      loss events and children attending paediatric clinics reported fewer events,
      particularly fewer positive happenings, than non-attending primary school
      children. A child Life Events questionnaire may be of use to explore disturbed
      and ill children's perception of their lives.

PMID- 2291131
TI  - Objective and subjective dimensions of family burden. Towards an integrative
      framework for research.
AB  - In this article the consequences for those in close contact with a severely
      disturbed psychiatric patient, the burden of the family, are elaborated within an
      integrative framework. Burden areas are described and their objective and
      subjective dimensions are distinguished. The framework comprises three
      approaches: the systems approach, role theory and the stress process. An outline
      of the more important burden instruments developed up to now and suggestions for
      further research are given.

PMID- 2291132
TI  - Assessment of compliance-related attitudes in psychiatry. A comparison of two
      questionnaires based on the Health Belief Model.
AB  - In a study of 118 psychiatric patients two questionnaires of similar content that
      are supposed to predict compliance with pharmacotherapy in psychiatry were
      examined, "COSS" and "KK-Skala". These questionnaires assess the patient's
      attitudes towards his illness, pharmacotherapy, and the physician. Patient
      compliance was judged by the treating physicians. The results of discriminant
      analyses indicated that about two thirds of the patients were correctly
      classified into "compliant" and "moderately or not compliant" (as judged by the
      physicians) by means of COSS and KK-Skala, respectively. It is a matter for
      further research whether these results reflect in fact moderate associations
      between patient attitudes and compliant behavior or are due to limitations of the
      questionnaires and of the study design.

PMID- 2291133
TI  - Life events: the reliability of rating changes in routine and environment.
AB  - Alterations in routine and environment can affect clinical state in patients
      suffering from cognitive impairment. A method for rating life events for changes
      in routine and environment is described and found to be highly reliable even when
      used by inexperienced raters after brief training.

PMID- 2291134
TI  - The relation between life events and social support networks in a clinically
      depressed cohort.
AB  - Life events and supportive social networks are often treated as separate
      independent variables in their relations with supposed dependent variables such
      as depressive disorder. It is important therefore to establish that they are
      independent of one another. One hundred and twenty one men and women attending
      psychiatric hospitals with depressive disorders were interviewed at the time of
      their initial contact by a research psychiatrist and a week later by a non
      clinical research worker who enquired about life events (LEDS) and about social
      networks (IMSR). One hundred and eleven patients were successfully followed up in
      the same manner, typically 4 months later. Social networks were very stable over
      time. Where they did change, this could not be explained in terms of losses of
      social contact due to events such as death of a primary group member. The rating
      of threatening events and difficulties was also unrelated to the quality of
      social support networks. Institutional rearing in childhood was associated with
      substantially smaller adult primary networks. It was concluded that over short
      periods of time, measures based on the LEDS and IMSR are independent, but that
      major social disruptions may have life long effects on social support networks.

PMID- 2291135
TI  - Phobia: prevalence and risk factors.
AB  - This article is the presentation of the main phobia data from the Epidemiologic
      Catchment Area (ECA) program, with a sample size of n = 18.571. Work on this
      article was initiated in 1981 at the beginning of the ECA study, but publication
      has been delayed a decade. Phobias are determined from information from the
      Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), classified according to DSM III. Phobias are
      found to be the most common psychiatric disorder in the community, more common
      than major depression or alcohol abuse or dependence in the month prior to
      interview. The one month prevalence is between 4.0 and 11.1%, with the estimated
      prevalence in the United States being 6.2%. There were nine community surveys of
      the prevalence of phobia that pre-dated the ECA studies, which found a wide range
      of prevalence rates from 1.2% to 26.1%. By far the strongest risk factor
      associated with phobias is the presence of another psychiatric disorder.
      Prevalence rates of simple phobia and agoraphobia are found in the ECA studies to
      be significantly higher in women; social phobia, which is less prevalent, has no
      significant sex difference. The prevalence rates are higher in younger age
      groups, and in those with low socioeconomic status (SES). The onset of phobias
      occurs primarily in the childhood or teenage years, and they tend to be chronic
      conditions. Less than a quarter of phobics receive treatment.

PMID- 2291137
TI  - [Magnetic resonance tomography in the clinical routine: study of the heart and
      the great vessels].

PMID- 2291138
TI  - [The use of magnetic resonance tomography in cancer of the cervix and uterus].

PMID- 2291136
TI  - Delineation of social phobia in Saudia Arabians.
AB  - Eighty Saudi Arabian males with social phobia who met DSMIIIR criteria, were
      evaluated psychiatrically and socially according to the MMPI social withdrawal
      scale standardized to the Saudi population. They were empirically grouped as
      mild, moderate or severe cases. They were also evaluated symptomatically
      according to the Leeds anxiety-depression scale to give ratings of depression and
      anxiety, separately and in combination. Thirty-seven and a half percent and 55%
      of the patients were mild-moderately and severely anxious respectively; 55% and
      34% were mild-moderately and significantly depressed respectively. There was,
      however, no linear correlation between the level of anxiety or depression and the
      severity of social phobia. Social withdrawal ratings were matched with
      demographic variables, age of onset, perceived childhood adjustment, perceived
      parental behaviour, work adjustment, family history of psychiatric disorders, and
      the presence of other phobia. There was a negative correlation between social
      withdrawal scale and all of these variables except work adjustment, family
      history of psychiatric disorder and presence of other phobias. These results are
      discussed.

PMID- 2291139
TI  - [The clinical value of 2- and 3-dimensional image reconstruction in the high
      resolution computed tomography of the petrous bone].

PMID- 2291140
TI  - [Picture communication in medical practice].

PMID- 2291141
TI  - [To err is, per se, not malpractice].

PMID- 2291142
TI  - [Chromosomal changes in 60 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Frequency,
      characteristics and prognostic significance].
AB  - Sixty patients diagnosed of acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) on whom a
      chromosomal study was performed at diagnosis were evaluated. Their median age was
      43 years (range: 8-89). Normal karyotype was present in 59% of the cases, it
      being abnormal in the remaining 41%. Chromosomal alterations appeared in 64% of
      the patients with M-4 morphology, in 43% of M-5, 40% of those with M-1, 33% of
      the M-2, and in 14% of the cases with M-3 morphology. The two patients with M-6
      had abnormal karyotype. No correlations could be established between normal or
      abnormal karyotype and the clinical or laboratory data. Structural alterations
      were commonest amongst the patients with abnormal karyotype. Such alterations
      included t(8; 21), t(9; 22); t(7; 22), del 11q23, inv 16 (p13;q22), plus multiple
      major abnormalities in the M-6 patients. A strikingly low incidence of t(15; 17)
      was found in the acute promyelocytic leukaemia cases. Two chromosomal alterations
      not previously reported in AML were found in this series, namely, inv 13
      (p11;q32) and t(21;1) (q22;q22). The finding of an abnormal karyotype had no
      unfavourable influence on the complete remission (CR) rate, which reached 65% of
      the patients with normal karyotype and 81% of those with abnormal karyotype. No
      differences were found in the duration of CR in this connection (80 and 77 weeks,
      respectively). Despite the lack of definite prognostic significance, the study of
      the karyotype appears as an important information in the diagnosis of AML.

PMID- 2291144
TI  - [Initial evaluation of the Technicon H*2 blood analyzer: speed and quality of
      results].
AB  - The major differences of the autoanalyser Technicon H*2 with regard to the H*1,
      booth manufactured by the same firm, are the former's higher working speed, over
      one hundred samples per hour, its hydraulic changes and a new type of samples.
      This system provides cell counts, leucocyte differential count (LDC) and
      distribution graphs for cell volume, haemoglobin, platelets and leucocytes. Its
      accuracy was studied with regard to H*1 and reference methods, along with the
      precision, linearity, carry-over, necessary LDC revisions and LDC sensitivity,
      specificity and efficiency. Very good accuracy (r greater than 0.9) was found
      when except comparing H*2 with the other machine and the reference methods,
      except for MCHCH and basophil count. The linearity of results was good (r greater
      than 0.998) and the percentage of carry-over was less than 5% in all cases.
      Twenty one per cent of hospital patients (HP) and 8% of outpatients (OP) needed
      revision of LDC. False negative LDC appeared in 0.4% of HP and in 0.3% of OP. LDC
      sensitivity, specificity in H*2 have solved the problems of H*1, improving the
      performances and working velocity of the system.

PMID- 2291143
TI  - [Iron deficiency in female blood donors. Results obtained by applying a
      prevention protocol].
AB  - Iron deficiency, often associated to anaemia, is the main cause of deferring
      women from blood donation: an incidence of 9.5% over a series of 1,437 women was
      found in our region. The strategy designed to face this problem was based upon
      precise diagnosis (erythrocyte protoporphyrin values) dietetic counselling,
      occasional iron therapy, and reduction of the frequency of blood donations. The
      results attained were encouraging, as the incidence of deferments was 13%;
      however, the percentage of women who quit blood donation was 86% of the first
      time female donors.

PMID- 2291145
TI  - [Incidence and characterization of erythrocyte antibodies in a hospital blood
      bank. Study over a period of 9 years (1980-1988)].
AB  - Serological studies done in 21,124 patients receiving blood transfusions and in
      85,202 units of blood, during a period of 9 years in a 750-bed University
      Hospital, are presented. 311 out of 21,124 blood transfusion recipients developed
      warm type alloantibodies, equivalent to an 1.4% incidence. 178 out of 85,202
      blood units were found positive for the same kind of antibodies, thus giving a
      frequency of 0.2%. The most common warm alloantibodies were: anti-Rho (D) alone
      or in combination, 54%; anti-K 20%, anti-rh" (E) 14% and anti-Fya 5.3%. Warm
      alloantibodies occurred more frequently in patients that in donors, and more in
      women that in men, as already reported from other laboratories. Cold
      alloantibodies were detected in 0.83% of transfused patients and 0.19% of blood
      units. Their specificities were: anti-P1 44%, anti-Leb 16.2%, anti-Lea 5.9% and
      anti-M 3.5%. Cold alloantibodies appeared with the same frequency in patients as
      in donors, and more often in women that in men. 38.5% of all the antibodies found
      were autoanti-I or cold non-specific; they occurred much more frequently in
      patients, without any significant difference between both sexes.

PMID- 2291147
TI  - [Detection of thrombin-antithrombin complexes in hypercoagulability conditions.
      Analysis of 182 cases].
AB  - The detection of TATC may inform about the presence of thrombin generation and,
      and hence of a pre-thrombotic status. An ELISA test (Enzygnst TAT) has been
      developed here in order to evaluate the predictive role played by TATC, and it
      was applied on 182 patients who distributed in 14 with cirrhosis of the liver, 11
      with sepsis, 17 with chronic arterial insufficiency, 55 with neoplasms, 9 with
      thrombosis, 15 in postoperative period, 15 with pneumonia, 16 with disseminated
      intravascular coagulation (DIC), 14 with multiple injuries and 16 with
      pancreatitis. TATC levels were significantly increased in all groups with regard
      to the control group. Patients with thrombosis, sepsis, multiple injuries, DIC
      and in the postoperative period showed especially high TATC figures. No
      correlation between TATC and fibrinogen, platelet count, activated partial
      thromboplastin time or prothrombin complex assay was found in the post-operative
      patient-group. It was concluded that TATC are a good indicator of
      hypercoagulability.

PMID- 2291146
TI  - [Usefulness of the immunologic phenotype in the diagnosis of chronic
      lymphoproliferative syndromes with splenomegaly as the dominant clinical
      manifestation].
AB  - From a total number of 221 patients with leukaemic lymphoproliferative syndromes
      studied at the Hospital dos Capuchos, in Lisbon, seven patients whose cell
      morphology differed from that of "classical" lymphoproliferative syndromes were
      separated; marked splenomegaly without lymph node enlargement was present in all
      of them. Immunophenotypic studies confirmed B-cell origin of the
      lymphoproliferation in the seven patients. Small lymphocytes with mature
      appearance predominated in three of these cases, presenting as: a) the only cell
      population (with immunophenotype RR+, FMC7-, CD5+), b) along with a significant
      amount of prolymphocytes (RR+, CD5+, FMC7+), c) accompanying a population of
      cells with lymphoplasmacytoid differentiation (RR-, CD5-, CD38+, associated to
      serum monoclonal IgM). Those data strongly suggested that these three
      lymphoproliferative syndromes corresponded, respectively, to a classic B-cell
      chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, a chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with
      prolymphocytes, and an immunocytoma. In three other cases the morphology of the
      proliferating cells was intermediate between prolymphocytes and hairy cells
      (i.e., variant hairy cells) and they strongly reacted with monoclonal antibodies
      FMC7 and LeuM5 (CD11c), showing low positivity with antigens CD5 and CD25, in the
      absence of receptors for mouse red blood cells. The remaining B-cell
      lymphoproliferative syndrome studied had small centrocytes in peripheral blood,
      their phenotype being RR-, CD5+, FMC7+/-, CD10+ and CD38+, which suggested a
      centrofollicular lymphoma with leukaemic expression. In summary, the present
      study seems to confirm the heterogeneity of the chronic lymphoproliferative
      syndromes showing splenomegaly as an outstanding clinical feature.
      Immunophenotype along with cell morphology are important in the differential
      diagnosis, especially whenever splenectomy cannot be carried out, in order to
      choose the appropriate therapy.

PMID- 2291148
TI  - [Colony-stimulating factors. Therapeutic applications].

PMID- 2291150
TI  - [Comparative analysis of 2 methods of DNA extraction].
AB  - The study of the organization of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes in
      leukaemias and lymphomas depends on our ability to obtain high molecular weight
      DNA. We have compared two different methods of DNA extraction: one being
      enzymatic, using the enzyme proteinase K, and the other chemical, using urea as a
      substance purifying DNA. Since the amount and purity of the DNA obtained are
      similar with each of the two methods of DNA extraction, both are valid to make
      such a genetic analysis.

PMID- 2291149
TI  - [Hemolytic anemia induced by Chelidonium majus. Clinical case].
AB  - A case of haemolytic anaemia secondary to oral ingestion of a Chelidonium majus
      extract is presented. It coursed with intravascular haemolysis, renal failure,
      liver cytolysis and thrombocytopenia. The direct Antiglobulin test was positive
      (4+), IgG+C'. The patient was treated with steroids, red cell and platelet
      transfusion and also twice with an haemodialytic treatment, with complete
      resolution of the clinical features about the 12th day. A complete bibliographic
      revision from 1966-1989 was performed and no cases like this one were found
      during that period, so this could the first one reported.

PMID- 2291151
TI  - [Acute transformation in the syndrome of abnormal chromatin clumping in
      leukocytes].

PMID- 2291152
TI  - [Hypokalemia of sudden onset as the 1st sign of transformation of chronic
      myelomonocytic leukemia].

PMID- 2291153
TI  - [Usefulness of histograms of erythrocyte size in screening for thalassemic
      trait].

PMID- 2291154
TI  - [Agranulocytosis related to calcium cyanamide (Colme)].

PMID- 2291155
TI  - [Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: its frequency in Hb AS and Hb AA
      individuals among the black population of Limon].

PMID- 2291156
TI  - Endoluminal ultrasound of the bile ducts.
AB  - Miniaturization of ultrasound probes has made possible endoluminal investigation
      of small duct systems. We have used a 360 degree transaxial real-time sector-scan
      imaging system with a field of view of 3-5 cm. It operates at ultra-high
      frequencies, which allows very high resolution. Ten jaundiced patients, aged 35
      73 years, were investigated. Malignant bile-duct obstructive disease was present
      in eight and benign strictures in the remaining two. In all of them the
      intrahepatic bile ducts had undergone percutaneous transhepatic cannulation for
      diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The resolution capacity has been sufficient
      to allow studies of the bile duct wall and adjacent tissues, and it has thus been
      possible to study the papilla of Vater, biliary-enteric anastomoses, and
      adjoining portions of the pancreatic and cystic ducts. Adjacent vessels have been
      identified. This preliminary study indicates that the character of strictures and
      the extent of tumour growth may be evaluated, thereby demonstrating the clinical
      potential of these miniature transducers. Endoluminal ultrasound evaluation of
      the bile ducts may also be possible intraoperatively and as a supplement to
      duodenoscopy.

PMID- 2291157
TI  - Percutaneous post-operative choledochofiberscopic lithotripsy for residual
      biliary stones.
AB  - A total of 5,116 post-operative percutaneous choledochofiberscopy (POC) sessions
      were performed on 739 patients with residual bile duct stones between 1980 and
      1988. These residual stones were detected and removed by choledochoscopy. The
      success rate of non-surgical stone removal using POC was 100% for residual common
      duct stones and required 414 treatment sessions in this group of 168 patients.
      The success rate was 92.2% (525/569) for patients with residual intrahepatic
      stones; in this group a total of 4,694 treatment sessions were needed. Two
      patients with residual cystic duct stones were also successfully treated with
      POC. The distribution of residual intrahepatic stones was as follows: 166 (29.2%)
      in the right hepatic duct, 255 (44.8%) in the left hepatic duct and 148 (26.0%)
      in both hepatic ducts. Complications after POC were minimal and subsided after
      conservative treatment except in 2 patients. One patient had hemobilia and
      another a large subphrenic abscess, which required surgical drainage.
      Choledochofiberscopic electrohydraulic shock-wave lithotripsy was effective
      treatment for large stones and was well tolerated. Residual stones in Oriental
      gallstone disease are not preventable, and we believe that POC should be the
      first choice for these patients. Many of the problems associated with residual
      stones can be overcome by this method and good results achieved.

PMID- 2291158
TI  - Assessment of adventitial involvement of esophageal carcinoma by endoscopic
      ultrasonography.
AB  - The adventitial involvement (AI) of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in 20
      patients was analyzed by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and computed tomography
      (CT). The findings were compared with the histologic evidence of tumor invasion
      in the resected specimens. AI was detected as an irregularity or interruption of
      the third layer of the esophageal wall on ultrasound examination. The overall
      accuracy in the assessment of depth of tumor invasion by EUS and CT scan was 80%
      and 68%, respectively. EUS diagnosed AI in 17 patients and detected direct tumor
      invasion of either the aorta, trachea or pericardium in 7 of them. In 4 patients
      who had severe stenotic lesions, EUS underestimated the depth of tumor invasion
      when compared to the histologic findings. Overall, these results, show that EUS
      when combined with CT scanning is a useful means of preoperatively evaluating
      tumor invasion in patients with esophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 2291159
TI  - Endoscopic esophageal mucosal resection using a transparent tube.
AB  - Generally, it is considered technically impossible to perform an extensive
      mucosal resection of the esophagus using endoscopy. We have developed a new
      method of endoscopic esophageal mucosal resection using a transparent tube
      (EMRT). With this technique, any amount and any part of the esophageal mucosa can
      be safely and easily resected. After an experimental study, EMRT was performed in
      11 patients and there were no major complications. Near-total circumferential
      resection of the mucosa was possible, and the surface of the esophageal muscle
      layer (non-bleeding resection layer) was left intact. We performed this technique
      on a patient with a mucosal cancer of the esophagus, and succeeded in resecting
      the lesion during a short course of treatment. We conclude that EMRT is of value
      in the endoscopic treatment of early-stage esophageal cancer.

PMID- 2291160
TI  - Clinical suspicion of pancreatic neoplasm: does echo-guided fine-needle biopsy
      modify patient management?
AB  - The following parameters were retrospectively evaluated in 64 patients with
      suspected pancreatic neoplasm: (1) time required to obtain cytohistologic
      diagnosis, (2) days in hospital, (3) number and type of surgical operations, and
      (4) total hospital costs. Echo-guided fine needle biopsy (FNB) was performed on
      34 patients (FNB group) and in a further 30 patients diagnostic workup did not
      include percutaneous biopsy (laparotomy group). Both diagnostic and hospital stay
      were shorter (8 and 7 days, respectively) in the FNB group than in the laparotomy
      group. In the FNB group, surgery was avoided in 18 patients, while in the
      laparotomy group 18 explorations proved diagnostic alone. Finally, FNB was shown
      to reduce hospital costs by 23%.

PMID- 2291161
TI  - Modified ultrasound-guided percutaneous transgastric drainage of pancreatic
      pseudocysts.
AB  - We describe a modified ultrasound-guided transgastric drainage technique for
      pancreatic pseudocysts. Using a water-filled stomach to improve visualization, we
      have successfully drained pseudocysts in ten patients. This report also describes
      the use of a stiffening cannula to assist transgastric catheter placement. We
      emphasize the value of constant real-time tracking of the dilator and guidewire
      to ensure correct positioning of the drainage catheter.

PMID- 2291162
TI  - Fistuloscopy--an adjuvant technique for sealing gastrointestinal fistulae.
AB  - Endoscopic occlusion of gastrointestinal fistulae can be successfully achieved in
      a high percentage of patients. In cases where the intestinal opening of the
      fistula is not accessible, such treatment was hitherto impracticable.
      Fistuloscopy is a new technique which we have devised, using a flexible endoscope
      advanced percutaneously along the fistula tract to seal these gastrointestinal
      fistulae. Eleven out of 17 enterocutaneous fistulae and 5 out of 8 abscesses
      could be sealed using this technique. The complications in this series were all
      caused by fibrin glue injection into the fistulae under pressure. One patient
      died of an air embolism. Provided that elevation of the air pressure in the
      fistula system is strictly avoided, fistuloscopy is a safe and potent method of
      occluding gastrointestinal fistulae, which otherwise need prolonged conservative
      treatment or hazardous surgical intervention.

PMID- 2291164
TI  - Suturoscope: a new device that allows endoscopic sutures to be performed with
      traditional threads.
AB  - The author introduces a new device of his own development, which allows
      endoscopic suture through a rigid endoscope. This device can be fitted to all
      endoscopes using a 27 Ch sheath (or a sheath of similar calibre), provided that
      they are equipped with adequate adapters specific to each endoscope. Suture by
      endoscopy is thus possible in urology, gynaecology, general surgery and gastro
      enterology.

PMID- 2291165
TI  - A new method of thoracoscopic sympathectomy in hyperhidrosis palmaris.
AB  - Although hyperhidrosis palmaris is a benign condition, it may cause considerable
      psychological, social, and occupational disturbances. There are many conservative
      measures used to treat hyperhidrosis, but surgical sympathectomy is the only
      permanent cure. Of the various surgical approaches to the upper thoracic
      sympathetic ganglia, one must select the approach that combines good functional
      results and a satisfactory cosmetic outcome with only minor complications. Twenty
      one patients (10 men and 11 women) with hyperhidrosis palmaris underwent
      synchronous bilateral T2 sympathectomy between 1 October 1989 and 30 April 1990.
      These patients underwent a new method of thoracoscopic sympathectomy without
      preoperative pneumothorax. All were relieved of excessive sweating in their upper
      extremities immediately after the operation. In addition, the technique led to
      significant savings in operation and hospitalization time. We recommend
      thoracoscopic sympathectomy as the best approach for sympathectomy in cases of
      hyperhidrosis palmaris.

PMID- 2291163
TI  - Pseudomembranous colitis: how useful is endoscopy?
AB  - Clostridium difficile colitis may be diagnosed either by endoscopy or by
      laboratory tests. To determine the role of endoscopy, we reviewed 59 cases of
      confirmed C. difficile colitis. In all patients, the etiology was confirmed by
      stool tests. Twenty-nine underwent lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. In 16 (55%)
      there was endoscopic confirmation of pseudomembranes while 4 (14%) had only
      nonspecific colitis. There was no apparent difference in the rate of detection of
      pseudomembranes between rigid sigmoidoscopy (57%), flexible sigmoidoscopy (50%),
      and colonoscopy (50%). Vancomycin and metronidazole were equally effective
      therapy but treatment with vancomycin cost more than 250 times that for
      metronidazole. There were no patients in whom the diagnosis was made by endoscopy
      alone. Endoscopy was costly and insensitive, while noninvasive stool tests were
      cheap and accurate. We conclude that endoscopy should be relegated to a secondary
      role in the workup of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

PMID- 2291166
TI  - Endoscopic treatment of a pancreatic abscess originating from biliary
      pancreatitis.
AB  - We present a case report of a patient with two large pancreatic abscesses and an
      associated colonic fistula originating from acute gallstone pancreatitis, which
      we treated endoscopically. The common bile duct stones were extracted after a
      papillotomy. The abscess in the pancreatic head was drained into the duodenum and
      the one in the pancreatic tail irrigated through a nasopancreatic catheter using
      normal saline mixed with gentamycin. The colonic fistula was finally obliterated
      using a two-component fibrin glue.

PMID- 2291168
TI  - [Change in law will insure dying in peace].

PMID- 2291167
TI  - Pneumoscrotum following endoscopic sphincterotomy.
AB  - Perforation is an infrequent complication of endoscopic sphincterotomy. We report
      here a man who developed a pneumoscrotum following a retroperitoneal perforation
      of the duodenum after endoscopic sphincterotomy. The mechanism of this unusual
      complication is discussed.

PMID- 2291169
TI  - [Coping with death. Interview by Teddy Osterlin Koch].

PMID- 2291171
TI  - [The time for red ears is not yet passed].

PMID- 2291170
TI  - [Sculpting of a dictatorship].

PMID- 2291172
TI  - [The modern way of dying--a dilemma!].

PMID- 2291174
TI  - [Tired of numbers].

PMID- 2291173
TI  - [The EEC--the domestic market's social dimension].

PMID- 2291175
TI  - [Kick him, nurse].

PMID- 2291176
TI  - [Understanding the AIDS boycott].

PMID- 2291178
TI  - [Infants in pain].

PMID- 2291177
TI  - [Departmental leaders--good ones or bad ones. Interview by Else Suhr].

PMID- 2291179
TI  - [Fakse community says yes to primary health care].

PMID- 2291180
TI  - [Health project focuses on Louise from Karise].

PMID- 2291181
TI  - [The impartial observer. Interview by Soren Palsbo].

PMID- 2291184
TI  - [Good to know before you go to work in Norway].

PMID- 2291183
TI  - [Hospital fire which urges to reflection].

PMID- 2291182
TI  - [Injected happiness].

PMID- 2291185
TI  - [Executive Board. Taking the temperature of county municipalities' intention to
      negotiate].

PMID- 2291186
TI  - [Japan's nurses protest].

PMID- 2291187
TI  - [Side effects of magnetic fields on mouse fetuses].

PMID- 2291188
TI  - [Children and adults on the same ward is not right].

PMID- 2291189
TI  - [Disaster medicine--turn-out].

PMID- 2291191
TI  - [Close to the victims of torture].

PMID- 2291192
TI  - [Experiences with hospital administration].

PMID- 2291193
TI  - [Danish nurses in the war].

PMID- 2291190
TI  - [Future education].

PMID- 2291194
TI  - [Medicines for a week at the time].

PMID- 2291195
TI  - [I won't leave you].

PMID- 2291196
TI  - [Gloomy perspectives for Danish economy].

PMID- 2291198
TI  - [Home care nurse 1961-1989. A hardy people. Interview by Anne Vesterdal].

PMID- 2291197
TI  - [Home care nursing. Integration in Hanstholm].

PMID- 2291199
TI  - [Home care nurse 1990. An evening shift in Thy. Interview by Anne Vesterdal].

PMID- 2291200
TI  - [Home care nursing. Portrait of a nursing center].

PMID- 2291201
TI  - [Home care nursing. When others do the work. Interview by Grethe Kjaergaard].

PMID- 2291202
TI  - [Home care nursing. The neighbors think differently. Interview by Grethe
      Kjaergaard].

PMID- 2291204
TI  - [Home care nursing. Change-over must be guided and not merely administered].

PMID- 2291203
TI  - [Home care nursing. A community of old people. Interview by Grethe Kjaergaard].

PMID- 2291205
TI  - [Home care nursing. Case-finding home visits].

PMID- 2291206
TI  - [Growth in home care services].

PMID- 2291207
TI  - [Home care nursing. More of a job and more in wages].

PMID- 2291208
TI  - [Home care nursing. Crisis intervention provides more openness. Interview by Anne
      Brockenhuus-Schack].

PMID- 2291210
TI  - [Home care nursing. A 24-hour supply].

PMID- 2291209
TI  - [Home care nursing. They put more life back in me. Interview by Anne Brockenhuus
      Schack].

PMID- 2291211
TI  - [Home care nursing. Pent-up suffering].

PMID- 2291212
TI  - [Home care nursing. Appointments are better than systems].

PMID- 2291213
TI  - [Home care nurse 1940-1972. A rich life].

PMID- 2291214
TI  - [Committed administratively].

PMID- 2291215
TI  - [Autopsy and transplantation--yes or no].

PMID- 2291217
TI  - [Man as an object for the use of genes].

PMID- 2291216
TI  - [Autopsy and transplantation. The purpose must be placed and defined].

PMID- 2291218
TI  - [She collected 17 tons of assistance for Romania. Interview by Kirsten
      Bjornsson].

PMID- 2291219
TI  - [Visualization--self-fulfilling prophecy].

PMID- 2291220
TI  - [Nursing--I like my work in spite of everything].

PMID- 2291222
TI  - The costs of commercial medicine.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to review the rising influence of commercialism in
      American medicine and to examine some of the consequences of this trend.
      Increased competition subverts physician collegiality, draws hospitals into for
      profit ownership and behavior, and leads clinical investigators into secrecy and
      possibly into bias and abuse. Medicine faces a deprofessionalization evidence in
      loss of control over the clinical setting and over self-regulation. Health care
      becomes a commodity relying on cultivation of desires instead of satisfaction of
      needs, even as many basic needs go unmet. Patients become consumers empowered
      with lawsuits and the connection of medicine to the relief of suffering is
      attenuated. Medical encounters are increasingly impersonal, dominated by
      specialization, technology, and bureaucracy. Patients are losing their physician
      advocates to new conflicts of interests, physicians are losing their impulse to
      charity, and trust in the doctor-patient relationship and in medicine generally
      is eroding.

PMID- 2291221
TI  - The futures of physicians: agency and autonomy reconsidered.
AB  - The corporatization of U.S. health care has directed cost containment efforts
      toward scrutinizing the clinical decisions of physicians. This stimulated a
      variety of new utilization management interventions, particularly in hospital and
      managed care settings. Recent changes in fee-for-service medicine and physicians'
      traditional agency relationships with patients, purchasers, and insurers are
      examined here. New information systems monitoring of physician ordering behavior
      has already begun to impact on physician autonomy and the relationship of
      physicians to provider organizations in both for-profit and 'not-for-profit'
      sectors. As managed care practice settings proliferate, serious ethical questions
      will be raised about agency relationships with patients. This article examines
      health system dynamics altering the historical agency relationship between the
      physician and patient and eroding the tradiational autonomy of the medical
      profession in the United States. The corporatization of medicine and the
      accompanying information systems monitoring of physician productivity is seen to
      account of such change, now posing serious ethical dilemmas.

PMID- 2291223
TI  - Physicians, entrepreneurism and the problem of conflict of interest.
AB  - This paper examines the ethical issues of conflict of interest raised by the
      burgeoning development of physician involvement in for-profit entrepreneurial
      activities outside their practice. After documenting the nature and extent of
      these activities, and their potential for conflicts of interest, the paper
      assesses the major argument for and against physicians' referral of patients to
      facilities they own or in which they invest. The paper concludes that an outright
      ban on such activity seems ethically warranted.

PMID- 2291224
TI  - The ethics of selectively marketing the health maintenance organization.
AB  - Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) administrators have been accused of
      engaging in 'selective marketing'. That is, through such strategies as tailoring
      the benefits package of the program or advertising in styles or in media that do
      not appeal to certain 'undesirable' audiences, the administrator can minimize the
      percentage of persons in the HMO who are heavy users of health care services. By
      means of analyzing what 'insurance' is (philosophically) and what it means for
      something to be a free market commodity, the author argues that, as long as
      American society chooses to regard health insurance as a commodity or service of
      the free market. the use of such strategies is within the moral rights of health
      administrators. The author concludes by noting some morally undesirable results
      of treating health insurance as a market commodity.

PMID- 2291225
TI  - Medicine as business and profession.
AB  - This paper analyzes one dimension of the frequently alleged contradiction between
      treating medicine as a business and as a profession, namely the incompatibility
      between viewing the physician patient relationship in economic and moral terms.
      The paper explores the utilitarian foundations of economics and the deontological
      foundations of professional medical ethics as one source for the
      business/medicine conflict that influences beliefs about the proper understanding
      of the therapeutic relationship. It then, focuses on the contrast and distinction
      between medicine as business and profession by critically analyzing the classic
      economic view of the moral status of medicine articulated by Kenneth Arrow. The
      paper concludes with a discussion of some advantages associated with regarding
      medicine as a business.

PMID- 2291226
TI  - On the dearth of philosophical contributions to medicine.
AB  - A recent editorial in this journal calls for more philosophical work in the areas
      of philosophy of medical science and research methodology. The purpose of the
      present paper is to bring to light and discuss some obstacles and opportunities
      for development in these areas. In section I, barriers to increased philosophical
      work in medicine outside ethics are discussed. In sections II and III, additional
      areas in medicine ripe for philosphical work are identified and discussed: (a)
      improving the epistemic fitness of much current clinical reasoning, (b) defining
      the conditions under which greater epistemic fitness can be achieved, and (c)
      technology assessment.

PMID- 2291229
TI  - Microbial pathogenicity and host defense mechanisms--crucial parameters of
      posttraumatic infections.
AB  - Posttraumatic and postoperative infections which may be either localized or turn
      into sepsis are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in surgical patients.
      They derive from the imbalance between microbial pathogenicity factors and the
      host defense system. The virulence mechanisms include adhesion, chemotaxis,
      invasion, resistance, and production of toxins. In addition, local and/or
      systemic immune functions in these patients are altered. Unspecific as well as
      specific cellular and humoral defense mechanisms are affected. The interaction of
      defined microbial pathogenicity factors with immune effector cells results in the
      activation of a variety of inflammatory mediators; they are a prerequisite for
      protective immunity but also induce local or systemic damage in the host when
      they occur in excessive amounts or when their metabolism is inadequately
      controlled. The analysis of the pathophysiological events during infection in
      surgical patients by taking advantage of modern molecular and cell biological
      methods may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 2291228
TI  - Financial impact of liver transplant surgery.

PMID- 2291227
TI  - Anencephalic infants and special relationships.
AB  - This paper investigates the scope and limits of parents' and physicians'
      obligations to anencephalic newborns. Special attention is paid to the
      permissibility of harvesting anencephalic organs for transplant. My starting
      point is to identify the general justification for treating patients in order to
      benefit third parties. This analysis reveals that the presence of a close
      relationship between patients and beneficiaries is often crucial to justifying
      treating in these cases. In particular, the proper interpretation of the Kantian
      injunction against treating persons as means only takes on a different light in
      the context of special relationships. The implications of this analysis for our
      responsibilities to anencephalic infants is clarified.

PMID- 2291230
TI  - Significance of microbiological and biochemical analyses in empyema thoracis.
AB  - Following the indifferent results of a retrospective analysis, a prospective
      study was undertaken to analyse the causative organisms in 51 cases of empyema.
      Cultures were positive in 44/51 (= 86.3%) cases. 2 bacterial species were
      recovered for each empyema. The aerobic gram-positive cocci represented the
      largest group (57%), followed by aerobic gram-negative bacteria (18.6%),
      anaerobic bacteria (18.6%), and fungi (5.8%). Polymicrobial empyema accounted for
      59.1% of the cases. Anaerobic bacteria were cultured from 36.4% of empyema.
      Anaerobic bacteria were more frequently isolated from pleural effusions than from
      other specimens. Swabs were found to be of minor value for anaerobics. Analyses
      of glucose and pH value in pleural effusions have been reported to be useful in
      differentiating complicated from uncomplicated effusions in cases where the
      aspirated fluid is not purulent and is negative on gram stain, but clinical as
      well as radiological findings point to an empyema. Our results have shown that pH
      values less than 7.30 and Glucose less than 60 mg/dl were not absolutely specific
      for empyema. In contrast, PMN-elastase in pleural effusion and HI-30 in urine
      showed a statistically significant differentiation of empyema from exudates of
      other origin.

PMID- 2291231
TI  - Treatment of postpneumonectomy empyema.
AB  - Postpneumonectomy empyema with or without (bronchopleural) fistula is an
      infrequent but serious, and often life-threatening complication. In 20 of our
      patients postpneumonectomy empyema was discovered. The time interval between
      original operation and discovery of the empyema varied from 9 days to 9 years. In
      two cases, the empyema had been found and treated initially at another hospital
      but not adequately, so that at the time of treatment by us the bronchopleural
      fistula had already been present for 8 and 19 years. In 13 cases a bronchial
      stump fistula was discovered. In five patients the fistula was successfully
      closed endoscopically with glue. In one patient closure was performed by
      transmediastinal stump resection, in three patients with a fistula thoracoplasty
      was performed. In three patients we achieved closure by transposition of pedicled
      muscle flaps. In one of these patients a septic condition could be mastered by
      performing window thoracotomy. Two patients without fistula were successfully
      treated with irrigation, and two further patients with thoracostomy. In one
      patient recovery was achieved by medication after puncture. Two patients died of
      sepsis and after thoracoplasty. If a fistula is present, drainage with irrigation
      and endoscopical glueing should be the initial treatment. This should be followed
      by resection of the bronchial stump. If there is no fistula or if the stump is
      too short thoracostomy is the treatment of choice. If it is not successful
      thoracoplasty has to be performed.

PMID- 2291232
TI  - Empyema after pneumonectomy--empyema window or thoracoplasty?
AB  - 369 pneumonectomies carried out within the years 1981 to 1988 and their empyema
      complications form the basis for a retrospective analysis to assess the outcome
      of treating pneumonectomy cavity empyema by window healing. During the same
      period 31 empyema after 322 pneumonectomies to treat bronchial carcinoma are
      investigated in more detail as far as their therapeutic modalities are concerned.
      20 patients received a thoracic window. 18 of 31 patients (58%) could be cured,
      and 9 of these were in the thoracic window group. The hospital mortality of
      empyema patients after pneumonectomy amounted to 42%. In an historical comparison
      no progress could be recognized in the treatment of this septic complication.

PMID- 2291233
TI  - Decortication in chronic pleural empyema. Investigation of lung function based on
      perfusion scintigraphy.
AB  - The study presents measurements in spirometry and scintigraphic lung perfusion,
      before and after decortication, in 9 patients treated for chronic pleural empyema
      with special emphasis on measuring changes by perfusion scintigraphy.
      Preoperatively, the average vital capacity (VC) was 60% and the average FEV1 was
      65% of the predicted. Perfusion of the affected side showed an average reduction
      to 22%. After decortication all functional data showed an improvement (average VC
      78.5%, average FEV1 79.5%) the percentage of lung perfusion having increased to a
      mean of 37.8%.

PMID- 2291234
TI  - The practice of coronary surgery in the United Kingdom and Ireland: a survey.
AB  - The author has sent a questionnaire to 172 members of the Society of
      Cardiothoracic Surgeons but has received only 49 answers. However, about one
      third of the members do not practice coronary surgery, so an estimated 40% of
      active members submitted answers. The questionnaire was mainly distributed to
      Consultants in the National Health Service. The questions refer to
      cardiopulmonary bypass, myocardial protection, grafts, closure of the chest, and
      postoperative medication.

PMID- 2291235
TI  - De Vega's tricuspid annuloplasty: analysis of 195 patients.
AB  - In the years 1984-1989, 195 De Vega tricuspid annuloplasties were performed in
      association with mitral or mitral-aortic valve procedures. Preoperatively, 9
      patients (4.6%) were in New York Heart Association functional class II, 124
      (63.6%) were in class III, and the remaining 62 (31.8%) were in class IV.
      Tricuspid insufficiency was recognized by routine digital palpation of the
      tricuspid valve during the operation in 42 (21.5%) of the patients. Hospital
      mortality rate was 7.6% (15 patients). Late deaths occurred in 6 (3.0%) cases
      during a follow-up period of 3 to 72 months (mean 42 months). 8 patients (4.1%)
      required reoperation. Tricuspid annuloplasty failure was observed in 4 patients
      (2%). These valves were replaced with biological valves in three patients and
      with a mechanical valve in one patient. 112 of the survivors (64.3%) were
      evaluated by echocardiography and/or right ventriculography. Analysis of
      postoperative data showed that in 84 of the 112 patients (75%) tricuspid
      regurgitation disappeared completely after annuloplasty, 88% of surviving
      patients were in functional class I or II. For the series presented actuarial
      survival rate at 6 years was 79.1% +/- 14.4%. In the light of this study we
      recommend De Vega's annuloplasty as the method of choice for moderate to severe
      functional tricuspid insufficiency.

PMID- 2291236
TI  - Acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon (Ogilvie's syndrome) following open heart
      surgery.
AB  - The acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon or Ogilvie's syndrome is a rare
      surgical complication with an unknown pathogenesis. It is characterized by a
      distention of the large bowel without distal mechanical obstruction and a normal
      motility of the small bowel. The cause may be a postoperative imbalance between
      the sympathic and parasympathic innervation of the distal colon. In about one
      third of the cases a spontaneous perforation of the cecum develops, with a
      mortality of up to 50 per cent. We report the 5th case after cardiovascular
      surgery in the literature overall and the first in which conservative therapy
      successfully prevented perforation and laparotomy. An overview of the etiology,
      diagnosis, and treatment of this complication is given.

PMID- 2291237
TI  - Calcific aortic-valve stenosis and angiodysplasia of the colon: Heyde's syndrome-
      report of two cases.
AB  - Heyde's syndrome is characterized by gastrointestinal bleeding due to
      angiodysplasias of the gut associated with calcific aortic stenosis. This
      association does not seem to be a patho-etiological entity but an occasional
      coincidence in the elderly. Aortic valve replacement (preferably with a
      bioprothesis) has been postulated to be the treatment of choice for the cure of
      the bleeding. Two cases of this syndrome are reported on. In one of the cases
      implantation of a bioprosthesis was accompanied by almost immediate cessation of
      bleeding, but with reoccurrence after one year necessitating local therapy. In
      the other case postoperative bleeding following aortic and mitral valve
      replacement with mechanical prostheses and tricuspid annuloplasty was the reason
      for coloscopic examination, which showed areas of angiodysplasia in the ascending
      colon. However, apart from a pause in anticoagulation medication no additional
      therapy was required since the hemorrhage ceased.

PMID- 2291238
TI  - Transient transcatheter balloon closure of patent foramen ovale following
      surgical repair of critical pulmonary stenosis.
AB  - Severe cyanosis resulting from postoperative atrial right-to-left shunt is a life
      threatening complication. We present a technique of transient transcatheter
      balloon closure of a patent foramen ovale in a newborn operated on for critical
      pulmonary stenosis, where the foramen ovale had been left open intraoperatively.
      Cardiac catheterization was performed under echocardiographic control in the
      intensive care unit and the foramen ovale was occluded with a water-filled
      balloon-catheter. Significant improvement of arterial oxygen tension allowed
      delayed definitive surgical closure in a second step. Unfortunately, the child
      developed right-sided pneumothorax postoperatively and died of cardiopulmonary
      failure. Nevertheless, this procedure seems a suitable way to relieve atrial
      right-to-left shunt temporarily until definitive surgical closure can be
      performed.

PMID- 2291239
TI  - Traumatic herniation of the heart into the right pleura.
AB  - This case report summarizes our experience with a 19-year-old male patient who
      suffered a blunt chest trauma during a traffic accident. On admission no serious
      injuries could be detected, but 12 hours later displacement of the heart to the
      right side combined with sudden cardiac failure appeared. Emergency operation
      showed a right-sided rupture of the pericardium with complete herniation of the
      heart into the right pleural cavity and consequent strangulation by the
      pericardial margin.

PMID- 2291240
TI  - [The morphological changes in a primary culture of 3-day-old rat hepatocytes
      cultured over 1 week and in a model of anoxia].
AB  - A direct observation of primary cultures of 3-day-old rat hepatocytes was
      performed with the help of time-consuming cinematography. The process of
      monolayer formation has been examined. In addition, the continuous preservation
      of bile canaliculi was observed. A significant increase in hepatocyte mobility
      was marked in 6-7-day cultures. The structural analysis of cultured cells during
      the modelling of anoxia with substrate deficiency revealed a succession in
      hepatocyte and fibroblast alterations. The hepatocyte destruction was accompanied
      with changes in the cell form, that become rounded, and in the appearance of
      small formations protruding on the cell surface. The fibroblast destruction
      appeared after cell contracture.

PMID- 2291241
TI  - [The effect of polyamines on lysosome fusion with phagosomes in mouse peritoneal
      macrophages].
AB  - The influence of polyamines on the phagosome-lysosome fusion in murine peritoneal
      macrophages and on polymerization of G-actin from the rabbit muscle in vitro has
      been studied. Both natural polyamines (spermin, spermidin, putrescin) and
      synthetic phenyl derivates of polyamines (3,3'-diaminobensidin, 1,5-naphtalin
      diamine, 4,4'-diaminodiphenilmetan, dancylcadaverin) were used. Unlike the phenyl
      derivates of polyamines and putrescin, spermin and spermidin stimulate the
      phagosome-lysosome fusion to induce G-actin polymerization. Possible mechanisms
      of action of the above polyamines are discussed.

PMID- 2291242
TI  - [The effect of exogenous peroxidase on the intensity of luminol-dependent
      macrophage chemiluminescence].
AB  - The influence of exogenous horse-radish peroxidase on the capacity of mouse
      peritoneal macrophages to luminol-dependent chemiluminescence induced by zymosan
      was investigated. It was revealed that peroxidase (1-50 mg/ml) increased the
      chemiluminescence in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum increase of the
      response (4-6 times) was obtained with the enzyme concentration being 10 mg/ml.
      It is found that peroxidase acts as a co-oxidant of the peroxide-dependent
      extracellular luminol oxidation. The including of the enzyme into macrophages
      makes it possible to register the intracellular chemiluminescence.

PMID- 2291243
TI  - [The recovery of the mitotic cycle and DNA repair in Chinese hamster cells
      cultured on a medium with 5-bromodeoxyuridine following the action of ionizing
      radiation].
AB  - A correlation has been shown between a strong decrease in survival of X
      irradiated CHO-K1 cells cultured with 5-BudR, a strong inhibition of recovery of
      DNA single-strand breaks, and an essential increase in G2-delay while progressing
      through the cell cycle. This strong correlation may point to the involvement of
      repair processes into the final radiation effect on the cell.

PMID- 2291244
TI  - [Abstracts and papers presented at the all-union meeting. Ionic transport and
      regulation of cell functions. Leningrad, 23-25 October 1990].

PMID- 2291247
TI  - Clinical investigations.

PMID- 2291246
TI  - Epidemiology of urinary stone disease.

PMID- 2291245
TI  - ESWL '90--state of the art. Limitations and future trends of shock-wave
      lithotripsy.

PMID- 2291248
TI  - Prophylaxis in idiopathic calcium urolithiasis.
AB  - The most important measure in the prophylaxis of idiopathic calcium urolithiasis
      is dietary advice. Patients should be kept to a high-fluid intake, increasing
      their diuresis by at least 0.51. The mineral content of drinking water seems to
      be of minor importance, but the liquid should be low in carbohydrates and
      oxalate. The intake of animal proteins should be reduced to no more than five
      meals with meat, fish or poultry per week. Excesses of oxalate-rich food must be
      avoided. The daily intake of calcium in dairy products should be in the range of
      800-1200 mg. Sodium and refined carbohydrates should be moderately restricted.
      Medical treatment is indicated only in cases of recurrence under the appropriate
      diet. Selective treatment according to urinary chemical composition is favoured;
      alkali citrate, thiazides, allopurinol, and pyridoxine are of major interest.

PMID- 2291249
TI  - Prophylaxis of uric acid and cystine stones.
AB  - Although they are two very distinct entities, uric acid and cystine stone disease
      share a common physico-chemical background, i.e. urinary supersaturation with
      respect to a compound that is poorly soluble in an acid milieu. Therefore, high
      fluid intake and urine alkalinization, preferably by potassium citrate, are of
      utmost importance for prophylaxis. Urinary excretion of uric acid and cystine may
      be reduced by dietary measures as well as by drug therapy (allopurinol and
      thiols, respectively).

PMID- 2291251
TI  - The role of open surgery.

PMID- 2291252
TI  - Stone analysis.

PMID- 2291250
TI  - Prophylaxis of infection-induced kidney stone formation.
AB  - Lowering supersaturation with respect to struvite and carbonate apatite is the
      most important prophylactic measure in patients with infection-induced kidney
      stone disease. This is best achieved by combining culture-specific antibiotics
      with urinary acidification. Urinary infection with non-urease-producing
      Escherichia coli, probably promoting struvite particle formation, must be
      eradicated. Possible measures for improving urothelial anti-adherence properties
      or reducing bacterial adherence are discussed.

PMID- 2291253
TI  - [Continuing education. Clinical trials].

PMID- 2291254
TI  - [Endourology].

PMID- 2291255
TI  - [Flexible endoscopy of the upper urinary tract. A new minimally invasive method
      for diagnosis and treatment].
AB  - Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) utilizing flexible, actively deflectable
      instruments has become a valuable asset in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract
      pathology and the treatment of stone disease. Flexible endoscopic surgery of the
      proximal ureter and in the intrarenal collecting system constitutes the natural
      extension of rigid instrumentation in the upper urinary tract. At our institution
      retrograde ureteral and intrarenal surgery has become an +integral part of our
      diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium. This is documented by almost 300
      treatments and diagnostic procedures performed in the upper urinary tract over
      the past 3 years.

PMID- 2291256
TI  - [Long-term results following percutaneous reanastomosis of complete ureteral
      occlusion].
AB  - The combination of percutaneous access to the kidney with ureterorenoscopy makes
      reanastomization of completely occluded ureters possible. The method has proved
      primising in cases where excessive previous surgery means that reintervention at
      the same site can be expected to be difficult. Up to now, 20 patients with
      complete ureteral occlusion have been successfully operated upon by endoscopic
      means, and 11 of them have been followed-up for more than 6 months (av. 26.1 +/-
      13.4 months). In all these patients, the reanastomized ureter has remained
      patent.

PMID- 2291257
TI  - [Long-term results following percutaneous pyeloplasty].
AB  - Since 1982, 201 patients have undergone percutaneous incision for congenital or
      secondary obstruction of the pyeloureteral junction, and 171 of them have now
      been followed up for up to 63.3 months (12.5 +/- 11.5 months on average). All
      preoperative data, such as clinical and laboratory findings and results of i.v.
      urography and isotope nephrography, were usually controlled 6 months
      postoperatively. Depending on the degree of preoperative hydronephrosis, we found
      good and very good results in 78% of the patients followed up. Results were
      better in patients who had had primary stenoses, and younger patients had better
      outcomes than older ones. The treatment turned out during follow-up to be more
      successful for short stenoses than for longer ones. When pelvic or high ureteral
      stones were present the long-term results were less good. There were 16 patients
      with recurrences of obstruction, 15 of whom underwent another, this time
      successful, percutaneous pyeloplasty. Only 1 patient required open plastic
      surgery after three unsuccessful attempts at endoscopic surgery. We conclude that
      percutaneous pyeloplasty as we perform it is a safe endoscopic procedure that can
      produce reproducibly good long-term results comparable to those of open plastic
      surgery for primary pyeloureteral obstruction. In the case of secondary stenoses,
      however, a percutaneous approach should always be tried first, if in any way
      possible.

PMID- 2291258
TI  - [Impulse cytophotometry and irrigation cytology in the diagnosis of bladder
      cancer].
AB  - In a retrospective study in which 273 patients with histologically proven
      carcinoma of the urinary bladder had been examined by performed cytological and
      flow cytometric analysis carried out in parallel, the diagnostic yield of flow
      cytometry was compared with the result of urinary cytology. Urinary cytology and
      flow cytometry made it possible to detect histologically proven transitional cell
      carcinoma (TCC) in 60% and 64%, respectively. Combination of the two methods
      increased the diagnostic yield to 76%. An increase in the diagnostic yield was
      seen especially for well-differentiated TCC, from 34% to 51%. In spite of this
      improvement, the combination of flow cytometry with urinary cytology did not mean
      fewer endoscopic investigations were needed in view of the persisting substantial
      diagnostic deficit in well-differentiated TCC.

PMID- 2291259
TI  - [Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy with combined ultrasound and roentgenologic
      calculus localization. Initial clinical experiences with the Lithostar plus].
AB  - Since the introduction of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for non-invasive
      treatment of renal and ureteral stones, lithotripter units have relied on either
      fluoroscopic or ultrasound stone localization. While ultrasound stone
      localization reduces X-ray exposure and facilitates treatment of radiolucent
      renal stones, fluoroscopic stone localization is superior in the detection of
      ureteral stones. Since April 1989 we have been using the Lithostar plus, a new
      lithotriptor system, which provides both fluoroscopic and ultrasound stone
      localization. After treatment of 108 patients, the initial data suggest that this
      system combines the advantages of both localization principles, while being as
      efficient as other second-generation lithotriptor units in bringing about the
      disintegration of renal and ureteral stones.

PMID- 2291260
TI  - [Long-term results and histologic studies following surgical correction of
      congenital penis deviation].
AB  - Between 1982 and 1988, 11 patients with congenital penile curvature without
      hypospadia or chordee were operated according to the technique originally
      described by Nesbit. In all these patients the operative results were reevaluated
      after a period of 1 1/2 to 7 years (average 3 3/4 years). Normal sexual
      intercourse was possible for all 11 men, and good long-term cosmetic results were
      noted. In contrast to formerly published results, histological examination of the
      segments resected from the tunica albuginea showed fibrotic tissue in some cases,
      which could play an important role in the etiology and/or pathogenesis of
      congenital penile curvature.

PMID- 2291261
TI  - [Tethered cord syndrome in adults as a cause of disorders of bladder function].
AB  - The histories of two adults with tethered cord syndrome are presented. Slowly
      increasing bladder dysfunction, dysraphic disorder and increasing sensorimotor
      deficits gave rise to the suspicion of tethered cord syndrome. The release of the
      cauda equina by transsection of the thickened filum terminale and in one case
      removal of lipomatous tissue in addition improved the bladder function and the
      sensorimotor function substantially. Diagnostic procedures and aspects of the
      prognosis are discussed.

PMID- 2291262
TI  - [Status epilepticus in MVEC chemotherapy of urothelial cancer].
AB  - We present a patient with an urethral urethelial carcinoma (T3N2M0) treated by
      chemotherapy with methotrexate, vinblastine, epirubicin and cisplatin, which
      induced a non-convulsive status epilepticus. In this report the possible
      mechanism for this phenomenon and its management are discussed.

PMID- 2291263
TI  - [Perineal tumors in male patients].
AB  - Perineal tumors are rare and are malignant primaries in 66% of cases. We treated
      three patients with perineal tumors. Histological examination led to a diagnosis
      of benign tumor (lipoma, granulomatous tumor) in two patients and a diagnosis of
      local perineal metastasis of a malignant nonseminomatous germ cell tumor in the
      third. After local tumor excision all patients stayed free of disease for 1-3
      years. Neither physical nor clinical examination (standard blood parameters,
      ultrasound, X-ray of pelvis, urethrocystoscopy and rectoscopy) allowed
      determination before surgery of whether any of these perineal tumors was benign
      or malignant; percutaneous biopsy was the only way to find this out
      preoperatively. Radical excision of the perineal tumor is the treatment of
      choice. If extended dissemination has not taken place, malignant perineal tumors
      are curable by radical resection in nearly 80% of cases.

PMID- 2291264
TI  - [Developmental trends in early detection of cancer].

PMID- 2291265
TI  - [What importance do tumor markers have in life insurance medicine?].
AB  - From the whole host of older and new tumour markers a short description is given
      of the most important in clinical practice. Nowadays no tumour marker fulfills
      the criteria which must be demanded of a screening test for an unselected
      population. Owing to insufficient specificity and sensitivity and with the low
      prevalence of individual tumour diseases in the population, screening tests would
      lead to an irresponsibly high number of wrong findings, i.e. particularly of
      false positive results with all the diagnostic consequences while, moreover,
      because of the number of false negative results nowhere near all tumour diseases
      would be recognized. The significance of tumour markers in insurance medicine is
      as in clinical medicine in the supplementing of oncological aftercare programmes.
      Here they have become an essential part of the parameters to be checked
      regularly. It must remain open at present whether owing to the development and
      new discovery of monoclonal tumour antibodies a reassessment will also be
      possible in insurance medicine.

PMID- 2291267
TI  - [Insurance related medical aspects of angina pectoris].
AB  - Angina pectoris or chest pain is the main symptom of coronary insufficiency which
      may lead to reversible or irreversible ischaemia. It must be distinguished from
      other cardiac or thoracic causes. Nervous or functional disorders hardly
      influence life expectancy. Unstable angina pectoris, pre-infarction syndrome or
      post-infarction angina cannot be accepted for life insurance. We have divided
      stable angina pectoris into four classes in accordance with the NYHA
      classification. We have indicated the relevant extra mortality. Separate
      consideration must be given to additional factors adversely affecting the risk.

PMID- 2291266
TI  - [Life expectancy and risk assessment in decreased glucose tolerance (subclinical
      diabetes)].
AB  - The term Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) has replaced the term Subclinical
      Diabetes (SD). It corresponds to a grey zone between normal glucose tolerance
      (GT) and diabetic glucose intolerance which by definition can be determined only
      by an oral glucose tolerance test. Pathogenetically, and impaired glucose
      tolerance constitutes a risk factor for the formation of atherosclerosis and in
      about 30% of cases represents a pre-stage of diabetes mellitus. No mortality
      statistics are as yet available for insureds with impaired glucose tolerance. We
      may, however, assume with good reason that their relative mortality lies between
      the comparable values of insureds with normal glucose tolerance and those with
      type 2 diabetes. The relative mortality of type 2 diabetes is calculated on the
      basis of the American Medical Impairment Study 1983 and the Swiss Re study on
      diabetes mellitus and the relative mortality of insureds with impaired glucose
      tolerance is then determined on that basis. Finally, a possible course of action
      for the risk assessment of applicants with impaired glucose tolerance is proposed
      and the expected extra mortality rates are given.

PMID- 2291268
TI  - [Medical risk assessment in life insurance of applicants following coronary
      angioplasty].
AB  - The high incidence of instant results of PTCA in patients with coronary artery
      disease and the favourable prognosis of long-term follow-ups are beneficial for
      proposers being accepted for life insurance, even though they belonged to the
      group of high-risk-patients before. In assessing life insurance policies it is
      necessary to take the individual course of the CAD, the PTCA itself and the
      remaining left ventricular function into consideration. Risk factors and other
      cardiac or non-cardiac impairments must be regarded additionally.

PMID- 2291269
TI  - [Heart transplantation. Developments up to now and prognosis].
AB  - The future of heart transplantation in the surgical treatment of endstage cardiac
      disease is very promising, although the limitations imposed by coronary artery
      occlusion and the toxic adverse effects of immunosuppressive agents have not yet
      been completely overcome. The use of monoclonal antibodies both as initial
      rejection prophylaxis and as treatment for rejection shows encouraging results.
      The success of the last few years is based on a number of individual
      improvements: modified immunosuppressive treatment, refined selection of
      receivers and donors, new methods of early diagnosis of rejection episodes,
      precise postoperative control of the patients. The 1-year-survival rate could be
      raised to 85%-90%, the 5-year-survival rate to 70% and more. The significance of
      heart transplantation will increase, the long term prognosis will improve.

PMID- 2291270
TI  - [Life expectancy after lung embolism].
AB  - The prognosis of pulmonary embolism depends chiefly on three conditions, the
      amount of pulmonary arterial obstruction, the cardio-pulmonary state and
      tolerance and haemostatic factors. Whereas a single, even massive pulmonary
      embolism as a rule does not lead to chronic morbidity, repeated though minor
      emboli may be followed by pulmonary hypertension with eventual right heart
      failure so that the long term prognosis rests upon the probability of further
      thrombotic events.

PMID- 2291271
TI  - [Echocardiography quantification of mitral valve defects].
AB  - Echocardiography led during the last 10 years to a definite improvement of
      quality of cardiological diagnostics. In addition to an excellent recording of
      morphological and functional changes of the heart by 1- and two-dimensional
      images Doppler-echocardiography allows the semiquantitative judgement of the
      hemodynamic effect. Echocardiographic techniques try to measure the mitral valve
      area in cases of mitral stenosis resp. the leak area in cases of mitral
      insufficiency to assess the importance of valve disorder. These parameters are
      constant values, whereas the transmitral diastolic pressure gradient and the
      regurgitant volume are variable. The assessment of the mitral valve area and the
      graduation of the mitral valve stenosis is possible with a high diagnostic
      relevance using planimetrical and/or pressure-half-time methods. The
      applicability of the pressure-half-time method depends on the nature of the
      pressure decrease and an individual review is necessary. The measurement of the
      leak area is much more problematical. The assessment of the functional
      regurgitation area by colour coded Doppler-echocardiography seems to be
      favourite, but not validated up to now. A semiquantitative judgement of a mitral
      valve insufficiency is successful in evaluating of intensity, width and area of
      the regurgitant cloud. The evaluation of raw data of flow patterns will provide
      further information in future.

PMID- 2291273
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of syncope attack in the district hospital].
AB  - With the aim to establish a rational and effective programme for the diagnosis of
      syncopes for district hospitals 159 patients with previous syncopes underwent an
      examination programme which contained the whole specialized diagnostic spectrum
      of a district hospital up to the higher-frequent right-atrial stimulation. In 141
      patients (88.7%) the diagnostics was successful, 18 cases (11.3%) remained
      unclear. At least 53% of the syncopes were of cardial, 21% of vasal, 13% of
      "other" and 5% of central-nervous origin. The significantly most frequent causes
      of the syncope were the bradycardic disturbances of the cardiac rhythm (40%) and
      the carotid sinus syndrome of cardioinhibitory type (22%). Apart from the
      analysis of the distribution of frequency and sex of the causes of the syncope as
      well as of the quota of the diagnostic impact of the individual examination
      methods on the basis of the results a diagnostic step programme is presented
      which renders possible a syncopal diagnostics successful in a district hospital.

PMID- 2291272
TI  - [Basic diagnostic program in dizziness and syncope symptoms: value of
      electrophysiologic studies of the heart].
AB  - Syncopes and preceding signs and symptoms, particularly also in form of
      appearances of giddiness, are, including specialists of various branches, among
      others ENT, neurology, orthopaedics and ophthalmology, always to be classified
      according to the fact whether or not a cardiovascular disease is to be regarded
      as cause. If there is the suspicion, both special non-invasive investigations and
      such ones which possibly are to be performed invasively are indicated. The latter
      come after the non-invasive investigations partly on account of the expenditure
      (technique of heart catheterization) and the possibilities of complication. The
      testing of the sinus node with the highly frequent atrial stimulation and single
      stimulus technique, the lead of the His-potential and the performance of a
      ventricular programmed stimulation are the fundamental programmes of an
      electrophysiologic investigation. In an analysis carried out more than 3 years
      could be found that in two thirds of the 45 invasively examined patients the
      diagnosis could be precised and enhanced, respectively, and that the main
      disturbances related to the signs and symptoms were a sick sinus syndrome, AV
      asequences and ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 2291274
TI  - [A basic psychodiagnostic program for internists].
AB  - The increasing frequency of disturbances of the health, in which psychic and/or
      social influential factors are significant, reflects also in the number of
      patients of the specialist of internal medicine who is working in the outpatient
      department, the hospital and in a subspeciality. This requires from the
      specialists of internal medicine, if he will satisfy the claims of his patients
      for a comprehensive diagnostics and effective therapy, from the very beginning
      and in all phases of the care the involvement of a basic psychodiagnostics.
      Hereby the problem in question is an enhanced internal establishment of the
      anamnesis under psychodiagnostic aspect, which serves for the clarification of
      psychic and/or social influences on signs and symptoms, the experience of the and
      the course of the disease. An orientating systematization and a way to the
      positive diagnostics of neuroses, psychosomatic diseases or disturbances and
      further functional syndromes in the field of internal medicine are presented
      which demand the graduated psychotherapeutic measure.

PMID- 2291276
TI  - [Status and perspectives of medical technique].
AB  - If we issue from the basic aspects of medical activity so it is shown that his
      sensory, actory and cognitive possibilities are highly developed on the one hand,
      on the other hand, however, limited by nature. The enlargement of these
      possibilities is due to the rapidly developing high technologies. In the field of
      the diagnostics for example new sensors, automatized biomeasuring systems and
      above all image-producing and image-processing systems characterize the trend.
      The therapeutic possibilities are enhanced by the comprehensive use of all forms
      of physical energy and also by automatized therapy systems. Controlled and above
      all regulated therapeutic techniques are brought into the purview. A further
      focal point of the international development are systems for the replacement of
      functions and organs, in which case new biomaterials considerably enlarge the
      volume of thinkable implantable solutions. The development mentioned causes a
      wide field of problems. To these problems belong economical ones, for the
      technology permanently becomes more complicated and thus the financial
      requirements of the public health institutions. Considerable engineer-technical
      capacities are necessary for the running and maintenance. The physician is
      responsible for the secure use of the modern technology according to indication;
      consequently the problem of the necessary training is internationally under
      discussion.

PMID- 2291275
TI  - [The value of occlusion plethysmography and stress venous pressure in functional
      diagnosis following leg vein thrombosis].
AB  - In 52 patients with condition after thrombosis of the deep leg veins before
      discharge from hospital the venous capacity and the venous outflow were measured
      on the two legs by means of occlusion plethysmography of the veins as well as the
      percental decrease of the venous pressure during action of the leg muscles by
      means of phlebodynamometry. The results have been compared with the phlebography.
      10 patients again had a venous system without pathologic findings, in 12 patients
      unchangedly was a complete and in 30 ones in incomplete occlusion. By means of
      the measuring of the venous pressure still existing obstacles of the outflow of
      the pelvic and femoral region could be separated from the lower leg and their
      degree of severity, too, could be quantified. The venous capacity and the venous
      outflow allowed with sufficient security to delimit the values of the healthy leg
      from those of the postthrombotic one, whereas a localization of the height and a
      further quantification of the postthrombotic condition failed. Improved
      technology of the devices as well as the establishment of venous capacity and
      venous outflow in one measuring process increase the value of the venous
      occlusion plethysmography clearly as a non-invasive method which can be carried
      out by a function-assistant.

PMID- 2291277
TI  - [Myocardial tomography with single photon emission computerized tomography
      (SPECT) technique in X syndrome].
AB  - Compared with the usual planar scintigraphy of the myocardium the single photon
      emission computer tomography (SPECT) has essential advantages. By means of the
      SPECT a three-dimensional reconstruction of the intersection image is possible
      which allows a judgement of the myocardium in the transversal, sagittal and
      coronary planes of section. The scans of the SPECT are richer in contrast and
      freer from overshadowings of normally of disturbedly perfused areas of the
      myocardium. 43 patients with angina pectoris complaints in angiographically
      normal coronary arteries (syndrome X) were examined by means of the SPECT under
      bicycle ergometer load and at rest. As radionuclide thallium-201 was used. 28 out
      of 43 patients (65%) showed disturbances of the perfusion, in which cases 21
      patients with reversible ischaemias and 7 ones with cicatrised changes and an
      ischaemia of the marginal zone were conspicuous. Previous own investigations with
      the planar Tl-201 scintigraphy of the myocardium showed pathological findings in
      66% of the cases with a syndrome X. The nearly identical results speak for the
      high reliability of the scintigraphy of the myocardium, but against the increase
      sensitivity of the SPECT in contrast to the planar scintigraphy of the
      myocardium.

PMID- 2291278
TI  - [Validity of clinico-chemical and hematologic findings in the elderly--results of
      a randomized study].
AB  - The distinction between age-related and pathological laboratory findings in
      elderly is most important to diagnosis and treatment of disease. 111 pensioners
      (77 females, 34 men) are investigated. Pathological laboratory findings are more
      frequently than expected. In each case there are hints to pathological events
      (disease or due to treatment).

PMID- 2291279
TI  - [Significance of situational increase in blood pressure as a result of
      psychoneural stress relative to recovery for long-term stress sequelae].
AB  - 3 regulation types of blood pressure under psychic load (examinations) depending
      on the level of blood pressure during examination and the recovery time were
      investigated with a complex programme before and after an examination period of 3
      months. Only in the group with elevated blood pressure and delayed recovery time
      we have found after the period of 14 examinations and increased risk of fat
      metabolism (HDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL), an elevated diastolic blood pressure and a
      decreased physical performance.

PMID- 2291280
TI  - [Theory of microcirculation. 1: Misinterpretations in Starling's hypothesis of
      microcirculation].

PMID- 2291281
TI  - [Theory of microcirculation. 2. Problems of microcirculation from the viewpoint
      of the new theoretical concept].
AB  - By means of network analysis and the use of a model which stimulates continuous
      blood supply to the tissue the basis of Starling's hypothesis of microcirculation
      is challenged. Contrary to the Starling's conception, we found that the
      microcirculation in the tissue is a stable process, whereby the interstitial
      hydraulic pressure (IHP) depends on the intracapillary blood pressure, on the
      permeability of the capillary wall, on the colloid-osmotic pressure and on the
      static pressure in the vessels and form a characteristic gradient along the
      capillary wall. The main effect of the colloid-osmotic pressure cannot be
      regarded as counteracting to the blood pressure, but instead consists in
      reduction of the IHP. Based on a theoretical conception about elastic
      interactions in the tissue a new method for measurement of the capillary
      filtration coefficients (CFC) is developed. Applying the method on the rabbit
      skeletal muscle the CFC is found to be 0.130 ml/min.mm Hg.100 g. This value is
      substantially higher than the values obtained from similar experiments reported
      in the literature (0.008 ml/min.mm Hg.100 g). The lymphatic fluid is not a result
      of a disbalance between filtration and resorption across the capillary wall, but
      it is a consequence of the protein recirculation in the following manner: blood
      vessels--interstitial space--lymphatic vessels--blood vessels. This recirculation
      is essential for the vital function of the tissue cells.

PMID- 2291282
TI  - [Franz Olberg (1767-1840). A memorial on the 150th anniversary of the death of
      the Anhalt-Dessau community physician].
AB  - The era of the Anhalt-Dessau philanthropism had significant consequences for the
      public health of the country. The Dessau physician Franz Olberg in the
      association of a medicinal commission founded in 1793 brought into existence
      essential reforms to benefit the general medical care of the populations. On the
      occasion of the 150th anniversary of his death this fact is called to mind.

PMID- 2291284
TI  - [Fever of unknown origin--a basic diagnostic program].
AB  - Data on 2,028 patients with fever of unclear origin (FUO) were analyzed and
      evaluated with respect to diagnostic errors. The following results were obtained:
      Fever of unclear origin is to be expected in about one per cent of in-patients.
      Most cases of FUO are caused microbially (37.0%). Neoplasms (19.2%) are in the
      second place. Rheumatic diseases and collagenoses cause fever of unclear origin
      in 11.2% of the cases. In 16.8% of the cases the cause of FUO could not be
      determined even after extensive diagnostics. Diagnostics can be considerably
      shortened and become more effective, if a check list is used, which includes the
      15 most frequent causes of FUO.

PMID- 2291283
TI  - [What does the established physician expect from the West German health system?
      Fee reduction and drug control as a consequence of economic assessment. What can
      be done?].
AB  - We have briefly tried to inform about the fact why controls of profitableness
      have to be carried out, how is their course and by virtue of which standards the
      unprofitableness is assessed. In form of a randomized summary we will once more
      specify what the physician by all means should do if the fee is reduced or a drug
      recourse takes place: 1. The date of receipt is to be written clearly visible on
      the control rescript, since this is of importance for the grace when legal
      remedies may be applied. 2. Test the rescript, whether or not the reducing or the
      recourse seems to be justified or whether you have the impression that the data
      of your activity and management of your practice have not been fully taken into
      consideration. In this case you at once object and announce a detailed argument.
      3. Test quietly, after the first irritation has subsided, whether the points of
      view explained in the paragraphs 3 and 4 have been taken into consideration, in
      particular: a. Is the comparative group right? b. Is the present elevation of the
      average values suited to justify the reducing measure performed? c. Are all
      peculiarities of the practice taken into consideration? d. Are the peculiarities
      of the practice sufficiently exactly quantified? e. Was a possible compensatory
      less expenditure taken into consideration? 4. Summarize the result of your own
      inquires, as they are described in item 3, in a relevant argument as short as
      possible. If you need statistical data, which are not at your disposal, for
      writing this argument, so request such data from the control department of your
      health-insurance company. 5. In a drug recourse you control, whether or not you
      can acknowledge the judgment of the arguments for reducing declared. Otherwise
      you request from your health insurance company the examination into the adequate
      prescriptions, in which case you probably have to go into the business premises
      of your health insurance company, in order to be able to take notes
      there.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291285
TI  - [Measurements and values in dermatohistology].

PMID- 2291286
TI  - [Surgical interventions of the nail organ].
AB  - The nails are the largest appendage of the skin. They provide protection of the
      tactile regions of the fingers; moreover, well cared-for nails are an attribute
      of beauty. Operations of the nails should, therefore, regard both functional and
      cosmetic aspects. Surgical procedures are indicated in the case of nail
      deformities, bacterial or mycotic infections, as well as pigmentation of the nail
      wall or plate, and periungual or subungual tumors, which are always suspicious of
      malignant melanoma. All operations of the nail region can be performed in
      Oberst's anesthesia. We recommend the preoperative application of a tourniquet to
      stop the blood flow.

PMID- 2291287
TI  - [Comment on the report by K. Scharffetter, P. Kind, D. Wollny-Protzel, H.-C.
      Schuppe, H. J. Lakomek and G. Goerz: Scleroderma].

PMID- 2291288
TI  - [Vertical tumor thickness as an estimate of actual tumor volume].
AB  - According to Cavalieri, the volume of any body-irrespective of its shape-can
      easily be estimated on the basis of the area of slabs of known thickness. We made
      use of this old principle in order to determine the correlation between the
      volume of skin tumors and their maximal vertical thickness. Investigations of a
      total of 30 benign and malignant tumors of the skin of various shapes showed a
      correlation coefficient of r = 0.77. Therefore, the widely used determination of
      the vertical thickness of malignant melanomas can be regarded as a good estimator
      of the tumor volume and seems to be appropriate for histological tumor staging.
      Together with high frequency ultrasound, Cavalieri's method allows a simple and
      rapid pretherapeutical in-vivo determination of the tumor volume. However, only
      prospective studies can reveal whether the determination of the tumor volume is
      of superior prognostic significance to the established techniques.

PMID- 2291289
TI  - [Textile intolerance in atopic eczema--a controlled clinical study].
AB  - In patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD), we often find intolerance
      reactions against wool, whereas irritation by synthetic fibers is still a matter
      of discussion. In a randomized clinical study on 55 patients with AD and 31
      healthy controls, we investigated the irritative capacity of poncho-like shirts
      made of 4 different materials (A: cotton; B, C, D: synthetics of different fiber
      structure). The intensity of itching or discomfort due to repeated wearing of
      these shirts was evaluated by means of a point system (max.comfort = 10 points,
      max. discomfort = 1 point). Our study clearly showed that the irritative capacity
      of synthetic shirts is significantly higher in patients with AD, while cotton
      shirts were best tolerated. We also observed significant difference regarding the
      surface structure and diameter of the synthetic fibers under investigation.

PMID- 2291290
TI  - [Pemphigus herpetiformis].
AB  - We report on the typical case of a 71-year-old male patient suffering from
      herpetiform dermatitis. Histological investigation and immunofluorescence
      revealed the characteristic features of pemphigus. The symptom disappeared after
      therapy with corticoids.

PMID- 2291291
TI  - [Zosteriform leiomyomatosis--successful treatment by iontophoresis with tap
      water].
AB  - We report on a 44-year-old male patient with zosteriform leiomyomatosis on his
      right back (paravertebral Th 10-L2), who suffered from severe pain, especially
      after thermal or pressure irritation, in this area. Treatment with iontophoresis
      using tap water resulted in a gradual relief from the pain.

PMID- 2291292
TI  - [An unusual case: cutaneous leishmaniasis with subcutaneous nodule--successfully
      treated with oral ketoconazole].
AB  - We present an unusual case of cutaneous leishmaniasis with subcutaneous nodules.
      Treatment with ketoconazole over 5 weeks resulted in major improvement of the
      lesions.

PMID- 2291293
TI  - ["Clown nose"--skin metastasis of breast cancer].
AB  - We report on a 74-year-old woman showing a reddish infiltration of the tip of the
      nose, which had appeared 3 months ago. Clinically, we considered the following
      differential diagnoses: sarcoidosis, rosacea, pseudolymphoma, and metastasis.
      Histological and immunohistological investigation proved a cutaneous metastasis
      of carcinoma of the breast. Our case report gives evidence of the fact that
      cutaneous metastases of systemic malignancies are frequently located in acral
      regions of the skin.

PMID- 2291294
TI  - [Tuberculosis cutis luposa gigantea with Mycobacterium bovis detection].
AB  - In an 80-year-old woman, retired farmworker, we observed lupus vulgaris extending
      over more than half of her leg. The extreme size of the affected area made us
      talk of a giant form in this case. Bacteriological investigation revealed
      Mycobacterium bovis. The minimal amount of tuberculin required to induce a
      positive intradermal reaction was 10 IU (GT Behring). Another case with similar
      dimensions (reported by Christiansen in 1967) had been caused by Mycobacterium
      avium and developed over a period of at least 5 years. The vast cutaneous
      affection of our patient, in contrast, had developed within only one year,
      starting from a brownish macula of the size of a palm on her upper leg. This
      macula - presumably the manifestation of quiescent lupus vulgaris - had not
      changed for more than 40 years. This late exacerbation of post-primary
      tuberculosis might have been favored by the patient's reduced immunologic
      resistance on account of her advanced age. In addition, local cofactors - namely
      ankylosis of her knee and contact eczematous dermatitis - have to be considered.
      In accordance with the resistogram, the disease responded to monotherapy with
      isoniazide.

PMID- 2291295
TI  - [Is involvement of skin appendages or thickness of the epidermis an aid in
      differential diagnosis between lentigo maligna melanoma and superficially
      spreading melanoma in situ?].
AB  - Neither the involvement of hairfollicles nor of the ducts of the sweat glands by
      melanoma cells nor the thickness of the epidermis are helpful in differential
      diagnosis of lentigo maligna melanoma and superficial spreading melanoma in situ.
      The epidermis was thinner in LMM, however, LLM is mostly localized in the face
      where the epidermis is thinner than in other areas of the integument.

PMID- 2291296
TI  - [Stomatology in old age].

PMID- 2291297
TI  - [Changes in oral mucosa and tumors in elderly patients].
AB  - Intraoral and perioral tissues demonstrate exemplary age-related atrophic changes
      that are due to endogenous factors, as well as to exogenic damage. Age-related
      physiological changes in intraoral mucosa, salivary glands, tongue, musculature,
      and the nerve system are discussed. Pathological changes in the mucosa,
      especially the different types of leukoplakia are demonstrated; they play a
      crucial role in the early diagnosis of intraoral cancer. The development of
      intraoral cancer is very much related with age. Age-related changes of oral
      mucosa increase the risk of cancer, and the risk is further increased by the long
      term influence of exogenic damages. Surgery is the treatment of choice,
      especially in the elderly patient, in whom quality of life must be maintained as
      much as possible. The prognosis of intraoral cancer is mainly influenced by the
      size of the tumor at treatment. Therefore, early diagnosis and prophylaxis, which
      is often neglected in elderly patients, may improve this situation.

PMID- 2291298
TI  - [Psychosomatic and psychopathological aspects in dental-orofacial medicine with
      special reference to old age].
AB  - The mouth is frequently affected by psychosomatic manifestations and
      communicative intimacy. Together with the age-related changes to central nervous
      system and organic changes in the chewing mechanism and oropharynx, these changes
      represent a failure of psychodynamic coping. With advanced age a "tempora minoris
      resistentiae" associates with a "locus minoris resistentiae". This
      etiopathogenetic constellation triggers psychosomatic conversion phenomena and
      "circumscribed" hypochondrias, as well as dysmorphobobic delusional developments,
      and hypochondric cyclothymic depressions. When there is an organic, nerval
      accentuation of these changes the symptoms often became chronic. It must be
      pointed out that a mimic disease often resembles a monosymptomatic masked
      depression, frequently resulting in false diagnosis. Contextual to anthropologic
      psychologic dimensions of pain sensation, this work finally deals with the
      psychophysiologic complementary model of orofacial pain-dysfunction syndrome.

PMID- 2291299
TI  - [Preservation of teeth in elderly persons].
AB  - Conservative dentistry by elder people has regard to the physiological changes
      during the function. There is no limitation of conservative dentistry conditional
      by the old age.

PMID- 2291300
TI  - [Dental care of aging patients].
AB  - Our examination of elderly and ageing patients presented four essential
      classifications, including those with: 1. sufficient natural dentition; 2.
      dentition, with numerous missing teeth, in need of functional restoration; 3.
      groups of teeth remaining, but on the verge of edentulousness; 4. edentulousness
      with dentures in need or replacement or improvement. For the above, we recommend
      the following treatments, respectively: 1) prophylactic topical fluoride
      treatments with custom trays; 2) extendable hybrid constructions--preferably with
      the implementation of a telescoping design; 3) partial dentures designed for easy
      extension; 4) no new dentures, but rather the step-by-step correction of the old
      dentures.

PMID- 2291301
TI  - [Oromaxillofacial surgical treatment in aging patients].
AB  - The oral and maxillofacial surgical therapy of the elderly patient must include
      considerations of age-related physiological changes, both of inner organs and
      oral structures. Decreased hepatic and renal function may lead to delayed
      elimination of anaesthetic drugs and thereby make dose reductions necessary.
      Sclerosis or osteoporosis of jaw bones may render the surgical treatment of
      odontogenic diseases more difficult due to the increased fracture hazard. Painful
      ankylosis and rheumatic arthritis of the temporo-mandibular joint, tumors and
      fractures are common diseases of the elderly patient that a maxillofacial surgeon
      has to deal with. Furthermore, preprosthetic and reconstructive surgery is often
      required after jaw resections or severe atrophy. Due to the polypathy frequently
      present in elderly patients maxillofacial surgery requires particular
      indications, special surgical performance, and extensive postoperative care. By
      using all possible means, a satisfactory treatment can be achieved even in this
      age patients, whose quality of life can thus be improved.

PMID- 2291302
TI  - [Lipoproteins as coronary risk or non-risk indicators in elderly people].
AB  - Lipid and apolipoprotein (apo) levels were investigated in 98 (68 female, 30
      male) subjects older than 85 years and 86 (59 female, 27 male) subjects aged 65
      75 years. The mean cholesterol level of the long-lived persons who were free from
      overt degenerative arterial disease was 5.2 mmol/l and ranged markedly below the
      mean level of the population. Comparing both age groups, the triglyceride level
      of the high-age subjects was at 0.3 mmol/l, significantly lower; HDL-cholesterol
      and apo A-I at 0.15 mmol/l or 0.3 g/l were higher. Cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol,
      and apo B only tended to be lower in the higher age. Subjects suffering from
      degenerative arterial disease (circulatory disturbance, hypertonia, diabetes
      mellitus), especially the long-lived group, had a more marked unfavorable
      lipoprotein profile. Subjects over 85 years (13%) had markedly less disturbance
      in lipoprotein metabolism of high atherogenic potency (hyper-beta-, hypo-alpha
      lipoproteinemia) than did subjects 65-75 years old (23%). Hypertriglyceridemia is
      with 38% or rather 21% very frequent and seems to be of less atherogenic potency.
      Hyper-alpha-lipoproteinemia as anti-risk factor for coronary heart diseases was
      established more frequently in the long-lived group with 13% in comparison to
      3.5% in those 65-75 years of age.

PMID- 2291303
TI  - [Age of migrant workers: ethnic resources and double disadvantage].
AB  - As a result of migrant-movement in Western Europe increasing numbers of aged
      people of foreign origin are being registered. In the FRG a large number of these
      are migrant workers. Initial reports confirm the same observations made in the
      USA that in old age an increased withdrawal into ethnic enclaves takes place. An
      additional phenomenon observed in the Europe study population is the desire to
      return to their native country among the aged immigrants. A return however, is
      usually not realized. This creates a dilemma which often characterizes the
      situation of older migrant workers. The specifics of the ageing process and the
      age situation of ethnic old people can only be researched in a synthesis of
      migration and gerontological research. Findings from both fields must be analyzed
      in order to develop adequate provisions in help-for-the-aged program dedicated to
      this specific aged population.

PMID- 2291304
TI  - Some aspects of doctor-patient relationships and the older patient.
AB  - A study of doctor-patient relationships concerning older patients was carried out
      among general practitioners in German-speaking Switzerland. Information was
      sought by questionnaire on general practitioners' personal characteristics and
      characteristics of practice (independent variables), on attitudes and personality
      characteristics (intervening variables), and on consultation behavior (dependent
      variables). Findings indicated the effects of personal background factors, of
      personality characteristics, and of attitudes on consulting behavior of general
      practitioners vis-a-vis the elderly. A causal path analysis was carried out and
      showed that general practitioners' age (and what age stands for in terms of life
      events) and, to a lesser extent, proportion of elderly in the practice were
      important causal determinants in general practitioners' consulting behavior vis-a
      vis the elderly. Other variables were also found to be significant as causal
      links; these included preventive orientation, attitude to the aged, extraversion,
      and conservatism. In conclusion, some practical implications are briefly
      discussed.

PMID- 2291306
TI  - [Ergotism--a rare cause of acute ischemia of the extremities].
AB  - Clinical ergotism as seen today results almost exclusively from the excessive
      intake of ergotamine tartrate in the treatment of migraine headache. Vasospasm of
      peripheral arteries is the leading clinical picture. Beside formation of
      collaterals and secondary thrombosis, vasospasm is one of the specific findings
      in angiography. Early diagnosis and withdrawal of the medication makes complete
      restitution possible. In all other cases intraarterial or intravenous infusion of
      sodium nitroprusside or nitroglycerin has turned out to be the most effective
      therapy. Balloon dilatation or operative intervention are an alternative therapy
      in those cases, where amputation of the limb seems to be necessary.

PMID- 2291305
TI  - [Peripheral arterial occlusive disease in old age: the role of leukocytes].
AB  - Transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcPO2), the unfractionated leukocyte
      filterability rate (ULFR), and plasma oxydant activity (POA) were monitored
      during a standard treadmill exercise test (2 km/h, 12 degrees slope) in two
      groups of stage-II peripheral vascular disease patients: one middle-aged group
      with an average age of 55 +/- 3 s.d. years, the other group elderly (average age
      68 +/- 4 s.d. years). The results were compared to a healthy control group of 20
      volunteers (average age 52 +/- 4 s.d. years). At the maximum walking time, the
      ULFR was significantly (p less than 0.001) impaired in both groups of patients
      compared to controls, and the level of plasma oxidant activity increased
      significantly (p less than 0.001). When the tcPO2 recovered half its basal value,
      the level of plasma oxidant activity approached basal values but the ULFR
      remained significantly (p less than 0.001) impaired. Inter-group analysis showed
      the total walking time was significantly (p less than 0.05) shorter in the
      elderly patients, and at the tcPO2 half recovery time the ULFR was significantly
      (p less than 0.01) more impaired.

PMID- 2291307
TI  - Coincidence of risk factors and early carotid lesions, detected with modern
      ultrasound techniques.
AB  - Using a multichannel pulsed Doppler ultrasound device, studies of flow kinetics
      and vessel wall motility at the beginning of the internal carotid artery (ICA)
      were carried out. Regarding the results of special computer analysis in 120
      subjects with healthy vessels, a dilation of the proximal ICA and a decrease in
      mean flow velocity which was related to the age of the individual could be
      assessed. Depending on age and risk factors, wall dyskinetics and turbulences in
      the dorso-lateral part of the vessel could be detected and confirmed by the flow
      imaging method. In a second study of 100 subjects (between 15 and 50 years of
      age) without risk factors, an age-dependent dilatation of ICA could be diagnosed
      by high resolution Duplex system. In the same study an increased incidence of
      wall thickening and plaques formation in the dilated area of the ICA was
      observed. The study of 234 patients with different risk factors showed that
      hypertonics developed an extended dilatation of the ICA and that wall thickening
      and plaque formation occurred significantly more often than in other risk groups.

PMID- 2291308
TI  - Venous function of the leg during atrial arrhythmias.
AB  - Venous volume and venous outflow of the calf were studied with strain gauge
      plethysmography during atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter and after conversion
      to sinus rhythm in 28 patients. These parameters increased significantly after
      conversion to sinus rhythm and the increase was more pronounced in patients with
      organic heart disease compared to patients without. It is concluded that atrial
      arrhythmia is associated with an altered venous function, which may compensate
      for the fall in cardiac output induced by the arrhythmia and also may be a risk
      factor for deep vein thrombosis in patients with organic heart disease.

PMID- 2291309
TI  - The influence of reactive hyperemia and leg dependency on skin microcirculation
      in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), with and without
      diabetes.
AB  - The increase in venous pressure during leg dependency causes a vasoconstriction
      of the distal vascular bed in healthy subjects, which is due to the so-called
      veno-arteriolar reflex. The aim of the present study was to investigate if this
      reflex is disturbed in patients with severe peripheral arterial occlusive disease
      (PAOD), with and without diabetes. The total skin microcirculation during rest
      and postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PRH) after a three minute arterial
      occlusion at the ankle was studied by laser Doppler (LD) fluxmetry. The LD probe
      was attached to the dorsal region of the foot in 10 legs of healthy control
      subjects, patients with PAOD, and patients with PAOD and diabetes respectively.
      No vasoconstriction was seen in the PAOD group when the leg was moved from the
      supine to the dependent position. The PRH response was also significantly (p less
      than 0.05-0.01) impaired compared to the controls in both positions. The diabetic
      PAOD patients had an almost normal reactivity in spite of an equally reduced
      arterial circulation as the non-diabetic patients. The results show that patients
      with PAOD have a significantly disturbed reactivity of the skin microcirculation
      in the ischemic foot, while the reactivity in diabetic PAOD patients is almost
      normal.

PMID- 2291310
TI  - [Long-term results of 370 profunda-plasties].
AB  - Three hundred and seventy profundaplasties were performed from January 1977 to
      December 1987. This procedure was considered indicated in stage IIb in 41%, in
      stage III in 25.8%, in stage IV in 22.8% and in acute ischemia in 10.4%. The
      operative mortality was 3%, the five-year-survival rate 53%. Local complications
      were observed in 12.6%. After 8 years, 76% of the limbs had been saved, although
      92 reoperations had been required. According to our experience we consider
      profundaplasty as an alternative to bypass procedures, especially in multi-level
      disease.

PMID- 2291311
TI  - [The value of suprageniculate femoro-popliteal polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis
      in surgical treatment of chronic arterial occlusive disease].
AB  - From January 1982 to December 1989, 74 patients with chronic critical ischemia
      were treated with an above knee-femoropopliteal PTFE-Bypass. The 5-year
      cumulative patency rate was 48%, the cumulative limb salvage rate 66%. In the
      same observation period 40 patients with a reversed saphenous vein above knee
      Bypass were also followed-up. In this group the cumulative 5-year patency rate
      amounted to 77% and the limb salvage rate to 100%. The autogenous saphena magna
      is the conduit of choice for lower extremity artery bypass grafting. It showed in
      above knee reconstructions statistically significant superior results in
      comparison to PTFE grafts.

PMID- 2291312
TI  - Impregnation of polytetrafluoethylene (PTFE) vascular grafts with C-14-forskolin,
      a new concept in surface treatment of grafts.
AB  - Ten prosthetic polytetrafluoroethylene grafts (50 mm length, i.d. 4 mm) were
      surface treated with a 0.01% C-14-forskolin solution prior to interposition in
      the femoral arteries of 5 Australian sheep. The following parameters were
      monitored: femoral artery blood flow, platelet aggregation, C-14 blood and graft
      activity measured at intervals up to 120 minutes after declamping (DC). There was
      only a slightly decreased platelet aggregation in arterial blood samples 30 min.
      after DC and no changes in blood flow. After an initial peak C-14-forskolin graft
      activity declined rapidly during the first 30 minutes, thereafter only very
      slowly. C-14-forskolin blood activity also showed an initial peak and thereafter
      a fairly steady level 20-120 minutes after DC. These results are discussed in
      relation to previously very encouraging results in improving graft patency using
      an identical protocol of graft treatment with forskolin.

PMID- 2291314
TI  - The brachiocephalic fistula: a successful secondary vascular access procedure.
AB  - In the period from January 1988 to July 1989, 185 arteriovenous conduits for
      hemodialysis were created in 150 patients with end stage renal disease including
      20 procedures (13 patients) performed as emergency external shunts. Of the
      remaining patients 125/137 (139 procedures) could be followed. The procedures
      included 85 end-to-side radiocephalic wrist fistulas, 42 end-to-side
      brachiocephalic elbow fistulas and 12 brachioaxillary grafts. Complications
      associated with brachiocephalic fistulas were not significantly higher than with
      radiocephalic fistulas, except for the development of arterial steal and
      pseudoaneurysm formation. The 12-month patency rates were 72% and 75% in
      radiocephalic and brachiocephalic fistulas respectively. The end-to-side
      brachiocephalic fistula is a successful secondary vascular access procedure and
      is recommended when a primary radiocephalic fistula fails.

PMID- 2291313
TI  - [Non-traditional procedure of revascularization of the lower extremities with
      bone transplants in unreconstructable arterial occlusions].
AB  - An unusual method for salvation of lower extremities with critical ischemia is
      described. A free bone fragment is formed by osteotomy and distracted by an
      osteotomy device during a period of 31 to 36 days with subsequent fixation
      (during a total of 45 to 60 days). This treatment is usually combined with lumbar
      sympathectomy. This procedure intends a stimulation of the peripheral
      circulation. It was used in 92 patients with non-reconstructable distal arterial
      occlusions in stage III and IV. In spite of some complications and failures the
      extremity could be saved in 77% of the cases. Controls over 2 to 36 months in 67
      patients revealed a favourable result lasting over one year in 43 of the cases.

PMID- 2291315
TI  - Use of omental pedicle for treatment of Buerger's disease affecting the upper
      extremities. A modified technique.
AB  - We present a report of a 58-year-old male patient who suffered from Buerger's
      disease of the upper extremities verified by microscopy and angiography. Despite
      medical treatment and repeated thoracic sympathectomy he developed gangrene at
      the tip of his right thumb and index finger. Pedicled omentum was prepared
      through midline laparatomy, placed through subcostal incision to the subcutaneous
      space of the forearm and affected fingers. Rest pain disappeared by the fifth day
      after surgery. The omental pedicle was ligated six weeks post-operatively and the
      extremity mobilized. The thumb healed well. The index finger required amputation
      because of continuing infection. Five years postoperatively the patient has a
      good functioning hand in which the transferred omentum has retained its
      viability.

PMID- 2291316
TI  - Retroperitoneal liposarcoma presenting with bilateral leg lymphedema--case
      report.
AB  - The case of a 54-year-old man with a large right retroperitoneal liposarcoma
      presenting with bilateral leg lymphedema, is reported. Total excision of the
      tumor resulted in marked reduction of the edema in both legs persisting for four
      years. Follow-up lymphographies demonstrated lymphatic drainage dysfunction on
      both sides; nevertheless, the edema did not recur. Based on these findings, a non
      compressive hypothesis concerning the evolution of lymphedema in this case is
      postulated.

PMID- 2291317
TI  - Superior vena cava syndrome due to chronic granulomatous mediastinitis.
AB  - We report a case of superior vena cava syndrome developing progressively over
      twenty years in a 48-year-old Venezuelan woman. The investigations revealed a
      locoregional etiology for the vena cava obstruction, namely a granulomatous
      mediastinitis probably secondary to histoplasmosis. We discuss the etiology, the
      clinical features, the natural course, and the therapy of chronic mediastinitis.

PMID- 2291318
TI  - [Freezing of the extremity with acute ischemic gangrene before amputation].

PMID- 2291319
TI  - [Specific proteinase plasma sorption in surgery with artificial blood
      circulation].
AB  - Cardiosurgery with artificial circulation (AC) is attended with activation of
      plasma cascade proteolytic systems, which leads to homeostatic disturbances and
      postoperative complications. AC with the use of specific proteinase plasma
      sorption in a column with sepharose-immobilized acid-base proteinase inhibitor
      from human urine prevents activation of proteinase in the plasma. Application of
      specific plasma sorption facilitates rapid restoration of the plasma protein
      concentration lowered during AC, improves the course of the postoperative period,
      and reduces the risk of pulmonary, cardiovascular, and nervous complications.

PMID- 2291320
TI  - [Quantitative assessment of hemodynamics function in treadmill test in patients
      after radical correction of Fallot's tetrad].
AB  - Long-term examination findings in 78 patients after radical correction of
      Fallot's tetralogy and preoperative assessment of the circulatory status in 68
      patients using treadmill test are analysed. The quantitative estimates of
      circulatory defects at different levels at later postoperative terms (from 6
      months to 6 years) depended on the type of plastic surgery of the outflow part of
      the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk: suture plasty, right ventricular outflow
      plasty with a xeno-pericardial flap, and transannular plasty with the use of a
      mono-septal xeno-pericardial graft. Preoperatively, 59.0 per cent patients were
      attributed to functional class IV and 41.0 per cent patients to class III. After
      the radical tetralogy correction, most patients (55.0 per cent) were related to
      the functional class I. The advantages of using mono-septal xeno-pericardial
      grafts for plastic surgery of the right ventricular outflow and pulmonary trunk
      are demonstrated.

PMID- 2291321
TI  - [Evaluation of heart function using length-tension diagram in the clinical
      practice].
AB  - Simultaneous assessment of the myocardial contraction and hemodynamics showed
      that the absence of contraction-extension anomalies is the evidence of a current
      functional reserve of the cardiac muscle and depends on the external and internal
      factors. At the same time, a volume and resistance overload of the heart and
      myocardial ischemia are attended with simultaneous changes in the myocardial
      contraction, which testifies to a unified mechanism of circulation compensation.

PMID- 2291322
TI  - [Regulation of blood oxygen transport function in patients after open-heart
      surgery].
AB  - The oxygen transport function of the blood was studied in 223 patients in the
      early postoperative period after open-heart surgery, which included correction of
      acquired cardiac valve defects and aortocoronary bypass. The studied parameters
      comprised central hemodynamics, pulmonary gas exchange, oxygen supply and
      utilization, acid-base status, blood gas and lactate content, as well as
      erythrocytic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG); Boehringer Mannheim reagents (FRG)
      were used. The venous blood P50 was calculated using a Severinghaus device. It
      was found, that the Bohr effect and temperature changes are the major factors
      controlling the Hb affinity to oxygen. No coefficient modifications in pH and T
      were detected. Patients with cardiac and pulmonary disorders showed, along with
      the Bohr effect and temperature influences, an additional shift of the
      oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. A positive relationship was revealed between
      the 2,3-DPG level and standard P50 value. However, the coefficient was low
      (0.010) at 2,3-DPG and insufficiently stable. It is most probable, that 2,3-DPG
      mediates the buffer effect eliminating the drastic P50 deviations and is not
      completely responsible for additional ODC shifts in cardiopulmonary disorders. A
      quantitative relationship between hypoxia and Hb affinity to oxygen was revealed.
      The coefficient at SO2 Y varied from -0.0025 to -0.0030 by one percent of changes
      in the latter. Reduction in SO2 by 15 percent in cardiopulmonary patients was
      equivalent to the Bohr effect at a pH fall by 0.1 unit.

PMID- 2291323
TI  - [Automated assessment of the dynamics of blood circulation state in patients in
      the early period after open-heart surgery].

PMID- 2291324
TI  - [Possible mechanisms of pathogenetic relations between disorders of carbohydrate
      and lipid metabolism in the development of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes
      mellitus].

PMID- 2291325
TI  - [Formation of automated surgery data bank].
AB  - Stages of formation of an automated operation data bank (AODB) in the All-Union
      Surgery Centre AMS USSR are described. General structural characteristics of the
      functional AODB are specified together with the modes of processing the data
      supplied from the preoperative documentation. The documentation is described in a
      special language and can be easily modified. Analysis of the obtained information
      makes it possible to maintain regular surveillance over the status of the
      patient's body systems and over the actions of the surgical team at the
      anesthesia and operation stages. The retrieval system consists of separate tasks
      and may be extended when the need for new mathematical methods introduction into
      medical studies arises.

PMID- 2291326
TI  - [Monitoring of metabolism during artificial blood circulation in open-heart
      surgery].

PMID- 2291327
TI  - [Ceruloplasmin-transferrin antioxidant system in in experimental and clinical
      atherosclerosis].
AB  - The antioxidative system (AOS) ceruloplasmin-transferrin (Cp-Tr) was studied by
      means of electron paramagnetic resonance in 14 rabbits with experimental
      atherosclerosis and in 33 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). A
      correlation was found between the AOS Cp-Tr activity and the pathological process
      severity: mild disease was associated with high AOS activity, while in severe
      disease course, this activity was threefold lower. This regularity was detectable
      both in experimental animals and in human IHD patients. It was found that
      hemosorption (HS) exerted a positive effect only in the presence of low AOS Cp-Tr
      activity which increased after HS in these cases. In high AOS activity HS caused
      deterioration of the patients' condition and accumulation of lipid peroxidation
      products in the blood plasma; this was attended with lowering of the AOS Cp-Tr
      activity.

PMID- 2291328
TI  - [Assessment of fluid balance and several hemodynamic parameters in lung surgery
      using the method of impedance plethysmography].
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of different modes of controlled ventilation (CV) were
      studied by means of impedance plethysmography in 52 anesthetized patients during
      surgery on the lungs, trachea, and bronchi. To adapt this investigation technique
      to the conditions of the operating room, a specially designed device was applied
      for extracorporeal measurement of electric resistance of the blood flow. It was
      found that impaired transcapillary exchange of fluid in the lungs and its
      accumulation in the interstitial spaces were secondary to the operated lung
      collapse irrespective of the composition of the inhaled gas mixture used for the
      controlled ventilation of the contralateral lung. A differential approach to the
      ventilation of the dependent and independent lungs using the conventional and
      high-frequency CV modifications allows for an optimal compensation for the
      damaged transcapillary exchange of fluids in the lungs, is most physiological,
      sparing, and organ-saving.

PMID- 2291329
TI  - [High conduction block of the brachial plexus using axillary approach].
AB  - An original technique of the brachial plexus block from the axillary approach is
      presented. The recommended technique suggests introduction of a rigid catheter
      into the paraneural space of the plexus up to the level of the sternoclavicular
      triangle. This provides for a high efficacy of the anesthesia and prevents
      development of complications. The methodology was elaborated on the basis of
      anatomic (n = 20) and clinicoradiological (n = 29) studies. The clinical evidence
      was obtained from 115 anesthesias for long-term reconstructive and plastic
      operations on the upper limb. A protocol for conduction anesthesia maintenance by
      repeated administration of lidocaine, trimecaine, and bupivacaine solutions is
      offered.

PMID- 2291331
TI  - [Possibilities of using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in
      multicomponent analysis of the urine in glomerulonephritis].
AB  - Methodological approaches to investigation of low-molecular urine metabolites in
      health and glomerulonephritis (GN) by means of proton nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy (1H NMR) have been analysed. The ways to preserve and concentrate
      the urine samples by freezing and lyophilization for further storage and spectra
      quality improvement are substantiated. The method of the spectra treatment with
      calculation of relative levels of urine substances is detailed. The differences
      in the ratios of excreted low-molecular metabolites revealed in healthy subjects
      and GN patients in relation to the severity of chronic renal insufficiency
      confirm the feasibility of using the 1H NMR data of urine as diagnostic and
      predictive criteria in GN.

PMID- 2291330
TI  - [Methodological aspects of formation of groups at risk for cancer of the stomach
      and large intestine].
AB  - An algorithm for selection of groups at high risk of cancer of the stomach and
      colon has been developed with the aim of improving the diagnosis of these
      diseases in mass screening of the population. A multidimensional statistical
      analysis realized in MEDSTAT-85 programme package was used to identify the most
      informative risk factors and to formulate the regularity having these factors
      expressed in percent by weight. The proposed programme of targeted screening
      allows for rapid and effective selection of risk groups and, in combination with
      the conventional gastric and colon fluorography techniques, facilitates timely
      detection of gastric and colonic cancer.

PMID- 2291332
TI  - [Disorders of the oxygenating function of the lungs during open-heart surgery].
AB  - A retrospective analysis of arterial blood oxygenation during open-heart surgery
      in 463 patients revealed pulmonary oxygenation disorders in 23% prior to
      perfusion and in 49% in the post-perfusion period. The basic mechanism underlying
      the fall in arterial blood oxygenation is the increasing venous admixture in the
      lungs. A growth in the venous admixture in the post-perfusion period is brought
      about by a decreased total ventilation/perfusion ratio, increased alveolar
      shunting, and impaired diffusion. It was found, that the assisted ventilation
      regimen at +5+8 cm H2O in the post-perfusion period caused a 30% reduction in the
      venous admixture and improved the blood oxygenation. Additional use of diuretics
      to diminish the intrapulmonary water causes a 59% reduction in the venous
      admixture. A prophylactic pre-perfusion administration of corticosteroids,
      vitamin E, and protease inhibitors maintains the oxygenating function of the
      lungs, which is manifested in a higher blood oxygenation in these patients after
      assisted circulation compared to the controls.

PMID- 2291333
TI  - Binding of western equine encephalomyelitis virus to brush border fragments
      isolated from mesenteronal epithelial cells of mosquitoes.
AB  - Brush border fragments (BBF) were isolated from mesenteronal epithelial cells of
      mosquitoes that are either susceptible (WS Culex tarsalis) or refractory (WR Cx.
      tarsalis; Culex pipiens) to peroral infection by western equine encephalomyelitis
      (WEE) virus. The isolated BBF were combined with radiolabeled WEE virus in a
      binding assay to compare the amount of virus bound by BBF from susceptible and
      refractory mosquitoes. BBF and WEE virus were mixed in a microcentrifuge tube,
      incubated for 1 h and centrifuged at 27,000 X g-30 min to pellet WEE virus bound
      to BBF. Optimal binding occurred at pH 7.2, 20 degrees C and there was no
      requirement for divalent cations. BBF isolated from perorally susceptible
      mosquitoes (WS Cx. tarsalis) bound significantly greater amounts of radiolabeled
      WEE virus, compared to BBF isolated from refractory mosquitoes (WR Cx. tarsalis;
      Cx. pipiens), in all experiments. The binding of WEE virus to BBF from WS Cx.
      tarsalis appears to be specific, based on saturation and competitive binding
      studies; binding to BBF from WR Cx. tarsalis and Cx. pipiens is nonspecific.
      Scatchard analysis of the binding data for BBF from WS Cx. tarsalis yields an
      estimated 1.8-3.5 X 10(6) binding sites per mesenteronal epithelial cell with an
      affinity constant of (Ka) of 2.2 X 10(11) M-1.

PMID- 2291334
TI  - Recent advances in hepatitis A vaccine development.

PMID- 2291335
TI  - Interaction of African swine fever virus with macrophages.
AB  - Morphological data obtained by electron microscopy have shown that African swine
      fever virus adapted to VERO cells enters swine macrophages, its natural host
      cell, by a mechanism of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Binding studies with 3H
      labeled virus and competition experiments with UV-inactivated virus have shown
      that the virus entry that leads to a productive infection in swine macrophages is
      mediated by saturable binding sites on the plasma membrane. The virus also
      penetrated into rabbit macrophages that do not produce infectious virus and
      initiated the synthesis of some early viral proteins; however, the viral
      replication cycle was aborted since viral DNA synthesis did not occur. The
      interaction of ASF virus particles with rabbit macrophages was mediated by
      nonsaturable binding sites, suggesting that the lack of specific receptors in
      these cells may be related to the absence of a productive infection. A similar
      abortive infection was detected in macrophages from other virus-resistant animal
      species.

PMID- 2291336
TI  - [Persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn. The PFC syndrome].
AB  - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), initially described by
      Gersony et al as persistent foetal circulation (PFC syndrome), results from a
      flawed transition from foetal to extrauterine pulmonary circulation. It is
      characterised by the maintenance of a high pulmonary vascular resistance and
      right-to-left shunting through the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale. Infants
      with a wide variety of underlying clinical conditions develop PPHN. According to
      Rudolph three main anatomic types of PPHN can be identified: normal pulmonary
      vascular development increased pulmonary vascular smooth muscle development
      decreased cross-sectional area of pulmonary vascular bed. It is important to
      realize that several pathophysiologic mechanisms may coexist and interact.
      Besides metabolic and respiratory acidosis, hypercapnia and hypoxaemia some other
      factors induce pulmonary vasoconstriction. Thromboxane, leukotrienes and
      prostaglandins play a decisive role. Since PPHN can be associated with a broad
      spectrum of clinical conditions, a specific clinical picture is lacking. The baby
      is usually term or post-term, cyanotic immediately after birth or some hours
      later. Birth asphyxia, hyperviscosity, sepsis and aspiration of meconium have
      been recognized as predisposing factors. The diagnosis can be confirmed by
      echocardiography. Contrast echo will indicate right-to-left shunting with normal
      anatomy. Currently hyperventilation, tolazolin, chlorpromazin and
      dopamine/dobutamine have been advocated as central foci for clinical therapy.
      Recently prostacyclin was introduced as a specific pulmonary
      vasodilatator.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291338
TI  - [Follow-up study results and lung function changes following lung resection in
      childhood].
AB  - 101 patients were subjected to partial lung resection from 1962-1969 at the
      Division of Paediatric Surgery in the Department of Paediatrics of the University
      of Cologne. Follow-up examinations were performed in 38 patients. 24 patients
      were entirely without complaints, 9 had mild subjective complaints, and only 5
      patients stated they were suffering continually from dyspnoea. Lung function
      tests were conducted in all patients, revealing a significant drop in vital
      capacity as the number of resected segments increased. The intrathoracic gas
      volume expressed in percentage of the standard value increased significantly with
      the number of resected segments. The flow volume curves dropped with the number
      of resected segments, whereas the airway resistance increased. These studies show
      that lung resections are not always tolerated without restricted function even by
      children. Hence, lung resection should be performed with utmost discretion and
      only if absolutely necessary. This is all the more important since adjacent
      pulmonary tissue may also be involved in the pathological process due to the
      underlying disease.

PMID- 2291339
TI  - [Chronic intermittent duodenal obstruction in childhood].
AB  - Chronic intermittent duodenal obstruction caused by stenosis of the distal
      duodenum is a rare disease. Tight fixation of the ligament of Treitz, compression
      due to mesenteric lymphomatas or abnormal attachment of the mesocolon can cause
      intermittent impairment of intestinal passage. It will be necessary to
      differentiate this against genuine arterio-mesenteric duodenal obstruction as
      well as nerve motility disorders. History in the appropriate cases reports on
      postprandial episodes of regurgitation, sensation of fullness, nausea, vomiting
      and paroxysmal upper abdominal colicky pain. Radiograms always reveal
      gastroptosis and a varying degree of duodenal obstruction, usually with
      retroperistalsis. The passage is markedly delayed, with an impairment sometimes
      at the site of the duodenojejunal flexure. Therapy is always surgical. 8 own
      cases were cured by leftsided duodenal mobilisation according to Clairmont with
      additional caudad positioning and fixation of the duodenojejunal flexure.

PMID- 2291337
TI  - [Surgical strategies in thyroid gland diseases in childhood and adolescence].
AB  - In the Department of Paediatric Surgery of the University Hospital of Mainz and
      the Department of Paediatric Surgery of the University Hospital of Frankfurt/M 90
      children with thyroid gland lesions were operated on between 1970 and 1988. 78
      patients had benign findings and 12 had malignant tumours. The most frequent
      operative indication for benign lesions was the euthyroid goitre (57 patients).
      We found nodular goitre in 45 patients, cystic goitre in 11 patients, and diffuse
      goitre in only 1 patient. 20 children were suffering from hyperthyroidism (11
      with Basedow's disease, 9 with autonomy) and 1 from Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
      Among the malignant tumours, papillary carcinomas were the most frequent (5
      patients), followed by follicular carcinomas (2 patients) and C-cell carcinomas
      (2 patients), and 1 case each of C-cell hyperplasia, retothelial sarcoma and
      malignant lymphoma. The following operative interventions were necessary: Among
      the patients with the benign findings, 28 unilateral subtotal resections were
      done (17 right side and 11 left side). 24 lesions were enucleated, 24 goitres
      were subjected to subtotal bilateral resection; in 1 case subtotal resection on
      the right side and hemithyroidectomy on the left side was performed, and in one
      patient polresection was necessary. All the 12 patients with malignant tumours
      underwent thyroidectomy: In 4 cases one-step operations were done and in other 8
      cases multistep operations were performed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291340
TI  - [Extrahepatic bile duct atresia--an analytic assessment of prognostic factors.
      Contribution to a rational therapeutic approach].
AB  - "Extrahepatic bile duct atresias" must be classified into 4 histopathological
      groups according to their characteristic numerical, metrical and morphological
      alterations of interlobular bile ducts. A prospective study based on an
      observation period of 5 and more years included 43 patients with "extrahepatic
      biliary atresia". It showed that prognosis generally depends on 3 factors: the
      duration of cholestasis, the prehilar structure of the bile ducts, and the
      histopathologically defined features of the interlobular bile ducts. The total
      diameter of all the prehilar bile duct structures is unmistakably the most
      dominant of all findings. A total diameter of more than 400 microns indicates a
      favourable prognostic subtype, while a total diameter of less than 400 microns
      indicates an unfavourable prognostic subtype. However, even if the prognostically
      favourable type of findings is present, the actual prognosis is finally
      determined by the histopathological features of the interlobular bile ducts.
      Therefore, these 4 characteristic groups must be taken into consideration when
      rationally evaluating the prognosis.

PMID- 2291341
TI  - [A new mechanical anastomosis technique in deep anterior resection for
      Hirschsprung's disease in infancy].
AB  - Since 1987 we perform a new technique of colorectal anastomosis in 6 babies
      resected because of severe Hirschsprung's disease. The operation was done
      electively in the seventh to eight month of age. In the method of the so-called
      compression anastomosis the instrument is inserted through the anorectal canal at
      the head fitted with two plastic rings (see illustrations). In the rectal stump
      the instrument is opened up, the rectal bowel edge is slipped over the distal
      ring. The prepared proximal bowel edge is slipped over the second white coloured
      ring. The rings are approached to one another and the instrument is released. The
      knife on the inside cuts the bowel. The two rings are then joined by means of
      springs. The compression anastomosis is completed. The two bowel edges are joined
      by compression via the two intraluminal plastic rings. These rings will pass
      spontaneously with the faeces days after operation. The diameter of the rings is
      18 mm. Different diameters are available. Our good experiences in more than 160
      compression anastomoses in colorectal surgery of adults encouraged us to use the
      method also in children. We saw one complication of a rectovaginal fistula 4
      weeks after the operation followed by a severe stenosis of the anastomosis. The
      passing of the plastic rings was without any problem in all the cases. In the
      follow-up a bouginage was required only in the case mentioned above.

PMID- 2291342
TI  - Congenital nasopharyngeal teratoma in newborn: case report and review of
      literature.
AB  - A rare case of nasopharyngeal teratoma (epignathus) is described in a newborn
      female, presenting with life threatening respiratory embarrassment. Complete
      excision was achieved. The management and differential diagnosis are discussed,
      accompanied by a review of the literature.

PMID- 2291344
TI  - Malignant gastric teratoma in an infant.
AB  - Malignancy in gastric teratomas is extremely rare. Such teratomas are widely
      accepted and treated as benign lesions. A malignant gastric teratoma treated by
      total excision is presented. According to our knowledge, this is the second case
      of gastric teratoma having a malignant histology.

PMID- 2291343
TI  - [Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to vena cava obstruction].
AB  - Occlusive disease of the inferior vena cava is rare. The experiences of diagnosis
      and uncommon complications of bleeding in a case of a now 21-year-old male are
      reported. Real-time ultrasound examination and cavography are very useful for
      diagnosis and planing of surgical intervention. Causes of complete occlusion of
      the VCI in early childhood are malignant tumours or an abdominal mass. Usually
      cava-azygos collaterals may enlarge sufficiently. Normally, vertebral pathways
      with sufficient circulation prevent oedema of the limbs, bilateral varicoceles
      and caput medusae of the abdominal wall. The vasa vasorum or intrahepatic
      pathways rarely contribute to the collateral circulation. In the present case,
      varicosities of the duodenum caused intestinal bleeding. Neither treatment by
      resection nor a shunt procedure may promise definite relief if collateral veins
      are bleeding diffusely. Stenosis and occlusion of VCI and small shot-like ulcers
      above the varicosities of the duodenum were the major observations found in the
      case under discussion.

PMID- 2291345
TI  - [Diagnosis and primary surgical therapy of anorectal abnormalities with regard to
      postoperative incontinence].
AB  - Aspects relating to diagnosis of anorectal agenesis are covered in this paper,
      with reference being made to the author's patients at the Cologne Department of
      Paediatric Surgery. Accurate preoperative diagnosis of both the type of
      malformation relative to anatomic pelvic floor structures and of possible
      concomitant malformations is considered to be the key to subsequent optimal
      continence. Proper choice of an anatomy-correlated, individual surgical approach
      is possible only on the basis of accurate analysis of the malformation concerned
      and its correct assignment and classification according to Wingspread or Rehbein.
      Optimum continence has proved to depend also on involvement of a surgeon with
      profound experience in and with all forms of anorectal malformations as well as
      on subtle approach accompanied by uninterrupted electrostimulation to identify
      muscular structures. Yet, even with all those prerequisites optimally satisfied,
      about 25 percent of all patients with severe anorectal malformations must be
      expected not to achieve continence. This may be attributable to one or several of
      the following causes: The muscular structures applied may be too hypoplastic and
      thus may fail to develop sufficient sphincter functionality. Postoperative
      management may be insufficiently careful and cause atrophy of muscle equivalents
      restored in the first place. Continence may be difficult or even impossible to
      achieve for concomitant sacral or urogenital malformations. Application of
      colostomy should be avoided in any case, and advantage should be taken, first of
      all, of all possible ways and means described in this paper for restoration of
      sphincter action.

PMID- 2291346
TI  - [Complications caused by remnants of the omphalomesenteric duct].
AB  - 31 cases of complicated remnants of the omphalomesenteric duct are reviewed. In
      particular mechanical just as often as inflammatory complications are noted.
      There was a predominance of male infants with a mean age of 3.5 years. Surgery is
      recommended even for still non complicated Meckel's diverticula in childhood.
      There was no mortality.

PMID- 2291348
TI  - [Experiences with nesidioblastosis].
AB  - Highly differentiated processes relating to insulin-generating cells of the
      endocrine pancreas are covered by the term of nesidioblastosis. The disease is
      primarily characterised by persistent hypoglycaemia, and it affects newborns and
      young infants. Diffuse nesidioblastosis is predominant, as compared to focal
      processes. So called ductulo-insular complexes are characteristic
      immunohistochemical manifestations. While dietary and medicamentous therapies
      (diazoxide) usually failed to be effective, surgical removal so far has worked
      better than any other approach (subtotal and total pancreatectomy). Adequate
      early diagnosis should be established and pancreatectomy performed even before
      irreversible cerebral damage is caused by glucose deficit. Operations for
      subtotal or total pancreatectomy were performed on five children with
      nesidioblastosis at the Department of Paediatric Surgery in Erfurt, over the last
      two years. Epilepsy continued to be manifest in one of the five. Success
      eventually depends on close cooperation between paediatrics and paediatric
      surgery.

PMID- 2291349
TI  - [Surgically relevant problems of chronic hemodialysis in childhood].
AB  - It is reported about 100 children undergo chronic hemodialysis. The most frequent
      operation is to get a sufficient vascular access. The Cimino-fistula is the best
      access. There is no more any regularly indication creating a Scribner-Shunt. The
      nephrectomy as also a frequent operation is complicated by bleeding. To cure the
      renal osteopathy total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation is used.
      Gastritis, pancreatitis and disturbance of bowel movement are seen. The
      enhancement of renal transplantation will help to diminish mortality of patients
      undergoing hemodialysis.

PMID- 2291347
TI  - [Complications of colostomy in childhood].
AB  - The complications of 86 colostomies in 70 patients are reported. The most
      frequent indications were necrotizing enterocolitis and Hirschsprung's disease.
      More than half of the children were less than one week of age at the time of
      surgery. Most frequently transverse colostomies were performed. Most colostomies
      existed for 1-3 months. In 58% of the children no complications occurred, which
      could be attributed to the colostomy. Thus, the complication rate of the
      colostomies was 42%. The most common complications were strictures, adhesions
      with bowel obstruction, enterocutaneous fistulae, occasionally leading to abscess
      formation, and candida mycosis.

PMID- 2291350
TI  - [The clinical relevance of the dynamics of ventricular changes in surgically
      treated hydrocephalus of children with myelomeningocele].
AB  - The normalisation of head circumference and ventricular dilatation are aims of
      the therapy of hydrocephalus. Sonographic follow-up after ventriculo-peritoneal
      shunt demonstrates a changed ventricular morphology and inform about clinical
      relevant questions in regard of effectivity and complications of the shunt. The
      different morphological development of liquor systems in spite of comparable
      premises is discussed on the base of 47 children with myelomeningoceles.

PMID- 2291351
TI  - [Dorsal dystopic stenotic anus with rectovaginal fistula].

PMID- 2291352
TI  - [A new technique for intestinal anastomosis in surgery of newborn infants].
AB  - Through a cuff-like resection of different intestinal wall layers an intramural
      step-like and edge-to-edge-sutured anastomosis can be performed without any
      tendency of narrowing. In segments with different lumen, in combination with a
      lobed resection from the distal segment this technique has a good advantage
      because the sutures are not lying upon each other.

PMID- 2291353
TI  - [Clinical basic documentation in surgery].
AB  - Clinical basic documentation allows a cost lowering and personal saving
      application of modern data processing technology within the clinical routine. The
      concept presented in this article has been successful for ten years. Soon after
      its installation this documentation provides its user with valuable data for
      internal quality control. Listings of diagnosis, surgical procedures, length of
      stay and frequencies of complications can be created without extensive knowledge
      of data processing and computer programming. Based on this concept special
      documentations for statistical analysis of certain patient groups or diseases are
      easily established.

PMID- 2291354
TI  - [The small intestine as a source of hemorrhage. A graduated protocol for
      diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - Within 21 years, 18 patients with acute small bowel hemorrhage were treated. Our
      results of pre- and intraoperative diagnostic procedures are reviewed critically.
      Based on bleeding activity and patient age, a decision tree for efficient
      diagnosis and therapy is proposed.

PMID- 2291355
TI  - Stoma construction and care.
AB  - Preparation and construction of an entero- or urostomy respective to type
      requires attention to detail. The preparation of ileostomy, colostomy and ileal
      conduit is described. Aspects of training the patient, postoperative stoma care
      and rehabilitation are discussed.

PMID- 2291356
TI  - [Retroperitoneal duodenal rupture].

PMID- 2291357
TI  - A proposal for intraoperative washout of colon for the endoscopic diagnosis of
      the lower gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage.
AB  - The authors refer about a proposal for an intraoperative wash-out of colon in
      order to improve the endoscopic diagnosis of the bleeding's precise site in case
      of lower gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage. The colonic wash-out is obtained by
      the transanal insertion of a Baker type silicone tube this is guided by the
      surgeon up to the caecum followed by the insertion of the colonoscope. This
      method turned out useful in one case of haemorrhagic shock.

PMID- 2291358
TI  - [Appendicitis from an epidemiological viewpoint].
AB  - A general CDR-wide account is given in this paper of hospitalised treatment,
      frequent of operations, and lethality of appendicitis. Hospitalised treatment
      declined from 97.208 to 52.814 cases, i.e. by 46 percent, between 1971 and 1988.
      In 1988, ratios were 30.7 top 10,000 males and 32.7 to 10,000 females. The ratio
      of surgery was 21 to 10,000, with declining trend. Hence, about one third of all
      hospitalised patients were cases for observation rather than treatment. The
      decline has been attributable to more stringent criteria for surgery. Decline in
      frequency of operations has been accompanied by reduction in lethality and
      mortality. Overall lethality of acute forms of appendicitis has been 0.4 percent
      in 1988, which was primarily attributable to improvement of therapeutic methods.
      The mortality rate to 10,000 inhabitants is 0.15.

PMID- 2291359
TI  - [Surgical indications in persistent atelectasis in early childhood].
AB  - Between 1980 and 1989 46 lung resections were performed in 45 children (0-9 years
      of age) for recurrent or persistent "atelectasis". Indications for surgery were
      intralobar sequestration (6), bronchial malformations and stenoses (7), chronic
      pneumonia following infection or aspiration (11), bronchiectases (4), pyocele
      associated with pulmonary artery ligation (1), upper lobe torsion (1),
      compression by cysts (6) or lobar emphysema (10). Overall mortality: 4/45 (2 of
      them within 4 weeks postoperatively) secondary to long-term artificial
      ventilation and associated or intercurrent disturbances.

PMID- 2291360
TI  - [Are there new aspects in thoracic surgery in children?].
AB  - A comparison was made between the operations of the respiratory tract in
      childhood and their associated bronchological examinations were analyzed and also
      there were other kinds of indication for examination and operation. The surgical
      therapy of abnormalities has the priority.

PMID- 2291361
TI  - [Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations with communication to the esophagus].
AB  - Congenital abnormal communications between separated pulmonary tissue and the
      oesophagus are rarities. Only about 50 cases have been reported in the
      literature. For all different forms the term of bronchopulmonary foregut
      malformation (BPFM) was first applied by Gerle and his coworkers in 1968. Major
      symptoms of this condition involved respiratory distress, cough, dyspnea,
      vomiting and repeated pneumonia. This paper presents reports of two own patients.
      In both cases was confirmed a bronchopulmonary foregut malformation in the lower
      right thorax with ectopic main bronchus communicating into the distal oesophagus.
      According to the literature we describe our own experience and discuss
      embryologic pathogenesis and surgical consequences for children.

PMID- 2291362
TI  - [Therapy of human thoracic actinomycosis].
AB  - 9 cases of thoracic actinomycosis are analysed with regard to their antibiotic
      therapy. On account of sensibility of the bacteria and the pharmaco-kinetics of
      the antibiotics the therapy with Ampicillin in high doses is recommended for
      relatively short time. This therapy should be performed in any case before
      surgical measures.

PMID- 2291363
TI  - [The diagnosis of pleural effusion using thoracoscopy].
AB  - By analysis the results of thoracoscopy in 57 patients suffering from pleural
      effusion of unknown cause in the Surgical Department of Marienhospital Herne, it
      is clear that we can reach the exact diagnosis in 98% of these patients by this
      examination, which can be done in local anaesthesia with little complications. In
      the same time the histological examination of the tissue and the cytological
      examination of the effusion make the diagnosis sure and in the same time improved
      the complaints of the patients by removing of effusion.

PMID- 2291364
TI  - [Penetrating thoracic injuries. Report of experience in 20 patients].
AB  - It is told about twenty penetrating wounds of thorax in the last ten years. They
      deal with twelve stab wounds, five gunshot wounds and three impalement wounds.
      The organic lesions are dominated by wounds of lung. Drainage of thorax is chosen
      as therapy in uncomplicated cases. Thoracotomy was necessary in 6 cases, 5 of
      them were urgent.

PMID- 2291365
TI  - [Primary pulmonary paraganglioma].

PMID- 2291366
TI  - [Thoracopulmonary actinomycosis--an unusual disease].

PMID- 2291367
TI  - [Irradiation following Wertheim-Meigs surgery?].

PMID- 2291368
TI  - [Sialic acid concentrations in blood samples as well as in cyst and peritoneal
      fluid in patients with ovarian cysts and cystic ovarian tumors].
AB  - It should be solved the question if the estimation of the TSA-concentrations in
      various body fluids of patients with ovarian tumour like conditions (n = 11), and
      benign (n = 28) and malignant (n = 25) cystic ovarian tumours can be used as a
      tumour marker with an additional clinical information. The determination of the
      concentrations were carried out in blood sera, cyst and peritoneal fluids. The
      periodate-thiobarbituric acid-assay was used to measure the TSA-contents. The
      sensitivity of pre-therapy TSA-concentrations in serum for malignant cystic
      ovarian tumours is 0.59 at a prevalence of 0.55; the specificity has a value of
      0.79. There is no improvement of clinical validity through a pre-therapy
      TSA/total protein (TP)-ratio in serum (sensitivity 0.41; specificity 0.71). There
      are no useful clinical data of simultaneous estimation in serum, tumour cystic
      and peritoneal fluids of the same patient.

PMID- 2291369
TI  - [A quantitative ELISA for the measurement of class-specific anti-spermatozoa
      antibodies].
AB  - A class-specific ELISA for the quantitative determination of anti-spermatozoal
      antibodies is described. The intra-assay variation at the lowest standard
      concentration for anti-spermatozoal-IgG- and anti-spermatozoal-IgA-specific
      measurements was 6%. The test possessed an inter-assay variation at the lowest
      standard concentration in case of the anti-spermatozoal-IgG-determination of 9%
      and for anti-spermatozoal-IgA-determinations of 8.5%. With this ELISA 5.7% anti
      spermatozoal-IgAs and 11.3% anti-spermatozoal-IgGs were identified in sera of a
      group of infertile females (N = 53). A collective of anti-spermatozoal antibody
      positive sera, identified by an anti-spermatozoal antibody ELISA measuring total
      immunoglobulins was subjected to an investigation with the class-specific ELISA.
      The proportion of anti-spermatozoal-IgAs (54%) was significantly lower than that
      of anti-spermatozoal-IgAs (78%). Interestingly, no correlation was observed
      between the parameters IgA and IgG in antispermatozoal positive sera (r = 0.139).

PMID- 2291370
TI  - [Cycloplatin (LACHEMA) in ovarian carcinoma. Results of a registered study].
AB  - A short report is given on the first results of the Carboplatin registration
      trial in ovarian cancer. CR 3/10 pat. PR 4/10 pat. remission time 10 ms in
      average. In comparison with cisplatin the efficacy is similar. The side effects
      are different particularly the bone marrow was more affected in contrast to
      cisplatin. The nephrotoxic side effects can be neglected.

PMID- 2291371
TI  - [Screening of potential diabetic patients with fasting plasma glucose and oral
      glucose tolerance test].
AB  - Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a frequent complication in pregnancy and
      occurs with an incidence of about 1.5%. The condition is related to an increased
      perinatal morbidity and mortality, which can be reduced by treatment. Therefore
      screening is indicated. The potential diabetics were examined twice with fasting
      plasma glucose (F-PG) and when F-Pg was greater than or equal to 4.1 mmol/l one
      or several 75 g's oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed. Going
      through 3421 case reports we found 8% potential diabetics. Four % were examined
      with F-PG and OGTT whereby we found 1.2% women with GDM. Previous GDM, obesity,
      positive family history for diabetes and glucosuria were important risk factors,
      whereas actual or earlier birth of a heavy baby seemed to be a little importance.
      We propose, that the F-PG cut-off point to carry out the OGTT can be raised to
      4.6 mmol/l. If one only uses F-PG, then it should be measured after 31th, week of
      gestation, as most cases of abnormal OGTT occurs at that time.

PMID- 2291372
TI  - [Primary metastasizing fallopian tube carcinoma. Case report and overview of
      current therapy].
AB  - Case report a primary metastasizing carcinoma of the fallopian tube with radical
      operation and 4 cycles of antineoplastic chemotherapy (cisplatin and treosulfan).
      Tumor markers decreased to normal level following primary treatment and the first
      chemotherapy cycle. After six months we did and immunoscintigraphy and second
      look-laparotomy including the Regaj-procedure. There was a histological complete
      remission. Additionally we give a review about cytostatic treatment of this
      cancer the last then years. Radical operation combined with adjuvant chemotherapy
      is said to be successful.

PMID- 2291373
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of a double outlet right ventricle (DORV) using *doppler
      echocardiography with subsequent observation of intrauterine heart failure].
AB  - Doppler echocardiography was used for the prenatal diagnosis of a double outlet
      right ventricle and coarctation of the aorta in the 30th week of pregnancy. Heart
      failure with intrauterine death was observed during blood flow measurements. End
      diastolic loss of flow velocity in the umbilical artery and fetal aorta occurred
      first and was followed by total loss of flow in both vessels, although
      ineffective contractions of the heart were recorded for a further three minutes.
      We conclude that a lock of end-diastolic flow velocity in the aorta may not only
      be due to strong placental resistance but can also be caused by a heart defect of
      by impaired cardiac function. The four-chamber-view approach makes an accurate
      prenatal diagnosis of severe congenital heart defects possible.

PMID- 2291374
TI  - [Colorectal carcinoma and substitution hormone treatment in menopause].

PMID- 2291375
TI  - Spatial features of vibrotactile masking effects on airpuff-elicited sensations
      in the human hand.
AB  - It was recently shown that the cutaneous sensitivity to airpuffs is decreased by
      a low-frequency vibrotactile masker in the hairy skin, and by a low-frequency but
      especially by a high-frequency masker in the glabrous skin. In the current study,
      the spatial features of this masking effect were determined in four healthy human
      subjects, using a reaction time paradigm. The masking effect decreased
      monotonically with increasing interstimulus distance, and identically in
      longitudinal and transverse (i.e., lateral) directions in the palm or dorsal
      surface of the hand. The masking effect was stronger in the glabrous than in the
      hairy skin, especially in the fingers. In the glabrous skin, the spread of
      masking effect produced by a high-frequency masker was more extensive than that
      produced by a low-frequency masker. The mechanical spread of high-frequency
      vibration was less extensive than that of low-frequency vibration in the skin. In
      the glabrous skin, a masker applied to the tip of the finger produced a stronger
      masking effect on sensations in the base of the finger than when the masker was
      located at the base and the test stimulus was located at the tip. It is concluded
      that mechanical spread of vibration in the skin is of minor importance in
      explaining the masking effects. Different peripheral neural mechanisms underlie
      the airpuff-elicited sensations in the hairy and glabrous skin. The afferent
      inhibitory mechanisms are stronger for signals coming from the glabrous skin of
      the fingers than for signals coming from the hairy skin. Furthermore, the
      peripheral innervation density and size of the cortical representational areas
      may be of importance in determining the magnitude of the masking effect.

PMID- 2291376
TI  - Intersubnuclear connections within the rat trigeminal brainstem complex.
AB  - Prior intracellular recording and labeling experiments have documented local
      circuit and projection neurons in the spinal trigeminal (V) nucleus with axons
      that arborize in more rostral and caudal spinal trigeminal subnuclei and nucleus
      principalis. Anterograde tracing studies were therefore carried out to assess the
      origin, extent, distribution, and morphology of such intersubnuclear axons in the
      rat trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex (TBNC). Phaseolus vulgaris
      leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) was used as the anterograde marker because of its high
      sensitivity and the morphological detail provided. Injections restricted to TBNC
      subnucleus caudalis resulted in dense terminal labeling in each of the more
      rostral ipsilateral subnuclei. Subnucleus interpolaris projected ipsilaterally
      and heavily to magnocellular portions of subnucleus caudalis, as well as
      subnucleus oralis and nucleus principalis. Nucleus principalis, on the other
      hand, had only a sparse projection to each of the caudal ipsilateral subnuclei.
      Intersubnuclear axons most frequently traveled in the deep bundles within the
      TBNC, the V spinal tract, and the reticular formation. They gave rise to a number
      of circumscribed, highly branched arbors with many boutons of the terminal and en
      passant types. Retrograde single- or multiple-labeling experiments assessed the
      cells giving rise to TBNC intersubnuclear collaterals. Horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP) and/or fluorescent tracer injections into the thalamus, colliculus,
      cerebellum, nucleus principalis, and/or subnucleus caudalis revealed large
      numbers of neurons in subnuclei caudalis, interpolaris, and oralis projecting to
      the region of nucleus principalis. Cells projecting to more caudal spinal
      trigeminal regions were most numerous in subnuclei interpolaris and oralis. Some
      cells in lamina V of subnucleus caudalis and in subnuclei interpolaris and oralis
      projected to thalamus and/or colliculus, as well as other TBNC subnuclei. Such
      collateral projections were rare in nucleus principalis and more superficial
      laminae of subnucleus caudalis. TBNC cells labeled by cerebellar injections were
      not double-labeled by tracer injections into the thalamus, colliculus, or TBNC.
      These findings lend generality to currently available data obtained with
      intracellular recording and HRP labeling methods, and suggest that most
      intersubnuclear axons originate in TBNC local-circuit neurons, though some
      originate in cells that project to midbrain and/or diencephalon.

PMID- 2291377
TI  - Central representation of dental structures in the kitten, including projections
      to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus.
AB  - Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into either a single maxillary or a
      single mandibular primary (deciduous) cuspid tooth of 8- to 10-week-old kittens.
      The large apex of the primary cuspid allowed for some leakage of the HRP from the
      pulpal chamber to the periodontal ligament (PDL). Thus, the injection procedure
      resulted in the application of HRP to the PDL as well as to the pulpal tissues.
      The transganglionic transport of HRP resulted in discrete terminal fields within
      the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) and the main sensory nucleus (MSN). These
      projections were clearly somatotopically organized within the STN, but less so
      within MSN. Within pars oralis (PO) and pars interpolaris (PI), mandibular cuspid
      dental structures (MdCDS) were represented in a dorsal position relative to the
      maxillary cuspid dental structures (MxCDS), whereas within pars caudalis (PC) and
      the adjacent reticular formation the somatotopic representation was not
      dorsoventral, but rather mediolateral, with the MdCDS represented more medially
      than the MxCDS. Areas of overlap between MxCDS and MdCDS were found within MSN
      and to a lesser degree within the superficial laminae of PC. In addition, the
      fiber pathway leading to labeled somata in the mesencephalic trigeminal (Mes V)
      nucleus was clearly identified. The majority of the fibers traced to the Mes V
      nucleus exited the spinal trigeminal tract at the level of the transition from PO
      to the MSN and traversed the nuclear region in a position dorsal to and separate
      from the trigeminal motor tract. As in STN, fibers within the caudal Mes V tract
      appeared to be somatotopically organized, with the fibers from the MdCDS
      generally more dorsal than the ones from the MxCDS. Labeled fibers, some with
      terminal arbors, were also identified in close association with the trigeminal
      motor tract. The findings show a complex pattern of central representation in the
      immature feline central nervous system for deciduous dental structures.

PMID- 2291378
TI  - Repetitive microstimulation alters the cortical representation of movements in
      adult rats.
AB  - In order to examine the effects of repetitive stimulation on functional cortical
      organization, standard intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) techniques were used
      to generate maps of movement representations in motor cortex of rat. After
      identification of caudal and rostral forelimb fields and adjacent vibrissae and
      neck fields, one or more representational borders were defined in greater detail.
      Then a microelectrode was introduced into one of these representational fields,
      and ICMS current pulses were delivered at a rate of 1/sec for 1 to 3 hr.
      Following repetitive ICMS, significant changes in movement representations were
      observed using current levels that were either suprathreshold or subthreshold for
      evoking the site-specific movement. Electromyographic activity could be evoked at
      suprathreshold and near-threshold current levels, but not at the subthreshold
      current levels used here. Significant border shifts ranged from 210 to 670
      microns. In each case in which shifts occurred, there appeared to be expansion of
      the movement represented at the repetitively stimulated site. The effects were
      progressive and reversible. These results suggest that at least under these
      unusual experimental circumstances, large representational changes can be
      generated very rapidly within motor cortex in the absence of any evident
      peripheral feedback.

PMID- 2291379
TI  - Topographic organization of baboon primary motor cortex: face, hand, forelimb,
      and shoulder representation.
AB  - (1) The fine details of the motor organization of the forelimb, face, and tongue
      representation of the baboon (Papio h. anubis) primary motor cortex were studied
      in four adult animals, using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). (2) A total
      of 293 electrode penetrations were made. ICMS was delivered to 10,052 sites, and
      of these, 6,186 sites were verified to have been located within the grey matter.
      Motor effects were evoked from 30% of these sites. (3) The baboon motor cortex is
      confined, in large part, to the cortical tissue lying along the anterior bank of
      the central sulcus. When the electrode penetrations were confined to the
      precentral gyrus, few sites were capable of evoking movement when stimulated by
      currents of 40 microA or less. (4) The details of the motor maps varied among the
      four animals; nonetheless, a general topographic organization existed, with the
      tongue musculature being represented most laterally, followed by a medial
      progression of the face, digits, wrist, forearm, and shoulder. Within the
      representation of a given body part, the muscles were organized as a mosaic,
      wherein the same muscle was multiply represented. (5) A zone of unresponsive
      cortex was observed to lie consistently between the face and forelimb
      representation in all four animals. Repeated electrode penetrations within the
      unresponsive zone failed to elicit muscle contractions even with stimulating
      currents as high as 80 microA. (6) Our results suggest that the baboon motor
      cortex is topographically organized; however, embedded within this overall
      pattern lies a fine-grained mosaic incorporating multiple representations of the
      same muscle.

PMID- 2291380
TI  - [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. History and importance today].
AB  - ERS-related methods have been used since ancient times. Its scientific basis was
      disclosed in the 18th century, subsequently forgotten and rediscovered in the
      19th century. Fahraeus and his scholar Westergren finally popularized the method.
      The ESR is a simple test which is determined by a complex interaction of various
      factors. It is suited predominantly as a screening method for inflammatory
      diseases. Tests that are easier to interpret, like plasma viscosity, have (so
      far?) not substituted ESR in German speaking countries.

PMID- 2291381
TI  - [The role of anticardiolipin antibodies in the pathogenesis of arterial and
      venous thromboses].
AB  - Antiphospholipid-antibodies such as the anticardiolipin-antibodies may lead to a
      biological false positive test for syphilis. Numerous clinical studies have shown
      an augmented incidence of both arterial and venous thrombosis in patients with
      increased serum levels of these antibodies. Most of the trials were case reports
      of patients with lupus erythematodes. The results of prospective studies on the
      importance of these antibodies in patients with thrombosis but without autoimmune
      disorders were, however, somewhat contradictory. In vitro, several explanations
      for the development of thrombosis by the antibodies exist: inhibition of
      prostacyclin, prekallikrein, thrombomodulin, interaction with coagulation factors
      and/or antithrombin III and damage of thrombocytes. In contrast, experimental
      studies on isolated blood vessels show that IgM-anticardiolipin-antibodies evoke
      endothelium-independent relaxations and therefore may prevent vasospasm and
      thrombosis.

PMID- 2291382
TI  - [Acute upper airway obstruction caused by cervical hematoma as a complication of
      an internal jugular vein catheter].
AB  - 4 cases of inadvertent puncture of the common carotid artery following
      unsuccessful puncture of the internal jugular vein leading to a massive cervical
      hematoma are described. In all cases, acute upper airway obstruction required
      immediate intubation.

PMID- 2291384
TI  - The International Tore Nilson Symposium dedicated to Martin H:son Holmdahl. 1989.

PMID- 2291383
TI  - Bacteria causing respiratory infections in children and their sensitivity to
      antibiotics.
AB  - The author lists the most frequent bacterial agents isolated from the nose and
      pharynx samples of children that visited the Child Health Centre from 1983 to
      1986. The gram-positive bacteria found most often were: Staphylococcus aureus
      (44% in 1983, 40% in 1986). Streptococcus pneumoniae (6% in 1983, 12% in 1986),
      and Streptococcus haemolyticus of group "A" (14% in 1983, 19% in 1986). The
      isolated gram-negative bacteria were: E. coli (14%), Klebsiella enterobacter
      (8%), and Proteus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2 to 4% [4, 6, 7, 16]).
      According to the author's analyses Staphylococcus aureus is highly sensitive to
      cloxacilline (96%, no changes in the 4-year period), then to sulphametoxasol
      trimetropin (95%), to lincomycine (85% no change), while to penicillin it is
      entirely resistant. Streptococcus pneumoniae proved sensitive to ampicillin,
      lincocine and erythromycin (96%), to cephalosporins (83%) and to sulphamides
      (85%). Streptococcus haemolyticus from group "A" reacted to penicillin
      excellently. The greatest sensitivity to gram-negative bacteria E. coli related
      to aminoglycosides (97%), sulphonamides (96%), chloramphenicol (91%), and to
      cephalosporines (90%, in 1986 only 60%). Klebsiella enterobacter reacted to
      aminoglycosides (97%), sulphonamides (92%) and chloramphenicol (83%) and
      Pseudomonas to aminoglycosides (95%), gentamycin (92%), while to cephalosporines
      and ampicillin preparations it proved totally resistant.

PMID- 2291385
TI  - Gas exchange during anaesthesia.

PMID- 2291386
TI  - Mechanics of the lung and chest wall.

PMID- 2291387
TI  - Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2291388
TI  - Flow resistance in anesthesia.

PMID- 2291389
TI  - Deadspace during anaesthesia.
AB  - Deadspace is defined in terms of the efficiency of the lung in eliminating carbon
      dioxide. The airway deadspace is the volume of the airway in which gas moves
      chiefly by convection. The alveolar deadspace is caused by ventilation/perfusion
      inequalities at the alveolar level. The commonest causes of increased alveolar
      deadspace are airways disease--smoking, bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. Other
      causes include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypotension, and ARDS. In addition,
      right-to-left shunting (cyanotic heart disease, atelectasis) causes an apparent
      or virtual deadspace, which, although not representing non-perfusion of any
      compartment, nevertheless reduces the efficiency of ventilation.

PMID- 2291390
TI  - The pulmonary circulation during mechanical ventilation.

PMID- 2291392
TI  - New techniques of respiratory support.

PMID- 2291391
TI  - Cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation: advanced and prolonged life support with
      emergency cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2291393
TI  - The place of intra-arterial cannulation in clinical research.

PMID- 2291395
TI  - Two early Swedish contributions to the understanding of lung ventilation during
      anaesthesia. Special lecture 1989-09-28.

PMID- 2291394
TI  - Cocaine, catecholamines and cardiac toxicity.

PMID- 2291396
TI  - Isoelectric focusing herpes simplex virus-gB overlay study in brainstem
      encephalitis.
AB  - We report a case of herpetic brainstem encephalitis (HBE) retrospectively
      diagnosed in adult patient. Conventional immunovirological studies failed to
      disclose the etiology of this patient's affection. An isoelectric focusing
      antigen overlay (IEF-O) technique showed that the target of one of the four
      cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands was herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1
      glycoprotein B, indicating a specific anti-HSV immunoresponse restricted to the
      CNS. IEF-O may represent a useful support for in vivo diagnosis of HBE.

PMID- 2291397
TI  - Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 (HMSN1) associated with cranial
      neuropathy: an autopsy case report.
AB  - A family with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 (HMSN1) is reported.
      Three patients suffered only pupillary abnormality, two patients showed Adie's
      syndrome and peripheral neuropathy, and one had cranial neuropathy. Adie's
      syndrome and severe peripheral neuropathy. Autopsy of the latter revealed
      reduction of myelinated nerve fibers in the trigeminal, facial and hypoglossal
      nerves. There was extensive degeneration of the posterior column of the spinal
      cord. At the anterior horns, loss of motor neurons was observed, particularly at
      the lumbar level. The anterior and posterior roots showed loss of myelinated
      fibers. HMSN1 is only rarely associated with cranial neuropathy, and this is
      probably the first autopsy-proved case.

PMID- 2291398
TI  - Rehabilitation and achieved health quality after stroke. A population-based study
      of 258 hospitalized cases followed for one year.
AB  - In a prospective population-based study rehabilitation outcome and achieved
      health quality was followed in consecutive hospitalized stroke patients after 3,
      6 and 12 months. The study group comprised 258 patients (125 men and 133 women)
      admitted during the period February 1st 1986-January 31st 1987. Most (76%) had
      major stroke and 24% had minor stroke. Stroke occurred predominantly among the
      elderly; 74% were greater than or equal to 70 years and 38% greater than or equal
      to 80 years. The case-fatality rate was 11% during the acute phase and 27% after
      one year. Of all patients 49% returned to their own homes, 2% moved into an old
      people's home and 38% were referred to institutions. Age of the patient and
      severity of the stroke influenced on the survival rates and on the discharge
      pattern. The amount of patients living in their own homes increased steadily with
      time. At discharge and after 3, 6 and 12 months 49, 54, 58, 56% of all patients
      and 54, 66, 73 and 77% of the survivors respectively were living at home, whereas
      38, 22, 15 and 10% of all patients and 43, 27, 19 and 14% of the survivors were
      in institutions at the corresponding time periods. The remaining survivors were
      living in an old people's home. The major recovery of functional ability occurred
      within the first 3-6 months. At 3, 6 and 12 months 80, 82 and 81% of the
      surviving patients were able to walk indoors independently.

PMID- 2291399
TI  - High-dose intravenous-penicillin in neurosyphilis: effect on intrathecal
      synthesis of IgG, IgM, IgA and IgD.
AB  - We evaluated occurrence and levels of intrathecal synthesis of IgG, IgM, IgA and
      IgD by calculating corresponding index values in 8 patients with definite and 4
      with suspected or possible neurosyphilis, prior to, during and after high-dose
      intravenous penicillin therapy. Four patients with active neurosyphilis displayed
      intrathecal synthesis of IgG, IgM and IgA. Only 2 of them showed elevated IgD
      index, and both had taboparesis, pleocytosis and positive VDRL in CSF, and
      simultaneous elevation of the IgG, IgA and especially of the IgM indices. This
      suggests that intrathecal synthesis of IgD may occur in patients with severe CNS
      inflammation in response to diffuse CNS treponemal damage. Penicillin therapy
      incited transitory elevation of one or more of the immunoglobulin index values in
      most patients, possibly in response to massive treponemal lysis inside the CNS.
      Thereafter, the values became mostly normalized but exceptions occurred,
      including one patient who had elevated IgG and IgM index which persisted 31
      months after therapy. Our data indicate that determinations of immunoglobulin
      indices performed on consecutive specimens from individual patients with
      neurosyphilis may be helpful in the evaluation of treatment.

PMID- 2291400
TI  - Biochemical and morphological studies of skeletal muscle in experimental chronic
      alcoholic myopathy.
AB  - Experimental alcoholic myopathy was induced in rats by a combination of prolonged
      alcohol intake (mean 15.3 g ethanol/kg/day for up to 10 weeks) and a short fast.
      In view of literature evidence for impairment of both glycolytic and oxidative
      metabolism in alcoholic myopathy, we combined histological and histochemical
      observations with biochemical studies comprising assay of all glycolytic enzymes
      and measurement of respiration rates and cytochrome content in isolated intact
      mitochondria. The predominant histological finding was Type IIb fibre atrophy,
      while levels of the glycolytic enzymes aldolase, pyruvate kinase and lactate
      dehydrogenase were significantly depressed. Evidence of rhabdomyolysis was seen
      in a minority of animals. Mean mitochondrial respiratory rates were significantly
      lower with the Site I substrate glutamate in alcohol-treated animals. It is
      postulated that chronic alcoholic myopathy is associated with glycolytic
      deficiency and that acute rhabdomyolysis may arise from a superimposed
      mitochondrial failure, resulting in a severe energy crisis in muscle.

PMID- 2291401
TI  - Pupillary function in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Eighteen MS patients with visual acuity of 20/30 or better and without recent
      visual complaints, and 14 age- and sex-matched controls were studied by TV
      pupillography. The response amplitude and the maximum rate of pupillary
      constriction or dilation of the light, dark, accommodation and ciliospinal
      reflexes were unchanged. The latency of the pupillary light response (PLR),
      however, was prolonged and closely related to walking performance (R = 0.76; p
      less than 0.001). No relationship was established between PLR latency and
      previous history of optic neuritis or latency of the VEP. It is concluded that MS
      patients with preserved visual acuity have only discrete autonomic pupillary
      disturbances and that the PLR delay is related to disease progression.

PMID- 2291402
TI  - Effects of dietary iodine on chemical induction of thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - Effects of dietary iodine on the induction of thyroid carcinoma using N
      nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) were studied. Male Wistar rats were fed
      with an iodine-adequate diet (IAD group), an iodine-rich diet (IRD group) and an
      iodine-deficient diet (IDD group), respectively, until the time of sacrifice.
      From the 2nd experimental month, animals were injected with BHP once a week for
      10 weeks. In the IAD and IRD groups, benign nodules and papillary carcinoma were
      found. The incidence of rats with benign nodules was 100% in both groups and
      animals with papillary carcinoma in the IAD and IRD groups comprised 33% and 29%,
      respectively. The area of the thyroid gland occupied by nodular lesions was much
      narrower in the IRD group than in the IAD group. In the IDD group, the thyroid
      showed marked enlargement due to multiple nodular proliferation of follicle
      cells. The incidence of rats with carcinoma was 100%, and not only papillary but
      also follicular carcinoma and one pulmonary metastasis were found. As the iodine
      content of the diet decreased, the nodular lesions increased in width and number,
      and the incidence of carcinoma in rats became higher. These effects of dietary
      iodine are probably related to the goitrogenic and/or promoting effects of TSH.

PMID- 2291403
TI  - Changes in clinico-pathological features of Hodgkin's disease and follicular
      lymphoma in Nagoya, Japan, over a 21-year period (1965-85).
AB  - To study changes in the clinico-pathological features of malignant lymphomas in
      Japan, the histopathological and clinical features of 71 cases of Hodgkin's
      disease and 49 cases of nodal follicular lymphoma occurring in Nagoya were
      compared in three different periods (1965-71, 1972-78 and 1979-85). The
      proportional frequency of Hodgkin's disease among total lymphomas (10%) and that
      of follicular lymphoma among non-Hodgkin's nodal lymphomas (18%) did not vary
      over the study period. As to the histological patterns of Hodgkin's disease, the
      relative frequency of the nodular sclerosis (NS) type, which is relatively common
      in young women, increased, but that of other types decreased in the more recent
      periods. For follicular lymphoma, the relative frequency of the completely
      follicular type, which is more common in the United States than in Japan,
      increased. The five-year survival rate in patients with follicular lymphoma
      improved more recently even after adjusting for the effects of other prognostic
      factors. This recent increase in survival rates may be due partly to the recent
      improvement in cancer treatment, but is also related to the recent increase in
      patients with better prognostic features, i.e. the NS type of Hodgkin's disease.
      These variations over time suggest that the patterns of malignant lymphomas in
      Japan might be gradually changing, probably because of westernization, as seen in
      cancers of other organs.

PMID- 2291404
TI  - Immunoglobulin deposits in diabetic microangiopathy. Observations in autopsy
      materials.
AB  - Non-enzymatic glycosylation of vascular wall collagen is considered to be most
      important in the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy, and glycosylated
      collagens are reported to bind immunoglobulins in vivo. We investigated the
      occurrence of IgG or IgM deposits in the microvasculature of certain organs of
      diabetics using routine autopsy materials. Glomerular capillary basement
      membrane/endothelium was often positive for IgM in diabetics. Endothelial cells
      of glomerular capillaries were positive for HLA-DR in 6 of 16 diabetics and in 2
      of 11 controls. This was associated with IgM or IgG deposits in 5 cases. In the
      esophagus and/or tongue of diabetics, IgG was frequently deposited in the
      microvasculature. In total, IgG deposits were found in 13 of 16 diabetics, either
      in the esophagus or the tongue, but in only 3 of 16 controls. The difference was
      significant at p less than 0.005. These observations suggest that deposition of
      immunoglobulins is a component of diabetic microangiopathy. Differences in
      expression of HLA-DR in glomeruli between diabetics and non-diabetics remain to
      be explored.

PMID- 2291405
TI  - Bednar tumor (pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans). An analysis of six
      cases.
AB  - Six cases of Bednar tumor were analyzed clinicopathologically along with a review
      of 39 published cases. The findings were then compared with data on 44 cases of
      ordinary dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) obtained from our files. The
      clinical manifestations of the patients and the anatomic locations of the tumors
      were similar between the two categories, but the rate of recurrence was lower in
      cases of Bednar tumor. The histologic pattern of Bednar tumor was
      indistinguishable from ordinary DFSP except for scattered melanosome-containing
      cells. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical examinations showed no evidence of
      neuroectodermal differentiation of dominant spindle-shaped cells in Bednar tumor,
      supporting a fibroblastic line of differentiation. The origin and pathogenesis of
      the melanosome-containing cells were considered. These cells failed to react with
      HMB-45, a melanoma-specific antibody, and the large majority of melanosomes
      present were mature or at Stage IV, plus a few immature ones at Stage II. These
      pigmented cells do not appear to be neoplastic, and cannot be used as proof to
      indicate that Bednar tumor is a neuroectodermal neoplasm.

PMID- 2291406
TI  - Primary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder. A case report.
AB  - A patient with primary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder is presented.
      Grossly, the bladder showed multiple submucosal masses. Histologically and
      immunohistochemically, diffuse B-cell lymphoma of the medium-sized cell type was
      revealed. On the basis of clinicopathological features, the present case
      resembled previously recorded cases of bladder lymphoma. The pathogenesis of this
      primary bladder lymphoma was presumably associated with follicular or chronic
      cystitis. Primary lymphoma of the bladder is a condition that is very rarely
      included in series of extranodal lymphomas, and there is a curious sex difference
      in its occurrence rates between Japan and Western countries. Primary lymphoma of
      the bladder may be considered a lymphoma that originates fro mucosa-associated
      lymphoid tissue.

PMID- 2291407
TI  - Necrotizing B-cell lymphoma. A case report with a review of the literature.
AB  - We describe a case of massively necrotizing B-cell lymphoma, involving both
      axillary and cervical lymph nodes. Histologically, no vascular lesions were
      noted, and the necrosis was manifested by death of the tumor cells themselves.
      These cells were surrounded by macrophages, simulating the features of
      tuberculous lymphadenitis. Immunostaining was a useful method of defining the
      origin not only of viable cells, but also of necrotic cells in the lymphoma.

PMID- 2291408
TI  - Effect of an educational program for general practitioners on Gotland on the
      pattern of prescription of psychotropic drugs.
AB  - During the years 1983-1984, an educational program was given to all general
      practitioners on the island of Gotland. This report evaluates changes in
      prescription habits from 1982 to 1985. To correct for general trends that
      occurred simultaneously, the prescription habits were compared to the habits in
      the rest of Sweden. Both on Gotland and in Sweden as a whole, the use of
      antidepressants increased from 1982-1985, but significantly more on Gotland. In
      1982, the use of antidepressants was low on Gotland, 54% of that in the rest of
      Sweden. After the educational programs, Gotland reached 77% of the use in the
      rest of Sweden. In 1982, the use of lithium was 123% of that in the rest of
      Sweden. After the educational programs, the use of lithium was unchanged, and a
      small increase of 5.6% was seen in the rest of Sweden. After the educational
      programs, the prescription of sedatives on Gotland decreased (-8.2%), and an
      increase of 4.5% was seen in the rest of Sweden. The use of major tranquilizers
      also decreased significantly (-23%) on Gotland. Even in the rest of Sweden, a
      significant but much smaller decrease was seen: -13%. On Gotland the frequency of
      hypnotics remained stable from 1982-1985, and a significant increase was seen in
      the rest of Sweden.

PMID- 2291409
TI  - A technique to simulate human interaction: relational styles leading to a
      schizophrenic communication pattern and back to normal.
AB  - This article describes an attempt to use a theoretical model of human interaction
      called the elementary pragmatic model to determine which communication style
      leads from a normal subject's interactive pattern to a schizophrenic's and,
      conversely, from schizophrenia to normality. Results of this experimentation
      reveal a clear correspondence with the data published in the literature on
      communication deviances and family therapy. The computer simulation indicates
      preferential ways of therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 2291411
TI  - A longitudinal evaluation of dexamethasone and cortisol plasma concentrations in
      the dexamethasone suppression test before and during treatment with
      antidepressant drugs.
AB  - Thirty depressed in- and outpatients received serial dexamethasone suppression
      tests (DSTs). Plasma dexamethasone and cortisol concentrations were drawn at 1600
      on the day following a 1-mg oral dose of dexamethasone. The first DST was
      performed after patients were drug-free for a period of 1 week; the second,
      third, and fourth DSTs while patients received antidepressant medication.
      Dexamethasone and cortisol concentrations drawn in the drug-free period
      correlated significantly. The cortisol to dexamethasone ratio changed
      significantly with time in DST nonsuppressors, suggesting that nonsuppression is
      associated with an altered pharmacodynamic response of the hypothalamopituitary
      adrenal axis to dexamethasone during depression. When dexamethasone
      concentrations from the drug-free period were compared with those drawn during
      antidepressant treatment, no significant differences were noted.

PMID- 2291410
TI  - Psychopathology and treatment of 30,344 twins in Sweden. I. The appropriateness
      of psychoactive drug treatment.
AB  - We studied whether regular treatment with tranquilizing and hypnotic drugs among
      30,344 twins in Sweden 15-47 years old was associated with robust indicators of
      poor health. Longitudinal psychiatric diagnoses and subsequent suicides were
      analyzed with data from cross-sectional health questionnaires. Women were almost
      twice as likely to report medication, even those with psychiatric inpatient
      diagnoses. Within each of mental, somatic, and lifestyle domains, medication was
      more frequent among those with multiple problems. The partial odds for medication
      for those with a diagnosis of psychosis were 11.81, affective disorder 10.94,
      neurotic or personality disorder 11.09, alcoholism 5.00, and drug addiction
      13.92. We conclude that reported regular treatment with tranquilizing and
      hypnotic drugs in young Swedish adults was significantly associated with
      diagnosed and subjective somatic and mental health problems, and thus largely in
      agreement with current peer guidelines. The reasons why women were more often
      treated than men requires further study.

PMID- 2291412
TI  - Major depression with mood-congruent psychotic features: a distinct diagnostic
      entity or a more severe subtype of depression?
AB  - The nosological status of major depression with mood-congruent psychotic features
      was explored by a cross-sectional demographic, clinical and biological assessment
      and a 7-year prospective follow-up of 2 samples of patients fulfilling,
      respectively, DSM-III criteria for this condition and for major depression
      without psychotic features. The 2 patient groups did not differ with respect to
      demographic and historical features, response to DST and outcome. The global
      severity of the index episode was greater in psychotics. All nonpsychotics and
      69% of psychotics were treated with antidepressants alone or in combination with
      benzodiazepines, whereas the addition of neuroleptics was required only in 31% of
      psychotics. A tendency towards an interepisodic diagnostic stability was verified
      in nonpsychotics more than in psychotics, but was less pronounced than that
      reported by the authors advocating the nosological autonomy of delusional
      depression. These data support the view that major depression with mood-congruent
      psychotic features is not a distinct diagnostic entity, but rather a more severe
      depressive subtype.

PMID- 2291413
TI  - Female alcoholics. IV. Admission problems and patterns.
AB  - In an age-matched sample of male and female inpatient alcoholics (n = 518) of the
      same ethnic background, subjects under 35 years of age described significantly
      more problem areas than older age groups. Elderly subjects over 55 were the least
      articulate group. The first-ever addiction treatment subjects reported the lowest
      mean number of years of problem drinking, the lowest mean Michigan Alcoholic
      Screening Test scores and the lowest mean daily alcohol intakes. They also
      displayed greater current social stability than the 2 readmission treatment
      categories. The general determinants of admission to this addiction unit centered
      around the experience of crises, social instability and psychological complaints.
      The most important specific determinants for the individual subject were the
      propensity to fight when drunk, followed by a positive parental history of excess
      alcohol intake. Criminal and occupational factors were infrequently encountered
      in female subjects, but widowhood was common in the older ones.

PMID- 2291414
TI  - Zinc in depressive disorder.
AB  - Plasma zinc levels were measured in 14 patients with primary affective disorder
      on admission to hospital; they were compared with plasma zinc levels in group of
      14 age- and sex-matched controls. A significant difference in zinc levels was
      found between the 2 groups. Plasma zinc levels of 9 of the depressed patients on
      admission to hospital and at the point of discharge were compared; a significant
      increase in zinc levels was detected.

PMID- 2291415
TI  - Mental illness and admission to general hospitals: a register investigation.
AB  - Admissions to psychiatric departments and general hospitals in an 8-year period
      were studied for the 17- to 49-year-old population in 2 Danish municipalities.
      Information was extracted from the National Patient Register and the Danish
      Psychiatric Register, registers containing information on all admissions to
      nonpsychiatric and psychiatric departments, respectively, in Denmark. Fourteen
      percent of the patients who had been admitted at least once to a general hospital
      (or 7.5% of the background population) had an indication of a mental disorder.
      They comprised one fourth of all general admissions of the population during the
      8-year period. Patients who had been admitted to a general hospital had a 4 times
      greater risk of having been admitted to a psychiatric department than the rest of
      the population and the risk increased markedly with number of general admissions.
      A pronounced association was found between the number of admissions to general
      hospitals and psychiatric departments; i.e., both types of admissions clustered
      in some individuals. The excessive general admissions of psychiatric patients
      were found to be correlated to all types of psychiatric diagnoses, but was less
      prominent in nonorganic psychoses. The implication is that there is a very close
      association between somatic and psychiatric morbidity and that the mentally
      disturbed use a great part of the nonpsychiatric health services.

PMID- 2291417
TI  - Eating disorder in a Nordic perspective. Explanatory models and therapeutic
      strategies. 1st Nordic Congress on Eating Disorders. Bergen, March 9-11, 1989.

PMID- 2291416
TI  - Incidence and causality of anorexia nervosa seen in a historical perspective.
AB  - The history of the affliction known as anorexia nervosa can be divided into two
      periods. Before the year 1600, this condition is described first and foremost in
      connection with religious life, 'holy anorexia'. From about 1600 onward and up to
      our own times, it has become more of medical and pathological concept, depending
      on and reflecting the changing directions of medical fashion somatically,
      psychiatrically, and socio-culturally. There seems to be increased interest at
      certain times, but it has not been possible to document the alleged increase in
      incidence in recent decades.

PMID- 2291418
TI  - Oral zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa.
AB  - There is evidence to suggest that zinc (Zn) deficiency may be involved in the
      pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN). In an open study of 20 females, aged 14-26
      years, afflicted with AN the effect of oral zinc supplementation was
      investigated. In each case the diagnosis of AN was based on the criteria of DSM
      III-R. After a careful history, complete physical examination and laboratory
      screening the subjects were started on 45-90 mg of Zn2+, as zinc sulfate,
      (SolvezinkR, Tika, Sweden) per day. During a follow-up period of 8-56 months 17
      patients increased their body weight by more than 15%. The maximum gradual weight
      gain of 57% was encountered in one patient after 24 months of zinc therapy. The
      most rapid weight gain was recorded in a patient who increased her body weight by
      24% over a period of 3 months. After the institution of zinc, weight loss was not
      registered in any of our patients. In 13 subjects the menstruation returned 1-17
      months after the initiation of zinc therapy. None of our patients developed
      bulimia. The design of an ongoing multicenter placebo-controlled clinical trial
      of zinc supplementation to patients with AN is described.

PMID- 2291419
TI  - Anorexia/bulimia nervosa: dental problems.

PMID- 2291420
TI  - Can you dope yourself with food? On the abuse aspect of bulimia nervosa.
AB  - Bulimia Nervosa (BN) fulfilling the DSM-III-R criteria have been seen in Denmark
      since 1980. In this article the syndrome is divided in two parts, an abuse part,
      the binge-eating and a part related to the socialization of women, the different
      forms of weight regulation. The development and treatment of the syndrome is
      discussed from experience with women in group psychotherapy.

PMID- 2291422
TI  - Personality, life stress and the course of eating disorders.
AB  - We tested whether personality disturbance and stressful life events can help
      explain why some patients with Anorexia nervosa or Bulimia nervosa remain ill for
      several years. In a follow-up of 37 patients, both factors were found to be
      significantly associated with a poorer outcome after a year, and preliminary data
      suggest this trend continues after two years. Further follow-up is necessary, but
      the data so far suggests that treatment goals and methods must be tailored to
      widely dissimilar needs. They also imply that therapeutic efforts to help
      patients cope with stressful events may be rewarded by measurably reduced
      morbidity.

PMID- 2291421
TI  - Individual psychotherapeutic treatment of anorexia nervosa.
AB  - The first part of this paper presents a review of the many psychiatric diagnoses
      and different kinds of treatment which have been used in relation to Anorexia
      Nervosa (AN). The difficulties in solving the enigma of AN are seen as connected
      with the conception of AN as a specific nosological entity. Contrary to this, AN
      is conceived as a specific kind of defense characterized by a splitting of the
      ego, where adaptation to part of reality is given up by means of denial. This
      less uniform conception makes it possible to encompass the personality trait
      common to anorectic patients as well as the differences between them. In the
      second part, the question of whether psychoanalytic psychotherapy is a suitable
      form of treatment is discussed. The partly affirmative answer is guided by the
      anorectic girl's own attempt towards a solution, which indicates a need for a
      protected, neutral, and emphatic space, where she gets the opportunity to express
      and develop herself. However, in many cases neither the physical nor the
      psychological conditions for establishing a therapeutic alliance is available.
      Finally, a need for modification in technique is considered.

PMID- 2291423
TI  - Drugs in the treatment of bulimia nervosa.
AB  - The neuro-transmitter serotonin seems to be important in the treatment of
      disturbed eating behaviour. In Anorexia Nervosa (AN) a serotonin antagonist has
      been proposed, whereas in Bulimia Nervosa (BN) serotonin agonists have been used
      with success, e.g. fenfluramine. A new generation of antidepressants has been
      introduced. that selectively have a serotonergic effect. The previous tricyclic
      and particularly the tetracyclic antidepressants had a noradrenergic effect as
      well. Fluoxetine belongs to the new generation. A total of 30 females with BN
      were treated with fluoxetine in an open study. Clinical effect was observed after
      2 to 6 weeks. One patient discontinued after 3 weeks, the other were treated for
      3 to 10 months. A moderate effect with 75% reduction of bingeing and purging was
      observed in 15 patients, 14 stopped bingeing and purging. There was no serious
      side effects. However, drug treatment alone had no significant effect. The
      fluoxetine treatment is not instead of, but in addition to the traditional
      behavioral treatment with strict limits regarding food and meals.

PMID- 2291424
TI  - Group therapy for anorexic and bulimic patients. Some aspects on the conduction
      of group therapy and a critical review of some recent studies.
AB  - Group psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN) patients
      may be a major therapeutic challenge. The cognitive-behavioural approach may seem
      promising and some important stages in the conduction of cognitive-behavioural
      group therapy in particular are discussed. Furthermore, some problems concerning
      inpatient versus outpatient groups are mentioned. Studies on group therapy that
      have appeared between 1984 and 1989 are briefly reviewed and some recommendations
      concerning the improvement of methodology for future studies are put forward.

PMID- 2291425
TI  - Anorexia nervosa. Treatment and triggering factors.
AB  - In the period from 1976 to 1983, 84 anorexia nervosa (AN) patients were treated
      in the Medical and Child Psychiatry Units of the University Hospital of Bergen.
      Five were men, 79 women. The criteria used for diagnosis are DSM-III (1) A,B,D
      and E, but not C. All the patients in this study were treated according to the
      methods of Bassoe & Eskeland (2) and Bassoe (3) in order to give the patients the
      necessary insight into the pathophysiology of hunger and to inform them about the
      symptoms. Those of the patients with personal problems connected with their
      family or social milieu were given help through therapeutic discussions. However,
      we stressed that very sick patients should not be put under any pressure to
      undergo this treatment. I will describe the treatment we employed and the results
      obtained. It was found to be of great importance that the patients received
      treatment in the early stages of the condition. Also that the patient, as a part
      of the prophylaxis of the condition, was informed about the dangers of slimming.
      A short survey of other methods of treatment found in the literature is given. My
      conclusion is that AN is triggered by a combination of genetic disposition plus
      some kind of stress followed by a primary weightloss.

PMID- 2291426
TI  - Eating disorders and the family. Experiences gathered in a parent support group.
AB  - The author is a part-taker in a parent support group at Rikshospitalet in Oslo.
      The members have different occupations and experiences. This article shows some
      of the experiences and reflections of the group concerning the subject in
      question.

PMID- 2291427
TI  - Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Perspectives on etiology and cognitive
      behavior therapy.
AB  - This article gives a brief historical introduction to the field of eating
      disorders. Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN) are seen from a
      sociocultural point of view, and the current emphasis on slimness is regarded as
      an important factor in the etiology of eating disorders. A short description of
      the central features of BN is given, and some important explanatory psychological
      models are described with the emphasis on the cognitive-behavioral model. Recent
      controlled treatment studies are cited.

PMID- 2291428
TI  - Eating disorders in Norway. What do the public health services offer today--what
      should be offered in the future?

PMID- 2291429
TI  - Anorexia/bulimia nervosa: the development of anorexia nervosa and of mental
      symptoms. Treatment and the outcome of the disease.
AB  - Since 1958 we have conducted a prospective study of anorexia/bulimia nervosa
      (A/BN) covering a total of 550 patients. This paper presents a new idea of the
      development of A/BN. For a variety of reasons, a predisposition for developing
      A/BN is triggered by a minor and non-specific loss of weight. The development of
      mental symptoms with pathological thoughts and behaviour, and disturbances in the
      satiety and hunger centres suggest a cerebral dysfunction. Educating patients in
      pathophysiology enables them to use their intelligence, logical thinking and
      strong will to evaluate the importance of an adequate supply of nutrients. To
      date, two studies of the outcome of the disease have been carried out producing
      similar results: 86% fair results (12% spontaneous recovery), 13% chronic cases
      and 1% have died.

PMID- 2291431
TI  - [Validation of the SRQ in mental health examinations of the general public].
AB  - The utility of the SRQ on the mental health screening in a general population
      sample is tested on this paper. In terms of a better sensibility/specificity
      adjustment, and greater adequacy the results show that the best cut-off point is
      found on 3 affirmative answers. The results are discussed in relation to some
      others found at the literature.

PMID- 2291430
TI  - [Psychosocial and clinical-course factors in anorexia nervosa].
AB  - This study assesses the psychosocial factors of 27 patients diagnosed of Anorexia
      Nervosa and studies them in three different context: the age at which the illness
      appears, presence or absence of bulimic episodes and the evolution of the
      illness. The masculine sex and the lower middle class are factors that appear to
      be associated with an unfavorable evolution. Finally there is a discussion about
      the relevance of the different psychosocial factors.

PMID- 2291432
TI  - [CAMDEX: a new psychogeriatric interview].
AB  - "The Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly" (CAMDEX) is a new structured
      interview developed for diagnostic of dementia and other psychogeriatric
      disorders frequent in the old age. The CAMDEX is composed of three main sections:
      1) A clinical interview structured to obtain from the patient a systematized
      information about his present condition, his antecedents and his familiar
      history. 2) A short neuropsychological battery formed by several cognitive tests.
      3) A structured interview to obtain independent information about relative or
      another informing person about the present state of the patient, his antecedents
      and his familiar history. The good results obtained by the original version of
      CAMDEX, as in clinical works as in epidemiological ones, have determined their
      translation and fitting in our environment. The present work shows the changes
      that have been necessary to insert in the original version in order that this
      interview may be used in our geriatric population.

PMID- 2291433
TI  - [Impulsive suicidal behavior and serotonin].
AB  - In a group of 17 suicidal patients which either had previous suicidal attempts or
      presented other impulsive behaviors, response to Prl, cortisol and GH to the
      serotonergic dl-fenfluramine agonist were studied. Suicidal patients suffering
      from depressive disorders were previously excluded, as well as those with
      psychotic disorders. The results were compared with those of a control group (n =
      17) matched for sex (76.5% females and 23.5% males in both groups) and age (25.1
      years old, sd: 10 for the suicidal group and 25.3 years old, sd: 8.7 for
      controls; t = -0.07, df = 32, p. = .47). The most significant finding were the
      following: 1) Response to Prl in the suicidal group was significantly lower to
      that of controls, as much as in absolute terms (Prl = max-baseline): 7.4 ng/ml.
      (sd: 10.3) vs 15.5 ng/ml (sd: 14.1) (t = -1.9, df = 32, p less than .03) as
      percentage wise (Prl % = max-baseline): 106.6% (sd: 108.8) vs 214% (sd: 167.6) (t
      = -2.22, df = 32, p. less than .02). 2) The response of cortisol in the suicidal
      group was significantly lower to that of controls as much as in absolute terms
      (Cor = max-baseline): 1.7 ng/ml (sd: 2.8) vs 5 ng/ml (sd 5.4) (t = -2.25, df =
      32, p less than .02) as percentage wise (Cor % max-baseline: 11.6% (sd: 19.8) vs
      47.1% (sd: 56.7) (t = -2.44, df = 32, p less than 01). Baseline concentration of
      cortisol in suicidal patients was significantly higher to that of the controls
      (17.8 ng/ml (sd: 5.6) vs 13.3 ng/ml (sd: 5.3) (t = 2.41, df = 32, p less than
      .01). These results are in concordance with previous ones which suggest that a
      serotonergic dysfunction is present in patients which carry out impulsive
      suicidal attempts. Besides those patients have also higher indexes of stress and
      of an inefficiency of coping with acute stressful situations.

PMID- 2291435
TI  - Large-scale animal cell cultures: design and operational considerations.
AB  - The manufacture of biologicals, especially proteins, using large-scale culture of
      animal cells is becoming popular. There is a need for a rational approach to the
      design and scale-up of bioreactors for these applications. The ultimate
      requirement of any scale-up strategy should be to preserve the biological
      activity of these high-value molecules. With this as the central theme, the
      design and operation of animal cell processes has been discussed. Equal
      importance has been given to both the biological and the engineering aspects
      which need to be considered for a successful scale-up. An integrated systems
      approach has been stressed.

PMID- 2291434
TI  - [Comparative study of anorexia nervosa in a group of males and females].
AB  - A comparative study was made of anorexia nervosa in males and females that were
      hospitalized at the psychiatric unit of Ramon y Cajal Hospital during a
      continuous period of ten years. The total number of patients was 63: 10 males and
      53 females. A special emphasis is made in the symptoms and the age of the
      patients at the onset of the illness. A comparison between symptomatology in both
      groups is made at the state of illness as well as their premorbid personality.
      The distinctive evolutions, prognosis and the initial pathology which comes to
      the psychiatrist are evaluated, this one shows a very different pattern in men
      and women. Our results suggest the existence of anorexia nervosa in men and not
      as a secondary psychiatric disorder.

PMID- 2291436
TI  - New developments in the chemo-enzymatic production of amino acids.
AB  - Recent progress in the chemo-enzymatic production of amino acids is reviewed.
      Both recently developed commercial processes and potentially important new
      developments are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the use of acylases,
      aminopeptidases and hydantoinases. The discovery of D-specific enzymes in
      combination with racemases is an exciting and promising new area. Also, a goal
      orientated approach towards the selective generation of these novel enzyme
      activities using in vivo protein engineering techniques is highlighted. The
      interest in dipeptide sweeteners has triggered a major research effort towards
      the production of L-phenylalanine and D-alanine. A number of methods for the
      production of these amino acids is briefly discussed. Finally, chemo-enzymatic
      methods for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure alpha-alkyl-alpha-amino acids
      are reviewed.

PMID- 2291437
TI  - Biochemistry and biotechnology of amino acid dehydrogenases.
AB  - Over the last decade, amino acid dehydrogenases such as alanine dehydrogenase
      (Ala DH), leucine dehydrogenase (Leu DH), and phenylalanine dehydrogenase (Phe
      DH) have been applied to the enantiomer-specific synthesis and analysis of
      various amino acids. In perticular, amino acid dehydrogenases from thermophiles
      have received much attention because of their high stability. Their productivity
      was enhanced and the purification facilitated by the gene cloning. The advances
      in biotechnological applications of these enzymes are based on fundamental
      studies concerning characteristics of the enzymes and reaction mechanism as
      described in this chapter. Further elucidation of the structure and function of
      these enzymes based on genetic engineering and protein engineering may enable
      their properties to be improved for their future uses in biotechnology.

PMID- 2291439
TI  - Application of immobilized growing cells.
AB  - Immobilized living and growing cells are attracting worldwide attention because
      these biocatalysts have self-proliferating and self-regenerating properties of
      catalytic systems and are able to catalyze efficiently multifunctional and
      multistep reactions involving coenzyme regeneration. This article summarizes the
      application of microbial, plant, and mammalian cells, genetically improved or
      not, immobilized by different methods to the production of amino acids, organic
      acids, antibiotics, steroids, medicines, enzymes, bioactive peptides, etc.,
      emphasizing the recent results. Effects of the gel properties on the efficient
      performance of bioprocesses are also discussed.

PMID- 2291438
TI  - Microbial aggregates in anaerobic wastewater treatment.
AB  - The phenomenon aggregation of anaerobic bacteria gives an opportunity to speed up
      the digestion rate during methanogenesis. The aggregates are mainly composed of
      methanogenic bacteria which convert acetate and H2/CO2 into methane. Other
      bacteria are also included in the aggregates but their concentration is rather
      small. The aggregates may also be formed during acetogenesis or even hydrolysis
      but such aggregates are not stable and disrupt quickly when not fed. A two stage
      process seems to be suitable when high concentrated solid waste must be treated.
      Special conditions are necessary to promote aggregate formation from methanogenic
      bacteria but aggregates once formed are stable without feeding even for a few
      years. The structure, texture and activity of bacterial aggregates depend on
      several parameters: (1)--temperature and pH, (2)--wastewater composition and (3)-
      hydrodynamic conditions within the reactor. The common influence of all these
      parameters is still rather unknown but some recommendations may be given.
      Temperature and pH should be maintained in the range which is optimal for
      methanogenic bacteria e.g. a temperature between 32 and 50 degrees C and a value
      pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Wastewaters should contain soluble wastes and the
      specific loading rate should be around one kgCOD(kgVSS)-1 d-1. The concentration
      of the elements influences aggregate composition and probably structure and
      texture. At high calcium concentration a change in the colour of the granules has
      been observed. Research is necessary to investigate the influence of other
      elements and organic toxicants on maintenance of the aggregates. Hydrodynamic
      conditions seem to influence the stability of the granules over long time
      periods. At low liquid stream rates, aggregates may starve and lysis within the
      aggregates is possible which results in hollowing of aggregates and their
      floating. At high liquid stream rates the aggregates may be disrupted and washed
      out of the reactor as a flocculent sludge. Methanogenic bacterial aggregates have
      been successfully applied in many full scale installations, especially for sugar
      beet, potato, pulp and paper mill, and other soluble wastes. The UASB reactors
      used for these treatments are simple in construction and handling which result in
      rather low total costs. A further and wider application of UASB reactors and
      methanogenic aggregates for various industrial wastewaters is expected.

PMID- 2291440
TI  - Intracellular lytic enzyme systems and their use for disruption of Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - This article focusses on lytic enzyme systems available in E. coli and their
      potential use for cellular disruption. In the systems described here the genetic
      information for lysis would be carried within the microbial host, either
      integrated or naturally occurring on chromosomal DNA, or on extrachromosomal
      elements such as plasmids. Each microbe would carry complete information for
      endogenous enzymatic lysis, and lysis would occur in a controlled manner after
      being triggered by an external factor such as temperature or inducer addition.
      The lytic systems explored in this review include the autolytic enzymes, colicin
      lytic enzymes, and bacteriophage lytic enzymes from phage phiX174, T4, lambda,
      MS2 and Q beta. Many of the colicin lytic enzymes and all of the bacteriophage
      lytic enzymes described here have been cloned, and in some instances examined as
      cellular disruption methods. None of the E. coli autolytic enzymes have been
      cloned, but information pertinent for use as a disruption method is described.

PMID- 2291441
TI  - Impact of genetic engineering on downstream processing of proteins produced in E.
      coli.
AB  - Genetic engineering can be used to give a protein properties that are
      advantageous for downstream processing. Many heterologous proteins are degraded
      at high rates by proteases. Depending on which type of proteolytic degradation is
      encountered the strategy may be different: induction of inclusion bodies, change
      of the amino acid sequence in the sensitive site of the product, or protection by
      fusion of the product with other proteins. The number of unit operations needed
      to purify a protein may be reduced by addition of other polypeptides or amino
      acids to the product. Affinity chromatography, immobilized metal ion affinity
      chromatography, and extraction in aqueous two-phase systems are unit operations
      which can be made more versatile by the fusion technique.

PMID- 2291442
TI  - Transfer and expression of heterologous genes in yeasts other than Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - In the past few years, yeasts other than those belonging to the genus
      Saccharomyces have become increasingly important for industrial applications.
      Species such as Pichia pastoris, Hansenula polymorpha, Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
      Yarrowia lipolytica and Kluyveromyces lactis have been modified genetically and
      used for the production of heterologous proteins. For a number of additional
      yeasts such as Schwanniomyces occidentalis, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii,
      Trichosporon cutaneum, Pachysolen tannophilus, Pichia guilliermondii and members
      of the genus Candida genetic transformation systems have been worked out.
      Transformation was achieved using either dominant selection markers based on
      antibiotic resistance genes or auxotrophic markers in conjunction with cloned
      biosynthetic genes involved in amino acid or nucleotide metabolism.

PMID- 2291443
TI  - On the processing of diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) in human brain.

PMID- 2291445
TI  - The epidemiology of oral contraceptives and breast cancer.
AB  - Concern about a possible link with risk of breast cancer and use of oral
      contraceptives was raised soon after oral contraceptives were approved for
      general use. Over 35 epidemiologic studies have addressed this issue, but the
      controversy persists stimulated in particular by several recent studies. Overall,
      most studies have observed no consistent association between oral contraceptive
      use and risk of breast cancer. Nevertheless, the possibility remains that the
      risk may be elevated in certain subgroups, especially users of relatively long
      duration prior to their first full-term pregnancy. Most of the data regarding
      this subgroup derives from case-control studies, in which selection and recall
      bias may occur. To address this issue prospectively, our research group has
      established a new cohort of female nurses in the United States, aged 25-42.
      Enrollment is now complete, over 116,000 participants have returned the baseline
      questionnaire. A large proportion of these women are current or past oral
      contraceptive users. Within the next several years, substantial data will accrue
      to assess the relation between use of oral contraceptives at younger ages and
      risk of breast cancer.

PMID- 2291444
TI  - Benefits and risks of oral contraceptives.
AB  - Like all drugs, combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have side effects that may be
      harmful or beneficial. During the last 20 years their adverse effects have been
      fully reported, but their benefits have been largely ignored. Most of the
      benefits of COCs result from the suppression of ovulation. This means that the
      advantages they confer are not dose-dependent, provided that ovarian activity is
      effectively suppressed. The most important health benefit of COCs worldwide is
      the effective prevention of pregnancy, which carries high risks in developing
      countries and has a mortality as high as 1 in 150 in Africa. The risk of ectopic
      pregnancy is reduced by 90% in COC-users compared with women using no
      contraception. The COC prevents the repeated proliferation of ovarian and
      endometrial tissue that takes place in the menstrual cycle, and it is therefore
      not surprising that it reduces the risk of ovarian and endometrial malignancy.
      What is surprising is that a relative risk of 0.6 for these cancers can be
      detected after only 12 months or less of COC use, and persists for at least 15
      years after the COC is stopped. The COC reduces the incidence of benign breast
      disease, though not the types of disease linked with breast cancer. It
      considerably reduces the incidence of benign ovarian cysts, and this has been
      calculated to avoid 28 operations for functional ovarian cysts per 100,000 pill
      users every year. The risk of uterine fibroids is reduced by 17% with every five
      years of COC use. By thickening the cervical mucus, the COC reduces the risk of
      pelvic inflammatory disease by about 50%. By inhibiting growth and development of
      the endometrium it reduces the incidence of menorrhagia and consequently iron
      deficiency anaemia, and it produces a 40% reduction in the frequency of
      dysmenorrhoea. Unlike the benefits of the COC, its risks appear to be to some
      extent dose-dependent. The first serious risk to be discovered was a three- to
      six-fold increase in venous thromboembolism, which is probably an oestrogen
      effect and disappears quickly when the COC is stopped. The COC doubles the risk
      of haemorrhagic stroke, this risk is related to smoking and hypertension, unlike
      the increased risk of thrombotic stroke. The risk of myocardial infarction is
      related to smoking and age, and COCs are contraindicated over the age of 35 in
      smokers though not necessarily in non-smokers. Much of this information, however,
      is based on studies involving older high-dose COCs. Risks may well be lower with
      modern COCs, but firm data are lacking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2291446
TI  - Clinical experience with a low-dose oral contraceptive containing gestodene.
AB  - The monophasic combination preparation containing 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol
      and 75 micrograms gestodene was tested for contraceptive reliability, cycle
      control and tolerability in a total of seven phase III clinical studies. A total
      of 6,854 women were included in these studies, and 69,978 cycles were monitored.
      Following the commercial introduction of the preparation, further clinical data
      were obtained with a broader user population. In Germany it was possible to
      implement an extraordinarily extensive phase IV study in a very short period of
      time. A total of 523,477 treatment cycles in 95,906 women were included in the
      analysis. So, for what is probably the first time, a prospective general clinical
      study for an oral contraceptive was conducted of the same magnitude as the
      biggest cohort epidemiologic studies. The results of the various phase III and
      phase IV studies are in close agreement. The combination preparation containing
      gestodene proved to have high contraceptive reliability and gave excellent cycle
      control. It was well tolerated and the frequency of adverse reactions was low. To
      summarize, the monophasic gestodene completely fulfills the demands made of oral
      contraceptives today.

PMID- 2291449
TI  - Permanent transperineal iodine--125 implantation.

PMID- 2291448
TI  - Mechanism and treatment of nausea and vomiting.

PMID- 2291450
TI  - Agamemnon, call home.

PMID- 2291447
TI  - Metabolic aspects of oral contraceptives of relevance for cardiovascular disease.
      First European conference on sex steroids and metabolism.
AB  - The use of estrogens and progestogens in oral contraceptives has caused increased
      awareness of the metabolic effects of gonadal steroids. The interpretation of the
      accumulating number of scientific reports is, however, difficult. In particular,
      the overall picture of metabolic changes and their relation to the risk of
      cardiovascular diseases is confusing. Multiple risk factors may influence the
      development of cardiovascular diseases, which might have their origins in both
      the arterial and venous systems. Oral contraceptives may influence various of
      these risk factors, including changes in lipid, carbohydrate and hemostasis
      variables, and these risk factors in turn show clear inter-relationships. The
      First European Conference on Sex Steroids and Metabolism took place in May 1989.
      The Conference provided a platform for the Consensus Development Meeting which
      followed it. Based on questions formulated by the Consensus Committee which
      considered epidemiologic, carbohydrate, lipid and hemostasis aspects of relevance
      for the development of cardiovascular diseases, consensus statements were
      prepared in closed sessions by a panel of invited experts. The Consensus Report
      provides pertinent clinical guidelines for future contraceptive practice. A
      synopsis of the discussion and the concluding remarks will be presented regarding
      the influence of new low-dose oral contraceptives on hemostasis variables and on
      glucose and lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2291451
TI  - More smoke, more mirrors.

PMID- 2291452
TI  - Intra-arterial hepatic chemotherapy with pirarubicin. Preclinical and clinical
      studies.
AB  - Intra-arterial hepatic chemotherapy (IAHC) with adriamycin (ADM) has not
      increased its therapeutic index. For our preclinical studies, we selected
      pirarubicin (THP), an ADM derivative with faster cellular uptake. In rabbits with
      VX2 tumor in the liver we compared plasmatic and cellular pharmacokinetics of ADM
      and THP after i.v. and IAH therapy. For ADM, there were no differences in plasma
      and heart concentrations, with only a slight increase in tumoral levels after IAH
      compared to i.v. administration; on the other hand, with IAH THP, there was
      important reduction in systemic exposure with a major increase in tumoral drug
      distribution. In the phase I study, involving nine patients with implanted
      catheters, the starting dose of THP was 30 mg/m2 with a 10 mg/m2 intrapatient
      escalation every 3 weeks in the absence of toxicity. Pharmacokinetics were
      compared for i.v. and IAH administration in seven patients. The limiting toxicity
      was neutropenia and the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) ranged from 50 to 110 mg/m2.
      Moderate nausea-vomiting (grade 1-2) and alopecia (grade 1) occurred at the MTD.
      No arterial occlusion, gastroduodenal ulcer, hepatitis, or sclerosing cholangitis
      were seen. In the phase II study, in colorectal cancer patients (CRC) with
      metastasis confined to the liver, patients were enrolled until June 1990. THP (40
      min infusion every 3 weeks) was initiated at 60 mg/m2 with 10 mg/m2 increment
      until grade 2 hematotoxicity. The median MTD was 85 mg/m2 (range of 60-120
      mg/m2), and the median number of cycles was 7 (range of 2-11) with cumulated
      doses from 180 to 1,030 mg/m2. Grade 2-4 neutropenia was reached in 15 patients.
      Other toxicities included two arterial occlusions, one episode of gastritis, but
      no hepatic toxicity and no heart failure. Antitumor effect (in 18 patients)
      included 1 CR, 5 PR, 3 MR, 6 NC, and 3 PD. The median survival was 18+ months and
      1-year survival was 73% +/- 12%. Seven patients had extrahepatic progression at
      this time. In conclusion, besides 5-FU or Fudr, THP is active in IAHC (probably
      in relation with high local extraction) on CRC liver metastases usually
      unresponsive to ADM. It can be given in an outpatient setting with minimal
      toxicity.

PMID- 2291453
TI  - Cancer treatment with pirarubicin--a new anthracycline agent. Proceedings of a
      satellite symposium of the 15th International Cancer Congress.Hamburg, F.R.G.,
      August 19, 1990.

PMID- 2291454
TI  - Cooperative study of pirarubicin against urological cancers and future direction
      of its combination use. The Clinical Study Group of THP for Urological Malignant
      Tumors.
AB  - In the urological field, one of the most effective drugs is doxorubicin. A
      cooperative phase II study on pirarubicin (THP), a new anthracycline with less
      cardiotoxicity than doxorubicin, was performed in 14 institutions for treating
      urological tumors. THP was administered intravenously 3 or more times (as one
      course, 30-40 mg/m2 once a week, every 3 weeks or 20 mg/m2 2 consecutive days a
      week every 3 weeks). Fifty-four of the 63 patients included in this study were
      evaluable. An overall efficacy rate was 18.5% (10/54), consisting of transitional
      cell carcinoma 24.3% (9/37; bladder cancer 6/27 (22.2%), tumors of the renal
      pelvis and ureter 3/10 (30.0%), and prostatic cancer 1/15 (6.7%). Adverse effects
      were mostly slight especially alopecia (15.9%, WHO grade 1:7 patients and grade
      2:3 patients), and there was no problem attributable to cardiotoxicity of THP.
      Leukocytopenia was seen for 65.1% (grade 1:14 patients, grade 2:13 patients,
      grade 3:13 patients, and grade 4:1 patients). The nadir was observed about 2
      weeks later and it took about 2 weeks for the recovery. Thus, it can be concluded
      that the usefulness of THP in treating urological tumors is comparable to or
      better than that reported for doxorubicin. Based on the above results, a
      combination regimen including THP has been investigated in Japan.

PMID- 2291455
TI  - Pirarubicin, a novel derivative of doxorubicin. THP-COP therapy for non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma in the elderly.
AB  - Pirarubicin (tetrahydropyranyl adriamycin, THP) is a derivative of doxorubicin.
      Forty-three non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients 65 years of age or older were
      treated with a combination therapy including cyclophosphamide (CPA), vincristine
      (VCR), prednisone (PSL), and THP (THP-COP). The THP-COP regimen consisted of THP,
      30 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1; CPA, 500 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1; VCR, 1.0 mg/m2 i.v. on day
      1; and PSL, 60 mg orally for 5 consecutive days. The sequence was repeated at 21-
      to 28-day intervals for a minimum of four cycles. Of the 43 patients, 13 (30.2%)
      achieved a complete response (CR) and 21 (48.8%) a partial response (PR). Nine
      patients (21.0%) had primary treatment failure, which included a minimal
      response, no change, and progressive disease. Thus, the response rate (CR or PR)
      was 79.1%. Twenty-six of 29 previously untreated patients (89.7%) achieved a CR
      or PR, whereas only 8 of 14 previously treated patients (57.1%) did (p less than
      0.05). Because THP is a derivative of doxorubicin, the results for the eight
      patients previously treated with doxorubicin are noteworthy; four achieved a CR
      or PR. No patients had any cardiac toxicity, including congestive heart failure,
      attributable to THP. Furthermore, four patients who showed a decreased ejection
      fraction before treatment completed the full course of THP-COP chemotherapy
      without any progression of the cardiac complication. THP is considered to be
      active against NHL in the elderly and comparable to doxorubicin in combination
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2291456
TI  - Association of bolus tetrahydropyranyl adriamycin and 120 hours continuous 5
      fluorouracil infusion in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - 4'-O-Tetrahydropyranyl adriamycin (THP adriamycin) is a new anthracycline active
      as a single drug in advanced breast cancer. We have undertaken a phase II study
      as first-line treatment for metastatic disease with THP adriamycin day 1 = 40
      mg/m2 i.v. bolus and 5-fluorouracil day 1 to day 5 = 750 mg/m2 as a continuous
      i.v. infusion. The dose of THP adriamycin was further escalated up to the maximal
      tolerated dose defined as grade 3 granulopenia for each patient. Thirty-nine
      patients were included, 37 being so far evaluable for toxicity and for efficacy.
      The mean number of cycles given was 5 (range: 2-12). The overall response rate
      (CR + PR) was 54% (95% CI: 37.9-70.1) and the CR rate 8%. Sites of response were
      as follows: lung 6/9, liver 11/18, breast 4/8, nodes 7/14, skin 3/8, bone 2/8.
      Neutropenia with grade 3 + 4 nadir values was observed in 70.2% of the patients
      according to the objective of the study. No severe thrombopenia or anemia
      occurred. Stomatitis grade 3 was seen in 27% and grade 4 in 3% of the patients.
      Alopecia grade 2 was seen in 18% and grade 3 in 9%. No other toxicity was
      observed. We conclude that this association is effective in metastatic breast
      cancer, giving few alopecia. A high response rate in liver metastases warrants
      further evaluation.

PMID- 2291457
TI  - Combination therapy of 4'-O-tetrahydropyranyl-doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and
      high-dose folinic acid in patients with advanced breast cancer: a phase I-II
      study (preliminary results).
AB  - Previous clinical studies have suggested that 4'-O-tetrahydropyranyl-doxorubicin
      (THP) as well as 5-fluorouracil/high-dose folinic acid (5-FU/HDFA) are active and
      well-tolerated drugs in breast cancer treatment. This phase I-II study was
      designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of THP in combination with
      5-FU/HDFA as a weekly schedule and to examine the activity and safety of this
      drug regimen in patients with advanced breast cancer. 5-FU and HDFA were set at
      doses of 350 mg/qm i.v. and 500 mg/qm i.v., respectively, whereas the THP dose
      has been escalated in increments of 5 mg/qm i.v. beginning at a dose level of 10
      mg/qm until reaching of MTD in at least four patients in one dose level. For
      determination of MTD the first six cycles of each patient have been taken into
      account. Up to July 1990, 21 patients previously not treated with chemotherapy
      for metastatic breast cancer were entered into the study; the latest patient
      entered at 35 mg/qm THP dose level. A total of 270 cycles have been administered
      so far. Anemia and leukopenia was limited to ECOG grades I and II. Other
      toxicities were mild or moderate. No acute or subacute cardiotoxicity has been
      observed. Up to July 1990, MTD had not been reached. In the second part of the
      study, at least another 14 patients have to be entered in a dose level one below
      the MTD to evaluate the activity and safety of this regimen in a phase II trial.

PMID- 2291458
TI  - Clinical study of pirarubicin for breast cancer in Japan. Clinical Study Group of
      THP for Breast Cancer in Japan.
AB  - The efficacy and toxicity of (2''R)-4'-O-tetrahydropyranyl adriamycin (THP) were
      assessed in the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer by the Japan
      THP Study Group. Mean plasma levels of THP after single-dose administration
      revealed triexponential decay characterized by an initial half-life of 0.89 h. A
      higher concentration of THP was obtained in the metastatic lymph nodes than in
      the breast cancer tissue at 4 h after administration (4.01 vs. 1.17
      micrograms/g). Whereas 1 complete (CR) and 12 partial response (PR) were observed
      in 56 evaluable patients after administration of THP alone (23.2%), 1 CR and 12
      PR were observed in 37 evaluable patients who had combination therapy including
      THP (35.1%). Multivariate analysis of prognostic factor revealed that the site of
      metastases had the most valuable prognostic significance; second was irradiation
      in the previous treatment, and third was the disease-free interval. Life-table
      analysis adjusted with the Cox proportional hazard model revealed a similar
      survival curve of patients receiving THP-cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and 5
      fluorouracil (CAF) to that of those receiving CAF only in spite of the low
      incidence of toxicity in the THP therapy.

PMID- 2291459
TI  - Cooperative study of therapy of superficial bladder cancer by intravesical
      instillation of pirarubicin.
AB  - Intravesical instillation therapy with (2"R)-4'-O-tetrahydropyranyl adriamycin
      [pirarubicin (THP)], a new anthracycline agent, was performed to examine its
      direct effect on superficial bladder cancer in a six-center cooperative Phase II
      study. There were 50 evaluable cases, for which a response rate of 50% was
      obtained. The main side effects that occurred were bladder irritation symptoms
      such as pollakisuria (50%) and pain on urination (38%). Intravesical pirarubicin
      instillation therapy was administered to eight cases that had not responded to
      doxorubicin therapy or that had experienced recurrence after such therapy. For
      six evaluable cases, the response rate was 50%, and the incidence of side effects
      was 88%.

PMID- 2291460
TI  - Pirarubicin in combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - Pirarubicin is an anthracycline with broad antitumor activity, and without
      significant cardiotoxicity in preclinical and early clinical trials. We treated
      40 evaluable patients with metastatic breast cancer and no prior exposure to
      chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, pirarubicin, and cyclophosphamide at 21-day
      intervals until reaching cumulative doses of 800 mg/m2 of pirarubicin, or the
      development of progressive disease. The median age was 56 years and the median
      performance status, 1. Seventeen patients had prior hormone therapy and 12 had
      prior radiotherapy. The median number of metastatic sites was three, with 11
      patients having less than three sites. Twelve patients were premenopausal. The
      median disease-free interval was 6 months. Four patients achieved a complete
      remission and 21 a partial remission, for an overall response rate of 63%. The
      median response duration was 8 months and the median time to progression for all
      patients was 9 months. The median survival has not been reached, but will exceed
      13 months. Gastrointestinal toxicity was minimal to moderate, whereas
      myelosuppression was severe. Complete hair loss was observed by only 58% of
      patients. There were two episodes of mild congestive heart failure at high
      cumulative doses of pirarubicin; both were controlled with medical treatment.
      This three-drug combination containing pirarubicin is effective in treating
      metastatic breast cancer, with less severe toxicity than other anthracycline
      containing combinations.

PMID- 2291461
TI  - Nucleic acid sequence analysis software for microcomputers.
AB  - It is clear that a computer-aided data control system is required for even small
      laboratories generating nucleic acid data. While the molecular biologist at many
      universities and large research institutions has access to mainframe computers
      and nucleic acid sequence analysis software, many find it more convenient to
      perform sequence analysis on microcomputers that are typically located within the
      investigator's laboratory and totally dedicated to sequence storage and analysis,
      in essence giving the investigator more personal control of analysis activities
      than is sometimes possible with shared mini- or mainframe computers. New programs
      are being written and released at an increasing rate to perform increasingly more
      complex and specialized analyses using small computer-based systems. This trend
      will undoubtedly continue, fueled by the need to manage the ever increasing
      quantity of sequence data.

PMID- 2291463
TI  - Monitoring exposure to 4,4'-methylenedianiline by the gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry determination of adducts to hemoglobin.
AB  - The determination of the covalently bound reaction products of 4,4'
      methylenedianiline (MDA) to hemoglobin was investigated as a possible method for
      biological dosimetry in humans. The extent of binding to rat hemoglobin of MDA
      was determined by dosing animals with the 14C-ring-labeled compound. Two adducts
      were released from the hemoglobin on hydrolysis under mildly basic conditions
      which were identified as MDA and N-acetyl-MDA and accounted for between 36 and
      45% of the total radioactivity bound to the protein. A quantitative assay
      procedure was subsequently developed for measuring both of the base released
      adducts in rat hemoglobin. The method utilized solvent extraction followed by
      derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and subsequent separation and
      quantitation by capillary gas chromatography with selective ion monitoring mass
      spectrometry using deuterium-labeled analogues of MDA and N-acetyl-MDA as
      internal standards. A dose-response relationship was established in orally dosed
      rats between production of each of the hemoglobin released adducts and dose of
      MDA (1-12 mg/kg). The possible use of such adduct determinations as dosimeters
      for industrial workers exposed to MDA is discussed.

PMID- 2291462
TI  - High-pressure, anion-exchange chromatography of proteoglycans.
AB  - Although high-performance liquid chromatography has been used extensively to
      characterize the glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans, very few researchers
      have reported the use of this technology for the separation of intact
      proteoglycan species. The high molarity denaturing buffers required for
      proteoglycan disaggregation and separation are often not compatible with the low
      back-pressure limitations imposed by many of the HPLC systems designed for the
      separation of biological macromolecules. In this study, heparan sulfate and
      dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, obtained by the metabolic labeling of cultured
      corneal endothelial cells, were rapidly and completely separated in less than an
      hour in a high-pressure liquid chromatography system. The separation, which used
      a Dionex BioLC system equipped with a Pharmacia Superloop and a ProPac PA1
      column, also effected a greater than 10-fold concentration of the proteoglycans
      during the separation procedure. All buffers were 8 M in urea, and the back
      pressures generated during the separation were well below the limit of the
      system. The pooled fractions from the ion-exchange column were subsequently
      analyzed for glycosaminoglycan composition and molecular size. The system was
      able to resolve dermatan sulfate-substituted species from heparan sulfate
      substituted species in a single chromatographic step. The proteoglycan nature of
      the recovered products was established by Sepharose CL-4B chromatography and gel
      electrophoresis.

PMID- 2291464
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides
      and acidic monosaccharides.
AB  - Many sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides and five acidic monosaccharides have
      been separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography using a Dionex
      AS6 ion-exchange column eluted with aqueous 50 mM NaOH plus 50-175 mM sodium
      acetate. Using a pulsed amperometric detector, as little as 50 pmol
      oligosaccharide can be detected. Many factors, such as the presence of fucosyl
      groups or sialyl groups, glycosidic linkage positions, and branching structure,
      can have a tremendous influence on overall acidity of the oligosaccharide, which
      can lead to excellent separations and make this method an important addition to
      existing alternatives for the separation of sialic acid-containing
      oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2291465
TI  - A filter-based protein kinase assay selective for alkali-stable protein
      phosphorylation and suitable for acid-labile protein phosphorylation.
AB  - Alkali-stable phosphorylation of proteins, particularly phosphotyrosine and
      phosphohistidine, is an important phenomenon in cells. In the case of
      phosphohistidine and some other phosphoamino acids, the phosphorylation is acid
      labile and in these cases studies have been severely limited by the absence of a
      rapid assay suitable for acid-labile phosphorylation. The assay presented here
      involves a conventional kinase assay reaction followed by mild alkaline
      hydrolysis and adsorption of the product to washed Nytran paper at high pH. After
      further washing, at pH 9, the radioactivity on the papers is determined by liquid
      scintillation counting. Hence, acid-labile phosphorylation is preserved. The
      assay is selective for alkali-stable phosphorylation but not fully specific,
      mainly due to the need to balance the severity of the partial alkaline hydrolysis
      with the stability of the protein-peptide bonds. The assay has been used for the
      purification and characterization of a protein histidine kinase from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 2291467
TI  - Modification of a discontinuous and highly porous sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel system for minigel electrophoresis.
AB  - A highly porous and efficient discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      slab gel electrophoresis system was recently described by J. P. Doucet and J. M.
      Trifaro [1988) Anal. Biochem. 168, 265-271). The system was developed to separate
      with high and broad resolution the components from large volume samples after an
      overnight electrophoresis. This system was found to have many advantages.
      However, when used directly as a minigel system, this method cannot sustain the
      high voltage inherent to minigel electrophoresis and produces artefacts, namely a
      double front and a loss of resolution in the low molecular weight range. These
      problems were eliminated using the buffer system of M. A. Porzio and A.M. Pearson
      [1977) Biochem. Biophys. Acta 490, 27-34) in the separating gel and in the
      electrode chambers. The resulting modified discontinuous minigel system has the
      same advantages as the technique described for large slab gel electrophoresis,
      including the effective and rapid transfer of high molecular weight proteins to
      nitrocellulose membranes, as well as the advantages of the minigel format.

PMID- 2291466
TI  - Comparative gas phase and pulsed liquid phase sequencing on a modified Applied
      Biosystems 477A sequencer.
AB  - A simple and inexpensive modification of the Applied Biosystems 477A sequencer,
      to run in the pulsed liquid-phase and in the gas-phase mode of the Edman
      chemistry, is described. This modification is especially useful for sequencing
      samples on polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. Additional carriers are
      required if a sample on a PVDF membrane is sequenced with the pulsed liquid-phase
      degradation program of the 477A. In the gas-phase mode no such carriers are
      needed. This eliminates time-consuming preconditioning sequencer cycles and
      reduces the sequencer background. In addition, initial coupling yields in the gas
      phase mode exceeded those in the pulsed liquid-phase mode, whereas the average
      repetitive yields were similar. Samples spotted onto glass fiber filters
      pretreated with polybrene and samples spotted or electroblotted onto PVDF
      membranes were examined. A number of advantages of the gas-phase mode are
      presented.

PMID- 2291468
TI  - The use of monochlorobimane to determine hepatic GSH levels and synthesis.
AB  - We have used the specific reaction of monochlorobimane (mBCI) with GSH to analyze
      hepatic GSH, mBCI, itself nonfluorescent, forms a stable, fluorescent adduct with
      GSH in a reaction catalyzed by the GSH S-transferases (GST). When hepatocytes
      were labeled with mBC1 (100 microM) in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, the fluorescent
      signal recorded over time was directly proportional to the concentration of GSH.
      The HPLC analyses of hepatocytes that were preloaded with the dye indicated that
      GSH was the only thiol labeled. When the technique was applied to freshly
      isolated intact hepatocytes that contained different levels of GSH, a close
      correlation between the levels of GSH measured by the present method (mBC1) and
      the standard enzymatic recycling method was found. A similar agreement for the
      cytosolic and mitochondrial pools of GSH determined by the two methods was
      established. The fluorescent GSH-bimane adduct, once formed within the cell, was
      not released from the cell. In addition, we have applied this technique to
      determine directly the rate of synthesis of GSH in both cell-free conditions and
      in cell suspensions by monitoring the increase in fluorescent adduct when mBC1 is
      present in excess in the incubation.

PMID- 2291469
TI  - Determination of 4-hydroxyproline in collagen by gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - Derivatization of 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) in collagen using trifluoroacetylation
      and methanol esterification produces two derivatives when analyzed by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The diacyl derivative N,O
      bis(trifluoroacetyl)-4-hydroxy-L-proline methyl ester (N,O-TFA-Hyp) formed in
      this manner has a shorter retention time and different fragmentation pattern by
      GC/MS as compared to the slower eluting monoacetylated species N-trifluoroacetyl
      4-hydroxy-L-proline methyl ester (N-TFA-Hyp). By selected ion monitoring of the
      appropriate ions of either N,O-TFA-Hyp (m/z 164, 278) or N-TFA-Hyp (m/z 164, 182)
      efficient quantitation of Hyp in collagen is possible within the broad range of 5
      1000 ng with a lower limit of detection of 0.5 ng per injection. Measurement of
      18O2 incorporation into collagen is possible by selected ion monitoring of the
      m/z 182 ion formed only from the monoacetylated derivative, N-TFA-Hyp, produced
      by methanol solvolysis of the N,O-TFA-Hyp derivative, as proposed herein.

PMID- 2291470
TI  - Skeletal keratan sulfate chain molecular weight calibration by high-performance
      gel-permeation chromatography.
AB  - A method has been developed for the molecular sizing of skeletal keratan sulfate
      chains using an HPLC gel-permeation chromatography system. Keratan sulfate chains
      and keratanase-derived oligosaccharides were prepared from the nucleus pulposus
      of bovine intervertebral disc (6-year-old animals). A Bio-Gel TSK 30 XL column
      eluted in 0.2 M NaCl and at 30 degrees C was calibrated with keratan sulfate
      oligosaccharides of known size as well as 3H-end-labeled keratan sulfate chains
      to yield the relationship.

PMID- 2291471
TI  - Separation and quantitation of the polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor D,L-alpha
      difluoromethylarginine and other guanidine-containing compounds by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - The arginine decarboxylase inhibitor difluoromethylarginine (DFMA) is an
      important tool in the study of polyamine metabolism, particularly with respect to
      the human pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi. This paper demonstrates a unique method for
      the detection and quantitation of intracellular DFMA using the fluorogenic agent
      9,10-phenanthrenequinone. After separation of cell extracts by HPLC, DFMA can be
      accurately and reproducibly quantified with a lower sensitivity limit of 0.1 nmol
      by this simple fluorometric method. This assay can also be used to detect other
      guanidine-containing compounds such as arginine, agmatine, creatinine, and
      hirudonine, but not substituted guanidines such as aminoguanidine and creatine,
      or the structurally related amidines such as benzamidine and pentamidine.

PMID- 2291472
TI  - Determination of catechol O-methyltransferase activity in relation to melanin
      metabolism using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric
      detection.
AB  - A new sensitive method for the determination of catechol O-methyltransferase
      activity has been developed. The method is based on the O-methylation of the
      indolic intermediates of melanin metabolism. The substrate, 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2
      carboxylic acid, is converted by the enzyme to two O-methylated products, which
      can be separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and measured with
      fluorimetric detection. The physiological presence of both substrate and products
      could be detected in crude melanoma cell extracts. The limit of sensitivity for
      detection of the O-methylated products is less than 0.5 pmol per injection. The
      method was compared with an earlier described HPLC method which makes use of uv
      detection of O-methylated products of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The described
      method will be used to study the importance of catechol O-methyltransferase as a
      protective enzyme in (malignant) melanocytes.

PMID- 2291473
TI  - Amplification, detection, and automated sequencing of gibbon interleukin-2 mRNA
      by Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase reverse transcription and polymerase chain
      reaction.
AB  - Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a gene expression
      assay by which messenger RNA (mRNA) production can be measured. This technique
      involves three steps: isolation of RNA from cells or tissues, the creation of a
      DNA copy of the desired message (cDNA) by viral reverse transcriptase enzymes
      (RT), and amplification of this DNA segment by the polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) for subsequent quantitation and analysis. Here we describe a one-enzyme,
      one-step method combining the RT and PCR steps of conventional RT-PCR by
      exploiting the recently documented RT properties of Taq polymerase, the
      thermostable enzyme used for PCR amplification of DNA. RNA was extracted from
      gibbon T-cells (MLA144), reverse transcribed and amplified with oligonucleotide
      primers (specific for the 5' portion of a spliced interleukin-2 (IL-2) messenger
      RNA) by Taq polymerase. A discrete fragment of correct length for IL-2 cDNA was
      detected. Experiments showed that this product was RNA-dependent and specific for
      IL-2. This fragment was sequenced by automation employing a biotin primer
      streptavidin magnetic bead protocol which confirmed its origin as processed IL-2
      mRNA. The modification of the RT-PCR procedure using a thermostable enzyme speeds
      up reaction time and increases stringency. This method should make the diagnostic
      screening of cells for gene expression more efficient and practical.

PMID- 2291474
TI  - A firefly luciferase assay for subnanomolar concentrations of amphipathic
      substances.
AB  - A sensitive assay is described for accurately quantitating subnanomolar aqueous
      concentrations of a wide variety of amphipathic and hydrophobic biological
      materials. This paper extends a luciferase-luciferin method previously used to
      measure aqueous concentrations of anesthetics to a variety of hormones,
      metabolites, and membrane active agents. The assay can cover analyte ranges from
      picomolar to micromolar. The sensitivity of the assay is shown to correlate with
      the hydrophobic nature of the analyte. The mechanism of the assay appears to
      result from competition of analyte with luciferin for a hydrophobic binding site
      on the luciferase molecule. This assay allows measurement of the partitioning of
      analytes into lipid bilayers from aqueous solution.

PMID- 2291476
TI  - A universal primer mixture for sequence determination at the 3' ends of cDNAs.
AB  - We have devised a universal primer which can be used to sequence the 3'-ends of
      cloned cDNAs containing a polyA tail. The primer consists of an equimolar mixture
      of three primers: 20 T nucleotides followed by either an A, C, or G nucleotide
      (5'----3'). With this primer mixture and the dideoxynucleotide chain termination
      method, we determined the 3'-terminal sequence of human beta-actin cDNA in an
      Okayama-Berg vector, in four parallel sets of reactions containing either a
      single primer (T20G, T20C, or T20A) or an equimolar mixture of all three primers.
      Priming with both T20A and the triple mixture gave clearly readable results that
      agree with the known sequence of the human beta-actin gene, and we have applied
      this method successfully to several other cDNAs in the Okayama-Berg expression
      vector. Use of this universal primer mixture facilitates determination of
      sequences at the 3'-ends of cDNAs while by-passing the polyA tail region.

PMID- 2291475
TI  - Determination of alpha-keto acids including phenylpyruvic acid in human plasma by
      high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection.
AB  - A highly sensitive method for the determination of alpha-keto acids including
      phenylpyruvic acid in human plasma is investigated. The method employs high
      performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection. The acids and
      alpha-ketocaproic acid (internal standard) in human plasma are isolated by anion
      exchange chromatography on a Toyopak DEAE cartridge, and then converted into the
      corresponding chemiluminescent derivatives with 4,5-diaminophthalhydrazide
      dihydrochloride, a chemiluminescence derivatization reagent for alpha-keto acids.
      The derivatives are separated within 50 min on a reversed-phase column, TSKgel
      ODS-120T, with isocratic elution, followed by chemiluminescence detection; the
      chemiluminescence is produced by the reaction of the derivatives with hydrogen
      peroxide in the presence of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III). The detection limits
      for the acids are in the range 9-92 pmol/ml in plasma (signal-to-noise ratio =
      3). This sensitivity permits precise determination of several alpha-keto acids
      including phenylpyruvic acid, which cannot be determined by other HPLC methods,
      in 10 microliters of normal human plasma. The chemiluminescent product from
      phenylpyruvic acid was characterized as 3-benzyl-7,8-dihydropyridazino[4,5
      g]quinoxaline-2,6,9(1H)-trione.

PMID- 2291477
TI  - Detection of protein-DNA complex formation by time-resolved fluorescence
      depolarization of bound ethidium bromide.
AB  - We introduce the use of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to probe the
      interaction between gene regulatory proteins and DNA. Changes in the decay
      kinetics of fluorescence polarization anisotropy of ethidium bromide bound to DNA
      segments report changes in hydrodynamic volume and shape which occurs upon
      complex formation between protein and DNA. We have used the decay of fluorescence
      polarization anisotropy as a spectroscopic handle on the interaction between
      several site-specific DNA-binding proteins involved in transcriptional regulation
      (the cro repressor of coliphage lambda, the lac repressor of Escherichia coli,
      and the RNA polymerase of coliphage T7) and their target DNA fragments ranging in
      length from 17 to 36 base pairs. The technique allows one to follow complex
      formation while varying solution conditions such as temperature, pH, ionic
      strength, and presence of effector molecules. Macromolecular concentrations
      ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-4) M can be used, allowing estimates of relative
      binding affinities. The magnitude of the observed rotational correlation times
      (phi obs) can be used to infer information about the size and shape of the
      complexes.

PMID- 2291479
TI  - Microtiter plate assay for the measurement of glutathione and glutathione
      disulfide in large numbers of biological samples.
AB  - By combining the least complicated and expedient methods of sample handling with
      the sensitivity and specificity of the GSH assay by enzymatic recycling and the
      small volumes and software capabilities of microtiter plate technology we have
      devised a rapid, sensitive, and easy assay for GSH and GSSG in biological
      samples. The assay is sensitive to 5 pmol in sample volumes of 50 microliters,
      although other volumes could be used. The use of a computer-driven microplate
      with software capable of linear kinetic data storage and analysis on each well,
      Maxline series microplate readers and Softmax software, enables the user not only
      to assay large numbers of samples per day but also to have immediate calculated
      results. We suggest by examples that measurements of total GSH as well as changes
      in GSH:GSSG in vitro and in vivo are feasible with this technology.

PMID- 2291478
TI  - The small-scale production of [U-14C]acetylene from Ba14CO3: application to
      labeling of ammonia monooxygenase in autotrophic nitrifying bacteria.
AB  - A small-scale method has been adapted from an established procedure for the
      generation of [U-14C]acetylene from inexpensive and commonly available
      precursors. The method involves the fusing of Ba14CO3 with excess barium metal to
      produce Ba14C2. The BaC2 is reacted with water to generate acetylene which is
      then selectively dissolved into dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The results presented
      demonstrate the effect of Ba:BaCO3 ratio on the concentrations of various gases
      released during the hydrolysis reaction and quantify the selectivity of the DMSO
      trapping process for each gas. [U-14C]Acetylene generated by this method has been
      used to inactivate ammonia monooxygenase in three species of autotrophic
      nitrifying bacteria: Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrosococcus oceanus, and
      Nitrosolobus multiformis. Our results demonstrate that acetylene inactivation of
      this enzyme in all three species results in the covalent incorporation of
      radioactive label into a polypeptide of apparent Mr of 25,000-27,000, as
      determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      fluorography.

PMID- 2291480
TI  - Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of biological materials.

PMID- 2291481
TI  - Hydrodynamic relaxation and sample concentration in field-flow fractionation
      using permeable wall elements.
AB  - The advantages of hydrodynamic relaxation in field-flow fractionation, in which
      an injected sample is driven rapidly toward its equilibrium distribution by flow,
      are described relative to conventional field-driven relaxation. A new concept for
      achieving hydrodynamic relaxation, based on the use of permeable wall elements
      (or frit elements) embedded in the channel walls, is introduced. Here an
      auxiliary substream of carrier fluid, permeating uniformly into the FFF channel
      near the inlet, drives the sample, entrained in its own substream, close to its
      equilibrium configuration. Such frit elements can also be used to enrich the
      sample at the outlet. Equations are derived and plots are provided for the
      position of the splitting plane dividing the two substreams; this position
      defines the strength of the hydrodynamic relaxation. Variations in shear through
      these frit-modified end regions are also formulated and plotted. The effects of
      frit elements on band broadening are discussed. It is concluded that permeable
      wall elements in many configurations may be broadly applicable to FFF and related
      methods for improved sample introduction, increased separation speed, reduced
      risk of sample adhesion to the wall, improved flow stability, and sample
      enrichment.

PMID- 2291482
TI  - Stearate-modified carbon paste electrodes for detecting dopamine in vivo:
      decrease in selectivity caused by lipids and other surface-active agents.
AB  - Electrochemical characteristics of dopamine, ascorbic acid, and ferrocyanide
      measured with carbon-Nujol paste electrodes (CPEs) and stearate-modified carbon
      paste electrodes (SMEs) before and after treatment with either surfactant (Triton
      X), lipid (phosphatidylethanolamine), or brain tissue indicate that the
      lipophilic nature of the brain destroys the selectivity of SMEs for dopamine by
      removing the hydrophobic elements from the electrode surface. Measurements of the
      degree and time-course of changes in surface capacitance of SMEs following
      contact with surface-active agents support this conclusion. The results suggest
      that SMEs cannot be used to detect dopamine unambiguously in vivo and emphasize
      the need to characterize electrochemical sensors in an environment similar to
      that of intended applications.

PMID- 2291483
TI  - Oxygen optrode for use in a fiber-optic glucose biosensor.
AB  - An optical fiber oxygen sensor, based on the dynamic quenching of the
      luminescence of tris(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) cation by molecular
      oxygen, is presented. The complex is adsorbed onto silica gel, incorporated in a
      silicone matrix possessing a high oxygen permeability, and placed at the tip of
      the optical fiber. Oxygen has been monitored continuously in the 0-750 Torr
      range, with the detection limit being as low as 0.7 Torr. The device has been
      applied to the development of a fast responding and highly sensitive fiber-optic
      glucose biosensor based on this highly sensitive oxygen transducer. The sensor
      relates oxygen consumption (as a result of enzymatic oxidation) to glucose
      concentration. The enzyme is immobilized on the surface of the oxygen optrode;
      carbon black is used as an optical isolation in order to prevent ambient light
      and sample fluorescence to interfere. Measurements have been performed in a flow
      through cell in air-equilibrated glucose standard solutions of pH 7.0. The
      effects of enzyme immobilization procedures (including enzyme immobilization on
      carbon black) as to response times (around 6 min), analytical ranges (0.06-1 mM
      glucose), reproducibility in sensor construction, and long-term stability have
      been studied as well.

PMID- 2291484
TI  - Recognition of trypsin autolysis products by high-performance liquid
      chromatography and mass spectrometry.
AB  - Potential artifactual contributions are assessed in high-pressure liquid
      chromatograms and fast atom bombardment mass spectra from autolysis of different
      preparations of the widely used protease trypsin. Both commercially supplied and
      laboratory-purified samples were examined. Bovine pancreatic trypsin (1 mg/mL)
      was found to be completely destroyed in 2 h at pH 8.5, degraded to a complex
      mixture of small peptides which were characterized by their molecular weights.
      Some identifications were supported by sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry or
      by mass spectrometric analysis of the mixture resulting from a single Edman
      degradation. Autolysis of porcine pancreatic trypsin produced a completely
      different set of peptides. Five sites of hydrolysis at asparagine residues in
      bovine trypsin were also identified.

PMID- 2291485
TI  - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric quantitative analysis of methionine
      enkephalin in human pituitary tissues.
AB  - Picomole amounts of endogenous methionine-enkephalin (ME = YGGFM) were quantified
      in 11 individual human pituitaries by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry
      methods. Quantification was based either upon the comparison of the molecular ion
      (MH+) current of endogenous ME versus the current of a deuterated ME internal
      standard (d5-ME) or, similarly, upon the unimolecular decomposition MH+----YGGF-+
      In the first field-free region to produce the unique tetrapeptide fragment ion.
      The latter method used the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Native ME was
      purified with an octadecylsilyl (ODS) disposable cartridge and with
      multidimensional reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The
      amounts of ME determined were 18.26 +/- 19.98 ng of ME/mg of protein with the MH+
      method and 15.28 +/- 16.59 ng of ME/mg of protein with the MRM method. A fraction
      (ca. 4%) of the total amount of ME from one pituitary was used to acquire these
      quantitative data, and ca. half of the remaining amount of a separate sample (no
      d5-ME added) was used to obtain a linked scan at constant B/E (B, magnetic field;
      E, electric field) of the ME MH+ at 574 u to produce the amino acid sequence
      determining fragment ions at m/z 297, 354, 411, 397, 278, and 425 u corresponding
      to Y2", Y3", Y4", A4, B3, and B4, respectively. That product ion spectrum was
      similar to a scan of 100 ng of synthetic ME. We calculated that the amount of
      pentapeptide for the MRM experiments corresponded to a total of 30 ng (52 pmol)
      of ME on the probe tip during quantification. On the other hand, we estimated
      that 3 times more, or 90 ng (156 pmol), ME was on the probe tip during
      acquisition of the product ion spectrum.

PMID- 2291486
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay of insulin by semiconductor laser fluorometry.

PMID- 2291487
TI  - On-valve electrochemical detector for high-speed flow injection analysis.

PMID- 2291488
TI  - Hypertrophy of visceral smooth muscle.
AB  - Smooth muscles of viscera undergo a large increase in volume when there is a
      chronic, partial obstruction impairing the flow of lumenal contents. Hypertrophy
      of smooth muscle occurs in various medical conditions and several methods are
      available for inducing it experimentally in laboratory animals, especially in
      urinary bladder, small intestine and ureter. The hypertrophic response differs
      somewhat with the type of organ, the animal species, the age of the subject, and
      the experimental procedure. Ten- to fifteen-fold increases in muscle volume
      develop within a few weeks in the urinary bladder or the ileum of adult animals,
      a growth that would not have occurred in the lifespan of the animal without the
      experimental intervention. The general architecture of the muscle and the
      boundaries with adjacent tissues are well preserved. In intestinal hypertrophy,
      muscle cells increase in number: mitoses are found in mature, fully
      differentiated muscle cells. Cell division by full longitudinal splitting of
      muscle cells may also occur. Enlargement of muscle cells accounts for most of the
      muscle hypertrophy. The hypertrophic muscle cell has an irregular profile with
      deep indentations of the cell membrane, bearing caveolae and dense bands;
      however, the cell surface grows less than the cell volume (reduction of surface
      to-volume ratio). The nucleus is crenated and is much less enlarged than the cell
      (reduction of the nucleo-plasmatic ratio). Mitochondria grow in number but in
      some muscles their spatial density decreases; intermediate filaments increase
      more than myofilaments. The spatial density of sarcoplasmic reticulum is
      generally increased. In the hypertrophic intestine, gap junctions increase in
      number and size; in the bladder, gap junctions are absent both in control and in
      hypertrophy. Thus the hypertrophic muscle cell is not only larger than a control
      cell, but has a different pattern of its structural components. Extensive neo
      angiogenesis maintains a good blood supply to the hypertrophic muscle. The
      density of innervation is much decreased in the hypertrophic intestine, whereas
      it appears well maintained in the bladder. Neuronal enlargement is found in the
      intramural ganglia of the intestine and in the pelvic ganglion. The mechanisms
      involved in hypertrophic growth are unknown. Three possible factors, mechanical
      factors, especially stretch, altered nerve discharge, and trophic factors are
      discussed.

PMID- 2291489
TI  - Contraction wave in the chick blastoderm induced by muscarinic stimulation.
AB  - The mechanism of excitation contraction coupling during morphogenetic movements
      is unknown. We describe a contraction wave in the chick blastoderm after
      muscarinic stimulation, which indicates that an autocrine cholinergic mechanism
      might be involved in the induction of morphogenetic movements during
      embryogenesis. Chick blastoderms were explanted in a modified new culture and the
      cellular movements were recorded by time lapse video filming. Perfusion with
      acetylcholine or carbachol induced a contraction wave in the blastoderm which
      started in the periphery at the point of entrance of the drug, and proceeded
      within 8-10 min through the area pellucida to the opposite side of the
      blastoderm. Perfusion with the muscarinic antagonist pilocarpine in turn induced
      relaxation. Atropine inhibited the effect of the agonists acetylcholine and
      carbachol. From earlier studies we know that in the chick embryo a muscarinic
      system is present, the expression of which correlates with morphogenetic
      movements. The induction of a contraction wave in the chick blastoderm by
      muscarinic agonists supports our hypothesis that embryonic cell movements might
      be regulated via muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2291490
TI  - Separation of neural and surface ectoderm after closure of the rostral neuropore.
AB  - Separation of neural and surface ectoderm after closure of the rostral neuropore
      in the head region has been described by investigating the integrity of the
      basement membranes of these epithelia in 11- to 27-somite rat embryos. The
      basement membranes were visualized with polyclonal antibodies against laminin.
      Furthermore, cell degeneration has been investigated in relation to neural crest
      activity, and discontinuities of the basement membrane in 9- to 30-somite mouse
      embryos. The separation of the basement membranes of neural and surface ectoderm
      in the midline is a final phase during the fusion of the neural folds, which
      takes place from the closure of the rostral neuropore, at the 19-somite stage,
      until the 27-somite stage (rat embryos), and which occurs focally with variation
      in the midsagittal and the transverse planes. In the prosencephalon, neural crest
      activity is absent during the separation phase of both epithelia, but cell
      degeneration may contribute to the separation of the initially connected basement
      membranes. A disturbance in the separation of the neural and surface ectoderm may
      be the pathogenetic basis of midline skull defects, and of the fronto-ethmoidal
      encephalocele in particular.

PMID- 2291491
TI  - Ultrastructure, protein synthesis and secretion of day-6 rabbit blastocysts
      cultured in a chemically defined, protein-free medium.
AB  - Day-6 rabbit blastocysts were cultured in Ham's F10 medium supplemented with
      polyvinylpyrrolidone as a macromolecular component, for 4 to 12 h. The integrity
      of the blastocyst cells was demonstrated by electron microscopy. Expansion and
      biosynthesis of proteins and of DNA were studied after culturing in the presence
      of 35S-methionine and 3H-thymidine. Polyvinylpyrrolidone did not interfere with
      the subsequent protein analysis, which was performed by two dimensional gel
      electrophoresis followed by silver staining and fluorography. More than 600
      labelled proteins were found in the blastocyst tissue, many of them were also
      present in the blastocyst fluid and in the blastocyst coverings. Several proteins
      seemed to be produced for incorporation into the blastocyst coverings; others,
      only detected in the culture medium, might have been synthesized for secretion
      into the environment.

PMID- 2291492
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of CR3 complement receptors with OX-42 in
      amoeboid microglia in postnatal rats.
AB  - The present study described the labelling of amoeboid microglial cells in the
      postnatal rat brain with OX-42, an antibody that recognizes type 3 complement
      receptors CR3 in mononuclear phagocytes. Of the diverse morphological forms of
      amoeboid microglia present in the corpus callosum in early postnatal (2-5 days)
      rats, cells with a round regular outline, or showing short stout processes, were
      the most intensely stained. When traced from the main cell colony into the
      borderline zone with the cortex, the immunoreactivity of amoeboid microglia that
      assumed a ramified form was drastically reduced. Examination of materials from
      the late postnatal (8-12 days) age group showed that the majority of the OX-42
      positive cells in the corpus callosum became oval, elongated and ramified.
      Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the above observations, and also showed that
      the immunoreactivity in the round amoeboid microglia was localized in their
      plasma membrane, surface projections and invaginations, as well as in some of the
      subsurface vacuoles. The immunoreactivity was reduced in the oval cells, and
      diminished in the elongated or ramified form. It is proposed that the presence of
      CR3 membrane receptors in amoeboid microglial cells is related to their active
      role in endocytosis. These, however, diminish with the growth of the brain.

PMID- 2291494
TI  - Adrenergic innervation of the calvarium of the neonatal rat. Its relationship to
      the sagittal suture and developing parietal bones.
AB  - The presence and distribution of adrenergic nerves in the developing calvarium of
      the newborn rat documented by means of the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence
      technique in rats aged 2 or 7 days. Nerve fibres exhibiting catecholamine
      specific fluorescence were seen within the developing calvarium of all animals.
      In coronal sections, these fibres could be seen in the developing bone,
      especially in the lamina interna, while in sagittal sections, they were seen to
      traverse the tissue to reach the central of the diploe. These fibres originate
      from a denser plexus within the dura mater. Especially in the younger age group,
      the fluorescent fibres often exhibited an immature appearance, being coarse and
      devoid of varicosities. In the older animals the fibres were often varicose. The
      sutural tissue proper was always found to be devoid of adrenergic innervation.
      The possible origin and functional significance of the adrenergic innervation in
      the developing bone in relation to skull growth and sutural closure are
      discussed.

PMID- 2291493
TI  - Retinal ganglion cell death during regeneration of the frog optic nerve is not
      accompanied by appreciable cell loss from the inner nuclear layer.
AB  - We estimated cell numbers in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers of adult
      frog (Hyla moorei) retinae, examining normal animals and those with regenerated
      optic nerves. Analysis of sections stained with cresyl violet showed that cell
      numbers in a nasotemporal strip, which included the area centralis and visual
      streak, were comparable between sides for both these cellular layers in normal
      animals. In line with our previous observations, after optic nerve regeneration
      cell numbers in the ganglion cell layer had fallen by 35-43% compared to the
      unoperated sides. By contrast cell numbers remained similar for the inner nuclear
      layers on the two sides. We conclude that retrograde transneuronal degeneration
      had not taken place in the inner nuclear layer in response to ganglion cell
      death.

PMID- 2291495
TI  - In vitro survival of cells derived from isodiploid uniparental half embryos of
      the mouse after aggregation with normal embryos.
AB  - Fertilized mouse eggs, heterozygous for two allozymes of glucose phosphate
      isomerase (GPI) were bisected, and the resulting half eggs were diploidized with
      cytochalasin B. After separate aggregation with normal embryos carrying a third
      allozyme of GPI, the resulting chimaeras were kept in culture up to 10 days. The
      majority grew out on the culture dish during this period. By GPI analysis, 7.7%
      of the embryos were found to be chimaeric. Both types of uniparental cells, from
      gynogenetic and from androgenetic half eggs, were capable of surviving in
      chimaeras in vitro. These results are comparable with published data obtained by
      using uniparental embryos generated by micromanipulation.

PMID- 2291497
TI  - Taxonomy of 37-collar spined Echinostoma (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in studies
      on the population regulation in experimental rodent hosts.
AB  - With reference to a recent taxonomic revision the species of the echinostomes
      used in key studies on the population regulation in infections with 37-collar
      spined Echinostoma species in experimental rodent hosts were reconsidered. This
      was considered essential to prevent taxonomic problems blocking further fruitful
      progress within this field of experimental parasitology.

PMID- 2291496
TI  - Cell proliferation in developing human stomach.
AB  - Cell proliferation during morphogenesis of human stomach was investigated using
      radioautography and biochemical determinations of [3H]-thymidine incorporation
      into DNA. Labeling indices in the epithelium, mesenchyme and muscle layer were
      established on radioautographs and the heights (mm) of the gastric glands were
      measured between 10 and 17 weeks of gestation. At 11-12 weeks, the appearance of
      the first pit/gland was noted, and the labeling index ranged from 9.2 to 10.2%.
      Labeled cells were present at all levels of the stratified epithelium. Between 14
      and 16 weeks, the total epithelial labeling index declined sharply (8.1 to 5.4%)
      with a concomitant increase of the height of the pit/gland structures (0.055 to
      0.080 mm). High proliferative activity was also recorded in the mesenchyme and
      the muscle layer, the labeling indices decreasing between 10 and 17 weeks. The
      biochemical quantitation of the [3H]-thymidine uptake into the total gastric DNA
      clearly supported the continuous decrease of the cell proliferation determined by
      radioautography. Detailed analysis of the epithelium showed that proliferative
      cells were more numerous at the base of the gland at the earliest stage (11
      weeks) but concentrated in the pit/neck regions by 13-14 weeks. As the pit/gland
      development proceeded (14 to 17 weeks) labeled cells remained more abundant in
      the pit/neck regions of the gland (10.9%) and were rarely seen on the surface
      epithelium (2%). The present investigation provides basic quantitative data
      regarding cell proliferation in developing human stomach, and indicates that the
      morphogenesis of the gastric glands is correlated with the high proliferative
      capacity of the pit/neck cells.

PMID- 2291498
TI  - Population dynamics and interrelationships of some Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus
      species on Cyprinus carpio.
AB  - During 1986/87, 922 carps have been examined for ectoparasitic helminths.
      Altogether 6 species of Gyrodactylus and 4 species of Dactylogyrus were found.
      The most frequent parasite on the gills was D. extensus; it shows a great
      tolerance to the water temperature with two peaks of infestation between 2 and 9
      degrees C. Additionally, relationships between the seasonal dynamics of the
      invasion cycle of D. extensus and D. anchoratus were recognized. In addition to
      Dactylogyrus 2 species of Gyrodactylus, G. shumani and G. sprostonae occurred on
      the gills. G. shulmani tends to show rapid population growth in the warmest
      months in summer. The highest number of helminths were found in the beginning of
      September. It is conceivable that G. shulmani will be an agent of a new
      helminthosis in the GDR. The infestation by G. shulmani is often accompanied by
      the occurrence of D. vastator. Both species reach the maximum values
      approximately at the same time. G. sprostonae reached high intensities already in
      June and August. The common infestation increased by G. katharineri, G.
      stankovici and G. kherulensis on skin nd fins. G. katharineri seems to have the
      most favourable conditions in April. The indices dropped to a minimum in summer
      and autumn. G. stankovici has likely similar ecological claims as G. katharineri
      and shows a peak of incidence in April, too.

PMID- 2291499
TI  - [The detection of Giardia lamblia in water].
AB  - Conditionally, especially by using surface-water for drinking-water, G. lamblia
      must be regarded as a potential water-hygienic factor of risk. A review is given
      about the main methods for detecting the parasite in water. A successful one,
      worked out by Borsod Megyei Kojal, Miskolc (Hungary), is presented. The base is
      membrane filtration. A continuing concentration of the cysts is obtained by
      centrifugation and zinc-sulphate flotation. The diagnosis is realized
      microscopically. It is possible to conclude the number of viable infections cells
      and the hygienic dangerousness potential in the analyzed water resources from the
      examination of the ability of the isolated cysts to change themselves into the
      vegetative form of the agent under laboratory conditions.

PMID- 2291500
TI  - [Strategy and tactics in the treatment of esophageal achalasia. Presentation of
      the topic].

PMID- 2291501
TI  - [Endoscopic treatment of megaesophagus].

PMID- 2291502
TI  - [Surgical therapy of esophageal achalasia].

PMID- 2291503
TI  - Surgical management of failed esophagomyotomy (Heller's operation).

PMID- 2291505
TI  - [Spinal cord ischemia following subrenal aortic clamping].
AB  - The paraplegia caused by an aortic clamping just below the Renal artery is a rare
      but very complication in aortic surgery. Such a complication is even rarer if we
      consider the few cases reported in literature following a reconstructive surgery
      for occlusive chronic diseases of aortiliac axes. The authors have studied the
      case of a patient bearing the syndrome of Leriche; this one had an aortic
      clamping below the kidney and soon after developed an acute ischaemic syndrome
      below the spinal medulla with flaccid paraparesis, anal and vesical sphincteric
      diseases and persistence of deep tactile sensibility. After a reconstruction of
      vascular anatomy of the medulla they emphasize the importance, in such a disease,
      of the "arteria radicularis magna" of Adamkievicz and its place of origin. After
      they discuss the severe physioopathologic moments that are connected: with the
      direct ischaemia following aortic clamping in the cases where the arteria
      radicularis magna rises at a level lower than the clamping itself; with the
      embolism or thrombosis caused by surgical manipulation peroperatively (it might
      be the cause of paraplegia more frequent in aneurysmectomia surgery); with the
      severe hypotension per- and post operatively for the existence of
      arteriosclerotic disease of the lumbar arteries. Finally they analyses
      preoperatively diagnostic possibilities and per operatively methods used in
      preventing this sort of complication.

PMID- 2291504
TI  - [Our experience with mandibular fractures].
AB  - The authors relate on their own experience concerning etiology, diagnosis and
      treatment of mandibular fractures. 320 patients (252 males and 68 females) aged
      between 6 and 82 years with posttraumatic fractures of the mandible, 188 with a
      single and 132 with multiple fractures, underwent surgical and/or orthopedic
      treatment. Interosseous wiring and seldom application of metallic plates were the
      preferred techniques when surgery was performed. Intermaxillary fixation was
      carried out when the orthopedic treatment was needed. Often both methods were
      associated. In 10% of the condylar fractures the condyle has been removed.
      Functional results were excellent and no serious complications could be observed.
      In 11% of the cases with condylar fractures some limitation of the mandibular
      movements could be observed, while when condyles were not involved malocclusion
      could be observed in 3% of the cases. The authors discuss upon etiology, by
      comparing their own with other experiences, upon diagnosis, which does not seem
      difficult if adequate radiological investigations are carried out; finally they
      relate briefly on the advantages and disadvantages of the different surgical and
      non surgical techniques. Based on their experience they conclude that
      interosseous wiring and, in selected cases, the application of metallic plates,
      using an external approach, mostly associated with intermaxillary fixation,
      represent a safe and adequate treatment for almost every fracture of the
      mandible.

PMID- 2291506
TI  - [Treatment of secondary intrahepatic calculosis].
AB  - The secondary intrahepatic stone is generally associated with an extrahepatic
      stone and depends on it. Since April 1979 to April 1988 10 cases of secondary
      I.S. have been treated by the authors. Four cases were treated by papillo
      sphincterectomy and the stones were removed i.o. by choledochoscopy. Five cases
      were treated by a B-D anastomosis and the following extraction of the other
      stones were done by means of transhepatic choledochoscopy. Another case was
      treated by a B-D anastomosis while the remaining stones were removed by using
      both transhepatic choledochoscopy and the ESWL, treatment. The I.S. treatment has
      not been codified yet. The aim is to remove not just the stones but also to
      eliminate the responsible cause of stenosis. If surgery has been not able to
      solve the problem, other methodologies might be used in presence of big stones or
      stones of the fifth or the third segment.

PMID- 2291507
TI  - Phenotypical characterization of lymphocyte recirculating subsets in patients
      undergoing splenectomy for trauma.
AB  - The spleen is a peripheral lymphatic organ where lymphocytes stop for long time
      during their circulation. We studied the peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets both
      in 30 subjects splenectomized for trauma and in 30 healthy, non splenectomized,
      subjects. The phenotypical characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations was
      performed employing monoclonal antibodies by direct immunofluorescence assays
      with single and double labelling. Comparing the results, we put in evidence, in
      splenectomized patients, an increase in all the lymphocyte subsets but one (L.
      G.L. Leu7+). The CD8+ population showed the major increase according with its
      large representation in the splenic tissue. Splenectomy induces a change in
      lymphocyte recirculating pool because of the loss of an important anatomical site
      of migration. This reduction of lymphocyte recirculating capacity can be related
      to a decreased efficiency in immunocompetence. In fact, many Authors showed that
      splenectomy is associated with several anomalies of both humoral and cellular
      immune response. In contrast with this, our group of splenectomized patients
      doesn't reveal a greater incidence of infections. We conclude that splenectomy
      realizes a new anatomical situation where the reduction of lymphocyte
      recirculating capacity can be related to a decreased statistical efficiency in
      immunocompetence.

PMID- 2291508
TI  - [A rare case of Merkel's tumor with intestinal metastases].
AB  - A rare case of intestinal metastasis of a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin
      (Merkel Cell Tumor) is reported. The primary tumor was excised from the left arm
      two years earlier and followed an aggressive course with lymph-nodes, tonsillar
      and intestinal spread. Histologically, the intestinal lesion was similar to the
      primary tumor with small, undifferentiated cells. Undifferentiated small cell
      carcinoma and lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract are to be considered in the
      differential diagnosis. Merkel Cells Tumor usually affects head and neck (44%)
      and extremities (48%), and is a highly malignant neoplasia, with early recurrence
      and distant metastases. Wide surgical excision of the primary lesion is the
      treatment of choice, while controversial is the role of prophylactic regional
      lymphadenectomy. Adjuvant radio- and chemo-therapy is frequently associated.

PMID- 2291509
TI  - [Rectal burns caused by enema].
AB  - The injuries incident to enemas may vary from oedema of the mucosa to gangrene of
      the large bowel. The burn of the rectum is very rare, and in mild cases it has an
      identical course to that of the caustic oesophagitis. The place of
      corticosteroids, administered by intravenous route or topically, in the therapy
      of te burn of the rectum is unproven. Healing of the lesion occurs by fibrosis
      and may result in structure formation, which usually need a treatment only when
      obstructive symptoms develops.

PMID- 2291510
TI  - [Bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in tumors of the testis: anatomo
      clinical considerations].
AB  - Bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is usually indicated for non
      seminomatous testis tumour at stage IIA and IIB. For seminoma is generally used
      radiotherapy, although some Authors prefer the surgical approach. Radical
      retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy must be bilateral, because metastatic cell can
      often spread to the contralateral lymph nodes. Lymphadenectomy is used not only
      for therapy, but also for staging: thus clinical evaluation and other diagnostic
      techniques are not always correct (30% of understaging). Permanent sexual
      disfunction can follow radical surgery, due to extensive retroperitoneal
      dissection and exeresis of lumbar sympathetic nerves; so it is proposed, for
      stage I tumors, a monolateral or limited retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Eight
      patients with non-seminomatous testicular tumours are reported by the authors; 2
      (stage I) were treated with monolateral, 4 (stage IIA and IIB) with bilateral
      retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy; in 2 patients (stage IIC and IID) chemotherapy
      was followed by debulking surgery. Relapses were observed between 3 and 19
      months. Sexual dysfunctions after surgery were present in 5 patients (69%); in
      all of these a bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was performed.

PMID- 2291511
TI  - [Bifocal fractures of the leg].
AB  - The authors present the results obtained on 28 tibial bifocal fractures
      surgically treated with Kuntschers' intramedullary nailing and P.T.B. functional
      plastering. Among these cases, 21 occurred at the orthopaedic and traumatologic
      Clinic of Siena University, while the remaining 7 patients were treated at Chieti
      University. The authors point out the validity of this method comparing in with
      other different techniques (Grosse-Kempf method, intramedullary fixation obtained
      with Ender nails, both associated with functional treatment).

PMID- 2291512
TI  - [Surgical chemoprophylaxis with ceftriaxone].
AB  - Ceftriaxone is a cephalosporin of third generation. It is characterized by a
      broad spectrum, a long half-life and a good capacity of diffusion in tissue. We
      have studied 67 patients. Age ratio was 44 years. 25 patients did not receive
      short term prophylaxis; 42 patients did (2 gr iv of ceftriaxone one hour before
      the operation). In clean surgery, only patients immunodepressed or malnourished
      received chemoprophylaxis. Patients who received 2 gr iv of ceftriaxone one hour
      before incision, received antibiotic therapy only on the appearance of septic
      complications. RESULTS: two patients submitted to chemoprophylaxis (4.8%) showed
      complications (cystitis and bronchial pneumonia). In the control group antibiotic
      therapy was undertaken only if septic complication appeared. 19 patients (76%)
      did not showed any complications. 6 patients (24%) showed surgical wound
      infection, acute pharyngo-tracheitis, cystitis. Finally, wound infections were
      limited exclusively to the control group. The ratio of respiratory infections was
      not statistically significant in the two groups; cystitis resulted more frequent
      in the control group than in the prophylaxis group. Prophylaxis with 2 gr single
      dose of ceftriaxone intravenously is effective in reducing the influence of
      infective complications in clean/contaminated surgery and clean risk surgery.

PMID- 2291513
TI  - Biological Actions of Extracellular ATP.

PMID- 2291514
TI  - Effects of extracellular ATP on mononuclear phagocytes.

PMID- 2291515
TI  - Use of ATP following shock and ischemia.
AB  - The available information indicates that shock and ischemia are associated with
      such phenomena as diminished microcirculatory blood flow and diminished metabolic
      (including ATP levels) and cellular capabilities, and that these phenomena are
      associated with altered cellular functions. Infusion of ATP-MgCl2 as an adjunct
      following shock or ischemia significantly improves microcirculatory blood flow,
      tissue and mitochondrial magnesium levels, tissue ATP levels, cellular functions,
      and overall survival of animals. Administration of ATP or MgCl2 alone after such
      conditions was ineffective in improving cellular functions or the survival of
      animals. Thus, it could be concluded that ATP together with MgCl2 is required for
      an effective treatment. ATP-MgCl2 can be administered safely in normal volunteers
      as well as in patients following various adverse circulatory conditions.
      Administration of this agent in humans produces positive inotropic, negative
      chronotropic, and peripheral vasodilatory actions, which clearly suggests the
      potential use of this agent in patients with low-flow conditions or organ
      ischemia. Clinical trials of ATP-MgCl2 treatment in patients with various adverse
      circulatory conditions are underway at several institutions in this country as
      well as in Japan.

PMID- 2291517
TI  - Structural and chemical properties of ATP and its metal complexes in solution.

PMID- 2291516
TI  - Mechanisms of anticancer activities of adenine nucleotides in tumor-bearing
      hosts.

PMID- 2291518
TI  - A comparison of P1- and P2-purinoceptors.

PMID- 2291519
TI  - Subtypes of P2-purinoceptors. Studies using analogues of ATP.
AB  - Studies using analogues of ATP have allowed a comparison of structure-activity
      relationships that has provided ample evidence for the existence of at least four
      subtypes of P2-purinoceptors responsive to adenine nucleotides. Competitive
      antagonists have defined clearly the P2T subtype, specific agonists are now
      available for the P2X and P2Y subtypes, and leads have been given for development
      of reversible specific antagonists for the P2X and P2Z subtypes. The availability
      especially of inhibitors of ectonucleotidases and of specific antagonists for
      each P2-purinoceptor subtype would enable the roles of endogenous extracellular
      nucleotides to be ascertained, as has already been shown for the interaction of
      platelets with the vasculature.

PMID- 2291520
TI  - P2-purinoceptor antagonists.

PMID- 2291521
TI  - Cardiac effects of adenosine and ATP.

PMID- 2291522
TI  - ADP receptors in platelets.

PMID- 2291523
TI  - Adenosine receptors. Roles and pharmacology.

PMID- 2291524
TI  - Effects of extracellular ATP on phosphatidylcholine phospholipase signaling
      systems.

PMID- 2291525
TI  - Biochemical properties of a P2Y-purinergic receptor.
AB  - The turkey erythrocyte has substantial value as a model for the study of a
      receptor that exhibits pharmacological properties very similar to those
      delineated in mammalian tissues for a P2Y-purinergic receptor. The G protein
      dependent coupling of this receptor to phospholipase C can be studied in detail,
      and the availability of an abundant source of homogeneous cells from which highly
      purified plasma membranes can be prepared, has led to the development of a
      radiolabeled, reversibly binding radioligand for a P2Y-purinergic receptor and a
      photoaffinity covalent radiolabel for this receptor. This source of plasma
      membranes highly enriched in P2Y-purinergic receptors should also serve as a rich
      starting material for the eventual purification and structural characterization
      of this important signaling protein.

PMID- 2291526
TI  - Effects of extracellular ATP on the release of vasoactive mediators from
      endothelium.

PMID- 2291527
TI  - ATP-gated channels in vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - ATP acting through P2x-purinoceptors activates cation channels with some
      similarities to the activation of channels gated by acetylcholine and glutamate
      (channels that can also act as fast excitatory transmitters). These experiments
      clearly demonstrate an ATP-mediated Ca2+ influx through agonist-gated channels
      and a consequent elevation of [Ca2+]i in these single vascular smooth muscle
      cells. The combination of the ability to hold these cells under voltage-clamp and
      to measure [Ca2+]i simultaneously has allowed us to exclude other possible
      explanations for the rise in [Ca2+]i under these conditions. Thus, although the
      major cation entering through the channels is Na+, ATP receptor activation will
      also generate subtle, localized increases in [Ca2+]. These increases might
      directly activate contractile proteins or, if insufficient to do this, might
      upregulate other Ca2(+)-dependent enzymes modulating the contractile process and
      provide an enhanced source of Ca2+ for uptake into internal Ca2+ stores. Further
      understanding of the physiological role of this conductance pathway may require
      the development of specific receptor antagonists or channel blockers.

PMID- 2291528
TI  - Neural release of ATP and adenosine.
AB  - Release of ATP can be evoked from noradrenergic nerve varicosities isolated from
      guinea pig ileal myenteric plexus by depolarization with K+ and veratridine and
      during exposure to acetylcholine or 5-HT. Clonidine, however, modulates the
      release of [3H]noradrenaline without affecting the release of ATP. ATP is also
      released from noradrenergic sympathetic nerves in the vas deferens, where it
      mediates the initial depolarization and contraction in the smooth muscle. Factors
      that apparently modulate the release of noradrenaline do not produce
      corresponding effects on ATP release. The above results are best explained by the
      hypothesis that ATP and noradrenaline are stored in separate populations of
      vesicles within sympathetic nerves and that these pools are subject to
      differential presynaptic modulation. Depolarization of rat brain synaptosomes
      releases adenosine by a process that is mediated, at least in part, by efflux on
      the nucleoside transporter. Drugs that block the nucleoside transport (such as
      dipyridamole) reduce evoked adenosine release and may thereby diminish, rather
      than augment, the actions of adenosine at its receptors. Release of adenosine
      does not appear to be uniformly distributed throughout the brain insofar as
      release varies from synaptosomes prepared from different regions. Although the
      distribution of several markers for possible adenosine pathways in the brain,
      including adenosine release, do not show any consistent correlations, the non
      uniform distribution for these markers suggests that adenosine may have
      differential functions in various brain regions.

PMID- 2291529
TI  - Dual control of local blood flow by purines.
AB  - The potent and widespread vascular actions of purine nucleotides and nucleosides
      have long been recognized. A dual function for ATP in the regulation of vascular
      tone is considered. ATP acts as an excitatory cotransmitter with noradrenaline
      from sympathetic perivascular nerves, to cause vasoconstriction via P2X
      purinoceptors located on vascular smooth muscle. In contrast, ATP can act via P2Y
      purinoceptors located on vascular endothelial cells to release EDRF, which
      diffuses to the vascular smooth muscle and produces vasodilatation. The main
      source of intraluminal ATP is likely to be endothelial cells, and its release can
      be measured during conditions such as changes in flow and hypoxia, in amounts
      sufficient to activate endothelial P2Y-purinoceptors. In some vessels, ATP acts
      directly on P2Y-purinoceptors located in the vascular smooth muscle to produce
      vasodilatation; the possibility that the origins of this ATP are nonsympathetic
      purinergic or sensory-motor nerves is discussed. ATP can also be released during
      intravascular platelet aggregation and from intact and damaged vascular smooth
      muscle cells, and so may play a role in the complex physiological mechanisms
      controlling local vascular tone under normoxic conditions, during changes in
      blood flow and during vessel injury.

PMID- 2291530
TI  - Characteristics of receptor-operated and membrane potential-dependent ATP
      secretion from adrenal medullary chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2291531
TI  - Release of ATP from heart. Presentation of a release model using human
      erythrocyte.

PMID- 2291532
TI  - ATP compartmentation in neuroendocrine secretory vesicles.

PMID- 2291533
TI  - Extracellular ATP metabolism in B and T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2291536
TI  - The effects of ATP on endothelium.

PMID- 2291534
TI  - Ectoprotein kinase in the regulation of cellular responsiveness to extracellular
      ATP.
AB  - The reversible phosphorylation of intracellular proteins has been established as
      a key regulatory mechanism in numerous cellular functions. In this process the
      enzyme protein kinase transfers the gamma-phosphate of ATP to form a covalent
      bond with specific proteins. Another line of investigation has demonstrated that
      extracellular ATP is a potent physiological regulator in various cellular
      systems. Although many of the physiological effects of extracellular ATP were
      shown to be mediated by the action of purinergic receptors, it is possible that
      extracellular protein phosphorylation systems are also implicated in the
      mechanisms underlying the responsiveness of cells to extracellular ATP. The
      identification of ectoprotein kinase at the surface of various cells has provided
      evidence for the existence of such mechanisms, and revealed how the regulatory
      powers of protein phosphorylation systems can extend to the extracellular
      environment. The versatile roles that extracellular protein phosphorylation
      activity may play in the regulation of cellular functions is underscored by the
      presence of multiple protein substrates for this activity at the cell surface.
      Each such surface phosphoprotein may have a unique function. FIGURE 5 depicts the
      hypothetical relationships between the extracellular ATP secreted by exocytosis
      and the specific physiological function of these secreting neurons. Based on
      findings described in this article, we propose that extracellular ATP can be
      utilized by two types of extracellular protein kinase: a membrane-bound
      ectoprotein kinase, and a soluble exoprotein kinase. The exoprotein kinase can
      originate by detachment of an ectokinase from the cell surface, or be an
      intravesicular protein that is coreleased with ATP by exocytosis from stimulated
      cells. Phosphorylation of specific proteins at the surface of a secreting cell
      may have an important feedback control over its own presynaptic activity. The
      ectoprotein kinase could exert this feedback regulation by phosphorylating ion
      channels involved in secretion, and/or by phosphorylating transporters that carry
      out the reuptake of released transmitter molecules. Phosphorylation of receptors
      can regulate intercellular communication, and phosphorylation of integrins could
      regulate the interaction of the cell surface with components of the extracellular
      matrix. Although most of the relationships suggested in FIGURE 5 are still
      hypothetical, it should be possible to test them experimentally in a direct
      manner by raising antibodies against the phosphorylated sites of specific surface
      phosphoproteins. The ability of such antibodies to inhibit protein
      phosphorylation without penetrating the cells provides an experimental paradigm
      for the direct testing of potential physiological function of ecto- and
      exoprotein kinase activities in a variety of cells.

PMID- 2291535
TI  - Affinity labeling of adenine nucleotide sites in enzymes.

PMID- 2291537
TI  - The effects of ATP and related nucleotides on visceral smooth muscle.

PMID- 2291539
TI  - Sixth Cooley's Anemia Symposium. New York, March 13-15, 1990.

PMID- 2291538
TI  - Effects of extracellular ATP on surfactant secretion.
AB  - Extracellular ATP is the most potent endogenous stimulus for surfactant
      phospholipid secretion from alveolar type II cells identified to date. This
      effect of ATP appears mediated via a P2-purinoceptor because the rank order of
      agonist potency is ATP greater than ADP greater than AMP = adenosine. Examination
      of other ATP analogues demonstrates a rank order of agonist potency of ATP =
      gamma S-ATP greater than AMPPNP greater than AMPPCP greater than AMPCPP for
      surfactant secretion, consistent with a P2y-purinoceptor mediating this effect.
      This hypothesis is further supported by experiments with reactive blue 2, which
      selectively inhibits ATP-stimulated surfactant phospholipid secretion and has
      been purported as a specific inhibitor at P2y-purinoceptors. Several second
      messenger systems are activated in the type II cell following agonist binding:
      intracellular Ca2+ is mobilized, prostaglandin levels increase, and protein
      kinase C is activated. Of these three second messengers, protein kinase C appears
      to be the most important for surfactant secretion because inhibition of protein
      kinase C activation blocks ATP-induced surfactant secretion whereas inhibition of
      Ca2+ mobilization and prostaglandin production does not affect ATP-induced
      surfactant secretion.

PMID- 2291540
TI  - Fate of alpha-hemoglobin chains and erythrocyte defects in beta-thalassemia.
AB  - The fate of alpha-hemoglobin chains and the cause of membrane protein defects in
      thalassemic erythrocytes have been studied in: (1) human beta-thalassemia
      syndromes, (2) mouse beta-thalassemia, and (3) normal human erythrocytes loaded
      with purified alpha-hemoglobin chains. The similarity and differences observed in
      these three systems underline the importance of insoluble alpha chains and the
      direct relationship between the amount of these chains and the membrane protein
      defects. Indeed, in addition to the alpha/non-alpha ratio of globin chain
      synthesis, the proteolysis and instability of alpha chains are major factors in
      modulating the cellular defects.

PMID- 2291541
TI  - Differences in the pathophysiology of hemolysis of alpha- and beta-thalassemic
      red blood cells.
AB  - The basic pathology in all forms of thalassemia results from the presence of
      excess unstable globin chains within the pathological RBC, but the pattern and
      rate of their precipitation is different. Consequently, their effects on the RBC
      membrane components are not the same and may account for the different
      rheological properties that have been found. It is possible that the damage
      incurred by excess beta chains in Hb H disease is primarily due to the direct
      interaction of the large inclusions with some cytoskeletal proteins such as
      spectrin, ankyrin, and band 3. In beta-thalassemia, where excess unstable alpha
      chains have already precipitated in young erythroblasts, the main damage might be
      caused by an excess of free oxygen radicals, which affect in particular protein
      4.1. A search for additional changes and for potential differences in the
      membrane and cellular properties between the different thalassemic syndromes is
      warranted in order to understand better the different clinical expression in the
      various types of the disease. Moreover, when there is a better elucidation of the
      mechanisms by which the RBC are destroyed, one may look for possible ways and
      means to prevent these changes, with a consequent extension of the current short
      life span of the affected RBC.

PMID- 2291542
TI  - Localization and characterization of the DNase I-hypersensitive site II (HS II)
      enhancer. A critical regulatory element within the beta-globin locus-activating
      region.

PMID- 2291543
TI  - The alpha-thalassemias.

PMID- 2291544
TI  - The dominant control region of the human beta-globin domain.

PMID- 2291545
TI  - The regulation of gamma-globin gene expression.
AB  - In summary, our analysis indicates that important sequences for the proper
      initiation of fetal gene transcription in fetal cells are located in the gamma
      globin [sequence: see text] promoter. These sequences are sufficient for tissue
      specific expression but not induction in K562 cells. Sequences in the gamma
      globin IVS-2 and the beta-globin 3' enhancer increase gamma beta and gamma-Neo
      transcripts when cells containing these genes undergo erythroid maturation as
      measured by induction with hemin. The mechanism by which these sequences exert
      their effect remains to be elucidated. [see text] Multiple protein factors bind
      to both the gamma promoter and the beta 3' enhancer. Both of these regions
      contain binding sites for the erythroid-specific factor NFE-1 and the octamer
      binding factor OTF-1. In the gamma upstream region, there may be a competition
      between OTF-1 binding and NFE-1 binding that affects gamma gene regulation. Our
      results indicate that the beta 3' enhancer interacts with the gamma gene promoter
      to permit increased gamma gene expression. We have developed a model for globin
      gene switching that takes into consideration the effect of cis-acting sequences
      on globin gene transcription. A similar model of hemoglobin switching in chickens
      has been proposed by Choi and Engel. In our model, competition for the beta
      globin 3' enhancer is involved in stage-specific transcriptional activation of
      gamma-globin genes in fetal cells and beta-globin genes in adult cells. In adult
      cells the protein-protein interactions between adult cell-specific factors
      interacting with the beta-globin promoter and erythroid-specific factors
      interacting with the beta 3' enhancer would activate transcription of the beta
      globin gene. In fetal cells protein-protein interactions between fetal cell
      specific factors interacting with the gamma-globin promoter and erythroid
      specific factors interacting with the beta 3' enhancer would activate the
      transcription of the gamma-globin genes.

PMID- 2291546
TI  - Expression of human globin genes in transgenic mice carrying the beta-globin gene
      cluster with a mutation causing G gamma beta + hereditary persistence of fetal
      hemoglobin.
AB  - We have introduced into the mouse germ line the 40-kilobase (kb) Kpn I fragment
      containing the beta-globin gene cluster from an individual with a non-deletion
      form of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) believed to be due to a
      point mutation at position -202 of the G gamma-globin gene. The G gamma-globin
      gene, as well as the beta-globin gene, was expressed in adult erythroid tissues
      of the resulting transgenic mice. The level of expression of the G gamma-globin
      gene was about 20% of that of the beta-globin gene. Others have previously shown
      that cloned individual normal human beta- and gamma-globin genes containing a
      limited amount of 5'- and 3'-flanking DNA are expressed in a manner similar to
      that of their corresponding murine homologs during development in transgenic
      mice. In contrast, we have observed that the pattern of expression of the normal
      (non-mutated) A gamma- and beta-globin genes in the 40-kb insert was different
      from that of their corresponding murine homologs. The beta-globin gene remained
      inactive at the fetal stage, whereas the normal A gamma-globin gene was expressed
      beyond the embryonic (yolk sac) stage into the fetal stage of development and
      then became inactive in adult erythroid cells. The pattern of expression of the
      human globin transgenes during mouse development resembles that observed during
      human development. These results suggest that the gross organization of the human
      beta-like globin gene cluster is important for stage-specific expression of each
      human globin gene during development.

PMID- 2291547
TI  - Function of transfected globin promoters and the globin locus activator in K562
      erythroleukemia cells.
AB  - We have examined the importance of cis-acting regulatory elements within the
      human gamma-globin gene promoter and the globin locus activating region in K562
      cells. A gamma-globin or beta-globin promoter fragments were fused with the
      neomycin phosphotransferase gene in a plasmid-based vector (gamma-neo or beta
      neo) and transiently transfected by electroporation into K562 cells. Correctly
      initiated gamma-neo or beta-neo transcripts were detected with an S1 nuclease
      protection assay that was internally controlled for transfection efficiency and
      RNA content. We first optimized the conditions for electroporation and then
      determined that a gamma-globin promoter fragment extending from -299 and +36 was
      active in the assay but that a beta-globin promoter extending from -375 to +46
      was inactive. Deletion of the gamma-globin promoter to -199 did not affect
      promoter function, but deletion to -160 reduced promoter strength to 70% of that
      of control. Additional deletion to position -130 reduced promoter strength to 19%
      of the control value, and to position -61, 8.7% of the control value. Three gamma
      globin promoters containing mutations associated with hereditary persistence of
      fetal hemoglobin (HPFH), -202 C----G, -196 C----T and -117 G----A, were not
      overexpressed in K562 cells, consistent with the hypothesis that these promoters
      are not overexpressed in fetal erythroblasts, only in adult red cells. When the
      beta-globin locus activating region (LAR) was added to a wild-type or an HPFH
      gamma-neo plasmid, the abundance of correctly initiated gamma-neo transcripts
      increased dramatically. However, beta-neo expression could not be activated by
      the LAR in K562 cells. These studies should allow us to further dissect the
      interactive roles of globin promoters and enhancers in K562 cells.

PMID- 2291548
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in Sardinia.
AB  - This paper reviews the characteristics and the results of 15 years of experience
      with a preventive program, based on carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis,
      designed to control thalassemia major in the Sardinian population. The education
      of the population about thalassemia and the modalities for its prevention was
      accomplished via the mass media. Carrier screening was carried out voluntarily on
      couples of child-bearing age. Prenatal diagnosis was initially carried out by
      fetal blood analysis; since 1983, it has been done by DNA analysis on non
      amplified or amplified DNA. Different chorionic villous sampling procedures have
      been used. Nowadays, we have adopted the transabdominal approach because, in our
      experience, it seems to be associated with a low risk (2%) of fetal mortality. At
      the present time, the beta-thalassemia mutations are detected directly by dot
      blot analysis of amplified DNA with 32P- or horseradish peroxidase-labeled allele
      specific oligonucleotide probes. Two oligonucleotide probes, one complementary to
      the codon-39 nonsense mutation, which accounts for 95.7% of the beta-thalassemia
      chromosomes in the Sardinian population, and the other complementary to the
      frameshift at codon 6, which is the second most common mutation in our population
      (2.1%), allow us to make prenatal diagnosis in the large majority of cases.
      Notwithstanding a careful dissection of maternal decidua from chorionic villi, co
      amplification of maternal sequence was detected in 4 out of 425 cases tested by
      this procedure. In order to avoid this pitfall, the simultaneous amplification of
      highly polymorphic VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) segments could be
      used. On the whole we have so far carried out 2711 prenatal tests: 1130 by fetal
      blood analysis, 1156 by oligonucleotide hybridization on electrophoretically
      separated DNA fragments, and 425 by dot-blot analysis on amplified DNA with
      allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. Two errors occurred by fetal blood
      analysis and none by DNA analysis. The incidence of thalassemia major declined
      from 1:250 live births in the absence of prevention to 1:1000 after the
      establishment of this program, indicating that carrier screening and prenatal
      diagnosis are effective means for preventing thalassemia major at the population
      level.

PMID- 2291549
TI  - The use of direct gene analysis to define beta-thalassemia.

PMID- 2291550
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia and of the sickle cell syndromes in Greece.

PMID- 2291551
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis. Summary of results.

PMID- 2291552
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis. How to deliver a comprehensive service in the United
      Kingdom.

PMID- 2291553
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia in south China.

PMID- 2291554
TI  - Current therapy for thalassemia in Italy.
AB  - Care and life quality of thalassemic patients in Italy have greatly improved over
      the last years thanks to cooperation between many clinical centers. The
      achievement of the following points played an important role: 1. A national
      treatment protocol was adopted in 1980; it has been widely accepted and regularly
      updated. 2. A standardized format for recording clinical data and a computerized
      clinical record (Computhal) were adopted. 3. A national registry was set up in
      order to evaluate the patient age distribution and birth and death rates both at
      the regional and national level. 4. A quality assurance program (Cooley Care) was
      devised after key indicators for evaluating treatment were identified and a
      central data base was set up. 5. Cooperative clinical trials provided information
      on many pathological and therapeutical aspects of the disease (incidence of
      complications, causes of death). 6. Pilot studies were carried out on emerging
      problems (intensive chelation, desferrioxamine (DFO) pharmacokinetics and
      toxicity). 7. Attention was paid to psychological and social problems.

PMID- 2291555
TI  - Current therapy of Cooley's anemia. A decade of experience with subcutaneous
      desferrioxamine.

PMID- 2291556
TI  - Current treatment of Cooley's anemia. Intravenous chelation therapy.

PMID- 2291557
TI  - Endocrine abnormalities in thalassemia.

PMID- 2291558
TI  - Beta-thalassemia in Thailand.

PMID- 2291559
TI  - Oral iron chelators for the clinical management of iron overload. Current hopes
      and problems.

PMID- 2291561
TI  - The development of hydroxypyridin-4-ones as orally active iron chelators.

PMID- 2291560
TI  - Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone. Effective iron chelation after oral
      administration.

PMID- 2291562
TI  - Design, properties, and effective use of the oral chelator L1 and other alpha
      ketohydroxypyridines in the treatment of transfusional iron overload in
      thalassemia.

PMID- 2291563
TI  - New orally effective iron chelators. Animal studies.

PMID- 2291564
TI  - Evaluation of the oral iron chelator 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1) in
      iron-loaded patients.

PMID- 2291565
TI  - A new approach to bone marrow transplantation in thalassemia.

PMID- 2291566
TI  - Gene transfer into murine hematopoietic stem cells and bone marrow stromal cells.
AB  - The use of recombinant retroviral vectors to transfer genetic sequences into
      hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is one approach to somatic gene therapy. Two
      limitations of such retroviral vectors are the degree of efficiency of transfer
      into the reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells and the loss of reconstituting
      ability of hematopoietic stem cells when manipulated in vitro during infection
      and selection. We have investigated the effects on the efficiency of gene
      transfer of prestimulation of hematopoietic stem cells by growth factors prior to
      infection. Prestimulation of bone marrow cells in WEHI-3b-conditioned media
      improved the efficiency of gene transfer into CFU-S stem cells. The majority of
      animals transplanted with bone marrow infected after prestimulation with a
      simplified retrovirus, Zip PGK ADA, demonstrated long-term and stable expression
      of human adenosine deaminase (ADA) after full hematopoietic reconstitution. In
      separate experiments, retroviral vectors have been used to transfer the SV40
      large T antigen sequences into stromal cells making up the hematopoietic
      microenvironment. Stromal cells expressing large T antigen are immortalized, and
      some support the maintenance of day 12 CFU-S (CFU-S12) and reconstituting
      hematopoietic stem cells in vitro for up to 4 weeks. Such immortalized stromal
      cell lines provide an in vitro hematopoietic microenvironment which may allow
      prolonged in vitro manipulations during infection and selection of hematopoietic
      stem cells without loss of reconstituting ability. We are using immortalized
      stromal cell lines resistant to deoxycoformycin (dCF) to select transduced murine
      HSC containing human ADA in vitro. The use of recombinant retroviral vectors
      provides a promising approach to correction of human diseases involving bone
      marrow cells.

PMID- 2291567
TI  - Retroviral gene transfer using safe and efficient packaging cell lines.
AB  - One of the requirements for the use of retroviral vectors in human gene therapy
      is a packaging cell line which is incapable of producing replication-competent
      virus and which produces high titers of replication-deficient vector virus. Wild
      type virus may be produced through recombinational events between the helper
      virus and a retroviral vector. We have constructed an ecotropic packaging cell
      line, GP + E-86, and an amphotropic packaging cell line, GP + envAm12, in which
      the viral gag and pol genes are on one plasmid and the viral env gene is on
      another plasmid. Both plasmids contain deletions of the packaging sequence and
      the 3' LTR. The fragmented helper virus genomes, when introduced into 3T3 cells,
      produce titers of retrovirus which are comparable to the titers produced from
      packaging cells containing the helper virus genome on a single plasmid. We have
      found no evidence for the generation of wild-type retrovirus using the GP + E-86
      and GP + envAm12 packaging lines, either alone or in combination with the N2
      retroviral vector. We also show that these packaging cell lines can be used to
      transfer the neoR gene of the N2 vector into mouse hematopoietic cells, followed
      by successful (48-52%), long-term (up to 200 days) transplantation into
      irradiated recipients. These results indicate that these packaging lines are safe
      and efficient for use in experiments designed for murine (using GP + E-86) and
      human (using GP + envAm12) gene therapy.

PMID- 2291568
TI  - Development of a high-titer retrovirus producer cell line and strategies for
      retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into rhesus monkey hematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - Retroviral-mediated gene transfer into pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells has
      been difficult to achieve in large animal models. We have compared several
      infection protocols in a murine model system and concluded that bone marrow can
      be maintained and infected in vitro for 2-6 days. We have also developed an
      amphotropic producer clone that generates greater than 10(10) recombinant
      retroviral particles (CFU) per milliliter of culture medium. Autologous rhesus
      monkey bone marrow cells were co-cultured with either high- (2 x 10(10) CFU/ml)
      or low- (5 x 10(6) CFU/ml) titer producer clones for 4-6 days and reinfused into
      sublethally irradiated animals. The proviral genome was detected in blood and
      bone marrow cells from all three animals reconstituted with cells co-cultured
      with the high-titer producer cells. In contrast, three animals reconstituted with
      bone marrow co-cultured with the low-titer producer clone exhibited no evidence
      of gene transfer.

PMID- 2291569
TI  - Retroviral vectors for the beta-globin gene that demonstrate improved titer and
      expression.
AB  - To study the feasibility of a therapy for thalassemia based on addition of a
      correctly functioning globin gene to bone marrow stem cells, we have developed
      retroviral vectors that can transfer the human beta-globin gene into pluripotent
      hematopoietic stem cells of the mouse. Mice reconstituted with virus-infected
      bone marrow cells showed long-term tissue-specific expression of human beta
      globin RNA and protein. Recently, we have redesigned the retroviral vector to
      improve the efficiency of stem cell infection and to raise the level of globin
      expression obtained from the virally transduced gene. Removal of a portion of the
      second intron of the beta-globin gene resulted in the accumulation of a higher
      level of full-length viral RNA in retrovirus packaging cell lines, and these cell
      lines produced beta-globin virus particles at substantially higher titers.
      Addition of fragments from the locus activation region (LAR) of the beta-like
      globin gene cluster to the retroviral vectors increased beta-globin expression in
      infected murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. Fragments from the -18 and -10.9 kbp
      DNase I-hypersensitive sites of the LAR increased human beta-globin RNA levels to
      35% and 132% of the endogenous mouse beta maj-globin RNA level, respectively.
      Increased expression was also found for neomycin phosphotransferase RNA, which
      was transcribed from the retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR), showing that the
      LAR fragments also activated expression from a nearby heterologous promoter.
      These results are discussed in the context of the efficacy and safety of gene
      therapy for chronic anemia in humans.

PMID- 2291570
TI  - A psychosocial perspective. Growing up with thalassemia, a chronic disorder.
AB  - Thalassemia influences individual and family psychosocial functioning. Parental
      reaction to diagnosis affects the parent-child relationship, parents' roles, and
      family resources for coping. A child frequently translates parental reactions
      into personal attitudes of dependency and lowered self-esteem. In coping with one
      child's disease, parents often sacrifice the needs of other siblings. Attainment
      of optimal development may be promoted or hindered. As the child's environment
      widens, negative attitudes may be reinforced. Poor school performance due to
      absenteeism, physical differences that lead to teasing, and limitations imposed
      by others may be interpreted by the child as personal inadequacy. Such feelings
      often persist through adolescence due to the individual's lag in physical growth,
      marginal academic record, poor self-concept, and/or pessimistic outlook on life.
      The central psychosocial issues of late adolescence and young adulthood--career,
      vocation, dating, marriage--are compounded by the perspective of institutions and
      potential employers. Different periods of the life cycle are vulnerable to
      specific psychosocial problems.

PMID- 2291572
TI  - The impact of thalassemia on body image, self-image, and self-esteem.

PMID- 2291571
TI  - Pediatric hematologists and adult thalassemics.

PMID- 2291573
TI  - A patient's perspective.

PMID- 2291574
TI  - Metabolism of non-translatable globin mRNAs arising from premature translation
      termination codons.

PMID- 2291575
TI  - Beta-thalassemia mutations in Sicily.

PMID- 2291576
TI  - A new strategy for direct detection of beta-thalassemia mutations. Experience of
      the Creteil Center.

PMID- 2291577
TI  - Beta-thalassemia intermedia in Turkey.
AB  - DNA data have been collected for 41 patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia
      without transfusion dependency. They belonged to 33 families, and 45 of their
      parents were included in the study. Eight patients were homozygous for the
      frameshift at codon 8 (-AA), and nine were homozygous for the IVS-2 nt 1 (G----A)
      mutation; haplotypes IV and III, respectively, were associated with these
      mutations. Three patients had a G gamma A gamma(delta beta)0-thalassemia
      homozygosity, characterized by a deletion of 13 kb. Of the remaining subjects,
      ten had a homozygosity for the IVS-1 nt 6 (T----C) mutation, and five were
      compound heterozygotes for one mild and one severe thalassemia determinant.
      Combinations with Hb Knossos, the T----A mutation at nt -30, the C----T mutation
      at nt -101, the G----A and G----C mutations at IVS-1 nt 5, and the G----A
      mutation at IVS-1 nt 110 were the other thalassemia determinants resulting in
      beta-thalassemia intermedia in the six remaining patients. Haplotypes IV and IX
      were associated with the latter three mutations. The C----T mutation at nt -158
      5' to the G gamma gene was characteristic for haplotypes III, IV, and IX.
      Genotype and phenotype correlation indicated significant differences in some of
      the hematological parameters among patients with the frameshift at codon 8 (-AA)
      or with the IVS-2 nt 1 (G----A) mutation, with both the frameshift at codon 8 and
      the T----C mutation at IVS-1 nt 6, and with both the IVS-2 nt 1 (G----A) and IVS
      1 nt 6 (T----C) mutations. Statistically significant differences were found in
      the mean values for hemoglobin (Hb) A2 in heterozygotes with the frameshift at
      codon 8 (-AA) and the IVS-1 nt 5 (G----A) mutation. Variations in the number of
      alpha-globin genes resulted in modifications of the phenotypical expression of
      the beta-thalassemia intermedia determinants.

PMID- 2291579
TI  - Workplace protection factors of HSE approved negative pressure full-facepiece
      dust respirators during asbestos stripping: preliminary findings.
AB  - This research was designed to evaluate the workplace protection factors of Health
      and Safety Executive Approved, negative pressure full-facepiece dust respirators,
      during asbestos stripping. A standard method to measure the concentration of
      asbestos fibres inside full-facepiece respirators has been developed and the
      workplace protection factors have been calculated from the data obtained. The
      respirators in this study are approved for use by the Health and Safety Executive
      in concentrations of up 900 times the Control Limit [HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE,
      Guidance Note EH 41 (1985)] but the preliminary test results suggest that this
      level is inappropriately high for this type of respiratory protective equipment.

PMID- 2291578
TI  - Molecular analysis of atypical beta-thalassemia heterozygotes.
AB  - This paper reviews the molecular pathology of a heterogeneous group of beta
      thalassemia heterozygotes which may be referred to as atypical beta-thalassemia.
      This group includes four different categories of heterozygous beta-thalassemia,
      which are characterized, respectively, by (1) normal MCV and MCH; (2) normal Hb
      A2; (3) normal MCV, MCH, and Hb A2 and imbalanced globin chain synthesis only or,
      (4) the presence of clinical manifestations. The first group is represented by a
      limited proportion of double heterozygotes for alpha- and beta-thalassemia. The
      second group includes two categories. One category is double heterozygotes for
      delta- and beta-thalassemia with the delta-thalassemia mutation in cis or in
      trans to beta-thalassemia. A number of delta-thalassemia mutations which produce
      this phenotype by interacting with beta-thalassemia have been described. The
      other category within the second group is heterozygotes for some mild beta(+)
      thalassemia mutations. Within the third group, conclusive evidence for a mutation
      within the beta-globin gene cluster producing the silent beta-thalassemia
      phenotype has been obtained solely for a C----T substitution at -101 within the
      CACCC box of the beta-globin gene. Possible candidates are the complex
      rearrangements (-T, +ATA; -T, +ATATA) found at position -530 from the cap site.
      In the group of thalassemic hemoglobinopathies, a series of mutations mostly
      located in the third exon and producing elongated or truncated molecules have
      been recently reported. Most of the mutations are silent at the protein level,
      produce inclusion bodies in peripheral erythrocytes, and show a dominant
      transmission pattern or occur sporadically.

PMID- 2291580
TI  - Field comparison of personal samplers for inhalable dust.
AB  - The performances of two designs of personal inhalable fraction sampler, which
      have been shown to differ in laboratory wind tunnel studies, were assessed in 23
      real industrial environments, relative to the collection of dust by a simulated
      worker. This took the form of a mobile, articulated, breathing robot which was
      fitted with an oral filter, and could be moved around the workplace to follow and
      mimic real workers. Statistical analysis of the resulting data show that if a
      small correction for bias is applied there is no significant difference either
      between the personal samplers as predictors of the 'real' worker exposure, or in
      the reproducibility obtained with the two personal samplers. The ratio between
      dust concentrations measured simultaneously on opposite lapels was greater than 2
      on more than 5% of occasions, and is believed to be largely due to real
      concentration gradients in the environments sampled. It would appear that the
      differences between sampler performances demonstrated in laboratory studies are
      not significant under conditions encountered in the field.

PMID- 2291581
TI  - Simulation of nitrous oxide concentrations in operating and recovery rooms.
AB  - A model was developed to predict nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations in operating
      (OR) and recovery rooms. The model incorporates general ventilation
      characteristics, percentage recirculation and the rate at which N2O is emitted
      into the OR (emission) for the calculation of environmental exposure. A workplace
      study was carried out during which N2O concentrations were measured continuously
      and coupled to anaesthetic activities (type and duration), air-change rate and
      percentage of recirculated air. The data from this study were used to calculate
      N2O emission. Subsequently, the model was used to predict the effect of technical
      measures to reduce emissions on mean environmental exposure. After implementation
      of the control measures an intervention study was made to check whether the
      reduction in exposure was predicted by our simulation model. Subsequently the
      'validated' simulation model was used: (i) to calculate the exposure for
      different percentages of recirculation and different air-change rates, and (ii)
      to estimate N2O levels in another situation, i.e. an operating room in an
      outpatients clinic. In short, our study shows how modelling can help both
      occupational hygiene and hospital management to control exposure to anaesthetic
      gases and to design or adapt ventilation systems of operating rooms and recovery
      rooms.

PMID- 2291582
TI  - Air impurities in the PVC plastics processing industry.
AB  - Polyvinylchloride (PVC) is a common thermoplastic and one which often contains
      plasticizers. The most important plasticizer is di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP).
      Hygienic conditions in the PVC processing industry were surveyed by measuring the
      air concentrations of hydrogen chloride, DEHP and phthalic anhydride (PA) in
      different conditions of actual processing. Methods of sampling and analysis were
      developed and tested for these measurements. As measured at nine plants hydrogen
      chloride concentrations, which indicate the degradation of the polymer chain,
      ranged from less than 0.03 to 0.3 mg m-3. The mean concentrations of DEHP ranged
      from less than 0.02 to 0.5 mg m-3 and the highest single value was 1.1 mg m-3,
      which is about 20% of the current hygienic standard. Trace concentrations of PA-
      a sensitizer which is a degradation product of DEHP--ranged from less than 0.02
      to 5 microns m-3 at six plants. The results show that the PVC polymer was
      efficiently stabilized in normal processing conditions (usually 150-200 degrees
      C), but that plasticizers, which are not chemically bonded to the polymer, may
      volatilize more easily.

PMID- 2291583
TI  - Occupational and environmental hygiene assessment of fumigations with methyl
      bromide.
AB  - Use of methyl bromide for pest control fumigation may result in adverse exposure
      to three populations: the actual fumigators; other workers not actually involved
      in the fumigation; and the general public in the vicinity. The risk of exposure
      of these three target populations in Switzerland was investigated. The
      methodology was a combination of occupational hygiene surveys, including a
      preliminary hazard analysis, with a comprehensive assessment of the safety and
      health systems in use based on the 'Management Oversight and Risk Tree' (MORT)
      method [Knox and Eicher, MORT User's Manual, Revision 2. DOE 76-45/4 (1983)]. The
      target populations most concerned depend on the type of fumigation. Fumigators
      risk severe accidental exposure although they usually wear personal protection
      devices. In soil and chamber fumigation, workers not involved in the fumigation
      may undergo high exposure (75-100 pm for 1 h), far greater than the usual time
      weighted average and short-term occupational exposure limits (5-20 ppm range).
      Occupants of premises adjoining the fumigated buildings may also be exposed to
      significant concentrations (25-50 ppm for 0.1-2 h). Problems originate mainly
      from a lack of management controls, failure to apply an appropriate code of
      practice and the use of personnel who are not properly qualified and trained.

PMID- 2291584
TI  - Exposure of diamond polishers to cobalt.
AB  - Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis due to 'hard metal' exposure is well known, and
      the presence of cobalt has always been considered as the causative factor.
      Recently interstitial pulmonary fibrosis has been described in diamond polishing
      workers. In this study the dust composition in different polisher's workplaces
      where diamond disks are in use has been determined. Careful investigation showed
      that the exposure to respirable dust was comparable to that of 'hard metal'
      workers. The dust consists mainly of iron and cobalt particles and small amounts
      of silica. No 'hard metals' have been found, and other fibrogenic agents such as
      beryllium have been excluded. These observations lend support to the hypothesis
      that crystalline cobalt particles can be responsible for pulmonary fibrosis even
      in the absence of carbides.

PMID- 2291585
TI  - Responding to major toxic releases.
AB  - Major releases of hazardous substances into the community are a preventable cause
      of disaster. Despite the impetus given by recent legislation to emergency
      planning the problems of mounting an adequate response to a chemical disaster are
      considerable. The successful medical management of a major incident depends upon
      a rapid and complete evaluation of the acute and possible long-term health
      hazards and this is likely to require the urgent deployment to the scene of
      specialists from the key disciplines. Some of the lessons of previous major
      incidents are highlighted; these are similar regardless of the route of human
      exposure (air, food and drink, water) or whether the release is from an
      industrial or natural source.

PMID- 2291586
TI  - The fate of inhaled aerosols: a review of observed trends and some
      generalizations.
AB  - This paper draws together the various factors which govern the fate of inhaled
      particulate matter, focusing primarily on insoluble material. It includes a
      review of some of the key relevant experimental physical data which have led to
      our current state of understanding about the physical processes by which
      particles enter the body through the nose and/or mouth during breathing and by
      which they may be deposited in the various regions of the respiratory tract. It
      goes on to review the biological (and biophysical) data relevant to the processes
      by which the lung tries to eliminate the deposited material and discusses how the
      knowledge gained might be used as a basis for pharmacokinetic models for
      describing the fate of the inhaled material. Finally, the paper suggests how the
      cumulative body of knowledge might be used as a starting point for dosimetric
      models for the assessment of risk to health associated with aerosol inhalation in
      the occupational environment.

PMID- 2291587
TI  - Application of toxicokinetic models to establish biological exposure indicators.
AB  - This article is a critical review of the application of toxicokinetic models to
      the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to industrial chemicals. The
      experimentally based toxicokinetic models are used to determine the elimination
      half-lives, the metabolic clearance, the elimination rate constants and the
      volume of distribution. The physiologically based multicompartmental simulation
      models, which describe the uptake, distribution and elimination of inhaled or
      percutaneously adsorbed organic solvents, contributed to the understanding of the
      transport of the xenobiotics in the body. They are used for describing and
      predicting the dependence of concentrations of indicators of exposure in
      biological specimens on the extent of exposure and time (duration of exposure and
      sampling time), and for depicting the contribution of various biological and
      exposure factors to differences in biological response to the exposure. In
      biological monitoring, toxicokinetic models are used for matching biological
      concentrations and body burden of indicators of exposure with extent of
      inhalation or dermal exposure, and for predicting half-lives. They lay the
      grounds for the strategy used in collecting biological specimens and controlling
      external and internal factors which alter the biological concentrations and
      possibly increase the health risk from the exposure. Elimination half-lives are
      used as guidelines in selecting the appropriate indicators of exposure, in
      designing the procedure for the collection of biological specimens, and in
      interpreting the measured data. Predictive models are needed for heavy metals,
      particulates and compounds undergoing binding to constituents of tissues.

PMID- 2291588
TI  - Pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic modelling in the detection of polymorphisms in
      xenobiotic metabolism.
AB  - Study of the genetic control of xenobiotic metabolism is hindered in the areas of
      detecting new polymorphisms and estimating the frequency and enzyme activity of
      each phenotype. Using computer simulation we have looked at pharmacogenetic
      pharmacokinetic models based on two alleles under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The
      distributions of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) or urinary
      ratios were modelled and the effects of incomplete urine collections, sequential,
      parallel and non-linear pathways investigated. The statistical methods for the
      detection of bimodality in these distributions were explored. The drug/metabolite
      ratio, which has a good theoretical basis, was confirmed to be most sensitive and
      robust to changes in bioavailability, urinary excretion, hepatic blood flow and
      variation in non-polymorphic enzyme activity but not parallel, sequential or non
      linear routes of metabolism. Graphical methods, while able to illustrate
      deviations from normality, were not specific in detecting bimodality and the
      hypothesis testing methods were found to be heavily dependent upon their
      assumptions.

PMID- 2291589
TI  - [Consensus conference. The management of asthma in children].
AB  - At this international consensus conference, a number of conclusions concerning
      the diagnosis and management of childhood asthma were reached. The following
      practical definition was given to asthma: intermittent wheezing and/or cough in a
      clinical situation where asthma is likely and less common diseases have been
      outruled. A thorough clinical history is essential to the diagnosis of asthma.
      Additional tests are used only to confirm the clinical impression and to provide
      objective evidence supporting therapeutic recommendations. Multidisciplinary
      management includes an evaluation of psychosocial factors and patient
      information. Drugs should be selected according to the severity of the condition:
      beta-2-agonists for intermittent mild wheezing; cromolyn sodium for moderate to
      severe asthma; xanthines, ipratropium bromide, and oral corticosteroids in more
      persistent and severe forms. The child and parents should be told that a normal,
      physically active life is quite possible if the disease is correctly controlled.
      The reward for correct management of asthma is resumption, in nearly every case,
      of a normal life including active participation in sports.

PMID- 2291590
TI  - [Obstructive anuria in children. Apropos of 22 cases].
AB  - The authors report twenty-two cases of obstructive anuria observed in children.
      Causes were diverse: 6 cases were observed during the course of tumors, 4 cases
      were secondary to bilateral renal stones (or unilateral in a single kidney), 3
      cases were observed before surgical correction of latent or well tolerated
      congenital uropathy, and 9 cases occurred immediately after an operation
      (including 8 after antireflux surgery). Emergency treatment of obstructive anuria
      is based on urinary diversion, ideally by percutaneous nephrostomy under
      ultrasonic control. However, prevention is the best treatment of anuria:
      treatment of urinary tract infections resulting in renal stones, ultrasonographic
      monitoring for chronic proximal urinary tract dilatation in tumors: rigorous
      atraumatic operative technique avoiding oedema.

PMID- 2291591
TI  - [Nesidioblastosis. Apropos of 12 new cases].
AB  - Two new cases of diffuse hyperplasia of the pancreas are reported. This
      infrequent condition is caused by intermittent and variable insulin
      hypersecretion. The hyperinsulinism is responsible for severe, lasting and
      intractable hypoglycemia that causes seizures and mental retardation. Onset
      usually occurs in the neonatal period. The diagnosis of hyperinsulinism rests on
      four criteria: the presence of increased insulin levels in the face of
      hypoglycemia, the low urinary excretion of ketone bodies during hypoglycemic
      episodes, the need for more than 15/mg/kg/min glucose to maintain the serum
      glucose level above 2 mmol/l, and a positive response to glucagon. The
      topographic diagnosis is often disappointing. Medical treatment of the
      hypoglycemia with diazoxide is a transient measure. Subtotal pancreatectomy is
      indispensable. Postoperative results are variable. Insulin deficiency diabetes
      mellitus is common and unusual in that insulin induces an exaggerated response.
      Recovery can be observed. If hypoglycemia recurs, diazoxide is often effective.

PMID- 2291592
TI  - [Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children. Apropos of 8 cases].
AB  - Eight pediatric cases of the diffuse form of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
      are reported. These patients were selected among 17 with destruction of one
      kidney. Clinical symptoms were suggestive of a tumor in some instances. However,
      an infectious etiology was strongly suggested by the presence of a renal
      lithiasis in seven cases (including five staghorn stones) and of a urinary tract
      infection in six cases (usually caused by a Proteus). Nephrectomy was performed
      in every case.

PMID- 2291593
TI  - [Capnocytophaga septicemia during bone marrow transplantation. Apropos of 2
      cases].
AB  - Two cases of septicemia due to Capnocytophaga in pediatric bone marrow recipients
      are reported. These gram negative rods, which are part of the normal buccal
      flora, cause periodontitis and localized or systemic infections, usually in
      immunocompromised hosts. Severe, prolonged neutropenia and mucitis due to
      chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are risk factors for this opportunistic
      infection. Recovery can be achieved with most of the drug combinations including
      a beta-lactam used in hematology.

PMID- 2291594
TI  - [The bronze baby syndrome Apropos of 3 cases].
AB  - Bronze baby syndrome is an infrequent complication of phototherapy for neonatal
      jaundice which develops in infants with liver disease. The characteristic feature
      is a grayish-brown discoloration of the skin, plasma and urine. Three cases are
      reported. There was one case each of bile duct atresia, galactosemia, and
      parenteral nutrition with cholestasis. The pigment responsible for the
      discoloration has not been identified and pathogenesis remains unelucidated. The
      bronze color disappears spontaneously and the prognosis is dependent on the
      causative liver disease for which investigations should be performed routinely.

PMID- 2291595
TI  - [Preputial sclero-atrophic lichen in children].
AB  - Clinicopathological findings and outcomes in ten pediatric cases of lichen
      sclerosus and atrophicus of the foreskin are reported. This well-defined entity
      usually presents as acquired sclerous phimosis. Diagnosis rests on histologic
      studies of biopsy specimens. Pathologic features change during the course of
      disease and are useful for selecting the most appropriate therapy. Local
      corticosteroid therapy may be helpful in early disease. However, circumcision is
      usually required for advanced disease, failure of medical therapy or prevention
      of squamous cell carcinoma. Pathophysiology is discussed. The incidence of this
      condition seems to be underestimated. Possible connections with diabetes mellitus
      and other conditions are reviewed.

PMID- 2291596
TI  - [Digestive parasitic diseases in young children in a tropical outpatient
      setting].
AB  - Parasites were looked for in stools of infants aged 6 months to 3 years living in
      a village in the south of Togo. These children were enrolled in a nutritional
      surveillance program. 42.5% of children harboured at least one parasite and 12.1%
      had more than one parasite: The most common parasites found included Giardia
      (21%), Ancylostoma (13%), and Ascaris (12.5%). Infection with a single parasite
      and infection with several parasites were observed from the age of nine months
      and 18 months, respectively; the incidence of these infections increased with
      advancing age. The incidence of diarrheal stools decreased with advancing age and
      no particular parasite seemed to be directly and exclusively responsible for
      diarrhea. The distribution of parasites and diarrheal symptoms were not
      influenced by sex. No correlation was found between nutritional status and
      presence of a parasitic infection or diarrhea. After treatment, reinfection with
      Ancylostoma (65%), whipworm (50%), and Giardia (34.2%) were common.

PMID- 2291597
TI  - [Treatment of vomiting in infants and children induced by acute infectious
      pathology. A comparative study of alizapride versus metopimazine].
AB  - The effectiveness and tolerance of alizapride and metopimazine used to treat
      vomiting induced by acute infectious diseases were evaluated in 47 infants and
      children seen in five hospitals. Patients were randomized to alizapride (n = 23)
      or metopimazine (n = 24). Medications were given orally (drops) for 3 to 5 days.
      All the patients were monitored until the end of the study period. Effectiveness
      was excellent or good in both groups with no statistically significant
      difference. Clinical tolerance was outstanding in both groups; one patient in the
      alizapride group exhibited transient, mild drowsiness after the doses. This study
      confirms the good risk/benefit ratio of alizapride in the treatment of emesis in
      infants and children.

PMID- 2291598
TI  - [Dental eruption cysts in small children].
AB  - Cysts commonly develop at the time of eruption of deciduous teeth. Excision is
      easy to perform. Eruption cysts should be differentiated from neonatal epulis and
      hemangioma.

PMID- 2291599
TI  - [Rosmarinic acid, total hydroxycinnamic derivatives and antioxidant activity of
      Apiaceae, Borraginaceae and Lamiceae medicinals].
AB  - A number of medicinal species of the Apiaceae, Borraginaceae and Lamiaceae
      families present high rosmarinic acid and total hydroxycinnamic derivative
      contents. Species of genera Sanicula (Apiaceae), Lycopus, Melissa, Mentha,
      Origanum and Salvia (Lamiaceae) contain rosmarinic acid in large amount, more
      than 3%, based on dry weight. The antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic
      extracts, on DPPH, is partly in relation with the hydroxycinnamic derivative
      content.

PMID- 2291600
TI  - Jean-Emile Courtois (1907-1989)

PMID- 2291601
TI  - [Quality control and optimization of therapeutic activity with the use of
      thermoanalytic methods].
AB  - Thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermomicroscopy,
      transparency measure permit drug quality control: knowledge of solvated or
      unsolvated mole, thermal stability, identification of crystalline form
      (polymorphism) quick determination of total impurity with graphs. These methods
      can be used for therapeutic activity optimization of very weakly soluble drugs:
      research of the polymorph showing the best kinetic dissolution, establishment of
      phase diagram drug/inert substance by example for determination invariant
      composition particularly eutectic for which the drug solubility is increased.

PMID- 2291602
TI  - [Working hypothesis for the effect of GABAergic, glycinergic or glutamatergic
      drugs in the treatment of Parkinson disease].
AB  - The data obtained during the past decade in experimental and clinical
      pharmacology show that the GABAergic drugs, with central activity, do not
      ameliorate the symptoms of the Parkinson's disease (PD), but would worsen the
      akineto-rigid syndrome, the dyskinesias and the deteriorating mental status in
      the later stages of the PD. On the other hand, recent data of experimental
      pharmacology suggest the possibility that glycinergic or glutamatergic
      derivatives, with central activity, would have a beneficial effect on the
      syndromes of the later stages of PD (declining efficacy of L-DOPA, dyskinesias,
      deteriorating mental status), which constitute, with the fluctuation of the
      response to L-DOPA, ("on-off" effects), the major problems of the PD's treatment.
      Some theoretical and experimental data also suggest the possibility of a
      beneficial effect of the glutamatergic drugs in the treatment of the "on-off"
      effects.

PMID- 2291603
TI  - [The pharmacodynamics of Pycnocomon rutifolium (Vahl.) Hoffmans and Link. Anti
      inflammatory and antibacterial activity].
AB  - The acute and subchronic antiinflammatory activity of Pycnocomon rutifolium
      (Vahl.) Hoffmans and Link has been studied resulting that it is active to acute
      inflammation. Likewise the antibacterial activity in vivo to a infection by
      Staphylococcus aureus has been proved outcoming positive.

PMID- 2291604
TI  - [Comparison of two Elapidae venoms: Naja naja and Naja nigricollis].
AB  - In our study on the identification of snake venoms by electrofocusing technics,
      the protein profiles of Naja naja naja, Naja nigricollis pallida and Naja
      nigricollis West Africa were compared. The typical profile of venoms of Elapidae
      was easily identified in this comparison. The two species could easily be
      differentiated, whereas the differences between the two sub-species were more
      difficult to evidence, since they are geographic variants of the same type.

PMID- 2291605
TI  - [Non-destructive quality control of tablets by photoacoustic infrared
      spectrometry. Analysis in primary packaging].
AB  - We have studied the feasibility of the photoacoustic detection in Fourier
      transform infrared spectrometry for the quality control of drug tablets. Beyond
      the non destructive character of the method, the main advantage which has been
      established is the precocity of impurity detection on the tablet outside. The
      direct recording of spectra through PVC lead to interesting results for study of
      tablets under blister.

PMID- 2291606
TI  - [Sudden death during sport activities. How can the incidence be reduced?].
AB  - Sudden death after sporting activities is not a rare occurrence on the basis of
      the statistics of a country: there appear to be 100 to 1,500 cases each year in
      France, and possibly even 10 times as many. This event is of cardiovascular
      origin or linked to the use of stimulants, if accidental causes are left out.
      Almost all unexpected deaths of medical origin are due to cardiac arrest. In
      practice, this only rarely involves an apparently healthy organ. Cardiomyopathies
      (almost 50% of cases occurring before the age of 35) and coronary disease (80% of
      individuals dying over 35 and 75% of all cases) are among the essential causes.
      The final mechanism most often (62.4%) is ventricular fibrillation following a
      ventricular tachycardia. These sudden deaths are sometimes preceded by
      cardiorespiratory symptoms (angina pectoris, faintness, dyspnea) and by
      extrasystoles, with the latter showing their potentially malignant nature in some
      cases. These features must be sought and identified if an attempt is to be made
      to reduce sudden cardiac deaths in athletes. Detailed and routine sophisticated
      investigations would have little to offer and are expensive. It would seem more
      valid to educate general practitioners and athletes themselves, but this should
      be on a very wide scale, i.e. at national level.

PMID- 2291607
TI  - [Cardiac surgery in the elderly].
AB  - In 1990, by consensus, the elderly patient in terms of cardiac surgery is a
      patient aged over 70. The special features of this population include the
      severity of symptomatology, the high incidence of left ventricular dysfunction
      and the high incidence of concomitant pathology. In the majority of cases the
      operative risk is controlled by a surgical strategy which takes into account the
      pathophysiology of the elderly patient and surgical techniques appropriate in the
      elderly. Over a 3 year period (1987-1990), 115 patients aged over 70 underwent
      cardiac surgery at the hands of our team with an early postoperative mortality
      rate of 7%: 5.6% following coronary surgery only, 8% following valve surgery
      only, 22% following combined surgery. Improved life expectancy and quality of
      life of patients was the rule in the majority of cases, thus fulfilling the aims
      of surgery.

PMID- 2291608
TI  - [Nosology and mechanism of monomorphous atrial tachycardia].
AB  - Monomorphous atrial tachycardias have been classified taking into account the
      ectopic rhythm rate, atrial wave morphology, the mode of activation of the atrial
      studied by endocavitary cartography, stimulation tests and their natural history.
      Atrial flutter is a right intra-atrial macroreentry of anticlockwise (common
      flutter) or clockwise (atypical flutter) rotation, maintained by anisotropic
      conduction around two pivotal zones located at the posterior and inferior part of
      the atrium. Tachycardia is made possible by the existence of an excitable zone on
      the circuit. Paroxysmal atrial tachycardias are far more often linked to
      localised reentry (sino-atrial or intra-atrial microreentry) than to provoked
      activity, stimulation tests enabling the distinction to be made. "Digitalis
      tachycardias" must be seen in the context of activity induced by late post
      potential. Focal atrial tachycardias linked to ectopic automatism are a separate
      entity. They follow a chronic course in the young individual and may lead to a
      cardiomyopathy purely due to the rhythm abnormality.

PMID- 2291609
TI  - [Yes, routine coronary angiography is necessary after myocardial infarction].
AB  - The author first recalls the difficulties and inaccuracies of the exercise test,
      even when this is combined with an isotope test in post-infarction evaluation of
      the myocardium. In most cases, a coronography should be performed after about ten
      days (because most deaths following myocardial infarction occur either within the
      first three weeks or within the first three months). The risks are minimal. This
      exploration provides a more detailed assessment of the lesions as well as
      detecting severe latent lesions affecting other coronary circuits. In some cases,
      it assists in diagnosis and may even be a guide to treatment. However, it is not
      easy to evaluate stenoses, and one of the big drawbacks of the method is that it
      is not always possible to draw all the necessary conclusions regarding the
      therapeutic consequences of revascularization. Coronarography is indispensable
      after infarction in most subjects, but it must be evaluated with caution and must
      be combined with an exercise test, even though the information provided by this
      test is only incomplete.

PMID- 2291610
TI  - [Against routine coronary angiography after myocardial infarction].
AB  - Various arguments have been put forward to justify routine coronary arteriography
      after myocardial infarction. This investigation has been said to be essential to:
      1) evaluate prognosis--while it has now been shown that combined data based upon
      coronary history, the initial clinical and electrocardiographic course and stress
      tests (electrocardiographic and/or isotope) carried out 10 to 20 days after the
      infarction have a predictive value superior to that of coronary arteriography
      regarding post-infarct mortality and the remaining functional capacity of the
      patient; 2) guide therapeutic indications--while patients evaluated as low risk
      on the basis of the above data, i.e. 50% of all infarction victims, would derive
      no benefit from myocardial revascularisation procedures; 3) obtain the best
      cost/efficacy ratio--while it has been shown that approaches based upon stress
      tests best fulfil this criterion. The authors plead for a reasoned approach in
      terms of the indication for post-infarction coronary arteriography, with the risk
      level of patients after the infarct being taken into account overall, and with
      case by case discussion of the usefulness of the investigation in terms of the
      patient's age (rarely indicated in the elderly, but also in the younger patient
      when free of ischemia during exercise), the coronary history (broad indications
      in recurrent infarctions), the initial clinical course (coronary arteriography
      indispensable where there is early recurrence of angina and/or severe left
      ventricular dysfunction with ejection fraction less than 0.45) and the results of
      stress tests performed 10 to 20 days after the infarct.

PMID- 2291611
TI  - [Which hypocholesteremic agents for which hypercholesterolemias?].
AB  - Three groups of drugs can be used in hypercholesterolemia: 1) Drugs chelating
      bile acids (resins) which stimulate LDL receptors. 2) HMG R inhibitors which
      competitively inhibit the enzyme and increase the synthesis of LDL receptors. 3)
      Fibrate derivatives which are second line drugs in pure hypercholesterolemia.
      They should be used in case of intolerance of resins and may be preferred to
      inhibitors in moderate forms for economic reasons of lower cost. However fibrates
      are the treatment of choice in hypertriglyceridemia and mixed hyperlipidemias.
      All fibrates increase HDL cholesterol. 4) Probucol, neomycin and nicotinic acid
      are adjuvant hypolipidemic agents. The following steps must precede the
      prescription of a hypolipidemic drug: 1) Classification of the disorder. 2)
      Elimination of secondary dyslipidemias. 3) Family assessment. 4) An absolutely
      essential dietary phase. 5) This is permanent treatment without gaps. 6) No other
      atherogenic risk factor should be allowed to persist. 7) Iatrogenic effects must
      be avoided.

PMID- 2291612
TI  - [Rate-responsive cardiac pacing].
AB  - The term "synchronous pacemaker (SPM)" is used to describe all pacemakers of
      which the frequency can be accelerated by means of a sensor other than the sinus
      node. The most commonly used system is the detection of changes in physical
      activity by means of a quartz crystal included in the casing. Changes in
      respiratory volume, the respiratory rate, the QT interval or central temperature
      have been less successfully used. Single and double-chamber (DC) synchronous
      pacemakers exist. Ventricular single-chamber synchronous pacemakers (VVIR) are
      primarily intended for active patients in a state of chronic atrial fibrillation
      or, secondarily, in cases in which the insertion of an atrial electrode raises
      difficulties. The single-chamber atrial synchronous pacemaker (AAIR), or
      preferably the double-chamber equivalent (DDDR) is intended for the correction of
      chronotropic failure, whether this is primary or induced by bradycardiac
      antiarrhythmic medication. AVB should be treated by double-chamber simulation
      designed to pick up P waves. The value of the synchronous pacemaker in these
      patients is that it makes it possible to partially offset the loss of atrial
      systole in cases of ventricular fibrillation by a synchronous pacemaker
      (pacemaker programmed to shift from DDD to VVIR). The setting of the SPM is
      fairly complex and calls for exercise tests. Iatrogenic acceleration is not
      unusual and must be identified by long-term recordings. All these pacemakers will
      here include a "synchronous" option, which may be of variable efficacy. It is up
      to the clinician to use them appropriately, and not automatically, remembering
      that the best sensor is the sinus node and that synchronous pacemakers are only
      second best.

PMID- 2291613
TI  - [Monitoring of patients with cardiac transplantation].

PMID- 2291614
TI  - [Anticoagulants, platelet antiaggregants after aortocoronary bypass?].

PMID- 2291615
TI  - [Incidence and severity of cardiac involvement in Streptococcus bovis septicemia.
      Report of 10 cases].
AB  - Endocarditis due to the streptococcus Bovis is an affection which is more and
      more often recognized and whose link with the colic tumor pathology has been well
      established those last few years and confirmed in this study with a frequency of
      60 p. cent. However, few studies have stated the gravity of the heart affection
      in streptococcus Bovis septicaemias. In this series of 10 streptococcus Bovis
      septicaemias, the valvular affection is frequent and serious. The vegetations are
      found in 9 cases out of 10. The aortic affection is slightly more frequent (8
      times out of 10), against 7 times out of 10 for the mitral affection (double
      mitroaortic affection, 6 times). A valve replacement due to sub-acute or chronic
      cardiac failure was necessary in 6 cases out of 9, that is 66 p. cent. The
      mortality was nil.

PMID- 2291616
TI  - [Value and limitations of the measurement of the jet diameter in aortic
      insufficiency using Doppler color. Report of 68 patients].
AB  - The aim of this study is to specify the feasibility and value of the diameter
      measurement of the jet of aortic insufficiency (AI) in colour Doppler. 68
      consecutive patients had a supra-sigmoid angiography and a colour echo-Doppler.
      An aortic insufficiency was revealed 58 times by the angiography and Doppler. In
      all the cases except four, it has been possible to measure the jet diameter at
      the origin in para-sternal incidence in colour TM by confronting the images in
      great and small axis section. The Doppler results have been compared to the
      angiographic score in 4 grades according to Sellers classification. The jet
      diameter at the origin in colour TM is significantly different in groups I, II,
      III-IV. In the group III-IV, it is always higher or equal to 13 mm. The failures
      of quantification of the AI jet in colour Doppler are linked with the very
      eccentric nature of the jet or to the poor quality of the echo-Doppler imaging.
      On the whole, the jet diameter measurement proves to be a very useful element in
      the assessment of the gravity of an AI, particularly when it is a central and
      circular jet.

PMID- 2291617
TI  - [Cardiac involvement in carriers of the human immunodeficiency virus. Report of
      38 cases].
AB  - The anatomopathological study of the heart, carried out during the autopsy of a
      series of 38 subjects seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus, has
      enabled the observation of histological lesions in 23 cases (60%). The heart
      affection is more often asymptomatic since it has been clinically suspected in
      only four cases. A myocarditis is present in 42 p. cent of the cases, and lesions
      specific to a pathogenic agent are visible in half of the myocarditis cases.
      These pathogenic agents are: toxoplasma (2 cases), cryptococcus (2 cases),
      candida (1 case), aspergillus (1 case) and cytomegalovirus (1 case). Lymphocytic
      myocarditis, with no isolated aetiological agent, and without viral inclusion,
      has been observed in 9 cases. The histological affection of the pericardium is
      observed in 4 cases and that of the endocardium in 3 cases. The lesions are not
      specific. The cardiotropism of the HIV is suspected, but not established. It
      could explain the frequency of lymphocytic myocarditis and dilated
      cardiomyopathies observed in HIV positive patients. The frequency of heart
      localizations in HIV positive subjects, even strictly asymptomatic as observed in
      this study, leads us to advise a systematic specialized cardiac examination.

PMID- 2291618
TI  - [Recurrent hematemesis caused by paraprosthetic aorto-digestive fistula].
AB  - The authors report the observation of a paraprosthetic fistula revealed by three
      episodes of digestive haemorrhage, illustrating the diagnostic and therapeutic
      difficulties brought about by the erosion of the duodenum by a sub-renal aortic
      prosthesis. A review of the literature confirms the rarity and the gravity of
      this pathology, and underlines the per-operative preventive measures.

PMID- 2291619
TI  - [Ventricular arrhythmias disclosing myocardial abscess in infectious mitro-aortic
      endocarditis].
AB  - The authors report the case of a myocardial abscess in an infectious endocarditis
      with a double localization, mitral and aortic. The way it is revealed, by severe
      and recurring ventricular arrhythmias, differs from the conduction disorders
      usually described. The diagnosis is suspected by non-invasive examinations,
      echocardiography and nuclear magnetic resonance. It is backed up by angiographic
      exploration. The intervention confirms the data obtained by cardiac imaging, and
      enables the ablation of the abscess which is cleaned out, and the cure of the
      valvular lesions. Taking into account the gravity of this complication, a close
      clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic surveillance of all
      infectious endocarditis is necessary.

PMID- 2291620
TI  - [Risks of the anti-arrhythmia treatment in the elderly].
AB  - The amount of drugs taken by elderly patients over 70 years old increases with
      the increase of the average age in western countries; this drug consumption,
      statistically higher than that of the whole population, concerns mainly cardio
      vascular drugs; anti-arrhythmics occupy a large place, the therapeutic
      indications differing only slightly from those of the young subject. The report
      on the observations enables us to draw the attention on the increasing
      predisposition, in these age groups, to side effects which are often serious,
      calling into question the vital prognosis. Modifications in the pharmacokinetics
      and the pharmacodynamics, associated with a frequent polymedication and a risk of
      error in the drug absorption are factors to be taken into account when
      prescribing anti-arrhythmic drugs to elderly patients.

PMID- 2291621
TI  - [Evaluation of labetalol in general medicine in aged patients with hypertension.
      Compliance, efficacy and safety in long-term treatment].
AB  - The efficacy and the clinical and biological safety of labetalol were assessed,
      in primary care, in an ambulatory hypertensive elderly population, with systolo
      diastolic hypertension (mean 175 +/- 14/100 +/- 7 mmHg) monitored during a 6
      month period by general practitioners. Two hundred and sixty six of the 309
      patients recruited (86%) completed the study, with satisfactory compliance. Mean
      blood pressure reduction after six months treatment was 27.6/17.7 mmHg and
      25.9/17.4 mmHg (p less than 0.001) supine and standing respectively; and 75 p.
      cent of the patients who tolerated the treatment had their blood pressure
      normalized (BP less than 160/95 mmHg) with monotherapy by labetalol, posology
      ranging from 100 to 200 mg b.i.d. in 9/10th of them. Maximal antihypertensive
      effect, almost obtained within 4 months of treatment, was equivalent in smokers
      and non smokers (blood pressure normalization 84% vs 74.4%, p = 0.29) and less in
      obese patients compared to non obese (68% vs 80%, p less than 0.05). Drug
      withdrawal rate for side effects was only 7.4 p. cent and clinical and biological
      tolerance to labetalol was satisfactory in most patients. This 6 month survey in
      primary care confirmed the efficacy of monotherapy by labetalol in elderly
      hypertensive patients, and good compliance to treatment with a drug well
      tolerated in this population.

PMID- 2291622
TI  - [Post-translational maturation of peptides of the glucagon family. Relationship
      with their mode of action].
AB  - Two types of proglucagon processing have been evidenced in producing tissues
      (endocrine pancreas, stomach, intestine, central nervous system) using antibodies
      recognizing the epitopes unmasked during processing, which takes place at dibasic
      sites. A first type, leading essentially to glucagon, has been observed in the
      two former tissues; a second type, leading to peptides (oxyntomodulin and
      glicentin) containing an additional C-terminal octapeptide, has been shown in the
      two latter. All peptides are released in plasma and reach their targets: liver,
      fat... (control of metabolism) for glucagon and gastric mucosa (control of acid
      secretion) for the octapeptide-bearing peptides. The mode of action of these
      peptides includes receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase and a processing, at a
      dibasic site, of the circulating peptides leading to C-terminal fragments which
      act through non cyclic AMP-dependent mechanisms, such as the control of the
      plasma membrane calcium pump.

PMID- 2291623
TI  - [Structure, expression and control of calbindins-D].
AB  - The Calbindins-D (CaBP9K and 28K), like calmodulin, belong to a group of
      intracellular proteins that bind calcium with high affinity. Each protein is
      encoded by a separate gene and there is no direct filiation between the two
      genes. We have demonstrated the tissue-specific expression and regulation of
      CaBP9K gene. This gene is expressed in the intestine, placenta and uterus of the
      rat as a single 0.5kb long transcript. Exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 triggers the rapid
      synthesis of CaBP9K mRNA and accumulation of translatable CaBP9K mRNA in the
      duodenum of vitamin D-deficient rats. Calcium also stimulates CaBP9K gene
      expression in this tissue. In contrast 1,25(OH)2D3 does not change the uterine
      concentration of CaBP9K but estrogen stimulates the transcription of the CaBP9K
      gene in the uterus. The promoter region of rat CaBP9K gene contains 1 TATA box
      and 4 CAAT box-type sequences and several steroid hormone regulatory elements.
      The CaBP9K gene is therefore a suitable model for studying the tissue-specific
      regulation of gene expression by steroid hormones.

PMID- 2291624
TI  - [Diabetes mellitus and autoimmunity].
AB  - Insulin-dependent diabetes is the direct consequence of an autoimmune reaction
      causing the destruction of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the
      pancreas. The frequent association of diabetes with other diseases involving the
      immune system, the detection of circulating antibodies aimed at the islet cells,
      the occurrence of the disease in subjects with peculiar HLA antigens are as many
      arguments supporting the immunological hypothesis. The study of animal models of
      insulin-dependent diabetes (BB rats, NOD mice) now allows demonstrating the
      autoimmune process. The transient effectiveness of cyclosporin demonstrated in
      the human disease confirms these data. The prospects of transplantation of the
      pancreas, of islets or of islet cells in diabetic subjects to compensate for the
      insulin deficiency therefore raises the double immunological problem of allogenic
      rejection and of the risk of recurrence of the anti-islet autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2291625
TI  - [Regulation of energy equilibrium in men. Physiologic adaptations and pathologic
      disorders].

PMID- 2291626
TI  - [Neuropeptides and regulation of various proto-oncogenes in cultured anterior
      pituitary cells].
AB  - The analysis of the characteristics of a number of proto-oncogenes reveals some
      similarities with the site of action (plasma membrane receptor, nucleus) or the
      mechanisms of action (coupling protein of the "G" family, transcriptional
      activity) of neuropeptides and namely hypophysiotropic hypothalamic
      neuropeptides. The example illustrated in this review concerns the induction of
      the early nuclear oncogene c. fos by TRH in a prolactin secreting rat pituitary
      cell line. TRH regulates both, hormone release and biosynthesis, in this cell
      line. Kinetic and pharmacological studies suggest that the induction of the proto
      oncogene mRNA accumulation is rather associated with the TRH-induced release of
      the stored hormone than with the increased transcriptional activity of the
      prolactin gene.

PMID- 2291627
TI  - [Neuropeptides of anterior pituitary origin].
AB  - Several neuropeptides classically associated with the hypothalamus have been
      found in the anterior pituitary. The question arises whether they are locally
      synthesized and if they play a paracrine or autocrine role on pituitary hormone
      secretion. Using normal and tumoral human pituitaries we found neuropeptides
      (TRH, SRIH, GHRH) and dopamine in variable quantities according to the nature of
      the tissue. They were all present in normal pituitaries, while stimulatory
      hormones (TRH and GHRH) were predominantly found in tumoral tissue, implying an
      imbalance of pathophysiological importance between the stimulatory and inhibitory
      control of hypophyseal hormones (PRL and GH) in pituitary adenomas. Both normal
      and tumoral pituitaries released TRH, SRIH and GHRH in large amounts suggesting
      their local synthesis. The in situ synthesis was demonstrated for SRIH by the
      evidence of SRIH mRNA, the detection of SRIH immunoreactivity in peculiar cells
      and the presence of SRIH precursor. The possible role of these pituitary
      neuropeptides was suggested for instance by the negative correlation found in
      vitro between SRIH and GH secretions. Moreover neuropeptides could interact on
      each other. Indeed DA stimulated TRH release while PRL secretion decreased at the
      same time. Pulses of TRH had differential effects on SRIH release according to
      the nature of the tissue as TRH inhibited SRIH release from adenoma while it
      stimulated SRIH release from normal pituitary. Concerning the effects of SRIH and
      GHRH on GH secretion, there was an endogenous regulatory pattern comparable to
      that described in rat portal blood vessels. Pulses of GHRH induced GH secretion
      only when endogenous SRIH release was not stimulated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2291628
TI  - [The nuclear magnetic resonance in endocrinology. Spectroscopy and imaging,
      present and future].
AB  - The first part, after a brief historical reminder, gives an oversimplified and
      non-rigorous approach to the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) phenomenon; this
      "physical" introduction leads the clinician to know the essential about the
      spectral and imaging techniques in NMR, just to understand what is done... The
      second part of this paper shows some medical applications of these two aspects of
      NMR, with help of some examples, taken from the literature, according to what is
      concerned with endocrinology. Pure bio chemical applications (enzymology), or
      those concerning isolated (and perfused) organs, or living animals, and even
      human beings, are numerous and complementary, and there is no doubt that the
      applications of NMR technologies to medicine will know a promising future...

PMID- 2291629
TI  - [New techniques of scintigraphic imaging].
AB  - The purpose of scintigraphic imaging is not to explore the morphology of an organ
      (or its abnormalities) but rather its functional and metabolic characteristics.
      It is thus important that a molecular structure (e.g., a hormonal receptor or an
      antigen) closely linked to the functional activity of an organ or tissue be
      targeted on its cell surface. Such diagnostic targeting requires the synthesis
      and labeling of a radiopharmaceutical substance specific for the receptor or
      antigen in question. It also requires a detection system adapted to count rates
      and signal-to-background ratios (generally moderate). The synthesis of new
      radiopharmaceutical agents, a critical stage for the future of nuclear medicine,
      is a long and often risky process in which success is difficult to foresee.
      Radiolabeling must be stable in vitro and in vivo, and the radiopharmaceutical
      must subsequently retain its capability of recognizing the targeted molecule. In
      endocrinology, the exemplary achievement in this direction has been the synthesis
      of 131I-6-iodomethylnorcholesterol and 131I-metaiodobenzylquanidine for
      functional scintigraphy of the adrenal cortex and medulla. Progress in detection
      equipment has been marked by the development of monophotonic tomoscintigraphy,
      using gamma cameras with a revolving head to obtain slices in different spatial
      planes showing the distribution in the organism of the injected
      radiopharmaceutical agent.

PMID- 2291630
TI  - [Methods and clinical applications of positron emission tomography in
      endocrinology].
AB  - Positron emission tomography (PET) allows to detect in coincidence photons issued
      from annihilation between positrons and electrons nearby situated. Tomographic
      detection (plane by plane) and tomographic reconstruction will lead to the
      quantitation of radioactive distribution per voxel, in the organ of interest.
      Recent tomographs can acquire simultaneously several transaxial slices, with a
      high sensitivity and a spatial resolution of 3-5 mm. Commonly used positron
      emitters have a short half-life: 2, 10, 20 and 110 min for 150, 13N, 11C and 18F,
      respectively. The use of these isotopes requires on line production of
      radionuclides and synthesis of selected molecules. In endocrinology, PET allows
      among others to study noninvasively the receptor density of hormone-dependent
      neoplasms such as breast, uterus, prostate tumors and prolactinomas. These last
      tumors represent a particular entity because of several combined characteristics:
      high turnover rate of amino acids, high density of dopaminergic receptors and
      response to bromocriptine (analogue of dopamine inhibiting the secretion of
      prolactin) in relation to the level of receptors. Because PET permits to evaluate
      the density of dopaminergic receptors and the metabolism of amino acids,
      theoretical response of the prolactinoma to bromocriptine can be predicted, the
      achieved therapeutic efficacy can be estimated and the long-term follow up of
      tumor growth can be assessed. This example illustrates the clinical value of PET
      in endocrinology.

PMID- 2291631
TI  - [New techniques of thyroid medical imaging. Value and limitations in the
      exploration of isolated thyroid nodules].
AB  - The exploration of thyroid nodules deals mainly with the problem of detection of
      malignancy. Except in the cases of characteristic clinical situations which
      suggest at once malignancy, classical investigations offer mostly an insufficient
      approach including erroneous conclusions. Scintigraphy, whose morphological
      definition remains limited, can miss non- or hypofixing lesions. Pharmacological
      tests of nodule reduction by suppression of thyreostimulin do not provide
      specific informations. Fine needle- biopsy cannot absolutely exclude malignancy,
      depending too much of the sites of punction and of the difficulties of
      cytological analysis. Echography brings an important progress in the precision of
      thyroid volume, nodules counting and gross connections. The liquid or solid
      characterization is an important echographic information as well.
      Tomodensitometry provides useful data in the retrosternal and retrotracheal
      areas. The connections with aerodigestive tract are more clearly pointed out and
      the presence of metastatic nodes as well. Magnetic resonance imaging gives
      further information because of the ability of multiple longitudinal slices, and
      of the trial of a tissular characterization from signal analysis and
      ultrastructural macroanatomic study. Additive precisions will be likely in the
      future by a more accurate determination of criteria of malignancy. The
      complementarity of magnetic resonance imagery and fine needle-biopsy should lead
      to a more frequent use of these investigations before the decision of surgical
      removal.

PMID- 2291632
TI  - [Role of imaging in the exploration of the adrenal glands].
AB  - Currently, the major method of adrenal gland imaging is computed tomography. This
      method allows demonstration of normal adrenals and the diagnosis of adrenal
      masses (if these are greater than 1 cm in diameter). The examination should be
      directed by clinical signs and known laboratory investigations. Computed
      tomography is therefore the first line investigation to perform. Certain lesions
      may be better demonstrated by other methods: MRI and MIBG scintigraphy offer a
      greater specificity in the investigation of pheochromocytomas. In addition,
      scintigraphy can identify possible ectopic tumours or recurrences. Selective
      catheterisation of the adrenal veins allows aldosterone and cortisone secretions
      to be assayed. There remains the problem of the incidental finding of adrenal
      masses in either an asymptomatic patient or in the context of investigation of
      spread of a know cancer. These lesions may benefit from diagnostic percutaneous
      guided biopsy.

PMID- 2291633
TI  - [Magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland and the sella turcica region.
      Normal and pathological aspect].
AB  - MRI may be presently considered as the optimal imaging technique for the study of
      the sellar and parasellar region. Excellent anatomic and multiplanar approach,
      absence of irradiation, spontaneous visualization of vascular elements, absence
      of artefacts characterize MRI. The normal aspect of the sellar region is first
      described on both spin-echo, T1 and T2 weighted images. MRI appearance of micro
      and macroadenomas is described. The use of paramagnetic contrast agents
      (Gadolinium DTPA or DOTA) is widely accepted as a useful complementary diagnostic
      tool. Moreover the most commonly encountered lesions of the sellar region are
      reviewed and their behaviour on MRI discussed. Although MRI is an outstanding
      imaging technique, particularly useful for the study of the sellar region it must
      be stressed that MRI lacks of specificity. As a consequence, it is of utmost
      importance to compare MRI with clinical and biological examinations in order to
      reach a confident final diagnosis.

PMID- 2291634
TI  - [Jacques Decourt (1898-1989)].

PMID- 2291635
TI  - [The surgical treatment of ulcero-hemorrhagic rectocolitis. Technics and surgical
      results].

PMID- 2291637
TI  - [Inflammation of the ileal reservoir after ileo-anal anastomosis with a
      reservoir].

PMID- 2291636
TI  - [Functional results of ileo-rectal and ileo-anal reservoirs after complete
      colectomy for inflammatory disease (ulcero-hemorrhagic recto-colitis)].

PMID- 2291638
TI  - [The choice of surgical procedure in hemorrhagic rectocolitis].

PMID- 2291639
TI  - [Intestinal surgery in Crohn's disease].

PMID- 2291642
TI  - [Prostatic location as the manifestation of lymphoma].
AB  - The authors report a case of non-hodgkin's lymphoma initially presenting with
      pallakiuria due to a prostatic localization of the tumour. The diagnosis was
      confirmed 6 months later following deterioration in the general condition with
      lymphomatous meningitis, after repeat examination of the prostatic slides. Less
      than twenty cases of prostatic lesions revealing lymphoma have been reported in
      the literature. There are no formal diagnostic arguments apart from the histology
      which is often difficult to interpret. In most cases the lymphomas are
      disseminated and composed of large cells or cleaved small cells with a poor
      prognosis and a mean survival of 14 months. Treatment primarily consists of
      chemotherapy, as the lymphoma is always disseminated. The role of local
      radiotherapy is questionable.

PMID- 2291640
TI  - [Rectal conservation after colectomy for Crohn's disease].

PMID- 2291641
TI  - [The surgeon faced with ano-perineal lesions of Crohn's disease].

PMID- 2291643
TI  - [Pelvic arteriovenous fistula after ligation of the spermatic cord].
AB  - The authors report the case of a 40 year old man undergoing left orchiectomy for
      Leydig cell tumour. Eight months later, the patient presented with a thrill in
      the left femoral triangle which angiography revealed to be due to a voluminous
      pelvic arteriovenous fistula arising at the expense of the left hypogastric
      artery, especially the arteries supplying the external genitalia. Surgical repair
      of the arteriovenous fistula was performed without prior embolisation. This
      haemorrhagic surgery was facilitated by the use of a blood recovery apparatus.
      The immediate postoperative course was uneventful and follow-up angiography one
      year later showed perfect stability of the result. This case offers an occasion
      to recall the risks of fistula during massive ligation of arteriovenous pedicles
      even in the case of small pedicles which should be treated with the same
      preventive approach as for the renal or splenic pedicle, i.e. separate ligation
      of the arterial and the venous element.

PMID- 2291644
TI  - [Milk of calcium syndrome: a diagnosis to be made before the scheduling of
      lithotripsy. Consideration apropos of 6 cases].
AB  - The authors report six cases of milk of calcium syndrome. As in previously
      published cases, the diagnosis was established by the film taken in the standing
      position: the "lithiasic density" shrinks, densifies and exhibits a horizontal
      upper edge. Four patients were at first mistakenly diagnosed as having urinary
      lithiasis for which extracorporeal lithotripsy was scheduled. In one case, the
      lithotripsy was actually performed and the diagnosis of milk of calcium disease
      was established only immediately after the procedure. In another patient,
      lithotripsy was performed because small stones were thought to be present in the
      milk of calcium. In the two other cases, the diagnosis was made on the day before
      scheduled lithotripsy and this procedure was therefore cancelled. The purpose of
      the authors in reporting these cases is above all to point out the diagnostic
      value of a plain film of the abdomen in the standing position. Diagnosis must be
      made in time to avoid extracorporeal lithotripsy since, in milk of calcium
      syndrome, this procedure is illogical, inefficient and probably more hazardous
      than useful. On the basis of the six cases reported herein and of data from the
      literature, several characteristics of milk of calcium syndrome can be
      emphasized. Milk of calcium syndrome predominantly affects individuals with a
      positive personal or family history for renal lithiasis. It occurs in both sexes
      and all age groups, including childhood. Milk of calcium syndrome complicates
      partial or total dilatation of the urinary tract. Crystallization may be of the
      phosphatic or oxalic type. Concomitant urinary tract infection is
      common.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291645
TI  - [18 cases of surgically treated parathyroid adenoma responsible for urinary
      calculi].
AB  - The development of urinary lithiasis as a result of parathyroid lesions is not an
      exceptional occurrence and should be routinely looked for. Among the 30 cases of
      parathyroid adenoma identified during a 25-year period in a department of urology
      in a medium-sized town, 18 were detected following the occurrence of urinary
      lithiasis. Clinical features in these 18 cases, as well as the investigations
      that led to the discovery of the adenoma are reported. The surgical cervicotomy
      technique used by the same operators is briefly described. In other countries
      (Germany, Switzerland, Italy), the detection and management of parathyroid
      adenomas is often considered as within the field of urology.

PMID- 2291647
TI  - [The 4-stage continence-micturition cycle. The presentation of a urodynamic,
      diagnostic and therapeutic abacus].
AB  - The complexity of the mode of operation of the bladder and urinary sphincter has
      led to the development of a number of temporospatial physiologic models that
      divide the process of micturition into several stages in order to facilitate
      investigations. Ten years ago, the authors described a two-stage continence
      micturition model intended to improve the accuracy of studies of urodynamic
      disorders and thus contribute to the development of more effective and more
      rational therapeutic solutions. A large number of diseases can affect the distal
      urinary tract and recent advances in neurophysiology [10] have made the selection
      of the appropriate therapy extremely complex. Consequently, the authors have
      developed a decision analysis system that simultaneously confronts diseases,
      urodynamic manifestations, risks for the patient, and the main therapeutic
      approaches available. In 1985, they increased the number of stages in their
      continence-micturition model from two the four. This four-stage model has
      provided satisfactory result when used with an abacus for modeling observed
      biologic phenomena. In addition to offering simulation exercises for teaching
      purposes, this abacus provides the means for studying the instantaneous
      urodynamic situation (correspondences between cycle time points, symptoms, and
      effects of treatments) and determining the effect of various medicosocial events
      on the course of the bladder and sphincter dysfunction. The authors hope this
      abacus will be an attractive aide to the understanding of the complex function of
      the distal urinary tract.

PMID- 2291646
TI  - [Resorption of the lavage fluid during transurethral resection of the prostate.
      Apropos of 13 cases].
AB  - The authors report on thirteen patients who developed a variety of symptoms after
      transurethral resection of the prostate; confusion, seizures, blurred vision with
      mydriasis, nausea and vomiting, bradycardia, and hypotension. This post-resection
      syndrome is caused by resorption of a large amount of the hypotonic solution used
      during the surgical procedure and containing 1.5% glycine. Postoperative sodium
      levels were assayed in all patients and consistently found to be low (105 to 124
      mEq/l). Serum glycine was measured in three patients and the very high levels
      found suggest that absorption of glycine during transurethral resection of the
      prostate may contribute to the symptoms of encephalopathy.

PMID- 2291648
TI  - [Computer-assisted prostate reconstruction].
AB  - The authors report a technique of computer assisted three-dimensional
      reconstruction using the information obtained from serial sections collected on a
      digitalizing table. This reconstruction was performed with a popular personal
      computer: Macintosh. This technique was applied to the reconstruction of the
      animal prostate.

PMID- 2291649
TI  - [Consumers, users and liability lawsuits. Theory].
AB  - Over recent months, various medical societies have held sessions about this
      delicate subject which have focussed more on information than discussion,
      reflecting a certain degree of concern. Professionals, i.e. legal or private
      experts have always met in specialized societies, occasionally inviting jurists,
      magistrates or insurance company legal advisers to participate in their
      discussions. However, the debates between specialists largely escape the non
      specialist doctor. In general medical societies, any discussion which follows a
      basic presentation is too often diverted towards particular details and personal
      cases. Some meetings present "informal chats" which give the listener the
      erroneous impression of having being informed. It is very difficult to
      practically and usefully inform colleagues, but the author nevertheless attempts
      this task. The first part of the article presents the classical internship
      questions in the form of "management of a case of ...". The second, legal part
      concisely defines the situations of various types of doctors in relation to
      medical responsibility and briefly deals with the general problem involved. The
      author has a limited experience. Despite certain encouragement to apply for
      inscription on the list of expert surgeons as well as that of expert urologists,
      the author only applied to be an expert urologist, a role he has filled for the
      last 28 years. He has seen slightly more than 40 cases of urological medical
      responsibility. The doctors concerned were essentially urologists,
      gynaecologists, "gastrointestinal" surgeons and even orthopaedic surgeons.
      However, general practitioners have also been implicated for failing to take
      urgent and necessary measures required by the patient's condition.

PMID- 2291650
TI  - [The limits of conventional imagery in urology: the prostate and the kidney].
AB  - Despite the progress in conventional medical imaging it retains certain
      limitations particularly in two areas: 1) the detection of prostatic cancer: the
      specificity and sensitivity of transrectal ultrasonography are too poor to
      justify the use of this modality for screening or for diagnosis. 2) Small renal
      tumours, which are detected increasingly frequently on ultrasound examinations.
      Computed tomography is the most reliable examination for determining the benign
      or malignant nature of the lesion. The other modalities are disappointing and an
      excessive repetition of medical imaging should be avoided.

PMID- 2291651
TI  - [ The law, indispensible images and superfluous images in cancer of the kidney].
AB  - In France, a physician is considered liable for a medical error only if the
      appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic means were not used. The urologist who
      evaluates a patient is responsible for the diagnosis of renal carcinoma and for
      assessing the spread of the disease and deciding whether surgery is indicated.
      The urologist coordinates the various investigations and interprets results in
      the light of each individual patient's characteristics. In most renal carcinomas,
      only simple imaging techniques are needed: renal ultrasonography and an
      intravenous urogram or a CT scan. Further techniques may be required to assess
      disease spread according to the French Urology Association's Oncology Committee,
      only abdominal ultrasonography and a chest film are "absolutely required", the
      other imaging techniques being "desirable" or "optional".

PMID- 2291652
TI  - [Imaging and the court of law: useful images and useless images].
AB  - The expert who review a medical record in a liability suit is required to
      determine whether the tests performed were necessary and, above all, whether they
      were adequate. In France, physicians are legally required to use adequate
      diagnostic and therapeutic means, especially in complicated cases. When this
      obligation is not fulfilled, the urologist is often held responsible since he or
      she is in charge of interpreting the tests and drawing final conclusions.
      Urologists are rarely criticized for performing too many investigations. The
      urologist is not considered liable for complications that occur during the
      performance of a necessary test: in this case, the physician who performed the
      test is legally responsible.

PMID- 2291653
TI  - Influence of growth rate on susceptibility to antimicrobial agents: biofilms,
      cell cycle, dormancy, and stringent response.

PMID- 2291654
TI  - Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of glycopeptide resistance determinants in
      gram-positive bacteria.
AB  - Gram-positive glycopeptide-resistant bacteria isolated in various hospitals in
      Europe and in the United States between 1986 and 1988 were collected. Three
      resistance phenotypes could be distinguished. Thirty-one enterococci were highly
      resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Resistance was transferable to other
      enterococci by conjugation for 16 of the 22 isolates that were tested. Homology
      was detected by hybridization between a probe specific for the vanA gene, which
      encodes an inducible high-level glycopeptide resistance protein in Enterococcus
      faecium BM4147, and DNA of the 31 clinical isolates and the 16 corresponding
      transconjugants. This indicates that a single class of resistance determinants
      accounts for high-level glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. The strains
      differed in their biotypes and resistance phenotypes and harbored resistance
      plasmids of various sizes, suggesting that spread of this resistance phenotype is
      due to dissemination of a gene rather than of a bacterial clone or of a single
      plasmid. Four enterococcal isolates were resistant to low levels of vancomycin
      and susceptible to teicoplanin. Twenty-three coagulase-negative staphylococcal
      isolates were resistant to teicoplanin and susceptible to vancomycin. These two
      groups of strains did not hybridize with the vanA probe and did not transfer
      resistance at a detectable frequency. The vanA gene was not detected in the
      glycopeptide-producing strains of Amycolatopsis orientalis (vancomycin) and
      Actinoplanes teichomyceticus (teicoplanin) or in various gram-positive bacteria
      intrinsically resistant to glycopeptides.

PMID- 2291655
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cefepime in patients with respiratory tract infections.
AB  - The steady-state pharmacokinetics of cefepime were evaluated in 10 middle-aged
      and elderly patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections who were
      receiving 1 g intravenously every 12 h. One preinfusion and 15 postinfusion serum
      samples and total urine output were collected over one dosing interval between
      days 3 and 8 of therapy. Cefepime concentrations in serum over time exhibited a
      multicompartmental profile. Peak and trough concentrations in serum determined by
      a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method were 71.2 +/- 17.2
      (mean +/- standard deviation) and 6.0 +/- 4.9 mg/liter, respectively. The steady
      state volume of distribution was 0.22 +/- 0.05 liter/kg. Elimination half-lives
      ranged from 1.93 to 6.04 h (3.92 +/- 1.28 h), and total body clearances ranged
      from 36.9 to 102 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (73.0 +/- 19.7 ml/min per 1.73 m2). The
      disposition of cefepime at steady state in patients was comparable to previous
      observations in healthy elderly volunteers. The predictive performance of
      regression equations derived from single-dose studies in volunteers relating
      creatinine clearance with total body and renal clearances of cefepime exhibited
      slight biases (mean predictive errors, -9.7 and 2.1 ml/min per 1.73 m2,
      respectively) and similar precisions. Predicted and observed total body
      clearances (63.3 +/- 25.1 versus 73.0 +/- 19.7 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively)
      and renal clearances (51.3 +/- 24.4 versus 49.3 +/- 19.6 ml/min per 1.73 m2,
      respectively) were not significantly different. The pharmacokinetics of cefepime
      in infected patients appeared to be unaltered by illness, and the steady-state
      disposition of cefepime was predictable from data derived from single-dose
      studies in volunteers.

PMID- 2291657
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of a single dose of ornidazole (1,000
      milligrams intravenously) for antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery.
AB  - Levels in serum and tissue penetration of ornidazole were studied after a single
      intravenous injection of 1,000 mg given to 14 patients for prophylaxis of
      surgical infection. They were scheduled for elective colorectal surgery. Adequate
      levels in blood (greater than or equal to MIC for 90% of Bacteroides fragilis
      strains tested) were found in all patients throughout the procedure and up to
      hour 24. Mean-maximal (15 min) and last-determined (24 h) ornidazole levels in
      serum were 24 +/- 5.2 and 6.3 +/- 1.4 mg/liter, respectively. beta-Phase
      elimination half-life was 14.1 +/- 2.7 h, and clearance and apparent volume of
      distribution were 47 +/- 12 ml/min and 0.9 +/- 0.13 liters/kg, respectively. In
      all patient, adequate levels in tissue were found in the abdominal wall and the
      epiploic fat at time of incision and in the colonic wall at time of anastomosis.
      At time of closure, all but one patient had adequate levels in tissue in the
      abdominal wall and the epiploic fat. No anaerobic nor aerobic infection occurred
      in the study patients.

PMID- 2291656
TI  - Correlation of penicillin-induced lysis of Enterococcus faecium with saturation
      of essential penicillin-binding proteins and release of lipoteichoic acid.
AB  - Clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium that had a range of susceptibilities to
      penicillin were found to differ significantly in their responses to the
      antibiotic. In the penicillin-susceptible group (MIC, less than or equal to 4
      micrograms/ml), the cessation of growth (bacteriostasis) at 10 x the MIC of
      penicillin appeared to correlate with the inhibition of penicillin-binding
      protein (PBP) 5*, whereas the onset of lysis (bactericidal effect) at higher
      antibiotic concentrations (100 x the MIC) was concomitant with the inhibition of
      the lower-affinity PBP 5. In contrast, in the resistant (MIC, greater than or
      equal to 8 micrograms/ml) group (in which most of the strains did not contain PBP
      5*), the degree of saturation of PBP 5 seemed to determine the physiological
      response to the antibiotic: low levels of saturation caused growth inhibition,
      whereas almost complete saturation correlated with lysis. The penicillin-induced
      cell lysis of both penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains was attributed,
      at least in part, to the extensive loss of acylated lipoteichoic acid into the
      growth medium.

PMID- 2291658
TI  - Comparative study of the effects of four cephalosporins against Escherichia coli
      in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - A thigh muscle infection induced with Escherichia coli in irradiated mice was
      used as a model to compare the in vivo pharmacodynamics of the antibacterial
      effect of four cephalosporins (i.e., cefepime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and
      cefoperazone) with the in vitro antibacterial pharmacodynamics of these drugs.
      The following in vitro pharmacodynamic parameters were determined: the maximum
      effect as a measure for efficacy, the 50% effective concentration as a parameter
      for potency, and the slope of the concentration-effect relationship. For analysis
      of the in vivo antibacterial pharmacodynamics, the same parameters were applied
      for the dose instead of the concentration. For the detection of a relationship
      between concentration and antibacterial effect in vivo, we determined the
      pharmacokinetics of the four cephalosporins in the plasma of mice. The results
      showed that, in general, there is a direct relationship between the in vivo and
      in vitro pharmacodynamics of these cephalosporins. The maximum effects of
      cefepime, ceftazidime, and cefoperazone were approximately similar in vivo and in
      vitro. The sequence of potency of these drugs was, in descending order, cefepime,
      ceftazidime, and cefoperazone. Ceftriaxone differed from the other three
      cephalosporins in that it displayed unexpected in vivo pharmacodynamics.
      Ceftriaxone was just as efficacious as the other three in vitro, but its maximum
      effect in vivo was much lower. This relatively low maximum effect of ceftriaxone
      in vivo was not explained by the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug.
      From the present results it can be concluded that the in vitro efficacy of
      cephalosporins does not necessarily have a predictive value for the in vivo
      efficacy.

PMID- 2291659
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of cefmetazole in healthy young and
      elderly volunteers.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of cefmetazole were studied in 24
      healthy volunteers (12 young and 12 elderly). Each volunteer received single 0.5
      , 1-, and 2-g doses of cefmetazole administered intravenously over 5 min
      according to a three-way crossover design. Serial plasma and urine samples were
      collected over a 24-h period following dosing and assayed for cefmetazole by a
      high-performance liquid chromatography method. Results of the dose
      proportionality portion of the study indicated that cefmetazole pharmacokinetics
      are linear and proportional with dose in both age groups. Comparisons of
      pharmacokinetic parameters between the young and elderly groups indicated that
      the systemic clearance was significantly lower in elderly than in young
      volunteers (92.4 versus 112 ml/min). Additionally, creatinine clearance was
      significantly lower in elderly (74.1 ml/min) than in young (92.9 ml/min)
      subjects. No significant differences between age groups were observed for volume
      of distribution, urinary recovery, terminal half-life, nonrenal clearance, or
      renal clearance, although half-life was slightly prolonged in elderly volunteers
      relative to that in young volunteers (1.54 versus 1.34 h), and renal clearance
      was slightly lower in elderly than in young volunteers (83.7 versus 96.1 ml/min).
      Both systemic and renal clearance were significantly correlated with creatinine
      clearance. These results indicate that the observed age-related differences in
      the pharmacokinetics of cefmetazole are most likely due to differences in renal
      function between the two age groups. The small reduction in cefmetazole
      elimination in the elderly would not warrant dose adjustment in this population.

PMID- 2291660
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of betaine esters, quaternary ammonium amphiphiles which
      spontaneously hydrolyze into nontoxic components.
AB  - A series of quaternary ammonium compounds that are esters of betaine and fatty
      alcohols with hydrocarbon chain lengths of 10 to 18 carbon atoms were tested with
      respect to antimicrobial activities and rates of hydrolysis. When the tetradecyl
      derivative was tested against some selected microorganisms, the killing effect
      was comparable to that of the stable quaternary ammonium compound
      cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. At higher pH values, both the antimicrobial
      effect and the rate of hydrolysis of the esters increased. However, whereas at pH
      6 greater than 99.99% killing of Salmonella typhimurium was achieved with 5
      micrograms/ml in 3 min, the rate of hydrolysis was less than 20% in 18 h. At pH
      7, a similar killing effect was achieved in 2 min and 50% hydrolysis occurred in
      ca. 5 h. Thus, it is possible to exploit the rapid microbicidal effect of the
      compounds before they hydrolyze. The rate of hydrolysis was reduced by the
      presence of salt. The bactericidal effect of the betaine esters increased with
      the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty alcohol moiety up to 18 carbon
      atoms. Since the hydrolysis products are normal human metabolites, the hydrolysis
      property may extend the use of these quaternary ammonium compounds as
      disinfectants and antiseptics for food and body surfaces.

PMID- 2291661
TI  - Inhibition of growth of Toxoplasma gondii by qinghaosu and derivatives.
AB  - The antimalarial compound qinghaosu (artemisinin) was tested in vitro for the
      ability to inhibit plaque formation by Toxoplasma gondii in fibroblasts.
      Qinghaosu at 0.4 microgram/ml for 5 days eliminated all plaques and microscopic
      foci of T. gondii. At 1.3 micrograms/ml for 14 days, qinghaosu completely
      eliminated T. gondii. Pretreatment of host cells or T. gondii with qinghaosu had
      no effect on T. gondii growth. There was no apparent toxicity to human
      fibroblasts in long-term studies. Of the six qinghaosu derivatives tested,
      dihydroqinghaosu, 1-propyl-ether-qinghaosu, and 1-butyl-ether-qinghaosu were
      comparable to qinghaosu. Ethyl-ether-qinghaosu (arteether) and sec-butyl-ether
      qinghaosu were more effective. Methyl-ether-qinghaosu (artemether) was the most
      effective, with a potency approximately 10-fold greater than that of qinghaosu.

PMID- 2291662
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of intravenous-to-oral enoxacin in elderly
      patients with complicated urinary tract infections.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of oral fluoroquinolone antibiotics in normal volunteers
      have been studied extensively; however, limited patient data exist. Enoxacin
      steady-state pharmacokinetics and bioavailability were determined following
      repeated 400-mg intravenous (i.v.) and oral dosing by using compartmental and
      noncompartmental methods in 10 elderly (mean age, 73.8 years) men with
      complicated urinary tract infections. Average peak enoxacin concentrations
      following i.v. and oral dosing were 8.15 and 5.45 mg/liter, respectively. Mean
      values for major pharmacokinetic parameters (noncompartmental) were similar
      following i.v. and oral administration, respectively: area under the
      concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h, 47.6 and 41.0 mg.h/liter; volume of
      distribution or volume of distribution/bioavailability, 1.61 and 1.99 liters/kg;
      total body clearance or total body clearance/bioavailability, 2.58 and 3.01
      ml/min per kg; and half-life, 8.2 and 9.1 h. Parameters from analysis of enoxacin
      plasma concentration data by using a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model also
      revealed marked similarities between the two administration routes. Enoxacin was
      highly bioavailable (mean, 86.97%) following oral administration.

PMID- 2291663
TI  - Potentiation of chloroquine activity against Plasmodium falciparum by the
      peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide system.
AB  - In this study, we examined the potential interactions between antimalarial
      (chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine) and oxidant reagents. The data indicate
      that their effects enhance those of one another in vitro. The viability of
      Plasmodium falciparum in culture was assessed by [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation
      during 24 h of incubation in the presence of lactoperoxidase, glucose-glucose
      oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine, either alone or
      in combination. At subinhibitory concentrations, a significant inhibition was
      produced by the following combinations: lactoperoxidase plus hydrogen peroxide,
      lactoperoxidase plus glucose-glucose oxidase, lactoperoxidase plus hydrogen
      peroxide or glucose-glucose oxidase plus chloroquine or quinine but not with
      mefloquine. Deletion of any component from the system markedly decreased the
      toxic effect on P. falciparum. This toxic effect was not inhibited by catalase.
      These results indicate that the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide system and
      antimalarial drugs can potentiate each other to inhibit the growth of P.
      falciparum.

PMID- 2291664
TI  - Potent inhibition of hepatitis B virus production in vitro by modified pyrimidine
      nucleosides.
AB  - 2',3'-Dideoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FddThd), 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-
      dideoxythymidine (ddeThd), and 3'-fluoro-5-methyl-deoxycytidine (FddMeCyt) are,
      in their triphosphate forms, selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1 reverse transcriptase. We report that 0.3 microM FddThd, FddMeCyt, or
      ddeThd as well as 3'-chloro-5-methyl-deoxycytidine (ClddMeCyt) or 3'-amino-5
      methyl-deoxycytidine (AddMeCyt) almost completely blocked production of hepatitis
      B virus (HBV) particles by HBV DNA-transfected cell line 2.2.15 in vitro. Only at
      an at least 10-fold-higher concentration was a cytotoxic effect observed. These
      results indicate that FddThd, FddMeCyt, ClddMeCyt, AddMeCyt, and ddeThd are
      potent anti-HBV agents in vitro.

PMID- 2291666
TI  - 19F nuclear magnetic resonance study of fluoropyrimidine metabolism in strains of
      Candida glabrata with specific defects in pyrimidine metabolism.
AB  - Flucytosine (5-FC)-resistant strains were isolated from the haploid opportunistic
      pathogen Candida glabrata by UV-induced mutation and fluoropyrimidine selection.
      These strains were characterized biochemically, and the metabolism of fluorinated
      pyrimidines was studied by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. No
      evidence was obtained from these studies for degradative metabolism of the
      fluorinated derivatives. In the parental susceptible strain of C. glabrata, 5
      fluorouracil but not 5-FC was detected within the cells. 5-Fluorouracil was also
      present in the culture supernatant after incubation of the cells with 5-FC. The
      distribution of fluorinated derivatives within the 5-FC-resistant strains was
      consistent with their genotype. Two strains of C. glabrata which had only a
      partial loss of cytosine deaminase and UMP pyrophosphorylase activity had high
      levels of resistance to 5-FC. Both C. glabrata and Candida albicans were
      susceptible to 5-fluorouridine. This compound but not the anticancer drug 5
      fluoro-2-deoxyuridine was shown to be transported into susceptible cells by a
      specific uridine permease.

PMID- 2291665
TI  - Anti-human immunodeficiency virus effects of dextran sulfate are strain dependent
      and synergistic or antagonistic when dextran sulfate is given in combination with
      dideoxynucleosides.
AB  - The effects of three molecular weight ranges of dextran sulfate on five different
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolates (from patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome), alone and in combination with dideoxynucleosides,
      were investigated in vitro. The higher the molecular weight range of dextran
      sulfate, the more potent the activity as assessed by a quantitative syncytium
      formation assay. Although all five HIV isolates had similar susceptibilities to
      the inhibitory effects of dideoxynucleosides, the two clinical isolates of HIV
      (HIV type 1 [HIV-1] TM and SP) exhibited a pattern of reduced susceptibility to
      dextran sulfate when compared with the two cloned isolates (HIV-1 WMF and HIV-2
      ROD) and a prototype laboratory strain (HIV-1 IIIB). In combination with
      dideoxynucleosides, the high-molecular-weight range of dextran sulfate (500,000)
      resulted in an antagonistic response directed against the two clinical isolates
      of HIV (HIV-1 TM and SP) when the antiviral concentrations of dextran sulfate
      were in the ineffective range. Additive or synergistic effects were seen with the
      other three HIV isolates and all five HIV isolates when the low-molecular-weight
      range of dextran sulfate (8,000) was used. The results of these studies raise
      issues on the impact of drug-resistant strains on disease progression and the use
      of dextran sulfate in combination with nucleoside analogs for the clinical
      management of HIV disease.

PMID- 2291667
TI  - In vitro activity of LY 264826 compared with that of vancomycin against 100
      clinical isolates each of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and
      Clostridium difficile.
AB  - The in vitro activity of LY 264826, a new glycopeptide antibiotic, was compared
      with that of vancomycin against 100 strains each of methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. LY 264826 was more active, by
      weight, than vancomycin against the isolates tested. The human serum protein
      binding of LY 264826 was 15.3% (range, 9.8 to 21.8%).

PMID- 2291668
TI  - Trimethoprim resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from a geriatric unit.
AB  - The frequency of trimethoprim resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from
      urine samples collected at Turku City Hospital, Turku, Finland, remained at 40%
      during 1984 to 1988. The proportion of highly resistant (MIC, greater than or
      equal to 1,024 micrograms/ml) isolates increased, however, and most of these
      harbored the type I dihydrofolate reductase gene. Only a few isolates possessed
      type II or VII genes.

PMID- 2291669
TI  - Antimicrobial properties of N-carboxybutyl chitosan.
AB  - N-Carboxybutyl chitosan, a modified chitin of crustacean origin, displayed
      inhibitory, bactericidal, and candidacidal activities when tested against 298
      cultures of various pathogens. Examination by electron microscopy showed that
      microbial cells exposed to N-carboxybutyl chitosan underwent marked morphological
      alterations. The data are of importance in defining the suitability of N
      carboxybutyl chitosan as a wound dressing.

PMID- 2291670
TI  - Detection of erythromycin resistance by the polymerase chain reaction using
      primers in conserved regions of erm rRNA methylase genes.
AB  - Genes belonging to different erm DNA hybridization classes were selectively
      amplified by polymerase chain reaction with a pair of oligonucleotides that
      corresponded to conserved amino acid motifs in known ERM methylases.
      Identification of the resistance mechanism was possible despite substantial
      nucleotide sequence diversity among the erythromycin resistance genes.

PMID- 2291672
TI  - Loracarbef concentrations in middle ear fluid.
AB  - Loracarbef concentrations in plasma and middle ear fluid (MEF) were measured in
      specimens obtained approximately 2 h after doses of 7.5 or 15 mg/kg. The mean +/-
      standard deviation concentrations in MEF were 2.0 +/- 2.6 mg/liter (48% of the
      concentration in plasma) after the smaller dose and 3.9 +/- 2.6 mg/liter (42% of
      the concentration in plasma) after the larger dose. With the larger dose, the
      concentrations in MEF were greater than the MIC for 90% of strains of the usual
      pathogens of acute otitis media tested in 16 of 17 specimens.

PMID- 2291671
TI  - In vitro susceptibilities of Pseudomonas pseudomallei to 27 antimicrobial agents.
AB  - Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas pseudomallei isolated in Thailand from 1981 to
      1989 were tested for their in vitro susceptibilities to 27 antimicrobial agents,
      including older and newer quinolones, broad-spectrum cephems, carbapenems,
      monobactams, penicillins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, rifamycin,
      sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and fosfomycin. Tosufloxacin, meropenem, CS-533,
      and minocycline were active against P. pseudomallei at levels comparable to or
      even greater than those of antimicrobial agents tested in previous studies, such
      as ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, imipenem, carumonam, and piperacillin. Drug
      resistant P. pseudomallei was found in only 1% of the isolates. The drug
      resistant P. pseudomallei isolates displayed a unique pattern of susceptibility
      to the above-listed drugs.

PMID- 2291674
TI  - Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.
AB  - The in vitro susceptibilities of 10 isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae to
      16 antimicrobial agents were determined. Penicillin and imipenem were the most
      active agents, followed by piperacillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin,
      and clindamycin. Some resistance was observed with erythromycin, tetracycline,
      and chloramphenicol. Activity was poor or absent with vancomycin, teicoplanin,
      daptomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, and netilmicin.

PMID- 2291673
TI  - Effect of oral antacid administration on the pharmacokinetics of oral
      fluconazole.
AB  - Absorption and elimination of fluconazole after oral administration of a 100-mg
      capsule were unaffected by concomitant administration of an antacid containing
      aluminum and magnesium hydroxides.

PMID- 2291675
TI  - [Effect of testicular cancer and its chemical and surgical treatment on
      fertility].

PMID- 2291676
TI  - [Experimental surgical model of hydrocele for the use of sclerotherapy].
AB  - Sclerosant therapy for different pathological conditions (testicular hydrocele,
      pneumothorax) is a little known and scantily used procedure in the clinical
      setting. We have developed a surgical procedure in the dog that permits
      reproducing adult hydrocele. This experimental model is useful for morphometric
      assessment of the sclerosant effects of the commonly used agents (magnesium
      silicate hydrate, carbolic acid, ethanolamine oleate, hydroxytetracycline
      chlorhydrate and quinacrine chlorhydrate). Our results show that the degree of
      sclerosis achieved with quinacrine and hydrotetracycline is significantly
      superior to that obtained with other agents.

PMID- 2291677
TI  - [Testicular torsion: experience with 28 cases].
AB  - The present study reports our experience in 28 cases of testicular torsion that
      had been treated at the Emergency Service of our hospital. The following
      parameters were analyzed: patient age, compromised side, torsion type, history of
      previous episodes, associated disorders and treatment. We underscore the
      importance of diagnosing the condition early based on patient history, clinical
      features and by Doppler ultrasound. Once the diagnosis has been made or when
      torsion is suspected, surgical intervention is advised to salvage testes
      compromised by this vascular accident.

PMID- 2291679
TI  - [Adjuvant therapy with systemic JM-8 (carboplatin) in superficial bladder tumors.
      Results after 3 years of use].
AB  - We evaluated the 3-year efficacy of adjuvant treatment (after complete TUR) with
      systemic carboplatin in 34 patients with transitional cell bladder tumors in the
      superficial stages. Twenty-six patients with a one-year follow-up had a
      recurrence rate of 23%. Twenty-three patients with a two-year follow-up had a
      recurrence rate of 65.3%. Six patients with a three-year follow-up had a
      recurrence rate of 83.3%. Seventeen patients with tumor recurrence within three
      years had "minimal" recurrence. The course of the disease was very stable and
      remained unchanged in 4 cases that required no other treatment for one year. This
      treatment modality indicates a therapeutic effect; however, further studies and
      changes are warranted in order to obtain better results.

PMID- 2291678
TI  - [Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Retrospective study].
AB  - The incidence of PGX in our setting is low (0.67%). Middle-aged women comprise
      most of our cases. This disease process is usually unilateral; 53.2% of the
      present series had right-sided renal involvement. Over the past 17 years, 135
      cases of histopathologically-documented XGP have been recorded at our hospital.
      Sixty-three cases were studied retrospectively. Patient history, symptoms and
      signs, and data gleaned from physical examination are presented. Similarly,
      patient outstanding pathogenetic features are described. Preoperative diagnosis
      of XGP is difficult. The availability of high resolution imaging techniques has
      enhanced diagnostic accuracy. Urinary cytology permits preoperative diagnosis
      with an accuracy rate of 80%. The postoperative prognosis is excellent.

PMID- 2291680
TI  - [Substitution and augmentation enterocystoplasty: long-term follow up].
AB  - From 1957 to 1981, nine patients (7 males and 2 females) were submitted to
      enterocystoplasty or bladder augmentation procedure. Patient age ranged from 19
      67 years (mean = 40 yrs). Patient follow-up ranged from 9 to 31 years (mean = 19
      yrs). The terminal ileum was utilized in 6 and the sigmoid in 3. Five patients
      had tuberculous conditions, 2 had transitional cell bladder tumor, 1 had
      interstitial cystitis, and 1 patient had bladder fibrosis. The ureters were
      directly reinserted in 2 cases. Two patients required TUR of the bladder neck; 1
      patient had nocturnal incontinence. Two presented severe and 1 moderate chronic
      renal failure. In our view, augmentation and substitution plasty utilizing a
      segment of the intestine achieve good results. However, patients must be followed
      closely. Two patients who had been lost to follow-up presented with chronic renal
      failure. These patients might have benefitted from TUR of the bladder neck to
      correct voiding problems and avoid deterioration of the upper urinary tract.

PMID- 2291681
TI  - [Percutaneous endo-retro-pyelotomy: an elective treatment method in stenosis of
      the uretero-pelvic junction].
AB  - Fifteen adult patients diagnosed as having congenital stricture of the
      ureteropelvic junction were treated by percutaneous endoureteropyelotomy. Our
      results were clinically satisfactory in 85.7% (excellent acured 57.1%, good/with
      occasional mild discomfort 28.5%). Radiologically, 64.2% were normal and 14.2%
      had mild ectasia but good renal function. No clinical improvement was observed in
      14.2% and 21.4% had persistent hydronephrosis indicating the procedure had
      failed. The most important complication was intraoperative hemorrhage from
      effraction of an inferior polar artery which required a conventional lumbotomy
      procedure and Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty. The foregoing results, with the
      limitations inherent in data from a small series, indicate that
      endoureteropyelotomy is the procedure of choice in the treatment of congenital
      UPJ strictures in the adult patient.

PMID- 2291682
TI  - [Interventional echography].
AB  - We describe the different interventional ultrasonographic techniques available in
      our unit and report the results achieved in 254 puncture-aspiration of abdominal
      and retroperitoneal masses, 158 ultrasonically-guided nephrostomies, 36
      percutaneous drainage of purulent or serous collections, 114 biopsies of
      orthotopic kidneys and 129 renal grafts. We analyze the techniques' safety as
      well as their complications.

PMID- 2291684
TI  - [Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the testicular tunica vaginalis. Report of a
      new case].
AB  - We present a case of diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis
      testis, a very uncommon tumor site, in a patient who also had a tumor localized
      to the chest. We could not determine however, whether the testicular neoplasm was
      a primary tumor or a distant metastasis. We describe this tumor type, its mode of
      presentation, diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2291683
TI  - [Correlation of serum prolactin, sperm count and motility. Prevalence of
      hyperprolactinemia in the infertile male].
AB  - Serum prolactin (PRL) levels were measured in 147 males. All patients had no
      known tumor, endocrine disorder, or symptoms or signs of hyperprolactinemia. All
      patients denied taking any medication or agents that could alter PRL levels.
      Semen analyses revealed 34 patients were normospermic, 69 were oligospermic, 26
      were azoospermic, and 18 were purely astenzoospermic. PRL levels for the patient
      groups were not statistically significantly different. PRL values were higher
      than the normal ranges in 12.2% of the overall study population. A lower
      incidence (6.19%) was observed for hyperprolactinemia in the normospermics. These
      findings are comparable to those described elsewhere. Serum testosterone did not
      drop significantly in the hyperprolactinemics. Similarly, the FSH and LH values
      did not change significantly. The possible role of PRL in male infertility and
      the effect of hyperprolactinemia of varying degrees and etiology on sperm count
      and motility are discussed.

PMID- 2291685
TI  - [Giant inguino-scrotal herniation of the bladder].

PMID- 2291686
TI  - [Liposarcoma of the renal sinus].
AB  - The authors describe a case of liposarcoma of the renal sinus, a relatively
      uncommon tumor site. We briefly review its pathogenesis and underscore the
      importance of the preoperative differential diagnosis, particularly from other
      tumor masses that are often difficult to distinguish.

PMID- 2291687
TI  - [Invasive angiomyxoma of the scrotum].
AB  - Herein we report on a 70-year-old patient with invasive angiomyxoma of the
      scrotum that had evolved for more than 30 years. The tumor's enormous size (4.225
      gms.), its rarity and clinical behaviour are highlighted. There was no distant
      metastasis and tumor recurrence was by local infiltration. Its histologic
      features, which are like those of myxomatous tumors, are described.

PMID- 2291688
TI  - [Simultaneous homolateral renal and adrenal carcinoma].
AB  - A case of renal cancer associated with simultaneous, homolateral adrenal
      carcinoma is described. This rare association and the diagnostic value of
      ultrasound and CT are discussed.

PMID- 2291689
TI  - Some considerations on Camey's ileocystoplasty.

PMID- 2291690
TI  - [Historical epidemiology of malaria in the archipelago of the Mascarenes (Indian
      Ocean)].
AB  - The Mascarenes Islands (Mauritius, Rodrigues and Reunion) have been for the last
      few centuries a place of rest and convalescence for sailors, soldiers and
      inhabitants of the other regions of the Indian Ocean affected by "intermittent
      fevers". In the middle of the nineteenth century a severe and deadly malaria
      epidemic occurred first in Mauritius and then in Reunion Island. It took a
      century to bring the disease under control, but this has in no way diminished the
      risk of its re-introduction. Comparative study of the way the disease appeared
      and got established in these two islands and not in the adjoining ones
      (Rodrigues, Chagos, Seychelles) leads us to formulate the hypothesis that massive
      deforestation for sugar cane cultivation created a favourable environment for the
      implantation of the malaria vector, the african origin of which is beyond doubt.
      The evolution of the environment, subjected to natural catastrophe (cyclones) and
      to human activities (often as a consequence of economic development) has exerted
      pressure on the vector which in a way gives an answer of the development of the
      disease over time. This study highlights the importance of epidemiological
      analysis of the history of major communicable diseases not only in the cognitive
      context but also in predicting probable public health problem arising from
      environmental modifications.

PMID- 2291691
TI  - [Malaria index according to age and seasons in the health region of Katana, in
      mountainous Kivu, Zaire].
AB  - A longitudinal malaria survey was undertaken in children under five in 5 villages
      of Katana Rural Health Zone in Kivu, East Zaire. During the year 1983, seasonal
      fluctuations ranging from 25 to 44% were observed in the parasitological index as
      well as concomitant variations from 5 to 18% in the splenic index. More malaria
      transmission seems to occur during the long dry season (June to September). In
      order to prepare an operational research project to be conducted in two
      geographically delimited areas of the Health Zone, a complementary survey was
      organised in February 1985. This survey yielded details on parasitological,
      splenic and serological index in relation to age. These malaria indices were
      similar in the two areas and all gradually increased with age to reach maxima of
      respectively 42%, 13% and 55%. The Katana region, situated at an altitude of 1500
      meters, on the shores of lake Kivu, is apparently characterized by an unstable
      and meso-endemic malaria. The applicability and feasibility of some alternative
      malaria control strategies are discussed.

PMID- 2291692
TI  - Synergistic activity of 5-substituted 2-nitroimidazoles (Ro 15-0216 and
      benznidazole) and DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine on Trypanosoma brucei brucei.
AB  - The antitrypanosomal activity of two 5-substituted 2-nitro-imidazoles (Ro 15-0216
      and benznidazole) and alpha-DL-difluoro-methylornithine (DFMO) was tested in four
      stocks of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro. The IC50 (drug concentration which
      inhibits growth of trypanosome populations by 50%) values ranged from 0.27-1.0
      for Ro 15-0216, 84-265 for benznidazole, and 147-691 microM for DFMO.
      Potentiation of antitrypanosomal activity of the combination of Ro 15-0216 and
      DFMO was demonstrated in a 24 h growth inhibition test. A synergistic effect was
      also demonstrated when benznidazole and DFMO were combined in a long term
      viability assay in vitro. Although 40 microM DFMO and 20 microM benznidazole were
      ineffective when used individually, trypanosomes of all stocks were killed when
      both drugs were present simultaneously at these concentrations. The combination
      of 40 microM DFMO and 4 microM benznidazole led to growth suppression. At an
      early stage of infection, a single injection of 100 mg/kg Ro 15-0216 at the end
      of a 3-day treatment period with DFMO (2% in drinking water) resulted in a 100%
      cure of T. b. brucei-infected mice, whereas monotherapy with either drug at the
      same dose levels was completely ineffective. Nitroimidazoles and DFMO given
      simultaneously might improve the therapy of human sleeping sickness.

PMID- 2291693
TI  - First record of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead, 1910 and Glossina morsitans
      submorsitans Newstead, 1910 in southwestern Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Two species of tsetse flies, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and G. morsitans
      submorsitans, are, for the first time, recorded from southwestern Saudi Arabia,
      near Gizan. This discovery is shortly discussed in relation with the presently
      known distribution of these species.

PMID- 2291695
TI  - Human Salmonella and Shigella infections in Moroni, the capital of Great Comoro
      Island (1987-1988).
AB  - Over a period of two years 98 cultures of Salmonella and 17 cultures of Shigella
      were isolated at the El Maarouf Hospital, Moroni, capital of the Comoros. Almost
      half of the isolates were from children under 5 years. Salmonella belonged to a
      limited range of serotypes, S. typhi dominating in adults and S. enteritidis in
      children, often with bacteraemia. Antibiotic resistance was virtually absent in
      Salmonella and without clinical significance in Shigella. The high isolation rate
      of S. enteritidis and the rarity of antibiotic resistance are commented.

PMID- 2291694
TI  - [Epidemiological study of toxoplasmosis at Kinshasa and in lower Zaire].
AB  - An epidemiological survey of human toxoplasmosis was carried out in urban
      Kinshasa and in rural Kwilu-Ngongo (Bas-Zaire). First contact with Toxoplasma
      gondii occurred earlier in children from Kinshasa, but adults aged over 30 were
      more often carriers of IgG antibodies in Kwilu-Ngongo (65.5%) compared to those
      in Kinshasa (50.2%). In Zaire, nutritional diet and telluric contact seem to be
      very important.

PMID- 2291696
TI  - Isolation of mycobacteria from stools and intestinal biopsies from HIV
      seropositive and HIV seronegative patients with and without diarrhea in Kinshasa,
      Zaire. Preliminary results.
AB  - To determine the role of mycobacteria as etiologic agent in HIV related enteritis
      in Africa, the following study was performed in 1986, in the department of
      Internal Medicine in Mama Yemo Hospital in Kinshasa, Zaire. Stool and intestinal
      biopsies were obtained from HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative patients with
      and without diarrhea. Patients with known Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
      were not enrolled. Acid fast bacilli were found in fecal smears of 6 (10%) of 59
      HIV seropositive patients and in none of 41 HIV seronegative patients (p = 0.04).
      Isolation rates of mycobacteria were slightly lower in HIV seropositive patients
      than in HIV seronegative patients (25% vs 44%, p = 0.08) and significantly lower
      in patients with diarrhea than in patients without diarrhea (15% vs 44%, p =
      0.02). Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare was the species most frequently
      isolated from stools, in 12% of the HIV seropositive and in 22% of the HIV
      seronegative patients. Mycobacteria were not isolated from any of the intestinal
      biopsies obtained in 17 HIV seropositive patients with persistent diarrhea and
      any of these biopsies showed histological evidence of a mycobacterial infection.
      This study suggests that mycobacteria do not seem to play a major role in causing
      diarrhea in HIV seropositive patients.

PMID- 2291697
TI  - Evaluation of traditional filters for water purification in Burkina Faso.
AB  - Most tropical water springs are polluted with microbial agents such as faecal
      coliforms and streptococci, so for the present and the forseeable future,
      boreholes are considered to be the most appropriate system for reducing the
      bacterial contamination of water. However, from source to consumer, safe drinking
      water usually becomes polluted with faecal bacteria. This observation which calls
      into question the success of the International Drinking Water Supply and
      Sanitation Decade should stimulate efforts to provide a reliable means of water
      purification. The use of traditional filters prepared with sand, gravel and
      charcoal has been proposed but our results reveal that they give no guarantee for
      the purification of bacteria-polluted water.

PMID- 2291698
TI  - Quinine base and quinine salt: a persistent confusion.

PMID- 2291700
TI  - [Physical mechanical properties of new composites].

PMID- 2291699
TI  - [Use of synthetic membranes in periodontal guided tissue regeneration].
AB  - Authors evaluated health's possible mechanisms of periodontal lesion and, having
      they studing most recent literature, they underline large possibilities of using
      synthetic membranes in order to having guided regeneration of periodontal
      tissues.

PMID- 2291702
TI  - [Drug induced pigmentation changes in the palate].

PMID- 2291701
TI  - [Chlorhexidine: review of the literature and comparison with Oradyne Z].
AB  - In this work is taken into consideration the effectiveness therapeutics of the
      Chlorhexidine, in the practice of prevention of various forms of periodontal
      disease. The comparison with the Oradyne Z explain analogy of effects between the
      two compounds and the lack of collateral effects for part of this last.

PMID- 2291703
TI  - [Principal immunohisto-chemical methods applicable to oral biopsies].
AB  - The AA. describe the most commonly used immunohistochemical techniques and their
      applications, discuting the problems relating to retention of tissue
      immunoreactivity and specificity of mono- or poly-clonal antibodies.

PMID- 2291704
TI  - [Analysis of the composition of endodontic cements].
AB  - The Authors analyse the composition of endodontic pastes and emphasize the
      inutility of many substances. Therefore it is necessary to study a technique for
      reducing the pastes in endodontic obturations and for increasing guttapercha.

PMID- 2291705
TI  - [Technico-biological problems in immunohistochemical study of oral lesions].

PMID- 2291706
TI  - [Surgical and nonsurgical therapy: possibilities and limits in treatment of
      periodontal disease].
AB  - Authors expose literature about kinds of periodontal lesions recovery achieved by
      surgical and non-surgical techniques to establish which of them is preferable and
      when. They emphasize that, by both techniques, recovery occurs through a "long
      epithelial attachment" and that is very preferable the surgical technique of
      tissues guided regeneration gained by membranes that allows the formation of a
      "new attachment".

PMID- 2291707
TI  - [Surgery for dysgnathia: medico-legal aspects].
AB  - Recent developments in surgical treatments of dentofacial deformities, regarding
      the modern and far-reaching views of health protection, are taken into account by
      the Author. He refers to the normative provisions revealing the interest of the
      legal health system in this pathology. He asserts the rightfulness of the
      treatment and the hypotheses of unlawfulness; he mentions aspects of personal
      identification of a patient surgically treated whose physiognomy is modified, in
      the light of identification regulations. Special profiles of the patient's
      consent and participation in options on alternative treatments are outlined;
      basic deontological rules are recalled as well (risks/benefits proportion,
      technical ability of dentist and auxiliaries, fitness of place, accurate
      anaesthesiological planning).

PMID- 2291708
TI  - [Removal of carious tissue with non-conventional methods: Caridex-therapy].
AB  - In this work the AA, take into account the characteristics of the Caridex system,
      doing an analysis, after a review of the literature, of the advantages and of the
      inconveniences.

PMID- 2291709
TI  - [Cysts and pseudocysts of the maxillary sinus].
AB  - The AA. describe the aetiopathogetical remarks, the actual nosologic and
      histopathologic arrangement, the clinical observations, the diagnostic and
      therapeutic trend of the cysts and pseudocysts arising from the mucosa of the
      maxillary sinus.

PMID- 2291710
TI  - [Rare case of multiple dental impaction].

PMID- 2291711
TI  - [Eating habits and oral hygiene level in a group of deaf children].

PMID- 2291712
TI  - [Solubility of luting cements].
AB  - An extensive review of the scientific literature for evaluating the current
      status of luting cements solubility. Both in vitro and in vivo results have been
      examined and discussed.

PMID- 2291713
TI  - [Epidemiological survey of dysphonia in school children. Preliminary findings].
AB  - In this article the Authors have performed a study on 318 students in Naples to
      estimate the incidence of the dysphonetic diseases in 6-12-18 years-old subjects.
      The investigation showed that 34.9% of examined patients revealed speech
      troubles; these troubles were more common in 6-years-old subjects. The dyslalies
      were the most common phonetic trouble (97.9%) with prevalence of sygmatism
      (87.9%). The Authors mean to extend the study on more large sample, although the
      results of the present study were significant.

PMID- 2291714
TI  - [Orthodontic treatment and periodontal injury].
AB  - The authors examine the literature about the relationship between orthodontic
      treatment and periodontal tissues health and consider the problems relating to
      orthodontic therapy in periodontopatic patient.

PMID- 2291715
TI  - The tragic tale of the feminist nurse.

PMID- 2291717
TI  - Health needs of homeless youth.

PMID- 2291716
TI  - Education: for life.

PMID- 2291718
TI  - Women and AIDS.

PMID- 2291719
TI  - World AIDS Day Australia 1990.

PMID- 2291720
TI  - Medications and older people.

PMID- 2291721
TI  - Nurse and the law. A note on the findings.

PMID- 2291722
TI  - Junking junk food.

PMID- 2291723
TI  - Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and emphysema: new horizons in treatment.

PMID- 2291724
TI  - The clinical role of transoesophageal echocardiography.
AB  - The role of transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was evaluated in a
      consecutive series of 100 procedures performed in 86 patients (age 17-81, mean 56
      years). All patients had prior transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). TEE was
      performed with a 5 MHz phased array transoesophageal transducer with pulsed wave
      Doppler and colour flow mapping capability. Forty-four per cent of patients
      received intravenous sedation and 36% received antibiotic prophylaxis. There were
      no complications of TEE. The TTE and TEE findings were compared. In patients
      referred for possible cardiac source of embolism, left atrial thrombi were
      detected in 8/27 TEE studies but in none of 27 TTE studies. In 12 patients with
      prosthetic valve dysfunction TEE distinguished prosthetic from periprosthetic
      regurgitation in 9/12 studies compared to 3/12 with TTE. In 11 patients with
      suspected aortic dissection TEE correctly detected dissection in all seven cases
      in which the diagnosis was subsequently confirmed, whereas TTE showed only
      equivocal findings in two cases. Vegetations were detected by TEE in 4/5 studies
      in patients with proven native valve endocarditis and by TTE in 2/5. No
      vegetations were detected by TTE or TEE in five studies in patients with proven
      prosthetic valve endocarditis. Compared with other investigations there were no
      false positive TEE studies and one possible false negative study. We conclude
      that TEE is a safe procedure which often provides additional clinical information
      to transthoracic echocardiography.

PMID- 2291726
TI  - Pneumothorax: treatment by small-lumen catheter aspiration.
AB  - To assess the efficacy of simple aspiration as a treatment for pneumothorax, 40
      consecutive pneumothoraces (28 spontaneous, 12 iatrogenic, all estimated at
      greater than or equal to 20% collapse on visual inspection of the chest X-ray) in
      38 symptomatic patients were treated initially by small-lumen catheter (SLC)
      aspiration. SLC aspiration avoided the need for large-lumen intercostal catheter
      (LIC) underwater drainage in 28 cases (70%)--20 of 28 spontaneous and eight of 12
      iatrogenic pneumothoraces. Outcome was not predicted by clinical variables or
      pneumothorax size, whereas an initial aspirate volume of less than or equal to 4
      L (n = 33) was predictable of success in 28 cases (85%). Minor local subcutaneous
      emphysema and vasovagal reactions were encountered infrequently but with similar
      frequency to LIC drainage. No episodes of re-expansion pulmonary oedema occurred.
      The results confirm previous reports of the efficacy of simple aspiration as a
      treatment for spontaneous or iatrogenic pneumothorax. Initial treatment by SLC
      aspiration is recommended for all but life-threatening presentations of
      pneumothorax. Although not encountered in this study, the potential risk of re
      expansion pulmonary oedema suggests that patients should be observed closely for
      four hours after aspiration.

PMID- 2291727
TI  - The Dubbo study: an Australian prospective community study of the health of
      elderly.
AB  - The proportion of Australian population over 60 years has risen progressively
      over the last 40 years and this growth is projected to continue. Major health
      problems of the elderly include coronary heart disease, cerebro-vascular disease,
      osteoporosis and fracture. The risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke
      in middle-aged subjects have been extensively documented in prospective studies
      in Australia and elsewhere, and include lipid disorders, hypertension, cigarette
      smoking, diabetes and family history. Few prospective studies have been targeted
      exclusively on the elderly and information available with respect to vascular
      risk factors is fragmentary and contradictory. This is the background to a new
      prospective study of the health of elderly Australians now under way in Dubbo,
      NSW. The goals of the Dubbo Study are to identify predictors of mortality,
      hospitalisation and placement in long-term care, while specific aims are the
      study of risk factors for chronic diseases and disability. This report describes
      the study rationale, reasons for selecting Dubbo as the study site, methods and
      measures, participation rates and demography. The target population included all
      non-institutionalised subjects 60 years and over, domiciled in Dubbo, and is
      comprised of 1693 males and 2167 females. The attendance rate for an extensive
      medical and sociological baseline assessment over a 13 months' period was 73% for
      both sexes. The prospective study is now in place and within three to five years
      will be generating definitive information in the elderly.

PMID- 2291725
TI  - Splenomegaly--an insensitive sign of portal hypertension.
AB  - The prevalence of splenomegaly associated with portal hypertension was examined
      in a consecutive population of 111 patients who had portal hypertension diagnosed
      using specific endoscopic, sonographic, and Doppler signs. Splenic size was
      measured objectively via its cranio-caudal length on coronal section using
      ultrasound and by clinical examination. Sonographically, 52% of patients had a
      definitely large spleen and 35% a spleen less than one standard deviation from
      the normal mean, while a further 13% had equivocal splenomegaly. Only 52% of
      patients had splenomegaly on clinical assessment. Splenomegaly was less common in
      patients with alcoholic (41% definite, 15% equivocal) than in those with non
      alcoholic liver disease (66% definite, 17% equivocal, p = 0.02) and splenic
      length was significantly smaller in alcoholic patients (12.7 +/- 0.5 cm) compared
      to patients with either non-alcoholic liver disease (15.0 +/- 0.6 cm, p = 0.003)
      or portal hypertension due to vascular occlusive diseases (16.5 +/- 2.0 cm, p =
      0.006). Splenomegaly, whether assessed sonographically or clinically, is an
      insensitive sign of portal hypertension and its absence cannot be used as a
      negative predictor of the presence of portal hypertension in patients with
      chronic liver disease.

PMID- 2291728
TI  - Methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis exacerbation: changes in CSF parameters.
AB  - Twenty-six patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) received a total of 45 courses
      of intravenous methylprednisolone daily for seven days, for acute neurological
      deterioration. Changes in CSF parameters and clinical status following
      methylprednisolone were determined and first and repeat courses were compared.
      There were significant reductions in CSF IgG, CSF albumin, serum IgG and serum
      albumin levels and CSF IgG synthesis rate in the first and repeat treatment
      groups. CSF IgG index fell significantly with initial methylprednisolone
      treatment but not with subsequent courses. Oligoclonal bands disappeared in three
      patients. Definite clinical improvement followed 30 methylprednisolone courses,
      possible improvement followed six and no change followed seven. Clinical response
      was not predicted by pre-treatment CSF IgG synthesis status and did not correlate
      with its degree of reduction.

PMID- 2291729
TI  - Cot deaths in Canterbury (NZ): lack of association with respiratory virus
      patterns.
AB  - This study was done to see whether any association between SIDS and respiratory
      viruses might be more obvious in Canterbury where the cot death rate is so high
      (about seven per thousand live births). The numbers of common respiratory virus
      identifications for the eight year period July 1981 to June 1989 were analysed
      for associations with cot death. The identifications were from inpatients at the
      Christchurch Public Hospital and other community sources in Canterbury. Weak
      associations were found with respiratory syncytial virus (r = 0.3), influenza A
      (r = 0.3) and influenza B (r = 0.2). However, the associations are overwhelmed by
      the effect of the month of the year. A high rate of respiratory virus infection
      cannot be invoked as the explanation for our high SIDS rate.

PMID- 2291730
TI  - Antacid-induced phosphate depletion syndrome presenting as nephrolithiasis.
AB  - A 29-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic woman developed phosphate depletion,
      nephrolithiasis and bilateral ureteric obstruction due to antacid abuse. Unlike
      previous descriptions of chronic phosphate depletion, myalgia, weakness and bone
      pain were absent. Biochemical features included hypophosphataemia,
      hypercalciuria, hypophosphaturia, elevated plasma, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and
      low plasma intact parathyroid hormone. These abnormalities were corrected when
      antacid ingestion was reduced and phosphate intake supplemented. We propose that
      phosphate depletion secondary to antacid abuse caused 1 alpha-hydroxylase
      activation and elevation of the plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level, leading to
      marked hypercalciuria. Once diagnosed, antacid abuse is a readily reversible
      cause of hypercalciuria and renal stones. Moreover, antacid-induced phosphate
      depletion may present with nephrolithiasis in the absence of musculoskeletal
      symptoms. This report is intended to draw attention to this important cause of
      renal stone disease.

PMID- 2291731
TI  - Management of fibrosing alveolitis with polymyositis dermatomyositis.
AB  - A 38-year-old man with polymyositis-dermatomyositis developed acute life
      threatening fibrosing alveolitis. We report a two year follow-up of this patient,
      during which control of alveolitis was obtained using prednisolone, and was
      maintained with the addition of cyclophosphamide. Relapse of myositis responded
      to increased prednisolone. Serial measurements of vital capacity and transfer
      factor assisted management of alveolitis, but changes in vital capacity preceded
      changes in transfer factor, and were more convenient to perform during frequent
      outpatient review.

PMID- 2291732
TI  - Myocardial and skeletal muscle injuries following adenine arabinoside therapy.
AB  - A healthy young male with chronic persistent hepatitis associated with positive
      HBsAg and HBeAg and without any predisposing factors for coronary artery disease
      was treated with a course of prednisolone and adenine arabinoside. At the end of
      therapy, he developed myocardial and skeletal muscle injuries. The temporal
      relationship between the administration of the drug and the monophasic nature of
      the myotoxic injuries strongly suggests that adenine arabinoside induced the
      clinical manifestations in the patient.

PMID- 2291733
TI  - Torsade de pointes associated with perhexiline maleate therapy.
AB  - Multiform ventricular tachycardia (torsade de pointes) is a recognised
      proarrhythmic effect of drugs which prolong the QT interval. A case is now
      described for the first time where torsade de pointes occurred with the
      administration of the anti-anginal agent perhexiline maleate.

PMID- 2291734
TI  - Treatment of severe orthostatic hypotension with the somatostatin analogue
      octreotide.
AB  - The long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide was used in a patient with
      severe orthostatic hypotension resistant to conventional treatment. 0.4 ug/kg
      octreotide given subcutaneously abolished the postural drop in systolic blood
      pressure for about four hours and was more effective than a combination of
      fludrocortisone and pindolol.

PMID- 2291735
TI  - Longstanding pleural effusion in an elderly man due to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      (multilobulated nuclear cell type).
AB  - A 68-year-old man presented with left sided pleural effusion. Investigations were
      suggestive of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of multilobulated nuclear cell type.
      Symptomatic treatment by repeated thoracic aspiration was carried out every three
      to four months over nine years, after which the patient developed left axillary
      lymphadenopathy and a chest wall mass. Biopsy of the mass revealed multilobulated
      B cell lymphoma. Complete remission including disappearance of the pleural fluid
      was achieved with combination chemotherapy. Pleural effusion was the only
      clinical feature of lymphoma for nine years and this has not been described
      before.

PMID- 2291736
TI  - Immunisation for the prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b infections: a
      review.

PMID- 2291737
TI  - Ethics, law and resources at the growing edge of medicine.

PMID- 2291738
TI  - Chest physiotherapy for the medical patient.

PMID- 2291739
TI  - Epsilon-aminocaproic acid myopathy.

PMID- 2291740
TI  - Cell kinetics of PHA-activated lymphocytes are slowed by prolonged hypertonic
      stress.
AB  - The effect of prolonged exposure to a hypertonic medium on human lymphocytes
      during mitogenic stimulation with phytohemagglutinin was investigated. The
      process of chromatin decondensation during the first 24 hrs stimulation (G0 to G1
      transition) and the changes in kinetic parameters and the occurrence of
      chromosome aberrations from 48 hrs to 72 hrs of stimulation were studied. In HT
      medium, lymphocyte transition from G0 to G1 was slowed; there were fewer S-phase
      cells, after 48 hrs PHA stimulation, whereas after 72 hrs the resistant cells
      showed the same frequency of S-phase cells as the controls. The mitotic index was
      always smaller, and the frequency of G0/G1 cells larger. No significant increase
      in the frequencies of chromosome aberrations were found. These findings suggest
      that human peripheral lymphocytes can survive and grow in a hypertonic medium;
      chromosome damages, if not repaired, may be lethal, and only lymphocytes with
      normal karyotypes can survive for long times in the HT medium, although with
      modified kinetic characteristics.

PMID- 2291741
TI  - Absorbance scanning and systematic error.

PMID- 2291742
TI  - Synthesis, central nervous system activity and teratogenicity of a
      homothalidomide.
AB  - The optical isomers of alpha-phthalimidoadipinimide (1) were synthesized by a
      route based on D(+)- and L(-)-amino-epsilon-caprolactam (5) as synthon. The
      isomers of 1 were obtained in high yields by treating D(+)- and L(-)-amino
      epsilon-caprolactam (5) with N-carboethoxyphthalimide (4), followed by oxidation
      with benzeneseleninic anhydride (7). The teratogenic potency of both isomers of 1
      was studied by the HET-(Hen's Egg Test); 1 caused distinctly lower teratogenic
      effects in contrast to thalidomide (2). D(-)-1 and L(+)-1 showed sedative effects
      with a lower activity than 2. Both are more stable in alkaline solution at the
      same time with a smaller tendency for racemization.

PMID- 2291743
TI  - Comparative study on the para-metabolic oxidation of phenytoin and
      decadeuteriophenytoin.
AB  - The in-vivo metabolic conversion of equal mixture of phenytoin and
      decadeuteriophenytoin to the para-hydroxy metabolite in rat was investigated in
      order to verify a possible role of an insertion or abstraction mechanisms in the
      hydroxylation process. Determination of kH/k2H values of urine samples at 2 h
      intervals for 24 h indicated that there was no isotope effect during in-vivo para
      hydroxylation of phenytoin. This gives evidence of the arene oxide intermediacy
      possibly being the sole pathway for para-hydroxylation of phenytoin.

PMID- 2291744
TI  - Effects of two angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on the mechanical
      function and energy metabolism of isolated rat hearts. A nuclear magnetic
      resonance study with an active form of benazeprilat and captopril.
AB  - The effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), CGS 14831 (CAS
      86541-78-8) and captopril, on the mechanical function and energy metabolism were
      studied in isolated rat hearts using global ischemia-reperfusion model. The
      myocardial tissue levels of ATP, creatine phosphate (CP) and pH were determined
      with 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR). Global ischemia was induced by
      cross-clamping of the inflow line for 40 min. While thiol containing ACEI,
      captopril, significantly inhibited the ATP depletion and pH fall produced by
      ischemia, non-thiol compound, CGS 14831, did not have any influence on the ATP
      degradation and pH fall during ischemia. Both CGS 14831 (20 micrograms/ml) and
      captopril (80 micrograms/ml) have little influence on the mechanical function
      during the ischemia-reperfusion period. L-Cysteine (44.6 micrograms/ml) inhibited
      the pH fall significantly during the ischemia without exerting influence on the
      ATP degradation. These data suggest that local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
      system does not play an important role in maintenance of the myocardial
      mechanical function during ischemia-reperfusion. The thiol residue of captopril
      is not responsible for the inhibitory effect of this compound on ischemia-induced
      ATP degradation. Some specific effect of captopril may play a role in the
      protective effect.

PMID- 2291745
TI  - [Bioavailability of two slow-release formulations of verapamil].
AB  - The bioavailability of 2 slow release formulations (test (P) and reference (R))
      of verapamil was investigated in a study with a randomised cross over design, 20
      healthy male subjects were included. The mean peak plasma concentration (36.1 +/-
      13.1 ng/ml) of the test preparation was reached after 3.75 +/- 0.8 h. The control
      preparation (R) produced peak values of 34.4 +/- 8.1 ng/ml after 5.6 +/- 3.1 h.
      MRT (P) was 17.6 +/- 8.2 h and for (R) was 21.1 +/- 7.5 h after (R). The 95-%
      confidence interval of the two preparations differed by more than 20%. The
      release rate of (P) is slower than that of (R).

PMID- 2291746
TI  - Inhibitory effect of omeprazole on the metabolism of midazolam in vitro.
AB  - To examine the effect of omeprazole on the hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme
      system microsomes from rat and human liver samples were incubated with midazolam
      (CAS 59467-70-8) in the absence and presence of various concentrations of
      omeprazole (CAS 73590-58-6), its sulfone metabolite and for comparison also with
      cimetidine. In the extracted incubation mixtures unchanged midazolam, a-OH
      midazolam, 4-OH-midazolam and di-OH-midazolam were analyzed by HPLC. In both
      species omeprazole (and its sulfone) inhibited the formation of all three
      oxidized metabolites of midazolam and the corresponding IC50-values (range 0.2
      1.3 mmol/l for rat microsomes and 0.2-1.5 mmol/l for human microsomes) were
      comparable to cimetidine (range 0.05 to 3.8 mmol/l). These results indicate that
      the oxidative metabolism of midazolam can be inhibited in vitro by omeprazole
      (and/or its sulfone metabolite) and this interaction should be considered if both
      drugs are administered concomitantly in man.

PMID- 2291748
TI  - Treatment of hyperlipidaemia with garlic-powder tablets. Evidence from the German
      Association of General Practitioners' multicentric placebo-controlled double
      blind study.
AB  - In a multicentric placebo-controlled randomised study the effect of standardized
      garlic-powder tablets (Kwai, Sapec) in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia was
      investigated. A total of 261 patients of 30 general practitioners in West Germany
      with total cholesterol and/or triglyceride values more than 200 mg/dl (mostly
      hyperlipoproteinaemia type II a/II b) took part in the study. Patients were
      randomly allocated to take tablets containing a total of 800 mg garlic powder
      (standardized to 1.3% of alliin content) daily or the same number of placebo
      tablets for 16 weeks (monthly controlled). 221 patients were used for statistical
      analysis of total cholesterol and 219 patients for the analysis of triglyceride
      values. Mean serum cholesterol levels dropped in the verum group from 266 to 235
      mg/dl (i.e. 12%) during the 4 month treatment period, mean triglyceride values
      fell in the verum group from 226 to 188 mg/dl (i.e. 17%). The best cholesterol
      lowering effects were seen in the patients with initial total cholesterol values
      between 250-300 mg/dl. The difference between the verum and placebo group was
      highly significant (p less than 0.001). A mild garlic smell was observed in up to
      21% of the verum group and up to 9% in the placebo group. Only one of the
      patients left the study for this reason. Standardized garlic tablets have been
      shown to be effective in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia by lowering total
      cholesterol values by an average of 12% and triglyceride values by an average of
      17%.

PMID- 2291747
TI  - Influence of the acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol--acyltransferase inhibitor
      octimibate on cholesterol transport in rat mesenteric lymph.
AB  - The effect of the new inhibitor of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol-acyltransferase,
      octimibate (sodium 8-[1,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole-2yl)-oxy)octanoate), on the
      cholesterol transport in rat mesenteric lymph was evaluated. During intraduodenal
      infusion of a triglyceride-phospholipid emulsion, volume and triglyceride
      concentration of lymph collected from a mesenteric lymph fistula remained
      constant in control and treated rats. After addition of 3.75 mg 3H-cholesterol/h
      to the intraduodenal infusion, cholesterol content of lymph increased to about
      double the basic concentration in control rats. Yet there was no significant
      change of lymph cholesterol in treated animals, which had received 40 mg
      octimibate followed by ca. 120 mg/24 h x kg body weight octimibate added to the
      intraduodenal infusion. Up to 35% of the infused dose of 3H-cholesterol were
      recovered in lymph of control rats, in contrast to only 23% in lymph of treated
      rats. It is concluded that the inhibition of the intestinal acyl-coenzyme
      A:cholesterol-acyltransferase by octimibate may prevent the increase of
      cholesterol in mesenteric lymph induced by dietary cholesterol.

PMID- 2291749
TI  - Assessment of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in animal models.
AB  - Four commercial gel preparations of topical anti-inflammatory agents have been
      assessed in six animal models commonly used to determine the biological activity
      of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents for systemic administration. Only UV
      induced erythema of the skin, adjuvant induced arthritis and the measurement of
      vascular permeability proved suitable for differentiation of the potency of the
      four topical agents. Carrageenin-induced paw oedema, the cotton pellet test and
      the assessment of the pain threshold according to Randall and Selitto were of
      little value. The effects of the gel preparation of diclofenac (CAS 15307-86-5)
      diethylammonium (Voltaren Emulgel) were comparable to two preparations containing
      1% and 5% active ingredient, respectively. Gel 4 showed low overall activity. The
      experiments demonstrated that some of the models used for the assessment of anti
      inflammatory agent for systemic administration proved suitable for the testing of
      topical preparations and that percutaneous absorption was insufficient to elicit
      anti-inflammatory effect in the animals at sites remote from the site of
      application.

PMID- 2291750
TI  - Comparative actions of immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs on various models of delayed hypersensitivity and on a non
      immune inflammation in mice.
AB  - Various models of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) were used in mice: contact
      hypersensitivity reactions to picryl chloride and oxazolone and reactions to
      methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Drugs of
      different classes were tested in these models by systemic treatment around the
      challenge period: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (cyclooxygenase
      inhibitors, and inhibitors of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase);
      glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants (cyclosporin A. CsA; cyclophosphamide, Cy;
      methotrexate, Mtx; azathioprine, Aza). These compounds were also studied and
      compared for their effects on the 3-h and 24-h phase of the carrageenin mouse-paw
      edema (in which inflammation is maximal after 24 h). Non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs (including double inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and
      lipoxygenase) had little or no effect on DH models, except indometacin.
      Glucocorticoids inhibited all immune reactions except that to MBSA. Of the
      immunosuppressants, CsA reduced all the DH reactions while Aza mainly reduced the
      reaction to SRBC; Cy and Mtx were mainly active on SBRC and MBSA inflammations.
      On another hand CsA, Cy and Mtx were inactive on the 3-h phase but decreased the
      24-h phase of carrageenin edema. At doses active on the DH models and on
      carrageenin inflammation, Cy induced a lasting blood leukopenia, but CsA and Mtx
      did not. This combination of tests in the mouse seems to be of interest to
      demonstrate any action on DH and any anti-inflammatory effect and to suggest
      whether these activities are related to a possible leukopenic effect.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291751
TI  - Sodium naproxen versus sodium diclofenac in cancer pain control.
AB  - In a single-blind random study, simultaneously carried out by five Pain Therapy
      and Palliative Care Centres, the analgesic power and side-effects of sodium
      naproxen (CAS 26159-34-2) and sodium diclofenac (CAS 15307-86-5) by mouth were
      compared in a group of 100 advanced cancer patients. The patients complained of
      somatic and/or visceral pain and were treated with non-steroid anti
      inflammatories as required. The dose administered amounted to 550 mg every 12 h
      for sodium naproxen and to 100 mg every 12 h for sodium diclofenac. The study
      stressed the similar analgesic effect of the two drugs--pain intensity and
      duration decreased by half in the first week of treatment--and a comparatively
      low morbidity rate.

PMID- 2291752
TI  - Synthesis of acetylenic spirobutenolide derivatives and evaluation of their
      growth inhibitory effect on cells in culture.
AB  - Acetylenic spirobutenolide amides and esters and their Mannich bases were
      synthesized to evaluate their growth inhibitory effect. The biological tests have
      used both normal and transformed cells and they have shown the selectivity of the
      prepared compounds. The ester derivatives presented the best selectivity
      comparable to that of daunorubicin.

PMID- 2291753
TI  - Biochemical aspects of the renal tolerance for cefpirome and other
      cephalosporins.
AB  - Effects of cefpirome (CFP, HR 810; CAS 84957-29-9) and other cephalosporins such
      as cefotaxime (CFX), cephaloridine (CPH) and ceftazidime (CFZ) on the renal
      biochemical processes such as peroxidation of lipids, organic cation transport or
      gluconeogenesis were investigated in vitro or after i.v.-administration of
      cephalosporins to 200 g male Wistar rats. In a series of in vitro experiments
      renal cortical slices were incubated for 60 min in a cephalosporin free medium or
      in a cephalosporin containing medium (1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/ml) at 37 degrees
      C under a 100% O2 atmosphere. Subsequently, peroxidation of lipids (LPO),
      measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) production, tissue accumulation of the organic
      cation tetraethylammonium (TEA) and gluconeogenesis were determined. In one
      series of in vivo experiments, 2 h after i.p.-administration of saline, CFP, CFX,
      CPH and CFZ (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg), rats were killed and the amount of the
      reduced glutathione (GSH) in the renal cortex was measured. In another series of
      experiments, CFP, CFX, CPH and CFZ were administered (1200 mg/kg/d, i.v.) for 5
      days. Subsequently, the effects of these cephalosporins on MDA production,
      cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, TEA accumulation and
      gluconeogenesis in the renal cortex were investigated. Results of the in vitro
      experiments show a significant concentration-dependent increase in MDA production
      only after incubation of renal cortical slices with CPH. CFZ and CPH caused a
      dose-dependent decrease in gluconeogenesis and except CFX, all other investigated
      cephalosporins induced a dose-dependent decrease in TEA accumulation.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291754
TI  - In vitro activity against clinically important gram-positive and gram-negative
      bacteria of sulbactam, alone and in combination with ampicillin, cefotaxime,
      mezlocillin, and piperacillin.
AB  - The in vitro effects of the single agents, and the synergistic/antagonistic
      action of three different combinations of ampicillin (AMP, CAS 69-53-4),
      cefotaxime (CTX, CAS 63527-52-6), mezlocillin (MEZ, CAS 51481-65-3), and
      piperacillin (PIP, CAS 61477-96-1) with the beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam
      (SUL, CAS 68373-14-8) were determined against 675 gram-positive and gram
      negative, both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. All the combinations of sulbactam
      and the antibiotics (1: 1, 1:2 and 1:4) exhibited very similar synergistic
      action. The percentage of the total strains tested for which synergistic activity
      was found was 51% with SUL + AMP (1:1), 24% with SUL + CTX (1:1), 31% with SUL +
      MEZ (1:1), and 28% with SUL + PIP (1:1). A fourfold or greater reduction of MIC's
      in the comparison with the antibiotics alone was found with 23% of the total
      strains tested for the SUL + AMP, with 9% of the strains tested with SUL + CTX,
      with 11% of the strains tested with SUL + MEZ, and with 15% of the strains tested
      with the SUL + PIP-combination. In the presence of sulbactam, 18% of the strains
      tested showed a significant reduction in the number of resistant strains with
      ampicillin, 7% with cefotaxime, 16% with mezlocillin, 14% with piperacillin, and
      in parallel there was an increase in the number of fully susceptible strains
      (shift from resistant or moderately sensitive to sensitive) by about 14%. In
      comparison with the antibiotic alone, the most marked reductions in the number of
      resistant strains on combination with sulbactam were as follows (the percentage
      of reduction is shown in brackets): for SUL + AMP and Acine-tobacter spp. (39%
      fewer resistant strains). Citrobacter spp. (-60%), Enterobacter aerogenes (-48%),
      Klebsiella oxytoca (-49%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (-63%), Morganella morganii (
      74%), and Proteus vulgaris (-55%); for SUL + CTX and Acinetobacter spp. (-38%),
      Enterobacter cloacae (-6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (-16%), Serratia marcescens (
      9%), and Bacteroides fragilis (-31%); for SUL + MEZ and Acinetobacter spp. (
      68%), Citrobacter spp. (-27%), Enterobacter spp. (-23%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (
      32%), and Serratia marcescens (-19%); for SUL + PIP and Acinetobacter spp. (
      41%), Citrobacter spp. (-30%), Klebsiella spp. (-30%), and Serratia marcescens (
      33%).

PMID- 2291755
TI  - Pivmecillinam treatment in acute cystitis. Three versus seven days study.
AB  - In an open randomized study pivmecillinam (Selexid; CAS 32886-97-8) was studied
      by general practitioners in 345 female patients with uncomplicated acute
      cystitis. Out of the bacteriologically evaluated 299 patients 151 patients were
      treated for three days with two tablets of pivmecillinam 200 mg t.i.d. and 148
      patients for seven days with one tablet t.i.d. There were no significant
      differences in the bacteriological effect between the two regimens. In the 3-day
      group 91% and 88% were cured at the first and the second control; in the 7-day
      group 94% and 95%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the total
      clinical effect, either. Adverse reactions, usually gastrointestinal
      disturbances, occurred in 10% of the 3-day group and in 11% of the 7-day group
      (N.S.). Pivmecillinam treatment in acute cystitis in women was equally effective
      whether given for three or seven days, with the same total frequency of adverse
      reactions for the two regimens.

PMID- 2291757
TI  - [Effect of different fibrin sealants on fibroblast activity in skin wounds.
      Experimental studies in rats].
AB  - The effects of two different fibrin sealants on synthetic activity of fibroblasts
      in incisional skin wounds of rats were studied by tracer experiments with 14C
      proline. Additionally the wounds and the subcutaneous rests of the fibrin
      sealants were examined histologically. When the sealants were applied immediately
      after wounding there was no difference to untreated controls. However,
      administration on day 3 after injury resulted in a significant increase of 14C
      incorporation by both preparations. This stimulation of synthetic activity after
      retarded treatment must be caused by the direct contact between the sealants with
      their soluble components and the fibroblasts, which are more frequent in the
      wounds on day 3. Differences between the two preparations could only be observed
      in the histological examination of the subcutaneous fibrin clots. Preparation 2
      induced stronger encapsulation, cell invasion, and fibrinolysis of the clots than
      preparation 1.

PMID- 2291756
TI  - Microsomal oxidation of praziquantel.
AB  - The metabolism of the non-labelled and 14C-labelled anthelmintic drug,
      praziquantel (PZQ; CAS 55268-74-1) was investigated by means of microsomal
      oxidation with rat liver homogenates. The metabolites formed were determined with
      linear thin-layer chromatography (TLC) radioactivity scanner after TLC
      separation, separated with TLC and analysed with high-pressure liquid
      chromatography and mass spectrometry method. The amounts and properties of the
      formed metabolites were described. It was stated that after microsomal oxidation
      monohydroxylated PZQ derivatives were obtained in greatest amount; the main
      fraction formed (35%) contained 4-OH-PZQ derivate which consisted of 80% cis-4-OH
      PZQ and 20% of trans-4-OH-PZQ.

PMID- 2291758
TI  - Cholinergic manipulation of digestive function in ruminants and other domestic
      livestock: a review.
AB  - Exocrine secretions in the digestive tract of domestic livestock are controlled
      by a combination of neural and endocrine inputs. The parasympathetic domain of
      the autonomic nervous system is responsible for efferent signals that regulate
      most exocrine secretory processes. Exocrine tissues possess cholinergic
      muscarinic receptor subtypes that are different from those found in brain, heart
      and muscle tissues. Cholinergic stimulation of specific muscarinic receptor
      subtypes has enhanced secretions of the salivary glands and pancreas. These
      changes in output of exocrine glands can alter digestive function that may
      benefit production of cattle and swine.

PMID- 2291759
TI  - Biofeedback and self-management.

PMID- 2291760
TI  - Muscle performance and posture.

PMID- 2291761
TI  - [Carrier detection in relatives of patients with cystic fibrosis and their
      partners].
AB  - In the clinical genetics centres of Groningen and Rotterdam carrier detection by
      means of DNA analysis was performed in 55 relatives of cystic fibrosis patients
      at their request; 32 of them were siblings, 22 were uncles and aunts, and one was
      a first cousin. In 31 of them carriership could be demonstrated. Carrier
      detection was also performed in 23 of their partners, in 3 partners of female CF
      patients, and in 4 AI donors. In one of the partners of the carriers carriership
      was demonstrated also. This is the first couple in The Netherlands to whom
      information on the 25% risk of CF in a future child and on the corresponding
      reproductive options could be given prior to the birth of a first affected child.
      Since not all mutations of the CF gene are detectable with present methods,
      carrier detection still has its restrictions, which are discussed.

PMID- 2291762
TI  - [Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in the adult: a case report].
AB  - The case of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in a 20 year old male is
      presented. Iron deficiency anemia, recurrent hemoptysis and micronodular
      infiltrate in lower lung areas were the most important signs observed. The
      transbronchial biopsy showed alveolar and interstitial hemorrhage and hemosiderin
      in the pulmonary macrophages. Treatment was started with prednisone, but the
      addition of immunosuppressive drugs (cyclophosphamide) was needed, followed by a
      clinical remission.

PMID- 2291763
TI  - The negative side of the relationship between older widows and their adult
      children: the mothers' perspective.
AB  - Possible reasons that relationships between older parents and their adult
      children do not contribute to the well-being of the older parents are explored in
      this qualitative study of 55 older widowed mothers. Some older mothers feel
      unappreciated by their children. Some older mothers provide substantial goods and
      services to their children, at great personal cost. The older mother-adult child
      relationship may be characterized by a power differential, such that some older
      mothers feel subordinate to their adult children. Exchange theory is applied to
      these phenomena.

PMID- 2291765
TI  - Juniors' hours: international overview.

PMID- 2291764
TI  - Cardiac alpha-crystallin. I. Isolation and identification.
AB  - A water soluble protein, a major component of the cytosolic fraction of rat heart
      cells, was purified using either reverse phase HPLC or antibodies affinity
      chromatography procedures and characterized. The protein has an apparent Mr of 24
      k, as judged by SDS-gel electrophoresis. Under non-denaturing conditions,
      however, the protein occurs as a homomultimer (Mr between 400 and 650 k) of the
      monomeric 24 kDa species and could be selectively enriched by fractionation of
      the cytosolic fraction on 10 to 40% sucrose gradients. Polyclonal antibodies,
      raised against the denatured 24 kDa protein, were used to investigate its tissue
      distribution. Besides the heart, where it is very abundant, the 24 kDa protein is
      expressed also in other red muscles and in kidneys, but was not detectable in
      stomach, thymus, liver, and brain. The amino acid composition of the protein and
      the partial amino acid sequence of various proteolytic fragments was determined.
      A search for homologies of the primary structure of known proteins has shown that
      the 24 kDa protein is strikingly similar, if not identical to alpha-B-crystallin.
      In fact, the two proteins were found to be indistinguishable also by
      immunological criteria. This study demonstrates that the lens protein alpha B
      crystallin is a major cytosolic component of heart cells.

PMID- 2291766
TI  - The future generation.

PMID- 2291767
TI  - Asymmetric reconstitution of the erythrocyte anion transport system in vesicles
      of different curvature: implications for the shape of the band 3 protein.
AB  - The anion transport protein of the human erythrocyte membrane, band 3, was
      solubilized and purified in solutions of the non-ionic detergent nonaethylene
      glycol lauryl ether and then reconstituted in spherical egg phosphatidylcholine
      bilayers as described earlier (U. Scheuring, K. Kollewe, W. Haase, and D.
      Schubert, J. Membrane Biol. 90, 123-135 (1986)). The resulting paucilamellar
      proteoliposomes of average diameter 70 nm were transformed into smaller vesicles
      by French press treatment and fractionated according to size by gel filtration.
      The smallest protein-containing liposomes obtained had diameters around 32 nm;
      still smaller vesicles were free of protein. All proteoliposome samples studied
      showed a rapid sulfate efflux which was sensitive to specific inhibitors of band
      3-mediated anion exchange. In addition, the orientation of the transport protein
      in the vesicle membranes was found to be "right-side-out" in all samples. This
      suggests that the orientation of the protein in the vesicle membranes is dictated
      by the shape of the protein's intramembrane domain and that this domain has the
      form of a truncated cone or pyramid.

PMID- 2291768
TI  - Photoaffinity labeling of lactate dehydrogenase by the bis-azido analog of
      NAD+:P1-N6-(4-azidophenylethyl)adenosine-P2-[4-(3-azidopyridinio)butyl]
      diphosphate.
AB  - Lactate dehydrogenase from pig heart is inactivated by the NAD+-analog P1-N6-(4
      azidophenylethyl)adenosine-P2-[4-(3-azidopyridinio) butyl]diphosphate (6) upon
      irradiation with UV light of wavelengths in the range from 300 to 380 nm. The
      decrease in enzyme activity can be prevented by the addition of NAD+ and oxalate.
      The modified enzyme shows a reduced binding capacity for its coenzyme as compared
      to native lactate dehydrogenase. The amount of incorporated coenzyme is deduced
      from the ribose content of inactivated enzyme. Tryptic digestion of the modified
      protein and separation of the peptides by HPLC yields 5 ribose-containing
      fractions. One of them, fraction 66, is split by treatment with nucleotide
      pyrophosphatase into two subfractions, 63 and 58. Only subfraction 63 contains
      ribose. Whereas peptide 58 shows a UV absorption spectrum similar to that of 4-(3
      aminopyridinio)-butyl phosphate (3). Amino acid analyses of the peptides indicate
      that the inactivator forms covalent bonds with different parts of the protein:
      Peptide 63 is characterized by a great portion of hydrophobic amino acids whereas
      peptide 58 shows a high degree of hydrophilicity.

PMID- 2291769
TI  - Fluorescence studies on lung tumors.
AB  - Illumination of unstained 9 microns cryosections of lung tissue with 365 nm
      results in visible fluorescence light with a maximum intensity at about 460 nm.
      These fluorescence tomographical studies can be used for detecting carcinoma of
      the lung. The fluorescence pattern obtained can be matched nicely with
      histological findings. Since it takes less than 5 min for getting the
      fluorescence images, the fluorescence tomographical technique might be used in
      addition to established methods for determining the histology of a biopsy sample.

PMID- 2291770
TI  - Essential oil of alfavaca, Ocimum gratissimum, from Brazilian Amazon.

PMID- 2291771
TI  - A further contribution to the triterpenoid constituents of Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
AB  - Five pentacyclic triterpenoids have been isolated from the minor constituents of
      local liquorice roots, one of them has not been isolated before from liquorice
      root. Their structural formulae and stereochemical configuration was determined
      by spectroscopic methods. 13C and 1H NMR data have been compiled.

PMID- 2291772
TI  - 3 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase in suspension cultures of Digitalis lanata
      EHRH.
AB  - A 3 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase was isolated and characterized in the
      microsomes of Digitalis lanata cell cultures. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion
      of 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione to 5 alpha-pregnan-3 beta-ol-20-one and requires
      NAD(P)H2. The enzyme was found to have a pH optimum of 8.0. The reaction had an
      optimum incubation temperature of 25 degrees C with linear reduction for the
      first 4 h, reaching maximum enzyme activity after 7 h. Substrate kinetics for 5
      alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and NADPH2 resulted in apparent Km-values of 18.5-20
      microM for 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and 50-120 microM for the co-substrate
      NADPH2. In order to localize 3 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase differential
      centrifugation as well as linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation were
      performed. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that 3 beta-hydroxysteroid
      oxidoreductase is not associated with a single cell compartment, but consists of
      a major soluble part and a markedly smaller part of endoplasmic reticulum
      associated activity.

PMID- 2291773
TI  - Computer analysis of phytochrome sequences from five species: implications for
      the mechanism of action.
AB  - The amino acid sequences of phytochrome from Avena sativa, Oryza sativa,
      Curcurbita pepo, Pisum sativum and Arabidopsis thaliana have been analyzed with a
      variety of computer programs, with a view to identifying areas of the protein
      which contribute to the properties of this photoreceptor. A region at the C
      terminus has been shown to be amphiphilic, and by analogy with surface-seeking
      peptides, may be responsible for interaction of phytochrome with lipid bilayers.
      Possible targeting sequences in phytochromes have been identified, including a
      series of four basic residues which correspond to those responsible for transport
      of nuclear-located proteins. Sites capable of post-translational modification
      have been found in monocot sequences, but not in dicot sequences. Areas of the
      phytochrome molecule which are exposed on the surface of the protein, and which
      are therefore capable of interaction with other cellular macromolecules, have
      been identified. Analogies with other biliproteins have been used to define
      minimum chromophore-protein interactions. Possible enzymic activities associated
      with phytochromes have been discussed with respect to local amino acid sequence
      similarity with enzymes.

PMID- 2291774
TI  - Nitro analogues of chlorambucil as potential hypoxia-selective anti-tumour drugs.
AB  - The chlorambucil isomer 4-[3-[N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl] butanoic acid
      (m-chlorambucil) has been synthesized for the first time, and the two isometric
      nitro derivatives of both m-chlorambucil and chlorambucil itself have been
      prepared as potential hypoxia-selective cytotoxins. Reduction potentials (E1/2)
      of the two nitro compounds were determined by cyclic voltammetry, and one
      electron reduction potentials (E(1] were estimated. Both the chlorambucil isomers
      and the derived nitro compounds crosslink DNA, as determined by their
      cytotoxicity ratios in DNA repair-proficient and -deficient cell lines, but
      neither of the nitro derivatives showed selective toxicity under hypoxic
      conditions, probably due to their rather low reduction potentials.

PMID- 2291775
TI  - Murine anti-tumor activity of new water soluble platinum(II) complexes with
      reduced toxicity.
AB  - A series of new water soluble sugar and non-sugar containing platinum(II)
      complexes was synthesized and evaluated for effects of the sugar moiety on water
      solubility, anti-tumor activity, and acute leukopenia. When tested in vivo
      against the murine P388 and L1210 leukemias at LD10/maximally effective doses,
      the compound cis-[(gluconylamino)malonato-O,O'](1R,2R-cyclohexanediami ne
      N,N')platinum (II), R,RG-AMP produced comparable or superior anti-tumor activity
      to cisplatin, carboplatin, and tetraplatin. Efficacy was also demonstrated for
      the L1210/DDP (cisplatin-resistant) leukemia. Further, R,R-G-AMP is non
      nephrotoxic and produces less leukopenia than cisplatin, carboplatin, and
      tetraplatin.

PMID- 2291777
TI  - Visual evoked potentials in a sample of schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Variations in evoked potentials utilizing a photic stimulus in a sample of
      psychiatric patients compared to a healthy sample were evaluated. A group of
      patients diagnosed as schizophrenic was tested against a sample of healthy
      volunteers in a trial combining visual evoked potentials and a simultaneous
      cognitive processing. The stimulus was a checkerboard pattern presented under
      three different conditions. The results indicate diminished P100 and lack the
      reactivity associated with cognitive processes in schizophrenic group. The P200
      component also lacked, in the inpatient group the changes associated with the
      performance of the trial. Finally the multiple P300 component was shortened in
      latency and decreased in amplitude in the schizophrenia group. Besides, P300
      interhemispheric shifts related to trials, were commonly inverted in
      schizophrenics. Results are interpreted as a lacked interhemispheric coordination
      in schizophrenics, rather than a fixed hemispheric alteration. Likewise, an
      attenuation in processing from specific cortical areas to association cortex is
      concluded.

PMID- 2291776
TI  - Ketamine antagonizes toxic action of anticholinesterase agents.
AB  - Ketamine is an anaesthetic interacting with several neurotransmitters. Among
      others, ketamine exerts some cholinergic actions (ACh). This paper presents the
      results of studying the interaction of ketamine with ACh in two animal species.
      Atropine slightly increased the time of immobility produced by ketamine
      injections in rats. Meanwhile, neostigmine slightly decreased such immobility.
      Ketamine resulted similar in behavioral actions and shared some
      electroencephalographic (EEG) actions of scopolamine in cats. The most striking
      interaction consisted on an antagonism of ketamine on the action of
      anticholinesterase agents. In both species, ketamine blocked the EEG and the
      behavioral toxic effects of neostigmine and physostigmine. Notwithstanding, the
      anticholinesterase agents were unable in reducing the actions of ketamine. This
      partial cholinergic agonist action of ketamine support certain but limited use of
      the anesthetic against insecticidal anticholinesterase poisoning.

PMID- 2291778
TI  - Effects of neonatal undernutrition on the electrocortical development of the
      association areas in the rat.
AB  - The electrocortical effects provoked by neonatal undernutrition and the
      environmental sensorial stimuli were studied in the cortical association areas of
      developing Wistar rats. When the interaction between these two factors was
      interfered (Experiment 1), the average frequency of the ECoG in the early starved
      rats was significantly increased than controls. Moreover, if these two factors
      were combined (Experiment 2) not significant differences in the ECoG average
      frequencies were observed. The data suggest that the maturation of cells
      underlying the ECoG in the association areas of the rat, requires not only an
      adequate supply of nutrients, but also the influence of sensory cues arising from
      the mother, littermates and the environmental surrounding.

PMID- 2291779
TI  - Alcohol and youth.
AB  - Overdrinking among young people tends to be episodic. It leads to accidents and
      violence rather than to cirrhosis or alcoholism. Preventive efforts should focus
      on the problem as it actually presents.

PMID- 2291780
TI  - The advertising of alcohol in France.

PMID- 2291781
TI  - The USSR's new alcohol policy.
AB  - Alcoholism, long a major health and social problem in the USSR, came under
      renewed and determined attack in 1985. Already significant gains have been made,
      but there are also signs that the problem may to some extent have been driven
      underground.

PMID- 2291782
TI  - The anti-alcohol campaign in the USSR--a dubious success.
AB  - The anti-alcohol campaign launched in 1984 tried to accomplish a profound social
      change by partial prohibition. Drunkenness was driven underground, but illegal
      distillation made up the shortfall in supplies, and alcoholism has not declined.

PMID- 2291783
TI  - Alcohol policies in The Netherlands a three-pronged attack.
AB  - The Dutch will not readily accept restrictions on their freedom to drink alcohol.
      The government therefore relies on a mass education campaign urging moderation,
      the efficient detection and treatment of alcoholics, and the regulation of
      advertising.

PMID- 2291784
TI  - A new breed of doctors.
AB  - Medical education in Nigeria is by and large still geared to international
      recognition. It is high time to discard this hangover from the colonial past.
      While maintaining international standards of excellence, Nigeria's medical
      schools need to turn out doctors equipped to solve Nigeria's health problems, not
      those of other countries.

PMID- 2291785
TI  - Public health management in the health-for-all era.

PMID- 2291786
TI  - Making the Mediterranean safer.

PMID- 2291787
TI  - Falling can seriously damage one's health--even in hospital.

PMID- 2291788
TI  - Health systems research: approaches and pitfalls.
AB  - In recent decades there has been growing interest in health systems research,
      reflecting the increased complexity of services, the evolution of alternative
      options, mounting budgetary pressures, and rising scepticism about public
      programmes. The methodological and operational challenges encountered in this
      field are reviewed below.

PMID- 2291789
TI  - Films on AIDS.
AB  - An assessment of 16 French films giving information on AIDS was made by people in
      the health, social work, teaching and other professions. Their observations are
      outlined below and the qualities required in such material are discussed.

PMID- 2291790
TI  - Entertainment for health.
AB  - Concerned about the increase in pregnancies (especially illegitimate ones) among
      Filipino teenagers, the Population Center Foundation tried a non-traditional
      approach to this and other traditional problems facing young people. Two popular
      songs with a cautionary message about young love were produced and released by a
      commercial recording company as a backdrop to the Foundation's educational and
      support activities, featuring a telephone hot line staffed by experienced
      counsellors.

PMID- 2291792
TI  - Press reporting on health.

PMID- 2291791
TI  - Illustrated print materials for health and family planning education.
AB  - Printed materials meant to convey health messages are apt to make a more striking
      and lasting impression on their audience if they are well illustrated. But coming
      up with good illustrations takes time, effort and care. The Program for
      Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) has found that the best way of ensuring
      that illustrations will be understood and accepted is to develop them with the
      help of representatives of the target audience.

PMID- 2291793
TI  - Female literacy and employment--the keys to overcoming men's preference for male
      offspring in India.

PMID- 2291794
TI  - The unwelcome sex--female feticide in India.

PMID- 2291795
TI  - Constraints on rabies control in Thailand.

PMID- 2291796
TI  - Computers in health education.

PMID- 2291797
TI  - Surma--a cosmetic that can be dangerous.

PMID- 2291798
TI  - Documentation for change.

PMID- 2291799
TI  - When doctors sell medications....
AB  - In many traditional communities physicians do not charge for a consultation.
      Instead they sell medications to the patient. The incentives built into this mode
      of payment are contrary to a rational use of drugs.

PMID- 2291800
TI  - Fireworks cast a shadow on India's festival of lights.
AB  - This article describes a campaign for the safe use of fireworks and the prompt
      application of cold water to skin burned by them. Some success was achieved in
      the latter regard as a result of frequently repeated television announcements.

PMID- 2291801
TI  - Self-help in a rural water project.
AB  - Measures taken to improve water supplies in four Indonesian villages are
      described. Women played a leading part and both they and their children, as
      bearers of water, benefited significantly when the scheme came to fruition.
      Increased vegetable production and better health were among other gains accruing
      to the communities.

PMID- 2291802
TI  - The Norwegian Women's Public Health Association.

PMID- 2291803
TI  - Adolescent pregnancy in Africa.

PMID- 2291804
TI  - The global AIDS situation: September 1990.

PMID- 2291805
TI  - [The mucosa of the small intestine: development of the cellular lipid composition
      during enterocyte differentiation and postnatal maturation].
AB  - Alterations in lipids linked to intestinal maturation and enterocyte
      differentiation were reviewed. The 3 main lipid components of cell membranes, ie
      cholesterol, phospholipids and glycolipids, were examined. Cell phospholipid
      content increases from the crypts to the mid-villus, which accounts for membrane
      development and organelle growth in differentiating cells. Changes in the
      proportion of phospholipid polar head groups occur in brush border membrane
      during postnatal maturation of the small intestine. The possibility that
      phospholipid fatty acid composition in differentiating cells might be altered by
      dietary lipids is discussed. Cholesterol biosynthesis mainly occurs in crypt and
      lower villus cells whereas its absorption from luminal content and esterification
      into lipoproteins occur in upper villus mature cells. Cholesterol cell content
      increases in mature cells in comparison to immature cells on the one hand, and in
      the distal by comparison with proximal parts of the intestine on the other.
      Increasing cholesterol content is generally correlated with decreasing membrane
      fluidity, which in turn could modulate functional properties of the mucosa.
      Glycosphingolipids are mainly found in the brush border membrane, which contains
      20-30% glycolipids by weight of total lipids. These components tend to reinforce
      the membrane stability and significantly contribute to the surface properties of
      epithelial cells. The latter undergo noticeable changes during cell
      differentiation and postnatal maturation. Significant changes in both the
      glycosidic and lipophilic parts of glycosphingolipid molecules occur in
      differentiating cells and are of possible importance in the process of mucosal
      maturation. It is possible that the addition of a terminal sialic acid
      (sialyltransferase activity) instead of a terminal galactose
      (galactosyltransferase) to an endogenous acceptor (lactosylceramide) could
      constitute an important event in the differentiation process, and may account for
      the increasing content of hematosides along the intestinal villus of rat.
      Alterations in lipid counterpart mainly consist of hydroxylation of fatty acids
      in hematosides during postnatal maturation or in glucosylceramides during cell
      differentiation. Collectively these intestinal lipid changes may contribute in
      part to the development of mucosal barrier, selective permeability and functional
      properties of the mature intestinal mucosa.

PMID- 2291806
TI  - [Hormonal stimulation, in vivo, of the ovary of European eel in the yellow
      stage].
AB  - The immature ovary of yellow eel was stimulated by a long-term treatment with a
      gonadotropin II rich extract of carp pituitary. Ovarian follicles of treated
      yellow eels showed an accumulation of lipidic vacuoles in the oocyte cytoplasm
      and a thickened follicular envelope (in this regard, they resembled the ovarian
      follicles of previously studied silver eels). The treatment also resulted in a
      significant but limited increase in the gonadosomatic ratio and mean follicle
      size (these values were much lower than those measured in silver eels). No change
      in pigmentation or general morphology was observed. Thus, under our experimental
      conditions, a gonadotropic stimulation of the yellow eel leads to some but not
      the totality of the ovarian modifications which occur physiologically during
      silvering.

PMID- 2291807
TI  - [Father-male offspring transmission of seasonal variations in testicular diameter
      and percentage of abnormal sperm in the Ile-de-France ram. 1. Male offspring born
      in February].
AB  - An experiment was conducted on the Ile-de-France (IF) breed to determine if the
      more or less important sensitivity of the ram to photoperiodism came under
      genetic control. Five base breed unrelated rams (greater than or equal to 4 yr
      old), were chosen for this study: 2 good (I and II), 2 bad (III and IV), and an
      intermediate sire (V). Ram I, which died a few years before the experiment began,
      was selected on both the low amplitude of its sperm production during a 6-month
      period of artificial lighting and the very high fertilizing capacity of its sperm
      in spring. Rams II to V were controlled for 12 (percentage of morphologically
      abnormal spermatozoa, AM) or 14 (maximum antero-posterior scrotal diameter of
      both testes, DT) consecutive months. Following this period of control, seasonal
      variation in rams was assessed as follows: low (ram II), high (rams III and IV)
      and intermediate (ram V) seasonal variation rams. Breeding (artificial
      insemination) of these 5 rams to IF ewes resulted in 18 male offspring born in
      February and distributed as follows: rams I to III: 4 male offspring/ram
      (families 1 to 3, F1 to F3), rams IV and V: 3 male offspring/ram (families 4 and
      5, F4 and F5). The 18 animals were controlled once a week (DT and AM) from 8, 5
      to 46 months of age (7 periods, P1 to P7). Regarding DT, mean DT was higher in F1
      and F2 than those of the whole population (WP) (represented by a discontinuous
      line of ordinate 5.0 in Graph 3), but F2 was closer to this population than F1.
      On the other hand, they were lower in the rams of F3 and F4. Differences between
      F3 or F4 and WP were lower in autumn than in spring. All families showed
      significant differences during the experimental periods except at P7 for pairs 3
      5 and 4-5. Distances between F1, F2, F3 were always different (P less than 0.01
      or P less than 0.001), whatever the size of the population (n = 3 or 4). Weekly
      F5 values varied in an opposite way to those of F3 and F4: increase in spring and
      decrease in autumn. Regarding AM, families did not differ as much as in DT (graph
      4). Weekly variations in AM were also stronger. However, mean AM was almost
      always lower in F1 males and somewhat higher in F3 males to that of WP.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2291808
TI  - Prolactin release and milk removal induced by suckling and milking in lactating
      ewes is prevented by L-dopa treatment.
AB  - The effect of L-DOPA on milk removal and on prolactin release during suckling or
      milking was studied in lactating ewes. Various doses of L-DOPA (25, 50, 100 and
      200 mg per animal) were injected iv 30 min before the suckling or milking period.
      Control ewes were injected with 0.9% NaCl solution only. Milking induced a
      significant long-lasting release of prolactin. An inhibition of milk removal was
      obtained with the dose of 200 mg of L-DOPA. An inhibition of prolactin secretion
      was observed related to the dose of drug administered. The inhibitory effect of
      200 mg of L-DOPA on the secretion of prolactin after milking lasted for about 120
      min, and thereafter a significant increase in serum prolactin level occurred.
      This increase in serum prolactin was not due to a "rebound" effect of L-DOPA,
      since the milking stimulus had to be present to induce the delayed increase in
      prolactin. Doses of 25 or 50 mg of L-DOPA prevented the surge of prolactin
      observed immediately after milking, but a long-lasting release of prolactin was
      obtained thereafter. The inhibitory effect of L-DOPA on prolactin release could
      be overridden by the suckling or milking stimuli according to the dose
      administered. The suckling stimulus was more effective than milking in overriding
      the inhibitory effect of the low dose of L-DOPA. The results indicate that milk
      removal and prolactin release induced by milking or suckling in lactating ewes is
      inhibited by an increase in monoamines at the hypothalamic-hypophyseal level.

PMID- 2291810
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of cyclosporin synthetase from a
      cyclosporin non-producing mutant of Beauveria nivea.
AB  - Cyclosporin synthetase was isolated from a cyclosporin non-producing mutant of
      Beauveria nivea, strain YP 582. The enzyme has a molecular mass in the range of
      active cyclosporin synthetase and also contains 4'-phosphopantetheine as a
      prosthetic group. It is able to activate all constituent amino acids of
      cyclosporin A as thioesters and to carry out specific N-methylation reactions.
      Overall synthesis of the undecapeptide cyclosporin A in the presence of all
      necessary substrates was not observed, but the formation of the diketopiperazine
      cyclo-(D-alanyl-N-methyl-leucyl). This diketopiperazine represents a partial
      sequence of the cyclosporin molecule. It could be detected in the mycelium of the
      non-producing strain, whereas mycelium of the producing strain 7939/45 did not
      contain this compound. The results suggest that the inability of this mutant to
      produce cyclosporin A is caused by a mutation of the polypeptide chain of
      cyclosporin synthetase.

PMID- 2291809
TI  - Effect of germinated and heated soybean meals on plasma cholesterol and
      triglycerides in rats.
AB  - Soybean may be useful in diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and
      the treatment of type II hyperlipoproteinemia as it lowers blood cholesterol
      levels. However, unpleasant organoleptic qualities and the presence of
      antinutritional substances hinder its use. Some of these problems may be
      partially solved by germinating the seeds or heating the meals. The effects of
      the duration of soybean germination and of heating the meal were studied in
      Wistar rats. Dietary meal composition, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels
      were evaluated after feeding rats with various soybean meal or casein diets
      containing 10% protein for 6 weeks. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels
      were 0.81 +/- 0.11 and 0.82 +/- 0.23 g/l respectively after the casein diet and
      0.90 +/- 0.10 and 0.51 +/- 0.17 g/l after the raw soybean diet. Soybean
      germination had a hypercholesterolemic effect (1.05 +/- 0.11 g/l after 5 d).
      Heating the raw meal or germinated soybean meal did not affect cholesterol
      levels, though it suppressed the hypotriglyceridemic effect. The triglyceride
      lowering effect of soybean was probably caused by the presence of thermolabile
      substances or by the quantity of food ingested. The unexpected increase in blood
      cholesterol levels may have been due to the effect of the low dietary protein
      levels.

PMID- 2291811
TI  - Synthesis of a water-soluble protein cross-linking reagent.
AB  - 2,4-Difluoro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid has been synthesized by the sulfonation
      of 2,4-difluoronitrobenzene, and precipitated with KCl as the potassium
      sulfonate. The structure was confirmed by chemical and spectroscopic methods (IR,
      1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 19F-NMR, UV, MS and ultimate organic analysis). Lysozyme was
      cross-linked with the potassium sulfonate and with 1,5-difluoro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene. The products were analysed by SDS-PAGE and compared. The cross
      linking conditions were optimized.

PMID- 2291812
TI  - Covalent structure of the minor monomeric beta-lactoglobulin II component from
      donkey milk.
AB  - The complete primary structure of the minor beta-lactoglobulin II component from
      donkey milk is presented. It has been established by amino-acid sequencing and
      mass-spectrometry analysis of intact protein and peptides obtained after
      enzymatic and chemical cleavages. The molecular mass and the pI of the protein
      are calculated to be 18,261 Da and 4.5 respectively. Despite the close structural
      similarity of the donkey and horse major beta-lactoglobulin I components, their
      minor beta-lactoglobulin II components show substantial differences in sequence.
      Most observed exchanges are clustered at residues 78-106 where only 6 amino-acid
      residues are conserved. The primary structure of donkey beta-lactoglobulin II
      reveals some unusual features of minor beta-lactoglobulins II and gives new light
      to the evolution of beta-lactoglobulins and other lipocalins involved in retinol
      binding or reproductive functions.

PMID- 2291813
TI  - Serine proteinase from Cucurbita ficifolia seed; purification, properties,
      substrate specificity and action on native squash trypsin inhibitor (CMTI I).
AB  - A proteinase was purified from resting seeds of Cucurbita ficifolia by ammonium
      sulfate fractionation and successive chromatography on CM-cellulose, Sephacryl S
      300 and TSK DEAE-2SW (HPLC) columns. Inhibition by DFP and PMSF suggests that the
      enzyme is a serine proteinase. The apparent molecular mass of this enzyme is ca.
      77 kDa. The optimum activity for hydrolysis of casein and Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA
      is around pH 10.5. The following peptide bonds in the oxidized insulin B-chain
      were hydrolysed by the proteinase: Phe1-Val2, Asn3-Gln4, Gln4-His5, Cya7-Gly8,
      Glu13-Ala14, Ala14-Leu15, Cya19-Gly20, Pro28-Lys29 and Lys29-Ala30. The
      proteinase is more selective towards the native squash seed trypsin inhibitor
      (CMTI I) and primarily cuts off only its N-terminal arginine. The inhibitor
      devoided of the N-terminal arginine residue is still active against trypsin.

PMID- 2291814
TI  - The distribution of serotonin in the brain of Apteronotus leptorhynchus: an
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The immunohistochemical distribution of serotonin (5-HT) cells, fiber tracts and
      terminal fields was mapped in the brain of the gymnotiform electric fish. Two
      major types of 5-HT cells were found: the small paraventricular organ (PVO) cells
      of the diencephalon, and the large raphe cells of the brain stem. Six
      diencephalic nuclei were identified: the nucleus preopticus periventricularis,
      anterior division, nucleus posterioris periventricularis, nucleus recessus
      lateralis medial subdivisions 1, 2 and 3, and nucleus recessus posterioris. In
      the brainstem, raphe centralis, between the arms of the medial longitudinal
      fasciculus (MLF), the raphe medialis, lateral to MLF, and the diffuse raphe
      posterioris, were described. Five 5-HT fiber tracts were identified. The tract
      rising from PVOs projected rostrally through the medial forebrain bundle (MFB).
      The central tegmental bundle arising from the raphe centralis-medialis complex
      projected rostrally and also joined the MFB. The lateral tegmental tract, the
      ventrolateral and the subtrigeminal tracts arose from brain stem raphe groups and
      innervated the brainstem nuclei. The densest 5-HT innervation occurred in the
      hypothalamus in the neuropil of the PVOs and in the brainstem in the
      interpeduncular nucleus, cranial nerve nuclei V motor, V tractus spinalis, VII, X
      sensory and lateral inferior olive. Electrosensory nuclei including the
      electrosensory lateral line lobe, the nucleus praeminentialis, dorsal torus
      semicircularis, optic tectum, nucleus electrosensorius and prepacemaker nucleus
      received light to medium 5-HT innervation. Serotonergic terminal fields appeared
      to be conserved across phyla with additional innervation evident in specialized
      sensory regions such as the electrosensory nuclei of gymnotiform and mormyriform
      fish.

PMID- 2291815
TI  - In situ hybridization studies on mRNAs for cholecystokinin, calcitonin gene
      related peptide and choline acetyltransferase in the lower brain stem, spinal
      cord and dorsal root ganglia of rat and guinea pig with special reference to
      motoneurons.
AB  - In situ hybridization techniques were used to analyse the distribution of
      cholecystokinin (CCK) mRNA in the lower brain stem, spinal cord and dorsal root
      ganglia of the rat and guinea pig, in comparison with that of mRNAs for
      calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and choline acetyltransferase. In the rat,
      CCK mRNA was found in numerous motoneurons in the spinal cord as well as in the
      motor trigeminal, facial and hypoglossal nuclei. Coexistence of CCK mRNA and CGRP
      mRNA could be established in spinal and brain stem motoneurons. Conversely, in
      the guinea pig CCK mRNA could only be detected in few motoneurons in the spinal
      cord. In both species, CCK mRNA was present in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and
      in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, in numerous small cells located in the
      outer laminae (mainly II-IV), and in the rat was also found in large cells in
      laminae IV and V. Few small cells in laminae VI-VIII and X of the spinal cord and
      cells in several brain stem nuclei, such as the solitary tract, gracile and
      cuneate nuclei, also showed CCK mRNA in the rat. In the guinea pig brain stem CCK
      mRNA was found, among others, in the solitary tract nucleus, pontine reticular
      formation and pontine periventricular grey. In dorsal root ganglia CCK mRNA was
      abundant in the guinea pig, but almost absent in the rat, where only single cells
      were found that expressed low levels of this mRNA.

PMID- 2291816
TI  - Acute effects of carbon monoxide on cardiac electrical stability.
AB  - The objective of this project was to determine the effects of acute carbon
      monoxide exposure on cardiac electrical stability. To obtain a comprehensive
      assessment, diverse biological models were employed. These involved cardiac
      electrical testing in the normal and ischemic heart in anesthetized and conscious
      dogs. The experimental plan was designed both to examine the direct effects of
      carbon monoxide exposure on the myocardium and to evaluate possible indirect
      influences through alterations in platelet aggregability or changes in central
      nervous system activity in the conscious animal. Our results indicate that
      exposure to relatively high levels of carbon monoxide, leading to
      carboxyhemoglobin concentrations of up to 20 percent, is without significant
      effect on ventricular electrical stability. This appears to be the case in the
      acutely ischemic heart as well as in the normal heart. It is important to note
      that the total exposure period was in the range of 90 to 124 minutes. The
      possibility that longer periods of exposure or exacerbation from nicotine in
      cigarette smoke could have a deleterious effect cannot be excluded. We also
      examined whether or not alterations in platelet aggregability due to carbon
      monoxide exposure could be a predisposing factor for cardiac arrhythmias. A model
      involving partial coronary artery stenosis was used to simulate the conditions
      under which platelet plugs could lead to myocardial ischemia and life-threatening
      arrhythmias. We found no changes either in the cycle frequency of coronary blood
      flow oscillations or in platelet aggregability during carbon monoxide exposure.
      Thus, carbon monoxide exposure does not appear to alter platelet aggregability or
      its effect on coronary blood flow during stenosis. In the final series of
      experiments, we examined the effects of carbon monoxide exposure in the conscious
      state. The rationale was to take into consideration possible adverse consequences
      mediated by the central nervous system. We found no adverse effects on cardiac
      excitable properties in response to either a 2-hour or 24-hour-exposure paradigm.
      This appears to argue against major deleterious influences of carbon monoxide
      exposure as a result of direct myocardial actions or indirect actions mediated
      through effects on central nervous system activity.

PMID- 2291817
TI  - Cranial computerised tomography in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

PMID- 2291818
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and its applications in neuropsychiatry.

PMID- 2291819
TI  - Psychiatry and the new magnetic resonance era.

PMID- 2291820
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2291821
TI  - The use and applications of single-photon emission computerised tomography in
      dementia.

PMID- 2291822
TI  - A study of depression in old age using single-photon emission computerised
      tomography.

PMID- 2291823
TI  - Positron emission tomography in the study of brain metabolism in psychiatric and
      neuropsychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2291824
TI  - Cognitive brain potentials and their application.

PMID- 2291825
TI  - [Preparation and activity of metal complexes with heteroatomic organic ligands.
      Preliminary note].
AB  - Various coordination compounds were prepared between transition metals (in
      particular copper, zinc, silver and cobalt) and benzotriazole 5
      methylbenzotriazole, 2-methylbenzotriazole and 2-methylbenzimidazole. Compounds
      of this type present a significant herbicidal capacity both on monocotyledons and
      dicotyledons and some of them also present an antimicrobic activity. The method
      of preparation, the principal chemical characteristics and the analyses to
      determine the formulae are reported. It was observed that metal can coordinate
      with benzotriazole and its derivatives either as a neutral molecule (BTAH) or as
      a deprotonated anion (BTA-), or as a combination of both (BTAH and BTA-).

PMID- 2291827
TI  - [Progression of the peripheral blood profile in phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic
      anemia].
AB  - Male rabbits were made anemic by subcutaneous injections of 3 mg/Kg body weight
      of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) for the duration of three days. Blood samples were
      collected prior to the experiment, on the 2nd and 5th day from the end of the
      treatment. Hematocrit, reticulocyte count, MCV, osmotic resistance, RBC volume
      distribution curve and morphological analysis were performed on each sample in
      order to obtain a picture of the progressive changes of the parameters following
      the PHZ administration. Hematocrit values changed from 49 to 27%, whereas the
      reticulocytosis increased from 0.6 to 73%. A significant elevation of MCV was
      detected and the cell volume distribution curve, which presented the typical bell
      shape profile in the normal animals became bimodal on the 5th day. The osmotic
      resistance of RBC of anemic animals, showed a marked deviation from the normal
      pattern. In fact initial haemolysis started at 0.75-0.70% NaCl concentration in
      the 5th day samples, while it was between 0.55-0.50% before the PHZ treatment.
      Finally, morphological analysis revealed a progressive increase of RBC with Heinz
      bodies, of macro-megalocytes and of immature erythroblasts thus indicating that
      the cell population, produced during recovery from PHZ induced anemia, is widely
      heterogeneous.

PMID- 2291826
TI  - [Hepatic hematopoiesis in phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia].
AB  - Ten adult rabbits were divided into two groups: the control rabbits, which
      received subcutaneous injections of 0.9% NaCl in three days; the experimental
      animals which received 3 mg/Kg body weight of phenylhydrazine (PHZ)
      subcutaneously also in three days. On the 8th day from the initial treatment the
      control and experimental animals were sacrificed, blood was collected to
      determine hematological parameters and livers were cut into small pieces.
      Sections were prepared by pressing the pieces onto slides which were stained with
      the Giemsa stain. The hematocrit and the reticulocytosis of experimental animals
      were 25 + 3%, and 70 + 5% respectively. In the liver sections of the PHZ treated
      animals we found a very rich population of immature erythroblasts. In fact
      proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts were 19%, polychromatic and
      orthochromatic erythroblasts were 22% and 13% respectively. On the contrary,
      these cells were absent in the control livers. The lymphocyte and lymphoblast
      population, on the other hand, was very rich in control animals with a value of
      38.8% compared to 1.62% in the anemic animals. The results clearly indicate the
      hematopoietic function of the liver in the anemic animals although the low
      percentage of orthochromatic erythroblasts with respect to their precursors
      suggests the ineffectiveness of the process.

PMID- 2291828
TI  - [Effect of ATP on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase during erythroblast
      maturation in the rabbit].
AB  - The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity of erythroblasts, separated
      at different advancing stages of development, shows a marked decline of activity.
      A proteolytic mechanism, strictly controlled, is likely responsible of this
      decay, since a sufficient level of enzyme activity still remains in the
      circulating erythrocyte. In this report we suggest a model that could explain
      what triggers the mechanism of proteolytic degradation. HPLC analysis of the
      nucleotide content of erythroblasts and reticulocytes, showed a marked decline of
      adenine and pyridine nucleotides and of their catabolic products during the cell
      development. From thermostability tests, at fixed temperature, we have seen that
      ATP and NADP only, significantly protected the enzyme activity. In this light, we
      incubated 10 min at increasing temperatures, with and without ATP or NADP lysates
      of erythroblasts, separated at different stage of development and of
      reticulocytes. In the absence of nucleotides, we determined for all fractions a T
      degree break at 42 degrees C. In the presence of NADP all fractions were
      stabilized with no break point in the range 37-50 degrees C. On the contrary, the
      presence of ATP caused a progressive shift of the T degrees C break from the most
      immature erythroblasts (T degree break at 46 degrees C) to the reticulocytes (T
      degree break at 42 degrees C). Since ATP did not show any protective effect on
      the reticulocyte enzyme, we hypothesize the presence in these cells of a
      structurally modified G6PD. Furthermore, these data support our belief that the
      marked decline of ATP during cellular development, may represent the element
      responsible for the enzyme modification.

PMID- 2291829
TI  - Intestinal ischemia: morphological features--I.
AB  - In this research we studied the interrelationships between the progression of
      morphological damage and leucocyte populations in the last ileal loop after
      blockage of blood supply subsequent to arterial and venous occlusion. Our
      morphological data on the staging of the ileal wall damage agree with those
      reported in literature. In addition we described that in the ischemic loop the
      number of lymphocytes appear decreased and polymorphonuclear cells degranulate
      actively.

PMID- 2291830
TI  - Histochemical profile of articularis humeri muscle in the horse.
AB  - In this study the histochemical fiber type analysis of the articularis humeri
      muscle of the horse was performed. This muscle is composed of type I and type IIA
      fibers. A large number of spindles has been observed and the presence of these
      receptors could help to understand the role played by this muscle.

PMID- 2291831
TI  - [Ultrastructural study of the mycelium-yeast transition in Histoplasma
      capsulatum. I. Changes at 37 degrees C].
AB  - Ultrastructural changes observed during the first 24 hours of mycelium to yeast
      transition in the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum are reported. During
      this period the plasma membrane becomes undulated and the cell wall loses its
      characteristic fibrous outer layer. At 8 h the ordered lamellar structure of the
      mitochondria is no longer apparent. 24 h after the temperature shift 70% of the
      cells are lysed. The remaining cells contain many cytoplasmic membrane
      structures; mitochondria are rarely observed. These morphological changes are
      probably correlated with the physiological events characteristic of mycelial to
      yeast transition.

PMID- 2291832
TI  - Quantitative analysis of smooth pursuit eye movements by personal computer. II.
      Evaluation of individual performance and clinical applicability.
AB  - In a previous report on quantitative analysis of smooth pursuit eye movements
      (SPEM) we assessed two equations in order to describe the SPEM gain/target
      velocity relationship, and we demonstrated that this relationship is age-related.
      This report presents a method to evaluate normality of a single subject SPEM
      performance. Three points have been considered: 1) The control of gain
      asymmetries depending on target direction (leftward vs rightward SPEM) 2) The
      definition of age-related control values 3) The subject vs control values
      comparison An example to explain how our method actually works and its clinical
      applicability is shown. Finally, the reasons why no choice has been made between
      the two equations are discussed.

PMID- 2291833
TI  - [Insulin counter-regulation in multiple sclerosis].
AB  - Fasting hypoglycemia is frequently observed in patients with Multiple Sclerosis
      (S.M.) showing orthostatic hypotension and defective thermoregulation, although
      they never complicate in hypoglycemic coma. The aim of this study was to evaluate
      glucose homeostasis in S.M. patients. Both insular and counter-insular regulating
      mechanisms were investigated by determination of glucose, insulin, C-peptide and
      cortisol plasmatic levels during OGTT, and subsequently by evaluating glucagon
      plasmatic levels after arginine administration (30 g., i.v.). Our results suggest
      that the increased susceptibility of S.M. patients to undergo fasting
      hypoglycemia could be related to some alterations in counter-insular mechanisms,
      generally included among neurovegetative modifications in S.M. patients and
      probably due to orthosympathetic function impairment.

PMID- 2291834
TI  - [Investigation, identification and dosage of local anesthetics and
      antihistaminics in cosmetic products].
AB  - A rapid and accurate reversed-phase HPLC method for separation and simultaneous
      quantitation of some local anesthetics, antihistamines and preservatives in skin
      cosmetics is described. The investigated compounds (procaine, lidocaine,
      mepivacaine, bupivacaine, benzocaine, brompheniramine, benzoic acid, methyl,
      ethyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, o-phenylphenol) are extracted by ultrasonic
      treatment in methanol from cosmetic form. Methanol-aqueous orthophosphoric acid
      (pH 2.8) containing 0.9% dibutylamine has been used as eluent. The influence of
      different percentages of methanol on chromatographic behaviour has been studied
      using both isocratic conditions and gradient elution program. The gradient
      program allows a rapid resolution and quantitation also for acidic preservatives.

PMID- 2291835
TI  - The role of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in gastroenterology.

PMID- 2291836
TI  - Pulmonary surfactants--current status.

PMID- 2291837
TI  - Doctors and the nation's health.

PMID- 2291838
TI  - Cholesterol lowering effect of metformin in combined hyperlipidemia: placebo
      controlled double blind trial.
AB  - Metformin, an antidiabetic biguanide derivative, prevents experimental
      atherosclerosis and induces structural changes in lipoproteins in experimental
      animals. In the present study we investigated the effect of metformin on serum
      lipoproteins and platelet function in 24 non-diabetic patients with type II B
      hyperlipidemia. The patients were randomly given metformin in two dosage levels
      (1.0 g/day and 2.0 g/day) and placebo for periods of nine weeks in a crossover
      trial. Metformin caused a dose dependent fall in the concentrations of total
      serum cholesterol and of LDL-cholesterol. The average concentration of total
      cholesterol was 8.54 +/- 0.22 (SE) mmol/l, 8.12 +/- 0.19 mmol/l and 7.79 +/- 0.15
      mmol/l during placebo, metformin 1.0 g/day and 2.0 g/day treatments,
      respectively. Both metformin values differed significantly (P less than 0.05)
      from the placebo value. Thus there was an average fall of 8.1% in total
      cholesterol after the higher metformin dose. LDL-cholesterol was 5.25 +/- 0.23
      mmol/l after placebo, falling by 3.1% and 9.6% after metformin doses of 1.0 g/day
      and 2.0 g/day, respectively. The concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and total
      serum triglycerides showed no significant changes. Body weight, blood glucose,
      plasma insulin, blood lactate, platelet function and urinary excretion of
      prostanoids remained unchanged during the study. The reduction of total- and LDL
      cholesterol levels may be a welcome additional consequence of metformin during
      treatment of diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2291839
TI  - Teratogenic effects of alcohol on brain development.
AB  - There is convincing evidence that alcohol is teratogenic both in humans and
      animals and that its most devastating effects are on the developing brain.
      However, much information is still needed to determine the circumstances that
      increase the risk and severity of fetal alcohol-induced brain damage and to
      identify the mechanisms underlying such damage. Animal research has been used to
      address these issues because, for the most part, they are unapproachable
      experimentally in humans. In the past, the rather restricted focus of research
      into the teratology of alcohol has led to several theoretical biases. Recent
      findings conflict with these biases. Alcohol-induced damage to the developing
      brain encompasses a longer developmental time-frame, affects more cell
      populations, occurs at lower levels of exposure, produces greater numbers of
      permanent effects, and is modulated by more factors than was initially suggested
      by earlier teratological studies.

PMID- 2291840
TI  - Serotonin in early onset, male alcoholics with violent behaviour.
AB  - Several lines of evidence suggest that abnormal brain serotonin metabolism may
      occur in early onset, type 2 alcoholism in men. Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxy
      indoleacetic acid concentration has been found to be associated with a history of
      paternal alcoholism, and abnormal oral glucose tolerance tests (tendency to low
      blood glucose nadir) in subjects who are prone to exhibit impulsive, aggressive
      behaviour under the influence of alcohol. Moreover, a low ratio of the
      concentrations of tryptophan and other large neutral amino acids in plasma seems
      to correlate with early onset alcohol abuse and violent tendencies. More
      knowledge is required about neurochemical changes in homogenous subgroups of
      alcoholics such as the putative type 2 so as to understand which of the
      relationships are causative and to provide treatment strategies for alcoholism
      and its complications.

PMID- 2291841
TI  - Acute, withdrawal, and chronic alcohol effects in man: event-related potential
      and quantitative EEG techniques.
AB  - The results presented here strongly suggest that quantitative
      electroencephalography and event-related potentials are excellent research tools
      and may be clinically useful as non-invasive monitors of psychotropic drug action
      and encephalopathies. Our initial data with acute mild alcohol intoxication show
      that acute tolerance may be reflected in qEEG but not in P3 latency. Since
      predictably some brain functions may show tolerance, and others not, these
      approaches may be useful probes. The amplitude of N1-P2 appears to differentiate
      alcoholics with and without a history of withdrawal seizures. This technique may
      thus prove useful in determining treatment and monitoring treatment effects in
      alcohol withdrawal. P3 latency appears to be normal in Korsakoff's syndrome,
      unlike in Alzheimer's disease. The combination of the event-related potentials
      with neuropsychology and magnetic resonance imaging scans should be invaluable
      for future research in these patient groups. Many patients with severe liver
      disease superficially appear mentally intact. The event-related potential and
      quantitative electroencephalography findings we have demonstrated may indicate
      those at greater risk for alterations in brain functioning. These techniques may
      also prove useful in diagnosing other "subclinical" encephalopathies and further
      our understanding of the underlying brain pathophysiology.

PMID- 2291842
TI  - Positron emission tomography as a technique for studying the chronic effects of
      alcohol on the human brain.
AB  - Positron emission tomography is a neuroradiographic imaging technique that is
      beginning to be used to study cerebral pathophysiology in detoxified alcoholics.
      Localized cerebral glucose utilization in alcoholics at rest is not dramatically
      affected in comparison to the relatively large alterations in anatomic structure,
      cognition, and brain electrical activity. It is anticipated that future research
      studies will include cognitive challenges and utilization of PET ligands being
      developed to bind to specific receptors in the brain.

PMID- 2291843
TI  - Alcohol abuse and brain infarction.
AB  - Recent findings on the relation between alcohol abuse and ischaemic brain
      infarction are reviewed. Much of the association has hitherto been explained by
      the effects of confounding factors such as smoking. Alcohol increases blood
      pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive subjects and alcohol induced
      hypertension enhances the risk of both hemorrhagic and ischaemic strokes.
      Analysis of case histories shows that alcohol abuse has precipitated cerebral
      embolism in conjunction with cardiac diseases including alcoholic cardiomyopathy
      and paradoxical embolism due to deep vein thrombosis via atrial septal defect.
      Among young adults, falling when intoxicated with alcohol has caused traumatic
      dissection of the carotid artery and consequent brain infarction. Alcohol may
      predispose individuals to cerebral embolism, thrombosis and ischaemia via its
      effects on the coagulation cascade, platelet count and function and contractility
      of the cerebral vessels. Further studies are needed to prove that these
      mechanisms are significant and to identify any other mechanisms which may mediate
      the risk associated with alcohol abuse. On the basis of current data, alcohol
      should be considered as an independent risk factor for ischaemic cerebral
      infarction in young adults.

PMID- 2291844
TI  - Drugs to decrease alcohol drinking.
AB  - A wide variety of drugs have been tested in experimental animals and several have
      been found that reduce voluntary alcohol drinking. The available evidence
      suggested that the same drugs also reduce alcohol drinking in alcoholics. Various
      factors limited or prevented the clinical use of the these drugs. Our working
      hypothesis has been that alcohol drinking is a learned response, reinforced
      primarily from alcohol in the brain, and that an alcoholic is a person in which
      this response and the related craving have become so strong that they dominate
      the behaviour and interfere with normal functioning. Learned responses are
      extinguished if they are made repeatedly while the reinforcement is blocked, and
      opiate antagonists appear to block the reinforcement from alcohol. A series of
      experiments support the hypothesis that drinking alcohol while an antagonist is
      present extinguishes the alcohol-drinking response in rats. The antagonists are
      non-addictive and at least naloxone appears to be safe. Clinical trials are now
      needed, but the present results suggest that this extinction procedure might be a
      useful adjunct to the treatment of alcoholism.

PMID- 2291845
TI  - The current practice of health risk assessment: potential impact on standards for
      toxic air contaminants.
AB  - Since the Bhopal incident, the public has placed pressure on regulatory agencies
      to set community exposure limits for the dozens of chemicals that may be released
      by manufacturing facilities. More or less objective limits can be established for
      the vast majority of these chemicals through the use of risk assessment. However,
      each step of the risk assessment process (i.e., hazard identification, dose
      response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization) contains a
      number of pitfalls that scientists need to avoid to ensure that valid limits are
      established. For example, in the hazard identification step there has been little
      discrimination among animal carcinogens with respect to mechanism of action or
      the epidemiology experience. In the dose-response portion, rarely is the range of
      "plausible" estimated risks presented. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB
      PK) models should be used to understand the difference between the tissue doses
      and the administered dose, as well as the difference in target tissue
      concentrations of the toxicant between rodents and humans. Biologically-based
      models like the Moolgavkar-Knudson-Venzon (MKV) should be developed and used,
      when appropriate. The exposure assessment step can be significantly improved by
      using more sensitive and specific sampling and analytical methods, more accurate
      exposure parameters, and computer models that can account for complex
      environmental factors. Whenever possible, model predictions of exposure and
      uptake should be validated by biological monitoring of exposed persons (urine,
      blood, adipose) or by field measurements of plants, soil, fish, air, or water. In
      each portion of an assessment, the weight of evidence approach should be used to
      identify the most defensible value. In the risk characterization, the best
      estimate of the potential risk as well as the highest plausible risk should be
      presented. Future assessments would be much improved if quantitative uncertainty
      analyses were conducted. Procedures are currently available for making future
      assessments. By correcting some of these shortcomings in how health risk
      assessments have been conducted, scientists and risk managers should be better
      able to identify scientifically appropriate ambient air standards and emission
      limits.

PMID- 2291847
TI  - An analytical method to determine Henry's law constant for selected volatile
      organic compounds at concentrations and temperatures corresponding to tap water
      use.
AB  - Henry's law constants (H) are needed to model human exposure to Volatile Organic
      Compounds (VOCs) in indoor air resulting from the use of tap water. This paper
      presents an experimental method to determine Hs for several common tap water
      pollutants at concentrations and temperatures used in household water. For 5 VOCs
      Henry's law constants were obtained simultaneously over the 25 degrees C to 45
      degrees C temperature range, providing data on H beyond the currently available
      data (up to 35 degrees C). Henry's law constants were obtained as the ratio of
      equilibrium concentrations of VOCs in air and water, using simultaneous sampling
      from sealed bottles kept at constant temperatures. Air and water samples were
      concentrated by a purge-and-trap method, thermally desorbed from a Tenax trap,
      and analyzed with a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD).
      Experimental results agreed well with available literature data.

PMID- 2291846
TI  - Trimethylphenylammonium-smectite as an effective adsorbent of water soluble
      aromatic hydrocarbons.
AB  - Homoionic trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA)- and tetramethylammonium (TMA)-clays
      were prepared by ion-exchange reactions using two smectite clays that differed in
      their cation exchange capacities and surface charge densities. These clays are
      referred to as a low-charge (SAC) and high-charge (SWa)-smectite. The organo
      clays were evaluated as adsorbents of water soluble aromatic hydrocarbons
      including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, butylbenzene, and
      naphthalene. All of the aromatic hydrocarbons tested were effectively removed
      from water by the low-charge TMPA-smectite. The low-charge TMA-smectite was an
      effective adsorbent for benzene but was ineffective in the removal of the
      alkylbenzenes and naphthalene from water. The effect of surface charge on the
      adsorption properties of TMPA-smectite was pronounced. The uptake of benzene and
      toluene by the high-charge TMPA-smectite was greatly reduced as compared to the
      low-charge TMPA-smectite. These results suggest the utility of TMPA-smectite as a
      liner material for petroleum storage containers and waste disposal reservoirs.
      The use of TMPA-smectite in conjunction with Na-smectite would provide a barrier
      with the ability to impede the flow of water and to effectively adsorb dissolved
      organic contaminants.

PMID- 2291849
TI  - [Electrocardiographic symptom-signal correspondence in Holter records].
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the correspondence symptom-sign in 24-hours
      ambulatory electrocardiography records. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING:
      Pulido Valente Hospital (Lisbon). Servico de Cardiologia. Department of
      Ambulatory Electrocardiography. PATIENTS: 80 patients, who made 24-hours
      ambulatory electrocardiography and wrote correctly the diary. Two observators
      analysed the correspondence symptom-sign of 269 symptomatic moments, 10 minutes
      before and after the symptom by reviewing the compressed print. RESULTS: We found
      correspondence symptom-sign in 50% of the symptomatic moments. The correspondence
      change with the symptom type (increased for palpitations and dyspnea), the
      presence of Cardiopathy (increased for chest pain and dyspnea in patients with
      cardiopathy) type of cardiopathy (increased in patients with Mitral Valve
      Prolapse and Valvular disease) and expression used by the patient.

PMID- 2291848
TI  - [Biopsy of the right ventricle endomyocardium. Experience at the Santa Marta
      Hospital].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review the experience of Santa Marta Hospital in the right
      ventricle endomyocardial biopsy technique. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the
      results, diagnostic value and complications of the myocardial biopsies performed
      between April/87 and March/90. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: 255 biopsies were
      performed; 221 on 13 patients submitted to orthotopic heart transplantation (nine
      male and four female, aged between 21 and 55 years old), and the remaining on 34
      patients (22 male and 12 female aged between 15 and 64 years old), mainly on
      cardiomyopathies. RESULTS: In 221 biopsies performed in heart transplant
      recipients, we found: 109 with no rejection, 21 with moderate rejection, 57 with
      mild rejection and only one case showed severe rejection. In this group six
      biopsies were considered inconclusive. In the group of patients not submitted to
      heart transplantation the histological findings were inespecific in the great
      majority of the cases. In the 255 procedures four complications were detected
      (1.56%), with no mortality; two hemopericardium with tamponade (0.78%), one
      pneumothorax and one atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS: Endomyocardial biopsy
      essential for histological diagnosis of acute rejection following heart
      transplantation has revealed to be a save procedure with a small number of
      complications.

PMID- 2291850
TI  - [Prognostic significance of angina pectoris before myocardial infarction].
AB  - The AA analysed the incidence of previous angina to myocardial infarction (PA)
      (42.3%) and post myocardial infarction angina (PMIA) (46.39%) in 97 patients that
      survived the acute phase of myocardial infarction, all discharged from the CCU of
      the Funchal's Hospital Center Cardiological Department (Madeira Island), whose 25
      of them (26.8%) presented both. They met 14 positive Treadmill tests in the 30
      patients that were submitted to sub-maximal protocols. They concluded that the
      presence of PA and positive treadmill tests can identify a patient group with
      increased risk of PMIA, suggesting that patients with PA have also an increased
      isquemic risk.

PMID- 2291851
TI  - [Echocardiography and Doppler study of congenitally corrected transposition of
      the great arteries].
AB  - In order to determine the echocardiographic and Doppler characteristics of
      patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries we
      studied 5 patients with this condition. Mean age was 19 years, ranging from 6 to
      57 years. All patients except the oldest were asymptomatic. In all the patients
      we could observe the typical pattern of ventricular inversion by two-dimensional
      echocardiography from the apical view. There was dilation of systemic ventricle
      in 2 patients and dilation of venous ventricle in every patient. The anterograde
      valvular flows were normal, and also the hepatic vein flow, showing no impediment
      in the filling of venous atrium and venous ventricle. We observed tricuspid
      regurgitation in all the patients probably due to valvular inadaptation to the
      high ventricular pressure. Two-dimensional echocardiography can easily show the
      alterations of patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great
      arteries. The cardiac Doppler gets additional information about the valvular
      performance.

PMID- 2291853
TI  - [Critical evaluation of echocardiography with color flow mapping].

PMID- 2291852
TI  - [Lipoproteins, free radicals and atherosclerosis].
AB  - The Author reviews vascular, lipidic and oxidative factors in the genesis of
      atherosclerosis. He admits the possibility that an alteration in the arterial
      wall, an increase in circulating lipids or an oxidative stress may influence the
      precocity of atherosclerosis. The transport of lipoperoxides or of oxidized
      cholesterol by lipoproteins renders them toxic and susceptible to aggravate
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2291854
TI  - [Arrhythmia in chronic respiratory insufficiency].
AB  - Ventricular arrhythmias are frequent in chronic pulmonary disease. Hypoxemia,
      right ventricular enlargement, associated left ventricular dysfunction and
      iatrogenic factors are potential determinants of the density and complexity of
      these arrhythmias. Its prognostic meaning in chronic pulmonary disease and its
      relationship with the elevated prevalence of sudden cardiac death in these
      patients, are not well known. Meanwhile, the therapeutic anti-arrhythmic strategy
      is dominated by the correction of the etiologic factors, namely continuous oxygen
      therapy which decreases ventricular arrhythmia and prolongs survival. Holter 24
      hours monitoring is a useful diagnostic tool in management of these patients.

PMID- 2291855
TI  - Utility and tolerance of stress testing in geriatric patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of stress testing in
      geriatric patients and to estimate the tolerance of these patients to exercise.
      DESIGN: A prospective study done in two populations with different ages. SETTING:
      Cardiologists and a stress testing laboratory. PATIENTS: Persons with ages above
      and under 65 years who were admitted in our center and submitted to stress
      testing and coronary angiography for suspicion of ischemic heart disease.
      PROCEDURES: All stress tests were performed on a Siemens Elama cicloergometer
      model 380-B adapted to a Hewlett Packard 1517 A ECG recorder. Our protocol
      started with an initial work load of 30 Watts with increments of other 30 Watts
      every three minutes. A 12 lead ECG was registered at rest, at maximum effort and
      in the recovery phase (approx. eight minutes after maximum effort). Three leads
      ECG's (V2, aVF, V5) were registered every three minutes. Stress finishing
      criteria were: symptom's limited, fatigue and maximum heart rate (220-age). Blood
      pressure was also controlled every three minutes during exercise and every two
      minutes during the recovery phase. Coronary angiographies were performed on a
      Siemens Cardoskop U (cine) using the Judkins technique. Left anterior oblique,
      right anterior oblique and postero anterior projections were used in all the
      procedures. RESULTS: Stress testing presents high sensitivity and low specificity
      in geriatric patients. A good tolerance to exercise was observed in this group of
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: A similar sensitivity was observed in the stress tests
      performed by patients with ages above and under 65 years. Sensitivity seems to be
      related to the severity of the coronary lesion. On the other hand stress testing
      presented a lower specificity in the geriatric patient. Finally, good tolerance
      to exercise was observed in patients older than 65 years.

PMID- 2291856
TI  - Nursing diagnosis and the methods appropriate to research it.

PMID- 2291857
TI  - Development of alterations in learning: situational learning disabilities.
AB  - Until now the nursing diagnosis knowledge deficit has served as a label for all
      teaching/learning situations. This is inadequate and does not effectively give
      direction to correct intervention(s). The purpose of this article is to present
      the diagnostic concept, situational learning disability (SLD), a component of
      Alterations in Learning, which has been identified as an area to be developed in
      the Knowing pattern of the NANDA taxonomy. A thorough review of the literature
      and empirical support involving 20 cardiology patients on a 27-bed telemetry step
      down unit is provided. The data support the development of two nursing diagnoses:
      (1) situational learning disability: impaired ability to learn; and (2)
      situational learning disability: lack of motivation to learn. The proper
      identification of these diagnoses can assist nurses in discriminating between
      patients who can learn, those who cannot learn, and those who need adjustments
      made in order to facilitate their learning. With this information nurses will be
      able to make decisions concerning the timing and type of intervention that is
      most appropriate.

PMID- 2291858
TI  - Auditory sensory/perceptual alteration: suggested revision of defining
      characteristics.
AB  - This correlational study of acutely ill geriatric patients examined (1) if
      psychosocial dysfunctioning is associated with hearing impairment, as popularly
      believed; (2) the utility of using psychosocial changes as cues for making the
      nursing diagnosis sensory/perceptual alterations: auditory; and (3) an
      alternative model of defining characteristics for predicting auditory perception
      using variables that have been reported in the literature as being associated
      with hearing loss but, to date, are not part of the approved diagnostic category.
      A random sample (n = 226) was drawn from daily admission lists of English
      speaking patients 65 years of age or older, admitted to nonintensive care units
      of a medical center hospital. The major defining characteristics for
      sensory/perceptual alterations were operationalized as seven variables:
      depression, cognitive function, social contact with children, social contact with
      other relatives, social contact with friends, subject-reported hearing ability,
      and subject-reported overall health status. Auditory sensory perception was
      operationalized as number of tones heard on audiometric examination. Findings
      indicate that assessing psychosocial functions does not provide nurses with
      helpful cues for making the auditory alteration diagnosis. Rather results suggest
      that nurses can make a more accurate diagnosis merely by knowing the patient's
      age, self-rating of hearing, and checking ear canals for impacted cerumen.

PMID- 2291859
TI  - The development of NANDA's nursing diagnosis taxonomy.
AB  - In the early 1970s the need for a precise and computerizable language of nursing
      phenomena was identified. This need stimulated the formation of the National
      Conference Group for the Classification of Nursing Diagnoses. The group began the
      work of identifying nursing diagnoses and developing a taxonomic structure for
      their classification. Based on the initial success with the development of
      nursing diagnoses, the conference group became the North American Nursing
      Diagnosis Association (NANDA). There are two benefits of taxonomic development
      within nursing: one is scientific in nature, while the other is applied or
      practical. The development of this taxonomy has occurred over a span of 17 years
      including nine national conferences. Details of this development have been
      abstracted from the proceedings of the nine conferences and the minutes of the
      Taxonomy Committee in order to explicate the taxonomic structure. The rules for
      the classification, developed by the committee, are presented. Future directions
      for taxonomic development and collaboration with other health care professions
      are proposed.

PMID- 2291860
TI  - Respiratory nursing diagnoses: practicing nurses' selection of defining
      characteristics.
AB  - One-hundred medical/surgical nurses from two hospitals participated in a study
      designed to determine which defining characteristics professional nurses working
      in acute-care settings associated with each of the three respiratory nursing
      diagnoses identified by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA).
      All NANDA defining characteristics for impaired gas exchange and ineffective
      airway clearance were selected by at least 63% and 67% of the study participants,
      respectively. Thirteen of the 15 NANDA defining characteristics for ineffective
      breathing pattern were selected by at least 68% of the study participants. Two
      characteristics of ineffective breathing pattern identified by NANDA, cough and
      fremitus, were selected by only 47% and 45% of respondents. This study was the
      first in a series of studies intended to validate the respiratory nursing
      diagnoses.

PMID- 2291861
TI  - Altered peripheral tissue perfusion: use of defining characteristics in clinical
      practice.

PMID- 2291862
TI  - Aspirin prodrugs: synthesis of 2-substituted 2-methyl-4H-1,3-benzodioxin-4-ones
      and their screening for prodrug potential.
AB  - A series of new 2-substituted 2-methyl-4H-1,3-benzodioxin-4-ones 1 have been
      synthesized and fully characterized. This study involves fifteen compounds of
      which fourteen are orthoesters, containing tertiary aliphatic alkoxy groups. One
      compound contains a tert-butylperoxy group and one a 3 beta-cholesteryloxy group
      in the 2-position. The hydrolysis of these compounds 1 was followed in enzymatic
      and non-enzymatic media to clarify whether they are true prodrugs of aspirin. Two
      compounds 1 were additionally tested in vivo as potential topical keratolytics.

PMID- 2291863
TI  - Anticholinergic agents. 2. Absolute configurations of 2-methyl-1,1-diphenyl-3-(1
      piperidyl)-1-propanol and 2-methyl-1,1-diphenyl-3-(1-pyrrolidyl)-1-propanol.
      Crystal structures of the corresponding mandelates.
AB  - Racemic 2-methyl-1,1-diphenyl-3-(1-piperidyl)-1-propanol (4) and 2-methyl-1,1
      diphenyl-3-(1-pyrrolidyl)-1-propanol (5) have been synthesized and optically
      resolved employing (R)- and (S)-mandelic acid, respectively, as resolving agents.
      The absolute configurations of the enantiomers of 4 and 5 have been established
      as (-)-(R) and (+)-(S) by crystal structure analyses of (-)-(R)-2-methyl-1,1
      diphenyl-3-(1-piperidinio)-1-propanol (+)-(S)-mandelate and (+)-(S)-2-methyl-1,1
      diphenyl-3-(1-pyrrolidinio)-1-propanol (-)-(R)-mandelate. The corresponding
      methiodides have been prepared.

PMID- 2291864
TI  - Disease modifying drugs for rheumatoid arthritis: yesterday's treatment today or
      today's treatment tomorrow?

PMID- 2291865
TI  - D-penicillamine and D-penicillamine-protein disulphide in plasma and synovial
      fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - 1. The plasma pharmacokinetics of D-penicillamine (D-pen) and D-penicillamine
      albumin disulphide (D-pen-alb) were examined over a dosage interval in six
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In two of these, 24 h synovial fluid profiles
      of D-pen and D-pen-alb were also obtained. 2. D-pen was undetectable in plasma at
      the beginning of the study. The peak concentration (5.4 +/- 1.2 microM) occurred
      at between 45 min and 2 h and the mean elimination half-life was 0.6 h. D-pen
      alb, however, was present at a mean plasma concentration of 19.1 microM prior to
      dosage, peaked at 26.2 microM and was eliminated with a half-life of 40 h. 3. D
      pen concentrations in synovial fluid rose more slowly and peaked lower than in
      plasma. D-pen-alb was present in synovial fluid of the patients at 50.1% and
      83.6%, respectively, of the simultaneous plasma concentration prior to dosage.
      Concentrations varied during the study interval, corresponding to changes in
      plasma concentrations. 4. These results demonstrate that D-pen forms stable
      conjugates with protein in treated patients. The presence of D-pen-alb in
      relatively high concentrations throughout the dosage interval contrasts with the
      low concentrations and rapid elimination of D-pen. Both D-pen and D-pen-alb were
      also shown to be present at the putative site of drug action (the inflamed
      synovial joint) in concentrations lower than those in plasma.

PMID- 2291866
TI  - Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on prostacyclin and thromboxane
      biosynthesis in patients with mild essential hypertension.
AB  - 1. The effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on prostacyclin
      and thromboxane biosynthesis and on blood pressure were determined in 46 patients
      with mild essential hypertension. Patients who had abstained from
      antihypertensive therapy for 2 weeks before study were treated with either
      aspirin, ibuprofen, sulindac or placebo for 7 days. 2. Excretion rates of 2,3
      dinor-6-oxo-prostaglandin (PG) F1 alpha, 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha, 2,3-dinorthromboxane
      (TX) B2 and TXB2 were measured as indices of prostacyclin and TXA2 biosynthesis.
      Samples were assayed using immunoaffinity chromatography and gas
      chromatography/electron capture chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. 3. Aspirin
      and ibuprofen reduced urinary excretion of all prostacyclin- and thromboxane
      derived products. Sulindac inhibited excretion of 2,3-dinor-6-oxo-PGF1 alpha, 6
      oxo-PGF1 alpha and 2,3-dinor-TXB2, but had no significant effect on TXB2. 4.
      Systolic blood pressure increased in the ibuprofen-treated group when compared
      with the placebo group. There were no other significant changes in systolic or
      diastolic pressure in any of the treatment groups. Among the patients as a whole,
      there was a significant negative correlation between change in blood pressure and
      change in excretion of the prostacyclin-derived but not of the thromboxane
      derived products. 5. We conclude that, in patients with mild essential
      hypertension, neither sulindac nor aspirin (in the doses used) selectively spares
      prostacyclin biosynthesis by the kidney. The significant relationship between
      increase in blood pressure and reduction in prostacyclin biosynthesis favours the
      possibility that in individuals who become hypertensive, prostacyclin
      biosynthesis determines, in part, the severity of the hypertensive state.

PMID- 2291867
TI  - Central effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril. I.
      Performance and subjective assessments of mood.
AB  - 1. Central effects of single doses of captopril (12.5, 25 and 50 mg) were studied
      in fourteen healthy male subjects. Two placebos and an active control drug,
      oxazepam (15 mg), were included, together with a single dose of atenolol (100
      mg). The drugs were administered double-blind at 11.00 h, and performance and
      subjective feelings were assessed before and from 1.5-2.5 h and 3.5-4.5 h after
      ingestion. 2. Performance was assessed using digit symbol substitution,
      continuous attention, letter cancellation, choice reaction time, finger tapping,
      immediate and short-term memory, together with critical flicker fusion and two
      flash fusion. Subjects assessed their mood and well-being on a series of 12
      visual analogue scales. 3. Captopril did not impair performance on any of the
      tests, but improved short-term memory (P less than 0.05) and increased the number
      of letters cancelled (P less than 0.05). Oxazepam reduced the number of
      substitutions completed in the digit symbol test (P less than 0.01), accuracy on
      continuous attention (P less than 0.05), number of letters cancelled (P less than
      0.05), and rate of finger tapping (P less than 0.05), and increased choice
      reaction time (P less than 0.001). Atenolol reduced the rate of finger tapping (P
      less than 0.05), but increased the number of letters cancelled (P less than
      0.05). 4. No effects on mood or on subjective feelings were evident with
      captopril. Oxazepam reduced subjective alertness (P less than 0.05), and atenolol
      increased feelings of sleepiness (P less than 0.05). 5. Although these
      observations suggest that central effects may exist with captopril, no adverse
      consequences have been established on performance or on subjective assessment of
      mood. Captopril may, therefore, be an appropriate drug for hypertensive patients
      engaged in skilled activity.

PMID- 2291868
TI  - Central effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril. II.
      Electroencephalogram and body sway.
AB  - 1. Effects of single doses of captopril (12.5, 25 and 50 mg) on the
      electroencephalogram (EEG) and on body sway were studied in fourteen healthy male
      subjects. Oxazepam (15 mg), as an active control, and two placebos were included
      in the study, together with a single dose of atenolol (100 mg). Medication was
      administered double-blind at 11.00 h, and assessments made before and at 2 and 4
      h after drug ingestion. 2. There were no changes in the EEG with captopril.
      Oxazepam reduced the circadian rise in alpha activity, while atenolol decreased
      beta power. Delta activity was modified by both oxazepam and atenolol. 3. A
      reduction in lower frequencies of body sway (0.05-1 Hz) occurred with captopril,
      while the spectra were unaffected by oxazepam. Atenolol increased (P less than
      0.05) activity in the frequency range 0.75-2.75 Hz. 4. These observations suggest
      that captopril is free of central effects such as sedation that may occur with
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Reduced body sway with captopril could reflect
      improved integration of central and peripheral control of posture.

PMID- 2291869
TI  - Felodipine ER formulation in the treatment of mild hypertension: efficacy and
      tolerability vs placebo.
AB  - 1. Felodipine is a new calcium-antagonist dihydropyridine derivative with a high
      degree of selectivity for smooth muscle of arteriolar resistance vessels, as
      opposed to cardiac cells. 2. In this double-blind, cross-over study the
      antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of the new extended release (ER)
      formulation of felodipine 10 mg, once daily, in patients with mild essential
      hypertension was evaluated. After a 4-week single-blind placebo period 28
      patients (15 males; mean age 48 +/- 12 years) were randomized to receive
      felodipine 10 mg ER once daily or placebo for 4 weeks and the alternative
      treatment for a further 4 weeks. Supine blood pressure and heart rate were
      measured in the out-patients department every 2 weeks, 22-24 h after the last
      drug administration. 3. Felodipine 10 mg ER induced a significant reduction in
      blood pressure in comparison with placebo (from 149 +/- 16/97 +/- 6 to 140 +/-
      12/89 +/- 6 mm Hg). Heart rate remained unchanged. Seven patients dropped-out;
      five during felodipine ER administration and two during placebo. 4. A once daily
      dose of felodipine ER significantly reduces blood pressure in mild hypertensive
      patients 22-24 h after administration. It is well tolerated and the adverse
      events are related to its pharmacodynamic effects.

PMID- 2291871
TI  - The pharmacokinetics and activation of proguanil in man: consequences of
      variability in drug metabolism.
AB  - 1. Based on the ratio of drug to active metabolite excreted in urine
      approximately 3% of a healthy Caucasian population showed a reduced ability to
      convert proguanil to cycloguanil. 2. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that this
      observation resulted from a reduced oral clearance of proguanil in these
      individuals (245, 534 and 552 ml min-1) compared with the rest of the population
      (858 +/- 482 ml min-1). 3. Peak plasma concentrations of active metabolite were
      significantly lower in these subjects (54.2, 26.8 and 51.7 ng ml-1) compared with
      the rest of the population (141 +/- 45.2 ng ml-1). 4. The observed variability
      may result from the polymorphic metabolism of proguanil in man.

PMID- 2291870
TI  - Nitrendipine and the humoral control of sodium homeostasis.
AB  - 1. Nine healthy volunteers received 10 mg nitrendipine or placebo orally in
      random order. 2. In the subsequent 5 h urinary sodium excretion was 20% higher
      after nitrendipine, without any significant difference between the volume of
      urine excreted after nitrendipine or placebo. Mean blood pressure fell by 5 mm Hg
      (P less than 0.001), and mean heart rate increased by 5 beats min-1 (P less than
      0.01) after nitrendipine but did not change after placebo. 3. These changes were
      accompanied by a significant elevation in plasma renin activity (P less than
      0.001). A fall in plasma aldosterone following placebo appeared to be attenuated
      by nitrendipine. Plasma noradrenaline increased to a peak 3 h after nitrendipine
      administration (P less than 0.05) but did not change following placebo. A fall in
      the excretion of 6-keto PGF1 alpha following placebo was attenuated by
      nitrendipine. The total excretion of 6-keto PGF1 alpha after nitrendipine was
      significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than after placebo but not difference in
      the total excretion of PGE2 was detected. Nitrendipine did not affect urinary
      kallikrein excretion. 4. The natriuretic action of nitrendipine is not mediated
      by the kallikrein-kinin system, but may be related to changes in renal
      prostaglandins.

PMID- 2291872
TI  - Sinemet-ferrous sulphate interaction in patients with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - 1. This study examined the effects of administering ferrous sulphate 325 mg with
      Sinemet (100/25 tablet) on levodopa and carbidopa bioavailability and on signs of
      Parkinson's disease in nine patients. 2. Ferrous sulphate ingestion with Sinemet
      resulted in a decrease in levodopa area under the curve (AUC) of 30% (P less than
      0.01) and a greater than 75% decrease in carbidopa AUC. Despite a strong
      relationship between reductions in levodopa AUC and reductions in Sinemet
      efficacy (r = 0.83, P less than 0.01), the average reduction in Sinemet's
      efficacy associated with ferrous sulphate did not achieve statistical
      significance (P = 0.055). 3. Chemical studies indicate that iron forms chemical
      complexes with carbidopa in a similar manner to levodopa and is a likely
      mechanism for the drug interactions. 4. AUC when a Sinemet tablet is taken
      concurrently with a ferrous sulphate tablet appears to be clinically significant
      in some but not all patients. The clinical significance of repeated ingestion of
      ferrous sulphate with Sinemet requires further studies.

PMID- 2291873
TI  - The disposition of primidone in elderly patients.
AB  - 1. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of primidone at steady-state were studied
      in 10 elderly patients aged 70-81 years and eight control subjects aged 18-26
      years. 2. Primidone half-lives and clearance values (mean +/- s.d.) were similar
      in the elderly and in the young (12.1 +/- 4.6 vs 14.7 +/- 3.5 h and 34.8 +/- 9.0
      vs 33.2 +/- 7.2 ml h-1 kg-1 respectively. 3. The serum concentrations of the
      metabolites phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA) and phenobarbitone relative to those of
      parent drug were higher in the elderly than in the young, the difference being
      significant (P less than 0.01) in the case of PEMA. 4. The renal clearances of
      primidone, phenobarbitone and PEMA were moderately decreased in the elderly but
      this reduction was statistically significant only for PEMA. Elderly patients
      excreted a reduced proportion of unchanged primidone and an increased proportion
      of PEMA in urine. 5. Ageing is associated with a greater accumulation of PEMA,
      which is unlikely to have a major clinical significance.

PMID- 2291874
TI  - Lack of effect of ponsinomycin on the pharmacokinetics of nicoumalone
      enantiomers.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic interaction between ponsinomycin-nicoumalone was studied in six
      subjects who received an 8 mg oral dose of racemic nicoumalone alone and 4 days
      into an oral regimen of ponsinomycin 800 mg twice daily. The concentrations of
      R(+) and S(-)-nicoumalone in plasma were measured using a stereospecific h.p.l.c.
      assay. The disposition characteristics of nicoumalone enantiomers in the control
      phase of this study were similar to those reported previously with the exception
      of the data for one subject whose oral clearance for S(-)-nicoumalone was seven
      times lower than those in the other subjects. A statistically significant effect
      of ponsinomycin on the kinetics of R(+) and S(-)-nicoumalone was not
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2291875
TI  - Absolute bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of medifoxamine in healthy humans.
AB  - Medifoxamine is a new monoamine re-uptake inhibiting antidepressant drug. Twelve
      volunteers received 100 mg by i.v. infusion over 15 min and 500 mg by mouth
      fasting. The treatments were given 1 week apart in a randomised cross-over
      design. Venous blood samples (10 ml) were taken at intervals for 24 h for
      h.p.l.c. measurement of serum medifoxamine. A biexponential decline of serum
      medifoxamine concentration was observed after intravenous administration in all
      subjects and similar terminal elimination half-lives were observed following both
      routes, indicating that oral absorption is not rate-limiting. The absolute
      bioavailability of oral medifoxamine was 21%.

PMID- 2291876
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of CGP 6140 (amocarzine) after oral administration of single 100
      1600 mg doses to patients with onchocerciasis.
AB  - The concentrations of CGP 6140 [4-nitro-4'-(N-methyl
      piperazinylthiocarbonylamido)-diphenylamine] and of its N-oxide metabolite, CGP
      13,231, were measured in plasma and urine after single oral dose of 100-1600 mg
      of CGP 6140 to 41 fasted Ghanaian patients with Onchocerca volvulus infections.
      The absorption of CGP 6140 was rapid and its terminal elimination half-life was
      about 3 h. The plasma concentrations of CGP 6140 were essentially proportional to
      the dose. A greater variability in plasma concentrations was apparent after the
      800 and 1600 mg doses indicating a poor bioavailability of the drug administered
      in fasting conditions to several patients. In plasma, the concentrations of CGP
      13,231 were similar to those of CGP 6140. The amount of CGP 13,231 excreted in
      urine was 25-40% of the dose of CGP 6140 whereas only 1.5% was excreted as
      unchanged drug. If a single dose of drug is used for the treatment, the plasma
      concentration would be maintained for 3-4 h at a high level. At 8 h, the
      concentration falls to about 10% of the Cmax. If sustained plasma concentrations
      of the drug are needed for efficacy, twice daily administration would maintain
      the minimum concentration at about 10% of the Cmax.

PMID- 2291877
TI  - The influence of food on the pharmacokinetics of CGP 6140 (amocarzine) after oral
      administration of a 1200 mg single dose to patients with onchocerciasis.
AB  - Eleven male patients from Mali with Onchocerca volvulus infections received in
      random order a 1200 mg single oral dose of CGP 6140 after an overnight fast and
      after food intake. The concentrations of CGP 6140 and of its N-oxide metabolite,
      CGP 13231, were measured in plasma and urine. Mean (+/- s.d.) AUC CGP 6140 values
      were 67.0 +/- 10.8 mumol l-1 h in fed and 22.0 +/- 17.2 mumol l-1 h in fasting
      patients. The mean maximum concentrations (Cmax) in plasma +/- s.d. were 12.7 +/-
      2.8 mumol l-1 in fed and 4.7 +/- 4.1 mumol l-1 in fasting patients. The median
      time to Cmax was 3 h in fed and 2 h in fasting patients. Mean (+/- s.d.) AUC of
      the N-oxide metabolite was 59.9 +/- 10.7 mumol l-1 h in fed and 23.4 +/- 16.2
      mumol l-1 h in fasting patients. The urinary recovery was less than 0.5% of dose
      for CGP 6140 in both fed and fasting conditions. It was 30.1 +/- 11.5 and 11.4 +/
      8.0% of the dose for the N-oxide metabolite in fed and fasting conditions,
      respectively. Variability in plasma concentrations and urinary recovery of CGP
      6140 and of the N-oxide metabolite was greater in fasted patients. The low
      solubility of CGP 6140 in aqueous solutions at neutral pH and its higher
      solubility at acidic pH might explain the increase in bioavailability after food
      intake. The administration of CGP 6140 after food intake is therefore recommended
      for an optimal systemic effect.

PMID- 2291878
TI  - Hepatic drug clearance: the effect of age using indocyanine green as a model
      compound.
AB  - The hepatic extraction ratio and clearance of indocyanine green (ICG) were
      determined and used to derive apparent liver blood flow in nine subjects between
      the ages of 22 and 83 years. There was no correlation between the hepatic
      extraction ratio of ICG and age (rs = -0.435, NS). There was a significant
      negative correlation between both ICG clearance and age (rs = -0.710, P less than
      0.05) and apparent liver blood flow and age (rs = -0.750, P less than 0.05).
      These results validate the comparison of liver blood flow values derived from ICG
      clearance in humans over a wide age range and confirm that liver blood flow does
      fall with age.

PMID- 2291880
TI  - Debrisoquine oxidation phenotype and susceptibility to lung cancer.

PMID- 2291879
TI  - D-penicillamine does not increase urinary bismuth excretion in patients treated
      with tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate.
AB  - Twenty-four urinary bismuth excretion was measured in five patients who had been
      treated with tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate, before and after single 1 g oral
      dose of D-penicillamine. Before dosing with D-penicillamine, the median 24 h
      urinary bismuth output was 55 micrograms 24 h-1 (range 17-156 micrograms 24 h-1)
      and following dosing with D-penicillamine the median 24 h urinary bismuth output
      was 53 micrograms 24 h-1 (range 12-156 micrograms 24 h-1). D-penicillamine does
      not facilitate the urinary excretion of bismuth, hence it is unsuitable for use
      as an oral chelator in patients with bismuth intoxication.

PMID- 2291882
TI  - Epidural anesthesia for obstetrics after spinal surgery.
AB  - The experience of 18 patients with previous spinal surgery who requested epidural
      anesthesia for obstetric pain was reviewed. Three received epidural anesthetics
      in two separate pregnancies, producing a total of 21 attempts at epidural
      anesthesia. All were initiated during labor and three were later extended for
      Cesarean delivery. Continuous lumbar epidural anesthesia was successfully
      established in 20 of 21 attempts. Ten were performed easily on the first attempt.
      There were excessive local anesthetic requirements and/or a patchy block for the
      remaining 11 attempts. The only complication that could be attributed to the
      attempts at epidural anesthesia was temporary low back pain in two patients with
      multiple attempts. No complications were noted on long-term follow-up. Our data,
      therefore, suggest that epidural anesthesia is safe and generally effective in
      obstetric patients with previous spinal surgery.

PMID- 2291881
TI  - Sacralization of epidural block with repeated doses of 0.25% bupivacaine during
      labor.
AB  - A descriptive analysis of the progression of epidural block with repeated doses
      of 0.25% bupivacaine was performed, assessing pain relief (visual analog
      scoring), dermatomal spread of sensory and motor block, and the associated
      management and outcome of labor. The influence of epinephrine 1:200,000 on these
      observations was also assessed by the random assignment of study patients into
      two groups, one receiving 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine plain (n = 28) and another
      group receiving 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with commercially added epinephrine
      1:200,000 (n = 27). Only primigravid patients were studied. Data comparisons were
      considered significant at p less than 0.05. With repeated doses of 0.25%
      bupivacaine, administered within fixed dosing intervals of 60-90 minutes, there
      was an increasing spread of sensory block toward sacral dermatomes while the
      upper level of sensory block did not change. Sacral sensory analgesia was present
      in only 3.5% of patients after the first dose of bupivacaine but was evident in
      63.2% of patients following the fourth epidural injection. A similar increase in
      the number of patients with significant motor weakness was also seen as the
      number of top-up doses increased. A comparison of patients receiving plain
      solutions and epinephrine containing bupivacaine showed similar demographic
      profiles between the groups. Both groups received a similar dose of bupivacaine
      and experienced comparable management and outcome of labor. Epinephrine in a
      1:200,000 concentration did not influence the changing characteristics of the
      epidural block over time. The duration of labor was not significantly different
      between groups (10.3 +/- 5.2 hours for the plain group and 11.0 +/- 4.7 hours for
      the epinephrine group).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291883
TI  - Continuous spinal anesthesia after unintentional dural puncture in parturients.
AB  - Headache after unintentional dural puncture with 17- or 18-gauge needles
      represents a significant source of anesthetic-induced maternal morbidity. We
      performed this study to determine whether inserting a catheter into the
      subarachnoid space after dural puncture can significantly alter the incidence of
      headache. Thirty-five women, requesting labor analgesia, suffered a dural
      puncture during attempts to identify the epidural space using an 18-gauge Hustead
      needle (bevel oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the back).
      Subsequently, the anesthesiologist inserted a 20-gauge polyamide catheter into
      the CSF and provided continuous spinal anesthesia throughout labor and delivery.
      A second group of 21 women suffered dural puncture with the same epidural
      technique but without subarachnoid catheter insertion. These women subsequently
      received lumbar epidural anesthesia. After delivery, we visited all women daily
      until discharge and questioned them about the presence and severity of headache.
      Neither the incidence of headache nor the need for therapeutic blood patch
      differed significantly between the two groups of women. No other anesthetic
      related complications ensued. Continuous spinal anesthesia after unintentional
      dural puncture does not decrease the incidence of headache in parturients.

PMID- 2291884
TI  - Hemodynamic response to low-dose epinephrine infusion during hypotensive epidural
      anesthesia for total hip replacement.
AB  - The hemodynamic response to reduction in blood pressure after epidural anesthesia
      in elderly patients is poorly defined. Therefore, hemodynamic measurements using
      radial artery and thermodilution pulmonary artery catheters were performed in 85
      patients undergoing total hip replacement in whom blood pressure was allowed to
      decrease in order to minimize blood loss. Measurements were made in the lateral
      position prior to and after induction of epidural anesthesia to T4 or above when
      mean arterial pressure (MAP) had fallen to 50-55 mmHg. Four non-randomized groups
      of patients were identified: those requiring zero, less than 1 microgram/minute,
      1-2 micrograms/minute or 2-5 micrograms/minute, respectively, of intravenous
      epinephrine to maintain MAP at 50-55 mmHg. In patients receiving no epinephrine,
      MAP, heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac index (CI), pulmonary artery
      diastolic pressure (PAD), left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) and systemic
      vascular resistance (SVR) fell significantly from baseline. Low-dose epinephrine
      infusions modified this response by increasing SV and CI and reducing SVR, but
      had little consistent effect on PAD, HR and LVSWI. Increases in SV and CI were
      significantly related to the dose of epinephrine administered. Low-dose
      intravenous epinephrine infusions preserve cardiac output during hypotensive
      epidural anesthesia in elderly patients.

PMID- 2291885
TI  - Continuous infusion epidural anesthesia during labor: a randomized, double-blind
      comparison of 0.0625% bupivacaine/0.002% butorphanol and 0.125% bupivacaine.
AB  - The efficacy of pain relief and the maternal and neonatal effects of continuous
      epidural infusion of 0.0625% bupivacaine/0.002% butorphanol was compared with the
      infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine alone in a randomized, double-blind study of 32
      women in labor. A test dose of 2 ml 0.5% bupivacaine was given to every patient
      and followed by two epidural regimens in randomized, double-blind manner. Group B
      B (bupivacaine/butorphanol) patients received 7.5 ml 0.125% bupivacaine plus 1 mg
      butorphanol (0.5 ml) followed by an infusion of 0.0625% bupivacaine/0.002%
      butorphanol at a rate of 12 ml/hour; Group B (bupivacaine alone) patients
      received 8 ml 0.25% bupivacaine followed by an infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine at
      a rate of 12 ml/hour. A bolus of 5 ml 0.125% bupivacaine or 0.0625% bupivacaine
      was given to Group B or B-B, respectively, if additional pain relief was
      required. Infusion of B-B combination resulted in similar pain relief and fewer
      patients with motor block than bupivacaine alone; 12% versus 38% in Groups B-B
      and B, respectively, had motor weakness. A smaller dose of bupivacaine was used
      in the B-B group compared to the B group; 71 +/- 14 versus 99 +/- 13 mg (mean +/-
      SEM; p less than 0.05). Progress of labor and the mode of delivery did not differ
      significantly between the two groups. All infants were vigorous and had normal
      acid-base status and neurologic adaptive capacity scores. Butorphanol appears to
      be useful as an adjunct to epidural bupivacaine for continuous epidural infusion
      during labor without adversely affecting the mother or the neonate.

PMID- 2291886
TI  - The role of epidural anesthesia in trial of labor.
AB  - In 1988, the American College of Obstetricians and gynecologists (ACOG) decided
      that vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean delivery (trial of labor, TOL)
      was an acceptable alternative to elective repeat cesarean delivery. ACOG stated
      that there appears to be no absolute contraindication to epidural anesthesia for
      labor during TOL. The concern is that should there be a uterine rupture, would
      the epidural anesthesia mask the abdominal pain? The incidence of complete
      rupture with trial of labor is reported to be 0.3-0.5%. In our review of 10,967
      patients undergoing TOL, only 22% of complete ruptures presented with abdominal
      pain; 76% presented with signs of fetal distress diagnosed by continuous
      electronic fetal monitoring. Thus abdominal pain is an unreliable sign of
      complete uterine rupture. There have been no reports of epidural anesthesia
      delaying the diagnosis of uterine rupture. In the review of 10,967 patients
      undergoing TOL, there were no maternal deaths and only nine fetal deaths
      secondary to complete uterine rupture. The literature strongly suggests that
      epidural anesthesia is safe in TOL even when oxytocin is used for augmentation of
      labor.

PMID- 2291888
TI  - Similarity between ampules.

PMID- 2291887
TI  - A complication associated with dorsal penile nerve block.
AB  - A case describing a 2-day-old term male infant who received a dorsal penile nerve
      block (DNPB) prior to circumcision, inadvertently with 1:1000 epinephrine, is
      presented. The patient had a brief hemodynamic response followed by profound
      vasoconstriction and ischemia of the genitalia. A caudal catheter was inserted
      and a sympathetic block established in an attempt to antagonize the epinephrine
      induced vasoconstriction. The patient's condition improved and no residual
      effects of the ischemia were noted. A review of complications associated with
      DNPB and of epinephrine-induced penile ischemia is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2291889
TI  - Unintentional subarachnoid block using a "new" infiltration needle.

PMID- 2291891
TI  - Simulated nasoalveolar palatal defects: a canine model to study bone grafts.
AB  - A simple, surgical technique to create a simulated nasoalveolar palatal defect in
      the canine is described. The procedure has been performed in 60 canines, and we
      have not experienced closure of the created clefts. The surgically created clefts
      had to fulfill five criteria: (1) bilateral maxillary alveolar clefts had to
      exist in each research animal; (2) each cleft had to have a 1-cm bony width; (3)
      a demonstrable oronasal communication had to be present; (4) each cleft had to be
      lined by healthy epithelialized mucosa; (5) there had to be functional teeth
      adjacent to each side of every cleft.

PMID- 2291890
TI  - Response to allopurinol pretreatment in a swine model of heart-lung
      transplantation.
AB  - The role of allopurinol in the prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury was
      assessed in a model of heart-lung transplantation. Fourteen swine were divided
      into two groups (seven donors and seven recipients). All heart and lung blocks
      were placed in hypothermic storage after perfusion with cold iso-osmolar
      cardioplegic solution and modified Collins solution, respectively (t = 8-10
      degrees C for heart and t = 16-18 degrees C for lungs). The total ischemic time
      including the orthotopic transplantation was 6 h. Animals (donors and recipients)
      were pretreated with allopurinol given orally at a dosage of 50 mg/kg for 4 days.
      Animals were assessed by monitoring heart and lung function, including
      extravascular lung water at three time intervals, which included
      pretransplantation (donor), and 30 min and 2 h posttransplantation (recipient).
      Erythrocyte peroxidation susceptibility was assessed for 3 days, and surgery was
      performed on day 4. The malondialdehyde levels determined from erythrocyte
      exposure to in vitro peroxidative challenge classified three paired donor and
      recipient animals as responders and four paired donor and recipient animals as
      nonresponders to the allopurinol pretreatment. A persistent deterioration of lung
      function was observed over time in nonresponders (p less than .05) (increase of
      lung water, decrease of partial pressure of oxygen, increase in alveolar-arterial
      gradient, and decrease in arterial-alveolar tension ratio). Responders showed no
      significant alterations in lung function. This study in swine, a species devoid
      of myocardial xanthine oxidase activity, indicates that allopurinol may have a
      mechanism of action other than xanthine oxidase inhibition in the prevention of
      ischemia-reperfusion injury. The parallelism between protection of lung function
      and of red blood cells suggests the involvement of a generalized increase in
      tissue antioxidant capacity.

PMID- 2291892
TI  - Fetal skin organ culture.
AB  - The fetal response to cutaneous injury has been investigated in a variety of
      models; most have studied the differences between fetal and adult healing
      mechanisms in vivo and in cell culture. Further disclosure of the cellular and
      biochemical events requires a model that can be manipulated to study single
      factors influencing fetal tissue repair without the complex interactions that
      occur in vivo, but in a system that more closely approximates normal skin than
      cell culture models. This paper presents a method for the organ culture of fetal
      skin and its advantages as a model to help elucidate fetal healing mechanisms.
      Skin sections (1 x 1 cm) excised from the backs of fetuses of New Zealand white
      rabbits on day 27 gestation (term = 31 days) were placed eccentrically in 65-mm
      culture dishes and fed daily with 2.5 mL of DMEM containing 10% fetal calf serum,
      antibiotics, and 10 mM ascorbic acid. A separate group, treated similarly,
      received 4-mm punch wounds to assess the in vitro response to wounding. The
      specimens were incubated at 37 degrees C in humidified room air on a rocker
      platform to provide alternate exposure of the skin to air and medium. Gross
      observation at 3 weeks showed cells extending into the central wound, indicating
      that viable cells were proliferating and/or migrating from the tissue. Skin was
      examined histologically and was viable over the 3-week period studied. Organ
      culture, by maintaining tissue in the natural extracellular matrix, allows cell
      to-cell contact and communication to be maintained while allowing controlled
      environmental manipulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291893
TI  - A canine model of intimal hyperplasia (IH) in autogenous vein grafting: a
      preliminary report.
AB  - High failure rates (10-40% at 1 year and 2-6% per year thereafter) of autologous
      vein grafts in peripheral bypass surgery due to progressive intimal hyperplasia
      (IH) have prompted researchers to search for an animal model that develops IH in
      a relatively short period of time. This study summarizes our experiences in
      promoting IH in a canine model. Eight to ten centimeters of both jugular veins
      were exposed in 40 adult mongrel conditioned dogs. After division into 4-5-cm
      lengths, the segment of jugular vein most proximal was ballooned at 800-900 mm Hg
      with a modified 8F Fogarty catheter to induce intimal and medial layer injury.
      The distal segment was left nonballooned. Segments of these autologous vein
      grafts, 1.5 cm in length, both ballooned and nonballooned, were then anastomosed,
      end to end, into the carotid and femoral circulations. Six weeks postoperatively
      the grafts were perfusion-fixed, harvested, and histologically processed, and the
      amount of the lumen in midgraft sections occupied by IH was determined by image
      analysis. In all dogs, the degree of IH was significantly greater in the balloon
      catheterized vs noncatheterized graft segments. IH was more severe in the femoral
      than in the carotid arteries. The grafts that developed the most severe intimal
      hyperplasia were femoral grafts that had been balloon catheterized. We conclude
      that these protocols are effective in inducing IH in a canine model in short
      postoperative times.

PMID- 2291895
TI  - Totally implantable catheter system in the dog.
AB  - Four totally implantable catheter systems for arterial and venous access were
      implanted for a maximum of 17 months. Hematological and bacteriological tests
      were performed. The platelets remained normal. Occasionally observed bacteremias
      were successfully treated. The morphological and SEM results show that in
      comparison to the standard externalized catheter the totally implantable catheter
      system has a longer functional lifetime and less problems with sepsis while the
      well-being of the experimental animal is improved.

PMID- 2291894
TI  - A modified apparatus for dual, sterilized, isolated perfusion of the rat liver.
AB  - The isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) has proven to be a useful model for the
      study of physiology and pathology of the liver. For research in nonparenchymal
      cell (NPC) function that includes measurement of cytokine production (eg, TNF),
      it is necessary to have a sterilized perfusion system. We have modified the IPRL
      apparatus so as to be able to perform sterile perfusions of two livers
      simultaneously. The perfusion apparatus is a recirculating closed system in which
      the oxygenator is a plastic container separated into two chambers by a
      fenestrated plastic wall. A disposable macropore filter functions as both a
      bubble trap and perfusate filter. The sterilization process is done by immersing
      the various components in Benz-All solution. The tubing is disinfected by
      irrigation with 10% Clorox followed by 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The
      perfusate used is filter-sterilized Krebs buffer solution containing 0.5 g
      Mandol/250 mL perfusate. Not only can two organs be conveniently perfused
      simultaneously, but the entire system can be reliably sterilized for up to 20
      consecutive perfusions. Bile production is higher and more stable with less
      leakage of intracellular enzymes. Many of the components are disposable and can
      be altered to suit the needs of a particular experiment.

PMID- 2291896
TI  - Animal model for evaluating bone repair with and without adjunctive hyperbaric
      oxygen therapy (HBO): comparing dose schedules.
AB  - The effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on the healing of standardized metaphyseal
      defects in the cortices of rat femurs was studied. The question was whether a
      known total amount of HBO given twice a day (BID) would have a different effect
      than once a day (QD) treatments. A microvascular casting technique was developed
      whereby vessel ingrowth at the repair site could be monitored using scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM). Bone repair morphology was evaluated by light
      microscopy (LM) and various tissue components were quantified by histomorphometry
      (HM). Animals were sacrificed 1, 2, 3, or 5 weeks postoperatively. SEM revealed
      that endosteal bone ingrowth was totally responsible for the repair of the
      cortical defects. Moreover, endosteal vessel ingrowth did not differ between
      controls and either group of HBO treated animals. LM displayed enchondral
      ossification in controls and BID treated animals and a pronounced osteoclastic
      activity in the latter group throughout the repair process. By contrast the QD
      treated group healed by primary ossification. Judged by the HM data, QD treatment
      appeared to accelerate bone repair and vessel ingrowth compared to controls,
      while BID treatment seemed to retard these processes.

PMID- 2291897
TI  - Operative techniques in the fetal rabbit.
AB  - The development of fetal surgical techniques has made the antenatal correction of
      congenital defects possible. These techniques have evolved from trials with
      animal models, permitting increasingly sophisticated operations with low
      morbidity and mortality. Experimental models range from large animals offering
      longer gestations but with single pregnancies and high cost, to smaller animals
      offering multiple pregnancies at reduced cost but with shorter gestations. This
      paper describes operative techniques in the fetal rabbit and its advantages as a
      fetal surgical model. Experience with the pregnant rabbit has shown it to be a
      suitable surgical model for several reasons. Pregnancies are multiple, increasing
      cost effectiveness and permitting operation on up to eight fetuses per litter
      without fetal loss. Techniques that promote fetal survival include local housing
      of does several days prior to operation and preoperative sedation. Spontaneous
      mask ventilation provides ease of anesthetic administration and titration.
      Overall surgery is well tolerated with a low incidence of intraoperative
      complications. Rabbit models have been used in the study of transamniotic fetal
      feeding, abdominal wall defects, and wound healing. These techniques have
      resulted in postoperative fetal viability approaching 90%, with negligible
      maternal mortality in over 4000 fetal operations, thereby making the rabbit a
      manageable cost-effective model of fetal surgery.

PMID- 2291898
TI  - Continuous wound irrigation in the pig.
AB  - It was demonstrated in the pig that full-thickness wounds in the skin can be
      continuously treated by irrigation for several days. Irrigation was accomplished
      through a porous, occlusively applied dressing having two ports, one for supply
      and one for drainage. The fluid, delivered by means of an iv set, was sucked
      through the inert dressing, leaving it partially saturated, and with fluid spread
      evenly through its pores. Particulate matter was removed along narrow paths
      converging on the outlet, not showing any significant diversion. The apparatus
      for fluid supply and drainage was arranged to move with the animal, thus
      eliminating the risk of obstruction of the tubes as a result of twisting. The
      fluid was eliminated by one suction line, and the vacuum in the dressing
      maintained by another. This allowed the suction to be adjusted to a level near
      the atmospheric pressure.

PMID- 2291899
TI  - Perception of size and lightness of human observers: two criteria for holistic
      and analytic processing show no correlation in individuals.
AB  - Results of a triad-classification task and a multidimensional-scaling (MDS)
      experiment are compared for individual observers. Both paradigms are designed to
      reveal whether stimuli are perceived in a holistic or analytic manner (Garner
      1974). Subjects differed substantially and consistently in their triad
      classification pattern. The majority of subjects selected stimuli according to
      dimensional criteria; this classification type is thought to indicate an analytic
      stimulus processing. Approximately one third of subjects, however, used a
      classification according to overall similarity (indicating holistic processing).
      Except for the very first session, virtually no intermediate classification
      occurred. This clear separation into two classification types suggests that there
      actually exist two strongly preferred processing modes. Intraindividual
      variability between sessions in general was small. In one case, however, a
      spontaneous switching from a purely dimensional classification to a purely
      similarity classification occurred. This indicates that the observers have
      different processing options at their disposal, and are not forced to use a
      particular processing mode by the stimulus type--as has been supposed in the
      original concept of integrality/separability of stimuli (Garner 1974). In the MDS
      experiment also substantial interindividual differences in the "best-fitting"
      Minkowski metric were found, indicating different processing types. However, for
      individuals participating in both experiments, there was no correlation between
      the results of the two experimental paradigms. This is interpreted as a result of
      the subject's ability to choose between a few perceptual-processing options.

PMID- 2291900
TI  - A vector-sum process produces curved aiming paths under rotated visual-motor
      mappings.
AB  - Under a 90 degrees rotation of motor space relative to visual space, human two
      dimensional aiming movements frequently take the form of smooth arcs such as
      spirals and semi-circles. A time-independent differential equation explains this
      tendency in terms of a rotation-induced vector field made up, at each point in
      the two-dimensional space, of two input vectors. One vector represents a visual
      error signal and the other represents a motor error signal. A trajectory's
      instantaneous direction of movement at each point can be described as the
      resultant of the two vectors. This mathematical formulation incorporates
      plausible visual-motor mechanisms and, when expressed in polar coordinates, leads
      to a new method for analyzing the spatial properties of movements (i.e., movement
      paths). Plots of the angle between the resultant and the target vector (phi)
      against distance from the target (r, in the polar representation) summarize the
      arc-shaped movement paths as a simple relation that can be analyzed statistically
      with respect to properties such as monotonicity. The polar representation is a
      plausible representation of visually-guided movements, with the visual error
      vector functioning as an objective function relative to which behavior is
      optimized. We extend the model and the r, phi movement path analysis to non-90
      degrees rotations, and we find that the model predicts an observed qualitative
      shift in behavior for rotations greater than 90 degrees. It also predicts
      qualitatively different path shapes observed under visual-motor reflections.

PMID- 2291901
TI  - Two types of neuronal synchrony in monkey striate cortex.
AB  - Peaks in more than 5000 spike train correlograms, obtained from monkey striate
      cortex, were measured. Earlier work had shown qualitatively that there are
      frequent prominent peaks having widths in a range around 50 ms, and narrower
      peaks less than about 7 ms wide. Here we demonstrate that the distribution of
      peak widths shows a dichotomy.

PMID- 2291902
TI  - An analysis of Kohonen's self-organizing maps using a system of energy functions.
AB  - In this paper a new method for analyzing Kohonen's self-organizing feature maps
      is presented. The method makes use of a system of energy functions, one energy
      function for each processing unit. It is shown that the training process is
      equivalent to minimizing each energy function subject to constraints. The
      analysis is used to prove the formation of topologically correct maps when the
      inherent dimensionality of the input patterns matches that of the network. The
      energy equations can be used to compute the steady-state weight values of the
      network. In addition, the analysis allows bounds on the training parameters to be
      determined. Finally, examples of energy landscapes are presented to graphically
      show the behavior of the network.

PMID- 2291903
TI  - Forming sparse representations by local anti-Hebbian learning.
AB  - How does the brain form a useful representation of its environment? It is shown
      here that a layer of simple Hebbian units connected by modifiable anti-Hebbian
      feed-back connections can learn to code a set of patterns in such a way that
      statistical dependency between the elements of the representation is reduced,
      while information is preserved. The resulting code is sparse, which is favourable
      if it is to be used as input to a subsequent supervised associative layer. The
      operation of the network is demonstrated on two simple problems.

PMID- 2291904
TI  - Anti-Hebbian learning in a non-linear neural network.
AB  - The Hebbian rule (Hebb 1949), coupled with an appropriate mechanism to limit the
      growth of synaptic weights, allows a neuron to learn to respond to the first
      principal component of the distribution of its input signals (Oja 1982). Rubner
      and Schulten (1990) have recently suggested the use of an "anti-Hebbian" rule in
      a network with hierarchical lateral connections. When applied to neurons with
      linear response functions, this model allows additional neurons to learn to
      respond to additional principal components (Rubner and Tavan 1989). Here we apply
      the model to neurons with non-linear response functions characterized by a
      threshold and a transition width. We propose local, unsupervised learning rules
      for the threshold and the transition width, and illustrate the operation of these
      rules with some simple examples. A network using these rules sorts the input
      patterns into classes, which it identifies by a binary code, with the coarser
      structure coded by the earlier neurons in the hierarchy.

PMID- 2291905
TI  - Optimal task performance of antagonistic muscles.
AB  - Movements against a variety of loads are relatively invariant in form. These
      movements are controlled in general by antagonistic groups of muscles. In this
      paper optimal control strategies are computed for coupling antagonistic muscles
      so as to minimize deviations from a desired trajectory. Simulations are presented
      for linear and nonlinear "decision functions" linking control of the two muscles
      for a variety of movements in a way that may be compared with experimental
      observations.

PMID- 2291906
TI  - Self-organization of associative memory and pattern classification: recurrent
      signal processing on topological feature maps.
AB  - We extend the neural concepts of topological feature maps towards self
      organization of auto-associative memory and hierarchical pattern classification.
      As is well-known, topological maps for statistical data sets store information on
      the associated probability densities. To extract that information we introduce a
      recurrent dynamics of signal processing. We show that the dynamics converts a
      topological map into an auto-associative memory for real-valued feature vectors
      which is capable to perform a cluster analysis. The neural network scheme thus
      developed represents a generalization of non-linear matrix-type associative
      memories. The results naturally lead to the concept of a feature atlas and an
      associated scheme of self-organized, hierarchical pattern classification.

PMID- 2291907
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion during the postpartum anestrous period
      of the ewe.
AB  - An increase in episodic release of LH is putatively the initial event leading to
      the onset of postpartum ovarian cyclicity in ewes. This experiment was conducted
      to determine the relationship between hypothalamic release of GnRH and onset of
      pulsatile secretion of LH during postpartum anestrus. Control ewes (n = 7) were
      monitored during the postpartum period to determine when normal estrous cycles
      resumed. In controls, the mean interval from parturition to the first postpartum
      estrus as indicated by a rise in serum progesterone greater than 1 ng/mg was 25.8
      +/- 0.6 days. Additional ewes (n = 4-5) at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days postpartum (+/-
      1 day) were surgically fitted with cannula for collection of hypophyseal-portal
      blood. Hypophyseal-portal and jugular blood samples were collected over a 6- to 7
      h period at 10-min intervals. The number of GnRH pulses/6 h increased (p less
      than 0.05) from Day 3 postpartum (2.2 +/- 0.5) to Days 7 and 14 (3.6 +/- 0.2 and
      3.9 +/- 0.4, respectively). A further increase (p less than 0.05) in GnRH pulse
      frequency was observed at Day 21 postpartum (6.4 +/- 0.4 pulses/6 h). Changes in
      pulsatile LH release paralleled changes observed in pulsatile GnRH release over
      Days 3, 7, 14, and 21 postpartum (0.83 +/- 0.3, 2.8 +/- 0.4, 2.9 +/- 0.6, and 4.0
      +/- 1.1 pulses/6 h, respectively). GnRH pulse amplitude was higher at Day 21 than
      at Days 3, 7, or 14 postpartum. These findings suggest that an increase in the
      frequency of GnRH release promotes the onset of pulsatile LH release during
      postpartum anestrus in ewes.

PMID- 2291908
TI  - Bovine theca and granulosa cell interactions modulate their growth, morphology,
      and function.
AB  - We have developed a culture system in which bovine granulosa and theca cells are
      allowed to attach to opposite sides of a collagen membrane. We studied the
      interaction between theca and granulosa cells by investigating the morphology,
      proliferation, and steroidogenesis of the cells. Granulosa cells cultured alone
      were flattened and polygonal and formed monolayer sheets. Granulosa cells
      cocultured with theca cells formed multilayer sheets. The apical surface of each
      cell appeared convex. Numerous filopodia spread over the cellular surface
      connecting cells. Theca cells cultured alone were thin, flat, and spindle-shaped.
      Theca cells cocultured with granulosa cells were also spindle-shaped; however,
      the apical surface appeared convex. Cocultured cells were more densely packed
      than theca cells cultured alone. The number of both granulosa and theca cells in
      the cocultured group increased approximately twofold compared to control cells
      cultured alone. Progesterone content per 1 x 10(5) granulosa cells in 24-h
      culture medium of the cocultured group was reduced to 40% of that of the control
      group. In contrast, androstenedione content per 1 x 10(5) theca cells of the
      cocultured group increased approximately threefold compared to androstenedione
      content of control group. These results indicate that communication between these
      two types of follicular cells results in reciprocal modulation of their
      proliferation, morphology, and function.

PMID- 2291910
TI  - Photoperiod, melatonin secretion, and sexual maturation in a tropical rodent.
AB  - Descendants of a sample of cane mice (Zygodontomys brevicauda) trapped at 8
      degrees latitude in Venezuela were tested for reproductive photoresponsiveness.
      This species breeds continuously, year around, despite living in a seasonally
      harsh habitat. At 50 days of age there were no differences in the weights of the
      testes or seminal vesicles or in sperm counts of males born and reared on 16L:8D,
      13L:11D, 11L:13D, or 8L:16D photoperiods, although there were small differences
      in body weight. Females born and reared on 16L:8D vs. 8L:16D cycles became
      pregnant at the same rates and ages when paired with males at 21 or 31 days of
      age. The daily duration of melatonin secretion depended on the length of the dark
      phase of the cycle in both sexes. Circulating levels of melatonin were elevated
      for 8 h on a 16L:8D cycle and for between 9 and 16 h on an 8L:16D cycle. In this
      tropical species, the neuroendocrine pathway that links photoperiod to
      reproduction apparently is disconnected somewhere between melatonin and
      gonadotropin secretion, causing cane mice to be reproductively unresponsive to
      variation in photoperiod.

PMID- 2291909
TI  - In vitro fertilization and embryo development in vitro and in vivo in the tiger
      (Panthera tigris).
AB  - A study was conducted to evaluate the adaptability to the tiger of an in vitro
      fertilization/embryo culture system previously developed in the domestic cat. In
      Trial I (July 1989), 10 female tigers were treated with either 2,500 (n = 5) or
      5,000 (n = 5) IU eCG i.m. and with 2,000 IU hCG i.m. 84 h later. In Trial II
      (January 1990), 6 females (5 of which were treated in Trial I) were given 2,500
      IU eCG i.m. and 2,000 IU hCG i.m. 84 h later. Twenty-four to twenty-six hours
      after hCG treatment, all tigers were subjected to laparoscopy, and oocytes were
      aspirated transabdominally. On the basis of follicular development (follicles
      greater than or equal to 2 mm in diameter), all females responded to exogenous
      gonadotropins (range, 6-52 follicles/female). Follicle number and oocyte recovery
      rate were unaffected (p greater than 0.05) by eCG dose or time of year. A total
      of 456 oocytes were collected from 468 follicles (97.4% recovery; mean, 28.5 +/-
      3.4 oocytes/female). Of these, 378 (82.9%) qualified as mature, 48 (10.5%) as
      immature, and 30 (6.6%) as degenerate. During Trial I, 8 electroejaculates were
      collected from 7 male tigers, and in Trial II, 3 semen samples were collected
      from 3 males. Motile sperm were recovered on each occasion; the overall mean (+/-
      SEM) ejaculate volume was 7.5 +/- 0.7 ml, the number of motile sperm/ejaculate
      was 105.9 +/- 20.6 x 10(6), and the percentage of structurally normal
      sperm/ejaculate was 81.4 +/- 2.0%. After swim-up processing, 0.05 x 10(6) motile
      sperm were co-cultured with 10 or fewer tiger oocytes in a humidified atmosphere
      (38 degrees C) of 5% CO2 in air. Of the 358 mature oocytes inseminated, 227
      (63.4%) were fertilized. Oocytes from 2 females became contaminated in culture
      and, therefore, were excluded from embryo cleavage calculations. Of the remaining
      195 fertilized oocytes, 187 (95.9%) cleaved to the two-cell stage. No
      parthenogenetic cleavage was observed in noninseminated control oocytes (n = 20).
      Eighty-six good-to-excellent-quality two- to four-cell embryos were transferred
      surgically into the oviducts of 4 of the original oocyte donors in Trial I and 2
      females in Trial II. A pregnancy occurred in 1 female in Trial II, and 3 live
      born cubs were delivered by Caesarean section 107 days after embryo transfer. Of
      the 56 cleaved embryos cultured in vitro in Ham's F10 for 72 h, 14 (25.0%) were
      at the sixteen-cell stage, and 15 (26.8%) were morulae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2291911
TI  - Paradoxical effects of maternal stress on fetal steroids and postnatal
      reproductive traits in female mice from different intrauterine positions.
AB  - We examined effects of maternal stress on prenatal serum concentrations of
      testosterone and estradiol and on postnatal reproductive traits in female mice
      from different intrauterine positions. On Day 18 of fetal life, control females
      positioned in utero between two male fetuses (2M females) had higher
      concentrations of testosterone and lower concentrations of estradiol in serum
      than control female fetuses located between two females (0M females). Control
      females positioned between a male and a female fetus (1M females) had
      intermediate levels of both hormones. Prior intrauterine position in control
      females accounted for differences in genital morphology (length of the anogenital
      separation) at birth and length of estrous cycles during adulthood. Maternal
      stress eliminated these postnatal differences due to prior intrauterine position:
      all 0M, 1M, and 2M female offspring of stressed mothers exhibited postnatal
      traits that were indistinguishable from those of control 2M females. Maternal
      stress resulted in an increase of over 1 ng/ml in serum testosterone in all
      female fetuses; the magnitude of the increase was similar for 0M, 1M, and 2M
      females. There was no effect of maternal stress on serum concentrations of
      estradiol in 0M and 2M female fetuses. Maternal stress resulted in a dramatic
      change in the postnatal traits of 0M females, whereas 2M females showed no
      change. Since the effect of maternal stress on sex steroids was similar among
      fetuses from different intrauterine positions but postnatal response to maternal
      stress varied by intrauterine position, other components of the endocrine system
      may mediate effects of maternal stress on these postnatal characteristics.

PMID- 2291912
TI  - Effects of hysterectomy and uterine decidualization on in vivo levels of
      prostaglandins in the corpus luteum of adult pseudopregnant rats.
AB  - A possible role of the uterus in regulating content of luteal prostaglandins
      (PGs) was investigated. Pseudopregnancy was induced in adult virgin female rats
      by mating them with vasectomized male rats. On Day 5 of pseudopregnancy,
      decidualization of the uterus was induced or hysterectomy was performed. As
      controls, intact pseudopregnant animals with a luteal phase of 13 +/- 1 days were
      used. Measurements of in vivo tissue levels of PGF2 alpha, PGE2, and 6-keto-PGF1
      alpha were performed by RIA after homogenization and extraction procedures in CL
      of pseudopregnancy and remainder of ovaries on Days 5, 13, and 19. Serum levels
      of progesterone and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone were determined by RIA. In
      hysterectomized animals, PGF2 alpha levels increased 2.5-fold in corpora lutea on
      Day 13 compared with levels on Day 5 of pseudopregnancy, but were still lower
      than in control rats undergoing functional luteolysis on Day 13. Decidual-tissue
      bearing rats exhibited low levels of PGF2 alpha on Day 13 of pseudopregnancy. On
      Day 19, when luteolysis had occurred in decidual-tissue-bearing and
      hysterectomized rats, as judged by plasma levels of progestins, luteal content of
      PGF2 alpha was elevated to a similar level as that in control animals undergoing
      functional luteolysis on Day 13. When data pooled from control, decidual-tissue
      bearing and hysterectomized rats were analyzed, a highly significant inverse
      correlation (r = -0.72, n = 46, p less than 0.001) between luteal PGF2 alpha
      content and ratio of plasma progestins was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2291913
TI  - Morphometrical analysis of Sertoli cell ultrastructure during the seminiferous
      epithelial cycle in rats.
AB  - Stage-dependent variations of Sertoli cell organelles during the seminiferous
      epithelial cycle were analyzed morphometrically in rats by use of a point
      counting method. Cyclic changes in volume and surface area of various organelles
      were observed. Mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum increased at stages
      VII-VIII and stage VII, respectively. Lipid droplets accumulated markedly after
      spermiation, decreased rapidly after meiotic division, and remained at low levels
      for stages IV-VIII. The most prominent change was a topographic alteration of the
      Golgi apparatus. It was usually located exclusively in the basal cytoplasm, but
      shifted upwards to the mid and apical cytoplasm at stages VII-VIII. This shift
      may be implicated in an increase of plasma membrane and lysosomes in these
      regions. Consecutive increases of primary and secondary lysosomes were observed
      twice in the basal and mid cytoplasm. The first peak of the primary lysosomes at
      stage IV was followed by the first peak of the secondary lysosomes at stage VI;
      and the second peak of the primary lysosomes at stages VII-IX was followed by the
      second peak of the secondary lysosomes at stage IX. These consecutive increases
      may indicate that Sertoli cells anticipate the increase of structures to be
      removed and accordingly produce primary lysosomes before their appearance.

PMID- 2291914
TI  - Luteinizing hormone-enhanced in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes with and
      without protein supplementation.
AB  - Luteinizing hormone was shown to enhance maturation of immature oocytes obtained
      from slaughtered cattle as reflected by elevated proportions of oocytes that
      fertilized and reached blastocyst stages in vitro after in vitro fertilization
      (IVF). Higher proportions of ova were fertilized in vitro after in vitro
      maturation (IVM) in modified TCM-199 (TCM-199 + BSA + LH [USDA-bLH-B-5, 100
      micrograms/ml]) than in TCM-199 alone (p less than 0.01). Further improvement in
      IVF (p less than 0.005) followed IVM when 20% proestrous (Day 20) bovine serum
      replaced the BSA, but similar proportions of inseminated ova (22.2% and 22.6%)
      developed into blastocysts. The positive LH effect was verified in defined
      conditions for IVM. Exposure of oocytes to the purified LH preparation (without
      any other added protein or biological substances) during IVM improved IVF (39.7%
      in TCM-199 vs. 73.5% in TCM-199 + LH; p less than 0.001) and blastocyst
      development (7.9% vs. 28.2%; p less than 0.005), respectively. Efforts to better
      define effective concentrations of LH revealed no difference in viability after
      IVM with 50 micrograms LH/ml vs. 100 micrograms LH/ml (27.0% vs. 28.3%,
      respectively); 10 micrograms LH/ml did not enhance viability when compared to TCM
      199 alone (10.8% vs. 9.9%). Results demonstrate potential utility of this
      approach for investigation of factors influencing mammalian development by
      specific effects initiated during the interval of oocyte maturation.

PMID- 2291915
TI  - Platelet activating factor activity in the phospholipids of bovine spermatozoa.
AB  - Platelet activating factor (PAF) has been detected in sperm from several
      mammalian species and can affect sperm motility and fertilization. Because bovine
      sperm contain a high percentage of ether-linked phospholipid precursors required
      for PAF synthesis, a study was undertaken to determine the PAF activity of bovine
      sperm phospholipids. Total lipids of washed, ejaculated bull sperm were
      extracted, and phospholipids were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography.
      Individual phospholipid fractions were assayed for PAF activity on the basis of
      [3H]serotonin release from equine platelets. PAF activity was detected in the PAF
      fraction (1.84 pmol/mumol total phospholipid) and in serine/inositol (PS/PI),
      choline (CP), and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride (EP) and cardiolipin (CA)
      fractions. Activity was highest in the CP fraction (8.05 pmol/mumol total
      phospholipid). Incomplete resolution of PAF and neutral lipids may have
      contributed to the activity in the PS/PI and CA fractions, respectively.
      Phospholipids from nonsperm sources did not stimulate serotonin release. Platelet
      activation by purified PAF and by sperm phospholipid fractions was inhibited by
      the receptor antagonist SRI 63-675. These results indicate that bovine sperm
      contain PAF and that other sperm phospholipids, especially CP and EP, which are
      high in glycerylether components, are capable of receptor-mediated platelet
      activation.

PMID- 2291916
TI  - Effects of gonadotropin on ovarian intrafollicular processes during the
      development of oocyte maturational competence in a teleost, the Atlantic croaker:
      evidence for two distinct stages of gonadotropin control of final oocyte
      maturation.
AB  - Full-grown oocytes of Atlantic croaker are insensitive to maturation-inducing
      steroid (MIS) unless they are primed with gonadotropin (GtH). The objective of
      this study was to examine the mechanism of GtH-induced maturational competence in
      croaker oocytes. Specifically, we determined the in vitro secretion of steroids
      by intact ovarian follicles of unprimed or hCG-primed fish, the direct effects of
      steroids on maturational competence, and the effects of steroid (cyanoketone),
      protein (cycloheximide), and RNA (actinomycin D) synthesis inhibitors on hCG
      induced maturational competence and steroidogenesis in vitro. The steroid content
      of the incubation medium after hCG treatment was measured by RIA. The effects of
      hCG or exogenous steroid treatment on maturational competence were determined by
      recording the incidence of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) after MIS-induced
      GVBD in a standard bioassay. Our major findings were: (1) induction of
      maturational competence occurred after exposure of ovarian follicles to hCG
      either in vivo or in vitro; (2) MIS secretion was detected in follicles of hCG
      primed fish but not unprimed fish, and no MIS secretion was observed during hCG
      induction of maturational competence in vitro; (3) treatment with cyanoketone
      blocked the hCG-dependent secretion of testosterone and estradiol but not the
      development of maturational competence; (4) treatment with MIS or various other
      exogenous steroids in the absence of hCG did not induce maturational competence;
      and (5) hCG-induced maturational competence was inhibited by cycloheximide and
      actinomycin D. Therefore, the mechanisms of GtH induction of oocyte maturation in
      Atlantic croaker can be described in two distinct stages: a delta-4 steroid
      (including MIS) and estrogen-independent priming stage followed by a MIS-mediated
      GVBD stage. The priming stage may involve mechanisms requiring RNA as well as
      protein synthesis.

PMID- 2291917
TI  - Localization of cellular retinol-binding protein mRNA in rat testis and
      epididymis and its stage-dependent expression during the cycle of the
      seminiferous epithelium.
AB  - Anatomical localization of cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) mRNA was
      examined in normal rat testis and epididymis and also in retinoid-deficient rat
      testis. In situ hybridization was performed with 35S-labeled rat CRBP cRNA probes
      on frozen tissue sections. In normal testis, CRBP mRNA was mainly localized in
      the Sertoli cells and to some extent in peritubular cells. A distinct cyclic
      variation of the relative levels of hybridizable CRBP mRNA was observed during
      the spermatogenic cycle. The peak of CRBP mRNA content was seen in the stages of
      the cycle that preceded those in which peak CRBP protein content had been
      observed previously in our laboratory by immunohistochemistry. No appreciable
      amount of CRBP mRNA was observed in the interstitial space or in the lumen of the
      tubules. CRBP mRNA displayed the same anatomical localization in the retinoid
      deficient testis, but the level of hybridizable CRBP mRNA was substantially
      reduced. A strong hybridization signal for CRBP mRNA was seen in proximal
      epididymis and was strikingly localized in the ductular epithelium. CRBP mRNA was
      not detectable in the distal portion of the epididymis. These studies provide
      information about the cell-specific expression of CRBP synthesis within the
      testis and epididymis and about its cyclic variation and regulation.

PMID- 2291918
TI  - Effects of estradiol and progesterone on early embryonic development in aging
      rats.
AB  - Regularly cyclic, middle-aged female rats exhibit a decreased incidence of
      fertility, and those females that are fertile produce small litters. These
      decreases in fertility and litter size are associated with reduced numbers of
      normal blastocysts formed and implanted, suggesting that pre- and/or peri
      implantation failures may be the causes for these aging-related reproductive
      declines. The present study examined the relationships and influence of
      circulating estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) levels on early embryonic
      development and implantation in middle-aged rats. Serial blood samples obtained
      from cannulated, middle-aged pregnant rats revealed minor decreases in plasma P
      and increases in E2 levels during Days 2-4 of pregnancy, compared to young
      pregnant rats, resulting in significantly (p less than 0.001) decreased plasma
      P/E2 ratios. These alterations in endogenous hormone secretion in middle-aged
      pregnant rats were associated with fewer normal blastocysts on Day 5 of pregnancy
      and reduced numbers of normally implanting embryos. Correlation analysis further
      revealed a significant (p less than 0.05) inverse relationship between mean
      circulating E2 levels and numbers of normal conceptuses on Day 12 of gestation.
      Moreover, s.c. administration of P implants (in Silastic) to middle-aged pregnant
      rats increased serum P levels by about 34-40 ng/ml, and significantly (p less
      than 0.05) reduced the incidence of abnormal embryos before implantation. In
      contrast, treatment with E2 minipumps produced a sustained rise in serum E2 (by
      about 7-15 pg/ml) and resulted in the complete absence of embryos in the
      reproductive tracts by Day 5 of pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291919
TI  - Changes in the distribution of mouse oocyte cortical granules and ability to
      undergo the cortical reaction during gonadotropin-stimulated meiotic maturation
      and aging in vivo.
AB  - Mouse oocyte cortical granule (CG) activation and distribution were investigated
      during in vivo meiotic maturation to determine the onset of competence to undergo
      the cortical reaction, which is considered responsible for the block to
      polyspermy. In the present study, the resumption of oocyte maturation was
      stimulated by hCG administration. Competence to undergo the cortical reaction
      (assessed with calcium ionophore A23187) was undetectable (0% loss) in germinal
      vesicle-stage oocytes 0.5 h after hCG administration. When germinal vesicle
      breakdown and metaphase I had taken place (3 and 7 h post hCG, respectively),
      approximately 30% CG loss was observed. Maximal (A23187-inducible) levels of CG
      loss, 67% and 72%, were present at 10 and 13 h, respectively, during metaphase
      II. Cortical granule distribution changed dramatically during metaphase I, polar
      body formation, metaphase II, and post-ovulatory aging in vivo. A stable
      metaphase II distribution was present from 13 to 18 h. After 24 and 32 h, 28% and
      83% of the eggs, respectively, exhibited major alterations in the cortical
      distribution of CGs, some of which did not appear to be susceptible to release by
      A23187. These data support the hypothesis that just before ovulation the egg
      cortex completes the development of its normal structure and physiological
      competence, which are maintained for only a brief period of time afterward. The
      implications are discussed for normal fertilization and polyspermy in mammals,
      including humans.

PMID- 2291921
TI  - Changes in the concentration and size of testicular macrophages during
      development.
AB  - Structural and functional interactions exist between Leydig cells and testicular
      macrophages of adult rats. Since the function of Leydig cells changes during
      critical periods of development and postnatal maturation, it is possible that
      macrophages are in part involved in regulating this process. As a first step
      towards gaining an understanding of the development of this paracrine phenomenon,
      I have undertaken a series of studies designed to determine when macrophages
      first become identifiable in the fetal tests and to determine whether the
      concentration or size of macrophages changes during important stages of
      testicular maturation. Macrophages were identified immunohistochemically in
      frozen sections of testis from rats at various prenatal and postnatal ages using
      commercially available monoclonal antibodies to proteins specific to rat
      macrophages. It was found that macrophages positive for these antigens were found
      only within the interstitial compartment and were commonly associated with
      clusters of presumptive Leydig cells that were negative for these antigens.
      Macrophages were first identifiable in the testis at Day 19 of fetal development.
      The number of macrophages/unit area of interstitium increased 15-fold between Day
      20 of gestation and Day 47 postpartum. The cross-sectional area of the
      macrophages increased 1.7-fold between Days 13 and 47 postpartum. These results
      demonstrate that the number and size of testicular macrophages changes with age,
      suggesting a role for these cells during important times of testicular
      development and maturation.

PMID- 2291920
TI  - Factors affecting the efficiency of nuclear transplantation in the rabbit embryo.
AB  - Procedures to improve nuclear transplantation efficiency in the rabbit were
      evaluated. We report the influence of recipient oocyte age on the different steps
      of nuclear transplantation. The effect of multiple pulses and the influence of
      manipulation medium and cytochalasin B in the post-fusion/activation medium on
      activation and development were studied. Recently ovulated oocytes were
      enucleated at a higher rate (60%) than aged oocytes (3%, p less than 0.005); they
      also fused at a higher rate (85% vs. 26%, p less than 0.001). Activation was low
      with freshly ovulated oocytes compared to aged oocytes (3% vs. 37%, respectively;
      p less than 0.005), but was increased by using multiple pulses (85% vs. 68%, p
      less than 0.05). Multiple pulses also improved development to blastocysts (48%
      vs. 5%, p less than 0.001). Incubation of oocytes in a bicarbonate-buffered
      medium with 10% fetal calf serum for manipulation also enhanced rates of
      activation (100% vs. 89%, p less than 0.05) and development of oocytes to
      blastocysts (77% vs. 26%, p less than 0.001). Furthermore, 7.5 micrograms/ml
      cytochalasin B in the post-fusion/activation medium increased activation rates
      (78% vs. 50%, p less than 0.05) and development to blastocysts of manipulated
      embryos (46% vs. 11%, p less than 0.001). When the above modifications were
      applied, 10% (23/230) of the total nuclear transplant embryos (8-16-cell-stage
      donor nuclei) or 21% (23/110) of those transferred to recipients developed to
      offspring, rates similar to the development of nonmanipulated control embryos
      (10%, 4/41, p greater than 0.1).

PMID- 2291922
TI  - Evidence that an Arg-Gly-Asp adhesion sequence plays a role in mammalian
      fertilization.
AB  - The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence is known to play a role in many recognition
      systems involved in cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion. In our experiments
      we demonstrated that an RGD-dependent recognition is involved in sperm-oolemmal
      adhesion and egg penetration. Following coincubation of RGD-containing
      oligopeptides in a heterologous system (human sperm and zona-free hamster eggs),
      a significant decrease in the number of oolemma-adherent sperm was noted at 15
      microM RGDV (Arg-Gly-Asp-Val) and at 5 microM GRGDTP (Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Thr-Pro),
      and fertilization was completely inhibited at 250 microM RGDV and 30 microM
      GRGDTP. In a homologous system (hamster sperm and zona-free hamster eggs), a
      concentration-dependent decrease in oolemmal adhesion and egg penetration was
      also noted, with complete inhibition of fertilization at 200 microM GRGDTP. The
      specificity of the receptor was confirmed by the fact that small changes in
      aminoacid composition impaired the peptide's effectiveness and that peptide
      dependent inhibition of fertilization was partially reversible in competition
      studies. The presence of a molecule on the oolemma capable of binding the RGD
      sequence was demonstrated by using immunobeads coupled with an RGD-containing
      hexapeptide (GRGDTP), which rosetted over the egg surface in a manner reversible
      by the addition of free GRGDTP in the medium.

PMID- 2291923
TI  - Intraspecific blastocyst reconstitution in mice using giant trophectodermal
      vesicles produced by multiple embryo aggregation.
AB  - Giant trophectodermal (TE) vesicles, produced by aggregating multiple embryos,
      were evaluated as a means of enhancing the viability of reconstituted murine
      blastocysts. Previous studies have indicated that the development of chimeric
      conceptuses produced by multiple embryo aggregation is impaired, thus the initial
      objective here was to examine how this is affected by 1) differences in
      developmental rates of individual embryos comprising the aggregates, 2) lengths
      of in vitro culture, and 3) incompatibilities between maternal hosts and chimeric
      fetal allografts. The results indicate that the viability of aggregates was
      influenced by embryo genotype and length of in vitro culture. The average number
      of B6D2-F1 x BL/6 offspring resulting from aggregates cultured for 0.7 day was
      not significantly different (p greater than 0.05) from that obtained from either
      embryo singletons cultured for 0.7 and 1.7 days (2.9 +/- 0.3 and 3.9 +/- 0.4,
      respectively) or from nonmanipulated controls (3.2 +/- 0.2 and 4.3 +/- 0.3,
      respectively). Blastocyst reconstitution studies were then conducted using giant
      TE vesicles from B6D2-F1 x BL/6 mice and inner cell masses from C3H mice. The
      average number of C3H offspring produced (2.7 +/- 0.1) was not significantly
      different (p greater than 0.05) from that of B6D2-F1 x BL/6 embryo aggregates
      (3.2 +/- 0.6) or of nonmanipulated controls (4.3 +/- 0.3). The results
      demonstrate that giant TE vesicles can be effectively used for intraspecific
      blastocyst reconstitution in mice.

PMID- 2291924
TI  - Regulation of the biopotency of primate luteinizing hormone by gonadotropin
      releasing hormone in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Gonadotropin biological/immunological (B/I) ratios have proven to be valuable
      indicators of the biopotencies of LH and FSH. Observations of rapidly changing LH
      B/I have been made which suggest the existence of a readily mobilized pool of
      highly bioactive pituitary gonadotropins. To test this hypothesis, we have
      examined the role of GnRH in the regulation of LH B/I in vivo and in vitro. The
      rhesus monkey was used as a model due to its many physiological similarities with
      the human. A rapid elevation in circulating LH B/I was observed following GnRH
      administration to male monkeys that was sustained for at least 2 h (15 min; p
      less than 0.05). The administration of 1 or 10 nM GnRH to cultured pituitary
      cells was found to significantly increase the B/I of secreted, but not
      intracellular, LH (p less than 0.05). In unstimulated controls, the B/I of
      intracellular LH was higher than that of secreted LH (p less than 0.05). These
      findings are consistent with the notion that a pool of highly active LH exists
      within the gonadotrophs in primates. One way that GnRH may regulate the
      bioactivity of circulating LH is by rapidly mobilizing this gonadotropin pool.

PMID- 2291925
TI  - Importance of glycolysable substrates for in vitro capacitation of human
      spermatozoa.
AB  - To investigate the importance of glycolysable substrate for supporting the
      ability of human sperm to capacitate and penetrate oocytes in vitro, washed
      spermatozoa were incubated with or without various sugars in BWW culture medium
      containing pyruvate and lactate. Sperm penetration was assayed using zona-free
      hamster oocytes. After an 18-h preincubation, glucose (1 mg/ml) supported higher
      penetration of sperm into oocytes than either mannose or fructose (60.7% vs.
      28.2% or 21.5%, respectively) at the same concentration. Penetration was even
      lower when medium contained the nonmetabolizable sugar galactose (2.1% at 1
      mg/ml). On the other hand, higher concentrations (5 or 10 mg/ml) of glucose, but
      not fructose, suppressed penetration, provided the glucose was present throughout
      the 18-h preincubation. When caffeine, a stimulant of glycolysis in human sperm,
      was present along with glucose, sperm penetration was enhanced, but only after 6
      h of sperm preincubation. This effect was not observed in glucose-free medium,
      however, where penetration remained low over a 10-h incubation period. In these
      experiments, the percentage of motile sperm was unaffected by treatment, but the
      quality of motility was diminished in the absence of glucose. We conclude that
      stimulation of glycolysis may promote capacitation of human spermatozoa in vitro
      and that optimization of penetrating ability of sperm is dependent upon both the
      type and concentration of glycolysable sugar present.

PMID- 2291926
TI  - Prostatic ductal system in rats: regional variation in morphological and
      functional activities.
AB  - The rat prostate is a complex ductal system with branches and subbranches
      extending from one end to another. Owing to the relative distance of various
      regions of the duct from the urethra, the entire length of the ductal system can
      be arbitrarily divided into three segments, i.e., the proximal, intermediate, and
      distal segments. The present study was carried out to assess the regional
      variation in cellular activities in this ductal system. Ventral prostates from
      adult Sprague-Dawley rats were dissected so that an individual ductal system was
      mechanically isolated and longitudinally sectioned to reveal various segments.
      Epithelial cells lining distal segments were tall-columnar type and were actively
      engaging in mitotic activity. Cells in intermediate segments were also tall
      columnar type. However, they were mitotically quiescent, but able to produce
      secretory proteins. Evidence of programmed cell death was not observed in either
      of these two segments. Cells in proximal segments, on the other hand, were low
      columnar or cuboidal in shape and were stained heavily for cathepsin D, a marker
      associated with late manifestation of cell death. Following castration in adult
      rats, there was a reversal in the site of programmed death in cells lining the
      ductal system. By Day 4 post-castration, distal segments contained many
      epithelial cells with intense cytoplasmic staining for cathepsin D while proximal
      segments showed a reduction in number of positively stained cells. By Day 7 post
      castration, cells in proximal segments, though atrophied, were devoid of staining
      for cathepsin D.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291927
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of the epidermal growth factor receptor in mouse
      testis.
AB  - The distribution of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in mouse testis
      was ascertained by immunocytochemical methodology using a polyclonal antibody
      (RK2) shown previously to recognize the cytoplasmic domain of the human (A431
      cells), murine (Swiss 3T3 cells), and chicken (CK 109 cells) EGFR. Initial
      studies performed to determine the usefulness of this antibody as a probe of the
      murine EGFR in testis employed two murine cell lines, TM4 and MA10, of Sertoli
      cell and Leydig cell origin, respectively, in which a physiological response of
      EGF and specific binding of iodinated EGF has been demonstrated. Western blotting
      in membrane preparations of TM4 and MA10 revealed only one prominent band at 170
      kDa. Immunocytochemical localization in TM4 and MA10 cells illustrated a plasma
      membrane distribution of the receptor. Western blotting of membrane fractions
      prepared from testis also revealed a specific band at 170 kDa. In the intact
      testis, the EGFR was immunolocalized specifically in Leydig cells and Sertoli
      cells only. These results suggest that the involvement of EGF action in
      spermatogenesis may occur at the level of the somatic components of the testes,
      principally in the Leydig and Sertoli cells.

PMID- 2291928
TI  - In vitro differentiation of bovine theca and granulosa cells into small and large
      luteal-like cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
AB  - This study was undertaken to investigate whether bovine granulosa and theca
      interna cells could be luteinized in vitro into luteal-like cells. Granulosa and
      theca cells were cultured for 9 days in the presence of forskolin (10 microM),
      insulin (2 micrograms/ml), insulin-like growth factor I (100 ng/ml), or a
      combination of these agents. During the first day of culture, granulosa and theca
      cells secreted estradiol and androstenedione, respectively; progesterone rose
      only after 3-5 days in culture and reached a maximum on the ninth day of culture.
      Cells incubated in the presence of forskolin plus insulin exhibited morphological
      and functional characteristics of luteal cells isolated from the corpus luteum.
      It was found that cell diameter, basal and stimulated progesterone secretion, and
      pattern of cell replication for both cell types were comparable to those of
      luteal cells. Numerous lipid droplets and intensified mitochondrial adrenodoxin
      staining also indicated active steroidogenesis in luteinized cells. After 9 days
      in culture, stimulants were withdrawn, and the culture proceeded in basal medium
      for an additional 5 days; elevated progesterone levels were maintained by
      luteinized granulosa cells (LGC), whereas in contrast a dramatic drop in
      progesterone production was observed in luteinized theca cells (LTC). On Day 9,
      cells were challenged for 3 h with LH (10 ng/ml), forskolin (10 microM), or
      cholera toxin (100 ng/ml), resulting in a 4-fold increase in progesterone
      secretion by LTC; the same treatments failed to stimulate progesterone in
      LGC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291929
TI  - Identification and characterization of de novo-synthesized porcine oviductal
      secretory proteins.
AB  - Oviductal secretory products provide a biochemical environment important for
      establishment of pregnancy. A previous study identified three de novo-synthesized
      glycoproteins by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE as well as increased incorporation of
      [3H]Leu into secretory protein by whole oviduct and ampulla associated with
      proestrus, estrus, and metestrus only. Here, our objective was to further
      identify and characterize oviductal secretory proteins, specifically 115,000- and
      85,000-Mr estrus-associated proteins (EAP). Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE resolved the
      115,000-Mr protein into two proteins of 100,000 Mr, one basic and one acidic, and
      the 85,000-Mr protein into 75,000- and 85,000-Mr species (pI less than 4.0).
      Differential secretion of proteins between ampulla and isthmus was indicated. The
      100,000-, 75,000-, and 85,000-Mr proteins were synthesized by ampulla during
      estrus but not by isthmus nor by uterine endometrium. De novo-synthesized EAP
      were labeled with glucosamine, Leu, and Met, and the 75,000-85,000-Mr proteins
      from ampulla and a 30,000-Mr family from isthmus were labeled with fucose.
      Inorganic [35S]sulfate labeled three EAP. Fractionation of culture medium by gel
      filtration demonstrated differences between products secreted by ampulla and
      isthmus and suggested that some EAP may be found as high-molecular weight forms
      in the native state. Results indicate that porcine oviductal tissue synthesizes
      specific EAP at the time of fertilization and early cleavage-stage embryonic
      development, that there are differences in the type and distribution of
      glycoproteins from ampulla and isthmus, and that post-translational modifications
      occur with the addition of glucosamine, fucose, and inorganic sulfate.

PMID- 2291930
TI  - Effects of extracellular matrix on the expression of specific ovarian proteins.
AB  - A unique ovarian follicle cell culture system has been established to analyze the
      effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) on early granulosa cell differentiation.
      Primary and early secondary follicles isolated from ovaries of sexually immature
      rabbits were grown on poly-D-lysine or Englebreth-Holm-Swarm basement membrane
      biomatrix substrata (EHS) in serum-free, hormonally defined medium. Granulosa
      cells from these follicles were examined for growth pattern characteristics and
      for secretory protein synthesis by two-dimensional (2D) PAGE. Whereas some
      proteins were synthesized by cells on either matrix, the expression of other
      secreted proteins was markedly affected by the ECM used. Secretion of zona
      pellucida (ZP) proteins was demonstrated by ELISA assays and immunoblots of one
      dimensional (1D) and 2D-PAGE separations of secreted proteins probed with
      monoclonal and epitope-selected antibodies. Expression of two ZP proteins was
      altered by ECM: 55-kDa endo-beta-galactosidase (EBGD)-treated ZP glycoprotein (55
      kDaEBGD) was secreted by cells grown on either ECM, but a greater amount of 75
      kDaEBGD was secreted by cells grown on poly-D-lysine. These studies are the first
      to show that granulosa cells from early-stage follicles express ZP proteins in
      vitro in the absence of oocytes, although proper post-translational modification
      may not occur. They also demonstrate the dramatic effect of ECM on the expression
      of these and other secretory proteins.

PMID- 2291931
TI  - The distribution of melatonin binding sites in neuroendocrine tissues of the ewe.
AB  - Specific high-affinity binding of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin (IMEL) was examined in 20
      micrometer sections prepared from intact Suffolk ewes killed during late anestrus
      or the breeding season. The pars tuberalis contained by far the highest
      concentration of IMEL binding sites of all areas studied. Within the
      telencephalon, intense labeling was found in the mediolateral septum, the
      ventrolateral septal and septohypothalamic nuclei, the entorhinal cortex, the
      subiculum, and the inner and outer molecular layers of the hippocampus adjacent
      to the dentate gyrus. Melatonin binding in the medial preoptic nucleus, bed
      nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial preoptic area was less striking but
      still distinct. Among diencephalic regions, melatonin binding sites existed in
      low concentrations in the anterior hypothalamus, the tuberal medial basal
      hypothalamus, and the paraventricular thalamic and supramammillary nuclei. Little
      binding was evident in the suprachiasmatic or ventromedial nuclei. In the
      midbrain, significant binding was restricted to the ventral raphe complex and the
      inferior colliculus. Little specific binding was found in the pars distalis or
      the pineal gland. The distribution of melatonin binding in the sheep brain is
      discussed in the context of the influence of this pineal hormone upon seasonal
      changes in neuroendocrine function.

PMID- 2291932
TI  - Two sensitivity levels of cattle oocytes to puromycin.
AB  - Germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in cumulus-enclosed and denuded cattle oocytes
      was sensitive to puromycin at concentrations at or above 50 micrograms/ml. Media
      supplemented with 5-25 micrograms/ml of puromycin did not significantly reduce
      either rate or sequence of GVBD after 8 h of culture (82-96% GVBD). In
      concentrations of 50, 75, and 100 micrograms/ml, GVBD occurred in 15, 4, and 2%
      of oocytes, respectively. However, 50 micrograms puromycin/ml did postpone the
      time sequence of GVBD, since all treated oocytes underwent GVBD after 20 h of
      culture. Oocytes arrested in the germinal vesicle (GV) stage possessed GV filled
      with highly condensed bivalents. The puromycin block (100 micrograms/ml) was
      fully reversible, and the time sequence of GVBD was two times faster than in
      control medium. Proteins important for GVBD were synthesized during the first 4 h
      of culture, and 81% of oocytes underwent GVBD when puromycin (100 micrograms/ml)
      was added after 4 h of preincubation in control medium. The first polar body (I
      PB) expulsion was more sensitive to inhibition of protein synthesis, as shown by
      the observation that 2.5 and 5 micrograms puromycin/ml significantly (69 and 61%)
      reduced the incidence of Metaphase II, and 10 micrograms/ml highly significantly
      (31%) reduced it. The I PB expulsion in concentrations of 25 and 37 micrograms
      puromycin/ml was less than 5%. The subsequent culture in puromycin (8 h) and 6
      dimethylaminopurine (8 h) proved that nuclear membrane breakdown is less
      sensitive to inhibition of protein phosphorylation than the process of chromatin
      condensation.

PMID- 2291933
TI  - Expression of novel cytokine transcripts in the murine placenta.
AB  - It is increasingly apparent that lymphohematopoietic cytokines play a unique role
      during gestation. For example, placentally derived cells, including trophoblast
      and choriocarcinomas, respond to granulocyte-macrophage (GM)/colony-stimulating
      factor (CSF) and to colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), both formerly considered
      to be hematopoietic cytokines. It has been shown that CSF-1 is produced by the
      uterine epithelium and GM-CSF by the decidua. However, evidence is emerging that
      placentally derived cytokines may also influence reproductive function, and the
      question arises whether anything unique about their expression allows them to
      function in this particular environment. We have therefore analyzed the
      expression of cytokine genes in the murine placenta using a panel of cDNA probes
      that detect GM-CSF, CSF-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2,
      IL-3, and IL-5. We report here the detection of mRNA encoding IL-1, TNF, and CSF
      1 that are identical in size to those found in macrophage and fibroblast cell
      lines. In contrast, five distinct GM-CSF transcripts, four of which are larger
      than T-cell GM-CSF transcripts, were present. These novel transcripts ranged in
      size from 5.2, 3.9, 2.4, and 2.1 to 1 kb. Restriction analysis did not reveal any
      major structural alterations in the placental GM-CSF gene. Thus, the unique
      placental GM-CSF mRNAs detected most likely result from modified transcription of
      the GM-CSF gene in the placenta rather than transcription from a modified
      placental GM-CSF gene. Transcription of enkaryotic genes involves a number of
      regulatory mechanisms that can generate functionally and structurally diverse
      polypeptides from a single gene. Modified transcription of the GM-CSF gene in the
      placenta may serve to generate functionally diverse cytokines which provide the
      growth and differentiation signals that help to sustain pregnancy. This
      observation may clarify the unique role played by GM-CSF in reproductive
      function.

PMID- 2291934
TI  - Direct determination of crystallographic phases for diffraction data from
      phospholipid multilamellar arrays.
AB  - Direct determination of crystallographic phases based on probabilistic of sigma 1
      and sigma 2 "triplet" structure invariants has been found to be an effective
      technique for structure analysis with lamellar x-ray or electron diffraction
      intensity data from phospholipids. In many cases, nearly all phase values are
      determined, permitting a structure density (electron density for x-ray
      diffraction; electrostatic potential for electron diffraction) map to be
      calculated, which is directly interpretable in terms of known bilayer lipid
      structure. The major source of error is found to be due to the distortion of
      observed electron diffraction intensity data by incoherent multiple scattering,
      which can significantly affect the appearance of the electrostatic potential map,
      but not the success of the phase determination, as long as the observed Patterson
      function can be interpreted.

PMID- 2291935
TI  - Electropermeabilization of mammalian cells. Quantitative analysis of the
      phenomenon.
AB  - Transient membrane permeabilization by application of high electric field
      intensity pulses on cells (electropermeabilization) depends on several physical
      parameters associated with the technique (pulse intensity, number, and duration).
      In the present study, electropermeabilization is studied in terms of flow of
      diffusing molecules between cells and external medium. Direct quantification of
      the phenomenon shows that electric field intensity is a critical parameter in the
      induction of permeabilization. Electric field intensity must be higher than a
      critical threshold to make the membrane permeable. This critical threshold
      depends on the cell size. Extent of permeabilization (i.e., the flow rate across
      the membrane) is then controlled by both pulse number and duration. Increasing
      electric field intensity above the critical threshold needed for permeabilization
      results in an increase membrane area able to be permeabilized but not due to an
      increase in the specific permeability of the field alterated area. The
      electroinduced permeabilization is transient and disappears progressively after
      the application of the electric field pulses. Its life time is under the control
      of the electric field parameters. The rate constant of the annealing phase is
      shown to be dependent on both pulse duration and number, but is independent of
      electric field intensity which creates the permeabilization. The phenomenon is
      described in terms of membrane organization transition between the natural
      impermeable state and the electro-induced permeable state, phenomenon only
      locally induced for electric field intensities above a critical threshold and
      expanding in relation to both pulse number and duration.

PMID- 2291936
TI  - Density fluctuations in saturated phospholipid bilayers increase as the acyl
      chain length decreases.
AB  - A systematic computer simulation study is conducted for a model of the main phase
      transition of fully hydrated saturated diacyl phosphatidylcholine bilayers (DMPC,
      DPPC, and DSPC). With particular focus on the fluctuation effects on the thermal
      properties in the transition region, the study yields data for the specific heat,
      the lateral compressibility, and the lipid-domain size distribution. Via a simple
      model assumption the transmembrane passive ion permeability is derived from the
      lipid-domain interfacial measure. A comparative analysis of the various data
      shows, in agreement with a number of experiments, that the lateral density
      fluctuations and hence the response functions increase as the acyl-chain length
      is decreased.

PMID- 2291937
TI  - Fluorescence measurements of fusion between human erythrocytes induced by
      poly(ethylene glycol).
AB  - The kinetics of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-induced fusion between intact human
      erythrocytes was continuously monitored by a fluorescence lipid mixing method,
      utilizing the dequenching of the fluorescence probe, 1-oleoyl-2-[12-[(7-nitro
      2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]dodecanoyl ] phosphatidylcholine (C12-NBD-PC). The
      steady-state fluorescence intensity was detected from the surface of cells in a
      monolayer on an alcian blue-coated glass coverslip. The relief of fluorescence
      self-quenching after fusion between C12-NBD-PC labeled and unlabeled intact
      erythrocytes was measured. The extent of fluorescence dequenching was normalized
      based on the measured concentration of probes in membranes, the projected partial
      dequenching due both to dilution by intercellular fusion, and the dilution
      between the inner and outer leaflets of membranes (flip-flop). There was no
      significant increase in fluorescence intensity during PEG treatment of 5 min, at
      4 degrees C. Intensity increased immediately after the dilution of PEG, and
      reached saturation in 30 min. The efficiency of fusion increased with the
      increasing of PEG concentrations. Only 4% enhancement of saturated relative
      fluorescence intensity was detected in 25 wt% PEG-induced cell fusion; 23%
      enhancement in 30 wt%; and 66% enhancement in 35 wt%. The transfer of fluorescent
      probes between membrane bilayer leaflets (flip-flop) was also monitored during
      the fusion process. Flip-flop was monitored in confluent monolayers as well as in
      isolated cells. There was no significant spontaneous flip-flop within 30 min of
      dilution. The relative fluorescence intensity enhancement contributed by the
      dilution of probes between fused labeled and unlabeled cells (at a 1:1 ratio) was
      found to account for only 39% of the observed final dequenching, whereas the
      contribution by flip-flop associated with cell fusion was found to account for
      9%, and flip-flop without fusion contributed approximately 18%. A portion of the
      flip-flop is a consequence of hemolysis. Therefore, fluorescence dequenching
      measurements of fusion of whole cells must be interpreted with caution.

PMID- 2291938
TI  - Effect of lateral mobility of fluorescent probes in lipid mixing assays of cell
      fusion.
AB  - Monolayers of human erythrocytes, immobilized on a cover slip, were induced to
      fuse by polyethylene glycol (mol wt 8,000). The mobility of fluorescent probes, 1
      oleoyl-2-[12-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadizol-4-yl)amino]dodecanoyl] phosphatidyl
      choline (C12-NBD-PC), from labeled cells to unlabeled cells was monitored by
      video-enhanced fluorescence microscopy. A dequenching curve was obtained from the
      measurement of fluorescence intensities of pairs of fused cells over time. The
      dequenching curve and the curve obtained from macroscopic measurements of a cell
      monolayer (described in the preceding article) were compared and discussed. The
      slow probe transfer rate between a pair of fused cells was explained by a
      diffusion model based on membrane area conservation and the geometry of the
      fusion lumen. An equivalent lumen between two fused cells, thought to be the main
      rate limitation of probe mobility after fusion, was calculated to be
      approximately 130 nm in diameter. Lumens of 75 nm in diameter were observed by
      electron microscopy. Thus, the rate of macroscopic fluorescence dequenching
      depends not only upon the fusion efficiency, but also upon the number of
      simultaneous fusion partners, the geometry of their contact points, and the
      lateral mobility of the fluorescent probes through these points. The relative
      fusion efficiency can be derived only from the saturation dequenching values.

PMID- 2291940
TI  - Diffusion and redistribution of lipid-like molecules between membranes in virus
      cell and cell-cell fusion systems.
AB  - The kinetics of redistribution of lipid-like molecules between the membranes of
      two fused spherical vesicles is studied by solving the time-dependent diffusion
      equation of the system. The effects on the probe redistribution rate of pore size
      at the fusion junction and the relative sizes of the vesicles are examined. It is
      found that the redistribution rate constant decreases significantly, but not
      drastically, as the relative size of the pore to that of the vesicles decreases
      (the bottleneck effect). In general, the time scale of the probe redistribution
      rate is determined by the size of the vesicles that is loaded with the probe
      before the activation of the fusion. For a pore size 50 A in diameter and a
      typical diffusion coefficient of 10(-8) cm2/s for lipids, the mixing half times
      for typical virus-cell and cell-cell fusion systems are less than 30 ms and above
      200 s, respectively. Thus, although the redistribution of lipid-like probes by
      diffusion is not rate limiting in virus-cell fusion, redistribution by diffusion
      is close to rate limiting in spike-protein mediated cell-cell fusion.

PMID- 2291939
TI  - Quantum efficiencies of bacteriorhodopsin photochemical reactions.
AB  - Determination of quantum efficiencies of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) photoreactions is
      an essential step toward a full understanding of its light-driven proton-pumping
      mechanism. The bR molecules can be photoconverted into and from a K state, which
      is stable at 110 K. I measured the absorption spectra of pure bR, and the
      photoequilibrium states of bR and K generated with 420, 460, 500, 510, 520, 540,
      560, 570, 580, 590, and 600 nm illumination at 110 K. The fraction of the K
      population in the photoequilibrium state, fk, is determined by AbR and AK the
      absorbances of the bR and K states at the excitation wavelengths, and also by phi
      1 and phi 2, the quantum efficiencies for the bR to K and K to bR
      photoconversion: fK = phi 1 AbR/(phi 1AbR + phi 2Ak). By assuming that the ratio
      phi 1/phi 2 is the same at two different but close wavelengths, for example 570
      and 580 nm, the value of phi 1/phi 2 at 570 and 580 nm was determined to be 0.55
      +/- 0.02, and the spectrum of the K state was obtained with the peak absorbance
      at 607 nm. The values of phi 1/phi 2 at the other excitation wavelengths were
      then evaluated using the known K spectrum, and show almost no dependence on the
      excitation wavelength within the main band. The result phi 1/phi 2 = 0.55 +/-
      0.02 disagrees with those of many other groups. The advantages of this method
      over others are its minimal assumptions and its straightforward procedure.

PMID- 2291941
TI  - Correlation analysis of gap junction lattice images.
AB  - Fourier averages of connexon images computed from low-irradiation electron
      micrographs of isolated negatively stained gap junction domains exhibited
      differences in stain distribution and connexon orientation. To analyze these
      polymorphic structures, correlation averaging methods were applied to images from
      negatively stained and frozen-hydrated specimens. For the negatively stained
      specimens, separate averages over two subsets of connexons with differing degrees
      of stain accumulation in the axial channel were obtained. Two populations of
      connexons with opposite skew orientations were distinguishable within a single
      junctional domain of a frozen-hydrated specimen. Correlation maps calculated
      using the left- and right-skewed references showed that the selected connexons
      tend to locally cluster. Using correlation methods to analyze packing disorder in
      a typical connexon lattice, we estimated the root-mean-square variation in the
      nearest neighbor pair separation to be approximately 11% of the lattice constant.
      Displacements of the connexons relative to each other increased with increasing
      pair separation in the lattice, rather like a liquid, although long-range
      orientation order was conserved as in a crystal. These results support the
      hypothesis that the hexagonal ordering of the connexons results from short-range
      repulsive forces.

PMID- 2291942
TI  - Temporal filtering in retinal bipolar cells. Elements of an optimal computation?
AB  - Recent experiments indicate that the dark-adapted vertebrate visual system can
      count photons with a reliability limited by dark noise in the rod photoreceptors
      themselves. This suggests that subsequent layers of the retina, responsible for
      signal processing, add little if any excess noise and extract all the available
      information. Given the signal and noise characteristics of the photoreceptors,
      what is the structure of such an optimal processor? We show that optimal
      estimates of time-varying light intensity can be accomplished by a two-stage
      filter, and we suggest that the first stage should be identified with the
      filtering which occurs at the first anatomical stage in retinal signal
      processing, signal transfer from the rod photoreceptor to the bipolar cell. This
      leads to parameter-free predictions of the bipolar cell response, which are in
      excellent agreement with experiments comparing rod and bipolar cell dynamics in
      the same retina. As far as we know this is the first case in which the
      computationally significant dynamics of a neuron could be predicted rather than
      modeled.

PMID- 2291943
TI  - Binding of a monoclonal antibody and its Fab fragment to supported phospholipid
      monolayers measured by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.
AB  - The association of an anti-dinitrophenyl monoclonal antibody and its Fab fragment
      with supported phospholipid monolayers composed of a mixture of
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dinitrophenyl-conjugated
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine has been characterized with total internal
      reflection fluorescence microscopy. The surface densities of bound antibodies
      were measured as a function of the antibody and Fab solution concentrations, and
      as a function of the solution concentration of dinitrophenylglycine. The apparent
      association constant of Fab fragments with surface-associated haptens was
      approximately 10-fold lower than the association constant for haptens in
      solution, and the apparent surface association constant for intact antibodies was
      only approximately 10-fold higher than the constant for Fab fragments. Data
      analysis with simple theoretical models indicated that, at most antibody surface
      densities, 50-90% of membrane-associated intact antibodies were attached to the
      surface by two antigen binding sites.

PMID- 2291944
TI  - Immobilized proteins in buffer imaged at molecular resolution by atomic force
      microscopy.
AB  - Samples of supported planar lipid-protein membranes and actin filaments on mica
      were imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The samples were fully submerged in
      buffer at room temperature during imaging. Individual proteins bound to the
      reconstituted membrane were distinguishable; some structural details could be
      resolved. Also, surface-induced, self-assembling of actin filaments on mica could
      be observed. Monomeric subunits were imaged on individual actin filaments. The
      filaments could be manipulated on or removed from the surface by the tip of the
      AFM. The process of the decoupling of the filamentous network from the surface
      upon changing the ionic conditions was imaged in real time.

PMID- 2291945
TI  - Adsorption to dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membranes in gel and fluid state:
      pentachlorophenolate, dipicrylamine, and tetraphenylborate.
AB  - We measured the dependence of electrophoretic mobility of
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles on the aqueous concentration of
      negatively charged ions of pentachlorophenol (PCP), dipicrylamine (DPA), and
      tetraphenylborate (TPhB). The objective was to determine how the physical state
      of hydrocarbon chains of lipids affects adsorption of lipophilic ions. The
      studies were done at 25 and 42 degrees C to determine adsorption properties of
      DPPC membrane in the gel and fluid state, respectively. From the analysis of zeta
      potential isotherms in terms of Langmuir-Stern-Grahame model we obtained the
      association constant, K, the area of the adsorption site, Ps, and the linear
      partition coefficient, beta. RESULTS: K, (x 10(4)M-1): K(gel): PCP (0.49 +/-
      0.28), DPA (25 +/- 10), TPhB (31 +/- 10); K(fluid): PCP (4.5 +/- 0.9), DPA (74 +/
      21), TPhB (59 +/- 14); Ps, (nm2): Ps(gel): PCP (5.4 +/- 2.3), DPA (5.9 +/- 2),
      TPhB (5.0 +/- 1.7); Ps(fluid): PCP (4.5 +/- 0.4), DPA (5.2 +/- 0.4), TPhB (4.1 +/
      0.2); beta, (x 10(-5) m): beta(gel): PCP (0.15 +/- 0.09), DPA (7.1 +/- 0.3),
      TPhB (10 +/- 7); beta(fluid): PCP (1.7 +/- 0.3), DPA (24 +/- 7), TPhB (24 +/- 6).
      It was interesting to find that the adsorption site area for PCP, DPA, and TPhB
      were very similar for both the gel and fluid membranes; also, the areas were
      independent of the size and molecular structure of the adsorbing species. Using a
      simple discrete charge model the adsorption site areas for all species were
      consistent with a dielectric constant of 8-10 and with an ion adsorption depth of
      0.4-0.6 nm below the water/dielectric interface. The delta delta G0 = delta
      G0(gel) - delta G0(fluid) was found to be about twice as large for PCP than for
      DPA and TPhB. This indicates that PCP will be significantly more adsorbed in the
      fluid and disordered regions of biomembranes, whereas the distribution of DPA and
      TPhB is expected to be relatively more even.

PMID- 2291946
TI  - Lateral diffusion in a mixture of mobile and immobile particles. A Monte Carlo
      study.
AB  - The lateral diffusion coefficient for mixtures of mobile and immobile particles
      is obtained from Monte Carlo calculations of random walks by mobile tracers in
      the presence of immobile obstacles on a triangular lattice. The diffusion
      coefficient of the mobile species is obtained as a function of the area fractions
      of mobile and immobile species. The results are applied to diffusion of band 3 in
      the erythrocyte membrane, and indicate that obstruction of diffusion of mobile
      band 3 by band 3 and glycophorin attached to the membrane skeleton is not
      sufficient to explain the observed diffusion coefficient.

PMID- 2291947
TI  - Fractal mechanisms for the allosteric effects of proteins and enzymes.
AB  - Investigations have been made on the reaction kinetics of proteins and enzymes by
      the statistical methods of random walks on fractal structures. From the point of
      view of networks of Trap (R) and Free (T) sites, the relationships between the
      Hill coefficients (h) and the fractal (df) as well as spectral (ds) dimensions of
      protein molecules are obtained. For example, h = (1 + 2/df) for the one-step
      conformational changes and hb = (2 + 2/ds) for the multistep conformational
      changes, respectively. In comparison with that of the literature, the theoretical
      value is reasonable, thus suggesting a new mechanism for the allosteric effects
      of proteins and enzymes.

PMID- 2291948
TI  - Surface diffusion of interacting proteins. Effect of concentration on the lateral
      mobility of adsorbed bovine serum albumin.
AB  - Surface diffusion of bovine serum albumin absorbed from aqueous solution to
      poly(methylmethacrylate) surfaces is significantly hindered by protein-protein
      lateral interactions. The long-time self diffusion coefficient measured by
      fluorescence recovery after pattern photobleaching decreases by approximately one
      order of magnitude as the surface area fraction occupied by protein increases
      from 0.10 to 0.69. Qualitative features of the surface concentration dependence
      of the self diffusion coefficient can be described by several recent models for
      lateral diffusion of interacting species. The mobile fraction is independent of
      the surface concentration, and both the self diffusion coefficient and the mobile
      fraction are constant between 15 min and 7 h of adsorption.

PMID- 2291949
TI  - [Humoral mechanisms in the regulation of work hyperthermia].
AB  - Thermal reactions were investigated in rabbits: blood plasma donors running on
      treadmill to exhaustion and resting blood plasma recipients. Blood plasma was
      infused in the ear's vein and in the third brain ventricle cavity. Small
      elevation of body cork temperature (0.3-0.4 degree C) with the latent period 40
      50 min was found on plasma infusion in the ear's vein of recipient. Plasma
      perfusion through the third brain ventricle of the recipient caused two peaks of
      nearly the same amplitude (0.8-1.0 degrees C) in body core temperature. The
      second peak, which was registered in 12-15 min after the perfusion began, was
      induced, as the authors suggest, by the accumulation of "work factor" of
      thermoregulation in donor's plasma during muscular work. Humoral regulation of
      working hyperthermia is discussed.

PMID- 2291950
TI  - [Role of prostaglandins in the mechanism of the effect of cholecystokinin on the
      gallbladder].
AB  - Secretion of prostaglandins (Pg) E and F2 alpha in bile in basic condition
      (without stimulation) and under stimulation with cholecystokinin (CCK) ("Boots",
      England, 1 unit/kg) in patients with fatty liver with normal (15) and hypokinetic
      (20) function of gallbladder by radioimmunoassay method was investigated. The
      mediator role of Pg F2 alpha in the realization of effect of CCK on the
      contractile function of gallbladder was found. It was concluded, that the
      disturbance of mediator effect of Pg F2 alpha in the hormone regulation of bile
      excretion may play an important role in the pathogenesis of biliary dyskinesia.
      This disturbance of mediator effect of Pg was connected with the reducing of
      concentration and debit Pg F2 alpha in bile, as well as with the slowing of
      maximal Pg excretion under stimulation with CCK.

PMID- 2291951
TI  - [Effects of a cardiac peptide preparation on the myocardium in ischemia].
AB  - Based on experimental studies the possibility of cordialin use in acute ischemia
      is being substantiated. On the first day of the animals' mortality and increased
      life duration of cells in ischemia zone, delaying the injury region expansion.
      But later in rats, that were given cordialin, slowing down of injury zone
      recovery and scar tissue formation was demonstrated. Cordialin use in early
      stages of myocardial infarction is suggested. In experiments on isolated heart
      cordialin is reported to decrease the intensity of processes of lipids' peroxide
      oxidation in intact and ischemic myocardium. But in reperfusion cordialin
      activates LPO, that is associated with heart contracting activity inhibition. The
      results of the study may serve as an experimental basis for cordialin use on the
      first day of MI development. Its further use needs the correction of its ability
      to slow down the processes of necrotic tissue recovery.

PMID- 2291952
TI  - [Modeling of torsion dystonia through electric stimulation of the vermis
      cerebellum cortex].
AB  - It was shown in acute experiments on cats that electrical stimulation (ES) (100
      300 Hz, 5.0-10.0 V) of cat's cerebellar vermal cortex (lobules V and VI) was
      followed by head deviation in the direction opposite to that side on which the
      animal was laying, posture and movement disturbances and also by simultaneously
      occurred contraction of musculus-antagonists of extremities. The tonic and
      posture disturbances were observed during 40-60 s after ES cessation. During this
      time in the zone of ES in cerebellar cortex the high-amplitude synchronized
      activity was registered which was due to generator of pathologically enhanced
      excitation (GPEE) formation. Intraperitoneal diazepam (0.5-1.0 mg/kg, 30 min
      before the observation) pretreatment suppressed GPEE formation that correlated
      with suppression of syndrome manifestations. The conclusion was made that
      cerebellar hyperactive cortex, which was due to GPEE induction, might have played
      the role of pathological hyperactive determinant structure of the described
      syndrome.

PMID- 2291953
TI  - [Action of the antihypertensive effect of captopril on manifestations of
      hypertrophy and several parameters of myocardial metabolism].
AB  - The administration of captopril (CP, 30 mg/kg) limited the arterial hypertension
      induced by the coarctation of the renal arteria and cardiac hypertrophy in rats.
      CP prevented the activation of MB-KK and glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
      Besides CP decreased the activity of pyruvate kinase and increased that of malate
      dehydrogenase. These data demonstrate, that CP prevents both the cardiac
      hypertrophy and metabolic changes in animals with the renal hypertension.

PMID- 2291954
TI  - [Disorders of thrombin interaction with the blood vessel wall and its
      inactivation by antithrombin III in experimental nephrotic syndrome].
AB  - In the experiments on white rats was conducted a comparative study of 125I-alpha
      thrombin clearance and its inactivation by antithrombin III in animals of the
      control group and rats with the experimental nephrotic syndrome (Heymann
      nephritis). It was determined that alterations of thrombin binding to the
      vascular wall in the nephrotic syndrome induced the prolongation of the labelled
      enzyme half-life in the blood stream. The formation of 125I-alpha-thrombin
      complexes with antithrombin III was delayed in the nephrotic syndrome, that
      suggests the violation of mechanisms of thrombin inactivation by antithrombin
      III. The distortions of endothelium-mediated thrombin elimination and
      inactivation in the nephrotic syndrome resulted in the enzyme interaction with
      fibrinogen, which threatened organism by thrombosis.

PMID- 2291955
TI  - [Desialylated low density lipoproteins--atherogenic lipoproteins occurring in
      blood of patients with coronary atherosclerosis].
AB  - We have recently established that LDL of most patients with coronary
      atherosclerosis differ from the LDL of most healthy subjects by the ability to
      cause primary atherosclerotic changes, i.e. the accumulation of intracellular
      cholesterol in the cells of smooth muscle origin cultured from unaffected intima
      of human aorta. We assumed that patients LDL is modified lipoprotein differing
      from native LDL by chemical composition. It has been established in the present
      study that patients LDL has a substantially lower content of sialic acid as
      compared with the LDL of healthy subjects. Desialylation of native LDL of healthy
      subjects with neuraminidase makes them atherogenic, therefore, capable of causing
      the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol similarly to patients LDL.

PMID- 2291956
TI  - [Stressor lesions of the cells of the hepatic macrophage system and their
      prevention by adaptation to periodic hypoxia].

PMID- 2291957
TI  - [Pulmonary surfactant system of newborn rats in alcoholic intoxication of
      pregnant rats].
AB  - Data, received in investigation of the lungs of 45 newborn rats, show, that there
      is the suppression of the surface active properties of surfactant in animals,
      born from female rats with simulated alcoholic intoxication in pregnancy period.
      The decrease of the surface activity of surfactant may be connected with direct
      injury influence of alcohol on surfactant as well as with inactivation of
      surfactant with serum proteins, which appear in the alveolar space because of the
      increase of the permeability of components of air-haematic barrier. The
      suppression of the surface active properties of surfactant is accompanied by
      reinforcement of the functional activity of the 2nd type pneumocytes and
      appearance of the hypertrophic forms of these cells.

PMID- 2291958
TI  - [Effects of thermal factors on the state of microcirculation of the small
      intestine in acute ischemia].
AB  - The influence of normo- (38 degrees C), hyper- (42 degrees C) and hypothermia (20
      degrees C) on microcirculatory disturbances caused by acute local ischemia of the
      small intestine was investigated with the help of biomicroscopy as well as
      morphological methods. Ischemia was modeled by ligation of the intestine look
      eventrated through the abdominal wall incision of a rat onto the microscope stage
      for 1 h. It was shown that hyperthermia intensified microcirculatory disorders
      and stimulated destructive processes in tissues and hypothermia promoting
      microcirculation and decreasing metabolism and restrained the development of
      these processes. Important peculiarity of the microvascular response to ischemia,
      hyper- and hypothermia was revealed: heterogeneity of the reaction of different
      parts of microvascular bed. Appropriate evaluation of the microcirculation state
      in such conditions can be obtained taking into account not only the qualitative
      character of microvascular reaction but also an extent of this reaction
      manifestation in different parts of microvascular bed.

PMID- 2291959
TI  - [Changes in the activity of adenylate kinase isoenzymes in the ischemic rabbit
      heart].
AB  - Under the influence of 1 hour myocardial ischemia activity of rabbit heart
      mitochondrial isoenzyme AK2 increased by 40%, but the activity of matrix
      isoenzyme AK3 decreased by 77%. No changes were found both in total adenylate
      kinase activity, and cytosolic isoenzyme AK1. The reasons of these alterations
      are not sufficiently clear. Apparently, they are related with functioning
      conditions of these isoenzymes in ischemic tissue.

PMID- 2291960
TI  - [Interactions of lipid micelles with blood proteins].
AB  - Interaction of lipid micelles (LM), containing cholesterol and
      hydroxycholesterol, with human serum lipoproteins was investigated. It was shown
      that cholesterol-containing LM interact with low density lipoproteins (LDL).
      Selectivity of LM-LDL interaction depended on the cholesterol content of micelles
      and almost did not depend on the composition of LM core. Up to 90% of LDL were
      bound with cholesterol-saturated LM. By means of gel chromatography it was shown
      that interaction of cholesterol- and 7-hydroxycholesterol-containing micelles
      with serum led to the partial fusion of LDL with LM and LDL-LM complex formation,
      as well as to the cholesterol and 7-hydroxycholesterol transfer from micelles to
      LDL. The obtained results indicate that cholesterol-containing LM can be used for
      the delivery of oxidized cholesterol to cells involving LDL and receptor
      dependent pathway of their capture by peripheral cells.

PMID- 2291961
TI  - [Decrease of singlet oxygen chemiluminescence by the presence of carnosine].
AB  - To test antiradical medicines effect the chemical production of singlet oxygen
      (NaClO + H2O2) was investigated. The quantity singlet oxygen chemiluminescence
      was decreased in the presence of Japanese Catalin and Chine Baineiting,
      antirheumatic Voltaren and less strong Finish Catachrome and Carnosine. American
      Quinax does not possess such an effect. One of the possible starting mechanisms
      causing different diseases (atherosclerosis, cataract etc.) is destruction of
      biomembranes by active forms of oxygen.

PMID- 2291962
TI  - [Effects of helium-neon laser on physico-chemical properties of the bile].
AB  - The influence of helium-neon laser radiation on bile physico-chemical
      characteristics in healthy subjects and in patients with the physico-chemical
      stage of gallstone disease was studied in vitro. This type of laser was found to
      induce positive therapeutic effects, such as: correction of hydrogen ion
      concentrations, surface tension and viscosity decrease and prolonged bile
      nucleation in patients with gallstone disease.

PMID- 2291963
TI  - [Changes in fatty acid composition and lipid peroxidation activity in microsomal
      membranes of the liver in experimental myocardial infarct].
AB  - The experiments on rats have shown, that coronary artery ligation caused distinct
      alteration in fatty acids composition of microsomal lipids of the liver during
      restoration period. Within 7-21 days after artery ligation content of fatty acids
      saturated was increased, but concentration of arachidonic acid was decreased. In
      this period affinity of the fluorescent probe ANS to microsomal membranes and
      affinity of the cytochrome P-450 to aniline was significantly decreased.
      Stability of the cytochrome P-450 to impairment during lipid peroxidation
      induction in vitro within 7-14 days myocardial infarction was increased. However
      in 21 day stability of cytochrome P-450 was significantly decreased.

PMID- 2291964
TI  - [Method of studying the effects of pharmacological substances on work capacity of
      animals in hypobaric hypoxia].
AB  - The method of the study of medical agent influence and biological active
      substances on duration of small laboratory animals swimming has been worked out
      excluding the air. For this purpose the animals were placed into altitude
      chamber, filled with water by 1/3 (one-third) of its volume being in
      antiorthostatic position on dipping into water. It has been established that at
      the altitude of 4000 (four thousand) meters high the rat swimming duration became
      shorter in comparison with their work under normal pressure in 2.5-4 times.
      Bemitil stimulating work in hypobaric hypoxia depresses it sharply. Bemitil
      stimulating influence on the rat efficiency did not appear with rising.
      Antioxidant substance ionol increased efficiency in normal conditions and in
      hypoxia AKS-85 adaptogenic compound increased swimming in the height duration to
      a greater degree, mildronat substance for efficiency restoration produced
      actoprotective influence.

PMID- 2291965
TI  - [Action of colchicine on analgetic effects of morphine and DADLE in rats].
AB  - Intracerebroventricular injection of morphine and DADL significantly increased
      the tail-flick latency in the rat (full analgesia during 1.5-2.5 hours). Previous
      i. c. v. (lateral ventriculus) injection of colchicine prevented the analgetic
      effects of these drugs during 5 +/- 1 weeks with subsequent recovery.

PMID- 2291966
TI  - [Formation of spleen colonies by CFU-S from long-term culture of bone marrow and
      embryonic liver in the presence of thymocytes].
AB  - The syngeneic thymocytes increase the efficiency of spleen colony formation and
      proliferative activity of CFU-S derived from fetal liver on 13th-16th day of
      gestation and CFU-S from long term bone marrow culture. The thymocytes effect
      spleen colony cells. These data indicate that T-cell-CFU-S interaction in spleen
      colony formation have a physiological character.

PMID- 2291968
TI  - [Effects of syngeneic UV-irradiated blood transfusion on the hemopoietic function
      of the bone marrow in normal state and in craniocerebral injuries in mice].
AB  - Experiments on mice (CBA X C57 Bl6)F1 using endo- and exogenous cloning have
      shown that ultraviolet irradiation of blood enhances colony stimulating
      properties of plasma. Stimulation of colony formation occurs both in vitro, on
      direct contact of UV-irradiated blood plasma with bone marrow cells, and in vivo,
      upon this injection to the whole organism. In the latter case, increased
      migration of colony forming hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow can be
      noted. Single intravenous injection of syngenic UV-irradiated blood prevents
      inhibition of hematopoietic function of the bone marrow induced by closed brain
      injury.

PMID- 2291967
TI  - [Regulation by myelopid of immunoglobulin production in culture of human
      peripheral blood lymphocytes in normal and secondary immunodeficient state].
AB  - The effect of myelopid (MP) on the in vitro antibody production in man in norm
      and secondary postoperative immunodeficiency state, as well as the effect of
      immunocorrection therapy with MP on PWM-induced antibody production in LPB
      cultures during postoperative period have been studied. A stimulating effect of
      MP on IgA and IgM production in LPB cultures on the 8th day after an operation
      were only observed in case of PWM stimulation. In early postoperative period, the
      LPB cultures of patients did not respond to PWM and were not sensitive to MP. In
      case of immunocorrection with MP in postoperative period, a noticeable response
      to PWM was observed in vitro on the 8th day, after the operation, whereas
      sensitivity to MP in vitro was not observed.

PMID- 2291969
TI  - [Leukemia and periodical structures of halo-forming cells].

PMID- 2291970
TI  - [Increasing the toxic effect of pulmonary carcinogens by destruction of
      epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in explants of embryonic respiratory tract of
      mice].
AB  - The explants from 17-day old embryos of A and C57BL mice were used for long-term
      organ cultures. The following series of explants were studied: 1) the intact
      control explants; 2) the explants treated by NMU; 3) the explants treated by BP;
      4) the explants isolated from mesenchyma (M); 5) the explants isolated from M and
      treated by NMU; 6) the explants isolated from M and treated by BP. The survival
      of explants treated by NMU or BP did not differ from the intact control explants
      (p less than 0.1). The removal of M decreased the survival only in the explants
      from the distal RT of A mice (p 0.01). The survival of explants isolated from M
      and treated by NMU or BP was significantly lower than it was in intact explants
      (p less than 0.01-0.001). Thus, the destruction of epithelial-mesenchymal
      interaction induced by removal of M can modulate the toxic effect of
      pulmonotropic carcinogens.

PMID- 2291971
TI  - [Heterogeneity of the strength of bonding with DNA of proteins resistant to
      deproteinization].

PMID- 2291973
TI  - [Mitotic activity of the endothelium of different-diameter blood microvessels in
      the mesentery of Wistar rats].
AB  - The technique of intravascular autoradiography of 3H-thymidine labeled nuclei of
      microvessels endothelia was developed. The density difference of labeled cells in
      microvascular bed of mesentery was estimated. The maximal density of labelled
      nuclei was found in pre- and postcapillary vessels, and minimal--in capillaries
      and large arteries and veins of mesenteric bed. The number of labeled nuclei per
      vessel was found to be relatively constant. The density of labeled cells in 4
      months old rats is less than that in 3 weeks-old ones.

PMID- 2291972
TI  - [Implantation of embryonic neocortex and spinal cord into injured peripheral
      nerve of adult rats].
AB  - Spinal cord and cerebral cortex of 14-day-old embryos of Wistar rats were
      implanted into the sciatic nerve of mature rats in order to study dynamics of the
      development of neuronal and neuroglial elements in ectopic sites. By means of
      light and electron microscopy it has been stated that the implanted nerve cells
      of the cortex and spinal cord survive during 5 month and differentiate from
      neuroepithelial cells and neuroblasts up to young and mature neurons. It was
      found that thirty days after operation the spinal cord implants contained
      myelinated nerve fibers and numerous synapses. The data obtained suggest that the
      implants of fetal spinal cord are more favorable for regeneration of the injured
      nervous stems than the cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2291974
TI  - [Secretion of prostaglandin E by cells of human thymoma MOLT-4 and their
      sensitivity to cytotoxic action of NK-cells].
AB  - It was demonstrated that thymoma cells of MOLT-4 strain which are the standard
      cell targets of cytotoxic tests (CT) with NK-cells are rapidly releasing PGE in
      contact with NK-cells; as a consequence the depression of cytotoxic activity
      (CTA) of NK-cells takes place. The significant decrease of CTA of NK-cells was
      observed when the absolute number of MOLT-4 target cells participating in CT
      increased. Correspondingly the susceptibility of MOLT-4 cells as a target in CT
      is decreased. The levels of susceptibility of MOLT-4 cells to NK-cell
      cytotoxicity and CTA of NK-cells retained, or even increased, after the
      pretreatment of MOLT-4 cells with indomethacin.

PMID- 2291975
TI  - [Effects of serum and glucose on the proliferation of different types of cells of
      the human embryonic pancreas in primary culture].
AB  - We have utilized primary cultures of free-floating clusters obtained from
      pancreata of human cadaveric fetuses. Clusters have been incubated for 10 days in
      RPMI-1640 medium with 3H-thymidine and various concentrations of fetal calf serum
      and glucose. Viability of clusters was assessed by insulin radioimmunoassay. Cell
      reproduction was investigated by radioautography. We have revealed 2 populations
      of proliferating epithelial cells in clusters: the minor population of cells of
      duct-like structures and the major population of other epithelial cells. Rate of
      accumulation of labelled cells in both populations in clusters of 17-18-week-old
      fetuses was significantly higher than in clusters of 23-24-week-old fetuses.
      Proliferation of cells of duct-like structures was regulated by serum but not by
      glucose, whereas proliferation of other epithelial cells depended on both serum
      and glucose concentrations.

PMID- 2291976
TI  - [Disorders of spermatogenesis in chronic emotional stress in rats].
AB  - The experiments on rats demonstrated that chronic emotional stress led to
      spermatogenesis impairment. The animals were put into restrainers and subjected
      to subcutaneous electrical stimulation 3 hours daily for 7 days. As a result of
      this stress the weight of thymus significantly decreased and weight of adrenal
      glands increased. Also there was a tendency of testes and seminal vesicles to
      weight decrease. Light microscopy showed significantly more plugs of degenerated
      spermatids and spermatocytes in seminiferous tubules of stressed animal tested in
      comparison with control rats. Spermatogenesis index was also reduced in
      experimental group. The present study showed that germ cells injury took place at
      the stage of spermiogenesis.

PMID- 2291977
TI  - [Distribution of myosin, desmin and vimentin in smooth muscle cells of human
      embryonic vessels].
AB  - Immunofluorescent study of embryonal vessels of man using antibodies to myosin,
      desmin and vimentin showed heterogeneity of smooth muscle cells. It is supposed
      that the use of desmin as a marker of cell differentiation can increase the role
      of modified phenotypes in the development of the pathological process in the
      vascular wall.

PMID- 2291978
TI  - [Histofluorescence and histochemical analysis of adrenergic and cholinergic
      innervation of the lungs in burns].
AB  - Neurohistochemical methods were applied to study adrenergic and cholinergic
      nervous structures of pulmonary tissue in 30 patients aged 14-82 who had died of
      burn disease at various stages of its progress (shock, toxemia, septic toxemia).
      Autopsies performed within 4 hours after the patients' death evidenced mediators
      depletion in perivascular and peribronchial plexuses as well as intensive
      luminescence of nervous fibers considered as compensatory adaptation. There was
      cholinesterase hypoactivity in cholinergic plexuses. It is established that the
      failure of adaptive-trophic sympathetic regulation of pulmonary tissues including
      relevant vessels and bronchi results in diminution of pulmonary compensatory and
      adaptive potential. This should be allowed for in the treatment of burn disease
      complications.

PMID- 2291979
TI  - [Destructive and reparative processes in the liver in acute experimental
      peritonitis].
AB  - Dynamics and character of interrelations of destructive and reparative processes
      in the liver in different conditions of acute experimental peritonitis (AEP),
      using preparations, inhibiting or stimulating these reactions in the experiment
      with 135 white rats have been studied. It was established the dependence of the
      level of destruction and intensity of hepatic reparative regeneration on the
      gravity of peritoneum affection, the level of toxicity and the state of the body
      immunologic reactivity. The organ reparation in normal AEP in the first two days
      is carried out mainly by intercellular hyperplasia of hepatocyte ultrastructures.
      Karyokinetic cellular activity is increasing from the 3rd day and reacting its
      peak on the 4-5 day of the experiment. The course of peritonitis while
      introducing azathioprine is accompanied by prevailing destructive-purulent
      changes in the liver. On the contrary, levamisole administration in experimental
      animals causes an increase in lymphoid-cellular infiltration of stromal and
      parenchymatous cells with earlier reparation of necrotic foci.

PMID- 2291981
TI  - Spontaneous remission from acute exacerbation of chronic adult T-cell leukemia.
AB  - Spontaneous remission without any anti-cancer therapy in a 57-year-old woman with
      adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is reported. The patient was referred to our
      department because of persistent cough and appearance of abnormal lymphocytes in
      the peripheral blood, and she was diagnosed as having chronic ATL. Eight months
      later, she was re-admitted because of cystitis, watery diarrhea and worsening of
      respiratory symptoms with an increase of ATL cells (WBC 31 x 10(9)/l with 56% ATL
      cells). Acute exacerbation of ATL was diagnosed. Interestingly, antibiotic
      therapy for the pulmonary and urinary tract infections brought about spontaneous
      reduction of the ATL cell count. Spontaneous remission of ATL continued for one
      year without chemotherapy. The role of infection as a trigger of acute
      exacerbation and spontaneous remission of ATL is discussed.

PMID- 2291982
TI  - Rapid detection of chimeric bcr/abl mRNAs in acute lymphoblastic and chronic
      myeloid leukemia by the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - We have developed a rapid method for the detection of bcr/abl mRNAs, the products
      of the BCR/ABL fusion genes. The method is based on the polymerase-chain-reaction
      (PCR). Through the use of additional internal primers it is possible to detect
      directly a single Ph1-positive cell among 10(5) unaffected cells thus omitting
      time-consuming blotting procedures. The whole analytical procedure starting from
      RNA isolation to agarose gel electrophoresis including two rounds of PCR can be
      performed in less than six hours.

PMID- 2291980
TI  - Why clinicians should be interested in interleukin-3.
AB  - Interleukin-3 (IL-3), a product of activated immune cells has recently been
      cloned and introduced in preclinical and clinical trials. The biological target
      cell spectrum of IL-3 is broad and includes progenitor cells of various
      hematopoietic lineages as well as multiple stages of stem cell differentiation.
      IL-3 also induces growth of most primitive hemopoietic progenitors (CFU-blast).
      Synergistic effects on growth of myeloid cells (i.e. macrophages, eosinophils and
      blood basophils) are obtained by sequential use of IL-3 and later-acting
      myelopoietic cytokines. In addition, IL-3 supports terminal maturation, prolongs
      survival and enhances the functional properties of myeloid cells through high
      affinity binding sites. In vivo administration of IL-3 is followed by an increase
      in peripheral white blood cell counts as well as by an increase in the number of
      circulating progenitor cells giving rise to mature hemopoietic cells in response
      to more lineage-restricted growth factors. IL-3 also regulates growth of leukemic
      cells and primes them to become more sensitive to cell cycle specific cytotoxic
      drugs. IL-3 apparently represents a novel and unique hemopoietic growth factor.
      Its clinical use should offer new strategies in the treatment of cytopenia,
      leukemic disease and in stem cell transplantation.

PMID- 2291983
TI  - Function of granulocytes in B-chronic lymphatic leukaemia.
AB  - To study the function of granulocytes in patients with B-cell chronic lymphatic
      leukaemia (B-CLL), granulocytes were separated from peripheral blood of 48
      patients (mean age: 69 years) and 35 apparently healthy age-matched volunteers.
      Spontaneous mobility, ingestion, digestion and antibody dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) of granulocytes were assessed. Decreased spontaneous mobility
      was found in granulocytes from patients with B-CLL but between the two groups no
      detectable differences were encountered in the other parameters tested. No
      alterations of granulocytes functions were found to be correlated with clinical
      stages of B-CLL. If granulocytes functions were compared in treated
      (chlorambucil, steroids) and untreated patients, a significant decrease in
      digestion was found in treated patients.

PMID- 2291984
TI  - Variations in erythropoiesis throughout a lifetime. Studies in a high-leukaemic
      mouse strain, the AKR/O strain, and a non-leukaemic strain, the WLO strain.
AB  - We have studied the development of some haematological variables: erythropoiesis
      stimulating factor(s) (ESF), investigated with an in vitro cell culture assay;
      and the content of bone marrow and spleen erythroid colony forming unit(s) (CFU
      E) and erythroid burst forming unit(s) (BFU-E) throughout the lifetime of 2
      different mouse strains: the high-leukaemic, retrovirus infected AKR/O strain,
      and the non-leukaemic WLO strain. During the recovery phase of the postnatal
      anaemia, a peak in plasma ESF occurs in both strains. In young adult mice of both
      strains another peak in plasma ESF occurs at 70-110 days of age, associated with
      an increased number of bone marrow CFU-E, in a period when packed cell volume
      (PCV) remains stable. As the animals grow older PCV decreases, whereas plasma ESF
      and bone marrow CFU-E concentration increase. These results, together with in
      vitro dose-response studies, suggest reduced sensitivity to erythropoietin (Epo)
      of the ageing erythron. Throughout, the AKR/O strain has higher levels of plasma
      ESF and bone marrow CFU-E concentrations than the WLO strain, indicating both a
      reduced Epo responsiveness and some degree of ineffective erythropoiesis in the
      AKR/O strain. At all ages the AKR/O strain has a high concentration of Epo
      independent bone marrow CFU-E, possibly caused by the virus infection of
      precursor cells.

PMID- 2291985
TI  - Septicemia due to Streptococcus mitis in neutropenic patients with acute
      leukemia.
AB  - Eight neutropenic patients with acute lymphocytic or nonlymphocytic leukemia had
      septicemia due to different strains of Streptococcus mitis (St. mitis), a
      microorganism not commonly recognized as a special pathogen in leukemic patients.
      Four of the patients had been treated with high-dose cytosine arabinoside as part
      of the cytostatic regimen, six had a central venous line and four patients had
      oral lesions prior to the infection. Selective gut decontamination consisted of
      co-trimoxazole/colistin in five patients and quinolones in three patients. The
      first three patients died, either due to interstitial pneumonia with the adult
      respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or due to infection-triggered disseminated
      intravascular coagulation despite prompt empiric antibiotic therapy including
      vancomycin. The other patients improved after empiric supplementation of
      penicillin G (30 Mega/day) to the antibiotic regimen. Beginning ARDS in two of
      these patients dramatically responded to high-dose steroids. We conclude that St.
      mitis is a major pathogen in neutropenic leukemic patients. Infection appears to
      occur independently of acute leukemic cell type, regimen of selective gut
      decontamination, venous access, visible oral lesions or treatment with high-dose
      cytosine arabinoside. The clinical course of our patients raises questions about
      the value of commonly recommended empiric antibiotic regimens, which were clearly
      ineffective to control infections with St. mitis in this patient group. Our data
      indicate that immediate antibiotic therapy with penicillin G is indicated and may
      be life-saving for suspected St. mitis infections in neutropenic leukemic
      patients.

PMID- 2291986
TI  - Coagulopathy after snake bite by Bothrops neuwiedi: case report and results of in
      vitro experiments.
AB  - Coagulation studies were performed in a patient who had been bitten by a snake of
      the species Bothrops neuwiedi. The patient presented with hemorrhagic necrosis at
      the envenomization site and considerable bleeding from venous puncture sites. He
      developed a severe defibrination syndrome with a clottable fibrinogen level of
      approximately 0.1 g/l. Fibrinogen was not measurable by clotting time assay.
      Fibrin degradation products were greatly elevated. Treatment with antivenom
      caused an anaphylactic reaction within ten minutes and serum sickness after three
      days. In vitro experiments revealed that B. neuwiedi venom directly activates
      Factors II and X, but does not activate Factor XIII. In vivo consumption of
      Factor XIII after B. neuwiedi envenomization is ascribed to the action of Factor
      IIa. At low venom concentrations clotting is initiated by activation of
      prothrombin by the venom either directly or via Factor X activation. Treatment
      with heparin might be beneficial in coagulopathy secondary to snake bite by
      reducing circulating active thrombin. The venom contains thrombin-like proteases
      which cause slow clotting of fibrinogen, and plasmin-like components causing
      further proteolysis of fibrinogen and fibrin. Antivenom has no effect on the
      proteolytic action of the snake venom. The in vivo effects of antivenom are
      presumably caused by acceleration of the elimination of venom components from the
      circulation. Intravenous administration of antivenom caused normalization of
      blood coagulation parameters within 48 h.

PMID- 2291988
TI  - Improvement of pneumonia and arthritis in Felty's syndrome by treatment with
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).
AB  - A 63-year old man with Felty's syndrome and pneumonia of unknown origin was
      treated with GM-CSF. Granulocyte counts increased and arthritis-related symptoms
      improved under GM-CSF. Pneumonia was treated effectively with antibiotics only
      during or after GM-CSF application. This suggests, that antibiotic-resistant
      infections can be treated effectively in patients with Felty's syndrome when
      granulocyte counts are raised by GM-CSF.

PMID- 2291987
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of tissue factor (TF) expression on stimulated monocytes
      -comparison to procoagulant activity of mononuclear blood cells.
AB  - Whereas tissue factor (TF), a 47 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein, is
      constitutively present in certain tissues such as epithelial tissue, brain, and
      placenta, it is normally not expressed by cells within the vasculature. However,
      inflammatory mediators including bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can stimulate
      the expression of cell surface procoagulant activity (PCA) on monocytes. In our
      present study the kinetics (over 24 h) of molecular TF expression on LPS
      stimulated monocytes analyzed by flow cytometry corresponds closely to functional
      PCA of human mononuclear blood cells (MBC). Both PCA and TF expression on
      monocytes were rapid events reaching their maximum after about 6 h of
      stimulation. At this time approximately 70-80% of monocytes had also achieved
      maximum anti-TF MAb receptor density. For certain analytical applications,
      monitoring of molecular TF expression on monocytes by flow cytometry using anti
      TF MAb is favorable because there is no influence by PCA inhibitors.

PMID- 2291989
TI  - Clostridial septicaemia with intense hemolysis complicating septic abortion.

PMID- 2291990
TI  - The role of donor lymphoid cells in allogeneic marrow engraftment.
AB  - Current prophylaxis regimens do not provide satisfactory control of graft-versus
      host disease (GVHD) in patients transplanted with unmodified marrow from an
      unrelated donor or from a related donor mismatched for more than one HLA antigen.
      Extensive T cell depletion of the donor marrow can eliminate the need for post
      transplant immunosuppression and reduce the overall risk of GVHD to 10% or less
      with either HLA-identical or HLA-nonidentical transplantation, but this benefit
      is offset by an increased risk of graft failure. Evidence from clinical studies
      is consistent with the hypothesis that donor T cells help to eliminate or
      inactivate residual host lymphocytes surviving the preparative regimen and
      remaining capable of causing rejection, but the relationships between T cells
      that facilitate engraftment and those that cause GVHD have not been defined.
      Limited data from animal experiments have suggested that a marrow graft-enhancing
      effect can be mediated by cells that do not initiate GVHD and that GVHD per se
      does not necessarily enhance engraftment. One way that T cells could facilitate
      engraftment without causing GVHD is through 'veto activity'. Donor cells with
      this type of activity can specifically prevent an immune response when they are
      recognized by host T cells. Another way in which donor T cells might facilitate
      engraftment without causing GVHD is through production of lymphokines or
      cytokines that promote the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic stem
      cells. A third way is through a GVH effect on the host lymphoid cells responsible
      for rejection. The donor cells that mediate this effect might not cause GVHD if
      they recognize host alloantigens not expressed in the skin, liver or
      gut.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291991
TI  - Analysis of factors affecting hematopoietic recovery after autologous bone marrow
      transplantation for lymphoma.
AB  - Thirty patients with relapsed lymphoma (14 Hodgkin's disease, 16 non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma) who underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) were
      assessed for the effect of different parameters on the rate of hematologic
      recovery post-ABMT. There was no correlation between nucleated cells count or
      numbers of CFU-GM or BFU-E in the infused marrow on either neutrophil or platelet
      recovery times. Patients with lymphoma who received more salvage chemotherapy
      (greater than six cycles) prior to marrow harvest took significantly longer to
      recover neutrophils to greater than 0.5 x 10(9)/l (p = 0.0229) and platelets to
      greater than 20 x 10(9)/l (p = 0.0007) than patients who received less than five
      cycles of salvage chemotherapy prior to harvest. There was no significant
      correlation between underlying disease, use of total body irradiation or status
      of cytomegalovirus serology and recovery times post-ABMT. The results suggest
      that extensive salvage chemotherapy may result in considerable stem cell damage
      to marrow, and that potential ABMT candidates with lymphoma should undergo
      harvest of tumor-free bone marrow as soon as possible following first relapse.

PMID- 2291992
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation for B cell malignancies after in vitro
      purging with floating immunobeads.
AB  - We report here 16 autologous bone marrow transplantations (ABMT) for poor
      prognosis B or pre-B malignancies (16 acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL), three
      Burkitt lymphomas, one multiple myeloma) in 11 adults and five children where in
      vitro purging was accomplished by means of floating immunobeads. This method was
      developed to avoid non-specific killing by complement or toxin or batch-to-batch
      variability and provides a 3 log reduction of tumor in a model of B lymphoid
      malignancies. Low density bone marrow mononuclear cells were incubated for 30 min
      at 4 degrees C with anti CD10 (ALB2 Immunotech) and/or anti CD19 (Bg4) monoclonal
      antibodies (MoAb) and then mixed with low density polypropylene beads precoated
      with a rat antimouse MoAb. After 1 h at 4 degrees C the beads with target cells
      were decanted; the depleted marrow was collected through a microfilter and
      cryoperserved. After immunodepletion the recovery of nucleated cells was 75% with
      a median of 0.75 x 10(8) cells/kg (range 0.3-3.6) and the recovery of
      hematopoietic progenitors was 83% with a median of 2.9 x 10(4) CFU-GM/kg. The
      conditioning regimen consisted of busulfan 16 mg/kg and melphalan 140 mg/m2 for
      three patients, fractionated total body irradiation (TBI) following melphalan 140
      mg/m2 for nine patients, TBI and cyclophosphamide 120 mg/m2 for two patients and
      TBI associated with melphalan and cyclophosphamide for two patients.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2291993
TI  - Density-gradient separation of autologous bone marrow grafts before ex vivo
      purging with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide.
AB  - We found in previous studies that the cytotoxicity of 4
      hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) toward normal and malignant cells in
      autologous bone marrow grafts was modulated by the variable erythrocyte content
      of the incubation mixture. This affected both the kinetics of engraftment and the
      probability of leukemic relapse. To decrease this variability in 4-HC
      cytotoxicity, we initiated a trial of density-gradient separation of the
      autografts to remove erythrocytes and other mature blood cells before the 4-HC
      treatment. A series of 64 consecutive patients was studied. Light-density (sp.
      gr. much less than 1.077 g/ml) cells were isolated in a 2-step procedure by
      Ficoll-diatrizoate separation of previously isolated buffy-coat cells. Overall
      cell recovery after buffy-coat and gradient separations was 28.9 +/- 11.7% ( +/-
      SD). These cells were then treated with 60 micrograms/ml of 4-HC. The erythrocyte
      content of the incubation mixtures averaged 0.8%, and did not predict percent CFU
      GM survival after the 4-HC incubation. The variability in CFU-GM survival after
      the purge was less than for previous patients who received buffy-coat cells (with
      erythrocyte contents ranging from 4-22%) treated with 100 micrograms/ml of 4-HC,
      indicating that a more uniform purge was achieved. Although the selected dose of
      4-HC (60 micrograms/ml) yielded a lower CFU-GM survival, the kinetics of
      engraftment did not significantly differ between the recipients of light-density
      or buffy-coat cells. No patient required use of a 'backup' graft because of
      engraftment failure.

PMID- 2291994
TI  - Acute and chronic pulmonary complications following autologous bone marrow
      transplantation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - Whereas intensive chemoradiotherapy with bone marrow salvage may be the only
      chance for cure in a number of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, high
      complication rates with subsequent mortality have been detrimental to our ability
      to cure many patients. Prominent among these complications is pulmonary toxicity,
      in the form of acute and infectious complications and interstitial pneumonitis.
      We report here our experience with 100 patients receiving autologous bone marrow
      transplants for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The incidence of interstitial pneumonitis
      (IP) was 7.6% and our mortality from IP was 1%, the lowest reported.

PMID- 2291995
TI  - Diabetes mellitus or an impaired glucose tolerance as a potential complicating
      factor in patients treated with high-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - We asked in a retrospective analysis whether patients with diabetes mellitus or
      impaired glucose tolerance are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality
      after high-dose therapy followed by an autologous bone marrow transplantation.
      Nine patients with diabetes mellitus (n = 7) or impaired glucose tolerance (n =
      2) were identified who had been treated with high-dose therapy and autologous
      bone marrow transplant for lymphoid malignancies. At the start of the
      pretransplant conditioning all patients had a Karnofsky score of at least 80 and
      no clinically demonstrable organ dysfunction. One patient with diabetes mellitus
      type I (DM I) was transplanted without any complications. The patients with
      diabetes mellitus type II (DM II) or an impaired glucose tolerance had
      complications of life-threatening infections (in 6/8), acute renal insufficiency
      (in 3/8), liver abnormalities with elevated liver enzymes or liver failure (in
      4/8) and congestive heart failure (in 1/8). Although the complications observed
      are not infrequent in the transplant setting, because of the good performance
      status before BMT and the absence of clinically demonstrable organ impairment
      before transplantation, it is our impression that the presence of diabetes
      mellitus or glucose intolerance might be an important co-factor in the morbidity
      of these patients.

PMID- 2291996
TI  - Cyclosporin A and chronic graft versus host disease.
AB  - One hundred and seventeen patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation (BMT) for severe aplastic anemia (n = 18) or leukemia (n = 99)
      who were alive on day +180, were analysed for the incidence and severity of
      chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), developing before or after
      discontinuation of cyclosporin A (CSA). All patients received CSA for GVHD
      prophylaxis for 94 to greater than 988 days post-BMT. cGVHD developed in 74
      patients (63%) before CSA discontinuation (de novo n = 12, progression from acute
      GVHD n = 42, following resolution of acute GVHD n = 20). CSA was discontinued in
      112 patients: electively (n = 80), because of toxicity (n = 8), or following
      relapse of leukemia (n = 24). In five patients CSA was never discontinued. After
      discontinuation of CSA, progression or de novo cGVHD was seen in 25 patients,
      with a significant difference in patients treated for more or less than 150 days
      (8% vs 41%, p = 0.0007). In 15 patients CSA had to be re-instituted and in 14 it
      could be discontinued a second time. Overall 111/117 (94%) patients have finally
      discontinued CSA. In conclusion cGVHD will progress or appear de novo in 41% of
      patients receiving CSA for less and in 8% of those receiving CSA for more than
      150 days respectively, indicating that the drug should be administered for at
      least 5 months post-BMT. Most patients (94%) will eventually become CSA
      independent.

PMID- 2291997
TI  - Vasculitis with recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage in a long-term survivor after
      autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - We report an unusual vasculitic syndrome in a long-term survivor of autologous
      bone marrow transplant. Clinical and pathologic studies revealed a cutaneous and
      pulmonary leukocytoclastic vasculitis complicated by recurrent pulmonary
      hemorrhage. Serologic studies revealed an elevated anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
      antibody titer. The vasculitis has been successfully controlled with prednisone,
      cyclophosphamide, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

PMID- 2291998
TI  - Adenovirus-related hemophagocytic syndrome after bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Four weeks following autologous bone marrow transplantation for Wilms' tumor, a
      patient developed fever, hepatomegaly, coagulation disorders and pancytopenia.
      Bone marrow studies showed progressively increased hemophagocytosis of normal
      hematopoietic progenitors by histiocytes resulting in aplasia. Adenovirus type 11
      was consistently isolated from urine and stool cultures, and one of the marrow
      aspirates. At autopsy, adenovirus was isolated from the lungs, liver, heart,
      intestine and spleen. These findings are consistent with the previously described
      virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, which have not been associated with
      bone marrow transplantation. This case suggests that this diagnosis should be
      considered in any bone marrow transplant patient who has evidence of secondary
      graft failure.

PMID- 2291999
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation versus chemotherapy for childhood acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission: an update.

PMID- 2292000
TI  - Exercise and arthritis.

PMID- 2292001
TI  - Sensitivity to angiotensin II of neurons in the circumventricular organs of
      polydipsic inbred mice.
AB  - The polydipsic inbred mice, STR/N, are known to possess an extremely strong
      appetite for drinking but no abnormality in the vasopressin system and renal
      functions. In brain slice preparations the sensitivity of neurons in the
      anteroventral region of the third ventricle (AV3V) and the subfornical organ
      (SFO) to angiotensin II (ANG II) was investigated using extracellular recordings
      in the STR/N and its control, Swiss/Webster (S/W) mice. In the AV3V, less
      proportion of neurons (15 out of 168; 9%) of the STR/N than that in the S/W
      (49/206; 24%) was excited by ANG II added to the medium. In the SFO, a proportion
      of neurons excited by ANG II was again lower in the STR/N (27/104; 26%) than in
      the S/W mice (64/118; 54%). The threshold concentration of ANG II for excitation
      of the AV3V and SFO neurons was, however, similar for both strains, 10(-9) M or
      less. Only one neuron in the SFO of a S/W mouse was inhibited by ANG II
      application. The excitatory effect of ANG II on AV3V and SFO neurons of both
      strains of mice persisted under synaptic blockade and was reversibly antagonized
      by an ANG II antagonist, saralasin. Such differences in sensitivity to ANG II of
      neurons in the SFO and AV3V, the regions thought to be involved in drinking
      behavior, suggest the involvement, at least in part, of the central angiotensin
      system in the polydipsia of the STR/N mice.

PMID- 2292002
TI  - Exo-focal postischemic neuronal death in the rat brain.
AB  - We describe delayed neuronal damage in ipsilateral areas remote from the ischemic
      area of rat brain after transient focal ischemia induced by embolization of the
      right middle cerebral artery (MCA). After 15, 30, 60 and 90 min of MCA occlusion,
      recirculation was achieved by removal of the embolus. Chronological changes in
      the distribution of the neuronal damage were determined by using the 45Ca
      autoradiographic technique and the histological method, and the mechanism
      involved was investigated by measuring local cerebral glucose metabolism.
      Depending on the duration of ischemia, 45Ca accumulation extended to the lateral
      segment of the caudate putamen and to the cerebral cortex, both supplied by the
      occluded MCA. Moreover, 3 days after ischemic insult, 45Ca had accumulated in the
      ipsilateral substantia nigra and ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
      Histological examination revealed that the neurons in both areas suffered damage
      and were selectively reduced in number. Cerebral glucose utilization decreased in
      the thalamus, but increased approximately 30% (P less than 0.01) in the
      substantia nigra compared with the value in the corresponding contralateral area.
      Both areas lie outside the ischemic area, but have transsynaptic connections with
      the ischemic focus. Based on the present study, we suggest that the mechanisms of
      delayed neuronal death in these two remote areas may not be identical, but that
      this phenomenon may be caused by a transsynaptic process associated with the
      ischemic focus.

PMID- 2292003
TI  - Electrical stimulation of the medial amygdala facilitates gastric acid secretion
      in conscious rats.
AB  - One hundred and twenty-seven conscious rats prepared with chronic gastric fistula
      were studied to investigate the effect of stimulation of the medial amygdala on
      gastric acid secretion. Gastric acid output was significantly increased by
      electrical stimulation of the medial amygdala in normal rats and the increase in
      acid secretion was completely abolished by vagotomy. Vagotomized rats, with or
      without amygdaloid stimulation, showed comparable levels of gastric acid output
      which were significantly lower than in controls. These results indicate that the
      amygdala effect on gastric acid secretion is carried via the vagus nerve.
      Subcutaneous injections of high doses of histamine increased gastric acid
      secretion which was further increased by amygdaloid stimulation. Plasma levels of
      gastrin were not significantly changed by stimulation of the medial amygdala with
      or without vagotomy. From the above results, we concluded that in conscious rats
      the medial amygdala plays a significant role in stimulating gastric acid
      secretion, the vagus nerve is involved in this process, but it is not mediated by
      release of either histamine or gastrin.

PMID- 2292004
TI  - Antinociception induced by stimulation of the habenular complex of the rat.
AB  - The changes in the tail-flick latency to noxious heat stimulation and in the
      threshold for defensive/affective reactions to noxious pressure of the skin were
      studied following electrical stimulation of the habenular complex (HbC) and
      adjacent brain structures in the male rat. Single brief (15 s), low intensity (53
      microA r.m.s.) stimulation of the HbC caused no significant increase in the
      locomotor activity or motor deficit but induced a potent and short-lasting
      antinociception as revealed by both algesimetric tests. Animals stimulated in the
      HbC also displayed poor avoidance learning in a conditioned place preference
      paradigm, thus suggesting that aversion is unlikely to determine antinociception.
      Rats daily stimulated in the HbC became tolerant to the antinociception induced
      by HbC stimulation or to a high systemic dose of morphine (6 mg/kg i.p.). These
      results indicate that stimulation of the HbC may increase the thresholds of
      spinally and supraspinally integrated reflexes, thus supporting the hypothesis
      that this nucleus may play a role in pain control, probably involving an opioid
      dependent mechanism.

PMID- 2292005
TI  - Altered hippocampal network excitability in the hypernoradrenergic mutant mouse
      tottering.
AB  - A latent, gene-linked alteration of hippocampal network excitability in tg/tg
      mutant mice was unmasked in vitro by convulsant-activated synchronous neuronal
      discharges. Exposure to elevated extracellular potassium ions or 4-aminopyridine,
      but not picrotoxin, revealed an abnormally prolonged network discharge duration
      in the mutant CA3 pyramidal cell region. In both phenotypes, noradrenaline, and a
      selective beta-noradrenergic receptor agonist, isoproterenol, reversibly
      accelerated the frequency of the discharges. These findings identify an intrinsic
      alteration in the excitability of an isolated neuronal network in a model of
      inherited generalized spike-wave epilepsy, and further implicate noradrenergic
      mechanisms in the temporal modulation of hippocampal synchronization and
      epileptogenesis.

PMID- 2292006
TI  - Effect of ammonia on calcium homeostasis in primary astrocyte cultures.
AB  - Calcium influx, accumulation and efflux were studied in primary cultures of rat
      astrocytes treated with ammonium chloride. Treatment of the cells for 3 days with
      10 mMN4Cl resulted in a 35% reduction in 45Ca influx. The decrease in calcium
      influx was dose-dependent between 2 and 10 mM NH4Cl. Short-term (30 min) exposure
      to ammonia had no effect on calcium influx. Calcium accumulation, as measured by
      20-min exposure to 45Ca, decreased after treating cultures with 10 mM NH4Cl for
      one or 3 days; a greater effect was observed after the 3-day treatment. Studies
      with lanthanum, an inhibitor of calcium transport, indicated that the effect of
      ammonia was not due to non-specific leakage of calcium. Calcium efflux was not
      affected by exposure of the cultures to ammonium chloride. Purinergic-evoked
      calcium influx and mobilization was not altered by ammonia. While the
      mechanism(s) of calcium homeostasis affected by long-term hyperammonemia remain
      to be defined, these results suggest that reduced astrocytic calcium may be
      related to the pathogenesis of ammonia-related disorders such as hepatic
      encephalopathy.

PMID- 2292007
TI  - A muscarine-sensitive, slow, transient outward current in frog autonomic
      neurones.
AB  - A slow, 4-aminopyridine-sensitive K+ current was observed in Rana pipiens
      autonomic neurones when they were studied under whole-cell patch-clamp recording
      conditions. This 'slow-A' current (ISA), which was independent of extracellular
      Ca2+, exhibited a similar voltage dependence to a classical A current (IA) yet
      inactivated with an 80-fold slower time course. Although ISA is difficult to
      distinguish from the delayed rectifier K+ current (IK), muscarine enhanced the
      current in sympathetic neurones and either enhanced or suppressed the current in
      parasympathetic neurones. Effects on slow transient outward currents must
      therefore be considered when attempting to understand cholinergic modulation of
      repetitive discharge in autonomic neurones.

PMID- 2292008
TI  - Efferent phrenic nerve and respiratory neuron activities in the developing
      kitten: spontaneous discharges and hypoxic responses.
AB  - Efferent phrenic nerve and medullary respiratory neuron discharges were examined
      for age-dependent changes of activities during normocapnic hyperoxia and hypoxia
      in anesthetized and decerebrate kittens (22-150 days old). In animals less than
      39 days of age, phrenic power spectra during hyperoxia were dominated by
      components in the medium-frequency band (20-50 Hz), whereas spectra of animals of
      at least 39 days of age were dominated by components in the high-frequency band
      (50-100 Hz). Such high-frequency oscillations were also observed in the power
      spectra of some inspiratory neurons in animals of at least 43 days old. In
      hypoxia, the amplitude of phrenic discharge exhibited an initial facilitation
      followed by a diminution (i.e. biphasic response) in animals 39 days old or
      younger. In animals older than 39 days, however, hypoxia elicited a sustained
      facilitation of phrenic discharge amplitude. In contrast, no such age-dependent
      change in response pattern to hypoxia was observed for neuronal discharges;
      rather, responses of most neurons consisted of either decreases of discharge
      frequency, or complete abolishment of discharges.

PMID- 2292009
TI  - Crossed forelimb extension produced in thalamic cats by injection of putative
      transmitter substances into the paralemniscal pontine reticular formation.
AB  - To analyze the descending pathways of the paralemniscal pontine reticular
      formation (PLRF), a technique was used for the selective activation of cell
      bodies by localized injection of putative neurotransmitters in the PLRF. When a
      small amount (less than 0.1 microliter) of 0.1 M glutamate was injected into the
      PLRF unilaterally in thalamic cats, the forelimb contralateral (c-forelimb) to
      the injection was extended, and occasionally the ipsilateral forelimb was flexed.
      These responses were similar to those obtained by electrical stimulation of the
      PLRF, but were relatively weaker. Unit spikes of PLRF neurons were increased in
      frequency following administration of glutamate. The latent periods and durations
      of increases in spike frequency varied depending on the concentration and
      quantity of the glutamate solution, and were roughly similar to those of the
      extensor EMG in the c-forelimb. Since the firing of PLRF neurons preceded the EMG
      with 11 ms latency, the unit spike of PLRF neurons could be used as a triggering
      signal to observe a spike triggered averaged EMG response in the extensor muscle
      of the c-forelimb. Results similar to those with glutamate were observed upon
      administration of quisqualate, kainate and aspartate. The most effective compound
      was quisqualate. Application to the PLRF of 1-naphthylacetyl spermine (1-NA-Spm),
      an analogue of the natural spider toxin JSTX-3 and an antagonist of glutamate,
      suppressed both the PLRF neuron activity and the extensor EMG of the c-forelimb.
      These observations suggest that extensor muscles of the forelimb are excited by
      the contralateral PLRF, perhaps via the crossed reticulospinal tract from the
      PLRF. PLRF neurons may be activated by glutamate (quisqualate) receptors.

PMID- 2292010
TI  - Effect of cerebral hemisphere decortication on the cytotoxic activity of natural
      killer and natural cytotoxic lymphocytes in the mouse.
AB  - A comparison was made of the effects of left and right cerebral decortication on
      cytotoxic activity of natural killer and natural cytotoxic lymphocytes in the
      mouse. Natural killer cytotoxic activity was significantly reduced after right
      decortication, whereas left decortication led to a less pronounced, though still
      significant fall. The cytotoxic activity of natural cytotoxic cells, on the other
      hand, was significantly increased, particularly 15 days after left decortication.
      These findings mirror the results of previously published personal findings
      following electrothermocoagulation of the hypothalamus. The suggestion is made
      that the cortex and the hypothalamus form an integrated system for the control of
      certain aspects of natural immunity.

PMID- 2292011
TI  - Remyelination of nerve fibers in the transected frog sciatic nerve.
AB  - This project tests an important aspect of the cellular events controlling the
      processes of recovery of function and remyelination that follow demyelination in
      the peripheral nervous system. Frog sciatic nerves have been shown to survive and
      remain functional for up to 10 days following transection. We have utilized this
      property in order to dissociate the recovery process from possible control by the
      neuronal soma. Xenopus sciatic nerves were demyelinated in one branch by an
      intraneural injection of lysolecithin. The nerve was cut proximally to the
      injection site either immediately before, or several days after the lysolecithin
      injection. Recovery of function and remyelination were then followed by
      electrophysiological, optical, and ultrastructural techniques applied both to
      whole branches and single fibers. Controls included the cut but uninjected
      branch, and injected but uncut nerves. The progression of events during both
      demyelination and recovery in cut axons was indistinguishable from that in uncut
      fibers. This suggests that this process may be under local control and can be
      initiated and carried out in the absence of constant communication with the nerve
      cell body.

PMID- 2292012
TI  - GM1 ganglioside reduces edema and monoaminergic neuronal changes following
      experimental focal ischemia in rat brain.
AB  - Seventy-two hours following a middle cerebral artery occlusion, the associated
      increase in water content on the ischemic side was significantly reduced by the
      exogenous administration of monosialoganglioside GM1 (30 mg/kg, i.p.). The levels
      of dopamine and serotonin on the ischemic side were approximately 50% and 80% of
      those on the contralateral non-ischemic side, respectively. Treatment with GM1 (5
      times during the first 48 h after occlusion) produced a significant reduction in
      the levels of dopamine and serotonin loss. The present findings are compatible
      with the observed protective action of the exogenously administered GM1 following
      ischemic brain injury.

PMID- 2292013
TI  - Chronic caffeine exposure reduces the excitant action of acetylcholine on
      cerebral cortical neurons.
AB  - Chronic administration of caffeine (s.c. for a period of 14 days in escalating
      doses of 10-70 mg/kg) decreased the sensitivity of rat cerebral cortical neurons
      to the excitant action of microiontophoretically applied acetylcholine. The
      sensitivity of spontaneously firing rat cerebral cortical neurons in caffeine
      treated animals was compared with that of saline-treated controls using the same
      multiple barrel micropipettes tested on the same day. Acetylcholine sensitivity
      was determined by the E.T50 method. The E.T50 for 71 neurons in the caffeine
      treated rats of 224.0 +/- 11.3 (S.E.M.) was significantly (P less than 0.001)
      greater than that of 65 neurons in the saline-treated control rats (153.8 +/-
      6.9), indicating a reduction in the excitant action of acetylcholine on neurons
      which had been chronically exposed to caffeine. The level of spontaneous activity
      was also reduced in the caffeine-treated animals. A down-regulation of
      acetylcholine receptors is a possible cause for these effects.

PMID- 2292014
TI  - Nicotine reduces the binding of [3H]MK-801 to brain membranes, but not via the
      stimulation of high-affinity nicotinic receptors.
AB  - Nicotine (10 and 100 microM) inhibited [3H]MK-801 binding to rat cerebral
      cortical membranes and this effect was not blocked by dihydro-beta-erythroidine,
      (+)-tubocurarine or mecamylamine. Cytisine, muscarine mecamylamine and (+)
      tubocurarine also inhibited [3H]MK-801 binding. Neither raising the MK-801
      concentration, nor the addition of n-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonists
      altered the effects of nicotine. Hence this response is not mediated via high
      affinity nicotinic receptor stimulation, competition for MK-801 binding sites or
      require NMDA receptor activation.

PMID- 2292015
TI  - Altered sensitivities of auditory neurons in the rat midbrain following early
      postnatal exposure to patterned sounds.
AB  - Pure tone sensitivity of inferior colliculus (IC) neurons in adult rats was
      studied electrophysiologically following exposure to a frequency-modulated (FM)
      tone during the first 5 postnatal weeks. The distribution of best frequencies
      (BF) and minimum thresholds (MT) of 274 single units, when compared to the
      control, showed an abnormal clustering centered around the region of the
      audiogram occupied by the FM tone to which the rats had been exposed. This effect
      was interpreted as the result of activity-dependent changes of IC during
      development.

PMID- 2292016
TI  - The effect of hyperglycemia on extracellular levels of adenosine in the hypoxic
      rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - The levels of adenosine in rat cerebral cortical superfusates were studied in
      rats prior to, and after, the administration of saline or D-glucose (3 g/kg).
      Hypoxia-evoked increases in purine release were significantly attenuated after
      glucose administration. After glucose administration, the falls in arterial blood
      pressure, which normally accompany systemic hypoxia, were reduced. To ensure that
      this was not the reason for the decrease in adenosine release, blood was
      withdrawn from a second group of hyperglycemic rats so that the post-glucose
      hypoxia was equivalent to the original control. Adenosine release was still
      significantly attenuated. This decrease in the levels of adenosine, a
      cerebroprotective agent, in the cerebral cortical extracellular space, may be a
      contributing factor to the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia on recovery from
      cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 2292017
TI  - Responses in the diagonal band of Broca, adjacent septal nuclei and the islands
      of Calleja of cats to stimulation of the subcallosal fornix, medial basal
      hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle.
AB  - The projection of neurons in the septal nuclei and the insula magna of the
      islands of Callaja (IC) was explored together with their response to stimulation
      of the fornix. The septal nuclei all contained neurons projecting in the medial
      forebrain bundle (MFB). Only the diagonal band of Broca (DBB) and the lateral
      septal nucleus (LS) contained many neurons projecting toward the medial basal
      hypothalamus (MBH). The spatial distribution of neurons excited by stimulation of
      the fornix in the DBB was almost identical with the distribution of neurons
      projecting toward the MBH and there was considerable overlap (10/28 cells). In
      the medial septal nucleus the spatial distribution of neurons excited by
      stimulation of the fornix and neurons projecting in the MFB was similar and there
      was considerable overlap (6/21 cells). The connectivity of the IC resembled that
      of the MS but there was little overlap between the neurons excited by fornix
      stimulation and those projecting in the MFB (1/27 cells). In the LS there were
      almost equal numbers of neurons projecting in the MFB and toward the MBH but
      there was very little input from the fornix. Neurons were significantly more
      often excited by stimulation of the lateral fornix, carrying axons from the
      subiculum, than they were by medial stimulation exciting axons from Ammon's horn.
      Axons projecting toward the MBH or in the MFB had conduction velocities less than
      1 m/s.

PMID- 2292018
TI  - Responses of locusts in a paradigm which tests postural load compensatory
      reactions.
AB  - The abilities of locusts to generate postural load compensatory reactions were
      tested by placing them in a chamber that was mounted on a swivel joint and
      repetitively swayed (an adaptation of the paradigm of Nashner). Tests were
      performed when animals stood upon a screen on the wall of the cage and sinusoidal
      displacements were imposed that repeatedly forced the animal away from and toward
      the side of the chamber upon which it was standing. Myographic activities of
      muscles of the middle legs and the angle of the chamber relative to the
      horizontal plane were recorded during these tests. Locusts were readily able to
      maintain postures during these tests. Myographic recordings of activities of
      muscles of the mesothoracic legs showed repetitive bursting in the trochanteral
      levator, tibial flexor and tarsal levator muscles that was coupled to the cycles
      of movement of the chamber. Similar bursts were not regularly recorded in
      antagonist muscles. Comparison of the phase of onset of bursting among different
      muscles demonstrated that the levator and flexor muscles are activated nearly
      synchronously during the phase of movement when the surface upon which the animal
      was standing was being moved away from it. Measurements of the forces developed
      by all the legs during similar reactions in semi-restrained preparations showed
      that these bursts can regularly generate force levels in excess of 3 times the
      animal's weight. We conclude that the patterns of muscle activity seen during
      tests in which animals were swayed could effectively function in postural load
      compensation. These patterns of activity are compared with similar responses of
      vertebrates.

PMID- 2292019
TI  - Memory formation in the chick depends on membrane-bound protein kinase C.
AB  - The role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the formation of memory for a one-trial
      passive avoidance task in 1-day-old chicks has been studied, following earlier
      observations that training on this task results in transient and lateralised
      changes in the phosphorylation state of presynaptic B-50 protein, a PKC
      substrate. In accord with hypotheses that the activity of PKC is regulated by
      translocation from cytosol to membrane, a significant increase was found in the
      fraction of the alpha/beta forms of the enzyme, assayed immunologically, present
      in a synaptic-membrane-bound, Triton-extractable form in the left intermediate
      medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) of chicks 30 min after training on the
      passive avoidance task. Two inhibitors of PKC, melittin (10 microliters, 120
      microM) and H7 (10 microliters, 10 mM), if injected intracerebrally 10 min prior
      to or 10 min after training, were without effect on the general behaviour of the
      chicks or their training. However, these injections of the inhibitors produced
      amnesia in birds tested 3 h later. This effect was lateralised; only left
      hemisphere injections of the inhibitors produced amnesia. A possible state
      dependency interpretation of these results was ruled out. The results are
      discussed in the context of hypotheses as to the regulatory role of PKC in neural
      plasticity and memory formation.

PMID- 2292020
TI  - Central nervous system plasticity in the tonic pain response to subcutaneous
      formalin injection.
AB  - Evidence is presented which suggests that central neural changes occur during the
      brief early phase after subcutaneous formalin injection that are essential for
      the expression of pain during the long-lasting (tonic) later phase. First, tonic
      pain responses to subcutaneous formalin injections are abolished only if the
      injected hindpaw is locally anesthetized at the time of injection as well as the
      time of testing (30-60 min later). Second, tonic formalin pain is substantially
      reduced by brief spinal anesthesia given 5 min before, but not 5 min after the
      formalin injection.

PMID- 2292021
TI  - Iontophoresis of cortisol inhibits responses of identified paraventricular
      nucleus neurones to sciatic nerve stimulation.
AB  - Responses of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurones were examined following
      stimulation of the sciatic nerve, and concomitant with iontophoretic application
      of cortisol. Sciatic nerve stimulation excited the majority of cells (22/24, 92%)
      and iontophoretic application of cortisol reduced the spontaneous activity of 16
      of the cells tested (67%). Cortisol prevented neuronal responses to sciatic nerve
      stimulation in 11 cases (50%) but some of the cells inhibited by the steroid
      still responded to the stimulation, whilst some cells unaffected by cortisol
      alone were found not to respond during exposure to the stimulus. These results
      indicate an inhibitory role for glucocorticoids in the regulation of PVN neuronal
      activity and responses to afferent neural stimuli.

PMID- 2292022
TI  - Spontaneous sleep epilepsy in amygdala-kindled kittens: a preliminary report.
AB  - We describe a model of 'sleep epilepsy' after amygdala kindling in kittens.
      Seizure activity was evaluated at different times in the sleep-wake cycle.
      Susceptibility was documented by thresholds for evoked convulsions in kittens
      without spontaneous seizures (n = 5) and by polygraphic or split-screen video
      recordings in kittens with spontaneous seizures (n = 6). There were 3 main
      findings: (1) subconvulsive seizures occurred randomly in waking and slow-wave
      sleep (SWS); (2) convulsive seizure activity peaked during SWS, especially during
      the transition from SWS into rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep; (3) generalized
      seizure activity was suppressed during stable REM sleep. Seizure patterns thus
      resemble clinical data designating convulsive temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) the
      prototypic pure sleep epilepsy, whereas complex-partial TLE can occur at any
      time. Prominent secondary TLE generalization during the REM transition suggested
      involvement of brainstem regions which generate REM onset and innervate the
      temporal lobe. Adrenergic cells of the locus ceruleus discharge at progressively
      reduced rates during the transition into REM. Decreased norepinephrine release at
      this time might disinhibit epileptic neurons in the kindled focus, thus
      encouraging seizure propagation during the REM transition.

PMID- 2292023
TI  - A new type of wide-field horizontal cell, presumably linked to blue cones, in
      rabbit retina.
AB  - Horizontal cells of vertebrate retina play an important role in the formation of
      visual receptive field surrounds of bipolar cells, and hence in the centre
      surround receptive field organization of retinal ganglion cells. In some retinas,
      horizontal cells also play a major functional role in the first stage of colour
      coding of visual stimuli. We have identified a new type of horizontal cell,
      called 'type C', in rabbit retina, which unlike type A and type B horizontal
      cells, contacts only a small fraction of cone photoreceptors, possibly blue
      cones. The multiple, sparsely branched axons of type C cells are well-positioned
      to contact bipolar dendrites in a feedforward manner. In summary, we propose (1)
      that the presence in rabbit retina of 3 types of cone horizontal cell, A, B, and
      C, may represent a more common pattern in mammalian retinae, shared with many non
      mammalian retinas which contain colour-coded neurons, (2) that type C cells
      connect principally to blue cones, and (3) that type C cells are more common in
      retinas, such as those of squirrels, and to a lesser extent rabbits, in which
      blue cones play a major role in the colour coding of visual signals.

PMID- 2292024
TI  - Antinociception elicited by electrical or chemical stimulation of the rat
      habenular complex and its sensitivity to systemic antagonists.
AB  - The effects of intraperitoneal administration of antagonists to morphine,
      norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) have been
      studied on the antinociceptive effect of electrical stimulation of the rat
      habenular complex (HbC). The antinociceptive effect of agonists microinjected
      into the HbC was also examined. A 15-s period of 53 microA rms sine-wave
      stimulation of the HbC significantly increased the latency of the tail-flick
      reflex to noxious heat for periods of up to 15 min. This effect was significantly
      attenuated by pretreating rats with naloxone (1 mg/kg) or phenoxybenzamine (5
      mg/kg). Methysergide (5 mg/kg), haloperidol (5 mg/kg), atropine (1 mg/kg), and
      mecamylamine (1 mg/kg) had little effect on the antinociceptive effect of HbC
      stimulation. L-Glutamate (3.5 and 7.0 micrograms), morphine (1.0 and 5.0
      micrograms), and carbachol (0.4 and 0.8 micrograms), but not 5-HT (5 micrograms),
      dopamine (5 micrograms) or norepinephrine (5 micrograms), induced a dose
      dependent increase in the tail-flick latency when microinjected into the HbC. The
      effect of carbachol was significantly attenuated in rats previously treated with
      intraperitoneal administration of atropine or mecamylamine and fully depressed in
      rats previously treated with a combination of these two cholinergic antagonists.
      It is concluded that antagonists of opiate receptors and alpha-adrenoceptors, but
      not dopamine or cholinergic receptors, reduce the antinociceptive effects of HbC
      stimulation. These observations differ from the reported effects of these
      antagonists on the antinociception caused by stimulating the periaqueductal gray,
      but resemble the antinociception caused by stimulating the ventrolateral medulla
      and locus coeruleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292026
TI  - Single-channel and whole-cell currents in rat cerebellar granule cells.
AB  - The patch-clamp technique was used to study both whole-cell and single-channel
      currents in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells. In whole-cell recordings under
      voltage-clamp conditions 3 types of current were found; a transient inward sodium
      current and a transient and a sustained outward potassium current. Single-channel
      currents were recorded from both inside-out and outside-out membrane patches.
      Three types of potassium channel were identified; two non-inactivating channels
      with unit conductances of 160 and 60 pS and one inactivating channel of 20 pS. No
      calcium currents were detected.

PMID- 2292025
TI  - Intraocular transplantation of cell layers derived from neonatal rat retina.
AB  - The goal of this study was to determine whether cell layers derived from either
      the inner or outer regions of the neonatal rat retina had the capacity to grow
      and differentiate when transplanted into the adult retina of the same species
      and, if so, whether there would be differences between the grafts originated from
      the two different cell populations. Two different tracers were used to label
      donor cells and to identify them following transplantation. Firstly, at postnatal
      day (PND) 2, the pups received bilateral injections of rhodamine-labeled
      microspheres in the superior colliculus in order to label retrogradely the
      retinal ganglion cells. From the day of birth until the day of sacrifice (PND 4),
      the donors received daily injections of [3H]thymidine to label the nuclei of
      dividing cells. At PND 4 the animals were sacrificed and the retinas isolated.
      Following brief enzymatic treatment, the inner and outer retinal regions were
      separated from each other using filter membranes. Cells derived from each of the
      two moieties were transplanted separately into the eyes of adult host animals of
      the same strain. After survival times ranging from 3 to 44 days, the host eyes
      were enucleated and prepared for examination using both light and electron
      microscopic methods. Both retinal regions gave viable transplants. Unexpectedly,
      the transplants derived from the inner zone of the retina survived better than
      those derived from the outer zone, despite the fact that the highest number of
      undifferentiated and mitotically active cells occurred in the latter.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292027
TI  - Expression of neural cell adhesion molecule in dysmyelinating mutants.
AB  - The possible role of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in myelination was
      studied in the dysmyelinating mouse mutants jimpy and shiverer, by characterizing
      the expression of the different molecular forms of brain NCAM as a function of
      age. In jimpy, the expression of NCAM-120 (120,000-Da NCAM) was low and in
      shiverer both NCAM-120 and NCAM-180 (180,000-Da NCAM) were reduced when compared
      to controls. In both jimpy and shiverer there was no significant change in the
      phospholipase C-sensitive NCAM-120. These data further support the possibility
      that NCAM may be involved in myelination.

PMID- 2292028
TI  - Endoneurial microenvironment and acute nerve crush injury in the rat sciatic
      nerve.
AB  - In severe peripheral nerve ischemia in the rat, serial nerve blood flow (NBF)
      measurements have identified evidence of 'no reflow', a mechanism of continued
      fiber damage during reperfusion. It has been postulated that 'no reflow' also
      occurs in nerve compression due to direct mechanical or ischemic (if compression
      is prolonged) injury of microvessels, resulting in continuing nerve fiber damage.
      To address this question, we measured endoneurial blood flow (NBF), oxygen
      tension and pH at the site of an acute nerve crush injury. In further sets of
      experiments, NBF and endoneurial oxygen tension were examined before and after
      prolonged epochs of crush. NBF and MR (microvascular resistance) were not
      appreciably different than values obtained in control animals without intervening
      brief nerve crush. NBF was slightly higher and MR slightly lower 2 h after
      injury, but the difference was not statistically significant. No evidence of
      significant endoneurial hypoxia or acidosis was observed. Similarly, after more
      prolonged crush there was no significant oligemia or hypoxia. The studies provide
      no evidence that 'no reflow' occurs in crush injury even if the injury is
      maintained for a period of time known to induce 'no reflow' with severe ischemia.
      We suggest that nerve damage in crush, and possibly compression, more likely
      arises from direct mechanical injury of fibers.

PMID- 2292029
TI  - Correlation of blood-brain barrier function and HT7 protein distribution in chick
      brain circumventricular organs.
AB  - The HT7 protein defined by a monoclonal antibody is a specific marker for chick
      brain endothelial cells (EMBO J., 5 (1986) 3179-3183). In this study, we have
      investigated the expression of this protein in the brain circumventricular organs
      which lack a blood-brain barrier. Using immunohistochemical techniques we found
      that the protein was absent from the vascular system of the pituitary, median
      eminence, subfornical organ, pineal gland, the organum vasculosum lamina
      terminalis and the layer of sinusoid blood vessels of the area postrema. In some
      regions of the median eminence and, more strikingly, in the pineal gland,
      parenchymal cells expressed the HT7 antigen. Immunoblots of proteins from brain,
      pituitary, pineal gland and retina showed that the antigen is very abundant in
      the retina. Lower amounts were present in brain and pineal gland. The glucose
      transporter was found to be an independent reliable marker for blood-brain
      barrier endothelium. In the chick brain the distribution of the biochemically
      distinct proteins was very similar. Using a postembedding technique we have
      ultrastructurally localized the HT7 protein specifically in blood-brain barrier
      endothelial cells. Thus, the expression of the HT7 protein and glucose
      transporter correlated with blood-brain barrier function.

PMID- 2292031
TI  - Electrophysiological properties of pedunculopontine neurons and their
      postsynaptic responses following stimulation of substantia nigra reticulata.
AB  - Membrane properties and postsynaptic responses to stimulation of the substantia
      nigra reticulata (SNr) of the neurons in rat pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) were
      studied in an in vitro parasagittal slice preparation using intracellular
      recording techniques. Based on electrical membrane properties, PPN neurons were
      classified into 3 types (types I, II and II). The unique feature of the type I
      neuron was the low threshold calcium spike while the type II neuron had various
      inward and outward rectifications. The type III neuron showed no such features as
      those observed in type I or II neurons. Some recorded neurons were
      intracellularly labeled with biocytin to study their morphology, and their
      transmitter phenotype was investigated by immunocytochemistry for choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT). The type I and III neurons were found to be non
      cholinergic, but 50% of the labeled type II neurons were immunopositive for ChAT.
      Morphological features of type II neurons were also different from type I or III
      neurons. The soma of the type II neuron was almost always more than twice as
      large as that of type I and III neurons. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
      (IPSPs) were induced in all 3 types of PPN neurons following stimulation of SNr.
      SNr-induced IPSPs were usually followed by a slow depolarizing potential from
      which rebound spikes were triggered. These rebound excitations were found only in
      type I and II neurons. These data indicate that heterogeneous groups of neurons
      exist in the PPN in terms of morphology, transmitter phenotypes and electrical
      membrane properties.

PMID- 2292030
TI  - Neonatal clonidine treatment results in long-lasting changes in noradrenaline
      sensitivity and kindling epileptogenesis.
AB  - In the present experiment we tested the hypothesis that early interference with
      noradrenaline transmission can have permanent consequences for brain function in
      adulthood. Neonatal depletion of noradrenaline by daily subcutaneous injections
      of clonidine results in supersensitivity to noradrenaline in adult hippocampal
      CA1 cells as shown in our previous microiontophoretic study. These findings were
      confirmed and extended here with dose-response curves. Furthermore, we tested
      whether this form of neonatal interference with noradrenaline also permanently
      affects long-lasting plasticity as revealed in kindling epileptogenesis in
      adulthood. The initiation of the epileptic activity after the kindling
      stimulation was significantly delayed in the clonidine-treated group, and all
      measured parameters of seizure expression tended to be retarded in comparison
      with saline-treated control rats. This indicates that noradrenaline
      supersensitivity induced by neonatal clonidine treatment retards kindling
      development in adulthood.

PMID- 2292032
TI  - Nociceptive projection from tooth pulp to the lateral hypothalamus in rats.
AB  - The response of the rat lateral hypothalamic (LHA) neurons to tooth pulp
      electrical stimulation and the sensory projection pathway from the incisor pulp
      to the LHA were studied by electrophysiology and histology. 1) LHA neurons that
      responded to contralateral lower incisor pulp stimulation were found in the
      lateral part of the LHA. These neurons also responded to intensive tail pinch,
      but not to innocuous stimuli nor to applied glucose. 2) Histological study after
      injection of WGA-HRP into the lateral part of the LHA revealed many retrogradely
      labeled neurons in the ventral part of the periventricular gray (PVG) in the
      mesencephalon. 3) The PVG neurons responded antidromically to LHA stimulation and
      to contralateral lower incisor pulp stimulation. 4) After injection of WGA-HRP
      into the ventral portion of the PVG, many labeled cells were found in the
      contralateral subnucleus caudalis in the spinal tract of the trigeminal nucleus
      (NTST) where termination of the pulpal afferent was previously reported. It is
      thus suggested that the PVG is the most likely site of transmission relay of
      nociceptive inputs from incisors to the LHA.

PMID- 2292033
TI  - Vagus nerve afferent and efferent innervation of the rat uterus: an
      electrophysiological and HRP study.
AB  - To determine a possible brainstem connection with the uterus, a study with
      electrophysiological techniques and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing was
      performed in the rat. Neurons of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius decreased
      in discharge frequency during cervicovaginal distension. HRP injections into the
      uterine walls resulted in the appearance of labelled cells in the nodose ganglion
      and in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. The results demonstrate a
      direct bidirectional vagal complex-uterus connection via the vagus nerve. Results
      are discussed in terms of a complex uterus control system in which the
      paraventricular nucleus might play an integrative role.

PMID- 2292034
TI  - Dissociation of the apparent relationship between nicotine tolerance and up
      regulation of nicotinic receptors.
AB  - Saline or nicotine (0.8 mg/kg/hr) was administered chronically to rats via
      subcutaneous infusion for 7 days. After chronic treatment, the effects of a
      challenge dose of nicotine, injected subcutaneously, on open-field activity and
      body temperature were measured. Nicotine responses were measured 2 hours after
      infusion had been stopped (day 0) or 1, 2, 4, 8, or 21 days after cessation of
      treatment. Brain nicotinic receptors were measured using nicotine binding or
      bungarotoxin binding in six brain regions. Tolerance to nicotine's effects on
      open-field activity and body temperature were observed; this tolerance was lost
      before the fourth day of withdrawal. Both nicotine and BTX binding were increased
      after chronic nicotine treatment. The return of the receptors to control values
      was dependent on brain region, but in general receptors were still increased at 4
      days after withdrawal. The half-lives for receptors returning to normal were
      greater for nicotine binding compared to BTX binding. These results suggest that
      a relatively short-lived tolerance results from chronic nicotine infusion and
      that alterations in nicotinic receptors can be dissociated from behavioral
      tolerance.

PMID- 2292035
TI  - Inhibition of nociceptive responses of wide-dynamic-range neurons by peripheral
      nerve stimulation.
AB  - Of 107 neurons from the sacral and coccygeal levels of the spinal cord in
      anesthetized intact rats examined, 62 wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neurons that
      responded to noxious heating of the tail were recorded. On the basis of their
      inhibitory responses through A-beta or A-delta afferent fibers to noxious
      stimulation, these neurons were classified into one of the following three types:
      Type I--neurons inhibited only by A-beta afferent nerve impulses; Type II-
      neurons inhibited only by A-delta afferent nerve impulses; Type III--neurons
      inhibited by both. The present results are compared with previously reported
      behavioral results.

PMID- 2292036
TI  - Evidence for the presence of angiotensin II-type 1 receptors in brain.
AB  - Angiotensin II receptor subtypes have been localized in brain by using a novel
      nonpeptide AII-type 1 receptor antagonist to compete with [125I]AII binding in an
      autoradiographic study. These data contrast with results obtained using the AII
      type 2 antagonist PD123177. Both receptor subtypes appear to exist in the brain,
      but the type 1 receptor predominates in the small regions of brain where AII
      binding is highly concentrated. DUP 753 may have a central action involved in its
      unique antihypertensive effect.

PMID- 2292038
TI  - The correlation of passive avoidance deficit in aged rat with the loss of nucleus
      basalis choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons.
AB  - The present study investigates the effects of ageing on the number of choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons in the nucleus basalis (NB) and the
      correlation between the number of ChAT-positive neurons and passive avoidance
      (PA) retention in young (3-month-old) and aged (26-month-old) rats. The results
      indicate that the number of ChAT-positive neurons is decreased in aged rats and
      that the degree of loss of NB neurons is related to the degree of PA retention
      deficit in aged rats.

PMID- 2292037
TI  - Effect of intracerebroventricular injection of neokyotorphin on the
      thermoregulatory responses in rats.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular injection of neokyotorphin (NKT) (0.5-2.0 micrograms)
      caused a dose-related increase in body temperature (Tb) of rats maintained at 28
      degrees C. The change in Tb of the rat induced by the optimal dose of NKT (1
      microgram) was attenuated when the rat was exposed to 18 degrees C. At both
      ambient temperatures, heat production was not affected but heat loss was
      significantly reduced at 28 degrees C in rats receiving 1 microgram NKT.
      Pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg, IP) significantly reduced the hyperthermic
      effect induced by NKT (1 microgram). These results suggest that NKT can affect
      the prevailing thermoregulatory heat loss activities and this effect may be
      mediated through stimulated release of endogenous opioids.

PMID- 2292039
TI  - Effect of estradiol and progesterone on rat striatal dopamine uptake sites.
AB  - Striatal dopamine (DA) uptake sites labelled with [3H]GBR-12935 binding were
      investigated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats acutely treated with 17 beta-estradiol
      (E2) or progesterone (P). One injection of E2 (100 ng, SC) to OVX rats increased
      plasma levels of this steroid after 15 min while plasma prolactin (PRL) levels
      remained unchanged. The E2 injection left striatal [3H]GBR-12935 binding affinity
      unchanged while the maximum density increased 15 and 30 min after the injection
      (+24% and +18%, respectively). One injection of P (110 micrograms, SC) to OVX
      rats increased this steroid plasma level from 15 to 120 min while plasma PRL
      levels remained unchanged. [3H]GBR-12935 binding density and affinity remained
      unchanged up to 120 min after the injection. Thus, acutely, E2 but not P,
      modulated striatal DA uptake sites in OVX rats. The effect of E2 appeared in
      coincidence with the peak of this steroid plasma concentration. This increase was
      rapid and is probably nongenomic and suggests a causal effect relationship as
      well as a presynaptic site of action of E2.

PMID- 2292040
TI  - A microassay for measuring synaptosomal 3H-dopamine and 3H-metabolite release.
AB  - A modified synaptosomal superfusion apparatus is described which uses less than
      10 micrograms of tissue per replicate sample and facilitates the routine
      separation of 3H-DA, 3H-DOPAC, and 3H-HVA. A flow rate of 1.5 ml/min allows
      superfusion without the use of reuptake or monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
      Superfusate samples are collected directly onto alumina columns for the
      separation of 3H-DA and its acid metabolites. Total recovery of authentic 3H-DA
      applied via superfusion was 87.63(1.10) percent [Mean(SEM)]. Contamination of the
      acetic acid eluate fraction, containing 80.98(1.15)% of the total DA, by DOPAC
      and HVA was less than 0.1%. To illustrate the utility of this technique, the
      relative proportions of 3H-DA and 3H-metabolites released from synaptosomes by 6
      mM potassium and 1 microM reserpine were compared.

PMID- 2292041
TI  - Gastric vagal functional distribution in the secretion of gastric acid produced
      by sweet taste.
AB  - The sweet signal pathway relevant to lingual control of gastric acid secretion
      was examined in bilaterally adrenalectomized rats. The increase in the acid
      output after lingual glucose application was completely blocked by prior section
      of both sides of the vagus nerve at the cervical level. However, the reduction in
      the acid output showed no laterality following vagotomy on either side. At the
      subdiaphragmatic level, the acid response was mainly suppressed by section of the
      dorsal vagus trunk. Both sides of trunk vagotomy abolished the acid response.
      These results suggest that the sweet signal evoking gastric acid secretion has a
      specific pathway from the tongue to the stomach, and that there is functional
      laterality in this pathway in the visceral cavity.

PMID- 2292042
TI  - An improved version of a direct-drive, nonrotating manual microdrive.
AB  - This paper details the construction of an improved version of a direct-drive,
      nonrotating microdrive described previously. The improved version had virtually
      no electrical noise while being lowered, included a tension adjustment on the
      drive shaft and weighed only 4.5 g. The assembly allowed a workable electrode
      penetration distance of 16 mm. One complete rotation moved the electrode 400
      microns.

PMID- 2292043
TI  - Neural basis of behavior: animal models of human conditions. A satellite
      symposium to the 19th annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. Phoenix,
      AZ, October 29, 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2292044
TI  - Neural basis of behavior: animal models of human conditions.
AB  - A variety of neurological disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and
      Huntington's diseases are characterized by abnormalities within specific
      neuroanatomical and/or neurochemical systems. Approaches to the treatment of
      these and other neurological disorders are limited. The development and
      refinement of animal models which closely mimic human disease states would help
      elucidate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of the disease as well as
      suggest novel therapeutic strategies for their prevention or alleviation. This
      symposium presents a variety of animal models that have helped us in
      understanding the human condition. The present introduction presents some
      clinically relevant findings obtained from basic experimental studies with animal
      models of Huntington's disease (HD) and Tourette Syndrome (TS). These studies
      demonstrate that animal models can provide a greater understanding of the
      symptomatology of disease states as well as suggest innovative new treatments.

PMID- 2292045
TI  - Animal models of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
AB  - In humans, deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) is associated with a disorder known as Lesch
      Nyhan syndrome which includes severe neurobehavioral abnormalities. Several
      animal models which have been developed to examine the neurobiologic substrates
      of this disorder have suggested a role for abnormal function in purine/dopamine
      neurotransmission, but the relationship between HPRT-deficiency and these
      abnormalities remains unknown. Recently, HPRT-deficient mice have been produced
      which appear to have similar, though more subtle changes in brain dopamine
      function. These mice will be useful in elucidating the relationship between HPRT
      deficiency and the neurological deficits observed in patients with this disorder.

PMID- 2292046
TI  - Startle response models of sensorimotor gating and habituation deficits in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - Studies of prepulse inhibition and habituation of startle responses elicited by
      intense stimuli provide some unusual opportunities for cross-species explorations
      of attentional deficits characteristic of schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenic
      patients exhibit deficits in both the prepulse inhibition of startle and the
      habituation of startle. The behavioral plasticity of startle responses and the
      comparability of the test paradigms used in rats and humans greatly facilitates
      the development of animal models of specifiable behavioral abnormalities in
      schizophrenic patients. This review describes two such examples of parallel
      animal and human models, one involving sensorimotor gating and the other
      examining behavioral habituation. Evidence is presented supporting the
      involvement of mesolimbic dopaminergic systems in the modulation of prepulse
      inhibition or sensorimotor gating and the importance of central serotonergic
      systems in the habituation of startle.

PMID- 2292047
TI  - Dementia: animal models of the cognitive impairments following damage to the
      basal forebrain cholinergic system.
AB  - The finding that patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have significant
      degeneration of neurons in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)
      stimulated a great deal of research to determine the cognitive impairments
      resulting from selective damage to this area. The experiments reviewed here
      indicate that lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) and of the
      medial septal area (MSA) reproduce the behavioral symptoms following lesions of
      their respective target sites, the frontal cortex (FC) and the hippocampus (HIP).
      Impairments of recent memory are one of the most striking symptoms in AD patients
      at the beginning of their disease, and lesions of the BFCS induce similar
      impairments. Comparisons of the effects of the lesions produced by different
      neurotoxins, ibotenic (IBO) acid and quisqualic (QUIS) acid, have raised
      questions about the role of cholinergic and noncholinergic neurotransmitter
      systems in the basal forebrain. The implications of these data for the
      cholinergic hypothesis of mnemonic functions are discussed.

PMID- 2292048
TI  - Animal models of age-related dementia: neurobehavioral dysfunctions in autoimmune
      mice.
AB  - The development of strategies for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other age
      associated dementias is an important goal of research in the neurosciences. It is
      suggested that advances in understanding of the etiology of those disorders would
      provide the most obvious avenues to development of preventative treatments.
      Research findings from both clinical investigations and studies of animal models
      are presented which suggest a neuroimmunologic component in age-associated
      dementia. Clinical studies suggest an association between dementia and brain
      reactive autoantibodies in subsets of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Studies
      of mice suggest that: 1) when compared with normal genotypes, mutant mice with
      accelerated autoimmunity show learning and memory impairments at earlier
      chronological ages; 2) the learning and memory deficits of autoimmune and normal
      mice are qualitatively similar; 3) the behavioral deficits of normal aged and
      autoimmune mice are sensitive to similar pharmacologic interventions. Overall,
      these findings suggest that intervention strategies targeting the immune system
      might be useful in the treatment or prevention of aging-associated dementia.
      Autoimmune mice would be useful as models for the development and testing of such
      immune-based interventions.

PMID- 2292049
TI  - A feasibility study of intensive CAF as outpatient adjuvant therapy for stage II
      breast cancer in a cooperative group: CALGB 8443.
AB  - In preparation for a national Phase III study of dose and dose intensity in the
      treatment of node-positive, Stage II adenocarcinoma of the female breast, CALGB
      instituted a pilot study of intensive intravenous outpatient CAF
      (cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil) for four months. This study was
      designed to give full doses of drugs without dose reduction for hematologic
      toxicity. In order to evaluate the feasibility of physician and patient
      compliance with a potentially toxic therapy, a multi-institution pilot study was
      performed. This protocol demonstrated that a cooperative group could deliver
      toxic drug doses to outpatients with a median of 98% of cyclophosphamide, 97% of
      Adriamycin (doxorubicin), and 91% of 5-fluorouracil administered on schedule.
      Major side effects, as expected, were leukopenia, nausea, and vomiting. Disease
      free survival is at least equivalent to that observed in previous studies.

PMID- 2292050
TI  - Combination chemotherapy specifically devised for elderly patients with
      unfavorable non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - The results of a prospective trial with a specifically devised chemotherapy
      regimen in elderly patients with unfavorable non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are
      reported. Between April 1983 and April 1986, 37 consecutive patients 70 years old
      or more (median age 80) received etoposide and prednimustine (E + P) 100 mg/m2
      p.o. for 5 days every 21 days. Thirteen patients were previously treated.
      Objective response rate in the 35 evaluable patients is 66% with 46% complete
      response. The objective response rate in the 22 previously untreated patients is
      nearly 70% with 50% complete response. Median survival is 14 months. The overall
      toxicity was reasonably acceptable. There were 5% (2 patients) treatment-related
      deaths, but in an unselected elderly population. We experienced the usefulness of
      a properly oriented clinical approach to elderly patients with NHL. We suggest
      that a combination regimen E + P, suitable for oral administration, may be safely
      employed in elderly patients with unfavorable NHL.

PMID- 2292051
TI  - Acute coronary events following cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
AB  - Six patients with no previous signs or symptoms suggestive of coronary artery
      disease developed acute coronary ischemia/infarction shortly after cis-diamine
      dichloroplatinum II (cisplatin) -based chemotherapy. In two patients this was the
      sole chemotherapeutic agent used. One patient underwent coronary angiography
      which disclosed no pathology, but following which, while on a calcium channel
      blocking agent regimen, he had an uneventful course of chemotherapy with
      cisplatin. Documentation of cisplatin-related vascular events is important in
      view of the growing number of patients who undergo cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

PMID- 2292052
TI  - Drug-induced loss of unstably amplified genes.
AB  - Methotrexate-resistant R500 cells slowly lose amplified dihydrofolate reductase
      (dhrf) genes with biphasic kinetics when grown in the absence of methotrexate.
      Both phases of gene loss were markedly accelerated by subcytotoxic drug
      treatments. R500 cells were passed in low concentrations of cytotoxic drugs
      (inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase, type I and type II topoisomerases, and
      polyamine synthesis). At each passage, relative dhfr gene copy number was
      determined by slot blot analysis. All of these drugs were able to induce rapid
      loss of dhfr gene dosage in the R500 cell population. The ability of these
      treatments to cause the rapid emergence of a cell population with substantially
      reduced dhfr gene dosage indicates that either the amplified genes or those cells
      with the highest levels of gene amplification are selectively targeted by low
      level cytotoxic stress. The complex kinetics of amplified gene loss are
      suggestive of differential targeting of resistant cell subpopulations.

PMID- 2292053
TI  - The cytolysis of human neuroblastoma cells by a natural IgM 'antibody'-complement
      system in pregnancy serum.
AB  - Cell lines from 26 human cancers were studied for cytotoxicity when treated with
      normal pregnancy serum. Cytotoxicity manifested by cell death and cytolysis,
      occurred in 4 of 8 neuroblastomas studied: SK-N-SH, NGP, LAN-5, and IMR-32. In
      NGP and SK-N-SH, evidence is presented showing that the cytotoxicity resulted
      from the cell-surface binding of a natural IgM 'antibody', which sensitized the
      neuroblastoma cells to the lytic action of complement (C). This system may be
      involved in a cytolytic form of spontaneous regression of neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2292054
TI  - Phase II trial of methyl-gag and melphalan in metastatic adult renal cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - A trial of melphalan and methyl-gag was undertaken in 16 patients with metastatic
      renal cell carcinoma. Among 14 evaluable patients, 6 had stabilization of
      disease. No significant responses were observed. While both drugs have produced
      occasional responses in renal cancer, their combination shows no therapeutic
      advantage.

PMID- 2292055
TI  - Current status of chemoprevention trials at the National Cancer Institute.

PMID- 2292056
TI  - Pediatric peripheral neuroectodermal tumors, oncogenes, and differentiation.

PMID- 2292057
TI  - Hodgkin's disease in patients 70 years of age or more. A retrospective EORTC
      Lymphoma Group Study.

PMID- 2292058
TI  - Cytokines and cell motility: an overview.

PMID- 2292059
TI  - Regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis: correlations with actin polymerization.

PMID- 2292060
TI  - Scattering and motility activities of the extracellular matrix and growth factors
      on bladder carcinoma cells.

PMID- 2292061
TI  - Molecular analysis of amoeboid chemotaxis.

PMID- 2292062
TI  - Characterization of migration-stimulating factor (MSF): evidence for its role in
      cancer pathogenesis.

PMID- 2292063
TI  - Microtubule-based cell motility: the role of microtubules in cell motility and
      differentiation.

PMID- 2292064
TI  - The politics of sugar.

PMID- 2292065
TI  - The current status of nutrition labelling in the United Kingdom.
AB  - During the past 10 years there has been considerable discussion about nutrition
      labelling of foodstuffs. In the United Kingdom, the Ministry of Agriculture,
      Fisheries and Food has published several proposals for guidelines and
      regulations. The European Community has more recently considered this subject and
      has issued their proposals for draft directives. There is now considerable
      agreement between the UK guidelines on nutrition labelling published in 1987 and
      EC proposals which are under discussion. Compulsory nutrition labelling is
      unlikely in the immediate future, except when a nutrition claim is made, when
      labelling is to be compulsory and must conform to one of several specified
      formats. In contrast, many consumer groups believe that nutrition labelling
      should be compulsory for all packaged foods. The Ministry of Agriculture,
      Fisheries and Food intends to control nutrition claims, such as claims of 'high'
      or 'low' levels of various nutrients, and definitions of these nutrient levels
      have been proposed for discussion. Whether to label foods according to 'total' or
      'added' sugars content, or both, is also under discussion.

PMID- 2292066
TI  - A survey of nutrition labelling of sugar-containing foods in the north of England
      in 1989.
AB  - A survey of the nutrition labelling of 880 varieties of foods on sale in three
      stores in Newcastle upon Tyne was undertaken in May-July 1989. The foods were
      chosen for investigation because they contained sugars, and they were categorised
      into 12 types of food. Some nutritional information was given for most foods but
      it seldom conformed to the format suggested by the Ministry of Agriculture,
      Fisheries and Food. The sugars content of the foods was seldom given. Even when
      nutritional claims were made (e.g. 'low sugar', 'high fibre'), nutritional
      information was often incomplete. The three stores differed in the extent to
      which their own-brand products were labelled for nutrient content. Tesco products
      were comprehensibly labelled, while own-brand products for sale in the other two
      stores were not, although both stores stated their intention to introduce
      comprehensive nutrition labelling. Two of the three stores had, or intended to
      have, obligatory sugar labelling. Despite this, there were many examples of
      nutrition labelling which was misleading. It is concluded that nutrition
      labelling should be compulsory and should conform to a format which specifies
      sugars content.

PMID- 2292067
TI  - Prevalence and distribution by tooth type and surface of developmental defects of
      dental enamel in a group of 15- to 16-year-old children in South Wales.
AB  - In 1984 the prevalence and distribution of developmental defects of dental enamel
      in 791 children aged 15-16 years was determined using the DDE index. The children
      were all residents of the county of South Glamorgan, Wales, which has a public
      water supply containing less than 0.1 mg fluoride/litre. The teeth were dried but
      not cleaned prior to examination and a dental operating light was used for
      illumination. Teeth with some type of defective enamel were seen in 50.1 per cent
      of children. White/single opacities were present in 28.3 per cent of children and
      white/diffuse, patchy opacities in 10.2 per cent of children. The enamel was
      abnormal in 5.71 per cent of all teeth with white/single opacities and
      white/diffuse, patchy opacities occurring in 1.81 per cent and 1.66 per cent of
      teeth respectively. There were no significant differences between boys and girls
      in terms of mouth or tooth prevalence of defects. Overall, 7.6 per cent of
      maxillary teeth were affected compared to 4.3 per cent of mandibular teeth. Most
      teeth were affected equally on right and left sides of the mouth except for
      maxillary lateral incisors and canines which had significantly more defects on
      the right (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.005 respectively) and maxillary
      second molars, which had significantly more defects on the left (P less than
      0.01). Maxillary central incisors (15.2 per cent) were affected by enamel defects
      most often followed by maxillary first molars (9.1 per cent) and maxillary
      lateral incisors and mandibular first molars (both 8.3 per cent).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292068
TI  - Evaluation of a fissure sealing programme in a Danish Public Child Dental
      Service.
AB  - Most studies on fissure sealants have been conducted as explanatory trials. The
      present study takes a pragmatic approach to the use of fissure sealing as a
      caries-preventive measure. The study was conducted in two municipalities in the
      Copenhagen area, one (S) with a policy of sealing all occlusal fissures of first
      permanent molars and another (C) where fissure sealing was not used. The study
      included all the 1053 12-year-old children in the two municipalities who had
      participated in the dental service since preschool age. Fissure sealing with
      Delton(R) was performed as soon after eruption as possible. Out of 2180 first
      permanent molars in S, 1721 (79 per cent) were sealed. An overall complete
      retention rate of 40 per cent was obtained after the 6- to 7-year observation
      period. The caries prevalence on all types of surfaces not sealed was almost
      identical in both municipalities, supporting the assumption that they had similar
      caries levels. On the target surfaces the mean caries increment for girls was 1.4
      and for boys 1.2 in S compared with 2.0 (girls) and 1.6 (boys) in C, giving an
      effectiveness in caries reduction of 32 and 25 per cent for girls and boys
      respectively. For girls, 5 occlusal surfaces had to be sealed in order to save
      one filling; compared to 8 surfaces for boys.

PMID- 2292069
TI  - An evaluation of bitewing radiographs in 5-year-old children.
AB  - Bitewing radiographs remain the most universally accepted aid in the detection of
      approximal caries in posterior teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate their
      use in 5-year-old children. A total of 435 selected sets of films were read and
      the numbers of readable and unreadable surfaces were recorded. Of the total, 57
      per cent of the sets of films were wholly readable; out of a maximum of 8700,
      7490 readable surfaces were seen. Of the 248 wholly readable sets of films, 172
      (69 per cent) had no evidence of caries, fillings or extracted teeth. The most
      common reason for loss of information was that surfaces were absent from the film
      (accounting for 7 per cent of all surfaces). Blurring of the surface affected 4
      per cent of surfaces and overlaps a further 3 per cent. Despite the deficiencies
      seen, caries was diagnosed from more than one-third of all sets of films.

PMID- 2292070
TI  - The effect of a nutrition education programme 'learning by teaching' on the
      dietary attitudes of a group of adolescents.
AB  - The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the structure of attitudes towards
      healthy food in a group of adolescents and (2) to evaluate the impact of a health
      education programme on these attitudes. The strategy used was to make 14-year-old
      schoolchildren learn about nutrition and dental health by teaching these topics
      to 10-year-old children. A pre-test/post-test non-equivalent control group design
      was used. The experimental group consisted of four classes of 14-year-old
      children from two schools and the reference group of four classes of the same age
      from two comparable schools. The data were collected prior to, immediately after,
      and, for the experimental group, two months after the implementation of the
      programme. Factor analysis revealed three dimensions of attitudes: PROHEALTH,
      TASTE, and SIGNIFICANT OTHERS. Analysis of covariance with pre-test measures as
      covariates showed a significant effect of the programme on PROHEALTH, no effect
      on TASTE, and a significant study group by gender interaction effect on
      SIGNIFICANT OTHERS, which, however, was impaired two months later. It is
      concluded that the change in attitudes can be explained by two mechanisms:
      dissonance arousal and discrepancy between personal attitudes and group norms;
      and that future programmes should emphasise affection rather than cognition.

PMID- 2292071
TI  - A dental care programme for occasional dental attenders.
AB  - This study investigated the provision of dental care to primary schools in which
      many children were irregular or occasional dental attenders. The dental care
      programme was targeted at 9- to 11-year-old children in the two test schools, and
      comprised a series of dental health education lessons, followed by the offer of
      dental treatment within the school. This treatment was carried out using portable
      equipment set up in the medical room or spare classroom. Children in the control
      schools received a traditional school dental inspection and the offer of clinic
      based treatment. The results showed that simple operative treatment could be
      satisfactorily provided on school premises, and by removing many barriers to
      dental care, could be considered appropriate in circumstances where there is a
      'core, of children not receiving this care.

PMID- 2292072
TI  - An inquiry into the effects of health related behaviour on dental health among
      young Asian children resident in a fluoridated city in Canada.
AB  - In low-fluoride areas, infant feeding practices have been implicated in the
      aetiology of extensive caries found in young Asian children. The purpose of this
      study was to compare the findings in low-fluoride Leeds, UK with fluoridated
      Edmonton, in Canada. A multilingual interpreter interviewed Asian parents, and
      their children aged 2 to 5 years were then given a dental examination. From the
      initial sample contacted by post, a 72 per cent response rate was achieved. Of
      the 72 parents interviewed, three-quarters reported that the child was initially
      breast fed, 11 for over 12 months. The majority of children continued bottle
      feeding beyond 24 months of age, and one-third drank sweetened milk. Two-thirds
      of the sample were caries free. The continued use of a feeding bottle per se was
      not associated with caries experience, but caries was more likely to occur if
      sugar, honey or cereal were added to the drink. A positive association was found
      between caries experience and sustained breast feeding beyond 12 months of age.
      Social variables, including father's occupation and mother's ability to speak
      English were not related to caries experience. The results confirm that, as in
      the UK, South Asian parents in Canada provide feeding bottles for their
      children's drinks well beyond infancy. Nevertheless, in a fluoridated city,
      bottle-feeding practices were not associated with caries experience unless drinks
      were sweetened. However, prolonged breast feeding was found to be harmful to
      dental health. The role of fluoride ingestion in relation to these feeding
      practices is discussed.

PMID- 2292073
TI  - Job satisfaction among stayers and leavers of dental group practices in The
      Netherlands.
AB  - Working in group dental practices has increased during the last few decades. In
      the present study all the dentists (n = 82) who had participated in group
      practices in the Netherlands for at least 10 years were interviewed and
      questioned about the nature of their practices, their working conditions and
      their 'job satisfaction'. Most of them (78 per cent) had a second appointment,
      besides that in the group practice. During the past 10 years 32 per cent of the
      dentists had left the group practice because of personal conflicts, the wish to
      change to solo practice or a different appointment, organisational problems, or
      dissatisfaction with practice space. Eighty-two per cent of them declared that
      they were, in general, (very) satisfied with their work; these included 94 per
      cent of the 'stayers' and 63 per cent of the 'leavers'. The main motives for
      joining a group practice rather than working in a solo practice were: being less
      isolated, having the possibility of mutual consultation, the stimulation of
      working with colleagues, and the more efficient use of staff and equipment. These
      motives were satisfactorily realised, according to the 'stayers'; and 'leavers'
      scored less favourably, but still at a high level. The same picture was also seen
      in the other features studied; the 'stayers' were very satisfied with their
      working conditions and the future possibilities of the group practice, while the
      'leavers' reacted less positively, but, on average, not negatively.

PMID- 2292074
TI  - Prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases in Saudi Arabian schoolchildren
      aged 6, 9 and 12 years.
AB  - A random sample of 2321 school children aged 6, 9 and 12 years was examined in
      the Riyadh Central Province for periodontal conditions using the CPITN and the
      epidemiological methods established by the World Health Organisation. Results
      indicated that 59 per cent of 6-year-old children had a healthy periodontal
      state, and 40 per cent had bleeding. Among 9-year-old children 42.9 per cent were
      healthy, 48.7 per cent had bleeding and 7.8 per cent calculus. The percentage
      with healthy periodontal conditions fell to 32 per cent in 12-year-old children;
      52 per cent had bleeding and 16 per cent had calculus. The differences between
      sexes were significant at all age groups (6, P less than 0.05; 9, P less than
      0.01; 12, P less than 0.001). It is concluded that oral hygiene therapeutic
      measures (professional and self-care), and dental health education are needed by
      the school age population.

PMID- 2292075
TI  - The cost of upgrading cross-infection control in twelve community dental service
      surgeries, 1988-1989.
AB  - A retrospective survey was established in 1989 to cost the upgrading of cross
      infection control methods in twelve community dental service surgeries. The
      capital and maintenance expenditure averaged 3244.85 pounds per surgery,
      indicating that the costs might be less than currently projected.

PMID- 2292076
TI  - Retrospective study of dental treatment for elderly hospital inpatients in
      Wolverhampton.
AB  - Records of 430 elderly hospital in-patients in Wolverhampton who required dental
      treatment between 1981 and 1987 were examined. The majority of them had ill
      fitting dentures (39.1 per cent) followed by 'lost' dentures (20.4 per cent).
      Construction of new and replacement dentures and denture relines and repairs
      formed the majority of the treatment requirement. Other types of treatment
      included extractions, fillings and prophylactic care. Treatment for oral
      pathology was undertaken by the oral surgeons. Treatment was provided by the
      community dental service; this was carried out by a community clinical dental
      officer on a sessional basis working under the supervision of the consultant oral
      surgeon.

PMID- 2292077
TI  - Designing clinical trials of treatment for osteoporosis: recruitment and follow
      up.

PMID- 2292078
TI  - Comparison of vitamin D metabolism in early healthy and late osteoporotic
      postmenopausal women.
AB  - We studied 20 healthy premenopausal women aged 36.5 +/- 4.0 years (mean +/- 1
      SD), 123 healthy postmenopausal women aged 50.0 +/- 2.4 years, and 103
      postmenopausal women aged 65.1 +/- 5.6 years with symptomatic osteoporosis
      (forearm and spinal fracture). Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites [25(OH)D,
      24,25(OH)2D3, and 1,25-(OH)2D] were compared with (1) bone mass in the forearm
      (single photon absorptiometry) and in the spine (dual photon absorptiometry); (2)
      biochemical indices of bone formation (serum alkaline phosphatase, plasma bone
      Gla protein), and bone resorption (fasting urinary hydroxyproline); and (3) other
      biochemical estimates of calcium metabolism (serum calcium, serum phosphate, 24
      hour urinary calcium, intestinal absorption of calcium). The present study
      revealed no difference in any of the vitamin D metabolites between the
      premenopausal women, the healthy postmenopausal women and the osteoporotic women
      as a group. The concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D and 25(OH)D were significantly lower
      in patients with spinal fracture than in those with forearm fracture. In the
      early postmenopausal women serum 1,25(OH)D was related to forearm bone mass (r = 
      0.20; P less than 0.05), intestinal calcium absorption (r = 0.18; P less than
      0.05), and 24-hour urinary calcium (r = 0.21; P less than 0.05); serum 25(OH)D
      was related to spinal bone mass (r = 0.23; P less than 0.01). In the osteoporotic
      women, serum vitamin D metabolites were not related to bone mass, but 1,25(OH)2D
      was related to bone Gla protein (r = 0.33; P less than 0.001), serum phosphate (r
      = -0.27; P less than 0.01), and 24-hour urinary calcium (r = 0.43; P less than
      0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292080
TI  - Factors influencing the enhanced hypocalcemic action of liposome-entrapped
      calcitonin.
AB  - The mechanism whereby liposomal entrapment enhances the hypocalcemic effect of
      calcitonin (CT) was evaluated in the rat. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and PC plus
      cholesterol (PCC) preparations of large multilammelar vesicles (MLV) and small
      unilammelar vesicles (SUV) were used to entrap human calcitonin (hCT). The effect
      of each of these preparations was assessed by measuring plasma calcium after
      their parenteral administration. Changes in calcium were compared with plasma
      concentrations of liposomal hCT (L-hCT) and free hCT (F-CT). The plasma form of
      hCT was also evaluated by gel filtration chromatography. Most of the liposomal
      preparations had a greater hypocalcemic effect than unencapsulated hCT. Following
      I.V. administration, the MLV-hCT preparations had the greatest hypocalcemic
      effect. Thus, to enhance the hypocalcemic effect of hCT, large vesicular size is
      important for I.V. administration and the absence of cholesterol in the liposome
      is important for I.M. administration. In general, the greatest hypocalcemic
      effect was achieved by those liposomal preparations that resulted in the most
      sustained increase of L-hCT and F-hCT in plasma. Thus, liposomal entrapment
      enhances the hypocalcemic effect of hCT by prolonging the presence of the peptide
      in the peripheral circulation.

PMID- 2292079
TI  - Habitual dietary calcium intake and cortical bone loss in perimenopausal women: a
      longitudinal study.
AB  - During an 8-year follow-up study, the effect of habitual dietary calcium intake
      on cortical bone loss in 154 healthy perimenopausal women was examined. Dietary
      calcium intake, determined by the cross-check dietary history method, and
      cortical bone mineral content of the radius were measured annually. Habitual
      dietary calcium intake was calculated as the mean of the estimated daily dietary
      calcium intake during the follow-up period. The women were classified according
      to their habitual calcium intake: those with an intake below 800 mg/day (n = 28),
      between 800 and 1350 mg/day (n = 95), and above 1350 mg/day (n = 31). The results
      show a continuous significant loss of cortical bone in all groups, amounting
      yearly to 1.3 +/- 0.25, 1.5 +/- 0.10, and 1.9 +/- 0.23% (mean +/- SE) for the
      groups with a low, medium, and high habitual calcium intake, respectively (P less
      than 0.01). The differences among the three groups did not reach statistical
      significance (P = 0.11). Body mass index was found to be positively correlated
      with the negative changes in cortical bone mineral density (r = 0.32, P less than
      0.01), even after adjustments had been made for confounding factors. It is
      concluded that a habitual calcium intake exceeding 800 mg/day (the current
      Recommended Daily Allowance for adults) is ineffective in preventing cortical
      bone loss during early menopause. Body mass index is of major importance for the
      perimenopausal bone loss.

PMID- 2292081
TI  - Effect of calcitonin on total body bone mineral contents of experimental
      osteoporotic rats determined by dual photon absorptiometry.
AB  - Total body bone mineral (TBBM) content in rats was measured by dual photon
      absorptiometry (DPA). TBBM showed significant increases over 4 weeks in control
      groups with significant bone loss over the same time in prednisolone-injected
      rats on low calcium feed. Daily injections of calcitonin significantly reduced
      loss of bone mass. Both prednisolone- and prednisolone-calcitonin-injected groups
      showed significantly elevated serum alkaline phosphatase with the prednisolone
      calcitonin group also exhibiting elevated serum calcium and phosphate levels,
      confirming the impact of the experimental protocol. TBBM measured by DPA in all
      groups correlated well (r = 0.928, P less than 0.001 n = 20) with the total ash
      weight suggesting that the method reflects total skeletal mineral content in the
      small animal. TBBM measurement by DPA proves well-suited to monitoring bone
      mineral in a small animal experimental setting.

PMID- 2292082
TI  - Progressive cancellous bone loss in rats after adrenalectomy and oophorectomy.
AB  - Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 72), 6 months old, underwent either sham
      operation, oophorectomy, adrenalectomy, or combined oophorectomy and
      adrenalectomy (O&A). They were all maintained on normal saline ad libitum and 20
      g/day 1.1% calcium chow. Nine weeks after operation, the trabecular bone volume
      of the distal femoral shaft was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in the
      adrenalectomized (11.1%), oophorectomized (7.0%), and O&A (8.3%) animals than in
      sham-operated animals (19.8%). Eighteen weeks after operation, the trabecular
      bone volume in O&A animals had fallen to a mean of 3.8% (sham 17.0%), and the
      length of the femur had increased to 38.8 mm after O&A (sham 36.8 mm, P less than
      0.01). O&A animals treated with 0.35 mg/kg/week nandrolone decanoate from 9 weeks
      postoperatively onward, had twice the femoral trabecular bone volume of untreated
      animals at 18 weeks (P less than 0.05). By contrast, no significant differences
      were found in vertebral body trabecular bone between any groups, including groups
      receiving treatment with androgens. We have found that, by 9 weeks after
      operation, adrenalectomy alone causes significant loss of metaphyseal trabecular
      bone, similar to the progressive loss seen after oophorectomy.

PMID- 2292083
TI  - Calcitonin, osteoclasts, and bone turnover.

PMID- 2292084
TI  - Response-contingent variation in visual recall: evidence of a dynamic memory
      trace.
AB  - Sixty-six subjects learned responses to four ellipses (eccentrically 0.52) which
      varied orthogonally in area (two large: 994 mm2; two small: 671 mm2) and
      orientation (two with major axis vertical, two with major axis horizontal).
      Correct responses were contingent on either the area or the orientation of the
      ellipses. After learning the correct responses, subjects recalled the ellipses by
      drawing them. Recall was either immediately, 1 day, or 2 weeks after learning the
      responses. The recall drawings were measured for area and for orientation (ratio
      of the length of the vertical to the horizontal axis). Differences among the
      recall drawings increased on the dimension (area or orientation) which was
      associated with correct responses during the learning task. The differences on
      the associated dimension were large when recall was tested immediately after the
      response learning task, small when recall was tested 1 day after learning, and
      large again when recall was tested 2 weeks after learning the responses. This
      experiment eliminated one potential source of uncontrolled variability in earlier
      results. The results are consistent with previous experiments and suggest an
      active two-phase memory consolidation process extended over time.

PMID- 2292085
TI  - A comparison of cognitive function in community-dwelling and institutionalized
      old people of normal intelligence.
AB  - Two carefully matched groups of normal old people living in institutions or in
      the community were administered a neuropsychological cognitive test battery. In
      general, the institutionalized group performed worse than the community group.
      Discriminant function analysis identified a subgroup of high-functioning
      institutionalized subjects whose performance more closely resembled that of the
      community group than the remainder of the institutionalized group. Differences
      between the various groups were not due to differences in IQ, age, health, or
      other controlled variables. The critical tests that differentiated the groups
      were sensitive to impaired function in frontal and medial-temporal lobe brain
      regions. The results suggest a complex interaction involving effects of age and
      environmental factors on brain function and cognition.

PMID- 2292086
TI  - Grammatical awareness in the spoken and written language of language-disabled
      children.
AB  - Experiments examined grammatical judgement, and error-identification deficits in
      relation to expressive language skills and to morphemic errors in writing.
      Language-disabled subjects did not differ from language-matched controls on
      judgement, revision, or error identification. Age-matched controls represented
      more morphemes in elicited writing than either of the other groups, which were
      equivalent. However, in spontaneous writing, language-disabled subjects made more
      frequent morphemic errors than age-matched controls, but language-matched
      subjects did not differ from either group. Proficiency relative to academic
      experience and oral language status and to remedial implications are discussed.

PMID- 2292087
TI  - The influence of uncertainty and premovement visual information on manual aiming.
AB  - Target-aiming studies in which premovement visual information is manipulated
      suggest that when vision is occluded, a brief visual representation of the target
      environment may be used to guide movement. The purpose of this work was to
      determine if the internal representation contains information about the whole
      movement environment or just specific information about the position of a single
      target goal. Two experiments were conducted in which we manipulated both target
      uncertainty and the visual information available before and during a target
      aiming movement. Radial error differences between visual conditions and the
      independence of the vision and uncertainty manipulations support the hypothesis
      that subjects form a representation of the overall movement environment.

PMID- 2292088
TI  - Overt attempts to change hand preference: a study of group and individual
      characteristics.
AB  - Previous work by Porac, Coren, and Searleman (1986) looked at overt attempts to
      change hand preference from the left to the right side. We extended this research
      by studying individuals who shifted their handedness from the left to the right
      side as well as a group who attempted a shift in the opposite direction (right to
      left). Comparisons of the two shift attempts revealed that the timing, method,
      and agent of change differed significantly for right versus left shifts. More
      right than left shifts were successful. Overall, most shift attempts were rated
      as unsuccessful because they did not result in a handedness classification
      consistent with the direction of the shift. Individuals classified as successful
      shifters, whether in the right or left direction, displayed a more ambihanded
      behavioural pattern than either unsuccessful shifters or the no shift control
      group. Evidence suggested that left-shift attempts were promoted by original
      ambihanded tendencies but that ambihandedness in successful right shifts stemmed
      from the partial success of the switch attempt.

PMID- 2292090
TI  - Diagnostic tests for pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2292089
TI  - Haptic integration of planar size with hardness, texture, and planar contour.
AB  - Three studies investigate the role of size information in haptic classification
      of custom-made planar objects when size covaries with hardness, texture, or
      planar contour. The haptic exploratory procedure (Lederman & Klatzky, 1987)
      associated with size extraction is also sufficient for encoding shape, which
      should promote their integration. Experiment 1 showed substantial facilitation of
      classification by redundant size and shape cues, indicating the coprocessing of
      size and shape. Experiments 2 and 3 used a withdrawal paradigm: Classification
      trials began with two redundant properties, and one was then held constant
      (withdrawn). Experiment 2 showed that when size and shape were redundant,
      withdrawal of either impaired responses, whereas when size was redundant with
      texture or hardness, only size withdrawal had an effect. Experiment 3
      demonstrated that this size weighting was not restricted to a single procedure
      for exploration. Size appears to be highly weighted in haptic classification and
      potentially integrated with other properties having compatible methods of
      extraction.

PMID- 2292091
TI  - Bronchial provocation tests with pharmacological agents.

PMID- 2292092
TI  - Specific bronchoprovocation testing.

PMID- 2292094
TI  - Using pulmonary function testing in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma.
AB  - Asthmatics have remarkable changes in their pulmonary function in response to
      numerous external stimuli and internal controls. Serial pulmonary function
      testing in the office, hospital, at home, or the work place allows the objective
      measurement that is necessary to intelligently diagnose and treat these patients.
      Once the patient and the physician understand how to use the techniques for
      monitoring the degree of airways obstruction, they become a key in medical
      management decisions.

PMID- 2292093
TI  - Diagnosis of sulfite and aspirin sensitivity.
AB  - In addition to the well-recognized allergic responses of individuals to high mol
      wt substances, such as pollens, molds, and animal dander, susceptible asthmatics
      may also experience adverse reactions to low mol wt substances such as sulfites,
      ASA, and NSAIDs. The diagnosis of sulfite and aspirin sensitivity can only be
      made by appropriately conducted provocative challenge. Every precaution should be
      taken to assure the safety of the patients, since life-threatening reactions can
      occur. A better understanding of the mechanism or mechanisms involved in the
      adverse reactions to these substances will not only provide information to better
      diagnose the reaction, but also improve our understanding of the treatment of
      asthma.

PMID- 2292096
TI  - Exercise testing in the assessment of pulmonary disease.
AB  - In this chapter, the different types of exercise tests and the indications for
      requesting a particular type of test have been discussed. The normal
      physiological responses to exercise have been reviewed and examples of the
      abnormal responses seen in a variety of disease states that have been discussed.
      The relatively small number of these responses limits the specificity of exercise
      tests in actually establishing a diagnosis, but can be helpful in narrowing the
      differential diagnosis. Perhaps exercise tests are most valuable in cases where
      the patient's symptoms are mainly limited to exercise and where investigations
      done at rest have failed to resolve a diagnostic question. When exercise testing
      is used under these circumstances, it serves a unique function in the diagnosis
      and management of pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2292095
TI  - Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - The diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea is frequently made by taking a
      meticulous history coupled with a high index of suspicion. Snoring and
      hypersomnolence are clinical features common to individuals with sleep apnea.
      Since snoring is said to be a "disease of listeners," it is not uncommon that bed
      partners reported an increased incidence of depression and marital displeasure.
      It is for this reason that the spouse or bed partner should be interviewed, since
      the patient may not be aware of any sleeping problems. Physicians should also be
      alert to complaints of excessive daytime somnolence, because studies have shown
      that patients with obstructive sleep apnea are at increased risk for automobile
      crashes. It has been estimated that approx 58,000 motor vehicle accidents
      involving people with sleep apnea will occur in the US each yr. By proper
      diagnosis and treatment, the physician is in a unique position to prevent at
      least some of the automobile accidents that result from falling asleep while
      driving. Polysomnography is the only definitive way to obtain a diagnosis of
      sleep apnea. This allows the physician not only to diagnosis the disorder, but
      also helps in the evaluation of the severity of the syndrome and selection of
      therapy. An ENT evaluation is also important in ruling out anatomic disorders
      that can cause upper airway obstruction. Certain factors, such as alcohol and
      sedative ingestion, may aggravate the condition in a person predisposed to sleep
      apnea, and subtle changes, such as unexplained hypertension, polycythemia, and
      cor pulmonale, should lead one to investigate the possibility of sleep apnea as
      the etiology.

PMID- 2292097
TI  - Immunologic tests in the diagnosis of pulmonary infection.

PMID- 2292098
TI  - Utility of serologic testing in the diagnosis of noninfectious pulmonary
      disorders.

PMID- 2292099
TI  - Radiological imaging in the detection and differentiation of diffuse obstructive
      airway diseases.

PMID- 2292100
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy.

PMID- 2292103
TI  - [The effect of air pollution factors on the frequency of acute laryngotracheitis
      in children].
AB  - The authors investigated 325 children with acute laryngotracheitis. The frequency
      of the disease in 1986 was correlated with the three most frequent factors of
      atmospheric contamination, dust, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The author
      found a significant increase of the morbidity from laryngotracheitis in
      conjunction with a greater contamination of the atmosphere.

PMID- 2292105
TI  - [Objective evaluation of the sound deadening capability of noise protection
      devices].
AB  - Based on the objective assessment of the threshold of the stirrup reflex, the
      author evaluated the inhibitory action of seven types of protective anti-noise
      devices. The results are summarized in a table.

PMID- 2292104
TI  - [Analysis of 255 cases of occupational hearing loss].
AB  - The authors analyzed 255 cases of occupational hypacusia reported as occupational
      diseases in 1962-1988 in the Czechoslovak uranium industry. Up to 1975
      occupational hypacusias accounted for 9-11% of the nationwide number of hypacusia
      notified as occupational diseases. Due to extensive social provisions, incl.
      preventive ones, the incidence declined since 1985 below 1% of the nationwide
      incidence. The group of 255 men with occupational hypacusia was examined in
      detail at the Health Centre of the Uranium Industry in Pribam. Their age is 49.0
      +/- 8.5 years, noise exposure 14.6 +/- 5.8 years, the the ratio of miners is
      82.4%, the total percentage hearing loss is 63.5 +/- 11.4%, the mean annual
      increment of the total percentage hearing loss is 4.8 +/- 0.6%, the greatest mean
      annual increment is 5.4% in the occupation of miners.

PMID- 2292101
TI  - Bronchoalveolar lavage.
AB  - The technique of BAL performed through the fiberoptic bronchoscope has, in two
      decades, provided clinicians and researchers with the ability to safely sample
      the inflammatory-immune cell milieu of the human lung. Standardized BAL and
      processing of the lavage constituents provides assistance in determining the
      optimal care of patients with a variety of lung diseases, and renders diagnosis
      in selected cases. It has become indispensable in the diagnosis of pulmonary
      infiltrates in immunocompromised patients, and plays an important role in
      improving clinical management. Finally, it continues to yield an ever increasing
      amount of data for the researchers studying the mechanisms and pathogenesis of
      lung disease. It is likely that BAL will become an even more valuable tool with
      increasing relevance to the practice of chest medicine in the 1990s.

PMID- 2292106
TI  - [Chondromas of the paranasal sinuses].
AB  - The author describes rare chondromas of the paranasal sinuses in two female
      patients. In a younger woman a third relapse of chondroma in the olfactory
      labyrinth on the left was involved where the disease persisted for 31 years. The
      tumour spread to the orbit and intracranium and was therefore removed by frontal
      craniotomy. In the older patient the tumour grew cca 15 years. It blocked both
      nasal apertures and spread to all paranasal sinuses and the nasopharynx. It was
      removed from both sides, using the approach from right-sided lateral rhinotomy.
      It was not possible to locate exactly the site of origin in either patient. The
      tumours were benign and in the first case grew from the borderline between the
      ethmoid bone and the upper jaw. In the second patient most probably from the
      basophenoidal area. The author draws attention on the uncertain biological nature
      of chondromas at this site and the importance of total resection of the tumour
      during the first operation for the prognosis of the disease.

PMID- 2292107
TI  - [Dynamic and duplex ultrasonography].
AB  - Dynamic ultrasonography is a diagnostic ultrasound examination which makes
      possible non-invasive visualization of soft tissue structures of the neck and its
      large blood vessels. Duplex ultrasonography makes moreover aimed assessment of
      the blood flow in major vessels possible and thus supplements in a significant
      way the echotomographic picture. Because of its non-invasive character it is
      preferable to CT and angiography in diagnostic work.

PMID- 2292108
TI  - [Duplex sonography. Examples of its use in otorhinolaryngology].
AB  - Duplex sonography not only provides the ENT specialist with valuable information
      on topographic relations of soft tissue tumours with the main blood vessels of
      the neck but provides also information on the blood flow in these vessels. It
      makes it possible to draw reliable conclusions on vascular anomalies or
      dislocation of the vessels, on affections of the vascular wall, on restricted
      patency of vessels due to the action of a tumour (compression, penetration) or
      inflammation (thrombus) or changes in the flow through the jugular vein
      conditioned by impaired passage in the S-shaped sinus. In some instance
      ultrasonic examination is a valuable method for evaluation of the dynamic and
      further development of the basic disease and can replace classical arteriography
      or phlebography.

PMID- 2292109
TI  - [Dynamic pulmonary densitography in the diagnosis of radiographically non
      contrasting foreign bodies in the lower respiratory tract in children].
AB  - Densitographic examination of the regional pulmonary ventilation is a non
      pretentious and non-invasive method which can be used even in very young
      children, which when aspiration of a non-contrasting foreign body is suspected
      can confirm by revealing localized bronchial obstruction the presence of a
      foreign body and determine its localization in the tracheobronchial tree. By
      repeated records of adequate ventilation at rest in all pulmonary fields it is
      possible with a minimal radiation load to rule out the suspicion and the child
      need not be subjected to an endoscopic examination. In five children aged 19
      months to 13 years the usefulness of this procedure for the diagnosis of
      aspiration of a non-contrasting foreign body was proved, as the physical and
      skiagraphic finding was not convincing, there was discrepancy of anamnestic data
      and results of repeated skiagraphic examinations, negative auscultation and
      negative X-ray examination after an anamnestically obvious cse of aspiration, it
      ws used, for a more accurate localization of the aspired object, and to confirm
      localized obstruction of pulmonary ventilation in a chronic foreign body of plant
      origin in the airways. Foreign bodies of plant origin, most frequently aspired by
      children, are dangerous because they are fragile, swell and exert toxic action on
      the bronchial mucosa and there is also the danger of rapid development of serious
      bronchopulmonary complications. Therefore early diagnosis of aspiration is
      essential in these frequently obscure situations. When the direct skiagraphic
      signs of their presence in the lower airways are lacking dynamic pulmonary
      densitography contributes greatly to the diagnosis.

PMID- 2292102
TI  - Biopsies in patients with intrathoracic disease.

PMID- 2292110
TI  - [Evaluation of work capacity in Meniere's disease].
AB  - The authors submit their experience with assessment of work capacity in Meniere's
      disease. They mention in particular work incapacity, detection of simulation and
      aggravation and discuss also the enlistment of work of these patients. They pay
      special attention to patients who drive cars. There is a different approach to
      amateur and professional drivers. Special attention is also devoted to the
      problem of granting full or partial invalid pensions. Their experience is based
      on a group of 300 of their own patients with Meniere's disease.

PMID- 2292111
TI  - [A tonsillolith].
AB  - The author describes a tonsillolith accidentally detected in a peritonsillar
      abscess in a 10-year-old girl. The concrement 26 x 4 mm in size, weighing 0.84 g
      was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction which revealed that it
      was a dahllite. The surface of the concrement was documented by a scanning
      microscope. The authors give an account of 29 published cases of tonsilloliths
      and in the discussion they analyze the causes of development of these concrements
      in tonsils.

PMID- 2292112
TI  - [An unusual case of gas gangrene of the neck].

PMID- 2292113
TI  - Guidelines for counselling persons who have had an occupational exposure to human
      immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2292114
TI  - Public health service statement on management of occupational exposure to human
      immunodeficiency virus, including considerations regarding zidovudine
      postexposure use.

PMID- 2292115
TI  - [Treatment of operated late gastric carcinoma with prescription of strengthening
      the patient's resistance and dispelling the invading evil in combination with
      chemotherapy: follow-up study of 158 patients and experimental study in animals].
AB  - 158 cases of late gastric carcinoma (11 males and 47 females, age 30-70 years)
      were treated postoperatively with TCM prescriptions of strengthening the
      patient's resistance and dispelling the invading evil in combination with
      chemotherapy. The main ingredients were Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae, Radix
      Astragali seu Hedysari, Rhizoma Atractylodes, Herba Solani Hyrati, Herba
      Oldenlandiae and Herba Salviae. The prescription was individualized by adding or
      subtracting some herbs according to TCM syndrome diagnosis at the time of
      patient's visit. The decoction was given daily for a long time, three to four
      years or even longer. It was given alone or together with regimes of chemotherapy
      at random. The average survival rates at 3 and 5 years were 41.07% and 30.36%
      respectively. Seven patients have lived for more than 11 years. 10 years survival
      rate was 12.5%. The combination of Chinese medicine with chemotherapy was better
      than chemotherapy regime alone (single 5-Fu or CCNU+5-Fu, MMF). Immunological
      studies of the survivors revealed an enhancement of both humoral and cellular
      immunity especially the function of peripheral NK cells. The decoction had been
      given to mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor. The amount of ascitic fluid was
      reduced and its cancer cell count decreased besides a significant increase in
      over-all survival rate of the animals. It suggested that the above prescription
      might have an inhibitory or even killing effect on tumor cells. T cell immunity
      of the treated mice was also improved as seen among patients.

PMID- 2292116
TI  - [Clinical effect of chemotherapy combined with Chinese herbs and western drugs on
      leukocytes of gastric cancer patients].
AB  - This study observed the effect of chemotherapy combined with Chinese herbs and
      western drugs on white blood cell count in 31 patients with gastric cancer. These
      patients were divided into 3 groups: (1) Fu Zheng (strengthen the body
      resistance) with invigorating the Spleen and Kidney recipe; (2) Fu Zheng with
      western drugs raising WBC and enhancing immunity; (3) Gong Xiao (eliminating the
      evil factors and mass) with promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis
      recipe or eliminating the evil factors and mass recipe. After chemotherapy, the
      mean of WBC count was greater than 4.0 X 10(9)/L in group I; less than 3.5 X
      10(9)/L in group II; less than 3.0 X 10(9)/L in group III. Because of WBC count
      below 3.0 X 10(9)/L, in group II there were 5 cases (5/14) whose chemotherapies
      had to be discontinued, and in group III there were 4 cases (4/6). While all
      patients were completed their chemotherapies in group I. Its statistical
      difference was significant (P less than 0.05). It suggested that invigorating the
      Spleen and Kidney recipe had specific effect on decreasing the toxicity and side
      effect of chemotherapy, preventing bone marrow suppression and leukopenia, and
      was better than western drugs used in group II. It showed in the treatment of
      cancer with TCM, we must pay attention to the relationship between the Fu Zheng
      and the Gong Xiao.

PMID- 2292117
TI  - [Analysis of 70 cases of primary liver carcinoma treated by pu tuo ointment and
      herbs].
AB  - This paper deals with 70 cases of primary liver cancer treated by externally
      applying Pu Tuo plaster and internally taking oral Chinese herbal medicine. In
      term of the statistic, of all the cases applied the plaster, 96.7% has proved to
      be effective in alleviating the pain, 83.5% was remarkable. It has significantly
      improved the quality of the patients' later lifes. Applying Pu Tuo plaster with
      taking oral Chinese herbal medicine, the patients could survive longer. On
      average, after the treatment, the patient could live ten and half months, 44.8%
      of the II-stage liver cancer patients applied the plaster could live as long as
      one year, the longest one has been living more than 2 years and 8 months, he
      looks still well now. He has been working since 1987. In recent B-ultrasonic
      examination, the patient's primary focus disappeared, and alpha-fetoprotein test
      turned to be negative.

PMID- 2292118
TI  - [Body temperature changes in cancer patients with yin or yang deficiency and
      blood stasis syndrome].
AB  - The body temperature change of cancer patients with Yin or Yang deficiency and
      blood stasis syndrome varied within normal limits in a day. The researchers
      divided 60 cases of cancer patients into Yin or Yang deficiency and blood stasis
      syndrome groups. Their body temperature was measured 6 times daily with radio
      thermometer. The results showed: at different time during one day, temperature
      change of patients in Yin deficiency group fluctuated obviously. The mean
      temperature of patients in blood stasis group was higher than other two groups.
      The daily highest temperature of patients in the above two groups appeared at
      6:00 pm. Temperature change of patients in Yang deficiency group was stable
      relatively and the highest temperature appeared at 2:00 pm. The palm temperature
      of patients who feel dysphoria with feverish sensation in chest, palms and sole
      was not higher than armpit temperature. These observations should provide new
      objective bases for clinical measurement time of temperature and syndrome
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2292119
TI  - [Tongue temperature of healthy persons and patients with yin deficiency by using
      thermal video].
AB  - The normal tongue originated from medical workers in our hospital and the Yin
      deficiency tongue originated from patients who possessed typical phenomena of Yin
      deficiency including smothery fever, dry mouth and so on. Determination of
      different area's temperature on tongue surface showed that the immediate
      temperature on areas of the tip, edge and medium of tongues and the delay
      temperature on areas of the tip, edge of tongues in patients with Yin deficiency
      was higher than that in healthy persons and possessed statistical significance.
      The tongue color in patients with Yin deficiency, the higher the tongue
      temperature obtained. This suggested that the degree of Yin deficiency relates to
      the tongue temperature. Lingual diagnosis is an essential component of treatment
      according to differential diagnosis in TCM. The authors consider that the
      determination of the tongue temperature by using thermal video will be helpful to
      raise the accuracy of TCM diagnosis and to appraise the real effect of Chinese
      herbs on patients with Yin deficiency.

PMID- 2292120
TI  - [Experimental study on anti-acute leukemia with Chinese traditional drugs].
AB  - This paper deals with the experimental study on L7212 leukemic model of mice with
      Chinese medicine Liushenwan, Zhijinding and Xihuangwan for the treatment. This
      study proved that these drugs possessed the effect of inhibiting and killing
      L7212 leukemic cells of the experimental leukemic mice (P less than 0.05-0.001).
      They affected the S stage of the cell multiplication cycle time mainly (P less
      than 0.01). They could relieve the infiltration of leukemic cells in the liver
      and spleen of L7212 mice (P less than 0.001) and obviously prolong the survival
      time of the mice (P less than 0.01-0.001).

PMID- 2292122
TI  - [Experimental study on effect of lipid-lowering and treating coronary
      atherosclerosis with Chinese herbal prescription].
AB  - The Chinese herbal prescription was used in lipid-lowering, preventing and
      treating coronary atherosclerosis in this experiment. Through over 200 Leghorn
      chickens mould experiment and pathological sections were observed. The authors
      found that the effective rate of cholesterol-lowering was 88.23%, P less than
      0.01. The authors also took 52 chickens with coronary atherosclerosis for medical
      treatment, after 40 days, 65.38% of chicken's artery pathological changes went
      down from higher than degree II to lower than degree II and 4 chickens' artery
      wall became normal. Before collagen pathologic changes occurred, fatty deposits
      on artery wall were changeable. After effective treatment it can take a turn for
      the better.

PMID- 2292121
TI  - [Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on the left ventricular diastolic function in
      coronary artery stenosis].
AB  - In 24 open-chest mongrel dogs, coronary artery critical stenosis were produced by
      a micrometer constriction on left circumflex coronary artery. It was reduction
      about 87% in lumen area. CBF, -Vce, -dp/dt max were decreased, T was increased (P
      less than 0.01). 15 minutes after stenosis, the Salvia miltiorrhiza injection was
      injected into left atrium. CBF, -dp/dt max, -Vce were increased and T was
      decreased after the injection of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Moreover, the change of CBF
      was the earliest. The results proved that the Salvia miltiorrhiza could improve
      the left ventricular diastolic function in coronary artery stenosis.

PMID- 2292123
TI  - [Exploration the relationship between traditional Chinese medicine differential
      diagnosis syndrome and trace elements on patients with rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2292125
TI  - [Rhubarb application for global health--a review on the articles of the first
      international symposium on rhubarb].

PMID- 2292124
TI  - [Pharmacological function of fructus Litseae and its effect of warming the
      interior].

PMID- 2292126
TI  - [Aluminum in hemodialysis].

PMID- 2292127
TI  - A case control study of cigarette smoking and lung cancer in Luxembourg.

PMID- 2292128
TI  - [Myelodysplastic syndromes].

PMID- 2292130
TI  - Camembert, Listeria and the immunocompromised patient.
AB  - Listeriosis is a rare but well known infectious complication in pregnant women
      and immunocompromised patients. Epidemiological studies have shown an association
      between listeriosis and alimentary contamination by listeria of a variety of
      foodstuff including soft, ripened cheeses. We describe two case-reports of
      listeria meningitis with high evidence of food-related illness due to the
      consumption of contaminated camembert. These observations urged our State
      Department of Health to formulate a communication about alimentary listeriosis at
      the intent of all health care professionals, including recommendations for
      patients at risk.

PMID- 2292129
TI  - [An epidemiological study of hypercholesterolemia in the Grand Duchy of
      Luxembourg].
AB  - Epidemiology of hypercholesterolemia in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was studied
      by the mean of a questionnaire filled out by 17 physicians. 113 patients (50 men
      and 63 women) were recruited. 43 patients had an isolated hypercholesterolemia
      (type IIa) and 63 patients had a type IIb. Analysis of associated risk factors
      showed large variations (13.2% of patients had diabetes, 61% were sedentary).
      However, 33.5% of patients had at least one associated risk factor. The
      nutritional assessment showed the well-known dietary errors. A two month's
      treatment with ciprofibrate has shown a 20% decrease of total cholesterol and a
      32% decrease of triglycerides. No serious adverse events were reported.

PMID- 2292131
TI  - [Cysticercosis of the 4th ventricle].

PMID- 2292132
TI  - [Cystadenolymphoma of the parotid gland].

PMID- 2292133
TI  - [Vaccinia virus and rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2292134
TI  - [Fractures of the odontoid process: osteosynthesis using direct screwing].

PMID- 2292136
TI  - Autocrine regulation of cell growth and transformation by basic fibroblast growth
      factor.
AB  - Basic FGF (bFGF) and acidic FGF (aFGF) are multipotential factors that stimulate
      and support proliferation, migration and differentiation. Both bFGF and aFGF are
      non-secreted growth factors consistent with the lack of a signal peptide.
      However, bFGF and aFGF are deposited in extracellular matrix (ECM) suggesting
      that an alternative mechanism for FGF release exists. Four oncogenes, int-2,
      hst/K-fgf, FGF-5 and FGF-6 have been isolated that are highly homologous to aFGF
      and bFGF. Unlike bFGF and aFGF, they possess signal peptides and are secreted.
      These oncogenes transform cells and induce tumors, ostensibly via an autocrine
      mechanism. The involvement of bFGF and aFGF in autocrine transformation has been
      clarified by studies using FGF cDNA transfection. NIH-3T3 cells transfected with
      native bFGF cDNA and expressing 20 to 100 times as much bFGF as parental 3T3
      cells acquire an enhanced proliferation rate and higher saturation density. NIH
      cells transfected with a construct in which bFGF cDNA is altered by addition of a
      signal peptide, undergo autocrine transformation and exhibit morphological and
      biochemical alterations characteristic of highly transformed cells. Injection of
      cells expressing native bFGF even at levels 100 times greater than parental 3T3
      cells fails to induce tumors or lung metastasis in syngeneic mice. Signal peptide
      bFGF-transected cells on the other hand, acquire a high tumorigenic and
      metastatic potential with tumor incidence and numbers comparable to those induced
      by ras transformed cells. Acquisition of a signal peptide converts bFGF into a
      transforming protein analogous to FGF-related oncogenes which naturally have
      signal peptide sequences.

PMID- 2292135
TI  - Organ-preference of metastasis. The role of endothelial cell adhesion molecules.
AB  - The initial, site-specific colonization of secondary organs by blood-borne cancer
      cells appears to be mediated by endothelial cell adhesion molecules. These
      molecules are part of the organ-specific microvascular phenotype and are
      regulated through complex interactions of the endothelium with the extracellular
      matrix (e.g., distinct matrix macromolecules and growth factors). They are
      induced in vitro by growing 'unspecific' (large vessel) endothelial cells on
      extracts of organ-specific biomatrices. In many respects, these molecules are
      similar to the various classes of chemically different adhesion molecules that
      regulate lymphocyte traffic, but are believed to be distinct from the inducible
      adhesion molecules that govern leukocyte adhesion during acute episodes of
      inflammation. Biochemical and biophysical data indicate that preference of tumor
      cell adhesion to organ-specific microvascular endothelium may not require
      qualitative differences of such homing receptors between endothelia, but may be
      explained on the basis of quantitative receptor differences as well as
      differences of receptor avidity. Following adhesion, the metastatic cascade
      proceeds by the establishment of metabolic conduits between the endothelium and
      adherent tumor cells. This heterotypic coupling represents an early step in the
      extravasation of cancer cells from the microvasculature, initiating endothelial
      cell retraction from its basement membrane and recanalization around the arrested
      tumor cell. These events, together with local growth promoting effects exerted by
      the metastasized organ, are believed to provide the basis for Paget's 'seed and
      soil' hypothesis of metastasis.

PMID- 2292137
TI  - Modes of FGF release in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of polypeptide growth
      regulators. The prototypes of this family are acidic and basic FGF. Unusual among
      their characteristics are a high affinity for the glycosaminoglycan heparin and
      the lack of a signal sequence for secretion. Other members of the FGF family
      include a number of oncogene products that also display heparin affinity but do
      possess signal sequences. Results from early tissue culture studies were
      consistent with the prediction that acidic and basic FGF would not be secreted.
      Investigators found that virtually no FGF was secreted into conditioned media,
      instead it remained cell-associated and was deposited into the basement membrane.
      More recently, however, a number of studies have indicated that a small amount of
      FGF is 'released' from cells where it is postulated to act as an autocrine
      regulator. Acidic and basic FGF have been localized in basement membranes both in
      vivo and in vitro. The mode of release to this site is also unclear but may be
      secondary to the mechanisms cited above with soluble FGF becoming bound to
      heparan sulfate molecules in the extracellular matrix. A number of observations
      have indicated that matrix-bound FGF is biologically active in vitro. There are
      no data to indicate whether the same is true for FGF bound to basement membranes
      in vivo. In addition to its apparent sequestration in the basement membrane, FGF
      has also been localized to the surface of a variety of normal and tumor cell
      types. In particular, endothelial cells have been shown to possess two classes of
      FGF-binding sites: low abundance, high-affinity receptors that mediate the
      biological activity as well as high abundance, low affinity binding sites. The
      physiologic relevance of FGF binding to these low affinity sites is not clear.
      The possibility of locally high concentrations of heparin released by mast cells,
      as well as the presence of heparan sulfate-degrading enzymes, suggests that this
      glycosaminoglycan bound FGF might be released from these binding sites under some
      circumstances. Cell surface binding of FGF has also been demonstrated in vivo; in
      rabbits plasma levels of the growth factor were shown to be dramatically elevated
      following intravenous heparinization. Since the FGFs were first noted to lack a
      signal sequence, cell injury has been suspected to be the most likely route for
      FGF release in vivo. A number of studies using different models of cell injury,
      including endotoxins and irradiation, have revealed that damaged cells do release
      FGF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2292138
TI  - Vascular and interstitial barriers to delivery of therapeutic agents in tumors.
AB  - The efficacy in cancer treatment of novel therapeutic agents such as monoclonal
      antibodies, cytokines and effector cells has been limited by their inability to
      reach their target in vivo in adequate quantities. Molecular and cellular biology
      of neoplastic cells alone has failed to explain the nonuniform uptake of these
      agents. This is not surprising since a solid tumor in vivo is not just a
      collection of cancer cells. In fact, it consists of two extracellular
      compartments: vascular and interstitial. Since no blood-borne molecule or cell
      can reach cancer cells without passing through these compartments, the vascular
      and interstitial physiology of tumors has received considerable attention in
      recent years. Three physiological factors responsible for the poor localization
      of macromolecules in tumors have been identified: (i) heterogeneous blood supply,
      (ii) elevated interstitial pressure, and (iii) large transport distances in the
      interstitium. The first factor limits the delivery of blood-borne agents to well
      perfused regions of a tumor; the second factor reduces extravasation of fluid and
      macromolecules in the high interstitial pressure regions and also leads to an
      experimentally verifiable, radially outward convection in the tumor periphery
      which opposes the inward diffusion; and the third factor increases the time
      required for slowly moving macromolecules to reach distal regions of a tumor.
      Binding of the molecule to an antigen further lowers the effective diffusion rate
      by reducing the amount of mobile molecule. Although the effector cells are
      capable of active migration, peculiarities of the tumor vasculature and
      interstitium may be also responsible for poor delivery of lymphokine activated
      killer cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in solid tumors. Due to micro-
      and macroscopic heterogeneities in tumors, the relative magnitude of each of
      these physiological barriers would vary from one location to another and from one
      day to the next in the same tumor, and from one tumor to another. If the
      genetically engineered macromolecules and effector cells, as well as low
      molecular weight cytotoxic agents, are to fulfill their clinical promise,
      strategies must be developed to overcome or exploit these barriers. Some of these
      strategies are discussed, and situations wherein these barriers may not be a
      problem are outlined. Finally, some therapies where the tumor vasculature or the
      interstitium may be a target are pointed out.

PMID- 2292141
TI  - Adjuvant treatment of early stage ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - Surgery is considered the mainstay of diagnosis and treatment in early ovarian
      carcinoma. Only accurate staging laparotomy can detect subclinical metastases
      remote from the ovary, thus allowing the identification of the truly early
      tumors. However the complete macroscopic removal of neoplastic disease is not
      synonymous with cure. Many postoperative treatments have been carried out in
      order to improve the prognosis of patients with stage I-II ovarian carcinoma. The
      present paper reviews the main clinical trials on the employment of external
      radiotherapy, intraperitoneal radioisotope instillation and systemic chemotherapy
      in the management of early ovarian carcinoma. The patients appear to benefit from
      adjuvant treatment, with the exception of those with stage I Ai-I Bi well
      differentiated tumor, even if there is no agreement in literature about the
      superiority of a particular therapeutic approach. However the high response rates
      obtained in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma with DDP containing
      combination chemotherapy have suggested to clinicians the use of such treatment
      also in early stage tumors. In our experience none of the 11 stage I ovarian
      cancer patients, who received 6 courses of DDP-based combination chemotherapy,
      have developed recurrent disease after a median follow-up of 54 months (with a
      range from 24 to 72 months).

PMID- 2292140
TI  - Menstrual cycle values of tumor marker in healthy women and in patients with non
      gynecological tumors.
AB  - The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the values of CA 12-5
      which is considered a specific ovarian tumor marker can be used in patients with
      non-gynecological tumors whose values in menstrual cycle phases were not
      previously investigated. In order to determine whether a particular phase or a
      combination of phase are important, CA 12-5 values were determined by
      radioimmunoassay technique in a limited number of patients belonging to three
      different age groups. CA 12-5 were found to be unrelated to age. No statistically
      significant difference in CA 12-5 values was noted between samples obtained from
      patients with tumor and healthy women on the first and second days of
      menstruation. In both cases the normal value exceeded 35 U/ml. The mean values
      was 42 U/ml in healthy women and 49 U/ml in tumor patients. Mean CA 12-5 values
      determined between the 12th and 14th days on which estrogen hormone is at its
      highest level, were found to be 23 U/ml in healthy women and 40 U/ml in patients
      with tumors. These values are statistically significant, while CA 12-5 values
      determined in samples obtained on the 20th-25th days are within the normal range.
      Values of the CA 12-5 tumor marker during the estrogenic phase are important in
      the diagnosis, management and follow-up of cancer. Determination of estrogen
      hormone levels as an additional parameter may provide a significant correlation.

PMID- 2292139
TI  - Vascular attack as a therapeutic strategy for cancer.
AB  - The blood supply to all solid tumours consists of parasitized normal vessels and
      new vessels which have been induced to grow by the presence of the tumour. These
      vessels are inadequate in many respects, being tortuous, thin-walled, chaotically
      arranged, lacking innervation and with no predetermined direction of flow. The
      walls consist of a basement membrane lined with rapidly proliferating immature
      endothelial cells, and are more permeable than normal vessels. The spacing of the
      vessels and their average diameters are not optimal for nutrient provision. This
      paper focuses on the evidence that many existing therapies may already have, as
      part of their action, a vascular mediated process of killing tumour cells. This
      may result from local changes within individual vessels or from systemic
      alterations in blood pressure, viscosity, coagulability etc. The hallmarks of
      vascular injury are identified and the dangers of discarding useful anticancer
      agent by failing to understand their mechanism of action are highlighted.

PMID- 2292142
TI  - Contribution to the assessment of steroid therapy in the prevention of
      respiratory distress syndrome in the neonate.
AB  - The respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a physiological manifestation of
      neonatal pulmonary immaturity and it is still the major cause of neonatal
      morbidity and mortality. In order to promote early fetal lung maturity when a
      preterm delivery is anticipated, a number of pharmacological agents have been
      investigated. Corticosteroids, in particular, have been extensively used and the
      results of several trials are reported in literature. A cohort of 246 consecutive
      singleton preterm infants, liveborn at the Obstetric Clinic of Ferrara University
      during a 5-year period, was studied to assess whether antenatal steroid therapy
      reduces the incidence of RDS. Respiratory distress developed in 18.6% of 102
      babies who received treatment and in 15.3% of 144 controls, without difference at
      the statistical analysis. According to previous studies, a lower incidence of RDS
      was only observed in the treated females compared to non-treated controls (35% vs
      46%) at the gestational age of 28-33 weeks. Since the efficacy of steroids seems
      to be restricted to a very small and specific group of babies, who, moreover are
      relatively mature by modern intensive care standards, the Authors suggest that
      the prevention of RDS and its related complications should rely much more on
      appropriate surveillance and management of the mother and infant than on specific
      pharmacological interventions.

PMID- 2292143
TI  - Transabdominal cervico-isthmic cerclage: state of the art.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of transabdominal
      cervico-isthmic cerclage according to the Vecchietti technique in patients with
      cervico-isthmic incompetency diagnosed by hysterosalpingography. The patient
      sample consisted of 36 women operated on in the Verona University Institute of
      Obstetrics and Gynaecology from 1975 to 1981 and 18 women operated on in the
      Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lyon. The results in the Verona study
      population show that in 28 cases (77.7%) the operation was crowned with success
      by the birth of live, viable neonates; intrauterine death occurred in 2 cases
      (5.5%), miscarriage in 3 (8.3%) and sterility in 3 (8.3%). The Lyon results show
      that in 15 cases (83.3%) the pregnancies resulted in the birth of live neonates,
      while sterility occurred in the other 3 (16.6%). Overall analysis of the 54
      patients shows that the abdominal cerclage was successful in 43 cases (79.6%).
      Only in 11 cases were negative results obtained: 6 cases of sterility (11.1%), 3
      miscarriages (5.5%) and 2 intrauterine deaths (3.7%). The data presented
      demonstrate the validity of the operation when performed in non-pregnant women in
      the presence of proven cervico-isthmic incompetency.

PMID- 2292144
TI  - Modulated Mouchel incision in obstetric surgery.
AB  - The Authors present 10 clinical cases in which a modulated Mouchel incision was
      performed over the period from 1.4.1989 to 1.4.1990 to achieve caesarean section.
      The postoperative course was uneventful in 9 cases with no complications. The
      only complication observed was slight left parametric inflammatory infiltrate in
      one case only. The laparotomy wound healed uneventfully in all 10 cases. Thus,
      there were no complications contra-indicating the use of Mouchel's technique,
      which presents demonstrable advantages in the execution of caesarean sections.
      These consist in rapidity of execution, no need for extensive subfascial
      detachment, ease of fetal extraction, straightforward reconstruction and an
      aesthetically valid final result.

PMID- 2292145
TI  - Relationship between some maternal haemato-clinical parameters and low neonatal
      weight. Preliminary study.
AB  - In a selected group of pregnant women we studied the influence of specific
      haematoclinical maternal factors (age, pre-pregnancy weight, pregnancy weight
      gain, blood pressure, haematocrit (HTC), haemoglobinaemia (Hb), platelets (PTL),
      uricaemia) on neonatal weight. The results show an association among pre
      pregnancy low maternal weight, hypertension and low neonatal weight. The
      uricaemia behaviour and the role of PTL, Hb, HCT are uncertain.

PMID- 2292146
TI  - Electrical activity of the human uterus in vivo in the phases of the menstrual
      cycle.
AB  - The Authors established a method for detecting the electrical activity in the
      human uterus in vivo in order to observe possible variations in the two phases of
      the menstrual cycle. The results of surveys on six women, both in the follicular
      and in the luteal phase, as well as the spectral analysis, indicated an increase
      of frequency and intensity in the follicular phase.

PMID- 2292147
TI  - Auger and pixe microanalysis of intrauterine devices (IUDs).
AB  - Auger Emission Spectroscopy (AES) and Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE)
      analysis were employed in a study on the calcification and oxidation processes of
      the copper wires used in Intra-Uterine Device (IUDs) contraceptives. A strong
      copper release (approximately 50 micrograms/day) has been observed in the first
      year of IUDS application during the high device antifertility effect. The copper
      release is reduced with the IUD-use time, because of the calcification process on
      the surface by organic liquids. This effect produces a drastic reduction in the
      contraceptive efficiency, and a new IUDs replacement is needed after about 2
      years of use. Auger, X-ray spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
      have been used to investigate the lifetime and efficiency of IUDS in order to
      understand the surface modification of copper wire during its permanence in the
      intrauterine environment.

PMID- 2292148
TI  - The effect of varying tourniquet applications on the flow pattern of lower
      extremity radionuclide venography.
AB  - Radionuclide venography (RNV) is an accepted, reliable, and simple method for
      detecting thrombi of the deep venous system of the lower extremity. No universal
      agreement, however, has been established regarding specific techniques for
      tourniquet applications. In fact, present data reflect a general consensus that
      tourniquet use and location other than above the ankles has no appreciable or
      recognizable effect on study outcome. A prospective study was performed on 20
      consecutive patients referred for RNV with the clinical impression of deep venous
      thrombosis (DVT). Each patient was studied initially with tourniquets above the
      knee and ankle, then with tourniquets above the ankle only, and finally without
      tourniquets. On the basis of standard criteria for DVT, 8 out of 20 patients were
      positive for DVT when the study was performed with tourniquets only above the
      ankle. Four of the eight positive studies became negative, however, when
      additional tourniquets were placed above the knees (20% false-positive rate). It
      is concluded that the routine application of additional tourniquets above the
      knees would eliminate a significant number of false-positive studies and should
      be part of an established routine protocol.

PMID- 2292149
TI  - Obstruction of the iliac veins due to markedly distended urinary bladder
      demonstrated by radionuclide venography. A case report.
AB  - An unusual case of obstruction of the iliac veins by a markedly distended urinary
      bladder (UB) is presented. Initial radionuclide venography (RNV) was positive,
      revealing obstruction of the iliac veins associated with marked dilatation of the
      UB. After the UB was emptied, RNV was negative.

PMID- 2292150
TI  - Tc-99m human serum albumin lymphoscintigraphy in lymphedema of the lower
      extremities.
AB  - Edema of the lower extremities is a difficult clinical problem. It can be due to
      stasis, obstruction of the lymphatic channels, increased production of lymph
      beyond the drainage capacity of the lymphatic vessels. It is often difficult to
      differentiate between these varieties. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed on 164
      patients complaining of swelling of the lower extremities and on 5 volunteers.
      All patients were injected with 1 mCi of Tc-99m human serum albumin (HSA)
      intradermally in the medial web of the dorsum of each foot. Data were acquired
      dynamically for both inguinal regions for 45 minutes, and static images of the
      legs, thighs, and pelvis were taken at 90 minutes. Time activity curves were
      generated for the equal regions of inguinal nodes on both inguinal sides. The
      following patterns were recognized: normal (5 volunteers and 57 patients),
      enhanced (17 patients), stasis with mild obstruction (70 patients), and marked
      stasis with obstruction (20 patients).

PMID- 2292151
TI  - Scintigraphic demonstration of pectineus muscle avulsion injury.
AB  - An exercise-related avulsion injury of the insertion of the pectineus muscle is
      described. The abnormality was detected on a 4-hour delayed bone scan.
      Symptomatic injuries of the adductor muscles are uncommon and are not to be
      confused scintigraphically with a stress fracture of the proximal femoral shaft.

PMID- 2292153
TI  - I-131 accumulation in gastric pull-up simulating pulmonary metastases on total
      body scan for thyroid cancer.
AB  - A follow-up total-body I-131 scan in a patient with follicular thyroid carcinoma
      demonstrated radionuclide accumulation in the right hemithorax. Originally
      thought to be pulmonary metastatic thyroid carcinoma, the uptake region proved to
      be intrathoracic gastric mucosa. The patient had been treated for squamous cell
      esophageal carcinoma by esophagogastrostomy reconstruction with gastric pull-up.
      This unusual imaging pattern could have been interpreted as metastatic disease in
      the absence of complete patient records, an appreciation of normal gastric
      concentration patterns of I-131, and corroborative imaging study analysis.

PMID- 2292152
TI  - Intravenous adenosine (adenoscan) versus exercise in the noninvasive assessment
      of coronary artery disease by SPECT.
AB  - Fifteen patients at a mean age of 58 underwent adenosine and maximal exercise
      thallium SPECT imaging. All scans were performed 1 week apart and within 4 weeks
      of cardiac catheterization. SPECT imaging was performed after the infusion of 140
      micrograms/kg/min of adenosine for 6 minutes. Mean heart rate increment during
      adenosine administration was 67 +/- 3.7 to 77 +/- 4.1. Mean blood pressure was
      136 +/- 7.2 to 135 +/- 6.2 systolic and 78 +/- 1.8 to 68 +/- 2.6 diastolic. No
      adverse hemodynamic effects were observed. There were no changes in PR or QRS in
      intervals. Five stress ECGs were ischemic. No ST changes were observed with
      adenosine. Although 68% of the patients had symptoms of flushing, light
      headedness, and dizziness during adenosine infusion, symptoms resolved within 1
      minute of dosage adjustment or termination of the infusion in all but one
      patient, who required theophylline. Sensitivity for coronary artery detection was
      77% and specificity 100%. Concordance between adenoscans and exercise thallium
      scintigraphy was high (13/15 = 87%). In two patients, there were minor
      scintigraphic differences. The authors conclude that adenosine is a sensitive,
      specific, and safe alternative to exercise testing in patients referred for
      thallium imaging and may be preferable to dipyridamole.

PMID- 2292155
TI  - Minimal bone scan findings in the presence of wide-spread osteoblastic disease on
      skeletal radiography.
AB  - A case of indolent carcinoma of the breast metastatic to bone is presented.
      Radiographic findings showed dramatic osteoblastic activity throughout the
      skeleton, but the bone scan was mildly abnormal in only one of these areas. A
      "superscan" appearance was excluded by a whole-body retention study.

PMID- 2292154
TI  - Choledochal cyst mimicking gallbladder in Tc-99m disofenin radionuclide
      cholescintigraphy.
AB  - A 6-year-old girl suffered from intermittent abdominal pain and bile-stained
      vomiting after undergoing cholecystectomy for perforated gallbladder and bile
      peritonitis when she was 2 years old. The interesting finding of her choledochal
      cyst, which was visualized 5 minutes after the injection of Tc-99m disofenin and
      contracted well after an egg meal, is reported. This finding is inconsistent with
      those of early reports, which emphasized delayed filling and stasis of
      radioactivity in the dilated cyst. This case, together with more recent reports
      in this field, suggests that nuclear images of choledochal cyst, like its
      clinical presentation, may be quite variable.

PMID- 2292156
TI  - Abnormal distribution of Tc-99m iminodiphosphonate due to iron dextran therapy.

PMID- 2292157
TI  - Unusual Tc-99m MDP and I-123 MIBG images in focal pyelonephritis.
AB  - A 6-year-old boy presented with an inflammatory syndrome. Because Tc-99m MDP bone
      scintigraphy revealed increased tracer uptake at the upper pole of the right
      kidney, further studies were oriented towards a diagnosis of renal or adrenal
      pathology. I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) accumulated at the site of the
      abnormal MDP uptake. The diagnosis of neuroblastoma or allied disorder was
      excluded on the basis of other investigations and further evaluation, suggesting
      that the MIBG uptake was a false-positive. Findings on clinical imaging,
      laboratory findings, Tc-99m DMSA imaging, sonography, and CT scanning were highly
      suggestive of acute focal pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2292158
TI  - Radioimmunoscintigraphy of orbital metastases from ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - Radioimmunoscintigraphy with I-123 labeled monoclonal antibody HMFG1 has been
      used for imaging primary and metastatic ovarian neoplasms. Uptake of I-123
      labeled HMFG1 is reported in a patient with an orbital metastasis from a primary
      ovarian adenocarcinoma. Radioimmunoscintigraphy may have a role to play in
      imaging metastatic orbital neoplasms.

PMID- 2292159
TI  - SPECT for acute knee pain.
AB  - In the assessment of acute knee pain following recent trauma frequently related
      to sporting activities, bone scintigraphy was performed on 52 patients; in 40 of
      these patients, scintigraphy immediately preceded arthroscopy. SPECT was critical
      in providing delineation and sitting of the abnormalities; this would not have
      been feasible with conventional planar imaging in 45 of the patients. Multiple
      sites of focal uptake were frequently visualized at ligamentous insertions or in
      intra-articular areas of cartilaginous erosion. Damaged anterior cruciate
      ligaments were only identified in 5 out of 10 patients, occurring when there was
      avulsion of the tibial attachment, but changes resulting from patellar injury
      were demonstrated in all 8 patients. The most characteristic scintigraphic change
      resulted from meniscal tears, which was diagnosed in 31 out of 35 patients in
      whom the lesion had been suspected clinically. In the identification of this
      common injury, SPECT had a sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 87%, and diagnostic
      accuracy of 88%. Thus, although trauma readily induces scintigraphic
      abnormalities in and around the knee, the patterns of alteration associated with
      particular lesions can be identified by SPECT and can provide considerable
      assistance in management, particularly in determining the need for arthroscopy.

PMID- 2292160
TI  - Pulmonary embolism as an indicator of occult malignancy.
AB  - A case that demonstrates the relationship between malignancy and pulmonary
      throboembolic disease is presented. Pulmonary embolism, which was diagnosed on a
      ventilation-perfusion lung scan, initiated a search for the etiology of this
      condition. Normal examination of the deep venous system of the legs prompted
      further investigation, which ultimately led to the endoscopic diagnosis of poorly
      differentiated gastric carcinoma.

PMID- 2292161
TI  - Pseudonormal hepatobiliary scintigraphy in a patient with a bile leak.

PMID- 2292162
TI  - Bone SPECT and three-dimensional surface display with Tc-99m MDP in
      ameloblastoma.

PMID- 2292163
TI  - Epididymal cyst simulating missed torsion by scrotal scintigraphy.

PMID- 2292164
TI  - Bilateral adrenal uptake of gallium-67 citrate in a patient with congenital
      adrenal hyperplasia.

PMID- 2292165
TI  - Images before and after splenectomy showing the distribution of homologous In-111
      platelets in a case of immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2292166
TI  - An unusual case of cerebrospinal fluid shunt dysfunction.

PMID- 2292167
TI  - Therapeutic drug monitoring in pregnancy: rationale and current status.

PMID- 2292170
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of pancuronium in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery
      with and without low dose dopamine.
AB  - Pancuronium is frequently used in coronary artery surgery, but its
      pharmacokinetics in these patients are still unknown. It is possible that
      dopamine, administered to prevent renal impairment induced by the surgery, might
      promote the elimination of pancuronium. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of a
      bolus dose of pancuronium were studied in 2 groups of coronary artery surgery
      patients, with and without dopamine 2 micrograms/kg/min, administered during and
      after cardiopulmonary bypass. Dopamine in the administered dose did not influence
      the systemic haemodynamics. The pharmacokinetic variables in both groups did not
      differ from those found in an earlier study in healthy normothermic patients.
      Total renal clearance was not influenced by dopamine, due to post-bypass rebound
      hyperperfusion in the control group. Pancuronium was shown to be subject to
      considerable tubular reabsorption, and its elimination was found to be increased
      during hypothermia. Dopamine increases pancuronium elimination by an increase in
      glomerular filtration rate. The dopamine-induced decrease in tubular solute
      reabsorption did not enhance the elimination of pancuronium.

PMID- 2292171
TI  - Interaction between roxithromycin and cyclosporin in heart transplant patients.
AB  - Cyclosporin is an immunosuppressive agent commonly used in transplant patients.
      It is actively metabolised by the cytochrome P450 system and interactions with
      drugs metabolised by the same system are predictable. This is particularly
      relevant since cyclosporin has a low therapeutic index and its renal toxicity is
      concentration-related. Roxithromycin, a new, well-tolerated macrolide with a weak
      interactive profile, uses the same isoenzyme of the P450 system as cyclosporin.
      To evaluate its interaction potential in clinical practice, 8 heart transplant
      recipients treated with cyclosporin for at least 1 month received roxithromycin
      for 11 days (150 mg twice daily). Bi-weekly controls of plasma cyclosporin
      concentrations and creatinine levels were carried out before, during and after
      roxithromycin treatment. A slight nonsignificant rise in cyclosporin
      concentrations was observed, but creatinine levels remained stable during
      roxithromycin treatment. Values of cyclosporin concentrations diminished after
      withdrawal of roxithromycin. Cyclosporin dosage adjustment was not necessary.
      There was a minor pharmacokinetic interaction, which can be considered safe for
      the usual therapeutic dosage of roxithromycin used.

PMID- 2292172
TI  - Need for precise chiral nomenclature.

PMID- 2292168
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin.
AB  - Compared with nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin is representative of a newer, more
      potent class of quinolones, termed the fluoroquinolones. It is available in both
      oral and parenteral dosage forms. The primary target of quinolone activity
      appears to be the bacterial DNA gyrase enzyme, which is a member of the class of
      type II topoisomerases. Bacterial do not acquire resistance to fluoroquinolones
      through mechanisms that are plasmid or R-factor mediated and, additionally, the
      quinolones do not appear to be vulnerable to degradation by bacterial
      inactivating mechanisms. Rather, bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin occurs
      either through chromosomal mutation in the target enzyme DNA gyrase or through
      mutations that alter drug permeability into the bacterial cell. Ciprofloxacin and
      the fluoroquinolones in general are no more likely to select resistant mutant
      than are aminoglycosides or beta-lactam antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin displays in
      vitro activity against most Gram-negative and many Gram-positive pathogenic
      bacteria, many of which are resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. This
      finding is of considerable potential clinical significance. High pressure liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) and microbiological agar diffusion assays have been
      routinely used to quantify ciprofloxacin concentrations in biological fluids.
      Both methods are reproducible and accurate for serum but HPLC is recommended for
      other specimens because of the presence of microbiologically active metabolites.
      Absorption after oral administration is rapid and can be satisfactorily described
      as a zero-order process; peak serum ciprofloxacin concentrations (Cmax) are
      reached in approximately 1 to 2 hours. Concomitant administration of food does
      not cause clinically significant impairment of absorption and may be helpful in
      minimising gastric distress caused by the drug. A linear relationship between
      serum ciprofloxacin concentrations and the dose administered either orally or
      intravenously has been reported. The absolute bioavailability of ciprofloxacin is
      approximately 70%. The volume of distribution is large with a steady-state range
      after oral or intravenous dosing of 1.74 to 5.0 L/kg reflecting penetration of
      the drug into most tissues. Nonrenal clearance accounts for approximately 33% of
      the elimination of ciprofloxacin; to date, 4 metabolites have been identified. A
      first-pass effect has been reported but is thought to be clinically unimportant.
      Faecal recovery of ciprofloxacin accounts for approximately 15% of an intravenous
      dose. Nonrenal elimination includes metabolic degradation, biliary excretion and
      transluminal secretion across the enteric mucosa. Glomerular filtration and
      tubular secretion account for approximately 66% of the total serum clearance. The
      terminal disposition half-life (t1/2) is about 3 to 4 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2292173
TI  - Considerations in the use of intravenous immune globulin products.

PMID- 2292174
TI  - Ketorolac, an injectable nonnarcotic analgesic.
AB  - Clinical studies of the injectable nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA)
      ketorolac tromethamine are reviewed, and the chemistry, pharmacology,
      pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and adverse effects of ketorolac are
      described. Ketorolac exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic
      activity. Although the exact mechanisms of action have not been determined, its
      effects appear to be associated principally with the inhibition of prostaglandin
      synthesis. After oral, i.m., or i.v. administration, ketorolac and its
      metabolites are excreted mainly in urine. Ketorolac tromethamine has been used
      for the symptomatic relief of moderate to severe postoperative pain, including
      that associated with abdominal, gynecologic, oral, orthopedic, or urologic
      surgery. Ketorolac has also been used for the relief of acute renal colic, pain
      associated with trauma, and visceral pain associated with cancer. When
      administered i.m., ketorolac produced analgesia comparable to that of i.m. doses
      of meperidine, pentazocine, or morphine. The most common adverse effects
      associated with short-term administration are nervous system and gastrointestinal
      effects; these are usually mild and occur in about 39% of patients. Unlike opiate
      analgesics, ketorolac does not appear to cause tolerance or physical dependence
      in patients receiving long-term therapy. Ketorolac tromethamine has been
      administered concomitantly with morphine or meperidine without apparent adverse
      interaction. For short-term pain management, an initial i.m. ketorolac
      tromethamine loading dose of 30 or 60 mg is recommended. Ketorolac tromethamine
      appears to be as effective as morphine or meperidine for short-term management of
      moderate to severe postoperative pain. It lacks the respiratory depressant
      effects of opiate analgesics but shares the toxic potentials of other NSAIAs.

PMID- 2292176
TI  - Place of ketorolac in pain management.

PMID- 2292169
TI  - The effect of respiratory disorders on clinical pharmacokinetic variables.
AB  - Respiratory disorders induce several pathophysiological changes involving gas
      exchange and acid-base balance, regional haemodynamics, and alterations of the
      alveolocapillary membrane. The consequences for the absorption, distribution and
      elimination of drugs are evaluated. Drug absorption after inhalation is not
      significantly impaired in patients. With drugs administered by this route, an
      average of 10% of the dose reaches the lungs. It is not completely clear whether
      changes in pulmonary endothelium in respiratory failure enhance lung absorption.
      The effects of changes in blood pH on plasma protein binding and volume of
      distribution are discussed, but relevant data are not available to explain the
      distribution changes observed in acutely ill patients. Lung diffusion of some
      antimicrobial agents is enhanced in patients with pulmonary infections. Decreased
      cardiac output and hepatic blood flow in patients under mechanical ventilation
      cause an increase in the plasma concentration of drugs with a high hepatic
      extraction ratio, such as lidocaine (lignocaine). On a theoretical basis, hypoxia
      should lead to decreased biotransformation of drugs with a low hepatic extraction
      ratio, but in vivo data with phenazone (antipyrine) or theophylline are
      conflicting. The effects of disease on the lung clearance of drugs are discussed
      but clinically relevant data are lacking. The pharmacokinetics of drugs in
      patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are reviewed.
      Stable asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease do not appear to affect
      the disposition of theophylline or beta 2-agonists such as salbutamol (albuterol)
      or terbutaline. Important variations in theophylline pharmacokinetics have been
      reported in critically ill patients, the causes of which are more likely to be
      linked to the poor condition of the patients than to a direct effect of hypoxia
      or hypercapnia. Little is known regarding the pharmacokinetics of cromoglycate,
      ipratropium, corticoids or antimicrobial agents in pulmonary disease. In patients
      under mechanical ventilation, the half-life of midazolam, a new benzodiazepine
      used as a sedative, has been found to be lengthened but the underlying mechanism
      is not well understood. Pulmonary absorption of pentamidine was found to be
      increased in patients under mechanical ventilation. Pharmacokinetic impairment
      does occur in patients with severe pulmonary disease but more work is needed to
      understand the exact mechanisms and to propose proper dosage regimens.

PMID- 2292177
TI  - Ampicillin-sulbactam therapy for multiple pyogenic hepatic abscesses.
AB  - A patient with multiple, pyogenic hepatic abscesses is described, and the
      pathophysiology, etiologies, clinical and laboratory manifestations, and
      management of the disease are reviewed. A 55-year-old man with a history of
      ethanol abuse and pancreatitis developed fever, chills, general malaise, and
      right upper quadrant abdominal pain two weeks before hospitalization. Baseline
      laboratory and hematology results included serum albumin concentration, 3.2 g/dL;
      serum alkaline phosphatase concentration, 239 mIU/mL; total serum bilirubin
      concentration, 1.3 mg/dL; white blood cell count, 18,400/cu mm; red blood cell
      count, 4.7 million/cu mm; hemoglobin, 12.5 g/dL; and hematocrit, 38.8%. Abdominal
      ultrasound showed echo-free cavities throughout the hepatic parenchyma; abdominal
      computed-tomography (CT) scan showed hepatomegaly and multiple radiolucent
      spaces. CT-guided needle aspiration of a hepatic mass yielded purulent material
      that grew Fusobacterium necrophorum under anaerobic conditions. On day 7, the
      patient was started on i.v. ampicillin sodium-sulbactam sodium. A CT scan two
      weeks later showed a reduction in the number and sizes of abscesses. The patient
      continued i.v. therapy for one month, then was discharged on a regimen of p.o.
      amoxicillin trihydrate-clavulanate potassium. Hepatic abscesses are either amebic
      or pyogenic; the latter usually has a higher mortality. The etiologies of
      pyogenic hepatic abscesses include ascending cholangitis, portal vein bacteremia,
      systemic bacteremia, extension from a contiguous focus of infection, and trauma.
      Diagnosis is difficult and relies highly on clinical suspicion. Clinical symptoms
      include hepatomegaly, fever, chills, and malaise. Abnormal laboratory values
      include leukocytosis, anemia, and hypoalbuminemia. The abscesses are frequently
      polymicrobial; Escherichia coli is the most commonly isolated species. CT is the
      best radiological technique for diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292175
TI  - Effect of congestive heart failure on theophylline disposition.

PMID- 2292178
TI  - Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with diltiazem.

PMID- 2292179
TI  - Low-dose zinc therapy for maintenance treatment of Wilson's disease.

PMID- 2292180
TI  - Criteria for use of fluoxetine hydrochloride in adult inpatients and outpatients.

PMID- 2292182
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detecting antibody to Rickettsia australis
      in sera of various animal species.
AB  - New endemic areas of spotted fever-like rickettsial disease have been found in
      south-eastern Australia (Gippsland, Victoria and Flinders Island, Tasmania). The
      rickettsia responsible is currently unknown although it may be Rickettsia
      australis. To investigate serological evidence of rickettsial exposure in various
      wild animal species, a competitive ELISA was developed which detected antibodies
      to R. australis. It was based on inhibition of an indirect ELISA detecting
      antibody to R. australis in guinea pig sera. Pre- and post-infection sera from 2
      dogs, 2 rabbits, 5 mice and 6 rats, experimentally infected with R. australis,
      were tested by competitive ELISA. The results showed that all pre-infection sera
      were negative and all post-infection sera positive for antibody to R. australis.
      To test the utility of the competitive ELISA for detecting natural rickettsial
      infection in non-laboratory animals, 51 dog sera, negative for rickettsial
      antibody by immunofluorescence (IF) and 20 IF positive dog sera (collected from
      various locations on the east coast of Australia) were tested. Compared to the IF
      test the competitive ELISA was 90% sensitive and 96% specific. This new test has
      potential for detecting antibody to R. australis in the sera of different wild
      animal species.

PMID- 2292181
TI  - Lyme borreliosis.

PMID- 2292184
TI  - Discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo assays for the susceptibility of
      Bacillus C.I.P. 5832 to antimicrobial agents.
AB  - In vitro, avoparcin, flavomycin, virginiamycin bacitracin, trimethoprim +
      sulfadimethoxine, colistin, spiramycin, oxolinic acid, lincomycin + spectinomycin
      and a mixture of organic acids were able to inhibit Bacillus C.I.P. 5832. In
      vivo, none of these antibacterial agents, at the levels incorporated in feeds,
      could affect the viable bacillus count in the caecal content of chickens. In
      another in vitro assay, olaquindox, carbadox and tylosin were also effective in
      inhibiting Bacillus C.I.P. 5832. But, concomitantly administered with carbadox or
      tylosin, Bacillus C.I.P. 5832 still promoted growth and feed conversion of
      fattening pigs. These results, as well as data of the quoted literature, suggest
      that the current in vitro techniques should not be used to screen the
      susceptibility of Bacillus C.I.P. 5832 to antimicrobial agents. Only in vivo
      assays seem to be of value.

PMID- 2292183
TI  - Effect of inhibitors of cytoplasmic structures and functions on rabies virus
      infection in vitro.
AB  - The effect in vitro of some cytoplasmic structure and function inhibitors on the
      different stages of rabies virus infection was investigated. Treatment of
      fibroblasts (CER) and human neuroblastoma cells (IMR-32) with substances acting
      on low pH intracellular compartments (methylamine and monensin) prevented rabies
      virus genome delivery in the cytosol. An early inhibition of viral infection was
      also obtained in the presence of B and D cytochalasins and trifluoperazine which
      interact with microfilament structures. Treatment with colchicine and vinblastine
      did not affect rabies multiplication, suggesting that microtubules are not
      involved in this process. However, the multiplication of prebound virions did not
      take place in the presence of inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation (sodium
      azide and CCCP) and of glycolysis (2-deoxy-D-glucose) indicating that rabies
      virus replication is largely energy-dependent in both host cells examined.

PMID- 2292185
TI  - New topics on leptospirosis.
AB  - In the United States, leptospirosis takes the second place in human diseases
      transmitted by animals. The clinical features of leptospirosis are very various
      in man and domestic animals by the nature of the serovar involved and the animal
      species infected. There are many epidemiological cycles of leptospirosis but
      environmental conditions are always important.

PMID- 2292186
TI  - The RecA protein: structure and function.

PMID- 2292187
TI  - The diverse actions of dimethyl sulphoxide: an indicator of membrane transport
      activity.
AB  - Many membrane-based phenomena depend upon the membrane's ability to regulate the
      transport of specific cations, principally Na, Ca and Mg. These cations are
      responsible for a substantial portion of cellular nutrient uptake and the
      generation/propagation of an action potential. Surfactants, such as carcinogens
      and some anaesthetics, can disrupt the transport of these cations. Certain highly
      polar solvents, such as DMSO, can, at times, decrease the effects of carcinogens
      or some anaesthetics by 'cleansing' the membrane. Yet, on the other hand, they
      can interact directly with the membrane, producing effects similar to these
      surfactants. This paper explores membrane transport properties by examining the
      action of DMSO on normal, malignant and anaesthetized cells. The Brewer membrane
      model is used as a basis of analysis. It emphasizes the importance of the
      phospholipid P = O in regulating cation transport through a ground state-excited
      state cycle. A cleansing-then contaminating surfactant model is proposed to
      explain the diverse actions of DMSO.

PMID- 2292188
TI  - Seasonal variation of IgE and IgG antibody of some atopic patients against the
      pollen grains of selected plant species.
AB  - Several steps were taken to determine the seasonal variation of IgE and IgG
      antibody against Short Ragweed, Timothy Grass, Tag Alder and White Ash. Extracts
      of the above pollen grains were separated into their allergen components using
      SDS-gel electrophoresis and transblotted to nitrocellulose membrane (Western
      blotting) and probed with sera from atopic patients in every month (August 1987
      July 1988). The IgE and IgG antibody against the specific-allergens were detected
      by double antibody immunoenzyme assay. The percentage of binding was determined
      by using a 620 video-densitometer. Results indicate that there was no reasonable
      IgE antibody before the pollination season, but IgEAb appeared after the season
      and was detectable for several months. Negligible amounts of IgGAb were observed.

PMID- 2292189
TI  - Ultrastructure of pig pinealocytes in various stages of the sexual cycle: a
      quantitative study.
AB  - Relative volumes of mitochondria (MIT), lysosomes (LYS), Golgi profiles (GP),
      granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER), membrane bound bodies of type 1 (MBB 1) and
      type 2 (MBB 2), and the number of dense-core vesicles (DCV), were counted in
      pinealocytes of female sexually immature pigs, in animals in oestrus and in
      nursing pigs. Relative volumes of GER, LYS, MBB I and the number of DCV changed
      in the different stages of the sexual cycle. The highest volumes of GER, LYS and
      MBB 1 were observed in pigs in oestrus. Pinealocytes of sexually immature pigs
      were characterized by a considerably higher number of DCV in comparison with
      mature animals.

PMID- 2292190
TI  - Architecture of the lymph node with regard to its function.

PMID- 2292191
TI  - Germinal center reaction and B lymphocytes: morphology and function.

PMID- 2292192
TI  - T lymphocytes in non-neoplastic lymph nodes.

PMID- 2292193
TI  - The plasmacytoid T cell or plasmacytoid monocyte--a sessile lymphoid cell with
      unique immunophenotype and unknown function, still awaiting lineage affiliation.
AB  - Clusters of cells with a plasmacytoid appearance have been identified in T zones
      of human lymphoid tissue. These cells were shown to express the CD4 antigen in
      the absence of B-cell antigens. Thus, they were named "plasmacytoid T cells"
      (PTCs). Recent studies, however, have suggested a myelomonocytic origin of this
      cell type, which led to the designation "plasmacytoid monocytes." In order to
      obtain a comprehensive immunophenotype of this cell, we used frozen serial
      sections of lymph nodes, an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, and a broad
      panel of well-defined monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). On PTCs, the antigenic
      density was high for CD4 and CD26 antigens and low for CD2; they furthermore
      reacted with the mAb OKM5 recognizing an undefined antigen associated with the
      myelomonocytic lineage and expressed the monocyte-associated antigen CD68. PTCs
      expressed HLA-A, B, C, HLA-DR, and the HLA-D associated invariant chain (Ii)
      while HLA-DP antigens were expressed only in low amounts and HLA-DQ antigens were
      lacking entirely. PTCs further expressed the adhesion molecule CD11c. The absence
      of detectable transferrin receptor and the proliferation antigen defined by Ki-67
      indicated that PTCs were nonproliferating. Other well-defined antigens confined
      to the T-, B-, and myelomonocyte lineages could not be detected in the target
      cell population. For us, antigenic equipment is still suggestive of a sessile,
      terminally differentiated T cell likely to exert a secretory function as yet
      unknown.

PMID- 2292195
TI  - Macrophages in different compartments of the non-neoplastic lymph node.

PMID- 2292196
TI  - Phenotypic characterization of macrophages in non-neoplastic lymph nodes.

PMID- 2292194
TI  - Accessory cells in normal human and rodent lymph nodes: morphology, phenotype,
      and functional implications.
AB  - This chapter provides a brief review of the professional accessory cells present
      in normal human and rodent lymph nodes. When dealing with the function of
      accessory cells in the immune system it has to be borne in mind that in principle
      all cells may possess or acquire the capability of antigen presentation, which is
      the decisive initiating step in the specific host defense bound to the lymphoid
      cells. Professional accessory cells are arrayed at the afferent limb of the
      immune response. The majority of them have a typical dendritic morphology, so
      that the term "dendritic cells" is widely used instead of the term "accessory
      cells," and has replaced the traditional terms "reticulum cells" and "reticular
      cells." Professional accessory cells are characterized by: 1. The capability to
      stimulate specific T- or B-cell response following antigen pulsing 2. A dendritic
      morphology 3. Expression of major histocompatibility glycoproteins, complement,
      and Fc receptors as well as of various adhesion molecules. 4. Presentation of
      processed or unprocessed native antigens 5. Production and secretion of
      interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 The bimodal differentiation of lymphocytes seems
      to be reflected in the occurrence of two types of dendritic accessory cell:
      accessory cells involved in cellular (T accessory cells) and humoral (B accessory
      cells) immunity. T accessory cells of the lymph node comprise: 1. The lymphoid
      dendritic cell of Steinman, which probably represent a subset of blood monocytes
      with possible terminal differentiation into other T accessory cells 2. Veiled
      cells, which have been shown to represent Langerhans cells of the epidermal
      covering on their way to thymus-dependent areas of lymph node, probably giving
      rise to interdigitating dendritic (reticulum) cells 3. Interdigitating dendritic
      (reticulum) cells as the typical accessory cells of lymphoid T zone The T
      accessory cells share morphological, ultrastructural, immunophenotypic, and
      functional properties, are myeloid in origin, and very probably derive from
      monocyte lineage. As immune stimulatory cells they present processed antigen only
      and initiate T-cell proliferation and differentiation by interleukin-1 and -6
      secretion. Accessory cells involved in the initiation of a primary humoral immune
      reaction have not been convincingly characterized. Accessory cells responsible
      for a secondary B-cell response, however, are the so-called follicular dendritic
      (reticulum) cells constituting the typical web-like structure of the primary and
      secondary lymphoid follicles. Unlike T accessory cells, follicular dendritic
      (reticulum) cells are distinguished by accentuated membrane desmosomes and
      extensive anastomosing branches of dendrites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2292198
TI  - The deep cortex of the lymph node: morphological variations and functional
      aspects.

PMID- 2292197
TI  - Immunoelectron-microscopic investigations of lymph nodes.

PMID- 2292199
TI  - Differences between lymph node structure and function in normal and athymic rats.

PMID- 2292200
TI  - Structure and function of high endothelial postcapillary venules in lymphocyte
      circulation.

PMID- 2292201
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in liver cirrhosis.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin were evaluated in 11 patients (3 patients
      with impaired renal function) with advanced liver cirrhosis after a single oral
      dose of 500 mg. Mean serum peaks were 2.80 +/- 1.00 mg/l in 64 +/- 37 min after
      intake in patients with normal renal function. Elimination was reduced in
      comparison with healthy volunteers: t1/2 beta 510 +/- 158 min with a total area
      under the curve of 18.2 +/- 10.3 mg x h/l. Mean recovery of the parent compound
      from urine was 38 +/- 9% of the dose. In 3 patients with cirrhosis plus poor
      renal function, elimination was markedly reduced. In patients under 60 years with
      good renal function, the standard does not require a reduction.

PMID- 2292202
TI  - Cefadroxil kinetics and dynamics in a pediatric patient with acute osteomyelitis.
AB  - Cefadroxil has been used for the treatment of acute osteomyelitis. However, its
      pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have not been studied in these patients. We
      evaluated the kinetics and dynamics of cefadroxil in a pediatric patient with
      osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. After initial clinical improvement
      on intravenous nafcillin, the patient received oral cefadroxil, 60 mg/kg every 12
      h. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 h; bactericidal titers
      were determined at 2 and 12 h. Cefadroxil was measured by an HPLC method. The
      peak and trough serum concentration of cefadroxil was 35.4 and 0.5 micrograms/ml,
      respectively. The oral clearance and elimination half-life were 11.5 ml/min/kg
      and 2.4 h, respectively. The peak bactericidal titer was 1:4 and the trough titer
      was less than 1:2 for the infecting organism. The child's finger appeared worse
      with an increase in swelling and erythema after 2 days of cefadroxil therapy.
      Cefadroxil was discontinued and the patient was treated successfully with
      intravenous nafcillin. The apparent failure of cefadroxil therapy can be
      explained by lower than recommended peak (greater than or equal to 1:8) and
      trough (greater than or equal to 1:2) titers for therapeutic success. Thus, an
      alternative dosage regimen of cefadroxil should be considered in the future
      studies.

PMID- 2292203
TI  - In vitro susceptibility testing of Candida isolates from clinical specimens to
      four antifungal agents.
AB  - A total of 231 isolates of Candida species including 163 of Candida albicans (132
      of serotype A and 31 of serotype B), 42 of Candida tropicalis, 17 of Candida
      glabrata, 7 of Candida parapsilosis and 2 of Candida krusei were collected from
      clinical specimens in two medical centers, one in Japan and the other in the
      United States. The in vitro antifungal activities of amphotericin B, 5
      fluorocytosine, miconazole and fluconazole were evaluated for the above isolates
      by means of a photo-read broth microdilution method for determination of the 30%
      inhibitory concentration (IC30). The results showed that IC30 values of
      fluconazole were generally great compared with those of the other drugs,
      regardless of Candida species. The isolates of C. albicans serotype B showed a
      significantly lessened susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine compared with those of
      serotype A (p less than 0.01). This method has the advantage of objective
      measurement, thus minimizing observer variability as compared with the agar
      dilution test.

PMID- 2292204
TI  - In vitro studies on the cardiotoxicity of chemotherapeutics.
AB  - The de novo synthesis of 'shock proteins' is a cellular reaction towards toxic
      agents. Therefore, the induction of 'shock proteins' serves as a detector of
      toxicity on the level of protein synthesis. We investigated the effects of
      chemotherapeutics on cultured cardiac myocytes with this test system. Cisplatin
      (greater than or equal to 16 mumol/l) and methotrexate (greater than or equal to
      1.4 mumol/l) evoked the de novo formation of a 30-kilodalton 'shock protein'.
      Doxorubicin (80-0.8 mumol/l) and daunomycin (90-0.9 mumol/l) inhibited protein
      synthesis almost completely. The other chemotherapeutic drugs tested did not
      influence heart cell protein formation even at concentrations widely above the
      pharmacological range. Our results indicate that the anthracyclines probably
      exert cardiotoxicity by depression of protein synthesis. Cisplatin and
      methotrexate are potentially cardiotoxic at high concentrations.

PMID- 2292205
TI  - Chemotherapeutic activity of L-histidinol against spontaneous, autochthonous
      murine breast tumors.
AB  - In experiments designed to investigate the biochemical basis for the diminution
      of the antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) by L-histidinol in CD8FI
      breast tumors, it was discovered that L-histidinol inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis
      in these tumors. This finding suggested the possibility that L-histidinol might
      have antiproliferative activity in the CD8FI breast tumor, and on that basis we
      evaluated different administration schedules of L-histidinol for antitumor
      activity in vivo. The present report describes a schedule of L-histidinol
      administration which yielded significant activity against spontaneous,
      autochthonous CD8FI breast tumors consistently at tolerable doses. To our
      knowledge, there are no previous reports of in vivo antitumor activity associated
      with the administration of L-histidinol as a single agent.

PMID- 2292206
TI  - Ceftriaxone monotherapy for bacterial meningitis in children.
AB  - A total of 33 patients with bacterial meningitis were treated with single daily
      doses of ceftriaxone (CTR 100 mg/kg/day i.v.) for a median duration of 13 days.
      Pathogens isolated by culture and/or determined by latex agglutination were 15
      Haemophilus influenzae b, 7 Neisseria meningitidis, 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1
      group B streptococcus, 2 Streptococcus viridans and 2 Staphylococcus epidermidis.
      In 4 cases a diagnosis of purulent meningitis could only be made by means of the
      inflammatory liquor parameters. All cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug levels even at
      the end of the dosing interval were at least 10-fold higher than the MICs of the
      respective bacterial isolates. The average penetration of CTR into the CSF was
      6.6%. Within 12-46 h after the first dose, control spinal taps were performed.
      Cultures were sterile in all cases. Side effects encountered were diarrhea,
      exanthema, neutropenia and transient elevation of glutamic oxaloacetic
      transaminase, but none caused a change of therapy. One patient developed a
      biliary concrement. No patient died; 5 patients had prolonged fever (greater than
      5 days), and 2 were left with persistent hearing deficiencies. CTR can be
      recommended as a safe and effective antibiotic agent for once daily treatment of
      bacterial meningitis in children.

PMID- 2292208
TI  - Acute non-Q-wave myocardial infarction and its clinicopathological correlation. A
      long-term follow-up of 21 cases.
AB  - A long-term follow-up study of 21 patients with 24 attacks of acute non-Q-wave
      myocardial infarction admitted to Beijing Hospital was carried out and
      clinicopathological correlation was made in 9 by autopsy. The results revealed
      that in patients with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction the mortality rate in
      acute stage was 14.3%, the 2-year aggregate mortality rate 33.3% and the rate of
      reinfarction 38%, while in patients with Q-wave myocardial infarction admitted in
      the same period the rate was 18.9%, 26.2% and 17.3%, respectively. It was thus
      shown that non-Q-wave myocardial infarction was an unstable condition. Although
      its prognosis in the acute stage was slightly better than that of Q-wave
      myocardial infarction, yet its outcome in the long run was poorer.
      Clinicopathological correlation showed that the diagnostic criteria for acute non
      Q-wave myocardial infarction used at present are practical and a negative serum
      enzyme does not preclude the possibility of this disease.

PMID- 2292207
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis in the surgical treatment of peritrochanteric fractures: a
      comparative trial between two cephalosporins.
AB  - In a study of 200 patients scheduled for orthopedic surgery, prophylaxis with
      either ceftriaxone or cefotaxime was equally effective. No patient developed
      bacterial infection, either systemic or local, during the first 10 postoperative
      days. In the 1-year follow-up period, 2 patients developed deep wound infection
      (1 from each group). Ceftriaxone 1 g was given once only as a single preoperative
      dose, whereas cefotaxime was, in addition to the preoperative dose, also given
      postoperatively every 8 h for 3 days (totally 9 doses of 1 g). Emphasis is placed
      on the practical advantage of the single dose of ceftriaxone, which facilitates
      nursing of the patient.

PMID- 2292209
TI  - Effects of progesterone and its metabolites on neuronal membranes.
AB  - Evidence supporting a membrane site of action for progesterone includes the
      rapidity of its effects when directly infused into tissue containing mainly nerve
      terminals, the absence of functional intracellular progesterone receptors in
      vitro and the fact that progesterone conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in
      the C-3 position (P-3-BSA) activates the release of hypothalamic luteinizing
      hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) or modulates amphetamine-evoked striatal
      dopamine release. In addition, P2 membrane fractions from different areas of the
      CNS but not P1 fractions or P2 membranes from peripheral progesterone targets
      have specific binding sites for P-11-125I-BSA. Among several BSA-conjugated
      steroids tested for competition displacement P-3-BSA had the highest affinity
      with an estimated inhibition constant of 28.5 +/- 2.1 nM. This binding depends on
      the presence of cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ and after chemical depolarization
      of the P2 membranes the binding curve of P-3-BSA shifts to the right. While
      progesterone is effective in releasing LHRH from the hypothalamus, 5 beta-pregnan
      3 beta-ol-20-one (a 5 beta reduced metabolite) is at least 1000-fold more potent
      than the parent compound when tested in vitro and in vivo. This action is
      indirect because tetrodotoxin at 10(-6) M blocks the LHRH releasing action,
      although 5 beta-prenan-3 beta-ol-20-one is still capable of releasing
      noradrenaline. Although 5 beta-pregnan-3 beta-ol-20-one can replace progesterone
      in activating the LHRH neural apparatus this is not true for the nigro-striatal
      dopamine system where only progesterone or P-3-BSA is effective, an action which
      is also indirect since tetrodotoxin blocks the effect of either compound. These
      results indicate that progesterone acts at membrane sites to modulate specific
      functions of the CNS and that site-specific mechanisms exist within the CNS which
      may differentially control its conversion to more active compounds.

PMID- 2292210
TI  - Effect of oestradiol on dopamine receptors and protein kinase C activity in the
      rat pituitary: binding of oestradiol to pituitary membranes.
AB  - Oestradiol exerts an important modulatory influence on the release of prolactin
      which is accomplished partly through disruption of the inhibitory influence of
      dopamine. We have focused on the status of the anterior pituitary D2 dopamine
      receptor in female rats treated chronically with oestradiol or progesterone. A
      direct membrane effect of these steroids on the dopamine system was also
      investigated in vitro. Both steroids affected the status of the D2 receptor,
      oestradiol decreasing the number of sites in vitro and progesterone increasing it
      both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro studies demonstrated that these steroids
      exert a direct membrane effect on the D2 receptor. These results correlated with
      an in vitro short-term physiological effect of oestradiol and progesterone on the
      dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin release, oestradiol decreasing it while
      progesterone had the opposite effect. Binding studies with [3H] oestradiol on
      pituitary membranes revealed a site for oestradiol of high affinity and low
      capacity, indicating that oestradiol's membrane effects could be mediated by a
      specific receptor. In vivo treatment with oestradiol also induces proliferation
      of prolactin-secreting cells (lactotrophs). We focused on the effect of
      oestradiol on protein kinase C activity, which is involved in both secretion and
      proliferation. In female rats treated with oestradiol total protein kinase C
      activity was increased by 74% (particulate 90%, soluble 71%) in comparison with
      controls. This effect was reversed by concomitant treatment with a dopamine
      agonist. Thus in the pituitary oestradiol and progesterone affect the
      characteristics of membrane components that are implicated in the physiological
      control of the cell. Whether these effects are post-transcriptional only or are
      also mediated through direct membrane mechanisms needs further investigation.

PMID- 2292211
TI  - The molecular features of membrane perturbation by anaesthetic steroids: a study
      using differential scanning calorimetry, small angle X-ray diffraction and solid
      state 2H NMR.
AB  - We have studied the interactions of the anaesthetic steroid alphaxalone and its
      inactive isomer delta 16-alphaxalone with model membrane bilayers using
      differential scanning calorimetry, small angle X-ray diffraction and solid state
      NMR. Our data show that the anaesthetic steroid broadens the membrane phase
      transition and increases the ratio of gauche to trans conformers in the membrane.
      Delta 16-Alphaxalone has only small effects on membrane and incorporates to a
      limited degree in the bilayer. The amphipathic anaesthetic steroid alphaxalone is
      located near the membrane interface (the junction of the polar and hydrophobic
      regions of the phospholipids forming the bilayer). It orients with its long axis
      parallel to the chains of the lipid membranes and its 3 alpha-hydroxyl group near
      the sn-2 carbonyl. Anchoring of the steroid at the membrane interface and
      imperfect packing with the bilayer chains may be involved in membrane
      perturbation and eventually lead to anaesthesia.

PMID- 2292212
TI  - Steroids and neuronal destruction or stabilization.
AB  - Extensive work has indicated that glucocorticoid steroids may play a role in
      promoting age-related central neuronal degeneration. It has also been shown that
      glucocorticoid supplementation may intensify acute post-ischaemic neuronal
      necrosis and that prior adrenalectomy is protective. A glucocorticoid inhibition
      of injury-induced axonal reactive sprouting has also been reported. The mechanism
      of this deleterious effect on chronic or acute neuronal degeneration and
      regenerative responses is thought to involve specific glucocorticoid receptors
      either on susceptible nerve cells or on adjacent glial cells. However, other
      studies have shown that intensive short-term glucocorticoid treatment may
      attenuate post-traumatic and post-ischaemic central neuronal damage. Anterograde
      degeneration of motor nerve fibres can also be retarded by intensive
      glucocorticoid pretreatment. The mechanism of these high dose protective effects
      appears to involve an intrinsic ability of certain glucocorticoids to inhibit
      oxygen free radical-induced lipid peroxidation, a phenomenon that may be
      fundamentally involved in neuronal degeneration. Recently, steroid analogues
      which lack glucocorticoid receptor affinity have been shown to duplicate the
      antioxidant and cerebroprotective actions of the glucocorticoids in models of
      neuronal damage. Thus, the deleterious and protective effects of steroids on
      neuronal viability depend on two different mechanisms, separable by dose,
      duration of treatment, specific situation and chemical structure.

PMID- 2292213
TI  - Neuroendocrine metabolism of progesterone and related progestins.
AB  - In mammalian neuroendocrine structures the metabolic processing of progesterone
      and related natural progestins is primarily a reductive process involving the C
      4,5 double bond and the C-3 and C-20 ketones. The principal products of the
      neuroendocrine metabolism of progesterone in female rats are the two 5 alpha- and
      3 alpha-reduced metabolites, 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 3 alpha,5 alpha
      tetrahydroprogesterone, with lesser amounts of the corresponding 20 alpha-reduced
      products. Certain of these metabolites produce some, but not all, of
      progesterone's biological effects. 5 alpha-Dihydroprogesterone and 3 alpha,5
      alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone, in particular, have potent progesterone-like
      effects on neuroendocrine functions, such as gonadotropin regulation. The two
      other principal ovarian progestins, 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 17 alpha
      hydroxyprogesterone, are metabolized in an analogous manner. The major
      neuroendocrine progestin conversions therefore appear to be 5 alpha-reduction and
      3 alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreduction. In the hypothalamus and anterior
      pituitary, the enzymic activities that catalyse these conversions appear to be
      under ovarian control and appear to vary with changing reproductive states. These
      quantitative changes in processing, together with the potent progesterone-like
      effects of certain metabolites, suggest that these neuroendocrine conversions may
      provide an important mechanism for mediating some of the effects of progesterone.
      Alternatively, some metabolites, by duplicating selected effects of progesterone,
      may provide a means of prolonging certain of its effects while others are
      terminated.

PMID- 2292214
TI  - Steroids in relation to epilepsy and anaesthesia.
AB  - Increasing numbers of reports indicate direct effects of ovarian steroids on the
      central nervous system. Effects of progesterone and its metabolites on brain
      excitability in humans and in experimental animals have been studied. Anti
      epileptic effects have been shown in cats and in women with partial epilepsy and
      well-defined epileptic foci. The reduced progesterone metabolite 5 alpha-pregnan
      3 alpha-ol-20-one and its 5 beta analogue also decreased the epileptic activity
      resulting from a penicillin-induced cortical focus in cats. 5 alpha-Pregnan-3
      alpha-ol-20-one protected mice against metrazol-, bicuculline- and picrotoxin
      induced seizures but not against electroshock-and strychnine-induced seizures.
      Progesterone, 5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one and 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20
      one also induce anaesthesia in humans and animals; in a rat model of anaesthesia
      5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one was eight times more potent than methohexitone
      (the most potent anaesthetic barbiturate). Anaesthesia with loss of the eyelash
      reflex was observed in humans 75-90 seconds after the intravenous injection of 5
      beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one in lipid emulsion. The in vivo production and
      brain distribution of centrally active steroids has also been studied in relation
      to the phases of the ovarian and menstrual cycle. A subset of women with epilepsy
      show changes in seizure frequency in relation to hormonal variations during the
      menstrual cycle. In the luteal phase when progesterone levels are high the number
      of generalized seizures is low. It is possible that progesterone and its
      metabolites play a role in epileptic seizures and also in the premenstrual
      syndrome.

PMID- 2292215
TI  - Aspiration cytology diagnosis of echinococcosis.
AB  - We report five cases of echinococcosis diagnosed on material obtained by fine
      needle aspiration. The sites were the liver in three cases, the thigh in one
      case, and the retroperitoneum in one case. No complications were observed.

PMID- 2292216
TI  - Intraoperative imprint cytology: its significance as a diagnostic adjunct.
AB  - We retrospectively evaluated 664 specimens submitted for intraoperative frozen
      section analysis for which cytologic imprints or smears were also prepared; 238
      (36%) were malignant neoplasms. These preparations were retrospectively evaluated
      independently by three reviewers of varied experience in the detection of
      malignancy. The number of false-positive and false-negative results were
      recorded, and various assessment parameters (sensitivity, specificity,
      efficiency, and predictive value) were calculated. The imprint was of chief value
      as an adjunct to the frozen section, particularly in avoiding false-positive and,
      to a lesser extent, false-negative interpretations. Experience with the use of
      intraoperative cytology demonstrated the technique to be of value in providing
      abbreviated preparation time (3-5 min); supportive diagnostic information when
      frozen section was equivocal; diagnostic information when frozen-section
      evaluation could not be done (e.g., excessively small sample); contributory
      information for final diagnosis on difficult cases; and excellent teaching
      material for cytopathology.

PMID- 2292217
TI  - Lung cancer treated on the basis of cytologic findings: an analysis of 112
      patients.
AB  - The authors studied 112 patients who received definitive
      radiotherapy/chemotherapy solely on the basis of positive cytologic findings in
      the appropriate clinical context. Eighty patients (71.4%) were treated on the
      basis of one or more positive sputum studies, while the remainder had at least
      one positive bronchial cytologic preparation. Eighty-six patients (76.3%)
      received radiotherapy alone; 19 received both radiotherapy and chemotherapy; only
      7 were exclusively given chemotherapy. The utilization of stringent verification
      criteria revealed that none of our patients was falsely positive for malignancy.
      For those patients categorized as having malignant disease by verification
      criteria I-IV, there were no significant disparities between histologic and
      cytologic diagnoses. This study demonstrated, in a systematic fashion, that
      patients can be reliably and definitively treated for lung cancer on the basis of
      positive respiratory cytology findings without tissue corroboration.

PMID- 2292218
TI  - Reactive type II pneumocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from adult
      respiratory distress syndrome can be mistaken for cells of adenocarcinoma.
AB  - A growing body of literature illustrates that bronchoalveolar lavage is a
      reliable and efficient means of diagnosing primary and secondary malignancies in
      the lung. Its safety in severely compromised patients often makes it preferable
      to other biopsy procedures. However, a variety of reparative and degenerative
      pulmonary disorders may result in cytologic alterations so severe that
      pneumocytes resemble cells of malignancy. We describe four patients with the
      adult respiratory distress syndrome from whom lavage fluid showed gland-like
      groups of malignant-appearing cells morphologically consistent with
      adenocarcinoma. Transbronchial biopsy sections in one case and lavage fluid
      electron microscopy in another showed that these pseudomalignant cells were
      reactive Type II pneumocytes with surface microvilli, cell junctions, and
      numerous cytoplasmic myelin figures. Careful clinicopathologic correlation is the
      best way to ensure accurate diagnosis in these cases.

PMID- 2292219
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in renal transplantation: a review of cytologic
      features.
AB  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy has been found to be a sensitive and reproducible
      method for kidney transplant monitoring. Cytological evaluation of the aspirates
      and blood samples taken concurrently were done from May-Grunwald-Giemsa-stained
      cytocentrifuge preparations. There were no complications related to this
      procedure. From the specimens it was possible to detect the immunoactivation
      cells and to evaluate the condition of the graft parenchymal cells, permitting
      diagnosis of rejection, acute tubular necrosis, and cyclosporine toxicity. Our
      findings corroborate other studies in the literature documenting the useful role
      of cytologic examination of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2292221
TI  - Retrorectal cystic hamartoma diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
AB  - A 17-yr-old postpartum female presented with a large multicystic mass posterior
      to the rectum, thought clinically to be an abscess. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy
      revealed numerous squamous cells. The diagnosis of retrorectal cystic hamartoma
      was considered and subsequently confirmed by the surgical resection specimen. The
      cytologic and histologic findings are presented along with a discussion of the
      entity "retrorectal cystic hamartoma," including a differential diagnosis of
      presacrococcygeal cysts.

PMID- 2292220
TI  - Osteitis fibrosa cystica (brown tumor) of the spine with cord compression: report
      of a case with needle aspiration biopsy findings.
AB  - A case of osteitis fibrosa cystica or brown tumor of bone in a patient presenting
      with acute spinal cord compression that was suggested initially by needle
      aspiration biopsy of the spine is described. Following the aspiration biopsy,
      excision of vertebral lesions, cord decompression, and spinal fusion were
      successfully performed. A parathyroid adenoma was subsequently identified and
      also resected. Along with the diagnosis of malignancy, the presence of
      hyperparathyroidism with osteitis fibrosa cystica should be considered in a
      patient presenting with lytic lesions in bone, especially if they are associated
      with hypercalcemia. Serum parathormone level determination is usually diagnostic
      of hyperparathyroidism, but this test has a 7-10-day turnaround time.
      Preoperative needle aspiration biopsy is a safe and rapid method of diagnosing
      osteitis fibrosa cystica and may be of critical importance in a patient with
      acute and progressive symptoms such as cord compression.

PMID- 2292222
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration of a metastatic breast carcinoma in the lung with melanin
      pigmentation: a case report.
AB  - The presence of melanin pigment in the cytoplasm of breast carcinoma cells has
      been reported. Fine-needle aspiration of a solitary lung lesion in a woman who
      had undergone mastectomy for ductal carcinoma revealed malignant cells consistent
      with the primary mammary tumor; many of these tumor cells contained melanin
      pigment.

PMID- 2292223
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration of fibroadenomas of the breast with atypia: a spectrum
      including cases that cytologically mimic carcinoma.
AB  - We herein report the cytologic and histologic findings in 11 cases of
      cytologically atypical fibroadenoma (FA). These ranged from cases recognizable as
      FA but showing epithelial atypia to cases that, even on review, completely
      mimicked the needle aspiration picture of ductal breast carcinoma. A
      retrospective review of 45 cases of previously excised FA showed that focal
      atypia is common (27%). Possible physiologic explanations for atypia in FA, along
      with strategies for avoiding false diagnoses of malignancy in aspiration smears,
      are discussed.

PMID- 2292224
TI  - Thyroid tumors: cytomorphology of medullary, clinically anaplastic, and
      miscellaneous thyroid neoplasms.
AB  - Of 2,012 fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) of the thyroid performed between the
      years 1984 and 1988, detailed cytomorphologic analysis of 95 cases diagnosed as
      neoplastic on histology and/or cytology and those that received an equivocal
      cytodiagnosis are presented in this article. Discussed are medullary thyroid
      carcinomas (nine cases), clinically anaplastic thyroid tumors (CATT; eight
      cases), two cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and one primary leiomyosarcoma
      of the thyroid, for a total of 20 cases. Included in the category of CATT are all
      the thyroid tumors presenting clinically with an anaplastic growth pattern. The
      cytomorphology of these tumors varied, but the giant- and spindle-cell pattern
      was predominant. An accurate cytodiagnosis was possible, as per cytohistologic
      correlation, in seven cases, while in one case histological material was not
      available for study. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) showed a mixed
      spindle-cell and round-cell population in eight cases and an entirely spindle
      cell population in one case. All cases of MCT were correctly diagnosed on
      cytology, and amyloid could be demonstrated in the cytologic smears in three
      cases. The cases of NHL and leiomyosarcoma could also be correctly interpreted on
      cytology.

PMID- 2292226
TI  - Alimentary tract cytopathology in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a
      review of experience in Los Angeles.
AB  - In the past decade, over 100,000 cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) have been reported in the United States. Conservative estimates suggest
      that 1.5 million people are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
      the etiologic agent of AIDS. Major metropolitan areas, such as Los Angeles, have
      experienced a rapid increase in the number of AIDS cases. At the Los Angeles
      County-University of Southern California Medical Center, we have gained
      significant insight into the cytologic findings associated with HIV infection.
      Based on our experience, we herein review the technical and morphologic
      evaluation of alimentary tract cytology specimens from this patient population.

PMID- 2292225
TI  - Light and electron microscopic examination of fine-needle aspirates in the
      preoperative diagnosis of cartilaginous tumors.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with chondrogenic tumours--2 chondroblastomas, 4
      chondromas, 18 chondrosarcomas, 1 clear-cell chondrosarcoma, and 3 mesenchymal
      chondrosarcomas--underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in the
      preoperative investigation. The cytologic features in smears were compared with
      the histopathologic findings in the surgical specimens; in 14 cases they were
      also compared with the light and electron microscopic findings in resin-embedded
      fine-needle aspirates. The smears of the vast majority of the classical
      chondrosarcomas presented features that made possible the FNAB diagnosis of a
      chondrogenic tumor to be made. In the case of the low-grade chondrosarcomas in
      particular, which were poorly or moderately cellular in smears and showed
      chondroblastic cells often in lacunary structures of hyaline matrix,
      consideration of the clinical presentation, size, location, and roentgenographic
      appearance was essential for the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma. On the other hand,
      the high-grade chondrosarcomas presented cytologic features that clearly
      indicated their malignancy and they usually had a myxoid matrix. The possible
      differential diagnoses that may arise from the FNAB diagnosis of cartilaginous
      tumors are discussed. The resin-embedding technique for the light and electron
      microscopic examination of FNABs, along with the histochemical analysis for the
      demonstration of sulphated glucosaminoglycans and the immunocytochemistry applied
      to smears, was found to be of value in the definite diagnosis, especially in the
      distinction of chondrogenic tumors from chordoma and metastatic mucous-producing
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2292227
TI  - Well-differentiated liposarcoma of the paratesticular area: report of a case with
      fine-needle aspiration preoperative diagnosis and review of the literature.
AB  - This article presents a rare case of well-differentiated liposarcoma of the
      paratesticular area (spermatic cord) with a preoperative cytological diagnosis. A
      0.6-mm fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of a paratesticular lump showed many
      spindle and polygonal atypical cells with numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles. On the
      basis of a diagnosis of "malignant mesenchymal neoplasia consistent with
      liposarcoma," the patient underwent radical orchiectomy. A 8 x 7 x 8.5 cm,
      whitish mass was found, which was histologically classified as a "well
      differentiated liposarcoma" (with lipoma-like, sclerosing, and myxoid areas),
      according to the classification of Enzinger and Weiss. A review of the literature
      is presented.

PMID- 2292228
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration cytology of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma.

PMID- 2292229
TI  - The potential role of thromboxane inhibitors in preventing myocardial ischaemic
      injury.

PMID- 2292230
TI  - Drugs and receptors. An overview of the current state of knowledge.
AB  - This paper reviews the theoretical concepts and methods utilised with isolated
      tissues to characterise drugs and drug receptors. Specifically the impact, on the
      in vitro measurement of agonist affinity and relative efficacy, of the idea that
      receptors bind to transduction proteins in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
      is discussed. The effects of ternary complex formation of agonist-receptor
      equilibria raise theoretical objections to the measurement of agonist receptor
      equilibrium dissociation constants. Possible 'promiscuity' of receptors with
      respect to the G-proteins with which they can interact makes classification of
      receptors by agonists suspect. The use of Schild analysis for the measurement of
      antagonist affinity and subsequent classification of receptors is considered in
      the light of recent data showing that estimates calculated with this method are
      heterogeneous. Resultant analysis for the detection of allosteric effects is also
      discussed. Lastly, the impact of molecular biology on the drug and drug receptor
      classification process is considered, as well as the effects of pathological
      processes on drug action at the receptor level.

PMID- 2292231
TI  - Hypnotics in the elderly. What cause for concern?
AB  - At any age hypnotic drug use can give rise to 3 major problems: unwanted effects
      on daytime mood and behaviour associated with drug consumption; rebound effects
      associated with drug withdrawal; and dependency associated with long term drug
      use. For 2 reasons elderly hypnotic users are both more vulnerable and more
      exposed to each of these problems. Firstly, age-related changes in
      pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic processes amplify the behavioural impact of
      many hypnotics; and secondly, age-related changes in the structure and quality of
      sleep tend to increase the demand for, and the long term use of, sedative
      hypnotic compounds in old age. The existence of physical illness, cognitive
      impairment, or daytime behaviour already compromised by normal aging processes
      further increases the likelihood of hypnotic drugs detrimentally affecting well
      being in later life. These important causes for concern emphasise the need for 2
      separate clinical responses: the need for greater circumspection in the choice
      and use of hypnotic drugs among elderly patients, and the need for a more broadly
      based clinical approach to the management of sleep problems in old age.

PMID- 2292233
TI  - The clinical application of radiopharmaceuticals.
AB  - This article highlights the choices and the arguments in the selection of
      appropriate contrast materials in radiological examinations--nonionic versus
      ionic contrast material--and aims to assist the physician in decision-making.
      Various authors have raised questions concerning the proposed advantages of
      nonionic contrast material. However, studies in low risk patients have shown more
      complications with the use of ionic contrast than nonionic contrast materials;
      this is the important group of patients since in high risk patients nonionics are
      used almost exclusively. The important factor that increases the controversy is
      cost, which is significant since nonionic agents cost 10 to 15 times more than
      ionic agents in the USA. Thus, cost-benefit considerations are important because
      price sensitivity and cost may determine fund availability for equipment or
      materials that also may be necessary or important in improving patient care. In
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as in computed tomography (CT), the use of
      contrast material has improved diagnostic accuracy and the ability to reveal
      lesions not otherwise easily detected in brain and spinal cord imaging. These
      include separating scan from disc, meningitis, meningeal spread of tumour, tumour
      seeding, small metastases, intracanalicular tumours, separating major mass from
      oedema, determining bulk tumour size and ability to demonstrate blood vessels so
      dynamic circulatory changes may be revealed.

PMID- 2292232
TI  - The practical use of methotrexate in psoriasis.
AB  - Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease of the skin associated with increased
      epidermal proliferation. The aetiology of the disease is unknown, but there seems
      to be a genetic predisposition. The goal of therapy in the treatment of psoriasis
      is to decrease the rate of epidermal proliferation and the underlying
      inflammation. Topical application of steroids and coal tar are the therapies of
      choice; however, for those patients with severe recalcitrant psoriasis who have
      failed conventional topical therapy methotrexate is an established alternative.
      The use of methotrexate in psoriasis is limited by its toxicity, and proper
      patient selection and close monitoring are essential in achieving good clinical
      response. The dosage used should be the lowest that will maintain the patient in
      comfort, not necessarily that which produces total resolution. Caution should be
      exercised when other agents are used concurrently with methotrexate, and possible
      drug interactions should be identified as these may influence the effectiveness
      and toxicity of methotrexate therapy. The common side effects associated with the
      use of methotrexate in psoriasis include bone marrow suppression,
      gastrointestinal symptoms and hepatotoxicity. Liver damage is a major concern in
      long term methotrexate therapy and thus liver biopsies are warranted to monitor
      any pathological changes. The drug is a known teratogen and should be avoided in
      pregnant patients. Women of childbearing age should use reliable contraception
      during therapy. Patients should be made aware of the signs and symptoms of
      methotrexate toxicity and inform their physicians promptly as most adverse
      effects can be ameliorated with appropriate dosage adjustment. Methotrexate will
      continue to play a major role in the treatment of psoriasis and it is thus
      important that it be used safely.

PMID- 2292235
TI  - Terodiline. A review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic use in
      the treatment of urinary incontinence.
AB  - Terodiline has both anticholinergic and calcium antagonist properties and, as a
      result, effectively reduces abnormal bladder contractions caused by detrusor
      instability. When administered to adult patients with urge incontinence
      (generally as a 25mg twice-daily dose) terodiline reduces diurnal and nocturnal
      micturition frequency and incontinence episodes. In studies also assessing
      cystometric parameters, bladder volume at first urge and bladder capacity are
      increased. Children with diurnal enuresis respond similarly to a daily 25mg dose.
      Several studies have shown that terodiline 50 mg/day is preferred by patients
      when compared with emepronium 600 mg/day or flavoxate 600 mg/day, and tends to
      reduce voluntary micturition frequency and episodes of incontinence more
      effectively than these drugs. Terodiline is well tolerated in short and long term
      (up to 3.5 years) studies. Anticholinergic effects are most commonly reported;
      other adverse effects occur equally during terodiline and placebo treatment.
      Thus, terodiline is effective and well tolerated in patients with urge
      incontinence or neurogenic bladder dysfunction, and will claim an important place
      in the treatment of such patients in light of the limitations of alternative
      therapies.

PMID- 2292237
TI  - Differential distribution of an estrogen receptor in the submandibular and
      parotid salivary glands of female rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to measure the availability of the estrogen
      receptor in submandibular and parotid salivary glands in female rats. The
      presence of a specific, competitive, and saturable estrogen binder in rat
      salivary gland tissue was determined by saturation analysis and steroid
      competition in cell-free homogenates of salivary gland tissue from adult
      ovariectomized females. Scatchard analysis of the data indicated an estrogen
      receptor content of 1971.1 +/- 651.4 femtomoles/gm of tissue in submandibular
      salivary gland. This was significantly (p less than 0.01) greater than the number
      of estrogen binding sites in the parotid gland (457.1 +/- 123.4 femtomoles/gm
      tissue). Thus, there is a differential distribution in estrogen receptor content
      between parotid and submandibular salivary glands. The presence of an estrogen
      receptor in salivary gland tissue may serve to promote gender differences in
      submandibular salivary gland EGF content, to mediate changes in saliva
      composition during the female reproductive cycle and to regulate EGF release for
      cyclic uterine growth.

PMID- 2292236
TI  - The effect of in vitro ethanol exposure on LHRH release from perifused rat
      hypothalami.
AB  - A variety of indirect data suggest that the luteinizing hormone (LH) lowering
      effects of ethanol (ETOH) are mediated at a hypothalamic level decreasing the
      synthesis and/or release of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). Little direct data
      support this concept, however. The current study was, therefore, designed
      utilizing a perifusion system with frequent sampling for LHRH with and without
      ethanol added to determine if ethanol had a direct effect on basal or stimulated
      LHRH release. A variety of secretagogues, including dopamine, norepinephrine,
      naloxone, prostaglandin E2, and a high dose of potassium were utilized. Ethanol
      at a dose of 300 mg% did not alter either basal or secretagogue-stimulated LHRH
      release from the hypothalami of ethanol-naive male rats. Thus, ethanol did not
      appear to have a direct effect on LHRH in this system. Alterations in LHRH
      release by ethanol may occur at a suprahypothalamic level, involving
      neurotransmitter-LHRH interactions. Alternatively, the well-described lowering
      effect of ethanol on LH may be secondary to a direct pituitary locus of action,
      or involve a metabolic breakdown product of ethanol rather than ethanol itself.

PMID- 2292238
TI  - The relationship of insulin sensitivity and metabolic clearance of insulin to
      adiposity and sex hormone binding globulin.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is
      negatively associated with insulin concentrations in premenopausal women. We
      determined insulin sensitivity (SI) and clearance (KI) in 8 non-obese men and 13
      nonobese premenopausal women using the minimal model of Bergman and colleagues.
      Insulin clearance and insulin sensitivity were strongly correlated (p less than
      0.05). SHBG was positively correlated with SI (i.e., individuals with high levels
      of SHBG had greater insulin sensitivity) in both men (r = .738, p less than 0.05)
      and women (r = .577, p less than 0.06). Insulin clearance was also positively
      correlated with SHBG in men (r = .619) and in women (r = .476) (0.05 less than p
      less than 0.10). Since obese subjects have both lower SHBG concentrations and
      decreased insulin sensitivity, we examined the effect of correcting for adiposity
      by partial correlation analyses. SHBG was not associated with KI after adjustment
      for BMI. SHBG was still positively correlated with SI in both men (r = .708) (p
      less than 0.06) and women (r = 0.541) (p less than 0.06), suggesting that the
      relationship between SHBG and insulin sensitivity is not confounded by obesity.
      Thus, the relationship of androgenicity with insulin sensitivity (but not insulin
      clearance) was independent of adiposity.

PMID- 2292239
TI  - Heterodox notions on pathways of steroidogenesis.

PMID- 2292240
TI  - Regulation of mammary epithelial cell growth in mice and rats.

PMID- 2292241
TI  - Estrogen carcinogenesis in hamster tissues: a critical review.

PMID- 2292234
TI  - Clozapine. A review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic use in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - Clozapine, an antipsychotic agent of the dibenzodiazepine class, is characterised
      by relatively weak central dopaminergic activity and displays atypical
      pharmacological and clinical properties in relation to the classic
      antipsychotics. Clinical studies have shown clozapine to be effective in
      suppressing both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and to be
      associated with an extremely low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects.
      Clozapine has been shown to be of comparable, or on some criteria superior,
      therapeutic efficacy to perphenazine, levomepromazine, haloperidol and
      chlorpromazine in several short term comparative studies in patients with
      schizophrenia of predominantly acute symptomatology. Moreover, clozapine is
      effective in a substantial proportion (30 to 50%) of schizophrenic patients who
      are refractory to or intolerant of classic antipsychotic therapy. Despite its
      promising therapeutic potential, the relatively high incidence of clozapine
      induced agranulocytosis (1 to 2% of patients) is a major factor restricting the
      drug's wider use in psychiatric practice. In accordance with current guidelines,
      clozapine therapy, performed in conjunction with close haematological monitoring,
      is indicated for the management of severe and chronic schizophrenia refractory to
      classic antipsychotic therapy, and in those unable to tolerate such therapy. In
      such appropriately selected patients, clozapine represents an important
      alternative to the classic antipsychotics.

PMID- 2292242
TI  - Development and regulation of growth and differentiated function in human and
      subhuman primate fetal gonads.
AB  - We have attempted to summarize the research on primate fetal gonadal development
      that has occurred over the past three decades. Many similarities exist between
      fetal gonadal development in human and subhuman primates; therefore, comparisons
      and analogies between these species can be made. Fetal gonadal development is a
      complex process dependent on timely maturation and differentiation of several
      cell types with different functions. Adequate development is important for normal
      sexual development and intact adult fertility potential as well as for
      intrauterine priming of neural centers in the central nervous system. While the
      fetal primate testis is active in steroidogenesis, the fetal ovary seems to be
      quiescent throughout most of gestation, although some ovarian steroidogenic
      enzymes have been demonstrated. Growth and development of both gonads are
      controlled during late gestation at least in part by pituitary hormones, while
      earlier in gestation other yet undefined regulators (placental, intragonadal)
      likely also are active. The main goal of this review was to demonstrate that
      gonadal growth and differentiation, both in males and females, is regulated by
      endocrine factors as well as by intragonadal, autocrine/paracrine agents.
      Although many parts of the puzzle are still missing it is probable that, similar
      to fetal development of other endocrine tissues and to events in postnatal
      gonads, these local regulators have important functions. Currently, primate fetal
      gonadal research is lacking in at least two key aspects: 1) the definition of
      paracrine and autocrine nonsteroidal factors that are involved in the regulation
      of gonadal growth and differentiation in vitro; and 2) in vivo studies in
      subhuman primates that might better help to clarify the biological roles of the
      multiple extra- and intragonadal hormones and their complex interactions. To
      date, the regulation of gonadal steroidogenesis has been investigated more
      thoroughly than the regulation of gonadal growth. Most of our knowledge stems
      from observations of gonadal development in anencephalics or subhuman primates
      after pituitary ablation. Because of the constraints of small organ size and
      limitation of material, studies of fetal primate gonadal development have been
      limited. Given such limitations, new molecular biological techniques, including
      polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization, may provide the means of
      addressing these questions. Further, because of these limitations, sensitive cell
      separation techniques need to be developed to achieve enriched primary gonadal
      cell cultures from individual gonads.

PMID- 2292243
TI  - Endocrine pharmacology of antiestrogens as antitumor agents.

PMID- 2292244
TI  - Anticonvulsant activity of the NMDA antagonists, D(-)4-(3-phosphonopropyl)
      piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (D-CPP) and D(-)(E)-4-(3-phosphonoprop-2-enyl)
      piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (D-CPPene) in a rodent and a primate model of reflex
      epilepsy.
AB  - D-(-)4-(3-phosphonopropyl)piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (D-CPP) and its
      unsaturated analogue (D(-)(E)-4-(3-phosphonoprop-2-enyl) piperazine-2-carboxylic
      acid (D-CPPene) have been administered to DBA/2 mice (intracerebroventricularly,
      i.c.v., intraperitoneally, i.p., and orally, p.o.) and to photosensitive baboons,
      Papio papio (intravenously, i.v., and orally), and their effects on reflexly
      induced epileptic responses assessed. In DBA/2 mice the clonic phase of the
      seizure response to sound is suppressed by D-CPP with an ED50 of 5.5
      micrograms/mouse, i.c.v.; 0.69 mg (2.75 mumol)/kg i.p. and 16.6 mg (65.8
      mumol)/kg p.o. compared with, for D-CPPene, 2.2 micrograms/mouse i.c.v., 0.41 mg
      (1.54 mumol)/kg i.p. and 10.8 mg (40.2 mumol)/kg, p.o. In Papio papio myoclonic
      responses to stroboscopic stimulation are suppressed 24 and 48 h after D-CPP 32
      mg (127 mumol)/kg p.o. Administration of D-CPPene 8-16 mg (30-60 mumol)/kg i.v.
      produces protection against myoclonic responses after 1-2 h, lasting for 48 h.
      Oral administration of D-CPPene 32-64 mg (119-239 mumol)/kg produces protection
      beginning after 4 h and sustained for 48 h. Measurements of plasma D-CPPene
      concentration show rapid clearance after i.v. injection and a low plasma
      concentration 1.5-5 h after oral administration. The prolonged anticonvulsant
      action of D-CPP and D-CPPene following oral administration suggests that these
      compounds merit evaluation as antiepileptic therapy in man.

PMID- 2292245
TI  - Efficacy of stiripentol in the intravenous pentylenetetrazol infusion seizure
      model in the rat.
AB  - The potential effectiveness of stiripentol, a new allylic alcohol anticonvulsant,
      against generalized epilepsy of the absence type was evaluated in the intravenous
      pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) infusion seizure model in the rat. The ability of
      stiripentol to elevate the threshold dose of PTZ in eliciting clonic seizure
      (i.e., ratio of the post-drug threshold dose to the baseline threshold dose) was
      measured. Dose-response studies were performed after acute intraperitoneal
      injection and subacute oral drug treatment. Concentrations of stiripentol in
      plasma and whole brain were determined. Significant elevation in PTZ threshold
      dose was observed at a single 300 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of stiripentol or at
      plasma levels exceeding 35 micrograms/ml. Maximal anticonvulsant response (i.e.,
      a dose ratio of 3) was reached with doses at or above 450 mg/kg (or plasma
      concentration greater than or equal to 120 micrograms/ml), along with the
      appearance of neurotoxicity. Subacute treatment consisted of 9 consecutive oral
      doses of stiripentol over a 3 day period, until steady-state plasma stiripentol
      concentration was attained. Response data were obtained at dosage levels of 150,
      400 and 800 mg/kg with respective mean steady-state levels of 33.2 +/- 7.8, 61.4
      +/- 20.7, and 116 +/- 14 micrograms/ml. Maximal anticonvulsant effect was not
      reached even at the highest dose of 800 mg/kg. Correlation of threshold dose
      ratio with plasma and brain stiripentol concentrations showed an approximate 40%
      loss in anticonvulsant potency during subacute treatment. However, the animals
      also became more resistant to drug-induced neurotoxicity; about 40% higher plasma
      or brain stiripentol concentrations had to be reached for a given degree of
      neurotoxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292246
TI  - Effects of the tetronic acid derivatives AO33 (losigamone) and AO78 on
      epileptiform activity and on stimulus-induced calcium concentration changes in
      rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - The effects of members of a new class of anticonvulsants, the tetronic acid
      derivatives, were studied in 3 in vitro models of epileptogenesis in rat
      hippocampal slices; the picrotoxin, the low magnesium and the low calcium model.
      The effects of AO33 (losigamone) and AO78 on stimulus-induced decreases in
      extracellular calcium concentration were also investigated. In all 3 models of
      epileptogenesis, both drugs blocked spontaneous and reduced stimulus-induced
      epileptiform discharges dose dependently and reversibly. Stimulus-induced changes
      in [Ca2+]0 were markedly diminished by these agents. The fact that the tetronic
      acid derivatives block the low Ca seizure-like events which develop independently
      from chemical synaptic transmission suggests that these agents have non-synaptic
      or direct membrane actions with subsequently reduced cellular excitability.

PMID- 2292248
TI  - Electroencephalographic and behavioural correlates of seizure development in rats
      in response to hyperbaric exposure.
AB  - Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was continuously monitored from the
      hippocampus, amygdala, reticular formation and frontal cortex in freely moving
      Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 91 atmospheres absolute pressure (ATA) using
      compression rates of 1 or 3 ATA/min. Videotape recordings were made for
      subsequent behavioural analysis. Tremor, myoclonic jerks and tonic extensions of
      the tail were observed in all animals but did not appear to correlate with
      epileptiform activity. Convulsions occurred between 66.5 and 91 ATA in all
      subjects compressed at 3 ATA/min, but in only 1 rat (at 91 ATA) in the 1 ATA/min
      group. Tonic-clonic motor seizures developed explosively and involved the entire
      body. EEG records showed continuous spiking at all sites during the generalized
      convulsive state. There was no evidence of differential susceptibility of the
      various brain regions examined to the epileptogenic effects of high pressure. The
      behavioural and EEG data indicate that hyperbarically induced seizures differ
      from the classical limbic type.

PMID- 2292247
TI  - A new injectable carbamazepine solution--antiepileptic effects and pharmaceutical
      properties.
AB  - Carbamazepine (CBZ) could be dissolved in Glycofurol (polyethylene glycol
      monotetra-hydrofurfuryl ether) with concentrations up to 100 mg/ml, and the
      solutions were stable for at least 14 days. Ethanol or benzyl alcohol was added
      without loss in solubility, while water, human serum albumin or Intralipid always
      led to immediate precipitation. The effect of a CBZ/Glycofurol solution on focal
      seizure threshold in the visual cortex in cats was investigated using a cerveau
      isole preparation. Fourteen experiments were performed using i.v. injections of
      CBZ with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 20 mg/kg. In all experiments with
      doses greater than 1 mg/kg the CBZ/Glycofurol injections exerted a pronounced and
      immediate effect on the seizure threshold, while Glycofurol alone was
      ineffective. On average, seizure threshold increased more than 5-fold with doses
      in the range of 5-20 mg/kg. Investigating the effect of CBZ/Glycofurol on
      picrotoxin-induced seizure activity in cats, 2 injections of 5 mg/ml of CBZ
      immediately stopped the seizure activity as evaluated by electrocorticography,
      while interictal activity remained.

PMID- 2292250
TI  - The effects of dietary manipulation upon the respiratory exchange ratio as a
      predictor of maximum oxygen uptake fixed term maximal incremental exercise in
      man.

PMID- 2292249
TI  - Antiepileptic drug intake during pregnancy and malformed offspring.
AB  - Possible associations between the presence of malformations in the offspring and
      various factors related to epilepsy were studied in 134 pregnancies in 105
      epileptic women who had plasma antiepileptic drug concentrations measured on
      multiple occasions during pregnancy. No statistically significant associations
      could be detected between the malformations and maternal age, the number of the
      pregnancy, the type, duration or activity of the maternal seizure disorder, and
      the nature, dose or maximum recorded plasma concentration of the antiepileptic
      drugs used in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy. However, there was a statistically
      significant association between the malformations and maternal intake of
      antiepileptic drugs in combination. No particular combination of agents could be
      shown responsible for the association, which has been noted previously in the
      literature. It seems that a much larger study will be needed to clarify the
      matter.

PMID- 2292251
TI  - The intraindividual variability of fasting triglyceride--a challenge for further
      standardization.
AB  - The extraordinarily high intraindividual variability of fasting triglyceride
      levels often leads to substantial bias in epidemiologic studies and hinders the
      use of the former as potential markers of coronary heart disease risk in
      individual patients. The magnitude of the latter problem is illustrated applying
      the concept of the intraclass correlation coefficient to repeated fasting
      triglyceride measurements in 2227 white men aged 20 to 69 in the Lipid Research
      Clinics Prevalence Study. A one-way random effects analysis of variance model
      with the natural logarithm of triglycerides as the outcome variable is used to
      calculate 95% confidence intervals for a person's 'true' or 'steady-state'
      triglyceride level, depending on the number and results of measurements taken.
      For example, a 95% confidence interval corresponding to a single triglyceride
      measurement of 200 mg dl-1 (a commonly used threshold value for
      hypertriglyceridaemia) would be as wide as 124 to 323 mg dl-1. Although there is
      a substantial gain in precision if a second triglyceride measurement is
      available, the confidence intervals remain very large. The gain in precision from
      each additional measurement becomes progressively smaller and has to be weighed
      against considerations of costs and inconvenience.

PMID- 2292252
TI  - Long-term effect of isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine, singly and in
      association, in patients with chronic heart failure.
AB  - The effect of 2-month treatment with isosorbide dinitrate (120 mg day-1),
      nifedipine (2 x 20 mg day-1) and their combination has been assessed in 16
      patients with mild to moderate chronic cardiac failure. Isosorbide dinitrate
      decreased right atrial (-23%), pulmonary wedge (-20%) and pulmonary arterial (
      17%) pressures but did not significantly change either cardiac output or systemic
      and pulmonary vascular resistance. Nifedipine increased cardiac output (+13%) and
      decreased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance (both -17%) with no change
      of pressures. Combined therapy with both drugs decreased ventricular filling
      pressures (-8% and -15%), systemic (-20%) and pulmonary (-13%) arterial
      pressures, increased cardiac output (+26%) and decreased both systemic (-29%) and
      pulmonary (-29%) vascular resistances. Changes during exercise were almost the
      same as at rest. The effect of both drugs was more pronounced in patients with
      more severely pathological haemodynamic measurements before treatment. We
      conclude that combined treatment with both preload- and afterload-reducing agents
      can preserve or even potentiate a favourable haemodynamic effect of individual
      drugs.

PMID- 2292253
TI  - Cerebrovascular accidents in infective endocarditis: role of anticoagulation.
AB  - Anticoagulation is still a matter of debate in infective endocarditis, since it
      can increase the risk of complications, mostly neurological. In our series of 269
      patients with native valve endocarditis studied between 1970 and 1982, 35 were
      anticoagulated. We observed 14 patients with brain infarcts, of whom five died,
      and 12 patients with cerebromeningeal or brain haemorrhage of whom six died. In a
      similar series of 63 patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis, all of whom
      were on anticoagulation and were studied between 1972 and 1987, we observed five
      patients with brain infarcts, three of whom died, and two patients with brain
      haemorrhage, one of whom died. The frequency of cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
      was similar for both groups (11.1% in prosthetic endocarditis vs 11.5% in native
      valve endocarditis, P = ns), as was mortality rate (57% vs 48.4%, P = ns). CVA
      are significantly more frequent among anticoagulated patients (19/94 vs 19/238: P
      less than 0.01), but the mortality rate in CVA is similar for anticoagulated and
      non-anticoagulated patients (11/19 vs 8/19: P = ns). The indications for
      anticoagulation in infective endocarditis remain similar to those in valvular
      heart disease. In patients with infective endocarditis, anticoagulation with
      heparin should be maintained whenever a brain infarct is present, unless it is
      large and/or haemorrhagic.

PMID- 2292254
TI  - Plasma renin activity and urine beta 2-microglobulin during and after
      cardiopulmonary bypass: pulsatile vs non-pulsatile perfusion.
AB  - Fourteen patients with normal preoperative renal function underwent aortocoronary
      bypass graft using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with pulsatile (P;n = 7) or non
      pulsatile (NP;n = 7) perfusion. In the two groups prebypass values of plasma
      renin activity (PRA) and urine beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) were within normal
      limits. PRA increased significantly during CPB and the first 6 h after CPB only
      in the non-pulsatile group. In both groups, the urine beta 2-M level increased
      significantly during and after CPB; however, there was no significant difference
      in urine beta 2-M levels between the two groups. Also, the amount of beta 2-M
      excreted in urines per unit of time increased significantly in both groups during
      and after CPB; there was no significant difference between the two groups.

PMID- 2292255
TI  - Reconstruction of the Frank vectorcardiogram from standard electrocardiographic
      leads: diagnostic comparison of different methods.
AB  - Three methods for reconstructing the Frank VCG from the standard 12-lead ECG were
      studied. The first was based on multivariate regression, the second on a model of
      the cardio-electrical activity, and the third method used a quasi-orthogonal set
      of ECG leads. The methods were evaluated on a test set of 90 cases by a numerical
      distance measure and by the agreement in diagnostic classification of the
      original and reconstructed VCGs. The original and reconstructed VCGs were
      presented separately and in random order to three referees. Eighteen of the
      original VCGs were presented three times to estimate the intra-observer
      agreement. Kappa statistics were used to quantify the agreement between
      diagnostic classifications. Separately, one referee was simultaneously presented
      the original VCG and its three reconstructions for all cases. Each reconstruction
      VCG was classified as either diagnostically 'same' as the original, 'borderline'
      or 'different'. The performance of the regression method and the model-based
      method was comparable. Both methods were preferable to the quasi-orthogonal
      method. The kappa values for the preferred methods indicated a good to excellent
      diagnostic agreement between the original and reconstructed VCGs. Only one out of
      ninety VCGs that were reconstructed with the regression method was classified as
      'different' compared with the original VCGs; three VCGs were classified as
      'different' with the model-based method. It was also found that estimation of
      similarity by a distance measure could not replace diagnostic evaluation by
      skilled observers.

PMID- 2292257
TI  - Assessment of colour flow imaging in the grading of valvular regurgitation.
AB  - To assess the accuracy of colour flow imaging in the grading of valvular
      regurgitation, we studied 100 consecutive patients with angiographic mitral
      regurgitation (55), aortic regurgitation (35) or both (10). The etiology of valve
      regurgitation was rheumatic in 42 and non-rheumatic in 58 patients. For
      comparison, 28 subjects with no structural cardiac disease were studied. Mitral
      valve regurgitation was assessed with colour flow imaging by measuring the
      maximal regurgitant jet area and the maximal jet area normalized to left atrial
      area; aortic valve regurgitation was assessed from jet area and jet width
      normalized to ventricular outflow tract width. The best correlation between
      colour flow imaging and angiography was obtained with normalized measurements for
      both mitral (r = 0.82, P less than 0.0001) and aortic regurgitation (r = 0.94, P
      less than 0.0001). A proportion of patients and controls without angiographic
      regurgitation showed evidence of mild mitral (31% and 32%) and aortic (14% and
      11%) regurgitation on colour flow imaging. There was a large overlap in the
      normalized colour flow measurements between angiographically mild and moderate
      mitral regurgitation (43%); the overlap was greater when regurgitation was
      rheumatic in origin (45%) rather than non-rheumatic (10%) (P less than 0.001).
      There was also overlap in the normalized colour flow findings in patients with
      angiographic aortic regurgitation, which was greater in rheumatic vs non
      rheumatic disease. Knowledge of the etiology significantly improved the
      separation of all angiographic grades of aortic regurgitation using colour flow
      measurements (P = 0.006).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292258
TI  - Percutaneous double balloon tricuspid valvotomy for severe tricuspid stenosis: 3
      year follow-up study.
AB  - We performed percutaneous double balloon tricuspid valvotomy in four patients (36
      +/- 12 years of age), with severe symptomatic rheumatic tricuspid stenosis and
      mild mitral valve disease. Two 9F Meditech balloon catheters, 15-20 mm diameter,
      were positioned simultaneously across the tricuspid valve and inflated up to five
      atmospheres pressure achieving valvotomy. After balloon valvotomy there was
      symptomatic improvement, and the Doppler tricuspid valve area was increased from
      a mean of 1 +/- 0.2 to 2.2 +/- 0.2 cm2 (P less than 0.001). At 3-year follow-up
      the symptomatic improvement persisted and the mean tricuspid valve area was
      maintained at 2.2 +/- 0.1 cm2. During the follow-up period there was no increase
      in degree of tricuspid regurgitation assessed by colour Doppler. We conclude that
      3 years after balloon valvotomy of the tricuspid valve, the 120% increase in
      valve area persists, with no objective evidence of restenosis.

PMID- 2292256
TI  - Assessment of post-infarction jeopardized myocardium by vasodilation--thallium
      201 tomography: impact on risk stratification.
AB  - For the purpose of risk stratification 80 consecutive patients (mean age 58 +/- 7
      years) with a chest pain syndrome after documented myocardial infarction
      underwent tomographic vasodilation-redistribution thallium-201 perfusion imaging,
      using 0.56 mg kg-1 intravenous dipyridamole. Tomograms were analysed for size and
      location of reversible and fixed perfusion defects and correlated to angiographic
      characteristics, left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion, collateral
      status and 1-year prognosis, as measured by cardiac events within 12 months. No
      serious side-effects were noted with the diagnostic use of intravenous
      dipyridamole. According to the perfusion pattern three subgroups of post
      infarction patients were identified: (1) by ischaemia at a distance with
      redistribution in non-infarct related territories (n = 48); (2) by peri
      infarctional ischaemia with redistribution in the territory of the 'infarct
      artery' (n = 9); and (3) by exclusively fixed defects without redistribution (n =
      23). Ischaemia at a distance was associated with a larger reversible defect than
      peri-infarctional ischaemia (P less than 0.05) and the pattern without
      redistribution (P less than 0.005); the fixed defect size, however, was similar
      in all three subgroups. In addition, the severity of coronary artery disease
      (Gensini score and number of diseased vessels) and the degree of
      collateralization was higher in the presence of a redistribution pattern (P less
      than 0.05), although no significant differences in global and regional function
      were noted as a function of thallium-201 redistribution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292259
TI  - Two-dimensional colour-coded echocardiography in Ebstein's anomaly.
AB  - We describe the contribution of 2-dimensional colour-coded Doppler
      echocardiography to identifying, in a 15-year-old girl a clinically mild
      Ebstein's anomaly with associated ventricular septal defect (VSD) which, by
      pulsed-Doppler, was misinterpreted as Ebstein's anomaly with tricuspid
      regurgitation.

PMID- 2292260
TI  - Deceptive surgical results in three siblings with familial Wolff-Parkinson-White
      syndrome.
AB  - Three siblings with familial Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and two instances of
      sudden death are described. In all of them, multiple accessory pathways with a
      very short anterograde refractory period and rapid ventricular responses during
      atrial fibrillation had been documented, thus surgical ablation of the bypass
      tracts had been performed. Although abolition of the accessory pathway conduction
      had been demonstrated post-operatively, an electrophysiologic evaluation
      performed after 2-8 years showed resumption of conduction over the anomalous
      connections, with life-threatening arrhythmias during induced fast atrial
      rhythms. This report demonstrates that apparent success of surgery for pre
      excitation syndrome, judged during the postoperative course, may be illusory in
      some patients, and return of accessory pathway conduction can occur later on.

PMID- 2292261
TI  - Intracardiac thrombus formation in association with hydatid disease.
AB  - Cardiac hydatid disease is rare, but life threatening. A pedunculated hydatid
      cyst which mimicked a left atrial myxoma was diagnosed on two-dimensional
      echocardiography. The degree of cardiac involvement at necropsy was much greater
      than indicated by either echocardiography or limited cardiac catheterization. The
      suggestion that only echocardiography be performed before surgery is undertaken
      may be inappropriate in many cases.

PMID- 2292263
TI  - Methylergometrine-induced coronary artery spasm causing total occlusion of all
      three coronary arteries.
AB  - In a 58-year-old man with rheumatic mitral valve disease and nocturnal chest pain
      of recent onset, intravenous injection of 0.4 mg methylergometrine during
      coronary angiography resulted in the total occlusion of all three
      angiographically normal coronary arteries, with electromechanical dissociation.
      Intravenous isosorbide dinitrate failed to relieve coronary spasm which had to be
      treated by intracoronary administration of nitrates and nifedipine.

PMID- 2292264
TI  - Spontaneous dissection of the three major coronary arteries.

PMID- 2292262
TI  - Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia as undesirable effect of the association of
      quinidine treatment with hysteresis ventricular inhibited pacing.
AB  - Holter monitoring in a 75-year-old man with a VVI pacemaker with rate hysteresis
      and concomitant quinidine treatment documented the occurrence of several episodes
      of non-sustained polymorphous ventricular tachycardia, triggered by each first
      paced beat following the longer escape interval. These arrhythmias disappeared
      when quinidine was withdrawn or when the pacemaker was reprogrammed without
      hysteresis. We hypothesize that the association of the different effects produced
      by hysteresis and quinidine created the electrophysiologic substrate for the
      observed arrhythmias.

PMID- 2292265
TI  - Nitrates in drinking water: relationship to cardiac death.

PMID- 2292266
TI  - Poor English...

PMID- 2292267
TI  - Static roll and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR).
AB  - We measured the effect of static lateral tilt (roll) on the gain and time
      constant of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in five normal subjects by
      recording both the horizontal and vertical components of eye velocity in space
      for rotation about an earth vertical axis with the head either upright or rolled
      to either side. The time constant of the VOR in the upright position was 19.6 +/-
      3.2s (mean +/- standard deviation). The time constant of the horizontal component
      with respect to the head decreased to 15.7 +/- 4.0s for 30 degrees roll and to
      12.7 +/- 2.7s for 60 degrees roll. The time constant of the vertical component
      with respect to the head was 11.0 +/- 1.4s for 30 degrees roll and 7.5 +/- 1.6s
      for 60 degrees roll. The gain of the horizontal VOR with respect to space did not
      vary significantly with roll angle but a small space-vertical component to the
      VOR appeared during all rotations when the head was rolled away from upright.
      This non-compensatory nystagmus built up to a maximum of 2-3 degrees/s at 17.0 +/
      4.7s after the onset of rotation and then decayed. These data suggest that
      static otolith input modulates the central storage of semicircular canal signals,
      and that head-horizontal and head-vertical components of the VOR can decay at
      different rates.

PMID- 2292268
TI  - Hemicerebellectomy and motor behaviour in rats. I. Development of motor function
      after neonatal lesion.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the effect of a neonatal
      hemicerebellectomy (HCb) on the motor development of rats and to determine
      whether various aspects of motor behaviour were affected to a similar degree.
      Postnatal development of postural reflexes, locomotion and dynamic postural
      adjustments was examined during the first four months of life in normal and in
      neonatal HCbed rats. The results indicate that classes of motor responses are
      controlled by cerebellar networks to clearly different extents. Emergence of
      quadruped stance, placing reactions and swimming development were unaffected by
      neonatal cerebellar lesion. Righting reflexes, cliff avoidance and geotaxic
      reactions, pivoting and crawling all showed a delayed development although the
      subsequent recovery was almost complete. The complex postural adjustments
      required in crossing a narrow path or in suspending on a wire remained
      permanently impaired. Finally, some behaviours developed normally and only
      subsequently became defective. This "growing into a deficit" was displayed by the
      progressively reduced hindlimb grasping and the development of a vestibular drop
      response with a directional bias. An impressive finding was the shifting of
      postural asymmetries from the lesion side to the contralateral one occurring
      around the third postnatal week. These data providing a description of the effect
      of HCb on motor development are interpreted as indicating a progressive
      involvement of the archi- and neo-cerebellar structures in the motor function of
      the rat.

PMID- 2292269
TI  - Hemicerebellectomy and motor behaviour in rats. II. Effects of cerebellar lesion
      performed at different developmental stages.
AB  - Rats with a right hemicerebellectomy (HCb) performed in adulthood or at weaning
      were compared behaviourally to rats with a similar lesion performed on the first
      postnatal day. The age at which animals received cerebellar lesions made a
      significant difference with respect to the behavioural outcome in adulthood.
      Posture, locomotion and motor behaviour were analysed by a battery of
      sensorimotor tests. Behavioural measurements showed a clear relationship between
      age at surgery and behavioural effects; rats with neonatal cerebellar lesions
      showed a slight extensor hypotonia contralateral to the lesion side and efficient
      locomotor activity, while the adult operated group exhibited a severe extensor
      hypotonia ipsilateral to the lesion side and hampered locomotion characterized by
      a wide base and ataxia. Weanling operated rats displayed a symptomatology similar
      to that observed in adult operates, although less severe. In the postural dynamic
      adjustments which the sensorimotor tests required, the youngest operated animals
      obtained higher scores in comparison to the other two experimental groups, except
      for the lack of hindlimb usage in the suspension on a wire test. These results,
      which show the importance of the age-at-lesion factor for the recovery of motor
      function after HCb in the rat, are discussed in the light of the widespread
      anatomical reorganization already demonstrated following neonatal HCb in rats.

PMID- 2292270
TI  - Receptive field organization of climbing fiber afferents responding to
      optokinetic stimulation in the cerebellar nodulus and flocculus of the pigmented
      rabbit.
AB  - Under anesthesia with N2O (70%) and halothane (2-4%), complex spikes of Purkinje
      cells were extracellularly recorded in the nodulus and flocculus of immobilized
      pigmented rabbits. Optokinetic stimulation (OKS) was delivered to each eye as
      repetitive movements of a random dot pattern. The visual field of each eye was
      divided into anterior, central and posterior fields at axes 45 degrees and 135
      degrees along the horizon. With OKS of the ipsilateral eye, the preferred
      direction of complex spike responses was: (1) forward (F) in all visual fields (F
      response), (2) upward (U) in both the anterior and central visual fields but
      downward (D) in the posterior visual field (U response), or (3) no response (N)
      in any of the visual fields (N response). With OKS of the contralateral eye, the
      preferred direction was: (1) backward (B) in both the anterior and central visual
      fields but N in the posterior visual field (B response), (2) U in the anterior
      but D in both the central and posterior visual fields (D response), or (3) N in
      all visual fields. Purkinje cells were classified into five categories in terms
      of the complex spike responses to OKS to the central visual fields of the ipsi
      /contralateral eyes: F/B, F/N, U/D, U/N and N/D types. In cells with ipsi-F
      and/or contra-B responses, OKS delivered above the horizon induced F and/or B
      responses, but OKS below the horizon induced no response. In cells with contra-D
      response, OKS both above and below the horizon induced D responses. Cells with
      ipsi-U responses showed unusually complex direction selectivity: in the anterior,
      central and posterior fields, the preferred direction was U, U and D,
      respectively, above the horizon, as opposed to N, D and D below the horizon. In
      the nodulus, F/B and F/N type cells were localized in the ventral lamella within
      two distinct longitudinal zones about 0.5-1.5 and 2.5-3.5 mm from the midline,
      while U/D, U/N and N/D type cells were found in both the ventral and dorsal
      lamellae within a longitudinal zone about 1.5-2.5 mm from the midline. In the
      flocculus, the locations of F/N (or F/B), U/N and N/D type cells roughly
      corresponded to H, anterior V and R zones, respectively, as previously reported
      on the basis of the direction of eye movements induced by
      microstimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2292271
TI  - Descending projections from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to the A5
      area, including the superior salivatory nucleus, in the rat.
AB  - The descending projection of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to
      the A5 area was elucidated using a technique that combines retrograde labeling
      with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), anterograde labeling with PHA-L (Phaseolus
      vulgaris leucoagglutinin and immunohistochemistry for dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
      (DBH). Following an iontophoretic injection of PHA-L into the PVN, HRP was
      applied to the greater petrosal nerve. Frozen sections of the hypothalamus and
      the caudal pons were first treated according to a protocol for HRP histochemistry
      using tetramethylbenzidine with cobalt-enhanced diaminobenzidine, and then they
      were processed for displaying PHA-L, and then for DBH immunohistochemistry. PHA-L
      labeled fibers from the PVN were observed in a ventrolateral part of the pontine
      reticular formation corresponding to the A5 area, where they give rise to a dense
      network around the cells of origin of the greater petrosal nerve (GPN cells) and
      DBH-positive cells. Terminals or varicosities labeled with PHA-L were
      preferentially observed around the somata of GPN cells, suggesting direct
      contact. However, apparent contact between both elements was hardly ever
      observed. On the other hand, terminals or varicosities were occasionally observed
      in close relation to DBH-positive cells. These results suggest that descending
      fibers of the PVN project more strongly to GPN cells than to DBH-positive cells.
      The relationship of this fiber pathway to control of the secretomotor or
      cardiovascular systems is discussed.

PMID- 2292272
TI  - Interlimb coordination during fictive locomotion in the thalamic cat.
AB  - Efferent discharges in muscle nerves of the four limbs were recorded
      simultaneously during spontaneous fictive locomotion in thalamic cats with the
      goal of understanding how the central nervous system controls interlimb
      coordination during stepping. The onset of the bursts of activity in the nerve of
      a selected flexor muscle in each limb allowed the temporal and the phase
      relationships between the fictive step cycle of a pair of limbs to be determined.
      Our main results are the following: 1) the fictive step cycles of the two
      forelimbs are always strictly alternated whereas the phasing of the step cycles
      of either the two hindlimbs or pairs of homolateral or diagonal limbs is more
      variable; 2) the time interval between the onsets of the flexor bursts of one of
      the two pairs of diagonal limbs is independent of the step cycle duration; 3)
      distinct patterns of interlimb coordination exist during fictive locomotion; a
      small number of patterns of coordination involving all four limbs, which
      correspond to the walking and the trotting gaits in the intact cat, occur very
      frequently. The results demonstrate that the central nervous system deprived of
      phasic afferent inputs from the periphery has the capacity to generate most of
      the patterns of interlimb coordination which occur during real locomotion. They
      further support the view that the central pattern of interlimb coordination
      essentially results from diagonal interaction between a forelimb generator for
      locomotion and a hindlimb one.

PMID- 2292273
TI  - Ultrastructure of PkC(II/III)-immunopositive structures in rat primary visual
      cortex.
AB  - In the primary visual cortex of adult rats the cellular and subcellular
      distribution of protein kinase C isozymes II and III (PkCII/III) was examined by
      immunohistochemical methods with a monoclonal antibody against PkCII/III. Strong
      PkC(II/III)-immunoreactivity was found in neurons and astrocytes. Immunopositive
      neurons exhibited morphological features characteristic for both pyramidal and
      non-pyramidal cells. They were distributed in layers II through VI but were
      concentrated in layers II/III. At the electron microscopic level
      immunoprecipitate was found predominantly in distinct regions of the somata,
      except the nuclei, and only a few labeled dendrites and axons were seen. Two
      different patterns of cytoplasmic immunoreactivity could be distinguished. In
      most neurons, PkC(II/III)-staining was confined to cytoplasmic spots associated
      with the Golgi complex, while a few neurons exhibited additional labeling in the
      vicinity of the cell membrane. Moreover, PkC(II/III)-immunoreactivity was present
      in numerous astroglial processes and in the perikaryal cytoplasm of a
      subpopulation of astrocytes. The present data provide morphological indications
      for specific functions of PkC isozymes II and III in neurons as well as in
      astrocytes.

PMID- 2292274
TI  - Spatial frequency thresholds of single striate cortical cells in neonatal corpus
      callosum sectioned cats.
AB  - Following section of the corpus callosum at 1-6 postnatal weeks in cats,
      behavioral visual acuity was measured binocularly and monocularly from 6-29
      postnatal weeks; physiological determination of spatial frequency thresholds of
      single striate cortical cells was performed when the cats were at least 8 months
      old. Results were compared between cats with callosum section at each postnatal
      week, as well as with normal cats. Cats with callosotomy at 1-3 postnatal weeks
      had deficits in behavioral visual acuity, and the deficits were greatest in the
      youngest operated cats. Cats with callosotomy at 1-2 postnatal weeks failed to
      resolve as high spatial frequencies as did normal cats, and the resolution of the
      1 week operated cats was lower than the resolution of the 2 week operated cats.
      Cats with callosotomy at 3-6 postnatal weeks had spatial frequency thresholds
      that were equivalent to those of normal cats. To determine what kinds of striate
      cells had reduced spatial resolution following neonatal corpus callosum section,
      cells were categorized according to class (Simple, Complex), receptive field
      location (Central, Peripheral), and monocular behavioral acuity eye performance
      (Better Eye, Worse Eye). Cats with corpus callosum section during postnatal week
      1 had the lowest spatial resolution for all cell categories compared to all
      groups tested. However, cats with callosum section during postnatal week 2 had
      normal spatial frequency thresholds for Simple, Central and Better Eye
      categories. The cats with callosum section in postnatal weeks 3-6 had normal
      spatial frequency thresholds for all cell categories. For corpus callosum
      sectioned cats with and without visual deficits, and for normal cats, visual
      acuity measured behaviorally is significantly related to visual acuity measured
      physiologically. The results show that neonatal corpus callosum section in cats
      can affect behavioral visual acuity, as well as the spatial frequency thresholds
      of many categories of striate cortical cells. However, callosum section at
      different ages affects different populations of cortical cells. Furthermore, the
      results suggest that neonatal corpus callosum section may directly affect a
      single fundamental property of cells in primary visual cortex with a resulting
      disruption of many visual functions.

PMID- 2292276
TI  - Intrahippocampal cholinergic grafts in aged rats compensate impairments in a
      radial maze and in a place learning task.
AB  - Age-related cognitive impairments were studied in rats kept in semi-enriched
      conditions during their whole life, and tested during ontogeny and adult life in
      various classical spatial tasks. In addition, the effect of intrahippocampal
      grafts of fetal septal-diagonal band tissue, rich in cholinergic neurons, was
      studied in some of these subjects. The rats received bilateral cell suspensions
      when aged 23-24 months. Starting 4 weeks after grafting, they were trained during
      5 weeks in an 8-arm maze made of connected plexiglass tunnels. No age-related
      impairment was detected during the first eight trials, when the maze shape was
      that of a classical radial maze in which the rats had already been trained when
      young. The older rats were impaired when the task was made more difficult by
      rendering two arms parallel to each other. They developed an important neglect of
      one of the parallel tunnels resulting in a high amount of errors before
      completion of the task. In addition, the old rats developed a systematic response
      pattern of visits to adjacent arms in a sequence, which was not observed in the
      younger subjects. None of these behaviours were observed in the old rats with a
      septal transplant. Sixteen weeks after grafting, another experiment was conducted
      in a homing hole board task. Rats were allowed to escape from a large circular
      arena through one hole out of many, and to reach home via a flexible tube under
      the table. The escape hole was at a fixed position according to distant room
      cues, and olfactory cues were made irrelevant by rotating the table between the
      trials. An additional cue was placed on the escape position. No age-related
      difference in escape was observed during training. During a probe trial with no
      hole connected and no proximal cue present, the old untreated rats were less
      clearly focussed on the training sector than were either the younger or the
      grafted old subjects. Taken together, these experiments indicate that enriched
      housing conditions and spatial training during adult life do not protect against
      all age-related deterioration in spatial ability. However, it might be that the
      considerable improvement observed in the grafted subjects results from an
      interaction between the graft treatment and the housing conditions.

PMID- 2292278
TI  - A genetic approach to atopy.

PMID- 2292275
TI  - Excitotoxic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus made by N-methyl-d-aspartate in
      the rat: behavioural, histological and biochemical analyses.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the excitotoxin N-methyl-d
      aspartate (NMDA) could be used to make lesions within the lateral hypothalamus
      and what effect they had on regulatory behaviour. Larger doses of NMDA were
      effective in the lateral hypothalamus but tended to spread into adjacent
      structures; smaller doses made lesions which were contained within the lateral
      hypothalamus and zona incerta. Lesions which damaged the lateral hypothalamus and
      surrounding tissue had no effect on the concentration of dopamine (or its
      metabolites) in the dorsal or ventral striatum. The large lesions, including
      extrahypothalamic damage, were associated with long-term deficits in lab chow and
      water intake, but rats with lesions restricted to the lateral hypothalamus made
      good recoveries, eating and drinking normally from around the tenth day post
      operation. Body weight gain was normal in these rats, though there was a long
      term loss of body weight compared to controls. Unoperated rats with food intake
      yoked to lesioned rats showed identical long-term changes in body weight,
      suggesting that the changes in body weight of lesioned rats may be a reflection
      of changes in eating and drinking rather than a disruption of a body weight set
      point mechanism. Motor deficits were not found; all rats were able to consume
      without difficulty saccharin solutions. All lateral hypothalamic lesioned rats
      failed to respond to dehydrating, dipsogenic or glucoprivic challenges. It is
      concluded that NMDA is an effective toxin in the rat lateral hypothalamus,
      sparing ascending dopamine fibres, and that the main effect of such lesions is an
      impairment in responding to physiological challenges.

PMID- 2292277
TI  - Postural maintenance during fast forward bending: a model simulation experiment
      determines the "reduced trajectory".
AB  - A recent article by Crenna et al. (1987) has shown that fast, forward bending
      movements are accompanied by a backwards motion of the hips and lower limbs. The
      ongoing research presented in this brief note expands upon the experimental data
      described by Crenna and colleagues, concerning the postural activities associated
      with rapid forward bending in standing man. Our primary experimental tool is the
      computer simulation method, with the standing subject being represented by a
      double-joint system: the trunk is modeled as a rigid link mechanically coupled
      (via a "hip" joint) to the lower body link fixed to the ground (via an "ankle"
      joint). Each of the two joints in this system is independently controlled by a
      neurological control model for single joint movements, consisting of an idealized
      pair of antagonistic muscles (flexor and extensor), their common load, and
      proprioception from the muscle spindles. This model thereby integrates descending
      commands with proprioceptive feedback in controlling the joint movements. Our
      early simulation experiments determine a "reduced trajectory", that is, the
      physical perturbation to the postural system, due to the voluntary movement, in
      the absence of any stabilizing activities. These simulation experiments clearly
      show that an important component of the backward movements in the hips and lower
      limbs during forward bending is indeed due to the mechanical (physical) coupling
      between the upper and lower body segments and thus not solely a consequence of
      the anticipatory postural muscle activity. Simulations also predict that any
      postural activities in the hips and lower limbs should be a two-fold process:
      first, some preprogrammed, descending control to the lower body would be required
      to actively enhance the passive, backwards motion (this is consistent with,
      though not strictly identical to, the hypothesis of Crenna and colleagues);
      secondly, there must be a subsequent activation in the anterior muscles of the
      lower body in order to arrest this backwards motion, since otherwise the
      uncountered momentum would carry the body backward to the floor in less than half
      a second after the upper body movement has terminated.

PMID- 2292279
TI  - Is screening for lung cancer meaningful?

PMID- 2292280
TI  - Actual usage of medical facilities by asthmatics in two French rural settings: a
      preliminary study.
AB  - Until recently the medical management of asthmatic patients with respect to their
      socio-cultural environment had only been superficially studied. Four hundred and
      fifty eight adult asthmatics were identified through a two-stage questionnaire in
      two rural districts of south west France. The study has mainly demonstrated: 1)
      the large number of subjects experiencing more than one attack per week (33% in
      Gironde, 40% in Lot et Garonne); 2) the large number of subjects feeling disabled
      in their occupational and day-to-day life (52% in Gironde, 54% in Lot et
      Garonne); 3) the absence of a relationship between the severity of the disease
      and the use of medical facilities in the community. Despite the frequency of the
      attacks and the perceived disability, 27% of the patients felt that their asthma
      did not require any treatment and up to 60% did not seek medical help even during
      an attack; 4) the role of population density, type of dwelling and social status
      in the management of asthma. We conclude that under-treatment is widespread in
      these two rural settings and is closely related with the association of at least
      two of these three characteristics: 1) living in a low population density area;
      2) living in an isolated dwelling; and 3) being a farm owner.

PMID- 2292281
TI  - Clinical assessment after a life-threatening attack of asthma; the role of
      bronchial hyperreactivity.
AB  - Between 1973 and 1986, 19 patients were treated on 21 occasions for life
      threatening attacks of asthma. Twelve times mechanical ventilation was needed.
      None of the patients died. Most of the patients had been recognized as severely
      asthmatic before the life-threatening attack. Thirteen out of the 19 patients had
      previously been admitted with a severe asthmatic attack. All patients, except
      one, were already using maintenance treatment, and 17 had previously been
      referred to a pulmonologist. During follow-up the bronchial obstruction was, in
      most cases, fully reversible while using a rather extensive maintenance treatment
      (maximum forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), 69-138% of predicted).
      Recently, 17 of the 19 patients were reinvestigated, while in stable phase. The
      patients who had been mechanically ventilated were significantly more sensitive
      to inhaled histamine than the patients who had not been mechanically ventilated.
      This was not explained by any difference in basal FEV1 % pred or dosage of
      corticosteroids. A very low provocation concentration of histamine producing a
      20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) may indicate the risk of a severe, life-threatening
      attack of asthma.

PMID- 2292282
TI  - The daily variability of bronchial responsiveness to methacholine.
AB  - Ten mild atopic asthmatics on inhaled beta 2-agonists alone were studied in order
      to determine the repeatability of methacholine inhalation provocation tests at 24
      h intervals over a period of 5 days. Such patients are most frequently studied in
      therapeutic trials of anti-asthmatic medications. There were no significant
      differences in results obtained on any of the days and no evidence for the
      development of tolerance to methacholine in this group of patients at one day
      intervals. The 95% confidence interval for repeatability of the results was +/-
      1.05 doubling doses of methacholine, and 95% range +/- 2.36 doubling doses,
      comparable to the results obtained by other investigators on similar patients.
      Some investigators have produced more highly repeatable results but these have
      generally been obtained using highly selected groups of patients.

PMID- 2292283
TI  - Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness of middle-aged male smokers.
AB  - Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in smokers is believed to be a consequence of
      airway wall inflammation. We have examined the effects of treatment with
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on BHR to inhaled histamine,
      measured as the provocative concentration reducing forced expiratory volume in
      one second (FEV1) by 20% (PC20), in middle-aged male cigarette smokers in two
      separate double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trials. Baseline FEV1 in
      these smokers ranged from 41-117% predicted values. In the first study 15 men
      (mean age 58 yrs, FEV1 2.20 l) were examined before and one hour after a single
      dose of 1.2 g aspirin. There was no significant change in PC20 (geometric mean
      1.88 mg.ml-1 pre-aspirin, 1.89 mg.ml-1 post-aspirin) or baseline FEV1 and we
      observed no tachyphylaxis to the effects of inhaled histamine at one hour after
      placebo. In the second study 10 men (mean age 60 yrs, FEV1 2.53 l) were examined
      before and after three days' treatment with the NSAID flurbiprofen 50 mg t.d.s.
      Baseline PC20 was higher in this group than in the first study. There was no
      relationship between the excretion of urinary thromboxane metabolites and the
      intensity of BHR under baseline conditions; flurbiprofen greatly reduced the
      urinary excretion of thromboxane metabolites, but baseline FEV1 was not altered.
      Analysis of change in PC20 was complicated by a difference in baseline PC20
      before the two treatments, but treatment with flurbiprofen did not significantly
      attenuate BHR. The results suggest that thromboxane or other cyclo-oxygenase
      products of arachidonic acid metabolism do not play an important role in the
      short-term maintenance of BHR to histamine in middle-aged male cigarette smokers.

PMID- 2292284
TI  - The effect of smoking and occupation on changes in respiratory symptoms in middle
      aged Danish men.
AB  - A group of 1404 middle-aged men from Aalborg who were examined in 1974 with
      interview and lung function tests were re-examined in 1985 using a postal
      questionnaire. Of the 1404 men, 1045 could be classified into well-defined
      occupational categories using information up to 1974. Of these men, 791 were
      alive at the time of the questionnaire survey. Questions on lung symptoms,
      occupation and smoking habits since the 1974 study were included in the follow-up
      survey; the response rate was 88%. Age and main occupation until 1974 were
      significantly related to the development of severe breathlessness from 1974 to
      1985. After controlling for age, both cement workers and blue collar workers were
      considerably more likely to develop severe breathlessness than white collar
      workers: odds ratios (ORs) 2.51 (95% confidence interval 1.04-6.7) and 2.35 (1.02
      5.42), respectively. Although weakened, these relationships remained after
      further controlling for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in 1974.
      Present smoking habit was an important determinant for the presence of cough,
      both in men with and without cough in 1974, yielding ORs of approximately 3 when
      comparing with lifetime nonsmokers. Cement workers tended to have cough in 1985
      more frequently than white collar workers, OR = 2.09 (0.89-4.89) for men without
      cough in 1974 and OR = 2.60 (1.04-6.51) for men with cough in 1974.

PMID- 2292285
TI  - Ventilatory responses to chemosensory stimuli in quadriplegic subjects.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that interruption of motor traffic running down the
      spinal cord to respiratory muscle motoneurons suppresses the ventilatory response
      to increased chemical drive. We compared the hypoxic (HVR) and hypercapnic (HCVR)
      ventilatory responses, based on the rebreathing technique, before and during
      inspiratory flow-resistive loading in 17 quadriplegic patients with low cervical
      spinal cord transection and in 17 normal subjects. The ventilatory response was
      evaluated from minute ventilation (VE) and mouth occlusion pressure (P0.2) slopes
      on arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) or on end-tidal PCO2 (PACO2), and from
      absolute VE values at SaO2 80% or at PACO2 55 mmHg. We found no difference in the
      unloaded HVR or HCVR between the quadriplegic and normal subjects. In the loaded
      HVR, the delta VE/delta SaO2 slope tended to decrease similarly in both groups of
      subjects. The delta P0.2/delta SaO2 slope was shifted upwards in normal subjects,
      yielding a significantly higher P0.2 at a given SaO2. In contrast, this rise in
      the P0.2 level during loaded HVR was absent in quadriplegics. Loaded HCVR yielded
      qualitatively similar results in both groups of subjects; delta VE/delta PACO2
      decreased and delta P0.2/delta PACO2 increased significantly. The results show
      that the ventilatory chemosensory responses were unsuppressed in quadriplegics,
      although they displayed a disturbance in load-compensation, as reflected by
      occlusion pressure, in hypoxia. We conclude that the descending drive to
      respiratory muscle motoneurons is not germane to the operation of the
      chemosensory reflexes.

PMID- 2292286
TI  - Breathing muscle activity during expiration in patients with chronic airflow
      obstruction.
AB  - During quiet ventilation in 10 patients with severe chronic airflow obstruction
      (AFO) there were large tidal swings of pleural pressure, 15.8 +/- 5.1 cmH2O, with
      high negative pressures achieved, 15.2 +/- 5.2 cmH2O. The pattern of pleural
      pressure mirrored that of tidal expiratory flow with a rapid rise to maximum of
      pleural pressure and flow at the beginning of expiration, a slow decline of both
      throughout most of expiration, and just before the onset of inspiration at flow
      reversal, a sharp fall in pleural pressure and expiratory flow. The shape of
      expiratory flow and pleural pressure tracings and the pattern of EMG recordings
      are compatible with loss of post-inspiratory muscle braking of flow. The
      generally negative pleural pressure and the EMG silence during expiration
      indicated relaxation of expiratory muscles throughout expiration. Extrapolation
      of the tidal expiratory flow curve to zero, and calculation of the area under the
      extrapolated curve showed the volume of dynamic hyperinflation to be a small
      proportion of the total increase in functional residual capacity above the
      predicted value in these patients.

PMID- 2292287
TI  - Nasal potential difference: a clinical diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) demonstrate a markedly more negative potential
      difference (PD) across respiratory epithelia than normal or "diseased" controls.
      A technique is described for the measurement of nasal PD in both children and
      adults. 145 non-CF subjects showed a mean PD of -19.0 mV (range -2 to -36) in
      comparison to 60 patients with cystic fibrosis with mean of -46.0 mV (range -32
      to -77). Amongst the latter group those with more severe disease had a more
      negative PD. Measurement of nasal PD is easily learnt and rapidly performed and
      may provide an additional means of diagnosis for CF.

PMID- 2292288
TI  - Carbamazepine and the lung.
AB  - A 69 yr old man was admitted with a 10 day history of fever, arthromyalgia,
      dyspnoea, dry cough and pleuritic pain. Temperature was 38 degrees C; tachypnoea
      36 rpm. Extensive crackles were audible over both upper lung fields. Chest X-ray
      showed bilateral alveolar infiltrates. Forced vital capacity was 49% of
      predicted, and carbon monoxide transfer coefficient was 32% of predicted value.
      The patient had been taking carbamazepine for one month because of a trigeminal
      neuralgia. After withdrawal of the drug he gradually recovered.

PMID- 2292289
TI  - Amyloid tumour resected by laser therapy.
AB  - We report a patient presenting with dyspnoea, cough and fever with a middle lobe
      atelectasis. Amyloid deposits in the bronchial wall caused almost complete
      obstruction of the middle lobe bronchus. The patient was treated with neodymium
      yttrium aluminium garnet (NdYAG) laser photoresection resulting in complete
      clearance of the middle lobe bronchus. Laser therapy has to be considered as
      first-line therapy for patients with endobronchial amyloidosis.

PMID- 2292290
TI  - An alcoholic with pleural effusion.

PMID- 2292291
TI  - Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): Report of
      the European Society of Pneumology Task Group on BAL.

PMID- 2292292
TI  - Side-effects and safety of BAL.

PMID- 2292293
TI  - The clinical role of BAL in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2292294
TI  - Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): collagen
      vascular diseases.

PMID- 2292295
TI  - The value of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis and prognosis of
      sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2292296
TI  - Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): extrinsic
      allergic alveolitis.

PMID- 2292297
TI  - Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL):
      occupational lung diseases due to inhalation of inorganic dust.

PMID- 2292298
TI  - The clinical role of BAL in pulmonary histiocytosis X.

PMID- 2292299
TI  - The clinical role of BAL in alveolar proteinosis.

PMID- 2292300
TI  - The clinical role of BAL in eosinophilic lung diseases.

PMID- 2292301
TI  - The clinical role of BAL in pulmonary haemorrhages.

PMID- 2292302
TI  - Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): drug
      induced pneumonitis.

PMID- 2292303
TI  - The clinical use of BAL in patients with pulmonary infections.

PMID- 2292304
TI  - Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): pulmonary
      malignancies.

PMID- 2292305
TI  - Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): bronchial
      asthma.

PMID- 2292306
TI  - Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): chronic
      bronchitis and emphysema.

PMID- 2292307
TI  - Therapeutic applications of BAL.

PMID- 2292308
TI  - NO and CO transfer.

PMID- 2292309
TI  - [Progress of gastrin research--from gene to big gastrin N-terminal fragment].

PMID- 2292311
TI  - [Pathology of the endocrine system--hormones and cell proliferation].

PMID- 2292310
TI  - The relationship between glucocorticoid receptor binding to Hsp90 and receptor
      function.
AB  - In this minireview we summarize evidence that the association of the
      glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with hsp90 may determine three functional states of
      the receptor. First, there is a direct correlation between hsp90 binding to the
      receptor and repression of DNA binding activity. Temperature-dependent
      dissociation of hsp90 from the cytosolic GR-hsp90 complex is promoted by hormone
      with simultaneous conversion of the receptor to the DNA binding state. GR that is
      translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate binds to hsp90 at or near the
      termination of receptor translation and is in the non-DNA-binding form. Second,
      there is a direct correlation between binding of the immunopurified GR to hsp90
      and the presence of a high affinity steroid binding conformation of the receptor.
      GR translated in reticulocyte lysate binds steroid with high affinity, but GR
      translated in wheat germ extract is not bound to hsp90, does not bind steroid
      with high affinity, and is in the DNA-binding form. When immunopurified, hsp90
      free GR is incubated with rabbit reticulocyte lysate, hsp90 associates with the
      receptor and high affinity steroid binding capacity is completely reactivated.
      Third, there is a correlation between binding of hsp90 to steroid receptors and
      their retention in an inactive "docking" state until the binding of hormone in
      the intact cell triggers a progression to high affinity nuclear binding sites
      where the primary events involved in transcriptional activation occur. In
      contrast to the receptors that are retained in the docking state, the unliganded
      thyroid hormone receptor proceeds directly to high affinity nuclear binding
      sites. Consistent with this difference in behavior, the thyroid hormone receptor
      is translated in reticulocyte lysate in its DNA binding form and is not
      associated with hsp90.

PMID- 2292312
TI  - Cell type specific expression of the growth hormone gene and its control by GHF
      1.

PMID- 2292313
TI  - [Digestive tract hormones and pancreatic secretion].

PMID- 2292314
TI  - [Current status and trends in the surgery of the endocrine system].

PMID- 2292315
TI  - [Basic and experimental studies of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in
      diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2292316
TI  - [Expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein and pathogenesis of
      hypercalcemia in adult T-cell leukemia].

PMID- 2292317
TI  - The natural occurrence of circulating antibodies in populations of endemic
      malarious areas.
AB  - The magnitude of humoral response to soluble antigen extracted from Plasmodium
      falciparum schizonts and merozoites was assessed in 744 blood samples collected
      from different parts of India. In this study, parasitological and immunological
      data were considered for assessment of antibody during natural infections at
      various seasons. The antibody response has been measured by enzyme-immuno assay.
      Survey was done in all age groups. Overall antimalarial IgG level had started
      increasing after five years which shows that the rate of infection was high in
      the small age groups. Elevated level of IgG in populations indicates that the
      study area is undergoing a period prevalence of the disease. In most of the
      individuals with active infection, IgG and IgM levels were high. Positivity in
      IgM denoted the active transmission of malaria. Elevated levels of antigen
      specific IgA was observed in some cases but the mechanism is not yet understood.
      Presence of circulating immune complexes during acute infection shows the failure
      of detection of circulating free antibodies in some individuals. The significance
      of findings in relation to serological status in individuals exposed naturally to
      malaria has been discussed.

PMID- 2292318
TI  - Economic loss due to malaria in Kheda district, Gujarat.
AB  - A survey of nine experimental and four control villages of Kheda district,
      Gujarat, revealed that economic loss due to malaria was higher in the control
      villages where integrated vector control is not practised. Significant
      differences were observed between the two groups in the number of man days lost
      and the expenditure incurred in treatment.

PMID- 2292319
TI  - Studies on outbreak of malaria in Muliad village of Kheda district, Gujarat.
AB  - Irregular and inadequate surveillance of fever cases, misdiagnosis of positive
      cases and the near nonexistence of an appropriate monitoring mechanism culminated
      in an outbreak of malaria in a village of Kheda district, Gujarat. Plasmodium
      falciparum (Pf) resistance to chloroquine must have aided in the increase of Pf
      cases. DDT still appears to be effective against the vector, A. culicifacies in
      the area. Amodiaquine was successful in clearing asexual parasites in 83% cases
      which were resistant to chloroquine. Bioenvironmental control of malaria is
      suggested in order to delay the development of insecticidal resistance in vector
      mosquitoes.

PMID- 2292320
TI  - Antimalarial activity of some 4-alkylamino 2/3 methoxy-4-aminodiphenyl sulphones.
AB  - From a series of thirty six 2,3, N-substituted 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulphones
      studied for their suppressive activity in mice against blood induced erythrocytic
      stage of Plasmodium berghei infection, six sulphones (1-6) showed 100%
      suppressive and curative activity at an intraperitoneal dose of 1 mg/kg x 4 days.
      These sulphones have been studied for their suppressive activity in still lower
      doses ranging from 1.0-0.25 mg/kg i.p. x 4 days and for their curative activity
      at 1 mg/kg i.p. x 4 days in comparison to DDS as standard drug. The maximum
      tolerated dose of these compounds and DDS has also been determined. These
      sulphones have better therapeutic efficacy for their suppressive and curative
      action than DDS.

PMID- 2292321
TI  - Interspecific associations among anophelines in different breeding habitats of
      Kheda district, Gujarat. Part I: Canal irrigated area.
AB  - In a study covering two years, 1306 samples of immatures were collected from 7
      different breeding habitats of canal irrigated villages of Kheda district in
      Gujarat. Out of the samples belonging to 8 anopheline species, 14396 adults
      emerged. Breeding of An. culicifacies was associated with An. annularis in ponds,
      paddy fields, small pools and with An. stephensi in paddy fields. Maximum
      association was observed between An. barbirostris and An. nigerrimus in
      irrigation canals and An. culicifacies and An. subpictus in intradomestic
      containers. An. annularis, An. stephensi and An. subpictus were strongly
      associated in paddy fields. Strong interspecific repulsion was observed between
      An. subpictus and An. stephensi in intradomestic containers and An. barbirostris
      and An. subpictus in ponds.

PMID- 2292322
TI  - Seasonal prevalence and resting behaviour of malaria vectors in Koraput district,
      Orissa.
AB  - Among the seven vector species studied A. fluviatilis, A. jeyporiensis and A.
      maculatus were exophilic whereas A. aconitus, A. annularis, A. culicifacies and
      A. varuna were endophilic. All the species collected indoors preferred
      cattlesheds to human dwellings for daytime resting and 71.3% of the total indoor
      collection was obtained from cattlesheds. Among the outdoor shelters pit shelters
      were found to be most attractive for all anophelines resting outdoors. In human
      dwellings anophelines generally preferred to rest on walls during winter and
      summer but on ceilings during the rainy season. While A. culicifacies has two
      peaks in density, during June-July and March all the other species had only one
      peak. There was a general decline in the density of vectors observed earlier in
      this area.

PMID- 2292323
TI  - Response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in a tribal area of Madhya
      Pradesh.
AB  - In vivo tests for chloroquine sensitivity of P. falciparum malaria parasites were
      carried out on a sample of 130 patients (mean age, 21 years) from two PHCs during
      October-November 1988. During this period 20 cases (5.2%) were found positive for
      all seven days suggesting the presence of RII/RIII chloroquine resistance. All
      the resistant cases were treated with metakelfin successfully without any
      recrudescence.

PMID- 2292324
TI  - Density patterns of anophelines and their relation to malaria in Bastar district,
      Madhya Pradesh.
AB  - Density patterns of 17 species of anopheline mosquitoes collected between 1980
      and 1981 from indoor and outdoor resting places of a highly malarious area of
      Bastar district, Madhya Pradesh are given. A. culicifacies and A. fluviatilis are
      the important vector species in the region. The former was highly endophilic and
      found throughout the year and its man hour density (MHD) ranged from 7.6 to 78
      with peaks in February and July. The latter was highly exophilic, also found
      throughout the year. Its density ranged from 1.6 to 7.0 per 10 man hours with a
      peak in July/August. A. subpictus was considered as potential vector species,
      found throughout the year and was endophilic, having MHD ranging from 0.9 to 148
      with peaks in February-March and July-August. The MHD variations of other species
      were; A. aconitus (0.02-1.04), A. annularis (0.02-10.4), A. barbirostris (0.04
      1.07), A. hyrcanus (1.30-1.86), A. jamesii (0.01-0.46), A. jeyporiensis (0.01
      1.06), A. karwari (0.01-0.04), A. maculatus (0.01-0.03), A. pallidus (0.02-2.4),
      A. splendidus (0.02-0.32), A. tessellatus (0.02-0.12), A. theobaldi (0.01-0.03),
      A. vagus (0.01-2.3) and A. varuna (0.03-0.31). Results of gut and gland
      dissections showed correlation of infection with the occurrence of peak vector
      densities. The density levels and seasonal activities of vectors as well as
      potential vector species are favourable for perennial transmission of malaria in
      Bastar district.

PMID- 2292325
TI  - Three case reports of behavioural problems in malaria treatment.

PMID- 2292326
TI  - Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of sobrerol granules in patients suffering
      from chronic rhinosinusitis.
AB  - In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, the safety and
      efficacy of 900 mg/day sobrerol granules given for up to 10 days was assessed in
      40 patients with chronic catarrhal rhinosinusitis. At the beginning of treatment
      a total of six patients had a fever, whereas body temperature was normal in all
      patients at the end of the treatment. Treatment with sobrerol significantly (P
      less than 0.01) reduced frontal headache and rhinorrhoea, efficacy being
      confirmed by rhinomanometry. Patients treated with placebo experienced an
      improvement in frontal headache, rhinorrhoea,and overall rhinomanometry scores.
      Treatment with sobrerol was well tolerated but two patients treated with placebo
      reported adverse reactions (stomach pain and cutaneous rash). These preliminary
      data suggest that sobrerol could be useful if administered with an anti
      inflammatory drug for the treatment of chronic catarrhal rhinosinusitis.

PMID- 2292327
TI  - Once-daily 0.1% mometasone furoate cream versus twice-daily 0.1% betamethasone
      valerate cream in the treatment of a variety of dermatoses.
AB  - A randomized, investigator-blind, parallel-group trial was conducted to compare
      the safety and efficacy of 0.1% mometasone furoate cream applied once daily with
      that of 0.1% betamethasone valerate cream applied twice daily in patients (n =
      69) with allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis and other steroid
      responsive dermatoses. After 3 day's treatment improvement in conditions averaged
      38.2% and 39.3%, respectively, in the mometasone and betamethasone treatment
      groups, and after 21 days average improvements were 93.6% and 96.5%,
      respectively. The physicians' global evaluation of overall change in disease
      status and the patients' evaluation of treatment also indicated that the two
      treatment regimens produced comparable, rapid and progressive improvements in the
      patients' conditions, and no local side-effects were reported. It is concluded
      that mometasone furoate was as effective as betamethasone valerate in the
      treatment of a variety of steroid-responsive dermatoses, although mometasone
      furoate was applied only half as frequently.

PMID- 2292328
TI  - Faecal elimination of steroids in rats after oral administration of mepartricin.
AB  - Treatment of both male and female rats with 5 IU/day mepartricin for 7-10 days
      administered by gastric tubing resulted in an increased faecal excretion of some
      steroids. Mean rate of elimination of total oestrogens was enhanced by 45% in
      male rats and by 14% in female rats, and the average excretion of conjugated
      oestrogen was also increased in the female animals. Faecal elimination of
      cholesterol was 37% and 42% higher in male and female rats, respectively, after
      mepartricin treatment, and in male rats plasma concentrations of cholesterol were
      reduced following treatment. It is suggested mepartricin acts either by changing
      the intestinal flora or by acting directly on the steroid moieties, and it is
      speculated that a similar mechanism may occur in man.

PMID- 2292329
TI  - Intravenous enprofylline in the treatment of patients with acute asthma.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of enprofylline were studied in 55 moderately severe
      asthmatic patients [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and peak expiratory
      flow rate (PEFR) no more than 50% of predicted values] presenting with an acute
      attack. A bolus injection of 1.5 mg/kg enprofylline was given over 20 min and
      then maintenance infusion of 0.4 mg/kg.h enprofylline for up to 24 h. On
      admission, 200 mg hydrocortisone was administered intravenously and additional
      oxygen and/or inhaled beta 2-agonist therapy was permitted after 1 h; this
      additional therapy was given to 39 patients. The bolus injection increased the
      PEFR from 121 +/- 44 l/min to 164 +/- 49 l/min at 20 min, with a further
      improvement during the maintenance infusion to 200 +/- 79 l/min at 24 h. Heart
      rate and blood pressure decreased towards normal in parallel with the improvement
      in lung function. The mean steady-state enprofylline plasma concentration was
      slightly higher than predicted. The mean renal clearance and recovery of
      enprofylline from urine were in good agreement with results previously obtained
      from healthy Caucasian subjects.

PMID- 2292330
TI  - Clinical evaluation of tulobuterol aerosol in childhood asthma.
AB  - An open clinical trial was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of 400
      micrograms tulobuterol aerosol given four times daily in childhood bronchial
      asthma. A total of 54 children were enrolled with bronchial asthma shown to be
      reversible by an increase of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) of more than
      15% following 200 micrograms of salbutamol. Tulobuterol was administered for 3
      weeks and regular use of salbutamol was continued for 12 patients during the 7
      day lead-in period and six patients took theophylline throughout the study; other
      drugs were discontinued. The mean FEV1, mean adjusted FEV1, mean peak expiratory
      flow rate (PEFR) and mean forced vital capacity (FVC) were significantly
      increased (P less than 0.001) following treatment. Mean FEV1 increases ranged
      from 9.2% to 14.0%, with 24.5-43.4% of patients showing clinically significant
      increases of at least 15%. Globally, there was improvement in 46 patients (85%).
      Headache and nervous system complaints were the most common side-effects.
      Although this was an uncontrolled study, the indications are that tulobuterol
      aerosol is effective and safe for use in children with asthma.

PMID- 2292331
TI  - A multicentre study of tenoxicam for the treatment of osteo-arthritis and
      rheumatoid arthritis in general practice.
AB  - A study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of 20 mg/day
      tenoxicam given orally for 12 weeks in a general practice setting in a broad
      range of patients suffering from osteo-arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. The
      group of 2963 patients was recruited from 252 general practices. Some patients
      (60%) continued treatment into the long-term phase of the trial, beyond 12 weeks,
      whereas other patients (31%) elected to continue treatment beyond 52 weeks. There
      was a reduction in the number of patients recording pain and stiffness over the
      course of the study. Adverse events were typical of a nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drug with no unexpected or unusual side-effects. It is concluded
      that tenoxicam can be recommended for use in osteo-arthritis and rheumatoid
      arthritis.

PMID- 2292332
TI  - Treatment of chronic liver disease with ursodeoxycholic acid.
AB  - Evidence is accumulating that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), an agent widely
      employed for gallstone dissolution, exerts therapeutic effects in chronic liver
      disease. UDCA is thought to act mainly by reducing the detergent properties of
      bile, making it less toxic for the liver cells. Confirming the results of
      preliminary observations double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have shown that
      UDCA significantly decreased serum concentrations of liver enzymes such as
      alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and
      gamma-glutamyl transferase in primary biliary cirrhosis and other cholestatic
      conditions, as well as in chronic active hepatitis. A substantial improvement in
      liver histology has also been detected in UDCA-treated patients with primary
      biliary cirrhosis. The effect of UDCA in chronic hepatitis is currently a matter
      of investigation.

PMID- 2292333
TI  - Head and neck cancer in Saudi Arabia: retrospective analysis of 65 patients.
AB  - A total of 65 patients with confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the head and
      neck were retrospectively reviewed. The patients' mean age was 48.6 years and
      64.6% were males, with 41.5% of patients being Smokers and 26.2% users of
      chewable tobacco, pepper and oil. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma was the most common
      site (43.1%), with 41.5% of patients having poorly differentiated tumours, and
      38.5% were diagnosed as stage III and 13.8% as stage IV. The survival probability
      was calculated to be 74% at 24 months and the multivariate regression model of
      Cox showed that advanced stage (stage III or IV) and omission of radiotherapy
      adversely influenced survival. It is concluded that the data should be used for
      future comparisons with those accruing from those current prospective trials.

PMID- 2292334
TI  - Pituitary gonadotropin gene regulation.

PMID- 2292335
TI  - Expression of the growth hormone-binding protein messenger RNA in the liver and
      extrahepatic tissues in the rat: co-expression with the growth hormone receptor.
AB  - A cDNA encoding a growth hormone-binding protein (GH-BP) was recently cloned from
      mouse and rat liver. The GH-BP in these species is identical to the extracellular
      part of the GH receptor (GH-R) with the transmembrane and intracellular domain
      substituted for a hydrophilic tail. In the present study the expression of the GH
      BP and GH-R was studied in rat liver and extrahepatic tissues. Specific
      transcripts with estimated sizes of 1.2 kb (GH-BP) and 4.0 kb (GH-R) were found
      in the liver from both sexes. The expression of GH-BP increased with age up to
      puberty suggesting that it is developmentally regulated in a similar manner as GH
      R. GH-BP mRNA was found in all extrahepatic tissues examined that contained GH-R
      mRNA. The ratio between the 1.2 kb and 4.0 kb transcripts varied between tissues
      indicating that GH-R and GH-BP transcripts may be separately regulated. The co
      expression of GH-BP and GH-R suggests a functional role for the GH-BP in the
      local regulation of GH action.

PMID- 2292336
TI  - The 20,000 Da variant of human growth hormone does not bind to growth hormone
      receptors in human liver.
AB  - The 20,000 Da variant of human growth hormone (hGH) (20K) exhibited no specific
      binding to hGH receptors in human liver plasma membranes. This contrasts with the
      22,000 Da form of human growth hormone (22K), which bound with high affinity to
      the same hepatic receptor preparation. Since the liver is considered a major
      target organ for the somatogenic pathway of growth hormone action, this finding
      implies that in humans the 20K form plays little role in that pathway. The
      homologous hormone-receptor system examined here yielded results that differ from
      heterologous receptor binding experiments in animals. The differences are likely
      explained by the presence in non-primate mammals of more than one type of growth
      hormone receptor with varied specificities. In man, the 20K form of growth
      hormone may have a biological role distinct from that of the main 22K form of
      growth hormone.

PMID- 2292337
TI  - The brown adipose tissue of hyperthyroid rats. A biochemical and ultrastructural
      study.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with triiodothyronine (100 micrograms/100
      g/day) for 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days and the biochemical and ultrastructural
      changes of the brown adipose tissue were investigated. Results showed that the
      tissue weight, DNA and phospholipid content increased very early (by day 2 or 4)
      and that triglycerides increased later. These hormonal effects are not inhibited
      by the beta 1-antagonist propranolol. From the morphological point of view,
      triiodothyronine administration induced the early proliferation and maturation of
      adipocyte precursors (interstitial cells and preadipocytes). It is concluded that
      triiodothyronine administration causes a very early hyperplasia in the brown
      adipose tissue similar to that observed during exposure to cold by mechanisms
      that may not be secondary to the involvement of norepinephrine.

PMID- 2292338
TI  - Stage- and cell-specific expression of the ornithine decarboxylase gene during
      rat and mouse spermatogenesis.
AB  - Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is an enzyme that has been shown to be induced in
      the growth, differentiation and proliferation of cells. We have used a cDNA probe
      to determine ODC mRNA levels in different stages of the cycle of rat and mouse
      seminiferous epithelium. For Northern and slot-blot hybridizations, RNA was
      isolated from microdissected staged seminiferous tubules. Cell-specific
      localization of ODC mRNA was studied by in situ hybridization. In the rat, in
      situ hybridization showed increasing mRNA levels during prophase of meiosis with
      the highest mRNA levels seen in late pachytene spermatocytes and step 3-5
      spermatids. In the mouse, the mRNA levels increased in a similar fashion and the
      highest mRNA levels were found in step 1-8 spermatids. In the rat, Northern blot
      hybridizations revealed three molecular sizes of ODC mRNA: 2.2, 2.7 and 1.6 kb.
      The levels of all molecular sizes were highest in stages VII-VIII, and the lowest
      mRNA levels were seen in stage I of the seminiferous epithelial cycle. The level
      of the 2.2 kb transcript was low during stages XIII-I. In the mouse, the Northern
      blot hybridizations also showed three molecular sizes of ODC mRNA: 2.2 and 2.7 kb
      and very low levels of 1.6 kb transcript. The levels of the transcripts were
      steady throughout the cycle. In the mouse, the 2.2 kb transcript was more
      abundant than the 2.7 kb transcript indicating a species difference between rat
      and mouse in the usage of the two polyadenylation signals within the ODC
      gene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292339
TI  - Osmotic shock of cultured primary mammary cells amplifies the hormonal induction
      of casein gene expression.
AB  - Primary cells from rabbit mammary gland cultured on floating collagen were
      transfected with various plasmids in different conditions. Conventional
      transfection methods using DEAE-dextran or calcium phosphate followed by an
      osmotic shock with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), polyethylene glycol (PEG) or
      glycerol did not prevent lactogenic hormones to induce casein synthesis. On the
      contrary and unexpectedly, casein synthesis was markedly stimulated by
      transfection. This amplification was obtained as well with DMSO, PEG and glycerol
      alone or in the presence of DEAE-dextran, calcium phosphate or DNA. None of these
      compounds induced casein synthesis in the absence of prolactin. A shock by DMSO
      also amplified the accumulation of beta-casein mRNA in the presence of prolactin.
      These results show for the first time that primary cultured mammary cells can be
      efficiently transfected and still keep their capacity to respond to lactogenic
      hormones. They also indicate that the short osmotic shocks conventionally used in
      transfection have a potent long-term stimulatory effect on casein gene
      expression, which is mediated through an unknown mechanism.

PMID- 2292340
TI  - D-glucose and L-leucine metabolism in neonatal and adult cultured rat pancreatic
      islets.
AB  - Neonatal and adult rat islets, cultured for 7-9 days in the presence of 10.5 mM D
      glucose, were incubated for 120 min with either D-glucose (2.8 and 16.7 mM) or L
      leucine (1.0 and 20.0 mM). The total and anaerobic rates of glycolysis, as judged
      respectively through the generation of 3H2O from D-[5-3H]glucose and 14C-labelled
      lactate from D-[3,4-14C]glucose or D-[6-14C]glucose were higher in neonatal than
      adult islets, but increased to a lesser relative extent in neonatal than adult
      islets in response to a rise in hexose concentration. The flow through the
      pentose phosphate pathway, as judged from the difference between D-[1-14C]glucose
      and D-[6-14C]glucose oxidation was higher in neonatal than adult islets. The flow
      through the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase, as judged from the
      oxidation of D-[3,4-14C]glucose, was lower in neonatal than adult islets
      incubated in the presence of 16.7 mM (but not 2.8 mM) D-glucose. The oxidation of
      acetyl residues relative to their generation rate, as judged from the ratio of D
      [6-14C]glucose to D-[3,4-14C]glucose oxidation, was not affected by the hexose
      concentration whether in neonatal or adult islets, but was about twice higher in
      the latter than former islets. The rate of D-[6-14C]glucose oxidation was also
      higher in adult than neonatal islets, especially at the high concentration of D
      glucose. In both neonatal and adult islets, a rise in hexose concentration
      stimulated preferentially the oxidation of D[3,4-14C]glucose or D-[6-14C]glucose
      relative to the utilization of D-[5-3H]glucose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292342
TI  - Extraintestinal cancers in Crohn's disease.
AB  - We have observed 4 cases of extraintestinal cancer complicating Crohn's disease
      (CD). They included renal cancer, urinary bladder cancer, ovarian cancer and
      myeloma. A review of the literature showed a considerable number of reports of
      extraintestinal cancer complicating CD with a total of 75 further cases. The
      significance of those and our cases is discussed. The possibility of
      extraintestinal cancer must be kept in mind following patients with CD. Our
      report suggests there may be a nonnegligible risk of extraintestinal cancer,
      particularly genitourinary tumor, in CD. The causal relationship, if any, remains
      undetermined.

PMID- 2292341
TI  - Incorporation of steroidogenic pathways which produce cortisol and aldosterone
      from cholesterol into nonsteroidogenic cells.
AB  - Cortisol production from cholesterol requires the activity of four steroid
      hydroxylases: cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc), 17
      alpha-hydroxylase cytochrome P-450 (P-45017 alpha), 21-hydroxylase cytochrome P
      450 (P-450C21) and 11 beta-hydroxylase cytochrome P-450 (P-45011 beta). We have
      previously shown that transformed, nonsteroidogenic COS 1 cells derived from
      monkey kidney are a useful system for expression of various forms of cytochrome P
      450. The present study shows that COS 1 cell cultures multiply transfected with
      six plasmids containing all four steroid hydroxylases, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase/delta 5----4-isomerase (3 beta HSD) and adrenodoxin produce
      cortisol and aldosterone when 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol is supplied to the system.
      When pregnenolone is used as substrate, various intermediate metabolites are
      detected at different time points further establishing the incorporation of
      complete functional steroidogenic pathways into the nonsteroidogenic cell
      cultures. Since the first and the last reactions in these pathways take place in
      the mitochondrion, the movement of various intermediate metabolites from
      mitochondrion to endoplasmic reticulum and back to mitochondrion occurs in and
      between COS 1 cells.

PMID- 2292343
TI  - Oxygen radicals mediate depletion of pancreatic sulfhydryl compounds in rats with
      cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Acute edematous pancreatitis was induced in conscious rats by intravenous
      infusion of cerulein at a supramaximal dose of 7.5 micrograms/kg/h during 6 h.
      The most important finding of our study was a marked decrease in the protein and
      non-protein content of sulfhydryl groups parallel to an evident elevation in the
      malondialdehyde concentration in pancreatic tissue. The presented data suggest
      that in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats, oxygen radicals mediate
      increased peroxidation reactions which are accompanied by depletion of
      nonenzymatic sulfhydryl-containing free radical scavengers. The above phenomenon
      contributes to a disturbance in thiol metabolism resulting in serious diminution
      of pancreatic protein sulfhydryl compounds.

PMID- 2292344
TI  - Adherence to gluten-free diet and serum antigliadin antibodies in celiac disease.
AB  - In 134 patients with celiac disease the compliance with a gluten-free diet (GFD)
      and the presence of antigliadin antibodies (AGA) were evaluated. Compliance with
      the GFD was good in 71%, moderate in 11% and poor in 18%. High levels of AGA (IgA
      and IgG) were found in 24.2% of patients with good GFD, in 40% of those with
      moderate GFD and in 75% of those with poor GFD compliance. Our data suggest that
      the presence of AGA is correlated with the degree of adherence to the GFD, and
      that AGA measurement may be of some value in the monitoring of GFD in patients
      with celiac disease.

PMID- 2292345
TI  - Removing oxygen-derived free radicals stimulates healing of ethanol-induced
      erosive gastritis in the rat.
AB  - The effect of the radical removing agents, allopurinol and dimethyl sulphoxide
      (DMSO), on the healing rate of ethanol (1 ml of 40% solution) induced gastric
      mucosal injury was studied in the rat. One millilitre of 1, 2 or 5% allopurinol
      or DMSO were instilled into the stomach 1, 24 and 48 h after giving ethanol by
      gavage. One hour after administration of ethanol, gastric mucosal injury was
      produced in all animals (20.4 +/- 1.2 mm2, mean +/- SEM, n = 10). Treatment for
      24 h with 2% allopurinol or DMSO significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced the
      extent of the ethanol injury (11.1 +/- 0.8 and 11.9 +/- 0.9 mm2, respectively,
      vs. 19.2 +/- 1.1 mm2, n = 10) and this was similarly achieved by the 5% solutions
      (10.4 +/- 0.9 and 10.2 +/- 0.8 mm2, respectively, vs. 19.2 +/- 1.1 mm2, n = 10).
      After treatment for 48 h, 30% of animals having 1% allopurinol or DMSO remained
      with injury significantly (p less than 0.001) less than that seen with ethanol
      alone (4.1 +/- 0.4 and 3.9 +/- 0.5 mm2, respectively, vs. 12.1 +/- 0.9 mm2, n =
      10); however, none treated with 2 or 5% solutions remained with any injury.
      Healing of this injury was confirmed microscopically and was achieved by
      regeneration. Thus, removing oxygen-derived free radicals stimulates the healing
      of ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in the rat.

PMID- 2292346
TI  - Presence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia revealing
      normal antral histological characteristics.
AB  - Two hundred consecutive patients suffering from non-ulcer dyspepsia were studied
      for the presence of Helicobacter pylori in antral gastritis and normal antral
      mucosa, using the combination of culture, modified Giemsa stain and a sensitive
      immunoperoxidase stain as means of detection. H. pylori gastritis was present in
      56% of the cases. The bacterium was present in 75% of cases of normal antral
      mucosa, however, in low numbers. It is concluded that 87% of patients with non
      ulcer dyspepsia are H. polory-positive implying a larger role for the micro
      organism as initially thought.

PMID- 2292347
TI  - IgG3 and IgG4 cells are increased in active ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Cells containing various subclasses of IgG and IgA were counted in the rectal and
      colonic mucosae from 14 pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and in
      rectal biopsy specimens from 10 control subjects using monoclonal antibodies and
      the peroxidase-staining method. In both the patients and controls, the IgG1 cells
      predominated. The numbers of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 cells were highest in the
      colonic specimens of patients with UC. The numbers of IgG3- and IgG4-containing
      cells were increased in the rectal mucosa of untreated UC patients compared to
      controls. In the rectal mucosa of patients with UC, the percentage of IgG2 cells
      was decreased compared to the controls (20 vs. 28%; p less than 0.05). In the
      great majority (37 out of 40) of specimens the number of IgA1 cells was higher
      than that of IgA2. The median number of IgA1 cells in the rectal specimens of
      untreated patients was slightly higher than that in the rectal specimens of the
      controls, for IgA2 the numbers were similar. Accentuation of colorectal IgG3 and
      IgG4 responses may be characteristic early changes in UC.

PMID- 2292348
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease in the rural Indian subcontinent: a survey of patients
      attending mission hospitals.
AB  - 39 missionaries working at 38 separate mission hospitals or clinics in
      Bangladesh. India, Nepal and Pakistan completed questionnaires about their
      clinical practice during the previous year, 1980. Data were collected about
      gastrointestinal disorders, including coeliac disease, tropical sprue, bloody
      diarrhoea, amoebiasis, typhoid, cholera, inflammatory bowel disease and
      diverticular disease. More than 386,000 out-patients and over 56,000 in-patients
      were treated with an estimated 12,272 cases of bloody diarrhoea, 7,310 of
      amoebiasis, 2,113 of typhoid and 872 cases of intestinal tuberculosis, 74 cases
      of inflammatory bowel disease were diagnosed, of which 56 were ulcerative colitis
      and the remainder were said to have Crohn's disease. Surgery was performed in 28
      hospitals, but only 10 (26%) had a histology service. Inflammatory bowel disease
      appears to be a relatively more common cause of diarrhoea in the Indian
      subcontinent than in sub-Saharan Africa (z = 5.47, p less than 0.001). The
      proportion of patients with bloody diarrhoea who have ulcerative colitis Crohn's
      disease was similar throughout the region. The rate of cases having ulcerative
      colitis rather than Crohn's disease was greater in India (z = 3.1, p less than
      0.005), and in Bangladesh (z = 3.2, p less than 0.005), than in Pakistan (z =
      1.28, NS) or Nepal and Bhutan (z = 0, NS). The relative risk of Indians
      developing ulcerative colitis rather than Crohn's disease is 2.6 (95% confidence
      limits 1.4-4.8, NS). This may reflect diagnostic difficulties in distinguishing
      Crohn's disease from intestinal tuberculosis, but it may also shed light on
      similar differences now being reported in migrant groups in Western Europe.

PMID- 2292349
TI  - Postprandial glycemic control, hormonal effects and carbohydrate malabsorption
      during long-term administration of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol.
AB  - This double-blind study was performed to evaluate the relation of the glycemic
      and hormonal (insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide) responses to standardized
      starch and sucrose meals to signs (H2 exhalation) and subjective symptoms of
      carbohydrate malabsorption during administration of 100 mg BAYm 1099 (miglitol)
      t.i.d. over a period of 8 weeks. Two groups of 8 male healthy volunteers received
      either placebo or verum. Oral sucrose loading tests (50 g) with and without
      miglitol were performed at day -5, 1, 25 and 53 of the study, starch loading
      tests (50 g) with and without the inhibitor were carried out at day -2, 4, 28 and
      56. Miglitol significantly flattened the glycemic responses to sucrose and starch
      without evidence of diminished efficacy over the 8-week period. Also the blunting
      effect of miglitol on serum insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses
      and the stimulation of breath hydrogen exhalation proving carbohydrate
      malabsorption with starch and sucrose remained unchanged over time. Comparing
      breath hydrogen exhalation, responses were more pronounced after sucrose than
      after the starch loading tests. Symptoms (bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, cramps)
      were merely noticeable with starch as the substrate, but clearly present after
      sucrose. These symptoms were substantially curtailed during continuous drug
      intake. It is concluded that - irrespective of the substrate (starch/sucrose) -
      there is no escape of the desired effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibition by
      miglitol over 8 weeks, but symptoms of gaseousness due to carbohydrate
      malabsorption may undergo habituation.

PMID- 2292350
TI  - Effect of metoclopramide on transmural oesophageal variceal pressure and portal
      blood flow in cirrhotic patients.
AB  - This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of metoclopramide on transmural
      oesophageal variceal pressure and portal blood flow in cirrhotic patients.
      Sixteen cirrhotics were randomly assigned to metoclopramide (10 mg i.v.) or
      saline. Metoclopramide significantly decreased transmural variceal pressure
      (15.7% decrease, p less than 0.05 vs. basal value). In order to evaluate if the
      metoclopramide-induced drop in transmural variceal pressure was due to an effect
      on portal haemodynamics, we also measured, by means of real time and pulsed
      Doppler ultrasonography, portal vein diameter, mean velocity of portal flow, and
      portal venous flow. No significant change was observed before and after
      metoclopramide. In conclusion, metoclopramide, which increases lower oesophageal
      sphincter pressure, significantly decreases transmural variceal pressure in
      cirrhotic patients. However, it does not have any effect on portal haemodynamics.

PMID- 2292351
TI  - Randomized double-blind clinical trial of aluminum phosphate versus ranitidine in
      the acute treatment of duodenal ulcer.
AB  - A randomized double-blind clinical trial of aluminum phosphate versus ranitidine
      in the treatment of noncomplicated acute duodenal ulcer has been conducted in 91
      patients. After randomization the 42 patients of the aluminum phosphate group
      were comparable to the 49 patients of the ranitidine group. At 4 weeks, 6
      patients were not endoscoped and according to the intention-to-treat method they
      were considered as treatment failure. The endoscopy showed a 60% healing rate in
      the aluminum phosphate group (25/42) versus 55% in the ranitidine group (27/49);
      this difference was not significant. Among the factors assessed, only one, the
      round shape of the ulcer, was significantly and independently associated with
      ulcer healing in a multidimensional analysis. In conclusion, this double-blind
      trial showed that aluminum phosphate is an effective, save and cheap treatment of
      acute duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2292352
TI  - IgA antigliadin antibodies and persistence of jejunal lesions in adult coeliac
      disease.
AB  - In 46 adult patients with coeliac disease, 41 (89%) of whom were positive for IgA
      and/or IgG antigliadin antibodies (AGA) when untreated, we investigated after a
      gluten-free diet the relationship between the persistence of AGA, the persistence
      of jejunal lesions, and the duration and compliance with the diet. IgG AGA were
      positive in 21 coeliac patients (46%) after variable periods of gluten-free diet
      and were associated with IgA positivity only in 4 cases (9%). Both IgA and IgG
      AGA positivity appeared to be more related to the lack of improvement of the
      jejunal lesions than to the strictness and duration of gluten withdrawal. Nine
      coeliacs showed no improvement of jejunal lesions after the gluten-free diet. Of
      these 9, 4 showed persistent IgA AGA, while the remaining 5 resulted IgAAGA
      negative as before when untreated. Though intestinal biopsy remains the best
      means of determining the positive effect of gluten withdrawal, the persistence of
      IgA AGA in treated coeliacs is always predictive of the persistence of severe
      jejunal lesions. The persistence of IgG AGA, on the contrary, should be regarded
      as an immunological memory.

PMID- 2292353
TI  - Short-term corticosteroid therapy for chronic active hepatitis B.
AB  - Seventeen patients with chronic active type B hepatitis were treated with
      prednisone for 4 weeks. All were initially hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive
      and 14 were DNA-polymerase-positive as well. In the follow-up period of 1 year,
      10 patients became persistently negative for DNA polymerase and 11 cleared HBeAg
      from serum, while among 17 matched untreated controls only one lost DNA
      polymerase and HBeAg. However, 1 patient who was initially DNA-polymerase
      negative and who lost HBeAg after treatment reactivated to HBeAg after 4 months
      and DNA polymerase appeared in his serum. He suffered prolonged exacerbation of
      liver disease after treatment and died of liver failure. Short-term
      corticosteroid therapy may be of value in patients with chronic active type B
      hepatitis, however, in some cases such treatment may be disastrous.

PMID- 2292354
TI  - Effect of duodenal ulcerogens mepirizole and propionitrile on small intestinal
      and liver alkaline phosphatase activity in rats.
AB  - Duodenal ulcer could be induced in rats by a single subcutaneous injection of the
      anti-inflammatory agent mepirizole (M) or by the alkyl chemical propionitrile
      (P). Contrary to M, P provokes HCl hypersecretion as well. We used these animal
      models of duodenal ulcer to study the preulcerogenic molecular changes in the
      mucosal cells and their causal relationship to HCl hypersecretion. It was found
      that M and P induced the dose- and time-dependent decrease of duodenal alkaline
      phosphatase (DAP) activity. The decrease was detected at 4 h, with a nadir at 12
      h after the injection of both drugs. The decrease of alkaline phosphatase
      activity was organ-specific after P administration and it was even regional
      specific along the small intestine after M administration. At the level of
      mucosal cells of duodenum the effect of the ulcerogens was enzyme-selective. Both
      ulcerogens decreased protein and alkaline phosphatase activities; however, they
      had no effect on lysosomal acid phosphatase. Contrary to cysteamine (C), the
      effect of M and P on DAP depletion could not be reproduced under in vitro
      conditions. An interference of P and a slight additive effect of C on DAP
      depletion after simultaneous subcutaneous administration with M to the rats was
      found. The results indicate that the DAP depletion after in vivo administration
      of the three duodenal ulcerogens could be provoked by at least two different
      mechanisms. The decrease of DAP activity seems to be a general property of the
      duodenal ulcerogens independent of their effects on gastric acid secretion or on
      the suppression of alkaline secretion in the duodenum. As a late molecular event
      most probably elicited by the early morphological changes, the decrease of DAP
      activity could rather be related to ulcer healing than to its pathogenesis.

PMID- 2292355
TI  - Prognostic value of the Jass histopathologic classification in left colon and
      rectal cancer: a multivariate analysis.
AB  - Variables correlated to survival were studied in 121 patients who had undergone
      potentially curative surgery for left colon and rectal cancer. To investigate the
      prognostic value of the parameters both univariate and multivariate analysis were
      carried out. Minimum follow-up was 5 years. Multivariate analysis showed that
      while disease stage (p less than 0.0001) and site of primary tumor (p less than
      0.0006) independently influenced survival, type of surgical procedure and
      histopathologic grade had no impact on survival. Jass histopathologic
      classification predicted survival for patient group I and IV whereas no
      significant relationship was observed for group II and III, which, in our series,
      were the most frequently encountered groups. Of the three parameters considered
      for Jass classification, tubule configuration, pattern of tumor growth and
      lymphocytic infiltration, only the latter was significantly correlated to
      survival (p less than 0.005). Different results were obtained when the prognostic
      values of Jass group was investigated separately for the 49 patients with
      adenocarcinoma of the left colon and the 72 patients with rectal cancer. Further
      investigation is required before routine clinical application of the Jass
      classification can be recommended.

PMID- 2292356
TI  - Protection by indomethacin against acute radiation esophagitis.
AB  - The mechanism of radiation induced damage to the mucosal lining of the
      gastrointestinal tract, as well as mucositis, is not fully characterized.
      Prostaglandins may partially mediate the inflammatory response to radiation
      damage. The effect of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin on
      radiation induced esophagitis, pneumonitis, and tumor response was evaluated in
      the C3H mouse. The effects of indomethacin on radiation induced damage to the
      esophagus was determined by evaluation of weigh lost, survival, and histologic
      findings at doses of 28-34 Gy. Although there is a clear difference that supports
      the use of indomethacin for the prevention of esophagitis, the radiation dose
      response for esophagitis is steep and likewise, the therapeutic index for the
      indomethacin amelioration of radiation esophagitis is narrow. Since the tumor
      response to radiation is unchanged and since indomethacin clearly lessens
      radiation induced esophagitis in the mouse, this study suggests that indomethacin
      should be studied in humans for lessening radiation mucositis without
      jeopardizing the therapy of tumors.

PMID- 2292357
TI  - Effect of graded intravenous doses of urogastrone on duodenal bicarbonate
      secretion in conscious rats: evidence of a dose-response pattern.
AB  - In the present study, the effect of graded intravenous bolus injections of
      urogastrone, 0.5, 5, 25 and 50 micrograms/kg, on rat duodenal bicarbonate
      secretion was investigated. Perfused duodenal loops were prepared in rats in a
      strictly controlled fashion. After full recovery, different groups of rats were
      injected with intravenous graded bolus doses of urogastrone. During the following
      45-min study period, duodenal pH and pCO2 were measured at 5-min intervals and
      bicarbonate secretion was calculated accordingly. Compared to controls, each dose
      of urogastrone caused a significant dose-response increase in duodenal
      bicarbonate secretion, measured either at each 5-min reading or as total 45-min
      output. These results provide the evidence that urogastrone may play a role in
      the humoral control of duodenal alkaline secretion.

PMID- 2292358
TI  - [75Se]-selenohomotaurocholic acid degradation by bacterial enzymes in vitro and
      in vivo. Is it still a specific indicator for active ileal bile acid uptake?
AB  - The stability of the bile acid analogue [75Se]-selenohomotaurocholic acid (75SeH
      CAT) was studied in man. When 75SeHCAT was administered to patients for
      diagnostic purposes the majority of labeled material present in the feces was
      found deconjugated. In vitro incubation of 75SeHCAT, by addition of fecal
      homogenate or with addition of purified enzyme, showed identical deconjugation.
      The relative differences in polarities of 75SeHCAT, [75Se]-selenohomocholic acid
      (75SeHCA), [14C]-taurocholic acid (14C-TCA) and [14C]-cholic acid (14C-CA) were
      estimated by isoelectric focusing and selective chloroform extractions at various
      pH values. The pI values representing the pH where these molecules become
      uncharged were for 75SeHCA and 75SeHCAT 3.1, for 14C-TCA 3.0 and for 14C-CA 3.9.
      These results suggest that from these bile acids only 14C-CA is a candidate for
      passive absorption in the colon, while 75SeHCA would be far too polar for passive
      diffusion. Indeed, we could demonstrate the inability of 75SeHCA for passive
      absorption in healthy persons. In conclusion, 75SeHCAT, specifically selected to
      monitor active ileal bile acid transport, functions as a good indicator of this
      process in its conjugated form. In contrast to published data it is susceptible
      to bacterial degradation, and therefore gives rise to a diminished whole-body
      retention.

PMID- 2292359
TI  - Temporal differences in desmin expression between myoblasts from embryonic and
      adult chicken skeletal muscle.
AB  - Desmin expression by myoblasts cultured from embryonic and adult chicken breast
      muscle was examined employing indirect immunofluorescence. The study was
      performed in conjunction with [3H]thymidine autoradiography and analysis of
      skeletal myosin expression in order to determine whether the desmin-expressing
      cells were terminally differentiated. Following 2 h of labeling with
      [3H]thymidine, 0.55%, 2.60%, and 15.10% of the cells in mass cultures from 10-day
      old embryos, 18-day-old embryos and adults, respectively, incorporated
      [3H]thymidine and were desmin-positive but did not express skeletal-muscle
      specific myosin. Using the same approach we determined that 0.07%, 1.25%, and
      7.59% of the mononucleated cells in myogenic clones from 10-day-old embryos, 18
      day-old embryos and adults, respectively, were desmin-positive, myosin-negative,
      [3H]thymidine-positive. We suggest that these desmin-positive, myosin-negative
      myoblasts are proliferating cells, and we conclude that the progeny of adult
      myoblasts exhibit more desmin-expressing cells of this type than embryonic
      myoblasts do.

PMID- 2292360
TI  - Common antigens of mouse oval and biliary epithelial cells. Expression on newly
      formed hepatocytes.
AB  - Two antigens - A6 and G7 - shared by mouse biliary epithelial and oval cells were
      revealed by monoclonal antibodies raised in rat immunized with oval-cell-enriched
      liver fraction. Oval cells were induced in CBA or F1 (CBA x C57BL6) mice by a
      combination of a single injection of the alkylating drug Dipin with partial
      hepatectomy. In normal liver A6 antigen was localized, using light and electron
      microscopy, in biliary epithelial cells of all ducts including Hering canals.
      Some bile ductal and Hering cells were A6-negative. Occasionally, A6 antigen was
      present in single hepatocytes forming the periportal ends of hepatic cords. In
      preneoplastic and tumorous liver A6 antigen was present in bile ductal and oval
      cells and in a fraction of newly formed hepatocytes and tumor cells. G7 antigen
      was revealed in normal, precancerous and tumorous liver in biliary epithelial and
      oval cells but not in hepatocytes. A6 and G7 antigens were not liver-specific:
      they were expressed in various normal organs and tissues, especially in
      epithelia. In studies of mouse liver lineages A6 antigen can be used as a common
      marker of biliary epithelial and oval cells and hepatocytes at certain stages of
      differentiation. G7 antigen is a marker of oval and biliary epithelial cells.
      There was a striking similarity in A6 antigen localization to that of human blood
      group antigens in normal liver and liver tumors. A6 antigen may thus provide a
      useful tool for the study of neoexpression of human blood group antigens in liver
      tumors.

PMID- 2292361
TI  - Expression of epidermal growth factor in the kidney and submandibular gland
      during mouse postnatal development. An immunocytochemical and in situ
      hybridization study.
AB  - Earlier work has demonstrated that the salivary glands and kidneys are the major
      sites of epidermal growth factor (EGF) synthesis in adult mice. The precise
      timing of the onset of endogenous EGF synthesis in these tissues is not yet
      clear. In the present study we assessed the ontogenesis of EGF expression in the
      Swiss-Webster mouse. Paraformaldehyde-fixed frozen sections of neonatal kidneys
      and salivary glands were probed with proEGF cRNA labelled with 35S for in situ
      hybridization and with rabbit antisera to mouse EGF for immunocytochemistry. Both
      EGF mRNA and immunoreactivity were first detected in the developing distal
      nephron between days 3 and 5 postpartum. Juxtamedullary nephrons underlying the
      superficial nephrogenic zone were the first to express EGF. During the 2nd week
      after birth, EGF-expressing tubules became more abundant and distributed to
      medullary as well as cortical regions, corresponding to the thick ascending limb
      of Henle and distal convoluted tubule. Initial EGF mRNA and immunoreactivity in
      the submandibular gland were first detected between days 18 and 20 postpartum and
      increased notably during the following weeks.

PMID- 2292362
TI  - Changes of DNA methylation level during pre- and postnatal periods in mice.
AB  - DNA methylation in an adult mammalian body shows tissue-specificity. But when and
      how the specificity is established in the process of development has not yet been
      elucidated. Here we have investigated age-dependent changes in the amount of 5
      methyldeoxycytidine (5mdC) that DNA of various mouse tissues contains during the
      late-fetal and postnatal periods, using high-performance liquid chromatography.
      The tissue-specificity in the 5mdC level was observed in the late-fetal stage,
      and the level continued to change during the subsequent periods. The most
      pronounced alterations were observed in brain and liver, where similar biphasic
      changes were seen, but at different ages. At maturation, the 5mdC levels were
      high in thymus, spleen and brain, intermediate in lung, and low in liver and
      sperm. The data demonstrate the importance of the peri- and postnatal periods in
      establishment of tissue-specificity in 5mdC content.

PMID- 2292363
TI  - Regulation of the relative abundances of c-myc mRNAs in human promyelocytic HL60
      cells.
AB  - Transcription of the c-myc gene is initiated mainly from two promoters, P1 and
      P2. By S1 nuclease analysis we found that there is 8 times more P2- than P1
      initiated RNA in total RNA from HL60 cells. The half-lives of P1- and P2
      initiated transcripts are 26 and 18 min, respectively, so the difference in the
      relative abundance of the mRNAs is not due to differences in their stabilities.
      The relative rates of transcription from the P1 and P2 promoters, estimated by in
      vitro nuclear run-on analysis, were found to differ by about 10-fold, sufficient
      to account for the difference in the steady-state levels of the two mRNAs. The
      abundance of c-myc mRNA changes dramatically during differentiation of HL60
      cells. Dimethyl sulphoxide causes a very rapid reduction in total c-myc mRNA,
      while with phorbol ester a transient increase occurs followed by a more gradual
      decline. At no time during these dramatic alterations were significant changes
      detected in the relative abundance of P1- and P2-initiated mRNAs, or in their
      stabilities.

PMID- 2292364
TI  - Induction of differentiation of the human histiocytic lymphoma cell line U937 in
      the absence of vimentin expression.
AB  - We have studied the expression of vimentin in the human histiocytic lymphoma cell
      line U937, induced to differentiate along the monocyte/macrophage pathway. Normal
      monocytes possess a network of vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs) at all
      stages of maturation. The undifferentiated U937 leukemia cells contain very low
      amounts of vimentin, but express a conspicuous IF network when exposed to phorbol
      myristate acetate. In parallel, they acquire functional properties typical of
      cells of the monocyte lineage. These concomitant variations suggest that vimentin
      IFs could play a role in the process of differentiation. However, we observed
      that all-trans-retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 confer monocyte-like
      properties upon U937 cells without inducing vimentin expression. We obtained
      increased phenotypic changes, yet in the absence of a vimentin network, by
      combining the effects of both inducers. These results show that vimentin
      expression is not crucial for the acquisition of some of the functions
      characteristic of the monocyte/macrophage lineage.

PMID- 2292365
TI  - A time-dependent logistic hazard function for modeling variable age of onset in
      analysis of familial diseases.
AB  - The paper presents an extension of the regressive logistic models proposed by
      Bonney [Biometrics 42:611-625, 1986], to address the problems of variable age-of
      onset and time-dependent covariates in analysis of familial diseases. This goal
      is achieved by using failure time data analysis methods, and partitioning the
      time of follow up in K mutually exclusive intervals. The conditional probability
      of being affected within the kth interval (k = 1...K) given not affected before
      represents the hazard function in this discrete formulation. A logistic model is
      used to specify a regression relationship between this hazard function and a set
      of explanatory variables including genotype, phenotypes of ancestors, and other
      covariates which can be time dependent. The probability that a given person
      either becomes affected within the kth interval (i.e., interval k includes age of
      onset of the person) or remains unaffected by the end of the kth interval (i.e.,
      interval k includes age at examination of the person) are derived from the
      general results of failure time data analysis and used for the likelihood
      formulation. This proposed approach can be used in any genetic segregation and
      linkage analysis in which a penetrance function needs to be defined. Application
      of the method to familial leprosy data leads to results consistent with our
      previous analysis performed using the unified mixed model [Abel and Demenais, Am
      J Hum Genet 42:256-266, 1988], i.e., the presence of a recessive major gene
      controlling susceptibility to leprosy. Furthermore, a simulation study shows the
      capability of the new model to detect major gene effects and to provide accurate
      parameter estimates in a situation of complete ascertainment.

PMID- 2292366
TI  - Estimating familial effects on age at onset and liability to schizophrenia. I.
      Results of a large sample family study.
AB  - Previous analyses of age at onset in schizophrenia, which is highly variable and
      appears to be influenced by familial factors, have neglected to consider either
      (1) the impact of censoring on correlations in age at onset in affected relatives
      or (2) the impact of correlated ages at onset on the relationship between age at
      onset in the proband and risk in relatives. In this report, using methods
      outlined in the companion paper [MacLean et al., Genet Epidemiol 7:419-426, 1990]
      we examine these questions in the large family data set of schizophrenia
      collected by Lindelius [Acta Psychiat Scand (Suppl) 216:1-125, 1970]. Ages at
      onset are positively correlated in pairs of affected relatives (parent-offspring
      approximately equal to siblings greater than nieces/nephews) and these
      correlations are substantially higher after correction for censoring. Early age
      at onset is associated with higher risk of illness in siblings and
      nieces/nephrews but not in children. These results are consistent with the
      hypothesis that age at onset in schizophrenia is influenced by familial factors
      which are probably genetic and which are mostly unrelated to factors influencing
      disease liability.

PMID- 2292367
TI  - Estimating familial effects on age at onset and liability to schizophrenia. II.
      Adjustment for censored data.
AB  - Genetic studies of disorders with adult onset often contain individuals who have
      not completed their age at risk when last observed. Without correction for such
      censoring, correlation in ages at onset among relatives is substantially
      underestimated. Moreover, without correction for the effect of correlated ages at
      onset, the relationship between age at onset in the proband and liability in
      relatives is substantially overestimated. The present paper describes methods for
      correcting the effects of censoring on these estimates. In a companion paper
      [Kendler and MacLean, Genet Epidemiol 7:409-417, 1990] these methods are applied
      to a large family study of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2292368
TI  - On the asymmetry of biological frequency distributions.
AB  - The long-standing problem of determining whether the skewness in a sample
      frequency distribution is the manifestation of the intermixing of disparate
      groups characterizable by a normal mixture distribution or the manifestation of
      non-mixture, skew-producing determinants is discussed. Biometrical tools for
      modeling and quantifying the significance of the skewness in a trait of interest
      that invite interpretations other than those formed in mixtures or "subgroups"
      are elaborated. Statistical methods for testing whether a normal mixture
      distribution better characterizes a set of data than the proposed (or any other)
      skewed, single-population-oriented models are offered. The power of these tests
      is examined through Monte Carlo experimentation. A brief application in
      hypertension research demonstrates some of the problems and methods discussed in
      the paper.

PMID- 2292369
TI  - Heritability of blood pressure in 7- to 12-year-old Chinese twins, with special
      reference to body size effects.
AB  - Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and body-size indices such as body height,
      body weight, sitting height, chest circumference, skinfold thickness, and body
      mass index (BMI) were assessed in 110 pairs of like-sex Chinese twins (75
      monozygotic and 35 dizygotic) aged 7-12 years. Significant correlations of blood
      pressure with body-size indices were found. Prior to adjusting for body-size
      effects, three twin methods yielded low heritability estimates for both systolic
      (0.32-0.41) and diastolic (0.32-0.51) pressures. Adjusting systolic pressure for
      body height and BMI via multiple regression nearly halved heritability estimates,
      but adjusting diastolic pressure for body height and skinfold thickness only
      changed the estimates slightly.

PMID- 2292370
TI  - Extensions to sib-pair linkage tests applicable to disorders characterized by
      delayed onset.
AB  - Extensions of the approach to sib-pair linkage tests developed by Haseman and
      Elston [Behav Genet 2:3-19, 1972] are proposed which incorporate information on
      age of onset and age at examination. Alternate sources for the age of onset
      corrections are described, including models for the estimation of parameters
      associated with the age of onset distribution. Simulation is used to examine the
      performance of the approach when applied to a dominant disorder of late onset for
      a range of recombination fractions ranging from very tight linkage to free
      recombination. For each set of genetic parameters, 2,000 samples of 50 four
      member sibships were generated under a complete ascertainment model to
      investigate power and Type I error, and to compare variants of the proposed
      technique. Results with and without age-of-onset correction are compared to each
      other and to those obtainable if penetrance were complete, i.e., if there were no
      intervening age-of-onset phenomenon. Results from simulation studies show that
      significance probabilities are enhanced in the presence of linkage when age-of
      onset extensions are used. The proposed methods are associated with acceptable
      levels of Type I error, and substantive gains in power are obtained when data
      related to age of onset and age at examination are incorporated into the
      analysis.

PMID- 2292371
TI  - Linkage analysis assuming a single-locus mode of inheritance for traits
      determined by two loci: inferring mode of inheritance and estimating penetrance.
AB  - What happens to the results of linkage analysis when one assumes that a disease
      results from a single genetic locus with reduced penetrance when the actual cause
      is two epistatically interacting loci? We wanted to (1) determine whether
      assuming the correct mode of inheritance at the linked locus leads to a higher
      lod score than assuming the incorrect mode of inheritance irrespective of
      penetrance assumptions and (2) determine whether it is possible to estimate the
      apparent penetrance due to the second, unlinked locus from the linkage data.
      Linkage data were simulated under three different two-locus models. Different
      "penetrances" were simulated by using different disease allele frequencies at the
      unlinked locus. Data were then analyzed assuming a single locus with reduced
      penetrance. The maximum lod score was maximized with respect to penetrance (LVP
      curves). We found that if there were enough data, assuming the correct (i.e.,
      generating) mode of inheritance at the linked locus always led to a higher lod
      score than assuming the incorrect mode of inheritance no matter what the
      penetrance assumption. In contrast to the case where reduced penetrance is due to
      random factors, the estimate of the apparent penetrance (the "penetrance" due to
      the second locus) was biased, thus making any estimation of the gene frequency at
      the second locus doubtful. The ability to detect linkage was apparently not
      affected when the effects of the second locus were treated as random reduced
      penetrance. The results suggest that analyzing the data under the assumption of a
      single-locus model with reduced penetrance rather than a two-locus model will not
      substantially decrease the ability to establish linkage nor will it affect
      determining the mode of inheritance at the linked locus from the linkage data.

PMID- 2292372
TI  - House dust mite allergy in Florida. Mite survey in households of mite-sensitive
      individuals in Tampa, Florida.
AB  - This study evaluated the prevalence of positive house dust mite skin tests in a
      population of atopic individuals and identified the mite species present in
      mattress and house dust samples in homes of the Tampa Bay area. Four hundred
      consecutive individuals were evaluated for respiratory complaints and skin tested
      with standardized extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) and
      Dermatophagoides farinae (Df). Two hundred forty individuals (60%) had a positive
      skin test to the mite extracts. Dust samples were collected in 40 homes of mite
      allergic individuals and analyzed by light microscopy. Mite species were found in
      53 of the 60 dust samples (20 mattresses and 40 carpets). Mite numbers ranged
      from 110-6200 mites/g of mattress dust and from 120-5500 mites/g of carpet dust.
      Eleven different mite species were identified and Blomia tropicalis (Bt), not
      previously identified in the United States, was found in 30% of the samples. Dp
      and Df wee the predominant species. These observations suggest that house dust
      mite allergy is common in the Tampa Bay area and that the house dust mite fauna
      comprises several mite species besides Dp and Df. Prospective studies in progress
      are designed to confirm the role of different mite species in house dust mite
      allergy.

PMID- 2292373
TI  - Allergens and asthma.
AB  - In many medical textbooks allergens are still listed as one of the "trigger
      factors" for asthma, with the implication that irritability of the lungs is an
      underlying physiologic property of the lungs. Over the last few years it has
      become clear that asthma is an inflammatory disease. In addition, it has been
      shown that changes in allergen exposure can lead to changes in bronchial
      reactivity. These results lead to the view that continued allergen exposure of
      the lungs of allergic individuals with resulting "inflammation" is an important
      primary cause of asthma. In parallel with this has come a progressive increase in
      awareness and understanding of the importance of house dust allergens. In many
      parts of the world, the dust mite dominates house dust allergy and appears to be
      responsible for up to 85% of asthma. In the United States three indoor allergens
      appear to play an equal role: dust mites, cats, and cockroaches. In the future,
      management of asthma will increasingly focus on allergen avoidance both as a
      method of treating symptomatic allergic patients and also as an approach to
      controlling the development of a disease which currently has increasing morbidity
      and mortality.

PMID- 2292374
TI  - Florida pollen review.
AB  - Pollens in Florida are most numerous in January through March and approximately
      82% are tree pollens. Two of the most common trees, southern red cedar and laurel
      oak, do not have commercial extracts. There are relatively low pollen counts for
      grasses and weeds, but the season is prolonged. The low counts do not indicate
      that these are not important allergens since in Florida children with allergies
      show a high reactivity rate to these allergens. Numerous grasses that are wind
      pollinated and possible allergens have not been studied. In the Urticaceae
      family, there is no extract for Parietaria floridana. Acalypha has not been
      evaluated in this region and is also present in the air surveys using more
      efficient sampling techniques.

PMID- 2292375
TI  - Recalcitrant asthma: an allergist's approach.
AB  - Patients with asthma who have incomplete control of their symptoms or require
      regular systemic steroidal therapy are said to have recalcitrant asthma. A
      systematic approach may significantly improve quality of life. Factors that
      should be evaluated include living with an antigen, occupational exposure, use of
      beta-adrenoreceptor blockers, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents,
      sensitivity to dietary chemicals, endocrinopathies, gastroesophageal reflux,
      sinusitis, bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and noncompliance. Other diseases may
      mimic asthma or exacerbate nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity. These include
      congestive heart failure, chronic infectious bronchitis resulting from cystic
      fibrosis, ciliary dysfunction syndrome, and immunodeficiency syndromes, upper
      airway obstruction, pertussis syndrome, psychogenic coughs, bronchiolitis
      obliterans, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, and vasculitides. A systematic
      approach to the evaluation of coexisting factors and potential exacerbating
      diseases is presented.

PMID- 2292376
TI  - Chronic rhinitis.
AB  - Chronic rhinitis may present as a syndrome of multiple symptoms or as a single
      symptom such as rhinorrhea, sneezing, or nasal obstruction. In patients whose
      symptoms do not conform to "classic" presentations of syndromes such as allergic
      rhinitis, a detailed differential diagnosis should be considered, to exclude
      anatomic, allergic, or systemic disease. If necessary, an imaging test of the
      sinuses should be obtained. Treatment depends on pathophysiology and can be
      prophylactic or symptomatic. A variety of nonpharmacologic measures are described
      which may prove helpful in reducing the severity of symptoms.

PMID- 2292377
TI  - Drug allergy.
AB  - Undesirable or adverse drug effects occur with 1-15% of drug doses. The
      mechanisms of these reactions are not always known; however, 5-10% are
      immunologically mediated allergic reactions. Risk factors for allergic drug
      reactions include age, type of drug, degree of exposure, and route of
      administration. Penicillin allergy is the most common example of classical drug
      allergy. Skin test reagents are available which identify the patient at risk of
      anaphylaxis from penicillin. These patients can be given penicillin in a
      carefully monitored desensitization protocol. It is essential to establish first
      the absolute requirement for the drug in the patient sensitive to it. There are
      also established methods for administration to the sensitive patient: local
      anesthetics, measles vaccines, and sulfamethoxazole.

PMID- 2292379
TI  - The AMA and the specialty of allergy.

PMID- 2292378
TI  - Endoscopic sinus surgery: modern therapy for sinus disease.
AB  - This article describes the procedures of functional endoscopic sinus surgery
      (FES). The types of patients who are potential candidates for the surgery are
      discussed and case examples given. The primary rationale for functional
      endoscopic sinus surgery is its physiological basis in restoring mucocilliary
      clearance of the paranasal sinuses. Accurate preoperative assessment using
      telescopic examination in the office and coronal CT scans of the sinus provide
      the surgeon with precise anatomical information which is used at the time of
      surgery. The surgery is minimally invasive resulting in significantly less
      morbidity than with traditional sinus operations. Overall success rates are
      approximately 85%.

PMID- 2292380
TI  - The School of Salernum, regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum.

PMID- 2292381
TI  - "Arrested development" a medico-geographical phenomenon and its linkage to
      revised surveillance strategy.

PMID- 2292382
TI  - Index of years of potential life lost in Mexico.

PMID- 2292383
TI  - Olive tree-climate relationships.

PMID- 2292384
TI  - Climatic characteristics of the high urinary tract calculi areas all over the
      world.

PMID- 2292385
TI  - AIDS awareness: Indian context.

PMID- 2292386
TI  - International comparisons of nutrition and mortality from cancers of the
      oesophagus, stomach and pancreas.
AB  - The average per capita consumption of certain foods in 29 countries during 1964
      66 was related to the average mortality rates for cancers of the oesophagus,
      stomach and pancreas in these same countries for the period 1978-79. No
      significant correlation was found between consumption of nutrients from different
      food groups and mortality rates for oesophageal cancer, with the exception of
      meat intake in females. Consumption of eggs, milk and particularly meat was
      inversely related to mortality from stomach cancer in males and females. Caloric
      and fat intakes from animal sources were also significantly and negatively
      related to mortality from stomach cancer in both sexes, while caloric intake from
      vegetable sources was positively associated, particularly in females. The absence
      of correlation between vegetable fat intake and mortality from stomach cancer
      strongly suggests carbohydrates as a major caloric source related to stomach
      cancer. Mortality from pancreatic cancer was strongly and positively related to
      consumption of eggs, milk and meat in both sexes. Caloric and fat intakes from
      animal sources had a strong positive correlation with mortality from pancreatic
      cancer in males and females, while caloric intake from vegetable sources showed a
      strong negative correlation in both sexes. The weak and not significant
      correlation of vegetable fat with mortality from pancreatic cancer mortality
      strongly suggests carbohydrates as a major caloric source related to pancreatic
      cancer. No significant correlation was found between age-adjusted mortality rates
      from stomach or pancreatic cancer or a given per capita caloric intake from
      animal or vegetable source. For both cancers, age-adjusted mortality rates were
      about twice those of females.

PMID- 2292387
TI  - Assessment of the medico-geographical consequences of farming (the case study of
      natural endemic diseases in Africa).

PMID- 2292388
TI  - [Small mammals as leptospirosis carriers on waste dumps].
AB  - In 1980-1986 the authors examined 2,720 small mammals (17 species) from six dumps
      of wastes in South-Bohemia serologically for leptospirosis. 397 small mammals
      from the agglomeration of Ceske Budejovice and 1,399 from four characteristic
      biotops in the valley of the river Vltava in South-Bohemia were investigated for
      a comparison. In small mammals from the dump of wastes at Ceske Budejovice
      antibodies against L. grippotyphosa were detected in 4.9%, against the serovars
      from the serogroup Sejroe in 2.6% and against L. icterohaemorrhagiae in 0.1%. In
      other five dumps of wastes only L. grippotyphosa antibodies were ascertained in
      small mammals, namely from 1.6% to 6.7%. In the agglomeration of the town Ceske
      Budejovice small mammals were positive in 4.0%, also for L. grippotyphosa only,
      in seven localities in the valley of the river Vltava with the same serovar in an
      average of 2.3%, with sorex-jalna in 0.1%.

PMID- 2292389
TI  - A simultaneous interpretation by wind speed and direction, of ambient air CO in
      Athens, Greece.
AB  - The rectangular frequency isopleth diagram, a data presentation technique, has
      been applied to examine the effect of wind speed and direction, acting
      simultaneously, on the CO concentrations. The CO concentrations decrease, in the
      majority of directions and wind speed intervals, as the wind speed increases. The
      absolute maximum of CO concentrations occur when the wind blows from highly
      urbanized and industrialized area. The influence of the CO on human health is
      also discussed.

PMID- 2292390
TI  - Medical geography and epidemiology.

PMID- 2292391
TI  - Diffusion of AIDS in Africa (as reported by newspaper media).

PMID- 2292392
TI  - Evaluating respiratory allergy in Varanasi and environs.

PMID- 2292393
TI  - [Health aspects of sodium salts of sulfurous and sulfuric acids as environmental
      pollutants].
AB  - For the first time hygienic characteristics of long-term inhalation exposure
      effects of sodium salts of sulphurous and sulphuric acids in low concentrations
      on animals is given. The most sensitive organs and organism systems have been
      identified. MACs of the substances under study for the ambient air are proposed.
      The degree of contamination and the distance of spreading of sodium sulfate from
      the source have been determined in field studies. The size of the sanitary
      protective zone has been substantiated.

PMID- 2292394
TI  - [The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the products of coal coking
      and in the air].

PMID- 2292395
TI  - [Health-related efficacy of measures to protect reservoirs in the vicinity of a
      large territorial-industrial chemical industry complex].
AB  - Investigation results made it possible to make a conclusion that implementation
      of the developed recommendations has stabilized the sanitary state of the water
      reservoir and lately has significantly improved it. The future ways to improve
      water reservoirs in the area of location of big chemical enterprises have been
      determined.

PMID- 2292396
TI  - [The pollution of Precarpathian rivers with municipal sewage].
AB  - The degree of Precarpathian rivers contamination by municipal sewage has been
      determined on the basis of ion content of water in the rivers. Regression
      equations were used in processing of the digital data. The status of municipal
      sewage systems can be characterized by the ratio of masses of average 24-hour
      contaminations getting into the river during the flood and lowest water periods.

PMID- 2292397
TI  - [The toxicity of aluminum on intake into the body with drinking water].
AB  - It has been shown, that aluminum getting into the organism with drinking water in
      relatively low doses (0.025 mg/kg and higher) produces neurotoxic and mutagenic
      effects. The data of the investigations substantiate the necessity to correct the
      maximum allowable level of aluminum in drinking water.

PMID- 2292399
TI  - [Health-related regulation of the FLOKR-3 flotation reagent in reservoir water].

PMID- 2292398
TI  - [Health-related regulation of diethyl phthalate, di-n-hexyl phthalate and dialkyl
      phthalate 810 in water].
AB  - On the basis of studies of hygienic regulation of diethylphthalate (DEP), di-n
      hexylphthalate (DHP) and dialkylphthalate-810 (DAP-810) in the water medium) it
      has been found out that the compounds are highly persistent in the water medium,
      are of low toxicity (LD50 from 10.3 up to 33 g/kg and more for white rats),
      belong to the third and fourth (DHP and DAP-810) classes of danger. The threshold
      concentrations of DEP, DHP, DAP-810 according to the organoleptic water
      properties and sanitary regimen of water reservoirs were determined on the level
      of 1, 0.46, 0.3 and 0.1, 1, and 1 mg/l respectively. DEP has moderately expressed
      cumulative properties while in DHP and DAP-810 they are clearly expressed. No
      specific effect was observed in the compounds. MACs for DEP, DHP and DAP-810 in
      the water medium are recommended on the level of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.3 mg/l according
      to the general toxic and organoleptic indices of harmfulness.

PMID- 2292400
TI  - [Health-related standardization of the SNPKh 1003 chemical reagent in reservoir
      water].

PMID- 2292401
TI  - [Experimental studies of the combined effect of styrene and general vibration].
AB  - People working in modern carpet industry are exposed to a complex of factors of
      different origin, the most important among which are general vibration and
      styrene vapors. It has been found out in animal experiments simulating working
      conditions, that the central nervous system is the most sensitive both under an
      isolated and joint exposure to the factors. The joint exposure of animals to
      styrene and vibration may be evaluated as having different targets depending on
      the parameters under study.

PMID- 2292402
TI  - [The principles of the combined and simultaneous action of industrial factors].
AB  - The laws of the development of tension of the main systems and regulatory
      mechanisms of the organism of people working both under exposure to occupational
      factors altogether and to various combinations of ergometric indices of work.
      Joint action of unfavourable labour conditions (dust, industrial noise,
      insufficient lighting) and of working process factors (local muscular stress,
      hardness and tension of labour), as a rule, cause potentiation of unfavourable
      changes in the functional status of the organism. In the majority of occupational
      groups the factors studied predetermine in 76-96% of cases changes in the
      functional state of the major systems of the workers' organism.

PMID- 2292403
TI  - [Materials for the substantiation of the biological MAC of benzene].
AB  - Relatively great amount of benzene-originated phenol, the presence of a definite
      relationship between phenol amount in the urine and benzene content in the air
      indicate that it is reasonable to use a phenol sample as an exposure test. To
      determine the intensity of benzene exposure, data on phenol content in the urine
      of people working at some big-tonnage enterprises has been analyzed. On the basis
      of the national and foreign literature data on the correlation between the phenol
      urine concentration and the level of benzene exposure a regression equation was
      deduced, which has made it possible to calculate phenol content in the urine on
      the level of average working day benzene concentration adopted in the USSR. This
      value equals 15 mg/l, which was proposed as a biological benzene MAC.

PMID- 2292404
TI  - [The use of an automated information system for monitoring atmospheric air
      pollution].
AB  - The paper presents the analysis of the development and pilot operation of
      hygienic monitoring of ambient air pollution on the basis of the automized
      informational system (AIS). Monitoring involves services of surveillance and
      control over sources of discharges and harmful impurities content in the
      atmosphere, meterological conditions, and AIS carrying out the functions of data
      collection and accumulation, analysis and assessment, prediction of the air basin
      status. The created instrument can be functioning in several regimens: for the
      analysis and assessment of the observed atmospheric status and the role of
      industrial sources in air pollution; for the prediction and assessment of the air
      basin status in association with the planned or expected effectiveness of
      measures aimed at the reduction of exhaust. The feasibility of it is demonstrated
      in the paper through results of pilot operation of the proposed system.

PMID- 2292405
TI  - [Materials to substantiate the maximum permissible concentration of triafol in
      the air of the workplace].

PMID- 2292406
TI  - [Health-related monitoring of nitrates in food products].
AB  - Studies have been carried out developing the major issues of hygienic monitoring
      of nitrates in food-stuffs in the UkSSR: a unified republican system of hygienic
      control of nitrates content in food-stuffs with computer processing of the data
      has been proposed. Republican regulations of the allowed content of these
      substances in agricultural products are presented. Biomonitoring of nitrates in
      women's breast milk has been considered as a criterion of the system's
      functioning.

PMID- 2292407
TI  - [The effect of nutrition on the physiological indices of the body in young people
      at the time of examinations].

PMID- 2292408
TI  - [Health-related assessment of the work training of 5-7th-form pupils].
AB  - The present investigation is devoted to the study of the influence of labour on
      the functional state of the organism of medium school-aged pupils. It has been
      found out that engagement of schoolchildren in the workships and study rooms of
      service labour are not tiring, which creates reserves for the active development
      of the motor functions of schoolchildren. At the same time it has been found out
      that the types of labour which they encounter for the first time (joinery in the
      5th form, electrotechnical work) lead to unfavourable changes in the functional
      state of schoolchildren organisms. The data obtained in the course of
      investigation on the organization of labour lesson (density of working and
      lessons structure) have been used in the development of 'Concept of labour
      preparation of the rising generation and studying young people in the system of
      continuous education'.

PMID- 2292409
TI  - [Metabolism of a 238Pu tributyl phosphate complex on entry into the respiratory
      organs].
AB  - Tributyl phosphate (TBP) enhances 238Pu penetration at all stages of its
      transport in the organism, significantly influences the rates and levels of its
      cumulation and elimination, the duration of its deposition in organs and tissues.
      The detected differences indicate the necessity to take them into account in the
      assessment of danger of exposure to 238Pu in combination with TBP.

PMID- 2292410
TI  - [The effect of whole-body x-ray irradiation on the absorption of metals from the
      gastrointestinal tract in relation ot the degree of their oxidation].

PMID- 2292411
TI  - [The feasibility of using gamma-irradiation for the sterilization of bottom
      sediments and seawater in balneology practice].

PMID- 2292412
TI  - [The effect of alcohol abuse by the parents on the health status of the
      children].

PMID- 2292413
TI  - [The health-related significance of a harmonious marriage].

PMID- 2292414
TI  - [Norms of the indices of vital functions of rats in toxicological experiments].

PMID- 2292415
TI  - [Relation of the degree of mutagenic activity of nickel-containing dust to the
      dose and time in the micronucleus test].

PMID- 2292416
TI  - [Characteristics of the neuro- and immunotoxic effects of transplacental
      hexachlorobutadiene].

PMID- 2292417
TI  - [A probability method of evaluating the working level of a harmful factor].

PMID- 2292418
TI  - [Substantiation of the mean working day maximum allowable concentrations of dusts
      with differing degrees of fibrogenesis].
AB  - On the basis of developed by the author mathematical models of pneumoconiosis
      morbidity and of methodological techniques of dusts dividing according to the
      degree of fibrogenesis under exposure to various concentrations of dusts
      differing in fibrogenesis. In the author's opinion, working conditions can be
      considered safe if the probability of pneumoconiosis does not exceed 0.1% for the
      40 years length of working. On this basis mean working day concentrations, at
      which the probability of the development of the mentioned disease does not exceed
      0.1%, are proposed as mean working day MACs. Average working day MACs for the
      whole range of dusts fibrogenesis have been calculated. The obtained in this way
      average working day MACs for the least fibrogenic dusts equal 6 mg/m3, and for
      the most fibrogenic dusts - 0.2 mg/m3.

PMID- 2292419
TI  - [Gas chromatographic determination of formamide in the air of residential areas].

PMID- 2292420
TI  - [Determination of cadmium and lead ions in water using the method of inversion
      chronopotentiometry].

PMID- 2292421
TI  - [Gas chromatographic determination of methylal in atmospheric air].

PMID- 2292423
TI  - [Gas chromatographic analysis of harmful substances in the air with preliminary
      concentration].

PMID- 2292422
TI  - [The determination of aldehydes in biological media (review)].

PMID- 2292424
TI  - [Gas chromatographic determination of solvents and volatile products of the
      manufacture of synthetic fragrances in the air of the workplace].

PMID- 2292425
TI  - [Equipment for sampling air from respiratory apparatus cylinders].

PMID- 2292426
TI  - [The collection of beryllium aerosols on mark AFA filters].

PMID- 2292427
TI  - [A rapid chemiluminescent method of determining iodides in iodized salt].

PMID- 2292428
TI  - [Debatable problems of the health aspects of labor].

PMID- 2292429
TI  - [Pharmacodynamics of synthetic estrogens. Review article].
AB  - Some details about the function of natural and synthetical hormonas are reviewed,
      particularly estrogens as ethynyl estradiol and its 3, Methyl ether (mestranol);
      its peripheral concentration vs tissular hormonal contents, a relationship of
      biological importance as the first step in its hormonal action and the
      cummulative local effects that could explain some intra and extracellular
      phenomena.

PMID- 2292430
TI  - [Biophysical profile in prolonged pregnancy. Another alternative to fetal
      monitoring].
AB  - The value of the biophysical profile scoring to predict accurate perinatal
      outcome in prolonged pregnancy, was assessed. 60 patients with the diagnosis of
      prolonged pregnancy were included in this prospective clinical trial. A fetal
      biophysical profile score, described by Manning and modified by Johnson, was
      recorded in all these patients. There were 40 cases (66%) with normal profile
      scoring 3 of which had a feature considered as perinatal morbidity (specificity
      94.8%). In contrast, from 20 cases with abnormal profile scores, 18 (90%) had
      abnormal perinatal findings (sensitivity 85.7%). The false positive and negative
      rates were low, 10 and 7.5% respectively, and the global predictive value of this
      test was 90%. In our study the amniotic fluid volume was the profile variable
      most able to identify a compromised fetus and the second with the highest
      specificity. Although we had a high cesarean section rate, (71%), we suggest that
      with normal profile scores (greater than or equal to 8) and normal amniotic fluid
      volume, the fetal biophysical profile may be an accurate test in the evaluation
      of the fetal condition in this obstetric complication.

PMID- 2292431
TI  - [Pseudo-obstruction of the colon (Ogilvie syndrome) associated wtih Cesarean
      operations. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature].
AB  - We inform of two cases of pseudoobstruction of the colon (Ogilvie's Syndrome)
      secondary to cesarean section. The clinical picture, the diagnostic method and
      alternatives of treatment are analyzed. The importance of the knowledge of the
      syndrome and prompt diagnosis is emphasized.

PMID- 2292432
TI  - [New concepts about the terminal mechanism of fertilization in mammals].
AB  - We briefly reviewed some ionic mechanisms participating in the fulfillment of the
      acrosome reaction processes, indicating the results obtained by the simultaneous
      and dynamic quantitation of sodium, potassium, calcium and hydrogen
      concentrations in the in incubation medium of human spermatozoa induced to
      achieve the acrosome reaction through the addition of cAMP and follicular fluid.
      At the same time, the participation of zinc and some enzymatic activities, like
      phospholipase A2, in the occurrence of this process, is indicated. A study is
      done about the sperm nuclear decondensation mechanisms, pointing at the
      importance of various participants in this event, like the disulfide groups
      reducing agents, some metal ions and the glycosaminoglycans, as well as a
      proposal of a mechanism which could be physiologically functional for the in vivo
      occurrence of this phenomenon. Finally we present some results explaining the DNA
      synthesis activation, which is repressed in the spermatozoa since the
      spermiogenesis final stages, and is indispensable for the chromosomic duplication
      required during egg segmentation.

PMID- 2292433
TI  - Enhancement of the rate of the beta-elimination of phosphate from radicals
      derived from glycerol-2-phosphate by Cu(I)-phenanthroline. A pulse radiolysis
      study.
AB  - Hydroxyl radicals abstract hydrogen atoms from glycerol-2-phosphate with a
      specific rate constant of (7.0 +/- 1.5) x 10(8) M-1s-1 forming the beta-phospho
      radical as the major product. At physiological pH this radical undergoes a beta
      phosphate elimination with a rate constant less than or equal to 1 x 10(3) s-1.
      The beta-phospho radical reacts with Cu(I)-phenanthroline to produce an unstable
      transient with a metal-carbon sigma-bond which has an absorbance similar to that
      of the cuprous phenanthroline complex in the visible region. This intermediate
      decomposes via a beta-elimination of phosphate with a rate constant of (1.0 +/-
      1.5) x 10(4) s-1, which was independent of the acidity in the pH range 4-9.

PMID- 2292435
TI  - Antioxidant defenses in the ground squirrel Citellus citellus. 2. The effect of
      hibernation.
AB  - In spring and autumn, the ground squirrel Citellus citellus is awake and active
      but in winter it usually hibernates. Reawakening from hibernation involves
      intense metabolic activity in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT). The
      IBAT of hibernation animals showed significant increases in the activities of
      superoxide dismutase (both copper-zinc and manganese-containing enzymes),
      glutathione peroxidase, and in the amount of ascorbate present. Glutathione
      peroxidase also increased in the liver, as did ascorbate in the plasma. These
      changes were not merely a consequence of exposure to low environmental
      temperatures. It is proposed that antioxidant defenses are increased in the IBAT
      of ground squirrels at the onset of hibernation in order to protect the tissue
      from reactive oxygen species generated as a result of the intense metabolic
      activity sustained by this tissue during reawakening.

PMID- 2292434
TI  - Antioxidant defenses in the ground squirrel Citellus citellus. 1. A comparison
      with the rat.
AB  - The antioxidant defenses of the liver, erythrocytes, blood plasma, and
      interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) of male ground squirrels were compared
      with those of male rats kept under identical conditions and fed the same diet.
      Superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate, vitamin E, catalase, glutathione, and
      enzymes of glutathione metabolism were measured. In general, antioxidant defenses
      in erythrocytes were lower in ground squirrels than in rats. The same was true in
      liver, except that catalase-specific activity was higher. In IBAT, ascorbate,
      vitamin E, catalase, and glutathione reductase were higher than in rat and more
      of the SOD activity present was cyanide-insensitive (MnSOD). It is suggested that
      IBAT in ground squirrels may need a relatively greater antioxidant defense
      because of its important role in thermogenesis, especially in reawakening from
      hibernation. No major differences in antioxidant defenses between male and female
      ground squirrels were observed, except that the SOD activity of IBAT was higher
      in females.

PMID- 2292436
TI  - Oxidative protein modification as predigestive mechanism of the carnivorous plant
      Dionaea muscipula: an hypothesis based on in vitro experiments.
AB  - Aqueous leaf extracts from Dionaea muscipula contain quinones such as the
      naphthoquinone plumbagin that couple to different NADH-dependent diaphorases,
      producing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide upon autoxidation. Upon preincubation
      of Dionaea extracts with certain diaphorases and NADH in the presence of
      serumalbumin (SA), subsequent tryptic digestion of SA is facilitated. Since the
      secretroy glands of Droseracea contain proteases and possibly other degradative
      enzymes it is suggested that the presence of oxygen-activating redox cofactors in
      the extracts function as extracellular predigestive oxidants which render
      membrane-bound proteins of the prey (insects) more susceptible to proteolytic
      attacks.

PMID- 2292437
TI  - Simon metabolites of alpha-tocopherol are not formed via a rate-controlling
      scission of the 3'C-H bond.
AB  - The major in vivo oxidation products of alpha-tocopherol, alpha-T, are the Simon
      metabolites, 1 and 2. For these compounds to be formed from alpha-T the
      polyisoprenoid tail of alpha-T must be oxidatively cleaved at the 3' carbon atom.
      Comparison of the levels of 2R,4'R,8'R-alpha-(3',3'-2H2)-T and 2R,4'R,8'R-alpha
      [5,7-(C2H3)2]-T remaining in various tissues of rats which had been preloaded
      with equal quantities of these two forms of vitamin E following a change to a
      vitamin E-free diet has shown that there is no statistically significant
      difference in the rates of loss of these two deuterium-labeled alpha-T's. This
      demonstrates that the Simon metabolites are not formed by a rate-controlling
      scission of the 3'C-H bond of alpha-T.

PMID- 2292439
TI  - On corrections...

PMID- 2292438
TI  - Antioxidant action of guilingji in the brain of rats with FeCl3-induced epilepsy.
AB  - The effects of Guilingji, an antiaging prescription comprised of traditional
      Chinese medicinal herbs and animal components, on the brain level of
      thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)
      activity in the brain of rats with FeCl3-induced epilepsy were examined with
      fluorophotometry and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry, respectively.
      The results showed that pretreatment of rats with Guilingji decreased the levels
      of TBARS in the left cortex, midbrain, and olfactory lobe, and increased the SOD
      activity in the midbrain and hypothalamus. These results are the first to
      demonstrate that Guilingji may possess an antiepileptic effect further to its
      proposed antiaging action, because decreasing the TBARS elevation and increasing
      the SOD attenuation in the brain are suggested to be important characteristics of
      antiepileptic agents. These results suggest that both the proposed antiaging and
      antiepileptic effects of Guilingji may operate through the mechanism of
      antioxidation.

PMID- 2292441
TI  - Measuring nurses' moral judgments.
AB  - Studies of the moral reasoning of nurses yield inconsistent findings. Using
      Cronbach and Meehl's interpretive framework, the author demonstrates the lack of
      construct validity for Kohlberg's theory of moral development and related
      measures of moral reasoning. Gilligan's relational theory of moral orientations
      is proposed as an alternative theory worth testing in nurse samples.

PMID- 2292440
TI  - The long haul: the effects of home care on caregivers.
AB  - The effects and implications of caring for a spouse with a long-term physical or
      cognitive disability is a developing topic in the field of women's health. In the
      present study, women with longer caregiving experience had more physical health
      problems than did those with less time caregiving, while younger women found
      caregiving more psychologically burdensome than did older women. Nursing
      interventions must be directed toward preventing a decline in the caregiver's
      health and development of a second patient who herself needs a caregiver.

PMID- 2292442
TI  - The relationships among the subsystems of Johnson's Behavioral System Model.
AB  - The major premise of the Johnson (1980) Behavioral System Model is that the eight
      subsystems (domains) are interactive, interdependent and integrated.
      Relationships among the subsystems were hypothesized, placing the
      Aggressive/Protective subsystem centrally as having direct and indirect
      relationships to the other seven subsystems. In the present study, the Behavioral
      System Model instrument generated two sets of scales that indicated changes as
      increase or decrease and positive or negative in the subsystem resulting from
      illness. Two causal models were tested, one for each set of scales, both
      supporting the hypotheses pertaining to the relationships between the
      Aggressive/Protective subsystem and the other subsystems. The findings warrant
      further investigation of these relationships and imply that changes in a domain
      resulting from illness cannot be well understood without understanding their
      relationship to changes in other domains.

PMID- 2292443
TI  - The use of control vignettes.
AB  - A review of the literature revealed control, or placebo, vignettes are not used
      in numerous studies that employ vignette-based methodology. This is a serious
      flaw. The nature of this flaw and its methodological and theoretical importance
      are outlined in this paper as are procedures and a model for developing control
      vignettes.

PMID- 2292444
TI  - Myths in health care ethics.

PMID- 2292445
TI  - Organ donation as gift exchange.
AB  - Organ donation, considered by sociologists as a type of gift exchange, involves
      moral, social, psychological, religious and legal issues. This gift exchange
      paradigm can be used as a framework to understand donor and recipient issues,
      cadaveric organ donation and the importance of the role of nurses during organ
      procurement.

PMID- 2292446
TI  - The influence of feminist philosophy on nursing practice.
AB  - This paper describes how feminist beliefs and values should influence nursing
      practice. Traditionally held patriarchal values are challenged, and the feminist
      tenets of gender equity, the basis for value to society and personal sovereignty
      are discussed. Drawing on experience as a nurse practitioner this writer gives
      examples of nursing practice that are grounded in feminist philosophy.

PMID- 2292447
TI  - Meaningful life experience to the elderly.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to identify the basic structure of an experience
      from life through which or during which the elderly derive the sense that life is
      meaningful, as a manifestation of the human spirit. A phenomenological
      methodology was used, with participants being interviewed until common themes
      emerged. Protocols obtained from the interviews were analyzed according to the
      seven-step method developed by Colaizzi (1978). An exhaustive description of the
      meaningful experience was obtained; it includes four common themes. The themes
      and the implications for nursing practice are discussed.

PMID- 2292448
TI  - Resilience among older women.
AB  - This qualitative study was designed to identify and describe characteristics of
      successfully adjusted older women. The participants reported a recent major loss
      and were considered successfully adjusted as evidenced by social involvement in a
      senior center, a mid level to high level of morale and self-report. Using a
      grounded theory approach, five underlying themes were identified: equanimity,
      self-reliance, existential aloneness, perseverance and meaningfulness. These
      themes are thought to constitute resilience. Lateral grounding of the concept
      resilience is accomplished by comparison with philosophical writings of Frankl,
      Bettelheim, Frank, May and von Witzleben. Resilience is important in late life as
      a component of successful psychosocial adjustment.

PMID- 2292449
TI  - Reconceptualization of the uncertainty in illness theory.
AB  - The theory of uncertainty in illness has its strongest support among subjects who
      are experiencing the acute phase of illness or are in a downward illness
      trajectory (mishel, 1988a). The theory has not addressed the experience of living
      with continual, constant uncertainty in either a chronic illness or in an illness
      with a treatable acute phase and possible eventual recurrence. Since uncertainty
      characterizes many, most prevalent, long-term illness conditions, there is a need
      to reconceptualize the theory of uncertainty to include the experience of living
      with continual uncertainty. A close examination of the theoretical statements and
      the empirical data reported by Mishel resulted in the identification of areas of
      the theory that could be expanded and reconceptualized. The reconceptualization
      effort was primarily fueled by questions about the outcome portion of the
      uncertainty theory. To provide a contest for the expansion and
      reconceptualization of uncertainty, applicable parts of the theory are summarized
      below.

PMID- 2292450
TI  - Unified nursing diagnostic model.

PMID- 2292451
TI  - A nursing model for addressing the health needs of homeless families.

PMID- 2292452
TI  - Effects of a novel anti-inflammatory retinoid-like 2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid on
      the immunological changes associated with adjuvant-induced arthritis.
AB  - Proliferative responses to the T-cell mitogen, Con A, were markedly suppressed in
      spleen cells isolated from rats 12-16 days following induction of adjuvant
      induced arthritis (AA). These responses were only partially restored following
      removal of plastic-adherent cells (AC-depleted). Prophylactic treatment of AA
      rats with a novel anti-inflammatory retinoid-like 2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid, Ro
      23-6457, increased mitogen-induced proliferative responses in spleen cells,
      particularly in AC-depleted cultures. Treatment of AA rats with Ro 23-6457
      significantly increased Con A-induced IL-2 production by both unseparated and AC
      depleted spleen cells. Although exogenous IL-2 did not restore proliferative
      responses to Con A-stimulated spleen cells from vehicle-treated AA rats,
      responses in AC-depleted cells from Ro 23-6457-treated AA rats were further
      enhanced by the addition of IL-2. Following stimulation with LPS, supernatants
      from cultures of adherent spleen cells isolated from AA rats contained more IL-1
      (expressed as units/ml) than cultures from normal rats. Treatment of AA rats with
      a high dose of Ro 23-6457 normalised IL-1 levels in these cultures. Treatment of
      normal rats with Ro 23-6457 had no significant effects on any parameter tested.
      These data suggest that Ro 23-6457's modulation of certain disease-associated
      alterations in immune function in AA rats may contribute to its anti-inflammatory
      activity.

PMID- 2292453
TI  - Polymorphic effects of exogenous gangliosides on antigen-induced
      lymphoproliferation and generation of MHC unrestricted cell mediated
      cytotoxicity.
AB  - Cell membrane gangliosides have been shown to be involved in a number of
      biological processes including cell adhesion, signal transduction and ligand
      receptor interactions. In this paper we analyzed the effects of a mixture of
      bovine brain gangliosides, currently in clinical use, on cell mediated immune
      responses in vitro. We show here that exogenous gangliosides inhibit mitogen and
      alloantigen induced lymphoproliferation. On the other hand effects on antigen
      induced blastogenesis were exquisitely dose dependent in that while high doses of
      gangliosides inhibited lymphoproliferation, probably by interfering in
      interleukin 2 receptor interactions, lower doses significantly enhanced antigen
      induced responsiveness. We also report that gangliosides inhibit the generation
      of lymphokine activated killer cells. Altogether, these data underline the
      immunoregulatory potential and the polymorphism of effects of exogenous
      gangliosides.

PMID- 2292455
TI  - THF-gamma 2, a synthetic thymic hormone, increases effectiveness of combined
      chemotherapy and immunotherapy against RPC-5 murine plasmacytoma.
AB  - The effect of a synthetic thymic hormone, THF-gamma 2, on the anti-tumor activity
      of spleen cells was studied in mice immunized against the RPC-5 tumor. Following
      two courses of the THF-gamma 2 treatment, the mean RPC-5 specific cytotoxic
      response of immune spleen cells was significantly increased when compared to
      normal cells (P less than 0.001) and to untreated immune spleen cells (P less
      than 0.04). In addition, THF-gamma 2 treatment improved the competence of immune
      spleen cells in adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) when performed in combination with
      chemotherapy by melphalan. Recipients of spleen cells from THF-gamma 2 treated
      mice showed a 35% increase in survival when compared to AIT with immune cells
      alone. The results suggest that THF-gamma 2 treatment of donors for AIT might be
      applicable to cancer therapy in humans.

PMID- 2292454
TI  - Cell-mediated immunity to chemically xenogenized tumors. V. Failure of novel
      antigens to increase the frequency of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells.
AB  - Xenogenized variant cells (L5178Y/DTIC) of a murine lymphoma line confer a high
      degree of specific protection against subsequent challenge of mice with parental
      L5178Y cells. In an attempt to better define the effect of DTIC-induced
      determinants on parental antigen recognition and the mechanisms involved in this
      protection, we evaluated the frequency of anti-parental tumor cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte precursors following priming of mice with xenogenized cells in vivo.
      In addition, we tested the effect of host sensitization with the immunogenic,
      retrovirus-related proteins that are precipitated from the surface of L5178Y/DTIC
      cells by means of specific antibody. Our results indicated that the novel
      determinants induced by DTIC treatment on L5178Y cells do not act as helper
      determinants for the generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic responses. Therefore,
      increased frequency of tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes does not seem to be a
      major mechanism of anti-parental tumor immunity induced by xenogenized variant
      cells.

PMID- 2292456
TI  - Autoradiographic study of tissue distribution of [3H]ubenimex in IMC carcinoma
      bearing mice.
AB  - [3H]Ubenimex was administered to IMC carcinoma-bearing mice, and the tissue
      distribution of the radioactivity was examined at various times after drug
      injection by autoradiography of glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues. Silver grains were
      concentrated on some of the macrophages present around the solid tumor and in
      thymic medulla, splenic red pulp, and mesenteric lymph node medulla. The grains
      were also seen at a similar concentration on some nurse cell-like cells in the
      thymic cortex and on some reticular cells in splenic red pulp. In the liver,
      grains were concentrated on the hepatocytes and bile duct epithelium. The grains
      were most densely concentrated on kidney proximal straight tubules, in which
      strong leucine aminopeptidase activity was also observed.

PMID- 2292457
TI  - Splenopentin (DAc-SP-5) accelerates the restoration of myelopoietic and immune
      systems after sublethal radiation in mice.
AB  - In 1981 a new splenic hormone was described by Audhya et al. (Biochemistry, 20,
      6195-6200, 1981). At first designated as thymopoietin III, the complete amino
      acid sequence had been described as splenin in 1984. For the pentapeptide
      corresponding to amino acids 32-36 of splenin was shown to be active in
      immunological systems. The synthetic pentapeptide splenopentin (DAc-SP-5) and the
      sequence 32-36 of splenin are identical. In this study the recovery of
      immunocompetence in mice following sublethal irradiation is shown to be enhanced
      by DAc-SP-5. The treatment effects of DAc-SP-5 were verified by splenic plaque
      forming response to a T-cell dependent antigen and in the hematopoietic colony
      forming assay. These effects were associated with an accelerated recovery of
      leukocyte counts in peripheral blood and spleen without significant changes in
      the relation between leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations. Furthermore, in
      comparison to control animals DAc-SP-5 treated mice showed in the first weeks
      postexposure a significantly higher number of bone marrow derived cells as well
      as granulocyte-macrophage and macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC and M-CFC).
      Therefore, DAc-SP-5 may be a useful substance for treating secondary forms of
      bone marrow depression.

PMID- 2292458
TI  - Lymphocyte mitogenesis and CD4 modulation induced by different phorbol esters:
      comparative studies.
AB  - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) can stimulate T-cells via its binding to
      protein kinase C (PKC). Such a phenomenon occurs when a threshold of
      concentration as low as 1 nM of PMA is reached. Other phorbol esters possess the
      ability to stimulate lymphocytes but at higher thresholds of concentration. We
      show here that the different phorbol ester concentrations needed to induce
      stimulation and proliferation, estimated by both interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R)
      expression and DNA synthesis, correspond very closely to those inducing the
      modulation of CD4 antigen, confirming a direct relationship between CD4 down
      regulation and cellular activation. We estimated the structural features of these
      different phorbol derivatives in relation to lymphocyte activation and CD4
      modulation, and confirm that the ester side chains which give to the phorbol
      ester derivatives their lipophilic character, discriminate, according to their
      length, the ability of the different compounds to reach their receptor inside the
      cell membrane; we also brought some evidence that the polar phorbol nucleus of
      these compounds is probably responsible for their interaction with the membrane
      receptor mainly through the hydroxyl group in the C4 position.

PMID- 2292459
TI  - Formosanin-C, an immunomodulator with antitumor activity.
AB  - Paris formosana Hayata (Liliaceae) grown in the mountain areas of Taiwan, has
      been used as a folk remedy for snake bite, and as an anti-inflammatory or anti
      neoplastic agent. The effects of formosanin-C, a diosgenin saponin isolated from
      Paris formosana, on immune responses and transplantable murine tumor were
      studied. In culture systems, formosanin-C (0.03-0.16 microM) displayed
      significant enhancement of the blastogenic response of human peripheral blood
      cells to phytohemagglutinin. Formosanin-C also significantly increased the 3H
      thymidine incorporation of ConA-stimulated lymphocytes at concentrations of 0.1
      and 0.01 microM. The responsiveness of the granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming
      cells (GM-CFC) to mouse fibroblast cells L929 conditioned medium was altered in
      the presence of 0.01 and 0.001 microM of formosanin-C. In addition, formosanin-C
      given intraperitoneally activated natural killer cell activity at doses of 1-2.5
      mg/kg. An intraperitoneal injection of 2.5 mg/kg of formosanin-C markedly induced
      interferon production, the peak blood level of which was observed 24 h after
      formosanin-C injection. Growth of subcutaneously transplanted MH134 mouse
      hepatoma was retarded by intraperitoneal treatment with 1-2.5 mg/kg of formosanin
      C. The activity of 5-fluorouracil against MH-134 mouse hepatoma was potentiated
      by intraperitoneal treatment with formosanin-C. These results suggest that
      formosanin-C might display antitumor activity in association with modification of
      the immune system.

PMID- 2292460
TI  - Novel inhibitors of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) elastase and cathepsin G:
      evaluation in vitro of their potential for the treatment of inflammatory
      connective tissue damage.
AB  - Inhibitors of neutrophil proteases may have therapeutic effects in inflammatory
      diseases. MDL 27,324 (Dansyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-CF3), inhibits human neutrophil
      elastase and MDL 27,399 (MeOSucc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-COOCH3), inhibits human
      neutrophil cathepsin G. These compounds individually or in combination, partially
      inhibited the hydrolysis of fluoresceinated bovine serum albumin and
      fluoresceinated immune complexes by rat and human neutrophil granule lysate. In
      contrast, the combination of inhibitors completely prevented the breakdown of a
      complex connective tissue substrate, azure hide powder. Rat neutrophils
      phagocytosed and hydrolyzed fluoresceinated immune complexes, a process which was
      inhibited by cytochalasin B (15 micrograms/ml, 65% inhibition) and chloroquine
      (200 microM, 80% inhibition). Although MDL 27,324 was taken up by the cells, it
      had only a modest inhibitory effect on the proteolysis of ingested
      fluoresceinated immune complexes (200 microM, 20% inhibition); MDL 27,399 had
      similar limited efficacy. Therefore, these compounds may be effective inhibitors
      of neutrophil serine proteases secreted into the extracellular space during
      inflammation without interfering with the normal process of intracellular
      degradation of phagocytosed material.

PMID- 2292461
TI  - Effects of procainamide hydroxylamine on generation of reactive oxygen species by
      macrophages and production of cytokines.
AB  - A series of experiments was conducted to examine the effects of the N-oxidized
      metabolite of procainamide, procainamide hydroxylamine (PAHA), on reactive oxygen
      species (ROS) production by macrophages in vitro, as well as on the release of
      the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). Results with PAHA were compared with those
      from the parent compound, procainamide, and in some cases with other procainamide
      metabolites such as N-acetylprocainamide or nitrosoprocainamide. The effects of
      PAHA on ROS production by mouse and rat macrophages were complex, resulting in
      both stimulatory and inhibitory activity depending upon the PAHA concentration
      and whether macrophages were resting or elicited. The primary effect of PAHA
      appeared to be a stimulation of ROS production. Monocytes pretreated with PAHA
      (20 microM) depressed the responsiveness of lymphocytes in co-culture to a T-cell
      mitogen (conconavalin A) but not a B-cell mitogen (lipopolysaccharide). This
      effect was inhibited when monocyte pretreatment with PAHA was accompanied by the
      antioxidants, catalase or superoxide dismutase. IL-1 production by rat adherent
      splenocytes was unaffected by PAHA in concentrations that were not cytotoxic.
      These observations suggest that the oxidative metabolism of procainamide to PAHA
      may result in enhanced production of ROS by macrophages contributing its toxicity
      to lymphocytes.

PMID- 2292462
TI  - IL-2 reverses the inhibition of cytotoxic T-cell responses induced by 5-(3,3'
      dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) in vitro.
AB  - One of the major limitations in the use of triazene compounds for inducing
      increased immunogenicity of tumor cells in vivo (i.e. chemical xenogenization) is
      the profound immunodepressive activity of these drugs. The present study analysed
      the inhibitory effects of DTIC on various T-dependent immune responses in mice in
      an attempt to determine the mechanism of action and appropriate treatments for
      reverting the immune damage produced by the agent. Results obtained show that
      treatment with DTIC in vivo produced: (a) inhibition of spleen cell
      proliferation; (b) reduced IL-2 production in response to allogeneic stimuli; (c)
      reduction of the generation of IL-2R + CD8 + cells in allogeneic MLC; (d)
      inhibition of allo-CTL generation. The addition of IL-2 to MLC on day 2 of the co
      culture restored full allogeneic CTL responses. These data suggest that exogenous
      IL-2 could be used to counteract DTIC-induced depression of T-cell reactivity,
      which is presumably involved in hosts' responses against autochthonous
      xenogenized tumor cells.

PMID- 2292463
TI  - Modulation of human lepromatous monocyte-macrophage functions in vitro by
      tuftsin.
AB  - Human peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages derived from normal donors, patients
      of tuberculoid leprosy (BT/TT) and lepromatous leprosy (BL/LL) were assayed for
      stimulated phagocytic responses to the potent macrophage stimulator "Tuftsin"
      (NH2-Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-OH) after varying periods (6 h to 14 days) of culture in
      vitro. The assays consisted of visual scoring of ingested Mycobacterium leprae
      and radiometric measurement of ingested 14C-acetate labelled Staphylococcus
      aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Ra). While normal and BT/TT macrophages
      showed a progressively increasing ability for tuftsin-stimulated phagocytosis
      with increasing age of culture in vitro, BL/LL macrophages showed the opposite
      response so that 14-day cultures were refractory to a stimulatory dose of up to
      7.0 microM (10 to 20 times the optimal dose for normal and BT/TT macrophages).
      The 14-day BL/LL macrophage cultures were, however, responsive to 35 microM
      tuftsin (100 times the optimal dose for normal macrophages). Analysis of the dose
      response curves also indicates that BT/TT cultures despite exhibiting an apparent
      similarity to normal macrophages demonstrate a rightward shift for a maximal
      stimulated phagocytosis. Finally SEM photo-micrographs of 14-day macrophage
      cultures of the three groups revealed that while normal and BT/TT cultures
      demonstrated an increase in membrane ruffling and filopodia on stimulation with
      0.8 microM tuftsin, BL/LL cultures exhibited none of the features associated with
      stimulation. From the above findings, we conclude that lepromatous macrophages
      may display an aberrant differentiation profile leading to a terminal state of
      unresponsiveness and that the defect may possibly lie at the level of tuftsin
      receptor expression or transmembrane signal transduction.

PMID- 2292464
TI  - Effect of tuftsin stimulation on the microbicidal activity exerted by blood
      monocyte-macrophages of leprosy patients.
AB  - The ability of blood monocyte/macrophages from normal donors, tuberculoid leprosy
      (BT/TT) and lepromatous leprosy (BL/LL) patients to exert enhanced microbicidal
      activity was assayed after stimulating with 0.8 microM tuftsin, as a function of
      the duration of cultures in vitro. Normal and BT/TT macrophage cultures showed a
      statistically significant increase in microbicidal activity against
      Staphylococcus aureus at all ages of culture (6 h to 14 days), though the overall
      magnitude of the enhancement shows a decrease with increasing culture age in the
      same populations. However, 14-day old BL/LL macrophage cultures were unable to
      undergo tuftsin-mediated stimulation of microbicidal activity against S. aureus
      and even, fresh 6 h-old cultures exhibited a tuftsin-stimulated response profile
      similar to 14-day old normal and BT/TT cultures. Also, 7 and 14-day cultures of
      normal, BT/TT and BL/LL macrophages were unable to inhibit/kill intracellular
      Mycobacterium leprae after a single stimulation with 0.8 microM tuftsin. However,
      serial, daily stimulation with 0.8 microM tuftsin resulted in 77-140% inhibition
      of 3H-thymidine uptake by the 12th day of cultures in vitro in the three groups.
      These results suggest that BL/LL macrophages exhibit a premature inability to
      undergo tuftsin stimulated microbicidal activity, which may possibly be reversed
      by serial dosage of tuftsin.

PMID- 2292465
TI  - Accelerated restoration of the leukocyte number and augmented resistance against
      Escherichia coli in cyclophosphamide-treated rats orally administered with a hot
      water extract of Chlorella vulgaris.
AB  - The effects of oral administration of a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris
      (CVE) on the restoration of the leukocyte number and on the resistance against
      Escherichia coli infection were examined in cyclophosphamide (CY)-treated rats.
      Male Fischer rats (F344/DuCrj) were administered orally 1000 mg/kg of CVE for 14
      days and injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of CY (50 mg/kg) (day 0)
      one day after the 14th CVE administration. CVE was further administered
      continuously after CY treatment until the rats were sacrificed for analysis. The
      number of bone marrow cells in the CY + CVE group was significantly higher on day
      7 after CY treatment than that in the CY-treated group. The number of spleen
      cells in the CY + CVE group became significantly higher on day 11 than that in
      the CY-treated group. In the peripheral blood, the number of PMN recovered
      efficiently in the CY + CVE group in comparison with the CY-treated group on day
      7. When E. coli was injected i.p. into normal, CY-treated, and CY + CVE-treated
      rats on day 6, the difference in number of bacteria among these three groups was
      most prominent before 6 h, that is, the number in the CY + CVE group was
      remarkably lower than those in the CY-treated group, and even in the control
      group, among all organs so far tested.

PMID- 2292466
TI  - Murine delayed-type hypersensitivity granuloma: an improved model for the
      identification and evaluation of different classes of anti-arthritic drugs.
AB  - The present study examined the effects of five different classes of anti
      inflammatory/immunoregulatory drugs using a mouse model of mBSA-induced delayed
      type hypersensitivity granuloma (DTH GRA) to measure immune-mediated chronic
      inflammatory tissue formation. The compounds were administered orally daily
      following induction of DTH GRA (days 0 to 4); granulomata were quantitated
      gravimetrically on day 5. NSAIDs, with the exception of flurbiprofen, showed
      little activity in comparison with the steroids dexamethasone (1-3 mg/kg/day,
      orally) and prednisolone (3-10 mg/kg/day, orally), which caused significant
      suppression of DTH GRA tissue (65-76% and 26-68%, respectively). The
      "immunoregulatory" compounds levamisole and D(-)penicillamine were inactive,
      whereas cyclophosphamide (5-50 mg/kg/day, orally) reduced the response by 24-83%.
      The "interferon alpha-inducers" Tilorone, U-54,461, and U-56,499 were also potent
      inhibitors of the DTH GRA response; U-54,462, a weak interferon alpha-inducer,
      was inactive. Cyclosporin A (50-100 mg/kg/day, orally) suppressed DTH GRA most
      effectively when administered on days 3 and 4 (66% and 97%) of the five-day
      granuloma response (treatment was ineffective when given on days 1 and 2). We
      conclude that the DTH GRA response described above may be useful for evaluating
      different types of unique therapeutic agents that are effective in the treatment
      of chronic immuno-inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2292467
TI  - Tuftsin-enhanced thymidine incorporation by murine splenic monocytes.
AB  - Tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg), a natural immunomodulating peptide originally found to
      stimulate phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), is now known to
      bind to both PMN and monocyte-macrophages, affecting many of their functions.
      Administration of tuftsin induces leukocytosis in vivo. We have recently observed
      that while tuftsin remains in the cytoplasm upon binding and internalization in
      human PMNs, it translocates into the human monocyte nucleus, suggesting that
      tuftsin may directly affect growth of monocytes. We have therefore examined the
      effect of tuftsin on [3H]thymidine incorporation in fractions of murine
      splenocytes to identify a cell population responding to tuftsin. Tuftsin showed
      the greatest effect in [3H]thymidine incorporation of splenocytes over controls
      at optimum conditions of 2% fetal bovine serum and 1 microgram/ml of tuftsin.
      Splenocyte fractionation by Lymphocyte Separation Medium indicated that tuftsin
      primarily affects the mononuclear cell fraction; further fractionation revealed
      that tuftsin affects mostly the monocytes that adhered to plastic. We
      subsequently further purified the splenic monocytes by repeated plastic adhesion
      and Percoll gradient separation, to show that tuftsin increases [3H]thymidine
      incorporation of these highly purified monocytes.

PMID- 2292468
TI  - Effect in vitro of a bacterial extract (OM-89) on interleukin 1 and interleukin 2
      production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects and
      rheumatoid arthritis patients.
AB  - The effect of a lyophilized extract from Escherichia coli strains (OM-89) on
      interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 production was studied by using peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy volunteers and from patients suffering from
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) since, in this autoimmune disease, an abnormal cytokine
      network has been already described. The secretion of interleukin 1 (IL-1) was
      investigated in supernatants of monocytes purified by adherence, and measured by
      the C3H/HeJ thymocyte co-mitogenic assay. OM-89 was able to induce the secretion
      of IL-1 by normal and RA monocytes to about half of the level reached when the
      same cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. The production of interleukin 2
      (IL-2) was investigated in supernatants of PBMC, stimulated or not by
      phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and mixed or not with various concentrations of OM-89.
      The level of IL-2 in supernatants, as measured by the stimulation of the CTLL2
      murine cell line, was lower in RA supernatants than in control ones. In the
      presence of PHA and OM-89, the IL-2 production was enhanced and normalized in
      supernatants from RA patients. Such data may help to explain the clinical
      improvement previously reported in RA patients orally treated with OM-89.

PMID- 2292469
TI  - Alterations of rat natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production
      by 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC).
AB  - The carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) was found to exert immunosuppressive
      effects both in vitro and in vivo in this study. Spleen cells from 8-week-old
      male, Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats exposed to 1, 10 or 100 micrograms/ml 3-MC in
      vitro for 18 h exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in natural killer (NK) cell
      cytotoxicity against the YAC-1 tumor target cells in a 4 h 51Cr-release assay.
      Peritoneal macrophage production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was significantly
      decreased at all three 3-MC concentrations following a 24 h exposure in vitro. No
      effect of 3-MC on splenic interleukin-2 (IL-2) production was observed. A
      separate group of rats was inoculated with a single subcutaneous dose of 5 or 10
      mg 3-MC and cytotoxic activity of spleen NK cells was examined at 1, 2, 3, 7, 14,
      21, 28, 60, 120 and 180 days after the 3-MC injection. Natural killer cell
      cytotoxicity was suppressed as early as 24 h after 3-MC injection and persisted
      up to 21 days. This decrease in NK activity was accompanied by a decreased
      production of splenic interferon and elevated production of PGE2 by peritoneal
      macrophages. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity was elevated in the 3-MC-treated
      rats at 28 and 60 days post-treatment. At 120 and 180 days post-3-MC treatment,
      when the rats were bearing palpable chemically-induced tumors, NK activity was
      again significantly depressed. In addition, 3-MC-induced tumors were surgically
      removed and cultured in vitro. Supernatants from these tumor cell lines were
      shown to markedly inhibit NK cytotoxicity when tested in vitro. Preliminary
      results indicate that this inhibition may be mediated by prostaglandins.

PMID- 2292470
TI  - Iron toxicosis.

PMID- 2292471
TI  - The chemistry of dioxygen species (O2, O2-., HOO., and HOOH) and their activation
      by transition metals.

PMID- 2292472
TI  - Transition metal ions and oxygen radicals.

PMID- 2292473
TI  - The cytopathology of metal overload.
AB  - Researchers have been able to demonstrate the cytotoxicity of copper overload in
      animal models. This has allowed them to not only localize the intracellular
      distribution of copper but also to study directly the subsequent organelle injury
      at the ultrastructural level. The lesions seen in copper overload appear to vary
      from species to species. In humans, marked mitochondrial abnormalities are seen
      in Wilson's disease while diet overloaded rats show nuclear destruction and
      various membranous abnormalities. Sequestration of copper within lysosomes
      appears to protect hepatocytes from its toxicity. However, the mechanism by which
      the metal is incorporated into lysosomes is not known.

PMID- 2292474
TI  - Host defenses against copper toxicity.

PMID- 2292475
TI  - Chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2292476
TI  - Carcinomas involving the esophagogastric junction.
AB  - In order to avoid confusion in categorizing malignant lesions for surgical
      treatment, a definition and criteria of carcinomas significantly involving the
      esophagogastric junction (ECJ-Ca) and those of gastric cardia less significantly
      involving the esophagogastric junction (eC-Ca) are proposed, devised as this
      study was from a practical viewpoint. A comparative analysis of carcinomas of
      these groups was carried out, the control group being those carcinomas situated
      mainly in the upper third segment of the stomach but not involving the
      esophagogastric junction (C-Ca). Carcinomas of these regions can be determined by
      the EGJ-Index (EGJ-I) calculated through the following formula: EGJ-Index = [(
      Length of the esophageal portion of the lesions)/(length of the of the esophageal
      portion + gastric portion of the lesion])x1,000. Thus lesions of these regions
      are easily and practically classified as follows: [I]: EGJ-Ca 250 less than or
      equal to EGJ-I less than or equal to 750, 59 cases; ( II]: eC-Ca 0 less than or
      equal to EGJ-I less than 250, 88 cases; [III]: C-Ca 0 = EGJ-I, 208 cases. We
      found these categories quite suitable for practical use.

PMID- 2292477
TI  - Techniques of rectal oncologic survey.
AB  - The possibility of constructing very low anastomoses using stapling devices led
      many surgeons to reduce the length of the distal clearance to 1-2 cm. This made
      it possible to perform a low anterior resection instead of an abdominoperineal
      resection of the rectum in a greater number of cases. Furthermore, the enthusiasm
      in preserving sphincteric function induced some Authors to perform a local
      excision for tumors of the distal portion of the rectum. On the other hand, in
      order to improve patients' survival after curative operations for cancer, either
      of the rectum or rectosigmoid junction, other surgeons have adopted a more
      aggressive approach, extending exeresis to the peri-aortocaval and pelvic nodes,
      and to the possible liver metastases as well. On the basis of our experience (374
      cases from 1972 to March 1989) and a critical review of the literature,
      indications, techniques, and results of curative operations for both rectal and
      recto-sigmoid junction cancer are examined. The role of extended abdomino-pelvic
      lymphadenectomy is also discussed. The Authors believe that in the absence of a
      reliable evaluation of the potential of these tumors, an aggressive approach is
      required. Local excision is reserved to very selected cases, which should undergo
      an intensive follow-up in order to detect recurrences at a very early stage.

PMID- 2292478
TI  - Liver, spleen and kidney cultures in different conditions of splenic
      preservation.
AB  - The appearance of the postsplenectomy syndrome has made investigators focus all
      attention on the immunitary aspects that could change following a splenic
      extirpation. Besides this, bacterial clearance has been considered fundamental in
      this pathology. We present an experimental study comparing liver, spleen and
      kidney cultures in different conditions of splenic preservation, including
      autotransplantation, and with sepsis induced by the inoculation of capsulated
      Escherichia coli. The majority of tissue cultures were positive, showing, in must
      cases, a statistical correlation between the number of microorganisms in each
      organ for every animal. This confirms that all three organs act alike, as
      bacterial filters.

PMID- 2292479
TI  - Impact of neck dissection on survival in well-differentiated thyroid cancer: a
      multivariate analysis of 218 cases.
AB  - The management of cervical lymph node metastases in well-differentiated carcinoma
      of the thyroid has been highly controversial. In the Department of Surgery (II),
      Kanazawa University Hospital, the surgical management of cervical lymph node
      metastases in curable well-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid has been
      changed from a conservative approach to an aggressive one since 1973. In order to
      determine whether an aggressive approach for cervical lymph node metastases is
      adequate, a retrospective multivariate analysis was carried out of 218 cases of
      well-differentiated thyroid cancer. The patients have been followed up from 5 to
      30 years. Multivariate analysis was conducted following Cox's model. As for the
      results, the aggressive management of cervical lymph node metastases appeared to
      have an impact on survival. Furthermore, age and sex were confirmed to be
      important prognostic factors and a partial lobectomy was confirmed to be
      inadequate as a type of thyroidectomy.

PMID- 2292480
TI  - Costosynthetic stabilization of massive chest wall instability.
AB  - Operative stabilization of massive chest wall instability is described in 38
      patients. 35 patients were young combat casualties with penetrating chest
      injuries operated upon at front hospitals with limited resources, two patients
      sustained automobile accidents with blunt thoracic trauma resulting in an
      extensive flial chest and one patient with elective chest wall resection for soft
      tissue sarcoma. Intramedullary K-Wires were universally used as costosynthetic
      stabilizers. The results were classified as good to excellent in comparison to
      non operative or other complex operative procedures and a very low mortality rate
      was achieved as compared to our past experience and the surgical literature.

PMID- 2292481
TI  - Mixed venous oxygen saturation in abdominal aortic surgery: intraoperative
      hypothermia and vasodilator therapy implications.
AB  - This prospective study was designed to test the hypothesis that intraoperative
      hypothermia occurring during abdominal aortic surgery and vasodilator therapy
      used to avoid severe consequences of aortic clamping could both disturb the mixed
      venous oxygen saturation signal (SVO2). Twenty high risk surgical patients, ASA
      physical status II or III, were catheterized with the standard pulmonary artery
      catheter; SVO2 was determined by direct spectrophotometric measurements of oxygen
      haemoglobin concentration of serial samples. The relationships between SVO2,
      haemodynamic, metabolic variables and core temperature were analyzed.
      Haemodynamic values and oxygen transport were stable while inadequate tissue
      oxygenation occurred. A significant correlation was found between SVO2 and CI (r
      = 0.59, p less than 0.01), SVO2 and SVRI (r = -0.4, p less than 0.01), SVO2 and
      CT (r = -0.46, p less than 0.01), SVO2 and VO2 (r = -0.76, p less than 0.001).
      SVO2 and Qs/Qt (r = 0.83, p less than 0.001), SVO2 and EO2 (r = -0.75, p less
      than 0.001. No correlation was observed between SVO2 and lactacidemia (r = 0.04,
      p less than 0.05). Satisfactory haemodynamic stability and oxygen transport
      steady-state were the main conditions for a significant correlation between SVO2
      and haemodynamic factors. However, there was no correlation between SVO2 and
      inadequate tissue oxygenation. SVO2 reflected only oxygen extraction.
      Intraoperative hypothermia provided an increased haemoglobin affinity for oxygen.
      Vasodilator therapy which allowed a decrease in systemic vascular resistance
      produced an increase in the left-right shunt and in venous oxygen admission. Thus
      hypothermia and vasodilator therapy could be both responsible for the elevated
      SVO2 occurring during infrarenal abdominal aortic surgery.

PMID- 2292482
TI  - Long-term results of surgery for coronary artery fistulas.
AB  - This report describes our long-term result of surgery for coronary artery fistula
      in 12 patients. Follow-up range was from one year to 15 years, and with one
      exception they were all congenital in origin. Diagnosis was confirmed with
      angiography in all cases, showing single fistulous tract in four patients and
      multiple in eight patients. All but one patient were operated on by
      cardiopulmonary bypass with no mortality and with complete resolution of symptoms
      and no recurrence of the fistula. We conclude that surgery for coronary artery
      fistula can be accomplished safely with excellent long-term results and should be
      recommended for all patients to prevent life-threatening complications that may
      develop.

PMID- 2292483
TI  - Dissolution of bile duct stones with monooctanoin: in vitro study.
AB  - Mono-octanoin (Mo) is the drug of choice in the topical litholytic treatment of
      residual gallstones following cholecystectomy. Although this drug does not
      produce significant side effects, it requires a lengthy period of treatment (15
      20 days). The purpose of this study was to verify the in vitro efficacy of the
      mixture Mo + 10% H2O vs pure Mo in human cholesterol stones. The findings
      indicate that this mixture can reduce dissolution time by 15.8% and increase the
      dissolution rate by 27.9% vs pure Mo. A further significant reduction (p =
      0.0001) in dissolution times can be obtained by constant exchange of the solvent
      at the surface of the stone (stirring).

PMID- 2292485
TI  - A side-to-end choledochoduodenostomy between the common bile duct and the stump
      of the transected duodenum.
AB  - A technique for treating patients with benign pyloric stenosis and associated
      choledocholithiasis upon a dilated common bile duct is described. The procedure
      consists in the performance of a Billroth II partial gastrectomy with the
      Hofmeinster-Finsterer modification and truncal vagotomy and a simultaneous side
      to-end choledochoduodenostomy between the common bile duct and the duodenal
      stump. We have operated two cases in this way up to now without complications and
      with good postoperative results.

PMID- 2292484
TI  - The iliopubic tract. The key to inguinal herniorrhaphy?
AB  - The iliopubic tract exists. It is not illusory. It is the small inferior tongue
      of the transversus abdominis aponeurosis; separated from its parent by the
      spermatic cord at the internal ring. The tract may be reinforced by a variable
      number of fibers from the transversalis fascia, however the entire structure is
      of significant strength in less than 25% of cases. Since the iliopubic tract
      inserts into the pubic ramus, a significant gap is created between it and the
      main transversus aponeurosis which inserts some distance above into the rectus
      sheath. Despite the use of a relaxing incision and irrespective of whether one
      sutures the transversus aponeurosis to Cooper's ligament, Poupart's ligament, or
      the iliopubic tract, unacceptable tension occurs. This results from attempting to
      approximate tissues not normally in apposition. A tension free repair is
      suggested which should significantly reduce the bete noir of the hernia surgeon
      recurrence.

PMID- 2292486
TI  - Resurfacing of skin in hand injuries.
AB  - The Authors discuss their experience with the use of various flaps (radial
      artery, groin and abdomen) in the primary or delayed cover of skin defect in the
      hand, in a total number of 20 cases. All the three types of flaps took up well in
      3-4 weeks with minimal complications. The Authors preferred the radial artery
      flap to the groin and abdominal flaps, in that order.

PMID- 2292487
TI  - A simple instrument for brain biopsy.

PMID- 2292488
TI  - Successful simultaneous repair of coincidental bleeding malignant lymphoma of the
      stomach and expanding abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - In a 61-year-old Japanese man, a concomitant bleeding gastric malignant lymphoma
      and expanding abdominal aortic aneurysm was evident. Bacterial studies were done
      for a further 32 laparotomy cases. The patient underwent abdominal aortic
      aneurysmectomy and partial gastrectomy simultaneously. The postoperative course
      was uneventful except for temporary pneumonia. The positive rate for bacterial
      culture in cases of gastric or colorectal cancers was significantly high compared
      with that in the cases of abdominal aortic aneurysm. From the viewpoint of
      bacterial contamination, these two operations should be done separately. However,
      simultaneous operations as in the current case are feasible if great care is
      taken.

PMID- 2292490
TI  - Allele frequency estimation at loci with incomplete co-dominant expression.
AB  - Although allelic variants at a locus usually are expressed either dominantly or
      co-dominantly, there are many cases when a gene is dominantly expressed in some
      individuals and co-dominantly in others. We present a maximum-likelihood
      procedure for allele frequency estimation in such situations of "incomplete" co
      dominant gene expression at an autosomal locus that segregates for two alleles.
      Our proposed estimator generally is less biased and has a smaller sampling
      variance than those previously described.

PMID- 2292489
TI  - Carcinoid tumor of the biliary duct.
AB  - Carcinoid tumors which arise from enterochromaffin cells are usually found in the
      appendix, ileum, bronchus and rectum. Biliary duct carcinoids are exceedingly
      rare. Pre-operative diagnosis is very difficult because they mimic the signs and
      symptoms of choledocholithiasis. We report a case of biliary duct carcinoid. A 38
      year-old woman admitted with signs and symptoms of obstructive jaundice. ERCP
      demonstrated an obstruction in the common bile duct. A choledochotomy T drainage
      was performed. Histopathologically the mass which was removed from the common
      bile duct was a carcinoid tumor. There are only nine cases of biliary duct
      carcinoid in the literature to date. These cases are reviewed.

PMID- 2292491
TI  - Viability of first and second generation hybrids of Drosophila virilis and
      Drosophila lummei.
AB  - F1 hybrids of D. virilis and D. lummei survived significantly worse than the
      parents. When D. virilis was the mother, larger proportion of hybrids failed to
      emerge from pupal case, but overall survival rate of reciprocals was about the
      same. Viability of different heterospecific combinations of sex chromosomes and
      autosomes was studied in backcrosses. All the sex chromosomes survived well on
      the background of all-heterozygous autosomes. Hemizygous X was reciprocally
      subvital with homozygous alien autosomes. The reduced viability was male sex
      limited. The X-linked factor causing this effect was localized in the area of the
      large, phylogenetically ancient double inversion In(1)a+b. All four large
      autosomes were heterotic in backcross hybrids, more strongly in females. Five out
      of six possible first degree interactions between the autosomes were negative,
      indicating incompatibility between heterospecific autosomes. This effect was
      stronger in females. The genetic basis for hybrid subvitality is sex-specific.

PMID- 2292492
TI  - Curious oddments of auditory-nerve studies.
AB  - Three interesting theoretical issues are presented to illustrate how certain
      isolated observations on auditory-nerve activity can be puzzling until other,
      seemingly unrelated phenomena are documented. The issues are (1) disinhibition;
      (2) 'peak-splitting'; and (3) independence of spike generation in primary neurons
      innervating the same inner-hair cell. (1) The issue of disinhibition is important
      for theories of lateral inhibition. For auditory-nerve fibers, the question can
      he phrased, 'If the rate of discharge to a tone at the characteristic frequency
      (CF) of a unit can he reduced by adding a second tone off the CF, is it possible
      to suppress this reduction by adding a third tone, even further off the CF?' The
      data are insufficient to conclude that disinhibition is found for auditory-nerve
      fibers and other explanations are available to account for the results of three
      tone experiments. (2) Normally, only a single peak in the histogram of responses
      to low tones is phase-locked, but at high stimulus levels, the histograms will
      show two, or even three, peaks per stimulus cycle ('peak-splitting'). At still
      higher levels, the histograms again show only a single peak, but it is phase
      shifted from the original peak for low stimulus levels. This complex sequence of
      events can be accounted for by simple models. (3) Although simultaneous
      recordings from pairs of auditory-nerve fibers have failed to show non-stimulus
      related correlations between spike trains, it has not been directly demonstrated
      that any two recorded fibers innervate the same hair cell. However, an indirect
      argument is offered to support the idea that fibers innervating a single inner
      hair cell must have independent spike generators.

PMID- 2292493
TI  - Reconstructions of efferent fibers in the postnatal hamster cochlea.
AB  - It is well known that adult-like physiological functioning of the mammalian
      postnatal cochlea occurs coincidentally with the presence of efferent synapses on
      outer hair cells (OHCs). This study described the cochlear innervation patterns
      of thick efferent fibers traveling in the vestibular nerve in postnatal hamsters
      ranging in age from day zero to day 10. At least three kinds of efferent fibers
      were labeled via an in vitro horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique: varicose,
      thin efferents; nonvaricose, thin efferents; and nonvaricose, thick efferents.
      Nonvaricose thick efferents were reconstructed from the basal third of the
      cochlea. Reconstructed efferent fibers traversed in the intraganglionic spiral
      bundle (IGSB) on the peripheral edge of the spiral ganglion and branched
      profusely in the osseous spiral lamina (OSL). From day zero to day five, large
      (greater than 1.0 microns) diameter nonvaricose efferent fibers gave rise to
      branches that either terminated underneath inner hair cells or appeared to end
      blindly in the OSL. Efferent fibers also had branches that traveled in the inner
      spiral bundle (ISB) and tunnel spiral bundle (TSB). In cochleae from hamsters six
      to eight days old, some thin and thick diameter efferent fibers contacted both
      inner and outer hair cells. By the tenth day, large diameter fibers traveled
      radially across the tunnel of Corti to terminate on one to five OHCs. As early as
      day seven, large diameter fibers also appear to terminate preferentially on OHCs
      in row one. These observations are consistent with the notion that the end of the
      first postnatal week represents a critical period in the formation of adult-like
      synapses on the OHCs. The data also suggest a developmental transition period
      when efferent fibers contact both hair cell types before contacting OHCs
      separately.

PMID- 2292494
TI  - Degeneration of cochlear neurons as seen in the spiral ganglion of man.
AB  - A light and electron microscopic study of the spiral ganglion cells of a normal
      individual, a patient with Meniere's syndrome, and a patient with long-standing
      unilateral profound deafness was done to evaluate patterns of neural degeneration
      in the human inner ear. Parametric data for the normal spiral ganglion are
      presented and compared with the pathologic ganglia. In the ear with Meniere's
      syndrome, the nuclear area and axonic diameter of spiral ganglion cells were
      significantly smaller than in the contralateral and the normal ear. This was
      interpreted as evidence of neuronal degeneration in Meniere's syndrome. In the
      spiral ganglion of the long-standing deaf ear, there appeared to be selective
      preservation of large cells with no dendritic processes, contrary to the pattern
      of degeneration seen in the spiral ganglion of the animal.

PMID- 2292495
TI  - Estimation of surviving spiral ganglion cells in the deaf rat using the
      electrically evoked auditory brainstem response.
AB  - A procedure was developed to record the electrically evoked auditory brainstem
      response (EABR) in the rat with sufficiently little stimulus artifact to permit
      systematic measurements of the first positive wave (P1), the compound action
      potential (CAP) of the auditory nerve. Our principal aim was to verify the
      theoretical prediction that maximum P1 amplitude is directly proportional to the
      number of excitable auditory nerve fibers. This was carried out in animals with
      graded lesions of the spiral ganglion induced by perfusion of the cochlea with
      different concentrations of neomycin. Two series of observations confirmed the
      theoretical prediction. Several measures of P1, including maximum amplitude, and
      slopes of the P1 and P1-N1 growth functions, were highly correlated with the
      number of surviving spiral ganglion cells. Correlation coefficients (r) ranged
      from 0.75 to 0.92. Amplitudes of the later waves exhibited much lower
      correlations with spiral ganglion cell counts. These findings suggest that
      measurement of the CAP in deaf humans, possibly as wave I of the EABR, should
      provide quantitative information about the status of the nerve, which could be
      useful in screening candidates for cochlear implants, prescribing the optimum
      device for individual patients, and determining how benefits derived from such
      devices relate to the condition of the auditory nerve.

PMID- 2292497
TI  - Cochlear mechanics: coiling effects (I, II) and the absorption equation (III).
AB  - Mechanical effects of cochlear coiling are examined by comparing wave propagation
      in straight and coiled two-dimensional models. (1) Compressional waves PC speed
      up in the coiled system and PC lambda/4 resonance frequencies differ between
      models by about 1/2 octave. (2) For transpartitional waves PT, there exists a
      condition of complete model equivalence. (3) Straight models with equal, instead
      of equivalent depths underestimate coiled PT speed in the long wave limit. (4)
      Straight model theory alone fails to predict that there is a special radius
      relation for maximum coiled PT speed at long wave lengths. (5) The case of near
      zero modiolar radius is interesting in connection with responses to the stapes
      near-field. It is suggested that the simple physical assumption implicit to most
      PT integration procedures has been, that the longitudinal power flow drops at
      twice the relative rate of the local fields. Two new equations are obtained: the
      'absorption equation' and the equation for 'absorption tonotopy'.

PMID- 2292496
TI  - Spiral ganglion cell endings in the cochlear nucleus of young and old rats.
AB  - The spiral ganglion cells (SGCs) forming the auditory nerve have been shown to
      degenerate with age in both human and animal models, presumably resulting in post
      synaptic sites in the cochlear nucleus (CN) that have lost their inputs. The
      present study examined the morphological changes in the surviving SGC endings in
      the CN of aged animals. The auditory nerves of 2-3 MO and 25-26 MO male, Fisher
      344 rats were anterogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase and the CN
      prepared histochemically. This resulted in Golgi-like labeling of afferent fibers
      and their terminals. All endings within each section were drawn and the area and
      number of components per ending were measured. Young and old animals both had
      about the same proportion of "simple", "string" and "complex" endings within the
      ventral CN, with complex endings being predominant in both age groups. The area
      of many complex endings was greater in the old animals with some endings being
      twice as large as any seen in young animals. There was no evidence of smaller
      endings in the old animals, suggesting that endings are not shrinking with age. A
      comparison of the number of components per complex ending revealed significantly
      more complexity in the endings of aged animals. Following the degeneration of
      SGCs it seems likely that the remaining cells, by increasing the area and
      altering the shape of their central terminals, may cover some of the post
      synaptic sites made available by degenerated endings in aged animals.

PMID- 2292498
TI  - Two-tone rate suppression in auditory-nerve fibers: dependence on suppressor
      frequency and level.
AB  - The growth of two-tone rate suppression with suppressor level was studied for
      auditory-nerve fibers in anesthetized cats. The level of a tone at the
      characteristic frequency (CF) was adjusted by an adaptive procedure (PEST) so
      that, when presented with a suppressor tone, the CF tone would produce a
      criterion discharge rate. Suppression (in dB) was defined as the CF-tone level
      that met criterion in the presence of a suppressor minus the level that met
      criterion in quiet. The growth of suppression with suppressor level was well
      characterized by a straight line whose slope (in dB-excitor/dB-suppressor) varied
      with suppressor frequency by as much as a factor of 10 in the same fiber. These
      slope differences were systematically related to the position of the suppressor
      frequency relative to the fiber CF: for below-CF suppressors, slopes ranged from
      1 to 3 dB/dB, while, for above-CF suppressors, they were between 0.15 and 0.7
      dB/dB. Slopes decreased rapidly with increasing suppressor frequency near the CF,
      but, for frequencies well below the CF, the slope reached a maximum that
      increased gradually with CF. These results resemble psychophysical data on the
      growth of masking and psychophysical suppression, and pose difficulties for
      existing models of two-tone suppression.

PMID- 2292499
TI  - Correlation between regional changes in the distributions of GABA-containing
      neurons and unit response properties in the medial geniculate body of the cat.
AB  - A consistent change in the distribution of single units as a function of several
      of their properties of response to clicks, noise and tone bursts was observed
      along the rostro-caudal axis in the ventral division of the medial geniculate
      body (vMGB). From posterior to anterior, the proportion of inhibitory response
      patterns and non-monotonic intensity functions progressively decreased; response
      latencies were progressively shorter and less dispersed from caudal to rostral.
      This functional heterogeneity is consistent with the segregation of the
      thalamocortical interconnections: the anterior part of vMGB projects to the
      anterior and primary auditory cortical fields, whereas the posterior part of vMGB
      projects mainly to the posterior auditory cortical field. Changes in the
      distribution of response properties from posterior to anterior in vMGB were found
      to be correlated with a progressive decrease of the density of GABA
      immunoreactive neurons from caudal to rostral. Since GABAergic neurons in sensory
      thalamic nuclei are believed to be interneurons, these data suggest that
      interneurons might contribute to regional changes in the distribution of some
      response properties along the rostro-caudal axis in vMGB. In particular, the high
      proportion of inhibitory response patterns and non-monotonic intensity functions
      in the posterior vMGB might well be related to the high density of GABA
      containing neurons caudally, where they exert a strong inhibitory influence on
      principal cells. Intrinsic neurons might contribute to the segregation of the
      acoustic information transferred from vMGB to the various auditory cortical
      fields. In contrast, no clear and systematic change in the distribution of
      response properties along the rostro-caudal axis was observed in the medial
      division of the MGB, in which the GABA-immunoreactive neurons were evenly
      distributed.

PMID- 2292500
TI  - Contribution of centrifugal innervation to choline acetyltransferase activity in
      the cat cochlear nucleus.
AB  - Using a quantitative microchemical mapping approach combined with surgical cuts
      of fiber tracts, the contributions of centrifugal pathways to choline
      acetyltransferase activity were mapped three-dimensionally in the cat cochlear
      nucleus. Large reductions of choline acetyltransferase activity, averaging 70%,
      were measured in almost all parts of the lesion-side nucleus following
      transection of virtually all its centrifugal connections. More superficial cuts,
      penetrating just through the olivocochlear bundle, also led to significant
      reductions of enzyme activity, especially most rostrally in the anteroventral
      cochlear nucleus and superficial granular region, where the reductions were
      similar to those following the complete cuts. Lesions encroaching upon the
      superior olivary complex gave bilateral effects. Transverse cuts between rostral
      and caudal parts of the cochlear nucleus gave some small effects. The results
      suggest that, as in rats, most choline acetyltransferase activity in the cat
      cochlear nucleus is associated with its centrifugal innervation. However, unlike
      the situation in rats, the enzyme activity in cats is related more to
      olivocochlear branches than to ventral fibers in the trapezoid body region. Also,
      the choline acetyltransferase activity related to olivocochlear collateral
      innervation is much less uniformly distributed within the cochlear nucleus in
      cats than in rats.

PMID- 2292501
TI  - Immunocytochemical evidence for inhibitory and disinhibitory circuits in the
      superior olive.
AB  - Immunostaining of the cat superior olivary complex with antisera against glycine,
      calbindin, GABA, and its synthetic enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) reveals
      considerable new information about neural connections that underlie processing of
      binaural signals. Antisera against glycine and calbindin immunostain principal
      cells and processes of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). The
      extent of staining of fine processes afforded by the calbindin antisera reveals
      collateral processes of MNTB axons within the medial superior olive (MSO) and
      numerous terminals of these collaterals on neuronal somata and proximal
      dendrites. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of these terminals shows them
      to have the morphological features characteristic of inhibitory synapses,
      indicating that there can be considerable inhibitory inputs to MSO cells from the
      contralateral cochlear nucleus via the MNTB. Immunostaining for GAD and GABA
      shows some GABAergic inputs, mostly to dendrites within the MSO. Within the MNTB
      there are elaborate GABAergic endings that surround the principal cells. Electron
      microscopic immunocytochemistry of these terminals reveals the expected features
      characteristic of inhibitory synapses. The glycinergic inhibitory output of the
      MNTB cells is therefore subject to disinhibition by activity of these elaborate
      GABAergic inputs. Other endings that immunostain with antisera to leucine-
      enkephalin and neurotensin are found in modest amounts in both MSO and MNTB.
      Immunostaining of neuronal somata within the superior olivary complex suggests
      that the origins of the peptidergic and GABAergic endings in the MSO and MNTB may
      be periolivary cells. Whatever the origins, the results clearly indicate that
      control of the inhibitory GABAergic inputs to the MNTB can profoundly affect the
      inhibitory glycinergic MNTB outputs to other principal olivary nuclei.
      Investigations of the circumstances under which these circuits are activated will
      reveal much about neural processing that underlies binaural hearing.

PMID- 2292502
TI  - Anatomical model of the cochlea of the alligator lizard.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of the cochlea of the alligator lizard was
      examined and an anatomical model was constructed. Separate pieces of the model
      represent the cochlear duct and posterior branch of the eighth cranial nerve.
      These pieces fit together inside a transparent plastic piece that represents the
      bony capsule. In this paper, the method used to construct the anatomical model is
      described, and three-dimensional features of cochlear anatomy are illustrated.

PMID- 2292503
TI  - Function-based modeling of binaural processing: interaural level.
AB  - The function-based modeling approach applies optimal estimation theory to sensory
      phenomena for determining how relevant sensory parameters are extracted from
      stimuli and how the characteristics of the resulting optimal processing system
      compare with those of the sensory system. This approach is applied to the neural
      system involved in the binaural localization of sustained high-frequency sound
      sources: the lateral superior olive (LSO) of the cat. The sufficient statistic
      produced by the optimal processor is shown to be related to the interaural level
      difference. This level difference is processed optimally when the inputs are
      excitatory from one ear and inhibitory from the opposite ear. Response
      characteristics of LSO single units are remarkably similar, thereby strongly
      supporting the notion that LSO units are intimately involved in high-frequency
      binaural hearing. Optimal processor theory is also used to assess lateralization
      performance when the hearing thresholds of the two ears differ.

PMID- 2292504
TI  - Signal processing in brainstem auditory neurons which receive giant endings
      (calyces of Held) in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of the cat.
AB  - In the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), each principal neuron
      receives one large axonal ending (a calyx of Held) and many small endings. In
      this same region, microelectrode recordings show unusual 'unit' waveforms which
      have two components separated by about 0.5 ms. We show that the first component
      (C1) of such a waveform corresponds to a spike from the calyx of Held and that
      the second component (C2) corresponds to a spike from the MNTB principal neuron.
      There are two kinds of evidence for these correspondences. First, electrical
      stimulation of calyciferous axons in the contralateral trapezoid body evokes C1
      spikes with latencies of 0.1-0.3 ms. These latencies are too short for there to
      be an intervening synapse and are consistent with C1 being a presynaptic spike.
      Second, shocks in the lateral superior olive (which receives projections from
      MNTB principal-neurons) evoke 'A' spikes in the MNTB which can be shown by their
      waveshapes and mutual refractoriness with C2 spikes to result from antidromic
      activation of the neurons producing C2 spikes. Spontaneous and sound-evoked
      responses in dozens of cats anesthetized by barbiturates or Ketamine always had a
      C2 spike following each C1 spike. This implies that there is normally one-to-one
      spike transmission from the calyx of Held input to the MNTB principal neuron
      output. The small endings on MNTB principal neurons are also capable of evoking
      spikes. Electric shocks (and in one case, sound), evoked long latency (1-3 ms)
      'LC2' spikes, which (by mutual refractoriness and waveshape) are from the same
      neural elements as C2 and 'A' spikes. Since LC2 spikes are not preceded by C1
      spikes, LC2 spikes must be mediated by small axonal endings on MNTB principal
      neurons. We found some evidence of inhibition, possibly recurrent inhibition, in
      MNTB principal neurons. In a few neurons, sound or shocks inhibited 'A' spikes or
      LC2 spikes. In some cases, after each C2 spike, LC2 spikes were blocked or
      reduced in amplitude for several milliseconds. Our data firmly establish that
      there is fast, secure spike transmission from calyces of Held to MNTB principal
      neurons and suggest that under some circumstances there is additional signal
      processing in MNTB principal neurons.

PMID- 2292505
TI  - Coincidence model of MSO responses.
AB  - A simple coincidence model of MSO responses is presented. The model is notable in
      that it contains no inhibition beyond the synchronization to the fine structure
      of the stimulus as seen in auditory nerve firing patterns. Output patterns for
      model cells are simulated and compared with patterns observed in available
      recordings from EE cells in the MSO. Patterns are compared in terms of discharge
      rate, vector strength, and period histograms. The patterns generated by the model
      are found to provide an adequate representation of the data, and it is concluded
      that a more complex model is not required at this tme to describe available data
      on MSO firing patterns.

PMID- 2292506
TI  - Prediction of binaural click lateralization by brainstem auditory evoked
      potentials.
AB  - A previous study by Furst et al. (1985) has shown that in healthy subjects
      brainstem responses evoked by binaural auditory stimuli with interaural time
      difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD) include information about
      the integration of data received by both ears. A correlation was found between
      the first major peak of the binaural difference waveform and perception of click
      lateralization and fusion. We have now tested whether a similar correlation
      exists in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The ability to lateralize
      dichotic clicks was tested in MS patients with normal audiograms. Two kinds of
      psychoacoustical experiments were employed: (1) A matching experiment in which
      the subject was asked to match the perceived positions of two click trains, one
      of which consisted of dichotic clicks with ILD and the other dichotic clicks with
      ITD; and (2) A positional JND experiment in which the subject was asked to
      determine the difference in perceived position of two successive click trains.
      Two reference positions were tested, the head center and the side of the head
      near the ear, while the control was either on ITD or on ILD. According to the
      psychoacoustical performances, three groups of patients were identified. Group I
      consisted of patients who performed normally in all the psychoacoustical
      experiments. Group II patients were able to lateralize binaural clicks but
      performed abnormally in the matching experiment and in the position
      discrimination experiment when the control was on ITD and the reference position
      was the head center. The patients in Group II performed normally in the
      discrimination experiments when the control was on ILD, and when the control was
      on ITD but the reference position was the head side. Group III consisted of those
      who were not able to perform either one of the psychoacoustical experiments. They
      perceived the same binaural clicks in different positions in different times.
      Brainstem auditory potentials evoked by dichotic clicks with different ILDs and
      ITDs were measured in all the MS patients, and the corresponding binaural
      difference (BD) waveforms were calculated. Whenever beta, the first major peak of
      BD, was identified it was used to obtain a physiological matching curve. It was
      derived by matching an ILD on the basis of similar beta latencies. For every
      patient, in either Group I or II, the physiological matching curve was very
      similar to his psychoacoustical matching curve.

PMID- 2292507
TI  - The effect of brainstem lesions on brainstem auditory evoked potentials in the
      cat.
AB  - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were recorded before and after cuts
      were made in either the midline trapezoid body (TB), the lateral lemniscus (LL),
      or the combined dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae (DAS/IAS) in 23
      anesthetized cats. Monaural and binaural rarefaction clicks were presented at a
      rate of 10 per s, and the potentials recorded from a vertex electrode referenced
      to either earbar or to the neck. The potentials were filtered so that fast and
      slow components could be examined separately and special efforts were exerted to
      obtain stable conditions so that small changes in waveforms could be significant.
      Lesions of the DAS/IAS produced negligible changes in either the fast or slow
      waves. Lesions of the midline TB reduced the amplitudes of peaks P3 through P5,
      while greatly reducing the amplitude of the slow wave. Complete lesions of the LL
      always reduced the amplitude of the slow wave. Lesions of the ventral part of the
      LL were more likely to reduce the amplitude of P4-P5. Our interpretations of
      these lesion experiments are based on the idea that individual fast peaks of the
      BAEP represent compound action potentials of fiber pathways. According to this
      view, only synchronized activity generated in populations of neurons that are
      both favorably oriented in space and significant in number, will contribute to
      the fast peak.

PMID- 2292508
TI  - Modeling rapid waveform compression on the basilar membrane as multiple-bandpass
      nonlinearity filtering.
AB  - Evidence has accumulated from experimental intracochlear studies that nonlinear
      mechanical response of the basilar membrane is responsible for cochlear frequency
      tuning and is the major source of extracochlear nonlinear phenomena in cochlear
      sound analysis. Known basilar-membrane data provide a basis for synthesizing and
      quantifying conceptions of cochlear signal processing derived earlier from
      extracochlear studies that indicated the existence of rapid waveform compression
      and dual signal processing. The multiple-bandpass-nonlinearity (MBNL) model
      represents and generalizes available measurements of basilar-membrane mechanical
      responses in terms of a rapid nonlinear mixing at each place of an insensitive,
      linearlike lowpass filter with a sensitive, compressive bandpass filter. The dual
      filters are associated with the tails and tips of cochlear frequency tuning
      curves. Simulations of published nonlinear mechanical responses of the basilar
      membrane and predicted correlations with auditory-nerve responses are
      systematically explored. Correlations between model and biophysical data suggest
      that the model represents a nonlinear mixing by outer hair cells of
      hydromechanical and electromechanical signals, and thus provides a quantitative
      tool for biophysical study of cochlear mechanisms.

PMID- 2292509
TI  - Development of the statocyst in Aplysia californica. I. Observations on
      statoconial development.
AB  - The gravity receptor organs of gastropod molluscs, such as Aplysia californica,
      are bilateral paired statocysts, which contain dense statoconia within a fluid
      filled cyst. Gravitational forces on the statoconia are sensed through their
      interaction with ciliated mechanoreceptor cells in the wall of the cyst. Larval
      Aplysia contain a single statolith within each statocyst; when the animals grow
      to a critical size, they begin producing multiple statoconia, a process that
      continues throughout life. The number of statoconia is highly correlated with
      animal weight but poorly correlated with age, indicating that stone production is
      related to total metabolism. The single statolith has an amorphous internal
      structure whereas the multiple statoconia have calcification deposited on
      concentric layers of membrane or matrix protein. The statolith appears to be
      produced within the cyst lumen but the multiple statoconia are produced within
      supporting cells between the receptor cells. Large adult animals have statoconia
      larger than those in early post-metamorphic animals which have just started
      producing multiple stones. The maximum statocyst diameter at which the receptor
      cell cilia can suspend the statolith in the center of the cyst lumen is 45
      microns; production of multiple stones begins when the cyst reaches this size.
      The mechanisms by which statoconia production is initiated and controlled are
      discussed.

PMID- 2292510
TI  - Changes in the synaptic region of auditory hair cells during noise-induced
      temporary threshold shift.
AB  - During noise-induced temporary threshold shift cytoplasmic vacuoles increase in
      the synaptic region of auditory hair cells. This structural change in the
      presynaptic region suggests that afferent synapses between hair cells and
      auditory nerve fibers fail during the period of threshold elevation, and that
      synaptic fatigue may play a major role.

PMID- 2292511
TI  - Morphophysiological and ultrastructural studies in the mammalian cristae
      ampullares.
AB  - There are three kinds of afferent terminations in the cristae ampullares. Calyx
      units innervate a few neighboring type I hair cells. Bouton units contact several
      type II hair cells. Dimorphic units innervate both kinds of receptors. Axon
      diameters are largest for calyx fibers and smallest for bouton fibers. Dimorphic
      units supply all parts of the sensory epithelium. Calyx units are confined to the
      central zone of the crista and bouton units to its peripheral zone. Intra-axonal
      labeling was used to determine the innervation patterns of physiologically
      characterized afferents. Calyx units are irregularly discharging. Dimorphic units
      in the central zone have a more irregular discharge than those in the peripheral
      zone. Bouton units, which have also been identified by their slow conduction
      velocities, are regularly discharging. An afferent's discharge regularity,
      sensitivity to externally applied galvanic currents and response dynamics are
      more closely related to its epithelial location than to its branching pattern or
      to the types and number of hair cells it contacts. Of the various discharge
      properties studied, only the rotational gains seemed closely related to terminal
      morphology. Afferents innervating the central and peripheral zones differ in
      their innervation patterns and discharge properties. A preliminary
      ultrastructural study indicates that there also are regional variations in
      synaptic organization. Type II hair cells in the peripheral zone are contacted by
      many more afferent boutons than those in the central zone. Individual central
      boutons have multiple ribbon synapses with type II hair cells, whereas each
      peripheral bouton usually has a single synaptic contact. Synapses between type II
      hair cells and calyx endings are common centrally, but not peripherally. Two
      synaptic features did not vary regionally: 1) type I hair cells usually make 10
      20 ribbon synapses with their calyx endings; and 2) each type II hair cell is
      contacted by 2-6 efferent endings. The number of efferent boutons in contact with
      each calyx ending declines slightly from the peripheral zone to the central zone.
      Reciprocal synapses were rare.

PMID- 2292512
TI  - The biodegradation of halogenated organic compounds.

PMID- 2292513
TI  - Prevalence of Salmonella in chicken carcasses in Portugal.
AB  - During 1986-87 57% of 300 chicken carcasses yielded salmonellas where tested by a
      swabbing method. Serotypes isolated were Salmonella enteritidis (66%), Salm.
      agona (12%), Salm. newport (6%), Salm. saintpaul (6%), Salm. derby (4%), Salm.
      typhimurium (3%), Salm. bardo (1%), Salm. ohio (1%) and untypable (2%). The
      results are compared with those of avian and human salmonellosis registered in
      Portugal during the same period.

PMID- 2292514
TI  - The combined effect of incubation temperature, pH and sorbic acid on the
      probability of growth of non-proteolytic, type B Clostridium botulinum.
AB  - It has been reported that non-proteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum will
      grow at 3.3 degrees C, and they are therefore of concern in relation to certain
      chilled foods. The effects of combinations of inhibitory factors may be used to
      reduce the risk of growth of these bacteria in foods. The combined effect of pH
      values between 4.8 and 7.0, temperatures between 6 degrees and 30 degrees C, and
      sorbic acid concentrations up to 2270 mg/l on the probability of growth from a
      single spore of non-proteolytic, type B strains in a culture medium has been
      determined. A mathematical model has been developed that enables the effect of
      varying combinations of these factors on the probability of growth of non
      proteolytic, type B Cl. botulinum to be predicted.

PMID- 2292516
TI  - A proposal for using previous experience in designing microbiological sampling
      plans based on variables.
AB  - A microbiological sampling system on the basis of variables is presented which
      requires only small numbers of replicates (n greater than or equal to 2). The
      system uses previous data on standard deviations of numbers of micro-organisms in
      batches and is particularly useful for in-plant situations. The discriminating
      power of the system is comparable to that of the current International Committee
      on Microbiological Specifications for Foods sampling schemes but uses more
      replicates.

PMID- 2292515
TI  - Heat resistance in Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4: the influence of storage
      temperatures before heating.
AB  - Storage of cultures of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 at either 4 degrees or 8
      degrees C before heating significantly increased heat sensitivity. The
      differences between fresh and stored cultures, which became apparent after 4-7 h,
      were more pronounced with cultures stored at the lower temperature and in those
      heated at 60 degrees rather than 55 degrees C. Incubation of the stored cultures
      in either egg or Lemco broth for 30 min at 37 degrees C prior to heating enabled
      the organisms to recover heat resistance.

PMID- 2292517
TI  - Purification and characterization of two types of alkaline serine proteases
      produced by an alkalophilic actinomycete.
AB  - Two types of alkaline serine proteases were isolated from the culture filtrate of
      an alkalophilic actinomycete, Nocardiopsis dassonvillei OPC-210. The enzymes
      (protease I and protease II) were purified by acetone precipitation, DEAE
      Sephadex A-50, CM-Sepharose CL-6B, Sephadex G-75 and phenyl-Toyopearl 650 M
      column chromatography. The purified enzymes showed a single band on sodium
      dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of
      proteases I and II were 21,000 and 36,000, respectively. The pIs were 6.4
      (protease I) and 3.8 (protease II). The optimum pH levels for the activity of two
      proteases were pH 10-12 (protease I) and pH 10.5 (protease II). The optimum
      temperture for the activity of protease I was 70 degrees C and that for protease
      II was 60 degrees C. Protease I was stable in the range of pH 4.0-8.0 up to 60
      degrees C and protease II was stable in the range of pH 6.0-12.0 up to 50 degrees
      C.

PMID- 2292518
TI  - Centroid search optimization of cultural conditions affecting the production of
      extracellular proteinase by Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973.
AB  - The production of extracellular proteinase by Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973 grown
      in a defined citrate medium, containing glutamine as the sole nitrogen source,
      was determined under varying cultural conditions. Simultaneous evaluation of
      cultural conditions using a 'centroid search' optimization technique showed that
      the optimum cultural conditions for proteinase production by Ps. fragi were:
      incubation temperature, 12.5 degrees C; incubation time, 38 h; initial pH, 6.8;
      organic nitrogen concentration, 314 mmol nitrogen/l (glutamine); a gas mixture
      containing 16.4% oxygen flowing over the medium (7.42 ppm dissolved oxygen).
      Oxygen was the major factor influencing proteinase production by Ps. fragi. The
      results may have applications in the storage of fluid milk. Centroid search
      optimization was shown to be suitable for microbiological experiments.

PMID- 2292519
TI  - Adhesion of bacillus spores in relation to hydrophobicity.
AB  - The adhesion of spores of five different Bacillus species to solid surfaces of
      different hydrophobicity was evaluated. The spore surface hydrophobicity was
      measured using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). A large variation in
      hydrophobicity was found among the spores of the different species tested. The
      degree of adhesion of spores to the solid surfaces was consistent with the
      results obtained using the HIC method. The most hydrophobic spores, according to
      the HIC method, adhered in a much larger extent to the hydrophobic surfaces.
      Furthermore, spores generally adhered to a greater extent to hydrophobic and
      hydrophilic surfaces than did the vegetative cells.

PMID- 2292520
TI  - Growth inhibitory and biocidal activity of some isothiazolone biocides.
AB  - Similar patterns of growth inhibition were observed for the three biocides,
      benzisothiazol-3-one (BIT), 5-chloro-N-methylisothiazol-3-one (CMIT) and N
      methylisothiazol-3-one (MIT) against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe NCYC 1354. After periods of induced stasis,
      proportional to biocide concentration, growth proceeded at an inhibited rate.
      Extrapolation of the static periods and inhibited growth rates against biocide
      concentration gave minimum growth inhibitory concentration estimates of 0.1-0.5
      micrograms/ml for CMIT, 15-20 micrograms/ml for BIT and 40-250 micrograms/ml for
      MIT. Patterns of growth inhibition by CMIT and induced morphological changes in
      inhibited cultures suggested this compound to also inhibit initiation of DNA
      replication. Growth inhibitory activity was rapidly quenched by the addition of
      thiol-containing materials such as glutathione and cysteine. The activity of CMIT
      was additionally quenched by the presence of the non-thiol amino acids valine
      and/or histidine. These results suggest that the chlorinated isothiazolones can
      react with amines as well as with essential thiol groups.

PMID- 2292521
TI  - Chemical reactivity of some isothiazolone biocides.
AB  - Chemical reactions between the isothiazolone biocides, N-methylisothiazol-3-one
      (MIT), benzisothiazol-3-one (BIT) and 5-chloro-N-methylisothiazol-3-one (CMIT)
      with cysteine have been investigated by u.v. and NMR spectroscopy. At
      physiological pH all three agents interacted oxidatively with thiols to form
      disulphides. Further interaction with thiols caused the release of cystine and
      formation of a reduced, ring-opened form of the biocide (mercaptoacrylamide). In
      an analogous fashion to the initial reaction the mercaptoacrylamide reacted with
      another molecule of biocide to give biocide dimers. NMR spectral studies
      indicated that for CMIT the mercaptoacrylamide form is capable of tautomerization
      to a highly reactive thio-acyl chloride. Formation of mercaptoacrylamide was in
      all cases highly pH-dependent. Alcohol dehydrogenase was insensitive to all three
      agents but was highly sensitive to CMIT when co-administered with dithiothreitol.
      Capacity to form a thioacyl chloride from the mercaptoacrylamide is suggested to
      account for much of this enhanced activity. Stopped-flow spectroscopic studies
      showed rates of reaction with glutathione (GSH) to directly parallel
      antimicrobial activity. Additionally, CMIT was able to react directly with both
      ionization states of GSH (pH 7-10) whilst BIT and MIT appeared only to interact
      when the glutamyl-nitrogen of GSH was charged (pH 8.5).

PMID- 2292522
TI  - Barrier properties of the gram-negative cell envelope towards high molecular
      weight polyhexamethylene biguanides.
AB  - The antimicrobial activities of four discrete molecular weight fractions of
      polyhexamethylene biguanides towards a number of Escherichia coli strains have
      been investigated. Whilst activity of the polymers was observed to increase in
      proportion to polymerization number, the dependence of activity upon molecular
      weight was five times greater towards sphaeroplasts than towards whole cells.
      This suggested that the cell envelope, whilst not conferring complete resistance
      to the agents, did provide a significant exclusion barrier. Comparison of the
      activities towards rough and deep-rough lipopolysaccharide strains showed growth
      inhibitory activity, but not bactericidal activity nor respiratory inhibition, to
      be enhanced in the rough strains. Uptake studies showed mixed H- and C-type
      adsorption with significantly greater numbers of high-affinity binding sites
      being associated with rough than deep-rough lipopolysaccharide. The binding
      affinity of polyhexamethylene biguanides towards cells was also enhanced in the
      rough strains. Binding affinity was, in all cases, significantly reduced in the
      presence of magnesium and suggested a mechanism of self-promoted uptake for these
      biocides, facilitated through core lipopolysaccharide.

PMID- 2292523
TI  - Synergism within polyhexamethylene biguanide biocide formulations.
AB  - Polyhexamethylene biguanides (PHMB) are mixtures of polymeric biguanides with an
      average polymer length (n) of 5, but containing high (n greater than 15, mol. wt
      3300) and low molecular weight material (n = 2, mol. wt 400). Studies involving
      discrete molecular weight fractions of PHMB have shown that antimicrobial
      activity of PHMB increases with increasing polymer length. Cell suspensions which
      had not been subjected to centrifugation and/or washing during their preparation
      were employed. Whilst activity was still observed to increase with n, the trend
      was much reduced as n exceeded six. Centrifugation and washing of cells markedly
      increased the activity of high but not low molecular weight materials and
      corresponded to losses upon centrifugation of envelope lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
      Such envelope LPS represented high affinity binding sites on the surfaces of the
      cells. Combinations of various molecular weight fractions of PHMB were evaluated
      against filter-washed cells and revealed a profound synergy between extremes of
      polymer length.

PMID- 2292525
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of the oral cephalosporins--a review.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of the older and more recent oral cephalosporins are
      reviewed. With the exception of cefadroxil the older agents (cephalexin,
      cephradine and cefaclor) have serum elimination half-lives of less than or equal
      to 1 h and hence have to be administered three to four times daily. The urinary
      recovery of these agents is high (greater than 80% of oral dose) with the
      exception of cefaclor (54%). Cefaclor is also chemically unstable. The newer
      agents can be divided into those that are prodrugs (cefpodoxime proxetil and
      cefuroxime axetil) and compounds that are absorbed as such (cefixime, cefprozil
      and ceftibuten). They all have half-lives greater than 1.25 h and can be given
      once or twice daily. The penetration of these agents into an inflammatory exudate
      was studied and found to be cefixime 132%, ceftibuten 113%, cefpodoxime 104%,
      cefuroxime 92% and cefprozil 79% of the serum concentration. The penetration of
      cefpodoxime and cefixime into the respiratory tract was also studied; the mean
      percentage bronchial mucosal penetration was 52% for the former and 38% for
      cefixime. The urinary recovery of these newer agents (with the exception of
      ceftibuten) tends to be less than that of the earlier agents. There was a
      relationship between the serum elimination half-life of these agents and the
      degree of tissue penetration, those agents with longer half-lives penetrating to
      a greater extent.

PMID- 2292526
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cefpodoxime in young and elderly volunteers after single
      doses.
AB  - Three pharmacokinetic studies involving single oral doses of cefpodoxime proxetil
      in healthy volunteers are reported. The first study was to determine the absolute
      bioavailability of cefpodoxime, the second was to study the relationship between
      the oral dose of cefpodoxime proxetil and pharmacokinetic parameters of
      cefpodoxime, and the third was to compare the pharmacokinetics of cefpodoxime in
      healthy young and elderly volunteers. Half the dose of cefpodoxime orally
      administered as cefpodoxime proxetil in tablet form reaches the systemic
      circulation, while 80% of the cefpodoxime absorbed is excreted unchanged in
      urine. The volume of distribution is large (32.3 l). The pharmacokinetics of
      cefpodoxime were linear in young and elderly subjects after 100 and 200 mg oral
      doses, which are those used therapeutically. The Cmax was about 1.4 mg/l (after
      100 mg) and 2.6 mg/l (after 200 mg). Deviation from linearity appeared at 400 mg
      and the effect was confirmed at 800 mg. The differences between young and elderly
      subjects were negligible, with the exception of the half-life which increased by
      only 14%, from 2.67 to 3 h. Dosage adjustment is therefore not necessary in the
      elderly.

PMID- 2292524
TI  - Cleanability in relation to bacterial retention on unused and abraded domestic
      sink materials.
AB  - The relative cleanability of stainless steel, enamelled steel, mineral resin and
      polycarbonate domestic sink materials was assessed by comparing the number of
      organisms remaining on surfaces after cleaning. In unused condition all
      materials, other than one enamelled steel, were equally cleanable. Stainless
      steel, abraded artificially or impact damaged to a similar degree as stainless
      steel subjected to domestic wear, retained approximately one log order less
      bacteria after cleaning than the other materials subjected to the same
      treatments. Little difference in cleanability was recorded between the abraded
      surfaces of the other materials although enamelled steel surfaces were less
      cleanable than mineral resin or polycarbonate after impact damage, because of the
      greater susceptibility of enamelled steel to damage by this treatment. When
      cleaning time was extended beyond 10 s for the abraded and impact damaged
      materials, their cleanability was not enhanced as compared with stainless steel.
      Changes in surface finish after abrasion were assessed by surface roughness
      measurement and scanning electron microscopy. Surfaces with poor cleanability
      before and after abrasion were characterized by pitting, crevices or jags. These
      surfaces are likely to retain more bacteria because of increased numbers of
      attachment sites, a larger bacterial/material surface contact area and
      topographical areas in which applied cleaning shear forces are reduced. Materials
      that resist surface changes, e.g. stainless steel, will remain more hygienic when
      subjected to natural wear than materials which become more readily damaged.

PMID- 2292527
TI  - Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of cefpodoxime in young adult and elderly
      patients.
AB  - Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of a new third-generation cephalosporin,
      cefpodoxime, were evaluated in adults (15, 18-60 years) and elderly adults (10,
      greater than or equal to 70 years), all out-patients suffering from acute lower
      respiratory tract infection. A dose of 200 mg cefpodoxime proxetil (expressed in
      mg cefpodoxime) was administered 12-hourly for seven to ten days and timed blood
      samples were evaluated on days 0, 3, 5, 6/7 and on the last day of treatment.
      Results showed that the pharmacokinetics in adult and elderly patients were
      comparable with those of healthy volunteers and with each other, with the
      exception of one elderly patient with severe renal impairment. Dosage adjustment
      of cefpodoxime proxetil does not therefore appear to be necessary in the elderly
      unless there is evidence of severe renal insufficiency.

PMID- 2292528
TI  - Concentrations of cefpodoxime in plasma and lung tissue after a single oral dose
      of cefpodoxime proxetil.
AB  - Eighteen patients undergoing thoracotomy for suspected pulmonary neoplasia were
      given 200 mg cefpodoxime equivalent by mouth, before operation. Plasma samples
      were obtained before dose administration, and plasma and lung tissue samples were
      obtained at the time of operation which was 3, 6 or 12 h after the dose. All
      samples were assayed for cefpodoxime. The mean ratios for lung tissue/plasma
      concentrations were similar between 3 and 12 h after dose, suggesting that
      equilibrium between plasma and lung tissue concentrations was reached within 3 h
      of medication. The mean concentrations of cefpodoxime in lung tissue were 0.63 +/
      0.16, 0.52 +/- 0.09 and 0.19 +/- 0.02 mg/kg at 3, 6 and 12 h after
      administration, respectively. These observations indicate good, rapid and
      sustained penetration into lung tissue in concentrations greater than or equal to
      the MIC90 for most common micro-organisms found in community-acquired pneumonia.

PMID- 2292529
TI  - Concentrations of cefpodoxime in plasma and pleural fluid after a single oral
      dose of cefpodoxime proxetil.
AB  - Eighteen patients of either sex with pleural effusions underwent aspiration 3, 6
      or 12 h after receiving a single oral dose of cefpodoxime proxetil equivalent to
      200 mg cefpodoxime. The mean concentrations of cefpodoxime in pleural fluid were,
      respectively, 0.62, 1.84 and 0.78 mg/l for these three time intervals, the
      corresponding ratios between pleural fluid and plasma concentrations being 0.24,
      0.67 and 1.07. The findings indicate that there is good penetration of
      cefpodoxime into pleural fluid. Concentrations between 3 and 12 h after dosing
      were equal to or above the MIC90 for most of the organisms commonly found in
      lower respiratory tract infections.

PMID- 2292530
TI  - Concentrations of cefpodoxime in plasma and tonsillar tissue after a single oral
      dose of cefpodoxime proxetil.
AB  - Seventeen patients undergoing tonsillectomy received cefpodoxime proxetil orally
      in a dose equivalent to 100 mg cefpodoxime 4, 7 or 12 h before operation. Plasma
      and tonsillar tissue concentrations of cefpodoxime were assayed by a
      microbiological method. Tonsillar tissue concentrations after 4 and 7 h were 0.24
      and 0.09 mg/kg respectively--being 23% of the plasma concentration. The tonsillar
      tissue concentration after 12 h was less than 0.06 mg/kg. As the MIC for
      Streptococcus pyogenes is less than 0.06 mg/l, cefpodoxime proxetil may be of
      value in acute tonsillitis.

PMID- 2292531
TI  - Epidemiological features and chemotherapy of community-acquired respiratory tract
      infections.
AB  - The epidemiology of community-acquired respiratory tract infections (RTI) is
      reviewed with emphasis on acute pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis,
      epiglottitis and pneumonia. The numerical importance of upper respiratory tract
      infections is stressed and their economic impact discussed. Community-acquired
      pneumonia, although less common, is a more serious infection with a frequent
      requirement for hospitalization. The heterogeneous microbial aetiology of RTI is
      stressed, together with the impact this has on chemotherapeutic choice. The
      latter is likely to remain largely empirical and based on the prevalence of
      identified pathogens, spectrum of activity and the pharmacokinetic behaviour of
      the selected agents. The increasing frequency of resistance among respiratory
      pathogens, notably Haemophilus influenzae, and to a lesser extent Streptococcus
      pneumoniae, together with the high incidence of beta-lactamase production among
      Branhamella catarrhalis is of concern. In addition, the issue of beta-lactam
      inactivation by commensal bacteria suggests that chemotherapeutic strategies for
      the control of community-acquired respiratory tract infection might justifiably
      be reconsidered.

PMID- 2292533
TI  - In-vitro activity of cefpodoxime against 1834 isolates from domiciliary
      infections at 20 UK centres.
AB  - A total of 1834 non-copy, general practice or outpatient isolates were collected
      by 20 hospital laboratories within the British Isles, and identified and tested
      for susceptibility to nine antimicrobial agents available by oral administration
      at one centre. Against Enterobacteriaceae cefpodoxime was the most active beta
      lactam agent tested, the MIC90s being: for Escherichia coli 1.0 mg/l, for Proteus
      mirabilis 1.0 mg/l, for Citrobacter spp. 2.0 mg/l, and for Enterobacter spp.,
      Serratia spp., Morganella spp. and Klebsiella spp. 16-64 mg/l. Cefpodoxime also
      showed a certain amount of activity against staphylococci and high activity
      against streptococci, the MIC90s being for Staphylococcus aureus 2 mg/l, for
      coagulase negative staphylococci 8 mg/l, for Streptococcus pyogenes 0.015 mg/l,
      for Str. pneumoniae 0.06 mg/l and for Str. agalactiae 0.5 mg/l.

PMID- 2292532
TI  - Efficacy and tolerance of cefpodoxime proxetil compared with co-amoxiclav in the
      treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
AB  - This European, multicentre trial evaluated the efficacy and tolerance of
      cefpodoxime proxetil in comparison with co-amoxiclav (amoxycillin plus clavulanic
      acid) in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The study
      design was double-blind and double-placebo controlled. Doses of either 200 mg bd
      of cefpodoxime proxetil or 500 mg/125 mg tds amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid
      were given orally for 9.6 +/- 1.8 days. Two hundred and fifty-one patients were
      enrolled in 27 centres in West Germany, France, and Italy. The overall clinical
      efficacy was 97.2% in the cefpodoxime proxetil group compared with 94.7% in the
      co-amoxiclav group. Fifty-eight adverse events, mainly gastrointestinal, occurred
      in 42 patients with no significant difference between the groups. A significant
      difference in the number of resistant pathogens on pre-treatment culture to the
      advantage of cefpodoxime was noted. In our experience, both drugs were of similar
      value in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Thus, cefpodoxime
      proxetil should be an effective antibiotic for the treatment of acute
      exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.

PMID- 2292534
TI  - Efficacy and tolerance of cefpodoxime proxetil compared with ceftriaxone in
      vulnerable patients with bronchopneumonia.
AB  - This multicentre, randomized study compared the efficacy and tolerance of
      cefpodoxime proxetil and ceftriaxone in vulnerable patients with
      bronchopneumonia. Patients received cefpodoxime proxetil 200 mg bd orally or
      ceftriaxone 1 g daily im for a ten-day period. They were evaluated at days 10 and
      30. Ninety-six patients were evaluated for tolerance, 85 for clinical efficacy
      and 65 for bacteriological efficacy. At entry all patients had radiographic
      evidence of pneumonia and 74% of bacteriological samples were positive. The
      percentage of overall success (cured or improved) was 97.7% (43/44) in the
      cefpodoxime proxetil group and 95.1% (39/41) in the ceftriaxone group. The
      bacteriological efficacy was 94.3% in the cefpodoxime proxetil group and 97.4% in
      the ceftriaxone group. Clinical tolerance was satisfactory in both groups. In
      this study, the clinical and bacteriological results obtained with cefpodoxime
      proxetil were comparable with those obtained with ceftriaxone in the treatment of
      community-acquired bronchopneumonia in patients with additional risk factors.

PMID- 2292536
TI  - Ciprofloxacin--defining its role today. Report of a meeting. Bath, 28-29 April
      1990.

PMID- 2292535
TI  - Cefpodoxime proxetil: dosage, efficacy and tolerance in adults suffering from
      respiratory tract infections.
AB  - The efficacy of cefpodoxime proxetil has been studied in ten clinical trials
      conducted in adults suffering from lower respiratory tract infections (pneumonia,
      acute bronchitis or acute on chronic bronchitis) and upper respiratory tract
      infections (tonsillitis/pharyngitis or sinusitis). All the trials were
      controlled, randomized, multicentre and international and seven were double
      blind, double-dummy designed. Over a period of 18 months from July 1988 to
      December 1989, 2448 patients were included. Among them, 2429 (99%) were evaluated
      for tolerance, 2101 (86%) for tolerance and clinical efficacy and 1018 (42%) for
      tolerance and clinical and bacteriological efficacy. The clinical response was
      judged satisfactory in 1205/1263 (95.4%) patients treated with cefpodoxime
      proxetil and in 788/838 (94%) patients treated with comparative antibiotics. The
      bacteriological response was judged satisfactory for 662/699 (95%) pathogens for
      cefpodoxime proxetil treatment versus 427/463 (92, 2%) for comparators.
      Cefpodoxime proxetil has been given to 7351 patients in the course of its
      international development with no severe side-effect being observed. Common
      reactions have been noted with a similar frequency to that seen with the other
      beta-lactams. No pseudomembranous colitis has been observed during clinical
      trials. On this basis, cefpodoxime proxetil appears to be efficacious and well
      tolerated and could be an antibiotic of first choice in the treatment of lower
      and upper respiratory tract infections in adults and adolescents.

PMID- 2292537
TI  - High dose intravenous ciprofloxacin in febrile neutropenic patients.
AB  - We have evaluated the use of high-dose intravenous ciprofloxacin as monotherapy
      in the empirical therapy of febrile episodes in neutropenic patients during the
      course of a randomized trial comparing ciprofloxacin with a standard combination
      regimen. Sixty-four episodes of fever were studied in a high risk population of
      42 patients mostly undergoing intensive chemotherapy for leukaemia. Ciprofloxacin
      achieved clinical responses as follows: completely successful in 39%, partially
      successful in 20%, and unsuccessful in 41%. Infections were microbiologically
      documented in 37 (58%), with Gram-positive bacteria (of which 37% were coagulase
      negative staphylococci and 34% were streptococci) accounting for 81% of all
      organisms cultured. Responses in documented infections were as follows;
      completely successful in 32%, partially successful in 27%, and unsuccessful in
      41%. One infection-related death occurred 30 h after starting ciprofloxacin, and
      a further three patients died before the resolution of neutropenia. The early
      death was caused by fulminant infection with a ciprofloxacin-resistant
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No other ciprofloxacin resistance was seen amongst eight
      Gram-negative isolates. There was no evidence of emerging ciprofloxacin
      resistance during the course of the study. Ciprofloxacin was associated with a
      low incidence of adverse events with skin rash (five cases) and nausea (one case)
      being reported as possibly or probably related to ciprofloxacin. We conclude that
      high-dose intravenous ciprofloxacin may be safely employed as monotherapy in the
      empirical treatment of febrile episodes in neutropenic patients. It has the
      additional advantages of twice daily administration, the availability of
      intravenous and oral presentations, and absence of cross-allergy in beta-lactam
      antibiotic hypersensitive patients.

PMID- 2292538
TI  - Prevention of infection by ciprofloxacin in neutropenia.
AB  - Ciprofloxacin with erythromycin, each at a dose of 250 mg 12-hourly, is effective
      prophylaxis against Gram-negative bacteraemia in neutropenic patients. The
      erythromycin component may contribute little to prophylaxis and does select for
      erythromycin-resistant viridans streptococci which then cause bacteraemia.
      Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis does not prevent coagulase-negative staphylococcal
      bacteraemia and resistant strains are selected. Initial use of vancomycin with a
      ureidopenicillin in pyrexial patients is currently justified by the exclusively
      Gram-positive nature of breakthrough bacteraemia. In patients failing to respond
      to this regimen, treatment modification to include full-dose amphotericin is
      frequently effective. Surveillance and containment isolation of patients carrying
      resistant Gram-negative species is prudent to prevent the spread of such
      resistant bacteria in oncology/haematology units.

PMID- 2292539
TI  - Ciprofloxacin therapy of urinary tract infections in paraplegic and tetraplegic
      patients: a bacteriological assessment.
AB  - The efficacy of a 250 mg dose of oral ciprofloxacin twice daily for five days was
      studied in the treatment of urinary tract infection in paraplegic and tetraplegic
      patients. Thirty-eight patients completed the study. By day 3 of therapy the
      infecting organisms had been eradicated from the urine in 97.2% of the patients.
      Follow-up, post-therapy samples on day 14 showed 66.7% positive culture results
      and by day 35, 92.0% were positive. The ciprofloxacin therapy proved efficacious
      in 97.2% of the patients; however, the factors that predisposed this group of
      patients to urinary tract infections still persisted and reinfection or
      superinfection occurred in 92.0%. There was one case of persistent infection
      caused by Enterococcus faecalis.

PMID- 2292540
TI  - Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive airways disease--a
      comparison of amoxycillin and ciprofloxacin.
AB  - Ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin were compared in the treatment of acute
      exacerbations of chronic obstructive airways disease. One hundred and forty
      patients were evaluable for overall outcome: 60 patients' sputum specimens
      yielded positive bacteriological cultures. The predominant pathogens were
      Haemophilus influenzae (43.3%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (25.0%). Both
      regimens were safe and produced few adverse effects. An independent observer
      judged ciprofloxacin to produce a 91.8% success rate (complete success 21.9%;
      partial success 69.9%) whilst a 73.1% rate (complete success 10.4%; partial
      success 62.7%) was seen with amoxycillin.

PMID- 2292541
TI  - The clinical role of ciprofloxacin today.

PMID- 2292542
TI  - Tolerance and safety of ciprofloxacin in paediatric patients.
AB  - The Cystic Fibrosis Clinic at the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children has
      treated 31 children with ciprofloxacin, for serious pseudomonas infection in
      cystic fibrosis, and carefully monitored the safety and acceptability of the
      drug. Initially, eight very ill children were treated on a named-patient basis,
      with an encouraging clinical response and few adverse effects. Children aged 10
      18 years were included in a study of four consecutive exacerbations of
      respiratory disease, comparing (i) oral ciprofloxacin in each episode with (ii)
      ciprofloxacin alternating with intravenous azlocillin and tobramycin. Other
      children with cystic fibrosis were subsequently treated with ciprofloxacin, as
      the need arose. In all the groups very few adverse reactions were found; in
      particular only one child developed arthralgia. A total of 202 children in the UK
      have been treated with ciprofloxacin on a named-patient basis, and their
      clinicians have reported 46 adverse events that may have been drug-related.
      Overall ciprofloxacin appears to be safe and effective in children but concern
      about the possible occurrence of arthropathy remains and long term follow-up of
      these children may be necessary.

PMID- 2292543
TI  - Changes in the antibiotic sensitivities of urinary pathogens, 1971-1989.
AB  - All urinary pathogens from general practice and hospital have been tested for
      sensitivity to a range of antimicrobial agents for the last 19 years. There have
      been marked changes during that time. In general practice there has been a
      considerable increase in the proportion of staphylococcal infections from 5.1% to
      a peak of 14.8% in 1982 and a more recent decline to 3.4%. There has also been a
      decrease in the proportion caused by Proteus mirabilis, from 9.2% to 5.0%.
      Similar, but smaller changes have been observed in the proportions of hospital
      urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by these organisms, while the proportion of
      hospital infections due to Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. has fallen from
      16.8% to 9.2%. These and other changes have been reflected in changing patterns
      of sensitivity to antibiotics. In particular, sensitivity of urinary pathogens to
      ampicillin/amoxycillin has continued to fall both in general practice and in
      hospital. Nalidixic acid resistance is becoming more important as the proportion
      of Gram-positive urinary pathogens (especially enterococci) increases. More
      organisms were sensitive to ciprofloxacin than the other drugs tested, with no
      evidence of increasing resistance over a six-year period. Over the same time
      there has been a reduction of overall sensitivity of urinary pathogens to
      trimethoprim from 90.8% to 82.5% in general practice, with no significant change
      in isolates from hospital practice.

PMID- 2292544
TI  - Management of institutional outbreaks of Salmonella gastroenteritis.
AB  - The number of reports of outbreaks of salmonella gastroenteritis in hospitals has
      decreased since 1984 but the number of outbreaks in institutions such as old
      peoples' homes have increased during 1988. Foods, particularly chickens, remain a
      source of salmonellae and particular attention has to be paid to training and
      practices in food preparation areas. Staff who are convalescent are very unlikely
      to be sources of salmonella and do not need to be excluded unless they handle
      food that receives no further cooking. Outbreaks that do occur can usually be
      controlled by patient isolation and good control-of-infection measures and an
      effective Major Outbreak Control Plan is necessary. In some large old hospitals
      cross infection outbreaks may continue despite good control-of-infection
      measures. Antibiotics have been contraindicated in the treatment of salmonella
      gastroenteritis, but the new 4-quinolone antibiotics have demonstrated potential.
      Ciprofloxacin was used successfully in two outbreaks of salmonella
      gastroenteritis at a dose of 500 mg bd orally for seven days. Relapses did not
      occur and resistance did not develop. Ciprofloxacin should be considered as a
      therapeutic adjunct to control of infection measures in cross infection outbreaks
      in these situations.

PMID- 2292545
TI  - Treatment of typhoid fever and infectious diarrhoea with ciprofloxacin.
AB  - Ciprofloxacin and other related fluorinated 4-quinolones have microbiological and
      pharmacokinetic properties that suggest they could be useful agents in the
      management of typhoid fever and bacterial gastroenteritis. Initial studies
      confirm that this is the case. Against fully sensitive Salmonella typhi
      ciprofloxacin is clinically as effective as chloramphenicol or co-trimoxazole. It
      is also effective treatment for antibiotic-resistant strains which cause epidemic
      and endemic infection throughout the world. Furthermore, ciprofloxacin appears to
      eliminate chronic carriage of Salm. typhi more efficiently than other
      antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin has excellent in-vitro activity against all the
      bacterial pathogens that commonly cause infective diarrhoea. There are limited
      data concerning its use in the treatment of shigella dysentery but, in
      appropriate situations, ciprofloxacin is effective treatment for salmonella
      enteritis and is also effective in infections complicated by septicaemia and bone
      and liver abscesses. Ciprofloxacin appears to be of benefit in Campylobacter
      jejuni enteritis and is effective in the treatment of travellers' diarrhoea were
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and shigellae are most important.

PMID- 2292546
TI  - A comparison between oral ciprofloxacin and intraperitoneal vancomycin and
      netilmicin in CAPD peritonitis.
AB  - This report describes a prospective, randomized comparison of oral ciprofloxacin
      and intraperitoneal vancomycin/netilmicin in the treatment of 50 consecutive
      episodes of CAPD peritonitis in 35 patients. Successful cure of peritonitis was
      achieved in 76% of subjects taking oral ciprofloxacin and 72% of those given
      intraperitoneal antibiotics. Satisfactory concentrations of ciprofloxacin in
      dialysate were achieved in all patients. Failure of ciprofloxacin was due to
      persistence of an isolate of intermediate sensitivity (1), to persistence with
      acquisition of resistance (1), and to relapse/reinfection in the remaining four
      cases (with resistant or moderately sensitive strains in three cases).
      Ciprofloxacin was well tolerated in the majority of cases. A significant rise in
      serum creatinine was noted in almost all patients taking oral ciprofloxacin. The
      advantages of oral drug administration indicate that oral ciprofloxacin is the
      preferred first-line treatment of CAPD-associated peritonitis.

PMID- 2292547
TI  - A comparison between oral ciprofloxacin and intra-peritoneal vancomycin and
      gentamicin in the treatment of CAPD peritonitis.
AB  - Fifty-one patients were included in a prospective, randomized comparison of oral
      ciprofloxacin and intraperitoneal vancomycin/gentamicin in the treatment of CAPD
      peritonitis. Staphylococcal species accounted for 40% of the isolates with an
      equal incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci.
      Although, overall, there was no significant difference between the regimens in
      outcome, ciprofloxacin was significantly less effective when peritonitis was due
      to coagulase negative staphylococci.

PMID- 2292548
TI  - A comparison between intraperitoneal ciprofloxacin and intraperitoneal vancomycin
      and gentamicin in the treatment of peritonitis associated with continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).
AB  - In a prospective, randomized, controlled trial in 40 patients, intraperitoneal
      ciprofloxacin was shown to be as effective as the currently recommended regimen
      of intraperitoneal vancomycin and gentamicin for the treatment of CAPD
      peritonitis. There was one treatment failure in the ciprofloxacin arm and four in
      the comparative arm. A single drug regimen is preferred by patients. The
      intraperitoneal route of administration of ciprofloxacin therapy has advantages
      over the oral route.

PMID- 2292549
TI  - Randomized multicentre study of ciprofloxacin and azlocillin versus gentamicin
      and azlocillin in the treatment of febrile neutropenic patients.
AB  - In a randomized multicentre study ciprofloxacin combined with azlocillin was
      compared with gentamicin and azlocillin for the treatment of febrile episodes in
      neutropenic patients. In 147 evaluable episodes in 108 patients, 80 patients
      received ciprofloxacin/azlocillin and 67 received gentamicin/azlocillin. The two
      treatment groups were comparable in terms of age, underlying diagnosis, and
      duration of neutropenia. Microbiologically documented infections were the cause
      of fever in 34 (42.5%) and 29 (43.3%) episodes in the ciprofloxacin/azlocillin
      and gentamicin/azlocillin groups respectively. At the end of therapy, 46 patients
      (57.5%) receiving ciprofloxacin/azlocillin showed complete resolution compared
      with 30 (44.7%) for the gentamicin/azlocillin group (P = 0.14). The clinical
      response rate for microbiologically documented episodes was 58.8% and 48.3%
      respectively (P = 0.45). Among the microbiologically documented infections with
      follow-up cultures available, 24 (92.3%) of 26 isolates from patients receiving
      ciprofloxacin/azlocillin were eradicated, in comparison with 19 (86.4%) of 22 in
      the gentamicin/azlocillin group (P = 0.65). There were five superinfections, all
      in the gentamicin/azlocillin group. Significant resistance to the study drugs was
      not seen. Of all evaluable patients, including those subsequently withdrawn
      because of early modification of therapy, there were 12 deaths within the study
      period; six (6.8%) of these occurred in 88 patients randomized to the
      ciprofloxacin/azlocillin group, compared with two of 80 (2.5%) in the
      gentamicin/azlocillin group. Both treatments were generally well-tolerated; one
      patient in the ciprofloxacin/azlocillin group developed convulsions, probably
      related to ciprofloxacin. The combination of ciprofloxacin and azlocillin is as
      effective as gentamicin plus azlocillin and offers a useful alternative for the
      empirical treatment of febrile neutropenic patients.

PMID- 2292550
TI  - Serum and urinary copper in acute hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - Serum and 24 hours' urinary copper levels were studied in 71 patients with acute
      viral hepatitis including 35 with encephalopathy. Thirty age and sex matched
      healthy controls were also studied. Copper estimation was done by atomic
      absorption spectrophotometry. Serum and 24 hours' urinary copper levels (164.85
      +/- 29.31 micrograms/dl and 123.54 +/- 7.87 micrograms/24 h respectively) were
      significantly (P less than 0.001) increased in acute viral hepatitis patients.
      There was no significant difference in levels between patients with and without
      encephalopathy.

PMID- 2292552
TI  - Artificial intelligence for medical decision making.
AB  - Artificial intelligence techniques find extensive applications in medical
      decision making and other aspects of health care. A number of successful expert
      systems have been developed in various disciplines of medicine. This paper gives
      an overview of expert system techniques, describes some practical systems, and
      discusses the relevance of such systems in clinical diagnosis and management of
      diseases.

PMID- 2292551
TI  - A study of aluminum phosphide (AlP) poisoning with special reference to
      electrocardiographic changes.
AB  - Ninety patients with aluminum phosphide poisoning have been studied over a period
      of 3 years. Epigastric pain and vomiting were the common initial clinical
      features, followed 12 to 24 hours later by cardiogenic shock, oliguria, altered
      mental state and respiratory distress. Death occurred within 24 to 72 hours
      presumably due to poison-induced toxic chemical myocarditis as reflected by
      electrocardiographic changes. The overall mortality was 63.3%. Intravenous
      magnesium sulphate, probably due to its membrane stabilizing action, appears to
      be related to the reduction in mortality from 90% to 52% in the latter 62 cases.

PMID- 2292553
TI  - Field survey for sickle cell disease in the tribal population of East Godavari
      District, Andhra Pradesh.
AB  - Tribals have inhabited the hilly forest area in East Godavari District, Andhra
      Pradesh, South India in isolation for centuries. A field survey for sickle cell
      disease was conducted from 1978 to 1986 and electrophoresis on cellogel was
      carried out in 2,589 samples. The incidence of sickle gene varied in different
      castes among the tribals. A higher incidence was found in the Valmiki (31.5%),
      followed by the Konda Kammari (27%), Koya Dora (17.3%), Konda Reddy (13.4%), Koya
      (12.1%), Konda Kapu (6.8%), and others (4.2%). Harijans living in the tribal belt
      had an incidence of 16.1%.

PMID- 2292554
TI  - Current therapy of ischaemic stroke.

PMID- 2292555
TI  - Ketoconazole in the treatment of Cushing's disease.
AB  - Six patients with Cushing's disease received ketoconazole for 7-10 weeks
      following ketoconazole challenge test. Clinical and hormonal alterations in
      circulating cortisol, 17 OH progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone were
      assessed during the therapy. There was significant clinical improvement which
      corresponded to a fall in cortisol, androstenedione and testosterone. The rise in
      17 OH progesterone and the fall in cortisol suggest a blockade at 17,20 desmolase
      and 11 B-hydroxylase in the cortisol bio-synthetic pathway.

PMID- 2292556
TI  - Acute chlorine poisoning. A study of 84 cases.
AB  - Eighty four cases with acute chlorine poisoning who reported between 1/2 hour to
      2 hours after exposure were studied. A majority presented with features of upper
      respiratory tract involvement like irritative cough (70 cases) and oropharyngeal
      pruritus (60 cases). Bronchospasm was present in 15 cases. None of them had any
      residual impairment of pulmonary function 4 weeks after exposure.

PMID- 2292557
TI  - Iron deficiency: prevalence and problems (Part II).

PMID- 2292559
TI  - A common poison--unusual complications (a case of organo-phosphorus poisoning
      with seizures and acidosis).

PMID- 2292560
TI  - Lyme disease in a Shimla boy.
AB  - A patient with Lyme disease is described. He presented with meningitis-like
      picture, arthritis, and carditis (congestive cardiac failure and variable AV
      blocks without valvular lesions). Borrelia was present in the peripheral blood
      smear.

PMID- 2292558
TI  - Free radicals: biology and relevance to disease.
AB  - Free radicals are the major mediators of the bactericidal and cytotoxic actions
      of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, macrophages and monocytes, and can stimulate
      lymphocytes mitogenically. Hydrogen peroxide induces interferon production by
      human macrophages and activates NK (natural killer) cells; interferon can in turn
      enhance free radical generation in the cells. Anti-cancer drugs such as
      doxorubicin, vincristine and adriamycin; radiation; and haematoporphyrin
      derivative-induced photosensitization all can augment free radical generation and
      thus, cause tumour cell lysis. Our recent studies suggest that some
      polyunsaturated fatty acids such as gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and
      eicosapentaenoic acid can selectively kill tumour cells but not normal cells in
      vitro by virtue of their capacity to augment free radical generation in the
      tumour cells. Thus, free radicals have both harmful and beneficial actions.

PMID- 2292561
TI  - A case of Chediak Higashi syndrome.

PMID- 2292562
TI  - Hemiagenesis associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.
AB  - A female patient with right sided nodular goitre who presented with thyrotoxic
      symptoms is described. She was diagnosed as a case of hemiagenesis of the left
      lobe of the thyroid gland with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and treated with
      propranolol; she became euthyroid over eight weeks.

PMID- 2292563
TI  - Aluminium phosphide poisoning. Two cases with rare presentation.
AB  - We report two cases of aluminium phosphide poisoning who presented with rare
      manifestations, one with bleeding diathesis, hepatitis and acute tubular necrosis
      and the other with acute respiratory failure.

PMID- 2292564
TI  - Chronic granulocytic leukaemia presenting with mandibular mass.
AB  - A case of chronic granulocytic leukaemia with extramedullary deposits in the
      mandible is reported. Systemic chemotherapy coupled with local irradiation
      resulted in regression of the mandibular mass.

PMID- 2292565
TI  - Pseudo sickness.
AB  - An adolescent who presented with 'haematuria,' which was later proved to be urine
      to which his mother had added her blood, is reported. This is to draw attention
      to the possibility of pseudo sickness in inexplicable situations and to emphasize
      the need to record history from the patient himself whenever possible.

PMID- 2292566
TI  - Neuropsychiatric manifestations of hypocalcaemia.

PMID- 2292567
TI  - Symptomatic extreme bradycardia in obstructive jaundice.

PMID- 2292568
TI  - An unusual case of right atrial myxoma.

PMID- 2292569
TI  - Congenital hypofibrinogenaemia.

PMID- 2292570
TI  - Bleeding from gastric ulcer in portal hypertension.

PMID- 2292571
TI  - Low dose mebendazole therapy in pulmonary hydatid cyst.

PMID- 2292573
TI  - Are antacids cytoprotective?

PMID- 2292574
TI  - Nasal regurgitation through oroantral fistula.

PMID- 2292572
TI  - Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Recent advances.

PMID- 2292575
TI  - Severe gastritis following hepatoglobin administration.

PMID- 2292576
TI  - Biofeedback for hypertension.

PMID- 2292577
TI  - Plasma viscosity in obesity and related disorders.

PMID- 2292578
TI  - Hepatitis B surface antigen seroconversion in resident doctors.

PMID- 2292579
TI  - Physiological dynamic structures of nucleic acids in A. espejiana cells detected
      on 1H-31P cross-polarization NMR.
AB  - In order to obtain information of the supramolecular structures of nucleic acids
      in vivo, the 1H-31P cross-polarization NMR technique was applied to intact marine
      bacterial cells. An asymmetric powder pattern spectrum of nucleic acids in the
      cell was observed. The major contributor to the spectrum was ribosomes.
      Furthermore, the powder pattern changed dramatically with the physiological
      conditions of the cells. The results showed that this is a promising method for
      the investigation of the supramolecular structures of nucleic acids in vivo.

PMID- 2292580
TI  - Isoelectrical focusing of connectin by agarose gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using 0.5% agarose gel in the 1st dimension
      and 2-12% gradient polyacrylamide gel in the 2nd dimension succeeded in the
      isoelectrical focusing of connectin, a giant myofibrillar protein of
      approximately 3,000 kDa. Immunoblotting with an anti-connectin monoclonal
      antibody, SM1-36-2, following the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,
      demonstrated that connectin was an acidic protein with an estimated pI of
      approximately 5.7.

PMID- 2292581
TI  - Characterization of rabbit liver P450IIE1 synthesized in transformed yeast cells.
AB  - cDNA for chimeric protein, P450(3P4), consisting of the amino-terminal 43
      residues (the membrane-anchor region) of rabbit P450IIC14 and the remaining 447
      residues of rabbit P450IIE1 was constructed, then cloned into expression vector
      pAAH5, and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22 cells under the control of
      yeast ADH1 promoter. P450(3P4) thus synthesized in the transformed yeast cells
      was partially purified, and its spectral and catalytic properties were examined.
      In the oxidized state P450(3P4) exhibited a high-spin type absorption spectrum
      even in the absence of a substrate. The reduced CO complex of the P450 showed a
      Soret absorption maximum at 452 nm. P450(3P4) catalyzed aniline p-hydroxylation,
      N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylation, benzphetamine N-demethylation, and laurate
      and caprate (omega-1)-hydroxylation in the reconstituted system containing the
      P450 and NADPH-P450 reductase. These results indicate that P450(3P4) preparation
      obtained from the transformed yeast cells has spectral and catalytic
      characteristics identical with those of P450IIE1 purified from rabbit liver
      microsomes, confirming the substrate specificity reported of P450IIE1.

PMID- 2292582
TI  - Production of propeptide-directed antibody: its application to the purification
      of proalbumin and analysis of proalbumin processing.
AB  - Antibodies which specifically recognize rat proalbumin, but not mature serum
      albumin, were raised. Propeptide (NH2-Arg-Gly-Val-Phe-Arg-Arg) with an additional
      cysteine residue at the carboxyl terminus was conjugated to ovalbumin through
      either sulfide or amino group and the conjugates were injected into rabbits.
      Monospecific antibodies were purified on a propeptide-coupled affinity column and
      further immobilized as an affinity support, allowing us to purify proalbumin in a
      single step from rat liver microsomes. The antibodies were also used to analyze
      the proteolytic processing of proalbumin in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.

PMID- 2292583
TI  - Mn K-edge XANES spectroscopy of a photosynthetic O2-evolving complex. High
      quality pre-edge features and distinct fine structures in the S1- and S2-states.
AB  - High-resolution XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) spectroscopy for Mn
      in the S1 and S2 states of the spinach photosynthetic O2-evolving complex
      revealed distinct features in K-edge spectra, when a high signal-to-noise (S/N)
      ratio of ca. 80 with a low and constant background-to-signal (B/S) ratio of 0.15
      to 0.18 was attained. Six features resolved in each S-state spectrum involve a
      pre-edge feature due to 1s----3d transitions, a main-edge feature possibly due to
      1s----4s transitions and four fine structures superimposed on the principal
      absorption bands due to 1s----4p* transitions. The high-quality pre-edge features
      were analyzed according to a parametric ligand-field theory in comparison with
      those of some typical authentic Mn complexes. It was deduced that i) all of the
      four Mn ions in the S1-state are octahedrally coordinated and two of them
      constitute a di-mu-oxo bridged Mn(III, III) dimeric subunit; ii) the bridged
      Mn(III) ions are further bridged by a deprotonated water dimer, (HOHOH)-, and
      coordinated by imidazole-N and carboxylate-O- on the opposite side of the Mn atom
      from the di-mu-oxo bridge; iii) the other two Mn ions exist in the form of
      Mn(III) monomeric subunits; and iv) upon the S1----S2 transition, only the
      bridged Mn(III,III) is oxidized to Mn(III,IV). The distinct change in the
      principal absorption band shape upon the S1----S2 transition is briefly discussed
      to obtain the XANES evidence for a tetrameric Mn-cluster.

PMID- 2292584
TI  - Structure of polysaccharide-peptidoglycan complex from the cell wall of
      Lactobacillus casei YIT9018.
AB  - The isolation and analysis of the polysaccharide-peptidoglycan complexes of
      Lactobacillus casei YIT9018 are presented. Two polysaccharide-peptidoglycan
      complexes, PS-PG1 and PS-PG2, were solubilized from the heat-killed cell by
      treatment with N-acetylmuramidase. PS-PG1 was composed of glucose, rhamnose, and
      small amount of galactose and glucosamine. PS-PG2 was composed of glucose,
      rhamnose, galactosamine, and glucosamine. The ratio by weight of these fractions
      was about 1:8. PS-PG2 was analyzed in detail. Smith degradation and deamination
      of this complex yielded oligosaccharide units. The results of methylation
      analysis of these units and intact PS-PG2 led to the most probable structure of
      PS-PG2: (formula; see text)

PMID- 2292585
TI  - Further study on gas phase acid hydrolysis of protein: improvement of recoveries
      for tryptophan, tyrosine, and methionine.
AB  - A novel method for vapor phase acid hydrolysis of protein suitable for
      quantitative analysis of tryptophan is presented. The hydrolysis is carried out
      in vapor of a mixture made of 7 M HCl, 10% trifluoroacetic acid, and 20%
      thioglycolic acid in the presence of indole. Reasonably good recoveries of common
      amino acids, including tryptophan (above 75%), were achieved.

PMID- 2292586
TI  - Generation of affinity for antithrombin III by supplemental sulfation of heparin
      species with low affinity for the protein.
AB  - The tributylammonium salt of a porcine heparin subfraction with low affinity for
      antithrombin III (Mr 7,500-18,000; anti-clotting activity, 7 USP units/mg),
      having degrees of sulfate substitution at D-glucosamine and L-iduronic acid
      residues of GlcNS 0.786, GlcN6s 0.628, and IdoA2s 0.682 mol, was reacted with 10
      or 20 mol of pyridine-sulfur trioxide per mol equiv. of available hydroxyl groups
      in N,N-dimethylformamide at -10 degrees C for 1 h. Both chemical and NMR
      spectroscopic analyses revealed that sulfation proceeded exclusively at HO-6 in D
      glucosamine and HO-2 in L-iduronic acid residues, according to the amount of the
      sulfating reagent used (GlcNS: 0.825, 0.830; GlcN6s: 0.872, 0.928; IdoA2s: 0.687,
      0.749 mol, respectively). Affinity chromatography of the sulfated products on
      antithrombin III-Sepharose gel indicated that the polysaccharide acquired some
      affinity for the protein following the sulfation, as shown by the increase in the
      proportion of the high-affinity heparin fraction (%) from 1.1 to 6.7. Biological
      examination of these products indicated that sulfation at natural positions along
      with the polysaccharide chain resulted in significant increases in all the
      activities (blood anti-clotting, anti-Factor IIa, and anti-Factor Xa), and in the
      strength of intrinsic fluorescence of antithrombin III.

PMID- 2292587
TI  - Aminooxy analogues of spermidine as inhibitors of spermine synthase and
      substrates of hepatic polyamine acetylating activity.
AB  - Aminooxy analogues of spermidine, 1-aminooxy-3-N-[3-aminopropyl]- aminopropane
      (AP-APA) and N-[2-aminooxyethyl]-1,4-diaminobutane (AOE-PU), were tested as
      substrates or inhibitors of the enzymes involved in methionine and polyamine
      metabolism. Both compounds were good competitive inhibitors and poor substrates
      of spermine synthase, good substrates of cytosolic polyamine acetyltransferase,
      inactivators of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and inhibitors of ornithine
      decarboxylase. AP-APA and AOE-PU showed K1-values of 1.5 and 186 microM as
      inhibitors of purified spermine synthase, and Km-values of 1.4 and 2.1 mM as
      substrates of the crude hepatic polyamine acetyltransferase activity. AP-APA was
      more potent than AOE-PU in crude enzyme preparations. Neither drug had any
      significant effect at 1 mM concentration on the activities of spermidine
      synthase, methionine adenosyltransferase, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, and
      methylthioadenosine phosphorylase. The results suggest that compounds of this
      type are valuable tools in unraveling the physiology of polyamines.

PMID- 2292588
TI  - Modulation of hepatic level of microsomal testosterone 7 alpha-hydroxylase, P
      450a (P450IIA), by thyroid hormone and growth hormone in rat liver.
AB  - The effects of thyroid hormone and growth hormone on microsomal testosterone 7
      alpha-hydroxylase, P-450a, were studied to understand the interaction of these
      hormone-mediated regulations in rats. In Western blots using anti-P-450a IgG, 1.7
      fold higher content of P-450a was observed in livers of female than male adult
      rats, while no appreciable sex-related difference was detected in prepubertal
      rats and rats of 24 months of age. Treatment with n-propyl-2-thiouracil or
      thyroidectomy of male rats increased by 2-fold the hepatic content of P-450a, but
      neither regimen had a significant effect on the content in female rats. Levels of
      P-450a in both sexes of thyroidectomized rats were decreased by the
      supplementation of triiodothyronine (T3, 50 micrograms per kg, i.p. for 7 days)
      to levels similar to that observed in normal male rats. Hypophysectomy also
      caused an increase in microsomal P-450a content in male rats. Continuous infusion
      of human growth hormone, which mimicked the female secretion, further
      significantly increased the content in hypophysectomized rats to a level similar
      to that observed in normal female rats. In contrast, hepatic level of P-450a in
      hypophysectomized male and female rats was reduced by intermittent injection,
      which mimicked the male secretion. Clear suppression on the level of hepatic P
      450a was also observed by the treatment of hypophysectomized rats with 5 or 50
      micrograms/kg of T3 and of hGH-infused hypophysectomized rat with 50
      micrograms/kg of T3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292589
TI  - Purification and complex formation analysis of a cysteine proteinase inhibitor
      (cystatin) from seeds of Wisteria floribunda.
AB  - Seeds of Wisteria floribunda contain several kinds of cysteine proteinase
      inhibitor (cystatin). We purified and characterized one of these inhibitors,
      named WCPI-3. The molecular weight of WCPI-3 was estimated to be 17,500 and
      15,700 by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE, respectively. The isoelectric point was
      5.7. WCPI-3 formed an equimolar complex with native papain and the dissociation
      constant was estimated to be 6.1 nM. Complex formation between WCPI-3 and Cys25
      modified papain, such as S-carboxy-methylated or S-carbamoylmethylated papain,
      could not be observed by gel filtration or native PAGE analysis. A peptide
      fragment derived from WCPI-3 digested by Achromobacter proteinase (lysyl
      endopeptidase) had the amino acid sequence of VVAGVNYRFVLK. The VVAG sequence in
      this fragment corresponds to the conserved sequence QVVAG which is considered to
      be one of binding regions to cysteine proteinases. The amino acid sequence of the
      amino-terminal portion (34 residues) of WCPI-3 was highly homologous to that of
      oryzacystatin from rice seeds.

PMID- 2292590
TI  - Mechanisms of inhibition of various cellular DNA and RNA polymerases by several
      flavonoids.
AB  - Four flavonoids (i.e., baicalein, quercetin, quercetagetin, and myricetin), known
      to be inhibitors of HIV-reverse transcriptase, have been shown to be more or less
      inhibitory to the activities of various cellular DNA and RNA polymerases. The
      degree of the inhibition varied depending on the combination of the flavonoid and
      the enzyme species: baicalein was moderately inhibitory to DNA polymerase gamma
      and E. coli DNA polymerase I; quercetin was strongly inhibitory to DNA polymerase
      beta and E. coli RNA polymerase and moderately inhibitory to DNA polymerase I;
      quercetagetin was a potent inhibitor for all of DNA polymerases alpha, beta,
      gamma, and I and RNA polymerase; myricetin was a strong inhibitor of DNA
      polymerases alpha and I and RNA polymerase. However, terminal
      deoxynucleotidyltransferase was virtually insensitive to inhibition by these
      flavonoids. The inhibition by the flavonoids was due to competition with the
      template.primer in the case of the DNA polymerases, whereas the inhibition was
      due to competition with the triphosphate substrate (GTP) in the case of RNA
      polymerase. The Ki values of these flavonoid inhibitors for DNA and RNA
      polymerases was determined.

PMID- 2292591
TI  - Organization and structure of the 5' flanking region of the rat serine
      dehydratase gene.
AB  - For study of the mechanisms regulating the induction of serine dehydratase by
      various hormones in rat liver [Noda et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 14764
      14768], we cloned the gene for this enzyme from a rat genomic library. The gene
      spans about 7.5 kilobases and consists of nine exons and eight introns. The exon
      intron boundaries are consistent with the "GT-AG" rule. Southern blot analysis of
      rat genomic DNA suggested the presence of one copy of serine dehydratase gene per
      haploid genome. The 5' end of serine dehydratase mRNA is located 148 nucleotides
      upstream of the initiator methionine codon. ATG, determined by primer extension
      analysis and S1 nuclease mapping, although an alternative transcription
      initiation site(s) may be located a few bases downstream. The 5' flanking region
      of the gene lacks typical TATA and CCAAT sequences, but contains AATAAA and CATT
      sequences, at -25 to -20 and -54 to -51, respectively. Furthermore, there are
      five GC box-related sequences. There are three putative glucocorticoid-responsive
      elements and two copies of the CGTCA motif of the cAMP-responsive element
      upstream of the promoters. The 5' flanking sequence shows more than 98% homology
      with that reported by Ogawa et al. [(1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 5809
      5813], but the first exons have different sequences. Another difference is that a
      segment of 108 nucleotides is located just upstream of exon 5 in the sequence
      reported here, but is included as an exon in the sequence of Ogawa et al. The
      possibility to producing two species of serine dehydratase mRNAs from a single
      gene by transcription from different sites and alternative splicing is discussed.

PMID- 2292593
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of C-phycocyanin from a
      red alga, Porphyra tenera.
AB  - C-Phycocyanin from a red alga, Porphyra tenera, has been crystallized by the
      vapor-diffusion procedure. Both orthorhombic and hexagonal forms were obtained
      from ammonium sulfate solutions, whereas only the orthohombic form was
      selectively grown from sodium citrate solutions. The orthorhombic crystals are
      more suitable for further crystallographic work; their space group is
      P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell dimensions of a = 105, b = 121, and c = 184 A. The
      asymmetric unit comprises two (alpha beta)3 trimer molecules of C-phycocyanin.
      These crystals diffract X-rays up to about 3 A resolution.

PMID- 2292592
TI  - Chemical modification of pig liver initiation factor eIF-2 with N-ethylmaleimide.
      Amino acid sequences around the N-ethylmaleimide-reactive sulfhydryl groups and
      the effect of GDP on the modification.
AB  - The activity of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 as to the formation of the
      ternary complex, eIF-2 GTP Met-tRNA(f), is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Our
      preparation of pig liver eIF-2 contained alpha and gamma subunits and was
      inhibited by more than 90% by N-ethylmaleimide. Using our eIF-2, we determined
      the sequences around the N-ethylmaleimide-reactive sulfhydryl groups, studied the
      effect of GDP on the sulfhydryl modification and that of NEM on the [3H]GDP
      binding, and examined the protective effect of GTP against the inhibition of
      ternary complex formation by N-ethylmaleimide. Both subunits of native eIF-2
      contained [14C]N-ethylmaleimide-reactive sulfhydryl groups. One N-ethylmaleimide
      reactive sulfhydryl group was in the alpha subunit and 4 were in the gamma
      subunit. The sequence of the peptide of the alpha subunit was determined to be:
      Ala-Gly-Leu-Asn-Cys-Ser-Thr-Glu-Thr-Met-Pro-Ile. Two of the four [14C]N
      ethylmaleimide-reactive sulfhydryl groups in the gamma subunit were highly
      reactive, their sequences being: Ile-Val-Leu-Thr-Asn-Pro-Val-Cys-Thr-Glu-Val-Gly
      Glu-Lys (gamma 1); Ser-Cys-Gly-Ser-Ser-Thr-Pro-Asp-Glu-Phe-Pro-Thr-Asp-Ile-Pro
      Gly-Thr-Lys (gamma 3a). Peptide gamma 3a contained the consensus sequence element
      (AspXaaXaaGly) of GTP-binding proteins. With preincubation of eIF-2 with GDP, the
      incorporation of [14C]N-ethylmaleimide into the gamma subunit was reduced to 40%
      of the control level, but the 14C-incorporation into the alpha subunit did not
      change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292594
TI  - Myeloid calcium binding proteins: expression in the differentiated HL-60 cells
      and detection in sera of patients with connective tissue diseases.
AB  - A differentiation antigen induced in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3)-treated HL-60
      cells was identified as being comprised of the myeloid calcium binding proteins
      CaBP-p8 and -p14 by determining its amino acid and DNA sequence. Northern blot
      analysis using a DNA fragment of the gene encoding p14 as a probe indicated that
      the gene was not expressed in undifferentiated HL-60 cells but transcribed
      starting on day 1 after VD3 treatment. The level of p 14 mRNA reached a peak on
      day 2, then declined, and little mRNA remained on day 10, indicating that the p14
      gene is activated once and then inactivated during HL-60 differentiation due to
      VD3. In contrast, thymidylate synthase (TSase) mRNA was present in
      undifferentiated HL-60 cells but disappeared quickly after VD3 treatment. Both p8
      and p14 of CaBP were found at elevated levels in sera of some patients with
      connective tissue diseases [highly elevated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
      Sjogren's syndrome (SjS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and progressive
      systemic sclerosis (PSS), and moderately in polymyositis or dermatomyositis
      (PM/DM) and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)]. These results were in sharp
      contrast with the finding that p14 is always at a highly elevated level but
      little p8 is present in the sera of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients [Bruggen et al.
      (1988) Nature 331, 570).

PMID- 2292595
TI  - The complete amino acid sequence of a major trypsin inhibitor from seeds of
      foxtail millet (Setaria italica).
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of a major trypsin inhibitor (FMTI-II) from
      seeds of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) was determined by analysis of peptides
      derived from the reduced and S-carboxymethylated protein by digestion with TPCK
      trypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. FMTI-II consists of 67 amino acid
      residues, including 10 half-cystine residues which are involved in 5 disulfide
      bridges in the molecule. The established sequence had a high degree of homology
      to Bowman-Birk type inhibitors from leguminous and gramineous plants. The trypsin
      reactive-site peptide bond in FMTI-II also appears to be Lys (16)-Ser (17) by
      comparison with these sequences.

PMID- 2292596
TI  - Purification and characterization of soluble human IL-6 receptor expressed in CHO
      cells.
AB  - An immunosorbent assay system to detect genetically engineered IL-6 receptor (IL
      6R) was established, whereby soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) was detected in the
      culture medium when sIL-6R cDNA was transfected into COS1 cells. A stably
      transformed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line constitutively expressing sIL
      6R has been established. The recombinant sIL-6R was purified to homogeneity by
      sequential filtration and chromatography of the culture medium. The recombinant
      sIL-6R augmented the sensitivity of M1 cells to IL-6 in growth inhibition assay
      in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a radioisotope immunosorbent assay (RIA)
      utilizing recombinant sIL-6R was established which could detect IL-6 in a
      quantity as low as 10 ng/ml.

PMID- 2292597
TI  - A unique fucoganglioside with blood group B determinant in rat spleen.
AB  - A unique fucoganglioside was isolated from rat spleen and characterized by
      compositional analysis, methylation analysis, exoglycosidase treatment, negative
      ion fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry, and proton NMR spectrometry.
      The ganglioside was identified as alpha Gal,Fuc-GM1(NeuGc), which has the blood
      group B determinant at the nonreducing termini, as shown below: (formula; see
      text) This is the first report describing the occurrence in nature of alpha
      Gal,Fuc-GM1 containing N-glycolylneuraminic acid.

PMID- 2292598
TI  - An optimal control model for maximum-height human jumping.
AB  - To understand how intermuscular control, inertial interactions among body
      segments, and musculotendon dynamics coordinate human movement, we have chosen to
      study maximum-height jumping. Because this activity presents a relatively
      unambiguous performance criterion, it fits well into the framework of optimal
      control theory. The human body is modeled as a four-segment, planar, articulated
      linkage, with adjacent links joined together by frictionless revolutes. Driving
      the skeletal system are eight musculotendon actuators, each muscle modeled as a
      three-element, lumped-parameter entity, in series with tendon. Tendon is assumed
      to be elastic, and its properties are defined by a stress-strain curve. The
      mechanical behavior of muscle is described by a Hill-type contractile element,
      including both series and parallel elasticity. Driving the musculotendon model is
      a first-order representation of excitation-contraction (activation) dynamics. The
      optimal control problem is to maximize the height reached by the center of mass
      of the body subject to body-segmental, musculotendon, and activation dynamics, a
      zero vertical ground reaction force at lift-off, and constraints which limit the
      magnitude of the incoming neural control signals to lie between zero (no
      excitation) and one (full excitation). A computational solution to this problem
      was found on the basis of a Mayne-Polak dynamic optimization algorithm.
      Qualitative comparisons between the predictions of the model and previously
      reported experimental findings indicate that the model reproduces the major
      features of a maximum-height squat jump (i.e. limb-segmental angular
      displacements, vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces, sequence of
      muscular activity, overall jump height, and final lift-off time).

PMID- 2292599
TI  - Factors influencing the anterior component of occlusal force.
AB  - We hypothesized that the anterior component of occlusal force (ACF) generated by
      mandibular molars was a function of molar inclination, height of the transverse
      condylar axis above the occlusal plane, steepness of the occlusal plane, gape,
      molar root dimensions, interproximal tooth contact force when not biting, and
      bite force. Our research aim was to identify those biomechanical factors which
      determine ACF. Mandibular second molars were axially loaded with a 90 N force (10
      mm second molar gape) in 15 subjects, and the resulting ACF was measured at the
      mandibular first molar-second premolar contact using a recording technique based
      on interproximal frictional forces. Morphologic measurements were obtained from
      lateral cephalometric radiographs of each subject and included: Frankfort
      mandibular plane angle, occlusal plane angle, angles formed by the longitudinal
      axis of the second molar and the occlusal and mandibular planes, perpendicular
      distance from the top of the condyle to the occlusal plane, and second molar root
      width and root length. For ten subjects, ACF resulting from axial loads of 50,
      100, 150, and 200 N was measured. For ten subjects, ACF resulting from an axial
      load of 50 N and second molar gapes of 10 mm, 14 mm, 18 mm, and 22 mm were
      measured. ACF increased with increasing gape and increased proportionally to
      increasing bite force. Correlation and stepwise regression analyses revealed that
      ACF varies with interproximal tooth contact force when not biting (contact
      'tightness') and molar root width (model R2 = 0.71, p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292600
TI  - An anatomy-based coordinate system for the description of the kinematic
      displacements in the human knee.
AB  - The effects and interaction of the anatomical displacements in the human knee are
      a prerequisite to an accurate assessment and communication of the kinematic data.
      For the kinematic information to be used to improve diagnosis and treatment, and
      for better prosthetic design and installation, there must be clear, concise, and
      universal definitions of the displacements. In general, the displacements are
      defined as three translations and three rotations. In this paper, anatomic
      landmarks on the femur and on the tibia are used to define the locations and
      orientations of the six displacement axes; i.e. three translational and three
      rotational displacement axes. The most commonly accepted kinematic representation
      of the knee joint, in the literature, is a special geometry three-cylindric open
      chain in which the axes of the cylindric joints are defined according to the
      rotational displacement axes. The sequentially adjacent joint axes are assumed to
      not only intersect but to intersect at right-angles. The open chain permits a
      total of six degrees of freedom between a Cartesian reference frame attached to
      the femur and a Cartesian reference frame attached to the tibia. In this paper,
      the three rotational axes are shown to be skewed and off-set from each other,
      therefore, a three-cylindric open chain with skewed joint axes is proposed to
      measure the six displacements between the two reference frames. The authors
      believe that the proposed open chain is the most general to date and provides a
      more realistic representation of the displacements in the knee. To illustrate the
      significance of the reference frames on the interpretation of measured data, the
      anterior/posterior drawer is plotted against per cent gait cycle for three
      existing open chains and the proposed open chain.

PMID- 2292601
TI  - Helical axes of passive knee joint motions.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine finite helical axes for passive knee
      joint motions in vitro and to evaluate the descriptive value of the finite
      helical axes for step-by-step flexion motions, with respect to consistency and
      reproducibility. An accurate Roentgenstereophotogrammetric system was used for
      motion measurements. Four knees were tested in a motion and loading rig with one
      and the same experimental protocol. A fifth specimen was used to study the
      effects of some of the experimental conditions on the axis parameters. On the
      basis of earlier reported motion characteristics in terms of Euler rotations and
      translations, two motion pathways were chosen to be reported here: a flexion
      motion with an internal torque of 3 Nm and one with an external torque of 3 Nm on
      the tibia. The positions and orientations of the axes were described relative to
      the insertions of the four major ligaments and the geometry of the articular
      surfaces of the femur, and also as intersections with a medial and a lateral
      sagittal plane. The three-dimensional patterns of the helical axes of the four
      knee specimens were found to be highly reproducible and consistent for each of
      the two motion pathways. The axis patterns were not unique, but reflected the
      particular combination of flexion and axial rotation for each particular motion
      pathway. Although small, the helical translations indicated medial motions of the
      tibia relative to the femur. This medial helical translation was more pronounced
      for the internal pathway compared with the external pathway. Above 70 degrees
      flexion, the axes move posteriorly relative to the femur.

PMID- 2292602
TI  - Estimation of turbulent shear stresses in pulsatile flow immediately downstream
      of two artificial aortic valves in vitro.
AB  - Measuring turbulent shear stresses is of major importance in artificial heart
      valve evaluation. Bi- and unidirectional fluid velocity measurements enable
      calculation of Reynolds shear stress [formula: see text] and Reynolds normal
      stress [formula: see text]. tau is important due to the relation to hemolysis and
      thrombus formation, but sigma is the only obtainable parameter in vivo.
      Therefore, determination of a correlation factor between tau and sigma is
      pertinent. In a pulsatile flow model, laser Doppler (LDA) and hot-film (HFA)
      anemometry were used for simultaneous bi- and unidirectional fluid velocity
      measurements downstream of a Hall Kaster and a Hancock Porcine aortic valve.
      Velocities were registered in two flow field locations and at four cardiac
      outputs. The velocity signals were subjected to analog signal processing prior to
      digital turbulence analysis, as a basis for calculation of tau and sigma. A
      correlation factor of 0.5 with a correlation coefficient of 0.97 was found
      between the maximum Reynolds shear stress and Reynolds normal stress, implying
      [formula: see text]. In vitro estimation of turbulent shear stresses downstream
      of artificial aortic valves, based on the axial velocity component alone, seems
      possible.

PMID- 2292604
TI  - Estimation of instantaneous moment arms of lower-leg muscles.
AB  - Muscle moment arms at the human knee and ankle were estimated from muscle length
      changes measured as a function of joint flexion angle in cadaver specimens.
      Nearly all lower-leg muscles were studied: extensor digitorum longus, extensor
      hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, gastrocnemius
      lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, peroneus brevis, peroneus longus, peroneus
      tertius, plantaris, soleus, tibialis anterior, and tibialis posterior. Noise in
      measured muscle length was filtered by means of quintic splines. Moment arms of
      the mm. gastrocnemii appear to be much more dependent on joint flexion angles
      than was generally assumed by other investigators. Some consequences for earlier
      analyses are mentioned.

PMID- 2292603
TI  - Indentation stiffness of young canine knee articular cartilage--influence of
      strenuous joint loading.
AB  - The indentation stiffness of knee articular cartilage subjected to strenuous
      physical training (SPT: treadmill running 20 km day-1 for 15 weeks, n = 6) of
      young Beagles was tested and compared to that obtained from age-matched (55
      weeks, n = 9) controls. The mathematical solution for the shear modulus, as
      determined from indentation of an elastic layer bonded to a rigid half space, was
      extended to small Poisson's ratios and applied to the analysis of cartilage
      response after a step stress (0.39 MPa) application. In these measurements with
      an impervious, plane-ended indenter, the equilibrium deformation was
      systematically greater than values predicted from the instant response by the
      linear biphasic theory. Therefore, the accurate determination of Poisson's ratio
      from the creep curves was not possible. The mean shear modulus (calculated by
      using the deformation at 900 s after load application and assuming a constant
      Poisson's ratio of 0.40 for the matrix) of canine knee articular cartilage was
      0.37 MPa. While the cartilage thickness was not affected by SPT, the cartilage of
      the lateral tibial plateau was stiffer (13.3%, p less than 0.05) than that in
      controls. However, in the femoral condyles, the stiffness was at the control
      level or even below. Our results on cartilage structure and properties suggest
      that SPT, in contrast to our previous findings with moderate training, does not
      necessarily improve the biological properties of articular cartilage in young
      animals.

PMID- 2292605
TI  - Structural consequences of transcortical holes in long bones loaded in torsion.
AB  - Finite element models were used to predict the structural consequences of
      transcortical holes through long bones loaded in torsion. Several parameters were
      investigated including hole size, anelastic behavior of the bone, cortical wall
      thickness, cortical wall symmetry, curvature along the bone's long axis and the
      axial length of the defect. Finite element model predictions of percent intact
      bone strength were compared to experimental data for sheep femora with
      transcortical drill holes loaded to failure in torsion. Hole size was expressed
      as hole diameter divided by the outer bone diameter. Linear finite element model
      predictions were in conservative agreement with the experimental data for large
      hole sizes. A transcortical hole with a diameter 50% of the outer bone diameter
      reduced the torsional strength by 60%. However, the linear models predict a 40%
      drop in strength for small holes whereas in vitro data suggest that small holes
      have no significant effect on strength. Models which represent non-linear
      anelastic behavior in bone overpredicted torsional strengths. Asymmetric cortical
      wall thickness and long bone bowing have minor effects, while the length of an
      elongated defect strongly influences the torsional strength. Strength reductions
      are greatest for bones with thin cortical walls.

PMID- 2292606
TI  - Direct in vivo tendon force measurement system.

PMID- 2292607
TI  - Estimation of the trajectory of the instantaneous centre of rotation in planar
      biokinematics.

PMID- 2292608
TI  - Least-squares identification of the dynamic relation between the electromyogram
      and joint moment.
AB  - The dynamic relation between surface EMG of an agonist and isometric joint moment
      is important in models for the prediction of dynamic joint moment from EMG. An
      efficient approach for determining the best-fitting linear transfer function
      relating EMG and isometric moment, using a least-squares approach, is presented
      and illustrated for a second-order model.

PMID- 2292609
TI  - Experimental investigation of the scaphoid strain during wrist motion.
AB  - The scaphoid is the most frequently fractured of the carpal bones [Taleisnik, J.,
      The Wrist, Churchill Livingstone, New York (1985)]. This project was undertaken
      to qualitatively evaluate the strain in the scaphoid during wrist motion using a
      newly developed strain gage method. Strain gage rosettes were mounted within the
      scaphoid and the range of motion of the hand was monitored using a custom
      designed electrogoniometer and data acquisition system. Ten specimens were
      utilized for this study. Results indicated that supination/pronation (S/P) of the
      forearm did not affect the strain in the scaphoid. A map of the strain in the
      waist of the scaphoid, as a function of flexion/extension (F/E) and radial/ulnar
      deviation (R/U), was generated. The contour plot of scaphoid strain vs range of
      motion (ROM) shows a valley where strains are low. Minimum scaphoid strain was
      found near neutral F/E and 15 degrees of ulnar deviation.

PMID- 2292610
TI  - HPLC analysis of methylxanthines in human breast milk.
AB  - A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure
      is developed for simultaneously quantitating the levels of caffeine,
      theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine in breast milk. The method involved
      the precipitation of proteins present in the milk samples with a 6% v/v
      perchloric acid solution containing the internal standard, proxyphylline,
      followed by centrifugation at 12,800 Xg for 10 minutes. The clear supernatant was
      then chromatographed on a C18 reversed-phase analytical column at ambient
      temperature using a wavelength of 272 nm. Samples were eluted from the column at
      a constant flow rate of 1.5 mL/min using a gradient program in which the
      concentration of methanol in the mobile phase varied from 0 to 16%. The mean
      recoveries of the methylxanthines averaged over all the concentrations examined
      were generally excellent and ranged from 96.3 +/- 5.4% for caffeine to 102.3 +/-
      8.9% for paraxanthine. The assay precision was very good and the peaks of
      interest were extremely well resolved. The method is recommended for assessing
      the total caffeine and dimethylxanthine load to which the nursing infant is
      exposed in mothers ingesting typical amounts of caffeine.

PMID- 2292611
TI  - Evaluation of a nitrogen-cooled, electrically heated cold trap inlet for high
      speed gas chromatography.
AB  - Gas chromatography has the potential to be a much faster method of separation
      than is usually realized. If column operating conditions are optimized for speed
      and injection band width is minimized, some simple separations can be completed
      in a few seconds. A prototype cryofocusing system for producing narrow injection
      bands with 0.25-mm i.d. columns is described here. The gas-cooled and
      electrically heated inlet produces injection bands with widths of about 10-20 ms.
      In the present study the system is evaluated using mixtures of common organics,
      including alkanes, aromatics, alcohols, ketones, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
      Quantitative trapping and reinjection is achieved for all tested compounds.
      Coefficients of variation are less than 3% for peak area and less than 0.2% for
      retention time. Base-line separation of simple mixture is achieved with retention
      times of less than 10 s. By using the cold trap inlet with a low-dead-volume
      detector and a high-speed electrometer, the efficiency available from commercial
      capillary columns can be better utilized, and retention times for some routine
      separations may be reduced to a few seconds.

PMID- 2292612
TI  - Heat sensitivity and protein synthesis during heat-shock in the tobacco hornworm,
      Manduca sexta.
AB  - Fifth instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, tolerate 1-h
      exposures to temperatures as high as 42 degrees C. Above 42 degrees C, survival
      declines rapidly to 18% at 44 degrees C and 0% at 48 degrees C. As in other
      insects, the heat-shock response of Manduca sexta involves the induction of
      synthesis of heat-shock proteins very similar in size to the Drosophila heat
      shock proteins (84, 73, 71, 27, 25, 23, and 22 kd). In the epidermis, heat-shock
      protein synthesis peaks at 42 degrees C, correlating with the heat sensitivity of
      both the tissue itself and the intact larva. Some heat-shock proteins have
      different isoelectric forms depending on tissue. Also, the heat-shock proteins
      are synthesized over a wider range of temperatures in the imaginal discs and the
      fat body as compared to the epidermis. In contrast to dipteran insects, Manduca
      sexta does not exhibit a strong repression of non-heat-shock protein synthesis
      under tolerable conditions.

PMID- 2292613
TI  - Heat dissipation during long-term anoxia in Artemia franciscana embryos:
      identification and fate of metabolic fuels.
AB  - Microcalorimetric measurements of brine shrimp embryos during 6 days of anoxia
      indicated that heat dissipation was rapidly suppressed to 2.7% of control
      (aerobic) values over the first 9 h. Energy flow continued to decline slowly to
      31 microW.g dry mass-1 (0.4% of control) during the subsequent 5.5 days. Within 2
      h after returning anoxic embryos to aerobic conditions, heat dissipation rose to
      77% of control rates. The calorimetric/respirometric (CR) ratio across this 2-h
      recovery period increased steadily from -226 to -346 kJ.mol O2-1). Prior to the
      anoxic exposures, hydrated embryos were incubated aerobically for 10 h to insure
      full initiation of carbohydrate metabolism (CR ratio = -484 kJ.mol O2-1). During
      the 6-day asymptotic approach to a nearly ametabolic state, trehalose and
      glycogen levels declined 18% and 13%, respectively. The majority of this
      utilization occurred within the first three days. Thermochemical calculations
      showed that carbohydrate catabolism accounted for 84% of the total heat
      dissipation measured over the 6-day anoxic bout; only 3% of the heat could be
      explained by the catabolism of diguanosine tetraphosphate (Gp4G). Analyses of
      embryo extracts by high performance liquid chromatography indicated that multiple
      acid end products were accumulated. Lactate and propionate reached 4.5 mM and 1.0
      mM, respectively, but these compounds did not account quantitatively for the
      amount of carbohydrate utilized. However, the largest chromatographic peak that
      accumulated under anoxia has not been successfully identified. Fumarate and
      pyruvate levels decreased as anoxia proceeded. Thus, a perceptible energy flow in
      Artemia franciscana embryos still remained after 6 days of anoxia.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292614
TI  - Aldosterone regulates paracellular pathway resistance in rabbit distal colon.
AB  - Regulation of the paracellular pathway in rabbit distal colon by the hormone
      aldosterone was investigated in vitro in Ussing chambers by means of
      transepithelial and microelectrode techniques. To evaluate the cellular and
      paracellular resistances an equivalent circuit analysis was used. For the
      analysis the apical membrane resistance was altered using the antibiotic
      nystatin. Under control conditions two groups of epithelia were found, each
      clearly dependent on the light: dark regime. Low-transporting epithelia (LT) were
      observed in the morning and high-transporting epithelia (HT) in the afternoon.
      Na+ transport was about 3-fold higher in HT than in LT epithelia. Incubating
      epithelia of both groups with 0.1 mumol.l-1 aldosterone on the serosal side
      nearly doubled in LT epithelia the short circuit current and transepithelial
      voltage but the transepithelial resistance was not influenced. Maximal values
      were reached after 4-5 h of aldosterone treatment. In HT epithelia due to the
      effect of aldosterone all three transepithelial parameters remained constant over
      time. Evaluation of the paracellular resistance revealed a significant increase
      after aldosterone stimulation in both epithelial groups. This increase suggests
      that tight junctions might have been regulated by aldosterone. The hormonal
      effect on electrolyte transport was also dependent on the physiological state of
      the rabbit colon. Since net Na+ absorption in distal colon is, in addition to
      transcellular absorption capacity, also dependent on the permeability of the
      paracellular pathway, the regulation of tight junctions by aldosterone may be a
      potent mechanism for improving Na+ absorption during hormone-stimulated ion
      transport.

PMID- 2292615
TI  - Nerve impulse-induced release of endogenous noradrenaline and adrenaline from the
      perfused cod spleen.
AB  - Release of endogenous catecholamines (CA) by electrical nerve stimulation (NS)
      was studied in the isolated perfused spleen of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. An
      HPLC-system for the analysis of endogenously released CA is described. Cocaine
      (COC) was used to block neuronal re-uptake of endogenous CA released by NS.
      Splanchnic NS at frequencies of 1-40 Hz for 20 s resulted in release of
      noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) with a maximal total overflow at 20 Hz for
      both amines. The release of CA was frequency-dependent. COC (0.1 mmol.l-1)
      increased NS-evoked (40 Hz) overflow of NA and A by 4.8 and 2.2 times,
      respectively. and reduced the overflow of dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG) to
      spontaneous efflux levels or less. It can be concluded that the HPLC-technique
      used was adequate for measurement of NS-evoked release of endogenous CA and DOPEG
      from the isolated perfused cod spleen, and the model presented can therefore be
      used when studying adrenergic mechanisms in fish spleen.

PMID- 2292616
TI  - The effects of water deprivation and salt load on water conservation efficiency
      in two Indian desert gerbils.
AB  - The effects of water deprivation and intraperitoneal salt loading on urine volume
      and on various urinary constituents have been examined in two gerbil species of
      the Rajasthan desert, the Indian desert gerbil (Meriones hurrianae Jerdon) and
      the Indian gerbil (Tatera indica indica Hardwicke). During summer, hydrated T.
      indica excreted 0.782 ml urine.100 g-1.d-1 which was about 60.5% higher than the
      volume of urine excreted by hydrated M. hurrianae (0.487 ml.100 g-1.d-1). During
      winter, both species excreted around 1.5 ml urine.100 g-1.d-1. The experimental
      treatments caused reductions in urine volume in M. hurrianae from 40 to 76%
      during summer and from 35 to 71% in winter. Similar treatments in T. indica
      caused reductions in urine volume of 50-82% in summer and 5-60% in winter. The
      mean increase in urine osmolarity following various salt loading treatments in T.
      indica ranged from 3800 to 5761 mosmol.l-1 and from 4034 to 6255 mosmol.l-1
      during summer and winter, respectively. The mean values of urine osmolarity for
      hydrated T. indica were 2831 and 3189 mosmol.l-1 during summer and winter,
      respectively. In M. hurrianae salt loading treatments caused increases of urine
      osmolarity between 3381 and 5646 mosmol.l-1 and between 4032 and 5434 mosmol.l-1,
      during summer and winter, respectively, over the values recorded for hydrated
      animals (summer = 3292; winter = 3294 mosmol.l-1). A maximum urine osmolarity of
      around 7000 mosmol.l-1 was found in both species when subjected to 2% salt
      loading treatment. The treatments used in this study increased urinary urea level
      in both T. indica (3039-4056 mM) and in M. hurrianae (1900-2180 mM) compared to
      the level in their respective hydrated controls (T. indica = 1628 mM; M.
      hurrianae = 1372 mM). The results indicate that T. indica may be better adapted
      to produce more concentrated urine than M. hurrianae.

PMID- 2292617
TI  - Structure-function studies on neurohormone D: activity of naturally-occurring
      hormone analogues.
AB  - The relative potencies of 11 naturally-occurring peptides of the adipokinetic
      hormone/red pigment-concentrating hormone family (AKH/RPCH-family) have been
      assessed with respect to increase in heart rate in adult, female American
      cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, in in vitro and in vivo bioassays. In
      addition, analogues that lacked the N-terminal pyroglutamate residue or had a
      free threonine acid at the C-terminus were also investigated. In both bioassays
      the N- or C-terminal-modified analogues give no or little response suggesting
      that blocked termini are essential for receptor-binding. In both bioassays the
      naturally-occurring peptide from the cockroach corpus cardiacum Pea-CAH-I
      (neurohormone D) is more potent than the second endogenous peptide, Pea-CAH-II.
      On the basis of this result and previous data it is proposed that neurohormone D
      is the only physiologically important "true" cardioactive peptide. The dose
      response curves of the other peptides indicate that in octapeptides, amino acid
      residues at positions 2, 6, and 7 are important for receptor-recognition, and
      that decapeptides are not as effective as octapeptides (exception: the peptide
      Rom-CC-I isolated from the grasshopper Romalea microptera).

PMID- 2292619
TI  - Interplay of advances between theory, research, and application in treatment
      interventions aimed at behavior problem children and adolescents.
AB  - This article examines the important role that the interplay between theory,
      research, and application has in fostering breakthroughs in the treatment of
      clinical problems. This issue is presented in the context of an ongoing program
      of psychotherapy research that targets for intervention Hispanic behavior problem
      youth and their families. Findings and breakthroughs in structural family
      therapy, the measurement of family and child psychodynamic functioning, the
      development of culturally appropriate interventions, the role of attrition as a
      measure of outcome, and the investigation of theoretically postulated mechanisms
      in behavior change are discussed. Recommendations for future research directions
      are made.

PMID- 2292618
TI  - Studies on the efficacy of child psychoanalysis.
AB  - This article summarizes 3 studies that evaluated the psychoanalytic
      psychotherapeutic treatment of diabetic children and adolescents with grossly
      abnormal blood glucose profiles necessitating repeated admissions to hospital.
      Study 1 used time series analysis to demonstrate that improvements in control
      were predicted by unconscious themes emerging in the analytic material. Study 2
      compared the effect of psychotherapeutic treatment with that of minimal
      psychological intervention in two well-matched groups (n = 11). Patients in the
      treatment group were offered psychoanalytic psychotherapy 3-4 times per week on
      the hospital ward. The intervention was highly effective in improving the
      diabetic control of the children, and this improvement was maintained at 1-year
      follow-up. Study 3 used single-case experimental design to demonstrate the marked
      effect of psychotherapeutic help on growth in diabetic children with short
      stature.

PMID- 2292620
TI  - Culturally sensitive psychotherapy for Puerto Rican children and adolescents: a
      program of treatment outcome research.
AB  - Recognition of cultural distance between Hispanic clients and non-Hispanic
      therapists has prompted efforts to introduce culture into therapy, but there is
      little evidence that such efforts influence treatment outcomes. This article
      evaluates treatment outcomes from a program of research on modeling therapy with
      Puerto Ricans, targeting anxiety symptoms, acting-out behavior, and self-concept
      problems. Evaluation of outcomes confirmed the impact of culturally sensitive
      modeling therapy on anxiety symptoms and other selected target behaviors, but
      negative treatment effects also were evident. Results suggest that new approaches
      to psychotherapy for special populations, such as Hispanic children and
      adolescents, should be buttressed by programmatic research oriented toward the
      comparative evaluation of treatment outcomes and should be attuned to therapeutic
      processes mediating between culture and outcome.

PMID- 2292621
TI  - Toward generic principles of treating parents and children: integrating
      psychotherapy with the school-aged child and early family intervention.
AB  - Generic principles governing the outcome and process of the treatment of children
      and their families can be generated from both research on the psychotherapy of
      school-aged children and early family intervention. Evidence indicates that the
      amenability of the child or parent to treatment and the comprehensiveness,
      duration, and intensity of the helping process are significant parameters.
      Definition of significant early family intervention roles allows linkage to
      various therapeutic roles with school-aged children and forces the recognition
      that most treatment situations involve more roles than are officially recognized.
      This articulation of the profile of intervention roles among poverty level, first
      time parents at risk for neglecting their infant drew on several bodies of
      theory: psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral, social cognitive, and positive
      reinforcement principles, and advocacy and direct assistance as used in clinical
      social casework.

PMID- 2292622
TI  - Arrests among emotionally disturbed violent and assaultive individuals following
      minimal versus lengthy intervention through North Carolina's Willie M Program.
AB  - Time to first arrest after termination of Willie M Program services was compared
      in 2 groups of former clients. All Ss had met program criteria and "aged out"
      after their 18th birthday, but the two groups differed in duration and extent of
      intervention received: (a) A short-certification group (n = 21), because they
      turned 18 near the 1981 program start date, had received Willie M services for a
      mean of only 26 days (all cases less than 3 months); (b) a long-certification
      group (n = 147) averaged 896 days in the program (all cases greater than 1 year).
      The groups did not differ significantly in gender or race; geographic region; IQ;
      diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
      3rd ed. (DSM-III, American Psychiatric Association, 1980); or age at earliest
      antisocial acts. A survival analysis compared the short and long groups on
      proportion avoiding arrest as a function of time since aging out. The long group
      showed slightly better arrest survival, but survival curves for the 2 groups did
      not differ reliably. Thus the program was not found to significantly reduce the
      risk of young adult arrests.

PMID- 2292623
TI  - Empirical and clinical focus of child and adolescent psychotherapy research.
AB  - The present study evaluated the characteristics of research on child and
      adolescent psychotherapy. Published studies (N = 223) of psychotherapy from 1970
      to 1988 were codified to characterize research, clinical, and methodological
      characteristics. The major results indicate that (a) treatment research focuses
      almost exclusively on the impact of treatment techniques with scant attention to
      influences (child/adolescent, parent, family, therapist) that may moderate
      outcome and (b) several characteristics of the children/adolescents and methods
      of treatment delivery and approaches depart markedly from those evident in the
      practice of treatment. Priorities for treatment research to place clinical
      practice on firmer empirical footing are discussed.

PMID- 2292624
TI  - Social status and the comorbidity of child depression and conduct disorder.
AB  - This study examined the overlap between child depression and conduct disorder
      (D&CD) as a function of peer social status (i.e., popular, rejected, neglected,
      controversial, average) in a sample of 1,464 nonreferred 4th graders. Both D&CD
      were measured by self-report, peer nomination, and teacher ratings. Social status
      was assessed by peer nomination. A strong correlation (.73) was found between
      D&CD, even after accounting for shared method variance by confirmatory factor
      analysis. Furthermore, the number of Ss who scored high on both D&CD was greater
      than would be expected by chance alone. Multivariate tests revealed that rejected
      Ss scored higher than average Ss on measures of D&CD. Controversial boys also
      scored higher on measures of CD. However, analyses also revealed that the
      association between depression and rejected social status might be due to a
      subgroup of depressed children who also manifested symptoms of CD. Implications
      for assessment and treatment of child disorders are discussed.

PMID- 2292625
TI  - Internal and external mediators of women's sexual abuse in childhood.
AB  - A community sample of 111 women's retrospective reports of childhood sexual abuse
      was examined in an effort to understand the circumstances and coping strategies
      that mediated the immediate and lasting effects of those stressful experiences.
      Aspects of single or multiple abuse incidents were captured in 11 variables, each
      reflecting 1 of 3 domains: circumstances of abuse, mediators, and outcomes (the
      negative effects of abuse). Observed variable simultaneous path analysis models
      revealed several direct and mediated influences on the outcomes. Long-term
      negative outcomes of abuse were directly affected by a close relationship to the
      perpetrator and severity of abuse from the circumstance of abuse domain, and
      immediate negative responses, self-blame, and nondisclosure regarding the
      incident from the mediational domain. The importance of examining factors that
      mediate the negative effects of child sexual abuse is discussed.

PMID- 2292626
TI  - Patient and therapist introject, interpersonal process, and differential
      psychotherapy outcome.
AB  - The Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB; Benjamin, 1974, 1982, 1984)
      system was used to study the interpersonal process between patient and therapist
      in the 3rd session of 14 therapeutic dyads. Dyads were grouped into good and poor
      outcomes cases (n = 7) on the basis of the amount of change in the patients'
      introject as measured by the INTREX Introject Questionnaire (Benjamin, 1983).
      Strong support was found for the following hypotheses based on interpersonal
      theory, linking therapists' introject state, interpersonal process in therapy,
      and outcome: (a) Poor outcome cases (no introject change) were typified by
      interpersonal behaviors by the therapist that confirmed a negative patient
      introject; (b) the number of therapists' statements that were subtly hostile and
      controlling was highly correlated with the number of self-blaming statements by
      the patients; (c) therapists with disaffiliative introjects tended to engage in a
      much higher level of problematic interpersonal processes that have been
      associated with poor outcome. Implications for future research and therapist
      training are discussed.

PMID- 2292627
TI  - Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without
      hyperactivity as defined by research criteria.
AB  - Children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADD+H; N = 48) were
      compared with those without hyperactivity (ADD-H; N = 42), as well as with
      learning disabled and control children, on an extensive battery of interviews,
      behavior ratings, tests, and direct observations. ADD+H children had more
      externalizing and internalizing symptoms by parent and teacher report, were more
      off task during vigilance testing, and had more substance abuse, ADD+H, and
      aggression among their relatives than did the other groups. ADD-H children were
      more day-dreamy and lethargic by teacher report, more impaired in perceptual
      motor speed, and had more anxiety disorders among their relatives than did ADD+H
      children. Results indicate that these 2 types of ADD may be separate, distinct
      childhood disorders rather than subtypes of a common attention deficit.

PMID- 2292628
TI  - Longitudinal prediction of marital discord from premarital expressions of affect.
AB  - Theoretical and empirical analyses suggest that affective features of dyadic
      communication bear importantly on relationship satisfaction. A circumplex model
      that originated in research on the structure of affect was first replicated using
      data from premarital problem-solving discussions. Negativity, Positivity, and
      Disengagement emerged as the three primary factors. Multiple regression analyses,
      controlling for premarital relationship satisfaction, showed affective
      Disengagement at premarriage to be negatively associated with marital
      satisfaction at 18 (n = 84) and 30 (n = 72) months after marriage. Negativity of
      premarital affective expression correlated negatively with premarital
      satisfaction (n = 88) but not with postmarital satisfaction. Two variables formed
      by combining affect factors contributed to the prediction of 30-month marital
      satisfaction. Elements associated with current marital satisfaction appear to
      differ from those associated with later marital satisfaction.

PMID- 2292629
TI  - A stress inoculation program for parents whose children are undergoing painful
      medical procedures.
AB  - The efficacy of a stress inoculation intervention program was compared with that
      of a child focused intervention program in helping parents cope with their
      children's painful medical procedures. Ss included 72 parents (79% mothers) of
      pediatric leukemia patients (aged 3-12 years) who were undergoing either bone
      marrow aspirations (n = 28) or lumbar punctures (n = 44). Parents were assessed
      during a baseline procedure and then were randomly assigned to either a stress
      inoculation group or a child-focused intervention group. In the child focused
      intervention, parents merely observed their child's participation in a cognitive
      behavior therapy program. Assessment of parents included an observation measure
      of parent behavior, self-reported measures of anxiety and coping, and
      physiological measures. Results indicate that parents in the stress inoculation
      program reported lower anxiety scores and higher positive self-statement scores
      than did parents in the child-focused intervention.

PMID- 2292631
TI  - Computer-assisted attention retraining in head-injured individuals: a controlled
      efficacy study of an outpatient program.
AB  - The efficacy of a computer-assisted attention retraining program was evaluated
      with 29 outpatients suffering from moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Ss
      who were at least 12 months postinjury were randomly assigned either to the
      attention training program or a memory training program that served as a control
      condition. Training lasted 9 weeks with two 2-hr sessions per week for both
      groups. The experimental design evaluated outcome by juxtaposing a multiple
      baseline procedure for a 1st set of measures of attention and memory with a pre
      and post group comparison that relied on a 2nd set of neuropsychological tests.
      The experimental group improved significantly in comparison with the control
      group on measures of attention. The reversed pattern for the memory measures was
      not observed. None of the treatment effects generalized to the 2nd set of
      dependent variables.

PMID- 2292630
TI  - Secondary prevention with college drinkers: evaluation of an alcohol skills
      training program.
AB  - This study evaluated secondary prevention approaches for young adults (N = 36,
      mean age 23 years) at risk for alcohol problems. Subjects were randomly assigned
      to cognitive-behavioral alcohol skills training, a didactic alcohol information
      program, or assessment only. The skills program included training in blood
      alcohol level estimation, limit setting, and relapse prevention skills. All
      subjects maintained daily drinking records during the 8-week intervention and for
      1 week at each follow-up. Repeated measures MANOVA found a significant reduction
      over 1-year follow-up in self-reported alcohol consumption for the total sample.
      For all drinking measures, the directional findings consistently favored skills
      training. Despite overall reductions, most subjects continued to report
      occasional heavy drinking.

PMID- 2292632
TI  - Characteristics of telephone applicants to a residential rehabilitation program
      for homeless veterans.
AB  - This study gathered descriptive data on 163 individuals who applied by telephone
      to a residential rehabilitation program for homeless veterans and compared these
      data with general veteran and homeless populations. Ss were a young (M = 40.82
      years) and educated (M = 13.34 years of schooling) subgroup of homeless men
      (98.16%) with histories of relatively high, stable functioning (e.g., previous
      successful employment) and high rates of medical (47.47%), substance abuse
      (67.1%), psychiatric (41.93%; primarily nonpsychotic), and legal (71.15%)
      problems. These characteristics appear to be different from those of other
      subgroups of homeless (e.g., homeless chronically mentally ill, skid-row
      alcoholics), and they provide a basis for beginning to develop distinct remedial
      strategies that are specific to this subpopulation. The advantages of studying
      subgroups of homeless and the utility of the telephone interview data collection
      methodology are discussed.

PMID- 2292633
TI  - Social outcomes related to age of onset among psychiatric disorders.
AB  - Analyses are presented that examine the impact of a diagnosis of affective
      disorder, anxiety disorder, and substance abuse before and after age 20 on
      multiple measures of education, socioeconomic and employment status,
      childbearing, marital status, and instability in a random sample (N = 3,000) of
      community respondents from the Piedmont Health Survey. Results indicate that all
      categories are associated with social outcomes regardless of age of onset,
      particularly for marital and family outcomes. For socioeconomic outcomes, the
      correlates of anxiety disorder are more pervasive, and the effects of a substance
      abuse diagnosis are stronger for early onset.

PMID- 2292634
TI  - Serious conduct problems in the children of adolescent mothers: disentangling
      confounded correlations.
AB  - Early motherhood (less than 20 years of age) was found to be significantly
      correlated (r = .33) with the number of DSM-III symptoms of conduct disorder in a
      sample of 253 boys aged 6-13 years who had been referred to outpatient clinics.
      The following models were compared using path analysis: (a) Teenage motherhood,
      parental antisocial personality, and SES each contribute uniquely to the
      prediction of childhood conduct problems; (b) teenage motherhood mediates the
      association of SES and parental antisocial personality with child conduct
      problems; and (c) teenage motherhood is spuriously related with child conduct
      problems because of common associations with SES and parental antisocial
      personality. Model (c) best fit our data. Similar results were obtained whether
      maternal age at the birth of the firstborn child or the proband child was used to
      define maternal age and when teenage motherhood was defined as giving birth at
      less than 18 years.

PMID- 2292635
TI  - Effectiveness of booster sessions in the maintenance and enhancement of treatment
      gains following assertion training.
AB  - Forty-six unassertive Ss were randomly assigned to assertion training (AT) or
      waiting-list control conditions. Ss receiving AT showed significantly greater
      improvements from pretreatment to post-treatment on 8 out of 10 questionnaire
      measures of assertiveness and 3 out of 5 direct behavioral observation measures
      compared with the waiting-list group. 27 Ss who had completed the AT program were
      then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 booster conditions, namely, monthly assertion
      training boosters (ATB), monthly attention placebo boosters (APB), or no boosters
      (NB). At the 3-month follow-up there was minimal difference between booster
      conditions. By the 6-month follow-up the results favored the ATB condition.
      Although the APB procedure was effective in preventing the relapse shown by the
      NB subjects, the ATB group actually showed further improvements on some measures
      of assertiveness during the 6-month follow-up period.

PMID- 2292636
TI  - Lateralized anterior and posterior lesions and performance on Digit Span and
      Russell's revision of the Wechsler Memory Scale.
AB  - Performance on the Russell (1975) revision of the Wechsler Memory Scale and the
      Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale by subjects with
      lateralized anterior and posterior lesions was investigated. Ss were right-handed
      men whose brain lesions were identified on the basis of neurodiagnostic tests as
      being lateralized to either the left or right hemisphere and restricted to either
      the anterior or posterior side of the central sulcus. A normal comparison group
      was formed of Ss suspected of having neurological damage and referred for
      neuropsychological testing but who had normal neurodiagnostic examinations. It
      was predicted that both the laterality and caudality of lesions would affect
      memory task performance. This prediction was fully supported for the logical
      memory task and partially supported for the figural memory and digit span tasks.

PMID- 2292638
TI  - Daily stress as a trigger of migraine attacks: results of thirteen single-subject
      studies.
AB  - A 6-month longitudinal study examined whether migraine attacks were preceded by
      or occurred on stressful days. Every evening 13 patients filled out a
      questionnaire assessing daily stress. Analyses on single-subject level tested
      whether attacks occurred more often than expected by chance 3, 2, or 1 day after
      or on day when stress scores were in the upper third of the subject's
      distribution. Increased stress was generally not found for Days 2 and 3 before an
      attack, but often for Day 1 and on the migraine day itself. The latter findings
      were also significant on a group level.

PMID- 2292637
TI  - How does cognitive therapy work? Cognitive change and symptom change in cognitive
      therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression.
AB  - The effects of changes in depression-relevant cognition were examined in relation
      to subsequent change in depressive symptoms for outpatients with major depressive
      disorder randomly assigned to cognitive therapy (CT; n = 32) versus those
      assigned to pharmacotherapy only (NoCT; n = 32). Depression severity scores were
      obtained at the beginning, middle, and end of the 12-week treatment period, as
      were scores on 4 measures of cognition: Attributional Styles Questionnaire (ASQ),
      Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ), Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS), and
      the Hopelessness Scale (HS). Change from pretreatment to midtreatment on the ASQ,
      DAS, and HS predicted change in depression from midtreatment to posttreatment in
      the CT group, but not in the NoCT group. It is concluded that cognitive phenomena
      play mediational roles in cognitive therapy. However, data do not support their
      status as sufficient mediators.

PMID- 2292639
TI  - Self-esteem, social support, internalized homophobia, and coping strategies of
      HIV+ gay men.
AB  - The relationship was examined between self-esteem, social support, internalized
      homophobia, and coping strategies used by HIV-positive (HIV+) gay men (N = 89)
      and between the use of coping strategies and mood state. Multiple regressions
      were conducted with avoidant (escape avoidance, accepting responsibility) and
      proactive (seeking social support, planful problem solving) coping serving as
      criterion variables. Greater homophobia and less self-esteem predicted avoidant
      coping, whereas less homophobia and less time since diagnosis predicted proactive
      coping. Greater time since diagnosis, less avoidant coping, less homophobia, and
      greater self-esteem predicted better mood state and accounted for 50% of the
      total variance.

PMID- 2292640
TI  - Behavioral correlates of maternal depressive symptomatology in conduct-disorder
      children: II. Systemic effects involving fathers and siblings.
AB  - This study tested a systemic hypothesis of the relation between maternal
      depressive symptomatology and the behavior of conduct-disordered children (n =
      47) toward their mothers, fathers, and siblings. Maternal symptomatology
      interacted with the children's behavior toward all family members. Children whose
      mothers were distressed tended to be more compliant and less aversive toward them
      than toward their fathers, and the opposite applied to children whose mothers
      were not distressed. Comparable results were obtained in comparisons of child
      interactions with mothers and siblings, although in the latter case the
      children's behaviors differed in absolute magnitude as a function of their
      interaction partner.

PMID- 2292641
TI  - Brief group psychoeducation for bulimia nervosa: assessing the clinical
      significance of change.
AB  - Forty-one women with bulimia nervosa completed a brief intervention that was
      designed to promote symptom management. Cutoff scores for the determination of
      reliable and clinically significant change were calculated for several
      psychometric instruments that are commonly used as outcome measures in the field
      of eating disorders. Using these statistical procedures to assess therapeutic
      change, this study documents the diversity of outcomes that individuals reported
      following their participation in the intervention. As expected, there was a
      differential reporting of clinically significant change in favor of specific
      eating psychopathology relative to personality features and associated
      psychopathology.

PMID- 2292642
TI  - Validity of physiological measures of pedophilic sexual arousal in a sexual
      offender population: a critique of Hall, Proctor, and Nelson.
AB  - It is argued that methodological problems in Hall, Proctor, and Nelson's (1988)
      comparison of phallometric data on child molesters and rapists include
      confounding of stimulus category and duration, omission of neutral stimuli and a
      normal control group, failure to employ relative measures of sexual preference,
      and failure to exclude subjects who did not respond to the sexual stimuli.
      Quinsey and Laws maintain that, although these methodological problems preclude
      accepting the conclusions drawn in Hall et al.'s article, the problems illustrate
      the need to develop common methodological standards for phallometric research on
      sexual offenders.

PMID- 2292643
TI  - Pain along the medial arch of the foot.

PMID- 2292644
TI  - Classifications of radiopaque lesions of the tendo Achillis.
AB  - The authors present an anatomically-based classification to identify radiopaque
      lesions of the tendo Achillis. Numerous etiologic and pathologic processes are
      responsible for the formation of radiopaque lesions found in this tendon. The
      anatomical location and morphologic appearance of the lesions are represented in
      this classification system to better acquaint the physician with reported
      etiologic causes. Treatment based upon classification sites are discussed to
      complete this historical presentation.

PMID- 2292645
TI  - Effect of sesamoid position on long-term results of hallux abducto valgus
      surgery.
AB  - Radiographic parameters for 70 patients that underwent hallux abducto valgus
      (HAV) surgery were evaluated with emphasis on the tibial sesamoid position. The
      preoperative and postoperative sesamoid positions were analyzed. Soft tissue
      bunionectomies, metatarsal head and base osteotomies, and first
      metatarsocuneiform arthrodesis are procedures that were included in this
      evaluation. The inadequate relocation of the sesamoids, along with other standard
      parameters, were then correlated with recurrence of hallux abducto valgus and
      metatarsus primus adductus. The surgical relocation of the sesamoid apparatus is
      discussed, including both an intracapsular and extracapsular release. Possible
      indications for fibular sesamoidectomy are suggested. Effects of sesamoid
      position on the long-term results of HAV surgery are presented.

PMID- 2292647
TI  - Continuous passive motion following partial ankle joint arthroplasty.
AB  - Retrospective preliminary report of 19 cases undergoing partial ankle joint
      arthroplasties with open surgical procedures were rehabilitated with continuous
      passive motion (CPM). Preoperative and post-operative ankle range of motion and
      subjective findings (pain, physical signs, activity, quality of motion) were
      evaluated. Results indicated significant increases to ankle joint range of motion
      with the use of continuous passive motion, decreased pain, increased activity,
      decreased edema, and improved quality of motion in the majority of patients
      undergoing ankle joint arthroplasty with continuous passive motion.

PMID- 2292646
TI  - Enchondroma: two case reports.
AB  - Although bone tumors of any type are rare in the foot, if they do occur,
      enchondroma is among the most common. Asymptomatic enchondromas do not warrant
      treatment, but aggressive treatment is warranted when these tumors are painful.
      Pain occurs when there is a fracture, compression of soft tissues, or malignant
      conversion. Methods of treatment include excision, curettage and packing with
      bone chips, and subtotal or total resection and bone grafting. Two cases of
      painful enchondroma and how they were treated by different means is presented.

PMID- 2292648
TI  - Lower extremity manifestations of a meningioma.
AB  - Physicians have long recognized that systemic diseases manifest themselves in the
      foot. The podiatric physician can play a crucial role in the identification of
      such pathologic processes. Consultation with various subspecialties, along with
      sensory, motor and neurologic examinations often are paramount. This article will
      present a case of a meningioma identified by careful podiatric evaluation and
      consultation with internal medicine, neurology, and neurosurgery.

PMID- 2292649
TI  - Preliminary report: modifications of the Regnauld osteochondral autogenous graft.
AB  - The enclavement procedure was originally described by Bernard Regnauld in 1968.
      The basal portion of the proximal phalanx of the hallux is used as an
      osteochondral autogenous graft in the treatment of hallux limitus, hallux
      rigidus, and hallux valgus. This paper presents a review of Regnauld's
      techniques, emphasizing an in situ modification of the inverted graft that allows
      for greater technical ease, increased stability, and improved graft viability,
      with more rapid incorporation.

PMID- 2292650
TI  - Variation in the division of the tibial nerve: application to nerve blocks.
AB  - One hundred and twenty-six human cadaver lower extremities were dissected to
      determine the level of division of the tibial nerve into medial and lateral
      plantar nerves. While there is a considerable amount of variance in the level of
      division, there is a higher incidence of division proximal to the usual
      description. This is deep to the flexor retinaculum between the calcaneus and
      medial malleolus.

PMID- 2292652
TI  - Measurement of the intracompartmental pressures of the foot.
AB  - The premise of this paper is to determine the basal pressure measurements of the
      anatomical compartments of the foot. This will also serve to identify the closed
      compartments of the foot. A reliable diagnostic indicator has been established
      for the evaluation and treatment of certain diseases such as Volkman's ischemic
      contracture, compartment syndrome of the foot, and chronic heel and arch pain in
      the absence of osseous or neurologic findings.

PMID- 2292651
TI  - Implant failure with particulate silicone synovitis (detritic synovitis).
AB  - The authors present a case of particulate synovitis due to a silicone hemi
      implant. Other names for this condition are silastic detritic synovitis and
      silastic foreign body synovitis. Small, free pieces of silastic cause
      inflammation of the synovial tissues. A literature review also is presented.

PMID- 2292653
TI  - Postoperative pressure under the rheumatic feet.
AB  - The authors examined ten seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients with an EMED
      gait analysis system in a mean four years after foot surgery and compared that
      with ten normal subjects who formed a control group. The maximum pressure in the
      toe regions was almost the same as in the control group. The rheumatoid arthritis
      group had significantly increased maximum pressure in the first metatarsal and
      tarsal region.

PMID- 2292654
TI  - Subchondral bone drilling: a treatment for cartilage defects.
AB  - Clearly, no one surgical procedure is ideal for the treatment of degenerative
      joint disease. Many factors are involved in planning for the proper approach,
      such as age and activity of the patient, etiology, and stage of the disease.
      Arthroplasty, implant arthroplasty, cheilectomy, enclavement, various
      osteotomies, and joint fusions have been advocated as procedures for choice of
      degenerative joint disease of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (24-26).
      Similar procedures have been used to treat arthroses of the lesser
      metatarsophalangeal joints as well. Some of these procedures are designed to
      address the etiology of the degenerative process. This is the case with the
      enclavement and metatarsal osteotomies such as the Watermann procedure (25, 26).
      Most of these procedures are primarily effective in the early stages of the
      disease (26). Other procedures attempt to alleviate symptomatology as with the
      Keller arthroplasty, implant arthroplasties, cheilectomy, and joint fusions (24,
      26). With the exception of the cheilectomy, these generally are reserved for late
      stage arthroses. Subchondral drilling has been used to treat cartilage defects in
      conjunction with other procedures that address the etiology and symptomatology of
      the disease process. It has been shown that small drill holes may be effective in
      producing fibrocartilage to replace full- and partial-thickness cartilage defects
      (14, 18). Such drilling has been useful in the treatment of osteochondral lesions
      of the ankle and promises to be equally effective in treatment of osteochondral
      lesions of the metatarsophalangeal joints. As with any procedure, applications
      are limited. Subchondral drilling addresses only the cartilage defect and the
      pain attributed to that defect. It does nothing to address the etiology of a
      biomechanical problem. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292655
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of chondromyxoid fibroma of the third metatarsal.
AB  - The authors describe, radiographically, the case of an ill-defined, soft tissue
      lesion in the third metatarsal of a 28-year-old male. Angiographic assessment
      with magnetic resonance imaging provided clear visualization of the tumor.
      Pathologic examination is also reviewed.

PMID- 2292656
TI  - The morphometric analysis of cell nuclei from fine needle aspirates of thyroid
      follicular lesions does not improve the diagnostic accuracy of traditional
      cytologic examination.
AB  - In order to evaluate the usefulness of the morphometric analysis in improving the
      accuracy of the traditional cytologic examination of follicular thyroid lesions,
      fine needle aspirates from 17 adenomatous goiters, 19 follicular adenomas and 18
      follicular carcinomas were examined. In each case 20-50 follicles, accounting
      from 100 to 200 thyroid cells, were studied by operators unaware of the
      histologic diagnosis. Nuclear areas (mean, maximum and minimum area) were derived
      by means of a semiautomatic system and follicular thyroid lesions were classified
      into three groups (goiter, adenoma and follicular carcinoma) utilizing cut-off
      values. The results were then compared to the cytologic diagnosis carried out
      according to traditional (optic microscopy) criteria. Mean values of nuclear
      areas showed significant differences among the three groups, but a considerable
      overlap occurred in the size distribution of cell nuclei. At present, therefore,
      planimetric measurements of cell nuclei in fine needle aspirates do not improve
      the accuracy of standard cytologic examination in the differential diagnosis of
      follicular thyroid lesions.

PMID- 2292657
TI  - Usefulness of the combined antithyroglobulin antibodies and thyroglobulin assay
      in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.
AB  - A total of 1050 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have been
      followed in the Thyroid Center of Padua by means of serum thyroglobulin (Tg)
      measured with IRMA method and anti-Tg antibodies (TgAb) assays. Circulating TgAbs
      were detected in 102 (9.7%) patients. In 32 of these 102, TgAbs were evaluated
      before and after total thyroidectomy and 131I ablation. In these patients no
      relationship was found between preoperative serum TgAb levels on the one hand and
      tumor stage at diagnosis or outcome of the disease on the other. During the
      follow-up, TgAb serum levels decreased or disappeared in 21 cases considered
      tumor-free, while they remained unchanged or even increased, in comparison with
      the preoperative ones, in 11 patients, 5 with proven metastases and 6 considered
      tumor-free. Evaluating the whole group of 102 TgAb-positive patients, we observed
      that TgAb serum levels, measured after thyroid ablation, were significantly
      higher in cases with metastases than in those considered tumor-free (653.0 +/-
      196.9 vs 157.7 +/- 116.5 U/ml, m +/- SD, p less than 0.0001). In the group of
      patients with metastases and circulating TgAbs, Tg serum levels were elevated in
      27% of cases on TSH-suppressive therapy and in 44% off therapy when nodal
      metastases were present, and in 67% of cases on TSH-suppressive therapy and in
      83% off therapy when distant metastases were present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2292658
TI  - Hypoglycemia, hormones and cytokines in fatal meningococcal septicemia.
AB  - A unique case report with sequential measurements of the plasma concentrations of
      glucoregulatory hormones, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor during
      development of hypoglycemia in fatal meningococcemia is presented. Hormonal
      explanations for hypoglycemia like hyperinsulinemia or defective hypoglycemic
      counter-regulation were excluded. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 and
      tumor necrosis factor were skyhigh. The putative relation between cytokines and
      hypoglycemia in sepsis is discussed.

PMID- 2292660
TI  - Estimation and asymptotic properties of the distribution of time-to-tumour in
      carcinogenesis experiments.
AB  - The problem of the estimation of the cumulative hazard function for time-to
      tumour is considered for tumours that are not clinically observable and
      irreversible. The problem is posed in a compartmental model framework like that
      of Dewanji and Kalbfleisch (1986). The essential data from a single animal that
      are considered are: its group, age at death, mode of death (natural or
      sacrifice), and a list of the tumours present at death. No assumption concerning
      the lethality of the tumour of interest is required. First an isotonic estimator
      is proposed for the subsurvival function for time-to-tumour, based on the
      estimator derived by Gomez and Van Ryzin (1987) for the subdistribution function
      for time-to-tumour which maintains the asymptotic behaviour, that is, it is
      consistent and asymptotically normal. Then, the cumulative hazard estimator is
      defined which is itself monotonically increasing, consistent, and asymptotically
      normal. The limiting variance is computed and a consistent estimator is given.
      The observable data are summarized in a 4-variate counting process. The intensity
      of this process and the corresponding martingales were derived by Gomez and Van
      Ryzin (1987). The martingale theory can then be applied to obtain the desired
      results. In particular, the limiting variance is easily achieved. Finally, the
      proposed methods are illustrated with Berlin, Brodsky, and Clifford data on
      glomerulosclerosis disease in female RF mice.

PMID- 2292661
TI  - A stochastic model for haematopoiesis in cats.
AB  - Haematopoiesis is the process by which progenitor cells differentiate into
      competent mature blood cells. Only those cells in the latter stages of
      haematopoiesis can be observed in vitro, so theories about the early stages of
      the process cannot be tested directly. Experimental data of bone marrow samples
      from Safari cats provides evidence for the clonal succession hypothesis of early
      haematopoiesis. In this paper, a hidden Markov model is constructed to quantify
      this support. Recursive updating techniques are derived and are used to calculate
      the likelihood and to construct fitted values for the model. Inference is based
      on multimodal likelihood surfaces.

PMID- 2292659
TI  - Increase by naloxone of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin responses to insulin
      induced hypoglycemia in obese men.
AB  - The present study was carried out to establish whether the low arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia
      observed in obese men was due to alteration of the opioid control of posterior
      pituitary function. For this purpose, the AVP and OT releasing effect of insulin
      (0.15 IU/kg bw)--induced hypoglycemia was tested in eight normal weight men and
      in 10 age-matched obese subjects, without and with the previous treatment with
      the specific opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (3 mg in an iv bolus). In a
      control study, naloxone was given alone to the same subjects. Obese men showed
      similar basal glucose, AVP and OT levels, which remained unmodified after
      treatment with naloxone alone. Insulin induced a similar decrement of blood
      glucose levels in all subjects, with a nadir at 30 min. Plasma levels of AVP and
      OT rose strikingly in normal and obese subjects with mean peak responses at 30
      min for AVP and at 45 min for OT. However, both AVP and OT responses were
      significantly lower in obese than in control subjects. Pretreatment with naloxone
      did not modify the AVP and OT responses to hypoglycemia in normal weight
      subjects, whereas it significantly enhanced both hormonal responses in obese
      subjects. In the presence of naloxone normal controls and obese subjects showed
      similar responses of both AVP and OT to hypoglycemia. These data indicate that an
      abnormal activity of endogenous opioids might account for the hypothalamic
      posterior pituitary dysfunction, which is responsible for the low AVP and OT
      responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in obesity.

PMID- 2292662
TI  - Global stability results for epidemic models with latent period.
AB  - In this paper, we analyse epidemic models with latent period. These models are
      characterized by the presence of the E class, that is, the class of population
      exposed to infection but not yet infectious. Global stability results are
      obtained for the nontrivial equilibrium for these models.

PMID- 2292663
TI  - Components of growth variation in human stature.
AB  - Traditional methods of estimating the heritability of a trait such as height
      utilize a single observation of the variance. This, however, provides little
      insight into the way in which the variance is generated. In this paper, we
      propose that repeat measurements of height over a period of childhood growth can
      be used to estimate different components of the variation in height increment. By
      height increment we mean the successively longer increments computed relative to
      a common initial height. Models are developed which indicate that the genetic
      component of the variance accumulates as a quadratic function of the mean, while
      the environmental component accumulates until it reaches a constant. This
      'homeostatic constant' represents an equilibrium between the input of
      environmentally induced variation and its removal through homeostasis. Large
      constants are indicative of poor environments and poor homeostatic responses. The
      constant therefore provides a measure of the adaptive status of the children at
      the level of the population. The models are here applied to growth data collected
      on Hong Kong infants. The resulting estimate of the genetic component of the
      variance is 0.0044 cm2 per cm2 of mean height increment. This is somewhat higher
      than expectation but easily accounted for through the effects of environmental
      stratification on the variance. The homeostatic constant is estimated to be
      approximately 1.2 cm2. This is the first such estimate of its kind.

PMID- 2292665
TI  - Market share liability for pharmaceuticals. The distinction between DES and DPT.

PMID- 2292664
TI  - A mathematical model for the production and secretion of tumour angiogenesis
      factor in tumours.
AB  - Solid tumour growth was hypothesized by Folkman (1976) to take place in two
      phases: the avascular phase and the vascular phase. In the first (avascular)
      phase, the tumour obtains its nutrients and disposes of its metabolic wastes by
      diffusion transport processes alone. Since the mechanism for growth is diffusion
      limited, these tumours cannot expand indefinitely, but grow to a dormant state in
      which they have ceased expanding. The second (vascular) phase involves the
      eliciting of new blood vessels from the surrounding tissue and there is now firm
      evidence that tumour cells produce a chemical compound which triggers this
      process. The compound has been termed tumour angiogenesis factor (TAF) and
      considerable research has been carried out to try and isolate it and identify its
      biological structure as well as to elucidate its effects on the endothelial cells
      which form the lining of the blood vessels. In this second phase, the tumour
      grows rapidly and can spread to other parts of the body via blood-borne
      metastases. In this paper, the authors present a theoretical model for the
      production of the TAF within the tumour while in its diffusion-limited state and
      prior to its release into the surrounding host tissue. Using experimental results
      on vascularized tumours in conjunction with the findings of Oosaki et al. (1987),
      it is assumed that the profile of the TAF concentration within the tumour prior
      to secretion is qualitatively the same as that of the blood vessels found in
      neovascularized tumours. The TAF concentration c(x, t) is taken to satisfy the
      diffusion equation and the TAF production is accounted for either by the
      inclusion of a production term phi(c) in the diffusion equation itself or via
      inclusion in the boundary conditions. Taking phi(c) to be of the form 1/(1-c)
      produces the desired TAF profile and also leads to the possibility of a critical
      level being reached. It is shown that if the tumour is small enough this critical
      level can never be attained. However, if the tumour exceeds a certain size, then
      the critical level is attained and the TAF is subsequently secreted into the
      external tissue. This is described mathematically by the phenomenon of quenching,
      that is, the solution c(x, t) remains finite while some derivative becomes
      unbounded in finite time.

PMID- 2292666
TI  - Expanded liability of hospitals for the negligence of fatigued residents.

PMID- 2292667
TI  - 1989 LeTourneau Award. When universal precautions fail. Communicable disease
      notification laws for emergency responders.

PMID- 2292668
TI  - DNA tests in criminal prosecutions. Too much evidence or not enough?

PMID- 2292669
TI  - Global convergence properties in multilocus viability selection models: the
      additive model and the Hardy-Weinberg law.
AB  - A natural coordinate system is introduced for the analysis of the global
      stability of the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) polymorphism under the general multilocus
      additive viability model. A global convergence criterion is developed and used to
      prove that the HW polymorphism is globally stable when each of the loci is
      diallelic, provided the loci are overdominant and the multilocus recombination is
      positive. As a corollary the multilocus Hardy-Weinberg law for neutral selection
      is derived.

PMID- 2292670
TI  - A note on the statistical properties of animal locations.
AB  - A statistical model of the successive locations of an animal in the plane induces
      a statistical model of the relative positions of successive locations. A common
      locational model is that the Cartesian coordinates of successive locations in the
      plane are independent bivariate normal random variables. This note gives the
      statistical properties of the direction and length of the vector joining
      successive locations.

PMID- 2292671
TI  - The generalized multiplicative model for viability selection at multiple loci.
AB  - Selection due to differential viability is studied in an n-locus two-allele model
      using a set indexation that allows the simplicity of the one-locus two-allele
      model to be carried to multi-locus models. The existence condition is analyzed
      for polymorphic equilibria with linkage equilibrium: Robbins' equilibria. The
      local stability condition is given for the Robbins' equilibria on the boundaries
      in the generalized non-epistatic selection regimes of Karlin and Liberman (1979).
      These generalized non-epistatic regimes include the additive selection model, the
      multiplicative selection model and the multiplicative interaction model, and
      their symmetric versions cover all the symmetric viability models.

PMID- 2292672
TI  - The young investigators. Society's most threatened species.

PMID- 2292673
TI  - A legislator's word.

PMID- 2292675
TI  - Medical civil disobedience.

PMID- 2292674
TI  - Right to protest.

PMID- 2292676
TI  - Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome with myoclonic jerks.
AB  - A patient while using L-tryptophan had typical features of the eosinophilia
      myalgia syndrome and in addition myoclonic jerks which are unusual for this
      syndrome.

PMID- 2292677
TI  - Extended perinatal outreach.
AB  - The perinatal outreach plan of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
      University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, and the Naples Community
      Hospital is described. From June 1988 through May 1989, 79 high-risk pregnant
      patients were evaluated at a monthly clinic at the hospital. The main indications
      for referral were intrauterine growth retardation (10), twin gestation (9),
      gestational diabetes (9) and possible fetal anomaly (8). With one exception, all
      babies were delivered at Naples. The high-risk patients had a 21% incidence of
      newborns less than 2500 gr, cesarean section rate of 30%, average maternal
      hospital charge of $2,403/patient, and an average neonatal hospital charge of
      $1,777/patient. There was a definite change in transport trends from Naples with
      three more maternal transports and seven fewer neonatal transports over the
      preceding year. Comprehensive perinatal outreach programs can be implemented at a
      reasonable cost and provide support and services that strengthen the entire local
      perinatal health delivery system.

PMID- 2292678
TI  - Quality health care in the nineties. A case for continuous quality improvement.

PMID- 2292679
TI  - "Practicing" medicine II. Keeping your fingers in the proper order.

PMID- 2292680
TI  - Kinder, gentler procedure.

PMID- 2292681
TI  - Coordination compounds derived from the interaction of streptomycin and cobalt,
      nickel, copper, and calcium salts characterized by 13C NMR and spectroscopic
      studies. Structure and bonding properties of the streptidine fraction.
AB  - The coordination compounds of streptomycin (St), Co2(St)Cl4.13H2O (2),
      Co2(St)(NO3)4.7H2O (3), Ni2(St)Cl4.14H2O (4), Ni2(St)(NO3)4.14H2O (5),
      Cu2(St)Cl4.6H2O (6), and Ca(St)Cl2.8H2O (7) have been synthesized by the reaction
      of streptomycin sulfate (1) with three equivalents of the corresponding inorganic
      salt. The compounds (2)-(7) were characterized by electronic spectroscopy (in the
      solid state and in solution) by conductivity measurements and by 13C NMR in
      solution. The reaction of streptomycin with CuCl2 in water hydrolyzed the
      molecule giving the copper complex of the streptidine fraction (Std),
      Cu(Std)Cl.H2O (8). This compound was characterized by the same techniques.
      Detailed x-ray diffraction and 13C NMR studies of streptidine sulfate (9) were
      carried out.

PMID- 2292682
TI  - Protection against membrane damage: a 1H-NMR investigation of the effect of Zn2+
      and Ca2+ on the permeability of phospholipid vesicles.
AB  - 1H-NMR spectroscopy of small, unilamellar dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)
      vesicles in conjunction with the lanthanide shift reagent Pr3+ was used to study
      the effect of Zn2+ and Ca2+ ions on the permeability induced at the lipid phase
      transition temperature (Tc) of the vesicles and by the bee venom polypeptide
      melittin. In addition, the effects of Zn2+ and Ca2+ were studied on Triton X-100
      stabilized channels at Tc and in the presence of n-alcohols. The results show
      that the presence of 10 mM Zn2+ and Ca2+ inhibited most of the forms of vesicular
      permeability investigated. The results are discussed in terms of the nature of
      the binding of the metal ions to the vesicles and support the proposal that one
      biological function of Zn2+ and Ca2+ is protection against membrane damage.

PMID- 2292683
TI  - The unusual behavior of the inhibitor S(+)(1-amino-2-phenylethyl)phosphonic acid
      towards carboxypeptidase A.
AB  - The molecular (1-Amino-2-phenylethyl)phosphonic acid is shown to inhibit the
      enzymatic activity of carboxypeptidase A. Through the spectroscopic investigation
      of the cobalt(II) substituted enzyme we propose that it binds the enzyme in the
      1:1 ratio directly at the metal, probably through the phosphate group like
      phosphate itself. The aromatic group is proposed to sit in the so-called S1
      hydrophobic pocket. This is a unique behavior among the inhibitors of the enzyme.
      The S'1 site is still available in the binary adduct so that a ternary complex
      can be obtained with molecules like L-Phenylalanine, which enter that site.

PMID- 2292684
TI  - Spermine alkaloids from Schweinfurthia papilionacea.
AB  - Two new macrocylic alkaloids, 11-epi-ephedradine A (11-epi-orantine) [1] and
      schweinine [2], were isolated from the whole plant of Schweinfurthia
      papilionacea, in addition to (-)-ephedradine A (orantine) [3]. Their structures
      were determined by spectroscopic means, and the stereochemistry has been assigned
      on the basis of 2D nmr techniques.

PMID- 2292685
TI  - CAF-603: a new antifungal carotane sesquiterpene. Isolation and structure
      elucidation.
AB  - A new antifungal compound, CAF-603, was isolated from the culture broth of
      Gliocladium virens IFO 9166. The structure of compound 1 has been elucidated by
      spectroscopic methods that also allowed the relative stereochemistry to be
      assigned. CAF-603 [1] was active against yeasts and dermatophytes.

PMID- 2292686
TI  - Antineoplastic agents, 195. Isolation and structure of aceratioside from
      Aceratium megalospermum.
AB  - A new tetralin glucoside [1], named aceratioside, has been found to be a weakly
      cytostatic (PS ED50 9 micrograms/ml) constituent in leaves produced by the
      Australian rain forest tree Aceratium megalospermum. Structural determination of
      aceratioside was primarily accomplished with results from a series of
      acetylation, methylation, and high field nmr (including heteronuclear multiple
      bond correlation) experiments.

PMID- 2292687
TI  - Chemical studies on Mexican plants used in traditional medicine, XV.
      Sesquiterpene evoninoate alkaloids from Hippocratea excelsa.
AB  - Three sesquiterpene evoninoate alkaloids, hippocrateine I [1], hippocrateine II
      [2], and emarginatine A have been isolated from the root and stem barks of
      Hippocratea excelsa. Compounds 1 and 2 are new naturally occurring substances.
      The structure of 1 was unequivocally established by X-ray crystallographic
      analysis, and the structure of the second new alkaloid was deduced by spectral
      analysis.

PMID- 2292688
TI  - cis-clerodane diterpene lactones from Amphiachyris dracunculoides.
AB  - Four cis-ent-neoclerodane lactones, amphiacrolide A [2], amphiacrolide B [3],
      amphiacrolide C [4] and amphiacrolide D [5] were isolated from the aerial parts
      of Amphiachyris dracunculoides, and their structures established by physical and
      chemical methods. High field 1H- and 13C-nmr assignments were made for each
      compound and some of their derivatives by using one- and two-dimensional nmr
      techniques including nOe difference, COSY, and CH-correlation of one-bond and
      multiple bond (COLOC) relationships. A chemical correlation of the amphiacrolides
      to gutierolide [1], a compound with absolute stereochemistry determined by X-ray
      analysis, established the stereochemistry for the group. Consequently, a compound
      having reported properties identical with amphiacrolide D [5] must have its
      structure revised to contain the beta-faced epoxide. Amphiacrolide A [2] had not
      been reported previously.

PMID- 2292689
TI  - Two new natural azafluorene alkaloids and a cytotoxic aporphine alkaloid from
      Polyalthia longifolia.
AB  - The stem and stem bark of Polyalthia longifolia afforded the cytotoxic aporphine
      alkaloid liriodenine [1], as well as two aporphine alkaloids, noroliveroline [2]
      and oliveroline-beta-N-oxide [3] and three azafluorene alkaloids, darienine [4],
      polyfothine [6], and isooncodine [7], which are not bioactive. Polyfothine [6]
      and isooncodine [7] are new natural compounds.

PMID- 2292690
TI  - Spinal surgery.

PMID- 2292691
TI  - Life events and difficulties preceding stroke.
AB  - Life events and difficulties were recorded for the year before stroke, using a
      standardised semi-structured interview, in 113 surviving patients seen after
      their first ever in a lifetime stroke. An age and sex-matched control group (n =
      109) was also interviewed about the preceding year. The stroke patients reported
      fewer non-threatening events and events with only a short-term threat, while
      difficulties were reported with equal frequency by the two groups. However,
      events which were severely threatening in the long-term were significantly more
      common in the stroke patients (in the 52 weeks before stroke 26% versus 13%, odds
      ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1-4.9). The increased rate was apparent
      throughout the year and not just in the weeks immediately before stroke onset.
      The number of stroke patients experiencing severe events in the follow up year
      fell to the level found in the control group. Recognised risk factors for stroke
      were found equally in those patients with and without severe events before onset,
      except that hypertension was rather less common in the patients who had
      experienced a severe event. It therefore appears that severe life events may be
      one of the determinants of stroke onset.

PMID- 2292692
TI  - Transient ischaemic attacks in young patients: a thromboembolic or migrainous
      manifestation? A 10 year follow up study of 46 patients.
AB  - Forty six patients aged 18-39 years with transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) were
      studied; two thirds were women. Twenty five patients had attacks accompanied by
      headache, and seven gave a history of common migraine. Only four of 27 angiograms
      were abnormal; no operable carotid lesion was demonstrated. Over a mean follow up
      period of 10 years stroke or myocardial infarction (AMI) occurred in all four
      patients who presented major cerebrovascular risk factors, but in only two of the
      remaining 42 patients. Thus irrespective of age thromboembolic TIA is a harbinger
      of stroke or AMI. However, most TIAs under the age of 40 years are caused by a
      non-embolic benign vascular disorder. The clinical characteristics, long-term
      prognosis, and possible pathogenesis, for such attacks are often
      indistinguishable from those of classical migraine. In the absence of
      cardiovascular risk factors, arteriography does not provide much diagnostic and
      prognostic information.

PMID- 2292693
TI  - Idiopathic and symptomatic trigeminal pain.
AB  - The trigeminal reflexes (corneal reflex, blink reflex, masseter inhibitory
      periods, jaw-jerk) and far field scalp potentials (nerve, root, brainstem,
      subcortical) evoked by percutaneous infraorbital stimulation were recorded in 30
      patients with "idiopathic" trigeminal neuralgia (ITN) and 20 with "symptomatic"
      trigeminal pain (STP): seven postherpetic neuralgia, five multiple sclerosis,
      four tumour, two vascular malformation, one Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, and one
      traumatic fracture. All the patients with STP and two of those with ITN had
      trigeminal reflex abnormalities; 80% of patients with STP and 30% of those with
      ITN had evoked potential abnormalities. The results indicate that 1) trigeminal
      reflexes and evoked potentials are both useful in the examination of patients
      with trigeminal pain, and in cases secondary to specific pathologies provide 100%
      sensitivity; 2) in "symptomatic" and "idiopathic" paroxysmal pain the primary
      lesion affects the afferent fibres in the proximal portion of the root or the
      intrinsic portion in the pons; 3) primary sensory neurons of the A-beta fibre
      group are involved in both paroxysmal and constant pain, but in the latter the
      damage is far more severe.

PMID- 2292694
TI  - Clinical features and associations of 560 cases of motor neuron disease.
AB  - In 560 cases of motor neuron disease, studied retrospectively from their case
      notes in three teaching centres, the age at onset ranged from 13 to 87 years
      (mean 56 years), and the mean duration of illness until death was 2.6 years. In
      the subgroup of the disease presenting with progressive bulbar palsy presenting
      after age 59 years, there was a previously unrecognised excess of females
      sufficient to equalize the sex ratio of incidence of the disease in this age
      group. No potentially causative clinical associations emerged; no relation was
      noted between occupational exposure to leather products, trauma or surgical
      procedures and the disease. There was a trend for patients with motor neuron
      disease to give a history of abstention from alcohol.

PMID- 2292696
TI  - Vigabatrin: rational treatment for chronic epilepsy.
AB  - Vigabatrin is a selective, irreversible suicide inhibitor of GABA transaminase
      and thus increases brain and CSF GABA. In 33 adult patients with long standing
      refractory epilepsy on treatment with one or two standard anti-convulsant drugs,
      the addition of vigabatrin up to 3g daily for eight weeks was associated with a
      48.2% reduction in seizure frequency. Twenty patients who had exhibited a 50% or
      more reduction in frequency of one or more seizure types entered an eight week
      double-blind placebo controlled phase. Patients on vigabatrin maintained a 54.7%
      reduction of seizure frequency, whereas those on placebo showed an 18.6% increase
      in seizure frequency, a highly significant difference between the two groups. In
      the open phase, seven patients were withdrawn due to unacceptable and reversible
      adverse events. The commonest side effects were drowsiness, depression and mood
      instability, and headaches. Vigabatrin is a potentially valuable new treatment
      for chronic epilepsy, especially partial seizures with or without secondary
      generalisation.

PMID- 2292695
TI  - Progressive degeneration of the right temporal lobe studied with positron
      emission tomography.
AB  - A 79 year old man with a twelve year progressive history of prosopagnosia and
      recent naming difficulty, in whom other intellectual skills were preserved, is
      described. Positron emission tomography (PET) revealed an area of right temporal
      lobe hypometabolism, with an additional area of less severe hypometabolism at the
      left temporal pole. This may represent an example of progressive focal cortical
      degeneration similar to that associated with primary progressive dysphasia, but
      affecting the right temporal lobe.

PMID- 2292698
TI  - Correlation between essential tremor and migraine headache.
AB  - The relationship between essential tremor (ET) and migraine was investigated in a
      prospective study. In a group of 74 ET patients 36.5% had migraine compared with
      17.7% of 102 control subjects without tremor. In a group of 58 patients with
      migraine 17.2% had ET compared with 1.2% of 85 controls without migraine. The
      prevalence of ET in migraine controls was greater than controls without migraine
      (22% compared with 1%; p = 0.002). It is concluded that there is an association
      between essential tremor and migraine.

PMID- 2292697
TI  - Symptomatic polyneuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus antibody seropositive
      men with and without immune deficiency: a comparative electrophysiological study.
AB  - Symptomatic polyneuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was
      studied in ten men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and in ten men
      without the immune deficiency. In both groups of patients electrophysiological
      signs of polyneuropathy of the axonal type were present in the sural, median and
      peroneal nerves. The AIDS patients had a greater reduction of the mean (SD) sural
      nerve action potential, 3.1 (2.7) microV, than in patients without AIDS, 10.2
      (6.1) microV (p less than 0.01) and greater slowing of peroneal nerve conduction
      velocity, 42.6 (1.4) m/s in AIDS patients versus 52.6 (3.3) m/s in patients
      without AIDS (p less than 0.0001). These findings indicate that in most HIV
      infected patients the severity but not the type of neuropathy depends on whether
      an immune deficient state has developed. Seven patients with symptomatic
      polyneuropathy were treated with azidothymidine (AZT) for an average of 10 months
      and compared with a group of five untreated patients with similar symptoms. No
      effect of AZT treatment on sural or median nerve amplitude or conduction velocity
      or on the vibratory or temperature thresholds was observed.

PMID- 2292699
TI  - Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis: preferential metabolic alterations in thalamus
      and posterior association cortex demonstrated by PET.
AB  - Regional brain glucose utilisation was investigated with positron emission
      tomography (PET) and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in four siblings with neuronal
      ceroid-lipofuscinosis. A consistent pattern was found, namely a decrease of
      glucose utilisation in all grey structures but more marked at the level of the
      thalamus and posterior association cortex. The severity of metabolic anomalies
      was correlated with the degree of clinical impairment and with disease duration;
      they were the most severe in the oldest patient, who was also the most affected
      clinically, intermediate in two others, and minimal in the subject with the
      shortest period of development of the disease. These observations suggest that
      PET is useful for the definition of anatomical targets of metabolic diseases and
      for the investigation of their pathophysiology.

PMID- 2292700
TI  - Cyclosporin-associated akinetic mutism and extrapyramidal syndrome after liver
      transplantation.
AB  - Three patients developed akinetic mutism on the third day after the introduction
      of intravenous cyclosporin A, given for immunosuppression after liver
      transplantation. One patient in addition developed a florid orofacial dyskinesia,
      which resolved completely, as did the akinetic mutism, after withdrawal of
      cyclosporin. In these patients the time course of the akinetic mutism and
      extrapyramidal syndrome, which developed in the absence of any other identifiable
      cause, suggests cyclosporin A was the precipitating factor. Subsequently, two of
      the patients showed signs of pseudobulbar palsy with abnormalities in the pons on
      MRI scanning, suggesting central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). None of the patients
      had experienced significant fluctuations in serum sodium or other risk factors
      for central pontine myelinolysis and the exact relationship to the earlier
      cyclosporin related mutism was not clear.

PMID- 2292701
TI  - Digital subtraction cisternography: a new approach to fistula localisation in
      cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea.
AB  - Positive contrast cisternography with digital subtraction of fluoroscopy images
      before computed tomography (CT) was employed in the investigation of eight
      patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea. Fistulae were visualised by
      preliminary digital subtraction cisternography (DSC) in six patients and in five
      patients the sites of leakage were confirmed at surgery. Fluoroscopy facilitated
      interpretation of CT in all the positive studies and in two patients provided
      information which could not be deduced from CT cisternography (CTC) alone. The
      combined technique is recommended for the investigation of patients with
      recurrent and post operative CSF rhinorrhoea and when CTC alone fails to identify
      the site of leakage.

PMID- 2292702
TI  - Cauda equina syndrome associated with multiple lumbar arachnoid cysts in
      ankylosing spondylitis: improvement following surgical therapy.
AB  - A case of cauda equina syndrome with multiple lumbar arachnoid cysts complicating
      ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is described. The value of computerised tomography
      (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a non-invasive means of establishing
      the diagnosis is emphasised. In contrast to previously reported cases the patient
      showed neurological improvement following surgical therapy. Surgery may be
      indicated in some patients, particularly when there is nerve root compression by
      the arachnoid cysts and when the patient is seen early before irreversible damage
      to the cauda equina has occurred.

PMID- 2292703
TI  - Grading white matter lesions on CT and MRI: a simple scale.
AB  - We developed and tested a simple three-point scale for grading white matter
      lesions in anterior and posterior regions of the brain. Twenty four CT scans and
      24 MRI scans were separately judged by 11 and five observers, respectively, on
      the presence and severity of white matter lesions. The observers were
      radiologists and neurologists. For CT scans, these periventricular changes were
      graded according to their extent as absent, or partly involving the white matter,
      or extending up to the subcortical region. The MRI lesions were graded as no
      lesion or only a single one, multiple focal lesions, and multiple confluent
      lesions. The pairwise agreements of all possible combinations of observers for
      each scan were corrected for chance (kappa statistics; maximal agreement 1.0).
      The weighted kappa value, for anterior and posterior regions combined, was 0.63
      for CT scans, and 0.78 for MRI scans. This three-point scale for two separate
      regions seems suitable as a basis for cross-sectional or longitudinal studies of
      large series of patients.

PMID- 2292704
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid S-adenosylmethionine in depression and dementia: effects of
      treatment with parenteral and oral S-adenosylmethionine.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels were significantly
      lower in severely depressed patients than in a neurological control group. The
      administration of SAM either intravenously or orally is associated with a
      significant rise of CSF SAM, indicating that it crosses the blood-brain barrier
      in humans. These observations provide a rational basis for the antidepressant
      effect of SAM, which has been confirmed in several countries. CSF SAM levels were
      low in a group of patients with Alzheimer's dementia suggesting a possible
      disturbance of methylation in such patients and the need for trials of SAM
      treatment.

PMID- 2292706
TI  - "Alice in Wonderland" syndrome and infectious mononucleosis in children.

PMID- 2292705
TI  - Hypothalamic obesity due to hydrocephalus caused by aqueductal stenosis.
AB  - A case is presented of 14 year old female with hypothalamic obesity due to
      hydrocephalus caused by aqueductal stenosis. Evidence of hypothalamic obesity
      included 1) acute hyperphagia and weight gain, 2) neuroradiology showed
      hydrocephalus with focal enlargement of the third ventricle, 3) endocrinological
      studies revealed hyperinsulinaemia and impaired growth hormone (GH) response to
      arginine, but normal GH response to growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and 4)
      Torkildsen's ventriculo-cisternal shunting resulted in improvement in hyperphagia
      and obesity.

PMID- 2292707
TI  - Infarct in the territory of the medial branch of the PICA.

PMID- 2292708
TI  - Efficacy of sublingual apomorphine in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2292709
TI  - Cryptococcal granuloma of the brain.

PMID- 2292710
TI  - A simple method for localisation and removal of small subcortical brain tumours.

PMID- 2292712
TI  - Crying and laughing after brain damage.

PMID- 2292711
TI  - MRI of thoracic cord in tropical spastic paraparesis.

PMID- 2292713
TI  - Non-vascular aetiology of lacunar syndromes.

PMID- 2292714
TI  - Immunohistological localization of the neural adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM in
      the developing hippocampus of the mouse.
AB  - The expression of the neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM was
      investigated in developing postnatal mouse hippocampus by immunocytochemical
      techniques at the light and electron microscopic levels. In the 1, 8 and 21-day
      old hippocampus, L1 was only observed on fasciculating axons. L1 was not
      detectable on dendrites and cell bodies of pyramidal cells, granule cells and
      interneurons in any of the hippocampal regions studied. Also, synapses were never
      found to be L1-immunoreactive either pre- or postsynaptically. L1 was not
      detectable at contacts between astrocytes and axons. Polyclonal N-CAM antibodies
      reacting with the three components of N-CAM (N-CAM total) stained all neuronal
      and glial cell types in the 1, 8 and 21-day-old hippocampus. In contrast, the 180
      kDa component of N-CAM (N-CAM 180) was only detectable on neuronal cell bodies
      and dendrites of the 1 and 8-day-old hippocampus. In the 21-day-old hippocampus N
      CAM 180 was not recognized on neuronal cell bodies. N-CAM 180 was strongly
      expressed in postsynaptic sites at all ages studies. We infer from these
      observations that L1 is predominantly involved in axon fasciculation, whereas N
      CAM 180 appears to be more characteristic of stabilizing cell contacts,
      particularly at the synapse.

PMID- 2292715
TI  - Macrophage-like cells in the presumptive optic pathways in the floor of the
      diencephalon of the chick embryo.
AB  - In the suboptic necrotic centres (SONCs) of the chick embryo diencephalon floor,
      large numbers of cells die in Hamburger and Hamilton's (HH) developmental stages
      14-23. Until recently, it was thought that in these centres, the fragments of
      dead cells were phagocytosed exclusively by neighboring healthy cells but not by
      specialized macrophages. We now report morphological evidence of macrophage-like
      cells within the SONCs of the chick embryo. The distinctive features of these
      cells are their more or less spherical shape, a nucleus with a thin band of
      heterochromatin just beneath the nuclear envelope, and cytoplasm showing abundant
      digestive vacuoles and mitochondria with an electron-lucent matrix. These cells
      are capable of undergoing mitosis, and selectively stain with the histochemical
      technique for acid phosphatase. The macrophage-like cells are rare in SONCs in
      stages HH14-20 and become much more abundant in developmental stages just before
      the disappearance of these necrotic centres, suggesting that they phagocytose
      debris from the last cells to die in the SONCs. Acid phosphatase-positive
      mesenchymal cells with morphological features similar to those of macrophage-like
      cells are seen in intimate relationship with the basal surface of the SONCs in
      places where the basal lamina is sometimes missing. These observations suggest
      that macrophage-like cells in the SONCs arise from the underlying mesenchyme.
      Free macrophage-like cells with mitotic capacity are also seen in the ventricular
      lumen adjacent to the apical surface of the diencephalon floor in zones related
      to the presumptive optic pathways. These cells phagocytose cell debris shed from
      both the SONCs and from the partially disorganized areas in the neuroepithelium.
      In these latter we have identified mesenchymal cells with morphological features
      similar to the macrophage-like cells in the process of traversing the
      neuroepithelium from the mesenchymal compartment toward the ventricular lumen,
      thus suggesting that the intraventricular macrophage-like cells arise from the
      mesenchyme underlying the diencephalon floor.

PMID- 2292716
TI  - Allogeneic nerve grafts in the rat, with special reference to the role of Schwann
      cell basal laminae in nerve regeneration.
AB  - The role of basal laminae as conduits for regenerating axons in an allogeneic
      graft was examined by transplanting a 3 cm long segment of the sciatic nerve from
      the Brown Norway to the Fischer 344 strain of rat. These strains are not
      histocompatible with each other. In order to compare the nerve regeneration in
      variously treated grafts, three different types of graft were employed: non
      treated (NT), predenervated (PD), and predenervated plus freeze-treated (PDC)
      grafts. The cytology of nerve regeneration through these grafts was examined by
      electron microscopy at four, seven, 14, 30 and 60 days after grafting. In the PDC
      graft, in which Schwann cells were dead on grafting, basal laminae were well
      preserved in the form of tubes after Schwann cells and myelin sheaths had been
      removed at seven days after grafting. Regenerating axons accompanied by immature
      host Schwann cells grew out through such basal lamina tubes in the same fashion
      as observed in our previous studies. By day 14, axons extended as far as the
      middle of the graft. In the proximal part they were separated into individual
      fibres and even thinly myelinated by Schwann cells. On the other hand, in the NT
      and PD grafts in which Schwann cells were alive on grafting, most Schwann cells
      and myelin sheaths appeared to undergo autolytic degeneration by day 14, while
      Schwann cell basal laminae were left almost intact in the form of tubes. A few
      regenerating axons were seen associated with Schwann cells in the proximal
      portion by day seven. It is probable that host Schwann cells moved into the graft
      after donor cells had been degraded. Schwann cell basal laminae tended to be
      damaged at the site of extensive lymphoid cell infiltration. By day 30,
      regenerating axons had arrived at the distal end of the graft in all three types
      of graft: in the PDC graft thick axons were fully myelinated, whereas in the PD
      graft they were only occasionally myelinated and in the NT graft most axons were
      still surrounded by common Schwann cells. By 60 days after grafting, regenerating
      axons were well myelinated in the host nerve as observed 1 cm distal to the
      apposition site in all the three types of graft. These findings show that Schwann
      cell basal laminae can serve as pathways (most efficiently in the PDC graft) for
      regenerating axons in a 3 cm long allograft in the rat.

PMID- 2292717
TI  - Changes in intercellular junctions during peripheral nerve regeneration in
      insects.
AB  - Peripheral nerves of the adult cockroach have been cut and the changes in glial
      cells followed during the subsequent process of regeneration. After three to four
      weeks of regrowth, the severed tips of nerves were examined by freeze-fracture to
      assess the state of intercellular junctions between the perineurial sheath cells
      as well as the underlying glial cells. Both pleated septate and gap junctions
      were found in the immature state; their intramembranous particle (IMP)
      distribution was characteristic of junctions in the process of assembly, since
      the IMPs were irregularly and loosely arrayed in contrast with the parallel
      septate junctional IMP rows and gap junctional plaques found in the fully
      regenerated or control tissues. These junctional stages resembled those occurring
      in developing embryonic or metamorphosing insect tissues.

PMID- 2292718
TI  - Relations between axons and oligodendroglial cells during initial myelination.
      II. The individual axon.
AB  - Axo-glial relations in the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord (SC) and in the
      corpus callosum (CC) of the cat were examined by electron microscopy during
      initial myelination. In addition to random transverse and longitudinal sections
      from several stages, two series of sections were studied. As a first step in
      myelination the axons become ensheathed by one to three uncompacted glial
      lamellae (E-sheaths). E-sheaths present a length range from less than 5 microns
      to 149 microns (SC) or to 93 microns (CC). E-sheaths are more frequent along SC
      axons than CC-axons, and the mean E-sheath is 3.3-fold longer in the former
      compared to the latter. In both areas naked axon portions occur between
      successive E-sheaths, but these gaps are insufficient to allow elongation of all
      short E-sheaths into long ones. Sheaths composed of mixed compacted (M-sheaths)
      and uncompacted segments have a length range of 66-212 microns in the SC and 66
      171 microns in the CC. In relation to the undifferentiated terminations of E
      sheaths or mixed E/M-sheaths, undercoated axolemmal domains are always lacking.
      Fully compacted sheaths were not found in the series from the SC. In the CC, 141
      212 microns long compact sheaths were found, with tight axoglial junctions at
      their terminations. Axolemmal domains with a 'nodal' undercoating occur in
      relation to some of these terminations. In both areas, individual developing
      axons present a chaotic mixture of naked, ensheathed and myelinated portions;
      bulges with clusters of vesiculotubular profiles are frequent along naked and
      ensheathed axonal portions, particularly in the SC. The axon diameter is clearly
      larger in myelinated than in naked portions of the same axon. On the basis of
      these results, we propose that the early glial sheaths of developing CNS axons
      actively elongate and undergo extensive remodelling before compaction. The
      maximal length of uncompacted E-sheaths, and the sheath length at which axoglial
      junctions and nodes of Ranvier form, are markedly different in the two areas.

PMID- 2292719
TI  - GABA neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: involvement in chemospecific
      synaptic circuitry and evidence for GAD-peptide colocalization.
AB  - Dual labelling methods were employed for the electron microscopic detection of
      glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity, together with vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP) or neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity in the
      suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of colchicine pretreated and untreated rats. These
      methods involved the combined use of diaminobenzidine and benzidine
      dihydrochloride as distinct chromogens to visualize peroxidase-anti-peroxidase
      (PAP) immunostaining, and a combination of the PAP procedure with a
      radioimmunocytochemical method employing 125I-labelled secondary antisera. We
      were thereby able to demonstrate that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) terminals
      provide an important afferent synaptic input to VIP neurons. Some of these VIP
      immunoreactive neurons also exhibited GAD immunoreactivity. Examples of direct
      appositions between GABA and NPY terminals, and of a convergence of the two types
      of terminals on to the same postsynaptic targets, were frequently encountered.
      NPY/GAD colocalization within a few axonal varicosities was also demonstrated.
      These data provide additional information concerning chemospecific neuronal
      interactions that could be of functional importance in the regulation of
      circadian rhythmicity at the level of the SCN.

PMID- 2292720
TI  - Reinnervation of transplanted pacinian corpuscles by ventral root axons:
      ultrastructure of the regenerated nerve terminals.
AB  - This study addresses two questions. Can mature, denervated and transplanted
      Pacinian corpuscles accept innervation from motor axons? If so, does the alien
      target influence the structural characteristics of the regenerated motor axon
      terminals? Pacinian corpuscles from the hind leg of young rats, together with a
      segment of the nerve branch through which they receive their sensory innervation,
      were autotransplanted to the surface of the spinal cord and the nerve stump
      anastomosed to the central stump of a transected lumbar ventral root. Between 4
      and 5 months later the grafts were studied by electron microscopy. Ventral root
      axons regenerated through the endoneurial tubes of the grafted nerve to reach the
      corpuscles, most of which became reinnervated by one to three myelinated fibres.
      The fibres lost their myelin sheaths before entering the inner core, branched,
      and gave rise to multiple terminals in the inner core. The regenerated terminals
      were packed with spherical synaptic vesicles and closely resembled normal motor
      nerve terminals. Thus motor axons are able to reinnervate Pacinian corpuscles but
      the structural characteristics of the terminals are apparently not modified by
      the alien target tissue. This finding contrasts with previous studies, in which
      it was found that terminals of the central axons of large dorsal root ganglion
      cells, induced to reinnervate Pacinian corpuscles, displayed the structural
      characteristics of peripheral sensory endings rather than those of dorsal root
      terminals in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2292721
TI  - NCAM in the organ of Corti of the developing mouse.
AB  - During development in the cochlea, NCAM is present on all neuronal systems-
      radial fibres, inner spiral bundle, inner pillar bundle (described by Sobkowicz &
      Emmerling, 1989), and outer spiral fibres. In cochleae from E17 mice, NCAM
      positive puncta, possibly associated with growth cones, dot the area of the inner
      spiral bundle. The region overlying the basilar membrane is also NCAM positive.
      Until about P7, NCAM immunoreactivity surrounds the inner and outer hair cells.
      During the second postnatal week, NCAM no longer covers the hair cell surfaces.
      At this time, NCAM is present on the inner spiral and inner pillar bundles. In
      the outer hair cell region, immunoreactivity concentrates in neuronal endings
      with 'Y'-like or 'dot'-like appearances typical of cholinergic efferents. At a
      time when neuronal fibres are regenerating in the cochlea of the Bronx waltzer
      mutant mouse, many NCAM-positive puncta dot the regions of the inner spiral
      bundle and inner spiral sulcus, suggesting that these puncta correspond to growth
      cones. In organotypic culture, hair cells and nerve fibres retain their
      immunoreactivity up to 7 days. In conclusion, NCAM is present on the surfaces of
      neurons and on their cochlear targets at the time when nerve-target recognition
      is proceeding. NCAM disappears from targets during the time of maturation of
      efferent synapses. NCAM is also present along the growth path of the nerve
      fibres. These studies suggest that NCAM is properly positioned in the cochlea for
      possible roles in axon guidance and nerve-target interactions.

PMID- 2292722
TI  - Irregular geometries in normal unmyelinated axons: a 3D serial EM analysis.
AB  - Axons have generally been represented as straight cylinders. It is not at all
      uncommon for anatomists to take single cross-sections of an axonal bundle, and
      from the axonal diameter compute expected conduction velocities. This assumes
      that each cross-section represents a slice through a perfect cylinder. We have
      examined the three-dimensional geometry of 98 central and peripheral unmyelinated
      axons, using computer-assisted serial electron microscopy. These reconstructions
      reveal that virtually all unmyelinated axons have highly irregular axial shapes
      consisting of periodic varicosities. The varicosities were, without exception,
      filled with membranous organelles frequently including mitochondria, and have
      obligatory volumes similar to that described in other neurites. The mitochondria
      make contact with microtubules, while the other membraneous organelles were
      frequently found free floating in the cytoplasm. We conclude that unmyelinated
      axons are fundamentally varicose structures created by the presence of
      organelles, and that an axon's calibre is dynamic in both space and time. These
      irregular axonal geometries raise serious doubts about standard two dimensional
      morphometric analysis and suggest that electrical properties may be more
      heterogeneous than expected from single section data. These results also suggest
      that the total number of microtubules contained in an axon, rather than its
      single section diameter, may prove to be a more accurate predictor of properties
      such as conduction velocity. Finally, these results offer an explanation for a
      number of pathological changes that have been described in unmyelinated axons.

PMID- 2292723
TI  - Delayed auditory brainstem response in thiamin-deficient rats.
AB  - We recorded the auditory brainstem responses of rats fed a thiamin-deficient
      diet. The interpeak latencies between waves I and III, as well as those between
      waves I and IV, were significantly prolonged from day 24, while the latency of
      wave I was prolonged on day 26 of the thiamin-deficient diet. These delayed
      responses were corrected in 2 to 4 days after the initiation of daily
      intraperitoneal thiamin injections from day 32. The rats that were fed the
      thiamin-deficient diet, and then sacrificed on day 32, showed a decrease of total
      thiamin levels in the brain (26% of the level in control rat brains). Based on
      these results, we emphasize the value of the auditory brainstem response to
      detect thiamin deficiency.

PMID- 2292724
TI  - Influence of dietary vitamin E deficiency on compression injury of rat spinal
      cord.
AB  - The influences of vitamin E deficiency on compression injury of the rat spinal
      cord associated with ischemia were investigated. Growing rats were divided into
      two groups and given a diet containing either 2 IU/100 g or less than 0.1 IU/100
      g of alpha-tocopherol acetate, respectively, for 6-8 weeks before experiments.
      Motor disturbances induced by spinal cord injury were found to be enhanced by
      vitamin E deficiency. The spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) was reduced by
      compression and subsequently increased transiently and then decreased gradually
      in both groups, but the level was lower in the vitamin E-deficient group than in
      the control group. After injury, the vitamin E-deficient group showed lower
      recoveries than the control group in the amplitude and latency of spinal cord
      evoked potentials and greater pathological changes of the spinal cord, such as
      bleeding and edema. The increase in the level of TBA-reactive substances in the
      spinal cord after injury increased with decrease in the dietary level of vitamin
      E. These results suggest that vitamin E may have a protective effects against
      ischemic spinal cord injury by its antioxidant effect.

PMID- 2292725
TI  - The effect of graded doses of ascorbic acid on the tissue carnitine and plasma
      lipid concentrations.
AB  - Ascorbic acid (AsA) is known to be required for the synthesis of carnitine. The
      present study was designed to clarify the effect of AsA on the carnitine
      synthesis and lipid metabolism in guinea pigs. The animals were divided into four
      groups, and fed AsA-free diets for three weeks. Each group was supplemented with
      AsA in the following doses; high-AsA group, 100 mg AsA/day/animal; control group,
      5 mg AsA/day/animal; AsA-deficient group, 0.1 mg AsA/day/animal; pair-fed group,
      5 mg AsA/day/animal. The pair-fed group was restricted to the amount of diet
      consumed by the AsA-deficient group. Tissue carnitine levels of the AsA-deficient
      group were significantly lower than not only the control group but the pair-fed
      group. Total cholesterol and phospholipid levels in plasma of the AsA-deficient
      group were found to be similar to those of the pair-fed group; however, plasma
      triglyceride levels were significantly higher than that of the pair-fed group.
      Furthermore, there was an inverse relationship between tissue AsA and plasma
      triglyceride levels. We concluded that carnitine synthesis and triglyceride
      metabolism in guinea pigs may be impaired by the decrease of tissue AsA level
      rather than by the insufficient food intake. It is suggested that tissue
      carnitine level altered by tissue AsA content affects plasma triglyceride level.

PMID- 2292726
TI  - Net vitamin C activity of erythorbic acid in guinea pigs.
AB  - The enzyme activities, which are influenced by the vitamin C level in tissues,
      were measured to evaluate the vitamin C activity of erythorbic acid (ErA) in
      guinea pigs administered ErA. Guinea pigs were divided into two groups: animals
      in one group (control group) were administered 1, 5, and 100 mg/day ascorbic acid
      (AsA) and those in the other group (supplemented group) were administered 1, 5,
      20, and 100 mg/day ErA for 16 days. At the end of the experimental period, they
      were sacrificed, blood was collected, and their livers were removed. The
      activities of liver aniline hydroxylase, of liver acid phosphatase, and of serum
      alkaline phosphatase, and the content of liver cytochrome P-450 were assayed. The
      activities of aniline hydroxylase and serum alkaline phosphatase and the content
      of liver cytochrome P-450 of the guinea pigs administered 1 mg ErA were lower
      than those of the guinea pigs administered 1 mg AsA. However, the enzyme
      activities and liver cytochrome P-450 content in the guinea pigs administered 5
      mg or more of ErA were similar in level to those in the guinea pigs administered
      5 mg AsA. These results suggested that administration of a considerably high
      amount of ErA to guinea pigs showed a similar vitamin C activity to that of AsA,
      which might suggest that vitamin C activity of ErA may be more than one-twentieth
      that of AsA, as has been generally believed.

PMID- 2292727
TI  - Effect of thyroxine injection on bone growth in energy deficient rats.
AB  - We investigated the role of thyroxine on bone growth in energy deficient rats.
      Rats were fed a normal diet and injected with saline, or a low-energy diet and
      injected with saline or 0.1, 1, or 5 micrograms/100 g BW of thyroxine for 22
      days. Thyroxine injections decreased body weight gain but did not affect bone
      length and width. The epiphyseal growth plate was thinner and the activities of
      bone alkaline and acid phosphatase in energy deficient and 5 micrograms/100 g BW
      thyroxine injected animals were lower than that of the other treatment groups.
      Serum total thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations were increased but
      somatomedin C concentration was decreased by injecting with 5 micrograms/100 g BW
      of thyroxine in energy deficient rats.

PMID- 2292728
TI  - Effects of feeding a protein-free diet on the mitochondrial respiration and on
      phospholipid fatty acids of mitochondrial and microsomal membranes in the rat
      liver.
AB  - In our previous report, we have described morphological changes in hepatocytes,
      e.g., enlargement of mitochondria and a change in the lamellar formation of rough
      endoplasmic reticulum, produced by short-term feeding of a protein-free diet to
      rats. In order to examine whether or not these morphological changes in the
      subcellular organella are accompanied by any functional and compositional
      changes, we measured the P/O ratio and respiratory rate of mitochondria, and the
      phospholipid fatty acids of the mitochondrial and microsomal membranes in the
      liver of rats fed a protein-free diet for a short period. Feeding rats the
      protein-free diet for 4 days or 27-28 days had no effect on the rate of hepatic
      mitochondrial oxygen consumption (State 3 respiration). The diet significantly
      decreased the P/O ratio on the 4th day, but did not affect it on the 27-28th
      days. The decreased P/O ratio observed on the 4th day returned to the control
      level after overnight refeeding of a 20% casein diet. Main compositional changes
      induced by feeding rats the protein-free diet for 2 days were significant
      decreases in the phospholipid/protein ratios of the total liver and mitochondrial
      inner membrane, a tendency of an increase in the ratio of phosphatidylcholine
      (PC) to total phospholipids in the mitochondrial outer membrane, a significant
      decrease and a tendency of decrease in the arachidonate/linoleate ratio in the
      phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and PC, respectively, in the mitochondrial outer
      membrane. Some of these results were discussed in relation to the morphological
      changes in mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum produced by short-term
      feeding of the protein-free diet which we previously reported.

PMID- 2292729
TI  - Availability of 4'galactosyllactose (O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-beta-D
      galactopyranosyl-(1----4)- D-glucopyranose) in rat.
AB  - O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-D-
      glucopyranose (designated as 4'GL) is produced from lactose by Cryptococcus
      laurentii. The influence of chronic ingestion of 4'GL on body weight gain, organ
      weight, serum lipids, and liver lipids was investigated in rats. The body weight
      gains of the 5% and 10% 4'GL-diet groups were higher than that of the control
      group. Food intake and fecal dry weight were significantly increased (p less than
      0.05) by 4'GL feeding. The 4'GL diet produced a significant increase (p less than
      0.01) in the wet weight and contents of both the cecum and the colon. However, no
      significant increase was observed in the weight of the stomach, small intestine,
      liver, or other organs. The effects of 4'GL on serum and liver lipid levels were
      not observed in this experiment. The digestion of 4'GL was measured in vitro
      using the artificial gastric juice, alpha-amylase of human saliva, alpha-amylase
      of hog pancreas, and mucosa of rat intestine. 4'GL was not hydrolyzed by these
      enzymes. Long-term ingestion of 4'GL did not cause any induction of 4'GL
      hydrolyzing enzyme activity in the rat small intestine.

PMID- 2292730
TI  - The effect of lectin from Taro tuber (Colocasia antiquorum) given by force
      feeding on the growth of mice.
AB  - In earlier experiments in our laboratory, a lectin from the Kintoki bean
      (Phaseolus vulgaris) was found to have not only erythrocyte agglutinating
      activity but also toxicities for mice and rats, including growth inhibitory
      activity and even lethal activity. A number of studies on legume lectins have
      been carried out in other laboratories as well. But relatively little attention
      has been paid to lectins from non-leguminous foods. In the present study, we
      chose Taro tuber as a source of non-leguminous lectins and prepared two types of
      Taro tuber lectin. One was crude lectin precipitated with ammonium sulfate from
      the aqueous extract and the other was pure lectin isolated as we described
      previously. The two were compared with regards to the antinutritional functions
      in mice. The daily doses were 100 mg for either intact or autoclaved crude
      lectin, which was a maximum amount available to give to mice in 1 ml, and 30 mg
      for the pure lectin which was equivalent to 100 mg of the crude lectin in
      hemagglutinating activity. Control mice were given 1 ml of water and the
      experiment was conducted for 6 days. Growth retardation was found in the mice
      given either lectin, but no significant difference was found in the weight
      increase between the control group and the autoclaved lectin group. For 3 days
      during the experimental period, physical activity was measured as an index of
      vigor of mice. The activities of the crude lectin and the pure lectin groups
      leveled down to 62.9 and 64.2% of that of the control group,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292732
TI  - Assuring value in medical care for employees and dependents. Part I: Defining and
      measuring quality and value.

PMID- 2292731
TI  - Influence of oryzanol on platelet aggregation in rats.
AB  - Platelet aggregation was measured using platelet rich plasma prepared from rats
      fed oryzanol in the control diet and those fed oryzanol in a 1 per cent
      cholesterol diet (HCD). Oryzanol with the control diet did not alter platelet
      aggregation induced by ADP and collagen. On the other hand, oryzanol fed along
      with HCD significantly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and totally
      inhibited aggregation induced by collagen.

PMID- 2292733
TI  - Assuring value in medical care for employees and dependents: an opportunity for
      occupational physicians.

PMID- 2292734
TI  - Medical treatment effectiveness research.

PMID- 2292735
TI  - The bridge from quality assurance to quality improvement.

PMID- 2292736
TI  - Applications of industrial quality improvement in health care.
AB  - Quality in medical care traditionally has been regarded as the professionally
      defined optimum that brings about the greatest improvement in health. That
      definition has been modified somewhat to include patient preferences for
      different treatment alternatives and costs. The question then arises how we can
      improve the efficiency of the health care system while maintaining or improving
      the quality of care. The answer is a focus on improvement in the process of care
      and, as needed, monitoring of all aspects of the process, not just untoward
      outcomes.

PMID- 2292737
TI  - Implementing continuous quality improvement in occupational health programs.
AB  - In the 1980s, businessmen responded to global competition by massive cuts in
      staff and by implementing programs for continuous quality improvement to meet
      customers' needs. During this period, medical care costs escalated at a rate far
      exceeding the Consumer Price Index. Increasing governmental regulation of the
      environment and occupational health and safety further contributed to costs.
      Occupational physicians led a portion of organizational efforts to manage health
      resources (illness prevention, health promotion, treatment and rehabilitation of
      occupational injuries); however, these physicians have not provided effective
      leadership of coordinated programs for health resource management. For greater
      effectiveness, occupational physicians may benefit from adapting the principles
      of continuous quality improvement by focusing on the needs of "the customers."
      Meeting these needs will require new knowledge about the process of continuous
      quality improvement and new skills for leadership.

PMID- 2292738
TI  - Approaches to the measurement of effectiveness and efficiency in medical care:
      the use by employers of community-wide population-based patterns of care.
AB  - One of the major problems currently facing health care purchasers and providers
      is the difference in perspective each brings to the health care debate.
      Clinicians tend to think in terms of individual patients. Health care policy
      analysts in both public and private sectors, hospital and health maintenance
      organization managers, insurance executives, business purchasers of health care,
      and epidemiologists tend to think in terms of defined populations. This
      difference makes communication difficult. The routine epidemiologic surveillance
      of medical care, using modern microcomputer techniques, can be an important tool
      in improving communications among these parties. An example of a project which
      accomplished that goal at General Electric is described. The implications of
      variations in population based per capita rates of medical care in various
      settings are described.

PMID- 2292739
TI  - Practice guidelines: best hope for quality improvement in the 1990s.
AB  - The development of practice guidelines has become a key health care quality issue
      in the 1990s. A growing doubt that the benefits of health services are worth the
      price we now pay has brought the development of such guidelines to the forefront
      of public and professional agendas. This questioning is in turn caused by wider
      appreciation of several facts: Scientific evidence is lacking to document the
      efficacy of much of medical practice. There is significant variation in the use
      of medical and surgical procedures. There are widespread errors of omission as
      well as commission in medical practice. All of the above suggest quality problems
      in medical care and imply that more specific, rigorous, standardized, and
      structured approaches to medical care could improve both quality and value while
      managing costs more effectively. Methods for the development of guidelines are
      reviewed. Guidelines can be used effectively and impartially for education,
      reimbursement, quality improvement, and research. For this form of quality
      improvement to succeed, physicians must participate actively in the development
      of guidelines and be committed to their consistent use. It is suggested that
      practice guidelines can provide legal protection as well as more efficient and
      effective health care.

PMID- 2292740
TI  - Why doctors do what they do: determinants of physician behavior.
AB  - Direct payments to physicians account for about 20% of the medical care dollar,
      but physician decisions cause over 80% of the costs of medical care. Decision
      making can be viewed in a number of ways: as pure information processing, as an
      interaction with various stimuli, including financial penalties and incentives,
      and as social behavior, interacting with and reacting to peer and leadership
      influence. The model that accounts for the greatest amount of the available data
      is a multifactorial one that takes all of these views into account. The most
      successful behavior change efforts use a variety of mutually reinforcing
      approaches, and must be present constantly or behaviors revert to highly variable
      (lower quality) actions and decisions. This appears to be a behavioral version of
      the second law of thermodynamics (entropy increases spontaneously). The best
      practice model to manage costs and quality appears to be one in which physicians
      and administrators have adequate up to date information available, make group
      decisions, develop and continuously improve agreed upon methods of practice,
      interact and think before acting, and have rewards for such behavior.

PMID- 2292741
TI  - Physician payment reform in Medicare.

PMID- 2292742
TI  - Ensuring value by supporting consumer decision making.

PMID- 2292743
TI  - Supporting the patient's role in decision making.

PMID- 2292744
TI  - Resource guide for quality and cost management.

PMID- 2292745
TI  - USDR computer program.

PMID- 2292746
TI  - [Statistical study of 41 cases with denture foreign bodies in the air and food
      passages and significance of the duplicated denture model].
AB  - A statistical study of 41 cases with denture foreign bodies in the air and upper
      food passages which were treated in our department during the past 21 years was
      done. (1) Males were more frequently affected. The ratio of male to female was
      about 2 to 1. (2) Of 41 dentures, 2, 2 and 37 were lodged in the air passages,
      hypopharynx and esophagus respectively. (3) There were 5 complete mandibular
      dentures in 41 cases. (4) The causes of the denture foreign bodies were
      originated to the problem of denture itself in 29 cases, that of the patient
      himself in 2 cases and both in 10 cases. (5) Of 39 problematic dentures, 16
      showed the breakage such as plate fracture and clasp deformity, but the other 23
      showed no breakage. In this latter group, poor holding of the denture was
      ascribed to miss-making or miss-planning. (6) Of 12 patients with problems in
      their physical function, 5 had suffered from cerebrovascular disease and 3 from
      geriatric dementia. (7) The denture foreign body in aged patients with physical
      hypofunction tends to increase in recent years. (8) Of 39 dentures tried to
      remove by esophagoscopy, 18 were done with difficulty and they were detachable
      partial dentures with one artificial tooth and 2-arm-clasps lodged at the first
      and/or second isthmus of the esophagus. Though we have a denture removed
      successfully at the third trial, we have no case needed external esophagotomy.
      (9) Duplicated denture models were made in 20 cases prior to the procedure, and
      we certify that these models play an important role for the safer removal of
      denture foreign bodies.

PMID- 2292747
TI  - [Effect of inner ear immune response on the caloric nystagmus in guinea pigs].
AB  - The effect of direct antigen (KLH) challenge of endolymphatic sac (e. sac) on
      caloric response was investigated in guinea pigs. The caloric response was not
      significantly suppressed both in the primary KLH challenged ears and in the PBS
      challenged ears as compared to the unchallenged contralateral ears. In the animal
      of secondary KLH challenge of the e. sac, the caloric response was significantly
      reduced in the challenged ears as compared to the unchallenged contralateral ears
      and to the PBS challenged ears. These result suggested that local immune reaction
      mounted in the e. sac caused immune injury not only to the e. sac but also to the
      vestibular function.

PMID- 2292748
TI  - [Effects of high dose steroid on the experimentally induced facial palsy].
AB  - As a conservative treatment for Bell's palsy, the high dose steroid therapy
      introduced by Stennert in 1982 are highly evaluated clinically from many
      investigators. In the present study, model animals with experimentally-induced
      facial paralysis were prepared using guinea pigs in which the effect of
      administration of high dose steroid on the recovery process of the palsy was
      investigated electrophysiologically and morphologically. The main trunk of the
      facial nerve was exposed under Nembutal anesthesia, and compressed for 10 sec.
      using a needle holder. The model animals were divided into three groups, a high
      dose steroid group (Group A) and a low dose steroid group (Group B) and control
      group (Group C). The evoked EMGs of orbicularis oris muscle were recorded before
      operation and on the third, seventh and 14th days after operation, and each time
      course of the amplitude changes in Groups A, B and C was compared. Recovery
      patterns of amplitude in Group A was much more rapid than in Groups B and C.
      Light microscopy revealed extensive destruction and existence of only a small
      number of normal myelinated fibers on the 14th day after operation in Group C. In
      Group A, however, these changes were slight. And the numbers of normal myelinated
      fibers decreased to a minimum in Group C, while the number of fibers in Group A
      already increased on the 14th day. Electron microscopy, in Group C, disclosed
      distortion of the sheath of myelinated fibers and abnormal changes in the axon.
      But in Group A, dense lamellar structure of myelin sheath and no axonal
      degeneration were disclosed. These experimental results support the efficacy of
      high dose steroid therapy upon Bell's palsy.

PMID- 2292749
TI  - [Correlation between upper airway tract and lower airway tract in the break down
      of sinobronchiectasis].
AB  - A retrospective study of 44 patients who were involved in combination with
      chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis provided better understanding of the
      etiology in the relationship between upper air ways tract and lower air way
      tract. The incidence of bronchictasis was found in 5%, 3 out of 60 cases with
      chronic sinusitis and that of chronic sinusitis in 45%, 44 out of 98 cases with
      idiopathic bronchiectasis. Both side involvements of the paranasal sinus and the
      lung were statistically high in sinobronchiectasis compared to chronic sinusitis
      or bronchiectasis involved alone. The past history of the patients with
      sinobronchiectasis showed high occurrence of bronchial asthma or allergic
      rhinitis, habitual angina of the throat, acute otitis media and pneumonia. A
      chest X. Ray evaluation of 70 patients with chronic sinusitis alone revealed
      relatively high incidence of abnormal fibro-nodular shadow in the lung compared
      to 70 patients without chronic sinusitis. It was thought that weakness of air-way
      tract to infection in the patients with sinobronchiectasis might play some role
      on break down of sino-bronchial syndrome, a combination disease of chronic
      sinusitis and chronic bronchitis.

PMID- 2292750
TI  - [A study of infiltrated cells in the maxillary mucosa in nasal allergy and
      chronic sinusitis].
AB  - The cloudiness of the maxillary sinus in Waters-view is 37% in patients with
      nasal allergy. The pathogenesis of this cloudiness has not fully understood yet;
      is it due to the type- I allergic reaction, or secondary maxillary sinusitis? To
      clarify the pathology, we studied the infiltrated cells in 37 mucosae of the
      maxillary sinus in which X-ray revealed an abnormal shadow. Samples were also
      taken from 9 antrums with chronic sinusitis, and 18 and 4 nasal mucosae form the
      inferior turbinate with nasal allergy and sinusitis, respectively. Each specimen
      were fixed with Carnoy solution and formalin, and were stained with Hematoxylin &
      Eosin, and with Alcian blue & Safranin. Numbers of formalin sensitive and
      resistant mast cells and eosinophils were determined in the epithelium, and
      superficial and deep layers of the lamina propria, respectively. The population
      of both mast cells in each compartment was not different between nasal allergy
      and maxillary sinusitis both in the nasal and maxillary mucosae. The number of
      eosinophils in the maxillary and nasal epithelial significantly increased in
      nasal allergy compared with sinusitis. These results suggested that type-I
      allergic reaction might occur in the maxillary mucosa as well as nasal mucosa in
      patients with nasal allergy.

PMID- 2292751
TI  - [Perilymphatic fistula: differential diagnosis from Meniere's disease].
AB  - Records of 77 patients who had surgically proven perilymphatic fistula (PLF) from
      1979 through 1988 were reviewed. During this period, 16 patients had a
      fluctuating hearing loss in association with spells of vertigo. Ten of these
      patients had been diagnosed as having Meniere's disease by at least one
      otolaryngologist before exploration for PLF. Audio-vestibular functions were
      compared between these PLF patients and those with classic Meniere's disease. The
      following factors are associated with a high incidence of PLF: (1) Low
      frequencies hearing loss which has father deterioration within few days; (2) A
      rapidly fluctuating low frequencies hearing loss with wide variability; (3) Very
      long duration of positional nystagmus; (4) Absence of canal paresis. PLFs often
      mimicked Meniere's disease, although these patients did not have classic
      Meniere's symptoms. This study emphasizes this overlap.

PMID- 2292752
TI  - [Phinocerebral mucormycosis--report of a case].
AB  - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a rare and fatal deep fungus infection occurring in
      debilitated patients. Its reports have been recently increased because of the
      increase of such conditions as uncontrolled diabetics, leukemia, and cancer. A 60
      year-old male suffering from continuous headache and fever was diagnosed as
      meningitis, and repeated culture of cerebrospinal fluid was negative. Antibiotic
      therapy was ineffective. CT scan revealed brain abscess in the right frontal lobe
      and bone defect over the right posterior ethmoidal sinuses. Both maxillary and
      ethmoidal sinuses were operated on 38 years ago. The patient was suspected to
      have rhinologic brain abscess. We intended to remove the source of infection in
      the right posterior ethmoidal sinuses beneath the base of the skull and to repair
      the defect of dura mater. The operation was tried on the 6th hospital day. There
      was a cyst in the posterior ethmoidal sinuses and an intact denuded dura mater
      over the cyst. The causative organism was not detected by smear test,
      bacteriological and fungal culture. He relapsed into lethargy, and died on the
      21st hospital day due to the vast cerebral infarction. Autopsy revealed
      rhinocerebral mucormycosis. The literature on this disease was also reviewed and
      discussed.

PMID- 2292753
TI  - [Holographic observation of the tympanic membrane vibration after stapes
      fixation].
AB  - Sclerosis of auditory ossicle was experimentally induced by fixation of the
      stapes, and its effect on the tympanic membrane vibration was examined using
      fresh 10 canine temporal bones by means of holographic interferometry. By
      changing the sound pressure (from 90 to 110dB) and the frequency (from 250Hz to
      8kHz) in steps, vibration of the membrane was induced in a free field. At each
      frequency, the vibration of the membrane was photographed by the time averaged
      method using He-Ne laser. A small hole was created in the tympanic bulla and the
      stapes was fixed with an adhesive (Alon Alpha), followed by closure of the hole.
      Before stapes fixation, the posterior part of the membrane showed a simple
      vibration pattern, forming cocentric interference circles at frequencies from
      250Hz to 2kHz. At 3kHz, segmental vibration began to be noted, and complex
      segmental vibration was seen at frequencies 4.5 and 6kHz. The vibration after
      stapes fixation became simpler at frequencies over 3kHz, accompanied by decrease
      in the number of segmental vibrations. Vibration amplitude in the posterior part
      of the membrane decreased from 250Hz to 3kHz, while it increased at frequencies
      over 4kHz. In the anterior part of the membrane, the amplitude decreased at
      frequencies under 2kHz, remained unchanged at 3kHz and increased at frequencies
      over 4kHz after stapes fixation. In the tip of the manubrium mallei, the
      amplitude decreased at frequencies under 3kHz and increased at frequencies over
      4kHz. Thus, a shift of peak vibration to high sound region was observed after
      stapes fixation at every part of tympanic membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2292754
TI  - [Auricular hematoma--case report of ruptured othematoma and bibliographic
      review].
AB  - Auricular hematoma is not rare condition and its prognosis has been considered to
      be good in Japanese textbooks. Recurrence of the hematoma, however, frequently
      occurs by use of simple aspiration or incision, and a pressure dressing. In this
      paper, we report a case of ruptured othematoma and review the biliographies
      concerning the pathology and treatment of othematomas. A 37-year-old man
      sustained a fist blow to his left ear at the beginning of May, 1989. He was first
      seen with auricular hematoma on July 4, but refused a surgical treatment. The
      laceration of the skin overlying the hematoma occurred by once more fist blow on
      July 26, with the upper auricle divided into anterior and posterior parts. The
      auricular cartilage was broken into several pieces, some of which attached to the
      anterior side and the others to the posteriors side. Under general anesthesia,
      fibrin glue was applied to the dead space after irrigation, minimal debridement,
      and removal of the clots. Four horizontal mattress sutures were put through the
      entire pinna after the anterior skin was protected by fluffed gauze with
      antibiotic ointment and the posterior skin by buttons. The dressing was allowed
      to remain in place ten days and was then removed. Nine months after the operation
      the pinna appeared almost normal. In recent reports, the othematoma is considered
      to occur between the perichondrium and the cartilage, or within the cartilage.
      Various techniques have been applied to treat the othematoma, which are
      classified into three types: incision and drainage, pressure dressing with
      splinting mold, or with mattress suture. Treatment of choice is discussed, with
      reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

PMID- 2292755
TI  - [Tissue culture of middle ear epithelium of the guinea pig--differences of the
      cellular growth activity in the middle ear cavity using collagen gel culture
      method].
AB  - Primary tissue culture system from the middle ear and the tracheal epithelium of
      the guinea pig was established using collagen gel method. The cultured epithelium
      was studied by phase-contrast microscopy, light and scanning electron microscopy.
      The outgrowth area of the epithelium was quantitatively measured for period of up
      to ten days. In the middle ear cavity, the mucosal explants were sampled from
      various sites in order to compare their differential and proliferative
      activities. The mucosal explants attached on collagen substrates were composed of
      ciliated, non-ciliated, goblet and basal cells. This basic structure was similar
      to the natural middle ear epithelium. The ciliated cells showed well organized
      cilia. Most of the outgrowth cells devoid of fibroblastic cells in the monolayer
      were polygonal shaped with numerous microvilli. The morphology of the outgrowth
      cells changed from columnar or cuboidal to squamous shapes in the area away from
      the explants. There was a correlation between the distribution of the ciliated
      cells in the outgrowths and these in the explants. The explants with columnar or
      cuboidal ciliated epithelia sampled from the opening of the eustachian tube or
      its neighborhood formed more than eightfold outgrowth sheets in vitro. This is
      comparable to tracheal epithelia. On the other hand, the explants with simple
      squamous epithelia sampled from the area distal to the eustachian tube showed
      about fourfold proliferative activity. We concluded that this culture system
      would be useful for the study of cellular multiplication and differentiation
      mechanisms of the respiratory tract epithelium.

PMID- 2292756
TI  - [Report of a case--adenoma of the middle ear].
AB  - A 44-year-old female with adenoma of the middle ear was reported. Her chief
      complaint was hearing loss in the right ear. A white mass inside the right
      external auditory canal was observed. Audiometry revealed a combined deafness
      with the average hearing of 38.3 dB for the speech frequencies. The study by high
      resolution X-ray CT revealed a density area as like as a soft mass in the
      tympanic cavity. A tumor existing mainly in the hypotympanum was surgically
      removed and modified type III tympanoplasty by interposing the malleus head as an
      autograft as a columella was done. Postoperative course was good and the average
      hearing improved slightly to 30 dB. Histopathological study with stains of HE,
      PAS, mucicarmin, colloid iron, NSE and S-100 protein showed adenoma of the middle
      ear.

PMID- 2292757
TI  - Significance of meconium staining of the amniotic fluid.
AB  - The study was conducted to determine the significance of meconium staining and
      more specifically its association with fetal heart rate patterns. Five hundred
      and one patients in labor were examined, 106 of whom had meconium stained
      amniotic fluid. A multivariate analysis of the data was performed by logistic
      regression analysis using meconium staining as the dependent variable. The
      determinants of meconium in the amniotic fluid were gestational age, base
      deficit, calcified placenta, late decelerations and placental weight. The
      following variables had no effect on the occurrence of meconium: maternal age,
      type of risk, parity, fetal sex, duration of labor, duration of the second stage
      of labor, entanglement of the umbilical cord, FHR variability, variable
      decelerations, oxytocin usage, type of anesthesia, maternal smoking and alcohol
      consumption habits. In conclusion, meconium in the amniotic fluid seems to be
      associated with placental rather than with umbilical insufficiency.

PMID- 2292758
TI  - The effect of meconium on neonatal and fetal reflectance pulse oximetry.
AB  - Reflectance probes are being developed for neonatal use and obstetricians are
      beginning to use reflectance pulse oximetry to monitor the fetus. When a
      reflectance probe was used to monitor the arterial oxygen saturation of a baby
      whose skin was stained with meconium an artificially low result was obtained.
      This is because meconium absorbs more red than infra-red light and acts as a red
      light filter between the vascular bed and the probe. This effect may be
      reproduced by interposing a red filter between a reflectance pulse oximetry probe
      and the skin. Obstetricians who use a pulse oximeter to assess the fetus through
      intact membranes will record an erroneously low result if they are stained with
      meconium. Similarly neonatologists should avoid placing a reflectance pulse
      oximetry probe on babies skin which is stained with meconium.

PMID- 2292759
TI  - Ultrasonic diagnosis and perinatal management of complicated and uncomplicated
      fetal ovarian cysts: a collaborative study.
AB  - Ovarian cysts can be demonstrated in the ovaries of fetuses and full term infants
      at birth. Small cysts involute spontaneously during fetal life or within the
      first few months of life. Large cysts may cause mechanical complications or
      respiratory distress. Sonographic detection of fetal ovarian cysts has been
      reported, as well as intrauterine surgical treatment. The sonographic findings
      and the outcome of the smaller and the complicated cysts were studied in 25
      pregnant women. Uncomplicated fetal ovarian cysts should be monitored by weekly
      examination until delivery. Huge ovarian cysts may be an indication for cesarean
      section; or, intrauterine aspiration may be the alternative. Complicated fetal
      ovarian cysts represent an indication for neonatal surgery.

PMID- 2292760
TI  - Peripheral skin temperature and microcirculatory reactivity during pregnancy. A
      study with thermography.
AB  - The aim of the study was to compare gradients of skin surface temperature on the
      arm and hand and to evaluate differences in the skin microcirculation reactivity
      between pregnant and non-pregnant women. We used the prototype of a highly
      sensitive thermograph system for the measurements. Eight healthy, non-pregnant
      women (mean age 27.9 years) and eleven pregnant women in the 14th-40th
      gestational week with normal pregnancies (mean age 28.7 years) were examined.
      Compared with the control collective, there were the following differences found
      in the pregnant group: --Skin temperature (ST) difference from the hand to the
      forearm was 2.6 +/- 0.8 degrees C instead of 0.6 +/- 1.2 degrees C (p less than
      or equal to 0.01). --There was a higher ST in the hand (p less than or equal to
      0.01), but not in the proximal forearm. --An increase of the ST in the hand and
      the occurrence of a temperature difference compared with the forearm could be
      seen even in the early stages of pregnancy. --The skin temperature decrease was
      less marked in pregnant than in non-pregnant women after application of a cold
      stimulus (p less than or equal to 0.01) and after venous occlusion (not
      significant). The results obtained by telethermography indicate that during
      pregnancy there is a greater increase in the arteriovenous shunt blood flow
      (represented especially in the skin of the acral regions) than in capillary
      perfusion (represented mainly in the skin of the trunk and proximal
      extremities).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292761
TI  - Umbilical artery velocimetry in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
      pregnancies.
AB  - Seven hundred and sixty seven Doppler umbilical artery velocity waveform analyses
      were performed in 108 pregnant insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) women.
      No significant correlation between mean third trimester systolic to diastolic
      (S/D) ratio and either mean blood glucose (r = 0.19) or glycosylated hemoglobin
      levels (r = 0.28) was found. Mean second and third trimester S/D ratios differed
      significantly in patients with or without vascular disease (P less than 0.05).
      Furthermore, women without vasculopathy who demonstrated an elevated S/D
      developed preeclampsia and delivered appropriate for gestational age infants
      while patients with vascular disease or chronic hypertension and elevated third
      trimester S/D (greater than 3) delivered intra uterine growth retarded (IUGR)
      infants. Moreover, in most of the latter group elevated S/D ratios were recorded
      in the second trimester prior to ultrasound documentation of IUGR. Our data
      suggest that in the absence of vasculopathy normal fetal placental resistance can
      be expected in most pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Patients with
      vasculopathy are at higher risk for fetal IUGR, which may be identified by early
      umbilical artery velocimetry.

PMID- 2292762
TI  - Effect of hydrophobic coating on the behavior of a hygroscopic aerosol powder in
      an environment of controlled temperature and relative humidity.
AB  - Powders of uncoated disodium fluorescein (DF) and DF coated with various amounts
      of lauric or capric acids were generated as aerosols in an environment of
      controlled temperature and relative humidity. The particle size and distribution
      of these powders were characterized using a cascade impactor and a computerized
      data inversion method of analysis. Disodium fluorescein exhibited a hygroscopic
      growth ratio of 1.5 at a relative humidity of 97%. This growth was reduced to 1.3
      by coating with 0.15 g of lauric acid or 0.8 g of capric acid per gram of DF, and
      was eliminated with 0.2 g of lauric acid or 0.18 g of capric acid per gram of DF.
      The reduction in hygroscopic growth probably reflects an inhibition of the growth
      rate. In the time following generation and prior to deposition in the collection
      device, approximately 40 s, the coated aerosol powders do not seem to reach their
      equilibrium droplet diameter. These studies indicate that these combinations of
      DF and fatty acid would result in larger equilibrium droplet diameters than that
      of the dye alone.

PMID- 2292763
TI  - Finite dose percutaneous drug absorption: theory and its application to in vitro
      timolol permeation.
AB  - The finite dose in vitro percutaneous absorption kinetics of timolol, a beta
      blocker, was studied. The flux of timolol across excised human abdominal cadaver
      skin was measured over a period of 72 h following application of a 40-microns
      thickness patch containing 5, 10, or 20% (w/v) timolol free base. Amounts of
      timolol in the patch and skin were also determined at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h
      after the application of the 20% (w/v) patch. The mean diffusion and partition
      parameters were estimated to be 0.018 h-1 and 125.9 microns, respectively, using
      a newly developed theory. Diffusion and partition parameters were estimated using
      the values for amounts of a drug eventually partitioning into the perfusing
      water, as well as two newly proposed conceptual parameter values, AUCAv and AUCAs
      which are the AUCs of drug amounts in vehicle and skin, respectively. The dose
      dependent skin-timolol interaction is also discussed.

PMID- 2292764
TI  - Partition coefficients of three new anticonvulsants.
AB  - The partition coefficients of three homologous anticonvulsant phenylalkylamides
      [racemic alpha-hydroxy-alpha-ethyl-alpha-phenylacetamide (HEPA); beta-hydroxy
      beta-ethyl-beta-phenylpropionamide (HEPP); and gamma-hydroxy-gamma-ethyl-gamma
      phenylbutyramide (HEPB)] were determined by reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The system was calibrated with a series of
      simple amines and amides, using their published log P values. The log kw values
      (methanol:water, extrapolated to 100% water) were 1.260 for HEPA, 1.670 for HEPP,
      and 1.852 for HEPB. From these results, the partition coefficients (log P) were
      calculated by regression as 1.20, 1.83, and 2.11, respectively. The log P values
      were essentially equal to those calculated by the Leo-Hansch fragmental method.
      Since the potency of the three anticonvulsants is approximately the same in a
      variety of tests, no dependence on lipophilicity could be established.

PMID- 2292765
TI  - Synthesis of a secondary N-desmethyl and a tertiary N-cyclopropylmethyl bridged
      hexahydroaporphine as precursors to bicyclic opioid ligands.
AB  - In an attempt to generate a bicyclic 5,8-ethano derivative of N-methylmorphinan,
      an isomeric bicyclic hexahydroaporphine 2 was synthesized. The phenolic analogue
      of 2 has demonstrated affinity for mu opioid receptors in vitro and, along with
      2, provided weak, primarily nonopioid analgesic action when injected
      intracerebroventricularly in mice. It was of interest to assess the potential
      opioid antagonist action of bicyclic hexahydroaporphine analogues containing
      cyclopropylmethyl and allyl nitrogen substituents. As the first steps in the
      generation of these potential opioid antagonists, the secondary bicyclic
      hexahydroaporphine 3 and its N-cyclopropylmethyl congener 4 were synthesized. N
      Demethylation of 2 was initially attempted via the von Braun reaction, but acid
      catalyzed hydrolysis of the crude N-cyano intermediate resulted in product
      decomposition. A successful approach to 3 involved the hydrolysis of the N-formyl
      precursor 1 in ethanolic potassium hydroxide. Direct alkylation of the secondary
      amine 3 utilizing cyclopropylmethyl bromide and sodium bicarbonate successfully
      generated the alkylated derivative 4. Both products were purified in
      hydrochloride salt form and characterized by standard analytical and
      spectroscopic methods. The free base form of 3 was highly sensitive to
      photooxidation. Opioids are known to oxidize to 10-keto structures, and secondary
      amines can oxidize to hydroxylamines. Infrared analysis of the decomposition
      product indicated the presence of both hydroxy and carbonyl groups which were
      absent in the spectrum of the salt. Structures of potential oxidation products
      are proposed.

PMID- 2292766
TI  - Dissolution with chemical reactions: reversible versus irreversible chemical
      reactions.

PMID- 2292767
TI  - Further study on the antitumor activity of a homo-aza-steroidal ester of p-N,N
      bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylacetic acid.

PMID- 2292768
TI  - Mutual interaction between bilirubin and cefazolin in binding to human serum
      albumin.

PMID- 2292769
TI  - Drug targeting in cancer chemotherapy: a clinical perspective.
AB  - Drug targeting is a phenomenon which maneuvers the distribution of drug in the
      body in such a manner that the major fraction of the drug interacts exclusively
      with the target tissue at a cellular or subcellular level. Numerous strategies
      have been developed to accomplish this goal; some of them have been tried
      clinically for improving cancer chemotherapy. This review updates the current
      status of research in the area of targeted drug delivery, with particular
      emphasis on its application in the clinical management of carcinomas.

PMID- 2292770
TI  - In situ perfusion system for oral mucosal absorption in dogs.
AB  - To evaluate oral mucosal absorption of drugs in dogs, a newly designed in situ
      perfusion system with a circulating perfusion chamber was developed. The utility
      of the perfusion system was investigated by using three drugs: salicylic acid
      (SA), sulfadimethoxine (SM), and diltiazem (DIL). The oral mucosal absorption of
      the drugs could be adequately described by first-order rate processes. The
      absorption rate was independent of the amount of un-ionized drug, which varied
      with the pH of the solution. The absorption of SA was similar for various oral
      mucosal sites and for repeated experiments using the same site. Pharmacokinetic
      analysis for the plasma or medium concentration of SA after perfusion showed that
      SA was absorbed at the rate constant of 0.071 h-1, and that approximately 70% of
      SA absorbed from oral mucosa was transferred to the circulating blood.

PMID- 2292771
TI  - Theophylline absorption and gastric emptying after partial gastrectomy in dogs.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline, administered orally as a solution
      (4 mg/kg body weight), were studied in six dogs before and after two different
      kinds of gastric surgery in which part of the stomach was removed. The
      theophylline absorption rate was slightly increased after this antrectomy,
      whereas other pharmacokinetic parameters, such as area under the concentration
      time curve (AUC) and the elimination half-life (t1/2), remained unchanged.
      Gastric emptying was quantified using radionuclide imaging; after antrectomy, it
      was accelerated for liquids and delayed for solids.

PMID- 2292772
TI  - Disposition of zofenopril calcium in healthy subjects.
AB  - Zofenopril calcium (1) is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed in vivo to the active
      angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor SQ 26,333 (2). In a two-way
      crossover study, six healthy male subjects (age range 25-36 years) each received
      an iv 11.2-mg dose of [14C]SQ 26,703 (14C-3; the L-arginine salt of 2) and an
      oral 10-mg (equimolar) dose of 14C-1. After the iv dose of 14C-3, the 0-96-h
      recovery of radioactivity averaged 76 and 16% of the dose in urine and feces,
      respectively, indicating substantial biliary secretion. After the oral dose of
      14C-1, excretion of radioactivity averaged 70% (urine) and 26% (feces).
      Negligible amounts of 1 were present in urine, indicating complete hydrolysis of
      the orally administered prodrug. The oral absorption of 1 was almost complete and
      the oral bioavailability of 2 averaged approximately 70%. The terminal
      elimination half-life for 2 after the iv dose averaged 5.5 h. Whole body
      clearance, renal clearance, nonrenal clearance, and Vdss averaged 11.4, 3.1, and
      8.3 mL/min/kg and 1.3 L/kg, respectively. These data indicated that 2 is
      eliminated by the kidney as well as the liver, is extensively metabolized, and is
      distributed extensively into extravascular sites.

PMID- 2292773
TI  - Anti-inflammatory activity of ketoprofen gel on carrageenan-induced paw edema in
      rats.
AB  - The anti-inflammatory activity of a 1% ketoprofen gel containing 20% Pluronic F
      127 was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method. The
      activity of the gel was compared with that of other topical nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drug (NSAID) preparations. The Pluronic gel formulation was
      significantly more effective against edema formation than other ketoprofen gels
      used. The 1% ketoprofen gel in the Pluronic base inhibited 53% of the carrageenan
      induced edema formation as compared with 38% inhibition obtained with a 3%
      ketoprofen gel in a Carbopol-based formulation. The topical ED50 of the 1%
      ketoprofen gel was 2.2 mg/kg whereas the oral ED50 of ketoprofen in a suspension
      was 6.1 mg/kg, indicating that the relative equiponderal availability of the
      topical gel was nearly three times that of the oral suspension. The application
      of 50 mg of the 1% ketoprofen gel on the rat hind paw at various time intervals
      from 0 to 24 h prior to the carrageenan injection significantly inhibited edema
      formation in all groups of dosed rats. A significant correlation was found
      between the percent inhibition of rat paw edema and the log dose of ketoprofen
      injected subplantarly for the dose range between 0.1 and 10 micrograms/paw.

PMID- 2292774
TI  - Characterization of in vivo immunoliposome targeting to pulmonary endothelium.
AB  - Two rat monoclonal antibodies, 34A and 201B, which specifically bind to a surface
      glycoprotein (gp112) of the pulmonary endothelial cell surface, have been coupled
      to unilamellar liposomes of approximately 0.25 microns in diameter. The 34A- and
      201B-liposomes (monoclonal antibodies 273-34A and 411-201B, respectively), but
      not antibody-free liposomes and liposomes coupled to 14, a nonspecific monoclonal
      antibody, accumulate efficiently (approximately 30% injected dose) in the lung of
      mice which have been injected via the tail vein. Immunoliposome targeting to lung
      is demonstrated both by using a 125I-labeled lipid marker and an entrapped water
      soluble marker. Lung accumulation of 34A-liposomes is completely blocked by a
      preincubation of free antibody 34A, but not antibody 14, indicating that the
      immunoliposome accumulation at the target site is immunospecific. Time course
      studies have revealed that 34A-liposomes bind to lung antigens within 1 min after
      injection, indicating that the target binding takes place during the first few
      passages of immunoliposomes through the lung capillary bed. Unbound
      immunoliposomes are taken up by liver and spleen within 3-5 min after injection.
      The level of lung accumulation increases significantly as the protein:lipid ratio
      of the immunoliposome increases. Approximately 50% of injected dose is
      accumulated in lung for 34A-liposomes, with an average of 935 antibody molecules
      per liposome. Immunoliposomes of larger size accumulate in lung more
      significantly than those of smaller size. Injection with higher doses also
      enhances the level of lung accumulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292775
TI  - Reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of
      fluoroquinolones in human plasma.
AB  - A simple and sensitive method is described for the determination of
      fluoroquinolones by HPLC on a C-18 column using fluorescence detection. Using a
      mobile phase of 25% (v/v) acetonitrile phosphate buffer (pH 2.0), adequate
      retention and separation among the solutes norfloxacin, amifloxacin, enoxacin,
      and pipemidic acid have been obtained using sodium lauryl sulphate as the pairing
      ion and tetrabutylammonium bromide as the counter ion. The chromatographic
      conditions selected have been used for the quantitation of norfloxacin,
      amifloxacin, and enoxacin in human plasma using pipemidic acid as the internal
      standard. A simple single-step protein precipitation procedure has been employed
      for pretreatment of plasma samples. The detection limits of the assay for
      enoxacin, amifloxacin, and norfloxacin are approximately 100, approximately 10,
      and approximately 20 ng/mL, respectively. The method has been employed for the
      determination of amifloxacin in plasma samples from a healthy volunteer following
      oral administration of a 400-mg amifloxacin capsule.

PMID- 2292776
TI  - A numerical approach to study the effect of binding on the iontophoretic
      transport of a series of amino acids.
AB  - The objective of this investigation was to quantitate the effect of binding on
      the iontophoretic transport of a series of amino acids. The diffusivity and
      concentration in the stratum corneum and viable skin were estimated from the
      passive permeation profiles through whole and stripped skin. Using these
      parameters and the Langmuir binding parameters from equilibrium binding studies,
      the passive permeation and desorption profiles were simulated using a bilayer
      skin permeation model. The parameters were adjusted until convergence with
      experimental data was achieved. Then the iontophoretic profiles were simulated,
      using the parameters from the simulated passive permeation studies, an estimate
      of convective flow from the flux of tritiated water, and measurement of the
      potential across the skin. The overall effect of binding on the iontophoretic
      profiles was found to dampen the effect of the iontophoresis treatment; the
      profiles appear flatter, and the transition to passive diffusion less distinct
      compared to profiles which do not include the binding parameters. It also appear
      that the degree of skin hydration has a substantial effect on the shape of the
      iontophoretic profile, such that approximately 50% of the enhancement in the
      iontophoretic profile of freshly excised skin continues after treatment.

PMID- 2292777
TI  - Color preference and food choice among children.
AB  - The effects of color on children's food choices were investigated. Subjects were
      120 children who were equally distributed among each of the combinations of age
      (5 vs. 9 years old), sex (male vs. female), food type (3 types of candies), and
      color (red, green, yellow, and orange) in a counterbalanced, factorial, analysis
      of-variance design with repeated measures on subjects. A significant main effect
      for color indicated that children preferred foods that were red, green, orange,
      and yellow, in that order. Interpretation of this main effect was not interfered
      with by main effects or interaction terms involving age, sex, or food type, which
      served as alternative rival hypotheses.

PMID- 2292778
TI  - Diazepam (Valium): its dependency liability.
AB  - Reports of the withdrawal syndrome following discontinuation of diazepam and drug
      dependence fears have contributed to diazepam's displacement as the most popular
      anxiolytic agent. Reports of the withdrawal syndrome, the factors involved in
      withdrawal, and the remedies proposed for diazepam withdrawal symptoms are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2292779
TI  - Effects of dysphoria on maternal exchange dispositions.
AB  - Defining dysphoria as subclinical depression, we explored the extent to which
      maternal dysphoria influences the quality of relationships within the family and
      evaluated whether the effect of dysphoria on family relationships is selective or
      general and whether dysphoric effects on maternal behavior are similar or
      different when ratings of maternal behaviors are made by mothers versus
      observers. We expected that dysphoria would have general rather than selective
      effects on family relations rated by mothers and observers. In a sample of 40
      American families at risk of child abuse or neglect, we found that maternal
      dysphoria did have significantly negative effects on mother-to-child and mother
      to-parenting-partner relations, suggesting that maternal dysphoria has general
      rather than selective effects.

PMID- 2292780
TI  - Free vascularized toe-joint transfer in hand reconstruction: a series of 25
      patients.
AB  - Twenty-eight vascularized toe-joint transfers performed on 25 patients were
      reviewed. A number of different techniques were used: proximal interphalangeal
      joint or metacarpophalangeal joint reconstruction, one-stage double joint
      transfer, and interphalangeal thumb or trapezometacarpal joint replacement. Using
      these types of vascularized joint transfer allows one-stage composite transfer
      (including skin, bone, and extensor tendon) and provides rapid bone healing,
      potential growth in the young, good long-term cartilage preservation, normal
      lateral stability in pinch, and limited but useful range of motion (mainly at the
      proximal interphalangeal level).

PMID- 2292781
TI  - The serratus anterior osteocutaneous free flap.
AB  - Microvascular transfer of the rib as an osteocutaneous or osseous free flap based
      on the thoracic branch of the thoracodorsal artery is described. A review of the
      literature revealed various patterns of rib vascularization in different areas of
      the body from the periosteum and the endosteal vessels. Reversing the blood flow
      in the transcortical vessels of the rib is reported to be possible. Injection
      studies showed a reliable connection between the thoracic branch of the
      thoracodorsal artery and the endosteal vessels of the sixth and seventh ribs at
      the origin of the anterior serratus muscle. This approach to free rib transfer
      has proved to be quick, easy, and reliable in various clinical applications.

PMID- 2292782
TI  - Evaluation of the Unilink microvascular anastomotic device in the dog.
AB  - This experimental study reports the evaluation of a mechanical, non-suture
      technique for the repair of small blood vessels under the operating microscope.
      The method uses the Unilink implantable pinned rings on which the vessel ends are
      everted 90 degrees and impaled on small pins. An instrument approximates the
      rings and completes the anastomosis. The device was used for the end-to-end
      anastomosis of 80 vessels in ten beagle dogs. Both arteries (ulnar and saphenous)
      and veins (cephalic and saphenous) were included in the study. Vessels were
      assessed for patency and harvested for histologic examination and scanning
      electron microscopy at 4-, 16-, and 32-week implantation times. Both longitudinal
      and cross sections were stained using hematoxylin and eosin, Verhoeff-Van Gieson
      techniques for elastin, and a modified Masson's trichrome for muscle and
      collagen, and examined under light microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
      was completed on longitudinally bisected anastomoses. Patency rates, histology,
      and SEM at all implantation times of the mechanical anastomoses compared
      favorably with experimental investigations of suturing techniques that have
      appeared in the literature. This microvascular anastomotic technique provided a
      rapid, safe, and efficacious method for the end-to-end repair of severed
      peripheral arteries and veins in the dog model.

PMID- 2292783
TI  - Total scalp, ear, and eyebrow avulsion: aesthetic adjustment of the replanted
      tissue.
AB  - A case of successful replantation of a total scalp avulsion, including both ears
      and one eyebrow, is presented with bilateral anastomoses to the superficial
      temporal vessels. While over 90 percent of the replant survived, partial loss of
      occipital and posterior neck skin and the inferior half of the left ear occurred.
      The patient subsequently required additional procedures, including skin grafting,
      scar revisions, and staged ear reconstructions. Thus, while microsurgery often
      provides the only hope for tissue salvage, there is a frequent need for
      additional revisions and aesthetic adjustment of portions of the replanted
      tissue.

PMID- 2292784
TI  - Inability of donor total body irradiation to prolong survival of vascularized
      bone allografts: experimental study in the rat.
AB  - At the present time, the toxic side effects of recipient immunosuppression cannot
      be justified for human non-vital organ transplantation. Total body irradiation
      has proven effective in ablating various bone-marrow-derived and endothelial
      immunocompetent cellular populations, which are responsible for immune rejection
      against donor tissues. Irradiation at a dose of 10 Gy was given to donor rats six
      days prior to heterotopic transplantation of vascularized bone allografts to host
      animals. Another group of recipient rats also received a short-term (sixth to
      fourteenth day after grafting), low dose of cyclosporine. Total body irradiation
      was able merely to delay rejection of grafts across a strong histocompatibility
      barrier for one to two weeks, when compared to nonirradiated allografts. The
      combination of donor irradiation plus cyclosporine did not delay the immune
      response, and the rejection score was similar to that observed for control
      allografts. Consequently, allograft viability was quickly impaired, leading to
      irreversible bone damage. This study suggest that 10 Gy of donor total body
      irradiation delivered six days prior to grafting cannot circumvent the immune
      rejection in a vascularized allograft of bone across a strong histocompatibility
      barrier.

PMID- 2292785
TI  - A functional evaluation of cryopreserved peripheral nerve autografts.
AB  - This study compared the functional return following the repair of a 2.0-cm defect
      in the rat sciatic nerve with frozen (with or without treatment with a
      cryoprotectant, dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) or fresh nerve grafts. In addition, a
      control group in which the defect was left ungrafted was evaluated. Recovery was
      assessed by functional studies (sensory testing, gait analysis, joint
      contractures, and tibialis anterior muscle weight), biochemical analysis (muscle
      hydroxyproline concentration), and histologic studies (axonal counts and fiber
      density). Sensory testing and gait analysis were not helpful because of cross
      over innervation of the saphenous nerve and lack of recovery of the foot
      intrinsic muscles, respectively. The hind-limb contractures of the group with
      fresh nerve grafts (18 degrees +/- 3 degrees) were similar to those with DMSO
      cryopreserved grafts (14 degrees +/- 4 degrees). Both of these groups had
      statistically smaller contractures than the non-DMSO-cryopreserved group (45
      degrees +/- 8 degrees) and the gap control group (49 degrees +/- 6 degrees), (p
      less than 0.01). The tibialis anterior (TA) muscle-weight ratio (MWR) and the
      muscle-hydroxyproline-concentration ratio (MHPCR) showed a similar pattern, with
      no significant difference between the fresh (MWR, 0.5785 +/- 0.068 and MHPCR,
      1.527 +/- 0.405) and DMSO-cryopreserved (MWR, 0.5675 +/- 0.0989 and MHPCR, 1.660
      +/- 0.456) groups; both of these groups showed greater neurologic recovery when
      compared to the non-DMSO-cryopreserved (MWR, 0.3364 +/- 0.0266 and MHPCR, 3.441
      +/- 0.300) and gap control (MWR, 0.2134 +/- 0.0775 and MHPCR, 4.869 +/- 2.351)
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292786
TI  - Leech therapy and bleeding wound techniques to relieve venous congestion.
AB  - Temporary restoration of capillary skin blood flow can be established by using
      leeches or by the creation of a dermal wound and the promotion of continued
      bleeding from the wound site in a flap with venous occlusion. An increasing
      restoration of capillary flow occurred with initial application of the leech and
      tended to exceed other techniques of restoring flow. However, all techniques of
      exsanguination, including leech therapy, restored very low perfusion over a two
      hour course of therapy for a volume of tissue simulating a distal finger replant.
      The temporary increase in flap perfusion with a single leech application was
      greatest during the feeding activity of the leech and tapered off after the leech
      was satiated, to approximate flows achieved with local heparin injection and a
      punch wound.

PMID- 2292787
TI  - Toe replantation in the rat.
AB  - A big toe of a rat was successfully replanted by anastomosing the deep branch of
      the medial plantar artery and its concomitant vein. The procedure is demonstrated
      and discussed.

PMID- 2292788
TI  - A comparative experimental study of vascularized and nonvascularized nerve
      grafts.
AB  - In order to compare vascularized and nonvascularized nerve grafts in a normal
      bed, 96 median nerve grafts were performed in rabbits. The median nerves were
      grafted in situ bilaterally, whether vascularized or nonvascularized. The length
      of the grafts was 2 cm, 4 cm, or 6 cm. A morphometric study was performed eight
      weeks and 24 weeks after the operation. No significant differences were found
      between vascularized and nonvascularized grafts at the same levels of nerve
      grafts. However, significant differences between vascularized and nonvascularized
      grafts were found for 4-cm and 6-cm grafts at eight weeks, and for 6-cm grafts at
      24 weeks postoperatively, comparing the proximal normal nerve segments with the
      nerve segments distal to the nerve grafts.

PMID- 2292789
TI  - Continuous local intraarterial infusion of antithrombotic agents for epigastric
      flap transfer in rabbit.
AB  - In free tissue transfer, the recipient arteries and veins are often damaged by
      injury, and their lumens are often narrowed due to thickening of the intima.
      These factors are considered paramount in the poor success rate of free tissue
      transfers. In the reported study, the authors examined the effects of continuous
      intraarterial infusion with heparin and urokinase in experimental epigastric flap
      transfer. By intraarterial infusion, the drug concentration at the target site
      could be significantly increased. The viability of an epigastric flap transferred
      to a recipient site with thickened arterial intima was significantly improved in
      a rabbit model by a seven-day continuous local intraarterial infusion of heparin
      at 10 U/kg/hr and urokinase at 100 IU/kg/hr, compared with control or intravenous
      infusion. Use of an anticoagulant with a fibrinolytic enzyme is considered to be
      the best choice for a successful outcome in flap transfer.

PMID- 2292790
TI  - Quantification of neutrophil adhesion to skeletal muscle venules following
      ischemia-reperfusion.
AB  - Ischemia-reperfusion is encountered in a wide variety of surgical situations. The
      damage resulting from ischemia-reperfusion may be due, in part, to the
      infiltration and activation of neutrophils into the reperfused tissue. The
      purpose of the study was to examine ischemia-reperfusion induced neutrophil
      activation in skeletal muscle. In control muscles, ischemia in the hamster right
      cremaster muscle was produced for 5 min after an initial 2 hr 55 min perfusion
      period. In ischemic muscles, ischemia was produced for 3 hr prior to reperfusion.
      After the clamps were removed, a video recording of the cremaster
      microvasculature was made using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Acridine
      orange was infused intravenously 10 min prior to video recording in order to
      selectively label and enhance the contrast of neutrophils. The number of
      neutrophils rolling along the endothelium of 40 to 60 microns-diameter venules in
      a 1-min period increased from 9.0 in control animal cremaster venules to 24.1
      following ischemia-reperfusion (p less than .05; n = 11). The ischemia
      reperfusion model developed in this study allows for the direct quantification of
      neutrophil adhesion in skeletal muscle and can be further used to assess
      pharmacologic minimization of neutrophil-mediated damage in skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2292791
TI  - Microsurgical reconstruction of shotgun-blast wounds to the face.
AB  - Successful management of shotgun-blast injuries to the face with loss of
      composite tissue is discussed. While emphasis in the literature has generally
      been on weapons ballistics and their destructive effect on tissues, the most
      massive tissue destruction can be anticipated from close-range gun-barrel effects
      due to rapidly expanding gases. The authors stress uncommonly aggressive tissue
      transfer as the method of choice in reconstructing facial shotgun wounds. The
      surgeon must evaluate patient psychological readiness for step-by-step
      reconstruction. Fistulas are avoided by transplanting several small flaps, rather
      than one large flap. The dorsalis pedis flap is recommended as an excellent
      choice for contaminated intraoral reconstruction. A staged approach providing
      osteocutaneous composite tissue for repair of shotgun-blast facial wounds is
      presented. At subsequent stages, soft tissue defects are repaired and restoration
      of mandibular continuity is provided with the use of the scapular flap and other
      alternatives. Microsurgical management of facial gunshot wounds can provide
      satisfactory reconstruction and almost normal function.

PMID- 2292793
TI  - Imaging in scanning microscopes with slit-shaped detectors.
AB  - We consider the imaging in scanning microscopes employing point and slit-shaped
      detectors in both the bright-field and fluorescent mode. In particular we
      consider the three-dimensional aspects of the imaging and show inter alia that
      acceptable, albeit asymmetrical, images result from a slit detector system at low
      levels of defocus. The situation becomes worse as the defocus is increased
      although acceptable extended-focus and isometric images are still possible in
      some cases.

PMID- 2292792
TI  - Patency and healing of polymeric microvenous prostheses implanted into the rat
      femoral vein by means of the sleeve anastomotic technique.
AB  - The sleeve anastomotic technique was used to enhance the longer term patency and
      healing of polyurethane-based (PU) microvenous prostheses (ID: 1 mm, length: 5
      mm, wall thickness: 0.2 mm; n = 34) in the rat femoral vein. In the control
      group, PU prostheses (n = 12) were implanted by means of the conventional end-to
      end technique, and all were found to be occluded after one day (n = 6) and three
      weeks (n = 6). In the other experimental groups, the prostheses were evaluated
      after one day (n = 6), three weeks (n = 10), and six weeks (n = 18) of
      implantation by means of routine light- and scanning-electron microscopy. The
      occluded prostheses in the control group demonstrated a firmly attached mural
      thrombus at the anastomoses at one day and a completely organized thrombus at
      three weeks after implantation. Thirty-one of the 34 PU prostheses implanted by
      means of the sleeve technique were patent. At one day, all patent PU prostheses
      (five out of six) demonstrated minimal thrombus accumulation and a smooth
      transition at the anastomotic sites. At three and six weeks, all patent PU
      prostheses (16 out of 18) were covered by a complete endothelial layer.
      Underneath the endothelial layer, a subendothelial layer, composed of two to four
      layers of smooth muscle cells, could be observed. The wall of the prostheses were
      penetrated by fibrohistiocytic tissue. Stenosis was not observed. These results
      demonstrate that the sleeve anastomotic technique not only improves the short
      term patency of PU microvenous conduits, but also the longer-term patency
      rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292794
TI  - Characterization of low-light-level cameras for digitized video microscopy.
AB  - The use of low-light-level video cameras and solid-state image detectors in
      conjunction with image digitizers for optical microscopy is increasing
      dramatically as more people learn about such systems, and as they become more
      powerful, less expensive, and easier to use. However, there is currently little
      information available allowing comparison between cameras, or for determining
      camera suitability for a given experiment. In this paper, we describe a series of
      tests designed to characterize the performance of low-light-level cameras. The
      results of these tests should assist in the selection of appropriate cameras for
      given video microscopy applications.

PMID- 2292795
TI  - Prednimustine.

PMID- 2292796
TI  - Trichlormethine (trimustine hydrochloride).

PMID- 2292797
TI  - Ampicillin.

PMID- 2292798
TI  - Chloramphenicol.

PMID- 2292799
TI  - Nitrofural (nitrofurazone).

PMID- 2292800
TI  - Nitrofurantoin.

PMID- 2292801
TI  - Cimetidine.

PMID- 2292802
TI  - Dantron (chrysazin; 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone)

PMID- 2292803
TI  - Furosemide (frusemide).

PMID- 2292804
TI  - Hydrochlorothiazide.

PMID- 2292805
TI  - Ciclosporin.

PMID- 2292806
TI  - Histopathological and immunopathological evaluation of filarial
      glomerulonephritis in Dirofilaria immitis infected dogs.
AB  - Filarial glomerulonephritis was studied using Dirofilaria immitis infected dogs.
      Of 34 infected dogs examined, 15 dogs (44.1%) had histopathological lesions in
      the kidney. These lesions included an increased number of mesangial cells and
      increased thickness of the matrix, the infiltration of the small round and plasma
      cells into the interstitium and thickening of the basement membrane. Deposits of
      IgG were demonstrated in the infected dogs, whereas C3 deposits were found in all
      dogs. Combined immunoglobulin and complement deposits were not always found in
      the dogs with histopathological lesions. The mean concentration (expressed as
      absorbance) of circulating immune complexes (CIC) was 0.675 +/- 0.517 in infected
      dogs, and 0.132 +/- 0.092 in uninfected dogs. Although there was significant
      difference in the level of CIC between infected and uninfected dogs (P less than
      0.001), 11 dogs (32.4%) in infected group were negative. Otherwise, the CIC
      levels were correlated to the adult worm burden (r = 0.848; P less than 0.001)
      but not to the number of circulating microfilariae (mf) (r = 0.398; P less than
      0.05). Transfer of mf to 7 naive dogs was performed to clarify the role of mf in
      the pathogenesis of filariasis. Antibodies to crude mf antigen became detectable
      two weeks after the transfer. Neither pathologic findings nor deposits of IgG and
      C3 in the kidney were found in dogs examined 20 days or 70 days after transfer.
      There was no evidence that histopathological lesions were induced by live mf,
      suggesting that adult worm burdens may be more closely related to filarial
      nephropathy.

PMID- 2292807
TI  - Natural autoantibodies against Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in normal individuals
      in relation to age and in adult patients with kidney diseases.
AB  - IgM and IgG natural antibodies to Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) were found in
      serum samples of all healthy individuals tested by the ELISA technique. The IgM
      anti-THP antibody level was higher in the group 1-20 years old than the IgG anti
      THP. The IgG anti-THP rose with increase in age (greater than 21 years old
      groups) and then the IgG and IgM anti-THP activity over aging remained constant.
      The natural anti-THP antibodies possess a lower degree of specificity and/or
      avidity than induced antibodies. The antibody titers against THP determined in 61
      adult patients with chronic kidney diseases was significantly lower than that in
      adult controls. This low level of naturally occurring THP antibodies appears to
      be a general phenomenon. In these patients, diminished antibody levels appeared
      against a panel of self (collagen, fibronectin, THP) and non self (bovine gamma
      globulin (BGG), ovalbumin (OVA)) antigens as compared with normal controls. The
      low levels of these antibodies are not associated with a concomitant drop of IgG
      and IgM in their sera.

PMID- 2292808
TI  - Augmented inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in the combined use of
      disulfiram with ascorbic acid and the involvement of oxygen free radicals.
AB  - To examine the roles of oxygen free radicals in the inhibition of tumor cell
      proliferation, we have used disulfiram (DS), a metal-chelator, to inactivate
      superoxide dismutase and ascorbic acid (AsA) to inhibit catalase. Simultaneous
      addition of DS and AsA to Meth A tumor cells or Ehrlich ascites tumor cells
      induced marked inhibition of the cell proliferation assessed by [3H]thymidine
      uptake and trypan blue dye exclusion method. Similar augmented inhibition of Meth
      A tumor cell proliferation was observed when the cells were pretreated with DS
      and AsA. However, the addition of catalase (2000 u/ml) nullified the augmentation
      of anti-proliferative effect which can be induced in the combined use of DS and
      AsA. These results suggest that the steady-state increase of intracellular oxygen
      free radicals within tumor cells could be induced in the combined use of DS and
      AsA.

PMID- 2292809
TI  - Membranous glomerulonephritis as an outstanding feature of renal lesions in
      autoimmune graft-vs-host F1 mice.

PMID- 2292810
TI  - [Glomerular function and renal functional reserve].
AB  - Protein intake has been shown to raise glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The
      difference between peak and baseline GFR following acute protein load indicates
      renal functional reserve (RFR). In this paper, we review 1) normal glomerular
      function and its regulating factors, 2) the concept of RFR and the mechanism by
      which the acute protein load induces hyperfiltration response in healthy subjects
      and 3) the RFR in patients with renal disease.

PMID- 2292811
TI  - [Experimental studies on VIP containing nerve in canine bladder neck].
AB  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) containing nerves have been considered as
      one of the inhibitory nerve of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic action at the
      bladder neck. To clarify the action of VIP, isovolumetric pressure at the bladder
      neck and intravesical pressure were examined in the unstimulated control
      condition as well as after electrical stimulation of the sacral nerves in male
      dogs. For the purpose of immunohistochemical studies, the bladder neck was
      extirpated immediately after the continuous electrical stimulation, and the VIP
      and acetylcholine esterase (AchE) were stained by Avidin Biotin Complex (ABC)
      method. The bladder neck pressure showed a marked decrease following unilateral
      sacral nerve stimulation, while intravesical pressure remained unchanged.
      Immunohistochemical studies revealed a lot of VIP positive deposits at the
      bladder neck after stimulation, which were absent in unstimulated control.
      However, AchE was well stained in both tissues, and no remarkable differences
      could be found in AchE staining between control and electrically stimulated
      tissues. In the present study, a plenty of VIP containing nerves and
      parasympathetic nerves were demonstrated in the bladder neck of canine. Thus, VIP
      is supposed to participate in the bladder neck opening by the strong smooth
      muscle relaxation under the influence of parasympathetic nerves.

PMID- 2292813
TI  - [Clinical experience with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy MFL-5000 for
      urinary stone].
AB  - A Dornier MFL 5000, a new generation extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter, was
      installed in our hospital and the first Japanese clinical experience has been
      collected between July and November in 1989. We report our experience with the
      first 35 patients with 45 stones who were treated in 42 treatments using ESWL. We
      followed up 3 weeks. No invasive anesthesia was performed except 2 cases of
      epidural anesthesia. A double J catheter was installed in 2 patients, a ureteral
      catheter in 4 patients, and PNL was performed in 2 patients before ESWL. We did
      not use a PNL or a TUL in the postoperative treatment. In the 3 week followed up
      period, 29 patients (82.9%) were completely free from stone fragments. No serious
      complications were observed after ESWL. We conclude that the DORNIER MFL 5000 is
      effective for renal and ureteral stones without serious complications.

PMID- 2292812
TI  - [Results of surgical treatment of proximal hypospadias].
AB  - Eighteen patients of proximal hypospadia underwent operations by our two-stage
      method. First stage operation was done by exaggerated Nesbit's method. The
      foreskin was transposed to the ventral surface of the penis as a flap that is
      long enough to be brought to the top of the glans. The second-stage procedure was
      done after a minimum of 6 months. The urethral tube was formed around the Foley
      catheter with a flap, its peripheral end being one to two centimeters proximal to
      the sulcus. For one to two centimeters the distal flap was freed. The
      tubularization was done by a continuous 4-0 nylon suture, which was removed after
      ten days. The tube was passed to the top of the glans through the tunnel and
      sutured to the glans with 5-0 nylon. Urinary diversion was not performed. In one
      case the new urethral orifice receded and reoperation was done. The operations in
      the other 17 cases were successful without stricture or fistula formation.

PMID- 2292814
TI  - [Combination therapy of intra-arterial chemotherapy and local hyperthermia for
      bladder cancer].
AB  - Fourteen patients (age range 50-79 mean 64.2) with locally advanced bladder
      cancer or CIS have been treated with combination of selective intra-arterial
      infusion of adriamycin (ADM) and/or cisplatin (CDDP) and local hyperthermia,
      prior to planed surgical resection. The follow-up periods ranged from 33 to 70
      months (median 52). Clinical staging was based on biopsy, CT, Echo, chest X-ray,
      bone scintigraphy, and IVP. The initial tumor stage was Tis in 1 patients, cT2 in
      4, and cT3 in 9. Catheterization technique: with the patient in the prone
      position, the gluteal muscles were dissected to expose the inferior gluteal
      artery, then catheter was inserted. The tip was wedged in the internal iliac
      artery below the bifurcation of the superior gluteal artery. ADM 10-20 mg and/or
      CDDP 10-20 mg were infused once or twice a week, more than eight times during
      hyperthermia. The total dose of ADM and CDDP were 40-360 mg and 50-360 mg. Local
      bladder hyperthermia was achieved with a radiofrequency generator. Novatherm IH
      500 (Inter-Nova Co. Ltd, Japan). Intravesical temperature was maintained over 40
      degrees C for an hour. Surgical resection included total cystectomy (10
      patients), partial cystectomy (3) and TUR (1). Of evaluable 8 patients, CR was
      obtained in 2 patients, PR in 4, NC in 1 and PD in 1. The survival rate (Kaplan
      Meier method) at 3 years was 71.4% (n = 9) and at 5 years, 62.5% (n = 4). Five
      patients died, but two of them died of other causes (traffic accident and spinal
      cord injury). Severe toxicity, consisting of bone marrow suppression (3) perineal
      erosion (3) and ischialgia (1), was well tolerated. In conclusion, our result
      suggests combination therapy of intra-arterial chemotherapy and local
      hyperthermia is safe with minimal systemic side effects, and may prolong survival
      with invasive bladder cancer.

PMID- 2292815
TI  - [Management of hypertension after renal transplantation].
AB  - We report the clinical result of our management for post-transplant hypertension
      in 47 renal allograft recipients who were followed up for more than one year
      after transplantation. Hypertension developed in 4 (26.7%) out of 15 cases who
      were treated with conventional immunosuppressive therapy (Group I) and 18 (56.3%)
      out of 32 cases treated with CsA (Group II). In group I, all the 6 patients who
      had been nephrectomized their original kidney at the time of transplantation did
      not develop hypertension. And the blood pressure before transplantation had a
      marked effect on post-transplant blood pressure. In group II, there were many
      recipients who had become hypertensive after transplantation though most of them
      became normotensive with dose reduction of immunosuppressants. Ten normotensive
      patients before transplantation who had not developed hypertension retained their
      normal blood pressure throughout the course without any antihypertensive
      medication. We could find no correlation between graft function and blood
      pressure, although recipients with poor graft function had a tendency to be
      hypertensive. A satisfactory fall in blood pressure in the patients treated with
      CsA was observed when the immunosuppressive regimen was changed to triple therapy
      to reduce the dose of CsA. The recorded blood pressure were 174.0 +/- 19.0/105.2
      +/- 16.5 mmHg after transplantation and 145.2 +/- 15.7/78.4 +/- 17.1 mmHg at the
      latest follow-up. We performed original nephrectomy in 6 patients whose blood
      pressure could not have been controlled by the antihypertensive medication. All
      the venous sampling studies showed that increased renin secretion was confined to
      original kidneys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292817
TI  - [Clinical experience of adrenal incidentaloma with particular reference to
      adrenal cortical function].
AB  - The adrenal function mainly cortical one, was evaluated in 16 patients with
      incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Pathological examination was possible in
      15 cases. The finding consisted of adrenocortical adenoma in 9, adrenocortical
      nodular hyperplasia in 1, adrenal medullary hyperplasia in 1, metastatic tumor in
      2 and adrenal cyst in 2. Another case of adrenal cyst was diagnosed by
      percutaneous puncture. In all cases peripheral levels of plasma cortisol, plasma
      aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity were normal. Plasma
      catecholamine levels were also normal except in a case of adrenal medullary
      hyperplasia. On the other hand, the cases of adrenocortical adenoma displayed
      elevation of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in 6/9 (67%), a loss of plasma
      cortisol circadian rhythm in 3/7 (43%) and insufficient suppression on
      dexamethasone (DXM) suppression test in 6/9 (67%). Their adrenal scintigraphy
      (with 131I-6 beta-iodomethyl-9-nor-cholest-5 (10)-en-3 beta-ol) revealed an
      increased ipsilateral up-take and insufficient suppression after DXM in all,
      while a diminished contralateral up-take in 4/9 (44%). These data suggested that
      a considerable number of adrenal incidentalomas may not be truly "non
      functioning". Two patients with cortical adenoma experienced post operative
      adrenal insufficiency (25%). It was suggested that a pre-operative loss of plasma
      cortisol circadian rhythm was the most prognosticating of the post operative
      adrenal insufficiency, rather than insufficient DXM suppression or scintigraphic
      absence of contralateral up-take. Among the patients with malignancy,
      differentiation of incidental adrenal adenoma from metastasis by size alone may
      not be reliable.

PMID- 2292816
TI  - [Endoscopic and fluoroscopic pyeloureterotomy for ureteropelvic junction
      obstruction and ureteral stricture].
AB  - Endoscopic or fluoroscopic pyeloureterotomy was performed in a total of 32
      patients (34 ureters) with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) or ureteral
      stricture from March 1985. Cold incision was performed, using a flexible knife
      over a guidewire, endoscopically on 23 ureters and fluoroscopically on 11
      ureters. The mean operation time was 98.9 +/- 48.3 minutes. Twenty-five (74%) of
      the 34 ureters showed relief of subjective symptoms, normalized urinalysis and
      radiographical improvement of hydronephrosis with a mean follow-up period of 11.7
      +/- 10.0 months (range: 3-43). The clinical results by etiology were as follows:
      primary UPJO, 13/16 (81%); secondary UPJO, 4/4 (100%); ureteral stricture, 6/7
      (85%); obliteration of ureteral implantation, 2/7 (29%). No major complication
      was noted with this endourological technique. This endourological technique might
      be clinically useful for the treatment of UPJO and ureteral strictures.

PMID- 2292818
TI  - [Prophylactic intravesical BCG for bladder tumor after surgery of upper tract
      urothelial carcinoma].
AB  - We report the result of prophylactic intravesical instillation of BCG after
      surgery of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. The BCG Tokyo 172 strain was given
      preoperatively and/or postoperatively, as a rule, in a dose of 80 mg in 30 ml
      saline instilled into the bladder. Only one (14.3%) of the 7 patients with
      intravesical BCG developed bladder tumor at 14 month after surgery, while (45.4%)
      of 11 patients who did not receive intravesical BCG suffered from bladder tumor
      within 2 years after surgery. Prophylactic intravesical instillation of BCG
      reduced significantly (p less than 0.005) the recurrence of bladder tumor after
      the surgery of renal pelvis and ureteral tumor.

PMID- 2292819
TI  - [Detubularized right-hemicolonic continent urinary reservoir with plicated
      terminal ileum].
AB  - A continent urinary reservoir which consists of 1) detubularized caecum,
      ascending colon and the right half of transverse colon. 2) anastomosis of ureter
      and ascending colon with antireflex technique, and 3) plicated terminal ileal
      segment for continence and catheter insertion was created in 12 patients after
      radical cystectomy for urothelioma. Our method to create a continent urinary
      reservoir is simple and technically easy. It can, therefore, provide patients'
      satisfaction with low incidence of complication. However, such continent urinary
      reservoir diversion should be performed only for carefully selected patients,
      taking into consideration the physical status and the character and social status
      of the patient. This is because some patients who have had such surgery may
      change their mind to keep a balloon catheter to avoid the intermittent self
      catheterization every 3 to 4 hours after surgery.

PMID- 2292820
TI  - [Surgical management in synchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma].
AB  - Six patients with synchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma were treated
      surgically over a 7-year period in our department. They were all males and the
      mean age was 60.3 years. They comprised 7.1% of all patients with renal cell
      carcinoma encountered during the same period. In four out of the six cases,
      radical nephrectomy for the larger tumor plus partial nephrectomy for
      contralateral kidney was performed simultaneously. In the remaining two cases,
      bilateral partial nephrectomy was performed simultaneously or as separate
      procedures. Two patients required chronic hemodialysis and died of cardio
      pulmonary insufficiency on the 70th and 75th day. One patient, who underwent
      bilateral partial nephrectomy with incomplete tumor removal, subsequently died of
      metastatic disease at 27 months. Although one of them required transient
      hemodialysis, the remaining three patients were alive and disease-free 84, 42,
      and 17 months after operation, without evidence of tumor. This series suggests
      that partial nephrectomy is an appropriate option in the management of selected
      cases of bilateral renal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2292821
TI  - [Effects of alpha-1-blocking agent in the treatment of detrusor sphincter
      dyssynergia].
AB  - Effects of adrenergic alpha-1-blocking agent, prazosin, in the treatment of
      detrusor external-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) were evaluated in both experimental
      and clinical aspects. Experimentally, in the urethral pressure profile in dogs,
      the maximum urethral closing pressure was depressed after intravenous injection
      of 1 mg prazosin. When experimental DSD was obtained in dogs by stimulating
      electrically the unilateral 2nd sacral root, intra-venous injection of 1 mg
      prazosin inhibited contraction of the external urethral sphincter. Clinically, 74
      patients with DSD based on neurogenic bladder from cerebral vascular attack (CVA)
      (13 cases) and spinal cord injury (61 cases) were retrospectively surveyed in
      terms of therapeutical effects of prazosin for DSD. Spinal cord injury was
      subdivided to 4 groups for clinical evaluation; cervical cord injury (C) with
      complete paralysis, thoracic cord injury (Th) with complete paralysis, lumbar
      cord injury (L) with complete paralysis and spinal cord injury with incomplete
      paralysis. Patients with CVA and spinal cord injury with incomplete paralysis
      showed good response rates in subjective improvement, 69% and 60% respectively.
      However, those with spinal cord injury with complete paralysis showed a poor
      response (28% for C, 23% for Th and 14% for L). The amount of residual urine
      significantly decreased after treatment, in all the groups except that of lumbar
      cord injury with complete paralysis. In all the groups, however, even after the
      drug treatment the amount of residual urine ranged from 80 to 170 ml and the
      rates of needing clean intermittent catheterization unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292822
TI  - [A clinico-pathological study of small renal cell carcinoma].
AB  - Between 1960 and 1989, 50 patients with small renal cell carcinoma measuring
      below 3 cm in diameter were examined. Among them, 31 patients were
      nephrectomized, but in 19 patients, the renal cell carcinoma was found first at
      autopsy. The average tumor diameter of the unrecognized ones was smaller than
      that of nephrectomized patients with the minimum of 0.4 cm. Forty-one patients
      had clear cell carcinoma, 9 granular cell carcinoma, 40 grade 1 tumor, and 10
      grade 2 tumor. The grade 3 tumor was not found in our study. Three out of the 50
      patients had distant metastasis at the time of operation or autopsy. Six patients
      had microscopic tumor thrombi just close to the tumor pseudo-capsule. Two
      patients had apparent tumor thrombi in the main renal vein. The smallest tumor
      that showed microscopic tumor thrombi measured 1.5 cm in diameter. The incidence
      of tumor thrombi was correlated with tumor diameter. The step sections by 4 mm
      thick of nephrectomized specimens were examined on 16 patients. The daughter
      tumor was found in two patients. The tumor thrombi had close relationships with
      the presence of distant metastasis (p less than 0.001) and/or the daughter tumor
      (p less than 0.01). In conclusion, small renal carcinoma measuring less than 1.5
      cm in diameter was considered to be treated by conservative surgery.

PMID- 2292823
TI  - [Analysis of nocturnal penile tumescence with continuous monitoring of penile
      rigidity].
AB  - By continuous and simultaneous recording of nocturnal penile rigidity and
      circumferential expansion (tumescence), nocturnal penile rigidity and tumescence
      have been classified into 6 patterns: normal, dissociation, uncoupling, short
      episode, low amplitude and flat trace. The monitoring will be helpful to diagnose
      underlying disorders involving erectile impotence, if the pattern of nocturnal
      penile rigidity and tumescence are related with the disorders. This study
      analyzed the relationship between the pattern of nocturnal penile rigidity and
      tumescence and associated disorders in 105 patients with erectile impotence. Of
      15 patients with central nervous system disorders, 9 (60%) had a pattern of short
      episode of rigidity. In 29 patients with cardiovascular disorders, the patterns
      of dissociation, low amplitude and flat trace were the main findings and observed
      in 41, 41, 35% of the group, respectively. No patients with diabetes mellitus
      showed normal pattern. Although the group of non insulin dependent diabetes
      mellitus (21 patients) had various patterns of rigidity and tumescence, the
      insulin dependent group (14 patients) mainly showed patterns of low amplitude
      (21%) and/or flat trace (71%). The continuous and simultaneous monitoring of
      penile rigidity and tumescence will be helpful, with an integral analysis of its
      pattern and other examinations, for accurate diagnosis of underlying disorders of
      organic impotence, besides for differentiation of organic impotence from
      psychogenic one.

PMID- 2292824
TI  - [Estimation of the concentration of urinary ionic calcium and its clinical role
      in urolithiasis].
AB  - The concentration of urinary ionic calcium was estimated using an ion-selective
      electrode and ion analyzer for healthy controls and patients with calcium
      urolithiasis. The following results were obtained: 1) After calculating the ionic
      strength and calibrating the standard solutions of ionic calcium in each urine,
      the urinary ionic calcium was estimated using an ion-selective electrode and ion
      analyzer. The reproducibility and accuracy of the value of urinary ionic calcium
      were satisfactory. 2) There was a significant correlation between the
      concentration of urinary ionic calcium and the total calcium excretion. Although
      the percentage of ionic calcium did not show any correlations among the total
      calcium, oxalate and urinary pH, it had an inverse relation to urinary citrate
      and phosphate. 3) In calcium stone formers, the excretion of ionic calcium was
      higher than in healthy controls significantly. 4) In hypercalciuric calcium stone
      formers, the concentrations and excretions of total and ionic calcium were
      significantly higher than in normocalciuric calcium stone formers. However, the
      percentage of ionic calcium was not different. 5) When the patients were treated
      with citrate orally, the excretion of urinary citrate was increased, and the
      excretion of ionic calcium and the percentage for total calcium were decreased
      significantly. There were significant reductions of ionic calcium in the urine
      after oral administration of rice-bran. 6) The estimation of urinary ionic
      calcium might be important to evaluate the urinary risk in recurrent calcium
      stone, and to estimate the effects of the preventive treatments for its
      recurrence.

PMID- 2292825
TI  - [A case of histiocytosis X of the penis].
AB  - A case of localized histiocytosis X of the penis was reported. The patient was a
      9-year-old boy who had several tumor lesions on the glans penis and inner layer
      of prepuce. Biopsy specimens were studied by H-E staining and immunohistochemical
      staining for S-100 protein (S-100), lysozyme (Lys), leucocyte common antigen
      (LCA), and Leu-M1. They revealed diffuse infiltration of many atypical
      histiocytes, which were shown to be S-100+, Lys+, LCA- and Leu-M1-. This
      indicates that these cells were derived from T-zone histiocyte system. After
      complete remission of these tumors, the other one arose from anal mucosa. In the
      literature we could find only one case of a primary penile lesion reported by
      Myers and others.

PMID- 2292826
TI  - [Carcinoma of the ureter after long-term use of analgesic [phenacetin derivative]
      -report of the two cases (spouses)].
AB  - Two cases (spouses) of carcinoma of the ureter possibly induced by long-term use
      of analgesic were presented. Case 1: A 66-year-old female with hematuria was
      diagnosed as a carcinoma of the ureter in January, 1985 and underwent resection
      of the left kidney and the ureter with partial resection of the urinary bladder.
      In December, 1988 she died due to recurrent cancer. Case 2: A 70-year-old male (a
      husband of case 1 patient) with hematuria was diagnosed as a carcinoma of the
      ureter in August, 1987 and underwent resection of the kidney and the ureter of
      the left side. In October, 1988 he died due to recurrent cancer. These two
      patients had used routinely phenacetin because of persistent headache for about
      20 and 15 years, respectively and the presumed total dose was amounted to 4 and
      2.5 kg, respectively.

PMID- 2292827
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of anomalies of the vertebral arteries].
AB  - Different types of anomalies of the vertebral arteries are described on the basis
      of experience in 611 operations on these vessels. The authors emphasize the
      clinical importance of clamping and compression, as well as anomalous origin and
      entry of the vertebral arteries into the bone canal. The authors' experience
      allows them to believe that congenital anomalies and pathological tortousness of
      the carotid and vertebral arteries play an important role in the etiopathogenesis
      of cerebral circulatory disorders both in children and in adults.

PMID- 2292828
TI  - [Ultraviolet irradiation of blood in surgery].
AB  - The results of complex treatment of 81 patients with pyoinflammatory diseases
      with the use of blood ultraviolet irradiation are discussed. A marked clinical
      effect was noted, the terms of treatment reduced by 5-10 days, the outcomes
      improved, and the number of complications decreased. Irradiation of autologous
      blood by ultraviolet rays led to modulation of the indices of antimicrobial
      protection, increase of the intensity of the histochemical reaction to peroxidase
      up to 40-50%, and diminution of pH in the neutrophil phagosomes to 5.0. The
      ultrastructure and ability of thrombocytes to store serotonin were restored, and
      intensity of their metabolic processes increased, the membrane phospholipid
      composition changed, and juvenile platelet forms appeared.

PMID- 2292829
TI  - [Photomodification of autologous blood in surgery].
AB  - The use of the method of autologous blood photomodification in surgery is
      discussed on basis of generalized experience of the Leningrad Research-Practical
      Center of Blood Photomodification (3,000 procedures conducted in over 2,000
      patients). The current state of the problem, the main mechanisms of the
      therapeutic action of the procedure, and the clinical efficacy of the method in
      various surgical diseases are dealt with. The possible complications and the
      means of their prevention are deal with. The methodological aspects of research
      are discussed. The authors define the main problems which must be solved in order
      to raise the efficacy of using photomodification of autologous blood in surgery.

PMID- 2292830
TI  - [Prosthesis of the testis in monorchism and anorchism].
AB  - The authors describe the method for prosthetics of the testes in mon- and
      anorchism, by which the operations were carried out on 12 patients whose ages
      ranged from 14 to 22 years. Dow Corning (USA) prostheses were used in 3 cases,
      Soviet--made endoprostheses designed at the Scientific Research Institute of
      Rubber and Latex Articles, USSR, jointly with the Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery
      were applied in 9 cases. There were no postoperative complications. The late-term
      results were studied in follow-up periods of 1 to 4 years and proved to be
      satisfactory. The method deserves to be introduced into the practice of plastic
      surgery.

PMID- 2292831
TI  - [Transcutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts].
AB  - The clinical study includes 76 pancreatic pseudocysts localized in the head (24),
      body (37), and tail (15). The effect of treatment by means of a single or
      repeated purposeful aspiration in ultrasonic control is discussed. Recovery
      occurred in 83.3% of cases with cysts measuring up to 5 cm, in 61.3% in those
      with cysts measuring from 5 to 10 cm, and in 11.1% of cases in which the cysts
      measured more than 10 cm. As the result of 15 draining manipulations of cysts
      which were irresponsive to aspiration (9 of them measuring from 5 to 10 cm and 6
      larger than 10 cm) complete recovery occurred in 13 cases. The authors discuss
      the indications for single, two, and many punctures on basis of a complex
      appraisal of the gland, the size and type of the cyst, and the cytologic results.
      The indications for percutaneous drainage, the period and techniques of its
      performance and preliminary and postmanipulation treatment with drugs are
      determined and the occurring complications are shown.

PMID- 2292832
TI  - [Expert evaluation of work capacity of patients with Paget- Schroetter syndrome].
AB  - In the period between 1961 and 1981, 55 patients with the Paget-Schroetter
      syndrome were under observation. Clinical-expert examination was conducted by
      rheovasography, skin temperature measurement, capillaroscopy, phlebomanometry,
      and phlebography. Phlebography is most important in establishing the diagnosis of
      the disease, determination of the extent of occlusion of the deep veins and the
      prognosis.

PMID- 2292833
TI  - [Clinico-morphological basis of selection of the methods of treatment of
      echinococcosis of the abdominal organs and retro- peritoneal space].
AB  - The work is based on the analysis of surgical treatment of 2,985 patients with
      hydatid diseases of the organs of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space.
      The character of the operative intervention is determined by the period of
      hydatid vital activity, its size, and the features of its localization within the
      organ. The authors identified the following periods of hydatid vital activity:
      living parasite, dead parasite; complicated echinococcosis. Organ preserving
      operations are indicated in subcortical localization of the hydatid in the liver,
      in one of the poles of the spleen and in the kidney when the fibrous capsule is
      well preserved. Splenectomy or nephrectomy must be carried out in large and giant
      hydatids of the spleen and kidney localized in the organ or in its hilus and in
      irreversible changes in the organ. Open echinococcectomy is indicated in
      suppuration of large hydatids in the subdiaphragmatic space in occasional cases.

PMID- 2292834
TI  - [Subfascial separation of deep and superficial veins of the leg through a minor
      approach to varicose veins].

PMID- 2292835
TI  - [A complex method of regional barotherapy in the ambulatory treatment of patients
      with occlusive vascular diseases of the lower extremities].

PMID- 2292836
TI  - [Mitral valve prosthesis after annuloplasty of the left atrio- ventricular
      orifice in patients with rheumatic heart disease].

PMID- 2292837
TI  - [Functional characteristics of anti- and isoperistaltic transplants after
      esophagoplasty using a gastric pedicle].

PMID- 2292838
TI  - [An endoscopic-bacteriological method of control of the wound process after
      drainage of postoperative wounds].

PMID- 2292839
TI  - [Combined operations].

PMID- 2292840
TI  - [True fusiform aneurysm of the abdominal aorta and brachial artery].

PMID- 2292841
TI  - [Surgical treatment of aneurysm of the carotid artery].

PMID- 2292842
TI  - [Post-traumatic aneurysm of the left gastric artery].

PMID- 2292844
TI  - [Endoscopic removal of esophageal leiomyoma].

PMID- 2292843
TI  - [Abdominal ischemia after aorto-femoral bifurcation shunting].

PMID- 2292846
TI  - [Surgical treatment of patients with nonspecific aorto-arteritis of the
      brachiocephalic branches of the aortic arch].

PMID- 2292845
TI  - [Suppurative complications in reconstructive surgery of the aorta and arteries of
      the lower extremities].

PMID- 2292847
TI  - [Treatment of primary choledocholithiasis].

PMID- 2292848
TI  - [Simultaneous intrathoracic restoration of the coronary and brachiocephalic blood
      flow].
AB  - The treatment of 3 patients with combined occlusive affection of the
      brachiocephalic and coronary arteries is discussed. A one-stage intrathoracic
      operation was carried out. Prosthetics of one or two brachiocephalic branches was
      conducted at first after which a double of triple aortocoronary shunt was formed
      under conditions of extracorporeal circulation with the use of cardioplegia. The
      outcome of treatment was favourable. The formation of an aortobifemoral shunt
      will be undertaken in one of the patients in a short time. Various problems of
      tactical and surgical character in one-stage correction of the coronary and
      brachiocephalic blood flow are discussed.

PMID- 2292849
TI  - [Regional hemodynamics and its surgical correction in combined arteriosclerotic
      lesions of the iliac and femoral arteries].
AB  - The authors analyse the regional hemodynamics and the results of surgical
      treatment of 81 patients with coexistent atherosclerotic affections of the iliac
      and femoral arteries. Radiocontrast angiography and ultrasonic dopplerometry were
      conducted by elaborated methods for morphofunctional characteristics of arterial
      circulation. Inclusion of the internal iliac and deep femoral arteries in the
      main blood flow was the principal method of surgical correction. A differentiated
      choice of the reconstructive operation allowed a positive result of treatment to
      be produced in 80.25% of patients in the immediate and in 76.31% of patients in
      the late-term postoperative periods.

PMID- 2292850
TI  - [Arteriovenous fistula in the reconstructive surgery of the femoral-popliteal
      tibial segments].
AB  - Reconstructive operations were carried out in 75 patients with occlusive lesions
      of the femoropopliteal-tibial segment and poor condition of the outflow tract. In
      group I consisting of 35 patients, a typical autovenous shunt was formed. A
      similar operation was conducted in 40 patients of group II with additional
      creation of an arteriovenous fistula. A method for creation of the fistula
      suggested by the author is described. Regional hemodynamics was studied in both
      groups of patients by arteriography, ultrasonic and electromagnetic flow
      measurement. The positive role of the fistula in increasing the volumetric rate
      of blood flow in the shunt is shown. The immediate and late-term postoperative
      results are discussed. Three years later patency was maintained by 26.1% of
      shunts in group I and by 62.2% in group II.

PMID- 2292851
TI  - [Regional blood lactate level in arterial occlusive diseases].
AB  - Fifty-seven patients with obliterating diseases of the lower limb arteries were
      examined. The concentration of lactate in the venous blood and the venous
      arterial difference in the blood lactate level in the affected limb were found to
      be increased. A relationship between the marked character of these shifts and the
      severity of the ischemic syndrome was noted. The authors discuss the possibility
      of using the values of the lactate content in the regional blood as criteria for
      evaluating the efficacy of treatment and the prognosis of obliterating diseases
      of the lower limb arteries.

PMID- 2292852
TI  - [Intraoperative dilatation of the ilio-femoral segment combined with
      reconstructive operations on the femoral arteries in "multi-level" lesions in
      patients from the risk group].
AB  - The authors analyse experience in the treatment of 96 patients at an increased
      risk of intervention. Ischemia of the lower extremities with relatively
      maintained peripheral vascular bed was the main criterion of an indicated
      operation. The malleolar systolic pressure index of at least 0.35 +/- 0.15 was
      considered essential in this case. With consideration for the risk, the
      interventions were carried out mainly under peridural anesthesia. Intraoperative
      dilatation of the iliac arteries was conducted under radiotelecontrol in
      combination with profundoplasty, thrombendarterectomy from the femoral arteries,
      and femoropopliteal autovenoplasty. The efficacy of the operations was appraised
      by intraoperative angiography, electromanometry, and blood flow measurement. The
      results were studied in follow-up periods of up to 3 years. In the group of 96
      patients 8 had poor results. Amputation of the extremity was performed in
      different periods.

PMID- 2292853
TI  - [Outpatient electromagnetic therapy combined with hyperbaric oxygenation in
      arterial occlusive diseases].
AB  - The authors first applied hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) in the outpatient clinic
      in 1968. Barotherapy was conducted in 107 outpatients whose ages ranged from 27
      to 80 years; they had various stages of the disease of 5- to 20-year history. In
      70 patients treated for obliterating diseases of the vessels by HBO in a complex
      with magnetotherapy by means of magnetophors, the remission lasted 1-2 years;
      patients treated by HBO alone had a 3-8 month remission. A prolonged positive
      effect was produced in 64 patients. The suggested effective and safe method is an
      additional one to the existing means of treating this serious and progressive
      disease, which can be applied successfully in outpatient clinics.

PMID- 2292854
TI  - [Surgical treatment of occlusive diseases of the brachiocephalic arteries].
AB  - Experience of the department of vascular surgery of the Novgorod Regional
      Hospital from 1985 is analysed. The department has the standard sets of
      instruments, equipment, and roentgenodiagnostic apparatus which allow catheter,
      selective, and puncture angiography to be carried out. Thirty-six operations were
      performed on 28 patients. All were conducted under endotracheal anesthesia with
      medicamentous protection of the brain. One patients died from reflex cardiac
      arrest. No complications occurred in the other operations and their results were
      positive. It is concluded that reconstructive operations on the brachiocephalic
      trunks can be successfully performed in angiosurgical departments of regional and
      city hospitals with a personnel skilled in diagnosis and a trained angiosurgeon
      and anesthesiologist on the staff.

PMID- 2292855
TI  - [Vascular-surgical operations in a general surgery clinic].
AB  - From experience with 37 vascular operations performed on 31 patients in a general
      surgical clinic, the authors claim that the reserve in improving the quality of
      treatment consists not only in specialization and professional mastering of this
      narrow field of surgery. It is shown that manipulations of temporary hemostasis
      must be mastered and general surgeons must be trained specially in the problems
      of emergency angiosurgery. The authors obtained poorer results when embolic
      complications in myocardial infarction compelled them to resort to operations.

PMID- 2292856
TI  - [Performing lympho-venous anastomoses at several levels of the lower extremity in
      primary lymphedema].
AB  - Operations were conducted on 41 patients, 31 of them had a primary form of
      lymphedema. Lymphovenous anastomoses (LVA) were formed in the region of the
      medial collector on the thigh in Scarpa's triangle, in the middle third of the
      leg, and on the dorsum of the foot. The results were good in the late-term
      postoperative period in 74.0% of patients. According to earlier studies, the
      formation of LVA in patients with primary lymphedema of the lower limbs only on
      one of the standard levels produces good late-term postoperative results in 57.8%
      of cases.

PMID- 2292857
TI  - [Ultrasonic examination in secondary lymphedema of the lower extremities].
AB  - The article deals with the results of ultrasonic examination (USE) of 39 patients
      with secondary edema of the lower extremities. The authors developed a USE method
      which yields objective data characterizing changes of the structure, thickness,
      boundaries, and firmness of the soft tissues in lymphedema of the lower
      extremities of various severity. It was established that lymphostasis produced a
      characteristic ultrasonic pattern, which, as claimed by the author, may be used
      in differential diagnosis of lymphatic and venous edema of the extremities.

PMID- 2292858
TI  - [Surgical treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities].

PMID- 2292859
TI  - [Regional lymphotropic therapy].
AB  - The article deals with the results of experimental studies on 10 male and female
      dogs conducted under intrapleural hexenal anaesthesia. The rate of elimination of
      the lymphotrophic dye indigo carmine from the subserous depot in the wall of the
      gallbladder, stomach, and small intestine under normal conditions and in regional
      stimulation of lymphatic drainage was studied. The rate of total elimination
      increased 2.4 times in stimulation. On the grounds of these studies, regional
      lymphotrophic therapy was conducted in 417 patients treated at a general surgical
      hospital. As the result of this treatment the inflammatory process was arrested
      in a shorter time, the laboratory indices were normalized more rapidly, and the
      term of treatment was shorter than in patients of the control group.

PMID- 2292860
TI  - [Pre- and postoperative treatment of trophic ulcers in a controlled germ-free
      environment].
AB  - Pre- and postoperative treatment was conducted in 140 patients with trophic
      ulcers in a controlled abacterial medium in the period from 1985 to 1988. The
      etiological factor of the development of the trophic ulcer was primary varicosity
      in 86 (61.4%) and the post-thrombophlebitic syndrome in 54 (38.5%) patients.
      Venous hemodynamics improved both on the healthy and on the affected extremity.
      Besides, there was a tendency towards a decrease of the blood proteolytic
      activity near the focus of affection and an increase of that in the peripheral
      blood.

PMID- 2292861
TI  - [Causes of mitral valve re-stenosis and the ways of its prevention].
AB  - The authors evaluated comparatively the results of surgical treatment of mitral
      stenosis in 203 patients after open mitral commissurotomy (OMC) (their personal
      experience) and the literature data concerning 168 patients who underwent closed
      mitral commissurotomy (CMC). The frequency of mitral stenosis recurrences with
      the use of both methods was determined. OMC was on a par with CMC in safety and
      exceeded it in efficacy. The frequency of mitral restenosis was considerably
      lower after OMC than after CMC (p less than 0.05). The authors claim that the
      main cause of mitral stenosis recurrences is residual stenosis developing in
      inadequate correction of the anomaly, while the principal preventive measure is
      OMC which makes it possible to separate the fused commissures completely, remove
      the subvalvar adhesions, and restore the mobility of the cusps.

PMID- 2292862
TI  - [Endoscopic laser interventions in lung cancer].
AB  - Endoscopic laser operations were conducted in 156 patients with various tumors of
      the trachea and bronchi. The indications for laser operations were neoplastic
      stenosis of the respiratory tract, bleeding from the tumor, and recurrent
      carcinoma in a bronchial stump after previous operations. Neodymium laser with a
      monofiber quartz light guide was the source of laser radiation. Laser
      photodestruction was performed through a fiberoptic bronchoscope in 34 patients
      and by a Fridel respiratory bronchoscope in 122 patients. Some new methods are
      suggested which make laser photodestruction of endobronchial tumors easier. The
      lumen of the respiratory tract was restored and bleeding arrested in 71 patients,
      partial recanalization occurred in 52 patients, and no therapeutic effect was
      achieved in 32 patients. Complications in the form of perforation of the
      respiratory tract, bleeding, and laryngospasm were encountered in 7 (4.5%)
      patients. Laser therapy in lung carcinoma creates favorable conditions for
      chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

PMID- 2292863
TI  - [Principles of creating esophageal anastomoses].
AB  - The techniques of formation of esophageal anastomoses are discussed on the basis
      of experience with 317 operations. The authors believe the following moments to
      be most important in the creation of communications with the esophagus: the use
      of a laser scalpel and monophilic atraumatic suture material, accurate apposition
      of the identical coats of the anastomosed organs by means of sutures placed at
      some distance from one another and tied not too tightly, creation of an
      antireflux mechanism in formation of the anastomosis, adequate drainage of the
      zone of the anastomosis with compulsory isolation of the wound on the neck from
      the mediastinum by circular stitching of the graft to the surrounding tissues,
      provision of adequate blood supply to the esophageal stump, correction of tension
      exerted on the sutures of the anastomosis by means of adequate intraluminal
      decompression.

PMID- 2292864
TI  - [MEDILAB and the problems of psychophysiological support of manned space
      flights].
AB  - This paper discusses current problems of psychophysiological support of manned
      space missions and presents the concept of a psychophysiological complex of the
      orbital biomedical laboratory Medilab and other advanced space vehicles based on
      new methodological approaches. The paper describes principles of selection of
      psychophysiological methods to be used in Medilab programs as well as their
      instrumental, mathematical, hardware and software structures.

PMID- 2292865
TI  - [Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygenation as a factor of increasing the resistance
      of the human body to space flight conditions].
AB  - In four experimental runs (30 test subjects in 407 tests), the beneficial effect
      of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) on flight tolerance was demonstrated. HBO
      sessions (7-8 sessions of an hour in duration during 10-12 days at pO2 = 2 atm)
      helped subjects with poor altitude tolerance to increase the altitude ceiling by
      1 km and reserve time at altitudes of 6-7 km by 3-4 min, the effect being
      persistent for 2-3 months. Statokinetic tolerance of subjects with medium motion
      sickness susceptibility grew by 2-2.5 times after the above HBO sessions. As
      compared to regular rest, the HBO treatment shortened two-fold the period of
      recovery of the health state and work capacity of operators, which went down
      during flight, and increased 15-20% the time of repeated work prior to failure in
      a stressful environment.

PMID- 2292866
TI  - [Characteristics of the functional state of the nervous system of middle-aged
      persons during anti-orthostatic hypokinesia].
AB  - The functional state of the nervous system and its autonomic compartment was
      investigated in 15 men, aged 40-52 years, during their 30-day exposure to head
      down tilt (-8 degrees). Group 1 consisted of 9 subjects with early manifestations
      of cerebral atherosclerosis and Group 2 included 6 subjects with cerebral
      atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension. The control group incorporated 9
      healthy volunteers, aged 25-39 years. During adaptation to head-down tilt, middle
      aged and young subjects showed consistent changes in the nervous system. In
      response to perturbation effects, autonomic reactions were inert and autonomic
      support was excessive. However delayed onset of responses, duration and slow
      recovery of the parameters examined indicated that mechanisms of autonomic
      regulation were inadequate. These changes were most distinct in middle-aged
      subjects, particularly in Group 2 subjects: recovery of the functional state of
      the nervous system was completed by day 20 in middle-aged subjects and by day 9
      in young subjects. The observations have demonstrated that the nervous system of
      most middle-aged subjects (taking into consideration age-related and
      atherosclerotic changes) has a sufficiently high level of functional capabilities
      during medium-duration head-down tilt studies.

PMID- 2292867
TI  - [Effect of long-term anti-orthostatic hypokinesia on the composition of volatile
      metabolites in the exhaled air].
AB  - This paper presents measurements of volatile metabolites in the air exhaled by
      test subjects exposed to year-long antiorthostatic hypokinesia (-5 degrees). The
      test subjects were subdivided into two groups (Group A and Group B), which used
      different countermeasures. It was found that during the first 30 days of exposure
      exhalation of volatile metabolites reached a new and higher level. During test
      days 1 through 240 the content of volatile metabolites increased significantly in
      both groups; however the increase in Group B was less expressed than in Group A.
      At the final stage of the experiment, i.e. from day 240 through 370, the
      difference between the two groups was levelled off.

PMID- 2292868
TI  - [Osteoporosis in monkeys after anti-orthostatic hypokinesia].
AB  - Using methods of quantitative histomorphometry, the effect of 15- and 30-day
      exposure to antiorthostatic hypokinesia (-10 degrees) on spongy bone of iliac
      crests and proximal metaphysis of tibia of Macaca mulatta was examined. It was
      found that the exposure caused osteoporosis of bone spongiosa. Osteoporotic
      changes increased progressively with time of exposure. Osteoporosis developed as
      a result of stimulated bone resorption, which was indicated by a greater
      resorption surface and a higher activity of osteoclasts, as well as inhibited
      bone neoformation, which was indicated by a lower osteoid volume. Comparative
      analysis of morphological changes in iliac and tibial bones demonstrated that
      they were distinct and similar in sign. Progressive development of osteoporosis
      gives evidence that 30-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia is insufficient for
      primates to get adapted to a new environment.

PMID- 2292869
TI  - [State of skeletal muscle fibers in rats during physical exercise after anti
      orthostatic tail suspension in modeling the weightlessness].
AB  - The state of myofibers of types I, IIA and IIB of biceps femoris m. of Wistar
      rats exposed to tail suspension for 14 or 21 days was investigated after they
      experienced a 15-minute locomotor load: running on a treadmill or hindlimb
      stretching. In all types of myofibers both exposures prevented the development of
      most structural and metabolic changes that occurred in response to suspension
      simulating the physiological effects of weightlessness. The distribution and
      level of variations of muscle parameters depended on the kind of exposure and
      type of myofibers.

PMID- 2292870
TI  - [Energy metabolism in the kidneys after hypokinesia of varying duration].
AB  - This paper presents data suggesting that tissue homogenates can be used to assess
      mitochondrial oxidation. The effect of hypokinesia of various duration on tissue
      respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of rat kidneys was investigated for the
      first time. It was found that 3-day hypokinesia led to a decrease of tissue
      respiration due to a lower contribution of endogenous fatty acids; 10-day
      hypokinesia caused activation of tissue respiration on endogenous and exogenous
      pyridine and flavoprotein-dependent substrates; 30-, 70- and 140-day hypokinesia
      brought about changes in energy formation at the expense of inhibition of
      respiratory activity of preparations and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.
      Mechanisms of the above disturbances in energy metabolism reactions of kidneys
      are discussed.

PMID- 2292871
TI  - [Mechanism of the effect of infrasound on labyrinthine receptors].
AB  - The investigation showed that exposure to 8 and 16 Hz infrasound at the acoustic
      pressure 90-120 dB for 3 hours daily during 5, 10, 15 and 25 days produced
      morphological changes in receptor cells of all the three semicircular canals as
      well as hair cells of the spiral organ. These changes acted initially as a
      "rhythmic functional pulsation of nuclei" and then led to their polymorphism.
      Histochemical observations found support in electron microscopic examinations,
      which revealed changes in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria that
      included swelling and crista shortening. These changes were reversible and, as
      soon as the exposure terminated, they began to disappear while membranes of the
      endoplasmic reticulum and injured mitochondria began to recover.

PMID- 2292872
TI  - [Glucocorticoid receptors in physiological states and in extreme conditions].
AB  - This review discusses glucocorticoid hormone--receptor interaction in the animal
      and human organism in the normal, extreme (stress, radiation, head-down tilt,
      etc.) and pathological situations. Particular attention is given to advanced
      lines of research into glucocorticoid receptors within the framework of space
      biology and medicine. It is stressed that the data about glucocorticoid receptors
      may form the key that can help better understanding of changes induced by
      exposure to the space environment.

PMID- 2292873
TI  - [Changes in the W-wave amplitude of the electroretinogram in rabbits after
      irradiation of the eyes with ultraviolet rays].
AB  - Changes in W-wave amplitudes of rabbit electroretinograms (ERG) were investigated
      at different time intervals after eye ultraviolet irradiation with biologically
      effective doses, i.e. 10,000; 5,000; 3,000 and 1,000 J/m2. As compared to the
      controls, at early post-irradiation stages (days 2-7) the ERG W-wave amplitude
      decreased and at the end of the observation period (days 20-30) the parameter
      increased but never returned to the baseline level. The ERG W-wave amplitude
      remained lowered even when clinical signs of photokeratoconjunctivitis
      disappeared. This reduction may be a cumulative result of poor transparency of
      eye structures and possible changes of the retina.

PMID- 2292874
TI  - [Relation between the levels of mineral components and mechanical properties of
      the bones in dogs after a single acute whole-body irradiation].
AB  - Mineral components and mechanical properties of different compartments of the
      femur and jaws of 25 dogs, 10 of which were exposed to single total-body acute
      irradiation at a dose of 4.0 Gy, were investigated. The mineral content and
      strength of spongy bone of the femur of the irradiated dogs declined. It was
      demonstrated that the strength limit and mineral density were closely correlated.
      No changes were seen in cortical bone of the femur after irradiation.

PMID- 2292876
TI  - [A case of asymptomatic course of kidney tumor].

PMID- 2292877
TI  - [Technical problems of various sanitary-hygienic aspects of a medical unit on
      space aircraft].

PMID- 2292875
TI  - [Toxicological evaluation of health risk of local fire in a closed environment].
AB  - Local fire in an enclosed environment was simulated, and the composition and
      toxicity of compounds outgassed by the polymers were investigated. Highly toxic
      compounds, e.g. prussic acid, carbon monoxide, benzene, nitrogen oxides,
      formaldehyde, were identified. The toxic hazard of the products depended on the
      mass and chemical composition of the burnt materials, time of exposure and
      enclosure volume. In the case of a local fire the enclosed atmosphere should be
      monitored by rapid diagnostic methods using indicator tubes.

PMID- 2292878
TI  - A sensitive in vitro functional assay to detect K(+)-channel-dependent
      vasodilators.
AB  - This study describes a sensitive in vitro relaxation assay using isolated rabbit
      mesenteric artery to detect the activity of a vasodilator as a K(+)-channel
      activator. Thus, comparison of several known K(+)-channel activators was made
      with other vasodilators known to work via various cellular mechanisms. The
      vasodilators used were minoxidil sulfate (MNXS; 5 microM), BRL-34915 (cromakalim,
      0.1 microM), nicorandil (10 microM), pinacidil (1 microM), diazoxide (100
      microM), sodium nitroprusside (10 microM), forskolin (1 microM), D600 (0.5 and 10
      microM), hydralazine (10 microM), and viprostal (PGE1 analog, 5 microM). The
      concentrations chosen were equipotent to produce greater than 80% relaxation of
      the maximal norepinephrine (NE) (5 microM) contraction. At these concentrations,
      MNXS, cromakalim, pinacidil, nicorandil, and diazoxide were found to be
      ineffective in producing relaxation of 80 mM K(+)-contractions. Subsequently,
      pretreatment of tissues with 20 mM K+ before NE contraction was found to
      attenuate relaxation significantly by these agents, but had not effect on the
      relaxations by forskolin or D600. These initial criteria helped to establish
      cromakalim, pinacidil, nicorandil, and diazoxide as compounds acting similarly to
      MNXS as K(+)-channel-dependent. In another set of experiments, the effects of
      tetraethylammonium (TEA) (10 mM), Ba2+ (0.5 mM), and glyburide (1 microM) as K(+)
      channel blockers were examined. Again it was found that these blockers had the
      most inhibitory effect on the class of compounds identified as K(+)-channel
      activators. Additionally, it was found that these K(+)-channel activators were
      without any significant effect on the NE-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ release as
      studied by contraction in a Ca2(+)-free solution. Thus, this series of functional
      criteria clearly show that the profile of these K(+)-channel activators is
      distinctly different from the vasodilators working via other mechanisms such as
      cyclic AMP (cAMP) (forskolin), cyclic GMP (cGMP) (nitroprusside), and Ca2+
      antagonists (D600). It is suggested that appropriately defined, systematic
      functional studies, such as the one described here, can provide a sensitive and
      reproducible vascular model to discover and delineate the role of
      pharmacologically relevant mechanisms for vasodilation.

PMID- 2292879
TI  - The Doppler method for measuring cardiac output in conscious rabbits: validation
      studies, uses, and limitations.
AB  - The velocity of blood in the rabbit aorta is very fast, approaching the limits of
      some pulsed directional Doppler flow meters. Therefore, we thoroughly evaluated a
      20- and a 10-MHz device for measuring cardiac output in rabbits. Flow probes were
      implanted around the ascending aorta and catheters were implanted into the left
      atrium (for microsphere injection), femoral artery, and vein. About 2 weeks
      later, cardiac output was determined with the Doppler method and simultaneously
      with tracer microspheres. Cardiac output was manipulated with isoproterenol,
      dihydralazine, guanfacine, or alinidine, intravenously. With the 20-MHz device,
      only normal and decreased cardiac output could be measured accurately, even with
      a 60 degrees implantation angle of the crystals. The 10-MHz device yielded
      accurate measurements also at very high flow. Surprisingly, at high aortic flow
      rates, both the 10- and the 20-MHz devices were unable to measure correctly
      diastolic flow, which is close to zero. It was necessary to adjust the position
      of the late diastolic Doppler signal manually to the electrical zero line. With
      this precaution, the 10-MHz device yielded an excellent correlation between mean
      Doppler signal and cardiac output. Cardiac output can be measured in absolute
      flow units if the flow-probe can be calibrated in vivo with an independent,
      accurate method about 2 wk after implantation. The baroreflex was not affected by
      the implanted flow probes. Within these limits, Doppler flow meters are good
      tools to assess drug effects on cardiac output in conscious rabbits.

PMID- 2292880
TI  - Microwave irradiation is effective in the rapid fixation of gastric mucosa for
      determination of the prostaglandin content.
AB  - The gastric mucosal content of prostaglandin (PG) E2, 6-keto PGF1 alpha, and
      thromboxane (TX) B2 was determined by radioimmunoassay in unfed rats. The stomach
      was removed, and gastric mucosal specimens were prepared by microwave irradiation
      of the 1) intact stomach, 2) frozen stomach, 3) separated frozen glandular
      portion, 4) frozen gastric mucosa separated from the stomach wall, and 5)
      separation of frozen gastric mucosa with no microwave irradiation. Procedure 1
      resulted in PGE2, TXB2, and 6-keto PGF1 alpha levels of 0.75, 2.33, and 3.04 ng/g
      tissue in the fundus, and 0.33, 1.92, and 1.76 ng/g tissue in the antrum,
      respectively. In procedures 2-4 these values were much higher, indicating that
      the PG content of the gastric mucosa is liable to be changed by various
      artificial procedures, such as freezing and surgical and mechanical handling. In
      procedure 5, values of PG contents were quite unreliable. These results suggest
      that microwave irradiation immediately after removal of the stomach may be the
      most reliable procedure for the accurate determination of the PG content of the
      gastric mucosa in vivo.

PMID- 2292881
TI  - A model of multivessel coronary artery disease using conscious, chronically
      instrumented dogs.
AB  - The present investigation was undertaken to develop a reproducible model of
      multivessel coronary artery disease including a total occlusion of one vessel and
      a stenosis of an adjacent vessel in chronically instrumented dogs. Utilizing
      sterile techniques, we surgically prepared dogs for measurement of heart rate,
      arterial pressure, left ventricular pressure, and blood flow velocity in the left
      anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCCA) coronary arteries. A
      hydraulic occluder and Ameroid constrictor were implanted around the LAD and
      LCCA, respectively. Pairs of piezoelectric crystals were implanted within the
      subendocardium of the LAD and LCCA perfusion territories to measure regional
      contractile function (segment shortening). A catheter was placed in the left
      atrial appendage for injection of radioactive microspheres to measure regional
      myocardial perfusion. Beginning on the second day following implantation, 25, 50,
      and 100 micrograms bolus injections of adenosine were administered daily via the
      left atrium to evaluate LAD and LCCA coronary reserve. Although LAD reserve
      remained intact, the hyperemic response of the LCCA was progressively attenuated
      as stenosis severity increased during slow closure of the Ameroid constrictor.
      When the LCCA vasodilator response to adenosine was reduced by 50% (moderate
      stenosis; no change in resting flow velocity) or 70% (severe stenosis; 20%
      reduction in resting flow velocity), the LAD was acutely occluded (via inflation
      of the hydraulic occluder) to simulate multivessel coronary artery disease. After
      a hemodynamic steady state was established during coronary occlusion, radioactive
      microspheres were administered to compare regional perfusion within normal
      myocardium to flow in myocardium supplied by the occluded or stenotic coronary
      arteries. In dogs with a stenosis of moderate severity, transmural myocardial
      blood flow was significantly decreased (-83%) only in the occluded zone. However,
      in dogs with a severe coronary artery stenosis, reductions in perfusion in both
      stenotic (-31%) and occluded (-87%) regions were demonstrated.
      Subendocardial/subepicardial flow ratios were significantly reduced in both
      stenotic and totally occluded regions in the presence of severe stenosis, but
      this occurred only in the occluded (LAD) zone of dogs with a moderate LCCA
      stenosis. This preparation provides a model whereby the vasodilator reserve of a
      progressively constricted coronary artery can be quantified and simultaneously
      compared to the reserve of a normal vessel. With acute occlusion of the normal
      artery, a multivessel disease state can be simulated and verified by measurement
      of regional myocardial perfusion. The model is reproducible, free of the
      influence of anesthesia and acutely performed surgery, and the degree of stenosis
      is easily varied over time.

PMID- 2292882
TI  - Evaluation of combined effects in dose-response studies by statistical comparison
      with additive and independent interactions.
AB  - An improved method for the evaluation of combined drug effects by means of dose
      response curves (DRCs) is described. A drug, A, was tested in the absence and
      presence of a fixed concentration of another drug, B, mainly in organ-bath
      experiments with smooth muscle strips from bovine coronary arteries and tracheal
      muscle. The results of such experiments are expressed in terms of percent of
      maximum response. Median values, rather than mean values, for each concentration
      of drug A were determined in order to allow a comparison of observed with
      expected frequencies above or below median DRCs of additive and independent
      interactions. This comparison was done with the chi-square goodness-of-fit
      statistic. Advantage was taken of the curve-fitting program ALLFIT to construct
      DRCs. However, the method presented does not require a computer program. The
      results indicate that additive interactions point to actions of drugs at the same
      site inasmuch as they differ significantly from independent interactions.
      Overadditive interactions reflect differences between the sites of action. This
      may either be due to independent actions or to some kind of synergistic
      "cooperativity", for example, sequential interaction. The effects of the latter
      significantly exceed the effects expected for independently interacting
      compounds. This method appears applicable to compounds exerting all kinds of
      responses that can be described by DRCs.

PMID- 2292883
TI  - Determination of lithium in rat brain regions and synaptosomes by graphite
      furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
AB  - A graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometric method for the analysis
      of very low concentrations of lithium in brain tissue and subcellular fractions
      is described. The method has a picogram sensitivity and shows a precision value
      of 10.1% expressed as the per cent variation coefficient for the tissue analysis
      of the metal. Lithium concentration in eight regions of the rat brain and
      regional synaptosomal lithium contents were analyzed with the method described.
      Results from these determinations show that lithium is heterogeneously
      distributed among rat brain regions 24 hr after a single s.c. lithium
      administration; hypothalamus, corpus striatum and midbrain were the regions with
      the highest lithium accumulation. Lithium is homogeneously concentrated in the
      synaptosomes obtained from rat brain regions. The method proposed may be
      considered adequate for trace lithium analysis in pharmacological studies of the
      metal.

PMID- 2292884
TI  - Evolutionarily stable stalk to spore ratio in cellular slime molds and the law of
      equalization in net incomes.
AB  - The evolutionarily stable stalk ratio (ESSR) in the cellular slime molds is
      studied when the fruiting body is formed by multiple clones of various size. The
      survival probability of a spore cell is assumed to depend on the stalk ratio and
      the fruiting body size. ESSR is obtained as the non-co-operative equilibrium
      (Nash solution) that maximizes the fitness of each clone. The following two
      predictions are obtained: (1) the number of spore cells produced by each clone
      forming a fruiting body tends to be equalized, even if a variation in clone size
      exists. As a result, the larger clones do not necessarily enjoy higher fitness
      than the smaller ones. (2) The stalk ratio and the overall fitness of the
      fruiting body decrease as the genetic diversity in the fruiting body increases. A
      condition for the stalk to spore ratio to be invariant of overall fruiting body
      size is also investigated. Finally, "the law of equalization in net incomes" is
      proposed, extending result (1) into the broader range of resource allocation
      problems.

PMID- 2292885
TI  - The Hermaphrodite's Dilemma.
AB  - Given sexual conflict, mating encounters between simultaneous hermaphrodites will
      conform to a new, conditional, non-zero sum game of strategy, the Hermaphrodite's
      Dilemma; special cases of which include Prisoner's Dilemma and Game of Chicken.
      The model predicts that hermaphrodite mating systems will be based on
      reciprocation with cheating in a preferred sexual role. This model suggests that
      study of hermaphrodite mating systems will provide direct evidence for the
      existence of sexual conflict and suggests that sexual conflict may act to
      stabilize hermaphroditism through such mating systems.

PMID- 2292886
TI  - Further analysis of the molecular jet hypothesis during muscle contraction.
AB  - We analyse the Molecular Jet-hypothesis proposed by Morel & Bachouchi (1988, J.
      theor. Biol. 132, 83.). This hypothesis attempts to explain the movement of
      covaspheres that contain myosin heads attached to actin filaments. This movement
      occurs during muscle contraction. However, the hypothesis does not predict the
      velocity of covaspheres correctly. Therefore, we are studying additional aspects
      of the hypothesis.

PMID- 2292887
TI  - A model study of stability and oscillations in the myocardial cell membrane.
AB  - As a step towards an improved understanding of cardiac arrhythmias caused by
      abnormal automaticity, we perform a stability analysis of a Hodgkin-Huxley model
      of the myocardial cell membrane (modified Beeler-Reuter, MBR). The bifurcation
      structure of the model is obtained as a function of three parameters: the
      intensity of an applied constant current; the potassium equilibrium potential
      representing the accumulation of K+ ions in the external medium; and the maximum
      conductance of the slow inward current mimicking the local application of
      catecholamines on the membrane. For a range of parameter values, the model
      exhibits either stable automaticity or bistability between two quiescent states
      or between a quiescent state and an oscillatory state. These transformations of
      the bifurcation structure are shown to depend on the interrelationship between
      three elements: the activation of the slow inward current, the region of high
      slope conductance of the time-independent potassium current functions, and the
      slow variables controlling the activation of the potassium current and the
      inactivation of the slow inward current. Reduced two- and three-dimensional
      models are shown to reproduce the main stability properties of the full MBR model
      and to facilitate the understanding of its dynamic behavior. The onset of
      instability and the oscillatory features of the MBR model are in good agreement
      with relevant experimental results, and possible sources of disagreement on
      certain points are discussed.

PMID- 2292888
TI  - Use of zoospore concentrations and life cycle parameters in determining the
      population of anaerobic fungi in the rumen ecosystem.
AB  - An indirect approach to quantification of the fibrolytic anaerobic fungi in the
      rumen is described. A mathematical model of the life cycle of anaerobic fungi,
      based upon observations of the life histories and growth kinetics of these
      organisms in vitro and in vivo, is constructed and solved in the steady-state to
      determine the population of particle-attached (substrate-associated) fungal
      thalli from the concentration of free-swimming zoospores in rumen liquid. The
      values obtained are broadly consistent with ruminal observations and with
      observations on faecal populations, which assume that a significant proportion of
      fungi leaving the rumen (as cysts or spores) can ultimately be accounted for in
      the faeces.

PMID- 2292889
TI  - Characterization of nucleotidic sequences using maximum entropy techniques.
AB  - A statistical method for characterizing nucleotidic sequences based on maximum
      entropy techniques is presented. The method uses only codon usage tables and
      takes into account the length of sequences, and preserves the information
      contained in each codon by a punctual index. We present the methodological
      aspects of the analysis, showing an application relative to nucleotidic sequences
      of eukaryotes.

PMID- 2292890
TI  - [Cigarette smoking and ulcerative colitis--is there a causal relationship?].
AB  - The relation between cigarette smoking and ulcerative colitis was assessed in a
      case-control study of 235 cases of ulcerative colitis and 311 age- and sex
      matched control subjects admitted to the hospital for conditions unrelated to
      smoking. Smoking habits and daily number of cigarettes smoked were analysed. We
      found significantly less number of smokers and more ex-smokers in the ulcerative
      colitis group. The intensity of smoking was equal in both groups. It was noted
      that pancolitis occurred more frequently in the ex-smokers group. The intensity
      of smoking did not influence the extension and clinical course of ulcerative
      colitis. For ulcerative colitis, the relative risk for nonsmokers was 7.4. The
      study revealed a positive correlation between nonsmoking and ulcerative colitis,
      higher incidence of pancolitis among ex-smokers and higher relative risk of
      ulcerative colitis for never-smokers. Various possible causes of influence of
      smoking on ulcerative colitis are discussed.

PMID- 2292891
TI  - [The role of the diagonal ear lobe crease in the clinical evaluation of coronary
      risk].
AB  - Two hundred and forty-three prospective patients (143 with proved coronary heart
      disease and 100 without coronary disease) were analysed for the presence or
      absence of ear lobe crease, a possible aural sign of coronary artery disease. The
      crease was present in 72.7% of the coronary and 48% of the noncoronary examinees
      (p less than 0.001). The crease was more prevalent in older (greater than 50)
      than in the younger patients. The positive predictive value of this sign averages
      70% and the negative one 60%.

PMID- 2292892
TI  - [Is there a correlation between changes in the electrocardiogram and high serum
      digoxin levels in the aged?].
AB  - In a group of 84 patients aged 65 to 89 years with the high serum digoxin levels,
      electrocardiograms, as well as serum creatinine and serum potassium levels were
      analysed. In an electrocardiogram, a rhythm and conduction disturbances, PR
      interval, PTQ index, corrected QT interval, both a corrected QT interval I using
      the second root from a heart frequency and a corrected QT interval II using the
      third root from a heart frequency were studied. A rhythm disturbances were seen
      in 37% and a conduction disturbances in 39% of the patients, but no changes were
      observed in 24% of the patients. There was no correlation between serum digoxin
      levels and the PR interval. There was a slight correlation between serum digoxin
      levels and the PTQ index, and no correlation could be demonstrated between serum
      digoxin levels and a corrected QT interval I as well as a corrected QT interval
      II. Also, no correlation was evident between serum digoxin levels and serum
      creatinine levels, although many of those patients suffered from chronic renal
      failure. In an analysis of the influence of digoxin on the heart,
      electrocardiographic changes together with serum digoxin levels and serum
      potassium levels have to be followed. Only one of these parameters is not enough
      for the analysis of the effect of digoxin on the heart. It is concluded that
      clinical examination is most important in the analysis of digoxin action.

PMID- 2292893
TI  - [Clinical and epidemiologic features of acute respiratory infection caused by
      Mycoplasma pneumoniae].
AB  - The results of clinical and laboratory analysis and treatment, as well as
      epidemiological features of acute respiratory infections caused by Mycoplasma
      pneumoniae in 390 patients have been reported. The patients were treated at the
      University Hospital of Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljevic", Zagreb, between
      January 1, 1980, and December 31, 1985. The diagnosis was established by the
      serologic method of complement fixation, on the grounds of fourfold increase or
      decrease of antibody titer in paired sera. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the most
      frequently proved causative agent of acute respiratory infections in our admitted
      patients. There were 315 patients with pneumonia what makes 13.28% of all
      pneumonias, respectively 25.08% of nonbacterial pneumonias. Its participation in
      febrile respiratory catarrh syndrome was only 5.75%. Pneumonia occurred in
      schoolchildren most frequently, especially in those aged 10-14 years in whom
      65.52% of nonbacterial pneumonias were connected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Men
      (230) were affected more frequently than women (160). The main symptoms of
      pneumonia were temperature, headache and cough. Inflammatory infiltrates were
      mostly interstitial and located unilaterally in the lower lobes of the lungs.
      Pleural effusion was recorded in 24 patients (7.62%). Doxycycline appeared to be
      the most effective antibiotic, but erythromycin and midecamycin yielded good
      results, as well.

PMID- 2292894
TI  - [Carotid bruit in the early diagnosis of cerebrovascular insult in hypertensive
      patients].
AB  - The significance of carotid bruits for the occurrence of stroke in patients with
      elevated blood pressure was studied. Stenotic changes in the neck segments of the
      carotid arteries were confirmed by Doppler angiosonographic method. Of 110
      hypertensive patients with audible carotid bruits, 47% had evidently pathological
      angiosonographic finding. Twelve percent of these patients suffered stroke within
      the next two years. Doppler angiosonography has an important role in detecting
      and following the occlusive disease of the carotid arteries, particularly in the
      prevention of stroke in hypertensive patients with carotid bruits.

PMID- 2292895
TI  - [Angiosarcoma of the breast--histopathologic and electron microscopy picture].
AB  - The authors describe angiosarcoma of the right breast, together with the
      pathohistologic and electron microscopic analysis and survey of the literature of
      this rare tumor. The greatest tumor diameter was 4.5 cms. Mastectomy and the
      axilla's dissection was performed and additionally, radiotherapy was undertaken.
      In the first biopsy the wrong diagnosis of ductal invasive carcinoma was made.
      Three years later a metastasis appeared in the left axilla when angiosarcoma was
      established. The revision of primary tumor of the right breast showed that
      previously it was angiosarcoma of the right breast, too. In this article the
      authors direct attention to the possibility of wrong diagnosis of benign or
      malignant tumor and list the results taken from the world literature. Following
      those results, the wrong diagnoses were made in 37% of the cases with breast
      angiosarcoma.

PMID- 2292896
TI  - [Personal experience with consecutive exotropia].
AB  - This article presents a detailed analysis of sensor and surgical exotropias. Of
      the 669 operated esotropias 20 patients (2.98%) had surgical consecutive
      exotropia. Of the 1264 esotropias treated conservatively throughout several
      years, 7 patients (0.55%) showed sensor consecutive exodeviation. In both groups
      exotropia appeared in more than 60% of children after the age of 10 years. In 45%
      of the cases, surgical exodeviation appeared within 6 months of surgical
      treatment what suggests a wrong estimation of the situation. In the age from 2 to
      5 years, 75% of the children were surgically treated. In 65% of the operated
      patients, several factors were present at the same time, such as amblyopia,
      anisometropia and vertical component.

PMID- 2292897
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of Teolin 300 tablets and Teotard 350 capsules in asthma
      patients].
AB  - Pharmacokinetics of tablets Teolin 300 (TT) and capsules Teotard 350 (TC) was
      studied in 7 asthma patients. Serum theophylline concentrations (SCT) were
      measured in 2-h intervals over 2 consecutive days for each theophylline
      formulation. A randomized, crossover design was used. In 12-h one dose of TT was
      absorbed 89.76 +/- 32.76% (means +/- SD) and TC 83.76 +/- 49.48%; between them
      there were statistically no differences. Amplitudes of SCT (AMP) were in the
      range 0.31 to 2.7 and mean 24-h SCT in the range 19.8 to 119.3 mumol/L. AMP were
      reproducible only to TT (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001). Fourier's harmonic
      analysis applied to mean SCT disclosed statistically significant 12-h
      oscillations only for TT (p less than 0.05). Continuous therapy with slow-release
      theophylline should always be monitored with measurements of SCT which should be
      interpreted by pharmacokinetics data of applied sustained theophylline
      formulation.

PMID- 2292898
TI  - [Therapeutic systems and drug delivery. 3. Transdermal therapeutic systems].
AB  - Following a short review of penetration of drugs through the skin (a bilayer
      membrane which consists of the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis),
      transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) are described. These systems are special
      pharmaceutical preparations capable of delivery of some drugs (e.g. very potent
      drugs, with narrow therapeutic index, short biological half-life) via skin under
      well controlled conditions. After their application drug passes directly into the
      systemic circulation avoiding the effect of first-pass hepatic metabolism. At the
      same time, their advantages and disadvantages are presented. Finally, currently
      existing TTS in the market containing e.g. scopolamine (motion sickness),
      nitroglycerin (angina pectoris), estradiol (postmenopause), clonidine
      (hypertension) and systems in the development are briefly reported. These
      transdermal therapeutic systems are considered as a new approach to improve the
      usage of drugs in terms of better dosage control, increased safety and easier
      application.

PMID- 2292899
TI  - [Lipids and cardiovascular diseases].
AB  - There are many evidences suggesting a direct relationship of
      hyperlipoproteinemia, particularly hypercholesterolemia, and coronary heart
      disease. Therefore, in this paper an up-to-date review of lipoprotein metabolism,
      the biochemical basis of atherogenic hyperlipoproteinemia and current concepts of
      etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are presented. A detailed
      explanation is given to what extent and why will reduction of blood cholesterol
      levels reduce the prevalence and severity of coronary heart disease as well as
      under what circumstances and at what level of blood cholesterol should dietary or
      drug treatment be started. Since diet is the cornerstone of therapy for
      hyperlipoproteinemia instructions concerning dietary treatment are given in
      details. If diet alone proves insufficient, drugs should be added to the regimen.
      A detailed review of all major forms of drug therapy is also given together with
      dosage and adverse effects of all hypolipidemic agents used until now.

PMID- 2292900
TI  - [Genetic and biochemical basis of microbial resistance to antibiotics].
AB  - Antibiotics affect different structures or metabolic processes in a bacterial
      cell inhibiting its growth and reproduction what results in the destruction of
      microorganisms. Microorganisms have developed some resistance mechanisms in order
      to survive in the presence of antibiotics. Recent advances in molecular biology
      of microorganisms Recent advances in molecular biology of microorganisms and
      technique of recombinant DNA have helped us to understand more clearly the
      molecular aspects of resistance of microorganisms against antibiotics. Some of
      the mechanisms of drug resistance include: change of the binding site of the
      antibiotic due to the mutation of genes being responsible for the synthesis of
      the target sites of the antibiotic (aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, beta
      lactams); change of the binding site of the antibiotic by the activity of
      methylase (macrolides); diminished patency of the cell membrane for the
      antibiotic (tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, aminoglycosides); active
      transport of the antibiotic outside the cell (tetracyclines); synthesis of
      specific enzymes modifying and thus inactivating the molecule of the antibiotic
      (aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol); tolerance of microorganisms to the activity
      of the antibiotic (beta-lactams); inactivation of the antibiotic molecule by the
      enzymes such as beta-lactamase for the beta-lactam antibiotic and by esterase for
      the antibiotic with a lactone ring (macrolides).

PMID- 2292901
TI  - [Sertoli cell secretion].
AB  - The article deals with the secretion of Sertoli cells. Different substances they
      secrete and their role in the testis are described. These cells release a number
      of factors in their environment, thus creating a local "milieu" and exerting a
      local control of spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules. As target cells for
      FSH and testosterone, Sertoli cells are also included in a systemic control of
      spermatogenesis, and because of that, they are necessary for the normal function
      of the male sex gland.

PMID- 2292902
TI  - [Review of the present status of prevention, prophylaxis and therapy of pertussis
      and parapertussis].
AB  - Whooping cough is endemic throughout the world. It becomes epidemic every 4-5
      years (Yugoslavia 3-4 yrs). In Europe its incidence ranges from 0.4 (Hungary) to
      even 59/100.000 inhabitants (Rumania; Yugoslavia 28), with a general letality of
      0.1% (infants: 1%; 75% children who die are younger than one yr). Only 5-10%
      cases are supposed to be registered. A low socioeconomic status is more and more
      emphasized as the principal risk factor. Its transmission rate is high (home
      contacts: 80-100%); infectivity lasts five weeks, disease from the beginning of
      incubation to the sanation lasts 50-60 days. Female children are more frequently
      affected. The term "Pertussis syndrome" is more end more used because a similar
      disease can be caused by various agents (B. pertussis; B. parapertussis: 5%-20%
      30% cases; B. bronchiseptica rarely; adenoviruses, RS virus, parainfluenza virus,
      influenza A and B virus, HSV, CMV, EBV, entero-, adeno-, corona-, rota-viruses;
      chlamydiae and mycoplasmae). Prior to introducing vaccination, 95% of population
      have had a typical or atypical form of pertussis. Its differential diagnosis
      includes pneumonias of various etiology, bronchitis, bronchiolitis during an
      acute respiratory infection, bronchial asthma, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis and
      lymphadenopathy. Morbidity in USA was reduced by vaccination from 157 to 0,5
      1,5/100,000 inhabitants; in SR Croatia it was six times reduced in period 1959
      1970. According to the official sources 81% of children in Croatia and Yugoslavia
      get primovaccinated; the 80% level is generally accepted as a rational goal.
      Immunization schedules differ from country to country. Local and general
      reactions after combined vaccines are mostly caused by pertussis
      component.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292903
TI  - [Ethical problems in perinatal medicine: thoughts of a pediatrician].
AB  - This study contributes to the consideration of some ethical problems in perinatal
      and neonatal medicine. The prenatal and postnatal periods present the continuity
      of human life in its earliest period. All prenatal events are manifested
      eventually in a newborn human being and determine its ability to further develop
      until full biological and sociological maturity is reached. New possibilities of
      medicine, regarding diagnostics, treatment and prevention of diseases affecting
      fetuses and neonates, brought some crucial philosophical and ethical questions of
      life, death, human rights and human existence. They have to be answered by both
      gynecologists and pediatricians, together with the whole social community, as to
      apply those new achievements to their object-for the good of mankind.

PMID- 2292904
TI  - [Treatment of hypotension].

PMID- 2292905
TI  - [My meeting with Dame Cicely Saunders and her work with the St. Christopher's
      Hospice].

PMID- 2292906
TI  - A clinical test for calcium absorption in climacteric women. A two tracer, single
      blood sample procedure with corrections for body size and skeletal turnover.
AB  - This paper reports a two tracers (45Ca for estimating calcium absorption and
      stable fluoride for assessing skeletal turnover), single blood sample procedure
      that estimates the absorption of calcium in climacteric women. The proposed
      technique determines the percentage (Ac) of the dose of 45Ca administered orally
      (in the fasting state, diluted with 150 ml of milk), present in the extracellular
      fluid (estimated as 15% of body wt) five hours after intake, corrected for
      skeletal turnover (assessed by the whole body retention of fluoride). In a series
      of 13 patients, Ac has been found to be operationally equivalent to the ratio:
      net Ca absorption/Ca intake, measured under balance conditions. The calcium
      balances of 60 climacteric women, estimated as: net Ca absorption (Ca intake
      factored by Ac) minus calciuria was found, as expected, to be correlated with
      skeletal turnover.

PMID- 2292907
TI  - [Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and proximal femur of normal females in
      Buenos Aires].
AB  - The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and proximal femur was
      determined in 170 and 131 respectively normal females from 20 to 79 years of age.
      The BMD was determined by dual photon absorptiometry with a Lunar DP3 equipment.
      The results per decade of age are shown on table 2. The percentage fall between
      the 3rd and 8th decades of age at different skeletal sites is summarized on table
      3. Meanwhile the bone loss at the lumbar spine and mid-radius from a previous
      study was approximately 3% before the menopause, the BMD of proximal femur
      diminished approximately 14% over the neck and 19% at the Ward's triangle during
      the same period. From age 50 to 80 the average bone loss was similar at the spine
      and femoral neck (approximately 15%) but it was more severe at the Ward's
      triangle (approximately 24%). The results obtained in the Buenos Aires females
      were compared to the values observed in studies performed in United States and
      Australia using the same equipment. No differences were found among the three
      populations using the Bonferroni's analysis for multiple comparisons. The BMD
      appears to be similar in different caucasian populations when the same type of
      equipment is used, but the values cannot be compared with the results obtained
      with other equipment. A sustained diminution of the proximal femur BMD was
      observed from age 20 to 80, whereas over the spine a distinct difference before
      and after the menopause was found.

PMID- 2292908
TI  - [Human immunodeficiency virus infection associated with tuberculosis].
AB  - In order to detect an association between HIV infection and tuberculosis (TB),
      130 TB inpatients were studied one of whom presented a pulmonary disease due to
      Mycobacterium avium intracellulare. All had advanced TB, 95.4%, with pulmonary
      localization. Serum anti-HIV antibodies were detected by ELISA and their presence
      confirmed by immunoblotting in 4 (3.1%) individuals, three males and one female,
      with different degrees of pulmonary TB. Of the males, 1 was bisexual, 2 were
      promiscuous, and the female was the sexual partner of a non symptomatic HIV
      infected man. No immunological disturbances or other AIDS related alterations
      were observed. There was one case of miliary TB, but neither atypical X-ray
      abnormalities nor extrapulmonary involvement were found. Tuberculin reaction was
      positive in three of the four HIV infected patients. Clinical, radiological and
      bacteriological evolution were favorable. Adverse drug reaction occurred in two
      cases, one of them presenting serious toxidermia caused by isoniazid. Of the 130
      individuals, 12 presented risk factors for HIV infection so that the prevalence
      of anti-HIV antibodies presented here, 4 cases out of 12, is consistent with data
      from previous reports for high risk populations.

PMID- 2292909
TI  - [Bone mineral density in climacteric. Identification of patients with risk of
      developing osteoporosis].
AB  - The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine was determined by dual photon
      absorptiometry in 98 normal females: 26 premenopausal between 40 and 48 years of
      age and 72 unselected women 1 to 20 years after the onset of menopause, all of
      them attending the Menopause Clinic of the Hospital. The results were as follows:
      Premenopause 1.20 +/- 0.09; Postmenopause: 1.8 years: 1.16 +/- 0.10; 5.3 years:
      1.10 +/- 0.12; 9.0 years: 1.06 +/- 0.12; 15.1 years: 1.01 +/- 0.11 g/cm2. The
      total bone loss during the period of observation was 16%. The cross-sectional
      data appears to fit an exponential curve with approximate diminution of 2.0%/year
      at the onset and 1%/year 10 years after the menopause. The individual values
      obtained in 45 females between 1 and 10 years postmenopause are plotted in Figure
      2. Two patients with BMD below 0.9 g/cm2 were specially studied. One of them had
      asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism and the other overt osteoporosis with a
      crush fracture of a dorsal vertebra. Following the average bone loss of the group
      and assuming that the BMD should not fall at age 65 below the theoretical
      threshold for spine fractures (0.98 g/cm2) a risk curve was designed: 58% of the
      women were above and 42% below. This percentage is similar to the number of
      females who suffer osteoporotic fractures at age 70. Considering the Quetelet
      index (weight in kg/height in m2) the females were divided in 3 groups: above 30,
      between 30 and 23 and below 23.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292910
TI  - [Diaphragmatic fatigue in hypovolemic shock].
AB  - A model of hemorrhagic shock (arterial mean pressure = 40 mmHg) terminated by
      death in all cases was developed in 21 dogs. The study was addressed to
      investigate the central respiratory response, development of diaphragmatic
      fatigue (FD) and the influence of the suppression of spontaneous rhythmic
      respiratory muscle activity by mechanical ventilation during shock. We measured
      diaphragmatic force: transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi), spontaneous and
      stimulated electrical activity of the diaphragm (integrated and rectified
      electromyogram: Edi) tracheal occlusion pressure (P 0, 1) cardiac output (Q) and
      survival, ventilatory variables were also measured. We constructed Pdi/Frequency
      and Pdi/Edi curves. The phrenic nerves were stimulated: 1) by bipolar electrodes
      at the 5th cervical roots or 2) by a bipolar electrode catheter introduced
      through the left jugular vein. The animals were divided in 3 groups: 1) during
      spontaneous breathing (light pentobarbital anesthesia and positive corneal
      reflex) Pdi/Frequency curves and Pdi response to single twitch were measured (n =
      9); 2) evolution of Edi and Pdi/Edi curves during spontaneous breathing (n = 6);
      3) Pdi/Frequency curves (n = 6) during mechanical ventilation (ARM). We found
      (groups 1, 2) initially compensated (increased P 0, 1 and hyperventilation: table
      1) metabolic acidosis, followed by mixed acidosis after FD (fall in
      Pdi/Frequency: Fig. 1, and Pdi/Edi: Fig. 2, 3, table 3) and associated with
      falling respiratory frequency (Fr). During hyperventilation, central respiratory
      drive/minute: Edi.Ti.Fr (Ti = inspiratory time, sec) increased and fell later
      during FD, remaining however higher than basal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292911
TI  - [Ventricular arrhythmia in young university students without evidence of heart
      disease].
AB  - Ambulatory electrocardiography was performed for 24 hours in 30 University
      students (12 males and 18 females) without over heart disease, with normal
      cardiac physical examination, EKG and echocardiogram. Their age ranged from 18 to
      33 years, with a mean of 23.9 years (SD 2.8). All of them were asymptomatic.
      Ventricular arrhythmias were detected in 13 of the subjects (43.4%); 12 had
      ventricular ectopy (VE) and one parasystole. Only one VE was detected in 24 hours
      in 8 cases; multiform VE occurred in only one and showed a repetitive form. In
      58% of the cases it originated in the left ventricle. There was a positive
      relationship between cardiac frequency (CF) and VE: when the arrhythmia was
      registered, CF was 107.2 beats/min (SD = 23.9) and the average at the same hour
      was 89.7 beats/min (SD = 15.9; p less than 0.001). No significant association of
      the presence or absence of VE with sex, age, ingestion of alcohol or coffee was
      noted, except for cigarette smoking (p less than 0.04).

PMID- 2292912
TI  - [Multifocal demyelinating neuropathy after tetanus vaccine].
AB  - A 39 year old man presenting multifocal demyelinating neuropathy (MFDN) is
      reported. Fifteen days before onset he had been vaccinated with 75 IU of tetanus
      toxoid. Although recent histories of vaccination or viral infection support the
      immunological hypothesis proposed for chronic acquired demyelinating neuropathies
      (CADN) it is reported for the first time in MFDN, suggesting that MFDN and CADN
      may share common pathophysiological mechanisms.

PMID- 2292913
TI  - [Alcoholic rhabdomyolysis with myocardial involvement].
AB  - A case of severe rhabdomyolysis with extensive myocardial involvement in a 32
      year old alcoholic man is reported. He referred effort dyspnea for the last eight
      months which worsened thirteen days before his death. Admitted at the institute
      he was obnubilated and dyspneic. Massive pulmonary thromboembolism was suspected
      and heparin was given. He was then transferred to our intensive care unit in
      circulatory collapse. A chest Rx showed cardiomegaly. A Swan-Ganz catheter was
      introduced and abnormal parameters corrected. Evolution was complicated with
      acute cholecystitis, nosocomial bronchopneumonia and hypoxic brain damage. A net
      reduction of cardiac size as judged by a chest roentgenogram was noted in the
      final days. Necropsy showed skeletal and cardiac rhabdomyolysis, early alcoholic
      cirrhosis, diffuse peritonitis and bronchopneumonia. To our knowledge, this case
      is the first in the literature to provide anatomical evidence of cardiac
      rhabdomyolysis, a fact which was suspected on clinical grounds but had not been
      proven.

PMID- 2292914
TI  - [Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with semilunar forms and massive
      deposits of IgA associated with HBsAg].
AB  - The association of HBV infection and glomerular damage was first reported by
      Combes et al in 1971, in a patient with nephrotic syndrome due to membranous
      glomerulopathy and chronic hepatitis B. Since, then, other glomerular diseases
      have been reported such as a) minimal changes nephropathy, b) IgA nephropathy, c)
      membranous-proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), d) membranous, e) mesangial
      proliferative and f) lupus nephritis. All of them are associated with chronic
      hepatic disease and some of the following antigens: 1) HBsAg; 2) HBeAg; 3) HBcAg.
      These disorders are very frequent in Southeast Asia. Vertical transmission from
      mothers to fetuses may be important in maintaining the high carrier rate, and
      possibly plays a role in the development of glomerular damage. On the other hand,
      MPGN associated with HBsAg has rarely been reported and always with a favorable
      benign course. The present report describes interesting findings in a renal
      biopsy from a HBsAg and HBeAg carrier, who developed renal failure requiring
      hemodialysis. A 21 year old Korean man was admitted to the Hospital for nephrotic
      syndrome, microhematuria hypertension and renal failure. He had no previous
      history of blood transfusion, intravenous drug addiction, jaundice or liver
      disease. His father was HBsAg carrier with hepatic cirrhosis. An ultrasound
      examination showed normal renal size. Renal biopsy was performed and the patient
      received hemodialysis treatment. The specimen was processed for light microscopy,
      immunofluorescent studies and peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Frozen
      sections were studied by direct immunofluorescence for the identification of IgG,
      IgA, C1q, C3, fibrinogen and albumin. Paraffin sections stained by
      immunoperoxidase technique for HBsAg, using polyclonal monospecific rabbit anti
      Human antisera (Dakopatts, Copenhagen).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292915
TI  - [Erythroleukemia, abdominal pain and shock].

PMID- 2292916
TI  - [Lovastatin: short-term treatment of hypercholesterolemia; multicenter clinical
      trial].
AB  - Two hundred and ten patients (119 men and 91 women, mean age 54) with primary
      hypercholesterolemia (97% with total serum cholesterol greater than 240 mg/dl)
      were treated with lovastatin during 12 weeks in a placebo-controlled multicenter
      trial (10 cities and 21 investigators). All patients remained under an isocaloric
      low-fat, low-cholesterol diet throughout the study, and received placebo on a
      single-blind basis for the first 4 weeks (pretreatment period). Serum total
      cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured at
      the beginning (week-4) and again at week 12. TC was also measured at weeks 0, 4,
      8 and 12, while LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated by a modification of
      Friedewald's formula. At the 5 clinic visits vital signs and body weight were
      recorded, and patients were questioned about adverse experiences. Safety
      laboratory tests (complete blood count, serum creatinine and creatinine
      phosphokinase, fasting plasma glucose, serum bilirubin, transaminases and
      alkaline phosphatase) plus a resting electrocardiogram (EG) and a complete (slit
      lamp) ophthalmologic examination were also carried out at weeks-4 and 12. During
      the treatment period lovastatin dosage was adjusted from 20 mg/day to 40 or 80
      mg/day, if the TC value was greater than 200 mg/dL, with the resulting mean daily
      increasing doses of 28 mg (weeks 0-4), 37 mg (weeks 4-8), and 55 mg (weeks 8
      12).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2292917
TI  - [Antiestrogen receptors. What is their purpose?].

PMID- 2292918
TI  - [Original and interesting].

PMID- 2292919
TI  - [Pseudohypertension: an underestimated entity in the elderly].

PMID- 2292920
TI  - [Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. A condition requiring immediate action].

PMID- 2292921
TI  - [Third generation ELISA using a synthetic peptide to detect anti-HIV. A rapid and
      low-cost method].

PMID- 2292922
TI  - [Latent HTLV-I and HIV-1 infection in seronegative patients with risk behavior in
      Argentina].

PMID- 2292923
TI  - [Bloom syndrome. Report of 2 cases].

PMID- 2292924
TI  - Photosensitive epilepsy. Electrophysiological aspects.
AB  - Intermittent light stimulation (ILS) is more effective to trigger
      electroencephalographic paroxysms when the patient remains with his eyes closed.
      In order to evaluate the relative value of the different factors involved, 9
      patients of matched age and sex were studied. EEG with ILS, electroretinogram and
      visual evoked potentials with a flash stimulus were performed under different
      conditions: open eyes with white, red and blue light, closed eyes and diffusing
      screen. Analysed in toto, results obtained in the different studies suggest that
      (a) the factor with greater capability to produce alterations in photosensitive
      epilepsy is the diffusion of light encompassing a bigger area of the stimulated
      retina and (b) not only the brain structures but also the retina itself would be
      involved in the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of photosensitivity in these
      patients.

PMID- 2292925
TI  - Mass spectrometry of methyl ester of retinoic acid.

PMID- 2292926
TI  - Characterization of retinylidene iminium salts by high-field 1H and 13C nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

PMID- 2292927
TI  - Resonance Raman and infrared difference spectroscopy of retinal proteins.

PMID- 2292928
TI  - Analysis of water-soluble compounds: glucuronides.

PMID- 2292929
TI  - Determination of retinoids in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography
      and automated column switching.

PMID- 2292930
TI  - Synthetic retinoid acid analogs: handling and characterization.

PMID- 2292931
TI  - Simultaneous, high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of retinol,
      tocopherols, lycopene, and alpha- and beta-carotene in serum and plasma.

PMID- 2292932
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of aromatic retinoids and isotretinoin in
      biological fluids.

PMID- 2292933
TI  - Determination of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene in serum by liquid
      chromatography.

PMID- 2292934
TI  - Separation of retinyl esters and their geometric isomers by isocratic adsorption
      high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2292936
TI  - Interstitial retinol-binding protein: purification, characterization, molecular
      cloning, and sequence.

PMID- 2292937
TI  - Purification and assay of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein from the
      eye.

PMID- 2292935
TI  - Purification and properties of plasma retinol-binding protein.

PMID- 2292938
TI  - X-ray crystallographic studies on retinol-binding proteins.

PMID- 2292940
TI  - Structure characteristics of natural and synthetic retinoids.

PMID- 2292941
TI  - Retinoids: Part A--molecular and metabolic aspects.

PMID- 2292939
TI  - In situ hybridization of retinoid-binding protein messenger RNA.

PMID- 2292942
TI  - Retinoids bound to interstitial retinol-binding protein during the visual cycle.

PMID- 2292943
TI  - Purification of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein from human placenta.

PMID- 2292944
TI  - Differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells in response to retinoids.

PMID- 2292945
TI  - Purification of adipocyte lipid-binding protein from human and murine cells.

PMID- 2292946
TI  - Binding of 11-cis-retinaldehyde to cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein from
      pigment epithelium.

PMID- 2292947
TI  - Interactions of retinoids with phospholipid membranes: optical spectroscopy.

PMID- 2292949
TI  - Exchange of retinoids between lipid vesicles and rod outer segment membranes.

PMID- 2292948
TI  - Transfer of retinol from retinol-binding protein complex to liposomes and across
      liposomal membranes.

PMID- 2292950
TI  - Intermembranous transfer of retinoids.

PMID- 2292951
TI  - Incorporation of beta-carotene into mixed micelles.

PMID- 2292952
TI  - Carotenoid conversions.

PMID- 2292953
TI  - Structural characteristics of synthetic retinoids.

PMID- 2292954
TI  - Carotenoid cleavage: alternative pathways.

PMID- 2292955
TI  - Isoenzymes of alcohol dehydrogenase in retinoid metabolism.

PMID- 2292956
TI  - Measurement of acyl coenzyme A-dependent esterification of retinol.

PMID- 2292958
TI  - Assay of lecithin-retinol acyltransferase.

PMID- 2292957
TI  - Acyl coenzyme A-dependent retinol esterification.

PMID- 2292960
TI  - Quantification and characteristics of retinoid synthesis from retinol and beta
      carotene in tissue fractions and established cell lines.

PMID- 2292959
TI  - Bile salt-independent retinyl ester hydrolase activities associated with
      membranes of rat tissues.

PMID- 2292962
TI  - Assay of liver retinyl ester hydrolase.

PMID- 2292963
TI  - Assay of the retinoid isomerase system of the eye.

PMID- 2292964
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of retinoids in blood.

PMID- 2292961
TI  - Retinol 4-hydroxylase.

PMID- 2292965
TI  - Assay of all-trans----11-cis-retinoid isomerase activity in bovine retinal
      pigment epithelium.

PMID- 2292966
TI  - Structure-function analyses of mammalian cellular retinol-binding proteins by
      expression in Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2292967
TI  - NAD(+)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase in liver microsomes.

PMID- 2292968
TI  - Metabolism of retinoic acid and retinol by intact cells and cell extracts.

PMID- 2292970
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of retinoid isomers: an overview.

PMID- 2292969
TI  - Retinoic acid formation from retinol and retinal metabolism in epidermal cells.

PMID- 2292971
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of retinoid isomers.

PMID- 2292972
TI  - Separation of fatty acid esters of retinol by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.

PMID- 2292973
TI  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of retinyl esters.

PMID- 2292974
TI  - Stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry to assess vitamin A status.

PMID- 2292975
TI  - A brain mechanism for attention.
AB  - Attention is directed or focussed consciousness. Consciousness is a subjective
      sensation produced by the simultaneous activation of discrete neurophysiological
      systems. These are the alerting, awareness, affect, arousal, and attention
      systems. The process begins with the subcortical scanning of sensory stimuli for
      affect and significance via pleasure, pain and tension systems. The perceptions
      then pass to the Thalamus for further scanning and concentration into one sensory
      modality by Thalamic-Prefrontal-Thalamic reflex inhibition. The unimodal,
      significant perceptions then activate engrams in the Posterior Inferior Temporal
      Cortex, the Posterior Inferior Parietal Cortex, and the Posterior and Anterior
      Association Cortex. These areas project to the Prefrontal Association Cortex
      (PAC). The PAC inactivates sensory scanning systems causing fixation. The PAC
      also sends signals to the Hippocampus, which are gated by Septal and Hippocampal
      generated theta activity in the Hippocampus. This transiently interrupts the
      blanket inhibition of orientation, alertness, awareness, and arousal produced by
      the theta activity via the Hypothalamus. As a result of the above mechanisms,
      only one sensory stimulus activates the orientation, alerting, awareness,
      arousal, and cognitive systems and hence focussed attention occurs. Focussed
      attention can also be used to explain the initiation of voluntary movements.

PMID- 2292976
TI  - Seasonal affective disorder and the yoga paradigm: a reconsideration of the role
      of the pineal gland.
AB  - Seasonal Affective Disorder is a psychiatric disorder whose pathophysiology and
      clinical presentation are poorly understood. By applying the ancient paradigm of
      yoga psychology to this subject, new understandings of the syndrome emerge
      regarding the possible role of the pineal gland, the clinical presentation of the
      syndrome, and the possible mechanism of action of phototherapy. The energy
      depletion model presented here ties together such diverse elements as: dose
      response aspects of phototherapy, anergia as a primary symptom of SAD, 'spring
      fever', myofascial pain disorder, the anti-gonadotrophic effect of melatonin, and
      pineal supersensitivity in bipolar patients. Clinical predictions are made, and
      simple research protocols are suggested which can directly test the hypotheses
      generated by this paradigm.

PMID- 2292977
TI  - Asbestos and stomach cancer in Japan--a connection?

PMID- 2292978
TI  - Is the 20th century increase in human height entirely nongenetic?
AB  - The twentieth-century increase in human height in affluent nations may not be
      entirely due only to such nurturant considerations as food supply and electric
      lights. A possible genetic role might be found in interactions of food supply,
      maternal pelvic size, and height-survival/vulnerability links, and in mate
      selection. Humans seem to be following the paleontological principle that most
      species tend to evolve larger sizes over time.

PMID- 2292979
TI  - Hepatic aging as an etiological factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is a frequent cause of dementia in the elderly. The
      prevalence and incidence increase with aging. It is hypothesised that the age
      related decline in liver size and lysosomal function results in decreased
      clearance as well as decreased or altered proteolysis of the Alzheimer precursor
      protein, and results in the deposition of A4 protein in cerebral blood vessels
      and brain with congophilic angiopathy and senile/amyloid plaque formation.

PMID- 2292980
TI  - Is there a role for lymph in intestinal glucose absorption?
AB  - Although the role of the lymphatic circulation in the uptake of dietary fat is
      well established, the absorption of water-soluble compounds, secreted by the
      enterocyte into the lymph, has received little attention. In the present study an
      estimate is made of the amount of dietary glucose that can be absorbed via the
      lymphatic system in the rat.

PMID- 2292981
TI  - Nonfulminant herpes simplex encephalitis as a cause for mesial temporal
      sclerosis.
AB  - Although mesial temporal sclerosis has been recognized for more than 100 years,
      its etiology remains unknown. It is proposed that a common infectious agent,
      herpes simplex virus type-1, may cause this disorder by means of a nonfulminant
      infection of mesial temporal lobe structures, which is resolved by the immune
      system and becomes gliotic in the course of healing by the central nervous
      system. Brain sections from a long-term experiment in a model of herpes simplex
      encephalitis reveal such a scar, which shows a high concentration of glial
      fibrillary acidic protein, without any evidence of residual herpes antigen, by
      immunocytochemistry.

PMID- 2292982
TI  - Racial differences in pregnancy duration and its implications for perinatal care.
AB  - The average length of gestation is about 5 days shorter in black populations than
      in white populations. Although some of this difference is accounted for by higher
      preterm delivery rates in blacks, the most common gestational week of delivery at
      term is the 39th in black populations, the 40th in white. Black gestational age
      specific neonatal mortality is lower than that of whites until the 37th week of
      gestation, but higher thereafter. These observations suggest the hypothesis that
      complications of postmaturity occur sooner in black fetuses. If this hypothesis
      is confirmed, antepartum surveillance for signs of fetal compromise should be
      initiated earlier in gestation in black parturients, perhaps by setting the
      estimated date of confinement at 275 days after the LMP, rather than the
      conventional 280 days.

PMID- 2292983
TI  - Generalized view of the origins of the sudden infant death syndrome.
AB  - A hypothesis is present that explains Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) as an
      outcome of biological immaturity. This hypothesis fits the known characteristics
      of SIDS and does not conflict with other possible explanations of its genesis.

PMID- 2292984
TI  - Is the extracellular matrix an integral and dynamic component of the sodium and
      water homeostatic system?
AB  - This hypothesis questions the validity of Starling's hypothesis regarding the
      distribution of water and electrolytes between the intravascular and interstitial
      compartments. It emphasises the potential importance of the gel state of the
      extracellular matrix in determining interstitial compliance and the distribution
      of water and electrolytes between the intravascular and interstitial
      compartments. Because the physicochemical properties of the extracellular matrix
      can change rapidly in response to numerous stimuli, it is suggested that the
      extracellular matrix is an integral and dynamic component of the sodium
      homeostatic system.

PMID- 2292985
TI  - Eye color and hypertension.
AB  - We searched for predictors of essential hypertension in 1,031 persons aged 30-49
      who were observed to progress from normotension to hypertension, as compared to
      an equal number of matched subjects who remained normotensive. Blood pressure
      status was well documented in both multiphasic screenings and clinical records.
      Compared to persons with each lighter eye color, those with brown eyes were more
      prone to develop hypertension, with relative risk of 1.5 (95% confidence interval
      1.18-1.96) compared to all persons with nonbrown eyes. The association persisted
      after control for race, sex, body mass index, alcohol use, educational level,
      parental history of hypertension, and among whites, for ethnic origin as crudely
      estimated by last name. Partial confirmation was obtained in three largely
      independent study groups: 1) 25 pairs of eye-color-discordant dizygotic twins; 2)
      894 pairs of incident hypertensives and controls selected only with multiphasic
      screening blood pressure measurements; and 3) cross-sectional analysis of 152,018
      multiphasic screenees. The weak association of eye color with hypertension
      clearly requires further confirmation. Although it has little potential for use
      in screening or clinical care, it may have implications regarding etiology. Areas
      for further exploration include the close metabolic relation of melanins to
      catecholamines, both derived from the amino acid tyrosine, and the possibility
      that dark-eyed persons react more quickly and strongly to stimuli than light-eyed
      persons.

PMID- 2292986
TI  - Can serum bilirubin be an index of in vivo oxidative stress?
AB  - Bilirubin has been suggested as a physiological antioxidant, and recent studies
      suggest that its synthesis is induced in response to oxidative stress. Numerous
      reports in the literature show increases in serum bilirubin when using
      halogenated hydrocarbons as oxidative stress inducers. Analogously, these
      increases should also be expected for other inducers. On the other hand,
      bilirubin is destroyed by the same molecules that induce its production. The
      measurement of bilirubin may be a useful index of in vivo oxidative stress,
      although no big differences in bilirubin levels should be expected.

PMID- 2292987
TI  - Hyperlipidaemia and atherogenesis.
AB  - Hyperlipidaemia has become generally accepted as a cause of coronary artery
      atherosclerosis, arterial occlusion and subsequent myocardial infarction. This
      may be true in a few people with lipid intolerance, but for the majority,
      hyperlipidaemia represents a normal physiological response to another
      pathological process. One such disease process involves the vessel wall, which
      appears to suffer injury. The cause of the injury may be associated with abnormal
      movement in the wall and this in turn can be provoked by stress. A hypothesis
      encompassing these observations is proposed. It would therefore appear that
      hyperlipidaemia is not a cause of arterial disease, but as part of normal
      homeostasis, it can be a risk indicator. It is dangerous to consider
      hyperlipidaemia as a cause of myocardial infarction as this leads to
      inappropriate treatment. The lowering of cholesterol and low density lipoproteins
      (LDL) by any means other than sensible dieting may be likened to attempts to
      lower elevated white blood cell counts in cases of bacterial pneumonia, without
      treating the pneumonia.

PMID- 2292988
TI  - The nature/nurture controversy: spouse-likeness revisited.
AB  - Within the past twelve months two distinguished scientific journals have once
      again raised the issue of nature versus nurture in health and sickness. The
      conclusion continues to be simply that both genetics and environment play a role.
      The issue still to be resolved is the relative contributions of nature and
      nurture. The model which most contributes to the answer is the very one least
      employed, namely spouse-likeness. This is a review of the approximately 100 most
      recent articles. It is evident that, within the limits of these observations,
      environment may play a more dominant role than generally considered.

PMID- 2292990
TI  - Universal health insurance and high-risk groups in West Germany: implications for
      U.S. health policy.
AB  - Access to West Germany's broad-based health-insurance system is geared to the
      country's occupational structure. People who qualify, however, may seek coverage
      from alternative sources, including local "sickness funds." The changing nature
      of the German job market is leading to concentration of high-risk groups in the
      local funds, some of which could in turn face serious financial problems.
      Proponents of a universal health-insurance program for the United States need to
      take account of the growing segmentation of risk groups in the current German
      experience, which may ultimately threaten the concept of solidarity on which the
      system is founded.

PMID- 2292989
TI  - Insurability and the HIV epidemic: ethical issues in underwriting.
AB  - The HIV epidemic has focused criticism on standard underwriting practices that
      exclude people with AIDS or at high risk for it from insurance coverage. Insurers
      have denied the charge that these practices are unfair, claiming instead that
      whatever is actuarially fair is fair or just. This defense will not work unless
      we assume that individuals are entitled to gain advantages and deserve losses
      merely as a result of their health status. That assumption is highly
      controversial at the level of theory and is inconsistent with many of our moral
      beliefs and practices, including our insurance practices. We should reject the
      insurers' argument. Justice in health care requires that we protect equality of
      opportunity, and that implies sharing the burden of protecting people against
      health risks. In a just healthcare system, whether mixed or purely public, the
      insurance scheme is in systematic terms actuarially unfair, for its overall
      social function must be to guarantee access to appropriate care. This does not
      mean that in our system insurers are ignoring their obligation to provide access
      to coverage. The obligation to assure access is primarily a social one, and the
      failures of access in our system are the result of public failures to meet those
      obligations. In a just but mixed system, there would be an explicit division of
      responsibility among public and private insurance schemes. In our mixed but
      unjust system, both legislators and insurers cynically pretend that the uninsured
      are the responsibility of the other. The attempt to treat actuarial fairness as a
      moral notion thus disguises what is really at issue, namely, the risk to insurers
      of adverse selection and the economic advantages of standard underwriting
      practices. Standard underwriting practices will be fair only if they are part of
      a just system, not if they simply are actuarially fair. The failure of the
      argument from actuarial fairness means that we must face an issue private
      insurers had hoped to avoid if we are to defend standard underwriting practices
      at all. In view of the clear risk that a mixed system will fail to assure access
      to care, the burden falls on defenders of a mixed system. They must show us that
      its social benefits outweigh its social costs, and that it is possible to have a
      mixed system that is not only just, but also is superior to a compulsory,
      universal insurance scheme.

PMID- 2292991
TI  - Population ecology and the racial integration of hospitals and nursing homes in
      the United States.
AB  - Although the passage of major civil-rights legislation in the 1960s compelled
      American hospitals to take concerted steps to achieve racial integration, nursing
      homes did not come under the same organizational and financial pressures to do
      so. As a result, nursing homes remained significantly segregated; to this day,
      there is a greater discrepancy between black and white people's access to long
      term-care facilities than to acute-care hospitals. The perspective of population
      ecology may be used to help account for these disparate historical outcomes;
      economics, demographics, and more subtle patterns of discrimination continue to
      reinforce forms of segregation in health-care facilities.

PMID- 2292992
TI  - Competition and reform in the Swedish health system.
AB  - Sweden has had success containing its overall rate of health expenditures without
      compromising its citizens' well-being. Nevertheless, the country's health system
      has recently faced organizational problems, including queues for elective
      surgery; inadequate continuity of care; shortages of personnel; and pressures
      from patients for greater influence over care. County councils have begun
      experiments in "comparative competition" among public and/or private providers,
      to expand patient choices, and to link the choices to providers' salaries and
      institutional budgets. If these experiments in planned market approaches prove
      effective, Sweden may again serve as a model for publicly operated health
      systems.

PMID- 2292994
TI  - Pain control.

PMID- 2292993
TI  - The inadequacy of incompetence.
AB  - Patients' competence to make medical decisions, analysts frequently hold, is the
      key concept for determining whether those decisions may be overruled. Competence,
      however, is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for concluding when it
      is morally admissible to supersede refusals of treatment. People may be able to
      reach kinds of decisions involving immediate medical consequences, but not ones
      entailing long-term outcomes. Open recognition of the limited but important
      exceptions to the principle of never overruling competent patients' refusal of
      care would better preserve their autonomy than unduly accepting the absoluteness
      of the principle.

PMID- 2292995
TI  - AMP for acute and postherpetic neuralgia.

PMID- 2292996
TI  - About the men of mettle. University of Minnesota Medical School 1936-1940.

PMID- 2292997
TI  - Promoting prenatal care. Minnesota champions its babies.

PMID- 2292998
TI  - Preterm-birth prevention. A physician's perspective.
AB  - Prematurity and low birthweight are the leading causes of infant morbidity and
      mortality. Minnesota has developed public and private programs to deal with
      preterm-birth and low-birthweight prevention. With the new programs have come
      multiple forms, care delivery systems, and reimbursement schedules. The diversity
      and multiplicity of programs can be frustrating and confusing for primary care
      physicians. A better understanding of the goals and components of low-birthweight
      prevention programs such as the Prenatal Care Initiative and the preterm-birth
      prevention programs used by many practitioners may facilitate the use of such
      programs. This article compares and contrasts low-birthweight prevention and
      preterm-birth prevention.

PMID- 2292999
TI  - Medicare. The reasonable and necessary exclusion.

PMID- 2293000
TI  - What does a new physician cost?

PMID- 2293001
TI  - A general accounting.

PMID- 2293002
TI  - AIDS estimates lowered.

PMID- 2293003
TI  - HIV health insurance.

PMID- 2293005
TI  - [Unicuique suum (to each his own) (a thought for the Christmas season)].

PMID- 2293004
TI  - Cocaine speeds HIV growth.

PMID- 2293006
TI  - [Enamel mineralization in rats subjected to an excess fluoride diet: SEM study].
AB  - Aim of our present work is to investigate with the SEM the process of enamel
      mineralization in the lower incisors of albino rats submitted for 21 days (a
      single amelogenetic cycle) to an hyperfluoric diet (five folds more than the
      normal). Our observations were performed on specimens fractured 8, 12 and 16 mm
      from the cervical loop transversally along the major axis of the incisor. It was
      demonstrated that the three different phases of enamel maturation were slower, so
      that, when the incisor erupted, mineralization was not completed and localized
      areas of demineralization were present. The authors are of the opinion that all
      morphological changes are dependent on the effect of fluoride on ameloblasts,
      either during their secretory or modulatory phases. On the basis of our results
      attention is pointed on the possible lesions of the enamel dependent from an
      unwary fluoride administration, particularly when decidual teeth are still
      present.

PMID- 2293007
TI  - [The use of adhesive cements in fixed prostheses. The advantages offered by new
      chemical molecules and by the electrochemical treatment of metals].

PMID- 2293009
TI  - [The simultaneous presence of an odontoma and a follicular cyst in anatomical
      proximity].

PMID- 2293008
TI  - [The microbiological aspects of dental caries: the evaluation of a protocol for
      isolating Streptococcus mutans].
AB  - The role of Streptococcus mutans in the etiopathogenesis of dental caries to set
      up a protocol for the culture and the identification of the bacterium, in order
      to obtain the isolation in an heterogeneous age, sex and stomatognathic
      population is described. A selected culture medium for mutans, Mitis Salivarius
      agar enriched with Bacitracin (MSB-agar), has been used as well as biochemical
      method based on carbohydrates fermentation by amplified bacterial flora for the
      identification of the bacterial genus.

PMID- 2293011
TI  - [Dental fluoride prophylaxis: the chemical and bacteriological aspects].
AB  - In the first part of this paper the chemical and bacteriological rationale of
      dental caries fluoride prophylaxis is discussed in detail. In the second part the
      different possibilities of administration of fluorine, their advantages and
      disadvantages are exposed, with a full description of ionophoresis. This
      technique is recommended for its reliability, effectiveness and lack of side
      effects.

PMID- 2293010
TI  - [A rare case of angioma of the cheek].

PMID- 2293012
TI  - [The prevention of bacterial endocarditis].
AB  - The paper examines the prevention of bacterial endocarditis in risk patients
      undergoing outpatient treatment. The hypothesis of possible bacteremia provoked
      by either diagnostic or therapeutic surgery should be carefully assessed. For
      this purpose antibiotic prophylaxis should be commenced, using different methods
      and doses according to the type of patient, in association with hygienic and
      behavioural norms which the specialist will recommend and monitor.

PMID- 2293013
TI  - [Surgical experience of complex fractures of the middle third of the facial
      skeleton treated without an intermaxillary block].
AB  - Having illustrated the functional and anatomical aspects of the upper jaw and the
      importance of the anterior and posterior pillars as load-bearing structures for
      the middle third of face, the paper reports a series of fractures of the upper
      jaw treated with plaque osteosynthesis without an intermaxillary block. The
      functional and esthetic advantages are underlined.

PMID- 2293014
TI  - [Glossopharyngeal neuralgia].
AB  - Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, such less common than trigeminal neuralgia, is
      characterized by paroxysm of unilateral pain with sudden onset radiating from the
      oropharynx and base of the tongue, to the ear. Often precipitated by swallowing
      the glossopharyngeal neuralgia is occasionally accompanied by bradycardia or
      syncope. Conservative treatment consists of anticonvulsant drugs. Surgical
      treatment consists of section of the rootlets of the ninth and, in part, tenth
      cranial nerves. In some selected patients microvascular decompression without
      section of rootlets is also been made.

PMID- 2293015
TI  - [5- and 10-year survival in carcinomas of the oral cavity (T1-2/N0-1) treated
      with external radiotherapy alone or associated with surgery and/or chemotherapy].
AB  - The authors report their results on the treatment of 211 T1-2/N0-1 carcinoma of
      the oral cavity treated with radiotherapy alone or associated with surgery and/or
      chemotherapy. Five- and ten-year survival rates are respectively 48 and 37%. Two
      groups were recognized: one with a better prognosis (T1 gum and cheek) and
      another with a poor prognosis (T2-N1 mobile tongue and floor of the mouth).

PMID- 2293016
TI  - [Professional, criminal and civil responsibility and the legal medical aspects of
      the performance of the dentist practicing local anesthesia and tooth
      extractions].
AB  - The paper affirms that the dentist can come up against severe complications while
      exercising his profession which expose him to charges outlined by the Penal and
      Civil Codes. The circumstances in which the operator's responsibility can be
      questioned during the use of local anesthesia and extraction are discussed.

PMID- 2293017
TI  - [The role of MRI in the anatomic and functional assessment of the
      temporomandibular joint].
AB  - The aim of this study is to analyze with MRI the normal anatomy of TMJ in 12
      volunteers from 30 to 35 years old. The anatomical components are described in
      order to provide the information for their functional evaluation with MRI. MRI is
      thought to be the most helpful examination in the clinical analysis of both
      normal and pathologic TMJ.

PMID- 2293018
TI  - [The legislative requirements for radioprotection in dental offices equipped with
      apparatus for dental radiodiagnosis and orthopantomography].
AB  - The paper summarises the new legislation which is expected to be introduced
      concerning the use of dental radiodiagnostic and orthopantomographic equipment.
      The above modifications are partly the responsibility of the employer responsible
      for the dental practice, the qualified expert and, if present, the authorized
      doctor. A summary is given of the development of Italian regulations which are
      being brought into line with EEC standards.

PMID- 2293019
TI  - Complementary DNA cloning and regulation of expression of the messenger RNA
      encoding a pregnancy-associated porcine uterine protein related to human
      antileukoproteinase.
AB  - Antileukoproteinase (ALP) is a low mol wt mucosal secretory protein which, in
      human tissues, inhibits the activities of the neutral serine lysosomal
      proteinases elastase and cathepsin-G. In this study a number of recombinant cDNA
      clones corresponding to porcine ALP (pALP) were isolated from a cDNA library
      prepared from porcine endometrial poly(A)+ RNAs. The combined nucleotide
      sequences of the cDNA clones, representing the entire pALP mRNA sequence, are
      approximately 600 nucleotides long and encode a protein of 114 amino acids. The
      deduced amino acid sequence of pALP is 68% similar in primary structure to that
      of human ALP, is cysteine and proline rich, and exhibits a two-domain structure
      which, in the human protein, is involved in binding trypsin/cathepsin-G and
      elastase, respectively. However, pALP appears to lack the internal signal
      sequence of the corresponding human protein. Northern blot analysis of uterine
      RNAs using pALP cDNAs as probe demonstrated a single mRNA species approximately
      0.8 kilobase in length. Uterine expression of pALP mRNA was highest in mid- and
      late pregnancy and very low or undetectable in early pregnancy. Estrogen and
      progesterone increased the levels of uterine pALP mRNA in prepubertal gilts, but
      not to the levels obtained at mid- and late gestation. pALP mRNA was also
      abundant in adult pig lung, where its expression was constitutive. Lower levels
      of pALP were found in fetal and neonatal lung and small intestine and in maternal
      cervix, spleen, and small intestine. Our study on the molecular cloning and
      analysis of pALP mRNA represents the first report on the porcine proteinase
      inhibitor and extends the identification of pregnancy-associated uterine
      proteins, which may play important functions in embryo or fetal development. The
      control of expression of pALP mRNA, which is distinct from those of other porcine
      uterine proteins studied to date, should provide additional insights into the
      mechanisms of regulation of uterine secretory activity.

PMID- 2293020
TI  - Definition of the human androgen receptor gene structure permits the
      identification of mutations that cause androgen resistance: premature termination
      of the receptor protein at amino acid residue 588 causes complete androgen
      resistance.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized the gene encoding the human androgen receptor.
      The coding sequence is divided into eight coding exons and spans a minimum of 54
      kilobases. The positions of the exon boundaries are highly conserved when
      compared to the location of the exon boundaries of the chicken progesterone and
      human estrogen receptor genes. Definition of the intron/exon boundaries has
      permitted the synthesis of specific oligonucleotides for use in the amplification
      of segments of the androgen receptor gene from samples of total genomic DNA. This
      technique allows the analysis of all segments of the androgen receptor gene
      except a small region of exon 1 that encodes the glycine homopolymeric segment.
      Using these methods we have analyzed samples of DNA prepared from a patient with
      complete androgen resistance and have detected a single nucleotide substitution
      at nucleotide 1924 in exon 3 of the androgen receptor gene that results in the
      conversion of a lysine codon into a premature termination codon at amino acid
      position 588. The introduction of a termination codon into the sequence of the
      normal androgen receptor cDNA at this position leads to a decrease in the amount
      of mRNA encoding the human androgen receptor and the synthesis of a truncated
      receptor protein that is unable to bind ligand and is unable to activate the long
      terminal repeat of the mouse mammary tumor virus in cotransfection assays.

PMID- 2293021
TI  - Insulin-degrading enzyme: stable expression of the human complementary DNA,
      characterization of its protein product, and chromosomal mapping of the human and
      mouse genes.
AB  - We have recently described the isolation of a cDNA encoding an enzyme thought to
      be involved in the degradation of insulin by insulin-responsive tissues. This
      enzyme, referred to as insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), is a cytosolic proteinase
      of 110,000 mol wt which shares structural and functional homology with bacterial
      protease III. The enzyme may function in the termination of the insulin response.
      We report here the mapping of the human and mouse IDE genes to human chromosome
      10 and mouse chromosome 19, respectively, and evidence for the existence of a
      single complex IDE gene. We also describe the stable transfection of Chinese
      hamster ovary cells with a plasmid containing the IDE cDNA under the
      transcriptional control of the SR alpha promoter. The recombinant protein
      synthesized by these cells is indistinguishable from the isolated human enzyme in
      both its size and immunoreactivity and degrades insulin with a specific activity
      similar to that of the purified proteinase. Overexpression of IDE using this
      system should allow for a functional test of the role of IDE in insulin action.
      In addition, expression of various site-directed mutants of IDE will aid in
      identifying the residues of IDE and protease III that are essential to the
      activity of this unique family of proteinases.

PMID- 2293022
TI  - Expression of two forms of prolactin receptor in rat ovary and liver.
AB  - The screening of a size-selected cDNA library from the ovary revealed the
      existence of a second form of PRL receptor in the rat. The polypeptide sequence
      deduced from cDNAs has a much longer cytoplasmic domain (357 amino acids) than
      the form previously identified in the liver (57 amino acids). Nucleotide sequence
      analysis and comparison with rabbit, mouse, and human PRL receptor cDNAs suggests
      that the two forms of rat PRL receptor result from alternative splicing of a
      primary transcript. Complementary DNAs encoding the long form of the receptor
      were also found in a library prepared from estradiol-treated rat liver, although
      they represent a minor fraction of total PRL receptor cDNAs obtained from this
      tissue. DNA polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNA confirmed the
      presence of the two receptor forms in both the ovary and liver. Northern
      analysis, using probes that specifically hybridize with either form of mRNA,
      indicates a major transcript of 1.8 kilobases (kb) in estradiol-treated liver,
      which encodes the receptor with a short cytoplasmic domain, while the long form
      of the receptor is encoded by mRNAs of 2.5 and 3 kb. In the ovary, a complex
      pattern of hybridization to multiple mRNAs (1.8-5.5 kb) is obtained with the
      probe specific to the long form, and essentially only a 5.5-kb mRNA is obtained
      with the probe specific to the short form. The predicted size of the mature form
      of the long PRL receptor (PRL-R2) is 591 amino acid residues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293023
TI  - Rabbit corticosteroid-binding globulin: primary structure and biosynthesis during
      pregnancy.
AB  - The cDNA-deduced primary structure of rabbit corticosteroid-binding globulin
      (CBG) contains 383 amino acids (mol wt, 42,326), including three cysteine
      residues and four sites for N-glycosylation. It is primarily the product of a
      1.68-kilobase hepatic mRNA, but small amounts of CBG mRNA were also found in
      maternal lung, spleen, and ovary and fetal kidney. In the fetus, hepatic CBG mRNA
      concentrations increase markedly after day 11 and were 2- to 5-fold higher than
      those in maternal liver during days 17-23. They then declined to very low levels
      at term (31 days). By contrast, maternal hepatic CBG mRNA levels did not increase
      until day 23; reached a peak at about day 27, and then declined to prepregnancy
      values by 3 days after delivery. In general, fetal and maternal hepatic CBG mRNA
      concentrations reflect the corresponding serum CBG levels. Our data, therefore,
      indicate that the marked changes in fetal and maternal plasma CBG levels during
      pregnancy reflect changes in the biosynthesis of the protein rather than
      alterations in compartmentalization or clearance.

PMID- 2293024
TI  - Cloning of complementary DNAs encoding islet amyloid polypeptide, insulin, and
      glucagon precursors from a New World rodent, the degu, Octodon degus.
AB  - The degu, Octodon degus, is a South American hystricomorph rodent that is of
      interest because it develops spontaneous diabetes mellitus and has been found to
      have islet amyloidosis. To help clarify these problems we have cloned cDNAs
      encoding islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), insulin, and glucagon precursors from
      this species. The predicted amino acid sequence of degu IAPP is very similar to
      that of nonamyloid-forming guinea pig IAPP. In contrast, degu insulin and the C
      terminal region of degu glucagon are highly divergent from those of other
      mammals, as is also the case in the guinea pig, suggesting the existence of some
      form of positive evolutionary pressure on these hormones of carbohydrate
      metabolism in the hystricomorph rodents.

PMID- 2293025
TI  - Cloning of two hypothalamic cDNAs encoding tissue-specific transcripts in the
      preoptic area and testis.
AB  - Neuropeptides are central to the regulation of normal sexual development and
      reproduction. Two new hypothalamic cDNAs have been identified by Northern blot
      analysis and molecular cloning. Each potentially encodes a precursor for a unique
      GnRH-like decapeptide. Northern blot analysis reveals tissue-specific transcripts
      from each gene in the hypothalamus and testis. These preoptic area regulatory
      factor genes, PORF-1 and PORF-2, may thus encode members of a family of GnRH
      related peptides which have been described in these tissues.

PMID- 2293026
TI  - Tissue-specific differences in the binding of nuclear proteins to a CCAAT motif
      in the promoter of the androgen-regulated C3 gene.
AB  - The expression of the gene for the C3 polypeptide is confined to the ventral
      prostate of the male rat and is regulated by androgens. To study the mechanism of
      this tissue-specific and hormone-dependent regulation we have used DNase-I
      footprinting and band-shift assays to locate binding sites for nuclear proteins
      isolated from different tissues. In this paper we present evidence that there are
      tissue-specific differences in the nuclear proteins that are able to bind to a
      CCAAT motif and a nuclear factor-I consensus that are present in the promoter of
      the rat C3 gene. Using competition assays and heat denaturation we show that the
      CAAT box/enhancer binding protein itself may be one of the transcription factors
      involved.

PMID- 2293027
TI  - Growth hormone pretranslationally regulates the sexually dimorphic expression of
      the prolactin receptor gene in rat liver.
AB  - The female-specific expression of the rat liver PRL receptor (PRL-R) gene was
      investigated by Northern analysis of hypophysectomized rats after two alternative
      human GH treatments that were to mimic either 1) the continuous female-specific
      or 2) the discontinuous male-specific serum GH patterns. The former (female
      specific) pattern was shown to result in a dramatic increase in PRL-R mRNA in
      both males and females, while the latter (male-specific) pattern failed to evoke
      this response. A similar inductive effect in hypophysectomized females was shown
      after continuous administration of bovine GH and was found to constitute an
      approximately 60-fold increase in PRL-R mRNA levels. This effect by bovine GH,
      which, unlike the human isoform, is devoid of lactogenic properties, thus
      indicates the somatogenic origin of the signal resulting in this inductive
      response. These observations in conjunction with previous data obtained for other
      GH-regulated nonreceptor genes are interpreted to support the proposal of GH
      serum patterns being an early signal in a more general mechanism for
      pretranslational regulation of sex-specific gene expression. In contrast to GH,
      only a slight elevation of PRL-R mRNA was evoked by the ligand ovine PRL, while
      coadministration of ovine PRL with bovine GH failed to enhance the mRNA level
      found with bovine GH alone. The detection of previously unreported PRL-R mRNAs in
      liver of approximately 3.0, 3.8, and 5 kilobases in addition to the major 2.2
      kilobase form was also evident after continuous GH administration.

PMID- 2293028
TI  - Cell-specific expression of kidney androgen-regulated protein messenger RNA is
      under multihormonal control.
AB  - Kidney androgen-regulated protein (KAP) gene expression is under androgenic
      control in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule in the mouse
      kidney. In Tfm/Y androgen receptor-deficient mice, KAP mRNA was detected by in
      situ hybridization in a subpopulation of these cells only in the S3 segment of
      the proximal tubules in the outer medulla. Treatment of Tfm/Y animals with
      testosterone caused a partial induction of KAP mRNA levels, while
      dihydrotestosterone had no effect. These data suggested that the androgen
      receptor-independent induction of KAP gene expression in these animals was
      mediated by an estrogenic metabolite of testosterone, since dihydrotestosterone
      cannot be aromatized to an estrogenic form. Estrogen treatment of Tfm/Y mice
      caused an increase in KAP gene expression similar to that observed with
      testosterone. However, ovariectomy of normal female mice did not eliminate KAP
      gene expression in the S3 cells and, in fact, resulted in a slight increase.
      Adrenalectomy in combination with castration had no effect on KAP mRNA levels in
      S3 cells. However, hypophysectomy alone completely eliminated this cell-specific
      component of KAP gene expression. These results indicate that KAP gene expression
      is subject to cell-specific regulation in different segments of the proximal
      tubule and that this regulation is mediated by hormones of both gonadal and
      pituitary origin.

PMID- 2293029
TI  - Testosterone decreases ornithine decarboxylase messenger RNA levels in primary
      cultures of rat Sertoli cells.
AB  - We have previously reported that testosterone decreased ornithine decarboxylase
      (ODC) activity in primary cultures of rat Sertoli cells. In this report we
      examined the mechanism of this reduction. In cells pretreated with testosterone
      (5 x 10(-7) M) for 48 h before the start of the experiment ODC activity was
      decreased, on the average, 43% at all time points examined. ODC mRNA levels were
      also decreased an overall 33%. The testosterone-mediated decrease in ODC activity
      was first seen 8 h after the addition of testosterone to the cells. Testosterone
      had no significant affect on the levels of actin or transferrin mRNA. The effect
      of testosterone was androgen specific. Neither ODC activity nor mRNA was affected
      by the nonandrogenic steroids progesterone or cortisol. These results suggest
      that testosterone decreases ODC mRNA in Sertoli cells either through an
      inhibition of transcription or through a decrease in message stability.
      Testosterone does not appear to affect ODC mRNA translation, since the percent
      decreases in ODC activity and mRNA in response to testosterone were essentially
      equivalent. Regulation of Sertoli cell ODC expression by testosterone may reflect
      one mechanism by which Sertoli cell function is integrated with surrounding cell
      types. The Sertoli cell, unlike any other cell, secretes putrescine, the product
      of ODC catalysis of ornithine. We suggest that the modulation of ODC by
      testosterone and, hence, the amount of putrescine secreted by the Sertoli cell
      may be significant in the process of spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2293030
TI  - Isolation of TSH and LH/CG receptor cDNAs from human thyroid: regulation by
      tissue specific splicing.
AB  - A TSH receptor (TSH-R) cDNA has been isolated from a human thyroid lambda GT11
      library. Unexpectedly, several cDNAs encoding the human LH/CG receptor (LH/CG-R),
      previously thought to be expressed solely in gonadal cells, were also isolated
      from the thyroid library. The receptors are structurally related, consisting of a
      signal sequence, a large extracellular amino terminal domain, seven membrane
      spanning domains, and a short carboxyl-terminal portion. The TSH-R is encoded by
      a single 4.2 kilobase mRNA specific to the thyroid. Introns were not present in
      any hTSH-R cDNAs examined, however, sequencing of several LH/CG-R cDNAs and RNase
      protection experiments demonstrated that the majority of hLH/CG-R mRNA in the
      thyroid is incompletely spliced. Consequently, tissue-specific splicing may be an
      important step in the regulation of the glycoprotein hormone receptor family.

PMID- 2293031
TI  - Efficacy of brain heart infusion-egg albumen agar, yeast extract phosphate agar
      and peptone glucose agar media for isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis from
      sputum.
AB  - The efficacy of brain heart infusion (BHI)-egg albumen agar, yeast extract
      phosphate agar and several modified peptone glucose agar media was evaluated for
      isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis from sputum concomitantly seeded with the
      yeast form of the pathogen and Candida albicans. Based upon high per cent culture
      positivity of sputum, improved recovery (CFU/ml) of the seeded inoculum, faster
      growth rate of B. dermatitidis and low level of contamination, BHI-egg albumen
      agar, followed by yeast extract phosphate agar are recommended as the media of
      choice for the isolation of B. dermatitidis from contaminated clinical specimens.

PMID- 2293032
TI  - A toxic substance produced by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum isolated from cutaneous
      nocardiosis.
AB  - During our studies on toxic substances from clinically isolated Nocarida, a new
      isolate identified as Nocardia otitidiscaviarum from cutaneous nocardiosis was
      found to produce a toxic substance called HS-6 that had strong in vitro as well
      as in vivo toxicity. The mouse intraperitoneal LD50 value was 1.25 mg/kg and the
      ED50 value for L1210 cultured cells was 0.3 ng/ml. The structure of HS-6 was
      determined and found to belong to the 16-membered macrocyclic group with a
      molecular formula of C43H68O12. HS-6 also showed activity against pathogenic
      fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans.

PMID- 2293033
TI  - Oral yeasts in patients with cancer of the mouth, before and during radiotherapy.
AB  - The yeasts of patients with oral cancer has been studied before and during Xr
      therapy. Gram and PAS smears revealed an increase of yeast-like structures,
      during treatment, from 56% to 66% of the cases. Before radiotherapy oral yeasts
      were isolated from 56% of the patients with cancer represented by Candida
      albicans (30%); C. tropicalis (12%); C. glabrata and C. krusei (4%), besides six
      other different species (2%). During radiotherapy yeasts were isolated in 72% of
      the cases, as follow: C. albicans (36%); C. tropicalis (16%); Rhodotorula rubra
      (6%); C. kefyr; C. krusei and Pichia farinosa (4%), besides other nine species
      (2%). C. albicans serotype A represented 93% of the isolated samples, before
      treatment and 88.8% during Xr-therapy.

PMID- 2293034
TI  - Distribution of keratinophilic fungi in animal folds in Kuwait.
AB  - Soil samples from seventeen animal herds (camels, goats, sheep, cows) were
      surveyed for the occurrence of keratinophilic fungi. Twenty four species related
      to eleven genera were recovered on defatted wool baits. Eleven Chrysosporium
      species were reported in the following order of dominance: C. keratinophilum, C.
      tropicum, C. indicum, C. queenslandicum, C. pannicola, C. carmichaelii, C. state
      of Arthroderma curreyi, C. zonatum, C. state of A. cuniculi and Chrysosporium
      state of Renispora flavissima. The Aphanoascus teleomorph of C. keratinophilum,
      C. indicum and C. tropicum were frequently reported in soils from cow and sheep
      folds. Scopulariopsis, Cephaliophora and Sepedonium, although not keratinolytic,
      were also recorded on wool baits of soils from cow herds which are slightly
      acidic. The frequency and distribution of these fungi are discussed in relation
      to animal species and the general ecological conditions of desert soils.

PMID- 2293035
TI  - Experimental acute poisoning in mice induced by emestrin, a new mycotoxin
      isolated from Emericella species.
AB  - The effects of emestrin (EMS), a secondary metabolite of the Emericella species,
      on male ICR mice were examined. The intraperitoneal LD50 values of EMS were 17.7
      and 13.0 mg/kg at 24 and 48 hr, respectively. The target organs of EMS were the
      heart, liver and thymus. In doses over 30 mg/kg the experimental animals died
      from cardiac failure shortly after the injections. Several survivors that were
      given EMS in doses under 20 mg/kg showed severe centrilobular necrosis in the
      liver at 24 hr. Marked degeneration of mitochondria was seen in electron
      micrographs of both cardiac muscle cells and hepatocytes. In the degenerated
      hepatocytes, prominent proliferation of RER, membrane-limited inclusions
      containing both ribosome-like granules and RER, and fenestrated lamella-like
      structures were observed. Massive necrosis of lymphocytes was always observed in
      the cortical layer of the thymus of the survivors within 24 hr, while bilateral
      adrenalectomized mice showed no discernible pathomorphological changes in the
      lymphoid tissues. Pretreatment of mice with diethyl maleate increased the
      incidence and severity of hepatic necrosis, whereas that with either cysteine or
      CoCl2 reduced the severity of centrilobular necrosis of the liver. Pretreatment
      with phenobarbital had no significant effect on EMS-induced hepatic lesions.

PMID- 2293038
TI  - [Hans-Peter Jensen--emeritus].

PMID- 2293036
TI  - Comparative studies of hepatotoxicity and fumonisin B1 and B2 content of water
      and chloroform/methanol extracts of Fusarium moniliforme strain MRC 826 culture
      material.
AB  - Fusarium moniliforme has been associated with several diseases including equine
      leukoencephalomalacia, human esophageal cancer and
      hepatotoxicity/hepatocarcinogenicity in laboratory animals. The potential health
      risks to animals and humans posed by F. moniliforme contaminated grains cannot be
      assessed until the toxins are identified and toxicologically evaluated. As part
      of a systematic approach to identifying the hepatotoxins produced by F.
      moniliforme, diets containing aqueous and chloroform/methanol (1:1) extracts of
      F. moniliforme strain MRC 826 culture material (CM) and/or the extracted CM
      residues were fed to male Sprague-Dawley rats for four weeks. Serum alanine
      aminotransferase, aspartate amino-transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities
      were increased after two and four weeks and microscopic liver lesions were found
      in those animals fed aqueous CM extract and the CM residue after
      chloroform/methanol extraction. Fumonisins B1 and B2 were extracted from the CM
      by water, but not chloroform/methanol, and were present in the toxic diets at
      concentrations of 93-139 and 82-147 ppm, respectively. Nontoxic diets contained
      less than or equal to 22 ppm fumonisin B1 and less than or equal to 65 ppm
      fumonisin B2.

PMID- 2293037
TI  - Pulmonary Aspergillus intracavitary colonization (PAIC).
AB  - We have attempted to elucidate the natural history of pulmonary aspergillus
      intracavitary colonization (PAIC) based on more than 350 cases of the disease
      observed in the last 11 years and on data collected from the literature. The data
      indicate that PAIC is a dynamic process consequent to the continual growth and
      death of fungal elements and also with their relationships to the anatomic
      features of the cavity (valvular mechanisms, vascular alteration). The clinical
      presentations reflect immunological changes in the host. Metabolites produced by
      the species of Aspergillus involved affect the clinical presentation of the
      syndrome.

PMID- 2293039
TI  - [Etiology and therapy of trigeminal neuralgia].
AB  - Trigeminal neuralgia is an exactly defined syndrome with a non-uniform aetiology
      but an obviously uniform pathogenesis. A subdivision in an idiopathic and a
      symptomatic type is non-essential. In a part of the cases microvascular
      compression of the sensory root may be the cause of trigeminal neuralgia but
      there are some good arguments against this concept. Other causes such as multiple
      sclerosis, acoustic neuroma or carotid aneurysm are well known. The principle of
      neurosurgical procedures is either an interruption of the pain-conducting fibres
      or a non-specific manipulation at the Gasserian ganglion or the sensory root with
      the result of an interruption of abnormal ephapses and short-circuits which may
      recur later on. So microvascular decompression should not be considered to be a
      specific and causal therapeutic approach as well as the therapy of first choice
      for all cases.

PMID- 2293040
TI  - [Risk factors in cerebral infarct. A historical example from the literature].

PMID- 2293041
TI  - [Continuous intrathecal baclofen therapy using an implantable pump system in
      severe spasticity].
AB  - Spasticity is an expression of a damage of the motor neurone associated with
      velocity dependent increase of the muscle tone. Since 1986 21 patients with
      severe spasticity mainly in multiple sclerosis were treated with an implantable
      pump system to administrate continuously Baclofen intrathecally. Even with a very
      small dosage of Baclofen patients who were previously treated until intoxication
      without success there was a favorable reduction in spasticity. Therefore we
      propose to perform this procedure before using surgical methods or stimulating
      methods.

PMID- 2293042
TI  - [Chemotherapy in malignant gliomas].
AB  - Considering the survival time of patients with malignant gliomas indication for
      chemotherapy in spite of side effects is recommended. One third of them are
      living 2 years, some even longer. Before starting such a treatment a critical
      evaluation is mandatory, a prolongation of dying must be avoided. In addition
      personal human care to the patient and his family has a great importance.

PMID- 2293043
TI  - [Therapy of normal pressure hydrocephalus with the transcutaneously magnetically
      adjustable shunt].
AB  - 36 patients with a normal pressure hydrocephalus were treated with a ventriculo
      peritoneal shunt system. We compared the results of conventional system and the
      sophy magnetic system. 8 of 15 patients with a Holter-Hausner or Sigma-Orbis
      valve were reoperated because of insufficiency. All of 21 patients with a sophy
      system were successfully treated.

PMID- 2293044
TI  - [Optimizing microvascular suture technique].
AB  - A critical evaluation of the "Cooperative By-Pass Study" is necessary for the
      management of ischaemic cerebro-vascular disease. On this basis further
      optimizing of the EC-IC-Bypass technique is essential. A new technique for
      microvascular anastomosis originally developed by von Tulleken et al., is
      presented as a method and with electron-microscope observations.

PMID- 2293045
TI  - [Apathy syndrome as a sequela of postoperative irradiation of brain tumors in
      children].
AB  - The somnolence syndrome is a postirradiation syndrome in children. It is to be
      found after cranial irradiation of chemotherapeutically treated children with ALL
      (acute lymphocytic leukaemia). Rarely, however, it is a radiation sequela of
      operated cerebral tumors. We report on such a case of somnolence syndrome, review
      the literature and discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic problems.

PMID- 2293047
TI  - [Hemodynamic reactions in the area supplied by the middle cerebral artery in post
      puncture headache].
AB  - We used transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to investigate whether a change in
      hemodynamics in the major arteries of the brain base occurred after diagnostic
      lumbar puncture. On the day before diagnostic lumbar puncture the flow in the
      right and left middle cerebral artery was measured in 36 patients using
      transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. 48 hours after lumbar puncture a second
      ultrasound examination was performed. We found that only patients with post
      lumbar puncture headache (PLPS) showed a significant reduction in the flow of the
      right middle cerebral artery (p less than or equal to .05). These findings
      support the puncture-hole-seepage theory as pathogenetic principle of PLPS.

PMID- 2293046
TI  - [Reconstruction instead of resection: laminotomy and laminoplasty].
AB  - Spinal instability and deformity have to be kept in mind when performing
      laminectomies. The procedure described (laminotomy) results in a stable bony
      reconstruction of the spinal canal, which in addition may be enlarged
      (laminoplasty): Laminotomy is performed by means of an oscillating saw just
      medial of the pedicles, preserving the yellow and interspinous ligaments. The
      laminotomy specimen is removed en bloc. It can be refixed by means of vitallium
      plates, bridging the corresponding laminae and pedicles.

PMID- 2293048
TI  - [Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma].
AB  - Spontaneous epidural hematoma is seldom the cause of spinal cord compression. It
      was described for the first time by Blauby in 1808. We observed 7 patients from
      the age 16 up to 75 in the last 18 years. In 3 cases bleeding was caused by
      anticoagulant agents. In another 3 cases the cause of hemorrhage could not be
      proved. One patient suffered from bleeding by rupture of a spinal extradural
      hemangioma. Localisation was thoracic vertebral column in 3 cases and the lumbar
      vertebral column in 2 cases. In another 2 cases the level of the lesion was the
      cervical and cervical-thoracic region. All patients were operated on. 5 patients
      had an almost complete regression of the symptoms and neurological signs, one
      patient still had severe neurological defects. Another patient who had undergone
      dialysis for years before bleeding improved as well, but died three months later
      of embolism. Case reports, and a review of the literature are presented.

PMID- 2293049
TI  - [Current status of surgical treatment of the unstable spine with special
      reference to neurosurgical indications].
AB  - The presently available surgical techniques will practically always allow
      stabilization of the vertebral column in case of injuries indicating the need for
      surgery. Patients can be subjected to early functional treatment and introduced
      to rehabilitation training without requiring the plaster casts that used to be
      major obstacles to mobilization. Excellent results can be obtained in injuries of
      the thoracic and lumbar vertebral column if surgery is performed early, using
      less invasive dorsal stabilization techniques. Dorsal intervention is also
      possible in polytraumatic and intensive-care patients whose overall condition
      prohibits a ventral approach because of the stress involved in such surgery.
      During a period of just five years traumatologic surgery of the vertebral column
      has advanced by leaps and bounds, while proving that in surgery of the vertebral
      column close cooperation of neurosurgeons and surgeons is mandatory because of
      the hazards involved with particular regard to neural structures. In this manner
      a safety factor is created from which the patient benefits because such
      experience is a prerequisite for achieving good overall results. Surgery of the
      vertebral column is not just general surgery; in fact, it usually involves a
      large number of personnel and technical equipment such as only well-staffed and
      well-equipped institutions have at their disposal, but the results achieved at
      Kiel university have shown that zeal and purposefulness enable the successful
      management even of technically complicated interventions.

PMID- 2293050
TI  - Intradural manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis causing spinal cord compression.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis as a cause of medullary compression due to subluxation of
      rheumatically diseased joints is very common. However, spinal cord compression by
      rheumatoid nodules is seen rarely, usually by extradural lesions. We describe two
      cases of intradural rheumatoid nodules causing spinal cord compression.

PMID- 2293051
TI  - [The value of transcranial Doppler sonography in neurosurgery].
AB  - Transcranial doppler ultrasound (TCD) is suitable in the diagnosis of vasospasm
      in subarachnoid hemorrhage. The value of TCD in intracranial malformations and
      other neurosurgical disorders will be discussed. TCD is a screening-method in the
      diagnosis of brain death.

PMID- 2293052
TI  - [Expert assessment of "traumatic" lumbar intervertebral disk displacement].
AB  - A prolapse of a lumbar intervertebral disc as a consequence of trauma is rather
      often the subject of medical litigation. This paper shows the different aspects
      of federal and private insurance companies that insure accident consequences.
      Items hinting at a causal connection between trauma and prolapse are shown. A
      prolapse of a lumbar intervertebral disc can only very seldom be certified as
      being traumatic.

PMID- 2293053
TI  - [Malignant schwannoma of the trigeminal nerve].
AB  - We report on diagnosis, treatment and clinical course of a solitary schwannoma of
      the trigeminal nerve with consecutive metastatic spread in a 45-year-old woman.
      The patient presented a temporal lobe syndrome with psychomotor seizures.
      Trigeminal nerve function was intact apart from a transient hypaesthesia in the
      mandibular branch. Assuming a meningioma the tumor was removed via a temporal
      approach. Secondary to the definitive histological diagnosis radiation therapy
      was performed. After that the patient was symptom-free. 4 months later a large
      recurrent tumor was found involving the cavernous sinus and the pterygopalatine
      fossa. In a second operation the tumor was resected intra- and extradurally
      through an infratemporal preauricular approach in cooperation with an oral and
      maxillo-facial surgeon. At this time multiple pulmonary metastases developed
      showing no response to polychemotherapy (EVI). The patient died 13 months after
      onset of the disease. Hitherto, only 5 cases of a primary malignant schwannoma of
      the trigeminal nerve have been published in the world literature.

PMID- 2293054
TI  - [Intraoperative use of sonography in cerebral lesions].
AB  - The advantages of intraoperative ultrasound are the localisation and biopsy of
      low grade subcortical gliomas of small deep seated lesions, e.g. metastasis,
      puncture of brain abscess and cysts. Also the endoscopic approach for
      intracranial haemorrhage, the placement of catheters in narrow ventricles, the
      detection of foreign bodies or bony fragments in head injury. Therefore
      ultrasound helps in planning precise microsurgical approaches.

PMID- 2293056
TI  - Lumbar intrathecal administration of naloxone antagonizes analgesia produced by
      electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in pentobarbital
      anesthetized rats.
AB  - In lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized and acutely-prepared rats, electrical
      stimulation within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus consistently inhibited
      the tail-flick responses to noxious heating of the tail. The opioid receptor
      antagonist, naloxone hydrochloride applied intrathecally at the lumbar level, at
      dose of 20 micrograms, reversed this inhibition without affecting the baseline
      pain threshold. The same dose of naloxone, applied to the cervical subarachnoid
      space, had no effect on the inhibitory modulation by the arcuate nucleus.
      Naloxone, at doses 2- to 4-fold greater than the intrathecal dose, did not modify
      the suppression of the tail-flick, when given systemically. With the doses
      ranging from 5 to 40 micrograms, naloxone showed a dose-dependent blockade of the
      inhibition produced by stimulation of the arcuate nucleus. These results indicate
      that an endogenous opioid system is most likely involved in the descending
      inhibition of spinal nociceptive reflexes, resulting from stimulation of the
      arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2293057
TI  - Release of endogenous adenosine does not mediate electrophysiological responses
      to morphine in the hippocampus in vitro.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that adenosine receptor antagonists can block some of
      the effects of morphine and that morphine can enhance the release of adenosine.
      The possibility that some of the effects of morphine in the hippocampus are
      exerted through the release of adenosine was investigated using
      electrophysiological responses in vitro. Although both morphine and the adenosine
      receptor antagonist theophylline increase population spike responses, they appear
      to do so by independent mechanisms. Also, while adenosine significantly decreases
      the amplitude of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) and
      theophylline increases this response (by blocking the effects of endogenous
      adenosine), morphine had no significant effect on the fEPSP. No significant
      interactions between morphine and theophylline were observed using either fEPSPs
      or the population spike response. These results suggest that, either morphine
      does not stimulate the release of adenosine in slices of hippocampus under normal
      electrophysiological recording conditions, or that the concentrations of
      adenosine, released by morphine, are not physiologically relevant in the
      hippocampus in vitro.

PMID- 2293055
TI  - Effects of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid agonists and antagonists of
      ventral horn cells in slices of spinal cord isolated from adult rats.
AB  - Excitatory amino acid agonists increased the probability of discharge of ventral
      horn cells in slices of spinal cord isolated from adult rats. The order of
      potency for the facilitatory action was kainate greater than quisqualate greater
      than N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) greater than L-glutamate greater than L
      aspartate. (+/-)-2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (2-APV) markedly reduced the
      facilitatory effects produced by L-aspartate and NMDA, and slightly decreased the
      effect produced by L-glutamate but did not alter the effect of kainate.
      Inhibitory amino acid agonists decreased the probability of cell discharge. The
      order of potency for the inhibitory action was (-)-baclofen greater than muscimol
      greater than glycine = GABA. The effects produced by glycine, muscimol or GABA
      and (-)-baclofen were selectively reduced by strychnine, bicuculline and
      phaclofen, respectively. This type of preparation may be useful for in vitro
      pharmacological studies on the action of transmitters and drugs on ventral horn
      cells in the adult spinal cord.

PMID- 2293059
TI  - Effects of cathinone and amphetamine on the neurochemistry of dopamine in vivo.
AB  - The effects of (-)cathinone, the primary psychoactive alkaloid of the Khat plant,
      were compared to those of (+)amphetamine in the anterior caudate-putamen and the
      nucleus accumbens. In vivo microdialysis was used to measure extracellular levels
      of dopamine and metabolites in both regions of the brain simultaneously, after
      intraperitoneal administration of 0.8, 1.6 or 3.2 mg/kg of either drug (doses
      expressed as the salts). Both drugs increased levels of dopamine but decreased
      levels of metabolites in a dose-dependent manner. However, the relative magnitude
      of these effects depended upon the specific drug, the dose and area of the brain
      examined. At the largest dose used, amphetamine had a relatively greater effect
      than cathinone on dopamine in both caudate and accumbens. However, among smaller
      doses, this difference was only observed in the nucleus accumbens after
      administration of 1.6 mg/kg. The results also demonstrated a differential
      regional effect of both drugs at 3.2 mg/kg, in that both had a greater effect on
      dopamine in the caudate, as opposed to the accumbens. These findings demonstrate
      a functional heterogeneity of the striatum of the rat, that may be relevant to
      the understanding of both normal brain function and the neural responses to
      psychoactive drugs.

PMID- 2293058
TI  - A new and highly sensitive method for measuring 3-methoxytyramine using HPLC with
      electrochemical detection. Studies with drugs which alter dopamine metabolism in
      the brain.
AB  - 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT) is a minor metabolite of dopamine which is suggested to
      reflect the turnover and utilization of dopamine. A novel, isocratic HPLC method
      has been developed which can be used to analyse 3-MT in homogenates of rat brain
      without the need for additional purification procedures. Furthermore, the
      coulometric electrochemical detection system is sensitive enough to measure 3 pg
      of 3-MT (equivalent to 0.6 ng/g tissue wet weight). 3-Methoxytyramine was
      measured in the striatum and n. accumbens after decapitation and rapid freezing,
      using 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylamine as the internal standard. The effects of
      dopaminergic and other drugs on this metabolite were examined using this method.
      alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (200 mg/kg i.v.) produced parallel linear decreases in
      dopamine and 3-MT in naive rats, but not those pretreated with tranylcypromine (5
      mg/kg i.p.). Methamphetamine (0.3-10 mg/kg i.p.) and amphetamine (0.3-10 mg/kg
      i.p.) both dose-dependently increased 3-MT in naive and tranylcypromine
      pretreated rats. In naive animals, 3-MT was not altered by intraperitoneal
      injection of the dopamine reuptake inhibitors, bupropion (10 mg/kg) and
      nomifensine (10 mg/kg) or by sibutramine HCl (3 mg/kg), amitriptyline (10 mg/kg),
      desipramine (10 mg/kg) and zimeldine (10 mg/kg). 3-Methoxytyramine was decreased
      by apomorphine (5 mg/kg i.p.) and also by large doses of the selective D2
      antagonist, BRL 34778 (5 mg/kg i.p.) or L-DOPA (50 mg/kg i.p.). The selective D1
      antagonist, SCH 23390 (0.1 or 5 mg/kg i.p.) was without effect. In
      tranylcypromine-pretreated rats, 3-MT was dose-dependently reduced and increased
      by apomorphine (0.01-5 mg/kg i.p.) and BRL 34778 (0.1-5 mg/kg i.p.),
      respectively. The drug SCH 23390 (0.1-5 mg/kg i.p.) produced much smaller
      increases in 3-MT which were probably mediated through the striatonigral pathway.
      Overall, the data suggest that measurement of 3-MT, after inhibition of monoamine
      oxidase, is a useful index of the release and utilization of dopamine. However,
      after substantial and prolonged depletion of dopamine, levels of 3-MT in naive
      animals are a better index. Also, the formation of 3-MT in naive rats rats
      provides a sensitive method for distinguishing between dopamine releasing agents
      and reuptake inhibitors.

PMID- 2293060
TI  - Acute administration of nicotine increases the in vivo extracellular levels of
      dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and ascorbic acid preferentially in the
      nucleus accumbens of the rat: comparison with caudate-putamen.
AB  - Using in vivo dialysis and voltammetry, the effect of acute administration of (-)
      nicotine (0.8 mg/kg free base, s.c.) on extracellular levels of dopamine, 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid and ascorbic acid in the
      nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen of chloral hydrate-anaesthetised rats has
      been examined. Nicotine stimulated release of dopamine only in the nucleus
      accumbens, measured using dialysis. After a short time delay levels of 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in both the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen also
      increased. In both regions, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was unaffected by
      nicotine. Using voltammetry the effect of nicotine on extracellular levels of 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and ascorbic acid was examined. An increase in 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was observed in both regions after nicotine. This
      increase was blocked by pretreatment with the central nicotinic receptor
      antagonist mecamylamine (5 mg/kg). Nicotine increased the level of ascorbic acid
      in the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen; while in animals pretreated with
      mecamylamine, nicotine decreased levels of ascorbate. These results show that
      acute administration of nicotine stimulated release of dopamine in the nucleus
      accumbens and increased the levels of DOPAC and ascorbic acid in the nucleus
      accumbens and caudate-putamen. This effect is probably mediated by nicotinic
      receptors as it was antagonised by mecamylamine.

PMID- 2293061
TI  - The effect of tityustoxin in the turnover of inositol phosphates in crude
      synaptosomes.
AB  - The formation of inositol phosphates in response to stimulation by tityustoxin
      was studied in crude synaptosomes (P2). Phosphoinositides were labelled by
      incubation in the presence of [3H]inositol. Tityustoxin stimulated the turnover
      of inositol phosphate (PI). Tityustoxin specifically stimulated the turnover of
      glycerophosphoinositol (GP1), inositol 1-monophosphate (IP1), inositol 1,4
      biphosphate (IP2) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3). The tityustoxin
      stimulated turnover of water-soluble inositol phosphates was inhibited by
      tetrodotoxin, atropine and phorbol myristate acetate. It is suggested that the
      stimulatory effect of tityustoxin on the turnover of inositol phosphates might be
      mediated by increases in the release of acetylcholine, caused by the depolarizing
      effect of tityustoxin.

PMID- 2293062
TI  - Does lithium in vitro and ex vivo alter the release of [3H]noradrenaline from
      brain tissue and the sensitivity of presynaptic autoreceptors?
AB  - The effect of lithium on the release of noradrenaline (NA) was investigated in
      slices of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus from the rat in vitro and ex vivo.
      In vitro, small concentrations of lithium chloride (1 and 2 mM) failed to alter
      the electrically stimulated tritiated overflow from slices preincubated with
      [3H]NA. Larger concentrations of lithium chloride (5 and 10 mM) significantly
      increased the electrically evoked overflow of [3H]NA by 18-40% as well as the
      basal 3H efflux. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine inhibited, whereas
      the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine facilitated the stimulated
      overflow of [3H]NA. These effects were attenuated by 10 mM lithium chloride but
      not by 2 mM. In slices of brain obtained from rats treated for 5 weeks with
      lithium chloride, the electrically evoked release of [3H]NA, as well as the
      inhibition of release of [3H]NA, induced by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist
      clonidine were unaltered. It is concluded that therapeutically relevant
      concentrations of lithium do not influence the release of NA and that the
      function of presynaptic alpha 2-autoreceptors is not affected by chronic
      treatment with lithium. The increase in release of [3H]NA by larger
      concentrations of lithium may be relevant to its toxic effects.

PMID- 2293063
TI  - Phenytoin potently increases the threshold for focal seizures in amygdala-kindled
      rats.
AB  - Previous studies on the effects of phenytoin in the kindling model have yielded
      equivocal results, in that some groups reported anticonvulsant effects, while
      others found the drug to be only weakly active, inactive or even proconvulsant.
      Although part of these discrepancies might relate to factors such as the time of
      testing, route of administration, doses and administration vehicles, variable
      results were also obtained by studies in which these factors were comparable. For
      further investigation of the reasons of the reported discrepancies in the
      effectiveness of phenytoin in kindled rats, the influence of current intensity on
      the effects of phenytoin were examined in this model. In fully amygdala-kindled
      rats, phenytoin was only weakly active against seizures evoked by a fixed
      suprathreshold current of 500 microA. However, when the current was decreased to
      250 microA, phenytoin exerted potent anticonvulsant effects. Determination of the
      threshold for focal afterdischarges showed that phenytoin, 12.5-75 mg/kg dose
      dependently increased the threshold up to about 600% over controls at 75 mg/kg.
      Average levels in plasma, determined at this dose were about 30 micrograms/ml. In
      contrast to the potent effect on the seizure threshold, the severity or duration
      of seizures, evoked in phenytoin-pretreated rats by increasing the current, was
      not reduced. These data indicate that the primary effect of phenytoin in kindled
      rats in an increase in focal seizure threshold, while the ability of phenytoin to
      reduce the spread of seizures appears to be small. The present data might explain
      the discrepancy in reports on phenytoin in kindled rats, because most studies
      which found the drug to be ineffective used current intensities far exceeding the
      seizure threshold.

PMID- 2293065
TI  - Identification of muscarinic receptor subtypes present in cerebellar granule
      cells: prevention of [3H]propylbenzilyl choline mustard binding with specific
      antagonists.
AB  - Subtypes of muscarinic receptors (possible m1 to m5) can be identified by their
      molecular size, specific effector systems and antagonist specificity. In
      membranes prepared from primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells,
      [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard [( 3H]PBCM) irreversibly binds to muscarinic
      receptive proteins, having two major molecular sizes, 92 and 66 kDa. With
      relatively short periods of incubation (approx. 30 min, 30 degrees C) of [3H]PBCM
      with atropine, a nonspecific competitive receptor antagonist, the irreversible
      labeling of these muscarinic proteins by [3H]PBCM could be prevented.
      Methoctramine, a specific competitive antagonist at muscarinic receptors coupled
      to inhibition of adenylate cyclase, protected most of the muscarinic receptors
      having a molecular size of 66 kDa from binding of [3H]PBCM. These 66 kDa
      receptive proteins are suggested to be muscarinic m2 and m4 subtypes. (
      )Quinuclidinyl xanthene-9-carboxylate [(-)QNX], a somewhat specific competitive
      antagonist at muscarinic receptors coupled to hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol,
      prevented the binding of [3H]PBCM to 92 kDa muscarinic receptive proteins and
      some 66 kDa muscarinic receptive proteins. The 92 kDa receptive proteins are
      suggested to be the muscarinic m3 subtype and the 66 kDa proteins could be either
      the m2 or m4 receptor subtype. Lastly, pirenzepine, a nonspecific antagonist at
      muscarinic receptors mediating inhibition of adenylate cyclase and hydrolysis of
      PI in these cultures, resembled (-)QNX in preventing binding of [3H]PBCM to the
      92 kDa receptive proteins and some 66 kDa receptive proteins. The suggested
      subtypes of muscarinic receptors, specifically bound by pirenzepine should be the
      m3 (92 kDa) and the m4 (66 kDa) subtypes, since pirenzepine reportedly exhibits a
      low affinity for the muscarinic m2 subtype.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293064
TI  - Specificity of methoctramine in blocking muscarinic receptors which inhibit
      adenylate cyclase in cerebellar granule cells.
AB  - In primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, activation of muscarinic
      receptors stimulates both hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and inhibition
      of adenylate cyclase. The specificity of three muscarinic receptor antagonists,
      pirenzepine, methoctramine and (-)quinuclidinyl xanthene-9-carboxylate [(-)QNX],
      in blocking carbachol-stimulated hydrolysis of PI and inhibition of adenylate
      cyclase were determined. Pirenzepine was found to be nonspecific in blocking the
      carbachol-stimulated hydrolysis of PI and inhibition of adenylate cyclase, while
      methoctramine specifically antagonized carbachol-stimulated inhibition of
      adenylate cyclase with 600 times greater potency than carbachol-stimulated
      hydrolysis of PI. (-)Quinuclidinyl xanthene-9-carboxylate was approximately 20
      times more potent in blocking the carbachol-stimulated hydrolysis of PI than
      inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Studies of the ability of these three
      antagonists to block the binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate [( 3H]QNB) to
      muscarinic sites on membranes from cerebellar granule cells, revealed that all
      three antagonists displayed binding characteristics, characteristic of two
      binding sites, possibly representing the two types of muscarinic receptors.
      However, the ratio of the affinities for each of the two binding sites was about
      ten for pirenzepine, 100 for methoctramine and 650 for (-)QNX. Thus, the
      specificity of these antagonists, in blocking the inhibition of adenylate cyclase
      and hydrolysis of PI did not correlate with their specificities obtained with the
      binding studies with [3H]QNB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293066
TI  - Child care and maternal employment: a social ecology approach.

PMID- 2293068
TI  - Family and center contributions to the adjustment of infants in full-time day
      care.

PMID- 2293069
TI  - Maternal moderators of child care: the role of maternal separation anxiety.

PMID- 2293067
TI  - Child care and the family: complex contributors to child development.
AB  - In a state with minimal child care standards, we found pervasive differences in
      third graders associated with earlier child care histories. More extensive child
      are predicted children receiving more negative ratings from parents and teachers,
      poorer academic and conduct grades, lower standardized test scores, and more
      negative sociometric nominations. In addition, for some variables (IQ, work
      habits negative peer nominations, and compliance ratings) there was evidence of
      interactive effects in which both extensive infant care and exclusive maternal
      care were associated with more problematical functioning, depending on parental
      marital status, social class, and child gender. We found no evidence of negative
      effects associated with part-time care. This study has several important
      limitations that should be acknowledged. The first is the danger of generalizing
      these results to states and communities with higher-quality child care standards
      than those imposed in Texas. They may, unfortunately, be generalizable to the
      twenty states with child care regulations similar to those in Texas. This study
      has another important limitation. It did not examine the underlying processes
      that might contribute to the effects of child care history. For example, we do
      not know if the differences in children who were in part-time versus extensive
      child care are owing to (1) differences in the children's experiences while they
      are in the child care settings, or (2) differences in the quality of interactions
      that occur when the two groups of children are at home, or (3) some combination
      of children's experiences in child care and the family.

PMID- 2293070
TI  - [Malignant tumors of the vulva. Incidence and epidemiologic characteristics].
AB  - Over recent years cancer of the vulva has occupied an important position among
      gynecological neoplasia. It is possible that in the future, due to increased life
      expectation and the consequent aging of the population, there will be a
      considerable increase in this pathology. Today the survival rate after five years
      in patients affected by this invasive tumour is just over 50%, notwithstanding
      the mutilating and complex surgical treatment. Greater attention on behalf of
      both patient and doctor to a difficult and often neglected symptomatology, the
      identification of effective risk factors and a greater knowledge of the natural
      history of this disease may allow early diagnosis in the future and possibly help
      reduce the incidence of the disease.

PMID- 2293071
TI  - [Static anomalies of the pelvis caused by labor. Maternal weight increase during
      pregnancy as a risk factor].
AB  - In this retrospective study, the role of Gravidic Maternal Ponderal Increase
      (GMPI) within pathogenetic factors of perineal obstetric injuries, is analysed.
      TO this purpose, clinical data of 58 puerperae, who underwent a functional
      evaluation of perineum 30 days after delivery, were examined. The results of this
      study seem to indicate an autonomous pathogenetic role of GMPI, besides the
      indirect relation deriving from the association with other risk factors (age,
      parity, diabetes, fetal megalosomia, ecc).

PMID- 2293072
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of endometrial biopsy].
AB  - This study comprehends evaluation of endometrial biopsy performed between June
      1986 and June 1989 in the Obstetric and Gynaecologic Department of Casorate Primo
      Hospital in fertile, perimenopausal and post-menopausal patients with uterine
      bleeding. The results show that on a total amount of 459 cases we registered 78
      cases of initial abortions, 3 vesicular mola, 300 dysfunctional bleeding, 63
      precancerous situations and 15 endometrial cancers. We confirm the diagnostic and
      prognostic validity of endometrial biopsy carried out with fractional curettage.
      The opportunity to prevent and diagnose precancerous pathology through a multiple
      screening is also estimated.

PMID- 2293073
TI  - [Assessment of the use of Pap test in a sample of pregnant women].
AB  - Four hundred and ninety-nine women were interviewed who gave birth in the "L.
      Mangiagali" Obstetrics-Gynaecological Clinic between March and April 1989. 22% of
      these women had never had a Pap-test, 37% reported having had 1-2 cervical smears
      and 41% 3 or more. In the group of patients that contacted a private
      gynaecologist during pregnancy, the percentage of women who had never had a Pap
      test was 18% versus 30% in the group of subjects followed in the public health
      service. Although pluriparas reported a greater number of Pap-test than
      primiparas, this difference was not statistically significant. Youth is
      significantly related to the probability of never having had a cervical smear.
      Social and economic factors were also clearly important. In particular, women
      with a low educational level represented the group with the highest risk for the
      lack of cervical screening. The role of the gynaecologist and preventive
      programmes aimed at the higher risk levels play an important role in terms of
      heightening awareness.

PMID- 2293074
TI  - [Clinical experience with methoxybutropate vs. bromelin in the treatment of
      female pelvic inflammation].
AB  - This study reports the results of a controlled randomized clinical trial
      performed on 30 young women with PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease), using a new
      anti- inflammatory-analgesic: methoxybutropate. The quali-quantitative
      symptomatical assessment showed that the improvement of the pain has been more
      marked and faster with methoxybutropate than hot observed in control group
      treated with bromeline.

PMID- 2293075
TI  - [Clinical effectiveness and safety of Seaprose S in the treatment of
      complications of puerperal surgical wounds].
AB  - The aim of the study was the assessment of the efficacy and safety of Seaprose S
      in women out patients from the maternity ward with infiltrated surgical wounds
      subsequent to vaginal birth or caesarean section. The semialkaline proteolithic
      enzyme Seaprose S, available in 30 mg tablets was administered at a dosage of 3
      tablets a day for a period of 8 days. Thirty-two puerpera with a mean age of 31
      years +/- 0.9 SE were admitted to the study with an episiotomic wound in 13 cases
      and a laparotomic wound consequent on caesarean section in the remaining 19
      cases. The clinical situation deriving from the surgical wound resolved on
      average on the 4th day, in particular the swelling and the congestion of the
      wound had already diminished in the first days of treatment (p less than 0.01).
      Safety of Seaprose S was good considering that in no cases were side effects
      attributable to the treatment observed. In conclusion, from the data obtained in
      this study one may confirm the validity of Seaprose S in the treatment of
      laparotomic and episiotomic wounds.

PMID- 2293077
TI  - [A rare case of ectopic pregnancy. Primary ovarian pregnancy].
AB  - A rare case of primary ovarian pregnancy is reported. The multiple diagnostic
      problems and the unclear symptomatology delayed the time of the definitive
      diagnosis more than seventy five days. All the histological criteria for the
      classification of an ovarian pregnancy are faced in this case. The finding of a
      well conserved gestational sac and embryo inside the ovarian tissue makes this
      case even more rare and interesting. When there is a suspicion of ectopic or
      ovarian pregnancy the Authors strongly suggest an early laparoscopy to make a
      reliable and precocious diagnosis, avoid the risk of the hemoperitoneum, perform
      a conservative therapy and preserve the ovarian function with the patient's
      reproductive potential.

PMID- 2293076
TI  - [Sexual aspects of physician-patient relations].
AB  - The emotional aspects of the doctor-patient relationship are often overlooked in
      clinical training, as are the sexual problems. A questionnaire was drawn up in
      order to obtain further information about the gynecologist's emotional reactions
      during pelvic examination. An analysis of the results suggests that the doctor's
      emotional reaction during pelvic examination is not the same in both sexes,
      whereas both sexes show equal concern for the patient's sexual activity. This
      suggests that adequate technical and emotional training is necessary in order to
      establish a good relationship between the gynecologist and the patient.

PMID- 2293078
TI  - [A case of inguinal endometriosis secondary to homolateral ovarian
      endometriosis].
AB  - Following the observation of a case of inguinal endometriosis secondary to
      homolateral ovarian endometriosi, the paper describes the possibilities of the
      disease spreading to areas and organs which are unconnected to the pelvis.
      Published reports by other Authors are cited to support this hypothesis.

PMID- 2293079
TI  - The structure-function relationship between peptide aldehyde derivatives on
      initiation of neurite outgrowth in PC12h cells.
AB  - We have previously shown that, among many protease inhibitors examined, only a
      leupeptin analogue, Ac-Leu-Leu-Nle-al (ALLNal), induces neurite outgrowth in
      PC12h cells. Since this neurite outgrowth is different from that induced by nerve
      growth factor (NGF) in terms of morphology and persistence, the existence of a
      specific protease which regulates neurite formation in PC12h cells was expected.
      A set of 10 ALLNal analogue peptide protease inhibitors was synthesized and
      examined for their potency in inducing neurite outgrowth in PC12h cells.
      Substitution of the N-terminal acetyl residue in ALLNal by benzyloxycarbonyl (Z)
      increased the activity by about 4 times. For Z-Leu-Leu-X-al, neurite outgrowth
      was induced in the following order: Leu greater than Phe greater than Nva greater
      than Val = Ile = Nle greater than Ala greater than Gly at the X residue. The
      potency of Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-al (ZLLLal) was 50-fold stronger than that of ALLNal.
      ZLLLal provides a strong tool for characterizing this new type of protease.

PMID- 2293081
TI  - Reduction of delayed neuronal death by inhibition of protein synthesis.
AB  - Brief forebrain ischemia in rodents causes delayed neuronal death selectively in
      the CA1 pyramidal cells of hippocampus. Treatment with a reversible protein
      synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, significantly reduced the occurrence of delayed
      neuronal death in the Mongolian gerbil. This result indicates that de novo
      synthesis of certain protein(s), collectively termed 'killer protein' is
      required, possibly due to deprivation of nerve growth factor or other trophic
      factors.

PMID- 2293080
TI  - The distribution of histidine decarboxylase mRNA in the rat brain: an in situ
      hybridization study using synthetic oligonucleotide probes.
AB  - L-Histidine decarboxylase catalyzes the formation of histamine from the amino
      acid L-histidine. We have studied the distribution of neurons expressing mRNA for
      histidine decarboxylase in adult rat brain using in situ hybridization with
      synthetic oligonucleotide probes. The expression of mRNA for histidine
      decarboxylase was detected in the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nucleus that has
      been shown to contain histidine decarboxylase-like and histamine-like
      immunoreactivity, but not in any other brain area. This method may prove useful
      in studying the physiological role of central histaminergic neurons.

PMID- 2293082
TI  - Protein kinase C activity in the gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain
      ischemia: morphological and autoradiographic analysis using [3H]phorbol 12,13
      dibutyrate.
AB  - The influence of transient forebrain ischemia on the temporal alteration of
      protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the gerbil hippocampus was analyzed by
      quantitative autoradiography using [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). The
      [3H]PDBu binding activity in the stratum oriens of the CA1 subfield increased at
      6 h after ischemia, but the binding activity in this subfield decreased at 7 days
      after ischemia. In contrast, the [3H]PDBu binding activity increased in the
      molecular layer of the dentate gyrus at 7 days after ischemia. Pre-treatment of
      pentobarbital prevented an increase in the [3H]PDBu binding activity in the
      stratum oriens of the CA1 subfield at 7 days after ischemia. These results
      indicate the possibilities that PKC may play a pivotal role in the post-ischemic
      neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 subfield.

PMID- 2293083
TI  - Muscle spindles form in paralyzed but not in aneural hindlimbs of fetal rats.
AB  - The necessity of innervation and/or neural activity for the formation of muscle
      spindles was investigated by treating fetal rats with neurotoxins on embryonic
      day 16 or 17 (E16-17), one or two days prior to the onset of spindle assembly.
      The neurotoxin-treated soleus muscles were examined on E21 for the presence of
      spindles and immunocytochemical expression of the slow-tonic myosin heavy-chain
      (MHC) isoform, which is characteristic of intrafusal fibers. Irreversible
      destruction of sensory and motor nerves by beta-bungarotoxin prevented the
      formation of spindles and expression of the slow-tonic MHC. Abolishment of nerve
      and muscle activity by tetrodotoxin did not block the spindle assembly or
      expression of the slow-tonic MHC. Thus, the formation and differentiation of
      spindles is dependent on innervation, but is independent of activity in nerve
      fibers or muscle cells.

PMID- 2293085
TI  - Analysis of a long-duration hyperpolarization produced by octopamine in an
      identified effector neuron of Helisoma.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that patterned activity in the buccal ganglion
      of Helisoma trivolvis can be modulated by a variety of neuroactive substances.
      This study examines the effect of one of these substances, octopamine, on the
      identified buccal neuron B5. Perfusion of B5 with octopamine produces a 10-20 mV,
      long-duration hyperpolarization which is associated with an increase in membrane
      conductance. The magnitude of the hyperpolarization is dose-dependent with a
      dissociation constant of approximately 5 microM. The reversal potential for the
      octopamine-induced hyperpolarization (-84 mV) is nearly identical to the
      predicted potassium equilibrium potential (-85 mV). This result, together with
      the results of experiments in which extracellular potassium concentrations were
      altered, demonstrates that octopamine modulated a potassium current in B5.

PMID- 2293084
TI  - Evidence for a role of neosynthetized putrescine in the increase of glial
      fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity induced by a mechanical lesion in the
      rat brain.
AB  - The effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (alpha-DFMO), an irreversible
      inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) the rate limiting enzyme of polyamine
      biosynthesis, was studied on the astroglial reaction in a model of mechanical
      brain injury. alpha-DFMO markedly decreased the astroglial activation induced by
      the microdialysis probe implantation in the striatum of the male rat, as studied
      by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunocytochemistry. This response was
      restored by putrescine (20 nmol/ml) administered via the microdialysis probe.
      These results suggest that the astroglial reaction and the polyamine biosynthesis
      activation induced by a localized mechanical lesion are causally linked
      phenomena.

PMID- 2293087
TI  - Effects of bilateral lesions of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus on the
      conditioned forelimb flexion reflex in mice.
AB  - Three groups of mice, unoperated controls, sham and lesioned, were submitted to
      an associative conditioning of forelimb flexion reflex (FFR). Light and tone
      constituted the conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a forelimb electric shock,
      the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The first two groups were able to acquire an
      appropriate conditioned response. In the third group, each animal received a
      bilateral lesion of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus (IN). The subjects of
      this group were unable to acquire the conditioning. When bilateral lesions of the
      IN were done after the acquisition, no effect of the lesions could be detected
      during retention test sessions 10 days after surgery, by comparison with sham
      controls. It is therefore concluded that the cerebellar interpositus nucleus is
      an essential part of the circuit for the acquisition of associative conditioning
      of the forelimb flexion response in mice, but not for the retention of this task.
      Moreover, no direct sensorimotor effect of the lesion on performance itself could
      be evoked.

PMID- 2293086
TI  - The KROX-24 protein, a new transcription regulating factor: expression in the rat
      central nervous system following afferent somatosensory stimulation.
AB  - The expression of the protein product encoded by the Krox-24 gene was
      investigated immunocytochemically in the central nervous system of adult rats.
      Immunoreactivity (IR) of the KROX-24 protein which is a nuclear transacting
      transcription factor, showed a pattern of nuclear staining. Basal KROX-24-IR was
      visible in the superficial layers of spinal dorsal horn and trigeminal nucleus,
      and in many areas of the brain including the cerebellum, nucleus raphe magnus,
      colliculi, periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus, geniculate nuclei, caudate putamen,
      amygdala, hippocampus, lateral septal nucleus, olfactory tubercle and cerebral
      cortex. Electrical stimulation of sciatic nerve A- and C-fibers, but not of A
      alpha- and A beta-fibers alone, induced transient expression of KROX-24 in
      numerous spinal neurons in the termination area of the stimulated nerve. One hour
      following the onset of this stimulation of the sciatic nerve the distribution of
      KROX-24-IR was investigated in the brain and compared to untreated rats. In
      stimulated animals, the KROX-24-IR was induced in many areas including the
      lateral reticular nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, periaqueductal gray,
      hypothalamus, amygdala and lateral habenular nucleus.

PMID- 2293088
TI  - Evidence that superior colliculi are involved in the control of amygdala-kindled
      seizures.
AB  - The effects of bilateral high radiofrequency lesions of superior colliculus (SC)
      were studied on amygdala kindling. The results demonstrate that a selective
      destruction of the SC only slightly facilitated the development of kindling.
      However, the most remarkable effect was the increase of afterdischarge and motor
      seizure duration observed when SC-lesioned animals reached the generalized
      seizures. These data confirm that the superior colliculi participate in
      controlling the generalization of kindled seizures.

PMID- 2293089
TI  - Distribution of hypoxia-induced calcium accumulation in gerbil hippocampal slice.
AB  - Microfluorometry was used to examine distribution of hypoxia-induced
      intracellular free calcium accumulations in Mongolian gerbil hippocampal slice.
      Acute increase of intracellular free calcium was detected 80-170 s after the
      beginning of hypoxia. Large calcium accumulations were seen in the stratum
      radiatum, stratum lacunosum and stratum oriens of CA1 region and in the inner
      portions of the dentate gyrus molecular layer, and moderate accumulations were
      seen in the other laminae of CA1 region, other portions of dentate gyrus and the
      CA3 region.

PMID- 2293090
TI  - Molecular forms of butyrylcholinesterase in rat brain microvessels.
AB  - Molecular forms of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were studied in microvessels
      isolated from rat brain, using sedimentation analysis in sucrose gradients. Three
      forms, G1, G2 and G4, were found with sedimentation coefficients close to 3S, 6S
      and 9S, respectively. The relative proportion of the 3 forms was 19% for the
      monomer, 33% for the dimer and 46% for the tetramer. This sedimentation pattern
      of BuChE forms appears to be characteristic of cerebral microvessels and may
      represent distinct functional features of the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 2293091
TI  - Electrophysiology and lucifer yellow injection of nucleus gigantocellularis
      neurones in an isolated and perfused guinea pig brain in vitro.
AB  - Intracellular recordings from nucleus gigantocellularis (NGC) neurones were
      obtained in isolated and perfused whole brains of guinea pigs in vitro. A
      majority of cells (90%) were characterized by an action potential of short
      duration (0.3 ms) followed first by a fast and then by a slower
      afterhyperpolarization (AHP). Their firing pattern was mostly irregular. These
      cells were shown to have high threshold calcium spikes and plateau potentials.
      The other cell type represented only 10% of the recorded cells in the NGC. It was
      characterized by a wider (0.6 ms) action potential, a large single AHP, the
      presence of a transient rectification presumably due to an A-current and a rather
      regular resting discharge. Using Lucifer yellow injections in brainstem slices,
      both cell types were shown to correspond to gigantocellular neurones.

PMID- 2293092
TI  - Apparent innervation of rat basophilic leukaemia (RBL-2H3) cells by sympathetic
      neurons in vitro.
AB  - Association of mast cells (MCs) and nerves may represent communication between
      the immune and nervous systems. The morphological features of associations
      between sympathetic neurons and rat basophilic leukaemia cells (RBL), a model for
      the mucosal mast cell, were studied in a tissue culture model. Initially,
      neuronal growth cones contacted single RBL with large areas of membrane
      apposition. With time, these appeared as distinct zones of contact where
      intervening distances were less than or equal to 50 nm. Large dense-cored
      granules suggested localization of peptidergic neurotransmitters. Encircling of
      neurite profiles by RBL resembled intimate nerve-MC relationships in vivo. These
      modifications may serve to optimize the area of interaction.

PMID- 2293093
TI  - Responses of cortical cerebral blood flow produced by stimulation of cervical
      sympathetic trunks are well maintained in aged rats.
AB  - Responses of cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the parietal cortex following
      electrical stimulation of cervical sympathetic trunks (CSTs) were compared in
      healthy adult (4-6 months old) and healthy aged (28-32 months old) Fischer-344
      rats anesthetized with urethane. The cortical CBF was continuously monitored
      using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The electrical stimulation of CSTs with
      supramaximum intensity caused the frequency-dependent initial-increase and late
      decrease responses of cortical CBF in both adult and aged rats. There were no
      significant differences in magnitude and time course of the responses of the
      cortical CBF with the comparable frequencies of the electrical stimulation of the
      CSTs between the adult and the aged rats. These evidences suggest that the neural
      control of the cortical CBF by the sympathetic nerves is quite well maintained in
      aged rats.

PMID- 2293094
TI  - Glial cells in the optic chiasm arise from the suboptic necrotic centers of the
      diencephalon floor: morphological evidence in the chick embryo.
AB  - During early development of the optic chiasm in the chick embryo, before the
      arrival of the first optic axons (Stage 20), a characteristic spongy tissue
      appears medially between the suboptic necrotic centers (SONCs). By the time the
      first optic axonal fascicles arrive in the contralateral tract (Stage 23), cell
      death has ceased to occur in the SONCs, which become dense clusters of primitive
      glial cells. The clusters are steadily displaced medially during development,
      invading the spongy tissue and converging on the midline at Stage 27. These cell
      clusters appear to defect rostrocaudally the course of optic axons arriving at
      the chiasm.

PMID- 2293095
TI  - Tetanus toxin-induced seizures cause microglial activation in rat hippocampus.
AB  - Tetanus toxin (about 20 mouse LD50) injected into the ventral hippocampus of rats
      leads to brief seizures occurring intermittently over a period of weeks. Toxin
      injection leads to the appearance of activated microglia (detected with OX42
      immunohistochemistry) in the hippocampus. After 7-14 days, many activated
      microglia are visible in CA1 area of dorsal hippocampus aligned with the
      pyramidal cell dendrites and having the morphology characteristic of 'rod cells'.
      Extensive cell loss is found in dorsal CA1, but not at the injection site, in
      about one third of injected rats.

PMID- 2293096
TI  - Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental and
      pedunculopontine nuclei in the rat.
AB  - Studies of the pedunculopontine (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) nuclei in
      the mesopontine tegmentum have emphasized the organization and projections of the
      cholinergic neurons. We report here that exhibiting glutamate immunoreactivity
      are present in both the LDT and PPT. These glutamatergic neurons are interspersed
      among the cholinergic neurons within both nuclei with no apparent segregation.
      These data raise the possibility that excitatory amino acids contribute to the
      functions of the LDT and PPT.

PMID- 2293097
TI  - Possible induction of [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 immunoreactivity in neurons
      of the rat superior colliculus following eye enucleation.
AB  - The distribution of [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL)-immunoreactive (-IR)
      neurons and its modification after enucleation have been investigated in the rat
      superior colliculus. In normal rats and on the ipsilateral side of monocular
      enucleated rats, small sized vertically elongated fusiform-shaped weakly
      immunostained neurons were dispersed throughout the sublamina of the stratum
      griseum superficiale (SGS). In bilaterally enucleated rats and on the
      contralateral side of monocular-enucleated rats, many small strongly
      immunoreactive MEAGL-containing neurons, projecting processes horizontally or
      obliquely toward the surface, appeared in the deepest part of the SGS and the
      superficial part of the stratum opticum (SO), in contrast to the disappearance of
      the fusiform-shaped weakly stained neurons in the SGS. MEAGL-IR fibers increased
      in density throughout the sublamina of the SGS, being densest in the deep SGS,
      accompanying their increase in the neighboring SO. Sporadically found MEAGL-IR
      neurons in the deep SO and the stratum griseum intermediale did not show the
      detectable change of immunoreactivity. These results indicate that enkephalin
      biosynthesis is undergone by different type of neurons in the normal and the
      ocular-derived superior colliculus, and suggest that some neurons in the adult
      superior colliculus have a potentiality to express the peptidergic phenotype.

PMID- 2293098
TI  - TCP shortens the latency of onset of isoelectricity in hypoglycaemia and fails to
      protect striatal neurones and dentate gyrus granule cells from hypoglycaemic
      injury in rats.
AB  - Competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists are known to protect
      neurones against hypoglycaemic damage. We tested N-[1-(2
      thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (TCP), a non-competitive NMDA antagonist, in a
      recovery model of hypoglycaemic coma in the rat. Administered concomitantly with
      insulin, TCP shortened the latency of onset of electrocerebral silence, and
      failed to prevent striatal and dentate gyrus hypoglycaemia-induced injury. This
      effect is probably related to an increase in glucose consumption of neurones: TCP
      enhances energy metabolism in several brain structures, which could facilitate,
      at low blood glucose levels, the onset of isoelectricity, and hamper a putative
      neuro-protective effect of the drug.

PMID- 2293099
TI  - Ultrastructural demonstration of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve
      terminals on vasopressin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat by
      double-labeling immunocytochemistry.
AB  - The noradrenergic innervation of vasopressin (VP) neurons in the paraventricular
      nucleus (PVN) of the rat was studied ultrastructurally by double-labeling
      immunocytochemistry combining the preembedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase method
      for dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) with the post-embedding immunogold staining
      method for neurophysin II, the carrier protein of VP. DBH-like immunoreactive
      nerve terminals were found to make synaptic contacts with neurophysin II-like
      immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and their processes. This provides
      morphological evidence for noradrenergic control of the release of VP, at the PVN
      of the rat.

PMID- 2293100
TI  - Tremorogenesis by physostigmine is unrelated to acetylcholinesterase inhibition:
      evidence for serotoninergic involvement.
AB  - Studies were performed to bring out a serotoninergic involvement in physostigmine
      tremor, hitherto known to be working via the cholinergic system. 5
      Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was estimated fluorimetrically after isolation on
      Sephadex G-10 and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was assayed spectrophotometrically.
      The dose-dependent tremor was quantified by a double-blind study. No correlation
      (r = 0.01) existed between tremor and AChE inhibition since the non-tremoring
      dose of physostigmine caused the same degree of enzyme inhibition. An increase of
      5-HT was found to be correlated (r = 0.59) with the duration and intensity of
      tremor. Cholinergic antagonists atropine (2 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.), scopolamine (0.5,
      1.0, 2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and mecamylamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to block the tremor
      while the 5-HT antagonists methysergide (5 mg/kg, i.v.) and cyproheptadine (10
      and 30 mg/kg, s.c.) could afford more than 60% protection. These results suggest
      a serotoninergic rather than a cholinergic component in the genesis of
      physostigmine tremor.

PMID- 2293101
TI  - Antibodies raised against different oligopeptide segments of human dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase.
AB  - We raised antibodies against 3 oligopeptide segments of human dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase (hDBH) corresponding to the N-terminal (hDBH-N), the intermediate
      (hDBH-I), and the C-terminal (hDBH-C) amino acid sequences (residues 26-43, 452
      468, and 582-598), respectively. We characterized the antibodies in terms of
      specificity by means of Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Anti-hDBH-N
      antiserum recognized DBH in the brain (noradrenergic neurons in the pons and
      medulla oblongata) and adrenal medulla, not only of human but also of mouse, rat
      and house shrew. In contrast, anti-hDBH-C antiserum recognized only human DBH.
      These observations suggest that the antibody raised against the hDBH-C terminal
      peptide may specifically recognize only human DBH.

PMID- 2293103
TI  - Oligodendroglial microtubular masses: an abnormality observed in some human
      neurodegenerative diseases.
AB  - Oligodendroglial microtubular masses (OMMs) were identified immunohistochemically
      in brain tissue from patients with such degenerative disorders as Alzheimer
      disease, Pick's disease and argyrophilic grain dementia. The OMMs were identified
      by Alz-50 and antibodies to Tau-2, paired helical filaments and ubiquitin. They
      occurred preferentially in white matter. They were composed of fibers 25 nm in
      diameter and were localized to the cytoplasma of oligodendroglia and processes of
      oligodendroglia ensheathing damaged axons. They sometimes occurred in
      oligodendroglia also stained by antibody to the complement protein C4d. These
      data suggest that OMMs represent abnormal microtubular accumulations in
      oligodendroglia, possibly as a reaction to axonal damage.

PMID- 2293102
TI  - Enhancing effect of corticotropin-releasing neurohormone on the production of
      interleukin-1 and interleukin-2.
AB  - Based upon an immunomodulatory role for Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF), a
      low molecular weight neurohormone, we investigated the effect of CRF on the
      production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) activities of
      mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy subjects. The
      production of both IL-1 and IL-2 was stimulated by a nanomolar concentration of
      CRF by itself. In addition, CRF augmented the production of IL-1 as induced by
      lipopolysaccharide and the production of IL-2 as induced by phytohemagglutinin.
      These results suggest that CRF modulates the function of the cells of the immune
      system presumably by acting as a blood-borne mediator of the neuroendocrine
      immune pathways.

PMID- 2293104
TI  - Short-term changes of parvalbumin and calbindin immunoreactivity in the rat
      hippocampus following cerebral ischemia.
AB  - The calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CaBP), were used as
      immunocytochemical markers for two different interneuron populations in the rat
      hippocampus shortly after transient cerebral ischemia. Besides in interneurons,
      CaBP immunoreactivity (-i) is located in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and
      dentate granule cells. Shortly after ischemia, the PV-i and CaBP-i were unchanged
      but, around the 4th postischemic day, PV-i disappeared from somata and fibers
      located in CA1, CA3c, and the dentate hilus. Terminal PV-i was unchanged. Within
      days, the PV-i gradually reappeared, first in somata and then in fibers. The
      transient loss of PV-i was, on a time scale, closely accompanied by a permanent
      loss of CaBP-i in CA1 pyramidal cells. CaBP-i in interneurons was unchanged. In
      order to examine the effect of an increased intracellular calcium concentration
      on the PV-i and CaBP-i, the calcium ionophore A23187 was stereotaxically injected
      into CA1. In rats killed 30 min later and processed for PV-i and CaBP-i, both PV
      i and CaBP-i had disappeared around the A23187 injection sites. Based on this
      observation and the changes observed after ischemia, it is suggested that the
      hippocampal PV-i interneurons suffer from a delayed and reversible calcium
      accumulation in the days after ischemia. Concomitantly, there could be a
      decreased synthesis or increased destruction of PV after ischemia.

PMID- 2293105
TI  - Localization of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose in mouse brain neurons with micro
      autoradiography.
AB  - This is the first study of micro-autoradiography (micro-ARG) for [18F]2-fluoro-2
      deoxy-D-glucose [( 18F]FDG). The localization of [18F]FDG was demonstrated in
      dendrites of neuron and also in the myelinated axon in mouse normal brain in
      vivo. The nucleolus was relatively free of label. The counted silver grain
      numbers in autoradiogram were linearly correlated to the 18F radioactivities in
      the specimen. The micro-ARG using positron emitting 18F is a very time-saving
      technique with 4 hours exposure compared with the conventional method using 3H-
      or 14C-labeled tracers.

PMID- 2293106
TI  - Glycerophosphoethanolamine concentration is elevated in brain of patients with
      dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy.
AB  - We measured the concentration of glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPEA), a membrane
      breakdown product, in autopsied brain of 10 patients with dominantly inherited
      olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA), a cerebellar ataxia disorder. As compared
      with the controls, mean GPEA levels were significantly elevated by 37-69% in 11
      of the 15 brain areas examined, including extracerebellar brain regions in which
      no neuronal cell loss could be detected by semiquantitative estimation. Our data
      suggest the possibility of altered membrane phospholipid metabolism in OPCA which
      could be a contributing factor in the neuronal cell death.

PMID- 2293107
TI  - Domoic acid, an environmental toxin, produces hippocampal damage and severe
      memory impairment.
AB  - Microinjections of domoic acid, a presumed shellfish toxin, into the hippocampal
      formation of rats produces degeneration of CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells and
      dentate gyrus granule cells. We demonstrate that domoate-treated rats exhibit a
      long-lasting anterograde amnesia for spatial information in the Morris water
      task. This preparation provides a good model for examining neurotoxicity and the
      anterograde amnesic syndrome observed in humans following consumption of domoate
      contaminated shellfish.

PMID- 2293108
TI  - Effects of electrical stimulation and tetrodotoxin paralysis on antigenic
      properties of acetylcholine receptors in rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - To examine the role of muscle activity in the expression of fetal- and adult-type
      acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), we studied the effects of muscle stimulation in
      cell culture and of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-induced paralysis and denervation in adult
      rat muscles. The AChR content of these muscles was determined using [125I]alpha
      bungarotoxin and the proportion of fetal-type receptors was estimated using a
      radioimmunoprecipitation assay with a myasthenic serum that was highly specific
      for fetal-type receptors. We found that both stimulated, aneural muscle cells in
      vitro and inactive muscles in vivo produced predominantly fetal-type AChRs.
      However the TTX-paralysed muscles had a lower proportion of fetal-type receptors
      than the denervated muscles. We conclude that neither muscle activity nor
      innervation alone, but a combination of both, is required for full regulation of
      AChR antigenicity.

PMID- 2293109
TI  - A neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in crayfish neurons.
AB  - In warm-blooded vertebrates, neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
      are distinguished from muscle endplate receptors by their ligand affinities and
      sensitivity to several toxins. In the crayfish optic lobe, synaptic and
      acetylcholine (ACh)-elicited responses are blocked by toxins (F-toxin and
      neosurugatoxin) selective for neuronal nAChRs and are insensitive to the alpha
      neurotoxins selective for endplate nAChRs.

PMID- 2293110
TI  - Parabrachial neuron discharge in the cat is altered during the carbachol-induced
      REM sleep-like state (DCarb).
AB  - Pontine parabrachial neurons have been suggested to play a regulatory role in
      both respiratory and sleep cycle control. Encouraged by the finding that
      microinjections of the cholinergic agonist carbachol into the medial pontine
      reticular formation (mPRF) of the cat produced respiratory changes paralleling
      those observed during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (Neurosci. Lett., 102 (1989)
      211-216), this study tested the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms in the
      mPRF can also cause state-dependent changes in the discharge of parabrachial
      neurons. This paper describes extracellular recordings of parabrachial neurons
      during REM sleep and during the carbachol-induced REM sleep-like state (DCarb).
      Cells which were activated (REM-on) or inactivated (REM-off) during REM
      maintained the same state-dependent firing patterns during the DCarb state. These
      results support the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms in the mPRF can cause
      state-dependent changes in the discharge of parabrachial neurons.

PMID- 2293111
TI  - Noradrenergic involvement in pinealectomy induced convulsions in gerbils.
AB  - Gerbils treated with various noradrenergic compounds were pinealectomized (PINX)
      or sham-operated (SHAM) and observed for convulsive activity. Although declines
      in cortical and hypothalamic norepinephrine content were found after alpha
      methylparatyrosine (alpha MPT) or PINX, treatment with alpha MPT did not produce
      convulsions in SHAM gerbils or in gerbils which were PINX one week earlier.
      Likewise, alpha MPT did not increase the number or severity of convulsions
      observed in acutely PINX gerbils. Treatment with propranolol or isoproterenol did
      not have any effect on convulsive activity of PINX gerbils, except that
      isoproterenol increased the excitability of all the gerbils. In conclusion,
      reducing catecholamine content or modifying beta-noradrenergic receptor activity
      was not able to alter the convulsive activity which occurs after acute PINX.

PMID- 2293112
TI  - Multichannel semiconductor-based electrodes for in vivo electrochemical and
      electrophysiological studies in rat CNS.
AB  - Five-channel silicon-based microprobes were sputter-coated with carbon, coated
      with Nafion, and used for both in vivo electrochemical and single-unit
      electrophysiological recordings. High-speed electrochemical studies were
      performed in vitro and in vivo, which demonstrated that these multisite probes
      were capable of monitoring the evoked overflow of monoamines in selected brain
      regions of the rat. In addition, action potentials from Purkinje cells in the rat
      cerebellum, identified electrophysiologically, were recorded from different sites
      on the same probe. Spontaneous firing rates could be monitored for up to 2 hours
      in order to investigate the effects of systemic administration of phencyclidine.
      These results provide preliminary evidence that solid-state multi-site probes can
      be utilized for both in vivo electrochemical and electrophysiological studies in
      the rat brain.

PMID- 2293113
TI  - Physiologically important role for central oxytocin in the preovulatory release
      of luteinizing hormone.
AB  - Recently, our laboratory has provided evidence for a physiologically relevant
      stimulatory influence of oxytocin (OXY) on the preovulatory luteinizing hormone
      (LH) surge in cycling female rats. The present study evaluated whether this
      stimulatory effect of OXY on LH release is exerted at a central or peripheral
      site of action by comparing the ability of peripheral (intravenous) or central
      (intracerebroventricular) administration of OXY antisera to influence the
      preovulatory LH surge. The peripheral injection of a very large dose of OXY
      antisera (0.8 ml) caused a slight attenuation of the early stages of the LH
      surge. In contrast, the central administration of 5 microliters of OXY antisera
      completely abolished the preovulatory LH surge. The data support the hypothesis
      that OXY exerts a physiologically important stimulatory influence on the
      preovulatory LH surge which is mediated primarily at a central site of action.

PMID- 2293115
TI  - The utility of cross-cultural health research.

PMID- 2293114
TI  - Osmolality-induced changes in extracellular volume alter epileptiform bursts
      independent of chemical synapses in the rat: importance of non-synaptic
      mechanisms in hippocampal epileptogenesis.
AB  - The contribution of non-synaptic mechanisms to the seizure susceptibility of rat
      CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells was examined in vitro by testing the effects of
      osmolality on synchronous neuronal activity, using solutions which blocked
      chemical synaptic transmission both pre- and post-synaptically. Decreases in
      osmolality, which shrink the extracellular volume, caused or enhanced
      epileptiform bursting. Increases in osmolality with membrane-impermeant solutes,
      which expand the extracellular volume, blocked or greatly reduced epileptiform
      discharges. Reductions in the extracellular volume, therefore, can enhance
      synchronization among CA1 hippocampal neurons through non-synaptic mechanisms.
      Since similar osmotic treatments are known to modify epileptiform discharges in
      several models of epilepsy, non-synaptic mechanisms are probably more important
      in hippocampal epileptogenesis than previously realized and may contribute to the
      high susceptibility of this brain region to epileptic seizures in animals and
      humans. These data also provide a possible explanation for the observation in
      humans that decreased plasma osmolality, which can be associated with a wide
      range of clinical syndromes, leads to seizures.

PMID- 2293116
TI  - The present and future importance of mortality statistics.

PMID- 2293117
TI  - Mortality in the hispanic population of Suffolk County, New York.
AB  - In the 1980 census, the "Spanish-origin" or "Hispanic" population of Suffolk
      County, New York (predominantly of Puerto Rican origin), had a lower median
      family income and a higher prevalence of poverty than the "all white" population
      of that county. Mortality among Hispanics, however, was not greater than expected
      on the basis of age-specific death rates for "all whites" in 1979-1983. The
      standardized mortality ratios for ischemic heart disease and all neoplasms were
      less than 1.00 for each sex, but were significantly elevated for diabetes
      mellitus in females and for both infectious diseases and homicides in males.
      Comparisons were made with mortality patterns in other American Hispanic
      populations predominantly of Puerto Rican origin, but with lower income levels
      (including those from New York City), and with data from Puerto Rico. The
      limitations of routinely reported mortality data are discussed, along with the
      value of such data in suggesting leads for more in-depth studies.

PMID- 2293118
TI  - Small bowel injuries following blunt abdominal trauma. Early recognition and
      management.
AB  - We reviewed the cases of 15 patients with intestinal perforation following blunt
      abdominal trauma, which occurred between 1971 and 1988. Twelve patients were
      treated at The Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital (Cooperstown, NY); three other
      patients were treated at surrounding area hospitals. These injuries included 11
      motor vehicle accidents, three low-velocity impact injuries, and one blast
      injury. There were four duodenal, ten jejunal, and two ileal injuries. Five
      patients who were operated on within 12 hours had classic signs of peritonitis or
      gross blood on diagnostic peritoneal lavage. Four patients were operated on after
      12 hours, and six after 24 hours; physical signs were subtle in this group. Pain
      was a universal finding but was usually moderate; nausea and vomiting were
      frequent early findings in the ten patients with late recognition. An altered
      sensorium due to intoxication or head injury was present in three of ten patients
      operated on after 12 hours. Laboratory determinations, including a white blood
      cell count and amylase analysis, as well as abdominal radiographs, were often not
      helpful. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is an important test, but when it is
      performed within four hours post-injury, it may yield false negative findings in
      up to 50% of patients and may need to be repeated. Computer tomographic scanning
      should employ oral and intravenous contrast to increase accuracy; perforation of
      a hollow viscus may not be immediately recognized. Four of the five patients
      operated on within 12 hours had an uncomplicated course. Complications occurred
      in all six patients operated on beyond 24 hours and included intraabdominal
      abscesses in five, and death for one patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293119
TI  - Lofgren's syndrome (acute sarcoidosis) sine erythema nodosum mimicking acute
      rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2293120
TI  - Extraparotid Warthin's tumor: an unexpected finding in three female patients.

PMID- 2293121
TI  - Superior vena cava syndrome and right pleural effusion due to giant goiter.

PMID- 2293122
TI  - Make way for tomorrow.

PMID- 2293123
TI  - The use of free phenytoin levels in averting phenytoin toxicity.

PMID- 2293124
TI  - Capgras' syndrome.

PMID- 2293125
TI  - Time trends in breast cancer incidence.

PMID- 2293126
TI  - Poison control.

PMID- 2293127
TI  - AIDS is affecting women at increased rates.

PMID- 2293128
TI  - Synthetic protein binds AIDS virus and prevents its spread.

PMID- 2293129
TI  - An experimental Schistosoma mattheei infection in man.
AB  - Certain aspects of the immune response of a male experimentally infected with 3
      day old cercariae of a pure field strain of Schistosoma matheei were
      investigated. Among others, aspects such as the reaction of eosinophils,
      neutrophils and blood platelets after infection, were included in the study. The
      involvement of IgG and the cross reaction between these antibodies and S.
      haematobium and S. mansoni were also investigated. The phenomenon that the
      cercariae were, 3 days after shedding, still capable of penetrating the skin
      causing an inflammatory response was studied. The results lend some support to
      the surmise that a pure S. mattheei infection in humans is incapable of any egg
      production.

PMID- 2293130
TI  - The toxic effects on cardiac myocytes of tyledoside F, a cumulative neurotoxic
      cardiac glycoside isolated from Tylecodon grandiflorus.
AB  - To investigate the cardiac cellular effects of tyledoside F, a cumulative
      neurotoxic bufadienolide and ouabain, a non-cumulative cardenolide, the whole
      cell clamp method was used to measure the Na-K pump current after the Na-K pump
      had been activated by high intracellular Na2+. The toxic effects of tyledoside F
      and ouabain on cardiac myocytes were also investigated by observing the effect of
      the Ca2+ overload on the variability of myocytes during a period of 75 min. From
      the results it is clear that there are similarities in the direct effects of
      tyledoside F and ouabain on the Na-K pump. It was found that ouabain inhibited
      the Na-K pump current more than that of tyledoside F. With regard to Ca2+
      overload, there are differences in their mode of production of Ca2+ overload
      because cinnarizine protects the myocytes against ouabain-induced Ca2+ overload
      but not against tyledoside-induced Ca2+ overload. This study shows that with the
      whole-cell clamp technique tyledoside F inhibited the Na-K pump in a manner
      similar to inhibition of the pump by ouabain. Viability studies with myocytes
      indicated that tyledoside F also has other effects which are different from these
      of ouabain.

PMID- 2293131
TI  - The isolation and transmission of an unidentified Babesia sp. to cattle by
      Hyalomma truncatum Koch 1844.
AB  - An unidentified Babesia sp. which causes a mild disease in cattle was isolated in
      a splenectomized ox that received pooled blood from field cattle. That this
      organism is pleomorphic and resembles Babesia occultans makes it difficult to
      differentiate between these organisms microscopically. Initially, it was
      suspected that this Babesia could be B. occultans. Several attempts to transmit
      this parasite transovarially with Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, the vector of B.
      occultans, failed. Continued efforts to identify possible vectors, using
      Boophilus microplus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi and Rhipicephalus
      appendiculatus, all failed. The only tick thus far identified that could have
      transmitted the infection transovarially in the adult stage was the two-host tick
      Hyalomma truncatum.

PMID- 2293132
TI  - Increased pathogenicity of an Ehrlichia-like agent after passage through
      Amblyomma hebraeum: a preliminary report.
AB  - After being passaged through 3 generations of Amblyomma hebraeum, an Ehrlichia
      like agent isolated from an adult Hyalomma truncatum female became more
      pathogenic and elicited a disease in sheep indistinguishable from heartwater.
      Cross-immunity between this agent and several stocks of Cowdria ruminantium and
      high levels of antibody elicited by the agent against 2 stocks of C. ruminantium
      in the indirect fluorescent antibody test, confirmed its close relationship to
      Cowdria.

PMID- 2293134
TI  - Heat stress in dairy cattle and other livestock under southern African
      conditions. III. Monthly temperature-humidity index mean values and their
      significance in the performance of dairy cattle.
AB  - Temperature-humidity index (THI) values applicable to South Africa and Namibia
      have been established during this investigation for each month of the year by
      means of computerized modelling and mapping techniques. The data indicate that
      each year heat stress risk areas (HSRA's) expand from August to January and
      retract from February to July. The THI values classified according to the
      Livestock Weather Safety Index (LWSI) for lactating dairy cattle (LDC), suggest
      that, especially during November to March there is the risk of moderate to
      advanced heat stress in most South African dairy cows. This has important
      implications for their general health, udder health, production and reproduction.
      Careful planning of facilities and highly adaptable herd management are required
      to protect dairy cattle from heat stress.

PMID- 2293133
TI  - Failure of an Actinomyces pyogenes vaccine to protect sheep against an
      intravenous challenge.
AB  - The immunity conferred by an A. pyogenes bacterin-toxoid was evaluated in sheep,
      using an intravenous challenge system. Three sheep were vaccinated and 3 served
      as controls. The vaccinated sheep were not protected against pyogenic conditions.
      High antitoxin levels were induced by vaccination but could not be associated
      with protection against infection. Antibacterial antibody levels elicited with
      initial vaccination dropped progressively with the 2nd and 3rd vaccinations.
      Nevertheless, these antibodies did not seem to be necessary for protection
      against A. pyogenes conditions.

PMID- 2293135
TI  - The pathology of experimental Lasiospermum bipinnatum (Thunb.) Druce (Asteraceae)
      poisoning in sheep. II. Pulmonary and miscellaneous lesions.
AB  - Poisoning with the plant Lasiospermum bipinnatum was studied in 9 lambs at
      various dose levels. Dyspnoea and tachypnoea, which were dose-related, were
      observed in 4 of the lambs. Gross and microscopic pulmonary lesions were found in
      all the lambs receiving plant material originating from one source but not in
      those given plant from another locality. The severity of the lesions appeared to
      be dose-dependent. Macroscopic lesions included pulmonary and mediastinal
      emphysema, congestion and oedema. Microscopically Clara cell hypertrophy and
      hyperplasia, and interstitial pneumonia were the most outstanding findings. It is
      speculated that the pulmonary lesions were induced by a furanosesquiterpene or
      tryptophan or a combination of both of these toxins in the dosed plant material.
      Miscellaneous and inconsistent lesions observed in the experimental animals
      included widespread haemorrhage (1 lamb), transudations into the body cavities
      and adrenocortical hyperplasia.

PMID- 2293136
TI  - Leukoencephalomalacia in two horses induced by oral dosing of fumonisin B1.
AB  - Leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) was induced by the oral administration of fumonisin
      B1 (FB1) to 2 horses: a filly received 59.5 mg/kg of a 50% preparation of FB1,
      administered in 21 doses of 1.25-4 mg/kg over 33 days; a colt, 44.3 mg/kg of 95%
      pure FB1 in 20 doses of 1-4 mg/kg in 29 days. Both animals developed nervous
      signs such as apathy, changes in temperament, inco-ordination, walking into
      objects, and one showed paralysis of the lips and tongue. Characteristic lesions
      of LEM were present in the brains. These trials proved conclusively that FB1 can
      induce LEM in horses.

PMID- 2293138
TI  - Serological reactions to Leptospira species in buffalo (Syncerus caffer) from the
      Kruger National Park.
AB  - Four hundred and six serum samples from buffalo (Syncerus caffer) were tested for
      leptospirosis, using the microscopic agglutination test. Seven buffaloes (1.7%)
      reacted positive and 27 (6.6%) inconclusive. Reactions against L. tarassovi and
      L. hardjo were the most prevalent.

PMID- 2293137
TI  - Overberg Research Project. IX. First stage larvae per gram [L1p.g.] of faeces; an
      efficient method of diagnosing nematode parasites of sheep ante mortem.
AB  - Nematode eggs were collected by mixing the faeces with a sugar solution, filling
      a flat-sided medicine bottle (100 ml), and allowing eggs to float and adhere to
      the upper surface for 30 min. After discarding the faeces, eggs hatched within 24
      h at 20-30 degrees C. Each genus was counted in a counting chamber and the L1p.g.
      estimated. The morphology of L1 of Haemonchus, Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylus,
      Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides is briefly described.

PMID- 2293139
TI  - An attempt to establish an inbred line of mice genetically resistant to Cowdria
      ruminantium.
AB  - An attempt to establish an inbred line of mice resistant to Cowdria ruminantium
      failed. First generation couples were constituted from those mice out of 100
      males and 100 females that had survived infection with the Kumm stock of C.
      ruminantium and that were serologically negative to the indirect fluorescent
      antibody test. An attempt to establish 10 separate inbred lines by constituting
      next generation brother and sister matings from predominantly seronegative
      survivor mice from the preceding generation, was unsuccessful because too few
      mice survived the challenge. The percentage seronegative survivors increased to
      94% over the first 6 generations, but then declined sharply during the next.

PMID- 2293140
TI  - The changing role of primary afferent neurones in pain.

PMID- 2293141
TI  - Chronic musculoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms in the general population.
      An analysis of the 1st National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.
AB  - Chronic pain and depression frequently occur together. A selection bias afflicts
      all hospital clinic and family practice populations in which this relationship
      has been examined. We report here some of the results from civilian populations
      outside institutions, examined in the United States in national surveys. The
      findings are based upon the recollection of individuals with respect to the
      period of 12 months prior to interview and upon the occurrence of depression in
      the previous week as indicated by the answers to the Depression Scale of the
      Centre for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D). They indicate that 14.4% of the United
      States population between the ages of 25-74 suffer from definite chronic pain
      related to the joints and musculoskeletal system. Another 7.4% have some pain of
      uncertain duration. Eighty-three percent of the definite pain group received
      treatment. Chronic pain subjects scored significantly higher than normals on the
      CES-D (10.68 +/- S.E.M. 0.76 vs. 8.05 +/- 0.23, P less than 0.01) with subjects
      with pain of uncertain duration scoring similar to the definite chronic pain
      population (11.13 +/- 0.76). Using a high cut-off score for depression. 18% of
      the population with chronic pain were found to have depression. This is in
      contrast to 8% of the population who did not have chronic pain.

PMID- 2293143
TI  - Pain 'memories' in phantom limbs: review and clinical observations.
AB  - This paper reviews reports of phantom limb sensations which resemble
      somatosensory events experienced in the limb before amputation. It also presents
      descriptions of this phenomenon in 68 amputees who took part in a series of
      clinical studies. These somatosensory memories are predominantly replicas of
      distressing pre-amputation lesions and pains which were experienced at or near
      the time of amputation, and are described as having the same qualities of
      sensation as the pre-amputation pain. The patients who experience these pains
      emphasize that they are suffering real pain which they can describe in vivid
      detail, and insist that the experience is not merely a cognitive recollection of
      an earlier pain. Reports of somatosensory memories are less common when there has
      been a discontinuity, or a pain-free interval, between the experience of pain and
      amputation. Among the somatosensory memories reported are cutaneous lesions, deep
      tissue injuries, bone and joint pain and painful pre-amputation postures. The
      experience of somatosensory memories does not appear to be related to the
      duration of pre-amputation pain, time since amputation, age, gender, prosthetic
      use, level of amputation, number of limbs amputated, or whether the amputation
      followed an accident or illness. The results suggest that somatosensory inputs of
      sufficient intensity and duration can produce lasting changes in central neural
      structures which combine with cognitive-evaluative memories of the pre-amputation
      pain to give rise to the unified experience of a past pain referred to the
      phantom limb. Implications for pre- and post-operative pain control are
      discussed.

PMID- 2293142
TI  - Codeine plus paracetamol versus paracetamol in longer-term treatment of chronic
      pain due to osteoarthritis of the hip. A randomised, double-blind, multi-centre
      study.
AB  - This randomized, double-blind, multi-centre study was undertaken to evaluate the
      efficacy and safety of treatment for 4 weeks with codeine plus paracetamol versus
      paracetamol in relieving chronic pain due to osteoarthritis of the hip. A total
      of 158 outclinic patients entered the study. Eighty-three patients (mean age 66
      years) were treated with codeine 60 mg plus paracetamol 1 g 3 times daily, and 75
      patients (mean age 67 years) with paracetamol 1 g 3 times daily. Ibuprofen 400 mg
      was prescribed as rescue medication. Due to an unexpected high rate of adverse
      drug reactions, the study was closed before the planned 400 patients had entered.
      Over weeks 1-4, 87%, 64%, 61% and 52% of patients in the codeine plus paracetamol
      group, and 38%, 31%, 22% and 29% of patients in the paracetamol group had one or
      more adverse drug reactions. Significantly more patients in the codeine plus
      paracetamol group had adverse drug reactions in each of the 4 weeks. Nausea,
      dizziness, vomiting and constipation were predominant adverse reactions in the
      codeine plus paracetamol group. During the first week of treatment, 30 patients
      (36%) in the codeine plus paracetamol group and 9 (12%) in the paracetamol group
      dropped out. As evaluated from patients completing the first week of treatment,
      the pain intensity during that week compared to their baseline pain was
      significantly lower in the codeine plus paracetamol group than in the paracetamol
      group. Moreover, during the first week the paracetamol group received rescue
      medicine significantly more frequently. In conclusion, when evaluated after 7
      days of treatment, the daily addition of codeine 180 mg to paracetamol 3 g
      significantly reduced the intensity of chronic pain due to osteoarthritis of the
      hip joint. However, several adverse drug reactions, mainly of the
      gastrointestinal tract, and the larger number of patients withdrawing from
      treatment means that the addition of such doses of codeine cannot be recommended
      for longer-term treatment of chronic pain in elderly patients.

PMID- 2293144
TI  - Assessment of the components of observed chronic pain behavior: the Checklist for
      Interpersonal Pain Behavior (CHIP).
AB  - This article describes the development of the Checklist for Interpersonal Pain
      Behavior (CHIP), an observation scale which assesses overt pain behavior. The
      study is an extension of an earlier study in which the dimensions and components
      of observed chronic pain behavior were examined. A broad definition of pain
      behavior is chosen (interpersonal pain behavior), namely the interaction between
      the pain patient and his/her direct environment. The list of pain behaviors,
      taken from the earlier study, has been transformed into a 78-item global rating
      scale to be used by nurses to quantify observed pain behavior in a clinical
      setting. Six studies examine the factor structure and the psychometric properties
      of this behavioral observation method. In the first study, 6 internally reliable
      factors are derived using factor analytic techniques from a sample of 152 chronic
      pain patients. They are labeled as: 'distorted mobility,' 'verbal complaints,'
      'non-verbal complaints,' 'nervousness,' 'depression' and 'day sleeping.' Internal
      consistency of all factors, except 'day sleeping' was excellent. The following
      studies show that the CHIP is sufficiently reliable and valid. After a discussion
      on the advantages of this observation scale, the conclusion seems justified that
      the CHIP is a useful tool in pain assessment that can easily be used by nurses.

PMID- 2293145
TI  - A spinal mechanism of action is involved in the antinociception produced by the
      capsaicin analogue NE 19550 (olvanil).
AB  - We have studied the effect of NE 19550 (olvanil, N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)
      methyl-9Z-octadecenamide), a capsaicin analogue with approximately equipotent
      antinociceptive activity in vivo compared with capsaicin, on nociceptive
      responses recorded from spinal dorsal horn neurones in vivo and from a spinal
      ventral root in vitro. In adult rats anaesthetized with halothane,
      antinociceptive doses of olvanil (20-40 mumol/kg, s.c.) reduced C-fibre responses
      evoked in wide dynamic range, lumbar dorsal horn neurones, by peripheral
      transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Intradermal injection of olvanil,
      localized to a discrete region of the peripheral receptive field, did not
      activate C-fibres nor change C-fibre evoked activation of dorsal horn neurones.
      Spinal intrathecal administration of olvanil attenuated C-fibre evoked responses
      and, at the highest concentration, significantly reduced A beta-fibre evoked
      activity. In the neonatal rat spinal cord/tail preparation maintained in vitro,
      superfusion of the cord with olvanil (500 nM-5 microM) did not evoke a
      depolarization but responses to peripheral noxious stimulation were attenuated.
      In a similar in vitro preparation of the neonatal rat spinal cord, the release of
      calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) was measured in
      spinal cord superfusates. Capsaicin (2-10 microM) evoked a large release of CGRP
      LI but olvanil (2-10 microM) produced only a small or undetectable release.
      Following the administration of each substance, however, the release of CGRP-LI
      evoked by a depolarizing potassium stimulus was significantly attenuated. These
      data indicate that C-fibre input to the dorsal horn was attenuated by acute
      systemic doses of olvanil that were antinociceptive in behavioural tests. This
      effect was unlikely to be due to impairment of C-fibre function by a peripheral
      locus of action but was more consistent with an action in the spinal cord in
      which the reduced release of a neurotransmitter substance from afferent nerve
      terminals may play a prominent role.

PMID- 2293146
TI  - A psychophysiological study in humans using phasic colonic distension as a
      noxious visceral stimulus.
AB  - Psychophysiological experiments were performed in 9 humans using constant
      pressure, phasic, graded distention (30 sec, 20-70 mm Hg) of the sigmoid colon as
      a visceral stimulus. Reliable cardiovascular (pressor), respiratory and
      visceromotor responses in addition to reports of pressure/pain sensations were
      evoked by colonic distension in 8 of the 9 subjects. The pressure/pain sensations
      were referred to the lower abdomen, lower back and perineum and their intensity
      quantified using a visual analogue scale. Responses to colonic distension were
      graded and increased with repeated distensions at the same intensity (60 mm Hg).
      The area of referral as indicated by subject drawings increased with repeated
      distensions as did the intensity of the subjects' sensory and affective
      descriptors of the sensation. Five of the subjects differentiated between
      'pressure' and 'pain' sensations evoked by colonic distension; the intensity of
      the 'pain' sensation accelerated during the distending stimulus whereas the
      'pressure' sensation was typically stable or adapting during the distending
      stimulus.

PMID- 2293147
TI  - Pain in chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2293148
TI  - The tail-flick test needs to be improved.

PMID- 2293149
TI  - Autotomy.

PMID- 2293150
TI  - [Comparative analysis of pathophysiologic mechanisms of myocardial infarction
      development under conditions of physical and information load in patients with
      ischemic heart disease].
AB  - The results of examination on a bicycle ergometer and the information test with
      continuous electrocardiographic and hemodynamic control by means of impedance
      plethysmography showed that the cardiovascular system of patients with ischemic
      heart disease is desadapted to physical and informative load, which was
      manifested by ischemia of the myocardium and disorders of its contractility in
      both types of loading. The pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of
      myocardial ischemia in most patients with ischemic heart disease under conditions
      of physical and information loads differ. In information load, ischemia of the
      myocardium is a consequence of coronary vasospasm in 72.7% of patients and only
      in 27.3% of cases it is caused by deficient perfusion of the myocardium with
      blood in stenosed coronary arteries and increased myocardial requirements for
      oxygen. Inverse tendencies are encountered in physical load.

PMID- 2293151
TI  - [Functional state and adrenergic reactivity of the myocardium in experimental
      atherosclerosis].
AB  - The authors studied the changes in the functional properties of a rabbit heart in
      protracted alimentary hypercholesterolemia (HCE). It is shown that HCE has a
      little effect on the characteristics of myocardial contractility and adrenergic
      sensitivity. In protracted HCE the probability of the occurrence of a myocardial
      own rhythm in response to the effect of isoprenaline increased. HCE with
      simultaneous vasopressin administration failed to change the contractile
      properties of the myocardium but had a marked effect on the adrenoreceptor
      apparatus. The sensitivity of muscles to isoprenaline and phenylephrine increased
      significantly. The possibility of the appearance of a myocardial own rhythm
      increased. The results of the study are indicative of the essential role of
      vasospasm in the development of atherosclerotic myocardial injuries.

PMID- 2293152
TI  - [Age-related features of cardiac contractility and its adrenergic regulation in
      catecholamine damage to the myocardium].
AB  - Studies on isolated rat hearts showed that in contrast to 8-month-old animals, in
      26-month-old rats the contractile activity of the myocardium increases by the 3rd
      day after administration of toxic adrenalin doses (1 mg/kg i.m.). The maximum
      functional response of catecholamine injured hearts to stimulation of alpha- and
      beta-adrenoceptors reduced in both age groups, while the sensitivity of the
      myocardium to beta-adrenoceptor agonists in mature rats increased.

PMID- 2293153
TI  - [Distortion of the pressor response to adrenaline in hepatectomized and tumor
      bearing rats].
AB  - Similar distortion of hypertensive response to epinephrine occurred in sarcoma-45
      bearing rats, Walker carcinosarcoma-bearing rats, and hepatectomized rats. The
      response in the last-named was distorted on the 3rd postoperative day. The
      hypertensive response to epinephrine was restored after the regenerative
      processes in the liver were completed (7th-10th postoperative day). Distortion of
      the response in carcinosarcoma-bearing rats was detected beginning from the 4th
      day after transplantation in some of the animals and on the 14th day in the
      others; in all sarcoma 45-bearing rats distortion occurred by the 20th day. The
      pressor response was distorted usually under conditions of pharmacological block
      of the alpha-adrenergic receptors. It is assumed that in extensive proliferation
      of normal and neoplastic cells, substances exerting a selective blocking effect
      on the alpha-adrenoceptors of the blood vessels penetrate into circulation.

PMID- 2293154
TI  - [Drainage of the thoracic duct and changes in myocardial lymph drainage under
      conditions of electrothermocoagulation of the coronary artery].
AB  - It was demonstrated in dog experiments that the drainage function of the heart
      lymphatic system and coagulation of the central lymph are disturbed in acute
      myocardial infarction. Drainage of the thoracic duct with diversion of the flow
      of the toxic lymph fails to correct the diminished rate of lymph flow in the
      myocardium and does not prevent the increase of the hypercoagulation shift in the
      lymph. It is concluded that lymph stimulation and correction of the disorder of
      the lymph coagulation potential are necessary for effective pathogenetic
      treatment of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2293155
TI  - [Effect of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on hemodynamics during adrenoreceptor
      activation in dogs with the limb reperfusion syndrome].
AB  - Experiments were conducted on 47 mongrel dogs with the limb reperfusion syndrome
      (RS) to study the effect of prostaglandins (PG) E2 and F2 alpha on changes of
      hemodynamics and some values of adrenergic reaction induced by norepinephrine
      injection. Increase of the adrenergic reaction in the limb RS was found to be
      directly dependent on the duration of the syndrome. PG E2 intensified still more
      the norepinephrine effect on hemodynamics, while F2 alpha, in contrast, weakened
      the adrenergic reaction in the limb RS.

PMID- 2293157
TI  - [Cellular interactions and changes in the peripheral blood leukocyte composition
      in hypokinetic rats].
AB  - Along with leukocytosis and an increased number of moderate-size lymphocytes, the
      peripheral blood of hypokinetic albino rats was found to contain a large number
      of large mononuclear cells forming rosette-like structures with the erythrocytes.
      The pathophysiological significance of cell interrelations encountered in the
      peripheral blood of rats in hypokinesia is discussed.

PMID- 2293156
TI  - [Features of oxygen supply in exercise load in patients with atherosclerosis
      obliterans of the peripheral arteries].
AB  - The organism's oxygen balance was studied in 27 patients with atherosclerosis of
      the peripheral arteries during the test on a bicycle ergometer. The decrease in
      the patient's physical capacity was found to be in high correlation with the
      severity of oxygen disbalance.

PMID- 2293159
TI  - [Pathophysiology as an integrative medical-biological science].

PMID- 2293158
TI  - [Effect of acute hemorrhage on hemostasis in dogs not adapted to high-altitude
      conditions].
AB  - Acute blood loss was easier after 3-day stay high in the mountains than after a
      stay in a low place. This is explained by increased blood fibrinolytic activity
      and high blood antithrombin level recorded by the third day of the animals' stay
      in the mountains.

PMID- 2293160
TI  - [Individual features of sex-related resistance of animals to hypoxia].
AB  - Comparative evaluation of sex-related resistance of rats to hypoxia was
      undertaken. Acute hypoxic hypoxia modelled in a plenum-exhaust pressure chamber
      was tolerated by female rats better than by male animals. The disorders of energy
      metabolism and contractile function of an isolated contracting heart caused by
      acute hypoxia are manifested much earlier and are more severe in males than in
      females. Thus the organism of females in much more resistant to acute hypoxic
      hypoxia than the organism of males, i.e., there is a correlation between the
      individual sensitivity of the organism to hypoxia and its sex.

PMID- 2293161
TI  - [Neuro-autonomic mechanisms of the maintenance of blood oxygen balance in
      patients exposed to the effect of a gaseous hypoxic mixture].
AB  - The authors discuss the mechanisms of compensatory reactions of the human
      vegetative nervous system, its central and peripheral parts, in breathing a
      gaseous hypoxic mixture. Five types of neurovegetative reactions of the organism
      aimed at maintaining the oxygen balance in blood were distinguished. The
      interrelationship of values reflecting the activity of the central and peripheral
      parts of the vegetative nervous system in exposure to emergency effects is
      discussed.

PMID- 2293162
TI  - [Energy metabolism of maternal and fetal tissues during adaptation to
      intermittent experimental normobaric hypoxia].
AB  - Energy metabolism of maternal and fetal tissues in adaptation to intermittent
      normobaric hypoxia was studied in experiments on 72 female Wistar rats. During
      pregnancy the intensity of tissue respiration in myometry was more than twice
      that in a nonpregnant uterus. The rate of tissue respiration in vital organs
      (brain) remained at a high level irrespective of exposure to the effect of a gas
      hypoxic mixture containing 10% oxygen, i.e. the organism of the mother and fetus
      provides the developing brain with an optimum amount of oxygen even in its
      possible deficiency. Thus, adaptation of the maternal and fetal organism to GHM
      10 is attended by some shifts in energy metabolism which maintain the aerobic
      oxidation metabolism in the studied tissues for a long duration through more
      effective consumption of oxygen in its lack.

PMID- 2293163
TI  - [Enzyme activity of the gastric mucosal antioxidant system during hypoxia].
AB  - The activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system and pO2 in the gastric mucosa
      (GM) was studied in patients with gastric ulcer. The various enzymes differed in
      activity. Along with low activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione
      peroxidase (GP), and glutathione reductase (GR), both normal and increased values
      were encountered. In GM hypoxia the GP activity increased in the peri-ulcerous
      zone. There was no statistically significant increase of SOD activity and
      reduction of GR activity.

PMID- 2293164
TI  - [Induction of granulomatous liver inflammation by noninfectious particles].
AB  - A single intravenous injection of 0.1 mg/g of zymosan led to the formation of
      granuloma-type clusters of mononuclears in the liver of CBA mice or (CBA X
      C57B1)F1 hybrid mice. The area occupied by the granulomas grows for 3 to 9 days
      and then gradually diminishes so that the granulomas disappear practically in one
      month. Hydrocortisone injected in a dose of 125 mg/kg 2 and 24 hours before or 2
      and 24 hours after zymosan inhibited the initiation of granulomas but, at the
      same time, led to their slower involution. Mice with zymosan-induced granulomas
      became hypersensitive to the derivate of an endotoxin--prodigiosin, a
      polysaccharide obtained from S. marcescens. After intravenous infusion of a
      preparation of corpuscular alkaline phosphatase (CAP) granuloma-like structures
      also appear in the liver of rats. In distinction from zymosan-induced granulomas
      they persist for a much longer time (up to 27 weeks). The first signs of CAP
      induced granulomas appear in 3 days. The liver per cent by volume occupied by the
      granulomas gradually doubles by the 15th week and then reduces. At the same time,
      the number of granulomas per 1 mm3 of hepatic tissue remains practically constant
      for 3 to 21 weeks from the moment of the induction by CAP. Their average size
      grows slowly and reaches maximum by the 15th week, with significant variations.
      Desmine and reticular fibres accumulate in the granulomas, which is evidence of
      active involvement of hepatic fat-accumulating cells in their formation. The
      results show that resident macrophages are the triggers of granulomatous
      inflammation of the liver.

PMID- 2293166
TI  - [Effect of essential oils on the course of experimental atherosclerosis].
AB  - The effect of volatile oils of lavender, monarda, and basil on the course of
      experimental atherosclerosis was studied in rabbit experiments. Inhalation of the
      volatile fractions of essential++ oils of lavender and monarda in a concentration
      of 0.1-0.2 mg/m3 of air has no effect on the content of cholesterol in the blood,
      but reduces its content in the aorta and reduces affection of the aorta by the
      atherosclerotic plaques, i.e. these oils produce an angioprotective effect.

PMID- 2293165
TI  - [Efficacy of ginseng drugs in experimental insulin-dependent diabetes and toxic
      hepatitis].
AB  - Drugs obtained from the roots and leaves of plantation ginseng and ginseng root
      tissue culture displayed a high antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity in
      experiments on mice and rats. In alloxan diabetes these adaptogenic phyto-agents
      prevented alloxan-induced activation of processes of lipid peroxidation in the
      pancreas and demonstrated definite insulinogenic properties: they increased the
      basal content of insulin in blood and the glucose-dependent secretion of this
      hormone. In CCl4 acute toxic hepatitis the studies ginseng drugs reduced the
      disorders of hepatic detoxification and glycogen-synthesizing functions.

PMID- 2293167
TI  - [Method of modelling an ulcerative process in the stomach].

PMID- 2293168
TI  - [Raising the cognitive activity of students].

PMID- 2293169
TI  - [Thrombocytic- and erythrocytic-hormonal interrelationships in endocrine system
      pathology].

PMID- 2293170
TI  - [Changes in the sleep-wakefulness cycle in experimental Parkinson's syndrome].
AB  - It was demonstrated in rat experiments that in modelling the akinetico-rigid
      parkinsonian syndrome by injecting kainic acid into the caudate nuclei the phases
      of wakefulness and light slow-wave sleep decreased while the phase of deep slow
      wave sleep increased. In the tremorogenic from of the parkinsonian syndrome
      induced by reserpine the phases of wakefulness and deep slow-wave sleep decreased
      in the rats while the phases of light slow-wave and paradoxical sleep increased.
      In destruction of the substantia nigra with kainic acid the phase of paradoxical
      sleep reduced. The results of the study are discussed from the standpoint of the
      generator mechanisms of the development of neuropathological syndromes and the
      mechanisms of the interrelations of parkinsonism and epilepsy.

PMID- 2293171
TI  - [Beta-lipotropin and beta-endorphin in the hypothalamic syndrome].
AB  - Experiments were conducted on 90 non-strain male albino rats to study the
      possibility of compensating food intake and the functions related to its activity
      in disturbances caused by damage to the arcuate region of the hypothalamus.
      Neuropeptides beta-lipotropin (beta-LTP) and beta-endorphin were chosen as the
      compensation factors. The registered parameters were as follows: the volume of
      food and water intake, feeding and drinking behaviors, orientating-exploratory
      activity, comforting behavior, and the duration of sleep and drowsiness. It was
      established that destruction of the hypothalamic arcuate zone is attended by the
      formation of a specific syndrome including disorders of food and water intake and
      other forms of behavior. Intraventricular injections of beta-LPT and beta
      endorphin under such conditions was conductive to the restoration of the
      disturbed functions and compensated for food intake and other related functions.

PMID- 2293172
TI  - Body-image distortion among male and female college and high school students, and
      eating-disordered patients.
AB  - For 179 male and female college and high school students, and 26 female eating
      disordered patients body-image distortion was measured using a computer-based
      image-analysis of redrawn images of standardized human figures. Statistical
      analysis indicated that body-image distortion was the same for all groups. Body
      image distortion was significantly and negatively related to weight:height ratio
      as a function of a simple polynomial. These results suggest this evaluation of
      distortion of body-image yields a quantitative measure reliably related to weight
      status but also suggests the technique, and possibly measurement of body-image
      distortion in general, may not be a valid discriminator between eating-disordered
      and normal persons.

PMID- 2293173
TI  - Stereoscopic eye exercises and visual acuity.
AB  - The present study was done to investigate the effects of stereoscopic eye
      exercises on visual acuity, testing 20 college students (9 men and 11 women, ages
      18 to 35 yr.). Visual acuity was assessed before and after the exercises through
      six tests: far vision--both eyes, right eye; left eye; and near vision--both
      eyes, right eye, left eye. Statistically significant improvements were found on
      five of the six pretest-posttest comparisons: far vision--both eyes, right eye,
      and left eye; and near vision--both eyes, right eye, and left eye. Changes in far
      vision, right eye only approached significance. Limitations of the present study
      were discussed, and recommendations for research were presented.

PMID- 2293174
TI  - Activities of daily living scale for patients with chronic pain.
AB  - 10 questions measuring daily living activities of chronic pain patients were
      developed for 30 chronic pain patients. Test-retest reliability was .89, and
      internal consistency was .75. Validity, measured by global ratings (r = .63) and
      those by significant others (r = .77) was satisfactory. This Activities of Daily
      Living Scale seems to be reliable and valid for use in clinical and research
      settings.

PMID- 2293175
TI  - Field dependence and body balance.
AB  - This study reports four points about the portable Rod and Frame Test performance
      of 30 Japanese women in terms of body balance. The primary findings using a
      stabilometer are: (a) field dependence correlated negatively with increased sway
      path within 1 min. both while a dot pattern as a visual stimulus was stationary
      and while it was moving. (b) Field dependence correlated positively with the
      difference in sway path between the two following phases, in one of which the
      subjects watched the horizontal visual movement to the right and in the other
      movement to the left. (c) Motion aftereffect had no direct and immediate
      influence on sway path, but rather a latent and long-term effect. And on a
      pedograph which measures the distribution of foot pressure and the shape of the
      sole, (d) field dependence correlated negatively with anterior positions of the
      center of foot pressure and with the proportion of the front part to the rear of
      the sole. Over-all, field dependence measured by the Rod and Frame Test seems to
      be associated with body posture when dot patterns are viewed.

PMID- 2293176
TI  - Demonstrations and knowledge of results in motor skill acquisition.
AB  - In learning motor skills, different types of information can be utilized to
      reinforce correct execution of the skill. Over the years, augmented information
      after the movement (i.e., knowledge of results) has been the most widely studied
      and has received attention as the most important variable for learning. Recently,
      however, researchers have begun to focus on modeling or providing information
      prior to movement as another important aspect of skill learning. The present
      experiment compared a KR 100% condition with a KR 33% condition, with a final
      modeling plus KR condition on the acquisition and immediate transfer retention of
      a timing task. The results showed that all groups reached the same performance
      level by the end of acquisition. However, over the immediate transfer phase,
      subjects who had received modeling plus KR during acquisition, increased their
      errors. Delayed retention produced no significant group effects.

PMID- 2293177
TI  - Optimum level of visual contrast sensitivity for reading comprehension.
AB  - Reading comprehension scores were curvilinearly related to a visual contrast
      sensitivity measure of 155 elementary school children. Moderate contrast
      sensitivity for fine detail appeared to be optimal for reading; both low and high
      sensitivity were associated with lower reading comprehension.

PMID- 2293178
TI  - A sex difference in field dependence/independence in the absence of vestibular
      activation and eye movements.
AB  - Frame influence on perception of target orientation was investigated using small
      stimuli presented briefly to central vision. College men and women were equally
      accurate in their perceptions of the orientations of alphanumeric characters
      presented without a frame. When the same targets were enclosed in a frame, the
      performance of women, but not men, was significantly impaired.

PMID- 2293180
TI  - Minding the need for specialists in brain diseases.
AB  - A recent call for a new speciality in biologically based brain diseases is
      questioned on historical, empirical, and theoretical grounds. Psychiatry has
      oscillated between biological and psychosocial explanations for mental illness
      since its inception. Training in the biological basis of mental illness is and
      should be incorporated into psychiatric training, along with a balanced
      appreciation of the utility of psychotherapeutic and social intervention.
      Emphasis on only one aspect resurrects Cartesian dualism. Any disease, however
      biological in origin, is best treated by a clinician adept at multiple levels of
      understanding and intervention.

PMID- 2293179
TI  - Projective test findings for boys with gender disturbance: Draw-A-Person Test, IT
      scale, and Make-A-Picture Story Test.
AB  - With 66 boys, aged 3 yr. to 17 yr. who were referred for potential gender
      identity disorder, this study examined intrapsychic manifestations as reflected
      in their projections to the Draw-A-Person Test, the Brown IT Scale for Children,
      and the Shneidman Make-A-Picture Story Test. Without access to these projective
      test findings, an independent clinical psychologist provided a diagnostic rating
      on the severity of gender disturbance on a five-point diagnostic rating scale,
      based on clinical interviews of the child and his parents and a systematic
      behavioral assessment based on previously published normative standardization
      data. For each of the three projective measures, significant correlations were
      found between the clinician ratings on severity of gender disturbance and the
      test findings in the feminine direction (D-A-P, r = .44; IT Scale, r = .64; M-A-P
      S, r = .35). These results validated the use of intrapsychic phenomena of fantasy
      and self-perception as measured by these projective tests for the diagnosis of
      gender disturbance in male children and adolescents.

PMID- 2293181
TI  - The irrationality of interscholastic football as a means of preparing adolescents
      for adulthood.

PMID- 2293182
TI  - The speed of mental rotation as a function of problem-solving strategies.
AB  - 40 subjects solved seven identical and seven mirror image visually-displayed
      mental-rotation problems, a measure of right hemisphere processing. Subjects who
      indicated that they had inferred that, if two objects were not identical, then
      they must be mirror images showed faster rotation times. This evidence supports
      the hypothesis that expedient problem-solving strategies may contribute to right
      hemisphere processing speed as measured by mental rotation. That mental rotation
      and humor processing may draw on the same right hemisphere processes is also
      discussed.

PMID- 2293183
TI  - Elevated, specific temporal lobe signs in a population engaged in psychic
      studies.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that a special population of people who maintain exotic
      beliefs and report frequent subjective psi experiences should display more
      frequent temporal lobe signs and symptoms. Clusters of items, that reflect
      various temporal lobe factors for 20 women who were actively (greater than 1
      year) involved with a local psychic and spiritual development group, were
      compared to items for an age-matched reference group (n = 61). T-scores for the
      reference group did not differ from those of the normal population. Whereas the
      psychic group did not differ from the reference group on various control and
      psychiatric measures, mean T-scores on clusters that infer complex partial
      epileptic signs (specifically a sense of presence, olfactory experiences, and
      intense meaning) ranged between 65 and 70. Group affiliation explained 22 to 50%
      of the variance for each of these variables; with discriminant analysis, they
      correctly classified 95% of both groups of participants.

PMID- 2293184
TI  - Estimation of time by patients with positive and negative schizophrenia.
AB  - In a prior study, schizophrenic patients' tendency to over-estimate short time
      intervals was about the same for the different types of schizophrenia (DSM-III
      criteria). Reanalysis showed patients with positive and negative schizophrenia
      did not differ in their time estimations.

PMID- 2293185
TI  - Raw scores vs percentage conversions in factorial solutions for projective test
      variables.
AB  - Factor analytic solutions for raw scores and corresponding percentage conversion
      scores derived from Rorschach and Hand Test variables were directly compared.
      Number of factors, total and individual communalities, and test overlap were
      sufficiently different to question either approach as preferable for summarizing
      interrelationships among projective tests and test variables. Most of the
      substantial loadings tended to be either artifactual, relatively uninformative,
      or appeared on one factor analysis but not the other.

PMID- 2293186
TI  - Changes of eye-blink activities during hypnotic state.
AB  - Three experiments were conducted to examine eye-blink activity during the
      hypnotic state. The results were as follows: (1) eye-blink rate was dramatically
      reduced during the hypnotic as compared to the nonhypnotic state, (2) blink-rate
      variability between events (for example, the task and rest period) was smaller
      under the hypnotic than under the nonhypnotic state, (3) decrements, after
      induction of hypnosis, were observed in all aspects of blink-wave attributes
      (amplitude, duration, slope, and area). These findings can be interpreted in
      terms of the facilitation of motor inhibition by hypnosis.

PMID- 2293188
TI  - Perceptions of athletic injuries by athletes, coaches, and medical professionals.
AB  - 35 athletes, their coaches, and medical professionals independently assessed the
      disruption, seriousness, and short-term effects of the athletes' athletic
      injuries. Athletes underestimated the disruption and short-term effects of the
      injury when compared to medical professionals. 25 lower level athletes and those
      with no previous serious athletic injury overestimated the short-term effects of
      their injuries. Coaches overestimated the disrupting effects of the injury for 10
      higher level athletes and 25 athletes with no previous injury.

PMID- 2293187
TI  - Systematic tactile error of judgment in finger-toe correspondence.
AB  - 40 normal adults were tested for finger-toe correspondence identification. A
      systematic differential pattern of tactile judgment of errors for the five toes
      (with more errors in the case of the middle three toes) was obtained. The pattern
      was similar for both men and women and across right- and left-foot toes. These
      results are discussed in terms of poor sensory representation (or overlapping
      sensory pathways) of toes in the cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2293189
TI  - Restoration of volitional limb movement of hemiplegics following patterned
      functional electrical stimulation.
AB  - 24 hemiplegic patients completed patterned functional electrical stimulation
      (PFES) upon the afflicted arm and leg. The multichannel PFES program was
      mathematically derived from the EMG agonist/antagonist pattern recorded from each
      subject's unaffected limbs during a series of monitored, voluntary movements. The
      average improvement in volitional range of motion for the group's paralyzed limbs
      was 90% for the upper extremities and 69% for the lower extremities. For
      partially paralyzed limbs, there was an average increase in range of movement of
      68% for the upper extremities and 26% for the lower extremities. These findings
      support the relearning-based, PFES open-loop theory which uses individualized
      therapeutic PFES-derived from EMG coordination patterns modeled from specific,
      ballistic limb movements to rehabilitate patients who have been immobilized after
      stroke.

PMID- 2293190
TI  - Diagnostic and intellectual implications of the fragmented Rorschach W:D ratio.
AB  - A "fragmented" Rorschach W:D ratio, where D exceeds W by 3:1 or more, occurred in
      about one-tenth of an outpatient clinical population (n = 938). Subjects showing
      this imbalance tended to be diagnosed as organic or schizophrenic and to have a
      differentially higher WAIS Similarities score. Implications of these findings
      were discussed.

PMID- 2293191
TI  - A computerized visual-search task as a measure of cerebral dysfunction and
      organization.
AB  - This study examined differences in performance on a visual-search task between
      dysphonetic dyslexic children and three other groups of youngsters (other
      dyslexic, brain-damaged, and normals) on measures of cerebral dysfunction and
      cerebral organization. Subjects were required to match a centrally located design
      to an identical image, yielding a measure of cerebral dysfunction, i.e., latency.
      Cerebral organization of the diagnostic groups was studied by measuring the
      conjugate lateral eye movements of each child. Prior research suggests that
      initial direction of lateral eye movement on a cognitive task is indicative of
      lateralized cerebral activation. Analysis indicated that the dysphonetic
      dyslexics group, as predicted, differed significantly on latency from the normal
      and brain-damaged groups but not from the other dyslexic group. The dysphonetic
      dyslexic group differed significantly from all other groups on the measure of
      cerebral organization.

PMID- 2293192
TI  - Stuttering therapy for nonfluent psychiatric adults.
AB  - Brief suggestions for treating stuttering, i.e., specific nonfluencies, of adult
      psychiatric patients based on treatment of 8 patients are listed.

PMID- 2293193
TI  - Effects of size changes on memory for words and pictures.
AB  - The effects of changing the size of stimuli between learning and recognition
      sessions were examined for word and picture materials. Size changes did not
      affect correct recognition of items as new or old, for either words or pictures.
      However, size alteration impaired recognition memory for the size of word
      stimuli. With pictures, impaired size recognition was noted with changes only
      from large to small.

PMID- 2293194
TI  - Arousal gradient and performance.
AB  - A two-dimensional view of arousal was operationalized by controlling gradient and
      intensity of exercise-arousal in three experiments with 160 male subjects. In all
      three experiments, significant cognitive performance decrement occurred at
      moderate intensities of arousal during, or shortly after, steep-gradient arousal
      increases. These results could not have been predicted by theories that view
      arousal as unidimensional. Affect measures, recorded in two of the experiments,
      were uncorrelated with cognitive performance. Results suggest that athletes'
      cognitive capabilities may be adversely affected by the execution of routine
      sport motions at moderate arousal, and they may have no conscious awareness of
      arousal gradient sensations while performing. The adoption of a two-dimensional
      view of arousal is urged, particularly for study of subjects in motion.

PMID- 2293195
TI  - Field dependence/independence and eye-hands-legs coordination.
AB  - A study of the relationship between field-dependence and psychomotor performance
      is presented. Boys practicing amateur boxing (younger juniors) and 16 to 17 yr.
      of age were subjects. Field-dependence was assessed on Witkin's Group Embedded
      Figures Test and eye-hand-legs coordination by means of the SMA-3 coordinometer
      produced by Bryans Co. Higher scores on field-dependence were associated with
      better performance on the eye-hand-legs coordination task but not with
      effectiveness of learning.

PMID- 2293197
TI  - Effects of hemispheric laterality on color-information processing.
AB  - This study investigated the interaction between hemispheric laterality and
      recognition memory for pictures presented in three different color modes:
      realistic, nonrealistic, and monochrome (black and white). Stimulus materials
      were 180 scenic slides (120 stimulus and 60 distractor) produced in three color
      modes. Materials were presented to a group of 26 graduate volunteers via the list
      learning procedure for a duration of 500 msec. each. During one-half of the
      materials an arithmetic masking task was performed to inhibit left-hemisphere
      processing. Signal-detection parameters, compared in a 2 x 3 repeated-measures
      design, produced significant interactions for the probability of hits, error, and
      d' measures. Post hoc tests indicated significantly higher hit probability and d'
      scores for nonrealistic color and higher error rates for realistic color under
      the right localized condition. Findings suggest that color processing is
      bilocational, realistic information is processed more deeply than nonrealistic,
      and nonrealistic color supplies unique color codes for storage and retrieval.

PMID- 2293196
TI  - Line-drawing test across ages.
AB  - A line-drawing test was standardized for normal subjects to examine effects of
      normal aging. For this purpose, the results of the test for 168 normal volunteers
      were quantified using a digitizer and a microcomputer across ages from 9 to 78
      yr. Three sets of parallel vertical lines were presented to every subject, the
      distances between the parallel vertical lines (5, 10, and 15 cm) differed in the
      three sets. A subject drew an horizontal line starting exactly on the left
      vertical line and stopped exactly on the right one, and the computer could detect
      minute inaccuracy at the start and at the stop, which inaccuracy was expressed in
      mm. In this study, effects of four parameters were evaluated, i.e., ages, sex,
      distances from the paired vertical lines, and order of trials; all were
      nonsignificant. The normal range of the deviations was within 2.1 mm (average + 2
      SD).

PMID- 2293198
TI  - Suicide and homicide on St. Valentine's Day.

PMID- 2293200
TI  - Cardiovascular and hormonal changes following haemorrhage in the anaesthetized
      Brattleboro rat with an extracorporeal circulation.
AB  - An extracorporeal circulation technique was developed for use in rats to provide
      equilibrated blood samples for multiple hormone assays. The inclusion of the
      extracorporeal circulation did not significantly alter arterial blood pressure,
      cardiac output, heart rate or central venous pressure in either Brattleboro rats
      with hereditary diabetes insipidus (BDI) or normal rats of the parent Long Evans
      (LE) strain. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels did not alter in either
      BDI or LE rats following inclusion of the extracorporeal circulation but the
      vasopressin concentration rose significantly in the LE rats. The impaired
      recovery of the mean arterial blood pressure following haemorrhage in the BDI
      rats compared with normal LE animals was not further influenced by the inclusion
      of the extracorporeal circulation. Plasma vasopressin and adrenaline (but not nor
      adrenaline) levels were significantly raised during, and after, haemorrhage in
      the LE rats while in the BDI rats only plasma adrenaline levels were
      significantly increased. These results show that the insertion of an
      extracorporeal circulation into an anaesthetized BDI or LE rat does not adversely
      affect the cardiovascular system despite the increase in baseline plasma
      vasopressin concentration in normal rats, and its subsequent removal provides an
      additional equilibrated blood sample for multiple hormone assay within the same
      animal. The increased release of both adrenaline and vasopressin (but not
      noradrenaline) after haemorrhage in the same animal is detected using this
      technique, and the importance of vasopressin to the normal recovery process
      confirmed.

PMID- 2293201
TI  - Patch-clamp recordings on rat cardiac muscle slices.
AB  - Thin slices (100-200 microns) from cardiac ventricles of newborn (1-14 days old)
      rats were used for patch-clamp recordings. High resistance seals (greater than 10
      GOhms) could be obtained on this preparation without enzymatic treatment of
      tissue. Resting potential for cardiac fibres, measured in whole-cell
      configuration, ranged between -30 and -65 mV. Averaged sodium currents and inward
      rectifying potassium single-channel currents, recorded in cell-attached mode,
      displayed similar features to those previously reported for isolated rat
      ventricular cells. Application of patch-clamp techniques to cardiac slices allows
      single-channel recordings without complicated procedures of cell isolation.
      Moreover, possible alteration of channel properties caused by proteolytic enzymes
      can be avoided. This technique provides a new tool for studying
      electrophysiological properties of heart cells in situ.

PMID- 2293199
TI  - Spatial distribution of intracellular, free Ca2+ in isolated rat parotid acini.
AB  - The spatial distribution of intracellular, free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in rat parotid
      acini was measured by imaging fura-2 fluorescence from individual acinar cells by
      means of a digital imaging microscope. Upon cholinergic stimulation in a Krebs
      Ringer bicarbonate buffer at (37 degrees C), [Ca2+]i increased synchronously at
      both the basolateral and luminal membranes as well as in all cells of the
      secretory endpiece, reaching peak [Ca2+]i levels 1 s after stimulation. Atropine
      addition caused a rapid down-regulation of [Ca2+]i, which, however, never reached
      prestimulatory levels. When acini were stimulated in a medium containing 5 nM
      Ca2+, the Ca2+ mobilization arising from internal pools caused an increase in
      [Ca2+]i predominantly near the basolateral area, where the endoplasmic reticulum
      is located, and standing Ca2+ gradients were observed for up to 10 s. A
      mathematical model is developed to simulate the time courses of the Ca2+ profiles
      through the cytoplasm using estimated values of the Ca2+ diffusion coefficients
      and the cytosolic Ca2+ buffering capacity. It is concluded that under
      physiological conditions, the Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum is
      responsible for the activation of the basolaterally located K+ channels.
      Furthermore, Ca2+ influx from the interstitium is responsible for much of the
      rise in [Ca2+]i near the luminal membranes, where the Cl- channels are supposed
      to be located.

PMID- 2293203
TI  - Determination of cell membrane resistance in cultured renal epithelioid (MDCK)
      cells: effects of cadmium and mercury ions.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated that the cell membrane of Madin Darby Canine
      Kidney (MDCK) cells is hyperpolarized by a number of hormones and trace elements,
      in parallel with an enhancement of potassium selectivity. Without knowledge of
      the cell membrane resistance (Rm), however, any translation of potassium
      selectivity into potassium conductance remains equivocal. The present study was
      performed to determine the Rm of MDCK cells by cellular cable analysis. To this
      end, three microelectrodes were impaled into three different cells of a cell
      cluster; current was injected via one microelectrode and the corresponding
      voltage deflections measured by the other two microelectrodes. In order to
      extract the required specific resistances, the experimental data were analysed
      mathematically in terms of an electrodynamical model derived from Maxwell's
      equations. As a result, a mean Rm of 2.0 +/- 0.2 k omega cm2 and an intercellular
      coupling resistance (Rc) of 6.1 +/- 0.8 M omega were obtained at a mean potential
      difference across the cell membrane of -47.0 +/- 0.6 mV. An increase of the
      extracellular K+ concentration from 5.4 to 20 mmol/l depolarized the cell
      membrane by 16.2 +/- 0.5 mV and decreased Rm by 30.6 +/- 3.0%; 1 mmol/l barium
      depolarized the cell membrane by 20.1 +/- 1.1 mV and increased Rm by 75.9 +/-
      14.3%. Omission of extracellular bicarbonate and carbon dioxide at constant
      extracellular pH caused a transient hyperpolarization (up to -60.4 +/- 1.4 mV), a
      decrease of Rm (by 75 +/- 4.5%) and a decrease of Rc (by 23.1 +/- 8.4%).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293202
TI  - Adenosine-5'-triphosphate-induced sinus tachycardia mediated by prostaglandin
      synthesis via phospholipase C in the rabbit heart.
AB  - Effects of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine on cardiac sinus
      pacemaker activity were examined in the rabbit heart. Electrocardiograms of
      hearts were recorded while using the Langendorff perfusion method. Both adenosine
      and ATP, added to the perfusate, slowed the sinus pacemaker activity in a
      concentration-dependent manner. But in about 40% of the cases. ATP higher than
      300 microM initially accelerated and then slowed the heart. The sinus slowing
      caused by adenosine and ATP was blocked by theophylline (a P1 receptor
      antagonist) and disappeared in the hearts pre-treated with islet-activating
      protein (1AP). In contrast, the ATP-induced sinus acceleration was not affected
      by either theophylline or IAP. In about 75% of the IAP-treated hearts. ATP
      persistently accelerated the sinus pacemaker. In the remaining 25% of the hearts,
      ATP caused junctional tachycardia, which may have masked the ATP-induced sinus
      acceleration. Apamin specifically blocked the ATP-induced sinus acceleration,
      suggesting that P2 receptors are involved. Among various adenine nucleotide
      analogues, the order of potency in inducing tachycardia in IAP-treated hearts is
      adenosine-5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate greater than adenylyl imidodiphosphate
      greater than adenosine 5'-[alpha, beta-methylene]triphosphate = ATP greater than
      adenosine diphosphate = adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-methylene]triphosphate. ATP
      induced acceleration was partially blocked by indomethacin and aspirin
      (cyclooxygenase inhibitors), but not by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (a lipoxygenase
      inhibitor). These results suggest that cyclooxygenase and not lipoxygenase
      metabolites of arachidonic acid, e.g. prostaglandins, may be involved in the
      generation of tachycardia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293204
TI  - Respiratory and metabolic responses in the horse during moderate and heavy
      exercise.
AB  - Thoroughbred horses were exercised to fatigue on a treadmill at 62% and 100% of
      their VO2max. Hypoxemia occurred at the onset of exercise under both exercise
      conditions. This hypoxemia persisted to fatigue during the heavy exercise but
      progressively diminished as the exercise continued and had disappeared by the end
      of exercise at the lighter load. As a result of the hypoxemia the oxygen content
      of arterial blood during exercise at VO2max was 17% below its carrying capacity.
      However, under both experimental conditions the CaO2 still exceeded that of rest
      owing to an elevation in hemoglobin concentration. The temperature of blood at
      the point of fatigue was similar, 41.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C and 41.1 +/- 0.2 degrees
      C, for exercise at 62% and 100% VO2max, respectively. Muscle samples collected at
      rest and at the termination of exercise did not demonstrate major differences
      between the exercise conditions except for a higher [lactate] and lower pH
      following the heavy exercise. From these results it can be suggested that the
      combined effects of an elevated body temperature, changes in muscle pH, and
      oxygen delivery may all be factors contributing to limit exercise capacity in the
      horse.

PMID- 2293205
TI  - Modulation of periodic cold receptor activity by ouabain.
AB  - The effect of ouabain on the periodic discharge pattern of feline cold receptors
      was studied in order to substantiate a possible contribution of Na/K pump
      activity to signal transduction. Afferent activity was recorded from the cold
      fibres of an isolated preparation of the tongue. The periodic pattern consisted
      of beating activity and of grouped discharges and was characterized by two
      parameters, the oscillation frequency and the number of impulses initiated per
      cycle. Ouabain (10(-7)-10(-6)M) induced in all receptors excitatory responses,
      consisting of a short vigorous increase of activity followed by inhibition. Thus
      the receptors never stabilized to or maintained a new static level of activity.
      The ouabain-induced responses occurred repeatedly in several receptors and were
      produced by remarkable stereotyped modifications of both the oscillation
      frequency and the number of impulses per cycle. The oscillation frequency
      attained peak values which increased monotonically with higher static
      temperatures and which were considerably greater than peak control values. The
      data indicate that an electrogenic Na/K pump contributes to the transducer
      process of cold receptors and that inhibition of this pump evidently gives rise
      to a depolarizing imbalance of the membrane potential, accelerating the
      oscillation frequency to a maximum value. Thus the oscillation frequency seems to
      be controlled by temperature and by membrane potential in cold receptors.

PMID- 2293207
TI  - Dose and time-course evaluation of a redox-based estradiol-chemical delivery
      system for the brain. II. Pharmacodynamic responses.
AB  - Clinically, brain-enhanced delivery and sustained release of estradiol (E2) are
      desirable for effective treatments of menopausal hot flushes and prostatic
      adenocarcinoma and for fertility regulation. Thus, we conducted studies to
      determine the dose- and time-dependent effects of a brain-enhanced estradiol
      chemical delivery system (E2-CDS) on anterior pituitary hormones secretion in
      ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The E2-CDS has consistently demonstrated preferential
      retention of its intermediate metabolite (E2-Q+), with slow release of E2 in the
      brain but rapid clearance from peripheral tissues. Animals received a single iv
      injection of E2-CDS at doses of 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 mg/kg or an E2 dose of 0.7
      mg/kg on day 0. The responses of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle
      stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) were then
      evaluated at 1, 7, 14, 21, or 28 days after drug administration. The E2-CDS
      caused a dose- and time-dependent suppression of LH and FSH throughout the time
      course studied. The maximum LH and FSH reduction occurred at 7 days
      postinjection. Plasma LH and FSH were significantly suppressed by 86 and 58% on
      day 7, respectively, and were suppressed by 35% (LH) or were at preinjection
      levels (FSH) at 28 days following the single injection of a 1.0-mg E2-CDS dose.
      An equimolar E2 dose suppressed LH and FSH by only 29 and 20% on day 7,
      respectively which were not significantly different from time 0 values. Plasma
      PRL increased significantly on day 14 with the 1.0-mg E2-CDS dose but levels
      returned to preinjection values by 28 days after drug administration.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293208
TI  - A sensitive and specific liquid-chromatographic assay for determination of
      ganciclovir in plasma and urine and its application to pharmacokinetic studies in
      the rabbit.
AB  - A liquid-chromatographic assay for the analysis of ganciclovir in plasma and
      urine is described. This assay involves the use of acyclovir, an antiviral drug
      structurally related to ganciclovir, as the internal standard. A two-step sample
      preparation method is used. After protein is precipitated with acetonitrile and
      the addition of diethyl ether, ganciclovir and the internal standard are back
      extracted into a small volume of aqueous ammonium phosphate, taking advantage of
      their relatively high water solubility. This isocratic method is specific and
      sufficiently sensitive to allow quantification of ganciclovir throughout the
      entire range of concentrations observed during therapeutic use of this antiviral
      drug. There was no interference from various over-the-counter and prescription
      drugs often prescribed to patients most likely to receive ganciclovir therapy.
      This assay was used to analyze plasma and urine samples obtained after
      intravenous administration of ganciclovir to rabbits. Biexponential decay of
      ganciclovir plasma concentration-time and urinary excretion rate-time profiles
      was observed, with a mean distribution half-life of 15.8 min and an elimination
      half-life of 96 min. The mean renal clearance, 9.0 ml/min per kg, exceeds the
      glomerular filtration rate in the rabbit, indicating that ganciclovir is actively
      secreted in the renal tubule. Similar results were obtained by determining the
      renal clearance at steady state during constant-rate intravenous infusion of
      ganciclovir.

PMID- 2293206
TI  - Transdermal delivery of bioactive peptides: the effect of n-decylmethyl
      sulfoxide, pH, and inhibitors on enkephalin metabolism and transport.
AB  - We investigated the effects of the nonionic surfactant, n-decylmethyl sulfoxide
      (NDMS), pH, and inhibitors on the metabolism and the permeation of amino acids,
      dipeptides, and the pentapeptide enkephalin, through hairless mouse skin. An HPLC
      gradient method was developed to identify the possible peptide and amino acid
      metabolites of leucine-enkephalin. NDMS increased the permeability of all amino
      acids and peptides tested. At neural pH, the enzyme activity within the skin was
      such that no flux of leucine-enkephalin (YGGFL) was observed and the donor cell
      concentration of YGGFL decreased rapidly. The major cleavage occurred at the Tyr
      Gly bond. At pH 5.0 the metabolic activity was reduced significantly and a
      substantial flux of YGGFL was observed. Enzymatically stable YGGFL analogues, Tyr
      D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu (YDAGFL) and its amide, exhibited significant fluxes even at
      neutral pH in the presence of NDMS, but with substantial metabolism. YDAGFL amide
      was more stable to metabolism than YDAGFL. The rates of metabolism of the
      peptides in the skin homogenates were in the order: FL much greater than YGGFL
      greater than GFL greater than GGFL much greater than YG, YGG much greater than
      YDAGFL amide. In the skin homogenates puromycin and amastatin showed the highest
      inhibitory effects, while FL and GFL were only slightly active. However, in the
      skin diffusion experiments, FL allowed the highest amount of intact parent
      compound to permeate, making it the most potent inhibitor. These results show
      that the complex proteolytic enzyme activities occurring during skin permeation
      are different from those in skin homogenates and that a combination of enhancer,
      pH adjustment, and inhibitors can increase the transdermal delivery of peptides.

PMID- 2293209
TI  - Characterization of a hot-melt fluid bed coating process for fine granules.
AB  - The equipment modifications and process changes necessary to perform hot-melt
      particle coating in a fluid bed granulator are reviewed. A specific case is
      presented in which partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil is coated onto fine
      granules (mean particle size, 77 microns; range, 10-150 microns; one standard
      deviation is 10 microns) composed of a hydrophobic drug and sucrose. The major
      variables were product bed temperature, temperature of the wax, spray rate, and
      atomization air pressure. The product bed temperature was selected to give the
      optimum congealing rate, and the latter three variables were varied in a
      statistically designed experiment. The physical properties of wax-coated granules
      fabricated using combinations of process variables were examined. Response
      surface analysis was used to determine the optimum process settings in terms of
      dissolution, particle size, and density of the coated product. This system proved
      quite adequate for the production of uniformly coated granules, with the best
      product being obtained at the optimized conditions using 120 degrees C
      atomization air and molten coating temperature, 30 g/min as the spray rate, and
      an atomization air pressure of 5 bar.

PMID- 2293211
TI  - Theophylline-controlled release preparations and fatty food: an in vitro study
      using the rotating dialysis cell method.
AB  - The in vitro dissolution behavior of four controlled-release theophylline
      products was investigated utilizing the rotating dialysis cell method. The
      effects of pH, oil, and enzymes on the dissolution profiles were studied. The
      wide range of pH values and the content of oil and enzymes in the dissolution
      media in the dialysis cell, which functioned as an in vitro model, were simulated
      to mimic physiological changes due to food along the entire gastrointestinal
      tract. Treatment with oil affected the dissolution behavior of Uniphyl and
      especially Theo-Dur Sprinkle but had little or no effect on the dissolution
      profiles of Theo-Dur tablets and Theo-24 capsules. The in vitro observations of
      the oil effect were related to the food effect obtained from published in vivo
      studies. The rotating dialysis cell can be a useful tool in studying factors
      which may be responsible for dissolution-related food effects on the absorption
      of controlled-release products.

PMID- 2293210
TI  - Nebulization of liposomes. I. Effects of lipid composition.
AB  - A series of multilamellar liposome dispersions was prepared from lipids of soy
      phosphatidylcholine or hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine containing from 0 to
      30 mol% of either cholesterol, stearylamine, or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol.
      The liposome dispersions were aerosolized with a Collison nebulizer for 80 min at
      an output flow rate of 4.7 liters of air/min. The effects of nebulization on the
      vesicles were determined by monitoring the release of encapsulated 5,6
      carboxylfluorescein (CF) from dispersions containing approximately 200 micrograms
      of total CF, of which 93.1 +/- 2.4% (N = 18) was initially encapsulated. In all
      experiments CF was released from the liposomes while being aerosolized, and this
      ranged from a mean of 12.7 +/- 3.8 to 60.9 +/- 1.9% of the encapsulated CF,
      depending upon the lipid composition. The lipid concentration in the dispersions
      did not affect the rate or percentage release of CF over a range of approximately
      0.5 to 50 mg per nebulized dispersion. If liposomes are to be used as drug
      carriers in an inhalation aerosol a lipid composition should be employed which
      will minimize the release of encapsulated drug caused by nebulization.

PMID- 2293212
TI  - Electrical analysis of fresh, excised human skin: a comparison with frozen skin.
AB  - Samples of human allograft skin prepared without freezing ("fresh skin") were
      found to have electrical and sodium ion transport properties which differed only
      slightly from those of skin which had been similarly treated but stored frozen
      ("frozen skin"). The fresh skin samples were less permeable to sodium ions during
      passive diffusion and less conductive than frozen skin at low current levels.
      They were more permselective for sodium versus chloride during constant-current
      iontophoresis and showed slightly more asymmetry in their current-voltage
      properties. Overall, the electrical behavior of the two tissues was similar
      enough to support the use of frozen tissue in iontophoresis studies. However,
      caution should be exercised when considering the use of frozen skin for
      applications, such as those based on electroosmosis, where the observed
      differences could have a major impact on the results.

PMID- 2293213
TI  - In vitro skin absorption and metabolism of benzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, and
      benzocaine in the hairless guinea pig.
AB  - The percutaneous absorption and metabolism of three structurally related
      compounds, benzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and ethyl aminobenzoate
      (benzocaine), were determined in vitro through hairless guinea pig skin.
      Benzocaine was also studied in human skin. Absorption of benzocaine was rapid and
      similar through both viable and nonviable skin. The absorption of the two acidic
      compounds, benzoic acid and PABA, was greater through nonviable skin. A small
      portion (6.9%) of absorbed benzoic acid was conjugated with glycine to form
      hippuric acid. Although N-acetyl-benzocaine had not been observed as a metabolite
      of benzocaine when studied by other routes of administration, both PABA and
      benzocaine were extensively N-acetylated during percutaneous absorption. Thus,
      the metabolism of these compounds should be considered in an accurate assessment
      of absorption after topical application.

PMID- 2293214
TI  - Enhancement of the antiinflammatory effect of ethyl 4-biphenylyl acetate in
      ointment by beta-cyclodextrin derivatives: increased absorption and localized
      activation of the prodrug in rats.
AB  - Ethyl 4-biphenylyl acetate (EBA) is a prodrug of the antiinflammatory 4
      biphenylyl acetic acid (BPAA). The inclusion complexes of EBA with beta
      cyclodextrin (beta-CyD), heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta
      CyD), and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CyD) at a molar ratio of 1:2
      (EBA:cyclodextrin) were prepared and used to make hydrophilic antiinflammatory
      ointments. The in vitro release of EBA from the ointments was enhanced by
      complexation in the order of beta-CyD less than DM-beta-CyD less than or equal to
      HP-beta-CyD. The improvement correlated with the improved solubility and not with
      the decreased diffusibility observed to occur upon the complexation of EBA. In
      vivo the complexation with cyclodextrin derivatives increased both the release of
      EBA from the vehicle and its conversion in the underlying tissue to BPAA, but the
      total of EBA and BPAA in the tissue was decreased. In vitro studies confirmed
      that the effects of cyclodextrin derivatives on the conversion were exerted
      indirectly. The combination of the enhanced release and of the enhanced prodrug
      hydrolysis by esterases in the site where the antiinflammatory action is required
      resulted in increased therapeutic effects. In the model of carrageenan-induced
      acute edema in rat paw, the complexation improved the therapeutic effects over
      those of EBA alone in the order of beta-CyD less than DM-beta-CyD less than HP
      beta-CyD. HP-beta-CyD may be a particularly useful cyclodextrin derivative since
      it improves the topical availability and does not irritate tissues.

PMID- 2293215
TI  - Solid and liquid heat capacities of n-alkyl para-aminobenzoates near the melting
      point.
AB  - The expression that relates the ideal mole fraction solubility of a crystalline
      compound to physicochemical properties of the compound includes a term involving
      the difference in the heat capacities of the solid and liquid forms of the
      solute, delta Cp. There are two alternate conventions which are employed to
      eliminate this term. The first assumes that the term involving delta Cp, or delta
      Cp itself, is zero. The alternate assumption assigns the value of the entropy of
      fusion to the differential heat capacity. The relative validity of these two
      assumptions was evaluated using the straight-chain alkyl para-aminobenzoates as
      test compounds. The heat capacities of the solid and liquid forms of each of the
      para-aminobenzoates, near the respective melting point, were determined by
      differential scanning calorimetry. The data lead one to conclude that the
      assumption that the differential heat capacity is not usually negligible and is
      better approximated by the entropy of fusion.

PMID- 2293216
TI  - Gastrointestinal transit of nondisintegrating, nonerodible oral dosage forms in
      pigs.
AB  - Gastrointestinal (GI) transit data necessary as "baseline" or "control"
      information were collected using pigs as animal models preliminary to
      bioavailability studies of new sustained action formulations. Density and size
      effects of nondisintegrating dosage forms on GI transit were investigated.
      Initially, enteric-coated nondisintegrating magnesium hydroxide caplets (density,
      1.5 g/ml; size, 19.6 x 9.5 mm; weight, 1.2 g) were utilized in seven pigs.
      Prolonged gastric residence (greater than 5 days) occurred in every case for this
      dosage form. Therefore, nondisintegrating caplets of three densities (1.25, 1.45,
      and 2.3 g/ml) and three different sizes (large, 20 x 10 mm; medium, 10 x 10 mm;
      small, 5 x 10 mm) were studied in two more pigs. Roentgenography was used to
      visualize passage of caplets through the GI tract. Heidelberg pH capsules (size,
      8 x 20 mm; density, 1.61 g/ml) were also used in this study. Total GI transit
      times range from 2 to 33 days for 22 administrations of these nondisintegrating
      dosage forms. Pigs are found to not be an appropriate model for evaluating
      bioavailability of nondisintegrating controlled-release dosage forms because
      total GI transit time (especially gastric transit) is much too long.

PMID- 2293217
TI  - Release and absorption characteristics of novel theophylline sustained-release
      formulations: in vitro-in vivo correlation.
AB  - Five new experimental sustained-release (SR) formulations of theophylline, T-1, T
      1-A, T-2, T-2-A, and T-2-E, in a matrix tablet form with a protein were
      developed. The in vitro release of theophylline from these novel experimental
      formulations and two commercial (Theotrim and Theo-Dur) SR formulations, was
      studied for 2 hr immersed in simulated gastric fluid TS, followed by an
      additional 10 hr immersed in simulated intestinal fluid TS. Like Therotrim and
      Theo-Dur, theophylline release profiles from all the novel experimental
      formulations were smooth, controlled, and unaffected by changes in the pH and the
      proteolytic enzyme content of the incubation media. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of
      T-1, T-1-A, T-2-A. Theotrim, and Theo-Dur was carried out in five dogs and six
      healthy human volunteers under fasting conditions, using immediate-release
      aminophylline tablets as controls. Pharmacokinetic analysis by the Wagner-Nelson
      procedure revealed sustained-release absorption characteristics for all the
      formulations with the exception of the immediate release aminophylline tablet.
      For each of the formulations tested, the regression analysis results of the
      percentage of theophylline absorbed in dogs or humans against the mean percentage
      released in vitro, at the corresponding times, indicated a high correlation.
      These data imply that the in vivo release profiles under fasting conditions in
      the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and humans may be similar to those in the in
      vitro studies.

PMID- 2293218
TI  - Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between diazepam and ACC-9653 (a
      phenytoin prodrug) in healthy male volunteers.
AB  - The protein binding and pharmacokinetics of diazepam, ACC-9653 (a phenytoin
      prodrug), and phenytoin were evaluated in nine healthy male volunteers following
      administration of diazepam and ACC-9653, alone or concomitantly, in a randomized
      crossover design. No significant differences were observed in the fraction
      unbound or pharmacokinetic parameters of ACC-9653, phenytoin, or diazepam when
      ACC-9653 was administered alone compared to concomitant administration with
      diazepam. The phenytoin fraction unbound increased significantly with increased
      concentrations of ACC-9653, indicating displacement of phenytoin from its binding
      sites by ACC-9653. ACC-9653 also demonstrated concentration dependent binding.
      The lack of a significant pharmacokinetic drug interaction between ACC-9653 and
      diazepam suggests that these drugs may be safely administered together, although
      this conclusion should be confirmed in the intended patient population.

PMID- 2293219
TI  - Determination of temafloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin in bulk drug and
      dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - The fluoroquinolones, temafloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin, are determined
      in the bulk drug substances and in a variety of dosage form using high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC system used is also applicable
      for ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The procedure uses UV detection at 280 nm,
      which provides a linear response of the subject compounds to at least 20
      micrograms/ml. Assay precision (RSD) values were +/- 1.2% or better for the bulk
      drugs and ranged from +/- 0.42 to +/- 2.3% for suspension, capsule, and tablet
      formulations. Drug recoveries were quantitative from the dosage forms tested.
      Sensitivity of the subject compounds is approximately 50 ng/ml (2.5 ng on
      column).

PMID- 2293220
TI  - Release of human serum albumin from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres.
AB  - Human serum albumin (HSA) was encapsulated in a 50:50 copolymer of DL
      lactide/glycolide in the form of microspheres. These microspheres were used as a
      model formulation to study the feasibility of controlling the release of large
      proteins over a 20- to 30-day period. We show that HSA can be successfully
      incorporated into microspheres and released intact from these microspheres into
      various buffer systems at 37 degrees C. A continuous release of the protein could
      be achieved in physiological buffers at 37 degrees C over a 20- to 30-day period
      from microspheres with high protein loadings (11.6%). These results demonstrate
      the potential of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres for continuous
      delivery of large proteins.

PMID- 2293221
TI  - A flat circular hole device for zero-order release of drugs: characterization of
      the moving dissolution boundary.

PMID- 2293222
TI  - Epidermal differentiation and permeability in fetal pig skin.

PMID- 2293223
TI  - Effects of a diluent on the retarded-release property of acrylate methacrylate-
      salicylic acid coacervates.

PMID- 2293224
TI  - Nucleic acid sequence of cDNA (RSD-1) encoding a rabbit sperm membrane protein
      and structural properties of the encoded protein.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a 2.0 kb cDNA encoding a rabbit sperm tail membrane
      protein was determined using the chain termination method. Analysis was performed
      using Sequenase and Klenow enzymes on the target sequence in an M13mp18/19
      cloning system. The open reading frame consisted of 438 bp encoding 146 amino
      acids of the protein, with a calculated Mr of 15507. The hydrophobic amino acid
      content was 34.9%, and pI was in the vicinity of 5.8.

PMID- 2293225
TI  - Preliminary observations on the phenotypes of lymphoid cells in mycosis fungoides
      using anti-human-thymocyte monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The phenotypes of lymphoid cells from twelve patients with mycosis fungoides
      (including 5 patients in the tumor stage and 7 in the pretumor stage) were
      determined immunohistochemically using anti-thymocyte monoclonal antibodies
      (HIT1, HIT2, and Leu 6). The results showed significant differences between the
      numbers of HIT1 and HIT2 positive cells in tumor and pretumor stage lesions,
      indicating that these two monoclonal antibodies may be of help in the staging of
      mycosis fungoides and in making a prognosis. Also, we found that some Leu 6 (+)
      cells in tumor stage lesions were round or oval in shape without dendritic
      processes, suggesting that they may be immature lymphocytes.

PMID- 2293226
TI  - Immunopotentiating effect of traditional Chinese drugs--ginsenoside and
      glycyrrhiza polysaccharide.
AB  - The immunopotentiating effects of the traditional Chinese drugs Ginsenoside (GS)
      and Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GPS) are reported. It was demonstrated that GS
      promotes the phagocytic activity of plaque-forming cells (PFC) and enhances the
      mitogenesis of T and B lymphocytes primed by mitogens. The mechanism of these
      effects is related to the ratio of cGMP to cAMP. GS also plays a role in the NKC
      IFN-IL-2 regulatory system, inhibits the growth of tumor cells, and antagonizes
      the suppression of ADCC and NK cytotoxicities in mice with surgical stress. GS
      exhibits bidirectional effects on immunological functions. GPS increases the
      phagocytosis of macrophages, induces macrophages to secret IL-1, enhances both NK
      and ADCC activities, behaves as a mitogen of B lymphocytes, inhibits the
      multiplication of several viruses, and induces the release of IFN from spleen
      cells.

PMID- 2293227
TI  - Leukemia among medical diagnostic X-ray workers in China.
AB  - The incidence of leukemia among 27,011 medical diagnostic X-ray workers was
      compared with that among 25,782 other medical specialists employed between 1950
      and 1985 in China. A significantly elevated risk of leukemia was seen among
      diagnostic X-ray workers. The relative risk (RR) of leukemia was 2.4 (95% CI =
      1.3-4.1) based on the rate observed in the comparison group, and 2.3 when the
      rate in a Shanghai population was used. The elevated incidence of leukemia was
      restricted to male X-ray workers, and the relative risk of leukemia was higher
      for X-ray workers who began employment before 1970 than for those who started
      work more recently. The RR for leukemia was highest among workers who had been
      employed for 10-15 years, but the incidence was not apparently elevated further
      among those who had been employed for more than 20 years. The risk was more
      pronounced in workers who had begun their jobs before the age of 20 years, and it
      appeared to decrease with increasing age at first employment. The variation in
      risk with the duration of employment, age and the calendar time when diagnostic
      radiological work began indicates that the elevated incidence of leukemia is
      attributable to occupational exposure to X-rays.

PMID- 2293228
TI  - The frequencies and doses of medical exposure in China.
AB  - A sampling survey of medical exposure frequency covered 15,000 hospitals in 24
      provinces, while a sampling measurement of patient doses covered 2,000 hospitals
      in 14 provinces. From these surveys and measurements, we compiled survey data of
      11 million cases. The data were analyzed by computer, and the frequencies,
      averages of skin and organic dose per examination, and population doses per
      capita (He, LSD, GSD, SSD) were found. The possible risks of medical exposure in
      China are also estimated in this paper.

PMID- 2293229
TI  - Characterization of uterine cytosol and nuclear sex steroid receptors in aging
      female ICR mice.
AB  - Changes in uterine wet weight and estrogen receptor levels were studied in aging
      female ovariectomized ICR mice. A marked increase in uterine wet weight was
      observed in 18-month-old mice after injection of estradiol-17 beta (E2), from
      67.6 +/- 3.1 mg (control, no injection) to 98.2 +/- 14.8 mg (1 h after injection
      of 1.0 microgram E2) and to 125.2 +/- 15.8 mg (4 h after injection of 1.0
      microgram E2). The response to E2 in old mice was greater than that in young.
      This observation suggests that the uteri of old mice are still sensitive to
      gonadal steroids up to the post-reproductive age of 18 months. A 2.7-fold age
      related increase in uterine estrogen receptor content was also noted in aging
      ovariectomized female mice, from 0.38 pmol/uterus in young mice to 1.01
      pmol/uterus in old mice (1 h after injection of E2). Both cytoplasmic estrogen
      receptor content and receptor concentration (expressed as estrogen binding
      sites/cell) increased with advancing age. In contrast, no age-related change in
      the dissociation constant of estrogen receptors was detected (Kd = 1.0 +/- 0.5 x
      10(-9) mol/L). The progesterone receptor content also increased with advancing
      age. This study demonstrates a marked increase of uterine estrogen receptor
      content in aging mice, suggesting that the uterus is not responsible for the
      increased incidence of pregnancy failure in old mice.

PMID- 2293230
TI  - Relationship between insulin resistance and insulin receptor deficiency in the
      elderly.
AB  - Insulin receptors on erythrocytes in 59 elderly and 21 youngsters were
      investigated through a radioreceptor assay. Specific insulin binding to receptors
      was found to be decreased in the elderly group as compared with the youngsters.
      The high affinity binding sites averaged 82 +/- 16/RBC in the elderly group, but
      109 +/- 22/RBC in the youngsters, and the low affinity binding sites averaged
      1497 +/- 371/RBC and 2177 +/- 461/RBC respectively. Affinity constants did not
      differ significantly between the two groups, and fasting blood glucose and
      insulin levels were the same statistically. Our results indicate that senility
      might lead to a decrease in the number of binding sites on cells. A discussion on
      the relationship between insulin resistance and insulin receptor deficiency in
      the elderly is presented.

PMID- 2293231
TI  - The first report of experimental atherosclerosis in Chinese mini-pigs.

PMID- 2293232
TI  - Surgical treatment for recurrent ovarian malignancies.
AB  - Eighty-nine cases of recurrent ovarian malignancies which had undergone surgical
      treatment were studied. Debulking surgery is of great value in the treatment of
      primary ovarian carcinoma, but for recurrent carcinomas success depends upon the
      pathological type. The 5-year survival rate was 75% for patients with immature
      teratomas, but only 6.1% for those with epithelial ovarian carcinomas and 3.6%
      with endodermal sinus tumors. Two cases of recurrent dysgerminoma were both alive
      and well more than 10 years after treatment. So repeated debulking is worthwhile
      for recurrent immature teratoma and dysgerminoma, while in cases of epithelial
      type or endodermal sinus tumors successful debulking surgery should be followed
      by some new kinds of adjuvant therapy, otherwise only failure will result.

PMID- 2293233
TI  - Anesthetic management for the excision of pheochromocytoma.
AB  - Anesthetic experiences involving 23 patients with pheochromocytoma during the
      period 1983-1986 are reported. Typical clinical symptoms and positive laboratory
      results were found in all patients. Epidural block was used in 11, general
      anesthesia in 10, and a combination of the two in 2 cases. Swan-Ganz catheter was
      used to monitor hemodynamic changes during anesthesia and surgery. Before
      excision of the tumor, a larger volume of fluid was transfused than was lost,
      resulting in the elevation and/or maintenance of pulmonary arterial pressure
      (PAP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) at the upper limit of the
      normal range. Once venous supply was secured, the incidence of critical
      hypotension following resection of the tumor was reduced significantly. But it
      was difficult to avoid this blood pressure drop in some cases, and intravenous
      infusion of catecholamines was required. After tumor excision a marked decline of
      myocardial function was observed. This suggests that myocardial dysfunction might
      be another important factor of severe hypotension, along with the total
      peripheral resistance (TPR) decrease and relative hypovolemia. Blood pressures of
      patients undergoing epidural block were stable or slightly decreased during the
      establishment of anesthesia. However, in all cases of general anesthesia a
      variable hypotension was observed during induction and intubation. We therefore
      recommend epidural block for abdominal pheochromocytoma resection in order to
      avoid the marked fluctuation of blood pressure which may accompany the induction
      of general anesthesia.

PMID- 2293234
TI  - Preliminary observation of the brain as a site for parathyroid gland
      allotransplantation in rats.
AB  - We divided the experimental animals into two groups. CONTROL GROUP: ACI rat PTG
      was transplanted into the renal subcapsulae of F344 rats. Experimental group: ACI
      rat PTG was transplanted into the ventriculus lateralis of F344 rats. The results
      show that a statistically significant difference in mean allograft survival times
      existed between the two groups.

PMID- 2293235
TI  - Effects of purified compound (8501) on hyperlipidemia and the balance between
      thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin in rabbits.
AB  - New Zealand strain white male rabbits were divided into four groups to study the
      effects of 8501, extracted from a Chinese herb, on hyperlipidemia and the
      TXA2/PGI2 ratio in atherosclerotic rabbits. The results indicate that serum
      cholesterol and the levels of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester in aortic tissue
      were significantly increased in cholesterol-fed rabbits. The percentage of alpha
      lipoprotein was significantly decreased and the aortic atherosclerotic plaque
      area was significantly increased. The data also demonstrate that the level of
      plasma TXB2 was markedly increased, while that of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was
      significantly decreased. The TXB2/6-keto-PGF1 alpha ratio (T/6) was significantly
      increased. The decrease of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha occurred prior to the increase of
      TXB2. Compound 8501 not only lowered serum total cholesterol and aortic total
      cholesterol and cholesteryl ester but also antagonized the decrease of alpha
      lipoprotein and atherosclerotic plaque formation. In addition, 8501 prevented the
      decrease of plasma 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and the increase of TXB2, and so the T/6
      ratio was significantly decreased.

PMID- 2293237
TI  - Action by the lungs on circulating xenobiotic agents, with a case study of
      physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of benzo(a)pyrene disposition.
AB  - The lungs contain enzyme systems that metabolize xenobiotic agents, and the
      structure and position in the circulation render this organ potentially important
      in the metabolic removal of substances from the blood. Pulmonary enzyme systems
      that oxidize xenobiotic agents include cytochrome P450- or flavin-containing
      monooxygenases. In addition, the lungs accumulate certain agents, notably basic
      amines, without substantially metabolizing them. Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is one
      example of a xenobiotic agents that is eliminated from the circulation largely by
      oxidative metabolism. We have described the metabolic elimination of B(a)P using
      a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model applied retrospectively to existing
      data sets of B(a)P metabolism and disposition in rats. The result suggests that
      the lungs may, under certain conditions, contribute significantly to xenobiotic
      disposition and that this contribution is greater than that predicted by the
      activity of dispositional enzyme in this organ. Thus, the lungs may play a
      significant role in the metabolic elimination of some xenobiotic agents under
      certain circumstances.

PMID- 2293236
TI  - Differentiation of sclerofasciitis and progressive systemic sclerosis: clinico
      pathologic considerations of 51 cases of sclerofasciitis.

PMID- 2293238
TI  - Regulation of gene expression by tumor promoters.
AB  - Tumor promoters change the program of genes expressed in cells in culture and in
      the multicellular organism. The growing list of genes that are induced or
      repressed includes protooncogenes, transcription factors, secreted proteases and
      viruses. Most of the regulation is at the level of transcription. Several of the
      cis-acting promoter elements mediating regulation, the transcription factors
      binding to these elements and their post-translational activation, as well as
      some of the initial steps of the interaction of cells with tumor promoters have
      been characterized. The components of the signal transduction chain to the
      nucleus are, however, still unknown. Mutant and inhibitor studies suggest that
      the activation or inactivation of certain genes constitute the basis for the
      development of the tumor promotion phenotype.

PMID- 2293239
TI  - Metabolism of pyrimidine analogues and their nucleosides.
AB  - The pyrimidine antimetabolite drugs consist of base and nucleoside analogues of
      the naturally occurring pyrimidines uracil, thymine and cytosine. As is typical
      of antimetabolites, these drugs have a strong structural similarity to endogenous
      nucleic acid precursors. The structural differences are usually substitutions at
      one of the carbons in the pyrimidine ring itself or substitutions at on of the
      hydrogens attached to the ring of the pyrimidine or sugar (ribose or
      deoxyribose). Despite the differences noted above, these analogues, can still be
      taken up into cells and then metabolized via anabolic or catabolic pathways used
      by endogenous pyrimidines. Cytotoxicity results when the antimetabolite either is
      incorporated in place of the naturally occurring pyrimidine metabolite into a key
      molecule (such as RNA or DNA) or competes with the naturally occurring pyrimidine
      metabolite for a critical enzyme. There are four pyrimidine antimetabolites that
      are currently used extensively in clinical oncology. These include the
      fluoropyrimidines fluorouracil and fluorodeoxyuridine, and the cytosine
      analogues, cytosine arabinoside and azacytidine.

PMID- 2293240
TI  - Myotoxic components of snake venoms: their biochemical and biological activities.
AB  - Necrosis of skeletal muscle is produced by two types of snake venom components:
      single chain peptides consisting of 42-44 amino acid residues and phospholipases
      A2 representing either single chain proteins or existing as complexes of several
      enzyme subunits or combined with other nonenzymatic proteins. Vacuolation, lysis
      and necrosis of skeletal muscle cells are the major pathological effects of these
      myotoxins. Although the exact mode of action of these toxins is not clear,
      interactions with the plasma membrane leading to permeability changes for ions
      and to their complete destruction is evident. The high specificities of some
      venom phospholipases A2 for skeletal muscle cells suggest a specific binding to
      certain membrane receptors; however, an enzymatic action on membranes may also be
      involved.

PMID- 2293241
TI  - Potassium channel openers and vascular smooth muscle relaxation.
AB  - Potassium channel openers comprise a diverse group of chemical agents which open
      plasma-lemmal K-channels. They show selectivity for smooth muscle, although K
      channels in cardiac and skeletal muscle, neurones and the pancreatic beta-cell
      are also affected at relatively high concentrations. In addition, at least one
      endogenous K-channel opener of vascular origin--endothelium-derived
      hyperpolarizing factor--exists and in man plays a role in modulating blood vessel
      tone. The type of K-channel involved in the actions of both exogenous and
      endogenous K-channel openers is still uncertain, although a prime candidate in
      smooth muscle seems similar to the [ATPi]-modulated K-channel in the pancreatic
      beta-cell. This review focuses attention on the action of these agents in
      vascular smooth muscle and on the possible clinical exploitation of their
      powerful vasorelaxant properties.

PMID- 2293242
TI  - Physical activity and energy expenditure in undernutrition.
AB  - The most accurate measurement of energy expenditure (EE) in free-living
      individual subjects is by the doubly-labelled water technique. The minute-by
      minute heart rate (fH) method, while not yet suitable for individuals, will give
      excellent measurements of EE in small groups of subjects as well as the pattern
      of EE while wearing the fH recorder. In adults, the few studies available
      indicate that chronic energy deficiency (CED) results in decreased energy
      expenditure. In pre-school children, CED results in decreased activity as a first
      line of defense against decreased rate of growth. In marginally malnourished
      school children, the lower levels of EE are the results of their smaller size.
      However, they are unable to cope with situations of increased activity above
      ordinary levels. The relative effort exerted by control and undernourished boys
      and girls 6-16 y of age averaged approximately 25% VO2 max during 12 h of school
      days. There was a -3% change with age but there were no sex or nutritional status
      effects on average % VO2 max. It is suggested that this relative constancy in %
      VO2max in such disparate groups may be indicative of some physiological
      regulation of activity levels.

PMID- 2293243
TI  - Regulation of metallothionein gene expression.
AB  - The metallothioneins are small, cysteine-rich proteins that have the capacity for
      high affinity binding of heavy metal ions, and whose synthesis is regulated by
      metal ion concentrations. These properties suggest that they play pivotal roles
      in the metabolism of the relatively nontoxic essential metals (zinc and copper),
      as well as toxic heavy metals (cadmium), a concept supported by a variety of
      studies of cells in culture, as well as in intact animals. Expression of the
      metallothionein genes may have important implications in the nutritional status
      of the animal, in its response to stresses (inflammation, heavy metal toxicity),
      and in embryonic, fetal and neonatal development. The complementary DNAs and
      genes that encode the metallothioneins have been cloned and analyzed from a wide
      variety of eukaryotes. Striking features of the metallothioneins include: their
      high degree of amino acid sequence similarity (including conservation in the
      placement of cysteine residues in the molecule reflecting their function in metal
      binding); a conserved tripartite gene structure; and their transcriptional
      induction by metal ions, as well as other hormonal and environmental stimuli. The
      precise mechanisms and biochemical pathways by which cells transduce
      environmental signals into transcriptional induction of the metallothionein genes
      are beginning to be defined. Recent studies indicate that metal effects are
      exerted via positive trans-acting factors induced to interact with cis-acting DNA
      sequences in the promoter, in turn leading to transcriptional induction. However,
      the metallothionein gene promoter is structurally complex, and contains binding
      sites for a variety of nuclear proteins that likely regulate basal as well as
      induced levels of expression of these genes. Recent studies also suggest the
      possible involvement of post-transcriptional processes in the regulation of
      metallothionein levels in the cell. Furthermore, evidence of striking differences
      in the levels of metallothionein gene expression among various cell types in vivo
      have recently been documented. Although several detailed reviews of the
      metallothioneins have been published recently, this review will focus, in large
      part, on the molecular biology of the metallothioneins, with particular emphasis
      on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating expression
      of these interesting and important genes. Given the large volume of literature on
      the metallothioneins and the space limitations of this review, it is impossible
      to comprehensively cite the studies of each of my colleagues who have contributed
      so much to this field. Instead the reader is often directed to reviews of this
      subject for much of the earlier literature, and emphasis is placed on more
      current publications in this field.

PMID- 2293244
TI  - Nutrition concerns in Bangladesh: the focus for improvement.
AB  - The results of efforts to identify the prevailing nutritional deficiency
      disorders in Bangladesh and major topics of local scientific investigation
      influencing those nutrient disorders are reviewed. Primary areas of emphasis
      include studies addressing nutritional status (especially vitamin A); factors
      influencing diarrheal incidence, morbidity and mortality; child nutrition; the
      influence of seasonal variations; and the implementation of successful
      intervention programs. Programmatic implications of the findings are presented.

PMID- 2293246
TI  - Perspectives in British and Canadian neuro-psychopharmacology. Proceedings of the
      British Association for Psychopharmacology and Canadian College of Neuro
      Psychopharmacology, Joint Annual Meeting. 23-26 July, 1989, Cambridge, England.

PMID- 2293245
TI  - Nutrition and health in China, 1949 to 1989.
AB  - Since the establishment of a new social order in 1949, China's attempts to feed
      and nurture its large population has been a topic of serious study in many
      disciplines. This review focuses on dietary sources of Chinese population and
      incidence, increase and decline of important diet related health disorders in
      China during the last four decades. Literature published since 1949 on goiter,
      rickets, riboflavin deficiency, beri beri, vision impairment, favism, cancer,
      atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, hypertension, dental and smoking
      related diseases, diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis, lactose intolerance, mineral
      deficiency, Kashin-Beck disease, parasitic diseases and genetic disorders are
      reviewed. Also presented selectively are reports related to ethnodietetics,
      health care, maternal health and pediatric care as well as longevity. In the
      1980s, total caloric intake of Chinese population showed a 19% increase on a
      daily basis from that of late 1940s. In overall terms, plant derived foods
      supplied 93% of energy, 87% of protein and 55% of fat to the Chinese. Among the
      animal foods, pork remains the most common and least expensive form of meat,
      contributing more than 90% of China's total meat production excluding poultry and
      fish. In 1949, the life expectancy in China was only 36 years. In early 1980s, it
      has increased to 68 years. This increase in life expectancy is attributed mostly
      to improved nutrition and lowering of mortality due to decrease in infectious
      diseases. Though population, disease and mortality statistics of modern China are
      spotty and sometimes questionable, common consensus among the researchers is that
      since 1949 the public health situation in China has improved tremendously.

PMID- 2293248
TI  - Conditioned opponent processes in the development of tolerance to psychoactive
      drugs.
AB  - 1. Tolerance may involve classical conditioning processes. A conditioned drug
      opponent response is thought to increase with drug exposures and summate with the
      unconditioned response to the drug - resulting in tolerance. 2. Support for this
      theory comes from reports that tolerance exhibits many basic features of
      classical conditioning phenomena. 3. Problems for this account of tolerance arise
      from the fact that some, but not all, empirical attempts to demonstrate
      conditioned opponent responses have failed. 4. It has consequently been suggested
      that tolerance might best be conceptualised in terms of theories of habituation,
      which do not involve opponent processes. 5. The controversy over the role of
      opponent processes is theoretically important, because conditioned opponent
      processes are believed to be involved in dependence. Resolution of the
      controversy requires that parametric studies are conducted, in which the optimal
      conditions for obtaining conditioned tolerance are defined, and an efficient
      "model system" developed for analysis of the possible role of opponent processes
      in tolerance. 6. Research in this area highlights the importance of
      interdisciplinary studies of tolerance and dependence.

PMID- 2293247
TI  - Treatment of depression in the elderly: a Canadian view.
AB  - 1. Between 10 and 15% of people over the age of 65 have a potentially treatable
      depression. 2. The commonest antidepressants used in Canada, the tertiary-amine
      tricyclics, are potentially problematic when used with geriatric patients. 3. It
      is current practice in geriatric psychiatry to use secondary-amine tricyclics as
      "first choice" drugs for elderly depressed patients. 4. Electroconvulsive therapy
      can be effectively used to deal with severely depressed elderly patients,
      particularly if there are also features of dementia. 5. Although "better drugs"
      are needed for the elderly, people over the age of 65 are typically excluded from
      treatment outcome research.

PMID- 2293249
TI  - Varieties of lithium benefit.
AB  - Over the years much effort has gone into clarifying lithium's mechanism of
      action. It has been well-documented, and reviewed in the present symposium, that
      the effects of lithium on the human body are widespread, however it remains
      unclear which of the many effects is the one which mediates clinical benefit. One
      of the obstacles to progress has probably been an incomplete integration of
      clinical and laboratory approaches to the problem. In this paper we briefly
      summarize the main observations in the clinical dimension. The best-documented
      clinical effects of lithium have been mood stabilization, antimanic effects and
      antiaggressive action. Several other effects have, however, been observed and
      reported, some still controversial but all deserving our attention. We conclude
      that one can observe not one but several distinct, qualitatively separable
      benefits, with different clinical characteristics. It appears important that in
      any future laboratory search for the relevant mechanisms of action of lithium, we
      keep this clinical multiplicity in mind.

PMID- 2293250
TI  - Neuroelectrical activity related to panic disorder.
AB  - 1. Quantitative electroencephalographic activity (EEG), together with bioelectric
      measures of the peripheral nervous system, provide us with unique non-invasive
      tools for investigating neurobiological issues relating to panic disorder. 2.
      During recordings of non-panic states, patients with panic disorder exhibit a
      desynchrony in autonomic vs. somatic arousal levels and also display significant
      EEG correlations with self-reported anxiety which are not apparent in control
      subjects. 3. Recordings concomitant with self-reported anxiety/panic during
      lactate infusions are associated with increased autonomic and somatic arousal and
      a paradoxical increase in slow wave EEG activity. 4. EEG recordings throughout a
      lactate challenge indicate that slow wave activity associated with panic does not
      appear to be characterized by an abrupt, sudden onset but tends to increase
      gradually throughout the infusion, a finding which is in disaccord with the
      'spontaneity' view of panic.

PMID- 2293251
TI  - Impulse control in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a biopsychopathological
      approach.
AB  - 1. The dichotomy between behaviors (some pathological, some falling into the
      realm of criminality) characterized by an excessive impulsivity and others, such
      as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), in which a high resistance towards inner
      or outer impulses dominate, can not be sustained any more. 2. Classical
      descriptions of OCD include behavior patterns of low control of impulses, and
      individuals showing "low control of impulse disorders" are, more often than not,
      high controllers in the periods of time when the impulsivity is in the
      background. 3. Evidence from biological research and from treatment outcome
      studies also suggest common traits in the "hyponomic" (impulsive) and
      "hypernomic" (obsessive) individuals, related to serotonin (5-HT) metabolism
      disturbances.

PMID- 2293252
TI  - Early response with clomipramine in obsessive compulsive disorder--a placebo
      controlled study.
AB  - 1. Clomipramine has been found to be effective in the treatment of obsessive
      compulsive disorder (OCD) in nine placebo controlled studies whereas other
      conventional antidepressants lacking 5-HT reuptake inhibiting properties do not
      appear to be effective. 2. The placebo response rate in OCD is very low as is
      seen in the placebo controlled study of the efficacy of clomipramine 75mg in 14
      patients suffering from OCD reported here. 3. Response appears early in treatment
      when compared with response of depression to antidepressants.

PMID- 2293253
TI  - The duration, nature and recurrence rate of brief depressions.
AB  - 1. It has been shown in placebo controlled studies of prophylactic treatment of
      suicidal behaviour in patients not suffering from major depression that brief
      episodes of depression predict further suicidal behaviour. 2. In a prospective
      follow up study of patients with a history of repeated suicidal behaviour it
      appears that almost all suffered recurrent episodes of brief depression, mainly
      of moderate to severe intensity. Two thirds of the episodes lasted between two
      and four days. The recurrences were frequent, irregular, and apparently
      unpredictable. 3. The episodes were distinguishable from major depression only by
      the short duration.

PMID- 2293254
TI  - Sleep studies and neurochemical correlates in panic disorder and agoraphobia.
AB  - Although panic disorder is classified by the DSM III among the anxiety disorders,
      there is evidence from epidemiological and neurochemical studies that links panic
      to the affective disorders. In addition several of the effective pharmacological
      treatments suggest, as in the depressive disorders, serotonergic involvement. As
      part of the evaluation of patients who would take part in the Cross National
      Collaborative Panic study, polysomnography, the dexamethasone suppression test
      and platelet imipramine binding and 5HT-uptake were scheduled. 44 patients who
      met DSM III criteria on the SCID interview schedule for Panic Disorder consented
      to enter the study. After being medication free for two weeks, these patients had
      three consecutive all night polysomnograms, followed by a dexamethasone
      suppression test and platelet study of imipramine binding and 5HT-uptake. In our
      studies we were unable to find for the panic group as a whole a correlation with
      reported parameters of sleep architecture in endogenous depression. Similarly the
      imipramine binding differentiated the panickers from the depressed group. Only
      the 5HT-uptake was similar in both groups. We also found a subgroup of panickers
      who resembled depressives in terms of the imipramine binding, 5HT-uptake platelet
      studies and REM latency. In the analysis of the imipramine and 5HT-uptake over
      the treatment period, we noted changes which suggest a role for serotonin,
      certainly in a subgroup of panickers and possibly for the group of panic disorder
      as a whole.

PMID- 2293255
TI  - Use and abuse of drugs in the elderly.
AB  - 1. Study of 100 patients admitted to the Geriatric Assessment Unit, to evaluate
      the appropriateness of drug therapy in the elderly. 2. Average patient took 5.15
      drugs at admission and 3.67 drugs at discharge. 3. Inaccurate dosages found in
      14%, drug-drug interaction in 31%, drug contraindications were evident in 23% and
      at least one unnecessary drug was prescribed in 39% patients at admission. 4. At
      discharge, 8% cases had potential drug-drug interaction and 2% received
      unnecessary drugs.

PMID- 2293256
TI  - Red cell choline in spasmodic torticollis and in a monozygotic twin pair with
      Tourette's syndrome.
AB  - 1. Alterations in cholinergic function may play a role in the pathophysiology of
      idiopathic spasmodic torticollis (ST) and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS).
      We measured red blood cell (RBC) choline in (i) ST (n = 24) and paired controls
      matched for age and gender (ii) a 20-year old pair of monozygotic twins with GTS,
      one of whom was moderately affected (CV) and the other virtually recovered (DV)
      (iii) both parents of the GTS twins, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
      2. RBC choline decreased with age in control men (r = -0.76; p less than 0.01)
      but not in control women. 3. RBC choline (nmol/ml) was higher in control men
      (18.3 +/- 4.8, X +/- SD) vs control women (13.1 +/- 4.3) (p = 0.025). 4. There
      was no significant difference in RBC choline (nmol/ml) between ST patients (16.6
      +/- 5.0) and controls (15.5 +/- 5.2). 5. The RBC choline values (nmol/ml) in the
      twins and parents were: 56.6 (CV), 58.3 (DV), 89.8 (father), 38.3 (mother) and in
      the controls (age 20-24) (n = 5) 18.2 +/- 3.6. 6. These data suggest (i) RBC
      choline is affected by age and gender (ii) RBC choline is unchanged in ST (iii)
      the regulation of RBC choline is under genetic control (iv) elevated RBC choline
      is not a state marker for GTS.

PMID- 2293257
TI  - Adolescent depression: a placebo-controlled fluoxetine treatment study and follow
      up.
AB  - Forty patients aged 13 to 18 years participated in a placebo-controlled double
      blind study of fluoxetine. Fifteen subjects in each group completed the eight
      week study. Approximately two-thirds of the patients showed marked or moderate
      clinical global improvement with both fluoxetine and placebo. Fluoxetine was
      superior to placebo on all clinical measures except for sleep disorder, but the
      differences were not statistically significant. Thirty-two of the patients and
      their parents were interviewed after a mean follow-up interval of 24 months
      (range: 8-46 months). Mean age at follow-up was 18 years (range: 15-22 years).
      Both groups had shown further improvement at follow-up but there were no
      significant group differences. Independent of the study, 19 patients (59%) had
      received intervening treatment following study termination and nine patients
      (28%) were still in treatment. Adolescent depression appears to respond to
      treatment but both mood disturbance and psychosocial adaptation problems persist,
      requiring active follow-through.

PMID- 2293259
TI  - Central injections of growth hormone-releasing factor increase operant responding
      for food reward.
AB  - 1. Male Wistar rats were prepared with chronic ventricular cannulae and trained
      to bar press for food pellets in operant cages. 2. Some rats were given icv
      injections of 0 (vehicle), 0.4, 4.0 and 40.0 picomole GRF on separate days and
      tested on a continuous reinforcement (CRF) reward schedule. 3. Other rats were
      given icv injections of 0 (vehicle) and 4 picomole GRF on separate days and
      tested on a progressive ratio (PR) reward schedule. 4. In comparison with vehicle
      injections, GRF significantly increased the average response rate under the CRF
      schedule and the average breaking point under the PR schedule. 5. The increased
      operant responsiveness displayed by rats suggests that central GRF possesses
      motivational efficacy, increasing the relative reinforcing strength of food.

PMID- 2293258
TI  - Evidence for involvement of endogenous acetylcholine in emotional-aversive
      response in the cat.
AB  - 1. The purpose of the present study was to provide evidence for involvement of
      endogenous acetylcholine in naturally as well as pharmacologically induced
      emotional behaviour in the cat. 2. Emotional-aversive responses of 10 cats were
      naturally evoked by presentation of a dog or the responses were pharmacologically
      induced by intracerebral injections of cholinomimetics. 3. Naturally evoked
      emotional behaviour was abolished by i.p. pretreatment with atropine sulfate (1
      mg/kg), but not by atropine methyl nitrate, or it was significantly decreased by
      bilateral intracerebral injection of atropine sulfate (5 micrograms/microliter).
      4. On the other hand, intracerebral injections of physostigmine (100
      micrograms/microliter), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which elevates the
      level of endogenous acetylcholine, induced the fully developed emotional-aversive
      response comparable with natural behaviour and with responses induced by
      carbachol (10 micrograms/microliter). 5. The results demonstrate that the
      endogenous acetylcholine in the basal forebrain and diencephalic areas play a
      role in naturally occurring emotional aversive behaviour in cats.

PMID- 2293260
TI  - [Comments on the paper by W. Sauer and H. Nolte. Complications of 3260 hip
      endoprosthesis implantations under spinal anesthesia].

PMID- 2293261
TI  - [Nephrotic syndrome].

PMID- 2293262
TI  - [Urinary tract infections].

PMID- 2293263
TI  - [Renal tubular acidosis].

PMID- 2293264
TI  - [Chronic kidney failure].

PMID- 2293265
TI  - [Arterial hypertension in pediatrics].

PMID- 2293266
TI  - [Hematuria in children].

PMID- 2293267
TI  - [Immunity status of 2 Chilean female populations against rubella].
AB  - A total of 1248 females were studied to determine immunity against rubella. A
      higher socio-economic subgroup (n = 789) and a lower one (459) were defined.
      Inhibition of hemagglutination was used to detect immunity. Positive results were
      obtained in 95% of females and no differences were detected for both groups. 78%
      of positive titers fell in the dilution range 1:20 to 1:80.

PMID- 2293268
TI  - [B-DR (HLA) linkage imbalance and transplants in Chile: a preliminary report].
AB  - Linkage imbalance for the B and DR loci (HLA) was found in a Chilean sample of
      families where a member had been proposed for transplantation. The B7-DR2 and B14
      DR1 haplotypes were significantly more frequent than expected. Most associations
      were those found in Caucasian populations.

PMID- 2293269
TI  - [Treatment of bladder neoplasm: vesical instillation of BCG vaccine in
      microdoses].
AB  - We administered BCG at microdoses (1 mg) to 34 patients after surgical operation
      for bladder cancer, from 1981 to 1989. A 9% recurrency rate was observed during a
      42 month follow up period. This is not significantly different from that observed
      with 120 mg doses, which are associated to known complications.

PMID- 2293270
TI  - [Hemoglobin, serum iron and transferrin saturation among users of intrauterine
      devices and oral contraceptive agents].
AB  - We studied 60 females using either intrauterine device or taking oral
      contraceptive pills. Hemoglobin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity and
      saturation of transferrin were determined before and 4 and 10 months after
      starting a responsible paternity program. Women with a basal hemoglobin level
      below 12 g/dl were excluded. Age, parity and hematologic parameters were similar
      for both groups. A significant decrease in hemoglobin level and saturation of
      transferrin was observed at 10 months in intrauterine device users (13.6 to 13.1
      g/dl and 36.2 to 26.9%, respectively). Use of oral contraceptive pills was not
      associated to hemoglobin decrease but a significant rise in saturation of
      transferrin was observed (36.2 to 43.9%, p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2293271
TI  - [Primary cutaneous lymphoma: experience with 10 cases].
AB  - We report 10 patients with cutaneous lymphoma along with their clinical findings,
      staging, histopathologic characteristics by light microscopy, and results of anti
      HTLV antibody screening. The immunotype was T cell in all. Three patients were
      diagnosed as having Lymphomatoid papulosis: one of them evolved to Mycosis
      fungoides, another showed progression to Immunoblastic lymphoma and a third
      remains as such. Two patients had a long standing Mycosis fungoides and, finally,
      5 cases had peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Of the latter, 2 progressed rapidly to
      death.

PMID- 2293272
TI  - [Second neoplasms in malignant hematologic disorders. Experience from 1978 to
      1987].
AB  - Neoplasia may develop in patients with malignant hematologic disorders, during
      remission after radio and/or chemotherapy. A multifactorial origin related to
      therapy may be postulated. From 1978 to 1987, among 142 patients with malignant
      hematologic disorders (Hodgkin lymphoma 33, non-Hodgkin lymphoma 51, Multiple
      Myeloma 35 and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia 31) we observed 3 patients developing
      another neoplasia. An additional patient with acute non-lymphatic leukemia had
      been submitted to chemotherapy for gastric cancer. Four other patients with
      double neoplasia, one of them a hematologic one, had not been submitted to
      chemotherapy. The lack of national registries for neoplastic diseases precludes
      an estimation of the odd ratios involved in our findings.

PMID- 2293273
TI  - [Incidence of malformations of the central nervous system: 1978-1988].
AB  - During the period Jan 1978 to Dec 1988, 41,867 deliveries took place at the
      University of Chile Hospital. Among them, 148 babies were found to have
      malformations of the central nervous system, an incidence of 3.6 per 1000 live
      births. A longitudinal study from 1969 to 1988 suggests a yearly increment of
      0.1% in the incidence rate of these malformations. The comparison of some
      quantitative variables, such as gestational age, birthweight, number of previous
      abortions and some risk factors like maternal illness, bleeding, radiation
      exposure, drug ingestion during the first trimester of pregnancy and
      instructional level of both parents show significant differences between the
      malformed and the control newborns. No significant differences were found for
      maternal age, sex nor seasonal variation.

PMID- 2293274
TI  - [Prevalence of acute manifestations of pathologic gastroesophageal reflux].
AB  - We characterized the acute manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux in 46
      patients attending an emergency ward. 43 were females and the mean age was 41 +/-
      14. The diagnosis of G-E reflux was confirmed in all by the acid reflux test;
      esophagitis was present in 55% of patients submitted to endoscopy; the Bernstein
      test was positive in 43%. The population represents 3% of all emergency consults
      and 8% of gastroenterological consults. Severe epigastric pain, usually burning
      or constrictive and radiating to the dorsum, left hypochondrium and sternal
      region was the presenting form in 55% of patients. Pain was refractory to
      antispasmodic agents but was relieved by antacids. Dyspnea or bronchial
      obstruction was the main symptom in 16% of cases, heartburn in 13%, hematemesis
      in 6%. Among these patients a prolonged history of chronic G-E reflux was common.
      Surgical correction was undertaken in 6%, with some symptoms persisting in 17%.

PMID- 2293275
TI  - [A combination of ampicillin and sulbactam: effect on aerobic and anaerobic gram
      negative bacteria].
AB  - The antibacterial activity of the association of ampicillin and sulbactam (2:1)
      upon strains of aerobic and anaerobic Gram negative agents was assayed.
      Inhibition of B-lactamases from intact and disrupted cells of some selected
      strains by sulbactam was also determined. Susceptibility was found in 34% and
      partial inhibition in 48%; 18% were fully resistant. Synergy between ampicillin
      and sulbactam was found upon ampicillin susceptible strains. This effect might
      reflect higher degree of binding of the inhibitor to PBP's in the absence of a
      trapping effect produced by B-lactamases. Anaerobic microorganisms were found to
      be highly susceptible to this association of B-lactams. Adequate penetration of
      the inhibitor into periplasmic space of Gram negative bacilli was deduced by the
      similar decrease of B-lactamase activity observed in intact and disrupted cells
      treated with sulbactam.

PMID- 2293276
TI  - [Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: a clinical case].
AB  - A 49 year old woman with a fluctuating painful ophthalmoplegia and a history of
      polyarthralgia is reported. On examination, additional findings included a
      maxillary subcutaneous infiltration, sphenoidal sinusitis and pulmonary nodes.
      Lung and sinus biopsy demonstrated findings compatible with lymphomatoid
      granulomatosis. The patient was treated with prednisone and cyclophosphamide,
      with good response of neurological and dermatological findings.

PMID- 2293278
TI  - [External iliac artery rupture as a manifestation of aspergillosis in a renal
      transplant recipient].
AB  - A 28 year old man developed acute cellular rejection after renal transplantation.
      He received double i.v. pulses of methylprednisolone. A spontaneous rupture of
      the right external iliac artery occurred. Histology revealed the presence of
      aspergillosis. A review of the literature is included.

PMID- 2293280
TI  - [The training of the internist].
AB  - A critical situation surrounds Internal Medicine and the training of internists.
      The crucial role of Internal Medicine as an integrating discipline in clinical
      medicine and its relationship with primary care medicine and the specialties is
      analyzed. The goals of a training program for general internists and specialists
      are described. The scope of knowledge, skills and attitudes as well as the
      general training necessary to become an internist are summarized.

PMID- 2293277
TI  - [Lymphomas of the parotid region].
AB  - Parotid gland lymphomas are very uncommon. Two patients with this condition were
      treated in the last decade. Surgery should be used only for diagnosis and becomes
      unnecessary when adenopathy is present, since a lymph node biopsy will establish
      the diagnosis.

PMID- 2293279
TI  - [Gallbladder cancer: anatomic and anatomo-pathologic considerations].
AB  - Gallbladder cancer is a common neoplasia in Chile. Subclinical forms constitute
      30 to 50% of all cases and poorly differentiated lesions are more common in Chile
      than elsewhere. Traditional grading of this neoplasia according to the degree of
      wall infiltration neglects important aspects such as the discontinuity of the
      muscular layer, heterogeneity of the subserosa, microinvasion of the mucosa and
      Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. All of these factors may influence prognosis.
      Surgical biopsy of liver and lymph nodes in cases without infiltration of the
      mucosa has revealed up to 60% rate of hepatic infiltration and a somewhat lower
      on for lymph nodes. We have designed a study that will evaluate the importance of
      all these factors in the prognosis of gallbladder cancer in our institution.

PMID- 2293281
TI  - [Trauma: preventable deaths].

PMID- 2293283
TI  - Caregivers' perceptions and interpretations of severely demented patients during
      feeding in a task assignment system.
AB  - Ninety-one focused interviews concerning the feeding of 23 severely demented
      patients were performed with 62 caregivers who fed the patients in a task
      assignment system. The aim was to increase the understanding about how caregivers
      perceive and interpret severely demented patients' behaviour and experiences
      during feeding. Content analysis showed that the caregivers' commitment or lack
      of commitment constituted a superior level that determined whether the patient
      was seen as a subject or as an object. Subcategories that were found were
      knowledge of the patient's disease and personal history, intuition,
      identification, empathy, generalisation and routinisation.

PMID- 2293284
TI  - Caring encounters.
AB  - This paper is based on conversations the author had with six nurses about their
      experiences of caring when working with cardiac patients. The text is orientated
      to elucidating the lived experience of caring so as to provide new possibilities
      for understanding, and to raising questions for the sake of opening up different
      perspectives on the nature of caring. Six themes emerge from the experiential
      descriptions: Sensing the patient's vulnerability: beyond the call of duty; being
      in tune with the patient's world; being attentively present; centring on the
      patient; and being comfortable with the patient. Pseudonyms are used so as to
      maintain anonymity of the nurses and their patients. The female pronoun is used
      throughout the paper because all the nurses interviewed were females.

PMID- 2293282
TI  - [Prevalence of risk factors for chronic diseases. A study in the general
      population of the metropolitan area, 1986-1987].
AB  - Risk factors for chronic diseases were studied in a random sample of 475 males
      and 728 females from the Metropolitan area of Santiago. A questionnaire was used
      to estimate the consumption of alcohol and tobacco and the level of physical
      activity. Weight and height were measured and socio-economic situation was
      classified according to Graffar. Prevalence rates for males and females were:
      hypertension 8.6 and 9.1%; obesity 13.2 and 22.7%; present sokers 50.7 and 43.4%;
      sedentarism 75.6 and 86.9%; alcohol consumption 56.2 and 19.8%. Thus, women show
      higher rates than males for hypertension, obesity and sedentarism. They smoked as
      much as males and consumed less alcohol. Among women a higher prevalence of
      obesity, alcohol consumption and sedentarism was observed in lower socio-economic
      classes. Among males, only sedentarism was more prevalent in lower socio-economic
      classes. The number of risk factors present was 1 in 28.6% of the population; 2
      in 40.1%; 3 in 22.1%; 4 in 3.7% and 5 in 0.1%. Absence of risk factors was
      observed in only 5.4% of the population. The present data may help to design
      preventive strategies for diseases related to these risk factors.

PMID- 2293285
TI  - Sexuality and the satisfaction of sexual needs. A study on the attitudes of aged
      home-nursing clients.
AB  - This article discusses conceptions of sexuality and the satisfaction of sexual
      needs in a sample of aged home nursing patients (N = 50) in a small rural town in
      Finland. The purpose of the study, which was carried out as part of a nursing
      development project in the form of action research, was to gain a deeper
      understanding of the satisfaction of basic human needs and problems of need
      satisfaction in aged people, particularly in the domain of sexual needs. The data
      were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, which was designed
      primarily on the basis of the need theories of Yura & Walsh and Orem. Negative
      attitudes towards sexual needs were found in more than half of the aged
      respondents; they did not consider it proper for aged people to have an active
      sex life. One-quarter felt that sexual needs and desires were shameful and
      sinful. Only less than one-quarter had positive attitudes towards sex. The
      majority of the respondents felt that they could freely and confidently talk
      about sex with the nursing staff, but only less than one-quarter were willing to
      do so. Almost all had some need to show affection to another person. The majority
      accepted their own self-image, but half were not satisfied with their physical
      appearance.

PMID- 2293286
TI  - Urinary incontinence after perineal trauma at childbirth.
AB  - Stress urinary incontinence is the most common form of female incontinence. The
      purpose with this study was to describe consequences of episiotomy and
      spontaneous tears on urinary incontinence after the delivery. A postal
      questionnaire was sent to 205 women who had participated in an earlier study
      concerning episiotomy and spontaneous tears during delivery. They were contacted
      four years post-partum. One hundred and eighty-five women (90%) responded and
      there was no difference in the response rate between the group with episiotomy
      and in the group with spontaneous tears. Urinary incontinence symptoms were found
      in 65 women (36%). This frequency was similar in both groups. The study does not
      confirm the protective value of episiotomy on urinary incontinence.

PMID- 2293287
TI  - Learning to cope and living with cancer. Learning-needs assessment in cancer
      patient education.
AB  - Giving of information to cancer patients and their family members regarding the
      disease, the treatment procedures and the adaptation process for living with the
      uncertainty inherent in a diagnosis of cancer, is as reported often not effective
      due to peoples' failure to understand. The impact of emotional stress creates
      communication difficulties. Information not based on assessed learning needs and
      considered individual differences as to learning militates against proper
      understanding. In developing an educational programme a study has been carried
      out aiming to assess learning needs. Cancer patients (n = 50), their family
      members (n = 20) and staff members within cancer care (n = 30) were asked to
      answer a need assessment questionnaire. The patients/family members indicated an
      extensive desire to learn about cancer and its ramifications, whereas staff
      members indicated that they seldom were approached regarding some questions in
      the area. The findings support the appropriateness for providing a structured
      patient education programme based on assessed needs and planned to meet
      individual differences in learning readiness and learning capabilities, that
      would complement the information currently given by staff members.

PMID- 2293288
TI  - [LDL receptors].
AB  - The low density lipoprotein receptor removes the cholesterol-carrying
      lipoproteins from blood. When the activity of LDL receptors is reduced, as a
      result of genetic or acquired abnormalities, LDL increases in blood, resulting in
      atherosclerosis. Heterozygote familial hypercholesterolemia (one mutant gene) is
      characterized by a 50% reduction of LDL receptors leading to twofold increases of
      LDL. In homozygote familial hypercholesterolemia (two mutant genes), there are no
      active LDL receptors. So very high cholesterol blood levels are observed and
      severe atherosclerosis ensues. FH heterozygotes can be treated with drugs that
      stimulate the cells to produce more LDL receptors. Because these are under
      negative feed-back regulation by intracellular cholesterol, depletion of
      intracellular cholesterol in the liver through administration of bile acid
      binding resins and cholesterol synthesis inhibitors activates the synthesis of
      LDL receptors. The ingestion of a die rich in cholesterol and saturated fatty
      acids reduce the LDL receptors in the liver. This may contribute in part to the
      widespread occurrence of high cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis in western
      societies.

PMID- 2293289
TI  - [Current aspects of arterial anti-thrombosis prophylaxis].
AB  - New prophylactic strategies for arterial thrombosis are built up following new
      discoveries about the thrombo-resistance of the vascular endothelium. To cope
      with the complexity of the interactions between platelets, erythrocytes and
      endothelium, it is logical to propose a multivalent prophylaxis, potent enough to
      control the multiple thombogenic factors. In this prospect, the combination
      acetyl-salicylic acid with dipyridamole presents an obvious complementarity,
      until confirmation of the clinical activity of other combinations.

PMID- 2293290
TI  - [Respiratory distress and its treatment in the cancer patient].
AB  - In cancer patients, respiratory distress may be due to cancer directly, to cancer
      complications, to cancer treatment complications or unrelated diseases. Based on
      the identification of the mechanism and cause of the dyspnea, therapy that will
      be given in a critical care unit, will be both etiological and supportive. It
      will take into account the prognosis of the underlying neoplastic disease.

PMID- 2293291
TI  - [History of the medical campus of the Free University of Brussels. 2].

PMID- 2293292
TI  - [Practical aspects in the use of antidepressants].

PMID- 2293293
TI  - [Current indications for heterotopic grafts in cardiac transplantation].

PMID- 2293294
TI  - [The skin and the liver. What is their relationship in pathology?].

PMID- 2293295
TI  - [Relaxation with muscular biofeedback in tension headaches: multifactorial
      analysis of a group of 31 patients].

PMID- 2293296
TI  - [A special immunotherapeutic practice: polydesensitization or simultaneous
      multiple desensitizations. A 30-year experience].

PMID- 2293298
TI  - [Drug for the control of stroke may help AIDS patients].

PMID- 2293297
TI  - [Anatomo-clinical correlation--pulmonary embolism not originating from the leg].

PMID- 2293299
TI  - [What is your diagnosis? Atrial septal defect].

PMID- 2293300
TI  - [Surgical treatment of lumbar disk prolapse: what is the current status?].

PMID- 2293301
TI  - [Evaluation and treatment of Scheuermann's disease].
AB  - Scheuermann's disease is considered a kyphoscoliotic process of specific segments
      of the vertebral column expanding on the original definition of thoracic
      hyperkyphosis. More important for prognosis than the description of anomalies of
      single vertebrae is the competent assessment of static imbalance. Because of
      lacking long-term results no strategies for treatment can be recommended today.
      Conservative as well as surgical therapies are laborious and their success often
      rather limited.

PMID- 2293302
TI  - [Everyday medical practice and Balint groups].
AB  - Comprehensive scientific medical knowledge reveals limitations, where we are not
      able to define diseases satisfactorily or we can't use diagnostic categories
      because factors other than rational scientific ones are involved. The physician
      may thus be asked to pursue a patient-oriented rather than a disease-oriented
      approach. The odyssey illustrates some of the difficulties the physician may
      encounter on this path. An aid to orientation is the Balint group, whose goal is
      to broaden the diagnostic and therapeutic competence of the practitioner by
      opening also a psychic access to disease in addition to the predominantly somatic
      approach and leading thus to an integral psychosomatic point of view. Finally,
      development of the Balint group and its function and place within today's
      medicine are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2293304
TI  - [Diminished vision, loss of libido, headache].
AB  - A 34-year old patient was diagnosed to suffer from a carcinoma of the pituitary
      gland. A developing panhypopituitarism was seen first and the complete
      extirpation of a chromophobe, non-secreting adenoma of the pituitary gland was
      preliminary not successful. During half a year the patient relapsed clinically
      and morphologically by scanning methods and the progression of the malignancy of
      the tumor from WHO grad (adenoma) to WHO grad III (carcinoma) was histologically
      confirmed.

PMID- 2293305
TI  - [A case from practice (195). Panic disorder without agoraphobia, DSM-III-R-(2)
      300.01].

PMID- 2293303
TI  - [GELUM oral-rd: blood pH regulator and oxygen activator. Documentation No.27].
AB  - GELUM oral-rd contains a potassium iron phosphate-potassium iron citrate complex,
      lactic acid and vitamins. It is recommended in oxygen deficiency states, tissue
      and tumour diseases and more recently as an adjunct to tumour therapy. The
      recommended dosage is 20 drops three times daily, to be taken for 5 to 10 years
      following cancer surgery. No side effects are stated. The daily cost of treatment
      is DM - .60 to DM 1.35. Manufacturer: Laboratorium pharmazeutischer Erzeugnisse
      Dr. Elten und Sohn was founded in 1938 and was renamed Dreluso Pharmazeutika Dr.
      Elten & Sohn in 1948, Oldendorf, FRG. Malignancies require a pathological
      alkaline milieu for growth; the associated increase in oxygen deficiency is
      caused by an unbalanced diet and carcinogens. GELUM oral-rd restores an optimum
      milieu and at the same time activates the lymph system, thereby providing the
      basis for all other tumour therapies. In transplant tumours and in Meth-A mouse
      fibrosarcoma, only prophylactic administration of GELUM oral-rd lengthened
      survival time or reduced tumour induction. Lymph node hyperplasia and giant cells
      in the spleen, occurring only in the pretreated animals, are also interpreted as
      nonspecific activation of the body's defence system. The clinical investigations
      are more anecdotal in nature, and the basic documentation and case studies are
      inadequate. In the prospective, randomized trial in 72 patients suffering from
      carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract, the conclusion of efficacy is
      questionable on account of the incongruence between the group receiving the
      active drug and the control group. GELUM oral-rd is not registered in Switzerland
      at the IKS.

PMID- 2293306
TI  - [A case from practice(196). Malaria].

PMID- 2293307
TI  - Endothelial and neuro-humoral control of coronary blood flow in health and
      disease.

PMID- 2293308
TI  - Cancer control: the role of the physician.

PMID- 2293309
TI  - The Rhode Island Department of Health.

PMID- 2293310
TI  - The father to New England medical schools.

PMID- 2293311
TI  - Cancer control in Rhode Island: blueprint for the 1990s.
AB  - Rhode Island has one of the highest cancer mortality rates in the nation. In an
      average year, about 5000 new cancers are reported to the Rhode Island Cancer
      Registry, and more than 2300 Rhode Islanders succumb to the disease. In response
      to this problem the Rhode Island Department of Health assembled cancer experts
      from around the state to plan priority cancer control activities for the 1990s.
      Their plan for 1990-1992 is the subject of this report. Five cancers were
      selected as the foci of cancer control activities: cancers of the lung, colon
      rectum, breast, cervix, and oral cavity. The plan proposes prevention, screening,
      and treatment interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from these
      diseases. Rhode Islanders will have to work together to achieve the 33% reduction
      in cancer mortality proposed as a goal for the year 2000. Surveillance suggests
      progress on some fronts, but marching in place on others.

PMID- 2293312
TI  - Mammography referral patterns among Rhode Island physicians.
AB  - In 1987, the Rhode Island Department of Health conducted a survey of Rhode Island
      primary care physicians to determine their attitudes and practices regarding
      breast cancer screening, particularly their use of clinical breast exam (CBE) and
      referral for screening mammography, and compared the data with information
      obtained from primary care physicians in the US in 1984 and 1989. The survey
      showed that the same percentage of Rhode Island physicians (71%) and physicians
      nationally (72%) agree with American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines for breast
      cancer screening, but Rhode Island physicians refer for mammography (43 vs 37%)
      and perform CBE (97 vs 80%) according to ACS guidelines more frequently. Cost,
      reliability and availability were of greater concern to physicians nationally
      than in Rhode Island. Despite better use of breast cancer screening by Rhode
      Island physicians, only 43% reported referring for mammography according to
      guidelines. Since studies indicate that the recommendation of her physician is a
      key determinant of a woman's decision to have a screening mammogram, physician
      referral needs to increase in order to meet the Year 2000 Objectives of 80% for
      screening mammography for women 40 and older.

PMID- 2293313
TI  - Framework for the Rhode Island response to the injury problem.
AB  - Injuries are the fourth leading cause of death in Rhode Island as well as the US
      and are responsible for the greatest amount of premature death. Recent years have
      brought more national attention to the role of public health in injury
      prevention. The Rhode Island Department of Health has been involved in a variety
      of injury control research, programs and legislation. In 1989, the Injury
      Prevention Program was funded through a grant from the Centers for Disease
      Control to coordinate and implement injury control programs in the Department.
      Injury prevention priorities are set on the basis of mortality and morbidity
      data. An analysis of Rhode Island death certificate data from 1979 to 1988
      reveals that motor vehicle crashes, suicides, falls, and homicides are the
      leading causes of injury deaths. Age patterns vary for each cause, but males
      predominate in all categories of injury deaths. Activities to reduce injuries are
      underway or planned. Physicians will play key roles in this effort.

PMID- 2293314
TI  - Profiling motor vehicle traffic trauma in Rhode Island.

PMID- 2293315
TI  - Addressing the health needs of mothers and children in Rhode Island.

PMID- 2293316
TI  - A case of tuberculoid leprosy in Rhode Island.

PMID- 2293317
TI  - Management of postpartum uterine atony.

PMID- 2293318
TI  - Decline in smoking-related mortality among Rhode Island physicians.

PMID- 2293319
TI  - Cross-sectional anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. A correlative study of
      computer tomographic images and cryosections.
AB  - Anatomic relations in the nose and paranasal sinuses have been studied in
      computer tomographic images and cryosections, to highlight some details that are
      of importance for the functional nasal surgeon. From three heads the sections
      were obtained in three perpendicular planes (coronal, axial and sagittal). The
      most interesting sections are depicted in three ways: a computer tomographic
      image, the surface photography of the tissue block in the microtome and a stained
      section of 20 microns. A number of interesting relations that are clearly
      depicted are discussed.

PMID- 2293320
TI  - Mequitazine and dexchlorpheniramine in perennial rhinitis. A double-blind cross
      over placebo-controlled study.
AB  - The therapeutic effect and adverse reactions of two antihistamines, mequitazine
      and dexchlorpheniramine were double-blindly compared both to placebo, to each
      other and to the pre-treatment status in 29 adult patients suffering from
      perennial rhinitis. Dexchlorpheniramine relieved the rhinitis symptoms
      significantly (p less than 0.01) better compared to placebo while mequitazine did
      not differ from placebo. 20 out of 29 patients chose dexchlorpheniramine as their
      favourite drug. Dexchlorpheniramine reduced all the separate symptoms studied
      (obstruction, rhinorrhoea, sneezing) significantly, mequitazine relieving merely
      rhinorrhoea. In anterior rhinoscopy mucosal congestion was reduced both by
      dexhlorpheniramine (p less than 0.01) and by mequitazine (p less than 0.05) but
      secretion or lividity showed no difference between the active drugs and placebo.
      The occurrence of side-effects was not significantly different between the drugs.
      In controlling perennial rhinitis symptoms mequitazine was markedly inferior to
      dexchlorpheniramine and only slightly better than placebo.

PMID- 2293321
TI  - Cross-sectional area as a measure of nasal resistance.
AB  - The possibility of using cross-sectional area as a measure of nasal resistance
      was investigated with an equation based on hydraulic principles that link the
      area of a constriction in an airway to the pressure gradient and flow rate of air
      passing through it. Experiments with anatomical models of the nasal cavity
      confirmed the area of the nasal valve could be measured from simple pressure and
      flow data with a mean error of 3.5 mm2 (SD = 2.2). The software of a clinical
      rhinomanometer was then modified to incorporate this equation. Initial tests with
      a series of substitute airway constrictions of known area indicated the
      rhinomanometer could then use pressure and flow data to derive the area of each
      constriction with a mean error of 1.4 mm2 (SD = 0.9). Using this modification
      during rhinomanometry on 18 adults with subjectively clear nasal airways, a mean
      value for the narrowest area of the combined nasal cavities was found to be 48
      mm2 (SD = 13.7) and results from 17 subjects complaining of nasal obstruction
      produced a mean narrowest area of 27 mm2 (SD = 11.8). Thus, this system can
      accurately derive area from data normally gathered from rhinomanometry and the
      value is constant over a range of pressure gradients and flow rates. The
      advantages of considering nasal obstruction in terms of area are discussed.

PMID- 2293322
TI  - Mucociliary function in the early weeks after nasal surgery.
AB  - A prospective trial was carried out to assess whether mucociliary clearance (MCC)
      is either adversely affected or improved in the early weeks after nasal surgery.
      Three different subgroups of patients were studied: those having septoplasty,
      nasal polypectomy, or turbinectomy. MCC was assessed by the saccharine transport
      method. 40% of patients with deviated nasal septum, 59% of patients with nasal
      polyps, and 75% of patients with chronic rhinitis refractory to medical treatment
      (turbinectomy group) had abnormal MCC pre-operatively. At three weeks after
      operation there was no significant improvement or deterioration in MCC either in
      the whole patient population or in any of the three subgroups. Persisting
      mucociliary dysfunction may be an important factor in causing post-operative
      stasis of secretions, crusting, secondary infection, delayed healing, and patient
      discomfort.

PMID- 2293323
TI  - Nasal resistance values in the adult Negroid Nigerian.
AB  - Nasal resistance values have been documented quantitatively in adult Caucasians
      and Asians and have been found to be similar. The possibility of there being a
      difference in these values in the African due to anthropological and climatic
      differences has been examined and found to be untenable. The values thus obtained
      for the Negroid African was found to be similar to that obtained for the
      Caucasian and Asian.

PMID- 2293324
TI  - History of rhinology: functional surgery of the nose in France at the turn of the
      century.
AB  - The first reference to an attempt at functional surgery of the nose which we have
      discovered in France concerns Blandin (Paris 1798-1849) who "corrected" septal
      deviations with a punch; one arm is introduced into each nostril. Heylen
      performed a submucous resection in 1847, Chassaignac in 1851 and Demarquay in
      1859 through the external median columellar route. In 1876 Richet carried out a
      resection of the deviated septum after having elevated the whole cartilaginous
      pyramid, achieved by a horizontal incision of the base of the columella. Paul
      Berger recommended, in 1883, a subperichondrial chisel resection of the salient
      part of the septum. In 1888, Miot approached septal thickening with galvano
      caustic chemicals using metal plates or through a method called galvano-puncture.
      In 1892 Escat resected the cartilaginous arch and its corresponding mucosa after
      having separated the contralateral mucosa with injected water. In 1903, Caboche
      referred to both operations used at that time to correct cartilaginous septal
      deviations, e.g. Petersen's operations (submucous resection) and Asch's operation
      (fracture with repositioning). In 1905, Blanc distinguished between three types
      of operations: 1. Procedures based upon the fracturing the septum or its
      straightening and its maintenance with a splint. 2. Procedures designed in order
      to overcome the elasticity of the cartilage by making incisions followed by its
      retention in place. 3. Submucous resection of the cartilage based upon the
      principle that the septum is too big for its surroundings. In 1917, Dangouloff
      and Woyatchek developed a septoplasty technique, many modern operations being
      only pale copies of theirs. It consisted of four possibilities: mobilization,
      straightening, circular resection and partial resection.

PMID- 2293325
TI  - Giant cell reparative granuloma. A report of an isolated lesion arising from the
      nasal septum.

PMID- 2293326
TI  - Proboscis lateralis, a rare malformation.

PMID- 2293327
TI  - Diabetogenic activity of chelators in some mammalian species.
AB  - The investigation of diabetogenic activity of chelators (dithizone and quinoline
      derivatives, was carried out in 6 mammalian species (dogs, cats, rabbits, rats,
      golden hamsters and mice). Rabbits are the most suitable animals for the
      production of diabetes with persistent hyperglycemia (permanent diabetes). The
      optimal conditions of such modelling are created by chelator injection of small
      doses to fasting rabbits. Diabetes resulting in recovery is well modelled in
      hamsters and mice. Chelators induce in Langerhans' islets of dogs, cats and rats
      alterations insufficient for diabetes development. These changes are easily
      revealed with zinc cytochemical reaction.

PMID- 2293328
TI  - [A study of palmar flexion folds by the Perera-Kolski quantitative method in
      acromegaly].

PMID- 2293329
TI  - The diagnostic and prognostic value of HLA B 35 antigen in viral subacute
      thyroiditis.
AB  - HLA B 35 antigen was assessed in 19 patients with viral subacute thyroiditis. The
      antigen was present in 68.43% of patients (no = 13). The relative risk (vs 500
      health blood donors) is very high (12.27), with X2 = 33.4 and p less than 0.001.
      Despite the high relative risk, the presence/absence of HLA B 35 antigen showed
      no correlations with the main clinical features in our patients; no correlations
      can be made for: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, radioiodine uptake, thyromegaly,
      hyperthyroidism and evolution.

PMID- 2293330
TI  - On a possible neural ridge origin of the adenohypophysis.
AB  - Serial sections of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal region in human embryos show the
      two hypophyseal primordia, beginning with the stage of four weeks. The emergence
      of the infundibulum is situated, at first, on the floor of the prosencephalon;
      Rathke's pouch appears as a vesicle without connection with any other structure.
      In the five-week embryo, Rathke's pouch fuses with the infundibulum and gives
      rise to a diverticular formation on the floor of the diencephalon. During the
      sixth week, the two connected primordia descend to the sphenoid cartilage and
      reach their final place. This fact, corroborated with the absence of any
      communication between Rathke's pouch and the stomodeum even in the stage of four
      and five weeks, and with numerous laboratory data that certify neural properties
      for the adenohypophyseal cells, drive us to the conclusion that Rathke's pouch
      has a neuroectodermal origin, in the neural ridges.

PMID- 2293331
TI  - [Hypothyroidism in the older subject].

PMID- 2293332
TI  - Analytical goal setting prior to selection of a method for glycated haemoglobin.
AB  - Without a consensus on either a reference method or a single glycated haemoglobin
      standard, the individual laboratory has to establish and secure its own assay
      method. Prior to selection of a method for glycated haemoglobin we used an
      assessment model and defined our clinical goals. Based on clinical goals it was
      possible to set up goals of analytical quality and evaluate available literature
      concerning the performance characteristics of different assay methods. We wanted
      a method that measured HbAlc, without measuring the labile intermediate pre
      HbAlc, and that provided separate detection of haemoglobin variants. Low
      imprecision was required to secure the measured, non-diabetic reference interval,
      and to minimize random analytical error. We found the isoelectric focusing method
      the only one able to meet our goals, and a method evaluation was carried out.
      Clinical goals of analytical quality should always be defined before method
      selection and implementation. Using this model, we were able to establish a
      precise isoelectric focusing method that fulfilled our clinical goals by
      measuring HbAlc with a total coefficient of variation of 2.1% and a non-diabetic
      reference interval from 5.2% to 6.8% HbAlc.

PMID- 2293333
TI  - Determination of serum levels of unesterified lanosterol by isotope dilution-mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - The synthesis of 2H3-labelled lanosterol is described. This compound was used for
      assay of unesterified lanosterol in serum by isotope dilution-mass spectrometry.
      After addition of a fixed amount of internal standard (150 ng) to a fixed amount
      of serum (250 microliters) the steroids were extracted with chloroform and
      subjected to Lipidex 5000 chromatography. The fraction containing lanosterol was
      eluted with methanol. This fraction was converted into trimethylsilyl derivative
      and subjected to mass spectrometric analysis with selected monitoring of the ions
      at m/z 498 (molecular ion of unlabelled lanosterol) and m/z 501 (molecular ion of
      2H3-labelled lanosterol). A standard curve was used for quantification of
      lanosterol in serum. Under the conditions employed the coefficient of variation
      was less than 4%. In a recovery experiment the maximal difference between
      expected and found value was about 5%. Sera from 10 healthy subjects were found
      to have a mean concentration of lanosterol of 225 ng/ml with a SD of 63 ng/ml.
      Using a less accurate method for analysis of lanosterol we have shown previously
      that there is a high correlation between the hepatic HMG CoA reductase and the
      absolute and relative concentration of lanosterol in serum (concentration of
      lanosterol relative to cholesterol). When using the same (old) sera as in the
      previous investigation this could not be confirmed, most probably because of the
      degradation of lanosterol as a consequence of prolonged storage and/or freezing
      and thawing. It appears that serum lanosterol must be analysed as soon as
      possible after the collection of the blood sample in order to obtain accurate
      results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293334
TI  - The elimination of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) after
      intravenous injection in dog and man.
AB  - After an intravenous injection of 35Sulphur-labelled secretory leukocyte protease
      inhibitor (SLPI) in four dogs, there was a rapid initial clearance (half-life 10
      min) of radioactivity and immunoreactive SLPI from plasma. Later, the
      immunoreactive SLPI cleared more rapidly (T1/2 = 60 min) than the radioactivity,
      indicating the gradual appearance of radioactive degradation products. Intact
      recombinant human SLPI as well as radioactive fragments appeared in the urine.
      The urinary excretion of radioactivity during the first 3 h was less than 10% of
      the injected dose. After killing at 3 h, the kidneys contained more radioactivity
      per gram tissue than the other parenchymatous organs. Following an intravenous
      injection of 125Iodine-labelled native SLPI in three human volunteers, a rapid
      initial clearance of both protein-bound and total plasma radioactivity (half-life
      10 min) was seen. Later, the protein-bound radioactivity cleared slower (half
      life 120 min) than the total radioactivity, indicating a progressive degradation
      of SLPI with release of radioactive fragments to plasma. After 54 h 80-96% of the
      radioactivity had been excreted in the urine, mainly as free 125Iodine. No intact
      SLPI was found in the urine. A renal metabolism of SLPI is assumed, which is
      supported also by the finding of elevated serum levels of SLPI in uraemic
      patients. The possible therapeutic use of SLPI is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2293335
TI  - New ergometric reference values for clinical exercise tests.
AB  - A group of 301 apparently healthy men and women were studied using bicycle
      ergometry in order to obtain generally applicable reference values for clinical
      exercise testing. The subjects, aged 30-67 years, were derived from a
      comprehensive health survey carried out on a population sample representative of
      adult Finns. The exercise test was a standardized heart rate conducted programme
      in which workload was regulated so as to increase heart rate by 5 beats/min every
      min up to subjective maximum. Three indicators of exercise capacity are
      presented: maximal workload (Wmax), mean workload attained during the last 4 min
      of the test (Wlast4') and hypothetical maximal workload sustainable for 6 min
      (Wmax6'). All showed wide inter-individual variation even when related to age and
      body weight. The ergometric results depended significantly on age and height in
      men and on age and weight in women. We present formulas for the calculation of
      expected values of Wlast4' and Wmax6' on the basis of sex, age, height and
      weight. We suggest that the measured values be given in percentages of those
      expected.

PMID- 2293336
TI  - Plasma and renal clearance of iohexol--a study on the reproducibility of a method
      for the glomerular filtration rate.
AB  - The reproducibility of iohexol clearance as a determination of the glomerular
      filtration rate was assessed in 12 healthy subjects during triplicate constant
      rate infusions. Renal and plasma clearance of iohexol demonstrated a total within
      subject variation (CV) ranging between 0% and 16%. The inter-individual variation
      in renal clearance was about 10%, the clearance values being (mean +/- SD) 116 +/
      10, 117 +/- 9 and 110 +/- 12 ml/min 1.73 m2 in the three experiments and
      corresponding figures for the plasma clearance were 120 +/- 17, 118 +/- 12 and
      112 +/- 14 ml/min 1.73 m2. The renal clearance (CLR) and the plasma clearance
      (CL) showed good correlation (regression equation CL = 11.80 + 0.93 CLR, rs =
      0.67). The method is simple and reproducible; thus, it is suitable for both
      clinical examinations and research.

PMID- 2293337
TI  - Elimination of 14C-glycated albumin from serum of rabbit.
AB  - Glycated albumin was prepared by incubation of serum from rabbits with randomly
      labelled 14C-glucose. The isolated glycated albumin fraction was reinfused to the
      same animal. 14C-labelled glucose was given to alloxan-treated rabbits. The
      disappearance of the radioactivity showed a rapid initial phase and a slow
      elimination phase, which could be acceptably described by first-order kinetics.
      The estimated half-life of glycated albumin was about 6 days, which is about 70%
      of that generally stated for albumin in the rabbit. If these findings were
      transferred to human conditions, the half-life of fructosamine would be in the
      range of 13-14 days.

PMID- 2293339
TI  - Distribution of ethanol and water between plasma and whole blood; inter- and
      intra-individual variations after administration of ethanol by intravenous
      infusion.
AB  - Hospital patients (n = 17) received 0.216 mmol/min kg body weight of ethanol as
      an intravenous infusion over 60 min. At fixed time intervals during and after
      administration, two consecutive samples of whole blood (5 ml each) were taken
      from a cubital vein. The plasma fraction was obtained by centrifugation of one of
      the tubes. The concentrations of ethanol in whole blood and plasma were
      determined by headspace gas chromatography and the water contents of the
      specimens by desiccation. The mean plasma:whole blood ratio of ethanol was
      1.10:1, range 1.03:1 to 1.24:1 (n = 159). The components of variance (SD) within
      subjects and between subjects were 0.0293 (CV 2.7%) and 0.0165 (CV 1.5%)
      respectively. The 95% confidence interval ranged from 1.03:1 to 1.16:1 for a
      single new determination in a subject from the same population. The average water
      content in plasma and whole blood were 91.8% w/w (SD 0.49) and 80.1% w/w (SD
      1.03) respectively. Neither the mean plasma:blood ratio of ethanol nor the water
      content of the specimens depended on sampling time after ethanol administration.

PMID- 2293338
TI  - L1, a major granulocyte protein; isolation of high quantities of its subunits.
AB  - L1 is a major granulocyte and monocyte protein with a Mr of 36.5 kDa. It is found
      mainly in the cytosol of these cells. Purified L1 is shown, on two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), to contain three subunits. In this
      study, 6 mol/l concentration of urea was found to be sufficient for disassembly
      of the polypeptides, and urea-containing preparative isoelectric focusing gel was
      used for separation of high quantities of the subunits. The pI of the eluted
      subunits were 5.8, 6.1 and 7.1. When tested on 2D-PAGE, the isolated subunits
      were found at their typical locations. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies were produced
      against the subunits, and the antisera were, on dot-blot, found to react with the
      different subunits as well as the purified L1.

PMID- 2293340
TI  - Lactate balance in perfused rat liver: effects of glucose concentration, flow and
      low pH on glucose to lactate flux.
AB  - The effects of medium glucose concentration (0-20 mmol l-1), pH (7.4 and 6.8) and
      flow (100 to 33% normal) on lactate uptake and glycolytic flux from 6-3H glucose
      were studied in perfused livers from 48-h starved rats. At both pH values, the
      glycolytic flux increased proportionally with the medium glucose concentration.
      Maximum glycolytic flux at 20 mmol l-1 glucose in the medium was 0.5 mumol min-1
      g-1 liver (C6-units) at pH 7.4. At pH 7.4 and 20 mmol l-1 glucose the glycolytic
      flux decreased approximately proportional with flow. At pH 6.8 the glycolytic
      flux was extremely low and independent of flow. At flow 33% normal and pH 7.4 a
      net lactate production was accounted for by glycolysis from medium glucose
      concentration, indicating virtually no simultaneous lactate uptake. In contrast,
      at pH 6.8 net lactate production accounted for only half the glycolytic rate,
      indicating that lactate uptake occurred simultaneously with glycolysis. Thus,
      glucose-to-lactate flux in liver (as in muscle and brain) is subject to
      inhibition by low pH, and lactate uptake is enhanced by low pH.

PMID- 2293341
TI  - Gradual reduction of coronary perfusion pressure in cats: changes in transmural
      distribution of blood flow.
AB  - We evaluated a model for regional myocardial hypoperfusion in cats with an
      extracorporeal shunt line to the left main coronary artery, and investigated the
      effects of reduced coronary perfusion pressure on the transmural distribution of
      left ventricular blood flow measured with radioactive microspheres. Shunt
      establishment did not alter cardiac function, myocardial tissue blood flow, or
      its transmural distribution. An artificial shunt stenosis, which clearly reduced
      coronary perfusion pressure without changing cardiac function, caused reduced
      endocardial blood flow, slight flow reduction in mid-myocardium, and no flow
      change in the epicardium. When a severe stenosis was applied, causing increased
      end-diastolic pressure and reduced shunt flow, endocardial and mid-myocardial
      flow further decreased whereas epicardial blood flow remained essentially
      unchanged. These results demonstrate a transmural profile of the coronary
      autoregulation capacity.

PMID- 2293342
TI  - Plasma volume changes during hypoglycaemia: the effect of arterial blood
      sampling.
AB  - To investigate whether previously reported changes in venous blood volume and
      composition induced by acute hypoglycaemia in humans are representative for the
      entire body we measured erythrocyte 51Cr content, haematocrit, plasma volume,
      intravascular albumin content and transcapillary escape rate of albumin in
      arterial and venous blood in seven healthy subjects before and during insulin
      induced hypoglycaemia. In both vascular sites blood 51Cr content and the
      haematocrit increased, plasma volume and intravascular albumin content decreased
      and the transcapillary escape rate of albumin increased during hypoglycaemia. The
      magnitude of the changes in arterial and venous blood were not significantly
      different. These results indicate that the above changes in blood volume and
      composition are whole-body phenomena: furthermore, the major part of the changes
      are likely to occur in tissues other than upper extremity muscles.

PMID- 2293343
TI  - Different short-term effect of protein and carbohydrate intake on TSH, growth
      hormone (GH), insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon in humans.
AB  - The effect of isocaloric (500 kcal) protein and carbohydrate ingestion was
      studied in a crossover study in nine healthy humans. Subjects were studied twice
      after overnight fasting, with an interval of 3 to 7 days. Blood was collected for
      240 min after food ingestion. The initial reaction of growth hormone (GH) and
      thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to protein and carbohydrate was identical, with
      a reduction in both GH and TSH, and nadir occurring after 45-60 min and 120 min,
      respectively. During the next 120 min TSH returned to starting level after
      carbohydrate intake but was still reduced after protein intake (p less than
      0.04). After both diets GH increased after the initial decline, the increase was
      greatest after protein intake and maximum was reached at 180 min (p less than
      0.02). It has been reported that the 5'-deiodination of T4 is stimulated by
      insulin and inhibited by glucagon. The physiological increase in insulin after
      carbohydrate ingestion (p less than 0.05), and the physiological increase in
      glucagon after protein ingestion (p less than 0.05) was not associated with any
      changes in TT4, FT4, TT3, FT3, or rT3 that could indicate changes in the 5'
      deiodinase activity.

PMID- 2293344
TI  - Radix entomolaris: identification and morphology.
AB  - The Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, houses an extensive collection of human
      teeth, extracted in Denmark. At present, the collection includes 398 permanent
      mandibular molars with a root complex containing a lingually-located
      supernumerary root. This macrostructure is called radix entomolaris (RE). By
      analyzing the large number of available specimens it was possible to establish
      uniform and precise criteria for the identification of RE on M1 inf, M2 inf, and
      M3 inf. The analyses included separate as well as non-separate RE. The
      representation of the RE variants according to tooth types was mapped.
      Furthermore, the following relevant clinical variables with respect to RE were
      registered: degree of separation, divergence, apical bend, apical gracility, and
      fusion. Because of the nature of the material, the investigation was mostly
      qualitative and non-metric. The results should be of interest to clinical
      dentists, dental morphologists, and dental anthropologists.

PMID- 2293345
TI  - High resolution scanning electron microscopy of the subplasmalemmal cytoskeleton
      in human odontoblasts.
AB  - The subplasmalemmal cytoskeleton in human odontoblasts was studied by high
      resolution scanning electron microscopy. The odontoblast layer was isolated and
      exposed to formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and OsO4 for some specimens, while the
      membraneous structures and soluble proteins in the dental tissue were removed by
      Zenker's solution and 1% OsO4 for other specimens, without further fixation of
      the remaining components. The cytoskeletal elements comprised a dense network of
      interlacing filaments of different diameters in the cell body. Most cytoskeletal
      elements were parallel to the axis of the cell processes situated inside the
      dentinal tubules. The appearance and orientation of the investigated
      subplasmalemmal cytoskeletal elements was unaffected by the choice of method.
      Both methods confirm the presence of a subplasmalemmal cytoskeleton in human
      odontoblasts.

PMID- 2293346
TI  - Column-like structures following the course of tubules in human dentin.
AB  - Sections, 60-180 microns thick, of permanent teeth, intact or with minor
      fillings, were cut parallel or transversal to the course of the dentinal tubules.
      Some teeth were demineralized, embedded in paraffin wax, cut in series, and
      stained with toluidine blue pH 5.6, hematoxylin-eosin, or PAS. Altogether,
      sections of 90 teeth were examined by ordinary and polarized light microscopy and
      contact microradiography. Alternating light and dark bands, usually 8-30 microns
      wide, extended from the pulpal border along the course of the tubules, gradually
      increasing in width, fading in the mantle dentin. Cross-sectioned bands appeared
      as dark and light "discs". This was the background for the term "columns". In the
      dark columns, usually exhibiting crowding of tubules, the intertubular dentin was
      dark and radiolucent; in the light columns, light and radiopaque. Dark columns
      contained a high amount of GAGs, assumed to have exerted an inhibitory effect on
      their mineralization. The columns probably represent structural elements in the
      architecture of dentin, possibly offering resistance against mechanical stress.
      It was suggested that the columns might depict functional differences in the
      matrix secretion and mineralization capacities of odontoblasts.

PMID- 2293347
TI  - Root surface caries and associated factors.
AB  - The prevalence of root surfaces caries in 208 randomly selected 55, 65, and 75-yr
      old Swedes was related to the frequency of coronal caries, the number of
      remaining teeth and to bacteriologic, salivary, and dietary variables. At least
      one decayed or filled root surface was found in 89% of the individuals and all of
      those had also experienced coronal caries. The frequency of root surface caries
      was positively correlated to the frequency of coronal decay and negatively
      correlated to the number of remaining teeth and exposed root surfaces. The study
      shows that the same factors which are associated with enamel caries seem to be of
      importance in determining the development of root surface caries. The variation
      in the frequency of root surface caries was best explained by the salivary levels
      of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, the percentage of surfaces harboring
      plaque and the frequency of carbohydrate intake. Other contributory factors were
      the saliva secretion rate and the buffer capacity.

PMID- 2293348
TI  - Microbial patterns in pooled subgingival plaque samples from young adults with
      advanced marginal periodontitis.
AB  - Different bacterial profiles of subgingival plaque have been described for
      different clinical categories of marginal periodontitis. In the present
      investigation the subgingival microflora was studied in young adults with
      advanced marginal periodontitis. From 12 patients pooled subgingival plaque
      samples from 5 advanced stages of diseased sites were examined by direct
      differential phase-contrast microscopy and by cultivation on enriched and
      selective media. The proportions of the following genera and species were
      calculated: black-pigmented Bacteroides sp., B. gingivalis, Fusobacterium
      nucleatum, Veillonella sp., Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga
      sp., Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter sp., and Candida sp. Spirochete
      identification was carried out ultrastructurally. Calculated percent minimum
      similarity levels between the individuals revealed that each patient harbored its
      characteristic cultivable subgingival microflora different from the other
      individuals. The spirochetes seemed to constitute the subgingival bacterial group
      with the smallest variation as certain morphotypes were dominating in almost all
      individuals.

PMID- 2293349
TI  - Errors in radiographic assessment of marginal bone height around osseointegrated
      implants.
AB  - Radiographic assessment of marginal bone height is included in longitudinal
      control of osseointegrated implants. Previous studies have revealed a mean annual
      loss of less than 0.1 mm. The purpose of the present study was by means of an
      experimental model to analyze the influence upon alveolar bone height measures
      around osseointegrated implants of buccolingual bone dimensions as well as
      angulations of fixture axis to central X-ray beam. Branemark titanium implants
      were inserted into acrylic test blocks simulating alveolar ridges of various
      widths. 0.2 mm steel wires visualized buccal and lingual bone margins.
      Standardized radiographs were obtained by stepwise variation of projection
      angles. Separation of the wire images varied from 0.1 mm (buccolingual width 5 mm
      and 1 degree angulation) to 4.8 mm (width 13 mm and angulation 20 degrees). In
      clinical cases distortion of buccal and lingual bone margins may result in
      overestimation of bone heights. The degree of overestimation is influenced by the
      buccolingual position of the fixture. Strict parallelism between fixture axes and
      film plane is essential to obtain valid results using single films.

PMID- 2293350
TI  - Dental anxiety in young adult Danes under alternative dental care programs.
AB  - The purpose of the present report is to establish to what extent dental anxiety
      is expressed by young adults with a long history of regular dental care, to
      analyze whether expressions of dental anxiety vary during young adulthood in
      response to different dental care delivery programs, and to study which factors
      might account for existing expressions of dental anxiety. The study comprised 697
      persons who participated in a longitudinal study on alternative dental care
      programs, running from the youngsters' 16th to their 19th yr. At the end, Corah
      Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) was applied through self-completed questionnaires.
      Overall DAS-mean was 7.26; women expressed more anxiety than men (7.73; 6.78).
      Significant association between anxiety expressed at the end and at the start of
      the study indicated that dental anxiety was probably present at an early age. No
      association was found with utilization of dental services. A multiple regression
      analysis indicated early expressed dental anxiety and negative self assessment of
      dental health as important predictors for dental anxiety, while sex, negative
      assessment of gingival health, and dental program were of less importance,
      altogether explaining 22% of the DAS score variation. The risk group concept
      currently employed by the Public Child Dental Health Services might be extended
      to include expressions of dental anxiety.

PMID- 2293352
TI  - Open-heart surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses.
AB  - During a 7-year period, 11 adult members of the religious sect Jehovah's
      Witnesses underwent cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. No
      homologous blood transfusions were given. Blood-conserving procedures were
      employed, viz. initial collection of autologous blood, haemofiltration or
      processing (Cell Saver) of blood collected during extracorporeal circulation and
      reinfusion of shed mediastinal blood. The total perioperative blood loss averaged
      1080 ml (15 ml/kg body weight), equalling 19% of total body blood volume. The
      mean haemoglobin on discharge from hospital was 11.0 g/100 ml. There was no
      perioperative mortality. Postoperative pulmonary function was good and there was
      no serious morbidity. Jehovah's witnesses with serious, surgery-necessitating
      heart disease can be offered operation comprising recognized blood-conserving
      procedures.

PMID- 2293351
TI  - Heart transplantation in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension and
      increased pulmonary vascular resistance.
AB  - Irreversibly increased pulmonary vascular resistance is a contraindication for
      cardiac transplantation. At our hospital patients referred for recipient
      evaluation with systolic pulmonary artery pressure greater than 50 mmHg and
      pulmonary vascular resistance greater than 2 Wood units (Wu) are tested with
      intravenous sodium nitroprusside for reversibility. In 23 patients whose
      increased systolic pulmonary artery pressure (67.4 +/- 10.4 mmHg) and resistance
      (4.8 +/- 2.4 Wu) were reduced by nitroprusside, orthotopic heart transplantation
      was performed without early mortality. Right heart catheterization after
      transplantation revealed a significant and persistent fall of the elevated
      pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. We conclude that if
      severe pulmonary hypertension and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance are
      reversible with nitroprusside, the patient can safely undergo heart
      transplantation.

PMID- 2293354
TI  - Myocardial revascularization with three native in situ arteries. Gastroepiploic
      and bilateral internal mammary artery grafting.
AB  - Three native arteries were used for coronary artery bypass grafting in six
      patients in whom complete revascularization was not feasible because of varices
      or previous venous stripping. The right gastroepiploic and both internal mammary
      arteries were placed as pedicled conduits, and four patients additionally
      received a total of six vein grafts available from the greater or lesser
      saphenous system. Surgical complications were minimal and complete relief from
      angina was obtained in all patients, even in maximal stress testing. All 24
      grafts were angiographically checked: 23 (96%) were patent and one gastroepiploic
      artery was occluded. All patients had at least three patent grafts. These native
      arteries are excellent conduits when suitable veins are not available. They
      should also be used on individual indications to replace occluded grafts.

PMID- 2293353
TI  - Efficacy and safety of predeposit blood autodonation in 500 cases of myocardial
      revascularization.
AB  - Since 1985 all patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting have been
      evaluated for admission to a program of predeposited blood autodonation. From a
      total of 816 consecutive patients, 505 were admitted to the program (group 1).
      The other 311 (group 2) were excluded on the basis of one or more of the
      following criteria: 1) emergency surgical indication, 2) hemoglobin less than 12
      g/dl, or 3) uncontrolled angina or clinically manifest cardiac failure.
      Postoperative use of homologous blood products was required by 16% of the group 1
      and 44% of the group 2 patients (p less than 0.001). Altogether 597 patients
      (73%) had no contact with homologous blood products. There was no intergroup
      difference in the incidence of postoperative complications. Non-A, non-B
      hepatitis developed in three group 1 and four group 2 patients. Its incidence was
      0.9% among all discharged patients and 3.2% of the homologous blood recipients.
      The findings emphasize the safety and value of the autodonation with predeposit
      program in significantly reducing the requirement for homologous blood in
      coronary artery bypass grafting.

PMID- 2293355
TI  - Surgical treatment of active native valve endocarditis.
AB  - A report is presented of 24 patients (23 male), mean age 38 years, who underwent
      surgery for active native valve endocarditis of the left heart in 1975-1988. The
      aortic valve was affected in all patients, and also the mitral valve in five. Pre
      existing aortic valve disorder was present in 17 cases (13 congenitally bicuspid
      4 rheumatic affection). There were five hospital deaths (20.8%). Staphylococci as
      causal organism and extensive infection predicted the highest mortality and
      morbidity. The mean follow-up time was 39.7 (range 2-114) months. Two
      reoperations because of prosthetic valve dehiscence revealed endocarditis of the
      implanted valve. Strong correlation was found between favourable postoperative
      course and rapid normalization of C-reactive protein levels, which did not fall
      in patients with persistent infection. Early surgery is recommended if the course
      of bacterial endocarditis is severely complicated.

PMID- 2293356
TI  - Spinal cord injury after subclavian flap aortoplasty. An experimental study in
      piglets.
AB  - Paraplegia is a rare but much feared complication of corrective surgery for
      coarctation of the aorta. The problem was studied in 31 newborn pigs submitted to
      subclavian flap aortoplasty. The aortic cross-clamping time ranged from 9-25 min.
      Twenty-three piglets with clamping times 9-18 min were neurologically intact,
      whereas eight with aortic clamping for 18-25 min became paraplegic. The clinical
      implications for newborn children with symptomatic aortic coarctation are
      discussed with regard to these experimental findings.

PMID- 2293358
TI  - Pediatric cardiac surgery guided by echocardiography. Established indications and
      new trends.
AB  - Cardiac surgery in 602 children was not preceded by cardiac catheterization, the
      diagnosis being based on clinical findings and two-dimensional and Doppler
      echocardiography. In the 355 operations without cardiopulmonary bypass there were
      nine major and seven minor diagnostic errors (2.5% and 2%). Among the 247 cases
      with open-heart surgery there were no major and eight (3.2%) minor errors. The
      malformations most suitable for nonbypass surgery without catheterization seem to
      be those with reduced pulmonary blood flow requiring systemic-pulmonary artery
      shunt, aortic coarctation and patent ductus arteriosus. For open-heart surgery
      without invasive investigation, atrial septal defect, partial atrioventricular
      canal, aortic and pulmonary stenosis, cardiac tumor and isolated valve disorder
      are 'classic' candidates. Recent experience indicated that selected cases of
      complete atrioventricular canal, tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, total
      anomalous pulmonary venous connection and transposition of the great arteries may
      safely undergo primary repair without cardiac catheterization. Because of its
      diagnostic potentialities, pediatric cardiac surgeons must become familiar with
      echocardiography.

PMID- 2293357
TI  - Effect of dipyridamole (Persantin) on blood flow and patency of aortocoronary
      vein bypass grafts.
AB  - The effect of dipyridamole was investigated in 360 patients undergoing coronary
      bypass surgery. They were randomly allocated to receive dipyridamole (100 mg
      orally q.i.d. for 2 days preoperatively, 5 mg/kg body weight/24 h i.v.
      peroperatively and 100 mg orally q.i.d. for 1 year postoperatively) or placebo.
      Withdrawn from the study were 48 patients on dipyridamole and 57 on placebo.
      Cardiovascular and/or cerebrovascular events or need for anticoagulant treatment
      were the reasons for withdrawal in 22 (13%) of the dipyridamole, and 34 (18%) of
      the placebo group. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors influencing graft
      patency showed significant relation to peroperatively measured coronary blood
      flow. A positive trend of treatment was observed (p = 0.08). Vein graft blood
      flow measured during bypass surgery (245 patients) was significantly greater in
      the dipyridamole group (p less than 0.01). The occlusion rate was lower in
      vessels with peroperative blood flow greater than 30 ml/min (vein-marginal p less
      than 0.01, vein-dexter p less than 0.05, vein-diagonal 0.05 less than p less than
      0.1). Dipyridamole increases coronary blood flow and graft patency following
      coronary bypass surgery.

PMID- 2293359
TI  - External defibrillation during reoperative heart surgery.
AB  - An inexpensive system for remote external defibrillation was evaluated in 25
      patients undergoing repeat open-heart surgery. The system consists of a pair of
      self-adhesive pads connected with a remote bracket on which a standard pair of
      external shock electrodes are discharged. With this system 84% of the patients
      were successfully defibrillated: 12% converted spontaneously. The energy level at
      conversion was less than or equal to 200 Ws in 90% of the patients. There were no
      complications associated with the defibrillation procedure. By reducing the need
      for intrapericardial dissection this method shortens overall operating time and
      most probably decreases blood loss. The system can also be recommended for
      operations with a high risk of ventricular arrhythmia prior to pericardiotomy.

PMID- 2293360
TI  - Computed tomography and the TNM classification of lung cancer.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) of the thorax and upper abdomen was prospectively
      evaluated in 84 patients with potentially operable lung cancer. Invasion into the
      thoracic wall and the mediastinal structures was not accurately demonstrated by
      CT. For metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes, the sensitivity and specificity of CT
      were, respectively, 86% and 61% and the positive and negative predictive indices
      49% and 91%. For T1, T2 and T3 tumours the negative indices were 100%, 96% and
      71%. Positive predictive index did not differ between squamous cell carcinoma and
      adenocarcinoma. Adrenal metastases were CT-suspected in 17 cases and liver
      metastases in eight, but were verified by ultrasonography in only one and four
      cases. CT should be used in preoperative investigation of lung cancer,
      irrespective of stage. Demonstration of thoracic-wall or mediastinal invasion
      need not exclude tumour resection. Preoperative mediastinoscopy is indicated if
      CT shows nodal metastases or if there are signs of tumour invasion, but not in CT
      negative T1 or T2 tumour. Abdominal metastases indicated by CT should be
      investigated with CT-guided needle biopsy.

PMID- 2293361
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in rat hearts following cold cardioplegic ischemia of
      differing duration and differing modes of reperfusion.
AB  - Morphologic consequences of prolonged global hypothermic (15 degrees C),
      cardioplegic ischemia and two reperfusion techniques were studied in Langendorff
      perfused rat hearts. A 'gentle' reperfusion technique, with gradual rise in
      perfusate temperature and pressure to physiologic levels over 30 min, was used
      for 12 hearts following 2-hour or 3 1/2-hour (6 in each group) ischemia. Abrupt
      reperfusion, with perfusate at 37 degrees C and 70 mmHg, was performed on 13
      hearts (6 ischemic for 2 hours and 7 for 3 1/2 hours). Six nonischemic, perfused
      hearts served as controls. Randomly selected specimens from the left ventricle
      after 45-60 min reperfusion were prepared for transmission electron microscopy.
      Volume fractions of myocardial structural components were calculated from
      stereologic point-counting on the electron micrographs. Two-way analysis of
      variance revealed that interstitial edema developed with increasing ischemic time
      and was not influenced by reperfusion technique. The degree of endothelial damage
      was independent of ischemic time, but was lessened by 'gentle' reperfusion. Both
      mitochondrial injury and myocyte edema were less when perfusate temperature and
      pressure were slowly raised after 3 1/2-hour ischemia.

PMID- 2293362
TI  - Coronary trapping of a complement activation product (C3a des-Arg) during
      myocardial reperfusion in open-heart surgery.
AB  - Accumulation of complement factors has been found to occur in the myocardium
      after infarction. We studied the possibility that the complement activation
      product C3a des-Arg is trapped within the coronary circulation during reperfusion
      of the ischemic myocardium. In 11 patients undergoing routine coronary artery
      bypass grafting, arterial blood was sampled before, during and after
      cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood was drawn from the coronary sinus concomitantly
      with arterial blood sampling 5 and 30 min after release of the aortic cross-clamp
      (n = 10). From a preoperative value of 92 +/- 13 ng/ml, C3a des-Arg rose during
      CPB to a maximum of 1816 +/- 393 at the end of CPB. Following reperfusion for 5
      min, C3a des-Arg was 1284 +/- 232 ng/ml in arterial and 1106 +/- 100 in coronary
      sinus blood, a significant difference (p less than 0.05). The amount of C3a des
      Arg trapped in the heart at 5-min reperfusion showed positive correlation with
      its arterial concentration (p less than 0.05). No significant difference was
      found after 30 min of reperfusion. Complement activation products trapped in the
      heart in the early reperfusion period may play a pathogenetic role in myocardial
      ischemia-reperfusion injury.

PMID- 2293363
TI  - Perioperative effect of methylprednisolone given during lung surgery on plasma
      concentrations of C3a and C5a.
AB  - Methylprednisolone or saline (placebo) solution was infused intravenously in 28
      patients undergoing elective lobectomy for lung cancer. The state of the
      complement system during and after surgery and the effects of methylprednisolone
      on biologically active products of complement were studied by measurements of
      plasma C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins and leukocyte counts in peripheral blood
      perioperatively. In the placebo group plasma concentrations of C3a were
      significantly increased on postoperative days 1 and 2, whereas C5a had risen
      significantly 6 hours after surgery and on days 1 and 2. Methylprednisolone
      infusion during surgery eliminated the postoperative elevation of C3a and C5a.
      The postoperative leukocyte count in peripheral blood was higher in the
      methylprednisolone group than in the controls. The observations indicated that
      methylprednisolone may reduce the influx of leukocytes from peripheral blood into
      the airways by attenuating production of biologically active complements.

PMID- 2293364
TI  - [Role of afferent C fibers in electroacupuncture of "zusanli" point in activating
      nucleus raphe magnus].
AB  - The purpose of the present work is to study whether the analgesia of "Zusanli" EA
      was mainly produced by its noxious effect. The antidromic C waves on N. peroneus
      communis innervating the area of "Zusanli" point were recorded. When "Zusanli"
      point was stimulated by trains of stimuli, the amplitude of the antidromic C wave
      was obviously decreased due to collision with the orthodromic stimulation. It was
      suggested that EA of "Zusanli" could excite some C fibers. It was observed that
      when the stimulation intensity reached the threshold of C fiber, the NRM neurons
      were obviously activated, and when it reached or exceeded the intensity for
      producing the maximal C wave, the NRM neurons were highly activated. Therefore,
      EA analgesia is probably produced mainly by its noxious stimulus component,
      especially carried by C fibers, via a negative feedback mechanism in modulating
      pain.

PMID- 2293366
TI  - [Interaction of abdominal vagus and greater splanchnic nerve activities in the
      nucleus tractus solitarius of the rabbit].
AB  - Experiments were performed on 67 rabbits. Effects of stimulation of the central
      ends of abdominal vagus and greater splanchnic nerve on arterial blood pressure
      before and after destruction of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the unit
      discharges in the NTS before destruction were observed. As a result, we suggest
      that both the afferents coming from the abdominal vagus and greater splanchnic
      nerve not only converge on NTS neurons but also interact with each other.
      Subthreshold stimulation elicited from one of the afferent fibers suppresses the
      arterial blood pressure responses caused by the other afferent. Similarly,
      background stimulation elicited from one afferent can suppress the NTS unit
      discharges caused by the other afferent. It is much easier for abdominal vagal
      afferent to inhibit the NTS unit discharges and the arterial blood pressure
      changes elicited by stimulation of the splanchnic nerve. A possible mechanism of
      such relationship was discussed.

PMID- 2293365
TI  - [Field potentials evoked by stimulation of DLF in the rat spinal cord].
AB  - When stimulation of DLF at cervical cord, a train of evoked potentials are
      recorded with a microelectrode at lumber level in rat. The longer slow positive
      potential wave, latency 7.22 +/- 1.41 ms, peak time 15 +/ 12 +/- 5.58 ms,
      duration 93 +/ 92 +/- 9.06 ms, is called DLF-FP. The negative center of the
      isopotential map of DLF-FP is located at 1.0-1.3 mm below the dorsal surface
      nearly in coincidence with that of the P1-FP evoked by the sural nerve
      stimulation. The amplitude of DLF-FP was decreased by picrotoxin and increased by
      strychnine. Both summation and inhibition can be observed between the potentials
      evoked by stimulation of the sural nerve and DLF. The results mentioned above
      show that DLF-FP is the reflection of primary afferent depolarization probably by
      the same spinal circuit underlying P1-FP.

PMID- 2293367
TI  - [Sampling process in pupillary response to double pulse light stimuli].
AB  - Sampling data behavior of the pupillary control system was explored with
      experiments of pupillary responses to light stimuli in open loop condition
      (Maxwellian View). When double-pulse low intensity light stimuli with the
      separation longer than 0.6 seconds were applied, the pupillary responses normally
      resulted in a double transient contractions. When the separation between the two
      pulses was shorter than 0.6 s, a single transient contraction similar to those
      obtained for single pulse stimuli was found. The same results were obtained from
      different runs of experiments either in the same subject or from five different
      subjects. It means that a minimum period about 0.6 s is always required for the
      pupillary response to the second pulse light stimulus following the first
      response. It the reveals that dynamic behavior of the pupillary system is a
      discrete sampling control process. Furthermore, the pupillary responses were
      transient (AC) with low intensity of pulse stimuli, and were sustained (DC) with
      high intensity. Therefore the pupillary system control can be interpreted in
      terms of a dual mode control mechanism: the transient (AC) part exhibits a
      discrete sampling behavior, while the sustained (DC) part shows continuous
      feedback control.

PMID- 2293368
TI  - [Possible mechanisms of the action of lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory
      factor(s) in rat serum receiving electroacupuncture stimulation].
AB  - Previous reports showed that EA stimulation (3V, 2Hz, 30 min/d, 5 d) induced the
      production of one or more lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) in the
      rat serum. In this paper, the mechanisms of the action for the inhibitory
      factor(s) to suppress lymphocyte proliferation were studied. (1) the lymphocytes
      from different immune organs of the mice were prepared and cultured with the rat
      serum stimulated by EA. The results show that the serum not only inhibited the
      mouse lymph node T cell proliferation induced by Con A, but also inhibited the
      mouse thymocyte and spleen T cell proliferation induced by Con A. When B cells
      were stimulated by LPS, the proliferative effect can also be inhibited
      significantly by the rat serum stimulated by EA. This implies that the effect of
      the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) has no specificity. (2)
      Incubation of the mouse lymph node cell with serum for one hour is enough to
      cause an inhibitory effect on Con A stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. However,
      no inhibitory effect was observed if the mouse lymph node cells were incubated
      with Con A for 15 min or 30 min before the addition of rat serum. The results
      demonstrate that the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) act on the
      early events of T lymphocyte activation induced by Con A. (3) Protein kinase C
      (PKC) is a key link in the activation of T and B lymphocyte proliferation by Con
      A and LPS respectively. So it would be interesting to learn whether the
      inhibitory effect of the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) is caused
      by the inhibition of PKC activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293369
TI  - [Effects of extracellular sodium concentration on the sodium-pump activity in
      Purkinje fibres of sheep].
AB  - Intracellular sodium activity (aiNa), extracellular potassium activity (aok) and
      resting membrane potential (Vm) were measured in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres
      exposured intermittently to calcium-free solution containing different
      concentrations of low sodium. In Ca-free low sodium solution, aiNa decreased, the
      rates and amplitudes of aiNa changes were related to [Na]o linearly. The linear
      correlation between the stable values of aiNa (aiNa(S)) at 6th minute of aiNa
      decrease and [Na]o meant that the amplified active Na+ extrusion and pump current
      resulting from decreased [Na]o, kept finally Na+ gradient across the membrane
      relatively stable. Hence, it was proposed that it was the Na+ gradient across the
      membrane but not the internal Na+ that regulated the sodium pump activity. The
      membrane hyperpolarization which was incident with the increase of active Na+
      extrusion was caused mainly by the amplified pump current and embellished by the
      intercellular K+ depletion and accumulation simultaneously, which was suggested
      by the mutual relation of time courses of changes in aiNa, Vm, aok during the
      exposure of the fibre to 1.3Na Ca-free solution.

PMID- 2293370
TI  - [Involvement of sulfhydryls in the protective mechanism of gastric mucosa].
AB  - The present work have studied the role of nonproteinsulfhydryl (NPSH) in the
      protective mechanism of gastric mucosa. During the development of gastric injury
      induced by acidified ethanol (AE) gavage or restraint-cold stress (RCS), NPSH
      content in gastric mucosa markedly decreased. Pretreatment with cysteamine (cys)
      or reductive glutathione (GSH) could prevent gastric mucosa from injury induced
      by AE. The activity of glutathione reductase in gastric mucosa was inhibited
      consistently in the time course with NPSH decrease after AE gavage or RCS.
      Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the mucosa increased after AE gavage and dimethyl
      suloxide, a free radical scavenger, could reduce AE induced injury. The above
      results suggest that NPSH in gastric mucosa might be involved in the local
      protective mechanism through its free radical scavenging activity, and the
      decrease of NPSH in gastric mucosa resulted by the inhibition of glutathione
      reductase activity and the increase of free radical production may be an
      important step in the development of injury.

PMID- 2293371
TI  - [The influences of morphine microinjected into preoptic area on electric
      activities of pain response neurons in parafascicular nucleus of thalamus in
      rat].
AB  - We have observed the influences of opioid-like substances in preoptic area (POA)
      on the electric activities of pain response neurons in parafascicular nucleus of
      thalamus (Pf). The results were as follows: 1. Morphine 10 micrograms/microliters
      or 1 micrograms/microliters microinjected into POA could remarkably inhibit the
      pain discharges of most (20/26, 19/23 respectively) pain excitatory neurons (PEN)
      in Pf. The frequency of evoked discharges was decreased nd the duration was
      shortened. After injecting 10 micrograms/microliters morphine, three neurons
      showed inhibitory responses to noxious stimuli. 2. Morphine of the two doses
      could shorten the complete inhibitory period of pain inhibitory neurons (PIN,
      23/33). These results suggest that the opioid-like substances in POA might have
      an inhibitory effects on pain response neurons in Pf.

PMID- 2293372
TI  - [Digital and electromagnetically controlled pinchers for spinal cord injury].
AB  - A kind of noval digital and electromagnetically controlled pinchers is developed
      from its original type for more quantitatively pinching the spinal cord. The
      instrument is designed based on electromagnetic theory and principle of
      equilibrium in mechanics and composed of a timer, a current regulator and meter,
      control circuits and two-arm pinchers. The interarm distance, the pinch force,
      duration, and direction of left and/or right arm can be set up and adjusted. The
      current flowing through one or two pinching arms can be displayed and hold
      digitally on a screen. The machine is characterized not only by its convenience
      and correctness in operation but also by its directness and accuracy in reading.
      The setup is applicable to produce different kind and extent of spinal cord
      injury in many species of animals.

PMID- 2293373
TI  - [Dynamics of immunologic indicators in stomach ulcer].
AB  - Time course of cellular and humoral immunity parameters in the course of ulcer
      defect healing was followed up in 47 patients with gastric ulcers. Immune status
      changes in these patient population were found dependent on the stage of ulcer
      defect healing, being the most manifest at the beginning of ulcer cicatrization
      and showing signs of immune system activation. A possible relationship between
      changes in the immunity status and reparative processes at the site of ulcer
      defect is discussed.

PMID- 2293374
TI  - [Evaluation of fetoplacental blood flow using Doppler ultrasonography during
      labor].

PMID- 2293375
TI  - [Complicated course of brain tumors].

PMID- 2293376
TI  - [Plasmapheresis in the complex treatment of polyradiculoneuritis in children].

PMID- 2293377
TI  - [Effect of antioxidants on the course of eczema and allergic contact dermatitis].

PMID- 2293378
TI  - [Periportal heart disease with atrial fibrillation].

PMID- 2293379
TI  - [Kearns syndrome].

PMID- 2293380
TI  - [Lymphography in lymphedema of the upper extremities after combined treatment of
      breast cancer].

PMID- 2293381
TI  - [Plasma motilin and diarrhea in ulcerative colitis].
AB  - Motilin basal level and that after carbohydrate load were radioimmunoassayed in
      26 patients with ulcerative colitis. The results were correlated with the data on
      motor evacuatory activity of the gastrointestinal tract and clinical
      manifestations of diarrhea. Basal motilin level was found elevated as against the
      control (99 rg/ml) in all the patients and surpassed the norm (356-1001 rg/ml) in
      6. A significant elevation of motilin content was associated with reduction of
      the amplitude and number of rhythmic type I contractions, as well as by increased
      number of type III (propulsive) waves and accelerated transport of the contents
      via the small intestine. No compensatory rarefying of acid discharge from the
      stomach, that was observed in reference subjects if transport of contents was
      accelerated, was detectable in the patients with ulcerative colitis. This
      resulted in acidification of the enteral medium (pH 5.6 +/- 0.6). Concomitant
      pancreatitis in 22 patients with reduced production of HCO3- and impaired
      cavitary hydrolysis of polymer substrate enhanced enteral medium acidification
      and changed its osmotic pressure. Specific features of enteral medium homeostasis
      disorders and of impairments of the gastrointestinal tract motor evacuatory
      function should be borne in mind when planning treatment strategy for diarrhea
      patients.

PMID- 2293382
TI  - [Calcium-regulating system in bronchial asthma].
AB  - Calcium homeostasis was determined from ionized calcium (Ca2+), total calcium
      (Cat) and bound calcium (Cab) levels, content of calcium-regulating hormones:
      calcitonin (CT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Lipid peroxidation (LPO) intensity
      was assessed from the blood plasma hydroperoxide level in 71 patients with
      bronchial asthma and chronic asthmatic bronchitis. The findings evidence that
      high blood serum levels of Ca2+ and Cab and a tendency to reduction of PTH
      content are characteristic of nonsevere and medium-severity atopic asthma. In
      bacterial asthma Ca2+ level increases at the expense of Cab, that is parallelled
      by elevation of CT content, as the disease progresses in severity. Blood CT level
      gradually decreases until it disappears completely in Stage III bacterial asthma,
      whereas PTH level grows. CT/PTH ratio may be an indicator of disturbed
      equilibrium in the CT-PTH hormonal system. In the course of treatment Ca2+
      binding, most manifest in bacterial asthma, increases, CT level grows and PTH one
      reduces. A tendency to normalization of hormonal levels resultant from therapy
      does not eventuate in their complete recovery; hormonal levels remain shifted,
      this pointing to the essential contribution of endocrine mechanisms to calcium
      homeostasis disorders in asthma.

PMID- 2293383
TI  - [Factors of nonspecific resistance in hepatitis B and acute hepatic
      insufficiency].
AB  - Studies of nonspecific resistance factors in grave forms of viral hepatitis B
      (VHB) have revealed their significance in the prediction of acute hepatic
      insufficiency (AHI) development and its unfavorable outcome. IgM and IgA levels
      were found the most informative as far as the prognosis is concerned; these
      levels were the highest in the patients with precoma eventuating in hepatic coma.
      C3 complement concentration was reduced in all the patients whatever the disease
      severity, but more so in those developing AHI, which fact may serve the criterion
      predicting AHI development in VHB; to add to this, C3 complement level reflects
      the degree of hepatocyte destruction whereas the degree of transferrin level
      reduction is explained by its impaired synthesis by the liver as well.
      Transferrin levels were reduced in all the patients with AHI.

PMID- 2293385
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of sarcoidosis].

PMID- 2293384
TI  - [Evaluation of individual sensitivity to levamisole in children with asthmatic
      bronchitis].
AB  - Individual sensitivity to levamisole, an immunostimulant, may be tested by
      measurement of the blood plasma cyclic nucleotides and computation of the
      cAMP/cGMP coefficient. Detection of individual sensitivity to this drug in
      children suffering from asthmatic bronchitis contributes to the therapy efficacy.

PMID- 2293386
TI  - [Prognosis and surgical tactics in gastroduodenal ulcers].

PMID- 2293387
TI  - [Current theories on the role of the central nervous system in temperature
      regulation in the human body].

PMID- 2293388
TI  - [Diagnosis of health].

PMID- 2293389
TI  - [Morbidity among Soviet engineers in the tropics].

PMID- 2293390
TI  - [Experience with the organization of medical services for victims of the accident
      at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant].

PMID- 2293391
TI  - [Evaluation of health status of medical personnel based on the results of
      automated pre-medical study].

PMID- 2293392
TI  - [The role of the faculty in the organization and control of medical research].

PMID- 2293394
TI  - [Hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease as
      syntropy].

PMID- 2293393
TI  - [Use of nonachlazine in the acute period of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2293395
TI  - [Informative value of annual ECG examinations in mass screening of the
      population].

PMID- 2293396
TI  - [Laser therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthrosis deformans].

PMID- 2293397
TI  - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of gastric changes in rheumatoid
      arthritis].

PMID- 2293398
TI  - [Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis].

PMID- 2293399
TI  - [Computerized myelotomography in lesions of the spine and spinal cord].

PMID- 2293400
TI  - Fisher's contributions to genetics and evolution.

PMID- 2293401
TI  - Evolution of sexual preferences in quantitative characters.
AB  - An analysis of equilibria and dynamics of the means, variances, and covariances
      of female mating preference for a quantitative male secondary sexual character
      following a Gaussian model is presented. For many combinations of viability and
      sexual selection parameters the evolving Gaussian distribution of phenotypes can
      diverge. The results on the cases of convergence and their limiting forms suggest
      some reinterpretations of Fisher's "runaway" process of sexual selection. One
      possibility is to interpret Fisher's postulated "initial advantage not due to
      female preference" as a shift in viability selection where runaway evolution
      occurs if the mean preferred trait evolves beyond its new viability optimum (due
      to sexual selection). This definition is contrasted with situations in which the
      new viability optimum is undershot. The quantitative and qualitative conclusions
      differ from models that approximate genetic covariance evolution involving a
      constant covariance.

PMID- 2293402
TI  - Genealogy of neutral genes in two partially isolated populations.
AB  - Gene genealogy in two partially isolated populations which diverged at a given
      time t in the past and have since been exchanging individuals at a constant rate
      m is studied based upon an analytic method for large t and a simulation method
      for any t. Particular attention is paid to the conditions under which neutral
      genes sampled from populations are mono-, para-, and polyphyletic in terms of
      coalescence (divergence) times of genes. It is shown tha the probability of
      monophyly is high if M = 2Nm less than 0.5 and T = t/(2N) greater than 1, where N
      is the size of ancestral and descendant haploid populations, in which case most
      gene genealogies are likely to be concordant with the population relatedness.
      This probbility decreases as the sample size of genes increases. On the other
      hand, the case where the probability of monophyly is low will be either that of M
      greater than 1 and any T or that of M less than 1 and T less than 1, but the
      clear distinction between these conditions appears very difficult to make. These
      results are also examined if the gene genealogy is reconstructed from nucleotide
      differences. It is then shown that the results based upon coalescence times
      remain valid if the number of nucleotide differences between any pair of genes is
      not much smaller than 10. To observe such large nucleotide differences in small
      populations and therefore infer a reliable gene genealogy, we must examine a
      fairly long stretch of DNA sequences.

PMID- 2293403
TI  - Fundamental theorem of natural selection in biocultural populations.
AB  - I derive a general equation for the evolution of mean biological fitness in
      large, randomly mating populations in which the phenotype is subject to both
      biological and cultural transmission and in which fitness and the effects of
      cultural transmission are genotype-dependent. The equation is dm/dt = 2
      Cov(m,m'), where dm/dt is the instantaneous rate of change in the mean biological
      fitness of the population and Cov(m, m') is the covariance between offspring and
      parental fitnesses. This formulation differs from Fisher's fundamental theorem in
      at least two important respects. First, because covariances can be either
      positive or negative, mean fitness can decline over evolutionary time, in
      contrast to Fisher's result that fitness always increases. Second, since Cov(m,
      m') is a phenotypic rather than a genotypic covariance, natural selection can
      bring about changes in mean fitness even in the absence of additive genetic
      variance for fitness. Comparison of simple models of vertical (from parents to
      offspring) and oblique (from members of the parental generation to offspring)
      cultural transmission indicates that in the former case, mean fitness can evolve
      in the absence of genotypic variation for both fitness and the effects of
      cultural transmission, while in the latter case, both are required for evolution
      to occur.

PMID- 2293404
TI  - The impact of near-patient testing on the organisation and costs of an
      anticonvulsant clinic.
AB  - A near-patient testing facility was provided at an anticonvulsant clinic and
      compared with the previously offered service. Productivity was increased by over
      20%, with savings in medical and nursing staff time. This saving in time is
      offset by increased consumable costs but still enables a significant net saving.

PMID- 2293405
TI  - Factors influencing plasma level/dose ratios of carbamazepine and its major
      metabolites in epileptic children.
AB  - The relationship between daily dose and plasma concentrations of carbamazepine
      (CBZ), CBZ-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-EP), and 10,11-dihydro-10,11-trans-dihydroxy-CBZ
      (CBZ-DIOL) was investigated in 21 children aged 7-16 years who received CBZ
      monotherapy, twice daily in equally divided doses. Significant linear
      correlations between CBZ dose and plasma levels were obtained for CBZ and its
      metabolites (p less than 0.01). In addition, the effects of daily dose and
      patients' age on the plasma level/dose ratios for CBZ, CBZ-EP, and CBZ-DIOL were
      evaluated. A significant negative correlation was observed between the daily dose
      of CBZ and the CBZ plasma level/dose ratio (p less than 0.01). By contrast,
      plasma level/dose ratios for CBZ-EP and CBZ-DIOL were independent of dose (p
      greater than 0.1). On the basis of these observations, we consider that the
      decrease in CBZ plasma level/dose ratio with increasing CBZ dose appears to be
      due to dose-dependent metabolic clearance of CBZ. The influence of age on plasma
      level/dose ratios for CBZ and its metabolites was not significant (p greater than
      0.05). However, there was considerable interdose and diurnal variation in the
      plasma level/dose ratios, particularly for CBZ (28-41%); this must be taken into
      account when making dose adjustments based on plasma level/dose ratios.

PMID- 2293406
TI  - Nonlinear kinetics of imipramine in low and medium plasma level ranges.
AB  - Steady state plasma concentrations of imipramine and desipramine were studied at
      three to nine different imipramine dose levels in 17 extensive metabolizers of
      sparteine and at two dose levels in two poor metabolizers of sparteine, all
      treated for diabetic neuropathy symptoms. The imipramine doses were changed
      stepwise from doses yielding plasma concentrations of imipramine plus desipramine
      below 150 nM, up to doses yielding therapeutic drug levels of at least 300-500
      nM. The imipramine doses required to achieve therapeutic drug levels was 20 or 25
      mg/day in the two poor metabolizers and 50-350 mg/day in the extensive
      metabolizers. In the extensive metabolizers, the concentration/dose ratio
      increased for imipramine and desipramine with increasing dose. Dose adjustments
      based on a simple linear prediction from drug levels at initial dose (50 or 75 mg
      imipramine/day) thus would result in 0-130% (median, 20%) overestimates, most
      pronounced in patients with initial low steady state levels. The nonlinear
      kinetics of imipramine thus may be a significant clinical problem in patients
      treated for diabetic neuropathy symptoms.

PMID- 2293407
TI  - Model for the kinetics of imipramine and its metabolites in adolescents.
AB  - A kinetic model for imipramine (IMI) has been developed, based upon a study of 16
      teenagers who received IMI 4-5 mg/kg/day for treatment of a major depressive
      disorder. Serial measurements of plasma concentrations of IMI,
      desmethylimipramine (DMI), 2-hydroxy-IMI, and 2-hydroxy-DMI were made. Mean
      residence times, volumes of distribution, clearances of IMI and DMI, and rate
      constants for formation and elimination of the hydroxy metabolites were
      determined from a multicompartment model fitted to the concentration-time data.
      Mean residence time for DMI was significantly longer than for IMI (47.1 +/- 21.2
      vs. 13.4 +/- 4.8 h, p less than 0.001). A different volume of distribution for
      IMI and DMI was not supported by the data. Clearance of DMI was considerably
      slower than that of IMI (0.67 +/- 0.45 vs. 2.18 +/- 1.33 l(kg.h), p less than
      0.001). A statistically significant increase in mean residence time with
      increasing age during adolescence was found (r = 0.57, p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2293408
TI  - Comparison of unbound and total serum theophylline concentrations with those of
      stimulated and unstimulated saliva in asthmatic children.
AB  - Unstimulated saliva, citric acid stimulated saliva, and serum were collected from
      31 asthmatic children taking theophylline. Salivary theophylline concentrations,
      and total and unbound serum theophylline concentrations were measured. The
      correlation coefficients between both types of saliva, and total and unbound
      serum theophylline were all statistically significant (p less than 0.001). The
      highest correlation coefficients were obtained with stimulated saliva and total
      serum concentrations (r = 0.98), and stimulated saliva and unbound serum (r =
      0.96). The coefficients when unstimulated saliva was compared to either total or
      unbound serum concentrations were 0.90 and 0.89, respectively. Serum binding of
      theophylline averaged 58.1%. Unstimulated saliva had a higher mean theophylline
      concentration than stimulated saliva. The results suggest that salivary
      monitoring using stimulated saliva may be used to predict serum concentrations
      with a high degree of confidence when the saliva levels are substantially lower
      than, higher than, or in the middle of the therapeutic range, but there is a
      considerable degree of uncertainty when the salivary values are near the lower or
      upper end of the therapeutic range.

PMID- 2293409
TI  - Temperature effects on the estimation of free levels of phenytoin carbamazepine
      and phenobarbitone.
AB  - Serum samples from patients on phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), or
      phenobarbitone (PB) monotherapy were filtered at 15, 25, and 37 degrees C and the
      free concentrations measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mean
      apparent dissociation constants at each temperature were calculated, and were
      used to predict free drug levels from a further series of patients' samples in
      which total drug and albumin concentrations only were known. The correlation
      coefficients (r) between these predicted free levels and experimental results
      obtained by analysis of the same samples for PHT, CBZ, or PB were 0.977, 0.968,
      and 0.998, respectively, at 25 degrees C; at 37 degrees C, the corresponding
      values of r were 0.975, 0.961, and 0.997, respectively. We then determined free
      fractions (alpha) of PHT, CBZ, and PB at 25 and 37 degrees C and used these
      values to derive theoretical target ranges for free levels for each of the three
      drugs. We discuss the implication of these results for patient care, with special
      reference to the need to specify temperature and quote the appropriate target
      range when analyses of free levels of AEDs are carried out.

PMID- 2293410
TI  - Monitoring of plasma methadone: intercorrelation between immunoassay and gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - Determination of plasma methadone is essential in connection with dose
      adjustments for patients participating in methadone maintenance programs. We
      successfully adapted the existing fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA)
      kit intended for urinary methadone to plasma assays. A concentration interval of
      50-900 ng/ml could be covered. The coefficient of variation was less than 7%, and
      the limit of detection below 50 ng/ml. The intercorrelation between the
      immunoassay and a specific gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method
      was studied in samples from 19 heroin addicts in methadone maintenance treatment.
      A total number of 97 plasma samples with a concentration range of 31-842 ng/ml
      were used. The slope and intercept of the regression line (CFPIA = 0.93 X CGC-MS
      + 15) was in good agreement with the theoretical relation (CFPIA = CGC-MS), with
      a coefficient of correlation of 0.978. The mean ratio, in quantitative result,
      between the techniques (CFPIA/CGC-MS) was 1.03 +/- 0.01 (SEM). We conclude that
      the immunoassay proposed in this study can be safely used in patients
      participating in methadone maintenance programs.

PMID- 2293411
TI  - Improved selectivity of a high-performance liquid chromatography assay for
      debrisoquine and its 4-hydroxy metabolite from urine.
AB  - Debrisoquine is an antihypertensive drug that displays polymorphic metabolism and
      has been used to determine hydroxylator status in human subjects. A high
      performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous urine analysis of
      debrisoquine (D) and its primary metabolite, 4-hydroxydebrisoquine (4-OHD), is
      described. A cyanopropyl (CN) extraction column and CN analytical column were
      used with a mobile phase consisting of 20% acetonitrile/20 mM sodium dihydrogen
      orthophosphate (pH = 7.1) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The peaks of interest, as
      well as the internal standard, were eluted from the column in less than 14 min.
      The method described was validated for within-day and between-day accuracy and
      precision for both D and 4-OHD. Coefficients of variation at all concentrations
      tested were less than 4.1% for D and less than 9.3% for 4-OHD. The assay was used
      to evaluate D/4-OHD ratios, thereby determining hydroxylation status in 65
      healthy male volunteers.

PMID- 2293412
TI  - In vitro measurement of phosphorylated zidovudine in peripheral blood leucocytes.
AB  - A method has been developed to measure the concentration of total phosphorylated
      zidovudine (ZDV) inside peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) using a modified
      commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) specific for ZDV. ZDV 5'-monophosphate was
      readily synthesized and used as a procedural control for RIA modification. PBLs
      were isolated from healthy volunteers and incubated with ZDV for 24 h to allow
      metabolic phosphorylation. Viable cells were counted, washed, and extracted
      overnight with 60% methanol. After evaporation, the extract was reconstituted in
      Tris buffer, pH 9.5. Because of minimal RIA antibody cross reactivity with
      phosphorylated ZDV, samples were split into two fractions, one of which was
      treated with alkaline phosphatase (AP) to liberate phosphate groups. Each
      fraction was then assayed for ZDV. Concentrations of phosphorylated ZDV were
      determined by subtracting the concentration of the non-AP-treated fraction from
      that of the treated fraction. Recovery of phosphorylated ZDV from cell extracts
      was approximately 90%, and reproducibility was acceptable (coefficients of
      variation less than 15% for concentrations greater than or equal to 0.25 ng/ml).
      Intracellular concentrations (0.1-1.4 pmoles/10(6) cells) followed a nonlinear
      dose-response relationship over the range 0-50 microM extracellular ZDV, with
      concentration-dependent saturation. These results demonstrate the feasibility of
      determining concentrations of phosphorylated ZDV in HIV-infected patients, a
      potentially key step in establishing a therapeutic range and optimal dosing
      regimen for these patients.

PMID- 2293413
TI  - The use of serum electrolyte concentrations determined by automated analyzers to
      indirectly quantitate serum bromide concentration.
AB  - Bromide is not often prescribed today as antiepileptic therapy. One reason is
      that serum bromide concentrations are not routinely performed in hospital
      laboratories, making clinical decisions difficult. Because of bromide ion
      interference with the electrodes of commonly used automated electrolyte
      analyzers, factitious "hyperchloremia" (and in some cases,
      "hyperbicarbonatemia"), are produced. These values, and the resulting calculated
      anion gap, correlate well with the measured serum bromide concentration. The
      correlation permits results from routine automated electrolyte analyzers to be
      used to indirectly determine serum bromide concentration.

PMID- 2293414
TI  - Simultaneous measurement of quinine and quinidine in human plasma, whole blood,
      and erythrocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence
      detection.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection is
      described for the simultaneous measurement of quinine and quinidine in plasma,
      whole blood, and erythrocytes. The compounds were separated on an Ultrasphere C18
      reversed-phase column (25 cm x 4.6 mm inside diameter, 5 microns particle size)
      using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/water/triethylamine (11:88:1, vol/vol) at pH
      2.5. The method, simple, accurate, and selective, requires only a single-step
      liquid-liquid extraction and uses the structurally similar alkaloid, cinchonine,
      as the internal standard. The commercial impurities, dihydroquinine and
      dihydroquinidine, and unknown metabolites were well resolved from the parent
      drugs. The assay is precise, with interassay coefficients of variation less than
      or equal to 7.0% and an accuracy of less than or equal to 7.3% over a
      concentration range of 0.125 to 4.0 micrograms/0.25 ml. The extraction recoveries
      of the two drugs were similar, averaging 82.9% for quinine and 79.3% for
      quinidine from the three biological fluids. The clinical application of the
      method for routine drug monitoring and for estimating the pharmacokinetics of
      quinine and quinidine in man are discussed.

PMID- 2293415
TI  - Evaluation of the Ames Seralyzer for the determination of carbamazepine,
      phenobarbital, and phenytoin concentrations in saliva.
AB  - The performance of the dry-phase apoenzyme reactivation immunoassay system (ARIS)
      for the measurement of carbamazepine (CBZ), phenobarbital (PB), and phenytoin
      (PHT) concentrations in saliva was compared with fluorescence polarization
      immunoassay (FPIA). Blood and saliva samples were collected from 163 adult and
      pediatric epilepsy patients, then analyzed using both methods. Regressions
      between ARIS saliva CBZ, PB, and PHT concentrations, and FPIA unbound and total
      serum concentrations were highly correlated, but the ARIS technique was somewhat
      less precise than the FPIA. Valproic acid co-medication did not affect the
      relationships between ARIS and FPIA saliva concentrations and unbound serum
      concentrations of PHT, but did disrupt the relationship between ARIS and FPIA
      saliva PHT and total serum PHT. The sensitivity, specificity, predicted value
      positive (PV+) of a therapeutic concentration, and predicted value negative (PV-)
      of a concentration outside the therapeutic range for the ARIS saliva technique
      compared very well with FPIA for CBZ, PB, and PHT. The ARIS technique for CBZ,
      PB, and PHT saliva determination provides acceptable accuracy, precision, and
      sensitivity for therapeutic monitoring. In practice, the benefits of the ARIS
      saliva technique, including ease of collection, safety, patient/parent
      acceptance, and short analysis time, are striking.

PMID- 2293416
TI  - No effect of thioridazine on plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and its
      active metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide.
AB  - The effect of an oral treatment with thioridazine (100 or 200 mg daily) on plasma
      concentrations of carbamazepine (CBZ) and its active metabolite carbamazepine
      10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E) was studied in eight epileptic patients stabilized on CBZ
      therapy. No significant changes in steady-state plasma levels of CBZ and CBZ-E
      occurred, suggesting that CBZ metabolism is not apparently affected by
      thioridazine.

PMID- 2293417
TI  - Nonstereoselective disposition of ethosuximide in humans.
AB  - The total concentration of ethosuximide varied between 80 and 770 mumol/L in
      plasma samples obtained from 33 patients on long-term treatment with the racemic
      drug. The ratios between the two enantiomers measured by chiral gas
      chromatography in the same samples were close to unity (mean +/- SD = 1.06 +/-
      0.14; range = 0.76-1.39). This suggests that the disposition of ethosuximide in
      humans is not stereoselective and that the measurement of total concentrations of
      ethosuximide is sufficient for therapeutic monitoring.

PMID- 2293418
TI  - Three decades of T-ology.
AB  - Tremendous progress has been achieved in our understanding of thymus function in
      the last 3 decades. Distinct T cell subsets have been characterized and shown to
      have an essential role in initiating and in regulating a variety of immune
      responses. The ontogenetic events which lead to their intrathymic differentiation
      have been mapped and have allowed studies on the selection of the T cell
      repertoire. The major histocompatibility complex and associated antigenic
      peptides play a major role in T cell selection and antigen activation. The T cell
      receptor for antigen and the genes which code for it have recently been
      identified. Future studies should allow some insight into how to activate
      specific T cells more effectively for vaccination purposes and how to switch them
      off to induce tolerance to transplanted tissues.

PMID- 2293419
TI  - Human thymic epithelium and T cell development: current issues and future
      directions.
AB  - The human thymus develops early in fetal gestation with morphologic maturity
      reached by the beginning of the second trimester. TE3+ cortical thymic epithelium
      is most likely derived from endodermal third pharyngeal pouch, while A2B5/TE4+
      medullary and subcapsular cortical thymic epithelium is likely derived from third
      pharyngeal cleft ectoderm. Fetal liver and yolk sac CD7+, CD4-, CD8-, surface(s)
      CD3- T cell precursors begin to colonize the thymus between 7 and 8 weeks of
      fetal gestation, followed by rapid expression of other T lineage surface
      molecules on developing thymocytes. CD7+, CD4-, CD8-, sCD3- thymocytes give rise
      to T cells of both the TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta lineages. Human thymic
      epithelial cells produce numerous cytokines including IL1, IL6, TGF alpha,
      leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), M-CSF, G-CSF and GM-CSF- molecules that likely
      play important roles in multiple stages of thymocyte selection, activation and
      differentiation. Important areas for future research on human thymic epithelium
      include study of lymphoid and non-lineage differentiation potentials of CD7+, CD4
      , CD8-, sCD3- T cell precursors in response to TE-cell produced cytokines, study
      of the triggering signals of cytokine release within the thymic microenvironment,
      and study of TCR-MHC mediated TE-thymocyte interactions.

PMID- 2293420
TI  - Proliferation and differentiation of immature thymocytes induced by a thymic
      stromal cell clone.
AB  - The monolayer of our established thymic stromal cell clone (MRL104.8a) exhibited
      the capacity to maintain immature double-negative thymocytes. Such capacity was
      also expressed by a factor produced by the MRL104.8a monolayer. This factor
      designated as thymic stroma-derived T cell growth factor (TSTGF) was found to be
      distinct from IL-2 or IL-4 but similar to IL-7 of the previously described
      cytokines from the functional and molecular aspects. The MRL104.8a monolayer also
      exerted its differentiation-promoting effect on double-negative thymocytes.
      Culture for one day of purified double-negative thymocytes on the monolayer
      resulted in the induction of an appreciable per cent of CD3-4-8+ cells. This
      differentiation could also be induced by a semipurified TSTGF sample but not by
      recombinant IL-7, suggesting that the MRL104.8a cells elaborate a factor(s)
      responsible for initiating the differentiation of double-negative cells in
      addition to the growth-promotion factor identical or closely related to IL-7.
      When the culture period of double-negative thymocytes was extended to 2 or 3
      days, an appreciable number of double-positive (CD4+8+) and single-positive
      (CD4+8-) cells were generated on the MRL104.8a monolayer. Thus, these
      observations provide strong support for the proposition that a specialized thymic
      stromal component plays an essential role in the intrathymic T cell development
      in the context of T cell growth and differentiation.

PMID- 2293422
TI  - Thymic MHC class I gene regulation of susceptibility to lymphocytic
      choriomeningitis.
AB  - Susceptibility of mice to intracerebral (i.c.) infection with lymphocytic
      choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) depends on the LCMV isolate and host genes. We have
      previously shown that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes
      regulate susceptibility to lethal disease due to infection with the LCMV-docile
      isolate derived from the LCMV-UBC strain. The Dq allele conferred dominant
      susceptibility whereas other H-2D region alleles tested (Dd, Dk, Db and Ds)
      conferred resistance. Susceptibility linked to Dq correlated strongly with early
      and potent LCMV-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activation responsible for the
      CTL mediated immunopathological disease. To assess the extent to which thymic MHC
      products control lethal LCM, two studies were performed. First, (H-2Dk x H-2Dq)F1
      bone marrow stem cells were used to reconstitute lethally irradiated recipients
      of each parental type. Reconstituted H-2Dk hosts were found to be resistant
      whereas H-2Dq hosts were susceptible to lethal LCM after i.c. infection,
      indicating that the phenotype of disease susceptibility was determined by the
      host. Second, we investigated the role of the thymus in the determination of
      resistance or susceptibility to LCM. Previously thymectomized (H-2Dk x H-2Dq)F1
      mice received a thymus graft from either H-2Dk or H-2Dq fetal mice. After
      differentiation of F1 lymphoid precursor cells in the implanted thymus,
      susceptibility to lethal LCM was assessed. F1 recipient mice carrying a thymus
      expressing Dk were resistant whereas those carrying a thymus expressing Dq were
      susceptible. Therefore, as an extension of various previous studies on T cell
      immune responses, our results document directly that disease susceptibility to
      lethal LCM is controlled by MHC class I molecules of the thymus.

PMID- 2293421
TI  - The thousand and one ways of being a T cell.
AB  - Developing T cells diverge to several different effector classes, identified by
      their ability to express different set of genes. Aside from the genes encoding
      components of the TCR/CD3, there are many others that are activated and/or
      inactivated during T-cell development, but the functions of most of them are not
      yet defined. Despite the significant progress made, several fundamental aspects
      of the major steps of T-cell differentiation remains unclear. Thus, while long
      ago it was realized that the thymus is a central organ for the development of
      functionally competent T lymphocytes, it appears clear today that ectopic T-cell
      differentiation can also take place. In this article we review some of the
      molecules implicated in T-cell development and discuss some of the pathways that
      lead to mature T cells from precursors, both intra- and extra-thymically, as well
      as their implications in the acquisition of self tolerance.

PMID- 2293423
TI  - Acquisition of self-tolerance in T cells is achieved by different mechanisms,
      operating both inside and outside the thymus.
AB  - During the past 3 years, considerable progress has been generated in
      understanding the mechanisms by which developing T cells acquire tolerance for
      self-antigens. Clonal deletion of T cells with self-reactive receptors for
      certain antigens expressed in the thymus was the first process to be identified
      as a major mechanism for generating tolerance in thymocytes. When this process
      fails, nondeletional mechanisms for acquisition of tolerance to self-antigens are
      employed. If the molecular mechanisms underlying these events are to be
      understood, it is crucial to identify to which extent these alternate forms of
      tolerance induction operate at different stages of T cells development. This
      article reviews where and how the tolerant state is achieved at different stages
      of T cell development.

PMID- 2293424
TI  - Development of human T lymphocytes and their thymus-dependency.

PMID- 2293425
TI  - Cyclosporin and the rat thymus. An immunohistochemical study.
AB  - We studied the effect of Cyclosporin A on the thymus in rats. A daily
      subcutaneous injection of Cyclosporin A at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight in
      young adult rats resulted in a 100% mortality within two weeks. Daily
      administration of 15 mg/kg for two weeks was well tolerated. Rats treated at this
      dose showed whole blood Cyclosporin concentrations around 6 mg/l. The thymus
      immediately after treatment showed the almost complete disappearance of the
      medulla, including the microenvironment made by medulla-type epithelium,
      interdigitating dendritic cells defined by their expression of MHC class II
      antigen, and lymphocytes with a mature T-cell phenotype. After discontinuation of
      Cyclosporin treatment, a rapid recovery occurred, with the reappearance of
      medulla areas after 2 weeks. These areas differed from the normal medulla by the
      absence of medulla-type epithelium. This cell population recovered in its normal
      location in about 4 weeks. The reappearance of medullary interdigitating cells
      was associated with reappearance of lymphocytes with a mature T-cell phenotype.
      In the regenerating thymus "holes" in the microenvironment were observed that
      lacked epithelium and interdigitating cells, and that were filled by lymphocytes
      with an immature cortex phenotype. Peripheral lymphoid organs, of which the
      spleen was studied in more detail, did not manifest changes in lymphoid and
      stromal components. Target organs for syngeneic graft-versus-host disease, as
      described under special conditions after Cyclosporin treatment, did not show any
      histologic abnormality. The changes in thymus (immuno)histology may be associated
      with changes in shaping the T-cell repertoire: but, clinical manifestations of
      such changes require special experimental conditions.

PMID- 2293426
TI  - Swellengrebel lecture. Public health and the ethics of sustainability.
AB  - Hitherto, the danger of population increase has never been a constraint on public
      health programmes. Do we need to rethink this, now that population increase is
      causing communities to destroy their local ecosystems? 'Sustainability' is now
      the critical goal. The influence of falling child mortality in reducing
      fertility, which has been much promoted by UNICEF, is disputed. Our ethical
      premisses, particularly the absolute value of each human being, and the integrity
      of the ecosystem, conflict. If public health programmes are desustaining, they
      need to be balanced by complementary sustaining ones. Desustaining public health
      programmes should not be introduced just because they are possible. WHO's
      definition of health should be amended so that "Health is a sustainable state of
      ...". If this were to happen, a healthy lifestyle would have also to be a
      sustainable one.

PMID- 2293427
TI  - A retrospective study of malaria and malnutrition in the University of Calabar
      Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria.
AB  - Morbidity and mortality due to malaria and marasmic kwashiorkor were determined
      from hospital records in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital over five
      years. Malaria was found to be a significant cause of morbidity but was
      responsible for only 3.5% of the deaths that occurred during the period. This
      represents 0.3% of all infant deaths and 2.0% of deaths in children aged 1-4
      years. The percentage of malaria deaths, 4.4% (1983), 5.2% (1984), 3.0% (1985)
      and 1.9% (1986), respectively showed a downward trend but went up again to 2.8%
      (1987), probably due to the treatment failures ascribed to chloroquine in the
      area. Malnutrition on the other hand, resulted in 174 deaths as opposed to 42
      deaths due to malaria in children under six years of age. More of these deaths
      due to malnutrition (40.8%) occurred in children aged 2-3 years, just as the case
      with malaria (33.3%). 20.7% of these deaths occurred in infants. These results
      suggest that the pride of place, as a number one killer, goes to malnutrition
      while malaria is a serious cause of morbidity.

PMID- 2293428
TI  - Seroepidemiological survey of Mediterranean spotted fever in an endemic area
      ('Valles Occidental', Barcelona, Spain).
AB  - A seroepidemiological survey of Mediterranean spotted fever was carried out in
      the region of 'Valles Occidental', Barcelona (Spain). The prevalence of
      antibodies to Rickettsia conorii in human beings and dogs was determined by
      indirect immunofluorescence. In 200 samples of sera from subjects without former
      history of boutonneuse fever, an overall prevalence of antibodies to R. conorii
      of 11.6% was found. Seropositivity was significantly higher in the age group
      greater than 50 years. A significant correlation between seropositivity and
      habitat, social status, contact with dogs or risky practices was not found. In 48
      sera from subjects with a history of Mediterranean spotted fever in the previous
      10 years, the overall prevalence of antibodies was 68.7%, being 56.2% among those
      individuals who had suffered from the disease between 5 and 10 years earlier. In
      103 dog serum samples collected during the summer, seropositivity was 36.8%.
      Positive sera were only detected in 1 of the 97 samples collected in winter,
      which suggests a relatively short duration of the canine immune response after
      contact with R. conorii.

PMID- 2293429
TI  - The risk of neonatal septicaemia after prolonged rupture of the membranes in
      Nigeria.
AB  - In a study of 80 babies delivered after prolonged rupture of membranes in Wesley
      Guild Hospital (WGH), Ilesha, over a 16-month period, 18 (22.5%) were found to
      have a positive blood culture. Babies with a positive blood culture were more ill
      (p less than 0.02) and males were significantly more affected by culture proven
      infection (p less than 0.02). The mortality rate was significantly higher in
      babies with a positive blood culture (p less than 0.01). The high incidence of
      septicaemia in this group of babies in our environment may be due to the
      unhygienic environment from which mothers and babies were referred and delay in
      presentation. Improved obstetric and neonatal care will therefore reduce the
      morbidity and mortality due to septicaemia in such babies in Nigeria. Such babies
      should continue to be treated routinely for presumed infection till facilities
      for prompt diagnosis of neonatal septicaemia are more readily available.

PMID- 2293430
TI  - Hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic liver disease and healthy
      controls in north-Sulawesi, Indonesia.
AB  - Markers of hepatitis-B virus (HBV) infection were determined in 42 patients with
      chronic liver disease (CLD) and in 42 age and sex matched healthy controls. At
      least one marker for HBV was found in 38 patients (90%) and in 29 controls (69%).
      HBsAg was present in 29 patients (69%) as opposed to 14 controls (33%; p less
      than 0.001). The very high prevalence of HBV infection, the significant
      difference with respect to HBV markers, particularly HBsAg, between patients and
      controls and in particular the high percentage of healthy HBV-carriers poses a
      considerable risk to the population of North-Sulawesi and stresses the need for
      HBV-vaccination.

PMID- 2293431
TI  - Measles in Nigerian children in Calabar during the era of expanded programme on
      immunization.
AB  - Children admitted with measles to the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital,
      Calabar, Nigeria, were studied to determine the influence of the Expanded
      Programme on Immunization (EPI), launched in Nigeria in 1984. The data suggest a
      downward trend in the overall incidence of measles in the first 4 years of the
      campaign. However, compared with a previous study period (June 1981 to May 1983)
      in the same institution, the proportion of measles victims aged below 9 months
      had increased from 15 to 21 percent and the overall death rate had increased
      sevenfold. Delay in administering the measles vaccine (9 instead of 6 months) and
      the deteriorating nutritional status of Nigerian children probably account for
      this negative impact. The advantages of altering the immunization age for measles
      from 6 to 9 months have not been fully established in Nigeria yet.

PMID- 2293432
TI  - Diarrhoea in the under-fives in a Saudi semiurban community.
AB  - A cross-sectional study of diarrhoea in the under-fives was carried out in a
      semiurban community in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The aim was to
      estimate the point and period prevalence and to examine some factors possibly
      related to the prevalence of diarrhoea. The point and period prevalence of
      diarrhoea were found to be 5.4% and 12.5% respectively. The presence of diarrhoea
      was significantly associated with age of child and the type of feeding in
      children below one year. Factors such as parental age and education and the
      number of children under five in the household were also found to be
      significantly associated with diarrhoea. For prevention of diarrhoea the authors
      recommend the establishment of 'under-fives' clinics and health education
      programmes to educate mothers on diarrhoea.

PMID- 2293433
TI  - Relation between the intestinal flora and diaper dermatitis in infancy.
AB  - In this study, 40 patients with diaper dermatitis and 20 healthy infants were
      investigated. Mycological and bacteriological cultures were obtained from
      affected and healthy skin areas and stool specimens. Candida albicans was
      isolated simultaneously in 37 out of 40 patients subjected to mycological
      examination of skin lesions and stool specimen cultures. Of 34 Gram-stained
      smears from the skin lesions, 27 revealed Candida in hyphal form. In the control
      group, C. albicans was not grown from the diaper area. No significant difference
      was observed in the growth of bacteria from the skin with or without lesions (p
      greater than 0.05). In conclusion, C. albicans-infection originating from the
      gastrointestinal tract, plays a major role in diaper dermatitis. Thus, a Gram
      stained smear can be used as a practical method in early diagnosis.

PMID- 2293434
TI  - Burkitt's lymphoma in Ethiopian children.
AB  - Burkitt's lymphoma is the commonest malignancy seen in childhood in Ethiopia.
      Thirty-nine children admitted to the Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital from
      January 1971 to December 1988 were studied. The male to female ratio was 1.3:1,
      24(63%) were from non-malarious areas, 29(76%) came from areas with altitude
      above 1500 meters above sea level, 36(95%) came from areas with mean annual
      temperature above 16 degrees C and 35(61%) patients came from areas with mean
      annual rainfall above 1000 mm. The commonest presentation was abdominal mass
      followed by jaw swelling. Eight (20%) patients died in hospital. The geographic
      distribution of the tumour seems to be different from that seen in some parts of
      Africa. Studies with regard to Epstein-Barr virus linkage in Ethiopia are
      warranted.

PMID- 2293435
TI  - Carcinoma of the bronchus in tobacco farm workers. An unrecognised high risk
      group.
AB  - A case-control study of 47 patients with bronchoscopically diagnosed carcinoma of
      the lung revealed that 12 were tobacco farm workers. This is significantly (p
      less than 0.001) greater than the number of tobacco farm workers in a healthy
      control group (1 out of 46). All of the tobacco farm workers smoked and 11 had
      smoked more than 10 pack-years of cigarettes. All of the tobacco farm workers
      admitted to smoking unprocessed tobacco, as did 28 of the other 35 carcinoma
      patients, but none of the control group. It was not possible to quantify the
      effect of working with tobacco or the effect of other atmosphere pollutants on a
      tobacco farm as possible risk factors for developing carcinoma, but this risk is
      unlikely to be significant compared to that from cigarette smoking.

PMID- 2293436
TI  - Surface area in healthy Nigerian children and adults. A height formula compared
      with Dubois and other formulae.
AB  - The surface area (SA) has been recognised in clinical medicine to be the most
      scientific parameter in varying posology. Its derivation from height and weight
      is cumbersome and newer methods of computing SA have been described. 920 Nigerian
      adults and children were studied. Normal values for each age from the Dubois
      formula and their 3rd, 10th, 50th and 97th centiles using the Dubois formula for
      computing surface area are reported. The grand mean of the surface area in
      Nigerian adults (above the age of 21 years) was found to be 1.60 m2 suggesting a
      lower value when compared with similar studies in caucasian subjects. This
      finding is discussed in relation to the universal rule of SA near and away from
      the equator. A height formula for children aged 2 to 12 years is derived and
      suggested as an alternative to the older weight and the Dubois formulae.

PMID- 2293437
TI  - Medical admissions to Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi in 1986:
      comparison with admissions to Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre in 1973.
AB  - A retrospective survey was carried out on adult medical admissions to Kamuzu
      Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi during the period January to December 1986,
      and results compared with those obtained in Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital,
      Blantyre in 1973. There were 4700 admissions which was more than twice the number
      seen in Blantyre. However, the age distribution, the pattern of disease and the
      overall hospital mortality were similar. Infections (malaria, pneumonia,
      tuberculosis, gastroenteritis/dysentery and meningitis) were the most common
      cause of admission, and the major causes of death were still tuberculosis,
      pneumonia and meningitis. Smoking related diseases were uncommon, and there was
      no documented case of ischaemic heart disease. The reasons for the importance of
      periodic surveys, such as the present study, are discussed.

PMID- 2293438
TI  - Coenurosis of the central nervous system in a Nigerian.

PMID- 2293439
TI  - Kala azar in an adult Libyan and review of visceral leishmaniasis in Libya.
AB  - Less than 30 confirmed cases of kala azar have been reported from Libya in this
      century. Many of the reported patients had stayed outside Libya and the majority
      were young children. After a span of fifty years we diagnosed an autochthonous
      case in an adult Libyan. The parasite was difficult to grow in N.N.N. culture
      media. During a small population survey in the area, no other case could be
      detected. Very little is known about the reservoir, vector, and sub-species of
      the parasite in Libya. The atypical symptoms, the rarity of cases detected and
      the difficulty of growing the parasite in vitro could be due to a different
      strain of the parasite causing visceral leishmaniasis in this area.

PMID- 2293440
TI  - Are tuberculosis wards a risk factor for HIV in Africa?
AB  - A twenty-year-old female prostitute had an indeterminant HIV western blot in
      Djibouti during June 1988. She was hospitalised at the tuberculosis hospital in
      October and was re-tested for HIV in November. Her western blot result was still
      indeterminant, despite a progressive profile, and she therefore escaped to the
      hospital's HIV surveillance system. There were strong indications that while in
      hospital, the patient resumed the activities of her previous profession. We
      conclude that active tuberculosis may develop in African HIV patients prior to
      the development of a confirmatory HIV western blot profile. Thorough
      precautionary measures are indicated for preventing HIV from spreading to health
      care personnel and amongst hospitalised patients in Africa.

PMID- 2293441
TI  - Rare infections of nose and paranasal sinuses.
AB  - Two cases of fungal infection of the nose and paranasal sinuses by
      rhinophycomycosis and actinomycosis are reported. The clinical diagnoses in both
      cases were wrong and in one of them, a malignancy was suspected. These cases are
      the first to be reported from Central Nigeria. The authors feel that fungal
      granuloma should be included on the differential diagnoses list for patients with
      swellings of the nose and paranasal sinuses in this environment.

PMID- 2293442
TI  - Burkitt's lymphoma in a 45-year-old Nigerian woman.
AB  - A clinically advanced stage of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) occurring unusually in a
      middle-aged perimenopausal woman in an endemic area is reported. Successful
      treatment was achieved by tumour debulking and intensive pulsed combination
      chemotherapy. BL needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      abdominal swellings in adults in endemic areas.

PMID- 2293444
TI  - [A method of calculating the nitrogen balance based on the levels of energy and
      protein consumption by man].

PMID- 2293443
TI  - Types of injuries by selected characteristics.
AB  - Estimates of the number of injuries, by type of injury, are presented by age,
      sex, race, geographic region, place of residence, class of accident, place of
      accident, and other socioeconomic and health variables. The numbers of days of
      restricted activity and bed disability due to injuries, by sex and type of
      injury, are also included.

PMID- 2293445
TI  - [The rationale for new physiological standards of food and energy consumption for
      infants].

PMID- 2293446
TI  - [The effect of improved rations and different doses of Glutamevitum on the
      vitamin status and work capacity of children who started school at the age of 6
      years].
AB  - The influence of qualitatively different nutrition and additional vitaminization
      with varying doses of "Glutamevitum" on excretion with urine of vitamins B1, B2
      PP and C, as well as the presence of microclinical symptoms of vitamin deficiency
      and psychophysiological parameters were studied in 120 children (6 groups, 20
      subjects in each) who went to school at six years of age. The children received
      corrected nutrition and vitamins during 6 months of the winter-spring period. It
      was established that the nutrition corrected by selection of food products and
      additional vitaminization with optimal doses of vitamins (1/2 tablet of
      "Glutamevitum" added by vitamins C, P and A in a dose of 10, 30, 0.25 mg,
      respectively) significantly lowered fatigue as a result of psychoemotional and
      mental stress in children of 6 years of age studying at school, vitamin excretion
      with urine increased, microclinical symptoms of vitamin deficiency were
      appreciably lowered, the working capacity and attention as well as nervous
      reflectory activity were significantly improved in the critical period of early
      studying.

PMID- 2293447
TI  - [The energy expenditure of children of preschool age].
AB  - For the first time energy consumption was studied in preschool children at
      varying activity during 24 hours. It has been established that the main
      metabolism and energy consumption significantly depend on the physical
      development of children and do not depend on sex. Basing on the data of the
      investigations conducted the main food substances and energy requirements of
      preschool children have been estimated.

PMID- 2293448
TI  - [Characteristics of the nutrition of the male population of Ufa].
AB  - The method of daily ration reproduction was used to study the actual nutrition of
      25% of male subsampling comprising 674 subjects, during the epidemiological
      investigation of unorganized male population in a region of Ufa. The results of
      the study have shown that the caloric value of their nutrition does not exceed
      the established standards and is diminished with age. Protein consumption meets
      the physiological requirements, animal proteins prevail in their structure.
      Carbohydrate consumption is low, mainly at the expense of starch, while the share
      of sugar is high. Fat consumption exceeds the values recommended, mainly at the
      expense of saturated fatty acids. Cholesterol consumption is excessive. The
      established nutrition imbalance of the main food substances has evidenced the
      atherogenic character of the population nutrition, prevalence of animal food
      products in its structure, that should be taken into consideration when measures
      for the prevention of coronary heart disease are elaborated.

PMID- 2293449
TI  - [Actual nutrition and rationale for the recommended levels of consumption of
      vitamins].

PMID- 2293450
TI  - [The vitamin status of miners working at deep levels and its correction].
AB  - Providing with ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and niacin was
      studied in miners at deep levels before and after intake of correcting doses of
      vitamins. Enrichment of the food ration with vitamins produced a positive effect
      on the working capacity of the miners under study. The levels of vitamin
      consumption (vitamin-energy coefficients) have been estimated correcting the
      vitamin balance in miners working at deep levels.

PMID- 2293452
TI  - [The mechanism of action on the secretory function of the stomach of peroral
      glutamate].
AB  - The potentiating effect of oral glutaminic acid on the gastric secretion in the
      presence of pentagastrin was shown in the experiments on dogs with Heidenhain
      isolated stomach and gastric fistula according to Basov. This effect of sodium
      monoglutamate is realized by the humoral way with glutathione participation in
      the process.

PMID- 2293451
TI  - [The effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet on the indices of
      lipid metabolism in patients with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - To study the dietetic effect of canned natural Ivasi herring, containing up to
      10% of eicosopentenic acid, the blood serum was analyzed in 37 patients with
      coronary heart disease at Vladivostok City Hospital and in 73 patients at the
      Regional Cardiological Sanatorium. Lipid characteristics of the blood serum
      (total cholesterol, alpha- and beta-cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins) were
      comparatively studied in 5 groups of subjects: normal subjects, two control
      groups (who did not receive the dietetic product) and two groups who received
      Ivasi herring. A favourable effect on all above parameters was recorded in more
      than 50% of patients in the sanatorium. The frequency of favourable shifts was
      higher in patients who received Ivasi herring than in the controls, the highest
      changes concerned beta-cholesterol. No significant improvement was recorded in
      coronary patients during the acute period (the group at the City Hospital). The
      results of the investigation have evidenced the expediency of using canned Ivasi
      herring in the diet therapy and prevention of coronary heart disease during the
      rehabilitation period.

PMID- 2293453
TI  - [The relation of the biological value of meat proteins to their content of
      connective tissue].
AB  - The influence of connective tissue on the biological value of meat products,
      manufactured from hashed meat, was studied in experiments on growing rats. It was
      shown that collagen level increase from 6.1 to 14.5% of the total amount of meat
      proteins improved the growth-mass characteristics of the animals. The actual
      biological value and the absolute protein utilization had a tendency to lowering,
      although the difference was not statistically significant. At the same time the
      effectiveness of tissue protein biosynthesis was not lowered. A conclusion has
      been made that the results of animal experiments correlate with the clinical data
      on the positive effect of the increase up to 15% (by protein) of collagen content
      on the anabolic action of hashed meat protein in humans. A further increase of
      the connective tissue amount leads to its diminished biological value.

PMID- 2293455
TI  - [Dietary protein as a modulator of the activity of enzymes metabolizing
      xenobiotics. Epoxide hydrolase].
AB  - Growing male rats received rations containing 5.18 and 33% of protein during 2
      months. In contrast to other microsomal enzymes, epoxide hydrolase activity was
      maximal in the liver of the animals which received the ration with 5% of protein,
      and minimal--with 18% of protein. Epoxide hydrolase in the liver of rats that
      received the rations with 5 and 18% of protein showed equally expressed capacity
      for induction and activation in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2293454
TI  - [The effect of a diet with different contents of linoleic acid on the development
      of alcoholic liver diseases].
AB  - White rats received rations with varying content of linoleic acid (3.17 and 90
      g/kg of food) during 30 days. The control rats that received food with low
      content of linoleic acid showed a higher content of triglycerides in the liver.
      Elevation of linoleic acid level in the ration of animals with chronic alcoholic
      intoxication diminishes the symptoms of alcoholic hepatosis: hepatocyte
      vacuolization and the content of neutral lipids in them are lowered, serum enzyme
      (alanine-aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase) activity decreases as well
      as the signs of essential fatty acid deficiency disappear.

PMID- 2293456
TI  - [The effect of restoring adequate nutrition on the relation between nerve and
      glial cells in the cerebellar cortex of malnourished mice].
AB  - Changes in the distribution density of neurons and gliocytes of the ganglionic
      layer of the cerebellar cortex in mice were studied during malnutrition and
      further alimentary rehabilitation. The results obtained have evidenced that the
      distribution density of neurons is increased, while that of gliocytes is
      decreased in the ganglionic layer of the cerebellar cortex of mice which received
      a low-protein diet from the 10th to the 40th day of life. These changes were
      partially recovered after alimentary rehabilitation, while alimentary
      rehabilitation combined with drug correction (addition of carnitine) leads to the
      complete recovery of the cerebellum histological structure.

PMID- 2293457
TI  - [The rationale for the recommended levels of consumption of energy and basic food
      substances (mineral substances)].

PMID- 2293458
TI  - Comparison of platelet activation and membrane glycoprotein Ib and IIb-IIIa
      expression after filtration through three different leukocyte removal filters.
AB  - We evaluated three filters used for leukocyte removal from platelet concentrates:
      Imugard IG 500, Pall PL100 and Sepacell PL-10A. Filter performance, platelet
      activation and expression of membrane glycoproteins Ib and IIb-IIIa were
      evaluated. Imugard, Pall and Sepacell showed median postfiltration in vitro
      platelet recoveries of 88, 84 and 80%, and total residual leukocyte counts of
      16.1, 7.5 and 0.6 x 10(6)/pool of 8 platelet concentrates, respectively. Mean
      platelet volume was reduced after filtration with all filters. Postfiltration
      values of glycoproteins Ib and IIb-IIIa, and of activation markers GMP 140 and gp
      53 were not significantly different from prefiltration values. Filtration through
      Imugard, Pall and Sepacell did not induce significant platelet activation or
      modifications of platelet membrane glycoproteins Ib and IIb-IIIa.

PMID- 2293459
TI  - Comparison of a conventional quadruple-bag system with a 'top-and-bottom' system
      for blood processing.
AB  - 'Top-and-bottom' bags have an outlet at the top and at the bottom of the
      collecting bag, allowing simultaneous expression of plasma and red cells, whereas
      the buffy coat remains in the collecting bag. The composition of blood components
      was investigated following manual separation of whole blood in a conventional 4
      bag system (A) or automated separation in a 'top-and-bottom' system (B). To
      overcome inter-donor differences, two units of whole blood were pooled and
      redistributed into the original bags (A and B) prior to centrifugation. Leukocyte
      poor platelet concentrates (LPPC) were manufactured from both types of buffy coat
      (A and B). The volumes of plasma, red cell concentrates (RCC) and buffy coat were
      similar in both methods. However, the residual leukocytes and platelets in the
      RCC from the top-and-bottom system were significantly lower than in the
      conventional system, 140 +/- 59 x 10(6) (mean +/- SD) versus 762 +/- 228 x 10(6),
      respectively (p less than 0.01). Both types of LPPC contained less than 10(7)
      leukocytes and could be stored for 7 days maintaining a pH above 6.5. We conclude
      that the top-and-bottom system enables automated and standardized preparation of
      RCC and plasma with a significantly better buffy-coat removal than with manual
      processing.

PMID- 2293460
TI  - An experimental model for preventing alloimmunization against platelet
      transfusions by pretreatment with antibody-coated cells.
AB  - The pretreatment of LEW (RT-1l) rat recipients with antibody-coated BN (RT-1n)
      blood cells resulted in the suppression of the LEW antibody response against
      subsequent BN platelet and leukocyte transfusions. Both coating with homologous
      LEW-anti-BN serum or heterologous rabbit-anti-rat lymphocyte serum was effective.
      Repeated boosting with uncoated platelets or leukocytes did not abrogate the
      suppression. The degree of suppression was dependent on the amount of antibody
      used for cell coating. The induced suppression was also extended to uncoated
      antigens and unrelated third-party cells. The serum-IgG fraction of pretreated
      rats was strongly immunosuppressive, suggesting that the mechanism of suppression
      was related to the induction of a broadly reactive regulatory IgG.

PMID- 2293461
TI  - Absence of HIV DNA sequences in seronegative polytransfused thalassemic patients.
AB  - The risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by transfusion is
      not totally eliminated, since contaminated blood given before seroconversion to
      HIV is not detected on the actual biological screening. We used the polymerase
      chain reaction (PCR) assay (with one primer pair in the gag region and two in the
      pol region) to detect HIV DNA sequences in 30 seronegative polytransfused
      thalassemic patients and in 60 seropositive individuals (used as positive
      controls). We did not observe PCR-positive HIV-antibody-negative results in
      seronegative polytransfused patients.

PMID- 2293462
TI  - Autoanti-Ge associated with severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
AB  - Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to anti-Ge is described. The patient's red
      cells had a positive direct antiglobulin test, and they typed as Ge+ using saline
      reactive reagents. Anti-Ge was eluted from her RBCs, and her serum had an IgG and
      IgM anti-Ge2,3.

PMID- 2293463
TI  - Serological markers during an acute HIV-2 infection.

PMID- 2293464
TI  - Rifampicin-induced immune hemolytic anemia: therapeutic relevance of plasma
      exchange.

PMID- 2293465
TI  - Anti-HBc testing can decrease the residual risk of transfusion-related HIV
      transmission by more than one third.

PMID- 2293466
TI  - Subacute poisoning with phosalone, an organophosphate insecticide.
AB  - An illness characterized by weakness, dizziness, and gastrointestinal symtoms was
      identified among a crew of 30 migrant field-workers employed by a grape grower in
      Madera County, California, during August 1987. The onset of symptoms occurred
      between August 24 and August 30 and a median of 9 days from the date of first
      employment. The first crew member sought medical treatment on August 26, and 10
      crew members were admitted to hospital between August 27 and August 30. For most
      workers, gastrointestinal and constitutional symptoms resolved shortly after
      admission, but 4 patients had episodes of severe sinus bradycardia persisting for
      several days. On the day of admission, transient atrioventricular dissociation
      developed in 2 persons. Interviews with 16 crew members not admitted to the
      hospital identified only 1 additional worker ill with gastrointestinal symptoms,
      but all 16 had moderate to severe inhibition of both plasma and red blood cell
      cholinesterase. Four other workers who were tested but not interviewed also had
      cholinesterase depression. The crew had had exposure since August 19 to the
      organophosphate insecticide phosalone, which was last applied to the vineyard on
      July 21, or 29 days earlier. Although this is the first report unequivocally
      linking phosalone to field-worker poisoning, the delayed onset and nonspecific
      nature of the symptoms associated with subacute poisoning may have hindered the
      recognition of previous similar episodes.

PMID- 2293467
TI  - Methamphetamine. Stimulant of the 1990s?
AB  - During the past several years, the use of a smokable form of methamphetamine
      hydrochloride called "ice" has increased rapidly. The heaviest use has occurred
      on the West Coast and in Hawaii. Many regional emergency departments treat more
      methamphetamine users than cocaine-intoxicated patients. The ease of synthesis
      from inexpensive and readily available chemicals makes possible the rampant abuse
      of a dangerous drug that can produce a euphoria similar to that induced by
      cocaine. Clinicians should be familiar with the medical effects and treatment of
      acute methamphetamine toxicity.

PMID- 2293470
TI  - The biology and physiology of aging.
AB  - This discussion was selected from the weekly staff conferences in the Department
      of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from a transcription,
      it has been edited by Homer A. Boushey, MD, Professor of Medicine, and Nathan M.
      Bass, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, under the direction of Lloyd H.
      Smith, Jr, MD, Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean in the School of
      Medicine.

PMID- 2293468
TI  - Counseling patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. An approach
      for medical practice.
AB  - Persons at risk for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus are being
      encouraged to learn their serostatus. While such knowledge can help patients seek
      appropriate medical care, it can also be distressing. We describe an approach,
      based on crisis counseling, for physicians to use in working with patients
      infected with HIV. It can help physicians in assisting patients with emotional
      reactions to the diagnosis as well as in directing patients to manage practical
      issues of concern. Methods for discussing safer sex or injection practices are
      also presented.

PMID- 2293471
TI  - Diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of newborns addicted to cocaine.
AB  - The Scientific Board of the California Medical Association presents the following
      inventory of items of progress in pediatrics. Each item, in the judgment of a
      panel of knowledgeable physicians, has recently become reasonably firmly
      established, both as to scientific fact and important clinical significance. The
      items are presented in simple epitome, and an authoritative reference, both to
      the item itself and to the subject as a whole, is generally given for those who
      may be unfamiliar with a particular item. The purpose is to assist busy
      practitioners, students, researchers, or scholars to stay abreast of these items
      of progress in pediatrics that have recently achieved a substantial degree of
      authoritative acceptance, whether in their own field of special interest or
      another. The items of progress listed below were selected by the Advisory Panel
      to the Section on Pediatrics of the California Medical Association, and the
      summaries were prepared under its direction.

PMID- 2293472
TI  - Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children.

PMID- 2293469
TI  - Hypercalcemia in malignancy.
AB  - The pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in malignancy has been enigmatic until recent
      years. Since the realization in 1980 that bioassays for parathyroid hormone
      detected a cross-reacting substance in malignancy, progress has been remarkably
      rapid. A parathyroid hormone-related protein was purified and identified by
      molecular cloning as a 141-amino acid peptide with limited homology to
      parathyroid hormone itself. Nonetheless, both peptides activate the parathyroid
      hormone receptor to produce hypercalcemia. It is now clear that the parathyroid
      hormone-related protein is the cause of hypercalcemia in most solid tumors,
      particularly squamous and renal carcinomas. New assays for the hormone as well as
      the related peptide have greatly simplified the differential diagnosis of
      hypercalcemia. At the same time, new agents for the treatment of hypercalcemia
      are becoming available, most notably the bisphosphonate drugs.

PMID- 2293473
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of genetic disease.

PMID- 2293474
TI  - Fetal surgery.

PMID- 2293475
TI  - Predictors of and new therapy for jaundice.

PMID- 2293476
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children.

PMID- 2293477
TI  - Newborn hemoglobinopathy screening.

PMID- 2293478
TI  - Steroid therapy for bacterial meningitis.

PMID- 2293479
TI  - McCune-Albright syndrome. A case of primary hypogonadism obscured by
      hyperprolactinemic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

PMID- 2293480
TI  - Parathyroid hormone-related peptide.

PMID- 2293481
TI  - Continuing stress and hypertension.

PMID- 2293482
TI  - The peril of espresso machines.

PMID- 2293483
TI  - Clarification.

PMID- 2293485
TI  - Eating: the heart of the matter.

PMID- 2293484
TI  - More on Mohs'.

PMID- 2293486
TI  - Limitless liability is unfair.

PMID- 2293487
TI  - The prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi seropositivity in an area endemic for Lyme
      disease.
AB  - We conducted a seroprevalence survey of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in
      West Central Wisconsin, an area endemic for Lyme disease. One hundred and thirty
      seven of 153 patients having blood drawn at the Eau Claire Family Medicine Clinic
      and the associated rural Augusta practice participated in the study and were
      tested for the presence of antibodies to B burgdorferi and questioned about Lyme
      disease risk factors. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that 15 (10.9%)
      of the 137 persons had serological evidence of exposure to B burgdorferi. None of
      these 15 persons reported a past or current history of clinical Lyme disease, and
      they were not found to have more symptoms commonly associated with Lyme disease
      than seronegative patients. We conclude that the prevalence of positive Lyme
      serologies in this area is similar to that of other endemic areas and that
      subclinical or asymptomatic infection probably accounts for many of these
      positive results.

PMID- 2293488
TI  - Borrelia lymphocytoma: a possible North American case.
AB  - Borrelia lymphocytoma is a rare dermatologic manifestation of Lyme disease, thus
      far reported only in European patients. A possible North American case is
      presented and the significance of the first North American case is discussed.

PMID- 2293490
TI  - The PRECEDES Project: background and methods.

PMID- 2293489
TI  - Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome in Wisconsin.
AB  - Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) is a newly recognized illness characterized
      by intense eosinophilia, debilitating myalgia, and absence of any condition that
      could account for the eosinophilia or myalgia. The disorder has previously been
      associated with ingestion of capsules containing the amino acid L-tryptophan. In
      1989, the Wisconsin Division of Health began surveillance for EMS. Each of 25
      persons reported with the illness and meeting a standardized case definition were
      using L-tryptophan when their symptoms began, between June 1989 and January 1990.
      The median age of the patients was 43 years (range 26-82 years); 92% were female,
      and 96% were white. The majority of patients reported were using L-tryptophan for
      insomnia (36%), premenstrual syndrome (28%), or depression (20%). Common signs
      and symptoms in these cases included cough or dyspnea (60%), arthralgia (44%),
      edema of the extremities (44%), fever (36%), and rash (32%). Other epidemiologic
      investigations to date suggest that EMS may be associated with a product
      contaminant.

PMID- 2293491
TI  - The international conference for the tenth revision of the International
      Classification of Diseases. Strengthening of Epidemiological and Statistical
      Services Unit. World Health Organization, Geneva.

PMID- 2293492
TI  - Implications of the ICD-10 definitions related to death in pregnancy, childbirth
      or the puerperium.
AB  - The Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) will
      include two new definitions concerning death related to pregnancy: --Late
      maternal death--the death of a woman from direct or indirect obstetric causes
      more than 42 days but less than one year after termination of pregnancy. -
      Pregnancy-related death--the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of
      termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the cause of death. This article
      discusses the rationale underlying these definitions and their implications for
      public health statistics. The introduction of these definitions is a step, albeit
      a timid one, towards an increased acceptance of epidemiology in determining the
      relationships which affect death related to pregnancy. It is to be hoped that the
      trend thus initiated can be encouraged.

PMID- 2293493
TI  - The use of cause-of-death statistics for health situation assessment: national
      and international experiences.
AB  - About 80 countries or areas regularly report detailed cause-of-death data to WHO
      based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and
      Causes of Death (ICD). These data refer to about 35% of all deaths estimated to
      occur in the world, although the actual coverage may be somewhat higher due to
      the representativeness of data-collection schemes in countries such as China.
      These data are systematically validated and documented by WHO before their
      dissemination, principally through publication in the World health statistics
      annual. This article describes the collection and use of these data by WHO for
      assessing the global and regional health situation, and for monitoring trends in
      health status. In addition, several issues in the use of mortality data and the
      ICD for national health situation assessment are discussed, including the need
      for documenting the quality and coverage of cause-of-death statistics,
      identifying biases and evaluating mortality trends.

PMID- 2293494
TI  - Automation of mortality data coding and processing in the United States of
      America.
AB  - The development in the United States of America of an automated system for coding
      mortality data (Automated Classification of Medical Entities--ACME) was
      undertaken with two major objectives in mind: (i) to introduce consistent and
      rapid assignment of underlying cause-of-death coding with reduced needs for
      manpower training; and (ii) to allow better utilization of medical information on
      death certificates for multiple cause-of-death analyses. The ACME system meets
      both of these objectives; the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
      produces all of its underlying cause-of-death statistics for the United States on
      the basis of this system, and multiple cause-of-death data are routinely
      available for additional epidemiological study beyond the traditional methods of
      vital statistics analyses. Enhancements of the automated system, primarily
      through the software known as MICAR, reduce even further the levels of training
      necessary for persons doing the basic data entry. MICAR additionally will ease
      transitions between ICD revisions by reducing the need for coder reorientation
      and by permitting rapid calculation of comparability ratios when new revisions
      are introduced.

PMID- 2293495
TI  - Applications of the International Classification of Diseases.
AB  - A brief outline is given of how various types of adaptation of the ICD for use in
      different situations have arisen. The application includes condensed lists,
      national adaptations, studies of morbidity, specialty adaptations (including for
      primary care), and augmentation by supplementary material. The major purposes of
      different applications are reviewed and an indication is given of factors
      influencing selection of the condition of primary interest in such situations.
      The article concludes by suggesting guidance for the development of applications
      and adaptations of the ICD.

PMID- 2293496
TI  - Classifications in the field of mental health.
AB  - For the first time in the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of
      Diseases (ICD-9) the chapter on mental disorders contained short glossary
      definitions for each category. A number of changes in attitudes and policies at
      the international and national levels, particularly the reorientation of mental
      health programmes to include behavioural and psychosocial problems, came at an
      opportune time and had a positive influence on the development of proposals for
      the chapter on mental and behavioural disorders in the Tenth Revision (ICD-10).
      This in turn enabled WHO to undertaken an intensive and extensive assessment of
      international needs in the classification of mental disorders and, where the
      situation was not unequivocal, to organize field trials to provide the empirical
      data necessary for problem solution. The result is a series of compatible
      classifications of mental and behavioural disorders based on ICD-10. The first,
      produced mainly as a reference tool for statistical purposes, will be included in
      ICD-10 with short glossary definitions as was the case for ICD-9. Other versions
      will be published for practising clinicians (with enhanced glossary definitions
      followed by diagnostic guidelines) for research (with full definitions,
      diagnostic guidelines and diagnostic criteria); for use in the provision of
      services to the mentally ill; and for use in general health (primary) care. There
      will also be a multiaxial classification of mental disorders in children to
      identify the clinical syndrome, resulting disability and environmental factors.
      It is hoped that these versions tailored to the needs of different groups working
      in the field of mental health will result in further improvements in
      communications between those responsible for the provision of services and care.

PMID- 2293497
TI  - Advances in transfusion medicine 1990: the challenge of the next decade.
      Farmington, Connecticut, May 4 and 5, 1990.

PMID- 2293498
TI  - Regulation of hematopoiesis.
AB  - Normal hematopoiesis is a well-regulated process in which the generation of
      mature blood elements occurs from a primitive pluripotent stem cell in an ordered
      sequence of maturation and proliferation. Regulation occurs at the level of the
      structured microenvironment (stroma), via cell-cell interactions and by way of
      the generation of specific hormones and cytokines: erythropoietin, interleukin 3,
      granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), monocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF),
      interleukin 5, interleukin 4, and other less well-defined factors, including the
      megakaryocyte growth factors. Understanding of this complex process has revealed
      insights into the pathophysiology of human disease and provided a theoretical
      framework for the therapeutic use of bone marrow transplantation and potential
      gene transfer therapy. Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials suggest that the
      hematopoietic growth factors may represent a significant new group of therapeutic
      reagents for patients with hematological and oncologic disease.

PMID- 2293499
TI  - Erythropoietin: current status.
AB  - Understanding the regulation of red blood cell production has been greatly
      enhanced by the cloning and expression of the gene for human erythropoietin (Epo)
      and its receptor. The availability of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo)
      for administration to patients has ushered in a new era in molecular medicine.
      Intravenous or subcutaneous administration of rhEpo can reliably cure the anemia
      of chronic renal failure and may be effective in the treatment of anemias
      secondary to chronic inflammation, malignancy, and marrow suppression from
      chemotherapy. In addition, rhEpo therapy will probably play a prominent role in
      transfusion medicine, both in preparing patients for auto-transfusions as well as
      in minimizing red cell transfusion requirements in the post-operative period.

PMID- 2293500
TI  - Numerous growth factors can influence in vitro megakaryocytopoiesis.
AB  - At least two classes of human megakaryocyte progenitor cells have been
      identified: the burst-forming unit megakaryocyte (BFU-MK) and the colony-forming
      unit megakaryocyte (CFU-MK). The BFU-MK is the most primitive progenitor cell
      committed to the megakaryocytic lineage. The CFU-MK appears to be a more
      differentiated megakaryocyte progenitor cell and is thought to be ultimately a
      descendant of the BFU-MK. A number of recombinant cytokines have recently been
      shown to be able to promote megakaryocyte colony formation in vitro. Recombinant
      GM-CSF and IL-3, in particular, have the ability to promote both CFU-MK- and BFU
      MK-derived colony stimulatory formation. The activities of these two cytokines on
      in vitro megakaryocytopoiesis are also additive. Recent results of clinical
      trials in both primates and humans, in which these glycoproteins were
      administered in vivo, suggest that these cytokines, both alone and in
      combination, can enhance in vivo thrombopoiesis and therefore may be potentially
      useful in the treatment of thrombocytopenic disorders.

PMID- 2293502
TI  - Transfusion-induced immunomodulation and its possible role in cancer recurrence
      and perioperative bacterial infection.
AB  - Over the last decade, it has become evident that homologous transfusions carry
      immunologic consequences beyond the well-understood ones of alloimmunization to
      blood cell antigens. Transfusions constitute temporary transplants of large
      amounts of allogeneic antigen given intravenously and cause down-regulation of
      many cellular immune functions. These changes may explain in part the association
      of transfusion with such clinically important events as (1) improved survival of
      renal allografts, (2) decreased recurrence rates for autoimmune disease, (3)
      increased frequency and earlier recurrences of solid tumors, (4) increased
      frequency of post-operative bacterial infection, and (5) increased severity of
      viral infection. Preliminary data suggest that, in animal models and clinical
      settings, syngeneic or autologous transfusions are not associated with such
      events. This finding supports the hypothesis that these associations are cause
      and effect and involve immunologic mechanisms.

PMID- 2293501
TI  - Prevention of HLA alloimmunization: role of leukocyte depletion and UV-B
      irradiation.
AB  - HLA alloimmunization is a major cause of the platelet refractory state. The
      stimulus for HLA alloimmunization is believed to derive from incompatibility
      between the recipient's lymphocytes and the passenger donor lymphocytes contained
      in transfused red cells or platelet concentrates. Two techniques to prevent post
      transfusion HLA alloimmunization include filtration, which physically removes the
      donor lymphocytes, and UV-B irradiation, which renders the donor leukocytes
      biologically inactive. The role of these two techniques in the prevention of HLA
      alloimmunization is the focus of this review.

PMID- 2293503
TI  - Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - The clinical pathologic syndrome of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is usually a
      sequela of bone marrow transplantation. This disorder occurs as a result of
      recognition by engrafted donor-derived lymphocytes of "foreign" recipient
      transplantation antigens. GVHD may also result from engraftment of lymphocytes
      from other sources, including (1) transfusion of lymphocytes containing blood
      components, (2) transplacental maternal fetal transfusion, and (3) passive
      transfer of lymphocytes in solid organ transplantation. The recipients are
      usually severely immunodeficient and thus incapable of rejecting the transfused
      lymphocytes. This syndrome may, however, also develop in immunologically
      competent patients receiving blood products from individuals with
      histocompatibility antigens not recognized as foreign.

PMID- 2293504
TI  - Biological roles of blood group antigens.
AB  - Recognition and application of blood group differences on human red cells
      permitted the development of safe procedures for blood transfusion. Blood group
      antigens are markers on surface-exposed red cell proteins or the sugar moiety of
      glycoproteins or glycolipids. Apart from their presumed biological function, some
      antigens have been identified as receptors for host/parasite interactions. Thus,
      carbohydrates that determine P antigenicity are the binding receptor for certain
      strains of pyelonephritic coliforms. Other pathogenic coliforms bind to the
      membrane structure that carries the Dra antigen. A structure associated with
      Duffy antigens is the attachment receptor for the parasite of Plasmodium vivax
      malaria, while Plasmodium falciparum parasites bind to structures associated with
      membrane glycophorins. Structure/function relationships have been established by
      the finding that lack of Rh protein in red cells of Rhnull phenotype is
      associated with stomatocytic cell morphology and a hemolytic state. Absence of
      glycophorin C, and the Gerbich blood group antigens that it carries, is
      associated with elliptocytic red cells. Absence of Kx antigen protein in the Kell
      system is associated with the McLeod blood group phenotype, with acanthocytic
      cell morphology and reduced in vivo survival. McLeod individuals also have late
      onset muscular dystrophy and neurological disorders.

PMID- 2293505
TI  - Platelet membrane glycoproteins: role in primary hemostasis and component
      antigens.
AB  - The biochemical details of the platelet surface as they relate to normal platelet
      function have been elucidated through study of labeled membranes from both normal
      platelets and those with congenitially defective function. Several cytoadhesive
      glycoprotein complexes which are integral components of the platelet membrane
      have been demonstrated to act as important receptors for extracellular matrix
      macromolecules. Glycoproteins Ia/IIa (collagen receptor), Ic/IIa (fibronectin
      receptor), and IIb/IIIa (fibrinogen receptor) belong to a family of cytoadhesive
      complexes called the integrins, while glycoprotein Ib/IX, the major von
      Willebrand receptor, has different features. These same major glycoproteins
      comprise all of the alloantigens and most of the autoantigens that have been
      characterized. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa contains the alloantigens, PlA (Zw), Bak
      (Lek), and Pen (Yuk), as well as the most frequent target antigenic sites for
      anti-platelet autoantibodies. Because a number of platelet alloantigens were
      discovered independently by more than one group, nomenclature is confusing at
      present, although a system analogous to that used for histocompatibility antigens
      has been proposed. Precise identification of the antigenic epitopes has not yet
      been accomplished for all of the platelet antigens. Current research efforts
      include characterization of antigenic epitopes, elucidation of mechanisms by
      which platelet immunization occurs, and determination of the clinical
      implications of the presence of various platelet antibodies.

PMID- 2293506
TI  - The major histocompatibility complex: the value of extended haplotypes in the
      analysis of associated immune diseases and disorders.
AB  - Major histocompatibility complex antigens are critical to an animal's immune
      response. In most animals, the extreme polymorphism of MHC molecules complicates
      studies of the role of this complex in the immune response. In mice, however, MHC
      haplotype-homozygous inbred strains have been developed which are invaluable in
      the study of the immune system and the search for immune response genes. The
      human MHC bears many similarities to its murine equivalent with regard to antigen
      structure and polymorphism; furthermore, a number of combinations of specific MHC
      alleles between HLA-B and HLA-DR/DQ (extended haplotypes) are found in people
      more commonly than predicted by individual allele frequencies. Over 30 percent of
      Caucasian haplotypes are extended haplotypes, and over 55 percent of individuals
      have at least one extended haplotype. Examples of the same extended haplotype,
      even in unrelated individuals, should either all have or lack any gene within the
      MHC region. The value of considering extended haplotypes in searching for
      associations between the MHC and diseases, or immune response, is shown in three
      examples: congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hepatitis B immunization, and
      transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2293507
TI  - Preparing the patient for bone marrow transplantation: nursing care issues.
AB  - The phases of bone marrow transplantation can be identified as the pre-transplant
      period, the immediate post-transplant period, and the late post-transplant
      period. The pre-transplant period is characterized by identification of the
      appropriate type of transplant to be done and, if necessary, finding an
      appropriate donor; entry of the patient into the transplant unit; administration
      of the preparative chemotherapy/irradiation regime; management of early
      toxicities; and pre-transplant supportive care. Nurses play an integral role
      during the entire transplant process. During the pre-transplant phase, nursing
      expertise is exemplified in the administration of chemotherapy, management of
      side effects, teaching of transplant procedures to patient and family, and
      supportive care. This paper reviews the patient care issues during the pre
      transplant phase of bone marrow transplantation and identifies nursing management
      strategies.

PMID- 2293508
TI  - Post-bone marrow transplant patient management.
AB  - Increasingly, bone marrow transplant (BMT) is the treatment of choice for certain
      hematologic diseases. BMT is, however, a risky procedure with many potentially
      serious complications. Some complications are the result of the conditioning
      regimen, a stage of transplantation that includes large doses of chemotherapy
      and/or radiation therapy. Conditioning-induced neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
      often result in infection, bleeding, and mucositis. Veno-occlusive disease (VOD),
      a chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity, can cause a mild to severe form of liver
      disease. Other complications are directly attributable to the engrafted new
      marrow. Graft-versus-host disease, a rejection process initiated by
      immunocompetent donor T lymphocytes, is a complication frequently observed in
      allogeneic BMT. Approximately 14-28 days after the day of transplant, signs of
      engraftment begin to appear. When specific discharge criteria are met, the BMT
      patient is discharged from the hospital. Specific follow-up medical care is
      ongoing for about one year after BMT.

PMID- 2293509
TI  - Long-term follow-up of bone marrow transplant patients.
AB  - Preparation for discharge begins prior to the admission for bone marrow
      transplant. Assessment of the home environment and the effect of prolonged
      isolation on the life style of the patient and family are important factors. Once
      the transplant process has been accomplished and the patient meets the criteria
      for discharge, physical preparation of the home environment can begin. In the
      immediate post-transplant period, treatment or prophylaxis of graft-versus-host
      disease (GVHD) is monitored. Immune globulins may be replaced every three to four
      weeks. Long-term follow-up often continues for many years, especially when
      chronic GVHD is present. Continued psychosocial support is needed throughout this
      process to prepare the patient for re-entry into the community.

PMID- 2293510
TI  - Recruiting unrelated donors for the National Marrow Donor Program.
AB  - Medical advances have made bone marrow transplantation the treatment of choice
      for certain hematologic diseases. For those patients eligible for a marrow
      transplant only about 30 percent find an HLA-compatible match within their
      families. Studies indicate that unrelated volunteers are willing to donate their
      marrow. The National Marrow Donor Program was formed in 1986 as a result of a
      federal contract. This group is a network of donor centers, transplant centers,
      and collection centers. The Connecticut Red Cross Blood Services is one of
      approximately 70 donor centers. Recruitment methods vary with each donor center,
      depending on the resources available. The Connecticut Red Cross Blood Services
      has recruited more than 1,000 volunteers for entry into the National Marrow Donor
      Program.

PMID- 2293511
TI  - Psychological impact of bone marrow transplantation: current perspectives.
AB  - Despite advances in bone marrow transplant technology, major psychological
      stresses remain. Donor selection has become psychologically more complex with the
      option of seeking an unrelated donor. Family dislocation continues to be
      necessary for many families despite the proliferation of transplant centers. The
      range of choices between treatment options, level of room sterility, and the like
      can leave families open to guilt about their choices. Unpredictability of the
      transplant course, difficulty for patients in assessing the seriousness of
      symptoms, and the need to rely on a changing roster of teaching hospital
      physicians contribute to patient anxiety. Contrary to patient expectations, post
      discharge recovery is often longer and more complicated, physically and
      psychologically, than expected. Follow-up studies on BMT patients show that a
      majority have a return to a satisfactory level of activity, although some
      physical symptoms may remain. Behavioral symptoms did increase, with estimates
      ranging from 15-35 percent of the survivors showing symptoms a year or more post
      transplant. Staff impact is briefly addressed. The need for more research on
      psychosocial follow-up is stressed.

PMID- 2293512
TI  - Legal issues in bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The article discusses some of the more common legal issues involved in bone
      marrow transplantation. These include malpractice claims, testing prospective
      donors for AIDS, sale of bone marrow, informed consent for both donor and
      recipient, and questions that arise when the donor is a child.

PMID- 2293513
TI  - [Radiotherapy of benign non-tumorous diseases from the viewpoint of the Hospital
      for Oncology (Charite): experiences, possibilities and limitations].
AB  - With the development of the state of medical knowledge in the special subjects
      and the increase of medicamentous and physiotherapeutic possibilities the
      indications of radiotherapy of benign nontumourous diseases changed. The
      application of radiotherapy altogether decreased in benign diseases. In tabular
      form the basic rules radiation technique of benign diseases, the indications and
      possibilities as well as the contraindications of the radiotherapy of benign non
      tumourous diseases are described. Own experiences and evaluations confirm that
      the radiotherapy, for instance in acute parotitis, axillary hidradenitis,
      degenerative changes of the skeleton, kelloid revisions or chronic pancreatitis
      is an effective, rapidly acting and economic form of therapy. The knowledge about
      the possibilities and limits of the radiotherapy of benign non-tumourous diseases
      belongs to the speciality of internal medicine.

PMID- 2293514
TI  - [SAG-S solution--a new medium for the resuspension of erythrocyte concentrates].
AB  - Concentrates of erythrocytes without buffy coat, re-suspended in a newly
      developed electrolyte-containing re-suspension solution (SAG-S) poor in
      saccharose (30 mmol/l) are in vitro compared with commercial CDS-AG RCC. In the
      equivalence of biochemical parameters complex-haematological indicators show a
      significantly improved maintenance of the cell integrity in the new preparation
      of blood constituents up to a storage time of 35 days. By means of an in-vitro
      technique we calculated for these SAG-S-erythrocytes a post-transfusional
      survival rate of 74%. In contrast to this the in-vivo survival rate for 20-day
      old CDS-AG-cells was only 65% In the practically equivalent content of
      erythrocytes the preparations differ as to their purity. The saccharose
      concentration of 200 mmol/l presented in the CDS-AG medium has, as it is made
      evident, a stabilizing effect on the leukocytes, i.e. it is retarding the time
      dependent WBC-destruction. The results of the clinical test step III confirm a
      good tolerability of the SAG-S RCC. By lacking possibilities of the comparison of
      equivalent (produced under the same preparation and storage conditions)
      concentrates of erythrocytes the higher transfusion efficiency of the SAG-S
      concentrates of erythrocytes to be expected could not be verified.

PMID- 2293515
TI  - [Animal experiments and clinical studies on intravascular lipid metabolism in
      relation to thyroid hormone status].
AB  - Animal-experimental and clinical investigations concerning the intravasal lipid
      metabolism in disturbances of the thyroid hormones were performed. The results of
      these investigations show adverse effects of the thyroid hormones between man and
      rat with regard to the metabolism of lipoproteins rich in triglycerides. While in
      the clinical investigations performed an increase of the activity of the post
      heparin lipase in hyperthyroidism of the type of Basedow's disease, connected
      with low triglyceride and VLDL levels in the serum was the result, in the animal
      experiment an opposite behaviour was established. Inverse relations were made
      evident also in hypofunction of the thyroid gland.

PMID- 2293516
TI  - [50 years ago: documentation concerning Bernburg's "euthanasia"-action program].
AB  - 50 years ago within a so-called "euthanasia" action programme several killing
      institutions were founded, in which nearly 100,000 patients suffering from mental
      diseases were brought to death. At the instance of the Bernburg mental hospital
      the involvements of the political psychiatry and the murdering mechanism are
      described.

PMID- 2293517
TI  - [Problems in intramural and ambulatory drug therapy of heart insufficiency
      following myocardial infarct].
AB  - In 105 patients with acute myocardial infarction the intake of glycosides and
      diuretics according to indication was controlled in the period from the end of
      the acute phase up to the first year. Despite lacking clinical signs of a cardiac
      insufficiency the treatment established in the clinic was performed in an
      unchanged way up to the first year. It is the common task of the family doctors
      and cardiologists to take part in a scientific prescription of glycosides and
      diuretics after infarction.

PMID- 2293518
TI  - Measurement of ascorbic acid and erythorbic acid in processed meat by HPLC.
AB  - A simple and efficient HPLC method is described to measure both ascorbic and
      erythorbic acid separately in processed meat products. The system used consisted
      of a reversed-phase column, a mobile phase containing an ion-pairing agent and
      ultraviolet detection. The procedure, which was checked on a variety of samples,
      was found to give reproducible and reliable results.

PMID- 2293519
TI  - Nitric oxide exchange in nitrosylmyoglobin.
AB  - The exchange of nitric oxide in nitrosylmyoglobin, the heme pigment of nitrite
      cured meat, has been studied using nitrogen-15 labelling in aqueous solution
      under conditions (pH, concentration of ascorbate and nitrite) similar to those
      prevailing in meat during the curing process, and has been found to have a half
      life of approximately 2 h at 40 degrees C. One nitric oxide molecule is
      coordinated to the iron(II) centre of a myoglobin molecule and, in weakly acidic
      aqueous solution under anaerobic conditions, the exchange rate of the bound
      nitric oxide is proportional to the concentration of nitrosylmyoglobin, nitrite
      and hydrogen ion. The rate of exchange has a moderate temperature dependence,
      corresponding to an activation barrier of delta H+- = 47 +/- 3 kJ.mol-1 at 25
      degrees C and pH 5.9, a value dramatically lower than that found for the enthalpy
      of activation for the oxidation of nitrosylmyoglobin by molecular oxygen, delta
      H+- = 110 kJ.mol-1. The difference in temperature dependence between the exchange
      and the autoxidation is discussed in relation to the function of
      nitrosylmyoglobin as antioxidant in cured meat products.

PMID- 2293520
TI  - An improved high performance liquid chromatographic method for thiamin analysis
      in foods.
AB  - A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure for the determination
      of thiamin in foods has been developed. Acid and enzymatic extracts of food
      samples were subjected to purification and chromatographic conditions which
      allowed the quantification of thiamin in foods with only a low content. Reverse
      phase ion pair chromatography, using mixtures of sodium hexanesulfonate and
      sodium heptanesulfonate as counterions and detection at 254 nm, was employed. The
      lowest detection limit for thiamin was 0.5 ng/injection. Analyses of four samples
      of legumes and lyophilized meat and milk and the recovery for standard thiamin
      are given. Mean recovery values of extraction and purification procedure ranged
      over 97-98%.

PMID- 2293521
TI  - [The residue behavior of the furazolidone metabolite 3-(4-cyano-2
      oxobutylideneamino)-2-oxazolidone in trout].
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-method for the determination of
      furazolidone (FZ) and its open-chain cyano-derivative 3-(4-cyano-2
      oxobutylideneamino)-2-oxazolidone (M1) in trout is described. Only during the
      medication period residues of FZ and M1 were detected in the muscle and liver of
      the trout, which were treated with food containing FZ over a period of 7 days.
      After the beginning of the withdrawal period, the concentration of FZ and M1 were
      found to be under the limits of detection.

PMID- 2293522
TI  - [Determination of cyclamate in complex matrix using HPLC after column
      derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan].
AB  - A method for the analysis of cyclamate in complex foodstuffs has been developed.
      This method is applicable in strongly coloured and protein-rich foodstuffs. The
      quantitative determination depends on oxidation of cyclamate to cyclohexylamine
      and derivatisation with 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofuran (NBD-F). The derivatives are
      analysed by HPLC on a C18: reversed-phase column, their minimal stability being
      12 h. There are two possible methods of detection: (a) absorbance at 485 nm and
      (b) fluorescence with excitation at 485 nm and emission at 530 nm. The detection
      limit of cyclamate is 5 mg/kg foodstuff, with fluorescence detection 0.4 mg/kg.
      The recoveries are in the range of 88% to 104%.

PMID- 2293523
TI  - MRI imaging as a technique to monitor congenital hydrocephalus in rats.

PMID- 2293524
TI  - Proceedings of the Oviedo (Northern Spain) Meeting of the Society for Research
      into Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida, 1990.

PMID- 2293525
TI  - Urinary infection, incontinence and clean intermittent catheterisation in
      myelomeningocele.

PMID- 2293526
TI  - Teaching reading comprehension skills to spina bifida children.
AB  - Thirteen children with spina bifida (mean age 11 yrs 11 mths) and a mean reading
      comprehension reading deficit of 10.5 mths were enrolled into a remedial
      programme. The withdrawal single case study methodology was used (baseline--5
      weeks, treatment--5 weeks, withdrawal--12 weeks). Each child was seen twice a
      week for 15 minutes during both the baseline and treatment stages. A teaching
      programme based on a close technique was utilized only during the treatment
      stage. The technique involved teaching each child a strategy for systematically
      examining a text for meaning. A halving of the comprehension deficit was observed
      by the end of the treatment stage, with a mean regression of almost 3 months at
      the end of the withdrawal stage. No relationship between IQ and gains in reading
      comprehension was observed. The results may indicate that, in part, reading
      comprehension deficits are performance deficits which, in turn, may be mediated
      by attentional strategies.

PMID- 2293527
TI  - The Dandy-Walker syndrome.
AB  - Ten cases of the Dandy-Walker syndrome are presented. The clinical manifestations
      are analyzed. Almost 80 percent of these children had associated anomalies. The
      characteristic findings are based on the magnetic resonance image scan.
      Satisfactory treatment of our patients had mostly consisted in shunting the
      lateral ventricular system to the peritoneum. The incidence of the complications
      was high.

PMID- 2293528
TI  - Conservative versus neurosurgical treatment of tethered cord patients.
AB  - We compared the outcome of neurosurgical release of a tethered spinal cord in 20
      children with the neurological evolution of 21 other children known iwth a
      tethered spinal cord on nuclear magnetic resonance scan (NMR). Neurosurgery
      yielded stabilisation of the symptoms without any lasting improvement. Pre
      operative conservative medical treatment had to be continued in all operated
      children. Three of the 20 operated children are showing signs of retethering
      despite appropriate neurosurgery, indicating that retethering should be
      considered as a major and frequent complication. In the majority of our children,
      symptomatic (re)tethering was recognised by the appearance of increased tendon
      reflexes and a progressive pes cavus, suggestive of an upper motor neuron disease
      involvement.

PMID- 2293529
TI  - The characteristics of patients with encephaloceles.
AB  - Some of the intellectual, physical and family characteristics of 72 patients with
      encephaloceles were examined. Their numbers reached a peak in the 1960s and have
      declined dramatically since then. 70% of the patients were female. Many of the
      children had additional problems including hydrocephalus (34%), severe visual
      impairments (34%), inability to walk (21%), and urinary incontinence (13%). Their
      mean IQ was 65.2, and the males tended to be more physically and intellectually
      disabled than the females.

PMID- 2293530
TI  - Spina bifida: a chick embryo experimental model.
AB  - Neural Tube Defects (NTD) can be induced in the chick embryo with relative ease
      in order to provide an experimental tool for investigation of such disabling
      malformations. Domestic hen (Gallus gallus) eggs were incubated at 37.5 degrees C
      and 80% humidity for 24 h. At that moment, 5 ml of albumen were aspirated by
      sterile puncture of the shell, and the incubation was resumed. The embryos were
      recovered and studied at the 8th, 10th and 14th days. Almost half (45%) of the
      602 treated embryos survived and 73 of them (12%) had various malformations.
      Thirty-six (6%) suffered NTD of which 30 were open myelomeningocele, 2
      meningocele and 4 encephalocele. The anatomy of the defects was astonishingly
      similar to that of the human malformation. Whether these experimental NTD are
      induced by mechanical or nutritional modifications of the internal environment of
      the egg is unknown, but the similarity of the lesion with those in humans make
      them suitable for further investigation of these issues. We believe that this
      relatively simple and inexpensive model is a suitable tool for research on spina
      bifida.

PMID- 2293531
TI  - Swing-through vs. reciprocating gait patterns in patients with thoracic-level
      spina bifida.
AB  - Three thoracic level spina bifida patients were evaluated in a gait laboratory.
      The patients first were asked to walk with a swing-through gait pattern using
      conventional hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis and then with a reciprocating gait
      pattern using the reciprocating gait orthosis (RGO). The reciprocating gait was
      modestly more efficient than the swing-through gait pattern. The average speed of
      free walking was 11.4 meters per minute with the swing-through pattern and 16.2
      meters per minute with the reciprocating pattern. The stride length was 0.31
      meters and 0.54 meters with the swing-through and reciprocating patterns
      respectively. The RGO needs further modifications to improve the walking ability
      of spina bifida patients. The hip joints permit only flexion and extension and no
      rotational movement. The lack of internal and external rotation inhibits hip
      movement, reduces stride length, reduces the speed of walking and causes the
      cables to bind and eventually break. With design changes, future bracing systems
      will permit improved walking in the high level spina bifida patients.

PMID- 2293532
TI  - Non-invasive assessment of ventricular shunt function using tympanic membrane
      displacement measurement technique.
AB  - A technique which was originally developed for measuring cochlear fluid pressure,
      has been under trial for the past two years as a means of assessing ventricular
      shunt function. The principle of the technique has been reported in previous
      papers (1, 2, 3) and has been shown to provide a reliable measure of intracranial
      pressure (ICP) in terms of induced displacement of the tympanic membrane. This
      study concentrates on the assessment of shunt blockage in spina bifida patients
      who subsequently underwent shunt revision. The tympanic displacement technique is
      shown to be of value to this patient group in three respects. Firstly as a
      research technique to study group-averaged ICP measurements where the ICP needs
      to be known but invasive measurements cannot be justified. Secondly for assessing
      shunt dysfunction in individual patients and, finally, in determining the success
      of shunt revision surgery. The technique was found to be extremely sensitive to
      relative changes in ICP with shunt revision or any subsequent blockage. The
      technique is more reliable diagnostically in instances where the patients act as
      their own controls and a comparison with baseline measurements can be made. Three
      case reports are illustrated which were selected from those patients tested to
      emphasise the importance of serial measurements of ICP over period of several
      days post-revision. The tympanic displacement technique is shown to provide a
      practical and acceptable method by which this can be undertaken.

PMID- 2293534
TI  - Fontanelle pressure measurements and transcranial pulsed Doppler (TCD) in
      childhood hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2293533
TI  - Morbidity and outcome of shunted hydrocephalus.
AB  - Over an eighteen month period 50 children with hydrocephalus of different
      aetiologies were treated with a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt during the first year
      of life. The morbidity associated with their shunts and their outcome were
      reviewed after 10 years. During the 10 year follow-up period 82% required a shunt
      revision. The number of hospitalisations varied widely (range 0-13, median 3).
      28% suffered from a shunt infection at some time during the 10 years. Shunt
      revisions and shunt infections had no significant effect on long-term outcome.
      72% of the infants had a good outcome and the sub-group of infants with post
      haemorrhagic hydrocephalus fared as well as the rest.

PMID- 2293535
TI  - Ambulation status of adults with myelomeningocoele.
AB  - The current ambulation status of 87 adults with myelomeningocoele who had been
      ambulant with calipers as children was reviewed--23 patients were community
      ambulators, while 58 had become wheelchair-bound. The majority of patients in the
      study group found calipers uncomfortable to wear, and almost half of the group
      developed pressure sores directly related to their calipers.

PMID- 2293537
TI  - Extracorporeal lithotripsy for urolithiasis in myelomeningocoele.

PMID- 2293536
TI  - Factors affecting employability among young adults with spina bifida and
      hydrocephalus.
AB  - A sample of 98 young adults with spina bifida were interviewed. None had severe
      learning difficulties. All were resident in S. Wales or the West of England. Only
      a third were in open competitive employment, mainly of a clerical nature. Their
      incomes fell well below average British earnings. Comparing those in work with
      the unemployed showed they differed significantly according to intelligence,
      academic qualifications, continence, behaviour, overall disability score and
      place of residence. The non-discriminating factors are listed and the
      implications of the findings discussed.

PMID- 2293539
TI  - Learning patterns among spina bifida children.

PMID- 2293540
TI  - Separation of neural and surface ectoderm in relation to the pathogenesis of
      encephaloceles.

PMID- 2293538
TI  - Ventilator care in myelomeningocele children with abnormal neurologic control of
      breathing.

PMID- 2293541
TI  - Electrocorticogram and sensory evoked potentials in the young hydrocephalic H-Tx
      rat.
AB  - The ECoG and the sensory evoked potential in response to stimulation of the
      contralateral forelimb were studied in control and hydrocephalic H-Tx rats
      between 21 and 35 days of age by recording in several positions from the dura
      overlying the somatosensory cortex. All hydrocephalics showed longer periods of
      low amplitude, high frequency ECoG activity than the controls. For the evoked
      potentials the hydrocephalic rats were divided into two groups: those that gave
      an evoked potential in at least one electrode position and those that did not
      give any evoked potentials. In the hydrocephalic rats that gave an evoked
      response the latency of the fourth phase of the evoked potential (the N2
      component) was significantly longer than in the control rats suggesting that the
      processing of the signal within the cortex was affected by the hydrocephalus. The
      absence of an evoked potential in some hydrocephalic rats suggests there may be a
      disruption of the thalamo-cortical pathway preventing the response from reaching
      the cortex.

PMID- 2293542
TI  - American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists 1988 Membership Survey on
      Operative Hysteroscopy [correction of hysterectomy].
AB  - The 1988 American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists' (AAGL) Membership
      Survey on Operative Hysteroscopy had a 19% response rate. A total of 377
      respondents reported performing 7,293 operative hysteroscopies. The number of
      procedures reported per respondent ranged from 1 to 325; 75% of physicians
      reported performing 20 or fewer procedures. In 1988, a small number of
      practitioners performed a large number of procedures. Directed biopsy and
      polypectomy through the hysteroscope were the procedures most commonly reported.
      Most operative hysteroscopies were performed for a complaint of either abnormal
      bleeding (57%) or infertility (27%). The most frequently reported complication
      was uterine perforation not requiring transfusion (13 per 1,000 procedures). More
      serious complications which occurred in at least 1 per 1,000 procedures included
      water intoxication or pulmonary edema, hospital readmission, hospitalization
      greater than 72 hours, and transfusion for hemorrhage.

PMID- 2293543
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of the amniotic epithelium in polyhydramnios and
      oligohydramnios].
AB  - Totally 25 cases without any fetal anomaly, 10 with polyhydramnios, 10 with
      oligohydramnios and 5 with normal volume of amniotic fluid were taken into
      consideration. Their amnion covering the placenta and umbilical cord were
      examined under electron microscope. In the group with polyhydramnios the
      microvilli facing the amniotic cavity were denser in certain regions. The
      intercellular space was widened and the terminal bars were opened. Within the
      cells the number of vesicles were increased and there were large cysternas within
      these vesicles. It was postulated that the large cysternas found in the basal and
      apical parts of the cell were composed of macropinocytotic vesicles of the basal
      membrane. In the group with oligohydramnios the microvilli on the apical side
      were diminished. The intercellular space of the lateral side was narrowed. The
      electron density of the basal lamina was increased. The cellular structures were
      apparently reduced having just a few vesicles and lipid granules. Both in
      polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios the amniotic epithelium cells covering the
      placenta and umbilical cord are responsible for the transfer of the fluid into
      the amniotic cavity. Possibly they control the amount of fluid by reducing or
      increasing its passage.

PMID- 2293544
TI  - [Fetal heart rate monitoring in the upright pregnant woman].
AB  - In a prospective study were performed methods for electronic supervision in 163
      lying and standing patients beyond the end of pregnancy. Results of the nonstress
      test (NST) and standing challenge test (SCT) were correlated with late and severe
      variable decelerations of fetal heart rate during labor, Apgar scores at 5
      minutes and pH in arterial cord blood. The correlation of NST and SCT results and
      the various measures of fetal and neonatal condition indicated that an individual
      fetus at risk cannot be identified with a high degree of accuracy. There were no
      significant differences for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value
      and negative predictive value if NST were compared with SCT. The clinical
      implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2293545
TI  - On the paradoxically concentration-dependent metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine in
      WEHI-3b murine leukemia cells.
AB  - The intracellular metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) was studied in a murine
      leukemia cell line, WEHI-3b. Cells were incubated 3 to 24 h with 10 nM to 50
      microM 6-MP. Nucleotides were extracted with perchloric acid, and the 6
      thiopurine nucleotides were isolated on mercurial cellulose. The endogenous
      ribonucleotides in the perchloric acid extracts as well as 6-thiopurine
      nucleotides were separated and quantified with anion exchange high-performance
      liquid chromatography. The concentration of 6-thioinosinate (6-TIMP) and 6
      thioxantinate (6-TXMP) increased with an increasing 6-MP dose. The concentration
      of the 6-thioguanosine nucleotides (6-TGN) increased with 6-MP concentrations
      between 10 nM and 1 microM. However, further increase in 6-MP concentration led
      to a decrease in the formation of 6-TGN. At 50 microM 6-MP, the concentration of
      6-thioguanosine 5'-triphosphate was one fifth of that seen at 1 microM. The
      incorporation of 6-[35S]mercaptopurine into DNA was also slightly higher at 1
      microM compared with 50 microM. The cytocidal effect on clonogenic cells was one
      log greater at 1 microM 6-MP compared with 50 microM 6-MP. The decrease of 6-TGN
      was accompanied not only by an increased 6-TIMP concentration but also by an
      inhibition of the purine de novo synthesis and consequently by a decrease of the
      cellular ATP concentration. The ATP concentration in the cells treated with 1
      microM 6-MP could be reduced to the level seen in cells treated with 50 microM 6
      MP by simultaneous incubation with 0.3 microM antimycin A. This decrease of ATP
      concentration was accompanied by a reduction of 6-TGN and to a lesser extent of 6
      TXMP. These experiments suggest that the "self-limiting" phenomenon in the
      metabolism of 6-MP might be caused by a depletion of ATP by inhibition of purine
      de novo synthesis presumably by 6-TIMP.

PMID- 2293546
TI  - Collagen-mediated dispersion of NBT-II rat bladder carcinoma cells.
AB  - During metastatic spread, locomotion mediated by extracellular matrix components
      of basement membranes and connective tissues has been invoked as a prerequisite
      to invasion. We studied the interactions of the rat bladder carcinoma cell line
      NBT-II with fibronectin, laminin, and collagens (types I, III, IV, and V). They
      all promoted cell attachment and spreading. To analyze their scatter potential,
      we studied epithelial outgrowth and/or peripheral cell dispersion from tumor
      aggregates. All matrix components allowed partial collapse of the aggregate and
      the appearance of a cellular monolayer forming a halo around the aggregate. No
      peripheral cell dispersion occurred on fibronectin and laminin. Collagens
      (especially types I and III) promoted the dispersion of peripheral NBT-II cells
      with various speeds of locomotion, as revealed by time-lapse videomicroscopy.
      With the exception of cells at the periphery on collagens, cells inside the halo
      did not exchange neighbors, migrated transiently as an epithelial sheet during
      halo formation, and finally remained stationary. These effects were reproduced
      with NBT-II tumor fragments obtained from nude mice. Tumor cells were linked
      together with desmosomes (as revealed by immunoreactivity against desmoglein).
      Migration on collagens correlated with the mechanical disruption of intercellular
      contacts and consequently with the progressive disappearance of desmoglein
      immunoreactivity. Immunofluorescence studies also revealed a reduced expression
      of the epithelium-specific cell adhesion molecule liver cell adhesion molecule
      after contact with collagens. These results suggest that direct interactions with
      collagens may favor single cell infiltration by bladder carcinoma.

PMID- 2293548
TI  - Experimental induction of neoplasia in the accessory sex organs of male Lobund
      Wistar rats.
AB  - Experimental induction of neoplasia in the urogenital tract was studied in male
      Lobund-Wistar rats. Animals were given single 30.0-mg/kg i.v. injections of N
      nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) followed 7 days later by s.c. implantation of a 2.0-cm
      Silastic capsule containing testosterone propionate (TP). Additional rats were
      given the NMU or TP treatments individually. Control animals were given a single
      i.v. injection of saline followed by implantation of an empty Silastic capsule.
      The Silastic implants for each group were replaced every 2 months. This hormone
      treatment regimen produced significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated serum
      testosterone concentrations relative to control for 42 days following
      implantation. Animals were killed at 92, 177, 259, 361, or 427 days post-NMU
      injection. A high treatment-related incidence of adenocarcinoma occurred in the
      dorsal and lateral prostatic lobes of animals given the combined NMU-TP
      treatment. In addition, a few animals had adenocarcinomas of the coagulating
      gland or the seminal vesicle. The estimated probability of neoplasia in the
      accessory sex organs by 427 days after initiation of the NMU-TP treatment was
      68%, with no occurrence before 9 months. The NMU-TP treatment was also associated
      with an incidence of focal dysplasia in the accessory sex organs, particularly in
      the coagulating gland. These findings indicate that NMU-TP treatment of Lobund
      Wistar rats can provide a useful experimental system to study the biochemical and
      molecular events involved in the induction of accessory sex organ neoplasia.

PMID- 2293547
TI  - Selective delivery of boron by the melanin precursor analogue p
      boronophenylalanine to tumors other than melanoma.
AB  - The melanin precursor analogue p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) has been used to
      deliver 10B to melanoma tissue for boron neuron capture therapy. Uptake studies
      in tumor models other than melanoma now indicate that BPA is capable of
      delivering therapeutic amounts of boron to tumors other than melanoma. The KHJJ
      murine mammary tumor carried s.c. in BALB/c mice, the GS-9L rat glioma carried
      both s.c. and intracranially in F-344 rats, and the human U-87 MG glioma
      xenograft carried s.c. in nude mice have all shown significant accumulation of
      boron in tumor tissue following single p.o. (intragastric) doses of BPA. In this
      KHJJ mammary tumor, the L isomer of BPA was preferentially accumulated compared
      to the D isomer, indicative of a carrier-mediated transport process. Double
      label, whole-body autoradiographic studies in a pigmented murine melanoma have
      shown that the boron distribution (from BPA) differs from the distribution of a
      tritiated melanin precursor (tyrosine). Boron accumulated only in the tumor;
      labeled tyrosine accumulated in tumor, liver, intestinal epithelium, bone-marrow,
      and secretory glands. Toxicity studies in mice and rabbits indicate that, even at
      very high doses, BPA p.o. caused no adverse effect in tissues, on blood
      chemistry, or on differential leukocyte counts. These data indicate that BPA may
      be generally useful as a boron delivery agent for boron neutron capture therapy
      of tumors.

PMID- 2293549
TI  - Dose-dependent effects of hydralazine on microcirculatory function and
      hyperthermic response of murine FSall tumors.
AB  - The effects of the vasodilator hydralazine (HYD) on microcirculatory function and
      hyperthermic response were studied in early generation isotransplants of a
      spontaneous C3Hf/Sed mouse fibrosarcoma (FSall). Red blood cell flux (RBC flux)
      in superficial tumor regions was assessed using laser Doppler flowmetry. A
      differential microcirculatory response was seen between tumor and normal skin
      after 0.25 micrograms/g i.p. HYD, the tumor showing a transient increase in flow
      and the skin remaining almost stable. At 1.0 micrograms/g i.p., the differential
      response continued, this time with a transient fall in tumor blood flow but again
      no change in skin flow. High dose hydralazine (10.0 micrograms/g i.p.) was
      associated with a dramatic and prolonged decrease in tumor blood flow but a
      lesser and only transient decline in skin flow. Identical doses of hydralazine
      were given 30 min prior to heat treatment (43.5 degrees C for 15, 30, or 60 min).
      Tumor growth was measured daily and compared to controls (HT without
      hydralazine). Hydralazine at 0.25 micrograms/g i.p. did not affect heat induced
      growth delay. At 1.0 micrograms/g i.p., it significantly increased growth delay
      upon heat exposures of 15 min, but not after 30 or 60 min HT. Hydralazine at 10
      micrograms/g i.p. increased growth delay for all heat doses (P less than 0.05).
      Hydralazine alone had no influence on growth delay of sham-heated tumors. The
      results obtained clearly indicate that tumor and normal tissues have
      microcirculatory differences in the time-course, degree and/or direction of
      response after hydralazine, and that hydralazine has potential for increasing the
      response of tumor to HT.

PMID- 2293550
TI  - Monoclonal antibody to human osteosarcoma: a novel Mr 26,000 protein recognized
      by murine hybridoma TMMR-2.
AB  - Three murine hybridomas (TMMR-1-3) were developed by repeated immunizations of
      mice with four different human osteosarcoma cell lines in an alternating sequence
      of inoculations. The monoclonal antibodies were screened for reactivities to
      cultured cell lines and tissue sections of osteosarcomas using flow cytometry and
      immunohistochemical techniques. TMMR-2 is a highly specific antibody (IgG1) that
      reacted with all 14 osteosarcoma tumors and eight human osteosarcoma cell lines
      tested, including the established human osteosarcoma cell lines HOS and Saos-2.
      Benign neoplastic cells from two osteoblastomas, osteoblasts from regions of
      reparative osteoid formation and neonatal new bone, are also reactive with TMMR
      2. TMMR-1 has mesenchymal specificity while TMMR-3, although reactive with
      osseous differentiated cells, also reacted with mitotic cells of all cell types.
      Characterization of antigen structure by Western immunoblotting revealed that
      TMMR-2 reacted with a 100 degrees C heat labile mercaptoethanol-sensitive Mr
      26,000 protein, and TMMR-3 recognized a mercaptoethanol-resistant Mr 97,000
      protein whereas TMMR-1 reacted with a series of bands from 65,000 to 85,000
      molecular weight, all of which were mercaptoethanol sensitive. TMMR-1 and TMMR-2
      monoclonal antibodies showed complement-independent inhibition of [3H]thymidine
      incorporation into DNA, but did not exhibit cytotoxic activity. The results
      suggest that TMMR-2 is a specific antibody that recognizes an
      osteoblast/osteocyte surface antigen present in normal, reactive, and neoplastic
      disorders of bone. The inhibitory effects on DNA synthesis in cultured
      osteosarcoma cells by TMMR-2 indicate an important cell growth/proliferation role
      of this surface antigen. These monoclonal antibodies, in combination with other
      known antibodies, can be used to characterize mesenchymal cell surface antigenic
      structure and differentiation.

PMID- 2293551
TI  - A prospective, population-based study of androstenedione, estrogens, and
      prostatic cancer.
AB  - Endogenous androgens have been suggested as determinants of risk of prostatic
      cancer. To examine this possibility, baseline sex hormone levels were measured in
      1008 men ages 40-79 years who had been followed for 14 years. There were 31
      incident cases of prostatic cancer and 26 identified from death certificates with
      unknown dates of diagnosis. In this study, total testosterone, estrone,
      estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin were not related to prostate cancer,
      but plasma androstenedione showed a positive dose-response gradient. Age-adjusted
      relative risks of prostatic cancer for low (0-2.2 nM), middle (2.3-3.1 nM), and
      high (3.2+ nM) tertiles of androstenedione were 1.00, 1.34, and 1.98,
      respectively (P trend less than 0.05). The linear gradient of risk persisted
      after adjustment for age and body mass index. If confirmed, these data suggest
      that androstenedione might increase the occurrence of clinically manifest
      prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2293552
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of the radon and lung cancer association in a case
      control study of Chinese tin miners.
AB  - Studies of underground miners have consistently shown an increased risk of lung
      cancer with cumulative exposure to radon-222 and its decay products. Although the
      deleterious effects of high radon exposure are clear, questions regarding the
      shape of the exposure-response relationship, and the effects of time factors such
      as attained age, time since exposure and early age at first exposure, the effect
      of exposure rate, and the joint association of radon exposure and tobacco use
      have not yet been fully clarified. This report considers these questions by
      fitting various models for the relative odds of disease to 74 male lung cancer
      cases who were diagnosed between 1981 and 1984 and were alive in 1985 and an
      equal number of controls. All subjects are current or past employees of the
      Yunnan Tin Corporation, Gejiu City, China, who reside in the local area. Workers
      were interviewed to obtain information on work history, from which radon exposure
      in cumulative working level months and arsenic exposure were estimated, and on
      tobacco use. Results indicate that excess relative risk increases by 1.7% per
      cumulative working level month [95% confidence interval (0.5, 5.4)]. The linear
      exposure response relationship significantly declines with year since last radon
      exposure (P = 0.02). The risk trend also declines with increasing exposure rate
      (P = 0.001), indicating that long duration of exposure at a low rate may be more
      deleterious than short duration of exposure at a high rate. A unique aspect of
      this study population is the very early ages at first radon exposure for many of
      the workers, about 37% of the radon-exposed workers were first exposed under the
      age of 13 years. The analysis shows no modification of the radon lung cancer
      relationship with age at first exposure. These patterns of risk with radon
      exposure are generally consistent with those reported in the recent National
      Academy of Sciences' Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations IV report. The
      primary method of tobacco consumption in this area of China is by waterpipe. Lung
      cancer risk increases with pipe-years of use. The joint analysis of tobacco use
      and radon exposure supports the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations IV
      conclusion that the most likely model is between additive and multiplicative. The
      variations of the radon lung cancer relationship by years since last exposure and
      exposure rate are not affected by adjustment for arsenic exposure.

PMID- 2293553
TI  - Decline of the hemoglobin adduct of 4-aminobiphenyl during withdrawal from
      smoking.
AB  - The hemoglobin adduct of the human bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (4ABP-Hb)
      declined in the blood of 34 smokers enrolled in a withdrawal program, from a mean
      of 120 +/- 7 (SE) pg/g of hemoglobin at the start to a mean of 82 +/- 6 pg/g
      after 3 weeks and a mean of 34 +/- 5 pg/g among the 15 exsmokers who had not
      resumed smoking after 2 months. Although 4ABP-Hb declined faster than expected
      under the assumption that the human erythrocyte has a life span of 120 days, it
      persisted much longer than cotinine. Therefore, 4ABP-Hb may complement the use of
      cotinine as a marker of exposure to tobacco smoke. The strength of the within
      person association of 4ABP-Hb with smoking, coupled with the weakness of the
      between-person association (correlation coefficient, 0.33), is evidence that
      between-person variation in modifying factors is substantial. Study of the
      modifiers of 4ABP-Hb levels may help elucidate the etiology of human
      susceptibility to aromatic amine-induced bladder cancer.

PMID- 2293554
TI  - Immunomodulatory properties and toxicity of interleukin 2 in patients with
      cancer.
AB  - We performed a phase Ia/Ib study of interleukin 2 (IL2) in patients with cancer.
      Single doses of IL2 from 10(3) units/m2 to 10(7) units/m2 were well tolerated but
      failed to induce significant immunological changes. Chronic IL2 treatment for 5
      days out of 7 for 3 weeks was well tolerated at doses below 10(7) units/m2 and
      was accompanied by significant immunological changes. Following chronic treatment
      with intramuscular injections of IL2 at 1 x 10(6) units/m2, we observed
      augmentation of peripheral blood natural killer activity and induction of
      peripheral blood LAK activity. Induction of LAK activity was most evident when
      IL2 was included in the cytotoxicity assay. There was a marked increase in the
      number of peripheral blood mononuclear cells bearing the Leu-19 marker in
      association with the observed increases in natural killer and LAK activity. A
      small percentage of Leu-19+ cells coexpressed CD3. There was heterogeneous
      expression of the low affinity Fc receptor (CD16). In vivo induced Leu-19+ cells
      could be divided into two populations, dim and bright, based on the intensity of
      fluorescent staining with antibodies to Leu-19. The majority of Leu-19 bright
      cells were CD16- while the majority of Leu-19 dim cells were CD16+. In addition,
      the intensity of CD16 staining was higher for Leu-19 dim cells than for Leu-19
      bright cells. Increases in the amounts of CD38 and CD8 antigens were also
      observed. Significant increases in serum levels of the soluble IL2 receptor were
      observed during treatment. One partial remission was noted in a woman with non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 2293555
TI  - Effect of treatment with 4-hydroxyandrostenedione on the peripheral conversion of
      androstenedione to estrone and in vitro tumor aromatase activity in
      postmenopausal women with breast cancer.
AB  - The effect of treatment with the aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4
      OHA) on the peripheral conversion of androstenedione to estrone has been examined
      in eight postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Before treatment
      conversion of androstenedione to estrone ([p]AEIBB) ranged from 0.81 to 3.7% and
      was almost completely inhibited after treatment with 4-OHA (two doses of 500 mg
      i.m. with an interval of 12 days between doses). Transfer constants were also
      measured by the urinary method ([p]AEIBU) for some subjects and decreased from
      2.3 +/- 0.52% to 0.24 +/- 0.11% after treatment, a mean reduction of 90%. Mean
      plasma concentration of estradiol (37.4 +/- 16.6 pmol/liter) and estrone (99.0 +/
      32.2 pmol/liter) decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) to 15.7 +/- 4.6
      pmol/liter and 52.4 +/- 8.9 pmol/liter, respectively, after treatment. Aromatase
      and DNA polymerase alpha (a marker of cell proliferation) activities were
      measured in seven samples of breast tumor tissue obtained before and after
      treatment. For three samples there was a marked (67 +/- 17%) decrease in tumor
      aromatase activity after treatment, for two, little change occurred, while tumor
      aromatase activity in the other two samples appeared to be resistant to the
      effect of 4-OHA. The correlation between tumor aromatase and DNA polymerase alpha
      activities (r = 0.45) failed to reach a significant level.

PMID- 2293556
TI  - Relationship between dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity and plasma 5
      fluorouracil levels with evidence for circadian variation of enzyme activity and
      plasma drug levels in cancer patients receiving 5-fluorouracil by protracted
      continuous infusion.
AB  - The activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells and plasma concentration of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) were
      simultaneously determined in cancer patients receiving FUra by protracted
      continuous infusion (300 mg/m2/day). Blood samples were drawn every 3 h over 24-h
      period and the resulting DPD and FUra values analyzed for circadian periodicity.
      In the seven patients studied, a circadian rhythm of DPD activity was observed (P
      less than 0.00001, Cosinor analysis) with the peak of activity at 1 a.m. (0.197
      +/- 0.007 nmol/min/mg) and the trough at a 1 p.m. (0.113 +/- 0.007 nmol/min/mg).
      In addition, a circadian rhythm was observed for the plasma concentrations of
      FUra obtained over a 24-h period (P less than 0.00001, Cosinor analysis) with
      peak values (27.4 +/- 1.3 ng/ml) occurring at 11 a.m. and trough values (5.6 +/-
      1.3 ng/ml) occurring at 11 p.m. The ratio of the maximum concentration of FUra to
      the minimum concentration observed was almost 5-fold. This study demonstrates a
      circadian variation of DPD activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      and a circadian variation of FUra plasma levels in patients receiving FUra by
      protracted continuous infusion. An inverse relationship between the circadian
      patterns of DPD activity and FUra plasma levels was also noted, suggesting that
      an association may exist between DPD activity and FUra plasma concentration.
      Further evidence of an association between DPD activity in peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells and plasma FUra concentration was demonstrated by a linear
      relationship between the two parameters in all patients (r = -0.627) and within
      individual patients (-0.978 less than r less than -0.742). With the recent advent
      of programmable pumps, information on the circadian pattern of FUra and/or DPD
      may be useful in planning continuous infusion schedules in order that optimal
      plasma drug concentration may be maintained over a 24-h cycle, thereby enhancing
      the therapeutic efficacy of FUra administered by continuous infusion.

PMID- 2293557
TI  - Synergistic potentiation of in vivo antitumor activity of anti-human T-leukemia
      immunotoxins by recombinant alpha-interferon and daunorubicin.
AB  - In the present study, immunotoxins (ITs) containing ricin A chain (RA) and anti
      human T leukemia monoclonal antibodies SN1 and SN2 were used with or without
      alpha-interferon (IFN) and/or daunorubicin (DNR) for in vivo tumor suppression.
      SN1 and SN2 are directed toward two unique human T-leukemia-associated cell
      surface antigens, TALLA and GP37, respectively. As the tumor model, we used nude
      mice bearing ascitic tumors of Ichikawa, a human T acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      cell line. In initial studies, we investigated the effect of the IT injection
      schedule on the efficacy of ITs in the in vivo suppression of the ascitic tumors.
      Four doses of 20 micrograms each of SN1-RA and SN2-RA completely suppress the
      tumor growth in 100% of the treated mice when the IT treatment is initiated
      either 1 or 2 days after tumor inoculation of 1.6 x 10(7) Ichikawa cells into the
      mice. Subsequently, we investigated the potentiating effects of IFN and DNR on
      the in vivo antitumor activity of ITs. To this end, we chose to initiate the
      treatment 4 days after the tumor inoculation when IT treatment alone is only
      partially effective. ITs (10 micrograms each of SN1-RA and SN2-RA) plus IFN (2 x
      10(5) IU) or ITs plus IFN plus DNR (5 micrograms) completely suppress tumor
      growth in 100% of the treated mice while similar treatment with any one of the
      three agents is only partially effective. Similar treatment with ITs plus DNR or
      IFN plus DNR results in complete suppression of tumor growth in 80% of the
      treated mice. These results were reproducible in a repeated experiment. To gain
      information about the mechanisms involving the IFN potentiation of IT activity,
      we carried out several experiments. The cell surface expression of TALLA and GP37
      was slightly augmented by the in vitro incubation of Ichikawa cells with IFN as
      measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. The degree of the
      increase in either TALLA or GP37 was significantly smaller than that of HLA class
      I antigens in the same experiment. In in vitro experiments, IFN did not show any
      significant cytotoxic activity against Ichikawa cells or augment the cytotoxic
      activity of ITs against Ichikawa cells. On the other hand, injections of IFN into
      nude mice augmented activity of macrophages and NK cells; however, Ichikawa
      leukemia cells were rather resistant to the NK cell lysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2293558
TI  - Allelic losses of chromosomes 9, 11, and 17 in human bladder cancer.
AB  - Twenty-five human bladder tumors were examined for loss of heterozygosity of
      markers on chromosomes 6p, 9q, 11p, 14q, and 17p. These studies show that all of
      the markers were reduced to homozygosity in at least some of the tumors. They
      also confirmed earlier studies by Fearon et al. [Nature (Lond.), 318: 377-380,
      1985] that approximately 40% of bladder tumors were reduced to homozygosity for
      markers on chromosome 11p. However, the greatest frequency of allelic loss was
      seen for chromosomes 9q (67% of informative cases) and 17p (63% of informative
      cases) with both chromosomes being lost concordantly in 10 out of 20 informative
      tumors. Allelic loss of chromosome 9q has not been previously observed with other
      human cancers; however, deletions of 17p have been reported in breast, lung, and
      colorectal carcinomas. The data raise the interesting possibility that allelic
      losses of specific chromosomes might be a feature of cancer in a particular
      differentiated cell type whereas loss of other chromosomes harboring more
      generally acting tumor suppressor genes might be a common feature of human
      cancers.

PMID- 2293559
TI  - Characterization of acquired resistance to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) in
      BE human colon carcinoma cells.
AB  - To study mechanisms underlying resistance to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)
      (cis-DDP) we have induced resistance to this agent in BE human colon carcinoma
      cells. A 5-fold increase in the IC50 of resistant compared to sensitive cells was
      noted as analyzed by the inhibition of cellular growth. Up to a 4-fold reduction
      in interstrand cross-link formation by cis-DDP in resistant compared to sensitive
      cells was present as measured by alkaline elution. No significant differences
      were detectable either in the extent of DNA platination as analyzed by atomic
      absorption spectroscopy or in the induction of cis-DDP DNA adducts as evaluated
      by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay employing antiserum that detects
      intrastrand cross-links formed by cis-DDP. Further, no differences in the
      kinetics of excision of DNA interstrand cross-links, cis-DDP DNA adducts, or
      total platinum in DNA were present. Levels of glutathione, however, were
      increased about threefold in resistant compared to sensitive cells. Loss of
      resistance was associated with increased interstrand cross-link formation and
      declines in glutathione levels. Our results are consistent with a critical role
      of glutathione in preventing platinum monoadduct rearrangements resulting in
      lower levels of interstrand cross-links and resistance to cis-DDP in resistant BE
      cells.

PMID- 2293560
TI  - Preservation of steroid hormone receptors in organ cultures of human breast
      carcinomas.
AB  - In a study of human breast carcinomas in short-term organ culture, in which
      plasminogen activator modulation by estrogen was used as a test of estrogen
      sensitivity (R. Mira-y-Lopez and L. Ossowski, Cancer Res., 47: 3558-3564, 1987),
      we found that the number of estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive cancers
      showing estrogen sensitivity was less than anticipated from reported rates of
      antiestrogen-induced clinical remission. Since in these experiments the estrogen
      receptor (ER) content of the tumor cultures was only inferred from determinations
      carried out before culture, we postulated that the apparent estrogen
      insensitivity of some tumors resulted from poor ER preservation. We have now
      measured ER levels directly in cultured tissue and found that (a) ER levels in
      slices of human breast cancers decreased 78% (median) after 1-4 days; 4 of 16
      (25%) ER-positive breast cancers had no detectable estradiol binding activity
      after culture; (b) the drop in ER level was a result of net receptor loss rather
      than inactivation of binding activity; (c) loss of cell viability could be
      definitively ruled out as a cause of decreased receptor level; (d) cortisol
      receptor levels in human breast cancers and ER levels in other hormone-responsive
      cancers also decreased in culture, and to a similar extent. Higher ER levels
      (sometimes equal to preculture levels) were preserved by culture at
      subphysiological temperature or in slices of controlled thickness, not exceeding
      0.6 mm. These findings should be considered when organ culture is used to predict
      tumor hormone responsiveness.

PMID- 2293561
TI  - Synthetic peptides reactive with anti-human milk fat globule membrane monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Mammary mucins are increased in amounts in breast cancer patient sera, and most
      anti-breast cancer antibodies react with such mucins. One such mucin is found in
      human milk fat globule membrane and consists predominantly of O-linked sugars and
      a protein core. Partial complementary DNA clones for the protein core have
      recently been obtained. The nucleotide sequence is of interest as it contains a
      60-base pair repeat, giving rise to a repeated 20-amino acid sequence
      (PDTRPAPGSTAPPAHGVTSA). Peptides with various lengths were synthesized using this
      sequence and the adjacent 4 amino acids (PDTR). Three anti-human milk fat globule
      membrane antibodies produced in our laboratory (BC1, BC2, and BC3) were tested to
      determine their reactivity with these synthetic peptides. Using three different
      assays (direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test on peptides, direct enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay test on bovine serum albumin-conjugated peptides, and
      an inhibition test with the peptides in liquid, rather than solid phase), it was
      shown that APDTR was the minimum amino acid sequence required to form a reactive
      epitope with all 3 antibodies, although individual differences in the
      reactivities of the antibodies were noted. The addition of alanine (A) converted
      a nonreactive PDTR peptide to a reactive one, and the deletion of arginine (R)
      did the reverse; thus APDTR is the smallest peptide which reacts with these anti
      human milk fat globule membrane antibodies.

PMID- 2293562
TI  - Clinical evaluation of laryngeal sensation in horses.
AB  - Sensory innervation of the larynx was examined by tactile stimulation with a
      blunt biopsy forceps passed through a flexible videoendoscope. Twenty horses with
      no evidence of laryngeal motor deficit were stimulated on 10 sites by touch with
      the forceps. Unilateral neurectomies of the internal branch of the left cranial
      laryngeal nerve were performed on 5 other horses. These horses were stimulated by
      touch on the same sites preoperatively and up to 1 week postoperatively. In all
      25 horses the motor response of the larynx was recorded on videotape and
      evaluated by 2 observers blind as to treatment and time of evaluation. Normal
      horses responded to touch by adduction of both arytenoid cartilages, swallowing
      or both. This response was not altered by sedation with xylazine hydrochloride.
      Left cranial laryngeal neurectomized horses failed to respond to tactile
      stimulation of the left side, while adduction of both cartilages, swallowing or
      both was observed following stimulation on the right side. Laryngeal stimulation
      by touch with a biopsy forceps was accurate in identifying horses with complete
      deficits of the internal branch of the cranial laryngeal nerve.

PMID- 2293563
TI  - Primary cholangiohepatitis in a horse.
AB  - An 8-year-old mare was presented to the New York State College of Veterinary
      Medicine Large Animal Clinic for evaluation of anorexia, fever and icterus. The
      mare had a 5-day history of anorexia, depression and tongue protrusion.
      Diagnostic procedures included serum hepatic enzyme activities, serum bile acid
      concentrations, blood ammonia evaluations and hepatic ultrasound and ultrasound
      guided biopsy. The history, clinical pathology and histopathology in this case
      supported a probable diagnosis of primary septic cholangiohepatitis.

PMID- 2293564
TI  - An investigation of bulk tank milk selenium levels in the San Joaquin Valley of
      California.
AB  - We evaluated selenium determination of bulk milk tank samples as an alternative
      to testing blood selenium for evaluating herd selenium status in DHIA dairy herds
      in the San Joaquin Valley of California. A method of determining milk selenium
      levels using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry is described. Mean bulk tank
      milk selenium levels were 0.0224 mg/L (Range 0.0126-0.0418 mg/L). No
      statistically significant relationships were found between bulk tank milk
      selenium levels of a herd and calving interval, days open or log somatic cell
      counts. Mean herd blood and milk levels were directly proportional to bulk tank
      milk selenium levels. Within a herd milk selenium levels of a cow were directly
      proportional to the cow's blood selenium level. Herd selenium levels were not
      significantly related to soil selenium levels. Determination of bulk tank milk
      selenium levels has the potential to be a low cost, non-invasive means of
      evaluating herd selenium levels in order to determine selenium deficiency.
      Further studies with this technique in areas which are deficient in selenium may
      provide estimates of the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of bulk
      milk tank selenium for determining selenium deficiency in dairy herds.

PMID- 2293565
TI  - Debridement of septic physeal lesions in 3 foals.
AB  - Radiographically, osteolysis of the physis consistent with a septic physitis was
      observed in 3 foals. The foals were treated with surgical debridement and
      antimicrobials. Two of the horses were sound for use as adults; the third was
      euthanatized due to concurrent infectious arthritis and septicemia.

PMID- 2293566
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary histoplasmosis in a horse.
AB  - A 2-year-old Trakehner filly with pulmonary histoplasmosis is presented. Clinical
      signs included weight loss, intermittent fever, dyspnea and depression. Diagnosis
      was based on thoracic radiography, transtracheal wash cytology and lung aspirate
      cytology. A 5-week regimen of Amphotercin-B administered intravenously resulted
      in clinical recovery and return of the animal to normal activity. A brief review
      of histoplasmosis in man and animal is included.

PMID- 2293567
TI  - An epidemiologic study of inflammatory bowel disease in Rochester, New York.
      Hospital incidence.
AB  - The epidemiological understanding of inflammatory bowel disease has been limited
      by the referral bases of most inflammatory bowel disease studies. The Colitis
      Ileitis Study Group of Rochester, N.Y., developed a community-wide, computerized
      cumulative registry of all inflammatory bowel disease patients hospitalized at
      the 8 community hospitals for 1973-86. Clinical data were abstracted from each of
      the 1651 identified hospital charts. All of these patients resided in Monroe
      County (city and suburbs) and the 5 contiguous counties (Genesee/Finger Lakes
      Region, population 1,030,640). Of the 1651 hospital patients identified in the
      study, 1358 resided in Monroe County (Rochester and its immediate suburbs,
      population 702,238). Incidence, defined as time of onset of symptoms of
      inflammatory bowel disease, rose from baseline rates in the 1930s to peak in 1980
      (Crohn's disease = 50.29/10(5) per decade, ulcerative colitis = 35.12/10(5) per
      decade) and declined through 1986. For Crohn's disease, the age-specific
      incidence rates peaked in the 20-29-yr-old group in each of the 5 decades
      studied. Ulcerative colitis seems to occur at all ages and may have a bimodal
      distribution. There was a period effect, with the 1970s having the highest
      incidence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis for each age group. However,
      the age-specific incidence rate for Crohn's disease showed a 40% decrease in the
      1980s compared with the 1970s in the 10-39-yr-old group (p less than 0.001). The
      age-specific incidence rate for ulcerative colitis showed a 50% decrease in the
      1980s compared with the 1970s in the 10-49-yr-old group (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2293568
TI  - A low-sodium solution for gastrointestinal lavage.
AB  - Golytely is a sodium sulfate-based solution used for lavage cleansing of the
      colon. Although most patients and physicians prefer Golytely lavage over other
      methods of bowel cleansing, its highly salty taste is a drawback. This report
      describes the development of a modified lavage solution that has a barely
      perceptible salty taste. This solution was developed by removing sodium sulfate,
      increasing the concentration of polyethylene glycol, and making minor adjustments
      in the concentration of other salts. Golytely, reduced sodium sulfate Golytely
      (Golytely-RSS), and a balanced electrolyte solution were infused into the
      stomachs of normal subjects. After steady-state lavage conditions were
      established, the rates of fluid and electrolyte absorption were measured. Average
      fluid absorption rate was 791 ml/h with the balanced electrolyte solution,
      compared with only 63 and 45 ml/h with Golytely and Golytely-RSS, respectively.
      Golytely-RSS was studied at 3 infusion rates, from 0.9-1.8 L/h, and the time and
      volume of solution required for colon cleansing was determined; the lower
      infusion rate (0.9 L/h) took longer but required less solution to cleanse the
      colon. In conclusion, Golytely-RSS has the essential feature of Golytely; i.e.,
      lavage is associated with negligible salt and water absorption. The less-salty
      taste of Golytely-RSS may make it less difficult to drink and thereby enhance
      patient compliance; the total volume of solution required for cleansing is less
      when the solution is ingested at 0.9 L/h than when the ingestion rate is 1.8 L/h.

PMID- 2293569
TI  - The 'ileal brake' after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess if infusion of oleic acid into the ileal
      pouch would slow gastric emptying and small-bowel transit, delay defecation, and
      increase plasma levels of enteroglucagon, neurotensin, or peptide YY in patients
      with colectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Eight subjects with chronic
      ulcerative colitis who had undergone the operation were studied on 2 consecutive
      days. On 1 day, saline (154 mM NaCl) was infused into the ileal pouch, and on the
      other day emulsified oleic acid (152 mM) was infused. The subjects ate a 300-kcal
      mixed meal containing liquid labelled with 99mTc-DTPA. To assess small-bowel
      transit concurrently with gastric emptying, a second marker, 111In-DTPA, was
      instilled through a tube into the duodenum at the end of the meal. Transit of
      both markers was monitored scintigraphically. Infusion of oleic acid into the
      ileal pouch slowed gastric emptying and small-bowel transit, and delayed the time
      to defecation compared with saline infusion. Neither the ileal pouch infusion
      alone or the meal alone altered plasma levels of enteroglucagon, neurotensin, or
      peptide YY, but the combination of the oleic acid infusion and the meal increased
      the levels of all 3 hormones. It was concluded that an "ileal brake" on
      gastrointestinal transit is functional following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.
      Oleic acid placed into the ileal pouch slowed gastrointestinal transit and
      delayed defecation, effects which may have clinical application. The mechanism
      mediating the ileal brake may in part be hormonal.

PMID- 2293570
TI  - Fructose 1-6 diphosphate prevents intestinal ischemic reperfusion injury and
      death in rats.
AB  - This study of ischemic and postischemic reperfusion intestinal injury in rats
      evaluates the potential therapeutic value of fructose 1-6 diphosphate on the
      basis of its ability to enhance anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism during ischemia
      and to prevent additional tissue injury after reestablishing blood flow by
      inhibiting the neutrophils to produce oxygen free radicals. In pursuit of this
      goal, 28 rats were randomized into 4 groups: pretreated with fructose 1-6
      diphosphate (n = 7); pretreated with glucose (n = 7); post-reperfusion treated
      with fructose 1-6 diphosphate (n = 7); and post-reperfusion treated with saline
      (n = 7). Five additional rats were sham operated. Following 30 min occlusion of
      the superior mesenteric artery, all rats received their respective treatments for
      5 days. Post-reperfusion arterial pressure was significantly lower in the control
      rats (p less than 0.001) as well as when compared with the fructose 1-6
      diphosphate groups (p less than 0.001). Significant increase in white blood cell
      counts occurred in the controls (p less than 0.001), whereas in the fructose 1-6
      diphosphate groups white blood cell counts were no different from preischemic
      values. All control rats that died in less than 5 days had transmural intestinal
      necrosis, whereas in 3 of the controls that survived 5 days, partial intestinal
      necrosis was noted. Only one fructose 1-6 diphosphate-treated rat had partial
      intestinal necrosis. The overall 5-day survival was 100% for sham-operated rats,
      93% for fructose 1-6 diphosphate-treated rats, and 21% for controls (fructose 1-6
      diphosphate vs. controls, p less than 0.001; fructose 1-6 diphosphate vs. sham,
      NS). The results are discussed and explained in terms of the postulated mechanism
      based on the pharmacological properties of fructose 1-6 diphosphate.

PMID- 2293571
TI  - Utility of an algorithm in differentiating spontaneous from secondary bacterial
      peritonitis.
AB  - To prospectively assess the value of an algorithm in differentiating spontaneous
      from secondary bacterial peritonitis, we performed serial paracenteses in 43
      episodes of ascitic fluid infection (28 spontaneous and 15 secondary) in 40
      patients. The algorithm involved identification of (a) secondary peritonitis
      associated with gut perforation, based on previously proposed criteria in
      patients with neutrocytic ascites (ascitic fluid total protein greater than 1
      g/dl, glucose less than 50 mg/dl, and lactate dehydrogenase greater than the
      upper limit of normal for serum) and (b) separation of spontaneous from secondary
      peritonitis (unassociated with perforation) based on the response of the ascitic
      fluid cell count to antibiotic therapy. The perforation criteria had 100%
      sensitivity in detecting episodes of actual gut perforation; their specificity,
      however, was low (45%). After 48 h of treatment the concentration of ascitic
      fluid neutrophils was below the baseline pretreatment value in all episodes of
      spontaneous peritonitis but in only two thirds of the patients with secondary
      peritonitis. This algorithm is useful in (a) identifying patients who have
      infected ascites associated with perforation of an intraabdominal viscus, and (b)
      differentiating spontaneous from nonperforation secondary peritonitis on the
      basis of the response of the ascitic fluid cell count to appropriate antibiotic
      therapy. The optimal time for repeat paracentesis in patients with infected
      ascites appears to be 48 h after initiation of treatment.

PMID- 2293572
TI  - Ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count and serum to ascites albumin gradient
      in the diagnosis of bacterial peritonitis.
AB  - The analysis of ascitic fluid has been complicated by several recently reported
      new tests. To simplify this assessment, we evaluated nine parameters
      prospectively and simultaneously in blood and ascitic fluid from 285 patients
      with ascites to determine which were the most reliable for immediate diagnosis of
      the etiology of the ascites and of its complications. Subjects were first divided
      into four groups: sterile cirrhotic ascites (n = 201), spontaneous bacterial
      peritonitis (n = 41), malignant ascites (n = 34), and miscellaneous ascites (n =
      9). An ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear count greater than 500/microliters was the
      test with the greatest accuracy (96%) for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial
      peritonitis. Neither the most precise cutoff values for ascitic fluid pH (less
      than 7.32) and ascitic fluid lactate (greater than 32 mg/dl), nor their
      respective blood-ascitic fluid gradients (greater than 0.11 and less than -20
      mg/dl) were more reliable indexes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, mainly
      due to the decreased ascitic fluid pH and increased ascitic fluid lactate
      observed in malignant ascites, tuberculous peritonitis, and pancreatic ascites. A
      blood-ascitic fluid albumin gradient less than 1.1 g/dl was the most accurate
      parameter for the diagnosis of malignant ascites (diagnostic efficacy, 93%).
      Therefore, the etiologic analysis of ascitic fluid might be simplified and the
      single practice of two tests, ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count and
      blood-ascitic fluid albumin gradient, provides immediately useful information.

PMID- 2293573
TI  - Total paracentesis associated with intravenous albumin management of patients
      with cirrhosis and ascites.
AB  - Repeated large-volume paracentesis (4-6 L/day) is an effective and safe therapy
      of ascites in patients with cirrhosis provided albumin is infused intravenously.
      To investigate whether ascites can be safely mobilized in only one paracentesis
      session ("total paracentesis"), 38 cirrhotic patients with tense ascites were
      treated with total paracentesis plus intravenous albumin (6-8 g/L ascites
      removed). Standard liver tests and renal function tests, glomerular filtration
      rate, free water clearance, plasma volume, plasma renin activity, and plasma
      aldosterone and norepinephrine concentrations were measured before and after
      treatment. Total paracentesis was effective in mobilizing ascites in all but 1
      patient and did not impair any of the parameters studied. The volume of ascitic
      fluid removed and the duration of the procedure were 10.7 +/- 0.5 L (mean +/-
      SEM) and 60 +/- 3 min, respectively. Five of the 38 patients (13%) developed
      complications during the first hospital stay (hepatic encephalopathy and
      gastrointestinal hemorrhage in 2 patients each and culture-negative bacterial
      peritonitis in 1). No patient developed renal impairment. This complication rate,
      as well as the clinical course of the disease during follow-up, estimated by the
      probability of readmission to hospital, causes of readmission, and survival
      probability after treatment, was similar to that reported in patients treated
      with repeated large-volume paracentesis. These results indicate that total
      paracentesis associated with intravenous albumin can be safely performed in
      cirrhotic patients with tense ascites and suggest that these patients could be
      treated in a single-day hospitalization regime.

PMID- 2293574
TI  - Epinephrine synthesis by an N-methyltransferase in rat liver.
AB  - We investigated if liver can synthesize epinephrine in vitro and in vivo.
      Homogenates of rat liver readily synthesized [3H]epinephrine from [3H]S
      adenosylmethionine and norepinephrine. Liver homogenates also N-methylated
      dopamine at more than twice the rate that they N-methylated norepinephrine. In
      contrast, adrenal homogenates, which N-methylate norepinephrine to form
      epinephrine using the enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT),
      methylated dopamine only about 1% as well as norepinephrine. Synthesis of
      epinephrine by liver homogenates was not significantly inhibited by the PNMT
      inhibitor SKF 29661 at a concentration that inhibited adrenal homogenate
      epinephrine synthesis by nearly 90%. These findings indicate that liver can
      synthesize epinephrine in vitro using an enzyme other than PNMT. Adrenal
      demedullation of rats reduced plasma epinephrine levels to 7% of control values,
      but left liver epinephrine and epinephrine-forming enzyme levels unchanged.
      Treatment of demedullated rats with 6-hydroxydopamine plus reserpine also
      resulted in dramatically reduced plasma epinephrine levels but no change in
      hepatic epinephrine and N-methylating enzyme levels. We conclude that the liver
      synthesizes its own epinephrine.

PMID- 2293575
TI  - Gastroesophageal endoscopic features in cirrhosis. Observer variability,
      interassociations, and relationship to hepatic dysfunction.
AB  - Nowadays, gastroesophageal endoscopic features of portal hypertension are the
      recognized predictive factors for bleeding and consequently allow the selection
      of patients for prophylactic therapies. The aim of this prospective study was to
      investigate the interobserver agreement, the interassociations between these
      features, and the relationship between these signs and the degree of hepatic
      dysfunction. In 100 consecutive cirrhotic patients (84% with alcoholism) without
      history of digestive bleeding, gastroesophageal endoscopic examination was
      performed and recorded using a videoendoscope. Four independent observers
      evaluated the following endoscopic features: the size, extent, color, and red
      signs of esophageal varices, the mosaic pattern, congestive gastropathy, fundic
      varices, and associated lesions of the stomach. Agreement was assessed using
      kappa statistics (kappa) and a quantitative score. The size of esophageal varices
      was significantly associated with their extent and the presence of red signs,
      whereas no relation was found either between gastropathy or mosaic pattern and
      fundic varices, or between esophageal and gastric features. Agreement between
      observers was good for the size of esophageal varices (kappa = 0.59), the
      presence of red signs (kappa = 0.60), and of gastric-associated lesions (kappa =
      0.68) and gastropathy (kappa = 0.50), while it was poor for the extent (kappa =
      0.37) and the color (kappa = 0.28) of esophageal varices as well as for the
      mosaic pattern (kappa = 0.38). The Child-Pugh score significantly increased along
      with the presence or the size of esophageal varices as well as with the presence
      of red signs; no relationship could be shown between this score and the presence
      of gastric features. We conclude that (1) interobserver agreement was good for
      the main endoscopic features, especially for the size and the red signs of
      esophageal varices; (2) esophageal patterns were significantly associated between
      themselves and related to hepatic dysfunction; and (3) gastric patterns were
      related neither to esophageal features nor to hepatic dysfunction and were not
      associated between themselves.

PMID- 2293576
TI  - Procollagen expression by nonparenchymal rat liver cells in experimental biliary
      fibrosis.
AB  - To localize the cellular sources of the collagens excessively deposited in the
      liver in the course of secondary biliary fibrosis, we have analyzed by in situ
      hybridization the distribution of alpha 2(I), alpha 1(III), and alpha 1(IV)
      procollagen and albumin RNA transcripts in rat livers up to 6 wk following common
      bile duct ligation and scission. In normal liver, moderate amounts of alpha 2(I)
      and alpha 1(III) procollagen RNA were found in nonparenchymal cells, while alpha
      1(IV) procollagen gene expression was at the threshold of detection. Following
      bile duct obstruction, increasing amounts of alpha 2(I), alpha 1(III), and alpha
      1(IV) procollagen gene transcripts were observed in cells of the expanding portal
      tracts and in perisinusoidal cells in areas of excessive collagen deposition.
      Procollagen gene expressing perisinusoidal cells were colocalized with desmin
      immunoreactive cells, suggesting that Ito cells and transitional cells were among
      the collagen-expressing cell types. Only alpha 1(IV) procollagen transcripts were
      found in epithelial cells of newly formed bile ducts. Neither normal nor fibrotic
      liver showed any hybridization signal above background over hepatocytes,
      indicating that hepatocytes are unlikely to be a major source of hepatic
      collagen.

PMID- 2293577
TI  - Effect of alcohol and alcoholic beverages on meal-stimulated pancreatic secretion
      in humans.
AB  - Alcohol and alcoholic beverages may have different effects on pancreatic
      secretion and hormone release in humans. To test this hypothesis we studied the
      effects of an alcohol solution and a glucose solution and compared them with
      those of alcoholic beverages on postprandial pancreatic secretion and release of
      gastrin, trypsin, and cholecystokinin in 6 healthy nonalcoholic male volunteers.
      Pancreatic enzyme secretion was measured in duodenal aspirate, plasma trypsin,
      and gastrin by radioimmunoassay and cholecystokinin by bioassay. The meal plus
      glucose significantly stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion, release of gastrin
      and cholecystokinin, and caused no changes in plasma trypsin. The alcohol
      solution and all beverages added to the meal caused similar increases in alcohol
      blood levels and significantly less pancreatic enzyme secretion compared with the
      meal plus glucose. Plasma trypsin levels remained unchanged. Compared with the
      meal plus glucose, wine and beer caused a significantly higher release of
      gastrin, and beer also released significantly more cholecystokinin. Inhibition of
      pancreatic enzyme secretion stimulated by a meal in nonalcoholics is a common
      effect of alcohol and alcoholic beverages despite some differences on release of
      gastrointestinal peptides. This effect may have some implications in the
      pathogenesis of alcoholic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2293578
TI  - Albumin and collagen gene regulation in alcohol- and virus-induced human liver
      disease.
AB  - Common features of chronic alcoholic liver disease are progressive
      hypoalbuminemia and a spectrum of liver fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms that
      account for these effects are still the subject of controversy. Therefore, in the
      present study we evaluated albumin and collagen gene expression in livers of
      alcohol abusers and patients with virus-induced liver disease. Albumin and pro
      alpha 1(I) collagen messenger RNA levels were determined in 30 patients who
      underwent diagnostic liver biopsy. Of 14 alcoholics, 7 had alcoholic hepatitis
      alone and the other 7 had cirrhosis plus alcoholic hepatitis. Of 16 nonalcoholic
      patients with chronic viral infection, 6 had chronic active hepatitis and 10 had
      cirrhosis plus chronic active hepatitis. Total RNA was extracted from a portion
      of each biopsy specimen, hybridized with a human albumin or collagen
      complementary DNA clone, and compared with 2 normal surgical specimens, which
      served as controls. The Northern hybridization studies showed that (a) despite
      the presence of inflammation and fibrosis, the albumin messenger RNA levels of
      alcoholics were similar to those of the controls; (b) these alcoholics had
      significantly higher levels of albumin messenger RNA than did patients with
      similar histological levels of disease due to viral infection; and (c) all the
      categories of patients had markedly increased procollagen messenger RNA levels
      compared with controls. Given these results it is tempting to speculate that
      alcohol may actually increase albumin messenger RNA content in humans as it does
      in animals. Furthermore, the increased procollagen messenger RNA levels in
      fibrotic livers suggest that an increase in collagen syntheses may be a
      significant factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis.

PMID- 2293580
TI  - Methemoglobinemia as a complication of 20% benzocaine spray for endoscopy.
AB  - Topical 20% benzocaine (Hurricaine, Beutlich, Inc., Niles, Ill.) spray is
      frequently used for oral anesthesia before upper endoscopy. Side effects
      attributed to this agent are exceedingly rare. The author reports one of these
      rare complications, drug-induced methemoglobinemia, in a patient with
      methemoglobin reductase deficiency. The mechanisms for the development of
      methemoglobinemia and its treatment are reviewed.

PMID- 2293579
TI  - Role of xanthine oxidase in ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in rats.
AB  - To investigate a possible role of free radical production by xanthine oxidase in
      the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation, chow-fed rats
      were given ethanol (5 g/kg) and placed at 32 degrees C for 6 h, which resulted in
      increased hepatic malondialdehyde levels. Pretreatment with allopurinol in
      amounts that effectively inhibited xanthine metabolism also significantly
      decreased ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation, suggesting participation of free
      radicals produced by xanthine oxidase in the peroxidative process. Both
      acetaldehyde and purine can serve as substrates for xanthine oxidase.
      Pretreatment with cyanamide increased hepatic acetaldehyde levels 5-fold, yet
      this was associated with a decrease in lipid peroxidation, indicating that
      acetaldehyde is not the xanthine oxidase substrate involved. By contrast, ethanol
      increased hepatic contents of hypoxanthine and xanthine and enhanced urinary
      output of allantoin (a final product of xanthine metabolism), incriminating
      increased metabolism of purines. Ethanol administration also enhanced hepatic
      nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form). A corresponding rise of
      nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form) in vitro inhibited xanthine
      dehydrogenase activity by 60%-76%. Increased purine degradation, possibly
      associated with a shift from the dehydrogenase to the xanthine oxidase pathway
      (secondary to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [reduced form]-mediated
      inhibition of xanthine dehydrogenase activity) is proposed as a possible
      mechanism for ethanol-stimulated free radical production. Because allopurinol
      attenuates the associated lipid peroxidation, this agent might be considered for
      possible therapeutic use in alcohol-induced liver damage.

PMID- 2293581
TI  - Muscarinic receptors mediating acid secretion in isolated rat gastric parietal
      cells are of M3 type.
AB  - Five subtypes of muscarinic receptors have been identified by pharmacological and
      molecular biological methods. The muscarinic receptor subtype mediating acid
      secretion at the level of the parietal cell was unknown. Therefore, this study
      was performed to characterize muscarinic receptors on rat gastric parietal cells
      using the 3 subtype-selective antagonists hexahydrosiladifenidol and
      silahexocyclium, which have high affinity for glandular M3 subtypes, and AF-DX
      116, which has high affinity to cardiac M2 receptors. The affinity of these
      antagonists was determined by radioligand binding experiments. In addition, their
      inhibitory potency on carbachol-stimulated inositol phosphate production was
      investigated. Inhibition of carbachol-stimulated aminopyrine uptake was used as
      an indirect measure of proton production. Both M3 antagonists,
      hexahydrosiladifenidol and silahexocyclium, had nanomolar affinities for parietal
      cell muscarinic receptors and potently antagonized inositol phosphate production
      with nanomolar Ki values. Silahexocyclium similarly antagonized aminopyrine
      accumulation while hexahydrosiladifenidol behaved as a noncompetitive antagonist.
      AF-DX 116 was a low-affinity ligand and a weak competitive antagonist at parietal
      cell muscarinic receptors. It was concluded that muscarinic M3 receptors mediate
      acid secretion probably by activation of the phosphoinositide second messenger
      system in rat gastric parietal cells.

PMID- 2293583
TI  - Reports from the NIH DDDN. Research support from the Division of Digestive
      Diseases and Nutrition.

PMID- 2293582
TI  - Secondary biliary cirrhosis as a consequence of graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - A 9-yr-old white girl with acute monoblastic leukemia received an HLA-identical,
      mixed lymphocyte culture-nonreactive bone marrow transplant from her sister.
      Twelve days after the transplant, a diffuse, pruritic, maculopapular rash
      involving the entire body surface (including the palms and soles) developed.
      Subsequent skin biopsy was consistent with cutaneous graft-versus-host disease,
      and biopsy-proven hepatic involvement manifested by severe, unremitting
      cholestatic jaundice soon followed. The patient's biliary status as monitored by
      serial liver biopsies demonstrated progression from chronic graft-versus-host
      disease to cirrhosis, culminating in death secondary to liver failure 25 mo after
      transplant.

PMID- 2293584
TI  - Preventing a hot gallbladder: promising new application of a new drug.

PMID- 2293585
TI  - Postdissolution gallstone recurrence: a lifetime sentence to the rock pile or
      not?

PMID- 2293586
TI  - Biotin transport is regulated.

PMID- 2293587
TI  - Bacterial translocation: is it of clinical significance?

PMID- 2293588
TI  - Acid secretion by parietal cells: relative roles for [Ca2+]i and protein kinase
      C.

PMID- 2293589
TI  - Laparotomy and rat gastric mucosal protection.

PMID- 2293591
TI  - Esophageal pain.

PMID- 2293590
TI  - Na+-dependent bile acid transport in the ileum: the balance between diarrhea and
      constipation.
AB  - Ileal Na+-dependent bile acid transport was quantified in vitro as the uptake of
      3H-taurocholate into brush-border membrane vesicles. Vesicles were prepared from
      ileal biopsies of 158 patients placed in 10 diagnostic categories. Active bile
      acid transport (expressed as picomoles taurocholate uptake per milligram brush
      border membrane protein per 15 s, median and interquartile ranges indicated) did
      not differ significantly in 6 categories: irritable bowel syndrome (71, 35-97; n
      = 21), colon polyps (42, 30-89; n = 29), colitis (62, 33-91; n = 31),
      postvagotomy or postcholecystectomy (69, 37-97; n = 11), diarrhea without
      increased bile acid loss (58, 48-85; n = 12), and lack of gastrointestinal
      pathology (74, 45-103; n = 22). A decreased active bile acid transport was found
      in 3 categories: ileal disease (4, 1-36; n = 11), partial ileal resection (5, 1
      35; n = 5), and constipation (41, 22-50; n = 8). Bile acid transport was
      increased in patients with bile acid-losing diarrhea with endoscopically and
      histologically normal ilea (111, 94-135; n = 8). These findings indicate that a
      low fecal bile acid loss, presumed to be present in constipated patients, is
      associated with a low Na+-dependent ileal bile acid transport and a high bile
      acid loss is associated with a high active bile acid transport. Ileal bile acid
      transport might be regulated by the availability of bile acids to the ileal
      enterocytes.

PMID- 2293592
TI  - Massive plasma cell infiltration of the small bowel in celiac disease.

PMID- 2293594
TI  - Cholelithiasis among American Indians.

PMID- 2293593
TI  - Pentasa in maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2293595
TI  - Peptic ulcer, noxious stress, and Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2293596
TI  - Glucose-H2 breath test for small intestine bacterial overgrowth.

PMID- 2293597
TI  - Trophic effects of continuous infusion of [Leu15]-gastrin-17 in the rat.
AB  - This report describes the trophic effects of exogenous gastrin on the digestive
      tract and pancreas and the effect on the density of enterochromaffinlike cells in
      the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach. Female rats were given 1.2 or 2.4 nmol/kg.h of
      synthetic human [Leu15]-gastrin-17 for 28 days (via osmotic minipumps implanted
      subcutaneously). As a result, measurable plasma gastrin increased from about 230
      pg/ml in the controls to about 500 and 800 pg/ml in the low- and high-dose
      groups, respectively. The trophic effects of gastrin were reflected in increased
      stomach weight and oxyntic mucosal mass. Gastrin also increased the
      enterochromaffinlike cell density and associated parameters (histamine
      concentration and histidine decarboxylase activity) but was without demonstrable
      effects on other parts of the digestive tract and pancreas. The results show that
      continuous infusion of exogenous gastrin for 28 days induces trophic changes
      similar to those seen after a period of hypergastrinemia induced by treatment
      with effective inhibitors of acid secretion.

PMID- 2293598
TI  - PEG 400, a hydrophilic molecular probe for measuring intestinal permeability.
AB  - There is a widely held misconception that low-molecular-weight polyethylene
      glycols are "highly lipophilic" permeability probes and therefore are transported
      across lipid cell membranes. The relative lipophilicity of polyethylene glycols
      400 and 600 were examined by determining their partition coefficients (Kd) in
      water and organic solvents of increasing relative polarity. The Kd of
      polyethylene glycol 414 between hexane and water was 0.000015, indicating that
      there are only 1.5 parts of polyethylene glycol 414 in hexane for 100,000 parts
      of polyethylene glycol 414 in water. When the Kd was determined in organic
      solvents with increasing relative polarity or "water character", there was a
      linear increase in Kd. The relative urinary recovery of individual molecular
      weight fractions of polyethylene glycol 400 in normal volunteers was analyzed.
      After oral ingestion, there was a progressive decrease in relative urinary
      recovery of increasing molecular weight fractions of polyethylene glycol 400
      suggesting that increase in the molecular size limited polyethylene glycol
      intestinal permeability. There was excellent correlation between the relative
      urinary recovery and the hydrophilicity of the intravenously administered
      polyethylene glycol 400 fractions. It is concluded that polyethylene glycols 400
      and 600 are strongly hydrophilic. Since partitioning of polyethylene glycol into
      lipid phase is negligible in lipid/water mixtures, they are unlikely to be
      transported via lipid pathways. The intestinal permeability of polyethylene
      glycols are governed by their molecular size, and once in circulation their
      urinary excretion appears to be governed in part by their plasma or water
      solubility.

PMID- 2293599
TI  - Jejunal circular muscle motility is decreased in nematode-infected rat.
AB  - Jejunal circular muscle motility was studied in vitro in rats 8-10 days after
      inoculation with the inflammation-inducing nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
      The passive properties of the muscle, i.e., the development of passive tension
      and the optimal amount of stretch for active contractions, were unchanged by
      infection. Infection decreased the development of active resting tension,
      spontaneous contractions, muscle contraction to muscarinic receptor activation,
      and direct electrical stimulation. Relaxation to beta-adrenergic stimulation was
      also decreased in tissues from infected animals. Response to cholinergic
      stimulation, spontaneous contractions, and active resting tension were completely
      dependent on extracellular calcium. The dominant response to electrical
      stimulation of intrinsic nerves was relaxation in control tissue and contraction
      in tissue from infected rats. In the presence of atropine, all tissues from
      control rats but only 33% of the tissues from infected rats relaxed, suggesting a
      marked difference in functional inhibitory innervation. The inflammation may have
      either decreased the circular muscle responsiveness to the inhibitory transmitter
      or decreased the release of this transmitter. Thus, a nematode infection produces
      decreased responsiveness of the intestinal circular muscle to both contracting
      and relaxing stimuli and causes a reduction in functional inhibitory innervation
      in this layer. These changes suggest mechanisms for the reduction of intestinal
      transit observed after some nematode infections.

PMID- 2293600
TI  - Effects of liquid versus solid diet on colonic transit in humans. Evaluation by
      standard colonic transit scintigraphy.
AB  - The effects of liquid versus solid diet on human colonic transit were
      investigated, and transit following cecal instillation of tracer was compared
      with transit following instillation in the proximal jejunum. In a randomized
      cross-over, single-blind fashion, 6 normal volunteers ingesting either normal
      solid foods or a liquid diet were studied using colonic transit scintigraphy.
      111In-DTPA was instilled either into the cecum via a long intestinal tube or into
      the proximal jejunum via a feeding tube. Compared with the liquid diet, the solid
      diet slowed transit in the cecum and ascending colon (p less than 0.025) and
      delayed progression of the geometric center (p less than 0.05) during the first 4
      h of the study. Transit from 18 to 48 h was similar on the 2 diets. On the solid
      diet, transit was similar whether 111In-DTPA was instilled into the proximal
      jejunum or into the cecum. Transit from the terminal ileum to the cecum was
      assessed in an additional 5 volunteers following jejunal instillation of 99mTc
      DTPA. Cecal filling was rapid (T1/2 = 0.49 h) and complete in all subjects before
      the onset of cecal emptying. These results suggest that colonic transit is slower
      on a solid than a liquid diet and that jejunal instillation of
      radiopharmaceuticals should be suitable for colonic transit studies in most
      subjects.

PMID- 2293601
TI  - Morphine potentiation of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in the rat. Role
      of local sensory afferent neurons.
AB  - Local capsaicin-sensitive sensory afferent neurons may regulate the ability of
      the gastric mucosa to withstand challenge. Since opioids can modulate the
      activity of afferent neurones by actions at peripheral sites, the effects of
      morphine on gastric mucosal damage has been investigated in the rat. Morphine (3
      9 mg.kg-1 i.v.) dose-dependently augmented the damage induced by a 5-min
      intragastric challenge with ethanol (25%-100%), as assessed by macroscopic and
      histological evaluation. These effects of morphine were significantly inhibited
      by the opioid antagonists naloxone and the peripherally acting N
      methylnalorphine. Pretreatment of rats with capsaicin 2 weeks before the study to
      induce functional ablation of primary afferent neurons likewise significantly
      augmented the damage induced by ethanol. Both morphine administration and
      capsaicin pretreatment substantially augmented histologically assessed damage to
      the glandular mucosa and enhanced deep hemorrhagic damage following challenge
      with the low ethanol concentrations, with the appearance of macroscopically
      distinct antral damage. The enhanced damage induced by 50% ethanol in capsaicin
      pretreated rats was not further enhanced by morphine administration, suggesting
      actions on a common mechanism. These findings support a pathophysiological role
      for activation of local opioid-sensitive afferent neurons in the modulation of
      mucosal injury following challenge.

PMID- 2293602
TI  - Vitamin E uptake by human intestinal cells during lipolysis in vitro.
AB  - Vitamin E uptake by Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal cell line, was studied by
      incubating the cells with alpha-tocopherol/triglyceride emulsions with or without
      bile activated lipase or lipoprotein lipase. During a 1-h incubation, vitamin E
      was transferred to Caco-2 cells only in the presence of triglyceride hydrolysis
      by bile activated lipase and not by lipoprotein lipase. Incubation with either
      lipase resulted in hydrolysis of approximately 20% of the medium [3H]-triolein to
      free fatty acids and a 3-5-fold increase in cellular radioactivity. In the
      absence of lipases but the presence of taurocholate, addition of oleic acid in an
      amount equal to the molar concentration of triglyceride (5.7 mM) to triglyceride
      emulsions containing either alpha-tocopherol or cholesteryl ester resulted in an
      increase in cellular [3H]-triglyceride and alpha-tocopherol or cholesteryl ester.
      We suggest that the absorption of hydrophobic molecules such as vitamin E may
      occur in the presence of bile and amphipathic lipids via the uptake of micellar
      neutral lipids by the intestine.

PMID- 2293603
TI  - Characterisation of a myristoyl CoA:glycylpeptide N-myristoyl transferase
      activity in rat brain: subcellular and regional distribution.
AB  - An enzyme activity in rat brain, capable of catalysing the transfer of myristic
      acid from myristoyl CoA to the amino terminus of synthetic peptides, has been
      characterised. The synthetic peptides used as substrates were one based on the N
      terminal eight amino acids of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and another
      hexadecapeptide based on the N-terminal sequence of p60src. This N-myristoyl
      transferase (NMT) activity, which is both peptide dependent and heat labile,
      occurs in rat brain at levels at least three times those found in other rat
      tissues. In the presence of both ATP and CoA the enzyme catalysed the transfer of
      myristic acid, but not palmitic acid, specifically to the N-terminal glycine of
      the peptides. Both peptide substrates exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics
      yielding Km values of 100 microM and 60 microM, and Vmax values of 5 and 14.8
      pmol/min/mg for the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase peptide and src-derived
      peptides, respectively. The majority of the NMT activity was present in the
      cytosol of the brain homogenates, and there was evidence of an NMT inhibitory
      activity in both the particulate fraction of brain homogenates and in brain
      cytosol. NMT activity could also be demonstrated in the 100,000 g supernatant of
      lysed synaptosomes, and the synaptosomal membranes also exhibited an inhibitory
      activity on the soluble enzyme. Different brain areas exhibited different levels
      of the N-myristoyl transferase activity and there was a fivefold difference in
      the activity found in the most active area, the hippocampus, compared to spinal
      cord.

PMID- 2293604
TI  - Solubilization and partial purification of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4
      isoxazolepropionic acid binding sites from rat brain.
AB  - alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) binding sites
      were solubilized from rat brain membranes using 1% Triton X-100 in 0.5 M
      potassium phosphate buffer containing 20% glycerol. The solubilized binding sites
      were stable, permitting biochemical and pharmacological characterization as well
      as partial purification. Pharmacological and binding analyses indicated that the
      solubilized binding sites were similar to the membrane-bound sites. Both the
      solubilized and the membrane-bound preparations contained high- and low-affinity
      AMPA binding sites in the presence of potassium thiocyanate. A similar rank order
      for inhibition of [3H]AMPA binding by several excitatory amino acid analogs was
      obtained for the soluble and membrane-bound preparations. [3H]AMPA binding to
      both soluble and membrane-bound preparations was increased in the presence of
      potassium thiocyanate. The solubilized AMPA binding sites migrated as a single
      peak with gel filtration chromatography, with an Mr of 425,000. Beginning with
      the solubilized preparation, AMPA binding sites were purified 54-fold with ion
      exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The characterization and purification
      of these soluble binding sites is potentially useful for the molecular
      characterization of this putative excitatory amino acid receptor subtype.

PMID- 2293605
TI  - In vivo substitution of choline for sodium evokes a selective osmoinsensitive
      increase of extracellular taurine in the rat hippocampus.
AB  - Recent investigations have demonstrated that taurine and phosphoethanolamine
      (PEA) are the amino acids most sensitive to microdialysis-perfusion with reduced
      concentrations of NaCl. The aim of the present work was to assess the importance
      of Na+ deficiency in evoking this response. Further, the previously described
      selectivity of replacement of Cl- with acetate with respect to amino acid release
      was reinvestigated. The hippocampus of urethane-anesthetized rats was dialyzed
      with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, and amino acid concentrations of the
      perfusate were determined. Choline chloride was then stepwise substituted for
      NaCl, and, in some cases, mannitol (122 mM) was included in low sodium-containing
      media. In other experiments, NaCl was replaced with sodium acetate. The dialysate
      levels of taurine increased selectively in response to Na+ substitution. The
      elevation of taurine was linearly related to the increase in choline chloride,
      and maximal levels amounted to 335% of basal levels. The increase in
      extracellular taurine was not inhibited by perfusion with medium made
      hyperosmotic with mannitol. Replacement of Cl- with acetate stimulated the
      release of taurine to 652% of resting levels. In addition, PEA levels increased
      to 250% of control concentration. Other amino acids were unaffected by Cl-
      substitution. The results show that taurine transport is considerably more
      sensitive to Na+ depletion than glutamate transport, which also is known to be
      Na+ dependent. The taurine increase evoked by low Na+ is not caused by cellular
      swelling as it was unaffected by hyperosmolar medium. Finally, substitution of
      acetate for Cl- causes a specific elevation of extracellular taurine and PEA,
      possibly as a result of cytotoxic edema.

PMID- 2293606
TI  - Effect of long-lasting diabetes mellitus on rat and human brain monoamines.
AB  - Experimental alloxan- or streptozotocin-produced diabetes in rats was accompanied
      by an increase in the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, whereas
      the contents of metabolites, i.e., 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic
      acid, in the whole brain gradually decreased with the duration of diabetes. Among
      the striatum, thalamus, and hypothalamus of alloxan diabetic rats, monoamine
      alterations were observed only in the hypothalamus; after 1 week an increase of
      norepinephrine content and after 13 weeks an increase of norepinephrine and
      dopamine contents were found. Tissues of 11 brain regions of 10 diabetic and 12
      control patients post mortem were investigated for monoamine concentrations.
      Patients were all male, of similar age and interval between death and autopsy.
      Diabetic patients had an increase in the content of serotonin in the medial and
      lateral hypothalamus. The content of dopamine increased in the medial
      hypothalamus, putamen, and medial and lateral pallidus. In diabetic patients, the
      content of norepinephrine increased in the lateral pallidus and decreased in the
      nucleus accumbens and claustrum. Thus, it seems that diabetes mellitus in rats,
      as well as in humans is associated with regionally specific changes in brain
      monoamines.

PMID- 2293608
TI  - Uptake of kynurenine into rat brain slices.
AB  - The transport of [3H]kynurenine ([3H]KYN) into slices from rat tissue was
      examined in vitro. Brain accumulated KYN seven to eight times more effectively
      than any of several peripheral organs. Of all the organs tested, only the brain
      exhibited a sodium-dependent component of the uptake process. After an incubation
      period of 1 h, sodium-dependent transport amounted to 60% of total uptake. Both
      processes were abolished by prior sonication of the tissue and significantly
      inhibited by inclusion of metabolic blockers in the incubation medium. Time
      resolution showed that the sodium-independent uptake occurred rapidly and reached
      saturation within 30 min. In contrast, sodium-dependent transport was linear for
      at least 2 h of incubation. Brain regional analysis revealed a sevenfold
      difference between the areas of highest (cortex) and lowest (cerebellum) uptake.
      With the exception of cerebellar tissue, the ratio between sodium-dependent and
      sodium-independent processes was consistent among brain regions. Kinetic analyses
      were performed on striatal slices and revealed a Km of 927 microM and a Vmax of
      18 nmol/h/mg of protein for the sodium-dependent process, and a Km of 3.8 mM and
      a Vmax of 38 nmol/10 min/mg of protein for the sodium-independent transport. The
      transporters were equally amenable to inhibition by KYN and tryptophan,
      indicating that KYN entry into the cell may be mediated by neutral amino acid
      uptake sites. No strict stereoselectivity existed, but L enantiomers were clearly
      more active than the D forms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293607
TI  - Purification and solubilization of paired helical filaments from Alzheimer
      brains.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to develop a purification and solubilization
      method, compatible with current amino acid sequencing techniques, for paired
      helical filaments (PHFs) derived from patients with Alzheimer's disease. We have
      developed a mild procedure that subjects conventionally isolated PHFs to
      Tris/borate/sodium dodecyl sulfate/2-mercaptoethanol electrophoresis and results
      in the separation of the relatively insoluble PHF structures from both
      copurifying contaminating proteins and solubilized PHF-associated proteins. At
      the end of 4.5 h of electrophoresis, the purified insoluble fraction had an amino
      acid composition that was invariant during subsequent electrophoresis. Electron
      microscopy revealed an intact PHF structure before and after electrophoresis but
      no evidence of any other structures in the insoluble fraction, a result
      consistent with the removal of PHF-associated proteins from the filament
      structure. Isolated insoluble filament structures displayed an enhanced
      immunoreactivity with antibodies raised against purified PHFs in other
      laboratories, when compared with the fraction not subjected to electrophoresis in
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Solubilization of the relatively insoluble
      PHFs was accomplished by extending the time of electrophoresis beyond the 4.5 h
      required for purification. Additional electrophoresis for 34.5 h solubilized 88%
      of the purified, relatively insoluble PHFs. This resulted in the identification
      of four major protein bands between Mr values of approximately 50,000 and 70,000
      on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel analysis, with a
      predominant band with an Mr of approximately 66,000. A slow fragmentation of the
      PHF ultrastructure occurred during this time, as judged by electron microscopy.
      This purification technique will permit the isolation of consistently
      reproducible protein fragments from solubilized PHFs, which may be used for
      subsequent sequence analysis.

PMID- 2293609
TI  - Development of haloperidol-induced dopamine release in the rat striatum using
      intracerebral dialysis.
AB  - Haloperidol-induced dopamine (DA) release and metabolism were studied in the rat
      striatum at 10-11, 21-22, and 35-36 days of age using intracerebral dialysis and
      HPLC with electrochemical detection. There was an age-related increase in basal
      DA release and extracellular levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and
      homovanillic acid (HVA), with the greatest increases occurring between 10-11 and
      21-22 days of age. Haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased DA
      release at each age compared to control. Also, haloperidol produced a
      significantly greater increase in DA release at 10-11 days than at 21-22 or 35-36
      days of age when expressed as percentage of predrug release. Haloperidol
      increased DA release over 60 min to 235%, 138%, and 158% above baseline at 10-11,
      21-22, and 35-36 days of age, respectively, after which time the levels remained
      relatively constant. Haloperidol significantly increased extracellular DOPAC and
      HVA levels at each age compared to controls, but there were no significant
      differences in DOPAC or HVA levels between ages in response to haloperidol. The
      results indicate that, at 10 days of age, DA release in the striatum is
      physiologically functional and that the regulatory feedback control of DA release
      and metabolism in the striatum develops prior to 10 days of age.

PMID- 2293610
TI  - Phorbol esters enhance exocytosis from chromaffin cells by two mechanisms.
AB  - Treatment with phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)
      rapidly enhances [3H]norepinephrine secretion from digitonin-permeabilized
      adrenal chromaffin cells. When TPA treatment was prolonged for several hours, a
      second distinct enhancing effect was observed. This later enhancement was most
      prominent at intracellular Ca2+ concentrations of 3-30 microM, and did not
      require the continued presence of membrane-bound protein kinase C for its
      expression. The effect could be elicited by as little as 30-min exposure to TPA,
      followed by several hours in TPA-free medium. This effect of TPA was blocked by
      actinomycin D and cycloheximide, indicating a requirement for RNA and protein
      synthesis. Similar effects were seen when intact cells that had been pretreated
      with TPA were stimulated to secrete by depolarizing concentrations of K+. Thus,
      protein kinase C enhances secretion by two mechanisms. One is rapid and probably
      reflects the effects of immediate protein phosphorylation. The other occurs over
      several hours and requires gene transcription and protein synthesis.

PMID- 2293611
TI  - Phosphorylation of microtubule proteins in rat brain at different developmental
      stages: comparison with that found in neuronal cultures.
AB  - The phosphorylation of rat brain microtubule protein on intracranial injection of
      labeled phosphate has been analyzed. The major microtubule protein components
      phosphorylated in vivo in rat brain are the high-molecular-weight microtubule
      associated proteins (MAPs) MAP-1A, MAP-1B, and MAP-2. A slight phospholabeling of
      beta-tubulin, which corresponds to the phosphorylation of a minor neuronal beta
      tubulin isotype, is also observed. Whereas MAP-1B, MAP-2, and beta-tubulin are
      phosphorylated in the brain of 5-day-old rat pups, when most neurons of the CNS
      are extending processes, MAP-1A phosphorylation is observed only after neuronal
      maturation takes place. The phosphorylation of MAP-1A, MAP-1B, and beta-tubulin
      may be due mainly to casein kinase II or a related enzyme, whereas MAP-2 appears
      to be modified by other enzymes such as the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
      (protein kinase A) and the calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein
      kinase C). Microtubule protein phosphorylation has also been studied in neuronal
      cultures. In differentiated neuroblastoma cells, only MAP-1B and beta-tubulin are
      phosphorylated in a manner coupled to neurite outgrowth. In primary cultures of
      fetal rat brain neurons, the pattern of microtubule protein phosphorylation
      resembles that found in vivo in rat pup brain. As phosphorylated MAP-1A and MAP
      1B are present mainly on assembled microtubules, whereas the phosphorylation of
      MAP-2 decreases its interaction with microtubules, a role can be suggested for
      the phosphorylation of these proteins in the regulation of microtubule assembly
      and disassembly during neuronal development.

PMID- 2293612
TI  - Glutamate dehydrogenase in cerebellar mutant mice: gene localization and enzyme
      activity in different tissues.
AB  - Many similarities of both the inheritance pattern and the neuropathology can be
      observed between olivopontocerebellar atrophies, or so-called multiple system
      atrophies (MSAs), and murine cerebellar mutations like Purkinje cell
      degeneration, nervous, staggerer, weaver, and reeler. Our study aimed to test
      whether the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) deficiency observed in some MSA
      patients could be found also in any of the murine mutants. GDH activity was
      assayed in several organs of these mutants, and no general deficiency was
      detected. By contrast, the level was found to be elevated in the cerebellum. The
      GDH gene was localized on mouse chromosome 14 and does not map close to any known
      neurological mutation in the mouse. We conclude, for the moment, that none of
      these cerebellar mutant mice can be considered as an animal model for GDH
      deficient MSA.

PMID- 2293613
TI  - Changes in the ceramide composition of rat forebrain gangliosides with age.
AB  - Five major gangliosides (GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b) were extracted and
      isolated by normal-phase HPLC from the forebrain of Sprague-Dawley rats of ages
      ranging from 3 days to 24 months. Each ganglioside was fractionated by reverse
      phase HPLC into the molecular species carrying a single long-chain base moiety.
      At all ages, the C18:1 and C20:1 long-chain base species predominated, whereas
      the C18:0 and C20:0 ones represented 1-3% of the total. The C18:1 long-chain base
      species, predominant at 3 days (91-96%), diminished with age and reached, at 2
      years, 73%, 65%, 61%, 59%, and 45% of the total for GD1a, GM1, GT1b, GD1b, and
      GQ1b, respectively. The content of the C20:1 long-chain base species, low at
      birth (4-9%), increased with age in all gangliosides and reached, at 2 years, 27
      55% of the total. The developmental behavior of the ganglioside species
      containing the C18:1 long-chain base was characterized by the following: (a) a
      biphasic profile with a maximum around 15 days for GD1a, the most abundant
      ganglioside at all ages; (b) an increase until 6 months for GM1; (c) a sharp
      decrease until 30 days, followed by leveling for GT1b; and (d) a low, constant
      level for GD1b and GQ1b. All the ganglioside species containing the C20:1 long
      chain base showed a constant increase during development, the increase being more
      marked in the first 30 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293614
TI  - Selective complexing of acetylcholinesterase in brain by intravenously
      administered monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Rats injected intravenously with monoclonal antibodies reactive with brain
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) developed a prolonged depression of plasma AChE
      without changes in butyrylcholinesterase, lactic acid dehydrogenase, or
      hematocrit. One antibody, ZR1, accumulated in the brain and spinal cord. Within 3
      days of injection, ZR1 bound to most of the AChE in cerebral cortex and certain
      other regions of the CNS. Examination of the molecular forms of cortical 10S
      AChE, whereas 4S AChE remained free. In vitro, however, ZR1 bound equally to
      solubilized 4S and 10S forms. These data provide direct evidence for the
      compartmentalization of different AChE forms in the CNS, 10S being mainly
      extracellular and 4S apparently intracellular. Development of a striking and
      persistent bilateral ptosis within hours of injection suggests that AChE in the
      autonomic nervous system is also accessible to antibodies and, furthermore, is
      the site of an immunopathological lesion. This novel model of cholinergic
      autoimmunity may have relevance for human neurological disorders of unknown
      etiology.

PMID- 2293616
TI  - Effects of protein kinase C down-regulation on secretory events and
      proopiomelanocortin gene expression in anterior pituitary tumor (AtT-20) cells.
AB  - To elucidate the role of the diacylglycerol-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway in
      beta-endorphin synthesis and secretion in anterior pituitary corticotrope tumor
      cells (AtT-20), a procedure for down-regulating PKC activity in the cells was
      developed. Treatment of AtT-20 cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
      (TPA) led to an increase in [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding to PKC in the
      membrane fraction of these cells 30 s after its addition to the culture medium.
      Thereafter, a decrease in both [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding and PKC
      specific phosphotransferase activity occurred in a time- and dose-dependent
      manner in both the cytosolic and membrane fractions. For example, treatment of
      the cells with 100 nM TPA for 24 h resulted in an almost complete depletion of
      PKC activity. Immunoreactive beta-endorphin secretion was found to be stimulated
      two- to fourfold in the control cells after incubation with corticotropin
      releasing factor (10(-7) M), forskolin (10(-6) M), or TPA (10(-7) M) for 4 h. In
      cells rendered PKC deficient, TPA-stimulated immunoreactive beta-endorphin
      release was abolished, forskolin-stimulated release was unaffected, and
      corticotropin-releasing factor-stimulated release was depressed. Treatment of
      control cells with any one of the three stimulatory agents led to an increase in
      proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels, and these responses were also depressed after
      TPA pretreatment. The results suggest that physiological processes thought to be
      entirely cyclic AMP dependent, such as corticotropin-releasing factor-elicited
      secretion, may be partially dependent on PKC-mediated biochemical events.

PMID- 2293615
TI  - Marked amine and amine metabolite changes in Norrie disease patients with an X
      chromosomal deletion affecting monoamine oxidase.
AB  - Urinary and plasma amines and amine metabolites were quantified in two
      individuals with Norrie disease resulting from a deletion in chromosomal region
      Xp11.3, recently reported to be associated with absence of the gene encoding
      monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and nondetectable MAO-A activity in fibroblasts and MAO
      B activity in platelets. Marked (four-to 100-fold) elevations in levels of
      urinary phenylethylamine, o-tyramine, and m-tyramine (which are preferential
      substrates for MAO-B) and marked reductions (90%) in levels of 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylglycol (a deaminated metabolite of norepinephrine, a preferential
      substrate for MAO-A) in urine and plasma confirmed the presence of a systemic,
      functionally significant reduction in the activities of both MAO isozymes. The
      magnitude of these changes, which are equivalent to those found in subjects
      taking MAO-inhibiting antidepressants, suggests that early initiation of dietary
      and drug restrictions may be clinically important in these and other patients
      with X-chromosomal mutations involving MAO. These findings further support the
      proposition that the MAOA and MAOB genes are located in close proximity on the X
      chromosome. Negligible changes in the metabolites of dopamine and serotonin raise
      the possibility that other metabolic pathways are of importance for their
      production, that dietary or intestinal bacterial sources contribute substantially
      to the presence of these amine metabolites in urine, or both.

PMID- 2293617
TI  - Angiotensin II effects on the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in N1E-115
      neuroblastoma cells: kinetic properties of the Ca2+ transient measured in single
      fura-2-loaded cells.
AB  - The effect of angiotensin II on the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration was
      measured in single mouse neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells loaded with fura-2.
      Angiotensin II induced a transient concentration-dependent increase in Ca2+ and
      also increased the production of inositol polyphosphates. The Ca2+ increase did
      not require extracellular Ca2+ and was unaffected by pretreatment with pertussis
      toxin. These data suggest that angiotensin II increased Ca2+ by an inositol
      trisphosphate-mediated release of intracellular Ca2+ following activation of
      phospholipase C via a pertussis toxin-insensitive guanine nucleotide binding
      protein. Similar results were obtained with bradykinin. The angiotensin II- or
      bradykinin-induced increase in Ca2+ occurred after a concentration-dependent
      latent period. Low concentrations of agonist elicited a small increase in Ca2+
      following a variable lag that sometimes exceeded 1 min, whereas at maximally
      effective angiotensin II concentrations a larger, more rapid increase in Ca2+
      occurred without a measurable delay. In some cells, oscillatory increases in Ca2+
      were induced by angiotensin II and bradykinin. Possible mechanisms to explain the
      concentration dependency of the latent period and the oscillatory nature of the
      increases of Ca2+ are discussed. These results indicate that the mouse
      neuroblastoma N1E-115 cell represents a useful model for studying the signal
      response transduction mechanisms regulating the effects of angiotensin II in
      neuronal cells.

PMID- 2293618
TI  - Protein kinase C and its 80-kilodalton substrate protein in neuroblastoma cell
      neurite outgrowth.
AB  - A potential role of the protein kinase C (PKC) system in differentiation of human
      neuroblastoma cell line LA-N-5 was investigated. It was found that neurite
      outgrowth induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA, 81 nM) was
      associated with a down-regulation of PKC as determined independently by
      immunocytochemistry, immunoblot, and enzyme activity assay. Down-regulation of
      PKC in cells induced to differentiate by retinoic acid (1 microM) was less
      pronounced, whereas it was undetected in cells induced to differentiate by nerve
      growth factor (100 ng/ml). The in vitro phosphorylation of an 80-kilodalton
      protein present in control LA-N-5 cells or in cells treated with TPA, retinoic
      acid, or nerve growth factor for 1 day decreased to various extents at days 4 or
      7 concomitant with neuritogenesis. Pretreatment of LA-N-5 cells with a high
      concentration (1 microM) of TPA to deplete cellular PKC rendered the cells
      unresponsive to the differentiating effect of the agents. It was observed that
      CHP-100 cells, another human neuroblastoma line shown to be resistant to
      differentiation induced by the agents, had a reduced PKC level and the amount of
      in vitro phosphorylation of the 80-kilodalton protein was greatly reduced in
      control cells and remained relatively unchanged when the cells were treated with
      the agents for up to 7 days. The present studies suggested that PKC and its 80
      kilodalton substrate protein were likely involved in initiation and/or
      progression of LA-N-5 cell differentiation induced by TPA and that separate PKC
      independent pathways might also be involved in the differentiating effect of
      retinoic acid or nerve growth factor.

PMID- 2293619
TI  - Effects of axotomy on distribution and concentration of elements in rat sciatic
      nerve.
AB  - X-ray microprobe analysis was used to determine the effects of axotomy on
      distribution and concentration (millimoles of element per kilogram dry weight) of
      Na, P, Cl, K, and Ca in frozen, unfixed sections of rat sciatic nerve. Elemental
      concentrations were measured in axoplasm, mitochondria, and myelin at 8, 16, and
      48 h after transection in small-, medium-, and large-diameter fibers. In
      addition, elemental composition was determined in extraaxonal space (EAS) and
      Schwann cell cytoplasm. During the initial 16 h following transection, axoplasm
      of small fibers exhibited a decrease in dry weight concentrations of K and Cl,
      whereas Na and P increased compared to control values. Similar changes were
      observed in mitochondria of small axons, except for an early, large increase in
      Ca content. In contrast, intraaxonal compartments of larger fibers showed
      increased dry weight levels of K and P, with no changes in Na or Ca
      concentrations. Both Schwann cell cytoplasm and EAS at 8 and 16 h after injury
      had significant increases in Na, K, and Cl dry weight concentrations, whereas no
      changes, other than an increase in Ca, were observed in myelin. Regardless of
      fiber size, 48 h after transection, axoplasm and mitochondria displayed marked
      increases in Na, Cl, and Ca concentrations associated with decreased K. Also at
      48 h, both Schwann cell cytoplasm and EAS had increased dry weight concentrations
      of Na, Cl, and K. The results of this study indicate that, in response to nerve
      transection, elemental content and distribution are altered according to a
      specific temporal pattern. This sequence of change, which occurs first in small
      axons, precedes the onset of Wallerian degeneration in transected nerves.

PMID- 2293620
TI  - In vivo spectrophotometric determination of striatal acetylcholinesterase
      activity: the modulation induced by the antidepressant amitriptyline.
AB  - A new technology called in vivo spectrophotometry was applied to the quantitative
      determination of the variations in local acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities.
      Repeated measurements of the enzyme activities in the same live animal allowed
      the study of the in vivo inhibition of AChE by amitriptyline. Interactions
      between AChE and this tricyclic antidepressant were investigated at the striatal
      level in anesthetized rats. In this anesthetized model, AChE assays were shown to
      be stable for approximately 8 h. The dose-effect relationship was explored in the
      2.5- to 50-mg/kg amitriptyline range. A reversible inhibition was observed after
      acute amitriptyline administration. The maximum of inhibition appeared between 90
      and 210 min after the intoxication and reached up to 22% for the 50-mg/kg dose.
      The threshold dose was established as 8 mg/kg. Evidence for an indirect
      interaction between tricyclic antidepressant and AChE was demonstrated when the
      total integrity of the biological system was preserved.

PMID- 2293621
TI  - In vivo translocation and down-regulation of protein kinase C following
      intraventricular administration of tetanus toxin.
AB  - A single intraventricular injection into adult rats of 100 mouse lethal doses of
      tetanus toxin (TeTox) produces a marked intracellular redistribution of
      Ca2+/phosphatidylserine (PtdSer)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) activity.
      Changes are particularly pronounced in hypothalamus, hippocampus, and spinal cord
      structures. Translocation of PKC from the inactive cytosolic compartment to a
      membrane-bound active form is followed by a time-dependent reduction in both
      total activity and enzyme protein. The down-regulation of PKC activity in the
      hypothalamus is accompanied by a marked increase in a Ca2+/PtdSer-independent
      kinase activity, predominantly in the cytosolic fraction. Our data identify PKC
      as a possible indirect target for TeTox and suggest that down-regulation of the
      enzyme may provide a clue for tetanus neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2293622
TI  - Characterisation of binding sites for delta-dendrotoxin in guinea-pig
      synaptosomes: relationship to acceptors for the K+-channel probe alpha
      dendrotoxin.
AB  - With use of biologically active 125I-labelled delta-dendrotoxin, a putative K+
      channel ligand, homogeneous, noninteracting, high-affinity acceptors (KD = 0.32
      +/- 0.07 nM; Bmax = 0.33 +/- 0.04 pmol/mg) were observed in synaptosomes from
      guinea-pig cortex. This binding was antagonised noncompetitively by alpha
      dendrotoxin, an inhibitor of certain fast-activating, voltage-gated K+ channels.
      Chemical cross-linking of the delta-dendrotoxin-acceptor complex in synaptosomes
      yielded two specifically labeled polypeptides with molecular masses of 69 and 82
      kilodaltons. Although alpha-dendrotoxin prevents the labelling of both these
      bands, it cross-linked only a single protein with a molecular mass of 69
      kilodaltons. It is concluded that delta-dendrotoxin interacts with a distinct
      site on the oligomeric acceptors for alpha-dendrotoxin.

PMID- 2293623
TI  - Analysis of rat hindlimb muscle proteins by two-dimensional gels following spinal
      cord injury.
AB  - Proteins from extensor digitorum longus (EDL), plantaris (PLN), and soleus (SOL)
      muscles of adult, female rats were examined by high resolution two-dimensional
      gel electrophoresis up to 4 weeks following spinal cord transection. The
      electrophoretograms were analyzed by computer imaging and densitometry.
      Reproducible and significant changes in the relative concentrations of several
      proteins in each muscle type were detected. Whereas changes involving the largest
      number of proteins were observed in SOL, changes in EDL and PLN were also
      detected. In SOL, approximately 50% of the altered proteins increased in
      concentration and the remaining decreased: Actin and myosin light chains LCF-1
      and LCF-2 were among those proteins whose concentrations increased, whereas
      myosin light chains LCS-1 and LCS-2 were among those proteins whose
      concentrations decreased. The present findings regarding the reversal in myosin
      light chain composition provide biochemical support for previously published data
      on changes in contractile properties of muscles following spinalization. In EDL,
      the relative concentration of only one protein was elevated in a time-dependent
      manner. The concentrations of two protein species in PLN were increased following
      cord transection. These findings provide new biochemical markers on the effects
      of spinal cord on gene expression in specific hindlimb skeletal muscles.

PMID- 2293624
TI  - Changes in the orientation of proteoglycans during the early development of
      natural murine osteoarthritis.
AB  - At least 80% of male STR/ORT mice naturally develop osteoarthritis that
      predominantly affects the medial tibial cartilage. Overt osteoarthritic changes,
      as judged by radiological and histological abnormalities, become apparent after
      30 weeks of age. Consequently, mice less than 30 weeks of age were used to
      investigate early changes in the cartilage matrix related to the natural
      development of osteoarthritis, without the need for experimental intervention to
      induce this condition. Quantitative Alcian blue staining showed little change in
      the total amount of proteoglycans in mice of this age. Polarized light microscopy
      of the birefringence induced by such staining demonstrated a progressive decline
      in the orientation of the proteoglycans in the medial cartilage of these mice.
      This decline was not found in CBA mice, which only very rarely develop
      osteoarthritis of this joint. Such progressive disorganization of the
      proteoglycans would be likely to permit the increase free water-content
      characteristic of osteoarthritic cartilage.

PMID- 2293625
TI  - Effect of doxorubicin on local recurrence following marginal resection in the MGH
      OGS murine model.
AB  - Despite the fact that preoperative chemotherapy causes substantial necrosis in
      the primary osteosarcoma tumor, most authorities recommend resecting these
      lesions with a wide margin of normal tissue to avoid local recurrence. This study
      evaluated the effect of systemic chemotherapy (doxorubicin) on tumor growth and
      histology in the MGH-OGS transplantable murine model and examined whether this
      drug prevents local recurrence after resection of the tumor with positive
      microscopic margins. The results indicate that doxorubicin caused prolonged
      cessation of tumor growth, produced substantial necrosis within the lesion, and
      decreased the risk of local relapse following marginal surgery. The drug effect
      was dose-dependent and drug efficacy in preventing local relapse was maximal with
      administration prior to or at the time of surgery.

PMID- 2293626
TI  - Transcortical streaming potentials are generated by circulatory pressure
      gradients in living canine tibia.
AB  - Electrical potentials associated with the pulse pressure have been observed in a
      canine tibia model in vivo. As the medullary pressure rises during pulsing, the
      periosteal bone surface becomes positive with respect to the endosteal surface.
      This pattern is consistent with streaming potentials generated by outward flow of
      fluid through bone with a negatively charged matrix (negative zeta potential).
      Both the medullary pressure and electric potential oscillations are halted by
      occlusion of the femoral artery. Furthermore, systemic administration of
      epinephrine decreases the amplitude of the medullary pressure and the electric
      potential by the same fraction. Streaming potentials generated by blood flow are
      distinct from those generated by mechanical deformation and may have additional
      significance in relation to fracture healing and/or etiology of osteoporosis.

PMID- 2293627
TI  - Collagen synthesis during primate flexor tendon repair in vitro.
AB  - The concept that flexor tendons have the intrinsic capacity to participate
      actively in the repair process following laceration has been developed in recent
      years as the result of experimental studies from numerous laboratories. However,
      the role of the outer/epitenon and inner/endotenon cell populations with regard
      to protein synthesis is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate the respective participation of these tendon fibroblast populations
      in the synthesis of the collagen matrix during in vitro repair of the flexor
      tendon from nonhuman primates, utilizing immunohistochemical techniques and a
      Type I procollagen antibody. Zone II profundus flexor tendon segments were
      obtained from young adult Macaca nemestrina monkeys. One centimeter segments were
      cultured, either with or without a transverse laceration across 90% of the
      midsection of the tendon segment. Frozen sections of the cultured tendon segments
      were reacted with the (mouse monoclonal) Type I procollagen antisera. At all
      times of culture of the nonlacerated tendon segment, only a few of the epitenon
      cells along the surface of the tendon and distant from the cut end stained
      positively for active collagen synthesis. In the lacerated segments, and as early
      as 9 days of culture and repair, the procollagen reaction product was starting to
      appear in those cells of the outer epitenon cell layer. These studies support the
      concept that the inner fibroblasts do actively participate in collagen
      production. However, it now also appears that a significant degree of collagen
      synthesis during tendon repair resides in the outer/epitenon layer of cells
      enveloping the tendon segment, and that the repair response of the flexor tendon
      in vitro is proportional to the degree of injury.

PMID- 2293628
TI  - Is longitudinal bone growth influenced by diurnal variation in the mitotic
      activity of chondrocytes of the growth plate?
AB  - The diurnal variations in the mitotic index, height, and rate of linear bone
      growth were determined and correlations between these parameters examined. Young,
      unweaned, female Wistar rats were housed under standardized conditions, labeled
      with a fluorochrome 60 h before sacrifice, and killed at intervals throughout a
      24-h period, specifically 0600, 1200, 1800, and 2400. The proximal tibial
      epiphyseal growth plates were collected and processed, and the mitotic index,
      growth plate height, and the rate of linear bone growth were measured. The
      mitotic index measured at 0600 was significantly higher than that measured at
      1800 and 2400. Growth plates of rats sacrificed at 1200 were taller than those of
      rats sacrificed at 1800, but there was no difference between heights of growth
      plates from rats sacrificed at other times. Daily growth rate for all rats
      averaged 283.9 microns/day and there were no statistically significant
      differences between daily growth rates measured at any time period. Our findings
      imply that in comparative, quantitative structural studies of animal groups,
      sacrifice should be carried out at identical times of the day, since, given a
      constant speed of vascular ingrowth and diurnal variation in width, relative
      diurnal accumulation and depletions of cells may take place. We also suggest that
      the daily growth rate and mitotic index be measured directly and not be
      considered a function of the height of the growth plate.

PMID- 2293629
TI  - Electromyogram (EMG) recordings from the subscapularis muscle: description of a
      technique.
AB  - Operative treatments for recurrent dislocation of the shoulder usually focus on
      the subscapularis muscle because it is supposed to contribute to the joint
      stability. It is of clinical interest to record the EMG from the subscapularis
      muscle in order to interpret its function. The purpose of the present study was
      to describe a safe and reliable route to reach the muscle, deeply located between
      the scapula and the thoracic cage, with fine-wire EMG electrodes. Twenty-four
      shoulders were investigated in 12 volunteers. A hypodermic needle containing
      bipolar fine-wire electrodes was inserted in the posterior axillary line with the
      subjects in the supine position, and the arm held in an abducted and externally
      rotated position. Three criteria confirmed the location of the electrodes:
      experience of periosteal pain when the needle reached the costal surface of the
      scapula, drawing-in of the wires 3-4 cm when the subject adducted his arm,
      thereby rotating his scapula downward, and raw EMG recorded during typical
      movements. Additionally, in four shoulders, the electrode location was checked
      with computed tomography. There were no complications from this technique, and
      the subjects felt no pain from the fine-wire electrodes during arm movements. We
      conclude that the described technique is a safe and reliable method of reaching
      the subscapularis muscle with EMG electrodes.

PMID- 2293630
TI  - Vertebral end-plate failure in porcine and bovine models of spinal fracture
      instrumentation.
AB  - The use of mature porcine and immature bovine spines as models for the assessment
      of spinal fracture instrumentation is commonplace. By comparing the load
      displacement characteristics of these spine segments and observing the fracture
      type, this study investigated the tendency of immature bovine spines to fail
      prematurely at the vertebral physis, disrupting biomechanical evaluation of
      spinal fracture fixation devices. Load to failure of the spines was determined
      using the Instron Universal Testing Machine and a specially designed endcap. In
      axial compression, the 10-16-week-old calf spines failed at 12,845 +/- 1,466 N,
      compared with mature pig spines at 17,300 +/- 5,170 N (p less than 0.05). Axial
      compression with flexion caused consistent failure through an end-plate in both
      species: 995 +/- 156 N for the calf spines and 2,025 +/- 575 N for the porcine
      spines (p less than 0.005). It was concluded that the tendency for immature
      bovine spines to fail more readily at the cartilaginous end-plate makes the calf
      spine a less desirable model.

PMID- 2293631
TI  - Participation of human superficialis flexor tendon segments in repair in vitro.
AB  - We analyzed the healing capability of the human superficialis (sublimus) flexor
      tendon in response to injury in vitro by performing a morphologic study of tendon
      repair. Tendon segments were cultured in cell-free medium for 2, 4, or 8 weeks,
      and the cut-end repair sites were compared with those in fresh control segments
      on light and electron microscopy. Tendon encapsulation had occurred at 2 weeks,
      by the proliferation and migration of elongated fibroblasts from the epitenon and
      from collagen bundles of the endotenon to cover the surface of the cut tendon
      ends. As migrating epitenon cells approached the cut margin, they consistently
      shifted from a parallel to a circumferential orientation with respect to the
      tendon axis. By 4 weeks, the encapsulating surface cells had lost their
      membranous ruffles and had become flattened. Within the capsule, phagocytic cells
      engulfed collagen debris, and fibroblasts containing extensive rough endoplasmic
      reticulum profiles and secretory vesicles participated in protein synthesis. The
      surface of the capsule was smooth and, at 8 weeks, was almost indistinguishable
      from the epitenon surface of uncultured controls. The capsule now had a collagen
      synthesizing layer of fibroblasts superimposed on layers of maturing collagen
      bundles that separated resting-phase fibroblasts. These findings demonstrate that
      segments of human superficialis flexor tendons participate in an intrinsic repair
      response without contributions from extrinsic cells.

PMID- 2293632
TI  - Transplantation of the rabbit medial collateral ligament. I. Biomechanical
      evaluation of fresh autografts.
AB  - This investigation was designed to study the biomechanical recovery of a free
      bone-ligament-bone graft that was returned to its normal extra-articular
      position, with as little disturbance to its mechanical and biological
      environments as possible. Twenty-five adult New Zealand white rabbits had their
      right bone-medial collateral ligament (MCL)-bone complex removed completely and
      replaced immediately using internal fixation. Animals were allowed unrestricted
      cage activity before sacrifice in groups of five at intervals of 3, 6, 12, 24,
      and 48 weeks posttransplantation. Contralateral legs served as internal controls
      and a separate series of normal animals served as external controls. All MCLs
      were tested biomechanically using a detailed testing protocol. Results showed
      early deterioration of 20-35% in autograft complex structural behavior, with
      weakening of both ligament substance and insertions. Viscoelastic behavior of
      these ligaments was also affected, showing increases in the amount of both cyclic
      load-relaxation and static load-relaxation at early healing intervals. These
      properties were statistically indistinguishable, however, from controls at 48
      weeks. Failure behavior of autografts was even better preserved, reaching a low
      of 65% of control values at 24 weeks and recovering to within 10% of controls at
      48 weeks. These results, plus the major changes in failure modes that occurred
      over that duration, suggest that autograft incorporation is a slow but dynamic
      process. These results further suggest that at least some connective tissue
      autografts, when placed under, as yet undefined, "proper biological and
      mechanical conditions," can retain and recover a number of biomechanical
      properties over a period of 1 year. The longer-term fate of these autografts and
      the exact nature of their similarities or differences from other graft
      alternatives (e.g., tendon for ligament), however, is unknown.

PMID- 2293633
TI  - Transplantation of the rabbit medial collateral ligament. II. Biomechanical
      evaluation of frozen/thawed allografts.
AB  - This study was designed to test the mechanical behavior of a frozen/thawed bone
      medial collateral ligament (MCL)-bone allograft in a rabbit model and to compare
      allograft behavior with contralateral unoperated ligaments as well as a group of
      normal bone-ligament-bone preparations prior to freezing. Twenty-five mature
      rabbits received similarly frozen bone-MCL-bone allografts and were subsequently
      allowed to heal without immobilization in groups of five for 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48
      weeks after transplantation. A series of biomechanical tests was performed on
      each allograft, contralateral, and external normal control ligament. Results
      demonstrated that allografts were significantly tighter than controls at 3 weeks
      and they remained tight over time. All allografts, however, had inferior
      structural and material behaviors as compared with controls. Allograft
      insertional bone and substance deteriorated to about 60% of contralateral
      strength at 12 and 48 weeks. Bony insertions became the most common site of graft
      weakness. Both stress at failure and the elastic modulus of allograft substance
      similarly reached a plateau at those intervals, but at about 30% of contralateral
      controls. Cyclic and load relaxation properties of allografts, on the other hand,
      did not deteriorate and were, in fact, indistinguishable from contralateral and
      normal values at 48 weeks. Comparison with a series of fresh autografts suggests
      that, with the exception of this viscoelastic recovery, allografts were
      mechanically inferior to autografts in their healing at the intervals tested.
      Collectively, these results suggest that allograft MCL healing in this composite
      model is dynamic but slow, featuring changes in bone and soft tissue over the
      first year after transplantation. Although "viable" and vascular, allografts have
      not normalized mechanically and, in fact, appear to have reached a new
      equilibrium whereby properties are neither improving nor deteriorating. Despite
      this apparent equilibrium, the trend for some viscoelastic recovery provides hope
      that allografts may have further potential for improvement. Longer-term studies
      of MCL allograft mechanical behaviors are clearly required.

PMID- 2293634
TI  - An in vitro study of anterior cruciate ligament strain induced by quadriceps and
      hamstrings forces.
AB  - Strain in the anteromedial fibers of the anterior cruciate ligament [ACL(am)] was
      studied in six cadaver knees. ACL(am) strain was measured in five knees during
      the application of isometric quadriceps forces alone and simultaneously applied
      isometric quadriceps and hamstrings forces at 10 degrees increments from 0
      degrees to 90 degrees of knee flexion. ACL(am) strain during muscle loading was
      measured with respect to the ACL(am) strain measured with the knee in its resting
      position (neutral or near neutral position). A sixth knee was used to investigate
      the reproducibility of the resting position and quadriceps-induced ACL(am)
      strains. The strains induced in the ACL(am) by the quadriceps were significantly
      greater than 0 at knee flexion angles from 0 to 40 degrees and not significantly
      different from 0 for 50 to 90 degrees. The ACL(am) strains induced by
      simultaneously applied hamstrings and quadriceps forces were not significantly
      different from 0 at any of the knee flexion angles tested. Simultaneously applied
      hamstrings and quadriceps forces significantly reduced ACL(am) strain at 10, 20,
      and 90 degrees of knee flexion compared to the ACL(am) strain induced by
      quadriceps forces alone. The hamstrings are potentially capable of both
      significantly reducing and negating quadriceps-induced ACL(am) strain at 10 and
      20 degrees of knee flexion.

PMID- 2293635
TI  - Stability of initial fixation of the tibial component in cementless total knee
      arthroplasty.
AB  - This study measured the vertical displacement of three kinds of cementless tibial
      components [Porous Coated Anatomical (PCA), Tricon, and Whiteside], under
      eccentric loading up to 2,225 N. Displacement between the tibial tray and the
      proximal tibia was measured with linear variable differential transformers at the
      anterior and posterior side when anteriorly or posteriorly loaded, and at the
      medial and lateral side when medially or laterally loaded. The general pattern of
      motion was sinking at the loaded side and lift-off at the opposite side. Lift-off
      opposite the loaded side was fairly small for all components at all measurement
      sites. Among the three components, the Whiteside showed the smallest
      displacements. The Tricon (when anteriorly or posteriorly loaded), and the PCA
      (when medially or laterally loaded) showed sinking at the loaded side. Anterior
      screw fixation of the PCA was not effective in preventing anterior lift-off. The
      tilting motion of the tibial components observed in this study implies
      instability of the initial fixation, which could possibly compromise bony
      ingrowth. Furthermore, this tilting could cause uneven distribution of load, and
      potentially result in fracture of the underlying bone.

PMID- 2293636
TI  - The effect of maturation and aging on the structure and content of link proteins
      in rabbit articular cartilage.
AB  - We have examined extracts of articular cartilage from rabbits aged 3-100 weeks
      for evidence of age-related changes in the structure and content of link protein
      (LP) in this tissue, with the following findings: (a) Two major molecular weight
      forms of LP were seen on SDS-PAGE (41 and 48 kDa) and the proportion of these
      changed markedly with age. The 48 kDa species was predominant in young animals
      (representing about 78% of the total LP at 5 weeks) whereas the 41 kDa species
      increased in amount with age (representing 35% of the total LP at 100 weeks). A
      minor form of about 43 kDa, representing less than 20% of the total, was present
      only during the growth phase. A small amount of fragmented link protein (less
      than 5% of the total) of about 25-30 kDa was present in samples from mature and
      aged rabbits only. (b) The quantitation of LP in guanidinium: HCl extracts of
      cartilage, by radioimmunoassay with monoclonal antibody 8-A-4, was markedly
      influenced by the conditions of preparation and pretreatment of samples. Assays
      of dialyzed guanidine extracts following treatment at 80 degrees C for 15 min in
      0.025% (w/v) SDS indicated that immature and mature cartilage contains about 50
      and 180 micrograms of LP/g of tissue, respectively. On the other hand, assays
      following treatment at 100 degrees C for 20 min in 0.1% (w/v) SDS suggested that
      rabbit cartilage contains about 300 micrograms of LP/g of tissue at all ages;
      finally, assay of CsCl purified proteoglycan samples under these conditions
      indicated a content of about 500 micrograms of LP/g at all ages. (c) Calculations
      based on the analysis of proteoglycan preparations for aggregating monomer and
      link protein suggest that a LP:aggregating monomer molar ratio of about 0.9 is
      maintained in the articular cartilage throughout maturation and aging in the
      rabbit.

PMID- 2293637
TI  - The effect of shear fatigue on bovine articular cartilage.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mechanical fatigue
      in the form of cyclic shear strain on articular cartilage. Three millimeter
      diameter full-thickness plugs were cored from the lateral aspect of bovine tibial
      plateaus. Sinusoidal shear strains of +/- 5, +/- 10, and +/- 15% were applied to
      the specimens at 100 Hz for 3 h (a total of 108 x 10(4) cycles). The mechanical
      shear properties of the tissue (loss and storage moduli) were determined as a
      function of the number of applied strain cycles. A rapid, irreversible decrease
      of approximately 35% of initial modulus was found to occur in both loss and
      storage modulus during application of the first 90,000 cycles. Further decay in
      the moduli was found to occur from 90 x 10(3) to 108 x 10(4) cycles, but was of
      considerably smaller magnitude than the initial decrease. The moduli remained
      relatively constant beyond application of 108 x 10(4) cycles. No consistent
      change in proteoglycan content was found to be associated with the fatigue
      process when comparing tested specimens with fresh, untested tissue, and with
      experimental controls. In addition, no structural defects in the mechanically
      altered tissue were revealed by scanning electron microscopy.

PMID- 2293638
TI  - Quantitative analysis of cold stress performance after digital replantation.
AB  - Isolated cold stress testing (ICST) has been used to assess cold stress
      performance or digital thermoregulation, but statistical analysis of the results
      has been limited to visual comparisons of data. In this prospective study, 11
      patients who underwent complete digital replantation were followed serially with
      ICST at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively, and the
      results were analyzed quantitatively. For that analysis, we devised a
      mathematical method that provided a cooling and a warming coefficient to fit the
      data. Differences in these cooling and warming coefficients were then regressed
      against time after replantation, patient age, number of digits replanted, hand
      dominance, and clinical evidence of sensory recovery. There was a significant
      correlation between response to isolated cold stress testing (thermoregulation)
      and degree of sensory recovery (p less than or equal to 0.02). This method for
      quantitative analysis of isolated cold stress testing data allows objective
      evaluation of digital blood flow patterns based on temperature, thereby providing
      a reliable and objective assessment of the recovery of thermoregulation in the
      replanted human digit.

PMID- 2293639
TI  - Determination of zidovudine concentration in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay and by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay.
AB  - Two solid phase, nonradioactive immunoassays were developed and evaluated for the
      determination of zidovudine (Retrovir, ZDV, AZT) concentrations in serum. The
      first, an enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), used an anti-AZT monoclonal
      antibody (MAb) and subsequent alkaline phosphatase second antibody system for the
      detection method. The second, a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA), used a
      polyclonal anti-AZT antibody followed by a europium-labeled goat anti-rabbit
      immunoglobulin (IgG) as the fluorescent probe. The ELISA had a detection range
      from 125 to 4,000 nM and a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of about 500 nM.
      Development of the TR-FIA was based on a very sensitive detection system of metal
      chelate chemistry and time-resolved fluorometry. The standard curve in the TR-FIA
      was from 5 to 4,000 nM with an IC50 of 200 nM. Intra- and interassay precision of
      the ELISA was good, with coefficients of variation from 3.9 to 7.3% and 3 to 17%,
      respectively, while the same values for the TR-FIA were 6.2 to 10.9% and 5.4 to
      19.9%, respectively. The results obtained from each method were compared
      individually with those of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and
      radioimmunoassay (RIA). There was good agreement among the results obtained by
      each method. These two methods enable laboratories not licensed for radioisotopes
      to analyze potentially infectious samples without aerosol-forming centrifugation.

PMID- 2293640
TI  - Zidovudine disposition during hemodialysis in a patient with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Zidovudine (azidothymidine, AZT) disposition was examined during a hemodialysis
      session in an HIV-infected male with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.
      Serum concentrations of zidovudine and its glucuronidated inactive metabolite (G
      ZDV) were measured by HPLC. Zidovudine pharmacokinetics were similar to previous
      reports in patients with normal renal function, however, G-ZDV concentrations
      were significantly elevated (23-440 times zidovudine concentration). Hemodialysis
      did not appreciably reduce zidovudine or G-ZDV levels. Significance of
      chronically elevated G-ZDV levels is unknown.

PMID- 2293641
TI  - Elevation of salivary antimicrobial proteins following HIV-1 infection.
AB  - Thirty-seven HIV-1-positive patients contributed salivary samples from individual
      major salivary glands. Nineteen patients were unmedicated and asymptomatic, and
      18 patients had developed signs of AIDS. Salivas from 15 healthy males served as
      controls. Levels of four salivary antimicrobial proteins (lactoferrin, lysozyme,
      secretory IgA, and histatins) were determined, as well as total fluid output of
      the major salivary glands. Concentrations of all four salivary antimicrobial
      proteins were found to be increased in the stimulated submandibular/sublingual
      saliva of all HIV-1-positive patients as well as the subset of unmediated HIV-1
      positive patients. Those patients with evidence of oral candidiasis had the
      highest concentrations of lysozyme and histatins, potent antifungal proteins, in
      their saliva. Although the etiology of these protein increases is still unknown,
      these results further document salivary changes following HIV-1 infection.

PMID- 2293642
TI  - A simple correction of AIDS surveillance data for reporting delays.
AB  - A simple noniterative method is presented for adjustment of AIDS surveillance
      data for reporting delays. The method estimates the distribution of reporting
      delays from a cross-classification of incident cases according to date of
      diagnosis vs. length of reporting delay. Using the delay distribution, the number
      of cases reported to have occurred within each period of calendar time is
      inflated to reflect the actual number of cases diagnosed but not yet reported.
      The method assumes that the delay distribution is independent of the calendar
      period of diagnosis, but can readily be modified to account for early departures
      from the current pattern. The method is illustrated using surveillance data from
      the northeastern United States.

PMID- 2293643
TI  - Modeling HIV infectivity: must sex acts be counted?
AB  - The simplest models of HIV infectivity treat the HIV transmission process as a
      series of independent Bernoulli trials over sex acts or sex partners. In this
      paper, an approximate maximum likelihood estimator of the transmission
      probability is derived for such models, and applied to two data sets.
      Nonparametric models of HIV infectivity are constructed as alternatives for
      comparison to the simple models. The results suggest that while HIV infectivity
      can be modeled as a Bernoulli process with a constant infection probability per
      partner, the Bernoulli model may not be appropriate at the level of sexual
      contacts. Probabilistic arguments consistent with these findings are proposed and
      discussed.

PMID- 2293644
TI  - Effect of knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus infection status on sexual
      activity among homosexual men.
AB  - One hundred thirty-four homosexual men from a prospective cohort study of AIDS
      risk from New York City and Washington D.C. and 139 homosexual men from a similar
      cohort in Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark were questioned regarding their sexual
      practices and knowledge of their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status over
      the previous 12 months. Seventy percent of Danish men and 63% of U.S. men
      participated in anal intercourse during the previous 12 months. Knowledge of
      one's own HIV status by itself did not have any significant effect on
      participation in anal intercourse, partner number, or condom use. Only 23% of
      U.S. men and 24% of Danish men always asked potential partners about their HIV
      status. However, men who did ask were very unlikely to choose a partner of
      opposite HIV status (p less than 0.006). Danish men were more likely to practice
      anal intercourse without a condom than were the U.S. men (p less than 0.0001);
      however, Danes were more likely to be in a concordant monogamous relationship
      than were the U.S. men (p less than 0.001). Fourteen percent of U.S. men and 21%
      of Danish men were not aware of their own HIV status and 52% of the U.S. cohort
      and 31% of the Danes had anal intercourse with a man whose status was unknown to
      them. Overall, only 32% of American and 53% of Danish homosexual men were
      practicing completely safe sex. We suggest that education to promote the need for
      awareness of one's own and one's partner's HIV status should be stressed.

PMID- 2293645
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus transmission through artificial insemination.
AB  - Six human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive semen donors were
      identified during an antibody screening program initiated at an artificial
      insemination clinic in New York City in 1985. A total of 176 women underwent
      artificial insemination with fresh semen from these six donors between 1978 and
      mid-1985. Of these 176 women, 134 women were HIV-1 antibody tested and 1 was
      found to be seropositive; she denied all other AIDS-associated risk behavior and
      her husband was seronegative. The results of this investigation provide
      additional evidence that HIV-1 transmission can occur through artificial
      insemination with semen from an infected donor although the risk of HIV-1
      transmission appears to be lower than that reported by other investigators. It is
      clear that HIV-1 screening of all potential semen donors should be routine
      practice whenever artificial insemination is performed.

PMID- 2293646
TI  - Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus in families in Lusaka, Zambia.
AB  - Persons living in the same household as index patients with AIDS or ARC in
      Lusaka, Zambia were clinically and serologically evaluated for HIV-1 infection.
      In the 150 households of male index cases, 92 (61.3%) of their spouses were
      infected, compared with 57 (73.1%) of the spouses of the 78 female index cases.
      The more advanced the clinical stage of illness in the index cases, the greater
      the probability of HIV infection in the spouse (RR = 4.44), and the more likely
      the spouse was symptomatic. Four of the 11 spouses who seroconverted to HIV had
      also had sexual intercourse at a time when their HIV-infected partner had genital
      ulcers (RR = 7.45). Of 144 children under 5 years of age, 36 (25.0%) were
      infected, all had infected mothers and were the last to be borne in all but one
      household. Three of 120 children 5 to 10 years of age were also infected,
      presumably through perinatal transmission. Forty-six of 52 discordantly infected
      couples followed for 1 year continued to have unprotected vaginal intercourse,
      and 11 (21.2%) of these seroconverted to HIV. There were no HIV infections that
      could be attributed to transmission by other means than heterosexual intercourse
      between spouses or by perinatal infection in children borne of infected mothers.
      The study suggests that there is an increasing risk of HIV heterosexual
      transmission as infection progresses in the infected partner, and that more
      effective counseling is needed to prevent it.

PMID- 2293648
TI  - Breast cancer getting attention in Congress.

PMID- 2293647
TI  - Clinical and epidemiological features of HIV infection at a referral clinic in
      Zambia.
AB  - Among 1,350 patients with serologically confirmed HIV-1 infection evaluated at
      the Dermatovenerealogy Clinic, University Teaching Hospital. Lusaka, through
      March 1987, 125 (9.3%) had AIDS, 1,178 (87.3%) had AIDS-related complex, and 46
      (3.5%) were asymptomatic. The male to female ratio of cases was 1.5:1 and women
      were younger (mean age of 26.2 years) than were men (mean age of 31.2 years). HIV
      infected persons had significantly more lifetime sex partners than uninfected
      persons; other risk factors were a prior history of venereal disease, blood
      transfusion, travel abroad, and a positive syphilis serology. Clinical features
      in decreasing order of frequency were weight loss, persistent generalized
      lymphadenopathy, chronic cough, multidermatomal herpes zoster, diarrhea,
      recurrent fevers, tuberculosis, and oropharyngeal candidiasis. The WHO clinical
      case definition for the diagnosis of AIDS had a low positive predictive value for
      the 125 Zambians with AIDS, but among all those infected with HIV, the positive
      predictive value was 76.4%. Thirty (35.3%) of 85 patients who were HIV
      seronegative when first examined acquired HIV infections during a 12- to 39-month
      (means = 21.8 months) period of observation. Heterosexual intercourse unrelated
      to prostitution appears to be the major mode of HIV transmission in Lusaka.

PMID- 2293649
TI  - Leaders increase activity after mammography summit.

PMID- 2293650
TI  - New guidelines established for comprehensive cancer centers.

PMID- 2293651
TI  - Top cancer news stories of 1989 show wide media coverage.

PMID- 2293652
TI  - Parathyroid hormone-related protein: a paraneoplastic factor in search of another
      name.

PMID- 2293653
TI  - Postprandial levels of prolactin and gut hormones in breast cancer patients:
      association with stage of disease, but not dietary fat.
AB  - Previous studies of the relationship between dietary fat and breast cancer have
      produced conflicting results and have provided no definitive evidence of a
      mechanistic link between fat and breast tumorigenesis. We conducted a study to
      compare postprandial levels of prolactin (Prl), a hormone suspected of promoting
      the growth of some human breast cancer, and several gut hormones, i.e., gastrin
      (Gs), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neurotensin (Nt), and
      cholecystokinin (CCK), following high- and low-fat isocaloric test meals. Data
      were obtained in the posttreatment period from 13 patients with breast cancer
      (nine stage I and four stage II), who were disease free clinically, and nine
      healthy controls. Subjects admitted to the research unit on 2 days were given the
      high-fat meal on day 1 and the low-fat meal on day 2. Blood samples were drawn
      before (i.e., fasting) and after test meal consumption. All hormone analyses were
      performed by radioimmunoassay. Results indicated a significant rise in
      postprandial Prl levels for stage II patients, but not for stage I patients or
      the controls. Postprandial Gs levels were also elevated, whereas VIP levels were
      markedly reduced in patients versus controls; these differences were most marked
      in stage II patients. No significant intergroup differences were noted in
      postprandial levels of Nt and CCK. Hormone levels of patients and controls did
      not differ between the test meal situations, which indicated that some other
      component of the test meals might have been responsible for altered Prl and Gs
      levels. The differences observed between the stage I and II patients indicated
      that diet may influence the aggressiveness of tumor behavior and development
      through alterations in postprandial hormone release.

PMID- 2293654
TI  - Effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor necrosis factor production by murine
      macrophages.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the treatment of tumors in the presence of
      sensitizer, light, and oxygen, causing energy-dependent cytotoxicity. A vascular
      effect that causes hemorrhagic tumor necrosis has been described with PDT, but
      its basis remains undefined. To investigate the possible role of tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF) production in the generation of such a vascular effect and/or a
      direct tumor effect, we treated thioglycollate-elicited murine macrophages with
      PDT, and we measured the possible production of TNF using the L929 assay. An
      energy-dependent production of TNF by macrophage treated with PDT, stimulated or
      unstimulated with endotoxin, was demonstrated, and TNF production was inhibited
      at the highest treatment energy levels. These data represent the first
      description of cytokine production by PDT-treated macrophages, and may serve as
      another mechanism of PDT cytotoxicity in vivo, either directly by TNF-mediated
      tumor necrosis, or indirectly by vascular effects on tumor vessels.

PMID- 2293655
TI  - Parathyroid hormone-related protein in tumor tissues obtained from patients with
      humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.
AB  - We assessed the relationship between the parathyroid hormone-related protein
      (PTHrP) and the development of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (i.e.,
      hypercalcemia due to the production by solid tumors of hypercalcemic factors) by
      assaying tumor extracts from hypercalcemic and normocalcemic patients with cancer
      for immunoreactive PTHrP contents. Immunoreactive PTHrP was demonstrated in
      extracts of 21 of 22 tumor tissues obtained from 22 patients with humoral
      hypercalcemia of malignancy. Immunoreactive PTHrP was rarely seen in tumor tissue
      extracts obtained from 34 normocalcemic patients with cancer and two
      hypercalcemic patients with cancer with severe bone metastases. Gel filtration
      studies of tumor extracts revealed a molecular-size heterogeneity of
      immunoreactive PTHrP. These radioimmunoassay data indicate a close relationship
      between detection of PTHrP in tumor tissues and the development of humoral
      hypercalcemia of malignancy.

PMID- 2293656
TI  - Tumors in female offspring of control and diethylstilbestrol-exposed mice fed
      high-fat diets.
AB  - Strong correlations have been established internationally between female
      reproductive system cancer rates and dietary fat. To test the hypothesis that the
      prenatal period is a critical time for exposure to high dietary fat, we placed
      adult female strain CD-1 mice with or without prenatal exposure to
      diethylstilbestrol (DES) on diets with low or high levels of fat and mated them.
      After delivery of the litters, these mice were given the commercial diet on which
      they had been raised. Their female offspring were raised on this commercial diet
      until terminal illness occurred. Of the 47 offspring of control mice on low-fat
      diets, only five had reproductive system tumors, whereas tumors developed in 39
      of 78 offspring of mice on high-fat diets. For DES-exposed mice, tumors developed
      in 18 of 64 offspring of mice on low-fat diets and 38 of 70 offspring of mice on
      high-fat diets. Nine mice with metastatic mammary tumors and seven with pituitary
      tumors were offspring of mice on high-fat diets.

PMID- 2293657
TI  - Leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among embalmers and funeral directors.

PMID- 2293658
TI  - Animal welfare, ethics, and legality.

PMID- 2293659
TI  - Philip Morris and National Archives light-up Bill of Rights.

PMID- 2293660
TI  - Cancer survivor coalition growing rapidly.

PMID- 2293661
TI  - Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of the Tipula iridescent
      virus capsid gene.
AB  - The capsid protein is the major structural component of the icosahedral Tipula
      iridescent virus (TIV) that replicates in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies of insect
      cells. TIV capsid protein purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis was digested with trypsin and fractionated by reverse-phase high
      pressure liquid chromatography. A mixed oligonucleotide constructed from the
      amino acid sequence of a capsid tryptic peptide was used for the identification
      and cloning of the corresponding gene. The single-copy capsid gene, located on a
      2.47-kilobase-pair HindIII TIV genomic fragment, codes for a 464-amino-acid
      protein (50,831 daltons) with a predicted pI of 6.34. Analysis of total RNA from
      infected Estigmene acrea cells indicated that the 1.8-kilobase capsid transcript
      was maximally produced between 14 and 24 h after infection. Transcript mapping by
      primer extension indicated that the RNA start site was in the A+T-rich TGCTACTAAT
      sequence, 19 nucleotides upstream from the first ATG codon of the capsid open
      reading frame. Expression of the TIV capsid protein in infected E. acrea cells
      was demonstrated by in vivo labeling of total proteins with [35S]methionine,
      using anti-capsid antiserum as the probe. Capsid protein was also expressed in
      Escherichia coli cells by using a pUC19 plasmid containing a lacZ-capsid gene
      fusion.

PMID- 2293662
TI  - Identification and characterization of the woodchuck hepatitis virus origin of
      DNA replication.
AB  - Replication of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) genome requires the synthesis
      of minus-strand DNA from an RNA template, the pregenome, by reverse
      transcription. During this reaction, the 5' end of minus-strand DNA becomes
      covalently linked to a protein. The position of the 5' end of minus-strand DNA
      was identified previously, but the initiation site for DNA synthesis on
      pregenomic RNA remained ambiguous because of a sequence repetition at the termini
      of the RNA template for reverse transcription. Employing a recently designed
      expression vector for the production of infectious WHV, we localized the origin
      of minus-strand DNA synthesis to the 3' end of pregenomic RNA. In addition, we
      identified the nucleotide sequences on pregenomic RNA that provide the signal for
      the initiation of reverse transcription. Removal of this signal sequence from
      pregenomic RNA abolished minus-strand DNA synthesis. Insertion of a DNA oligomer
      bearing this signal sequence at the 3' end of pregenomic RNA restored the
      production of minus-strand DNA joined to protein. Our results support a model in
      which protein is the primer for reverse transcription of minus-strand DNA of WHV.

PMID- 2293663
TI  - Failure of human immunodeficiency virus entry and infection in CD4-positive human
      brain and skin cells.
AB  - CD4 molecules on human cells function as a major receptor for human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, certain CD4-negative cell types may also
      be susceptible to infection. Therefore, we attempted to quantitate the
      relationship between HIV infection and CD4 expression on human cell lines before
      and after introduction of the CD4 gene by using a retrovirus vector. Prior to
      introduction of the CD4 expression vector, low levels of HIV infection were
      detected by a sensitive focal immunoassay on all three cell types studied. With
      several HIV strains in clones of human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells expressing
      different levels of CD4, HIV titer increased with increasing CD4 expression. In
      contrast, in squamous cell carcinoma cells (SCL1) and astroglial cells (U87MG),
      even high levels of CD4 expression failed to augment HIV infection. The CD4
      protein expressed in these two cell lines had the expected molecular weight and
      was capable of binding HIV virions. However, in contrast to CD4-positive HeLa
      cells, CD4-positive U87MG and SCL1 cells were unable to form syncytia when
      cultured with cells expressing HIV envelope protein. Thus, the inability of HIV
      to infect these cells appeared to be due to lack of fusion between HIV virion
      envelope proteins and CD4-positive cell membranes. This block is infectivity was
      overcome when cells were infected with HIV which was pseudotyped with the
      envelope protein of amphotropic murine leukemia virus. Thus, in addition to CD4,
      other cell surface molecules appear to be required for successful HIV entry into
      and infection of these two human cell lines.

PMID- 2293664
TI  - Effect of human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax protein on activation of the
      human vimentin gene.
AB  - We report that the expression of the vimentin gene, a cytoskeletal growth
      regulated gene, is activated in trans by the Tax (p40x) transactivator protein
      encoded by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Expression of the Tax protein
      activates a number of cellular genes, such as those coding for the alpha chain of
      the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor and interleukin-2. These findings
      indicate that the Tax protein is involved in the unregulated T-cell growth
      associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection. Higher levels of
      vimentin mRNA were expressed in two human T-cell leukemia virus type I
      transformed T cell lines, C91/PL and C81-66/45, when compared with that in Jurkat
      T cells. We demonstrate that this activation is conferred by the vimentin
      upstream flanking sequences. Indeed, enhanced activity was detected when
      constructs with the vimentin promoter linked to the chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase gene were transfected in HeLa cells and in two cell lines of
      hematopoietic origin (Jurkat T lymphoblastoid cells and U937 promonocytic cells)
      together with a Tax expression plasmid. By introducing a series of deletions in
      the vimentin promoter, we further restrict these sequences to 30 base pairs,
      located between 241 and 210 base pairs upstream of the mRNA cap site. A 40-base
      pair oligonucleotide containing this regulatory region proved sufficient to
      confer Tax inducibility upon a heterologous promoter linked to chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase. Importantly, this segment includes an 11-base-pair promoter
      segment that has homology with the binding site for the NF-kappa B
      transactivating factor. Our findings indicate that constitutive expression of the
      vimentin gene under the control of the Tax protein may be relevant in
      understanding the progression of the lymphoproliferative process associated with
      human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection.

PMID- 2293665
TI  - Construction and characterization of an infectious DNA clone and of mutants of
      simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from the African green monkey.
AB  - We constructed a full-length molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus
      from an African green monkey. Upon transfection, this clone directed the
      production of virus particles cytopathic and infectious to human CD4+ leukemia
      cell lines. Mutations were introduced by recombinant DNA techniques into eight
      open reading frames of simian immunodeficiency virus from the African green
      monkey thus far identified. The phenotypes of mutant viruses, i.e., infectivity,
      cytopathogenicity, transactivation of gene expression controlled by a long
      terminal repeat, and viral RNA and protein syntheses, were examined by
      transfection and infection experiments. Three structural (gag, pol, and env) and
      two regulatory (tat and rev) gene mutants were not infectious, whereas vif, vpx,
      and nef were dispensable for infectivity and mutant viruses were highly
      cytopathic. In transient transfection assays, a rev mutant produced mainly small
      mRNA species and no detectable virus protein and particles. The transactivation
      potential of a tat mutant was about 10-fold less than that of wild-type DNA,
      generating small amounts of virus.

PMID- 2293666
TI  - A 3'-coterminal nested set of independently transcribed mRNAs is generated during
      Berne virus replication.
AB  - By using poly(A)-selected RNA from Berne virus (BEV)-infected embryonic mule skin
      cells as a template, cDNA was prepared and cloned in plasmid pUC9. Recombinants
      covering a contiguous sequence of about 10 kilobases were identified. Northern
      (RNA) blot hybridizations with various restriction fragments from these clones
      showed that the five BEV mRNAs formed a 3'-coterminal nested set. Sequence
      analysis revealed the presence of four complete open reading frames of 4743, 699,
      426, and 480 nucleotides, with initiation codons coinciding with the 5' ends of
      BEV RNAs 2 through 5, respectively. By using primer extension analysis and
      oligonucleotide hybridizations, RNA 5 was found to be contiguous on the consensus
      sequence. The transcription of BEV mRNAs was studied by means of UV mapping. BEV
      RNAs 1, 2, and 3 were shown to be transcribed independently, which is also likely
      -although not rigorously proven--for RNAs 4 and 5. Upstream of the AUG codon of
      each open reading frame a conserved sequence pattern was observed which is
      postulated to function as a core promoter sequence in subgenomic RNA
      transcription. In the area surrounding the core promoter region of the two most
      abundant subgenomic BEV RNAs, a number of homologous sequence motifs were
      identified.

PMID- 2293668
TI  - Nonstructural protein of parvoviruses B19 and minute virus of mice controls
      transcription.
AB  - The genome of the human parvovirus B19 contains a transcriptional promoter (BP06)
      at map position 6, upstream from the nonstructural protein genes. By
      cotransfecting HeLa cells with this promoter cloned before the chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase (CAT) gene together with a plasmid containing almost the whole
      B19 genome, we showed that BP06 is transactivated by a B19 gene product. The
      transactivating viral protein was identified as the nonstructural protein NS-1.
      NS-1 synthesized in a wheat germ extract specifically stimulates transcription
      from BP06 in vitro. NS-1 of the minute virus of mice (MVM) activates the
      analogous MVM promoter, MP04. NS-1, therefore, has a positive feedback effect on
      the activity of its own promoter. Moreover, NS-1 of MVM activates the human BP06.
      We have identified, in the genome of B19, a second transcriptional promoter
      activity at map position 44, before the capsid protein genes. This promoter,
      BP44, was identified by cloning fragments of B19 DNA upstream of the CAT gene,
      transfecting the DNA into HeLa cells, and measuring CAT expression. The strength
      of the BP44 promoter is similar to that of the capsid gene promoter, MP39, of
      MVM. In (nonpermissive) HeLa cells, the BP44 promoter is not activated by NS-1.
      Thus, the BP06 promoter apparently does not determine the tissue specificity of
      B19 virus but BP44 could do so.

PMID- 2293667
TI  - Adenovirus DNA-binding protein forms a multimeric protein complex with double
      stranded DNA and enhances binding of nuclear factor I.
AB  - The 72-kilodalton adenovirus DNA-binding protein (DBP) binds to single-stranded
      DNA as well as to RNA and double-stranded DNA and is essential for the
      replication of viral DNA. We investigated the binding of DBP to double-stranded
      DNA by gel retardation analysis. By using a 114-base-pair DNA fragment, five or
      six different complexes were observed by gel retardation. The mobility of these
      complexes is dependent on the DBP concentration, suggesting that the complexes
      arise by sequential binding of DBP molecules to the DNA. In contrast to binding
      to single-stranded DNA, the binding of DBP to double-stranded DNA appears to be
      noncooperative. DBP binds to linear DNA as well as to circular DNA, while linear
      DNA containing the adenovirus terminal protein was also recognized. No
      specificity for adenovirus origin sequences was observed. To study whether the
      binding of DBP could influence initiation of DNA replication, we analyzed the
      effect of DBP on the binding of nuclear factor I (NFI) and NFIII, two sequence
      specific origin-recognizing proteins that enhance initiation. At subsaturating
      levels of NFI, DBP increases the rate of binding of NFI considerably, while no
      effect was seen on NFIII. This stimulation of NFI binding is specific for DBP and
      was not observed with another protein (NFIV), which forms a similar DNA
      multimeric protein complex. In agreement with enhanced NFI binding, DBP
      stimulates initiation of adenovirus DNA replication in vitro especially strongly
      at subsaturating NFI concentrations. We explain our results by assuming that DBP
      forms a complex with origin DNA that promotes formation of an alternative DNA
      structure, thereby facilitating the binding of NFI as well as the initiation of
      DNA replication via NFI.

PMID- 2293669
TI  - Selective killing of transformed rat cells by minute virus of mice does not
      require infectious virus production.
AB  - Fischer rat fibroblasts, naturally resistant to killing by the fibrotropic strain
      of minute virus of mice [(parvovirus MVM(p)], became sensitive to MVM when
      transformed by polyomavirus. This sensitization did not involve an increase in
      the percentage of cells which synthesized viral capsid antigens or in the
      percentage of cells which produced infectious virus. The addition of anti-MVM
      antiserum to the growth medium of MVM-infected cells had only a small effect on
      their survival rates, indicating that the majority of the killing effect of MVM
      occurs in a single cycle of infection. The data indicate that cell killing by MVM
      is independent of infectious virus production and thus support the notion that
      the preferential cytolytic effect is affected by viral cytotoxic gene products
      which accumulate to intolerable levels in transformed cells but not in normal
      ones. Finally, using cells transformed with polyomavirus and genomic and
      subgenomic clones of polyomavirus, we showed that the extent of sensitization to
      killing by MVM depended on the transforming agent used.

PMID- 2293671
TI  - Use of bromovirus RNA2 hybrids to map cis- and trans-acting functions in a
      conserved RNA replication gene.
AB  - Brome mosaic virus (BMV) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) are related
      positive-strand RNA viruses with tripartite genomes. RNA replication by either
      virus requires genomic RNAs 1 and 2, which encode protein 1a and the
      polymeraselike, 94-kilodalton 2a protein, respectively. Proteins 1a and 2a share
      extensive sequence similarity with proteins encoded by a wide range of other
      positive-strand RNA viruses of animals and plants. Heterologous combinations of
      BMV and CCMV RNAs 1 and 2 do not support viral RNA replication, and although BMV
      RNA2 is amplified in CCMV-infected cells, CCMV RNA2 is not amplified by BMV.
      Construction of hybrids by precise exchange of segments between BMV and CCMV RNA2
      has now allowed preliminary mapping of such virus-specific replication functions
      in RNA2 and the 2a protein. The ability to support replication in trans with BMV
      RNA1 segregated with a 5' BMV RNA2 fragment encoding the first 358 2a gene amino
      acids, while a 5' fragment extending over 281 BMV 2a codons transferred only cis
      acting competence for RNA2 amplification in cells coinfected with wild-type BMV.
      Successful trans-acting function with CCMV RNA1 segregated with a CCMV RNA2 3'
      fragment that included the last 206 2a gene codons. Thus, the less conserved N-
      and C-terminal 2a segments appear to be involved in required interaction(s) of
      this polymeraselike protein with the 1a protein or RNA1 or both. Moreover, when
      individual hybrid RNA2 molecules that function with either BMV or CCMV RNA1 were
      tested, BMV- and CCMV-specific differences in recognition and amplification of
      RNA3 templates appeared to segregate with RNA1.

PMID- 2293670
TI  - High-level transcription from the adenovirus major late promoter requires
      downstream binding sites for late-phase-specific factors.
AB  - The adenovirus major late promoter (MLP) is active during both the early and late
      phases of infection. During the early phase the activity of the MLP is similar to
      those of the other early viral promoters, but during the late phase the rate of
      transcription from the MLP becomes much greater by comparison. We report here
      that sequence-specific binding proteins are induced during the late phase which
      interact with three regions in the first intron of the MLP transcription unit
      from positions +37 to +68, +80 to +105, and +105 to +125 relative to the
      transcription initiation site. To measure the significance of these binding sites
      for transcription during the late phase, we constructed MLP-beta-globin fusions
      and substituted them for early region 3 in adenovirus recombinants. Deletion of
      the binding sites caused significant reductions in the rate of transcription,
      specifically during the late phase of infection. Deletion of all three sites
      reduced the rate of transcription 25- to 50-fold and the accumulation of
      cytoplasmic MLP-beta-globin RNA 200-fold. These results indicate that the high
      rate of transcription from the MLP during the late phase of infection results
      from the interaction of virus-induced transcription factors with three binding
      sites in the first intron of the major late transcription unit.

PMID- 2293672
TI  - Living-donor liver transplants cap surgical research for decade of 1980s.

PMID- 2293674
TI  - Social responsibility: do physicians have special obligations?

PMID- 2293673
TI  - Urban violence: a health care issue.

PMID- 2293675
TI  - Characterization of pemphigus antigens in cultured human keratinocytes.

PMID- 2293676
TI  - Intestinal ischemic shock in rats: a comparison of resuscitative agents.

PMID- 2293677
TI  - Heart disease researchers tailor new theories--now maybe it's genes that make
      people fat.

PMID- 2293678
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Proposed changes in format for presentation
      of notifiable disease report data.

PMID- 2293679
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Racial differences in rates of hepatitis B
      virus infection--United States, 1976-1980.

PMID- 2293680
TI  - Old age and new policy.

PMID- 2293681
TI  - Surgical therapy for coronary disease: randomized and observational studies.

PMID- 2293682
TI  - Risk of cross-infection through shared diabetic devices.

PMID- 2293683
TI  - Double-filtration plasmapheresis for hypertriglyceridemia.

PMID- 2293684
TI  - Anonymous HIV testing on newborns.

PMID- 2293685
TI  - Reporting of HIV testing.

PMID- 2293686
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the nervous system.

PMID- 2293687
TI  - Stuttering and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2293688
TI  - Decreased risk of symptomatic chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease associated
      with oral contraceptive use.
AB  - Studies have shown that oral contraceptive use may protect against pelvic
      inflammatory disease (PID), but it is not known whether oral contraceptives
      protect against the disease among women already infected with Chlamydia
      trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The relationship between oral contraceptive
      use and PID was analyzed in a case-control study of 141 women with verified PID
      and 739 randomly selected, sexually active women with no clinical evidence of the
      disease. Case and control subjects were stratified on the basis of infection with
      C trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae, or neither organism. Among women infected with C
      trachomatis alone, those with PID were less likely than control subjects to use
      oral contraceptives. The association was significant when oral contraceptive use
      was compared with nonuse (odds ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.08 to
      0.64) and with noncontraception (odds ratio, 0.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.06
      to 0.53) and remained so after adjusting for potential confounding variables by
      logistic regression analysis. Among women infected with N gonorrhoeae alone, no
      association was found between use of oral contraceptives and PID. These data
      suggest that oral contraceptive use protects against symptomatic PID among women
      infected with C trachomatis but not among those infected with N gonorrhoeae.

PMID- 2293689
TI  - Seroprevalence and risk factors for HTLV-I/II infection among female prostitutes
      in the United States.
AB  - We tested 1305 female prostitutes from eight areas of the United States for
      antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II. Overall, 6.7% were human
      T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II seropositive (with antibodies to both gag and
      env gene products). The seroprevalence rates ranged from 0% in southern Nevada to
      25.4% in Newark, NJ. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II seropositivity was
      independently associated with race (odds ratio, 4.68), intravenous drug use (odds
      ratio, 2.94), hepatitis B seropositivity (odds ratio, 2.87), recruitment in
      Newark (odds ratio, 2.34), and more years of sexual activity (odds ratio, 1.08
      per year of sexual activity). Groups with high rates included blacks, Hispanics,
      and American Indians, and the rates in these groups were significantly higher
      than among whites and Asian Americans for women both with and without a history
      of intravenous drug use. Among intravenous drug users, the only other independent
      associations were more years of sexual activity and recruitment in Newark; and in
      non-intravenous drug users, hepatitis B seropositivity. These data show that
      human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II infection is present among female
      prostitutes in some areas of the United States. Further studies are needed to
      evaluate patterns of transmission and long-term health effects.

PMID- 2293690
TI  - An analysis of time of presentation after stroke.
AB  - The recent development of potential therapies for acute stroke has focused
      attention on the time delay between stroke onset and presentation. We used the
      Duke/Veterans Administration stroke registry to collect data about this delay.
      Results were analyzed using Fisher's Exact Test and ridit analysis. Data from 457
      patients at two hospitals were used. Only 42% (192/457) of patients presented
      within 24 hours of stroke onset, while 25% (116/457) presented within 48 hours
      and 33% (149/457) presented after 48 hours. Presentation time varied
      significantly with stroke type. A majority of patients with infarcts (64%
      [176/276]), stroke-in-evolution (54% [44/81]), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (54%
      [25/46]) did not present within 24 hours of stroke onset. Most patients with
      intracerebral hemorrhage (63% [34 of 54]) did present within 24 hours. Reasons
      for this delay may include patients' lack of awareness about the symptoms of
      stroke and lack of recognition of early signs by medical personnel. Because of
      this delay in presentation, a majority of patients may not be candidates for some
      therapies for acute stroke.

PMID- 2293691
TI  - Evaluation of the Pediatric Trauma Score.
AB  - A Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS) was recently developed and is rapidly gaining
      acceptance as a triage tool. This study examines the utility of the PTS as
      compared with the Revised Trauma Score, which is applicable to all ages. The
      charts of 376 children 0 to 14 years of age who were admitted to the trauma
      service of a level 1 trauma center were reviewed. Significant correlations were
      found for both the PTS and the Revised Trauma Score with survival, the Injury
      Severity Score, APACHE II score, vital signs, the Glasgow Coma Scale score,
      hematocrit, need for an operation, and number of days in an intensive care unit.
      The PTS was of no statistical advantage as compared with the Revised Trauma
      Score. Triage accuracy was 68.3% for the PTS and 78.8% for the Revised Trauma
      Score. The Revised Trauma Score is easy to use and universal in its
      applicability. The PTS involves learning a separate scoring system and is of no
      advantage.

PMID- 2293692
TI  - Countdown to millennium--balancing the professionalism and business of medicine.
      Medicine's Rocking Horse.

PMID- 2293693
TI  - The approach of a new millennium.

PMID- 2293694
TI  - A piece of my mind. Little battles.

PMID- 2293695
TI  - Three-dimensional reconstruction of the temporal bone.
AB  - Study of the complex anatomy and pathology of the temporal bone has traditionally
      used microscopy which permits analysis in only two dimensions. Recent advances in
      bioimaging technology have permitted visualization and reconstruction of computed
      tomography images in three dimensions. We have developed a technique that applies
      this technology in the imaging and reconstruction of human temporal bones. Data
      taken from serial histologic sections of the temporal bone are entered into a
      computer. The sections are edited and, through the use of specially developed
      software, a realistic three-dimensional reconstruction is produced. The
      reconstructed image can be rotated along any of three axes, and structures within
      the temporal bone can be isolated for more detailed analysis. Applications for
      the study of pathologic conditions of the temporal bone will be discussed.

PMID- 2293696
TI  - Central vocal cord paralysis and paresis presenting as laryngeal stridor in
      children.
AB  - Vocal cord paralysis or paresis as the initial presenting symptom for
      intracranial tumors in children are rare. Recently, two pediatric patients who
      were later diagnosed as having intracranial tumors presented with the symptom of
      voice changes and stridor. Telescopic examination revealed bilateral vocal cord
      paresis and paralysis as demonstrated by video recordings. The majority of
      pediatric brain tumors present with both generalized and localized complaints;
      however, by discussing these two rare cases, we hope to underscore the importance
      of a thorough workup of the paralyzed or paretic vocal cords.

PMID- 2293697
TI  - Laser-stapes surgery.

PMID- 2293698
TI  - A matched-pairs comparison of single and multichannel cochlear implants in
      children.
AB  - Auditory capabilities of Nucleus 22 multichannel cochlear implant users were
      compared to those of matched 3M/House single-channel users. Six children who
      received either the 3M/House or Nucleus 22 cochlear implants were separated into
      three matched pairs. Group 1 consisted of two postlinguistically deafened
      adolescents, group 2 consisted of two prelinguistically deafened school-age
      children, and group 3 consisted of two perilinguistically deafened preschoolers.
      Participants were evaluated using auditory comprehension and discrimination tasks
      as indicated by the 3M/House and Nucleus 22 protocols. However, only tasks common
      to both were included here. While the 3M/House single-channel device has been
      under an IDE for children under the age of 18 years since 1984, the Nucleus 22
      multichannel implant only recently became available for this age group. Thus,
      short-term evaluations at 6 months and 1 year postimplantation have been used for
      comparison. Two of the three groups indicated that the multichannel users
      performed as early as the 6-month level; the children in the third group
      performed equally. These results indicate that multichannel cochlear implants
      show great promise in deaf children.

PMID- 2293699
TI  - Objective tinnitus in benign intracranial hypertension: an update.
AB  - Previously, the authors reported that objective pulsatile tinnitus can be the
      major or only manifestation of benign intracranial hypertension. This report
      updates the authors' experience with 31 patients managed over the past 7 years.
      Benign intracranial hypertension should be suspected in all patients with
      pulsatile-objective tinnitus, especially when the patient is a young, obese
      female with headaches and/or visual disturbances. Papilledema and small
      ventricles or an empty sella on computerized tomography are almost diagnostic.
      The diagnosis is confirmed by elevated spinal fluid pressure on lumbar puncture.
      In such patients, angiography is not indicated. Furosemide and acetazolamide are
      very effective. Ligation of the internal jugular vein is contraindicated.

PMID- 2293700
TI  - Promontory stimulation following labyrinthectomy: implications for cochlear
      implantation.
AB  - Transtympanic electric promontory stimulation is a psychoacoustic test used to
      assess residual acoustic neurons in profound sensorineural hearing loss. The test
      was performed in six patients who had previously undergone transmastoid (N = 5)
      or transcanal-oval window (N = 1) labyrinthectomy as a means of determining the
      feasibility of future cochlear implantation. Four patients had unilateral
      Meniere's disease, one had labyrinthitis, and one had delayed onset vertigo. All
      patients perceived a definite auditory sensation in the labyrinthectomized ear
      during stimulation. The results of threshold, dynamic range, and difference limen
      testing were similar to those obtained during preoperative stimulation of
      cochlear implant candidates (N = 12) who subsequently became successful users.
      There was no evidence of response degradations as the time following
      labyrinthectomy increased. The results of this study suggest the possibility of
      successful cochlear implantation following labyrinthectomy. Supporting histologic
      data are reviewed.

PMID- 2293701
TI  - Rationale for elective neck dissection in 1990.
AB  - Elective neck dissection has long been a subject of debate among surgeons. The
      proponents of elective neck dissection base their rationale on studies that show
      a 30% incidence of occult disease in those situations for which elective neck
      dissection is recommended. One hundred eighty-two patients with advanced stages
      of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were studied. All patients had
      preoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, and all patients
      had some form of radical neck dissection. The sensitivity of clinical exam was
      compared with the sensitivity of computed tomography or magnetic resonance
      imaging in ability to detect nodal disease. The sensitivity of clinical exam
      alone was 71.7%, while the sensitivity of computed tomography or magnetic
      resonance imaging was 91.1%. Based on physical exam alone, there would be a 39%
      rate of occult disease; if computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging data
      is combined with physical exam, the occult disease rate would drop to 12%. All
      centers performing elective neck dissection must reassess their rationale or
      restudy their occult disease rate with computed tomography or magnetic resonance
      imaging.

PMID- 2293702
TI  - Managing temporomandibular joint syndrome.
AB  - Pain in the temporomandibular joint is primarily responsible for the morbidity
      often associated with this syndrome. Of the 448 cases in this study, 48%
      presented as ear pain and 46% complained of either headache, sinus pain, or neck
      pain. Temporomandibular joint pain and mastication muscle tenderness elicited
      with palpation were frequent physical findings. In this review, temporomandibular
      joint syndrome was successfully managed in 75% of 448 cases with conservative
      treatment consisting of patient education, heat, massage, non-narcotic
      analgesics, and occlusal splints. Seventeen percent were referred to dentists for
      restorations or orthodontics. The success rate for the 6% who underwent
      diagnostic arthroscopy and/or open joint surgery with disc replacement was 67%.
      Therefore, patients with ear pain or head and neck pain require an objective
      evaluation of medical history and physical examination to obtain the correct
      diagnosis and subsequent correct treatment and pain relief. Early diagnosis helps
      to prevent changes in the joint that can become irreversible with intractable
      pain. Surgery is reserved for those patients who fail to respond to conservative
      management.

PMID- 2293703
TI  - Mechanisms of middle ear aeration: anatomic and physiologic evidence in primates.
AB  - Proper aeration is a prerequisite for normal middle ear function in all
      terrestrial mammals. Our previous studies in primates provided anatomic evidence
      of neural circuits between the middle ear, brain, and eustachian tube by which
      central respiratory neurons can control middle ear aeration. Yet mechanisms that
      regulate middle ear aeration remain poorly understood. This study extends our
      research by examining maturation of these neural circuits, and investigating
      their underlying physiology. Ultrastructural examination of tympanic nerves, the
      afferent limb of the neural circuit, in an age-graded series of cynomolgus
      monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) showed substantial differences between newborn,
      young, and adult animals. These included a twofold increase in average myelin
      thickness, and greater than threefold increase in the ratio of myelinated to
      unmyelinated fibers from newborn to adult animals. These marked developmental
      changes may translate into functional differences in regulation of middle ear
      aeration in young animals, and possibly explain the extraordinarily high
      incidence of middle ear disease in early childhood. In physiologic experiments,
      bilateral electromyographic responses were recorded from eustachian tube muscles,
      the efferent limb of the neural circuit, in adult monkeys after ipsilateral
      stimulation of the tympanic nerve. Response latencies were 9 to 28 msec, similar
      to those of other multisynaptic bilateral brainstem reflexes. These physiologic
      data strongly suggest a concept of active control of middle ear aeration by
      respiratory neurons in the brain.

PMID- 2293704
TI  - Functional endoscopic sinus surgery: evaluation, surgery, and follow-up of 250
      patients.
AB  - Although much has been written about the surgical technique of functional
      endoscopic sinus surgery, little has appeared about its long-term results. Two
      hundred fifty patients underwent endoscopic nasal office evaluations and
      subsequent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (42 unilateral + 208 bilateral =
      458 procedures) for nasal polyposis and chronic sinusitis from January 1986 to
      June 1988. Immediate postoperative data indicated that 8.3% developed minor
      complications and 0.7% developed major complications. Two hundred twenty-one
      patients were available for long-term follow-up at 12 to 42 months (mean = 17
      months) with success rates of 89.7% for relief of sinonasal polyposis and 80.2%
      for relief of chronic sinusitis.

PMID- 2293705
TI  - A new method to predict safe resection of the internal carotid artery.
AB  - A patent internal carotid artery (ICA) is essential in most patients. Management
      of skull base lesions often requires translocation, balloon embolization, or
      resection of this vessel. Preoperative tests to assess the availability of
      collateral flow have not been uniformly accurate. A new test that significantly
      increases the safety of surgical removal of the ICA is described. One hundred
      thirty-six patients were studied with temporary balloon occlusion (TBO) of the
      ICA and determination of stable xenon-enhanced computed tomography cerebral blood
      flow (Xe/CT CBF) measurements. Eleven patients failed TBO and were determined to
      be at very high risk of stroke with loss of the ICA. Ninety-six of the patients
      were predicted to be at minimal risk with permanent loss of the ICA by Xe/CT CBF
      studies. Twenty-one patients in this group had either permanent balloon occlusion
      (PBO) or surgical resection of the ICA with no permanent neurologic sequelae. Our
      studies show that the combination of preoperative TBO and Xe/CT CBF studies
      significantly increases the safety of ICA resection.

PMID- 2293706
TI  - Effect of age on nasal cross-sectional area and respiratory mode in children.
AB  - Although nasal cross-sectional size has been reported for adults, no information
      is available concerning the effects of age on nasal area and breathing mode in
      children. Determination of the effect of age on nasal size is necessary in order
      to define nasal airway impairment in children. The purpose of this study was to
      determine mean nasal cross-sectional size in children between the ages of 6 and
      15 years. One hundred two children were assessed during resting breathing. The
      pressure-flow technique was used to estimate nasal cross-sectional size, and
      inductive plethysmography was used to assess nasal-oral breathing. The results
      indicate that nasal airway size increased approximately 0.032 cm2 each year. Mean
      nasal cross-sectional area increased from 0.21 +/- 0.05 cm2 at age 6 to 0.46 +/-
      0.15 cm2 at age 14. The percentage of nasal breathing also increased with age.

PMID- 2293707
TI  - Intraoperative identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and demonstration
      of its function.

PMID- 2293708
TI  - CT-guided needle localization for intraoperative biopsy of the head and neck.
AB  - Needle-localized intraoperative biopsy was first described for the nonpalpable
      breast mass using mammography for needle placement. This technique can be adapted
      by substituting CT (or MRI) for mammography. It can be a valuable tool in
      localizing the nonpalpable areas of concern in the head and neck, especially when
      the location is obscure or the patient has undergone previous radiation and/or
      surgical therapy.

PMID- 2293710
TI  - Eosinophilic pancreatitis: report of a case.
AB  - A case of relapsing pancreatitis in a young man is presented. Stenosis of the
      main duct and cystic lesions of the tail of the pancreas were shown by
      ultrasonography, CT scan, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
      (ERCP). After a wrong diagnosis of cancer, the pathological examination
      demonstrated an eosinophilic infiltration of the pancreatic tail, spleen, lymph
      nodes, and spleen flexure of the colon. After treatment with oral cromoglycate,
      the previously increased rate of polynuclear eosinophils in blood returned to
      normal. Similar observations were found in the medical literature.

PMID- 2293709
TI  - Rapid and selective cloning of monitor peptide, a novel cholecystokinin-releasing
      peptide, using minimal amino acid sequence and the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - cDNA transcripts encoding rat monitor peptide (MP) have been cloned from a lambda
      ZAP-II phage library using minimal specific amino acid sequence (six residues),
      the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multivalent PCR probes to distinguish MP
      transcripts from those that encode a closely related peptide, pancreatic
      secretory trypsin inhibitor. DNA sequence analysis of 3 cDNA transcripts, MP1-3,
      revealed the complete amino acid sequence of the prepeptide (79 residues)
      including an 18-residue hydrophobic signal sequence at the NH2 terminus. Sequence
      divergence in both coding and 3' noncoding regions indicates a potential exon
      exon junction with alternative splicing, which results in a truncated peptide
      with Arg 58 at the COOH terminus as well as alternative selection of poly(A)
      signals, respectively. The 5' nontranslated region of MP1 mRNA (282 nucleotides
      (nt] contains four upstream ATGs. Conserved structure between MP and anionic
      trypsinogen mRNAs within 9 nt immediately upstream of the AUG initiation codon
      may be involved in coupling the expression of MP with anionic trypsinogen, a
      condition which appears to be required to monitor the intake of dietary protein
      in the rat.

PMID- 2293711
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas producing pancreatitis and pancreatic abscess.
AB  - Pancreatic abscess is a severe complication of pancreatitis usually caused by
      alcohol, gallstones, abdominal trauma, or prior operative procedures. Pancreatic
      cancer is a rare cause of acute pancreatitis and an extremely rare cause of
      pancreatic abscess. We report three patients with pancreatic abscess caused by
      cancer who experienced a prolonged, complicated course with delay in diagnosis
      and substantial morbidity.

PMID- 2293712
TI  - The effect of CR 1409, a potent CCK receptor antagonist, on basal and stimulated
      pancreatic secretion in rat.
AB  - The effect of a specific cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor blocker from Rotta
      Research Laboratorium (Monza/Milano, Italy), CR 1409 (Lorglumide), on pancreatic
      secretion was investigated. CR 1409 caused a rightward and parallel shift in the
      dose-response curve of CCK-8-stimulated pancreatic protein secretion in
      anesthetized rats, demonstrating a competitive mechanism of inhibition. The mean
      pA2 value, showing the 50% inhibitory dose of CR 1409, was 6.4. CR 1409 proved to
      be about 1,000 times more potent as a CCK receptor blocker than proglumide, the
      first glutaramic acid analogue with anti-CCK potential. In conscious rats,
      pancreatic protein and water secretion were significantly diminished for about 2
      h in response to 300 micrograms/kg of CR 1409 given subcutaneously during
      diversion of pancreatic juice, demonstrating inhibition of endogenous CCK by this
      new glutaramic acid derivative. By contrast, during reintroduction of
      precollected pancreatic juice into the duodenum, when the release of CCK is
      almost totally eliminated, pancreatic secretion was not modified by the same
      dose.

PMID- 2293713
TI  - Postmortem autolysis in the pancreas: multivariate statistical study. The
      influence of clinicopathological conditions.
AB  - The pancreases of 92 autopsied patients were evaluated to determine the influence
      of clinicopathological conditions upon the extent of postmortem autolysis. The
      postmortem interval was the most important factor influencing postmortem
      autolysis. In order to more precisely evaluate the influence of associated
      factors upon the extent of postmortem autolysis in the pancreas, quantification I
      of multivariate statistical analysis was used. Twelve factors such as postmortem
      interval, mode of death, malignant neoplasia as an underlying cause of death, and
      history of abdominal surgery were chosen for analysis. The multiple correlation
      coefficient (R2) was 0.71. In the case of unexpectedly severe or unexpectedly
      mild postmortem autolysis, we suggest that these 12 factors should be taken into
      close consideration whether or not the postmortem interval is long or short.

PMID- 2293714
TI  - Facial nerve palsy in the newborn: incidence and outcome.
AB  - This study retrospectively identifies and characterizes patients with facial
      palsy related to birth trauma and describes the natural history of this disorder.
      The records of infants born with facial weakness or paralysis over a 5-year
      period at Brigham and Women's Hospital were reviewed, and criteria were defined
      to assign a diagnosis of acquired facial palsy based on birth history and
      documented physical examinations. The majority of patients were followed up by
      interview with a family member. Among 44,292 infants born between October 1, 1982
      and July 31, 1987, there were 92 recorded cases of congenital seventh nerve
      palsy. Of these, 81 were acquired, for an incidence of 1.8 per 1000. Seventy-four
      of the 81 (91 percent) were associated with forceps delivery. By contrast,
      obstetric forceps were used in 19 percent of all deliveries during the period of
      the study. The average weight of subjects was 3.55 kg, versus a mean overall
      birth weight of 3.23 kg. Fifty-nine percent of mothers of affected children and
      37 percent of controls were prima gravidas. Forceps delivery, birth weight of
      3500 gm or more, and primiparity were all significant risk factors for acquired
      facial palsy. The incidence of additional birth injuries also was substantially
      higher among affected subjects than among the general population of newborns.
      Sixty-six of 81 patients had adequate follow-up. Recovery has been complete for
      59 patients (89 percent) and incomplete for the remaining 7 (mean follow-up 34
      months). In summary, congenital traumatic facial palsy has definable risk factors
      and a predictably favorable outcome.

PMID- 2293715
TI  - The effect of superficial hydration on the mechanical properties of human skin in
      vivo: implications for plastic surgery.
AB  - The influence of topically applied tap water on the mechanical properties of
      human skin was studied in vivo by applying tap water to the ventral aspect of the
      forearms of 18 healthy volunteers for 10 or 20 minutes and then measuring
      distensibility, elastic retraction, and hysteresis. Significant increases in
      distensibility, resilient distensibility, and hysteresis were noted after 20
      minutes of soaking. Most of these findings were already apparent after 10
      minutes. This study shows that the epidermis plays a significant role in
      determining the mechanical properties of human skin. Possible practical
      implications of superficial skin hydration for plastic surgery such as tissue
      expansion and larger excisions are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2293716
TI  - Professional review organization utilization and quality review process.

PMID- 2293717
TI  - Marketing: the sure way.

PMID- 2293718
TI  - Surgical treatment of nasal obstruction secondary to craniofacial fibrous
      dysplasia.
AB  - Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia, a skeletal disorder most often affecting the
      mandible or maxilla, can cause a variety of complications. Nasal obstruction
      secondary to this unusual disorder presents a diagnostic and therapeutic
      challenge. The nasal obstruction in this case is due to expansion of fibrous
      lesions in adjacent bones as well as direct involvement of the turbinates with
      fibrous dysplasia. We describe the surgical correction of nasal obstruction in
      this unique setting and present a brief update of this intriguing disorder.

PMID- 2293719
TI  - Expandable breast implant reconstruction of Tikhoff-Linberg shoulder deformity.
AB  - Expanding breast implants were used in two patients to reconstruct shoulder
      contour following a Tikhoff-Linberg resection for cancer. In the first patient,
      one implant alone was used, and in the second patient, two implants in separate
      but adjacent pockets. The resulting double contour is more pleasing than that
      after a single implant, and there also appears to be more flexibility with
      shoulder motion. This method is suggested as an excellent means of reconstructing
      the contour of the shoulder area following resection for cancer.

PMID- 2293720
TI  - Heel coverage with a deepithelialized distally based fasciocutaneous flap.
AB  - A distally based fasciocutaneous flap for heel coverage is reported. Its blood
      supply depends on distal septocutaneous perforators interconnected with the
      suprafascial plexus. A "turn-down" transposition and distal deepithelialization
      were utilized to avoid kinking of the pedicle. After a 1-year follow-up, it has
      provided stable coverage with normal function.

PMID- 2293721
TI  - Composite upper lip repair with V-Y advancement flaps.
AB  - In two patients, large but superficial partial-thickness resections of lateral
      upper lip have been repaired by composite island cutaneous flaps. Upper lip and
      nasolabial fold flaps, along with lateral vermilion, were advanced and closed in
      a V-Y manner leaving inconspicuous scars and no contour deformity.

PMID- 2293722
TI  - A new method for repairing skin defects of the lower leg under unsatisfactory
      conditions: utilization of peroneal island flap from the opposite sound leg.
AB  - As a new procedure for the repair of tissue defects in the lower leg under
      unsatisfactory conditions, we have devised a surgical procedure for peroneal
      island flap transfer from the opposite sound leg. This report presents three
      patients treated by cross-leg island flaps with reversed blood flow. This
      procedure can be applied for reconstruction of the leg with severe circulatory
      disturbance caused by arterial damage due to trauma and arterial disease such as
      Buerger's disease. Furthermore, joint exercise is possible because the pedicle is
      long and no rigid immobilization is required.

PMID- 2293724
TI  - Injectable technique of autologous fat transplantation.

PMID- 2293723
TI  - The prevention and management of medical problems during office surgery.
AB  - Surgeons who perform office surgery without the presence of personnel trained in
      anesthesia are responsible for both the surgery and the general condition of the
      patient. Thus the prevention and management of medical problems that may occur
      during the operation or in the recovery room become their concerns. Fortunately,
      medical problems arise infrequently. However, the anxiety of the moment may cloud
      important details of treatment; as a result, having a preconsidered plan is
      advised. This paper presents step-by-step outlines that provide safe and
      effective treatment plans for guiding the surgical team during the management of
      medical problems during office surgery.

PMID- 2293725
TI  - The distally based radial forearm fascia flap.

PMID- 2293726
TI  - Trivial Pursuit: a tool for inservice preparation.

PMID- 2293727
TI  - Bleeding after tourniquet release in hand surgery.

PMID- 2293728
TI  - Caution in the use of marking solutions.

PMID- 2293729
TI  - Embolus holder for disposable syringe during liposuction.

PMID- 2293730
TI  - Vertical incision for reducing moderate mammary hypertrophy in adolescents.

PMID- 2293731
TI  - Reconstruction of the cervical esophagus: free jejunal transfer versus gastric
      pull-up.
AB  - Use of enteric grafts is a popular method for reconstruction of the cervical
      esophagus and hypopharynx. Free jejunal transfer (FJT) and gastric pull-up (GP)
      are the most popular methods used. This discussion is a retrospective review of
      our experience with 50 cases of free jejunal transfer and 15 cases of gastric
      pull-up. The graft survival rate was 94 percent (47 of 50) for free jejunal
      transfer and 87 percent (13 of 15) for gastric pull-up. Successful swallowing was
      achieved in 88 percent (44 of 50) of free jejunal transfers and 87 percent (13 of
      15) of gastric pull-ups. Patients with free jejunal transfers were able to
      swallow and leave the hospital sooner: 10.6 versus 16.0 days and 22.3 versus 29.0
      days, respectively. Fistulas occurred in 16 percent (8 of 50) of free jejunal
      transfers, most of which (6 of 8) healed spontaneously. Fistulas occurred in 20
      percent (3 of 15) of gastric pull-ups, only one of which healed spontaneously.
      Stricture was the most common late complication for free jejunal transfers, 22
      percent (11 of 50), whereas reflux was most common in gastric pull-ups, 20
      percent (3 of 15). In patients with advanced cancer, extensive esophageal
      resection into the chest is often required, and gastric pull-up seems to be an
      easier and more direct form of reconstruction. In limited resection of the
      hypopharynx and esophagus, especially with proximal lesions, free jejunal
      transfer is simpler and avoids mediastinal dissection. This concept as well as
      other advantages and disadvantages of both techniques will be discussed.

PMID- 2293732
TI  - The tarsal tuck procedure: avoiding eyelid retraction after lower blepharoplasty.
AB  - Eyelid retraction and ectropion are the most common complications of lower
      blepharoplasty. These complications often occur as a result of removing excessive
      skin and muscle in the face of a lax lower eyelid. The tarsal tuck technique
      tightens and stabilizes the lower eyelid, thereby minimizing these complications.
      The lateral canthus and lower eyelid are elevated with the tarsal tuck, which
      reduces the amount of skin removal required and avoids the "round eye"
      appearance.

PMID- 2293733
TI  - The anatomy and clinical applications of the buccal fat pad.
AB  - The buccal fat pad is an anatomically complex structure that has great importance
      in facial contour. In properly selected individuals, judicious harvesting of
      buccal fat can produce dramatic changes in facial appearance by reducing the
      fullness of the cheek and highlighting the malar eminences. Using fresh cadaver
      dissection, the anatomy of the buccal fat pad is delineated and its relationship
      to the masticatory space, facial nerve, and parotid duct is defined. An intraoral
      approach for buccal fat harvesting is described based on these anatomic findings.
      Clinical experience manipulating the buccal fat pad for aesthetic modification of
      facial contour is illustrated.

PMID- 2293734
TI  - Histologic changes and silicone concentrations in human breast tissue surrounding
      silicone breast prostheses.
AB  - Using a previously developed method for quantitative measurements of silicone
      concentrations in breast tissue, material from 86 biopsies from 67 breasts in 55
      patients who had silicone implants was examined. In the 49 breast with unruptured
      prostheses, there was a positive relation between the concentrations and
      inflammatory reactions, the only exception being the amount of plasma cells,
      which showed a negative relation. It is concluded that silicone prostheses
      provoke an inflammatory response not only because they act as foreign bodies, but
      also because of silicone seepage through intact membranes.

PMID- 2293735
TI  - Wrist pain: a systematic approach to diagnosis.
AB  - Numerous radiographic procedures are now available to help determine the cause of
      wrist pain. This paper presents a wrist-pain algorithm that defines the relative
      roles of various radiographic techniques in the evaluation of patients with wrist
      pain. Practical application of the algorithm is demonstrated through illustrative
      cases.

PMID- 2293736
TI  - Fasciocutaneous island flap based on the medial plantar artery: clinical
      applications for leg, ankle, and forefoot.
AB  - Soft-tissue deficits over the plantar forefoot, plantar heel, tendo calcaneus,
      and lower leg are often impossible to cover with a simple skin graft. The
      previously developed medial plantar fasciocutaneous island flap has been adapted
      to cover soft-tissue defects over these areas. This fasciocutaneous flap based on
      the medial plantar neurovascular bundle is capable of providing sensate and
      structurally similar local tissue. Application of this fasciocutaneous island
      flap is demonstrated in 12 clinical cases. Successful soft-tissue cover was
      achieved on the plantar calcaneus (four patients), tendo calcaneus (four
      patients), lower leg (two patients), and plantar forefoot (two patients). Follow
      up ranged from 6 months to 5 years. All flaps were viable at follow-up.
      Protective sensation was present in 11 of 12 flaps evaluated at 6 months. In
      addition, all 11 patients were able to ambulate in normal footwear. The medial
      plantar island flap seems to be more durable than a skin graft, and the donor
      site on the non-weight-bearing instep is well tolerated. This study demonstrates
      that the medial plantar fasciocutaneous island flap should be considered as
      another valuable tool in reconstructive efforts directed at the plantar forefoot,
      plantar heel, posterior ankle, and lower leg.

PMID- 2293737
TI  - Craniofacial onlay bone grafting: a prospective evaluation of graft morphology,
      orientation, and embryonic origin.
AB  - A prospective study using 46 young adult New Zealand rabbits was designed to
      evaluate onlay bone grafts to the craniofacial skeleton with respect to embryonic
      origin (membranous or endochondral), gross morphology (unicortical or
      bicortical), and orientation (cortex-to-bed relationship). Quantitative and
      qualitative data were analyzed and contrasted at both periods of evaluation (1.5
      and 3.0 months). The embryonic origin of onlay bone grafts to the rabbit snout is
      significantly correlated with graft surface area, volume, weight, and recipient
      bed union for up to 3 months postoperatively. Over this interval, membranous bone
      (calvaria) grafts either persist in their entirety or increase, whereas
      endochondral bone (iliac) grafts resorb. Neither the number of cortices
      (unicortical or bicortical) nor the orientation of unicortical grafts (cortex-to
      bed relationship) affected graft fate regardless of embryonic origin. Bone
      density remained unaltered during both resorption and deposition. Osteogenesis,
      demonstrated by serial fluorochrome markers, occurs in both membranous and
      endochondral bone grafts. Histologically, bone grafts of membranous and
      endochondral origin differ greatly in their cortical to cancellous diploe ratios
      and architectural configuration. We hypothesize that the differences found are
      related to the three-dimensional osseous architecture rather than to the
      embryonic origin of bone per se.

PMID- 2293738
TI  - The effect of nifedipine on skin-flap survival.
AB  - Nifedipine, a calcium-channel blocker, is a peripheral vasodilator and has been
      shown to increase blood flow to skin. The hypothesis that nifedipine would
      thereby improve skin-flap viability was tested by comparing the extent of
      necrosis of long pedicle flaps in control and nifedipine-treated rats. Thirty
      male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive either 2.5 mg/kg nifedipine
      in chocolate PO t.i.d. or plain chocolate according to protocols. Serum
      nifedipine levels were determined by gas chromatography. Dorsal cephalad-based
      random vascular pedicle flaps (2 X 6 cm) were elevated, sutured to their beds,
      and photographed for computer-aided surface area determinations. The extent of
      distal flap necrosis was expressed as a percentage of the total flap area, and
      differences were studied by one-way analysis of variance. The differences between
      the mean percentages of necrosis at 1 and 2 weeks for the groups were not
      statistically significant. We conclude that nifedipine has no effect on the
      extent of necrosis of the random skin flap in the rat.

PMID- 2293739
TI  - Treatment of lymphedemas by microsurgical lymphatic grafting: what is proved?
AB  - Lymphedemas due to a local blockade of the lymphatic system can be treated by
      bridging the defect with autologous lymphatic grafts. Under the microscope,
      grafts are anastomosed to peripheral lymphatics distal to and central lymphatics
      proximal to the regional blockade. In this way, the diminished transport capacity
      can be restored. In the case of unilateral blockade at the groin or pelvis, the
      grafts connect the lymphatics of the thigh of the affected leg with lymphatics in
      the contralateral healthy groin. Between June of 1980 and December of 1986, 55
      patients with lymphedemas have been treated by lymphatic grafting. The effect of
      lymph vessel transplantation has been evaluated by volume measurements and
      lymphatic scintiscans, showing a persistent patency of grafts, improvement of the
      transport index, and a persistent reduction in volume of the affected limbs. The
      reduction reached a level of 80 percent in patients with a follow-up of at least
      3 years. The transport index showed an improvement of 30 percent. Autologous
      lymph vessel transplantation has been shown to be a fundamental step toward the
      microsurgical treatment of lymphedema.

PMID- 2293740
TI  - Ipsilateral and cross-over elongation of the motor nerve by nerve grafting: an
      experimental study in sheep.
AB  - In difficult reconstructions, ipsilateral or cross-over nerve grafting is
      sometimes necessary to achieve reinnervation and motor function. This
      experimental study in sheep was to answer the question of limitation of
      elongation of a motor nerve by grafting, the question of the optimal time for
      suturing the nerve graft to the muscle nerve, and the question of the successful
      application of this surgical technique in extremities. In 18 sheep, the vastus
      nerve was elongated by a saphenous nerve graft as long as possible up to 30 cm
      (step 1). In 10 animals the nerve graft was applied ipsilaterally, and in 8
      animals it was used as a cross-over nerve graft to the contralateral limb. The
      time between nerve grafting and connection of the distal end of the nerve graft
      to the freshly cut rectus nerve supplying the rectus femoris muscle (step 2) was
      variable: 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. In all animals, the final experiments (step
      3) were performed 6 months after the last operation (step 2). Muscle force
      measurements in the rectus femoris muscle and quantitative analysis of the number
      and diameter of myelinated nerve fibers in cross sections of the nerve biopsies
      at different levels showed that elongation of a motor nerve by nerve grafting is
      principally not limited. The functional results were rather inhomogeneous and
      therefore unpredictable (ipsilateral group: maximum tetanic tension = 27 to 172
      N; cross-over group: 0 to 227.5 N). Nevertheless, crossover nerve grafting is
      recommended for selected cases even in extremities. There was no correlation
      between the time interval between the two operations and the functional or
      morphologic results, although better functional results were obtained when the
      distal nerve suture (step 2) was performed some months after nerve grafting (step
      1). A clear correlation was found only between the number of regenerated axons in
      the rectus nerve behind the second suture line and the muscle function.

PMID- 2293741
TI  - Toxic effects of catecholamines on skin.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of catecholamines on skin
      necrosis independent of their vasoactive effects. Rat abdominal or human breast
      skin was excised, pinned flat, and incubated at 37 degrees C for 6 hours in a
      buffered salt solution containing catecholamine. At 0.1 and 6 hours the lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) released from the skin and appearing in the buffer was
      determined spectrophotometrically. All groups showed similar LDH levels at 0.1
      hour. Rat skin treated with greater than or equal to 10(-7) M epinephrine (33
      times less than the 1:200,000 used clinically) or greater than or equal to 10(-5)
      M norepinephrine showed a significant increase in the LDH released at 6 hours
      versus controls (18.75 +/- 1.25 versus 13.75 +/- 1.25 and 29.25 +/- 2.96 versus
      22.00 +/- 1.96 IV, respectively). Total tissue LDH levels were not significantly
      different at 0.1 or 6 hours. The toxic effect of epinephrine was eliminated by
      the addition of propranolol or selective beta 2 blockade, but not by alpha or
      beta 1 blockade. Therefore, this effect appears to be mediated largely by beta 2
      receptors. Similar toxic effects were seen in human breast skin treated with
      1:200,000 epinephrine and were blocked with propranolol. Phenylephrine at
      1:20,000 demonstrated toxicity, but angiotensin II and vasopressin did not. These
      studies indicate that addition of catecholamine to ischemic rat or human skin
      accelerates skin death within 6 hours, but that the toxicity can be reversed with
      beta blockade.

PMID- 2293742
TI  - Ambulatory surgery.

PMID- 2293743
TI  - Effect of maternal work activity on preterm birth and low birth weight.
AB  - The association of the prolonged standing required by certain jobs with the rate
      of preterm births and low birth weight deliveries was examined in New Haven,
      Connecticut, between 1980 and 1982. In a sample of 1,206 women, the rate of
      preterm births (births occurring less than 37 weeks from the last menstrual
      period) was higher among women with jobs requiring prolonged standing (7.7%)
      compared with those with sedentary (4.2%) or active jobs (2.8%). The odds of
      preterm delivery in the standing group was 2.72 (95% confidence interval of 1.24
      5.95). A significant association between standing on the job and preterm birth
      was demonstrated when adjustment was made for the following variables in a
      logistic regression model: parity, smoking, education, caffeine use, marijuana
      use, race, gestational age at interview, and marital status. The low birth weight
      (less than 2,500 g) rate was higher among those in the standing group (5.5%)
      compared with those in the sedentary (4.0%) and active groups (4.0%), but this
      association was not significant when confounding factors were controlled.

PMID- 2293744
TI  - Prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation and subsequent development of seizures.
AB  - Seizures are a frequent sequela of impaired brain development and can be expected
      to affect more children with radiation-related brain damage than children without
      such damage. This report deals with the incidence and type of seizures among
      survivors prenatally exposed to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and
      their association with specific stages of prenatal development at the time of
      irradiation. Fetal radiation dose was assumed to be equal to the dose to the
      maternal uterus. Seizures here include all references in the clinical record to
      "seizure," "epilepsy," or "convulsion." Histories of seizures were obtained at
      biennial routine clinical examinations starting at about the age of 2 years.
      These clinical records were used to classify seizures as febrile or unprovoked
      (without precipitating cause). No seizures were ascertained among subjects
      exposed 0-7 weeks after fertilization at doses higher than 0.10 Gy. The incidence
      of seizures was highest with irradiation at the eighth through the 15th week
      after fertilization among subjects with doses exceeding 0.10 Gy and was linearly
      related to the level of fetal exposure. This obtains for all seizures without
      regard to the presence of fever or precipitating causes, and for unprovoked
      seizures. When the 22 cases of severe mental retardation were excluded, the
      increase in seizures was only suggestively significant and only for unprovoked
      seizures. After exposure at later stages of development, there was no increase in
      recorded seizures.

PMID- 2293745
TI  - Acute gastrointestinal illness and child care arrangements.
AB  - This study uses data from the 1981 National Health Interview and the 1981 Child
      Health Supplement to assess the extent to which family day care homes and child
      care centers pose a risk of acute gastrointestinal illness among preschool
      children. The study uses a nationally representative sample of children 0-5 years
      of age (n = 4,845). Acute gastrointestinal illness was identified from parental
      reports of acute illness in a 2-week period. Information on type and duration of
      child care, as well as a variety of sociodemographic and environmental factors
      (e.g., crowding, seasonality), were obtained. The authors hypothesize that risk
      of acute gastrointestinal illness would vary by group size. Center attendees were
      thought to have the greatest exposure to infectious agents, followed by children
      in day care homes, and lastly by those receiving care in their own homes. Risk
      models were estimated separately for children less than 3 years of age and for
      children aged 3-5 years. Our results show that an elevated risk of acute
      gastrointestinal illness associated with child care is confined to children less
      than 3 years of age who regularly attend centers/nursery schools (odds ratio =
      3.49, 95% confidence interval 0.99-4.77), controlling for other confounding
      variables. For children aged 3-5 years, low socioeconomic status, poverty, and
      seasonality are stronger predictors of acute gastrointestinal illness than is
      center care. Family day care appears to be unrelated to the risk of illness for
      both age groups.

PMID- 2293746
TI  - Month of birth and testicular cancer risk in Denmark.
AB  - On the basis of 40 years of national cancer registration, the authors analyzed
      the distribution of birth dates of patients with testicular cancer in the Danish
      male population, which has a particularly high incidence of this cancer. No
      significant peaks were identified, except for men with embryonal carcinomas born
      between 1950 and 1959, for whom a significant 12-month cycle was observed. This
      result differs from those of earlier studies. The number of cases of embryonal
      carcinomas in the 1950-1959 birth cohort is small, but it is possible that an
      etiologic factor that varies with season was present at the time. For all
      testicular cancers and for the three histologic subgroups analyzed, the authors
      found significant 2-month cycles. The biologic relevance of a 2-month cycle is
      not clear. It is concluded that there is little evidence to support the
      hypothesis of a systematic variation in month of birth among men with testicular
      cancer.

PMID- 2293747
TI  - Matching and efficiency in cohort studies.
AB  - Contrary to the impression given in some textbooks, matching can reduce the
      efficiency of a cohort study, even when it produces no sample-size reduction and
      even if the matching variable is a confounder. The authors illustrate this along
      with some additional points regarding cohort matching. First, the impact of
      matching on efficiency can be in opposite directions for different measures of
      effect; as a consequence, criteria for deciding whether to match must depend on
      whether one wishes to estimate relative or absolute effects. Second, the commonly
      drawn analogy between blocking in randomized trials and matching in cohort
      studies is misleading when one considers the impact of matching on covariate
      distributions. Third, the conditions for efficiency overmatching in a cohort
      study are different from the conditions in a case-control study. It appears that,
      under an additive model, matching will usually increase the efficiency of both
      risk-difference and risk-ratio estimation, and the power of the Mantel-Haenszel
      test. Under a multiplicative model, the impact of matching is not as consistently
      beneficial. The authors present some approximate criteria which allow one to use
      a priori information to predict whether cohort matching is likely to improve
      efficiency.

PMID- 2293748
TI  - Sample size requirements for interval estimation of the odds ratio.
AB  - Sample sizes are calculated for unmatched case-control (or cohort) studies where
      the goal is interval estimation of the odds ratio. The procedure used gives the
      smallest sample size for which a 100(1-alpha)% confidence interval for the log
      odds ratio will not exceed a specified width with specified probability (1
      gamma). Tables of sample sizes for various choices of parameter values are
      presented. Considerable disagreement is found with a published method which has
      as its basis expected cell counts.

PMID- 2293749
TI  - Serum plant sterols and cholesterol precursors reflect cholesterol absorption and
      synthesis in volunteers of a randomly selected male population.
AB  - To investigate the regulation of serum levels of cholesterol precursor sterols
      and plant sterols, these noncholesterol sterols, fatty acids, and various
      parameters of cholesterol metabolism were analyzed in 63 volunteers from a
      randomly selected Finnish male population sample of 100 subjects, aged 50 years,
      who had normal dietary habits. Serum levels of cholesterol precursors,
      desmosterol and lathosterol (in terms of micrograms/mg cholesterol), were
      negatively related to both the fractional and absolute absorption of dietary
      cholesterol and serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and positively
      related to overall cholesterol synthesis and serum very low density lipoprotein
      (VLDL) cholesterol. Serum levels of the plant sterols, campesterol and
      sitosterol, exhibited positive correlations with the polyunsaturated/saturated
      fatty acid ratio of dietary fat, the linoleic acid contents of plasma and dietary
      lipids, the amount of dietary plant sterols (as indicated by fecal output),
      fractional and absolute absorption of dietary cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol,
      but were inversely related to the overall cholesterol synthesis and VLDL
      cholesterol. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the serum level
      of campesterol was associated with fractional cholesterol absorption, dietary
      plant sterols, and biliary cholesterol secretion, and that of sitosterol with
      dietary plant sterols, cholesterol synthesis, fractional cholesterol absorption,
      and biliary cholesterol secretion. Thus, the serum non-cholesterol sterols are
      significant indicators of cholesterol absorption and synthesis even under basal
      conditions and, since gas liquid chromatographic determination of these sterols
      is quite simple, their measurement may be valuable for monitoring cholesterol
      metabolism in large-scale epidemiologic studies.

PMID- 2293750
TI  - Re: "General relative risk regression models for epidemiologic studies".

PMID- 2293751
TI  - High density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of cardiovascular disease
      mortality in men and women: the follow-up study of the Lipid Research Clinics
      Prevalence Study.
AB  - With data from the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study used as a baseline, an
      average of 8.4 years of mortality follow-up has been completed for 8,825 male and
      female participants who were at least 30 years of age at the time of the study.
      The participants were examined at 10 North American sites during 1972-1976.
      Univariate findings for high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the 7,569
      persons initially free of coronary heart disease indicate an inverse relation
      with cardiovascular disease mortality for men and women. Controlling for age, low
      density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index, systolic
      blood pressure, and smoking, multivariate analysis results indicate inverse
      relations between HDL cholesterol and cardiovascular disease mortality. In men,
      the cardiovascular disease mortality rate ratio for HDL cholesterol increments of
      10 mg/dl was similar to the cardiovascular disease mortality rate ratio for LDL
      cholesterol increments of 30 mg/dl. In women, HDL cholesterol is more closely
      related to cardiovascular disease than is LDL cholesterol. HDL cholesterol is
      inversely related to both coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular disease
      mortality in both sexes, though the relation of HDL cholesterol with coronary
      heart disease mortality in women approached statistical significance only for the
      combined end point of suspect and definite cases. No relation was observed in
      either sex group between HDL cholesterol and noncardiovascular disease mortality.
      This study, only the second large prospective study evaluating the role of HDL
      cholesterol in women, confirms both the importance and the independence in both
      men and women of HDL cholesterol in the epidemiology of coronary heart disease
      and other cardiovascular disease mortality.

PMID- 2293752
TI  - The epidemiology of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in a biracial community.
AB  - An epidemiologic study of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy was carried out in
      order to identify possible risk factors for this often fatal cause of heart
      failure in young adults. Possible associations with black race and other genetic
      and environmental factors were examined by comparing newly diagnosed cases
      ascertained from four Baltimore hospitals (n = 95) with neighborhood controls (n
      = 95), matched on sex and 5-year age intervals. Matched and unmatched relative
      odds and conditional logistic regression coefficients were obtained to describe
      the associations. Statistically significant, independent associations were
      observed between idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and black race, low annual
      income, and history of asthma (p less than 0.05). The black predominance
      (relative odds = 2.7, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.4) was not explained by
      income, alcohol consumption, cigarette usage, body mass index, hypertension, or
      asthma. A possible interactive effect was observed between black race and history
      of asthma and other atopic diseases. Thus, blacks, especially those with a
      history of hypersensitivity, may represent a high-risk subgroup in need of
      preventive care or early intervention.

PMID- 2293753
TI  - Cardiovascular risk factors and impaired glucose tolerance: the San Luis Valley
      Diabetes Study.
AB  - Cardiovascular risk factor patterns were examined cross-sectionally in 856
      Hispanic and Anglo subjects aged 20-74 years enrolled in the population-based San
      Luis Valley Diabetes Study of Colorado. Risk factor levels and prevalence were
      compared for 279 individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 89
      with impaired glucose tolerance, and 488 with normal glucose tolerance. Sex
      specific comparisons of continuous risk factors were made by diabetic status and
      ethnicity, adjusting for age using two-way analysis of covariance; similar
      comparisons of discrete variables were made using logistic regression. A number
      of vascular, metabolic, lipid, obesity-related, family history, and life-style
      risk factors for cardiovascular disease were examined. In general, biologic risk
      factors tended to be more strongly associated with diabetic status, while life
      style risk factors varied more by ethnicity. Age-adjusted levels of systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure, hypertension history, triglyceride, and body mass index
      were lowest among normal subjects, intermediate for those with impaired glucose
      tolerance, and highest in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,
      while the trend was reversed for high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and
      its subfractions. Hispanics had lower serum uric acid levels and greater central
      obesity than Anglos; they were less likely to have a Type A personality, less
      physically active at work, and more likely to be a current smoker than Anglos.
      Hispanic males had a lower body mass index and a higher HDL cholesterol level
      than Anglo males. These results indicate that an adverse cardiovascular risk
      factor pattern is present not only in subjects with non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus but also in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance who are at
      increased risk of developing diabetes. This suggests that an adverse risk factor
      pattern may develop concurrently with or prior to the onset of impaired glucose
      tolerance. Future prospective studies will help to clarify the temporal sequence
      involved in the development of adverse cardiovascular risk factor patterns and
      impaired glucose tolerance.

PMID- 2293754
TI  - A case-control study of alcoholic beverage consumption and breast cancer.
AB  - In many studies, moderate alcohol consumption has been associated with increases
      in the risk of breast cancer of about 50-100%. The authors examined recent
      alcoholic beverage consumption in relation to the risk of breast cancer in a case
      control study of women aged less than 70 years, conducted in Toronto, Ontario,
      Canada, from 1982 to 1986: 607 breast cancer cases identified in a cancer
      hospital were compared with 1,214 controls matched to the cases on neighborhood
      and decade of age. The subjects were interviewed at home. Confounding factors
      were controlled by conditional logistic regression. The relative risk estimates
      for women who consumed alcohol, relative to women who drank less than one
      alcoholic beverage (drink) per month, were close to 1.0: for women who drank at
      least one alcoholic beverage per day, the multivariate estimate was 0.9 (95%
      confidence interval 0.6-1.2). Among subgroups of women, including those at low
      baseline risk, there was also no association. For a subset of cases compared with
      hospital controls, once again there was no association. The relative risk (RR)
      estimate was elevated for women who drank at least one beer daily (RR = 1.7) and
      reduced for women who drank at least one glass of wine daily (RR = 0.7), but
      neither estimate was statistically significant. The results suggest that recent
      alcohol consumption does not influence the risk of breast cancer. Selection bias
      cannot be ruled out, however. In addition, because determinants of alcohol use
      are not well understood, control of confounding may have been incomplete in the
      present study and in other observational studies of alcohol and breast cancer.

PMID- 2293755
TI  - Time-space clustering of teenage suicide.
AB  - The occurrence of time-space clusters was examined in national mortality data on
      suicide among adolescents aged 15-19 years obtained from the National Center for
      Health Statistics Mortality Detail Files for 1978-1984. The analyses indicated
      that overall significant time-space clustering occurred among 15-19 year olds.
      The authors thus believe that they have documented for the first time that
      outbreaks of suicide occur more frequently than expected by chance alone. The
      occurrence of suicide clusters among teenagers appeared to vary considerably by
      state and year of investigation. There is some indication that there has been an
      increase in teenage clusters in more recent years.

PMID- 2293756
TI  - Reliability of personal interview data in a hospital-based case-control study.
AB  - Responses to interview questions were compared for concordance among 492
      individuals interviewed more than once in a hospital-based case-control
      surveillance system in the United States, Canada, and Israel between 1976 and
      1982. Reliability of the data was determined using the Kappa statistic and the
      intraclass correlation coefficient. Reliability was good to excellent for
      demographic factors, such as birthplace, and for medical conditions/procedures
      that require hospitalization or continuing medical care, such as hysterectomy.
      Reliability was fair to good for less serious or less well-defined medical
      conditions/procedures, such as cystic breast disease, and for current habits,
      such as daily coffee consumption. Regarding medication use, reliability was poor
      to fair for drugs taken intermittently, such as aspirin and penicillin, and good
      to excellent for drugs taken on a regular basis, such as oral contraceptives. As
      expected, medications were reported more consistently when duration of use was
      prolonged. The data were also analyzed according to two intervals between
      interviews (less than 1 year and greater than or equal to 1 year). For most
      factors, reliability was not materially affected by interval. Where differences
      were observed, reliability tended to be better when the second interview followed
      the first by less than 1 year. These results suggest that structured interviews
      administered to hospital patients by trained personnel can elicit reliable data
      on demographic and medical history factors.

PMID- 2293758
TI  - Evaluation of reticulocyte counts by flow cytometry in a routine laboratory.
AB  - Reticulocyte counting using flow cytometry and a membrane-permeable fluorescent
      dye, thiazole orange, was evaluated as an alternative to the conventional manual
      method. The flow cytometric method was more precise (mean c.v. of 4.3%) than the
      imprecise manual technique (mean c.v. of 22.4%). Linearity was highly acceptable
      (r = 0.99) over the reticulocyte count range of 1.8-30.1%. Flow cytometry allows
      processing of large numbers of samples with reduction in technologist time, and
      the improved precision and tenfold increase in the number of cells counted should
      considerably improve the clinical utility of the reticulocyte count.

PMID- 2293757
TI  - Self-evaluated health and mortality among the elderly in New Haven, Connecticut,
      and Iowa and Washington counties, Iowa, 1982-1986.
AB  - The ability of global self-evaluations of health to predict survival in follow-up
      studies is tested in two samples of elderly, noninstitutionalized adults. Data
      from the Yale Health and Aging Project, New Haven, Connecticut (n = 2,812), and
      the 65+ Rural Health Study, Iowa and Washington counties, Iowa (n = 3,673), were
      used to investigate the association between 1982 self-evaluated global health
      status (excellent, good, fair, poor) and survivorship from 1982 to 1986. Despite
      extensive controls for physical health status in the form of measures of
      disabilities and chronic conditions, sociodemographic characteristics, and health
      risk behaviors at the beginning of the follow-up period, and the use of analytic
      techniques which take into account the stratified sample design of the New Haven
      data, poor self-perceptions of health significantly increase the risk of
      mortality. Adjusted odds ratios for the extreme categories ("poor" as compared
      with "excellent") for New Haven men and women were 5.33 (95% confidence interval
      (CI) 1.93-14.75) and 2.99 (95% CI 1.30-6.91), respectively; for Iowa men and
      women they were 4.84 (95% CI 2.22-10.57) and 3.16 (95% CI 1.49-6.71). Respondents
      reporting "fair" and "good" health also show elevated risks of mortality in dose
      response fashion. Self-perceptions of health status appear to be a factor of
      unique prospective significance in mortality studies.

PMID- 2293759
TI  - Procollagen type III aminoterminal peptide in serum in idiopathic myelofibrosis
      and allied conditions: relation to disease activity and effect of chemotherapy.
AB  - The serum concentration of the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen
      (PIIINP) was measured serially in patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis and
      other myeloproliferative syndromes. Two different assays were applied, the RIA
      gnost assay (Hoechst, Frankfurt, FRG) and a new equilibrium RIA for the N
      terminal propeptide of human type III procollagen (Farmos Diagnostica, Oulu,
      Finland). A positive correlation was found between the results obtained by the
      two RIA's (rho = 0.90, P less than 0.001). The highest propeptide levels were
      recorded in patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis, particularly in those with
      active disease. Elevated serum PIIINP levels decreased during treatment with
      various cytotoxic drugs, including intensive chemotherapy. By contrast, serum
      PIIINP was unchanged or increased in patients undergoing interferon alpha-2b
      therapy. Gel filtration of sera on Sephacryl S-300 column (Pharmacia, Sweden)
      showed that smaller PIIINP related peptides dominated in healthy subjects and in
      osteomyelosclerosis with stable disease. Conversely, the relative proportion of
      intact propeptide increased in accelerating disease stages and acute
      myelofibrosis. In conclusion, the present study implicates serum PIIINP as a
      useful indicator of disease activity in idiopathic myelofibrosis. The propeptide
      also appears to be a sensitive sero-marker of chemotherapy effect on fibrogenesis
      related to clonal myeloproliferation. Finally, the propeptide is suggested as an
      early predictor of relapse during cytotoxic therapy.

PMID- 2293760
TI  - Clinical manifestations of essential thrombocythemia in young adults.
AB  - Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by
      isolated overproduction of platelets, thrombohemorrhagic complications, and a
      median age of 50-60. When it occurs in younger patients, the incidence of
      complications has been reported to be quite low, with a good long-term prognosis.
      We report a retrospective review of 13 patients with ET between the ages of 22
      and 35 in which 11 were symptomatic at diagnosis, with only one remaining
      asymptomatic during follow-up. Three patients presented with potentially life
      threatening complications (two myocardial infarctions, one stroke), although no
      deaths were observed. The majority of the nonlife-threatening complications were
      vaso-occlusive in nature, including erythromelalgia and transient neurologic
      symptoms. We conclude that ET in young adults is not always a benign disease and
      that potentially life-threatening complications are not rare. The optimum
      approach to treatment in this or any other age group remains uncertain.

PMID- 2293761
TI  - Use of DDAVP in inherited and acquired platelet dysfunction.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with prolonged bleeding times secondary to inherited
      disorders of platelet function and eight patients with prolonged bleeding times
      secondary to acquired platelet dysfunction were given 0.3 micrograms per kilogram
      of DDAVP, 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin, intravenously. Sixteen of twenty
      two DDAVP trials in patients with inherited platelet dysfunction (73%) and seven
      of the nine DDAVP trials in patients with acquired platelet dysfunction (78%)
      resulted in normalization or shortening of the prolonged bleeding times by at
      least 4 min. The bleeding time response did not correlate with changes in the
      levels of von Willebrand factor (vWf) antigen or ristocetin cofactor activity,
      nor was it associated with changes in vWf multimeric analysis or in vitro
      platelet aggregations following the administration of DDAVP. Shortening of the
      bleeding time with DDAVP was seen in patients with a failure to release/storage
      pool type defect, thromboxane synthesis type defect, Bernard-Soulier syndrome,
      Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, the May-Hegglin anomaly, liver disease, nonuremic
      renal disease, myelofibrosis, and Tangier's disease.

PMID- 2293762
TI  - Transient engraftment of syngeneic bone marrow after conditioning with high-dose
      cyclophosphamide and thoracoabdominal irradiation in a patient with aplastic
      anemia.
AB  - We describe the clinical course of a 16 year old girl with aplastic anemia who
      was treated by syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. Engraftment was not
      obtained by simple infusion of bone marrow without immunosuppression. The patient
      received a high-dose cyclophosphamide and thoracoabdominal irradiation, followed
      by second marrow transplantation from the same donor. Incomplete but significant
      hematologic recovery was observed; however, marrow failure recurred 5 months
      after transplantation. Since donor and recipient pairs were genotypically
      identical, graft failure could not be attributed to immunological reactivity of
      recipient cells to donor non-HLA antigens. This case report implies that graft
      failure in some cases of aplastic anemia might be mediated by inhibitory cells
      resistant to cyclophosphamide and irradiation.

PMID- 2293763
TI  - Protein C deficiency and anticardiolipin antibodies in a family with premature
      stroke.
AB  - Anticardiolipin antibodies and, rarely, protein C deficiency have been described
      in patients with stroke. The familial coexistence of these two prothrombotic
      defects has not been previously reported. We describe a family with debilitating
      strokes occurring at an early age in whom both anticardiolipin antibodies and
      protein C deficiency were found. The propositus and her deceased mother both
      suffered a stroke at age 50 years. The propositus had both anticardiolipin
      antibodies and protein C deficiency. After a detailed study of the remainder of
      the family, the tendency to form anticardiolipin antibodies appeared to be
      inherited independently of the protein C deficiency. The simultaneous occurrence
      of these abnormalities in one family suggests that it may be useful to test for
      both anticardiolipin antibodies and inherited anticoagulant protein deficiencies
      in patients with unusual or unexplained stroke. The differential expression of
      both protein C deficiency and anticardiolipin antibody production in various
      members of the described family may allow insight into the relative contributions
      of these two prothrombotic abnormalities for the development of thrombotic
      complications, including stroke.

PMID- 2293764
TI  - Postoperative thrombocytopenia in type IIB von Willebrand disease.
AB  - We report studies of a large kindred with type IIb von Willebrand disease and
      manifestations of thrombocytopenia. While only one member of the family was
      thrombocytopenic routinely, three members of the family who underwent various
      surgical procedures demonstrated thrombocytopenia and platelet clumping
      postoperatively. Platelet clumps were found on peripheral blood smear only in the
      immediate postoperative specimens and did not appear to be a technical artifact.
      In the one patient who received no preoperative prophylactic therapy,
      postoperative plasma specimens showed the transient appearance of high molecular
      weight von Willebrand factor multimers. These results support the hypothesis that
      surgery, or some related aspect such as stress, led to the release of high
      molecular weight multimers, resulting in platelet clumping and removal from the
      circulation, and subsequent thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia under conditions
      of stress may be a more common manifestation of type IIb vWd than is currently
      appreciated.

PMID- 2293765
TI  - Transformation of refractory anemia with excess of blasts into acute myelogenous
      leukemia with Ph-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia-like characteristics.
AB  - We report a 56 year old patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (FAB
      classification: M2), in whom the number of mature myeloid cells similar to those
      seen in Ph-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia increased markedly 2 months
      after the diagnosis of refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB). This is a
      rare case of leukemic evolution as a terminal event of RAEB.

PMID- 2293766
TI  - Intranuclear inclusions in myeloma cells in a case of nonsecretory multiple
      myeloma.
AB  - Inclusions in the nucleus, compared with those in the cytoplasm, are rare in
      myeloma cells but have been reported in all electrophoretic varieties of multiple
      myeloma except the nonsecretory type. In this unusual case, a 54 year old Chinese
      woman had a pathological fracture of the left femur, and biopsy of the fracture
      site revealed a round cell tumor compatible with plasmacytoma. A bone marrow
      aspirate revealed 50% plasma cells, many of which contained intranuclear
      inclusions. Protein electrophoresis was normal with no paraprotein, and urine was
      free from Bence-Jones protein. Under electron microscopy, the plasma cells showed
      electron-dense spherules not circumscribed by a membrane. The absence of a
      membrane was unusual, because according to all reported cases, these intranuclear
      inclusions were invariably membrane-bound. The association of nonsecretion of
      paraprotein in myeloma, which is rare, and the absence of a membrane enclosing
      the intranuclear inclusions, which is heretofore unreported, is probably not
      coincidental but causally related in that paraprotein produced in the nucleus of
      myeloma cells (stored in the form of intranuclear inclusions) fails to be
      detected in serum and urine because of noninteraction between these inclusions
      and the membranes of the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2293767
TI  - Acute pancreatitis complicating therapy of Hodgkin disease: a case report.
AB  - Acute pancreatitis developed in a young woman with disseminated Hodgkin disease
      coincident with cytotoxic treatment. Despite concerns about possible drug-related
      causes, chemotherapy was continued without further gastrointestinal consequences.
      This case indicates that pancreatitis need not necessarily alter therapeutic
      plans for Hodgkin disease. Causes of pancreatitis in the setting of malignancy
      are reviewed.

PMID- 2293768
TI  - Successful treatment of refractory anemia with high-dose methylprednisolone.
AB  - Five patients with refractory anemia were treated with high-dose
      methylprednisolone. An immediate and long-lasting hematological improvement
      without serious side effects was achieved in two of the patients, although
      chromosomal abnormalities persisted in both. The clinical course and laboratory
      data of these two patients are described. Restoration of normal hematopoiesis was
      achieved regardless of the enhancement of colony formation of granulocyte
      progenitor cells by the simultaneous addition of hydrocortisone in vitro. The
      same treatment was given to six patients who had refractory anemia with an excess
      of myeloblasts (RAEB), but no improvement was observed in any of these patients.
      It appears that high-dose methylprednisolone can be valuable in the treatment of
      refractory anemia, but is not useful for RAEB.

PMID- 2293769
TI  - Positive direct antiglobulin test in myelodysplastic syndrome.

PMID- 2293770
TI  - Short REM latency in primary alcoholic patients with secondary depression.
AB  - Primary alcoholic patients with secondary depression had significantly shorter
      REM latency and less non-REM sleep than alcoholics without other psychiatric
      diagnoses and normal control subjects. Both patient groups had significantly
      longer sleep latency and less sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and delta sleep
      than control subjects.

PMID- 2293771
TI  - Psychiatric patients' belief in general health factors and sin as causes of
      illness.
AB  - Of 52 psychiatric inpatients, 81% believed that factors such as proper diet,
      sleep, and exercise affect the development of illnesses, and 23% believed that
      sin-related factors, such as sinful thoughts or acts, have such an effect.

PMID- 2293773
TI  - Attending the funeral of a patient who commits suicide.

PMID- 2293772
TI  - Anabolic steroid dependence.

PMID- 2293774
TI  - Trazodone for bowel obsession.

PMID- 2293775
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia associated with molindone treatment.

PMID- 2293776
TI  - Possible induction of mania by buspirone.

PMID- 2293777
TI  - Etiology of somatization disorder.

PMID- 2293779
TI  - Alzheimer's original paper.

PMID- 2293778
TI  - Another neuroanatomical substrate of panic disorder.

PMID- 2293780
TI  - Psychiatrists' involvement in lawmaking regarding the duty to protect.

PMID- 2293781
TI  - Possibility of depression as a side effect of methyldopa.

PMID- 2293782
TI  - More comments on patient-therapist sex.

PMID- 2293783
TI  - Treatment of depression in patients with dementia.

PMID- 2293784
TI  - Effect of medication on patients' neuropsychological functioning.

PMID- 2293785
TI  - Categorization of housewives as unskilled/unemployed.

PMID- 2293786
TI  - Natural history of male psychological health, XII: a 45-year study of predictors
      of successful aging at age 65.
AB  - In order to determine important predictors of psychosocial and physical vitality
      in late midlife, the authors examined the lives of 173 men prospectively studied
      from ages 18 to 65. Biopsychosocial predictors--gathered before age 50--were
      examined for their correlation with three outcome variables measured at age 65:
      physical health, mental health, and life satisfaction. Extent of tranquilizer use
      before age 50 was the most powerful negative predictor of both mental and
      physical health outcomes at age 65. Another important predictor for mental health
      was maturity of defenses before age 50. Paradoxically, warm childhood environment
      made an important independent contribution to predicting physical--not mental-
      health.

PMID- 2293787
TI  - Medicine court, II: Rivers in practice.
AB  - The authors conducted a retrospective study of the initial impact (1986-1987) of
      the Rivers v. Katz decision involving patients' right to refuse treatment at New
      York State's largest forensic psychiatric hospital. Of 18 petitions submitted, 15
      cases were adjudicated. All 15 patients were found incompetent, and all treatment
      plans submitted were approved by the court. Most patients selected for Rivers
      hearings were diagnosed as having chronic schizophrenia and/or were older than
      the hospital population. A comparison of the implementation of the Rivers
      decision with that of Rogers v. Commissioner of Mental Health in Massachusetts
      showed Rogers to be significantly more expensive in human resources, time, and
      money.

PMID- 2293788
TI  - Striatal D2 dopaminergic receptors assessed with positron emission tomography and
      [76Br]bromospiperone in untreated schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Striatal D2 dopaminergic receptors of 12 drug-free schizophrenic patients and 12
      normal subjects were investigated with positron emission tomography and
      [76Br]bromospiperone. Patients were classified according to DSM-III criteria, and
      their clinical symptoms were rated according to Andreasen's negative and positive
      symptom scales. The ratio of striatal to cerebellar radioactivity was taken as an
      index of striatal D2 dopamine receptor density. There was no significant
      difference between the control subjects and the overall schizophrenic group and
      no significant relationship between this index and the symptom ratings. However,
      state-dependent variables could partly account for the striatal D2 receptor
      density variability.

PMID- 2293789
TI  - Cognitive features of borderline personality disorder.
AB  - Of 50 patients with borderline personality disorder, 100% reported disturbed but
      nonpsychotic thought, 40% (N = 20) reported quasi-psychotic thought, and none
      reported true psychotic thought during the past 2 years; only 14% (N = 7)
      reported ever experiencing true psychotic thought. Disturbed and quasi-psychotic
      thought was significantly more common among these patients than among patients
      with other axis II disorders or schizophrenia and normal control subjects;
      however, true psychotic thought was significantly more common among schizophrenic
      patients. While disturbed thought was also common among axis II disorder and
      schizophrenic patients, quasi-psychotic thought was reported by only one of these
      subjects, suggesting that quasi-psychotic thought may be a marker for borderline
      personality disorder.

PMID- 2293790
TI  - Combined Alcoholics Anonymous and professional care for addicted physicians.
AB  - The authors studied 100 impaired physicians who were successfully treated in a
      program that combined professionally directed psychotherapeutic treatment and
      peer-led self-help. An average of 33.4 months after admission they all reported
      being abstinent and rated Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) as more important to their
      recovery than professionally directed modalities. Feelings of affiliativeness to
      AA, which were very high, were strong predictors of the respondents' perceived
      support for their recovery. These feelings, and an identification with the role
      of care giver in addiction treatment, appeared to be central to their recovery
      process.

PMID- 2293791
TI  - Hypnotizability of psychiatric inpatients according to two different scales.
AB  - Data on the hypnotizability of 113 psychiatric inpatients and 58 normal control
      subjects were compared. The patients' mean score on the Hypnotic Induction
      Profile was significantly lower than that of the control subjects, but on the
      Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C, these patients and control
      subjects did not differ significantly. On both scales rank-ordered scores of
      different diagnostic groups of the patients supported the theory that
      hypnotizability varies according to type of psychopathology. Some results, such
      as the hypnotizability of the schizophrenic patients, depended on which scale was
      used. This finding may explain the conflicting literature on the hypnotic
      potential of schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2293792
TI  - The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Dissociative Disorders:
      preliminary report on a new diagnostic instrument.
AB  - The authors describe the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Dissociative
      Disorders (SCID-D), which investigates five groups of dissociative symptoms
      (amnesia, depersonalization, derealization, identity confusion, and identity
      alteration) and systematically rates both the severity of individual symptoms and
      the evaluation of overall diagnosis of dissociative disorder. Preliminary
      findings from a study of 48 subjects with and without psychiatric diagnoses
      indicate good to excellent reliability and discriminant validity for the SCID-D
      as a diagnostic instrument for the five dissociative disorders and as a tool for
      the evaluation of dissociative symptoms encountered within nondissociative
      syndromes.

PMID- 2293793
TI  - Assessing symptom change in Southeast Asian refugee survivors of mass violence
      and torture.
AB  - The authors evaluated changes in symptoms and levels of perceived distress of 21
      Cambodian, 13 Hmong/Laotian, and 18 Vietnamese patients before and after a 6
      month treatment period. Most of the patients improved significantly. Cambodians
      had the greatest and Hmong/Laotians had the least reductions in depressive
      symptoms. Although psychological symptoms improved, many somatic symptoms
      worsened. The authors conclude that refugee survivors of multiple traumata and
      torture can be aided by psychiatric care. They recommend investigations with
      larger samples and suitable control groups to further clarify the relative
      contributions of trauma, diagnosis, and acculturation stress to treatment
      outcome.

PMID- 2293794
TI  - Psychiatric diagnosis before serological testing for the human immunodeficiency
      virus.
AB  - To identify the diagnostic characteristics and counseling needs of individuals at
      risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), standardized DSM-III-R
      diagnoses were given to 207 physically asymptomatic adults when they sought
      serological testing for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The subjects had
      high lifetime rates of mood disorders. Even after the 20 subjects with
      intravenous drug use as a risk factor were eliminated, lifetime rates of
      nonalcohol substance dependence were also high. These findings suggest that even
      before they are notified of HIV test results, many individuals at perceived risk
      for AIDS may be vulnerable to future depression and nonintravenous drug abuse.

PMID- 2293795
TI  - Neuropsychiatric manifestations of altered thyroid state.
AB  - The authors assessed the mood and cognitive effects of sequential T4, T3, and
      withdrawal of thyroid hormone replacement on 25 patients who had had
      thyroidectomies for thyroid cancer. The patients experienced increased sadness
      and anxiety when they were without medication, but not significant difference in
      mood was noted between T4 and T3. The patients who experienced increased
      affective symptoms when not taking medication were more likely to have histories
      of affective illness or mood lability.

PMID- 2293796
TI  - Wanted: plastics with antimicrobial properties.

PMID- 2293797
TI  - Effect of disinfectants on pseudomonads colonized on the interior surface of PVC
      pipes.
AB  - We investigated the effect of disinfectants on microbial contamination present on
      the interior surface of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes filled with 600 ml of
      water contaminated with Pseudomonas pickettii and P. aeruginosa. After eight
      weeks, water was removed, and the test pipes exposed to various types of aqueous
      disinfectants. Disinfectant samples were removed, neutralized, and examined for
      recovery of microorganisms by membrane filtration. After seven-days exposure,
      disinfectant solutions were removed and pipes filled with sterile distilled
      water. Water was examined by membrane filtration at seven-day intervals to
      determine whether the organisms had survived in the pipes. Colonization of PVC
      surfaces were examined during each study phase by scanning electron-microscopy
      (SEM). P. aeruginosa was isolated directly from iodophor disinfectant, phenolic
      germicide, and iodophor antiseptic solutions. After addition of sterile water, P.
      aeruginosa was recovered from PVC pipes previously exposed to chlorine, phenolic,
      quaternary-ammonium, and iodophor disinfectants; P. pickettii was recovered from
      water in pipes treated with iodophor disinfectant, chlorine, and ethanol. The
      existence of glycocalyx-like cellular masses on the interior wall of PVC pipes
      most likely protected embedded organisms from the microbicidal action of some of
      the disinfectants tested and served as the reservoir for continuous
      contamination.

PMID- 2293798
TI  - Cocaine and the risk of low birth weight.
AB  - In a population-based case-control study, we assessed the relation between
      cocaine use and the risk of low birth weight in Alameda County, California,
      excluding women who used heroin and/or methadone during pregnancy. After
      adjustment for confounders, the relative risk of low birth weight in users of
      cocaine throughout pregnancy was 4.0 (95% CI = 1.8, 8.9). Cocaine use was
      estimated to account for 10 percent of cases of low birth weight in Black women
      in Alameda County.

PMID- 2293799
TI  - Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome: a population
      based study.
AB  - Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were examined in a
      prospective study based on Swedish births between 1983 and 1985. All infants
      surviving the first week of life were included (279,938). The overall rate of
      SIDS was 0.7 per 1,000 first week survivors. Elevated relative risks were
      associated with low maternal age, multiparity, maternal smoking, and male
      infants. Smoking doubled the risk and a clear dose-response relation by amount
      smoked was observed. Maternal smoking also seemed to influence the time of death,
      as infants of smokers died at an earlier age. In countries like Sweden, smoking
      may be the single most important preventable risk factor for sudden infant death
      syndrome.

PMID- 2293800
TI  - Past pregnancy outcomes among women living in the vicinity of a lead smelter in
      Kosovo, Yugoslavia.
AB  - This analysis compares the rates of spontaneous abortion among women living in
      the vicinity of a lead smelter with those of women living in a town where blood
      lead levels were low. Data derive from the obstetric histories of both groups of
      women obtained while seeking prenatal care for a later pregnancy. A total of 639
      women (304 exposed, 335 unexposed) had at least one previous pregnancy and lived
      at the same address since their first pregnancy. The geometric mean blood lead
      concentrations in the sample at the time of the interviews were 0.77 mumol/L in
      the exposed town and 0.25 mumol/L in the unexposed town. The rates of spontaneous
      abortions in first pregnancies were similar, with 16.4 percent of women in the
      exposed town and 14.0 percent in the unexposed town reporting loss. The adjusted
      odds ratio relating town of residence to spontaneous abortion was 1.1 (95% CI =
      0.9, 1.4). This analysis represents the first systematic attempt to seek an
      association between environmental lead exposure and spontaneous abortion. As
      such, the failure to find a positive association strongly suggests that at the
      levels of exposure represented in our sample, such an association does not exist.

PMID- 2293801
TI  - The effect of a patient education program on emergency room use for inner-city
      children with asthma.
AB  - An educational program for children with asthma designed to reduce emergency room
      (ER) use enrolled all eligible children (n = 253 primarily low-income Black)
      within a health maintenance organization (HMO) who had used the hospital or ER
      for asthma during the pre-enrollment period and randomized them into two groups.
      Twenty-four of the experimental group patients had 55 ER visits and 18 of the
      control patients had 39 ER visits during the first 12 months post-intervention.
      This program did not achieve its goal.

PMID- 2293802
TI  - Epidemiologic features of treated end-stage renal disease in a large prepaid
      health plan.
AB  - We examined the incidence of treated end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among the two
      million members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern
      California from 1973 through 1985. The age-adjusted incidence rates rose from
      33.9 to 81.7 per million person-years and showed no signs of stabilization. Rates
      were higher in men than in women and rose with age. Marked upward trends (p less
      than .001) in the rates of treated ESRD associated with diabetic nephropathy and
      hypertension were noted.

PMID- 2293803
TI  - AIDS and state developmental disability agencies: a national survey.
AB  - A survey of state developmental disability agencies was undertaken in October
      1987 regarding AIDS policy development, education, and training and service
      provision. Of 44 states responding to the 27-item questionnaire, only 21 had
      formal AIDS policies. Policies varied considerably from state to state. Twenty
      five of the responding states include information on AIDS in their staff training
      curriculum, with such training more likely to be provided to institutional staff
      than to community-based staff. Only 10 states reported AIDS prevention to be part
      of their client training programs, with training more likely to be found in
      institutional settings. Eleven states reported HIV positive cases, with such
      cases found more often in institutions than in community settings. Several states
      reported some type of segregation of HIV positive individuals. Policies,
      educational programming, and services to meet the special needs of persons with
      developmental disabilities are called for.

PMID- 2293804
TI  - Dependency on soup kitchens in urban areas of New York State.
AB  - We studied the dependency of persons on soup kitchens in Albany, Buffalo,
      Rochester, Syracuse, and Westchester County, New York. Seventeen percent of the
      meal recipients were homeless, 62 percent lived in apartments or houses, 20
      percent were working, 40 percent were women, and 17 percent had a child in their
      household. Fifty-nine percent started eating at the soup kitchen more than a year
      ago, and 51 percent ate five or more meals at soup kitchens in the last week.
      Most reported they came to the soup kitchen because of economic problems or lack
      of food; 93 percent had incomes below the poverty threshold. Most used some
      government food program; 48 percent received food stamps. Utilization of soup
      kitchens and other programs differed between men and women and between households
      with and without children.

PMID- 2293806
TI  - Foreign-born and US-born black women: differences in health behaviors and birth
      outcomes.
AB  - We studied health behaviors and birth outcome among 201 foreign-born and 616 US
      born Black women receiving prenatal care at Boston City Hospital. Foreign-born
      women had better pre-pregnancy nutritional status and prenatal health behaviors,
      and their infants had greater intrauterine growth. Black women are not a
      homogeneous group; culture and ethnicity, in addition to other variables, must be
      considered in the study of their birth outcomes.

PMID- 2293805
TI  - Increasing rubella seronegativity despite a compulsory school law.
AB  - To determine if lower rubella susceptibility persisted five to seven years after
      immunization legislation, we retrospectively reviewed the serologic status of 341
      outpatients from 1985 to 1987 in an inner-city school age population.
      Seronegative rates increased significantly during the two-year study period from
      4.2 to 24.5 percent (17 percent overall). (Beta = 6.8%, 95% CI = 3.3, 10.3).
      Charts were reviewed for 57 of 58 seronegative and 114 seropositive controls.
      Estimates were then made to the population of 341 subjects. Those with documented
      rubella immunization had a seronegative rate of 13 percent compared to 19 percent
      if the immunization status was unknown. For patients who received care in our
      clinic for less than two years, 32 percent were seronegative compared to 10
      percent for those treated greater than or equal to 2 years (odds ratio = 0.31,
      95% CI = 0.16, 0.60). Among patients immunized in 1977 or 1978, 33 percent were
      seronegative compared to 7 percent immunized at other times (OR = 0.21, 95% CI =
      0.07, 0.63). Factors associated with increased rubella seronegativity include
      immunization in 1977 or 1978 and lack of continuity of care in our clinic. Much
      of the increase remains unexplained.

PMID- 2293807
TI  - Some sources of error in the coding of birth weight.
AB  - Three types of error in coding birth weight to computer tapes are described: 1)
      confusion of ounces with pounds, 2) mistaken reading of one pound as eleven
      pounds, and 3) errors in placement of the decimal. All will allocate low birth
      weight infants to high birth weight categories. Examination of the reported
      gestational age of the infant or of the reported cause of death may allow these
      errors to be detected.

PMID- 2293808
TI  - Infant formula promotion and the health sector in the Philippines.
AB  - We use data collected in 1984, 1986, and 1988 from public and private health
      facilities in the Metropolitan Cebu area of the Philippines to assess effects of
      World Health Organization and Government of the Philippines Codes of Marketing of
      Breast Milk Substitutes on distribution of formula supplies. Distribution of free
      and low-cost infant formula declined drastically between 1986 and 1988. Industry
      compliance was almost complete.

PMID- 2293809
TI  - A randomized evaluation of smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women at
      a WIC clinic.
AB  - Pregnant smokers attending a local health department WIC clinic were randomly
      assigned to one of two self-help smoking cessation programs or usual care. The
      multiple component program resulted in larger quit rates than usual care during
      the last month of pregnancy (11 percent vs 3 percent) and postpartum (7 percent
      vs 0 percent). Achieving quit rates in WIC similar to those in studies conducted
      at prenatal care settings, suggests that smoking cessation programs for low
      income pregnant WIC clients are feasible.

PMID- 2293810
TI  - Eight-year follow-up results of an adolescent smoking prevention program: the
      North Karelia Youth Project.
AB  - In the North Karelia Youth Program five to 10 classroom sessions over two years
      taught skills to resist pressures to start smoking to 13 to 15 year old students.
      Compared to students from comparison schools, the treatment groups reported less
      smoking immediately after the intervention and in a four-year follow-up survey.
      At the eight-year follow-up, there was consistent evidence of possible preventive
      effects only among those who had been non-smokers when the program began.

PMID- 2293811
TI  - Variables influencing condom use among intravenous drug users.
AB  - Correlates of condom use were identified using cross-sectional data from a
      convenience sample of 211 sexually active intravenous drug users enrolled in
      methadone maintenance in New York City. Sixty-eight percent did not use condoms
      at all in the previous month and only 11 percent used condoms every time.
      Nineteen percent were planning on conception, only 20 percent of whom had been
      tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody (all seronegative).
      Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that condom use was independently
      associated with greater personal acceptance of condoms, greater partner
      receptivity to sexual protection, and recent entry to methadone treatment.

PMID- 2293812
TI  - Results of an intervention to improve compliance with referrals for evaluation of
      suspected malignancies at neighborhood public health centers.
AB  - A study was conducted at Neighborhood Health Centers to evaluate procedures to
      improve compliance with referrals of patient at risk for cancer. Intervention
      consisted of a standardized communication from the exit nurse, a patient form to
      be returned after compliance, and one written and one telephone reminder as
      needed. Compliance was 68.2 percent in a control group and 89.0 percent among
      patients who received the experimental intervention, a significant increase of
      20.8 percent (95% CI: 12.5, 29.1).

PMID- 2293813
TI  - Evidence against increasing rubella seronegativity among adolescent girls.

PMID- 2293814
TI  - Racial differences in exposure to on-the-job hazards.

PMID- 2293815
TI  - Guide for Adult Immunization, second edition.

PMID- 2293816
TI  - "Recovery only" ST-segment depression and the predictive accuracy of the exercise
      test.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To clarify the predictive value of exercise-induced ST-segment
      depression occurring in recovery only, and to determine whether the addition of
      recovery data improves the interpretation of the exercise test. DESIGN:
      Retrospective analysis of data collected during exercise testing and coronary
      angiography. SETTING: A 1000-bed Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS:
      The study included 328 male patients who had had both a sign- or symptom-limited
      treadmill test and coronary angiography. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the
      168 patients who had abnormal ST-segment responses, 26 had such responses only
      during recovery. The positive predictive value of this pattern for significant
      angiographic disease (84%) was not statistically different from the predictive
      value of ST depression occurring during exercise (87%). Inclusion of ST
      depression during recovery significantly increased the sensitivity of the
      exercise test from 50% to 59% (P = 0.01) without a change in predictive value. In
      addition, ST-segment depression occurring only during exercise is usually
      associated with less-severe angiographic coronary artery disease. CONCLUSION: The
      occurrence of ST-segment depression during the recovery period only, does not
      generally represent a "false-positive" response. The inclusion of findings from
      this period increases the diagnostic yield of the exercise test. Previously
      proposed exercise test scores, as well as exercise electrocardiography (ECG)
      analysis done in conjunction with scintigraphy, have a falsely lowered
      sensitivity that could be increased by considering ST-segment changes occurring
      in recovery.

PMID- 2293817
TI  - Cough in tetraplegic subjects: an active process.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of the clavicular portion of the
      pectoralis major during cough in tetraplegic subjects. PATIENTS: Eight patients
      with longstanding traumatic transection of the lower cervical cord. METHODS: The
      electromyographic activity of the pectoralis major and abdominal external oblique
      muscles and the changes in the anteroposterior diameter of the lower rib cage,
      the upper rib cage, and the abdomen were measured during voluntary coughing
      efforts in the seated posture. RESULTS: When coughing, all subjects showed a
      large amount of electrical activity in the pectoralis major with no activity in
      the external oblique. Simultaneously, they had a clear-cut decrease in the
      anteroposterior diameter of the upper rib cage together with an increase in the
      anteroposterior diameter of the abdomen. In five subjects, the anteroposterior
      diameter of the lower rib cage also showed an initial increase. These changes
      were seen when cough was initiated at functional residual capacity or at a higher
      lung volume; they were also seen during a fit of coughing. CONCLUSIONS: In
      tetraplegic subjects the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major plays a major
      role during coughing. Its contraction causes a reduction in the size of the upper
      part of the rib cage and a rise in intrathoracic pressure; this pressure rise
      results secondarily in an outward (paradoxical) motion of the abdomen and the
      lower rib cage. Cough in tetraplegic subjects is thus an active, rather than a
      passive, process, and its effectiveness might be improved by a combination of
      specific muscle training and abdominal binding.

PMID- 2293818
TI  - Potential adverse drug interactions in the emergency room. An issue in the
      quality of care.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine how often emergency department physicians prescribe
      medications that can adversely interact with other medications that their
      patients are already taking, which patients are at highest risk for potential
      adverse reactions, and which medications most frequently lead to adverse
      interactions. DESIGN: Survey of elderly persons and other adults seeking care at
      an emergency department. PATIENTS: Four-hundred twenty-four randomly selected
      adults seeking care at a university-affiliated hospital emergency department.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We evaluated 424 randomly selected visits to a
      hospital emergency department made by 186 persons over age 65 and 238 younger
      adults; all of the subjects were discharged without hospital admission. Forty
      seven percent of visits led to added medication, and in 10% of the visits in
      which at least one medication was added, a new medication added a potential
      adverse interaction. The interactions were determined by a computer program, were
      reviewed using explicit criteria, and were excluded if of uncertain or trivial
      clinical significance, rare, or not established for that specific drug. The
      number of medications used at presentation was the best predictor of whether a
      potential interaction would be introduced. CONCLUSIONS: In the emergency
      departments studied, a medication history was recorded on every patient and was
      available to physicians, but physicians did not routinely screen for potential
      drug interactions. Further safeguards are needed to protect patients from
      receiving medications that could produce adverse interactions.

PMID- 2293819
TI  - Esophageal ulceration induced by zidovudine.

PMID- 2293820
TI  - Resolution of musculoskeletal symptoms in the carcinoid syndrome after treatment
      with the somatostatin analog octreotide.

PMID- 2293822
TI  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in elderly persons.

PMID- 2293821
TI  - Methylxanthines.

PMID- 2293823
TI  - Factitious hypoglycemia and the multiple personality disorder.

PMID- 2293824
TI  - Ranitidine-warfarin interaction.

PMID- 2293825
TI  - Cerebroprotective effects of flunarizine in an experimental rat model of cardiac
      arrest.
AB  - A rat cardiopulmonary arrest model was used to study the effects of flunarizine
      on survival and on the development of postischemic brain damage. Ischemia was
      induced by a combination of hypovolemia and intracardiac injection of a cold
      potassiumchloride solution. To validate the model; survival rate and histological
      damage were assessed after ischemic periods ranging from 5 to 20 minutes. A 6
      minute cardiac arrest period was withheld for further therapeutic investigations.
      In one group (n = 12), flunarizine was administered successively in doses of 0.5
      mg/kg intravenous at 5 minutes, 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal at 1 hour, and 20 mg/kg
      orally at 16 and 24 hours after recirculation. The second group (n = 13) received
      only the vehicle. Flunarizine, although not affecting mortality; significantly
      reduced the mean number of ischemic neurons in CA1 hippocampus from 83% in the
      control to 44% in the drug-treated series (P = 0.014). The results are indicative
      of the usefulness of this cardiac arrest model to study morphologic aspects of
      cerebral injury. The results obtained with flunarizine show the effectiveness of
      this drug even when it is administered after a severe ischemic insult such as
      global complete ischemia.

PMID- 2293826
TI  - A clinical comparison of the performance of four blood glucose reagent strips.
AB  - The widespread use of visually read blood glucose reagent strips for initiation
      of emergent treatment of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia has produced concern over
      the accuracy of this method. This study evaluated the accuracy of Chemstrip bG
      (Bio-Dynamics, Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN), Dextrostix (Ames, Miles
      Laboratories, Elkhart, IN), Glucostix (Ames), and Visidex II (Ames) as compared
      with hospital laboratory values in an emergency department (ED) setting. Blood
      samples from 96 ED patients were tested for glucose concentration by each of the
      four strips and by the hospital laboratory. Each strip was evaluated for
      sensitivity, specificity, correlation coefficient (r), 95% confidence intervals,
      and kappa statistic (kappa, a measure of agreement between nonparametric data)
      using laboratory values as reference. In addition, six observers scored each
      strip for ease of interpretation using an ordinal scale of 1 (poor) to 4
      (excellent). From the samples, no patients were hypoglycemic (less than or equal
      to 60 mg/dL), 83 were euglycemic (greater than 60 and less than 160 mg/dL), and
      13 were hyperglycemic (greater than or equal to 160 mg/dL). Results suggest that
      over the range of glucose concentration sampled, there is good to excellent
      correlation with laboratory values for all strips except Dextrostix. The lower r
      value for Dextrostix is in part artifact due to limitation of its range of
      measurement to less than or equal to 250 mg/dL. Decreased accuracy for all strips
      in the hyperglycemic range may have been attributable to small sample size.
      Chemstrip bG and Visidex II were found to be subjectively easier to
      interpret.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293827
TI  - Quantitative serum toxic screening in the management of suspected drug overdose.
AB  - Data were collected on 176 consecutive cases of drug overdose evaluated in an
      emergency department. Quantitative serum toxic screening (TS) was performed for
      164 (93%) of these patients; positive results were noted for 133 patients (81%).
      Six classes of drugs (ethanol, benzodiazepines, salicylates, acetaminophen,
      barbiturates, and tricyclic antidepressants) were responsible for nearly 70% of
      all drug detections and were associated with 80% of all admissions in this
      patient sample. Only two patients (1%) had drug-specific treatment initiated
      because of TS results. In 12 patients (7%), TS confirmed substances for which
      specific treatments had been initiated on clinical grounds. Four patients (2%)
      had drug-specific treatment discontinued because of TS results. Thirty-two
      patients (19%) were admitted to a medical service; however, only seven patients
      (4%) were admitted primarily because of TS results. All other patients were
      admitted because of clinical abnormalities that required inpatient care. It is
      concluded that only a few drugs are responsible for most drug overdoses.
      Moreover, TS results rarely change the treatment or disposition of overdose
      patients; these decisions are typically based on clinical parameters.

PMID- 2293828
TI  - Lack of a tachycardic response to hypotension with ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - The concept that tachycardia is a reliable indicator of shock has recently been
      challenged in patients with hemoperitoneum. The purpose of this study was to
      document whether patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy manifest a tachycardic
      response to hypotension and to define the relationship between hemodynamic
      response and blood loss resulting from hemoperitoneum. A retrospective chart
      review of 154 patients with documented ectopic pregnancy identified 20 (13.0%)
      hypotensive patients (systolic blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm Hg).
      Eleven (55%) patients were not tachycardic (pulse rate less than 100 beats/min)
      and nine (45%) patients were tachycardic. The quantity of hemoperitoneum varied
      widely in each group and did not correlate with the hemodynamic response. These
      results support the proposed theory that hemoperitoneum may trigger a
      parasympathetic reflex, resulting in a pulse rate inappropriate for the degree of
      hypotension. A vasovagal reflex may play a role in those patients without
      significant hemoperitoneum. The diagnosis of hypovolemic shock must be considered
      when hypotension is present without tachycardia.

PMID- 2293829
TI  - Blood pressure decrease prior to initiating pharmacological therapy in
      nonemergent hypertension.
AB  - In order to characterize the decrease in blood pressure that occurs in the
      emergency department (ED) setting in cases of nonemergent hypertension before
      beginning pharmacological therapy, 94 consecutive cases of hypertension seen at
      the University of Illinois Hospital were reviewed. Each patient in the analysis
      had a triage blood pressure recorded by the nursing staff and second blood
      pressure reading taken between 10 minutes and 2 hours after the triage pressure
      before pharmacological therapy was begun. Patients with diastolic pressures less
      than 90 mm Hg were excluded, as were patients with acute end-organ pathology
      secondary to hypertension. In the remaining 54 cases, the mean arterial pressure
      fell by 6% (P less than .003), the systolic pressure fell by 6% (P less than
      .022), and the diastolic pressure fell by 6.4% (P less than .003), suggesting
      that in nonemergent hypertension, a significant decrease in blood pressure occurs
      in the ED before pharmacological therapy is begun. The blood pressure decrease
      was not statistically different when sex and age were considered, but when
      patients were grouped into those with diastolic pressures between 90 mm Hg and
      114 mm Hg and those with diastolic pressures greater than or equal to 115 mm Hg,
      there was a statistically significant decrease in systolic, diastolic, and mean
      arterial pressures only in patients with diastolic pressures greater than or
      equal to 115 mm Hg. Our findings suggest that patients with nonemergent
      hypertension do not always require immediate and aggressive pharmacological
      intervention in the ED setting and are best observed for a short period and then
      reassessed before beginning pharmacological therapy.

PMID- 2293830
TI  - Cervicothoracic junction injury.
AB  - Much emphasis has been placed on evaluating the entire cervical spine through the
      seventh cervical vertebra. A case of a missed C7-T1 fracture-subluxation with
      resultant morbidity is presented. A review of the literature reveals the
      necessity to view the C7-T1 interspace when evaluating cervical spine
      radiographs. Recommendations are made suggesting closer scrutiny of this region
      of the spine.

PMID- 2293831
TI  - Leptomeningeal cyst: nonenhanced and enhanced computed tomography findings.
AB  - Leptomeningeal cyst (a growing fracture of childhood) is well recognized as a
      rare complication of traumatic skull injuries. The clinical and plain
      roentgenogram findings have been described previously in the literature. These
      fractures are commonly associated with encephalomalacic changes of the underlying
      herniated brain tissue that occurs as part of the pathophysiology of
      leptomeningeal cyst formation. This is a case report of a leptomeningeal cyst
      with peripheral enhancement of the herniated issue most likely representing the
      pia mater, and/or development of a highly vascularized pseudodura. The computed
      tomography findings pre and postcontrast of a growing fracture of childhood have
      not been previously reported.

PMID- 2293832
TI  - Incarcerated paraesophageal hernia.
AB  - The case of an 80-year-old woman with an incarcerated paraesophageal hernia is
      presented. Among diaphragmatic hernias, the paraesophageal or type II hernia
      occurs with an incidence of 5%, sliding or type I hernia occurs with an incidence
      of 95%. Incarcerated paraesophageal hernia is a surgical emergency requiring
      rapid decompression and reduction to minimize catastropic consequences of
      hemorrhage, perforation, and visceral infarction. The clinical presentation and
      diagnostic workup of the patient with incarcerated type II diaphragmatic hernia
      are discussed.

PMID- 2293833
TI  - Brucella meningitis.
AB  - A 36-year-old Hispanic man came into the emergency department with nonspecific
      symptoms (headache, myalgias, low-grade temperature, and low white blood cell
      count) and was diagnosed with brucella meningitis. The patient said he had
      consumed unpasteurized goat's milk and cheese in Mexico, and had been treated 3
      months previously for a febrile illness diagnosed as Malta fever (brucellosis).
      Cultures of both the blood and cerebrospinal fluid yielded Brucella melitensis.
      Blood agglutinin results for B abortus were positive at greater than 1:160.
      Unpasteurized milk and cheese are consumed in many countries where brucellosis is
      endemic. Emergency physicians are occasionally confronted with patients from
      developing countries with diseases that require rapid and specific diagnosis for
      optimal treatment.

PMID- 2293834
TI  - Polyarticular symmetric tophaceous joint inflammation as the initial presentation
      of gout.
AB  - A 76-year-old woman suffered from bilateral distal index finger pain and
      swelling. The patient had been initially treated with antibiotics for herpetic
      whitlow complicated by a secondary bacterial infection. Gout was diagnosed
      through clinical history, physical examination and identification of monosodium
      urate crystals in the joint aspirate. Gout appearing as polyarticular, symmetric
      tophi involving the periungual region and distal interphalangeal joint has not
      been previously described.

PMID- 2293835
TI  - Epinephrine-induced vasospasm reversed by phentolamine digital block.
AB  - A case of profound digital vasoconstriction caused by the accidental injection of
      epinephrine from a commercial bee sting kit is reported. One hour later the
      patient had a cold, painful, blanched finger. A digital block using a 2-mg dose
      of phentolamine mixed with 2% lidocaine was performed. Thirty minutes after
      treatment, the finger was pink and warm. The patient reported a marked decrease
      in pain. Reexamination 12 hours later showed only mild tenderness at the
      fingertip. No tissue necrosis occurred. One month after injection, there were no
      apparent sequelae. Although the use of alpha-adrenergic blocking agents by
      regional infiltration to treat accidental infusion or extravasation of
      epinephrine has been suggested, no reports of this technique are found in the
      emergency medicine literature. The mechanism of digital vasoconstriction and the
      action of phentolamine are discussed.

PMID- 2293836
TI  - Pacemaker twiddler's syndrome: a case report.
AB  - A patient with a dual-chamber pacemaker presented with rhythmic contractions of
      her right hemidiaphragm. The atrial lead of her pacemaker had retracted into the
      right subclavian vein, causing pacing of the right phrenic nerve. The cause of
      the lead displacement is unknown, but may have resulted from unintentional
      manipulation of the pacemaker generator pouch by the patient, the so-called
      Pacemaker Twiddler's Syndrome.

PMID- 2293837
TI  - Acute mountain sickness at intermediate altitude: military mountainous training.
AB  - A US Marine Corps Battalion Landing Team (BLT) of 638 men was deployed on a
      winter training exercise to an altitude of 2,065 to 2,620 m. Nine marines (1.4%)
      presented to the medical officers with incapacitating symptoms consistent with
      acute mountains sickness. Seven were treated with acetazolamide and experienced
      relief of their symptoms within 24 hours. The incidence of nonspecific complaints
      associated with acute mountain sickness at altitude was found to be significantly
      greater than the incidence at sea level of those same complaints in the same BLT
      performing a similar winter training exercise (0.16%). Blacks who had been raised
      in low-altitude regions were the most commonly afflicted. Prophylaxis with
      acetazolamide for subsequent altitude exposure can be recommended for those
      individuals identified as susceptible. Acute mountain sickness is not uncommon at
      intermediate altitudes.

PMID- 2293838
TI  - Trauma care systems.
AB  - Injury is a major cause of disability and death in the United States. The
      effective development and implementation of trauma care systems has the potential
      to reduce substantially the level of morbidity and mortality otherwise suffered
      by trauma and injury victims. However, extant trauma care systems have been
      strongly affected by disruptive forces, particularly uncompensated care of the
      indigent. The passage of proposed federal legislation (S 15 and HR 1602) may
      serve to relieve some of the more financially stressed trauma centers and
      construct a framework for trauma care systems having a viable future. A possible
      long-term solution to the severe financial problems posed by indigent care could
      involve federally funded health insurance.

PMID- 2293839
TI  - Pharmacological and toxicological considerations in the treatment of carbamate
      intoxications.

PMID- 2293840
TI  - CPL poll on abortion angers many physicians.

PMID- 2293841
TI  - When passion displaces logic.

PMID- 2293842
TI  - Patients' access to their medical records.

PMID- 2293843
TI  - Combatting chronic disease.

PMID- 2293844
TI  - It is 25,000 operations and counting for Dr. Howard Gimbel.

PMID- 2293845
TI  - "The jury's out".

PMID- 2293846
TI  - Hazard of yawning.

PMID- 2293847
TI  - "Lest we forget".

PMID- 2293848
TI  - Physicians' responsibilities on spaceship earth.

PMID- 2293849
TI  - Underreporting of AIDS cases in Canada: a record linkage study.
AB  - To estimate the rate of underreporting of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome) to the Federal Centre for AIDS (FCA), in 1988 the initials, date of
      birth and place of residence of 66 patients with AIDS known to the Toronto Sexual
      Contact Study (TSCS), 65 patients with AIDS known to the Vancouver
      Lymphadenopathy-AIDS Study (VLAS) and other participants in both studies who did
      not have AIDS were sent to the Bureau of Epidemiology and Surveillance, FCA. The
      FCA conducted a manual record linkage to link these data to the national registry
      of reported cases. The rate of underreporting was 12% (8/65) for the VLAS and 18%
      (12/66) for the TSCS. The specific diagnosis was not related to the rate of
      underreporting. For the TSCS the rate of underreporting had increased from 0% in
      1983-84 to 44% in 1987-88 (p = 0.001). Differences in the observed rates of
      underreporting between the two studies are likely the result of differences in
      the reporting responsibilities of physicians involved in the studies.

PMID- 2293850
TI  - The AMA looks north with fear and loathing.

PMID- 2293851
TI  - Canada's native MDs: small in number, big on helping their community.

PMID- 2293852
TI  - GST on cosmetic procedures will drive patients away, surgeons say.

PMID- 2293853
TI  - Fear must not slow development of standards of care, MDs told.

PMID- 2293854
TI  - Physicians could lead the way in promoting education by satellite.

PMID- 2293855
TI  - Use caution when donating drugs, guidelines suggest.

PMID- 2293856
TI  - Synchronous and metachronous bilateral testicular tumors. Mayo Clinic experience.
AB  - The authors report a retrospective review of their experience with bilateral
      testicular cancers over two 10-year periods, one each from the prechemotherapy
      era (1935-1944) and the postchemotherapy era (1977-1986). Three of 295 patients
      (1.02%) evaluated at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) for testicular germ cell
      malignancy between 1935 and 1944 had evidence of bilateral testicular malignancy.
      Two of these were synchronous and one metachronous occurring 3 years after the
      first diagnosis. In all three, the histology was pure seminoma. None of these
      three had a history of undescended testes. Both patients with synchronous tumours
      died within 2 years (6 months and 2 years, respectively) in spite of appropriate
      treatment at that time, and the one with metachronous tumor survived long-term
      (47 years). During the modern chemotherapy era, 16 of 500 (3.2%) patients
      evaluated at the Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1977 and 1986 for testicular germ
      cell malignancy had evidence of bilateral testicular cancers (four of these were
      synchronous and 12 metachronous [eight seminomas, four non-seminomas]) occurring
      between 1 to 15 years after the first diagnosis. Only two of 16 had a history of
      undescended testes surgically corrected while the patients were in their teens.
      All patients did well after appropriate treatment. This study reemphasizes the
      small but definite risk for development of a second testicular malignancy and
      suggests a recent increase in incidence of bilateral testicular tumors as
      possibly related to improved treatment modalities with a higher cure rate of the
      original tumor.

PMID- 2293857
TI  - Lymphocytic infiltration in uveal malignant melanoma.
AB  - A study relating the intralesional infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells
      to patient survival was performed on cases of uveal malignant melanoma accessed
      at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC (AFIP) between 1954
      and 1971. The authors examined 1193 cases using light microscopy. Of the 1078
      cases with technically acceptable histologic sections, 134 tumors contained 100
      or more lymphocytes per 20 high-power (X400) microscopic fields (20 HPF). The
      prevalence was 12.4%. This was designated the "high lymphocytic" group. An
      equivalent number of cases with fewer lymphocytes comprised the "low lymphocytic"
      group. The survival rate at 15 years was 36.7% for patients in the high
      lymphocytic group and 69.6% for patients in the low lymphocytic group. Using the
      Cox model, the authors found that an increased number of lymphocytes per 20 HPF
      was significantly associated with decreased survival (chi-square = 21.2, P = less
      than 0.0001). A significant association was observed even when we controlled for
      other risk factors (chi-square = 6.98, P = 0.008).

PMID- 2293858
TI  - Prognostic value of S-phase fraction and DNA ploidy studied with in vivo
      administration of bromodeoxyuridine on human gastric cancers.
AB  - The authors studied the prognostic values of DNA ploidy pattern and proliferative
      activity with in vivo administration of bromodeoxyuridine in human gastric
      cancers. Fresh specimens surgically removed from 117 patients with gastric cancer
      were investigated by flow cytometric study using a monoclonal antibody to
      bromodeoxyuridine. DNA ploidy patterns were classified into four types according
      to the bivariate BrdUrd/DNA distribution: D1, tumors with single diploid
      population; D2, tumors which showed mosaic of diploid and aneuploid population;
      A1, tumors with single aneuploid population; and A2, several aneuploid
      populations without diploid population. The numbers of cases of each ploidy
      pattern were as follows: D1, 36 cases (30.8%); D2, 38 cases (32.5%); A1, 15 cases
      (12.8%); and A2, 27 cases (23.1%). DNA ploidy pattern and S-phase fraction (SPF)
      showed no relation with clinicopathologic findings, except for type A2. In type
      A2, lymph node metastasis and lymphatic vessel invasion were observed more often
      than type D1. The SPF calculated from the bivariate BrdUrd/DNA distribution was
      higher in aneuploidy (D2, A1, and A2) than in diploidy (D1) (P less than 0.01).
      Also, A2 exhibited a higher SPF than A1 (P less than 0.01). Furthermore, SPF
      correlated with DNA index significantly (P less than 0.01). Patients who showed
      aneuploid tumors, DNA ploidy type A2, or SPF of more than 10% survived 3 years
      less than those with diploid tumors, DNA ploidy type D1, or SPF of less than 10%,
      respectively (P less than 0.05). By analyzing with the Cox's proportional
      hazard's model, it is revealed that DNA ploidy and SPF are one of the independent
      factors of prognostic significance. The results indicated that the patients with
      aneuploid tumors or highly proliferative tumors had a poor prognosis and that DNA
      ploidy pattern and SPF were useful prognostic factors for gastric cancers.

PMID- 2293859
TI  - Rectal and colonic carcinoids. A clinicopathologic study of 84 cases.
AB  - Eighty-four carcinoids of the colon and rectum were studied with emphasis on
      prognostic features, immunohistochemical characteristics, and pitfalls in
      diagnosis. Follow-up data were available on 35 patients. Tumors with
      adenocarcinomatous components, or those resembling small cell carcinomas of the
      lung, were excluded. Eighty-one tumors were in the rectum and three tumors were
      in the distal sigmoid colon. Neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, and Leu-7
      were positive in 87%, 58%, and 53% of the tumors, respectively. Hormones were
      positive in the following percentages: serotonin, 45%; pancreatic polypeptide,
      46%; glucagon, 10%; gastrin, 3%; somatostatin, 3%; adrenocorticotrophic hormone,
      1%; cholecystokinin, 0%; calcitonin, 0%; and insulin, 0%. Many tumors elaborated
      more than one hormone. Fifty-five percent of the tumors were argyrophil and 28%
      were argentaffin. Carcinoembryonic antigen was present in 24% of the tumors; 82%
      of the tumors contained prostatic acid phosphatase. Three patients had liver
      metastases; their tumors ulcerated, invaded muscularis propria, and had more than
      2 mitoses per 10 high-power fields (HPF). One patient with a 2.5-cm tumor without
      mitoses had regional lymph node metastases. All non-metastasizing tumors had less
      than one mitosis in 10 HPF. We conclude that large bowel carcinoid tumors are
      essentially limited to the rectum and sigmoid, that they are indolent if
      mitotically inactive and smaller than 2 cm, and that most show production of a
      selected group of endocrine markers.

PMID- 2293860
TI  - The prognostic significance of nuclear DNA content in malignant epithelial tumors
      of the ovary.
AB  - Recent studies have indicated that the nuclear DNA content of certain malignant
      neoplasms can be used as an adjunct in predicting their biologic behavior. The
      DNA content of 99 ovarian carcinomas was determined by flow cytometric analysis
      of nuclei obtained from paraffin-embedded tissue. Of the 99 tumors, 51 were
      diploid and 48 showed one or more aneuploid peaks. The 5-year survival for
      patients with diploid tumors (50%) was significantly higher than for patients
      with aneuploid tumors (22%) (P less than 0.01). Other factors which significantly
      affected survival were clinical stage (P less than 0.001), tumor pattern grade (P
      less than 0.01), DNA index (P less than 0.01), the presence of ascites (P less
      than 0.001), peritoneal carcinomatosis (P less than 0.0001), and residual tumor
      at second-look laparotomy (P less than 0.05). Diameter of the primary ovarian
      tumor, diameter of the largest peritoneal implant before debulking, and the
      percent S-phase had no significant correlation with survival. Of 16 patients with
      aneuploid tumors who underwent second-look laparotomy, nine (56%) had residual
      tumor, compared to six of 22 of patients with diploid tumors (27%). Of seven
      patients with aneuploid tumors and a negative second-look laparotomy, four (57%)
      died from recurrent tumor. By comparison, of 16 patients with diploid tumors and
      a negative second-look laparotomy, only four (25%) died from recurrent tumor. The
      determination of DNA ploidy in ovarian carcinomas may be used as an adjunct in
      predicting tumor behavior, response to chemotherapy, and late recurrence of
      disease.

PMID- 2293861
TI  - Diffuse intrasinusoidal metastasis of gastric carcinoma to the liver leading to
      fulminant hepatic failure. A case report.
AB  - An unusual case of gastric carcinoma with diffuse intrasinusoidal metastasis to
      the liver (DIML) presenting as fulminant hepatic failure is reported. The patient
      was a 59-year-old man admitted to the hospital complaining of dysphagia. Seven
      weeks after performance of total gastrectomy, he developed jaundice and
      consciousness disturbance and died 4 days later. The surgical material was
      diagnosed as advanced cancer (poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma) of the
      stomach and postmortem examination disclosed massive and diffuse infiltration of
      the tumor cells into the hepatic sinusoids with no grossly detectable metastatic
      nodules. It is important to be aware that, although uncommon, gastric carcinomas
      may cause fulminant hepatic failure attributable to DIML. The clinicopathologic
      features of such cases are detailed and a review of the relevant literature
      included.

PMID- 2293862
TI  - Patient noncompliance with self-administered chemotherapy.
AB  - The contribution of patient factors to nonadherence with self-administered cancer
      chemotherapy along with its prevalence was studied. Fifty-one patients with
      breast cancer enrolled in protocols that included the orally administered
      medications Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide) and/or prednisone were interviewed and
      assessed at five points in time over a 6-month period. Two summary measures of
      patient nonadherence derived by self-report were developed: (1) dosage, the
      overall percentage of drug missed during 26 weeks of treatment; and (2)
      behavioral, the percentage of behavioral events or prescribing occasions on which
      a criterion level of drug was missed. Twenty-two patients (43%) met criteria for
      noncompliance according to both behavioral and dosage definitions. Univariate
      analyses showed more nonadherence in the clinic and private community settings
      than in the academic setting. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses
      assessed the contribution of patient demographic, psychologic, and physical
      symptom factors on patient noncompliance. In the regression analyses patient
      noncompliance was associated with (1) treatment location, more nonadherence in
      the private community-based treatment sector than in the academic setting; and
      (2) income, more nonadherence among those having lower incomes. In assessing
      total dose requirements in clinical research trials, rates of patient
      nonadherence need to be considered, and treatment location controlled.

PMID- 2293863
TI  - Addisonian crisis as presenting feature in malignancies.
AB  - Metastases to the adrenal glands are common in patients with malignancy but
      malignant disease presenting as Addisonian crisis is rare. The authors presented
      two patients with acute Addisonian crises due to metastatic infiltration of the
      adrenal glands. They were otherwise asymptomatic from the primary tumor. Computed
      tomographic scan showed bilateral adrenal enlargement and transcutaneous biopsy
      confirmed metastatic adenocarcinoma in the adrenals. Adequate glucocorticoid
      replacement improves quality of life and prolongs survival.

PMID- 2293864
TI  - Occupational and non-occupational risk factors in relation to an excess of
      primary liver cancer observed among residents of Brooklyn, New York.
AB  - The incidence and mortality rates of primary liver cancer (PLC) among residents
      of Brooklyn, New York, were studied for 1976 through 1983. Standardized race and
      sex-specific incidence and mortality rates and rate ratios were computed and
      compared with overall US rates as reported by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and
      End Results (SEER) program. The results indicate a significant excess of PLC
      among all race and sex groupings. A comparison of the degree of agreement between
      incidence and mortality data for Brooklyn residents showed excellent agreement
      among male patients with PLC and adequate agreement among female patients with
      PLC. Next, the effect of occupation on PLC mortality among Brooklyn residents was
      assessed. Specific occupations found to be at excess risk for PLC are private
      household workers (ratio of observed to expected cases [O/E] = 4.34; P less than
      0.0001), non-domestic cleaning and food and beverage service workers (O/E = 2.59;
      P less than 0.0001), protective service workers (O/E = 1.78; P = 0.035), and
      transport equipment operatives (O/E = 1.52; P = 0.027). Since the distribution of
      Brooklyn workers employed in these occupations was found to be similar to the
      distribution of all US workers employed in these occupations, it is unlikely that
      these occupational risk factors can explain the observed excess of PLC among
      Brooklyn residents. The effects of non-occupational risk factors for PLC were
      then assessed using multiple regression analysis. The only non-occupational risk
      factor found to be associated with PLC among Brooklyn residents was cirrhosis of
      the liver (P = 0.0072). It is interesting that of the four occupations found to
      be at excess risk for PLC in this study, three have been previously shown to be
      at excess risk for cirrhosis mortality. Moreover, Brooklyn residents have
      cirrhosis mortality rates that are approximately two times higher than US rates.
      These facts, coupled with the findings of this study, support the hypothesis that
      the excess of PLC observed among Brooklyn residents might be related to an excess
      of cirrhosis of the liver in the same population, and thus provide support for an
      etiologic role of cirrhosis in the pathogenesis of PLC.

PMID- 2293865
TI  - Physician behaviors, patient perceptions, and patient characteristics as
      predictors of satisfaction of hospitalized adult cancer patients.
AB  - To examine potential predictors of cancer patient satisfaction with physician
      behavior, 366 cases were studied. Physician behavior was measured on morning
      rounds using the Physician Behavior Check List (PBCL). Patient satisfaction and
      perceptions were assessed after the visit. Patient characteristics were obtained
      from the chart and the physician. Results showed wide variation in physician
      behavior; no "standard" set of behaviors was seen in all interactions. Patient
      satisfaction was high (mean = 87.8 mm on a 100-mm scale). Path analysis showed
      four variables predicted 62% of the variance in patient satisfaction. The
      strongest predictor was the patient perception item, "perception of needs
      addressed that day." Other predictors were perception of emotional support
      provided by the physician, age (older), and one physician behavior, "discusses
      treatment." Patient perceptions of needs met or emotional support provided were
      predicted by perceptions of the occurrence of physician behaviors involving
      information such as the diagnosis and tests and treatment. Overall, patient
      perceptions of physician behaviors were stronger predictors of patient
      satisfaction than the actual occurrence or absence of those behaviors.

PMID- 2293866
TI  - Skeletal scintigraphy in patients with bilateral retinoblastoma.
AB  - One hundred-seventeen radionuclide bone scans were performed on 46 patients with
      bilateral retinoblastoma between diagnosis and 19 years from diagnosis for the
      purpose of detecting skeletal metastases or other malignant neoplasms of bone
      that might develop in this group of patients at high risk for a second
      malignancy. Only one child, who had been symptomatic for 1.5 years, had a scan
      positive for metastasis at diagnosis. Scans in three additional children became
      positive (in one after the development of metastatic disease involving bone and
      soft tissue but not bone marrow 2 years after the diagnosis of retinoblastoma,
      and in two others after the development of osteosarcoma at 10.5 and 16 years from
      the diagnosis of retinoblastoma). Our data indicate that bone scans should not
      remain as part of the initial staging of patients with bilateral retinoblastoma
      unless there is clinical or pathologic evidence of extraocular disease at
      diagnosis. The performance of skeletal scintigraphy also is not warranted, with
      the expectation of diagnosing a second malignant neoplasm (namely osteosarcoma).

PMID- 2293867
TI  - Computed tomographic findings of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with skull base and
      intracranial involvement.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with skull base or
      intracranial involvement were analyzed by high-resolution computed tomography
      (CT). We divided the path of the primary tumor spread into six directions from
      the nasopharynx. The most common direction of spread was the anterior region, and
      the second most common was the posterolateral region. Recently, high resolution
      CT has been used for the diagnosis of the nasopharynx. T-staging of NPC was made
      according to the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM classification
      system, depending on clinical findings and conventional radiograph examinations
      (not including CT). CT images were valuable for detection of the primary tumor
      involvement of the skull base region in NPC. Furthermore, bone target CT images
      were better for searching for subtle bony changes. Therefore, we recommend that
      CT should be used in T-staging of NPC systematically. When CT is used as one of
      the staging criteria, some patients with NPC with subtle bony changes will be
      upstaged.

PMID- 2293868
TI  - Dysgerminoma. The Radiumhemmet series 1927-1984.
AB  - Dysgerminoma is a rare, highly radiosensitive, malignant germ cell tumor
      occurring in young females. At Radiumhemmet, Stockholm, Sweden, from 1927 to
      1984, 60 patients with histologically confirmed pure dysgerminoma were treated.
      Primary treatment was surgery followed by radiotherapy. Recurrences were
      irradiated. The mean age was 23.2 years. Sixty-seven percent were in
      International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage I, 6% Stage
      II, 22% Stage III, 3% Stage IV, and 2% were not staged. The median follow-up time
      was 19 years (range, 1-53). Generally, women with Stage IA disease had unilateral
      oophorectomy and unilateral external irradiation. Fourteen have borne 22 children
      after treatment. Seventeen women in the series have died, 11 from dysgerminoma.
      Actuarial survival, only counting deaths from dysgerminoma, was 83% at 5 years.
      No patient has died of dysgerminoma since 1963 when radiotherapy with megavoltage
      x-rays was introduced. The authors consider external irradiation to be an
      effective treatment as a complement to surgery in dysgerminoma of the ovary.

PMID- 2293869
TI  - Mitoxantrone and high-dose cytosine arabinoside for the treatment of refractory
      acute lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Twenty-five adult patients with refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia received
      salvage therapy with mitoxantrone 5 mg/m2 intravenously over 1 hour daily for 5
      days and cytosine arabinoside 3 g/m2 intravenously over 2 hours every 12 hours
      for six doses. Overall, nine patients (36%) achieved complete remission, eight
      (32%) died during induction, and eight (32%) had resistant disease. No
      significant associations were found between pretreatment patient characteristics
      and remission. Remission durations toxic effects were related to
      myelosuppression. Febrile episodes requiring hospitalization occurred in 23
      patients (92%), including five episodes of fever of unknown origin (20%) and 18
      episodes of documented infections (72%). The authors conclude that the
      combination of mitoxantrone and high-dose cytosine arabinoside has significant
      activity in adults with refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia. The addition of
      colony-stimulating growth factors to the intensive chemotherapy, and the use of
      the combination regimen as part of front-line maintenance intensification therapy
      may further improve the prognosis in these patients.

PMID- 2293870
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix.
AB  - In Finland, the incidence of cervical cancer has shown a decreasing tendency
      since the 1960s. The same trend, however, has not been noticed in the incidence
      of cervical adenocarcinoma. The reason for this is not known, although many
      studies have shown differences in the cause, epidemiology, and biology of the
      epidermoid and adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. A total of 106 new patients
      with cervical adenocarcinoma were treated at our institution from 1976 to 1980,
      which represents 20.4% of all cervical carcinomas treated. The mean age of the
      patients was 58.1 years (range, 29 to 82 years) and the peak incidence was in the
      group 60 to 69 years of age. Most of the patients were postmenopausal (71.7%) and
      the main symptom was abnormal vaginal bleeding (78.3%). The proportion of Stage I
      was 61.3%. Combined operative and radiation therapy was used in 74.5% of the
      patients. The overall 5-year survival rate was 65.1% (corrected 74.5%), which did
      not differ from that of patients with squamous cell carcinoma. The most
      significant prognostic factors were the size of the tumor, presence of pelvic
      lymph node metastases, and the stage of the disease.

PMID- 2293871
TI  - Radiotherapy as an adjunct in the management of Merkel cell carcinoma.
AB  - Four patients with a diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma initially underwent
      surgery followed by radiotherapy. Recurrent disease prompted use of radiation in
      three cases. The three cases of recurrent disease illustrate the aggressiveness
      of Merkel cell carcinoma and also provide further documentation of the
      radiosensitivity of this tumor. Additionally, these cases suggest that surgery
      alone frequently is inadequate to achieve local control of disease.

PMID- 2293872
TI  - Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of intraabdominal and retroperitoneal lymphomas
      by a morphologic and immunocytochemical approach.
AB  - We reviewed 238 fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNA) of intraabdominal or
      retroperitoneal (IA/RP) masses in 192 patients with known or suspected lymphoma.
      A limited battery of immunocytochemical stains, including kappa (k) and lambda
      (l) light chains and Leu-4, was performed in 104 aspirates. On hundred twenty
      eight of the FNA were diagnostic of or consistent with lymphoma, and three were
      diagnostic of carcinoma. Twenty-eight were considered negative for malignancy and
      79 were suspicious for lymphoma or were nondiagnostic. For 135 of the FNA, a
      histologic biopsy specimen was available for comparison purposes. Overall, only
      one false-positive result was seen in a specimen lacking immunocytochemical data.
      The sensitivity of FNA lymphoma diagnosis was 66%. False-negative results due to
      sampling error were not uncommon, giving a predictive value of a negative result
      as 42%. The classification of the lymphomas by FNA was identical to that of the
      surgical biopsy in 86% of specimens and concurrently discrepant in 6%. We
      conclude that the routine performance of immunocytochemical studies on FNA of
      IA/RP masses is a feasible and valuable technique. Whereas suboptimal sensitivity
      and sampling error may make a negative diagnosis unreliable, lymphoma marker
      studies (combined with morphology) allow for an accurate and confident diagnosis
      and subclassification of lymphoma in the majority of cases.

PMID- 2293873
TI  - Intratumor administration of beta-interferon in recurrent malignant gliomas. A
      phase I clinical and laboratory study.
AB  - We administered doses of 5 to 180 x 10(6) IU of beta-serine-interferon (IFN-beta
      ser17) twice weekly to 20 patients with recurrent malignant gliomas in a Phase I
      study. Interferon was given through an Ommaya reservoir connected by a catheter
      to the tumor cavity. Side effects of interferon therapy occurred in only one
      patient and consisted of nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills after each
      treatment, presumably due to rapid diffusion of interferon into ventricular
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Problems with the Ommaya reservoir (obstruction in two
      patients and infection in four patients) led to six patients being terminated
      from the study, and represent the major difficulty with this form of therapy.
      Although this was primarily a study of interferon toxicity, of 12 evaluable
      patients, 3 had stable disease for 148, 192, and 539 days; 9 had progressive
      disease. In addition, we tested the effect of IFN-beta ser17 on the growth of
      early passage in vitro cultures of malignant gliomas established from patients.
      Growth inhibition varied from 0% to more than 50%. In all cultures evaluated, the
      combination of recombinant gamma-interferon plus IFN-beta ser17 enhanced growth
      inhibition. Further clinical and laboratory study is necessary to better define
      the therapeutic efficacy of IFN-beta ser17 and the role of combinations of
      interferons in the treatment of malignant gliomas.

PMID- 2293874
TI  - Pathogenesis of vertebral metastasis and epidural spinal cord compression.
AB  - The authors have studied the sequential events in the process of vertebral
      metastasis that result in spinal cord compression. Different tumor cell lines
      were injected into the systemic arterial circulation of syngeneic or nude mice,
      and they were killed at timed intervals after injection or when they became
      paraplegic. The following observations were made. The tumor cells lodged and grew
      in the hematopoietic bone marrow of the vertebrae. Cancer cells in the vertebral
      marrow cavity invaded into the spinal canal through the foramina of the vertebral
      veins rather than destroying the cortical bone. Tumor cell lines that grew in an
      infiltrative fashion migrated toward a posterior location in the spinal canal,
      and compressed the spinal cord from a posterior direction. Tumor cell lines that
      grew as compact tumors formed a tumor mass at the same location from which the
      cells emerged from the vertebra, and compressed the cord predominantly from an
      anterior direction. Radiographic evidence of vertebral metastasis was a late
      event, and commonly associated with significant compression of the cord and
      extraosseous tumor. These experimental findings may help to establish better
      diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with metastatic disease of the
      spine.

PMID- 2293875
TI  - Chromosomal patterns in human benign uterine leiomyomas.
AB  - Chromosomal observations by banding technique in 18 short-term cultured human
      uterine leiomyomas are reported. Half of the tumors had a primary or secondary
      abnormal stemline. They were usually characterized only by structural changes, in
      particular reciprocal translocations or insertions. Reviewing already published
      cases together with the new material confirmed that the aberrations in abnormal
      stemlines predominantly affected chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 7, 12, 14, and X. In these
      chromosomes the regions 1p36, 2p24, 6p12-21, 7q21-31, 12q13-15, 14q22-24, and the
      short arm of the X chromosome were preferentially affected. As in two other
      thoroughly studied human benign tumors, the pleomorphic adenoma and the
      meningioma, the very specific but sometimes complex chromosomal aberrations in
      leiomyomas could well be events of primary evolutionary importance. Likewise, in
      cases with a normal stemline, it is possible that comparable changes in the
      corresponding specific chromosomal regions have occurred at a submicroscopic
      level. Ascertaining this possibility, as well as the role of the aberrations with
      regard to the benign nature of the tumors, must be the focus of future analysis
      using molecular techniques.

PMID- 2293876
TI  - Cytogenetic and molecular approaches of polyploidization in colorectal
      adenocarcinomas.
AB  - We present the cytogenetic analysis of 23 cases of polyploid colorectal
      adenocarcinomas. We took advantage of the high intratumoral heterogeneity of the
      karyotypes to identify clones, subclones, and cell-to-cell variations. This
      allowed us to reconstruct the chromosomal evolution of each tumor and to propose
      a schema of the chromosomal changes in relation to the endoreduplication process.
      All but one case were characterized by a relative deficiency of chromosomes 17p
      and 18. Other deficiencies affecting the late-replicating X, and to a lesser
      degree, 1p, 5q, 14, 15, 8p, 10, 21, and 4, and excesses affecting the early
      replicating X, 8q, 13, 16, 17q, and 11 were frequently associated. This pattern
      of imbalances is very similar to that of the monosomic type previously described
      in near-diploid tumors. The pattern of the 23rd tumor corresponded to those of
      the trisomic type tumors. These data largely confirm the existence of two
      distinct processes of chromosomal evolution in colorectal adenocarcinomas, with a
      strong tendency to undergo endoreduplication for the monosomic type near-diploid
      tumors. To correlate cytogenetic and molecular data, allelic losses analyses were
      investigated for probes of chromosomes 17p and 18. In all 12 informative tumors,
      a loss of heterozygosity for probes of the short arm of chromosome 17 indicated
      the occurrence of a rearrangement of chromosome 17 before the endoreduplication.
      The same was true for allelic losses for probes of chromosome 18 found in 11 of
      12 informative tumors. The correlation between cytogenetic and molecular data is
      thus excellent and indicates that losses of 17p and 18 are early events in the
      tumor process.

PMID- 2293877
TI  - Cytogenetic analyses of three papillary carcinomas and a follicular adenoma of
      the thyroid.
AB  - Cytogenetic data of three papillary carcinomas and a follicular adenoma using
      direct preparations or cell cultures or both after 7 to 60 days in vitro are
      presented. Although karyotype of the follicular adenoma proved completely normal,
      in each of the three papillary carcinomas a modal chromosome number in the
      diploid range and a deleted 11q were observed. In case 1 the del(11)(q23) was
      associated with rearrangement of chromosome 1 and other marker chromosomes. Our
      results suggest that 11q deletion may be specific for papillary carcinoma of the
      thyroid.

PMID- 2293878
TI  - Biclonal chromosome evolution of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in a child.
AB  - A monosomy 7 was first detected in a 6-month-old boy with a chronic
      myelomonocytic leukemia. After etoposide treatment, relapse occurred after 29
      months, with transformation of the disease into an acute myeloblastic leukemia.
      After bone marrow transplantations, two abnormal clones were found in marrow
      cells: 45,XY,-7,del(12)(p11p12)(66%), and 45,XY,-7,t(3;12)(q26;p12)(33%). Several
      karyotypic studies performed until the terminal phase exhibited the persistence
      of these two clones in the same proportion, although both independently acquired
      additional and often similar anomalies. The clone with t(3;12) acquired
      der(7),der(11),der(17),der(8),der(10),-5,-20, and the clone with del(12p),
      del(5q),der(4),der(8),der(10),der(17),-5,-20. The anomalies in 12p12 appear to
      represent an important although secondary event of the neoplastic process. The
      other anomalies may correspond to either those of a secondary acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia, since they occurred after treatment by etoposide and
      alkylating agents, or to the natural evolution of myelomonocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2293879
TI  - Results of chromosome studies and their relation to morphology, course, and
      prognosis in 120 patients with de novo myelodysplastic syndrome.
AB  - Cytogenetic studies were performed in 120 patients with de novo myelodysplastic
      syndrome (MDS) classified according to FAB criteria. Twenty-eight patients had
      refractory anemia (RA), 14 had refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS),
      45 had refractory anemia with blast excess (RAEB), 19 had refractory anemia with
      blast excess in transformation (RAEB-t), and 14 had chronic myelomonocytic
      leukemia (CMMoL). Fifty patients (42%) had clonal chromosome anomalies at initial
      analysis. The most common cytogenetic anomalies were: 5q- (11 patients), trisomy
      8 (nine patients), -7/7q- (6 patients), 12p- (five patients), followed by
      structural anomalies of chromosome 17 (four patients), and loss of Y chromosome
      (three patients). The prognostic value of chromosome anomalies was examined by
      comparison of the significance of single chromosome anomalies (34 patients)
      versus multiple cytogenetic changes (16 patients). Patients with multiple
      anomalies had a shorter survival (8 months) than patients with single anomalies
      (18 months) or those with a normal karyotype (36 months). All these differences
      were significant. The incidence of multiple anomalies was higher in patients with
      RAEB and RAEB-t than in those with RA, RARS, and CMMOL (p less than 0.05).
      However, no chromosome anomaly was specifically associated with any group of FAB
      classification. Transformation to acute leukemia was observed in 25% of patients
      with normal karyotype, 41% of patients with single anomalies, and 50% of patients
      with multiple changes. The incidence of leukemic transformation was significantly
      higher in patients with multiple anomalies than in those with a normal karyotype
      (p less than 0.05). Thus, in the present study, FAB classification and chromosome
      anomalies were of independent prognostic significance. Sequential cytogenetic
      studies were performed in 23 patients to correlate the cytogenetic and clinical
      findings during the course of the disease. Six of seven patients with
      transformation to acute leukemia showed a karyotypic evolution. These findings
      agree with the view that an unstable karyotype can be associated with a poor
      prognosis.

PMID- 2293880
TI  - Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia with abnormalities of chromosomes 4 and 5.
AB  - A case of a boy with juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and independent
      clonal abnormalities of chromosomes 4 and 5 is presented. The characteristics and
      cytogenetics of CML are discussed, as is the involvement of chromosomes 4 and 5
      in hematologic malignancies. The significance of these karyotypic findings in
      juvenile CML is explored.

PMID- 2293882
TI  - Cytogenetic studies of 44 T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias.
AB  - Cytogenetic studies on 44 patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
      were reported. The incidence of leukemia without detectable chromosomal changes
      was 25%. Hyperdiploidy with more than 50 chromosomes was found in only one
      patient. Previously described nonrandom abnormalities like 6q-, 9p-, and 12p-
      were observed, and it was confirmed that they are not specific for a particular
      type of ALL. The incidence of chromosomal rearrangements on chromosomes 7 and 14
      where the T-cell receptor gene loci are located was 36% of those with abnormal
      karyotypes and 27% of the total. This was clearly different from the frequency of
      rearrangements of these bands found in T-cell lymphoma. Finally, a rearrangement
      on bands 11q14-q21 was detected in five cases.

PMID- 2293881
TI  - Chromosome abnormalities and fragile sites in human melanoma.
AB  - Chromosome analysis in short-term lines of three primary and seven metastatic
      malignant melanomas showed aneuploid karyotypes with recurrent abnormalities of
      chromosomes 1 (five cell lines), 6 (nine cell lines), and 7 (six cell lines). The
      breakpoints observed on the rearranged chromosomes frequently coincided with loci
      of known oncogenes and fragile sites. Two of the cell lines were analyzed after
      xenograft into nude mice and showed the presence of the same chromosomal changes
      observed in the parental cell lines, indicating the stability of the karyotype. A
      tendency toward an increased chromosomal fragility in peripheral blood
      lymphocytes was observed in five melanoma patients compared to ten normal
      individuals. However, there was no increased level of expression of specific
      fragile sites corresponding to the breakpoints observed in melanoma cells.

PMID- 2293883
TI  - Inv(14)(q11q32) in one of four different clones in a case of angioimmunoblastic
      lymphadenopathy.
AB  - A case of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD) with four
      cytogenetically different cell clones (49,XX,+5,+19,+21/47,XX,+X/46,XX,inv
      (14)(q11q32)/45,X,-X) is reported. To our knowledge, this is the first case of
      AILD with an inv(14)(q11q32), thus probably involving the T-cell receptor alpha
      chain gene. The cytogenetic findings are discussed with respect to the possible
      progression of AILD to malignant lymphoma.

PMID- 2293884
TI  - Novel translocations in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Two cases involving
      chromosome 21, band q22.
AB  - We present two cases in which translocations involving 21q22 were found at
      presentation in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). The first of these
      translocations, t(3;21)(q26-q27;q22), is previously unknown in ANLL, but appears
      indistinguishable from that reportedly associated with Philadelphia-positive
      chronic myelogenous leukemia. The second case involves t(15;21)(q21-q22;q22), a
      translocation previously undescribed in ANLL. Both of these exchanges involve
      21q22 plus another chromosome region associated with leukemogenesis. We attempted
      to interrelate these cytogenetic data with the oncogenic significance of 21q22.

PMID- 2293885
TI  - Automatic pH-cycling caries model applied on root hard tissue.
AB  - The development of a caries lesion is a dynamic process that includes frequently
      alternating periods of de- and remineralization, a process for which no in vitro
      models currently exists. The aim of this study was to develop a model which could
      repeatedly generate identical pH versus time curves over extended periods of
      time. To test the model demineralization studies on cementum/dentin were
      performed. Cementum/dentin blocks were repeatedly subjected to de- and
      remineralizing solutions delivered by a computerized pump system connected to a
      pH-meter and a recorder. pH versus time curves similar to those produced in
      plaque after carbohydrate intake were generated 18 times during 15 h followed by
      a remineralizing period of 9 h every day for 16 days. The intra-day and inter-day
      variation of the pH-cycling model were found to be low. The mineral change of the
      blocks was followed by 125I absorptiometry and the transmission through the
      blocks during the experimental period increased in average by 1.4 +/- (SE) 0.18%.
      Microradiographic analysis of the transversal sections of the blocks confirmed
      the development of lesions resembling root caries.

PMID- 2293886
TI  - Enamel fluoride uptake affected by site of application: comparing sodium and
      amine fluorides.
AB  - In enamel fluoride uptake studies, the most frequently sampled site is the middle
      third of the buccal surface. Because different parts of the enamel surface vary
      in fluoride concentration, the present study investigated fluoride uptake at
      contrasting sites using two different topical agents. One was a neutral aqueous
      solution of sodium fluoride containing 2% w/w of fluoride, and the second was an
      aqueous solution of two amine fluorides containing 1% w/w of fluoride. The enamel
      of 10 pairs of clinically sound extracted human premolars was etched initially
      and after treatment with one of these agents on the cervical and middle thirds of
      the buccal surface and on the proximal surface, yielding the pre- and post
      treatment fluoride concentrations of these sites at depths of 5 and 10 microns
      from the surface. Enamel treated with the amine F solution had significantly
      higher fluoride uptakes at all sites compared to the NaF-treated specimens. The
      differences in uptake from the two agents varied with site, being smallest for
      the buccal middle third enamel and greatest for the proximal enamel. It is
      suggested that these results relate to possible differences in enamel maturation
      or to the presence of initial proximal caries, and the greater affinity of amine
      fluoride for porous enamel. The findings emphasise the importance of obtaining
      site-specific data in the study of fluoride in enamel.

PMID- 2293887
TI  - Enhanced root fluoride uptake by monocalcium phosphate monohydrate gels.
AB  - Application of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) gel, which produces small
      amounts of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate in enamel, was previously shown to
      increase the enamel reactivity with fluoride (F). This study was conducted to
      determine whether the MCPM gel treatment is also effective in enhancing F uptake
      by root surfaces of human teeth. The results show that samples receiving daily
      treatments with MCPM gel for 10 min followed by immersion in a 1-ppm F solution
      for 5 days acquired a significantly greater amount of F compared to the controls
      which had the same exposure to the F solution. Because the F solution was
      undersaturated with respect to calcium fluoride (CaF2), the F incorporated into
      the root is apparently apatitic and not CaF2. This experimental treatment should
      be feasible in the clinical situation since only a short treatment time was
      required and delivery of the MCPM gel to specific sites was relatively easy.

PMID- 2293888
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of N-alkylpolymethylenediamines against some dental plaque
      bacteria.

PMID- 2293889
TI  - Comparative recovery of mutans streptococci on two selective media.

PMID- 2293890
TI  - Effects of lactate dehydrogenase on fissure caries in rats.
AB  - The effect of supplementing the diet or drinking water with lactate dehydrogenase
      (LDH) on the formation of caries lesions in rats was investigated. Addition of
      LDH [20 and 5 mg/kg in the high-sucrose (65%) diet, 2 and 1 U/ml in the drinking
      water (LDH-specific activity 735 U/mg solid)] resulted in significant reductions
      (p less than 0.01) in the number and severity of caries lesions when the enzyme
      was administered to rats for 4 or 7 days, although no significant differences
      were found after 14 or 21 days. No differences were observed between effects of
      addition to water or diet. Fissure caries failed to develop when rats were fed a
      low sucrose diet (5%) containing LDH (20 mg/kg diet), whereas 50% of the animals
      in the control group developed lesions. The findings indicate that LDH may play
      an important role in delaying the onset of caries lesion formation in rats, and
      that the protection observed may be inversely related to the intensity of the
      cariogenic challenge.

PMID- 2293891
TI  - Diurnal fluoride concentration in whole saliva in children living in a high- and
      a low-fluoride area.
AB  - Salivary fluoride concentrations were investigated in 12-year-old children living
      in areas with low (0.1 ppm) or high (1.2 ppm) fluoride concentration in the
      drinking water. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from 27 children from the
      respective areas every 2nd hour for 46 h except during sleep. The mean salivary
      fluoride concentration was 0.32 +/- 0.013 mumol/l (n = 419) in the low-fluoride
      (LF) area and 0.87 +/- 0.047 mumol/l (n = 401) in the high-fluoride (HF) area. No
      significant rhythm could be found for the diurnal variations in the mean or
      individual salivary fluoride concentrations. However, in the HF area the
      individual salivary fluoride concentrations fluctuated widely and randomly.

PMID- 2293892
TI  - Plaque formation of dietary isomaltulose in humans.
AB  - The plaque formation of isomaltulose, a sucrose isomer, was examined in 15 human
      volunteers with both diet and oral hygiene under supervision. The subjects were
      requested to refrain from all oral hygiene procedures for 3 days and were
      provided between-meal snacks containing 157 g of 4 test sugars (100%
      isomaltulose, 70% isomaltulose + 30% sucrose, 50% isomaltulose + 50% sucrose, and
      100% sucrose). The study was repeated 4 times over 4 weeks. The isomaltulose diet
      resulted in the lowest plaque index, while sucrose induced a significantly
      greater deposition. In the absence of sucrose-containing snacks, mutans
      streptococci in saliva decreased below the baseline level. These results suggest
      that isomaltulose may be a suitable substitute for sucrose in between meal
      snacks.

PMID- 2293893
TI  - Effect of dental plaque age and bacterial composition on the pH of artificial
      fissures in human volunteers.
AB  - Changes in sucrose-induced plaque pH profiles and the microbial composition of
      occlusal tooth surface fissures were analyzed using wire telemetry and bacterial
      culturing techniques. Four human volunteers wore appliances containing artificial
      fissures constructed with ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET)
      electrodes for 1, 2 and 4 days; 1 subject kept the electrode for 3 weeks. After
      monitoring the plaque pH response at the base of the fissure to a 10% (w/v)
      sucrose rinse the plaque was removed and analyzed for total viable bacteria,
      total and specific streptococci, lactobacilli and Actinomyces spp. One-day-old
      plaque showed a rapid drop in plaque pH to a minimum of 4.8 +/- 0.2, with 2-day
      old plaque showing the most acidogenic pH profile (minimum pH 4.6 +/- 0.2). The 4
      day-old plaque response was less acidogenic (minimum pH 5.0 +/- 0.3) than the
      results from days 1 and 2. Responses from 13- and 21-day-old fissure plaques
      showed greatly decreased acidogenic responses (day 21 minimum pH 5.7). Viable
      bacteria recovered from the fissure increased from approximately 4 x 10(6) colony
      forming units on day 1 to 1.2 x 10(7) on days 2 and 4 and 1.7 x 10(7) on day 21.
      Streptococci (greater than 50%) and Actinomyces (greater than 10%) dominated in
      the fissure plaques and their levels were related to minimum pH. Since fissure
      plaque of all ages tested contained high concentrations of acidogenic bacteria,
      the decreased acidogenic response at the base of fissures with increasing plaque
      age suggests that maturing fissure plaques provide an increasingly greater
      diffusion barrier to fermentable carbohydrates.

PMID- 2293894
TI  - Caries development in children in relation to the presence of mutans streptococci
      in dental plaque and of serum antibodies against whole cells and protein antigen
      I/II of Streptococcus mutans.
AB  - Twenty-eight children, aged 0.8-3.8 years, were studied with respect to the
      presence of mutans streptococci (MS) in dental plaque and the amount and avidity
      of specific serum IgG and IgM antibodies against whole cells and streptococcal
      protein antigen I/II (SA I/II) of Streptococcus mutans. The presence or absence
      of MS in dental plaque at the median age of 1.9 years predicted the caries
      development during a 2.7-year follow-up period with a sensitivity and specificity
      of 73 and 92%, respectively. The caries predictive value of a positive finding of
      MS at this age was as high as 92%. Almost all children had detectable amounts of
      serum IgG and IgM antibodies against whole cells and SA I/II of S. mutans,
      irrespective of the presence of detectable levels of this bacterium in dental
      plaque. These antibodies increased with age. The antibody levels did not differ
      significantly between children who were MS-negative or MS-positive. However, in
      MS-free children as well as in the whole study group, total specific and high
      avidity antibodies of IgG class against whole cells correlated positively with
      antibodies against SA I/II. In MS-infected children such an association was
      observed for IgM but not for IgG antibodies. This different serum antibody
      profile in MS-negative and -positive children may be related to the mode of
      immunization with S. mutans.

PMID- 2293895
TI  - Characterization of a monoclonal antibody enhancing porcine natural killer cell
      activity (PNK-E).
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, termed PNK-E, that functionally enhances porcine natural
      killer (NK) cell activity but not antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
      is investigated in this report. When PNK-E and K562 target cells were
      simultaneously added to effector cells, killing of target cells could be detected
      as early as 30 min, and a dramatic enhancement of killing activity was observed
      in short term 51Cr-release assays. When a panel of five NK-sensitive targets were
      tested, PNK-E enhanced the killing of K562, MOLT-4, and U937 cells, but not the
      killing of CEM and YAC-1. F(ab)'2 fragments of PNK-E did not enhance NK activity,
      indicating a requirement for the Fc portion of PNK-E to elicit enhancement of NK.
      Immunofluorescence analysis shows that PNK-E antigen is expressed on
      approximately 15% of peripheral blood lymphocytes with a relatively dull
      fluorescence staining pattern. PNK-E-positive sorted cells were enriched for
      large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and contained all detectable NK activity as
      compared to the PNK-E-negative sorted cells. When analyzed by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, PNK-E antibody immunoprecipitated a protein from 125I-labeled
      peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) cell lysates that resolved as a single band of
      approximately 205 kDa under nonreducing conditions and as two bands of
      approximately 50 kDa and 47 kDa under reducing conditions. The present data
      demonstrate a functional association between PNK-E antigen and NK cell
      activation.

PMID- 2293896
TI  - Synergistic increases in IL-1 synthesis by the human monocytic cell line THP-1
      treated with PAF and endotoxin.
AB  - The capacity to stimulate cytokine release may be important to the long-term
      effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF), which has a very short half-life.
      Previous studies have shown that PAF stimulates interleukin 1 (IL-1) release by
      human monocytes. IL-1 and other cytokines produced in response to PAF may be
      important to the long-term effects of this short-lived lipid. The THP-1 human
      monocytic leukemia cell line, was used to study the mechanism by which PAF
      stimulates IL-1 release. PAF stimulates the release of IL-1 beta activity into
      THP-1 cell supernatants with a multiphasic dose-response curve very similar to
      that for monocytes. When THP-1 cells are treated with PAF and LPS in combination,
      these two stimuli interact synergistically to greatly increase the release of IL
      1 activity. To assess the effect of PAF on IL-1 beta synthesis, THP-1 cell pellet
      proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, blotted, and immunostained to detect IL-1
      beta. Immunostaining revealed that PAF increases intracellular IL-1 beta
      precursor and that the combination of PAF and LPS increases IL-1 beta precursor
      synergistically. PAF increases IL-1 beta release mainly by increasing IL-1 beta
      synthesis.

PMID- 2293897
TI  - Serum IgG from an autoimmune prone mouse C3H/HeJ-gld/gld supports the interleukin
      3-dependent cell line through an autocrine mechanism.
AB  - C3H/HeJ-gld/gld(C3H/gld) mice have been shown to develop massive lymphadenopathy
      with autoimmunity. In this study, we tested whether C3H/gld-IgG supports the
      growth of the IL-3-dependent cell line, FDC-P2/185-4. Serum IgG from C3H/gld mice
      stimulated FDC-P2/185-4 cells to proliferate. On the other hand, IgG from C3H/HeJ
      +/+ did not show such activity. This activity increased with age in both sexes of
      C3H/gld mice. It was suggested that a monomeric IgG component was responsible for
      the proliferative activity of C3H/gld mouse sera. The cell-induced growth
      required Fc gamma receptors on FDC-P2/185-4 cells. FDC-P2/185-4 cells stimulated
      with C3H/gld-IgG, secreted IL-3, and grew by themselves, indicating an autocrine
      mechanism. Thus, cytokines produced by serum IgG may play an important role in
      the development of disease in mice bearing the autosomal recessive mutation gld.

PMID- 2293898
TI  - Immunoregulatory role of in vitro differentiated macrophages on human natural
      killer (NK)-cell activity.
AB  - Immunoregulatory effects of human macrophages on natural killer (NK) activity
      were studied. Monocytes were isolated by adherence to plastic, after
      leukapheresis of normal blood donors, and cultured for 1 to 14 days. In vitro
      differentiated (5-7 days) human macrophages consistently and significantly (P
      less than 0.01) augmented NK activity of fresh autologous or allogeneic PBMNC.
      During culture, these macrophages also developed increased antitumor cytostatic
      activity. The optimal time for both the expression of cytostatic activity and up
      regulation of NK activity was 5-7 days in culture. In contrast, 12- to 14-day
      macrophages significantly suppressed NK activity and had less cytostatic
      activity. Macrophages in culture demonstrated shifts in Leu-M3+HLA-DR+ phenotype
      from the mean of 60% +/- 11 (SD) in fresh monocytes to 90% +/- 5 between Days 5
      and 7 in culture and then down to 10% +/- 5 in 14-day cultures. The activity of
      NK (CD56+CD3-) cells, purified by Percoll gradient centrifugation and flow
      cytometry, was up-regulated directly by in vitro-differentiated macrophages at
      low macrophage to NK cell ratios, and this up-regulation was not dependent on T
      lymphocytes or other accessory cells. The modulation of NK activity by
      differentiated macrophages was not MHC-restricted and depended on the viability
      and cellular integrity of macrophages. Sonicated macrophages could no longer up
      regulate NK activity. This study shows that antitumor effects mediated by human
      in vitro differentiated LeuM3+HLA-DR+ macrophages may simultaneously involve more
      than one mechanism, namely direct cytostasis of tumor cells and activation of NK
      cells.

PMID- 2293899
TI  - Induction of allograft tolerance to the H-Y antigen in adult C57BL/6 mice:
      differential effects on delayed-type hypersensitivity and cytolytic T-lymphocyte
      activity.
AB  - This study describes the induction of allograft tolerance to the "male-specific,"
      minor histocompatibility antigen, H-Y, in adult C57BL/6 female mice, and the
      effects of this tolerance induction on two immune parameters associated with
      graft rejection: delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cytolytic T-lymphocytes
      (CTL). B6 females tolerized to H-Y, by a single iv injection of C57BL/6 male
      lymphocytes, exhibited prolonged or permanent survival of B6 male tail skin
      grafts. Graft-induced DTH against H-Y antigen was reduced or abrogated in
      tolerized females. Delayed onset of graft rejection in partially tolerant females
      correlated with delayed onset of DTH, and eventual rejection of grafts was
      accompanied by an increase in H-Y-specific DTH. In contrast, H-Y-specific CTL
      activity was not consistent with graft status. These data demonstrate a
      correlation between H-Y-specific DTH and rejection of male skin grafts by B6
      female mice and are most consistent with a major effector role for DTH in chronic
      graft rejection.

PMID- 2293900
TI  - In situ analysis of T cell subset composition in experimental autoimmune
      thyroiditis after adoptive transfer of activated spleen cells.
AB  - T cells from genetically susceptible mice developing experimental autoimmune
      thyroiditis (EAT) proliferate in response to restimulation with mouse
      thyroglobulin (MTg) in vitro. The in vitro-activated cells adoptively transfer
      EAT as well as differentiate into cells cytotoxic for syngeneic thyroid
      monolayers. To examine the kinetics of T cell subset infiltration and
      distribution in situ after adoptive transfer, we applied the avidin-biotin
      peroxidase labeling technique to thyroid sections, utilizing rat monoclonal
      antibodies followed by a biotinylated rabbit anti-rat antibody. Female CBA donor
      mice were immunized with MTg and lipopolysaccharide. Their spleen cells were
      obtained 7 days later, cultured with MTg, and transferred into recipient mice.
      The thyroids were removed on Days 7, 10, and 14 after transfer and serially
      sectioned. The early phase of transferred EAT showed a higher percentage of L3T4+
      cells compared to Lyt-2+ cells, yielding a ratio of 2.3 and total T cells of
      about 35%. By Day 10, both T cell subsets had increased to a total of about 56%.
      However, the relative increase was greater in the Lyt-2+ subset; the nearly
      doubled percentage was statistically significant, resulting in a downward shift
      in the subset ratio to 1.7. Little change in the in situ distribution was seen on
      Day 14. The percentages of F4/80+ (macrophage) population in lesions examined on
      Days 10 and 14 were fairly constant and B cell involvement was minimal. These
      findings illustrate the pathogenic role of both T cell subsets in adoptively
      transferred EAT and the time-dependent changes in their relative proportions
      leading to thyroid gland destruction.

PMID- 2293901
TI  - Purification, characterization, and structural elucidation of the active moiety
      of the previously called "suppressor activating factor (SAF)".
AB  - Upon extensive purification of the serum-free supernatant produced by a mutant T
      cell line (6T-CEM), an immunosuppressive activity was found to reside in an
      oxidized product of spermine, spermine dialdehyde (SDA). The activity was
      purified to homogeneity from a serum-free supernatant by using gel filtration
      chromatography and reverse-phase C18 HPLC. Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) mass
      spectral analysis revealed its MW to be 202 and Electron Impact (EI) analysis of
      the acetylated material identified the purified molecule to be spermine. In the
      presence of human or rodent plasma, spermine exhibited no immunosuppressive
      activity up to 2 mg/ml. However, when assayed in the presence of FCS, which
      contains polyamine oxidase (PAO), spermine is oxidized to its corresponding
      dialdehyde which is active at 0.1 microM/ml. We have previously described a high
      molecular weight suppressor activating factor (SAF) found in the serum-containing
      supernatant of the 6T-CEM cell line. Our preliminary biological data suggest that
      SDA is probably responsible for the immunosuppressive activities previously
      observed for the SAF. The strong affinity of SDA for proteins and thiocompounds
      may account for the apparent high MW previously reported for SAF.

PMID- 2293902
TI  - A selective defect in tissue factor mRNA expression in monocytes from AIDS
      patients.
AB  - Expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha), tissue factor (TF), and
      interleukin 1-beta (IL-1 beta) mRNA was evaluated in monocytes isolated from
      patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There was a
      significant depression (66%) of the induced level of TF mRNA expression in
      response to lipopolysaccharide. Conversely, the response of TNF alpha and IL-1
      beta, following LPS induction, was "normal." TF mRNA reduction was also observed
      to a lesser degree in AIDS-related complex patients (20%) but not in asymptomatic
      seropositives. TF is necessary for initiation of the coagulation protease
      cascade, leading to thrombin production and fibrin deposition, which play a role
      in inflammatory responses. Its selective reduction may be a factor in the
      diminished resistance to secondary infections observed in AIDS. Further, since
      the TF defect increases as patients progress toward AIDS, it may serve as a
      marker for disease progression.

PMID- 2293903
TI  - Natural killer cell activity in a longitudinal dietary fat intervention trial.
AB  - It has been hypothesized that dietary fat may affect natural killer (NK) cell
      activity, a factor of potential importance in early tumor surveillance. Fourteen
      men successfully completed an intervention trial designed to test the effect of
      dietary fat on NK activity in humans. Study subjects lowered their fat intake to
      an average of 22% of calories as fat and consumed two dietary supplements (of
      coconut and safflower oils), in a cross-over design. These supplements resulted
      in large changes in the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (1.73
      to 0.34, on average). Results of a general linear model in which we fitted
      covariates on exercise, body mass, intervention sequence, and various dietary
      predictors revealed a significant effect of decreased total dietary fat intake on
      increased NK activity at an E/T ratio of 100:1 (about 0.79% increase for each
      absolute percent of calories as fat, P = 0.04). Similar results were obtained at
      E/T ratios of 50:1 and 25:1. No other nutritional predictor was significantly
      associated with NK activity at any E/T ratio.

PMID- 2293904
TI  - Interaction of C1q with its receptor on cultured cell lines induces an anti
      proliferative response.
AB  - The receptor for human C1q (C1qR) is expressed on a wide variety of somatic
      cells, including cultured cell lines of different lineages such as Raji, Daudi,
      Wil2WT, U937, and Molt4. In this report, we present evidence which shows that
      culturing of C1qR-expressing cell lines with C1q inhibits their growth. When each
      of the different cell lines were cultured for 5 days with or without various
      concentrations (5-50 micrograms/ml) of micro-filtered (0.22 micron) C1q, cell
      proliferation was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner with maximal inhibition
      (90%) occurring at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml at Day 4 of culture. This
      anti-proliferative effect of C1q was inhibited when 30 micrograms/ml of F(ab')2
      anti-C1q was included in the culture with C1q while the antibody alone did not
      have any effect. The specificity of this interaction was further substantiated by
      the finding that neither macromolecular C1, or subcomponents C1r and C1s, nor
      human or murine IgG nor IgM had any inhibitory activity when cultured with these
      cell lines. That this C1q-induced inhibition of cell growth is mediated by C1qR
      was deduced from experiments in which (i) culturing of cells in the presence of
      two IgM monoclonal antibodies II1/D1 and II1/B5, directed against the C1q-binding
      site of C1qR resulted in the inhibition of cell growth while nonimmune murine IgM
      did not, and (ii) the collagenous portion of C1q (c-C1q) which contains the
      intact, C1qR-binding domain was also capable of inhibiting cell proliferation in
      a manner similar to intact C1q. The effect of C1q was not cytotoxic but
      cytostatic since the number of dead cells in the C1q-treated cultures was not
      significantly different than that in the untreated cells (5% vs 4%), a figure
      which represents the normal wear and tear of tissue culture conditions. On the
      basis of these findings we propose that the C1qR alone or in conjunction with
      other cellular factors may function as a molecule which supports cell growth.
      Upon ligand binding, however, the ligand-receptor interaction may suppress
      postreceptor events which are necessary for cell proliferation.

PMID- 2293905
TI  - Treatment of donor cells with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester prevents induction
      of graft-vs-host-like reaction in [lpr/lpr----+/+] chimera.
AB  - Irradiated C57BL/6 (B6) mice which had received spleen cells from autoimmune
      prone C57BL/6J-lpr/lpr (B6-lpr) mice underwent a graft-versus-host (GvH)-like
      reaction early after the spleen cell transfer, although both strains have the
      same background genes, including MHC and Mls gene, but differ only in a lpr gene.
      We analyzed the changes in this GvH-like reaction when the donor spleen cells had
      been treated with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester, which has been reported to
      have an inhibitory effect on the early GvH reaction in allogeneic or
      semiallogeneic chimeras. The treatment of donor spleen cells completely abrogated
      the induction of the early phase of the GvH-like reaction in [B6-lpr----B6]
      chimeras. The results suggest that the GvH-like reaction in these chimeras is
      caused by a mechanism(s) similar to that operating in allogeneic or
      semiallogeneic chimeras.

PMID- 2293906
TI  - Tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by monoclonal anti-proximal tubular basement
      membrane antibodies in mice.
AB  - Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) was induced by monoclonal anti-tubular
      basement membrane (TBM) antibodies. Hybridomas producing anti-TBM antibodies were
      produced by the fusion of a mouse parental cell line with BALB/c mice which had
      been immunized with Wistar rat renal cortices. Three hybridoma cell lines were
      selected for production of antibodies against proximal TBM by indirect
      immunofluorescence. The isotypes of these monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were
      determined to be of the IgM class by double immunodiffusion. Subsequently, 6-week
      old female BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with cells (1 x 10(7)) of
      anti-TBM antibody-producing hybridomas, 39-1, 39-4, or 339-3. As a control, a
      monoclonal IgM-producing myeloma cell line was used. Proteinuria developed from
      Day 8, reaching 200 to 300 mg% in mice from the experimental groups, while in the
      control mice, urinary protein did not exceed 50 mg%. By sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis, the excreted urinary
      proteins proved to be of low molecular weight. An immunofluorescent study
      revealed a linear localization of IgM along the proximal TBM from Day 4, and
      light microscopy showed focal degenerative alteration in proximal tubules and
      focal round cell infiltration in the interstitium. Electron microscopy revealed
      dense deposits on some proximal TBM. These results indicate that monoclonal anti
      TBM IgM antibodies can induce TIN as a result of persistent production of
      antibodies from intraperitoneally injected hybridomas.

PMID- 2293907
TI  - In vivo beneficial effects of cyclosporin A and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the
      induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis.
AB  - In a recent work, we provided evidence that the in vitro inhibitory effect of
      cyclosporin A (CsA) was potentiated by the addition of another immunosuppressive
      molecule, the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). In the present study, we
      investigated the in vivo influence of the association of both drugs administered
      at infratherapeutic doses, using an experimental model of autoimmune thyroiditis
      in CBA mice. Treatment regimen of the animals was initiated at priming with
      thyroglobulin (Tg) and consisted of daily administration of CsA (10 and 20
      mg/kg/day, intragastrically) and/or 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.1 and 0.2 microgram/kg/day,
      ip) for 21 days. Control mice that were given a placebo preparation orally and
      the vehicle of vitamin D3 metabolite ip developed a severe disease as assessed by
      histological examination on Day 28 postimmunization and detection of circulating
      anti-Tg antibodies. Treatment with either drug administered alone at the doses
      mentioned above did not affect the incidence of thyroiditis and only reduced by
      up to 26% the severity of histological lesions. In contrast, the mice treated
      simultaneously with both drugs exhibited a lower incidence of thyroid pathology
      and developed a significantly milder disease (P less than 0.001) as compared to
      controls. However, there was no alteration in the levels of anti-Tg antibodies.
      This in vivo beneficial effect of low doses of CsA and 1,25(OH)2D3 was not due to
      an accumulation of CsA in the blood of treated mice since the levels of CsA were
      similar, regardless of the administration of 1,25(OH)2D3. Our data suggest that
      these two immunomodulatory agents used together at low doses may be an effective
      therapy of autoimmune disorders with fewer side effects.

PMID- 2293908
TI  - Down-regulation of autoantibody levels of cyclosporine and bromocriptine
      treatment in patients with uveitis.
AB  - The administration of cyclosporine A, cyclosporine A plus bromocriptine, or
      bromocriptine results in down-regulation of antinuclear autoantibody levels in
      the sera of patients with uveitis. Decreased levels of autoantibodies against
      DNA, histones, cardiolipin, RNP, Sm, Ro (SS-A), and La (SS-B) were detected in
      the sera of patients with uveitis receiving cyclosporine A or cyclosporine A plus
      bromocriptine following 3 months of treatment. In contrast to the decreased
      antibody titers obtained following the treatment, the total immunoglobulin levels
      remained within the normal range. The results indicate that cyclosporine may
      affect B cell function, thereby yielding the observed decrease in autoantibody
      levels. This phenomenon might have clinical importance as a serological indicator
      of the efficiency of the patients to respond to the drug.

PMID- 2293909
TI  - HLA class I and II antigens in South African blacks with Graves' disease.
AB  - A study was done to evaluate the relationship between Graves' disease and the HLA
      system in South African Blacks of Zulu descent. One hundred and three patients
      with Graves' disease and 1416 control subjects were typed for HLA A, B, and C
      antigens while HLA DR antigens were done on 63 of the former and 330 of the
      latter. There was a significant increase in the frequency of HLA DR3 in patients
      compared to control subjects (57.1% vs 36.1%; P corrected = 0.014). A
      relationship was also seen at the DR1 locus (14.3% vs 4.6%; P corrected = 0.023).

PMID- 2293910
TI  - Comments on 'In vivo selection of human renal carcinoma cells with high
      metastatic potenital in nude mice'.

PMID- 2293911
TI  - Interleukin-1 increases tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells through an RGD
      dependent mechanism: in vitro and in vivo studies.
AB  - The effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 alpha and beta (rIL-1 alpha; rIL-1
      beta) on the adhesion of human A549 lung carcinoma cells and M6 melanoma cells
      (TC) to human endothelial cells (HECs) in vitro were studied, and on TC/lung
      entrapment in vivo. In vitro, there was a significant increase in TC/HEC adhesion
      to HECs pretreated for 4 h with rIL-1 alpha or rIL-1 beta. The effects of rIL-1
      alpha and beta on TC/HEC adhesion were time dependent and reached a plateau
      within 4-6 h. TC/HEC adhesion was not blocked when measured in the presence of
      antibodies to either fibronectin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, anti-ICAM, or anti-LFA.
      However, enhanced TC/HEC adhesion was completely blocked in the presence of the
      peptide, GRGDS. In vivo, pretreatment of nude mice for 4 h with rIL-1 alpha
      (given i.p. before i.v. injection of TCs) enhanced TC retention in the lung 24 h
      later. Our data demonstrate that IL-1 enhances TC adhesion to the vascular
      surface both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that IL-1 can facilitate the
      metastatic process.

PMID- 2293912
TI  - Sensitivity to thermochemotherapy of AKR lymphoma and B16 melanoma variants of
      malignancy.
AB  - Drug resistance, which so often accompanies tumor progression, has been shown to
      be related to changes in membrane properties which may result in decreased drug
      accumulation in the tumor cell. A correlation between sensitivity to
      thermochemotherapy and degree of malignancy was found in the AKR lymphoma system.
      Hyperthermia increased adriamycin (ADR) uptake and concomitantly its cytotoxicity
      to AKR lymphoma cells. Moreover, these effects were more pronounced on a variant
      of high malignancy (HM) than on a low malignancy (LM) one. Fluorescent
      microscopy, as well as cytofluorometry, indicated that lymphoma cells treated by
      ADR at 43 degrees C were more permeable to the cytotoxic agent than those exposed
      to the chemotherapeutic substance at 37 degrees C. Cytofluorometry indicated the
      presence of a minor cell subpopulation with low ADR uptake in the HM variant, not
      found in the LM one. Fluorocytometry also showed that the temperature-dependent
      increased ADR uptake was more marked in the HM than in the LM variant, explaining
      the differential effect of thermochemotherapy on the two lymphoma variants.
      However, correlation between degree of malignancy and sensitivity to
      thermochemotherapy is not a general feature. In contrast to the results obtained
      in the AKR lymphoma system, in the B16 melanoma the low malignancy variant, F1,
      was more markedly affected by the combined treatment than the F10 variant. The
      increased cytotoxic effect of ADR by supranormal temperatures in the F1 variant
      was shown to be due to an augmented drug uptake. The results suggest that drug
      resistance in late stages of tumor progression can be overcome by an agent acting
      on the cell membrane. However, the data also indicate the necessity of assaying
      cancer treatment modalities, including those designed to circumvent drug
      resistance, on various tumor system models.

PMID- 2293916
TI  - Modern techniques in limb lengthening.

PMID- 2293913
TI  - Expression of a specific protein in spontaneously metastatic fibrosarcoma cell
      lines and its enhanced synthesis by growth on laminin or fibronectin.
AB  - A panel of tumor cell lines and clones was generated by selecting for different
      metastatic capacity in 3AM fibrosarcoma cells. These cell lines were exposed to
      substrata of various purified extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and labeled in
      culture with [35S]methionine. Following analysis by two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the profiles of total cellular proteins
      produced by the cell lines displaying different phenotypes were examined. The
      presence of a specific protein, p54, was related to the cellular metastatic
      potential, and the synthesis of p54 was influenced by growth on extracellular
      matrix components. The amount of p54 was minimal and non-inducible in tumor cell
      lines exhibiting two different phenotypes: (1) experimentally metastatic (EM) and
      (2) transformed, non-tumorigenic (NTT) cell types. In contrast, all of the five
      different cell lines capable of both spontaneous and experimental metastasis
      (SEM), produced p54 either constitutively or through induction by growth on ECM
      protein substrata of either laminin of fibronectin, but not collagen type IV.
      These data suggest that the p54 protein may be a unique biochemical marker
      associated with spontaneous metastatic cell types.

PMID- 2293914
TI  - Combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and nifedipine: synergistic antitumor
      effects against a cisplatin-resistant subline of the B16 amelanotic melanoma.
AB  - Cisplatin has become one of the most commonly prescribed cytotoxic
      chemotherapeutic agents. Unfortunately, the cure rate is low due to the
      development or outgrowth of cisplatin-resistant cells which repopulate tumors,
      resulting in patient death. We reported previously that the calcium channel
      blocker nifedipine enhances the antitumour actions of cisplatin (cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum (II] against murine tumors which are inherently
      cisplatin-sensitive (B16a) or inherently cisplatin-resistant (3LL). We have
      developed an induced cisplatin-resistant tumor variant (B16a-Pt) that is 30 times
      more resistant to cisplatin than its cisplatin-sensitive parent line. In short
      term studies, we report that nifedipine significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity
      of cisplatin against primary B16a-Pt tumors and their spontaneous pulmonary
      metastases. In long term studies, we report that combination therapy with
      nifedipine and cisplatin results in significantly enhanced survival.

PMID- 2293915
TI  - Genetic recombination in human melanoma and astrocytoma cell lines involves
      oncogenes and growth factor genes.
AB  - We describe here the chromosomal distribution of sister chromatid exchanges
      (SCEs) in four human tumor cell lines (two melanomas and two astrocytomas), and
      have mapped the sister chromatid recombination (SCR) sites. A higher incidence of
      SCR sites than expected on the basis of chromosome length occurred in chromosomes
      2, 4, 5 and 15 in both the RPMI 5966 and MEL57 melanoma cell lines, and in
      chromosomes 1, 5, 13 and 15 of the IJKt and GUVW astrocytoma cell lines. A
      majority of the recombination sites occurred close to chromosomal fragile sites.
      A third of these occurred at the same bands as fragile sites. The recombination
      sites involved the N-ras and the epidermal growth factor gene in the melanomas.
      In the astrocytomas, the N-ras, Rb and c-mos genes appeared to be involved in the
      recombination events. The beta 2-microglobulin gene was involved in both
      astrocytomas and one melanoma. The erbB2 was involved in SCR only in the RPMI
      melanoma.

PMID- 2293917
TI  - Limb lengthening by callotasis for children and adolescents. Early experience.
AB  - The callotasis technique of De Bastiani was used to perform 11 lower extremity
      lengthenings in ten pediatric and adolescent patients (aged 8.1-18 years).
      Average gain in length was 5.0 cm per segment (15% of original bone length). All
      lengthened segments healed without bone grafting or internal fixation. Healing
      index was 32 days per centimeter gained. The device was well tolerated and easily
      removed in the clinic setting. There were 13 minor complications, managed without
      hospitalization. Three angular deformities required manipulation under
      anesthesia. One angular deformity remains uncorrected, and one patient lacked 1.1
      cm of achieving the desired length. All other patients gained the desired length.
      There were no refractures, deep infections, or other complications. Limb
      lengthening by the De Bastiani method is a satisfactory procedure for the
      pediatric and adolescent patient with moderate limb-length discrepancy.

PMID- 2293918
TI  - Lengthening in the congenital short femur.
AB  - The fundamental concepts underlying lengthening surgery for the congenital short
      femur were gained from experience in treating 35 cases by means of
      chondrodiatasis and callotasis.

PMID- 2293919
TI  - Lengthening of the humerus using the Ilizarov technique. Description of the
      method and report of 43 cases.
AB  - From 1982 to 1986, 43 humeral lengthenings were performed on 29 patients using
      the Ilizarov technique. Diagnoses included achondroplasia, old septic arthritis,
      birth palsy, fracture, congenital shortening, and benign neoplasm. The
      achondroplastic patients (14) had bilateral lengthenings. There were 16 male and
      13 female patients aged ten to 36 years (mean, 18 years). The total lengthening
      in each segment ranged from 5 to 16 cm (mean, 9 cm) and mean treatment time from
      four to 14 months (mean, eight months). The average follow-up time was 2.7 years
      (range, 0.5-5.5 years). Functional and aesthetic results were all graded as
      excellent or good. There were no cases of osteomyelitis or deep infection. Three
      patients sustained neuropraxias that subsequently resolved completely. There were
      seven fractures in six patients following removal of the apparatus. Five were
      treated with casts and two with replication of the apparatus. All healed
      uneventfully. Humeral lengthening can be safely performed with excellent clinical
      results using the Ilizarov technique.

PMID- 2293920
TI  - Lengthening of the forearm by the Ilizarov technique.
AB  - The Ilizarov technique was used for lengthening 13 forearms in 12 patients. The
      different types of treatment were: lengthening of the radius alone, lengthening
      of the ulna alone with or without radial head relocation, lengthening of one-bone
      forearms, lengthening of the radius and ulna to the same extent, and differential
      lengthening of the radius and ulna. The lengthenings ranged from 2 cm to 13 cm
      (10%-143%). Bone consolidation was achieved in three to 19 months without the
      need for bone grafting. Eleven of 12 patients were functionally and cosmetically
      improved. In nine patients, the cosmetic improvement made a significant
      psychologic difference to the patient. There were 11 complications, including
      three temporary deep radial nerve palsies, one sympathetic dystrophy, one
      malunion, one delayed malunion, two refractures, and three mild loss of motion.
      All of these dysfunctions were temporary, but mild stiffness persisted in three
      patients. The goals of treatment were achieved in all patients.

PMID- 2293921
TI  - Lengthening of the lower limbs and correction of lumbar hyperlordosis in
      achondroplasia.
AB  - The analysis of more than 500 elongations carried out over a period of 15 years
      has led to the development of a technique of elongation of limbs in which
      surgical trauma and operative risk have been reduced to a minimum since all of
      the surgical stages are performed percutaneously. This technique results in
      overall elongations of more than 30 cm in the lower limbs, which makes it highly
      effective in the correction of short stature (achondroplasia,
      osteochondrodysplasia, hypopituitarism, Turner's syndrome) and severe limb length
      discrepancy. The techniques are used for elongating tibiae and femora as well as
      the modifications required to decrease lumbar hyperlordosis after lengthening of
      the femur. A review of the results and complications of the latest series treated
      with this technique consists of 208 tibiae and 156 femura.

PMID- 2293922
TI  - Twenty-five years' experience with lengthening of shortened lower extremities
      using cylindrical allografts.
AB  - In order to decrease the time for treatment in lengthening of limbs, a method has
      been developed for cortical allografting of the distraction gap. After
      distraction of a middiaphyseal subperiosteal osteotomy at 1-2 mm per day using a
      circular external fixator and with an unreamed flexible nail in place, the
      distraction gap is allografted using a tubular bone segment. In contrast to
      conventional tubular bone allografting, this graft is slotted. The open end is
      placed into the most vascular and osteogenic aspect of the bed. This was believed
      to lead to more rapid consolidation and incorporation of the graft by the host.
      While some complications occurred, the goals of treatment were achieved in most
      patients.

PMID- 2293923
TI  - Femoral lengthening by the Wagner method.
AB  - Lengthening procedures can yield excellent results, but are associated with
      potentially serious complications that require multiple operations and prolonged
      hospitalization. Femoral lengthening by the Wagner technique was performed from
      1981 to 1987. The various complications and technical problems of 38 procedures
      in 37 patients were studied. Only 18 of the 38 procedures were uncomplicated. The
      main complication was related to the osteosynthesis with plates and screws in the
      second stage of the method, i.e., six broken plates, six minor pin-tract
      infections, two deep infections. The results were good in 28 procedures. To treat
      a leg length inequality, the physician must consider several treatment
      modalities, such as a lift for the short side. Each patient must be individually
      evaluated to select the adequate modality of surgical treatment including
      shortening or epiphysiodesis of the sound limb or lengthening of the shortened
      limb, procedures with relatively low morbidity.

PMID- 2293924
TI  - Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and lumbar discography in the diagnosis
      of disc degeneration.
AB  - A prospective comparison of 97 discs in 50 patients studied by both magnetic
      resonance imaging and discography showed a high correlation in the identification
      of the degenerative disc between these two modalities.

PMID- 2293925
TI  - The pattern of vertebral involvement in metastatic vertebral breast cancer.
AB  - The spine is a common site of bony metastasis. To date, studies have not
      identified the initial site and pattern of vertebral metastasis in a homogeneous
      group of patients. Twenty-seven magnetic resonance imaging studies performed on
      25 patients with metastatic vertebral breast cancer were reviewed
      retrospectively. The location and extent of metastatic vertebral involvement were
      determined. The vertebral body is the most frequent initial site of metastatic
      seeding. Although radiographically an absent pedicle is often the first sign of
      metastatic disease, involvement of the pedicle is by direct extension from either
      the vertebral body or the posterior elements and is therefore a late occurrence
      in the disease process.

PMID- 2293926
TI  - Spondylolysis and associated spondylolisthesis in Eskimo and Athabascan
      populations.
AB  - Roentgenographic and anthropologic studies have shown a high incidence of
      spondylolysis in Eskimo populations. It is uncertain whether this is related to a
      genetic predisposition or to environmental factors. This study of recent
      roentgenograms and demographic characteristics of patients of the authors'
      institution notes a lower incidence in Eskimo populations than prior skeletal and
      roentgenographic studies. An attempt is made to quantitate the contributions of
      environmental factors and genetic predisposition. A higher incidence was found in
      full-blooded Eskimos than in part-blooded Eskimos. Rural-dwelling Eskimos had a
      higher incidence than urban-dwelling Eskimos. Eskimo subpopulations had a greater
      incidence than Athabascan Indians. Eskimos with spondylolysis were significantly
      more likely to have an associated spondylolisthesis than Athabascans with
      spondylolysis. Symptoms in the Eskimo population related to spondylolysis and
      associated spondylolisthesis rarely warrant surgical intervention.

PMID- 2293927
TI  - Clavicle fractures in the newborn.
AB  - A retrospective review of 21,632 live births from January 1982 to July 1987 was
      performed to determine the incidence and risk factors associated with fractures
      of the clavicle in the newborn. Fifty-eight fractures (57 patients) were
      identified, for an incidence of 2.7 clavicle fractures per 1000 live births.
      Fractures of the clavicle were associated with heavy neonates and shoulder
      dystocia. Three patients had concurrent clavicular fractures and Erb's palsy.
      These findings suggest that the incidence of clavicle fractures in the newborn
      may be reduced by identifying the macrosomic fetus and by minimizing shoulder
      dystocia. When clavicle fractures occur, a brachial plexus injury should be ruled
      out.

PMID- 2293928
TI  - Intraneural steroid injection as a complication in the management of carpal
      tunnel syndrome. A report of three cases.
AB  - Steroid injection can provide symptomatic relief in patients with carpal tunnel
      syndrome (CTS). Its role should be limited to a diagnostic aid in cases in which
      symptoms are atypical, a temporizing agent in patients with severe symptoms
      either who are awaiting surgery or in whom spontaneous remission might be
      expected, and as a definitive treatment in patients who do not desire surgery.
      Injection should be performed using proper technique by physicians skilled in
      carpal tunnel surgery. A soluble preparation of dexamethasone is recommended.
      Immediate paresthesia in the median nerve distribution or exacerbation of
      symptoms beyond 48 hours following injection is suspect for inadvertent nerve
      injury; therefore, early surgical decompression is indicated.

PMID- 2293929
TI  - Combined flexor and extensor release for activation of voluntary movement of the
      fingers in patients with cerebral palsy.
AB  - Twenty deformed hands of 19 Japanese patients with cerebral palsy were treated
      with release of the flexor digitorum profundus, the flexor digitorum sublimis,
      and the extensor digitorum communis. The results were satisfactory and included
      enhanced daily activities, voluntary grasp, and release of the fingers.
      Simultaneous cocontraction of the multiarticular muscles inhibits voluntary
      movement of the fingers and causes rigidity and involuntary movements. Use of the
      intrinsic muscles is facilitated by reducing hypertonicity of the multiarticular
      muscles and by activation of voluntary movements of the fingers. Many such
      patients can then become functionally independent.

PMID- 2293930
TI  - Bone-block iliotibial band reconstruction for anterior cruciate insufficiency.
      Follow-up note and minimum five-year follow-up period.
AB  - Sixty-two of 71 patients (87%) who received a bone-block iliotibial band transfer
      were followed with a minimum follow-up period of five years (range, 5-10 years).
      Sixteen of the originally studied knees were examined with an average follow-up
      period of 104 months (range, 90-120 months). A second group of 46 knees was
      studied at an average follow-up period of 75 months (range, 60-92 months).
      Preoperatively, all patients had giving way (buckling). The average postoperative
      score of the original group was 83 (range, 52-99 points). There were nine
      excellent, three good, and four poor results. The average postoperative score of
      the second group was 89 (range, 73-99 points). There were 24 excellent, 18 good,
      and four fair results. Giving way was absent in 93% of the patients
      postoperatively; 88% had a negative pivot-shift test. Sixty-eight percent of the
      patients no longer used a brace for sports, 24% wore a brace for protection only,
      and 8% used it for instability. Improvement of at least one grade in the Lachman
      and anterior drawer tests was found in 61% and 85% of the patients, respectively.
      Pain was the major reason for fair and poor results. All but one had previous
      meniscectomy. There were no fair or poor results with menisci intact. So far,
      there has been no deterioration with time. The procedure remains ideal for
      recreational athletes who cannot afford a long absence from work and for those
      patients whose daily activities are compromised by recurrent knee instability.

PMID- 2293931
TI  - The treatment of nonunion of proximal tibial osteotomy with internal fixation.
AB  - Nonunion of proximal tibial osteotomy is a rare occurrence. Treatment goals
      should emphasize preservation of proximal tibial bone stock in view of possible
      subsequent total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Previous reports, in mostly smaller
      series, have emphasized the use of external fixation in the management of this
      problem. There have been no previous reports regarding the use of internal
      fixation in the treatment of nonunion occurring after tibial osteotomy performed
      proximal to the tibial tubercle. In this report, the results of internal fixation
      in the treatment of six cases of nonunion after proximal tibial osteotomy are
      analyzed with regard to functional and roentgenographic results. Healing of the
      nonunion was obtained in all six patients. Realignment of angulatory deformities
      was uniformly achieved. Achievement of union and correction of axial
      malalignment, in addition to creating an improved substrate for later TKA,
      provided other objectives as well. Elimination of pain and instability at the
      nonunion site allowed these patients to derive some of the intended benefits from
      the original osteotomy.

PMID- 2293932
TI  - Treatment of pathologic fractures of the distal femur with the Zickel
      supracondylar nail.
AB  - Thirteen patients with 14 pathologic, supracondylar, and distal femoral fractures
      were evaluated retrospectively. The Zickel supracondylar device was easy to use
      and applicable to a wide range of clinical problems. It provided good functional
      and symptomatic results in 11 of 14 cases. Two patients required a removal of
      metal implants due to soft-tissue irritation. Attention to the detail of
      insertion of the Zickel device may prevent complications.

PMID- 2293933
TI  - Prognostic accuracy of preoperative and postoperative scintimetry after femoral
      neck fracture.
AB  - Forty patients with fresh femoral neck fractures treated with closed reduction
      and internal fixation were included in a prospective study of nonunion and
      osteonecrosis by preoperative and postoperative scintimetry. Correlated
      roentgenographic follow-up studies were continued for two years postoperatively.
      The aim of the study was to determine the relative prognostic accuracy of
      preoperative versus postoperative scintimetry. A ratio between the radionuclide
      uptake over the femoral head on the fracture side and the contralateral side
      exceeding 1.9 at the preoperative scintimetry and 1.2 at the postoperative
      scintimetry was associated with a high incidence of union, whereas a lower ratio
      often predicted subsequent complications (redisplacement, nonunion, or late
      segmental collapse). Prognostic accuracy was higher for scintimetry of fractures
      treated with closed reduction and internal fixation (0.70) than for untreated
      fractures (0.53). These results suggest that scintimetry is useful
      postoperatively to complement roentgenographic examination in assessing the
      prognosis of femoral neck fractures.

PMID- 2293934
TI  - Ligament injuries associated with tibial plateau fractures.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with tibial plateau fractures and concomitant ligament
      injury were evaluated at least one year after injury. Ligamentous injury was
      determined by stress roentgenograms, plain roentgenograms, operative findings,
      and Pelle-grini-Stieda's ossification. There were 22 isolated medial collateral,
      eight lateral collateral, one isolated anterior cruciate, and eight combined
      ligament injuries. All types of tibial plateau fractures were associated with
      ligamentous injury, although split compression and local compression were most
      common. Twenty patients (Group 1) did not have operative repair of the injured
      ligaments, and 19 patients (Group 2) had primary repair of the injured ligaments.
      Open reduction and internal fixation of the plateau fracture(s) were performed in
      13 patients in Group 1 and 19 patients in Group 2. Follow-up evaluation (100
      point scale), including subjective, functional, and anatomic factors, revealed 12
      excellent and good, four fair, and three poor results in the 19 patients with
      ligamentous repair. There were ten excellent and good, two fair, and eight poor
      results in those without ligament repair. Ten of the 12 patients with 10 degrees
      or more of instability had poor results. These poor results included five
      unrepaired medial collateral ligaments, two unrepaired lateral collateral
      ligaments, and three patients with cruciate ligament injury. This study confirms
      the view that instability is a major cause of unacceptable results in tibial
      plateau fractures. Operative repair of medial and lateral collateral ligaments,
      with appropriate treatment of the bony plateau fracture, may reduce late
      instability and may improve overall morbidity in these concomitant injuries.
      Cruciate ligament injury associated with a tibial plateau fracture carries a poor
      prognosis.

PMID- 2293935
TI  - Distal metaphyseal tibial nonunion. Deformity and bone loss treated by open
      reduction, internal fixation, and human bone morphogenetic protein (hBMP).
AB  - Four patients with severely deformed nonunions of the distal end of the tibia
      failed to respond to standard surgical methods and were successfully treated as
      follows: debridement of fibrous tissue, sequestrectomy, correction of angulatory
      deformities, internal stabilization, and implantation of human bone morphogenetic
      protein (hBMP). After resection of the sequestra, all four patients had
      significant bone defects of the anterior tibial cortex extending to the ankle
      joint. The average number of failed previous surgical procedures was 5.8. The
      average patient age was 35.3 years. The intervals of nonunion averaged 24.8
      months. In two patients, the hBMP, including other low molecular weight bone
      matrix noncollagenous proteins (hBMP/NCP), was implanted across the fracture site
      in polylactic-polyglycollic acid strips (1 X 13 cm) as an onlay graft. In one
      patient, the BMP was implanted in the fracture gap in absorbable gelatin (No. 5
      capsules). In another patient, the BMP/NCP was also implanted in the form of a
      composite of cortical allogeneic bone in addition to a capsule of BMP/NCP. In all
      four cases, alignment was restored and the bone ends were stabilized with
      internal fixation. Preoperatively, the ankle joints were ankylosed and painful.
      Healed fractures and functional ankle joints were observed in three of four
      patients at an average of 4.4 months. In one patient, the fracture healed but the
      joint remained ankylosed. Although a randomized double-blind consecutive series
      of matched cases is necessary to prove the efficacy of hBMP, implants of hBMP
      combined with skillful surgical treatment are under investigation in the interim
      as an alternative to amputation.

PMID- 2293937
TI  - Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in pediatric orthopedic patients.
AB  - Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is a rare cause of small bowel
      obstruction in both adult and pediatric populations. Of 14 patients with the
      diagnosis from 1979 to 1987, eight had confirmatory upper gastrointestinal
      studies and were able to be followed for an average of 32 months. All eight were
      of similar age (range, 14.2 to 19 years), body build (asthenic), and clinical
      presentation. The presentation included nausea and intermittent, voluminous, bile
      stained vomiting, despite intervening periods of normal appetite and bowel
      sounds. The average delay in diagnosis was five days. Nasogastric drainage and
      intravenous fluids were the mainstay of treatment and were successful in every
      case. Fifty percent of the patients had more than one episode requiring
      treatment; each episode resolved with simple treatment. Two of three patients
      with body casts required cast removal. No patient required intravenous
      hyperalimentation, removal of spinal instrumentation, or abdominal surgery to
      relieve the obstruction. Three of the eight patients had not had spinal surgery
      or cast immobilization.

PMID- 2293936
TI  - Clinical and histologic observations of monoarthritis. Anticipation of its
      progression to rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Synovial biopsies were performed on 84 patients with monoarticular synovitis from
      1960 to 1984. Twenty-seven (32%) of 84 patients were pathologically
      differentiated; however, the other patients remained classified as nonspecific
      monoarthritic. Follow-up studies of nonspecific monoarthritis ranging from five
      to 25 years (average, 15 years) were carried out in 34 patients. Five patients
      (15%) disclosed polyarticular involvement and were diagnosed as having classic
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) within five years after initial biopsy (RA group). In
      the remainder (non-RA group), 19 patients recovered completely and nine of ten
      patients complained of a slight degree of joint involvement. A good prognosis was
      observed in younger patients and in those who showed minimal histologic changes
      in the synovium. Initial laboratory examinations, including a white cell count,
      erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and agglutination test, did
      not show any differences between the RA and the non-RA groups. To determine
      predicting factors for RA, a comparative histologic study of the initial
      specimens was performed. Specimens from the RA group showed a predominant
      appearance of lymphoid aggregates, high endothelial postcapillary venules, and
      proliferative plasma cell infiltration. These histologic features suggest the
      future appearance of RA; therefore, careful observation and early treatment
      should be considered for these patients.

PMID- 2293938
TI  - Comparison of a one-step iodophor skin preparation versus traditional preparation
      in total joint surgery.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare a traditional two-step method of
      preoperative skin preparation using aqueous iodophors with a one-step method
      using an iodophor-in-alcohol solution. Sixty patients having clean total joint
      surgery were randomly divided into two preoperative skin preparation groups (30
      in each). In one group, the skin was prepared with a traditional five-minute
      aqueous iodophor scrub followed by the application of an aqueous iodophor
      solution as a paint. In the other group, the skin was prepared with a one-step
      application of a water-insoluble iodophor-in-alcohol solution applied as a paint.
      Bacterial colony counts were made by sampling the incision area with culture
      plates before skin preparation and just prior to wound closure. The one-step
      application of a water-insoluble iodophor-in-alcohol solution was equally as
      effective as the traditional scrub-and-paint preparation in reducing the number
      of bacteria about the operative site. The water-insoluble preparation also
      resulted in significantly improved drape adhesion as compared to the standard
      scrub-and-paint procedure. The one-step water-insoluble iodophor-in-alcohol
      solution fulfills the requirements for an operative site skin preparation and
      significantly improves drape adhesion. It is more convenient, easier to apply,
      less time consuming, and potentially less expensive than the traditional scrub
      and-paint method.

PMID- 2293939
TI  - Quantification by dual photonabsorptiometry of local bone loss after fracture.
AB  - Total bone mineral and bone mineral density modifications were evaluated during
      fracture healing of long bones in patients with traumatic fractures of the lower
      limbs, using an experimental model based on the dual photonabsorptiometry
      technique. Seven patients (five males and two females; mean age, 19.5 years;
      range, 17-23 years) with tibia and fibula midshaft open fractures treated with
      osteosynthesis were studied. Dual energy gadolinium-153 photonabsorptiometry was
      used to measure distal leg bone loss at a skeletal segment distant from the
      fracture to exclude callus formation. Total bone mineral (TBM) and bone mineral
      density (BMD) of the tibia and fibula both in the fractured leg and in the
      healthy contralateral leg were measured on Days 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 120 after
      trauma. TBM and BMD of the healthy contralateral leg did not present any
      significant modifications at the different observation times. Both TBM and BMD of
      the fractured leg showed a progressive reduction that reached statistical
      significance starting on Day 30 with maximum reduction on Day 120 when TBM and
      BMD were reduced to almost one-half the initial value.

PMID- 2293940
TI  - A 20-year follow-up study of a case of surgically treated massive osteolysis.
AB  - Massive osteolysis of the humerus occurred in a 19-year-old male. The lesion was
      successfully treated with an autogenous fibular shaft transplant. During the 20
      year follow-up period, humerus function was restored. Roentgenograms showed
      incorporation of the graft without any recurrence of the disease. This experience
      and reports in the literature show that only predominantly cortical autogeneic
      bone grafting has been successful. This could be due to the intrinsic
      characteristic of cortical bone. In fact, it seems that cortical bone shows
      greater resistance to erosion than cancellous bone to the lymphangiomatous
      osteolytic tissue. Therefore, autogenous bone grafting could be considered as a
      reasonable alternative to radiotherapy, particularly in young people with
      monostotic disease localized in bones that are easily operable and have no soft
      tissue involvement.

PMID- 2293941
TI  - Posterior fracture-dislocation of the shoulder joint.

PMID- 2293942
TI  - Bone regenerate formation in cortical bone during distraction lengthening. An
      experimental study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to delineate the pattern of bone regeneration from
      cortical bone segments during distraction lengthening. The lengthening procedure
      was applied for various periods through the Ilizarov system on the forearms of
      mature dogs. Bone was sectioned either by corticotomy, preserving the nutrient
      artery integrity, or by osteotomy. When an osteotomy was performed, the marrow
      cavity was in some cases plugged with either resorbable bone wax or nonresorbable
      material. Under distraction, both periosteal and medullary callus on either side
      of the gap gave rise to new bone trabeculae. The trabeculae on either side were
      oriented along the direction of distraction and progressively approached one
      another. This striated callus emerging from both sides was the most
      characteristic pattern of bone regeneration subsequent to distraction
      lengthening. Fusion was achieved approximately four weeks after the end of the
      lengthening period. Most of the new bone was formed by membranous ossification;
      some cartilaginous nodules developed. Corticalization of the bone trabeculae that
      had begun at three months was not fully achieved at five months after the
      lengthening period. There were no differences found in the pattern of bone
      healing and the amount of newly formed bone after corticotomy or osteotomy with
      or without resorbable bone wax plugging.

PMID- 2293944
TI  - Mechanical evaluation of external fixators used in limb lengthening.
AB  - Four external fixator systems (five configurations) used for limb lengthening
      were tested to determine the fixator stiffness and the fracture gap rigidity.
      There was a statistical difference between fixators in all modes of loading with
      respect to stiffness, shear, and axial motion. The fixators were graded to
      determine their relative stiffness, shear rigidity, and axial rigidity. The EBI
      Orthofix proved to be the most rigid fixator relative to the configurations
      tested with minimal shear or axial motion at the fracture site. The Ilizarov
      tibial configuration was the least rigid, demonstrating more shear and axial
      motion at the fracture gap. The Ilizarov femoral system combined excellent
      stability and shear resistance with preservation of axial dynamization. Fixators
      with a high stiffness provide less motion at the fracture site, which may cause
      stress shielding of the osteotomy. Fixators that provide more motion at the
      fracture gap are less stable. These data may be useful in determining which
      fixator may be ideal for a particular clinical situation.

PMID- 2293943
TI  - Preliminary studies of mineralization during distraction osteogenesis.
AB  - Distraction osteogenesis by the Ilizarov method was performed on 20 dogs.
      Mineralization at the site of the left tibial metaphyseal lengthening was
      measured by weekly quantitative computer tomography (QCT) using the contralateral
      tibia as a control. Four dogs each were killed on Days 7, 14, 21, and 28 of
      distraction in order to correlate QCT with microradiology, nondecalcified
      histology, quantitative calcium analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. It
      was consistently found that intramembranous ossification proceeded centripetally
      from each corticotomy surface toward the central fibrous interzone. Bone columns
      crystallized along longitudinally oriented collagen bundles, expanding
      circumferentially to surrounding bundles. As the distraction gap increased, the
      bone columns increased in length and in diameter, while the fibrous interzone
      remained about 4 mm long. Histologically, the bone columns resembled stalagmites
      and stalactites, as seen by microradiography and scanning electron microscopy,
      that projected from each corticotomy surface toward the center. These cones
      reached maximum diameters of 150-200 mu at the corticotomy surfaces. Radiodensity
      (QCT) increased gradually from the central fibrous interzone toward each
      corticotomy surface. Mineral density, as determined by calcium quantification,
      reflected the microscopic geometry and radiographic polarity.

PMID- 2293945
TI  - Force and stiffness changes during Ilizarov leg lengthening.
AB  - Biomechanical considerations of limb lengthening procedures are fundamental to
      their clinical outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine the
      relationships among force, stiffness, and distracted length in a patient whose
      leg was lengthened 50 mm with the Ilizarov procedure. A modified Ilizarov
      apparatus with force transducers in its three columns was surgically applied to
      the left tibia of an 11-year-old female patient after corticotomy of the proximal
      metaphysis. The leg was distracted 0.25 mm four times daily for 50 days,
      commencing six days after surgery. At approximately weekly intervals, forces at
      rest were recorded before and after distraction. Resting predistractional force
      magnitudes increased almost linearly during the first three weeks of lengthening,
      from 49 N to 223 N. The rate of increase slowed markedly thereafter with a
      further force increase of 11 N in the next three weeks. The stiffness of the
      limb, derived from the change in force accompanying the 0.25-mm change in length,
      increased by approximately 3.9%/mm of distracted length with 95% confidence
      limits of 6.8% and 0.9%. These results show marked differences from the
      nonlinearly increasing force-displacement relationship during in vitro limb
      distraction.

PMID- 2293946
TI  - Response of the growth plate to distraction close to skeletal maturity. Is
      fracture necessary?
AB  - Axial force applied during epiphyseal distraction has been measured close to
      skeletal maturity in patients having leg lengthening, in a rabbit model, and in
      vitro from an amputation specimen. In the patient study, both slow distraction
      rates and low constant distraction loads were applied. For all the distraction
      regimens, it was not possible to lengthen the limb significantly without evidence
      of fracture as demonstrated by a sudden decrease in distraction force. Growth
      plate failure was observed from 600 to 800 N, these levels being lower than those
      recorded from the in vitro tests. In the animal study, three distraction regimens
      (0.13, 0.26, and 0.53 mm/day) were applied across the upper tibial growth plate
      of New Zealand white rabbits close to skeletal maturity. Distraction was applied
      and force measured using a strain-gauge dual-frame external fixator. The force
      time results revealed two distinct patterns. One pattern, in which the forces
      rapidly increased to maximum values of approximately 25 N and then suddenly
      decreased, indicated fracture of the growth plate, which was confirmed
      histologically. In the other pattern, forces increased steadily throughout
      distraction, reaching maximum values at the end of distraction of approximately
      16 N. Histologic observations indicated hyperplasia of the growth plate without
      fracture, however, only a small increase in limb length was detectable. Hence, if
      a significant increase in leg length is required close to skeletal maturity, then
      fracture of the growth plate must occur.

PMID- 2293947
TI  - Experimental physeal distraction in immature sheep.
AB  - An experimental study on physeal distraction was carried out in the distal femur
      of 45 two-month-old lambs for the purpose of identifying the basic mechanism of
      lengthening as well as assessing growth cartilage viability after lengthening.
      The animals were divided into three groups, each with three subgroups, according
      to the distraction rate employed (2 mm/day, 1 mm/day, 0.5 mm/day) and the time at
      which the animals were killed (end of lengthening, 1.5 months postlengthening,
      and at six months of age). Another group of three animals whose femurs were
      lengthened at a rate of 0.5 mm/day was killed ten days postoperatively.
      Roentgenologic, specimen measurements, and histologic studies were performed on
      all animals. The results obtained showed that the basic mechanism for lengthening
      is the production of a physeal fracture between degenerative and calcified
      layers; this finding was consistent. It was also observed that the lower the rate
      of distraction employed, the greater was the short- and long-term viability of
      the growth cartilage. More specifically, optimal viability was observed when a
      distraction rate of 0.5 mm/day was employed.

PMID- 2293948
TI  - Pallid breath-holding spells. Evaluation of the autonomic nervous system.
AB  - Excessive vagal tone has been implicated as the cause of pallid breath-holding
      spells (PBHS) in children. The following study was undertaken to test the
      hypothesis that children with PBHS have underlying autonomic nervous system (ANS)
      dysfunction. Five patients (age 29-79 months old) who had experienced PBHS were
      evaluated at a time when they were clear of spells for ANS dysfunction. A battery
      of clinical bedside tests were given. The results were compared with test results
      of a control group of children (age 18-104 months) who had not experienced PBHS.
      Data collected included blood pressure, pulse rate, mean arterial pressure, the
      30:15 R-R ratio upon standing, the expiratory:inspiratory (E:I) R-R ratio,
      pupillary response to conjunctival pilocarpine instillation, and plasma
      norepinephrine levels upon standing. Breath-holders displayed a statistically
      significant (p less than 0.05) percent decrease in mean arterial pressure (-10.2%
      PBHS vs. -4.1% controls) and an unsustained increase in pulse rate during the
      lying to standing maneuver. Two children with PBHS had "positive orthostatic
      signs," and one child with PBHS had a plasma norepinephrine level of 94 pg/ml
      (60% below the mean for both groups). There is evidence to suggest a subtle,
      underlying, generalized autonomic dysfunction in children with PBHS. A strong
      familial tendency toward syncope, breath-holding spells, and seizures was
      recognized in nine of ten subjects. Additionally, there was a strong influence
      from the maternal side of the family in seven of nine subjects.

PMID- 2293949
TI  - Osteomyelitis of the skull after varicella infection.

PMID- 2293950
TI  - The infant feeding decision in low and upper income women.
AB  - Few studies have described the woman who chooses breast-feeding by more than
      simple demographics. The purpose of our study was to characterize new mothers by
      their infant feeding decisions, by demographic and obstetrical data, and by
      sources of personal support they received during their pregnancies and in making
      their infant feeding decisions. To this end, 220 were interviewed, including 116
      who chose to breastfeed. Breast-feeding women were more likely to be older, more
      educated, married, more affluent, experienced with breast-feeding, to have
      demonstrated good prenatal habits, and to have received support from other
      sources than those who chose bottle feeding. Participation in Lamaze classes,
      previous successful breast-feeding, and maternal education were significant
      predictors of feeding choice, and mode of delivery predicted duration of
      breastfeeding. Low income women who chose breastfeeding resembled low income
      bottle feeders in certain medical/social factors, but they showed support
      patterns similar to middle to upper income women.

PMID- 2293951
TI  - Nasal glioma. Presenting as neonatal respiratory distress. Definition of the
      tumor mass by MRI.
AB  - Nasal gliomas are benign congenital midline tumors with the potential for
      intracranial extension. They are most commonly seen in neonates and children but
      rarely in adults. The treatment of choice is surgical excision. Inadequate
      primary excision results in a 4 to 10 percent recurrence. Hence, a thorough
      preoperative evaluation is essential to delineate the exact site and extension of
      the tumor and to plan the appropriate surgical approach. Computerized tomographic
      (CT) scans are useful in visualizing bony defects, but are not well suited for
      soft tissue imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers superior soft tissue
      contrast, without ionizing radiation. This is a report of a neonate with
      unexplained early respiratory distress. On day 5, a soft nasal mass became
      apparent. CT scans were inconclusive, so MRI scan was used to demonstrate
      intracranial extension. MRI is superior for imaging brain tissue, so it should be
      used preferentially to delineate intracranial extension and to help guide the
      surgical approach.

PMID- 2293952
TI  - Nipple discharge in children and adolescents: an irritating cause.

PMID- 2293953
TI  - Scalp burns from a permanent wave product.

PMID- 2293954
TI  - Adenosine receptors and beyond: molecular mechanisms of physiological regulation.
AB  - Through this presentation, I have attempted to highlight some of the work that
      has been carried out in my laboratory over the past four years. We have strived
      to take a systemic approach to the study of the structure, function, and
      regulation of adenosine receptors and the transmembrane signalling processes that
      they activate. Much remains to be learned.

PMID- 2293955
TI  - Diagnosis of traumatic cardiac contusion utilizing single photon-emission
      computed tomography.
AB  - One hundred twenty-five consecutive patients with a diagnosis of blunt chest
      trauma underwent T1-201 thallous chloride single photon-emission computed
      tomography (SPECT) scan, as well as physical examination, serial ECG and cardiac
      enzymes. A subset of patients had 24-h Holter monitoring. SPECT scan was
      performed within 24 h of injury. Seventy-five patients had positive scans and 48
      had negative. Two studies could not be completed. Eleven patients with positive
      studies developed serious arrhythmias (multiple premature ventricular beats or
      atrial fibrillation). None of these patients had a prior history of cardiac
      disease. While three patients with negative SPECT scans had arrhythmias, each had
      a prior history of cardiac disease and two were on chronic antiarrhythmia
      therapy. Neither ECG findings, creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), nor CPK-isoenzymes
      distinguished between those patients who did and did not develop arrhythmias. We
      conclude that SPECT scan is useful in screening patients at risk of developing
      arrhythmias from cardiac contusion. Utilization of SPECT scan allows early
      discharge of a significant number of patients with blunt chest trauma who would
      otherwise require hospitalization for arrhythmia monitoring.

PMID- 2293956
TI  - Computerizing medical records: software criteria for systems to document patient
      encounters.
AB  - It is difficult to design and build computer systems to document medical care,
      especially if the entries are to be made by health care professionals. Not all
      software approaches are equally well suited to the task. Twenty-one specific
      software characteristics were identified that promote efficient development and
      support clinical needs. Using a software tool that satisfied these
      characteristics, we developed a computerized medical chart system that physicians
      can use to write notes and document patient encounters. The success of this
      system was due to a good fit between the basic capabilities of the software
      approach and the requirements of the project. These criteria can serve as the
      starting point for evaluating or developing other software applications that
      depend on physician input of clinical information.

PMID- 2293957
TI  - Acute massive airleak and pressure support ventilation.

PMID- 2293958
TI  - Therapy for overwhelming sepsis--clues for treating disease and not just the
      symptoms.

PMID- 2293959
TI  - Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal effects of massively increased intra
      abdominal pressure in critically ill patients.

PMID- 2293960
TI  - Silver sulphadiazene: an adjunct to central line maintenance protocol.

PMID- 2293961
TI  - Need for mechanical ventilation in the treatment of acute infections complicating
      bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2293962
TI  - Noninvasive determination of cardiac output by thoracic electrical bioimpedance.

PMID- 2293963
TI  - Risk of right bundle-branch block and complete heart block during pulmonary
      artery catheterization.

PMID- 2293964
TI  - Isolated ultrafiltration in cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
AB  - Twenty patients (ten with mitral and/or aortic valve disease and ten with
      ischemic heart disease, all in the New York Heart Association class IV, aged
      between 18 and 74 yr, with cardiogenic pulmonary edema unresponsive to drug
      treatment) were treated with polysulphone membrane ultrafiltration (UF) in a veno
      venous circuit. All patients had dyspnea, pulmonary rales, hypoxemia,
      tachycardia, hypotension, overhydration, radiologic evidence of engorged
      pulmonary vasculature, and Kerley-B lines. Systemic and pulmonary arterial
      pressures, cardiac output (by thermodilution), and intrapulmonary shunt fraction
      (Qsp/Qt) were determined and chest x-ray was obtained at the beginning and the
      end of UF. Average duration of the treatment was 150 +/- 28 min; UF volume
      averaged 3000 +/- 170 ml. UF reduced the Qsp/Qt by 58% from control condition,
      and did not significantly affect hemodynamic variables. Chest x-rays documented
      clearing of alveolar edema and venous congestion. These changes were associated
      with unequivocal clinical improvement and no mechanical ventilation was necessary
      to improve gas exchange. Short-term fluid subtraction did not result in undesired
      circulatory alternations. Because the ultrafiltrate composition is similar to
      plasmatic fluid, no modification in the plasma osmolarity was detected. In
      conclusion, UF may be considered an effective tool for the treatment of acute
      pulmonary edema refractory to drug therapy, as an alternative to mechanical
      ventilation, and as a remedy for excessive extravascular lung water.

PMID- 2293965
TI  - Electrolyte measurements during inhospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AB  - Although electrolyte levels are commonly determined during inhospital CPR, the
      clinical usefulness of these measurements is questionable. Electrolyte and
      digoxin levels were obtained from 99 patients during resuscitative efforts.
      Measurements were examined for association with pre and postarrest values,
      outcome from arrest, and presence or absence of refractory ventricular
      arrhythmias. While BUN and creatinine (Cr) values correlated closely with pre and
      postarrest levels (r2 greater than 50%), Na, K, and Ca measurements were less
      reflective (r2 less than 50%). When electrolyte levels obtained during CPR were
      correlated with outcome, linear regression showed a consistent trend for higher
      levels in patients who subsequently died (K p less than .001; Mg p less than .02;
      Na p less than .025; Ca p less than .02; BUN p less than .02; Cr p less than
      .025). Finally, among the 12 patients with documented refractory ventricular
      arrhythmias, there appeared to be little association with K, Mg, and digoxin
      abnormalities observed during resuscitative efforts. These results suggest that
      electrolyte levels during CPR are strongly affected by metabolic disturbances and
      therapeutic interventions, and consequently, the clinical usefulness of these
      measurements may be limited.

PMID- 2293966
TI  - Effects of treatment and the metabolic response to injury on drug clearance: a
      prospective study with piperacillin.
AB  - The disposition of piperacillin was prospectively evaluated in 11 critically ill
      surgical patients who had no evidence of pre-existing renal and hepatic disease.
      Interpatient variations were demonstrated in the drug's half-life, distribution
      volume, and clearance, with values of 1.50 +/- 2.05 (SD) h, 25.0 +/- 17.2 L, and
      23.8 +/- 17.2 L/h, respectively. Variations in piperacillin disposition were best
      explained by serum concentrations of albumin, total protein, and bilirubin, and
      the amount of urea nitrogen excreted daily in urine. Age and renal function were
      moderately associated with piperacillin elimination rate and clearance. Altered
      piperacillin disposition thus appeared to occur as secondary to changes in the
      patients' physiologic and metabolic state caused by injury-related stress and
      fluid/colloid therapy. These alterations may necessitate dosage modifications to
      achieve optimal patient response when treating patients with piperacillin as well
      as with other similar drugs eliminated via renal and nonrenal routes.

PMID- 2293967
TI  - Vitamin E deficiency and lipoperoxidation during adult respiratory distress
      syndrome.
AB  - Vitamin E (Vit E) is an important component of the lung's defense against oxidant
      injury. The aim of this study was to determine a) if adult respiratory distress
      syndrome (ARDS) was associated with a decrease in Vit E plasma level linked to an
      enhancement of plasma lipoperoxidation, and b) if this Vit E deficiency might be
      explained by malnutrition and/or a consumption defect. Vit E, lipoperoxides (LP),
      total lipids, and fatty acid plasma levels were measured in 12 patients with ARDS
      (PaO2 less than or equal to 60 Torr with FIO2 0.6 on mechanical ventilation). At
      the onset of ARDS (T0), the decrease in Vit E plasma level was significant (p
      less than .001) 7.73 +/- 0.54 (n = 12) vs. 11.46 +/- 0.55 mg/L (n = 7) in the
      control group (healthy subjects breathing room air). A significant (p less than
      .05) increase in LP was simultaneously observed (4.12 +/- 0.35 [n = 12] vs. 2.94
      +/- 0.30 nmol/ml [n = 17]) in the control group. At T0, LP were inversely
      correlated with Vit E plasma levels (r = .78, p less than .01). Vit E deficiency
      was associated with low levels of total plasma lipids (3.68 +/- 0.25 g/L) and
      plasma cholesterol (0.97 +/- 0.07 g/L). Thus, the Vit E/total lipids ratio (2.18
      +/- 0.17 mg/g) was always above the accepted normal limit value for this ratio
      (0.8 mg/g).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293968
TI  - Fat embolism syndrome: prospective evaluation in 92 fracture patients.
AB  - Hypoxemia following long bone or pelvic fracture (LBPF) is often attributed to
      fat embolism syndrome (FES), but the true incidence and etiology of postfracture
      pulmonary shunt (Qsp) are not well defined. Over 12 months, 92 patients with LBPF
      admitted to a Level I trauma center were prospectively evaluated. Arterial blood
      gases, Hct, platelet count, serum fibrinogen, serum lipase, and urinary fat
      bodies (UFB) were determined serially from admission through the fifth hospital
      day. Patients were evaluated daily by chest x-ray, vital signs, mental status,
      and presence of petechiae. Four patient groups were established: No Qsp, Qsp with
      pulmonary injury (Qsp + PI), Qsp without pulmonary injury or petechaie (FES - P),
      and Qsp without pulmonary injury and with petechiae (FES + P). Qsp indicated by
      an alveolar/arterial PO2 gradient greater than 100 torr developed in 49 (53%) of
      the patients. Pulmonary injury was present in 39 (81%) of those 49 and was at
      least partially responsible for the shunt. The remaining ten patients were
      diagnosed as having FES; four had petechiae (FES + P) and six were without
      petechiae (FES - P). The minimum incidence of FES in LBPF is therefore 11%.

PMID- 2293969
TI  - Naloxone in septic shock.
AB  - Treatment of septic shock is a persistent dilemma. The clinical use of agents
      such as naloxone has resulted in variable success. Because the dosage and timing
      of these agents are considered critical factors in their efficacy, we
      investigated both dosage and timing of naloxone. Thirteen consecutive patients
      with documented septic shock and resistance to a one-liter fluid challenge
      underwent invasive hemodynamic monitoring and the administration of naloxone by
      initial bolus of 0.03 mg/kg followed by infusion at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg.h over
      one hour. During the one-hour observation period, iv fluid administration,
      concomitant pressor agents, and respirator values were constant. After infusion,
      adjustments in fluid administration, respirator status, and pressor agents were
      made as required by the clinical situation. A significant increase in mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) over baseline (60 +/- 3 mm Hg) was noted at 5 min (77 +/-
      6 mm Hg, p less than .005) and at 30 min (73 +/- 6 mm Hg, p less than .025).
      Similarly, a significant increase in systolic arterial pressure was noted over
      prenaloxone levels (89 +/- 3 mm Hg) at 5 min (114 +/- 6 mm Hg, p less than .001),
      30 min (107 +/- 8 mm Hg, p less than .05), and at one hour (106 +/- 8 mm Hg, p
      less than .05). There was a moderate nonsignificant increase in cardiac index,
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and systemic vascular resistance. No side
      effects to naloxone were noted in our group. No effect on survival could be
      demonstrated. We found no overall effect on mortality. However, by its increase
      of MAP, naloxone may serve as a temporizing agent during the treatment of
      critically ill patients with septic shock.

PMID- 2293970
TI  - Lactated Ringer's solution versus 3% albumin for resuscitation of a lethal
      intestinal ischemic shock in rats.
AB  - Previously, we determined that a colloid concentration of about 3% was optimal
      for resuscitation of lethal ischemic intestinal shock model in rats. Maximal
      volumes of lactated Ringer's solution (RL) alone only expanded plasma volume (PV)
      to 80% of preshock level, while increasing volumes of 3% albumin (ALB) in RL
      linearly expanded PV up to twice the preshock level. This study compares the
      effect of RL and ALB on survival and PV in 175 rats. The solutions were given in
      volumes to induce suboptimal PV expansion, requiring 10 and 44 ml/100 g body
      weight (bwt) of ALB and RL, respectively. ALB (20 ml/100 g bwt) was then given to
      induce a PV above the preshock level. Shock was induced by exteriorizing the
      small intestine and occluding the superior mesenteric vessels for 75 min. PV was
      estimated using Hct. Therefore, infusions were given continuously for 6 h in
      volumes that maintained a stable Hct. Untreated shocked animals developed
      hemoconcentration (Hct 58%) corresponding to a PV of 56% of preshock level, with
      2% (1/53) of the animals surviving 24 h. The maximum effect of RL (44 ml/100 g
      bwt) was to expand PV to 80% of preshock level, with a 32% 24-h survival rate.
      Only 23% as much ALB (10 ml/100 g bwt) was needed to induce similar blood volume
      expansion with 24-h survival rate of 46%. When the larger volume of ALB (20
      ml/100 g bwt) was used, PV expanded to 115% of preshock level, and 24-h survival
      to 76%, greater than that achieved with either the smaller volume of ALB or RL
      alone (p less than .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293971
TI  - Effect of mechanical ventilation on systemic oxygen extraction and lactic
      acidosis during early septic shock in rats.
AB  - We studied the effect of mechanical ventilation on systemic oxygen extraction and
      lactic acidosis in peritonitis and shock in rats. Sepsis was induced by cecal
      ligation and perforation. After tracheostomy, rats were randomized to spontaneous
      breathing (S) or mechanical ventilation with paralysis (V). Five animals were
      studied in each group. The V animals were paralyzed with pancuronium bromide to
      eliminate respiratory effort. Mechanical ventilation consisted of controlled
      ventilation using a rodent respirator with periodic adjustment of minute
      ventilation to maintain PaCO2 and pH within normal range. Arterial and central
      venous blood gases and thermodilution cardiac output were measured at baseline
      before abdominal surgery, and sequentially at 0.5, 3.5, and 6 h after surgery. At
      6 h, cardiac output was 193 +/- 30 ml/kg.min in S animals and 199 +/- 32
      ml/kg.min in V animals (NS). The central venous oxygen saturation was 27.4 +/-
      4.7% in S animals and 30.0 +/- 6.4% in V animals (NS). Systemic oxygen extraction
      was 70 +/- 5% in S animals and 67 +/- 6% in V animals (NS). Arterial lactate was
      2.4 +/- 0.4 mmol/L in S animals and 2.2 +/- 0.5 mmol/L in V animals (NS). The S
      animals developed lethal hypotension at 6.6 +/- 0.4 h compared to 6.8 +/- 0.4 h
      in V animals (NS). These data suggest that mechanical ventilation does not
      decrease systemic oxygen extraction or ameliorate the development of lactic
      acidosis during septic shock.

PMID- 2293972
TI  - Automated sulfur hexafluoride washout functional residual capacity measurement
      system for any mode of mechanical ventilation as well as spontaneous respiration.
AB  - A new sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) washout functional residual capacity (FRC)
      measurement system has been developed which will work with any mode of mechanical
      ventilation, as well as with spontaneous respiration. This system was evaluated
      in three different human studies. In the first two studies, the accuracy of the
      system was compared with He dilution and body plethysmography in 12 spontaneously
      breathing normal volunteers and in 12 spontaneously breathing chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. In the third study, the reproducibility and
      efficacy of using the system in the ICU was tested in 12 adult respiratory
      distress syndrome (ARDS) patients who were mechanically ventilated with PEEP. In
      the normal volunteers, there was no significant difference between the three
      measurement techniques. In the COPD group, there was an overall significant
      difference between measurement techniques (F[2,28] = 17.18, p less than .0001)
      and the rank of the magnitude of the FRC measurements from lowest to highest was
      SF6 washout, He dilution, and body plethysmography. There was a significant
      difference in accuracy between the COPD and normal volunteer groups (F[2,28] =
      12.24, p less than .0002). There were a total of 1,227 FRC measurements made on
      the 12 ARDS patients. The number of FRC measurements per patient was 102 +/- 13
      (SEM). The "stable" periods were 14 +/- 2 h long and ranged from 60 min to 63.5
      h. The reproducibility for all 12 patients was 188 +/- 17 ml or 11.7 +/- 0.7%.
      This automated SF6 washout system should make routine FRC measurements in
      patients who are being mechanically ventilated simple and easy to do.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293973
TI  - Breathing patterns in lambs after oleic acid lung injury utilizing respiratory
      inductive plethysmography.
AB  - We measured breathing patterns utilizing a respiratory inductive plethysmograph
      (RIP) in seven healthy nonsedated lambs after an iv infusion of oleic acid (50
      mg/kg) to induce acute pulmonary edema. Our single position graphic (SPG)
      calibration technique was employed for gain factor calculation. Accuracy was
      validated by the simultaneous volume measurement of RIP and integrated
      pneumotachography (PNT). Of a total 840 validation breaths, 467 (56%) were within
      5% of PNT, 734 (87%) were within 10%, and 834 (99.9%) were within 20%. In each
      study baseline physiologic and breathing pattern data were collected and also at
      15, 30, 60, 90, 150, and 210 min postoleic acid infusion. Validation of RIP
      accuracy before each data collection revealed 29% required new gain factor
      calculation. Recalibration was done within 5 min. Excluding respiratory
      frequency, which remained at 30% above baseline, variables were not significantly
      different than baseline measurements at the 210-min interval. Results suggest
      that calibration of RIP using our SPG technique is a time-efficient method and
      that RIP can accurately measure breathing patterns, providing an additional tool
      for assessment of experimental lung injury in lambs.

PMID- 2293974
TI  - Correct positioning of an endotracheal tube using a flexible lighted stylet.
AB  - Endotracheal intubation is not without complications, among the most serious of
      these being misplacement of the endotracheal (ET) tube. Unrecognized esophageal
      placement is a lethal complication, but even when placed in the trachea, ET tubes
      can be displaced distally and enter a mainstem bronchus. Correct positioning of
      an ET tube is usually defined as the placement of the tube within the trachea
      approximately 5 cm above the carina. Chest x-ray is the most common and a
      reliable method of demonstrating correct positioning, particularly in ICU
      patients. Using transillumination by means of a flexible stylet (lightwand), we
      investigated whether transillumination could position an ET tube consistently
      within 5 +/- 2 cm of the carina. Ten human cadavers of varied weight and body
      habitus were intubated under direct vision and 10 ml of a radiopaque dye was
      injected down the tube as a marker for the carina. A premeasured flexible lighted
      stylet was then inserted into the inplace tube so that the bulb was positioned at
      the tube's distal opening. The brightest transilluminated glow produced by the
      bulb was then positioned at the sternal notch. A chest x-ray was taken and the
      distance of the tube tip from the carina was calculated. In each case the tube
      tip could be placed consistently at a level 5 +/- 1 cm from the carina by
      observing the maximal transilluminated glow at the sternal notch. We conclude
      that transillumination of the neck using a flexible lighted stylet can accurately
      and consistently position an ET tube at an appropriate distance above the
      carina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2293975
TI  - Recent advances in cardiovascular medicine.

PMID- 2293976
TI  - Outpatient dobutamine for end-stage congestive heart failure.
AB  - Eleven patients with refractory class IV congestive heart failure who were not
      candidates for cardiac transplantation were given iv dobutamine therapy on an
      outpatient basis. All patients underwent hemodynamic evaluation to confirm a
      beneficial response to low dose (5 micrograms/kg.min) dobutamine and to establish
      arrhythmia control both on and off dobutamine before hospital discharge. Six of
      the 11 patients could not be weaned from dobutamine in hospital and were
      discharged on continuous infusion (maximum dose, 5 micrograms/kg.min), while four
      were discharged with an infusion regimen ranging from 3 to 5 consecutive days/wk.
      All patients had a chronic venous access placed and were instructed on the use of
      an external battery-powered infusion pump with a container holding a concentrated
      solution of dobutamine hydrochloride. All infusions were delivered at home on an
      ambulatory basis. Intravenous drug support was discontinued gradually over an
      average of 3.2 months; seven of 11 patients were able to be weaned entirely from
      iv inotropic therapy and were maintained on oral therapy alone. Seven of the 11
      patients (six of whom were maintained on oral therapy alone) required no hospital
      readmission during the infusion or follow-up period.

PMID- 2293977
TI  - Interactions among the effects of aging, chronic disease, and stress on
      adrenocortical function in Syrian hamsters.
AB  - This study examined the effects of aging and chronic congestive heart failure on
      plasma corticosterone and cortisol levels in hamsters. It also assessed the
      effects of aging and heart failure on glucocorticoid responses to acute and
      chronic stress. Aging in healthy hamsters increased plasma cortisol levels,
      decreased corticosterone levels, and did not change total glucocorticoid levels.
      A similar pattern occurred as cardiomyopathic (CM) hamsters aged, until they
      developed severe heart failure. Plasma cortisol levels fell in CM hamsters with
      severe heart failure, and corticosterone levels remained low, so total
      glucocorticoid levels fell. Adrenocortical function similarly declined in very
      old healthy hamsters near the ends of their lives. Adrenocortical responses to
      acute and chronic stress were diminished in old healthy hamsters, and heart
      failure in CM hamsters also reduced the glucocorticoid responses to chronic
      stress. However, heart failure greatly enhanced the cortisol and total
      glucocorticoid responses to acute stress, but not that of corticosterone. These
      data suggest a number of conclusions. First, aging clearly changes the the ratio
      of corticosterone to cortisol in hamster plasma without changing total
      glucocorticoid levels and blunts adrenocortical responses to acute and chronic
      stress. Second, ill health, in the form of severe heart failure in CM hamsters
      and very old age in health hamsters, decreases adrenocortical function. At the
      same time, heart failure greatly enhances cortisol responses to acute stress.
      These results indicate that aging and chronic disease in hamsters have many
      similar effects on adrenocortical function, but that disease alone sensitizes
      them to the effects of acute stress.

PMID- 2293978
TI  - Differential central effects of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid agonists and
      antagonists on blood pressure.
AB  - Systolic blood pressure was measured, using an indirect tail method, in conscious
      male rats at several time intervals after the intracerebroventricular injection
      of mineralo-and glucocorticoid agonists and antagonists. Intracerebroventricular
      administration of the antimineralocorticoid RU 28318 (10 ng) decreased blood
      pressure, while the antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 (10 ng) caused an increase, which
      was slower in onset and of longer duration. The effect of the
      antimineralocorticoid was maximal at 8 h and had disappeared after 24 h. The
      antiglucocorticoid had a significant effect 24 and 48 h after injection. Neither
      antagonist was effective when administered sc at the same dose (10 ng).
      Intracerebroventricular administration of aldosterone (10 ng) and the selective
      glucocorticoid agonist RU 28362 (10 ng) increased and decreased blood pressure,
      respectively. Corticosterone given intracerebroventricularly (10-100 ng) did not
      affect blood pressure unless the dose was increased to 1 microgram. Two weeks
      after adrenalectomy a decrease in blood pressure was observed when the rats were
      given 0.9% saline instead of water to drink. Replacement therapy with
      corticosterone (12.5-mg steroid pellet, sc) restored blood pressure to the level
      in the sham-operated controls. The chronically elevated level of circulating
      corticosterone produced by a 100-mg sc corticosterone pellet increased blood
      pressure. The 12.5-and 100-mg sc corticosterone pellets resulted in plasma
      corticosterone levels of approximately 3 and 20 micrograms/100 ml, respectively.
      Intracerebroventricular administration of the glucocorticoid and
      mineralocorticoid antagonists (10 ng) increased and decreased, respectively, the
      blood pressure of the adrenalectomized rats receiving corticosterone
      substitution. From these data we conclude that corticosteroids can affect the
      central regulation of blood pressure. The mineralo- and glucocorticoids have
      opposite effects, which differ in onset and duration. The mineralocorticoids
      increased blood pressure, whereas the glucocorticoid decreased it.

PMID- 2293979
TI  - Role of protein kinase C on the steroidogenic effect of angiotensin II in the rat
      adrenal glomerulosa cell.
AB  - The role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the steroidogenic action of angiotensin II
      (AII) was investigated by depletion of endogenous PKC using prolonged incubation
      with phorbol ester and direct measurement of PKC in isolated rat adrenal
      glomerulosa cells. PKC activity was measured by incorporation of 32P from [gamma
      32P]ATP into histone in the presence of cytosolic and detergent-solubilized
      membrane fractions purified by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography. Basal
      PKC activity was higher in cytosol than in membranes (1,000 +/- 57 and 413 +/- 14
      pmol P incorporated/mg.min, respectively). After incubation of the cells with AII
      for 5, 15, 30, and 60 min, PKC activity in the cytosol decreased by 5, 18, 25,
      and 27%, respectively, while in the membrane there was a transient increase of
      15% at 15 min returning to basal by 60 min. Incubation of the cells with 100 nM
      12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) resulted in transient translocation of
      PKC activity to the membrane (15 min) which was followed by a 64% decrease in
      total cellular enzyme activity after 3 h. In PKC-depleted cells, the aldosterone
      response to ACTH was increased by 25% but AII-stimulated steroidogenesis was
      unchanged. In contrast, in cells in which PKC was translocated to the membrane by
      a 15 min preincubation with TPA, aldosterone response to AII was enhanced by 40%,
      while the response to ACTH was reduced by 30%; under these conditions membrane
      PKC levels rapidly returned to basal. However, the changes in aldosterone
      response were still evident when addition of AII or ACTH was delayed for up to 30
      min after removal of TPA, indicating a persistent modification in the cell
      membrane secondary to PKC activation. Aldosterone responses to potassium were not
      altered by preincubation of the cells with TPA. The inactive phorbol ester
      analog, 4 alpha-hydroxyphorbol-12,13-dibutyrate, had no effect on the steroid
      responses to either stimulus. The small but significant translocation of PKC
      activity from cytosol to membrane after treatment of rat adrenal glomerulosa
      cells with AII suggests that AII activates PKC. However, the fact that
      aldosterone responses to AII are potentiated during TPA-induced PKC translocation
      to the membrane suggests that AII and phorbol esters do not share the same
      mechanism of action in the regulation of steroidogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2293980
TI  - Prothrombin levels are increased in the estrogen-treated immature rat uterus.
AB  - An estrogen-responsive uterine proenzyme of a proteinase in the immature rat
      uterus has been known for some time. Its mol wt is 77,000, its N-terminal amino
      acid sequence is the same as prothrombin's for 15 residues, it contains gamma
      carboxyl glutamate residues, its biosynthesis is prevented by warfarin, it cross
      reacts with antibodies to human and rat prothrombin, and it can be activated by
      human factor Xa or a uterine procoagulant. The products of activation, when
      separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gels, react with antibodies to human or rat
      prothrombin to give bands that have mol wt corresponding to those of the products
      of activation of prothrombin. These activation intermediates hydrolyze synthetic
      substrates specific for thrombin and have the same mol wt as the activation
      products of prothrombin. The proteinase generated in the activation has the
      following properties of thrombin: it is inhibited by hirudin and PheProArg
      chloromethyl ketone, it has kinetic constants similar to those of thrombin with
      tripeptide p-nitroanilides as substrates, and it digests actin to give the same
      peptides as thrombin. We conclude that the uterine proenzyme is prothrombin. The
      time course of the prothrombin response to estrogen suggests that prothrombin
      enters the uterus as part of the transudation of plasma proteins that occurs
      after estrogen stimulation. A membrane-bound uterine procoagulant that activates
      uterine prothrombin also increases in response to estrogen stimulation. We
      propose that the simultaneous increase in these two activities results in a
      localized generation of thrombin, a well characterized mitogen in fibroblasts and
      epithelial cells. Our results suggest that thrombin may have a vital function as
      a mitogen in the early steps of the estrogen-stimulated hypertrophy and
      hyperplasia of the immature uterus.

PMID- 2293981
TI  - Estrogen regulation of a tissue factor-like procoagulant in the immature rat
      uterus.
AB  - An estrogen-responsive procoagulant activity is present in the plasma membrane
      fraction of immature rat uterus. This procoagulant has many of the properties of
      tissue factor, a widely occurring, integral membrane protein which initiates the
      intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Procoagulant activity was demonstrated to
      activate prothrombin in rat uterus, to activate human coagulation factor X, and
      to cause clot formation by human plasma. Procoagulant activity could be
      solubilized from the plasma membrane by the detergent octyl glucoside and had an
      apparent mol wt of 20,000-40,000 by gel filtration. Procoagulant activity was
      increased 4-fold within 3 h after immature rats were injected with estradiol. The
      increase was tissue- and hormone specific and was not affected by a warfarin
      induced vitamin K deficiency. Coagulation factor VII was required for clot
      formation by the procoagulant. These properties are consistent with
      identification of the procoagulant as tissue factor. mRNA for tissue factor was
      increased in the uterus 3 h after estrogen stimulation. In the preceding paper we
      showed that prothrombin is increased in the immature uterus within 3 h of
      estrogen stimulation. The presence of increased amounts of a tissue factor-like
      procoagulant in the same time period suggests a functional relationship between
      these two proteins and a possible role for both in uterine development. Thrombin
      is a growth factor in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. We propose that after
      estrogen stimulation, prothrombin enters the uterus with the influx of plasma
      proteins and is activated by the procoagulant to thrombin. We suggest that
      thrombin might act as a paracrine factor early in the estrogen-stimulated
      development of the uterus.

PMID- 2293982
TI  - A decrease in opioid tone amplifies the luteinizing hormone surge in estrogen
      treated ovariectomized rats: comparisons with progesterone effects.
AB  - It is well known that the estrogen-induced LH surge in ovariectomized (ovx) rats
      is invariably far less in magnitude than the preovulatory LH surge or that
      induced by progesterone (P) in estrogen-primed ovx rats. Recent studies show that
      a decrease in hypothalamic inhibitory opioid tone by the neural clock (NC) is
      responsible for the induction of the preovulatory LH surge on proestrus.
      Therefore, we hypothesized that the diminished LH response in estrogen-treated
      ovx rats may be due to an inadequate reduction in opioid tone. To test this
      hypothesis the effects of transiently decreasing the opioid tone with an opiate
      receptor antagonist, naloxone (NAL), on LH secretion in estrogen-primed, short
      term (5 days) and long term (4 weeks) ovx rats were examined. NAL (2 mg/h) was
      infused iv from 1100-1400 h on day 2 in rats receiving either sc implants (two,
      15 mm each) filled with 17 beta-estradiol (300 micrograms/ml in oil) or sc
      estradiol benzoate (EB; 10 micrograms/rat) injections at 1000 h on day 0. For
      comparison of NAL- and P-induced LH responses, EB-primed short and long term ovx
      rats received P injection (2 mg/rat, sc) instead of NAL infusion at 1100 h.
      Estrogen treatment alone induced a spontaneous rise in plasma LH on the afternoon
      of day 2, with peak LH levels ranging between 1.5-2.4 ng/ml. NAL infusion
      markedly enhanced the LH surge in both groups of ovx rats. In short term ovx rats
      NAL-induced peak LH levels (5-6 ng/ml) were less than those observed in rats
      receiving supplemental P treatment or that observed previously on proestrus (10
      15 ng/ml). However, in long term EB-primed ovx rats, NAL infusion evoked LH
      surges equivalent to those observed after P injection. In addition, analysis of
      the episodic LH secretion pattern showed that NAL infusion accelerated the
      frequency and amplitude of LH discharge and significantly changed the contour of
      LH episodes. These results show that a transient decrease in inhibitory opioid
      tone before a spontaneous LH rise in estrogen-treated ovx rats can accelerate
      episodic LH secretion to culminate in LH surges that resemble those induced by P
      and the preovulatory LH surge. Therefore, these observations are in accord with
      the view that the NC-induced curtailment in the inhibitory opioid tone may be
      inadequate in estrogen-treated rats; NAL infusion and P treatment intensify
      decrements in inhibitory opioid tone to reinstate the preovulatory-type LH surge
      in these rats.

PMID- 2293983
TI  - Effects of 5,5'-diphenylhydantoin on thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine
      concentrations in several tissues of the rat.
AB  - We studied the effect of 5,5'-diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin, DPH) on the
      metabolism of thyroid hormones, the intracellular concentration of T4, and the
      source and concentration of T3. Two groups of six male Wistar rats received a
      continuous infusion of 10 ml saline/rat. day. One group received DPH in their
      food (50 mg/kg BW) for 20 days. For both groups [125I]T4 and [131I]T3 were added
      to the infusion fluid for the last 10 and 7 days, respectively. At isotopic
      equilibrium the rats were bled and perfused. Compared to the controls, plasma T4
      and T3 in the DPH group were reduced (22% and 31%, respectively); TSH did not
      change. The rate of production of T4 and the plasma appearance rate for T3 were
      decreased. Thyroidal T3 production was markedly reduced. From the increased
      [125I]T3/[125I]T4 ratio for plasma, it follows that total body conversion was
      enhanced. The tissue T4 concentrations decreased in parallel with the plasma T4
      level. Total T3 was reduced in all organs. In tissues in which local conversion
      does not occur, i.e. heart and muscle, the decrease reflected the decrease in
      plasma T3. In the liver both plasma-derived T3 and locally produced T3 were
      diminished. In cerebellum and brain the plasma-derived T3 pool was even smaller
      than was expected from the decrease in plasma T3. This was partly compensated by
      an increase in local conversion. Only for these two organs was the decrease in
      the tissue/plasma ratio for [131I]T3 significant. Our results suggest tissue
      hypothyroidism, caused by a decrease in the production of T4 and T3, which is
      partly compensated by increased conversion in several organs. The transport of T3
      into cerebellum and brain is disturbed, which can be attributed to the mode of
      action of DPH.

PMID- 2293984
TI  - High resolution high performance liquid chromatography fingerprinting of purified
      human chorionic gonadotropin demonstrates that oxidation is a cause of hormone
      heterogeneity.
AB  - To characterize the structures of the various forms of hCG and its
      immunologically related fragments measured in blood, urine, and tissue culture
      media, we developed a highly sensitive HPLC tryptic fingerprinting system that
      can characterize as little as 15 micrograms of material. Standard preparations of
      the subunits of hCG purified from pregnancy urine were found to exhibit
      heterogeneity on reverse phase HPLC chromatography, complicating efforts to
      characterize such forms of hCG. The same type of chromatographic heterogeneity
      was observed when the hormone was reduced and S-carboxymethylated (RCM) and its
      RCM subunits separated on HPLC. One major and one minor peak were observed in the
      alpha- and beta-subunits from both native and RCM hormone, with a ratio of
      between 5:1 and 10:1. Development and application of a high resolution,
      semimicrobore HPLC fingerprint technique used together with an examination of
      selected peptides by amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry defined the
      differences between these forms as oxidation. Using each of the isolated RCM
      subunit's major and minor HPLC peaks, the oxidation was shown to be reversible
      and probably due to interconversion of methionine with its sulfoxide form.

PMID- 2293985
TI  - Thyroidal regulation of rat pancreatic nuclear triiodothyronine receptor during
      postnatal development.
AB  - We have shown previously that the rat pancreas contains nuclear T3 receptors
      which exhibit a characteristic maturation pattern during development. To
      investigate whether these receptors are subjected to autologous regulation by
      thyroid hormones, the effect of T4 on the binding capacity (Bmax), dissociation
      constant (Kd), and receptor occupancy were followed in intact rat pups at various
      ages. Hyperthyroidism (by daily injection of T4 0.1 micrograms/g body wt to
      intact pups starting 4 days before death at 5, 10, 15, and 20 days of age)
      increased while hypothyroidism (by propylthiouracil feeding) decreased the total
      T3 binding capacity during preweaning ages (mean maximal binding capacities as
      estimated by Scatchard analysis, at 30 C for 14-20 days old eu-, hyper-, and
      hypothyroid pups: 186, 229, and 129 fmol/mg non-histone protein (NHP). The
      thyroid conditions also affected the percentage of T3 receptor occupancy but not
      the affinity of binding (as measured by Kd). Concomitantly, these conditions also
      caused corresponding changes in pancreatic weights, DNA and protein contents, and
      the concentrations of amylase, trypsinogen, and lipase. The postnatal
      developmental retardation induced by 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil treatment was
      reversed by T4 replacement. The results suggest that rat pancreatic T3 nuclear
      receptors during postnatal ages are modulated by T4, and such modulation
      apparently in turn affects the development of the exocrine enzymes.

PMID- 2293986
TI  - Comparison of the effects of synthetic human parathyroid hormone (PTH)-(1-34)
      related peptide of malignancy and bovine PTH-(1-34) on bone formation and
      resorption in organ culture.
AB  - We have compared the effects of synthetic amino-terminal human PTH-(1-34)-related
      peptide (PTHrP) of malignancy with those of synthetic bovine PTH-(1-34) in
      cultures of half-calvariae from 21-day-old fetal rats and of parietal bones from
      7-day neonatal mice. Incorporation of [3H] proline into collagenase-digestible
      protein (CDP) and noncollagen protein (NCP), and percent collagen synthesis (PCS)
      were measured in both systems. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine and cAMP production
      were measured in fetal rat calvariae. Production of prostaglandin E2 and I2 and
      bone resorption, as assessed by release of previously incorporated 45Ca, were
      measured in mouse parietal bones. The effects of PTHrP and PTH were qualitatively
      similar. At 96 h CDP in rat calvariae was decreased by PTH at a concentration as
      low as 0.01 nM, while similar effects were seen with PTHrP at 0.1 nM. Effects on
      NCP were small, so PCS was reduced. At 24 h [3H]thymidine was not altered, but
      CDP and PCS were decreased by both PTH and PTHrP. cAMP production was increased
      in fetal rat calvariae at 30 min. Both PTH and PTHrP increased 45Ca release at
      low concentrations and prostaglandin production at high concentrations in mouse
      parietal bones. While PTH was about 10-fold more potent than PTHrP, there was no
      qualitative difference in the responses. These studies further suggest that PTHrP
      affects bone through the PTH receptor.

PMID- 2293987
TI  - Changes in the kinetics of [3H]dopamine release from median eminence and striatal
      synaptosomes during aging.
AB  - The release of preaccumulated tritium-labeled dopamine [( 3H]DA) was examined in
      isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) prepared from the median eminence (ME)
      and corpus striatum (CS) of young (2-3 months), middle-aged (11-12 months), and
      old (19-21 months) male rats. Fractional release of [3H]DA was measured over 1-
      to 10-sec time intervals under basal (5 mM K+) and depolarizing (75 mM K+)
      conditions in the presence of calcium. No differences in the rate of basal efflux
      between the age groups were observed in either ME or CS preparations. Fast-phase
      evoked [3H]DA release (0-1 sec) from CS synaptosomes was unchanged from young to
      middle-aged, but was decreased in old preparations. These data demonstrate that
      the nigrostriatal nerve terminal has a diminished ability to respond fully to
      depolarizing stimuli in advanced age. Mean serum PRL levels in old rats were 2.3
      fold greater than those in both young and middle-aged rats, while serum LH levels
      were decreased 2.0-fold in middle-aged and old compared with those in young rats.
      The fact that LH levels were already decreased in middle-aged rats while PRL
      levels had not yet increased suggests that decreased gonadotropin titers in old
      rats do not result from the coincident hyperprolactinemia. In ME synaptosomes,
      depolarization-induced [3H]DA release was decreased at all time points in middle
      aged preparations compared to that in young preparations. The reduced fractional
      release from the middle-aged ME synaptosomes was due to a depressed rate of
      release during the initial second of depolarization. Evoked release from ME
      terminals of old rats was comparable to that measured in the young group. Thus,
      there occurred an age-related biphasic change in the initial rate of evoked DA
      release from ME synaptosomes. Diminished response of ME dopaminergic terminals to
      depolarizing stimuli during middle age may be important in the later development
      of hyperprolactinemia in aging male rats. The increased PRL available for
      feedback on the tuberoinfundlbular dopaminergic neurons may, in turn, be
      associated with the apparent recovery of evoked [3H]DA release from ME
      synaptosomes of old rats.

PMID- 2293988
TI  - The effects of estradiol on the growth patterns of estrogen receptor-positive
      hypothalamic cell lines.
AB  - Although it appears that the perinatal development of sexual phenotype in the
      rodent brain is determined by exposure to estradiol, generated locally via
      aromatization of androgen, the mechanisms underlying this process are not fully
      understood. We have, therefore, developed an in vitro model of hormone action
      based upon examining the effects of sex steroids on SV-40-transformed fetal rat
      hypothalamic cell lines. Using serum-free growth factor-deficient conditions the
      effects of 17 alpha- and 17 beta-estradiol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone
      (DHT), and tamoxifen on survival of two estrogen-binding rat hypothalamic cell
      lines were examined. In one cell line, RCF-8, both 17 beta-estradiol and
      testosterone increased survival at picomolar concentrations. This effect was
      blocked by tamoxifen, but could not be reproduced by the nonaromatizable androgen
      DHT or the inactive isomer 17 alpha-estradiol. In the other cell line, RCA-6,
      addition of 17 beta-estradiol led to inhibition of cellular proliferation, which
      was reversed by the addition of tamoxifen. In an estrogen receptor-negative
      hypothalamic cell line, RCF-12, estradiol had no net effect on the growth
      pattern. In summary, the estrogen-binding capacity and the responsiveness to
      physiological concentrations of estradiol and testosterone, but not DHT, make the
      RCF-8 cell line a potential in vitro model of hypothalamic sexual
      differentiation. The use of estrogen-sensitive hypothalamic cell lines provides a
      unique opportunity for studying the cellular mechanisms underlying this process.

PMID- 2293989
TI  - Evidence that testosterone modulates in vivo the adenylate cyclase activity in
      fat cells.
AB  - In male hamster fat cell membranes, the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor-mediated
      inhibitory response of adenylate cyclase was almost completely suppressed by
      castration and was restored to control values after testosterone treatment,
      whereas the cyclase inhibitory response to nicotinic acid was insensitive to
      androgenic status. Basal and forskolin-, guanylylimidodiphosphate- and
      isoproterenol-stimulated cyclase activities were decreased by 30-40% after
      castration and restored to control values after testosterone treatment. In
      addition, Mn2+ + forskolin-stimulated activity in the presence or absence of GDP
      beta S was lower (-30%) after castration and normalized after testosterone
      treatment. Finally, the effects of testosterone described above were completely
      abolished when the potent androgen receptor antagonist RU 23908 was administered
      together with testosterone. These results indicate that both the inhibitory and
      stimulatory responses of adenylate cyclase are promoted by testosterone through
      an androgen receptor-dependent mechanism; promotion of the inhibitory response
      concerns specifically the alpha 2-receptor-mediated pathway, whereas promotion of
      the stimulatory response appears unspecific and mainly due to increased activity
      of the cyclase catalytic subunit.

PMID- 2293990
TI  - Growth hormone receptor expression in the rat gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - We have used immunohistochemistry to define the cellular distribution of GH
      receptors in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and its derivatives.
      Immunohistochemistry was performed in the adult rat GIT with a panel of
      characterized monoclonal antibodies to the GH receptor. The most intense and
      heterogeneous immunoreactivity was observed in epithelial cell subpopulations of
      GIT mucosa. Mesenchymal elements of the GIT were homogenously and moderately
      immunoreactive. Intense immunoreactivity was observed in the ductal epithelium of
      the sublingual gland, scattered basal epidermal cells of the esophageal mucosa,
      zymogen cells of the gastric glands, scattered surface epithelial cells of the
      stomach, and scattered peripheral pancreatic acinar groups. Scattered
      enteroendocrine cells and parietal cells, crypt and villous columnar cells of the
      small intestine, surface columnar cells of the cecum/colon, crypt base columnar
      cells of the colon, and contiguous peripheral cords of pancreatic islet cells
      displayed strong immunoreactivity. No immunoreactivity was detectable in the
      mucous and serous acini of the sublingual and submandibular gland, respectively,
      mucous-secreting cells of the base of the cardiac and pyloric glands, surface
      epithelial cells of the fundus, paneth cells, goblet cells of cecum/colon, or
      mucous cells at the base of the cecal crypt. Other elements of the GIT were
      moderately or weakly immunoreactive. In support of our localization we can detect
      high affinity binding (Ka = 3 x 10(9] of [125I]human GH with ovine GH as
      displacing ligand to crude homogenates of adult rat stomach and intestine. We
      conclude that discrete epithelial cell subpopulations of the GIT and its
      derivatives are directly responsive to GH action. GH may, therefore, act
      independently of or synergistically with hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I in
      executing its physiological and/or growth-promoting role in the GIT.

PMID- 2293991
TI  - Alterations of human growth hormone binding by rat liver membranes during hypo-
      and hyperthyroidism.
AB  - Hypothyroid rats treated with human GH (hGH) were partially refractory to the
      latter's effects. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of
      hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the GH receptor. Seven-week-old rats were rendered
      either hypothyroid, by methimazole, or hyperthyroid, by a daily overdose of T4,
      during weeks 7-14 of life. Livers were homogenized and overlaid on sucrose
      discontinuous density gradient. Removal of endogenous ligand from the receptor
      was performed by exposing the membranes to MgCl2. hGH was used with excess ovine
      PRL to characterize somatogenic specific binding. Lactogenic specific binding was
      calculated by subtracting somatogenic specific binding from the total specific
      binding. Creatine kinase was also measured in homogenized livers. Liver membranes
      of the hypothyroid rats showed a significant decline in somatogenic and
      lactogenic binding of hGH. This was true for both the free unoccupied binding
      sites and total binding after dissociation of the endogenous ligand. Replacement
      of T4 for 2 weeks restored hGH binding to control values. Hyperthyroid rats had
      high somatogenic and lactogenic hGH binding. Creatine kinase activity decreased
      significantly in liver homogenates of hypothyroid rats, was restored by T4
      replacement, and increased significantly in hyperthyroid rats. Thus, lactogenic
      and somatogenic receptors are directly related to the thyroid status in vivo.

PMID- 2293992
TI  - Identification and partial purification of embryonic mouse genital protein(s)
      stimulating phospholipase-A2 and inducing masculinization in vitro.
AB  - The present study was designed to test whether phospholipase-A2 stimulatory
      protein (PLSP) has any role during androgen-induced masculine differentiation.
      Thus, an investigation was made to identify such a protein in the fetal genital
      tract and to test whether this protein can produce masculinization in vitro.
      Fetal tracts (15/batch) containing genital ducts and urogenital sinus from male,
      female, and testosterone-exposed (40 mg/kg.day, from days 13-17 of gestation)
      female embryonic mice on day 18 of gestation were fractionated using Bio-Rad P
      100 gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose, and carboxymethyl-Sephadex chromatography.
      Phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) stimulatory activity was identified at every step of
      purification. The final preparation stimulated both bee venom and mouse genital
      PLA2; however, it had no effect on PLC. The preparation lost its PLA2 stimulatory
      activity after pronase treatment. The partially purified PLSP fraction produced
      two bands (63K and 55K), as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel
      electrophoresis, and its PLA2 stimulatory activity appeared at the region of 55K
      on a P-100 gel filtration column. PLSP was also identified in female and
      testosterone-exposed female genital tracts. However, the specific activity of the
      female PLSP was much lower than that of the male or testosterone-exposed females.
      Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel analysis of 2-3 micrograms partially purified PLSP
      revealed the presence of a faint 55K band in the females compared to the presence
      of a darker 55K band in the male and testosterone-exposed female. The intensity
      of the 63K band was similar in both sexes. PLSP from the male and testosterone
      exposed females maintained and stimulated the Wolffian duct, whereas PLSP from
      the female tract had no masculinizing effect. Thus, the masculinizing activity of
      the PLSP preparation appears to correlate with its PLA2 stimulatory activity and
      55K band intensity, suggesting the role of PLA2 stimulatory protein in masculine
      differentiation.

PMID- 2293993
TI  - The gene encoding nerve growth factor is expressed in the immature rat ovary:
      effect of denervation and hormonal treatment.
AB  - The rat ovary is innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers. Since the development
      and survival of peripheral sympathetic neurons innervating nonreproductive organs
      have been shown to depend on the production of nerve growth factor (NGF) by the
      innervated tissues, the present experiments were undertaken to determine if the
      immature rat ovary has the capability of synthesizing NGF. Blot hybridization of
      ovarian polyadenylated RNA (A+-RNA) to a NGF cRNA probe revealed the presence of
      a 1.3- to 1.4-kilobase (kb) mRNA species similar to mature NGF mRNA detected in
      mouse submaxillary gland, a source rich in NGF. Quantitation of NGF protein by a
      sensitive and specific two-site enzyme immunoassay demonstrated the presence of
      NGF in juvenile ovaries at levels comparable to those found in other
      sympathetically innervated tissues. Neither denervation of the ovary nor
      treatment with gonadotropins (hCG and FSH) or somatomammotropins (PRL and GH)
      affected the levels of NGF mRNA. However, denervation significantly increased NGF
      levels, suggesting that, as in other target tissues, denervation prevents the
      retrograde transport of NGF by the sympathetic terminals and leads to
      accumulation of the protein at its site of production. It is concluded that 1)
      the developing ovary is able to both transcribe the NGF gene and translate its
      mRNA into NGF protein; and 2) the NGF content in the ovary is regulated by its
      innervation. The results provide the biochemical basis for the concept,
      elaborated in the companion paper, that NGF through its trophic actions on
      ovarian sympathetic neurons contributes to the regulation of ovarian development
      and, hence, to the acquisition of female reproductive capacity.

PMID- 2293994
TI  - Involvement of nerve growth factor in female sexual development.
AB  - The ovary is innervated by noradrenergic and peptidergic fibers. Treatment of
      neonatal rats with antibodies to nerve growth factor (NGF Ab) resulted in failure
      of the sympathetic (noradrenergic and neuropeptide-Y) nerves to develop. Partial
      loss of sensory innervation, represented by calcitonin gene-related peptide
      fibers, was also observed. Follicular growth was stunted, and production of
      androgens and estradiol was reduced. The timing of first ovulation was delayed,
      estrous cyclicity was disrupted, and fertility was compromised. Plasma LH levels
      were elevated, and LH pulsatility was enhanced, suggesting primary ovarian
      failure. A normal appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase-, LHRH-, and neuropeptide-Y
      immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus, as determined by immunocytochemistry,
      suggested that neonatal immunosympathectomy did not directly affect hypothalamic
      reproductive function. In vitro release of LHRH from median eminence nerve
      terminals in response to prostaglandin E2 was, however, reduced in NGF Ab-treated
      rats. Normalization of the response by prior in vivo exposure of the animals to
      physiological estradiol levels, suggested that the diminished LHRH output was due
      at least in part to estrogen deficiency. Although ovarian dysfunction induced by
      immunosympathectomy may be related to alterations in vascular tone, the striking
      loss of perifollicular noradrenergic innervation caused by NGF Ab suggests that
      the absence of the nonvascular norepinephrine stimulus to follicular
      steroidogenesis is a primary factor responsible for the alterations observed. The
      results indicate that development of the sympathetic innervation of the ovary is
      NGF dependent and that NGF, by supporting the differentiation and survival of the
      innervating neurons, contributes to the acquisition of mature ovarian function.

PMID- 2293995
TI  - The biological role of the carboxyl-terminal extension of human chorionic
      gonadotropin [corrected] beta-subunit.
AB  - hCG is a member of a family of glycoprotein hormones which share a common alpha
      subunit, but differ in their hormone-specific beta-subunits. The CG beta-subunit
      is unique in that it contains a hydrophilic carboxyl-terminal extension with four
      serine O-linked oligosaccharides. To examine the role of the O-linked
      oligosaccharides and the carboxyl-terminal extension of hCG beta on receptor
      binding, steroidogenesis in vitro, and ovulation induction in vivo, site-directed
      mutagenesis and gene transfer methods were used. Wild-type hCG alpha and hCG beta
      expression vectors were transfected into an O-glycosylation mutant Chinese
      hamster ovary cell line to produce intact dimer hCG lacking the beta-subunit O
      linked oligosaccharide units. In addition, a mutant hCG beta gene (CG beta delta
      T) was generated which contained a premature termination signal at codon 115.
      This gene was cotransfected with the hCG alpha gene into Chinese hamster ovary
      cells to produce hCG dimer which lacked the carboxyl-terminal amino acids 115-145
      of hCG beta (truncated hCG). The O-linked oligosaccharide deficient or truncated
      hCG derivatives were examined for their ability to bind to the mouse LH/hCG
      receptor and stimulate cAMP and steroidogenesis in vitro. These studies show that
      the O-linked oligosaccharides and carboxyl-terminal extension play a minor role
      in receptor binding and signal transduction. In contrast, comparison of the
      stimulatory effects of truncated and wild-type hCG in a rat ovulation assay in
      vivo via either intrabursal or iv injection revealed that the truncated
      derivative was approximately 3-fold less active than wild-type hCG. These
      findings indicate that the carboxyl-terminal extension of hCG beta and associated
      O-linked oligosaccharides are not important for receptor binding or in vitro
      signal transduction, but are critical for in vivo biological responses.

PMID- 2293996
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates bone matrix apposition and bone cell
      replication in cultured fetal rat calvariae.
AB  - Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) stimulates the expression of
      extracellular matrix proteins and may be a local regulator of bone growth. The
      aims of this research were to localize the effect of TGF beta on bone matrix
      formation and to determine if this effect was dependent on increased cell
      replication, using histomorphometry and autoradiography of bone organ cultures.
      Half-calvariae of 21-day-old fetal rats were cultured with native or recombinant
      TGF beta 1 for 24 h and labeled either with [3H]proline for 0-24 or 24-48 h or
      with [3H]thymidine for the last 6 h of culture. Bones were fixed in
      glutaraldehyde, embedded in glycol methacrylate, and processed for
      autoradiography. Bone matrix formation was assessed as the matrix apposition rate
      per day and the percentage of [3H]proline-labeled bone surface. Cell replication
      was evaluated based on the number and percentage of [3H]thymidine labeled cells
      in the osteoblast cell zone, the osteoprogenitor cell zone, and the pericranial
      fibroblastic periosteum. Both native and recombinant TGF beta at 1-30 ng/ml
      increased bone matrix formation by 25-40% (P less than 0.05). At 30 ng/ml, TGF
      beta had a generalized mitogenic effect as cell replication increased by
      approximately 2-fold in all cell zones of the pericranial periosteum. TGF beta
      had specific effects on bone cell differentiation. The number of unlabeled cells
      lining the bone surface increased, and the number of osteoclasts on bone
      decreased. Inhibition of cell replication by hydroxyurea only partially blocked
      the stimulatory effect of TGF beta on bone matrix formation, suggesting that TGF
      beta may have independent effects on cell replication and differentiated bone
      cell function. In summary, TGF beta had a generalized mitogenic effect on the
      pericranial periosteum and specific stimulatory and inhibitory effects on bone
      cell differentiation and function.

PMID- 2293997
TI  - Hormonal induction of beta-casein gene expression: requirement of ongoing protein
      synthesis for transcription.
AB  - Hormonal induction of beta-casein gene expression was studied using a two-step
      culture of mouse mammary explants and RNA blotting analysis. The explants
      prepared from pregnant mice were cultured first for 4 days under nonlactogenic
      conditions to reduce the initial level of beta-casein transcripts and then
      induced to express beta-casein gene in the presence of insulin, hydrocortisone,
      and PRL for up to 3 days. Among the six different combination of hormones tested
      in the first incubation period, the combinations of insulin and epidermal growth
      factor was found to reduce the residual level of beta-casein transcripts in
      cultured explants to a nearly undetectable level and allow the highest induction
      in the second incubation period. The increase in beta-casein transcripts was
      detected as early as 30 min of induction with insulin, hydrocortisone, and PRL,
      and its level increased more than 100-fold over the initial level at 24 h. The
      increase in beta-casein transcripts was blocked by concomitant addition of the
      protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide or puromycin with the three hormones.
      Cycloheximide inhibited the increase in beta-casein gene transcription that was
      elicited by insulin, hydrocortisone, and PRL, but did not alter the stability of
      beta-casein transcripts. These results suggested that protein synthesis was
      required for hormonal activation of beta-casein gene transcription.

PMID- 2293998
TI  - Characterization of liver and cerebellar binding sites for avian pancreatic
      polypeptide.
AB  - Microsomal membranes from chicken liver and cerebellum specifically bind 125I
      labeled avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) with widely different affinities. To
      understand further the structural basis for this affinity difference as well as
      to determine the nature of the PP receptor, certain biochemical characteristics
      of chicken cerebellar and liver membrane [125I] APP-binding sites were
      determined. Trypsin digestion markedly reduced liver and cerebellar membrane
      binding of [125I]APP. Neuraminidase did not alter binding, while phospholipase-C
      lowered liver specific [125I]APP binding via a nonspecific digestion of the
      membrane. Cerebellar [25I]APP binding was unaltered by phospholipase-C.
      Dithiothreitol significantly inhibited liver and cerebellar specific [125I]APP
      binding without altering affinity. N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) potently inhibited
      specific cerebellar [125I]APP binding and affinity and increased liver [125I]APP
      binding without altering affinity. NEM inhibited [125I]APP degradation by both
      liver and cerebellar membranes. NEM caused significant dissociation of [125I]APP
      from cerebellar membranes. Collectively, these studies indicate that chicken
      liver and cerebellar membrane [125I]APP-binding sites (either the putative
      receptors per se or the surrounding membranes) are proteinaceous and possess
      disulfide bonds important in ligand binding. Free thiol groups appear essential
      for cerebellar [125I]APP binding, while in liver membranes, free thiol groups
      interfere with binding or play no role in the binding process per se. These
      studies provide a foundation for a more precise molecular definition of the
      structures of PP receptors.

PMID- 2293999
TI  - Development and use of a mathematical two-pool model of distribution and
      metabolism of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine in a recirculating rat liver perfusion
      system: albumin does not play a role in cellular transport.
AB  - To describe the T3 kinetics in a recirculating rat liver perfusion system, we
      have developed a mathematical two-pool model consisting of medium and liver. It
      appeared that all parameters of the model could be fully resolved by using the
      time-dependent disappearance of radioactive T3 (2 nM) from the medium only. The
      model calculates the T3 medium pool, the T3 liver pool, and the amount of hormone
      metabolized at different times after the start of the perfusion. To check the
      validity of the model, metabolism was also estimated from the appearance of
      labeled metabolites (glucuronides, sulfates, and I-) in the medium and the
      cumulative excretion of T3 and metabolites into the bile. The medium pool was
      also estimated by the product of medium volume and remaining T3 concentration,
      and the liver pool as the amount of T3 at time zero minus medium pool minus T3
      metabolized). These results were in excellent agreement with the predicted values
      from the model. Taking the metabolites appearing in medium and bile together,
      about 38% of the total amount of T3 metabolized during 60 min was converted into
      T3 glucuronide, 12% into T3 sulfate, and 48% into I-, respectively, while about
      3% was excreted in the bile unaltered. The results show that not all T3
      transported to the liver is being metabolized, but part is bound outside the
      cellular compartment. This latter pool of T3 is dependent on the albumin
      concentration in the medium. The amount of T3 metabolized is solely determined by
      the free T3 concentration and is independent of total T3 or albumin concentration
      in the medium.

PMID- 2294000
TI  - Cleavage of proenkephalin by a chromaffin granule processing enzyme.
AB  - Human proenkephalin generated by means of a recombinant vaccinia virus expression
      vector was used as the substrate for a putative processing enzyme obtained from
      bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. The adrenal enzyme successfully cleaved
      proenkephalin to generate low mol wt enkephalins as well as other enkephalin
      containing intermediates. Radioactively labeled proenkephalin prepared with this
      system was also cleaved; however, under identical conditions bovine proinsulin
      was not cleaved. These results provide support for the notion that the adrenal
      trypsin-like enzyme is involved in the processing of proenkephalin in vivo and
      demonstrate the usefulness of protein substrates prepared by expression vector
      systems in testing the reactivity and specificity of proposed prohormone
      processing enzymes in vitro.

PMID- 2294001
TI  - Alterations in in situ prolactin secretory granule morphology and immunoactivity
      by thiols and divalent cations.
AB  - The mechanisms involved in PRL storage in secretory granules are generally poorly
      understood. Recent studies with isolated granules, however, have suggested that
      granule storage forms may be relatively osmotically inactive due to
      oligomerization involving hormonal intermolecular disulfide bonds. Thus,
      expenditure of metabolic energy by the cell in order to maintain granule
      integrity would be reduced. When secretion is stimulated, oligomer
      depolymerization by thiol exchange mechanisms has been proposed to occur before
      or even concomitant with exocytosis. The present studies were designed to
      investigate the influence of metabolic inhibitors, thiols, and divalent cations
      on PRL storage in situ, rather than in isolated granules. The results suggest
      that 1) PRL granules require little energy to maintain their structure, since a
      combination of azide (10 mM), fluoride (10 mM), and cyanide (1 mM) had no effect
      on PRL granule morphology in normal anterior pituitary cells in primary culture;
      2) disulfide linkages are involved in the osmotic activity of the PRL granule
      contents, since thiols induced granule swelling in lightly fixed cells; and 3)
      thiols and divalent cations are capable of altering the arrangement of stored
      hormone molecules, since PRL immunoactivity could be modified by these agents in
      glycol methacrylate-embedded exposed granule cores.

PMID- 2294002
TI  - The stimulation of respiration by progesterone in ovariectomized cat is mediated
      by an estrogen-dependent hypothalamic mechanism requiring gene expression.
AB  - The central site of action and the cellular mechanism by which progesterone
      stimulates respiration were studied in ovariectomized cats that were
      anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated and in which respiratory sensory feedback
      mechanisms were either eliminated or controlled. Phrenic nerve activity served as
      an index of central respiratory output. Progesterone did not stimulate
      respiration in ovariectomized cats not pretreated with estrogen. In contrast,
      repeated doses of progesterone (0.1-1.0 microgram/kg, iv, cumulative) caused a
      sustained (greater than 45 min) dose-dependent facilitation of phrenic nerve
      activity in animals primed 3 days before study with 17 beta-estradiol (20
      micrograms/kg, sc). Estrogen exposure is, therefore, a prerequisite for the
      respiratory response to progesterone in ovariectomized cats. This estrogen
      dependent respiratory response to progesterone was attenuated in animals
      pretreated with either the estrogen receptor antagonist CI628 or the progesterone
      receptor antagonist RU486, indicating that the respiratory response is mediated
      by both estrogen and progesterone receptors. Inhibitors of protein (anisomycin)
      and RNA (actinomycin-D) synthesis caused a diminution of the respiratory response
      to progesterone, implicating a requirement for gene expression in the response.
      Midcollicular decerebration (which removed the diencephalon) attenuated, whereas
      decortication (which spared the diencephalon) did not affect the respiratory
      response to progesterone. Thus, the diencephalon appears to be a critical
      neuroanatomical substrate for the response. These results indicate that the
      respiratory response to progesterone is mediated, at a hypothalamic site, via a
      genomic mechanism with characteristics consistent with the prototypic mechanism
      for progesterone actions.

PMID- 2294003
TI  - Estradiol modulates protein kinase C activity in the rat pituitary in vivo and in
      vitro.
AB  - 17 beta-Estradiol (E2) alters different functions of pituitary cells, including
      cell sensitivity to several neurohormones such as LHRH, TRH, somatostatin, or
      dopamine, presumably by affecting receptor coupling mechanisms. Attempting to
      pinpoint the membrane processes underlying this modulation, we studied the effect
      of E2 on pituitary kinase-C (PKC) activity, a major signal transduction enzyme.
      The distribution of calcium- and phospholipid-dependent partially purified PKC
      (chromatography on DEAE-52 cellulose columns) was evaluated in membrane and
      cytosol fractions from anterior pituitaries of ovariectomized (OVX) or OVX plus
      E2-treated rats. E2 administration by implants to OVX animals increased
      significantly both soluble and particulate enzyme activity. The effect increased
      progressively from 24 h to 5 days after E2 treatment. Administration of 17 alpha
      estradiol, an inactive stereoisomer of E2, was ineffective, pointing to
      stereospecific interaction. Total destruction of neural connections to the
      pituitary (complete hypothalamic lesions) did not modify the enzyme response to
      E2 administration, indicating a direct effect of the steroid on pituitary PKC
      activity. A direct E2 (10(-9) M) effect was confirmed in primary mixed cultures
      of pituitary cells; it was time dependent (15-96 h) and specific, and reflects a
      genomic E2 action. E2 treatment for shorter times had no effect on the enzyme
      levels or the membrane redistribution of PKC activity. In contrast, under the
      same experimental conditions phorbol esters (12-O-tertadecanoyl-phorbol-13
      acetate (TPA] induced a rapid and sustained translocation of the enzyme. PKC
      activity was found in all pituitary cell types, with maximal activity in
      fractions of gonadotropes and thyrotropes, as evaluated in cultures enriched in
      certain types of pituitary cells separated by means of unit gravity gradient
      sedimentation. E2 treatment (10(-9) M; 72 h) significantly increased both soluble
      and particulate enzyme levels in all cell types. In addition, administration of
      E2 (10(-9) M; 72 h) to cell cultures strongly increased the TPA-evoked LH and PRL
      release. These results indicate that E2-induced changes in pituitary function
      include selective effects of the steroid on PKC activity involved at different
      levels in the coupling mechanisms.

PMID- 2294004
TI  - Regulation of rat brain/HepG2 glucose transporter gene expression by phorbol
      esters in primary cultures of neuronal and astrocytic glial cells.
AB  - We have demonstrated regulation of the rat brain/Hep G2 glucose transporter gene
      (GT1) by Northern blot analysis with a rat brain glucose transporter cDNA probe.
      Incubation of both neuronal and glial cells derived from neonatal rats with 12-O
      tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in
      the steady state levels of GT1 mRNA. In glial cells, this corresponded to an
      increase in both the level of GT1 protein and glucose transporter activity, as
      demonstrated by Western blot analysis and [3H]2-deoxyglucose (dGlc) uptake
      studies. In contrast, in neuronal cells 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate had
      no effect on either the concentration/level of the GT or [3H]dGlc uptake. These
      results suggest that phorbol esters regulate dGlc uptake at the transcriptional
      level in both neuronal and glial cells, but that the increase in expression of
      the GT1 gene is dissociated from posttranscriptional events involved in dGlc
      uptake in neuronal cells.

PMID- 2294005
TI  - Production of interleukin-6 by anterior pituitary cells in vitro.
AB  - We recently reported that the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a potent
      stimulator of anterior pituitary hormone release in vitro. Since IL-6 is not
      normally detectable in the blood, we hypothesized that IL-6 may be produced by
      the anterior pituitary in situ and thereby affect hormone secretion through
      paracrine or autocrine mechanisms. The present study demonstrates that cultured
      anterior pituitary cells spontaneously secrete large quantities of IL-6 in vitro.
      IL-6 was detectable in the incubation medium within 2 h, and by 8 h of culture
      had attained concentrations of 2000-4000 U/ml.4 x 10(5) cells. IL-6 production
      was stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate (10-100 nM) approximately 2-fold and
      by lipopolysaccharide (0.001-10.0 micrograms/ml) 4-fold during 4-h incubations.
      In contrast, the cytokine recombinant human IL-1 alpha had no effect on IL-6
      release by cultured pituitary cells. Freshly dissected hemipituitary tissue also
      secreted more than 3000 U/ml IL-6 during a 4-h incubation. This secretion was
      enhanced 3-fold by 10 micrograms/ml lipopolysaccharide. Our results suggest that
      the anterior pituitary may produce IL-6 in situ, where it may function as an
      intrapituitary releasing factor.

PMID- 2294006
TI  - Expression of the transforming growth factor-alpha/epidermal growth factor
      receptor pathway in normal human breast epithelial cells.
AB  - To better understand the possible roles and interactions of transforming growth
      factor-alpha (TGF alpha) and its receptor, the epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      receptor in human breast epithelium, we have studied the expression of TGF alpha
      and the EGF receptor in a series of normal human mammary epithelial cells derived
      from reduction mammoplasty before in vitro propagation, during short term
      proliferation in vitro, and after immortalization. Increased TGF alpha mRNA
      expression coincided with conversion of the cells to a proliferative state in
      vitro. After establishment, propagation, and proliferation in vitro, the cells
      expressed high levels of both TGF alpha and EGF receptor mRNAs. Addition of
      diverse growth inhibitory agents, including 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
      (TPA), TGF beta, and sodium butyrate, to one of these rapidly proliferating cell
      populations (no. 184) failed to reduce the expression of either TGF alpha or the
      EGF receptor. Likewise, cessation of growth associated with both senescence and
      confluence of the 184 cells did not result in reduced expression. However,
      regulation of TGF alpha mRNA could be demonstrated by withdrawal of EGF from the
      medium or by antibody-mediated blockade of the EGF receptor in 184 cells.
      Antibody-mediated EGF receptor blockade also results in inhibition of growth and
      [3H]thymidine labeling. An autoregulatory autocrine loop appears operant in
      proliferating breast epithelial cells. Both growth and levels of TGF alpha mRNA
      expression are controlled by binding of ligand to the EGF receptor. These studies
      suggest a role for the TGF alpha/EGF receptor pathway in normal breast cell
      physiology.

PMID- 2294007
TI  - Endogenous growth hormone (GH) secretion in male rats is synchronized to
      pulsatile GH infusions given at 3-hour intervals.
AB  - The feedback effects of GH on its own secretion were studied in conscious male
      rats receiving intermittent iv infusions of human GH. Male Sprague-Dawley rats
      (150-180 g) were implanted with double bore iv cannula. Infusions of human GH
      (hGH) or buffer were given for up to 32 h, while frequent microsamples (20
      microliters) of blood were withdrawn simultaneously using an automatic blood
      sampling system. The endogenous GH pulses became synchronized to pulsatile hGH
      infusions (2.1 U/kg.infusion) given at 3-h intervals. After two or more hGH
      infusions episodic GH release was present in most rats, and all endogenous pulses
      occurred concomitantly with the hGH infusions. After 24 h of hGH treatment the
      endogenous pulses were still synchronized to the every 3 h hGH infusions. In
      addition, the pulse amplitude was lower than that in vehicle-treated animals (74
      +/- 12 vs. 215 +/- 35 ng/ml; P less than 0.01). At this time a complete (1.5-h)
      phase shift of the 3-hourly hGH infusions markedly suppressed endogenous GH
      pulses in all rats. In another experiment where the same daily dose of hGH was
      given in iv infusions every 1.5 h instead of every 3 h, the endogenous GH pulses
      were irregular, infrequent, and suppressed. Infusions at 3-h intervals of a lower
      dose of hGH (0.42 U/kg.infusion) did not affect the timing or amplitude of
      endogenous GH pulses compared to those in buffer-infused animals. The endogenous
      GH pulses were not synchronized between animals given 0.42 U/kg hGH or buffer at
      3-h intervals. It is concluded that the endogenous GH pulses in male rats became
      synchronized to intermittent infusions of hGH at 3-h (but not 1.5-h) intervals.
      The fact that there were no endogenous pulses between the 3-hourly infusions
      suggests that the feedback effect of a GH pulse lasts for approximately 3 h. This
      mechanism may be involved in the control of the GH secretory pattern in male
      rats.

PMID- 2294008
TI  - Differential response to L-triiodothyronine of anterior pituitary growth hormone
      messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and beta-thyrotropin mRNA in a hypothyroid
      Walker 256 carcinoma-bearing rat model of nonthyroidal disease.
AB  - To continue our studies on the influence of T3 on TSH regulation in the Walker
      256 carcinoma-bearing rat model of nonthyroidal disease, we measured the effect
      of T3 on pituitary content of beta TSH mRNA and rat (r) TSH in hypothyroid
      control (C) and tumor-bearing (T) rats. The effect of T3 on TSH regulation was
      compared to effects on GH mRNA and rGH in the same animals. mRNA content was
      normalized to a pool of pituitaries from euthyroid rats (= 1.0). beta TSH mRNA
      increased 18-fold in both hypothyroid C and T rats and then decreased similarly
      with increasing T3 infusion to a value of 0.1. GH mRNA content decreased to 0.11
      +/- 0.01 in hypothyroid C rats, but to only 0.38 +/- 0.02 in T rats (P less than
      0.001). The pituitary contents of GH mRNA and rGH in hypothyroid T rats was
      significantly greater than those in C rats at all T3 infusion rates. These data
      together with our previous report of decreased nuclear T3 in T rats suggest that
      regulation of beta TSH mRNA by T3 is intact in T rats, but occurs at a lower
      concentration of nuclear T3. In contrast, the GH mRNA response is enhanced,
      displaying differential regulation of these two T3-responsive gene products in
      this model of nonthyroidal illness.

PMID- 2294009
TI  - Prolactin inhibits plasminogen activator activity in the preovulatory follicles.
AB  - The present study was designed to determine the effects of PRL on changes in
      morphology and plasminogen activator (PA) activity in the preovulatory follicles.
      Rabbit ovaries were perfused with hCG alone or with hCG plus at 10, 10(2), or
      10(3) ng/ml. PRL at 10(3) ng/ml directly inhibited the degeneration and
      decomposition of surface epithelial cells induced by hCG exposure. The subsurface
      connective tissue was visualized by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate, which
      removed surface epithelial cells from the ovary, thereby exposing collagen
      fibrils and the basal lamina. Sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment revealed
      inhibition of connective tissue disruption at the apex of the follicle wall in
      PRL-treated ovaries. PA activity in mature follicles in perfused rabbit ovaries
      exposed to hCG increased from 1.40 +/- 0.08 to 28.4 +/- 4.25 IU/g tissue after 4
      h of perfusion. The addition of PRL to the perfusate inhibited the hCG-stimulated
      increase in intrafollicular PA activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Although at
      7 h mature follicles treated by hCG alone showed greater intrafollicular PA
      activity than those treated with hCG plus PRL, this difference was not
      significant. These results suggest that PRL may act directly by interfering with
      mechanical events within the ovary that are required for the rupture of mature
      Graafian follicles, probably via the inhibition of intrafollicular tissue PA
      activity.

PMID- 2294010
TI  - Heat shock proteins bind calcitonin.
AB  - We have demonstrated two heat shock proteins (HSP's) in the human placenta that
      specifically bind calcitonin. Binding specificity was shown by ligand-affinity
      chromatography and by competitive binding studies. The HSP's were identified by
      Western analysis and by amino acid sequence. Our observations are consistent with
      the hypothesis that HSP's may function by binding and interacting with cellular
      proteins and peptides during their biogenesis. This interaction may both depend
      upon and produce conformational changes in these ligands during their
      intracellular processing. Additionally, HSP-peptide hormone interactions may
      confound studies designed to investigate classical receptor-hormone interactions.

PMID- 2294011
TI  - Divergence between ovarian aromatase activity, estrogen, and androgen levels in
      the cycling rat.
AB  - Serum estrogen levels vary in a cyclic fashion during the rat estrous cycle,
      reaching peak values on proestrus and then rapidly declining. Daily measurements
      of ovarian aromatase activity appear to follow a similar pattern, suggesting a
      potential regulatory role for the enzyme. To examine this hypothesis, mature rats
      were killed at various times, and ovarian microsomes were assayed for aromatase
      activity, while androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, and estrone levels were
      measured in ovarian cytosol by RIA. The ovarian aromatase activity reached a peak
      about 9 h after the onset of the light period on the day of proestrus, and then
      began to decrease gradually to 75% lower levels by the morning of estrus.
      Similarly, the estradiol levels also peaked at about 9 h, but then dropped
      sharply; at 18 h the estradiol levels were reduced 90-95%, while aromatase
      activity was still close to its peak value. In contrast, the androstenedione and
      testosterone levels remained high for 3-4 h after the estradiol levels began to
      decrease. Estrone levels varied considerably less than those of estradiol,
      reaching lower peak values, but then decreasing only 50-75%. The dissociation
      between product levels and enzyme activity cannot be explained by a change in the
      Km of aromatase, which was about 20 nM for androstenedione throughout this
      period. Therefore, it appears that the decrease in estradiol levels from the peak
      of the surge may in part be a consequence of a shift in the ratio of the estrogen
      products synthesized by the ovary, rather than a decrease in the ovarian capacity
      for estrogen production, although other factors appear to be involved as well.

PMID- 2294012
TI  - Prolactin induction of interleukin-2 receptors on rat splenic lymphocytes.
AB  - A case for the involvement of PRL in the regulation of the immune system is
      strong. However, no mechanism by which PRL exerts this regulation has yet been
      identified. We studied the in vitro effects of PRL on splenocytes from
      ovariectomized (OVX) rats and discovered that PRL induced the formation of
      interleukin-2 (IL-2) cell surface receptors. However, PRL did not induce IL-2
      secretion. This response, which was dependent on the concentration of PRL, also
      depended upon the estrogen status of the splenocyte donor; thus, splenocytes from
      OVX rats or rats in diestrus responded to PRL, whereas those from estrogen
      treated OVX rats or rats in estrus did not. We propose that in vivo exposure of
      PRL, under certain physiological conditions, may prime a pool of splenocytes to
      express IL-2 cell surface receptors, allowing these cells to be responsive to
      variations in local concentrations of IL-2.

PMID- 2294014
TI  - Carboxyl methylation of 21-23 kDa membrane proteins in intact neuroblastoma cells
      is increased with differentiation.
AB  - Evidence is presented for specific enzymatic methylation of 21-23 kDa membrane
      proteins in intact neuroblastoma N1E 115 cells, which is increased in
      dimethylsulfoxide-induced differentiated cells. Methylation of these proteins has
      characteristics typical of enzymatic reactions in which base labile volatile
      methyl groups are incorporated into proteins, consistent with the formation of
      protein carboxyl methylesters. However, these methylesters of the 21-23 kDa
      proteins are relatively stable compared to other protein carboxyl methylesters.
      The 3-fold increase in methylated 21-23 kDa proteins in the differentiated cells
      suggest biological significance in differentiation of the cell membranes.

PMID- 2294013
TI  - To what extent can spermatogenesis be maintained in the hypophysectomized adult
      rat testis with exogenously administered testosterone?
AB  - In a previous study it was demonstrated that spermatogenesis can be maintained
      quantitatively with exogenously administered testosterone in adult intact rats
      that lack LH. The studies described herein were designed to examine the extent to
      which spermatogenesis can be maintained quantitatively with exogenously
      administered testosterone in adult rats that lack all pituitary hormones. Adult
      male rats were hypophysectomized and testosterone was administered at the time of
      hypophysectomy via sustained release polydimethylsiloxane (PDS) capsules of
      increasing lengths. We used the PDS capsules to clamp testosterone at defined
      concentrations within the seminiferous tubule fluid over a 2- to 3-month
      treatment period. Mean testis weights and advanced spermatid numbers per testis
      stabilized by 8 weeks of testosterone treatment regardless of testosterone dose.
      Both testis weight and advanced spermatid number responded to testosterone dose,
      reaching plateaus of 1.2 g and 170 x 10(6) per testis, respectively. These values
      were 60% of, and significantly less than, the respective control values. This
      result was in striking contrast to the results of our previous study of LH
      suppressed intact rats, in which exogenously administered testosterone resulted
      in testis weights and advanced spermatid numbers that plateaued at values not
      significantly different from those in controls. These different effects of
      testosterone in intact and hypophysectomized rats occurred despite the fact that
      the seminiferous tubule fluid testosterone concentrations achieved in the
      hypophysectomized rats (up to 25 ng/ml) were greater than the minimal
      testosterone concentration found previously to be required to maintain
      spermatogenesis quantitatively in LH-suppressed intact rats (13 ng/ml). Taken
      together, these results demonstrate clearly that intratesticular testosterone
      doses that are as high as or higher than those that maintain spermatogenesis
      quantitatively in intact rats lacking LH fail to maintain spermatogenesis
      quantitatively in rats lacking all pituitary hormones.

PMID- 2294015
TI  - Phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis by human plasma phospholipase D.
AB  - A phospholipase D activity able to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol has previously
      been described in the cytosol of human neutrophils. The experiments reported here
      demonstrate that this phosphatidylinositol-hydrolyzing phospholipase D activity
      is also present in human plasma. This activity was assessed by free inositol
      release from phosphatidylinositol substrate, by phosphatidate formation and by
      phosphatidylethanol formation through its capacity of catalyzing a
      transphosphatidylation reaction. This plasma enzyme activity shows an optimum pH
      of 8.0 and is inhibited by EGTA.

PMID- 2294016
TI  - Increased calcium permeability is not responsible for the rapid lethal effects of
      amphotericin B on Leishmania sp.
AB  - The mode of action of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB), the drug of
      choice for the treatment of systemic fungal infections and visceral
      leishmaniasis, is still unclear. An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration
      [( Ca2+]i), toxic in many cases, has been postulated as a possible lethal
      mechanism for AmB. Cell permeabilization to ethidium bromide (EB) was used as a
      criterion of viability. Kinetics of the DNA-EB fluorescent complex formation was
      studied in ergosterol-containing Leishmania promastigotes. Intracellular Ca2+
      concentration was measured using quin-2 fluorescence in parallel aliquots. It is
      shown in this work that AmB can act as an efficient Ca2+ ionophore. However, the
      rapid permeabilization effect induced by AmB on these cells was not dependent on
      an increase in [Ca2+]i. On the contrary, it was found that leishmanicidal effect
      of AmB was enhanced in the absence of external calcium. Furthermore, A23187 a
      Ca2+ ionophore did not provoke cell permeabilization to EB.

PMID- 2294017
TI  - Interleukin 1- and tumor necrosis factor-stimulation of prostaglandin E2
      synthesis in MDCK cells, and potentiation of this effect by cycloheximide.
AB  - The effects of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and TNF alpha on prostaglandin
      E2 synthesis in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were investigated. IL-1
      beta time- and dose-dependently stimulated prostaglandin-E2 synthesis. While TNF
      alpha produced a comparatively small but significant stimulation of PGE2 release,
      coincubation of IL-1 beta with TNF alpha produced a marked synergistic
      stimulation of PGE2 release. The effect of IL-1 beta and of IL-1 beta and TNF
      alpha was apparent as early as after 2 h of incubation. The enhanced PGE2
      synthesis was inhibited by indomethacin as well as actinomycin D, while
      cycloheximide surprisingly potentiated PGE2 synthesis in response to both IL-1
      beta and TNF alpha. IL-1 alpha alone was ineffective in stimulating a significant
      release of PGE2 at concentrations as high as 10 nM. However, it also showed a
      marked synergistic interaction with TNF alpha in stimulating PGE2 release.

PMID- 2294018
TI  - Liposome-associated retinoic acid. Increased in vitro antiproliferative effects
      on neoplastic cells.
AB  - The activity of liposome-associated retinoic acid was analyzed on in vitro
      cultured tumor cell lines and compared to the antiproliferative effects of free
      retinoic acid. It was found that liposome-associated retinoic acid is about 300
      times more active than free retinoic acid in inhibiting in vitro cell growth of
      leukemic and melanoma cell lines. An increased activity of retinoic acid (10-20
      times) was also obtained after premixing of this compound with empty liposomes,
      demonstrating that the retinoic acid efficiently interacts with liposomes which
      may facilitate solubility and cell uptake of retinoids.

PMID- 2294019
TI  - Identification of a reversible structural transition in the metal-depleted
      glycerol dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus.
AB  - Evidence is presented to demonstrate that the Zn2+ -depleted, inactive form of
      the glycerol dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus exists in one of two
      possible conformations in equilibrium, the position of which is temperature
      sensitive. The conformation of the metal-depleted enzyme favoured by higher
      temperatures (20-40 degrees C) is able to bind Zn2+ and regain catalytic
      activity, whereas that favoured at lower temperatures (0-10 degrees C) is unable
      to bind metal ions and is thus inactive. This equilibrium is also pH dependent
      with a pK of 6.6. At pH 6.0, the equilibrium lies in favour of the form of the
      enzyme able to bind metal ions and exhibit activity.

PMID- 2294020
TI  - Fatty acid acylation of membrane skeletal proteins in human erythrocytes.
AB  - Fatty acid acylation of membrane proteins was studied on human erythrocytes by
      measuring incorporation of [3H]palmitate at different specific radioactivities. A
      55 kDa polypeptide within the band 4.5 region was the main acceptor protein for
      acylation by fatty acids (palmitate, stearate, oleate), while other polypeptides
      (80, 65, 48, 30 kDa) incorporated [3H]palmitate slowly, in substoichiometric
      amounts. Integral membrane proteins were preferentially fatty acid acylated.
      Skeletal membrane proteins were, however, poorly labeled. Neither purified
      ankyrin nor band 4.1 protein were fatty acid acylated in human erythrocytes. On
      the other hand, label associated with high molecular weight skeletal proteins
      resisted low and high ionic strength extractions, and was extracted selectively
      by urea [corrected] along with a small subpopulation of spectrin which was also
      tightly associated with the membrane.

PMID- 2294021
TI  - Involvement of protein kinase C in the mitogenic and chemotaxis effects of basic
      fibroblast growth factor on bovine cerebral cortex capillary endothelial cells.
AB  - Basic fibroblast growth factor is increasingly implicated in cellular growth,
      differentiation, angiogenesis and oncogenesis. In culture, basic fibroblast
      growth factor greatly improved the growth rate of bovine brain cortex capillary
      endothelial cells. Down-regulation of protein kinase C by prolonged treatment
      with phorbol esters prevented the mitogenic effect of basic fibroblast growth
      factor on capillary endothelial cells. Furthermore, staurosporine, a potent
      protein kinase inhibitor, showed strong antiproliferative activity against basic
      fibroblast growth factor-induced endothelial cell growth. Similarly, the
      chemotaxis effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on capillary endothelial
      cells was abolished by down-regulation of protein kinase C or by staurosporine
      treatment. Therefore, it is suggested that protein kinase C could account for
      part of the angiogenic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor.

PMID- 2294022
TI  - Phosphorylation of the skeletal muscle AMP-deaminase by protein kinase C.
AB  - Protein kinase C catalyzes phosphorylation of the rat skeletal muscle AMP
      deaminase in the presence of calcium ions and phosphatidylserine. At the same
      time, the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase fails to
      phosphorylate AMP-deaminase. Ca2+, phosphatidylserine-dependent phosphorylation
      decreases three-fold (from 0.6 to 0.2 mM) the Km value and does not affect Vmax.
      Protein kinase C-induced phosphorylation of AMP-deaminase, besides ADP
      ribosylation, is suggested to be involved in regulating the AMP-deaminase
      activity in vivo.

PMID- 2294023
TI  - Palladium(II)-coproporphyrin I as a photoactivable group in sequence-specific
      modification of nucleic acids by oligonucleotide derivatives.
AB  - The 34-mer oligodeoxynucleotide was shown to be selectively modified at the G17
      position upon photoirradiation in the presence of complementary 17-mer
      oligodeoxynucleotide bearing Pd(II)-coproporphyrin I covalently linked to the 5'
      end phosphate group.

PMID- 2294024
TI  - A negative cooperativity between NADPH and adrenodoxin on binding to
      NADPH:adrenodoxin reductase.
AB  - Adrenodoxin stimulated the oxidation of NADPH by 1,4-benzoquinone, catalyzed by
      NADPH:adrenodoxin reductase. It prevented the enzyme inhibition by NADPH and
      formed an additional pathway of benzoquinone reduction presumably via reduced
      adrenodoxin. In the presence of 100-400 microM NADP+, which increased the Km of
      NADPH, adrenodoxin acted as a partial competitive inhibitor for NADPH decreasing
      its TN/Km by a limiting factor of 3. Ki of adrenodoxin decreased on the NADP+
      concentration decrease and was estimated to be about 10(-8) M in the absence of
      NADP+.

PMID- 2294025
TI  - Tryptophan-130 is the most reactive tryptophan residue in rabbit skeletal myosin
      subfragment-1.
AB  - Rabbit skeletal muscle myosin subfragment-1 (S-1) was reacted with dimethyl(2
      hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium bromide (DHNBS) resulting in modification of 0.8
      tryptophan residues per S-1. In order to assign the most reactive tryptophan of
      the 5 S-1 tryptophans, antibodies were raised in rabbits against bovine serum
      albumin modified with DHNBS. The antibodies reacted with the 27 kDa tryptic
      fragment of DHNBS-treated S-1, indicating that the reactive tryptophan resides on
      this domain. The 27 kDa fragment was isolated from DHNBS-treated S-1 and was
      further cleaved at a single cysteine residue by 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid.
      This cleavage resulted in two peptides, each of them containing one tryptophan.
      The antibodies reacted with the smaller peptide consisting of residues 122-204.
      The only tryptophan residing on this peptide is Trp130, and this is therefore the
      most reactive tryptophan of S-1.

PMID- 2294026
TI  - Competition: an unsympathetic obituary.

PMID- 2294027
TI  - Trends in hospital services.

PMID- 2294028
TI  - Providers link health with human service.
AB  - This issue's cover story looks at a handful of hospital leaders who appear to be
      radically redefining their hospital's role, but who are really just returning to
      the basics of hospital management and the basic hospital mission of community
      service. These CEOs of innercity hospitals are taking a leadership role in
      community development programs, ranging from literacy to housing. They bring
      together community groups to solve problems, work to find funding for projects,
      and attract new business to the hospital's service area. They also provide
      community residents with a sense of hope and a sense of stability. But their
      actions have ramifications that extend beyond their communities. These leaders
      may also be providing other health care executives with an approach to strategic
      planning that will add new meaning to the term "community hospital" in the 1990s.

PMID- 2294029
TI  - The AHA's priorities for 1990.
AB  - The American Hospital Association will confront a number of key issues in the
      coming year, writes Carol McCarthy, AHA president. The association expects to
      face unprecedented challenges in its efforts to promote an environment conducive
      to the continuation of high-quality health care services. In addition, a number
      of forces may combine to create a sense of urgency--inside and outside of
      government--for major reforms in our current system.

PMID- 2294030
TI  - Executives learn (sometimes the hard way) how to handle public referendums.
AB  - The number of public referendums held on health care issues are increasing, And
      voters may have more to say about health care funding issues on a state and local
      level in the future, say experts. Health care executives are learning--sometimes
      the hard way--how to participate in campaigns and how to follow up with state
      legislatures to ensure that the vote is correctly interpreted in the rulemaking
      phase.

PMID- 2294031
TI  - JCAHO: pilot hospitals' input updates Agenda for Change.
AB  - How is the Agenda for Change program progressing? Despite some setbacks during
      its first year, officials at the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
      Organizations say that the program is heading toward its ambitious goal of
      evaluating the clinical and organizational performance of hospitals.

PMID- 2294032
TI  - Survey: managed care led '89 diversification improvements.
AB  - As providers gain increased experience with managed care contracting, they are
      reporting greater success, especially with preferred provider organizations. And
      for the second year in a row, the profitability of substance abuse treatment
      units has declined. These are just a few of the highlights from Hospitals' third
      annual diversification survey.

PMID- 2294034
TI  - CEO looks to vendors for savings.

PMID- 2294033
TI  - Severity system buyers beware, says researcher.

PMID- 2294035
TI  - U.S. Rep knows health care: 'I've lived it'. Interview by Marybeth Burke.

PMID- 2294036
TI  - Billing software speeds accounts receivable.
AB  - Software products designed to speed the billing process range from systems that
      prompt admissions personnel to comply with the terms of up to 3,600 separate
      managed care contracts to programs that support electronic billing via telephone.

PMID- 2294037
TI  - Leadership gap wreaks havoc with health policy.
AB  - The Bush Administration's failure to fill key health care positions has hurt
      formation of Medicare policy, and Congress made a mistake by backpedaling on
      catastrophic health insurance, according to an exclusive survey of hospital CEOs.

PMID- 2294038
TI  - Abbott infuses i.v. business with growth.
AB  - Early this year, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, will introduce Therapist,
      a device that automatically delivers the right medication at the proper time-
      thus reducing nursing time and the margin for error.

PMID- 2294039
TI  - Hefty wage hikes for nurses create a domino effect.

PMID- 2294040
TI  - Oregon responds to physicians' fears of peer review.

PMID- 2294041
TI  - Hospitals face nonnegotiated price cuts.

PMID- 2294042
TI  - GPOs streamline membership to raise compliance.

PMID- 2294043
TI  - Automated buying saves paperwork, money.

PMID- 2294044
TI  - CEOs should prepare carefully for interviews.

PMID- 2294045
TI  - '90s technology will cure many health care ills.
AB  - U.S. biotechnology will conquer many diseases, including AIDS. This is one of
      many optimistic predictions made by Austin H. Kiplinger, editor-in-chief of The
      Kiplinger Washington Letter, and Knight A. Kiplinger, editor-in-chief of Changing
      Times magazine, in their new book America in the Global '90s.

PMID- 2294046
TI  - Passive immunization prevents induction of Lyme arthritis in LSH hamsters.
AB  - We determined that sera obtained from hamsters infected with Borrelia burgdorferi
      could prevent the induction of Lyme arthritis. When irradiated hamsters were
      administered immune serum and subsequently challenged with B. burgdorferi, no
      evidence of infection was detected. Recipients failed to develop swelling of the
      hind paws, and no histopathologic changes were detected. In addition, B.
      burgdorferi was not recovered from tissues of hamsters that were passively
      immunized. By contrast, irradiated hamsters that were administered normal hamster
      serum or saline and infected with the Lyme spirochete developed arthritis.
      Extensive histopathologic changes occurred in the hind paws and knee joints, and
      spirochetes were recovered from most of the tissues examined. These results show
      that immune serum can confer complete protection on recipient hamsters to
      challenge with B. burgdorferi.

PMID- 2294047
TI  - Cellular coaggregation of oral Streptococcus milleri with actinomyces.
AB  - Oral isolates of Streptococcus milleri were examined for their ability to
      coaggregate with actinomyces. Of the 68 S. milleri strains tested, including 3
      reference strains, 40 strains coaggregated with Actinomyces naeslundii WVU45
      (actinomyces coaggregation group B) and 36 strains coaggregated with Actinomyces
      viscosus T14V (actinomyces coaggregation group A). All S. milleri strains of
      serotypes b (4 strains), e (2 strains), and f (24 strains) coaggregated with both
      of the actinomyces. The coaggregation reactions between the S. milleri cells and
      A. naeslundii WVU45 cells were optimal at about pH 7.0 and were Ca2+ or Mg2+
      dependent, but they were not inhibited by the presence of simple sugars or amino
      sugars, including lactose (up to 0.5 M). Treatment of the S. milleri cells with
      heat (100 degrees C, 3 min) or proteases (trypsin, 1.0 mg/ml; pronase, 0.25
      mg/ml; 37 degrees C; 3 h) and of the actinomyces cells with periodate (0.01 M, 4
      degrees C, 16 h) destroyed their coaggregating abilities. The coaggregations
      between cells of the S. milleri strains, we well as cells of the Streptococcus
      sanguis H1 (reference strain for streptococcus coaggregation group 2) and the
      actinomyces strains (WVU45 and T14V), were inhibited by AFH1 (a carbohydrate
      receptor on T14V cells for a lectin on H1 cells). These interactions were also
      inhibited by anti-AFH1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and by anti-b, anti-e, and anti-f
      S. milleri IgG or anti-f IgG Fab fragments. These results suggest that S.
      milleri, at least strains of serotypes b, e, and f, belongs to streptococcus
      coaggregation group 2.

PMID- 2294048
TI  - The 75-kilodalton protein of Chlamydia trachomatis: a member of the heat shock
      protein 70 family?
AB  - The gene encoding a 75-kilodalton (kDa) protein of Chlamydia trachomatis was
      cloned, expressed, and sequenced. Genomic libraries from C. trachomatis serovar D
      DNA were constructed in vectors pUC18 and lambda gt11 and were screened with a
      panel of monoclonal antibodies against C. trachomatis antigens. The only
      recombinants identified were those that reacted with antibody UM-13, which has
      specificity for a genus-specific epitope on the 75-kDa protein. The gene was
      localized to a 2.9-kilobase DNA fragment and sequenced. The gene consists of a
      long open reading frame of 1,956 nucleotides, which translates into 652 amino
      acids totalling 70,558 daltons in mass. Putative promoter elements and a ribosome
      binding site were identified within 5'-flanking sequences, and a typical rho
      independent terminator was identified within 3'-flanking sequences. Screening of
      the GenBank nucleic acid sequence data bank revealed extensive similarity between
      the chlamydial 75-kDa gene and the heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) family or
      proteins. In particular, 71 and 69% amino acid sequence similarities were
      identified with hsp70 of Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium, respectively.
      Polyclonal antibodies were produced to the recombinant antigen in rabbits and
      detected epitopes on elementary bodies in enzyme-linked immunosorbent and
      indirect microimmunofluorescence assays. Antibodies reacted with an antigen of
      identical molecular mass in L2 and C serovars in an immunoblot assay and
      neutralized these serovars in cell culture. The 75-kDa protein appears to be a
      chlamydial homolog of hsp70, is immunoaccessible on native elementary bodies, and
      is a target for neutralization.

PMID- 2294049
TI  - Reduction of wall degradability of clindamycin-treated staphylococci within
      macrophages.
AB  - Clindamycin treatment of Staphylococcus aureus caused a remarkable thickening of
      the bacterial cell wall and made the bacterial wall much more resistant against
      lytic enzymes within bone marrow-derived macrophages as revealed by electron
      microscopy and radiolabeling experiments. This reduced wall degradability
      resulted from an increased number of O-acetyl groups in the murein. Furthermore,
      such clindamycin-treated bacteria were ingested by adherent bone marrow-derived
      macrophages at a higher rate than untreated bacteria. The medical aspects of
      these results are discussed.

PMID- 2294050
TI  - Characterization of murine monoclonal and murine, rabbit, and human polyclonal
      antibodies against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - Murine monoclonal and rabbit, murine, and human polyclonal antibodies against
      chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were characterized by the passive hemolysis
      and passive hemolysis inhibition assays and by absorption experiments with LPSs
      of Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, and a recombinant strain of
      Salmonella minnesota Re (r595-207) expressing the chlamydia-specific LPS epitope,
      as well as natural and synthetic partial structures of chlamydial LPS. Eleven
      monoclonal antibodies of the immunoglobulin M and G classes were characterized as
      chlamydia-specific by their failure to react with Re-type LPS, binding to a
      similar epitope for which the trisaccharide alpha-3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic
      acid (KDO)-(2-8)-alpha-KDO-(2-4)-alpha-KDO was an absolute prerequisite. For
      optimal binding, parts of the lipid A moiety were also involved; however,
      phosphoryl and ester-linked acyl groups and the reducing glucosamine residue of
      lipid A were dispensable. A similar antibody specificity was detected in lapine
      and murine hyperimmune sera after immunization with chlamydia, in addition to
      those recognizing more complex (e.g., those requiring the presence of phosphoryl
      residues) and less complex epitopes. Among the latter were those cross-reacting
      with Re-type LPS, which could be removed by absorption. The titers of different
      antibody specificities, in particular the ratio of chlamydia-specific to cross
      reactive antibodies, present in murine polyclonal antisera depended on the
      immunization protocol. The preferential formation of chlamydia-specific
      antibodies was observed after immunization with liposome-incorporated immunogens.
      Human sera from patients with suspected genital chlamydial infections were also
      found to contain chlamydia-specific and cross-reactive antibodies, the latter of
      which could be removed by absorption with Re-type LPS.

PMID- 2294051
TI  - Endotoxic induction of prostaglandin release from macrophages by nontoxic lipid A
      analogs synthesized chemically.
AB  - The ability of synthetic lipid A analogs to induce prostaglandin synthesis in
      macrophages was compared with that of native lipopolysaccharide. The synthetic
      preparations comprised monomeric or dimeric derivatives of D-glucosamine with
      different patterns of substitution by phosphate and tetradecanoic, (R)-3
      hydroxytetradecanoic, and (R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoic acid. All of these
      preparations are structurally distinct from native lipid A (principally regarding
      the position of fatty acid substitution) and hence have been previously shown to
      be endotoxically inactive in many biological tests. It was found that many of
      these synthetic samples exhibit strong activity in inducing prostaglandin E2 and
      prostaglandin F2 alpha, with some of them having activity comparable to that of
      lipopolysaccharide. Experiments with macrophages of C3H/HeJ mice enabled us to
      differentiate between endotoxin-specific (in the case of dimeric preparations)
      and endotoxin-nonspecific (for monomeric preparations) mechanisms for the
      induction of prostaglandins. These results indicate that there is a difference in
      the mechanism of induction of prostaglandin synthesis between monomeric lipid A's
      and dimeric or native lipid A structures.

PMID- 2294053
TI  - Identification of outer oocyst wall proteins of three Cryptosporidium
      (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) species by 125I surface labeling.
AB  - Autoradiography of oocyst wall surface proteins of three Cryptosporidium spp.
      revealed common bands at 285 to 290, 145 to 148, 120, 57, and 32 kilodaltons
      (kDa). Cryptosporidium baileyi and C. muris share proteins at 180, 100, 80 to 81,
      29, and 18 to 19 kDa; C. baileyi and C. parvum share one protein at 46 to 47 kDa;
      and C. muris and C. parvum share a protein at 67 to 69 kDa. Additional protein
      bands, each unique to one species, were also observed.

PMID- 2294052
TI  - Characterization of a 78-kilodalton outer membrane protein of Haemophilus somnus.
AB  - A 78-kilodalton (kDa) outer membrane protein (OMP) of Haemophilus somnus was one
      of the two antigens most consistently and most intensely immunoreactive in
      Western immunoblots of whole cells of H. somnus reacted with convalescent-phase
      serum obtained from cattle with experimental H. somnus pneumonia. This antigen
      was isolated by gel filtration chromatography of sodium dodecyl sulfate
      solubilized OMP. Reactions of Western blots with bovine monospecific antiserum
      prepared against the 78-kDa antigen indicated that this 78-kDa OMP was present in
      each of 22 isolates of H. somnus obtained from cattle with pneumonia,
      thromboembolic meningoencephalitis, and abortion as well as from vaginal or
      preputial carriers. The 78-kDa OMP was also present in each isolate obtained
      weekly throughout the course of experimental H. somnus pneumonia in a calf.
      Monospecific antiserum to the 78-kDa OMP also reacted with proteins from closely
      related bacterial species in the family Pasteurellaceae but not with bacteria of
      13 other genera. The 78-kDa OMP of H. somnus is of interest because it is surface
      accessible, highly conserved, immunogenic, cross-reactive with other members of
      the family Pasteurellaceae, and reactive with convalescent-phase serum which is
      passively protective against H. somnus pneumonia.

PMID- 2294054
TI  - Kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite neutralization by monoclonal
      antibodies, immune bovine serum, and immune bovine colostrum.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies, immune bovine serum, and immune bovine colostral whey
      neutralized infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites for mice in a time
      dependent manner. Immune colostral whey neutralized sporozoites more rapidly and
      completely than immune serum, monoclonal antibody (MAb) 18.44, or a combination
      of MAb 18.44 and MAb 17.41. Mice were partially protected against oral challenge
      with C. parvum oocytes when treated with immune colostral whey, MAb 17.41, or a
      combination of MAb 17.41 and MAb 18.44.

PMID- 2294055
TI  - Bacterial iron enhances oxygen radical-mediated killing of Staphylococcus aureus
      by phagocytes.
AB  - It has been shown that increasing bacterial iron concentration enhances killing
      by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but not by polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). It
      is possible that owing to the multiple bactericidal mechanisms of the PMN,
      differences in the killing rate of iron-loaded bacteria and control bacteria are
      obscured. We decided, therefore, to compare the killing of iron-loaded bacteria
      with that of control bacteria using human monocytes (MN), PMN, and PMN-derived
      cytoplasts. Incubation of Staphylococcus aureus with increasing concentrations of
      ferrous ammonium sulfate (0 to 1,000 microM) progressively increased the iron
      content in the bacteria (from 0.01 to 0.24 mumol of iron per 10(9) bacteria).
      Iron loading of the bacteria markedly increased their susceptibility to killing
      by H2O2. After 1 h of incubation with 1 mM H2O2, 95 +/- 2% of the iron-loaded
      bacteria were killed compared with 18 +/- 4% of the control bacteria (P less than
      0.0001). Iron loading of bacteria did not alter their susceptibility to killing
      by human PMN. However, iron-loaded bacteria were more susceptible to killing by
      MN (after 12 min of incubation, 81 +/- 2 versus 74 +/- 2% killing; P less than
      0.008) and to killing by PMN-derived cytoplasts (after 60 min of incubation, 52
      +/- 8 versus 33 +/- 5%; P = 0.003) than the controls. Moreover, iron loading
      enhanced luminol-mediated chemiluminescence of MN, PMN, and PMN-derived
      cytoplasts. The hydroxyl radical scavenger thiourea inhibited H2O2-mediated
      killing of iron-loaded staphylococci as well as luminol-mediated
      chemiluminescence. These results suggest that alterations in intrinsic iron
      content increase killing of staphylococci by H2O2, MN, and PMN-derived cytoplasts
      by a free radical-mediated mechanism.

PMID- 2294056
TI  - Cloning and expression of the damselysin gene from Vibrio damsela.
AB  - The gene encoding damselysin, an extracellular cytolysin produced by virulent
      Vibrio damsela strains, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. DNA
      sequences homologous to that of the cloned gene were detected in hemolytic
      strains of V. damsela but not in other hemolytic Vibrio species.

PMID- 2294057
TI  - Specificity of glycosphingolipid recognition by Entamoeba histolytica
      trophozoites.
AB  - The ability of purified glycosphingolipids to enhance liposome-stimulated
      Entamoeba histolytica actin polymerization was assessed as a means of defining
      the specificity of mammalian cell membrane lipid glycan recognition by this
      parasite. Synthetic liposomes containing a variety of individual
      glycosphingolipids bearing neutral, straight-chain oligomeric glycans with
      galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine termini stimulated rapid (90-s) polymerization
      of amoeba actin. Glycans with terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues were not
      stimulatory at all or were only weakly stimulatory. Glycans with glucose, N
      acetylglucosamine, galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine as the penultimate
      residue were recognized. Attachment of N-acetylneuraminate to the terminal
      residue of a stimulatory glycosphingolipid eliminated activity; attachment of
      fucose to the penultimate sugar reduced activity. Glycans with a terminal beta 1
      4 or 1-3 glycosidic bond were most effective; glycans with terminal alpha 1-4 or
      1-3 glycosides were less effective. The activity of glycans with both beta- and
      alpha-linked terminal glycosides was inhibited by lactose, suggesting recognition
      of both configurations by a single amoeba protein. The ability of liposomes to
      stimulate actin polymerization reflected the extent of liposome phagocytosis.

PMID- 2294058
TI  - Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin: evaluation as a protective
      antigen and colonization factor in a mouse respiratory infection model.
AB  - Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) is a cell surface protein of Bordetella pertussis
      which functions as an adhesin for this organism. It is a component of many new
      acellular pertussis vaccines. The proposed role of FHA in immunity to pertussis
      is based on animal studies which have produced some conflicting results. To
      clarify this situation, we reexamined the protective activity of FHA in an adult
      mouse respiratory infection model. Four-week-old BALB/c mice were immunized with
      one or two doses of 4 or 8 micrograms of FHA and then aerosol challenged with B.
      pertussis Tohama I. In control mice receiving tetanus toxoid, the CFU in the
      lungs increased from 10(5) immediately following infection to greater than 10(6)
      by days 5 and 9 after challenge. Mice immunized with FHA by the intraperitoneal
      or intramuscular route had significantly reduced bacterial colonization in the
      lungs. A decrease in colonization of the trachea was also observed in FHA
      immunized mice. Evaluation of antibody responses in these mice revealed high
      titers of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM to FHA in sera and of IgG to FHA in lung
      lavage fluids. No IgA to FHA was detected. BALB/c mice were also passively
      immunized intravenously with either goat or rat antibodies to FHA and then
      aerosol challenged 24 h later, when anti-FHA antibodies were detected in the
      respiratory tract. Lung and tracheal colonization was markedly reduced in mice
      immunized with FHA-specific antibodies compared with those receiving control
      antibodies. In additional studies, the role of FHA in the colonization of the
      mouse respiratory tract was evaluated by using strain BP101, an FHA mutant of B.
      pertussis. FHA was important in the initial colonization of the mouse trachea,
      but was not required for colonization of the trachea later in the infection. FHA
      was not a factor in colonization of the lungs. Collectively, these experiments
      demonstrate (i) that systemic immunization with FHA can provide significant
      protection against B. pertussis infection in both the lower and upper respiratory
      tract of mice as defined by the lungs and trachea, respectively; (ii) that this
      protection is mediated primarily by serum antibodies to FHA, which transudate
      into respiratory secretions; and (iii) that FHA is an important upper respiratory
      tract colonization factor. These studies provide further evidence for the role of
      FHA in pertussis pathogenesis and immunity.

PMID- 2294059
TI  - Effect of Treponema hyodysenteriae infection on mucosal mast cells and T cells in
      the murine cecum.
AB  - The pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the development of lesions in swine and
      mice after infection with Treponema hyodysenteriae have not been fully
      characterized. The release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells has been
      postulated to play a role in lesion development during swine dysentery.
      Therefore, C3H/HeN mice were infected with T. hyodysenteriae, and mucosal mast
      cell (MMC) numbers were examined in cecal sections. An initial increase in MMC
      numbers from 13 to 22 per 50 crypt villus units was observed, but at 20 days
      postinfection the numbers significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) to 5 MMC per
      50 crypt villus units. Immunohistochemical analysis performed on cecal sections
      failed to show a significant change in lamina proprial T-lymphocyte subsets.
      Numbers of T. hyodysenteriae CFU recovered from the cecum were stable throughout
      the experimental time period. Mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice and their mast cell
      sufficient littermates were also infected to determine whether MMCs were
      necessary for the occurrence of T. hyodysenteriae-induced lesions. W/Wv mice were
      as susceptible to infection as their normal littermates and developed similar
      macroscopic and microscopic lesions. These results indicate that changes in MMC
      numbers can be detected after an infection with T. hyodysenteriae; however, on
      the basis of observations of infected W/Wv mice, mast cells are not required for
      lesion development in the murine model.

PMID- 2294060
TI  - Structural and antigenic analysis of Chlamydia pneumoniae.
AB  - Several isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae were compared with each other and to
      Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblots. Protein profiles of the C.
      pneumoniae isolates appeared to be the same and were distinct from the other
      Chlamydia species. A 39.5-kilodalton (kDa) protein, similar in molecular weight
      to the major outer membrane proteins (MOMP) of C. trachomatis and C. psittaci,
      was found in the Sarkosyl-insoluble fraction, demonstrating its association with
      the outer membrane complex. In the outer membrane complex, the MOMP was shown to
      exist in disulfide-linked protein complexes. Electron microscopy of the Sarkosyl
      extracted elementary bodies showed that the structural rigidity and pear-shaped
      morphology remained intact. Rabbit immune sera prepared against C. pneumoniae
      demonstrated immunoreactive proteins of 98-, 77-, 75-, 66-, 60-, 39.5-, 28-, and
      17.5-kDa proteins. Cross-reactivity experiments revealed that most of the
      antigenic reactivities shared between C. psittaci and C. trachomatis extend to C.
      pneumoniae and that the 98-kDa protein recognition appeared to be C. pneumoniae
      specific. In contrast to the other Chlamydia spp., the recognition of the C.
      pneumoniae MOMP by homologous immune sera was weak and was cross-reactive with
      the MOMPs of the other Chlamydia species. These results suggest that the C.
      pneumoniae MOMP is less immunogenic and antigenically complex than are the MOMPs
      of C. trachomatis and C. psittaci.

PMID- 2294061
TI  - Vulvovaginal polyps. Histologic appearance, ultrastructure, immunocytochemical
      characteristics, and clinicopathologic correlations.
AB  - A clinicopathologic study of 18 vulvovaginal fibroepithelial polyps with a
      comparison to normal stroma is presented. Twelve cases were analyzed by
      immunohistochemical methods for the presence of vimentin, desmin, muscle-specific
      actin, myoglobin, S-100 protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT), alpha 1
      antichymotrypsin (ACHT), cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), and epithelial membrane antigen.
      Stromal cells reacted with vimentin antiserum in eight cases. Desmin reactivity
      was detected in five of 12 cases, four of which coexpressed vimentin. Two cases
      exhibited muscle-specific actin reactivity, and a single case weak AAT
      reactivity. The stromal cells were unreactive with S-100 protein, epithelial
      membrane antigen, cytokeratin, ACHT, and myoglobin. Ultrastructurally, the
      stromal cells of four fibroepithelial polyps resembled fibroblasts and
      myofibroblasts. Our immunohistochemical and ultrastructural data suggest that the
      stromal cells of fibroepithelial polyps are a collection of functional
      fibroblasts that may be capable of differentiating along two or more cell lines.
      Dramatically elongated cytoplasmic processes extend from both normal vulvovaginal
      stromal cells and the cells of the polyps. The cell attachments to each other and
      to bundles of collagen suggest a potential for a physiologic role in tissue
      contractility, especially in the immediate postpartum state. The common
      association with pregnancy may represent a local exuberant response to some
      presently unidentified trophic or stimulating factor.

PMID- 2294062
TI  - Immunolocalization of alpha-amylase in ovarian mucinous tumours.
AB  - The distribution of alpha-amylase was studied immunohistochemically in 42 cases
      of ovarian mucinous tumour. Intense immunoreactivity for amylase was found in 6
      of 8 cases of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. In contrast, only 6 of 20 benign
      mucinous cystadenomas showed immunoreactive amylase, which was weak and patchy.
      Mucinous cystadenomas of borderline malignancy showed an intermediate degree of
      amylase immunoreactivity. The patterns seen are very similar to those reported in
      normal endocervix, cervical glandular atypia, and invasive adenocarcinoma and
      suggest molecular as well as morphologic similarities in neoplasia at these
      sites.

PMID- 2294063
TI  - Nucleolar organiser regions in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic endometria.
AB  - Nucleolar organiser regions (NORs) can be visualised by a silver stain that shows
      NOR-associated proteins as black intranuclear dots (AgNORs). NORs are loops of
      DNA that transcribe to ribosomal RNA, and the number of AgNORs is thought to
      reflect cellular proliferative activity. A study of AgNOR counts in normal,
      hyperplastic, and neoplastic endometria is reported. The highest AgNOR counts
      were found in normal proliferative endometrium and in well-differentiated
      endometrioid adenocarcinomas that were invading the myometrium. A mean AgNOR
      count of greater than 9 in curettage material from an atypical proliferative
      lesion of the endometrium is highly suggestive of an invasive neoplasm.

PMID- 2294064
TI  - Ovarian metastases from carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts
      simulating primary tumors of the ovary. A report of six cases.
AB  - Six cases in which ovarian metastases from carcinoma of the gallbladder or bile
      ducts were discovered during the life of the patient are described. The patients
      ranged from 33 to 72 (average, 57) years of age. In one case, the ovarian tumor
      was discovered 5 weeks before a gallbladder carcinoma was detected: in three
      cases, gallbladder tumors and ovarian metastases were discovered simultaneously;
      and in two cases, ovarian metastases were recognized 1 and 2 years after the
      biliary tumors. The ovarian tumors were bilateral in five cases. One of them was
      a 13-cm multiloculated, cystic neoplasm that simulated a primary mucinous tumor
      of the ovary. The remaining neoplasms were uniformly or predominantly solid and
      ranged up to 6.5 cm in diameter. They typically had lobulated external surfaces
      and were often multinodular on sectioning. Three ovarian tumors posed significant
      problems in differential diagnosis on microscopic examination. One of them
      closely simulated an endometrioid carcinoma, another simulated a mucinous
      cystadeno-carcinoma, and a third suggested the possible diagnosis of a Sertoli
      Leydig cell tumor. Features helpful in establishing the metastatic nature of the
      ovarian tumors in these and the other cases included bilaterality, surface
      implants, multinodularity, and extraovarian spread. The gallbladder and bile
      ducts are rare sources of metastatic tumors, which may simulate primary ovarian
      neoplasms.

PMID- 2294066
TI  - Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma with leiomyomatous mural nodule.
AB  - A case of an ovarian mucinous cystadenoma with a leiomyomatous mural nodule is
      described. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical methods. This is
      the first report of a mural nodule of leiomyomatous nature, thus widening the
      histologic spectrum that may be encountered in these lesions.

PMID- 2294065
TI  - MSN-1 antibody in the evaluation of female genital tract adenocarcinomas.
AB  - The reactivity of a new monoclonal antibody (MAb), MSN-1, raised against a human
      endometrial cancer cell line (SNG-II), was studied in a variety of endometrial,
      endocervical, and ovarian carcinomas as well as normal cycling endometrium.
      Moderate to strong reactivity (2-3+) was seen in six of nine normal secretory
      endometria (67%), one of 10 normal proliferative endometria (10%), 18 of 18
      endometrial adenocarcinomas (100%), 10 of 11 endometrioid ovarian adenocarcinomas
      (91%), seven of nine clear cell ovarian adenocarcinomas (78%), one of 12
      endometrial hyperplasias without atypia (9%), two of four endometrial
      hyperplasias with atypia (50%), zero of five endometrial serous adenocarcinomas,
      two of 17 serous ovarian adenocarcinomas (12%), zero of 10 intestinal-type
      mucinous ovarian adenocarcinomas, and zero of nine metastatic adenocarcinomas in
      ovary. Endocervical adenocarcinomas showed moderate to strong staining in 75%
      (six of eight). It is concluded that MSN-1 can be used to confirm
      endometrioid/clear cell differentiation in ovarian and endometrial tumors, cannot
      be used to discriminate endocervical from endometrial differentiation, cannot be
      used to discriminate atypical hyperplasia from carcinoma, and may be useful to
      distinguish between atypical (premalignant) endometrial hyperplasias and those
      without atypia.

PMID- 2294067
TI  - Papillary serous carcinoma of the ovary with squamous differentiation.
AB  - Two cases of serous carcinoma of the ovary with squamous differentiation are
      described. These neoplasms occurred in two women who were 63 and 46 years old and
      who presented with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO)
      stage IIB and III disease, respectively. The first tumor recurred following
      chemotherapy; radiotherapy was given, but the patient died of tumor at 4 years.
      The second neoplasm did not respond to chemotherapy and caused the patient's
      death at 2 years. In the first case, the squamous differentiation occurred as
      compact nests of ovoid to spindle cells intermixed with a papillary serous
      carcinoma component. The squamous component of the second case developed as
      single or small groups of enlarged, eosinophilic cells, often multinucleated,
      within nests of papillary serous carcinoma with typical psammoma bodies. In the
      latter case, intercellular bridges were identified by light microscopy. Both
      cases showed squamous features by immunohistochemistry, staining positively for
      57-kd keratin, although in the first case but not the second there was also some
      weaker staining for 54-kd keratin, probably indicating incomplete squamous
      differentiation with retained glandular features. Electron microscopy in both
      cases revealed prominent cytoplasmic tonofilaments in the squamous component.
      These two cases reinforce the concept that squamous differentiation, although
      more frequent in some other types of common epithelial tumors, may occur in
      serous ovarian carcinomas as well.

PMID- 2294068
TI  - Fluorescent lighting and malignant melanoma. International Non-ionizing Radiation
      Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association.

PMID- 2294069
TI  - Interim guidelines on limits of exposure to 50/60 Hz electric and magnetic
      fields. International Non-ionizing Radiation Committee of the International
      Radiation Protection Association.

PMID- 2294070
TI  - Performance of a diffusion barrier charcoal adsorption 222Rn monitor under
      conditions of varying humidity and temperature.
AB  - An investigation of the performance of a diffusion barrier, charcoal-based 222Rn
      monitor under several artificial environmental conditions showed that both
      temperature and relative humidity levels affect 222Rn uptake. A physical model
      was developed adequately describing the temperature effects, while an empirical
      model was used to summarize the combined effects of temperature and atmospheric
      water concentration.

PMID- 2294071
TI  - A case-cohort study of lung cancer, ionizing radiation, and tobacco smoking among
      males at the Hanford Site.
AB  - Results of several epidemiological studies of workers exposed occupationally to
      low levels of radiation have been reported but have not included data on smoking.
      The authors conducted a case-cohort study of male workers at the Hanford Site
      with an objective of investigating the association between lung-cancer risk and
      occupational radiation exposure with appropriate adjustment for tobacco use.
      Eighty-six lung-cancer deaths for the period 1965-1980 and a stratified random
      sample of 445 subcohort members were included in the study. Tobacco-use data were
      obtained from medical records collected over each subject's period of employment.
      Data from this study were analyzed using methods that took into account both the
      case-cohort design and changes over time in the quality of the tobacco-use data
      collected. Tobacco use was not strongly related to the level of radiation
      exposure, and adjustment for tobacco use did not greatly modify results of
      analyses assessing the association between lung-cancer risk and cumulative dose
      equivalent. With or without adjustment for tobacco use, the estimated risks per
      unit of cumulative dose equivalent were negative, but the 95% confidence
      intervals were wide and included values several times those estimated from
      populations with high levels of irradiation.

PMID- 2294072
TI  - Practical high-density shielding materials for medical linear accelerator rooms.
AB  - High-energy linear accelerators are replacing lower energy units in radiation
      therapy centers. Radiation protection requirements necessitate expensive
      reconstruction of existing treatment rooms to accommodate these new machines. We
      describe two shielding materials: one made by embedding small pieces of scrap
      steel in cement, and the other made with cast iron in cement. Both materials
      produce high-density barriers at low cost using standard construction methods.

PMID- 2294073
TI  - Rapid detection and size determination of PuO2 particles using a charged-particle
      imaging video monitor system.
AB  - A charged-particle imaging video monitor system was constructed and applied to
      video imaging of the position profile of PuO2 particles on filter paper. The
      imaging video monitor system consists of a detector head, a silicon intensifier
      target (SIT) camera, a video frame memory, and a personal computer. The system
      can display the distribution image of PuO2 particles becoming gradually clearer
      on a video monitor. The integrated image that is transferred to the computer is
      analyzed quantitatively for the radioactivity of each PuO2 particle deposited on
      the filter paper. The system can not only rapidly distinguish PuO2 particle
      contamination from Rn daughter products, but can also determine the size
      distribution of the PuO2 particles.

PMID- 2294074
TI  - Estimate of the dose due to 90Sr to the Austrian population after the Chernobyl
      accident.
AB  - In order to estimate the contribution of 90Sr to the exposure of the Austrian
      population, the ratio of 90Sr to 137Cs in 126 food samples and nine drinking
      water samples was determined. From this and the average activity concentration of
      137Cs in each type of food as obtained by the measurement of some 100,000 food
      samples after the Chernobyl accident, a good estimate of the average activity
      concentration of 90Sr in these food items could be obtained. Samples were
      investigated at various times after the accident to take into account possible
      changes with time in the 90Sr-activity concentration and its ratio to 137Cs.
      Also, pre-Chernobyl samples were measured to estimate the relative contribution
      of the reactor accident and the fallout of the atomic bomb testing to the intake
      of 90Sr. Assuming average food consumption, the intake of 90Sr for an adult
      person amounted to 168 Bq in the first year and 115 Bq in the second year after
      the accident, resulting in an effective dose equivalent of 5.9 muSv and 4.0 muSv,
      respectively. This is a minor fraction of the dose due to the ingestion of Cs
      isotopes, which amounted to 360 muSv in the first year and 97 muSv in the second
      year. For the one-year-old infant, a 90Sr intake of 96 Bq (10.5 muSv) in the
      first year and 65 Bq (7.1 muSv) in the second year is estimated. Approximately
      50% of the intake in the first year and 70% of that in the second year are due to
      90Sr from nuclear weapons testing.

PMID- 2294075
TI  - Response of Panasonic dosimeters to submersion exposure by 133Xe.
AB  - The dose response to 133Xe radiation of several types of Panasonic 800 series
      thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were evaluated. The dosimeters were exposed by
      submersion in 133Xe gas. The relative sensitivities of the lithium borate and the
      calcium sulfate phosphors were determined for several configurations. The TLDs
      were exposed in the holders (as the devices came from the vendor) with various
      shields covering the elements, and they were exposed with the TLDs removed from
      the holders. Some dosimeters were exposed, both in holders and out of holders (TL
      insert only configuration), both in plastic bags and free in air. For the in
      holder configuration, the responses of the heavily shielded (greater than 170 mg
      cm-2) elements were used to obtain the photon dose-rate component, and the
      responses of the lightly shielded (less than 13 mg cm-2) element were used to
      obtain the beta component. Similarly, for the insert-only configurations, the
      observed over-response of the calcium sulfate phosphors to low-energy photons
      could be used to separate the beta dose rate component. By using the calculated
      beta doses, correction factors were determined for the apparent under-responses
      of the elements to beta radiation. The results of both methods are consistent.
      These results also suggest that the beta component could be used in environmental
      monitoring as a more sensitive means to determine 133Xe activities in clouds and
      to separate some of the effects of submersion exposure from those of distant
      exposure.

PMID- 2294076
TI  - Manganese activation of CaSO4:Dy.
AB  - The influence of Mn activation on CaSO4:Dy thermoluminescent (TL) phosphor has
      been observed to study the basic TL characteristics such as TL output, fading,
      sensitivity, and dose response. The experimental results indicate that the TL
      characteristics are strongly influenced by the concentration of Mn dopant in
      CaSO4:Dy, especially for the low temperature trapping peak of the glow curves.
      The TL properties of CaSO4:Dy:Mn phosphor with a concentration ratio of 1:4 of Dy
      to Mn include not only high sensitivity, negligible fading, and linear dose
      response as compared to the CaSO4:Dy phosphor, but also two well-separated peaks
      and relative peak heights. This suggests that it can be used for accidental dose
      and elapsed time evaluations as well as for a routine personnel dosimeter. It was
      also found that 350 degrees C to 400 degrees C for 30 min is the optimum
      temperature and time in annealing treatment for this phosphor.

PMID- 2294077
TI  - Does the growth rate of a radionuclide-induced osteosarcoma depend on the
      skeletal dose rate during the growth period?

PMID- 2294078
TI  - Radionuclides in effluent from coal mines, a coal-fired power plant, and a
      phosphate processing plant in Zasavje, Slovenia (Yugoslavia).

PMID- 2294079
TI  - Curve-fitting routines to prepare gamma-ray efficiency curves for Ge and GeLi
      spectrometry.

PMID- 2294080
TI  - Evaluation of finite plume gamma dose by particle trajectory simulation
      technique.

PMID- 2294081
TI  - A high spatial resolution computerized electro-optic radiation detector array.
AB  - A novel computerized electro-optic detector was designed, constructed, and
      characterized. The results of the experiments performed were as follows: (1) To
      obtain a maximum SNR when operating at any radiation intensity, the designed
      detector must be operated at the lowest temperature-- -5 degrees C in this
      configuration. This temperature permits a maximum integration time of 9.7 s
      without signal distortion. (2) The detector was found to be linear in the range
      of operation studied, 2.8 X 10(-3) to 2.0 X 10(-2) C kg-1 h-1 (11-78 R h-1), with
      a sensitivity of 4.2 X 10(4) mV per C kg-1 h-1 (10.8 mV per R h-1). (3) A
      simulated stepped phantom was imaged, illustrating the possibility of positional
      measurements. (4) Very little blooming was noticed.

PMID- 2294082
TI  - Four codons in the cat-86 leader define a chloramphenicol-sensitive ribosome
      stall sequence.
AB  - Genes encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in gram-positive bacteria are
      induced by chloramphenicol. Induction reflects an ability of the drug to stall a
      ribosome at a specific site in cat leader mRNA. Ribosome stalling at this site
      alters downstream RNA secondary structure, thereby unmasking the ribosome-binding
      site for the cat coding sequence. Here, we show that ribosome stalling in the cat
      86 leader is a function of leader codons 2 through 5 and that stalling requires
      these codons to be presented in the correct reading frame. Codons 2 through 5
      specify Val-Lys-Thr-Asp. Insertion of a second copy of the stall sequence 5' to
      the authentic stall sequence diminished cat-86 induction fivefold. Thus, the
      stall sequence can function in ribosome stalling when the stall sequence is
      displaced from the downstream RNA secondary structure. We suggest that the stall
      sequence may function in cat induction at two levels. First, the tetrapeptide
      specified by the stall sequence likely plays an active role in the induction
      strategy, on the basis of previously reported genetic suppression studies (W. W.
      Mulbry, N. P. Ambulos, Jr., and P.S. Lovett, J. Bacteriol. 171:5322-5324, 1989).
      Second, we show that embedded within the stall sequence of cat leaders is a
      region which is complementary to a sequence internal in 16S rRNA of Bacillus
      subtilis. This complementarity may guide a ribosome to the proper position on
      leader mRNA or potentiate the stalling event, or both. The region of
      complementarity is absent from Escherichia coli 16S rRNA, and cat genes induce
      poorly, or not at all, in E. coli.

PMID- 2294083
TI  - Cell-associated oligosaccharides of Bradyrhizobium spp.
AB  - We report the initial characterization of the cell-associated oligosaccharides
      produced by four Bradyrhizobium strains: Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110, USDA
      94, and ATCC 10324 and Bradyrhizobium sp. strain 32H1. The cell-associated
      oligosaccharides of these strains were found to be composed solely of glucose and
      were predominantly smaller than the cyclic beta-1,2-glucans produced by
      Agrobacterium and Rhizobium species. Linkage studies and nuclear magnetic
      resonance analyses demonstrated that the bradyrhizobial glucans are linked
      primarily by beta-1,6 and beta-1,3 glycosidic bonds. Thus, the bradyrhizobia
      appear to synthesize cell-associated oligosaccharides of structural character
      substantially different from that of the cyclic beta-1,2-glucans produced by
      Agrobacterium and Rhizobium species.

PMID- 2294084
TI  - Osmoregulation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
AB  - Betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) functioned most effectively as an osmoprotectant
      in osmotically stressed Rhodobacter sphaeroides cells during aerobic growth in
      the dark and during anaerobic growth in the light. The presence of the amino
      acids L-glutamate, L-alanine, or L-proline in the growth medium did not result in
      a significant increase in the growth rate at increased osmotic strengths. The
      addition of choline to the medium stimulated growth at increased osmolarities but
      only under aerobic conditions. Under these conditions choline was converted via
      an oxygen-dependent pathway to betaine, which was not further metabolized. The
      initial rates of choline uptake by cells grown in media with low and high
      osmolarities were measured over a wide range of concentrations (1.9 microM to 2.0
      mM). Only one kinetically distinguishable choline transport system could be
      detected. Kt values of 2.4 and 3.0 microM and maximal rates of choline uptake
      (Vmax) of 5.4 and 4.2 nmol of choline/min.mg of protein were found in cells grown
      in the minimal medium without or with 0.3 M NaCl, respectively. Choline transport
      was not inhibited by a 25-fold excess of L-proline or betaine. Only one
      kinetically distinguishable betaine transport system was found in cells grown in
      the low-osmolarity minimal medium as well as in a high-osmolarity medium
      containing 0.3 M NaCl. In cells grown and assayed in the absence of NaCl, betaine
      transport occurred with a Kt of 15.1 microM and a Vmax of 3.2 nmol/min . mg of
      protein, whereas in cells that were grown and assayed in the presence of 0.3 M
      NaCl, the corresponding values were 18.2 microM and 9.2 nmol of betaine/min . mg
      of protein. This system was also able to transport L-proline, but with a lower
      affinity than that for betaine. The addition of choline of betaine to the growth
      medium did not result in the induction of additional transport systems.

PMID- 2294085
TI  - Conservation of a dual-start motif in P22 lysis gene regulation.
AB  - Gene 13 of bacteriophage P22 is functionally equivalent to lambda lysis gene S.
      Gene S codes for two products, the polypeptides S105 and S107, produced from
      translational initiation events at the third and first codon, respectively. We
      have shown that the two polypeptides have opposing functions in lysis: S105 is
      the lethal lysis effector, and S107 acts as an inhibitor of lysis (U. Blasi, K.
      Nam, D. Hartz, L. Gold, and R. Young, EMBO J. 11:3501-3510, 1989). Gene 13 has a
      108-codon reading frame and its product begins with a similar motif: Met-1-Lys-2
      Lys-3-Met-4. Here, we present in vivo and in vitro evidence for the expression of
      a 13(108) and a 13(105) product and show that the lambda lysis control mechanisms
      is evolutionarily conserved in phage P22. In this case 13(108), like S107 in
      lambda, functions as the inhibitor of the lysis effector 13(105). Although the
      DNA sequences upstream of the S and 13 gene starts showed less homology, the same
      structural characteristics, i.e., stem-loop structures immediately upstream and
      about 10 codons downstream of the start region, were present in both reading
      frames. Using in vitro mutagenesis and toeprinting, we show that the upstream
      stem-loop structures of genes 13 and S, containing the Shine-Dalgarno sequence
      for initiations at Met-1, are interchangeable. Moreover, our data indicate that
      the stability of the secondary structures present in the translational initiation
      regions of genes S and 13 is set to create a particular ratio of initiation
      events at Met-1 and Met-3 or Met-4. The ratio of effector to inhibitor was much
      higher in P22 than in lambda. We propose that this reflects less transcriptional
      readthrough at the late terminator t(R) and suggests that the dual-start motif in
      genes 13 and S may be important for establishment of maintenance of the lysogenic
      state.

PMID- 2294086
TI  - Purification and comparative studies of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases from the
      anaerobic, glycine-utilizing bacteria Peptostreptococcus glycinophilus,
      Clostridium cylindrosporum, and Clostridium sporogenes.
AB  - Three different dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases were purified to homogenity from
      the anaerobic glycine-utilizing bacteria Clostridium cylindrosporum, Clostridium
      sporogenes, and Peptostreptococcus glycinophilus, and their basic properties were
      determined. The enzyme isolated from P. glycinophilus showed the properties
      typical of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases: it was a dimer with a subunit
      molecular mass of 53,000 and contained 1 mol of flavin adenine dinucleotide and 2
      redox-active sulfhydryl groups per subunit. Only NADH was active as a coenzyme
      for reduction of lipoamide. Spectra of the oxidized enzyme exhibited maxima at
      230, 270, 353, and 453 nm, with shoulders at 370, 425, and 485 nm. The
      dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases of C. cylindrosporum and C. sporogenes were very
      similar in their structural properties to the enzyme of P. glycinophilus except
      for their coenzyme specificity. The enzyme of C. cylindrosporum used NAD(H) as
      well as NADP(H), whereas the enzyme of C. sporogenes reacted only with NADP(H),
      and no reaction could be detected with NAD(H). Antibodies raised against the
      dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase of C. cylindrosporum reacted with extracts of
      Clostridium acidiurici, Clostridium purinolyticum, and Eubacterium angustum,
      whereas antibodies raised against the enzymes of P. glycinophilus and C.
      sporogenes showed no cross-reaction with extracts from 42 organisms tested.

PMID- 2294087
TI  - Lignin peroxidase-negative mutant of the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete
      chrysosporium.
AB  - Phanerochaete chrysosporium produces two classes of extracellular heme proteins,
      designated lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases, that play a key role in
      lignin degradation. In this study we isolated and characterized a lignin
      peroxidase-negative mutant (lip mutant) that showed 16% of the ligninolytic
      activity (14C-labeled synthetic lignin----14CO2) exhibited by the wild type. The
      lip mutant did not produce detectable levels of lignin peroxidase, whereas the
      wild type, under identical conditions, produced 96 U of lignin peroxidase per
      liter. Both the wild type and the mutant produced comparable levels of manganese
      peroxidase and glucose oxidase, a key H2O2-generating secondary metabolic enzyme
      in P. chrysosporium. Fast protein liquid chromatographic analysis of the
      concentrated extracellular fluid of the lip mutant confirmed that it produced
      only heme proteins with manganese peroxidase activity but no detectable lignin
      peroxidase activity, whereas both lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase
      activities were produced by the wild type. The lip mutant appears to be a
      regulatory mutant that is defective in the production of all the lignin
      peroxidases.

PMID- 2294089
TI  - Chemotactic control of the two flagellar systems of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
AB  - Vibrio parahaemolyticus synthesizes two distinct flagellar organelles, the polar
      flagellum (Fla), which propels the bacterium in a liquid environment (swimming),
      and the lateral flagella (Laf), which are responsible for movement over surfaces
      (swarming). Chemotactic control of each of these flagellar systems was evaluated
      separately by analyzing the behavioral responses of strains defective in either
      motility system, i.e., Fla+ Laf- (swimming only) or Fla- Laf+ (swarming only)
      mutants. Capillary assays, modified by using viscous solutions to measure
      swarming motility, were used to quantitate chemotaxis by the Fla+ Laf- or Fla-
      Laf+ mutants. The behavior of the mutants was very similar with respect to the
      attractant compounds and the concentrations which elicited responses. The effect
      of chemotaxis gene defects on the operation of the two flagellar systems was also
      examined. A locus previously shown to encode functions required for chemotactic
      control of the polar flagellum was cloned and mutated by transposon Tn5 insertion
      in Escherichia coli, and the defects in this locus, che-4 and che-5, were then
      transferred to the Fla+ Laf- or Fla- Laf+ strains of V. parahaemolyticus.
      Introduction of the che mutations into these strains prevented chemotaxis into
      capillary tubes and greatly diminished movement of bacteria over the surface of
      agar media or through semisolid media. We conclude that the two flagellar
      organelles, which consist of independent motor-propeller structures, are directed
      by a common chemosensory control system.

PMID- 2294088
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the redD locus of
      Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).
AB  - Previous genetic evidence suggested that the redD gene product might be involved
      in the regulation of undecylprodigiosin (Red) biosynthesis in Streptomyces
      coelicolor. The redD+ gene was subcloned on a 2.2-kilobase-pair restriction
      fragment from the S. coelicolor redCD region by complementation of S. coelicolor
      JF1 (redD42). The DNA sequence of the 2.2-kilobase-pair redD-complementing region
      was determined, and the redD coding sequence was identified by computer analysis
      and deletion subcloning. Transcription at the redD locus was analyzed by using in
      vivo promoter probing, high resolution S1 mapping, and in vitro runoff
      transcription. A face-to-face arrangement of promoters was deduced, in which the
      proposed redD promoter was opposed by a cluster of four other promoters for
      another unidentified open reading frame. In time course experiments, redD
      transcription preceded that at two biosynthetic loci, redE and redBF;
      transcription at the latter two loci was reduced in redD42 mutants. The putative
      redD polypeptide lacked any strong sequence similarities to other known proteins.

PMID- 2294090
TI  - Disruption of a rhodaneselike gene results in cysteine auxotrophy in
      Saccharopolyspora erythraea.
AB  - A 3,373-base-pair DNA segment from a clone fortuitously isolated from
      Saccharopolyspora erythraea by hybridization to an oligodeoxynucleotide probe was
      sequenced. Computer-assisted analysis of the nucleotide sequence reveals three
      closely linked Streptomyces open reading frames plus a fourth converging on the
      others. The deduced product of one of them, ORF2, shows considerable similarity
      to bovine liver rhodanese. orf2, and the closely linked orf3 located just
      downstream of it, were disrupted by insertion of an apramycin resistance cassette
      into the orf2 coding sequence along with inversion of the fragment carrying most
      of orf2 and orf3 via two successive recombinational events in the wild-type
      strain. The mutant strain thus created contains wild-type levels of rhodanese
      activity but cannot grow on minimal medium. It is a cysteine auxotroph, capable
      of utilizing efficiently only thiosulfate among the inorganic sulfur sources
      tested. orf2 has been designated cysA. The possible role of the rhodaneselike
      cysA gene product in thiosulfate formation is discussed.

PMID- 2294091
TI  - Cloned aerolysin of Aeromonas hydrophila is exported by a wild-type marine Vibrio
      strain but remains periplasmic in pleiotropic export mutants.
AB  - With a wide host range vector, the structural gene aerA for the hole-forming
      extracellular protein aerolysin of Aeromonas hydrophila was cloned into the
      marine Vibrio sp. strain 60 and into three pleiotropic export mutants (epr
      mutants). The parent strain and all of the mutants were able to express the
      protein with the aerA promoter in the plasmid. The parent strain exported
      proaerolysin into the medium, while all of the mutants accumulated the protoxin
      in their periplasms. Two of the mutants also accumulated protease; however, as we
      have found earlier with A. hydrophila, the periplasmic form of proaerolysin in
      the Vibrio sp. must somehow be protected from proteolysis because it was not
      converted to active toxin until the cells were shocked. Conversion could be
      prevented by adding o-phenanthroline to the solutions used in shocking. These
      results show that the export pathway in the marine Vibrio sp. is very similar to
      the pathway in A. hydrophila.

PMID- 2294093
TI  - Purification and properties of ferredoxinNAP, a component of naphthalene
      dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816.
AB  - One of the three components of the naphthalene dioxygenase occurring in induced
      cells of Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816 has been purified to homogeneity. The
      protein contained 2 g-atoms each of iron and acid-labile sulfur and had an
      apparent molecular weight of 13,600. The evidence indicates that it is a
      ferredoxin-type protein that functions as an intermediate electron transfer
      protein in naphthalene dioxygenase activity.

PMID- 2294092
TI  - Purification and properties of NADH-ferredoxinNAP reductase, a component of
      naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816.
AB  - Cells of Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816, after growth with naphthalene or
      salicylate, contain a multicomponent enzyme system that oxidizes naphthalene to
      cis-(1R,2S)-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene. We purified one of these components
      to homogeneity and found it to be an iron-sulfur flavoprotein that loses the
      flavin cofactor during purification. Dialysis against flavin adenine dinucleotide
      (FAD) showed that the enzyme bound 1 mol of FAD per mol of enzyme protein. The
      enzyme consisted of a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of
      36,300. The purified protein contained 1.8 g-atoms of iron and 2.0 g-atoms of
      acid-labile sulfur and showed absorption maxima at 278, 340, 420, and 460 nm,
      with a broad shoulder at 540 nm. The purified enzyme catalyzed the reduction of
      cytochrome c, dichlorophenolindophenol, Nitro Blue Tetrazolium, and ferricyanide.
      These activities were enhanced in the presence of added FAD. The ability of the
      enzyme to catalyze the reduction of the ferredoxin involved in naphthalene
      reduction and other electron acceptors indicates that it functions as an NAD(P)H
      oxidoreductase in the naphthalene dioxygenase system. The results suggest that
      naphthalene dioxygenase requires two proteins with three redox groups to transfer
      electrons from NADH to the terminal oxygenase.

PMID- 2294094
TI  - Construction of a stable shuttle vector for high-frequency transformation in
      Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.
AB  - A cryptic 80.3-kilobase plasmid, pOSU900, in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
      strain J900 could be cured by treatment with mitomycin without affecting the
      pathogenicity of J900 on the host, Phaseolus vulgaris L. The replication region
      of pOSU900 was identified, subcloned, and modified for construction of a high
      copy cloning vector. This vector could be transformed into Pseudomonas strains
      with high efficiency (ca. 10(6) transformants per microgram of DNA) and was very
      stable during growth of the host bacteria in planta.

PMID- 2294095
TI  - Detection of conjugal transfer systems in oral, black-pigmented Bacteroides spp.
AB  - Oral, black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. are important pathogens in oral anaerobic
      infections and dental disease. We detected conjugation systems in isolates of
      Bacteroides denticola and Bacteroides intermedius that transferred tetracycline
      resistance (Tetr) and penicillin resistance to Bacteroides buccae and to
      Bacteroides fragilis, an intestinal Bacteroides species. A cloned Tetr gene from
      B. fragilis hybridized to the transferable Tetr locus in the oral strains,
      indicating that genetic exchange occurs between these two groups of anaerobes.

PMID- 2294096
TI  - Use of both translation initiation sites of the middle wall protein gene in
      Bacillus brevis 47.
AB  - The middle wall protein gene of Bacillus brevis 47 has two potential translation
      initiation sites located tandemly in the same reading frame. We demonstrate here
      that both sites are utilized to start translation in B. brevis 47. Translation
      from the first site (located upstream) gives rise to a precursor of the middle
      wall protein with an extension peptide of 31 amino acids preceding the signal
      peptide. The precursor was cleaved at the same position as that of the precursor
      translated from the second site. The TTG codon seems to play an appreciable role
      in the initiation of translation in B. brevis 47.

PMID- 2294097
TI  - Carmustine augments the effects of tert-butyl hydroperoxide on calcium signaling
      in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells.
AB  - The effects of oxidant stress and inhibition of glutathione reductase on the
      bradykinin-stimulated changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) of
      calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells were determined using the intracellular
      fluorescent probe, fura-2. Changes in [Ca2+]i upon stimulation with bradykinin
      were measured after incubation of cells with the chemical oxidant tert-butyl
      hydroperoxide (0.4 mM) for various times. After 60 min, bradykinin-stimulated
      Ca2+ influx was significantly decreased. With more prolonged incubations with the
      peroxide, bradykinin had little effect on cytosolic calcium concentration.
      Preincubation of cells with the glutathione reductase inhibitor, carmustine, led
      to elevated basal [Ca2+]i, yet the cells remained responsive to bradykinin.
      However, incubation of carmustine-treated cells with tert-butyl hydroperoxide for
      30 min dramatically reduced both bradykinin-stimulated release of Ca2+ from
      internal stores and influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space. These results
      suggest that inhibition of glutathione reductase alters cytosolic Ca2+
      homeostasis and enhances the effects of oxidative stress on signal transduction
      in vascular endothelial cells.

PMID- 2294098
TI  - Hemoglobin Warsaw (Phe beta 42(CD1)----Val), an unstable variant with decreased
      oxygen affinity. Characterization of its synthesis, functional properties, and
      structure.
AB  - In Hb Warsaw Val replaces the Phe normally present at the heme contact position
      beta 42 (CD1). This variant is unstable, and it readily undergoes methemoglobin
      formation. In DEAE-cellulose chromatography, the variant hemoglobin co-eluted
      with Hb A; a partially heme-depleted fraction of the variant, representing 5-6%
      of the total hemoglobin, eluted separately and in pure form. The heme replete
      form of Hb Warsaw exhibited decreased oxygen affinity with a normal Bohr effect
      and normal cooperativity and interaction with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG). The
      heme-depleted Hb Warsaw had a higher oxygen affinity than that of Hb A, decreased
      cooperativity and 2,3-DPG interaction, and a very low alkaline Bohr effect. Gel
      filtration of the heme-depleted form showed it to exist entirely as alpha beta
      dimers. Globin chain synthesis by Hb Warsaw-containing reticulocytes followed a
      balanced alpha/beta ratio. In short-term synthesis experiments, a major portion
      of incorporated radiolabeled L-leucine was recovered from the dimeric, heme
      depleted Hb Warsaw fraction, suggesting that subunit association precedes the
      incorporation of heme into the beta subunits in the post-synthetic assembly of
      this hemoglobin. Structural analysis of deoxyhemoglobin containing roughly equal
      proportions of normal and variant beta chains showed that the replacement leaves
      a cavity next to the heme that is large enough to hold a water molecule, which
      may account for the instability of Hb Warsaw. The heme and the pyrrol nearest to
      ValCD1 tilt into the cavity. The resulting increase in the tilt of the proximal
      histidine relative to the heme plane, coupled with a possible stretching of the
      Fe-N epsilon bond may account for the low oxygen affinity.

PMID- 2294099
TI  - Kinetic investigations of the quaternary enhancement effect and alpha/beta
      differences in binding the last oxygen to hemoglobin tetramers and dimers.
AB  - Analysis of O2 binding equilibria by two independent groups has suggested that
      the affinity for binding the fourth O2 to Hb tetramers is very high, about 800
      1200 cal/mol higher than that of dimers (Chu, A. H., Turner, B. W., and Ackers,
      G. K. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 604-167; Di Cera, E., Robert, C. H., and Gill, S.
      J. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 4003-4008). Recently, Gibson and Edelstein challenged
      the reality of the quaternary enhancement effect, based on kinetic data (Gibson,
      Q. H., and Edelstein, S. J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 516-519). However, these
      studies failed to directly address the key issue of the relative affinities of
      dimers and alpha 2 beta 2(O2)3. Furthermore, the extent to which alpha/beta
      differences influence these results remains an open question. Using partial laser
      photolysis and O2/CO replacement techniques we have, for the first time, resolved
      the rates of O2 association and dissociation to both alpha and beta chains within
      "R state" tetramers and dimers. We find that the beta chains are faster than
      alpha for both O2 binding (approximately 2-fold) and release (approximately 3
      fold). The kinetically determined O2 affinities derived from these data are
      essentially identical for dimers and alpha 2 beta 2(O2)3. That is, the data do
      not show significant quaternary enhancement and suggest that the equilibrium data
      have both overestimated the affinity of alpha 2 beta 2(O2)3 and underestimated
      the affinity of dimers. The significance of and possible origins for the
      discrepancy between equilibrium and kinetic data are discussed.

PMID- 2294100
TI  - Expression and characterization of human factor IX and factor IX-factor X
      chimeras in mouse C127 cells.
AB  - Human blood clotting factor IX, and two chimeric molecules of factor IX, in which
      the first epidermal growth factor-like domain or both epidermal growth factor
      like domains have been replaced by that of human factor X, have been expressed in
      mouse C127 cells. The recombinants have been purified using a metal ion-dependent
      monoclonal antibody specific for residues 1-42 of human factor IX. All
      recombinant molecules are activated normally by human factor XIa in the presence
      of calcium ion. Activation of the factor IX recombinants by factor VIIa-tissue
      factor appears to be normal for the epidermal growth factor-1 exchange but
      considerably reduced for the construction containing both epidermal growth factor
      like domains of factor X. The analysis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues
      reveals that all of the purified recombinants are almost fully carboxylated. The
      extent of aspartic acid hydroxylation at residue 64 is 60% for all recombinants.
      The chimeric molecule with both epidermal growth factor-like domains from factor
      X has about 4% normal activity in the activated partial thromboplastin time
      assay. In contrast, the construct containing the first epidermal growth factor
      like domain of factor X shows essentially normal clotting activity. Thus, it is
      unlikely that this domain is involved in a unique interaction with factor VIII.

PMID- 2294101
TI  - Interaction of fluorescent delta 5,7,9(11),22-ergostatetraen-3 beta-ol with
      sterol carrier protein-2.
AB  - The fluorescent sterol delta 5,7,9(11)-dehydroergostatetraen-3 beta-ol
      (dehydroergosterol) was used as an analogue of cholesterol to examine the
      molecular interaction of purified rat liver sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) with
      sterol. The binding of dehydroergosterol to SCP-2 was evidenced by light scatter
      and by fluorescence polarization, lifetime, limiting anisotropy, and rotational
      relaxation time of dehydroergosterol. In addition, energy transfer efficiency
      from SCP-2 tryptophan to dehydroergosterol was 96%, indicating that the apparent
      distance, R, between the SCP-2 tryptophan (energy donor) and the
      dehydroergosterol (energy acceptor) was 13.7 A. Scatchard binding analysis of
      light scatter, lifetime, and energy transfer data all indicated a 1:1 molar
      stoichiometry with Kd = 1.2, 1.6, and 1.3 microM, respectively. SCP-2 enhanced
      the activity of microsomal acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase through transfer
      of [3H]cholesterol from donor palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol
      small unilamellar vesicles to rat liver microsomes containing the enzyme. A
      recently developed fluorescence assay utilizing dehydroergosterol fluorescence
      polarization (Nemecz, G., Fontaine, R. N., and Schroeder, F. (1988) Biochim.
      Biophys. Acta 948, 511-521; Nemecz, G., and Schroeder, F. (1988) Biochemistry 27,
      7740-7749) was applied to examine the effect of SCP-2 on sterol exchange. In the
      absence of SCP-2, two spontaneously exchangeable sterol domains were observed in
      palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine/sterol (65:35 molar ratio) small unilamellar
      vesicles. SCP-2 enhanced the rate of exchange of the faster exchanging domain 2
      fold. The transfer rate of the more slowly exchangeable sterol domain and the
      fraction of cholesterol represented by each domain were not affected. These
      results demonstrate the utility of dehydroergosterol to probe SCP-2 interactions
      with sterols and are indicative of a physiological role for SCP-2 as a soluble
      sterol carrier.

PMID- 2294102
TI  - Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of suppressin, a novel
      inhibitor of cell proliferation.
AB  - Pituitary tissues were investigated for the presence of regulatory molecules that
      would alter the function of lymphoid cells. A novel endogenous polypeptide
      inhibitor of basal and mitogen-stimulated splenocyte DNA synthesis and
      proliferation, suppressin, was isolated from bovine pituitary glands. Suppressin
      is a potent inhibitor of basal and mitogen-stimulated splenocyte proliferation at
      picomole and nanomole concentrations with 50% inhibition occurring 2.8 x 10(-9)
      M. Suppressin was purified to apparent homogeneity using sequential (NH4)2SO4
      precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and preparative native gel
      electrophoresis. Biochemical characterizations of suppressin showed that this
      inhibitory molecule was a monomeric polypeptide with (i) a Mr = 63,000 and (ii) a
      pI of 8.1. Finally, metabolic labeling studies using a rat pituitary tumor cell
      line, GH3, showed that suppressin was synthesized de novo and secreted by these
      cells.

PMID- 2294104
TI  - Heparin promotes the binding of thrombin to fibrin polymer. Quantitative
      characterization of a thrombin-fibrin polymer-heparin ternary complex.
AB  - The binding of human alpha-thrombin (IIa) to fibrin polymer (FnIIp) was studied
      in the presence and absence of a high affinity 20,300 Mr heparin (H) at pH 7.4, I
      0.15, and 23 degrees C. In the absence of heparin, thrombin interacts with a high
      affinity class of binding sites on fibrin polymer with a dissociation constant of
      301 +/- 36 nM in a manner which is independent of the enzyme active site. Studies
      of thrombin binding as a function of heparin and fibrin polymer concentrations
      imply that a ternary thrombin-fibrin polymer-heparin complex (IIa.FnIIp.H) is
      formed. Assembly of the ternary complex occurs randomly through the interactions
      of all three possible intermediate binary complexes; IIa.H, IIa.FnIIp, and
      FnIIp.H. Using an independently determined value of 280 +/- 35 nM for the FnIIp.H
      dissociation constant, global fits of the binding data yield a dissociation
      constant of 15 +/- 6 nM for the IIa.H interaction and 47 +/- 9 nM for the IIa.H
      intermediate binary complex interaction with FnIIp. These studies indicate that
      heparin enhances the binding of thrombin to fibrin polymer 6.4-fold with an
      overall dissociation constant for ternary complex formation of 705 nM2. The
      effect of heparin molecular weight on ternary complex formation has also been
      investigated. Heparins of molecular weights 11,200-20,300 behave similarly with
      respect to their influence on ternary complex formation, whereas heparins of
      lower molecular weight are less effective in promoting thrombin binding to fibrin
      polymer. This effect of heparin is also independent of whether it has high or low
      affinity for antithrombin III. The demonstration of the formation of a ternary
      IIa.FnIIp.H complex complements kinetic evidence indicating the formation of an
      analogous ternary complex with fibrin II monomer (Hogg, P. J., and Jackson, C. M.
      (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 3619-3623). The possible implications
      of these findings for the in vivo distribution and actions of thrombin and the
      clinical efficacy of heparin are also discussed.

PMID- 2294103
TI  - Angiotensin II surface receptor coupling to inositol trisphosphate formation in
      vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - In some systems there are spare receptors for hormone action, i.e. only a
      fraction of the total number of surface receptors need be occupied by agonist to
      elicit maximum cellular responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the
      relationship between angiotensin II (AII) surface receptor number and AII-induced
      inositol trisphosphate (IP3) formation in rat-cultured vascular smooth muscle
      cells. To accomplish this purpose, it was necessary to develop a method to
      modulate AII surface receptor number without activating phospholipase C.
      Incubation with the putative AII receptor antagonist Sar1,Leu8-AII (SL) caused
      reductions in AII surface receptor number by redistribution of receptors to the
      cell interior. However, in contrast to AII, SL did not elicit IP3 responses. By
      varying the conditions of incubation with SL, graded (32-60%) reductions in AII
      surface receptor number were achieved. In association with reductions in surface
      receptors there were comparable reductions in AII-stimulated IP3 formation. The
      correlation between receptor number and stimulated IP3 formation was highly
      linear (r = 0.99, p less than 0.01). To determine if incubation with AII also
      caused reductions in stimulated IP3 formation in proportion to the degree of
      receptor loss, AII surface receptor number was decreased by incubation with AII.
      Despite decreases in AII receptor number comparable to those achieved with SL,
      incubation with AII resulted in 2-fold greater loss of AII-stimulated IP3
      formation than did incubation with SL. We conclude that in vascular smooth muscle
      cells 1) the AII receptor antagonist SL stimulates AII receptor trafficking
      without eliciting IP3 formation, 2) there are no spare AII receptors for
      phospholipase C-mediated IP3 formation, and 3) AII desensitization of IP3
      formation is mediated by reductions in surface receptors as well as by post
      receptor mechanisms.

PMID- 2294105
TI  - Formation of a ternary complex between thrombin, fibrin monomer, and heparin
      influences the action of thrombin on its substrates.
AB  - The consequences of the combined effects of fibrin II monomer (FnIIm) and heparin
      (H) on the hydrolysis of peptidyl p-nitroanilide substrates by thrombin (IIa),
      the cleavage of prothrombin by thrombin and the thrombin-catalyzed release of
      fibrinopeptides from fibrinogen have been studied at pH 7.4 and I 0.15. The
      effects of fibrin II monomer and heparin on chromogenic substrate hydrolysis can
      be described by a hyperbolic mixed inhibition model in which substrate can
      interact with four possible enzyme species (IIa, IIa.H, IIa.FnIIm, and
      IIa.FnIIm.H) that arise as a result of random formation of a ternary complex
      among thrombin, fibrin II monomer, and heparin (Hogg, P. J. and Jackson, C. M.
      (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 241-247). The formation of the ternary IIa.FnIIm.H
      complex results in an increase in the Km values of 7.03 +/- 1.17-fold (1.37-9.65
      microM) and 1.94 +/- 0.60-fold (38.1-73.9 microM) for H-D-Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA and Cbz
      Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA hydrolysis, respectively, and a decrease in the kc values of 0.45
      +/- 0.08-fold (49.5-22.3 s-1) and 0.52 +/- 0.05-fold (93.1-48.4 s-1). Fibrin II
      monomer and heparin in combination also decrease the efficiency (kc/Km) with
      which thrombin cleaves prothrombin to produce Fragment 1 and Prethrombin 1 by 2.3
      fold from 607 +/- 30 to 264 +/- 13 M-1 s-1. In contrast to the effects of fibrin
      II monomer and heparin on thrombin hydrolysis of chromogenic substrates, its
      proteolysis of prothrombin and its inactivation by antithrombin III (Hogg, P. J.,
      and Jackson, C. M. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 3619-3623), these
      components have no discernible influence on the ability of thrombin to cleave
      fibrinogen. These observations indicate that the substrate specificity of
      thrombin is altered when it is bound in a complex with fibrin II monomer and
      heparin and suggest that the catalytic efficiency of thrombin for its
      physiological substrates will be affected differentially by these interactions.
      Such ternary complex formation involving thrombin, fibrin II monomer, and heparin
      may provide a mechanism for selectively regulating thrombin action.

PMID- 2294106
TI  - Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of a novel metallothionein-like,
      cadmium-binding protein from Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Caenorhabditis elegans adapted for survival in high concentrations of Cd(II)
      express a heavy metal binding protein designated C. elegans metallothionein-like
      protein or MT-Ce. This protein was purified to homogeneity and characterized. MT
      Ce binds 6 mol of Cd(II)/mol protein. The sequence of 39 amino-terminal residues
      in MT-Ce was determined. A radiolabeled 41-mer oligonucleotide, designed from the
      partial MT-Ce sequence, was used in conjunction with sucrose gradient
      centrifugation to obtain size-fractionated poly(A+) RNA enriched in MT-Ce
      sequences. Subsequently, cloned cDNAs, corresponding to MT-Ce mRNA sequences,
      were isolated from a lambda ZapII cDNA library prepared from the enriched
      template mRNA. cDNA and protein sequence analysis revealed that MT-Ce comprises
      62 amino acid residues and has a predicted Mr of 6462. Seventeen of the 18 Cys
      residues in the nematode cadmium-binding protein are included in Cys-X-Cys and X
      Cys-Cys-X motifs that are characteristic of mammalian metallothioneins (MTs).
      However, the resemblance of MT-Ce to mammalian MTs is superficial. The amino acid
      sequence of MT-Ce is unique, and neither its putative alpha and beta domains nor
      its Cys residues can be readily aligned with the corresponding regions of other
      eukaryotic MTs. This suggests that MT-Ce is an example of convergent evolution.
      The MT-Ce mRNA level in nematodes that were selected and grown with Cd(II)
      concentrations that are lethal for wild-type worms, was 55-fold higher than the
      level of MT-Ce mRNA in wild-type C. elegans. Comparison of the sequences of MT-Ce
      cDNAs revealed the occurrence of two types of MT-Ce mRNA. Each contains an
      identical coding region, but the cDNAs diverge markedly in their 5'-untranslated
      regions. This suggests the possibilities of regulation by alternative splicing
      and/or the presence of multiple MT-Ce genes encoding a single protein, but
      controlled by different regulatory elements.

PMID- 2294107
TI  - Kinetic asymmetry of renal Na+-L-lactate cotransport. Characteristic parameters
      and evidence for a ping pong mechanism of the trans-stimulating exchange by
      pyruvate.
AB  - Brush border vesicles prepared from horse renal cortex were used to study the
      kinetic properties of the Na+-L-lactate carrier on the outer and inner faces of
      the membrane. Two methods were applied for these measurements (in the absence of
      an electrical gradient): a direct method using influx and efflux kinetics, and an
      indirect method applied to trans-stimulated influx kinetics using membrane
      vesicles preloaded with various pyruvate concentrations (the latter enabled us to
      observe simultaneously the inner and outer carrier properties). Kinetic
      parameters obtained by the first method have shown that under sodium lactate
      chemical gradient, the carrier efficiency (estimated by the ratio of k = Vm/Km)
      is higher for the influx than efflux, a mechanism indicating a kinetic asymmetry
      of the transport. This difference remains at chemical equilibrium of solute
      concentration. The similarity of outer and inner affinity of sodium permits one
      to conclude that the kinetic asymmetry of the sodium lactate transport is related
      to the lactate-carrier interaction and not to that of the sodium-carrier. The
      second method using the pyruvate trans-activation effect (under sodium chemical
      equilibrium) has shown an affinity of lactate (Kt(out) = 1.1 mM), about 15 times
      higher for the carrier in the extracellular orientation than that of pyruvate for
      the carrier in the intracellular orientation (Kt(pyr) = 36 mM). This method has
      demonstrated a ping pong mechanism for the trans-activation exchange which
      accounts for a selective pore carrier model like a gated channel. These
      asymmetric properties are related to the AS glide sequential model (A and S being
      Na+ and lactate, respectively) proposed previously for the Na-L-lactate
      cotransport and to a different accessibility of the organic solute but not of the
      sodium on the two membrane faces.

PMID- 2294109
TI  - Bis(benzyl)polyamine analogs as novel substrates for polyamine oxidase.
AB  - N,N'-Bis(benzyl)polyamine analogs were found to be substrates for highly purified
      polyamine oxidase. Metabolism of these analogs was apparently dependent on
      molecular O2 and resulted in the formation of benzaldehyde, H2O2, and a polyamine
      analog with free terminal amines. The debenzylation reaction was optimal between
      pH 9 and 10, identical to the pH optimum for polyamine oxidase activity when N1
      acetylspermine was used as the substrate. On a molecular sieve column the
      debenzylating activity co-eluted with N1-acetylspermine oxidizing activity, at an
      apparent molecular mass of approximately 65 kDa. The purified enzyme also
      appeared to have a molecular mass of approximately 65 kDa on sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Debenzylation of the
      bis(benzyl)polyamines was competitively inhibited by N1-acetylspermine and N1
      acetylspermidine. The specific irreversible inhibitor of polyamine oxidase, N1,N4
      bis(buta-2,3-dienyl)butanediamine also inhibited the debenzylation, whereas
      inhibitors of diamine and monoamine oxidases did not. The evolution of
      benzaldehyde from bis(benzyl)polyamine analogs by polyamine oxidase allowed the
      development of a simple rapid spectrophotometric assay for use in the measurement
      of polyamine oxidase activity in partially purified tissue or cell extracts.
      Further, metabolism of a bis(benzyl)polyamine analog by polyamine oxidase was
      found to be an important element in the growth inhibitory properties of the
      compound in a mouse model of malaria.

PMID- 2294108
TI  - Expression and properties of two distinct classes of the phorbol ester receptor
      family, four conventional protein kinase C types, and a novel protein kinase C.
AB  - Five rabbit cDNAs, encoding four conventional protein kinase Cs (PKCs), alpha,
      beta I, beta II, and gamma, and a novel PKC-related protein (nPKC epsilon) were
      transfected into COS cells. Antisera raised against a bacterially synthesized
      fragment of PKC alpha or nPKC epsilon and against a chemically synthesized
      peptide of PKC beta I or beta II, specifically identified the corresponding
      species in the transfected cells. All four PKCs and nPKC epsilon expressed by
      transfection served as phorbol ester receptors. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu)
      binding activities of all PKCs and nPKC epsilon required phospholipid but not
      magnesium. The phosphatidylserine requirement for the activity of nPKC epsilon is
      independent of Ca2+ and similar to that for PKC alpha observed at 0.03 mM Ca2+.
      Calcium dependence of the binding activity was observed only for the four
      conventional PKCs. Scatchard plot analysis clearly showed that the dissociation
      constants of PDBu for all four PKCs were nearly the same (approximately 25 nM) in
      the presence of Ca2+, and that the value for nPKC epsilon was slightly higher (84
      nM) and independent of Ca2+. The latter value is comparable to those observed in
      several cell types under conditions of Ca2+ chelation. Translocation of
      conventional PKC alpha to the membranes was induced with phorbol ester in a Ca2+
      dependent manner, whereas the PDBu-stimulated translocation of nPKC epsilon did
      not require Ca2+. These results, together with previous studies on the
      enzymological characteristics of nPKC epsilon (Ohno, S., Akita, Y., Konno, Y.,
      Imajoh, S., and Suzuki, K. (1988) Cell 53, 731-741), suggest that nPKC epsilon
      plays an important role in a transmembrane signaling pathway distinct from that
      involving conventional PKCs.

PMID- 2294110
TI  - Recombinant carboxyl-terminal fibrin-binding domain of human fibronectin
      expressed in mouse L cells.
AB  - The carboxyl-terminal fibrin-binding domain, Fib2, of human fibronectin was
      expressed in mouse L cells as a fusion protein with the signal sequence of human
      protein C inhibitor. The recombinant Fib2 (rFib2) protein synthesized by
      transfected cells retained the ability to form dimers with each other or with
      mouse fibronectin subunits and was secreted to the medium after extensive
      glycosylation. Only a small fraction of the secreted protein was incorporated
      into the pericellular matrix. Interestingly, the secreted rFib2 protein displayed
      a remarkable heterogeneity upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, giving rise to a broad band corresponding to Mr of 60,000
      90,000. The heterogeneity was eliminated mostly by treatment with neuraminidase
      and further by treatment with endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase. Treatment
      with peptide:N-glycosidase F did not alter the heterogeneity of the protein,
      indicating that differential sialylation of O-linked, but not N-linked, glycans
      is largely responsible for the apparent heterogeneity. The presence of O-linked
      but absence of N-linked glycans was further supported by the observations that
      peanut agglutinin specifically bound to the desialylated rFib2 protein, whereas
      neither concanavalin A nor lentil lectin bound to the protein irrespective of
      prior neuraminidase treatment. Since the apparent heterogeneity of the rFib2
      protein was only observable with the secreted, but not the cytoplasmic form,
      sialylation of O-linked glycans may be essential for, or regulate as a rate
      limiting step, the transit of the recombinant protein to the extracellular space.

PMID- 2294111
TI  - Lactosaminoglycan assembly, cell surface expression, and release by mouse uterine
      epithelial cells.
AB  - The kinetics of assembly, cell surface expression, secretion, and degradation of
      the major lactosaminoglycan (LAG)-bearing glycoproteins in mouse uterine
      epithelial cells have been studied. LAGs have been shown previously to be
      synthesized preferentially by these cells in the uterus and are expressed at the
      cell surface, where they participate in cell adhesion processes (Dutt, A., Tang.,
      J.-P., and Carson, D. D. (1987) Dev. Biol. 119, 27-37). We utilized selection on
      pokeweed mitogen-Sepharose, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, and subsequent electroelution to isolate the major LAG-bearing
      glycoproteins. The intact LAG-bearing glycoproteins exhibited very high apparent
      Mr (greater than 500,000) both by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and molecular exclusion chromatography under dissociative
      conditions. The subset of LAGs at the cell surface exhibited a half-life of
      approximately 11 h, whereas total cell-associated LAGs had a half-life of 6 +/- 1
      h. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the transit time of LAG core proteins
      from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the site of LAG addition in the Golgi was
      30-45 min. LAG glycoprotein transit from the Golgi to the cell surface required
      at least an additional 30-45 min. The major metabolic fate of the cell-associated
      LAGs was secretion to the medium with no evidence of lysosomal degradation. Some
      (30%) of the LAGs appeared to be released to the medium via the action of cell
      surface proteases. Epithelial cell surfaces bound fluoresceinated pokeweed
      mitogen, indicating the constitutive presence of LAG-bearing molecules at the
      cell surface; pokeweed mitogen binding to the cell surface was completely blocked
      by 10 mM chitotriose. These observations provide the first comprehensive
      description of the intracellular transport and metabolism of this interesting
      class of glycoproteins of the uterine epithelial cell surface.

PMID- 2294112
TI  - Purification of a 130-kDa T cell glycoprotein that binds human interleukin 4 with
      high affinity.
AB  - The interleukin 4 (IL-4) receptor was purified from the gibbon T cell line MLA
      144. These cells were found to express high numbers of human IL-4-binding
      proteins (5000-6000 sites/cell) with an affinity constant (Kd) similar to that
      measured in human cell lines (Kd = 40-70 pM). Affinity cross-linking of 125I-IL-4
      to human cell lines and MLA 144 cells demonstrated the labeling of three proteins
      of approximately 130, 75, and 65 kDa. Human IL-4-binding sites were solubilized
      from MLA 144 cells using Triton X-100 and then purified by carboxymethyl
      chromatography, which removed 50% of the protein without loss of IL-4-binding
      activity. Then sequential affinity purification over wheat germ agglutinin and a
      single IL-4 Affi-Gel 10 column resulted in a final 8000-fold purification of the
      IL-4 receptor. When analyzed on a silver-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel, the purified receptor migrated as a single molecular species
      of 130 +/- 5 kDa. Identification of the 130-kDa protein as the IL-4 receptor was
      demonstrated by cross-linking experiments and specific binding of 125I-IL-4 to
      nitrocellulose membranes after electrophoretic transfer of the purified receptor
      on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel.

PMID- 2294113
TI  - Protective action of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase against
      membrane-damaging lipid peroxidation. In situ reduction of phospholipid and
      cholesterol hydroperoxides.
AB  - The general reactivity of membrane lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) with the
      selenoenzyme phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX) has been
      investigated. When human erythrocyte ghosts (lipid content: 60 wt % phospholipid;
      25 wt % cholesterol) were treated with GSH/PHGPX subsequent to rose bengal
      sensitized photoperoxidation, iodometrically measured LOOHs were totally reduced
      to alcohols. Similar treatment with the classic glutathione peroxidase (GPX)
      produced no effect unless the peroxidized membranes were preincubated with
      phospholipase A2 (PLA2). However, under these conditions, no more than
      approximately 60% of the LOOH was reduced; introduction of PHGPX brought the
      reaction to completion. Thin layer chromatographic analyses revealed that the GPX
      resistant (but PHGPX-reactive) LOOH was cholesterol hydroperoxide (ChOOH)
      consisting mainly of the 5 alpha (singlet oxygen-derived) product. Membrane
      ChOOHs were reduced by GSH/PHGPX to species that comigrated with borohydride
      reduction products (diols). Sensitive quantitation of PHGPX-catalyzed ChOOH
      reduction was accomplished by using [14C]cholesterol-labeled ghosts. Kinetic
      analyses indicated that the rate of ChOOH decay was approximately 1/6 that of
      phospholipid hydroperoxide decay. Photooxidized ghosts underwent a large burst of
      free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation when incubation with ascorbate/iron or
      xanthine/xanthine oxidase/iron. These reactions were only partially inhibited by
      PLA2/GSH/GPX treatment, but totally inhibited by GSH/PHGPX treatment, consistent
      with complete elimination of LOOHs in the latter case. These findings provide
      important clues as to how ChOOHs are detoxified in cells and add new insights
      into PHGPX's protective role.

PMID- 2294114
TI  - cDNA cloning and tissue distribution of mRNAs for two proteins that are related
      to the band 3 Cl-/HCO3- exchanger.
AB  - Complementary DNAs encoding two proteins that are related to the Band 3 Cl-/HCO3-
      exchanger, designated B3RP2 and B3RP3, have been isolated from rat stomach,
      brain, and kidney libraries. B3RP2 is 1234 amino acids in length and has an Mr of
      136,644. B3RP3 is 1227 amino acids in length and has an Mr of 135,405. B3RP2 and
      B3RP3 exhibit 52 and 50% amino acid identity to Band 3, respectively, and 56%
      identity to each other. The N-terminal cytoplasmic regions of B3RP2 and B3RP3,
      which span about 700 amino acids, are more extensive than that of Band 3. The C
      terminal hydrophobic regions of the three proteins exhibit a high degree of amino
      acid identity (64-69%) and have very similar hydropathy profiles, suggesting that
      they have the same transmembrane organization. The tissue distribution of mRNAs
      encoding B3RP2, B3RP3, and the Band 3 Cl-/HCO3- exchanger were examined by
      Northern blot hybridization using poly(A)+ RNAs from a broad range of muscle and
      non-muscle tissues and from sections of the gastrointestinal tract. B3RP2 mRNAs
      are expressed in all tissues examined. The highest levels, which include at least
      three different transcripts, occur in stomach. B3RP3 mRNAs, which also consist of
      several different transcripts, have a more limited tissue distribution. The
      highest levels occur in heart, and in gastrointestinal sections the highest
      levels are in the forestomach. Band 3 mRNAs were observed in many tissues but
      high levels of expression occurred only in spleen and kidney. Five Band 3
      transcripts, ranging in size from 3.6 to 4.9 kilobases, were detected, including
      three that are expressed in heart.

PMID- 2294115
TI  - Control of the adipsin gene in adipocyte differentiation. Identification of
      distinct nuclear factors binding to single- and double-stranded DNA.
AB  - The mouse adipsin gene encodes a serine protease with complement factor D
      activity that is expressed during adipocyte differentiation and is deficient in
      several animal models of obesity. We have investigated the regulation of adipsin
      expression by transfecting preadipocytes and adipocytes with plasmids containing
      the 5'-flanking region of the adipsin gene linked to a reporter gene.
      Constructions containing a -950 to +35 segment of the adipsin promoter were
      preferentially expressed in adipose cells. Deletion experiments identified a
      region from -114 to -38 which contains a large inverted repeat sequence and
      negatively regulated gene expression in preadipocytes and positively regulated
      expression in fat cells. Exonuclease III protection and gel retardation assays
      indicated that this region of duplex DNA had multiple binding sites for nuclear
      factors, several of which were preadipose specific. In addition, we also
      identified two distinct factors that bound symmetrically and sequence
      specifically to the inverted repeat sequences only when they were in single
      stranded form; one of these factors was induced during adipocyte differentiation.
      These results suggest that the control of the adipsin promoter in differentiation
      may involve an interplay of multiple regulated DNA-binding proteins, including
      two that have preferential affinity for single-stranded DNA.

PMID- 2294116
TI  - The structurally similar neuropeptides adipokinetic hormone I and II are derived
      from similar, very small mRNAs.
AB  - The grasshopper neuropeptides adipokinetic hormone (AKH) I and II were among the
      first of an extensive family of structurally similar arthropod hormones and
      neuroregulators to be isolated and sequenced. This paper reports the cloning of
      cDNAs derived from the unusually small mRNAs (550 bases) which code for the
      precursors of AKH I and II from Schistocerca nitans. Sequence analysis of the
      cDNAs indicates that AKH I and II are derived from small precursor proteins (63
      and 61 amino acids) which are 55% identical in amino acid sequence. Each contains
      a 22-amino acid hydrophobic leader sequence followed by the AKH I or II sequence
      and an additional 28-amino acid carboxyl-terminal peptide of unknown function.
      Significant homology at the nucleic acid level (64% identity) is confined to the
      coding region of the mRNA sequences. Preliminary DNA blot analyses suggest that a
      single gene codes for each, and that the genes for AKH I and II may be linked.
      Genomic blots from various tissues fail to suggest that the high level of
      expression of AKH in the corpora cardiaca is due to tissue specific gene
      amplification.

PMID- 2294117
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction study of synthetic
      apolipoprotein E fragment (residues 129-169).
AB  - Apolipoprotein E is a plasma protein comprised of a lipid binding region (which
      together with other apoproteins maintains the structure of lipoprotein particles)
      and a receptor binding domain (which interacts with cellular receptors for
      control of triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism). A peptide, comprising
      residues 129-169 of human apolipoprotein E, which contains both a putative lipid
      binding region and receptor binding domain, has been synthesized by solid phase
      techniques. Diffraction quality crystals of the synthetic apolipoprotein E
      fragment129-169 have been obtained at room temperature by vapor diffusion with
      polyethylene glycol in the presence of the nonionic detergent beta
      octylglucoside. The crystals have been characterized with x-radiation as
      orthorhombic, space group I222 or I2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit cell dimensions a =
      61.91, b = 30.84, and c = 42.79 A. There are eight molecules per unit cell, with
      one molecule (Mr = 4771) in each asymmetric unit. Precession photographs show
      that crystals diffract beyond 2.7-A resolution and are stable in the x-ray beam
      at room temperature for at least 200 h; thus, they can be used to collect three
      dimensional data for a detailed crystallographic analysis.

PMID- 2294118
TI  - Angiotensin II inhibits luteinizing hormone-stimulated cholesterol side chain
      cleavage expression and stimulates basic fibroblast growth factor expression in
      bovine luteal cells in primary culture.
AB  - Angiotensin II has been identified immunohistochemically in the ovaries of both
      rats and humans. Here we present evidence that angiotensin II (an extremely
      vasoactive agent in a wide range of tissues) may be involved in the regulation of
      the major steroidogenic enzyme in the ovary, cholesterol side chain cleavage
      cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc), as well as of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF),
      which has been implicated as an angiogenic factor in the bovine corpus luteum. We
      have used primary cultures of bovine luteal cells to examine the effect of
      angiotensin II and its receptor antagonist, saralasin, on expression of mRNA
      encoding bFGF as well as on progesterone production and the expression of mRNA
      encoding cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc). Neither
      angiotensin II nor saralasin when added alone to the culture medium had any
      effect on basal progesterone production. Luteinizing hormone (LH) caused a 15
      fold increase in progesterone accumulation after 24 h of exposure which was
      reduced to 5-fold in the presence of angiotensin II. This appeared to be receptor
      mediated in that although saralasin alone had no effect on LH-stimulated
      progesterone accumulation, it significantly reversed the inhibition by
      angiotensin II. This pattern was mirrored by the levels of mRNA encoding P
      450scc, i.c., LH induced the highest levels of expression of this message, these
      levels were reduced by angiotensin II, and saralasin partially overcame this
      reduction. Levels of mRNA encoding bFGF were elevated by both LH and angiotensin
      II. Treatment with saralasin, however, resulted in complete inhibition of bFGF
      mRNA expression in the presence of both LH and angiotensin II. These results
      suggest a role for angiotensin II to mediate the action of LH as a regulator of
      bFGF expression and hence, potentially, angiogenesis. Local production of
      angiotensin II might also contribute to the refractoriness of luteal progesterone
      secretion to LH at the time of luteal regression.

PMID- 2294119
TI  - Sodium cholate-induced changes in the conformation and activity of rat pancreatic
      cholesterol esterase.
AB  - Pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase) regulates dietary cholesterol absorption
      and is activated in the presence of trihydroxy bile salts while remaining
      inactive monohydroxy bile salts. CEase from rat pancreas has been purified by
      ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and gel
      filtration on Sephacryl S-200/S-300 columns connected in series, and its
      homogeneity and Mr (55,418 +/- 288) have been determined by sedimentation
      equilibrium centrifugation. The effects of tri-, di-, and monohydroxy bile salts
      on the conformation of the purified enzyme in buffer solution and in an in vitro
      assay system were studied by circular dichroism spectropolarimetry. The CD
      spectrum of the enzyme in solution shows a curve shape suggestive of an alpha
      helicity, but low mean residue ellipticity (MRE) values may indicate an important
      beta-turn contribution. Sodium cholate, a trihydroxy bile salt, induces a
      decrease in the negative MRE values of the enzyme in solution at bile salt
      concentrations of 70-100 nM, with no further spectral changes at concentrations
      as high as 1 mM. Sodium cholate concentrations higher than 1 microM also induce
      an increase in the enzyme's negative MRE values under activity assay conditions,
      which reverts toward its original value once the reaction reaches equilibrium.
      These latter changes are interpreted as induced by substrate binding to the
      enzyme followed by partial substrate depletion after the reaction reaches
      equilibrium. Sodium deoxycholate, a dihydroxy bile salt, induces unstable
      transient increases and decreases in the MRE values of CEase in buffer solution
      and under activity assay conditions. These changes are bile salt concentration
      dependent and may reflect self-association of the protein. Sodium
      taurolithocholate, a monohydroxy bile salt, does not affect the CD spectrum of
      CEase, and neither the di- or the monohydroxy bile salt activates the enzyme.

PMID- 2294120
TI  - Purification and characterization of a maturation-activated myelin basic protein
      kinase from sea star oocytes.
AB  - A meiosis-activated myelin basic protein (MBP) kinase was purified approximately
      8700-fold from soluble post-germinal vesicle breakdown extracts from maturing
      oocytes of the sea star Pisaster ochraceus. Purification to apparent homogeneity
      was achieved by sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite,
      phosphocellulose, phenyl-Sepharose, heparin-Sepharose, polylysine-Sepharose, and
      Mono-Q. The final product exhibited an apparent molecular mass of approximately
      42 kDa by both native gradient and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, and this precisely correlated with the chromatographic behavior
      of the recovered MBP kinase activity on a Superose 6/12 column. The kinase
      utilized the MBP as the major substrate with little or no phosphorylation of
      histones (H1, H2A, or H2B), casein, phosvitin, protamine, or 40 S ribosomal
      proteins. The purified enzyme was relatively insensitive to high concentrations
      of beta-glycerol phosphate, calmodulin, EGTA, NaCl, sodium fluoride,
      dithiothreitol, spermine, and heparin but was quite sensitive to inhibition by
      metal ions such as Mn2+, Zn2+, and Ca2+. The true Km values for ATP and myelin
      basic protein were determined to be 58 and 25 microM, respectively, using double
      reciprocal plots. The purified enzyme was unable to utilize GTP in place of ATP.
      The enzyme was shown to rapidly undergo autophosphorylation. The
      autophosphorylation was sensitive to alkali treatment implying that phosphate was
      incorporated on serine/threonine residues. The properties of this MBP kinase are
      reminiscent of a protein kinase that is also activated in a cyclic fashion at M
      phase during the early cell divisions of sea star and sea urchin embryos (Pelech,
      S. L., Tombe, R., Meijer, L., and Krebs, E. G. (1988) Dev. Biol. 130, 26-36).

PMID- 2294121
TI  - Manduca sexta lipid transfer particle acts upon a lipoprotein to catalyze lipid
      and apoprotein disproportionation.
AB  - A novel reaction, catalyzed by Manduca sexta lipid transfer particle (LTP),
      transforms low density lipophorin (LDLp) into two distinct lipoprotein species. A
      population of LDLp particles serves as lipid donor or acceptor in LTP-catalyzed
      production of a very low density lipophorin (VLDLp) and a high density lipophorin
      (HDLp) product. The products result from facilitated net transfer of lipid mass
      from donor LDLp particles to acceptor LDLp particles. Transfer of apolipophorin
      III (apoLp-III) from donor to acceptor lipoprotein occurs during the reaction to
      produce a lipid- and apoLp-III-enriched VLDLp species and lipid- and apoLp-III
      depleted HDLp species. The VLDLp produced in this in vitro reaction contains more
      lipid and apoLp-III than any previous lipophorin species reported and further
      demonstrates the scope of the lipid binding capacity of lipophorin. Lipid
      analysis and radiolabeling studies confirmed that unidirectional net transfer of
      lipid mass and apoLp-III from donor to acceptor occurs. When 3H-lipid-LDLp was
      used as substrate in the LTP-catalyzed disproportionation reaction the density
      distribution of radioactivity and protein provided evidence of vectorial transfer
      of diacylglycerol, phospholipid, and free fatty acids. Electron micrographs of
      the original LDLp population and of the LTP-induced product lipoprotein
      population provided further support for the interpretation derived from
      biochemical studies. This LTP-catalyzed disproportionation was observed only with
      apoLp-III-rich LDLp suggesting that the presence of increased amounts of this
      apoprotein dramatically affects the properties of the particle and appears to be
      directly related to the capacity of the lipoprotein to bind lipid.

PMID- 2294122
TI  - Sphingosine stimulates cellular proliferation via a protein kinase C-independent
      pathway.
AB  - Sphingosine, a metabolite of membrane sphingolipids, is generally considered to
      be cytotoxic for a variety of cell types. However, we have found that sphingosine
      at low concentrations stimulates DNA synthesis and acts synergistically with
      known growth factors to induce proliferation of quiescent Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts.
      Structurally related analogs of sphingosine, such as N-stearoylsphingosine and
      other long chain aliphatic amines, had no mitogenic effects, suggesting that
      sphingosine did not induce nonspecific membrane perturbations. Sphingosine, which
      has been proposed to be a physiological inhibitor of protein kinase C, also
      markedly potentiates the mitogenic effect of the tumor promoter, 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Sphingosine still stimulates DNA synthesis
      in cells made protein kinase C deficient by prolonged treatment with phorbol
      ester. At mitogenic concentrations, sphingosine does not bind to protein kinase C
      as shown by its lack of effect on phorbol dibutyrate binding. Only at higher
      concentrations, in the cytotoxic range, was there a displacement of phorbol
      dibutyrate from its cellular-binding sites. In contrast to sphingosine, H-7, a
      known inhibitor of protein kinase C, inhibited the mitogenic response to TPA and
      the TPA-induced phosphorylation of the 80 kDa cellular substrate of protein
      kinase C. Our results suggest that sphingosine may play an important role as a
      positive regulator of cell growth acting in a fundamentally different, protein
      kinase C-independent pathway.

PMID- 2294123
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Positive cooperativity in
      ATP synthesis.
AB  - Kinetic and nucleotide binding studies have shown that submitochondrial particles
      from bovine heart possess three exchangeable binding sites for ADP or GDP. In
      order of decreasing affinity at neutral pH, these sites will be referred to as
      sites I, II, and III, and their respective dissociation constants as KI, KII, and
      KIII. In oxidative phosphorylation experiments in the presence of saturating
      amounts of inorganic phosphate, rapid ATP (or GTP) synthesis occurred only upon
      ADP (or GDP) binding to site III. The Eadie-Hofstee plots (v/[S] on the ordinate
      versus v on the abscissa) of the kinetics of ATP (or GTP) synthesis at variable
      ADP (or GDP) were, therefore, composed of an initial upward phase, indicating
      positive cooperativity with respect to substrate concentration, followed by a
      downward phase where rapid product formation took place. These data allowed
      calculation of KII from the upward phase and KIII (equivalent to apparent Km)
      from the downward phase. KI was estimated from Scatchard plots of binding data
      with radiolabeled ADP or GDP. Thus, together with our previous results, these
      findings have allowed characterization of the process of ATP or GTP synthesis by
      bovine-heart submitochondrial particles in terms of KI, KII, KIII, and kcat.

PMID- 2294124
TI  - An amino-terminal signal sequence abrogates the intrinsic membrane-targeting
      information of mitochondrial uncoupling protein.
AB  - Mitochondrial uncoupling protein, a polytopic integral protein of the inner
      membrane, is initially made in the cytoplasm as a soluble polypeptide (307 amino
      acids) lacking a cleavable targeting (signal) peptide. Earlier studies (Liu, X.,
      Bell, A. W., Freeman, K. B., and Shore, G. C. (1988) J. Cell Biol. 107, 503-509)
      identified internal regions of the molecule that are critical for targeting and
      membrane insertion. Here, we demonstrate that the ability of uncoupling protein
      to insert into the inner membrane is abrogated when the molecule is fused behind
      the matrix-targeting signal of preornithine carbamyltransferase; the hybrid
      protein was imported across the inner membrane and deposited in the matrix where
      it was processed. In this context, however, the processed product remained in the
      matrix and was incapable of inserting into the inner membrane.

PMID- 2294125
TI  - Pathways of purine metabolism in human adipocytes. Further evidence against a
      role of adenosine as an endogenous regulator of human fat cell function.
AB  - Previous results demonstrated that the adenosine that accumulates in human fat
      cell suspensions is derived from extracellular sources (Kather, H. (1988) J.
      Biol. Chem. 263, 8803-8809). To get insight into the mechanisms responsible for
      the lack of adenosine release, extracellular adenine nucleotide catabolism was
      minimized by 10 mmol/liter beta-glycerophosphate and 10 mumol/liter alpha,beta
      methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate. Intracellular adenine nucleotide catabolism
      resulted in a release of inosine and hypoxanthine under these conditions that was
      increased markedly by isoproterenol. Experiments with inhibitors of adenosine
      deaminase and adenosine kinase indicated that the production of inosine and
      hypoxanthine proceeded via AMP deamination. Consistently, IMP levels were
      increased transiently in the presence of isoproterenol. In addition, the cells
      possessed a nucleotide phosphomonoesterase that was resistant to the inhibitory
      actions of ATP and alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate and showed
      preference for IMP over AMP. Adenosine (approximately 1 nmol/10(6) cells/h) was
      also produced inside the cells. However, adenosine production was unrelated to
      ATP turnover via adenylate cyclase, and any adenosine formed was immediately
      reconverted to adenine nucleotides in the absence and presence of isoproterenol.
      It was concluded that adenosine is not released by intact human adipocytes,
      because the alternative routes of intracellular AMP catabolism are
      compartmentalized (at least in functional terms), and adenosine kinase is not
      saturated with substrate in the absence and presence of isoproterenol.

PMID- 2294127
TI  - Biological effects of androgens and identification of specific
      dihydrotestosterone-binding sites in cultured human fetal epiphyseal
      chondrocytes.
AB  - The biological effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T) on
      cultured human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes were assessed by studying the
      ability of these androgens to promote DNA synthesis. DNA synthesis was evaluated
      by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. After 48-h incubation in Ham's
      F-12 serum-free medium, chrondrocytes were incubated with or without DHT (10(-11)
      10(-8) M) or T (10(-11)-10(-8) M) in MCDB-104 serum-free medium for a further 48
      h, with the addition of [3H]thymidine (5 microCi/mL) for the last 24 h. In
      chondrocytes from five male fetuses (12-40 weeks' gestation) DHT and T
      significantly stimulated DNA synthesis. The maximum stimulatory effect was
      obtained for DHT at 10(-10) M (P less than 0.01) and for T at 10(-6) M (P less
      than 0.02). In chondrocytes from four female fetuses the stimulatory effect was
      significant only for DHT and was maximum at 10(-10) M (P less than 0.02), whereas
      no effect was observed for T. Cultured chondrocytes from both male and female
      fetuses show the presence of proteins with high affinity and limited binding
      capacity (Bmax) for DHT (male fetuses: Bmax, 4.9 +/- 1.9 x 10(-15) M/mg protein;
      Kd, 0.43 +/- 0.24 x 10(-9) M; female fetuses: Bmax, 4.8 +/- 1.6 x 10(-15) M/mg
      protein; Kd, 0.63 +/- 0.19 x 10(-9) M) with no significant differences between
      sexes. In conclusion, our results show that androgens elicit a biological
      response in cultured human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes and that DHT-binding
      sites are present in these cells. DHT, rather than T, seems to be the active
      androgen. A sex difference in the degree of androgen action is also documented.

PMID- 2294126
TI  - Growth-promoting effect of growth hormone and low dose ethinyl estradiol in girls
      with Turner's syndrome.
AB  - Forty patients with Turner's syndrome, aged 5.0-16.6 yr, were randomly allocated
      to receive daily sc injections of recombinant human GH (hGH) at a dose of 1
      IU/kg.week alone (group I) or in combination with 25 ng/kg.day ethinyl estradiol
      (E2; group II). The mean pretreatment height velocity was 3.8 cm/yr for both
      groups. During the first year of treatment height velocity increased
      significantly (P less than 0.001) in both groups, to 7.5 +/- 1.3 and 8.1 +/- 1.6
      cm/yr, respectively. The difference between the two groups was not significant.
      The mean (+/- SD) height velocity expressed as the SD score for chronological age
      (Turner references) was 0.0 +/- 1.2 for group I and 0.2 +/- 1.4 for group II and
      increased significantly (P less than 0.001) during the first year of treatment to
      +4.3 +/- 1.1 in group I and +5.4 +/- 1.2 in group II. The difference between both
      groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Height SD score for
      chronological age (Turner references) increased from -0.2 +/- 0.9 to +0.6 +/- 1.0
      in group I and from -0.2 +/- 1.0 to +0.7 +/- 1.1 in group II. Mean bone age
      progressed similarly in both treatment groups (1.1 +/- 0.6 yr during 1 yr of
      treatment). However, bone age maturation accelerated more rapidly in younger
      patients. Twelve girls (three in group I and nine in group II) had minor breast
      development. No major adverse effects were reported. We conclude that daily sc
      therapy with hGH stimulates height velocity in Turner's syndrome. The beneficial
      effect on height velocity increment of E2 addition was small. Furthermore, even
      very low doses of E2 may induce breast development at an early age and accelerate
      bone maturation. For these reasons, the addition of E2 to hGH is not warranted in
      young patients with Turner's syndrome.

PMID- 2294128
TI  - Dynamics of 24-hour endogenous cortisol secretion and clearance in primary
      hypothyroidism assessed before and after partial thyroid hormone replacement.
AB  - Although various abnormalities of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal function have
      been reported in primary hypothyroidism, neither 24-h patterns of pulsatile
      cortisol release nor estimation of its endogenous secretion and clearance rates
      have been fully investigated in this clinical setting. We studied pulsatile and
      circadian patterns of cortisol secretion in six hypothyroid men [mean free T4
      index, 0.59 +/- 0.22 (+/- SE); mean TSH, greater than 50 mU/L] by sampling blood
      at 20-min intervals for 24 h before (unreplaced) and then after 5-7 months of
      partial replacement treatment with levo-T4. Compared to a normal group,
      hypothyroid men had significantly elevated 24-h mean serum concentrations of
      cortisol (419 vs. 254 nmol/L; P less than 0.001), with no change in serum
      cortisol-binding globulin concentrations. Cluster analysis of cortisol time
      series revealed a normal pulse frequency, with significant increases in mean peak
      amplitude (527 vs. 331 nmol/L; P = 0.001), mean interpulse valley concentrations
      (384 vs. 204 nmol/L; P less than 0.05), and mean prepeak nadir concentrations
      (298 vs. 166 nmol/L; P less than 0.05). Cosinor analysis showed preserved
      circadian rhythmicity (i.e. normal mean circadian amplitude of cortisol release)
      in hypothyroidism, with a significant delay in the timing of circadian acrophases
      and an increase in the mesor (mean). Analysis of data by a multiple parameter
      deconvolution method demonstrated a normal 24-h endogenous cortisol production
      rate in the presence of significantly prolonged subject-specific half-life of
      cortisol disappearance (155 vs. 73 min; P less than 0.05). Partial replacement
      therapy with levo-T4 caused significant decreases in 1) mean 24-h serum cortisol
      concentrations (419 vs. 323 nmol/L; P less than 0.05); 2) mean cortisol peak
      amplitudes (527 vs. 375 nmol/L; P less than 0.05); 3) mean prepeak nadir
      concentrations (298 vs. 221 nmol/L; P less than 0.05); and 4) mean half-life of
      cortisol disappearance (155 vs. 112 min; P less than 0.0019). In summary, the
      present study of cortisol secretory dynamics in hypothyroid men has shown
      elevated mean 24-h serum concentrations of cortisol with preserved circadian
      rhymicity and normal endogenous production rates, but prolonged half-lives of
      cortisol disappearance. In conjunction with normal serum cortisol-binding
      globulin concentrations, these largely reversible findings suggest that
      significant hypercortisolemia in primary hypothyroidism is primarily due to
      decreased metabolic clearance of cortisol and a presumptive decrease in the
      negative feedback effect of cortisol on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis.

PMID- 2294129
TI  - An immunoassay to detect human mullerian inhibiting substance in males and
      females during normal development.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed to measure human
      Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) in biological fluids. The enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay is specific for MIS, with a sensitivity in human serum to 0.5
      ng/ml and does not recognize transforming growth factor-beta 1 or -beta 2, LH, or
      FSH. It similarly fails to recognize other proteins secreted from the cell type
      into which the MIS gene was cloned. MIS was detected in the serum of normal
      newborns, infants, children, and adults. In males the serum level of MIS is 10-70
      ng/mL at birth. The level increases slightly after birth, and then decreases to a
      basal level of 2-5 ng/mL after the first 10 yr of life. Newborn male urine
      contains minimal amounts of MIS (0.5 ng/mL). In females MIS is barely detectable
      in serum at birth, but rises to the basal level equal to that seen in males after
      10 yr of age. Similar basal levels of MIS were found in adult ovarian follicular
      fluid. MIS levels were high in the serum of a female patient with a sex cord
      tumor (3200 ng/mL), but fell to 100 ng/mL after multiple excisional operations.
      In addition, a serum MIS level of 20 ng/mL was detected in a patient with an
      ovarian granulosa cell tumor. A sensitive assay for MIS could be useful in the
      diagnosis of patients with congenital abnormalities of sexual development and
      patients with Sertoli cell and/or other MIS-producing neoplasms. Other
      applications may also be recognized as the biology of MIS in both males and
      females is further elucidated.

PMID- 2294130
TI  - Uterine estrogen receptors are increased by RU486 in late pregnant rhesus
      macaques but not after spontaneous labor.
AB  - Progesterone withdrawal as a mechanism for parturition in primates is
      controversial. The progesterone antagonist RU486, given in late pregnancy to
      rhesus monkeys at a dose of 47 mmol/kg.day (20 mg/kg.day), causes an increase in
      uterine activity, but not the expected increase in amniotic fluid prostaglandins
      or cervical dilatation. We, therefore, studied the effect of RU486 on estrogen
      receptor (ER) localization and concentration in reproductive tract tissues in
      rhesus monkeys during late gestation and after spontaneous labor at term.
      Distribution of ER in pregnant uterine tissues was studied by immunocytochemical
      techniques and quantified by a biochemical assay, both of which employed a
      monoclonal antibody specific for ER. ER was not present in amnion and chorion by
      immunocytochemical investigation; however, a significant increase in receptor
      staining was seen in decidua and myometrium after RU486 treatment compared to
      that in both pregnant control tissues and parturient tissues. Sucrose gradient
      assay of nuclear (n) and cytosolic (c) ER revealed a low level of ER (expressed
      as fmol of estradiol bound/mg of DNA) in pregnant and parturient decidua
      (pregnant: nER = 7.3 +/- 2.4, cER = 17.1 +/- 6.4; parturient, nER = 7.7 +/- 3.1,
      cER = 16.4 +/- 8.8) and myometrium (pregnant: nER = 21.7 +/- 4.1, cER = 20.8 +/-
      5.3; parturient: nER = 30.0 +/- 2.8, cER = 10.7 +/- 6.7). In contrast, tissues
      collected from RU486-treated animals contained high levels of ER in decidua (nER
      = 52.3 +/- 16.8, cER = 240.5 +/- 145.3) and myometrium (nER = 77.0 +/- 19.2; cER
      = 66.5 +/- 31.6). We conclude that 1) the increase in ER in decidua and
      myometrium after RU486 treatment is the result of a decrease in the inhibitory
      action of progesterone on ER and documents the progesterone receptor antagonism
      by RU486 during induced myometrial contractility in late pregnant rhesus monkeys;
      2) the absence of ER from amnion and chorion indicates that the normally observed
      increase in prostaglandin production by rhesus fetal membranes during labor is
      not mediated by ER; and 3) the absence of a change in the concentration of ER in
      decidua and myometrium from pregnant control monkeys and those in spontaneous
      labor indicates that an increase in ER (and, by inference, a withdrawal of
      receptor-mediated progesterone inhibition) is not part of the normal events in
      preparation for parturition in primates.

PMID- 2294131
TI  - Evening versus morning injections of growth hormone (GH) in GH-deficient
      patients: effects on 24-hour patterns of circulating hormones and metabolites.
AB  - Since serum GH in normal subjects displays a circadian variation with a major and
      consistent surge after the onset of sleep we examined whether the time of GH
      administration in GH-deficient patients had any impact on its action. Eight GH
      deficient patients all underwent 3 4-week study schedules in random order: 1)
      evening (2000 h) sc GH injections, 2) morning (0800 h) sc GH injections, and 3)
      no GH administration. At the end of each period the patients were admitted to
      hospital for 24-h measurements of hormones and metabolites. For comparison, 10
      age- and sex-matched healthy untreated subjects were hospitalized once under
      identical conditions. Mean (+/- SE) GH availability, i.e. the area under the
      curve (AUC; micrograms per L/12 h) for 12 h after injection was significantly
      greater after evening injection than after morning injections [83.3 +/- 25.4
      (evening) vs. 46.0 +/- 10.6 (morning); P less than 0.01]. This might be due to
      higher skin and sc temperatures when in bed. The 2000-0800 h AUC after evening
      injection was similar to the corresponding AUC in the reference group. Mean 24-h
      serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels (micrograms per L) were similar after
      evening (189.8 +/- 2) and morning (179.5 +/- 5.3) injections (P = 0.8), but the
      latter displayed a circadian variation suggesting that a steady state had not
      been reached. Both were significantly lower than the stable reference value
      (248.4 +/- 3.6 micrograms/L). Blood glucose profiles after morning and evening GH
      did not differ from that of the reference group, whereas blood glucose decreased
      when the patients received no GH (P less than 0.01). Daytime (0800-2400 h)
      insulin levels were increased after morning injections (P less than 0.05).
      Nighttime levels of lipid intermediates were below normal in the untreated state
      and after morning injection (P less than 0.05), whereas nighttime blood alanine
      tended to be above normal after morning GH injection (P = 0.08). Highly
      significant inverse relationships between circadian lipid intermediates and both
      blood alanine and lactate concentrations were observed in the reference group and
      in the patients after evening injections. These relationships disappeared after
      morning injections. We conclude that the metabolic effects of sc GH injections
      are clearly influenced by the time of administration and that the closest
      similarity to normal hormone and metabolite patterns and relationships is reached
      by GH injection in the evening in GH-deficient patients.

PMID- 2294132
TI  - Hypersomatotropism in pregnant women, as measured by a human liver radioreceptor
      assay.
AB  - Radioreceptor assays (RRAs) provide useful information about the bioactivity of
      peptide hormones. We have developed a RRA for human GH using membranes prepared
      from human liver. The assay has 1% cross-reactivity with human PRL, 0.11% cross
      reactivity with human chorionic somatomammotropin, and negligible cross
      reactivity with bovine and rat GH. The assay has distinct advantages over the IM
      9 lymphocyte RRA in having reduced nonspecific interference from serum proteins
      and providing a uniform source of receptors which can be stored for long periods
      at -70 C. The coefficient of variation of the assay is 13%. In studies of 55 sera
      from short children with normal or elevated serum GH concentrations the mean
      ratio of RRA GH to immunoradiometric assayed GH was 1.28. This assay provided
      important information about the total GH activity in pregnancy. There was a
      progressive rise in RRA GH during pregnancy, reaching 64.7 +/- 2.5 (+/- SE)
      micrograms/L at term. This level is 2-3 times higher than suggested by earlier
      estimates made with monoclonal antibody RIAs for pituitary GH. At term the
      contributions to total GH activity of serum are less than 3% from the pituitary,
      12% from human chorionic somatomammotropin reacting with the GH receptor, and 85%
      from placental GH. Despite this great increase in receptor-reactive GH,
      somatomedin activity by bioassay is reduced, and IGF-I, determined by RIA after
      acid-gel filtration, is minimally elevated.

PMID- 2294133
TI  - Inhibition of human platelet aggregation and thromboxane-B2 production by
      melatonin: evidence for a diurnal variation.
AB  - The effects of melatonin on platelet aggregation and thromboxane-B2 (TxB2)
      production induced by 1-4 x 10(-6) M adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or 0.6 x 10(-3)
      M arachidonic acid (AA) were assessed in platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Micromolar
      concentrations of melatonin inhibited in a dose-dependent way ADP-induced
      platelet aggregation with individual inhibitions 40% or more at 10(-6)-10(-5) M.
      A significant depression of AA-induced platelet aggregation was observed only at
      10(-5)-10(-4) M melatonin. Morning (0830 h)-evening (1800 h) studies of ADP
      induced platelet aggregation in seven normal men showed a higher sensitivity at
      1800 h when analyzed as a global inhibitory effect of melatonin (P less than
      0.01). Moreover, only during the evening hours did melatonin induce reversible
      aggregation, an index of inhibition of the platelet secretory process elicited by
      ADP exposure. No diurnal variability in melatonin inhibition of AA-induced
      aggregation was detected. TxB2 production elicited by AA in the evening was
      inhibited significantly in a concentration-related manner by a 2-min
      preincubation with 10(-9)-10(-5) M melatonin, while during the morning hours the
      inhibition was significant only at 10(-6) M or higher melatonin concentrations.
      In the case of ADP, the inhibition of TxB2 release attained significance at 10(
      5)-M (0830 h) or 10(-6)-M concentrations (1800 h). In the presence of either
      stimulatory agent, melatonin depression of TxB2 generation was about 2-fold
      greater at 1800 h than at 0830 h. The diurnal changes in melatonin effect on TxB2
      production were also observed in thrombin-stimulated washed platelets. The
      present data indicate the existence of circadian variations in platelet
      responsiveness to melatonin in humans.

PMID- 2294134
TI  - Episodic fluctuation in serum intact parathyroid hormone concentration in men.
AB  - To evaluate the temporal features of physiological fluctuation in serum PTH
      concentration, we sampled peripheral blood at 4-min intervals for 24 h from five
      normal men (32.8 yr; range, 26-40 yr) and measured serum PTH levels using a two
      site immunoradiometric assay with the exquisite sensitivity and specificity for
      human PTH-(1-84) (intact PTH). The resultant 24-h time series of serum intact PTH
      levels were assessed by contemporary techniques in chronophysiology for rhythmic
      and episodic peak detection. Cosinor analysis disclosed a significant circadian
      rhythm in serum intact PTH concentrations in all five men, with the mean
      circadian amplitude and acrophase of 7.2 +/- 4.4 ng/L and 2305 +/- 401 h,
      respectively (mean +/- SD; n = 5). No apparent fixed ultradian periodicity was
      found by autocorrelation and spectral analyses. Evaluation of episodic intact PTH
      pulsatility by Cluster analysis revealed 23.0 +/- 4.4 discrete PTH pulses/24 h (P
      less than 0.01 vs. signal-free noise), which occurred at an interpulse interval
      of 61.6 +/- 11.1 min. The average duration of a serum intact PTH peak was 42.8 +/
      7.3 min, and its mean incremental amplitude was 12.6 +/- 1.3 ng/L, which
      corresponded to a 31.8 +/- 5.2% increase above the preceding nadir. Discrete PTH
      peaks were separated by nonpulsatile valleys which lasted for 17.9 +/- 4.4 min.
      Cross-correlation between the time series of serum intact PTH and whole blood
      ionized calcium (Ca2+) was at its maximum (-0.5) at concurrent time points in
      three subjects, while significant positive correlation between serum intact PTH
      and simultaneous serum inorganic phosphorus concentrations was observed in four
      of five subjects. There was no apparent correlation between the levels of serum
      intact PTH and serum magnesium. Our data show that serum levels of intact PTH,
      the only biologically active form of PTH in the blood, is characterized by a
      significant circadian periodicity, spontaneous episodic pulsatility with distinct
      peak properties, and a significant temporal coupling with Ca2+ and inorganic
      phosphorus concentrations. We conclude that PTH secretion, as judged by the
      temporal pattern of serum intact PTH levels, is pulsatile in normal men.

PMID- 2294135
TI  - Dietary modification with dairy products for preventing vertebral bone loss in
      premenopausal women: a three-year prospective study.
AB  - The effect of dietary calcium on vertebral bone mass in women is controversial.
      In a randomized study we have investigated the effect of dietary modification in
      the form of dairy products on vertebral bone mass in 30- to 42-yr-old
      premenopausal women over a 3-yr period. Twenty women increased their dietary
      calcium intake by an average of 610 mg/day (P less than 0.03) for 3 yr, while 17
      age- and weight-matched women served as controls. Calcium intake was monitored by
      3-day diet histories and 24-h urinary calcium excretion. The consumption of the
      dairy products did not alter serum calcium or PTH levels or the fasting urinary
      calcium to creatinine ratio. Twenty-four-hour urinary calcium excretion increased
      by 28% (P less than 0.03) in the supplemented women. Dairy product intake was
      accompanied by increased dietary fat intake, but there were no statistically
      significant changes in serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or
      high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The vertebral bone density in the
      women consuming increased calcium did not change over the 3-yr period (-0.4 +/-
      0.9%). In contrast, the vertebral bone density in the control women declined (
      2.9 +/- 0.8%; P less than 0.001) and was significantly lower than that in the
      supplemented group at 30 and 36 months. The study suggests that dietary
      modification in the form of dairy products retards vertebral bone loss in
      premenopausal women. Therefore, increased calcium intake in estrogen-replete
      premenopausal women may prevent age-related bone loss.

PMID- 2294137
TI  - Steroidogenesis in an estrogen-producing adrenal tumor in a young woman:
      comparison with steroid profiles associated with cortisol- and androgen-producing
      tumors.
AB  - There is only one previous report of an estrogen-secreting adrenal tumor
      occurring in a woman during reproductive years. Our patient presented with mild
      hirsutism associated with menstrual bleeding every 3-6 weeks. The occurrence of
      apparently intermenstrual bleeding prompted an evaluation of estrogen levels.
      Markedly elevated plasma estrone levels were found (860-2305 pmol/L; normal, 50
      340). Lesser relative elevations in 11-deoxycortisol and androstenedione were
      noted. Computed tomographic scanning of the adrenal glands identified a large
      tumor, which was subsequently resected. Estrone levels fell to 120 pmol/L, and
      all other abnormalities were corrected. Eighteen months after adrenalectomy,
      ovulation occurred regularly, and steroid levels were entirely normal. Steroid
      production in a cell suspension made from tissue obtained from the 190-g tumor
      was compared with that occurring in normal human adrenal cells. The production of
      estrone by the tumor cells was 40-fold greater than that by normal adrenal cells.
      There was also a mild excess of 11-deoxycortisol produced by tumor cells, but the
      tumor cells were less than 50% as efficient as normal cells in producing
      cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and
      dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Examination of the steroid profile in plasma
      occurring in three other patients with adrenal tumors reveals that while
      elevations in estrone occur frequently, this is usually due to the peripheral
      conversion of very high levels of androstenedione. Estrone, androstenedione, and
      11-deoxycortisol plasma levels were elevated in all four patients;
      dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was elevated in only two of four patients. After
      resection of one of these tumors, all steroid levels remained normal despite the
      occurrence of extensive metastases. These observations confirm the difficulty of
      making a diagnosis of estrogen excess in a woman during reproductive years
      because of the paucity of physical signs. The acquisition of aromatase activity
      was clearly demonstrated by tumor cells from our patient in vitro. Elevated
      plasma concentrations of estrone, androstenedione, and 11-deoxycortisol provide
      useful markers for adrenal tumors, but no one steroid can be relied upon in all
      tumors, and metastases may lack the steroidogenic capabilities of the primary
      tumor.

PMID- 2294136
TI  - Plasma norepinephrine kinetics, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and chromogranin-A, in
      hypothyroid patients before and following replacement therapy.
AB  - Whether the increased plasma norepinephrine level reported in hypothyroidism is
      the result of impaired norepinephrine (NE) clearance or increased NE release by
      nerve terminals is unknown. We, therefore, measured plasma NE levels and
      clearance in 11 hypothyroid patients before [T4 index, 41.2 +/- 7.7 nmol/L (mean
      +/- SEM); TSH, 71.4 +/- 23.0 mU/L] and 4 +/- 0.5 months after thyroid replacement
      (T4 index, 136.4 +/- 24.4 nmol/L; TSH, 3.2 +/- 1.2 mU/L) and in 8 healthy
      volunteers. Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and chromogranin-A, which are
      coreleased with NE by sympathetic nerve endings, were also measured. Plasma NE
      was higher in the hypothyroid (2.37 +/- 0.24 nmol/L) than in the euthyroid state
      (1.86 +/- 0.24 nmol/L; P less than 0.02) or in the controls (1.87 +/- 0.27
      nmol/L). Plasma clearance of NE, however, was not affected after thyroid
      replacement (hypothyroid, 2.08 +/- 0.31 L/min; euthyroid, 1.94 +/- 0.21 L/min;
      controls, 1.86 +/- 0.15 L/min). There was no significant change in plasma
      dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (hypothyroid, 720 +/- 139 nmol/mL.h; euthyroid, 553 +/-
      97 nmol/mL.h) or plasma chromogranin-A (hypothyroid, 48.9 +/- 7.1 ng/mL;
      euthyroid, 42.9 +/- 5.3 ng/mL) after thyroid replacement. We conclude that the
      increased plasma NE in hypothyroid patients is not due to a change in plasma
      clearance, but is more likely secondary to increased NE release.

PMID- 2294138
TI  - Lack of nocturnal serum thyrotropin surge after surgery.
AB  - The effects of surgery on TSH secretion, with particular regard to the nocturnal
      TSH surge, were evaluated in 10 consecutive patients followed for 6 days after
      surgery. Surgical trauma was associated in all patients with significant
      decreases in serum total and free T3 and a significant increase in serum rT3
      levels, with no variations in serum total and free T4 concentrations. A marked
      increase in serum cortisol levels was observed, with higher values at night than
      in the morning. Serum cortisol levels and circadian rhythm normalized on the
      fifth day. Serum TSH values in the morning significantly decreased on the first
      day after surgery and returned to normal on the second day. Serum TSH values at
      night (2400-0200 h) were higher than in the morning preoperatively, but the
      nocturnal surge was abolished from days 1-5 after surgery and was restored only
      on the sixth day. Thus, surgery was associated with a prolonged loss of the
      nocturnal serum TSH surge. This effect on TSH secretion was more marked than
      predictable on the basis of serum TSH measurements in the morning alone. An
      inverse relationship was found between serum cortisol and serum TSH values at
      night, suggesting that the excessive endogenous cortisol secretion might play a
      role in the derangement of TSH secretion.

PMID- 2294139
TI  - Bone Gla protein and sex hormone-binding globulin in nontoxic goiter: parameters
      for metabolic status at the tissue level.
AB  - Several patients with nontoxic goiter have reduced serum TSH levels, as measured
      with new sensitive assays. Whether this is a sign of subclinical hyperthyroidism,
      thus having the potential of adverse effects on different organs with time, is
      not known. We have measured serum levels of 2 markers of thyrometabolic status at
      the tissue level, bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGP),
      reflecting the function of osteoblasts, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG),
      reflecting the function of hepatocytes, in 44 patients (41 women and 3 men) with
      nontoxic goiter (11 diffuse and 33 nodular goiters; serum T4, T3, free T4, and
      free T3 levels had been normal and stable for at least 0.5 yr). Serum TSH levels
      ranged from normal to unmeasurably low values (less than 0.05 mU/L). Serum TSH
      levels correlated negatively to serum BGP levels (r = -0.60; P less than 0.001).
      Due to the postmenopausal surge in serum BGP levels, premenopausal women (n = 21)
      were tested separately without changing the significance (r = -0.53; P less than
      0.02). Expressing serum BGP values as a percentage of the mean value in control
      subjects of the same age and sex did not change the correlation (r = -0.63; P
      less than 0.001). Six patients had serum BGP levels above the normal range, and
      patients with reduced serum TSH levels (less than 0.45 mU/L; n = 12) had
      significantly enhanced serum BGP levels [median, 1.53 nmol/L (range, 1.02-4.24)
      vs. 1.23 nmol/L (0.62-3.71); P less than 0.05]. Serum TSH also correlated
      negatively to serum SHBG levels (r = -0.56; P less than 0.001; women alone: r = 
      0.58; P less than 0.001). Eight patients had serum SHBG levels above the normal
      range, and patients with reduced serum TSH levels had significantly enhanced
      serum SHBG levels, expressed as a percentage of the mean control value for the
      relevant sex [203% (range, 75-288) vs. 120% (42-317); P less than 0.01]. It is
      concluded that the lower serum TSH levels in patients with nontoxic goiter, the
      higher are serum BGP and SHBG levels. This suggests a progressively generalized
      (not only pituitary) tissue overexposure to thyroid hormones, the lower the serum
      TSH levels. Therefore, the finding of a reduced serum TSH level in patients with
      nontoxic goiter might reflect supraphysiological levels of T4 and/or T3, which
      could possibly be harmful.

PMID- 2294140
TI  - The relative contributions of age and years since menopause to postmenopausal
      bone loss.
AB  - We have estimated the relative contributions of age and menopause to forearm
      mineral density in 485 normal postmenopausal women up to age 75 yr. In 87 pairs
      matched for years since menopause, in which 1 member was below 61 yr and the
      other was 61 yr or older, the mean bone density was significantly lower in the
      older than in the younger subjects despite their identical years since menopause
      (P less than 0.001). Further analysis suggested a model for bone loss after the
      menopause which comprises a menopausal component of exponential type and an age
      related component which is linear and starts in the mid-50s. According to this
      model, a 70-yr-old woman has lost 11% of her bone due to menopause and 18% as a
      function of age. Thereafter, the age-related function is dominant. Early
      menopause is associated with a self-limiting loss of bone which does not progress
      further until aging exerts its effect. The main conclusion is that the
      significance of early menopause as a risk factor for osteoporosis has been
      overstated.

PMID- 2294141
TI  - Patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy not associated with overt thyroid disease
      have multiple thyroid immunological abnormalities.
AB  - Twenty-two apparently euthyroid patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy not
      associated with goiter, antithyroid microsomal or antithyroglobulin antibodies,
      or overt thyroid disease (so-called ophthalmic Graves' disease) were tested for
      subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. We measured 131I uptake and scan,
      serum T3 (by RIA), and serum TSH using a sensitive (by immunoradiometric assay)
      assay. Three patients were found to be hyperthyroid, and 1 was hypothyroid. The
      remaining 18 patients, who remained euthyroid throughout the study period, were
      investigated for evidence for antibody-mediated immunity against thyroid
      antigens. We measured antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against fresh
      thyroid cells using a 51chromium release assay, thyroid membrane-reactive
      antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay incorporating solubilized
      thyroid membranes, and TSH receptor-binding antibodies using a RRA and carried
      out sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and
      Western blotting with patient sera for antibodies reactive with 64 and 110 kDa
      (thyroid peroxidase) membrane proteins. Bands were demonstrated, on SDS-PAGE, at
      64 or 110 kDa in 13 patients, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity tests
      were positive in 7 patients, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive
      in 4 of the 17 patients tested. In addition, TSH receptor antibody tests were
      positive in 5 patients, none of whom had other evidence for hyperthyroidism.
      Finally, significant lymphocyte infiltration was demonstrated on aspiration
      biopsy in 3 patients. All 18 patients had positive tests in at least 1 of the
      immunological assays. We believe that these data support the hypothesis that
      endocrine ophthalmopathy always occurs in patients with overt or subclinical
      Graves' hyperthyroidism, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or thyroid immunological
      abnormalities. Those patients previously described as having euthyroid Graves'
      disease should, thus, be considered to have associated thyroid immunological
      abnormalities even though histological confirmation (from aspiration needle
      biopsy) may be obtained in only a minority of the patients. The possibility that
      the mechanism for this close association is cross-reactivity of cytotoxic
      antibodies against a thyroid/eye muscle cell surface shared antigen is discussed
      in the context of recent evidence from the authors' laboratory.

PMID- 2294142
TI  - Adrenal autoantibodies bind to adrenal subcellular fractions enriched in
      cytochrome-c reductase and 5'-nucleotidase.
AB  - A quantitative assay for human adrenal autoantibodies has been developed to aid
      in the detection and isolation of human adrenal antigens. To define the
      subcellular location(s) of the antigen(s) capable of binding with these
      antibodies, we have quantitated both antibody binding to various adrenal
      subcellular fractions and the adrenal autoantibody binding inhibition caused by
      each subcellular fraction. To further define the subcellular location of the
      autoantibody binding, each fraction was assayed for organelle-specific marker
      enzyme activities. Enzyme activities were correlated to adrenal autoantibody
      binding to each fraction by linear regression. Of the materials tested, both
      antibody binding and inhibition of binding were most highly correlated with
      adrenal subcellular fractions enriched with cytochrome-c reductase and 5'
      nucleotidase (r = 0.98; P less than 0.05). Thus, our data support the
      localization of adrenal autoantigen(s) in the microsomes, plasma membrane, or
      both.

PMID- 2294143
TI  - Measles virus-specific immunoglobulin D antibody in cerebrospinal fluid and serum
      from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Quantitation of measles-specific immunoglobulin D (IgD) antibody was carried out
      in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 18 patients with subacute
      sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), 12 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and
      seven normal controls with high measles antibody titers in serum, using
      polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for human IgD and enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. Measles-specific IgD activity was significantly higher in
      CSF and serum from SSPE patients compared to that found in patients with MS or
      normal controls. The IgD antibody to measles virus was not due to high levels of
      measles-specific IgG since significant measles IgD activity was found after
      eluting IgG from SSPE serum. The increased level of measles-specific IgD found in
      SSPE sera is consistent with the levels observed in patients with acute and
      chronic viral infections.

PMID- 2294144
TI  - Absence of natural killer (NK) cell activity against oligodendrocytes in multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - The cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells directed to enriched cultures of
      bovine oligodendrocytes was investigated in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and
      controls. Macrophage-depleted peripheral blood lymphocytes were used as effector
      cells in a 4-h 51Cr release assay. No significant cytotoxic activity to
      oligodendrocytes was identified in either MS or control groups. In contrast, a
      definite cytotoxic activity directed toward K562 cells was observed in the study
      populations. No statistically significant difference was observed between chronic
      progressive or stable MS, other neurological diseases (OND), and normal controls.
      These results indicate that NK cell activity directed toward intact bovine
      oligodendrocytes is not significantly different between MS and control groups and
      question the significance of studies employing K562 cells as the target in NK
      assays in MS. Furthermore, these observations suggest that NK-mediated
      cytotoxicity against oligodendrocytes is unlikely to be a specific mechanism
      mediating demyelination in MS.

PMID- 2294145
TI  - Prevention of periodontal disease.

PMID- 2294146
TI  - Light microscopic localization of hepatic fatty acid binding protein mRNA in
      jejunal epithelia of rats using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemical, and
      autoradiographic techniques.
AB  - An in situ hybridization technique using a [35S]-labeled oligonucleotide probe
      was employed, in combination with immunohistochemistry and autoradiography, to
      examine gene expression for hepatic fatty acid binding protein (FABP) in the
      jejunal epithelia from both fed and fasted rats. In rats fed ad libitum,
      immunoreactivity and mRNA signal for FABP were localized to the absorptive
      epithelial cells lining the villus, whereas they were absent in the crypt
      epithelial cells. The level of FABP mRNA was relatively low in the tip of the
      villus, although FABP immunoreactivity remained high in this area. Animals fasted
      for 3 days exhibited a downward shift of the lower boundary of the FABP
      expressing cell population into the middle portion of the crypt, in terms of the
      immunoreactivity and the mRNA signal. The proliferative cell compartment of the
      crypt, as revealed by [3H]-TdR incorporation, showed no substantial change in
      size between the fed and fasted states. The present results provided evidence
      that (a) during the differentiation and upward migration of the absorptive
      epithelial cells, the expression of FABP gene begins at the crypt-villus junction
      and declines before the cells reach the villus tip, and (b) fasting induces an
      earlier expression of the FABP gene in the maturing crypt epithelial cells.

PMID- 2294147
TI  - Phalloidin directly complexed to colloidal gold as useful markers for F-actin.

PMID- 2294148
TI  - Cellular distribution of alpha B-crystallin in non-lenticular tissues.
AB  - alpha B-Crystallin is a subunit of alpha-crystallin, a major protein component of
      the vertebrate lens. Recently, its expression in various extra-lenticular tissues
      has been demonstrated by both Western and Northern blotting. In this study, the
      cellular distribution of alpha B-crystallin in rat organs was examined in detail
      using immunohistochemistry. Positive reactions were observed in lens, iris,
      heart, skeletal muscle (type 1 and type 2A fibers), striated muscle in skin and
      esophagus, Henle's loop and medullary collecting duct of the kidney, Schwann
      cells of peripheral nerves, glia of the central nervous system, and decidual
      cells of the placenta. A close correlation with markers of oxidative activity
      suggests that alpha B-crystallin is expressed in cells that have high levels of
      oxidative function.

PMID- 2294149
TI  - Immunolabeling of grapevine flavescence doree MLO in salivary glands of
      Euscelidius variegatus: a light and electron microscopy study.
AB  - Flavescence doree (FD), a grapevine yellows disease, is caused by a mycoplasma
      like organism (MLO). A colloidal gold indirect immunolabeling technique
      identified MLO in salivary glands of a vector leafhopper, Euscelidius variegatus.
      After aldehyde fixation, tissue samples were prepared by cryoultramicrotomy or
      embedding in acrylic resins. Double fixation with aldehydes and osmium retroxide,
      followed by embedding in epon, was also performed. Thin or semi-thin serial
      sections were treated with polyclonal anti-FD-MLO rabbit antibodies, then with
      gold-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG. Labeling was revealed using the silver
      enhancement technique for light microscopy. MLO in frozen thin sections of glands
      were efficiently labeled. Optimal results were obtained with 4% paraformaldehyde
      0.1% glutaraldehyde fixation and low-temperature embedding in LR White resin.
      Both scattered MLO and unusual dense forms of MLO were easily detected with the
      electron-dense gold probe. This method distinguished MLO from other membrane
      limited bodies and provided a good tool for studying infection in large regions
      of FD-infected tissues by light microscopy.

PMID- 2294150
TI  - Enzyme histochemistry on freeze-substituted glycol methacrylate-embedded tissue.
AB  - We developed a method for histochemical demonstration of a wide range of enzymes
      in freeze-substituted glycol methacrylate-embedded tissue. Tissue specimens were
      freeze-substituted in acetone and then embedded at low temperature in glycol
      methacrylate resin. All enzymes studied (oxidoreductases, hydrolases) were
      readily demonstrated. The enzymes displayed high activity and were accurately
      localized without diffusion when tissue sections were incubated in aqueous media,
      addition of colloid stabilizers to the incubating media not being required.
      Freeze-substitution combined with low-temperature glycol methacrylate embedding
      permits the demonstration of a wide range of enzymes with accurate enzyme
      localization, maintenance of enzyme activity, and excellent tissue morphology.

PMID- 2294151
TI  - Lipopolysaccharide modulates chemotactic peptide-induced actin polymerization in
      neutrophils.
AB  - To study the effect of endotoxin (LPS) on the basal and chemotactic peptide,
      formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced alterations in neutrophil
      cytoskeleton, we purified (greater than 98%) LPS-free neutrophils (LPS- less than
      10 pg/ml LPS), compared their cytoskeletal organization to that of circulating
      neutrophils, and examined the effect of LPS exposure on the basal and fMLP
      induced change in the cytoskeleton as reflected by F-actin content and
      distribution. Shape, F-actin content and distribution were monitored by FACS
      analysis and fluorescence microscopy of NBDphallicidin-stained cells. The F-actin
      content of basal and fMLP-activated, purified LPS- cells is similar to that of
      circulating neutrophils (defined as cells drawn in LPS- buffers at 37 degrees C
      and analyzed after less than 10 seconds of ex vivo manipulation). LPS- cells are
      round with a diffuse F-actin distribution. Exposure of LPS- cells to LPS causes
      cell polarization and F-actin redistribution without net gain in F-actin content.
      Peptide activation of the LPS- cell causes actin polymerization, which is
      preceded by a brief lag time. Exposure of LPS- cells to LPS (LPS+) enhances fMLP
      induced actin polymerization by: 1) increasing the maximal extent of
      polymerization; 2) shortening the lag time preceding polymerization and
      increasing the rate of polymerization; and 3) lowering fMLP dose required for
      half maximal F-actin response. The enhancement depends on LPS dose, duration of
      exposure, and temperature. To examine the mechanism whereby LPS enhances fMLP
      induced actin polymerization, we determined the predominant end for filament
      growth in LPS- and LPS+ cells, the number of actin nuclei generated in LPS- and
      LPS+ by fMLP activation, and the number and affinity of fMLP receptors on LPS-
      and LPS+ cells by 3[H]fMLP binding. Actin polymerization in both LPS- and LPS+
      occurs predominantly by monomer addition to the barbed ends of nuclei, and the
      number of actin nuclei in basal and fMLP-activated LPS- and LPS+ cells is
      similar. LPS+ cells express three times more fMLP receptors than LPS- cells. The
      results show that LPS- cells are similar in cytoskeletal organization to
      circulating neutrophils, LPS causes shape change without change in F-actin
      content, and LPS enhances fMLP-induced actin polymerization response in
      neutrophils. The results suggest that LPS enhancement of actin polymerization
      response is associated with an increase in the number of fMLP receptors expressed
      on the cell surface.

PMID- 2294152
TI  - Killing of Mycobacterium smegmatis by macrophages from genetically susceptible
      and resistant mice.
AB  - The bactericidal function of macrophages was investigated in congenic mice
      expressing the phenotype of susceptibility (B10.A, Bcgs) or resistance
      (B10.ABcgr) to mycobacterial infection. When splenic and peritoneal macrophages
      from these two mouse strains were infected in vitro with Mycobacterium smegmatis,
      the Bcgr macrophages were shown to inactivate M. smegmatis more efficiently than
      their Bcgs congenic counterparts. The mechanisms of this superior
      antimycobacterial activity was studied further. Addition of catalase did not
      abolish killing to a significant degree in either allelic type of macrophage,
      suggesting that hydrogen peroxide production was not involved in the killing
      activity controlled by the Bcg gene. Activation of Bcgs macrophages by exposure
      to crude lymphokines rendered them equally as efficient as their Bcgr
      counterparts in their capacity to destroy M. smegmatis. This finding suggests
      that both the genetically resistant and susceptible macrophages have the
      potential to kill M. smegmatis in vitro. This potential is expressed
      constitutively by the Bcgr but not Bcgs macrophages and can be induced, by
      lymphokine treatment, in the Bcgs macrophages. In a final set of experiments, the
      macrophage killing of M. smegmatis was evaluated as a test system to type for the
      Bcg gene allelic type in vitro, using a set of AXB and BXA recombinant inbred
      strains of mice. Results obtained show that typing of AXB/BXA recombinant inbred
      strains for the trait of bactericidal activity vs. M. smegmatis in vitro revealed
      a perfect match with the strain distribution pattern of resistance/susceptibility
      to Mycobacterium bovis BCG in vivo.

PMID- 2294153
TI  - Control of lipoprotein lipase secretion by macrophages: effect of macrophage
      differentiation agents.
AB  - The effect of macrophage differentiation agents on lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
      secretion by macrophages at different stages of differentiation/maturation was
      investigated. Phorbol myristate acetate (TPA) had an augmenting effect on LPL
      secretion by in vitro-derived bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), thioglycollate
      elicited peritoneal macrophages (TgM phi), and resistant macrophages.
      Augmentation was time dependent and reached approximately two-fold and
      approximately threefold increase over control cells within 16 and 96 hr,
      respectively. TPA did not affect LPL secretion from J774.1 cells treated with the
      agent for 16-72 hr. L-cell conditioned medium (L-CM), a source of macrophage
      colony-stimulating activity, augmented LPL secretion by BMMs and Tg-M phi, and
      when added together with TPA had an additive augmenting effect on LPL secretion
      in these cells. Retinoic acid (RA) exerted a time-dependent suppressive effect on
      LPL secretion by BMMs (46% within 16 hr and 83% within 6 d), had a relatively
      small effect on secretion from J774.1 cells (approximately 20% in 72 hr) and had
      no effect on LPL secretion by Tg-M phi. Dexamethasone suppressed LPL secretion by
      BMMs, Tg-M phi, and J774.1 cells. Optimal suppression of LPL secretion by BMMs
      required more than 24 hr. Thus, TPA and L-CM, agents that exert a mitogenic
      effect on BMMs and Tg-M phi, augmented the secretion of LPL in these cell types,
      and RA and dexamethasone, agents which induce differentiation patterns in myeloid
      cells, suppressed LPL secretion.

PMID- 2294154
TI  - Bulimia and sleep disturbance.

PMID- 2294155
TI  - Prescription-writing errors.

PMID- 2294156
TI  - Office procedures.

PMID- 2294157
TI  - Mnemoniic for croup scoring.

PMID- 2294158
TI  - Obstetric privileges in family practice.

PMID- 2294159
TI  - A case of surrogate pregnancy.

PMID- 2294160
TI  - Do-not-hospitalize orders: whose goals? What purpose?

PMID- 2294161
TI  - Chief complaint of fatigue: a prospective study.
AB  - The Dartmouth COOP Project, a primary care research network, conducted a
      prospective study of patients presenting to 28 primary care practices with a
      chief complaint of fatigue. Data were gathered on fatigue status, associated
      systems, health status, and origin of fatigue. Fatigue patients were
      demographically similar to nonfatigue patients but had significantly worse
      physical and mental health at study intake. Sixty-three percent of physicians and
      52% of patients rated fatigue origin as primarily physical (gamma = 0.48, P less
      than .05), but in 41% of cases, physicians indicated there was substantial
      interaction between physical and psychological factors. Only two factors-
      depression and anxiety--separated fatigue of physical origin from fatigue of
      psychological origin. Clinicians must thoughtfully evaluate fatigue's often
      multiple causes and communicate their understanding of those causes to the
      patient to gain support for a reasonable treatment regimen.

PMID- 2294162
TI  - The use of do-not-hospitalize orders by family physicians in Ohio.
AB  - A sample of Ohio family physicians was surveyed by mail questionnaire regarding
      physician attitudes and practices concerning do-not-hospitalize (DNH) orders. One
      hundred seventy-three of the 210 physicians who completed the survey provided
      care for patients in nursing homes. Fifty-eight percent of physicians caring for
      nursing home patients were familiar with the concept of do not hospitalize, and
      42% had utilized a DNH order. The most commonly named reasons for using a DNH
      order were patient's terminal condition and patient's request. The most common
      reasons physicians did not use a DNH order were because of family objections and
      the inability of nursing homes to deliver intravenous antibiotics and fluids.
      Almost all physicians had encountered a clinical situation where a DNH order
      might be appropriate, and 73% of physicians familiar with the DNH concept had
      utilized the order. Familiarizing more physicians with the concept of DNH orders
      may have great potential for reducing health care costs and preserving patient
      autonomy. Future studies are needed to validate the concept of do not
      hospitalize.

PMID- 2294163
TI  - Comparing a Christian physicians' support group with the Balint Group.
AB  - The influence of religious beliefs on physicians' social attitudes and medical
      practices is not as yet adequately discussed in the literature. This paper
      describes a Christian physician support group and contrast it with the more
      traditional Balint model support group. Issues of membership, leadership, and use
      of the group are discussed. The potential use and misuse of religiously oriented
      support groups are outlined. Thirteen Christian physician members of a study
      group were given questionnaires regarding participation in and expectations of
      the group. They were asked to comment on the extent to which their religious
      convictions influenced their practice of medicine. Participants discussed a wide
      range of issues both personal and professional. They benefited from the
      opportunity to share views with others who brought a spiritual perspective to
      patient care. Members stated that their spiritual beliefs influenced their
      attitudes toward social issues, such as abortion and divorce, and their practice
      of medicine, for example, by praying with and for their patients. The group
      provided a safe place to explore these beliefs.

PMID- 2294164
TI  - Restructuring a family practice obstetrics curriculum.
AB  - Maintaining a high-quality curriculum for family practice residency training in
      obstetrics has become increasingly difficult. In 1984 the faculty of the
      University of Vermont Department of Family Practice needed to upgrade its
      obstetric curriculum in a community where family practice obstetrics was
      nonexistent. The key steps to a new curriculum included the recruitment of family
      practice faculty with experience in obstetrics, expanded communication with the
      Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the development of baseline attending
      privileges in family practice obstetrics, the formation of educational tracks for
      residents, and the promotion of chart audits. Also important were faculty role
      modeling, intradepartmental meetings, intensive elective rotations, and community
      education. This case report of program development in family practice obstetrics
      may serve as a model to help other residency programs.

PMID- 2294165
TI  - Attitudes of Washington State primary care physicians toward capitation-based
      insurance plans.
AB  - Recent years have brought many changes in health care financing, including health
      care insurance plans based on capitation allowances to physicians. This study
      describes a survey examining physician attitudes toward such plans. The survey
      was distributed to a random sample of 30% of the family physicians, general
      practitioners, general internists, and general pediatricians in the Washington
      State Medical Association in 1986. Responses from 322 physicians (71%) indicated
      that most primary care physicians had a negative attitude toward such plans.
      Participants in capitation-based plans (48% of total respondents) had a nearly
      neutral attitude, which was significantly different from the attitude of
      nonparticipants. Respondents identified the main disadvantages of such plans as
      confusion about benefits, increased administrative demands, liability risks,
      altered professional relationships, and loss of autonomy. The main advantages
      perceived were increased physician awareness of cost, increased importance of the
      primary care role, and reduction of unnecessary health care utilization.
      Attitudes were significantly more negative among solo practitioners and
      physicians with more years in practice. Respondents rated selection of
      consultants, favorable economic arrangements, and benefits information as the
      features most likely to influence them to participate in capitation-based plans.

PMID- 2294166
TI  - Epistaxis mimicking upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2294167
TI  - Gingival bleeding: initial presentation of prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2294168
TI  - Primary facial nerve tumors within the skull.
AB  - In a series of 527 cerebellopontine angle tumors, there were 416 cases of
      acoustic nerve tumors and 14 cases of primary tumor of the facial nerve in the
      petrous bone or intracranial cavity. Six additional patients were presumed to
      have facial tumors, although they were not operated on. Of the 14 verified facial
      nerve tumors, all but two were neurinomas and 11 had important intracranial
      extensions into the middle and/or the posterior fossa. In most of these 14 cases,
      surgical removal was performed via the translabyrinthine route, which is
      advantageous in that it displays the characteristic relationship of the tumor to
      the facial nerve, and facilitates nerve repair. The clinical and radiological
      features of these facial nerve lesions are discussed and also the indications for
      surgical treatment which, as the unoperated cases illustrate, is not always
      necessary.

PMID- 2294169
TI  - Adoptive immunotherapy of intracerebral metastases in mice.
AB  - Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells are a heterogeneous population of immune
      effector cells that nonspecifically destroy neoplastic cells but not normal
      cells. Although parenteral treatment with interleukin-2 (IL-2) alone or a
      combination of IL-2 and LAK cells reduces tumor load and prolongs survival in
      mice with pulmonary, peritoneal, or hepatic metastases, the effect of these
      treatments on brain metastases has not been studied. To determine in an animal
      model if intracerebral metastases would be protected by the immunologically
      privileged status of the brain, intracardiac and intravenous injections of 10(5)
      KHT sarcoma cells were performed in C3H mice to create brain and lung metastases,
      respectively. The mice were treated with adoptive immunotherapy to determine if
      efficacy seen in an extracerebral site could be reproduced in the brain, and if
      histological examination of these brains would reveal a significant degree of
      lymphocyte infiltration and cytolytic activity. Animals were treated with either
      parenteral IL-2 (7500 U three times daily on Days 3 to 7 after tumor injection),
      or IL-2 plus LAK cells (7500 U IL-2 times daily on Days 3 to 7, and 10(8) LAK
      cells intravenously on Days 3 and 6 after tumor injection), or IL-2 excipient
      (three times daily on Days 3 to 7 after tumor injection). As compared to control
      animals, pulmonary metastases on Day 14 after tumor injection were reduced or
      eliminated in animals treated with either IL-2 or IL-2 plus LAK cells (p less
      than 0.01). In these same animals, there was no reduction in the number of
      intracerebral metastases and no evidence of lymphocytic infiltration or cytolytic
      activity in the brain. This is the first study that reveals an organ-specific
      resistance to the treatment of metastases with adoptive immunotherapy, and
      affirms the concern that due to inadequate trafficking of endogenous or exogenous
      activated lymphocytes or due to inadequate activation of in situ brain lymphoid
      precursors, there is no rejection of tumors in the brain. This information
      suggests that brain metastases in patients with systemic malignancies will not
      respond to intravenous treatment with LAK cells and IL-2, and that alternative
      forms of treatment are needed. Furthermore, this modification of a previously
      existing model of murine brain metastasis provides a method for concurrently
      evaluating the effectiveness of treatments for intra- and extracranial cancers.

PMID- 2294170
TI  - Nerve graft immunogenicity as a factor determining axonal regeneration in the
      rat.
AB  - Acellular basal lamina grafts have recently been reported to support axonal
      regeneration and have been used in peripheral nerve repair. The present study was
      designed to determine the immunogenicity of such basal lamina allografts (grafts
      that are genetically different) and their potential as bridging material for
      nerve gap repair. Inbred strains of Fischer and Buffalo rats with known
      histocompatibility differences were used. Acellular grafts were prepared by
      repeated freezing and thawing nerve tissue predegenerated in situ for 6 weeks.
      Non-frozen predegenerated nerves were used as cellular grafts for comparison.
      Fischer rats were used as hosts and received cellular or acellular grafts
      obtained from Fischer (isograft, genetically identical) or Buffalo (allograft)
      donors. The grafts were evaluated morphologically at 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks after
      transplantation. The cellular isografts supported axonal regeneration best. The
      cellular allografts were invariably rejected and were unsuccessful or only
      partially successful in supporting regeneration. In contrast, acellular
      allografts, in spite of their mild immunogenicity were successful in supporting
      regeneration, as were the acellular isografts. The rate of host axonal
      regeneration and recovery of target muscle was reduced in acellular allografts
      and isografts as compared to cellular isografts. It is concluded that acellular
      allografts are suitable for supporting axonal regeneration and may be used to
      bridge gaps in injured peripheral nerves.

PMID- 2294171
TI  - The effect of steroids on gentamicin delivery to brain after blood-brain barrier
      disruption.
AB  - Osmotic modification of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides an experimental
      model of vasogenic edema, is totally reversible, and does not cause any
      structural damage. In the present communication, the effect of corticosteroids on
      drug delivery to normal rat brain was evaluated in this model. Intraperitoneal
      dexamethasone was administered at doses ranging from 12 to 48 mg/sq m for 3 days;
      gentamicin delivery to the brain was then evaluated after either intravenous or
      intracarotid administration in both control and BBB-modified animals. Only
      animals receiving the highest dose of dexamethasone and in which the gentamicin
      was given intravenously demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in drug
      delivery. The effect of dexamethasone over a wide range of dosages, therefore,
      exhibited only modest effects on drug delivery to normal brain after osmotic BBB
      disruption.

PMID- 2294172
TI  - The anomaly of a non-bifurcating cervical carotid artery. Case report.
AB  - A case of a rare developmental anomaly of the cervical carotid artery is
      reported. In this patient the non-bifurcating carotid artery gave origin to all
      of the branches normally supplied by the external carotid artery and thereafter
      continued as the internal carotid artery. Embryological events responsible for
      this anomaly are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2294173
TI  - Acute presentations of syringomyelia. Report of three cases.
AB  - Three unusual cases are reported in which communicating syringomyelia presented
      acutely. The first patient presented with paraplegia, the second with acute
      respiratory distress secondary to bilateral vocal cord paralysis, and the third
      with symptoms of acute brain-stem ischemia. Each patient had a communicating
      spinal cord syrinx associated with a posterior fossa and foramen magnum region
      anomaly (a huge posterior fossa arachnoid cyst in one and Chiari malformations in
      two). The mechanisms of craniospinal pressure dissociation and hindbrain
      herniation are discussed, along with other reported emergency presentations of
      syringomyelia.

PMID- 2294174
TI  - Ectopic pituitary adenoma of the third ventricle. Case report.
AB  - Ectopic pituitary adenomas without associated intrasellar adenomas are rare and
      are usually located in the sphenoid sinus. Most have been reported without modern
      radiological, endocrinological, or electron microscopic (EM) documentation. The
      case of a 47-year-old man with a third ventricular, ectopic, clinically
      nonsecretory pituitary adenoma, which was shown to be a gonadotrophic adenoma by
      immunohistochemical and EM study, is reported. Neurological examination,
      extensive neurodiagnostic imaging, surgical anatomical observation, and
      endocrinological evaluation showed no evidence of neoplasia outside the third
      ventricle.

PMID- 2294175
TI  - A neurosurgical approach to far-lateral disc herniation. Technical note.
AB  - A technique for exposing far-lateral intervertebral disc herniations without
      disrupting the facet is described. This technique is a simple modification of the
      standard neurosurgical approach.

PMID- 2294176
TI  - Psychological evaluation of head-injured patients.

PMID- 2294178
TI  - Congenital anaplastic astrocytoma.

PMID- 2294177
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and aneurysm clips.

PMID- 2294179
TI  - Familial cerebral aneurysms and type III collagen deficiency.

PMID- 2294180
TI  - Floating C-shaped orbital osteotomy for orbital rim advancement in
      craniosynostosis: preliminary report.
AB  - A method of lateral orbital rim advancement is described for periorbital
      deformities associated with coronal and metopic synostosis in infants. The
      technique offers the advantages of a smooth lateral rim contour and improvement
      in accompanying malar recession. In 13 patients with follow-up periods of up to 2
      years following surgery, improved orbital contour has been appreciated. Further
      observation is warranted to determine whether this improvement will last into
      adulthood.

PMID- 2294181
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of vascular brain-stem malformations.
AB  - Vascular malformations are a common cause of spontaneous brain-stem hemorrhage in
      young normotensive individuals. These lesions are no longer cryptic. Magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging has renewed interest in the treatment of this disorder
      because of the precise accuracy in diagnosis and localization of these lesions
      that it affords. The MR image demonstrates characteristic findings of multiple
      hemorrhages of varying ages surrounded by a hypointense peripheral zone of
      hemosiderin. Five cases of vascular brain-stem malformation diagnosed with MR
      imaging are described. The vascular malformations could be demonstrated as "flow
      void" areas in three cases. Three patients were treated surgically and vascular
      malformations were confirmed: all three patients improved postoperatively. Two
      patients were treated nonsurgically; one of these recovered from a second
      hemorrhage and the other experienced neurological deterioration after a single
      hemorrhage. High-energy radiotherapy was not effective for the one vascular
      malformation treated by this method. This experience suggests that surgical
      exploration should be considered for vascular brain-stem malformations when the
      diagnosis is confirmed by MR criteria and the clinical course and lesion are both
      progressive in character.

PMID- 2294182
TI  - Saphenous vein graft bypass of the cavernous internal carotid artery.
AB  - Saphenous vein graft reconstruction was performed from the petrous to the
      supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) to replace the cavernous ICA in six
      patients during direct intracavernous operations. Four of these patients had
      intracavernous neoplasms with invasion of the ICA and two had intracavernous ICA
      aneurysms that could not be clipped or occluded with intraluminal balloons. All
      but one patient had evidence of poor collateral flow reserve in a balloon
      occlusion test of the ICA. The superficial temporal artery was not present in
      four patients, was minuscule in one, and was damaged during the initial
      dissection in another, making it unsuitable for superficial temporal-to-middle
      cerebral artery branch anastomosis. Blood flow within the graft could not be
      established intraoperatively in one patient (who had excellent collateral
      circulation) due to the small size of the vein (3 mm). In all others, the grafts
      were patent on follow-up arteriography and transcranial Doppler studies. Three
      patients who had severe reduction of cerebral blood flow during test occlusion of
      the ICA exhibited temporary hemispheric neurological deficits postoperatively;
      the deficits were related to the duration of temporary ICA occlusion. All three
      recovered completely without evidence of infarction on computerized tomography
      (CT). One patient who clinically could not tolerate the balloon occlusion test of
      the ICA also had temporary neurological deficits with good recovery but showed
      evidence of border-zone infarction on CT scans. The present role of saphenous
      vein graft bypass of the cavernous ICA is discussed.

PMID- 2294184
TI  - A 10-year follow-up review of percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal
      ganglion.
AB  - Percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion for the relief of
      trigeminal neuralgia is a technically simple, nonpainful procedure, carried out
      under brief general anesthesia. One hundred patients treated by this method have
      been followed for 1 to 10 years; treatment has been technically successful in 97%
      of cases. Relief persisted at five years in 80%, and it is estimated that at 10
      years the figure will be 70%. There were no deaths, no cerebral damage, no
      keratitis, and no analgesia dolorosa; 4% of the patients reported dysesthesia.

PMID- 2294183
TI  - Calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neural axis.
AB  - An unusual fibrocalcifying lesion of the neural axis was identified in 14 cases.
      The radiographic appearance was that of a mass, which in some instances was
      calcified. The surrounding structures were compressed and the adjacent bone was
      involved. Histologically, the process was basically a granulomatous one. The
      granulomas were either nodular or confluent, producing a large mass with
      peripheral lobular configuration. Epithelioid cells and giant cells bordered the
      granulomas. Most of the granulomas were composed of fibrochondrocalcifying
      material. The lesion was particularly dangerous when located in a strategic site,
      such as the foramen magnum or the base of the skull. Two of the 14 patients with
      this pseudotumor died, and the other 12 have done well. Complete ablation,
      marginal or even intralesional, assures control of the lesion. The lesion is
      probably reactive rather than neoplastic.

PMID- 2294185
TI  - Relation of hypesthesia to the outcome of glycerol rhizolysis for trigeminal
      neuralgia.
AB  - The effects of percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizolysis were observed in a
      population of 58 cases of classical trigeminal neuralgia. The follow-up period
      ranged from 7 to 52 months postoperatively. It was noted that 84% of the patients
      had immediate relief of pain. The overall recurrence rate was 29%. Based on
      Kaplan-Meier survival curves, the overall half-life (T1/2) of this procedure was
      16 months. Although none of the patients developed anesthesia dolorosa or corneal
      ulceration, one group of patients developed either a clinical or subclinical
      persistent "minimal hypesthesia." In these there was a statistically significant
      difference in the T1/2 associated with this procedure (p = 0.01). This finding
      suggests that, contrary to the general belief, persistent hypesthesia after
      glycerol rhizolysis is a negative indicator of long-term success.

PMID- 2294186
TI  - Nerve transposition for the restoration of elbow flexion following brachial
      plexus avulsion injuries.
AB  - Despite technical advances, the ability to restore motor function following a
      brachial plexus avulsion is limited. Twenty patients who suffered the loss of
      elbow flexion following a brachial plexus avulsion injury underwent a
      neurotization procedure in an attempt to restore that lost function. Of 16
      patients who underwent intercostal to musculocutaneous nerve anastomosis, seven
      obtained good elbow flexion. Four patients who no longer had a viable biceps
      brachialis muscle underwent an anastomosis between transposed intercostal nerves
      and a free vascularized gracilis muscle grafted to the position of the biceps.
      Two of these patients obtained good elbow flexion. Although synkinesis between
      the biceps brachialis and the inspiratory muscles can be demonstrated during
      coughing and deep inspiration, the patients learn to flex their reinnervated
      biceps brachialis muscle and maintain flexion independent of respiration.

PMID- 2294187
TI  - Localized 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of large pediatric brain tumors.
AB  - Fourteen children aged 1 week to 16 years, with a variety of large or superficial
      brain tumors, underwent localized in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of
      their tumor. Quantitative spectral analysis was performed by measuring the area
      under individual peaks using a computer algorithm. In eight patients with
      histologically benign tumors the spectra were considered to be qualitatively
      indistinguishable from normal brain. The phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate
      ratio (PCr/Pi) averaged 2.0. Five patients had histologically malignant tumors;
      qualitatively, four of these were considered to have abnormal spectra, showing a
      decrease in the PCr peak. The PCr/Pi ratio for this group averaged 0.85, which
      was significantly lower than that seen in the benign tumor group (p less than
      0.05). No difference between the two groups was seen in adenosine triphosphate or
      phosphomonoesters. It is concluded that a specific metabolic "fingerprint" for
      childhood brain tumors may not exist, but that some malignant tumors show a
      pattern suggestive of ischemia.

PMID- 2294188
TI  - Outcome in 134 patients with prolonged posttraumatic unawareness. Part 1:
      Parameters determining late recovery of consciousness.
AB  - A retrospective study of 134 patients in a condition of prolonged unawareness
      state (that is, in coma for over 1 month) following brain trauma was conducted in
      order to identify prognostic factors. Eight easily evaluated parameters were
      found to be significant for predicting nonrecovery of consciousness. The
      following six features were present during the early posttraumatic phase (that
      is, during the 1st week after trauma): fever of central origin; diffuse body
      sweating; disturbances in antidiuretic hormone secretion; abnormal motor
      reactivity; respiratory disturbances; and diffuse nonneurological injuries. The
      first three features were manifestations of hypothalamic damage. Two factors,
      evident at a late phase following injury (after the 1st week posttrauma), namely
      late epilepsy and communicating hydrocephalus, were also significant in
      predicting nonrecovery.

PMID- 2294189
TI  - Outcome in 134 patients with prolonged posttraumatic unawareness. Part 2:
      Functional outcome of 72 patients recovering consciousness.
AB  - Most publications regarding the outcome of traumatic brain injury include
      patients with periods of unconsciousness of varying durations. The aim of the
      present paper is to describe the outcome of 72 patients who suffered from
      prolonged unawareness for more than 30 days and subsequently recovered
      consciousness. Almost half of the patients were independent in activities of
      daily living and another 20% were only partially dependent. Cognitive and
      behavioral deficits were the most common central nervous system sequelae of
      injury. Eight patients (11.1%) were able to resume working in the open job market
      and 35 (48.6%) were engaged in sheltered workshops. Most of the patients (72%),
      including all those who were working, were living with their families. Although
      the mean rehabilitation period was about 15 months, over 70% of these severely
      injured patients are considered to be socially integrated, enabling them to enjoy
      a reasonable quality of life.

PMID- 2294191
TI  - Recurrent hematomas following craniotomy for traumatic intracranial mass.
AB  - Of 850 patients who underwent craniotomy for evacuation of a traumatic
      intracranial mass, 59 (6.9%) developed a second hematoma at the operation site,
      which required a second operation. Compared to those who did not, patients who
      developed postcraniotomy hematoma (PCH) had a significantly higher incidence of
      evidence of alcohol intake and preoperative mannitol administration; a higher
      percentage had a bad outcome. Coagulopathy was frequent in PCH patients. Although
      three-quarters of the initial hematomas were intradural, 69% of the PCH's were
      predominantly extradural. The large potential space underlying a craniotomy bone
      flap may predispose to development of a PCH. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was
      monitored in 39 of the 59 PCH patients, which allowed earlier detection of the
      PCH in 22 (56%). In 17 patients, the ICP failed to rise despite clinical
      deterioration, and detection of the PCH was delayed, significantly worsening the
      outcome in this group.

PMID- 2294190
TI  - Postcallosotomy language impairments in patients with crossed cerebral dominance.
AB  - Language impairments were reviewed retrospectively in patients who underwent
      partial or total corpus callosum section for medically refractory secondary
      generalized epilepsy. Postoperatively, four of 32 patients had clinically
      significant language impairments that were not present prior to the operation.
      All involved primarily verbal output (speech and writing) and spared verbal
      comprehension. Written language skills (reading and spelling), verbal memory, and
      verbal reasoning abilities were impaired to varying degrees. These impairments
      were associated with crossed cerebral dominance. Three patients with severe
      difficulties after surgery were right hemisphere-dominant for speech and were
      right-handed. One left hemisphere speech-dominant, left-handed patient was
      agraphic after surgery, but spoke normally. It is concluded from these data and
      from other reports in the literature that three syndromes of language disturbance
      may follow callosotomy. The first, involving speech difficulty but but sparing
      writing, is attributable to buccofacial apraxia. The second involves speech and
      writing difficulties and occurs in right hemisphere-dominant right-handed
      patients. The third involves dysgraphia with intact speech and occurs in left
      hemisphere-dominant left-handed patients.

PMID- 2294192
TI  - Autologous transplantation of the superior cervical ganglion into the brain of
      parkinsonian monkeys.
AB  - The effect of autologous transplantation of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG)
      into the brain of parkinsonian monkeys was studied through quantitative
      measurement of animal behavior. The motor activity of the monkey was measured
      with a telemetry system during the experiment. After experimental parkinsonism
      was induced by repeated intravenous injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), three monkeys were treated with autologous
      transplantation of the SCG into both caudate nuclei. One monkey served as a
      control without SCG transplantation after MPTP treatment. Three SCG-transplanted
      monkeys showed biphasic (acute and chronic) behavioral amelioration of
      parkinsonism after transplantation. In the acute stage, the animals showed
      transient hyperkinesia with aggressive behavior and loss of circadian rhythm. In
      the chronic stage following acute hyperkinesia, the animals regained normal
      behavior and circadian rhythm without aggressiveness. In contrast with the
      transplanted monkeys, the control monkey failed to show recovery of the
      bradykinesia and muscle rigidity.

PMID- 2294194
TI  - Promoting executive hardiness.

PMID- 2294193
TI  - Amplification and expression of a multidrug resistance gene in human glioma cell
      lines.
AB  - Two human glioma cell lines were examined for multidrug resistance (MDR). A
      vincristine (VCR)-resistant glioma cell line showed a cross resistance to
      Adriamycin (doxorubicin, ADR) and etoposide (VP-16) to varying extents,
      suggesting the presence of MDR; the resistance to VCR was considerably decreased
      by calcium entry blockers. On the other hand, another VCR-sensitive glioma cell
      line exhibited no cross resistance to ADR or VP-16. Double minute chromosomes and
      homogeneously staining regions as well as clonal aberrations of chromosome 7 were
      not observed in cytogenetic studies of multidrug-resistant and multidrug
      sensitive glioma cell lines. In Northern and Southern blot analyses, MDR gene 1
      (MDR1) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was shown to be overexpressed without
      any amplification of the MDR1 gene in multidrug-resistant glioma cell lines as
      compared to multidrug-sensitive glioma cell lines. It would be reasonable to
      suggest that amplification of the MDR1 gene may not be a sine qua non for
      acquisition of MDR and that the MDR1 mRNA level may be correlated with the extent
      of MDR.

PMID- 2294196
TI  - Ten steps to successful grant writing.
AB  - Major changes in the allocation of health care funds requires that nurse
      administrators develop excellent grant writing skills. However, many nurse
      managers indicate they need assistance in developing grant proposals. A step-by
      step approach to writing a grant proposal is presented. While it is targeted
      primarily to the novice grant writer, the seasoned grant writer will particularly
      benefit from the discussion of the common mistakes.

PMID- 2294195
TI  - Policy considerations related to AIDS.
AB  - The nurse administrator faces many legal obligations as well as administrative
      responsibilities in the care of patients and staff with AIDS infection or at risk
      of infection. The authors discuss several resources nurse administrators can use
      to develop and implement policy for patients and staff at risk for or with AIDS
      infection.

PMID- 2294197
TI  - A computerized recruitment program.
AB  - The author describes a computerized recruitment program and its implications for
      nursing administrators. This system accurately and rapidly tracks and monitors
      recruiting activities. It serves as a critical tool for retaining a competitive
      presence, to facilitate policy making and to enhance predictability in a
      marketplace of shrinking resources.

PMID- 2294198
TI  - Feasibility analysis of preferred provider organizations.
AB  - Hospital management frequently considers diversification into Preferred Provider
      Organizations (PPOs) as a strategy for responding to intense competition for
      patients. The author presents a feasibility analysis framework for determining
      the potential success of such an action. Knowledge of this technique allows
      nursing executives to significantly contribute to the work of committees
      overseeing these analyses.

PMID- 2294200
TI  - Nurse assistive programs.

PMID- 2294199
TI  - Perspectives used for gaining approval of budgets.
AB  - Nurse executives think about problems using a certain perspective which may
      influence decisions on budgetary matters. The nurse executives' perspective used
      in decision-making may influence which budget proposals are developed and
      approved. A study was performed to determine the perspective used by nurse
      executives in decision-making on supplementary budget item proposals and whether
      perspective use influenced approval. Findings showed that use of the system view
      or dual-domain perspective in a proposal may enhance nurse executives' changes of
      gaining approval.

PMID- 2294201
TI  - Incentives can be bad for business.

PMID- 2294202
TI  - The need for research in surgical training.

PMID- 2294203
TI  - Diagnosing the paradental cyst.

PMID- 2294204
TI  - The proper role for TMJ arthroscopy.

PMID- 2294205
TI  - Short mandibular incisors: fact or artifact?

PMID- 2294206
TI  - The role of a temporalis fascia and muscle flap in temporomandibular joint
      surgery.
AB  - Temporalis fascia, with a varying thickness of temporalis muscle, may be
      harvested as an axial flap based on the middle and deep temporal arteries and
      veins. The dependable blood supply, the proximity to the temporomandibular joint,
      and the ability to alter the arc of rotation by basing the flap inferiorly or
      posteriorly make this a versatile flap for lining the temporomandibular joint. In
      this report, the anatomy is reviewed, the harvesting technique is described, and
      multiple uses of the temporalis muscle-fascia flap in temporomandibular joint
      surgery are described.

PMID- 2294207
TI  - Quadrangular Le Fort I osteotomy: surgical technique and review of 54 patients.
AB  - Technical aspects and indications for the quadrangular Le Fort I osteotomy are
      described. The records of 54 consecutive patients who underwent this procedure
      for primary correction are reviewed in general terms, and those of 3 patients
      with significant follow-up are presented in some detail. The procedure gave
      predictable results, provided acceptable midfacial aesthetic improvement, and was
      surgically reproducible with few complications. Low surgical and postoperative
      morbidity was documented. This procedure was used in a similar patient population
      as the quadrangular Le Fort II osteotomy, and the rationale for choosing between
      these two procedures is discussed.

PMID- 2294208
TI  - Maxillary, mandibular, and hyoid advancement for treatment of obstructive sleep
      apnea: a review of 40 patients.
AB  - Forty patients with documented obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were
      evaluated following maxillary and mandibular osteotomies (MMO). All patients were
      evaluated before and after surgery by a physical examination, fiberoptic
      pharyngoscopy, cephalometric analysis, and polysomnography. Ninety-seven percent
      of the patients responded to the surgical treatment, based on the polysomnogram.
      The present indications for MMO are severe OSAS, morbid obesity, and severe
      mandibular deficiency.

PMID- 2294209
TI  - Reconstruction of the severely resorbed maxilla with bone grafting and
      osseointegrated implants: a preliminary report.
AB  - This article describes a surgical procedure for rehabilitation of the severely
      atrophic maxillary alveolar ridge by bone grafting to the maxillary sinus and
      nasal floor followed by installation of implants in the grafted regions at a
      second operation. Five treated cases are presented. Further data are considered
      necessary to evaluate the procedure before it can be recommended for routine use.

PMID- 2294210
TI  - Autogenous auricular cartilage implantation following discectomy in the primate
      temporomandibular joint.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histologic changes in primate
      temporomandibular joints (TMJ) treated with autogenous auricular cartilage grafts
      following total discectomy. Four Macaca fascicularis monkeys underwent bilateral
      TMJ disc removal and high condylar shaves. One TMJ in each monkey was treated by
      grafting autogenous auricular cartilage to the glenoid fossa; the contralateral
      joint served as a control. Monkeys were killed at 6, 12, 16, and 24 weeks
      postoperatively. Viable auricular cartilage was found in all grafted joints.
      There was a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the
      cartilage grafts, with some grafts being directly fused to the glenoid fossa. One
      joint showed significant fibrous connective tissue adhesions between the condylar
      surface and the inferior portion of the graft. Degenerative changes in the
      grafted joint appeared grossly to be less severe than in the control joints. The
      cartilaginous tissues appeared to be a suitable autogenous tissue graft,
      maintaining its viability and functioning as an interpositioning material between
      the condyle and fossa.

PMID- 2294211
TI  - Bacteremia following laser and conventional surgery in hamsters.
AB  - The CO2 laser prevents bleeding by sealing blood and lymph vessels as it
      vaporizes tissue. Bacteremia following oral surgery might not occur under these
      conditions. To test this hypothesis, a 0.2-mm-deep incision 1 cm long was made in
      the right buccal cheek pouch of hamsters using either laser, electrosurgery, or a
      scalpel. Twenty minutes later, 1 mL of blood was taken from each animal by
      cardiac puncture, inoculated on a blood agar medium, and incubated anaerobically
      for 4 days; then the colonies were counted. Using an operational definition of
      bacteremia as five colonies or more per plate, there were no positive results out
      of 18 trials (0/18) for laser surgery, 7/8 for electrosurgery, and 8/12 for
      scalpel surgery. Based on the Student t test using the binomial distribution, the
      laser produced statistically less bacteremia than the other two methods (P less
      than .01). Because the five-colony cutoff was arbitrary, the nonparametric
      Wilcoxon Rank test was also used. Colony formation from blood from the laser
      group was significantly less than from the electrosurgery group (P less than .01)
      and the scalpel group (P less than .05). The laser surgery group was not
      statistically different from the control (nonsurgerized) group. These results
      suggest that there is a considerable bacteremia following scalpel and
      electrosurgery, but that laser surgery produces no bacteremia.

PMID- 2294212
TI  - Electromyography of the suprahyoid musculature following mandibular advancement
      with and without rigid fixation.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the activity of the
      suprahyoid musculature changes following advancement of the mandible and the use
      of rigid or nonrigid fixation. Ten monkeys underwent mandibular advancement; six
      underwent 6 weeks of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), and four had rigid
      fixation without MMF. Electromyography (EMG) of the suprahyoid musculature was
      performed preoperatively, and at 3, 7, and 10 weeks postoperatively. The results
      of this study fail to demonstrate an increase in suprahyoid EMG activity
      following mandibular advancement. Furthermore, there were no differences between
      the groups with different types of fixation.

PMID- 2294213
TI  - South American blastomycosis of the maxilla: report of a case.
AB  - An unusual case of localized South American blastomycosis of the maxilla,
      occurring in the United States, is reported. Clinical presentation, diagnosis,
      treatment, and reconstruction are reviewed.

PMID- 2294215
TI  - Long-term clinical manifestation of osteoradionecrosis of the mandible: report of
      two cases.

PMID- 2294214
TI  - Acute iodide-induced enlargement of the salivary glands.

PMID- 2294217
TI  - Fibrous dysplasia of the mandible associated with large solitary bone cyst.

PMID- 2294216
TI  - Therapeutic embolization of oral hemangiomas with absolute ethanol.
AB  - Two patients, one with a high-flow arteriovenous hemangioma and the other with a
      low-flow capillary-venous type, were treated by injection of ethanol, and
      excellent results were obtained.

PMID- 2294219
TI  - Point/Counterpoint. NCI Clinical Alert policy. Sometimes a great notion.

PMID- 2294218
TI  - The mandibular inferior border split: a modification in the sagittal split
      osteotomy.

PMID- 2294220
TI  - Point/Counterpoint. NCI Clinical Alert policy. Shouldn't we see the white flag
      before we cry victory?

PMID- 2294221
TI  - Point/Counterpoint. NCI Clinical Alert policy. If not now, when?

PMID- 2294222
TI  - Dietary fat reduction and plasma estradiol concentration in healthy
      postmenopausal women. The Women's Health Trial Study Group.
AB  - Concentrations of total and weakly bound plasma estradiol were significantly (P
      less than .01) reduced in 73 healthy post-menopausal women after 10-22 weeks of
      participation in a low-fat diet intervention program. Nonsignificant reductions
      in estrone sulfate and sex hormone-binding protein were also observed. The 17%
      reduction in average estradiol concentration was accompanied by an average
      reduction of 12 mg/dL in total plasma cholesterol (P less than .001), an average
      weight loss of 3.4 kg (P less than .001), and an average reduction in daily
      dietary fat from 68.5 to 29.5 g. Our review of case-control studies indicates
      that a 17% reduction in plasma estradiol may explain a noteworthy component of
      the international variation in breast cancer incidence. We find a need for
      further studies of (a) disease risk in relation to hormone concentrations and (b)
      changes in hormone concentrations as a function of the duration of low-fat diet
      intervention.

PMID- 2294223
TI  - In vitro and in vivo effects of cisplatin on the generation of lymphokine
      activated killer cells.
AB  - Pretreatment of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with cisplatin (CDDP)
      before in vitro culture with interleukin-2 (IL-2) inhibited the generation of
      lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and strongly inhibited proliferation.
      This inhibition was dose dependent, was significant only at concentrations
      greater than 6 microM, and it required exposure to the drug for more than 1 hour.
      This period of IL-2 unresponsiveness was maximum at 6 hours, but was
      spontaneously recovered within 24-48 hours and was more rapidly restored by
      increasing dosages of IL-2. Because inhibition of the generation of LAK cells by
      CDDP was observed only at relatively high levels of exposure to the drug (greater
      than 6 microM for greater than 1 hr), it was important that we explore the in
      vivo significance of these findings. The peripheral blood lymphocytes from
      patients bearing ovarian adenocarcinoma collected 1 hour after an iv infusion of
      50 mg of CDDP/m2 were not inhibited, compared with those collected immediately
      before therapy. Relatively high levels of exposure to CDDP are required for
      inhibition of the generation of new cytotoxic effectors, most likely because of
      its antiproliferative effect. These results may bear relevance to approaches
      involving the combined use of CDDP and IL-2-LAK.

PMID- 2294224
TI  - Phase II trial of high-dose intermittent interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cell
      carcinoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study.
AB  - A phase II trial of intermittent high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) was
      initiated to evaluate the response rate, remission duration, and toxic effects in
      patients with measurable metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The rIL-2 was
      administered as a bolus intravenous infusion at a dose level of 10.0 x 10(6) U/m2
      three times weekly, preceded by indomethacin (50 mg orally). Dose reductions of
      rIL-2 for hypotension and other grade 3 or 4 toxic effects were permitted. Forty
      four patients were entered and 41 were eligible. Previous treatment included
      nephrectomy (23 patients), radiation therapy (seven), and hormone therapy
      (three). Most toxic effects observed were moderate and included nausea, vomiting,
      anorexia (85%); hypotension (85%); fever, chills (78%); central nervous system
      changes (24%); myelosuppression (27%); and creatinine elevation (15%). Four
      instances of grade 4 toxicity were observed and included nausea, vomiting with
      dehydration; hypotension; and myocardial infarction. Thirty patients (73%)
      required dose adjustments because of toxicity. Five responses (12%) were seen,
      which included one complete and four partial. Sites of response included lung,
      liver, and soft tissue; the duration of response ranged from 2 to 20+ months.
      These results demonstrate that this schedule of rIL-2 can be administered in an
      outpatient setting, and can produce tumor regression in patients with metastatic
      renal cell carcinoma, including durable complete responses.

PMID- 2294225
TI  - N- and c-myc oncogenes in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.

PMID- 2294226
TI  - Striking increase of survival of mice bearing M109 Madison carcinoma treated with
      a novel protein from amphibian embryos.

PMID- 2294228
TI  - Colon cancer mortality among amputees.

PMID- 2294227
TI  - Impact of mammographic screening on breast cancer diagnosis.

PMID- 2294229
TI  - Providing experimental therapies as a commercial venture fails.

PMID- 2294230
TI  - New generation cigarettes: safety or smoke screen?

PMID- 2294231
TI  - Artificial intelligence solves simpler problems in oncology.

PMID- 2294232
TI  - Black Leadership Initiative expands local efforts.

PMID- 2294233
TI  - Initial clinical trials with a tubless lithotriptor.
AB  - The Medstone 1050 is a new tubeless lithotriptor developed in the United States.
      Under Food and Drug Administration guidelines a human treatment protocol has been
      developed. The first 50 patients treated at a single site and followed for a
      minimum of 3 months are presented. All stones treated were 3 cm. or less in
      longest dimension and located in the renal pelvis, calices or proximal ureter. An
      adequate fragmentation rate of 90% was achieved in this group. There were no
      significant complications in any patient. A larger multicenter study presently is
      underway.

PMID- 2294234
TI  - Bilateral testicular torsion in a pre-term neonate.
AB  - Bilateral testicular torsion in the neonate, although uncommon, is being reported
      with increasing frequency. Most previously reported cases have been full term,
      average to above average weight infants born with nonviable testes. We report a
      case of bilateral neonatal testicular torsion in a 32-week newborn in whom
      testicular viability may have been preserved by pre-term birth.

PMID- 2294235
TI  - Burkitt's lymphoma of the testis: an unusual scrotal mass in childhood.
AB  - Burkitt's lymphoma was originally described as a sarcomatous tumor among Ugandan
      children but it is becoming more prevalent in the United States. We describe a
      case of Burkitt's lymphoma that presented as a scrotal mass. The management of
      Burkitt's lymphoma involving the testis is discussed.

PMID- 2294236
TI  - Acute lumbosacral plexopathy in diabetic women after renal transplantation.
AB  - Renal transplantation is an accepted treatment for patients with end stage renal
      disease from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acute lumbosacral plexopathy
      developed following renal transplantation in 4 female patients with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus between January 1, 1981 and June 30, 1988. In all 4
      patients the internal iliac artery was used for revascularization of the renal
      allograft with ligation of the anterior and posterior divisions. Within 24 hours
      of surgery they complained of ipsilateral buttock pain, numbness in the leg and
      weakness below the knee. This complication has not been observed in nondiabetic
      patients at our institution, nor in diabetic patients when the internal iliac
      artery was not used. However, lumbosacral plexopathy occurred in 4 of 27 (14.8%)
      female patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus when the internal iliac
      artery was used (p less than 0.001). Age, duration of insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus, hypertension, cigarette smoking history and kidney donor were not
      significant predictors of this complication. This unusual and newly recognized
      complication appears to result from ischemia of the lumbosacral plexus following
      ligation of the internal iliac artery in patients with severe small vessel
      disease.

PMID- 2294237
TI  - Ureteral obstruction due to blood clot following percutaneous renal biopsy:
      resolution with intraureteral streptokinase.
AB  - The nonsurgical approach to unilateral ureteral obstruction due to impaction of a
      blood clot is described. A patient with the nephrotic syndrome secondary to
      minimal change disease had gross hematuria and acute renal failure following
      percutaneous renal biopsy. After he responded to prednisone therapy, clot
      obstruction developed at the site of the percutaneous biopsied kidney, which was
      treated with intracaliceal infusion of streptokinase via a ureteral catheter.
      Complete resolution of the clot and the urinary tract obstruction was
      accomplished within 3 days. This approach appears to be the treatment of choice
      in upper urinary tract obstruction secondary to blood clots when simple ureteral
      catheter drainage is ineffective.

PMID- 2294238
TI  - Maxi-pouch: a new technique for ileal conduit conversion to continent urinary
      reservoir.
AB  - We present an alternative technique for conversion of an ileal conduit to a
      continent urinary diversion that uses a combination of ileal and ileocolonic
      substitutions. Filling pressure studies and radiography of the pouch, endoscopy
      and excretory urography revealed a reservoir capacity of 850 cc, no reflux,
      normal urinary tracts and no uninhibited contractions. In complex cases of
      neuropathic and nonneuropathic bladders or patients who have undergone cystectomy
      and have an unacceptable lower urinary tract for undiversion, we propose this
      technique of continent urinary reservoir as an alternative.

PMID- 2294240
TI  - Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urethra: evidence for origin within paraurethral
      ducts.
AB  - We report a case of clear cell adenocarcinoma arising in a paraurethral duct
      treated by anterior pelvic exenteration. Immunohistochemical stains for prostate
      specific acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen were positive in the
      primary tumor and regional metastases. Focal positive staining also was noted in
      normal paraurethral duct epithelium. Our observations suggest that clear cell
      adenocarcinoma arises from the female paraurethral ducts, rather than embryonic
      remnants. These ducts appear to be homologous to the prostate and in some cases
      may be misinterpreted as urethral diverticula.

PMID- 2294239
TI  - Bladder leiomyosarcoma following cyclophosphamide therapy for lupus nephritis.
AB  - We report 2 cases of leiomyosarcoma of the bladder that occurred after long-term
      cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for lupus nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis. One
      patient had a tumor at the end of an 11-year course of chemotherapy and 1
      approximately 7 years after completing a 7-year course of chemotherapy. Patient 1
      underwent left partial cystectomy and patient 2 underwent cystectomy with ileal
      conduit urinary diversion. In patient 1 the tumor was a typical leiomyosarcoma
      and patient 2 had a myxoid variant. Both patients were free of disease at 4
      months and 3 years, respectively. Whereas previous reports of the carcinogenic
      effects of cyclophosphamide have been questioned, since the induced tumors
      occurred in patients being treated for other neoplasms (lymphoproliferative and
      myeloproliferative disorders), the disease in both of our patients followed
      cyclophosphamide therapy for nonneoplastic disorders.

PMID- 2294241
TI  - Traumatic laceration of intracavernosal arteries: the pathophysiology of
      nonischemic, high flow, arterial priapism.
AB  - Two forms of priapism are known to occur. The more common type, veno-occlusive
      priapism, presents with a prolonged painful erection, and it is characterized by
      ischemia and pooling of blood within the corpora cavernosa. The less common form,
      high flow priapism, is characterized by lack of pain and ischemia. The
      pathophysiology of this disorder is poorly understood and the treatment is
      unclear. We report 2 cases of nonischemic priapism, one of which occurred after
      blunt perineal trauma and the other after intracavernosal self-injection with
      papaverine and phentolamine. Based on our 2 cases as well as a review of the
      literature (5 cases), we propose that the pathophysiological mechanism of this
      disorder is unregulated arterial inflow into the corpora, classify it as arterial
      priapism, and describe a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for its management.

PMID- 2294242
TI  - Electrohydraulic lithotripsy of renal and ureteral calculi.
AB  - Electrohydraulic lithotripsy was used to manage 45 upper tract calculi (23 renal
      and 22 ureteral stones) in 40 patients. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy successfully
      fragmented 91% of the calculi. All ureteral fragments cleared; in 2 patients with
      renal calculi solitary 4 mm. stone fragments remained. There were no
      intraoperative or long-term complications directly related to the use of
      electrohydraulic lithotripsy in the upper urinary tract. We conclude that
      intrarenal and intraureteral electrohydraulic lithotripsy is a safe, effective,
      inexpensive means to perform intracorporeal lithotripsy.

PMID- 2294243
TI  - Anastomotic suture granuloma following radical retropubic prostatectomy.
AB  - We report 2 cases of symptomatic suture granuloma formation after erosion of the
      silk suture (used to ligate the dorsal venous complex) into the urethrovesical
      anastomosis. Irritative or obstructive voiding complaints, sterile pyuria or
      hematuria found after radical retropubic prostatectomy mandates urological
      evaluation, including cystoscopy to rule out anastomotic suture granuloma
      formation. Although erosion appears to be a rare occurrence, we recommend use of
      absorbable suture to control the dorsal venous complex and avoid this possible
      complication.

PMID- 2294244
TI  - Re: Adrenal autotransplantation with attached blood vessels for treatment of
      Cushing's disease.

PMID- 2294245
TI  - Re: Reduction of infection stones in rats by combined antibiotic and
      phosphocitrate therapy.

PMID- 2294246
TI  - This month in Investigative Urology: modifiers of susceptibility to urinary tract
      infection.

PMID- 2294247
TI  - Nerve-mediated functions in the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the
      proximal female rabbit urethra.
AB  - In the present study, nerve mediated functions in the circular and longitudinal
      muscle layers of the female rabbit urethra were characterized. Based on light
      microscopic findings, the interest was focused on the proximal third of the
      organ. A microsurgical dissection technique was developed, allowing separation of
      the two muscle layers. The following studies were carried out: functional in
      vitro investigations including exogenous application of drugs and electrical
      field stimulation, investigations of the release of 3H-noradrenaline (NA), and
      autoradiography for visualization of muscarinic receptors. The results can be
      summarized as follows: the adrenergic nervous influence, which was mediated
      mainly via alpha 1-adrenoceptors, dominated the contractile response of the
      circular layer and contributed significantly to the contraction of the
      longitudinal layer. A previously described fast, non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic
      response was found in the circular muscle layer. This response should probably be
      ascribed to striated muscle with a different innervation and/or structure than
      skeletal muscle in general. Muscarinic cholinoceptors were abundant in the outer
      parts of the urethral wall and decreased in density in luminal direction. A
      significant cholinergic contractile component was demonstrated in the
      longitudinal muscle. A non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve-mediated relaxant
      response was found in both layers, although more pronounced in the circular one.
      Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide completely relaxed both circular and
      longitudinal preparations contracted by noradrenaline. A possible basis for an
      interaction between adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings was demonstrated in
      the circular muscle layer. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors on the adrenergic
      nerve endings markedly reduced the release of 3H-NA. The present results support
      the findings in previous studies on circularly and longitudinally oriented full
      thickness preparations of the female urethra and further underline the
      differences in structure, innervation and receptor functions between the
      different muscle layers of the urethral wall.

PMID- 2294248
TI  - Proteins of the rat prostate. III. Effect of testosterone on protein synthesis by
      the ventral prostate of castrated rats.
AB  - Protein synthetic activities in the ventral prostate were assessed by two
      dimensional electrophoresis in either four-day or seven-day castrated rats at
      different intervals following subcutaneous implantation of testosterone-filled
      silastic tubings for a period of up to four days. Prostatic tissues were cut into
      one to two mm. pieces and incubated in tissue culture medium containing S35
      methionine (100 microCi/ml.) at 37C under 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide for
      four hours. The incubated tissues were subjected to two-dimensional
      electrophoresis and radiofluorography. Analysis of protein spots detected in the
      fluorograms by computer-assisted densitometry revealed temporal changes in the
      synthesis of individual proteins by the ventral prostate of castrated rats
      following androgen treatment. Changes in two groups of proteins were evaluated:
      castration-induced proteins and androgen-dependent proteins. The level of
      synthesis of three castration-induced proteins (spots G, H, and I) declined
      rapidly upon testosterone treatment and reached a non-detectable level for spots
      G and H and a low level of synthesis for spot I by three days following androgen
      treatment. Synthesis of androgen-dependent proteins (spots D, E, and F) was
      activated by testosterone treatment. However, the time interval required to
      activate the synthesis of these proteins is different. Synthesis of protein spot
      D (prostatic binding protein) was detected as soon as half hour after the
      treatment. Synthesis of spots E and F, on the other hand, was not activated until
      24 and 48 hours after the treatment, respectively. These changes in patterns of
      protein synthesis represent the characteristics of cellular responses to
      testosterone stimulation by the regressed prostate.

PMID- 2294249
TI  - Castration may not affect the penile erection ability in terms of peripheral
      neurocavernous mechanism in dogs.
AB  - The penile erection ability (PEA) was assessed in 27 dogs with intact orchids
      (Group I), seven dogs with bilateral orchidectomy for one month (Group II) and
      four dogs with bilateral orchidectomy for three months (Group III). PEA was
      indicated by the increase of the intracorporeal pressure (ICP) upon electrical
      stimulation of the cavernous nerves. PEA was significantly decreased in both
      orchidectomized groups. However, when reduction in the blood pressure was
      considered, the difference in PEA between Group I and the orchidectomized group
      was no longer significant. Before the orchidectomy, plasma testosterone level of
      22 adult male dogs varied widely from 105 to 6302 pg./ml. At one or three months
      after the orchidectomy in 11 dogs, it decreased to a level below 100 pg./ml.
      There was no significant change in the body weight in the post orchidectomy
      period. These findings indicate that the castration and/or the resulting low
      plasma testosterone level does not directly affect PEA through the peripheral
      neural and cavernosal mechanism.

PMID- 2294250
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy for bladder stones with the
      second generation lithotriptors.
AB  - Between June 1987 and April 1989 a total of 4,500 extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy treatments was performed in our department with the Siemens Lithostar
      lithotriptor. Renal (pelvic, caliceal and staghorn stones), ureteral and even
      bladder calculi can be treated by means of a system of fluoroscopic detection and
      electromagnetic shock wave generation. The treatments are performed without the
      use of anesthesia and on an outpatient basis. Hospitalization is indicated
      whenever underlying infectious stone disorders are suspected (associated urinary
      tract infection or infected calculi). Initial experience in the first 10 patients
      with bladder stones treated by electromagnetic extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy monotherapy is reported. All stones disintegrated after 1 treatment,
      except in a patient with 2 bladder stones who required 2 sessions. Mean treatment
      duration was 53 minutes. Mean number of shock waves was 3,600 and electrical
      discharge averaged 20.2 kv. per shock wave. Minute fragmentation was obtained and
      uncomplicated evacuation occurred without the need for adjuvant procedures, even
      in the presence of prostatic hypertrophy (2 patients) or neurogenic bladder
      dysfunction (3). No morbidity during or after treatment was encountered in these
      10 patients.

PMID- 2294251
TI  - Urologic changes after cauda equina compression in dogs.
AB  - Relative degrees (25%, 50% or 75%) of constriction of the entire cauda equina at
      the seventh lumbar level were performed on eighteen pure bred female beagle
      hounds by surgically implanting a circular polyethylene loop with an imbedded
      stainless steel wire. The wire was mechanically constricted by external control
      and the degree of compression was confirmed by pre- and postoperative magnetic
      resonance imaging or computed tomography scanning. A control group of two dogs
      had laminectomy only. Neurologic function was evaluated daily. Cystometrics were
      performed on each dog after constriction had been present for three months.
      Cortical evoked potentials (CEPs) were obtained on all dogs preoperatively,
      immediately following constriction and at monthly intervals for three months.
      Dogs were sacrificed at three months and the cauda equina and spinal cord were
      examined histopathologically. Cystometric tracings were noted to become a flat
      line with 75% compression of the cord. Less compression had minimal effect on the
      cystometric curves. The mean latency, determined by cortical evoked potentials,
      was noted to increase by 3.2%, 7.8%, and 17.2% immediately after 25%, 50% and 75%
      constriction, respectively. Histologic changes ranged from occasional enlargement
      of the axons on the periphery of the cauda equina with 25% constriction to severe
      loss of all axons and atrophic roots at the level of the constricting band with
      75% constriction.

PMID- 2294252
TI  - Epidermal growth factor receptor gene analysis in renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - The epidermal growth factor receptor binds the mitogens epidermal growth factor
      and transforming growth factor-alpha. Increased expression of the epidermal
      growth factor receptor has been noted in many types of tumors and is associated
      with gene amplification in several including epidermoid carcinoma, lung
      carcinoma, breast carcinoma and glioblastoma. We have recently observed increased
      expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor messenger RNA in neoplastic
      tissue relative to normal kidney tissue from patients with renal cell carcinoma.
      To determine if epidermal growth factor receptor gene amplification was present
      in renal cell carcinoma, DNA was extracted from renal cell carcinoma cell lines
      and from normal kidney and renal cell carcinoma tissues derived from radical
      nephrectomy specimens from thirty patients. DNA was analyzed by Southern blot
      hybridization. There was no epidermal growth factor receptor gene amplification
      detected in the renal cell carcinoma samples studied, indicating the increased
      epidermal growth factor gene expression observed in renal cell carcinoma does not
      occur through gene amplification. Unlike other tumors with enhanced epidermal
      growth factor receptor gene expression, amplification of this gene does not
      appear to be a common feature of renal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2294253
TI  - Hydronephrotic atrophy after stable mild or severe partial ureteral obstruction:
      natural history and recovery after relief of obstruction.
AB  - After stable mild or severe partial unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats, the
      ratio of renal dry weight to whole body weight changes in two phases. In a
      "destructive phase" of two to six weeks, slight weight reduction occurs in the
      kidneys with mild obstruction and pronounced weight reduction occurs in those
      with severe obstruction. Then, in a "steady-state phase", there is no further
      weight reduction in kidneys with either mild or severe obstruction. Relief of
      ureteral obstruction during the steady-state phase does not result in an increase
      in renal dry weight. We conclude that the development of hydronephrotic atrophy
      after stable mild or severe partial unilateral ureteral obstruction can not be
      influenced by relief of obstruction in the steady-state phase.

PMID- 2294254
TI  - Ureteral reconstruction and bypass: experience with ileal interposition, the
      Boari flap-psoas hitch and renal autotransplantation.
AB  - A total of 18 patients underwent an operation for extensive ureteral loss from
      1980 to 1986. The indications included recurrent calculi, retroperitoneal
      fibrosis, surgical trauma and tumor. Of the patients 10 had construction of an
      ileal ureter (4 had bilateral reconstruction), 6 had creation of a psoas hitch
      with a Boari bladder tube and 2 were treated by autotransplantation. Mean
      duration of followup was 4.8 years. The procedure was successful in 17 patients.
      There were no apparent differences among the groups. Selection criteria and
      potential complications are discussed with regard to each technique. These
      procedures provide an excellent means for reconstruction of the urinary tract in
      patients who have failed other treatments.

PMID- 2294255
TI  - The Lynch syndrome II and urological malignancies.
AB  - The role of host factors in the etiology of carcinoma of the ureter has received
      only limited attention. We describe 4 Lynch syndrome II kindreds in which
      carcinoma of the ureter, as well as other forms of urological cancer, have
      occurred either in obligate gene carriers and/or in association with multiple
      primary cancers that are integral to this autosomal dominantly inherited
      disorder. These new findings are in accord with increasing recognition of tumor
      heterogeneity in the Lynch syndrome II, which currently, in addition to an excess
      of proximal colonic cancer as well as carcinoma of the endometrium, ovary and
      small bowel, also may include carcinoma of the ureter as well as other urological
      forms of cancer as integral lesions in subsets of these families. These
      observations have important ramifications for better understanding of the
      etiology, pathogenesis and control of urological cancer in this disorder.

PMID- 2294256
TI  - Clinical significance of natural killer activity in patients with transitional
      cell carcinoma of the bladder.
AB  - We studied the relationship of natural killer activity from peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells with clinical stage of disease and the different modalities of
      treatment in 67 untreated patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the
      bladder and 29 normal controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 39
      patients with superficial bladder tumor (stages Ta and T1) showed a natural
      killer cell activity similar to that of controls (p greater than 0.05), while in
      28 patients with infiltrating tumors (stages T2, T3 and T4) this activity was
      significantly depressed (p less than 0.01). This functional phenomenon cannot be
      ascribed to a deficient number of natural killer cells in patients with
      infiltrating tumors, since the amounts of HNK-1+ (Leu 7), CD16+ (Leu 11) and
      CD11b+ (OKM1) cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were similar in the 3
      groups of subjects (p greater than 0.05). Furthermore, the natural killer
      activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was normal (p greater than 0.05)
      in patients who underwent transurethral resection of the tumors and intracavitary
      cytostatic therapy with doxorubicin who remained free of disease at least 6
      months after treatment. However, in patients with superficial recurrent tumor a
      significant decrease in the natural killer activity of peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells was observed (p less than 0.05), which was more pronounced in
      those with infiltrating recurrence. Also, in the latter patients total
      cystoprostatectomy was associated with a relevant increase in the spontaneous
      level of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We conclude that in patients with
      transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder there is a correlation of the levels
      of natural killer activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with clinical
      evolution and pathological stage of disease. The determination of this activity
      is useful to monitor patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

PMID- 2294257
TI  - Preoperative irradiation and radical cystectomy for stages T2 and T3 squamous
      cell carcinoma of the bladder.
AB  - We treated 25 patients who had muscle invasive pure squamous cell carcinoma of
      the bladder with preoperative radiation and cystectomy. At operation the tumors
      in 10 patients (40%) were downstaged--3 of 5 from stage T2, 3 of 4 from stage T3a
      and 4 of 16 from stage T3b, while 6 patients (24%) had no residual tumor (pT0).
      The actuarial 5-year survival rate for all patients was 50%. Disease recurred in
      the pelvis in 7 patients, none of whose tumors had been downstaged (6 died of
      cancer). Median survival of patients with a pelvic recurrence was 9 months and
      without recurrence it was 86.7 months (p = 0.03). No patient whose tumor was
      downstaged had a recurrence or died of bladder cancer. We conclude that
      irradiation before cystectomy in patients with squamous cell bladder cancer may
      protect against pelvic recurrence, which is the predominant cause of death.
      Because effective adjuvant chemotherapy is not available to treat squamous cell
      carcinoma as it is for transitional cell carcinoma, we recommend irradiation
      before cystectomy for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.

PMID- 2294258
TI  - Urethral tumor recurrences after radical cystoprostatectomy: the case for primary
      cystoprostatourethrectomy?
AB  - Of 273 male patients who underwent radical cystoprostatectomy between 1967 and
      1987, 22 were regarded as at risk for urethral recurrence. These patients
      underwent simultaneous primary urethrectomy or urethrectomy shortly after
      cystectomy because of the histology of the cystectomy specimen. Of the remaining
      251 patients a urethral recurrence was observed in 23 (9.2%). A patient with a
      urethral recurrence originally had undergone an operation at another hospital.
      The first urethral tumor recurrence was observed in 1977 but between October 1987
      and May 1988, 7 patients were treated for an initial or secondary urethral
      recurrence. This finding suggests that the rate of urethral recurrence increases
      with improved survival rates after cystoprostatectomy and longer followup of
      these patients. Of the 24 patients who had urethral recurrence 21 showed
      multifocal tumor growth in the primary cystectomy specimen and 2 had unifocal
      tumors. The original histological status in the patient treated elsewhere is not
      known. The data suggest that primary simultaneous urethrectomy should be
      performed in all patients undergoing cystoprostatectomy for multifocal bladder
      tumors. Patients who retain the urethra require regular and life-long washout
      cytology studies of the urethra for early diagnosis of recurrent urethral tumor.

PMID- 2294259
TI  - Review of an 8-year experience with modifications of endoscopic suspension of the
      bladder neck for female stress urinary incontinence.
AB  - Several modifications of endoscopic suspension of the bladder neck for treatment
      of female stress urinary incontinence have been used during an 8-year period. Of
      154 patients treated 25 failures occurred, for an over-all success rate of 84%.
      Fifteen patients had postoperative complications for an over-all complication
      rate of 9.8%. Hospital stay decreased steadily throughout the review period to a
      current average of 2.2 days, with many patients presently undergoing an operation
      on an outpatient basis.

PMID- 2294260
TI  - Erection problems in medical practice: differential diagnosis with relatively
      simple method.
AB  - Functional sexual potency can be assumed when penile erection occurs during
      visual erotic stimulation, and to a lesser degree with normal nocturnal penile
      tumescence. Erection, increase in circumference as well as rigidity, can be
      measured with a simple device consisting of a calibrated felt band with a sliding
      collar fastened to 1 end. Subjects were 58 consecutive patients, mainly from a
      urology outpatient department, with erection problems and 67 healthy control men.
      Changes in penile circumference were measured during viewing of an erotic
      videotape and during sleep. Functional sexual potency, at least partially, was
      presumed to exist in 41 patients (71%), many of whom had a somatic pathological
      condition that might easily have been believed to be the cause of the erectile
      dysfunction. During the latter half of the study nocturnal penile tumescence also
      was measured. This group included 7 patients who did not respond to the visual
      stimuli, 5 of whom had normal nocturnal penile tumescence. We conclude that the
      erection meter, in conjunction with an erotic video test and nocturnal penile
      tumescence measurements, is a useful and simple device in the differential
      diagnosis of erectile difficulties in men. This is true especially when elaborate
      sleep laboratory facilities and neurophysiological equipment are not available.

PMID- 2294261
TI  - Snap-gauge compared to a full nocturnal penile tumescence study for evaluation of
      patients with erectile impotence.
AB  - A total of 50 consecutive male patients underwent simultaneous Snap-Gauge and
      full nocturnal penile tumescence evaluation with objective rigidity measurements
      to determine the correlation between the 2 studies. Subsequent clinical
      evaluation was conducted in patients in whom the 2 tests differed regarding
      diagnoses to determine which test more accurately predicted the clinical outcome.
      One patient was excluded from the study for technical reasons. Of 14 patients who
      had a normal Snap-Gauge evaluation, defined by breakage of all 3 bands, 12 (86%)
      had a normal and 2 (14%) had an abnormal nocturnal penile tumescence evaluation.
      A total of 28 patients failed to break any of the Snap-Gauge bands and 7 broke
      only 1 or 2 bands. Of these 35 patients with an abnormal Snap-Gauge study 14
      (40%) had a normal and 21 (60%) had an abnormal nocturnal penile tumescence
      evaluation. In a subsequent clinical evaluation 1 of the 2 patients with a normal
      Snap-Gauge study and an abnormal nocturnal penile tumescence test reported
      continued inadequate sexual function and, subsequently, he received a penile
      prosthesis. Of the 14 patients with an abnormal Snap-Gauge study and a normal
      nocturnal penile tumescence test 11 were located and 8 were sexually active with
      adequate erections for intercourse without further medical treatment other than
      counseling. We conclude that the correlation between Snap-Gauge and nocturnal
      penile tumescence is not good, and that the nocturnal penile tumescence test is
      more accurate to determine the clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2294262
TI  - The effect of vacuum devices on penile hemodynamics.
AB  - External vacuum devices are being used increasingly for the management of
      erectile dysfunction. There is limited information regarding the effect of vacuum
      devices on penile blood flow and potential for ischemic penile injury. The penile
      xenon washout rate was measured before and after application of 2 vacuum systems
      in 15 subjects. Compared to flaccid state measurements the xenon washout rate did
      not change significantly with the Synergist Erection System but it was
      significantly reduced with the Osbon ErecAid System. However, the degree and
      duration of decrease in penile blood flow that may result in ischemic changes are
      unknown.

PMID- 2294263
TI  - Prostaglandin E1 therapy for impotence, comparison with papaverine.
AB  - The efficacy of prostaglandin E1 as a pharmacological treatment of erectile
      dysfunction (impotence) was compared with the standard treatment, papaverine, in
      a single blind, crossover trial. A total of 129 impotent men received
      intracavernous injections of either prostaglandin E1 (5 micrograms) or papaverine
      (18 mg.) 1 month apart. Observations by 1 observer recorded 10 to 20 minutes
      after injection demonstrated that prostaglandin E1 generated a better erection in
      72 men (55.8%) compared to papaverine. Papaverine was more effective than
      prostaglandin E1 in 23 men (17.8%, chi-square 6.26, p less than 0.025).
      Subjective assessment by the patients who detected a difference showed that 71
      (55%) preferred prostaglandin E1 and 35 (27%) preferred papaverine (chi-square
      11.56, p less than 0.001). A total of 34 men achieved full erections with
      prostaglandin E1 compared to 17 who used papaverine.

PMID- 2294264
TI  - Early experience with the DuraPhase penile prosthesis.
AB  - A retrospective review of the medical records of 26 consecutive patients who
      underwent surgical implantation of the DuraPhase penile prosthesis for erectile
      impotence was performed. In addition, telephone interviews were used to evaluate
      patient and partner satisfaction with the device. Average patient age was 61
      years. The presumed etiology of erectile dysfunction was vascular in 19 patients,
      postoperative in 4 and neurogenic in 3. Followup averaged 5 months (range 1 to 15
      months). Sixteen patients and partners with a minimum of 3 months of followup
      were evaluated for satisfaction with the device. On a scale of 1 to 10 the
      average patient score was 8.6 and the average partner score was 9. Our early
      experience with the DuraPhase penile prosthesis has been favorable. Surgical
      insertion is simple, and patient and partner satisfaction has been superior. The
      device functions easily, can be well concealed and has excellent axial rigidity
      for intercourse.

PMID- 2294265
TI  - Torsion of the spermatic cord in adults.
AB  - Intravaginal torsion of the spermatic cord is seen typically in the peripubertal
      period. At our hospital 33 patients with intravaginal torsion were seen between
      1970 and 1986, and 13 (39%) were more than 20 years old. Because of delay in
      seeking treatment or error in initial diagnosis proper treatment often was late
      in these 13 adults. This delay in treatment allowed for a testicular salvage rate
      of only 38%. Increased awareness by physicians that torsion often occurs in
      adults plus an accurate history and evaluation may allow for a higher testicular
      salvage rate in this age group.

PMID- 2294266
TI  - Vasectomy reversal in central Europe: results of questionnaire of urologists in
      Austria, Germany and Switzerland.
AB  - A detailed questionnaire was sent to urologists in Austria, Switzerland and West
      Germany on the frequency of contraceptive vasectomies, vasectomy reversal,
      technique and success rates. The response rate was 859 of 2,137 (40.2%). The rate
      of annual contraceptive vasectomies averaged 28,519 or 378 vasectomies per
      million inhabitants. The rate of vasovasostomies and vasoepididymostomies was 8.3
      and 3.8 procedures per million inhabitants, respectively. A macroscopic technique
      was used by 9.5% of the responding urologists, loupes were used by 58.5% and an
      operating microscope by 32%. The majority (74.1%) preferred a 1-layer technique
      and an unstented anastomosis (84.4%). The average patency and pregnancy rates
      were 73 and 47%, respectively, for vasovasostomy and 45 and 18%, respectively,
      for vasoepididymostomy. A total of 78 alloplastic spermatoceles was reported,
      with detection of motile spermatozoa in 19 and pregnancy in 1.

PMID- 2294267
TI  - Transpubic approach for lower urinary tract surgery: a 15-year experience.
AB  - Surgery on lower urinary tract organs sometimes is hindered by the symphysis
      pubis, which by its position and bulk could severely restrict maneuverability.
      Since 1972 we used a transpubic approach to improve surgical exposure in 287
      patients operated on for prostate, bladder or urethral cancer, post-traumatic
      strictures and other conditions. The type of pubectomy performed (total, partial
      superior or partial inferior) depended upon whether a suprapelvic or infrapelvic
      diaphragm organ was the primary target of the approach. Total pubectomy was used
      in 137 patients, partial superior bone resection in 140 and partial inferior
      resection in 10 patients. Technical details for each type of pubectomy are
      illustrated. The transpubic approach was particularly useful for repair of
      posterior urethral strictures or removal of bulky tumors. Among the 3 types of
      approaches used, total pubectomy was associated with a high complication rate
      including bleeding, pelvic instability, urinary incontinence and stricture of the
      vesicourethral anastomosis. Therefore, we have abandoned the technique since
      1978. Partial pubectomy provides exposure comparable to that of total pubectomy
      but with minimal complications, making it an alternative to the standard approach
      in difficult cases.

PMID- 2294268
TI  - Use of the thoracic aorta for renal revascularization.
AB  - We describe the performance of renal revascularization by placement of an
      interposition saphenous vein graft from the thoracic aorta to the renal artery.
      This technique is applicable to selected patients with renal artery stenosis and
      severe atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta.

PMID- 2294269
TI  - Modified corporoplasty for the treatment of penile curvature.
AB  - A technique based on the Heineke-Mikulicz principle was used to straighten penile
      curvature instead of Nesbit corporoplasty. By horizontally closing the
      longitudinal incisions the longer portion of the tunica albuginea is made equal
      in length to the shorter side. This technique achieves the same results as Nesbit
      corporoplasty in a simpler manner. Because of the distance between the
      longitudinal incision and the neurovascular bundle or corpus spongiosum these
      structures become less susceptible to injuries during an operation and need not
      be mobilized. Our experience with 10 cases treated with this technique is
      presented.

PMID- 2294270
TI  - Augmentation enterocystoplasty for the management of voiding dysfunction in
      spinal cord injury patients.
AB  - A total of 12 spinal cord injury adults underwent augmentation enterocystoplasty
      for treatment of a high pressure neurogenic bladder. These patients suffered from
      urinary incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infection, upper tract
      deterioration and severe autonomic dysreflexia. A sigmoid colon segment fashioned
      into a cup-patch was used in 11 patients and detubularized cecum was used in 1.
      The artificial urinary sphincter was implanted in 3 patients at augmentation
      enterocystoplasty and in 1 after enterocystoplasty. After a mean followup of 15
      months all patients were continent on clean intermittent self-catheterization,
      the upper tract had remained stable or had improved and the symptoms of autonomic
      dysreflexia had disappeared. A third of the patients are on maintenance
      antibiotic therapy to control bacteriuria.

PMID- 2294271
TI  - Fibrinolytic therapy for renal vein thrombosis in the child.
AB  - Renal vein thrombosis may lead to significant renal impairment, even death, yet
      therapy remains controversial. Thrombolytic therapy in general may be attended by
      significant hemorrhagic complications and has not been used widely in children.
      We treated a 9-year-old boy with antithrombin III deficiency and acute renal vein
      thrombosis in a solitary kidney with a selective 48-hour infusion of low dose
      urokinase with return of renal function. Minor bleeding from a fresh surgical
      incision was the only morbidity. Such use of fibrinolytic agents in children with
      acute renal vein thrombosis may prevent significant renal impairment and deserves
      further clinical trials.

PMID- 2294272
TI  - Pediatric urological complications with intraoperative radiation therapy.
AB  - Intraoperative radiotherapy with variable energy electrons has been used as a
      supplemental boost to treat 6 children with locally advanced retroperitoneal
      malignancies. Of the patients 4 had treatment-related injuries to portions of the
      urinary tract within the intraoperative and external radiation fields. Three
      patients had significant renal impairment requiring surgical correction. The
      pathogenesis and management of treatment-induced injury to the urinary tract are
      discussed.

PMID- 2294273
TI  - Prostaglandin E1 bladder instillations to control severe hemorrhagic cystitis.
AB  - Severe hemorrhagic cystitis developed in 6 children after marrow transplantation,
      3 of whom had a viral etiology. All 6 patients received instillations of
      prostaglandin E1 directly into the bladder and 5 of the 6 had complete resolution
      of hematuria. This finding contrasts with our previous experience with severe
      hemorrhagic cystitis, particularly the type due to a viral infection, persisting
      in the face of numerous bladder manipulations. We encourage the use of this
      nontoxic treatment to gain further information regarding its effect on the
      bladder epithelium. The mechanism of action remains completely unknown.

PMID- 2294274
TI  - Urethral lengthening for neurogenic urinary incontinence (Kropp's procedure):
      results of 16 cases.
AB  - Kropp and Angwafo described a urethral lengthening reimplantation operation for
      the correction of urinary incontinence. We used this technique in 16 girls with
      neurogenic incontinence with successful results in 13. We describe the problems
      encountered during the operation, especially with ureters but also with the tube.
      Sometimes we resected half to all of the muscular layer to obtain a thin and
      pliable tube. The procedure was used only in girls.

PMID- 2294276
TI  - Pain.

PMID- 2294275
TI  - Preservation of the urethral plate in hypospadias repair: extended applications
      and further experience with the onlay island flap urethroplasty.
AB  - The onlay island flap urethroplasty, a variant of the transverse preputial
      (tubularized) island flap, was originally described for repair of anterior
      hypospadias. However, many cases of mid and proximal hypospadias have a well
      developed urethral plate and exhibit little or no chordee after release of skin
      tethering. Patients with this combination of findings are ideal candidates for
      onlay island flap urethroplasty regardless of initial meatal position. During the
      last 5 years the onlay island flap has been used for repair of mid to posterior
      hypospadias in 31 patients (38% of the cases). These are variants that formerly
      would have required more extensive urethroplasty. Because of the technical
      advantages of the onlay island flap this alteration in technique selection has
      resulted in fewer complications. When applied to mid and posterior hypospadias
      the onlay island flap maintained a significantly lower complication rate (10%)
      compared to other standard techniques. Preservation of the urethral plate in
      hypospadias repair is a principle with significant implications to an extended
      variety of hypospadias.

PMID- 2294277
TI  - As space program approaches 21st century, medicine plays a key role.

PMID- 2294278
TI  - 'Astronaut' emphasized over 'physician,' but some manage to stay in practice.

PMID- 2294279
TI  - Knee remains Achilles' heel for many athletes despite improved therapy.

PMID- 2294280
TI  - Several choices available for repair of ligamental tears in the knee.

PMID- 2294281
TI  - Bracing those knees: how effective?

PMID- 2294282
TI  - From the Food and Drug Administration.

PMID- 2294283
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Cigarette smoking--behavioral risk factor
      surveillance system, 1988.

PMID- 2294284
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. National survey of trauma registries-
      United States, 1987.

PMID- 2294285
TI  - A piece of my mind. What are we going to do about mother?

PMID- 2294286
TI  - Aviation auscultation.

PMID- 2294287
TI  - In-flight emergencies: doc riders in the sky.

PMID- 2294288
TI  - Work-related carpal tunnel syndrome.

PMID- 2294289
TI  - The dietary fat-breast cancer hypothesis: is it really alive?

PMID- 2294291
TI  - Local advocacy for the medically indigent. Strategies and accomplishments in one
      county.
AB  - Access to health care for the medically indigent has emerged as a major policy
      issue throughout the United States. Because no national health program ensures
      entitlement to basic services, practitioners and patients must cope with barriers
      to access on the local level. We report several separate but integrated
      strategies that a community-based coalition has used to achieve improvements in
      indigent care within a single county. Research strategies have involved short
      term investigations of barriers to needed services so that local awareness of the
      problem would increase rapidly. Political strategies have attempted to improve
      the county government's administrative procedures and financial support of
      services for the poor, to modify the practices of local health care institutions,
      and to influence state and national policies that affect local conditions. Legal
      strategies have involved the participation of attorneys who represent clients
      unable to receive care and who could initiate litigation as appropriate. Each of
      these strategies contains weaknesses as well as strengths. Although such advocacy
      efforts do not achieve a coherent system that guarantees access, they can
      substantially improve the availability of local services.

PMID- 2294290
TI  - Prevalence of recent cocaine use among motor vehicle fatalities in New York City.
AB  - We determined the prevalence of recent cocaine and alcohol use among motor
      vehicle fatalities occurring in New York, NY, from 1984 through 1987. Recent
      cocaine use was detected at autopsy in 18.2% of the sample and no significant
      difference between drivers (20.0%) and passengers (13.9%) was found. Both alcohol
      and cocaine metabolites were found in 10.0% of cases tested. The prevalence of
      cocaine metabolites or alcohol detected in driver fatalities aged 16 through 45
      years did not change significantly when the period prior to the widespread
      availability of "crack" cocaine (1984 through 1985) was compared with the period
      immediately following the introduction of crack cocaine (1986 through 1987).
      Additional studies are needed both to elucidate the association between cocaine
      use and these fatalities and to determine the value of screening persons
      seriously injured in traffic accidents in areas where such drug use is endemic.

PMID- 2294292
TI  - Administration of measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine (live) to egg
      allergic children.

PMID- 2294293
TI  - The multichain interleukin 2 receptor. A target for immunotherapy in lymphoma,
      autoimmune disorders, and organ allografts [clinical reference].

PMID- 2294294
TI  - Long periods in space flight may take physiological, psychological toll among
      crew.

PMID- 2294295
TI  - From the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration.

PMID- 2294296
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Apparent per capita ethanol consumption-
      United States, 1977-1986.

PMID- 2294297
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Deaths from chronic liver disease--United
      States, 1986.

PMID- 2294298
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Postponed childbearing--United States, 1970
      1987.

PMID- 2294299
TI  - The misexpansion disorders: ASA.

PMID- 2294300
TI  - Helminthic infections among Peace Corps volunteers in Nepal.

PMID- 2294301
TI  - Detection and surveillance of colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2294302
TI  - Automatic defibrillator causes a pain in the neck.

PMID- 2294303
TI  - Therapy for hypercholesterolemia; standardization of cholesterol measurements.

PMID- 2294304
TI  - A piece of my mind. The Last GASP.

PMID- 2294305
TI  - Is elevated serum cholesterol level a risk factor for coronary heart disease in
      the elderly?
AB  - Since serum cholesterol is a major component in the causal pathway of
      atherosclerosis, a pathological process that usually progresses with age, we have
      evaluated reported findings of a diminished association between serum cholesterol
      level and coronary heart disease in the elderly. In the Honolulu (Hawaii) Heart
      Program, 1480 men aged 65 years and older and free of coronary heart disease were
      followed up for an average of 12 years. Incidence rates of coronary heart disease
      increased progressively from the lowest to the highest quartile of serum
      cholesterol level. The independent role of serum cholesterol level as a predictor
      of coronary heart disease risk was evaluated with other major risk factors using
      a Cox multivariate regression model. The upper-lower quartile relative risk for
      serum cholesterol level was 1.64 (95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 2.36). The
      relative risk for middle-aged men was also 1.64. The results suggest that serum
      cholesterol level is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease, even
      among men older than 65 years. Thus, an elevated serum cholesterol level in the
      elderly should be regarded, as in middle-aged men, to be an indicator for further
      evaluation of lipoprotein levels and possible intervention.

PMID- 2294306
TI  - Improved short-term survival of AIDS patients initially diagnosed with
      Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1984 through 1987.
AB  - I analyzed trends in the survival of 36,847 adults who were diagnosed with
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome between January 1984 and September 1987 under
      the pre-1987 surveillance definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. For
      patients in whom Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was among the first
      manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the estimated 1-year
      survival increased from 42.7% for those diagnosed in 1984 and 1985 (95%
      confidence interval, 41.5% to 44.3%) to 54.5% for those diagnosed in 1986 and
      1987 (95% confidence interval, 53.7% to 55.7%). The gain in survival was observed
      in homosexual men and intravenous drug users of both sexes, in all age and racial
      groups, in all geographic regions, and in patients with and without coexisting
      initial diagnosis. Reduced mortality in the 3-month period immediately following
      the initial diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome contributed little to
      the overall gain in survival. No gain in survival was seen for patients in whom P
      carinii pneumonia was not an initial manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome. It is unlikely that the observed improvements in survival resulted
      solely from errors in death reporting. Better diagnosis and treatment,
      particularly the introduction of zidovudine in 1986, may have contributed to the
      decline in mortality.

PMID- 2294307
TI  - Survival trends for patients with AIDS.
AB  - To evaluate trends in the length of survival for patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome, we calculated survival following diagnosis of acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome for 4323 cases reported in San Francisco, Calif,
      between July 1981 and December 31, 1987. Patients were followed up prospectively
      through December 31, 1988. The median survival for all patients was 12.5 months,
      with a 5-year survival rate of 3.4%. Significantly improved survival was observed
      for patients diagnosed with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 1986 and 1987.
      Survival for patients diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma declined significantly
      between 1981 and 1987. Survival was unchanged among patients diagnosed with other
      opportunistic infections or malignancies. Proportional hazards analyses indicated
      that initial diagnosis, age, and year of diagnosis were significant predictors of
      survival. For a subset of patients (n = 644), therapy with zidovudine was an
      additional significant predictor of survival. This study suggests that survival
      following diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has improved in recent
      years, primarily among patients with carinii pneumonia. Therapy with zidovudine
      may be partially responsible for these recent improvements.

PMID- 2294308
TI  - The use of autologous blood. The National Blood Resource Education Program Expert
      Panel.
AB  - The risk of transmitting disease through blood transfusions continues to fall as
      additional blood donor screening and testing measures are implemented.
      Nevertheless, when a blood transfusion is needed during the perioperative period,
      autologous blood is the safest option for eligible patients. Three methods for
      obtaining autologous blood to use during or after a planned surgical procedure
      are preoperative autologous blood donation, perioperative blood salvage, and
      acute normovolemic hemodilution. These techniques can be used alone or in
      combination to decrease or eliminate a patient's exposure to homologous blood.
      However, because all transfusions carry some health risk and blood administration
      costs, autologous blood should not be collected or reinfused indiscriminately.
      Autologous blood services should be used for eligible patients who are likely to
      require a transfusion but should not be employed for minor procedures in which
      transfusion is unlikely.

PMID- 2294309
TI  - Living with AIDS.

PMID- 2294310
TI  - Report of the US Preventive Services Task Force.

PMID- 2294311
TI  - Clinical decision making: from theory to practice. Anatomy of a decision.

PMID- 2294312
TI  - 'Back to moon, on to Mars' becomes space medicine's 1990s rallying cry.

PMID- 2294313
TI  - From the Assistant Secretary for Health.

PMID- 2294315
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Influenza activity--United States, 1989.

PMID- 2294314
TI  - From the Health Care Financing Administration.

PMID- 2294316
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Measles--United States, first 26 weeks,
      1989.

PMID- 2294317
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Acute allergic reactions associated with
      reprocessed hemodialyzers--Virginia, 1989.

PMID- 2294318
TI  - Cervical cytology and reimbursement issues.

PMID- 2294319
TI  - Routine simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines.

PMID- 2294320
TI  - Academic sanction.

PMID- 2294321
TI  - Benign gastric polyps.

PMID- 2294322
TI  - Hepatitis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and intercourse during
      menstruation.

PMID- 2294323
TI  - A piece of my mind. Predator and prey.

PMID- 2294324
TI  - Medical student abuse. Incidence, severity, and significance.
AB  - In a survey of the incidence, severity, and significance of medical student abuse
      as perceived by the student population of one major medical school, 46.4% of all
      respondents stated that they had been abused at some time while enrolled in
      medical school, with 80.6% of seniors reporting being abused by the senior year.
      More than two thirds (69.1%) of those abused reported that at least one of the
      episodes they experienced was of "major importance and very upsetting." Half
      (49.6%) of the students indicated that the most serious episode of abuse affected
      them adversely for a month or more; 16.2% said that it would "always affect
      them." Students identified various types of abuse and proposed a number of
      measures for the prevention and management of abuse in medical school. We
      conclude that medical student abuse was perceived by these students to be a
      significant cause of stress and should be a major concern of those involved with
      medical student education.

PMID- 2294325
TI  - A pilot study of medical student 'abuse'. Student perceptions of mistreatment and
      misconduct in medical school.
AB  - A pilot survey of one third-year medical school class was carried out to explore
      student perceptions of mistreatment and professional misconduct in medical school
      training. Students were asked to rate the frequency and cite sources of
      mistreatment and misconduct among classmates, faculty, residents, and interns.
      They were also asked to assess the effects of such episodes on their physical
      health, emotional well-being, social and family life, and attitudes toward
      becoming a physician. The results indicate that students perceive mistreatment
      (particularly verbal abuse and unfair tactics) to be pervasive and professional
      misconduct all too common. As many as three fourths of the students report having
      become more cynical about academic life and the medical profession as a result of
      these episodes. Two thirds feel they are worse off than their peers in other
      professions. More than a third have considered dropping out of medical school and
      one fourth report they would have chosen a different profession had they known in
      advance about the extent of mistreatment they would experience. Rather than
      dismiss these problems as isolated events, we need to examine this issue more
      closely.

PMID- 2294326
TI  - Consultative geriatric assessment for ambulatory patients. A randomized trial in
      a health maintenance organization.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that comprehensive geriatric assessment and follow-up
      can improve the health of hospitalized elderly patients. To evaluate the
      effectiveness of consultative geriatric assessment and limited follow-up for
      ambulatory patients, we randomized 600 elderly patients who were enrolled in a
      health maintenance organization into three groups: (1) consultation by a
      geriatric assessment team, (2) consultation by a "second opinion" internist, and
      (3) only traditional health maintenance organization services (control patients).
      The geriatric assessment team identified previously unrecognized problems in 35%
      of patients and advised changes in medication regimens for more than 40%.
      Nevertheless, patients who received assessment achieved only a small benefit in
      cognitive function after 3 months, which was not sustained for 1 year. There was
      no difference among groups in other measures of health status. Consultative
      geriatric assessment with limited follow-up did not benefit most older ambulatory
      patients in a health maintenance organization; if such care can be used
      effectively for ambulatory patients, it will require either additional targeting
      or continuing care or both.

PMID- 2294327
TI  - Menstrual history as a determinant of current bone density in young athletes.
AB  - The relationship of prior menstrual irregularities and current menstrual status
      to the bone density of 97 young athletes was determined at seven sites using
      single- and dual-photon absorptiometry. Menstrual patterns were ranked on a scale
      of 1 to 9 in terms of their potential adverse affect on bone. Only vertebral
      density was significantly related to menstrual patterns (r = -.43). Women who had
      always had regular cycles had higher lumbar densities (1.27 g/cm2) than those
      with a history of oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea interspersed with regular periods
      (1.18 g/cm2). The lumbar density of both groups exceeded that of women who had
      never had regular cycles (1.05 g/cm2). Body weight became more important as a
      predictor variable as the severity of menstrual irregularities increased. The
      combination of menstrual pattern and body weight predicted 43% of the total
      variation in lumbar density. These data suggest that extended periods of
      oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea may have a residual effect on lumbar bone density.

PMID- 2294328
TI  - No evidence of an emerging physician surplus. An analysis of change in
      physicians' work load and income.
AB  - Analysis of physicians' work patterns and income between 1982 and 1987 provides
      strong evidence that the demand for physicians' services has risen at least as
      quickly as physician supply. Aggregate hours spent by US physicians who provide
      patient care rose by 21%, and aggregate real net income rose by more than 30%
      during a period in which the supply of physicians grew by only 16%. The aggregate
      number of visits rose by only 9%, indicating that the time spent per patient
      encounter rose sharply, presumably as a result of technological change and the
      increased complexity of care. Recently released data for 1988 are consistent with
      these trends. Our findings are inconsistent with the prediction by the Graduate
      Medical Education National Advisory Committee that there would be a large
      physician surplus by the year 1990. Moreover, if the upward trend in demand for
      physicians' services continues, as seems probable, a physician surplus should not
      develop in the foreseeable future. Only extensive rationing of beneficial
      services would be expected to alter this projection.

PMID- 2294329
TI  - Medical applications of fetal tissue transplantation. Council on Scientific
      Affairs and Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs.
AB  - Fetal tissue transplantation has been attempted for a limited number of clinical
      disorders, including Parkinson's disease, diabetes, immunodeficiency disorders,
      and several metabolic disorders. Fetal tissue has intrinsic properties--ability
      to differentiate into multiple cell types, growth and proliferative ability,
      growth factor production, and reduced antigenicity--that make it attractive for
      transplantation research. At this time the results from fetal tissue grafts for
      Parkinson's disease and diabetes have not demonstrated significant long-term
      clinical benefit to patients with these disorders. Further research will be
      necessary to determine the potential value of fetal tissue transplantation. For
      these clinical investigations to proceed, specific ethical guidelines are needed
      to ensure that fetal tissue derived from elective abortions is used in a morally
      acceptable manner. These guidelines should separate, to the greatest extent
      possible, the decision by a woman to have an abortion from her consent to donate
      the postmortem tissue for transplantation purposes. Such ethical guidelines are
      offered in this report.

PMID- 2294330
TI  - How many physicians is enough?

PMID- 2294331
TI  - Traumatic deidealization and the future of medicine.

PMID- 2294332
TI  - From the Office of the General Counsel. Professional liability: the case for
      Federal reform.

PMID- 2294333
TI  - Colonoscopic removal of a gallstone obstructing the sigmoid colon.
AB  - For the patient with a single gallstone obstructing the colon, this technique
      offers nonoperative relief of the obstruction, allowing definitive operative
      therapy to be accomplished at a later time on a more elective basis. The patient
      should be carefully observed during the interval for intervening recurrent
      gallstone ileus.

PMID- 2294334
TI  - A case of syncope in the church choir.

PMID- 2294335
TI  - Disposal of infectious wastes in sanitary landfills.

PMID- 2294336
TI  - Reach for the moon: the TMA-TBA code of cooperation.

PMID- 2294337
TI  - Help needed--not called for.

PMID- 2294338
TI  - CME for credit.

PMID- 2294339
TI  - Looking back--and forth.

PMID- 2294340
TI  - Medical grand rounds and prescribed credit by the American Academy of Family
      Physicians.

PMID- 2294341
TI  - Surgical management of 100 consecutive esophageal strictures.
AB  - We report our experience with 100 consecutive patients with reflux-induced
      esophageal structure managed surgically. Preoperative dilatation, total
      fundoplication gastroplasty, and postoperative dilatation were used in 98
      patients. Only two required resection of the esophageal structure. We have
      identified preoperative factors that adversely affect the results. These include
      scleroderma; previous operation, either esophageal or gastric, and the severity
      of the esophageal stricture. Results of nonresectional operations are excellent
      in uncomplicated cases or with the addition of only one complicating factor. The
      more complicating factors, the worse the results. Those patients with three
      preoperative complicating factors do poorly and may benefit from esophageal
      resection. We conclude that results obtained from this conservative
      nonresectional management program justify continuance of the use of total
      fundoplication gastroplasty with preoperative and postoperative dilatation in the
      management of such patients.

PMID- 2294342
TI  - Histologic, morphometric, and biochemical evolution of vein bypass grafts in a
      nonhuman primate model. II. Modification of early changes by platelet inhibition
      with aspirin and dipyridamole.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the early influence of platelet
      inhibition on the histologic, morphometric, and biochemical evolution of vein
      bypass grafts in a nonhuman primate model. Cephalic vein grafts were interposed
      bilaterally in the femoral arteries of 15 stump-tailed macaque monkeys fed a diet
      that sustains plasma cholesterol levels of approximately 225 mg/dl. All animals
      received in combination aspirin, 80 mg/day, and dipyridamole, 50 mg/day. Grafts
      were excised from five animals for analysis on each of postoperative days 3, 7,
      14, 30, 60, and 90. In animals subjected to platelet inhibition, cholesterol
      content in the graft was 170 +/- 52 micrograms/100 mg at 90 days, 205% of the
      level in ungrafted vein (p less than 0.01). This change was small in comparison
      with the increase to 686% of ungrafted vein observed in our study of control
      animals. In stepwise regression analysis, cholesterol content of grafts was best
      predicted by prevalence of foam cells (r2 = 0.82), and the proportion of intima
      as a fraction of total wall area was best predicted by the presence of
      macrophages (r2 = 0.69). Platelet inhibition did not decrease the extent of
      intimal hyperplasia. The prevalence of adherent platelets (r = -0.72) and the
      amount of fibrin (r = -0.78) correlated inversely with the amount of endothelium
      present during the first 14 days. The strength of these correlations declined
      with time, despite persistent lack of endothelium in some areas. Medial fibrosis
      occurred to the same extent as in control grafts, as did the early appearance of
      platelet factor VIII and fibronectin and the lack of vasa vasorum at 3 days
      followed by reappearance at 7 days. These data demonstrate that platelet
      inhibition dramatically reduces lipid uptake by grafts in the first 90 days but
      has less influence over histologic or morphometric changes.

PMID- 2294343
TI  - Aortic valve replacement with stentless porcine aortic bioprosthesis.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients were entered in a clinical trial on aortic valve replacement
      with a stentless glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine aortic valve. This bioprosthesis is
      secured to the aortic root by the same technique used for aortic valve
      replacement with aortic valve homografts. The functional results obtained from
      this operation have been most satisfactory. To assess the hemodynamic benefit of
      eliminating the stent of a porcine aortic valve, we matched 22 patients with a
      stentless porcine bioprosthesis for age, sex, body surface area, valve lesion,
      and bioprosthesis size to 22 patients who had aortic valve replacement with a
      Hancock II bioprosthesis. Mean and peak systolic gradients across the aortic
      bioprosthesis and effective aortic valve areas were obtained by Doppler studies.
      Gradients across the stentless bioprosthesis were significantly lower than
      gradients across the Hancock II valve for every bioprosthesis size. Effective
      aortic valve areas of the stentless bioprosthesis were significantly larger than
      the valve areas of the Hancock II valve. Our data demonstrate that the
      hemodynamic characteristics of a glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine aortic
      bioprosthesis are greatly improved when the aortic root is used as a stent for
      the valve. This technique of implantation is expected to enhance the durability
      of the bioprosthesis, because the aortic root may dampen the mechanical stress to
      which the leaflets are subjected during the cardiac cycle.

PMID- 2294344
TI  - Mechanical testing of cryopreserved aortic allografts. Comparison with xenografts
      and fresh tissue.
AB  - Reports indicate that cryopreserved aortic valve allografts have a better long
      term survivability than other bioprostheses, such as the porcine xenograft.
      Unlike xenografts, allograft valves do not require treatment with glutaraldehyde
      and may therefore retain much of their original mechanical function. The effects
      of cryopreservation on the mechanical integrity of collagen fibers and
      mucopolysaccharides, however, are still largely unknown. We therefore compared
      the mechanical behavior of cryopreserved allograft leaflet material to that of
      fresh tissue and xenografts by measuring their bending stiffness (nine strips of
      tissue) and their uniaxial tensile stress/strain and stress/relaxation behavior
      (six strips of each tissue type). The bending tests showed no significant
      difference between the pliability of cryopreserved allografts and fresh pig
      aortic valve tissue, but the xenograft material was significantly stiffer than
      both (p less than 0.001). The mean circumferential tensile elastic moduli of the
      allografts, fresh tissue, and xenografts at a stress of 300 kPa were 9.1 +/- 5.4
      MPa, 13.0 +/- 1.7 MPa, and 12.5 +/- 3.0 MPa, respectively, and were not
      significantly different from each other. We also found that the transition from a
      low to a high modulus on the stress/strain curves, a measure of extensibility,
      occurs at 23%, 22%, and 12% strain for the three materials. There was no
      significant difference between the allograft and the fresh tissues, but the
      xenograft material was less extensible than the other two (p less than 0.001).
      The xenograft tissue also had significantly lower rates of stress relaxation than
      the other two materials (p less than 0.005). Thus no detectable differences were
      found between the mechanical behavior of the cryopreserved allograft aortic
      leaflets and fresh tissue, whereas the xenograft material was less extensible and
      less capable of relaxing than both the allograft and fresh tissue. The ability of
      allografts valves to respond to tensile and flexural stresses in a manner similar
      to that of the natural aortic valve may therefore contribute to their good in
      vivo survivability.

PMID- 2294345
TI  - Tricuspid valve operations in 530 patients. Twenty-five-year assessment of early
      and late phase events.
AB  - From Jan. 1, 1961, through Dec. 31, 1987, 530 patients underwent an intracardiac
      operation that included a tricuspid valve procedure. The tricuspid valve was
      repaired in 351 patients (66%) and replaced in 179 (34%). Mean age was 56.9
      years. Risk factors associated with tricuspid valve replacement included
      tricuspid stenosis (p = 0.02), jugular venous distention (p = 0.04), previous
      operation (p = 0.05), and angiographic severity of tricuspid valve incompetence
      (p less than 0.001). There were 78 hospital deaths (15%). Risk factors for
      hospital death included previous operation (p = 0.03), male gender (p = 0.03),
      hepatomegaly (p = 0.03), De Vega or Carpentier annuloplasty (repair group only),
      (p = 0.01), and older age at operation (p = 0.06). Ninety-eight percent of the
      patients were followed up. There were 185 late deaths (41%). The actuarial
      survival rate was 20% at 180 months. Risk factors for late death included male
      gender (p = 0.03), hepatomegaly (p = 0.04), and lack of postoperative warfarin
      therapy (p less than 0.001). Actuarial freedom from reoperation was 25.5% at 180
      months. There was no difference in reoperation rates (p = 0.10) or survival (p =
      0.42) whether the tricuspid valve had been repaired or replaced. We conclude that
      the requirement for surgical treatment of tricuspid valve insufficiency in
      patients with multivalvular disease constitutes a high risk group for cardiac
      surgery. Preoperative variables may predict the result of tricuspid valve
      replacement. Tricuspid valve replacement may be performed with the expectation of
      a low risk of valve-related events.

PMID- 2294346
TI  - The importance of skeletal muscle fiber orientation for dynamic cardiomyoplasty.
AB  - Dynamic cardiomyoplasty has been performed clinically to provide a substitute for
      myocardium, to assist dyskinetic ventricles, and to benefit patients with Chagas
      disease or dilated cardiomyopathy. Encouraging results have been observed for the
      patients; however, a conclusive experimental study is not available. How to use
      conditioned skeletal muscle for maximal augmentation of cardiac function in an
      appropriate animal model is the goal of this study. Dogs were used for heart
      failure induction, for single versus burst muscle stimulation, and for cardiac
      function augmentation. Muscle transformation was documented by histochemical
      evaluations. Propranolol infusion (3 mg/kg) induced temporary heart failure for 4
      to 6 hours with significantly decreased cardiac output and blood pressure.
      Dynamic cardiomyoplasty significantly improved hemodynamic function during
      induced heart failure with better improvement by multiple (burst) stimulation as
      compared with single stimulation. Skeletal muscle fiber orientation is a critical
      factor for the success of this procedure. Our results indicated that skeletal
      muscle fiber oriented circumferential to the heart and perpendicular to the
      ventricular septum is the preferred procedure for dynamic cardiomyoplasty.

PMID- 2294348
TI  - Right ventricular function computed by thermodilution and ventriculography. A
      comparison of methods.
AB  - Right ventricular ejection fractions have been difficult to estimate clinically.
      It has been recently suggested that right ventricular ejection fractions can be
      calculated by thermodilution techniques with a fast-response thermistor and
      computer. These studies were performed to compare right ventricular ejection
      fractions obtained from thermodilution and biplane ventriculography. Ten pigs
      were instrumented with a right ventricular angiographic, thermodilution, and
      systemic arterial catheter. Right ventricular ejection fractions were determined
      by thermodilution and ventriculography at four times: (1) baseline, (2) infusion
      of isoporterenol (5 micrograms/min), (3) 50% of baseline mean arterial pressure
      produced by hemorrhage, and (4) reinfusion of isoproterenol during hypovolemia. A
      significant correlation existed between thermodilution and ventriculographic
      ejection fractions (r = 0.74, p = 0.004). However, during hypovolemia,
      thermodilution measurements of right ventricular ejection fraction were
      significantly lower than ventriculographic measurements (p less than 0.05). To
      determine if the position of the thermistor had a significant effect on
      thermodilution computations, right ventricular ejection fractions were computed
      by thermodilution in 10 additional pigs by means of a jugular and femoral
      insertion, as well as by ventriculography in each pig. Femoral insertion resulted
      in a greater distance from pulmonic valve to thermistor as compared with jugular
      placement (p = 0.005). Right ventricular ejection fractions obtained from femoral
      placement were significantly less than those obtained by jugular insertion (p =
      0.008) and ventriculography (p = 0.006). There was no significant difference
      between jugular and ventriculographic ejection fractions (p = 0.35). Results from
      these studies demonstrates that thermodilution right ventricular ejection
      fraction measurements are strongly correlated to ventriculographic methods over a
      wide hemodynamic range and that improved accuracy is obtained when the pulmonic
      valve to thermistor distance is minimized. Thus thermodilution may provide a
      simple and repeatable means to monitor right ventricular function in the critical
      care setting.

PMID- 2294347
TI  - Airway complications after double lung transplantation. Toronto Lung Transplant
      Group.
AB  - We have had success with en bloc double lung transplantation in the management of
      selected patients with end-stage parenchymal pulmonary disease. Airway
      complications have been more prevalent in our own experience with double lung
      transplantation than in reports of combined heart-lung transplantation from other
      centers. Between November 1986 and March 1989, 16 patients underwent double lung
      transplantation. Allografts were preserved by topical hypothermic immersion in 12
      patients and by pulmonary artery flush with cold crystalloid solution in the most
      recent four patients. Thirteen patients underwent tracheal anastomosis and the
      most recent three patients underwent bilateral bronchial anastomoses. Fatal
      ischemic necrosis of the donor trachea and both main bronchi developed in three
      patients. Preterminal airway ischemia developed in a patient who had systemic
      sepsis. Partial anastomotic dehiscence, which went on to form fibrous strictures
      necessitating endoscopic placement of silicone rubber airway stents, developed in
      two additional patients. Two other patients had late strictures and required
      subsequent placement of bifurcation stents. There was no relationship between
      development of airway complications and gas exchange in the donor lungs, lung
      ischemic time, early postoperative gas exchange, early postoperative mean
      pulmonary artery pressure, or frequency of early postoperative rejection. Severe
      postoperative hypotension occurred in five of eight patients with airway
      complications and in three of eight patients without airway complications.

PMID- 2294349
TI  - Pulmonary artery balloon counterpulsation for right ventricular failure after
      right ventriculotomy in the swine.
AB  - To assess the efficacy of intrapulmonary balloon counterpulsation in the
      management of right ventricular failure after right ventriculotomy, we undertook
      an experimental study in a swine model. To mimic the clinical settings more
      closely, (1) we left the automatic control of the heart intact (2) did not use
      cardiopulmonary bypass to support the left side of the heart, and (3) induced
      right ventricular failure by means of a generous surgical incision (50% to 70% of
      the anterior wall) of the right ventricle. The criteria set for right ventricular
      failure were (1) 50% increase in right ventricular end-diastolic pressure, (2)
      30% decrease in mean arterial pressure, and (3) 30% decrease in cardiac output.
      Right ventricular failure was attained in all animals studied: A 230% increase in
      right ventricular end-diastolic pressure, a 43% decrease in cardiac output, and a
      34% decrease in mean arterial pressure were evident after the right
      ventriculotomy. A specially designed intrapulmonary balloon catheter (Datascope
      Corp., Oakland, N.J.) was placed into the left pulmonary artery through the right
      ventricular outflow tract. A Datascope console was used for counterpulsation.
      Effects of counterpulsation for 40 minutes in a 1:1 mode were assessed after
      surgical induction of right ventricular failure in 14 swine. Each animal served
      as its own control. The mean hemodynamic changes are outlined: Right ventricular
      end-diastolic pressure decreased by 48.9% (p = 0.01). Mean arterial pressure
      increased by 68.8% (p = 0.01) and cardiac output by 44.2% (p = 0.01). Histologic
      studies disclosed no morphologic damage to the pulmonary artery or valve in the
      specimens analyzed. In addition, these results were compared with those in a
      second group of seven swine in which right ventricular failure was induced by
      right ventriculotomy and a balloon was placed into the left pulmonary artery but
      not activated. These results of short-term counterpulsation should be evaluated
      in a longer term model so as to mimic more closely the clinical setting. If the
      hemodynamic benefits are duplicated, intrapulmonary balloon counterpulsation
      should be considered as a simple, effective device when right ventricular failure
      develops after right ventriculotomy. It effectively improves right ventricular
      function without damaging the pulmonary artery or valve.

PMID- 2294350
TI  - Experimental complete right heart bypass. Proposal of a new model and acute
      hemodynamic assessment with vasoactive drugs in dogs.
AB  - A new model of complete right heart bypass was devised in dogs. All systemic
      venous blood was directly led to the bilateral pulmonary arteries by end-to-side
      superior vena cava-right pulmonary anastomosis, diverting the inferior vena caval
      blood to the superior vena cava with a graft, ligating the inferior vena cava at
      its end and the pulmonary artery at its trunk, and shunting the coronary venous
      return from the right-ventricle to the left atrium. Nine consecutive dogs
      tolerated the procedures, and acute hemodynamic characteristics and responses to
      vasoactive drugs were observed for 5 hours throughout the following full studies.
      Cardiac output ranged from 66 to 102 ml/min/kg at a central venous pressure of 15
      to 26 mm Hg. Norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and phentolamine were administered
      with the central venous pressure maintained constant at 18 mm Hg. Isoproterenol
      and phentolamine increased cardiac output while reducing pulmonary and/or
      systemic vascular resistance, with a possible concomitant inotropic effect in the
      former. Norepinephrine was detrimental, causing an increase in both pulmonary and
      systemic vascular resistance.

PMID- 2294351
TI  - Biological thresholds of cold-induced phrenic nerve injury.
AB  - The effects of controlled cooling on phrenic nerve signal conduction were
      investigated by cooling an isolated segment of the phrenic nerve with a constant
      but variable temperature probe. The conduction of a standard electrical stimulus
      applied to the nerve proximal to the cooled section was measured by detector
      electrodes sutured to the diaphragm. Nerve conduction of the applied stimulus
      ceased between 10 degrees and 12 degrees C but returned within seconds after the
      probe was removed. The delay in the return of conduction increased as nerve
      temperature decreased until at a temperature of 4 degrees C the ability to
      conduct did not return after 4 hours. The amount of fat surrounding the nerve and
      the blood flow rate along the cooled portion of the nerve were observed to
      ameliorate the effects of low temperature on stimulus conduction. Total body
      cooling also appears to offer some protection against loss of conduction.

PMID- 2294353
TI  - In vitro evaluation of extrinsic obstruction in the Duromedics and St. Jude
      Medical valves.

PMID- 2294352
TI  - Traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst.

PMID- 2294354
TI  - Anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery and mitral valve
      replacement: a surgical trap.

PMID- 2294355
TI  - Severe dysplasia of the tricuspid valve (unguarded tricuspid anulus): clinical
      presentation and surgical treatment.

PMID- 2294356
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis for acute renal failure after cardiac
      operations.

PMID- 2294357
TI  - The risk of vitreous hemorrhage caused by coronary artery bypass grafting in
      proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2294358
TI  - Right gastroepiploic artery for reoperation on the right coronary artery.

PMID- 2294359
TI  - The internal mammary vein: a new conduit for coronary artery bypass.

PMID- 2294360
TI  - Extrinsic compression of pulmonary artery in Fallot's tetralogy.

PMID- 2294361
TI  - Cardiac innervation after double lung transplantation. Toronto Lung Transplant
      Group.
AB  - Double lung transplantation has been successfully introduced for patients with
      end-stage pulmonary disease and preserved cardiac function. An advantage of this
      operation compared with heart-lung transplantation is retention of the
      recipient's heart. The operative dissection, however, may lead to interruption of
      sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways to the heart and consequent denervation
      of the native heart. The cardiac innervation of seven double lung transplant
      recipients was investigated by the heart rate response to carotid sinus massage,
      the Valsalva maneuver, intravenous injection of atropine, and exercise. Five
      single lung and two heart-lung transplant recipients were studied for comparison.
      Of the seven double lung transplant recipients, three had abnormal responses to
      carotid sinus massage, six to the strain phase of the Valsalva maneuver, and five
      to the release phase of the Valsalva maneuver. Three of six double lung
      transplant recipients tested had no response to intravenous injection of
      atropine, and five of seven patients had an abnormal recovery of heart rate after
      maximal exercise. No patient had a normal response to all interventions, and
      three patients had responses compatible with complete cardiac denervation. It is
      concluded that cardiac denervation may occur after double lung transplantation,
      most likely caused by surgical interruption of sympathetic and parasympathetic
      pathways during dissection of the recipient's trachea.

PMID- 2294362
TI  - One-stage operation for bilateral bullous lung disease.
AB  - Sixteen patients with bilateral bullous lung disease have been operated on. One
      stage surgical interventions--bullectomy and parietal pleurectomy--have been
      performed on both sides through a transsternal approach. There was a complication
      in one case: relaxation of the right hemidiaphragm as a result of phrenic nerve
      injury. Expansion of compressed lung tissue was achieved in all cases. Long-term
      follow-up for 5 years showed that perfusion and ventilation of lung parenchyma
      improved. Pneumothorax did not occur in any case. We concluded that the
      transsternal approach is the method of choice in the surgery of bilateral bullous
      lung disease, and parietal pleurectomy prevents spontaneous pneumothorax. Organ
      sparing operations improve pulmonary function in patients with bullous lung
      disease.

PMID- 2294363
TI  - Phrenic nerve pacing of the quadriplegic patient.
AB  - Phrenic nerve pacing can be used to free a quadriplegic patient from ventilatory
      dependency. During a 6-year period (1982 to 1988), 23 patients with an age range
      of 17 to 63 years (mean 31 years) underwent implantation of a phrenic nerve
      pacemaker because of ventilatory dependency resulting from quadriplegia. Fourteen
      patients had a unilateral phrenic nerve implant and nine had a bilateral implant.
      The time from injury to implantation was 12 to 16 weeks. The site of implantation
      was the cervical phrenic nerve in 13 patients and the thoracic phrenic nerve in
      10 patients. During the past 24 months, only a transthoracic approach has been
      used. The indication for pacing was failure to be weaned from ventilatory support
      in all patients. Failure to stimulate the phrenic nerve at implantation was noted
      in three patients, despite preoperative testing indicating an acceptable
      response. There were no deaths, and minor complications developed in three
      patients. Follow-up is available in all patients: Eight patients are completely
      free from the ventilator; nine patients are in markedly improved condition but
      require the ventilator at night; three patients are in moderately improved
      condition; and three patients had no response. Three patients required
      reexploration for component failure from 6 weeks to 18 months after implantation.

PMID- 2294364
TI  - Exercise cardiorespiratory function in adolescents with pectus excavatum.
      Observations before and after operation.
AB  - We studied 12 children with pectus excavatum (mean age, 13.8 years) using
      pulmonary function and exercise testing. Eight patients had surgical repair and
      were studied before and after repair. Four patients did not have repair and were
      tested twice. The degree of chest wall deformity in the two groups was similar.
      All patients reached 86% or more of their maximal predicted heart rate with
      exercise. Total lung capacity decreased 8% (p less than 0.01) after operation. In
      the nonoperated control group, total lung capacity was similar during both
      studies. The ratio of ventilation at maximal exercise to maximal voluntary
      ventilation was 68% +/- 12% before and 66% +/- 9% after operation in the operated
      group and 69% +/- 18% and 79% +/- 30% at two studies in the nonoperated group
      (nonsignificant changes). Maximal oxygen uptake was 36.1 +/- 4.4 ml/kg/min
      preoperatively and 38.1 +/- 8.1 postoperatively and 41.2 +/- 7.3 ml/kg/min and
      43.0 +/- 6.9 on two studies in the nonoperated group (nonsignificant changes).
      Cardiac output and stroke volume increased appropriately with exercise both
      before and after operation. Operation had no physiologically significant effect
      on the cardiorespiratory response to exercise. Slight changes in
      cardiorespiratory function occurred in both operated and nonoperated subjects.
      These results emphasize the importance of studying patients before and after
      operation and of using a control group.

PMID- 2294365
TI  - Improved survival after heart-lung transplantation.
AB  - Sixty-two patients underwent 65 heart-lung transplant operations before April
      1989. Thirty of these patients (operated on March 1981 to February 1986) were
      given cyclosporine and prednisone for immunosuppression. These 30 patients (group
      1) are compared with the 32 most recent patients (group 2) treated with
      cyclosporine, prednisone, and azathioprine. Patient characteristics (group 1
      versus group 2) were similar including age (mean 32 versus 26 years) and
      indication for operation (51% versus 38%, primary pulmonary hypertension; 46%
      versus 45%, Eisenmenger complex; 3% versus 17%, other). The perioperative (in
      hospital) mortality rate was 35% in group 1 versus 16% in group 2. Obliterative
      bronchiolitis developed in 12 (63%) of 19 hospital survivors in group 1 from 2
      months to 49 months postoperatively (mean 12 months). This complication has
      developed in five (20%) of the 25 hospital survivors in group 2 from 3 to 13
      months postoperatively (mean 8 months). Overall, 24 of the 30 patients in group 1
      died (infection in eight, obliterative bronchiolitis in five, graft coronary
      artery disease in two, other causes in nine). Eight of the 32 patients in group 2
      died (infection in six, other cases in two). Survival rates for group 1 patients
      were 60% at 1 year, 50% at 2 years, 43% at 3 years, and 25% at 5 years. Survival
      rates for group 2 patients were 73% at 1 year, 73% at 2 years, and 65% at 3 years
      (p less than 0.05). When group 2 patients were compared with 134 patients
      undergoing heart transplantation during the same time period, there was no
      difference in survival. Routine bronchoscopic surveillance in the more recent
      group of patients has led to the earlier detection of rejection and infection. In
      combination with decreased perioperative mortality and augmented
      immunosuppression, this had led to improved survival in our more recent heart
      lung transplant recipients. In addition, the earlier recognition of infection and
      rejection has led to a decrease in severity of obliterative bronchiolitis.

PMID- 2294366
TI  - Influence of oxygenator type on the prevalence and extent of microembolic retinal
      ischemia during cardiopulmonary bypass. Assessment by digital image analysis.
AB  - We have previously reported the occurrence of microembolic ischemia in the retina
      during cardiopulmonary bypass, as revealed by fluorescein angiography. This
      method has been extended by digital image analysis to include quantification of
      the extent of retinal ischemia and has been applied to a prospective comparative
      study of 64 patients undergoing elective coronary operations with either a bubble
      or a membrane oxygenator. Patients with diabetes or clinically evident
      cerebrovascular disease were excluded. Bypass procedures were standardized in all
      cases with pulsatile flow and a 40 microns arterial line filter (Pall EC Plus).
      Thirty patients had bypass with a bubble oxygenator (Harvey H1700) and 34
      patients had bypass with a flat sheet membrane oxygenator (COBE CML). In each
      case retinal fluorescein angiograms were obtained preoperatively and 5 minutes
      before the end of bypass and were processed with a digital image analyzer
      (Context Vision GOP-302). Microembolic perfusion defects were identified by
      digital subtraction of preoperative and end-bypass angiograms and their total
      area was computed. Results. In the bubble oxygenator group retinal perfusion
      defects indicative of microembolism occurred in all 30 (100%) patients. In
      contrast, over half the patients in the membrane oxygenator group had normal
      retinal perfusion, and the prevalence of perfusion defects (44%; 70% confidence
      limits 34% to 54%) was significantly less than in the bubble group (p less than
      0.001). In addition, those patients in the membrane group had significantly fewer
      lesions (median 0; 70% confidence limits 0 to 1) than patients in the bubble
      group (median 2; 70% confidence limits 2 to 2; p less than 0.001) and also had
      significantly smaller total areas of retinal ischemia (median 0 mm2; 70%
      confidence limits 0 to 0.16 mm2) than the bubble group (median 0.22 mm2; 70%
      confidence limits 0.21 to 0.27 mm2; p less than 0.001). There was no relationship
      between the extent of retinal ischemia and bypass time, arterial blood gas
      concentrations, volume of cardiotomy suction or donor blood returned to the pump,
      or recent medication with aspirin. Inferences. Digital image analysis of retinal
      fluorescein angiograms may provide a method of quantifying microembolic ischemia
      in the central nervous system during cardiopulmonary bypass. Flat sheet membrane
      oxygenation appears to provide significantly better protection against
      microembolic ischemia than bubble oxygenation.

PMID- 2294367
TI  - Effects of pulsatile perfusion on plasma catecholamine levels and hemodynamics
      during and after cardiac operations with cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Thirty patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting were
      studied in two groups. Group A had standard cardiopulmonary bypass with
      nonpulsatile perfusion and group B had pulsatile perfusion. Measurements of
      plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, granulocyte elastase, and hemodynamic
      parameters including mean arterial pressure total peripheral resistance, cardiac
      index, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were made before and after
      anesthesia induction, after surgical incision, during cardiopulmonary bypass, and
      2, 4, and 24 hours after the operation. The venous compliance of the total body
      venous bed was measured at the end of the operation. In all patients the total
      net fluid balance was determined during bypass and in the postoperative period.
      In both groups plasma catecholamine levels increased 5 minutes after institution
      of bypass (epinephrine 176 +/- 56 to 611 +/- 108 pg/ml and norepinephrine 231 +/-
      48 to 518 +/- 100 pg/ml in group A; epinephrine 168 +/- 40 to 444 +/- 100 pg/ml
      and norepinephrine 162 +/- 44 to 267 +/- 52 pg/ml in group B). The maximum
      catecholamine level was measured between the end of bypass and 2 hours after the
      end of bypass (epinephrine 1489 +/- 169 pg/ml and norepinephrine 1542 +/- 108
      pg/ml in group A; epinephrine 990 +/- 134 pg/ml and norepinephrine 934 +/- 197
      pg/ml in group B). During the same period mean arterial pressure and total
      peripheral resistance were also significantly higher in group A than in group B
      mean arterial pressure, 61.4 +/- 3 versus 53.6 +/- 3, p less than 0.06; total
      peripheral resistance, 1055 +/- 60 versus 899 +/- 45, p less than 0.01). The
      venous compliance was significantly higher in group A than in group B (2.4 +/-
      0.3 versus 1.2 +/- 0.3 ml/mm Hg/kg body weight). The intraoperative and
      perioperative net fluid balance were significantly higher in group A than in
      group B (p less than 0.005). The average postoperative tracheal intubation time
      was also significantly longer in group A than in group B (4.6 +/- 1.2 hours
      versus 2.7 +/- 0.8 hours, p less than 0.001). No significant difference was
      detected in either hemoglobin or plasma free hemoglobin content between the two
      groups postoperatively. The results suggest that pulsatile perfusion, when
      compared with nonpulsatile perfusion, can attenuate the catecholamine stress
      response to cardiopulmonary bypass, reduce the fluid overloading of patients, and
      improve the postoperative recovery period as evaluated by tracheal intubation
      time.

PMID- 2294368
TI  - Favorable results of coronary artery bypass grafting in patients older than 75
      years.
AB  - There is controversy whether the short-term and long-term results of coronary
      artery bypass grafting in elderly patients justify performing the procedure.
      Between January 1977 and December 1986, 4580 patients underwent coronary artery
      bypass grafting, of whom 222 (4.9%) were 75 years old or older (mean 77 years).
      There were 143 men and 79 women and 139 (63%) were in New York Heart Association
      class IV. One hundred forty-six patients (66%) had had at least one preoperative
      myocardial infarction. Myocardial revascularization was performed under emergency
      conditions in 17 patients (18%). The mammary artery was used in 43%, 96% of the
      patients received two or more grafts. The mean number of bypass grafts was 3.1
      per patient. The overall hospital mortality rate was 10.8% (24/222), 3.6% for
      elective procedures, 14.9% in urgent cases, and 35% in emergencies. In contrast,
      the overall early mortality rate was 3.1% in 4358 patients less than 75 years
      old. Complications occurred in 83 patients (37%). Of the patients discharged from
      the hospital, 198 were followed up for a mean of 48 months (1 to 130). Actuarial
      probability of survival was 75% at 48 months. Postoperatively 70% were in New
      York Heart Association class I or II and only 21% were rehospitalized for cardiac
      problems. During the follow-up period 77% of the patients were free from angina,
      and of those experiencing angina the mean time from operation to the first
      episode was 75 months. Although elderly patients have a somewhat increased
      operative mortality rate, particularly if operated on urgently or emergently,
      long-term survival and freedom from angina are excellent and justify continued
      performance of coronary bypass grafting in selected patients over 75 years of
      age.

PMID- 2294369
TI  - Histologic, morphometric, and biochemical evolution of vein bypass grafts in a
      nonhuman primate model. I. Sequential changes within the first three months.
AB  - The objective of this study was to define the histologic and morphometric
      evolution that accompanies the increase in cholesterol content of vein bypass
      grafts in a nonhuman primate model. Cephalic vein grafts were interposed
      bilaterally in the femoral arteries of 15 stump-tailed macaque monkeys (Macaca
      arctoides), which were fed a diet that sustains plasma cholesterol levels of
      approximately 225 mg/dl. Grafts were excised from five animals for analysis on
      each of postoperative days 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90. Cholesterol content
      increased from 69 +/- 24 micrograms/100 mg (mean +/- standard deviation) in
      ungrafted vein to 473 +/- 122 micrograms/100 mg in grafts 90 days after
      implantation (p less than 0.05). By stepwise regression analysis, cholesterol
      content was best predicted by abundance of foam cells (r2 = 0.82). Intima
      comprised 13% +/- 5% of the total cross-sectional area of the wall in ungrafted
      vein and 59% +/- 11% at day 90 (p less than 0.001). With cholesterol content
      excluded from the stepwise regression, intimal area was best predicted by the
      presence of foam cells (r2 = 0.39). There was consistently an increase in the
      prevalence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes on the luminal surface and in both the
      intima and media during the first 14 days after grafting. Vasa vasorum, which
      were always present in ungrafted vein, were sparse at 3 days but reappeared by
      day 7. Medial fibrosis occurred in grafts, and in the 30- to 90-day interval it
      was directly correlated with the number of adventitial vasa vasorum present (r =
      0.64, p less than 0.05). Immunohistochemistry revealed prominent staining for
      both platelet factor VIII and fibronectin during the first month, with a gradual
      decline in staining intensity thereafter. The evolution of changes in vein bypass
      grafts documented in this report are in general agreement with graft changes
      observed in humans and support the validity of our model in evaluating the
      histologic correlates of increased graft cholesterol content.

PMID- 2294370
TI  - Catabolic defect of triglyceride is associated with abnormal very-low-density
      lipoprotein in experimental nephrosis.
AB  - Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride (TG) kinetics were examined in
      puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic rats in order to establish the nature
      of the hypertriglyceridemia associated with this condition. Nephrotic rats had a
      plasma TG concentration 10-fold higher than the controls. In nephrotic rats TG
      secretion rate was elevated only 1.2-fold above the controls, suggesting that the
      catabolism of TG was also impaired. Lipolytic activities were determined in
      postheparin plasma (PHP) of the control and the nephrotic rats. There were no
      significant differences in either the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or
      hepatic lipase (HL). VLDL-TG was endogenously radiolabeled in donor rats with [2
      3H]-glycerol. The half life (T1/2) was then determined by monitoring the
      clearance of plasma [3H]-VLDL-TG in normal recipient animals. The T1/2 of VLDL-TG
      from nephrotic rats was twice that of normal rats. The defect in VLDL-TG
      clearance could be partially rectified by preincubation with high-density
      lipoprotein (HDL) from normal rats, but not with HDL from nephrotic rats. VLDL
      from either nephrotic or normal rats were incubated with PHP of normal rats to
      assess the effectiveness of VLDL-TG as a substrate for PHP. The lipolytic rate
      for nephrotic VLDL was significantly lower than that for normal VLDL, suggesting
      that VLDL from nephrotic rats was somewhat resistant to the action of LPL and HL.
      When VLDL from nephrotic rats was preincubated with HDL from normal rats, the low
      lipolytic rate of VLDL-TG improved significantly. This was not observed when HDL
      from nephrotic rats was used for the preincubation. The results suggested that
      physical and/or chemical change of VLDL particles due to nephrosis results in a
      catabolic defect of VLDL-TG.

PMID- 2294371
TI  - Resting energy expenditure in women: impact of obesity and body-fat distribution.
AB  - Postabsorptive resting metabolic rate (RMR) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)
      were repeatedly assessed with an indirect calorimetric ventilated hood system in
      a group of 32 healthy premenopausal obese women, body fat percentage 46.4 +/- 0.9
      (mean +/- SEM), age 38.5 +/- 0.9 years. RMR and DIT were also measured in a group
      of 10 healthy premenopausal non-obese women, body fat percentage 31.3 +/- 1.7,
      age 37.7 +/- 2.4 years. The obese women were subdivided according to the waist-to
      hips girth ratio (WHR) into three groups with a different type of body fat
      distribution: A gluteal-femoral obese group (n = 10), WHR less than 0.79; an
      intermediate obese group (n = 10), 0.79 less than WHR less than 0.85; and an
      abdominal obese group (n = 12), WHR greater than 0.85. No significant differences
      were observed among the obese groups in age, body weight, body fat mass, and fat
      free body mass. Body fat distribution was not associated with differences in DIT,
      pre- and postprandial respiratory quotients and substrate oxidation rates, but
      the abdominal obese women had significantly higher RMRs adjusted for age, fat
      mass, and fat-free body mass (6,075 +/- 200 kJ/d) in comparison with the gluteal
      femoral obese women (5,502 +/- 205 kJ/d) and in comparison with obese women with
      an intermediate body fat distribution (5,517 +/- 193 kJ/d), but not in comparison
      with a non-obese control group, 6,790 +/- 261 kJ/d. It is concluded that within
      the total group of obese women, the non-abdominal obese can be characterized by
      relatively reduced resting metabolic rates in comparison with either the
      abdominal obese or with non-obese women.

PMID- 2294372
TI  - Effect of triiodothyronine on triglyceride synthesis in human fibroblasts in
      different types of hypertriglyceridemia.
AB  - Fibroblasts from 12 normotriglyceridemic subjects and 30 hypertriglyceridemic
      patients and family members were used to investigate triglyceride synthesis and
      the influence of triiodothyronine on it. The monolayers were incubated for 72
      hours with and without the thyroid hormone, followed by incorporation studies of
      radiolabeled acetic acid or palmitic acid into the cellular triglyceride
      fraction. Triiodothyronine had no influence on triglyceride synthesis of normal
      cell lines and of cells derived from patients with secondary
      hypertriglyceridemia, whereas fibroblasts from endogenous type IV patients showed
      higher rates of triglyceride synthesis under identical conditions. Values for
      type IV were in the range of 134% to 466% of the hormone-free control
      incubations. In cultures derived from patients with familial combined
      hyperlipidemia, no stimulation by triiodothyronine was observed: values were in
      the range of 64% to 144% of the hormone-free controls. Three out of four lines
      with type V gave "normal" values and are supposed to represent secondary
      hypertriglyceridemia, whereas one line may express endogenous type IV. The
      evidence obtained in vitro with cultured cells indicates different metabolic
      defects in endogenous type IV and familial combined hyperlipidemia; it also shows
      the biochemically heterogenous nature of the disease "hypertriglyceridemia."

PMID- 2294373
TI  - High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is not decreased if an aromatizable androgen
      is administered.
AB  - We examined the influence of aromatization of testosterone on serum high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and postheparin plasma hepatic triglyceride
      lipase activity (HTLA) in men. Eighteen healthy lean nonsmokers (ages, 20 to 33)
      were administered androgens in a weekly total dose of 280 mg for 12 weeks in one
      of three groups: testosterone enanthate (TE) (280 mg/wk intramuscularly [IM]); TE
      (280 mg/wk IM) + testolactone (TL) (250 mg orally [PO] four times daily); or
      methyltestosterone (MeT) (20 mg PO twice daily). Serum testosterone achieved
      steady state levels by 4 weeks with greater than 40 nmol/L (TE and TE + TL) and
      less than 15 nmol/L (MeT) while 17b-estradiol (E2) rose to greater than 250
      pmol/L (TE) or remained below 70 pmol/L (TE + TL and MeT). LH fell to less than 5
      U/L (TE and TE + TL) but remained unchanged with MeT. By 4 weeks, HDL-C had
      decreased significantly from 1.20 +/- 0.13 to 0.77 +/- 0.13 mmol/L (MeT), from
      1.18 +/- 0.15 to 0.89 +/- 0.13 mmol/L (TE TL), and demonstrated no decrease in
      the TE group across the time course of the study. These changes were preceded by
      mean increases in HTLA of 102% (MeT) and 55% (TE + TL) over baseline, and no
      significant change with TE. The changes in HDL-C and HTLA returned to baseline
      within 2 weeks of steroid cessation. There were no changes in total cholesterol,
      triglycerides, or insulin in any group but, in the MeT group, apo AI levels
      decreased and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increased.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294374
TI  - Increased paediatric admissions with asthma in Western Australia--a problem of
      diagnosis?
AB  - A study of hospital admissions of paediatric cases with asthma over a 17-year
      period (1971-1987) in Western Australia was performed retrospectively. Hospital
      admission rates for asthma increased in all paediatric age-groups with the most
      dramatic increase occurring in the youngest (zero- to four-years') age-group.
      This increase in hospital admissions for asthma has been accompanied by a rapid
      decline in admissions for other paediatric respiratory conditions that share a
      potential diagnostic overlap with asthma. Hospital admission rates for asthma
      have reached a plateau at the major paediatric teaching hospital in the State
      from 1977 and Statewide from 1983. Diagnostic transfer has contributed
      significantly to the reported increase in hospital admissions for asthma over the
      past two decades.

PMID- 2294375
TI  - No hawkers, canvassers or solicitors!

PMID- 2294376
TI  - Bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome.
AB  - A 48-year-old woman, who had undergone reversal of a jejunal loop, presented with
      skin eruptions, myalgia and arthralgia. Delayed gastric emptying was associated
      with a gastric phytobezoar. The clinicopathological features and response to
      therapy were typical of the dermatosis-arthritis syndrome, and probably were
      related to bacterial overgrowth.

PMID- 2294377
TI  - "Put that bloody cigarette out!".

PMID- 2294378
TI  - Economic and educational status of zidovudine recipients in Melbourne.

PMID- 2294379
TI  - Immunological abnormalities in the chronic fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 2294380
TI  - Cautions in the use of herbal remedies during pregnancy and for small children.

PMID- 2294381
TI  - Drug regulation in Australia.

PMID- 2294382
TI  - Prosthetic legs revisited.

PMID- 2294383
TI  - The challenge of mustard-gas keratopathy.

PMID- 2294384
TI  - Diabetes follow-up programme.

PMID- 2294385
TI  - How not to select a candidate.

PMID- 2294387
TI  - Surfactant for premature infants with respiratory distress.

PMID- 2294386
TI  - Recovery after childbirth: a preliminary prospective study.
AB  - This prospective study examined the time for 93 women to cease to feel discomfort
      in their perineal areas after the births of their first babies. Sixty-two of the
      women had experienced a spontaneous delivery that did not require forceps
      assistance. In 58 patients, an episiotomy was performed. Of the 35 women in whom
      an episiotomy was not performed, 24 women required sutures and only four women
      did not suffer any perineal damage. The median time for perineal comfort in
      general (including walking and sitting) was one month (range, zero to six
      months); 20% of women took more than two months to achieve general perineal
      comfort. For comfort during sexual intercourse, the median time was three months
      (range, one to more than 12 months); 20% of women took longer than six months to
      achieve comfort during sexual intercourse. Factors that were associated with
      discomfort for longer than the median time were delivery by forceps; spontaneous
      vaginal (not perineal) tears; and, in the three to four days after the birth,
      oedema and the breakdown of muscle or skin sutures. There was no significant
      difference in these times between patients who did not undergo an episiotomy and
      those who underwent an episiotomy without a forceps delivery.

PMID- 2294388
TI  - Undifferentiated acute leukemia and lineage infidelity (difficulties in
      classification and management).
AB  - The acute leukemias have been considered to represent a clonal expansion of a
      malignant transformed hematopoietic progenitor cell with adherence to either the
      myeloid or lymphoid lineage--"lineage fidelity." Lineage fidelity has been
      challenged by the demonstration of lineage switching or mixed-lineage leukemias.
      We describe a 7 year old male who presented with undifferentiated acute leukemia
      and nasopharyngeal and cervical masses. His blasts had the morphologic appearance
      of myeloblasts (FAB M1) and were positive solely for the myeloid antigen CD15. He
      entered a complete remission (CR) with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia therapy. At
      first relapse he had evidence of mixed-lineage leukemia with B-cell lymphoid and
      myeloid phenotypes. He again relapsed from a second CR with Burkitt-cell
      leukemia. Cytogenetic findings showed a consistent 14q+, 17p+ abnormality in the
      blasts and nasopharyngeal mass. The t(8;14) associated with Burkitt's lymphoma
      was found in the mass tissue only following passage in the nude mouse. Our
      patient demonstrates that limitations still exist in our ability to classify
      acute leukemia. That leukemic transformation occurred in a multipotential
      progenitor cell leading to undifferentiated leukemia at diagnosis and/or that
      chemotherapy can influence the genetic programs of leukemic cells leading to the
      evidence of mixed-lineage leukemia and lineage switching is supported.

PMID- 2294390
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of soft tissue tumors other than
      rhabdomyosarcoma in infants under 1 year of age: a clinicopathological study of
      34 cases treated at the Institut Gustave-Roussy.
AB  - Thirty-four cases of soft tissue tumors (STT) other than rhabdomyosarcoma in
      infants under 1 year of age were seen in our institution between 1955 and 1985.
      All were diagnosed initially as malignant tumors except for three cases of
      fibromatosis, and, thus, they received therapy appropriate at that time. During a
      recent pathologic review, four were seen to have had hemangioma, six
      hemangiopericytoma, one hamartoma, seven fibromatosis, eight fibrosarcoma, and
      eight unclassified sarcomas. Of these 34 cases, the initial histological
      diagnosis was confirmed in only 17. Sixteen patients were believed to have
      received inappropriately aggressive therapy; indeed, four of these cases
      diagnosed prior to 1975 had been benign. Major long-term side effects were seen
      in 7/16 treated patients (six radiotherapy, one surgery), who, in retrospect,
      should have received less aggressive treatment. The reasons for these initial
      errors in diagnosis included doubtful histologic features associated in some
      cases with alarming clinical presentation. We believe that difficulties still
      remain in distinguishing benign from malignant STT in this age group by
      histological examination. Therefore, we urge extreme caution in using aggressive
      therapy before the diagnosis is certain.

PMID- 2294389
TI  - Familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: late relapse despite continuous
      high-dose VP-16 chemotherapy.

PMID- 2294391
TI  - Enlargement of mediastinal masses on simulation films: a radiotherapeutic problem
      in the management of patients with Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - The size of the mediastinal mass on standard posterior-anterior chest radiograph
      in stage I and stage II Hodgkin's disease has both prognostic and therapeutic
      importance. But the actual treatment is based on the anterior-posterior supine
      simulation film. Problems arise when the prognosis (whether all the disease can
      be effectively contained in an irradiation port) and toxicity (more lung and
      heart irradiated or chemotherapy required) are changed when the mass is markedly
      enlarged on the radiation simulation films. Differences in the direction of the X
      ray beam, distance from the subject, and patient position are shown to increase
      artificially the size of a mediastinal mass on simulation films. The staging and
      therapeutic implications are discussed.

PMID- 2294392
TI  - Chondrosarcoma.

PMID- 2294393
TI  - Intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy for advanced endometrial
      adenocarcinoma: a case report.

PMID- 2294394
TI  - Rhabdomyosarcoma with heterologous cartilage of the uterine cervix: a
      clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of an aggressive neoplasm in a
      young female.
AB  - This report concerns a 20-year-old female who had a F.I.G.O. stage I
      rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of the cervix with a predominant embryonal
      pattern and heterologous cartilage that pursued an aggressive course despite
      surgery and chemotherapy. The patient had a pelvic recurrence, developed
      pulmonary metastases 15 months after diagnosis, and died 6 months later. Despite
      some previously published favorable prognostic assessments about this unique
      variant of cervical rhabdomyosarcoma, our limited experience would interject a
      note of caution, especially in the presence of a focal alveolar pattern and
      invasion of lymphatics in the cervix.

PMID- 2294395
TI  - Repeat injuries in an inner city population--Philadelphia, 1987-1988.

PMID- 2294396
TI  - Intermolecular recombination between DNAs introduced into mouse L cells is
      mediated by a nonconservative pathway that leads to crossover products.
AB  - We describe experiments designed to measure the efficiency of intermolecular
      recombination between mutant herpesvirus thymidine kinase (tk) genes introduced
      into mouse L cells. Recombinants were scored as stable transformants containing a
      functional tk gene. The two recombination substrates used were ptkB8, a pBR322
      based plasmid containing a mutant tk gene, with a BamHI linker in an SphI
      restriction site that is centrally located within the gene, and mp10tk delta 3'
      delta 5', an mp10 vector with a tk gene deleted at both the 3' and 5' ends. The
      only homology shared by the two DNAs is 885 base pairs within the tk gene. To
      determine whether the double-strand break repair model that has been used to
      explain recombination in yeast cells (J. W. Szostak, T. L. Orr-Weaver, R. J.
      Rothstein, and F. W. Stahl, Cell 33:25-35, 1983) can account for recombination
      during the introduction of these DNAs into mammalian cells, we transformed cells
      with BamHI-linearized ptkB8 and supercoiled mp10tk delta 3' delta 5' replicative
      form DNA. These two DNAs should recombine efficiently according to that model and
      should generate gene conversion products. In this reaction, the supercoiled DNA
      acts as the donor of information to repair the cleaved tk gene. Our results
      indicated that the efficiency of this reaction was very low (less than 10
      transformants were obtained per 0.1 microgram of each DNA used in the reaction
      per 10(6) cells). In contrast, if BamHI-cleaved ptkB8 DNA was cotransformed into
      cells along with a circular DNA molecule containing a tk gene deleted only at its
      3' end or only at its 5' end (mp10tk delta 3' or mp10tk delta 5'), then the
      efficiency of recombination could be more than 4 orders of magnitude higher than
      it was with circular mp10tk delta 3' delta 5' DNA. Recombination frequencies were
      highest when the tk delta 3' or tk delta 5' DNA used was cleaved at the tk
      deletion junction. Southern analyses of DNA from TK+ transformants generated with
      BamHI-cleaved ptkB8 and BamHI-cleaved mp10tk delta 3' DNAs indicated that
      recombination was almost always associated with the reassortment of markers
      flanking the reconstructed tk DNA. Together, these results are more consistent
      with the nonconservative single-strand annealing model for recombination that we
      proposed several years ago (F.-L. Lin, K. Sperle, and N. Sternberg, Mol. Cell.
      Biol. 4:1020-1034, 1984) than they are with the double-strand break repair model.

PMID- 2294397
TI  - Repair of double-stranded DNA breaks by homologous DNA fragments during transfer
      of DNA into mouse L cells.
AB  - To test the validity of various models for recombination between extrachromosomal
      DNAs in mammalian cells, we measured recombination between a plasmid containing a
      herpesvirus thymidine kinase (tk) gene with an internal BamHI linker insertion
      mutation (ptkB8) and a tk gene deleted at both ends (tk delta 3' delta 5'). The
      two DNAs shared 885 base pairs of perfect tk homology except for the interruption
      at the linker insertion site. Recombination events that restored the mutated
      insertion site to wild type were monitored by the generation of hypoxanthine
      aminopterine-thymidine-resistant colonies after cotransformation of Ltk- cells
      with the two DNAs. We found that cleavage of the ptkB8 DNA at the linker
      insertion site was essential for gene restoration. If the tk delta 3' delta 5'
      DNA was ligated into mp10 vector DNA, then recombination with the cleaved ptkB8
      DNA was inefficient. In contrast, if it was excised from that vector by cleavage
      at flanking restriction sites, then recombination was stimulated about 150-fold.
      Using restriction site polymorphisms, we showed that most of the recombination
      events leading to restoration of the tk gene with the excised tk delta 3' delta
      5' fragment involved three double-strand duplexes: two ptkB8 DNAs and one tk
      delta 3' delta 5' fragment. These results are much more readily explained by the
      single-strand annealing model of recombination than by the double-strand break
      repair model, and they suggest that the deficiency of the latter pathway for
      extrachromosomal mammalian recombination may be due, at least in part, to the
      obligate tripartite nature of the reaction. Finally, we measured the effect of
      DNA homology on the efficiency of the ptkB8-tk delta 3' delta 5' reaction. Our
      results showed a near-linear relationship between the efficiency of recombination
      and the amount of homology flanking either side of the linker insertion site.
      Moreover, we could detect thymidine kinase-positive transformants with as little
      as 10 base pairs of homology.

PMID- 2294398
TI  - A putative transmembrane protein with histidine-rich charge clusters encoded in
      the H-2K/tw5 region of mice.
AB  - The H-2 complex of mice contains many genes in addition to the gene families
      involved in immune reactions. Some of them are believed to function in mouse
      development, as suggested by the findings that several embryonic lethal mutations
      map within or near the H-2 complex. We have analyzed the H-2K/tw5 region in an
      attempt to study non-H-2 genes encoded in this region. Overlapping cosmid clones
      spanning about 170 kilobase pairs of DNA, including the H-2K/tw5 region of the
      mouse, have been screened for genes expressed in embryonic carcinoma cells. A
      transcript of 2.8 kilobase pairs (K. Abe. J.-F. Wei, F.-S. Wei, Y.-C. Hsu, H.
      Uehara, K. Artzt, and D. Bennett, EMBO J. 7:3441-3449, 1988) encoded by the KE 4
      gene flanking H-2K distally was identified. The transcript was abundantly
      expressed in embryonic carcinoma cells but was present at low levels in other
      tissues in adults. A cDNA for this transcript was isolated from the F9 embryonic
      carcinoma cell line and sequenced. It potentially encodes a protein of 436 amino
      acids with several interesting features. First, it contains two regions made of
      well-conserved repeats unusually rich in histidine residues. In the repeats,
      histidine alternates with other amino acids, notably glycine or serine. Second,
      the two histidine-rich regions are separated by three putative membrane-spanning
      domains. Third, the N-terminal part of the sequence shows characteristics of a
      signal peptide. The results indicate that the protein coded by the gene may be a
      transmembrane protein with histidine-rich charge clusters. A similar sequence
      motif found in other known genes allows speculation on the possible functional of
      this gene.

PMID- 2294399
TI  - A murine fer testis-specific transcript (ferT) encodes a truncated Fer protein.
AB  - A cDNA for a potential tyrosine kinase-encoding mRNA was isolated from a mouse
      testis cDNA library. In a survey of eight mouse tissues, a transcript of 2.4
      kilobases restricted to testis tissue was found. The mRNA encodes a 453-amino
      acid protein of 51,383 daltons, the smallest tyrosine kinase protein ever
      described. RNA synthesized from the cDNA template directs the synthesis of a
      51,000-Mr protein in a cell-free translation system. The carboxy-terminal 409
      amino acids are 98 and 90% identical to the carboxy halves of the rat and human
      Fer proteins, respectively. This suggests that the cDNA represents an
      alternatively spliced testis-specific fer mRNA and is therefore termed by us
      ferT. On the basis of the appearance time of the fer mRNA in the testis of
      maturing neonatal mice, we speculate on the role played by this protein in the
      development of this organ.

PMID- 2294400
TI  - Developmental regulation of specific protein interactions with an enhancerlike
      binding site far upstream from the avian very-low-density apolipoprotein II gene.
AB  - Expression of the avian very-low-density apolipoprotein II (apoVLDLII) gene is
      completely dependent on estrogen and restricted to the liver. We have identified
      binding sites for nonhistone nuclear proteins located between -1.96 and -2.61
      kilobases. One of these sites, located at -2.6 kilobases (designated site 1), was
      found to span an MspI site that becomes demethylated between days 7 and 9 of
      embryogenesis, the stage of development at which competence to express the
      apoVLDLII gene begins to be acquired. Levels of the factor(s) involved were high
      at day 7 of embryogenesis, decreased two- to threefold by days 9 to 11, and
      continued to decline more slowly until hatching. Furthermore, the mobility of the
      complex formed underwent a well-defined shift between days 11 to 13
      embryogenesis. Methylation interference studies showed that modification of the
      outer guanosines of the MspI site resulted in marked inhibition of the formation
      of the protein-DNA complex. Competition studies, fractionation of nuclear
      extracts, and tissue distribution indicated that the factor was not the avian
      homolog of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1, nuclear factor 1, or CCAAT/enhancer
      binding protein (C/EBP). However, site 1 could complete for binding to an
      oligonucleotide, previously shown to be recognized by C/EBP, in a nonreciprocal
      fashion. These studies demonstrate that the sequence recognized by the protein
      includes a C/EBP consensus sequence but that elements in addition to the core
      enhancer motif are essential for binding.

PMID- 2294401
TI  - Active beta-globin gene transcription occurs in methylated, DNase I-resistant
      chromatin of nonerythroid chicken cells.
AB  - We report active, inappropriate transcription of the chicken beta A-globin gene
      in normal fibroblasts, cultured MSB cells, and brain. We were unable to detect
      ovalbumin gene transcription in these same tissues. Most of the globin gene
      transcripts were found to be truncated near the beginning of the gene, suggesting
      the existence of a premature termination process that is preferentially active
      under conditions of inappropriate transcription. The inappropriately transcribed
      beta A-globin gene chromatin remained DNase I resistant and highly methylated.
      Thus, the DNase I-sensitive conformation of erythrocyte beta A chromatin was
      correlated not with beta A transcription per se but with beta A expression.
      Although both transcribed and nontranscribed genes within the globin domain
      exhibited the same DNase I sensitivity in erythrocyte nuclei, a housekeeping gene
      active in erythrocytes exhibited a different level of DNase I sensitivity.
      However, this gene exhibited the same level of DNase I sensitivity in both
      erythrocytes and a cultured cell line. These observations are consistent with the
      proposal (G. Blobel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8527-8529, 1985) that the
      DNase I sensitivity of a gene may reflect properties of chromatin related to
      cotranscriptional and posttranscriptional aspects of mRNA production rather than
      to transcription per se.

PMID- 2294402
TI  - Factor substitution in a human HSP70 gene promoter: TATA-dependent and TATA
      independent interactions.
AB  - To investigate interactions between transcription factors on mammalian promoters,
      we constructed a set of 24 variations of the human HSP70 gene promoter in which
      six upstream sequence motifs are paired in every possible combination with four
      TATA motifs. These promoters were analyzed for in vivo expression, and selected
      constructs were examined by in vitro template commitment studies. Activation
      transcription factor (ATF) and CP1 showed dramatically different interactions
      with the factor(s) bound to the TATA region. CP1 functioned in vivo regardless of
      the TATA motif that it was paired with and was not capable of sequestering the
      core promoter complex in a template commitment assay. ATF activity was
      dramatically altered by changing the TATA motif, and ATF was able to sequester
      the core promoter complex. These data suggest that CP1 and ATF function by
      distinct mechanisms that differ with respect to interaction with the factor(s) at
      the TATA box. Factor Sp1 also appeared to function by a TATA-independent
      mechanism. These data imply that the ability of a factor to function is
      determined not only by the intrinsic properties of the factor but also by
      promoter context.

PMID- 2294404
TI  - The DNA-binding activity of transcription factor PTF1 parallels the synthesis of
      pancreas-specific mRNAs during mouse development.
AB  - We have studied the expression of the alpha-amylase, trypsin, and elastase II
      genes in the acinar pancreas during mouse development. Transcriptional control is
      the major mechanism by which the differential accumulation of alpha-amylase,
      trypsin, and elastase II mRNAs is determined during late embryogenesis. The
      synthesis of pancreatic mRNAs is detected around day 15 of gestation and involves
      most if not all acinar cells. The DNA-binding activity of the pancreas-specific
      transcription factor PTF1, which binds to enhancers of genes expressed in this
      tissue, is detected for the first time at day 15 of gestation. The appearance of
      the factor at this early stage of development suggests that it plays an important
      role during pancreas differentiation.

PMID- 2294403
TI  - Transcription analysis, physical mapping, and molecular characterization of a
      nonclassical human leukocyte antigen class I gene.
AB  - The human major histocompatibility complex contains approximately 20 class I
      genes, pseudogenes, and gene fragments. These include the genes for the three
      major transplantation antigens, HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, as well as a number of
      other genes or pseudogenes of unknown biological significance. Most of the latter
      have C + G-rich sequences in their 5' ends that are unmethylated in the B
      lymphoblastoid cell line 3.1.0. We investigated one of these genes, HLA-H, in
      more detail. The gene is, overall, strongly homologous in sequence to HLA-A but
      differs in several potentially significant ways, including changes in conserved
      promoter sequences, a single-base deletion producing a translation termination
      codon in exon 4, and a region of sequence divergence downstream of the
      transcribed portion of the gene. Nevertheless, mouse L cells transfected with the
      gene accumulated small amounts of apparently full-length polyadenylated RNA. A
      portion of this RNA begins at the transcription site predicted by analogy to
      certain class I cDNA clones, while another portion appears to begin shortly
      upstream. L cells transfected with a hybrid gene containing the first three exons
      of HLA-H and the last five exons of HLA-B27 accumulated full-length HLA
      transcripts at the same level as cells transfected with an HLA-B27 gene; both
      levels are at least 15- to 20-fold higher than that directed by HLA-H alone. In
      addition, we isolated a cDNA clone for HLA-H that contains a portion of intron 3
      attached to a normally spliced sequence comprising exons 4 through 8. These
      results suggest that low levels of translatable mRNA for the truncated class I
      heavy chain encoded by HLA-H are produced under physiologic circumstances and
      that sequences 3' of intron 3 decrease the levels of stable transcripts.

PMID- 2294406
TI  - Polyadenylation-specific complexes undergo a transition early in the
      polymerization of a poly(A) tail.
AB  - We have analyzed several properties of the complex that forms between RNAs that
      end at the poly(A) site of simian virus 40 late mRNA and factors present in a
      HeLa cell nuclear extract. Formation of this polyadenylation-specific complex
      requires the sequence AAUAAA and a proximal 3' end. We have observed three
      changes in the polyadenylation complex early in the addition of the poly(A) tail.
      First, the complex becomes heparin sensitive after the addition of approximately
      10 adenosines. Second, a 68-kilodalton protein present in the complex, which can
      be cross-linked by UV light to the RNA before polyadenylation has begun, no
      longer can be cross-linked after approximately 10 adenosines have been added.
      Third, after 30 adenosines have been added, the AAUAAA sequence becomes
      accessible to a complementary oligonucleotide and RNase H. This accessibility
      gradually increases with longer poly(A) tail lengths until, with the addition of
      60 A's, all substrates are accessible at AAUAAA. Sheets and Wickens (Genes Dev.
      3:1401-1412, 1989) have recently demonstrated two phases in the addition of a
      poly(A) tail: the first requires AAUAAA, whereas the second is independent of
      AAUAAA but requires a short oligo(A) primer. The data reported here further
      support a biphasic model for poly(A) addition and may indicate disengagement of
      specific factors from AAUAAA after the initiation phase.

PMID- 2294405
TI  - Steroid hormone regulation of the Achlya ambisexualis 85-kilodalton heat shock
      protein, a component of the Achlya steroid receptor complex.
AB  - The steroid hormone antheridiol regulates sexual development in the fungus Achlya
      ambisexualis. Analyses of in vivo-labeled proteins from hormone-treated cells
      revealed that one of the characteristic antheridiol-induced proteins appeared to
      be very similar to the Achyla 85-kilodalton (kDa) heat shock protein. Analysis of
      in vitro translation products of RNA isolated from control, heat-shocked, or
      hormone-treated cells demonstrated an increased accumulation of mRNA encoding a
      similar 85-kDa protein in both the heat-shocked and hormone-treated cells.
      Northern (RNA) blot analyses with a Drosophila melanogaster hsp83 probe indicated
      that a mRNA species of approximately 2.8 kilobases was substantially enriched in
      both heat-shocked and hormone-treated cells. The monoclonal antibody AC88, which
      recognizes the non-hormone-binding component of the Achyla steroid receptor,
      cross-reacted with Achlya hsp85 in cytosols from heat-shocked cells. This
      monoclonal antibody also recognized both the hormone-induced and heat shock
      induced 85-kDa in vitro translation products. Taken together, these data suggest
      that similar or identical 85-kDa proteins are independently regulated by the
      steroid hormone antheridiol and by heat shock and that this protein is part of
      the Achyla steroid receptor complex. Our results demonstrate that the association
      of hsp90 family proteins with steroid receptors observed in mammals and birds
      extends also to the eucaryotic microbes and suggest that this association may
      have evolved early in steroid-responsive systems.

PMID- 2294407
TI  - Octamer and SPH motifs in the U1 enhancer cooperate to activate U1 RNA gene
      expression.
AB  - The transcriptional enhancer of a chicken U1 small nuclear RNA gene has been
      shown to extend over approximately 50 base pairs of DNA sequence located 180 to
      230 base pairs upstream of the U1 transcription initiation site. It is composed
      of multiple functional motifs, including a GC box, an octamer motif, and a novel
      SPH motif. The contributions of these three distinct sequence motifs to enhancer
      function were studied with an oocyte expression assay. Under noncompetitive
      conditions in oocytes, the SPH motif is capable of stimulating U1 RNA
      transcription in the absence of the other functional motifs, whereas the octamer
      motif by itself lacks this ability. However, to form a transcription complex that
      is stable to challenge by a second competing small nuclear RNA transcription
      unit, both the octamer and SPH motifs are required. The GC box, although required
      for full enhancer activity, is not essential for stable complex formation in
      oocytes. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to study the DNA sequence
      requirements of the SPH motif. Functional activity of the SPH motif is spread
      throughout a 24-base-pair region 3' of the octamer but is particularly dependent
      upon sequences near an SphI restriction site located at the center of the SPH
      motif. Using embryonic chicken tissue as a source material, we identified and
      partially purified a factor, termed SBF, that binds sequence specifically to the
      SPH motif of the U1 enhancer. The ability of this factor to recognize and bind to
      mutant enhancer DNA fragments in vitro correlates with the functional activity of
      the corresponding enhancer sequences in vivo.

PMID- 2294411
TI  - Genotoxicity of naturally occurring hydroxyanthraquinones.
AB  - A variety of structurally related hydroxyanthraquinones (HA) were investigated in
      a test battery for the evaluation of mutagenicity and cell-transforming activity.
      The tests were: (1) the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay, (2) the V79
      HGPRT mutagenicity assay, (3) the DNA-repair induction assay in primary rat
      hepatocytes and (4) the in vitro transformation of C3H/M2 mouse fibroblasts. In
      Salmonella, most of the tested compounds were mutagenic in strain TA1537, but
      only a few were active in other strains. Among these were HA with a hydroxymethyl
      group, such as lucidin and aloe-emodin. In V79 cells, only HA with 2 hydroxy
      groups in the 1,3 positions (1,3-DHA, purpurin, emodin) or with a hydroxymethyl
      sidechain (lucidin and aloe-emodin) were mutagenic. The compounds found to be
      active in V79 cells were also active in the DNA-repair assay and in the C3H/M2
      transformation assay. Thus, it appears that the genotoxicity of HA is dependent
      on certain structural requirements.

PMID- 2294412
TI  - Genetic toxicity testing and biomonitoring of environmental exposure.

PMID- 2294408
TI  - Recombination between irradiated shuttle vector DNA and chromosomal DNA in
      African green monkey kidney cells.
AB  - An autonomously replicating shuttle vector was used to investigate enhancement of
      plasmid-chromosome recombination in mammalian host cells by gamma irradiation and
      UV light. Sequences homologous to the shuttle vector were stably inserted into
      the genome of African green monkey kidney cells to act as the target substrate
      for these recombination events. The shuttle vector molecules were irradiated at
      various doses before transfection into the mammalian host cells that contained
      the stable insertions. The homologous transfer of the bacterial ampicillin
      resistance gene from the inserted sequences to replace a mutant ampicillin
      sensitivity gene on the shuttle vector was identified by the recovery of
      ampicillin-resistant plasmids after Hirt extraction and transformation into
      Escherichia coli host cells. Gamma irradiation increased homologous shuttle
      vector-chromosome recombination, whereas UV light did not increase the frequency
      of recombinant plasmids detected. Introducing specific double-strand breaks in
      the plasmid or prolonging the time of plasmid residence in the mammalian host
      cells also enhanced plasmid-chromosome recombination. In contrast, plasmid
      mutagenesis was increased by UV irradiation of the plasmid but did not change
      with time. The ampicillin-resistant recombinant plasmid molecules analyzed
      appeared to rise mostly from nonconservative exchanges that involved both
      homologous and possibly nonhomologous interactions with the host chromosome. The
      observation that similar recombinant structures were obtained from all the
      plasmid treatments and host cells used suggests a common mechanism for plasmid
      chromosome recombination in these mammalian cells.

PMID- 2294410
TI  - Termination region in rRNA genes from a eucaryotic thermophile, Thermomyces
      lanuginosus.
AB  - S1 mapping of the termination region in the ribosomal DNA from a thermophilic
      fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus, revealed three distinct termini corresponding to
      the mature 25S rRNA, a precursor that is 19 nucleotides longer and corresponds to
      the 37S precursor in yeast cells, and a putative termination site at +96 that
      bears a limited sequence homology with the SalI box of mammalian cells. An
      estimate of the secondary structure suggested that the three termini are in close
      proximity, a feature that may be essential to precursor termination and
      maturation. The results raise questions regarding recently reported relationships
      between ribosomal DNA termination and spacer enhancer elements in fungi.

PMID- 2294409
TI  - Estradiol and estrogen receptor-dependent stabilization of a minivitellogenin
      mRNA lacking 5,100 nucleotides of coding sequence.
AB  - We have developed a transfection assay to investigate the estrogen-mediated
      stabilization of cytoplasmic vitellogenin mRNA. A minivitellogenin (MV5) gene
      containing the 5' and 3' untranslated and coding regions but lacking 5,075
      nucleotides of internal coding sequence was constructed. Cotransfection of the
      MV5 plasmid and a Xenopus estrogen receptor expression plasmid into Xenopus liver
      tissue culture cells yielded a 529-nucleotide MV5 mRNA, which was specifically
      stabilized by estrogen. MV5 mRNA exhibited the increased stability indicative of
      positive regulation when the estradiol-estrogen receptor complex was present and
      was not destabilized by unliganded estrogen receptor. Transfected estrogen
      receptor, estradiol, and 529 nucleotides of the 5,604-nucleotide vitellogenin B1
      mRNA were sufficient for stabilization.

PMID- 2294413
TI  - Acute cytogenetic effects of tyramine and MTCAs on mouse bone marrow cells in
      vivo by the micronucleus test.
AB  - We studied the acute cytogenetic effects of tyramine and MTCAs--precursors of the
      mutagen present in soy sauce--on mouse bone marrow cells in vivo by the
      micronucleus test. The incidence of MNPCE in bone marrow cells gradually
      increased and reached a maximum level 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of
      tyramine or MTCAs and decreased within 36 h. A dose-dependent increase in MNPCE
      was clearly observed for both compounds. Compared to the values for the untreated
      control, significant positive results were obtained with 0.5 mmole tyramine/kg
      (68.5 mg/kg) and with 0.1 mmole MTCAs/kg (23 mg/kg) 24 h after intraperitoneal
      administrations. Micronuclei were significantly induced but no severe reduction
      in the ratio of PCEs/NCEs was observed.

PMID- 2294414
TI  - Cytotoxicity, sister-chromatid exchanges and DNA single-strand breaks induced by
      4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butanal, a metabolite of a tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine.
AB  - The tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1
      butanone (NNK), is metabolized by alpha-carbon hydroxylation to reactive
      diazohydroxides and aldehydes. The aim of this study was to determine the
      relative ability of one NNK-derived aldehyde, 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butanal, to
      induce cytotoxicity, sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and DNA single-strand
      breaks (SSBs) in V79 cells. Our data demonstrate that this aldehyde is cytotoxic
      for V79 cells (IC50 = 0.4 mM) and induces SCEs at concentrations ranging from
      0.01 to 0.5 mM. DNA SSBs were observed at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 1
      mM and were repaired within 8 h. When V79 cells were cultured with primary
      hepatocytes, there was a reduction in the frequency of SCEs induced by the
      aldehyde. This suggests that hepatocytes can partially deactivate the aldehyde.
      Our results suggest that this aldehyde is one of the reactive intermediates
      generated during NNK metabolism.

PMID- 2294416
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 1-1990. A 29-year-old man with a positive test for HIV and a
      reticulonodular pulmonary infiltrate.

PMID- 2294415
TI  - Adrenomyeloneuropathy presenting as Addison's disease in childhood.
AB  - Adrenoleukodystrophy, a sex-linked peroxisomal disorder that results in the
      impaired oxidation of long-chain saturated fatty acids and causes neurologic
      impairment, is a rare cause of Addison's disease in children.
      Adrenomyeloneuropathy is the name given to a biochemically identical but milder
      and more slowly progressive variant of adrenoleukodystrophy that affects young
      adults, in whom adrenal insufficiency may long precede nervous system
      dysfunction. The transmission of adrenomyeloneuropathy, like that of most cases
      of adrenoleukodystrophy, is sex-linked. Because of a preponderance of male
      patients among a group of patients with the onset of adrenal failure in
      childhood, we questioned whether this condition might be the initial
      manifestation of adrenomyeloneuropathy. We therefore measured the plasma
      concentrations of very-long-chain saturated fatty acids in eight patients with
      adrenal insufficiency; of these, five had elevated plasma hexacosanoic acid
      concentrations (range, 2.42 to 6.43 mumol per liter; mean normal level [+/- SD],
      0.83 +/- 0.45), confirming the presence of adrenomyeloneuropathy. Magnetic
      resonance imaging showed clear evidence of brain involvement in all five
      patients. Reexploration of the family histories revealed additional missed cases.
      We conclude that the possibility of adrenomyeloneuropathy should be considered in
      any boy with Addison's disease.

PMID- 2294417
TI  - Treatment-related leukemia.

PMID- 2294418
TI  - The leukodystrophies.

PMID- 2294419
TI  - An outbreak of hepatitis B in an endocrinology unit traced to a capillary-blood
      sampling device.

PMID- 2294420
TI  - Pulmonary microvascular cytology in lymphangitic carcinomatosis.

PMID- 2294422
TI  - Genotyping errors with the polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 2294423
TI  - Medical education in ambulatory care.

PMID- 2294421
TI  - Second-trimester placental biopsy versus amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of
      beta-thalassemia.

PMID- 2294424
TI  - Financial incentives and performance of health maintenance organizations.

PMID- 2294425
TI  - Industrial marketing and medical ethics.

PMID- 2294426
TI  - Ethical guidelines for promotion of prescription drugs to physicians.

PMID- 2294427
TI  - The bounds of charity. The current status of the hospital property-tax exemption.

PMID- 2294428
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 2-1990. A 63-year-old woman with bilateral maxillary sinus
      opacification and mediastinal lymphadenopathy.

PMID- 2294429
TI  - Asbestos-related diseases.

PMID- 2294430
TI  - Isospora belli and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2294431
TI  - Value of routine inquiry about blood donation.

PMID- 2294432
TI  - Enhancement of wound healing by epidermal growth factor.

PMID- 2294433
TI  - Drug therapy in the elderly.

PMID- 2294434
TI  - Care of the nursing home patient.

PMID- 2294435
TI  - Health advice for travelers from embassies and consulates.

PMID- 2294436
TI  - Deletions of interferon genes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Structural rearrangements involving the short arm of chromosome 9, including
      bands 9p21 and 22, are found in the leukemia cells of 7 to 13 percent of patients
      with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The interferon-alpha gene cluster and the
      interferon-beta 1 gene have been localized to this chromosomal region. We have
      previously demonstrated deletions of these genes in several cell lines
      established in vitro from patients with lymphoblastic leukemia. We report here
      homozygous or hemizygous deletions of the interferon-alpha and interferon-beta 1
      genes in samples of leukemia cells from patients with lymphoblastic leukemia. Of
      62 patients examined, 18 (29 percent) had such deletions. Four patients (7
      percent) had homozygous deletions of the interferon-alpha gene cluster; of these,
      one also had a homozygous deletion and three had hemizygous deletions of the
      interferon-beta 1 gene. Fourteen patients (23 percent) had hemizygous deletions
      of both the interferon-alpha gene cluster and the interferon-beta 1 gene. In 8 of
      the 18 patients with deletions, the deletions of interferon genes were
      submicroscopic; in the 11 other patients, chromosomal rearrangements of 9p,
      including translocations or deletions, were visible on light microscopy. These
      chromosomal and molecular deletions are likely to be related to the loss of a
      tumor-suppressor gene (or genes) located on 9p, which may be an interferon gene
      or an unrelated but closely linked gene.

PMID- 2294437
TI  - The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year
      follow-up report.
AB  - To determine whether the effects of low-level lead exposure persist, we
      reexamined 132 of 270 young adults who had initially been studied as primary
      school-children in 1975 through 1978. In the earlier study, neurobehavioral
      functioning was found to be inversely related to dentin lead levels. As compared
      with those we restudied, the other 138 subjects had had somewhat higher lead
      levels on earlier analysis, as well as significantly lower IQ scores and poorer
      teachers' ratings of classroom behavior. When the 132 subjects were reexamined in
      1988, impairment in neurobehavioral function was still found to be related to the
      lead content of teeth shed at the ages of six and seven. The young people with
      dentin lead levels greater than 20 ppm had a markedly higher risk of dropping out
      of high school (adjusted odds ratio, 7.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to
      40.7) and of having a reading disability (odds ratio, 5.8; 95 percent confidence
      interval, 1.7 to 19.7) as compared with those with dentin lead levels less than
      10 ppm. Higher lead levels in childhood were also significantly associated with
      lower class standing in high school, increased absenteeism, lower vocabulary and
      grammatical-reasoning scores, poorer hand-eye coordination, longer reaction
      times, and slower finger tapping. No significant associations were found with the
      results of 10 other tests of neurobehavioral functioning. Lead levels were
      inversely related to self-reports of minor delinquent activity. We conclude that
      exposure to lead in childhood is associated with deficits in central nervous
      system functioning that persist into young adulthood.

PMID- 2294438
TI  - Excess mortality in Harlem.
AB  - In recent decades mortality rates have declined for both white and nonwhite
      Americans, but national averages obscure the extremely high mortality rates in
      many inner-city communities. Using data from the 1980 census and from death
      certificates in 1979, 1980, and 1981, we examined mortality rates in New York
      City's Central Harlem health district, where 96 percent of the inhabitants are
      black and 41 percent live below the poverty line. For Harlem, the age-adjusted
      rate of mortality from all causes was the highest in New York City, more than
      double that of U.S. whites and 50 percent higher than that of U.S. blacks. Almost
      all the excess mortality was among those less than 65 years old. With rates for
      the white population as the basis for comparison, the standardized (adjusted for
      age) mortality ratios (SMRs) for deaths under the age of 65 in Harlem were 2.91
      for male residents and 2.70 for female residents. The highest ratios were for
      women 25 to 34 years old (SMR, 6.13) and men 35 to 44 years old (SMR, 5.98). The
      chief causes of this excess mortality were cardiovascular disease (23.5 percent
      of the excess deaths; SMR, 2.23), cirrhosis (17.9 percent; SMR, 10.5), homicide
      (14.9 percent; SMR, 14.2), and neoplasms (12.6 percent; SMR, 1.77). Survival
      analysis showed that black men in Harlem were less likely to reach the age of 65
      than men in Bangladesh. Of the 353 health areas in New York, 54 (with a total
      population of 650,000) had mortality rates for persons under 65 years old that
      were at lest twice the expected rate. All but one of these areas of high
      mortality were predominantly black or Hispanic. We conclude that Harlem and
      probably other inner-city areas with largely black populations have extremely
      high mortality rates that justify special consideration analogous to that given
      to natural-disaster areas.

PMID- 2294439
TI  - Restoring trust between patient and doctor.

PMID- 2294440
TI  - The Canadian health care system. A Canadian physician's perspective.

PMID- 2294441
TI  - Ethical imperialism.

PMID- 2294442
TI  - Aspirin to prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension.

PMID- 2294443
TI  - Mortality among black men.

PMID- 2294444
TI  - Variations in rates of hospitalization of children.

PMID- 2294445
TI  - Must we change our traditional units for cholesterol?

PMID- 2294446
TI  - Impenetrable Journal articles.

PMID- 2294447
TI  - "Near death"--in the moment of decision.

PMID- 2294448
TI  - Decline in the risk of myocardial infarction among women who stop smoking.
AB  - To assess the relation of smoking cessation to the risk of a first myocardial
      infarction in women, we compared the smoking habits of 910 patients who had had
      their first myocardial infarction with those of 2375 controls in a hospital-based
      case-control study of women from 25 to 64 years of age. The estimate of relative
      risk among current smokers as compared with women who had never smoked was 3.6
      (95 percent confidence interval, 3.0 to 4.4). Among exsmokers overall, the
      corresponding estimate of relative risk was 1.2 (95 percent confidence interval,
      1.0 to 1.7). Among exsmokers, the estimate of relative risk was significantly
      elevated among women who had stopped smoking less than two years previously
      (relative risk, 2.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.8 to 3.8). Most of the
      increase in the risk had dissipated among the women who had stopped smoking two
      to three years previously, and the estimate of relative risk among the women who
      had not smoked for three or more years was virtually indistinguishable from that
      among the women who had never smoked. The same pattern of decline was apparent
      regardless of the amount smoked, the duration of smoking, the age of the women,
      or the presence of other predisposing factors. These data suggest that in women,
      as in men, the increase in the risk of a first myocardial infarction among
      cigarette smokers declines soon after the cessation of smoking and is largely
      dissipated after two or three years.

PMID- 2294449
TI  - New pathways in general medical education.

PMID- 2294450
TI  - Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from the myocardium of a patient with
      longstanding cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2294451
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 4-1990. A 53-year-old woman with cutaneous thickening and
      eosinophilia.

PMID- 2294452
TI  - Where all the glucose doesn't go in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2294453
TI  - Socioeconomic differences in rates of cesarean section.

PMID- 2294455
TI  - False negative screening tests for syphilis in pregnant women.

PMID- 2294456
TI  - Utility of the VDRL test in HIV-seropositive patients.

PMID- 2294454
TI  - Presence of elevated serum interleukin-2 levels in pregnant women.

PMID- 2294457
TI  - Sudden cardiac death.

PMID- 2294458
TI  - Case 30-1989: idiopathic portal hypertension.

PMID- 2294459
TI  - Atopic dermatitis and food hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2294460
TI  - Intraoperative determination of the extent of corpus callosotomy for epilepsy:
      two simple techniques.
AB  - There is increasing interest in staged corpus callosotomy for intractable
      generalized epilepsy. At the first procedure, a portion (usually the anterior two
      thirds) of the corpus callosum is sectioned. If seizures persist, completion of
      callosotomy or alternative treatment approaches can be considered. It is
      obviously important to ascertain that the desired extent of callosotomy was in
      fact accomplished at the time of initial operation. Our experience and the
      published literature indicate that the surgeon's impression at operation can be
      erroneous. We describe a technique of determining extent of corpus callosotomy
      during the procedure. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in the
      midsagittal plane is used to select the desired extent of callosotomy. That point
      on the corpus callosum is characterized using simple planar geometry in relation
      to three anatomic landmarks in that same plane: the glabella, the inion, and the
      bregma (midline intersection of the coronal suture). The same point along the
      corpus callosum can then be located on a lateral skull x-ray using these same
      three anatomic landmarks. At surgery, an intraoperative lateral skull x-ray is
      obtained with a marking clip, thereby verifying the actual extent of callosotomy.
      We have verified the reliability of this scheme in 5 callosotomy procedures and
      have used this technique for intraoperative localization of midline and
      parasagittal targets in another 7 cases (3 tumors, 2 aneurysms, and 2 placements
      of interhemispheric subdural grids). In addition, we reviewed corpus callosum
      topography on 25 randomly selected MRI scans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294461
TI  - Extensive dural sinus thrombosis treated by surgical removal and local
      streptokinase infusion.
AB  - This article describes the clinical course, including measurements of
      intracranial pressure (ICP), radiological findings, and treatment, of a gravely
      ill patient with extensive thrombosis involving the superior sagittal and both
      transverse sinuses, and the galenic venous system. When "conventional" therapy
      including anticoagulants and neuro-intensive care failed to reverse the
      progressive neurological deterioration or to control the ICP, the condition was
      approached surgically and thrombotic material was removed from the dural sinuses
      without much difficulty. The effect on the ICP was dramatic, although short
      lived. A second operation, combined with local infusion of streptokinase in the
      sagittal sinus, had a permanent effect as judged from the ICP measurements,
      radiological findings, and clinical improvement. The combination of direct
      operative removal of thrombotic material and local infusion of a thrombolytic
      agent (streptokinase) proved to be an effective treatment of severe dural sinus
      thrombosis in this patient.

PMID- 2294462
TI  - Intracerebral arteriovenous fistulas associated with intraparenchymal varix in
      childhood: case reports.
AB  - This report describes three children, each of whom developed an unusual
      malformation consisting of one or more intracerebral arteriovenous fistulas and a
      large intraparenchymal venous varix. Their clinical symptoms were similar to
      those produced by aneurysms of the vein of Galen: increasing head circumference,
      seizures, hemorrhage, and developmental delay. We treated each child with
      endovascular embolization and/or surgery and obtained complete closure of all
      fistulas without mortality.

PMID- 2294463
TI  - Cavernous hemangioma in the cavernous sinus: case report.
AB  - The case of a middle-aged woman with a cavernous hemangioma of the right
      cavernous sinus who showed ipsilateral hemianopsia associated with contralateral
      blindness caused by left retrobulbar optic neuritis is presented. Total removal
      of the tumor was followed by recovery of the visual function of the right eye.

PMID- 2294464
TI  - Intracranial mycotic aneurysm in an infant: report of a case.
AB  - Although mycotic aneurysms tend to occur with greater frequency in children than
      adults, few cases of intracranial infectious aneurysms have been reported in
      children less than 1 year of age. The case of a previously healthy 7-month-old
      patient who suffered intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage from multiple
      aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery is reported. The aneurysms proved to be
      infectious, based on culture material obtained at surgery from the aneurysm
      contents and adjacent brain tissue.

PMID- 2294465
TI  - Cystic optic glioma.
AB  - A pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic nerve, chiasm, hypothalamus, or third
      ventricle is a relatively common tumor of childhood. This case report illustrates
      such a tumor, originating from this location, which is unusual because of the
      association with two very large cystic extensions into the middle cranial fossa
      and into the third ventricle. The massive size and extent of this tumor and cysts
      was demonstrated on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, with gadolinium
      enhancement. This case illustrates a novel macroscopic appearance for a pilocytic
      glioma of the anterior third ventricle. The purpose of this report is to alert
      clinicians to the varied morphology this tumor may present as we apply
      increasingly our improved radiological, operative, and histopathological
      techniques.

PMID- 2294466
TI  - Primary neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma presenting in the calvarium: case
      report.
AB  - A case of a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma arising in the calvarium and
      involving the bone, dura, and underlying brain is presented. The histopathology
      and immunohistochemical staining characteristics of tumor were consistent with
      those of Merkel cell tumor. The natural history and histopathology of this tumor
      are discussed, along with the possible explanation for the origin of this tumor
      in the calvarium.

PMID- 2294467
TI  - Intraventricular neurocytoma: a report of two cases.
AB  - Intraventricular neurocytoma is a rare clinicopathological entity that has been
      recently recognized. Previous reports have not described the magnetic resonance
      imaging findings of this tumor. This paper describes two patients with
      neurocytoma in which serpiginous flow voids and isointensity with cortex were
      distinctive features on the magnetic resonance imaging scan. Immunohistochemical
      studies showed reactivity for neuron-specific enolase, Leu-7, and S-100 protein.

PMID- 2294468
TI  - Intramedullary spinal cord abscess.
AB  - Viral myelitis and bacterial epidural infections are common in intravenous drug
      abusers, but primary infections of the spinal cord are extremely rare. We report
      a 50-year-old active intravenous drug user who developed tetraplegia from an
      intramedullary abscess caused by Pseudomonas cepacia. Despite neurosurgical
      drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy, no improvement was seen. Earlier
      intervention and a high index of suspicion is required in patients with a history
      of intravenous drug abuse and spinal cord symptoms.

PMID- 2294469
TI  - Progressive necrosis of the conus medullaris: magnetic resonance imaging and
      surgical findings.
AB  - A 67-year-old man with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus progressively
      developed, over a 2-year period, lower extremity sensory and motor defects
      associated with impaired bladder function and perineal and perianal sensation
      related to a disease of the conus medullaris extending from T12 to S5. The
      magnetic resonance imaging scan suggested myelomalacia and the diagnosis of
      progressive necrotic myelopathy was confirmed by surgical intervention.

PMID- 2294470
TI  - Leptomeningeal cyst resulting from adulthood trauma: case report.
AB  - The authors report a rare sequelae of a skull fracture in an adult, a
      leptomeningeal cyst. A unique method for repairing this defect is described as
      well.

PMID- 2294471
TI  - Middle fossa arachnoid cyst eroding into the middle ear: case report.
AB  - We describe an unusual presentation of a large middle fossa cyst which eroded
      through the anterior petrous ridge into the middle ear. The significance of this
      and considerations related to its treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2294472
TI  - Graft of adrenal tissue into the nervous system.

PMID- 2294473
TI  - Meningeal hemangiopericytoma.

PMID- 2294474
TI  - The results of treatment of gunshot wounds to the brain in children.
AB  - Thirty-three children ranging in age from 8 months to 15 years were treated for
      gunshot wounds to the brain. Half of the children were less than 10 years old.
      Fifty-eight percent died. Mortality was influenced by the trajectory of the
      bullet, intent to commit suicide, and the neurological status immediately after
      injury. The age and sex of the child and the caliber of the bullet did not
      influence survival. Three-fourths of the deaths occurred within 24 hours of
      injury, suggesting these patients had a mortal wound from the onset. Eleven of
      the children were attempting suicide, 9 of whom died; 13 were playing with a gun,
      5 of whom died; 2 were shot as innocent bystanders to crimes in progress; 1 was
      shot while involved in a criminal act; 1 was shot in a hunting accident; and in 2
      who died within minutes of arrival, the circumstances of the shooting were not
      documented. Of the survivors, none was left vegetative after 6 months, 3 had
      severe disabilities, 9 were moderately disabled, and 2 had a good outcome. The
      mortality rate is strikingly similar to that of adults with similar injuries;
      however, the morbidity appears to be less. On the other hand, with simple
      preventative measures, virtually each injury would have been avoided.

PMID- 2294475
TI  - Transtentorial brain herniation in the monkey: analysis of brain stem auditory
      and somatosensory evoked potentials.
AB  - A monkey model of transtentorial brain herniation (TBH) was created to simulate
      the clinically encountered situation of a gradually expanding intracranial
      lesion. TBH was produced by extradural balloon inflation over a 4-hour period and
      documented by the appearance of the pupils as dilated or fixed at midposition.
      Intracranial pressure (ICP), brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP), and
      short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) were recorded before,
      during, and after TBH. Statistical significance from baseline values to TBH was
      found for diminution of the BAEP amplitude, rise of the ICP, and diminution of
      the SSEP amplitude. An ICP rise to twice the baseline value and a 25% decrease in
      Wave V amplitude was found 1 hour before TBH. Changes in BAEP and SSEP took
      several minutes after deflation to return to baseline values. Analysis of Wave V
      of the BAEP was as sensitive as ICP in warning of TBH. Discussion centers upon
      previous animal studies of brain herniation and ICP elevation, and findings
      reported in humans deteriorating as a result of intracranial mass lesions. BAEP
      and SSEP monitoring may be used as noninvasive tests for brain stem compression
      in the setting of primate TBH, and in the future may be used to guide the
      effectiveness of therapy.

PMID- 2294476
TI  - Craniocervical stabilization using Luque/Hartshill rectangles.
AB  - Untreated craniocervical instability is associated with a high morbidity and a
      significant mortality. Existing methods using bone grafts, interlaminar wires, or
      acrylic eventually produce stability but require prolonged periods of immobility
      and have a high failure rate. The ideal method of fixation should provide for
      permanent correction of deformity and relief of symptoms, with immediate
      stabilization, at a single procedure. Posterior fixation of the occiput to a
      stable part of the cervical spine with a molded metal rectangle held in place by
      interlaminar wires was used to accomplish this. We report 20 patients treated
      consecutively who have undergone craniocervical fusion by this method using
      Luque/Hartshill rectangles. Fourteen patients had preexisting atlantoaxial
      instability and 6 had cord compression, but would become unstable after
      decompression. All operations were performed under general anesthesia; 9 patients
      (40%) were awake for intubation/positioning, and 7 patients had a simultaneous
      decompression. Sixteen patients made an uncomplicated recovery and became mobile
      3 days postoperatively. Symptomatic and neurological improvement occurred in 70%
      of all patients. Neurological complications occurred in 4 patients (20%),
      reflecting the serious nature of the condition; 2 patients (10%) showed no
      change. Scrutiny of their presentations and operations failed to identify
      avoidable risk factors, except faulty wiring techniques. In all patients,
      permanent stabilization was achieved immediately, facilitating early mobilization
      with a real chance of improvement, which indicates that the method merits wider
      application.

PMID- 2294477
TI  - Effects of topically administered nerve growth factor on axonal regeneration in
      peripheral nerve autografts implanted in the spinal cord of rats.
AB  - The effect of exogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) on axonal regeneration into
      autologous peripheral nerve (PN) grafts implanted to the spinal cord (SC) of rats
      was assessed by retrograde labeling of the parent soma of the regenerating axons
      with horseradish peroxidase. NGF was delivered at the graft site over periods of
      15 and 30 days by using indwelling osmotic minipumps. In control rats, the
      minipumps were filled with saline. At 15 days after grafting in the NGF-treated
      rats, the mean number of SC as well as dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that
      regenerated their axons into the peripheral nerve grafts was increased 55.3 and
      26.4 times, respectively, as compared to the control group values. At 30 days, SC
      and DRG neurons in the NGF-treated group were 10.9 and 3.1 times greater than in
      the control group. In the NGF-treated group, the regenerating SC neurons were
      located within a range of 7 to 13 mm from the graft site as compared to 1 to 7 mm
      in the control group. Finally, the analysis of the soma diameters of the
      regenerating neurons showed that NGF enhanced and maintained with time the
      regenerative response from small-sized DRG neurons. Therefore, NGF is thought to
      promote directly the regenerative potential of SC as well as DRG neurons and to
      exert an indirect glial cell-mediated effect at the SC-graft interface.

PMID- 2294478
TI  - Nucleolar organizer regions in meningioma.
AB  - Seventy-eight cases of meningioma and related tumors were examined independently
      using a simple and reproducible argyrophilic method for the demonstration of
      nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) and staining with bromodeoxyuridine
      monoclonal antibody. The mean number of AgNORs per cell and the bromodeoxyuridine
      labeling index were shown to be linearly related (r = 0.84, P less than 0.001).
      The mean AgNOR number was 2.99 for meningeal sarcoma, 2.29 for anaplastic
      meningioma, 2.08 for hemangiopericytic meningioma. 1.72 for recurrent meningioma
      without atypical histological findings, and 1.52 for nonrecurrent meningioma. We
      noted that the mean number of AgNORs reflected the cellular kinetics of a tumor
      and was related to histological grade and clinical behavior.

PMID- 2294479
TI  - Boron neutron capture therapy of a rat glioma.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to utilize a well-established rat glioma to
      evaluate boron neutron capture therapy for the treatment of malignant brain
      tumors. Boron-10 (10B) is a stable isotope which, when irradiated with thermal
      neutrons, produces a capture reaction yielding high linear energy transfer
      particles (10B + 1nth----[11B]----4He(alpha) + 7Li + 2.79 MeV). The F98 tumor is
      an anaplastic glioma of CD Fischer rat origin with an aggressive biological
      behavior similar to that of human glioblastoma multiforme. F98 cells were
      implanted intracerebrally into the caudate nuclei of Fischer rats. Seven to 12
      days later the boron-10-enriched polyhedral borane, Na2B12H11SH, was administered
      intravenously at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight at varying time intervals ranging
      from 3 to 23.5 hours before neutron irradiation. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed
      blood 10B values ranging from 0.33 to 10.5 micrograms/ml depending upon the time
      after administration, a T1/2 of 6.2 hours, normal brain 10B concentrations of 0.5
      microgram/g, and tumor values ranging from 1.1 to 12.8 micrograms/g. No
      therapeutic gain was seen if the capture agent was given at 3 or 6 hours before
      irradiation with 4 x 10(12) n/cm2 (10 MW-min; 429 cGy). A 13.5-hour
      preirradiation interval resulted in a mean survival of 37.8 days (P less than
      0.01), compared to 30.5 days (P less than 0.03) for irradiated controls and 22.1
      days for untreated animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294481
TI  - Aneurysms of the intracavernous carotid artery: clinical presentation,
      radiographic features, and pathogenesis.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients with 44 intracavernous carotid artery aneurysms (ICCAAns)
      were seen at one institution from 1976 through 1988. Fifteen patients had
      multiple intracranial aneurysms and 7 had bilateral ICCAAns. Age at diagnosis
      ranged from 15 to 80 (median 61). Thirty patients were women. Sixteen had a
      history of hypertension. In 34% of patients the ICCAAns were asymptomatic at
      diagnosis, 36% were associated with headache, and 57% had associated signs or
      symptoms of mass effect including sixth nerve paresis (43%), trigeminal pain or
      sensory loss (32%), third nerve paresis (20%), decreased vision or visual field
      cut (18%), fourth nerve paresis (16%), and Horner's syndrome (7%). In 4 patients
      the ICCAAns ruptured, leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage in 3 and epistaxis in 1.
      Two patients with ICCAAns were seen with spontaneous thrombosis of the
      ipsilateral internal carotid artery leading to distal ischemic symptoms in 1.
      More than 90% of the ICCAAns were saccular. Thirty-four percent were small (less
      than 1 cm), 48% were large (1 to 2.5 cm), and 16% were giant (greater than 2.5
      cm). The majority arose from the anterior genu of the intracavernous internal
      carotid artery, followed in frequency by the horizontal segment, and then the
      posterior genu. Magnetic resonance imaging is superior to computed tomography for
      diagnosing ICCAAns and is the screening procedure of choice. Angiography remains
      the "gold standard" for diagnosis and determining specific anatomic details
      necessary to plan therapy. Analyzing the radiographic anatomy of 44 ICCAAns. we
      conclude that theories attributing the origin of aneurysms to arterial
      bifurcations may be inadequate to explain the point of origin and direction of
      take off of up to one-fourth of ICCAAns.

PMID- 2294480
TI  - Surgical and electrophysiological observations during clipping of 134 aneurysms
      with evoked potential monitoring.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were monitored during 113 operations for
      the clipping of 134 cerebral aneurysms. Changes in peak latency and amplitude of
      early cortical SEP as well as central conduction time were evaluated. In 58 cases
      surgical occlusion of arterial vessels or other events occurred, and in 17 of
      these cases such events were associated with SEP changes or loss. Arterial
      occlusions resulted from temporary clipping of a feeding blood vessel (22),
      accidental clipping of a vessel (12), and intentional permanent vessel occlusion
      (8). A total SEP loss was seen in 2 cases of accidental vessel occlusion and in 6
      cases of temporary vessel clipping. Significant SEP changes were found in 6
      patients with temporary clipping, and once each with retraction of the
      cerebellum, retraction of the middle cerebral artery, and after intentional
      permanent vessel occlusion. Response to these changes included reapplication of
      aneurysm clips, repositioning of retractors, or removal of temporary clips.
      Stable SEP signals during 13 cases allowed the surgeon to proceed with the
      surgical course. Despite the limitations of SEP monitoring in certain anatomical
      locations, it has been found to be helpful in the operative management of some
      cases such as multilobed aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery, giant
      aneurysms, trapping procedures, and procedures requiring temporary vessel
      occlusion.

PMID- 2294482
TI  - A comparative study in opening and closing pressures of cerebral aneurysm clips.
AB  - Modern aneurysm clips with newer metallurgic properties and state-of-the-art
      designs have evolved through the years. Regretfully, manufacturers are still not
      required to provide product information regarding clip strength, and when such
      information is supplied, there is no interbrand consistency to how it is
      obtained. This experiment compares the closing pressures of 5 commonly used
      brands of aneurysm clips: Yasargil, Sugita, Sundt-Kees, Vari-Angle McFadden, and
      Heifetz. Interclip comparison is also made of opening pressures, that is, the
      arterial pressure required to open an aneurysm clip. Findings show a distinct
      difference in closing forces among these brands of aneurysm clips. The study of
      opening forces indicates that the important factors determining clip release or
      displacement were the failure of the clip to cross the vessel completely and
      intrinsic characteristics of the vascular wall.

PMID- 2294483
TI  - Endoscopic third ventriculostomy.
AB  - Long-term extracranial shunting for hydrocephalus has numerous drawbacks related
      to shunt malfunction and infection. In some cases outcome has been very
      disappointing. We successfully managed 5 patients with acquired aqueductal
      stenoses with no significant morbidity by the use of an intracranial
      cerebrospinal fluid diversion, namely a third ventriculostomy. First advocated by
      Dandy, ventriculostomy was largely passed over in favor of extracranial
      procedures. With improved surgical techniques, however, ventriculostomy is now
      considered to be a viable alternative in selected cases. In a further 19
      patients, we subsequently broadened our patient selection to include those with
      Arnold-Chiari malformations, congenital noncommunicating hydrocephalus, and
      tumors. Two thirds of these children remain without shunts and apart from 1 child
      developing hemiplegia postoperatively, there has been no significant morbidity.
      Although the best results have been seen in the late onset groups, even early
      onset, noncommunicating hydrocephalus has been successfully managed. Even in
      patients in whom third ventriculostomy has failed and who have subsequently
      required ventriculoperitoneal shunts, we anticipate that they will remain less
      dependent on shunts because their hydrocephalus is now communicating, which tends
      not to have such a rapid onset or extreme levels of raised intracranial pressure.

PMID- 2294484
TI  - Combined use of subdural and intracerebral electrodes in preoperative evaluation
      of epilepsy.
AB  - For intracranial recording of partial seizures considered to originate from one
      of the temporal or frontal lobes, the team in the Utrecht Academic Hospital has
      used subdural, multicontact, flexible electrodes since 1972. These are introduced
      through bilateral, frontocentral trephine holes and are manipulated under
      fluoroscopy to cover most of the cerebral convexity. It became evident that in
      many patients, additional placements to record from intracerebral structures were
      indispensable. Therefore, using the same trephine holes, an additional 2 to 4
      depth electrodes were stereotactically implanted in the mesial temporal and/or
      frontal structures, as appropriate. An extensive intra- and extracerebral spatial
      representation of the epileptogenic zone was thus obtained. We report here the
      methods for manufacturing and applying these electrodes and our clinical
      experience with 28 patients. The results obtained so far stress the value of
      combining subdural and depth electroencephalographic monitoring in the
      presurgical selection of patients suffering from medically refractory complex
      partial seizures. By miniaturizing the electrodes, extensive areas of the brain
      can be investigated without craniotomy or multiple burr holes.

PMID- 2294485
TI  - End of life decisions.

PMID- 2294486
TI  - Valuable health professionals.

PMID- 2294487
TI  - Culture in a nursing service organization.

PMID- 2294489
TI  - The nursing shortage: whose liability problem? Part I.

PMID- 2294488
TI  - From "mama management" to team spirit.

PMID- 2294490
TI  - Recruiting staff nurses: a marketing approach.

PMID- 2294491
TI  - Selection, promotion and development of employees.

PMID- 2294492
TI  - Developing a primary nursing performance appraisal tool.

PMID- 2294493
TI  - Job sharing in nursing management: it can work.

PMID- 2294494
TI  - Peer auditing.

PMID- 2294495
TI  - Evaluating supplemental professional nurses.

PMID- 2294496
TI  - Head nurse stress: career stage differences.

PMID- 2294497
TI  - Assessing nursing systems relationships.

PMID- 2294498
TI  - From captain to quarterback.

PMID- 2294499
TI  - Hazards of the rubber dam.

PMID- 2294500
TI  - Caries protective aspects of saliva and enamel.
AB  - Saliva may be considered as being similar to enamel but in a liquid phase.
      Saliva, the mechanics of remineralization and demineralization, the acquired
      pellicle and the enamel surface all act to maintain the status quo, resisting
      mineral loss from the enamel.

PMID- 2294501
TI  - On dentistry's prospects in the brave new year.

PMID- 2294502
TI  - A good nurse.

PMID- 2294503
TI  - Nursing's velvet revolution.

PMID- 2294504
TI  - Why clinical field study?
AB  - Although the intellectual base of nursing is believed to be patient care, the
      role of clinical field studies in master of nursing programs is unstructured and
      undeveloped.

PMID- 2294505
TI  - The advanced practicum project.
AB  - How do you impress students with the importance of research in clinical practice?
      Involve them in every phase of an actual research project.

PMID- 2294507
TI  - Thoughts on leaving nursing.

PMID- 2294506
TI  - Curiosity and the yen to discover.
AB  - Intensive undergraduate curricula and understaffed hospital wards may be stifling
      nurses' curiosity, thereby impeding nursing research.

PMID- 2294508
TI  - Laboring for relevance: expectant and new fatherhood.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of expectant and new
      fatherhood. The grounded theory method was used to gather data from 56 expectant
      and new fathers. Data were analyzed through the technique of constant comparative
      analysis. The essence of the experience of expectant and new fatherhood is
      laboring for relevance which consists of: (a) grappling with the reality of the
      pregnancy and child; (b) struggling for recognition as a parent from mate,
      coworkers, friends, family, baby, and society; and (c) plugging away at the role
      making of involved fatherhood. Men were not recognized as parents but as
      helpmates or breadwinners which interfered with validation of the reality of the
      pregnancy or child. They felt excluded from the childbearing experience by their
      mates, health care providers, and society. Fathers found themselves without
      models to assist them in taking on the role of active and involved parent. The
      findings of this study promote greater understanding of the male experience of
      expectant and new parenthood and may serve as a beginning for the development of
      interventions to support and promote paternal behavior.

PMID- 2294509
TI  - Uncertainty and adjustment during radiotherapy.
AB  - The relationships among uncertainty, hope, symptom severity, control preference,
      and psychosocial adjustment were examined in persons having radiotherapy for
      cancer. After 15 days of radiotherapy, both uncertainty (17%) and hope (16%)
      explained significant amounts of the variance in adjustment. At the end of
      treatment, uncertainty (18%), hope (11%), and symptom severity (7%) all
      significantly increased the explained variance in adjustment. Greater uncertainty
      and less hope were associated with more adjustment problems; symptom severity
      increased the explanation of adjustment difficulty at treatment completion. There
      was no evidence that uncertainty had positive effects in this sample. Findings
      also showed that control preference was unrelated to the concepts of interest in
      this sample.

PMID- 2294510
TI  - Postterm pregnancy: effects on temperature and glucose regulation.
AB  - Pregnancies that extend beyond 42 weeks of gestation have a higher risk for
      uteroplacental insufficiency than do pregnancies delivered prior to this time.
      Postterm infants are at risk for meconium aspiration due to uteroplacental
      insufficiency. Prior research has shown that postterm infants are at risk for
      temperature- and glucose-regulating difficulties following birth. In this study,
      the abilities of 63 postterm infants and 88 term infants to regulate temperature
      and glucose during the first 24 hours of infant age were compared. No significant
      differences were found in the two groups on the two variables.

PMID- 2294511
TI  - Parental stress response to sexual abuse and ritualistic abuse of children in day
      care centers.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the stress responses of parents to the
      sexual and ritualistic abuse of their children in day-care centers. Sixty-five
      mothers and 46 fathers of children sexually abused in day-care centers completed
      the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), a measure of psychological distress.
      These scores were compared with a carefully matched comparison group of parents
      of 67 nonabused children. Parents of abused children also completed the Impact of
      Event Scale (IES), a measure which indexes symptoms that characterize
      posttraumatic stress disorder. Parents of sexually abused children reported
      significantly more psychological distress than parents of nonabused children,
      with parents of ritually abused children displaying the most severe psychological
      distress. Parents of abused children reported symptom profiles on the SCL-90-R
      and IES consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 2294513
TI  - The theory funding connection.

PMID- 2294512
TI  - The relationship of temperament to pre- and posthospitalization behavioral
      responses of school-age children.
AB  - The relationship of temperament to pre- and posthospital behavioral responses of
      school-age children was examined in this study. Seventy-five children, aged 8 to
      12, who experienced unplanned hospitalizations were studied. Data were collected
      from the children's mothers who served as the primary informants. The mothers
      completed questionnaires describing their children's temperament and behavior pre
      and posthospitalization. Temperament accounted for more than 50% of the variance
      in the children's behavior prior to hospitalization and at 1 week and at 1 month
      following discharge. The subjects' usual prehospitalized temperament was
      significantly more withdrawn than the established norms of the temperament
      instrument. However, the subjects did not differ from the norms at either 1 week
      or 1 month following discharge.

PMID- 2294514
TI  - A test of the Self-Help Model: learned response to chronic illness experience.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the essential dynamics
      of learned response to chronic illness experience. A Self-Help Model was tested
      with 396 subjects with diagnoses of rheumatoid arthritis or arthritis-related
      conditions. Self-Help Model variables include disease characteristics, background
      inputs, monitoring, severity of illness, dependency, uncertainty, enabling skill,
      self-help, and life quality. Severity of illness, disease characteristics,
      background inputs, and monitoring explained 24% of the variance in dependency and
      40% of the variance in uncertainty. Monitoring was the strongest contributor to
      explanation of enabling skill; however, only a small amount of the variance in
      enabling skill was explained, adjusted R2 = .15. Enabling skill was the strongest
      predictor of self-help, beta = .42, minimizing the influence of uncertainty, beta
      = -.23 and dependency, beta = -.10, on self-help, R2 = .55. Self-help was
      strongly related to life quality, beta = .62. Self-help and uncertainty explained
      49% of the variance in life quality. Results suggest a basis for interventions
      that reduce dependency and uncertainty and enhance enabling skill.

PMID- 2294516
TI  - A model of psychological adaptation to migration and resettlement.
AB  - The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the implications of
      migration for emotional status over time. Analysis of interview data provided by
      25 Polish immigrants, who resided in the United States ranging from 4 months to
      39 years, allowed the construction of a model describing migrants' psychological
      adaptation. Loss and disruption, novelty, occupational adjustment, language
      accommodation, and subordination were described as predominant aspects of
      migration and resettlement. Psychological adaptation required the dual task of
      resolving grief over losses and disruption involved with leaving Poland and of
      mastering resettlement conditions associated with novelty, occupation, language,
      and subordination. The model provides assessment parameters and direction for
      intervening with migrants who are distressed. The model may also be generalized
      to other types of life change as well.

PMID- 2294515
TI  - Type A behavior and cardiovascular responses during verbalization in cardiac
      patients.
AB  - While the physiological mechanisms linking Type A behavior pattern (TABP) to
      increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk are unknown, extreme cardiovascular
      reactivity to daily activities and stressors has been proposed as a mechanism for
      promoting the progression of atherosclerosis and CHD. Verbalization, either
      talking or reading aloud, is known to cause significant increases in the blood
      pressure and heart rates of individuals, including cardiac patients. Blood
      pressure and heart rate responses of 111 Type A and Type B cardiac patients
      during verbalization were examined in this study. Blood pressure and heart rate
      increased significantly during verbalization for all patients. The TABP, measured
      with both the structured interview and the Jenkins Activity Survey, had little
      relation to cardiovascular responses.

PMID- 2294517
TI  - Seeing the importance of blindness.

PMID- 2294518
TI  - Factor analysis revisited.

PMID- 2294520
TI  - Assessment of nutritional components in prolongation of life and health by diet.
AB  - Restricting the food intake of rodents extends the median length of life and the
      maximum life-span. It also retards most age-associated physiologic change and age
      associated diseases. Our research indicates that the ability to retard disease
      processes is not the major reason for the extension of life-span or for the
      retardation of age change in most physiologic systems. Rather, it appears that
      most of the actions of food restriction are due to its ability to slow the
      primary aging processes. We found this action to relate to the restriction of
      calories rather than specific nutrients (e.g., protein or fat or minerals). Our
      findings point to the reduction in caloric intake per rat rather than per gram
      lean body mass as the basis of the retardation of aging processes by food
      restriction. The challenge is to learn how caloric intake per rat is coupled to
      the aging processes. We are currently focusing on the possibility that neural and
      endocrine mechanisms are involved. Our preliminary findings point to the
      likelihood of an involvement of the insulin-glucose system.

PMID- 2294519
TI  - Calorie consumption level influences development of C3H/Ou breast adenocarcinoma
      with indifference to calorie source.
AB  - To analyze simultaneously the influence attributable to calorie consumption level
      and percentage of dietary fat on the spontaneous development of mammary
      adenocarcinoma, virgin female C3H/Ou mice were separated into five dietary
      groups. Four groups of mice were fed purified diets either ad libitum (16-18
      kcal/mouse/day) or restricted 40% in calorie consumption (10-11 kcal/mouse/day),
      and diets contained either 4.5%, 7.5%, 67%, or 68% calories from fat. Mice that
      consumed isocaloric diets developed breast malignancy at a comparable pace.
      Consuming a diet in which fats were present only at levels sufficient to satisfy
      the threshold requirement of essential fatty acids, 4.5-7.5% of the total
      calories, or alternatively where dietary fat represented greater than 67% of the
      total calories consumed, did not significantly alter the tendency for breast
      tumor development. The pace and frequency with which tumors occurred reflected
      the host's level of calorie consumption. Mice consuming a high caloric diet, low
      or high in fat, tended to have a shortened latency to breast tumor formation, an
      increased incidence of breast tumors, elevated serum prolactin levels, elevated
      levels of antibodies to mouse mammary tumor virus, and elevated circulating
      immune complex levels.

PMID- 2294521
TI  - Stress-induced secretion of human growth hormone in transgenic mice.
AB  - The effect of stress on human growth hormone (hGH) secretion was studied in
      transgenic mice. Experiments were conducted on fourth, fifth, and sixth
      generation male mice carrying a fusion gene, consisting of the promoter sequence
      of the mouse metallothionein I gene ligated to the hGH structural gene (mMT
      I/hGH). In animals adapted to a controlled photoperiod, basal (unstimulated)
      levels of plasma hGH exhibited a diurnal cycling, with peak values occurring
      during the later half of the light period (15.5 +/- 1.0 vs 10.7 +/- 0.9 ng/ml,
      mean +/- SE, light versus dark, respectively). Food deprivation (5 days) led to
      elevated levels of plasma hGH (11.0 +/- 0.7 vs 32.0 +/- 4.2 ng/ml, preversus post
      fast, respectively) accompanied by weight loss (49.5 +/- 0.8 vs 34.3 +/- 0.7 g),
      and hypoglycemia (7.8 +/- 0.2 vs 5.0 +/- 0.3 mM); glucose administration (5%
      drinking solution ad libitum) blocked the changes in levels of plasma hGH (12.2
      +/- 1.1 vs 13.8 +/- 0.8 ng/ml) and plasma glucose (7.4 +/- 0.3 vs 7.9 +/- 0.5
      mM), although the animals still sustained significant weight loss (44.9 +/- 1.6
      vs 35.2 +/- 1.1 g). Vigorous exercise (swimming, 4 hr) produced a small but
      significant increase in plasma hGH, 12.1 +/- 1.1 ng/ml (1 hr pre-swim) vs 16.7 +/
      0.6 ng/ml (immediately post-swim). These findings indicate that the mMT-I/hGH
      transgene is responsive to the physiologic status of the host animal. Taken
      together with information regarding the heterologous components of the fusion
      gene, these data are consistent with the view that the hGH (structural) sequence
      may play a role in the response to stress.

PMID- 2294522
TI  - Site of uptake of nonfiltered amino acid in the rabbit kidney.
AB  - During passage from renal artery to vein, nonfiltered amino acids are known to be
      extracted by the kidney, an observation generally attributed to their basolateral
      uptake by tubular epithelium. This attribution is here tested in the rabbit,
      using the nonmetabolizable analogue cycloleucine as test compound. Uptake of
      cycloleucine is diffusion limited and could be maximized by lengthening its
      artery-to-vein transit time by short aortic occlusion. The transient anoxia did
      not abolish active solute transport in the kidney; the technique permits acute
      loading of the kidney with, for instance, a nephrotoxicant without excessive
      exposure of the whole animal. The major portion of cycloleucine taken up by
      nonfiltering kidneys during occlusion returned to renal venous plasma with a mean
      delay of 45 sec, as if it had accumulated in the same cellular transport pool
      through which reabsorbed cycloleucine has to pass. A fraction of the amino acid
      taken up also reached the tubular lumen. These results support the suggested role
      of tubule cells in the extraction of amino acids from postglomerular blood.

PMID- 2294523
TI  - Kallidin effect on renal tubular function in meclofenamate- and vehicle
      pretreated rats.
AB  - The effect of kallidin (lysyl-bradykinin) on the urinary recovery of sodium-22
      was examined in anesthetized, volume-expanded rats. Sodium-22 was microinfused
      into the lumen of late proximal convoluted tubules with and without kallidin (100
      pg/ml). Kallidin enhanced mean sodium-22 recovery from a control of 2.24 +/-
      0.29% to 6.22 +/- 1.30% (delta = 3.98 +/- 1.31%, P less than 0.005). The urinary
      recovery of simultaneously microinfused inulin, mean blood pressure, urine flow,
      and the rate of tubular infusion were similar during control and kallidin
      microinfusions. Pretreatment of rats with meclofenamate (3.0 mg/kg) to inhibit
      renal prostaglandin synthesis blunted, but did not abolish, the effect of
      kallidin to promote sodium-22 recovery. The changes in sodium recovery induced by
      kallidin represent a 175 +/- 47% and a 58 +/- 11% increase from control values in
      vehicle- and meclofenamate-pretreated rats, respectively. The results indicate
      that kallidin, microinfused in high doses into the lumen of late proximal
      tubules, may lower sodium efflux in that nephron. Inhibition of prostaglandin
      synthesis reduced the tubular effect of kallidin, suggesting that enhanced
      prostaglandin synthesis may contribute to the natriuretic effects of kallidin.
      Alternatively, meclofenamate may directly oppose the tubular effect of kallidin.

PMID- 2294525
TI  - Heralding of break-throughs.

PMID- 2294524
TI  - Factors involved in the regulation of iron transport through reticuloendothelial
      cells.
AB  - The effects of various maneuvers on the handling of 59Fe-labeled heat-damaged red
      cells (59Fe HDRC) by the reticuloendothelial system were studied in rats. Raising
      the saturation of transferrin with oral carbonyl iron had little effect on
      splenic release of 59Fe but markedly inhibited hepatic release. Splenic 59Fe
      release was, however, inhibited by the prior administration of unlabeled HDRC or
      by the combination of carbonyl iron and unlabeled HDRC. When carbonyl iron was
      administered with unlabeled free hemoglobin, the pattern of 59Fe distribution was
      the same as that observed when carbonyl iron was given alone. 59Fe ferritin was
      identified in the serum after the administration of 59Fe HDRC but the size of the
      fraction was not affected by raising the saturation of transferrin. Sizing column
      analyses of tissue extracts from the spleen at various times after the
      administration of 59Fe HDRC revealed a progressive shift from hemoglobin to
      ferritin, with only small amounts present in a small molecular weight fraction.
      The small molecular weight fraction was greater in hepatic extracts, with the
      difference being marked in animals that had received prior carbonyl iron. The
      increased hepatic retention of 59Fe associated with a raised saturation of
      transferrin was reduced by a hydrophobic ferrous chelator (2,2'-bipyridine), a
      hydrophilic ferric chelator (desferrioxamine), and an extracellular hydrophilic
      ferric chelator (diethylene-triaminepentacetic acid). Transmembrane iron
      transport did not seem to be a rate-limiting factor in iron release, since no
      differences in 59Fe membrane fractions were noted in the different experimental
      settings. These findings are consistent with a model in which RE cells release
      iron from catabolized red cells at a relatively constant rate. When the
      saturation of transferrin is raised, a significant proportion of the iron is
      transported from the spleen to the liver either in small molecular weight
      complexes or in ferritin. Although a saturated transferrin had no effect on the
      release of iron from reticuloendothelial cells, prior loading with HDRC
      conditions them to release less iron.

PMID- 2294526
TI  - Electromyographic biofeedback and recovery of quadriceps femoris muscle function
      following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of biofeedback-facilitated
      exercise with exercise alone on the recovery rate of quadriceps femoris muscle
      function following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Functional
      measures included 1) a dynamometric test of quadriceps femoris muscle isometric
      peak torque during the 12th postoperative week and 2) the number of days post
      operatively that a patient achieved full active extension of the knee. Twenty-two
      patients with acute ACL injury were randomly assigned to a Treatment
      (biofeedback) Group (n = 11) or a Control (nonfeedback) Group (n = 11) during the
      first therapy session one week after reconstructive surgery. After the patients
      had completed the 12-week exercise program, the quadriceps femoris muscle
      isometric peak torque in the operative limb was compared with that in the
      nonoperative limb at three angles (90 degrees, 60 degrees, and 45 degrees) of
      extension. An analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the
      Treatment and Control Groups at all three angles. Mean recovery time was
      calculated for each group, and a t test for independent samples indicated a
      significant difference between the groups. These results demonstrate that the
      addition of biofeedback to muscle strengthening exercises facilitates the rate of
      recovery of quadriceps femoris muscle function following ACL reconstruction.

PMID- 2294528
TI  - Effect of helium-neon laser auriculotherapy on experimental pain threshold.
AB  - This study was conducted to examine the effects of helium-neon laser
      auriculotherapy on experimental pain threshold. Eighty healthy female and male
      subjects, aged 18 to 39 years, were assigned randomly to one of two treatment
      groups. Subjects in the Experimental Group (n = 41) received laser stimulation,
      and subjects in the Control Group (n = 39) received sham stimulation to
      appropriate acupuncture points on the left ear. Experimental pain threshold at
      the ipsilateral wrist was determined with an electrical stimulus immediately
      before and after treatment. The mean change (posttreatment minus pretreatment)
      for the Experimental Group was greater than the mean change for the Control Group
      (p less than .05). The Experimental Group demonstrated a statistically
      significant (p less than .05) increase in mean pain threshold after treatment,
      but the Control Group did not. Results indicate that helium-neon laser
      auriculotherapy can increase experimental pain threshold and suggest a possible
      alternative for patients intolerant of transcutaneous electrical nerve
      stimulation.

PMID- 2294527
TI  - Energy expenditure of ambulation using the Sure-Gait crutch and the standard
      axillary crutch.
AB  - Energy expenditure is increased for ambulation with various assistive devices
      such as canes, walkers, and crutches compared with unassisted ambulation. The
      purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether a significant
      difference in oxygen consumption and heart rate existed during ambulation with
      two different types of crutches. Ten healthy male subjects between the ages of 40
      and 60 years participated in this study. Each subject ambulated at 1.5 mph on a
      treadmill using two different types of crutches--the standard axillary crutch and
      the Sure-Gait crutch. After walking on the treadmill without an assistive device,
      subjects ambulated using a three-point, swing-to gait pattern with one of the two
      types of crutches. This procedure was repeated using the other type of crutch.
      Oxygen consumption and heart rate were analyzed using an analysis of variance for
      repeated measures design. The results of the study showed a significant
      difference (p less than .01) between ambulation with crutches and unassisted
      ambulation for oxygen consumption and heart rate. No difference, however, was
      found between the two crutch types.

PMID- 2294529
TI  - Validity of knee flexion and extension peak torque prediction models.
AB  - The primary purpose of this study was to test the validity of predictive models
      relating isokinetic knee torque production to anthropometric and demographic
      variables. Subjects were 23 healthy female and 15 healthy male volunteers between
      the ages of 10 and 77 years. We measured subjects' peak knee flexion and
      extension torque production at two angular velocities. For each torque dependent
      variable, we calculated a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between
      the measured torque values and the values obtained with prediction equations. The
      difference between the squared value of the correlation coefficients and the
      regression multiple R2 values obtained for an original group of 134 subjects
      ranged between .05 and .10 for the torque dependent variables. The results
      indicate the validity of the regression models at the level specified by the
      multiple regression R2 values. Clinicians can use the prediction equations
      presented in this article to establish rehabilitation goals for patients and can
      estimate the error involved in applying each prediction equation.

PMID- 2294530
TI  - Effect of station examination item sampling on generalizability of student
      performance.
AB  - This article may be of interest to physical therapy educators who are responsible
      for structuring station or practical examinations used to evaluate physical
      therapy students. The global intent of the article is to provide information that
      may be useful in selecting test items. Specifically, the purposes of this study
      were 1) to examine how two item-sampling strategies (one based on different
      diagnostic concepts, or diagnostic probes, and the other based on different
      anatomical sites) influenced the generalizability of a station examination, 2) to
      determine the interrater reliability during the station examination, and 3) to
      determine whether the status of the rater (that of observer or simulated patient)
      influenced the rating. Using a nested study design, 24 physical therapy students
      were assessed by eight raters. The raters were randomly and equally assigned to
      four teams. Each team assessed six students. One rater acted as the simulated
      patient for the first three students in each group, and the other rater acted as
      observer. This order was reversed for the last three students. Each student
      performed nine mini-diagnostic patient cases consisting of three diagnostic
      probes reproduced at three different anatomical sites. The results demonstrate
      that 1) similar diagnostic concepts can be generalized across anatomical sites,
      although different concepts or skills cannot be generalized at a given anatomical
      site or across sites; 2) interrater reliability was excellent; and 3) the status
      of the raters (ie, simulated patient or observer) did not bias the
      ratings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294531
TI  - Effect of electrical stimulation on survival of skin flaps in pigs.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation
      on ischemia-induced tissue injury in skin flaps. Bipedicle skin flaps measuring 4
      X 20 cm were created bilaterally on the flanks of 12 Yorkshire pigs. The ischemic
      central portions of the flaps were treated with 35 mA of electrical current at a
      frequency of 128 Hz for 30 minutes twice daily during the initial nine days
      following skin-flap elevation. The treatment schedule consisted of negative
      electrode stimulation during the first three days, positive-electrode stimulation
      during the second three days, and negative-electrode stimulation during the
      seventh to ninth days. Five control pigs underwent either no treatment (n = 3) or
      sham treatment (n = 2). The mean area of the skin flaps exhibiting necrosis was
      28.0% in the control animals and 13.2% in the stimulated animals. These areas
      were significantly different (p less than .001). The results indicate that pulsed
      electrical stimulation can improve the survival of skin flaps.

PMID- 2294532
TI  - Management of a patient with forefoot pain: a case report.
AB  - A 16-year-old high school track athlete developed forefoot pain near the end of
      track season. He developed pain around the metatarsophalangeal joint of his
      ballux, with pain mostly during propulsion. On examination, he exhibited limited
      dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Treatment for the restricted
      metatarsophalangeal joint was aimed at restoring normal motion. After five
      sessions of mobilizing the restricted metatarsophalangeal joint, the patient was
      able to return to track without complaint. This case report demonstrates the
      importance of metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion in the management of
      forefoot pain.

PMID- 2294533
TI  - Acrocyanosis in a spinal cord injured patient--effects of computer-controlled
      neuromuscular electrical stimulation: a case report.
AB  - This case report documents the treatment of a spinal cord injured patient with
      acrocyanosis of both feet. The 37-year-old white male patient sustained a
      traumatic spinal cord injury at the age of 16 years, which resulted in an
      incomplete vertebral fracture of the C5-C6 level. He was treated with
      computerized neuro-muscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the quadriceps
      femoris muscle with weights applied to the ankles an average of two times per
      week for six weeks. Improvements in the color of the patient's skin and toe
      ulcers, stronger pedal pulses bilaterally, decreased swelling bilaterally, and
      subjective reports of less discomfort were noted. The empirical findings of this
      case report suggest that computerized NMES may be effective for improving
      circulation in the spinal cord injured individual with acrocyanosis. Further
      study, however, is needed to determine whether a relationship may exist between
      blood flow and computerized NMES.

PMID- 2294534
TI  - In situ lithotripsy of ureteral calculi: review of 261 cases.
AB  - The authors report 261 cases of single ureteral calculi treated with in situ
      lithotripsy after retrograde manipulations had failed. Previous reports have
      indicated that extracorporeal lithotripsy of impacted ureteral calculi has not
      been highly successful. Two hundred five of the calculi were located in the
      proximal ureter, above the sacroiliac joint; 27 were in the presacral ureter,
      overlying the bony pelvis; and 29 were in the juxtavesicular ureter, below the
      inferior border of the sacroiliac joint. Retrograde ureteral catheters were in
      place during lithotripsy for 215 calculi. Two hundred fifty-four (97%) calculi
      were successfully treated with lithotripsy and, when necessary, with additional
      postlithotripsy radiologic and urologic interventions. Seven (3%) calculi were
      not successfully fragmented. Nephrostomy was performed in 13 (5%) patients.
      Retrograde ureteral catheters were not found to enhance calculus fragmentation.
      In situ lithotripsy of ureteral calculi has been shown to be feasible as an
      alternative to ureterolithotomy when retrograde manipulation has failed.

PMID- 2294535
TI  - Renal, perirenal, and pararenal abscesses: percutaneous drainage.
AB  - The efficacy of percutaneous drainage of renal, perirenal, and pararenal
      abscesses was assessed in 33 patients. The method eradicated the abscess in 31
      patients and was palliative in two patients who were subsequently cured by
      surgery. Prompt defervescence was attributed to reduction of bacterial flora and
      institution of appropriate antibiotic treatment based on culture of the aspirate
      and sensitivity studies of organisms. Antibiotic changes or additions were
      necessary in 10 of the 33 patients, reflecting a lack of agreement with results
      of urine and blood cultures. The progress of percutaneous drainage was monitored
      with computed tomography after diffusion of dilute contrast medium in the abscess
      cavity. Catheter adjustments (in all patients) or additions (in 11 patients) were
      made necessary by the presence of demonstrated loculated compartments. Only one
      major complication (a pyopneumothorax) and four minor complications (bacteremias)
      were attributed to the percutaneous drainage procedure. The mean time for
      hospitalization and convalescence was substantially reduced with percutaneous
      drainage. The method is recommended for initial management of all renal,
      perirenal, and pararenal abscesses.

PMID- 2294536
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of ureteral calculi.

PMID- 2294537
TI  - Anorectal function in patients with defecation disorders and asymptomatic
      subjects: evaluation with defecography.
AB  - A controlled radiologic study of anorectal function was performed with the use of
      defecography in 19 patients with constipation and 13 with incontinence. All
      patients were age and sex matched to control subjects who were referred for
      barium enema study and who had no defecation disorder. There were no
      statistically significant differences between either patient group and the
      control group in anorectal angle and excursion of the anorectal junction. In the
      32 patients and 155 consecutive patients referred for defecography because of a
      variety of defecation disturbances, approximately twice as many rectal wall
      abnormalities were seen compared with findings in the control group. These
      findings included intussusception, rectal prolapse, rectocele, mucosal prolapse,
      spastic pelvic floor, descending perineum syndrome, and solitary rectal ulcer
      syndrome. In conclusion, the main role of defecography is to document rectal wall
      changes during defecation straining as possible causes of evacuation
      difficulties. Clinical symptoms should also be taken into account when treatment
      is contemplated.

PMID- 2294538
TI  - Rectal intussusception and rectal prolapse: detection and postoperative
      evaluation with defecography.
AB  - The authors studied pre- and post-operative defecograms in 20 patients with
      rectal intussusception and three with rectal prolapse to assess the value of
      defecography in detection of these conditions. Eleven patients also had solitary
      rectal ulcers. Two to 3 months after surgery, patients underwent defecography,
      and results were correlated with postoperative symptoms. In all three patients
      with rectal prolapse, and 13 of 20 with intussusception, findings on
      postoperative defecograms were normal and symptoms were gone. Abnormalities and
      symptoms persisted in two patients and recurred in another two. In five patients,
      symptoms persisted despite normal defecographic findings. In 11 patients with
      solitary rectal ulcers, rectal lesions were cured in nine; in two,
      intussusception and rectal lesions recurred. Thus, presence or absence of
      solitary rectal ulcer corresponded to postoperative symptoms in all cases.
      Symptoms and postoperative defecographic findings corresponded in 20. This study
      suggests that rectal intussusception and prolapse most likely lead to defecation
      disorders and that defecography is useful in detecting them.

PMID- 2294539
TI  - Carcinoma of the gallbladder: a risk associated with gallbladder-preserving
      treatments for cholelithiasis.
AB  - Five cases of carcinoma of the gallbladder associated with nonsurgical treatment
      of cholelithiasis are presented in view of the recent interest in gallbladder
      preserving procedures. Three patients developed gallbladder cancer that was
      diagnosed 4, 11, and 72 years, respectively, after cholecystostomy. One other
      patient had gallbladder carcinoma diagnosed 7 months after extracorporeal shock
      wave lithotripsy for common bile duct stones. The tumor was probably present but
      not identified at the time of lithotripsy. The last patient had undiagnosed
      gallbladder malignancy at the time of cholecystostomy for treatment of acute
      calculous cholecystitis. Gallbladder carcinoma has been reported in 1% of
      patients undergoing cholecystectomy, and the risk of carcinoma developing in
      patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis has been estimated at less than 1%.
      These figures should not diminish the role of gallbladder-preserving treatments
      in elderly and selected high-risk patients for whom cholecystectomy may be
      hazardous. However, such patients must undergo a thorough imaging assessment both
      before and after treatment to ensure that a gallbladder carcinoma is not
      overlooked.

PMID- 2294540
TI  - Gallbladder carcinoma: evaluation with MR imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 19 patients with histologically proved
      gallbladder carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed to determine the appearance
      of the primary tumor, and to assess the ability of MR imaging to demonstrate the
      various modes of tumor spread beyond the gallbladder. The primary tumor, as well
      as tumor spread beyond the gallbladder, was hyperintense on T2-weighted images
      and hypointense on T1-weighted images when compared with the liver parenchyma.
      Liver invasion and metastasis could be depicted by MR imaging with both
      sequences, unless the tumors were small or the extent of invasion was minimal.
      Duodenal invasion was difficult to evaluate because of motion artifacts, paucity
      of fat, and partial volume effects. T1-weighted images readily demonstrated
      extension of the tumor to the hepatoduodenal ligament and para-aortic region with
      good contrast between tumor and surrounding tissue. The extent of tumor extension
      to the blood vessels was also easily evaluated because of flow void in the
      vasculature. MR imaging can help determine the extent of gallbladder carcinoma
      and can contribute to the staging of this disease.

PMID- 2294541
TI  - Self-expandable stainless steel braided endoprosthesis for biliary strictures.
AB  - A new type of biliary stent was inserted in 45 patients with symptomatic biliary
      strictures, 40 malignant and five benign. The stent is made of stainless steel
      woven into a tubular mesh. It is introduced in compressed form on a 7- or 9-F
      delivery catheter and released at the site of the stricture. Fully open, the
      stent has an internal diameter of 1 cm. The 30-day mortality was 7%. The early
      (less than 72 hours) complication rate was 16%. Recurrent jaundice occurred in
      42%; late complications of sepsis without jaundice occurred in an additional 11%.
      None of the stents migrated. This new design allows a large-diameter stent to be
      inserted percutaneously without increased risk of complications. The frequency of
      recurrent jaundice, however, was not less than that observed with plastic stents,
      but this may have reflected the spectrum of patients treated, many with hilar
      strictures and previous interventions.

PMID- 2294542
TI  - Metastatic colorectal cancer: radioimmunoscintigraphy with a stabilized In-111
      labeled F(ab')2 fragment of an anti-CEA monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Metastatic colorectal cancer was detected with stabilized F(ab')2 fragments of
      ZCE-025, an anti-carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody (MoAb). The
      fragments were prepared by cross-linking Fab' with a bifunctional cross-linking
      agent, bis-(maleimido)methyl ether. The authors labeled 2 mg of ZCE-025 with 5
      mCi (185 MBq) of indium-111 and injected the material intravenously, either alone
      or with unlabeled F(ab')2, into 16 patients. Lesion detection, pharmacokinetics,
      and relative body distribution were evaluated and compared with those of the
      intact immunoglobulin (IgG1) antibody. Stabilized F(ab')2 fragments were more
      useful than the intact antibody in detection of lesions: Overall sensitivity of
      F(ab')2 fragments for all the patients was 79.4%, whereas overall sensitivity of
      the intact IgG1 antibody was 32%. This anti-CEA-stabilized F(ab')2 fragment may
      be a powerful diagnostic tool that can achieve higher sensitivity at smaller
      protein doses than the intact IgG1 antibody.

PMID- 2294543
TI  - Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS: CT findings.
AB  - Clinical and computed tomographic (CT) findings in three cases of extrapulmonary
      Pneumocystis carinii infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) were reviewed. Proved sites of involvement included the spleen (n
      = 2), bone marrow (n = 1), liver (n = 1), and peritoneal and pleural fluid (n =
      1). CT findings included focal low-attenuation splenic lesions that became
      progressively calcified in rimlike or punctate fashion; punctate calcifications
      in the liver, renal cortices, and adrenal glands; calcification of lymph nodes;
      and pleural and peritoneal effusions with subsequent calcifications of the
      pleural and peritoneal surfaces. Although rare both before and since the onset of
      the AIDS epidemic, extrapulmonary P carinii infection in AIDS patients has been
      reported with increasing frequency in recent years, and more cases with
      radiologic manifestations should be expected.

PMID- 2294544
TI  - Caroli disease: central dot sign in CT.
AB  - Two adults with communicating cavernous ectasia of the biliary tract (Caroli
      disease) are described. Both patients had the pure form of the disease,
      characterized by saccular dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts, multiple
      intrahepatic calculi, absence of portal hypertension, and associated cystic renal
      disease. Computed tomographic (CT) scans of the liver showed tiny dots with
      strong contrast enhancement within dilated intrahepatic bile ducts (the central
      dot sign). These intraluminal dots on CT scans corresponded to intraluminal
      portal veins on sonograms, findings indicating portal radicles surrounded by
      dilated intrahepatic bile ducts.

PMID- 2294546
TI  - Ileocolic intussusception: extensive reflux of air preceding pneumatic reduction.
AB  - The use of an air enema for diagnosis and treatment of intussusception has
      recently gained popularity. The current end point for reduction is the reflux of
      air into the terminal ileum. The authors report three cases in which air freely
      refluxed into the terminal ileum without complete reduction of the
      intussusceptum. Thus, reflux of air alone cannot be relied on as the sole
      criterion for reduction. Close examination of the cecum for a persistent filling
      defect is imperative to exclude unsuccessful reduction.

PMID- 2294545
TI  - Lymphoma of the mediastinum and neck: evaluation with Ga-67 imaging and CT
      correlation.
AB  - The role of gallium-67 in the differentiation between active disease and fibrotic
      changes in patients with childhood lymphoma involving the mediastinum and neck
      was evaluated prospectively. Ga-67 imaging and computed tomography (CT) were
      correlated with clinical findings at the time of initial presentation and follow
      up in 19 patients. Both modalities enabled detection of active disease on all
      occasions, but CT results were false-positive for residual disease in 10 patients
      (53%), whereas Ga-67 imaging results were false-positive in only one patient
      (5%). Neither modality, however, proved accurate in patients with rebound thymic
      hyperplasia. Ga-67 imaging is a useful tool for assessing response to therapy in
      children with lymphoma of the mediastinum and neck.

PMID- 2294547
TI  - Metallic foreign bodies in the stomach: fluoroscopic removal with a magnetic
      orogastric tube.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with 37 cases of metallic foreign bodies in the stomach were
      referred for fluoroscopic removal with a magnet coupled to an orogastric tube.
      Removal was successful in 34 of the cases. No complications occurred. No patient
      required hospital admission, endoscopic or surgical intervention, or general
      anesthesia. Fluoroscopic removal of metallic foreign bodies in the stomach with
      an orogastric magnet is an alternative to endoscopic or surgical removal.

PMID- 2294548
TI  - Improving the adherence of urban women to mammography guidelines: strategies for
      radiologists.
AB  - Only 16% of women over 40 years of age are being screened regularly with
      mammography. To learn what radiologists and technologists can do to increase
      patient adherence to the screening guidelines of the American Cancer Society,
      especially by poor, urban women, the authors surveyed patients at a county
      facility immediately after mammography to document the patients' experiences with
      technologists and the procedure. Analysis of these data led to the conclusion
      that the radiologist should encourage an expanded role for the technologist as a
      breast health educator. By incorporating the use of a well-designed patient
      brochure, technologists can greatly enhance their effectiveness by decreasing the
      patient's anxiety and increasing her understanding of the procedure and of the
      importance of screening. Radiologists need to appreciate the potential of an
      expanded technologist's role for increasing future referrals.

PMID- 2294549
TI  - Digital storage phosphor imaging versus conventional film radiography in CT
      documented chest disease.
AB  - The advantages of imaging the chest with digital storage phosphor radiography
      (SR) may be nullified by its spatial resolution, which is lower than that of
      conventional film radiography (FR). To test the reader detection performance with
      the two modalities under clinical conditions, the authors compared 140-kVp
      isoexposure SR (system resolution: 0.2 mm, 10 bits) and FR images of a variety of
      chest abnormalities proved by computed tomography (CT) (157 patients, 244
      abnormalities, 5,652 observations, six readers). In all tests, SR was as good as
      or better than FR (P less than .05). In overall detection, indicated by the
      average area of receiver operating characteristics, SR and FR were equivalent. SR
      was superior for mediastinal lesions and for pulmonary opacities greater than 2
      cm in diameter. For all other types of pulmonary lesions and pleural
      abnormalities, SR and FR were equivalent. Currently available commercial SR
      systems can replace film radiographic systems in the detection of a wide variety
      of chest lesions. SR is likely to enable better visualization than FR in the
      detection of mediastinal and large pulmonary abnormalities.

PMID- 2294550
TI  - Pulmonary septic emboli: diagnosis with CT.
AB  - The CT scans of 18 patients with documented pulmonary septic emboli were
      reviewed. CT features of septic emboli included multiple peripheral nodules
      ranging in size from 0.5 to 3.5 cm (15 of 18 patients [83%]), a feeding vessel
      sign (n = 12; [67%]), cavitation (n = 9; [50%]), wedge-shaped peripheral lesions
      abutting the pleura (n = 9 [50%]), air bronchograms within nodules (n = 5 [28%]),
      and extension into the pleural space (n = 7 [39%]). In six of the 18 patients, CT
      was the first modality (before radiography) to show lesions compatible with
      septic emboli. In five clinically unsuspected cases, CT first suggested the
      correct diagnosis of septic emboli. In eight patients, CT also enabled
      identification of more parenchymal lesions, presumed to be septic emboli, and
      more pleural involvement than chest radiographs, thus demonstrating a greater
      extent of disease. The authors conclude that CT is an important modality for
      confirming the presence of pulmonary septic emboli even when conventional chest
      radiographs remain negative. In the proper clinical setting, characteristic CT
      features of septic emboli can suggest the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 2294551
TI  - Imaging of tumoral calcinosis: new observations.
AB  - Five patients with tumoral calcinosis were evaluated with radiography, bone
      scintigraphy, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The
      arthropathy of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease was seen in two
      of the patients and pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like syndrome in three.
      Identification of calcific particular masses on radiographs is characteristic of
      tumoral calcinosis. Marrow lesions could be identified as patchy areas of
      calcification (calcific myelitis) in long bones and the calvarium. Bone
      scintigraphy appears to be the best modality for detection of the masses and
      marrow lesions and for monitoring therapy. At CT the masses demonstrated a varied
      appearance, from small and solid to large and cystic. The marrow abnormality
      appears as an area of increased attenuation and spotty calcification that in the
      skull may be associated with dural and vascular calcifications. MR imaging of the
      particular masses was remarkable in that the masses displayed high signal
      intensity on T2-weighted images despite a large calcific component. Marrow
      lesions also showed increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images. When
      calcified particular masses are present the diagnosis is rarely in question. The
      diagnosis may be overlooked, however, when calcific myelitis is the only
      manifestation.

PMID- 2294552
TI  - Comparative assessment of dual-photon absorptiometry and dual-energy radiography.
AB  - Dual-energy bone densitometry can be performed with two types of scanners. The
      traditional dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) machines use an isotope source,
      whereas the newly introduced dual-energy radiography (DER) devices use an
      incorporated x-ray tube. The authors evaluated the performance of DPA and DER
      devices at their institution. The short-term precision error in vivo was 1.2% for
      femoral neck measurements with DER. Long-term precision error in vitro was
      reduced from 1.30% (DPA) to 0.44% (DER). The scanning time for both spine and hip
      measurements was reduced from 20-40 minutes to 6-7 minutes. Intraosseous fat
      sensitivity remained the same, at a level of 12 mg/cm2 apparent decrease of bone
      mineral density (BMD) per 10% fat by volume change, and for both devices there
      was no shift in BMD when phantom thickness was increased by 1.5 inches. The
      correlation of DPA and DER was high: r = .98 for the spine and r = .95 for the
      femoral neck. Correlation of DPA versus quantitative computed tomography (CT) (r
      = .83) and DER versus quantitative CT (r = .85) was good. The advent of DER
      represents a significant advance for the field of bone densitometry.

PMID- 2294553
TI  - Pixel overflow artifacts in SPECT evaluation of the skeleton.
AB  - The successful application of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
      techniques to radionuclide evaluation of the skeleton depends on strict quality
      control measures, recognition of potential artifacts, and the selection of
      appropriate cases for specific reprocessing techniques. The application of simple
      image-processing routines to problems of "hot spot" and bladder pixel overflows
      facilitated a reduction in the technical inadequacy rate from 19% to 2% for SPECT
      evaluation of 100 hips, as well as improvement in diagnostic image quality in a
      variety of additional cases.

PMID- 2294554
TI  - Acute experimental osteomyelitis and abscesses: detection with MR imaging versus
      CT.
AB  - Acute experimental osteomyelitis and abscesses were induced in the proximal tibia
      and surrounding soft tissues, respectively, in 67 New Zealand white rabbits.
      Fifty-three rabbits were injected with a Staphylococcus aureus solution and 26,
      with sterile saline in tibial medullae and/or surrounding soft tissues. Contrast
      material-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging
      were performed 7 days after inoculation. Immediately after imaging, the animals
      were killed and necropsy was performed. MR imaging was more sensitive than CT in
      the detection of osteomyelitis (94% vs 66%, P less than .025) and abscesses (97%
      vs 52%, P less than .001). MR imaging was equally specific as CT in the exclusion
      of osteomyelitis (93% vs 97%, chi 2 = 0) but less specific than CT in the
      exclusion of abscesses (77% vs 100%, P less than .025). The overall accuracy of
      MR imaging was somewhat, although not significantly, greater than that of CT in
      the detection of both osteomyelitis (93% vs 80%) and abscesses (87% vs 75%).

PMID- 2294555
TI  - Single-exposure dual-energy computed radiography: improved detection and
      processing.
AB  - Recent reports have emphasized the potential for dual-energy computed
      radiographic applications. An improved method for single-exposure material
      selective imaging with a photostimulable phosphor computed radiography system was
      investigated. The essential elements of the technique are (a) prefiltration with
      gadolinium, which divides the incident broad-beam x-ray spectrum into low-energy
      and high-energy peaks; (b) a cassette consisting of four photostimulable phosphor
      plates that record images of increasing mean energies, with a computed energy
      separation of 23 keV from the front to the rear plate; (c) spatially dependent
      scatter and beam-hardening corrections; and (d) a noise-reduction algorithm based
      on noise correlations between bone-selective and soft-tissue-selective dual
      energy images. These elements result in improved material cancellation and signal
      to-noise ratio throughout the image.

PMID- 2294556
TI  - Gastrinomas: localization by means of selective intraarterial injection of
      secretin.
AB  - Small doses (30 U) of secretin were injected directly into the splenic,
      gastroduodenal, hepatic, and superior mesenteric arteries of 13 patients with
      Zollinger-Ellison syndrome who were undergoing angiography to localize gastrin
      secreting tumors of the islet cells. Blood samples from the right hepatic vein
      and a peripheral vein were drawn before and 30, 60, 120, and 210 seconds after
      each intraarterial secretin (IAS) injection. A 50% rise in gastrin level in the
      30-second sample from the hepatic vein localized the gastrinoma to the head,
      body, or tail of the pancreas, depending on the artery into which secretion was
      injected. IAS results were positive in seven of 13 patients (54%); selective
      angiography was positive in five of 13 (38%); and the combined study, selective
      angiography with IAS injection, was positive in 10 of 13 (77%). Portal venous
      sampling was positive in six of 13 (46%). Selective IAS injection, combined with
      angiography, is the most sensitive study for localizing gastrinomas and avoids
      percutaneous transhepatic catheterization for portal venous sampling.

PMID- 2294557
TI  - Safety of 4-T MR imaging: study of effects on developing frog embryos.
AB  - Fertilized eggs of Rana pipiens (leopard frogs) were exposed to 0.15- or 4.5-T
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and were compared with unexposed fertilized eggs
      with respect to the percentage of embryos cleaving and percentage of tail buds
      forming normally. Similarly exposed or unexposed sperm were used to fertilize
      unexposed eggs, and the same parameters were observed. There was no evidence that
      MR imaging exposure at 0.15 or 4.5 T had any effect on cleaving embryos or tail
      bud formation. Since embryogenesis in amphibians is very sensitive to foreign
      insult, the authors conclude that exposure to a magnetic field of up to 4.5 T has
      no adverse effect on early development.

PMID- 2294558
TI  - Transhepatic protal venography in potential pediatric liver transplant
      recipients.
AB  - Noninvasive imaging of portomesenteric venous anatomy in prospective pediatric
      liver transplant recipients may be limited by the small size of the vessels. A
      simple technique of percutaneous transhepatic portal venography was developed
      that involves the use of a 22-gauge needle and hand injection of contrast
      material. The technique was used in six infants (aged 4-15 months) with portal
      hypertension and end-stage liver disease due to biliary atresia. The portal vein
      was diagnostically opacified in four of the six patients. There were no
      complications related to the procedure.

PMID- 2294559
TI  - Subselective embolization with gelatin sponge through an open-ended guide wire.
AB  - Subselective embolization was performed in 15 patients with the use of gelatin
      sponge injected through a 0.038-inch open-ended guide wire. Eight patients were
      being treated for acute bleeding, and seven underwent elective embolization of
      tumors (hepatic, pelvic, spinal) or arteriovenous malformations. The procedure
      was successful in all 15 patients, and there were no major complications. The
      open-ended guide wire can be used safely and effectively in selective
      embolization with gelatin sponge. It is more flexible than the 3-F Teflon
      catheters and less expensive than the 2.2-F tapered catheters now being used for
      this purpose.

PMID- 2294560
TI  - Guide-wire reinforcement and lengthening with coaxial locking guide wires: the
      crimping technique.
AB  - The authors developed a technique to increase the size of a guide wire and permit
      single-step placement of catheters and large sheath systems over previously
      inserted small-caliber guide wires. The technique involves compression of metal
      cannula against a smaller in-dwelling wire or inner cannula. It has been used
      successfully during laser-assisted balloon angioplasty and percutaneous
      nephrolithotomy.

PMID- 2294561
TI  - Comprehensive approach to CT-guided procedures with a hand-held guidance device.
AB  - A technically successful biopsy or drainage procedure performed with computed
      tomographic (CT) guidance depends on two essential elements: determination of the
      correct entry point on the patient and placement of the biopsy needle or trocar
      drainage catheter along a predetermined track. A hand-held guidance device was
      used in conjunction with the lighting system on the CT scanner and measurements
      obtained from CT images to achieve this goal in 40 patients. The approach
      minimized trauma to the patient and decreased the time required for CT.

PMID- 2294563
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma: earlier discovery and increased detection.

PMID- 2294562
TI  - Facial surface coil for MR imaging.
AB  - A local-reception counter-rotating-current coil for magnetic resonance imaging at
      1.5 T was developed. It consists of two parallel coaxial racetrack-shaped loops.
      The planes of the loops are orthogonal to the surface of the body, and the space
      between the loops is open. The separation between the loops allows the device to
      fit over the nose and mouth for oral-maxillofacial imaging without the threat of
      occlusion to the patient's air passages. The sensitivity of this coil is similar
      to that of conventional surface coils of the same dimensions. The two active
      current elements conform to other anatomic objects including the eyes and
      anterior portion of the neck.

PMID- 2294564
TI  - Preventing pneumothorax after lung biopsy: the roll-over technique.

PMID- 2294565
TI  - Femoral capital osteonecrosis.

PMID- 2294566
TI  - Imaging of colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 2294567
TI  - Bacterial renal infection: role of CT.

PMID- 2294568
TI  - Mediastinal lymph nodes: relaxation time/pathologic correlation and implications
      in staging of lung cancer with MR imaging.

PMID- 2294569
TI  - Transient global amnesia associated with cerebral angiography performed with use
      of iopamidol.

PMID- 2294570
TI  - Ioxaglate: contraindicated for penile cavernosography?

PMID- 2294571
TI  - Translumbar inferior vena cava catheters for long-term venous access.
AB  - Forty-six silicone rubber catheters were placed in the inferior vena cava (IVC)
      of 40 patients via a translumbar approach. No patient suffered retroperitoneal
      bleeding as determined by means of clinical observation (n = 46), computed
      tomography (CT) (n = 31), or autopsy (n = 5). Twenty-four catheters were removed
      after a mean of 51 (range, 2-137) days. No bleeding occurred after catheter
      removal, as determined by means of clinical observation (n = 24), CT (n = 13), or
      autopsy (n = 2). Nineteen catheters remained in place after a mean of 65 (range,
      13-236) days. Thrombosis-related catheter dysfunction occurred in eight patients,
      two of whom developed IVC occlusion. Thrombolytic therapy restored catheter
      function and dissolved clots in all patients. Ten catheter malpositions resulted
      in venous access failure. Five of these catheters were replaced, four were
      repositioned, and one spontaneously resumed the original position. It is
      concluded that percutaneous placement of silicone rubber catheters in the IVC is
      a satisfactory alternative when catheter placement in the subclavian vein is not
      feasible.

PMID- 2294572
TI  - Pulmonary arteries: MR imaging in patients with congenital obstruction of the
      right ventricular outflow tract.
AB  - Thirty-five patients with congenital obstruction of the right ventricular outflow
      tract underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for evaluation of the pulmonary
      arteries. All patients underwent cardiac catheterization, and 33 underwent two
      dimensional Doppler echocardiography. Results of the three imaging studies were
      compared. With regard to the presence of a pulmonary confluence, results of MR
      imaging and angiography were in agreement in 31 of the 35 patients (89%), results
      of echocardiography and MR imaging were in agreement in 27 of 33 patients (82%),
      and results of echocardiography and angiography were in agreement in 27 of 33
      patients (82%). There was good correlation of measurements of main pulmonary
      artery size among all three methods and of right and left pulmonary artery size
      obtained at MR imaging and angiography. Echocardiographic measurements of right
      and left pulmonary artery size correlated poorly with those obtained at MR
      imaging and angiography. Results indicated that MR imaging is useful in
      evaluating the pulmonary arteries in patients with congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2294573
TI  - Retropharyngeal space: evaluation of normal anatomy and diseases with CT and MR
      imaging.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR)
      images and clinical records of 39 patients with retropharyngeal space (RPS)
      lesions was completed. The review was undertaken to answer the following
      questions: (a) what is the spectrum of lesions of the RPS? (b) what imaging
      features mark a lesion as originating in the RPS? and (c) is there a difference
      between the radiologic pattern of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid portions of the
      neck? Of the 39 patients in the study, nine had RPS infections, 17 had RPS
      malignancies, two had benign tumors, seven had RPS pseudotumors, and four had
      hematoma or air in the RPS after trauma. RPS lesions demonstrated two distinct
      radiologic patterns: a nodal pattern and a nonnodal pattern. The nodal pattern,
      found only in the suprahyoid neck, occurs when infection or tumor begins in the
      lymph nodes of the RPS. The lesions may be unilateral or bilateral, but the
      middle part of the RPS is spared. The nonnodal pattern, found primarily in the
      infrahyoid RPS, results when the infection or tumor directly invades the RPS or
      goes beyond the nodes of the RPS. The nonnodal lesion appears rectangular and
      spans the RPS from side to side.

PMID- 2294574
TI  - Hypointense MR signal in chronically inspissated sinonasal secretions.
AB  - Six patients with chronically obstructed sinuses were examined with computed
      tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging prior to surgical
      decompression. In all six patients, hypointense signal was present on all MR
      sequences despite CT evidence of the presence of high-attenuation material
      filling the sinus. At surgery, all specimens were viscid or pastelike with no
      evidence of hemorrhagic products as a cause for the MR findings. Sinonasal
      secretions may have a spectrum of MR signal intensity, ranging from hyperintense
      to signal void with all pulse sequences. These findings must be kept in mind when
      interpreting images of patients with suspected chronic sinusitis.

PMID- 2294575
TI  - Cervical myelography: survey of modes of practice and major complications.
AB  - A total of 68 major complications of cervical myelography were reported by 220
      neuroradiologists in a mail survey. Two-thirds of the complications were
      attributed to cervical spine hyperextension and one-third to lateral C1-2
      puncture. Narrow sagittal diameter of the spinal canal and severe cervical
      spondylosis were frequent contributing factors to hyperextension injury of the
      cervical spinal cord. Clinical and radiographic premyelography screening is
      suggested, with magnetic resonance imaging performed first in patients with
      spinal canal stenosis, severe spondylosis, and/or myelopathy of any cause. Neck
      extension should be minimal during myelography. All C1-2 punctures should be
      monitored with lateral fluoroscopy for accurate needle positioning and prevention
      of contrast medium injection into the spinal cord.

PMID- 2294576
TI  - Calvarial and skull base metastases: comparison of nonenhanced and Gd-DTPA
      enhanced MR images.
AB  - Fourteen patients with calvarial metastases were studied with magnetic resonance
      (MR) imaging before and after intravenous administration of gadolinium
      diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) to evaluate the utility of contrast
      material enhancement for the detection of calvarial metastatic tumor. MR imaging
      was also performed before and after enhancement in 60 patients for reasons other
      than evaluation of metastases or calvarial tumor, to determine the apperance of
      the normal calvaria with enhancement. The normal pattern of fat distribution in
      the diploic space was typically symmetric. Except for enhancement of diploic
      veins and meninges near pacchionian granulations, the normal diploic space did
      not enhance. Calvarial metastases typically enhanced with Gd-DTPA. Enhanced MR
      images were superior to nonenhanced studies for detecting subtle intradiploic
      metastases but were inferior to nonenhanced studies for detecting tumor extension
      into fat-containing areas. Careful comparison of nonenhanced and enhanced MR
      images is required for complete evaluation of lesions affecting the calvaria and
      skull base.

PMID- 2294577
TI  - Intraarterial secretin injection for gastrinoma localization.

PMID- 2294579
TI  - Meninges: benign postoperative enhancement on MR images.
AB  - In a group of 20 postcraniotomy patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging
      performed with gadopentetate dimeglumine, 16 (80%) had nonneoplastic meningeal
      enhancement. This was seen as either enhancement of a local dural membrane or
      generalized meningeal enhancement. In a control group of 23 patients, only three
      (13%) had similar findings. The authors believe that postcraniotomy meningeal
      enhancement is most likely the result of a local inflammatory process or a
      diffuse chemical arachnoiditis caused by bleeding into the subarachnoid space at
      the time of surgery. The finding does not necessarily indicate leptomeningeal
      tumor spread or infection.

PMID- 2294578
TI  - Cranial postoperative site: assessment with contrast-enhanced MR imaging.
AB  - To define duration and patterns of postoperative contrast material enhancement,
      the authors evaluated magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained with gadolinium
      diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) in 46 patients who had undergone major
      intracranial surgery. Intervals between surgery and MR imaging ranged from 1 day
      to 40 years (median, 1.3 years). Moderate or marked brain and dural enhancement
      was noted in nearly every patient imaged within 3 months of surgery, but all
      brain enhancement was gone by 1 year. Abnormal dural enhancement was noted in
      every patient imaged within 1 year of surgery and in approximately 50% at 1-2
      years afterward. One patient had persistent mild enhancement of the dura 40 years
      after surgery. MR images revealed enhancement in several sites not frequently
      recognized on computed tomographic (CT) scans. Brain and meningeal enhancement
      with Gd-DTPA at cranial operative sites was more extensive and persisted much
      longer than is commonly seen on contrast-enhanced CT scans. Enhancement of the
      brain or pia mater does not normally last beyond 1 year, but dural enhancement
      may persist for decades.

PMID- 2294580
TI  - Rational drugs.

PMID- 2294581
TI  - Stress in the wild.

PMID- 2294582
TI  - Nervous excitement.

PMID- 2294583
TI  - Is the brain's mind a computer program?

PMID- 2294584
TI  - Could a machine think?

PMID- 2294586
TI  - One worked; the other didn't.

PMID- 2294585
TI  - To test or not to test?

PMID- 2294587
TI  - Amino acids: how much excitement is too much?

PMID- 2294589
TI  - The reign of trial and error draws to a close.

PMID- 2294588
TI  - Academy panel raises radiation risk estimate.

PMID- 2294590
TI  - Feathers fly in grouse population dispute.

PMID- 2294591
TI  - Identification of a chromosome 18q gene that is altered in colorectal cancers.
AB  - Allelic deletions involving chromosome 18q occur in more than 70 percent of
      colorectal cancers. Such deletions are thought to signal the existence of a tumor
      suppressor gene in the affected region, but until now a candidate suppressor gene
      on this chromosomal arm had not been identified. A contiguous stretch of DNA
      comprising 370 kilobase pairs (kb) has now been cloned from a region of
      chromosome 18q suspected to reside near this gene. Potential exons in the 370-kb
      region were defined by human-rodent sequence identities, and the expression of
      potential exons was assessed by an "exon-connection" strategy based on the
      polymerase chain reaction. Expressed exons were used as probes for cDNA screening
      to obtain clones that encoded a portion of a gene termed DCC; this cDNA was
      encoded by at least eight exons within the 370-kb genomic region. The predicted
      amino acid sequence of the cDNA specified a protein with sequence similarity to
      neural cell adhesion molecules and other related cell surface glycoproteins.
      While the DCC gene was expressed in most normal tissues, including colonic
      mucosa, its expression was greatly reduced or absent in most colorectal
      carcinomas tested. Somatic mutations within the DCC gene observed in colorectal
      cancers included a homozygous deletion of the 5' end of the gene, a point
      mutation within one of the introns, and ten examples of DNA insertions within a
      0.17-kb fragment immediately downstream of one of the exons. The DCC gene may
      play a role in the pathogenesis of human colorectal neoplasia, perhaps through
      alteration of the normal cell-cell interactions controlling growth.

PMID- 2294592
TI  - High-resolution mapping of human chromosome 11 by in situ hybridization with
      cosmid clones.
AB  - Cosmid clones containing human DNA inserts have been mapped on chromosome 11 by
      fluorescence in situ hybridization under conditions that suppress signal from
      repetitive DNA sequences. Thirteen known genes, one chromosome 11-specific DNA
      repeat, and 36 random clones were analyzed. High-resolution mapping was
      facilitated by using digital imaging microscopy and by analyzing extended
      (prometaphase) chromosomes. The map coordinates established by in situ
      hybridization showed a one to one correspondence with those determined by
      Southern (DNA) blot analysis of hybrid cell lines containing fragments of
      chromosome 11. Furthermore, by hybridizing three or more cosmids simultaneously,
      gene order on the chromosome could be established unequivocally. These results
      demonstrate the feasibility of rapidly producing high-resolution maps of human
      chromosomes by in situ hybridization.

PMID- 2294593
TI  - Mechanism of insect resistance to the microbial insecticide Bacillus
      thuringiensis.
AB  - Receptor binding studies show that resistance of a laboratory-selected Plodia
      interpunctella strain to a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein
      (ICP) is correlated with a 50-fold reduction in affinity of the membrane receptor
      for this protein. The strain is sensitive to a second type of ICP that apparently
      recognizes a different receptor. Understanding the mechanism of resistance will
      provide strategies to prevent or delay resistance and hence prolong the
      usefulness of B. thuringiensis ICPs as environmentally safe insecticides.

PMID- 2294594
TI  - Derepression of ferritin messenger RNA translation by hemin in vitro.
AB  - Incubation of a 90-kilodalton ferritin repressor protein (FRP), either free or
      complexed with an L-ferritin transcript, with hemin or Co3+-protoporphyrin IX
      prevented subsequent repression of ferritin synthesis in a wheat germ extract.
      Neither FeCl3 in combinations with H2O2, nor Fe3+ or Fe2+ chelated with EDTA, nor
      Zn2+-protoporphyrin IX, nor protoporphyrin IX caused significant inactivation of
      FRP. FRP that had been inactivated by hemin remained chemically intact, as
      revealed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Inclusion of chelators of
      iron or free radical scavengers did not alter the inactivation produced by hemin.
      These and other results indicate that hemin derepresses ferritin synthesis in
      vitro.

PMID- 2294597
TI  - Volatile contaminants of drinking water.

PMID- 2294595
TI  - A peptide sequence confers retention and rapid degradation in the endoplasmic
      reticulum.
AB  - A nonlysosomal pathway exists for the degradation of newly synthesized proteins
      retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This pathway is extremely
      selective: whereas some proteins are rapidly degraded, others survive for long
      periods in the ER. The question of whether this selectivity is due to the
      presence within the sensitive proteins of definable peptide sequences that are
      sufficient to target them for degradation has been addressed. Deletion of a
      carboxyl-terminal sequence, comprising the transmembrane domain and short
      cytoplasmic tail of the alpha chain of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR-alpha),
      prevented the rapid degradation of this polypeptide. Fusion of this carboxyl
      terminal sequence to the extracellular domain of the Tac antigen, a protein that
      is normally transported to the cell surface where it survives long-term, resulted
      in the retention and rapid degradation of the chimeric protein in the ER.
      Additional mutagenesis revealed that the transmembrane domain of TCR-alpha alone
      was sufficient to cause degradation within the ER. This degradation was not a
      direct consequence of retention in the ER, as blocking transport of newly
      synthesized proteins out of the ER with brefeldin A did not lead to degradation
      of the normal Tac antigen. It is proposed that a 23-amino acid sequence,
      comprising the transmembrane domain of TCR-alpha, contains information that
      determines targeting for degradation within the ER system.

PMID- 2294596
TI  - An identified neuron (CPR) evokes neuronal responses reflecting food arousal in
      Aplysia.
AB  - Feeding behavior of Aplysia is associated with an arousal state characterized by
      a constellation of maintained behaviors and by a potentiation or depression of
      responses to specific stimuli. A neuron (the cerebral-pedal regulator or CPR)
      that has widespread actions on various systems connected with feeding has been
      identified. CPR excites neurons that modulate or drive (i) body posture, (ii)
      biting, and (iii) cardiovascular behaviors. CPR also inhibits neurons concerned
      with defensive responses. Food stimuli, which elicit food arousal in the animal,
      produce prolonged excitation of the CPR. The results suggest that the CPR may
      evoke a central motive state representing the neuronal correlate of feeding
      motivation.

PMID- 2294599
TI  - Clinical and actuarial judgment.

PMID- 2294598
TI  - Scientific integrity.

PMID- 2294600
TI  - NIH conflict-of-interest guidelines shot down.

PMID- 2294601
TI  - Changes in mean concentration, phase shifts, and dissipation in a forced
      oscillatory reaction.
AB  - Experiments are presented that confirm earlier predictions that the mode of
      supply of reactants to a nonlinear (bio)chemical reaction determines or controls
      concentrations at steady states far from equilibrium. The oxidation of
      nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) catalyzed by the enzyme horseradish
      peroxidase with continuous input of oxygen was studied; NAD+ is continuously
      recycled to NADH through a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase system. A comparison
      of steady-state concentrations is made with an oscillatory oxygen input and a
      constant input at the same average oxygen input for both modes. By varying the
      frequency and amplitude of the perturbation (O2 influx), the following may be
      changed: the average concentration of NADH; the Gibbs free energy difference
      delta G of the reactants and products at steady state; the average rate of the
      reaction; the phase relation between the oscillatory rate and delta G; and the
      dissipation. These results confirm the possibility of an "alternating current
      chemistry," of control and optimization of thermodynamic efficiency and
      dissipation by means of external variation of constraints in classes of nonlinear
      reactions and biological pumps, and of improvements of the yield in such
      reactions (heterogeneous catalysis, for example).

PMID- 2294602
TI  - Perceptual deficits and the activity of the color-opponent and broad-band
      pathways at isoluminance.
AB  - The deficits in texture, motion, and depth perception incurred in monkeys at
      isoluminance were compared with the responses of neurons of the color-opponent
      and broad-band systems in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Texture perception,
      assumed to be carried by the color-opponent system, and motion and depth
      perception, ascribed to the broad-band pathway, were all found to be compromised
      but not abolished at isoluminance. Correspondingly, both the color-opponent and
      the broad-band systems were affected at isoluminance, but the activity of the
      neurons in neither system was abolished. These results suggest that impairment of
      visual capacities at isoluminance cannot be uniquely attributed to either of
      these systems and that isoluminant stimuli are inappropriate for the
      psychophysical isolation of these pathways.

PMID- 2294604
TI  - Measles vaccination campaign--1990.

PMID- 2294603
TI  - Target control of collateral extension and directional axon growth in the
      mammalian brain.
AB  - Individual neurons in the brain send their axons over considerable distances to
      multiple targets, but the mechanisms governing this process are unresolved. An
      amenable system for studying axon outgrowth, branching, and target selection is
      the mammalian corticopontine projection. This major connection develops from
      parent corticospinal axons that have already grown past the pons, by a delayed
      interstitial budding of collateral branches that then grow directly into their
      target, the basilar pons. When cocultured with explants of developing cortex in
      three-dimensional collagen matrices, the basilar pons elicits the formation and
      directional growth of cortical axon collaterals across the intervening matrix.
      This effect appears to be target-specific and selectively influences neurons in
      the appropriate cortical layer. These in vitro findings provide evidence that the
      basilar pons becomes innervated by controlling at a distance the budding and
      directed ingrowth of cortical axon collaterals through the release of a
      diffusible, chemotropic molecule.

PMID- 2294605
TI  - Typhoid fever in the adult and paediatric Indian population of Durban.
AB  - The features of typhoid fever in Indian South Africans are described. In children
      the illness was usually uncomplicated. However, anaemia, thrombocytopenia and
      hypo-albuminaemia were found in both adults and children. The initial symptoms on
      presentation of diarrhoea and vomiting frequently led to a misdiagnosis of gastro
      enteritis. The previous administration of antibiotics also resulted in failure to
      isolate Salmonella typhi in 41% of patients studied. Typhoid acquired in the
      microbiology laboratory and that seen in visitors returning from India and the
      Far East is emphasised. The S. typhi isolates were uniformly sensitive to all
      antibiotics tested. The disproportionately high number of Indians of south Indian
      ancestry presenting to the R. K. Khan Hospital needs to be investigated.

PMID- 2294606
TI  - Susceptibility to poliomyelitis, measles, mumps and rubella in university
      students.
AB  - A serological study of 433 university students in various health care professions
      revealed levels of susceptibility of 2-7% for measles, 0-4% for mumps, 6-17% for
      poliomyelitis and a particularly disquieting 13-23% for rubella. Representing a
      developed population with a supposedly high level of immunisation cover these
      levels of susceptibility indicate students' vulnerability to outbreaks caused by
      viruses coming from reservoirs in under-immunised developing populations in the
      country. Nevertheless, no evidence of occupational exposure between the first-
      and final-year students was revealed. Immunisation efforts thus need to be
      urgently targeted not only to developing but also to developed populations in
      South Africa.

PMID- 2294607
TI  - Why are girls so dissatisfied with their shape?

PMID- 2294608
TI  - Limited lists and the purchase of pharmaceutical products by government agencies
      in the RSA.
AB  - The use of a limited list to restrict the range and type of medication used by
      medical institutions that operate under the auspices of the provincial
      authorities has been mooted as one possible method of cost containment. This
      study discusses the implementation of such measures in other countries and then
      quantifies the cost savings that might be obtained in the South African case. The
      possible savings are somewhat offset by other costs such a measure would
      introduce.

PMID- 2294609
TI  - Treatment of neurocysticercosis.
AB  - The clinical and laboratory data of 88 black patients with computed tomographic
      (CT) evidence of active neurocysticercosis were analysed. The CT appearance of
      neurocysticercosis was distinctive in the majority. Seizures, chronic headache
      and neuropsychiatric changes were the most common clinical presentations.
      Hydrocephalus was diagnosed in 17 patients (9 obstructive and 8 communicating)
      and cerebral infarction with focal neurological deficit occurred in 4 cases. All
      patients were treated with praziquantel (Biltricide: Bayer Miles). There was
      complete cyst clearance after two courses in 14 patients and in 16 cases the mean
      percentage reduction in cyst number was 85.88% and in cyst size 80.84%. In 1
      patient there was no response to treatment. Although praziquantel was effective
      in parenchymal neurocysticercosis, it was ineffectual in the treatment of 5
      patients with cysticercal meningitis. There were 2 deaths in the series.

PMID- 2294610
TI  - Objective measurement of personality variables in epidemic neuromyasthenia
      patients.
AB  - The psychological symptoms of patients diagnosed as having epidemic
      neuromyasthenia were investigated using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
      Inventory, the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, the Mehrabian Achieving Tendency
      Scale for Females, a personal data questionnaire, and a subjective anxiety
      rating. Twenty-five women with epidemic neuromyasthenia were compared with 25
      women who were not ill. Multivariate analysis using the Hotelling T-test on the
      group data indicated that the patient and non-patient groups differed
      significantly (P less than 0.001) in respect of psychological characteristics.
      Stress as a possible predisposing factor in the illness was supported (P less
      than 0.001). The data do not support the concept of epidemic neuromyasthenia as
      being 'mass hysteria' as mentioned by McEvedy and Beard, but rather seem to
      support the suggestion that diagnosis can be made by use of a combination of
      logical, objective medical and physiological measures. The use of biofeedback as
      a possible treatment is also proposed.

PMID- 2294611
TI  - Health complaints, remedies and medical assistance in a peri-urban area.
AB  - A questionnaire was used to assess health complaints, remedies, type of medical
      assistance sought for health complaints, reasons for attendance and frequency of
      utilisation in a developing peri-urban black community near Pretoria. The most
      frequently mentioned health complaints were gastric problems, coughing and dental
      problems. Remedies included laxatives for gastric problems, cough mixture for
      fever and coughing, extraction for dental problems, rubbing ointment or spirit
      for aching joints, and eye drops for ophthalmic problems. For medical assistance,
      54% had been to a clinic, 12% to a chemist, 11% to hospital and 9% to a doctor.
      Major reasons for attendance were for diagnosis and treatment at the clinic,
      hospital or doctor and for medicine collection from the chemist. Over a 6-month
      period, the majority had made one visit to a chemist or general practitioner and
      two visits to a clinic. It was concluded that Western-type medicine was used for
      a wide variety of common health complaints.

PMID- 2294612
TI  - Survey of certification practices for patients admitted to Sterkfontein Hospital.
AB  - The involuntary hospitalisation of psychiatric patients continues to be a
      controversial issue. All patients certified and admitted to Sterkfontein Hospital
      under Sections 9 and 12 of the Mental Health Act, No. 18 of 1973, over a 4-week
      period were surveyed. Almost 40% were admitted as urgent certifications. The
      majority of the patients in the sample were black, single, urban and had either
      primary or limited high school education. Most patients had been referred from
      academic/teaching and provincial hospitals. The average duration of hospital stay
      was 7.2 weeks, with only 1 patient eventually being transferred to a ward for
      chronic patients within the hospital, which suggests that Sterkfontein Hospital
      functions largely as an acute psychiatric facility. There was a discrepancy of
      approximately 30% between the assessments of the certifying and ward doctors,
      probably as a result of differing uses of terminology. Not only are more
      community psychiatric services needed, but communication between psychiatry and
      the other medical disciplines should be improved.

PMID- 2294614
TI  - HLA-B27-associated seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy in a black child.
AB  - A 16-year-old black child with seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy, who had
      the HLA-B27 antigen but no clinical or radiographic evidence of sacro-iliitis, is
      described. The patient did not fulfil the criteria for any of the seronegative
      spondylo-arthropathies. He was assessed as having the subtype of pauci-articular
      juvenile chronic arthritis, which occurs in older boys and is associated with HLA
      B27, and he also had features of the seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy
      syndrome, which has been reported in children. The HLA-B27-associated diseases,
      such as ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome, are uncommon in black
      adults and there is very little data on their occurrence in black children.
      Suspicion of this entity in children will permit an accurate diagnosis and help
      to distinguish these children from those with other childhood rheumatic
      disorders.

PMID- 2294613
TI  - Pitfalls in the management of postoperative intra-abdominal infections.

PMID- 2294615
TI  - Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer in a Namaqualand kindred.
AB  - A family with hereditary non-polyposis colonic cancer affecting 16 males over
      three generations is described. Autosomal dominant inheritance with male
      predominance is demonstrated. The clinical features of this condition and methods
      for screening family members are discussed.

PMID- 2294616
TI  - Simultaneous dislocation of the interphalangeal joints. A report of 2 cases.
AB  - Dislocations involving both proximal and distal interphalangeal joints in only
      one finger are rare. Two such cases are presented; the one was treated
      conservatively and the other surgically. Early reduction is mandatory for a good
      functional hand.

PMID- 2294617
TI  - Fracture of the occipital condyle. A case report.
AB  - Fractures of the occipital condyle are rare and occur when the head is severely
      injured; they may be associated with fractures of the skull and the cervical
      spine. Conservative management appears to give satisfactory results.

PMID- 2294618
TI  - Topical tretinoin and the photo-aged skin.

PMID- 2294619
TI  - A view from the inside.

PMID- 2294620
TI  - Equipment considered essential for the safe conduct of each and every
      anaesthetic.

PMID- 2294621
TI  - Safety of live oral poliovirus vaccine and the origin of HIV infection in man.

PMID- 2294622
TI  - Statistical analysis of HIV prevalence.

PMID- 2294623
TI  - The tuberculosis epidemic--correction of misconceptions posited as scientific
      fact.

PMID- 2294624
TI  - Genetic and environmental influences on cord blood serum IgE and on atopic
      sensitisation in infancy.
AB  - It has recently been reported that cord blood serum IgE (CBsIgE) concentrations
      in a black Third-World cohort were significantly higher than those in a similar
      cohort of white and coloured newborns, and were not influenced by an atopic
      family history (aFH). This study reports on the 1-year follow-up of these
      newborns carried out to determine whether statistical differences in median
      CBsIgE values at birth could be found between infants in each ethnic group who
      subsequently developed clinical atopy in the first year of life and those who
      remained healthy. The infants were seen at 3, 7 and 12 months of age. At each
      visit a detailed history was taken from the mothers, the infants were examined
      clinically for the presence of atopic disease and blood was taken for
      immunological assay (total serum IgE by paper-disc radio-immunosorbent testing,
      and radio-allergosorbent testing for egg-white, cow's milk and Dermatophygoides
      pteronyssinus). A combination of clinical and immunological variables was
      assessed in order to categorise the infants into 'atopic' or 'not atopic' groups
      at the end of the 1-year follow-up period. The black infants who completed the
      study had the lowest incidence of aFH (16%), but 64% of them developed atopic
      disease during infancy. The median CBsIgE values for the black infants who became
      atopic were lower than, but not statistically different from, those for the group
      who remained non-atopic (P = 0.57). The white and coloured infants who completed
      the study had 81.6% and 30.4% incidences of aFH respectively, with 47.4% and
      58.7% respectively developing atopic disease during infancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294625
TI  - Results of a national survey of characteristics of hospital tumor conferences.
AB  - A descriptive survey of hospital tumor conferences, which are also referred to as
      tumor boards, was conducted by the National Cancer Institute in collaboration
      with the American College of Surgeons and Roswell Park Memorial Institute. The
      survey was done to assess the involvement of the tumor conference in the care of
      the patient with cancer and to lay the groundwork for additional studies of the
      conference. The data from the descriptive survey are based on questionnaires sent
      to 1,700 hospitals in the United States. The questionnaires requested information
      about frequency, attendance, composition, role of the chairman, agenda and other
      variables that relate to the format and purpose of the conference. From the
      results, we conclude that tumor conferences are an accepted and established
      institution for the multidisciplinary care of patients with cancer. They are a
      major source of consultation and education for physicians and for other
      professionals involved in oncology. Tumor conferences are conducted in a wide
      spectrum of hospitals and related institutions that vary in size and function.

PMID- 2294626
TI  - Cytologic findings after construction of a neovagina using two surgical
      procedures.
AB  - Construction of a neovagina using the Grossman and mesh-graft techniques was done
      upon 20 patients with congenital absence of the vagina. Evaluation of cytologic
      specimens taken one to 13 years after the operation showed a remarkable
      resemblance to those from normal epithelium. In 18 of 20 patients, keratinization
      only pointed to the origin of the graft. No nuclear atypia or history of
      cytologic dysplasia was found. Thus, regular gynecologic and cytologic
      examinations, according to the principles applied to healthy women, are
      sufficient in patients who have undergone construction of a neovagina.

PMID- 2294627
TI  - Serum cachectin/tumor necrosis factor in critically ill patients with burns
      correlates with infection and mortality.
AB  - Serum cachectin/tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a cytokine implicated in the
      pathogenesis of septic shock, may appear in the circulation during serious
      infection, but the frequency of detection of elevated serum levels during
      protracted critical burn injury is unknown. Serial serum samples taken from 43
      critically ill patients with burns with and without sepsis were analyzed for TNF
      using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TNF was detectable (greater
      than 34 picograms per milliliter) at one or more time points in 69 per cent of
      the patients with sepsis versus 33 per cent of those without sepsis, in 71 per
      cent of the patients who died versus only 31 per cent of the survivors and in
      only one healthy normal control patient (n = 21). The frequency of the appearance
      of TNF correlated with both infection and mortality rate. Moreover, all three
      patients with TNF levels greater than 540 picograms per milliliter died. Neither
      the size of the burn nor injury from inhalation correlated with detection of TNF.
      A subset of 16 patients was studied longitudinally from admission until
      resolution of injury and these data demonstrate that TNF appears transiently and
      repetitively in the circulation of patients during infection and protracted
      critical burn injury. Also, serum cortisol levels were significantly higher
      during sepsis and death in the absence of serum TNF, compared with sepsis and
      death with detectable cachectin, suggesting that cortisol may interact with the
      production or detection of this cytokine during ongoing infection and lethal
      injury. In this study, we have demonstrated that serum TNF is detectable with
      greater frequency and in higher concentration in patients with sepsis and in
      those who ultimately succumb to the burn injury, that serum TNF appears
      transiently and repetitively in the circulation during injury and that higher
      serum cortisol levels are correlated with the absence of serum TNF during sepsis
      and lethal injury.

PMID- 2294628
TI  - Modern standards for comparison of cholecystectomy with alternative treatments
      for symptomatic cholelithiasis with emphasis on long-term relief of symptoms.
AB  - Cholecystectomy is standard treatment for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Long term
      relief from symptoms, however, has not been reported. We reviewed 671 elective
      cholecystectomies performed between 1982 and 1987 for biliary colic (group 1, 91
      per cent), dyspepsia associated with gallstones (group 2, 5 per cent) and
      atypical pain syndromes (group 3, 4 per cent), to define precisely important
      variables for comparison with alternate methods of gallstone treatment.
      Cholecystectomy resulted in a mortality rate of zero per cent and an over-all
      morbidity rate of 4.5 per cent. The procedure-related morbidity rate was 2.2 per
      cent. Long term follow-up period for 81 per cent of these patients (mean of 45
      months) showed that 88 per cent were free of symptoms. Patients in groups 1 and 3
      were more likely to obtain relief from symptoms than those in group 2 (p = 0.10).
      We concluded that cholecystectomy is a definitive treatment for symptomatic
      cholelithiasis with minimal risk to the patient and a high degree of relief from
      symptoms. Alternative treatments for gallstones must compare favorably with these
      results of modern cholecystectomy prior to acceptance and widespread use.

PMID- 2294629
TI  - Distal intramural spread of carcinoma of the rectum correlated with lymph nodal
      involvement.
AB  - One hundred and nineteen operative specimens of carcinoma of the rectum were
      prospectively studied to evaluate distant microscopic intramural spread with
      respect to gross tumoral margins and to determine if the degree of spread was
      related to involvement of the lymph nodes. Eighty-eight of the 119 specimens (74
      per cent) did not have intramural extension distal to the gross distal margin of
      the tumor. Twenty-five (21 per cent) had intramural extension of less than 5
      millimeters from the gross distal limit of the tumor. In these instances, tumoral
      spread was contiguous. In six (5 per cent), tumoral spread was found at more than
      5 millimeters from the gross distal margin of the lesion. In all six specimens,
      the tumoral extension was separated from the gross lesion by undiseased tissue,
      the foci being located between 5 and 15 millimeters from the distal margin of the
      lesion. Lymph nodal involvement was found in 19 of 88 lesions without distal
      intramural spread, in 14 of 25 tumors with intramural spread of less than 5
      millimeters and in five of six with intramural extension of 5 millimeters or
      more, respectively. The difference was statistically significant. With respect to
      the same three categories of distal extension, more than one lymph node was
      involved in 11 of 88 lesions, six of 25 and five of six, respectively. This
      difference was also statistically significant. In the six instances with distal
      intramural extension, results of immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the
      presence of tumoral embolism in both the blood and lymphatic vessels. In
      carcinoma of the rectum, lymph nodal involvement and its multiplicity are
      directly related to the extent of intramural spread.

PMID- 2294630
TI  - Causes, presentation and survival of fifty-seven patients with necrotizing
      fasciitis of the male genitalia.
AB  - This analysis of our experience with 57 men with necrotizing fasciitis of the
      genitalia was done to identify prognostic variables and to assess the results of
      a treatment policy of immediate and, if required, repetitive surgical
      debridements. The mean age of the patients was 55 years. Thirty-eight patients
      were alcoholics or diabetics, or both. All of the infections were of a
      genitourinary, anorectal or cutaneous source. Thirty-five per cent of the
      infections were confined to the genitalia and 65 per cent extended to the
      abdominal wall or thigh, or both. Forty-seven patients survived. Survival was
      associated significantly with a younger age, a serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
      level of less than 50 milligrams per deciliter at presentation, the absence of a
      constellation of abnormalities at presentation consistent with sepsis and a
      decreased incidence of major complications after initial debridement (p less than
      0.05 to 0.01). Survival was not associated with the extent of infection, the
      duration of symptoms before hospitalization, systemic risk factors, the source of
      infection, abnormal findings at presentation (excluding a BUN of greater than 50
      milligrams per deciliter) and the bacteriologic factors of the infection. Both
      localized and extensive necrotizing fasciitis of the male genitalia are
      potentially lethal disorders that require prompt treatment.

PMID- 2294631
TI  - Prognosis of nonpalpable infiltrating carcinoma of the breast.
AB  - A consecutive series of 185 instances of histologically confirmed nonpalpable
      infiltrating carcinoma of the breast is presented. Histologic nodal involvement
      was found in 12 per cent and was dependent on the size of the tumor. Conservative
      surgical treatment was the predominant method used during the study period. The
      ten year over-all survival was studied and compared with that of 4,217 instances
      of palpable carcinoma of the breast observed during the same period. The ten year
      survival rates were, by far, better for nonpalpable (94 per cent) than for
      palpable carcinomas (65 per cent). A better prognosis for nonpalpable carcinomas
      was confirmed also by multivariate analysis (Cox) with adjustment for potential
      confounders, such as age, stage or nodal involvement. The possible confounding
      effect of over diagnosis and length or lead time bias is discussed. Although this
      difference in survival might be partially explained by the aforementioned
      confounders, the chance of increasing life expectancy and conservative surgical
      treatment encourages preclinical detection of carcinoma of the breast.

PMID- 2294632
TI  - Two team synchronous esophagectomy.
AB  - A modification of the Lewis esophagectomy for carcinoma of the intrathoracic
      esophagus is described herein. With the patient in the semilateral position, two
      surgical teams operate simultaneously. The abdominal team mobilizes the stomach
      while the thoracic team removes the esophagus. Esophagogastric anastomosis is
      performed by stapling at the apex of the thorax. The procedure was performed upon
      50 patients. There were two anastomotic leaks and one death occurred in the
      hospital. The two team synchronous approach avoids changes in the position of the
      patient, shortens operating time and may contribute to lower morbidity rates for
      patients undergoing esophagectomy.

PMID- 2294633
TI  - Elastic retraction for exposure of the femoral artery.

PMID- 2294634
TI  - Pyloric preservation and pyloric divulsion after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

PMID- 2294635
TI  - A technique for decompression of the obstructed Kock continent ileostomy.
AB  - A technique is described for intubation of the difficult, obstructed continent
      ileostomy. This procedure is safe and easily performed with commonly available
      materials. It initiates immediate primary treatment of the problem with
      decompression and catheter drainage, and also allows direct inspection of the
      pouch and valve to assist with planning of definitive treatment.

PMID- 2294636
TI  - Analysis of genetic variability in human respiratory syncytial virus by the RNase
      A mismatch cleavage method: subtype divergence and heterogeneity.
AB  - We have applied the RNase A mismatch cleavage method to the analysis of genetic
      variability among human Respiratory Syncytial (RS) viruses. Antisense RNA probes
      of the Long strain were hybridized to total RNA extracted from cells infected
      with other strains. The RNA:RNA heteroduplexes were digested with RNase A and the
      resistant products analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Each virus generated
      characteristic band patterns with the different probes. Comparative analyses of
      the cleavage patterns indicate that antigenic subtypes correlate with genetically
      distinct viral groups. Viruses within each subtype, however, show substantial
      genetic heterogeneity and progressive accumulation of genetic changes with time.
      This heterogeneity is also observed among viruses of the same epidemic outbreak
      which cannot be distinguished with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Different
      genes and gene regions also differ in their rates of change. These results are
      discussed in terms of RS virus evolution.

PMID- 2294637
TI  - Rapid reversion of a deletion mutation in Moloney murine leukemia virus by
      recombination with a closely related endogenous provirus.
AB  - During abortive infection of mouse cells, defective retroviruses carrying
      deletions in essential functions can recombine with endogenous retroviral
      sequences to form viable, replication-competent viruses. We have examined the
      reversion of a mutant Moloney murine leukemia virus with a deletion in the
      protease domain of the pol gene after infection of NIH/3T3 cells. In this system
      revertants arise quickly, only 2 weeks after infection. Analysis of DNA clones of
      the revertant viral genomes showed that they were derived by recombination with a
      long sequence of gag and pol exhibiting 95% sequence identity to Moloney virus.
      One such cloned recombinant was fully infectious, indicating that the repertoire
      of viral sequences in the NIH/3T3 genome must include substantial stretches of
      functional viral genes. Examination of the viral DNAs very early in the infection
      revealed the presence of defective genomes, formed by nonhomologous crossovers
      between the two parental sequences. We suggest that these may serve as
      intermediates in the eventual formation of the viable revertant genomes.

PMID- 2294638
TI  - Insertion of sequences containing the coat protein subgenomic RNA promoter and
      leader in front of the tobacco mosaic virus 30K ORF delays its expression and
      causes defective cell-to-cell movement.
AB  - The regulation of the internal open reading frame (ORF) of tobacco mosaic virus
      (TMV) that encodes the 30K movement protein was examined by constructing mutants
      in vitro with the putative coat protein subgenomic RNA promoter and leader
      sequences inserted upstream of the 30K ORF. A mutant with a 49-nucleotide
      fragment of the promoter region inserted replicated only transiently before being
      overtaken by a progeny wild-type virus with the insert deleted. A mutant with a
      253-nucleotide promoter region fragment inserted replicated stably, and the
      inserted promoter was active in its new location. The production of 30K protein
      was not enhanced by this promoter/leader insertion to a level similar to that of
      coat protein. However, the accumulation of 30K protein was delayed, suggesting
      that different promoters/leader sequences determine the time of expression of the
      genes. This mutant was deficient in movement. A similar mutant, but with
      increased production of 30K protein, overcame the movement deficiency, suggesting
      that 30K protein is needed during the early stages of infection for efficient
      cell-to-cell movement of the virus.

PMID- 2294639
TI  - Changing the start codon context of the 30K gene of tobacco mosaic virus from
      "weak" to "strong" does not increase expression.
AB  - The translation initiation region of the 30K gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
      was modified by in vitro mutagenesis to create more optimal start codon contexts.
      A complicating factor was that modifications in this region also altered the 3'
      terminus of the 183K ORF that overlaps the 30K ORF. An insertion of GACUCGA
      between nucleotides 4901 and 4902 resulted in a purine (G) in position -3
      relative to the AUG creating a "stronger" start codon context, but this also
      changed the last four amino acids of the 183K protein. This mutant was
      infectious, replicated efficiently, but produced reduced amounts of 30K protein.
      Despite the reduced amount of movement protein, this mutant spread effectively
      from cell to cell and had a phenotype indistinguishable from that of wild-type
      virus. A more conservative mutation inserted GAC between TMV nucleotides 4901 and
      4902 resulting in a "strong" start codon context (ACGAUGG) and modification of
      the 183K protein only by insertion of an aspartic acid adjacent to a native
      aspartic acid. This modification did not enhance the production of 30K protein.
      These data demonstrate consensus sequences that are optimal for other eukaryotic
      systems did not cause increased expression of the 30K gene in vivo. The modified
      sequences of both mutants were stably maintained during relatively long periods
      of replication. Even though each mutant replicated efficiently, when mixed with
      wild-type TMV, neither mutant effectively competed with the wild-type virus.
      Another mutant which removed the native 30K AUG to determine whether subsequent
      internal start codons with "stronger" contexts would function in its absence was
      constructed. However, this mutant and a mutant that fused the 183K reading frame
      to the 30K reading frame did not replicate and move in intact plants.

PMID- 2294640
TI  - Differential growth of human enteric adenovirus 41 (TAK) in continuous cell
      lines.
AB  - Differing reports exist about the replication of human enteric adenoviruses
      (EnAds) in various cell lines. There was a suggestion that EnAds are defective,
      do not grow on primary human diploid cells, and behave like Ad host-range
      mutants, i.e., they require early gene products from other Ad types for efficient
      growth. Thus, initially the Graham-293 cell line, which contains the E1 region
      (E1A, E1B) of Ad5, was thought to be an ideal host for EnAds, because it provided
      the needed functions. Our findings, however, question this contention and show
      that Ad41 strain TAK, cultured on 293 cells, rapidly loses its infectivity
      (greater than 90% on the first and 100% by the second passage). In contrast to
      the results with 293 cells, we found that Ad41 strain TAK can be serially grown
      to high titers on several continuous cell lines: namely, HeLa, HI407, or HEp-2
      cells. In order to investigate the basis for the rapid loss of the Ad41
      infectivity upon passaging in 293 cells, Ad41 virions were purified from 293, as
      well as from HEp-2 cells, and their composition was analyzed. When structural
      proteins of the complete virions (rho = 1.34 g/cm3) were compared by Western blot
      analysis using polyclonal antibodies to HEp-2-grown virus, only traces of protein
      V (Mr 46,000 Da) could be detected in particles from 293 cells. In contrast, Ad41
      particles obtained from HEp-2 cells exhibited a strong band at the position of
      protein V. Further, if polyclonal antibodies to 293-grown Ad41 were used in the
      Western blot, no protein V band was detected in HEp-2-grown virus. Finally, we
      note that new protein bands (Mr 25,000-35,000 Da) could be observed upon Western
      blot analysis of 293-derived complete and incomplete Ad41 particles. All of these
      observations taken together suggest that the low infectivity of Ad41 particles,
      prepared from 293 cells, could be due to a defect in assembly.

PMID- 2294641
TI  - In vitro cleavage of the concatemer joint of bacteriophage T3 DNA.
AB  - Mature DNA from phage T3 or T7 is a linear duplex DNA with direct repeats at its
      ends known as "terminally redundant sequences." The DNA of these phages is
      synthesized as concatemers in which unit length molecules are joined together in
      a head-to-tail fashion through the terminally redundant sequences and processed
      to form mature DNA with coupling to DNA packaging. When linearized plasmid DNA
      carrying a concatemer joint, a terminally redundant sequence and its flanking
      sequences from the concatemer, was incubated in a defined in vitro system for
      packaging T3 DNA, composed of purified proheads and packaging proteins (gp 18 and
      gp 19), DNA was cleaved at the left end of the terminally redundant sequence. The
      cleavage reaction required all factors necessary for DNA packaging. The DNA
      fragment with the left end was preferentially protected from DNase I digestion,
      indicating that the cleavage reaction occurs at the left end of the terminally
      redundant sequence in the concatemer when DNA is packaged leftward, corresponding
      to the direction from the right to the left end of the T3 genome. The cleavage
      reaction was stimulated by high concentrations of NaCl and ATP, a condition in
      which DNA translocation into the head is slowed down. The cleavage reaction was
      not specific between T3 and T7. The right end of the concatemer joint was not
      required for cleavage at the left end. In the absence of ATP, DNA was extensively
      degraded by gp 19. gp 19 by itself had nonspecific endonuclease activity, making
      double-stranded breaks. The activity was inhibited by either ATP or gp 18.

PMID- 2294642
TI  - Semipermissive replication of Tipula iridescent virus in Aedes albopictus C6/36
      cells.
AB  - Comparative studies were carried out using two different insect cell lines, Aedes
      albopictus and Estigmene acrea, for Tipula iridescent virus (TIV) propagation.
      Light microscope autoradiography showed viral DNA present in viroplasmic centers
      (VCs) and an inhibition of nuclear DNA synthesis. These VCs appeared to be
      morphologically similar in both cell lines when examined by light and electron
      microscopy. Radiolabeled cDNA was synthesized from RNA samples obtained from
      infected cells at different times after infection and hybridized to TIV DNA
      digested with various restriction endonucleases. The results indicated that the
      pattern of transcription and the kinetics of TIV infection were qualitatively
      similar in both cell lines. The major TIV DNA components, L (greater than 174
      kbp) and S1 (10.8 kbp) that are found in virions in approximately equivalent
      amounts, were made in both infected cell lines. However, the infected cell lines
      produced S1 DNA at higher levels relative to L than in virions. The cDNA
      hybridization studies also revealed that the S1 DNA has sequences that are
      transcribed and are TIV specific. While VC morphology, levels of L and S1 DNA
      synthesis, transcription, and capsid protein synthesis were similar in both cell
      lines, time course electron microscope studies revealed that progeny virions were
      detected only in the VCs of E. acrea cells and not in the VCs of A. albopictus
      cells, even by 96 hr p.i. These data suggest that the A. albopictus C6/36 cell
      line is semipermissive for TIV replication.

PMID- 2294643
TI  - Genomic localization of hog cholera virus glycoproteins.
AB  - A polyspecific antiserum has been used to identify four different glycoproteins
      in hog cholera virus (HCV)-infected cells termed gp55, gp48, gp44, and gp33
      (Rumenapf et al, 1989, Virology 171, 18-27). Fusion proteins containing parts of
      the putative HCV-encoded glycoproteins were expressed in bacteria and served for
      the preparation of specific antibodies. These were used in
      radioimmunoprecipitation assays which revealed that gp48 and gp44 most likely
      share a common protein backbone. The order of the glycoproteins on the HCV genome
      was determined as follows: NH2-gp44/gp48-gp33-gp55-COOH.

PMID- 2294644
TI  - Time course of TMV 30K protein accumulation in intact leaves.
AB  - The kinetics of accumulation of the 30K and coat proteins of tobacco mosaic virus
      (TMV) which are expressed via subgenomic mRNAs were determined in near
      synchronously infected cells of intact tobacco leaves. The 30K protein
      accumulated to maximal levels during the early stages of the infection as
      previously reported in tobacco protoplasts. However, in intact leaves, 30K
      protein accumulated for longer periods and attained higher concentrations than in
      protoplasts, remaining detectable in all later time samples. Detection of the
      coat protein, and also the 126K and 183K proteins, began at approximately the
      same time as the 30K protein (9-12 hr after initiation of replication), but their
      accumulation continued throughout the 72-hr sampling period. Most of the 30K
      protein accumulated before 24 hr, whereas most of the coat protein accumulated
      after 24 hr. This confirms that these two genes are regulated differently, both
      temporally and quantitatively.

PMID- 2294645
TI  - Effect of the preS1 RNA sequence on the efficiency of the hepatitis B virus preS2
      and S protein translation.
AB  - The gene coding for hepatitis B virus surface antigen consists of preS1, preS2,
      and S regions. Two species of mRNAs of this gene are transcribed. The larger
      species covers all three regions and is translated solely into preS1 protein,
      whereas the smaller one covers the preS2 and S regions and is translated into
      preS2 and S proteins. This study examines the influence of the 5' upstream
      sequence lying in the preS1 region on the synthesis of preS2 and S proteins. For
      this purpose, several expression plasmids were constructed by inserting various
      portions of the preS1 region between the retroviral LTR promoter and the preS2/S
      coding region, and preS2/S protein production was examined in the transfected CHL
      cells. All the transcripts were initiated in the LTR. A sequence located in the
      region between 102 and 38 nucleotides upstream from the preS2 initiation codon
      was found to reduce the production of preS2/S proteins probably at the level of
      translation. Expression of the heterologous chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
      gene was similarly inhibited when it was placed downstream of the preS1-102/-38
      sequence.

PMID- 2294646
TI  - Superinfection exclusion of vaccinia virus in virus-infected cell cultures.
AB  - Vaccinia virus-infected BSC 40 cells do not permit the replication of
      superinfecting vaccinia virus. The extent of superinfecting virus propagation
      depends on the time of superinfection; there is 90% exclusion by 4 hr after the
      initial infection, and more than 99% by 6 hr. When superinfection is attempted at
      6 hr after infection, the superinfecting virus is incapable of carrying out DNA
      replication or early gene transcription, demonstrating that an early event in the
      virus life cycle is inhibited. The rate of adsorption of the superinfecting virus
      is unaltered which shows that exclusion is affected at a point between adsorption
      and early gene transcription. In order to exclude superinfection, the primary
      infecting virus does not require replication of its DNA or expression of its late
      genes but it must express one or more early genes.

PMID- 2294647
TI  - Nontemplated bases at the 5' ends of Tacaribe virus mRNAs.
AB  - Centrifugation of Tacaribe arenavirus-infected cell extracts on CsCl density
      gradients was used to separate genomes and antigenomes, which band at 1.31 g/ml
      as nucleocapsids, from mRNAs which pellet. Primer extensions on the banded RNAs
      showed that the 5' ends of the genomes and antigenomes were unique, whereas
      primer extensions on the mRNAs showed that their 5' ends were heterogenous in
      length, extending 0-4 bases beyond the 3' ends of the templates for their
      synthesis. This suggests that arenavirus mRNAs may initiate by a cap-snatching
      mechanism, somewhat similar to influenza viruses and bunyaviruses. We also found
      an extra G residue at the 5' end of the genome RNA, which was not predicted
      according to current models. This is now the third time that the unexpected G
      residue has been found at the 5' end of arenavirus genomes.

PMID- 2294648
TI  - Fine structure mapping and phenotypic analysis of five temperature-sensitive
      mutations in the second largest subunit of vaccinia virus DNA-dependent RNA
      polymerase.
AB  - We have used plasmid clones spanning the region encoding the 132-kDa subunit of
      the cowpox virus RNA polymerase (CPV rpo 132) to marker rescue each of five
      vaccinia virus (VV) temperature sensitive (ts) mutants, ts 27, ts 29, ts 32, ts
      47, and ts 62, which together constitute a single complementation group. The
      experiments fine-map the vaccinia mutations to a 1.3-kb region containing the 3'
      end of the CPV rpo 132 gene. Phenotypic characterization shows that all five
      mutants are affected to varying extents in their ability to synthesize late viral
      proteins at the nonpermissive temperature, similar to other ts mutants with
      lesions in the 22- and the 147-kDa subunits of the VV RNA polymerase. Two
      mutants, ts 27 and ts 32, exhibit a delay in the synthesis of late viral proteins
      at both the permissive and the nonpermissive temperatures. We conclude that the
      five VV mutants affect the 132-kDa subunit of the VV RNA polymerase. Additional
      genetic experiments demonstrate intragenic complementation between ts 62 and
      three other members of this complementation group, ts 27, ts 29, and ts 32.

PMID- 2294649
TI  - Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2294650
TI  - Comparison of criteria for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease in the United States
      and Europe.

PMID- 2294651
TI  - Synaptic regulation of transcription factor mRNA in the rat hippocampus.

PMID- 2294653
TI  - Cerebral muscarinic receptors in primary degenerative dementia as evaluated by
      SPECT with iodine-123-labeled QNB.

PMID- 2294652
TI  - Increased activities of lipolytic enzymes in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2294654
TI  - Epidemiology of dementia disorders.

PMID- 2294655
TI  - Linkage studies of late-onset familial Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2294656
TI  - Longitudinal changes in cognitive performance.

PMID- 2294657
TI  - Effects of tacrine, aminopyridines, and physostigmine on acetylcholinesterase,
      acetylcholine release, and potassium currents.

PMID- 2294659
TI  - Cognition-enhancing effects of moclobemide, a reversible MAO inhibitor, in
      humans.

PMID- 2294658
TI  - Neurochemical actions of "nootropic drugs".

PMID- 2294661
TI  - Some pitfalls in data analysis.

PMID- 2294660
TI  - Epidemiology of dementia: cross-cultural comparisons.

PMID- 2294662
TI  - Dementia in old age: identification of a clinically and pathologically distinct
      disease category.

PMID- 2294663
TI  - Binswanger's disease or artifact: a clinical, neuroimaging, and pathological
      study of periventricular white matter changes in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2294664
TI  - Psychopathology of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.

PMID- 2294665
TI  - Facilitation of word retrieval in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2294666
TI  - Frontal lobe dementia of non-Alzheimer type.

PMID- 2294667
TI  - Subcortical pathology of Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2294668
TI  - Health screening guidelines.

PMID- 2294669
TI  - Age-specific prevention tables.

PMID- 2294670
TI  - Hazards of magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging uses powerful magnetic fields and a radiofrequency
      pulse to provide a diagnostic image. Physicians must identify patients with
      metallic internal implants, pacemakers and cochlear implants before MRI scanning
      to prevent serious injury. Some patients also experience severe anxiety from the
      confinement and noise during the examination. Careful evaluation of these
      potential problems should always be undertaken before performing an MRI
      examination.

PMID- 2294671
TI  - The periodic health examination: age-specific charts. U.S. Preventive Services
      Task Force.
AB  - The periodic health visit is an important opportunity for the delivery of
      clinical preventive services. Determining the specific preventive services that
      are most appropriate for inclusion in the periodic health examination was one of
      the principal objectives of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force project. This
      report discusses the recommended content of the periodic health examination. It
      includes eight tables listing specific preventive services that should be
      considered for patients in different age groups and for pregnant women.

PMID- 2294672
TI  - AAFP approves policy on life-sustaining treatment.

PMID- 2294673
TI  - Zidovudine available to HIV-infected children.

PMID- 2294674
TI  - Alcoholism.

PMID- 2294676
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for silent myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2294675
TI  - Dyslipidemias with desirable plasma total cholesterol levels and angiographically
      demonstrated coronary artery disease.
AB  - The National Cholesterol Education Program treatment guidelines define a plasma
      total cholesterol of less than 200 mg/dl as "desirable" and recommend no further
      evaluation of plasma lipid or lipoprotein levels in patients with coronary artery
      disease (CAD). To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemias in the presence of
      coexistent CAD and total cholesterol less than or equal to 200 mg/dl, a
      retrospective case-control study of 1,000 patients who underwent diagnostic
      coronary angiography was performed. Of 351 patients with total cholesterol less
      than or equal to 200 mg/dl, 76% of the men (244) and 44% of the women (107) had
      angiographically demonstrated CAD. In men with CAD and total cholesterol less
      than or equal to 200 mg/dl, there was a significantly greater prevalence of low
      levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (less than or equal to 35
      mg/dl), age greater than 50 years, systemic hypertension and diabetes mellitus
      compared to non-CAD control subjects. In women with CAD and total cholesterol
      less than or equal to 200 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol less than or equal to 45 mg/dl
      and diabetes mellitus were also significantly prevalent. Multiple logistic
      regression analyses revealed that HDL cholesterol, hypertension and age in men
      and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in women were significantly
      associated with CAD after adjustment for other risk factors. These results
      suggest that a complete lipid and lipoprotein analysis be obtained in all
      patients with CAD, irrespective of the plasma (or serum) total cholesterol level.

PMID- 2294677
TI  - Relation of silent myocardial ischemia after coronary artery bypass grafting to
      angiographic completeness of revascularization and long-term prognosis.
AB  - The prevalence and characteristics of silent myocardial ischemia as detected by
      24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography ST-segment depression were prospectively
      assessed in 94 patients examined early (1 to 3 months) and 184 patients examined
      late (12 months) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and followed for a
      mean of 48 +/- 11 (range 4 to 62) months. The relation of ambulatory
      electrocardiographic silent ischemia to evidence of completeness of
      revascularization as defined by cardiac angiography performed 1 and 12 months
      after CABG, and to prognosis by follow-up of adverse clinical events was
      analyzed. Silent ischemia was detected early in 20% (19 of 94) and late in 27%
      (50 of 184) of patients, and showed a mean frequency of episodes ranging from 6
      to 10 episodes/24 hours with a mean duration ranging from 15 to 23 minutes. The
      circadian distribution of episodes disclosed a significant peak of ischemic
      activity during the period of 6 A.M. to noon and a secondary peak between 6 P.M.
      and midnight (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.001, respectively). Silent
      ischemia was not found by univariate analysis to be associated with graft or
      anastomotic site occlusions, low graft flow rates, grafted arteries with
      significant distal residual stenoses or ungrafted stenotic native coronary
      arteries. Kaplan-Meier analysis of time to cardiac event showed that silent
      ischemia was not predictive of an adverse clinical event in the early years after
      CABG. Cox regression analysis of 30 covariates only disclosed age (relative risk
      1.06 [95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 2.94]) as having an effect on time to
      adverse clinical event.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294678
TI  - Detection of restenosis after elective percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty using the exercise treadmill test.
AB  - To determine the value of a 6-month exercise treadmill test for detecting
      restenosis after elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA),
      303 consecutive patients with successful PTCA and without a recent myocardial
      infarction were studied. Among the 228 patients without interval cardiac events,
      early repeat revascularization or contraindications to treadmill testing, 209
      (92%) underwent follow-up angiography, and 200 also had a follow-up treadmill
      test and formed the study population. Restenosis (greater than or equal to 75%
      luminal diameter stenosis) occurred in 50 patients (25%). Five variables were
      individually associated with a higher risk of restenosis: recurrent angina (p =
      0.0002), exercise-induced angina (p = 0.0001), a positive treadmill test (p =
      0.008), more exercise ST deviation (p = 0.04) and a lower maximum exercise heart
      rate (p = 0.05). However, only exercise-induced angina (p = 0.002), recurrent
      angina (p = 0.01) and a positive treadmill test (p = 0.04) were independent
      predictors of restenosis. Using these 3 variables, patient subsets could be
      identified with restenosis rates ranging from 11 to 83%. The exercise treadmill
      test added independent information to symptom status about the risk of restenosis
      after elective PTCA. Nevertheless, 20% of patients with restenosis had neither
      recurrent angina nor exercise-induced ischemia at follow-up. For more accurate
      detection of restenosis, the exercise treadmill test must be supplemented by a
      more definitive test.

PMID- 2294679
TI  - Usefulness of coronary angioplasty in asymptomatic patients.
AB  - Of 6,545 patients who had elective coronary angioplasty procedures performed over
      a 7.5-year period from June 1980 through December 1987, 114 (1.7%) never had
      symptoms of myocardial ischemia. Exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia was
      documented before angioplasty in 94% of these asymptomatic patients. Angioplasty
      was successful in 87%, whereas emergency coronary artery bypass grafting was
      required in 4%, and a further 2% had myocardial infarctions after the procedures.
      The remaining 7% had unsuccessful angioplasty procedures but experienced no in
      hospital cardiac events. The follow-up period after hospital discharge averaged
      43 +/- 20 months (range 5 to 93). There were no deaths. In the group of 99
      patients with initially successful angioplasty procedures the follow-up interval
      ranged from 5 to 92 months. During that period, 7 patients underwent coronary
      bypass surgery, 4 patients had myocardial infarction and 30 patients had repeat
      angioplasty procedures for restenosis. The cumulative probability of event-free
      survival over 5 years for the group with successful angioplasty was: 100% freedom
      from death, 95% freedom from myocardial infarction, 87% freedom from myocardial
      infarction or coronary bypass surgery and 61% freedom from myocardial infarction,
      coronary bypass surgery or repeat angioplasty. Thus, coronary angioplasty
      performed in 114 asymptomatic patients, most with exercise-induced silent
      myocardial ischemia, achieved very good primary success and was accompanied by
      low cardiac event rates and no deaths over several years of patient follow-up.

PMID- 2294680
TI  - Effect of basic drive cycle length on the yield of ventricular tachycardia during
      programmed ventricular stimulation.
AB  - The yield of sustained, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) induced by
      programmed ventricular stimulation was compared, using basic drive trains of 400
      ms, 600 ms and sinus rhythm, to identify the most efficient sequence of basic
      drive trains to use during programmed stimulation. Fifty-five patients with
      coronary artery disease and inducible sustained monomorphic VT not requiring
      countershock to terminate underwent 81 electrophysiology tests in which 1 to 3
      extrastimuli were introduced during sinus rhythm and after basic drive trains of
      600 and 400 ms. In 72 electrophysiology tests, sustained, monomorphic VT was
      induced at the right ventricular apex. The yield of VT using a drive cycle length
      of 400 ms was 63 of 72 (88%), compared to 46 of 72 (64%) when the drive cycle
      length was 600 ms, and 23 of 72 (32%) when the extrastimuli were introduced
      during sinus rhythm (p less than 0.001 for all pairwise comparisons). In 14
      electrophysiology tests in which VT was not induced using a 400 ms basic drive
      cycle length at the apex, the yield of VT was higher using a 400 ms drive cycle
      length at a second right ventricular site (12 of 14) than with a 600 ms drive
      cycle length (3 of 12) or sinus rhythm (4 of 12) at the apex (p less than 0.05).
      The yield of sustained, monomorphic VT induced by 1 to 3 extrastimuli increases
      as the basic drive cycle length shortens. Whereas programmed stimulation is
      conventionally started during sinus rhythm or with a drive cycle length of 600
      ms, the present results suggest that starting with a drive cycle length of 400 ms
      may be more efficient.

PMID- 2294681
TI  - Blood cholesterol screening in several environments using a portable, dry
      chemistry analyzer and fingerstick blood samples. Lipid Research Clinics
      Cholesterol Screening Study Group.
AB  - A multicenter study of blood cholesterol screening was performed in several
      typical environments, such as community sites (shopping malls and a supermarket),
      health care sites, work sites, a blood bank and a school. Cholesterol was
      measured with a portable, dry-chemistry analyzer using capillary blood obtained
      by fingerstick. Data are reported from a total of 13,824 participants, spanning
      the entire age spectrum. Overall, 25% of screened subjects had blood cholesterol
      levels above the age-specific cutpoints used in the current study. Although in
      the aggregate this screening experience very closely approximates the expected
      level of referrals, the proportion of referred screened subjects differed
      significantly among the 5 types of screening environments and by gender. Follow
      up telephone interviews indicated that 53% of referrals had initiated a physician
      contact. More than 75% of those who had seen a physician reported that the
      diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia had been confirmed, and almost 72% had been
      prescribed a diet. A large proportion of referred screened subjects reported
      having modified their diet, particularly when recommended to do so by a
      physician. This study has yielded encouraging evidence that physicians gave
      referred screened subjects appropriate initial advice for managing
      hypercholesterolemia. The new technology for blood cholesterol measurement
      evaluated in the current study has proven to be a feasible and reliable means for
      measuring blood cholesterol in typical screening settings.

PMID- 2294682
TI  - Assessment of four ambulatory blood pressure monitors and measurements by
      clinicians versus intraarterial blood pressure at rest and during exercise.
AB  - The accuracy of 4 different ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitors was assessed
      by comparing them to simultaneous intraarterial BP (contralateral brachial
      artery) during rest, isometric and dynamic (bicycle) exercise in 48 hypertensive
      patients undergoing invasive hemodynamic evaluation. The differences between the
      intraarterially determined BP and values obtained by the various monitors were
      then compared to differences between BP measured directly and by 2 clinicians
      using a standard mercury column in 10 additional hypertensive patients. The
      monitors studied were the Accutracker II (auscultatory with mandatory
      electrocardiographic gating), Colin ABPM 630 (auscultatory or oscillometric), Del
      Mar Pressurometer IV (auscultatory with optional electrocardiographic gating) and
      SpaceLabs 90202 (oscillometric). During rest, the differences between
      intraarterially and clinician-determined systolic and diastolic BP were 4 +/- 8
      and -4 +/- 6 mm Hg, respectively. The Accutracker II and Colin ABPM 630 using the
      auscultatory method showed less disparity and closer limits of agreement (2
      standard deviations of the mean difference) with intraarterial BP than the
      clinicians' measurements, whereas the other units showed similar or greater
      limits of agreement. During both isometric and dynamic exercise, mean BP
      differences between intraarterial and clinician determinations were similar to
      those at rest but the limits of agreement increased. The limits of agreement
      between intraarterial and monitor-derived BP also increased during exercise
      compared to differences observed at rest. The Accutracker II and Colin ABPM 630
      using the auscultatory method had limits of agreement with intraarterial BP that
      were either similar to or less than the clinician's, whereas the Colin monitor
      using the oscillometric method and the Del Mar Pressurometer IV showed greater
      disparity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294683
TI  - Concurrent compliance reduction and increased peripheral resistance in the
      manifestation of isolated systolic hypertension.
AB  - The hemodynamic mechanisms responsible for producing isolated systolic
      hypertension (ISH) in the elderly are generally attributed to a decrease in
      arterial compliance. However, no consistent theoretical or experimental model has
      been proposed for the production of ISH. This problem was investigated with the
      use of computer simulation of the modified Windkessel model, an often-used tool
      in the study of arterioventricular function. Aortic pressure (Pa(t] and aortic
      flow (Qa(t] data were used to obtain the model parameters: peripheral resistance
      (Rs), arterial compliance (C) and characteristic impedance of the proximal aorta
      (Zo). Using Qa(t) as the input to the model, the effects of altered vascular
      properties on Pa(t) were studied by changing these model parameters. Graded
      reductions of C (25, 50 and 75%) alone increased systolic pressure (Ps), but also
      decreased diastolic pressure (Pd) to values below those found in ISH. On the
      other hand, an increase in Rs of 25% along with a 50 to 75% increase in C
      resulted in percent changes in Ps and Pd that would result in ISH from a normal
      pressure level. These results were consistent for a wide range of pressures.
      Decreased arterial compliance alone is not always responsible for the production
      of ISH. Rather, isolated systolic hypertension is usually the result of greatly
      reduced arterial compliance along with a smaller but significant increase in
      peripheral resistance.

PMID- 2294684
TI  - Failure of balloon aortic valvuloplasty to result in sustained clinical
      improvement in patients with depressed left ventricular function.
AB  - Although balloon aortic valvuloplasty usually results in acute hemodynamic
      improvement, recurrent symptoms often occur within several months. The current
      study was designed to determine whether clinical characteristics, including
      invasive hemodynamic parameters of left ventricular (LV) performance, are
      predictive of short-term patient outcome. Eighty-one consecutive patients were
      prospectively enrolled in the study protocol. High-fidelity dual sensor
      micromanometer catheters, digital ventriculography and aortography and Fick
      cardiac output were measured before and immediately after balloon aortic
      valvuloplasty. Stroke work was defined from pressure-volume loops. The acute
      hemodynamic results obtained in patients with overall improved symptoms were
      compared to those with recurrent symptoms at 3 months. Fifty-three patients (65%)
      were improved at 3-month evaluation (group 1), whereas 28 patients (35%) had
      either returned to symptoms at baseline (17), had undergone aortic valve
      replacement (3) or had cardiac death (8). Compared to patients with improved
      symptoms, patients with recurrent symptoms demonstrated a lower cardiac output,
      higher LV end-systolic volume, decreased LV ejection fraction, diminished LV
      stroke work and decreased LV peak positive dP/dt. The final aortic valve area and
      change in aortic valve area did not predict which patients would develop
      recurrent symptoms. Stepwise logistic regression revealed that LV ejection
      fraction was the only independent predictor of overall status at 3 months (p =
      0.002). Eighty-four percent of patients with an ejection fraction greater than
      45% were improved. In the group with an ejection fraction greater than 45%, less
      than half of the patients demonstrated improved symptoms at short-term followup.
      Parameters of LV performance can accurately predict short-term patient outcome
      after balloon aortic valvuloplasty.

PMID- 2294685
TI  - Effect of isometric exercise on mitral and aortic regurgitation as assessed by
      color Doppler flow imaging.
AB  - Isometric exercise produces well-defined hemodynamic changes in normal and
      diseased states. However, the effect of isometrics on the degree of valvular
      regurgitation recorded by color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) has not been
      reported. CDFI was therefore used to evaluate changes in valvular regurgitation
      in 34 patients, mean age 53 +/- 16 years. Data were collected for 43 regurgitant
      lesions including 20 cases of aortic regurgitation and 23 cases of mitral
      regurgitation. Isometrics produced a significant increase in heart rate (71 to 83
      beats/min) and blood pressure (132/64 to 153/70 mm Hg) in all patients (p less
      than 0.0001). Regurgitant jet area by CDFI increased significantly in both aortic
      regurgitation (4.5 to 6.2 cm2, p less than 0.0001) and mitral regurgitation (6.2
      to 8.2 cm2, p less than 0.001). Patients taking concurrent vasodilator or
      angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy had similar responses to those
      not receiving long-term therapy. Thus, CDFI detects an increase in aortic and
      mitral regurgitant jet area induced by isometric exertion. The change in CDFI jet
      area with handgrip demonstrates the influence of loading conditions on the size
      of a regurgitant jet area, and suggests that isometric exertion may increase the
      magnitude of mitral and aortic regurgitation.

PMID- 2294686
TI  - Short- and long-term effects of cigarette smoking on heart rate variability.
AB  - The short- and long-term effects of cigarette smoking on autonomic cardiac
      regulation were investigated by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability
      under controlled respiration (15/min). The short-term effects were examined in 9
      smokers without evidence of cardiopulmonary disorders after an overnight
      abstinence from smoking. The heart rate spectral component reflecting the
      respiratory sinus arrhythmia (0.25 Hz), a quantitative index of vagal cardiac
      control, decreased 3 minutes after smoking 1 cigarette (p = 0.0061) and the
      component reflecting Mayer wave sinus arrhythmia (0.04 to 0.15 Hz), which
      includes sympathetically mediated activity, increased after 10 to 17 minutes (p =
      0.0124). The long-term effects were examined in 81 normal subjects comprising 25
      nonsmokers, 31 moderate (1 to 24 cigarettes/day) smokers and 25 heavy (greater
      than 25 cigarettes/day) smokers after an overnight abstinence. Although the
      magnitude of the Mayer wave component was unaffected by the smoking status, the
      respiratory component in the supine position was smaller in the young (less than
      or equal to 30 years) heavy smokers than in the young nonsmokers or moderate
      smokers (p = 0.0078). Also, postural changes in the components, a decrease in the
      respiratory component and an increase in the Mayer wave component with standing,
      were observed in the nonsmokers but not in the heavy smokers. These results
      suggest that smoking causes an acute and transient decrease in vagal cardiac
      control, and that heavy smoking causes long-term reduction in vagal cardiac
      control in young people and blunted postural responses in autonomic cardiac
      regulation.

PMID- 2294687
TI  - Aerobic exercise reduces levels of cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responses
      to mental stress in subjects without prior evidence of myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Thirty-seven healthy type A men (mean age 42 years) were randomly assigned to
      either an aerobic exercise training group or to a strength and flexibility
      training group. Before exercise, subjects underwent comprehensive physiologic and
      behavioral assessments, including graded exercise treadmill testing with direct
      measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2) and measurement of cardiovascular (heart
      rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and rate pressure product) and
      neuroendocrine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) responses to mental arithmetic.
      The aerobic exercise consisted of walking and jogging at an intensity of greater
      than or equal to 70% maximal heart rate reserve for 1 hour 3 times/week for 12
      consecutive weeks. The strength training consisted of 1 hour of circuit Nautilus
      training 2 times/week for 12 weeks. At the completion of the exercise program,
      all subjects underwent repeat testing. For the aerobic group, peak VO2 increased
      significantly from 33.6 to 38.4 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.001), whereas the
      strength group only achieved a slight increase from 34.5 to 35.6 ml/kg/min
      (difference not significant). During the mental arithmetic, the aerobic group
      experienced a greater reduction in levels of heart rate, diastolic blood pressure
      and rate pressure product than the strength group (after completing the exercise
      training programs). The aerobic group also tended to secrete less epinephrine and
      to show a faster recovery than the strength group after the exercise program. In
      addition, the aerobic group tended to exhibit less cardiovascular reactivity to
      mental stress after exercise training. These data suggest that aerobic exercise
      reduces levels of cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responses during and after
      mental stress.

PMID- 2294688
TI  - Concentration/response relations for the multiple antiarrhythmic actions of
      sotalol.
AB  - Sotalol, one of the first beta-receptor antagonists synthesized, is a promising
      investigational agent with remarkable efficacy for treatment of patients with
      ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Unlike other beta blockers, sotalol
      also possesses class III antiarrhythmic action, evidenced by prolongation of the
      myocardial action potential duration. This additional action probably accounts
      for the greater antiarrhythmic efficacy of sotalol compared with other beta
      blockers. Sotalol's class III antiarrhythmic action becomes apparent at
      concentrations higher than those necessary for significant beta-receptor
      antagonism, both in vitro and in human subjects. In a study correlating dosage
      and antiarrhythmic response with prolongation of rate-corrected QT (QTc) (a
      measure of class III action) and the degree of beta-receptor blockade (assessed
      by the reduction of the maximal exercise-induced heart rate), 11 of 17 patients
      had an antiarrhythmic response. Eight of these 11 responders had been
      unresponsive to conventional beta-receptor antagonists. The plasma concentration
      associated with significant QTc prolongation (2.55 micrograms/ml) was found to be
      much greater than that associated with 50% reduction in maximal slowing of heart
      rate (0.8 micrograms/ml). As with other beta-receptor antagonists, the activities
      of sotalol's 2 stereoisomers differ, with the I-isomer having far more beta
      blocking activity. However, both isomers have equal class III antiarrhythmic
      activity. When increasing doses of the d-isomer of sotalol (50 to 400 mg every 12
      hours) were evaluated in patients with chronic ventricular arrhythmias,
      arrhythmia frequency was suppressed greater than 80% in 3 patients and 50% in 1
      patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294690
TI  - Fine-needle cytology of 292 palpable orbital and eyelid tumors.
AB  - Fine-needle cytology (FNC) of 292 palpable orbital and eyelid tumors was
      performed with a 25-gauge (0.5-mm), 3-cm needle and compared with the
      histopathologic findings in 286 cases. Among these 286 cases, a concordant
      diagnosis of malignancy and type was achieved in 249 cases (87%). False positive
      diagnoses were made in four cases (1.6%) and false negative diagnoses in five
      cases (1.8%). No complications were encountered. These results led to the
      conclusion that FNC is an accurate tool in the diagnosis of orbital and eyelid
      tumors, especially when sampling and interpretation are performed by an
      experienced pathologist.

PMID- 2294689
TI  - Safety and efficacy of sotalol in patients with drug-refractory sustained
      ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of oral sotalol, an investigational beta-adrenergic
      blocker with class III antiarrhythmic drug properties, were examined in a
      multicenter study in 236 patients with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. In
      104 patients, the index arrhythmia was a cardiac arrest, and all patients had
      undergone at least 3 previous unsuccessful antiarrhythmic trials (mean = 5 per
      patient). In the 106 patients assessed by programmed electrical stimulation,
      sotalol completely suppressed induction of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 33
      (31%) and rendered VT slower (greater than 100 ms prolongation of cycle length)
      or more difficult to induce in 29 (27%). Using continuous 24-hour ambulatory
      monitoring methods, sotalol complete- and partial-response rates were 51 and 12%,
      respectively. Of the 236 acute-phase patients, 151 were discharged receiving long
      term sotalol therapy. The median sotalol dose was 480 mg/day. At a mean follow-up
      of 346 +/- 92 days, 27 patients (18%) had recurrence of sustained arrhythmia; 9,
      sudden death; 11, sustained VT; 5, automatic defibrillator discharge; and 2,
      syncope. Adverse effects forced discontinuation of therapy in 10 patients (7%): 6
      secondary to symptomatic bradyarrhythmia, 2 due to refractory heart failure, 1
      due to torsades de pointes, and 1 from bronchospasm. Life-table analysis of
      sotalol's overall long-term efficacy at 6, 12 and 18 months were 80, 76 and 72%,
      respectively. Although mean follow-up was short (less than 1 year), neither acute
      phase programmed stimulation nor 24-hour ambulatory monitoring responses were
      significantly predictive of subsequent arrhythmic outcome. Proarrhythmia was
      documented in 18 patients (7%), 17 during the acute phase and 1 during long-term
      follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294691
TI  - Reticulocytes in human preserved blood as control material for automated
      reticulocyte counters.
AB  - The authors studied the changes in the percentage of reticulocytes in blood
      preserved for three weeks. The samples were obtained from healthy adults and
      stored at 4 degrees C. An automated reticulocyte counter was used for
      measurements. After one week, the relative percentage of reticulocytes had
      decreased to around 80% of the initial value, and it reached 60% after three
      weeks of storage. When the y-axis of plots of the change against time was
      converted to a log scale, negative correlation was strong (r = -0.9972), and the
      curve was useful for estimation of the reticulocyte count in preserved blood.
      Stored blood might be used as a control material for reticulocyte counting by
      automated methods.

PMID- 2294692
TI  - Richter's syndrome presenting as primary central nervous system lymphoma.
      Transformation of an identical clone.
AB  - The development of a central nervous system (CNS) large cell lymphoma in a
      patient simultaneously diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is
      reported. Although differences in phenotypic expression were demonstrated in
      study of the peripheral blood and CNS disease, identical immunoglobulin gene
      rearrangements were identified, providing evidence for evolution of two
      morphologically distinct neoplasms from the same clone. Beyond histologic
      transformation, acquisition of an aneuploid cell population in the CNS tumor was
      demonstrated by analysis of DNA content. Isolated parenchymal involvement of the
      CNS by large cell transformation of CLL has not been previously described; its
      relationship to CNS lymphoma and Richter's syndrome are reviewed.

PMID- 2294693
TI  - Disseminated coccidioidomycosis detected by percutaneous liver biopsy in a liver
      transplant recipient.
AB  - The authors report the first case, to their knowledge, of disseminated
      coccidioidomycosis occurring in a liver transplant recipient. The case is also
      interesting in that the diagnosis of disseminated coccidioidomycosis was made
      fortuitously, only after finding the characteristic endosporulating spherules on
      a percutaneous liver biopsy. In addition, the authors reviewed the literature on
      post-transplant infection with particular emphasis on fungal pathogens. All
      studies concurred that Candida species was the most prevalent infecting fungal
      organism when both localized and disseminated forms of infection are included.
      Aspergillus was the second most common offender, and disseminated infection was
      associated with a very grave prognosis for the transplant recipient. Rare
      infections with Mucor and Cryptococcus neoformans are described in the
      literature.

PMID- 2294694
TI  - Campylobacter pylori colonizing heterotopic gastric tissue in the rectum.
AB  - Campylobacter pylori specifically attaches to gastric epithelial cells and is the
      etiologic agent for type B gastritis. The authors report the case of a woman with
      the rare finding of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the rectum that was colonized
      with C. pylori. Histologic findings of the heterotopic mucosa revealed active
      chronic gastritis that resolved when C. pylori was eradicated with bismuth
      subsalicylate and antibiotics. This is the first report of C. pylori in a
      location distal to the duodenum. The presence of live C. pylori organisms in the
      rectum suggests that viable organisms are present in the stool and that C. pylori
      may be spread by the fecal-oral route.

PMID- 2294695
TI  - Giant cell myocarditis associated with silicone. An unusual case of biomaterials
      pathology discovered at autopsy using X-ray energy spectroscopic techniques.
AB  - Silicones, used extensively in the fabrication of medical devices because they
      were presumed inert and biocompatible, are now well-recognized inducers of
      localized granulomatous inflammation. Silicones less commonly are also associated
      with more complex clinico-pathologic entities. In this communication, the authors
      present a case of a patient on chronic hemodialysis involving tubing probably
      fabricated from silicone rubber who died from a giant cell myocarditis associated
      with silicone rubber. This case is presented to expand the interpretive paradigm
      of human pathology and underscores the need for pathologists to consider medical
      device associated phenomena in the differential diagnosis of clinical specimens.

PMID- 2294696
TI  - When morphology is not enough.

PMID- 2294697
TI  - Nesidioblastosis of the pancreas.

PMID- 2294698
TI  - Pseudo-diagnosis of hyperaggregation: a public health hazard!

PMID- 2294699
TI  - Faulty study design.

PMID- 2294701
TI  - Difficulties of describing an ethic in a polyglot nation.

PMID- 2294700
TI  - Oversight?

PMID- 2294702
TI  - Chromosomal abnormalities in clear cell sarcoma. Implications for histogenesis.
AB  - Cytogenetic analysis was performed on three specimens of clear cell sarcoma, a
      rare neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis. Chromosomal analysis of clear cell
      sarcoma has not been reported previously. Two of the specimens analyzed consisted
      of the primary foot lesion and subsequent lymph node metastasis in a 29-year-old
      male. The other specimen was a primary foot lesion in a 61-year-old male. Clonal
      abnormalities were detected in all three of the specimens. The significance of
      these results with regard to the origin of this uncommon neoplasm is discussed.

PMID- 2294703
TI  - Lymphoepithelial cysts of the salivary glands. Histologic and cytologic features.
AB  - Fourteen cases of surgically excised lymphoepithelial cysts (13 from the parotid
      gland and 1 from the submandibular gland) were reviewed for diagnostic histologic
      features. They showed squamous epithelium-lined cysts within lymph nodes.
      Lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells were found in the walls of the cysts.
      Multinucleated giant cells were present in four cases. The five patients tested
      for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were positive, both by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western Blot. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA)
      was performed on five cases (two were confirmed histologically). Diff-Quik
      stained smears showed a proteinaceous background and a mixed population of
      lymphocytes, histiocytes, plasma cells, and metaplastic squamous cells. When the
      above cytologic findings are present on fine-needle aspiration of a major
      salivary gland lesion, the diagnosis of lymphoepithelial cyst should be
      considered.

PMID- 2294704
TI  - Evaluation of the Sysmex R-1000. An automated reticulocyte analyzer.
AB  - The new fully automated reticulocyte analyzer, Sysmex R-1000 (TOA Medical
      Electronics, Kobe, Japan), was evaluated for its routine use in the Hematological
      Laboratory at the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland. The operating
      characteristics, such as within-run precision, linearity, and carryover,
      fulfilled the manufacturer's specifications and are excellent. Correlation with
      the standard method, manual reticulocyte counting, is linear for normal and high
      values. For low reticulocyte counts the regression points show a deviation from
      their linearity. An absolute zero value is not obtained by the R-1000. The R-1000
      measures total RNA content of each cell and expresses the value as low
      fluorescence ratio (LFR), medium fluorescence ratio (MFR), and high fluorescence
      ratio (HFR). The analysis of this ratio resolves the problem of zero
      reticulocytes: A fraction of less than 0.002 (0.2%) with an LFR of 100%
      represents aplasia; a shift of the intensity of fluorescence to HFR heralds
      regeneration. Results of samples stored at room temperature remain stable and
      within the range of the within-run precision for up to 12 hours, when stored at 5
      degrees C for more than 48 hours. The authors conclude that the R-1000 is easy to
      operate, fulfills the criteria for accuracy and precision, and is highly suitable
      for daily routine use in a large central hematologic laboratory.

PMID- 2294705
TI  - Radial partition fluorescent immunoassay of thyrotropin. Analytic evaluation and
      clinical correlation.
AB  - The authors evaluated the analytic and clinical performance of a sensitive radial
      partition fluorescent enzyme immunoassay for thyrotropin (TSH) performed on
      Stratus and compared it with a nonsensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) method.
      Sensitivity of 0.15 mIU/L was obtained, and precision, specificity, and linearity
      were acceptable. A good correlation was observed between the two assays in
      samples from 311 hospitalized patients (r = 0.976). Stratus TSH results were
      outside the reference range for 20% of clinically euthyroid patients (n = 126),
      and 2.4% had undetectable levels. The clinically hyperthyroid group (n = 11) with
      the exception of one patient had TSH values below 0.2 mIU/L. Only 39% of
      hypothyroid patients on thyroid hormone replacement (n = 74) had TSH values in
      the reference range, with 38% and 23% exhibiting low and high values,
      respectively. All untreated primary hypothyroid patients (n = 8) had elevated TSH
      concentrations. The authors conclude that this sensitive TSH assay is useful for
      diagnosing hyperthyroidism when there is a clinical suspicion but cannot be
      recommended for thyroid screening in hospitalized patients.

PMID- 2294706
TI  - A dBASE III surgical pathology reporting and encoding microcomputer system.
AB  - The authors have developed a menu-driven dBASE III system for surgical pathology
      reporting and encoding in Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED). The
      system requires no knowledge of dBASE and is readily installed on any IBM
      standard personal computer equipped with a fixed disk. The use of dBASE memo
      fields provides the integration of word processing and database functions.
      Preliminary gross examination reports are automatically accompanied by data from
      former cases on the same patient. Patient demographics, SNOMED codes, and final
      diagnoses are stored on the fixed disk; complete reports are saved on floppy
      diskettes. Cases can be retrieved by patient name, surgical number, or SNOMED
      codes. Daily work lists, frozen section-final diagnosis correlations, turnaround
      time reports, and listings of incomplete cases are easily obtained. Cytologic
      results can also be entered, allowing automatic correlation with surgical cases.

PMID- 2294707
TI  - Wood-burning stoves and lower respiratory tract infection in American Indian
      children.
AB  - Some studies suggest that home use of wood-burning stoves is an independent risk
      factor for lower respiratory tract infection in young children. To test this
      hypothesis in a population with a high prevalence of wood-burning stove use, we
      studied Navajo children with diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis. We matched
      each case (less than or equal to 24 months of age) with a child of identical sex
      and age who was seen for well-child care or a minor health problem, and we
      interviewed an adult caretaker about family history and environmental exposures.
      Analyzing 58 case-control pairs, we found that home wood-burning stove use,
      recent respiratory illness exposure, family history of asthma, dirt floors, and
      lack of running water in the home increased the risk of lower respiratory tract
      infection. On multiple logistic regression analysis, however, only wood-burning
      stove use and respiratory illness exposure were independently associated with
      higher risk.

PMID- 2294708
TI  - The inaccuracy of axillary temperatures measured with an electronic thermometer.
AB  - Temperatures were measured using an electronic thermometer in an emergency
      department to determine the relationship between oral or rectal and axillary
      measurements. A total of 164 data pairs were obtained--95 in afebrile children,
      and 69 in febrile children. The correlation coefficient was .74 for oral-axillary
      pairs, and .70 for rectal-axillary pairs. The mean difference between oral and
      axillary temperatures was 1.17 degrees C +/- 0.72 degrees C, and between rectal
      and axillary temperatures was 1.81 degrees C +/- 0.97 degrees C. Using 37.4
      degrees C (greater than or equal to 2 SDs) axillary as the upper limit of normal,
      the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were
      calculated for detecting a fever. The sensitivity was 46%; specificity, 99%;
      positive predictive value, 97%; and negative predictive value, 72% for combined
      oral-axillary and rectal-axillary data. It was concluded that axillary
      temperatures are not sensitive enough to determine a fever when measured with an
      electronic thermometer. Electronic thermometers should be used to determine oral
      or rectal temperatures; axillary temperatures may be misleading and should be
      abandoned in the outpatient setting.

PMID- 2294709
TI  - Is standard practice 'standard' in community pediatrics?

PMID- 2294710
TI  - A profile of mothers giving birth to infants with congenital rubella syndrome. An
      assessment of risk factors.
AB  - To formulate strategies for elimination of congenital rubella syndrome, it is
      important to identify risk factors for delivering an infant affected by it. We
      analyzed cases of congenital rubella syndrome in infants born from 1970 to 1985
      and reported to either one of two independent Centers for Disease Control
      surveillance systems. Mothers of infants with congenital rubella syndrome
      identified in both surveillance systems were disproportionately younger than
      mothers giving birth in the United States. The risk for delivering an infant with
      congenital rubella syndrome was approximately 2.5 times higher for blacks
      compared with whites for both reporting systems. A total of 18% of infants with
      congenital rubella syndrome born since 1979 were Hispanic (national population
      average, 7%). Both surveillance systems showed that, although primiparous mothers
      were at highest risk, 39% of women delivering infants affected by congenital
      rubella syndrome had had at least one previous live birth, suggesting that
      postpartum immunization could have prevented these congenital rubella syndrome
      cases. Young, black, and Hispanic primiparous women represent populations at
      elevated risk for delivering a congenital rubella syndrome-affected infant and
      should be specifically targeted for immunization.

PMID- 2294711
TI  - Perfumes possibly perilous to pediatric patients.

PMID- 2294712
TI  - Gastrointestinal milk intolerance of infancy.

PMID- 2294713
TI  - Prolactinoma in a prepubescent girl.

PMID- 2294714
TI  - Safe home use of the compressor-driven nebulizer.

PMID- 2294715
TI  - Change and response to change.

PMID- 2294716
TI  - Skin testing prior to measles vaccination for egg-sensitive patients.

PMID- 2294717
TI  - Measles immunization in children with clinical reactions to egg protein.
AB  - Thirty-five egg-sensitive children who received measles immunization without
      adverse sequelae are described. Thirty-two of the children had a history of
      immediate hypersensitivity reactions to egg protein, including 22 who developed a
      generalized reaction after oral exposure to egg. There were also 3 highly
      allergic children, with immediate hypersensitivity reactions to other food, who,
      despite having never been exposed to egg, developed large skin prick test wheals
      to egg white. Measles vaccine was given to all children without prior vaccine
      skin testing. There were no adverse reactions. It is suggested that measles
      vaccine can be given to children with a history of generalized or localized
      urticaria/angioedema on exposure to egg protein without prior skin testing.

PMID- 2294719
TI  - Clinical experience with fetal echocardiography.
AB  - Current ultrasound technology allows for accurate evaluation of the fetal heart.
      To evaluate the importance and accuracy of the routine clinical use of fetal
      echocardiography at our center, a consecutive series of 338 fetal cardiac studies
      of 323 patients was reviewed. Average gestational age was 24 weeks (range, 17 to
      39 weeks). Forty-seven (15%) patients with abnormal conditions were detected. The
      most common indication for fetal cardiac scan was a family history of congenital
      heart disease (28%). Other indications were maternal diabetes mellitus (25%),
      fetal dysrhythmia (14%), other major defect (10%), drug exposure (10%), and
      obstetrician suspicion of fetal congenital heart disease on routine scan (10%).
      The highest yield of significant abnormal findings was among those referred for
      dysrhythmia (31%) and obstetrician suspicion of congenital heart disease (29%).
      Five fetuses with sustained supraventricular tachycardia and hydrops were
      successfully treated. The combination of fetal bradycardia and structural heart
      disease was the most ominous finding. Fifteen (4.6%) patients had clear changes
      in management based on the fetal echocardiogram. Our experience suggests that the
      routine use of fetal echocardiography is accurate and an important part of the
      overall management of the pregnancy considered at risk for producing an infant
      with congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2294718
TI  - Longitudinal changes in the bone mineral content of term and premature infants.
AB  - With the use of photon absorptiometry, bone mineralization was measured at birth
      and 8 and 16 weeks after delivery in 12 very-low-birth-weight premature (mean +/-
      SD gestational age, 31 +/- 1.5 weeks) infants who required minimal medical
      support. Simultaneously, 19 healthy term infants were studied. Throughout the
      study, each neonate received modified 84-kJ/30 mL formula containing no added
      calciferol. The recommended daily allowance (400 IU) of calciferol was given to
      each infant as an oral supplement. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium,
      phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone concentrations were monitored biweekly and
      were normal. Bone mineral content and bone width significantly differed at birth
      between the term and premature infants. However, by 16 weeks after delivery, the
      premature infants had exceeded the bone mineral status of the term infants at
      birth, and their bone mineral content was not significantly lower than that of
      the term infants. These data indicate improved bone mineralization as compared
      with previously reported data from very-low-birth-weight neonates.

PMID- 2294720
TI  - Apnea, transient episodes of bradycardia, and periodic breathing in preterm
      infants.
AB  - The occurrence of central apnea of 15 seconds or longer, transient episodes of
      bradycardia (TEB), and periodic breathing were studied in 66 healthy premature
      infants when at least 1 week old and between 32 and 36 weeks postconceptual age.
      Eight-hour cardiorespiratory recordings were visually scanned for the presence of
      these patterns. Central apnea of 15 seconds or longer was seen in almost half of
      the infants. The TEB were numerous, and the majority were not associated with
      central apnea; however, all but five of the apneic episodes that lasted 15
      seconds or longer were accompanied by a TEB. Infants spent as much as 40% of
      their time in periodic breathing. The frequency with which these patterns are
      seen in healthy premature infants strongly suggests that they are normal
      findings. Our results do not support the opinion that brief periods of apnea are
      abnormal when accompanied by a TEB.

PMID- 2294721
TI  - Serial abuse in children who are shaken.
AB  - Serious injury can occur to children who are shaken, especially if the shaking is
      repeated or part of a pattern of abuse. Serial abuse in connection with children
      who are shaken and their siblings has important therapeutic and legal
      ramifications. From an ongoing study of child abuse and head trauma, 12 of 24
      victims of shaking that resulted in intracranial injury were identified who had
      coexisting evidence of direct external trauma. Seventeen children (71%) had
      evidence of prior abuse, neglect, or both, including 8 who had multiple
      intracranial hemorrhages. Of the 21 families represented, 9 had more than one
      child, 3 (3%) of which had several siblings who had been victims of child abuse.
      Shaking of children usually is not an isolated event, as it frequently has been
      preceded by other types of abuse.

PMID- 2294722
TI  - Evaluation of an infant car seat program in a low-income community.
AB  - This study was designed to assess the influence of an infant car seat loan
      program on car seat utilization in a low-income community. An adjacent community,
      with no car seat program, was chosen for comparison. Systematic observations were
      made in the two neighborhoods, and this information was supplemented by telephone
      interviews. Greater use of infant seats was observed in the intervention
      community (41%) than in the control community (27%) for infants younger than 6
      months old. The rate of observed utilization of infants between 7 and 18 months
      of age increased to 50% on average, but no significant differences were noted
      between the two communities. These findings suggest that a community-based loan
      program can produce short-term increases in car seat use rates for infants, even
      in a low-income community. A strategy to facilitate continued accessibility to
      such restraints is needed, however, to maintain these improvements.

PMID- 2294723
TI  - Childhood injury mortality in Ohio, 1979 to 1986. Setting priorities for
      prevention.
AB  - Injury deaths in Ohio children aged 1 to 16 years account for less than 0.5% of
      all deaths in the state but 6% of all years of life lost before age 65 years. In
      this study, injury mortality rates were calculated by sex for three age groups (1
      to 5, 6 to 11, and 12 to 16 years) and three population groups (metropolitan
      white, metropolitan nonwhite, and nonmetropolitan). The 15 metropolitan counties
      were those with a central city of at least a population of 50,000, containing 60%
      of the state's population. Fire is the leading cause of injury mortality for
      metropolitan children aged 1 to 5 years, while motor vehicle injuries and
      drowning are the leading causes for nonmetropolitan children in this age group.
      Fire is also the leading cause for metropolitan nonwhite children aged 6 to 11
      years, while motor vehicle injuries are the leading cause for nonmetropolitan
      children, and pedestrian injuries are the leading cause for metropolitan white
      children. For nonmetropolitan and metropolitan white children aged 12 to 16
      years, motor vehicle injuries are the leading cause, while for metropolitan
      nonwhite children homicide is the leading cause. Excess deaths for each cause
      were estimated by calculating the number of deaths expected for each age group if
      the rate experienced by the second-lowest population race group had applied to
      the whole population in that age group, and comparing this with the observed
      number. Using this approach, highest priority would be placed on prevention of
      motor vehicle deaths in 12- to 16-year-old nonmetropolitan and metropolitan white
      children, of fire deaths in metropolitan nonwhite children aged 1 to 11 years,
      and of drowning deaths in boys aged 12 to 16 years in all three population
      groups.

PMID- 2294724
TI  - Attitudes toward bicycle helmet ownership and use by school-age children.
AB  - To identify attitudes toward bicycle helmet ownership and use, questionnaires
      were sent to parents of 2178 third-graders; 1057 (48.5%) returned valid
      responses. Of 931 children who had bicycles, 24% owned helmets, but only 56% of
      children who owned helmets wore them. Helmet ownership, but not use, was
      associated with higher parental education. Fifty-one percent of 704 parents of
      bicycle owners who had not purchased helmets said they had never thought of it,
      29% thought helmets were too costly, and 20% felt their children would not wear
      them. Of 792 children who did not wear helmets, 25% said they did not wear them
      because their friends did not; 22% never thought about wearing helmets; and 16%
      found them uncomfortable. Efforts to increase the wearing of helmets should
      address helmet design, awareness, peer pressure, and cost.

PMID- 2294726
TI  - Radiological cases of the month. Hydrops fetalis with pulmonary hypoplasia.

PMID- 2294725
TI  - Lacerations in urban children. A prospective 12-January study.
AB  - We prospectively investigated the epidemiologic characteristics of all
      lacerations (N = 2834) repaired at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (Pa)
      during 1987 and identified common hazards and possible avenues of intervention.
      Two-year-old children incurred most injuries; males outnumbered females 2:1.
      Almost two thirds (61.8%) of all lacerations occurred from May through September,
      and 62.2% between 3 and 9 PM. Most injuries occurred indoors (47.0%), on the
      sidewalk or street (22.5%), or in the residential yard (13.0%). Injuries usually
      occurred during play (42.3%) or daily activity (32.1%); 1247 (44.0%) involved
      some sort of fall. Vectors most frequently causing injury were broken glass
      bottles (15.0%), wooden furniture (12.0%), and asphalt or concrete (11.0%).
      Broken glass bottles also most frequently inflicted injuries resulting in
      functional impairment (0.2%), hospitalization (0.9%), or both. Complications were
      seen in 8% of all lacerations. Our data confirm the importance of injury
      prevention strategies aimed at reduction of discarded glass objects (ie,
      recycling legislation), improved furniture design, and improved municipal
      services (ie, street repair).

PMID- 2294727
TI  - Radiological cases of the month. Systemic air embolism within a vein of Galen
      malformation.

PMID- 2294728
TI  - The use of anabolic steroids in high school students.
AB  - The use of anabolic steroids by athletes has been a frequent topic in many recent
      reports. While much has been written in the lay literature, there is little in
      the scientific literature documenting the actual use of steroids, particularly in
      adolescents. We describe the results of a survey of 2113 high school students.
      The survey was designed to elicit information about students' general knowledge
      about anabolic steroids, awareness of the risks and side effects, and the
      incidence of use of anabolic steroids. Ninety-four (4.4%) of 2113 students
      admitted using anabolic steroids. Broken down by sex, 67 (6.5%) of 1028 males and
      27 (2.5%) of 1085 females were users of steroids. Athletes had a higher use of
      steroids (79 [5.5%] of 1436 subjects) than nonathletes (15 [2.4%] of 636
      subjects). These data suggest that we have another serious, as yet unappreciated
      drug problem in our adolescents.

PMID- 2294729
TI  - Lovastatin ameliorates the development of glomerulosclerosis and uremia in
      experimental nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - The nephrotic syndrome was induced in uninephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats using
      repeated injections of puromycin and protamine sulfate. Preliminary studies
      demonstrated that the administration of lovastatin (4 mg/kg body weight [BW]
      subcutaneously [SC] daily) was effective at lowering plasma cholesterol over a 63
      day period, although not to normal values. Subsequently, two groups of rats that
      had been made nephrotic were studied; one group (n = 8) received lovastatin, the
      other (n = 9) received the vehicle alone. Blood and urine collections were made
      at days 0, 23, and 60. Clearance studies and renal histology were obtained at day
      60. Lovastatin-treated rats had significantly lower cholesterol at day 23 and 60
      than vehicle-treated rats (270.5 +/- 39.7 v 501.7 +/- 81.9 and 148.2 +/- 10.7 v
      268.2 +/- 40.8 mg/dL, P less than 0.05). Both groups of rats developed equivalent
      degrees of proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. At day 60, the lovastatin-treated
      rats had a lower urea: 18.3 +/- 4.1 v 55.8 +/- 9.6 mmol/L (blood urea nitrogen
      [BUN] 51.2 +/- 111.5 v 156.2 +/- 27.0 mg/dL, P less than 0.02) and greater unulin
      clearance (1.83 +/- 0.42 v 0.82 +/- 0.41 mL/min/kg BW, P less than 0.05) than the
      vehicle-treated rats. Neither group was hypertensive and the blood pressure (BP)
      was similar in both groups. The percentage of glomeruli showing no changes or
      minimal histological changes was significantly greater in the lovastatin-treated
      group (26.5% +/- 5.7% v 8.33% +/- 3.33%, P less than 0.02), and there were more
      glomeruli with global sclerosis in the vehicle-treated group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294730
TI  - Routine serologic tests in the differential diagnosis of the adult nephrotic
      syndrome.
AB  - From 1980 to 1985, we performed biopsies on 87 adults with nephrotic syndrome
      (NS). The patients were tested for whether serologic studies obtained routinely
      at biopsy added to clinical diagnostic accuracy. Using history, physical
      examination, complete blood cell count (CBC), chemistry panel, urinalysis, and
      urine creatinine and protein, four nephrologists each predicted whether the
      patient had primary NS (PNS) or secondary NS (SNS), and the most likely
      histopathologic entity. Six months later, each nephrologist used this
      information, with results of tests of sera for fluorescent antinuclear antibody
      (FANA), rheumatoid factor (RF), complement components, hepatitis B surface
      antigen (HBsAg), venereal disease research laboratory serology (VDRI),
      cryoglobulins and protein electrophoresis (SPEP), with an erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate (ESR) and protein electrophoresis of the urine (UPEP), to make
      identical predictions. Histopathology was established by renal biopsy. We
      analyzed the concordance between nephrologists' choices and biopsy results both
      before and after serologic tests were available with a kappa statistic.
      Preserology concordance was moderate (kappa = 0.52), and identical to
      postserology concordance (kappa = 0.51) for both PNS versus SNS and actual
      histopathology. Serologies were rarely abnormal without clinical suspicion. These
      results suggest routine serologic testing does not improve diagnostic accuracy in
      adult NS.

PMID- 2294731
TI  - Perception of illness and depression in chronic renal disease.
AB  - The causes, extent, and quantification of depression in end-stage renal disease
      (ESRD) patients have been a concern of psychologists and physicians. To assess
      depression and its possible causes, 57 patients with ESRD treated with
      hemodialysis (HD, n = 43) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD, n =
      14) and 16 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) were interviewed and
      completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Illness Effects
      Questionnaire (IEQ). An ESRD severity coefficient was used to measure chronic
      illness severity in the patients treated with dialysis, and blood urea nitrogen
      (BUN) and creatinine levels were used to assess severity of renal disease and
      adequacy of treatment. A cognitive item subset of the BDI (CDI) was used as a
      measure of depression. When patients treated with HD and CAPD were compared, CAPD
      patients were younger, had a shorter duration of dialysis treatment, and less
      severe medical illness, but the groups did not differ on the IEQ, BDI, or CDI.
      The IEQ did not correlate with age or disease variables. Both the CDI and the
      total BDI scores correlated with the IEQ. Perception of illness (IEQ) correlated
      significantly with cognitive depression for the CAPD and HD patients. For CAPD
      patients only, a significant correlation between the IEQ and severity of medical
      illness was obtained. Perception of illness and creatinine concentration were
      strongly correlated with cognitive depression in the patients with CRI as well.
      For all renal patients, level of depression was more strongly related to
      perception of illness than physical illness variables.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2294733
TI  - The role of ischemia in acquired cystic kidney disease.
AB  - Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) is the result of cyst formation in failing
      noncystic kidneys. This condition occurs in patients with chronic renal failure
      and becomes more common with increasing time on renal replacement therapy. Its
      complications include hemorrhage and tumor formation, which have acquired greater
      significance as more patients are started on dialysis treatment. The causes of
      ACKD remain speculative thus far. Its occurrence in nondialyzed patients suggests
      that dialysis itself is not a necessary factor in its pathogenesis. Five cases of
      severe unilateral renovascular disease and associated cyst formation are
      reported. The authors conclude that ACKD may derive from primary renovascular
      occlusion or from the secondary arterial and arteriolar occlusions seen in the
      end-stage kidney.

PMID- 2294732
TI  - Percent reduction in blood urea concentration during dialysis estimates Kt/V in a
      simple and accurate way.
AB  - Urea Kt/V is an accurate tool to estimate the adequacy of hemodialysis (HD)
      therapy; however, the current methods of calculating Kt/V are too complex for
      routine clinical use and require great care in order to avoid major inaccuracies.
      As percent reduction in blood urea concentration during dialysis (PRU) is a
      function of dialyzer urea clearance, length of dialysis, and urea distribution
      volume of the patient, it might correlate with Kt/V. Thus, analyzing
      retrospectively data of 78 studies, we found that the following linear regression
      equation existed between Kt/V values calculated by means of direct dialysis
      quantification (DDQ) and PRU values: Kt/V = 0.023 x PRU - 0.284 (r = 0.92).
      Furthermore, a good correlation existed between Kt/V values measured both by
      means of DDQ and of the classical algorithm (CA) of the urea kinetic model (UKM)
      (r = 0.98). Then, a prospective study was started in which 145 Kt/V values
      calculated by means of the above equation were correlated with the corresponding
      ones computed by means of a modified algorithm (MA) of UKM, perfectly fitting
      those generated by CA of UKM. Although the relationship was exponential, it was
      linear in the clinically important range of PRU between 40% and 70%,
      corresponding to a Kt/V between 0.64 and 1.33. Furthermore, an excellent
      correlation (r = 0.96) and no statistically significant difference existed in
      this range between the two series.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294734
TI  - Recovery from end-stage renal disease.
AB  - To evaluate the rate and associated factors for recovery of renal function in
      patients labeled by their nephrologists as having end-stage renal disease (ESRD),
      the data base of the Michigan Kidney Registry was used. All patients reported as
      starting treatment for ESRD between 1976 and 1985 (N = 7,404) were evaluated,
      excluding patients with acute tubular necrosis (ATN) or transplantation cases.
      While patients with ESRD due to diabetes and cystic diseases had lower recovery
      rates than average, patients with glomerulonephritis associated with a systemic
      illness, vasculopathies, and crescents had threefold to fourfold higher recovery
      rates. White race, older age, and later year of ESRD were associated with
      significantly higher recovery rates. Recovery rates did not differ substantially
      for patients receiving peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. Recovery occurred
      within 6 months of ESRD in approximately 48% of those recovering, 74% within 1
      year, and lasted at least 1 year in 75% of the cases. The authors conclude that
      caution should be applied when the diagnosis of ESRD is made; the possibility of
      recovery should be sought and assessed, especially when early renal
      transplantation is considered.

PMID- 2294735
TI  - C4B deficiency in two siblings with IgA nephropathy.
AB  - The development of IgA nephropathy in first degree relatives is a well-described,
      yet relatively uncommon, occurrence. The association of a C4 isotype deficiency
      or partial deficiency of another complement protein has been previously
      documented for patients with IgA nephropathy. The present report describes a
      family in which two siblings and their father had biopsy-confirmed IgA
      nephropathy; both siblings were deficient for the C4B isotype. In addition, one
      of the biopsied siblings and a third sibling with microscopic hematuria but no
      renal biopsy apparently had a partial deficiency of the complement regulatory
      protein, I. The findings in this family may be compatible with the hypothesis
      that a C4 isotype deficiency and/or a partial deficiency of an individual
      complement protein allows clinical expression of IgA nephropathy in an individual
      with a genetic susceptibility for the disease.

PMID- 2294736
TI  - Microvascular disease and the progression of IgA nephropathy.
AB  - In order to examine the role of microvascular disease in the evolution of IgA
      nephropathy (IgAN), the interrelationships among vascular sclerosis, glomerular
      sclerosis, age, and hypertension were determined by morphometric analysis of
      renal biopsies in 71 patients with IgAN; 63 age- and sex-matched individuals with
      minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) served as normal controls. The following
      parameters in glomeruli and in vessels with an outer diameter of 60 microns or
      less were analyzed by multiple regression analysis: (1) percentage of glomeruli
      with segmental and/or global sclerosis; (2) percentage of vessel area in renal
      cortical tissue measured by the point-counting method; (3) index of hyaline
      change estimated as the percentage of the number of arteries showing hyaline
      change; (4) index of vessel wall thickness determined by the ratio of mural
      thickness to outer diameter of arteries; (5) number of vascular cross sections
      counted per 6.25 microns2. The results of the multiple regression analysis
      demonstrate that glomerular and vascular sclerosis are interrelated and that
      hypertension and vessel area are almost equally important as predictors of
      glomerular sclerosis. Vessel area proved to be an early marker of vasculopathy,
      as its values in IgAN, even in the absence of hypertension and/or glomerular
      sclerosis, exceeded those in age- and sex-matched controls (with MCNS). These
      data, obtained by the use of quantitative methods, establish a role for vessel
      disease and hypertension in the progression of IgAN.

PMID- 2294738
TI  - Toxic shock syndrome with Staphylococcus aureus exit-site infection in a patient
      on peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) associated with exit-site infection but without
      peritonitis has not been described. We report a case of TSS with an isolated
      Staphylococcus aureus exit-site infection in a boy on chronic peritoneal
      dialysis. The exit site had minimal erythema and no purulence. This report re
      emphasizes the fact that mildly appearing cutaneous infections in patients with
      chronic renal failure may have significant consequences. Particular attention
      should be given to patients who present with constitutional symptoms that may be
      of short duration. The importance of culturing all sites in such cases is
      highlighted. The prevalence of TSS with exit-site infections is unknown, but TSS
      should be considered in patients presenting with similar features.

PMID- 2294737
TI  - The effects of lovastatin in hyperlipidemic patients with the nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Hypercholesterolemia may pose a substantial risk for cardiovascular disease. The
      present investigation was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the
      cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, lovastatin, in 13 nephrotic patients with 5.6 +/
      0.7 g/24 h of albuminuria. All patients were maintained on a low cholesterol
      diet throughout the study. After a 4-week placebo period, lovastatin was
      administered, 20 mg twice daily for 6 weeks. Lovastatin reduced total cholesterol
      by 27% from 8.6 +/- 0.6 mmol/L (331 +/- 24 mg/dL) to 6.3 +/- 0.4 mmol/L (242 +/-
      17 mg/dL) (P less than 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 27%, from
      5.8 +/- 0.5 mmol/L (223 +/- 20 mg/dL) to 4.2 +/- 0.6 mmol/L (163 +/- 22 mg/dL) (P
      less than 0.01), and apolipoprotein B by 29%, from 153 +/- 12 mg/dL to 109 +/- 8
      mg/dL to 109 +/- 8 mg/dL P less than 0.01). Triglycerides and very-low-density
      lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol levels were also reduced by 30% and 37%,
      respectively (P less than 0.01). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and
      apolipoproteins A-1 and A-2 were not significantly altered. Renal function and
      urine protein excretion were not affected by lovastatin. Although one patient
      developed diarrhea and discontinued treatment before completing 6 weeks of
      lovastatin, the other 12 patients had no adverse effects. In this short-term
      study, lovastatin therapy had few side effects and had favorable effects on the
      lipoprotein profile of nephrotic syndrome patients.

PMID- 2294739
TI  - Bromate intoxication: hairdressers' anuria.
AB  - A 17-year-old hairdresser developed sodium bromate poisoning after drinking a cup
      of hair neutralizer in a suicide attempt. She presented 1 week later with anuria,
      required hemodialysis for 5 days, and subsequently recovered. Sensorineural
      hearing loss, often a characteristic finding, was absent. Early diagnosis of
      bromate intoxication requires an appreciation that it commonly occurs in
      hairdressers, may be accompanied by deafness, and may present with insidious
      anuria.

PMID- 2294740
TI  - Volume depletion in a patient with cirrhosis.

PMID- 2294741
TI  - Renal transplantation for the nephrologist: is pancreas transplantation for
      diabetic ESRD now accepted therapy?

PMID- 2294742
TI  - Erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase is located on the X chromosome.
AB  - The gene for erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase has been mapped to Xpter-Xq26
      by Southern blot hybridization analysis of a mouse/human hybrid cell panel. In
      situ hybridization maps the gene to Xp21-Xq21, with the most likely location
      being on band Xp11.2. The mapping of the erythroid 5-amino-levulinate synthase
      gene to the X chromosome suggests that a defect in this gene may be the primary
      cause of X-linked sideroblastic anemia.

PMID- 2294743
TI  - Partial gene duplication involving exon-Alu interchange results in lipoprotein
      lipase deficiency.
AB  - Major structural rearrangements are uncommon causes of mutation in human genetic
      diseases. We have previously described that a significant proportion of unrelated
      patients of western European descent who are deficient in lipoprotein lipase
      (LPL) activity have a major structural rearrangement in the LPL gene. Here we
      report the detailed characterization of this mutation. We show that this
      rearrangement is due to a duplication of approximately 2 kb which results from
      juxtaposition of intron 6 to a partially duplicated exon 6. We have sequenced
      both the junction fragment of this duplication and the corresponding wild-type
      regions and have found that the breakpoint in intron 6 is associated with the
      simple repeat found at the 3' end of an Alu element. The breakpoint within exon 6
      shows no homology to this simple repeat. This result both suggests that this
      interchange arose as a nonhomologous recombination event and shows that such
      events resulting in duplication which occur in normal gene evolution may also
      lead to genetic disease. Cloning of the junction fragment has allowed synthesis
      of appropriate primers for rapid screening for this rearrangement in other
      families with LPL deficiency.

PMID- 2294744
TI  - Exclusion of the retinoblastoma gene and chromosome 13q as the site of a primary
      lesion for human breast cancer.
AB  - Chromosome 13q has been suggested as the site of a gene predisposing to human
      breast cancer, because loss of heterozygosity of alleles on this chromosome has
      been observed in some ductal breast tumors and because two breast cancer lines
      are altered at the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) at 13q14. To test this possibility,
      linkage of breast cancer susceptibility to 14 loci on chromosome 13q loci was
      assessed in extended families in which breast cancer is apparently inherited as
      an autosomal dominant trait. RB1 was excluded as the site of a breast cancer gene
      by a lod score of Z = -7.60 at close linkage for 13 families. Multipoint analysis
      yielded negative lod scores throughout the region between 13q12 and 13q34; over
      most of this distance, Z less than -2.0. Therefore, chromosome 13q appears to be
      excluded as the site of primary lesion for breast cancer in these families. In
      addition, comparison of tumor versus normal tissues of nonfamilial breast cancer
      patients revealed an alteration at the 5' end of RB1 in a mucoid carcinoma but no
      alterations of RB1 in five informative ductal adenocarcinomas. Linkage data and
      comparisons of tumor and normal tissues suggest that changes in the RBI locus
      either are secondary alterations associated with progression of some tumors or
      occur by chance.

PMID- 2294745
TI  - The Friedreich ataxia gene is assigned to chromosome 9q13-q21 by mapping of
      tightly linked markers and shows linkage disequilibrium with D9S15.
AB  - Chamberlain et al. have assigned the gene for Friedreich ataxia (FA), a recessive
      neurodegenerative disorder, to chromosome 9, and have proposed a regional
      localization in the proximal short arm (9p22-cen), on the basis of linkage to
      D9S15 and to interferon-beta (IFNB), the latter being localized in 9p22. We
      confirmed more recently the close linkage to D9S15 in another set of families but
      found much looser linkage to IFNB. We also reported another closely linked
      marker, D9S5. Additional families have now been studied, and our updated lod
      scores are z = 14.30 at theta = .00 for D9S15-FA linkage and z = 6.30 at theta =
      .00 for D9S5-FA linkage. Together with the recent data of Chamberlain et al.,
      this shows that D9S15 is very likely within 1 cM of the FA locus. We have found
      very significant linkage disequilibrium (delta Std = .28, chi 2 = 9.71, P less
      than .01) between FA and the D9S15 MspI RFLP in French families, which further
      supports the very close proximity of these two loci. No recombination between
      D9S5 and D9S15 was found in the FA families or Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme
      Humain families (z = 9.30 at theta = .00). Thus D9S5, D9S15, and FA define a
      cluster of tightly linked loci. We have mapped D9S5 by in situ hybridization to
      9q13-q21, and, accordingly, we assign the D9S5, D9S15, and FA cluster to the
      proximal part of chromosome 9 long arm, close to the heterochromatic region.

PMID- 2294746
TI  - Alpha-globin gene markers identify genetic differences between Australian
      aborigines and Melanesians.
AB  - Australian aborigines exhibit a number of alpha-globin cluster rearrangements
      involving both alpha- and zeta-globin genes. alpha+-Thalassemia (-alpha/) in this
      population is heterogeneous and includes the 3.7 types I, II, and III gene
      deletions. The alpha alpha alpha/ and zeta zeta zeta/ rearrangements are each
      found in association with two haplotypes, indicating origins from at least two
      separate DNA crossover events. Differences in alpha-globin cluster rearrangements
      and in haplotypes between Australian aborigines, Papua New Guinea highlanders and
      island Melanesians, are consistent with multiple colonizing events into
      Australia.

PMID- 2294747
TI  - The phenotype of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism: an analysis of 92 prenatally diagnosed
      cases.
AB  - We undertook an international survey of prenatally diagnosed 45,X/46,XY mosaicism
      to ascertain the phenotypic spectrum of this condition. Ninety-two cases were
      obtained by means of a questionnaire sent to over 730 cytogenetic laboratories.
      Seventy-six cases (75 males and 1 female) had physical examinations after
      delivery or termination of pregnancy. Among these, there were four significant
      genital anomalies: three hypospadias and one female with clitoromegaly. Gonadal
      histology was abnormal in three (27%) of 11 cases, all of whom had normal male
      external genitalia. Other anomalies were noted in five cases: one cystic hygroma
      in a male, two cardiac anomalies, one spina bifida with multiple other defects,
      and one intrauterine growth retardation. There was no relationship between the
      percent mosaicism and the presence or degree of abnormalities. We conclude that
      95% of 45,X/46,XY fetuses will have normal male genitalia, although there will
      also be a significant risk (27%) for abnormal gonadal histology. Long-term follow
      up studies of prenatally diagnosed cases of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism are needed to
      study, without ascertainment bias, stature, pubertal development, tumor risk, and
      fertility.

PMID- 2294749
TI  - Regional evaluation of DNA diagnostic laboratories.

PMID- 2294748
TI  - Environmental index in genetic epidemiology: an investigation of its role,
      adequacy, and limitations.
AB  - The concept of environmental index is briefly reviewed. With a biologically
      plausible theoretical model, the consequences of indices being based on
      incomplete information about the familial environment are investigated. It is
      shown that using partial indices on all family members leads to both an
      underestimation of the familial environmental component of variance, also called
      cultural heritability, and, although to a possibly lesser extent, an
      overestimation of the genetic heritability. It is further shown that so long as
      complete indices are available on both parents, using identically partial indices
      on children will yield nearly undistorted parameter estimates. These conclusions
      were arrived at by using a special case of the model and may not apply in
      general.

PMID- 2294750
TI  - Diagnostic heteroduplexes: simple detection of carriers of a 4-bp insertion
      mutation in Tay-Sachs disease.

PMID- 2294751
TI  - Human genetics teaching.

PMID- 2294752
TI  - ASHG activities relative to education. Heredity and adoption: a survey of state
      adoption agencies.
AB  - A subcommittee of The Social Issues Committee of The American Society of Human
      Genetics (ASHG), aware of the growing interest in the implications of inheritance
      and adoption, in 1987 began surveying the 50 states' and Washington DC's public
      adoption agencies regarding this issue, and it completed the survey in 1988. In
      1987, two surveys obtained data on each state's legal requirements for obtaining
      genetic information and on what each public adoption agency collected as genetic
      history. These results were presented in a poster at the 1987 ASHG annual meeting
      in San Diego. In 1988, a questionnaire was sent to the same agencies to elicit
      opinions as to whether adoption agencies should systematically collect genetic
      information to share with the adoptive family and adoptee, whether legislation
      should be mandated to collect such information, and whether genetic education
      programs should be developed and implemented for adoption-agency staff. On the
      basis of responses to the 1988 questionnaire, it was concluded that there is an
      interest in developing a uniform set of genetic information which should be part
      of a child's adoption record and that there is a need for genetic education
      programs for adoption workers. Responses to the desirability of mandating
      legislation for this purpose were less consistent.

PMID- 2294754
TI  - Commingling and segregation analysis of blood pressure in a French-Canadian
      population.
AB  - Commingling and segregation of age-sex-adjusted systolic blood pressure (SBP),
      diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) were
      examined in 1,560 individuals from 374 French-Canadian nuclear families. After
      correction for skewness, evidence in favor of two commingled distributions was
      found for SBP in the combined data (parents and offspring) and in parents, but
      not in offspring. Segregation analysis (using the computer program POINTER)
      suggested that a multifactorial contribution to all three phenotypes was greater
      in offspring than in parents, which could be the result of either polygenic or
      shared environmental components relevant to sibships, or both. Statistical
      evidence was found for a major effect on SBP. However, Mendelian transmission of
      the major effect was rejected, and no transmission of the major effect (equal
      tau's) was not. This is just the opposite to what would be expected if the major
      effect was due to a major gene, and it would ordinarily be considered as
      sufficient evidence to refute a major gene effect on SBP. However, the
      commingling in parents but not in offspring (who are all below 26 years of age),
      and the finding of equal transmission probabilities (nearly equal to 1), are
      compatible with an alternative interpretation. It is possible that there is a
      real major gene effect on SBP but that the genotype for elevated SBP has not yet
      expressed itself in the offspring as they have not yet gone through the risk
      period. Accordingly, this possibility needs to be evaluated further in additional
      studies involving older offspring.

PMID- 2294753
TI  - Order of genes on human chromosome 5q with respect to 5q interstitial deletions.
AB  - Using (a) somatic cell hybrids retaining partial chromosome 5 and (b) clinical
      samples from patients with acquired deletions of the long arm of chromosome 5,
      combined with chromosome 5-linked DNA probes, some of which exhibited RFLPs, we
      have determined the order of a series of genes on chromosome 5. The order
      established is 5pter----MLVI-2----cen----HEXB----DHFR----Pi227- --- cp12.6---
      (IL5,IL4)----IL3----GMCSF---- FGFA---- (CSF1R,PDGFR)----(treC,ADRBR)----(ARH
      H9,CSF1 )----qter. The suggested order and orientation for the closely linked
      IL3/GMCSF gene pair is cen----5' IL3 3'----5' GMCSF 3'----qter, on the basis of
      analysis of the GMCSF rearrangement in HL60 DNA. The map position of the GRL
      locus, which was consistent with both somatic cell hybrid and 5q- analyses, was
      telomeric to GMCSF and centromeric to CSF1R/PDGFR, near FGFA. Long-range
      restriction-enzyme analysis of 5q- DNAs did not detect rearrangements of 5q
      linked probes except in HL60 DNA, but it did reveal putative long-range RFLPs of
      several loci. RFLPs for GRL, Pi227, cp12.6, IL3, and CSF1R can detect deletions
      in bone marrow and in leukemia cells from patients with acquired 5q deletions.

PMID- 2294755
TI  - Microevolution in lower Central America: genetic characterization of the Chibcha
      speaking groups of Costa Rica and Panama, and a consensus taxonomy based on
      genetic and linguistic affinity.
AB  - There is evidence that Amerindians have continuously occupied the lower Central
      American Isthmus for as long as 10,000 years. There remains some doubt about the
      relationships of these original colonizers to the resident peoples of this zone
      at the time of European contact (approximately A.D. 1500). We present new genetic
      data for up to 48 genetic loci for 570 members of six Chibcha-speaking tribes of
      lower Central America--the Boruca, Bribri, Cabecar, and Guatuso of Costa Rica and
      the Kuna and Teribe of Panama--and delineate the genetic affinities among the
      various groups (these six tribes and the Guaymi and Bokota) of lower Central
      America. We convert standard genetic distance metrics into a form that is linear
      with the effective time since divergence, and we compare the genetic distances
      with linguistic distances for the same groups (r = .74, P less than .001).
      Geographic affinity accounts for some of the genetic divergence among groups (r =
      .49, P less than .084) and for some of the linguistic divergence (r = .53, P less
      than .037), but the correspondence between geographic position and taxonomic
      affinity is not high. We combine all of the genetic and linguistic data to
      construct a synthetic overview taxonomy of the lower Central American Chibcha.
      Both the genetic and linguistic data exhibit hierarchical organization of tribal
      groups, showing a general east-to-west pattern of grouping, with greater
      affinities between close neighbors. The presence of private genetic variants of
      some antiquity within the region and their absence outside the zone, coupled with
      the essential absence of the DI*A polymorphism of mongoloid origin that is
      widespread outside the zone, argue for a relatively isolated development of the
      Central American Chibcha. Our results do not support the old view of lower
      Central America as a frontier between more advanced cultures to the north and
      south. Any such explanation would require recent waves of migration from outside
      the region, migration that is not compatible with either the genetic or
      linguistic data or with the archaeological history of the region.

PMID- 2294756
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of a processed pseudogene derived from a human class III
      alcohol dehydrogenase gene.
AB  - Current information on the molecular structure of human alcohol dehydrogenase
      (ADH) genes is fragmentary. To characterize all ADH genes, we have isolated 63
      ADH clones from human genomic libraries made from one individual. Fifty-nine
      clones have been classified into five previously known loci: ADH1 (18 clones),
      ADH2 (20 clones), and ADH3 class I (16 clones), ADH4 class II (4 clones), and
      ADH5 class III (1 clone). Sequencing of one of the remaining four unclassified
      clones, SY lambda ADHE38, about 1.1 kb in length, shows no introns and three
      frameshift mutations in the coding region, with a total of 10 internal
      termination codons. When its deduced amino acid sequence was compared with those
      of the class I, class II, and class III ADHs, the proportions of identical amino
      acids were 56.7%, 55.5%, and 88.7%, respectively, suggesting that the processed
      pseudogene was derived from an ADH5 gene. The duplication event seems to have
      occurred about 3.5 million years ago, and the pseudogene has undergone a rapid
      change since then.

PMID- 2294757
TI  - Linkage of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type I to the pericentromeric
      region of chromosome 17.
AB  - Vance et al. have reported linkage of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
      type I (HMSN I) to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 17. We have studied
      eight families with HMSN I (also called the hypertrophic form of Charcot-Marie
      Tooth disease) for linkage of the disease locus to polymorphic loci in the
      centromeric region of chromosome 17. Linkage has been confirmed for D17S58
      (EW301) with a maximum lod score of 5.89 at theta = 0.08 and for D17S71 (pA10-41)
      with a maximum lod score of 3.22 at theta = 0.08. EW301 is on 17p, 5.5
      centimorgans from the centromere. Two families, previously reported as being
      linked to the Duffy blood group locus on chromosome 1, were included in this
      study, and one now provides positive lod scores for chromosome 17 markers. There
      was no evidence of heterogeneity.

PMID- 2294759
TI  - Proposal for a simple synthesis prognostic staging system in chronic myelogenous
      leukemia.
AB  - PURPOSE: Several prognostic models or staging systems have been published that
      identify different risk groups in patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)
      positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The aims of this study were (1) to
      test, in an independent population, the prognostic reproducibility of these
      staging systems; and (2) to develop a synthesis staging system that could be
      easily applied in clinical practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 406
      patients with newly diagnosed Ph-positive CML were evaluated by the four
      published staging systems of Tura, Cervantes, Sokal, and our group. The proposed
      synthesis staging system was developed based on the most consistent prognostic
      characteristics, and the presence or absence of accelerated disease features at
      diagnosis. The staging systems were compared according to survival outcome, as
      well as by looking for differences of survival outcomes within a specific stage
      of a defined system, when patients in this stage were subclassified by a second
      staging system. RESULTS: Whereas the staging system of Cervantes et al identified
      only two prognostic groups (median survivals of 49 versus 40 months; p = 0.01),
      the remaining three staging systems were able to segregate patients into stage 1,
      2, and 3 risk groups with respective median survivals of 56 to 57, 41 to 42, and
      28 to 36 months, respectively (p less than 0.001 to p less than 0.002). The new
      proposed staging system, based on the existence of zero to one (stage 1), two
      (stage 2), or three or more unfavorable (stage 3) characteristics, or the
      presence of accelerated disease features (stage 4), categorized patients into
      four prognostic groups with median survivals of 56, 45, 30, and 30 months,
      respectively (p less than 0.001), the latter stage (stage 4) being associated
      with a higher one-year mortality rate (29%). The synthesis staging system was
      also able to subclassify patients within most of Tura's and Sokal's stages into
      significantly different prognostic groups by survival outcome. CONCLUSION: The
      predictive prognostic capacity of three of the four published staging systems was
      confirmed in this independent or test population. The new proposed staging system
      was superior to the staging systems of Tura and Sokal in identifying different
      prognostic subgroups.

PMID- 2294758
TI  - Human Xq24-Xq28: approaches to mapping with yeast artificial chromosomes.
AB  - One hundred twenty-seven yeast strains with artificial chromosomes containing
      Xq24-Xqter human DNA were obtained starting from a human/hamster somatic cell
      hybrid. The clones were characterized with respect to their insert size,
      stability, and representation of a set of Xq24-Xqter DNA probes. The inserts of
      the clones add up to 19.3 megabase (Mb) content, or about 0.4 genomic equivalents
      of that portion of the X chromosome, with a range of 40-650 kb in individual
      YACs. Eleven clones contained more than one YAC, the additional ones usually
      having hamster DNA inserts; the individual YACs could be separated by extracting
      the total DNA from such strains and using it to retransform yeast cells. One of
      the YACs, containing the probe for the DXS49 locus, was grossly unstable,
      throwing off smaller versions of an initial 300-kb YAC during subculture; the
      other YACs appeared to breed true on subculture. Of 52 probes tested, 12 found
      cognate YACs; the YACs included one with the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogense
      gene and another containing four anonymous probe sequences (DX13, St14, cpx67,
      and cpx6). Xq location of YACs is being verified by in situ hybridization to
      metaphase chromosomes, and fingerprinting and hybridization methods are being
      used to detect YACs that overlap.

PMID- 2294760
TI  - Subclavian and axillary involvement in temporal arteritis and polymyalgia
      rheumatica.
AB  - PURPOSE: We describe 10 female patients with temporal arteritis (TA) and/or
      polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) who presented with upper-extremity ischemia.
      PATIENTS, METHODS, AND RESULTS: Arm claudication or Raynaud's phenomenon was the
      initial manifestation of the disease in four cases, appeared with classical
      symptoms in one case, or occurred during decreasing corticosteroid therapy in
      five cases. Temporal artery biopsy was performed in nine patients and showed
      typical giant-cell granulomatous arteritis in seven cases. Angiograms in all
      cases showed multiple bilateral smooth stenoses, or obliterations of
      postvertebral subclavian and/or axillary arteries, or both. Symptoms always
      improved with corticosteroid treatment and none of the patients required
      reconstructive surgery, although angiography performed after stabilization did
      not show revascularization of occluded vessels. CONCLUSION: We conclude that
      large-artery involvement in TA and PMR affects most commonly the subclavian and
      axillary arteries, with a female predominance comparable to that in Takayasu's
      arteritis. Both these disorders should be considered in elderly women with
      occlusive disease of the upper extremities. Although response to steroid therapy
      was sufficient in our series to avoid surgery, we believe it is preferable to
      recognize large-artery involvement as early as possible and recommend performance
      of ultrasonic Doppler examination when any sign of oncoming ischemia or stenosis
      is observed.

PMID- 2294762
TI  - Frequency of adverse reactions after influenza vaccination.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although concern about side effects constitutes a major deterrent to
      patient compliance with recommendations for influenza vaccination, there is a
      paucity of data about the frequency of adverse reactions to newer trivalent
      vaccines. Our aim was to determine the frequency of adverse reactions to
      influenza vaccine in older, chronically ill persons, many of whom are at high
      risk for influenza-related morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a
      telephone survey of 40% of the patients who were vaccinated at a walk-in flu shot
      clinic. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. To determine
      postvaccine symptom rates, Group I was interviewed seven days after vaccination.
      Group II was interviewed 21 days after vaccination in order to control for
      baseline symptom rates. Both groups were queried about fever, disability, and flu
      like illness in the week preceding the interview. RESULTS: Of 816 patients
      selected, 650 (79.6%) completed the interview. The mean age of the subjects was
      63, and more than two thirds were at risk for influenza-related morbidity. The
      frequencies of self-reported fever (5.3% versus 5.1%, p = 0.91) and disability
      (10.4% versus 9.3%, p = 0.65) were similar in the two groups. However, a
      significantly higher proportion of Group I subjects reported a flu-like illness
      compared to the Group II subjects (14.2% versus 8.7%, p = 0.03). Although Group I
      subjects were more likely to report flu-like illness within two days of
      vaccination compared to a similar time interval for Group II subjects, there was
      no corresponding clustering of disability after vaccination. CONCLUSION: We
      conclude that the overall frequency of symptoms in both groups was low; however,
      the absolute risk of a flu-like illness was 5.5% higher during the first week
      following influenza vaccination when compared with the third week after the
      injection. These symptoms did not result in a decreased ability to perform usual
      daily activities.

PMID- 2294761
TI  - Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from the blood of seven patients with Lyme
      disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, has rarely
      been successfully cultured from blood. We report on seven patients from
      Westchester County, New York, with B. burgdorferi bacteremia diagnosed between
      April 1987 and August 1987. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-two attempts
      to isolate spirochetes were made on blood specimens obtained from 104 patients.
      Twenty-two of these specimens were obtained from nine patients who had recently
      been bitten by Ixodes ticks but who were asymptomatic. Heparinized blood or serum
      specimens (0.2 to 0.4 mL) were inoculated onto 6 mL of modified Barbour-Stoenner
      Kelly medium. Lyme serology was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      polyvalent, IgM, and IgG assays, fluorescent immunoassay, and
      microhemagglutination. RESULTS: Four of the seven patients had erythema migrans,
      two had facial nerve palsy, and one had a flu-like syndrome without rash. These
      patients represented 21% (four of 19) of all patients with the characteristic
      skin lesion who had blood cultures for B. burgdorferi, and 40% (two of five) of
      all those with facial nerve palsy. Serologic testing was frequently nonreactive;
      two patients had no detectable antibody on multiple sera by five different
      assays. All patients improved with antibiotic treatment, and had negative
      subsequent blood cultures, but five of seven had persistent complaints after
      completion of therapy. CONCLUSION: Culturing blood for B. burgdorferi may be
      useful in confirming the diagnosis of Lyme disease in selected patients. Use of
      spirochete blood cultures may facilitate a better understanding of the
      pathogenesis and natural history of Lyme disease.

PMID- 2294763
TI  - Antipyretic orders in a university hospital.
AB  - PURPOSE: Antipyretics are prescribed for many hospitalized patients, but details
      concerning prescribing practices are not known. This study was designed to
      determine the incidence and format of antipyretic orders in a university-based
      tertiary-care center, and to ascertain whether orders are correlated with patient
      characteristics or hospital services. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 300
      randomly selected patients on the medicine, general surgery, neurosurgery, and
      obstetrics and gynecology services, and of 75 patients admitted with pneumonia
      and fever were retrospectively reviewed using a standardized data form. RESULTS:
      Orders for acetaminophen prn (as needed), without further explanation, were
      interpreted by the nursing staff as antipyretic orders; 78% of patients with such
      an order and fever received acetaminophen during the febrile episode. If orders
      of this type were included, 153 (51%) of the randomly selected patients received
      an antipyretic order. Gender, age, duration of hospitalization, intensive care
      unit residence, fever, and presence of a condition worsened by fever were not
      significant independent predictors of antipyretic prescription, but documented
      infection and hospitalization on the medicine and neurosurgery services were,
      with adjusted odds ratios of 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 5.0), 9.4
      (95% CI 3.6 to 25), and 14 (95% CI 5.0 to 41), respectively. Of patients who
      received an antipyretic order, 70% had an admission order for antipyretics; 26%,
      an order prompted by fever; and 79%, an order while afebrile. In 86%, the order
      was written prn without further explanation. Around-the-clock dosing, automatic
      stop orders, and acknowledgement and justification of orders were rare.
      CONCLUSION: Antipyretic orders are routine and correlate more strongly with
      hospital service than with individual patient characteristics. They are
      umprecisely written and generally leave decisions about antipyretic
      administration to the complete discretion of the nursing staff.

PMID- 2294764
TI  - Therapeutic antibiotic monitoring: surveillance using a computerized expert
      system.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a computerized system to monitor
      therapeutic antibiotics in a hospital setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From
      November 1986 through October 1987, we prospectively monitored 1,632 hospitalized
      patients who had 2,157 microbiology specimens sent for culture and sensitivity
      testing. During the study period, computer algorithms were used to identify
      patients whose antibiotic therapy was inappropriate in relation to microbiology
      culture and sensitivity data. When inconsistencies occurred between antibiotic
      therapy and in vitro sensitivity data, computer algorithms generated therapeutic
      antibiotic monitor (TAM) alerts. A clinical pharmacist then notified the
      attending physician of the alert. RESULTS: Antibiotic therapy was identified by
      the computer as inappropriate in 696 instances (32%). After we eliminated false
      positive alerts, 420 evaluable TAM alerts remained. Physicians responded to the
      TAM alerts by either changing or starting antimicrobial therapy in 125 cases
      (30%). Moreover, physicians were previously unaware of the relevant
      susceptibility test results in 49% of the alerts. CONCLUSION: Computer-assisted
      monitoring is an efficient and promising method to identify and correct errors in
      antimicrobial prescribing and to assure the appropriate use of therapeutic
      antibiotics.

PMID- 2294765
TI  - Meaningful experiences in medicine.

PMID- 2294767
TI  - Rectal administration of propylthiouracil in the treatment of Graves' disease.

PMID- 2294766
TI  - Acute renal failure, anemia, and seizures in a 67-year-old man.

PMID- 2294768
TI  - Rapid improvement in dermatitis after zinc supplementation in a patient with
      Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2294769
TI  - Disseminated aspergillosis in an apparently healthy patient.

PMID- 2294770
TI  - Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in a retrosternal goiter presenting as fever of
      unknown origin.

PMID- 2294771
TI  - Low-dose cytosine arabinoside in relapsed acute lymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2294772
TI  - Chronic granulocytic leukemia versus neutrophilic leukemoid reaction.

PMID- 2294773
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin and amebic liver abscess.

PMID- 2294774
TI  - Pseudomonas putrefaciens bacteremia associated with shellfish contact.

PMID- 2294775
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 2294776
TI  - Facial-auditory nerve oxalosis.

PMID- 2294777
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis in the hyperosmolal state.
AB  - PURPOSE: We undertook this study to determine the occurrence of rhabdomyolysis in
      the hyperosmolal state. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed 130 hospital admissions
      due to diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolal coma, or both. Thirty-one patients
      (12 men and 19 women) were found to be in the hyperosmolal state. Sixteen of 31
      patients showed biochemical evidence of rhabdomyolysis. The clinical and
      biochemical features of the patients with rhabdomyolysis (Group I) and the
      patients without rhabdomyolysis (Group II) were compared. RESULTS: Patients in
      Group I showed a 100-fold increase (7,156 +/- 2,820 IU/L) in serum creatine
      phosphokinase (CPK) when compared to the patients in Group II (61 +/- 11 IU/L).
      The mean serum osmolality was much higher (p less than 0.001) in patients with
      rhabdomyolysis (381 +/- 12 mOsm/kg) than in those without rhabdomyolysis (324 +/-
      4 mOsm/kg). The serum sodium level was elevated (p less than 0.001) in Group I
      patients (151 +/- 4 mEq/L) but not in Group II patients (133 +/- 2 mEq/L). There
      was a linear association between serum CPK versus serum sodium (r = 0.62, p less
      than 0.05) and serum CPK versus serum osmolality (r = 0.05, p less than 0.05).
      The mean serum potassium level was lower (p less than 0.01) in Group I than in
      Group II. Only two patients (12%) in Group I and almost half the patients (seven
      of 15) in Group II were hyperkalemic. The mean serum phosphorus level was lower
      in Group II than in Group I. Four patients in Group I and one patient in Group II
      developed acute renal failure. CONCLUSION: Subclinical rhabdomyolysis is a common
      finding in the hyperosmolal state. Absence of hyperkalemia in the presence of
      muscle injury, hyperosmolality, hyperglycemia, and acidosis suggested pre
      existing total-body potassium deficiency in many of these patients. In addition
      to hypokalemia, the hyperosmolal state predisposes to the development of
      rhabdomyolysis.

PMID- 2294778
TI  - Thymic carcinomas: histopathological varieties and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Thirteen cases of primary thymic carcinomas are described. The patients' ages
      ranged from 19 to 64 years, with a median of 40 years. Nine of them were male.
      Chest pain with or without cough was the main presenting symptom. No patient had
      myasthenia gravis. Five histological types were identified; two were
      undifferentiated (lymphoepithelioma-like) carcinoma, one was a clear-cell
      carcinoma, two were mixed squamous and small-cell carcinoma, and six were
      squamous cell carcinoma. All the tumors were variably positive for anti-keratin
      antibody AE1 and AE3, but negative for AE2. Anti-neuron specific enolase antibody
      was useful in identifying and confirming the small-cell carcinoma component of
      the mixed carcinomas. Anti-epithelial membrane antigen antibody aided in
      revealing the glandular structures in mixed adenosquamous and small-cell
      carcinomas. Thymic carcinomas were histopathologically differentiated from
      thymomas by their malignant cytological appearance, increased mitotic activity,
      and central tumor necrosis. All six patients with pure squamous-cell carcinoma
      were still alive, with a median survival time of 27 months. All but one of the
      other patients of different histological types died, the exception being a recent
      case of mixed adenosquamous and small-cell carcinoma; their median survival was
      19.5 months, or 18 months when the latter surviving case is included. The
      prognosis of patients with pure squamous-cell carcinoma was better.

PMID- 2294780
TI  - Histologic correlations with the clinical diagnosis of dysplastic nevus.
AB  - In melanoma kindreds the presence of dysplastic nevi correlates with greatly
      increased melanoma risk. The relative importance of sporadic, nonfamilial
      dysplastic nevi as a risk factor for melanoma is less certain. Although the
      clinical features of dysplastic nevi have been well described, the histologic
      basis for the diagnosis is not as firmly established. This study examines the
      degree of correspondence between the clinical and histopathologic diagnosis of
      dysplastic nevus. Histologic review of nevi with clinical features of dysplasia
      from 1,000 individuals demonstrated classic histologic features of dysplasia (as
      previously demonstrated in melanoma kindreds) in 54.7%. In 20.4% of patients,
      nevi displayed less convincing or only partially developed features of dysplasia.
      The remaining patients (24.9%) had nevi of other types. Correspondence between
      the clinical and histologic diagnosis of dysplasia was best for lesions from the
      trunk and in individuals beyond the age of 20 years. This study supports the
      validity of the dysplastic nevus as a clinical and pathologic entity.

PMID- 2294779
TI  - Detection of chromogranins A and B in endocrine tissues with radioactive and
      biotinylated oligonucleotide probes.
AB  - We analyzed the distribution of chromogranins A and B in normal and neoplastic
      endocrine tissues with secretory granules using 35S-labeled and biotin-labeled
      oligonucleotide probes by in situ hybridization (ISH). Both radioactive and
      nonradioactive probes detected messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in frozen and paraffin
      tissue sections. Endocrine tissues with variable immunoreactivities for
      chromogranin A protein, such as small-cell lung carcinomas, neuroblastomas,
      insulinomas, and parathyroid adenomas, expressed the mRNA for chromogranins A and
      B in most cells. Some technical problems with the biotinylated probes included
      nonspecific nuclear staining and endogenous alkaline phosphatase, which was not
      completely abolished by levamisole pretreatment. A differential distribution of
      chromogranins A and B was seen in pituitary prolactinomas, which expressed
      abundant chromogranin B but not chromogranin A mRNAs, and in parathyroid
      adenomas, which expressed abundant chromogranin A but only small amounts of
      chromogranin B mRNAs. These results indicate that ISH can be used to detect
      chromogranins A and B in endocrine tissues with radioactive and biotinylated
      oligonucleotide probes and that the mRNAs for chromogranin A and B are
      demonstrable in some tumors even when the chromogranin proteins cannot be
      detected by immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 2294781
TI  - Minimal deviation melanoma (halo nevus variant).
AB  - Twenty-eight cases of minimal deviation melanoma (MDM) in the histologic setting
      of halo nevus formed the basis for this study. Requisites for this study included
      at least one of the following: a remnant of a halo nevus in a MDM; remnants of
      both MDM and halo nevus in a common melanoma; and a MDM of Spitz or dermal type,
      or MDM arising in premalignant dysplasia in which the vertical growth components
      manifested distinctive cytologic features and cytophilia for lymphocytes. Many of
      the lesions apparently represented neoplastic progressions involving a population
      of cells at the dermal-epidermal interface (accretive growth). Some of the
      lesions qualified as dermal variants and apparently represented neoplastic
      progressions in a dermal component (interstitial growth). Most examples of MDM in
      this study were borderline in size (less than 1.00 mm in vertical dimensions).
      The borderline MDM were interpreted as brief (and in some cases perhaps
      ephemeral) neoplastic interludes. For the 12 cases with follow-up, there have
      been no metastases or local recurrences.

PMID- 2294782
TI  - Malignant hemangioendothelioma of the thyroid. Its immunohistochemical
      discrimination from undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - Eighteen cases of malignant hemangioendothelioma (MHE) of the thyroid and 16
      cases of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma were investigated
      immunohistochemically with antibodies against endothelial cell specific markers
      (factor VIII-related antigen, BMA 120, blood group isoantigens, Ulex europaeus
      agglutinin I), thyroglobulin, and the intermediate filament proteins vimentin and
      cytokeratin. All MHE were positive for factor VIII-related antigen and vimentin,
      in 14 of 18 cases for BMA 120, and in 9 of 18 cases for U. europaeus. All other
      markers were negative in MHE. Endothelial cell specific markers were commonly
      negative in undifferentiated carcinomas with one exception (one case was
      moderately positive for U. europaeus). Twelve of 16 undifferentiated carcinomas
      showed vimentin positivity, and 8 of 16 showed cytokeratin positivity. Four cases
      showed a vimentin/cytokeratin coexpression. It is concluded that the endothelial
      origin of MHE can be shown by certain endothelial cell markers in almost all
      cases.

PMID- 2294783
TI  - Cellular angiolipoma.
AB  - Three examples of cellular angiolipoma are presented. They occurred as part of
      multiple, occasionally painful, subcutaneous nodules on the extremities and trunk
      of healthy men. There was no familial tendency. Grossly, the cellular
      angiolipomas were small lesions, approximately 1 cm. Histologically, dense
      cellular angiomatous tissue comprised more than 95% of the lesions. Much of this
      component contained prominent spindle cells. Lesser degrees of involvement in the
      other subcutaneous nodules illustrated the continuum of histology between
      cellular angiolipomas and more typical angiolipomas. The differential diagnosis
      of cellular angiolipomas includes spindle cell lipoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and
      other vascular tumors. The most important distinguishing features are
      encapsulation, intravascular fibrin thrombi, septation, association with other
      more typical angiolipomas, and occurrence in healthy individuals.

PMID- 2294784
TI  - Meningioma of the paranasal sinuses. A report of two cases.
AB  - Two patients presented with primary meningiomas arising in the paranasal sinuses.
      Despite nonspecific symptoms, both patients had extensive local clinical disease.
      One patient had a lateral rhinotomy with total removal of tumor; he has remained
      well for 3 years. The second patient, who was not a surgical candidate because of
      her cerebrovascular disease, was identified retrospectively. Her tumor was not
      originally studied using current day morphologic methods. She was irradiated
      following a diagnosis of malignant tumor. The histologic features of nasal
      meningioma are similar to those of conventional intracranial lesions, including
      nuclear pseudoinclusions. Although the unusual location may suggest carcinoma,
      melanoma, or olfactory neuroblastoma, adjunctive use of electron microscopy and
      immunohistochemistry can be combined to arrive at the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 2294785
TI  - Papers of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 30th annual meeting.
      Washington, D.C., May 16-17, 1989.

PMID- 2294786
TI  - The fate of the forgotten rectal pouch after Hartmann's procedure without
      reconstruction.
AB  - The rectal pouches of 45 patients who underwent Hartmann's procedure and were not
      scheduled to have a colostomy closure were examined with an endoscope at least 1
      year after operation. Twenty-five patients had no symptoms related to the rectal
      pouch. The rest had pain, mucous discharge, moderate-to-severe bleeding, or
      discharge of small bowel contents. Endoscopic findings included moderate-to
      severe proctitis in 20 patients, 10 of whom had no symptoms. Polyps were found in
      four patients (two asymptomatic) and carcinoma in seven (one asymptomatic). Of 24
      patients operated upon for diverticulitis, 12 had proctitis and 2 had polyps. Of
      14 patients with carcinoma, 4 had proctitis, 1 polyps, and 5 carcinoma. Of two
      patients with benign polyps, one had polyps and one, carcinoma and of five
      patients with inflammatory bowel disease, four had proctitis and one, carcinoma.
      The treatment of polyps and carcinoma is the same as for other patients with
      these conditions. Proctitis should be treated with reanastomosis. The frequent
      presence of abnormality in the rectal pouch indicates the need for regular follow
      up examinations of these patients.

PMID- 2294787
TI  - Manometric diagnosis of anal sphincter injuries.
AB  - A manometric technique of anal pressure vectography has been developed for the
      detection of anal sphincter injuries. Manometric symmetry of the anal sphincter
      can be visualized on the pressure vectorgram and quantified as a vector symmetry
      index. The mean vector symmetry index in asymptomatic women was 0.76, compared
      with 0.33 in incontinent women with a known sphincter injury (p = 0.0001). Among
      women who were incontinent without having a recognized sphincter injury, nearly
      half of those who had a previous episiotomy had subnormal (less than 0.60) vector
      symmetry indices (p = 0.0003). The values were in the same range as those from
      known injuries, suggesting the presence of an occult sphincter injury. In
      contrast, normal symmetry indices were found in all those who had never had an
      episiotomy or who presented with outlet constipation. We conclude that the vector
      symmetry index can expose occult anal sphincter injuries and may have a role in
      the selection of patients for sphincter repair.

PMID- 2294788
TI  - Long-term outcome of reversal of small intestinal bypass operations.
AB  - Between 1976 and 1987, 43 patients underwent reversal of jejunoileal bypass
      operations because of metabolic complications of the operation. Electrolyte
      imbalance, malnutrition, and diarrhea (16 patients); cirrhosis (9);
      nephrolithiasis (9); arthritis (7); and pathologic fractures (1) were the primary
      indications for reconstruction. Many patients had multiple complications of the
      jejunoileal bypass operation. Twenty-nine patients underwent gastroplasty at the
      time of reversal and 14 did not. Seventy three +/- 5 months after reversal,
      patients with a gastroplasty weighed significantly less than patients without a
      gastroplasty. Patients with electrolyte imbalance, malnutrition, and diarrhea
      were all improved after reconstruction. Two patients with cirrhosis died of liver
      failure after reconstruction; the distinguishing preoperative characteristic was
      ascites. Postoperative interval liver biopsies indicated improvement in
      histologic appearance in four patients and no change in three. Nephrolithiasis
      improved or disappeared in all patients after reconstruction, whereas arthritis
      improved in 5 of 7 patients. Gastroplasty produced no benefit in alleviation of
      metabolic complications of jejunoileal bypass operations. Although the survival
      rate in these patients at last follow-up was 95 percent, 28 percent were
      incapacitated. Simultaneous gastroplasty performed at the time of reversal
      significantly decreases body weight when compared with patients undergoing
      reversal without a gastroplasty.

PMID- 2294789
TI  - Abdominal mycobacterial infections in immunocompromised patients.
AB  - A review of the discharge diagnoses and mycobacterial cultures of patients
      admitted to a major New York City hospital over an 18-month period revealed 21
      patients with abdominal mycobacterial infections (17 male, 4 female) with an
      average age of 36 years. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or an
      identifiable AIDS risk was present in 14. The disease was manifest by peritoneal
      (eight patients), ileocecal (seven), and hepatic involvement (three), and psoas
      abscess (three). Diffuse abdominal pain was the most frequent presenting symptom.
      However, absence of pain (19 percent) and lack of abdominal findings (28 percent)
      were not uncommon. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly elevated
      (mean 72 mm/hour), whereas the white blood cell count was normal in 18 patients.
      Computed tomography findings were abnormal in all patients studied and suggested
      mycobacterial infection in 67 percent. Ten patients (48 percent) required
      surgery. Although there were no individual differences in clinical or laboratory
      presentation between the operative and nonoperative patient groups, more patients
      with pain and higher fever were operated upon. There was one postoperative death.
      The overall mortality rate was 24 percent, and the mean survival and follow-up
      10.2 months and 12.2 months, respectively.

PMID- 2294790
TI  - Surgical management of complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy with precut
      papillotomy.
AB  - We reviewed 574 endoscopic sphincterotomy procedures. Fifty-six precut
      papillotomies were performed. Presenting conditions included choledocholithiasis,
      cholangitis, benign and malignant papillary strictures, and stenosing papillitis.
      Complications were identified in 16 percent: perforation in 9 percent,
      pancreatitis in 5 percent, bleeding in 2 percent, and pancreatic abscess in 2
      percent. One patient died. Six patients required operation for complications.
      Perforation of the duodenum or common bile duct seen within 8 hours was managed
      with drainage and closure of the perforation with minimal complications. Duodenal
      perforations operated on later than 8 hours required more extensive procedures.
      All these patients had significant post-operative complications. Three patients
      were managed nonoperatively. Precut papillotomy carries a significantly higher
      complication rate than conventional sphincterotomy. Our experience suggests that
      there is no place for conservative management of duodenal perforation.

PMID- 2294791
TI  - A new technique to define and clarify esophageal motor disorders.
AB  - Ambulatory 24-hour esophageal manometry was applied to analyze motility in 12
      normal subjects and 9 patients with chest pain and dysphagia caused by diffuse
      esophageal spasm (DES). Pain episodes characterized by nonperistaltic activity
      occurred in 7 of 9 patients. A score based on 10 variables of the motility
      pattern differentiated patients from normal subjects and quantitated the severity
      of the disorder. Ambulatory motility monitoring was prospectively performed in 8
      normal subjects and 37 patients: 8 with DES, 13 with hypertensive contractions,
      and 16 with a nonspecific disorder on standard manometry. The score was positive
      in 6 of 8 patients with DES and negative in all normal subjects (accuracy 87
      percent). Nine of the 13 patients with hypertensive contractions (70 percent) and
      6 of 16 with nonspecific disorders (38 percent) had a pathologic score reflecting
      a dysmotility as severe as DES. Ambulatory esophageal manometry is a more
      physiologic way to identify a motor disorder than standard manometry and has the
      potential to improve selection of patients for a surgical myotomy.

PMID- 2294792
TI  - Role of highly selective vagotomy and duodenoplasty in the treatment of
      postbulbar duodenal obstruction.
AB  - The indications for highly selective vagotomy have expanded in recent years, with
      the technique being applied to selected cases of perforation and bleeding. Its
      use in obstruction is controversial, but two options are available for managing
      the stenotic pylorus or duodenum: dilatation or duodenoplasty. The latter choice
      requires that the stenosis be located in the postbulbar area. Since 1981, we have
      managed 15 patients with postbulbar stenosis by means of highly selective
      vagotomy and duodenoplasty. All patients had a previous history of ulcer disease,
      and vomiting was a consistent symptom. All patients were referred for surgery, 10
      by a gastroenterologist. There was no operative mortality or procedure-related
      morbidity. Two patients have been lost to follow-up. Both were classified as
      Visick I and had normal endoscopic results at their last visit. The remaining 13
      patients have all been followed very recently. Twelve patients (92%) are
      currently classified as Visick I or II. One patient (Visick IV), who was
      essentially asymptomatic, was found to have a recurrent ulcer on endoscopy.
      Endoscopic (11 patients) or radiographic (1 patient) patency of the duodenoplasty
      has been demonstrated in 12 patients. Highly selective vagotomy and duodenoplasty
      should be a surgical consideration when the pathologic anatomy of the duodenum
      lends itself to that choice.

PMID- 2294793
TI  - Changes in intragastric bile acid composition in patients receiving cimetidine
      postoperatively.
AB  - Enterogastric reflux has been implicated as a possible etiologic mechanism in
      gastritis both after partial gastrectomy and in those with an intact pylorus. We
      studied the effects of cimetidine on bile acid concentration and composition by
      high-performance liquid chromatography. The gastric aspirates collected for this
      study came from 27 prospectively randomized patients receiving intravenous
      cimetidine (200 mg every 6 hours) and 25 patients given a placebo. Total bile
      acid concentration of aspirates was determined spectrophotometrically. Marked
      differences were noted in conjugated bile acids. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid, a
      toxic dihydroxy bile acid, was decreased after cimetidine compared with results
      from the placebo. The ratio of less toxic trihydroxylated to more toxic
      dihydroxylated bile acids was significantly increased. Enterogastric reflux
      itself seemed unaltered by cimetidine; likewise, the concentration of total bile
      acids in the cimetidine group was similar to that among patients receiving
      placebo. These changes in bile salt composition with cimetidine may help explain
      its salutary effects in gastritis, over and above its ability to reduce gastric
      hydrogen ion secretion.

PMID- 2294795
TI  - Factors influencing the treatment of intra-abdominal abscesses.
AB  - Forty-eight consecutive patients with 68 intra-abdominal abscesses who had
      operative or radiologic attempts at drainage were analyzed. Patients who had
      radiologic drainage were older and had simple abscesses more often. Simple
      abscesses were treated successfully in a high percentage of patients using both
      operation and radiologic drainage. Mortality was higher for patients with complex
      abscesses, and most of these patients required operative treatment. Successful
      abscess resolution was eventually achieved in 79 percent of patients.

PMID- 2294794
TI  - Characterization of immune responses in different lymphoid compartments during
      small intestinal allograft rejection.
AB  - In the present study, we examined the sequential changes of procoagulant activity
      (PCA) in different host and graft tissue compartments in order to assess its role
      as an immunologic effector and monitor of the rejection process. An early
      increase in PCA in the graft mesenteric nodes marks the onset of the host-graft
      immune interaction prior to any PCA or histologic changes in the other tissue
      compartments. This was followed by increases in PCA in the peripheral blood and
      graft intraepithelial compartments coinciding with maximal clinical and
      histologic signs of rejection. Cyclosporin A fully suppressed alloantigen-induced
      activation of PCA in the intraepithelial compartment and peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells, but only partially suppressed PCA in graft mesenteric nodes of
      the allogeneic transplants. The sequence of PCA changes accurately reflected the
      clinical and histologic changes during allograft rejection. Thus, PCA measured in
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells appears to be a sensitive and accurate marker
      of allograft rejection.

PMID- 2294797
TI  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy is an effective method in the treatment of common bile
      duct stones.

PMID- 2294796
TI  - Early detection of colorectal cancer by quantitative fluorescence image analysis
      of exfoliated cells.
AB  - Early-stage colorectal cancer is potentially curable. In the present study, we
      applied quantitative fluorescence image analysis (QFIA) cytology to the detection
      of experimental colorectal cancer in a rodent model. QFIA cytology combines
      visual cytologic examination with quantitation of DNA content in single
      exfoliated cells. Cancer was induced by treating 110 rats with subcutaneous 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine. Sequential colon washes were obtained weekly from each animal
      for 20 weeks. Control animals were treated identically except for the
      administration of carcinogen. Cells that were cytologically abnormal or had
      increased DNA content were found starting in the second week. By the eighth week,
      roughly 50 percent of animals had positive results, and this level remained
      approximately constant for the duration of the study. Tissue pathologic results
      were normal during weeks 1 to 7. Dysplasias became common during weeks 8 to 15
      whereas most cancers appeared during weeks 16 to 21. These results indicate that
      QFIA cytology is a highly sensitive method for detecting even preneoplastic
      changes resulting from carcinogen administration and may prove useful in
      detecting human colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2294798
TI  - Experimental prosthetic vein valve.

PMID- 2294799
TI  - Endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices.
AB  - One hundred consecutive patients with bleeding esophageal varices were treated
      with a new endoscopic ligating device that effects strangulation of varices using
      small elastic "O" rings. Treatments were continued after initial hospitalization
      to achieve variceal eradication. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 26 (mean: 15) months.
      Bleeding was controlled until discharge from hospital or death in 18 of 21
      patients who were actively bleeding at index endoscopy. Overall, 26 patients died
      during the study, 12 during the index hospitalization. Cause of death was organ
      failure in 21, exsanguination in 3, and cancer in 2. Forty-one of 88 initial
      survivors experienced 72 episodes of recurrent bleeding (1 to 4 per patient). All
      but five rebleeds occurred before eradication. Sixty of 88 patients (68%) who
      survived index hospitalization had their varices eradicated. A median of 5 (1 to
      12) treatments was required. Nine patients eventually had other forms of
      treatment for recurrent bleeding. Only 3 non-bleeding complications resulted from
      462 endoscopic treatment sessions. We conclude that endoscopic ligation controls
      active variceal bleeding and eradicates varices with efficacy similar to that of
      sclerotherapy and with minimal risk of complications.

PMID- 2294801
TI  - Surgical options, hematologic evaluation, and pathologic changes in Budd-Chiari
      syndrome.
AB  - This article presents a scheme of management for Budd-Chiari syndrome based on
      experience with 33 patients. Therapy in acute Budd-Chiari syndrome is dictated by
      the liver biopsy, with hepatocyte necrosis indicating the need for placement of a
      decompressive shunt. The type of shunt was determined by intrahepatic vena cava
      obstruction; a higher morbidity rate was associated with the mesoatrial shunt in
      11 patients than with a portacaval shunt in 10 patients. Successful shunt
      placement allowed stabilization of the liver biopsy and maintenance of good
      hepatocyte function [galactose elimination capacity (preoperative: 349 +/- 40
      mg/minute; 20 months: 344 +/- 60 mg/minute)]. Severe fibrosis and reduced
      galactose elimination capacity (264 +/- 43 mg/minute) indicated advanced disease-
      chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome--and were indications for liver transplant.
      Hematologic evaluation documented a myeloproliferative disorder in 8 of the last
      13 patients evaluated; perioperative and late anticoagulation and/or chemotherapy
      reduced recurrent thrombosis. We conclude that the Budd-Chiari syndrome requires
      different therapies depending on the stage of disease. If no hepatocyte injury is
      present on biopsy, therapy may not be needed. Acute, reversible injury can be
      managed by placement of a decompressive shunt. Irreversible damage requires
      transplantation. Selection of the right therapy requires a complete evaluation.

PMID- 2294800
TI  - Intestinal glutamine metabolism after massive small bowel resection.
AB  - Gut glutamine utilization after massive small bowel resection was studied to gain
      further insight into the alterations and adaptations in intestinal glutamine
      metabolism that occur during the development of post-resectional hyperplasia.
      After resection of the middle 60% of the small intestine in the rat, gut
      glutamine metabolism was studied immediately and 1, 2, and 3 weeks later. Whole
      gut glutamine extraction was 22% in sham controls and it acutely declined to 12%
      (p less than 0.01) after bowel resection. Extraction increased to 31% 1 week
      later (p less than 0.05) and then returned to normal by week 2. Gut ammonia
      release decreased after massive small bowel resection, whereas intestinal alanine
      release increased. The increase in gut glutamine extraction at 1 week occurred at
      a time when jejunal and ileal DNA and protein content were markedly increased (p
      less than 0.01). Intestinal glutaminase content declined initially and then
      increased by the third week after bowel resection (p less than 0.01). With time,
      increases in gut cellularity and glutaminase content are associated with gut
      glutamine utilization in the shortened small bowel that is equal to that of the
      intact unresected intestine.

PMID- 2294802
TI  - Biliary diversion for pancreatic carcinoma: matching the methods and the patient.
AB  - Two hundred eleven patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were reviewed.
      Seventy had surgically constructed biliary-enteric anastomoses. Forty-two had
      percutaneous/endoscopic placement of biliary diversion catheters. Surgical
      biliary diversion was associated with discharge at 7 +/- 2 days postoperatively.
      Only five patients required subsequent reoperations for anastomotic failure
      secondary to continued tumor growth. Sixty-one percent of percutaneous/endoscopic
      catheters were associated with septicemia, and 27% occluded (average life span 36
      days). Hospital days averaged 20 days of an average 64-day patient life span.
      After evaluation of computed tomographic scans and surgical findings, patients'
      diseases were arbitrarily divided into (A) local, (B) regional, and (C) distant
      spread. Survival was 417,300, and 53 days, respectively. In view of the morbidity
      associated with the percutaneous/endoscopic catheter, we recommend that its use
      be restricted to Group C patients.

PMID- 2294803
TI  - Management of postgastrectomy syndromes.
AB  - There is still much to learn about the cause of postgastrectomy syndromes.
      Fortunately, most patients can be managed by conservative measures unless a
      mechanical cause, amenable to operative correction, is found. Thus, it is
      important to determine the type of postgastrectomy problem that is affecting the
      patient. In carefully selected patients, remedial operations may ameliorate the
      patient's symptoms and permit him or her to return to a normal lifestyle. Humoral
      factors have attracted increasing attention, especially in patients with the
      dumping syndrome. The somatostatin analogue octreotide has provided relief from
      the vasomotor and gastrointestinal symptoms of severe dumping but must be given
      three to four times a day by injection.

PMID- 2294804
TI  - Preoperative percutaneous drainage of diverticular abscesses.
AB  - To define the role of percutaneous catheter drainage in the initial management of
      diverticular abscess, we reviewed 19 patients who were followed for an average of
      17.4 months after drainage. All patients had large paracolic or pelvic abscesses
      with a mean size of 8.9 cm. There were no complications related to catheter
      placement, and 15 patients (79 percent) required drainage for less than 3 weeks.
      Sepsis resolved rapidly, and only two patients (11 percent) had persistent fever
      or leukocytosis beyond the third day of drainage. Routine sinography revealed
      fistulous communications to the colon in nine patients (47 percent), but only
      three (16 percent) had grossly feculent drainage. Fourteen patients (74 percent)
      completed the treatment plan of preoperative catheter drainage followed by single
      stage sigmoid colectomy and primary anastomosis without complications. Two
      patients refused operation, one of whom died 16 days postoperatively from
      recurrent sepsis and end-stage pulmonary disease. The three patients with fecal
      fistulas all had inadequate control of infection, suggesting the need for early
      operation and fecal diversion in such cases. We conclude that preoperative
      percutaneous catheter drainage obviates the need for colostomy and multiple-stage
      surgery in approximately three-fourths of patients with large diverticular
      abscesses.

PMID- 2294805
TI  - The lessons of history (their application to modern medicine).

PMID- 2294806
TI  - Acute airway management. Role of cricothyroidotomy.
AB  - Thirty-four cases of emergency cricothyroidotomy performed formed from September
      1984 through January 1988 are reviewed. Thirty-one of the cases were required out
      of 2,200 acute-trauma patients. The indication for cricothyroidotomy was
      inability to establish an airway by intubation usually in a situation of possible
      neck injury or severe facial trauma. Fourteen of the patients died as a result of
      their injuries, 13 of these in the first several hours after injury. The 20
      surviving patients are studied in two groups: eleven patients whose
      cricothyroidotomy remained in place until decannulation (group I) and nine
      patients who underwent tracheostomy subsequent to cricothyroidotomy (group II).
      Clinical follow-up included physical examination in all survivors and endoscopic
      evaluation in twelve patients. Three minor complications were discovered in each
      of the two groups and two major complications were noted in group II. The major
      complications included a case of tracheal stomal stenosis requiring tracheal
      resection and a case of partially obstructing tracheal granulation tissue
      requiring endoscopic resection. This study supports the use of emergency
      cricothyroidotomy in situations in which intubation is not successful or thought
      to be safe. Data is also presented that suggests that tracheostomy subsequent to
      emergency cricothyroidotomy does not necessarily reduce airway-related morbidity
      in these patients.

PMID- 2294807
TI  - Postoperative surveillance of patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum.
AB  - The early detection and management of recurrence following curative resection for
      colorectal carcinoma can prolong survival. However, at the present time there is
      no consensus on the appropriate follow-up protocol for such patients. This
      investigation was undertaken to determine which tests and procedures are most
      useful in detecting recurrence and the frequency with which they should be
      employed. Another purpose of this study was to identify those patients at high
      risk for recurrence. Sixty-five patients who underwent curative resection of
      adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum were followed for at least two years or
      until recurrence. Thirty were classified as Duke's A carcinoma of the colon, 18
      were Duke's B, and 17 were Duke's C. Mean follow-up was 44.9 months. The follow
      up regimen consisted of clinical exam, liver function tests, carcinoembryonic
      antigen (CEA) level, and chest x-ray every three months for the first two years
      postoperatively and every six months thereafter, and colonoscopy or barium enema
      and proctoscopy every six months for the first two years postoperatively and
      every year thereafter. Seventeen patients (26%) had a recurrence; 24% per cent of
      these developed within one year, 65 per cent developed within two years, 82 per
      cent developed within three years, and 94 per cent developed within four years of
      resection. Recurrence was detected by CEA in eight patients, chest x-ray in five,
      endoscopy in three, and laparotomy for small-bowel obstruction in one
      patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294808
TI  - Blunt diaphragm injuries. A five-year experience.
AB  - Between 1983 and 1988, 33 (21 men, 12 women) patients were treated for blunt
      diaphragmatic injuries following motor-vehicle (90%) or auto-pedestrian (10%)
      accidents at the Presley Trauma Center. Thirteen patients (39%) were right sided
      and 19 (56%) were left sided. One patient sustained bilateral ruptures. The mean
      Injury Severity Score (ISS) in both those that lived and those that died was not
      significantly different when right- and left-sided injuries were compared.
      Admission chest films were abnormal in 28 patients and diagnostic in nine
      patients (27%). The chest x ray was abnormal in 10 (78%) of those with right
      sided injury. Twenty-three patients had diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL); 19
      were initially positive, two were initially negative but became positive on
      relavage. There were two false-negative lavages. CT scan (4 patients) and barium
      enema (1 patient) were nondiagnostic. Diagnosis was delayed in four patients, two
      were diagnosed by repeat chest x ray and two by repeat lavage. All patients had
      multiple associated injuries, with 82 per cent having concomitant intra-abdominal
      injuries. All patients were explored via the transabdominal route. Complications
      occurred in 55 per cent and there were eight deaths (24%), all unrelated to the
      diaphragmatic injury. There was no relationship to mortality and hemidiaphragm
      injured. Chest x ray remains the single most beneficial diagnostic test for
      diaphragmatic injury. DPL is an insensitive test for isolated diaphragm injuries;
      however, the combination of CXR and DPL will lead to the diagnosis in the
      majority of cases. Ancillary radiologic tests are not beneficial. An elevated or
      obscured right hemidiaphragm should raise suspicion for blunt rupture.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294809
TI  - Reducing the cost of surgical prophylaxis.
AB  - A four-part program was implemented in order to control the rising cost of
      prophylactic antibiotics: limiting the number of cephalosporins on formulary;
      prohibiting the use of third- and most second-generation cephalosporins for
      prophylaxis; using a special order form to designate use as empiric, therapeutic,
      or prophylactic; and mandatory discontinuance of prophylactic antibiotics after
      24 hours. The total cost for administration of prophylactic antibiotics was
      reduced from an average of $37.35 per case for the six months preceding the start
      of these restrictive policies to an average of $21.99 per case during the next
      twelve months. Class I and class II wound-infection rates were 2.0 per cent and
      4.9 per cent, respectively, prior to the adoption of the new antibiotic
      practices. Comparable infection rates were 1.8 per cent and 2.1 per cent,
      respectively, after this program was initiated. The rising cost of antibiotic
      prophylaxis can be reduced without adversely affecting wound-infection rates.

PMID- 2294810
TI  - Impact of an organ donor and tissue donor advocacy program on community
      hospitals.
AB  - A crucial shortage of organ donors exists in the United States. The majority of
      donor referrals come from large (greater than 500) beds) hospitals and trauma
      centers. To determine whether a significant number of donors who are not being
      recognized or referred also existed in medium-sized (300 beds) community
      hospitals, a Donor Advocacy Program was instituted at Francis Scott Key Medical
      Center in May 1987. This team developed policies and procedures to identify
      potential donors and conducted educational programs for physicians and nurses. A
      designated "Donor Advocate" made daily rounds on the inpatient units to maintain
      donor awareness and facilitate potential donations. After the first year, the
      program was evaluated. In comparison to the average of the previous three years,
      donor referrals increased by approximately 400 per cent and tissue donations
      increased over 500 per cent. Four organs were retrieved from two donors. It is
      concluded that an increase in referrals and tissue donations can be achieved at
      community hospitals through a structured donor awareness program. Recommendations
      are made to further examine the age group most often eligible for organ and
      tissue donations in community hospitals and target educational efforts
      accordingly. Commitment of hospital administration is vital to a positive outcome
      in such a program.

PMID- 2294811
TI  - Cecal pseudo-obstruction. Early therapy should be nonoperative.
AB  - This study was undertaken to ascertain the role of colonoscopy and surgery in
      patients with pseudo-obstruction of the cecum. Twenty-eight patients developed
      cecal pseudo-obstruction (cecal diameter ave., 13.6 cm +/- 2.0; range, 10-18 cm)
      and 25 of these 28 (89%) were hospitalized for nonabdominal problems. Significant
      comorbidities existed in all patients. Multimodal therapy was used in most:
      nasogastric (NG) suction (100%), rectal tube (64%), laxatives (64%), enemas
      (57%), Colonoscopy (57%), and surgery (25%). Twelve of 18 patients receiving
      rectal tubes, 14 of 18 receiving laxatives, 11 of 16 receiving enemas, and 12 of
      16 (75%) undergoing colonoscopy avoided surgery; colonoscopy cured 44 per cent of
      the patients, was useless in 38 per cent, was detrimental in 6 per cent, and was
      temporizing in 12 per cent. Seven of the 28 patients (5 cecostomy, 2 right
      hemicolectomy) underwent surgery. Four of the seven patients (57%) had
      significant surgical complications such as wound infection, incisional hernia,
      cecal prolapse with infarction/death, and evisceration/death. Twenty-four
      patients of the 28 (86%) survived the index admission; Two of four patients died
      of the systemic problems that brought on cecal pseudo-obstruction and two of four
      patients died as a result of cecostomy complications. Pseudo-obstruction occurs
      in older, debilitated patients generally hospitalized because of nonabdominal
      problems. Treatment should be aimed at correcting the underlying cause;
      multimodalities often temporize until underlying problems are corrected and
      pseudo-obstruction resolves. Colonoscopy is often curative, occasionally helpful,
      and rarely harmful. Surgery is curative but carries significant risks.
      Uncomplicated cecal dilatation to 10-18 cm is tolerated; early operative
      intervention should not be dictated by cecal size alone.

PMID- 2294812
TI  - Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Do surgeons and gastroenterologists get the
      same results?
AB  - Numerous investigators have reported the safety, cost effectiveness, and low
      morbidity and mortality of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) but not
      studies compare the results of gastroenterologists and surgeons performing PEG.
      In a retrospective review of PEG performed at our institution, morbidity and
      mortality were compared between these two groups. The procedure was performed by
      either the surgical service (n = 49) or gastroenterology service (n = 51). One
      hundred PEGs were successfully placed in 92 patients. Three placement failures
      occurred in the gastroenterology group. Major complications were defined as
      conditions requiring operative intervention or resulting in death. Minor
      complications, using a defined list (13 different complications), were those not
      serious or life-threatening, which were managed medically or resolved without
      treatment. Twenty-nine minor (17 patients) complications and 3 major (3 patients)
      complications occurred in the gastroenterology group. Thirteen minor (11
      patients) complications and 4 major (4 patients) complications occurred in the
      surgery group. Overall 30-day mortality was 14 per cent (13 patients), two of
      which were probably procedure-related in the gastroenterology group. In both
      groups, there was no difference in the numbers of patients who had complications
      (P greater than 0.05). The complication rate (numbers of complications/number of
      patients) doubled in the gastroenterology group compared with the surgery group
      for minor (P less than 0.04) and total complications (minor and major--P less
      than 0.06). Since PEG is a procedure frequently performed by gastroenterologists,
      it is imperative that surgeons, particularly those not performing endoscopy, be
      aware of the potential morbidity associated with PEG.

PMID- 2294813
TI  - Percutaneous catheter drainage of abdominal abscesses associated with perforated
      viscus.
AB  - Improvements in radiologic localization have made percutaneous catheter drainage
      (PCD) the initial procedure of choice for many intra-abdominal abscesses (IAA).
      During the past seven years 154 patients underwent PCD for treatment of abdominal
      abscesses. Fourteen of these patients had PCD as the initial treatment for IAA
      secondary to a perforated viscus and subsequently underwent an elective one-stage
      operation to treat the underlying disease. Etiologies of the abscesses included
      perforated appendicitis in six patients, sigmoid diverticulitis in three
      patients, Crohn's ileitis in two patients, and one case each of perforated
      gastric ulcer, perforated sigmoid carcinoma, and perforated gallbladder. Initial
      localization of the abscess was achieved by either CT or ultrasound. Seven
      abscesses were localized in the right lower quadrant, four were localized in the
      liver, and one was localized each in the left flank, right flank, subhepatic
      space, and pelvis. All patients subsequently underwent a definitive elective
      operation for their primary disease including six interval appendectomies, four
      sigmoid colectomies, two small-bowel resections, one subtotal gastrectomy and one
      cholecystectomy. There were no complications due to PCD and no deaths occurred.
      We conclude that PCD can be successfully performed as the initial treatment for
      IAA associated with a perforated viscus, obviating the first stage of the
      traditional two-stage surgical approach.

PMID- 2294814
TI  - Does rapid wound closure improve survival in older patients with burns?
AB  - Seventy-five patients more than fifty years of age were admitted for treatment of
      burns from January 1, 1986, to December 31, 1987, to two community-hospital-based
      burn units. Patients were managed by a team of burn surgeons at each unit and
      early excision and grafting was used whenever possible in deep partial-thickness
      and full-thickness burns. The extent of burn was charted weekly during
      hospitalization and rate of wound healing was calculated using linear regression
      analysis. The mean total percent burn was 26.2 per cent (range, 4-85%). The
      overall mortality rate was 40 per cent. Mortality rate increased sharply by
      decade from 17.4 per cent for those aged 50-59 years to 100 per cent for the five
      patients age 90 and more. Excision and grafting were performed in 40 patients; 35
      patients were not operated upon. Although hospitalization was somewhat longer in
      patients treated surgically, survival was better. Excision and grafting should be
      used when needed to achieve rapid wound closure in patients more than fifty years
      of age.

PMID- 2294815
TI  - Fatal central diabetes mellitus and insipidus resulting from untreated
      hyponatremia: a new syndrome.
AB  - After elective hospitalization, eleven healthy young women developed symptomatic
      hyponatremia that was rapidly followed by polyuria, hypernatremia, hyperglycemia,
      and death. The patients were 30 +/- 2 years old (+/- SE) with initial serum
      sodium of 140 +/- 1 mmol/L. They all awoke from analgesia but, 32 hours after
      completion of the procedure, they went from alertness to respiratory arrest in
      less than 1 hour. At this time, serum sodium was 116 +/- 2 mmol/L and blood
      glucose was 6.7 +/- 0.7 mmol/L. Without treatment for the hyponatremia, urine
      output spontaneously increased from 38 to 689 mL/h and urine osmolality fell from
      546 to 83 mmol/kg body weight. Over the next 51 hours, blood glucose rose to a
      high of 24.1 +/- 2.5 mmol/L while serum sodium rose to a high of 167 +/- 2
      mmol/L. None of the patients regained consciousness. At autopsy, all patients had
      cerebral edema with herniation along with hypoxic brain damage. The pituitary
      showed infarction of both anterior and posterior lobes in 7 of 7 patients
      examined, while 8 of 11 had necrosis of the medulla and 8 of 8 patients examined
      had hypothalamic necrosis. All had normal pancreas and kidneys at autopsy. Soon
      after respiratory arrest, all of the patients developed fixed, dilated pupils
      that often led to the diagnosis of brain death. Autopsy showed compression of the
      third cranial nerve (oculomotor) because of cerebral herniation. Thus, all of the
      patients were diagnosed as being brain dead when some may have been saved. These
      data suggest that in otherwise healthy young women, untreated symptomatic
      hyponatremia may lead to brain edema, cerebral herniation, and infarction of
      pituitary and hypothalamus, resulting in central diabetes insipidus and mellitus.

PMID- 2294816
TI  - The time has come for vascular medicine.
AB  - Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with vascular disorders have
      led to the emergence of a new kind of internist with special skills in vascular
      medicine. The growth of this field will accelerate as recent major advances in
      vascular biology attain clinical application. In recognition of these
      developments, programs for vascular medicine are in place or in development
      across the country. Proliferation of these programs will be facilitated by
      multidisciplinary collaboration among cardiologists, radiologists, vascular
      surgeons, and other physicians with special expertise in the wide range of
      vascular disorders. Internists trained in these programs fill major needs; they
      will advance the field of vascular medicine by forming a bridge with vascular
      biologists to bring research advances to clinical fruition; they will apply the
      latest therapeutic and diagnostic tools to give optimum care to patients
      suffering from vascular disease and associated medical disorders such as
      hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hypercoagulopathy; and they will appropriately
      refer these patients for invasive interventions.

PMID- 2294817
TI  - Bismuth absorption and myoclonic encephalopathy during bismuth subsalicylate
      therapy.

PMID- 2294819
TI  - Haemophilus influenzae diphtheria protein conjugate immunization after therapy in
      splenectomized patients with Hodgkin disease.

PMID- 2294818
TI  - Implications of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with
      myocardial injury.

PMID- 2294820
TI  - Nail dyschromia associated with zidovudine.

PMID- 2294821
TI  - Calcitriol for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

PMID- 2294822
TI  - Hypoxemia during air travel.

PMID- 2294823
TI  - Meralgia paresthetica and hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2294824
TI  - The head rolling phenomenon.

PMID- 2294825
TI  - Doxorubicin hypersensitivity and clindamycin.

PMID- 2294826
TI  - A bulletin board service for residents.

PMID- 2294827
TI  - Predictors of bone mass in perimenopausal women. A prospective study of clinical
      data using photon absorptiometry.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether clinically available data on risk factors
      are adequate to identify perimenopausal women with either low or high bone mass.
      DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study of a cohort of perimenopausal women
      (mean age, 50.8 years). SETTING: Community volunteers in a university hospital.
      SUBJECTS: One hundred twenty-four white volunteers established as perimenopausal
      by history and serum concentrations of estrogens and follicle-stimulating
      hormone. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Models were constructed to predict bone
      mass in the radius, lumbar spine, and hip using risk factors (age, height,
      weight, calcium and caffeine intake, alcohol and tobacco use, and urinary markers
      of bone turnover). Although highly significant predictive models were developed
      for all skeletal sites, none of the models correctly identified more than 70% of
      women with low bone mass at any site. However, for the radius, a model was
      constructed that never overestimated bone mass by more than 0.10 g/cm. A small
      subgroup (7%) with short stature, low body weight, low calcium intake, and who
      were heavy smokers always had low radial bone mass. Using these models, about 30%
      of our population could be assessed without bone mass measurements. Predictions
      for the spine and femur were less efficient, suggesting that direct measurements
      are required if therapy decisions are to be based on bone mass at these sites.
      CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for osteoporosis are of limited use in identifying
      women with low bone mass around the time of menopause. Measurements of bone mass
      are probably necessary if the risk for osteoporosis is to be the basis for
      deciding on estrogen replacement therapy.

PMID- 2294828
TI  - Calibrated approach to endoscopic sinus surgery.
AB  - Endoscopic sinus surgery, in which the surgeon views the nose and paranasal
      sinuses through a telescope, can potentially lead to loss of perspective of the
      patient's entire head. Preoperative computed tomographs are also taken at angles
      different from those encountered in the surgical setting. As a result, the
      appropriate angle and depth of instrument insertion can fail to be appreciated.
      In order to study those angles and depths in a setting that more closely
      resembles the clinical situation in the operating room, we have performed 15
      cadaver dissections and measured 14 dimensions relevant to the endoscopic
      approach. We recommend that cadaver dissection be an important part of continued
      training in sinus surgery. We also recommend that a reference probe be place
      along the floor of the nose and that endoscopic instruments be calibrated at 1-cm
      intervals so that the depth of insertion can be monitored by an observer or
      instructor.

PMID- 2294829
TI  - Supraglottic carcinoma: patterns of recurrence.
AB  - A retrospective review of 202 patients with supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma
      and at least 2 years of follow-up was performed. Surgery alone was used to treat
      102 patients, and combined therapy in 100 patients. Local-regional failure
      occurred in 47 (23%) patients. Only 4 patients (2%) developed recurrence at the
      primary site. The neck was the most common site for recurrent disease (39/47 or
      83%), which in 35 patients appeared in the undissected, contralateral side. The
      risk to the contralateral side of the neck in patients with midline (epiglottic)
      lesions was similar to that in those with unilateral (aryepiglottic fold)
      lesions. Supraglottic laryngectomy, when properly selected, did not compromise
      primary control in the larynx. Radiation therapy was ineffective in controlling
      metastasis to the contralateral side of the neck in 16 of 99 patients (16%).
      Therefore, routine bilateral neck dissection should be considered in the surgical
      treatment of supraglottic carcinoma for control of regional disease.

PMID- 2294830
TI  - Role of the soft palate in laryngeal functions and selected voice qualities.
      Simultaneous velolaryngeal videoendoscopy.
AB  - The role of the soft palate in normal laryngeal functions and in the production
      of selected voice qualities was studied by a simultaneous velolaryngeal
      videoendoscopy technique. For this technique, the Olympus ENF-P flexible
      nasopharyngolaryngoscope was passed via one nostril to study the function of the
      larynx, while the Hopkins 70 degrees rhinoscopic telescope was passed via the
      other nostril to study the function of the soft palate and velopharyngeal
      closure. A Kay Elemetrics DSP Sona-Graph, model 5500, was used to analyze a
      complex vocal figure of five consecutive voice qualities, three of which were
      nasal, and two, oral. Simultaneous velolaryngeal videoendoscopy proved to be of
      great value for the understanding of the interaction of velar and laryngeal
      functions and for clarifying the mechanisms of nasal and twang qualities.

PMID- 2294831
TI  - Predictive value of the Glasgow Coma Scale for tracheotomy in head-injured
      patients.
AB  - Patients with severe head trauma often require prolonged intubation and
      subsequent tracheotomy. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), an indicator of the
      severity of head injury, may help identify that subpopulation of trauma victims
      who will ultimately undergo tracheotomy. This retrospective study demonstrates
      through discriminant analysis that the likelihood of tracheotomy is significantly
      greater in patients with a GCS rating less than or equal to 7 than it is in
      patients with a GCS rating greater than 7 (p = .0001). Conversely, the presence
      of thoracoabdominal or maxillofacial injury is associated with but not predictive
      of eventual tracheotomy. In the hope of minimizing complications and enhancing
      the utilization of hospital resources, this study argues for early tracheotomy in
      patients with a GCS score less than or equal to 7 who do not undergo craniotomy
      and are otherwise stable.

PMID- 2294832
TI  - Histology of Isshiki thyroplasty type I.
AB  - Isshiki thyroplasty type I, an open surgical procedure to medialize the true
      vocal cord, has been proposed as an alternative to Teflon injection in selected
      cases of recurrent nerve paralysis or vocalis muscle atrophy. This operation was
      performed in a man with a mediastinal tumor and a paralyzed vocal cord in an
      intermediate position. He died 1 month later, and his larynx and recurrent nerve
      were studied histologically. The gross and microscopic changes in the larynx
      caused by this operation are discussed, and the pathologic changes in the
      recurrent nerve leading to the paralysis are examined.

PMID- 2294833
TI  - Laser excision of early vocal cord carcinoma: indications, limitations, and
      precautions.
AB  - Forty-six patients referred for laser surgery of early vocal cord carcinoma were
      treated by laser excisional techniques with or without radiotherapy. Mean follow
      up was 3.5 years. There was a 90% rate of carcinoma control (18 of 20 patients)
      in patients with untreated mid-vocal cord T1 carcinomas without involvement of
      the anterior commissure or vocal process or deep muscle invasion. Larger, more
      invasive T1 vocal cord tumors (13 patients) had laser excision followed by
      radiotherapy without recurrence. Careful patient selection and accurate
      histopathologic evaluation are key elements for successful treatment.

PMID- 2294834
TI  - Importance of iron repletion in the management of Plummer-Vinson syndrome.
AB  - Plummer-Vinson syndrome (PVS) is characterized by iron deficiency anemia, upper
      esophageal stricture, cervical dysphagia, and glossitis. The precise role of iron
      deficiency in PVS has yet to be defined and remains a subject of much debate. A
      29-year-old woman with PVS is presented. The patient had a 4-year history of
      severe iron deficiency anemia, a 2-year history of progressive dysphagia and
      weight loss, and a greater than 90% benign upper esophageal stricture. Iron
      therapy alone resolved her dysphagia and anemia, and a follow-up esophagram 1
      year later showed a residual stenosis of less than 30%. The development of severe
      iron deficiency anemia in this patient 2 years before the onset of dysphagia, as
      well as the response of the stricture to iron repletion, supports the theory that
      iron deficiency can cause dysphagia and upper esophageal strictures. The
      occurrence of glossitis, gastritis, and esophagitis in iron deficiency
      demonstrates the adverse effects of iron depletion on the rapidly proliferating
      cells of the upper alimentary tract.

PMID- 2294835
TI  - Quantitative study of the early effects of tracheotomy and endotracheal
      intubation on the rabbit tracheobronchial tree.
AB  - Histopathologic evaluation of the tracheobronchial tree was performed in 12
      rabbits to study the effects of 1 hour of tracheotomy or endotracheal intubation.
      In five animals who underwent oral endotracheal intubation, epithelial erosions
      and submucosal inflammation in the proximal (bronchial) airway covered 34.9% and
      71.3% of the luminal circumference, respectively. This was highly significant (p
      less than .001) against two control animals, in which 4.8% erosion and 3.9%
      inflammation were observed. Tracheotomy in three animals caused 22.8% bronchial
      epithelial erosion and 46.0% inflammation, which were not significantly greater
      than values of 15.0% and 20.6% observed following "sham" tracheotomy. The
      severity of the proximal (indirect) consequences of endotracheal intubation may
      have been attributable to the lack of humidification, but this does not explain
      the lesser damage caused by tracheotomy. It is postulated that increased
      inspiratory flow rate and pressures occurring in endotracheally intubated animals
      may be contributory factors.

PMID- 2294836
TI  - Role of angiography in the management of refractory epistaxis.
AB  - When interruption of the related arteries fails to control epistaxis, angiography
      is recommended for identification of the vascular base, the collateral
      circulation, and the possibility of arterial abnormalities. Criteria are proposed
      for utilization of vascular mapping, and relevant cases are cited to support the
      specific indications for application.

PMID- 2294837
TI  - Epidermal growth factor binding and action on tympanic membranes.
AB  - A significant percentage of tympanic membrane (TM) perforations require some form
      of therapy to heal. Topical application of epidermal growth factor (EGF), a
      potent mitogen for epidermal and mesodermal cells, promotes healing of injuries
      in tissues histologically similar to TM, such as cornea and skin. We evaluated TM
      as a target tissue for EGF action. Specific, high affinity receptors for EGF were
      detected in TM (Kd = 3.1 nM, 150 fmol receptor/mg protein). Autoradiography of
      iodine 125-EGF binding to intact TMs revealed that EGF receptors were present on
      cells in the stratified squamous epithelial layer and in the
      stromal/mucoepithelial layer. Repetitive treatment of perforated cat TMs with 20
      micrograms of EGF formulated in saline induced substantial hyperplasia of
      epithelial and stromal layers compared to paired TMs treated with saline. A
      single treatment of perforated cat TMs with 50 micrograms of EGF formulated in a
      hydrogel or in shredded Gelfoam produced significantly (p less than .05) smaller
      perforations at 6 days following the operation compared to paired TMs treated
      with vehicles. These results demonstrate that TM is a target tissue for EGF and
      that topical treatment with EGF stimulates healing of TM perforations.

PMID- 2294838
TI  - Squamous carcinomas with glandlike (adenoid) features.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinomas with a prominent glandlike histologic component are
      uncommon histologic variants found in the skin and mucous membranes. Although not
      restricted to the head and neck, they have a predilection for that anatomic area.
      Lost in the debate over their histogenesis are repeated observations that the
      carcinomas have an aggressiveness and life-consuming capacity that exceed those
      of conventional squamous cell carcinomas.

PMID- 2294839
TI  - Physiologic approaches to the control of obesity.

PMID- 2294840
TI  - 24-hour ambulatory study of duodenal pH.

PMID- 2294841
TI  - Elective subtotal splenectomy. Indications and results in 33 patients.
AB  - Elective subtotal splenectomy was performed in 33 patients (30 children and 3
      adults) between 1981 and 1989. Indications for the procedure were (1) prevention
      of azathioprine-induced neutropenia (n = 20); (2) Type I Gaucher disease (n = 9);
      and (3) cholesteryl ester storage disease, chronic myelogenous leukemia,
      thalassemia major, and splenic cyst in one patient each. There were no operative
      deaths, no reoperations for bleeding, and 30 of 33 (91%) patients had a
      functioning splenic remnant documented by a postoperative radionuclide spleen
      scan. One patient developed neutropenia without evidence of viral infection that
      required temporary cessation of azathioprine and the patient with thalassemia
      major had only transient improvement in transfusion requirements. All other
      patients (94%) had control of the underlying condition for which the operation
      was performed. We conclude that subtotal splenectomy is a safe, effective therapy
      for a variety of nontraumatic conditions.

PMID- 2294842
TI  - Liver transplantation for the Budd-Chiari syndrome.
AB  - A retrospective study was performed that analyzed 23 patients who had an
      orthotopic liver transplantation for the Budd-Chiari syndrome with end-stage
      liver disease. Patient follow-up was as long as 14 years. The technical
      considerations relevant to the Budd-Chiari syndrome were discussed. There have
      been no serious complications of postoperative anticoagulation. Three patients,
      all of whom died, had recurrence of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. No other patient
      has had evidence of recurrent Budd-Chiari syndrome on postoperative liver
      biopsies. One-, 3-, and 5-year actuarial survival was 68.8%, 44.7%, and 44.7%,
      respectively. It was concluded that orthotopic liver transplantation is the most
      effective treatment for patients with the Budd-Chiari syndrome and end-stage
      liver disease.

PMID- 2294843
TI  - Increased morbidity in surgical patients undergoing secondary (incidental)
      cholecystectomy.
AB  - Using computerized hospital discharge abstracts for all Vermont residents
      hospitalized during 1983 and 1984, we examined the question of whether increased
      morbidity occurs in patients undergoing secondary (incidental) cholecystectomy.
      Among a cohort of 4183 patients undergoing a primary surgical procedure in which
      secondary cholecystectomy might have been considered. 69 patients had a secondary
      cholecystectomy. The surgical wound infection rate was 8.7% in the secondary
      cholecystectomy group compared to 2.4% in the rest of the cohort (relative risk,
      3.7, 95% C.I. 1.7, 8.1). Other postoperative complications occurred in 10.1% of
      those undergoing secondary cholecystectomy compared to 4.1% in those who did not
      (relative risk, 2.5, 95% C.I. 1.2, 5.1). The adjusted relative risk for wound
      infection was 3.3 (95% C.I. 1.4,8.0) and for other surgical complications was 1.7
      (95% C.I. 0.8, 3.8). Postoperative length of hospital stay was longer for the
      secondary cholecystectomy group (mean, 13.8 days) than in the comparison group
      (mean 8.9 days, p = 0.001). These data suggest that patients undergoing a
      secondary cholecystectomy may have an increased risk of surgical wound infection
      and possibly other surgical complications.

PMID- 2294844
TI  - Emergency surgery for severe acute cholangitis. The high-risk patients.
AB  - Emergency surgery for patients with severe acute cholangitis carries formidable
      postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. A retrospective study was conducted
      on 86 consecutive patients who had exploration for the calculous obstructions to
      identify the high-risk population to guide better management. Septicemic shock
      was present in 55 patients before surgery. All patients had ductal exploration
      under general anesthesia. Additional procedures included cholecystectomy (n =
      55), cholecystostomy (n = 5), and transhepatic intubation (n = 2). Complications
      and deaths occurred in 43 (50%) and 17 (20%) patients, respectively. Multivariate
      analysis on the 25 clinical (n = 14) and biochemical (n = 11) parameters
      evaluated yield the following five predictive factors (relative risk): the
      presence of concomitant medical problems (4.5); pH less than 7.4 (3.5); total
      bilirubin more than 90 mumol/l (3.1); platelet less than 150 x 10(9)/l (2.9), and
      serum albumin less than 30 g/L (2.9). In the presence of three or more albumin
      less than 30 g/L (2.9). In the presence of three or more risk factors,
      postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were 91% and 55%, respectively, which
      were significantly higher than those with two or less risk factors (34% and 6%,
      respectively). As thrombocytopenia developed even with transient hypotension,
      timely ductal decompression would improve outcome of these patients after
      surgery. For the high-risk population, application of nonoperative biliary
      drainage might be considered.

PMID- 2294845
TI  - Coelioscopic cholecystectomy. Preliminary report of 36 cases.
AB  - Intra-abdominal endoscopy, routinely used for gynecologic operations can be
      extended safely for cholecystectomy in uncomplicated cholelithiasis. Thirty-six
      patients underwent coelioscopic cholecystectomy with few and only benign
      complications. The main advantages are cosmetic preservation, reduction of
      postoperative pain, shortening of hospital stay, and early recovery of a normal
      activity.

PMID- 2294846
TI  - Benign smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. A 24-year experience.
AB  - Between 1963 and 1987, 131 patients with benign gastrointestinal stromal tumors,
      primarily leiomyomas, were treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Eighty
      per cent of tumors were located in stomach or small intestine. Two thirds of the
      tumors were discovered in symptomatic patients before operation by a variety of
      diagnostic studies. A mitotic index (MI) was determined for each tumor, defined
      as the number of mitoses per 50 high-power microscopic fields. Only gastric and
      small intestine tumors had MIs more than 2. Tumors were treated by conservative
      excision in 67% and radical excision in 33%. At a median follow-up of 6 years
      there were no local recurrences. No patient with a tumor discovered incidentally
      has recurred. Three symptomatic patients have died of metastatic liver disease.
      Each patient with recurrence had a tumor with MI of 2 or more, which represents a
      recurrence rate of 16% in this group. We conclude that symptomatic gastric and
      small intestine tumors having two or more mitoses per 50 high-power fields carry
      a significant risk for recurrence, and that routine pathologic assessment of MI
      may identify a subset of patients who would potentially benefit from close follow
      up and consideration for further therapy.

PMID- 2294847
TI  - Anorectal carcinoid tumors. Is aggressive surgery warranted?
AB  - The management of large carcinoid tumors of the anorectum is controversial. Most
      carcinoid tumors of the rectum and anus are early lesions, adequately treated by
      local excision. However, because of their relative rarity, the number of advanced
      cases seen at most institutions is small. Forty-three patients with anorectal
      carcinoid tumors were treated at our institution between 1960 and 1988 with
      complete follow-up. The median age of onset was 56 years. Eleven patients had no
      symptoms and the tumor was detected incidentally in eight additional patients
      with other diseases. Twenty tumors were larger than 2 cm in diameter and all
      patients had symptoms. Eight patients had another malignancy and three patients
      had ulcerative colitis. An association between ulcerative colitis and rectal
      carcinoid tumors is not widely appreciated. Eighteen tumors were treated by local
      excision, 16 by radical surgery, and nine underwent only biopsy. With complete
      resection of the primary lesion, local recurrence was never a problem. The median
      survival from diagnosis was 38 months in this series and 23 patients died of
      disease. After detection of metastases, the median survival time was 10 months.
      Tumors more advanced that T2 or larger than 2 cm in diameter were always fatal.
      All 13 patients with involved lymph nodes died of metastatic disease, with a
      median survival of 10 months, although one lived 9 years. Advanced rectal
      carcinoid tumors are aggressive malignancies. Adequate local excision controls
      regional disease but rectal carcinoid tumors are cured only when they are
      discovered before the T3 stage, measure less than 2 cm in diameter, and when
      lymph nodes are not involved. Consequently if a local excision permits complete
      resection, radical extirpative surgery will provide little benefit.

PMID- 2294849
TI  - Postoperative myocardial infarction and cardiac death. Predictive value of
      dipyridamole-thallium imaging and five clinical scoring systems based on
      multifactorial analysis.
AB  - Sixty-six patients unable to complete a standard preoperative exercise test
      because of physical limitations were studied to determine the predictive value of
      individual clinical parameters, of clinical scoring systems based on
      multifactorial analysis, and of dipyridamole-thallium imaging before major
      general and vascular surgery. Study endpoints were limited to postoperative
      myocardial infarction or cardiac death before hospital discharge. There were nine
      postoperative cardiac events (seven deaths and two nonfatal infarctions). There
      was no statistical correlation between cardiac events and preoperative clinical
      descriptors, including individual clinical parameters, the Dripps-American
      Surgical Association score, the Goldman Cardiac Risk Index score, the Detsky
      Modified Cardiac Risk Index score, Eagle's clinical markers of low surgical risk,
      and the probability of postoperative events as determined by Cooperman's
      equation. There were no cardiac events in 30 patients with normal dipyridamole
      thallium scans or in nine patients with fixed myocardial perfusion defects. Of 21
      patients with reversible perfusion defects who underwent surgery, nine had a
      postoperative cardiac event (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 43%). In the six
      other patients with reversible defects, preoperative angiography showed severe
      coronary disease or cardiomyopathy. Thus in patients unable to complete a
      standard exercise stress test, postoperative outcome cannot be predicted
      clinically before major general and vascular surgery, whereas dipyridamole
      thallium imaging successfully identified all patients who sustained a
      postoperative cardiac event.

PMID- 2294848
TI  - Different lymphocyte compartments respond differently to mitogenic stimulation
      after thermal injury.
AB  - Because of the association between the development of an immunocompromised state
      and an increased risk of infection, increasing attention has been focused on
      describing and characterizing the immune consequences of thermal injury. Results
      of human studies are largely based on the in vitro responsiveness of peripheral
      blood leukocytes, while splenocytes are generally used in the animal studies.
      Because the response of lymphocytes from different lymphocyte compartments may
      vary, we compared the responses of murine peripheral blood, splenic, Peyer's
      patch, and mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes to a battery of mitogens after
      thermal injury. Burn-induced immunosuppression was maximal in the splenic
      lymphocyte compartment, where the responses to all three test mitogens were
      depressed throughout the 28-day postburn study period. Although the PHA-induced
      mitogen response of lymphocytes from the other three lymphoid compartments
      remained suppressed throughout the study period, the response to the mitogens Con
      A and PWM generally returned to normal or supranormal levels by the seventh
      postburn day, Therefore it appears that the effect of a thermal injury on
      lymphocyte function varies according to the lymphocyte compartment examined and
      the mitogen tested. These results raise the question of whether animal studies
      using splenic lymphocytes can be correlated with human studies performed on
      circulating blood lymphocytes.

PMID- 2294850
TI  - Gastrinoma excision for cure. A prospective analysis.
AB  - The role of surgery in the treatment of gastrinoma is unclear. The purpose of
      this study was to determine prospectively the surgical cure rate using a
      controlled clinical trial. Eleven patients who fit the entry criteria underwent
      abdominal exploration and attempted tumor resection for cure. A historical
      control group was used for comparison. Cure was defined as: (1) normal serum
      gastrin level, (2) no response to intravenous secretin, (3) no symptoms when
      antisecretory medications are stopped, and (4) no tumor recurrence on follow-up
      examination. Tumors found in both groups tended to be small (1.5 cm vs. 2.2 cm),
      multiple (71% vs. 40%), and in lymph nodes (70% vs. 70%). All tumors identified
      were located anatomically within the gastrinoma triangle. Tumors were found in 10
      of 11 patients (91%) in the study group, and significantly more patients had
      their tumors excised for cure as compared to controls (82% vs. 27%, p less than
      0.05). The current prospective cure rate for gastrinoma is higher than previously
      appreciated and tumors within lymph nodes do not preclude curative resection.

PMID- 2294852
TI  - Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children of parents with
      and without psychiatric disorders.
AB  - Behavioral inhibition is a laboratory-based temperamental category by the
      tendency to constrict behavior in unfamiliar situations and assumed to reflect
      low thresholds of limbic arousal. We previously found behavioral inhibition
      prevalent in the offspring of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia. In
      this report, we examined the psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition by
      evaluating the sample of offspring of parents with panic disorder and
      agoraphobia, previously dichotomized as inhibited and not inhibited, and an
      existing epidemiologically derived sample of children, followed by Kagan and
      colleagues and originally identified at 21 months of age as inhibited or
      uninhibited. A third group of healthy children was added for comparison. Our
      findings indicate that inhibited children had increased risk for multiple
      anxiety, overanxious, and phobic disorders. It is suggested that behavioral
      inhibition may be associated with risk for anxiety disorders in children.

PMID- 2294853
TI  - Signs of central nervous system dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
AB  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been linked to altered neurological
      function following head trauma, encephalitis, abnormal birth events, and Gilles
      de la Tourette's syndrome. Abnormalities in computed tomographic scans,
      electroencephalograms, positron emission tomographic scans, and evoked potentials
      have been described in this disorder, but are neither consistent nor
      pathognomonic of OCD. Neurological soft signs are nonlocalizing signs of deviant
      performance on a motor or sensory test where no other sign of a neurological
      lesion is present. We studied 41 medication-free patients with OCD who met DSM
      III-R criteria, as well as 20 normal controls, matched for age, sex, and
      handedness, on 20 individual tasks that involved fine motor coordination,
      involuntary movements, and sensory and visuospatial function. There were
      significantly more signs of central nervous system dysfunction in the OCD group,
      as shown by abnormalities in fine motor coordination, involuntary and mirror
      movements, and visuospatial function. An excess of findings on the left side of
      the body and abnormalities of cube drawing may suggest right hemispheric
      dysfunction in a subgroup of patients with OCD. Soft signs correlated with a
      severity of obsessions. There was also a correlation between abnormalities in
      visual memory and recognition on neuropsychological testing and total soft signs.
      These findings provided additional evidence for a neurological deficit in some
      patients with OCD. However, further comparisons with other psychiatric
      populations are needed to determine whether these findings are unique to OCD or
      are a property of other psychiatric disorders as well.

PMID- 2294851
TI  - Effects of ischemia and reperfusion on protein synthesis in livers with different
      glutathione levels.
AB  - The role of oxygen-free radicals for metabolic derangements in the ischemic and
      reperfused liver is controversial. The effect on hepatic protein synthesis of a
      60-minute period of ischemia followed by two hours of reperfusion was studied in
      four groups of rats with different hepatic contents of the oxygen free radical
      scavenger glutathione (GSH): group 1, fed rats; group 2, fed rats treated with
      diethylmaleate (DEM) one hour before use (0.69 mL/kg, i.p.); group 3, 48-hour
      fasted rats; and group 4, 48-hour fasted rats treated with cobalt-chloride (45
      mg/kg, s.c.) ten hours before use. Protein synthesis rates were determined by
      measuring incorporation of U-14C-leucine into protein in incubated liver slices.
      Treatment of fed rats with DEM and fasting for 48 hours significantly reduced
      liver GSH content. The effect of fasting on liver GSH was reversed by treatment
      with cobalt-chloride. The protein synthesis rate was reduced to approximately 30%
      of initial value at the end of the ischemic period and recovered to 70% to 100%
      of initial value after two hours of reperfusion with no differences between the
      experimental groups. Thus the effect of liver ischemia and reperfusion on protein
      synthesis was similar in groups of rats with different hepatic GSH contents at
      the onset of ischemia. The data suggest that oxygen free radicals do not play a
      major role for the impairment of protein synthesis in the ischemic and reperfused
      liver.

PMID- 2294854
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in schizophrenia. The pathophysiologic
      significance of structural abnormalities.
AB  - In a second large series of schizophrenic patients studied with magnetic
      resonance imaging at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, earlier findings of
      decreased frontal, cerebral, and cranial size were not replicated. In this second
      series, control subjects were selected to be educationally equivalent to the
      schizophrenic patients, a modification in design that may partially account for
      the failure to replicate. By means of coronal images, ventricular volume was
      compared in patients and controls and found to differ to a highly significant
      degree, with the frontal horns being possibly slightly more enlarged than the
      rest of the ventricular system. A prominent sex effect was also observed, with
      most of the increased ventricular size occurring in the male patients. Within the
      male patients, the thalamus was also observed to be significantly smaller, a
      finding that could be consistent with periventricular injury. Patients with
      prominent negative symptoms had significantly larger ventricular size than did
      those with the mixed or positive subtypes. Because of its superior resolution,
      magnetic resonance imaging appears to offer a more sensitive index of ventricular
      enlargement than that provided by computed tomography.

PMID- 2294855
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and the severity of dementia in older adults.
AB  - Periventricular white-matter lesions were visualized in the brains of elderly
      patients being assessed for possible Alzheimer's disease. The magnitude of these
      lesions, expressed as lesion-brain ratios, correlated closely with the severity
      of dementia indicated by scores on the Blessed Dementia Scale and the Folstein
      Mini-Mental State Examination. Impairment in several domains of cognitive
      functioning tested by the Mini-Mental State Examination was also correlated with
      the relative quantity of periventricular lesions. Correlations were significant
      with systolic blood pressure, approached significance with age, and were not
      significant with duration of dementia or the magnitude of the lateral ventricles.
      These findings indicate the potential utility of structure-function correlations
      that are possible with magnetic resonance imaging in identifying mechanisms
      underlying dementia. They suggest that magnetic resonance imaging may be more
      useful than computed tomography in following the course of dementia.

PMID- 2294856
TI  - Subcortical abnormalities detected in bipolar affective disorder using magnetic
      resonance imaging. Clinical and neuropsychological significance.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging was utilized to determine the nature and rate of
      subcortical abnormalities in bipolar affective disorder. Nine of 19 bipolar
      patients and no controls demonstrated subcortical signal hyperintensities on
      blind evaluation of the images. There was no apparent change in the appearance of
      the hyperintensities in 7 of 7 subjects with abnormal magnetic resonance images
      who underwent repeated imaging at 1 year. Bipolar patients with abnormalities had
      a history of more hospitalizations and appeared more impaired on tests of fluency
      and recall when compared with bipolar patients without abnormalities or with
      controls. The possible etiology and significance of signal hyperintensities in
      bipolar affective disorder is discussed.

PMID- 2294857
TI  - Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders. I. Comparison of major
      depressives and normal controls at rest.
AB  - We measured regional cerebral blood flow with the xenon 133 inhalation technique
      in 41 patients with major depressive disorder and 40 matched, normal controls
      during an eyes-closed, resting condition. The depressed group had a marked
      reduction in global cortical blood flow. To examine topographic abnormalities,
      traditional multivariate analyses were applied, as well as a new scaled
      subprofile model developed to identify abnormal functional neural networks in
      clinical samples. Both approaches indicated that the depressed sample had an
      abnormality in topographic distribution of blood flow, in addition to the global
      deficit. The scaled subprofile model identified the topographic abnormality as
      being due to flow reduction in the depressed patients in selective frontal,
      central, superior temporal, and anterior parietal regions. This pattern may
      reflect dysfunction in the parallel distributed cortical network involving
      frontal and temporoparietal polymodal association areas. The extent of this
      topographic abnormality, as revealed by the scaled subprofile model, was
      associated with both patient age and severity of depressive symptoms.

PMID- 2294858
TI  - Training and career activity. The experience of the Yale Advanced Track Program.
AB  - The Advanced Track Program of the Yale psychiatric residency is examined by a
      study of the career patterns of 132 graduates of the program over a 9-year period
      (1973 to 1982). The findings demonstrate that specific track training sequences
      are associated with subsequent career activities and that track graduates differ
      significantly from each other along dimensions of professional activities, work
      settings, treatment modalities, and patient characteristics. These differences
      are discussed from the vantage of the relationship between training and
      professional activity.

PMID- 2294859
TI  - The relevance of childhood psychiatric disorder for pediatric primary care
      consultations.

PMID- 2294861
TI  - The development of DSM-IV.

PMID- 2294860
TI  - Teaching the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test to schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2294862
TI  - Congenital primitive neuroectodermal tumor with epithelial and glial
      differentiation. An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - A congenital primitive neuroectodermal tumor associated with epithelial and glial
      elements is described. This soft-tissue tumor present on the right temple of a
      newborn boy consisted mainly of small round cells of the primitive
      neuroepithelial type, occasionally forming rosettes. The other components were
      focal glandular structures producing mucin, and aggregates of epithelioid cells
      bearing clear cytoplasm, both being distributed throughout the entire tumor.
      Additional glandular and clear cell components were strongly positive for various
      epithelial markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane
      antigen, and cytokeratin. Epithelioid cells were also positive for neuron
      specific enolase and S100 protein. Glial differentiation was evidenced in some of
      the epithelioid cells by localization of cytoplasmic glial fibrillary acidic
      protein. These findings suggest that this tumor derives from a remnant of a
      neural crest, and the possibility of a special type of peripheral primitive
      neuroectodermal tumor is considered.

PMID- 2294863
TI  - Integrating information systems in hospitals. Bringing the outside inside.

PMID- 2294864
TI  - Whence the primitive neuroectodermal tumor?

PMID- 2294865
TI  - A guide to textbooks for introductory medical school pathology courses. Group for
      Research in Pathology Education.

PMID- 2294866
TI  - Proteinaceous lymphadenopathy due to monoclonal nonamyloid immunoglobulin deposit
      disease.
AB  - We report two cases of lymph node enlargement due to massive extracellular
      nonamyloid immunoglobulin deposits that obscured the underlying cellular
      pathologic condition. In both cases, the deposits were demonstrated to be
      restricted to a single heavy and light chain, consistent with a monoclonal
      paraprotein, and cytoplasmic staining in the lymphocytes or plasma cells was
      identical to that of the paraprotein. The use of the protein A-gold technique was
      instrumental in revealing a monoclonal pattern in one case in which light
      microscopic immunohistochemistry did not reveal a clear-cut monoclonal pattern in
      the extracellular deposits. This case was subsequently shown to have multiple
      myeloma, while the second case has had an unusual history of hypocomplementemic
      vasculitis and normal bone marrow. Neither case had evidence of significant renal
      disease.

PMID- 2294867
TI  - A method for the determination of circulating aggregated platelets and its
      application to patients in the course of unstable angina.
AB  - A method for the quantitative and qualitative determination of the number of
      aggregated platelets is described. One milliliter of venous blood was separated
      equally into two solutions. One solution composed of EDTA
      (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and formaldehyde (solution F) contained
      reversibly and irreversibly aggregated platelets, and the second solution,
      composed of EDTA alone (solution E), contained irreversibly aggregated platelets.
      By microscopic readings, the percentage of platelets forming aggregates was
      determined. Reversibly aggregated platelets were estimated by subtracting the
      percentage of aggregated platelets in solution E from that in solution F. The
      average amount of platelets per aggregate was calculated by dividing the number
      of aggregated platelets in solution F by the number of aggregates per 1000
      platelets counted. The reference ranges (means +/- SDs) established in 100
      healthy persons were 5.8% +/- 2.4% (1% to 9%) for solution F, 3.9% +/- 1.8% (0%
      to 7%) for solution E, and 2.2 +/- 0.18 (2.0 to 2.5) for the average number of
      platelets per aggregate. Twenty hospitalized patients without heart disease had
      values similar to those of 100 normal subjects. In 50 patients with acute
      myocardial infarction, the percentage of aggregated platelets in solution F was
      23.8% +/- 10.3%; in solution E, 4.0% +/- 3.0%; and the average number of
      platelets per aggregate, 2.9 +/- 0.7. The mean variance for five daily
      consecutive measurements was 0.52% for solution F, 0.63% for solution E, and
      0.002 for the average number of platelets per aggregate. An even lesser mean
      variance was observed when the interobserver-vs-intraobserver and the intersmear
      vs-intrasmear variations were tested. In patients with acute myocardial
      infarction, the interobserver-vs-intraobserver variance was 5.6% for solution F,
      2.2% for solution E, and 0.005 for the average number of platelets per aggregate.
      The parameters studied were unaffected by different blood drawings, assay tubes,
      or venous stasis. In 80 patients with unstable angina, the studied parameters as
      well as the percentage of "big" platelets were measured on hospital days 1, 2,
      and 5. In 25 patients in whom acute myocardial infarction developed during
      hospitalization, the percentage of aggregated platelets was 28.1% +/- 8.3%. Most
      of them (71%) were reversibly aggregated and did not change during
      hospitalization. The average number of platelets per aggregate was 3.9 +/- 1.6,
      and the percentage of big platelets was 12.5% +/- 7.2%, both values not
      undergoing subsequent changes. In patients in whom acute myocardial infarction
      did not develop, the percentage of aggregated platelets decreased to 14.2% +/-
      6.1% on day 5. Most aggregated platelets (58.8% to 90%) were irreversibly
      aggregated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2294868
TI  - Medial smooth-muscle cell lesions and dissection of the aorta and muscular
      arteries.
AB  - We report a case of aortic, coronary, and renal artery dissections associated
      with pregnancy. The histologic changes related to the hemorrhages included smooth
      muscle cell (SMC) proliferation with fibrosis, elastin fragmentation and collagen
      degeneration, and SMC vacuolar degeneration and coagulation necrosis. These
      lesions seemed to be prototypes for dissection, since they were associated with
      aortic and muscular artery dissections in three additional cases unrelated to
      pregnancy. In each case, dissections seemed to result from SMC activity that also
      involved the systemic vasculature, veins, and visceral smooth muscle in
      histologic patterns that could be explained as a product of SMC metabolism. We
      propose that the histologic changes associated with dissections are best
      explained as a product of the metabolism of SMCs that function as multifunctional
      mesenchyma in a manner controlled by variable penetrance of a gene that controls
      their metabolism.

PMID- 2294869
TI  - Angiomyolipoma of kidney with lymph node involvement. DNA flow cytometric
      analysis.
AB  - We performed DNA flow-cytometric analysis in three cases of angiomyolipoma of the
      kidney with lymph node involvement. The primary tumors of the kidneys and tumors
      in the lymph nodes of all patients contained diploid DNA. All three patients have
      been monitored for longer than 1 year and have no evidence of recurrence or
      metastasis. The lack of aneuploidy in both the kidney and the lymph nodes in our
      patients, although not excluding malignant neoplasia, supports the benign and
      multifocal nature of this lesion. Larger studies with long-term follow-up are
      reported to confirm this conclusion.

PMID- 2294870
TI  - Fatal intestinal pseudo-obstruction in brown bowel syndrome.
AB  - A 52-year-old man, suffering for years from malabsorption due to endemic sprue,
      developed progressive bowel dysfunction, ie, recurrent ileus and intestinal
      pseudo-obstruction. Because of partial volvulus formation, ileocecal resection
      was performed. Histopathologic examination of the resected specimen revealed
      signs of advanced brown bowel syndrome, with excessive deposits of ceroid
      lipofuscin in, and a considerable loss of, smooth-muscle cells and myofibrils.
      The patient died after surgery, and at autopsy a systemic ceroid lipofuscinosis
      of smooth-muscle cells was detected. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis was not
      observed. Serious and eventually fatal bowel dysfunction is rarely seen in brown
      bowel syndrome, but may occur in advanced stages. Since treatment with vitamin E
      appears to exert a favorable effect, early diagnosis of brown bowel syndrome
      seems to be very important.

PMID- 2294871
TI  - Ultrastructure of metastatic rete testis adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis is a rare tumor. We describe the
      ultrastructural appearance of a retroperitoneal adenocarcinoma metastatic from
      the rete testis, and compare this appearance with that of normal human rete
      testis. Both normal rete epithelium and the tumor showed deep, narrow nuclear
      invaginations with apparent nuclear lobulation; small, pleomorphic, electron
      dense, membrane-bound granules in the basal cytoplasm; lipid droplets in the
      apical cytoplasm; and distinctive bulbous cytoplasmic projections along the
      apical surfaces of the cells. In addition, more general features of glandular
      tissue were seen. Features notable for their absence were mucin granules,
      microvilli containing filamentous cores, glycocalyx, and glycocalyceal bodies.
      The ultrastructural appearance was sufficiently distinctive to suggest that, in
      the proper clinical context, electron microscopy may serve to support a diagnosis
      of adenocarcinoma of the rete testis.

PMID- 2294872
TI  - Security in the clinical laboratory. Guidelines for managing the information
      resource.
AB  - The principal product produced by the clinical laboratory is information. This is
      true whether or not an automated system is used to organize and retrieve this
      information. It follows that great care must be exercised in ensuring that the
      stored data are accurate in the sense that they truly and always represent those
      data that were meant to be recorded. Various forces may act to compromise this
      information including (1) accidents, such as fire, floods, or earthquakes; (2)
      human error; and (3) deliberate acts, such as sabotage or theft of information.
      An organized plan for systematically managing the "information resource" has
      become critical. To safeguard against the potential catastrophic loss of
      information, a formal information resource management policy must be adopted
      within the clinical laboratory and directed by a specific individual, under the
      guidance of the director of pathology.

PMID- 2294873
TI  - A nationwide survey of urinalysis practices of methadone maintenance clinics.
      Utilization of laboratory services.
AB  - The urinalysis practices of 324 methadone maintenance clinics were surveyed by
      using a brief self-report questionnaire. Results indicated that there was a wide
      variability in collection practices and utilization of laboratory techniques. The
      most frequent collection schedules were monthly (40%) and weekly (32%). The most
      frequent laboratory techniques used for initial screening were thin-layer
      chromatography and enzyme immunoassay. Confirmatory testing by a second technique
      was used by 69% of the laboratories. The most popular confirmatory techniques
      used were thin-layer chromatography, enzyme immunoassay, and gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry. The geographic differences in urinalysis practices also were
      noted. The implications for drug abuse treatment were determined.

PMID- 2294874
TI  - Nonoperative management of major blunt liver injury with hemoperitoneum.
AB  - We evaluated the role of nonoperative therapy in 16 patients with blunt
      multisystem trauma, hemodynamic stability following resuscitation, and major
      lobar liver injury; the patients were treated with a protocol of intensive care
      unit observation and computed tomographic scanning to identify and follow up the
      hepatic lesion. Computed tomographic scans showed right-lobe or bilobar liver
      lacerations and/or subcapsular hematomas in all patients and associated
      hemoperitoneum in 8 patients. Exploration was required in 2 patients; both were
      found to have a hemoperitoneum and a nonbleeding liver laceration. There were no
      deaths. Patients with hemoperitoneum requiring transfusion had significantly
      greater injury severity scores and longer intensive care unit and hospital stays.
      The major advantage of a nonoperative approach is the opportunity to stabilize
      major extra-abdominal (particularly head) injuries as the first priority.
      Unstable hemodynamics, abdominal distension, and falling hematocrit are
      indications for prompt exploration. Nonoperative care of these injuries requires
      a strict treatment protocol.

PMID- 2294875
TI  - Objective measurement of limb perfusion by dermal fluorometry. A criterion for
      healing of below-knee amputation.
AB  - Quantitative fluorometry has been recommended as an accurate adjunct to clinical
      judgment in the preoperative assessment of lower-extremity amputation level. In
      this prospective study of 56 patients who had below-knee amputation, clinical
      judgment was used as the sole criterion for site selection. Quantitative
      fluorometry was compared with clinical judgment in a prospective, blinded study.
      All patients were studied before amputation with administration of intravenous
      fluorescein. Fifteen minutes after injection, objective measurement of dye
      fluorescence was performed at multiple sites with a quantitative fluorometer, and
      a dye fluorescence index was derived. All limbs undergoing amputation were
      ischemic, manifested by rest pain, nonhealing ulcers, or gangrene. Five patients
      (8.7%) failed to heal at the below-knee level. The mean dye fluorescence index
      for the group that healed was 81 +/- 51 (range, 13 to 259) and for the group that
      failed to heal, 110 +/- 49 (range, 70 to 195). Objective measurement of
      fluorescein perfusion did not correlate with amputation healing at the below-knee
      level in our patient population.

PMID- 2294876
TI  - Benefits of intra-abdominal pack placement for the management of nonmechanical
      hemorrhage.
AB  - Massive nonmechanical bleeding following severe liver injury is a difficult
      problem. Placement of intra-abdominal packs tamponades this nonmechanical
      bleeding and allows time for correction of various metabolic disturbances (ie,
      hypothermia, hypotension, acidosis, and coagulopathy). The purpose of this
      retrospective study was to evaluate the severity of these metabolic disturbances
      at the time of pack placement and the sequential improvement. It was found that
      most life-threatening disturbances that developed during the initial operative
      procedure could be corrected within 18 hours after pack placement and aggressive
      resuscitation. We concluded that the onset of nonmechanical bleeding and a
      coagulopathy marks a grave prognosis for the patient, and consideration should be
      given at this time for pack placement. Patients can then be aggressively
      resuscitated and returned to the operating room within 24 hours for pack removal
      if stability is achieved.

PMID- 2294877
TI  - Venous aneurysm. An unusual upper-extremity mass.
AB  - A venous aneurysm was diagnosed in an otherwise healthy 39-year-old woman who
      presented with an arm mass. The clinical features of these exceedingly uncommon
      lesions are discussed.

PMID- 2294878
TI  - Microbial infection and the septic response in critical surgical illness. Sepsis,
      not infection, determines outcome.
AB  - The differential roles of infection as a microbial phenomenon and sepsis as a
      host response were studied in 210 critically ill surgical patients. Infections
      occurred in 41.4% of all cases and in 82% of nonsurviving patients. Both
      infection and the expression of a septic response, measured as a sepsis score,
      were associated with significantly increased intensive care unit morbidity and
      mortality. Nonsurviving patients with infection had significantly higher sepsis
      scores than did survivors. Nonsurvivors with sepsis, on the other hand, did not
      differ from survivors with respect to any variable reflecting infection but did
      have higher mean sepsis scores. Maximum sepsis scores and sepsis scores on the
      day of death were similar in patients dying without infection and those dying
      with uncontrolled infection. The magnitude of the host septic response,
      independent of the presence, bacteriologic characteristics, or control of
      infection, is an important determinant of outcome in critical surgical illness.

PMID- 2294879
TI  - Papers read before the ninth annual meeting of the Surgical Infection Society.
      Denver, Colo, April 13 to April 14, 1989--Part II.

PMID- 2294880
TI  - Decreased tumor necrosis factor production during the initial stages of infection
      correlates with survival during murine gram-negative sepsis.
AB  - Secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/cachectin occurs during gram-negative
      bacterial sepsis in response to macrophage stimulation by lipopolysaccharide
      (endotoxin) and may play an early pivotal role in the subsequent host response.
      We sought to determine whether administration of: (1) murine monoclonal antibody
      directed against endotoxin, (2) steroids, or (3) antimicrobial agents would
      abrogate TNF production and whether the protective capacity would correlate with
      TNF levels in an experimental model of murine gram-negative bacterial sepsis.
      Mice were pretreated with anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody, gentamicin
      sulfate, hydrocortisone, or saline and were then challenged with a lethal dose of
      intraperitoneal Salmonella minnesota. Murine serum TNF levels were measured by
      the L929 fibroblast cytotoxicity assay. Both gentamicin and anti
      lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody significantly enhanced survival, and TNF
      activity at 1.5 and 3 hours was significantly suppressed in animals receiving
      these agents compared with animals that received either steroids or saline. We
      conclude that agents such as gentamicin, which inhibits bacterial replication, or
      monoclonal antibodies, which may neutralize lipopolysaccharide, indeed enhance
      survival, and survival was correlated with a significant reduction in circulating
      TNF during the early stages of infection.

PMID- 2294883
TI  - Cerebral lymphoma and central hyperventilation.

PMID- 2294881
TI  - Kupffer cell blockade increases mortality during intra-abdominal sepsis despite
      improving systemic immunity.
AB  - The effect of Kupffer cell (KC) blockade on systemic immunity during intra
      abdominal sepsis was evaluated. Gadolinium chloride, a rare earth metal, reduced
      KC phagocytosis by 75% when it was given to BALB/c mice for 2 days. Thereafter,
      control mice and mice with KC blockade underwent either a sham operation or a
      cecal ligation and puncture. As indicators of systemic cell-mediated immunity,
      delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to soluble antigen and cellular
      alloantigen were measured 24 hours after the abdominal operations. The activation
      of KCs was assessed by their in vitro interleukin 1 production. Control septic
      mice were profoundly immunosuppressed and demonstrated marked KC activation.
      Septic mice with KC blockade, however, demonstrated less systemic immune
      hyporesponsiveness and significantly reduced KC activation, but died more
      rapidly. We concluded that despite apparent improvement in systemic immunity by
      KC blockade during intra-abdominal sepsis, the resulting impairment in functional
      phagocytic integrity predisposes to significantly higher mortality.

PMID- 2294884
TI  - Training of the neurologist for the 21st century.

PMID- 2294882
TI  - Impaired antibody production in blunt trauma. Possible role for T cell
      dysfunction.
AB  - This study investigates mechanisms of impaired humoral immune response in a well
      defined population of blunt trauma patients (n = 18, Injury Severity Score
      greater than or equal to 20). Spontaneous and pokeweed mitogen-induced polyclonal
      immunoglobulin production were assessed in cultures of peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells. The proliferative response to alloantigen and mitogen was
      assessed in parallel by the mixed lymphocyte reaction and pokeweed mitogen
      induced blastogenesis, respectively. Pokeweed mitogen-induced IgG and IgM
      production was significantly reduced in trauma patients compared with controls.
      This effect was not reversed by depletion of adherent cells or by the addition of
      indomethacin. Exogenous interleukin 2 was also ineffective. However, the addition
      of normal T cells or supernatants from isoantigen-stimulated cultures of these
      cells to patient B cell-enriched cultures significantly enhanced (by 1.4- to 5.1
      fold) the antibody response to pokeweed mitogen. Thus, suppression of humoral
      antibody response in blunt trauma patients may be due to failure of T-cell
      mediated help, resulting in insufficient secretion or activity of cytokines
      required for adequate B cell activation, proliferation, or differentiation into
      immunoglobulin-secreting cells.

PMID- 2294885
TI  - Unilateral brain-stem lesions.

PMID- 2294886
TI  - Plasmapheresis in a pregnant patient with multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2294887
TI  - Vertigo of vascular origin.

PMID- 2294888
TI  - Cognitive deficits and emotional dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2294889
TI  - Quantitative multiple sclerosis plaque assessment with magnetic resonance
      imaging. Its correlation with clinical parameters, evoked potentials, and intra
      blood-brain barrier IgG synthesis.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and
      upper cervical cord was performed in 62 individuals with clinically definite
      chronic, progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). The total area of MRI-demonstrated
      lesions was measured from film enlargements for each region using an interactive
      image analysis system. While the MRI was abnormal in 60 (97%) of 62 patients, the
      visual-evoked potentials in 51 (85%) of 60 patients, the brain stem auditory
      evoked potentials (BAEPs) in 24 (46%) of 52 patients, and the somatosensory
      evoked potentials (SSEPs) in 45 (89%) of 54 patients, an abnormal intra-blood
      brain barrier (BBB) IgG synthesis rate, IgG oligoclonal bands, or both were found
      in all 62 patients. The total area of MRI abnormality in the cerebrum was
      significantly correlated only with the intra-BBB IgG synthesis rate, abnormal
      visual-evoked potentials, impaired performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities
      Test (SDMT), and one test of standing duration in the quantitative examination of
      neurologic function (QENF). The brain stem lesion area correlated with the
      Kurtzke expanded disability status scale and brain stem functional systems score,
      the ambulation index, abnormal BAEPs, and impaired performance on the SDMT as
      well as multiple tests of upper and lower extremity function in the QENF. The
      cerebellar lesion area correlated with impaired performance on the SDMT and
      primarily upper extremity testing in the QENF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294890
TI  - Methods for measuring brain morphologic features on magnetic resonance images.
      Validation and normal aging.
AB  - In this article, methods for measuring brain morphologic features on magnetic
      resonance images are described and normative data are provided for six
      morphologic variables. An estimated function relating age (ranging from 8 to 79
      years) to average values is given for each measure. A linear decrease over the
      age range is observed in the volume of the cerebrum. Linear increases are
      observed in measures of ventricular and sulcal fluid. A curvilinear decrease in
      cortical volume is found and is demonstrable even in young adults. Highly
      nonlinear increases in the volume of signal hyperintensities are observed in
      cortical and subcortical regions. The methods described may be used to provide an
      age-adjusted index of morphologic abnormality for each subject on any of the
      measures. They are currently in use in ongoing neurobehavioral studies of
      patients with nonfocal brain abnormalities and primary disorders of affect and
      cognition.

PMID- 2294891
TI  - Localization of auditory response sources using magnetoencephalography and
      magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Magnetoencephalography offers the possibility of localizing accurately and
      noninvasively the source of intracranial currents associated with normal and
      abnormal brain activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity and
      across-subject reliability of localization of cortical sources responding to
      ipsilateral and contralateral auditory stimulation. Magnetic evoked fields to
      both stimulation conditions were measured in eight consecutive normal subjects,
      and the cortical sources of these fields were estimated on the basis of these
      measurements. Subsequent projection of the source location coordinates onto
      magnetic resonance images showed that in all subjects the sources were accurately
      estimated to fall in the vicinity of the auditory cortex and that two separate
      sources may account for the response to ipsilateral and contralateral
      stimulation.

PMID- 2294892
TI  - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A case-control study following detection of a
      cluster in a small Wisconsin community.
AB  - From 1975 to 1983, six cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were
      diagnosed in long-term residents of Two Rivers, Wis; the probability that this
      occurred due to chance was less than .05. To investigate potential risk factors
      for ALS, we conducted a case-control study using two control subjects matched to
      each case patient for age, gender, and duration of residence in Two Rivers.
      Physical trauma, the frequent consumption of freshly caught Lake Michigan fish,
      and a family history of cancer were reported more often by case patients than
      control subjects. These findings support previous studies proposing a role for
      trauma in ALS pathogenesis and suggest that the causative role of diet should be
      further explored. Continued surveillance for and epidemiologic investigation of
      ALS clusters with subsequent retrospective analysis may provide clues concerning
      the cause of ALS.

PMID- 2294893
TI  - The mortality of motor neuron disease in Sweden.
AB  - The age-standardized mortality from motor neuron disease in Sweden doubled from
      1961 to 1985. The average annual rate during the period was 1.9 per 100,000
      population. The male to female ratio was 1.2:1. The age-specific mortality rates
      had a peak at 70 to 79 years of age. When each birth cohort was followed up
      separately over time, the peak was less clear and in some cohorts the mortality
      rates increased continuously with advancing age. A significant increase of motor
      neuron disease among men was found in one Swedish county.

PMID- 2294894
TI  - The Mini-Mental State Examination in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a brief test of cognitive function, has
      been widely used to screen for dementia. We administered the MMSE to 74 community
      dwelling patients meeting criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 74
      age- and education-matched controls. Twenty-four patients with AD performed in
      the nondemented range by scoring above the recommended cutoff point of 23 of a
      possible 30 on the MMSE. We compared the scores for items of the MMSE in controls
      and subjects with AD and used logistic regression to model a shorter MMSE that
      retained the accuracy of the complete test. A score summing tests of recall and
      orientation for place had similar sensitivity to the full MMSE. Adding a verbal
      fluency test to the MMSE reduced the error rate by improving the accuracy of
      diagnosis of patients with AD scoring in the nondemented range.

PMID- 2294895
TI  - Migraine with vasospasm and delayed intracerebral hemorrhage.
AB  - Three women with well-documented migraine associated with intracerebral
      hemorrhage are described. In each case, migraine headaches began during
      adulthood. Unusually severe and protracted headache heralded the onset of fixed
      neurological deficits associated with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Striking
      carotid artery tenderness was characteristic. Except for a history of migraine,
      no cause for intracerebral hemorrhage could be established. In each case
      arteriography showed extensive spasm of the appropriate extracranial or
      intracranial artery. Surgical pathology following evacuation of two hematomata
      demonstrated signs of vessel wall necrosis associated with subacute inflammatory
      changes. Vasospasm associated with severe migraine attacks may result in ischemia
      of intracranial vessel walls, leading to necrosis and subsequent vessel rupture
      when perfusion pressure is restored.

PMID- 2294896
TI  - Perineural spread of cutaneous head and neck cancer. Its orbital and central
      neurologic complications.
AB  - The ability of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the face to cause
      ophthalmoplegia or central nervous system dysfunction via perineural spread is
      not well recognized. Five patients presenting to a general neurology unit are
      described in whom partial or complete ophthalmoplegia developed following fifth
      and seventh cranial nerve involvement by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Two
      patients subsequently developed a contralateral hemiparesis; and one, multiple
      cranial nerve palsies as the tumor spread centrally. Normal radiologic findings
      or complete healing of the primary skin lesion caused delay in the diagnosis in
      three of the patients. When ophthalmoplegia or central nervous system dysfunction
      develops as a consequence of perineural spread of cutaneous facial cancer,
      management is palliative.

PMID- 2294897
TI  - Acute relapsing Guillain-Barre syndrome after long asymptomatic intervals.
AB  - Five patients who recovered from an initial episode of Guillain-Barre syndrome
      had acute relapses 4, 10, 15, 17, and 36 years later, respectively. Two patients
      had multiple subsequent relapses. The antecedent illnesses, distribution of
      weakness, and clinical courses of each relapse were similar for each patient,
      except that relapses in three patients were briefer than the initial episode. One
      patient had asymptomatic sarcoidosis. Pharyngeal, oculomotor, and diaphragmatic
      weakness requiring a ventilator were common. Complete recovery or mild residual
      deficits, return of reflexes, normal cerebrospinal fluid protein at the onset of
      recurrent episodes, and normal or virtually normal nerve conduction velocities at
      various times distinguished these patients from those with more typical chronic
      relapsing inflammatory polyneuropathy.

PMID- 2294898
TI  - Cognitive and hemispheric inversions when learning nonstandard arithmetic.
AB  - Understanding the proofs of compactness theorems regarding the consistency of the
      existence of infinite or infinitesimal numbers was found to be related to the
      dominance of the left cerebral hemisphere over the right one. This phenomenon is
      not weakened when learning, the compactness theorem is followed by learning about
      internal and external sets, which is also related to such a dominance. However,
      when the learning of the compactness theorem is followed by learning about monads
      and galaxies instead of internal and external sets, the understanding of the
      consistency of the existence of the infinite or infinitesimal numbers was found
      to be related to the dominance of the right cerebral hemisphere over the left
      one. A cognitive and neuropsychological model is given to explain these
      phenomena.

PMID- 2294899
TI  - Cardiovascular reactivity to stress in men. Effects of masculine gender role
      stress appraisal and masculine performance challenge.
AB  - Previous research has shown that excessive cardiovascular reactivity may be
      important in the development of coronary heart disease. The present study
      examined the role of masculine cognitive appraisal of stress as a mediator of
      cardiovascular reactivity in men. The reactivity of men who differed on a measure
      of individual differences in men's cognitive appraisal of masculine gender role
      stress (MGRS) were compared on the cold-pressor test under conditions of high and
      low masculine performance challenge. Under conditions of minimal challenge, it
      was predicted that high- and low-MGRS men would not differ on reactivity. Under
      high challenge, high-MGRS men were expected to show greater reactivity than were
      low-MGRS men. Analysis of results for systolic blood pressure confirmed the major
      predictions. High-MGRS men showed greater systolic blood pressure reactivity than
      did low-MGRS men under high but not low masculine challenge. The implications of
      MGRS appraisal for men's health are discussed.

PMID- 2294900
TI  - Behavioral treatment of multiple childhood sleep disorders. Effects on child and
      family.
AB  - Sleep disorders are highly prevalent among otherwise healthy young children and
      can be extremely disruptive to family life. Treatment was initiated in a multiple
      baseline fashion for the chronic night waking and nighttime disturbance exhibited
      by a 14-month-old girl. We found that "graduated extinction" (gradually
      increasing the time before attending to the child's crying) resulted in rapid
      reductions in these sleep disorders. Additionally, data on parental depression
      and marital satisfaction showed general improvement as a function of improved
      child sleep patterns. These results are discussed as they relate to the treatment
      of common childhood behavior disorders and their role in family satisfaction.

PMID- 2294901
TI  - Experiential aspects of bulimia nervosa. Implications for cognitive behavioral
      therapy.
AB  - Fifty female bulimic patients were asked to complete a questionnaire describing
      their experience during a binge-vomit episode. Findings indicated that starvation
      was a common precipitant of bingeing, as were situations such as being alone and
      eating something, and dysphoric feelings such as anxiety and frustration.
      Significant others, particularly the mother and the boyfriend or husband, might
      also precipitate a binge. Although many feelings increased or decreased in a
      linear fashion as the episode progressed, others such as depression and relief
      waxed and waned at different points in the episode. Implications of these
      findings for cognitive behavior therapy were discussed.

PMID- 2294902
TI  - Habits with potential as disorders. Prevalence, severity, and other
      characteristics among college students.
AB  - Little is known about the prevalence of the various habit disorders-such as
      pulling out one's hair, biting fingernails, or grinding teeth--and even less is
      known about the prevalence of lesser habits which, if exacerbated, may be costly
      enough to an individual to be labeled a disorder. Such superficially
      "purposeless" behaviors provided the focus of the present investigation. An
      initial group of 142 college students completed a pilot questionnaire to identify
      habits to be included in a survey. The final questionnaire was then administered
      to 286 college students. It asked about "purposeless habits," defined as those
      "repeated actions that appear to serve no useful purpose but that we continue to
      engage in anyway." Behaviors included habits involving the mouth, face, neck,
      fingers, hands, legs, hair, body, clothing, and objects. In addition to assessing
      the nature and severity of problems caused by each habit, the stimulus conditions
      influencing its probability, related behaviors, and attempts to stop the habit
      were assessed. The kinds of behaviors that could become habit disorders were
      found to be quite common. Clinical and theoretical implications of the results
      are discussed.

PMID- 2294903
TI  - The effect of differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI) on pica
      for cigarettes in persons with intellectual disability.
AB  - The effect of Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors (DRI) on pica
      for cigarettes in two intellectually disabled adults was studied using an A-B-A-B
      treatment design; in addition, the efficacy of using placebo pica stimuli (bread
      "cigarette butts") was evaluated. Both subjects received 10 15-minute sessions of
      baseline followed by 10 sessions of DRI, with a reversal to baseline and a repeat
      of the DRI treatment. Results support the efficacy of DRI with pica, as well as
      the use of placebo pica stimuli. Generalization was conducted with one of the
      subjects; results indicate that treatment effects were present when implemented
      by several ward personnel. The implications of the results for future research
      were discussed.

PMID- 2294904
TI  - Analysis of a maternal transport service within a perinatal region.
AB  - In 1979, the State of Illinois legislated regionalization of perinatal care.
      Analysis of perinatal statistics from the Loyola University Perinatal Center from
      1979 to 1986 supports: (1) increasing numbers of maternal and neonatal
      transports, with the number of maternal transports exceeding the number of
      neonatal transports since 1982; (2) increasing proportion of low birthweight and
      very low birthweight infants delivered at the perinatal center; (3) a decrease in
      the number of infants less than 1500 gm sent as neonatal transports; and (4)
      increasing proportion of neonatal transports with a birthweight greater than 2500
      gm. With the change in utilization by local physicians, the perinatal center has
      expanded its obstetric and neonatal service areas and hired additional staff to
      meet the increased demand for its services. The perinatal mortality rate for the
      region has decreased from 1981 to 1986.

PMID- 2294905
TI  - Effect of chronic intrauterine stress on the disappearance of tunica vasculosa
      lentis of the fetal eye: a neonatal observation.
AB  - We performed ophthalmologic examinations on 180 neonates (27 to 34 weeks
      gestational age) shortly after birth, and disappearance of the anterior capsule
      of the lens vessels was used to estimate gestational age. Three groups of
      patients were studied: I: chronic hypertension (n = 80); II: preeclampsia (n =
      60); III: normal pregnancies (n = 40). The gestational age was also determined by
      a reliable menstrual history or early ultrasound examination, or both, and
      Ballard's scoring and compared with that assessed by grading of the anterior
      vascular capsule of the lens. We found a significant acceleration of gestational
      age in vascular capsule of the lens when maternal chronic hypertension existed.
      This study shows that chronic intrauterine stress results in the disappearance of
      the tunica vasculosa lentis of the fetal eye and therefore suggesting accelerated
      maturation of this vascular compartment.

PMID- 2294906
TI  - Cord blood triglyceridemia in cases of placental insufficiency.
AB  - Cord blood triglyceride concentration increased in cases of placental
      insufficiency. The significant relationship has been found between elevated
      triglyceride, decreased Apgar score, and low pH values. We suggest that the
      measurement of cord blood triglyceridemia might be used as a valuable indicator
      of chronic fetal distress.

PMID- 2294907
TI  - Meconium peritonitis: a benign course in a premature infant.
AB  - A case of a premature infant with meconium peritonitis and intraperitoneal
      calcifications is described. The course of illness was mild and recovery
      complete. No evidence of congenital intestinal obstruction or cystic fibrosis was
      found.

PMID- 2294909
TI  - Marijuana use in pregnancy and pregnancy outcome.
AB  - A retrospective analysis utilizing historical data collected as part of our
      computerized data base was performed to assess the impact of marijuana use in
      pregnancy on pregnancy outcome. Records of 8350 patients were reviewed and 417
      patients gave a history of only marijuana use for a prevalence of 5%. There was
      no association between marijuana use and prematurity or congenital anomalies.
      Marijuana use was strongly associated with the use of alcoholic beverages and
      smoking. Previously reported associations may represent the concomitant use of
      these other drugs.

PMID- 2294908
TI  - Evaluation of potential early markers of chorioamnionitis associated with preterm
      premature ruptured membranes.
AB  - Optimal expectant management of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM)
      requires the early detection of chorioamnionitis. To date, however, no
      universally sensitive and specific marker for chorioamnionitis has been
      identified. Recently, the serial determination of plasma fibronectin,
      antithrombin, and prekallikrein has been reported to facilitate the early
      detection of sepsis in critically ill neonates and adult surgical patients. A
      cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine if plasma levels of these
      markers change significantly in patients with overt chorioamnionitis following
      expectant management of preterm PROM. Plasma levels of fibronectin and
      prekallikrein were not significantly different between the study (30 patients
      with overt chorioamnionitis following preterm PROM) and control (30 undelivered
      patients without antenatal complication matched for gestational age) groups.
      Antithrombin levels were significantly lower in the study group (p less than
      0.05), but the magnitude of the difference (102% versus 94%) is not likely to be
      of clinical significance. We conclude that determination of plasma levels of
      fibronectin, prekallikrein, and antithrombin is not likely to aid in the early
      detection of chorioamnionitis in the setting of preterm (PROM).

PMID- 2294910
TI  - Prolactin and plasma prostaglandin metabolite levels in patients undergoing
      nipple stimulation contraction stress tests.
AB  - Twenty-five patients undergoing nipple stimulation contraction stress tests were
      enrolled in this study. Plasma 13,14-dihydro, 15-keto prostaglandin F2 alpha and
      plasma prolactin concentrations were analyzed before and during the contraction
      stress tests. Prolactin concentrations were significantly higher (p less than
      0.01) in patients who responded with a successful stress test versus those who
      did not. No significant changes were observed in the mean concentration of plasma
      13,14-dihydro, 15-keto prostaglandin F2 alpha levels between the two groups.

PMID- 2294911
TI  - Magnesium sulfate pharmacokinetics: pregnant Capra hircus model.
AB  - A comparison of standard clinical regimens for the administration of magnesium
      sulfate for treatment of preeclampsia was performed in the pregnant goat model.
      The regimen of intravenous or intramuscular load and intramuscular maintenance
      championed by Pritchard was found to yield higher maternal serum levels through
      the first 4 hours of treatment compared with intravenous load with intravenous
      maintenance therapy (p less than 0.05); however, neither regimen affected the
      concentration of magnesium ion in the cerebrospinal fluid. Urinary excretion of
      magnesium and passage into the amniotic fluid were also evaluated for each route
      of administration and neither accounted for the disparity in serum concentrations
      noted during the first 4 hours of magnesium therapy.

PMID- 2294912
TI  - Evaluation of the human fetal cardiac size and function.
AB  - Two-dimensional-directed M-mode echocardiography was done on 80 normal fetuses
      between the 17th to 42nd weeks of gestation. The M-mode beam transected the
      ventricles at the level of the chordae tendineae at the tip of atrioventricular
      valves. Right and left ventricular dimensions and free wall thicknesses
      correlated well with gestational age. Calculated measurements showed a good
      correlation of the stroke volume and cardiac output with gestational age. The
      right ventricular dimension, however, was significantly greater than the left
      ventricular one. Fractional shortening of the right and left ventricle did not
      change significantly with advancing gestational age. This study indicates that
      the human fetal right ventricle dimension, stroke volume, and cardiac output are
      slightly larger than that of the left ventricle. This study also suggests that
      the human fetus increases its cardiac output to match its growth and it does so
      by increasing ventricular size rather than fractional shortening or heart rate.

PMID- 2294913
TI  - Safety and efficacy of long-term tocolysis with indomethacin.
AB  - Indomethacin was utilized in 24 pregnancies (31 exposed fetuses) in preterm labor
      who labored despite intravenous tocolysis. The mean gestational age at the start
      of indomethacin therapy was 25.1 weeks (+/- 4.4), mean duration of indomethacin
      therapy was 43.9 days (+/- 31.4), mean gestational age at delivery 33.1 weeks (+/
      3.7). Neonatal follow-up revealed the same incidence of complications in these
      indomethacin-exposed infants, when they were compared with all other infants born
      in the same time period and exposed to intravenous tocolytics only when matched
      for gestational age at delivery.

PMID- 2294914
TI  - Pulse oximetry in sick premature infants and the effects of phototherapy and
      radiant warmers on the oxygen saturation readout.
AB  - Forty-five arterial blood samples for oxygen saturation on 15 sick premature
      infants were significantly correlated with pulse oximeter determinations (r =
      0.87, p less than 0.0001) giving a regression equation of y = 1.19X - 18.15.
      Chronologic age in the first 2 weeks of life did not alter the accuracy of the
      pulse oximeter. Four groups (in isolette with phototherapy off, in isolette with
      phototherapy on, on radiant warmer with phototherapy off, and on radiant warm
      with phototherapy on) were observed to see if environmental light and energy
      would affect pulse oximetry oxygen saturation values; no effect was observed.
      Therefore the pulse oximeter is an accurate machine to assess sick premature
      infant oxygen saturation. The measurements are not altered by environmental
      light.

PMID- 2294915
TI  - Comparing two methods of umbilical artery catheter placement.
AB  - This study compared the conventional method of umbilical artery catheter
      placement with a side-entry method. Criteria for comparison were: (1) frequency
      of correct placement; (2) time required for placement; and (3) incidence of
      bleeding. Newborn infants less than 3 hours of age who required placement of a
      umbilical artery catheter were admitted into the study with parental consent. The
      sample size was 32 catheter attempts (16 conventional method and 16 side-entry
      method). The side-entry method resulted in more successful catheter placements
      and required less time without incidence of bleeding. With the conventional
      method, there were five failures to place the catheter and three incidents of
      bleeding, resulting in a total blood loss of 14 cc.

PMID- 2294916
TI  - Efficacy of bulb versus DeLee suction at deliveries complicated by meconium
      stained amniotic fluid.
AB  - A combined obstetric-pediatric approach to the management of deliveries
      complicated by meconium-stained amniotic fluid has been recommended to decrease
      the incidence of meconium aspiration syndrome. Although pharyngeal suction with a
      DeLee catheter is generally recommended, many obstetricians prefer to use a bulb
      syringe for suction at the perineum. A thorough review of the literature reveals
      no prospective studies in humans comparing the two techniques. In the present
      study, these two techniques of pharyngeal suction were prospectively compared at
      deliveries complicated by meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Of the total 2874
      deliveries, 127 (4%) were complicated by moderate or thickly meconium-stained
      amniotic fluid, and 107 of these were included in the study. There were 53
      infants in the DeLee-suctioned group and 54 in the bulb-suctioned group. Of the
      107 studied infants, four (4%) developed meconium aspiration syndrome, three in
      the DeLee group and one in the bulb group. There was no significant difference in
      the amount of meconium found below the vocal cords, comparing pharyngeal DeLee
      suction to bulb suction (0.22 cc versus 0.24 cc; p = NS). In conclusion, the data
      fail to support a significant difference in efficacy between bulb and DeLee
      suction in clearing the naso- and oropharynx of the neonate of meconium in
      cephalic-presenting vaginal or cesarean delivery.

PMID- 2294917
TI  - Job turnover of CEOs in teaching and nonteaching hospitals.
AB  - Using data published annually by the American Hospital Association, this research
      compares the turnover rates of chief executive officers (CEOs) at approximately
      800 teaching and approximately 4,700 nonteaching hospitals. (In this study,
      teaching hospitals were all hospitals with any reported affiliation with a
      medical school. About half of the hospitals studied had a major commitment to
      teaching, with several residency programs and a substantial number of residents
      in each program.) For each year studied (1981 - 1987), the teaching hospital CEOs
      experienced less turnover than did nonteaching hospital CEOs. While the turnover
      of CEOs from nonteaching hospitals showed a linear increase each year,
      culminating at 25.2% in 1987, the turnover of CEOs from teaching hospitals showed
      a more erratic pattern, resulting in 18.7% that year. A group of hospitals was
      identified that accounted for a large proportion of all recent CEO turnover. For
      example, 16% of the teaching hospitals experienced two or more CEO turnovers
      between 1981 and 1986. But these "higher-turnover" hospitals accounted for almost
      half of all teaching hospital turnovers. The higher-turnover hospitals were
      disproportionately found among non-federal government hospitals, in regions
      outside the Midwest, and in large cities; these hospitals also experienced higher
      costs per patient day and lower operating margins than did the lower-turnover
      hospitals. The research suggests that turnover may be accounted for, in part, by
      the comparative performance of a hospital relative to other hospitals of its
      type. Thus, whether hospitals experience stable, increasing, or declining
      operating margins, the higher-turnover hospitals typically under-perform relative
      to other hospitals.

PMID- 2294918
TI  - The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.

PMID- 2294919
TI  - It's time for universal health insurance.

PMID- 2294920
TI  - Research ethics: a teaching agenda for academic medicine.

PMID- 2294921
TI  - A national physician service corps?

PMID- 2294922
TI  - Increasing autopsies.

PMID- 2294923
TI  - A methodological framework for the design of research on the evaluation of
      residents.
AB  - This paper describes a construct validation framework for research on the
      selection and evaluation of residents. The application of the proposed
      methodology to surgery residents is described. The need to measure non-cognitive
      and neuropsychological factors in addition to cognitive knowledge and technical
      ability is emphasized, and a research strategy that integrates theory
      formulation, internal validation, and external validation is presented. In this
      context, residents' competence is viewed as a multivariate construct that
      requires validation through longitudinal empirical studies and the use of
      multivariate statistical approaches.

PMID- 2294924
TI  - Humanism in medical education: a study of educational needs perceived by trainees
      of three Canadian schools.
AB  - The authors examined how medical trainees and recent graduates of three Quebec
      medical schools value 16 dimensions of medical competence classified in four
      broad categories: clinical, technological, humanistic, and social and preventive.
      To assess perceived educational needs, the trainees' perceptions of the
      importance that medical faculties attribute to these same dimensions in the
      education of physicians were also examined. The survey was conducted in 1986-87
      via a questionnaire mailed to 2,030 individuals, including freshmen, juniors,
      interns, residents, and newly practicing generalists; 80.3% responded. Compared
      with the views attributed to the faculty, the medical trainees gave more
      importance to basic diagnostic and therapeutic skills such as the medical
      history, the physical examination, and the treatment of common diseases. They
      also valued to a greater extent non-biological dimensions of clinical competence,
      such as communication with patients, patient education, the social context of
      disease, and the multidisciplinary nature of patient care, while they ascribed
      less importance to medical technology and rare diseases. The study raises the
      question of the relevance of medical education to medical practice by suggesting
      that those who are preparing themselves to become doctors may not be receiving
      the training they wish to receive.

PMID- 2294926
TI  - Major changes in medical careers following medical school graduation: when, how
      often, and why.
AB  - Knowledge of the timing of, reasons for, and frequency of major medical-career
      changes of medical school graduates is useful in considering physician manpower
      needs. This study reports aspects of the medical-career changes made by a cohort
      of Alberta medical school graduates who graduated from 1973-1985. Of the 603
      (81%) who participated, 160 (27%) reported major medical career changes.
      Significantly more specialists (35%) than family physicians (18%) made major
      changes. Forty-two percent made changes during the first year of residency, 21%
      later in residency, and 29% after entering practice. Reasons cited included
      general dissatisfaction (47%), lifestyle compatibility (24%), and training and
      practice experiences (19%). This study indicates that while personal needs and
      preferences influence changes during residency, practice experience is also
      important to career choices.

PMID- 2294925
TI  - A workshop program to train volunteer community preceptors.
AB  - This paper describes a program initiated in 1984 by the University of Minnesota
      Department of Family Practice and Community Health to train volunteer community
      preceptors for their instructional role in the Ambulatory Care Rotation (ACR), a
      six-week outpatient medicine offering for third- and fourth-year medical
      students. The preceptor training program consists of a full-day faculty
      development workshop for prospective community preceptors and periodic follow-up
      activities designed to reinforce workshop goals. Five workshops have been held
      from 1984 to 1987 and have provided a group of trained faculty preceptors for the
      ACR. The authors reviewed the methods and results of the workshops; self-ratings
      by participants demonstrated a significant gain in teaching skills and knowledge.
      Students' ratings of both the ACR course and the teaching by preceptors have been
      high and compare favorably with ratings of other preceptors and clinical
      rotations. There has been a 97% retention rate of the workshop-trained preceptors
      as active teachers in the ACR course, which suggests that the preceptors are
      satisfied with their role.

PMID- 2294927
TI  - Charting the winds of change: evaluating innovative medical curricula.
AB  - The increased interest, in North America and around the world, in problem-based
      and community-oriented medical curricula has sparked interest in the evaluation
      of these innovative programs. In January 1989, the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation
      sponsored a conference to consider designs for evaluation studies and the
      potential distinctive outcomes of the innovative curricula that might be foci of
      these studies. After defining an "innovative curriculum," the participants
      identified seven characteristics of "important evaluation studies," particularly
      endorsing studies that compare curricula as whole entities. The participants then
      identified 26 areas where differences between graduates of innovative and
      traditional curricula might be expected, and five equally important areas where
      differences are not expected. Distinctive outcomes of innovative curricula were
      anticipated in areas such as interpersonal skills, continuing learning, and
      professional satisfaction. Overall, these recommendations are offered to
      stimulate creative evaluations of the growing number of innovative programs in
      medical education.

PMID- 2294928
TI  - Idiotypes in biology and medicine.

PMID- 2294929
TI  - Idiotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clues for understanding etiology and
      pathogenicity.

PMID- 2294930
TI  - Dorsal nasal cyst formation. A rare complication of cosmetic rhinoplasty.
AB  - A dorsal nasal cyst is a rare complication of cosmetic rhinoplasty. The cause of
      this complication is unknown; however, entrapment of nasal mucosa and subsequent
      growth through osteotomy sites are thought to be the basis for formation of these
      masses. We describe two patients with these dorsal nasal cysts and provide a
      review of the English-language literature. The maintenance of mucosal integrity
      together with the meticulous removal of debris from the operative site may
      prevent postrhinoplasty nasal cysts.

PMID- 2294931
TI  - The role of hemilaryngectomy in the management of T1 vocal cord cancer.

PMID- 2294932
TI  - Antibiotic treatment of children with secretory otitis media.

PMID- 2294933
TI  - Hoarseness of the voice due to left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in
      tuberculous mediastinitis.

PMID- 2294934
TI  - Ptosis in blepharoplasty surgery.

PMID- 2294935
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 2. Cyst of the nasopalatine duct.

PMID- 2294936
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 1. Spindle cell carcinoma (spindle cell variant of squamous
      cell carcinoma).

PMID- 2294937
TI  - Advancing the quality of care for children.

PMID- 2294938
TI  - Tympanoplasty in children. The Boston Children's Hospital experience.
AB  - Considerable controversy surrounds the subject of tympanoplasty in children.
      Conflicting opinions about the indications, patient selection, timing, and
      technique of surgery are supported by various published series of cases. The
      records of 64 consecutive tympanoplasty procedures performed at the Boston (Mass)
      Children's Hospital over a recent 6-year period were reviewed. The study was
      limited to cases of repair of uncomplicated perforation of pars tensa that did
      not require ossiculoplasty or mastoidectomy. Surgery was successful in 73% of
      cases. A number of factors that are postulated to affect the outcome of surgery
      have been analyzed to assess their utility in selecting successful surgical
      candidates. Only patient age at the time of surgery was found to have statistical
      significance. We conclude that tympanoplasty for repair of perforation is
      warranted for children 8 years of age and older.

PMID- 2294939
TI  - Pediatric maxillofacial trauma. Age-related variations in injury.
AB  - Seventy-two children were treated for maxillofacial injuries by the
      otolaryngology service between January 1984 and June 1988. Patients were divided
      into three age groups on the basis of the development of paranasal sinuses and
      dentition. Differences in fracture characteristics, associated injuries, and
      treatment modalities were correlated to the maturational changes in the pediatric
      facial skeleton. The fracture site tended to shift from the upper to the lower
      aspect of the face with increasing age of the patient. Associated injuries were
      frequent, especially cranial injuries, and temporal bone fractures were notably
      more common in the youngest age group. Conservative treatment was found to be
      successful, particularly in the youngest age group, because of the unique
      remodeling potential of the pediatric facial skeleton.

PMID- 2294940
TI  - Vocal cord paralysis and superior laryngeal nerve dysfunction in Reye's syndrome.
AB  - Bilateral vocal cord paralysis and absent laryngeal sensation are previously
      unrecognized sequelae for Reye's syndrome, a severe acute encephalopathy in
      children. Four patients were seen at varying periods ranging from 2 weeks to 5
      years after their diagnosis of an episode of severe Reye's syndrome over a 20
      year period at the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles (Calif). All of the
      patients had bilateral true vocal cord paralysis with absent laryngeal
      sensitivity that was documented at endoscopy. As many as 50% of survivors of
      severe Reye's syndrome have breathy voices or aphonia. It is suggested that some
      of these children may have vocal cord dysfunction that is not the result of
      intubation, and are at risk for aspiration and its dangerous sequelae. A vagal
      nuclear injury is theorized to explain the sensory motor dysfunction of the
      larynx in these children.

PMID- 2294941
TI  - Lysozyme levels in middle ear effusion and serum in otitis media.
AB  - Lysozyme concentrations in middle ear effusion and serum were determined in
      patients with otitis media with effusion. Lysozyme concentrations in middle ear
      effusion were significantly higher than in serum. Children with mucoid otitis
      media showed significantly higher levels of lysozyme in middle ear effusion than
      children with serous otitis media and adults with otitis media with effusion.
      Higher levels of lysozyme were observed in the group of children younger than 5
      years old compared with the age group of 6- to 10-year-olds. Lysozyme
      concentrations of middle ear effusion in adults were significantly lower than
      those of mucoid otitis media in children. These results indicate that lysozyme
      plays an important role in the disease process of otitis media.

PMID- 2294942
TI  - Permeability of the round window membrane to middle-sized molecules in purulent
      otitis media.
AB  - The effect of pneumococcal otitis media on the permeability of the round window
      membrane was evaluated using tetraethylammonium ions as a tracer. Round window
      membrane permeability is reduced significantly at resolved stages of purulent
      otitis media. In contrast, measurements of round window membrane permeability
      indicate that acute purulent otitis media has a tendency to facilitate such
      permeability. Moreover, histologic observations of the round window membrane
      following bacterial inoculation further support the evidence of functional
      changes in round window membrane permeability. These findings indicate that the
      round window membrane in resolved stages of purulent otitis media plays a
      protective role in preventing the penetration of harmful substances into the
      inner ear.

PMID- 2294943
TI  - Augmented gentamicin ototoxicity induced by vancomycin in guinea pigs.
AB  - Vancomycin has been reported to be an ototoxic drug in the clinical literature.
      At best, this literature is confusing. There are no reports of ototoxicity of
      vancomycin in experimental animals, even when it is administered concurrently
      with ethacrynic acid, a drug known to augment the ototoxic effect of most other
      ototoxic drugs. In most of the cases of permanent ototoxicity that have been
      reported, the patient was treated with an aminoglycoside antibiotic as well as
      vancomycin. This study found no evidence of vancomycin ototoxicity in guinea
      pigs, but found that vancomycin greatly enhanced the ototoxicity of gentamicin.

PMID- 2294944
TI  - Extranodal head and neck lymphoma. Prognosis and patterns of recurrence.
AB  - Stages I and II extranodal head and neck lymphomas treated between 1969 and 1986
      were reviewed to determine prognosis and recurrence patterns. Forty-four patients
      had low-grade lymphoma, with 57% remaining disease free (median survival, 7.2
      years). Radiotherapy provided long-term disease-free survival and palliation in
      the majority of patients. Relapse did not adversely affect survival. Eighty-eight
      patients had intermediate- or high-grade lymphoma, with 42% remaining disease
      free (median survival, 2.4 years). Treatment with radiotherapy alone was
      inadequate. Combined radiotherapy and anthracycline-containing chemotherapy
      appeared to be superior. Extranodal sites of first relapse were common. Central
      nervous system relapse was common with primary tumors located above the
      pterygopalatine line. Central nervous system staging and prophylactic therapy is
      warranted in patients with tumors above the pterygopalatine line.

PMID- 2294945
TI  - Laryngeal pacing in unilateral vocal cord paralysis. An experimental study.
AB  - In an attempt to remobilize a unilaterally paralyzed vocal cord, experiments were
      made in five adult dogs. Adduction of the paralyzed vocal cord for phonation in
      synchrony with the intact cord was achieved by electrical stimulation of the
      adductor muscles that was triggered by the signals from the cricothyroid muscle.
      The difference in the level of action potentials of the cricothyroid muscle
      between during phonation and during respiration was used for setting the
      threshold so as to differentiate phonation from respiration. Nearly synchronous
      movement of the two vocal cords thereby attained during phonation greatly
      improved the voice quality that was hoarse without the paced stimulation.

PMID- 2294946
TI  - Temporal bone pathology of adult-type osteopetrosis.
AB  - We present the pathologic features in the temporal bones of a 62-year-old woman
      with the adult benign form of osteopetrosis. Most of the bony tissue was expanded
      by dense lamellar bone, with, in some places, the presence of residual calcified
      cartilage. In the otic capsule, globuli interossei were greatly increased in
      number. The ossicles were enlarged with fixation of the stapes. Narrowing of
      mastoid air cells, the internal auditory meati, and eustachian tubes was present,
      the latter associated with chronic otitis media. The bone deposition in the
      ossicles contributed to the conductive hearing loss, which was a prominent
      feature in this patient's otologic findings. The narrowing of the internal
      auditory meati may similarly have contributed to a degree of sensorineural
      hearing loss.

PMID- 2294947
TI  - Microvascular free flap in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
AB  - A 69-year-old male patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia presented
      with severe epistaxis requiring repeated transfusions. Both nasal passages were
      densely populated with these vascular malformations that involved the entire
      nasal mucosa. A total rhinotomy was performed and all the nasal mucosa and
      turbinates were excised. Both nasal passages were completely resurfaced with a
      free radial forearm skin flap. The vascular pedicle was delivered from the nasal
      passage via the maxillary antrum to anastomose with the facial vessels in the
      cheek. Following surgery the patient had no further significant epistaxis.

PMID- 2294948
TI  - The extended maxillotomy and subtotal maxillectomy for excision of skull base
      tumors.
AB  - An approach to tumors of the middle compartment of the skull base is described
      with three case reports. It is accomplished by extending the subtotal
      maxillectomy or maxillotomy to include removal of a part of the malar bone,
      coronoid process of the mandible, nasal turbinates, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses,
      posterior nasal septum, and pterygoid plates. Extension of the incision through
      the anterior tonsillar pillar and lateral pharyngeal wall into the
      retropharyngeal space will assist to expose the craniocervical region from the
      sphenoid roof to the fifth cervical vertebra and the skull base between each
      eustachian tube and carotid canal. The function of the trigeminal, facial, and
      hypoglossal nerves, hearing, and nasal airway are preserved without
      mastoidectomy. A temporalis muscle flap closes the defect. Dysphagia and
      aspiration are not handicaps.

PMID- 2294949
TI  - [Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSH) and hearing loss].
AB  - It has been reported that cochlea is the lesion of hearing loss in FSH. However,
      the details of this lesion are not yet sufficiently known. We performed detailed
      audiologic studies to examine hearing loss in FSH. We experienced 2 cases of FSH
      associated with hearing loss. Case 1 was a girl aged 5 years, and case 2 a boy
      aged 15 years. Clinical findings, EMG and muscle biopsy gave a diagnosis of FSH
      in both cases. Hearing loss was evaluated by pure tone audiography, speech
      audiography, tympanometry, stapedial reflex, auditory brain stem response and
      electrocochleography. In case 1, pure tone audiograms revealed high tone hearing
      loss without an A-B gap. On speech audiography, the maximum articulation score
      was 100% and proved normal. The tympanogram was type A. Stapedial reflex was
      normal bilaterally. The threshold of the 5th wave increased markedly on auditory
      brain stem response. On electrocochleography, the H-curve of the input-output
      function curves of action potential was recorded, but the L-curve was absent.
      There were no complaints of hearing loss in case 2, but pure tone audiograms
      revealed high-tone hearing loss without an A-B gap. The tympanogram was type A.
      Stapedial reflex was normal bilaterally. On auditory brain stem response,
      threshold was increased and latency was prolonged when intensity was lowered. The
      electrocochleograms were almost normal. It has been reported that, in
      electrocochleography, the L-curve represents the function of the outer hair cells
      and the H-curve that of the inner hair cells. The electrocochleograms in case 1
      showed damage to the outer hair cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2294950
TI  - [Endocrinological analysis of chronic hypernatremia in two cases of
      hydranencephaly].
AB  - We reported two infants with hydranencephaly and chronic hypernatremia. Their
      plasma sodium concentration gradually increased during the first week and
      remained between 150-160 mEq/L thereafter. They showed no signs of thirst. A
      water deprivation test demonstrated low urine osmolality and low plasma ADH
      concentration despite markedly elevated plasma osmolality in both cases. Urine
      was significantly concentrated when vasopressin was given. Thus, it was concluded
      that both thirst mechanism and ADH secretion were disturbed in these two cases.
      ADH producing cells, the thirst center and the osmoreceptor are all located in
      the hypothalamus. Radiographic measures showed dysplasia of the hypothalamus,
      providing the anatomical basis for their dysfunction.

PMID- 2294952
TI  - [Two siblings with interstitial deletion of chromosome 14 [46 XX, del (14) (q12
      q13.3)]].
AB  - Two siblings with interstitial deletion of chromosome 14 not associated with ring
      formation were reported. Clinical features of the patients included failure to
      thrive, severe mental retardation, microcephaly, round face, hypertelorism,
      micrognathia and high-arched palate. They were common also in five previously
      reported cases. Other peculiar finding was hyperthyrotropinemia in their neonatal
      periods; mild hypothyroidism was found in the elder sister, and
      hyperthyrotropinemia was only transient in the younger sister. By a high
      resolution G-banding analysis, the maternal origin of the chromosome with the
      deletion was noted.

PMID- 2294951
TI  - [An analysis of ictal EEGs by a newly developed ambulatory cassette EEG system].
AB  - We evaluated the efficiency of a newly developed cassette EEG recording device
      and our system for detecting and analyzing ictal EEGs in epileptic children. We
      got 13 ictal records from 16 epileptic children. We could precisely differentiate
      and diagnose their classifications of seizures by comparative analyses of ictal
      records and clinical symptoms. We discussed the characteristics of our system,
      and described actual analysis methods in 3 cases as examples. It was concluded
      that our system offered valuable information about ictal events in epileptic
      children.

PMID- 2294953
TI  - [A case of progeria syndrome with cerebral infarction].
AB  - Cerebrovascular involvement is rare in progeria syndrome (Hutchinson-Gilford
      syndrome). A patient with progeria syndrome, who developed cerebral infarction,
      was reported. At 7 years of age, she suffered from right hemiplegia and transient
      ischemic attacks. X-ray CT showed multiple low density lesions in left frontal
      and parieto-occipital areas, which were enhanced with a contrast medium. Cerebral
      angiography demonstrated complete occlusion of left carotid artery and narrowing
      of vertebral artery. Brain imaging using 123I-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine (123I
      IMP SPECT), which expressed regional cerebral blood flow, showed extensive
      perfusion defect over the left cerebral hemisphere in early scans, and
      redistribution phenomena in late scans. The symptoms improved gradually, which
      correlated well with 123I IMP-SPECT findings. This method will be useful to
      determine the prognosis as well as to understand changeable hemodynamic
      pathophysiology. A slowing of back ground on EEG also correlated well with
      clinical symptoms. It was necessary to examine the possibility of cerebrovascular
      involvement in progeria.

PMID- 2294954
TI  - [Characteristic CT findings in Krabbe's disease].
AB  - In 12-month-old girl with Krabbe's disease, serial CT and MRI examinations showed
      characteristic findings, which were symmetric high densities in globus pallidus
      and thalami before and during the course of brain atrophy and decreased
      attenuation in white matter. The low densities in white matter were not so
      remarkable as other degenerative diseases affecting primarily white matter. The
      high densities in the globus pallidus changed into low densities with progression
      of the white matter hypodensities and brain atrophy. These findings on CT in
      Krabbe's disease may assist neurologists in narrowing the differential diagnosis
      and requesting appropriate laboratory tests.

PMID- 2294955
TI  - [Nemaline myopathy of severe infantile type: a case report of a 9-year-old girl].
AB  - A girl with severe infantile type of nemaline myopathy was reported, who is still
      alive at the age of 9 years and 3 months. Myopathy was so severe that antigravity
      movement has been seen only at fingers and toes since early infancy. Skeletal
      muscles of extremities and lumbogluteal regions were found to be replaced by fat
      on CT examination. Her daily activity has been improved by speech therapy and
      introduction of an electric wheel chair controlled with her chin. Cor pulmonale
      has gradually progressed by 8 years of age, although myopathic symptoms were
      apparently nonprogressive. Most patients of nemaline myopathy of this type were
      reported to have died of respiratory insufficiency by two years of age. Our
      present case was probably the oldest recorded in the literature, surviving up to
      the age of 9 years.

PMID- 2294956
TI  - [Congenital fiber type disproportion associated with aortic coarctation complex:
      a case report].

PMID- 2294957
TI  - [Congenital cerebellar ataxia: a comparative study of clinical data and
      morphometrical findings of CT and MRI].
AB  - We reported clinical features and CT, MRI findings on cerebellum and brain stem
      in nine patients with congenital cerebellar ataxia (CCA) which was diagnosed by
      Hagberg's criteria. The patients were aged from 2 years to 14 years; five males
      and four females. CT and MRI were performed in nine cases and six cases,
      respectively. The patients were compared with sixty normal controls on CT, and
      with eight normal controls on MRI, aged from 1 year to 15 years. Five cases
      without perinatal brain insults showed abnormal findings in the cerebellum on CT
      and MRI. One case out of five cases showed abnormal finding only by MRI and not
      apparent by CT. Four cases with neonatal asphyxia did not show abnormal findings
      in the cerebellum. But the measurements of CT and MRI disclosed slightly abnormal
      values. Cerebrum and brain stem were though to be almost normal except for cavum
      Vergae of one case. There were no close correlation between clinical symptoms and
      abnormal findings in the cerebellum on CT and MRI. The etiology of CCA was
      thought to be heterogeneous, judging from CT and MRI. At least there were two
      causes; prenatal brain insults and perinatal brain insults. The degree of
      cerebellar lesion was thought to be various by its etiology.

PMID- 2294959
TI  - Abstracts from the annual meeting of the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology,
      National Cancer Institute. August 20-26, 1989, Bethesda, Maryland.

PMID- 2294958
TI  - [Changes in pulsatility index and blood flow velocity in the cerebral arteries in
      infantile hydrocephalus before and after ventriculo-peritoneal shunt].

PMID- 2294961
TI  - Two novel molecular isoforms of band 4.2 in Japanese Sika deer (Cervus nippon
      yesoensis, Heude) erythrocytes.
AB  - Two molecular isoforms of band 4.2 were identified in erythrocyte membranes from
      25 Japanese Sika deer (Ceryus nippon yesoensis, Heude) based on specific
      immunorecognition with anti-human band 4.2. These two variants, designated 4.2/78
      and 4.2/76, had respective relative molecular weights (Mr) of 78,000 and 76,000
      on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels and showed similar
      profiles after limited proteolysis, exhibiting identity in primary structure. 25
      adult Sika deer could be divided into two groups according to the 4.2/78:4.2/76
      ration, indicating a genetic control in the expression of the molecular isoforms
      of band 4.2. Both polypeptides were completely retained in cytoskeletal protein
      depleted membranes and could be removed by alkaline extraction, suggesting that
      both proteins contribute to the association of membrane proteins.

PMID- 2294960
TI  - Regulatory volume increase in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
AB  - Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, shrunken as a result of KCl-depletion and Na+
      loading, re-establish normal ionic concentrations by the combined activity of the
      Na+/K+ pump and the (2Cl- + K+ + Na+) cotransport system. Restoration of cell
      volume, however, correlates only with the increase in intracellular Cl-. This
      along with the finding that the equilibrium volume is linearly related to the
      steady state [Cl-] suggests that the extent to which cell volume increases is
      determined by Cl- transport. Net Cl- uptake, which is mediated almost exclusively
      by the cotransport system, is ultimately responsible for establishing the steady
      state intracellular Cl- concentration. Transport mediated by this pathway ceases
      when the sum of the chemical potentials for Na+, K+ and Cl- approaches zero and
      corresponds with the establishment of a steady state for Cl-. These findings
      suggest that Cl- plays a key role in the regulation of net cotransport activity
      and thereby cell volume.

PMID- 2294962
TI  - Na+/K+/Cl(-)-cotransporter mediated Rb+ fluxes in membrane vesicles from kidneys
      of normotensive and hypertensive rats.
AB  - This paper describes experiments to examine Rb+ fluxes via the Na+/K+/Cl-
      cotransporter in membrane vesicles from renal outer medulla of three strains of
      rat: (A) Wistar (B) Milan hypertensive (MHS) and normotensive (MNS), and (C)
      Sabra salt-sensitive hypertensive (SBH) and salt-resistant (SBN). Initially,
      Na(+)-dependent furosemide- or bumetanide-inhibited 86Rb+ fluxes were
      characterised using Wistar rat microsomes. The latter were partially purified on
      a metrizamide cushion, and assay conditions were optimized for use with
      microsomes from the other rats. The major result is that in microsomes from adult
      Milan hypertensive (MHS) rats the rate of the Na+/K+/Cl(-)-cotransporter mediated
      86Rb flux at sub-saturating concentrations of Rb, appears to be significantly
      greater than in the normotensive (MNS) controls. The effect reflects an increased
      apparent Rb affinity of the cotransporter in MHS microsomes. There is no
      difference in maximal rate or in the apparent Na+ activation affinity of the
      86Rb+ flux. In addition bumetanide appears to be a somewhat more effective
      inhibitor in MHS compared to MNS microsomes. The 86Rb+ flux result is compatible
      with a previous finding that in red cells, Na+/K+ -cotransporter mediated fluxes
      are increased in MHS compared to MNS. It supports the notion that the Na+/K+/Cl(
      )-cotransporter in in both red cells and kidney is a genetic marker for
      hypertension. It is of interest that apparently more than one Na+ transport
      system is affected in MHS hypertensive kidneys (a) the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter
      in the thick ascending limb of Henle and (b) the Na+/H+ exchanger and/o a
      conductive Na(+)-pathway in brush-border membranes from proximal tubule. It is
      conceivable that in the hypertensive animals a common regulatory pathway (e.g.,
      phosphorylation) or protein (e.g., cytoskeleton) is affected along the length of
      the nephron. In Sabra SBH and SBN rat microsomes, no difference was found for the
      86Rb+ flux via the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter (or via a K+ channel).

PMID- 2294963
TI  - Rats withdrawn from ethanol rapidly re-acquire membrane tolerance after
      resumption of ethanol feeding.
AB  - The time course for the re-acquisition of membrane tolerance to the disordering
      effects of ethanol in vitro has been determined for liver microsomes obtained
      from chronically ethanol-fed rats that were withdrawn from ethanol for 2-4 days
      (during which tolerance is lost) followed by resumption of ethanol feeding. Naive
      rats require 28-35 days of chronic ethanol feeding to develop membrane tolerance.
      Microsomal membranes regain partial sensitivity to ethanol disordering after 2-3
      days of withdrawal and regain the complete sensitivity observed in membranes from
      untreated control rats after 4 days of withdrawal. The period of ethanol re
      feeding required for the re-acquisition of membrane tolerance was dependent on
      the withdrawal period, with tolerance appearing sooner if the withdrawal period
      was shorter. The time course for the re-development of tolerance in previously
      tolerant animals was considerably faster (4-14 days) than in naive rats being
      administered the ethanol diet for the first time (35 days). Microsomes from rats
      that were withdrawn for 2 days (which retained partial tolerance) and then re-fed
      the ethanolic-diet required only 4 days to re-acquire membrane tolerance.
      Microsomes from rats withdrawn 3 days required 8 days and those withdrawn 4 days
      required 15 days for full tolerance to re-develop. The same time-course for the
      re-acquisition of membrane tolerance was observed in either intact microsomes or
      in liposomes prepared from extracted microsomal total phospholipids.
      Phosphatidylinositol (PI) has previously been reported to be responsible for
      conferring membrane tolerance to liver microsomes in ethanol-fed rats (Taraschi,
      T.F., Ellingson, J.S., Wu, A., Zimmerman, R. and Rubin, E. (1986) Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. USA 83, 9398-9402). The time course for re-acquisition of membrane
      tolerance by liver microsomes following ethanol withdrawal and resumption of
      ethanol feeding correlated with the ability of PI to confer tolerance.

PMID- 2294964
TI  - Cholate uptake in basolateral rat liver plasma membrane vesicles and in
      liposomes.
AB  - The mechanism(s) and driving force(s) for hepatocellular uptake of the
      unconjugated bile acid cholate were investigated in isolated basolateral
      (sinusoidal) rat liver plasma membrane (blLPM) vesicles and in protein free
      liposomes. In blLPM vesicles both an inwardly directed Na+ gradient and a
      transmembrane pH difference (8.0 in/6.0 out) stimulated cholate uptake 2-3-fold
      above equilibrium uptake values (overshoot). While Na+ gradient driven cholate
      uptake could be inhibited by the anion transport inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanato
      2,2'-disulfonic acid stilbene (DIDS), the pH gradient dependent portion of
      cholate uptake was insensitive to DIDS, but could be inhibited by furosemide.
      Furthermore, initial rates (1-s values) of the pH gradient stimulated cholate
      uptake were linear with increasing substrate concentrations (no saturability). In
      liposomes a similar inside alkaline pH gradient also induced a transient DIDS
      insensitive/furosemide inhibitable intravesicular accumulation (approx. 2-fold)
      of cholate (overshoot). These findings confirm that hepatocellular uptake of
      cholate occurs in part via the common Na+/bile acid cotransport system. In
      addition, the data strongly indicate that in isolated membrane vesicles pH
      gradient driven cholate uptake represents nonionic diffusion rather than a
      carrier mediated process (Blitzer, B.L., Terzakis, C. and Scott, K.A. (1986) J.
      Biol. Chem. 261, 12042-12046). Since in the perfused liver DIDS inhibited uptake
      of both cholate and taurocholate to a similar extent, DIDS-insensitive pH
      gradient dependent membrane diffusion appears to be of minor significance for
      cholate uptake in the intact organ.

PMID- 2294965
TI  - The sulfhydryl groups responsible for bilitranslocase transport activity respond
      to the interaction of the carrier with bilirubin and functional analogues.
AB  - Both inactivation of sulfobromophthalein transport in rat liver plasma membrane
      vesicles by sulfhydryl group reagents and subsequent reactivation by 2
      mercaptoethanol are shown to be modulated by ligands to bilitranslocase. In
      particular, bilirubin, sulfobromophthalein and Thymol blue behave as negative
      effectors in the inactivation reaction and as positive effectors in the
      reactivation reaction. Kinetic data provide further evidence of the existence of
      two classes of sulfhydryl groups involved in transport activity. The effect
      brought about by remarkably low concentrations of bilirubin is in line with the
      physiological function of bilitranslocase as a bilirubin carrier.

PMID- 2294966
TI  - Assay for acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase by high-performance liquid
      chromatography applied to serotonin N-acetylation.
AB  - A specific assay to measure the activity of the enzyme acetyl-CoA:arylamine N
      acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) from pigeon liver is described. The assay is based
      on the HPLC analysis of N-acetylserotonin formed by the enzymatic reaction. A
      reversed-phase column (Spherisorb 5-microns ODS 2; 150 x 3.2 mm) eluted with 0.1
      M sodium acetate (pH 4.75)/methanol (75:25) permits baseline separation of
      serotonin and N-acetylserotonin within 5.3 min. Several variables on the enzyme
      reaction were studied to obtain maximum activity. The enzyme is most active in
      glycine buffer at pH 9.5. The apparent Km value for serotonin (at 0.6 mM CoASAc)
      is 0.246 mM and 9.9 microM for CoASAc (at 1.5 mM serotonin). To avoid acetyl-CoA
      or N-acetylserotonin consumption in side-reactions, the enzyme was purified. A
      two-step purification process (ammonium sulfate fractionation and affinity
      chromatography on immobilised amethopterin) yielded 60-70% of the initial enzyme
      activity with a purification factor of 455-560.

PMID- 2294967
TI  - Specific recognition of sulfate esters by bindin, a sperm adhesion protein from
      sea urchins.
AB  - Bindin specifically binds to egg surface sulfated fucan polysaccharides and
      mediates the attachment of sperm to the egg during fertilization. Sulfate esters
      are critical for this interaction. We have examined the effect of different
      anionic groups on the relative binding affinities of a series of homologous
      anionic polymers for bindin to determine the extent to which other charged
      moieties can substitute for sulfate. We found that bindin displays a remarkable
      specificity for sulfate- or sulfonic acid-containing polymers. The relative
      affinities of poly(vinyl sulfate) and poly(styrenesulfonic acid) are four orders
      of magnitude higher than polymers containing phosphate esters or carboxyl groups.
      The bindin-mediated aggregation of sea urchin eggs was inhibited by the sulfated
      polymers but not the other anionic polymers. This high degree of selectivity for
      sulfated polymers is not observed for the binding of the polyanions to most other
      proteins and basic polypeptides. These results suggest that the binding is not
      due to the formation of simple salt bridges, and that all three non-ester oxygen
      atoms of the sulfate groups are involved in multiple bonding interactions with a
      complementary 'docking site' on the bindin polypeptide. The orientation of the
      polysaccharide sulfate oxygen atoms relative to the protein binding site may be
      an important determinant of the specificity of polysaccharide binding.

PMID- 2294968
TI  - Determination of cysteine on low-density lipoproteins using the fluorescent
      probe, 5-iodoacetamidofluoresceine.
AB  - Using the fluorescent sulfhydryl probe, 5-iodoacetamidofluoresceine, to label the
      free sulfhydryl of low-density lipoprotein, the positions of two cysteine
      residues in apolipoprotein B were located. The tryptic peptides containing the
      fluorescent probe were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography systems
      and sequenced by automatic techniques. The free cysteine residues of
      apolipoprotein B-100 on low-density lipoprotein are located at positions 3734 and
      4190, either or both of which can potentially form a disulfide linkage with
      apolipoprotein(a) in lipoprotein(a).

PMID- 2294969
TI  - Diamide induced shift in protein and glutathione thiol: disulfide status delays
      DNA rejoining after X-irradiation of human cancer cells.
AB  - By treating a human tumor cell line with various concentrations of diamide, we
      explored the relationship between extent and duration of protein and nonprotein
      thiol oxidation, initiation of DNA double-strand break rejoining after X-rays,
      and the degree of radiosensitization. We also examined the relationship between
      protein thiol status and the non-protein thiol, glutathione (GSH). A549 cells
      were irradiated and incubated postirradiation with 0, 100, 300 or 500 microM
      diamide for 1 h. The dose of radiation required to give 10% survival decreased
      from 4.8 Gy to 3.2 Gy with 300 microM and to 2.7 Gy with 500 microM diamide
      (enhancement ratios of 1.5 and 1.8, respectively) but was not significantly
      affected by 100 microM diamide. The time of initiation of double-stranded DNA
      rejoining after X-irradiation (DNA repair) was delayed by 300 and 500 microM
      diamide. Furthermore, DNA rejoining began only after total cellular protein thiol
      content recovered to 55% of pretreatment levels for both concentrations.
      Intracellular GSH/GSSG ratios decreased immediately after diamide addition to
      less than 1. Large decreases in GSH/GSSG ratio preceded significant loss of
      protein thiols, but protein-glutathione mixed disulfides accounted for a minor
      percentage of the total protein thiol oxidized (up to 20%). We believe that
      diamide-induced protein thiol loss, and not GSH oxidation, is related to the
      cessation of DNA strand rejoining after X-irradiation, thereby affecting
      survival.

PMID- 2294970
TI  - Structure of human low-density lipoprotein subfractions, determined by X-ray
      small-angle scattering.
AB  - The structure of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles from three different
      density ranges (LDL-1: d = 1.006-1.031 g/ml; LDL-3: d = 1.034-1.037 g/ml; LDL-6:
      d = 1.044-1.063 g/ml) was determined by X-ray small-angle scattering. By using a
      theoretical particle model, which accounted for the polydispersity of the
      samples, we were able to obtain fits of the scattering intensity that were inside
      the noise interval of the measured intensity. The assumption of deviations from
      radial symmetry is not supported by our data. This implies a spread-out
      conformation of the apolipoprotein B (apoB) molecule, which appears to be
      localized in the outer surface shell. A globular structure is not consistent with
      our data. Furthermore, different models exist concerning the structure of the
      cholesterol ester core below the phase transition temperature. The electron
      density data suggest an arrangement in which the steroid moieties are localized
      at average radii of 3.2 and 6.4 nm. Model calculations show that packing problems
      can only be avoided if approximately half of the acyl chains of each shell are
      pointing towards the center of the particle, the other half towards the surface.
      This arrangement of the acyl chains has never been proposed before. The LDL
      particles of different density classes differ mainly with respect to the size of
      the core but also with respect to the width of the surface shells. Model
      calculations show that the size of different LDL particles can be accurately
      predicted from the compositional data.

PMID- 2294971
TI  - The alternative splicing product alpha Ains-crystallin is structurally equivalent
      to alpha A and alpha B subunits in the rat alpha-crystallin aggregate.
AB  - In rodents and some other unrelated mammals, alternative splicing of the alpha A
      crystallin gene transcript results in the synthesis of the elongated alpha Ains
      crystallin chain. This polypeptide is identical to the normal alpha A-crystallin
      chain of 173 residues, but contains an additional sequence of 23 amino acid
      residues inserted between positions 63 and 64. To determine the effects of this
      insert peptide, the structure of the rat alpha-crystallin aggregate and its
      subunits alpha A-, alpha Ains- and alpha B-crystallin was studied using
      fluorescence spectra, partial urea dissociation, and lactoperoxidase-catalysed
      iodination of surface residues. The data suggest that all alpha-crystallin
      subunits occupy equivalent positions in the protein aggregate, and that the
      insert peptide merely elongates the connecting peptide between the putative amino
      and carboxyl-terminal domain of the alpha A-crystallin subunit.

PMID- 2294972
TI  - Amino acid sequence and circular dichroism of Indian cobra (Naja naja naja) venom
      acidic phospholipase A2.
AB  - The full amino acid sequence of the acidic phospholipase A2 from Indian cobra
      (Naja naja naja) venom was determined and its tertiary structure examined by
      circular dichroism (CD). The sequence was aligned with other sequences of
      secreted phospholipase A2 from snakes of the genus Naja, using the progressive
      alignment method of Feng and Doolittle (J. Mol. Evol. (1987) 25, 351-360). The
      primary sequence of Naja naja naja phospholipases A2 shows up to 85% identity
      with the other acidic Naja phospholipase A2. CD studies indicate a 40-50% alpha
      helical content in a tertiary structure which resists denaturation at high
      temperature, with or without chaotropic salts.

PMID- 2294974
TI  - Comparison of the hydrolytic activity and fluorescence of native, guanidine
      hydrochloride-treated and renatured cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei.
AB  - Guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) is an effective agent for the elution of
      cellulase protein from unhydrolyzed cellulosic residues, but once eluted the
      enzyme is inactive. The studies described in this paper examine the effect of
      GdnHCl on the hydrolytic activity and tryptophan fluorescence of
      cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) from Trichoderma reesei. CBH I was found to be
      completely inactivated by 0.25 M GdnHCl, but higher concentrations of GdnHCl were
      required to partially unfold this enzyme, as determined from the measurement of a
      decrease in its tryptophan fluorescence. Binding of CBH I to microcrystalline
      cellulose was prevented by 4 M GdnHCl, suggesting that a conformational change of
      CBH I resulted in the loss of substrate binding. Removal of the denaturant from
      CBH I by dialysis or gel filtration allowed the kinetics of the reactivation of
      CBH I, after 4 M GdnHCl treatment, to be studied. The fluorescence and specific
      hydrolytic activity of native and renatured CBH I were comparable. It is
      concluded, therefore, that GdnHCl may be used to elute cellulase components, such
      as CBH I, adsorbed on undigested cellulosic substrates since this component can
      easily be renatured and subsequently reused.

PMID- 2294973
TI  - Multiple forms of barley root acid phosphatase: purification and some
      characteristics of the major cytoplasmic isoenzyme.
AB  - The major acid phosphatase form (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid
      optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) was purified from the soluble extract of barley roots. The
      enzyme is homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and moves as a single
      band of Mr approximately 38,000 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The
      molecular weight of the native enzyme was Mr 77,600 and 79,000 as determined,
      respectively, by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-100 column and by density
      gradient ultracentrifugation. The isoelectric point was about 6.28. The enzyme is
      competitively inhibited by molybdate (Ki = 9 x 10(-7) M). NaF, Ag(+), Hg(2+),
      Pb(2+) and Zn(2+) are also inhibitors, while other cations showed no effect. The
      enzyme hydrolyzes a wide variety of natural and synthetic phosphate esters. In
      particular, the enzyme seems to be active on ATP, o-phosphotyrosine, o
      phosphoserine and glucose 1-phosphate. The pH dependence studies between pH 4-8
      using p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate and diethylpyrocarbonate inactivation
      indicate the presence of essential histidine residue at the active site.

PMID- 2294975
TI  - A National Health Program for the USA.

PMID- 2294976
TI  - Vitamin B12 and folate status in acute geropsychiatric inpatients: affective and
      cognitive characteristics of a vitamin nondeficient population.
AB  - This chart review study examined the serum vitamin B12 and folate status of 102
      geriatric patients newly admitted to a private psychiatric hospital. Only 3.7%
      were B12 deficient and 1.3% were folate deficient; 4% were anemic. Nevertheless,
      those with below-median values of both vitamins had significantly lower Mini
      Mental State scores than patients higher in one or both vitamins. Patients with
      "organic psychosis" with a negative family history for psychiatric disorder had
      significantly lower B12 levels than those with a positive family history. In
      major depression, folate levels correlated negatively with age at onset of
      psychiatric illness and length of hospitalization. These data suggest that (1)
      biochemically interrelated vitamins such as B12 and folate may exert both a
      separate and a concomitant influence on affect and cognition; (2) poorer vitamin
      status may contribute to certain geropsychiatric disorders that begin at a later
      age and lack a familial predisposition.

PMID- 2294977
TI  - No difference in basal ganglia mineralization between schizophrenic and
      nonschizophrenic patients: a quantitative computerized tomographic study.
AB  - The role of iron in schizophrenia (SC) has aroused attention because of its
      modulatory effect on the dopamine receptor and its role as a cofactor for
      tyrosine hydroxylase. In addition, several postmortem studies suggest that
      increased mineralization (especially iron) of the basal ganglia is a possible
      clinicopathological correlate of schizophrenia. In order to quantitate the in
      vivo mineral content in the basal ganglia of patients with SC, a protocol was
      developed to analyze CT scans films with a LOATS computer analysis system. A
      total of 725 consecutive CT scans (275 SC, 450 nonSC) from a psychiatric
      population were reviewed. Eighteen scans (2.3%) revealed basal ganglia
      mineralization of which 7 cases carried a diagnosis of SC and 11 had other
      psychiatric disorders. All subjects had received neuroleptics, and 8 of the 11
      patients in the nonschizophrenic group were demented. Both the SC and nonSC
      patients exhibited a prevalence (2.5%) of basal ganglia mineralization similar to
      that found in a postmortem series of the general population.

PMID- 2294979
TI  - Abnormal involuntary movements and chronic schizophrenic disorders.
AB  - We hypothesized that chronic schizophrenic patients with abnormal involuntary
      movements would exhibit specific psychopathological, neurological, and cognitive
      disturbances at a more severe level than those free of such movements. Twenty-two
      chronic schizophrenic patients were assessed for abnormal movements, cognitive
      impairment, psychopathology, and medication history. Unequivocal evidence of
      movement abnormality on the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale divided the
      subjects into groups with (n = 13) and without (n = 9) involuntary movement
      anomaly. Age, education, length of illness, depressive symptoms, total symptom
      ratings, and medication variables did not differ in the two groups. However, the
      group with involuntary movements had more negative symptomatology, greater
      impairment on voluntary motor tasks, lower premorbid intelligence, and a trend
      toward poorer recall on mental status examination. These results demonstrate that
      schizophrenic patients with abnormal involuntary movements have more severe
      psychopathology as reflected in certain defect symptoms, more abnormal voluntary
      movements, and more cognitive impairment than schizophrenic patients without
      involuntary movements.

PMID- 2294978
TI  - A postmortem quantitative study of iron in the globus pallidus of schizophrenic
      patients.
AB  - Several postmortem studies have reported the presence and probable overabundance
      of basal ganglia mineralization in schizophrenic patients. In order to study this
      problem in a quantitative fashion we analyzed the mineral content of the globus
      pallidus in 9 schizophrenic patients and 10 age-matched controls with a Loats
      computer image analysis system. No significant differences were noted between
      schizophrenic patients and controls in regard to gender, age, or mineral content
      of the globus pallidus. The mean content of iron per internal segment of globus
      pallidus was greater in schizophrenic patients, but the large variation and small
      number of patients in our sample may have accounted for the negative findings.

PMID- 2294980
TI  - Plasma dexamethasone concentrations and the dexamethasone suppression test.
AB  - Altered bioavailability or altered pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone (dex) may
      contribute to a positive Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) in psychiatric
      patients. We measured plasma dex and plasma cortisol concentrations in 32
      patients with primary major depressive disorder (MDD), 14 patients with other
      psychiatric disorders, and 16 normal controls. Cortisol was measured by the
      competitive protein binding (CPB) assay and dex by RIA (IgG Corp.). Additionally,
      cortisol was measured by a fluorescent polarization immunoassay (FPIA) available
      on the Abbott TDx analyzer in an attempt to validate this method for use in the
      DST. The agreement between FPIA and CPB cortisol results was excellent. Depressed
      nonsuppressors, by definition, had significantly higher mean plasma cortisol
      concentrations than depressed suppressors, psychiatric controls, and normal
      volunteers at 8:00 AM, 3:00 PM, and 10:00 PM postdex. When DST nonsuppressors and
      suppressors were compared regardless of diagnostic group, plasma dex
      concentrations were significantly lower (p less than 0.01) in the DST
      nonsuppressors. There was a significant negative correlation between plasma
      cortisol levels and plasma dex levels across all subjects at 8:00 AM (r = -0.365,
      n = 44, p less than 0.05). When the subjects were sorted by diagnostic category,
      there was a strong, but not statistically significant, trend toward lower plasma
      dex concentrations in the melancholic nonsuppressors versus the melancholic
      suppressors and between the psychiatric control non-suppressors and the
      corresponding suppressor group. These relationships disappeared when we
      restricted our analyses to an empirically derived middle range of plasma dex
      concentrations within which the DST results were considered to be valid. We
      conclude that bioavailability or pharmacokinetics of dex may significantly
      contribute to DST results. Further investigation is needed to determine whether
      or not the quantification of dex and its metabolites and their determination at
      which specific timepoints during the DST will enhance the predictive or
      interpretive value of the DST in psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2294981
TI  - Auditory sensory gating in hippocampal neurons: a model system in the rat.
AB  - Diminished evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli, an example of sensory
      gating normally present in human subjects, is often absent in schizophrenics. To
      examine the mechanism of the normal response and to delineate possible sites of
      its abnormality in psychosis, it would be desirable to reproduce the phenomenon
      in laboratory animals. In this study, we show that the pattern of diminished
      response to the second of paired auditory stimuli is found in activity recorded
      from the CA3 region of the hippocampus of anesthetized rats. The evoked potential
      recorded from this area is predominantly an N40 wave, at identical latency to the
      prominent negative wave recorded from the skull surface of unanesthetized rats.
      Similar responses were not found in other areas, including the auditory neocortex
      and the medial geniculate nucleus. Amphetamine, which diminished sensory gating
      in both animals and humans, diminished the gating of the evoked potential
      recorded in the hippocampus. The effect of amphetamine was reversed by
      haloperidol. The rat hippocampus may therefore contain neurons that can be used
      to study the neurobiology of sensory gating.

PMID- 2294982
TI  - Enlargement of cerebral third ventricle in psychotic patients with delayed
      response to neuroleptics.
AB  - Enlargement of the cerebral third ventricle appears to be a replicable finding in
      groups of patients with psychotic illnesses, and there is evidence for an
      association of third ventricle enlargement with poorer response to treatment.
      Third ventricle area and width were measured from computed tomography (CT) scans
      in 24 mood-incongruent psychotic patients and 14 controls age and gender matched
      to schizophrenic patients. Patients were treated with a fixed dose of haloperidol
      and classified as rapid responders (55% symptom reduction on New Haven
      Schizophrenic Index (NHSI) within 4.5 +/- 1.3 days) or delayed responders (55%
      symptom reduction on NHSI within 18.6 +/- 10.5 days). The significant enlargement
      of third ventricle area was isolated among the 12 delayed neuroleptic responders
      (19.3 +/- 9.0 mm2) compared with the 14 controls (11.7 +/- 4.8 mm2, p = 0.01),
      and 12 other mood-incongruent psychotics. Third ventricle width also showed a
      trend towards larger width in the delayed responders. There was a clear positive
      correlation between ventricular size and patient's age exclusively in the delayed
      responders (r = 0.78); a comparable relationship between ventricular size and age
      was not present in controls, or in the other psychotics. This finding is
      consistent with an age-related progressive degenerative process in the central
      nervous system (CNS) isolated to the neuroleptic-delayed responsive psychotics.

PMID- 2294983
TI  - Twenty-four hour urinary cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combat-related
      posttraumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 2294984
TI  - Intact transferrin receptors in human plasma and their relation to
      erythropoiesis.
AB  - Intact transferrin receptor molecules complexed with transferrin were found in
      human plasma. The concentration of receptors was determined by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay that uses polyclonal antibodies. The mean concentration of
      8,279 micrograms/L in 56 normal adults appears to be unrelated to age or sex.
      Additional receptor measurements were performed on plasmas from 260 subjects with
      erythropoietic disorders. Decreased concentration of plasma receptors was found
      in patients with erythroid hypoplasia and increased numbers in those with
      erythroid hyperplasia. Ferrokinetic measurements of erythropoiesis were compared
      with numbers of receptors in 148 subjects, and a close correlation was found (r =
      .86). Both sets of values, measured in different conditions and expressed in
      relation to normal, were consistent with expected values. Receptor values were
      unproportionally increased only in conditions of iron deficiency. It is concluded
      that plasma receptors have a constant relationship to tissue receptors, and their
      number in most instances reflects the rate of erythropoiesis.

PMID- 2294985
TI  - Tissue factor and factor VII messenger RNAs in human alveolar macrophages:
      effects of breathing ozone.
AB  - This study was performed to determine if genes for tissue factor and factor VII
      proteins are expressed and regulated in vivo in lung macrophages during
      inflammation. Human alveolar macrophages and alveolar fluids were obtained 18
      hours after healthy male adults were exposed, for 2 hours during intermittent
      exercise, to either air or air with 0.4 ppm ozone, added as a model toxic
      respiratory agent. Messenger RNA (mRNA) for both tissue factor and factor VII
      were demonstrated in macrophages isolated after subjects were exposed to
      unpolluted control air. With the same subjects examined after breathing ozone,
      the following changes were observed: tissue factor mRNA concentration in
      macrophages increased 2.6 +/- 0.47-fold. Factor VII mRNA concentration was
      reduced 0.64 +/- 0.24-fold. Total numbers of macrophages recovered did not change
      significantly. Ratios of nuclear:cytoplasmic areas of cytocentrifuged macrophages
      were augmented by 24.8% +/- 3%, giving morphometric evidence that immature cell
      forms increased in the population. In the lavage, tissue factor activity was
      increased 2.1 +/- 0.3-fold, while amounts of lipid phosphorous, which estimate
      total membrane lipids, and estimated volumes of alveolar fluid were not
      significantly changed. Factor VII activity and fibrinopeptide A levels in lavage
      were increased approximately twofold. These results using rapidly isolated,
      noncultured cells indicate that tissue factor and factor VII mRNA are synthesized
      in the alveolar macrophage population in vivo. In addition, evidence was found
      that as a result of breathing ozone, a shift in alveolar macrophage maturity
      occurred in association with tissue factor mRNA, tissue factor activity, and
      factor VII activity increases, and with formation of fibrinopeptide A in alveolar
      fluids.

PMID- 2294986
TI  - Direct detection of activated platelets and platelet-derived microparticles in
      humans.
AB  - Flow cytometry was used to determine whether activated platelets and platelet
      derived microparticles can be detected directly in whole blood after a hemostatic
      insult. Two different in vivo models of platelet activation were examined: (1) a
      standardized bleeding time, and (2) cardiopulmonary bypass. Platelets and
      microplatelets were identified with a biotinylated anti-glycoprotein (GP)lb
      antibody and a fluorophore, phycoerythrin-streptavidin. Microparticles were
      distinguished from platelets by light scatter. Activated platelets were detected
      with three fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs): (1) PAC1, which
      binds to the activated form of GPIIb-IIIa; (2) 9F9, a newly developed antibody
      that is specific for fibrinogen bound to the surface of activated platelets; and
      (3) S12, which binds to an alpha-granule membrane protein expressed on the
      platelet surface after granule secretion. In nine normal subjects, bleeding times
      ranged from 4.5 to 7.5 minutes. Over this time, there was a progressive increase
      in the amount of PAC1, 9F9, and S12 bound to platelets in blood emerging from the
      bleeding time wound. With all three antibodies, platelet activation was apparent
      as early as 30 seconds after the incision (P less than .03). Activation was
      accompanied by a progressive decrease in the concentration of platelets in blood
      from the wound, while the concentration of microparticles increased slightly. In
      nine patients undergoing open heart surgery, 1 hour of cardiopulmonary bypass
      caused a 2.2-fold increase in the relative proportion of microparticles in
      circulating blood (P less than .001). Moreover, bypass caused platelet activation
      as evidenced by a mean two- to threefold increase in PAC1 binding to platelets.
      Although this increase was significant (P less than .02), PAC1 binding exceeded
      the normal range for unstimulated control platelets in only 5 of 9 patients, and
      9F9 and S12 binding exceeded the normal range in only two patients. Taken
      together, these studies demonstrate that it is now feasible using flow cytometry
      to evaluate the extent of platelet activation and the presence of platelet
      derived microparticles in the circulation of humans.

PMID- 2294987
TI  - Assay of lymphokine-activated killer activity generated from bone marrow cells of
      children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - We recently reported that low molecular weight B-cell growth factor (LMW-BCGF)
      plus recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) synergistically induced lymphokine
      activated killer (LAK) activity from the bone marrow (BM) cells of children with
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The kinetics of cell growth, antigenic
      phenotype, and lytic activity of the generated effector cells were further
      analyzed in this study. BM cells from ALL patients with active disease and in
      complete remission (CR) were cultured with a combination of LMW-BCGF and rIL-2.
      Monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD3 and anti-Leu 19) and immunomagnetic beads were
      used to separate LAK cells into three subsets: CD3+/Leu 19-, CD3+/Leu 19+, and
      CD3-/Leu 19+. Cytotoxicity assays with different subsets were performed versus
      K562, Raji, and autologous leukemic cells, using a 3-hour 51Cr release test.
      There was a significant cell expansion of 54-fold (mean value) for CD3+ cells and
      15-fold for Leu 19+ cells in culture with LMW-BCGF plus rIL-2 for 7 to 14 days,
      whereas no cell expansion was observed in culture with rIL-2 alone. Although NK
      activity (K562) was generated from leukemic BM cells in culture with rIL-2 alone,
      it is only about one third of that generated in culture with rIL-2 plus LMW-BCGF.
      Analysis of lytic activity of cells generated in the latter cultures demonstrated
      that CD3-/Leu 19+ cells expressed highest lytic activity against NK-sensitive
      K562 cells as well as against NK-resistant Raji cells. CD3+/Leu 19+ cells showed
      median cytotoxicity, and CD3+Leu 19- cells mediated only minimal cytotoxic
      activity. Also, lytic activity of CD3-/Leu 19+ cells against autologous leukemic
      blasts was noted in patients with active disease. Our results demonstrate that
      LAK activity generated from BM cells by LMW-BCGF and r-IL2 is mediated mainly by
      two types of Leu 19+ cells: CD3-/Leu 19+ NK cells and CD3-/Leu 19+ T cells.
      Although CD3+ T cells (both Leu 19+ and Leu 19-) mediated less antitumor
      cytotoxicity than CD3-/Leu 19+ cells, the former cells were the major expanding
      cell population in culture with LMW-BCGF and rIL-2. The new culture system may be
      effective in generation of cells with LAK activity for therapeutic use.

PMID- 2294988
TI  - Myeloid-associated antigen expression lacks prognostic value in childhood acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia treated with intensive multiagent chemotherapy.
AB  - Frequency and clinical significance of myeloid-associated antigen expression in
      blast cells were assessed in 372 consecutive children with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL). A comprehensive panel of myeloid monoclonal antibodies
      representing seven cluster groups showed myeloid-associated antigen expression in
      61 cases (16.4%), 18 of which expressed two or more antigens. The antigens
      expressed comprised CD11b (8.9% of the total series), CD13 (6.5%), CD33 (3.2%),
      CD36 (1.9%), CD15 (1.6%), CD14 (1.3%), and CDw12 (1.1%). No significant
      associations were found between myeloid-associated antigen expression and the
      presence of known adverse prognostic features (eg, higher leukocyte count,
      nonwhite race, older age). Myeloid-associated antigen expression had no effect on
      remission induction or event-free survival for the 267 children who had been
      treated with the same combination of chemotherapeutic agents (P = .34). Thus,
      blast cell expression of myeloid-associated antigens in childhood ALL appears to
      lack prognostic value in the context of contemporary intensive chemotherapy.

PMID- 2294989
TI  - Desmopressin induces adhesion of normal human erythrocytes to the endothelial
      surface of a perfused microvascular preparation.
AB  - The interaction of red blood cells (RBCs) with vascular endothelium under flow
      conditions was investigated using the perfused rat mesocecum. Under
      videomicroscopy, normal human erythrocytes were found to adhere to the venular
      endothelium of desmopressin-treated microvasculature. Transmission electron
      microscopy showed that the erythrocytes were attached to the endothelial cells at
      discrete electron-dense sites. Compared with control preparations in which the
      microvasculature was perfused with Ringer's-albumin solution alone, more than a
      10-fold increase in radioactivity was retained in the desmopressin-treated
      microvasculature when technetium (99mTc)-labeled erythrocytes were infused into
      the vasculature. This erythrocyte adherence was accompanied by a higher increment
      in vascular resistance during the passage of RBCs through the microcirculation,
      and by a delay in the recovery toward baseline. The erythrocyte adherence in
      desmopressin-treated microvasculature was completely abolished with antibodies to
      von Willebrand factor (vWF). Desmopressin infusion in rats resulted in elevated
      vWF antigen levels and the appearance of extra-large molecular weight forms of
      vWF in plasma. These findings suggest that normal erythrocytes adhere to
      desmopressin-conditioned microvascular endothelium and that endothelial cell
      derived vWF is involved in the erythrocyte-endothelium interaction.

PMID- 2294990
TI  - Recurrent acute splenic sequestration crisis due to interacting genetic defects:
      hemoglobin SC disease and hereditary spherocytosis.
AB  - A 14-year-old boy with hemoglobin SC disease and alpha-thalassemia-2 experienced
      five episodes of acute splenic sequestration crisis (ASSC), while two of his
      siblings with identical globin genotypes (SC and -alpha/alpha alpha) had no such
      experience. To determine if an additional red blood cell (RBC) defect was
      responsible for the unusual occurrence of frequent ASSCs, we performed detailed
      rheologic characterization and membrane protein analysis on RBCs from the proband
      and other members of his family. Reduced surface area, increased mechanical
      instability, and decreased spectrin content of the membrane, distinguishing
      features of RBCs in hereditary spherocytosis, were observed in cells from the
      proband and his mother, but not in cells from other family members. These
      findings are consistent with the dominant inheritance of spherocytosis by the
      proband. We suggest that the combined effects of SC disease and spherocytosis in
      the proband resulted in decreased RBC deformability and led to increased splenic
      trapping, intrasplenic sickling, and consequently, recurrent sequestration
      crisis. Marked clinical and hematologic improvement occurred from splenectomy.
      Thus, inheritance of interacting genetic defects, sickling hemoglobinopathy, and
      hereditary spherocytosis appear to be responsible for the unusual clinical
      manifestation of recurrent ASSC in this patient.

PMID- 2294991
TI  - Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency and hemolytic anemia.
AB  - gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase is one of the enzymes of glutathione (GSH)
      synthesis. A deficiency of this enzyme has been found only once previously in
      humans: it was associated with spinocerebellar degeneration and hemolytic anemia.
      We report the case of a woman, daughter of fifth cousins, who was gamma
      glutamylcysteine-synthetase-deficient. Modest decreases in the amount of GSH in
      cultured lymphoblasts and fibroblasts could be documented. The amount of residual
      enzyme was insufficient to permit detailed studies of the characteristics of the
      mutant enzymes, but no major abnormality in its Km for cysteine and glutamic acid
      or in its heat stability were found. In contrast to the earlier report, the only
      manifestation of the enzyme deficiency was hemolytic anemia. This leads us to
      conclude that either the occurrence of neurologic symptoms in the other reported
      family was a chance association or that the clinical expression of this rare
      defect is pleomorphic.

PMID- 2294992
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow in sickle cell disease: clinical,
      hematologic, and pathologic correlations.
AB  - A longitudinal, prospective, controlled evaluation of magnetic resonance images
      (MRI) of long bones in sickle cell patients was undertaken simultaneously with
      assessment of clinical status and hematologic parameters, including dense
      erythrocytes. MRI of bone marrow in sickle cell patients during steady states
      appeared patchy and were markedly different from those in matched controls (P
      approximately 0). Patients with severe patchiness were older than those with mild
      or moderate patchiness (P less than .03). Sixty-nine MRI were performed during 28
      painful episodes occurring in 14 subjects with sickle cell disease (SCD).
      Increased signals on intermediate and T2-weighted images were detected in 35.7%
      of painful episodes. These abnormalities were distinct and not observed to occur
      spontaneously during the steady-state examinations (P approximately 0). Bone
      marrow infarcts were confirmed by biopsy in two instances and autopsy in one
      instance. Dense red cells decreased by 40.81% of baseline during pain crises (P =
      .00005), more remarkably in those who had pain in the lower extremities (P =
      .0145). Patients with change in MRI during pain crises had a greater percentage
      change in the dense cells than those without the change in MRI (69.7% v 31.3%, P
      = .0120).

PMID- 2294993
TI  - Pure red cell aplasia of long duration complicating major ABO-incompatible bone
      marrow transplantation.
AB  - In 3 of 15 consecutive patients receiving a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
      identical but major ABO incompatible bone marrow transplant (BMT), pure red cell
      aplasia (PRA) lasting 5 to 8 months was observed. Titers of the incompatible anti
      A agglutinin before infusion of the red blood cell (RBC)-depleted BMT was very
      high in one, and in the usual range in two patients. Decrease of agglutinin
      titers during the first 4 weeks after BMT were comparable between PRA patients
      and those of ABO-incompatible BMT recipients with timely RBC recovery. However,
      in PRA patients, agglutinin titers rose again and remained elevated for 19 to 28
      weeks. RBC engraftment and reticulocyte recovery ultimately occurred
      spontaneously and coincided with the decrease of agglutinin titers below 16.
      These observations indicate that PRA is antibody-dependent in this setting.
      Furthermore, it is conceivable that cyclosporine facilitates recipient-derived
      antibody synthesis after major ABO-incompatible BMT.

PMID- 2294994
TI  - Specificities of monoclonal antibodies B-ly7 and HML-1 are identical.

PMID- 2294995
TI  - Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in hairy cell leukemia.

PMID- 2294996
TI  - Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1,
      and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses
      IL-1 and TNF.
AB  - Interleukin-6 (IL-6) shares several biologic properties with IL-1, including
      hematopoietin-1 activity and stimulation of T cells. Because many of their
      biologic activities overlap, we developed and used a specific radioimmunoassay
      (RIA) for IL-6 to compare production of this cytokine on a molar basis with that
      of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha. The RIA
      correlated well with the hybridoma bioassay for IL-6 (r = .87, P less than .001).
      Freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultured in the
      absence of stimuli did not produce IL-6 in most cases. Kinetics of secretion and
      cell-association of IL-6 were studied. In contrast to IL-1 alpha but similar to
      TNF, IL-6 was almost entirely secreted into the extracellular fluid. Incubation
      with different stimuli (lipopolysaccharide [LPS], phytohemagglutinin [PHA],
      Staphylococcus epidermidis, or IL-1 alpha) resulted in production of IL-6.
      However, on a molar basis PBMC produced approximately two to three times less IL
      6 than IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, or TNF, regardless of the stimulus. The amount of
      IL-6 produced from PBMC was consistent when measured in the same subjects six
      time during a 12-week period. In a cohort of 38 donors, the coefficient of
      variation for IL-6 production was .32, compared with .92 for IL-1 beta and .96
      for TNF. Comparing cytokine production by PBMC, there was a significant
      correlation between IL-6 and IL-1 beta (r = .72) and between IL-6 and TNF (r =
      .66). IL-6 did not stimulate IL-1 beta or TNF production, but suppressed IL-1
      beta and TNF production induced by LPS or PHA by 30% (P less than .01). This
      suppression of IL-1 beta and TNF by IL-6 appears to be on the level of
      transcription.

PMID- 2294997
TI  - Regulation of megakaryocyte ploidy in vivo in the rat.
AB  - The relationship between the bone marrow (BM) megakaryocyte and the circulating
      platelet was explored. Incremental changes in platelet count were made in rats by
      infusion of antiplatelet antibody or by platelet transfusion, and the response of
      megakaryocytes was measured by flow cytometry. Proportional changes in
      megakaryocyte ploidy were demonstrated: As the platelet count declined, ploidy
      increased; as the platelet count increased, ploidy decreased. Even moderate
      degrees of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis (48% and 177% of the normal
      platelet count) were associated with changes in ploidy. These changes were not
      the results of the technique used to alter the platelet count because reinfusion
      of platelets after 3 hours of thrombocytopenia prevented any ploidy change. These
      studies proved that the circulating platelet and the megakaryocyte constitute a
      classic feedback loop whose activity can be measured by the degree of
      ploidization of the megakaryocyte. The minimal duration of thrombocytopenia
      necessary to promote megakaryocyte ploidy changes was approximately 10 hours.
      Using a BM culture assay, we identified a plasma factor which induced alterations
      in megakaryocyte ploidy and whose level is inversely proportional to the platelet
      count.

PMID- 2294998
TI  - Proliferative properties of unfractionated, purified, and single cell human
      progenitor populations stimulated by recombinant human interleukin-3.
AB  - In this report, the biological properties of human recombinant interleukin-3
      (rhIL-3) were studied. We investigated the range of unfractionated, purified and
      single cell human progenitors responsive to IL-3; compared the colony types
      observed with those obtained in the presence of recombinant human granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF). The
      results show that IL-3 directly stimulates the formation of colonies derived from
      eosinophil and, to a lesser degree, granulocyte and macrophage progenitors. In
      combination with erythropoietin, it supports the development of erythroid and
      mixed-erythroid colonies. Furthermore, the data show that IL-3 is a more potent
      stimulus for both erythroid and eosinophil progenitors than GM-CSF. Interleukin-3
      stimulates the formation of both compact and dispersed colonies derived from
      eosinophil progenitors, whereas GM-CSF stimulates the formation of only the
      compact type. We conclude that some of the proliferative effects of IL-3 observed
      on unfractionated and semipurified bone marrow populations are indirect and most
      likely involve accessory cell interactions.

PMID- 2294999
TI  - Inhibition of coagulation and thrombin-induced platelet activities by a synthetic
      dodecapeptide modeled on the carboxy-terminus of hirudin.
AB  - A synthetic, tyrosine-sulfated, dodecapeptide (BG8865) modeled on residues 53-64
      of hirudin was found to elevate the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT),
      prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) of human plasma in a dose-dependent
      manner. The most sensitive assay was the TT, which was prolonged 2 and 3 times
      control values at 2.2 and 4.1 micrograms/mL hirudin peptide, respectively. The
      sulfated dodecapeptide exhibited no dependency on antithrombin III as monitored
      by the APTT in the presence of sheep anti-human antithrombin III antibodies, and
      its activity was not neutralized by platelet releasates or platelet factor 4. In
      studies of thrombin-induced platelet activation, the hirudin peptide was found to
      block aggregation, serotonin release and thromboxane A2 generation. At thrombin
      concentrations of 0.25 U/mL, the IC50 (concentration resulting in 50% inhibition)
      for inhibition of platelet aggregation was 0.72 micrograms/mL peptide. Inhibition
      of TXA2 generation and serotonin release correlated closely with inhibition of
      aggregation. Using platelets from patients with clinically documented heparin
      induced thrombocytopenia anticoagulant doses of heparin were found to induce
      platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 generation. In sharp contrast,
      anticoagulant-equivalent doses of hirudin peptide had no effect on patient
      platelets, as evidenced by a lack of platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2
      generation. These data provide compelling in vitro evidence that the hirudin
      peptide has several potential advantages over heparin, namely effective
      inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet activities, co-factor independence,
      insensitivity to endogenous heparin-neutralizing factors, and an apparent lack of
      direct or immune-mediated platelet stimulating properties.

PMID- 2295000
TI  - Selective expression of the p70 subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor on
      lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis.
AB  - The lymphocytosis manifested in infectious mononucleosis (IM) during acute phase
      is ascribed to a reactive expansion of CD8+ T lymphocytes caused by Epstein-Barr
      virus (EBV)-infected B lymphocytes. Expression of HLA-DR antigen on IM
      lymphocytes suggests that these T lymphocytes are somehow activated in vivo. In
      the present study, we analyzed the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor expression on
      lymphocytes from six patients with acute IM. Radiolabeled IL-2 binding assay
      revealed that IM lymphocytes from all patients examined had a considerable number
      of IL-2 binding sites with an intermediate affinity, although they did not
      express the IL-2 receptor recognized by anti-Tac antibody (p55). The number of
      binding sites (1,070 to 4,600 sites per cell) was larger than that of a normal,
      resting T lymphocyte-enriched population (650 sites per cell). Furthermore, IM
      lymphocytes showed marked proliferative responses to higher concentrations of IL
      2, which were almost completely blocked by an anti-p70 IL-2 receptor antibody,
      indicating that their IL-2 receptor is a functional receptor. The results of an
      affinity cross-linking study seem to indicate that the IL-2 receptor expressed on
      IM lymphocytes is p70, the second chain of the IL-2 receptor distinct from p55.
      Flow cytometric analysis following immunofluorescent staining with anti-p70 IL-2
      receptor antibody confirmed p70 expression on CD8+ HLA-DR+ lymphocytes. These
      data suggest that p70 IL-2 receptor expression is involved in the immune response
      triggered by EBV infection.

PMID- 2295001
TI  - Effects of interleukin-3 and interleukin-4 on the development of "connective
      tissue-type" mast cells: interleukin-3 supports their survival and interleukin-4
      triggers and supports their proliferation synergistically with interleukin-3.
AB  - We examined the effects of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) on
      connective tissue-type mast cells (CTMC) purified from murine peritoneal cells.
      Although both factors failed to induce extensive proliferation of CTMC, they
      stimulated CTMC proliferation synergistically in a dose-dependent manner.
      Pretreatment of CTMC with IL-3 and/or IL-4 indicated that the sustained presence
      of both factors was required for the development of type 1 mast cell colonies.
      The delayed addition of IL-3 to cultures of purified CTMC with IL-4 induced no
      colony formation, while the delayed addition of IL-4 to cultures with IL-3, even
      on day 28 of culture, induced type 1 colony formation. In replating type 1
      colonies induced by IL-3 and IL-4 to secondary cultures with IL-3 alone, few
      secondary colonies developed. However, the delayed addition of IL-4 to the
      secondary culture induced many type 1 colonies. The purified CTMC cultured with
      IL-3 retained the morphological and cytochemical characteristics of CTMC, as well
      as proliferative ability. These observations indicate that IL-3 supports the
      survival of CTMC in methylcellulose culture and that IL-4 triggers and supports
      CTMC proliferation synergistically with IL-3. The serum-free culture of purified
      CTMC and the culture of single CTMC demonstrated that the synergistic effect of
      IL-3 and IL-4 on colony growth and the surviving effect of IL-3 on CTMC require
      no influence from accessory cells or other humoral factors.

PMID- 2295002
TI  - Blood-borne collagenous debris complexes with plasma fibronectin after thermal
      injury.
AB  - Plasma fibronectin augments the clearance of blood-borne foreign and effete
      complexes by mononuclear phagocytes. The release of a "gelatin-like" ligand into
      plasma after thermal injury has been reported. We quantified the release of this
      collagenous debris from thermally injured skin, and its potential interaction
      with soluble fibronectin in plasma using anesthetized rats. Collagen-like
      material debris in the plasma was detected by assay of hydroxyproline.
      Fibronectin was measured by a double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) technique. Over a 24-hour postburn interval, plasma hydroxyproline
      increased from 6.7 +/- 0.6 micrograms/mL to a maximum of 19.0 +/- 3.3
      micrograms/mL at 60 minutes postburn, and normalized by 6 hours. A direct
      correlation existed between the magnitude of burn injury and the increase in
      plasma hydroxyproline. In parallel, plasma fibronectin declined over a 15-minute
      to 2-hour period postburn, and normalized by 3 to 4 hours with rebound
      hyperfibronectinemia observed at 24 hours. The elevation in total plasma
      hydroxyproline was not due to an increase in plasma Clq (zero time, 26.2 +/- 1.4
      micrograms/mL; 60 minutes, 23.9 +/- 1.1 micrograms/mL). Tracer studies with 125I
      fibronectin showed that the acute decline of plasma fibronectin was due to its
      uptake by the liver and binding to sites of tissue injury. Total hydroxyproline
      in extracts of burn skin, used as an index of soluble collagenous material, rose
      from 15 +/- 3.3 micrograms/g skin at zero time to 129.3 +/- 43.7 micrograms/g
      skin by 5 minutes postburn, with a decline to 38 +/- 22 micrograms/g skin by 24
      hours. The formation of circulating fibronectin-gelatin complexes in vivo was
      documented by cross-immunoelectrophoresis coupled with autoradiography using 125I
      gelatin as a model ligand. Thus, collagenous tissue debris from burned skin may
      enter the plasma after thermal injury and directly complexes with soluble
      fibronectin before hepatic phagocytic clearance.

PMID- 2295003
TI  - Human neutrophils contain a protein kinase C-like enzyme that utilizes guanosine
      triphosphate as a phosphate donor. Cofactor requirements, kinetics, and
      endogenous acceptor proteins.
AB  - Investigations of protein kinase C (PKC) activity have focussed on protein
      phosphorylation using adenosine triphosphate (ATP), not guanosine triphosphate
      (GTP), as the phosphate donor. In a continuing study of the enzymology of the PKC
      of human neutrophils, we wanted to determine if there might be protein kinases
      that do use GTP as a phosphate donor. Soluble extracts or detergent-extracted
      fractions of human neutrophils were used as enzyme sources. Phosphorylation of
      histone using [gamma-32P]-GTP was 31% as effective as [gamma-32P]-ATP.
      Phosphorylation with GTP depended on Ca2+, Mg2+, and phospholipid, just as the
      ATP, and the Ca2+ requirements were similar. In all cases, H-7, an inhibitor of
      ATP-supported PKC activity, blocked GTP-utilizing activity. Sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed that similar
      endogenous proteins were phosphorylated with ATP or GTP. The apparent Km and Vmax
      for the enzyme(s) for both phosphate donors were identical, although these were
      modified by treatment with Triton X-100. GTP competitively inhibited use of ATP
      by PKC; however, low concentrations of ATP enhanced GTP-utilizing kinase activity
      in some cases. Non-hydrolyzable forms of ATP and other nucleotide triphosphates
      were inhibitory. Detergent treatment also markedly altered the number of proteins
      phosphorylated by either nucleotide. The major protein phosphorylated in the
      soluble or detergent extract was a single polypeptide band in the 34 Kd range.
      These studies are the first to explicitly examine the possible phosphorylation by
      neutrophil PKC using GTP and point to a potential alternative mode of enzyme
      activity. Since high concentrations of GTP are available within neutrophils, the
      ability of PKC or a PKC-like enzyme to use this nucleotide may have important
      ramifications in signal transduction.

PMID- 2295004
TI  - Expression of major blood group antigens on human erythroid cells in a two phase
      liquid culture system.
AB  - In order to examine the sequential expression of major blood group antigens on
      human erythroblasts, a selective two phase liquid culture system for erythroid
      progenitors was established. After mononuclear cells obtained from peripheral
      blood were cultured in the presence of phytohemagglutinin stimulated-leukocyte
      conditioned medium (PHA-LCM) for 7 days (the first phase), nonphagocytic cells
      were recultured under hypoxic culture conditions containing 30% fetal calf serum,
      1% bovine serum albumin, 300 micrograms/mL transferrin and 2 U/mL recombinant
      erythropoietin (the second phase). Mature (orthochromatic) erythroblasts were
      observed on day 4 of the second phase, and reached 57.1 +/- 3.1% of total cells
      on day 8, followed by the appearance of denucleated red cells, equivalent to
      mature red cells in peripheral blood. Hemoglobin contents reached the level of
      16.8 +/- 0.7 micrograms/10(6) cells on day 8. Flow cytometric analyses revealed
      that, on day 3 of the second phase, cells became blood type M-positive,
      corresponding to the maturation of erythroid cells. Regarding the expression of
      ABH blood group antigens, a small number of blood type H-positive cells were
      initially detected on day 0 of the second phase, while blood type A-positive
      cells, which essentially were not observed on day 0, increased gradually
      corresponding to the extent of erythroid maturation. In the present system, Lewis
      and P1 blood group antigens were expressed at day 5 of the second phase, although
      autologous plasma was required to determine the expression of Lewis blood group
      antigens. This culture system is beneficial for studies on normal and abnormal
      human red cell membranes, because the erythroid progenitors in human peripheral
      blood were used, and a reasonable number of erythroid cells (0.5 to 1.5 x 10(7]
      was obtained with good maturation.

PMID- 2295005
TI  - Effective prophylaxis against platelet refractoriness in multitransfused patients
      by use of leukocyte-free blood components.
AB  - Development of permanent platelet refractoriness is a major problem in
      multitransfused patients with diseases such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, or
      pediatric solid tumors. We tried to prevent alloimmunization in these patients by
      systematic use of leukocyte-free blood components with less than one million of
      contaminating leukocytes per unit of platelets or red cells. Our study group
      comprised 26 patients with a minimum of 10 platelet transfusions per patient.
      These patients were compared with a historical reference group of 21 patients who
      had received standard blood products. In the leukocyte-free group none developed
      platelet refractoriness, in contrast to the reference group where 11 of the 21
      patients became refractory to random platelets. The median corrected platelet
      increment for random pooled platelets was significantly higher in the leukocyte
      free group compared with the reference group. The increasing number of
      transfusions did not correlate with the development of platelet refractoriness;
      instead we propose that the lower limit of antigenic exposure is important. We
      conclude that systematic use of leukocyte-free blood components effectively
      prevents development of platelet refractoriness and contributes to optimal
      supportive care of children with cancer.

PMID- 2295006
TI  - Vancomycin-dependent antibodies associated with thrombocytopenia and
      refractoriness to platelet transfusion in patients with leukemia.
AB  - Two patients with leukemia experienced profound thrombocytopenia and
      refractoriness to platelet transfusion during vancomycin treatment. In one
      patient, withdrawal of drug and administration of platelet transfusions restored
      platelet counts to near normal levels (approximately 100 x 10(9)/L), however,
      subsequent challenge with vancomycin due to recurring infection again
      precipitated severe thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 10 x 10(9)/L) and life
      threatening hemorrhagic symptoms. Potent vancomycin-dependent antiplatelet
      antibodies were detected in the serum of both patients during the refractory
      period using staphylococcal protein A rosette formation. Employing a monoclonal
      antibody-antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the patients
      were found to have vancomycin-dependent IgG antibodies that bound specifically to
      platelet glycoproteins (GP) IIb and/or IIIa. One of these antibodies failed to
      react with platelets deficient in GPIIb/IIIa obtained from an individual with
      Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. These findings provide the first major evidence for
      drug-dependent antibodies in association with severe thrombocytopenia and
      refractoriness to platelet transfusion in alloimmunized leukemia patients and,
      further, provide the first demonstration of vancomycin-dependent antibodies
      reactive with platelets.

PMID- 2295007
TI  - Variations in growth responsiveness of burst forming units-erythroid colonies.

PMID- 2295008
TI  - The physician as writer.
AB  - A surgeon, turned writer, discusses his experiences and the perils of changing
      professions. He reminisces about his early formative years, growing up in Troy,
      New York, and investigates the beauty of language and the pitfalls of misuse.

PMID- 2295009
TI  - Use of the PDQ system in a clinical setting.
AB  - This pilot study examined the use of PDQ (Physician Data Query)--a user-friendly,
      full-text, cancer database--as a clinical information resource on an oncology
      unit. The twenty-nine participants included faculty, hematology-oncology fellows,
      residents, interns, medical students, pharmacists, and nursing staff. During the
      one-month study, PDQ was available twenty-four hours a day at the nursing station
      via a microcomputer. Participants were trained to use PDQ and allowed to search
      the database as prompted by clinical situations. The project evaluated the use of
      PDQ, as well as clinicians' perceptions of its usefulness. Results indicate that
      access to PDQ on an oncology unit provides an excellent educational and clinical
      resource. Fifty-one percent of the participants used PDQ an average of 2.4 times
      each. Heaviest users were medical trainees (78%), although 39% of nurses became
      users. Over half of the PDQ users reported that use of the database affected
      clinical care.

PMID- 2295010
TI  - Government documents and the online catalog.
AB  - Prior to planning for implementing the NOTIS system, the Vanderbilt Medical
      Center Library had not fully cataloged its government publications, and records
      for these materials were not in machine-readable format. A decision was made that
      patrons should need to look in only one place for all library materials,
      including the Health and Human Services Department publications received each
      year from the central library's Government Documents Unit. Beginning in 1985,
      these publications were added to the library's database, and the entire 7,200
      piece collection is now in the online catalog. Working with these publications
      has taught the library much about the advantages and disadvantages of cataloging
      government documents in an online environment. It was found that OCLC cataloging
      copy is eventually available for most titles, although only about 10% of the
      records have MeSH headings. Staff time is the major expenditure; problems are
      caused by documents' irregular nature, frequent format changes, and difficult
      authority work. Since their addition to the online catalog, documents are used
      more and the library has better control.

PMID- 2295012
TI  - Journal deselection in a biomedical research library: a mediated mathematical
      approach.
AB  - A unique mathematical formula was developed to use for journal deselection
      decisions. The formula factors in subscription cost, shelving and storage cost,
      interlibrary loan cost, staffing cost, and use level to determine the
      institutional cost ratio; this ratio serves as an indicator of the cost
      effectiveness of each subscription title. Once the institutional cost ratio was
      calculated for each of 537 titles, a committee of library staff and senior
      library customers reviewed the ranked list to decide which subscriptions should
      be canceled. The committee also considered possible exceptions based on
      subjective criteria such as availability at local libraries, unrecorded use, and
      relative importance of the journal. The preliminary cancellation list was then
      reviewed by the library's research users. They were able to justify library
      subscriptions to a few additional titles. This method enabled the library to cut
      its subscription costs by 46%, while cutting only 8% of the total use. In
      addition, by mediating the mathematical approach with human intervention, the
      library made these severe cuts without unduly distressing its patrons.

PMID- 2295011
TI  - A multidisciplinary approach to information and critical appraisal instruction.
AB  - The formulation of clinical decisions based on evidence requires the ability to
      locate information and evaluate it critically. A ten-week critical appraisal
      course for third-year medical students, taught cooperatively by library and
      Department of Medicine faculty, integrates education in the selection,
      evaluation, and application of information to patient care. The course is
      distinctive in that information management skills are taught by a
      multidisciplinary team in a problem-based format as part of the compulsory
      medical curriculum. Medical faculty provided instruction in reading and
      evaluating research methodology, as well as statistical analyses in published
      reports, using clinical scenarios and related journal articles at weekly
      sessions. Library faculty provided instruction in locating pertinent research on
      a sample clinical problem using standard printed and computerized indexes and
      local library resources, and presented criteria for selecting the most useful and
      significant works from those retrieved. Library faculty also met individually
      with students to provide instruction in online literature searching. Based on
      formal evaluation and informal feedback, the course was well received; it
      effectively presents the literature search as an integral part of critical
      appraisal of the medical literature and of the clinical decision-making process.

PMID- 2295013
TI  - The consequences of offering fee-based services in a medical library.
AB  - Fee-based services may influence, both subtly and dramatically, the operation of
      a medical library. Fears that have been raised about the consequences of fee
      based services are recalled and applied to the context of medical librarianship.
      Specifically covered are the effects of fee-based services on service to
      traditional user groups, collection development, interlibrary cooperation, and
      management style. The discussion includes references to the program of fee-based
      services offered by the New York Academy of Medicine Library.

PMID- 2295014
TI  - Observations on the cross-training of health sciences academic and general
      academic reference librarians.

PMID- 2295015
TI  - Remembering our history: the roots of knowledge.

PMID- 2295016
TI  - Your fair share.

PMID- 2295018
TI  - Using rare books and preservation.

PMID- 2295017
TI  - Factors affecting shelf reading.

PMID- 2295019
TI  - Indexing individual nursing models.

PMID- 2295020
TI  - Academy requirements questioned.

PMID- 2295021
TI  - Information technology: outreach to users.

PMID- 2295022
TI  - Drug information skills for pharmacy students: curriculum integration.
AB  - For pharmacy students to provide optimal and complete pharmaceutical care, it is
      vital that they develop drug information skills. At the University of Southern
      California, the School of Pharmacy and the Norris Medical Library have
      established an interactive educational program. Library programs support an
      increasingly complex progression of information retrieval, evaluation,
      organization, application, and communication. Librarians are systematically
      involved in all four years of coursework for the doctor of pharmacy degree.
      Training and experience in computer literacy and online database searching are
      included in the library components. Description of the educational program covers
      its beginning a decade ago, current status, and future in an environment of
      rapidly advancing technology.

PMID- 2295024
TI  - "Throw-away journals": tactics for dealing with office waste.

PMID- 2295023
TI  - Bone formation by osteoblast-like cells in a three-dimensional cell culture.
AB  - Cells of the clonal osteogenic cell line MC3T3-E1 were seeded onto a three
      dimensional matrix of denatured collagen type 1 and cultured for a period of up
      to 8 weeks. Specimens were analyzed by histological, enzyme histochemical,
      immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural methods and by in situ hybridization
      between day 7 and day 56 after seeding. In 56-day cultures, the MC3T3-E1 cells
      were arranged in a three-dimensional network and formation of bone-like tissue
      was indicated by calcification of a newly synthesized collagen type I matrix
      resembling osteoid and surrounding osteocyte-like cells. The differentiating
      culture showed high expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase activity.
      NIH3T3 fibroblasts used as control cells passed through the network of the
      substrate forming a confluent monolayer underneath. This culture system offers a
      potentially powerful model for bone formation in vitro and for investigating the
      osteogenic potential of bone-derived cells.

PMID- 2295025
TI  - Third-World ophthalmology.

PMID- 2295026
TI  - Recent trends in cesarean section rates in Ontario.

PMID- 2295027
TI  - Alternatives to medicine.

PMID- 2295028
TI  - Use of alternative medicine by patients attending a gastroenterology clinic.
AB  - We carried out a study to determine the proportion of patients attending a
      university-based gastroenterology outpatient clinic who sought alternative
      medical care for the same health problem that had prompted them to see a
      gastroenterologist. After the patients completed a self-administered
      questionnaire, the gastroenterologist gave a diagnosis and assigned a functional
      rating. Of the 395 patients 287 (73%) had not used alternative medicine, and 36
      (9%) had sought alternative medical care for the problem that had prompted them
      to see a gastroenterologist. There were no significant differences between
      alternative medicine users and nonusers in sociodemographic characteristics, use
      of health care services or general health status. Patients with a functional
      disease were more likely to seek alternative medical care than those with organic
      disease (33% v. 7%) (p less than 0.0001). Fewer alternative medicine users (54%)
      than nonusers (85%) were satisfied with conventional medicine (p less than
      0.001), and more alternative medicine users (49%) than nonusers (13%) were very
      sceptical of conventional medicine (p less than 0.0001).

PMID- 2295029
TI  - Evaluation of adverse events after influenza vaccination in hospital personnel.
AB  - Reactogenicity of trivalent influenza vaccine prepared for the 1988-89 season was
      assessed as part of a first-time voluntary influenza prevention program among
      hospital staff. Of approximately 500 full-time workers in areas with the highest
      concentrations of patients at high risk for influenza complications offered the
      vaccine 288 accepted. Of these, 266 (92%) returned a questionnaire regarding any
      symptoms experienced within 48 hours after vaccination; 238 (90%) of the
      respondents reported adverse effects. Soreness at the injection site was
      described by 229 subjects, 58 (25%) of whom had constant aching and 123 (54%)
      soreness with arm movement. Symptoms resolved in 1 to 2 days, and only 21 (9%) of
      those who reported symptoms said they took analgesic medication. Systemic adverse
      effects were described by 130 subjects (49%). Intercurrent illness accounted for
      some of these complaints, but 65 people (24%) described at least two of the
      following symptoms: generalized aching, tiredness, nausea, chills or onset of
      fever within 12 hours after vaccination (a symptom complex previously attributed
      to influenza vaccine). Systemic symptoms resolved within 0.5 to 2 days. Thirteen
      subjects (5%) reported missing work because of arm soreness (1 subject) or
      systemic symptoms (12). Adverse effects were encountered more often than
      expected, probably because most of the workers were young and lacked immunity to
      influenza. Acceptability of the program could likely be improved by using a split
      virus vaccine.

PMID- 2295030
TI  - Wrist cutting: a dare game among adolescents.

PMID- 2295031
TI  - Concomitant sarcoidosis and HIV infection.

PMID- 2295032
TI  - Atherosclerosis and the lung.

PMID- 2295034
TI  - Sports MDs seek CMA support in bid to make hockey safer.

PMID- 2295033
TI  - Towards a definition of the dying patient: a response to Baylis.

PMID- 2295035
TI  - Educating native MDs: "always go back and serve your people in some larger way".

PMID- 2295036
TI  - Ottawa lodges add humour to armamentarium in fight against cancer.

PMID- 2295037
TI  - Boycotting pharmacies that sell tobacco products.

PMID- 2295038
TI  - Has the CMA become "big business"?

PMID- 2295039
TI  - Induced abortion.

PMID- 2295040
TI  - Correlates of certification in family medicine in the billing patterns of Ontario
      general practitioners.

PMID- 2295041
TI  - Myocardial lesions in pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2295042
TI  - Tumor marker kinetics in the monitoring of breast cancer.
AB  - Controversy exists in using carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for monitoring the
      clinical course of breast cancer. In this study, the kinetics of two plasma tumor
      markers, CEA and CA15-3, immediately after the initiation of chemotherapy were
      assessed in 30 patients with advanced breast cancer. Four distinct kinetic
      patterns were seen. Two patterns fitted the expected relationship where the
      plasma marker increased during tumor progression (nine patients), and declined in
      tumor regression (five patients). The third pattern was paradoxical in that
      objective tumor regression in eight patients was associated with an acute surge
      of these markers followed by a steady decline. The doubling times for both CEA
      and CA15-3 were immediately shortened four-fold after therapy suggesting tumor
      cytolysis in treatment responders. Equally paradoxical was the fourth pattern
      where tumor progression in eight patients was associated with a rapid and
      transient decline of markers followed by rebounds. Such a rapid decline may be
      due to a suppression of marker release, as demonstrated in an in vitro study.
      Adequate knowledge of these putative paradoxical patterns will permit their
      effective use in monitoring the disease course and perhaps in the early
      prediction of the therapeutic response.

PMID- 2295043
TI  - Neoadjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin for locally
      advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
AB  - Nine patients with locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the
      bladder were treated with neoadjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, Adriamycin
      (doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), and cisplatin (M-VAC) followed
      by radical cystoprostatectomy and modified pelvic lymphadenectomy. Five patients,
      including three with pelvic sidewall fixation, had clinical stage T4N0M0 tumors
      whereas the remaining patients had T3N0M0 tumors. All patients were
      pathologically restaged by a referee pathologist after surgery. The complete
      response rate was 22% and an additional 44% experienced a partial response.
      Neutropenia preventing a second cycle of M-VAC occurred in one patient.
      Downstaging of locally advanced TCC of the bladder was achieved in the majority
      of patients treated with neoadjuvant M-VAC.

PMID- 2295044
TI  - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Pattern of tumor regression after radiotherapy.
AB  - The primary tumor regression pattern of 50 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
      was reported. The tumor regression was monitored either by indirect
      nasopharyngeal mirror examination and biopsy or fiberoptic endoscope and biopsy.
      Fiberoptic endoscope and biopsy was found to be more accurate in noting residual
      tumor. It is recommended that booster radiation dose to the residual primary
      tumors be withheld unless positive biopsy samples persist at 10 or more weeks
      after radiotherapy.

PMID- 2295045
TI  - Bilateral breast cancer after cured Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Three patients developed bilateral breast cancer at 10 to 24 years after mantle
      irradiation for locally or systemically advanced Hodgkin's disease (HD). Four of
      the six cancers in the three patients were detected only by mammography.
      Pathologically, five of the cancers were intraductal carcinomas (four with an
      invasive component) with one being a lobular carcinoma. Five of the six lesions
      were Stage I pathologically without evidence of axillary nodal involvement. It is
      recommended that female patients with Hodgkin's disease who have received mantle
      irradiation as part of the therapy for their Hodgkin's disease and who are
      observed for 10 or more years after completion of mantle irradiation be
      considered at risk for the development of breast cancer. Such patients should be
      monitored appropriately by routine bilateral mammograms to increase the early
      detection of early stage lesions.

PMID- 2295046
TI  - Chromosomal rearrangements in chondromatous tumors.
AB  - Short-term cultures from 16 chondromatous tumors, 15 primary and one recurrent,
      were analyzed cytogenetically. Clonal chromosome aberrations were found in one of
      six benign tumors and in seven of ten malignant tumors. A chondroma had a complex
      translocation involving chromosomes X, 8, 12, and 13, as well as a deletion of
      the derivative chromosome 8. In the malignant tumors, monosomy 6 and 22 were
      observed in three tumors and monosomy 10, 11, 13, and 18 were observed in two
      tumors. In two of the three metastasizing tumors, del(5) (q13) and loss of
      chromosomes 6, 10, 11, 13, and 22 were common features. Structural aberrations of
      chromosome 1 were found in five tumors, of chromosomes 6, 12, and 15 in three
      tumors, and of chromosomes 4, 5, 9, and 20 in two tumors. We conclude that
      although considerable cytogenetic heterogeneity exists among chondromatous
      tumors, the karyotypic anomalies are still nonrandom.

PMID- 2295047
TI  - Angiocentric immunoproliferative lesion (lymphomatoid granulomatosis). A
      cytogenetic, immunophenotypic, and genotypic study.
AB  - We report the occurrence of a cytogenetically abnormal clone
      46,XX,t(1;6)(p35;q23),t(1;9;19)(q23;p24;q13) in the spleen of a 23-year-old woman
      with a three-year history of angiocentric immunoproliferative lesion (AIL)
      (lymphomatoid granulomatosis). The skin, lungs, spleen, liver and, focally, bone
      marrow were involved by atypical lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. Immunophenotypic
      study of the spleen showed that 46% of the cells displayed a helper/inducer T
      cell phenotype. However, analysis of DNA isolated from the spleen failed to show
      clonal T-cell receptor beta-chain gene, T-cell receptor gamma-chain gene, or
      immunoglobulin heavy chain gene and light chain gene rearrangements. The finding
      of a cytogenetically abnormal clone supports the concept that angiocentric
      immunoproliferative lesion is a neoplastic process.

PMID- 2295048
TI  - Histopathologic features of composite ganglioneuroblastoma. Immunohistochemical
      distinction of the stromal component is related to prognosis.
AB  - Histopathologic features of 18 cases of composite ganglioneuroblastoma (CGNB)
      were studied with immunohistochemical staining techniques using antibodies
      against S-100 protein (S-100), ferritin (FER), and leukocytic common antigen
      (LCA). Cases of CGNB were divided on the basis of the morphologic features of
      neuroblastic elements into three prognostic subgroups: "Type A Intermixed,"
      having individual microscopic nests of neuroblasts (N = 4, 100% survival); "Type
      B Intermixed," having microscopic aggregates of multiple neuroblastic nests (N =
      6, 67% survival); and "Nodular," having grossly visible nodule(s) of neuroblastic
      proliferation (N = 8, 0% survival). Survival rates are significantly different
      for the prognostic subgroups (P less than 0.025). Each prognostic subgroup
      demonstrated an immunohistochemically distinct pattern of stromal cell
      composition in the neuroblastic elements: Type A Intermixed had numerous S-100
      cells and no FER cells, Type B Intermixed contained many S-100 cells and a
      moderate number of FER cells, and Nodular had few S-100 cells with many FER
      cells. The S-100 and FER scores, determined by counting the positive cells
      through a line sampling method, differed significantly between these prognostic
      subgroups. Lymphocytic aggregations in tumor tissue evaluated by volumetric
      assessment with LCA staining, on the other hand, showed no contribution in
      predicting the outcome of the patients. There was also an inverse relationship
      between S-100 and FER score, suggesting a relationship between the relative
      predominance of these stromal cell types, tumor histopathologic features, and the
      biologic behavior of CGNB.

PMID- 2295049
TI  - Prognostic significance of the estrogen-regulated protein, cathepsin D, in breast
      cancer. An immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Expression of the estrogen-regulated lysosomal protease, cathepsin D, was studied
      in a series of 94 breast cancers using an immunohistochemical technique. Granular
      staining of tumor cell cytoplasm was detected in 62 cases. Positive staining was
      associated with a significant increase in overall time to relapse and when
      survival was analyzed in terms of intensity of cathepsin D staining there was a
      significant trend for both increased time to relapse and increased length of
      survival. The presence of estrogen receptor was associated with positive
      cathepsin D immunostaining, and in the subgroup of estrogen receptor-positive
      tumors cathepsin D staining was associated with significantly prolonged survival;
      this was not the case for estrogen receptor-negative tumors. Positive cathepsin D
      immunostaining was associated with significant prognostic advantage in patients
      with confirmed lymph node metastasis but not in node-negative patients. It is
      suggested that cathepsin D expression reflects the functional integrity of the
      estrogen response pathway. Cathepsin D may prove a clinically useful adjunct to
      assessment of estrogen receptor status.

PMID- 2295050
TI  - Medullary carcinoma of the breast. An unusual cytologic finding in cyst fluid
      aspirates.
AB  - Cystic medullary carcinoma of the breast is unusual. This report describes five
      patients with medullary carcinoma who presented clinically with a breast cyst.
      Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (NAB) was performed as part of the initial physical
      examination and the retrieved cyst fluid was examined cytologically. Four of the
      five patients were premenopausal, more typical of benign cystic disease and
      significantly younger than the average (60+ years) for other forms of cystic
      breast carcinoma. Only three of the five patients demonstrated suspicious
      findings of hemorrhagic cyst fluid, a residual mass after NAB, or refilling of
      the cyst. Due to the relatively young age of most patients, the innocuous
      clinical presentation, and the abundant inflammatory component noted in the
      aspiration biopsy cytologic study (ABC), misinterpretation as an inflamed cyst is
      possible. The ABC of cystic medullary carcinoma is presented with histologic
      correlation.

PMID- 2295052
TI  - Well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum. A clinicopathologic
      study of 22 cases.
AB  - Twenty-two cases of well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum
      (WDPMP) are described. Eighteen of the 22 patients were women. The peritoneal
      tumor was usually multifocal. Many of the tumors appear to be indolent or
      inactive and for practical purposes are benign. However, a few patients receiving
      adjuvant therapy have died under circumstances that make it difficult to
      determine whether the tumor was responsible for the death. It is suggested that
      adjuvant therapy be withheld from patients with WDPMP, unless there is clear
      evidence of progression. The cause of these rare tumors is not apparent, although
      three patients had had possible exposure to asbestos and two were sisters.

PMID- 2295051
TI  - Papillary-cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. A clinicopathologic study concerning
      the tumor aging and malignancy of nine cases.
AB  - Nine female patients with papillary-cystic neoplasms (PCN) of the pancreas were
      studied clinicopathologically. The ages of seven of these patients ranged from 8
      to 24 years. The remaining two patients, who were 47 and 60 years of age, were
      considered to have had the onset in their youth. There were few subjective
      symptoms, and the lesion was most often detected as a palpation of a mass by the
      patients themselves. Although the prognosis was generally favorable, the two
      older patients died of metastases. This suggested low-grade malignancy of PCN.
      The tumors were large (6.9 cm in mean diameter) and encapsulated, and their cross
      sections showed an intermingling of solid tumoral areas and cystic necrotic
      areas. The histologic features of the solid tumoral portion were relatively
      uniform, with the tumor cells showing solid and pseudopapillary or
      pseudoglandular proliferation but few mitoses or atypism. Histochemical,
      immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic examinations showed polymorphic
      differentiation, which means that part of the tumor cells differentiated into
      duct epithelium, acinus, and endocrine cells (primary constituents of the
      pancreas). These findings suggest that the origin of PCN is totipotential
      primordial cells found in the development of the embryonic pancreas.

PMID- 2295053
TI  - Hairy cell leukemia in two siblings. A human leukocyte antigen-linked disease?
AB  - Shared haplotypes have been documented in three of the four previously reported
      families with familial hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
      typing was done on a four-member sibship in which two siblings had hairy cell
      leukemia. The two affected siblings share the haplotype A2; Bw6, Bw62(15); Cw1;
      DR4, DRw53; DQw3. No one HLA antigen or haplotype is common among the five
      families reported at this time. These limited data suggest HCL is not associated
      with a specific HLA antigen. HLA typing of a larger collection of cases of
      familial HCL may help better define what role, if any, inheritance plays in the
      occurrence of this rare disorder among numerous first degree relatives.

PMID- 2295055
TI  - Central nervous system involvement in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
AB  - Central nervous system (CNS) involvement was reviewed in 99 patients with adult T
      cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Fifteen episodes of CNS involvement developed in
      ten of 99 patients (10.1%); nine had leptomeningeal involvement, whereas two
      developed intracerebral invasion, one developed cord involvement, and one
      developed both. CNS involvement was more frequent in the lymphoma type than in
      the other types of ATLL. Nuchal rigidity was not common (33%) and a syndrome of
      inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) occurred in association
      with CNS involvement (40%). Three episodes of marked hypoglycorrhachia also were
      noticed. The systemic progression of ATLL was the most common setting of CNS
      involvement (80%) and the major cause of death (80%). As for the acute and
      lymphoma types of ATLL, no significant difference was observed in survival
      between patients with and those without CNS involvement. These results indicate
      that CNS involvement is not an essential prognostic factor of ATLL and that it
      should be treated with systemic chemotherapy coupled with intrathecal
      chemotherapy. The control of systemic ATLL is important for the prophylaxis of
      CNS involvement.

PMID- 2295054
TI  - Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. An unresolved therapeutic
      problem.
AB  - From January 1979 to December 1987, 35 cases of primary central nervous system
      lymphoma (CNS-L) were treated. We recently reviewed these cases focusing on
      treatment results, treatment modalities, and radiotherapy (RT) or chemotherapy
      radiotherapy (CT-RT). Variables such as age, risk factors, presenting symptoms,
      and histologic condition (all were high-grade or intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas [NHL]) and radiologic data were similar to those of series reported
      previously. The median survival time was 36 months (+/- 0.2 months) and the
      disease-free survival (DFS) time was 16 months (+/- 0.12 months). Twelve of 32
      patients evaluable for treatment results experienced a recurrence (all but one
      occurred in the CNS). The DFS rate was 70% for the CT-RT group and 50% for the RT
      group (median follow-up time, 24 months). Therapeutic results in CNS-L are
      discussed with special emphasis on a putative role of CT in the management of
      this rare type of tumor.

PMID- 2295056
TI  - Poorly differentiated gliomas of the cerebellum. A study of 18 patients.
AB  - Eighteen patients with poorly differentiated gliomas of the cerebellum were
      treated by the University of California San Francisco Neuro-Oncology Service
      between January 1977 and January 1987. Within this group pathologic diagnosis
      included five glioblastoma multiforme (28%), nine anaplastic astrocytomas (50%),
      and four mixed malignant gliomas (22%). The group included 13 male and five
      female patients with a median age at diagnosis of 23 years (range, 4-46 years).
      All patients underwent surgical resection, 16 of 18 received radiation therapy
      (12 limited-field irradiation and four whole-brain with or without a posterior
      fossa boost), and 16 of 18 received chemotherapy. Overall median survival was
      31.5 months (range, 5-366 months). Ten patients (55%) died of recurrent disease
      with a median survival of 32 months (range, 5-128 months), two of whom manifested
      metastatic disease within the central nervous system (one parietal lobe and one
      cervical cord). Of the two extracerebellar metastatic recurrences, one patient
      failed at the junction of whole-brain irradiation and the cervical cord and one
      patient failed after inadequate posterior fossa irradiation. Eight patients (45%)
      are alive with a median follow-up of 27.5 months (range, 14-366 months). In this
      series recurrences of primary cerebellar anaplastic gliomas were locoregional
      failures. As a consequence, the authors suggest high-dose limited-field
      irradiation directed at the primary tumor as in their current strategy utilized
      for supratentorial gliomas.

PMID- 2295057
TI  - Intravascular lymphomatosis presenting in the lung.
AB  - We report four patients who had intravascular lymphomatosis (IVL) that presented
      as interstitial lung disease. All four patients had progressive shortness of
      breath, weight loss, fever, and diffuse interstitial infiltrates on chest
      radiographs. Open lung biopsy samples showed an interstitial pneumonia except for
      the intravascular proliferation of large lymphoid cells associated with irregular
      congestion, fibrin microthrombi, and intimal proliferation in vessels. This
      appearance corresponded to an intravascular large cell lymphoma (malignant
      angioendotheliomatosis [MAE], angiotropic lymphoma). The differential diagnosis
      of IVL with other pulmonary lymphoproliferations and intravascular malignancies
      is reported.

PMID- 2295059
TI  - Malignant melanoma. Changing trends in factors influencing metastasis-free
      survival from 1964 to 1982.
AB  - Seven hundred fourteen patients with cutaneous melanoma in clinical Stage I
      treated between 1964 and 1982 were included in this study. In an analysis of
      metastasis-free survival, thickness of the tumor, ulceration, gender, epithelioid
      cells as predominant cells in the tumor, and localization of the tumor were found
      to be independent prognostic factors. In a time trends analysis, the
      distributions of three of the prognostic factors (thickness of the tumor,
      ulceration, and inflammatory cell infiltrate) were found to shift during the last
      decade in the direction of improved prognosis, indicating that tumors are
      detected earlier than before. The distributions of two other factors (cell type
      and location of the tumors) shifted in the direction of deteriorated prognosis,
      suggesting partly that the biologic nature of the disease may have changed and
      partly that other behavioral factors may have played a role.

PMID- 2295058
TI  - Primary ileocecal lymphoma. A study of 22 patients.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with primary ileocecal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were reviewed.
      Abdominal pain (67%), altered bowel habits (50%), and weight loss (50%) were the
      most common presenting symptoms and an abdominal mass was palpable in 50%.
      Sixteen (73%) had histologic evidence of local lymph node involvement at
      diagnosis and another two (9%) had nonhistologic evidence of nodal involvement.
      An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan was the most helpful staging
      investigation. Twenty-one (95.5%) patients underwent surgical resection of their
      disease. Subsequent chemotherapy, with or without radio-therapy, appeared to
      prolong survival (median, 34 months versus 14 months). There were three treatment
      related deaths. Neither the age of the patient nor the stage of disease at
      presentation (Ann Arbor) appeared to influence survival. Adequate initial surgery
      combined with chemotherapy may provide optimum therapy in patients with primary
      ileocecal lymphoma.

PMID- 2295060
TI  - Malignant melanoma of soft parts (clear cell sarcoma). A study of 17 cases, with
      emphasis on prognostic factors.
AB  - Seventeen cases of malignant melanoma of soft parts (clear cell sarcoma) are
      reported. The patients ranged from 9 to 70 years of age, but 13 were between 10
      and 40 years of age. There were eight male patients and nine female patients. The
      most common tumor location (seven patients) was the foot, followed by the area
      around the knee (four patients). The usual histologic pattern was that of
      variably sized nests of uniform plump spindle cells with clear to pale cytoplasm
      separated by fine to coarse fibrous septa; however, variants with a substantial
      proportion of epithelioid cells, moderate to marked nuclear pleomorphism,
      predominantly diffuse growth, or a microcystic pattern were seen. Patient
      survival was relatively poor overall (median, 49 months; ten deaths due to tumor)
      and was determined mainly by distant metastasis (11 patients). Both survival and
      distant metastasis were correlated with tumor size (P less than 0.01 for patients
      with tumors greater than or equal to 5 cm versus less than 5 cm). Other clinical
      and pathologic factors, including patient age, sex, and race, tumor location,
      duration of symptoms, initial therapy, mitotic rate, tumor necrosis, proportion
      of epithelioid cells, and nuclear pleomorphism had no significant relation to
      survival or distant metastasis when tumor size was taken into account. Local
      recurrence and regional lymph node metastasis each occurred in four patients.

PMID- 2295061
TI  - Evaluation of melanoma/skin cancer screening in Massachusetts. Preliminary
      results.
AB  - Although screening for melanoma/skin cancer is theoretically of value, few data
      are available to evaluate its effectiveness or the value of a visual exam by a
      dermatologist as a cancer screening tool. From the 2560 persons screened for
      melanoma/skin cancer in Massachusetts in 1986 and 1987, the authors followed the
      positive screenees to determine their final diagnosis. The authors obtained
      information on 85% of these persons, and found nine malignant melanomas, 91 non
      melanoma skin cancers, 39 dysplastic nevi, and three congenital nevi. The
      sensitivity of the visual exam by a dermatologist was 89% to 97% and the
      predictive value positive was 35% to 75% for skin cancer. The authors conclude
      that the yield of screening is equivalent to that of other major cancer screening
      efforts and that the sensitivity and predictive value of the visual examination
      by the dermatologist is appropriate for a cancer screening tool.

PMID- 2295062
TI  - Sexual behavior, venereal diseases, hygiene practices, and invasive cervical
      cancer in a high-risk population.
AB  - A case-control study of 759 women with invasive cervical cancer and 1430 controls
      in four Latin American countries evaluated risk in relation to sexual behavior,
      histories of specific venereal diseases, and hygiene practices. Early age at
      first sexual intercourse and increasing number of sexual partners were associated
      with significantly increased risks even after adjustment for their mutual
      effects. Risk increased to a twofold excess among women reporting first
      intercourse at 14 to 15 years of age compared with 20+ years. The number of
      steady sexual partners was a more important predictor of risk than the number of
      nonsteady partners, particularly before age 30, possibly reflecting the need for
      prolonged or repeated exposures to a transmissible agent, or different methods of
      protection against sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. Reported frequency
      of intercourse was not generally associated with risk, except among women
      reporting increased frequencies before 20 years of age. Histories of gonorrhea or
      crab lice were associated with increased risk, but histories of other venereal
      diseases were not significant predictors. No consistently increased risks were
      detected for women reporting specific hygiene or douching habits, except the
      practice of washing the genitalia infrequently during menstruation. These results
      provide support for a period of increased susceptibility to carcinogens during
      adolescence, and suggest that this may be an important determinant of the high
      incidence of cervical cancer in Latin America.

PMID- 2295063
TI  - Efficacy, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and in vitro metabolism of the enantiomers
      of ifosfamide in mice.
AB  - The enantiomers of the anticancer drug ifosfamide, (+)-(R)-IFF and (-)-(S)-IFF,
      were prepared from the racemic compound rac-IFF using enantioselective liquid
      chromatographic techniques. The efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of the
      individual enantiomers and rac-IFF were studied in mice. The results of the
      studies indicate that there were no statistically significant differences between
      the efficacy of (+)-(R)-IFF, (-)-(S)-IFF, and rac-IFF against childhood
      rhabdomyosarcoma (HxRh28) maintained in vivo as a xenograft in immune-deprived
      female CBA/CaJ mice. Similar results were found in toxicity and pharmacokinetic
      studies conducted in non-tumor-bearing female CBA/CaJ mice. The production of two
      major metabolites, aldoifosfamide and isophosphoramide mustard, by mice hepatic
      microsomes from non-tumor-bearing female CBA/CaJ mice was also investigated.
      There were no statistically significant differences in the calculated kinetic
      parameters, Vmax and Km, of the production of these two metabolites when the
      separate enantiomers or the racemic mixture were used as substrate.

PMID- 2295064
TI  - Regulation of microsomal, xenobiotic epoxide hydrolase messenger RNA in
      persistent hepatocyte nodules and hepatomas induced by chemical carcinogens.
AB  - We have utilized a DNA clone complementary to epoxide hydrolase mRNA as a probe
      to examine the level of the mRNA in persistent hepatocyte nodules and hepatomas
      induced by the Solt-Farber chemical carcinogenesis procedure. Epoxide hydrolase
      mRNA is increased 14-fold in nodules as compared to the level in normal liver.
      When rats with liver nodules were administered phenobarbital, an inducer of
      epoxide hydrolase mRNA in normal animals, a superinduction in epoxide hydrolase
      mRNA was observed in the nodules (22-fold) as compared to normal liver.
      Surprisingly, nodule induction in conjunction with phenobarbital administration
      also produced marked elevation in epoxide hydrolase mRNA levels in the tissue
      surrounding the nodules. Using HpaII and MspI to assess the degree of methylation
      of CCGG sites, we have found that the epoxide hydrolase gene is hypomethylated in
      nodules and hepatomas compared to the gene in normal liver tissue. Phenobarbital
      treatment alone increased epoxide hydrolase mRNA levels but did not result in
      hypomethylation of the epoxide hydrolase gene. These data further support the
      observation that hypomethylation of specific gene sequences occurs during
      chemical carcinogenesis and is correlated with an elevation in the steady state
      level of epoxide hydrolase mRNA in persistent hepatocyte nodules.

PMID- 2295065
TI  - Role of transforming growth factor beta 1 in induction of colon carcinoma
      differentiation by hexamethylene bisacetamide.
AB  - The differentiation agent hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) increased expression
      of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) mRNA in HT29 colon carcinoma
      cells. The increase was evident after 24 h and was maintained at levels 4-5-fold
      the control levels for at least 5-13 days. No increase in expression of TGF beta
      2 or TGF alpha mRNA was observed. Both TGF beta 1 and HMBA induced loss of
      expression of a cell surface malignancy marker on HT29 cells, and both decreased
      cell growth in serum-free medium. Exogenously applied TGF beta 1 mimicked the
      growth-arresting effect of HMBA on three surgically resected moderately
      differentiated colon carcinomas in serum-free primary culture. Both TGF beta 1
      and HMBA increased the tumor growth fraction in a second group of three more
      aggressive colon carcinomas, while neither agent had any measurable growth
      modulating activity on two other colon carcinomas. The induction of TGF beta 1
      mRNA by HMBA along with the parallel biological effects of HMBA and exogenously
      applied TGF beta 1 on resected carcinomas and on HT29 cells suggest that the
      effects of HMBA on colon carcinoma cells may be mediated in part by induction of
      TGF beta 1.

PMID- 2295066
TI  - Differential effects of transforming growth factor beta 1 on the growth of poorly
      and highly metastatic murine melanoma cells.
AB  - We have examined the effects of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on
      the growth of paired murine melanoma cell clones that differ with respect to
      their experimental metastatic potential. Neither poorly (clone 16) nor highly
      (clone M2) metastatic cells were capable of anchorage-independent growth in 0.3%
      agar/Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium in the absence of serum. However, both
      clones were capable of anchorage-independent growth in 0.3% agar/Dulbecco's
      modified Eagle's medium containing 10% calf serum. Colony formation in the
      presence of 10% calf serum was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner by TGF-beta 1
      (half-maximal dose, 0.1 ng/ml) and was 5- to 10-fold greater than colony
      formation in the presence of 10% calf serum alone. Under anchorage-dependent
      (monolayer) conditions, neither clone grew in the absence of serum or in medium
      containing less than 1% calf serum. The monolayer growth of poorly metastatic
      cells (clone 16) was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner by TGF-beta 1 in medium
      supplemented with calf serum. Growth was 3.5-fold and 2.3-fold greater than
      untreated controls after 5 days in submitogenic (0.5%) and mitogenic (10%)
      concentrations of calf serum, respectively. In contrast, TGF-beta 1 had no effect
      on the monolayer growth of highly metastatic cells (clone M2) either in
      submitogenic (0.5%) or mitogenic (10%) concentrations of serum. TGF-beta 1 did
      not directly stimulate DNA synthesis by either poorly or highly metastatic cells
      when measured 24 h after TGF-beta 1 treatment. The ability of TGF-beta 1 to
      stimulate the anchorage-independent growth of metastatic melanoma cells suggests
      that this potent growth factor may play a role in the growth of these cells in
      vivo. In addition, the differential sensitivity of poorly and highly metastatic
      cells to TGF-beta 1 may be relevant to their metastatic potential in vivo. While
      the mechanism(s) by which TGF-beta 1 stimulates the growth of these cells remains
      unknown, these differentially metastatic clones of the K-1735 murine melanoma
      should provide a useful model in which to study the effects of transforming
      growth factor beta on the metastatic phenotype.

PMID- 2295067
TI  - Absence of IFNA and IFNB genes from human malignant glioma cell lines and lack of
      correlation with cellular sensitivity to interferons.
AB  - We report that 5 of 19 human malignant glioma cell lines have neither interferon
      alpha (IFNA) nor interferon beta (IFNB) genes that are detectable by Southern
      blotting. Of 5 other of these malignant glioma lines that have a single IFNB gene
      copy, 3 lack the IFNA genes entirely and two have one copy. One of the lines that
      lacks the IFNA genes entirely but has one copy of the IFNB gene has a
      rearrangement near the IFNB gene that is most easily interpreted as an insertion
      of a large segment of DNA (at least 50 kilobases) the 3' end of which is less
      than 1.3 kilobases 5' to the known regulatory sequences of the IFNB gene. In
      spite of the rearrangement, IFNB-specific RNA is highly inducible in this line by
      poly(I)-poly(C). The ability of interferon alpha or interferon beta to inhibit
      cell growth does not depend upon the presence or absence of the respective gene.
      This finding adds solid tumors to those tumor cell lines (acute lymphocytic
      leukemia, chronic myelogeneous leukemia) previously determined to lack the IFNA
      and IFNB genes (Diaz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:5259-5263, 1988).

PMID- 2295069
TI  - Inhibition of human tumor growth by intraperitoneal immunotoxins in nude mice.
AB  - Intracavitary administration of immunotoxins may play a role in the control of
      malignant effusions. Selection of immunotoxins for this form of therapy is based
      on their prior evaluation in preclinical studies. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb)
      454A12 (antitransferrin receptor), and 260F9 are directed against antigens which
      are present on tumor cells in pleural and peritoneal effusions of patients with
      adenocarcinoma of the breast and ovary. In the present study, immunotoxins
      derived by conjugating these mAb to recombinant ricin A (rRA) were shown to be
      cytotoxic to human ovarian adenocarcinoma HEY cells in vitro and in vivo. In the
      in vitro assay 454A12-rRA and 260F9-rRA were 1000-fold and 10-fold, respectively,
      more cytotoxic than free rRa against HEY cells, and both immunotoxins were
      potentiated approximately 1000-fold by monensin. For in vivo studies HEY cells
      were injected i.p. into nude mice at a challenge dose (3 x 10(5) cells) which
      produced carcinomatosis with ascites, leading to death 30 days following
      injection. Administration of 454A12-rRA i.p. following the challenge dose
      resulted in a complete cure, whereas administration of 260 F9-rRA with monensin
      significantly prolonged survival. The greater cytotoxicity of 454A12-rRA than
      260F9-rRA against HEY cells could be accounted for by the greater number of
      binding sites and higher internalization rate for 454A12-rRA and mAb 454A12 than
      260F9-rRA and mAb 260F9, respectively. These results suggest a potential role for
      454A12-rRA and 260F9-rRA plus monensin in the intracavitary therapy of malignant
      effusions associated with carcinoma of breast and ovary. In the case of 260F9
      rRA, this represents the first preliminary indication of the suitability of this
      immunotoxin for intracavitary therapy of malignancies.

PMID- 2295068
TI  - Synergistic interactions between cyclophosphamide or melphalan and VP-16 in a
      human rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft.
AB  - Based on previous work demonstrating the activity of cyclophosphamide and
      melphalan in a series of human medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines
      and transplantable xenografts, investigations were conducted to define the
      effects of combining cyclophosphamide or melphalan with VP-16. These studies
      demonstrated a synergistic interaction between cyclophosphamide and VP-16 and
      melphalan and VP-16 in the treatment of the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line TE
      671 growing in athymic mice. The combination of cyclophosphamide or melphalan
      with VP-16 may warrant consideration as a therapeutic strategy for solid tumors
      sensitive to bifunctional alkylating agents.

PMID- 2295070
TI  - Differential regulation of expression of three transforming growth factor beta
      species in human breast cancer cell lines by estradiol.
AB  - Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a potent regulator of many cell
      functions and a growth inhibitor for mammary epithelial cells. We now know of
      three highly homologous members of the human TGF-beta gene family. We have
      studied the expression of TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 mRNA in four human
      breast cancer cell lines. Using the RNase protection assay, we have detected mRNA
      expression of TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 by T-47D cells, TGF-beta 1 and 
      beta 3 by ZR-75-1 cells, and TGF-beta 1 by MCF-7 cells. Treatment of these
      estrogen receptor-positive cells with 10 nM estradiol for 48 h resulted in
      decreased mRNA levels of TGF-beta 2 and -beta 3 but did not affect mRNA levels of
      TGF-beta 1. Expression of TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 mRNA by an estrogen receptor
      negative cell line, MDA-MB-231, was not changed by estradiol treatment. Treatment
      of cells with the antiestrogen tamoxifen (1 microM) did not significantly alter
      mRNA levels for any of the three TGF-beta species. We have further determined
      that estradiol treatment of T-47D was associated with diminished secretion of TGF
      beta into the medium. Both TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 inhibited the proliferation of
      MCF-7 cells, and neither protein affected the growth of T-47D cells. TGF-beta 1
      was at least 10-fold more potent than TGF-beta 2 at inhibiting the growth of MCF
      7 cells.

PMID- 2295072
TI  - Prevention of hematotoxic side effects of cytostatic drugs in mice by a synthetic
      hemoregulatory peptide.
AB  - The application of certain cytostatic drugs causes the recruitment of pluripotent
      hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) into active proliferation. Further application of
      the drug(s) may then lead to severe and long lasting disturbances of hemopoiesis.
      We investigated if the hemoregulatory peptide pGlu-Glu-Asp-Cys-Lys (HP5b) could
      be used to inhibit stem cell recruitment and consequently to protect mice against
      the toxicity of repeated high doses of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C).
      CFU-S recruitment (induced by injecting a single dose of 900 mg/kg ara-C) was
      prevented by either treating the bone marrow of these mice in vitro with 1 x 10(
      7) M/liter HP5b, or by injecting 0.6 microgram HP5b (10(-9) mol, 30
      micrograms/kg) at -2, +2, and +6 h relative to the ara-C injection. Multiple high
      dose ara-C applications (4 x 900 mg/kg at 0, 7, 24, and 30 h) lead to
      proliferative activation of CFU-S and resulted in the death of 90% of the mice
      within 7-9 days. Reconstitution of the hemopoietic system by a bone marrow
      transplant given after ara-C application decreased the mortality to about 45%,
      indicating the nonhematological component of ara-C toxicity. A single injection
      of HP5b (30 micrograms/kg at 26 h, when few CFU-S were found in S phase)
      decreased the mortality to 59%, not significantly different from the transplanted
      group. Inactive peptides given instead of HP5b had no protective effect. HP5b did
      not change the ara-C sensitivity of transformed cell lines (HL-60, Raji, Friend),
      even not in such cases (myeloid cell lines) where it had a direct inhibitory
      effect on the cells (e.g., HL-60). These results suggest that HP5b may be used as
      a myeloprotector in cancer chemotherapy by keeping hemopoietic stem cells out of
      cycle during the most hazardous treatment phase. Its lack of species specificity,
      its low toxicity, its high selectivity for hemopoiesis, the small size, as well
      as the availability through standard synthetic techniques may be of advantage for
      its clinical use.

PMID- 2295071
TI  - N-(5-indanylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)urea, a novel agent equally cytotoxic to
      nonproliferating human colon adenocarcinoma cells.
AB  - Diarylsulfonylureas have been shown to have therapeutic activity against rodent
      and human tumor models, notably causing regressions in some lines of human colon
      adenocarcinomas in mice. At present the mechanism of cytotoxicity is unknown,
      although preliminary data implicate mitochondria as a potential site of action.
      In this study, the cytotoxicity of the diarylsulfonylurea N-(5-indanylsulfonyl)
      N'-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (ISCU) has been examined in GC3/c1 human colon
      adenocarcinoma cells. At cytotoxic concentrations of ISCU, in the presence of
      albumin as a drug binding species, there was only slight inhibition of
      [3H]thymidine and [3H]uridine incorporation at concentrations of ISCU up to 140
      micrograms/ml and no inhibition of synthesis of protein as determined by
      incorporation of L-leucine. In the absence of albumin, incorporation of
      [3H]thymidine into DNA or [3H]uridine into RNA was inhibited at greater than 70
      micrograms/ml and 140 micrograms/ml, respectively. As ISCU is highly bound to
      serum albumin (greater than 99%), it would appear that inhibition of nucleic acid
      synthesis occurs only at supralethal concentrations of ISCU. The cytotoxicity of
      ISCU in proliferating or quiescent cell populations was examined. GC3/c1 cells
      grown in medium containing 0.5% fetal calf serum (FCS) had a 60% reduction in
      rate of growth, but were more sensitive than cells exposed for 24 h in 10% FCS
      medium (IC50 1.9 and 31 micrograms/ml, respectively). When the albumin
      concentration was adjusted (240 mg/100 ml) to allow equivalent drug binding, IC50
      values were similar. In cultures of GC3/c1 cells growth rate was related to the
      concentration of FCS. In the absence of serum, growth rate was 2.5 to 3.2% that
      of exponentially growing control cultures in the presence of 10% FCS. Addition of
      FCS to quiescent cultures after 1 to 6 days in serum-free conditions resulted in
      immediate growth of cells. Clonogenic potential was also unchanged for at least 6
      days under serum-free conditions. Under these conditions, where albumin
      concentration was adjusted to be equivalent to medium containing 10% FCS,
      sensitivity of proliferatively quiescent GC3/c1 cells was similar to that in
      exponentially growing control cultures in which the population doubling time was
      approximately 22 h. Further, there was no recovery of clonogenic potential when
      cells were exposed for 24 h to ISCU and maintained in a quiescent state for up to
      4 days prior to serum stimulation. These data suggest that the cytotoxic effects
      of ISCU are independent of the proliferative state of the cell
      population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2295073
TI  - Characterization of the estrogen receptor in two antiestrogen-resistant cell
      lines, LY2 and T47D.
AB  - Drug resistance occurs frequently during breast cancer treatment with
      antiestrogens. Since antiestrogen action is mediated by the estrogen receptor
      (ER), we have examined both the structural and functional properties of the ER
      present in two breast cancer cell lines, LY2 and T47D, which proliferate rapidly
      in the presence of antiestrogens. The ER function in LY2 cells was
      indistinguishable from that of the parental tamoxifen-sensitive MCF-7 cells as
      assessed by estrogen regulation of two endogenous genes and estrogen-regulated
      transcription in a transient transfection system. RNase protection assays,
      sensitive enough to detect single base pair mismatches, showed that the sequence
      of the coding region of ER of LY2 and T47D cells was wild type. Thus the ER
      appears to be normal in two independently isolated breast cancer cell lines whose
      growth is resistant to the inhibitory effect of antiestrogens. Moreover by
      conducting the cell proliferation studies in a phenol red-free medium, we have
      demonstrated that the antiestrogen resistance of LY2 and T47D cells corresponds
      in fact to an estrogen-independent growth.

PMID- 2295074
TI  - Modulation of gene expression in Syrian hamster embryo cells following ionizing
      radiation.
AB  - We examined the modulation of gene expression in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE)
      cells at various times following exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation.
      Early passage SHE cells were irradiated in plateau phase (greater than 95% G0-G1
      cells) with 21-cGy fission-spectrum neutrons, 75-cGy X-rays, or 90-cGy gamma
      rays, none of which induced more than 10% loss in cell viability. RNA harvested
      at various times after exposure was examined for levels of particular RNA species
      by dot blot and Northern blot hybridizations. Levels of beta-actin-specific RNA
      decreased within 15 min after exposure of the cells. The kinetics of repression
      of beta-actin mRNA were similar for all qualities of radiation (X-rays, gamma
      rays, and neutrons) for 12 h post-irradiation. Within 1 h after neutron exposure
      (21 cGy), we observed a decrease in accumulation of RNA species (relative to RNA
      from nonirradiated cells) encoding the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase; this
      decrease continued for up to 12 h. Similar results were obtained with gamma- and
      X-rays. RNA encoding interleukin 1, however, was induced by 3 h after neutron
      irradiation but reduced to background levels by 7 h. Amounts of rRNA remained
      constant in all experiments, although total transcription on a per cell basis was
      reduced within 15 min following irradiation and did not return to normal until 7
      h post-irradiation. No alterations, relative to untreated control cells, in
      overall cell viability or the rate of cell cycle progression were observed in
      cells either immediately or within 24 h post-irradiation. Our results demonstrate
      modulation of specific genes following low-dose irradiation. In addition, our
      findings suggest that some molecular responses to different qualities of ionizing
      radiation (X-rays, gamma-rays, and neutrons) may be similar.

PMID- 2295075
TI  - Ultrastructural differences in junctional intercellular communication between
      highly and weakly metastatic clones derived from rat mammary carcinoma.
AB  - We examined by electron microscopy the differences in junctional intercellular
      communications among highly metastatic clones, weakly metastatic clones, and the
      parent clone obtained from a spontaneously developed rat mammary carcinoma. We
      also investigated intercellular communications of the highly and weakly
      metastatic clone cells with normal fibroblasts. The results showed that
      ultrastructural changes of the highly metastatic clone cells, such as microvilli,
      microfilaments, and small organelles including endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
      apparatus, and mucous particles, were more distinct than those of the weakly
      metastatic clone cells, and that the numbers of desmosome and gap junctions of
      weakly metastatic clone cells were significantly greater than those of highly
      metastatic clone cells. The formation of gap junctions and desmosomes was found
      only between weakly metastatic clone cells and normal fibroblasts. When both
      highly and weakly metastatic clone cells were cultured with normal fibroblasts, a
      tight junction was observed only in the culture of weakly metastatic clone cells
      and normal fibroblasts. These results suggest that ultrastructural differences
      are related to the proliferation and detachment of tumor cells from the primary
      site in the initial stage of tumor metastasis.

PMID- 2295076
TI  - Low levels of chromosomal mutations in germ cells derived from doxorubicin
      treated stem spermatogonia in the mouse.
AB  - The mutagenic effects of doxorubicin (Adriamycin, ADR) on mouse spermatogonial
      stem cells were examined by analysis of spermatocyte chromosomes and of dominant
      lethality transmitted through the spermatozoa. The effects of ADR on mutations,
      cytotoxicity, and sperm head abnormalities were compared with those of radiation.
      The cytotoxic effect of 6 Gy of gamma-radiation on stem spermatogonia was
      equivalent to about 4-5 mg ADR/kg. Chromosomal translocations were observed in
      0.6% of the spermatocytes of mice treated with ADR (2-6 mg/kg). In contrast, 6 Gy
      of radiation induced translocations in 11.1% of spermatocytes. No increase in
      dominant lethality was observed after treatment with ADR at doses up to 6 mg/kg,
      while the frequency after 6 Gy of radiation was 3.6%. Based on these results, ADR
      would be expected to be only a weak inducer of balanced chromosomal
      rearrangements. Because ADR at 4.5 mg/kg was much weaker than 6 Gy of gamma
      radiation at inducing chromosomal translocations, but just as effective at
      inducing sperm head abnormalities, the level of sperm head abnormalities is not
      indicative of balanced chromosomal rearrangements induced in stem spermatogonia
      by cytotoxic agents.

PMID- 2295077
TI  - Immunomodulatory and toxic effects of free and liposome-encapsulated tumor
      necrosis factor alpha in rats.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha has potent immunomodulatory and antitumor activity,
      but its therapeutic applications may be limited by its significant host toxicity.
      We showed that liposome-encapsulated recombinant human tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (rHuTNF-alpha) retained full anticellular activity in vitro. We then
      assessed the immunomodulatory and toxic effects of two different doses of i.v.
      free or liposome-encapsulated rHuTNF-alpha in normal rats. Both free and liposome
      encapsulated rHuTNF-alpha significantly enhanced alveolar macrophage- and blood
      monocyte-mediated interleukin 1 release and tumor cell lysis, as well as natural
      killer cell cytotoxicity, when compared to buffer-treated controls. However,
      administration of rHuTNF-alpha in liposomes substantially reduced tumor necrosis
      factor alpha-mediated toxicity. Animals receiving liposome-encapsulated rHuTNF
      alpha showed significantly less tissue injury, gastric retention, and circulating
      leukocyte shifts than animals receiving free rHuTNF-alpha. In addition, liposome
      based delivery significantly increased lung and liver uptake of rHuTNF-alpha.
      Therefore, liposome-encapsulated rHuTNF-alpha retains immunomodulatory activity,
      significantly reduces toxic inflammatory effects, and may allow targeting of
      tumor necrosis factor alpha to selected organs after i.v. administration.

PMID- 2295078
TI  - Effect of flurbiprofen and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on gastrointestinal
      tumorigenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats: glandular
      epithelium of stomach and duodenum.
AB  - The effect of an exogenous synthetic prostaglandin analogue, 16,16-dimethyl
      prostaglandin E2 (16,16-dm-PGE2), as well as the effect of endogenous
      prostaglandin synthesis inhibition by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, flurbiprofen,
      on chemically induced gastric carcinogenesis has been investigated in rats.
      Carcinogenesis was induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG; CAS:70
      25-7). Animals were divided into six groups: Group I, treatment with MNNG alone;
      Group II, treatment with 16,16-dm-PGE2 plus MNNG; Group III, treatment with
      flurbiprofen plus MNNG; Group IV, treatment with 16,16-dm-PGE2 alone; Group V,
      treatment with flurbiprofen alone; and Group VI, controls. Treatment with high
      doses of MNNG resulted in rapid development of malignant tumors originating from
      the glandular epithelium of the stomach and duodenum in animals of all groups
      receiving the carcinogen. The first gastric adenocarcinoma infiltrating the
      muscularis proper was detected after 139 days in an animal treated with a
      combination of MNNG and flurbiprofen. The incidence of infiltrating
      adenocarcinoma and the incidence of all neoplastic lesions of the glandular
      stomach were both significantly higher in animals treated with a combination of
      MNNG and flurbiprofen compared with treatment by MNNG alone or in combination
      with 16,16-dm-PGE2 (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.001). The difference in
      tumor incidence between the last two groups was not significant. The first
      duodenal adenocarcinoma was detected on Day 114 in another animal of the group
      treated with MNNG plus flurbiprofen. When compared with the group treated with
      MNNG plus 16,16-dm-PGE2, significantly more animals developed duodenal
      adenocarcinoma when treated with MNNG plus flurbiprofen (P less than 0.005) or
      with MNNG alone (P less than 0.05). Results of this study indicate that
      inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis favors development of
      adenocarcinoma in the glandular stomach of rats. Vice versa, the addition of an
      exogenous prostaglandin analogue inhibits the development of duodenal
      adenocarcinoma. This protective effect of prostaglandins may be due to an
      increase of the thickness of the mucus gel covering the glandular epithelium,
      thereby preventing access of carcinogen to the mucosa.

PMID- 2295079
TI  - Characterization of micronuclei induced in human lymphocytes by benzene
      metabolites.
AB  - Benzene is an established human leukemogen. Workers occupationally exposed to
      benzene exhibit increased frequencies of both structural and numerical
      chromosomal aberrations in their peripheral blood lymphocytes. The metabolite(s)
      responsible for these chromosomal aberrations has not yet been identified. Using
      a modified micronucleus assay, we have examined the ability of the metabolites of
      benzene to induce chromosomal damage in human lymphocytes. An antikinetochore
      antibody was used to distinguish micronuclei that have a high probability of
      containing a whole chromosome (kinetochore positive) from those containing
      acentric fragments (kinetochore negative). In vitro treatments with the benzene
      metabolites hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, phenol, and catechol resulted in
      significant increases in micronuclei formation. Phenol, catechol, and 1,4
      benzoquinone treatments resulted in moderate (2- to 5-fold) increases in
      micronuclei, whereas hydroquinone treatments resulted in a larger (11-fold)
      increase in micronuclei. Significant dose-related increases in kinetochore
      positive micronucleated cells were not observed following 1,4-benzoquinone
      treatment but were observed following treatment with phenol, catechol, and
      hydroquinone. The higher efficacy of hydroquinone in inducing both total
      micronuclei and kinetochore-positive micronucleated cells when compared with
      catechol, phenol, and 1,4-benzoquinone suggests that hydroquinone is a major
      contributor to the clastogenicity and aneuploidy observed in the lymphocytes of
      benzene-exposed workers. Other metabolites may also contribute, however, to the
      genotoxic effects of benzene. Since consistent chromosomal aberrations are often
      observed in human leukemias, the ability of the phenolic metabolites of benzene
      to induce chromosomal damage in human cells also implicates them in benzene
      induced leukemia.

PMID- 2295080
TI  - Induction of pituitary tumors in germ-free rats exposed to Aspergillus
      versicolor.
AB  - We clarified the role of mold exposure in pituitary tumor induction using 53 germ
      free Wistar rats exposed before birth and continually exposed thereafter, to
      Aspergillus versicolor alone. Rats were autopsied at 540 to 730 days. Untreated
      germ-free controls were autopsied on day 730. Thirty-three of the 53
      monoassociated rats had pituitary tumors (62.3%), while only three of the 41
      control germ-free rats had tumors (7.3%). It seems likely that this high
      incidence of pituitary tumor in the experimental rats is due to metabolites
      derived from the mold.

PMID- 2295081
TI  - Mate drinking, alcohol, tobacco, diet, and esophageal cancer in Uruguay.
AB  - A case-control study was conducted in Uruguay to investigate the role of mate
      drinking, alcohol, tobacco, and certain dietary factors in the etiology of
      esophageal cancer. The study included 261 patients with squamous cell carcinoma
      of the esophagus and 522 hospital controls matched by sex and age. A strong
      association with a clear dose-response relationship was observed with the amount
      of mate drunk daily and duration of the habit. The relative risk for those
      drinking over 2.5 liters of mate per day was 12.2 (95% confidence interval, 3.8
      39.6) after adjusting for the effects of age, area of residence, alcohol, and
      tobacco. Strong associations were also observed with tobacco smoking and alcohol
      drinking which appear to act in a multiplicative way. The relative risk for those
      who smoke and drink heavily compared to that of light smokers and drinkers was
      22.6. The risk associated with black tobacco was about three times higher than
      that associated with blond tobacco. A clear protective effect was found for the
      consumption of fruits and vegetables but a dose-response relationship was present
      only for fruits. Finally, an increased risk was also found for those eating
      barbecued meat daily.

PMID- 2295083
TI  - Presence of villin, a tissue-specific cytoskeletal protein, in sera of patients
      and an initial clinical evaluation of its value for the diagnosis and follow-up
      of colorectal cancers.
AB  - Villin is an actin-binding protein found in a few normal adult epithelia, namely
      epithelial cells in the digestive and urogenital tracts. Moreover, villin
      production is maintained in malignant cells. We assumed that cell lysis and
      necrosis of solid tumors producing villin might result in villin release into
      blood. We analyzed the villin content of sera from 788 patients and controls
      using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients and controls were classified
      into healthy donors, patients with benign diseases of the gastrointestinal tract,
      patients with colorectal cancers, and patients with malignant nondigestive
      diseases. In the panel of sera analyzed, the sensitivity of the assay for
      colorectal cancers was 50.5%, and its overall specificity for malignant digestive
      tumors was 94.5%. Results were statistically analyzed comparing each group of
      sera with each other. We conclude that the presence of villin is indicative of a
      pathological state in the gastrointestinal tract (P less than 0.001). Finally, we
      followed villin levels after tumor resections (60 patients). We found that the
      villin level in sera remains low in remissions but is raised in recurrences. We
      suggest that the villin assay may have clinical utility as a diagnostic adjunct
      for adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. It may also have some value in
      monitoring patients with advancing colorectal carcinomas after resection of these
      tumors.

PMID- 2295082
TI  - Clinical cancer progression in urinary bladder tumors evaluated by multiparameter
      flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies. Laval University Urology Group.
AB  - Multiparameter flow cytometry studies were performed on clinical samples of human
      bladder tumors to simultaneously analyse DNA content and the expression of
      surface glycoproteins defined by monoclonal antibodies T16, Om5, T43, and T138.
      The results of tests performed on 80 samples of bladder irrigations and tumors
      from 68 patients were correlated with clinical findings at the time of sampling
      and with disease outcome prospectively (mean follow-up 2 years). Measuring the
      level of the panurothelial antigen T16 provided more precision in DNA analysis
      and served as an internal standard to measure the relative expression of the
      other cell surface antigens studied. The panel of monoclonal antibodies improved
      the analytical capacity to study the heterogeneity of antigenic phenotypes within
      individual samples. Aneuploidy frequently correlated with high stage cancers and
      with a high rate of clinical cancer progression defined as metastasis or death by
      cancer. However ploidy was not an entirely reliable prognostic indicator since a
      significant proportion of Ta and T1 nonprogressing tumors were aneuploid, while
      in 6/20 cases of cancer progression, the samples were near diploid. Contrary to
      Om5, T43 and T138 antigens were expressed significantly more often on aneuploid
      samples, although they appear to provide additional information. T138 was
      positive on 17/18 samples from patients with high stage cancers of which five
      were near diploid. It was also positive on 4/5 samples from patients with Ta and
      T1 tumors in whom disease progressed to metastasis and death. Overall, the
      expression of T138 antigen was a better single indicator of clinical cancer
      progression than was ploidy. Further stratification was obtained with combined
      results of DNA and T138 antigen studies. Within the near diploid group, the
      incidence of bladder cancer death was 0/26 for T138 negative and 5/13 (38%) for
      T138-positive patients (P less than 0.01). In the aneuploid group incidence of
      bladder cancer death was 2/10 (20%) for T138-negative and 12/19 (63%) for T138
      positive patients (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that simultaneous
      flow cytometry measurements of DNA and surface antigens may better assess the
      prognostic behavior of human bladder tumors.

PMID- 2295084
TI  - Association of adenocarcinoma of the lung with cigarette smoking by grade of
      differentiation and subtype.
AB  - A hospital-based case-control study was carried out in order to evaluate the risk
      of adenocarcinoma of the lung associated with cigarette smoking according to
      grade of differentiation and subtype. The cases studied were 238 patients with
      adenocarcinomas of the lung (158 males and 80 females) that were surgically
      resected at the Center for Adult Diseases, Osaka. For each case, 2 controls were
      chosen at the same hospital from outpatients who had not been diagnosed as having
      smoking-related diseases, matched by sex, age, and year of first visit. When the
      male cases with adenocarcinoma were classified according to the grade of
      differentiation, the odds ratios (ORs) associated with exsmokers and current
      smokers were: 1.0, 2.1 for well-differentiated; 4.1, 7.7 for moderately
      differentiated; and 8.5, 7.9 for poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The OR
      associated with current smokers for poorly and moderately differentiated
      adenocarcinoma combined was significantly higher than that for well
      differentiated adenocarcinoma. Approximately the same pattern of ORs was observed
      in females. For poorly and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, a
      significant dose-response relationship was observed in males. Comparison between
      the ORs for papillary type and tubular type showed no difference.

PMID- 2295085
TI  - Effects of backrest elevation and position on pulmonary artery pressures.
AB  - This repeated measures study identified each subject's baseline range of
      fluctuation in pulmonary artery pressures and used this information to evaluate
      the effects of changes in backrest elevation (0 degrees and 30 degrees) and
      position (supine and lateral) on pulmonary artery pressures. Sixteen
      hemodynamically stable patients were studied. Six measures of pulmonary artery
      pressure were obtained with subjects in the supine (flat) position. Pulmonary
      artery systolic pressures fluctuated from 2-16 mm Hg, pulmonary artery diastolic
      pressures from 0-11 mm Hg, and pulmonary artery mean pressures from 0-13 mm Hg.
      Only pulmonary artery diastolic pressures were not altered in a statistically
      significant way with backrest elevation. Even though backrest elevation produced
      clinically significant changes (those exceeding the subject's baseline range of
      fluctuation) in some subjects, no other changes in parameters of hemodynamic
      status were observed. These results suggest that pulmonary artery pressures may
      be obtained with backrests elevated. Since position changes produced both
      statistically and clinically significant changes in all pulmonary artery
      pressures, the use of lateral positions during pulmonary artery pressure
      measurement is not recommended.

PMID- 2295086
TI  - Selective silencing of cell communication influences anteroposterior pattern
      formation in C. elegans.
AB  - In C. elegans males, laterally located V cells generate a simple pattern of
      anterior alae (cuticular ridges) and posterior rays (mating sensilla). We have
      found that this pattern is generated, at least in part, by the selective
      interruption of cell-cell interactions. In anterior V cells, lineages leading to
      the production of alae are induced by cell interactions. These cell interactions
      are inhibited in specific posterior V cells by the activity of the gene pal-1,
      which allows these cells to generate rays instead of alae. The activities of cell
      signals and pal-1 appear to influence V cell fates by determining the state of a
      developmental switch that involves two homeotic genes, lin-22 and mab-5.

PMID- 2295087
TI  - Reconstitution of biochemically altered nuclear pores: transport can be
      eliminated and restored.
AB  - Biochemically altered nuclear pores specifically lacking the N-acetylglucosamine
      bearing pore proteins were constructed in a nuclear assembly extract in order to
      assign function to these proteins. The depleted pores do not bind nuclear signal
      sequences or actively import nuclear proteins, but they are functional for
      diffusion. These defects can be fully repaired by assembly with readded Xenopus
      pore glycoproteins. Strikingly, isolated rat pore glycoproteins also restore
      transport. Electron microscopy reveals that depleted pores have largely normal
      morphology. Thus, the pore glycoproteins are not required for assembly of the
      nuclear envelope, the major structures of the pore, or a pore diffusional
      channel. Instead, they are essential for active protein import and, unexpectedly,
      for construction of the part of the pore necessary for signal sequence
      recognition.

PMID- 2295089
TI  - Competitor analogs for defined T cell antigens: peptides incorporating a putative
      binding motif and polyproline or polyglycine spacers.
AB  - We describe a new approach for modeling antigenic peptides recognized by T cells.
      Peptide A24 170-182 can compete with other antigenic peptides that are recognized
      by H-2kd-restricted cytolytic T cells, presumably by binding to the Kd molecule.
      By comparing substituted A24 peptides as competitors in a functional competition
      assay, the A24 residues Tyr-171, Thr-178, and Leu-179 were identified as possible
      contact residues for Kd. A highly active competitor peptide analog was
      synthesized in which Tyr was separated from the Thr-Leu pair by a pentaproline
      spacer. The choice of proline allowed the prediction of a probable conformation
      for the analog when bound to the Kd molecule. The simplest conformation of the
      A24 peptide that allows the same spacing and orientation of the motif as in the
      analog would be a nearly extended polypeptide chain incorporating a single 3(10)
      helical turn or similar structural kink.

PMID- 2295088
TI  - Lymphoid cells recognize an alternatively spliced segment of fibronectin via the
      integrin receptor alpha 4 beta 1.
AB  - Using purified recombinant fibronectins we show that WEHI 231 lymphoid cells
      spread only on fibronectin containing the alternatively spliced V region.
      Spreading is specifically blocked by peptides from the V25 segment (also called
      CS-1), which can be selectively spliced out independently of the rest of the V
      region. Using synthetic peptides we localize the binding site to a 10 amino acid
      segment that is highly conserved. Integrin alpha 4 beta 1 is a major integrin on
      the surfaces of these cells and binds specifically to the V25 segment with a
      primary specificity for the conserved 10 amino acid sequence. Antibodies to
      integrin alpha 4 inhibit spreading of WEHI 231 cells on V+ fibronectin.
      Therefore, integrin alpha 4 beta 1 is a fibronectin receptor specific for an
      alternatively spliced cell adhesion site and may play important roles in
      selective adhesion of various cell types to specific forms of fibronectin.

PMID- 2295090
TI  - Presence of histone H1 on an active Balbiani ring gene.
AB  - We have investigated whether histone H1 is present on active Balbiani ring genes
      in the salivary glands of Chironomus tentans using immunoelectron microscopy. The
      genes were studied in two activity states: maximally activated genes with a fully
      extended template and repressed genes in a 30 nm fiber conformation. Histone H1
      was recorded on the gene in both conformations; the immunosignal was considerably
      stronger in the transcriptionally active state, probably reflecting the increased
      accessibility of histone H1 to the antibody in unfolded versus compacted
      chromatin. We conclude that during transcription the DNA template is extended and
      the nucleosomes are disrupted at the RNA polymerases, but histone H1, and most
      likely also the core histones, remains bound to the template.

PMID- 2295091
TI  - Hypervariable minisatellite DNA is a hotspot for homologous recombination in
      human cells.
AB  - Hypervariable minisatellite DNA sequences are short tandemly repeated sequences
      that are present throughout the human genome and are implicated to enhance
      recombination. We have constructed a consensus hypervariable minisatellite
      sequence and analyzed its effect on homologous recombination in human cells in
      culture. The consensus sequence d(AGAGGTGGGCAGGTGG)6.5 is shown to stimulate
      homologous recombination up to 13.5-fold. The stimulation occurs at a distance
      and in both directions but does show a quantitative directionality. Stimulation
      occurs in a codominant manner, and the sequence is inherited equally in the
      products. Enhancement is maintained, but at a reduced level, when double-strand
      breaks are introduced into the substrates. Multiple unselected recombination
      events are promoted, and preferential stimulation of reciprocal exchange events
      is demonstrated.

PMID- 2295092
TI  - Anaesthesia and medico-legal concerns.

PMID- 2295093
TI  - Medical-legal concerns among Canadian anaesthetists.
AB  - This paper reports the results of a national survey of anaesthetists which was
      undertaken to determine the effect of liability concerns on the practice of
      anaesthesia. Four hundred seventy-six anaesthetists from four regions (East,
      Quebec, Ontario and the West) (overall usable response rate of 73.3 per cent)
      responded to a series of questions on sources of liability information, changes
      in practice patterns over the past five years, changes in style of practice and
      attitudes towards the physician-patient relationship and to medical-legal
      concerns. The major findings were that the respondents rated liability concerns
      as the first or second most important reason for making major changes in their
      practice. Some of the changes in practice were related to increased use of
      monitoring, more time spent with patients discussing the risks of anaesthesia and
      increased documentation. On the negative side, respondents had decreased the
      administration of obstetrical and paediatric anaesthesia and were ordering more
      laboratory tests and x-rays. The majority of respondents agreed that the
      physician-patient relationship has suffered in recent years and physicians who
      had been in practice for longer periods of time were more likely to be
      dissatisfied and to consider leaving the field of medicine. However, the survey
      could not show a cause-and-effect relationship between claimed practice changes
      and fear of litigation.

PMID- 2295094
TI  - Fatal air embolism during dental implant surgery: a report of three cases.
AB  - Between October 6, 1986 and September 17, 1987, 11 patients underwent insertion
      of mandibular dental prostheses by the same oral surgeon. Three patients suffered
      cardiac arrest during surgery and subsequently died. Two of the patients who died
      had received general anaesthetics and the other had intravenous sedation given by
      three different anaesthetists. All three patients arrested suddenly, developing
      profound cyanosis and electrical mechanical dissociation, underwent prolonged
      resuscitative efforts, and had marked hypoxaemia and hypercapnia, despite
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Two other patients had signs of injection of air
      but survived, one suffering cardiac collapse and the other sustaining massive
      subcutaneous emphysema. Air embolism was produced by inadvertent injection of a
      mixture of air and water, passing through the hollow dental drill, directly into
      the mandible to the facial and pterygoid plexus veins and thence to the superior
      vena cava and right atrium.

PMID- 2295095
TI  - Anaesthesia for a patient with central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome
      (Ondine's Curse).
AB  - The perioperative anaesthetic management of an adult patient with central
      alveolar hypoventilation syndrome (CAHS), Ondine's Curse, is described for
      anterior resection of a carcinoma of the bowel. This rare syndrome results in
      alveolar hypoventilation, hypercarbia, hypoxaemia with secondary polycythaemia,
      pulmonary artery hypertension, and cor pulmonale. Epidural morphine was used for
      postoperative analgesia in an attempt to improve postoperative respiratory
      function. However, postoperative mechanical ventilation was required until
      recovery of the respiratory drive, which was ablated by anaesthetic drugs,
      epidural morphine and high inspired oxygen concentrations. The pathophysiology
      and treatment of this syndrome are reviewed.

PMID- 2295096
TI  - Flare reaction following caudal analgesia.
AB  - The following case reports describe obvious and marked vascular changes over the
      S3 dermatome in two children following the administration of bupivacaine 0.125
      per cent via the caudal route. These flare reactions were typical of an axon
      reflex. Vasodilatation in these two case reports could have been mediated by
      direct stimulation of the S3 routes by the local anaesthetic solution.

PMID- 2295097
TI  - Amphetamine ingestion presenting as eclampsia.
AB  - A case of amphetamine abuse in late pregnancy is reported. The presenting
      features of convulsions, confusion, agitation with hypertension and proteinuria
      led to a diagnosis of eclampsia for which a caesarean section was performed.
      Investigations and differential diagnosis of convulsions in late pregnancy are
      reviewed. A general urinary drug screen gives results after 24 hr whereas, if
      amphetamine abuse is suspected, this can be confirmed within three hr if a
      specific test for urinary amphetamines is performed. The sympathomimetic effects
      of a single dose of amphetamine are contrasted with the depression of the
      sympathetic nervous system which occurs after long-term use. Implications for
      anaesthesia are discussed.

PMID- 2295099
TI  - A simple method to facilitate difficult intubation.

PMID- 2295098
TI  - A simple solution to blood clot obstruction of epidural catheter during labour.

PMID- 2295100
TI  - A device for small-bore spinal needles for immediate detection of CSF.

PMID- 2295101
TI  - Atracurium in the Bard alfentanil pump.

PMID- 2295102
TI  - Jaw muscle tension after succinylcholine in children undergoing strabismus
      surgery.
AB  - The increases in tension at the masseter and adductor pollicis muscles following
      succinylcholine, 1 mg.kg-1, during halothane anaesthesia were measured in eight
      children, 3-10 yr, with strabismus. The results were compared with those obtained
      in a control group of general surgical patients. Supramaximal train-of-four (TOF)
      stimulation was applied to the ulnar nerve and the nerve to the masseter
      simultaneously. Jaw closure was measured by a force transducer system. In all
      patients, succinylcholine caused an increase in resting tone at the jaw and at
      the thumb. In the strabismus group, the magnitude of this increase was 55.7 +/-
      23.2 g, mean +/- SD, at the jaw and 11.3 +/- 5.6 g at the thumb. This was not
      significantly different from the values obtained in controls, 45.3 +/- 33.4 g and
      7.9 +/- 4.2 g, respectively. The duration of the phenomenon was 1-2 min in both
      muscles studied, and was not statistically different in the strabismus group.
      Time to complete neuromuscular blockade was significantly faster at the masseter,
      31 +/- 6 sec--control groups; 39 +/- 11 sec--strabismus group, than at adductor
      pollicis, 61 +/- 34 sec--control groups; 75 +/- 28 sec--strabismus group (P less
      than 0.05 and 0.013 respectively). It is concluded that succinylcholine causes
      similar increases in jaw tension and comparable degrees of neuromuscular blockade
      in patients undergoing strabismus surgery as in other children.

PMID- 2295103
TI  - Potency of atracurium on masseter and adductor pollicis muscles in children.
AB  - The sensitivity of the masseter to atracurium was measured in ten children aged 3
      10 yr undergoing elective surgery, and compared with that of the adductor
      pollicis. During nitrous oxide-halothane anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation,
      supramaximal nerve stimulation was applied to the ulnar nerve at the elbow and to
      the nerve to the masseter, at a point inferior to the zygomatic arch, anterior to
      the mandibular condyle. Jaw closure was measured by a force displacement
      transducer system attached to an oral airway and connected to a metal frame fixed
      to the operating table 10 cm caudad to the chin. Cumulative dose-response curves
      for atracurium were obtained by the injection of doses followed by an infusion to
      compensate for elimination. The mean ED50s and ED95s were similar at the masseter
      and the adductor pollicis. At the masseter, these were 0.150 +/- 0.013, mean +/-
      SEM, mg.kg-1 and 0.254 +/- 0.021 mg.kg-1, respectively. At the adductor pollicis,
      corresponding values were 0.145 +/- 0.009 mg.kg-1, and 0.259 +/- 0.016 mg.kg-1.
      However, this relationship was not constant in every patient, and in some
      patients the masseter was much more sensitive than the adductor pollicis. The
      time from injection of the first dose of atracurium to maximum blockade was 2.5
      +/- 0.2 min at the masseter and 3.2 +/- 0.2 min at the adductor pollicis (P less
      than 0.05). It is concluded that when atracurium is administered to paediatric
      patients, neuromuscular blockade is usually of the same intensity at each muscle
      but occurs sooner at the masseter than at the adductor pollicis.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295104
TI  - Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility in adult patients with masseter muscle
      rigidity.
AB  - We sought to determine the incidence of malignant hyperthermia (MH)
      susceptibility in adult patients with a previous episode of masseter muscle
      rigidity (MMR). The medical records and in vitro contracture test results of all
      patients over 15 years of age tested for MH because of previous MMR from 1985 to
      1988 were reviewed. The number of children (age less than 16 yr) tested for MH
      because of previous MMR was also determined for the same four-year period, for
      comparison of coincidence rates. Six of 24 adult patients (25 per cent) were
      proved MH-susceptible by in vitro contracture testing. No clinical sign
      associated with the episode of MMR was predictive of MH-susceptibility. Two of
      six MH-susceptible patients developed acute MH following MMR. In the same four
      year period, 75 children were tested for MH-susceptibility because of previous
      MMR; 44 (59 per cent) had a positive in vitro contracture test. We conclude that
      the coincidence of MMR and MH-susceptibility is lower in adults than children.
      Episodes of acute MH do occur after MMR, but the onset of MH may be delayed.
      Conservative management of MMR in adult patients is recommended.

PMID- 2295105
TI  - Is the tide turning?

PMID- 2295106
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of alfentanil and clinical responses during cardiac surgery.
AB  - This study assessed the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of
      alfentanil during and after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Twenty-eight
      patients with good ventricular function having CABG were divided into three
      groups and premedicated with morphine 0.1 mg.kg-1 IM, scopolamine 0.005 mg.kg-1
      IM and diazepam 0.1 mg.kg-1 PO. Group I patients received an infusion of 250
      micrograms.kg-1 of alfentanil over one hour coincidental with a second infusion
      at 2.5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 which was continued to the end of surgery. Patients
      in group II received 300 micrograms.kg-1 and 3.0 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 and
      patients in group III 350 micrograms.kg-1 and 3.5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. The
      tracheas of all patients were intubated after receiving alfentanil 96
      micrograms.kg-1 and pancuronium 0.15 micrograms.kg-1. Haemodynamic responses to
      intubation and surgical stimuli (greater than or equal to 20 per cent increase in
      heart rate and/or systolic blood pressure from control) were treated with
      isoflurane, one to two per cent inspired, until abolished. Blood samples were
      taken during and after surgery for plasma alfentanil concentrations which were
      determined by radioimmunoassay. After surgery the times to awakening and
      extubation, and alfentanil elimination half-life (t1/2B = 0.693/-k) were
      determined for each patient. Haemodynamic responses occurred in 20 patients.
      There were no significant differences in any variable among the groups. The times
      to awakening and extubation for all patients were 3.2 +/- 0.6 and 8.8 +/- 1.2 hr
      (mean +/- SEM) respectively. The elimination half-life for all patients was 5.1
      +/- 1.0 hr (mean +/- SEM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295107
TI  - Analgesia and serum concentrations of extradural, subdural and intraperitoneal
      fentanyl in a rat model.
AB  - The effects of epidural, subdural and intraperitoneal fentanyl were determined on
      the tail flick response of the rat using the response latency as a measure of
      analgesia. Dose-time-response curves were generated for incremental doses of
      fentanyl administered at constant injection volumes. Serum concentrations at
      varying doses were determined using a radioimmunoassay technique. It was found
      that serum concentrations for extradural, subdural and intraperitoneal fentanyl
      were similar at the low doses, but differed significantly at higher doses
      suggesting that pharmacokinetic differences may be concentration dependent.
      Extradural administration of naloxone (0.004 mg) was able to antagonize
      extradural fentanyl (8.0 micrograms), a dose eight-fold greater than the lowest
      maximally effective dose. The relationship between serum fentanyl concentrations
      and administered doses suggest that the analgesic properties of extradural and
      subdural fentanyl are in part dependent on centrally mediated actions.

PMID- 2295109
TI  - Atracurium and succinylcholine on the masseter muscle.

PMID- 2295108
TI  - A clinical comparison of indices of pulmonary gas exchange with changes in the
      inspired oxygen concentration.
AB  - Several indices have been introduced as convenient alternatives to calculation of
      the physiological shunt fraction (Qs/QT) for the assessment of pulmonary gas
      exchange. These include: the arterial-alveolar oxygen tension ratio (a/APO2), the
      arterial oxygen tension-inspired oxygen concentration ratio (PaO2/FIO2), the
      respiratory index (RI), [A-a)DO2/PaO2) and the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension
      difference [A-a)Do2). These indices are in use clinically despite the fact that
      they may not accurately predict gas exchange in situations where FIO2, Qs/QT or
      arterial-venous oxygen content is changing. The clinical stability of each of
      these indices, relative to the behaviour of the physiological shunt, was
      therefore investigated prospectively in ten mechanically ventilated postoperative
      adults as FIO2 was varied from 0.30 to 1.00. None of the indices studied reliably
      reflected the behaviour of the physiological shunt. As FIO2 was increased
      incrementally from 0.30 to 1.00, 42 to 55 per cent of the measured changes in
      these indices were opposite in direction to the corresponding changes in the
      physiological shunt. The maximum magnitudes of the opposite changes were
      substantial; 24 and 22 per cent for the a/APO2 and PaO2/FIO2 ratio respectively,
      67 per cent for the RI and 101 per cent for the (A-a)DO2. We conclude that the
      use of any of these indices for clinical assessment of a patient's gas exchange
      defect when FIO2 is varying can be substantially misleading.

PMID- 2295111
TI  - Short-term cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) accumulation in sensitive and
      resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells.
AB  - We examined the short-term accumulation of cisplatin (DDP) in sensitive 2008
      human ovarian carcinoma cells and in a 2- to 3-fold DDP-resistant and
      accumulation-deficient variant. During the 1st min of exposure to 500 microM DDP,
      sensitive cells accumulated platinum at a rate of 187 +/- 63 pmol/mg protein per
      min, whereas resistant cells accumulated platinum at 123 +/- 85 pmol/mg protein
      per min, a rate that was 66% that of sensitive cells. From 2-10 min of exposure,
      sensitive and resistant cells accumulated the drug at rates of 51.4 +/- 21.5 and
      34.0 +/- 9.70 pmol/mg protein per min, respectively. In resistant cells, this
      rate again represented 66% that of sensitive cells. For each cell line, the DDP
      accumulation was 3.6 times faster during the 1st min than it was over 2-10 min.
      Initial DDP accumulation was linear with drug concentration in each cell line.
      Efflux measurements were made over a 50-min period after a 10-min load in 500
      microM DDP. The loss of platinum was biphasic in each cell line, with an initial,
      rapidly effluxing component being lost within 10 min in each cell line. The rate
      constant for loss of platinum from this rapidly effluxing pool, measured after a
      10-min loading period in 500 microM DDP, was 0.67 +/- 0.09 s-1 in sensitive cells
      and 1.03 +/- 0.15 s-1 (a 53% increase) in resistant cells. Between 5 and 50 min
      of an accumulation time course in 500 microM DDP, the size of the rapidly
      effluxing platinum pool remained relatively constant in each cell line, with the
      major contribution to the increase in total platinum over time coming from growth
      of the slowly effluxing platinum pool. We conclude that diminished retention of
      platinum in the rapidly effluxing pool of resistant cells is a major determinant
      of decreased DDP accumulation in these cells.

PMID- 2295110
TI  - BCNU-induced quantitative and qualitative changes in hepatic cytochrome P-450 can
      be correlated with cholestasis.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given single i.p. injections of 1,3-bis(2
      chloroethyl)-1-Nitrosourea (BCNU) to investigate changes in hepatic microsomal
      cytochrome P-450 content and metabolic activity. On day 14 after treatment (20
      mg/kg), cytochrome P-450 content had decreased by approximately 25% and
      ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity (nmol product/nmol P-450/min) had decreased
      by 36%. In contrast, ethylmorphine O-deethylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase
      activities were not significantly decreased by BCNU treatment. Hepatic delta
      aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity was only 60% of control values, and
      microsomal heme oxygenase activity was slightly but not statistically elevated.
      Cytochrome P-450 content in control and BCNU-treated rats increased in a similar
      manner after phenobarbital or beta-naphthoflavone induction. Electrophoretic
      analysis of cytochrome P-450 proteins isolated from hepatic endoplasmic reticular
      membranes of treated and control rats suggested that alterations in these
      proteins occurred in BCNU-treated rats. These changes in cytochrome P-450 content
      and activity are very similar to those reported in isolated systems exposed to
      bile acids or in rats with experimentally produced cholestasis. BCNU has been
      shown to produce cholestasis, which precedes its effects on microsomal mixed
      function oxygenase activity. Thus, the delayed effects of BCNU on microsomal drug
      metabolism are probably secondary to its interference with bile formation.

PMID- 2295112
TI  - Intracellular concentrations of anti cancer drugs in leukemic cells in vitro vs
      in vivo.
AB  - A comparison of intracellular concentrations of daunorubicin, doxorubicin and ara
      C in myeloid blast cells was carried out in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, blood
      samples were obtained from 27 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia
      during and up to 4 days after drug infusion. Leukemic cells were isolated and
      drug concentrations were determined by HPLC. Before treatment, leukemic cells
      from 21 patients were isolated from blood and bone marrow, and in vitro
      incubations were done with anthracyclines for 1-3 h at concentrations of 0.1-1.0
      microM and with ara-C for 1 h to 5 days at concentrations of 0.5-5.0 microM. The
      cells were cultured for 5 days, during which cell samples were taken for drug
      determination. The results showed that incubation with 0.2 microM daunorubicin
      for 1 h and 0.2 microM doxorubicin for 3 h and continuous exposure to 0.5 microM
      ara-C gave intracellular concentration curves similar to those obtained in vivo.
      After 5 days' culture, the cytotoxic effect was determined by vital dye staining
      with fast green, the addition of an internal standard of fixed goose
      erythrocytes, cytospin centrifugation and counter-staining of living cells with
      haematoxylin/eosin (DiSC). Incubations at the above-mentioned concentrations
      exerted a cytotoxic effect of approximately 50%. We conclude that in mimicking
      the in vivo situation, it is important to consider differences in intracellular
      pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2295113
TI  - A phase 1 and pharmacokinetic study using the aromatic retinoic acid analogue
      dichloroetretinate (Ro 12-7554).
AB  - A phase I study was carried out with the new aromatic retinoic acid analogue DCE,
      all-trans-9-(2,6-dichloro-4-methoxy-m-tolyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-
      nonatetraenacetylester. Data from preclinical studies show that DCE has a
      promising anti-tumor effect. Data from others investigators show that when DCE
      was given to patients in daily doses, the dose-limiting toxicity. This toxicity
      was comprising considerable muco-cutaneous toxicity, occurred at 40 mg/day. To
      avoid this dose-limiting toxicity, a weekly oral treatment schedule was tested
      for toxicity in this study. The starting dose was 40 mg/m2 body surface, and a
      modified Fibonacci scheme was used for the dose escalations. A total of 20
      patients entered this study, and all were evaluable for toxicity. The highest
      dose was 300 mg/m2. In three patients, completely reversible WHO grade 1 liver
      toxicity was observed. In contrast to daily doses, a once-a-week schedule
      produced no mucocutaneous toxicity. Pharmacokinetic measurements showed that
      absorption was highly unpredictable and did not increase with dose increments.
      Given the results of the pharmacokinetic determinations, we concluded that
      escalating the DCE dose would not lead to a recommendable dose for further phase
      II studies, and the study was subsequently discontinued.

PMID- 2295114
TI  - Distribution of doxorubicin to normal breast and tumour tissue in patients
      undergoing mastectomy.
AB  - Response to cytotoxic agents is assumed to be related to the concentration of
      drug achieved within tumour tissue. It is also often assumed that, given similar
      tissue concentrations of drug, normal tissues are less responsive to the same
      cytotoxic agents. This can partly be explained by the number of cells in normal
      tissues that are differentiated. These non dividing cells, in a stable testing
      phase of the cell cycle (G0) are less susceptible to cytotoxic damage. Little is
      actually known about the relationship between tumour drug concentrations and
      those in the tissue of the tumour-bearing organ. In this study, we compared
      doxorubicin concentrations in paired samples of tumour and normal breast tissue
      from 17 previously untreated women undergoing mastectomy. The relative
      cellularities of both specimens were estimated by measuring their DNA content.
      There was wide variation in intra-tumoural doxorubicin concentrations (range, 220
      1,590 ng/g). Normal tissue also showed marked inter-patient variation (range, 81
      1,000 ng/g). For a single patient the tumour drug concentrations were
      significantly higher than those in normal breast tissue (P less than 0.05), and
      tumour: normal tissue ratios ranged from 1.27 to 8.30. Where doxorubicin
      concentration was expressed in terms of the relative cellularity of the tissues,
      there was no significant difference between, drug concentrations in the tumour
      and those in normal breast tissue (tumour: normal ratios, 1.1:1.8). There was a
      significant correlation (r = 0.76, P less than 0.05) between peak serum values
      and tumour concentrations of drug. No correlation was found between drug
      concentrations achieved and the histological grade or oestrogen receptor status
      of the breast cancer.

PMID- 2295115
TI  - Phenotypic variations dictate the intracellular compartmentalization of
      doxorubicin in normal human bone marrow cells.
AB  - In vitro accumulation of doxorubicin in intracellular compartments of normal bone
      marrow cells was studied with the use of fluorescent microscopy. Both the
      cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments had distinguishable drug accessibility in
      the diverse hemopoietic series and in different stages of maturation of each
      lineage. Nuclei appeared to be more sheltered in the myelogranulocytic series
      than in the nucleated erythroid cells. Nuclei of activated phagocytic cells of
      the myelogranulocytic series and macrophages appeared to be the least accessible
      to doxorubicin uptake. These observations establish that phenotypic variations
      dictate the patterns of anthracyclines' subcellular compartmentalization. They
      also suggest that the molecular mechanism contributing to the intracellular
      trafficking of doxorubicin deserves more substantial investigation that may
      contribute to our understanding of drug resistance and sensitivity.

PMID- 2295116
TI  - Phase I study of oxaliplatin in patients with advanced cancer.
AB  - Oxaliplatin, or trans-1-diaminocyclohexane-platinum, was tested in a phase I
      study. A total of 44 patients received 116 courses with dose escalation from 45
      to 200 mg/m2. Neither renal nor hematologic toxicities were observed at doses up
      to 200 mg/m2. Gastrointestinal toxicity was practically constant and often of
      grade 3-4 on the WHO scale (53% of patients). The dose-limiting toxicity was a
      peculiar sensory neuropathy; the first neurologic phenomena appeared at a dose of
      135 mg/m2 and continued thereafter, occurring after 75% of the courses with mild
      to moderate intensity (WHO grade 1-2 after 67% of the courses). Neurotoxicity was
      cumulative and six patients developed grade 3 disabling neuropathy after a
      cumulative dose of 500 mg/m2, with walking and handwriting difficulties being
      slowly regressive in three cases. A peculiar symptom was the influence of
      temperature, with exacerbation of parethesias when patients touched cold
      surfaces. Nerve-conduction studies carried out in six cases showed a
      predominantly sensory neuropathy with axonal degeneration. No other toxicities
      were observed, although audiograms were not systematically done. We observed four
      partial responses that lasted 6-13 months in patients with oesophageal (2 cases),
      lung (1), and urothelial cancer (1); two of these patients had been pretreated
      with cisplatin. Since neurologic side effects occur very frequently and may
      produce a long-lasting sensory neuropathy, for phase II studies we recommend a
      starting dose of 135 mg/m2, with a careful neurologic survey.

PMID- 2295117
TI  - A phase II study of oral idarubicin in advanced recurrent or refractory ovarian
      carcinoma.
AB  - Oral idarubicin (40 mg/m2 in 3-4 divided doses over 24 h every 21 days) was
      tested in a group of patients with drug-resistant ovarian carcinoma. None of 13
      patients responded and the study was discontinued. Toxicity was acceptable, with
      neutropaenia being dose-limiting. It seems unlikely that idarubicin has
      significant activity in this disease although phase II studies should ideally be
      conducted in less heavily pretreated patients.

PMID- 2295118
TI  - Protection from ifosfamide-induced alopecia by topical thiols in young rats.
AB  - An animal model for testing substances that might prevent alopecia induced by
      oxazaphosphorines has been developed. It is based on the fact that the rat pups
      experience virtually total hair loss following administration of
      oxazaphosphorines. Using this model, we showed that epicutaneous treatment with
      sodium thioglycollate prevented ifosfamide-induced hair loss on the treated area.
      These experiments indicate that prevention of oxazaphosphorine-induced alopecia
      in man may be achieved by topical thiols.

PMID- 2295119
TI  - Biomonitoring of arylamines: hemoglobin adducts of urea and carbamate pesticides.
AB  - Hemoglobin adducts of aromatic amines released from pesticides were investigated.
      Female Wistar rats were dosed orally with pesticides up to 1 mmol/kg body weight.
      Blood was obtained after 24 h, hemoglobin isolated and hydrolyzed in 1 NaOH. The
      amines were extracted and quantified by gas chromatography with nitrogen-specific
      or mass-selective detection. The following binding indices [HBI, hemoglobin
      binding index = binding (mmol/mol Hb) per dose (mmol/kg)] were obtained:
      pesticide (arylamine): linuron, diuron (3,4-dichloroaniline) 0.8 and 4.5
      respectively; monuron, monolinuron (4-chloroaniline) 39 and 55 respectively;
      chlorpropham (3-chloroaniline) 2.9; chlordimeform (4-chloro-o-toluidine) 2.4;
      propham (aniline) 2.4. With vinclozoline and iprodione (3,5-dichloroaniline) and
      quintozene (pentachloroaniline) no adducts could be found. The results
      demonstrate the possible use of arylamine-hemoglobin adducts for measuring the
      bioavailability of potentially hazardous components of pesticides and the extent
      to which they are formed and metabolically activated.

PMID- 2295120
TI  - Biochemical characteristics of endonuclease activity within the nucleotidyl DNA
      excision repair pathway of permeable human fibroblasts.
AB  - DNA strand breage in response to damage produced by UV (254 nm) radiation was
      characterized after permeabilization of diploid normal and xeroderma pigmentosum
      variant fibroblasts. The breakage reaction required ATP, Mg2+ and sucrose for
      maximal activity and was inhibited by 150 mM Na+ or K+ and 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide.
      ATP-dependent strand breakage was saturated at UV fluences of above 10 J/m2 and
      in the presence of DNA precursors breakage was rapidly followed by DNA polymerase
      and ligase activities to seal the strand breaks. The biochemical features of
      strand breakage in irradiated permeable cells suggest an enzymatic process. These
      results, therefore, provide an indication of the biochemical requirements for the
      rate-limiting strand incision step within the nucleotidyl DNA excision repair
      pathway.

PMID- 2295122
TI  - Cytotoxic and transformation responses of rat tracheal epithelial cells exposed
      to nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in culture.
AB  - Four nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were investigated for their
      cytotoxic effects on rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells. 6-Nitrochrysene (6-NC),
      1,6-dinitropyrene (1,6-DNP), 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and 4-nitropyrene (4-NP)
      induced dose-dependent decreases in the relative colony-forming efficiency (RCFE)
      of RTE cells. The compounds could be separated into two groups based on their
      cytotoxic potencies, a group that displayed high cytotoxic effects (6-NC and 1,6
      DNP), and a group that displayed low cytotoxic effects (1-NP and 4-NP). The most
      cytotoxic compound was 6-NC, with an ED50 of 0.13 microM, followed by 1,6-DNP, 4
      NP and 1-NP with ED50s of 1.25, 8.9 and 9.1 microM, respectively. The most
      cytotoxic compound (6-NC) and one of the components with low cytotoxicity (1-NP)
      were assayed for their ability to induce preneoplastic transformation of RTE
      cells using equally toxic doses of both compounds. The frequencies of
      transformation induced by 6-NC in cells isolated from control animals or from
      animals pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) were 8.4 X 10(-3) and 21.4 X
      10(-3), respectively. 1-NP did not induce cell transformation. Equally toxic
      doses of the direct acting carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, used
      as a positive control, induced transformation frequencies of 8.7 X 10(-3) and 6.4
      X 10(-3) in cells isolated from control animals or from animals pretreated with 3
      MC, respectively. These studies show that RTE cells have the metabolic capacity
      to activate NPAHs to toxic metabolites; thus, the RTE system should be very
      useful for evaluating the potential toxic effects of this ubiquitous class of
      airborne pollutants. In addition, the observed differences in cellular toxicity
      and transformation capabilities of 6-NC and 1-NP were consistent with the results
      of other studies that demonstrated the greater potency for induction of tumors in
      animals of 6-NC relative to 1-NP.

PMID- 2295121
TI  - Adenomatous hyperplasia and adenomas in the lung induced by chronic feeding of
      butylated hydroxyanisole of Japanese house musk shrew (Suncus murinus).
AB  - A carcinogenicity study on butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was carried out in
      Japanese house musk shrews (Suncus murinus) (suncus), which have no forestomach.
      BHA was mixed with the basal diet and was processed into pellets. One hundred and
      twenty-two female and 130 male suncus were maintained with a diet containing 0,
      0.5, 1.0 or 2.0% BHA for 80 weeks. All of the suncus of the 2.0% BHA groups died
      of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract within 8 weeks after the commencement
      of the treatment. The majority of the animals in the other groups survived for
      greater than 52 weeks. Adenomatous hyperplasias of the lung were induced in
      suncus of both sexes of the 0.5 and 1.0% BHA groups at significantly higher rates
      than in the control groups. Lung adenomas were also induced in three suncus of
      the BHA groups. Pilosebaceous and musk gland tumors, mammary carcinoma, kidney
      hemangioma and other tumors developed in a few suncus, with no significant
      differences between the groups. The present study indicates that BHA induces
      adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung in the suncus.

PMID- 2295123
TI  - DNA polymerase action on bulky deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine adducts.
AB  - In order to determine how individual hydrocarbon-DNA adducts give rise to
      specific mutations, a single-stranded oligonucleotide, 5'-T8GT10AT8C2T4CT3CT-3',
      was reacted with the carcinogen 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene which generates
      both deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine adducts in DNA. The products were
      separated by HPLC to yield unmodified oligonucleotide and oligonucleotide
      modified either at the single guanine, or at the single adenine, residue.
      Incubation of these products with 32P-5'-end-labeled primer, 5'-AGA3GA4G2-3',
      modified T7 DNA polymerase (Sequenase) and deoxyribonucleoside-5'-triphosphates
      followed by gel electrophoretic analysis indicated that unmodified
      oligonucleotide template allowed the primer to be rapidly extended to give
      species of the same length as the template (40 nucleotides) and of 41 nucleotides
      in length. However, primer extension for the templates containing the guanine and
      adenine adducts was held up initially (1 min) at the nucleotide preceding the
      adduct. At longer times (up to 15 min) a nucleotide was added opposite the adduct
      and, to a lesser extent, another nucleotide was added beyond this. Some full
      length oligonucleotide was also synthesized with these carcinogen-modified
      templates. When synthesis was allowed to proceed only to the nucleotide preceding
      the adduct, and this template-extended primer complex incubated with individual
      nucleotide triphosphates plus Sequenase, it was found that deoxyadenosine
      residues were most readily incorporated opposite the adduct irrespective of
      whether it was a deoxyguanosine or deoxyadenosine adduct. These results, which
      suggest that G.C----T.A and A.T----T.A transversions would be the mutagenic
      consequences of formation of bulky hydrocarbon adducts at guanines and adenines
      respectively, are consistent with the most frequent hydrocarbon-induced
      mutational changes reported thus far.

PMID- 2295124
TI  - Effect of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene activity on repair in human
      cells transformed by a regulatable ada gene.
AB  - To assess the biological role of DNA methylation at the O6 position of guanine
      (O6MeG) a human cell line was created that contains a regulatable gene of the
      O6MeG-DNA methyltransferase (MT), a repair activity that removes O6MeG adducts
      from the DNA. MT-deficient HeLa MR cells were transformed with an SV40-based
      expression vector in which the bacterial MT gene ada was put under the control of
      a glucocorticoid-inducible MMTV promoter. In response to dexamethasone (Dex), pSV
      MTV ada cells actively accumulated MT protein to reach a constant level after 10
      12 h of approximately 15,000 MT molecules per cell. Co-induction by Dex and 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) further accelerated this synthesis
      approximately 2-fold and, as a result, higher final MT levels were achieved. The
      inducers were added to exponentially growing cells either before or at the time
      of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) exposure and the kinetics of MT
      synthesis was studied. MNNG affected in a dose-dependent manner (i) the loss of
      the pre-existing MT activity; (ii) the lag before newly synthesized MT appeared;
      (iii) the final level of MT accumulated by the cells; and (iv) to a lesser extent
      the rate of MT synthesis. In cells with a down-regulated MT gene (no inducer)
      even small MNNG doses lead to an irreversible loss of the pre-existing MT
      activity, i.e. to incomplete repair, whereas an up-regulated MT gene supported
      the restoration of a pool of active MT molecules in the cells, i.e. an O6MeG
      repair that has gone to completion. Hence, effective O6MeG repair relies not only
      on the pre-existing MT level, but depends to an even greater extent on the state
      of expression of the MT gene. The activity of the MT gene also correlated with
      cell survival, which confirms our earlier finding that O6MeG adducts are
      cytotoxic for the cell.

PMID- 2295126
TI  - Nitrogen dioxide induces DNA single-strand breaks in cultured Chinese hamster
      cells.
AB  - Gaseous nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were tested for their
      potential to induce DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) in Chinese hamster cells (V79
      cells). The alkaline elution assay was used for the detection of SSBs. V79 cells
      were exposed to NO and NO2 in N2 in varying concentrations (0-500 p.p.m.) and
      over varying periods (5-30 min). NO treatment did not result in any detectable
      DNA damage. NO2 led to a dose- and time-dependent increase of the rate of SSBs
      and the amount was dependent on concentration of NO2 and the length of exposure.
      The lowest observable effective concentration which was statistically different
      from control values was 10 p.p.m. exposed for 20 min. The metabolites of both
      gases, nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-), had no DNA-damaging activity up to a
      concentration of 1 mM. The mechanism by which NO2 may generate SSBs is discussed.

PMID- 2295125
TI  - Isoenzyme(s) of glutathione transferase (class Mu) as a marker for the
      susceptibility to lung cancer: a follow up study.
AB  - Glutathione transferase are divided into three classes: Alpha, Mu and Pi.
      Isoenzyme(s) from one of these classes, class Mu, is dominantly inherited and can
      be determined by activity measurements directed towards the substrate trans
      stilbene oxide. The frequency of this phenotype has been measured in patients
      with bronchial carcinoma and in control subjects matched for age and smoking
      history. After combining an earlier study from our laboratory (Carcinogenesis, 7,
      751-753, 1986) with the additional material presented here (control smokers, n =
      114, lung cancers, n = 125) non-cancer smokers had an increased number of
      subjects who expressed class Mu isoenzymes (58.3% of total n = 192) compared with
      lung cancer patients (36.6% of total n = 191; P less than 0.0001). The pathology
      of lung tumors related to the lack of class Mu isoenzymes which occurred most
      frequently in patients with adenocarcinomas. It is concluded that the gene
      expressing class Mu isoenzymes may be a host determinant of genetic
      susceptibility to lung cancer among smokers.

PMID- 2295127
TI  - Formation of reactive species that lead to hemoglobin adducts during storage of
      blood samples.
AB  - In monitoring exposure of ethylene oxide or its precursor, ethene, by the
      measurement of hydroxyethylation of N-terminal valines in hemoglobin, sometimes
      high, deviating adduct levels were developed during storage of the samples. The
      time dependence indicated that consumption of a protective factor was involved.
      The studies show that the effect is specific to certain structures such as
      hydroxyethyl. Possible mechanisms of the effect were studied in simulation
      experiments. The artefact formation was enhanced by lyophilization of samples,
      possibly due to formation of free radicals. H2O2 was weakly effective in
      producing the artefact. In the presence of Cu2+, H2O2 and methionine hydroxyethyl
      adducts were formed, possibly in association with ethene production. Until an
      effective protective factor has been identified it is suggested that, prior to
      preparation for analysis, samples should be stored as precipitated globins at
      less than or equal to -20 degrees C. Under these conditions the adduct level is
      stable for years.

PMID- 2295128
TI  - Inhibition of N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in rats
      by ellagic acid.
AB  - In this report, we describe the ability of ellagic acid (EA), a phenolic compound
      present in a number of fruits and nuts, to inhibit N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine
      (NBMA) tumorigenesis in the rat esophagus. When administered in a semi-purified
      diet at concentrations of 0.4 and 4 g/kg, EA produced a significant (21-55%)
      decrease in the average number of NBMA-induced esophageal tumors after 20 and 27
      weeks of the bioassay. EA exhibited inhibitory effects toward preneoplastic
      lesions as well as neoplastic lesions. Tumors were not observed in vehicle
      control rats or in rats that received EA alone.

PMID- 2295129
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for the determination of cellular enzymatic
      activity for repair of specific carcinogen-DNA adducts (O6-alkylguanine).
AB  - We describe a rapid and sensitive, monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunoassay
      that permits the quantitation of cellular enzymatic activity for repair of
      specific carcinogen-DNA adducts. The assay was established on the basis of the
      observation that complexes between an anti-(O6-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine) mAb (mAb
      ER-6) and O6-ethylguanine (O6-EtGua) residues in double-stranded DNA can be
      immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. Circular pSV2gpt plasmid DNA was
      linearized by digestion with EcoRI and reacted with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in
      vitro to a level of about one O6-EtGua residue per DNA molecule, labeled with
      32P, and subsequently incubated with extracts prepared from L929 mouse
      fibroblasts and with mAb ER-6. The amount of repaired O6-EtGua is proportional to
      the decrease in 32P activity retained on the filters. Maximum O6-alkyl-guanine
      repair activity requires preparation of the cell extracts in the presence of high
      (approximately 0.5 M) NaCl concentrations, whereas the repair reaction per se is
      markedly inhibited by NaCl. Under the conditions used, the detection limit of the
      assay is approximately 1 x 10(-16) mol of repaired O6-alkylGua. The repair
      reaction followed second-order kinetics, indicating that O6-EtGua is
      predominantly repaired by an enzyme activity inactivated by the repair reaction
      (e.g. via an alkyl group transfer mechanism analogous to that exhibited by the
      alkyl group accepting cysteine residues of the 'suicidal' bacterial ogt and ada
      proteins). The data obtained from the assay can be used for computation of the
      relative enzymatic repair activity of a given cell extract and of the rate
      constant K (1 x mol-1 x s-1) of the repair reaction.

PMID- 2295130
TI  - GDP-fucose:GM1 alpha 1----2fucosyltransferase is activated in parenchymal cells
      of rat liver during early stages of N-2-acetylaminofluorene induced
      hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - Gangliosides from liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells were isolated from
      Fischer 344 rats that had been fed normal diet or a diet supplemented with 0.03%
      N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) for 4 weeks. Gangliosides from liver cell fractions
      were characterized by an induction of both II3NeuAcIV3 alpha GalIV2FucGg4 and GM3
      synthesis in the parenchymal cells of AAF-fed animals which were missing in
      parenchymal cells from animals fed normal diet. In addition, new bands
      corresponding to GM1 and GD1a were observed in cell fractions of AAF-fed animals.
      The activity of the GM1-specific alpha 1----2fucosyltransferase induced after AAF
      feeding was found to be enriched 5- to 6-fold in the parenchymal cell fraction of
      AAF-fed animals and correlated with the parenchymal cell marker enzyme glucose-6
      phosphatase in these cell fractions. Feeding animals the hepatotoxin
      acetaminophen at 1.87% in the diet for 10 weeks resulted in no increase in the
      levels of the alpha 1----2fucosyltransferase. Antibodies specific for II3NeuAcIV3
      alpha GalIV2FucGg4 were produced and utilized in tissue localization studies.
      These results indicated little or no staining of normal liver tissue or that
      after acetaminophen feeding was observed. In contrast, focal areas of staining of
      liver tissue from animals after 3 weeks of 0.03% AAF feeding were readily
      apparent. These results indicate that induction of alpha 1----2fucosyltransferase
      and fucoganglioside synthesis is most probably a property of liver parenchymal
      cells and is associated with events occurring during early stages of AAF-induced
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2295132
TI  - Hemodynamic resistance as a measure of functional impairment in aortic valvular
      stenosis.
AB  - Calculated valve area depicts anatomical stenosis but does not quantify
      hemodynamic impairment. We propose that hemodynamic resistance, defined as the
      mean pressure gradient across the valve divided by mean flow rate during systolic
      ejection, gives a better indication of hemodynamic obstruction. This index was
      compared with Gorlin valve area in 40 patients with aortic stenosis. Calculated
      area ranged from 0.22 to 1.26 cm2, and mean transvalvular resistance ranged from
      117 to 1,244 dyne.sec.cm-5. In general, resistance varied inversely with
      calculated area, but there was substantial variation about the mean relation. All
      of the variation could be accounted for by variations in the pressure gradients
      at each value of calculated area. Resistance was higher in proportion to area
      when flow and pressure gradient were high. Analysis of five published studies of
      a total of 83 valves showed that calculated area changed at least three times
      more than resistance when pressure gradient was varied. The utility of resistance
      as an index of stenosis is demonstrated by example calculations that show how
      during exercise a stenotic valve increases the ventricular work rate out of
      proportion to the work done on the peripheral resistance. These calculations are
      possible because hemodynamic resistance defines functional impairment in units
      commonly used for quantification of opposition to flow. Furthermore, resistance
      appears to be less dependent than area on conditions of measurement and does not
      require an empirical constant.

PMID- 2295133
TI  - Correlation of ventricular area, perimeter, and conotruncal diameter with
      ventricular mass and function in the chick embryo from stages 12 to 24.
AB  - Ventricular form and function are interrelated during cardiovascular development.
      The study of muscle mechanics requires the real-time measurement of length, area,
      or volume. Because volume measures are not currently possible in the embryonic
      heart, we tested the hypothesis that end-diastolic (ED) and end-systolic (ES)
      ventricular perimeter, area, and conotruncal diameter correlate with ventricular
      mass and function in the stage 12 to stage 24 white Leghorn chick embryo. Video
      images of the contracting heart were recorded at 60 Hz on 1/2" videotape and
      studied with a custom image-analysis workstation. ED and ES video fields were
      selected by maximum and minimum ventricular area and were planimetered for
      epicardial ventricular perimeter, area, and conotruncal diameter. Data are
      reported as (mean +/- SEM, n greater than or equal to 8) and were tested by
      analysis of variance and regression analysis. Heart rate calculated from cycle
      length increased from 78 +/- 6 beats/min at stage 12 to 162 +/- 5 beats/min at
      stage 24. ED and ES area increased geometrically versus stage (y = 0.53 - 0.08x +
      0.004x2, r = 0.96, p less than 0.001; and y = 0.60 - 0.09x + 0.004x2, r = 0.98, p
      less than 0.001, respectively). ED and ES perimeter and conotruncal diameter
      increased linearly versus stage (r = 0.95, p less than 0.001; r = 0.96, p less
      than 0.001; and r = 0.93, p less than 0.001; r = 0.93, p less than 0.001,
      respectively). Shortening fraction for each measurement increased from stage 12
      to 16 or 18 then decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295131
TI  - Modification of 7,8-benzoflavone metabolism in hamster liver and kidney
      microsomes by hepatic tumor inducing treatments.
AB  - The effect of pre-treatment of male Syrian golden hamsters with 7,8-benzoflavone
      (BF), with diethylstilbestrol (DES) and with BF plus DES on the metabolism of
      [14C]BF in hepatic and renal microsomes has been studied in vitro. Whereas
      hepatic microsomes from DES-treated animals produced the same pattern of BF
      metabolites as control microsomes, a marked quantitative and qualitative
      alteration of BF metabolism was observed with liver microsomes from animals pre
      treated with BF and with BF plus DES: the metabolic rate was increased and three
      new metabolites were formed which were not observed with control hepatic
      microsomes. These metabolites, which were tentatively identified as BF-5,6
      dihydrodiol and two isomeric dihydroxy-BFs, were not detected in incubations with
      renal microsomes under any pre-treatment regimen. Non-extractable binding of
      radioactivity to hepatic and renal microsomal protein was observed in all
      incubations but did not exhibit as pronounced a dependence on pre-treatment as
      did the pattern of BF metabolites. Based on the metabolic data it is concluded
      that BF induces its own oxidative metabolism. Among the metabolites are reactive
      intermediates that bind to cellular macromolecules and may play an important role
      in tumor formation in the male Syrian hamster liver following prolonged treatment
      with BF plus DES.

PMID- 2295135
TI  - Correlation between cytosolic free calcium, contracture, ATP, and irreversible
      ischemic injury in perfused rat heart.
AB  - The relations between ATP depletion, increased cytosolic free calcium
      concentration [( Cai]), contracture development, and lethal myocardial ischemic
      injury, as evaluated by enzyme release, were examined using 19F nuclear magnetic
      resonance to measure [Cai] in 1,2-bis(2-amino-5-fluorophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'
      tetraacetic acid (5F-BAPTA)-loaded perfused rat hearts. Total ischemia at 37
      degrees C was induced in beating hearts, potassium-arrested hearts, magnesium
      arrested hearts, and hearts pretreated with 0.9 microM diltiazem to reduce but
      not abolish contractility. In the beating hearts, time-averaged [Cai], which is
      intermediate between the systolic and the basal [Cai], was 544 +/- 74 nM. In
      contrast, in the potassium- and magnesium-arrested hearts, the time-averaged
      values are lower than in beating hearts (352 +/- 88 nM for potassium arrest, 143
      +/- 22 nM for magnesium arrest). During ischemia, ATP depletion, contracture, and
      a rise in [Cai] are delayed by cardiac arrest, but all occur more rapidly in the
      potassium-arrested hearts than in the magnesium-arrested hearts. The diltiazem
      treated hearts were generally similar to the magnesium-arrested hearts in their
      response to ischemia. Under all conditions, contracture development was initiated
      after tissue ATP had fallen to less than 50% of control; invariably, there was a
      progressive rise in [Cai] during and following contracture development.
      Reperfusion with oxygenated perfusate shortly after peak contracture development
      resulted in a return of [Cai] to its preischemic level, resynthesis of creatine
      phosphate, no significant enzyme release, and no substantial loss of 5F-BAPTA
      from the heart. The data demonstrate that an increase in [Cai] precedes lethal
      myocardial ischemic injury. This rise in [Cai] may accelerate the depletion of
      cellular ATP and may directly contribute to the development of lethal ischemic
      cell injury.

PMID- 2295134
TI  - Electrical properties of canine subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving in 1-day
      old experimental myocardial infarction.
AB  - The passive electrical properties of subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving in
      infarcted regions of canine ventricle 24 hours after coronary ligation were
      studied by using microelectrode techniques and cable theory. In normal hearts,
      cells within the subendocardial Purkinje fiber strands were found to be well
      coupled to each other but electrically isolated from neighboring myocardium.
      Voltage response to intracellular current injection was consistent with one
      dimensional cable behavior and yielded estimates of passive electrical properties
      in general agreement with previous work on free-running Purkinje strands
      (membrane length constant, 1.2 +/- 0.1 mm; membrane time constant, 7.3 +/- 0.8
      msec; input resistance, 67.4 +/- 7.4 K omega; membrane resistance, 8.2 +/- 0.7 K
      omega.cm; axial resistance, 0.52 +/- 0.06 M omega/cm; membrane capacitance, 960
      +/- 102 nF/cm) (n = 21). On the day after coronary ligation, subendocardial
      Purkinje fiber action potentials were prolonged and slightly depolarized.
      Significant increases were measured in input resistance (+40.5%), membrane
      resistance (+43.9%), and axial resistance (+47.5%), whereas membrane capacitance
      was found to be significantly decreased (-24.3%) (n = 19). Conduction velocity,
      membrane length constant, membrane time constant, and the time constant and
      capacitance for the foot of the action potential remained unchanged. These
      results are consistent with electrical uncoupling between adjacent cells, which
      will increase internal resistivity, accompanied by changes in cellular
      phospholipid content, which can increase membrane resistance and alter membrane
      capacitance. Alternatively, the results can be explained by a simple model in
      which the apparent electrical structure is altered by changes in electrical
      coupling alone, with specific electrical properties remaining constant. Although
      the mechanisms underlying the observed changes remain uncertain, the present
      study indicates that myocardial infarction is associated with alterations in the
      passive electrical structure of surviving subendocardial Purkinje fibers, which,
      together with changes in action potential configuration, may provide a substrate
      for the generation of ventricular arrhythmias 24 hours after coronary ligation.

PMID- 2295136
TI  - Cellular mechanism of the functional refractory period in ventricular muscle.
AB  - A premature action potential elicited in ventricular muscle during the functional
      refractory period of a preceding action potential requires an increased stimulus
      intensity for successful propagation. We measured the cellular basis for these
      relative decreases in tissue excitability during the recovery phase by performing
      parallel experiments on rabbit left papillary muscle and isolated rabbit
      ventricular cells in addition to conducting theoretical studies with numerical
      simulations of action potential initiation. For each experimental preparation,
      the pacing protocol consisted of a train of 10 stimuli (S1) at an S1-S1 interval
      of 500 msec with a premature stimulus (S2) of variable S1-S2 intervals following
      the tenth S1 action potential. The stimulus threshold for initiation of an S2
      action potential (I2) was then measured as a function of the time of occurrence
      of the S2 stimulus relative to the time of 95% repolarization of the tenth S1
      action potential (stimulus delay [SD] time). In the tissue preparation, the I2
      increased sharply for SD times less than 0 msec to a value that was 100% above
      the S1 stimulus threshold for SD time = -5 +/- 2.4 msec (n = 8). Similar
      experiments on the isolated ventricular cell showed no increases in I2 as a
      function of SD time but rather significant decreases in both the action potential
      amplitude (APA) and the maximum rate of rise of the action potential upstroke
      (Vmax) of the S2 action potential. The APA and Vmax for the S2 action potential
      were decreased to 50% of the S1 action potential values for SD time = -5.2 +/-
      2.1 msec and SD time = 0.3 +/- 1.6 msec, respectively (n = 8). Both parameters
      reached 100% recovery by SD time = 10 msec. These results and our numerical
      simulations are consistent with the hypothesis that the decreases in tissue
      excitability that occur with premature stimulation have a cellular mechanism as a
      result of a decrease in cellular responsiveness (APA, Vmax) rather than an
      intrinsic decrease in cellular excitability.

PMID- 2295137
TI  - Prostaglandins in the pericardial fluid modulate neural regulation of cardiac
      electrophysiological properties.
AB  - In response to various stimuli, the pericardium produces prostaglandins that
      might play a role in neural regulation of cardiac electrophysiological properties
      by modulating epicardial nerve effects. We determined the effects of various
      epicardial superfusates on efferent cardiac responses, induced by bilateral
      efferent ansae subclaviae (SS) and cervical vagal (VS) stimulation, and afferent
      cardiac reflexes elicited by intracoronary injections of bradykinin (25
      micrograms) and nicotine (50 micrograms). Pericardial instillation of arachidonic
      acid in normal Tyrode's solution (3 micrograms/ml) increased the concentration of
      pericardial prostacyclin (PGI2), measured by radioimmunoassay as the stable
      metabolite 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Arachidonic acid
      superfusion reduced SS-induced shortening of sinus cycle length (SCL), atrio-His
      interval (AH), and effective refractory period (ERP) of the right and left
      ventricular myocardium and prevented intra-aortic angiotensin II (30 ng/kg/min)
      from augmenting SS effects on these variables. Pericardial arachidonic acid plus
      indomethacin (1 microgram/ml) eliminated the prostaglandin increase and restored
      the responses of SCL, AH, and ERP to SS and to angiotensin II infusion.
      Pericardial PGE2 (30 or 50 ng/ml) or PGI2 (50 ng/ml) reversibly suppressed SS
      induced shortening of SCL and ERP. Pericardial arachidonic acid or PGI2, however,
      did not blunt the shortening of ERP induced by intravenous infusion of
      norepinephrine. Pericardial arachidonic acid did not affect VS-induced
      lengthening of ERP or the duration of sinus arrest, or arterial blood pressure
      and heart rate responses to bradykinin or nicotine. We conclude that an increase
      in the concentration of prostaglandins in the pericardial fluid inhibits efferent
      sympathetic nerve effects on cardiac electrophysiological variables and
      antagonizes the facilitatory action of angiotensin II on efferent sympathetic
      stimulation by acting at presynaptic sites. Increased concentration of
      pericardial prostaglandins in response to various stimuli may constitute a
      physiological negative-feedback control mechanism that regulates efferent cardiac
      sympathetic stimulation.

PMID- 2295138
TI  - Two stable levels of diastolic potential at physiological K+ concentrations in
      human ventricular myocardial cells.
AB  - Cells in many specimens of human ventricle can exhibit either of two stable
      levels of diastolic potential (DP) when exposed to 4 mM K+ in vitro (i.e., -78 +/
      4 mV or -45 +/- 5 mV, mean +/- SEM). In this report we show that the DP of some
      partially depolarized human ventricular cells developed a sustained 25-35 mV
      hyperpolarization (n = 28) when bath K+ concentration (K+b) was raised from 4 to
      7 mM. On return of K+b to 4 mM, the DP of most, but not all, of these cells
      returned to the original depolarized levels. In other cells, the transition
      between the two levels of DP occurred at variable K+b ranging from 1 to 20 mM. We
      investigated the ionic mechanism(s) underlying the shifts between the two levels
      of potential by studying the K+ dependence of the DP in partially depolarized
      cells in 22 specimens of human ventricle. DP hyperpolarized an average of 25.6 mV
      (from -44.4 +/- 1.3 to -70.0 +/- 1.3 mV; n = 25) when K+b was increased from 4 to
      7 mM. Intracellular K+ activity, determined by K+-selective microelectrodes, was
      within the range of normal reported for other mammalian species (106.7 +/- 4.4 mM
      in 4 mM K+; n = 22) and was unaffected by increasing K+b to 7 mM (111.7 +/- 6.6
      mM; n = 6). Ba2+ (0.05 mM), a blocker of the inward rectifying K+ current,
      reversibly prevented the hyperpolarization, whereas acetylstrophanthidin (9
      microM) failed to inhibit it. These results suggest that the hyperpolarization
      was due to a K+-dependent increase in K+ permeability and that electrogenic
      sodium pumping did not contribute significantly to the process. The ionic basis
      of the depolarization from a hyperpolarized level of DP also was investigated.
      Decreasing bath Na+ concentration and exposure to 30 microM tetrodotoxin did not
      prevent the depolarization. However, the depolarization could be inhibited by 2
      mM Mn2+. These findings suggest that the depolarization may have been due to a
      Mn2+-sensitive inward current.

PMID- 2295139
TI  - Effect of cellular uncoupling by heptanol on conduction in infarcted myocardium.
AB  - Experiments were performed in vitro on six normal thin ventricular epicardial
      tissue strips and 10 strips removed from the infarcted regions of dogs 21-60 days
      after experimental myocardial infarction. Conduction was evaluated by mapping
      activation sequences at 40-45 sites over an area of 1 x 2 cm during pacing at a
      basic cycle length of 2,000 msec. The amplitude and length of recorded
      electrograms were also determined at each site. After control recordings,
      heptanol, which increases gap junctional resistance, was added to the tissue bath
      at concentrations ranging between 0.2 and 1.0 mM. In contrast to its effect on
      normal tissues, heptanol caused 75 of 260 previously active sites in the
      infarcted tissues to become inactive. The affected sites were located in areas of
      very slow conduction and/or adjacent to areas of preexisting conduction block. In
      addition, heptanol decreased the length and degree of fractionation of
      electrograms recorded in slowly conducting regions of the infarcted tissues. The
      magnitude of the decrease in electrogram length following heptanol was related to
      the degree of electrogram abnormality during control as reflected in the ratio of
      electrogram length to amplitude. Heptanol shortened electrograms by causing local
      conduction block, which eliminated some components of the fractionated
      electrograms. In an additional eight epicardial strips removed from the infarcted
      region, 0.5 mM heptanol had only a slight effect (10.7% decrease) on the maximum
      rate of membrane depolarization. Thus, heptanol does not act primarily by way of
      depressing the fast inward current. We conclude from heptanol's effects on
      conduction and electrogram characteristics that slow and dissociated conduction
      in the infarcted region is due to an abnormality in gap junctional distribution
      between surviving cells and/or an abnormality in individual gap junctional
      function.

PMID- 2295140
TI  - Late-systolic pumping properties of the left ventricle. Deviation from elastance
      resistance behavior.
AB  - Elastance-resistance [E(t)-R] representations of the left ventricle (LV) were
      evaluated for their ability to reproduce instantaneous pressure [P(t)] and
      outflow [Q(t)]. Experiments were performed in open-chest rats. P(t) and Q(t) were
      measured during steady-state ejecting beats and during a beat in which the aorta
      was suddenly clamped. The degree of clamping varied from partial to total
      occlusion. The total occlusion beat was considered an isovolumic beat that
      generated an isovolumic pressure [Piso(t)] with a characteristic time to maximal
      Piso(t) [Tpisomax]. In ejecting beats, 34% of stroke volume was delivered after
      Tpisomax. P(t) and Q(t) from the steady-state ejecting beats and Piso(t) from the
      clamped beat were then used to estimate parameters of an E(t)-R model. Components
      of P(t) and Q(t) not accounted for by E(t)-R were identified and termed extra
      pressure [Pext(t)] and extra-outflow [Qext(t)]. Pext(t) and Qext(t) were near
      zero valued until Tpisomax; then they became systematically positive and finally
      negative valued after end ejection. During partial aortic occlusion, P(t) was
      elevated and Q(t) was reduced. However, the time of ejection was extended, and
      the fraction of stroke volume delivered after Tpisomax increased as P(t) was made
      higher. Partial occlusion also prolonged the positive phase of Pext(t) and
      Qext(t). Elements possessing "active" and "deactive" properties were added to the
      E(t)-R model in an attempt to account for Pext(t) and Qext(t) during partial
      occlusion. Optional forms of these elements were considered. These expanded E(t)
      R models were fitted to basal ejecting data and then asked to predict data from a
      partial occlusion beat. All expanded models failed to adequately predict the
      partial occlusion pressure and/or outflow. It was concluded that 1) late ejection
      was quantitatively important to LV pumping, 2) behavior during late ejection was
      inconsistent with E(t)-R, and 3) ad hoc modification of E(t)-R models was not
      likely to yield LV pumping models that could satisfactorily reproduce
      instantaneous P(t) and Q(t) behavior over the entire ejection period.

PMID- 2295141
TI  - Spatial heterogeneity of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in nonbeating guinea
      pig ventricular myocytes.
AB  - The spatial distribution of intracellular Ca2+ concentration was determined by
      fluorescent digital imaging microscopy in fura-2-loaded quiescent cardiac
      myocytes isolated from guinea pig ventricle. Fluorescent ratio images revealed
      discrete as well as clustered bright fluorescent spots ("hot spots"), which
      occupied approximately 20-50% of an individual cell's area. The fluorescent
      intensity and the area of the hot spots were increased by agents that deplete
      Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, namely, ryanodine (20-40 nM) and caffeine (5
      15 mM). However, when cells were exposed to agents that deplete mitochondrial
      Ca2+, such as the protonophore, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP,
      100-300 nM), or the inhibitor of electron transport, antimycin A (4-40 nM), the
      fluorescent intensity and the area of the hot spots were reduced. These results
      indicate that the spatial distribution of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the
      ventricular myocytes of guinea pig is quite heterogeneous. The ability of CCCP
      and antimycin A, but not of caffeine and ryanodine, to reduce the fluorescent
      intensity in the hot spots implies that Ca2+ compartmentation in the mitochondria
      is largely responsible for the intracellular Ca2+ heterogeneity seen in the
      present study.

PMID- 2295142
TI  - Stimulation of phospholipid N-methylation by isoproterenol in rat hearts.
AB  - Phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) N-methyltransferase activities were studied in
      rat heart sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticular fractions after a single
      intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol (0.5-5.0 mg/kg). Three active sites
      (I, II, and III) for PtdEtn N-methylation were assayed by measurement of
      [3H]methyl group incorporation from 0.055, 10, and 150 microM S-adenosyl-L
      [methyl-3H]methionine into membrane PtdEtn molecules. Total methylation activity
      for catalytic site I of both sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum was stimulated
      within 2 minutes by isoproterenol in a dose-dependent manner. Although the
      increased methyltransferase activity in sarcoplasmic reticulum was normalized at
      10 minutes, the enzyme activity in sarcolemma was normalized at 5 minutes but was
      again increased at 10-30 minutes after isoproterenol injection. No changes in
      response to isoproterenol were seen for site II and III N-methylation activities
      in either membrane. Individual N-methylated phospholipids (phosphatidyl-N
      monomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine, and
      phosphatidylcholine), which specifically formed at each site, showed similar
      behavior. Pretreatment of the animals with a beta-blocking drug, atenolol, for 2
      days prevented the isoproterenol-induced changes in hemodynamic parameters and
      sarcolemmal methylation without affecting the enhanced methylation activities in
      sarcoplasmic reticulum. In vitro addition of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
      (catalytic subunit) plus Mg-ATP enhanced methyltransferase activities in
      sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum from control hearts by 2.7- and 2.3-fold,
      respectively; however, under the same in vitro conditions, only about 20%
      activation was seen in both subcellular membranes isolated from the heart of
      isoproterenol-injected animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295143
TI  - Residual strain in rat left ventricle.
AB  - Residual stress in an organ is defined as the stress that remains when all
      external loads are removed. Residual stress has generally been ignored in
      published papers on left ventricular wall stress. To take residual stress into
      account in the analysis of stress distributions in a beating heart, one must
      first measure the residual strain in the no-load state of the heart. Residual
      strains in equatorial cross-sectional rings (2-3 mm thick) of five potassium
      arrested rat left ventricles were measured. The effects of friction and external
      loading were reduced by submersing the specimen in fluid, and a hypothermic,
      hyperkalemic arresting solution containing nifedipine and EGTA was used to delay
      the onset of ischemic contracture. Stainless steel microspheres (60-100 microns)
      were lightly imbedded on the surface of the slices, and the coordinates of the
      microspheres were digitized from photographs taken before and after a radial cut
      was made through the left ventricular free wall. Two-dimensional strains computed
      from the deformation of a slice after one radial cut were defined as the residual
      strains in that slice. It was found that the distributions of the principal
      residual stretch ratios were asymmetric with respect to the radial cut: in areas
      where substantial transmural strain gradients existed, the distributions of
      strain components were different on the two sides of the radial cut. A second
      radial cut produced deformations significantly smaller than those produced from
      the first radial cut. Hence, a slice with one radial cut may be considered stress
      free.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295144
TI  - Spatial domain analysis of late ventricular potentials. Intraoperative and
      thoracic correlations.
AB  - For investigation of late potentials seen on the signal-averaged
      electrocardiogram, intracardiac and thoracic distributions of terminal activity
      were analyzed in 16 patients undergoing cryosurgery for ventricular tachycardia
      after remote myocardial infarction. The body surface potentials measured with 63
      time-averaged unipolar leads were compared with epicardial and endocardial
      potential maps in six patients without and 10 patients with bundle-branch block.
      Intracardiac post-QRS activity, defined as extending beyond the thoracic QRS
      offset, was found in five of six patients without bundle-branch block (83%) and
      in five of 10 patients with bundle-branch block (50%), corresponding to 4 +/- 5%
      of the total number of electrograms in each patient. Fragmentation, double
      deflections, and single deflections were observed in 27%, 34%, and 39%,
      respectively, of these post-QRS electrograms. Post-QRS activation patterns that
      were stable from beat to beat showed slow propagation around or within areas of
      conduction block. Post-QRS activity was most often observed on both epicardial
      and endocardial surfaces (five of 10 patients). In the six patients without post
      QRS activity, an area of late activity displaying low-amplitude deflections that
      were masked by the terminal activation of the normal myocardium was identified.
      Isopotential maps of the high-pass-filtered (55-Hz) thoracic and intracardiac
      signals demonstrated a close spatial correlation between the location, amplitude,
      and orientation of the potential extrema observed over the thoracic, epicardial,
      or endocardial surfaces during post-QRS activity. The thoracic patterns were
      generally dipolar with close extrema for anteroseptal or apical sites of post-QRS
      activity and more distant extrema for other sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2295146
TI  - Morphological development of the rat heart growing in oculo in the absence of
      hemodynamic work load.
AB  - We evaluated cardiac muscle development in the absence of hemodynamic work load
      but in the presence of host factors including blood vessels, nerves, and
      circulating neurohumoral agents by transplanting 12-day fetal rat ventricle into
      the anterior eye chamber of adult host rats. Implants were studied by electron
      microscopy at intervals from 1 to 14 weeks in oculo. For comparison with
      myocardium developing in oculo, 12-day fetal tissue and 3-, 8-, and 28-day-old
      normally growing rats were also studied. At 1 week in oculo, myofibrils were
      laterally located and more frequent than in the 12-day fetus. Fibrils had clear Z
      bands and H bands, but no M bands. At 10 days in oculo (comparable to birth in
      normally growing animals), myocyte mitoses were present and tritiated thymidine
      autoradiography revealed many labeled myocyte nuclei. By 5 weeks in oculo, cells
      were filled with mature myofibrils with clear M bands and lateral connections
      between adjacent Z bands. However, myofibril bundles sometimes coursed at sharp
      angles to each other within single cells. Except for the relative lack of
      fibrillar polarization and small cell size, ultrastructure of myocytes developing
      in oculo for 5 or more weeks appeared very similar to myocytes developing in
      normally growing rats. By 10 weeks in oculo, when in situ growing hearts are
      clearly in a hypertrophic phase of growth, no mitoses or tritiated thymidine
      labeled nuclei were present in myocytes, although labeled nonmyocyte nuclei were
      present. Morphometric evaluation revealed no change in myocyte diameter or
      nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio from 1 to 3 weeks in oculo, consistent with
      continued hyperplastic growth. Binucleated cells were present by 3 weeks in oculo
      and later, and the cytoplasm per nucleus increased fourfold between 3 and 5 weeks
      in oculo, suggesting conversion to hypertrophic cell growth. We concluded that
      cells proliferated and differentiated in the absence of a hemodynamic load, but
      that polarized alignment of myocytes and myofibrils was incomplete.

PMID- 2295145
TI  - Impact of carbon monoxide on cardiopulmonary dysfunction after smoke inhalation
      injury.
AB  - With the inhalation of smoke, there are both cardiopulmonary changes and elevated
      levels of carbon monoxide (CO). We hypothesize that these changes in
      cardiopulmonary function are the result of a histotoxic hypoxia associated with
      CO poisoning. This hypothesis was tested in chronically instrumented sheep (n =
      19). Piezoelectric crystals were attached to the left ventricle for the
      measurement of its external minor and major diameters in addition to wall
      thickness. A pressure transducer was placed in the left ventricle via the apex.
      The caudal-mediastinal lymph node was also cannulated. After a five-day recovery
      period, six sheep (smoke group) were insufflated with four series of 16 breaths
      (700 ml/breath) of cotton smoke, and five sheep (control group) were insufflated
      with air using a modified bee smoker (smoke group: COHb, 90 +/- 6%; control
      group: COHb, 6 +/- 1%). Eight sheep (CO group) were ventilated with 2% CO in air
      to reach a COHb of 90% (COHb, 92 +/- 1%). In the smoke group, lung lymph flow
      reached 42 +/- 10 ml/hr at 24 hours after smoke insufflation (baseline, 6 +/- 1
      ml/hr). The maximum elastance of the left ventricle (end-systolic pressure-volume
      ratio), a sensitive index of myocardial contractility, was significantly
      decreased from a baseline of 6.5 +/- 0.9 to 3.3 +/- 0.7 mm Hg/ml. In the control
      and CO group, neither lung lymph flow nor maximum elastance varied from the
      baseline value. We conclude that the cardiopulmonary dysfunction after smoke
      inhalation does not occur after a similar exposure to CO. Initial CO poisoning
      alone is not a causative factor of cardiopulmonary dysfunction after smoke
      inhalation.

PMID- 2295147
TI  - Pathogenetic components of acute ischemic syndromes. Focus on acute ischemic
      stimuli.

PMID- 2295149
TI  - Measures of functional capacity in patients with heart failure.

PMID- 2295148
TI  - Platelet adhesion and aggregation mechanisms: importance in acute cardiovascular
      syndromes and effects of thromboxane A2 antagonism. Proceedings of a symposium.
      London, England, December 17, 1987.

PMID- 2295150
TI  - Evaluation of severity of heart failure using ventilatory gas analysis.
AB  - To evaluate the severity of heart failure, cardiopulmonary exercise testing was
      performed in 99 normal subjects and in 382 patients with cardiac disease.
      Anaerobic threshold, peak oxygen uptake, and the ratio of increase in oxygen
      uptake to work-rate increment were determined by ventilatory and gas exchange
      measurements as indexes for assessing the severity of heart failure. Anaerobic
      threshold and peak oxygen uptake declined with age, and males showed higher
      values than females in both indexes. Anaerobic threshold, as the percentage of
      predicted value for age, sex, and body weight, decreased as New York Heart
      Association (NYHA) class increased as follows: 90.2 +/- 15.4% in class I, 76.9 +/
      13.8% in class II, and 59.7 +/- 11.9% in class III (mean +/- SD). Although the
      ratio of increase in oxygen uptake to work-rate increment was not influenced by
      age or sex, it decreased as the severity of heart disease progressed. These
      results suggest that indexes from cardiopulmonary exercise testing are closely
      related to the pathophysiology of heart failure. We conclude that these indexes
      can be used as objective and reliable parameters for evaluation of the severity
      of heart failure in terms of functional capacity.

PMID- 2295151
TI  - A comparison of methodologies in detection of the anaerobic threshold.
AB  - Peak cardiopulmonary exercise performance is readily evaluated. The most
      appropriate methodology for assessment of submaximal exercise performance,
      however, is a subject of controversy. Therefore, we assessed the difference
      between conventional methodologies using standard criteria to estimate the onset
      of anaerobiosis and compared them with known gas exchange and blood lactate [(
      La]) concentrations. Oxygen uptake (VO2) was determined at both the gas exchange
      anaerobic threshold (ATge) and the lactate threshold (LaT) using the following
      three types of commonly used methodologies in a blinded fashion: 1) conventional
      techniques based on manual inspection of plots of gas exchange indexes and [La]
      versus time, 2) computerized linear regression analysis of two-segment model
      plots for VCO2 versus VO2 and log [La] versus log VO2, and 3) fixed values
      determining the VO2 at a respiratory exchange ratio (VCO2/VO2) of 1.00 and at an
      [La] of 2 mmol/l. Respiratory exchange data were collected on a breath-by-breath
      basis in 30 men with documented myocardial infarction. Simultaneously, arterial
      blood was sampled for [La] every 20 seconds during maximal exercise on an upright
      bicycle ergometer programmed for a continuous ramp protocol of 15 W/min. The mean
      (+/- SD) peak VO2 was 1,463 (+/- 312) ml/min. The mean (+/- SD) VO2 values for
      each method were as follows: (table; see text) These results indicate that a good
      positive correlation exists between the gas exchange and lactate data by all
      three approaches. The chosen fixed values yield the highest threshold detection
      for both ATge and LaT. Detection was lowest using regression analysis for
      LaT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295153
TI  - Overview and future directions.

PMID- 2295152
TI  - The anaerobic threshold in chronic heart failure. Relation to blood lactate,
      ventilatory basis, reproducibility, and response to exercise training.
AB  - In patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), the anaerobic threshold by gas
      exchange (ATge) represents a potentially useful parameter for assessing
      functional disability and the response to therapeutic interventions designed to
      improve exercise tolerance. We measured the ventilatory, hemodynamic, and
      metabolic responses to maximal bicycle exercise in 64 patients with CHF and 38
      age-matched normal subjects. The ratio of ventilation to carbon dioxide
      production (VE/VCO2) was increased during exercise in patients as compared with
      normal subjects although VE was closely related to VCO2 in both individual normal
      subjects and patients (all, r greater than 0.92, p less than 0.01). Increased
      VE/VCO2 in patients was unrelated to increased pulmonary vascular pressures but
      was closely linked to increases in the pulmonary dead space to tidal volume ratio
      (Vd/Vt). Despite hemodynamic abnormalities in patients, PaCO2 was regulated at
      normal levels during exercise. In a second study, we determined the ATge in 18
      patients with CHF and 18 normal subjects by the ventilatory equivalents method.
      The ATge could be identified from unaveraged breath-by-breath data as the initial
      increase in VE/VO2 without an increase in the VE/VCO2 in 15 of 18 patients and in
      16 of 18 normal subjects. The ATge demonstrated good day-to-day reproducibility
      (r = 0.91, p less than 0.001, SEE = 1.74 ml/kg/min) and low interobserver
      variability and was associated with comparable increases in arterial lactate in
      the two groups above the resting value, 0.9 +/- 0.4 mM/l in patients and 0.8 +/-
      0.5 mM/l in normal subjects. To examine the effects of a chronic intervention on
      the ATge, 12 patients with CHF underwent exercise training for 4-6 months.
      Training resulted in a 23% improvement in peak VO2 and a decrease in blood
      lactate accumulation during submaximal exercise. This was associated with
      decreased VE and VCO2 during submaximal exercise, an increased VO2 at which the
      ATge occurred from 10.1 +/- 1.2 ml/kg/min to 12.1 +/- 2.6 ml/kg/min (p less than
      0.01) and an increase in exercise duration during a symptom-limited, constant
      work-rate protocol (938 +/- 110 seconds vs. 1,421 +/- 691 seconds, p less than
      0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2295154
TI  - Accessory cell function in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected
      patients.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human immunodeficiency virus seropositive
      (HIV+) individuals who did not exhibit symptoms of acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) (Walter Reed Stage 1 patients) were tested for accessory cell
      function for presentation of recall antigens to autologous T lymphocytes and for
      presentation of HLA alloantigens to T lymphocytes from healthy, HIV- donors.
      Neither experimental model indicated a defect in accessory cell function at this
      early stage after HIV infection, although our study does not exclude the
      possibility of accessory cell dysfunction at a later stage of AIDS development.

PMID- 2295155
TI  - Neutrophil adhesion in the elderly: inhibitory effects of plasma from elderly
      patients.
AB  - Neutrophil (PMN) adherence is a critical component of host defense against
      infection. We questioned whether abnormalities of PMN adherence may be
      responsible, in part, for the increased susceptibility to infection in the
      elderly. We examined the adherence of 51Cr-labeled PMN from 18 elderly (65-95
      years) and 18 younger subjects (18-40 years) to gelatin-coated plastic (gel) and
      bovine aortic endothelial monolayers (BAEC). There was no difference in
      unstimulated or baseline adherence of elderly or control PMN to either gel or
      BAEC substrates. N-Formyl-methionyleucylphenylalanine (FMLP), phorbol myristate
      acetate (PMA), and calcium ionophore A23187 (CI) significantly increased
      adherence of elderly PMN to gel and BAEC by 204 and 140% for FMLP, 271 and 263%
      for PMA, and 211 and 150% for CI, respectively. No differences were observed in
      the increment in stimulated adherence between young and elderly PMN. In contrast,
      in 5 of 18 subjects, incubation of elderly or young PMN with 10% elderly plasma
      resulted in greater than 25% inhibition in baseline adherence to BAEC compared to
      their sex-matched controls. The effect of elderly plasma was specific for BAEC
      and not seen with the gel substrate and was also demonstrated using human venous
      endothelium. When the adherence assay was repeated with varying ratios of elderly
      and young plasma, PMN adherence to BAEC correlated inversely with the proportion
      of elderly plasma in the assay. With greater than 70% elderly plasma, adherence
      was depressed below that observed in the absence of plasma. These data suggest
      the presence of a factor(s) in elderly plasma which may diminish adherence to
      endothelium. This factor(s) may be important in the increased risk of infection
      in a segment of the elderly population.

PMID- 2295156
TI  - Clinical significance of platelet-associated immunoglobulins in narcotic addicts
      with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Increased amounts of platelet-associated immunoglobulin G (PAIgG) have been
      reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with
      thrombocytopenia. We have prospectively investigated PAIgG in 21 asymptomatic
      (group A; CDC stages IIA-IIB) and 9 symptomatic (group B: CDC stages IIIB-IV) HIV
      infected narcotic addicts. In both groups only two subjects presented with a
      decreased platelet count. By competitive ELISA, we found a 1.8- and 2.3-fold
      greater total PAIgG (PAIgGtot) as measured on platelet lysates in group A and B,
      respectively; surface-bound IgG (PAIgGsurf) as measured on intact platelets was
      2.5- and 3.0-fold greater in groups A and B, respectively, as compared to 36
      controls. The ratio between PAIgGtot and PAIgGsurf was lower in HIV-infected
      addicts when compared to controls (P less than 0.05). This indicates that
      platelets from HIV-infected subjects not only have increased surface and internal
      pools of PAIgG, but also present with a distribution between these two pools that
      differs from that of normal platelets. In addition, levels of circulating immune
      complexes (CIC) were abnormally raised in 17/21 (81%) subjects of group A in 6/9
      (66%) subjects of group B.

PMID- 2295158
TI  - Bipolar femoral prosthesis.

PMID- 2295157
TI  - Pseudoautoimmunity in normal mice: anti-histone antibodies elicited by
      immunization versus induction during graft-versus-host reaction.
AB  - Native preparations of evolutionarily conserved intracellular macromolecules are
      generally nonimmunogenic when injected in soluble form. However, vigorous immune
      responses were observed when common autoantigens such as histones, DNA or Sm
      antigen, or homologous liver homogenate were noncovalently coupled to latex beads
      prior to injection into mice. Antibody response to histone beads displayed
      immunologic memory and required a functional thymus, suggesting that T-helper
      cells were involved. However, bead-elicited autoantibodies could be distinguished
      from true autoantibodies in that they reacted with denatured, minor, or foreign
      components of the preparations or to regions unexposed in the native form of the
      immunogen. This response contrasted with spontaneously arising autoantibodies
      accompanying graft-versus-host (GVH) disease in the same strain of mice which
      preferred native nucleoprotein conformations within nuclei, chromatin, or DNA
      histone complexes. Histone beads elicited antihistone antibodies displaying a
      sustained IgM isotype in contrast to spontaneously arising autoantibodies in GVH
      disease which were predominantly IgG. These studies demonstrate that immunization
      with autoantigens does not usually elicit true autoantibodies and suggest that
      lymphocyte populations responsible for pseudoautoimmune responses are different
      from autoantibody-producing cells. We speculate that if autoimmunity is driven by
      particulate forms of in vivo self-materials, additional factors are required for
      breaking the natural tolerance to native conformations within the immunogen.

PMID- 2295159
TI  - Acetabular revision with a bipolar prosthesis.
AB  - In using bipolar prostheses for selected acetabular revision two groups were
      identified, those with an intact ring with thin flexible walls and those
      requiring massive allografting. In the intact ring group (15 cases), the largest
      possible bipolar head was used with minimal grafting. These have uniformly been
      trouble-free with acetabular reconstitution with minimal to no migration. In the
      massive allograft group (22 cases), the results have not been so spectacular,
      with only 55% good or excellent results. This is not necessarily a function of
      the acetabulum, since many of the femurs in this group also required
      allografting. No major migration has occurred, but the follow-up period is less
      than three years, and some migration is probably to be anticipated. It is
      concluded that, in these two situations, use of a bipolar prosthesis is a simple
      technique for dealing, at least in the short term, with a very difficult problem.

PMID- 2295160
TI  - Bateman bipolar hips with autologous bone graft reinforcement for dysplastic
      acetabula.
AB  - Dysplastic acetabula treated with cemented sockets have shown shortcomings due to
      loosening, bone erosion, and implant migration. A Bateman bipolar prosthesis was
      used, and the deficient superior acetabular lip was augmented with autologous
      femoral head graft. The surgical technique "locked" the bipolar cup in the
      reconstructed acetabulum. In a prospective clinical analysis, 21 hips were
      followed for a mean of 47 months. Results were excellent or good in 13 hips, fair
      in eight, and poor in none. Cementing the femoral component led to improved
      results. Migration of the cup was not a major problem. All grafts united, and
      none resorbed.

PMID- 2295161
TI  - Bipolar components for severe periacetabular bone loss around the failed total
      hip arthroplasty.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients had revision of a failed total hip arthroplasty using a
      bipolar component to replace the acetabulum. The procedure was done when
      periacetabular bone loss precluded stable fixation of the revision component to
      bone. In addition, three of the operations were done for recurrent dislocation in
      patients with severe medical problems. Significant component migration occurred
      in one case, and one patient required reoperation for dislocation in the early
      postoperative period. Functional results in these 27 patients were quite
      satisfactory; bone grafts reliably became consolidated to the host pelvis.

PMID- 2295162
TI  - Use of bipolar hip arthroplasty in states of acetabular deficiency.
AB  - Bipolar hip arthroplasty was performed on 557 hips from December 1980 to June
      1988. The clinical results and serial roentgenograms of 37 hips with acetabular
      deficiency, treated by arthroplasty from December 1980 to June 1983, were
      followed for a minimum of five years. The longest follow-up period was seven
      years and six months after the operation. The clinical score was assessed by the
      hip rating score of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, which assigns a maximum
      of 100 points. The preoperative clinical score ranged from 24 to 56 points (mean,
      42.2 points). The postoperative score improved to a range of 71-100 points (mean,
      82.7 points). Of 37 hips examined, 31 hips were pain-free. As measured from the
      serial roentgenograms after the operation, the overall distance of central
      migration of the prosthesis in 37 hips was 0-5 mm, with an average of 1.4 mm, two
      years after the operation. At the five-year follow-up evaluation, 27 of 37 hips
      showed no additional central migration. The overall distance of superior
      migration of the prosthesis in 37 hips was from 0 to 8 mm, with an average of 2.6
      mm, two years after the operation. Additional superior migration was noticed in
      18 of 37 hips (48.6%) at the time of this five-year follow-up evaluation.

PMID- 2295163
TI  - Reconstruction of the deficient acetabulum using the bipolar socket.
AB  - Although originally conceived as part of a two-stage procedure for the
      reconstruction of the deficient acetabulum, the use of a bipolar/grafting
      technique in selected patients can provide acceptable results as a definitive
      procedure. Critical technical considerations include proper preparation and
      grafting of the acetabular bed and careful sizing of the outer bipolar shell.
      Acceptable levels of pain relief and functional gain were obtained in 47 cases,
      with a follow-up mean Harris hip score of 86. Despite some initial socket
      migration in all hips, roentgenographic stability was gained after the first
      year. One acetabular failure was related to graft placement in the superolateral
      position. Bipolar reconstruction is indicated for contained acetabular defects
      only. In addition, the surgeon must have access to a complete inventory of socket
      sizes to ensure a proper fit and a bone bank to obtain adequate amounts of
      allogeneic bone.

PMID- 2295164
TI  - Posterior fusion for Scheuermann's kyphosis.
AB  - Ten patients with Scheuermann's kyphosis were surgically treated with posterior
      spine fusion and Harrington heavy compression-rod instrumentation. This procedure
      relieved pain and deformity in all ten patients. The average follow-up period was
      26.6 months. The average curve before surgery was 71.4 degrees and at follow-up
      examination was 39.3 degrees. The postoperative correction of kyphosis averaged
      32 degrees (45%), with an average loss of correction of 7.8 degrees. Posterior
      fusion with Harrington heavy compression-rod instrumentation may prove to be the
      procedure of choice in Scheuermann's kyphosis that is severe but flexible on
      hyperextension with a curve greater than 65 degrees.

PMID- 2295165
TI  - Complete fracture-dislocation of the lower lumbar spine with spontaneous
      neurologic decompression.
AB  - Complete posterior fracture-dislocation of the lumbar spine at L4-L5 level
      occurred in an 18-year-old male patient, who remained neurologically intact. The
      body of L4 with the vertebral column above was totally displaced behind the body
      of L5. The posterior elements of L5 were fractured and displaced posteriorly with
      L4, and this led to marked widening of the canal with spontaneous neurologic
      decompression. Open reduction and internal fixation with a sacral rod and two
      Harrington rods restored the anatomic relationship. In spite of the good
      reduction immediately obtained after surgery, two months later the fracture
      showed some redisplacement. The implants were removed, and a bone graft was
      transplanted for additional support. Seven months after trauma, the patient is
      asymptomatic and the spine is solidly fused. In spite of the risk of neurologic
      deterioration involved during surgery, open reduction and internal fixation were
      performed because they offered the best chance of healing, producing a
      biomechanically sound spine, and decreasing the risk of delayed neurologic
      deterioration. Because of the relatively wide neural canal at the lumbar level
      and the absence of spinal cord from the neural elements at the level of the
      injury, the risk of permanent neurologic deficit being produced during surgery
      was considered minimal.

PMID- 2295166
TI  - Symptomatic scapholunatotriquetral carpal coalition with fusion of the
      capitatometacarpal joint. Report of a case.
AB  - Carpal coalition is not an uncommon entity. It is most often asymptomatic and
      coincidentally noted on roentgenograms. The most common location is between the
      lunate and the triquetrum, although nearly every combination has been reported.
      Reported is a 33-year-old man with a symptomatic scapholunatotriquetral carpal
      coalition associated with capitatometacarpal coalition. This condition seems not
      to have been previously reported in the literature.

PMID- 2295167
TI  - Carpal tunnel syndrome. Evaluation of a quantitative provocational diagnostic
      test.
AB  - A diagnostic test combining the sensitivity of the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament
      measurement and the specificity of the wrist flexion provocational test has been
      evaluated in a group of 21 patients (33 hands) with electrodiagnostically
      verified carpal tunnel syndrome and 30 asymptomatic hands (controls). Semmes
      Weinstein monofilament testing consisted of several sensory threshold
      measurements obtained by the application of force-calibrated Semmes-Weinstein
      monofilaments to each digit in the hand with the wrist in neutral position. The
      quantitative provocational diagnostic test employed Semmes-Weinstein measurements
      obtained with the wrist both in the neutral and flexed positions. The sensitivity
      (82%) and specificity (86%) of the combined test were calculated. It was more
      sensitive and specific than the wrist flexion test alone and more specific than
      the Semmes-Weinstein sensibility test. The combined test is recommended as the
      most accurate and sensitive quantitative clinical test for median nerve
      compression evaluated by the authors to date.

PMID- 2295168
TI  - Irreducible epiphyseal plate fracture of the distal ulna due to interposition of
      the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. A case report.
AB  - It is well known that tendon or muscle interposition can cause fractures to be
      irreducible by closed means. A rare tendon interposition of extensor carpi
      ulnaris occurred in an 11-year-old boy. The isolated displaced distal ulnar
      physeal injury was the result of a motor vehicle accident. Attempts to perform a
      closed reduction failed. At operation, an interposed extensor carpi ulnaris
      tendon was found. After repositioning the tendon, a near anatomic reduction was
      easily accomplished. Only two cases seem to have been reported in the literature
      on the need for open reduction of distal ulnar physeal injury, none with an
      interposed tendon. Interposed extensor carpi ulnaris tendon should be considered
      as a cause of irreducible displaced distal ulna epiphyseal fracture.

PMID- 2295170
TI  - Femoral head collapse associated with anorexia nervosa in a 20-year-old ballet
      dancer.
AB  - Femoral head collapse occurred in a 20-year-old ballet dancer with anorexia
      nervosa. The patient developed anorexia nervosa at the age of 11 years and had
      short stature. The condition never resolved, and she developed pain and stiffness
      in the right hip at the age of 18 years, with documentation of femoral head
      collapse on roentgenograms a year later. The patient had delayed pubertal
      maturation with a bone age of 13 years, primary amenorrhea, and hypoestrogenism.
      Evaluation for metabolic bone disease was negative, and dual-photon
      absorptiometry showed significantly decreased bone mass with a bone biopsy
      revealing only diffuse osteoporosis. Possible etiologic mechanisms of
      osteonecrosis including repetitive microtrauma and various factors predisposing
      to femoral head collapse in young women required further investigation.

PMID- 2295169
TI  - Total femur replacement. A case report with 35-year follow-up study.
AB  - In 1965, Buchman published a report of a total femur and knee joint replacement
      he had performed the previous year. He reported this was his second total femur
      replacement and made passing reference to his first such case, noting only that
      it had been undertaken in a desperate effort to avert a hip disarticulation. The
      present authors report a 35-year follow-up study of Buchman's first case, the
      earliest known case of a total femur and knee joint replacement.

PMID- 2295171
TI  - Hip rotation and in-toeing gait. A study of normal subjects from four years until
      adult age.
AB  - In a selected population, from four years old up to adult age, the function of
      1522 hips of 761 apparently normal subjects of both genders were studied to
      define: (1) the lower and upper limits of normal hip rotation; and (2) the
      frequency of in-toeing gait related to age and gender. Internal and external
      rotation were measured with the subject lying prone with flexed knees. Presence
      of in-toeing gait was noted. A significant reduction of internal rotation with
      age was found in both females and males. In all age groups, females had
      significantly higher range of internal rotation than males. External rotation did
      not show the same age and gender dependency. Sixteen percent of all subjects had
      an in-toeing gait. The frequency decreased from 30% in the four-year-old group to
      4% in adults. The subjects with in-toeing had a significantly increased internal
      rotation and decreased external rotation.

PMID- 2295172
TI  - Bone scans after total knee arthroplasty in asymptomatic patients. Cemented
      versus cementless.
AB  - The natural history of bone scans after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was studied
      in 26 patients with 28 cemented TKAs and 29 patients with 31 cementless TKAs. The
      bone scans were examined at specified postoperative intervals. Radionuclide
      activity of the femoral, tibial, and patellar regions was measured. Six patients
      who developed pain postoperatively were excluded. Bone scans immediately
      postoperative and at three months demonstrated increased uptake, which gradually
      decreased to baseline levels at ten to 12 months. Radioisotope uptake was
      comparable in the cemented and cementless groups, but was highly variable in
      individual patients and in each of the follow-up periods. A single postoperative
      bone scan cannot differentiate component loosening from early bone remodeling.
      Sequential bone scans, as a supplement to the clinical examination and
      conventional radiography, may prove useful in the diagnosis of TKA failure.

PMID- 2295173
TI  - Porous coated anatomic tricompartmental tibial components. The relationship
      between prosthetic position and micromotion.
AB  - Micromotion of the tibial component, both as migration over time and as inducible
      displacement in response to external physiologic forces, was studied in 20 cases
      of gonarthrosis. The patients had Porous Coated Anatomic primary total knee
      arthroplasty and were followed for four years. All cases but one were clinically
      successful. Thirteen components were inserted without cement, while in seven,
      high-viscosity Palacos cement was used. Full postoperative weight bearing was
      allowed in all cases. During the first year, noncemented components migrated a
      mean of 2.6 mm, while cemented components migrated a mean of 1.1 mm. About 1 mm
      of migration of noncemented components was in the downward direction, i.e.,
      subsidence occurred, mostly during the first year. After one year, the
      noncemented components had stabilized more than the cemented ones. There was a
      significant correlation between the migration after one year and the
      postoperative prosthetic position and alignment of the leg. A mean maximum
      inducible displacement (the total vector displacement of the prosthetic marker
      that moved the most) of 0.7 mm and 0.4 mm was found for noncemented and cemented
      components, respectively. The micromotion found was of the same magnitude as that
      for other cemented and noncemented prosthetic systems previously reported.

PMID- 2295174
TI  - Fat embolism syndrome following the intramedullary alignment guide in total knee
      arthroplasty.
AB  - Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a well-known complication of total hip
      arthroplasty (THA). FES occurs less frequently in total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
      than in THA. A 67-year-old woman developed FES after placement of the
      intramedullary femoral alignment guide during TKA. The diagnosis is based upon a
      subtle, but significant change in the oxygen saturation after placement of the
      guide. This potentially fatal complication may be avoided with a simple
      precautionary step of intramedullary canal marrow aspiration prior to placement
      of the alignment guide pin.

PMID- 2295175
TI  - Bateman bipolar hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fractures. A five- to ten-year
      follow-up study.
AB  - Displaced femoral neck fractures in 128 patients were treated with cemented
      Bateman universal proximal femoral bipolar hemiarthroplasties. The follow-up
      period ranged from five to ten years. In the surviving 49 cases, the average
      follow-up period was seven years and five months. Seventy-nine percent of
      surviving patients had no or slight pain after their primary procedure. None of
      these patients developed acetabular protrusio. Ten percent of the survivors
      required late revision; 88% of the unrevised hips had no or slight pain. When
      compared with studies of noncemented Moore and Thompson fixed-head prostheses,
      the cemented Bateman bipolar prosthesis had decreased protrusio and less pain.

PMID- 2295176
TI  - Posterolateral bone graft of the tibia.
AB  - A series of 30 high-energy tibial diaphyseal fractures in 30 patients were
      treated with posterolateral bone grafting (1984-1987). All of the fractures were
      open, a majority being Gustillo Type III with significant soft-tissue injury,
      comminution, or segmental bone loss. The common mechanisms of injury included
      motorcycle, pedestrian versus automobile, and motor vehicle accidents. Nineteen
      of 30 fractures were treated with a posterolateral bone graft within six months
      of the initial injury, and 11 of 30 were grafted after established nonunion.
      Union was obtained in 29 of 30 fractures (97%). Healing time from the time of
      grafting ranged from three to 12 months, with an average of 4.7 months. One
      patient had a below-knee amputation because of uncontrolled chronic
      osteomyelitis, drainage, and nonunion. Posterolateral bone grafts consistently
      produced rapid healing of delayed union as well as established nonunion.

PMID- 2295177
TI  - Biomechanical analysis of pin placement and pin size for external fixation of
      distal radius fractures.
AB  - A series of biomechanical analyses were performed to explain the recent reduction
      in treatment-related complications of external fixation of distal radius
      fractures using a limited open approach for pin placement and larger 4-mm self
      tapping half pins. A comparison of pull-out strength, stress concentration
      effect, and inherent bending strength of 3- and 4-mm half pins was performed. The
      effect of proximal pin placement in the radius or in the ulna and the effect of
      distal pin placement in four, six, or eight metacarpal cortices were determined.
      These analyses demonstrate that the 4-mm self-tapping half pins result in a
      significantly higher pull-out strength and only a small decrease in torsional
      load strength of the bone. They also demonstrate that proximal pin fixation in
      the radius produces the most stable fixation and that distal pin fixation into
      six metacarpal cortices produces a strong configuration that does not violate the
      interosseous muscles of the second intrinsic compartment. The rate of treatment
      related complications in the external fixation of distal radius fractures
      (specifically, pin loosening, bending and breakage, fracture through pin sites,
      collapse at the fracture site, and intrinsic contracture) are addressed in this
      study. Such complications can be minimized by using 4-mm pins after central
      predrilling, with proximal placement in the radius and distal placement through
      six cortices of the bases of the second and third metacarpals.

PMID- 2295178
TI  - Metastatic bone disease. A study of the surgical treatment of 166 pathologic
      humeral and femoral fractures.
AB  - A retrospective study of the surgical treatment of 166 metastatic lesions of the
      humerus and femur in 147 patients was performed. There were 106 women and 41 men
      whose average age was 62 years. Two-thirds of the patients were treated for
      complete fractures, while one-third were treated for impending fractures. Breast,
      lung, and kidney carcinoma accounted for the majority of the primary lesions. One
      half of the patients died within nine months of surgery, while one-quarter were
      alive 19.1 months after surgery. The patients with breast cancer had the best
      prognosis, while the patients with lung cancer had the worst. The probability of
      implant failure increased linearly with time to 33% at 60 months. The probability
      of failure for the femoral lesions was greater, with 44% at 60 months. The
      average survival in the patients with failed fixation in the femoral lesions was
      34.5 months with a mean interval to failure at 17.7 months. The failure rate was
      high (23%) in proximal femoral lesions treated with a compression screw or nail
      plate. Common reasons for failure included poor initial fixation, improper
      implant selection, and progression of disease within the operative field. Bone
      cement augmentation should be used with the fixation device when possible.
      Complications due to hip-screw cut-out from the head may also be reduced by
      applying bone cement around the screw threads.

PMID- 2295179
TI  - Exposed endoprosthesis. Management protocol using muscle and myocutaneous flap
      coverage.
AB  - A tenet in the orthopedic community is that dehiscent wounds overlying exposed
      prostheses should be treated by implant removal and delayed reconstruction. A
      management protocol using thorough debridement and irrigation and muscle flap
      coverage was accomplished in four patients with exposed endoprostheses after
      total arthroplasty or limb salvage surgery. Predisposing factors for late wound
      dehiscence in the four oncology patients were preoperative radiation and
      chemotherapy as well as multiple subsequent reoperations. In this study, all four
      prostheses and extremities were retained without the need for prosthetic removal
      or exchange. No infections developed. Late aseptic wound dehiscence with exposed
      conventional or tumor endoprosthesis need not be managed with prosthetic removal,
      arthrodesis, or amputation. This one-stage procedure avoided infection, allowed
      early mobilization, shortened hospitalization and, most important, avoided
      amputations.

PMID- 2295180
TI  - Septic arthritis in the elderly.
AB  - Twenty-one patients older than 60 years of age with septic arthritis were
      reviewed over a ten-year period. The knee was the joint most commonly involved.
      Concurrent medical illnesses were noted in the majority of patients, with
      diabetes mellitus present in 24%. Seventy-one percent of patients had
      roentgenographic evidence of preexisting joint disease in the affected joint.
      Most patients were afebrile and had normal white blood cell counts at the time of
      admission. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated in all patients
      tested, with an average value of 79. Despite surgical treatment in the majority
      of patients, the complication rate was high, with 38% developing osteomyelitis;
      14%, secondary osteoarthritis; and 19%, mortality due to sepsis. Septic arthritis
      in the elderly is difficult to diagnose and carries a poor prognosis despite
      aggressive management.

PMID- 2295181
TI  - Fusobacterium osteomyelitis associated with intraosseous gas.
AB  - The diagnosis of acute anaerobic osteomyelitis was made in a 57-year-old
      hypertensive diabetic woman complaining of groin pain and fever. Roentgenograms
      and computed tomography demonstrated intraosseous gas in the right femoral head
      and surrounding soft tissue. Cultures obtained from open biopsy were positive for
      the anaerobic gram-negative bacillus Fusobacterium necrophorum, a normal
      inhabitant of the mouth, bowel, and urogenital tract. The patient responded to an
      antibiotic regimen of metronidazole combined with initial debridement and
      drainage, followed by resection of the femoral head (Girdle-stone arthroplasty).
      The hospital course was complicated by fungal and pseudomonal superinfection. The
      patient was afebrile and ambulatory at discharge two months after admission. A
      case of Fusobacterium necrophorum osteomyelitis causing intraosseous gas seems
      not to have been previously reported in the literature.

PMID- 2295182
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus cultured from bone. Implications for
      transplantation.
AB  - This study demonstrates by a virologic culture method that human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) resides in bone. After freezing, some initially positive specimens no
      longer yielded virus, but those that continued to yield virus were not further
      altered by subsequent washing, which removed essentially all marrow, or by freeze
      drying. The safeguards against potential transmission of HIV by a bone allograft
      are principally the screening and testing methods previously described, although
      there may be a further reduction of the remote residual risk by the freezing step
      in the usual technical sequence for tissue banking by sterile techniques.

PMID- 2295184
TI  - Experience with bipolar prosthesis in femoral neck fractures in the elderly and
      debilitated.
AB  - Eighty-eight bipolar Bateman hip endoprostheses for medial femoral neck fractures
      were implanted. The average age of the patients was 75 years. Intrahospital
      results proved the morbidity and mortality rates to be well within acceptable
      limits. Thirty patients were followed during periods of 12-74 months (median, 33
      months). According to Charnley evaluation, mobility was excellent and very good
      in 20 patients (86%). Good function was present in 63% of patients. The majority
      of patients belonged to category C as defined by Charnley. Mild pain was present
      in 19 patients (63%); in only two cases, involving severe rheumatoid arthritis,
      pain was clearly related to sinkage. Radiographically, no visible protrusion or
      socket wear was present. Periarticular ossification occurred in 19 patients, but
      this did not impair function.

PMID- 2295183
TI  - Rehabilitation of children and infants with osteogenesis imperfecta. A program
      for ambulation.
AB  - Management of children and infants with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) poses
      difficult decisions for pediatricians, orthopedists, and physiatrists. These
      children are frequently frail with disabling bone and joint deformities and
      fractures. In an eight-year cumulative management of 12 children with OI, a
      comprehensive program included strengthening exercises to the pelvic girdle and
      lower extremity muscles, in addition to pool exercises and molded seating to
      support upright posture. Long leg braces were fitted when the children were able
      to sit unsupported. All 12 were fitted with braces; nine were functional
      ambulators, and three were home ambulators. Six children required femoral plating
      or rodding, two of whom subsequently had the metal removed. Lower extremity
      fractures averaged one and one-half per year prior to bracing for nine children
      who had fractures. There was 0.83 fracture per year for the ten children who had
      fractures after bracing. The degree of femoral bowing increased in four,
      decreased in four, and remained unchanged in four, while the degree of tibial
      bowing increased in two, decreased in nine, and remained unchanged in one during
      the observation period. A comprehensive rehabilitation program and long leg
      bracing with surgical operations on the femur result in a high level of
      functional activity for children with OI with an acceptable level of risk for
      fracture.

PMID- 2295185
TI  - Pseudoaneurysm of the radial artery as a cause of a late compartment syndrome. A
      case report.
AB  - Pseudoaneurysm has been reported in the literature as a cause of compartment
      syndrome. The onset of the subsequent compartment syndrome is usually early.
      Often, while the compartment syndrome is diagnosed and treated, the
      pseudoaneurysm is missed. A second operative procedure is then necessary. A 40
      year-old woman illustrates an unusual case of a late compartment syndrome,
      following the development of a radial artery pseudoaneurysm three weeks after a
      penetrating injury. It is important to investigate the vascular tree in
      compartment syndromes after a penetrating injury, no matter how late the patient
      is seen.

PMID- 2295186
TI  - Axial rotation gravity goniometer. A simple design of instrument and a controlled
      reliability study.
AB  - A new model of convenient measuring device, axial rotation gravity goniometer
      (ARGG), was designed to improve the reliability in measuring rotary motions of
      the forearm and shoulder. Inter-tester reliability was significantly higher for
      ARGG than for the standard plastic goniometer.

PMID- 2295187
TI  - Regional programs for surgical bone banking.
AB  - The findings of a survey of 12 regional programs engaged in collection, storage,
      and distribution of surgical bone grafts are described in this report. In
      approximately one year, 1944 grafts (mostly femoral heads) were collected. The
      overall discard rate for the grafts was 30%. An unacceptable medical history, and
      laboratory evidence of positive screening tests for hepatitis B surface antigen
      and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies accounted for 34.0%, 3.4%, and
      1.2% of the discard rate, respectively. Eighty-seven percent of the grafts were
      used for three surgical procedures, i.e., revision hip surgery, spinal fusions,
      and treatment of nonunited fractures. The practices and experiences of the
      regional program described in this report of surgical bone collection and
      transplantation appear to be similar to those previously described for the
      community-hospital-based institutional programs. Regional programs represent an
      alternative approach to institutional programs in surgical bone banking.

PMID- 2295189
TI  - Pubic osteolysis. A benign lesion of the pelvis closely mimicking a malignant
      neoplasm.
AB  - Pubic osteolysis is now recognized as a distinct diagnostic entity. It is
      characterized by roentgenographic findings of rapidly progressing destructive
      changes in the pubic rami, pubis, or pubic symphysis. A soft-tissue mass with
      calcification may be present. Overlapping roentgenographic and even
      histopathologic features with chondrosarcoma may lead to erroneous diagnosis and
      over-treatment. Each of the six new cases of pubic osteolysis in this report
      involved middle-aged to elderly females. Three out of six cases had no antecedent
      trauma. The pathologic findings were extensive reparative changes that included
      metaplastic cartilage, bone formation, and granulation tissue with myxoid and
      angiomatoid patterns. Four of the six cases were initially diagnosed after biopsy
      as low-grade malignancies. One of these was treated with a partial pelvectomy.
      The follow-up period in the cases was from one to 41 months. In all cases, the
      initial complaints of pain about the pelvis gradually subsided with conservative
      therapy. Differentiating pubic osteolysis, osteitis pubis, and pubic
      osteomyelitis should not be difficult; pertinent differential features are
      discussed.

PMID- 2295188
TI  - The efficacy of direct current electrical stimulation to enhance canine spinal
      fusions.
AB  - A prospective experimental study was devised to examine the effect of direct
      current electrical stimulation on the healing of lumbar spinal fusions. Twelve
      mongrel dogs had posterior facet fusion bilaterally at L1-L2 and L4-L5. A direct
      current electrical stimulator was placed through each facet fusion. One-half of
      the electrodes were functional, while the remainder served as controls. Two
      animals were killed at two and four weeks, and four animals were killed at six
      and 12 weeks, postoperatively. Each facet fusion was evaluated using high
      resolution roentgenograms and routine histology. In the two-, four-, and six-week
      specimens, there was little difference in the roentgenographic or histologic
      appearance of the control and stimulated fusions. However, by 12 weeks, all eight
      stimulated facet joints showed roentgenographic and histologic evidence of solid
      bony fusion, but none of the eight control facet joints demonstrated osseous
      bridging of the fusion site. The results of this study suggest that direct
      current electrical stimulation appears to enhance the bony union of facet fusions
      in the canine lumbar spine.

PMID- 2295190
TI  - Osseous xanthomatosis associated with type IIb hyperlipidemia.

PMID- 2295191
TI  - Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur.

PMID- 2295192
TI  - Office management of frozen shoulder syndrome.

PMID- 2295193
TI  - The long-stem bipolar prosthesis in surgery of the hip.
AB  - More than 500 hips, with either displaced fractures of the femoral neck or
      primary or revision total hip arthroplasty, were treated by a straight, long-stem
      (305-mm), Bateman-type bipolar model (BBM). The BBM was not porous coated, and it
      is not cemented in place. The femoral component is secured in the femoral canal
      by means of biomechanical fixation. It is biologic by bone ingrowth through the
      fenestration in the proximal neck. It is mechanical by a snug fit in the isthmus
      and by three-point fixation within the shaft. The removed femoral head is
      morselized in the bone mill and packed into the prepared femoral canal to enhance
      a tight fit. The collar of the BBM transfers stress to the calcar. Postoperative
      roentgenograms show incorporation of bone graft within the fenestration of the
      prosthesis and no stress shielding of the calcar. The acetabulum requires reaming
      only if it is shallow or asymmetric. It usually presents no problem except in
      revision total hip arthroplasty. The present authors have used the BBM almost
      exclusively since 1981. After eight years, the BBM has stood up well to the test
      of time and presented few major problems.

PMID- 2295194
TI  - Comparison of bipolar implants with fixed-neck prostheses in femoral-neck
      fractures.
AB  - A retrospective study of 76 Bateman universal proximal femoral endoprostheses
      with a mean follow-up period of 32 months was compared to a group of 36 Thompson
      endoprostheses and 16 Moore endoprostheses, with a mean follow-up period of 35
      months and 31 months, respectively. Harris hip scores, when corrected for
      preoperatively impaired function, yielded a mean score of 85 for the Bateman
      group, compared to a mean of 77 for both the Thompson and Moore groups. Fifteen
      patients received the Bateman device for reconstructive purposes and had a mean
      Harris hip score of 90. Morbidity was comparable between the Bateman and Thompson
      groups. The deep-infection rate was 3.9%, and the 32-day perioperative mortality
      was 4.6%, rising to 29% at the time of review. Preselection factors placed
      younger, more functional patients in the Bateman group (mean age, 65 years;
      mortality, 11%), compared to the Thompson group (mean age, 72 years; mortality,
      39%) and the Moore group (mean age, 73 years; mortality, 41%). Continued
      evaluation of the Bateman endoprosthesis is required to better define its
      potential to lessen the long-term problems of pain, loosening, and acetabular
      wear.

PMID- 2295195
TI  - Clinical and motion studies of the Bateman bipolar prosthesis in osteonecrosis of
      the hip.
AB  - Forty-seven hips in 38 patients with femoral head osteonecrosis were reviewed for
      a mean follow-up period of 2.6 years. The average preoperative Harris hip score
      was 24.7; postoperatively, the average score was 84.5. Cineroentgenographic
      motion studies were carried out on 14 hips and revealed motion at both the inner
      and outer bearing up to seven years postoperatively. In the unloaded mode, inner-
      and outer-bearing motion were equal. In the weight-bearing position, inner
      bearing motion increased significantly while outer-bearing motion decreased. Only
      one case of acetabular wear or protrusio was noted.

PMID- 2295196
TI  - Transcervical fractures of the hip treated with the Bateman bipolar prosthesis.
AB  - Eighty-seven elderly patients with subcapital hip fractures treated by Bateman
      bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty were reviewed using Harris hip scores at a minimum
      of 24 months after their index operation. The complication rate was comparable to
      other reported series. The degree of pain was lower than a comparable unipolar
      arthroplasty series. Neither the relationship of the stem to the canal nor the
      presence of bone graft in the stem fenestration had any correlation to the
      patients' function. Femoral cups too large for the acetabulum predictably
      required another operation, but normal or small cup relationships had no
      prognostic correlation.

PMID- 2295197
TI  - Long-term results of bipolar arthroplasty in osteoarthritis of the hip.
AB  - Bipolar arthroplasty of the hip was introduced by the first author in 1974. From
      that time until 1988, this type of arthroplasty has been carried out in 1213 hips
      at the authors' institution. Included is a group of 760 osteoarthritic hips on
      which follow-up studies have been done at six months, five years, ten years, and
      15 years. Studies of the acetabulum show healthy bone preservation as long as 15
      years after surgery. A process of floor reinforcement in certain states has also
      been identified. The relatively simple operative technique has resulted in few
      postoperative complications. Clinical results as long as 15 years postsurgery
      compare favorably with two-piece replacement techniques.

PMID- 2295198
TI  - Bipolar hemiarthroplasty in degenerative arthritis of the hip. 100 consecutive
      cases.
AB  - This retrospective study represents the authors' experience with bipolar
      hemiarthroplasty in 100 consecutive patients with degenerative arthritis. Seventy
      of 100 patients were available for follow-up assessment. Mean follow-up interval
      was 4.3 years (range, two to 13.5 years). Mean modified Harris hip score was
      78.8. Good-to-excellent results were obtained in 75.8% (excellent, 22.9%; good,
      52.9%). Revision was required in six cases (8.6%). Subgroup analysis revealed
      comparable outcome in 50 patients with at least three years of follow-up
      assessment (mean, 5.1 years), indicating no deterioration of results. Anterior
      thigh pain, attributed to femoral component loosening, was the predominant
      patient complaint. Use of proportionately sized femoral components and use of
      cement when indicated should decrease the incidence of anterior thigh pain. This
      intermediate-term follow-up study suggests a role for bipolar hemiarthroplasty in
      the primary surgical treatment of osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2295199
TI  - Five-year results of bipolar arthroplasty with bone grafts and reamed acetabula
      for osteoarthritis in young adults.
AB  - Bateman universal proximal femoral arthroplasty combined with acetabular reaming
      was performed in 35 cases of osteoarthritis of the hip joint. The patients were
      from 21 to 59 years of age (average, 41 years of age) at the time of operation.
      The postoperative outcome for a middle term ranging from two to eight years, with
      an average of five years and nine months, was studied along with postoperative
      migration of the outer head. The clinical outcome, assessed by the evaluation
      criteria for hip function proposed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, was
      favorable. A stable average score of greater than 80 occurred for eight years
      postoperatively; the average preoperative score was 45. Of the 35 cases, seven
      cases (20%) had an upward migration of the outer head, and one case (2.9%) had an
      inward migration of 5 mm or more, but the migration did not affect the clinical
      outcome in any case. There was no certain relationship between the degree of
      rotation of the outer head and the extent of its migration. Migration of the
      outer head was prevented by postoperative exercise, in which total loading was
      initiated after the completion of the radiolucent zone around the outer head and
      its circumferential zone of osteosclerosis.

PMID- 2295200
TI  - The Bateman bipolar prosthesis in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. A
      review of 400 cases.
AB  - Four hundred arthroplasties with the Bateman (or universal) prosthesis were
      performed from June 1974 to January 1985, including 286 cases with osteoarthritis
      (OA) and 114 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Evaluation was made according to the
      d'Aubigne-Postel method. The follow-up period was from three to 14 years, with an
      average duration of eight years, five months. The results were excellent in 230
      cases (172 OA, 58 RA), good in 140 (98 OA, 42 RA), fair in eight (four OA, four
      RA), and poor in 22 (12 OA, ten RA). Radiolucencies were present in the femoral
      side in 25%. Radiolucency of more than 2 mm was seen in 20 cases (5%). The
      complications were six cases of fracture of the plastic insert, four cases of
      protrusio of the acetabulum, four dislocations, eight cases of loosening of the
      femoral stem, one deep infection, two superficial infections, 15 cases of
      thrombophlebitis, one pulmonary embolism, and one death. A careful analysis of
      these complications and a discussion of their treatment are presented.
      Reoperations were performed in 20 patients (5%). The universal arthroplasty
      appears to be a safe and reliable procedure.

PMID- 2295201
TI  - Acetabular reaction to the Bateman bipolar prosthesis.
AB  - The Bateman bipolar prosthesis has been used by the authors since 1974. The
      purpose of this study is to determine whether the implant functions as a bipolar
      device or as a unipolar hemiarthroplasty, which may cause damage to the
      acetabulum. Of 478 hips replaced from 1973 to 1983, 19 with acetabular changes
      were randomly selected to evaluate the response of the prosthesis. From the 11
      cases with protrusio at the time of surgery, six showed thickening of the
      acetabular wall, while no changes were observed during ten years follow-up study
      in the five remaining cases; in one case, the wall gave way, and a revision was
      necessary. In five patients with subchondral cysts, the cysts tended to gradually
      disappear. Three patients showed sclerosis in the subchondral acetabular bone,
      which also decreased gradually. Previous facts suggest the acetabulum tolerates
      the implant well even with some damage at the time of surgery. Whether this
      depends on the amount of movement and friction occurring between the head and the
      insert is still undetermined.

PMID- 2295203
TI  - The forgotten man of social medicine: the doctor.

PMID- 2295202
TI  - Acetabular salvage in revision total hip arthroplasty using the bipolar
      prosthesis.
AB  - From June 1978 to December 1987, 106 revision total hip arthroplasties (THA) for
      acetabular salvage were performed using a bipolar device. Bone grafting was
      necessary in most of the patients. Five patients were unavailable for follow-up
      examination, leaving 96 patients (101 hips), who were followed for an average of
      two years 11 months (range, two months to 8.5 years). Excellent or good results
      were obtained in 43 patients; fair results were achieved in 20 patients. Of the
      nine patients with poor results, five demonstrated roentgenographic evidence of
      subluxation, and four showed no roentgenographic changes that could explain their
      persistent pain. Twenty-nine of these bipolar revisions failed and required
      reoperation. Fourteen of these failures were revised using fixed, cementless
      devices in conjunction with bone grafting. Ten patients developed deep-wound
      infection. Nine were treated successfully; the tenth patient died of overwhelming
      sepsis, her case complicated by multiple infected joint arthroplasties. While the
      results of revision THA in the present series are not as satisfactory as those
      reported by others who used fixed cemented or fixed cementless acetabular
      components, they are superior to the results obtained with excisional
      arthroplasty, the only alternative in many of these cases.

PMID- 2295204
TI  - A neurosurgeon looks at the future.

PMID- 2295205
TI  - Management of intraoperative aneurysm rupture.

PMID- 2295207
TI  - Leadership in neurosurgery.

PMID- 2295206
TI  - Hemodynamics of arteriovenous malformations.

PMID- 2295208
TI  - Grading and staged resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations.
AB  - The decision to recommend operative excision of an AVM should be based on an
      objective assessment of the long-term prognosis of the untreated lesion and the
      risks of surgery. We have developed a relatively uncomplicated, preoperative
      grading system for AVMs. This grading system will allow the surgeon to estimate
      the risk of completely excising a particular AVM. In our series, staged
      management was used to reduce the risk of excising large AVMs. These lesions were
      managed by preoperative transfemoral embolization, intraoperative selective
      embolization combined with feeding artery ligation and, finally, surgical
      excision. The stepwise throttling of large AVMs appears to minimize the risks of
      NPPB. The extensive AVM embolization and feeding vessel ligation integral to this
      staged approach serve another, equally important purpose--the control of
      intraoperative bleeding--a factor that previously limited the surgical excision
      of many large AVMs. Using this management strategy, we have successfully excised
      25 exceptionally large AVMs with no mortality and only one seriously disabling,
      surgically related deficit.

PMID- 2295209
TI  - Analysis of patterns of care of brain tumor patients in the United States: a
      study of the Brain Tumor Section of the AANS and the CNS and the Commission on
      Cancer of the ACS.

PMID- 2295210
TI  - Aggressive surgery for malignant supratentorial gliomas.

PMID- 2295211
TI  - Neurosurgery maintaining quality and affordability in the next decade.

PMID- 2295212
TI  - Medical practice: establishing your own future.

PMID- 2295213
TI  - Law and medicine: when will the hostage taking cease?

PMID- 2295214
TI  - Morphine and metabolite behavior after different routes of morphine
      administration: demonstration of the importance of the active metabolite morphine
      6-glucuronide.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic parameters of morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, and morphine
      3-glucuronide were studied after single-dose morphine administration by five
      different routes. The quantitative significance of the active metabolite morphine
      6-glucuronide was assessed, and the effects of novel dosing forms on morphine
      metabolism and distribution were examined. After administration of intravenous
      morphine the morphine-6-glucuronide plasma AUC exceeded that of morphine. After
      administration of oral morphine very low morphine levels were observed--the
      morphine-6-glucuronide plasma AUC exceeded that of morphine by a factor of 9:1.
      Sublingual, buccal, and sustained-release buccal morphine tablet administration
      resulted in delayed absorption, with attenuation and delay of peak morphine and
      metabolite levels. Morphine bioavailability and morphine glucuronide production
      were not altered.

PMID- 2295215
TI  - Interactions in the renal and biliary elimination of digoxin: stereoselective
      difference between quinine and quinidine.
AB  - The interactions between digoxin and quinine and quinidine that affect the renal
      and biliary clearances of digoxin were investigated in eight healthy subjects.
      Digoxin (0.5 to 0.75 mg/day) was given alone and with concomitant administration
      of quinine (750 mg/day) to reach a steady-state level. In four of the subjects,
      the study was repeated by administration of equimolar doses of the
      diastereoisomer quinidine together with digoxin, enabling a within-subject
      comparison of the effects of the two isomers on digoxin clearance. The biliary
      excretion of digoxin was studied by use of a modified duodenal marker perfusion
      technique. A marked reduction was found in the steady-state biliary clearance of
      digoxin from control value 134 +/- 57 ml/min (mean +/- SD) to 87 +/- 39 ml/min
      during treatment with quinine (p less than 0.05) and from 95 +/- 24 to 55 +/- 27
      ml/min during treatment with quinidine (p less than 0.01; n = 4). Quinidine
      reduced the renal clearance of digoxin (155 +/- 26 versus 110 +/- 21 ml/min) (p
      less than 0.05; n = 4), whereas quinine had no such effect (177 +/- 40 versus 185
      +/- 53 ml/min; not significant). These findings explain the difference in
      magnitude between quinidine and quinine in regard to the interaction with digoxin
      and imply a different degree of stereoselectivity for these isomers in the renal
      and biliary secretory systems of digoxin.

PMID- 2295216
TI  - Polymorphic formation of morphine from codeine in poor and extensive metabolizers
      of dextromethorphan: relationship to the presence of immunoidentified cytochrome
      P-450IID1.
AB  - We studied the oxidation capacity in liver biopsies of a series of extensive
      metabolizers (n = 10) and poor metabolizers (n = 2) as identified by in vivo
      phenotyping with dextromethorphan. Codeine and dextromethorphan were used as
      probe drugs in vitro. The data were compared with the contents of cytochrome P
      450IID1 as quantitated by Western immunoblotting by use of a specific monoclonal
      antibody (MAb 114/2). The O-demethylation of codeine was highly correlated with
      the O-demethylation of dextromethorphan (r = 0.90). The N-demethylation of
      codeine was catalyzed at a considerably higher rate than the O-demethylation. The
      N-demethylation to O-demethylation ratio of codeine was 46 in the poor
      metabolizer and, on average, 6.2 (range, 2.6 to 11) in the extensive
      metabolizers, respectively. The band intensity in Western blots correlated with
      the rate of O-demethylation of codeine (r = 0.95) and of dextromethorphan (r =
      0.88) in the extensive metabolizers. The comeasurement of the O-demethylation and
      N-demethylation of codeine may provide a tool with which to phenotype individuals
      in vitro with respect to the polymorphism of the cytochrome P-450IID1.

PMID- 2295217
TI  - Disposition of a murine monoclonal antibody vinca conjugate (KS1/4-DAVLB) in
      patients with adenocarcinomas.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of a murine monoclonal antibody vinca conjugate (KS1/4
      DAVLB) was investigated in 13 patients with adenocarcinomas who received single
      intravenous doses ranging from 40 to 250 mg/m2 and in three patients who were
      administered 1.5 mg/kg every 48 to 72 hours for up to 15 doses. Five patients in
      the single-dose study also received 100 microCi of [3H]-KS1/4-DAVLB. Overall mean
      values for the pharmacokinetic variables were as follows: elimination half-life,
      31.5 hours; distribution volume, 4.43 L; and clearance, 0.09 L/hr. KS1/4-DAVLB
      demonstrated linear elimination kinetics in both the single- and multiple-dose
      studies. Significant concentrations of KS1/4-DAVLB were noted in a pleural
      effusion. Ten percent of the radioactive dose was recovered in the urine and 20%
      in the feces over a 5-day period. Small molecular weight vinca species were
      detected in the feces but not in the serum.

PMID- 2295218
TI  - Simulation and evaluation of nicotine intake during passive smoking: cotinine
      measurements in body fluids of nonsmokers given intravenous infusions of
      nicotine.
AB  - The technique of monitoring cotinine concentrations in body fluids as a means of
      measuring nicotine intake during passive smoking has been evaluated in two
      studies, both of which used intravenous infusion to stimulate nicotine intake. In
      the first study, nicotine and cotinine were given separately, for 1 hour in four
      different intravenous doses (3.2, 15.4, 30.9, and 61.7 nmol/min) to each
      nonsmoker. In the second study, nicotine and cotinine were infused for 4 hours;
      each subject received five different doses of nicotine (1.5, 3.1, 6.2, 10.8, and
      15.4 nmol/min) and one of cotinine (10.8 nmol/min). The concentration of cotinine
      was constant in both plasma and saliva from 1 to 4 hours after the nicotine
      infusion; the plateau levels of cotinine were found to be linearly and directly
      related to the nicotine intake. The ratio of salivary to plasma cotinine was
      1:1.27. A linear relationship was also found between nicotine and cotinine
      infusion rates and the AUC values for cotinine. The fraction metabolized to
      cotinine was found to be about 0.5. The results from these studies show that: (1)
      there is a linear relationship between the plateau concentration of cotinine and
      the amount of nicotine infused over a period of 1 up to 4 hours; (2) salivary
      cotinine provides the same information on nicotine intake as does plasma
      cotinine; and (3) single measurements of either plasma or salivary cotinine
      concentrations at 1 to 4 hours after the exposure could be used to predict the
      nicotine intake during 1 to 4 hours of environmental tobacco smoke exposure.

PMID- 2295219
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and disposition of the lipid-lowering drug acifran in normal
      subjects and in patients with renal failure.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and metabolic fate of the antihyperlipidemic drug acifran
      were assessed after a single oral dose of the 14C-labeled drug to healthy male
      volunteers. Peak serum acifran and radioactivity concentrations were attained 1
      to 2 hours after dosing, and the drug was eliminated with a half-life of 1.6
      hours. Virtually all of the recovered dose was excreted in the urine. All of the
      serum and urinary radioactivity was caused by unconjugated acifran. In patients
      with moderate chronic renal failure, the binding of acifran to plasma proteins
      was decreased, and the plasma concentrations of total and unbound drug were
      greater than those of healthy subjects. Renal failure substantially reduced the
      plasma and renal clearance of total and particularly of unbound acifran,
      moderately reduced its volume of distribution, and increased its elimination half
      life from 1.4 to 1.7 hours to 5.7 hours. The results show that acifran is very
      well absorbed, is rapidly eliminated, is excreted in the urine, and does not
      undergo any detectable biotransformation in healthy human subjects.

PMID- 2295220
TI  - Pharmacoepidemiology of the effect of caffeine on blood pressure.
AB  - In experimental studies, caffeine increases blood pressure in caffeine-naive or
      nontolerant individuals, but not in regular caffeine consumers. Using an
      epidemiologic approach, we examined the hypothesis that serum-caffeine
      concentration would be positively associated with blood pressure in infrequent
      (but not habitual) caffeine users in a group of bus drivers. Infrequent and
      habitual users of caffeine showed no differences in systolic or diastolic blood
      pressures when there is no measurable caffeine in the serum. However, at serum
      concentrations of caffeine typical of those achieved after one to two cups of
      coffee, infrequent users demonstrated greater systolic and diastolic pressures,
      averaging +5.3 mm Hg and +3.6 mm Hg, respectively, compared with habitual users.
      The magnitude of difference remained after adjustment for age, body mass index,
      race, sex, and tobacco and alcohol use. These elevations are large enough to
      exaggerate the prevalence of hypertension, if such assessments are based on cross
      sectional surveys that fail to assess both proximate caffeine consumption and
      usual caffeine consumption habits.

PMID- 2295221
TI  - Characterization of theophylline binding to serum proteins in pregnant and
      nonpregnant women.
AB  - Sera from 10 subjects in the third trimester of pregnancy and from 10 nonpregnant
      women were studied to elucidate the mechanism underlying decreased theophylline
      protein binding during pregnancy. Consistent with the physiologic hypoalbuminemia
      of pregnancy, serum albumin concentrations averaged only 3.2 +/- 0.3 gm/dl (+/-
      SD) in pregnant subjects, compared with 4.4 +/- 0.3 gm/dl in control subjects (p
      less than 1 x 10(-6], and this was the main cause of decreased theophylline
      binding. Saturation binding studies indicated a single class of theophylline
      binding sites. Theophylline binding capacity (N) was greater in pregnant (N = 4.3
      +/- 1.0) than in nonpregnant (N = 3.3 +/- 0.4) subjects, but binding affinity
      (ka) averaged only 227 +/- 69 (mol/L)-1 in pregnant subjects, compared with 303
      +/- 44 (mol/L)-1 in control subjects (F2,17 = 4.26; p = 0.032). At a theophylline
      plasma concentration of 10 micrograms/ml, the combined effects of hypoalbuminemia
      and lowered ka would reduce theophylline binding to 31% +/- 3% in pregnant women,
      compared to 39% +/- 3% in nonpregnant control subjects (p less than 1 x 10(-5].
      Nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were similar in both subject groups and
      did not contribute to the pregnancy-associated decrease in theophylline binding.

PMID- 2295222
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin in patients with cystic fibrosis: a controlled
      prospective study.
AB  - We compared the pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin at a dose of 120 mg/kg in 11
      patients with cystic fibrosis to 11 control subjects matched for age and sex. The
      mean elimination half-life of ticarcillin in serum was 70.8 minutes in the
      control subjects and 53.1 minutes in the patients with cystic fibrosis. The total
      body clearance of ticarcillin was significantly higher in cystic fibrosis
      patients (65.6 +/- 22.0 versus 46.2 +/- 10.9 ml/min/m2 in control subjects; p =
      0.017). The nonrenal clearance of ticarcillin was also significantly higher in
      patients with cystic fibrosis (24.8 +/- 11.1 versus 13.3 +/- 6.0 ml/min/m2 for
      the control group; p = 0.006). There was no significant difference in volume of
      distribution between the two groups. We concluded that the shorter elimination
      half-life and the higher total body clearance of ticarcillin in patients with
      cystic fibrosis are a result of an increase in both renal and nonrenal
      elimination.

PMID- 2295223
TI  - Oral melphalan pharmacokinetics: influence of interferon-induced fever.
AB  - The influence of interferon-induced fever on oral melphalan pharmacokinetics has
      been studied in 10 myeloma patients in a randomized crossover design. The
      melphalan dose (0.25 mg/kg) was given alone and 5 hours after the administration
      of human interferon alpha (7 x 10(6) IU/m2), respectively. The plasma
      concentration of melphalan was determined by liquid chromatography with
      fluorometric detection after derivatization of melphalan with N-acetylcysteine.
      The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was significantly lower
      (p = 0.02) when melphalan was given with interferon. There was a significant
      negative correlation (p = 0.008) between body temperature and dose normalized
      AUC, whereas no effect was noticed on the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and
      on the time to obtain Cmax. The rate of elimination showed a tendency (p = 0.06)
      to increase with increasing body temperature. It is suggested that the
      cytotoxicity of the drug is most probably enhanced because of the higher
      alkylating activity of the compound at elevated body temperatures.

PMID- 2295224
TI  - Lexical and conceptual factors in the naming of relations.
AB  - Recent models of language production distinguish three main stages, the
      generation of a preverbal (or conceptual) message level representation, the stage
      of linguistic formulation processes (which access lexical items and generate the
      syntactic frames in which these items are inserted), and the stage of
      articulation. This means that at least two sources of difficulty in producing a
      lexical item must be distinguished. First, the difficulty can be due to
      properties of the message representation. So, for example, several concepts may
      compete for expression. Second, a given lexical item might be more difficult to
      access than another item because of differences in the complexity of the
      processes translating from conceptual to lexical representations. The present
      study presents evidence for these two sources of difficulty in producing lexical
      items for the domain of semantically unmarked versus marked dimensional
      adjectives (e.g., big versus small). The first set of experiments establishes an
      effect of semantic markedness in language production which is due to a difference
      in the difficulty of accessing unmarked versus marked lexical items. The second
      set of experiments shows that competition between concepts for expression can
      lead to incorrect selection of an (unintended) lexical item (as reflected in
      certain types of speech errors), or to a higher processing load for producing the
      correct (intended) lexical item. Together, these experiments support the
      distinction between a preverbal conceptual and a lexical level of representation
      in language production, and show that both levels contribute to the relative
      difficulty of producing lexical items.

PMID- 2295225
TI  - Verbal overshadowing of visual memories: some things are better left unsaid.
AB  - It is widely believed that verbal processing generally improves memory
      performance. However, in a series of six experiments, verbalizing the appearance
      of previously seen visual stimuli impaired subsequent recognition performance. In
      Experiment 1, subjects viewed a videotape including a salient individual. Later,
      some subjects described the individual's face. Subjects who verbalized the face
      performed less well on a subsequent recognition test than control subjects who
      did not engage in memory verbalization. The results of Experiment 2 replicated
      those of Experiment 1 and further clarified the effect of memory verbalization by
      demonstrating that visualization does not impair face recognition. In Experiments
      3 and 4 we explored the hypothesis that memory verbalization impairs memory for
      stimuli that are difficult to put into words. In Experiment 3 memory impairment
      followed the verbalization of a different visual stimulus: color. In Experiment 4
      marginal memory improvement followed the verbalization of a verbal stimulus: a
      brief spoken statement. In Experiments 5 and 6 the source of verbally induced
      memory impairment was explored. The results of Experiment 5 suggested that the
      impairment does not reflect a temporary verbal set, but rather indicates
      relatively long-lasting memory interference. Finally, Experiment 6 demonstrated
      that limiting subjects' time to make recognition decisions alleviates the
      impairment, suggesting that memory verbalization overshadows but does not
      eradicate the original visual memory. This collection of results is consistent
      with a recording interference hypothesis: verbalizing a visual memory may produce
      a verbally biased memory representation that can interfere with the application
      of the original visual memory.

PMID- 2295226
TI  - Echocardiographic observations in survivors of acute electrical injury.
AB  - This report describes for the first time (to our knowledge) persistent left
      ventricular dysfunction in survivors of electrical injury. Two young men who were
      resuscitated following electrocution by high tension wires underwent
      echocardiographic examination after injury. Early studies demonstrated wall
      motion abnormalities with no to only partial recovery on follow-up. In contrast
      to a previous report of totally reversible left ventricular dysfunction in a
      similar setting, these cases suggest that the degree of permanent dysfunction
      following electrical injury is variable.

PMID- 2295228
TI  - Speech status following uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of speech following
      uvulopalatopharyngoplasty surgery. Twenty UPPP subjects, all of whom exhibited
      obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and 15 non-UPPP control subjects participated
      in the study. Evaluation included measures of nasal airflow, speech recordings
      with listener judgments, and a questionnaire survey. Nasal resonance in the UPPP
      subjects was found not to be deviant by a panel of four experienced judges. The
      UPPP subjects were differentiated from their non-UPPP pairs on the basis of
      significant phonation (voice) problems, and to a lesser extent, their
      articulation problems. It is suggested that dryness problems that remained in
      many subjects postoperatively may be related to the observed voice problems.

PMID- 2295227
TI  - Postoperative evaluation of ascending aortic prosthetic conduits by magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - Operative repair of ascending thoracic aortic dissection and aneurysm often
      involves the placement of prosthetic aortic conduits and stents with wrapping of
      the native aorta around the prosthetic device. Postoperative assessment has been
      clinical because of the absence of an adequate noninvasive imaging modality and a
      reluctance to perform invasive contrast aortography. Magnetic resonance imaging
      was performed on ten patients after operative placement of a prosthetic ascending
      aortic graft. The MR images were reviewed and a grading system was devised based
      on appearance of the operative site. An increase in MR signal was noted in some
      patients between the graft and wrapped native vessel. In 20 percent of patients
      vascular lumen compromise was noted. Magnetic resonance imaging offers a
      noninvasive technique to assess postoperative complications and offers a viable
      alternative to invasive contrast aortography.

PMID- 2295229
TI  - Vasodilators and hypertensive encephalopathy following scorpion envenomation in
      children.
AB  - Twenty-three children were admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit for
      scorpion envenomation with severe hypertension. The hypertension responded to
      analgesics and sedatives in 15 (65 percent) of the 23. The remaining eight
      children required specific antihypertensive therapy, and their condition promptly
      responded to intravenous hydralazine and sublingual nifedipine; rebound
      hypertension was observed in one. Hypertension is a frequent complication of a
      scorpion's sting in children, and specific antihypertensive therapy is indicated
      in severe cases. Hydralazine and nifedipine are effective and safe in such
      instances.

PMID- 2295230
TI  - Long-term reproducibility of respiratory gas exchange measurements during
      exercise in patients with stable cardiac failure.
AB  - Present-day technology has greatly facilitated the monitoring of respiratory gas
      exchange in the clinical exercise laboratory. Despite the growing use of these
      techniques to assess the severity and progression of disease or therapeutic
      response in patients with heart failure, the long-term reproducibility of oxygen
      uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation, heart rate (HR), and
      blood pressure at rest and during incremental exercise in such patients, to our
      knowledge, has not been evaluated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
      quantify the reproducibility of these variables along with exercise duration,
      maximum VO2 (VO2max) and anaerobic threshold in a group of 16 patients (61 +/- 7
      years, 14 male) with chronic, stable cardiac failure of varying severity and
      etiology who had five or more incremental treadmill exercise tests over a period
      of time that ranged from 3 to 22 months. For each variable, reproducibility was
      represented by the coefficient of variation (CVAR). Except for exercise duration,
      CVAR was not a function of the severity of heart failure and, for all variables,
      patient-to-patient variation in CVAR was approximately 9 percent. The maximum
      CVAR for HR, systolic blood pressure, VO2, and VO2max was generally below 10.5
      percent and for exercise duration and anaerobic threshold it was less than 12.5
      percent. Based on this retrospective analysis, it is concluded that reproducible
      respiratory gas exchange and HR exercise responses are obtainable over extended
      periods of time in patients with stable, chronic cardiac failure. Exercise
      duration, however, is less reproducible in patients with moderate to severe
      failure.

PMID- 2295231
TI  - Right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation, similar to left ventricular
      changes, characterize the cardiac depression of septic shock in humans.
AB  - Septic shock in humans is usually characterized by a high cardiac output, a low
      systemic vascular resistance, reversible depression of left ventricular ejection
      fraction, and transient left ventricular dilatation. The relationship of left
      ventricular to right ventricular function in septic shock is poorly understood.
      To evaluate right ventricular vs left ventricular performance and to evaluate the
      relation of biventricular performance to survival, we performed serial
      hemodynamic and radionuclide angiographic studies in 39 patients with septic
      shock. Right ventricular ejection fraction was calculated using the two regions
      of interest method. There were 22 survivors and 17 nonsurvivors. Comparing
      initial with final (after recovery for survivors; within 24 hours of death for
      nonsurvivors) studies, each survivor's cardiovascular performance returned toward
      normal, with significant increases in mean arterial pressure, left and right
      ventricular ejection fraction, and right ventricular stroke work index. Their
      profiles also demonstrated significant decreases in central venous pressure,
      pulmonary artery wedge pressure, pulmonary artery mean pressure, and left and
      right ventricular end-diastolic volume indices. From initial to final study in
      the nonsurvivors, there was a statistically significant increase in heart rate
      but no change in any other cardiovascular parameter, indicating a persistence of
      the initial cardiovascular dysfunction until death. Comparing serial studies, the
      pattern of change in right vs left ventricular function was very similar (same
      direction in 82 percent of patients). Thus, myocardial depression in human septic
      shock affects both ventricles simultaneously with a similar pattern of
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2295232
TI  - The efficacy of an oscillating bed in the prevention of lower respiratory tract
      infection in critically ill victims of blunt trauma. A prospective study.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that the incidence of LRTI in critically ill blunt
      trauma victims can be reduced by employing continuous postural oscillation.
      Within 24 h of admission to the SICU, 106 patients were prospectively randomized
      to either a conventional bed or a RRKTT. Seven patients who were discharged from
      the SICU in less than 24 h were excluded from the data analyses. Until discharge
      from the SICU, patients were monitored daily for development of LRTI or
      pneumonia. Among 48 patients in the control group, 28 met criteria for LRTI and
      19 met criteria for pneumonia. Among 51 patients in the RRKTT group, 13 developed
      LRTI and 7 developed pneumonia. The differences between groups for all LRTI and
      pneumonia were both significant. We conclude that continuous postural oscillation
      decreases the risk of pulmonary sepsis in victims of major blunt trauma.

PMID- 2295233
TI  - Established ARDS treated with a sustained course of adrenocortical steroids.
AB  - Short treatment courses of ACS have been shown to be of no demonstrable value in
      the treatment of ARDS. We gave two patients with persistant ARDS a trial of ACS
      after they demonstrated pulmonary uptake of 67Ga. Brief initial improvement
      disappeared with tapering of the ACS. A sustained course of ACS led to resolution
      of the ARDS in both patients. In all, ten patients with established ARDS were
      treated with sustained ACS over an 18-month period. The eight additional patients
      had uninterrupted courses of therapeutic ACS for greater than 21 days. The
      patients averaged 12 days of greater than 40 mg a day. At the time of treatment,
      all patients had established ARDS, meeting for at least 72 hours, criteria for
      the diagnosis of ARDS. A sustained course of ACS may be effective in the
      treatment of selected patients with established ARDS. Controlled studies of
      established ARDS are indicated to define the characteristics of these patients
      and their management.

PMID- 2295234
TI  - Heat and moisture exchangers and vaporizing humidifiers in the intensive care
      unit.
AB  - A prospective, randomized, controlled study was undertaken to compare the Pall
      Ultipor breathing circuit filter (PUBCF), a heat-and-moisture exchanger, and
      heated hot water systems (HHWSs) in ICU patients submitted to controlled
      mechanical ventilation. Humidification of inspired gas and bacterial
      contamination of breathing circuits were evaluated. During the study, there were
      six episodes of tracheostomy tube (TT) occlusion in six patients included in the
      PUBCF group. No patient out of 42 included in the HHWS group experienced this
      complication (p less than 0.01). There were 4 percent of days with thick and
      tenacious bronchial secretions in the PUBCF group and no case in the HHWS group
      (p less than 0.02). In the PUBCF group, 23 percent of days with hypothermia were
      noted as opposed to 12 percent in the HHWS group (p less than 0.01). Fewer
      breathing circuits were found to be contaminated in the PUBCF group (11 percent)
      than in the HHWS group (54 percent, p less than 0.01). In patients with an
      organism growing in bronchial specimens, the same organism was found to
      contaminate the breathing circuit in 10 percent of cases in the PUBCF group and
      77 percent of cases in the HHWS (p less than 0.01). We conclude that, in the
      conditions of this study, the PUBCF did not provide sufficient humidification of
      inspired gas in ICU patients. Protection against contamination of breathing
      circuits was effective, but 10 percent of patients remained at risk for this
      complication.

PMID- 2295236
TI  - Silent ischemia: a clinical update.
AB  - Silent ischemia is a common finding in coronary artery disease and occurs more
      frequently than painful episodes in the total ischemic burden. Since painless
      ischemia places limits on the history, it can encourage physicians to spend more
      time studying and treating the electrocardiogram and less time with patients,
      potentially leading to a deterioration in doctor-patient relationship and care.
      Silent ischemia should be considered only in patients 35 years of age or older
      who: (a) have a strong family history of early coronary artery disease, or (b)
      have two major coronary risk factors. Verification is made by performing an
      electrocardiographic exercise stress test and followed by a thallium-201
      electrocardiographic stress test when the electrocardiograms are equivocal. In
      females it is best to proceed directly to a thallium-201 electrocardiographic
      stress test because of the frequency of false positives on the exercise
      electrocardiograms. The results will help determine the indications for further
      studies and subsequently the need for drug or interventional management.
      Frequently a history in which symptoms of lower esophageal disorders, hiatal
      hernia, gastric disease and arthritic pains mimic angina or in fact coexist with
      ischemic heart disease makes the clinical diagnosis of angina more elusive and
      difficult. However, a careful unhurried history and an exercise stress test can
      often differentiate the etiology of the chest pains. A 24-hour ambulatory
      electrocardiographic recording aids in measuring the total ischemic burden. When
      the diagnosis and severity of the ischemic syndrome is established, a course of
      medical therapy tailored to the symptoms and with defined end points is
      initiated. Since silent ischemia and angina frequently coexist, suppression of
      the frequency and severity of the anginal episodes will also reduce the episodes
      of silent ischemia. Symptomatic improvement is thus a guide in the treatment of
      the total ischemic syndrome. Drug management will usually consist of two or more
      of the following drugs: a nitrate, beta blocker, calcium channel blocker, and
      aspirin. A 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recording is helpful in
      assessing the efficacy of medical management of silent ischemia. Failures in drug
      management should proceed with coronary angiography, and when indicated, followed
      by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft
      surgery.

PMID- 2295235
TI  - Pneumonia in the critically ill hospitalized patient.

PMID- 2295237
TI  - Unusual intrapulmonary tumor. A rare cause of bronchiectasis.

PMID- 2295238
TI  - Mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and asthma in France, 1969
      1983. Comparisons with the United States and Canada.
AB  - This article focuses on international similarities and differences in levels and
      trends of mortality for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma
      in the US, Canada and France from 1969 to 1983. Comparisons have been made of
      national vital statistics data for age groups 55-64 years, 65-74 years and 75-84
      years. From 1969 to 1978, under the 8th revision of the International
      Classification of Diseases (ICD), the COPD and asthma category included the codes
      490-493 and, for the US and Canada, a special code 519.3. From 1979, under the
      9th revision, COPD and asthma codes 490-493, 496 were in use in all three
      countries. The analyses of US, Canadian and French data show lower death rates
      for COPD and asthma in France. The ratio of male to female deaths from COPD
      increased with age in the US and Canada, but not in France. The proportion of
      COPD and asthma deaths attributed to bronchitis was higher in France. An
      increased use of code 496 (under 9th revision) was observed in the US and above
      all in Canada. In the three countries, death rates increased faster between 1979
      and 1983 in women than in men and increases in women were steeper in the US and
      Canada than in France. Intercountry comparability is better for COPD mortality in
      the 9th revision than the 8th revision. Some differences observed between the
      three countries can be partly explained by coding practices and ICD revisions,
      but, allowing for differences in coding and classifying respiratory causes of
      death as well as ICD revisions, death rates are obviously higher in the US and
      Canada than in France. This suggests that the difference is real.

PMID- 2295239
TI  - Tissue release of adenosine triphosphate degradation products during shock in
      dogs.
AB  - Clinical monitoring of cellular metabolism during shock, based largely on
      traditional metabolic indicators, remains unsatisfactory. The purpose of this
      study was to compare venous oxygen tension and blood lactate gradients with blood
      gradients of purine nucleotide degradation products which are derived from tissue
      ATP catabolism during hypovolemic shock. Sixteen dogs were instrumented to sample
      arterial and venous blood. Measurements of arteriovenous lactate and PNDP
      gradients during spontaneous respiration were examined at four tissue sites: gut,
      kidney, hindlimb, and diaphragm. Hypovolemic shock (mean arterial blood pressure
      35 to 40 mm Hg) was induced and maintained for one hour. The above parameters
      were remeasured at 30 and 60 minutes after induction of shock. Hypoxanthine
      gradients were greater than that of other PNDP, and so were used as the primary
      indicator of tissue ATP metabolism. In the hindlimb, the mean AV gradients for
      hypoxanthine (1 +/- 1 microM) were not significantly greater than baseline, while
      the lactate gradient (700 +/- 300 microM) rose markedly. In contrast, across the
      kidney there was a significantly greater AV hypoxanthine gradient (16 +/- 3
      microM, p less than 0.002) but no lactate gradient (-400 +/- 200 microM). Both
      the hypoxanthine and lactate AV gradients were significantly elevated across the
      diaphragm and gut. Venous PO2 values less than 35 mm Hg predicted an increased
      hypoxanthine gradient across the kidney, but not across the hindlimb. We conclude
      that the metabolic response to hypovolemic shock as assessed by PNDP gradients,
      lactate gradients, and venous PO2 differs among tissues. Although resting muscle
      such as the hindlimb may be an important source of blood lactate, the viscera and
      working skeletal muscle (the diaphragm) are major contributors to circulating
      PNDP.

PMID- 2295240
TI  - Complications of flow-directed balloon-tipped catheters.
AB  - Acute or short-term complications following the use of flow-directed balloon
      tipped catheters are well recognized. Long-term sequelae are rarely reported. We
      report herein an early complication of pulmonary arterial rupture with infarction
      followed by the delayed development of a pulmonary arterial aneurysm.

PMID- 2295241
TI  - Endobronchial epithelial papilloma associated with a foreign body.
AB  - Noninvasive papillary endobronchial lesions are among the least common of
      pulmonary neoplasms. We describe the occurrence of a papillary squamous tumor
      surrounding an aspirated sunflower seed foreign body, and briefly review the
      subject of endobronchial papilloma. This tumor should be a red flag for the
      presence of a foreign body, and foreign body removal may obviate the need for
      thoracotomy.

PMID- 2295242
TI  - Clinical validity of a normal perfusion lung scan in patients with suspected
      pulmonary embolism.
AB  - The objective of this study was to test the safety of withholding anticoagulant
      therapy in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism who have normal
      perfusion lung scans, regardless of the clinical manifestations. Anticoagulant
      therapy was withheld or withdrawn in 515 consecutive patients except in patients
      in whom deep-vein thrombosis was detected. Only three of the 515 patients had
      symptomatic venous thromboembolism on follow-up. The frequency of symptomatic
      pulmonary embolism on follow-up was one of 515 patients. With knowledge of the
      normal findings by perfusion scanning, an alternative diagnosis was established
      in 367 of the 515 patients. Cause of symptoms remained uncertain in 148 patients.
      It is safe to withhold anticoagulant therapy in patients with suspected pulmonary
      embolism and normal perfusion scans, regardless of the clinical manifestations.
      The finding of a normal perfusion scan excludes the presence of clinically
      important pulmonary embolism and makes pulmonary angiography unnecessary.

PMID- 2295243
TI  - Pulmonary infiltrates associated with sulindac therapy.
AB  - Pulmonary infiltrates, cough, dyspnea, and fever developed in a 62-year-old woman
      with chronic degenerative arthritis who had been receiving sulindac therapy for
      six months. Her pulmonary signs and symptoms resolved upon withholding the drug.
      Inadvertent rechallenge resulted in rapid recurrence of respiratory symptoms and
      pulmonary infiltrates. This constellation of clinical findings provides strong
      evidence of isolated pulmonary reactions as a complication of sulindac therapy.

PMID- 2295244
TI  - Myasthenia gravis presenting as isolated respiratory failure.
AB  - A patient with myasthenia gravis presenting as respiratory failure was unusual in
      his lack of peripheral neuromuscular involvement, negative results on many
      commonly used diagnostic tests, and lack of response to firstline therapeutic
      measures. Review of the pertinent literature revealed no previously described
      presentation of myasthenia gravis in this manner.

PMID- 2295245
TI  - Interstitial pulmonary disease induced by occupational exposure to paraffin.
AB  - An occupational interstitial pulmonary disease was observed in a 59-year-old
      workman after five years of massive exposure to aerosolized paraffin. Histologic
      studies of open-lung biopsy showed a lipoid pneumonia characterized by (1)
      alveolitis involving large lipid-laden macrophages and (2) interstitial fibrosis.
      Electron microscopy of AMs disclosed features of paraffin-laden cytoplasmic
      vacuoles. Successive treatments included prednisolone and cyclophosphamide.
      Despite these treatments and withdrawal from exposure, the pulmonary function
      became impaired progressively, resulting in restrictive syndrome and severe
      exertional dyspnea. Concomitantly, PMNs harvested by BAL increased, whereas
      initial lymphocytosis decreased. This is the first case observed of occupational
      interstitial fibrosis in which electron-microscopic findings clearly established
      a relationship with an exposure to paraffin. This observation also emphasizes the
      switch from alveolitis to fibrosis in the pathogenesis of interstitial pulmonary
      disease.

PMID- 2295246
TI  - The harlequin nail. A marker for smoking cessation.
AB  - Changes in the human nail frequently serve as an indicator of local and systemic
      disease. Alterations in the morphology, structure and growth characteristics of
      the nail accompany chronic cigarette smoking; yellow pigmentation of the nail
      plate--referred to as the "nicotine sign"--is common. The clubbed yellow nail may
      indicate the presence of lung cancer. In contrast to the ominous nature of the
      clubbed yellow nail, we describe a sign that is more propitious: the sudden
      cessation of smoking due to an intercurrent disease, often a cerebrovascular
      accident (CVA), leads to the development of a distinct line of demarcation
      between the distal pigmented nail and the newly emerging proximal nonpigmented
      nail. We propose the term "harlequin nail" for this curious physical sign. By
      measurement of the distance between the proximal nail base fold and the line of
      demarcation, we can deduce the date smoking ceased (and, by inference, the
      approximate date of a CVA in a patient unable to volunteer this information).
      This sign also serves as a reminder that the "nicotine nail" remains discolored
      only because of dynamic restaining of the nail with tobacco by-products.

PMID- 2295247
TI  - Leukocyte migration inhibition in propranolol-induced pneumonitis. Evidence for
      an immunologic cell-mediated mechanism.
AB  - About 20 cases of beta blocker-associated pneumonitis have been published in the
      mid-70s, and a case of interstitial pneumonitis has been attributed to
      propranolol. The pathogenesis of these cases of pneumonitis with or without
      pleural effusion is not clear. A 59-year-old man developed pneumonitis which
      showed all the characteristics of a drug-associated pneumonitis due to
      propranolol: BAL demonstrated a lymphocytosis, the variations of which closely
      correlated with a provocation test. The LIF appeared to be released by the
      patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes when cultured with optimal doses of
      propranolol. Production of LIF by the patients' lymphocytes suggests the
      existence of a drug-specific cellular immune response in propranolol-associated
      pneumonitis.

PMID- 2295248
TI  - Severe bradycardia following electrical cardioversion for atrial tachyarrhythmias
      in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Bradycardia following electrical cardioversion is an uncommon complication. The
      present report describes three patients who developed life-threatening
      bradycardia following electrical cardioversion for atrial tachyarrhythmias in the
      setting of an acute myocardial infarction. All three patients had multivessel
      coronary artery disease with a totally occluded right coronary artery and a
      possibility of ischemic sinus node dysfunction. When electrical cardioversion is
      undertaken for new onset of atrial tachyarrhythmia in the setting of an acute
      myocardial infarction, measures for immediate, temporary pacing should be easily
      available.

PMID- 2295249
TI  - Bilateral paramediastinal post-traumatic lung cysts.
AB  - Unilateral post-traumatic and paramediastinal lung cysts are uncommon.
      Conservative therapeutic measures are usually sufficient. This report describes a
      patient whose bilateral post-traumatic paramediastinal lung cysts, a previously
      undescribed entity, were presumed to be bilateral hemidiaphragmatic hernias and,
      consequently, led to unnecessary surgery.

PMID- 2295250
TI  - Pulmonary sequestration in the neonate.
AB  - Pulmonary sequestration is a congenital anomaly resulting in nonfunctioning lung
      tissue in either the "extralobar" or "intralobar" position. Both forms derive
      their blood supply from the systemic circulation. Large pulmonary sequestrations
      can present in the newborn with potentially fatal respiratory distress. Surgical
      resection is the treatment of choice.

PMID- 2295251
TI  - Acute respiratory failure in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - A 23-year-old woman developed acute respiratory failure in the course of multiple
      sclerosis. The lack of bulbar dysfunction, the presence of quadriplegia, and the
      bilateral diaphragmatic weakness indicated the presence of spinal cord lesions
      involving pyramidal tracts bilaterally. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a
      cervical demyelinating lesion between C1 and C3.

PMID- 2295252
TI  - Right upper lobectomy twenty years after left pneumonectomy. Preoperative
      evaluation and follow-up.
AB  - Quantitative perfusion lung scanning coupled with spirometry and balloon
      occlusion of the pulmonary artery supplying the lung to be resected have been
      used to predict the potential operability of patients being considered for
      pneumonectomy. These techniques were adapted for the lobar level prior to
      performing a right upper lobectomy in a 59-year-old man who had undergone a left
      pneumonectomy 20 years previously. This case demonstrates how physiologic reserve
      can be predicted in patients who require sequential pulmonary resection.

PMID- 2295253
TI  - Iatrogenic internal mammary artery to coronary vein fistula.
AB  - Iatrogenic aortocoronary vein fistula following coronary artery bypass surgery is
      a rare complication. We describe the first reported case of inadvertent
      anastomosis of the left internal mammary artery to cardiac vein. The clinical
      characteristics and consequences as well as the angiographic characteristics of
      this fistula are described. Precautions that may be taken to prevent this
      complication are also addressed.

PMID- 2295254
TI  - Tropical eosinophilia.

PMID- 2295255
TI  - How to give up smoking by drinking coffee.

PMID- 2295256
TI  - Mechanical ventilation in children.

PMID- 2295257
TI  - Role of HIV infection in alteration of pulmonary function in intravenous heroin
      addicts.

PMID- 2295258
TI  - Pulmonary edema due to upper airway obstruction.

PMID- 2295259
TI  - Assessment of right ventricular function.

PMID- 2295260
TI  - Daytime sleepiness and vascular morbidity at seven-year follow-up in obstructive
      sleep apnea patients.
AB  - To evaluate the morbidity associated with obstructve sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS),
      we undertook a seven-year follow-up study of 198 OSAS patients seen between 1972
      and 1980. The patients had been submitted to tracheostomy (71 patients) or had
      received a weight-loss recommendation (127 patients). Despite a lower mean apnea
      index (AI) (43 vs 69) and a lower mean body mass index (BMI) (31 vs 34 kg/m2) at
      entry, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and vascular morbidity were
      significantly higher in the conservatively treated group. The relative risk (odds
      ratio) of finding EDS in the conservatively treated group, after adjustment for
      BMI at seven-year follow-up, was 3.7 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 2.6
      5.3). The relative risk of developing new vascular problems in the same
      population, estimated by Cox models, was 2.3 (95 percent CI = 1.5-3.6). The
      effect of tracheostomy, independent of age, BMI, and AI at entry, was highly
      significant. At entry, 56 percent of the population already had a vascular
      problem, particularly hypertension, thus emphasizing the need for earlier
      treatment of the sleep-related abnormal breathing.

PMID- 2295261
TI  - Speech changes following uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Complication or acceptable
      results?

PMID- 2295262
TI  - Plasma DNA. A simple, rapid test for aiding the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Previously, we reported that the sensitivity of plasma DNA for patients with
      pulmonary emboli was 83 to 88 percent. To confirm these findings in a more
      comprehensive study, we collected plasma samples from 137 consecutive patients
      undergoing 148 ventilation-perfusion lung scans for pulmonary embolism. DNA was
      measured using a counter-immunoelectrophoresis technique that used high titer
      precipitating double-stranded DNA antibody from a patient with systemic lupus
      erythematosus. In addition to 17 patients (17 lung scans) excluded for not having
      plasma collected, 32 patients (37 lung scans) were excluded for having either a
      condition other than pulmonary embolism that could be associated with plasma DNA
      or for having nonacute symptoms. Eighteen of 22 patients with a diagnosis of
      pulmonary embolism (defined by either a high probability lung scan or abnormal
      pulmonary angiogram) had detectable plasma DNA. Only four of 27 patients without
      pulmonary embolism (defined by either a normal lung scan or normal pulmonary
      angiogram) had plasma DNA detected. Based on these results, plasma DNA had a
      sensitivity of 82 percent and a specificity of 85 percent for this condition.
      Plasma DNA is a promising test for pulmonary embolism and could help physicians
      interpret equivocal lung scan findings and thereby clarify difficult decisions
      such as the need for pulmonary angiography.

PMID- 2295263
TI  - Yield of percutaneous needle lung aspiration in lung abscess.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of PLA with a thin needle in the
      bacteriologic diagnosis of patients with lung abscess and in demonstrating
      possible coexistence of an underlying lung carcinoma, and the influence of this
      technique in the treatment and outcome of these patients. DESIGN: Case series.
      SETTING: Tertiary university referral center. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of 50
      patients with clinical picture suggestive of pulmonary infection and single or
      multiple cavitation of at least 1 cm in diameter on chest x-ray films, and lack
      of clinical suspicion of active pulmonary tuberculosis. One patient was excluded
      from the study after demonstration of tuberculosis by PLA. INTERVENTIONS: Lung
      aspirates were obtained under fluoroscopic guidance by introduction of a 22-gauge
      disposable spinal needle within the abscess cavity and were immediately
      transported to the bacteriology laboratory and pathology department for
      processing. All patients were initially treated with clindamycin. Tobramycin was
      added in all those patients with hospital-acquired infection, lack of foulness of
      sputum, and those who were initially severely ill. Definite treatment was based
      on the results of bacteriologic cultures. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cultures
      of LAs were positive in 82 percent (40/49) of patients. In 20 cases the isolates
      were monobacterial (13 aerobic bacteria and seven anaerobic). In the remaining 20
      cases, cultures grew more than one kind of bacteria (four exclusively aerobic,
      five exclusively anaerobic, and 11 mixed), with an average of 3.25 types of
      bacteria per case. Anaerobes were found as a single bacteria or associated with
      other aerobic bacteria in only 58 percent (23/40). The results of LA cultures led
      to change in the initial antibiotic trial in 23 patients (47 percent). Of ten
      cases in which bronchogenic carcinoma was demonstrated, cytologic study of LA was
      done in nine, and eight had positive cytologic yield. Pneumothorax occurred in
      seven cases (14 percent) as the sole complication. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Percutaneous
      lung aspiration had a high diagnostic yield and accuracy in our series, with a
      relatively low incidence of complications. (2) Anaerobic bacteria were less
      frequently implicated in our cases than previously reported. This finding led to
      significant changes in the initial empiric antibiotic treatment.

PMID- 2295264
TI  - Theophylline and antiparasitic drug interactions. A case report and study of the
      influence of thiabendazole and mebendazole on theophylline pharmacokinetics in
      adults.
AB  - To determine a change in theophylline pharmacokinetics during concomitant
      thiabendazole or mebendazole therapy, we studied six normal, healthy male
      volunteers. Aminophylline was administered intravenously, followed by a 30-h
      blood sampling period. Subjects were randomized to receive thiabendazole or
      mebendazole, then crossed over to receive the other therapy. Theophylline
      concentrations were measured utilizing an HPLC technique and a one-compartment
      model was fit to the data. Theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters were
      significantly different during thiabendazole therapy. Mean theophylline half-life
      increased, clearance decreased and elimination rate constant decreased. Two
      subjects experienced severe nausea and vomiting during thiabendazole therapy.
      There were no significant differences in theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters
      during mebendazole therapy. Thiabendazole administration results in a significant
      decrease in theophylline clearance and beta elimination rate constant. The
      theophylline half-life increased significantly. Concomitant administration of
      theophylline and thiabendazole resulted in severe nausea and vomiting.
      Mebendazole administration did not seem to alter theophylline pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2295265
TI  - Antimycobacterial antibodies in pleural effusions.
AB  - We devised a dot blot assay to evaluate the IgG and IgA response to P32, a
      recently isolated antigen specific to mycobacteria. Pleural fluids and the
      corresponding sera were tested, obtained from five patients with pleural
      tuberculosis proven by direct examination and/or culture and from 14 patients
      with pleural effusions of other origins. We measured the total IgG and IgA levels
      in all samples and determined the anti-P32 titer after adjusting IgG and IgA
      respectively to the same levels in all samples. Those pleural fluids and sera
      from tuberculous patients contained a higher proportion of anti-P32 antibodies
      than samples obtained from nontuberculous control subjects; in those patients,
      the proportion of anti-P32 antibodies was generally higher in pleural effusion
      fluid than in serum.

PMID- 2295266
TI  - Scintigraphic, spirometric, and roentgenologic effects of radiotherapy on normal
      lung tissue. Short-term observations in 14 consecutive patients with breast
      cancer.
AB  - The effects of radiotherapy on lung function, ventilation/perfusion scans, and
      chest radiography were studied prospectively in 15 patients who underwent either
      modified radical mastectomy or tumorectomy, followed by radiotherapy for breast
      cancer. In all patients, pulmonary function studies, chest x-ray films, and lung
      scintigraphic studies were performed prior to and at the end of radiotherapy as
      well as three months later. No consistent or significant alteration in either
      parameter was detected. No patient developed clinical symptoms suggestive of
      radiation-induced lung changes, although in one of them, major radiologic
      features were found that were consistent with radiation pneumonitis; those
      changes disappeared completely in the course of the subsequent months. It is
      concluded that the tangential beam technique for postoperative irradiation as
      used in these patients is largely safe as regards pulmonary function, perfusion,
      and ventilation.

PMID- 2295267
TI  - Keeping children on top of the states' policy agendas.
AB  - There is no longer any doubt that national consciousness of the truth that the
      future always depends on today's children has reached new levels of legislative
      action. This article cites Alaska's progress, and what has been and has not been
      achieved, and movements in other states, as a call to vigorous action.

PMID- 2295268
TI  - Responsibility and management strategies in child sexual abuse: a comparison of
      child protective workers, nurses, and police officers.
AB  - This study identifies the attitudes of professionals toward the attribution of
      responsibility for sexual abuse and strategies for case management. Several
      variables, including the victim's gender, social status of the perpetrator, use
      of physical force, one's professional discipline, and past history of childhood
      victimization, were found to influence professionals' attitudes.

PMID- 2295269
TI  - Countertransference issues in the in-home treatment of child sexual abuse.
AB  - Strong emotions are aroused in people in the presence of child abuse. For the
      therapist trying to help abusive families, these feelings can destroy any
      prospect of achieving a therapeutic process. This problem is particularly acute
      in the in-home situation.

PMID- 2295270
TI  - A case study: service delivery and parents with disabilities.
AB  - A Specialized Family Program, through a supervised paraprofessional, provided
      time-intensive, home-based service to a family in which both parents were
      deinstitutionalized disabled individuals. Interventive procedures consisted of
      systematic educational procedures in basic child care and home management and the
      case management of many active but uncoordinated agencies. Through this case
      history, the programmatic needs of disabled parents and their families are
      discussed, with emphasis on (1) an orientation of family support and advocacy;
      (2) active, home-based intervention; (3) educational methods based on systematic,
      behaviorally based instruction; (4) coordination of all workers involved; and (5)
      client control of decisions related to intervention.

PMID- 2295271
TI  - Comparison of computed tomography and contrast enema evaluation of
      diverticulitis.
AB  - A total of 31 patients with diverticulitis were analyzed who had both computed
      tomography and contrast enema. There was almost equal sensitivity to abnormality
      of approximately 90 percent. Contrast enema produced a specific diagnosis of
      diverticulitis in 61 percent, using stringent positive criteria, and an
      additional 29 percent with suggestive findings. Comparative computed tomography
      specific diagnoses in those 31 cases was made in 65 percent, and suggestive in 23
      percent. Computed tomography was particularly useful diagnostically in cases of
      retrograde obstruction on contrast enema. The authors conclude that contrast
      enema should be the primary mode of approach, while computed tomography can be a
      valuable follow-up when the diagnosis is still in doubt, or if it is possible
      that patient management might be altered by additional information.

PMID- 2295272
TI  - Manometric assessment of patients with obstetric injuries and fecal incontinence.
AB  - Anorectal manometry was performed with a multilumen continuously perfused
      catheter in nine women with fecal incontinence after vaginal delivery. All
      patients had a third-degree or fourth-degree perineal laceration. The median age
      was 30 (range, 24 to 38) years. Anal manometry revealed low resting and squeeze
      pressures with a mean pressure of 28.7 +/- 5.3 mm Hg (normal, 60 to 80 mm Hg) and
      42.5 +/- 5.9 mm Hg (normal, 100 to 150 mm Hg), respectively. Seven of nine
      patients had specific anterior quadrant defects demonstrated by cross-sectional
      analysis of the sphincter. In addition, five patients had evidence of global
      defects of the sphincter or relatively low pressures in other portions of the
      sphincter. Follow-up manometric data were obtained in four patients after
      reconstruction of the sphincter and demonstrated a mean improvement of resting
      and squeeze pressures of 5.1 mm Hg and 16.0 mm Hg, respectively. Although
      specific anterior defects may be expected with the history of obstetric trauma,
      the presence of global defects of the sphincter was unexpected and may support
      the role of injury to the innervation of the musculature of the pelvic floor as a
      contributing cause of fecal incontinence after childbirth. Anal manometry
      provides a quantitative assessment of sphincter function and dysfunction and is
      an important part of the preoperative assessment of patients with fecal
      incontinence from obstetric injuries.

PMID- 2295273
TI  - The release profile of a controlled release preparation of 5-aminosalicylic acid
      (Rowasa I) in humans.
AB  - 5-Aminosalicylic acid and its metabolite, N-ac-5-ASA, were measured in the
      plasma, urine, and ileostomy effluent of 24 ileostomates who ingested 750 mg
      Rowasa I following an overnight fast. Twelve subjects previously had a small
      bowel resection or had part of their small bowel out of circuit (mean 95 cm)
      (Group I) while 12 had an intact small bowel (Group II). The mean peak plasma
      concentration of N-ac-5-ASA was 1.11 micrograms/ml in Group 1 subjects compared
      with 2.80 micrograms/ml in Group II subjects (P = N.S.). On average, 53.0 percent
      of the ingested Rowasa I was detected in the 24-hr ileostomy effluent of Group I
      subjects compared with 45.3 percent in the Group II subjects (P = N.S.). The mean
      recovery of 5-ASA and N-ac-5-ASA in urine was 8.5 percent in Group I and 35.6
      percent in Group II subjects (P less than 0.001). These studies demonstrate that
      5-ASA is released and present in the small bowel following oral ingestion of
      Rowasa I in patients who have or have not had small bowel resections.

PMID- 2295274
TI  - An assessment of the risk of neoplasia in long-term ileal reservoirs using the
      DMH rodent model.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine if the construction of an ileal reservoir
      induces mucosal changes that can potentiate the effect of a chemical carcinogen
      (1,2-dimethylhydrazine) on ileal mucosa. Animals were divided into three groups:
      1) sham operation (n = 19), 2) total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (n =
      20), 3) total colectomy with an ileal reservoir made of terminal ileum sutured to
      the rectum (n = 20). An adaptation period of 12 weeks was allowed to promote
      fecal stasis and the histologic changes before exposure to weekly subcutaneous
      injections of DMH (25 mg/kg) for 16 weeks. Sodium butyrate was added to the diet
      as a tumor promotor. All animals were sacrificed one month later. Fecal stasis,
      along with enlargement, occurred in all the reservoirs (mean dimensions, 74 X 58
      X 43 mm). Their mean volume was 88 +/- 14 ml. The histologic changes in the ileal
      reservoirs were: chronic inflammation (14/20), villous atrophy (14/20), and
      atrophy of the glands (8/20). In group 3, five carcinomas were seen. There were
      three in the duodenum and two in the reservoirs. In contrast, 21 carcinomas were
      detected in the control groups. There were 17 in the colon, 3 in the jejunum, and
      1 in the ileum. No significant difference in the number of carcinomas was seen in
      the ileum with and without reservoir. Although it is possible to induce
      carcinomas in ileal reservoirs, the incidence remained significantly less than in
      the colon. In conclusion, the histologic changes induced by the construction of
      an ileal reservoir do not increase the risk of malignant transformation in the
      DMH model for intestinal carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2295275
TI  - Application of the colorectal laboratory in diagnosis and treatment of functional
      constipation.
AB  - Defecography, pelvic floor electromyography, and segmental colonic transit times
      were performed in 74 patients with functional constipation. Signs of functional
      outlet obstruction occurred in 74 percent. Transit times were normal in 33
      percent. Measurement of colonic transit time in patients with disordered
      evacuation studies is useless from a clinical point of view, because abnormal
      segmental transit time is the result of outlet obstruction in most cases and will
      return to normal after adequate treatment. Only when evacuation studies are
      normal, or have become normal after treatment and constipation persists, are
      segmental transit studies indicated because they may demonstrate primary slow
      transit constipation. Primary slow transit constipation probably is caused by
      impaired motility of the whole gastrointestinal tract. As small-bowel transit
      time increases, defecation frequency decreases, laxatives are taken again, and
      abdominal pain persists. Surgery should be performed with restraint.

PMID- 2295276
TI  - Proctectomy and coloanal reconstruction for rectal cancer.
AB  - There is increasing interest in the use of coloanal reconstruction following
      proctectomy for low rectal cancer. The authors review the surgical options for
      such sphincter-saving approaches, and report their pilot experience with eight
      patients receiving high-dose preoperative radiation with subsequent proctectomy
      and endoanal anastomosis. There were no anastomotic leaks.

PMID- 2295277
TI  - Sucralfate enema in ulcerative rectosigmoid lesions.
AB  - To assess the efficacy of sucralfate enemas in distal colonic ulcerative lesions,
      22 patients with radiation proctitis (n = 8), idiopathic ulcerative proctitis (n
      = 5), and solitary rectal ulcer (n = 5) unresponsive to conventional medical
      therapy, and those with ulcerated and bleeding rectal polyps awaiting polypectomy
      (n = 4) were studied. Enemas of sucralfate suspension (2 gm in 20 ml water) were
      administered twice daily for a period of three weeks. Clinical and sigmoidoscopic
      improvements were observed in 19 and 18 of the 22 patients, respectively (86 and
      82 percent, respectively). No side effects were seen. The authors conclude that
      sucralfate enemas are useful in the treatment of ulcerative lesions of the
      rectosigmoid.

PMID- 2295278
TI  - Use of gastrointestinal contrast studies in obstruction of the small and large
      bowel.
AB  - Gastrointestinal contrast studies were performed in 96 (27 percent) of 342
      patients with small-bowel obstruction including 57 upper gastrointestinal and 39
      barium-enema examinations. In 34 patients, upper gastrointestinal examination
      disclosed either obstruction or failure of contrast to reach the cecum in 24
      hours; all 34 patients required surgery. The remaining 23 patients who had upper
      gastrointestinal studies recovered with tube decompression. Barium enema
      demonstrated obstruction in 13 (33 percent) of 39 cases of suspected small-bowel
      obstruction and localized obstruction in the colon rather than small bowel in 9
      of 13 cases. Barium enema was 100 percent predictive of surgery when obstruction
      was shown, but was not helpful in predicting surgery when obstruction was not
      demonstrated. Surgery was required in 42 percent of patients whose barium enema
      did not show obstruction. Barium enema also was performed in 19 of 23 patients
      with large-bowel obstruction and showed the level of obstruction in all cases.
      All patients with large-bowel obstruction required surgery except for three who
      recovered after barium-enema reduction of intussusception or volvulus. Barium
      upper gastrointestinal examination is recommended in small-bowel obstruction when
      plain films are nondiagnostic, and in selected cases of small-bowel obstruction
      that do not resolve with a short trial of tube decompression. Barium enema is not
      recommended in suspected small-bowel obstruction but should be performed in all
      cases of large-bowel obstruction, except when perforation is a possibility or
      when the cecum measures 10 cm or larger in diameter.

PMID- 2295279
TI  - Adult Hirschsprung's disease. Clinical features and functional outcome after
      surgery.
AB  - To assess the clinical features and long-term functional outcome after surgery,
      eight patients operated on for adult Hirschsprung's disease during the 20-year
      period, 1968-1988, were re-examined. There were six men and two women with a mean
      age of 40 +/- 3 years at the time of survey. The mean age of the patients at the
      time of diagnosis was 23.8 years (range, 16 to 41 years). Results were compared
      with eight consecutive patients operated on for Hirschsprung's disease during the
      neonatal period. The Duhamel operation was performed initially on seven patients
      in the adult group and on all patients in the neonatal group. Anterior resection
      was performed on one adult patient initially but this was converted subsequently
      to Soave's pull-through operation. None of the patients had constipation after
      definitive surgery. The mean defecation frequency was two in both groups. Three
      patients in the adult group and two patients in the neonatal group were
      completely continent, others had occasional soiling. The mean anal sphincter
      pressures were lower in the neonatal group than in the adult group and in each
      group lower than in normal controls. Adult Hirschsprung's disease must always be
      suspected in the context of chronic constipation. Functional results after
      surgery in adult patients are similar to those achieved in children.

PMID- 2295280
TI  - Gastrointestinal malignancies in Crohn's disease. A 20-year experience.
AB  - The relationship between gastrointestinal neoplasms and Crohn's disease is poorly
      defined. The purpose of this study was to characterize the features of
      gastrointestinal malignancies that developed in Crohn's patients. In this
      retrospective review the authors identified six patients with Crohn's disease who
      developed such lesions over a 20-year period: four patients had colorectal
      cancers and two had ileal malignant neoplasms. Patients averaged 52.7 years of
      age (range, 21 to 61 years). Three patients were men and three women. Five of the
      six patients had endured Crohn's disease for more than 20 years. Only two lesions
      were diagnosed before surgery. The colorectal lesions were predominantly right
      sided and all occurred in bowel segments with active Crohn's disease. The lesions
      demonstrated aggressive histologic features: three of six tumors were poorly
      differentiated, one of the five adenocarcinomas was mucinous, and three of the
      colorectal cancers were Dukes' B or C lesions. Four of six patients survived five
      or more years. There was a single malignant carcinoid, which represents the
      seventh case report of a carcinoid tumor occurring in a patient with Crohn's
      disease. This study indicates that patients with Crohn's disease develop a wide
      variety of small bowel and colorectal cancers. Furthermore, it suggests that
      Crohn's patients with colonic disease should periodically undergo surveillance
      colonoscopy.

PMID- 2295281
TI  - Avoidance of sedation during total colonoscopy.
AB  - A prospective study of the necessity of sedation, or analgesia, or both in total
      colonoscopy was performed. The procedures were performed in the office on 212
      consecutive, nonselected patients. Intravenous sedation was not started
      initially, and all procedures were begun without medication. If the patient
      developed significant discomfort or sharp pain, intravenous diazepam (Valium,
      Roche, Nutley, NJ) or midazolam (Versed, Roche, Nutley, NJ) was given. Total
      colonoscopy was successful in 201 (95 percent) patients. Of these procedures, 173
      (82 percent) patients required no analgesia or sedation. In the remaining 39 (18
      percent) patients, only small doses of Valium or Versed were necessary. There
      were 2 (1 percent) complications, but they were directly related to polypectomy
      (stalk bleeding, serosal burn) and not to the colonoscopy. Patient acceptance was
      high because most of the patients were able to leave the office immediately after
      the procedure and many (at least 82 percent) were able to return to work or
      resume normal activities that same day. Intravenous sedation is routinely used
      during total colonoscopy by most practitioners and is considered the standard of
      care in most communities. However, the need for sedation during total colonoscopy
      has never been proven and is probably not necessary in most cases. Furthermore,
      when sedation is necessary, most patients are probably over-anesthetized. This is
      significant, as it may make total colonoscopy more accessible, less expensive,
      and safer.

PMID- 2295282
TI  - Rhomboid flap in proctologic reconstruction.
AB  - The application of Limberg-type transposition flaps of rhomboid shape has been
      demonstrated to be one method of covering defects in the perianal area or the
      anal canal, after the extirpation of lesions that cannot be closed at first
      attempt because of defect size. This series includes five patients treated over a
      period of five years; a total of seven flaps were performed because there were
      contralateral lesions in two patients. The technique consists of extirpation of
      the lesion to create a rhomboid-shaped defect, which is then covered by a flap
      cut following the Limberg or Dufourmentel technique. Anoplasty techniques have
      been long established and advancement or rotation flaps are the most popular in
      proctologic surgery. Transposition flaps are useful because they are easy to
      remember and perform and have no serious postoperative complications.

PMID- 2295284
TI  - Residency training survey.

PMID- 2295283
TI  - Eder Puestow dilatation of benign rectal stricture following anterior resection.
AB  - Benign anastomotic stricture following anterior resection can be difficult to
      manage when the stricture is proximal. The acceptable surgical options are either
      a redo low resection with its accompanying hazards or, alternatively, the
      formation of a permanent colostomy. Although dilatation of such strictures is
      possible by blind passage of metal bougies, the authors believe that this
      technique must be regarded as hazardous. A technique of dilatation is described
      that is usually reserved for esophageal stricture, namely, Eder Puestow
      dilatation over a guide wire inserted under direct vision. Although this
      technique may not be without risk, this readily available equipment may be
      valuable in making a further resection unnecessary.

PMID- 2295285
TI  - Factors influencing survival at one year in patients with nonbiliary hepatic
      parenchymal cirrhosis.
AB  - Transplantation may be considered for patients with advanced cirrhosis, however,
      adequate criteria for evaluating survival in those patients are ill-defined. The
      aim of the present study was to select, among several clinical and functional
      variables those that could best predict survival at one year. The data collected
      from 91 consecutive patients with parenchymal cirrhosis hospitalized in our
      center from February 1984 to January 1986 were subjected to stepwise logistic
      regression analysis. Death occurring during the first year following entry into
      the study was considered as a failure. During that period, there were no censored
      patients. Of 19 variables that entered into the analysis, only two were
      significant (P less than 0.01): presence (1: moderate; 2: severe) or absence (0)
      of ascites (A) and breath test (BT: % aminopyrine activity of administered dose
      at 2 hr). The logistic equation was: 1n (P/1 - P): - 1.95 A + 1.64 BT - 0.393,
      where P represented the probability of survival at one year. For each patient, P
      was calculated according to his A and BT values. Using a 0.7 probability cut
      point to separate success from failure, 93% (70/75) of successes, 81% (13/16) of
      failures, and 91% (83/91) of both successes and failures could be correctly
      predicted. Predictive equations like the present preliminary one can be used in
      the future to better assess the risk of mortality in patients with parenchymal
      cirrhosis in whom liver transplantation is considered.

PMID- 2295287
TI  - Intestinal hydrolysis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in vitro and in vivo in the rat.
      Effect of amino acids and oligopeptides.
AB  - The first step in the intestinal absorption of phosphorylated forms of vitamin B6
      is intraluminal hydrolysis mediated by alkaline phosphatase. The present studies
      were performed to evaluate the effect of amino acids and oligopeptides, the
      products of protein digestion, on the hydrolysis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.
      Models utilized rats and included a cell-free in vitro system and the in vivo,
      single-pass, perfused jejunal segment. In vitro all amino acids and oligopeptides
      tested significantly inhibited pyridoxal 5'-phosphate decay (hydrolysis). The
      degree of inhibition of decay was dependent on the particular compound used, the
      concentration of that compound, and the pH of the medium. Similar effects for L
      lysine concentration and perfusate pH were demonstrated in perfused segments in
      vivo; by contrast, L-lysine had no effect on pyridoxine uptake. These studies
      demonstrate that intraluminal hydrolysis of phosphorylated vitamin B6 may be
      modulated by yet other intraluminal constituents and conditions.

PMID- 2295288
TI  - Enterovesical fistula from Meckel's diverticulum in a patient with Crohn's
      ileitis.
AB  - Formation of a fistula from a Meckel's diverticulum to the bladder is extremely
      rare and may not be recognized, especially in patients with other
      gastrointestinal disease. We describe a patient with Crohn's ileitis who was
      assumed to have two enterovesical fistulae from his diseased ileum. Laparotomy
      revealed a Meckel's diverticulum with fistulization to the bladder. The
      diverticulum contained inflamed and ulcerated ectopic gastric mucosa but was not
      affected by Crohn's disease. We know of only one other report of an enterovesical
      fistula resulting from a Meckel's diverticulum. In that case, however, the
      diverticulum did not contain ectopic tissue.

PMID- 2295286
TI  - The influence of acute or chronic nicotine treatment on ethanol-induced gastric
      mucosal damage in rats.
AB  - The influences of acute or chronic nicotine pretreatment on ethanol-induced
      changes on gastric secretion, mucosal blood flow (GMBF), and glandular mucosal
      damage were studied in anesthetized rats. Ethanol administration decreased
      gastric acid secretion and GMBF, which were accompanied by a marked increase in
      gastric mucosal damage. Acute nicotine incubation 2 or 4 mg dose-dependently
      elevated both the titratable acid in the luminal solution and the gastric
      secretory volume; it also prevented the depressive action on GMBF and gastric
      mucosal damage in ethanol-treated animals. Chronic nicotine treatment for 10 days
      reduced the inhibitory action of ethanol on gastric acid secretion; the higher
      dose (25 micrograms/ml drinking water) potentiated the decrease of GMBF and the
      ulcerogenic property of ethanol. However, chronic treatment with the lower dose
      (5 micrograms/ml drinking water) had the opposite effects; it also markedly
      increased the gastric secretory volume. It is concluded that acute nicotine
      pretreatment elevates, whereas chronic nicotine pretreatment differentially
      affects GMBF. These effects could account for their protective or preventive
      actions on ethanol ulceration. The increase in nonacid gastric secretory volume
      by nicotine could partially explain its antiulcer effect. Furthermore, the acid
      secretory state of the stomach appears unrelated to the ulcerogenic property of
      ethanol.

PMID- 2295289
TI  - Severe short bowel syndrome with a surgically reversed small bowel segment.
AB  - We report a case of short bowel syndrome (60 cm of jejunum anastomosed to the
      left colon) with reversal of the distal 15 cm of jejunum in a 21-year-old man.
      The nutritional absorptive capacity and digestive motility was studied for 18
      months postoperatively. His absorptive capacity reached subnormal values allowing
      him oral nutritive autonomy and normal social life. The results of the manometric
      study suggested that the reversed segment delayed intestinal transit time. The
      prolonged contact of the chyme with the intestinal absorptive mucosa possibly
      increased its absorptive capacity. Our data and the literature reports suggest
      that reversal of a bowel loop could help wean patients from their dependence on
      parenteral nutrition.

PMID- 2295290
TI  - Bile acid composition in brown pigment stones.
AB  - The bile acids in brown pigment stones and gallbladder bile were fractionated
      into free acids, glycine and taurine conjugates, and sulfates using
      diethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 (DEAP-LH-20) column chromatography and
      were quantitated by gas chromatography. Twenty-eight cases of brown pigment
      stones were studied and divided into two groups: those with and those without
      bacteria possessing bile acid-deconjugating activity. In the former, free bile
      acid amounted to 62 +/- 34% of the total bile acid, while in the latter, only
      0.1% of total bile acid was free bile acid. The fraction of total bile acid made
      up of free bile acids was found to be consistently higher in brown pigment stones
      than in the corresponding bile, irrespective of the presence or absence of
      biliary infection. Free bile acid is present in negligible amounts in normal
      bile. Total bile acid concentration in the bile of patients with brown pigment
      stones was significantly less than that of controls (13 vs 50 mg/ml). Biliary
      infection is almost always present in cases with brown pigment stones. These
      findings suggest that bacterial infection is present at the initiation of brown
      pigment stone formation as well as during the period of ensuing stone growth.

PMID- 2295291
TI  - Serum-ascites albumin gradients in nonalcoholic liver disease.
AB  - Several studies performed in alcoholics with advanced liver disease have
      demonstrated a positive correlation between the serum-ascites albumin gradient
      (SAAG) and measured portal venous pressure. A single study performed in 15
      patients with exudative malignant ascites and 29 patients with alcoholic liver
      disease demonstrated that a SAAG of less than 1.1 was essentially diagnostic of a
      malignant origin of the ascites. In an effort to confirm and extend these
      observations to individuals with nonalcoholic liver disease, 24 patients with
      nonalcoholic liver disease and 11 with alcoholic liver disease undergoing
      orthotopic liver transplantation (OTLx) were studied. At the time of liver
      transplantation, each had their serum and ascitic fluid albumin levels
      determined, the gradient calculated, and their portal venous pressure (PVP) as
      well as the corrected portal venous pressure (PPc) measured directly. A
      significant correlation (r = 0.624) between the PPc and the SAAG was found in the
      11 alcoholics (P less than 0.05). No such correlation existed for those with
      nonalcoholic liver disease (r = 0.398). Moreover, a SAAG less than 1.1 was found
      in three of nonalcoholics with cirrhosis in the absence of an abdominal
      malignancy. We conclude that (1) the SAAG and PPc are statistically related to
      each other in individuals with alcoholic liver disease but not in those with a
      nonalcoholic cause for cirrhosis, and (2) SAAG less than 1.1 is not diagnostic of
      abdominal malignancy but can occur in those with advanced nonmalignant hepatic
      disease.

PMID- 2295292
TI  - Sphincter of Oddi manometry in healthy volunteers.
AB  - In this study we describe in detail the characteristics of sphincter of Oddi
      motor function in a large group of healthy subjects. Studies were obtained in 50
      healthy volunteers. The findings showed a sphincter of Oddi segment that had a
      basal pressure of 14.8 +/- 6.3 mm Hg (X +/- SD). Phasic contractions were
      superimposed on the basal pressure. They had an amplitude of 119.7 +/- 32 mm Hg,
      a duration of 4.7 +/- 1 sec, and a frequency of 5.7 +/- 1.2 contractions/min. In
      40 subjects the propagation sequence of phasic contractions could be evaluated
      and were simultaneous in 53%, antegrade in 35%, and retrograde in 11% of the
      waves. In 20 subjects, pressure measurements done at the common bile duct
      sphincter waves. In 20 subjects, pressure measurements done at the common bile
      duct sphincter were similar to those obtained at the pancreatic duct sphincter.
      In 10 subjects, pressure values obtained at the common bile duct sphincter within
      a week were similar. Our study should help to establish standards for normal
      manometric values of the sphincter of Oddi and emphasizes the importance of
      having a healthy volunteer group from which to obtain the normal values of
      sphincter of Oddi motor function.

PMID- 2295293
TI  - Qualitative and quantitative comparison of gallbladder proteins from patients
      with and without cholesterol gallstones.
AB  - Amino acid analysis and protein electrophoretic techniques were used to determine
      whether qualitative and quantitative gallbladder protein abnormalities exist in
      patients with cholesterol gallstones in Inner Mongolia. Gallbladder bile osmotic
      pressure measurement was determined and correlations were sought between the
      protein concentration and osmotic pressure of gallbladder bile. Protein
      concentrations and bile osmolality were higher in patients with cholesterol
      gallstones than in controls without biliary tract disease. A correlation between
      the protein concentration and osmotic pressure was found in gallbladder patients
      but not in controls (patients: r = 0.83, P less than 0.05; controls: r = 0.74, P
      less than 0.1).

PMID- 2295294
TI  - Oral administration of loxiglumide (CCK antagonist) inhibits postprandial
      gallbladder contraction without affecting gastric emptying.
AB  - The effect of a single oral dose of loxiglumide, a cholecystokinin antagonist, on
      postprandial gallbladder contraction and on gastric emptying was evaluated in
      humans. Following a 12-hr fasting period, two tablets of loxiglumide (400 mg
      each) or placebo was administered on different days, in random order and in a
      double-blind fashion to 10 healthy volunteers 15 min before the ingestion of a
      1050-kcal standard meal. Gallbladder and antral volumes were measured by real
      time ultrasonography in basal conditions and at fixed time intervals after the
      meal. Oral loxiglumide administration was followed by a total inhibition of the
      gallbladder contraction for 60 min after the end of the meal ingestion.
      Thereafter, up to the end of the study period, gallbladder volume was larger than
      that of the placebo study (at 300 min after the meal 2.7 +/- 1.6 ml after placebo
      and 8.2 +/- 3.5 ml after loxiglumide; P less than 0.008). No difference between
      placebo and loxiglumide was found in the antral volumes at any time interval
      (postprandial 63.5 +/- 16.5 ml after placebo and 59.4 +/- 24 ml after
      loxiglumide; at 300 min after the meal 20.8 +/- 13.3 ml after placebo and 18.9 +/
      9.5 ml after loxiglumide). In conclusion, a single oral dose of loxiglumide at
      the dose of 800 mg can inhibit postprandial gallbladder contraction without
      affecting gastric emptying. It would therefore appear that in man endogenous CCK,
      released after a solid-liquid, caloric, nutrient-balanced meal, plays a major
      role in the contraction of the gallbladder but does not affect gastric emptying.

PMID- 2295295
TI  - Luminal bile regulates cholecystokinin release in conscious rats.
AB  - The effects of intraluminal bile on cholecystokinin release and pancreatic
      exocrine secretion were studied in conscious rats. Since it has been suggested
      that bile acid may influence pancreatic secretion indirectly by interacting with
      luminal protease activities, intraduodenal protease activities were eliminated by
      pancreatic juice diversion accompanied with simultaneous intraduodenal infusion
      of aprotinin. This treatment resulted in gradual increases in pancreatic juice
      flow, bicarbonate and protein outputs, and an increase in plasma cholecystokinin
      levels, reaching plateau levels 2 hr after the start of the treatment. When
      endogenous bile was excluded from the intestine, the pancreatic secretion and
      plasma cholecystokinin concentrations further increased. The intraduodenal
      infusion of sodium taurocholate during bile pancreatic juice diversion inhibited
      cholecystokinin release, while pancreatic protein output was only transiently
      decreased. The results indicate that bile in the duodenum directly regulates
      cholecystokinin release, probably through its major components, bile salts.

PMID- 2295296
TI  - Effect of cyclosporine on hepatic cytosolic estrogen and androgen receptor levels
      before and after partial hepatectomy.
AB  - Estrogen and androgen receptors within the liver have been reported to modulate
      the hepatic regenerative response to partial hepatectomy. Moreover, cyclosporine
      has several untoward effects that might occur as a consequence of alterations in
      sex hormone activity. To evaluate these questions the following experiments were
      performed. Estrogen and androgen receptors in cytosol were quantitated in livers
      of rats treated with cyclosporine or olive oil vehicle before and after partial
      hepatectomy or a sham operation. Ornithine decarboxylase activity and thymidine
      kinase activity were assessed as indices of hepatic regeneration. Preoperative
      levels of estrogen receptor activity in the hepatic cytosol were significantly
      greater in rats treated with cyclosporine as compared to vehicle treated controls
      (P less than 0.01). In contrast, preoperative levels of androgen receptor
      activity in the cyclosporine-treated and vehicle-treated animals were similar.
      Following partial hepatectomy, a reduction in the activity of both sex hormone
      receptors in the hepatic cytosol was observed and was compatible with results
      described previously in normal animals. Unexpectedly the preoperative levels of
      ornithine decarboxylase (P less than 0.01) and thymidine kinase activity (P less
      than 0.01) were significantly greater in the rats treated with cyclosporine as
      compared to the vehicle treated controls. As expected, ornithine decarboxylase
      activity (at 6 hr) and thymidine kinase activity (at 24 hr) rose and peaked in
      response to a partial hepatectomy but were significantly greater (P less than
      0.05) in the rats treated with cyclosporine as compared to the vehicle.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295297
TI  - Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in mechanism of acute and chronic duodenal
      ulceration in the rat.
AB  - This study employed the oxygen-derived free radical removing agents DL-cysteine,
      methyl-methionine sulfonium bromide (MMSB), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and
      allopurinol to examine the role of oxyradicals in the mechanism of acute and
      chronic duodenal ulceration in the rat. These agents were administered by gavage
      under light ether anesthesia. All rats infused subcutaneously for 24 hr with
      pentagastrin (4 micrograms/kg/min) and carbachol (0.8 microgram/kg/min) developed
      acute duodenal ulceration and hyperchlorhydria (68 +/- 6.1 mumol vs 12.5 +/- 0.3
      mumol, mean +/- SEM, N = 10, P less than 0.001). Pretreatment with DL-cysteine,
      MMSB, DMSO, or allopurinol provided dose-dependent protection against this
      ulceration without significantly influencing the hyperchlorhydria. One percent
      solutions of these agents protected at least 20% of rats against ulceration. Five
      or 10% solutions of DL-cysteine, MMSB, or DMSO protected at least 70% of rats
      against ulceration and similar concentrations of allopurinol protected all
      animals. All rats having intramuscular reserpine (0.1 mg/kg) every day for six
      weeks developed chronic duodenal ulceration and hyperchlorhydria (52 +/- 3.1
      mumol vs 13.1 +/- 0.7 mumol, mean +/- SEM, N = 10, P less than 0.001).
      Pretreatment with DL-cysteine, MMSB, DMSO, or allopurinol achieved dose-dependent
      protection against ulceration without significantly influencing the
      hyperchlorhydria. One percent solutions of DL-cysteine, MMSB, or DMSO protected
      at least 60% of rats against ulceration; however, a similar concentration of
      allopurinol protected 80% of animals. Five or 10% solutions of DL-cysteine, MMSB,
      or DMSO protected at least 80% of rats against ulceration and similar
      concentrations of allopurinol protected all rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2295298
TI  - Distinct immunohistochemical findings in columnar epithelium of esophageal inlet
      patch and of Barrett's esophagus.
AB  - Immunohistochemistry was performed on biopsies of columnar mucosa from 11
      patients with Barrett's esophagus and 11 patients with columnar mucosa in the
      cranial esophagus, the "inlet patch." Both epithelia contained endocrine cells,
      immunoreactive to antisera against serotonin, glucagon, somatostatin, and
      pancreatic polypeptide; the specialized mucosa of Barrett's esophagus contained,
      in addition, neurotensin-immunoreactive cells, and in the mucosa of an inlet
      patch we found a gastrin cell. These findings are not compatible with some of the
      current theories on the origin of these epithelia. The mucosa of the inlet patch
      has been considered to consist of heterotopic gastric mucosa. The mucosa of the
      adult human stomach, however, does not contain glucagon cells. These cells are
      only present in the early embryonic stomach, and they disappear during
      embryonogenesis. According to our findings, the mucosa of the inlet patch
      therefore represents embryonic gastric mucosa. The specialized columnar
      epithelium of Barrett's esophagus has been considered to have evolved from
      gastric mucous neck cells. However, although glucagon cells are a feature of the
      embryonic stomach, neurotensin-immunoreactive cells have not been found in the
      gastric mucosa. Our study suggests that the specialized columnar epithelium of
      Barrett's esophagus originates from a very immature multipotent gastrointestinal
      stem cell.

PMID- 2295299
TI  - [Autochthonous pulmonary dirofilariasis in Europe].
AB  - The chest X-ray of a 39-year-old woman who had an acute onset of fever, cough,
      dyspnoea and thoracic pain revealed two peripheral round opacities (about 1.5 cm
      in diameter) in the right lower lobe. Extensive further studies having failed to
      discover the cause, a diagnostic thoracotomy was performed and the two pleura
      adjacent tumours were removed. Histological examination revealed granulomatous
      encapsulated filariae, species Dirofilaria immitis. This was confirmed by a
      positive ELISA test with Dirofilaria immitis antigen. As the patient had been on
      holiday in Corsica three months before onset of symptoms, it is most likely that
      the pulmonary dirofilariasis was acquired autochthonously in Europe.

PMID- 2295301
TI  - [Mortality of acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2295300
TI  - [Acute effects of extracorporeal LDL cholesterol and fibrinogen elimination on
      blood rheology and microcirculation].
AB  - Long-term intermittent heparin-induced extracorporeal low-density lipoprotein
      (LDL)-cholesterol precipitation was performed in three men - aged 32, 52 and 56
      years - with severe familial hypercholesterolaemia and angiographically
      demonstrated coronary heart disease. This significantly lowered by 65-70% their
      LDL-cholesterol concentration and by 48-54% their fibrinogen concentration.
      Fibrinogen elimination reduced plasma viscosity by 13-14% and clearly raised the
      transcutaneously measured partial pressure of oxygen by 33-50%. Clinically the
      improved microcirculation achieved a decrease in angina symptoms: the walking
      distance of the 52-year-old man increased from about 100 m to 4000 m, the daily
      need of glyceryl trinitrate falling from an average of 12 to 4 aerosol doses.

PMID- 2295302
TI  - [Percutaneous vascular endoprotheses for occlusions or stenoses of hemodialysis
      shunts].
AB  - In ten patients (four men and six women, mean age 51.7 [26-79] years), with six
      occlusions and five stenoses of a haemodialysis shunt or shunt-draining
      subclavian vein, a self-expanding intravascular stent was implanted
      percutaneously after balloon-dilatation. The implantation was successful in 9 of
      11 instances, but the shunt thrombosed in two within 24 hours (in one of the
      patients, with antithrombin III deficiency, the shunt had to be abandoned). After
      an average observation period of 7.8 (1-14) months, ten shunts have remained open
      and suitable for dialysis. A further stent had to be implanted in one of the
      patients because of stenosis distal to the first stent. In three patients intima
      hyperplasia within the stent necessitated percutaneous balloon dilatation and/or
      atherectomy.

PMID- 2295304
TI  - [Goiter in iodine utilization disorders].

PMID- 2295303
TI  - [Acute ischemic myelomalacia and colon necrosis in infrarenal aortic aneurysm].
AB  - A 54-year-old man suddenly developed a transverse spinal cord syndrome with
      paralysis of both legs and diffuse abdominal pain. Spinal compression was
      excluded by myelography. Subsequent computed tomography, however, revealed an
      aortic aneurysm of 7 cm diameter. At laparotomy extensive mesenteric ischaemia
      with necrosis of the entire colon and massive peritonitis were noted. It was not
      possible, because of the peritonitis, to bypass the aneurysm with a graft and
      only a colectomy was performed. The patient died 48 hours after admission of
      prolonged cardiocirculatory failure. Autopsy revealed further multiple organ
      damage in addition to the ischaemic myelomalacia. The common cause of the
      findings was probably a sudden drop in blood pressure in the presence of severe
      generalized arteriosclerosis.

PMID- 2295306
TI  - EMS/prehospital care.

PMID- 2295305
TI  - [Late complications of ESWL of gallstones with lethal results].

PMID- 2295308
TI  - Financial considerations in emergency medical services systems.
AB  - EMS providers have raised the public's perception and acceptance of paramedic
      level care. Both rural and urban EMS policy makers will continue to feel the
      financial pressure to maintain and upgrade EMS services. The issue of who pays
      for health care has captured the interest of all and will continue to be
      scrutinized like no other part of providing quality prehospital medicine.

PMID- 2295307
TI  - Controversies in prehospital care.
AB  - Many controversies exist in prehospital care. The most visible from a physiologic
      point of view are what is done in the field, how thorough medical accountability
      should be, and what amount of education is required for EMTs to perform their
      jobs correctly. The bottom line is good patient care. Such care cannot be
      achieved without the proper ingredients. These include a knowledgeable EMT, an
      involved medical director, and community support.

PMID- 2295309
TI  - Emergency medical services legal issues for the emergency physician.
AB  - This article discusses the elements of the legal system that impact emergency
      physicians and their legal responsibilities. It addresses the specific
      responsibilities of the emergency physician providing on-line direction to EMS
      units in the field, and the legal principles that control. Special emphasis is
      placed on compliance with new federal legislation and addressing medical-legal
      issues presented by field personnel during patient care situations.

PMID- 2295310
TI  - Quality assurance in emergency medical service systems.
AB  - EMS quality assurance programs can help guarantee that the provision of
      prehospital care is medically accountable. The establishment and management of
      such a program, although time consuming, are critically important. It is
      essential that the medical director or a designee responsible for quality
      assurance activities be allotted the necessary time to carry them out properly.
      Incident reports, critique sessions, audits, education (training) sessions,
      observation or debriefing in the emergency department, as well as on-line medical
      control all play a role in inputting data into the system. The quality assurance
      program forms a continuous action loop starting and ending with protocols and
      education. Documentation of variance or compliance with protocols forms the basis
      for analysis of the quality of care delivered. Any intervention must be based on
      carefully documented information and should include praise for good work, as well
      as education when needed, and restriction of function when necessary.

PMID- 2295311
TI  - The structure of a membrane fusion mutant of the influenza virus haemagglutinin.
AB  - The haemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) of influenza virus specifically mediates
      fusion of the viral and host cell endosomal membranes at the acidic pH of
      endosomes. The HAs from mutant viruses with raised fusion pH optima contain amino
      acid substitutions in regions of the HA structure thought to be involved in the
      fusion process [Daniels et al. (1985b) Cell, 40, 431-439]. We have determined the
      neutral pH crystal structure of one such mutant, HA2 112 Asp----Gly. A water
      molecule appears to partially replace the aspartate side chain, and no changes
      are observed in the surrounding structure. It appears that four intra-chain
      hydrogen bonds that stabilize the location of the N-terminus of HA2 are lost in
      the mutant, resulting in a local destabilization that facilitates the extrusion
      of the N-terminus at higher pH.

PMID- 2295312
TI  - Definition of the minimal requirements within the human beta-globin gene and the
      dominant control region for high level expression.
AB  - The human beta-globin dominant control region (DCR) was previously identified as
      a region from the 5' end of the human beta-globin locus which directs high level,
      site of integration-independent, copy number-dependent expression on a linked
      human beta-globin gene in transgenic mice and stably transfected mouse
      erythroleukaemia (MEL) cells. We have now analysed the elements comprising the
      DCR by systematic deletion mutagenesis in stable MEL transfectants. We have
      identified two independent elements within the DNase I hypersensitive sites 2 and
      3, containing fragments which direct strong transcriptional inducibility of a
      beta-globin gene. Whilst the remaining two hypersensitive sites do not direct
      significant transcriptional induction, our data suggest that all four sites may
      be necessary for the fully regulated expression conferred by the DCR. We have
      also tested a number of beta-globin minigene constructs under the control of the
      DCR to assess if any of the local sequences from the gene may be removed without
      loss of expression. We find that the 3' enhancer may be removed without affecting
      expression, but there is an absolute requirement for the presence of the second
      intron, not related to the enhancer present in that intron.

PMID- 2295314
TI  - Purification and characterization of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase.
AB  - Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) is a Golgi membrane enzyme involved in the
      post-translational modification of secretory and membrane proteins. Here we
      describe the 140,000-fold purification of this enzyme from bovine adrenal medulla
      to apparent homogeneity and determine its substrate specificity. The key step in
      the purification was affinity chromatography on a substrate peptide to which the
      enzyme bound in the presence of nucleotide cosubstrate. TPST is a 54-50 kd
      integral membrane glycoprotein. The presence of sialic acid strongly suggests
      that within the Golgi complex, TPST is localized in the trans-most
      subcompartment. TPST was found to specifically sulfate tyrosine residues adjacent
      to acidic amino acids. These results define a major determinant for the
      specificity of protein sulfation in the trans Golgi.

PMID- 2295313
TI  - Analysis of human chromosome 21: correlation of physical and cytogenetic maps;
      gene and CpG island distributions.
AB  - Human chromosome 21 has been analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using
      somatic cell hybrids containing limited regions of the chromosome and greater
      than 60 unique sequence probes. Thirty-three independent NotI fragments have been
      identified, totalling 43 million bp. This must account for essentially the entire
      long arm, and therefore gaps remaining in the map must be small. The extent of
      the pulsed-field map has allowed the direct correlation of the physical map with
      the cytogenetic map: translocation breakpoints can be unambiguously positioned
      along the long arm and the distances between them measured in base pairs. Three
      breakpoints have been identified, providing physical confirmation of cytogenetic
      landmarks. Information on sequence organization has been obtained: (i) 60% of the
      unique sequence probes are located within 11 physical linkage groups which can be
      contained in only 20% of the long arm; (ii) 9/21 genes are clustered within 4%;
      (iii) translocation breakpoints appear to occur within CpG island regions, making
      their identification difficult by pulsed-field techniques. This analysis
      contributes to the human genome mapping effort, and provides information to guide
      the rapid investigation of the biology of chromosome 21.

PMID- 2295315
TI  - The three-dimensional structure of the seed storage protein phaseolin at 3 A
      resolution.
AB  - The polypeptides of the trimeric seed storage protein phaseolin comprise two
      structurally similar units each made up of a beta-barrel and an alpha-helical
      domain. The beta-barrel has the 'jelly-roll' folding topology of the viral coat
      proteins and the alpha-helical domain shows structural similarity to the helix
      turn-helix motif found in certain DNA-binding proteins.

PMID- 2295316
TI  - Synaptic connections formed by grafts of different types of cholinergic neurons
      in the host hippocampus.
AB  - The present experiment was performed to determine whether different types of
      grafted central cholinergic neurons are able to form synaptic contacts with host
      hippocampal neurons. Grafts from the septal-diagonal band area, which contain the
      neurons that normally innervate the hippocampal formation, were compared to those
      from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis region (NBM), the striatum, the
      pontomesencephalic tegmentum of the brain stem, and the spinal cord. The regions
      were dissected from 14- to 16-day-old rat fetuses, and the same number of viable
      cells (35 x 10(4] from each of the different regions was stereotaxically injected
      as a cell suspension into the hippocampus of rats subjected to a complete fimbria
      fornix lesion, transecting the intrinsic septohippocampal pathways. At 14 to 17
      weeks after transplantation, the brains were processed for choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry at the light and electron
      microscopic levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry at the light
      microscopic level. There was a great variation in the number of surviving ChAT
      positive cells among the different graft types. The septal grafts contained the
      highest number of ChAT-positive cells, and the striatal grafts showed the lowest
      numbers. The NBM, brain stem, and spinal cord grafts were in between. The
      differences in the number of ChAT-positive neurons between the groups matched, in
      general, the differences found in the magnitude of graft-derived AChE-positive
      fiber growth into the host hippocampal formation. At the electron microscopical
      level, all types of grafts were capable of forming synaptic contacts with host
      elements, however, with vast differences in the number of synapses found. The
      septal grafts produced the highest number of contacts, whereas the striatal and
      spinal cord grafts produced very few contacts. The ultrastructure of the
      cholinergic fibers from grafts obtained from the forebrain areas, i.e., septum,
      NBM, and striatum all appeared normal, whereas brain stem and spinal cord grafts
      produced different types of anomalies. The results show that grafted cholinergic
      neurons, that normally do not innervate the hippocampus, can send axons and form
      synaptic contacts in the host hippocampus. The ability to reinnervate the
      denervated hippocampal target appears to be shared by the embryologically closely
      related forebrain cholinergic neuron types, i.e., the septal, NBM, and striatal
      neurons. The marked differences in overall fiber ingrowth and number of synapses
      observed between these different types of grafts could be explained largely on
      the basis of differences in survivability of each grafted neuron type. By
      contrast, the reinnervation obtained from the grafted brain stem and spinal cord
      neurons were both quantitatively and qualitatively abnormal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2295317
TI  - Vertical compartmentation and cellular transformations in the germinal matrices
      of the embryonic rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - Cellular compartmentation was studied in the germinal matrices (the primary
      neuroepithelium and the subventricular zone) of the rat cerebral cortex at
      successive stages of embryonic development. Three sets of materials were used:
      methacrylate-embedded brain sections from normal embryos, autoradiograms from
      embryos labeled with [3H]thymidine, and methacrylate-embedded sections from
      embryos exposed to 200 R X-ray. Examination of normal specimens showed that
      between Embryonic Day 12 (E12) and E15 the cortical germinal matrix consists only
      of a primary neuroepithelium. By Day E16, a subventricular zone has formed in the
      early developing ventrolateral aspect of the cortex. The subventricular zone
      grows in depth for several days, while at the same time the depth of the
      neuroepithelium decreases. Examination of short-survival thymidine radiograms
      revealed that the labeled cells do not form a continuous band in the
      neuroepithelium but aggregate in patches reminiscent of bunches of grapes strung
      one a line. It is postulated that this vertical periodicity is due to the
      alternation of cell aggregates with short and long cell cycle times. Finally,
      examination of the cortical neuroepithelium in rats exposed to 200 R X-ray showed
      that there is an alternation of radiosensitive (collapsing) and radioresistant
      (intact) patches that roughly correspond in size to the labeled and unlabeled
      patches seen in autoradiograms. Additional observations concern the onset of
      local cell proliferation in the white matter at late stages of fetal development
      and the transformation of the neuroepithelium into a matrix producing ependymal
      cells.

PMID- 2295318
TI  - Horizontal compartmentation in the germinal matrices and intermediate zone of the
      embryonic rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - Cellular compartmentation was studied in the germinal matrices and the
      intermediate zone of the cerebral cortex of rat embryos that survived for 1 or
      more days after injection with [3H]thymidine. In contrast to the vertical
      compartmentation seen in the neuroepithelium with short-survival thymidine
      autoradiography, sequential-survival autoradiography revealed a horizontal
      compartmentation both in the germinal matrices and the intermediate zone. In the
      neuroepithelium of embryos that survived for 24 h, the differentially labeled
      cells form two distinct horizontal bands. The band overlapping with the mitotic
      zone is composed of heavily labeled cells, whereas the band overlapping with the
      synthetic zone is composed of lightly labeled cells. This indicates that there
      are two proliferative cell populations within the neuroepithelium, one turning
      over fast and the other more slowly. In the cortical intermediate zone of the
      same embryos several horizontal bands are present. Of these, the dispositions of
      two bands of heavily labeled cells--the superior band and the inferior band--were
      followed for several days. The superior band is apparently composed of glial
      cells that disperse in the direction of the internal capsule and the corpus
      callosum. In contrast, the inferior band (which overlaps with the subventricular
      zone where many cells are horizontally oriented) is apparently composed of
      sojourning young neurons. The cells of the inferior band resume their migration
      toward the cortical plate after a pause of 1-2 days. These observations call for
      a reappraisal of the view that young cortical neurons follow a direct radial path
      to the cortical plate.

PMID- 2295319
TI  - Development of layer I and the subplate in the rat neocortex.
AB  - Development of layer I and the subplate of the rat neocortex was examined with
      [3H]thymidine autoradiography. The experimental animals used for neurogenesis
      were the offspring of pregnant females injected with [3H]thymidine on 2
      consecutive days: Embryonic Day (E) 13-E14, E14-E15, . . . E21-E22, respectively.
      On Postnatal Day 5, the proportion of layer I and subplate cells originating
      during 24-h periods were quantified at three anteroposterior levels. Presumptive
      Cajal-Retzius cells (large horizontal cells) are generated mainly on E14 and
      subplate cells on E14 and E15 ("outside-in" gradient). Both populations are
      generated earlier than cells in the cortical plate, which has an "inside-out"
      gradient. The subplate also has a ventrolateral/older to dorsomedial/younger
      neurogenetic gradient. The small- to medium-sized horizontal cells in layer I
      have an extensive period of neurogenesis with an "outside-in" gradient. To study
      morphogenesis, pregnant females were given single injections of [3H]-thymidine
      during gestation and embryos were removed in successive 24-h intervals
      (sequential-survival). On E15 and E16, cells accumulate outside the
      neuroepithelium in the primordial plexiform layer with older presumptive Cajal
      Retzius cells superficial and younger presumptive subplate cells deep. The Cajal
      Retzius cells permanently settle superficially among a first system of
      extracellular channels that appears on E14. Before reaching their final settling
      sites, subplate cells form the incipient cortical plate in the ventrolateral
      neocortex on E16. On E17, a seocnd system of extracellular channels appears below
      the cortical plate. On E18 and E19, subplate cells leave the cortical plate and
      permanently settle among the deep extracellular channels in a separate layer.

PMID- 2295320
TI  - Spatial distribution of modalities and receptive fields in sensorimotor cortex of
      awake cats.
AB  - A sample of 504 single neurons isolated in three curvilinear arrays of 10 closely
      spaced tracks in primary somatosensory and in pericruciate sensorimotor cortex
      was studied in two awake, restrained domestic cats. Modality sensitivity and
      receptive field size and location were assessed for each neuron, along with
      response adaptation rate and state of arousal at the time of recording.
      Reconstruction of the spatial distribution of these response properties failed to
      show any simple organization, beyond general somatotopy. The spatial distribution
      of modality sensitivities was quantitatively tested in relation to a strict
      columnar model and to a random model; the data could not be clearly distinguished
      from the random model, in any of the three recording arrays. Observations made on
      two or more neurons isolated simultaneously at the same recording site revealed
      that few shared both modality and receptive field (RF) in common. Among the
      simultaneously recorded neurons, five-ninths showed disparate modality
      sensitivities and two-thirds showed limited or no RF overlap. Many pairs of
      neurons showing the same modality sensitivity showed limited or no RF overlap,
      and many pairs showing partial or complete RF overlap showed disparate modality
      sensitivities. Hence, the data failed to support any model of cerebral
      organization that features local, bounded regions within which all neuron
      response properties are the same and, in particular, the model of columnar
      organization. On the other hand, models that feature intermingled local clusters
      of neurons (a cluster consists of neurons that share the same response
      properties) are not excluded by the data.

PMID- 2295321
TI  - Effects of postnatal ethanol exposure on glial cell development in rat optic
      nerve.
AB  - This study morphologically evaluated the effects of limited postnatal alcohol
      exposure on the development of glial cells in the rat optic nerve. Rat pups were
      artificially reared on Days 5-18 with a supplemented milk diet fed via a chronic
      gastrostomy tube. Experimental animals received 4% ethanol in their diet on Days
      5-9, otherwise the experimental and control animals received identical diets.
      Optic nerve tissues were prepared for electron microscopy on Days 10, 16, 22, 29,
      and 90. There were fewer glial cells per cross section and the cross-sectional
      areas of optic nerves were smaller on Days 10 and 16 in the ethanol-exposed
      animals. The alcohol caused a delay in the maturation of oligodendroglial cells
      at 10 days as evidenced by decreases in the total number of oligodendroglia
      present and by a delay in the appearance of immature cells within the
      oligodendroglial lineage. All of these effects were compensated for at later
      ages. There was no evidence of alcohol-induced degeneration of glial cells or
      their organelles. Thus, postnatal alcohol exposure causes a delay in
      oligodendrocyte maturation but appears to have no long-term effects on the glial
      cell population of rat optic nerve.

PMID- 2295322
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii: improved models to study efficacy of drugs for treatment or
      prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in the rat (Rattus spp.).
AB  - Rats which were immunosuppressed with adrenal corticosteroids then
      transtracheally inoculated with Pneumocystis carinii were evaluated as models for
      study of drug efficacy. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, known to be effective
      against Pneumocystis, was given in therapeutic and prophylactic regimens and its
      long-term effectiveness determined by a protocol to study relapse. Untreated
      animals uniformly developed severe infection with differences in numbers of
      organisms between untreated and treated animals being greater than two logs.
      Therapy of prophylaxis studies could be completed in 6 to 7 weeks. Animals given
      prophylaxis or therapy with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole had few organisms
      detected in lungs. Numbers of organisms did not increase during the 4 weeks when
      the animals were continued on immunosuppression after discontinuing treatment as
      long as reinfection was prevented. These models are useful for evaluating anti
      Pneumocystis activity of antimicrobials. Relapse study data suggest that
      reinfection may have an important role in development of recurrent Pneumocystis
      pneumonia.

PMID- 2295323
TI  - Trichinella spiralis: the in situ localization of muscle larva antigens
      recognized by humans.

PMID- 2295324
TI  - Glucose utilization rates are linked to the internal free glucose gradient in the
      rat tapeworm.
AB  - Hymenolepis diminuta is able to acquire plasma-borne glucose 3-O
      [14C]methylglucose in vivo. Free glucose concentrations estimated for this
      helminth in vivo are comparable to that of the host intestine. Both in vivo and
      in vitro examinations indicate that the scolex-neck regions (first quartile) of
      this tapeworm have the highest glucose content, and an anterior-posterior
      gradient along the second, third, and fourth quartiles was observed. Substrate
      concentration was rate affecting for glucose utilization rates (measured as
      substrate depletion from the medium in vitro). Glucose utilization per minute
      exceeds glucose content by a factor of more than 5. The half-life of glucose was
      about 10 sec, emphasizing that sugar metabolism is a very rapid process. In
      addition, utilization was highest in the first quartile and decreased in
      succession in the second, third, and fourth quartiles. It is concluded that while
      the exogenous glucose concentration remains stable, regional differences in
      glucose utilization rates are linked (R = 0.98; P less than 0.01) to free glucose
      content in H. diminuta.

PMID- 2295325
TI  - Ascaris lumbricoides: detecting its metabolites in the urine of infected people
      using gas-liquid chromatography.
AB  - Substances dissolved in the urine of people infected with Ascaris lumbricoides
      were extracted and detected by gas-liquid chromatography. The ratios of the areas
      of the peaks produced by two substances extracted from urine to the area of the
      peak of solvent were found to be significantly correlated with the worm burden. A
      chemical analysis of the predominant substance by infrared spectrophotometry and
      proton magnetic resonance spectrometry indicated that it was 2-methyl-butyramide.
      The chemical properties of the other substance indicated that it was 2-methyl
      valeramide. These substances are likely to be derivatives of two acids known to
      be end products of the carbohydrate metabolism of Ascaris.

PMID- 2295326
TI  - Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti: efficiency of transmission from
      reservoirs to vector ticks (Ixodes dammini).
AB  - In endemic regions, Peromyscus leucopus, the mouse reservoir of the Lyme disease
      spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) and the piroplasm causing human babesiosis
      (Babesia microti), is nearly universally infected with both agents.
      Paradoxically, spirochetal infection is nearly twice as prevalent as is babesial
      infection in populations of field-collected nymphal Ixodes dammini, the tick
      vector. In the laboratory, a similarly disproportionate rate of infection was
      observed among nymphal ticks, feeding as larvae, on either B. burgdorferi- or B.
      microti-infected mice. Ticks which fed on mice with concurrent spirochetal and
      babesial infections also exhibited twice the incidence of spirochetal infection
      over that of the piroplasm. These data suggest that the efficiency of acquisition
      and transstadial passage of B. burgdorferi and B. microti infection differ by a
      factor of two. This discrepancy may explain differences observed both in the
      prevalence of infection in ticks collected in the field, as well as the
      apparently greater risk of spirochetal infection to humans in endemic areas.

PMID- 2295328
TI  - Nine cases of heterotopic pregnancies in 4 years of in vitro fertilization.
AB  - The incidence of simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy increased
      after wider use of ovulation induction and the advent of techniques of assisted
      reproduction. Nine cases of heterotopic pregnancies are reported after in vitro
      fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) between September 1984 and November
      1988. The incidence of heterotopic pregnancies in clinical IVF pregnancies was 9
      of 312 (2.9%). Superovulation and IVF-ET appear to predispose to heterotopic
      pregnancy, particularly after tubal disease.

PMID- 2295327
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: stage-specific expression of muscle-specific genes.
AB  - It was previously shown that an antigen preparation termed 9B obtained from
      Schistosoma mansoni cercarial extracts partially (34%) protects mice from
      challenge infection with cercariae (R. Tarrab-Hazdai et al., J. Immunol. 135,
      2772, 1985). To characterize some of the proteins which comprise this
      preparation, rabbit antibodies to the 9B antigen preparation were used to screen
      cDNA libraries of cercariae and adult worms. We isolated and sequenced cDNA
      clones encoding three proteins: calcium-binding protein, paramyosin, and myosin.
      The calcium-binding protein was previously shown to be expressed in cercariae but
      not in sporocysts or adult worms (D. Ram et al., Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 34,
      167, 1989). Northern blots showed the presence of paramyosin and myosin mRNAs in
      sporocysts and adult worms but not in cercariae. Antibodies to paramyosin
      detected the protein in sporocysts and adult worms as well as in cercariae. These
      findings explain, in part, the protective activity of the 9B antigen preparation
      against challenge infection.

PMID- 2295329
TI  - Evaluation of the semi-automated Autosperm semen analysis system. I. Accuracy and
      comparison with the conventional method and the automated Hamilton-Thorn system.
AB  - The accuracy of measurements by the semi-automated Autosperm (Amsaten N.V.S.A.
      Corp., DePinte, Belgium) semen analysis system was assessed by recounting and
      manually tracking sperm recorded on videotape during analysis of 51 ejaculates.
      Mean inaccuracies in the analysis of sperm concentration and percentage motility
      were 15% and 22%, respectively. Measurements of sperm movement characteristics
      relied on the skill of the operator and discrepancies (means around 10%, maximum
      57% to 184%) depended on the straightness of sperm paths. Although less expensive
      than the fully automated system, semen analysis by Autosperm is a subjective and
      labor-intensive method. Furthermore in comparison, data obtained using Autosperm
      also provide less information, and agreements of matched data with those obtained
      by the conventional methods were not significantly better.

PMID- 2295330
TI  - Evaluation of the semi-automated Autosperm semen analysis system. II. Comparison
      with conventional method, time-exposure photomicrography, and automated CellSoft
      system.
AB  - Semen analysis results obtained by a recently developed semi-automated Autosperm
      system (Amsaten N.V.S.A. Corp., De Pinte, Belgium) were compared with those
      obtained by the conventional, time-exposure photomicrographic, and automated
      CellSoft system (Cryo Resources Inc., New York, NY) analyses. The Autosperm
      system either over- or underestimated the sperm concentration in comparison with
      the conventional analysis and more often underestimated the sperm concentration
      in comparison with the automated CellSoft system analysis. Comparison of the
      results for percent sperm motility by the conventional and Autosperm analyses
      showed that the latter tended to underestimate the percentage of fast-swimming
      spermatozoa and overestimate the percentage of slow-swimming spermatozoa. There
      were considerable variations in the measurement of sperm movement characteristics
      between the Autosperm and time-exposure photomicrographic and automated CellSoft
      system analyses, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the performance of
      the Autosperm system does not agree well with those of the currently available
      methods employed in the present study. Part of the disagreement in measurements
      of sperm parameters could be because of the subjective elements inherent in the
      semi-automated Autosperm analysis.

PMID- 2295331
TI  - In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer in the United States: 1988 results from
      the IVF-ET Registry. Medical Research International. Society for Assisted
      Reproductive Technology. American Fertility Society.
AB  - This is the third annual report of the U.S. Registry of in vitro fertilization
      embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and related practices. The present report describes the
      1988 experiences of 135 U.S. member clinics with respect to treatments and
      outcomes. During 1988 the clinics reported performing 22,649 ovarian stimulation
      cycles, with 3,508 (15%) resulting in a clinical pregnancy and 2,627 (12%) in a
      live delivery. Ninety-three percent of the clinics had at least one delivery, and
      overall a total of 3,427 babies were born. The overall live delivery rates were
      12% for IVF (based on 13,647 retrievals), 21% for gamete intrafallopian transfer
      (GIFT) (based on 3,080 retrievals), and 20% for IVF and GIFT in combination
      (based on 671 retrievals). In addition to these treatments, detailed results are
      presented for zygote intrafallopian transfer, frozen embryo transfers, and IVF of
      donated oocytes.

PMID- 2295332
TI  - Is serology of any use when searching for correlations between Chlamydia
      trachomatis infection and male infertility?
AB  - Evidence on Chlamydia trachomatis causing male infertility is conflicting. We
      therefore collected data on epidemiological and clinical correlates of chlamydial
      infection and male fertility in 184 males visiting our Fertility Unit. Antibodies
      against Chlamydia trachomatis in serum and semen were also determined.
      Significant correlations were demonstrated between current chlamydial urethral
      infection and semen immunoglobulin (Ig) A, serum IgA and serum IgG. These
      parameters, however, were neither related to a history of sexually transmitted
      disease nor to lifetime number of sexual partners. Why, in the male, serology
      does not correlate with chlamydial infection in a more remote past is explained.
      Our data support, on epidemiological as well as serological grounds, the
      conclusion that chlamydial infection probably does not contribute significantly
      to male infertility.

PMID- 2295333
TI  - Does intraperitoneal insemination in the absence of prior sensitization carry
      with it a risk of subsequent immunity to sperm?
AB  - To evaluate the occurrence of antisperm antibodies in women, with no prior
      sensitization, 112 couples undergoing intraperitoneal insemination were tested
      for serum antisperm antibodies with the sperm immobilization test (SIT) and the
      immunobead test (IBT). A serum sample was taken from each of the 112 patients
      immediately before the first intraperitoneal insemination. Another sample was
      taken from 58 patients who underwent a second insemination procedure. In 16 of
      the 58 patients the IBT results were positive for one or more immunoglobulin
      classes. Five patients showed positive SITs. In 7 out of these 16 subjects (12%)
      the antibodies were bound to the head and to the shaft of the sperm tail. Five of
      the six patients submitted to a third intraperitoneal insemination procedure
      showed unchanged SIT values and IBT binding percentages. In one subject, SIT (6
      months after the third insemination) became negative. Antibody production may be
      either a transient response to massive antigen stimulation or the first step
      toward systemic immunity.

PMID- 2295334
TI  - Antagonistic and agonistic properties of saccharide moieties in the hemizona
      assay.
AB  - The hemizona assay (HZA) was used to evaluate the effects of different sugars on
      human sperm-zona pellucida interactions. In each controlled assay, sperm binding
      from men of known fertility with/without preincubation with different
      carbohydrate constituents was compared. We used human prophase I oocytes obtained
      from surgically removed ovaries; these oocytes were stored in salt solution and
      later bisected by micromanipulation. Preincubation of sperm (1 hour) with
      fucoidin (1.0 mg/mL) significantly inhibited binding by more than 85% as compared
      with controls. Similarly, lesser fucoidin concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, and 0.01
      mg/mL were markedly inhibitory. In addition, preincubation times of 60, 30, and
      15 minutes were not different in their degree of inhibitory effect. On the other
      hand, preincubation of the hemizonae with fucoidin before HZA inhibited binding
      by 43% compared with controls. Here, the fucoidin effect was significantly less
      inhibitory than the sperm preincubation effect of fucoidin. Preincubation of
      sperm with d-fucose had no measurable effect on binding, whereas d-glucose (1.0
      mg/mL) and 1-fucose (1.0 mg/mL) increased binding. These results indicate: (1)
      that the HZA provides a unique internally controlled homologous bioassay to
      evaluate the effects of simple and complex carbohydrates on sperm zona
      interactions; (2) that fucoidin is an immediate (less than 15 minutes) inhibitor
      of human sperm binding to the human zona pellucida under HZA conditions.

PMID- 2295335
TI  - Role of the amplitude of the gonadotropin surge in the rat.
AB  - Ovaries that contained pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin-induced preovulatory
      follicles were perifused for 21 hours with (1) control media, (2) 5%, (3) 30%, or
      (4) 85% of the gonadotropin surge. All of the gonadotropin surges induced oocyte
      maturation and enhanced progesterone (P) secretion. Ovulated oocytes were
      observed in one of four ovaries in the 85% surge group. These data demonstrate
      that only a small percentage of the gonadotropin surge is required to induce a
      maximal P secretion and oocyte maturation. Because neither P secretion nor oocyte
      maturation is enhanced with increasing gonadotropin levels, these two follicular
      responses must be mediated through a threshold-dependent mechanism such that once
      the threshold level is obtained, a maximum response is induced. Greater than 85%
      of the surge appears to be required to induce follicular rupture, suggesting that
      the threshold for the follicular rupture is greater than that for either P
      secretion or oocyte maturation.

PMID- 2295336
TI  - Use of a sensitive urine pregnancy test before endometrial biopsies taken in the
      late luteal phase.
AB  - Endometrial biopsies for evaluation of the luteal phase should be taken within 2
      days of the onset of menses. When these guidelines are followed and patients
      present at least 12 days after the thermogenic shift on BBT, the ICON pregnancy
      test is extremely rapid, sensitive, specific, and has predictive values close to
      100%. If a biopsy is undertaken before this time there may be an increased risk
      of false negative results (i.e., a decreased sensitivity). The improved
      technology in urine pregnancy tests has now made it feasible to obtain accurate
      urine pregnancy tests before endometrial instrumentation with an increased level
      of confidence. It is recommended that this technology be used in the management
      of patients undergoing endometrial biopsies in the late luteal phase.

PMID- 2295337
TI  - Asymptomatic hyperprolactinemia resulting from macroprolactinemia.
AB  - Five patients are presented who had moderate hyperprolactinemia as measured by
      RIA. The patients did not have any symptoms or signs that result from
      hyperprolactinemia, nor evidence of any underlying cause of hyperprolactinemia.
      Because of the lack of clinical features, laboratory search for
      macroprolactinemia was undertaken. In these patients no further investigation or
      therapy is indicated.

PMID- 2295338
TI  - Suboptimal laboratory conditions can affect pregnancy outcome after embryo
      transfer on day 1 or 2 after insemination in vitro.
AB  - We have demonstrated that the replacement of pronuclear stage human embryos on
      the day after insemination in IVF-ET results in a pregnancy rate as good as, if
      not better than, the rate after ET on day 2. The pregnancy rate appears to be
      influenced by the culture environment used for the gametes. We would recommend
      that ET be undertaken as soon as possible after insemination on day 1 so that if
      suboptimal culture conditions are present, they do not have sufficient time to
      affect the viability of the embryos and reduce the subsequent chance of pregnancy
      after replacement. If culture conditions have been optimized there is no
      difference in pregnancy rate after embryo transfer on day 1 or day 2 and one can
      then replace embryos on either day and expect the pregnancy rate obtained in
      either case to be similar.

PMID- 2295339
TI  - Follicular fluid Lidocaine levels during transvaginal oocyte retrieval.
AB  - Lidocaine has been shown to have adverse effects on mouse oocyte fertilization
      and embryo development. We have demonstrated the presence of pharmacologic levels
      of lidocaine in human serum and follicular fluid obtained during ultrasound
      guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval. The significance of this finding is
      unclear, as four of the eight patients studied became pregnant, including the
      patient with the highest follicular fluid lidocaine levels. Further evaluation of
      the effect of lidocaine on human embryos is warranted.

PMID- 2295340
TI  - Pregnancy after an unsuccessful oocyte donation cycle.
AB  - Clearly, to provide adequate counseling to women with POF, information is
      critically needed concerning the background incidence of spontaneous improvement
      in ovarian function as well as carefully designed, controlled studies to evaluate
      the efficacy of presumed therapeutic intervention. The case presented herein
      underscores our lack of adequate information about this common reproductive
      disorder.

PMID- 2295341
TI  - Human chorionic gonadotropin to oocyte retrieval interval in in vitro
      fertilization--how critical is it ?
AB  - This study shows that modification of the hCG-oocyte retrieval interval from 34
      1/2 hours to 37 hours in patients having IVF had no significant effect on the
      number or quality of oocytes retrieved or on the ultimate pregnancy rate. More
      consideration can therefore be given to other factors such as patient convenience
      when scheduling the timing of hCG administration.

PMID- 2295343
TI  - Hazards of electromagnetic fields to human reproduction.

PMID- 2295342
TI  - Intrauterine inseminations with washed human spermatozoa does not induce
      formation of antisperm antibodies.
AB  - In this study we investigated the possible development of serum antisperm
      antibodies in women receiving repeated IUI. Patients acted as its own control and
      were evaluated before and after various (1 to 15) IUI cycles using three
      different assays for antisperm antibodies. It was found that only 2 out of 41
      women developed antisperm antibodies. We concluded that exposure of the upper
      reproductive tract to washed spermatozoa during repeated IUI with partners' sperm
      does not significantly stimulate the appearance of serum antisperm antibodies.

PMID- 2295344
TI  - Luteal phase defect.

PMID- 2295346
TI  - Influence of a triphasic oral contraceptive preparation on plasma lipids and
      lipoproteins.
AB  - The influence of a triphasic oral contraceptive preparation on plasma lipid,
      lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein levels was studied in 20 women during 12
      treatment cycles. Multiple blood samples representing all phases of the
      therapeutic cycle as well as posttherapy were obtained. Total and low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol fluctuated transiently in the earlier part of the
      study but after 9 and 12 cycles of therapy did not differ from baseline. Cyclic
      elevations in total cholesterol corresponding to changes in LDL cholesterol were
      noted twice. Total high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol remained remarkably
      stable over the entire study while HDL2 cholesterol decreased and HDL3
      cholesterol increased. Triglycerides (total and lipoprotein fractions) increased
      during treatment and fell to baseline levels within one posttreatment cycle. Very
      low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol was also elevated during the study.
      Apolipoprotein (apo) AI, apo AII, and apo B rose under therapy, the latter
      increase producing a lowered LDL cholesterol/apo B ratio. Apolipoprotein E showed
      a temporary decrease early in the study but otherwise remained unchanged.

PMID- 2295345
TI  - Conception delay after oral contraceptive use: the effect of estrogen dose.
AB  - A significant delay was observed in conception among 248 former oral
      contraceptive (OC) users compared with women discontinuing other methods of
      contraception (n = 1,365). The mean time to conception was 5.88 cycles (95%
      confidence interval [CI] 5.38, 6.38) for former OC users and 3.64 cycles (95% CI
      3.49, 3.79) after other contraceptives. Women discontinuing OCs with higher doses
      of estrogen (greater than or equal to 50 micrograms) had greater conception
      delays than those on lower estrogen doses who, in turn, had longer delays than
      other method users. Oral contraceptive use was associated with significant
      reductions in conception for each of the first six cycles after discontinuation.
      This study provides further evidence for a direct effect of oral contraception on
      delayed conception, suggests that the delay lasts longer than previously thought,
      and finds that the probability of conception after OC discontinuation depends on
      the estrogen dose of the OC.

PMID- 2295347
TI  - Normoprolactinemic anovulation nonresponsive to clomiphene citrate: ovulation
      induction with bromocriptine.
AB  - Ovulation under bromocriptine was studied in 14 women with normoprolactinemic
      amenorrhea (5 primary, 9 secondary), unresponsive to clomiphene citrate (CC). On
      bromocriptine alone, ovulation occurred in 4 (28.6%). In the same subjects,
      bromocriptine was subsequently associated with CC. Seven patients ovulated
      (50.0%), including 3 that had responded to bromocriptine alone. Ovulation
      occurred once or twice in 6 of the 9 cases of secondary amenorrhea (66.6%). In
      several occasions, when ovulation induction failed, luteinized unruptured
      follicles were found under ultrasonographic monitoring. Four patients who had a
      negative response to progestin challenge did not ovulate with the treatment.
      Women with plasma prolactin in the upper normal range had a greater probability
      of achieving ovulation induction.

PMID- 2295348
TI  - Adnexal torsion of hyperstimulated ovaries in pregnancies after gonadotropin
      therapy.
AB  - A series of 201 cycles of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in 154 women
      were reviewed. Pregnancy occurred in 75 of 201 cycles. Twelve pregnant women
      (16%) presented with torsion of hyperstimulated ovary, but only 3 out of 126
      patients (2.3%) who did not conceive had torsion. Because diagnosis of adnexal
      torsion is usually uncertain and surgical intervention is likely to be delayed,
      these infertile women risk losing their ovaries. The clinical picture of torsion
      of adnexa in patients with OHSS is presented here. The combination of ovarian
      enlargement, abdominal pain, nausea, progressive leukocytosis, and anemias might
      indicate torsion of adnexa. Although during operation the adnexa appears dark,
      hemorrhagic and ischemic, we suggest that it can be saved by simply unwinding it.
      In 11 such cases intraoperative unwinding of the adnexa was performed, and in 8
      patients it was the only operative procedure. No postoperative complications were
      noted and in all the cases the ovaries were proven functional by ultrasonography.
      We concluded that torsion of hyperstimulated adnexa in patients who conceived
      after gonadotropin therapy, is a special entity that requires more attention to
      achieve early diagnosis. Nevertheless even with delayed diagnosis, the ovary can
      still be saved.

PMID- 2295349
TI  - Factors in the infertile couple influencing the success of artificial
      insemination with donor semen.
AB  - Factors influencing the success of artificial insemination with donor semen (AID)
      were investigated in a series of 928 infertile couples. A simple approach with
      one insemination/cycle, timed only by cycle length and basal body temperature,
      was used. The overall life-table cumulative conception rate was 82% and the
      average fecundability was 10%. The following factors were associated with a
      higher success rate: women less than 36 years, azoospermic compared with
      oligozoospermic husband and women with no history of abdominal surgery. The
      success rate decreased with increasing duration of infertility and in women with
      an abnormal hysterosalpingography or laparoscopy, and was unrelated to menarcheal
      age, the distance between the couples place of residence and the clinic, or if
      the woman had been pregnant before starting AID treatment.

PMID- 2295351
TI  - Malocclusion.
AB  - Less than ideal interarch occlusal relationships rarely if ever cause significant
      untoward effects on the masticatory system. Parafunctional habits (such as
      bruxism and clenching) are responsible for excessive occlusal wear, fractured
      teeth, tooth mobility, the periodontal lesion of trauma from occlusion, fractured
      restorations, myofascial pain involving the muscles of mastication, and painful
      TMJs. Correction of the malocclusion with orthodontic procedures, restorative
      procedures, or occlusal adjustment by selective grinding will not control the
      parafunctional habits. Myofascial pain originating from the muscles of
      mastication is in an overwhelming number of cases a self-limiting problem.
      Therapy for this problem should not bring about any permanent physical changes to
      the patient's interarch occlusal relationships.

PMID- 2295350
TI  - Controversies in dentistry.

PMID- 2295352
TI  - Controversies in temporomandibular joint disorder.
AB  - The multifactorial origin of TMJ dysfunctions has led to confusion about etiology
      and treatment. Because of the many disciplines involved in treatment, differences
      in terminology have surfaced. Standardization of terminology may reduce some of
      the controversy over the etiology and incidence of TMJ dysfunction. Diagnoses
      have to be established from a comprehensive evaluation of the patient. A clinical
      examination should not rely on one view of the patient. A practitioner should
      have a good concept of a patient's condition from the medical and dental history.
      He or she should use whatever diagnostic modalities are available to verify and
      fortify a diagnosis. Because some "experts" believe that there is not enough
      sound documentation to justify the use of a modality, does not mean that
      documentation does not exist. Different forms of treatment have been shown to
      have different degrees of success. I believe that it would be counterproductive
      to approach treatment with one eye closed or, worse, with a closed mind. Some
      forms of therapy that seem outrageous today may be the cures of tomorrow. As a
      person pointed out to me very recently, all of the greatest scientists in the
      world said it was impossible for man to fly. Apparently, they just forgot to tell
      two bicycle makers from New Castle, Indiana.

PMID- 2295353
TI  - Success with temporomandibular joint arthroscopic surgery.
AB  - Although most new surgical procedures are criticized during their embryonic
      stages of development, TMJ arthroscopy should be considered with a great deal of
      respect when used. Owing to its proximity to the brain, ear, and major nerves and
      vessels in the facial region, all TMJ surgery has been looked upon as a "last
      resort" in treating TMJ dysfunction. This has been the case with open
      arthrotomies and is the case, at this time, with arthroscopy. The goal of TMJ
      therapy has always been to recapture the disk or surgically reposition it. In TMJ
      arthroscopy, this entire concept has, for the most part, been abandoned. All that
      most surgeons desire to accomplish with TMJ arthroscopy is breaking up of
      adhesions, lavaging out the joint space, and obtaining joint mobility. Most of
      the pioneers in open TMJ surgery are reporting excellent results with TMJ
      arthroscopy. TMJ arthroscopy is not meant for all TMJ disorders. When used in the
      appropriate situation, success in the hands of the experienced surgeon seems
      inevitable. One of the greatest concerns is "Who is trained to provide this
      service and how does one become properly trained?" The answer to this is being
      formulated by such conferences as the yearly International Conference on TMJ
      Arthroscopic Surgery and by all of the major TMJ surgeons worldwide. Also,
      courses have been designed to provide cadaver experience. Of course, if a surgeon
      is not trained or is poorly trained in this procedure, a catastrophe could most
      likely ensue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295354
TI  - The edentulous mandible opposing maxillary natural teeth. Treatment
      considerations.
AB  - Treatment of a patient who requires a mandibular complete prosthesis opposing a
      natural maxillary dentition presents a unique set of problems for the clinician.
      Proper prosthodontic care can not only result in a functional and comfortable
      prosthesis, but may reduce the rate of resorption of the remaining mandibular
      ridge.

PMID- 2295355
TI  - The independent practice of dental hygiene.
AB  - Dental hygienists are health care professionals specially trained and licensed to
      provide preventive oral health care and information to patients. In 49 of the 50
      states, dental hygienists practice their profession under some type of
      supervision by a dentist. They are prohibited by state law from practicing
      independently in their own dental hygiene offices. The independent practice of
      dental hygiene and the controversial issues concerning dentists and dental
      hygienists are the issues examined in this article.

PMID- 2295356
TI  - Dental research. What priority in the academic environment?
AB  - The priority given to dental research in academics is controversial. There exists
      the pressure for all academicians to pursue funding and publication of research
      as a major criterion for promotion. This is difficult for those clinical faculty
      not trained or unable to perform valid investigations. Training of new
      researchers is important if only to ensure that quality research will be
      performed in the future. Industry can assist as a good source of funding and
      increased opportunity in dental research.

PMID- 2295357
TI  - Management of oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures in irradiated patients.
AB  - With improving technology, osteoradionecrosis may become a chapter in the history
      of medicine. As treatments for malignancy become more specific to diseased cells
      and less disruptive of normal tissue physiology, we will see less ORN. However,
      at the present time, it is a severely debilitating disease that must be
      aggressively prevented and treated.

PMID- 2295359
TI  - Target influences on transmitter choice by sympathetic neurons developing in the
      anterior chamber of the eye.
AB  - In contrast to the majority of sympathetic neurons which are noradrenergic, the
      sympathetic neurons which innervate sweat glands are cholinergic. Previous
      studies have demonstrated that during development the sweat gland innervation
      initially contains catecholamines which are lost as cholinergic function appears.
      The neurotransmitter phenotype of sweat gland neurons further differs from the
      majority in that they contain vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) rather than
      neuropeptide Y (NPY). In the experiments described here, we addressed the
      question of whether sympathetic targets influence the neurotransmitter-related
      properties of the neurons which innervate them; in particular, do sweat glands
      play a role in reducing the expression of noradrenergic properties and inducing
      the expression of cholinergic properties and VIP in sympathetic neurons? This was
      accomplished by cotransplanting to the anterior chamber of the eye of host rats
      the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) which contains neurons that normally
      innervate targets other than the sweat glands and differentiate noradrenergically
      and footpad tissue from neonatal rats. Sweat glands developed in the transplanted
      footpad tissue and became innervated by the cotransplanted SCG neurons. The
      transplanted neurons and sweat gland innervation initially exhibited
      catecholamine histofluorescence which declined with further development in the
      anterior chamber. After 4 weeks, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and VIP
      immunoreactivities were evident. These observations suggest that as in the
      neurons which innervate the glands in situ, noradrenergic properties were
      suppressed and cholinergic function was induced in the neurons which innervated
      the glands in oculo. To distinguish a specific influence of the sweat glands on
      transmitter choice, SCG were also cotransplanted with the pineal gland, a normal
      target of the ganglion. Neurons cotransplanted with the pineal gland continued to
      exhibit catecholamine histofluorescence and contained NPY immunoreactivity. At
      least some neurons in SCG/pineal cotransplants, however, developed ChAT
      immunoreactivity. The target-appropriate expression of catecholamines and
      peptides in these experiments is consistent with the hypothesis that some
      transmitter properties are influenced by target tissues. The indiscriminant
      expression of ChAT, however, suggests that at least in oculo, additional factors
      can influence transmitter choice.

PMID- 2295360
TI  - Inner cell allocation in the mouse morula: the role of oriented division during
      fourth cleavage.
AB  - Two populations of blastomeres become positionally distinct during fourth
      cleavage in the mouse embryo; the inner cells become enclosed within the embryo
      and the outer cells form the enclosing layer. The segregation of these two cell
      populations is important for later development, because it represents the initial
      step in the divergence of placental and fetal lineages. The mechanism by which
      the inner cells become allocated has been thought to involve the oriented
      division of polarized 8-cell blastomeres, but this has never been examined in the
      intact embryo. By using the technique of time-lapse cinemicrography, we have been
      able for the first time to directly examine the division planes of 8-cell
      blastomeres during fourth cleavage, and find that there are three, rather than
      two, major division plane orientations; anticlinal (perpendicular to the outer
      surface of the blastomere), periclinal (parallel to the outer surface of the
      blastomere), and oblique (at an angle between the other two). The observed
      frequencies of each type of division plane orientation provide evidence that the
      inner cells of the morula must derive from oriented division of 8-cell
      blastomeres, in accordance with the polarization hypothesis. Analysis of fourth
      cleavage division plane orientation with respect to either lineage or division
      order reveals that it is not associated with lineage from either the 2- or the 4
      cell stage, but has a slight statistical association with fourth cleavage
      division order. The lack of association between division plane orientation and
      lineage supports the prediction that packing patterns and intercellular
      interactions within the 8-cell embryo during compaction play a role in
      determining fourth cleavage division plane orientation and thus, the positional
      fate of the daughter 16-cell blastomeres.

PMID- 2295361
TI  - Structure and development of the egg of the glossiphoniid leech Theromyzon rude:
      reorganization of the fertilized egg during completion of the first meiotic
      division.
AB  - Reorganization of the fertilized egg during completion of the first meiotic
      division was studied in the glossiphoniid leech Theromyzon rude. Rotation of the
      meiotic spindle, presumably as a result of changes in the length and arrangement
      of astral fibers, allows one of its poles to approach the prospective animal pole
      (AP), which appears as a differentiated region of the ectoplasm. The peripheral
      spindle pole is greatly modified during its anchorage to the AP and is dismantled
      upon emission of the first pole cell. Meanwhile, the central spindle pole is less
      modified and is reused during the second meiotic division. Redistribution of
      microvilli, as well as rearrangement of the ectoplasmic actin lattice, lead to
      remodeling of the egg surface. Emission of the first pole cell is preceded by a
      contraction wave that seems to arise by condensation of subcortical actin
      filaments at the equator of the egg. Poleward displacement of this wave causes
      evagination of the AP and ooplasmic segregation. A cytokinetic contractile ring
      forms by assembly of cortical actin filaments at the base of the AP evagination.
      When this process is disturbed by colchicine or cytochalasin B treatment,
      abortive or ghost pole cells may be formed.

PMID- 2295358
TI  - Aggregation of dispersed human cytotrophoblastic cells: lessons relevant to the
      morphogenesis of the placenta.
AB  - The syncytial trophoblast of the human placenta forms by the fusion of
      mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells. Cytotrophoblast cells only fuse with other
      trophoblastic cells, indicating a specificity to this interaction. To explore the
      cellular aggregation which precedes fusion, we examined the association of
      cytotrophoblast cells isolated from term placentae and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma
      cells, a cytotrophoblast-like cell line, in suspension culture. Cytotrophoblast
      cells were isolated by dispersion of chorionic villi in trypsin-DNase in
      Ca2+/Mg2(+)-free medium. JEG-3 cells were released from culture flasks by
      trypsinization in Versene-EDTA buffer. In suspension culture, each cell type
      aggregated forming tissue-like masses over a 24-hr period. Transmission electron
      microscope analysis demonstrated the formation of numerous desmosomes between the
      aggregated cells. In outgrowth culture, the aggregates created in suspension were
      maintained as microvilli-covered multicellular structures with hollow cores. The
      extent of aggregation was dependent upon the concentration of cells in the
      incubations with greater aggregation occurring with higher cell densities.
      Aggregation of both cytotrophoblast cells and JEG-3 cells progressed rapidly
      during the initial 10 hr of incubation and then continued at a slower rate.
      Aggregation took place in serum-containing and serum-free medium, but was impeded
      in Ca2+/Mg2(+)-free medium. Incubation of JEG-3 and cytotrophoblast cells in the
      presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, prevented
      aggregation, whereas the inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, tunicamycin, did
      not. The inhibitor of RNA synthesis, actinomycin D, had no effect on the
      aggregation of the cells during the initial 6 hr of aggregation. These findings
      suggest that trypsin treatment in Ca2+/Mg2(+)-poor medium removed a protein(s)
      from the trophoblast cell surface which must be resynthesized for cell-cell
      association to take place.

PMID- 2295362
TI  - Breakdown of the sperm nuclear envelope is a prerequisite for male pronucleus
      formation: direct evidence from the gynogenetic crucian carp Carassius auratus
      langsdorfii.
AB  - The gynogenetic fish, Carassius auratus langsdorfii (the ginbuna, a crucian
      carp), provides an interesting model for the study of the mechanisms controlling
      male pronucleus formation. When the sperm nucleus of a different subspecies (C.
      a. cuvieri) is incorporated into the gynogenetic egg, the nuclear envelope of the
      spermatozoon is not broken down, and the pronucleus fails to develop, although
      dispersion of the sperm chromatin occurs to some extent within the space limited
      by the nuclear envelope. When spermatozoa without plasma membranes and nuclear
      envelopes were microinjected into mature activated eggs, the sperm nuclei
      underwent chromatin dispersion, nuclear envelope formation, DNA synthesis, and
      transformation into male pronuclei. These results indicate that the failure of
      the male pronucleus to form in ginbuna is primarily due to the failure of sperm
      nuclear envelope breakdown. We conclude that sperm nuclear envelope breakdown is
      an indispensable step for the development of the male pronucleus.

PMID- 2295363
TI  - Functional implications of the unusual spatial distribution of a minor alpha
      tubulin isotype in Drosophila: a common thread among chordotonal ligaments,
      developing muscle, and testis cyst cells.
AB  - Three of the four alpha-tubulin genes in Drosophila melanogaster are temporally
      regulated. mRNA from one of these genes, alpha 85E-tubulin, first appears in 6-
      to 8-hr embryos and persists, with marked fluctuations, through the end of pupal
      development. In adults, alpha 85E mRNA has been unequivocally identified only in
      testes. In the present study, isotype-specific antibodies have been used to
      localize alpha 85E tubulin protein in whole tissues. The results demonstrate a
      spatially restricted expression pattern of the alpha 85E gene that includes
      tissues of both ectodermal and mesodermal origins. Specifically, embryonic
      accumulation of alpha 85E tubulin is limited to support cells of chordotonal
      organs and the developing musculature of the viscera and body wall. In late third
      instar larvae, chordotonal organs and a subset of larval nerves, but not muscle,
      stain with anti-alpha 85E. The timing of protein accumulation during pupal
      development suggests that alpha 85E tubulin is involved in the construction of
      the adult as well as the larval musculature. In testis, only the somatically
      derived cyst cells that surround developing spermatid bundles accumulate alpha
      85E-tubulin. The cell types that express alpha 85E share a requirement for
      extensive cell shape changes during development, suggesting that this minor alpha
      tubulin may have distinct functional properties.

PMID- 2295364
TI  - Appearance of neurons with glucocorticoid receptors and neurovascular links in
      the embryonal rat hypothalamus grafted in the third ventricle.
AB  - We have investigated the appearance of the transmitter phenotypes of hypothalamic
      neurons in grafts transplanted into the third ventricle of adult female rats. The
      grafts were the mediobasal hypothalamus and the preoptic area of 12.5-day-old rat
      embryos, and were examined 40-100 days later. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was
      injected into the jugular vein of several animals for the examination of the
      existence of neurovascular associations. Three days after the injection, WGA
      appeared to have been incorporated into the neurons in the paraventricular,
      periventricular, and arcuate nuclei of the host animals. In the grafts, WGA was
      also seen incorporated in certain neurons which were found immunoreactive for
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), rat corticotropin-releasing factor (rCRF), substance P
      (SP), or somatostatin (SRIH). Neurons immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and
      ACTH did not seem to incorporate WGA. These findings suggest that the neurons
      containing TH, rCRF, SP, or SRIH link with fenestrated capillaries developed in
      the grafts. The immunoreactivity for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was detected
      mainly in the nucleus of certain neurons and glial cells in the grafts as well as
      in the host hypothalamic neurons. In the grafts, strong GR immunoreactivity was
      detected in the cells immunoreactive for TH, NPY, and rCRF as in the host
      animals. It is concluded that the undifferentiated hypothalamic neurons
      differentiate to synthesize GR as well as definitive peptides and TH in the
      grafts.

PMID- 2295365
TI  - Embryonic development of the innervation of the locust extensor tibiae muscle by
      identified neurons: formation and elimination of inappropriate axon branches.
AB  - Intracellular dye fills have been used to reveal the pattern of embryonic growth
      of each of the four neurons which innervate the extensor tibiae muscle (ETi) of
      the hind leg of the locust. The growth cone of the slow extensor tibiae
      motoneuron (SETi), the first of the four neurons to leave the central nervous
      system, pioneers nerve 3 (N3). The fast extensor motoneuron (FETi), the next
      neuron to grow out, follows earlier outgrowing motoneurons into the periphery in
      nerve 5 (N5) and then rejoins SETi in N3. As it transfers from N5 to N3, it is
      transiently dye-coupled to the Tr1 pioneer neuron which spans the gap between the
      two nerves. It then follows SETi onto the ETi muscle in the femur. The common
      inhibitory neuron and the dorsal unpaired median neuron (DUMETi) follow SETi and
      FETi in nerves 3B2 and 5B1, respectively. SETi's growth cone requires almost
      twice as long to reach ETi as those of the three later motoneurons, all of which
      follow preexisting neural pathways. At least three of the four developing
      motoneurons form one or more axon branches not found in the adult. These branches
      may occur (1) at segmental boundaries; (2) where the nerve, which the growth cone
      is following, itself branches or the growth cone encounters another nerve; or (3)
      when the axon continues to grow beyond its target muscle. These findings contrast
      with the apparent absence of inappropriate axon branches in another developing
      locust neuromuscular system and during the innervation of zebrafish myotomes, but
      resemble in some ways the transient production of inappropriate axonal branches
      reported for embryonic leech motoneurons.

PMID- 2295366
TI  - Changes in junctional communication associated with cell cycle arrest and
      differentiation of trochoblasts in embryos of Patella vulgata.
AB  - In early embryos of molluscs, different clones of successively determined
      trochoblasts differentiate into prototroch cells and together contribute to the
      formation of a ciliated ring of cells known as the prototroch. Trochoblasts
      differentiate after cell cycle arrest, which occurs two cell cycles after the
      commitment of their stem cell. To study the changes of junctional communication
      in embryos of Patella vulgata in relation to commitment, cell cycle arrest, and
      differentiation of the trochoblasts, we have monitored electrical coupling as
      well as transfer of fluorescent dyes. The appearance of dye coupling in embryos
      of Patella occurs after the fifth cleavage (at the 32-cell stage), when the cell
      cycles of all embryonic cells become asynchronous and longer. At the 32- and 64
      cell stages all cells are well coupled. However, after the 72-cell stage dye
      transfer to or from any cell of the four interradial clones of four primary
      trochoblasts becomes abruptly reduced, whereas electrical coupling between these
      cells and the rest of the embryo can still be detected. From scanning electron
      microscopical analysis of the cell pattern we conclude that this change in gap
      junctional communication coincides with cell cycle arrest and with the
      development of cilia in all four clones of primary trochoblasts. Similarly, after
      the 88-cell stage the four radial clones of accessory trochoblasts stop dividing,
      reduce cell coupling, and become ciliated. By the formation of the prototroch,
      the embryo becomes subdivided into an anterior (pretrochal) and a posterior
      (posttrochal) domain which will develop different structures of the adult. At the
      88-cell stage, the cells within each of these two domains remain well coupled and
      form two different communication compartments that are separated from each other
      by the interposed ring of uncoupled trochoblasts. The relations among control of
      cell cycle, changes in junctional communication, and differentiation are
      discussed.

PMID- 2295367
TI  - Regulation of the murine alpha A-crystallin promoter in transgenic mice.
AB  - To identify sequences necessary for lens-specific gene expression, lines of
      transgenic mice were generated which contain murine alpha A-crystallin promoter
      sequences [-111 to +46 (alpha 111), -88 to +46 (alpha 88), and -34 to +46 (alpha
      34)] fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and CAT
      expression was analyzed. Mice carrying the alpha 111-CAT or the alpha 88-CAT
      fusion transgene expressed CAT exclusively in lens, except for one line
      containing alpha 111-CAT, which expressed low levels of CAT in several
      nonlenticular tissues. Transcription from these promoters in lens initiated at
      the same site as the endogenous alpha A-crystallin promoter. In one line of mice
      alpha 88-CAT transgene became active in the lens during embryonic development at
      approximately the same time that the alpha A-crystallin gene normally begins to
      be expressed. In contrast, the alpha 34-CAT fusion transgene, containing the TATA
      box but no sequences further upstream, was inactive in transgenic mice. Our data
      suggest that 134 bp of sequence (-88 to +46) in the murine alpha A-crystallin
      gene is sufficient to provide lens specificity, although we cannot rule out the
      possibility that other sequences also contribute to promoter function.

PMID- 2295368
TI  - Segregation of oral from aboral ectoderm precursors is completed at fifth
      cleavage in the embryogenesis of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
AB  - A specific set of founder cells uniquely gives rise to the oral and aboral
      ectoderms in the regularly developing sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
      We showed earlier that the polar No and Na (animal oral and animal aboral)
      blastomeres are specified by third cleavage, while the respective oral and aboral
      lineage contributions of the left and right NL (animal lateral) blastomeres have
      not yet segregated from one another at third cleavage. Here we demonstrate by
      iontophoretic injection of lysyl rhodamine dextran lineage tracer that
      segregation of oral vs aboral cell fates in the lineages of the NL blastomeres
      has still not occurred by fourth cleavage, but at fifth cleavage there arise from
      the NL sublineages founder cells whose progeny contribute exclusively to the
      aboral ectoderm. The sister cells of these fifth cleavage blastomeres are founder
      cells that contribute exclusively to oral structures. The aboral ectoderm tracts
      to which NL derivatives give rise occupy lateral regions of the anterior aboral
      ectoderm, while the oral structures deriving from the NL blastomeres are the
      lateral sectors of the ciliated bands. The cells of the ciliated bands do not
      express aboral ectoderm markers and are considered to constitute the border of
      the oral region. With these new findings we complete our knowledge of the
      origins, identities, and fates of the 11 founder cells, the progeny of which
      exclusively give rise to the aboral ectoderm, and of the 5 founder cells, the
      progeny of which exclusively produce the oral ectoderm and its derivatives.

PMID- 2295369
TI  - Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix in normal Rana pipiens gastrulae and in
      arrested hybrid gastrulae Rana pipiens female X Rana esculenta male.
AB  - Rana pipiens eggs fertilized by Rana esculenta sperm (ESC) hybrid embryos develop
      until gastrulation in control Rana pipiens embryos (PIP) and then show
      morphogenetic arrest. After arrest, ESC do not gastrulate but live for 5 days as
      blastula-like embryos. We studied the distribution of fibronectin (FN)-containing
      fibrils and integrin (INT) in PIP and ESC. There are many FN-fibrils in PIP
      organized in anastomosing networks radiating away from the center of individual
      cells and across intercellular boundaries. ESC have fewer fibrils compared to
      PIP. These fibrils are first located between cells in disorganized arrays. After
      arrest in ESC, when PIP are Stage 14 neurulae, many more FN-fibrils appear. INT
      staining occurs in both embryos in similar patterns. In xenoplastic
      transplantations, we found that the extracellular matrix on the inner surface of
      the ESC blastocoel roof serves as a substratum for PIP cell migration. In an in
      vitro assay, we found more cell adhesion to FN-substrata in PIP than in ESC. Cell
      locomotion rates on FN-substrata were 1.70 +/- 0.85 microns/min for PIP but only
      0.46 +/- 0.56 microns/min for ESC. We also found that the inner surface of the
      blastocoel roof from ESC can not promote cell adhesion and locomotion when Stage
      11 fragments are used for conditioning but that Stage 14 fragments can deposit a
      FN-fibril-rich extracellular matrix which supports PIP mesodermal cell migration
      at a rate of 1.26 +/- 0.38 microns/min.

PMID- 2295370
TI  - Effects of spaceflight on the spermatogonial population of rat seminiferous
      epithelium.
AB  - Testes from rats flown on Cosmos 1887 were compared with vivarium control and
      synchronous control samples. The mean weights of flight testes, normalized for
      weight per 100 g, were 6.4% less when compared with the vivarium controls. Counts
      of spermatogonia from tissue sections (seminiferous tubules in maturation stage
      6) from five animals in each group revealed 4% fewer spermatogonia in flight
      testes compared with synchronous controls and 11% fewer spermatogonia in flight
      samples compared with vivarium controls.

PMID- 2295372
TI  - NIH funding.

PMID- 2295371
TI  - Cosmos 1887 mission overview: effects of microgravity on rat body and adrenal
      weights and plasma constituents.
AB  - The Cosmos 1887 biosatellite carried 10 male rats and 2 rhesus monkeys on its
      12.5-day mission. Upon re-entry the Vostok vehicle overshot the designated
      landing site, which resulted in fasting of the animals for 42 h, exposure to cage
      temperatures of 12-15 degrees C, and 2 days delay in death of the rats. No overt
      untoward effects of the delayed recovery were apparent. Tissues from the rats
      were harvested by Soviet scientists, appropriately preserved, and provided to
      U.S. investigators. Flight rats grew more slowly and had larger adrenal glands
      than earth gravity controls. Analysis of plasma revealed increased concentrations
      of hepatic alkaline phosphatase, glucose, urea nitrogen, and creatinine in flight
      rats. In contrast, electrolytes, total protein, albumin, corticosterone,
      prolactin, and immunoreactive growth hormone levels were unchanged. However,
      testosterone concentration was marginally decreased after flight and thyroid
      hormone levels were suggestive of reduced thyroid function. Due to the possible
      effects of reentry and the delay in recovery of the animals, it is not clear what
      relationship postflight levels of plasma constituents bear to their
      concentrations in flight.

PMID- 2295373
TI  - In defense of the least publishable unit.

PMID- 2295375
TI  - NASA's Space Life Sciences Program set for major growth in the decade ahead.

PMID- 2295374
TI  - Preosteoblast production 55 hours after a 12.5-day spaceflight on Cosmos 1887.
AB  - The influence of 12.5 days of spaceflight and a 55 h stressful recovery period
      (at 1 g) on fibroblastlike osteoblast precursor cells was assessed in the
      periodontal ligament (PDL) of rats that were 91 days old at launch. Nuclear
      morphometry was used as a marker for precursor cell differentiation in 3 microns
      sections cut in the midsagittal plane from the maxillary first molar. According
      to nuclear volume, cells were classified as preosteoblasts (C + D cells, greater
      than or equal to 120 microns 3) and less differentiated progenitor cells (A + A'
      cells, 40-79 microns 3). Compared with synchronous controls (simulated flight
      conditions), the 55 h postflight recovery period at 1 g resulted in a 40%
      decrease in the A + A' cell population, a 42% increase in the C + D cells, and a
      39% increase in the number of PDL fibroblastlike cells near the bone surface.
      These results are consistent with a postflight osteogenic response in PDL. This
      recovery response occurred despite physiological stress in the flight animals
      that resulted in a highly significant (P less than or equal to 0.001) increase in
      adrenal weight. The data suggest that after spaceflight there is a strong and
      rapid recovery mechanism for osteoblast differentiation that is not suppressed by
      physiological stress.

PMID- 2295376
TI  - Regional distribution of mineral and matrix in the femurs of rats flown on Cosmos
      1887 biosatellite.
AB  - We combined biochemical measurements with novel techniques for image analysis in
      the rat femur to characterize the location and nature of the defect in
      mineralization known to occur in growing animals after spaceflight.
      Concentrations of mineral and osteocalcin were low in the distal half of the
      diaphysis and concentrations of collagen were low with evidence of increased
      synthesis in the proximal half of the diaphysis of the flight bones. X-ray
      microtomography provided semiquantitative data in computer-generated sections of
      whole wet bone that indicated a longitudinal gradient of decreasing
      mineralization toward the distal diaphysis, similar to the chemistry results.
      Analysis of embedded sections by backscattered electrons in a scanning electron
      microscope revealed distinct patterns of mineral distribution in the proximal,
      central, and distal regions of the diaphysis and also showed a net reduction in
      mineral levels toward the distal shaft. Increases in mineral density to higher
      fractions in controls were less in the flight bones at all three levels, with the
      most distal cross-sectional area most affected. The combined results from these
      novel techniques identified the areas of femoral diaphysis most vulnerable to the
      mineralization defect associated with spaceflight and/or the stress of landing.

PMID- 2295377
TI  - Histomorphometric and electron microscopic analyses of tibial epiphyseal plates
      from Cosmos 1887 rats.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that the changes seen in the bones of growing rats
      exposed to microgravity are due in part to changes that occur in the growth plate
      during spaceflight. In this study, growth plates of rats flown aboard Cosmos 1887
      (12.5-day flight plus 53.5-h recovery at 1 g) were analyzed using light and
      electron microscopy and computerized planimetry. The proliferative zone of flight
      animals was found to be significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) larger than
      that of controls, while the reserve and hypertrophic/calcification zones were
      significantly reduced. Flight animals also had more cells per column in the
      proliferative zone than did controls and less in the hypertrophic/calcification
      region. The total number of cells, however, was significantly greater in flight
      animals. No difference was found in perimeter or in shape factor, but area was
      significantly less in flight animals. Electron microscopy showed that collagen
      fibrils in flight animals were wider than in controls. Since the time required
      for a cell to cycle through the growth plate is 2-3 days at 1 g, the results
      reported here represent both the effects of exposure to microgravity and the
      initial stages of recovery from that exposure.

PMID- 2295378
TI  - Effects of spaceflight on rat humerus geometry, biomechanics, and biochemistry.
AB  - The effects of a 12.5-day spaceflight (Cosmos 1887 biosatellite) on the
      geometric, biomechanical, and biochemical characteristics of humeri of male
      specific pathogen-free rats were examined. Humeri of age-matched basal control,
      synchronous control, and vivarium control rats were contrasted with the flight
      bones to examine the influence of growth and space environment on bone
      development. Lack of humerus longitudinal growth occurred during the 12.5 days in
      spaceflight. In addition, the normal mid-diaphysial periosteal appositional
      growth was affected; compared with their controls, the spaceflight humeri had
      less cortical cross-sectional area, smaller periosteal circumferences, smaller
      anterior-posterior periosteal diameters, and smaller second moments of area with
      respect to the bending and nonbending axes. The flexural rigidity of the flight
      humeri was comparable to that of the younger basal control rats and significantly
      less than that of the synchronous and vivarium controls; the elastic moduli of
      all four groups, nonetheless, were not significantly different. Generally, the
      matrix biochemistry of the mid-diaphysial cross sections showed no differences
      among groups. Thus, the spaceflight differences in humeral mechanical strength
      and flexural rigidity were probably a result of the differences in humeral
      geometry rather than material properties.

PMID- 2295379
TI  - Morphological and biochemical examination of Cosmos 1887 rat heart tissue: Part I
      -Ultrastructure.
AB  - Morphological changes were observed in the left ventricle of rat heart tissue
      from animals flown on the Cosmos 1887 biosatellite for 12.5 days. These tissues
      were compared to the synchronous and vivarium control hearts. While many normal
      myofibrils were observed, others exhibited ultrastructural alterations, i.e.,
      damaged and irregular-shaped mitochondria and generalized myofibrillar edema.
      Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the volume density data revealed a statistically
      significant increase in glycogen and a significant decrease in mitochondria
      compared to the synchronous and vivarium controls. Point counting indicated an
      increase in lipid and myeloid bodies and a decrease in microtubules, but these
      changes were not statistically significant. In addition, the flight animals
      exhibited some patchy loss of protofibrils (actin and myosin filaments) and some
      abnormal supercontracted myofibrils that were not seen in the controls. This
      study was undertaken to gain insight into the mechanistic aspects of cardiac
      changes in both animals and human beings as a consequence of space travel (1).
      Cardiac hypotrophy and fluid shifts have been observed after actual or simulated
      weightlessness and raise concerns about the functioning of the heart and
      circulatory system during and after travel in space (2-4).

PMID- 2295380
TI  - Effects of spaceflight on the proliferation of jejunal mucosal cells.
AB  - The mitotic indices, villus heights, and crypt depths were determined in each of
      three jejunal regions (proximal, middle, and distal) for five animals each in the
      flight, vivarium, and synchronous groups. Because of the rapid turnover of
      intestinal mucosal cells and the delay in recovering the flight animals, it is
      not known whether the proliferation of jejunal mucosal cells is affected by
      microgravity conditions associated with spaceflight. However, since there were no
      consistent differences between animals in the flight group and those in the
      synchronous and vivarium control groups, it appears that any effects of
      microgravity on the turnover of jejunal mucosal cells are short-lived. Thus, this
      study represents an initial step in determining the effects of microgravity on
      the proliferation and turnover of intestinal mucosal cells.

PMID- 2295382
TI  - Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from human colon carcinomas. Functional and
      phenotypic characteristics after long-term culture in recombinant interleukin 2.
AB  - Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes from 7
      patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon were evaluated for expansion and
      antitumor activities during culture in the presence of 1000 U/ml of recombinant
      human interleukin 2. Functional and phenotypic characteristics of tumor
      infiltrating lymphocytes and autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes were
      compared between weeks 2 and 3 of culture in recombinant interleukin 2. All but
      one tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte and all autologous peripheral blood lymphocyte
      preparations proliferated well in vitro. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expanded
      better (p less than 0.05) than autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes, reaching
      median-fold expansions of 2231 (range 1-4720) and 108 (range 13-1263),
      respectively. Cytotoxicity of interleukin 2-activated tumor-infiltrating
      lymphocytes and autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes against fresh autologous
      or allogeneic colon carcinoma targets was relatively low in these cultures. Due
      to better proliferation, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes showed significantly
      greater (p less than 0.05) total cytotoxic activity per culture against fresh
      autologous tumor-cell targets than did autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes,
      achieving a median total lytic units of activity per culture of 671 compared with
      92 for autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity was not restricted
      to autologous tumor cells. Two-color flow cytometry demonstrated that the
      predominant proliferating cell population in interleukin 2-expanded long-term
      cultures of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and autologous peripheral blood
      lymphocytes expressed the CD3+Leu19- phenotype. Some cultures were enriched in
      CD3+ Leu19+ and CD3-Leu19+ cells. This study indicated that tumor-infiltrating
      lymphocytes from most but not all human primary colon adenocarcinomas could be
      expanded in the presence of recombinant interleukin 2 and mediate non-major
      histocompatibility complex-restricted antitumor cytotoxicity. Because fresh colon
      carcinoma cells appear to be resistant to in vitro lysis by interleukin 2
      activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte and autologous peripheral blood
      lymphocyte effectors, the role of adoptive immuno-therapy in treatment of
      advanced colon carcinomas in humans may have to be reevaluated.

PMID- 2295383
TI  - Aspirin-induced changes in gastric function: role of endogenous prostaglandins
      and mucosal damage.
AB  - The relative roles of prostaglandins and mucosal injury in aspirin-induced
      changes in gastric function were evaluated. Conscious rhesus monkeys received a
      subcutaneous injection of sodium bicarbonate or aspirin (25, 50, 100, or 150
      mg/kg) and sodium bicarbonate or 150 mg/kg aspirin subcutaneously plus oral
      sucralfate (25 mg/kg twice a day). Gastric emptying and fluid and H+ outputs were
      determined during a fasting period and after an 80-ml water load using a 99mTc
      diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid dilution technique. At the end of each study,
      the monkeys were gastroscoped to assess mucosal damage, which was ranked blindly
      on a scale of 0 to 5. Biopsy samples were taken from antrum and fundus for
      determination of prostaglandins and histological evaluation. All doses of aspirin
      significantly suppressed prostaglandins in both the antrum and fundus. In
      contrast, the aspirin-induced increase in gastric mucosal injury was dose
      dependent. Aspirin also produced a dose-dependent decrease in gastric emptying
      that was significantly correlated with erosions scores. When aspirin-induced
      lesions were prevented by sucralfate, the inhibition of gastric emptying was
      blocked during the fasting period and was attenuated following the water load.
      Acid secretion was also decreased significantly by aspirin. This action was not
      modified by sucralfate protection, suggesting that aspirin has a direct
      inhibitory effect on parietal cell secretion. These data show that mucosal damage
      contributes significantly to the aspirin-induced changes in gastric function.
      Moreover, prostaglandins may play a role in the control of gastric emptying,
      especially during early phase of the response to a water load.

PMID- 2295381
TI  - Altered carbohydrate, lipid, and xenobiotic metabolism by liver from rats flown
      on Cosmos 1887.
AB  - To determine the possible biochemical effects of prolonged weightlessness on
      liver function, samples of liver from rats that had flown aboard Cosmos 1887 were
      analyzed for protein, glycogen, and lipids as well as the activities of a number
      of key enzymes involved in metabolism of these compounds and xenobiotics. Among
      the parameters measured, the major differences were elevations in the glycogen
      content and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activities for the rats
      flown on Cosmos 1887 and decreases in the amount of microsomal cytochrome P-450
      and the activities of aniline hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase,
      cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes. These results support the earlier finding of
      differences in these parameters and suggest that altered hepatic function could
      be important during spaceflight and/or the postflight recovery period.

PMID- 2295384
TI  - Psychosocial factors are associated with health care seeking rather than
      diagnosis in irritable bowel syndrome.
AB  - The objective of this prospective study was to test the hypothesis that 6
      reportedly important psychosocial factors were useful criteria for diagnosing the
      irritable bowel syndrome. Ninety-seven new patients with entry complaints of
      abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, or both underwent full evaluation by board
      certified or -eligible gastroenterologists in an outpatient setting. The
      independent measures were 6 questionnaires concerning anxiety, depression,
      stress, lack of social support, somatization, and abnormal illness behavior. The
      dependent measure, irritable bowel syndrome, was defined as the absence of an
      organic disease explanation for patients' entry complaints. Two other board
      certified gastroenterologists, independent of the study, made this determination.
      Their rating was based on full review of transcripts of patients' clinic visits,
      laboratory data, and the results of a 9-mo telephone follow-up to patients and
      their physicians. Sixty-five percent of the sample had no organic disease
      explanation for the entry symptoms, thereby representing irritable bowel
      syndrome. The psychosocial predictors did not show a significant association with
      irritable bowel syndrome; the power of the study was 0.86. Post hoc analysis
      revealed that patients with organic disease, as well as patients with irritable
      bowel syndrome, had significantly more (p less than 0.01) psychosocial
      abnormality than normal subjects, which likely contributed to the inability of
      the psychosocial predictors to distinguish irritable bowel syndrome from organic
      disease. It was concluded that psychosocial criteria were of limited value in
      differentiating irritable bowel syndrome from organic disease but that they were
      determinants of health care seeking for the entire study group.

PMID- 2295385
TI  - The diagnosis of small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Reliability of jejunal culture
      and inadequacy of breath hydrogen testing.
AB  - The reliability of a single jejunal culture in the diagnosis of small bowel
      bacterial overgrowth has recently been questioned. Seventy-seven patients thought
      to have bacterial overgrowth, defined as a jejunal culture yielding at least
      10(6) organisms per milliliter of aspirate, took part in the study. Bacterial
      overgrowth was found in 74% of the patients with predisposing conditions and in
      32% of those with no clear causes of bacterial colonization. The intestinal juice
      of some patients was taken at two different levels of the proximal jejunum, using
      both the closed- and open-tube systems. Highly significant correlations (rs =
      0.90, p less than 0.001) were found between the numbers of bacteria per
      milliliter at the 2 jejunal levels and between the numbers of bacteria per
      milliliter of jejunal aspirate obtained from the closed and open tubes (rs =
      0.84, p less than 0.001). Compared with the jejunal culture, the gas
      chromatography of volatile fatty acids in jejunal aspirate and the glucose- and
      lactulose-hydrogen breath tests showed sensitivities of 56%, 62%, and 68% and
      specificities of 100%, 83%, and 44%, respectively. This work demonstrates the
      reliability of jejunal cultures and the inadequacy of breath hydrogen testing in
      the prediction of positive jejunal cultures. When results of testing for volatile
      fatty acids in jejunal aspirates are positive, this always indicates the presence
      of bacterial overgrowth; thus, this procedure would avoid the more complicated,
      time-consuming, and costly bacteriological analysis of jejunal samples.

PMID- 2295386
TI  - Lymphocytic gastritis in patients with celiac sprue or spruelike intestinal
      disease.
AB  - A distinctive form of gastritis, characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of pit
      epithelium, has recently been described in association with evidence of
      Campylobacter pylori infection. We have evaluated simultaneous small bowel and
      gastric biopsies from 22 patients with diarrhea or malabsorption, all of which
      showed small bowel changes characteristic of sprue or spruelike disease. In 10 of
      22 patients, striking lymphocytic gastritis was identified. Cases positive for
      lymphocytic gastritis had a mean of 46.5 lymphocytes per 100 epithelial cells,
      compared with a mean of 3.5 in normal gastric controls and 5.1 in abnormal
      controls, including cases with Campylobacter gastritis. Concurrent small bowel
      biopsies had a mean of 47.2 lymphocytes per 100 epithelial cells. Cases without
      lymphocytic gastritis had means of 10.8 and 39.9 lymphocytes per 100 gastric and
      intestinal epithelial cells, respectively. Campylobacter organisms were
      identified in only 1 of the 10 patients with lymphocytic gastritis and in 3 of
      the 12 patients without lymphocytic gastritis. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in
      small bowel and stomach were positive for the antibody MT-1, indicating a T-cell
      infiltrate at both sites. These findings suggest that lymphocytic gastritis may
      occur as a manifestation of celiac sprue or spruelike disease and that the
      lymphocytic infiltration of celiac sprue may affect gastric epithelial mucous
      cells.

PMID- 2295387
TI  - Basement membrane components are potent promoters of rat intestinal epithelial
      cell differentiation in vitro.
AB  - Basement membranes have been implicated in morphogenesis and cell
      differentiation. In this study, the effect of basement membrane components on
      intestinal epithelial cell maturation in a mesenchyme-free environment was
      investigated. Fetal rat small intestinal epithelial cells (from the 14th-17th day
      of gestation) were exposed to basement membrane-derived proteins (laminin,
      collagen type IV, and a complex basement membrane-enriched extract from the
      Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma) and other extracellular matrix proteins (collagen
      type I and fibronectin) coated onto Petri dishes. The cells attached readily only
      to fibronectin and basement membrane proteins. For 5 days the developing
      epithelial colonies were monitored in vitro, assessing morphological and
      functional parameters of cell maturation. Colonies grown on laminin and the
      basement membrane extract were larger and of greater cell density. An increase in
      alkaline phosphatase and lactase activity was observed after 3-4 days in these
      colonies which could be enhanced to yield 90%-100% positive cells by the addition
      of dexamethasone to the medium while no sucrase-isomaltase activity was elicited.
      Electron microscopy confirmed a high degree of cellular polarization illustrated
      by tight junctions and apical microvilli in epithelial cells grown on a basement
      membrane-like support. In contrast, none of the other proteins stimulated the
      cells to mature in vitro. The authors conclude that certain basement membrane
      components actively promote fetal intestinal epithelial cell differentiation.

PMID- 2295388
TI  - Existence of irritable bowel syndrome supported by factor analysis of symptoms in
      two community samples.
AB  - To determine whether bowel symptoms covary in a pattern consistent with the
      existence of irritable bowel as a distinct syndrome, bowel symptom questionnaires
      from 2 independent samples were factor analyzed. Samples consisted of 351 18-40
      yr-old women who visited Planned Parenthood clinics for contraception and 149 18
      89-yr-old women recruited through church women's societies. Factor analysis of 23
      bowel symptoms identified 4 factors (clusters of symptoms that were correlated
      with each other) in both samples. The factor accounting for the most variance in
      both samples included relief of pain with defecation, looser stools with pain
      onset, more frequent stools with pain, and gastrointestinal reactions to eating.
      This irritable bowel factor was not correlated with an objective measure of
      lactose intolerance. An independent constipation factor was found in both samples
      to include self-reported constipation, straining with bowel movements, feeling of
      incomplete evacuation, and rectal bleeding. Thus factor analysis of bowel
      symptoms supports the existence of a specific irritable bowel syndrome and
      suggests symptoms that may be used to diagnose this syndrome.

PMID- 2295389
TI  - Sphincter of Oddi cyclic motility. Effect of translocation of the papilla in
      opossums.
AB  - The role of myoneural continuity between the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum in
      coordinating sphincter cyclic motility and the duodenal migrating myoelectric
      complex was studied in conscious opossums. Five animals underwent implantation of
      the duodenal papilla into the jejunum. Myoelectric recording was obtained from
      the sphincter, duodenum, and jejunum in these animals and from 5 other animals as
      controls. The mean spike frequency of the sphincter of controls was 1.6 per min
      during phase I, 4.2 per min during phase II, 11.0 per min during phase III, and
      3.6 per min during phase IV of the duodenal migrating myoelectric complex. After
      translocation of the papilla, the spike rates during phase II (2.2 per min) and
      phase III (2.8 per min) were lower than in controls (p less than 0.02), while
      those during phases I and IV remained unchanged. Feeding disrupted the migrating
      myoelectric complex and increased sphincter spike activity in both groups;
      however, the plateau frequency after feeding was lower after the translocation.
      These data suggest that the duodenum does not control cyclicity of sphincter
      motility but sphincter-duodenal intrinsic myoneural continuity is important in
      the increase in sphincter spike activity during phases II and III and after
      feeding.

PMID- 2295390
TI  - The degradation of amino acids, proteins, and blood to short-chain fatty acids in
      colon is prevented by lactulose.
AB  - Short-chain (C2-C5) fatty acids account for 60%-70% of the anions in the colon.
      Acetate (C2) is nontoxic in contrast to C(3)4-C5 fatty acids (propionate,
      butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate), which induce coma in animals
      and may be important in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma in humans. An in-vitro
      fecal incubation system was used to map out short-chain fatty acid production in
      the presence of lactulose, amino acids, albumin, or blood. Albumin and blood
      increased production of all C2-C5 fatty acids. In contrast, lactulose was
      converted to acetate only and increased fecal acidity. The degradation of amino
      acids, albumin, and blood to short-chain fatty acids was completely inhibited by
      10-25 mM lactulose. This was caused mainly by the acidifying effect of lactulose.
      pH-independent inhibition of blood and amino acid degradation to short-chain
      fatty acids required concentrations of lactulose exceeding 50-100 mM. Thus, the
      effect of lactulose in the treatment of hepatic coma may be related to its rapid
      fermentation into organic acids at rates exceeding colonic buffering capacity.
      This probably reduces formation of toxic fatty acids and ammonia from amino
      acids, polypeptides, and blood in the colon.

PMID- 2295391
TI  - Luminal surface hydrophobicity of canine gastric mucosa is dependent on a surface
      mucous gel.
AB  - The contribution of the surface mucous gel to the stomach's hydrophobic luminal
      properties and how these properties are affected by both damaging and
      cytoprotective agents were studied. Canine gastric mucosa, determined to be
      hydrophobic in nature by contact angle analysis, had an adherent periodic acid
      Schiff-reactive mucous gel layer over 85% of its luminal surface, as observed
      under light microscopy. Extracellular structures reactive with the phospholipid
      selective stain, iodoplatinate, were observed ultrastructurally in these tissues,
      within and at the luminal interface of the surface mucous gel. Incubating the
      luminal surface of gastric mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers in acidified aspirin
      promoted the exfoliation of surface epithelium and markedly reduced surface
      hydrophobicity, surface periodic acid-Schiff reactivity, and transmucosal
      potential difference. Addition of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 to the nutrient
      compartment of these chambers maintained surface hydrophobicity at control levels
      but did not prevent aspirin-induced reductions in potential difference or
      cellular damage to the surface epithelium. However, prostaglandin did attenuate
      exfoliation of aspirin-damaged surface mucous cells and preserved the surface
      mucous gel. These results indicate that the stomach's hydrophobic lining is
      closely associated with the presence of a surface mucous gel layer, is not an
      effective barrier to the penetration of lipid-soluble damaging agents such as
      acidified aspirin, and is maintained by exogenous prostaglandin as is the mucous
      gel layer, even in the presence of luminal aspirin. The ability of prostaglandin
      to maintain a hydrophobic mucous gel layer over compromised tissue may, in part,
      explain its ability to limit aspirin-induced injury and promote the recovery and
      restitution of the surface epithelium.

PMID- 2295393
TI  - Food restriction retards age-related histological changes in rat small intestine.
AB  - Previous studies have reported that small and large intestinal crypt hyperplasia
      and hyperproliferation occur in senescent rats about 27 mo of age. We have
      studied duodenal and ileal architecture in ad libitum chow-fed rats and have
      demonstrated that the increase in duodenal crypt depth and crypt hyperplasia do
      not develop throughout the life span, but become apparent at 21 and 27 mo of age.
      These crypt hyperplastic features occur without a change in duodenal villus cell
      number. Ileal villus cellularity increased throughout the life span, suggesting
      exposure to a gradually increasing luminal nutrient load. Diet restriction to 60%
      of the ad libitum feeding rate prolonged the life span of animals from 27 to
      greater than 33 mo and prevented both the duodenal hyperplasia and the increase
      in ileal villus cell numbers to the age of 27 mo. Thirty-three-month diet
      restricted rats did show evidence of duodenal crypt hyperplasia. We conclude that
      proximal intestinal hyperplasia is a phenomenon that develops in advanced age,
      but that ileal villus cellularity increases throughout the ad libitum-fed rodent
      life span. Diet restriction dramatically retards these intestinal changes that
      are seen with ad libitum feeding and provides an experimental model for the study
      of age-related cellular changes of the rodent gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2295392
TI  - The prevalence of hemorrhoids and chronic constipation. An epidemiologic study.
AB  - Hemorrhoids are a frequently occurring disorder widely believed to be caused by
      chronic constipation. In the present study, the epidemiology of hemorrhoids was
      evaluated and compared with the epidemiology of constipation. The analysis was
      based on 4 data sources: from the United States, the National Health Interview
      Survey, the National Hospital Discharge Survey, and the National Disease and
      Therapeutic Index; from England and Wales, the Morbidity Statistics from General
      Practice. Results showed that 10 million people in the United States complained
      of hemorrhoids, corresponding to a prevalence rate of 4.4%. In both sexes, a peak
      in prevalence was noted from age 45-65 yr, with a subsequent decrease after age
      65 yr. The development of hemorrhoids before age 20 yr was unusual. Whites were
      affected more frequently than blacks, and increased prevalence rates were
      associated with higher socioeconomic status. This was in contrast to the
      epidemiology of constipation, which demonstrated an exponential increase in
      prevalence after age 65 yr and was more common in blacks and in families with low
      incomes or low social status. The data presented illustrate differences in the
      epidemiologic behavior of hemorrhoids and constipation, calling the presumption
      of causality between constipation and hemorrhoids into question.

PMID- 2295394
TI  - Early gallstone recurrence rate after successful shock-wave therapy.
AB  - Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy combined with adjuvant bile-acid
      dissolution therapy results in complete clearance of stone fragments in a high
      percentage of selected patients with radiolucent gallbladder calculi. With the
      gallbladder in situ, these patients are at risk of stone recurrence. Therefore,
      the early rate of stone recurrence after successful lithotripsy was evaluated.
      Fifty-eight of the first 60 consecutive patients who became stone free underwent
      follow-up examinations at least 1 yr (range, 12-37 mo; mean +/- SD, 18 +/- 6)
      after discontinuation of adjuvant bile-acid therapy. Five patients reported
      recurrent biliary pain within 1 yr after lithotripsy, and recurrent gallstones
      were detected. Fifty-three patients were asymptomatic during the first yr, and no
      recurrence was detected. Thus, the rate of gallstone recurrence was 9% within 1
      yr. The rate of gallstone recurrence up to 3 yr was estimated by actuarial
      analysis. The probability of stone recurrence was 11% (+/- 4%) at 1.5 yr, and no
      further increase was observed up to 3 yr. Gallstone recurrence within 1 yr after
      successful shock-wave therapy has to be expected in approximately the same
      percentage of patients as has been reported in earlier postdissolution trials. It
      causes recurrent biliary pain in most cases.

PMID- 2295395
TI  - Bile acids substituted in the 6 position prevent cholesterol gallstone formation
      in the hamster.
AB  - The aim of the present study is to examine the efficacy of 6-hydroxy substituted
      bile acids on the prevention of cholesterol gallstones in a new hamster model of
      cholesterol cholelithiasis. Male golden Syrian hamsters were fed a nutritionally
      adequate semipurified lithogenic diet consisting of casein, cornstarch, soluble
      starch, butterfat, corn oil, and cellulose plus 0.3% cholesterol. Six different
      bile acids were added to this diet at the 0.05% level: chenodeoxycholic acid,
      ursodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, murideoxycholic acid, 6 beta-methyl
      hyodeoxycholic acid, and 6 alpha-methyl-murideoxycholic acid. At the end of the 6
      wk feeding period, the control group receiving the lithogenic diet had a 55%
      incidence of gallstones. It was found that all bile acids had inhibited the
      formation of cholesterol gallstones; complete prevention of gallstones was
      observed with all 4 3,6-dihydroxy bile acids, whereas chenodeoxycholic acid and
      ursodeoxycholic acid were somewhat less effective (80% and 75% prevention,
      respectively). The accumulation of cholesterol in serum and liver induced by the
      lithogenic diet was inhibited to some extent by all of the bile acids;
      hyodeoxycholic acid, murideoxycholic acid, and 6 beta-methyl hyodeoxycholic acid
      were most effective in this respect. The administered bile acids tended to
      predominate in bile in the case of chenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid,
      and 6 beta-methyl-hyodeoxycholic acid. In contrast, ursodeoxycholic acid seemed
      to be converted to chenodeoxycholic acid and murideoxycholic acid to
      hyodeoxycholic acid. Only 4% of the 6-methyl analogue of murideoxycholic acid, 6
      alpha-methyl-murideoxycholic acid, was recovered in gallbladder bile. These
      experiments show that the new hamster model of cholesterol cholelithiasis is
      suitable for gallstone-prevention studies. It was not possible to draw definite
      conclusions concerning the mechanism of action of the administered bile acids on
      the basis of cholesterol saturation or the presence of liquid crystals. The
      detailed mechanism of gallstone prevention by hydrophilic bile acids in this
      model remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2295396
TI  - Possible role of acetaldehyde in ethanol-related rectal cocarcinogenesis in the
      rat.
AB  - Prospective epidemiologic studies have reported an increased risk of rectal
      cancer following chronic ethanol ingestion. The effect of ethanol on chemically
      induced colorectal carcinogenesis is controversial depending on the experimental
      conditions. In the present study the effect of chronic ethanol administration on
      acetoxymethylmethylnitrosamine-induced rectal cancer and the possible role of
      acetaldehyde in this process were investigated. Chronic ethanol administration
      resulted in an earlier occurrence of rectal tumors in this animal model. Because
      the concomitant administration of cyanamide, a potent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
      inhibitor, showed a positive trend toward increased incidences of tumors,
      acetaldehyde could be involved in the ethanol-associated carcinogenesis. To
      measure colonic acetaldehyde, 12 chronically ethanol-fed and control rats
      received an acute dose of ethanol (2.5 g/kg body wt). The mucosal concentration
      of acetaldehyde was significantly higher in the rectum compared with the cecum
      (198 +/- 23 vs. 120 +/- 23 nmoles.g colon-1, p less than 0.05), but was not
      affected by chronic ethanol feeding. Furthermore, 6 germ-free rats had
      significantly lower acetaldehyde concentrations in the rectum (84 +/- 11 vs. 234
      +/- 33 nmoles.g colon-1, p less than 0.01) and in the cecum (59 +/- 13 vs. 121 +/
      33 nmoles.g colon-1, p less than 0.05) compared with 6 conventional animals, and
      this was paralleled by the number of fecal bacteria in the 2 intestinal segments.
      In addition, to determine the effect of chronic ethanol feeding on colorectal
      cell turnover, 30 animals were pair-fed liquid diets. Using the metaphase-arrest
      technique, alcohol feeding induced rectal (19.1 +/- 2.0 vs. 9.1 +/- 1.8
      cells.crypt-1.h-1, p less than 0.01), but not cecal (18.9 +/- 1.3 vs. 22.2 +/-
      3.3 cells.crypt-1.h-1, p greater than 0.05) hyperregeneration. This was
      accompanied by an increase in the crypt proliferative compartment and increased
      mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity (63 +/- 18 vs. 22 +/- 6 pmoles.hr-1.mg
      protein-1, p less than 0.05). The data show that chronic ethanol ingestion
      accelerates chemically induced rectal carcinogenesis and raise the possibility
      that acetaldehyde probably generated through bacterial ethanol oxidation may be
      involved in this process. The secondary hyperregeneration of the mucosa, observed
      after alcohol feeding, could by itself favour carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2295398
TI  - Acute effects of ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acid on the small
      intestinal absorption of bile acids.
AB  - The effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid on the small
      intestinal absorption of endogenous bile acids were studied in patients with
      ileostomies who served as a model to investigate small-intestinal absorption in
      humans. In the control period, the eight patients excreted 327 +/- 91 (mean +/-
      standard error of the mean) mumol/8 h cholic acid and 214 +/- 38 mumol/8 h
      chenodeoxycholic acid by their ileal fluid. Following ursodeoxycholic acid
      administration (500 mg), ileal excretion of cholic acid increased to 517 +/- 96
      mumol/8 h, and that of chenodeoxycholic acid increased to 337 +/- 42 mumol/8 h,
      indicating decreased absorption of these bile acids. Following chenodeoxycholic
      acid administration (500 mg), no significant increase of cholic acid excretion
      was observed, whereas chenodeoxycholic acid excretion increased as expected. It
      is concluded that following ursodeoxycholic acid administration the absorption of
      common bile acids from the small intestine decreases markedly. This effect of
      ursodeoxycholic acid on intestinal absorption of common bile acids probably is
      responsible for the decrease of their plasma concentrations, the reduction of
      their pool sizes, the increase of their fractional turnover rates, and most
      likely also contributes to the increased hepatic synthesis of cholic acid.

PMID- 2295397
TI  - Hepatic inflammation in rats with experimental small intestinal bacterial
      overgrowth.
AB  - Hepatobiliary inflammation and other extraintestinal manifestations accompany
      certain intestinal disorders, perhaps because of proliferation or enhanced
      transport of luminal bacteria or their phlogistic cell-wall components. Using
      jejunal self-filling blind loops to create small bowel bacterial overgrowth, we
      compared biochemical and histological evidence of hepatic inflammation in 3 rat
      strains chosen for their variable inflammatory responses to bacterial cell wall
      polymers. Lewis and Wistar rats developed weight loss, hepatomegaly, and hepatic
      inflammation 4 and 12 wk, respectively, after creation of SFBL. Plasma aspartate
      aminotransferase levels in Lewis rats 4 wk (578 +/- 77 U/L) and Wistar rats 12 wk
      (220 +/- 35 U/L) after self-filling blind loops were significantly greater than
      in rats with self-emptying blind loops (112 +/- 24 U/L, p less than 0.001; 104 +/
      22, p less than 0.05) or sham-operated Lewis (84 +/- 24, p less than 0.001) or
      Wistar (78 +/- 10, p less than 0.001) rats. Randomized comparison using a
      histology grading score showed abnormalities that paralleled aminotransferase
      values. Lewis and Wistar rats with self-filling blind loops had hepatic injury
      with bile duct proliferation, fibrosis and acute and chronic periportal and focal
      parenchymal inflammation. Lewis and Wistar rats with self-emptying blind loops
      developed occasional mild histologic lesions. 50% of Lewis rats with self-filling
      blind loops for 4 wk died compared with only 15% in other groups. However,
      Buffalo rats with self-filling blind loops developed no weight loss,
      hepatomegaly, or hepatic injury. Anaerobic cultures of blood, peritoneum and
      liver were negative in all strains. Diet-restricted, sham-operated Wistar rats
      with weights similar to the Wistar rats with self-filling blind loops did not
      develop histologic abnormalities or elevated aminotransferase levels (76 +/- 31
      U/L). These results show that experimental small bowel bacterial overgrowth
      causes significant hepatic inflammation leading to fibrosis in susceptible rat
      strains. Caloric deprivation and hepatic bacterial invasion are not etiologically
      responsible. We suggest that bacterial cell wall polymers or other bacterial
      toxins from the blind loop cause hepatic lesions in genetically susceptible
      hosts.

PMID- 2295399
TI  - Ethanol consumption decreases alanine uptake by rat basolateral liver plasma
      membrane vesicles.
AB  - Alterations of amino acid metabolism may play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of ethanol-induced liver disease. Previous studies indicate that
      ethanol added in vitro inhibits amino acid uptake by cultured hepatocytes and
      liver plasma membrane vesicles; however, the effect of chronic ethanol
      consumption on amino acid uptake by the liver remains unknown. Therefore, the
      present studies were performed to determine if chronic ethanol consumption
      impairs alanine uptake by rat basolateral liver plasma membrane vesicles. Male
      Sprague-Dawley rats were pair-fed for 6 weeks a diet containing 36% of calories
      as ethanol or a control diet in which ethanol was isocalorically replaced with
      carbohydrate. Chronic ethanol consumption reduced basolateral liver plasma
      membrane sodium-dependent alanine transport activity by 36.3% +/- 15.9% (p less
      than 0.01). This reduction was caused primarily by impaired activity of amino
      acid transport system A. The response of system A to glucagon was reduced in the
      ethanol-fed rats, suggesting that impaired hormonal regulation is at least
      partially responsible for the lower system-A activity. Kinetic analysis shows
      that ethanol consumption reduces the Vmax of sodium-dependent alanine transport
      without affecting the Km. These studies indicate that chronic ethanol consumption
      reduces alanine uptake by the rat liver. They further show that the reduced
      uptake is at least partially caused by an intrinsic defect in membrane-transport
      processes rather than another regulatory mechanism.

PMID- 2295400
TI  - Lack of cholinergic control in feedback regulation of pancreatic secretion in the
      rat.
AB  - The effect of atropine (100 micrograms/kg/h, i.v.) on plasma cholecystokinin and
      pancreatic secretion during diversion of bile and pancreatic juice from the
      intestine was studied in 8 conscious rats equipped with jugular vein, pancreatic,
      biliary, and duodenal cannulas, and with pyloric ligation and gastric drainage.
      Diversion of bile and pancreatic juice to the exterior for 4 h significantly
      increased pancreatic protein and fluid secretion. Atropine delayed the pancreatic
      response to diversion, but during 4 h of diversion, neither total nor incremental
      pancreatic protein or fluid secretion was inhibited by atropine. Plasma
      cholecystokinin levels were elevated after diverting bile and pancreatic juice
      and were not significantly reduced by atropine (23.0 +/- 6.6 pM vs. 16.0 +/- 3.9
      pM at 1.5 h and 17.3 +/- 5.4 pM vs. 13.1 +/- 2.9 pM at 4 h after bile and
      pancreatic juice diversion; atropine-treated vs. controls, respectively). These
      results indicate that cholinergic nerves play no important role in feedback
      regulation of cholecystokinin release and that the previously reported
      suppressive effect of atropine on the pancreatic response to diversion of bile
      and pancreatic juice from the intestine was secondary to inhibition of gastric
      secretion.

PMID- 2295401
TI  - Spontaneous formation of pigmentary precipitates in bile salt-depleted rat bile
      and its prevention by micelle-forming bile salts.
AB  - During studies on the effect of bile salt-pool depletion in the bile-fistula rat
      (adult male Sprague-Dawley), the spontaneous formation of an orange-brown
      precipitate was noted. The nature of this phenomenon and its relationship to BS
      and calcium concentration was investigated in depth. Bile from 18 animals was
      collected in the dark into transparent tubes containing sodium azide, ascorbic
      acid, and glucaro-1,4-lactone. The tubes were flushed with nitrogen, sealed, and
      incubated at 37 degrees C. The pigmentary precipitate formed in all the bile salt
      depleted (less than 3-5 mM) bile samples (i.e., those collected after 5-7 h of
      external biliary drainage), but not in bile salt-rich biles. It appeared within
      30-240 min after collection, both in bile samples collected at room temperature
      and at 37 degrees C, initially as a pale flocculation and then slowly sedimenting
      to form, after centrifugation, a solid, dark-orange pellet. There were no pH
      changes during incubation, and bile cultures were negative. Under polarizing
      microscopy, the precipitate appeared amorphous, and there was no evidence of
      birefringence. High-performance liquid chromatography showed that unconjugated
      bilirubin was the prevalent pigmentary component, but significant amounts of
      monoconjugated bilirubin also coprecipitated. Lipid chemistry showed the presence
      of lecithin (80.1% of total lipids), which was rich in palmitoyl and linoleoyl
      fatty acids, and of fatty acids (predominantly palmitic and oleic). Infrared
      spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction showed the presence of calcium bilirubinate
      and palmitate. In-vivo replenishment of the bile salt pool by intravenous
      infusion of either taurocholate or taurochenodeoxycholate (1 mumol/min)
      completely prevented the pigmentary precipitation. In vitro experiments showed
      inhibition of the precipitate formation by the addition of individual bile salt
      in concentrations approximating their critical micellar concentration.
      Precipitate formation was hastened by the addition of calcium chloride (4-12 mM),
      but only in bile salt-depleted biles. As the composition of the precipitate
      closely resembles that of human brown-pigment stones and sludge, these findings
      may provide new insights into an understanding of the pathogenesis of pigment
      gallstone disease.

PMID- 2295402
TI  - Addition of N-acetylcysteine to aqueous model bile systems accelerates
      dissolution of cholesterol gallstones.
AB  - The organic matrix of cholesterol gallstones contains a macromolecular complex of
      mucin and bilirubin that may inhibit stone dissolution by limiting contact of
      desaturated bile with crystalline cholesterol. The goal of this study was to
      determine if the mucolytic agent N-acetylcysteine could accelerate gallstone
      dissolution in vitro. Paired gallstones were dissolved in either pure
      taurocholate (140 mM) or ursodeoxycholate (100 mM), or in bovine bile
      supplemented with either taurocholate or ursodeoxycholate to achieve the same
      respective bile-salt concentrations. N-acetylcysteine was added to 1 stone from
      each pair at a concentration of 500 mM in pure bile salts and 100 mM in
      supplemented bile. Gallstones dissolved significantly faster in bovine bile
      supplemented with taurocholate or ursodeoxycholate than in pure solutions of the
      respective bile salts (n = 30, p less than 0.001). N-acetylcysteine significantly
      accelerated gallstone dissolution in pure solutions of bile acids (n = 30, p less
      than 0.001 for each) and in supplemented bovine biles (n = 30, p less than
      0.001). N-acetylcysteine also significantly increased the frequency of complete
      gallstone dissolution in taurocholate-supplemented (66.6% vs. 40.0%) and
      ursodeoxycholate-supplemented (76.6% vs. 50.0%) bile. These results indicate that
      the mucolytic agent N-acetylcysteine significantly accelerates in vitro gallstone
      dissolution. We speculate that adjuvant therapy with an appropriate mucolytic
      agent may potentially increase the efficacy of clinical gallstone dissolution.

PMID- 2295403
TI  - A nude mouse model for the in vivo production of hepatitis B virus.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus genome-transfected HepG2 cells (2.2.15 cells) inoculated into
      nude mice produced tumors within 2-8 wk. Dane particles, hepatitis B virus
      deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity, hepatitis B surface antigen, and
      hepatitis B e antigen were detected in the serum, and 36% of mice developed
      antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen. In the tumors, hepatitis B surface, core,
      and e antigens were observed by electron microscopy and immunoenzymatic
      techniques. In-situ hybridization and Southern blot analysis showed hepatitis B
      virus deoxyribonucleic acid in the tumor. Tumors could be propagated by injection
      of minced tumor tissue or of a tumor-derived cell line. Liver of tumor-bearing
      mice as well as sera and tissues of mice inoculated with control cell lines did
      not show hepatitis B virus genome or viral markers. Tumors induced by both 2.2.15
      and nontransfected HepG2 cells exhibited myc oncogene protein and various
      hepatoma-associated antigens (alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-1
      antichymotrypsin, carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin), suggesting that viral
      formation does not interfere with expression of these antigens. This experimental
      model will be helpful to study the effect of drugs on in-vivo hepatitis B virus
      replication and viral antigen expression.

PMID- 2295404
TI  - Suppression of cellular immunity in obstructive jaundice is caused by endotoxins:
      a study with germ-free rats.
AB  - The increased susceptibility to infections after surgery in jaundiced patients is
      considered to be caused by an impairment of cellular immunity and/or nutritional
      status. Endotoxins are suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis. However, the
      mechanism of action is unknown. Germ-free rats were used to study the effect of
      biliary obstruction in a model with negligible amounts of endotoxin. Cellular
      immunity, production of tumor necrosis factor (as a mediator of endotoxin
      toxicity) by peritoneal macrophages, and the nutritional status were assessed.
      Significant suppression of cellular immunity was found in conventional rats with
      obstructive jaundice. In contrast, cellular immunity was not suppressed in
      jaundiced germ-free rats. Large amounts of tumor necrosis factor were
      spontaneously secreted by peritoneal macrophages of jaundiced conventional rats,
      whereas macrophages from jaundiced germ-free rats did not. Moreover macrophage
      activation (expressed in tumor necrosis factor production) was significantly
      related to suppression of cellular immunity. Weight changes and depression of
      albumin levels were not different in germ-free and conventional rats after bile
      duct ligation. The data presented indicate that suppression of cellular immunity
      in obstructive jaundice is caused by endotoxins, whereas the impaired nutritional
      status seems to not be affected by the presence of endotoxins.

PMID- 2295405
TI  - Cessation of Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in an acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome patient after treatment with hyperimmune bovine colostrum.
AB  - Cryptosporidium is a parasite of the human gastrointestinal tract that can cause
      life-threatening diarrhea in immunodeficient patients. Although more than 80
      agents have been tried with occasional anecdotal success, treatment remains
      primarily limited to hydration. A 38-yr-old homosexual man with antibody to human
      immunodeficiency virus and Cryptosporidium-related diarrhea is described. The
      patient excreted 6-12 L of stool per day for at least 3 mo, 2 of them spent in
      the hospital. Trials with more than 6 antidiarrheal medications were ineffective.
      The patient received bovine colostrum hyperimmune to Cryptosporidium by direct
      duodenal infusion. During infusion, the patient's fecal output decreased to less
      than 2 L per day, and 48 h after treatment, stools were formed and oocysts to
      Cryptosporidium were absent. The patient remained asymptomatic for 3 mo.
      Hyperimmune bovine colostrum offers an exciting new therapy for
      cryptosporidiosis; controlled trials to establish efficacy should be undertaken
      and the active factor(s) characterized.

PMID- 2295406
TI  - The use of endoscopy to treat bronchobiliary fistula caused by
      choledocholithiasis.
AB  - Bronchobiliary fistula is a rare disorder consisting of the formation of a
      passageway between the biliary ducts and the bronchial tree. We describe an 87-yr
      old woman who had a bronchobiliary fistula secondary to obstruction caused by
      multiple common bile duct stones. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of
      bile in the sputum and transhepatic cholangiography. Successful stone extraction
      with balloon and basket techniques and endoscopic sphincterotomy decompressed the
      biliary tract and was followed by healing of the bronchobiliary fistula without
      surgical intervention, which has heretofore been considered the only successful
      means of treatment.

PMID- 2295407
TI  - Acute necrotizing esophagitis.
AB  - Esophagitis of varying degrees and significance is caused by reflux, infections,
      radiation, and ingestion of chemical agents. A case of necrotizing esophagitis,
      seen as a black esophagus on endoscopy in a postoperative patient and resulting
      in long tubular stricture which ultimately required esophagectomy, is reported.
      Although the course of necrotizing esophagitis may parallel that associated with
      ischemia, severe caustic injury, or overwhelming infection, its etiology is
      uncertain. Diminished mucosal defenses, microbial implantation by a nasogastric
      tube placed perioperatively or sepsis, and transient ischemia with oxyradical
      formation and resultant reperfusion injury are hypothesized as important
      causative factors in the pathogenesis of acute necrotizing esophagitis.

PMID- 2295409
TI  - Reports from the NIH DDDN. Research training in digestive diseases.

PMID- 2295408
TI  - Isoniazid-rifampin-induced hepatitis in hepatitis B carriers.
AB  - From January 1984-December 1987, 1783 patients received combination therapy of
      isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol for the control of tuberculosis. Forty-two
      developed symptomatic hepatitis during the period of treatment. Fifteen were
      hepatitis B virus carriers, and the remaining 27 were noncarriers. The peak serum
      transaminase and bilirubin levels were higher in carriers. Seven carriers died of
      fulminant or subacute hepatic failure, and only 1 noncarrier died. Eleven
      carriers had detectable serum hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid during the
      acute stage of hepatitis. The roles of isoniazid-rifampin combination therapy and
      hepatitis B virus in the adverse outcomes of carriers were discussed.

PMID- 2295411
TI  - ESWL for bile duct stones: making waves in established therapy.

PMID- 2295410
TI  - Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes: new therapy, new hopes.

PMID- 2295412
TI  - Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis: identification of patients at risk for
      disease progression and death.

PMID- 2295413
TI  - Ampullary neoplasia: an endoscopic approach.

PMID- 2295414
TI  - Folate supplementation in ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2295415
TI  - First manifestation of ulcerative colitis in a patient with HIV infection.

PMID- 2295416
TI  - Angiotensin receptors in an Australian marsupial, the brushtail possum
      Trichosurus vulpecula.
AB  - In this study, the binding properties of angiotensin receptors were examined in
      the liver, adrenal, brain, and vascular tissue of the brushtail possum,
      Trichosurus vulpecula. With 125I-Ile5-angiotensin II as the radioligand, the
      binding affinity (Ka) and receptor number (R0) were estimated for the liver (Ka =
      3.60 +/- 0.31 liters/nmol; R0 = 23.8 +/- 1.30 pmol/g tissue; n = 8) and adrenal
      (Ka = 1.68 +/- 0.29 liters/nmol; R0 = 1.67 +/- 0.23 pmol/g tissue; n = 8).
      Specific binding was not found in any of seven areas of the possum brain (n = 6),
      whereas the expected binding was present in similar areas of the rat brain. Using
      angiotensin III or the antagonist Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II as radioligands or
      changing the composition of the incubation buffer did not alter the outcome.
      Moreover, the intracerebroventricular injection of 1 and 5 nmol of angiotensin II
      did not elicit an increase in blood pressure which could be attributed to brain
      angiotensin II (AII) receptors. Ligand affinities of the adrenal and liver
      receptors were found to be in the following decreasing order: Val5-AII greater
      than Ile5-AII = Ile5-AIII greater than Sar1-Ala8-AII greater than Sar1-Gly8-AII
      greater than Sar1-Leu8-AII greater than Ile5-AI greater than hexapeptide greater
      than Phe3-Tyr8-AII. The cardiovascular AII receptor was investigated by
      generating dose-response curves of the pressor activity of Ile5-AII and six AII
      analogs infused intravenously. It was concluded that liver, adrenal, and vascular
      AII receptors in the marsupial possum have characteristics similar to those in
      eutherian mammals. However, the failure to find brain AII receptors raises the
      possibility that those functions mediated by such receptors in the eutherian
      brain are absent in the possum and perhaps other marsupials.

PMID- 2295418
TI  - Effect of androgenic gland ablation on morphotypic differentiation and sexual
      characteristics of male freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
AB  - Mature males of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), may
      change from one to another morphotype, according to a set sequence. Small males
      may develop into orange-claw males and orange-claw males into dominant blue-claw
      males. Each of the three morphotypes demonstrates distinctive reproductive
      behavior and secondary sexual characteristics. The role of the androgenic gland
      in this morphotypic transformation was examined experimentally by bilateral
      androgenic gland ablation (andrectomy) of small males and orange-claw males. For
      andrectomy initiated in the small male morphotype, transformation to the next
      morphotype was permitted (orange-claw), but subsequent transformation to the blue
      claw morphotype was blocked. Andrectomy of orange-claw males did not prevent
      transformation into the blue-claw. Andrectomy on both small and orange-claw males
      caused disappearance of the genital papillae and atrophy of the sperm ducts and
      testes. The growth rates of the andrectomized small and orange-claw males were
      significantly lower than those of the unoperated and sham-operated controls. We
      conclude that androgenic gland factors control not only the differentiation of
      male secondary sexual characteristics but also morphotypic differentiation.
      Bioassays based on the results of this study will be instrumental in the
      characterization of such a factor(s).

PMID- 2295417
TI  - Response of male corpora allata to ovarian stimulation in the cockroach,
      Diploptera punctata.
AB  - In Diploptera punctata, female corpora allata (CA) show a cycle of juvenile
      hormone (JH) synthesis in response to oocyte development. Whether the smaller
      male CA can also respond to the ovary was investigated. One or two pairs of male
      CA were implanted into allatectomized females during the period corresponding to
      egg growth. Low rates and no cycle of JH synthesis occurred in CA of sham
      operated males or in male CA implanted into males or ovariectomized females. On
      the contrary, male CA, either one or two pairs, implanted into females with
      ovaries showed a cycle of increase and decrease in JH synthesis similar in
      pattern to that of female glands implanted into females. However, the peak of JH
      synthesis for a single pair of male CA occurred 1 day later than the peak for two
      pairs of male CA or one pair of female CA. Also the maximum rates of synthesis of
      one or two pairs of male CA were lower than those of female glands. However,
      rates of JH synthesis per cell and per unit volume of corpus allatum tissue were
      higher for one pair of male CA than for one pair of female CA. Thus, the
      intrinsic difference between male and female CA appears to be their size rather
      than rate of JH synthesis and ability to respond to ovarian stimuli.

PMID- 2295419
TI  - Annual pineal and testicular cycle in the Indian jungle bush quail, Perdicula
      asiatica, with reference to the effect of pinealectomy.
AB  - The annual testicular cycle of Perdicula asiatica has a single peak which appears
      to be under the dual influence of the environment and the pineal gland. An
      inverse relationship was noted between pineal gland and testicular weight cycle.
      Pinealectomy, after 60 days, retarded testicular growth in the progressive phase,
      inhibited activity of the gonad in the active phase, and accelerated gonadal
      regression in the regressive phase. This complete study of short-term
      pinealectomy effects on the annual testicular cycle of a tropical bird for the
      first time reflects both the essentialness of the pineal gland to the maintenance
      of proper testicular cyclicity under natural environment conditions and the
      progonadotropic nature of the pineal gland.

PMID- 2295420
TI  - Saturable triiodothyronine-binding sites in the pituitary nuclei of salmonid
      teleost fish.
AB  - High-affinity, limited-capacity, 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)-binding sites
      were established by in vitro saturation analysis in cell nuclei of the pituitary
      gland of arctic charr. The sites were extracted from the purified nuclei using
      0.4 M NaCl and incubated with [125I]T3 in the presence of 0.2 M NaCl. T3
      saturable binding attained equilibrium after 18-24 hr of incubation at 4 degrees.
      The association constant ranged from 6.7 to 20.1 liters.mol-1 x 10(9), indicating
      a T3 affinity greater than that for T3-binding sites in rainbow trout liver. The
      maximal binding capacity ranged from 0.93 to 2.05 10(-13) mol.mg DNA-1,
      representing a mean site abundance corresponding to 60% of that for nuclei from
      trout liver. Thyroxine (T4) completely displaced [125I]T3 in the pituitary nuclei
      of arctic charr and T3 completely displaced [125I]T4 in the pituitary nuclei of
      rainbow trout, suggesting that in salmonids both T4 and T3 bind to the same
      single class of sites. However, the site affinity for T4 was approximately 20-50x
      less than that for T3. The possible roles of these sites in pituitary function as
      well as their relationship to other nuclear T3-binding sites in salmonid fish are
      discussed.

PMID- 2295421
TI  - Binding characteristics of the hepatic estrogen receptor of the spotted seatrout,
      Cynoscion nebulosus.
AB  - Estrogen receptors were identified in cytosolic and nuclear extracts of livers of
      adult female spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus. A single class of high
      affinity binding sites was found, Kd = 1.26 +/- 0.55 nM (N = 55) for the
      cytosolic extract and Kd = 1.96 +/- 0.42 nM (N = 8) for the nuclear extract. The
      Kd did not differ between males and females or between vitellogenic and
      nonvitellogenic females. The binding in both the cytosolic and nuclear extracts
      was specific for estrogens (DES greater than E2 much greater than E1 = E3).
      Receptor concentrations in cytosolic extracts from late vitellogenic females
      (14.61 +/- 1.07 pmol/g liver, N = 40) were significantly higher than those from
      nonvitellogenic females (3.91 +/- 0.73 pmol/g liver, N = 7). The nuclear binding
      capacity of livers from midvitellogenic females (1.12 +/- 0.45 pmol/g liver, N =
      10) was significantly higher than the binding capacity in livers from
      nonvitellogenic females (0.16 +/- 0.07 pmol/g liver, N = 26), but not that of
      late vitellogenic females (0.80 +/- 0.09 pmol/g liver, N = 77). The concentration
      of estradiol-binding sites was greatest in the liver (liver much greater than
      ovary greater than heart greater than spleen greater than muscle greater than
      brain). No interference from other steroid-binding proteins was detected using a
      simple dextran-coated charcoal method to separate bound from free hormone.
      Approximately 14% of the binding in the cytosolic extract had DNA-binding
      affinity. Estrogen receptor binding activity was maximally extracted from nuclei
      with buffer containing 0.6 M KCl. Nuclear receptors eluted from gel filtration
      columns with an apparent molecular weight of 95 kDa.

PMID- 2295422
TI  - [Apparent immunoreactivity of CRF in the tentacles of the mollusk Helix pomatia].
AB  - In the Gastropod Mollusc Helix pomatia (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora), an antiserum
      raised against ovine CRF 41 reveals a neuropeptide in some primary sensory
      neurons distributed beneath the epithelium of the higher tentacles (optic) and
      the lower tentacles. The collar cells and the lateral cells of both kinds of
      tentacles are innervated by some CRF immunoreactive fibers. Considering the given
      results, these processes probably originate in the central ganglia, but also in
      the tentacular sensory neurons. The neuropeptide revealed by our immunserum would
      be involved in the regulation of the exocrine secretion of the collar and lateral
      cells. It may also take part in the regulation of the endocrine secretion of
      collar cells in both sorts of tentacles.

PMID- 2295423
TI  - Thyroid regulation of resting metabolic rate and intermediary metabolic enzymes
      in a lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis).
AB  - This study investigates the effects of physiological increments in plasma
      thyroxine (T4) at three levels of biological organization in thyroid-intact and
      thyroidectomized captive western fence lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis. Two
      doses of T4-loaded pellets elevated plasma T4 in thyroid-intact lizards from 4.8
      +/- 0.47 to 10.7 +/- 2.25 and 20.4 +/- 5.77 ng/ml (mean +/- SE). Surgical
      thyroidectomy reduced T4 to 1.8 +/- 0.23 ng/ml, and subsequent T4 pellet
      implantation raised T4 to 14.8 +/- 4.30 ng/ml. Minimal resting metabolic rate (=
      standard metabolic rate; SMR), a common organismal metric of thyroid
      perturbation, was reduced 31% (P less than 0.0001) by thyroidectomy and was
      restored by T4 replacement but was not stimulated by T4 supplementation in
      thyroid-intact lizards. In T4-replaced, thyroidectomized lizards, SMR was
      significantly correlated with plasma T4 (r2 = 0.626, P = 0.003, n = 11). At the
      organ level, liver mass was not changed by any treatment; heart mass was
      decreased by thyroid deficiency and restored by T4 replacement. At the molecular
      level, citrate synthase activity was significantly reduced by thyroidectomy and
      was returned to control levels by T4 replacement in liver and skeletal muscle
      (gastrocnemius) but was not changed in cardiac muscle. Citrate synthase was not
      affected in any tissue by T4 supplementation in thyroid-intact lizards. Pyruvate
      kinase activity was not affected by any of the treatments in any of the tissues.
      Cytosolic alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was significantly reduced in liver
      by all treatments and in skeletal muscle by T4 replacement after thyroidectomy.
      These results indicate that SMR and cardiac muscle mass in lizards are dependent
      on normal thyroid function and are expressed maximally in euthyroid animals. The
      stimulatory effect of T4 on SMR in thyroid-intact lizards, which has been
      reported previously by several investigators, is a nonphysiological response to
      pharmacological T4 levels, at least in these captive lizards. Molecular responses
      are tissue and enzyme dependent and cannot be generalized. Pellet implantation is
      an effective means of inducing physiological increments in plasma T4 and should
      replace previously used injection protocols. This new method can be used in
      capture-recapture experiments involving field-active lizards.

PMID- 2295424
TI  - Purification and properties of newt prolactin.
AB  - A highly purified prolactin (PRL) was obtained from pituitary glands of newts,
      Cynops pyrrhogaster, by extraction of acetone-dried powder with acid acetone and
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on Mono-Q (anion exchange),
      Superose-12 (gel filtration), and TSK-gel ODS-120T (reverse-phase) columns with a
      yield of 4.5 mg per 325 mg of protein starting material. Purification was
      monitored by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Western blotting
      analysis employing antiserum against bullfrog PRL. Newt PRL thus obtained has a
      molecular weight of 23,000 as determined by SDS-PAGE. The isoelectric point is
      4.7 as determined by isoelectric focusing. The amino acid composition closely
      resembles that of anuran PRLs. This hormone was as potent as bovine PRL in
      stimulating collagen synthesis in the bullfrog tadpole tail fin. Antiserum
      against newt PRL was produced by immunizing a rabbit. Histological studies on
      newt adenohypophyses revealed that the cells that immunologically reacted with
      the antiserum against newt PRL correspond to the ones positively stained with the
      antiserum against bullfrog PRL.

PMID- 2295426
TI  - Effect of available surface water on levels of antidiuretic hormone (lysine
      vasopressin) and water and electrolyte metabolism of the Rottnest Island quokka
      (Setonix brachyurus).
AB  - A sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed to measure circulating levels of the
      neurohypophysial peptide lysine vasopressin (LVP) in the marsupial quokka
      (Setonix brachyurus), which is abundant on Rottnest Island off the coast of
      Western Australia. Animals from locations on the island where free water is
      completely absent were compared in midsummer with animals from sites where
      brackish water is available and utilized by the quokkas. In the animals from West
      End, where free water is absent, circulating levels of LVP averaged 89.2 +/- 19.6
      pg/ml, which was significantly higher than the mean level of 35.6 +/- 15.8 pg/ml
      measured in individuals collected from the Lakes site with access to brackish
      drinking water. Rates of water and sodium turnover, measured with isotopes, were
      significantly greater in Lakes than West End animals, as were renal clearances of
      sodium, chloride, urea, and total osmolytes. Despite an obvious osmotic diuresis
      resulting from the ingestion of salty water, the Lakes animals were in better
      physical condition at the end of summer than the West End animals which lack free
      water, and these latter individuals showed signs of slight dehydration with
      elevated plasma and urinary electrolyte concentrations and osmolalities.

PMID- 2295425
TI  - Conversion of 11-ketoandrostenedione to 11-ketotestosterone by blood cells of six
      fish species.
AB  - Blood cells from Baltic salmon, Salmo salar, three-spined stickleback,
      Gasterosteus aculeatus, eel pout, Zoarces viviparus, crucian carp, Carassius
      carassius, African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and reedfish, Calamoichthys
      calabaricus, were incubated with tritiated 11 beta-hydroxyandrostenedione (OHA)
      or 11-ketoandrostenedione (OA). In all fish there was conversion of OA to 11
      ketotestosterone (OT), indicating that 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
      activity was present in the blood cells. On the other hand, OHA was not converted
      to 11 beta-hydroxytestosterone in any fish. The addition of serum to the
      incubates largely prevented the OA-OT conversion by salmon blood cells.

PMID- 2295427
TI  - Hypometabolic effect of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in chickens: interaction with
      hypermetabolic effect of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine.
AB  - The effect of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on
      O2 consumption in 1-day-old chickens was studied. The birds were divided into
      five groups, each of six chickens: (1) control--without injection; (2) control-
      injected with 100 microliters of solvent (0.01 N NaOH in saline); (3) injected
      with 10 micrograms rT3/chicken; (4) injected with 0.5 micrograms T3/chicken; and
      (5) injected with 10 micrograms rT3 + 0.5 microgram T3/chicken. O2 consumption
      was measured using a Kipp & Zonen diaferometer at neutral temperature (30
      degrees) 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr after injection of hormones. Corresponding groups
      of other chickens served only for blood collection. rT3 and T3 were measured by
      radioimmunoassay. Reverse T3 decreased O2 consumption by 10.87%. Contrary to
      this, T3 increased O2 consumption by 29.41%. Reverse T3, injected together with
      T3, interacted with the hypermetabolic effect of T3 up to 2 hr after injection;
      then, O2 consumption started to increase, and was about 16.7% higher compared
      with the basal level 3 hr after injection. The blood plasma level of rT3
      increased about 29-fold at the first hour after injection, without changes in the
      basal level of T3. Administration of T3 increased its level 6-fold 2 hr after
      injection, which was accompanied by a gradual decrease in the basal level of rT3
      (3.7-fold) 4 hr after injection. Administration of rT3 + T3 increased the rT3
      level 30-fold at 2 hr and the T3 level 1.7-fold at the first hour after
      injection. Thus, rT3 acts hypometabolically and interacts with the hypermetabolic
      effect of T3; administration of T3 lowered the basal level of rT3; and the plasma
      level of T3 did not change after administration of rT3.

PMID- 2295428
TI  - Plasma profiles of the N-terminal peptide of proopiomelanocortin in the rainbow
      trout with reference to stress.
AB  - Plasma levels of the N-terminal peptide of proopiomelanocortin (NPP) were
      measured in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, following treatment of handling
      stress with or without administration of dexamethasone, adaptation to white and
      black background, and maintenance on a constant light/dark cycle. Effects of
      exogenously administered NPP on plasma constituents were also examined to provide
      insight into the biological significance of NPP. Thirty minutes of handling
      stress in shallow water had no effect on plasma levels of NPP during and after
      the stress period, whereas significant increases in plasma cortisol and glucose
      were observed. Intraperitoneal administration of dexamethasone blocked the stress
      induced elevation of plasma levels of cortisol and caused a depression of plasma
      NPP. No difference was observed in plasma levels of NPP between trout adapted to
      a white background and those adapted to a black background. No diurnal changes in
      NPP were observed under an artificial light/dark cycle (14L/10D light cycle, 0500
      1900 hr light) in May and September. Thus, plasma levels of NPP were considerably
      constant under various physiological conditions, and no synchronism was observed
      between plasma NPP and cortisol, although NPP modifies the corticotropin-induced
      release of cortisol from the interrenal. Plasma constituents such as cortisol,
      total protein, albumin, plasma amino nitrogen, glucose, free fatty acid, ketone
      body, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were not altered by
      intraperitoneal injections of NPP (1 or 10 micrograms) once daily for 6 days
      (total of six injections) or once every other day for 28 days (14 injections).
      High concentrations of NPP were found in the plasma 24 hr after cessation of the
      serial injections of NPP (10 micrograms), suggesting slow metabolic clearance of
      the peptide.

PMID- 2295429
TI  - Evaluation of a hospital based substance abuse intervention and referral service
      for HIV affected patients.
AB  - This paper reports an outcome evaluation and needs assessment conducted by the
      AIDS and Substance Abuse Program (ASAP) of the San Francisco AIDS Health Project.
      The study was designed to: 1) evaluate effectiveness of a hospital based
      intervention and referral service for HIV affected substance abusers, and 2)
      gather information from this population regarding accessibility and barriers to
      drug treatment. Participants were 86 individuals consecutively referred to ASAP
      over an 8-month period. All received a brief needs assessment interview in
      addition to the standard ASAP evaluation protocol. Agency follow-up contacts were
      made for those individuals referred by ASAP to extended substance abuse
      treatment, with information limited to whether or not the client contacted the
      designated referral resource. Source of referral to ASAP, interest in treatment,
      and prior sexual risk behavior change were significant predictors of intervention
      outcome. Personal unreadiness and treatment program waiting lists were the most
      frequently reported obstacles to treatment. While most participants reported
      changing risk behavior in response to the AIDS epidemic, patterns of change
      differed according to intravenous drug use history.

PMID- 2295430
TI  - Economic aspects of patterns of mental health care: cost variation by setting.
AB  - The paper examines the evidence regarding the extent to which differences exist
      in health and mental health status of psychiatric patients treated in the
      specialty mental health, general medical, and informal care sectors. Differences
      in types of patients treated in the three sectors are important to identify since
      there are dramatic differences in the average costs of treatment. We use data
      from the Baltimore Epidemiological Catchment Area Survey to estimate a
      statistical model of treatment setting choice. Our results suggest that there is
      little support for attributing major differences in treatment costs across
      sectors to differences in the health and mental health status of patients.

PMID- 2295431
TI  - Does psychiatric care by family practitioners reduce the cost of general medical
      care?
AB  - This is the first "impact" type of economic study of psychiatric/counseling
      services from general practitioners. The paper analyzes a province-wide database
      that collates statistical data from all inpatient and outpatient psychiatric
      services as well as from private physicians. This paper asks whether psychiatric
      services from family physicians also reduce the overall costs of medical care.
      This research supports the general research findings that medical costs are lower
      after psychiatrists' care. ECT patients show a marked reduction in their medical
      costs. Patients with psychotherapy/counseling from family physicians did not show
      statistically significant reductions in overall medical costs. We need new
      classifications for the kinds of mental disorders seen in primary care settings.

PMID- 2295432
TI  - Assessing the effects of physician payment on treatment of mental disorders in
      primary care.
AB  - Despite the acknowledged importance of economic factors in the delivery of
      medical care, there are few empirical data on the effects of physician payment on
      the actual treatment of patients, particularly in terms of the treatment of
      patients with mental disorders in primary care. This paper discusses factors
      affecting the treatment of mental disorders in primary care, describes methods of
      physician payment and variables characterizing the nature of mental health
      treatment in primary care, examines hypothesized effects of payment method on
      treatment, suggests research approaches to the empirical study of these effects,
      and considers how a policy-relevant research agenda might lead to more
      appropriate models for physician payment.

PMID- 2295433
TI  - Prospective study of psychiatric morbidity in HIV-seropositive women without
      AIDS.
AB  - Prospective studies of psychiatric morbidity in HIV-seropositive women without
      AIDS have not been previously reported. As part of a 5-year longitudinal study,
      psychiatric diagnoses are described in 20 employed, educated women who are not
      intravenous drug abusers. This population is markedly different from the urban,
      minority, intravenous drug dependent groups previously studied and may be more
      representative of women who acquire the virus through heterosexual contact.
      Heterosexual transmission was the rule; 20% had HIV-seropositive spouses. All
      women were largely asymptomatic and in the early stages of infection. Mean length
      of knowledge of seropositivity was 14.4 months. Fifty percent were found to have
      an Axis I diagnosis (35% if minor diagnoses are excluded). None developed major
      depression or became dependent on drugs; 5% abused alcohol. Fifteen percent
      exhibited subtle signs of cognitive decline. Suicidal behavior and psychiatric
      hospitalization were absent. Sexual functioning was disrupted in a majority, with
      20% meeting criteria for new onset hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
      Consistently "safe sex" practices were adhered to in 40%; in spite of intensive
      and repeated HIV education, 60% engaged in unprotected intercourse after
      knowledge of seropositivity. Progression of HIV infection was found to be three
      times faster than in a comparable male sample.

PMID- 2295434
TI  - The Psychiatric Consultation Checklist: a structured form to improve the clarity
      of psychiatric consultation requests.
AB  - Medical specialty consultation is requested to obtain expert review of a
      patient's condition. The specialist usually receives a case synopsis with
      pertinent positives and negatives and a specific request for assistance. In
      contrast, the psychiatrist often gets a statement of diagnostic speculation
      (e.g., "depressed") with a request to "please evaluate." Classically, the
      psychiatric consultant begins with open-ended empathic questioning in an attempt
      to redefine the written consultation question. However, given the difficulty
      consultees have in forming questions, and increasing time limitations, a more
      structured approach to obtaining data might assist both the consultee (M.D.
      requesting assistance) and the consultant (psychiatrist). The Psychiatric
      Consultation Checklist (PCC) was devised to function as a paper "expert"
      questioning system to provide such assistance. In a pilot study, 10
      administrations of the PCC took an average of 3.6 minutes. In comparison to
      consultations using standard forms, more data were supplied in several categories
      when the PCC was used, particularly regarding patient stressors, patient
      behaviors of concern, and consultee speculation on psychiatric diagnostic
      formulation. The PCC may be used in consultation research, for assessment and
      education of physicians in training (regarding psychiatric issues in the
      medical/surgical setting), and for general clinical consultation purposes.

PMID- 2295435
TI  - Nonpsychotic morbidity in a general hospital: early detection based on presenting
      complaint.
AB  - Patients with nonpsychotic minor mental morbidity frequently present with
      nonspecific somatic symptoms in primary health care settings. This often leads to
      inappropriate medical management. In this study a group of nonpsychotic
      psychiatric patients in a general hospital clinic presented with nonspecific
      somatic complaints as the reason for seeking medical attention (presenting
      complaint). It was observed that screening of patients with such a presenting
      complaint lasting for three months or more could differentiate nonpsychotic minor
      psychiatric morbidity from physical morbidity with high specificity, positive
      predictive value, and moderate sensitivity. The practical usefulness of such a
      screening criterion for the nonpsychiatrist physician in a primary medical care
      setting is discussed.

PMID- 2295436
TI  - AIDS patients compared with others seen in psychiatric consultation.
AB  - To identify similarities and differences between AIDS patients and non-AIDS
      patients, all psychiatric consultations done in one year in a large voluntary
      general hospital were reviewed. A total of 93 consultations were done on 67 AIDS
      patients and 138 consultations were done on 121 comparably aged patients without
      AIDS. The most common AIDS risk factor was intravenous drug use. The AIDS
      patients were more likely to be Hispanic and male than were the non-AIDS
      patients. The AIDS group was also more likely to have a diagnosis of organic
      mental disorder, particularly dementia. There were no other differences in Axis I
      diagnoses, including depression, substance abuse, and adjustment disorder.
      Suicidal risk was no greater in the AIDS patients than in the non-AIDS patients.
      Axis II diagnoses were made more often in the non-AIDS patients, who also
      required more one-to-one nursing supervision. Consultation in AIDS patients took
      more staff time, and AIDS patients were more likely to have required one or more
      repeat consultations within the period of the study, thus creating a heavier
      burden on consultation staff. Although these predominantly heterosexual,
      Hispanic, and drug-using hospitalized AIDS patients do not show significantly
      higher rates of psychiatric morbidity than other, non-AIDS patients, except for
      more organic mental disorders, AIDS seems to create a much higher demand for
      psychiatric consultation services.

PMID- 2295437
TI  - Psychosis in a patient with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.
AB  - Presentation of an unusual case of a hyperkalemic periodic paralysis patient who
      developed a psychotic illness during the course of treatment is made in a
      conference format. The differential diagnosis of this psychotic episode together
      with some information regarding hyperkalemic periodic paralysis are discussed.
      The case illustrates the benefits of close cooperation between medical and
      psychiatric teams in the management of the psychotic patient with medical
      illness.

PMID- 2295438
TI  - Determining what works in mental health care in primary care settings.

PMID- 2295439
TI  - How not to talk with elderly patients.

PMID- 2295441
TI  - Transformation of histological tumor type of the cervix expressed in different
      tumor markers in the serum.

PMID- 2295442
TI  - Endometrial stromal sarcomas.
AB  - The case histories of 15 patients with endometrial stromal sarcoma attending the
      Royal Marsden Hospital between 1973 and 1987 were reviewed. Eight patients were
      classified as having low-grade and seven as high-grade tumors using specific
      histological criteria. Those patients with low-grade tumors had a long relapse
      free and overall survival in the absence of receiving specific therapy after
      initial surgery. Five are alive and disease free, one has shown a partial
      response to hormonal manipulation, and one is alive with disease on no therapy.
      Only one patient has died and this occurred 111 months postdiagnosis. Conversely,
      all seven patients with high-grade tumors relapsed with local disease and three
      have died. Thus, after surgical resection patients with low-grade tumors probably
      do not require treatment until relapse, whereas adjuvant radiotherapy should be
      given to those patients with high-grade tumors. On relapse, hormone therapy
      should be the treatment of first choice for patients with low-grade tumors,
      whereas chemotherapy is more appropriate for patients with high-grade tumors.

PMID- 2295440
TI  - Endometrial response to endogenous hormones after pelvic irradiation for genital
      malignancies.
AB  - Two cases are presented which demonstrate histologically an endometrial response
      to endogenous hormones after pelvic teletherapy and brachytherapy in patients who
      have undergone lateral ovarian transposition. Reasons for such a response are
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 2295443
TI  - Bowel perforation associated with intraperitoneal chromic phosphate instillation.
AB  - Intraperitoneal chromic phosphate is widely used as adjuvant therapy in the
      treatment of early-stage ovarian epithelial carcinoma. Delayed bowel injury is an
      infrequently observed complication of chromic phosphate administration. This
      report presents a case of colon perforation which occurred 4 months after
      treatment with intraperitoneal chromic phosphate for stage IB ovarian papillary
      serous cystadenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2295444
TI  - An adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix that developed into invasive
      adenocarcinoma after 5 years.
AB  - An extremely rare case of in situ adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix that
      developed into invasive cancer is reported. The patient was a 54-year-old
      Japanese female who complained of vaginal spotting. Pelvic examination revealed
      no abnormalities and routine Papanicolaou smear was misinterpreted as negative.
      Multiple wedge biopsies of the uterine cervix were done because Papanicolaou
      smears taken after 7 months were reported as suspicious. The wedge biopsy
      revealed dysplastic changes of the endocervical glands. It was diagnosed as being
      in situ adenocarcinoma by a later review. The patient was examined by cytology
      and colposcopy every 3 to 12 months. An advanced adenocarcinoma was found in the
      uterine cervix after 5 years. Total abdominal hysterectomy, resection of the
      vagina and cardinal ligament, and postoperative irradiation were performed. The
      patient is alive and well at this writing. This is the second case of in situ
      adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix that developed into invasive cancer.

PMID- 2295445
TI  - Ovarian cancer: relationship between in vitro chemosensitivity and clinical
      response.
AB  - Thirty-nine samples from 30 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer were
      collected. Using the method described by A. Hamburger (J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66,
      981 (1981] and P. Salmon et al. (N. Engl. J. Med. 308, 129 (1983], tumor cells
      were exposed to antineoplastic agents (Adriamycin and cis-platinum) and then
      cultured in double-layer agar. There were 23 evaluable patients. The percentage
      of complete and partial responses for patients whose cells were sensitive in
      vitro, whether or not treated with the same drugs, was 68, vs 44% compared to
      patients whose cells were resistant in vitro and treated in vivo with therapeutic
      regimens which may or may not have included drugs used in the test. More patients
      with residual tumor greater than 2 cm were resistant to chemotherapy.

PMID- 2295446
TI  - 5-Fluorouracil neurotoxicity.
AB  - Two cases of 5-fluorouracil-induced neurotoxicity from the University of North
      Carolina are presented. 5-Fluorouracil metabolism is briefly discussed with
      reference to possible mechanisms for the neurotoxicity. A possible role for
      thiamine supplementation in the prevention of this unusual complication is
      supported by our experience.

PMID- 2295447
TI  - A five-drug alternating chemotherapy regimen for patients with advanced
      epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - Twenty-six patients, 22 previously untreated, with FIGO stage III/IV epithelial
      ovarian cancer were treated with a five-drug combination regimen consisting of
      cycles of cisplatinum (60 or 75 mg/m2 IV) and cyclophosphamide (600 or 750 mg/m2
      IV) [CP], alternating every 3 weeks with cycles of adriamycin [50 mg/m2 IV],
      bleomycin [15 mg IV], and chlorambucil [6 mg/m2 orally for 7 days] [ABC]. A total
      of six cycles, CP x 3 and ABC x 3, were planned. There was a 67% response rate
      with 7 complete and 5 partial remissions in 18 patients with evaluable disease.
      Median progression-free interval was 13 months and median survival 24 months for
      the whole group. The regimen was well tolerated with WHO toxicity greater than 2
      in only 5 patients and treatment delay occurring in only 18 of 128 cycles [14%]
      in 11 patients. The toxicity of combination cytotoxic regimens can be reduced by
      alternating cycles of therapy. A randomized trial comparing such a regimen with
      nonalternating therapy would be necessary to determine whether the response rate
      and duration of response are compromised when the cumulative dose of cisplatinum
      is reduced.

PMID- 2295448
TI  - Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of infiltration in microinvasive
      carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
AB  - Carcinoma in situ and microinvasive cancer of the cervix were compared by
      transmission electron microscopy to examine ultrastructural features of the
      locally infiltrating lesion of microinvasive cancer. Many pseudopod-like
      cytoplasmic protrusions of the cancer cells and abundant microfilaments parallel
      to the direction of the protrusion were seen. Concomitant with the disappearance
      of part of the basal lamina, many vesicles 70-90 nm in diameter were observed,
      suggesting a role for these vesicles in cancer infiltration. With the
      immunoperoxidase method, the distribution of fibronectin around the invasive
      lesion also was examined. Fibronectin is a component of extracellular matrices
      and presumably, in view of its action on cell adhesion, is a resistant factor
      against cancer cell infiltration. Fibronectin decreased in the transitional area
      between the cancer nest and the stroma during the stage of microinvasion.

PMID- 2295449
TI  - Relationship between intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix and the size and
      number of nucleolar organizer regions.
AB  - A silver colloid technique was applied to 18 colposcopic biopsies of the cervix.
      These comprised 7 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I (CIN I), 5 cases
      of CIN II, and 6 cases of CIN III. The nucleolar organizer regions subsequently
      visualized (AgNORs) were enumerated using an oil immersion lens. The maximum
      diameters of the AgNORs and aggregates thereof were measured, by hand, from
      carefully calibrated monochrome photographs. The mean numbers of AgNORs
      subsequently identified steadily increased, whereas the mean sizes of AgNORs
      decreased from CIN I to CIN III. In CIN I the mean AgNOR number was 2.3 (range
      1.8-3.4) and the AgNOR mean maximum diameter (Dmax) was 1.28 microns (range 0.75
      1.75). In CIN II the mean number was 3.5 (range 3.1-4.6) and the AgNOR Dmax was
      0.98 micron (range 0.9-1.18). In CIN III the mean number was 4.7 (range 4.0-6.1)
      and the Dmax was 0.62 micron (range 0.51-0.9). CIN III could be distinguished
      from CIN I and CIN II on the basis of AgNOR sizes, and an inverse relationship
      between AgNOR numbers and sizes was established.

PMID- 2295450
TI  - Distribution of involucrin in normal and pathological human uterine cervix.
AB  - A study was undertaken to determine the potential value of involucrin
      immunostaining, a protein synthesized by mature squamous epithelial cells, in
      distinguishing benign from neoplastic lesions in cervical pathology. A total of
      146 cervical biopsies were analyzed using an indirect immunoperoxidase method and
      polyclonal antibody. A suprabasal homogeneous cytoplasmic staining pattern was
      consistently observed in normal squamous cervical epithelium. In contrast, 43.7%
      of cervical condylomas showed involucrin at all levels of the epithelium
      including the basal layer. Variable patterns were seen in cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), with 46% of full-thickness stainings, although
      no significant difference was obtained among the different grades of CIN lesions.
      Distribution of involucrin was correlated (P less than 0.05) with the degree of
      tumor differentiation in squamous cell carcinomas, being absent in 71.4% of
      poorly differentiated carcinomas and focally present in 75% of well
      differentiated carcinoma. Lesions of endocervical origin, either benign or
      malignant, were entirely negative for involucrin. It is concluded that involucrin
      seems unable to establish a reliable differential diagnosis between benign and
      neoplastic conditions in cervical pathology, and should therefore be considered
      only a specific marker of squamous differentiation in both normal and
      pathological human uterine cervix.

PMID- 2295451
TI  - Survival of patients with ovarian epithelial carcinomas after second-look
      laparotomy.
AB  - Survival of ovarian carcinoma patients undergoing second-look laparotomy after
      primary surgery and adjunctive chemotherapy was evaluated by retrospective chart
      review. From August 1976 to August 1987, 102 patients with stage I-IV disease
      underwent second-look laparotomy. Optimal tumor debulking and early (stage I or
      II) disease were positively correlated with a negative second-look laparotomy. Of
      the 49 patients with a "negative" second look, 15 demonstrated recurrent tumor
      from 12.5 to 52.5 months after laparotomy. Of the 15 recurrences, 6 were
      documented more than 3 years following second look. Half of the 28 patients with
      stage III disease and a "negative" second look have demonstrated recurrent tumor.
      Fifty-three patients (52%) were found to have residual disease at second-look
      laparotomy. Initial chemotherapy (melphalan or multiple agent) and the adequacy
      of primary debulking surgery (optimal vs suboptimal) were not significant factors
      contributing to patient survival after a positive second look. However, the size
      of residual disease at second-look laparotomy was a significant factor in
      subsequent patient survival (P less than or equal to 0.01). Fifteen patients were
      free of gross disease at laparotomy, but had residual tumor on microscopic
      examination of the specimens submitted. These patients had a 2-year actuarial
      survival of 78%. Forty-seven percent have survived 5 or more years after second
      look. Nineteen patients with tumor implants 2 cm or smaller had 2- and 5-year
      actuarial survivals of 61 and 31%, respectively. Nineteen patients with tumor
      nodules larger than 2 cm in diameter had a 2-year actuarial survival of 6%. Only
      1 of 19 patients with nodules greater than 2 cm could be effectively redebulked.

PMID- 2295452
TI  - Hereditary carcinoma of the ovary and associated cancers: a study of two
      families.
AB  - Increasing attention has been given to host factors in the etiology of ovarian
      carcinoma. Case/control studies have shown a significant excess of this disease
      among primary relatives of ovarian cancer affected. Pedigree studies have
      demonstrated its occurrence on a site-specific basis, in association with
      carcinoma of the breast (breast/ovarian carcinoma syndrome), and in other
      hereditary disorders. The complexity of this heterogeneity clearly warrants more
      intensive family studies. We have described genetic and clinicopathologic nuances
      in two extended ovarian cancer-prone families. The absence of premonitory
      physical stigmata and/or biomarkers which signify the cancer-prone genotype
      compels the physician to employ the best posits from the pedigree to identify
      those patients who are at inordinately high risk for ovarian and/or syndrome
      associated cancer so that surveillance strategies can be more focused. Because of
      limitations of current surveillance strategies for the early detection of ovarian
      carcinoma, the clinician's responsibility includes the identification and
      counseling of candidates for prophylactic oophorectomy.

PMID- 2295453
TI  - Treatment of endometrial stromal tumors.
AB  - We reviewed 31 cases of endometrial stromal tumors treated on the Gynecology
      Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1970 to 1984. Twenty-two
      patients had endolymphatic stromal myosis and 9 patients had endometrial stromal
      sarcoma. Twenty-six patients initially had disease confined to the uterus.
      Following hysterectomy, 7 patients received various adjuvant therapies, but no
      active adjuvant regimen was identified. All 3 patients who presented with
      advanced endometrial stromal sarcoma died of rapidly progressive disease; only 2
      of 6 patients with stage I endometrial stromal sarcoma developed recurrence.
      Among patients with endolymphatic stromal myosis, a higher recurrence rate was
      noted in patients with residual ovarian tissue (100%) than in those without
      residual ovarian tissue (43%). Fifteen patients were treated for recurrent
      disease (13 with endolymphatic stromal myosis, 2 with endometrial stromal
      sarcoma). Following attempts to resect disease surgically, objective responses
      were attained with both chemotherapy (57%) and radiation (40%). The median
      survival following treatment of recurrent disease was 46 months. Actuarial
      survival for all patients in this study was 76% at 5 years and 69% at 10 years.

PMID- 2295454
TI  - Correlation between measured creatinine clearance and calculated creatinine
      clearance in ovarian cancer patients.
AB  - In 84 patients with advanced ovarian cancer, the measured 24-hr urinary
      creatinine clearance and a calculated creatinine clearance were compared prior to
      cis-platinum-based chemotherapy. The overall correlation between the two methods
      was excellent, using Pearson's coefficient of correlation test, r = 0.508 and P
      less than 0.000001. In a subset of 59 patients with adequate 24-hr urine
      collections, analysis showed a correlation of r = 0.526 and P = 0.000018.
      Furthermore, in this group of patients using a creatinine clearance of 45 ml/min
      as a threshold for dose adjustment, there was only a 3.3% error in accepting the
      calculated creatinine clearance for the measured creatinine clearance. In
      summary, in patients with advanced ovarian cancer, even in the postoperative
      state, an evaluation of renal function with a calculated creatinine clearance
      prior to chemotherapy is sufficient.

PMID- 2295455
TI  - Induction of human embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation using N,N'
      hexamethylene bisacetamide in vitro.
AB  - Morphological differentiation of a pluripotent cloned human embryonal carcinoma
      cell line, NEC 14, was induced with the addition of N,N'-hexamethylene
      bisacetamide (10(-2) M) for 3 days in vitro. Once differentiated, the NEC 14
      cells temporarily lost both their proliferative capacity in vitro and their
      tumorigenic potential in the nude mouse. When culture was continued, the
      differentiated derivatives occasionally began to proliferate 4 weeks after the
      removal of the inducer, but the loss of tumorigenic potential was not recovered.
      Besides morphology and loss of proliferative and tumorigenic potential, the
      differentiated derivatives expressed both differentiation markers, HLA antigens,
      and intermediate filaments. This system is useful in the selection of
      differentiation modifiers in cancer therapy.

PMID- 2295456
TI  - Invasive cervical cancer treated initially by standard hysterectomy.
AB  - Ninety-two patients with invasive cervical cancer initially treated by standard
      hysterectomy were evaluated for features related to survival. The cell type
      included squamous cell (64) and adenocarcinoma (28). Posthysterectomy therapy
      included radiation therapy (78), pelvic lymphadenectomy (3), and radical
      parametrectomy (1). Hysterectomy was initially performed for the following
      indications: invasive lesion missed on cone biopsy, 17; hemorrhage at cone
      biopsy, 2; bleeding, 16; abnormal cytology, 13; presumed endometrial cancer, 9;
      known cancer, 7; pelvic relaxation, 5; planned therapy, 3; fibroids, 3; adnexal
      mass, 2; chronic discharge, 1; pyometra, 1; postpartum endometritis, 1. The
      cumulative 5-year survival for all patients was 68%, for squamous cell 80%, and
      for adenocarcinoma 41% (P = 0.0001). On postoperative evaluation 84 patients had
      presumed Stage I and 7 had parametrial involvement (Stage II). Patients with
      Stage I disease were then examined separately by cell type. Fifty-seven patients
      with squamous cell disease had cumulative 5-year survival of 85%. Radiation
      therapy in the immediate postoperative period produced a survival of 88%,
      compared to observation only with a 69% survival (P = .10). Patients with
      squamous cell disease and more than 50% cervical invasion had a 75% survival
      compared to a 96% survival for those with less than 50% (P = .02). The presence
      of disease at the surgical margins, grade, age, and increase in radiation therapy
      did not influence survival. Twenty-seven patients with presumed Stage I
      adenocarcinoma had a cumulative 5-year survival rate of 42%. Survival was
      significantly influenced by tumor grade (P = .018) and the amount of
      postoperative radiation therapy (P = .03), while age, amount of residual tumor,
      and presence of tumor at surgical margins did not influence survival. Patients
      with invasive squamous cell carcinoma treated by standard hysterectomy and
      postoperative radiation therapy have a prognosis similar to those treated
      initially by either radical surgery or radiation therapy. Patients with
      adenocarcinoma appear to have a significantly decreased survival when compared to
      patients with squamous cell disease and their prognosis is related to tumor grade
      and the amount of postoperative pelvic radiation.

PMID- 2295457
TI  - The efficacy of laser therapy in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial
      neoplasia.
AB  - The efficacy of carbon dioxide laser therapy in the treatment of cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was evaluated in 253 patients treated at the
      University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1984 to 1987. All patients had
      histologically confirmed CIN and were treated in an outpatient setting.
      Parameters examined included severity of neoplasia, presence of koilocytosis on
      biopsy, depth of laser ablation, and the number of cervical quadrants involved by
      CIN. Following therapy, patients were examined at 3-month intervals from 12 to 48
      months (mean 18 months). Eighty-nine per cent of patients were successfully
      treated with one laser ablation and all patients were cured of disease with two
      treatments. Over 70% of patients initially failing therapy had CIN III or greater
      than or equal to 3 quadrant disease. The most significant predictor of failure
      was lesion size. Only 74% of women with 3 or 4 quadrant disease were successfully
      treated with one treatment. No patient experienced postoperative infection or
      bleeding requiring treatment. These data confirm that carbon dioxide laser
      therapy is a safe and highly effective treatment method for all forms of CIN.

PMID- 2295458
TI  - Clinical implications of natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity in patients with
      squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from
      women with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix (SCCUC) was studied.
      PBMC were obtained from 26 previously untreated patients with SCCUC at different
      stages of disease according to the FIGO classification (5 at stage I, 4 at stage
      II, 5 at stage III, 6 at stage IVa, and 6 belonging to stage IVb), as well as
      from 23 healthy age-matched women. These cells were used as effectors against
      51Cr-labeled K-562 target cells in standard 4-hr cytotoxic assays. The NK
      activity displayed by PBMC from patients with local stages of the neoplasm (I,
      II, III, and IVa) was found to be similar to that exerted by PBMC from healthy
      controls (P greater than 0.05). Furthermore, there were no significant
      differences among mean values of NK activity in PBMC from women at these
      different stages of the disease (P greater than 0.05). However, the NK activity
      detected in the PBMC of patients with distant metastatic spread of the disease
      (stage IVb) was significantly depressed with respect to both controls and
      patients at any other earlier stage (P less than 0.05). We conclude that a
      decrease in the NK activity present in PBMC from women with SCCUC coincides with
      distant tumoral dissemination of the disease.

PMID- 2295459
TI  - Prognostic value of peritoneal cytology in endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - To determine whether positive peritoneal cytology is an independent poor
      prognostic factor in patients with endometrial carcinoma the records of 381
      patients were reviewed. Positive peritoneal cytology was found in 24 of 381
      (6.3%) patients. In clinical stage I disease, 16 of 322 (5.0%) patients had
      positive peritoneal cytology. Patients with positive cytology were more likely to
      have higher-grade tumors and extrauterine disease at the time of surgery (45% vs
      2.3%) than were patients with negative cytology. Five-year survival was
      significantly less for patients with positive cytology than negative (50% vs
      81.2%). For patients with surgical stage I disease (no extrauterine spread at
      surgery) there was no significant difference in 5-year survival between groups
      with positive and negative cytology (80% vs 86.3%). The majority (70.8%) of
      patients with endometrial cancer and positive peritoneal cytology have
      extrauterine disease at the time of surgery. Although overall 5-year survival is
      less for patients with positive cytology, when other risk factors are controlled
      for, there is no difference in survival for patients with no demonstrable
      extrauterine disease despite positive cytology. We conclude that positive
      peritoneal cytology is not an independent prognostic indicator for patients with
      endometrial cancer.

PMID- 2295460
TI  - Bile concentration is a key factor for nucleation of cholesterol crystals and
      cholesterol saturation index in gallbladder bile of gallstone patients.
AB  - We investigated whether bile concentration influenced cholesterol saturation
      index or nucleation time of cholesterol monohydrate crystals in a large number of
      gallbladder bile samples. Pigment stone patients never had cholesterol crystals
      in their fresh biles, and nucleation time was always longer than 20 days. Of the
      cholesterol stone patients 79% had cholesterol crystals in their fresh biles.
      Long nucleation times were generally found in cholesterol stone patients with
      dilute biles despite a high cholesterol saturation index. Nucleation time was
      usually short if bile was well concentrated despite a relatively low saturation
      index. Serial in vitro dilution of concentrated biles from cholesterol gallstone
      patients resulted in progressively prolonged nucleation times. Patients with
      solitary cholesterol stones had longer nucleation times than patients with
      multiple cholesterol stones. This study indicates that bile concentration is an
      important factor for nucleation time and cholesterol saturation index. Moreover,
      solitary and multiple cholesterol stones may have a different pathogenesis.

PMID- 2295462
TI  - Alpha-1-antitrypsin distribution in nodular regenerative hyperplasia of liver.

PMID- 2295461
TI  - Ito-cell gene expression and collagen regulation.
AB  - Ito cells are perisinusoidal cells thought to be a major source of collagen in
      normal and fibrotic livers. These cells appear to have features similar to
      several cell types but when cultured assume a fibroblast-like morphology. In this
      study we evaluated the phenotype of both freshly isolated and cultured Ito cells
      by examining their gene expression. To better define the modulators of Ito-cell
      collagen synthesis, we also examined the effect of transforming growth factor
      beta 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and dexamethasone on collagen synthesis by
      these cells. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that cultured Ito cells
      expressed different types of procollagen mRNAs than did freshly isolated cells.
      Cultured cells contained large amounts of type I procollagen mRNA and lesser
      amounts of types III and IV, whereas freshly isolated cells contained more type
      IV procollagen mRNA than types I and III. Treatment of cultured cells with either
      transforming growth factor-beta 1 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha resulted in a
      greater than three-fold increase in total collagen content, and the effects of
      these cytokines on Ito-cell collagen synthesis involved different levels of gene
      regulation. Transforming growth factor-beta 1-treated cells had an approximately
      threefold increase in their type I procollagen mRNA levels, whereas no increase
      in this mRNA level was found in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-treated cells.
      Transforming growth factor-beta 1 treatment induced a twofold increase in
      transforming growth factor-beta 1 mRNA content in cultured cells.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295463
TI  - Graft-vs.-host disease after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2295464
TI  - Incorporation of iododeoxyuridine into neoplastic DNA: a fraudulent magic bullet?

PMID- 2295465
TI  - Endoscopic markers of impending variceal hemorrhage: correlation with the
      pressure in the varices.

PMID- 2295466
TI  - Defenestration of hepatic sinusoids in the pathogenesis of alcoholic
      hyperlipoproteinemia.

PMID- 2295467
TI  - Portacaval shunt in three children with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and
      cirrhosis: 9 to 12 1/3 years later.

PMID- 2295468
TI  - Isolation of tryptic fragment of antigen from mitochondrial inner membrane
      proteins reacting with antimitochondrial antibody in sera of patients with
      primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - Most of the sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis contains
      antimitochondrial antibodies, which react with four proteins of the mitochondrial
      inner membrane. We reported in a previous paper that when beef heart
      mitochondrial inner membrane proteins were digested by trypsin, a new reactive 36
      kDa fragment with antimitochondrial antibody was obtained. This 36 kDa fragment
      derives from original 70 kDa protein because the monoclonal antibody specific to
      70 kDa protein reacts with the 36 kDa band equivalent to 70 kDa band. The 36 kDa
      fragment was purified using an affinity column conjugated with an immunoglobulin
      rich fraction of primary biliary cirrhosis serum containing antimitochondrial
      antibody, preparative electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography
      using a reverse phase column. The final preparation showed a single band in
      sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its amino acid
      composition is in good agreement with that of the subunit binding domain of the
      pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 from bovine heart.

PMID- 2295469
TI  - Quantitative analysis of pre-S1 and pre-S2 in relation to HBsAg expression.
AB  - Sera from four patients with acute hepatitis B and 87 patients with chronic
      hepatitis B were examined quantitatively for pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens by solid
      phase enzyme immunoassays. Pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens were detected in HBsAg
      positive sera irrespective of the presence of viral replicative markers, and
      their titers correlated with those of HBsAg (r = 0.74, p less than 0.01; r =
      0.74, p less than 0.01, respectively). Sera positive for HBeAg showed higher
      titers of pre-S1 (p less than 0.01) and pre-S2 (p less than 0.01) antigens than
      sera negative for HBeAg. The titers of pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens also correlated
      with the levels of HBV-associated DNA polymerase activity (r = 0.51, p less than
      0.01; r = 0.59, p less than 0.01, respectively) and HBV-DNA (r = 0.50, p less
      than 0.01; r = 0.46, p less than 0.01, respectively). However, the ratios between
      the titers of pre-S antigens and HBsAg had no significant relationships with
      those viral replicative markers. These findings suggest that the expression of
      pre-S antigens is intimately related to the expression of HBsAg and that they are
      not useful as markers of viral replication. The ratios between the titers of pre
      S antigens and HBsAg tended to be high in patients with chronic active hepatitis
      and high aminotransferase levels. This finding may have been due to the hepatic
      release of pre-S antigens, over-production of which may have some relationship to
      liver injury.

PMID- 2295470
TI  - Extrahepatic replication of duck hepatitis B virus: more than expected.
AB  - Replication of duck hepatitis B virus in extrahepatic tissue such as pancreas,
      kidney and spleen has been well documented. To assess whether there is more
      widespread extrahepatic virus replication, we assayed brain, heart, lung, thymus,
      pancreas, kidney, spleen and intestine of 1- to 16-wk-old ducklings for the
      presence of duck hepatitis B virus DNA and mRNA by blotting and in situ methods.
      Replicative intermediates and single-stranded duck hepatitis B virus DNA and RNA
      transcripts were detected in the brain, lung, heart, intestine, kidney, pancreas
      and spleen. In situ hybridization showed evidence of viral replication in the
      lung epithelium, germinal center of spleen, acinar cell of pancreas and tubular
      epithelium of kidney. These data suggest that extrahepatic duck hepatitis B virus
      replication is more widespread than previously thought. It is yet to be
      determined whether widespread extrahepatic replication is unique to duck
      hepatitis B virus infection or is a common feature of other mammalian hepatitis B
      like viruses.

PMID- 2295472
TI  - Reduction of intrapulmonary shunt and resolution of digital clubbing associated
      with primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation.
AB  - This report describes a patient with marked hypoxemia caused by intrapulmonary
      shunt associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver transplantation resulted
      in resolution of digital clubbing and reduction of intrapulmonary shunt as
      demonstrated by normalization of room air arterial blood gases, reduction in
      shunt fraction and normalization of the indocyanine-enhanced echocardiogram and
      perfusion lung scan. This patient's course challenges the conventional notion
      that intrapulmonary shunting associated with chronic liver disease does not
      reverse after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2295471
TI  - Prospective study of bacterial infection in acute liver failure: an analysis of
      fifty patients.
AB  - Fifty consecutive patients admitted with acute liver failure, minimal grade II
      encephalopathy, were studied prospectively to determine the incidence, timing and
      cause of bacterial infection, the relationship to clinical criteria for
      infection; and the influence of early microbiological diagnosis on clinical
      outcome. There were 53 proven bacterial infections in 40 patients, whereas in 5
      of the remaining 10 patients infection was suspected on clinical grounds in the
      absence of significant cultures. Seven patients (14%) had more than one bacterial
      infection, and four patients had simultaneous infections caused by different
      organisms at each site. Fourteen infections (26.4%) were associated with
      bacteremia, and in six of these no source was found. Twenty-five infections
      (47.1%) arose from the respiratory tract, 12 (22.6%) from the urinary tract and 2
      (3.7%) from central venous cannulas. Thirty-seven (69.8%) of the 53 infections
      were due to gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 19
      (35.8%) of all the infections. Thirty patients died (60%), 28 of whom had
      bacterial infection at some time; in 24 of these the infection was diagnosed less
      than 24 hr before death. All nine deaths that occurred more than 7 days after
      admission were directly attributable to microbial infection. Clinical features
      such as elevated temperature and elevated peripheral white blood cell count were
      poor indicators of bacterial infection because these were absent in 30.2% of
      cases. These data show that there is a high incidence of bacterial infection
      early in the course of acute liver failure and suggest that prophylactic
      antimicrobial therapy, although unproven, might be justified.

PMID- 2295473
TI  - In vivo hepatic energy metabolism during the progression of alcoholic liver
      disease: a noninvasive 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study in rats.
AB  - We investigated serially in vivo the ratios of phosphorylated metabolites and the
      intracellular pH in the livers of rats fed ethanol chronically to evaluate the
      relation between changes in energy metabolism and the progression of alcoholic
      liver disease with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 31P nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectra of the liver were acquired noninvasively from rats
      pair-fed a nutritionally adequate liquid diet containing ethanol or an isocaloric
      amount of dextrose with an implanted intragastric cannula for up to 24 wk. A high
      blood alcohol level was constantly maintained. The spectra were obtained using a
      surface coil combined with a ferrite screen to eliminate nuclear magnetic
      resonance signals derived from the superficial muscles. Contaminating 31P nuclear
      magnetic resonance signals arising from abdominal tissues other than the liver
      were eliminated from the spectra by digital subtraction. Throughout the study the
      inorganic phosphate/beta-ATP peak area ratio observed in alcohol-fed rats was
      found to be consistently elevated in comparison with the control rats (at 3 to 5
      wk alcohol-fed rats = 1.20 +/- 0.10, control rats = 0.78 +/- 0.04, p less than
      0.05.; at 22 to 24 wk alcohol-fed rats = 1.23 +/- 0.10, control rats = 0.81 +/-
      0.06, p less than 0.05.; mean +/- S.E.). The phosphomonoesters/beta-ATP ratio
      tended to be higher in alcohol-fed rats when compared with control rats. The
      intracellular pH measured by the chemical shift of the inorganic phosphate peak
      showed no significant differences between alcohol-fed rats and control
      rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295474
TI  - Does primary sclerosing cholangitis occurring in association with inflammatory
      bowel disease differ from that occurring in the absence of inflammatory bowel
      disease? A study of sixty-six subjects.
AB  - Primary sclerosing cholangitis often occurs in association with inflammatory
      bowel disease, particularly ulcerative colitis but also Crohn's disease of the
      colon either with or without terminal ileal disease. Little data exist as to the
      effect of inflammatory bowel disease on the presenting symptoms, radiological
      features, response to liver transplantation, and potential risk of bile duct
      carcinoma in individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis. In an effort to
      answer these questions, 66 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis were
      studied. The definitive diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis in each was
      accomplished using cholangiography, which in each case demonstrated
      characteristic beading, ectasia and stricturing of the intrahepatic and
      extrahepatic bile ducts. Inflammatory bowel disease was present in 47 (71.2%)
      patients. Thirty nine (59.1%) had ulcerative colitis; their mean age was 42.5 +/-
      11.6 yr (mean +/- SD), and the male/female ratio was 2.9:1. In addition, eight
      patients (12.1%) had Crohn's colitis; their mean age was 40.5 +/- 6.5 yr, and the
      male/female ratio of this group was 1:1. Nineteen patients (28.8%) had primary
      sclerosing cholangitis without any inflammatory bowel disease; their mean age was
      42.0 +/- 12.1 yr, and the male/female ratio in this group was 0.72:1. Seventy-two
      percent of the patients without inflammatory bowel disease had either jaundice,
      pruritus or fatigue at presentation compared with 41% of the patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease (p less than 0.05). In contrast, abnormal liver
      function tests were more common as the first manifestation of liver disease in
      the latter group (38% vs. 11%; p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2295475
TI  - The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty
      two patients for up to 21 years.
AB  - Forty-two patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis were followed for a median
      of 4.5 yr (range = 1.5 to 21.5 yr). Except for two patients with lipodystrophy,
      all were obese; 35 of 42 were women, 26 of 32 were hyperlipidemic and 15 were
      hyperglycemic. Upper abdominal pain was the most common reason for presentation.
      Initial liver biopsy specimens showed the presence of macrovesicular fatty
      infiltration, lobular (acinar) inflammation, apoptosis, Mallory bodies (in four
      cases) and fibrosis (in 18 cases). Cirrhosis was present at initial diagnosis in
      one subject and in another two subjects liver biopsy showed marked fibrosis with
      disturbed architecture. Serial liver biopsy specimens revealed minimal or no
      apparent progression of the disorder in most of the patients, in keeping with
      their benign clinical course. However, one patient showed progression from
      fibrosis to cirrhosis during the 5-yr observation period, and in the patients
      with extensive fibrosis the liver disease evolved from one of active inflammation
      to one of inactive cirrhosis without fat or inflammation. The patient with
      cirrhosis later died of hepatocellular carcinoma. The severity or type of hepatic
      change did not correlate with the degree of obesity, hyperlipidemia or
      hyperglycemia. However, in individual patients, poorly controlled diabetes and
      rapid weight loss preceded the onset of steatohepatitis. We conclude that
      nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a cause of hepatic inflammation histologically
      resembling that of alcohol-induced liver disease but usually slowly progressive
      and of low-grade severity. However, the disorder may ultimately result in
      cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis should be distinguished from alcoholic
      steatohepatitis and recognized as a further cause of "cryptogenic cirrhosis."

PMID- 2295476
TI  - Hepatic mitochondrial malondialdehyde metabolism in rats with chronic iron
      overload.
AB  - Peroxidative decomposition of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids with
      subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction is a postulated mechanism of liver cell
      injury in parenchymal iron overload. Malondialdehyde is formed when
      polyunsaturated fatty acids of membrane phospholipids undergo peroxidative
      decomposition, and it is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase. We studied
      mitochondrial metabolism of malondialdehyde in rats with chronic dietary iron
      overload. Hepatic malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly increased in
      iron-loaded livers, and mitochondrial respiratory control ratios using glutamate
      as a substrate were decreased by 47% largely owing to reductions in state 3
      respiration. When exogenous malondialdehyde was added to mitochondrial fractions,
      there was significantly less metabolism of malondialdehyde in mitochondria of
      iron-loaded livers as compared with controls. In addition, there was a 28%
      decrease in mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in iron-loaded livers but no
      change in cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase. Increased hepatic malondialdehyde in
      chronic iron overload may result from a combination of increased production and
      decreased metabolism of malondialdehyde, both of which may be due to iron-induced
      mitochondrial lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2295477
TI  - Highlights of the 41st Institute on Hospital and Community Psychiatry.

PMID- 2295478
TI  - Inpatient care of the substance-abusing patient with a concomitant eating
      disorder.
AB  - Substance abuse rehabilitation programs have been increasingly faced with the
      difficult task of treating patients with both an eating disorder and a chemical
      dependency disorder. The authors discuss screening patients with substance abuse
      for eating disorder and describe a strategy for care that integrates an eating
      disorder treatment protocol with a standard chemical abuse rehabilitation
      program. Elements of the treatment protocol include a thorough medical
      evaluation, nutritional stabilization, strategies to stop the patient's aberrant
      eating behavior, psychotherapy, medication, and discharge planning that actively
      addresses both the substance abuse and the eating disorder.

PMID- 2295479
TI  - Reliability of DSM-III diagnoses of hospitalized children.
AB  - The reliability of diagnoses of 46 child psychiatric inpatients made using three
      independent instruments--an unstructured interview with the parent and child that
      produced the chart diagnosis, a structured interview with the parent, and a
      structured interview with the child--was assessed. These diagnoses were then
      compared with a review diagnosis, which was based on all information available at
      the patient's discharge. Substantial disagreement between the diagnoses resulting
      from the structured and unstructured interviews was found in one-third of the
      cases. The review diagnosis disagreed with the chart diagnosis in 33 percent of
      the cases but disagreed with the diagnosis resulting from the structured
      interview with the parent in 13 percent of the cases. While structured interviews
      can contribute to the standardization of diagnoses, the reliability and validity
      of child psychiatric diagnoses remain problematic.

PMID- 2295480
TI  - Predictors of relatives' attendance at a state hospital workshop on
      schizophrenia.
AB  - A prospective research design was used to identify patient and family variables
      that would predict relatives' attendance at an educational workshop on
      schizophrenia at a state psychiatric hospital. Data were collected from patient
      charts and telephone interviews with relatives. Thirty-two percent of the 84
      invited relatives attended the workshop. Significant predictors of attendance
      included relatives' proximity to the hospital, previous number of visits with the
      patient, knowledge about schizophrenia, and familiarity with the National
      Alliance for the Mentally Ill. The findings suggest that a substantial proportion
      of relatives of the seriously mentally ill desire information and help in coping
      with their ill family member. Relatives' participation might be further increased
      by conducting workshops at more convenient sites and encouraging attendance by
      those less knowledgeable about schizophrenia.

PMID- 2295481
TI  - Critical factors in the professional development of the psychiatrist
      administrator.
AB  - A questionnaire was sent to 244 psychiatrist-administrators from the metropolitan
      New York City area to assess the actual and perceived effects of five factors-
      personality traits, clinical psychiatric training, formal training in
      administration, administrative experience, and a mentor relationship--on their
      professional development. The results, based on 200 completed questionnaires,
      revealed a discrepancy between the respondents' actual and ideal experiences in
      the areas of the mentor relationship and formal administrative training. The
      authors recommend structural changes in training programs to attract
      psychiatrists to administrative careers and to enhance their training and
      professional development.

PMID- 2295483
TI  - Mental health services in Shanghai.
AB  - To provide better mental health services for a population that now exceeds 12
      million people, in the 1960s Shanghai began to develop a three-level system of
      services that is considered a model for the country. Services at each of the
      three levels--municipal, county or district, and grass roots--are described.
      Nonpsychiatric medical and paramedical personnel play a significant role in the
      delivery of services at all levels. Education of the public about mental health
      issues is considered a high priority.

PMID- 2295482
TI  - Use of seclusion and restraint in public psychiatric hospitals: patient
      characteristics and facility effects.
AB  - Use of seclusion and restraint in 23 adult public psychiatric hospitals in New
      York State was examined by comparing demographic and diagnostic characteristics
      of 657 patients who were secluded or restrained during a four-week period with
      characteristics of 22,939 patients who were not. Logit analysis was used to
      calculate the probability of seclusion and restraint of individual patients with
      various combinations of characteristics. Characteristics associated with high
      probabilities included age less than 26 years, length of stay from 30 to 365
      days, involuntary legal status, female gender, a diagnosis of mental retardation,
      and residence in a hospital with a high rate of seclusion and restraint. The rate
      of seclusion and restrain in the 23 hospitals ranged from .4 to 9.4 percent of
      patients. Both patient characteristics and the hospital of residence were needed
      to explain the case-by-case probability of a patient's being secluded or
      restrained.

PMID- 2295485
TI  - Premenstrual changes and psychopathology among psychiatric inpatients.

PMID- 2295484
TI  - Psychiatric side effects of tricyclic antidepressants.

PMID- 2295486
TI  - Tarasoff in the therapeutic setting.

PMID- 2295487
TI  - Parent empowerment: a treatment strategy for hospitalized adolescents.

PMID- 2295488
TI  - Barriers to housing for deinstitutionalized psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2295489
TI  - Decentralized planning.

PMID- 2295490
TI  - PTSD in the retarded.

PMID- 2295491
TI  - Networking groups provide refuge for CEOs.
AB  - The competitive spirit that dominated health care in the latter half of the 1980s
      isolated many CEOs from their peers. CEOs of competing hospitals felt that they
      couldn't talk openly with each other, problems were solved in isolation, and
      stress levels climbed. But CEOs have found a way to exchange ideas with other
      executives: informal networking groups. But one of the most important aspects of
      these meetings is that they're fun. They offer CEOs a chance to relax and talk
      frankly with others about mutual problems and how to solve them. These informal
      network groups also help younger executives, who are often invited to audit the
      meetings. Younger executives get a chance to see different management styles and
      new approaches to problem solving.

PMID- 2295492
TI  - Resident work hour reform: not all doom and gloom.
AB  - Limitations on the number of hours that residents may work are already in place
      in New York state and are being proposed in a number of other states. Now,
      hospitals in various parts of the country are voluntarily developing guidelines
      and experimenting with different ways to accommodate the changes in schedules and
      ensure coverage.

PMID- 2295493
TI  - Literacy crisis threatens hospital workforce.
AB  - If the nursing shortage was the human resource crisis of the 1980s, then the
      shortage of hospital employees in such areas as housekeeping, security, and data
      processing promises to be the hospital workforce crisis of the 1990s. In response
      to troubling demographic trends, some forward-looking hospitals are now in the
      process of "growing their own" employees by teaching basic literacy skills and
      exposing neighborhood youths to the hospital work ethic.

PMID- 2295494
TI  - Financial turnarounds: how two hospitals found profitability.

PMID- 2295496
TI  - Air ambulance regulation seen as liability aid.

PMID- 2295495
TI  - Roanoke decision sends mixed message.

PMID- 2295498
TI  - Expectations grow as HIS enters new decade.

PMID- 2295497
TI  - QMMP (Quality Measurement and Management Program) reports focus on heart attacks,
      severity systems.

PMID- 2295499
TI  - CEO commitment key to organizational change.

PMID- 2295500
TI  - Hospital information systems: state of the art.

PMID- 2295501
TI  - The pathologist as student and educator.

PMID- 2295502
TI  - Fetal parts embolization during termination of pregnancy: report of a case.
AB  - A 19-year-old woman underwent termination of pregnancy by dilatation and
      evacuation at 19 weeks of gestation. She subsequently developed persistent
      massive hemorrhage, with laboratory evidence of a consumption coagulopathy.
      Attempts to control bleeding were unsuccessful, and the patient underwent a
      hysterectomy. Pathologic evaluation of the uterus revealed embolization of fetal
      tissues and placental fragments in the uterine and parametrial veins. This is the
      first reported case of such a finding, and its importance in relation to the
      patient's clinical presentation is discussed.

PMID- 2295503
TI  - Epithelial membrane antigen staining of melanocytic nevi.

PMID- 2295504
TI  - Pathology manpower projections: considerations of methodology.

PMID- 2295506
TI  - The pathologist as information specialist.

PMID- 2295505
TI  - Recruitment of pathology residents: APC questionnaire results, 1987 and 1988.
AB  - Our data show a persistent decline of US graduates entering pathology. Moreover,
      our data indicated that the NRMP provides only a small percentage of the total
      pathology slots ultimately filled. If the intentions of the 1988 cohort remain
      consistent, the predictions of Anderson et al concerning a shortage of community
      hospital and private-laboratory pathologists seem to be well-founded. This
      evidence, coupled with the long-acknowledged shortage of academic pathologists,
      makes improved recruitment an imperative. Recent reports have described several
      potentially important recruitment tools. However, substantial change in
      recruitment needs to take place if significant shortages are to be avoided.

PMID- 2295507
TI  - Developing teaching skills for medical school faculty: how to tell students what
      to look for without telling them what to see.

PMID- 2295508
TI  - Correlation of histologic architectural and cytoplasmic features with nuclear
      atypia in atypical (dysplastic) nevomelanocytic nevi.
AB  - The dysplastic nevus in nonfamilial melanoma is a clinicopathologic entity
      consistently demonstrating an eightfold or greater association with malignant
      melanoma. The present report quantifies the relationship between nuclear atypia
      and 16 architectural and cytoplasmic features in 153 pigmented nevi removed from
      a similar number of patients with newly diagnosed nonfamilial melanoma. All
      lesions were evaluated by one dermatopathologist, and most lesions were reviewed
      by a second dermatopathologist. Nuclear atypia of nevomelanocytes was defined as
      at least three of the following: nuclear enlargement, pleomorphism,
      hyperchromatism, and prominent nucleoli easily observed throughout each lesion.
      Seventeen percent of the total nevi had such atypia. On univariate analysis, 11
      parameters (lentiginous hyperplasia of the epidermis, basal melanocytic
      hyperplasia, junctional nest disarray, fusion [bridging] of theques, suprabasal
      melanocytes, lymphoid response, prominent vascularity, fibroplasia, abundant
      cytoplasm, "dusty" cytoplasm, and large melanin granules) showed an association
      with nuclear atypia (P less than .05). However, on multivariate analysis only
      five parameters continued to be important: basal melanocytic hyperplasia,
      junctional nest disarray, melanophages (inverse correlation), prominent
      vascularity, and large melanin granules. These data support the idea that
      multiple histopathologic characteristics, correlating objectively with nuclear
      atypia, are important for the diagnosis of dysplastic nevi. In our view, the
      minimal essential histologic criteria for dysplastic nevi based on these findings
      include nuclear atypia and abnormal patterns of intraepidermal nevomelanocytic
      proliferation (ie, basal melanocytic hyperplasia and/or junctional nest
      disarray).

PMID- 2295509
TI  - Teaching pathology in the 21st century: assessment of required student use of
      interactive videodiscs designed to teach basic pathology.
AB  - A series of 11 computer-controlled optical videodisc modules in basic medical
      pathology was developed to be used as self-study materials. There are
      approximately 70 medical schools in the United States, Canada, the Philippines,
      and Europe currently participating in field testing this series. In the fall of
      1988, second-year medical students at the University of Arkansas College of
      Medicine used five of these modules in place of traditional lectures during the
      pathology course. A pretest was administered to students prior to use of modules.
      Each student then used the interactive modules for individual study. Each module
      presented a brief pretest, an interactive study lesson, and a posttest, each of
      which generated a score for the student. In addition, after completion of all
      five modules, students were given a posttest which was included in their first
      scheduled course examination. At the end of the course, questions concerning the
      videodisc material were presented on the final exam to test long-term retention.
      Students also completed attitudinal questionnaires about their experience using
      the videodisc modules. Results of the data collected indicate significant
      improvement in knowledge base by students using these interactive videodisc
      modules. Analysis of student attitudinal reactions was also positive. Optical
      videodisc computer-directed learning appears to be well-suited for medical
      student instruction in pathology.

PMID- 2295510
TI  - Congenital nemaline myopathy with dilated cardiomyopathy: an autopsy study.
AB  - A 3-year-old boy with congenital nemaline myopathy had generalized muscle
      weakness and hypotonia since birth. He developed cardiac symptoms at 2 years of
      age and died from congestive heart failure. At autopsy, the heart was markedly
      dilated, involving both ventricles. Rod bodies were recognized not only in
      skeletal muscles but in cardiac muscles on light and electron microscopy. Desmin
      and alpha-actinin, which constitute Z-line protein, were shown to localize in the
      rod structures in both skeletal and myocardial cells by immunohistochemistry.
      Seven cases of nemaline myopathy with cardiomyopathy have been reported in the
      literature. All of these patients were over 20 years of age, and the condition
      appeared mostly in the adult onset and the asymptomatic forms. This is the first
      infantile case of congenital nemaline myopathy which showed dilated
      cardiomyopathy with a fatal outcome.

PMID- 2295511
TI  - Reflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in dopamine beta-hydroxylase
      deficiency.
AB  - Patients with autonomic failure secondary to dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency
      lack the enzyme activity necessary for the conversion of dopamine to
      norepinephrine in sympathetic nerve terminals and the adrenal medulla. These
      patients have virtually undetectable norepinephrine and epinephrine in plasma and
      cerebrospinal fluid. The presence of intact sympathetic nerve activity in these
      patients has been suggested by the enhanced release of dopamine (but not
      norepinephrine) in response to maneuvers that augment sympathetic outflow in
      normal subjects. In the present study, we recorded sympathetic nerve traffic by
      using microneurography in a patient with dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency and
      measured sympathetic neural responses to static exercise, the cold pressor test,
      and pharmacological alterations of blood pressure. At rest, sympathetic nerve
      activity was abundant and was modulated in a normal manner by handgrip (+278%),
      the cold pressor test (+169%), hypotension induced with isoproterenol (+102%),
      and hypertension induced with phenylephrine (-85%). These results provide the
      first electrophysiological evidence for intact regulation of sympathetic neural
      outflow in a patient with dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency and suggest that
      central norepinephrine and epinephrine pathways believed essential for the
      control of sympathetic neurotransmission in humans may be supplanted by
      alternative redundant mechanisms.

PMID- 2295513
TI  - Effect of chronic sodium loading on cardiovascular response in young blacks and
      whites.
AB  - The effect of long-term oral sodium loading on blood pressure and on stress
      induced cardiovascular response was studied in normotensive and marginally
      hypertensive young adults. The 121 subjects, 18-23 years old, included 38 whites
      and 83 blacks. Blood pressure and heart rate response to the stress of mental
      arithmetic was measured before and after 14 days of sodium load, which consisted
      of 10 g NaCl/day added to the usual diet. A sodium-sensitive response to sodium
      load occurred in 18.4% of whites and 37.3% of blacks. Sodium-insensitive subjects
      had a higher rate of sodium excretion (p less than 0.001). Sodium-sensitive
      hypertensive subjects had a significantly greater weight gain (p less than
      0.001). A significant correlation between blood pressure change and sodium
      excretion (r = -0.28, p less than 0.01) occurred in the sodium-sensitive group.
      The high sodium intake did not augment the blood pressure or heart rate response
      to the beta-adrenergic-mediated stimulus of mental arithmetic in the population
      when grouped by blood pressure, race, or sodium sensitivity. These results
      suggest that blood pressure increase in response to sodium load, particularly in
      blacks, is related to functional changes in peripheral vascular resistance.

PMID- 2295512
TI  - Influence of prostaglandins on papillary blood flow and pressure-natriuretic
      response.
AB  - The present study examined whether renal prostaglandins influence the pressure
      natriuretic response by altering medullary hemodynamics or renal interstitial
      pressure. The diuretic and natriuretic responses to changes in renal perfusion
      pressure were compared in control rats (n = 15) and in rats receiving either
      meclofenamate (2 mg/kg, n = 9) or indomethacin (2 mg/kg, n = 4). In control rats,
      urine flow and sodium excretion increased from 10 +/- 2 to 118 +/- 10
      microliters/min/g kidney wt and from 1.8 +/- 0.3 to 21.0 +/- 1.5 mueq/min/g
      kidney wt, respectively, when renal perfusion pressure was increased from 109 to
      167 mm Hg. Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 increased
      significantly by 152% and 190%, respectively. Meclofenamate lowered thromboxane
      B2 and prostaglandin E2 excretion and prevented the increase in eicosanoid
      excretion produced by elevations in perfusion pressure. The pressure-diuretic and
      pressure-natriuretic responses of rats given meclofenamate or indomethacin were
      approximately half of those observed in the control rats. Papillary blood flow
      increased 21% and renal interstitial pressure rose from 5.0 +/- 0.7 to 8.2 +/-
      0.7 mm Hg in control rats when pressure was elevated from 100 to 150 mm Hg.
      Meclofenamate and indomethacin lowered papillary blood flow and renal
      interstitial pressure and blunted the increases in these values produced by
      elevations in perfusion pressure. These results support the view that renal
      prostaglandins modulate the pressure-natriuresis relation by altering renal
      medullary hemodynamics and suggest that an intact renal prostaglandin system is
      necessary for the full expression of the medullary hemodynamic and natriuretic
      responses to increases in renal perfusion pressure.

PMID- 2295514
TI  - Ultrastructure of hypertensive rat aorta. Increased basement membrane-like
      material.
AB  - To determine the effect of elevated blood pressure on the ultrastructure of rat
      aorta, hypertension (average mean pressure 163 +/- 17 mm Hg) was produced by
      suprarenal aortic coarctation. After 3 weeks, the subendothelium of the
      hypertensive thoracic aorta showed significantly increased volume measurements
      for mononuclear leukocytes and basement membrane-like material compared with the
      sham-operated control group. Focal areas of rarefaction of the subendothelial
      extracellular material were associated with the nearby presence of mononuclear
      leukocytes. None of these alterations were found in the normotensive abdominal
      aorta. The tunica media of hypertensive thoracic aorta also contained
      significantly increased basement membrane-like material. This new finding in an
      animal hypertension model is the direct result of the quantitative morphological
      approach employed in this study. In some rats, the partially constricting aortic
      ligature compromised the right renal artery leading to ischemic atrophy of the
      right kidney and hyperreninemia in addition to hypertension. In this group,
      excluded from the previous analysis and evaluated separately, subendothelial
      thickening and accumulation of basement membrane-like material in the thoracic
      aorta were greatly increased compared with the control group and other
      hypertensive rats. This result could not be attributed to an effect of blood
      pressure alone and might have been caused in part by humoral factors. Basement
      membrane accumulation appears to be an important early response of the arterial
      wall to hypertension or other factors in this rat model.

PMID- 2295516
TI  - Antihypertensive effect of interleukin-2.
AB  - Recent reports indicate that cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as aspirin may
      facilitate the release of interleukin-2 from thymic T cells. We have previously
      reported that aspirin has antihypertensive effects in the standard animal model
      of essential hypertension, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Because the
      SHR has been reported to be deficient in T cells, it was of interest to determine
      whether the course of hypertension in this model could be altered by interleukin
      2, the T cell growth factor. A single bolus of interleukin-2 (5,000 units/kg
      s.c.) prevented the increase of blood pressure in the young SHR and lowered
      pressure to normotensive levels in the well-established hypertensive adult SHR.
      In the latter, the effects of a single dose have been found to persist for at
      least 6 months with no toxic or untoward effects apparent. Blood pressure in
      Goldblatt, single-kidney wistar-kyoto rats, a model of renal hypertension, was
      not affected by interleukin-2.

PMID- 2295515
TI  - Calcium antagonists inhibit elevated potassium efflux from aorta of aldosterone
      salt hypertensive rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium antagonists on
      basal tension and the elevated 42K efflux in aorta from aldosterone-salt
      hypertensive rats. Diltiazem decreased the basal tension (2.0 +/- 0.4 g) as well
      as the phasic contractile activity and returned the elevated 42K efflux (0.018 +/
      0.002/min) toward control values (0.010 +/- 0.001/min, p less than 0.001). The
      diltiazem median inhibitory concentration (IC50) for basal tension (0.04 +/- 0.02
      microM), however, was sevenfold less than the IC50 for basal 42K efflux (0.22 +/-
      0.08 microM, p less than 0.01). The basal 45Ca influx in aorta from aldosterone
      salt hypertensive rats (120 +/- 4 microM/l cell H2O/min) was also decreased by
      diltiazem in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the 45Ca influx in aorta
      from control-salt rats (135 +/- 3 microM/l cell H2O/min) was not altered.
      Similarly, the dihydropyridine nisoldipine eliminated the basal tension (2.7 +/-
      0.5 g) and returned the elevated basal 42K efflux from the hypertensive aorta
      toward control levels (0.010 +/- 0.0003/min, p less than 0.001). The nisoldipine
      IC50 for basal tension (0.016 +/- 0.01 nM) was 160-fold less than the IC50 for
      basal 42K efflux (1.8 +/- 1.2 nm, p less than 0.001). Neither diltiazem nor
      nisoldipine nisoldipine altered the basal 42K efflux or contractile activity of
      aorta from control-salt rats. These results suggest that the basal tension and
      elevated 42K efflux in aorta from aldosterone-salt hypertensive rats are
      supported by the entry of extracellular calcium into the tissue through potential
      operated calcium channels.

PMID- 2295517
TI  - A comparative study on different methods for the determination of energy
      expenditure.
AB  - In order to determine energy expenditure, the Douglas Bag technique (DB) and
      Kofranyi-Michaelis respirometers (KM) have been widely used under field
      conditions for several decades. Some years ago the Oxylog (OX) method was
      developed, measuring simultaneously the difference of partial oxygen pressure in
      inspired and expired air (PO2 diff.) by two polarographic oxygen sensors. In
      order to compare these three methods laboratory experiments (3 test subjects, 5
      different bicycle ergometer work loads, 180 measurements per apparatus) were
      performed. Oxygen uptake (VO2) varied between about 0.9 to 3.0 l/min. The VO2
      data obtained by the DB method, which were used as a reference, and those
      obtained by the KM method agreed fairly well. The recorded data of OX
      underestimated VO2 up to 21%, with the deviation increasing with work intensity.
      A sufficient accuracy of recorded VO2 was observed only up to moderate work
      intensity. OX data calculated from ventilation volume of inspired air per minute
      (VI) and PO2 diff., measured by OX, were always about 19% higher than those
      recorded by OX. This means that the calculated VO2 values of the OX corresponded
      fairly well with DB values at heavy work loads. The reason for the differences
      between recorded and calculated OX data is still unknown. Further research is
      urgently needed.

PMID- 2295519
TI  - Exposure to methyl isobutyl ketone: toxicokinetics and occurrence of irritative
      and CNS symptoms in man.
AB  - The toxicokinetics as well as irritative effects and CNS symptoms of methyl
      isobutyl ketone (MIBK) were studied in human volunteers during inhalation
      exposure. The volunteers were exposed (2h, 50 W) in an exposure chamber on four
      different occasions to about 10, 100 and 200 mg/m3 MIBK and to a combination of
      about 100 mg/m3 MIBK and 150 mg/m3 toluene. The relative pulmonary uptake of MIBK
      was about 60% and the total uptake increased linearly with increasing exposure
      concentration. The concentration of MIBK in blood rose rapidly after the onset of
      exposure and no plateau level was reached during exposure. No tendency for
      saturation kinetics could be observed within the dose interval and the apparent
      blood clearance was 1.61/h/kg at all exposure levels. The concentration of
      unchanged MIBK in the urine after exposure was proportional with the total
      uptake. Only 0.04% of the total MIBK dose was eliminated unchanged via the
      kidneys within 3 h post exposure. The concentrations of the metabolites 4-hydroxy
      4-methyl-2-pentanone and 4-methyl-2-pentanol were below the detection limit (5
      nmol/l). Irritative and CNS symptoms occurred during exposure. The degree of both
      irritative and CNS symptoms increased during exposure to 100 and 200 mg/m3
      compared with 10 mg/m3, but combination exposure with toluene exhibited the most
      pronounced effect. There were no significant effects from exposure on the
      performance of a simple reaction time task or a test of mental arithmetic.

PMID- 2295518
TI  - Hematological findings among styrene-exposed workers in the reinforced plastics
      industry.
AB  - A cross-sectional survey of hematological parameters was carried out among 221
      workers exposed to styrene in the reinforced plastics industry and 104 controls.
      Styrene exposure was assessed in both groups by monitoring urinary excretion of
      styrene metabolites (i.e. mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids) in post-shift
      urinary samples collected over five consecutive days. Blood tests were performed
      with the same counter for all subjects. Information on factors liable to affect
      hematological parameters was collected from personal questionnaires completed by
      the workers. Urinary excretion of styrene metabolites varied from 15 to 3740 mg/g
      creatinine. Exposed subjects exhibited significantly lower mean values of
      neutrophils and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) than controls,
      and significantly higher mean values for monocytes and mean corpuscular volume. A
      dose-effect relationship was found for MCHC which decreased with urinary
      metabolite concentrations. These results remained statistically significant for
      all parameters after adjustment for age, sex, tobacco and alcohol consumption,
      place of residence (rural or urban) and time of blood sampling (morning or
      afternoon) with the exception of neutrophils whose relationship with exposure was
      essentially explained by smoking. These results are suggestive of a direct effect
      of styrene-exposure--in the range considered--on the statistical distribution of
      some hematological parameters.

PMID- 2295520
TI  - Local exhaust ventilation and exposure to nitrous oxide in ambulances.
AB  - Under extreme conditions, ambulance attendants and drivers could be exposed to
      nitrous oxide administered to transported patients in concentrations causing
      acute effects. Special arrangements are necessary to prevent such exposure, which
      is influenced by travelling speed, local exhaust ventilation and the use of an
      excess gas transfer tube evacuating expired air and overflow gas from the face
      mask to the outside. The separate eliminative effects of travelling speed and
      local exhaust varied considerably with the experimental conditions. The excess
      gas transfer tube reduced the levels of nitrous oxide in the air by 86 to 97%
      inside the ambulance at different experimental conditions. The combination of
      excess gas transfer tube and local exhaust resulted in a relatively constant
      reduction of the airborne nitrous oxide levels by about 98% when the ambulance
      was at a standstill and 99% when it was running.

PMID- 2295522
TI  - Urinary levels of proteins and metabolites in workers exposed to toluene. A cross
      sectional study.
AB  - We measured urinary excretion of albumin and retinol-binding proteins to
      investigate the occurrence of early renal dysfunction in 45 paint workers exposed
      principally to toluene, and in the same number of unexposed control subjects
      matched individually for sex and age. Two biological indicators of personal
      toluene absorption, namely urine hippuric acid and o-cresol, were also measured
      in the exposed subjects. A significantly higher level and increased prevalence of
      elevated retinol-binding protein in the urine of exposed workers was found,
      whereas no significant difference in urinary albumin concentration was seen
      between the two groups. Urinary concentrations of retinol-binding protein was
      correlated (r = 0.399, P less than 0.006) with that of o-cresol, but not with
      hippuric acid or employment duration. The results suggest a dose-dependent early
      tubular effect due to toluene exposure that might be useful for monitoring
      individuals exposed to toluene at work.

PMID- 2295521
TI  - Pattern of muscle activity during stereotyped work and its relation to muscle
      pain.
AB  - Standardized and machine-paced work tasks at a packing machine were examined to
      evaluate interindividual variability of muscle activity patterns. Ten trained
      female workers, without musculo-skeletal complaints at the time of the recording,
      performed the work tasks while electromyographic (EMG) recordings were obtained
      from both upper trapezius muscles. Static muscle activity and periods of between
      0.2 and 2 s duration with low muscle activity, EMG gaps, were analysed.
      Complaints of muscular fatigue, soreness or pain in the neck and shoulders during
      the last 12 months were recorded. The level of static muscle activity was 1.6
      (range 0.4 to 2.5) per cent of maximal voluntary contraction and median number of
      EMG gaps was 4.8 (range 0.8 to 20) per minute. Workers with previous episodes of
      complaints (five subjects) had higher levels of static muscle activity and fewer
      EMG gaps than workers without such episodes (p less than 0.05, Wilcoxon 2-sample
      test, one-tailed). Considerable interindividual variability of muscle activity
      patterns was found in spite of stereotyped work. No causal relations may be
      inferred from the correlation between the level of trapezius activity and
      complaints, though it indicates that individual, inexpedient muscle activity
      patterns may constitute an important risk factor for development of musculo
      skeletal complaints.

PMID- 2295523
TI  - Toluene in alveolar air during controlled exposure to constant and to varying
      concentrations.
AB  - The concentration of toluene in the alveolar air was measured in 20 males and 17
      females exposed for 7 h either to a constant exposure to 100 ppm toluene or to a
      varying exposure with the same time-weighted average, but with peaks of 300 ppm
      every 30 min. Both exposure schedules included 50 to 100 W exercise in three 15
      min periods. Repetitive measurements of the toluene concentrations in the
      alveolar air were made in two 30-min periods, one at rest and one including work.
      At rest the alveolar concentration increased rapidly in response to an increase
      in the inspiratory air concentration, while exercise delayed this increase by
      about 2 min, probably due to an altered distribution of toluene in the body. The
      average alveolar concentration was 16.5 +/- 6.8 ppm (mean +/- SD) at rest and
      19.5 +/- 5.3 ppm in the period including exercise while there was no difference
      between constant and varying exposure. The alveolar toluene concentration tended
      to be higher in females than in males both at rest and during exercise. Subjects
      exercising with an intensity of 100 W had 25% higher values at rest than those
      exercising at 75 W. The excretion of the metabolites hippuric acid and
      orthocresol in the last 3 h of exposure was correlated to the alveolar toluene
      concentration at rest but not during work. Besides this, body height and weight
      influenced the excretion rates, still leaving a large unexplained interindividual
      variation.

PMID- 2295525
TI  - Occupational chronic exposure to metals. II. Nickel exposure of stainless steel
      welders--biological monitoring.
AB  - Stainless steel welders (n = 103) were examined. To estimate external exposure,
      personal air sampling was used. Internal exposure was quantified by the
      determination of nickel levels in erythrocytes, plasma and urine. Men and women
      (n = 123) were examined for control purposes. In the plasma and erythrocytes of
      the controls the nickel concentration was below the level of detection (less than
      1.8 micrograms/l). The element concentrations in urine were between less than 0.1
      and 13.3 micrograms/l. Of the controls 95% showed nickel levels in urine below
      2.2 micrograms/l (reference value). The average concentration of nickel in the
      air was 93 +/- 81 micrograms/m3. The average concentration of nickel in the
      plasma samples was 4.9 +/- 4.0 micrograms/l (95th percentile 12.8 micrograms/l).
      In erythrocytes nickel could not be detected. The nickel concentrations in the
      urine of the welders were 18.5 +/- 28.5 micrograms/l on average (95th percentile
      52.5 micrograms/l). Only a weak correlation between the nickel levels of plasma
      and urine could be detected (Curine = 2.07 + 8.45 Cplasma; r = 0.294; p less than
      0.01). Based on our results and on the reported literature a future limit value
      for the nickel concentration in urine should lay between 30 and 50 micrograms/l.
      This value corresponds to an external exposure of 500 micrograms nickel per cubic
      metre.

PMID- 2295524
TI  - Human response to varying concentrations of toluene.
AB  - Thirty two males and 39 females aged 31-50 were exposed for 7 h to one of the
      three following conditions: (1) Clean air, (2) constant exposure to 100 ppm
      toluene, or (3) a varying exposure with the same time-weighted average, but with
      peaks of 300 ppm every 30 min. During exposure the subjects exercised in three 15
      min periods with a load of 50 to 100 W. Exposure to toluene caused significant (P
      less than 0.05) complaints about poor air quality, altered temperature and noise
      perception, increased irritation in the nose and the lower airways, feeling of
      intoxication, and there were tendencies (P less than 0.1) towards irritation in
      the throat, headache and dizziness. In the four performance tests there was a
      tendency towards a lower score in a vigilance test while no effect of toluene
      exposure was seen in a peg board test, a five choice serial reaction test, or a
      colour test, indicating only minimal if any effect on the psychomotor or visual
      performance. There was no difference in the acute effects caused by the exposure
      containing peak concentrations and by the constant exposure.

PMID- 2295526
TI  - Human inhalation pharmacokinetics of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
      (FC113).
AB  - Seven male volunteers were exposed to atmospheric concentrations of either 1980,
      4100 or 7630 mg m-3 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (FC113) for 4 h. Blood
      and expired air samples were collected during the exposure period and for several
      days subsequently and analysed for FC113. Blood and breath concentrations of
      FC113 were related to the administered dose with some variation between
      individuals. The low blood/breath ratios measured are consistent with the low
      solubility of FC113 in blood. The absorption and elimination of FC113 can be
      described by a three-compartment model and the average half-lives of elimination
      of FC113 in breath were 0.22, 2.3 and 29 h. A pulmonary retention during the
      exposure period of 14% was measured but only 2.6 to 4.3% of the dose was
      recovered unchanged in breath after the exposure period, suggesting that FC113
      could be metabolised following inhalation exposure. It is concluded that a
      practical method for biological monitoring during occupational exposure would be
      to measure end-tidal breath concentrations of FC113 in samples taken the morning
      after exposure. The predictive value of such a measurement can be improved if the
      results are normalised to the body fat content of individual workers which can be
      estimated from height and weight measurements.

PMID- 2295527
TI  - Biological monitoring of isocyanates and related amines. I. Determination of 1,6
      hexamethylene diamine (HDA) in hydrolysed human urine after oral administration
      of HDA.
AB  - 1,6-Hexamethylene diamine (HDA), used as raw material in industrial manufacturing
      operations, was orally administered to six healthy volunteers. After acid
      hydrolysis of the urine by hydrochloric acid, HDA and the metabolite 6
      aminohexanoic acid were quantified. HDA was determined as an ethyl-chloroformate
      derivative by capillary gas chromatography using thermionic specific detection
      (TSD), and 6-aminohexanoic acid was quantified by ion chromatography using the
      ninhydrin reaction. In nonhydrolysed urine, monoacetylated HDA (N-acetyl-1,6
      hexamethylene diamine) and HDA, were verified as heptafluorobutyric anhydride
      derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), in a chemical
      ionization mode using isobutane and ammonia as reagent gases. In hydrolysed
      urine, a mean of 0.28 mg (range 1-6%) of the administered dose (8.2 mg) was
      recovered as HDA, and a mean of 0.8 mg (range less than 1-27%) as 6-aminohexanoic
      acid. The urinary excretion of both the determined compounds was rapid, and the
      principal part (greater than 90%) of the elimination was completed within 10 h.
      There was a considerable inter-individual variation in the excreted amounts, but
      the intra-individual variation in the excretion of HDA was limited. The subjects
      N-acetylator phenotype was determined by a dapsone test. Three slow acetylators
      excreted lower amounts (mean 2% of given dose) of HDA than three rapid ones (mean
      5%).

PMID- 2295529
TI  - Effects of ethanol ingestion and urinary acidity on the metabolism of
      triethylamine in man.
AB  - In four volunteers exposed to triethylamine (TEA) by inhalation (20 mg/m3, 8 h),
      the nonrenal clearance of TEA into triethylamine-N-oxide (TEAO) was inhibited by
      15 to 30% by intake of ethanol (blood serum level in average 25 mmol/l). Ethanol
      intake caused a decrease of plasma levels of TEA and TEAO, and of the fractional
      formation of TEAO. This may partly be due to a second effect of ethanol; it
      caused a slight decrease of urinary pH, which led to an increase of the urinary
      TEA excretion rate, with a possible withdrawal of TEA from oxygenation. Indeed,
      this effect was efficiently counteracted by intake of sodium bicarbonate, which
      caused a decrease of renal clearance of TEA, and increases of plasma levels of
      TEA and TEAO, and of the fractional formation of TEAO. A change of urinary pH by
      about two units caused a change of renal clearance of TEA by a factor of three
      and of the oxygenation by two. The renal clearance of TEAO was not affected by
      urinary pH.

PMID- 2295528
TI  - Elemental analysis of hair among hydrofluoric acid exposed workers.
AB  - The concentrations of fluorine (F), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al),
      potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn)
      and iodine (I) in the hair of 142 hydrofluoric acid (HF) exposed workers and 273
      control subjects were analyzed by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence
      spectrometry. Postshift urine and serum specimens were also collected for the
      determination of fluoride. To determine whether external contamination influences
      hair analysis, the control hair samples were kept in the work environment for one
      week. With the exception of lower K and Fe values, the levels of F and other
      elements in the hair of HF workers were higher than in the control subjects. The
      concentrations of F in hair and in postshift urine were in good correlation (r =
      0.65). In the hair of HF workers F and Ca, F and Mg, F and P, F and Al were well
      correlated with each other (r greater than 0.6). F concentration in the hair
      increased after the sample was retained, however, it decreased to the reference
      value after washing. The levels of Ca, Mg and other elements did not change
      during the experiment.

PMID- 2295530
TI  - Brief simultaneous couple hypnotherapy with a rape victim and her spouse: a brief
      communication.
AB  - This paper presents a case involving a rape victim and her emotionally affected
      spouse. Although the assault occurred before the couple met, the husband was too
      upset to concentrate when the victim wanted to share her rape-related feelings,
      nor could he provide the much needed empathy and support. This, apparently, was
      due to his difficulties in handling his own rage. Simultaneous couple
      hypnotherapy was used to allow the victim to share her experience under
      conditions safe for both her and her spouse. As he imagined in trance the rape
      account described by his age-regressed wife, he learned to identify his emotions
      and experience them in a controlled manner. During subsequent sessions, the
      husband was encouraged to include himself in his wife's abreaction and reshape
      the traumatic scene for both of them. The husband's rescuing behavior and the
      expressions of violent anger towards the perpetrator had several positive
      consequences. Not only did they change the abandonment component of the victim's
      traumatic memory, but they also helped the husband deal in better ways with his
      own feelings of anger. It also provided the couple with a helpful coping
      mechanism they later effectively applied under different circumstances.

PMID- 2295531
TI  - Random number generation, absorption, and hypnotizability: a brief communication.
AB  - Graham and Evans (1977) found that a measure of random number generation (RNG)
      was related to hypnotizability. In 2 studies, the relationship between
      hypnotizability and Graham and Evans' RNG (1977) index was examined. In Study 1
      Evans' (1981) measures of controlled and automatic absorption were also
      evaluated. In Study 1 no relationship was found between the measures of
      absorption or RNG and hypnotizability. Since Study 1 was carried out primarily to
      evaluate methods for modifying hypnotizability, Study 2 was designed to evaluate
      RNG measure directly. Study 2 found no consistent relationship between RNG and
      hypnotizability, or between RNG and measures of the experience of hypnotic depth
      and nonvolition.

PMID- 2295532
TI  - The role of imagery in self-hypnosis: its relationship to personality
      characteristics and gender.
AB  - 30 volunteer Ss practiced self-hypnosis for approximately 4 weeks and wrote a
      record of their experiences in a diary following each session. Imagery produced
      during self-hypnosis was coded in 2 ways: the imagery was either reality oriented
      or it was fantastic and had primary process qualities. Levels of imagery
      production remained virtually the same over a 4-week period. Self-hypnotic
      imagery was significantly greater for the female Ss than for the male Ss,
      particularly primary process imagery. Verbal expressivity (measured as the
      average number of words per page of each S diary) was calculated to control for
      the effects of verbal production on Ss' imagery scores. When imagery scores were
      standardized based on verbal expressivity, female Ss still produced significantly
      more primary process imagery than male Ss. Personality characteristics (assessed
      by standardized personality inventories) were examined in relation to self
      hypnotic imagery. "Impulse Expression" was positively related to primary process
      imagery for the female Ss. "Outgoingness" was positively related to primary
      process imagery for the entire sample, but especially for the female Ss.

PMID- 2295533
TI  - The role of imagery in hypnosis: an information processing approach.
AB  - Imagery is widely agreed to be an important component of hypnosis. The
      theoretical framework from which to conceptualize the role of imagery in
      hypnosis, however, has remained controversial. A model is presented which
      attempts to reconceptualize hypnotic imaginal processing in terms of current
      theory and research in cognitive psychology and psychophysiology. This model
      draws from a propositional approach to imagery (e.g., Pylyshyn, 1973),
      particularly as adapted by Lang's (1979) bioinformational theory. It is argued
      that the hypnotic image is fundamentally more complex than simple iconic mental
      representation, containing instead both stimulus and response components. It is
      proposed that the critical properties of the hypnotic image are not the stimulus
      components or propositions which give rise to the experience of the image but
      instead are response propositions which are associated with overt behavior.
      Processing of these response propositions is conceptualized as a negative
      feedback system between the brain and effector site. Some preliminary sources of
      support as well as implications and research suggested by this model are
      discussed.

PMID- 2295534
TI  - A reversal of hypnotically "refreshed" testimony: a brief communication.
AB  - A case is briefly presented in which questioning under hypnosis led to a positive
      identification of an accused rapist when the victim had previously been
      uncertain. During the trial, the victim was first certain, then reverted to her
      prehypnotic uncertainty. An appeal from the conviction of the defendant was
      denied on the grounds that the witness' uncertainty meant that the hypnotic
      intervention was harmless error. It is possible that this decision may not be
      entirely justified.

PMID- 2295535
TI  - Hypnotizability and the modification of cognitive search strategies.
AB  - An experiment was conducted to determine if Ss judged to be low in
      hypnotizability could be taught the efficient search strategies used by high
      hypnotizable Ss in the performance of a cognitive search task. Ss were requested
      to find objects embedded within a variety of pictorial scenes. High hypnotizable
      Ss were found to be more adept than low hypnotizables at finding more objects
      correctly. When low hypnotizable Ss were taught the efficient search strategies
      used by the high hypnotizables, their performance improved and was not
      significantly different from that of the high hypnotizable Ss. Implications of
      these results for teaching search strategies are discussed.

PMID- 2295536
TI  - Hypnosis and lateralized brain functions.
AB  - Bilateral EEG measures were obtained on 16 high hypnotizable Ss (scores of
      greater than 8 on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A,
      Shor & E. Orne, 1962), while performing hemisphere-specific tasks during hypnosis
      and a no-hypnosis control condition. Conditions and tasks were presented in
      counterbalanced order, and Ss served as their own controls. The data call into
      question the right hemisphere activation interpretation of lateralized brain
      function during hypnosis; rather, the data suggest a lack of task appropriate
      activity during hypnosis. The failure to attend to baseline activity measurements
      and the use of ratios to evaluate interhemispheric lateralization may contribute
      to potential misinterpretations of data. It is critical that activity changes of
      the separate hemispheres be taken into account in the interpretative process.

PMID- 2295537
TI  - Concerned about euthanasia of healthy, homeless animals.

PMID- 2295538
TI  - Pitfalls of test interpretations.

PMID- 2295539
TI  - Fenvalerate/N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet) toxicosis in two cats.
AB  - Toxicosis attributable to fenvalerate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet) exposure
      was suspected in 2 cats. Clinical signs of toxicosis developed within 4 to 6
      hours of dermal application of the pesticide. Clinical signs of toxicosis seen in
      both cats included hypersalivation, ataxia, and depression. In addition, seizures
      were seen in 1 cat. Both cats died. Analysis of skin, kidney/urine, liver, and
      brain tissues confirmed the presence of fenvalerate and Deet. The pyrethroid
      fenvalerate and the insect repellent Deet are used for the control of fleas and
      ticks on cats. Suspected fenvalerate/Deet toxicosis in cats is associated with
      tremors, hypersalivation, ataxia, vomiting, depression, and seizures.

PMID- 2295540
TI  - Hypercalcemia in two cats with squamous cell carcinomas.
AB  - Hypercalcemia was identified in 2 cats with squamous cell carcinomas. One cat was
      referred because of multiple cutaneous tumors; the second cat had metastatic
      disease from an oral squamous cell carcinoma. In both cats, serum immunoreactive
      midmolecule parathyroid hormone concentration was within the range determined for
      clinically normal cats. The high serum calcium concentration in these cats may
      have resulted from the neoplastic disease, as evidenced by the reduction in serum
      calcium concentration after decrease in tumor size in response to treatment, and
      by failure to identify other known causes of hypercalcemia.

PMID- 2295541
TI  - Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a horse with osteomyelitis.
AB  - Coccidioidal osteomyelitis was diagnosed in a horse after a 6-month period of
      coughing, weight loss, and lameness. The horse was euthanatized and the diagnosis
      was confirmed by gross and microscopic findings.

PMID- 2295543
TI  - Calcinosis circumscripta of the metacarpal pad in a dog.
AB  - Calcinosis circumscripta was found in the metacarpal pad of an otherwise healthy
      young German Shepherd Dog. The lesion caused progressive lameness. Incomplete
      surgical excision alleviated pain, while preserving a functional metacarpal pad.
      There were no clinical or laboratory data to indicate impaired renal function in
      this dog. Five months after surgery, the lameness had not returned. Footpad
      calcinosis circumscripta has been previously described in older dogs with renal
      insufficiency.

PMID- 2295542
TI  - Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in a dog.
AB  - Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed in a 1-year-old Rhodesian Ridgeback.
      Clinical signs of disease included weight loss, anorexia, lethargy,
      lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. Doxorubicin was administered IV
      on day 4 at a dosage of 30 mg/m2 of body surface, followed 2 days later by oral
      administration of cyclophosphamide at a dosage of 100 mg/m2. The cyclophosphamide
      was given for 4 consecutive days (days 8, 9, 10, and 11), but the WBC count did
      not respond. The dog was administered 500 ml of blood; but on day 12, it died.
      Necropsy was not performed, but the presumptive cause of death was related to
      leukostasis.

PMID- 2295545
TI  - Message to Tufts students.

PMID- 2295544
TI  - Pulmonic stenosis caused by single coronary artery in dogs: four cases (1965
      1984).
AB  - Single right coronary artery (CA) associated with pulmonic stenosis was found in
      3 English Bulldogs and a Boxer, suggesting a genetic predisposition for the
      associated anomalies. The left main coronary branch arose from the single right
      CA, encircled the pulmonic root over hypoplastic pulmonic valves at the level of
      the obstruction, and appeared to be the primary cause of underlying pulmonic
      stenosis. Patch-graft surgery to relieve pulmonic stenosis caused death in 1 dog
      when the unrecognized anomalous CA was served during the procedure. The anomalous
      left CA was detectable by use of angiocardiography in all 4 dogs and was
      recognized before surgery in 2 of them. In 1 dog, a right ventricle-to-pulmonary
      trunk-bridging conduit was implanted to improve outflow from the right side of
      the heart.

PMID- 2295546
TI  - Ileocecal intussusception in horses: 26 cases (1981-1988).
AB  - The case records of 26 horses with ileocecal intussusception over a 7-year period
      were reviewed to determine clinical features of the disease and response to
      treatment. The median age of horses with ileocecal intussusception was 1 year and
      ranged from 2 weeks to 19 years. There was no apparent gender or breed
      predisposition to this disease. An acute form of ileocecal intussusception was
      diagnosed in 19 horses with signs of moderate to severe abdominal pain of less
      than or equal to 24 hours' duration, and a chronic form was diagnosed in 7 horses
      with signs of intermittent, mild to moderate abdominal pain of more than 3 days'
      duration. Horses with chronic ileocecal intussusception had a history of weight
      loss or failure to gain weight, slow growth, poor appetite, low-grade pyrexia,
      and postprandial signs of abdominal pain. At surgery, the involved segments of
      intestine (intussusceptum and intussuscipiens) in chronic cases were 2 to 10 cm
      long, and the ileum and much of the distal portion of the jejunum were flaccid,
      dilated, and thick walled. In the acute cases, the length of involved intestine
      ranged from 6 to 457 cm. Whereas only 1 of 7 chronic intussusceptions (14%) could
      be reduced, 9 of 19 (47%) acute intussusceptions were reducible. Surgical
      treatment included resection and jejunocecostomy (6 horses), partial resection
      through a cecotomy and a side-to-side jejunocecostomy (2 horses), and a side-to
      side ileocecostomy or jejunocecostomy without resection (12 horses, 7 of which
      had chronic intussusception). Six horses with acute intussusception were
      euthanatized before or during surgery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295547
TI  - Hepatitis B-like infection in a Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus
      obliquidens).
AB  - A Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) developed clinical
      signs, serum biochemical values, and serologic viral markers consistent with
      chronic persistent hepatitis caused by a hepatitis B-like virus. The hepatitis
      had a sporadic cyclical pattern of lethargy, inappetance, and icterus, with
      leukocytosis and increased serum activities of alanine transaminase, aspartate
      transaminase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. The serum from this dolphin
      contained hepatitis B virus core antibodies, hepatitis B surface antibodies, and
      hepatitis B viral DNA. Supportive treatment consisted of administration of
      antibiotics, cimetidine, menadiol sodium diphosphate, and vitamin/dextrose
      supplementation. A clinically normal killer whale (Orcinus orca) housed in the
      same pool had serum hepatitis B surface antibodies, suggesting immunologic
      responsiveness and that this disease was not species-specific.

PMID- 2295548
TI  - Acute monensin toxicosis in Stone sheep (Ovis dalli stonei), blesbok (Damaliscus
      dorcus phillipsi), and a Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).
AB  - Accidental monensin toxicosis developed in 5 Stone sheep (Ovis dalli stonei), 5
      blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi), and a Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)
      at the St Louis Zoological Park. Eight animals died acutely and 1 was
      euthanatized because of chronic hind limb paresis. All affected animals had
      clinicopathologic evidence of severe muscle necrosis, serum electrolyte
      disturbances, and hemoconcentration.

PMID- 2295550
TI  - Potential from biotechnology immeasurable.

PMID- 2295551
TI  - Foodborne illnesses cost $4.8 billion in 1987.

PMID- 2295549
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Bilateral femoral fractures and avulsion of the urinary
      bladder.

PMID- 2295552
TI  - Will use of beef hormones be "forced" to a halt?

PMID- 2295553
TI  - The mediation of malpractice claims.

PMID- 2295554
TI  - ECG of the month. Atrial fibrillation in a cow with meningitis.

PMID- 2295555
TI  - New concepts of coxofemoral joint stability and the development of a clinical
      stress-radiographic method for quantitating hip joint laxity in the dog.
AB  - From mechanical principles and postmortem observations of coxofemoral joints of
      dogs, a hydrostatic mechanism influencing hip joint stability was discovered.
      This discovery led to the development of a stress-radiographic positioning method
      to quantitate hip joint laxity in dogs. The method incorporated 2 views with the
      dog in supine position and hips at neutral flexion/extension angle: a compression
      view, with the femoral heads fully seated in the acetabula; and a distraction
      view, with the femoral heads at maximal lateral displacement. An index
      measurement method was formulated to quantitate the relative degree of joint
      laxity appearing in either the compression or distraction view. Clinical
      evaluation of 6 dogs was done to compare the compression/distraction method with
      the standard hip-extended radiographic method. Also, the stress-radiographic
      method was performed on 16-week-old Borzoi and German Shepherd Dogs to compare
      the characteristics of inherent hip joint laxity in these breeds. In all dogs
      tested, hip joint laxity was masked by the standard hip-extended view as
      indicated by a 2.5-fold improvement in sensitivity to hip joint laxity of the new
      method (P less than 0.00001). Moreover, the mean hip joint laxity of 16-week-old
      German Shepherd Dogs exceeded the mean hip joint laxity of Borzois by 79% (P less
      than 0.00001). Reports in the literature document the incontrovertible
      association of hip joint laxity to the development of hip dysplasia in dogs. We
      believe the ability to accurately quantitate hip joint laxity will provide key
      diagnostic and prognostic criteria for the selection of pet dogs, and more
      importantly, breeding stock.

PMID- 2295556
TI  - Use of flexible intramedullary rods for fixation of femoral fractures in eight
      dogs.
AB  - High-density, polysulfone rods were used to repair 4 comminuted and 4 short
      oblique, mid-diaphyseal femoral fractures in 8 dogs. Bony union was achieved in 2
      dogs at 10 and 12 weeks after surgery. In one dog, the femoral fracture was
      healing when amputation of the limb became necessary because of sciatic nerve
      damage secondary to an ipsilateral pelvic fracture. In a fourth dog, fracture
      repair resulted in nonunion, despite normal clinical function at 18 months after
      surgery. In the remaining 4 dogs (50%), the rods failed at 3.5, 4, 6, and 22
      weeks after surgery. These fractures were then stabilized by use of other
      methods. Although several factors may have contributed to failure of the rods,
      multiple autoclaving of the thermoplastic implants may have caused embrittlement
      and subsequent breakage.

PMID- 2295557
TI  - Delayed growth in two German shepherd dog littermates with normal serum
      concentrations of growth hormone, thyroxine, and cortisol.
AB  - Four German Shepherd Dogs from a litter of 10 were evaluated because of postnatal
      onset of proportionate growth stunting that clinically resembled well-documented
      hypopituitary dwarfism in that breed. Although 2 pups had histologic evidence of
      hypopituitarism, the remaining 2 pups had normal serum growth hormone
      concentration and adrenocorticotropin secretory capability, and normal adrenal
      function test and thyroid function study results. Furthermore, the initially
      stunted German Shepherd Dogs grew at a steady rate until at 1 year, body weight
      and shoulder height approximated normal measurements. Seemingly, delayed growth
      in these pups may represent one end of a clinical spectrum associated with
      hypopituitarism in German Shepherd Dogs.

PMID- 2295558
TI  - Total ear canal ablation combining bulla osteotomy and curettage in dogs with
      chronic otitis externa and media.
AB  - Ear canal ablation combining bulla osteotomy and curettage was performed on 44
      dogs (n = 72 ears). Indications for the procedure included one or more of the
      following: chronic nonresponsive otitis externa and/or media (n = 71), tumor in
      the horizontal portion of the ear canal (n = 1), failed lateral ear resection (n
      = 11), ossified auricular cartilages secondary to chronic otitis externa (n =
      22), failed previous total ear canal ablation (n = 1), and otitis interna (n =
      1). In 40 dogs, the surgery was successful in alleviating all clinical signs of
      otitis externa and media. During the immediate postoperative period, 2 dogs died
      of causes unrelated to otitis. Complications related to the surgery developed in
      9 of the surviving 42 dogs. Ultimately, 95% (40 of the surviving 42) of the dogs
      were cured by use of this procedure. Surgery successfully resolved the original
      problems in 97% (66 of 68) of the surgically treated ears of these dogs.

PMID- 2295559
TI  - Risk factors for Haemobartonella felis infection in cats.
AB  - A seroepidemiologic survey for Haemobartonella felis infection in cats of Wake
      County, NC was undertaken. To help assess risk factors, cat owners completed a 10
      item questionnaire. Additionally, blood samples were obtained for determination
      of H felis presence, FeLV infection, and anemia. Prevalence rates for H felis
      presence were as follows: all cats, 4.9% (6/123); healthy cats, 3.6% (3/83); and
      ill cats, 7.5% (3/40). The estimated relative risk for haemobartonellosis was
      also increased in cats with any of the following: anemia, FeLV-positive status,
      lack of vaccinations, history of catbite abscesses and/or anemia, age less than
      or equal to 3 years, or outdoor-roaming status. The sex, breed, number of cats in
      the household, or presence of fleas were not significant factors, although ill
      male cats had a greater estimated relative risk for haemobartonellosis.

PMID- 2295560
TI  - Catchers in the rye.
AB  - There is a great need for more research in child and adolescent psychiatry, and
      this must be clinically, as well as laboratory, based. There are, however, much
      data already available on alcohol and handguns that, if used, could substantially
      decrease morbidity and mortality rates for adolescents.

PMID- 2295561
TI  - Problem behavior in international adoptees: II. Age at placement.
AB  - This study of 2,148 international adoptees aged 10 to 15 indicated that the older
      the child at placement the greater the probability that the child will develop
      behavioral/emotional problems and/or will perform less well in school. For 12- to
      15-year-olds, the authors found that the older the child at placement, the
      greater the risk for obtaining high scores on the following Child Behavior
      Checklist Syndromes: The delinquent and uncommunicative syndromes in boys, and
      the cruel, depressed, and schizoid syndromes in girls.

PMID- 2295562
TI  - Early childhood eating behaviors and adolescent eating disorders.
AB  - Maladaptive eating patterns were traced longitudinally in a large random sample
      of children. Pickiness and concern with weight were more common in girls than in
      boys, and the prevalence of pickiness declined with age. No age or sex
      differences in family contention around meals nor in bingeing were shown. All
      problem behaviors showed significant stability over the 10-year span studied,
      beginning at ages 1 to 10. Certain eating and digestive problems in early
      childhood were predictive of symptoms of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa in
      adolescence. Findings regarding prospective risks implicate pica and problem
      meals in early childhood for later bulimia nervosa; suggesting problems in self
      control of eating behavior as well as eating-related family struggles. Risks in
      early childhood for subsequent symptoms of anorexia nervosa include picky eating
      and digestive problems.

PMID- 2295563
TI  - Bulimia nervosa and associated alcohol abuse among secondary school students.
AB  - Four adolescent student populations (totalling 686 girls and 705 boys) completed
      confidential questionnaires (98.6% response rate) concerning bulimia nervosa and
      alcohol abuse. All of the DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa were met by 2.0%
      of the girls and 0.1% of the boys. On the basis of score greater than or equal to
      42 on the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale, 12.5% of all girls and 9.2% of
      all boys were alcohol abusers. Our results suggest a significant association
      between bulimic behavior and alcohol abuse in this female population. Other
      factors associated with bulimic behavior included high maternal vocational
      status, high socioeconomic class (girls only), high weight for age and height,
      and low personal ideal weight. Other factors associated with alcohol abuse
      included high maternal vocational status, low paternal vocational status and
      education, low socioeconomic class (boys only), low grade point average, high
      age, and high birth order.

PMID- 2295564
TI  - DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnosis of autism and pervasive developmental disorder in
      nursery school children.
AB  - DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses of 112 developmentally disordered preschool
      children were compared. There was no significant difference between the DSM-III
      and DSM-III-R diagnosis of the inclusive category of pervasive developmental
      disorder, but nearly twice as many cases (58) were diagnosed as autistic disorder
      by DSM-III-R criteria as were diagnosed as infantile autism (31) by DSM-III.
      Thirty children met both DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria for autism (IA/AD) and 23
      received a DSM-III diagnosis of atypical PDD (A-PDD) and a DSM-III-R diagnosis of
      AD (A-PDD/AD). All of the IA/AD children and none of the A-PDD/AD group displayed
      a marked lack of awareness of others. DSM-III-R criteria have specifically
      broadened the concept of autism to include children who, although socially
      impaired, are not pervasively unresponsive to others.

PMID- 2295565
TI  - Seizure disorders in autism.
AB  - Several reports have suggested that autistic individuals are at greater risk for
      developing seizure disorders, particularly in adolescence. In this study the
      frequency of seizures in a series of 192 autistic individuals was examined; 21%
      of cases had exhibited a seizure disorder. Seizure disorders were more common
      among individuals with lower IQ. Age specific incidence revealed a 3- to 22-fold
      increase in risk for seizure relative to the normal population. In contrast to
      previous studies, risk for developing seizures was highest during early childhood
      although it was also elevated during early adolescence.

PMID- 2295567
TI  - A two-year follow-up of autistic children treated with fenfluramine.
AB  - Six children with autism, who were treated with fenfluramine as part of a multi
      center double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design study, were continued on
      an open trial of this medication. Follow-up evaluation of these children after 27
      months indicated that numerous problems arose in the management of these
      children, most often resulting in discontinuation of the medication. Particularly
      noted were development of tolerance, appetite and weight problems, and
      requirements for other kinds of interventions including introduction of other
      psychotropic medications and change in custodial circumstances.

PMID- 2295566
TI  - Asperger's syndrome and autism: neurocognitive aspects.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to see: (1) whether children with Asperger's
      Syndrome (AS) have similar neurocognitive deficits compared to nonretarded, or
      high-functioning autistic (HFA) children; and (2) whether the essential cognitive
      deficit among these children is in language or abstract problem solving. Subjects
      with AS, HFA, and a control group of socially impaired child psychiatric
      outpatient controls (OPC) were compared on a battery of neuropsychological tests.
      The results indicated that the AS and HFA groups differed little but that large
      differences from the OPC were observed on all tests. When the AS and HFA with
      FSIQ above 85 were compared to the OPC, outstanding deficits on motor
      coordination, language comprehension, and facial recognition were observed.
      Finally, some evidence is presented to suggest that the pattern of deficits of AS
      and HFA subjects varied by developmental level. The implications of these results
      for a neurological theory of autism are discussed.

PMID- 2295568
TI  - Schizophrenia in a fourteen-year-old boy.

PMID- 2295569
TI  - Cure for overhospitalization?

PMID- 2295570
TI  - Tourettes and school refusal.

PMID- 2295571
TI  - Violence and conduct disorder.

PMID- 2295572
TI  - Combining fluoxetine with desipramine.

PMID- 2295573
TI  - Childhood rituals: normal development or obsessive-compulsive symptoms?
AB  - The symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) have been viewed as extreme
      variants of normal developmental rituals and superstitiousness; however,
      difference in timing, content, and severity argue against this continuum. In a
      systematic comparison of 38 children with severe primary OCD and 22 matched
      normal controls, parents were interviewed about their child's early developmental
      rituals and current superstitions. Children were asked about superstitious
      beliefs. Children with OCD did not differ significantly from controls in number
      or type of superstitions. However, parents of the OCD children reported
      significantly more "marked" patterns of early ritualistic behavior than did
      parents of normal controls. When behaviors resembling primary OCD symptoms were
      excluded, other rituals did not differ leaving open the possibility that such
      behaviors were early manifestations of the disorder. Only a prospective study can
      determine whether these results reflect preclinical OCD or are an artifact of
      biased recall.

PMID- 2295574
TI  - School phobia: patterns of family functioning.
AB  - Seventy-six families of children with school phobia were evaluated with the
      Family Assessment Measure. Mothers and fathers, as separate groups, rated
      clinically significant dysfunction in the parent-child relationship in the areas
      of role performance and values and norms. There were no significant differences
      between intact and single-parent families on ratings of family dysfunction. There
      was significantly less family dysfunction as rated by mothers and by children if
      the child had a diagnosis of pure anxiety disorder compared to families of school
      phobic children in other diagnostic categories.

PMID- 2295575
TI  - School refusal in anxiety-disordered children and adolescents.
AB  - The characteristics of anxiety-based school refusal were examined in 63 school
      refusing children and adolescents referred to an outpatient anxiety disorder
      clinic. Patients were assessed on sociodemographic, diagnostic, and personality
      variables, as well as familial history of school refusal. Results suggest that
      there are two primary diagnostic "subgroups" of school refusers--separation
      anxious and phobic. Phobic school refusers had a later age of onset and showed
      more pervasive (severe) school refusal than separation anxious school refusers.
      By contrast, separation anxious school refusers were more likely than phobic
      school refusers to have mothers who had a history of school refusal problems. The
      implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2295576
TI  - Panic disorder in children and adolescents.
AB  - Panic disorder is a common and well-known psychiatric disorder which commonly has
      its onset during adolescence. However, the disorder has only recently been
      described in children and adolescents. The clinical literature describing panic
      disorder in children and adolescents is reviewed, and six cases are presented.
      Future directions for research are suggested.

PMID- 2295577
TI  - Fluoxetine treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette's and obsessive
      compulsive disorders: preliminary clinical experience.
AB  - Fluoxetine hydrochloride is the first selective serotonin uptake inhibitor
      introduced commercially in the United States. This report describes preliminary
      clinical experience with fluoxetine in 10 children and adolescents, aged 8 to 15
      years, with primary obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or Tourette's syndrome
      (TS) plus OCD. In general, fluoxetine, which was administered from 4 to 20 weeks
      at a dosage of 10 or 40 mg per day, was well tolerated. Adverse effects included
      behavioral agitation/activation in four patients and mild gastrointestinal
      symptoms in two patients. No abnormalities were noted in the seven children who
      had follow-up EKGs. Five of the 10 patients (50%) were considered responders;
      their obsessive-compulsive symptoms decreased substantially during treatment with
      fluoxetine. Responder rates were similar in the primary OCD (two of four, 50%)
      and TS + OCD (three of six, 50%) groups. In conclusion, short-term fluoxetine
      administration appears to be safe in children and adolescents. Placebo-controlled
      trials are needed to further assess the efficacy of fluoxetine.

PMID- 2295578
TI  - Pathological preoccupation with video games.
AB  - Controversy continues concerning the harmfulness of video game use by children.
      The author encountered clearly pathological preoccupation with video games in a
      preadolescent. The child had stolen, forged checks, and skipped school to
      continue using video games. He and his mother were physically abused by his
      father. Placement of the child in a residential treatment center with martial and
      family therapy resulted in resolution of the patient's pathological use of video
      games.

PMID- 2295579
TI  - Children at risk: I. Risk factors and child symptomatology.
AB  - The authors compared 134 6- to 12-year-old children from a military psychiatric
      clinic with a control sample to determine the salience of various risk factors in
      predicting levels of child psychopathology. Parents provided demographic
      information and completed standardized questionnaires on themselves and their
      children, while children completed two self-report symptom inventories. Results
      indicated that all hypothesized risk factors mediated effects on child
      psychopathology, but the effects of various risk factors differed as a function
      of the rater and type of psychopathological construct being measured. Generally,
      parental psychopathology and life stress mediated the greatest effects on overall
      child symptoms levels. Furthermore, the clinical and community samples differed
      in the presence and extent of risk factors. Results indicate the need for caution
      in studies of child psychopathology using only clinical samples and may suggest
      the importance of therapies based on environmental manipulations for a
      substantial proportion of patients seeking child psychiatric assistance.

PMID- 2295580
TI  - Factors protecting children living in disharmonious homes: maternal reports.
AB  - This study investigated factors which were protective to children living in
      disharmonious homes. The sample was drawn from a representative sample of
      children aged 9 to 12 who took part in a previous general population study. Semi
      structured interviews with both parents were used to assess the quality of the
      parental marriage. Mothers provided information on children's emotional and
      behavioral problems and putative protective factors. Fifty-seven families were in
      the disharmonious marriage group and 62 were in the harmonious marriage group.
      Putative protective factors, hypothesized to be beneficial for children, were
      either an aspect of social support or related to children's activities. Data were
      analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance with parental marriage and the
      putative protective factor as main effects. A differentiation was made between
      protective factors which interacted with parental marriage and those that acted
      independently. Factors which interacted with the quality of parental marriage
      were children having a relationship with an adult outside the family, an activity
      for which they received much positive recognition, and good sibling
      relationships. The parent-child relationship was associated with children's
      disturbance in both harmonious and disharmonious homes.

PMID- 2295581
TI  - Psychiatric sequelae after traumatic injury: the Pittsburgh Regatta accident.
AB  - Accidental injury in a child is sudden, often violent, and emotionally stressful,
      particularly when it is accompanied by hospitalization and rehabilitation. The
      following case report examines the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder and
      other psychiatric illnesses in five children involved in a boating accident
      during the 1988 Pittsburgh Regatta and considered severity of injury as well as
      complicating psychosocial stressors in the development of the disorders. The
      presence of symptoms was not related to the nature or extent of the injury but
      was instead the by-product of additional factors, including level of family
      stress, coping styles of the patient and family, positive psychiatric history in
      the child and/or family, and experience in effectively dealing with stressful
      episodes in the past.

PMID- 2295582
TI  - The epidemiology of childhood psychiatric disorders: prevalence findings from
      recent studies.
AB  - While sharing a new emphasis upon identifying discrete psychiatric disorders in
      children and adolescents, epidemiological field studies conducted during the past
      decade have used diverse methods of case ascertainment and definition. Half used
      the multimethod-multistage approach to ascertain cases. Severity rating scales
      and measures of pervasiveness, parent-child concordance, and global functional
      impairment were employed to enhance the specificity of case definition. The
      majority of overall prevalence estimates of moderate to severe disorder range
      from 14 to 20%. Those investigations that use multiple methods to define caseness
      show greatest promise in identifying true cases in community samples.

PMID- 2295583
TI  - Epidemiological comparisons of Puerto Rican and U.S. mainland children: parent,
      teacher, and self-reports.
AB  - U.S. mainland and Puerto Rican nonreferred samples were compared via the Child
      Behavior Checklist (ages 4 to 16), Teacher's Report Form (ages 6 to 16), and
      Youth Self-Report (ages 12 to 16). Problem scores were significantly higher in
      parent and teacher ratings of Puerto Rican than mainland subjects, but were
      significantly lower in self-ratings by Puerto Rican adolescents. Adolescents in
      both cultures reported significantly more problems than their parents or teachers
      did. Most of the significant cross-cultural differences in parent, teacher, and
      self-ratings of competencies showed more favorable scores for the mainland
      subjects. High referral rates, a high prevalence of DSM diagnoses, and low scores
      on the Children's Global Assessment Scale are consistent with the high problem
      rates reported by Puerto Rican parents and teachers but not with the lower rates
      reported by adolescents. Different clinical cutoffs may be needed for all
      assessments in the mainland versus Puerto Rico.

PMID- 2295584
TI  - Problem behavior in international adoptees: I. An epidemiological study.
AB  - Behavioral/emotional problems and competencies in 2,148 international adoptees
      aged 10 to 15 years were compared with those in a same-aged sample of 933
      children from the general population using the Achenbach Child Behavior
      Checklist. Parents reported more externalizing problem behavior for adopted than
      nonadopted children. More than twice as many 12- to 15-year-old adopted boys were
      scored above the cutoff criterion for problem behavior than nonadopted boys of
      the same age. For adopted boys in this age range especially high scores were
      obtained on the Delinquent and Hyperactive syndromes. Adopted children were
      scored less competent than nonadopted children in their social and academic
      functioning, whereas adopted children were found to be more active in nonsports
      activities and to function somewhat better than nonadopted children in sports and
      nonsports activities. In contrast to the effect of parental occupational level on
      competent scores for normative American and Dutch samples, adopted children from
      lower SES showed better academic performance, were less often referred to special
      classes, and had less other school problems than adopted children from higher
      SES.

PMID- 2295585
TI  - Subjective feelings of anxiety in young men after ethanol and diazepam infusions.
AB  - Self-reported feelings of anxiety after separate administrations of ethanol (0.75
      mL/kg), low-dose diazepam (0.12 mg/kg), high-dose diazepam (0.20 mg/kg), and
      placebo were evaluated over four laboratory sessions in the same 90 male
      volunteers, who used the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Significant
      increases in the state anxiety scores were observed after administrations of
      diazepam and ethanol, while a significant decrease in the feelings of tension was
      reported after administration of placebo. Consistent with previous work from our
      laboratory, there were similarities in the intensity and time course of change
      observed for a number of measures following low-dose diazepam and ethanol
      infusions. The potential importance of these findings to the understanding of
      intoxication and abuse of benzodiazepines is discussed.

PMID- 2295586
TI  - Psychosocial reactions in the spouses of patients suffering polycystic
      lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy.
AB  - Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (PLO
      SL) is a rare hereditary disease affecting both brain and bones. Skeletal
      symptoms begin in early adulthood and neuropsychiatric symptoms at approximately
      age 30. Progressive dementia associated with an accentuated frontal lobe syndrome
      handicaps the patients. The author describes inadequate psychosocial reactions of
      the spouses of 21 Finnish PLO-SL patients. The reactions included rejection and
      divorce in 8 cases and rejection without divorce in 1 case. Jealousy, violence,
      and alcoholism were common in male spouses. The author suggests that some of the
      spouses' negative psychosocial reactions may be lessened if the family is
      informed early about the nature of the disorder.

PMID- 2295587
TI  - Fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction.
AB  - Of the first 60 patients treated at our clinic with the antidepressant
      fluoxetine, 5 (8.3%) developed treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction (anorgasmia
      and/or delayed orgasm). Three of those 5 patients had a history of treatment
      emergent sexual dysfunction while receiving other antidepressant agents.
      Clinicians should be aware of this side effect of fluoxetine.

PMID- 2295588
TI  - Homicide and near-homicide by anabolic steroid users.
AB  - The authors describe three men, all with benign premorbid psychiatric histories,
      no evidence of antisocial personality disorder, and no history of violence, who
      impulsively committed violent crimes--including murder--while taking anabolic
      steroids. Structured psychiatric interviews of each man suggested that steroids
      played a necessary, if not primary, role in the etiology of the violent behavior.
      Although the men conceivably might have exaggerated their reports of the effects
      of steroids in the hopes of improving their legal positions, information from
      external sources consistently corroborated their accounts in each case. These
      observations raise the possibility that steroid-induced violence may pose a
      little-recognized public health problem.

PMID- 2295589
TI  - Treatment of clomipramine-induced anorgasmia with yohimbine: a case report.
AB  - Clomipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant with significant serotonin activity)
      causes a high incidence of anorgasmia. The authors describe the successful
      treatment of clomipramine-induced anorgasmia with yohimbine (an enhancer of
      norepinephrine activity) in a patient with obsessive compulsive disorder and
      major depression. The significance of this finding for the clinical management of
      antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction and the impact of serotonergic
      noradrenergic interaction on male sexual functioning are discussed.

PMID- 2295590
TI  - Electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with severe tic and major depressive
      episode.
AB  - A patient with a disabling tic and a major depressive episode responded partially
      to phenelzine, but relapsed after medication was withdrawn because of
      hypertensive and hepatotoxic reactions. The patient's motor and affective
      symptoms resolved after electroconvulsive therapy, and he remains asymptomatic
      after 1 year.

PMID- 2295591
TI  - Antidepressant tachyphylaxis.

PMID- 2295592
TI  - Increased plasma nortriptyline concentration in a patient cotreated with
      fluoxetine.

PMID- 2295594
TI  - Lithium therapy and prophylaxis.

PMID- 2295593
TI  - Methadone and edema.

PMID- 2295595
TI  - Koro or hysteria?

PMID- 2295596
TI  - A mutation in the small (alpha) subunit of glycyl-tRNA synthetase affects amino
      acid activation and subunit association parameters.
AB  - A strategy was designed to isolate mutants of glycyl-tRNA synthetase that are
      altered at the amino acid binding site, including a class with altered amino acid
      specificity. For this purpose, the plasmid pBR322 was mutated so that the codon
      (AGC) of the active site Ser-68 in the beta-lactamase gene was changed to the
      glycine codon GGC to inactivate the encoded enzyme. Suppressors that increase the
      amount of beta-lactamase activity of the Gly-68 allele of beta-lactamase were
      isolated and some mapped to the gene encoding glycyl-tRNA synthetase (glyS).
      While in vitro misaminoacylation of tRNA(Gly) with serine was not detected for
      any of the mutants, glycyl-tRNA synthetase activity was altered. One severely
      affected glyS mutant (N302) was studied in more detail. For this mutant, a single
      Pro-61----Leu substitution in the alpha chain confers an elevation of the Km
      values for glycine (25-fold) and for ATP (45-fold) in the aminoacylation
      reaction, but only a minor perturbation of the Km for tRNA. There also was a
      severely reduced adenylate synthesis activity (greater than 100-fold). In
      addition, a nonlinear dependence between aminoacylation activity and enzyme
      concentration was observed which implies that the alpha chain Pro-61----Leu
      mutation has disrupted the functionally essential subunit interactions of the
      holoenzyme. The results of the preceding paper have shown that the alpha chain
      and parts of the beta chain are required for aminoacylation and adenylate
      synthesis activity. The results of this study suggest that the alpha chain
      specifically contributes to amino acid and to ATP binding in a way that is
      affected by proper subunit interactions.

PMID- 2295597
TI  - Primary amino acid sequence of bovine dopamine beta-hydroxylase.
AB  - Fifty-eight tryptic and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease generated peptides from
      bovine dopamine beta-hydroxylase were isolated by reverse-phase high pressure
      liquid chromatography and sequenced. These peptide sequences were compared with
      the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine and human dopamine beta-hydroxylase
      obtained from the cloned cDNAs. Bovine peptide sequences had five differences
      with the sequence derived from the bovine cDNA, and four of the changes could be
      accounted for by a single base change in the DNA. N-terminal sequence analysis of
      the bovine enzyme indicated that it contained two N termini, one of which is 3
      amino acids longer than the other and begins with the sequence Ser-Ala-Pro. The
      amino acid sequences deduced from the bovine and human cDNAs are 19 and 25 amino
      acids longer, respectively, and these additional amino acids represent leader
      peptide sequences. Two bovine peptide sequences contained glycosylation sites and
      gave positive tests for carbohydrate residues, and two others contained the
      consensus sequence for a glycosylation site but were negative in the carbohydrate
      test. The bovine enzyme contains 6 Trp, as compared with 7 in the bovine cDNA and
      8 in the human cDNA. The protein and bovine cDNA contain 24 Tyr each, as compared
      with 26 in the human cDNA. These numbers indicate that the true epsilon 1% 280 =
      8.95, and, therefore, that it is 28% lower than the previously determined value.
      The data also identify 5 His-containing regions that may be involved in Cu2+
      coordination at the active site.

PMID- 2295598
TI  - Active site labeling of dopamine beta-hydroxylase by two mechanism-based
      inhibitors: 6-hydroxybenzofuran and phenylhydrazine.
AB  - 6-Hydroxybenzofuran and phenylhydrazine are mechanism-based inhibitors of
      dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H; EC 1.14.17.1). We report here the isolation
      and characterization of radiolabeled peptides obtained after inactivation of D
      beta H with [3H]6-hydroxybenzofuran and [14C]phenylhydrazine followed by
      digestion with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. Inactivation of D beta H with
      [3H]6-hydroxybenzofuran gave only one labeled peptide, whereas inactivation with
      [14C]phenylhydrazine gave several labeled peptides. Each inhibitor labeled a
      unique tyrosine in the enzyme corresponding to Tyr477 in the primary sequence of
      the bovine enzyme (Robertson, J. G., Desai, P. R., Kumar, A., Farrington, G. K.,
      Fitzpatrick, P. F., and Villafranca, J. J. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 1029-1035).
      In addition, [14C]phenylhydrazine also labeled a unique histidine (His249) as
      well as several other peptides. Examination of the complete peptide profile
      obtained by high pressure liquid chromatography analysis also revealed the
      presence of a modified but nonradioactive peptide. This peptide was isolated and
      sequenced and was identical whether the enzyme was inactivated by 6
      hydroxybenzofuran or phenylhydrazine. An arginine at position 503 was missing
      from the sequence cycle performed by Edman degradation of the modified peptide,
      but arginine was present in the identical peptide isolated from native dopamine
      beta-hydroxylase. These data are analyzed based on an inactivation mechanism
      involving formation of enzyme bound radicals (Fitzpatrick, P. F., and
      Villafranca, J. J. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 4510-4518) interacting with active
      site amino acids that may have a role in substrate binding and binding of the
      copper ions at the active site.

PMID- 2295599
TI  - Glucose catabolism in brain. Intracellular localization of hexokinase.
AB  - A major energy source in brain is glucose, which is committed to metabolism by
      hexokinase (Type I isozyme), an enzyme usually considered to be bound to the
      outer mitochondrial membrane. In this study, the subcellular location of
      hexokinase in brain has been rigorously investigated. Mitochondrial fractions
      containing hexokinase (greater than 500 milliunits/mg protein) were prepared by
      two different procedures, and then subjected to density gradient centrifugation
      before and after loading with barium phosphate, a technique designed to increase
      the density of the mitochondria. The gradient distribution patterns of both
      unloaded and loaded preparations show that brain hexokinase does not distribute
      exclusively with mitochondrial marker enzymes. This is particularly evident in
      the loaded preparations where there is a clear distinction between the peak
      activities of hexokinase and mitochondrial markers. The same observation was made
      when the mitochondrial fraction of either untreated or barium phosphate-loaded
      mitochondria was subjected to titration with digitonin. In fact, at
      concentrations of digitonin, which almost completely solubilize marker enzymes
      for both the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, a significant fraction of
      the total hexokinase remains particulate bound. Electron microscopy confirmed
      that particulate material is still present under these conditions. Significantly,
      hexokinase is released from particulate material only at high concentrations of
      digitonin which solubilize the associated microsomal marker NADPH-cytochrome c
      reductase. Glucose 6-phosphate, which is known to release hexokinase from the
      brain "mitochondrial fraction" also releases hexokinase from this unidentified
      particulate component. These results on brain, a normal glucose utilizing tissue,
      differ from those obtained previously on highly glycolytic tumor cells where
      identical subfractionation procedures revealed a strictly outer mitochondrial
      membrane location for particulate hexokinase (Parry, D. M., and Pedersen, P. L.
      (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 10904-10912). It is concluded that in brain,
      hexokinase has a greater propensity to localize at nonmitochondrial receptor
      sites than to those known to be associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane.

PMID- 2295600
TI  - Tissue-specific developmental expression of the kallikrein gene family in the
      rat.
AB  - Using a series of gene-specific oligonucleotide probes, we have explored the
      developmental pattern of expression of six members of the rat kallikrein gene
      family (PS, S1, S2, S3, K1, and P1) in the submandibular gland (SMG) and kidney
      of both sexes, the prostate and testis of the male, and the anterior pituitary
      gland (AP) of the female rat. PS (true kallikrein) mRNA was detected in early
      neonatal life in the SMG and kidney of both sexes. K1, a second kallikrein gene
      family member expressed in the adult kidney, had a developmental pattern similar
      to PS in the kidney. In contrast, tonin (S2), S3, K1, and P1, all of which are
      expressed in the adult SMG, did not reach detectable SMG mRNA levels until
      puberty in either the male or female rat. Both S3 and P1, which are expressed in
      the adult prostate, and the novel P1-like mRNA previously detected in the adult
      rat testis, first appeared in early puberty. In the female AP, PS mRNA levels
      were not detected until early puberty and thus exhibited a developmental profile
      different from that of prolactin. The demonstration that S1, S2, S3, P1, and K1
      are not expressed in the SMG or prostate until puberty is consistent with the
      expression of these genes in these tissues being androgen-regulated; the first
      appearance of PS mRNA in the female AP in early puberty similarly reflects the
      estrogen dependence of PS gene expression in this tissue. The presence of PS mRNA
      levels in the SMG and kidney prior to sexual maturation reflects the androgen
      independence of PS gene expression and suggests that PS (true kallikrein) may
      play a constitutive and/or developmental role in SMG or renal physiology.

PMID- 2295601
TI  - Identification of a novel transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta 5) mRNA in
      Xenopus laevis.
AB  - A novel transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) mRNA of about 3.0 kilobases,
      which encodes a putative protein of 382 amino acids, has been identified in
      amphibians by cDNA cloning. This mRNA, which we designate as TGF-beta 5, is
      developmentally regulated and highly expressed beginning at early neurula (stage
      14) and in many adult tissues in Xenopus laevis. Following the first methionine,
      the putative precursor protein has a hydrophobic region, approximately 22 amino
      acids long, which probably represents a signal sequence, similar to that found in
      TGF-beta s 1-3. The precursor also has potential sites for glycosylation,
      integrin binding (RGD), and a tetrabasic amino acid (RKKR) site for potential
      cleavage of the precursor peptide to a biologically active protein. The putative
      mature protein consists of 112 amino acids with 9 cysteines and has 76, 66, 69,
      and 72% identity to TGF-beta s 1-4, respectively.

PMID- 2295602
TI  - ERp72, an abundant luminal endoplasmic reticulum protein, contains three copies
      of the active site sequences of protein disulfide isomerase.
AB  - We have cloned, sequenced, and expressed full length cDNA clones encoding two
      abundant, luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins (ERp), ERp59/PDI and ERp72.
      ERp59/PDI has been identified as the microsomal enzyme protein disulfide
      isomerase (PDI). An analysis of the amino acid sequence of ERp72 showed that it
      shared sequence identity with ERp59/PDI at three discrete regions, having three
      copies of the sequences that are thought to be the CGHC-containing active sites
      of ERp59/PDI. Thus, ERp72 appears to be a newly described member of the family of
      CGHC-containing proteins. ERp59/PDI has the sequence KDEL at its COOH terminus
      while ERp72 has the related sequence KEEL. Removal of the KDEL of ERp59/PDI or
      the KEEL of ERp72 by in vitro mutagenesis techniques and subsequent analysis of
      the mutants in transient expression assays, showed that both sequences are
      endoplasmic reticulum retention signals for their respective proteins. The most
      dramatic difference in secretion between the wild type and the mutant forms of
      the protein was seen in the case of ERp72.

PMID- 2295603
TI  - Identification of a novel human glycophorin, glycophorin E, by isolation of
      genomic clones and complementary DNA clones utilizing polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - In our previous report, we described the structural organizations of glycophorin
      A and B genes (Kudo, S., and Fukuda, M. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86,
      4619-4623). During the course of isolation of these genomic clones, we also
      obtained genomic clones encoding a novel glycophorin. This novel glycophorin,
      termed glycophorin E (GPE), has a similar genomic structure to that of the GPB
      gene, and its nucleotide sequence is almost identical to that of the GPB gene.
      These sequences include a region downstream of an Alu repeat sequence, which has
      been suggested to be a site for homologous recombination in the GPB gene during
      or after gene duplication. However, the predicted GPE amino acid sequence
      specifies blood group M, in contrast to GPB which carries blood group N.
      Polymerase chain reaction was employed to analyze the transcript of this gene,
      and its cDNA sequence revealed that the novel glycophorin gene encodes 78 amino
      acids, including a 19-residue leader peptide. Comparison of genomic and
      complementary DNAs demonstrates that this gene consists of four exons, and point
      mutations at sites corresponding to the 5'-splicing sites of intron 3 and intron
      4 of the GPA gene lead to the joining of the exon 2 to potential exon 5.
      Interestingly, an insertion of 24 nucleotides coding for eight amino acid
      residues in-frame was found in exon 5. The predicted amino acid sequence within
      this exon indicates that it has a hydrophobic character, suggesting the possible
      expression of GPE as a membrane protein. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that
      this novel glycophorin gene is expressed in an erythroid-specific manner and
      coordinately down-regulated together with GPA and GPB genes by a tumor-promoting
      phorbol ester. During evolution, this gene might have derived from an ancestral
      gene common to the GPB gene by gene duplication and subsequent nucleotide
      substitutions, and constitutes a member of a gene family with GPA and GPB genes.

PMID- 2295604
TI  - Unfolding/refolding studies of smooth muscle tropomyosin. Evidence for a chain
      exchange mechanism in the preferential assembly of the native heterodimer.
AB  - The thermal and the urea-induced unfolding profiles of the coiled-coil alpha
      helix of native and refolded tropomyosin from chicken gizzard were studied by
      circular dichroism. Refolding of tropomyosin at low temperature from alpha + beta
      subunits, dissociated by guanidinium chloride, urea, or high temperature,
      predominantly produced alpha alpha + beta beta homodimers in agreement with
      earlier studies of refolding from guanidinium chloride (Graceffa, P. (1989)
      Biochemistry 28, 1282-1287). The presence of two unfolding transitions in low
      salt solutions with about equal helix loss verified the composition with the
      first unfolding transition of the homodimer mixture originating from alpha alpha.
      In contrast, refolding by equilibrating at temperatures close to physiological,
      however, produced the native alpha beta heterodimer, which unfolded in a single
      transition. The refolding kinetics of dissociated alpha + beta subunits indicated
      that beta beta homodimers form first, leading to alpha alpha homodimers both of
      which are relatively stable against chain exchange below approximately 25 degrees
      C. Equilibrating the homodimer mixture at 37-40 degrees C for long times,
      however, produced the native alpha beta molecule via chain exchange. The
      equilibria involved indicate that the free energy of formation from subunits of
      alpha beta is much less than that of (alpha alpha + beta beta)/2. In vivo folding
      of alpha beta from the two separate alpha and beta gene products is, therefore,
      thermodynamically favored over the formation of homodimers and biological factors
      need not be considered to explain the native preferred alpha beta composition.

PMID- 2295606
TI  - Nonaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate transferase, an enzyme involved in ubiquinone
      biosynthesis, in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi system of rat liver.
AB  - The properties and distribution of nonaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate transferase in
      rat liver were investigated with subcellular fractions, liver perfusion, and in
      vivo labeling with [3H]solanesyl-PP. In addition to some ubiquinone-9, only one
      labeled intermediate, i.e. nonaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, was obtained. In the
      total microsomal fraction, the enzyme had a pH optimum of 7.5 and was completely
      inhibited by Triton X-100 and deoxycholate, but not by taurodeoxycholate and beta
      octyl glucoside. Liver, kidney, and spleen demonstrated the highest activities of
      nonaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate transferase. Upon subcellular fractionation, high
      specific activities were found in smooth II microsomes and Golgi III vesicles.
      The enzyme was also found in lysosomes and plasma membranes, but only at low
      levels in rough and smooth I microsomes and mitochondria and not at all in
      peroxisomes and cytosol. When the product of the transferase reaction was used as
      a substrate in vitro and in a perfusion system, the only product obtained was end
      product ubiquinone-9. Although the transferase reaction was associated with the
      inner, luminal surface of microsomal vesicles, the terminal reaction(s) for
      ubiquinone-9 synthesis are found at the outer cytoplasmic surface. The results
      suggest that the major site for ubiquinone synthesis is the endoplasmic reticulum
      Golgi system, which also participates in the distribution of ubiquinone-9 to
      other cellular membranes.

PMID- 2295605
TI  - Purification and characterization of novel calmodulin-binding protein from
      cardiac muscle.
AB  - A novel protein which represents the most abundant calmodulin-binding protein in
      bovine heart cytosolic fraction was purified to apparent homogeneity. The
      purification procedure involved DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B (to remove calmodulin),
      calmodulin-Sepharose 4B affinity, and Sepharose 6B column chromatographies. This
      purified calmodulin-binding protein is a highly asymmetric protein with a
      sedimentation coefficient of approximately 5.0 S and a Stokes radius of about
      83.0 A. The molecular weight of the calmodulin-binding protein was determined to
      be 175,000 from the sedimentation constant and Stokes radius of the protein.
      Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protein showed a
      single protein band with an apparent molecular weight of 140,000. The result
      suggests that the protein is monomeric. Although this molecular weight is similar
      to that of caldesmon, a known ubiquitous calmodulin-binding protein, the protein
      did not react with caldesmon-specific antibodies, nor did it display a
      proteolytic fragmentation pattern similar to that of the former. In addition,
      caldesmon was found almost exclusively in the particulate fraction in low ionic
      strength cardiac muscle extract, whereas this protein is purified the soluble
      fraction.

PMID- 2295607
TI  - Angiotensin II stimulates phosphorylation of nuclear lamins via a protein kinase
      C-dependent mechanism in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Angiotensin II (ang II) induces c-fos gene expression in part via a protein
      kinase C-dependent mechanism in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).
      However, little is known about the mechanisms by which protein kinase C regulates
      nuclear functions. We examined the ability of ang II to phosphorylate nuclear
      lamina proteins in VSMC and the possibility that protein kinase C is involved in
      these putative phosphorylation events. Ang II stimulated the phosphorylation of
      Triton X-100- and high salt-insoluble nuclear envelope proteins with molecular
      weights of 70,000, 67,000, and 60,000. These proteins were identified as lamins
      A, B, and C, respectively, based on their mobilities on two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis and interaction with antibodies to lamins as detected by
      immunoblot analyses. After a 2-min delay, phosphorylation levels of lamins
      increased, peaked at 20-30 min, and were sustained for at least 60 min after ang
      II stimulation. The threshold, half-maximal, and maximal concentrations of ang II
      which induced phosphorylation of lamins were 0.1, 0.5-1, and 100 nM,
      respectively. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also induced these reactions,
      whereas ionomycin did not. Down-regulation of protein kinase C by prolonged
      treatment with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate attenuated ang II-induced phosphorylation
      of lamins. In vitro phosphorylation of nuclear envelope proteins by protein
      kinase C revealed that lamins served as substrates for this enzyme. These results
      indicate that ang II induces phosphorylation of lamins in cultured VSMC and
      suggest that protein kinase C is either directly or indirectly involved in these
      reactions. The results raise the possibility that phosphorylation of nuclear
      proteins is one of the important steps by which the protein kinase C signaling
      pathway regulates agonist-induced nuclear events.

PMID- 2295608
TI  - Pyridoxine-derived B6 vitamers and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-binding proteins in
      cytosolic and nuclear fractions of HTC cells.
AB  - The nuclear fraction of rat hepatoma-derived HTC cells contained approximately 8%
      of the total cellular pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. HTC cells were able to metabolize
      [3H]pyridoxine to coenzymatically active pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine
      5'-phosphate. As HTC cells did not have any demonstrable pyridoxine-5'-phosphate
      oxidase activity, the conversion of pyridoxine to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate must
      have taken place by a nonconventional route. The ratio of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
      to pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate in the nonnuclear fraction of HTC cells was
      approximately 1:1, whereas in the nuclear fraction it was approximately 17:1,
      indicating that there was selective acquisition of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate by the
      nucleus. With the aid of a monoclonal antibody specific for the 5'
      phosphopyridoxyl group, it was shown that there was one major pyridoxal 5'
      phosphate-binding protein in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)-resolved nucleoplasmic extract of HTC cells. This
      finding was confirmed by radioautography of an SDS-PAGE-resolved nucleoplasmic
      extract obtained from cells grown in a medium containing [3H]pyridoxine.
      Isoelectric focusing followed by SDS-PAGE also indicated the presence of one
      major pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-binding protein in the nucleoplasmic extract of HTC
      cells having a relatively high isoelectric point (approximately 7). Data were
      obtained indicating that the protein might exist in a higher molecular weight
      form, probably a dimer. Currently, these findings constitute virtually all of the
      available information on vitamin B6 and the cell nucleus.

PMID- 2295609
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the PSE-4 carbenicillinase gene and correlations with the
      Staphylococcus aureus PC1 beta-lactamase crystal structure.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the PSE-4 beta-lactamase gene from Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa strain Dalgleish has been determined. The structural gene encodes a
      polypeptide product of 252 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 29,246
      Da for the mature form of the protein. The PSE-4 gene has limited homology with
      other beta-lactamases at the DNA level. An alignment of all known class A beta
      lactamases permitted as to identify specific residues important for enzyme
      structure and function. To confirm observations based on the linear sequences, we
      designed a new molecular model for PSE-4 beta-lactamase based on x-ray data from
      the Staphylococcus aureus PC1 beta-lactamase at 2.0-A resolution. The structural
      similarities between PSE-4 and class A beta-lactamases are more extensive than
      indicated by earlier biochemical studies. The combined structural and sequence
      information now available for a series of beta-lactamases identifies conserved
      residues in these molecules, giving insight of their divergence and ancestry.
      Analysis of the PSE-4 flanking DNA sequences revealed an integration site common
      to antibiotic resistance genes inserted into transposons of the Tn21 family with
      the target integration sequence AAGTT.

PMID- 2295610
TI  - Corresponding oscillations in neutrophil shape and filamentous actin content.
AB  - Human neutrophils pretreated with 17-hydroxywortmannin responded to the
      chemotactic agonist formyl-Met-Leu-Phe with a transient doubling in filamentous
      actin content which was characterized by prominent oscillations. These
      oscillations closely matched transient oscillations in suspension turbidity
      measured in parallel. The experimental data could be simulated using A----B----C
      stochastic series kinetic models with an oscillating intermediate species (B),
      allowing quantitative comparison of the frequencies of the oscillations (0.092 +/
      0.006 and 0.094 +/- 0.004 Hz) and the overall reaction rate constants for actin
      mobilization and turbidity changes (0.11 +/- 0.02 and 0.14 +/- 0.03 s-1,
      respectively). The total cell volume remained constant, indicating that stimulus
      induced extension of lamellipods reduces the body volume by an amount
      proportional to the mass displaced outward. Light scattering theory predicts that
      a decrease in body size decreases the turbidity and that fluctuations in body
      size due to lamellipod extension and retraction cycles like those exhibited by
      crawling neutrophils result in turbidity oscillations (lamellipods scatter very
      little by comparison to the cell body, and both aggregation and degranulation
      were absent). The experiments thus suggest that the cyclic variations in F-actin
      content are correlated with periodic fluctuations in lamellipod size. The
      available evidence appears to be consistent with the hypothesis that actin
      polymerization provides the main driving force for lamellipod extension and that
      depolymerization causes lamellipod retraction.

PMID- 2295611
TI  - Conformational transitions in thymidine bulge-containing deoxytridecanucleotide
      duplexes. Role of flanking sequence and temperature in modulating the equilibrium
      between looped out and stacked thymidine bulge states.
AB  - Structural features at extra thymidine bulge sites in DNA duplexes have been
      elucidated from a two-dimensional NMR analysis of through-bond and through-space
      connectivities in the otherwise self-complementary d(C-C-G-T-G-A-A-T-T-C-C-G-G)
      (GTG 13-mer) and d(C-C-G-G-A-A-T-T-C-T-C-G-G) (CTC 13-mer) duplexes in aqueous
      solution. These studies establish that the extra thymidine flanked by guanosines
      in the GTG 13-mer duplex is in a conformational equilibrium between looped out
      and stacked states. The looped-out state is favored at low temperature (0 degrees
      C), whereas the equilibrium shifts in favor of the stacked state at elevated
      temperatures (35 degrees C) prior to the onset of the duplex-strand transition.
      By contrast, the extra thymidine flanked by cytidines in the CTC 13-mer duplex is
      looped out independent of temperature in the duplex state. Our results
      demonstrate that temperature and flanking sequence modulate the equilibrium
      between looped-out and stacked conformations of single base thymidine bulges in
      DNA oligomer duplexes.

PMID- 2295612
TI  - Regulation of chromaffin cell secretion and protein kinase C activity by chronic
      phorbol ester treatment.
AB  - Bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were exposed to phorbol esters to determine the
      effects of reduced levels of protein kinase C on secretion of hormones. Treatment
      with active phorbol esters such as 4 beta-phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate (PDD)
      reduced levels of protein kinase C activity with a maximal 80-90% reduction in
      activity after 16-24 h treatment (greater than or equal to 500 nM PDD). Treatment
      with PDD also inhibited catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells evoked by
      nicotine, barium, and scorpion venom (50-70%, t1/2 approximately 6 h) and by
      veratridine (80%, t1/2 less than 15 min). Secretion induced by these agents in
      phorbol ester-treated cells returned to that of untreated cells by 3-4 days
      despite no recovery of protein kinase C activity. Potassium-evoked secretion was
      not inhibited by phorbol ester treatment. Catecholamine secretion from digitonin
      permeabilized cells was more sensitive to calcium between 1 and 24 h, but not
      greater than or equal to 48 h, after addition of phorbol ester. The results
      suggest that phorbol esters inhibit secretion by activation of protein kinase C
      resulting in inhibition of ion channels or receptors but not of the secretory
      machinery itself; hence, protein kinase C may usually machinery itself; hence,
      protein kinase C may usually attenuate secretory responses in the adrenal
      chromaffin cell.

PMID- 2295613
TI  - Three isozymes of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (pyrocatechase), alpha alpha, alpha
      beta, and beta beta, from Pseudomonas arvilla C-1.
AB  - Three isozymes of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (pyrocatechase) from Pseudomonas
      arvilla C-1 were separated using DEAE-Toyopearl chromatography. The specific
      activities of each isozyme were similar to one another. The molecular weights of
      isozymes 1, 2, and 3 were estimated to be approximately 67,000, 64,000, and
      59,000, respectively, from gel filtration. On sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isozymes 1 and 3 gave a single protein band,
      corresponding to Mr = 32,000 and 30,000, respectively, and isozyme 2 gave two
      bands corresponding to Mr = 32,000 and 30,000. These results indicated that
      isozymes 1 and 3 were homodimers, while isozyme 2 was a heterodimer. The NH2
      terminal sequences up to 20 residues of these three isozymes confirmed that
      isozymes 1, 2, and 3 consisted of beta beta, alpha beta, and alpha alpha,
      respectively, based on our previous data (Nakai, C., Kagamiyama, H., Saeki, Y.,
      and Nozaki, M. (1979) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 195, 12-22). Properties of these
      isozymes such as absorption spectrum, iron content, substrate specificity, and
      kinetic constants were similar to one another. Subunit exchange between the
      different isozymes and dissociation of the isozymes into subunits was not
      observed under nondenaturing conditions. Available evidence indicates that these
      isozymes exist naturally in the bacterium and were not due to artifacts caused by
      purification.

PMID- 2295615
TI  - Distinct binding sites of Ala48-hirudin1-47 and Ala48-hirudin48-65 on alpha
      thrombin.
AB  - The interaction of alpha-thrombin with Ala48-hirudin, Ala48-hirudin1-47, and
      Ala48-hirudin48-65 was analyzed. Mutations at Pro48 were found to cause only
      slight changes in the kon (human: 3.1 +/- 0.3 x 10(8) M-1 s-1; bovine: 1.03 +/-
      0.3 x 10(8) M-1 s-1) and koff (human: 0.4 +/- 0.2 x 10(-3) s-1; bovine: 2.9 +/-
      0.4 x 10(-3) s-1) rate constants for the formation of the thrombin-hirudin
      complex. The amino-terminal fragment Ala48-hirudin1-47 containing the three
      disulfide bridges and the carboxyl-terminal fragment Ala48-hirudin48-65 were
      derived from the Ala48 mutant by proteolysis with endoproteinase Lys-C. These
      fragments inhibit bovine alpha-thrombin clotting activity with IC50 values of 0.6
      and 4.9 microM, respectively (2.4 nM for r-hirudin). By mapping the interaction
      of Ala48-hirudin-derived fragments with bovine alpha-thrombin by limited
      proteolysis with trypsin and pancreatic elastase distinct binding sites for each
      fragment were determined. The carboxyl-terminal fragment was found to bind to the
      proposed anion-binding exosite in the region B62-74, whereas the amino-terminal
      fragment binds to a region around the elastase cleavage site at residues 150-151
      of the alpha-thrombin B-chain.

PMID- 2295614
TI  - Isozymes of protein kinase C in human neutrophils and their modification by two
      endogenous proteinases.
AB  - Two major protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, accounting for approximately 95% of
      the total activity in human neutrophils, were separated by hydroxyapatite
      chromatography and were identified as beta-PKC (60% of the total) and alpha-PKC
      (35% of the total). No gamma-PKC was detected. A minor Ca2+/phospholipid
      requiring kinase that eluted from hydroxyapatite after alpha-PKC did not react
      significantly with any of the specific antisera employed for identification.
      Modification of beta-PKC or the minor PKC isozyme by calpain yielded
      Ca2+/phospholipid-independent forms (PKM) that retained only 50% of the original
      activities. In contrast, PKM formed from alpha-PKC retained full catalytic
      activity. For each native isozyme the rate of conversion by calpain was
      accelerated in the presence of Ca2+ and the lipid effectors, and the PKM form
      generated in each case was resistant to further digestion by calpain. All three
      PKC isozymes were also modified by a neutral serine proteinase isolated from
      human neutrophils, with this proteinase the major effect being loss of kinase
      activity, via a transient production of a Ca2+/phospholipid-independent form.
      This neutral serine proteinase appears to be localized at sites of interaction of
      cytoskeletal proteins with the cell membrane. Following stimulation of intact
      neutrophils with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate complete loss of native
      cytosolic kinase activity was observed, with recovery of approximately 30% of the
      original activity as a cytosolic Ca+/phospholipid independent form, presumably
      PKM. Loss of native PKC activity was greatest for the beta-isozyme. In cells
      stimulated by fMet-Leu-Phe approximately 60% of the original PKC activity was
      recovered as native cytosolic PKC and 30% as cytosolic PKM. Inhibitors of calpain
      reduced the extent of down-regulation of PKC, increased the proportion of PKC
      that remained associated with the plasma membrane and significantly reduced the
      proteolytically generated fully active PKM. Taken together, the in vitro and in
      vivo results suggest that calpain is involved primarily in the conversion of the
      PKC isozymes to the irreversibly activated PKM forms, and that the neutral serine
      proteinase may be the enzyme responsible for down-regulation, possibly via PKM as
      an intermediate.

PMID- 2295616
TI  - Effect of amino acid alterations in the tryptophan-binding site of the trp
      repressor.
AB  - Mutations in the tryptophan-binding site of the trp repressor have been generated
      using site-directed mutagenesis. The selection of sites for alteration was based
      on the three-dimensional x-ray crystallographic structure (Schevitz, R. W.,
      Otwinowski, Z., Joachimiak, A., Lawson, C. L., and Sigler, P. B. (1985) Nature
      317, 782-786). The changes generated include Thr-44 to Ala (T44A), Arg-54 to Leu
      (R54L), Arg-54 to Lys (R54K), Arg-84 to Leu (R84L), and Arg-84 to Lys (R84K). The
      mutant proteins were purified and characterized in detail for their binding
      properties. Both tryptophan and operator DNA affinities for all five mutants were
      decreased. The R84L, R54K, and R54L mutants exhibited increases in Kd for
      operator DNA relative to wild-type repressor ranging from approximately 10(3) to
      approximately 10(4), while R84K and T44A exhibited increases of 10- to 100-fold.
      This diminution in DNA binding activity derives at least in part from diminished
      affinity for tryptophan, although decreased affinity for nonspecific DNA was also
      observed for these mutant proteins. Tryptophan binding was not detectable by
      equilibrium dialysis for most of the mutant proteins, but this activity was
      measurable for several of the altered proteins by monitoring the fluorescence
      decrease associated with the displacement of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
      from the tryptophan-binding site (Chou, W.-Y., and Matthews, K. S. (1989) J.
      Biol. Chem. 264, 18314-18319). These measurements revealed that tryptophan bound
      to R84K, T44A, and R84L repressors with Kd values 1.5- to 13-fold higher than
      that for wild-type repressor. It was not possible to detect tryptophan binding to
      R54K and R54L even using the fluorescence assay. Circular dichroism spectra
      demonstrated that the mutants and the wild-type repressor possess similar
      secondary structural features. The results of this selected substitution in the
      tryptophan-binding site are readily interpreted based on the x-ray structural
      analysis.

PMID- 2295617
TI  - Differential sensitivity of protein kinase C isozymes to phospholipid-induced
      inactivation.
AB  - Interactions of types I, II, and III protein kinase C (PKC) with phospholipids
      were investigated by following the changes in protein kinase activity and phorbol
      ester binding. The acidic phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS),
      phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl-glycerol, and cardiolipin, which are activators
      of PKC in the assay of protein phosphorylation, could differentially inactivate
      PKC I, II, and III during preincubation in the absence of divalent cation. The
      phospholipid-induced inactivation of PKC was concentration and time dependent and
      only affected the kinase activity without influencing phorbol ester binding. PKC
      I was the most susceptible to the phospholipid-induced inactivation, and PKC III
      was the least. The IC50 values of PS for PKC I, II, and III were 5, 45, and
      greater than 120 microM, respectively. Addition of divalent cation such as Ca2+
      or Mg2+ suppressed the phospholipid-induced inactivation of PKC. In the absence
      of divalent cation, PKC I, II, and III all formed complexes with PS vesicles,
      although to a slightly different degree, as analyzed by molecule sieve
      chromatography. [3H]Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding for PKC I, II, and III was
      recovered after chromatography; however, the kinase activities of all these
      enzymes were greatly reduced. In the presence of Ca2+, all three PKCs formed
      complexes with PS vesicles, and both the kinase and phorbol ester-binding
      activities of PKC II and III were recovered following chromatography. Under the
      same conditions, the phorbol ester-binding activity of PKC I was also recovered,
      but the kinase activity was not. The phospholipid-induced inactivation of PKC
      apparently results from a direct interaction of phospholipid with the catalytic
      domain of PKC; this interaction can be suppressed by divalent cations. In the
      presence of divalent cations, PS interacted preferentially with the regulatory
      domain of PKC and resulted in the activation of the kinase.

PMID- 2295618
TI  - Activation of phospholipase C via adenosine receptors provides synergistic
      signals for secretion in antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Evidence for a novel
      adenosine receptor.
AB  - 5'-(N-Ethyl)carboxamidoadenosine (NECA), an analog of adenosine, transiently
      stimulated a rat tumor mast cell (RBL-2H3 cells) to cause a release of inositol
      phosphates and an increase in levels of Ca2+ in the cytosol. It failed, however,
      to stimulate a sustained uptake of 45Ca2+ or secretion. The effects of other
      agents that act on P1- or P2-purinergic receptors suggested that NECA and other
      adenosine agonists acted via a novel subtype of adenosine membrane receptor.
      Although the order of potency of agonists was characteristic of A2-adenosine
      receptors, there was no indication of the involvement of adenylate cyclase, and
      antagonists such as isobutylmethylxanthine, 8-phenyltheophylline, and 8-p
      sulfophenyltheophylline inhibited the responses to either NECA or antigen. The
      fact that stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis by NECA in washed,
      permeabilized RBL-2H3 cells was blocked by pertussis toxin as well as by cholera
      toxin suggested instead that the NECA-sensitive receptor activated phospholipase
      C via a G-protein. In contrast to NECA, antigen stimulation resulted in a
      pertussis toxin-resistant, sustained hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids,
      increases in free intracellular Ca2+, accelerated influx of 45Ca2+, and secretion
      from RBL-2H3 cells. In combination with NECA, all responses to antigen were
      markedly enhanced, and the enhancement was selectively blocked by pertussis
      toxin. The ability of antigen, but not NECA, to provoke secretion may be
      dependent primarily on the sustained activation of a cholera toxin-sensitive Ca2+
      influx pathway that serves to amplify stimulatory signals for secretion. These
      studies also suggested that phospholipase C could be activated through different
      G-proteins via different receptors within the same cell.

PMID- 2295619
TI  - Molecular history of gene conversions in the primate fetal gamma-globin genes.
      Nucleotide sequences from the common gibbon, Hylobates lar.
AB  - Comparative and phylogenetic analyses of homologous sequences from closely
      related species reveal genetic events which have happened in the past and thus
      provide considerable insight into molecular genetic processes. One such process
      which has been especially important in the evolution of multigene families is
      gene conversion. The fetal gamma 1 and gamma 2-globin genes of catarrhine
      primates (humans, apes, and Old World monkeys) underwent numerous gene conversion
      events after they arose from a gene duplication event 25-35 million years ago. By
      including the gamma 1- and gamma 2-globin gene sequences from the common gibbon,
      Hylobates lar, the present work expands the gamma-globin data set to represent
      all major groups of hominoid primates. A computer-assisted algorithm is
      introduced which reveals converted DNA segments and provides results very similar
      to those obtained by site-by-site evolutionary reconstruction. Both methods
      provide strong evidence for at least 14 different converted stretches in
      catarrhine primates as well as five conversions in ancestral lineages. Features
      of gene conversions generalized from this molecular history are 1) conversions
      are restricted to regions maintaining high degrees of sequence similarity, 2) one
      gene may dominate in converting another gene, 3) sequences involved in
      conversions may accumulate changes more rapidly than expected, and 4) certain
      elements, such as polypurine/polypyrimidine [Y)n) and (TG)n elements, appear to
      be hotspots for initiating or terminating conversion events.

PMID- 2295620
TI  - Comparisons of rbcL genes for the large subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate
      carboxylase from closely related C3 and C4 plant species.
AB  - Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from C4 plants exhibits higher
      turnover rates and lower affinities for CO2 than the enzyme from C3 plants or C3
      C4 intermediate species. This property is shown to be inherited maternally in
      reciprocal interspecific crosses between two Flaveria species, and thus must be
      specified by the chloroplast-encoded large subunits. To investigate the amino
      acid changes responsible, the chloroplast rbcL genes from three pairs of C3 and
      C4 species from three genera (Flaveria, Atriplex, and Neurachne) were cloned and
      sequenced. Comparisons of the predicted amino acid sequences from species of the
      same genus revealed a limited number of changes within each pair, ranging from
      three to six, of which only one (309Met (C3) to Ile (C4] was consistently
      observed. This residue occurs in the loop connecting the carboxyl end of beta
      strand 5 with the amino end of alpha helix 5 in the alpha/beta barrel of the
      large subunit, and is close to the active site in a region which makes
      interdomain and intersubunit contacts. However, it is unlikely that a change of
      this residue alone is responsible for the alteration of kinetic properties.
      Nucleotide sequence comparisons of the rbcL genes showed no significant or
      consistent changes in the promoter and transcribed but nontranslated regions to
      suggest why rbcL is not expressed in C4 leaf mesophyll cells. It is concluded
      that mutations in rbcL have led to an alteration of the kinetics but not the
      expression of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase.

PMID- 2295621
TI  - Omega-agatoxins: novel calcium channel antagonists of two subtypes from funnel
      web spider (Agelenopsis aperta) venom.
AB  - A new series of polypeptide presynaptic antagonists ("omega-agatoxins") was
      purified from venom of the funnel web spider Agelenopsis aperta. Physiological
      data indicate that all of these peptides are antagonists of voltage-sensitive
      calcium channels. Although all three omega-agatoxins (Aga) described here (omega
      Aga-IA, omega-Aga-IB, and omega-Aga-IIA) block insect neuromuscular transmission
      presynaptically, biochemical data permit their subclassification as Type I and
      Type II toxins. Type I toxins (omega-Aga-IA and -IB) are 7.5 kDa, have closely
      related amino acid sequences, and exhibit characteristic tryptophan-like UV
      absorbance spectra. Complete Edman sequencing of omega-Aga-IA reveals it to be a
      66-amino acid polypeptide containing 9 cysteines and 5 tryptophan residues. omega
      Aga-IIA, a Type II toxin, is 11 kDa, shows limited amino acid sequence similarity
      to the Type I toxins, and exhibits mixed tryptophan- and tyrosine-like
      absorbance. Nanomolar concentrations of omega-Aga-IIA inhibit the specific
      binding of 125I-labeled omega-conotoxin GVIA to chick synaptosomal membranes
      while omega-Aga-IA and -IB have no effect under identical conditions. The omega
      agatoxins thus are defined as two subtypes of neuronal calcium channel toxins
      with different structural characteristics and calcium channel binding
      specificities.

PMID- 2295622
TI  - Interaction of L-canaline with ornithine aminotransferase of the tobacco
      hornworm, Manduca sexta (Sphingidae).
AB  - Ornithine aminotransferase (L-ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase (EC
      2.6.1.13)) has been purified to homogeneity from last instar larvae of the
      tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Sphingidae). This enzyme is a 144,000-Da
      tetramer constructed from 36,000-Da protomeric units. It has a high
      aspartate/asparagine and glutamate/glutamine content and 2 cysteine
      residues/subunit. All 8 cysteine residues can react with N-ethylmaleimide to
      inactivate the enzyme. Maintenance of the enzyme in the presence of 2
      mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol maximizes enzymatic activity and improves
      storage conditions, presumably by protecting these sulfhydryl groups. The
      apparent Km values for L-ornithine and 2-oxoglutaric acid are 2.3 and 3.2 mM,
      respectively. The turnover number is 2.0 +/- 0.1 mumol min-1 mumol-1. L-Canaline
      (L-2-amino-4-(aminooxy)butyric acid) is a potent ornithine aminotransferase
      inhibitor. Reaction of the enzyme with L-[U-14C]canaline produces an enzyme
      bound, covalently linked, radiolabeled canaline-pyridoxal phosphate oxime. The L
      [U-14C]canaline-pyridoxal phosphate oxime has been isolated from canaline-treated
      enzyme. Dialysis of canaline-inactivated ornithine aminotransferase against free
      pyridoxal phosphate slowly reactivates the enzyme as the oxime is replaced by
      pyridoxal phosphate. Analysis of L-[U-14C]canaline binding to ornithine
      aminotransferase reveals the presence of 4 mol of pyridoxal phosphate/mol of
      enzyme.

PMID- 2295623
TI  - The sialylated oligosaccharides of recombinant bovine lutropin modulate hormone
      bioactivity.
AB  - The Asn-linked oligosaccharides from bovine lutropin (bLH(Pit] are predominantly
      dibranched complex-type structures with the terminal sequence SO4-4GalNAc beta
      1,4GlcNAc beta 1,2Man alpha. Recombinant bLH expressed in Chinese hamster ovary
      cells (bLH(CHO] bears di- (60%) and tribranched (30%) complex-type
      oligosaccharides; however, these terminate in the sequence Sia alpha 2,3Gal beta
      1,4GlcNAc beta 1,2Man alpha. In contrast to the limited spectrum of
      oligosaccharide structures present on recombinant bLH(CHO), the endogenous
      glycoproteins synthesized by CHO cells bear a heterogeneous array of Asn-linked
      oligosaccharides with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 sialic acid moieties. The sialic acid
      moieties on the Asn-linked oligosaccharides of both endogenous glycoproteins and
      recombinant bLH(CHO) are exclusively alpha 2,3-linked, suggesting that the alpha
      2,6-sialyl-transferase is not active in CHO cells. The bioactivities of bLH(Pit)
      and bLH(CHO) were compared using MA-10 cells following sequential digestion with
      neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase. Neither the ED50 (dose producing 50% of the
      maximum response) for progesterone production (7.2 ng/ml) nor the Pmax (maximum
      level of progesterone produced) (470 ng/ml) was altered for bLH(Pit) by these
      treatments, consistent with the absence of either sialic acid or Gal on bLH(Pit).
      The ED50 for progesterone production by recombinant bLH(CHO) (16.4 ng/ml) was
      significantly greater than for bLH(Pit) but was reduced to 5.3 ng/ml following
      removal of terminal sialic acid. Removal of the subterminal Gal was without
      further effect. The Pmax for bLH(CHO) (180 ng/ml) was not altered by these
      treatments. The reduction in bLH(CHO) bioactivity caused by the presence of
      terminal sialic acid suggests that the presence of terminal sulfate on bLH(Pit)
      oligosaccharides may also reduce its bioactivity and may play a modulatory role
      in regulating hormone bioactivity.

PMID- 2295624
TI  - The kinetic and isotopic competence of nitric oxide as an intermediate in
      denitrification.
AB  - Rates of NO uptake by five denitrifying bacteria were estimated by NO-electrode
      and gas chromatography methods under conditions of rather low cell densities and
      [NOaq]. The rates so measured, VmaxNO, represent lower limits for the true value
      of that parameter, but nevertheless exceed Vmax for nitrite uptake, VmaxNi, by a
      factor of two typically. Previous estimates under suboptimal conditions had
      placed VmaxNO at 0.3-0.5 of VmaxNi (St. John, R. T., and Hollocher, T. C. (1977)
      J. Biol. Chem. 252, 212-218; Garber, E. A. E., and Hollocher, T.C. (1981) J.
      Biol. Chem. 256, 5459-5465). The steady-state [NOaq] during denitrification of
      nitrite by nitrate-grown cells was less than or equal to 1 microM. The above
      observations, taken with a recent direct estimate for the KmNO for NO uptake of
      0.4 microM (Zafiriou, O. C., Hanley, Q. S., and Snyder, G. (1989) J. Biol. Chem.
      264, 5694-5699), would allow NO to be a free intermediate between nitrite and N2O
      with steady-state concentrations of less than or equal to 0.4 microM. As the
      result of special conditions during cell growth or differential inhibition by
      azide, it was possible to establish systems that accumulated NO during
      denitrification of nitrite. In all such cases, VmaxNO less than VmaxNi, and the
      time required to reach the maximum [NOaq] corresponded closely to the time needed
      to exhaust the nitrite. A semiquantitative isotope experiment with Paracoccus
      denitrificans demonstrated the trapping of 15NO from 15NO2- in a pool of NOaq. A
      quantitative isotope method using low densities of the same bacterium showed that
      15N from 15NO2- and 14N from NOg combine randomly to form N2O during the
      simultaneous denitrification of 15NO2- and NO. The result requires that the
      pathways from nitrite and NO share a common mononitrogen intermediate. Results to
      the contrary obtained at high cell densities (first two references cited above)
      are now believed to have been due to technical artifacts. The present results are
      consistent with the view that NO is under kinetic control as a free intermediate
      in denitrification and serve to remove previously imagined constraints on this
      view.

PMID- 2295625
TI  - Functional coupling of glycolysis and phosphocreatine utilization in anoxic fish
      muscle. An in vivo 31P NMR study.
AB  - Three fish species with different strategies for anoxic survival (goldfish,
      tilapia, and common carp) were exposed to environmental anoxia (4, 3, and 1 h,
      respectively). The concentrations of high energy phosphate compounds and
      inorganic phosphate, besides the intracellular pH in the epaxial muscle were
      measured during anoxia and recovery by in vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy. The
      concentration of free ADP was calculated from the equilibrium constant of
      creatine kinase. During anoxia the patterns of phosphocreatine utilization and
      tissue acidification are remarkedly similar. Free ADP rises rapidly during the
      initial period of oxygen deficiency and reaches a plateau in goldfish and
      tilapia, while it keeps rising in the common carp. At elevated levels of free
      ADP, the creatine kinase reaction and anaerobic glycolysis are functionally
      coupled by H+ as a common intermediate. The coupling between both processes
      disappears upon reoxygenation, when mitochondrial respiration induces a rapid
      drop of [free ADP]. The removal of ADP shifts the creatine kinase equilibrium
      toward phosphocreatine synthesis despite the low pH.

PMID- 2295626
TI  - Swelling of rat hepatocytes stimulates glycogen synthesis.
AB  - In hepatocytes from fasted rats, several amino acids are known to stimulate
      glycogen synthesis via activation of glycogen synthase. The hypothesis that an
      increase in cell volume resulting from amino acid uptake may be involved in the
      stimulation of glycogen synthesis is supported by the following observations. 1)
      The extent of stimulation of glycogen synthesis by both metabolizable and
      nonmetabolizable amino acids was directly proportional to their ability to
      increase cell volume, except for proline, which stimulated glycogen synthesis
      more than could be accounted for by the increase in cell volume. 2) Both cell
      swelling and stimulation of glycogen synthesis by amino acids were prevented when
      hepatocytes were incubated in hyperosmotic media containing sucrose or raffinose.
      3) Increasing the cell volume by incubating hepatocytes in Na(+)-depleted media
      in the absence of amino acids also stimulated glycogen synthesis. 4) Stimulation
      of glycogen synthesis by Na+ depletion was prevented by restoring the normal
      osmolarity with sucrose, but not with choline chloride which, by itself,
      stimulated glycogen synthesis and increased the cell volume. It is concluded that
      stimulation of glycogen synthesis by amino acids is due, at least in part, to an
      increase in hepatocyte volume resulting from amino acid uptake, and that
      hepatocyte swelling per se stimulates glycogen synthesis.

PMID- 2295627
TI  - Duplication and divergence of the amino-terminal coding region of the complement
      receptor 1 (CR1) gene. An example of concerted (horizontal) evolution within a
      gene.
AB  - Human C3b/C4b receptor or complement receptor type one (CR1) is one of a family
      of receptor and regulatory glycoproteins that are encoded at a single genetic
      region (1q32) and are composed largely of a tandemly repeated motif (short
      consensus repeat or SCR) of approximately 60 amino acids. In addition, CR1
      features an internal homology of seven SCRs in length, known as a long homologous
      repeat, that is reiterated four times, in the major polymorphic size variant,
      from SCR-1 to SCR-28, and may be reiterated three, five, and six times in other
      polymorphic forms. In the course of studying CR1, we detected sequences closely
      related to CR1 on several overlapping genomic clones. We have characterized a 40
      kilobase CR1-like genomic region containing 10 potential exons that are 95%
      homologous to the amino-terminal coding portion of CR1. This region appears to be
      a partial duplication of CR1 and may encode a related gene. A comparison of CR1
      and CR1-like sequences suggests that unequal crossing-over and concerted
      evolution have occurred within the most precisely reiterated subregion of CR1.
      Similar mechanisms have been important in the evolution of tandemly repeated
      genes and could provide the means for generation of the CR1 polymorphic size
      variants.

PMID- 2295629
TI  - A calcium-dependent galactose-binding lectin from the tunicate Polyandrocarpa
      misakiensis. Isolation, characterization, and amino acid sequence.
AB  - A lectin was isolated from the homogenate of the tunicate Polyandrocarpa
      misakiensis by heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration,
      and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. Analytical gel filtration on
      Superose 12 and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed
      that the lectin is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of approximately 15
      kDa. The lectin bound to an immobilized D-galactose column in the presence of
      calcium ion with a threshold of 500 microM and eluted completely with 5 mM EDTA.
      It did not bind to an immobilized D-mannose or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine column.
      Thus, Polyandrocarpa lectin was found to be a calcium-dependent galactose-binding
      lectin. The complete amino acid sequence of Polyandrocarpa lectin was determined
      by automated or manual Edman sequencing of the peptides derived by digestion with
      trypsin, endoproteinase Asp-N, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and pepsin. It
      is composed of 125 residues, contains no carbohydrate group, and has a calculated
      molecular mass of 14,034 Da. The lectin contains four half-cystines, and Cys-21
      and Cys-119 and also Cys-96 and Cys-111 form intrachain disulfide bridges,
      respectively. The amino acid sequence of Polyandrocarpa lectin shows about 20-30%
      homology with those of fly, barnacle, sea urchin, and several vertebrate lectins
      that belong to C-type lectin (Drickamer, K. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9557
      9560). Although the physiological role of Polyandrocarpa lectin is not clear,
      preliminary experiments suggest that the lectin may be related to defense
      mechanisms because it has a strong antibacterial activity.

PMID- 2295628
TI  - Abetalipoproteinemia with an ApoB-100-lipoprotein(a) glycoprotein complex in
      plasma. Indication for an assembly defect.
AB  - Patients with autosomal recessive abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) lack in their plasma
      all lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein (apo)B-100 or B-48. Previous studies
      have suggested that this is due to the complete absence of apoB. We have
      investigated whether such patients (n = 10) are able to secrete the
      lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a] glycoprotein (apo(a] which, in normal plasma, exists as a
      complex with low density lipoproteins containing apoB-100 (Lp(a) lipoprotein).
      All 10 patients had reduced but detectable apo(a) levels in plasma (mean, 0.49
      mg/dl; range, 0.2-2.03 mg/dl) but no Lp(a) lipoprotein. However, we also detected
      small amounts (0.2-2.8 mg/dl) of apoB in all patients with ABL. The apoB in the
      ABL patients had the size of apoB-100 and occurred as a lipid-poor complex with
      the Lp(a) glycoprotein in a fraction of density 1.22 g/ml. This material may
      represent partially assembled Lp(a) lipoprotein. There was also uncomplexed
      apo(a) and apoB-100 in the ABL plasma. The distribution and relative
      concentration of both proteins in the density fraction greater than 1.06 g/ml
      varied among patients. The data suggest that in ABL, the assembly of apoB
      containing lipoproteins is defective and that apoB-100 may be secreted without
      its full lipid complement when complexed with apo(a).

PMID- 2295630
TI  - Regulatory regions of the mitochondrial and cytosolic isoenzyme genes
      participating in the malate-aspartate shuttle.
AB  - The malate-aspartate shuttle, consisting of mitochondrial and cytosolic aspartate
      aminotransferase and mitochondrial and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase, is a major
      pathway for the transport of reducing equivalents from cytosol to mitochondria in
      mammals. To elucidate molecular mechanisms regulating metabolic coordination
      between the mitochondria and the cytosol, we analyzed the 5'-flanking regulatory
      regions of the complete set of mouse isoenzyme genes playing a pivotal role in
      the shuttle. Deletion analysis and an in vivo transfection assay, using NIH3T3
      cells, revealed that all the promoter regions are located within the 300-base
      pair regions upstream from the initiation codon. Subsequently, DNase I
      footprinting analyses using NIH3T3 cell nuclear extracts led to identification of
      several protein binding sites within these promoter regions. A synthetic oligomer
      containing the consensus binding site sequence for CTF/NFI, a transcription
      factor for RNA polymerase II, competed for the binding of proteins to the
      promoter regions of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase and mitochondrial and
      cytosolic malate dehydrogenase genes, but not for that of the mitochondrial
      aspartate amino-transferase gene. On the other hand, a synthetic oligomer
      containing the consensus binding site sequence for Sp1, which activates
      transcription from promoters containing properly positioned GC boxes, competed
      for protein(s) binding to the promoter region of the mitochondrial aspartate
      aminotransferase gene.

PMID- 2295631
TI  - Length distribution of F-actin in Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - Inhibition of deoxyribonuclease I activity was used to assay the actin monomers
      and the pointed ends of actin filaments in lysates of Dictyostelium discoideum.
      The KD for the binding reaction was 0.2-0.3 nM. Total cellular actin was 93
      microM in monomers (approximately 0.1 fmol/cell) of which roughly half was
      initially polymeric. Essentially all of the filamentous actin (F-actin) was
      readily pelleted in the microcentrifuge and was therefore presumed to be in the
      cytoskeleton. Free F-actin barbed ends, measured as pelletable [3H]cytochalasin
      B, numbered 1.8 x 10(5)/cell; nuclei for the polymerization of rabbit muscle
      globular (monomeric) actin numbered 2.0 x 10(5)/cell; and pointed ends,
      determined by their inhibition of deoxyribonuclease I, numbered 3.6 x 10(5)/cell.
      These values suggest that half the barbed ends might be occluded. On average, the
      filaments contained approximately 76 subunits and were therefore about 0.2 micron
      long. The distribution of their lengths was estimated from the time course of
      depolymerization following vast dilution. Three populations were defined. In one
      experiment, the smallest population contained 71% of the F-actin mass and 96% of
      the pointed ends; these filaments averaged 80 subunits or 0.22 microns in length.
      An intermediate population contained 14% of the F-actin mass and 3% of the
      filaments; these were roughly 460 subunits (1.3 microns) long. The largest
      population contained 15% of the F-actin mass in about 0.3% of the filaments;
      these were 13 microns in length, about the diameter of the cell. The numerous
      short filaments might populate a cortical mesh, while the long filaments might
      constitute endoplasmic bundles.

PMID- 2295632
TI  - The chicken urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene.
AB  - The chicken urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) cDNA and gene have been
      isolated and the complete nucleotide sequence of each established. cDNA sequence
      and Northern blot RNA analysis indicate that the chicken uPA mRNA is
      approximately 2500 nucleotides in size and contains a large 3'-noncoding region
      (998 nucleotides). The predicted amino acid sequence of the chicken uPA primary
      translation product (434 residues) suggests a domain architecture comparable to
      the mammalian uPA proteins with the form: (i) signal peptide, (ii) growth factor
      domain (GF), (iii) kringle domain (K), and (iv) serine protease domain (C). The
      overall sequence identity between the chicken and human proteins is 43.1%, with
      56.3, 48.5, and 45.6% identity in the GF, K, and C domains, respectively. The
      chicken uPA gene is similar to the mammalian uPA genes in both size (8158 base
      pairs between transcription initiation and polyadenylation sites) and
      organization (11 exons). However, the sequence of the chicken uPA gene is similar
      to the mammalian uPA genes only within the protein-coding portions of exons. The
      transcription initiation site is flanked by a remarkably G/C-rich region (77%
      between nucleotides -1 and -300) which contains a TATA element and several
      potential transcription factor Spl-binding sites. The promoter region also
      contains several repeat elements, including two 11-nucleotide repeats that
      encompass six potential transcription factor AP-2-binding sites. This work
      provides a foundation for exploring the mechanism(s) by which protein-tyrosine
      kinase pp60v-src and protein kinase C modulate uPA gene transcription.

PMID- 2295634
TI  - Sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway in Spodoptera littoralis and its activation by
      a neurohormone.
AB  - Deuterium-labeled fatty acids have been used to elucidate the sex pheromone
      biosynthetic pathway in Spodoptera littoralis. Label from palmitic acid was
      incorporated during the scotophase into all the pheromone acetates and their
      corresponding fatty acyl intermediates. (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate, the
      major component of the pheromone blend, is synthesized from palmitic acid via
      tetradecanoic acid, which, by the action of a specific (E)-11 desaturase and
      subsequently a (Z)-9 desaturase, is converted into (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienoate.
      By further reduction and acetylation, this compound leads to the dienne acetate.
      Deuterated precursors applied to the pheromone gland during the photophase were
      also incorporated into the pheromone. The percentage of labeled (Z,E)-9,11
      tetradecadienyl acetate relative to natural compound was significantly higher
      during the light period. Label incorporation from different intermediates into
      the pheromone was stimulated by injection of brain-subesophageal ganglion extract
      during the photophase. The influence of the pheromone biosynthesis-activating
      neuropeptide on the biosynthetic pathway is discussed.

PMID- 2295635
TI  - NMR measurement of cytosolic free calcium, free magnesium, and intracellular
      sodium in the aorta of the normal and spontaneously hypertensive rat.
AB  - We have utilized multinuclear NMR spectroscopy to examine the relationship
      between cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]in), free Mg2+ ([Mg2+]in) and intracellular
      Na+ ([Na+]in) levels of the intact thoracic aorta and primary hypertension using
      the Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley rats as controls and the spontaneously
      hypertensive rat as a model for genetic hypertension. Cytosolic free [Ca2+] was
      measured using 19F NMR of the intracellular Ca2+ indicator 5,5'-difluoro-1,2-bis
      (o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, free [Mg2+] using the 31P
      resonances of intracellular ATP, and intracellular [Na+] by 23Na NMR in
      combination with the extracellular shift reagent dysprosium tripolyphosphate. We
      have found that both the [Na+]in and [Ca2+]in levels were significantly increased
      in the hypertensive animals relative to normotensive controls (p less than 0.01).
      Mean systolic blood pressures (using tail cuff method) of control and
      hypertensive rats were 123 +/- 8 mm Hg (mean +/- 2 S.E., n = 7) and 159 +/- 6 mm
      Hg (mean +/- 2 S.E., n = 7), respectively. [Na+]in and [Ca2+]in were 21.9 +/- 6.4
      mM (mean +/- 2 S.E., n = 7) and 277 +/- 28 nM (mean +/- 2 S.E., n = 5) for the
      spontaneously hypertensive rats versus 10.1 +/- 1.8 mM (mean +/- 2 S.E., n = 7)
      and 151 +/- 26 nM (mean +/- 2 S.E., n = 5) for control rats, respectively. A
      slight difference observed between intracellular free Mg2+ levels in
      hypertensives (180 +/- 38 microM, mean +/- 2 S.E., n = 4) and controls (246 +/-
      76 microM, mean +/- 2 S.E., n = 4) was not statistically significant (p greater
      than 0.1). These data indicate alterations in the cell membrane ion transport
      function of the aortic smooth muscle in primary hypertension.

PMID- 2295633
TI  - Protein components of a cytochrome P-450 linalool 8-methyl hydroxylase.
AB  - The cytochrome P-450 heme-thiolate monooxygenases that hydroxylate monoterpene
      hydrocarbon groups are effective models for the cytochrome P-450 family. We have
      purified and characterized the three proteins from a P-450-dependent linalool 8
      methyl hydroxylase in Pseudomonas putida (incognita) strain PpG777. The proteins
      resemble the camphor 5-exohydroxylase components in chemical and physical
      properties; however, they show neither immunological cross-reactivity nor
      catalytic activity in heterogenous recombination. These two systems provide an
      excellent model to probe more deeply the heme-thiolate reaction center, molecular
      domains of substrate specificity, redox-pair interactions, and the regulation of
      the reaction cycle.

PMID- 2295636
TI  - Alpha-thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis of fibrin I. Alternative binding modes and
      the accessibility of the active site in fibrin I-bound alpha-thrombin.
AB  - Steady-state kinetic parameters were determined for the action of human alpha
      thrombin on human fibrin I polymer, an intermediate in the alpha-thrombin
      catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen to the fibrin matrix of blood clots during the
      terminal phase of the blood clotting cascade. Values of 49 s-1 and 7.5 microM
      were determined (at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4, gamma/2 0.17) for kcat and Km,
      respectively. Studies of the effect of fibrin I on alpha-thrombin-catalyzed
      hydrolysis of the fluorogenic substrate N-p-Tos-Gly-L-Pro-L-Arg-7-amido-4
      methylcoumarin (tos-GPR-amc) and the effect of fibrin I on the reaction of alpha
      thrombin with antithrombin III (AT) were presented which indicate that the active
      site of alpha-thrombin is accessible while it is bound to its substrate fibrin I.
      Fibrin I inhibited alpha-thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis of tos-GPR-amc in a manner
      inconsistent with the pure competitive inhibition expected for an alternative
      substrate, whereas fibrinogen, an alpha-thrombin substrate, behaved as a pure
      competitive inhibitor of the alpha-thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis of tos-GPR-amc.
      The effect of fibrin I on alpha-thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis of tos-GPR-amc was
      shown to be consistent with alpha-thrombin binding to fibrin I in alternative
      orientations. In one orientation both the active site and a site distinct from
      the active site (an exosite) of alpha-thrombin are occupied by fibrin I. In the
      other orientation only the exosite of alpha-thrombin is occupied and the active
      site is freely accessible to other substrates. The values of both kcat (21 s-1)
      and Km (less than 0.23 microM) determined for fibrin I-bound alpha-thrombin
      acting on tos-GPR-amc were decreased relative to the values of kcat (180 s-1) and
      Km (7.3 microM) observed for the action of uncomplexed alpha-thrombin on tos-GPR
      amc. This observation suggests that the active site of alpha-thrombin is altered
      in fibrin I-bound alpha-thrombin. Studies of the effect of fibrin I on the
      reaction of AT with alpha-thrombin (at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4, gamma/2 0.17)
      indicated that when alpha-thrombin is bound to fibrin I in an orientation where
      the active site of alpha-thrombin is accessible, AT reacts with alpha-thrombin
      with a rate constant (greater than 4.2 x 10(4) M-1 s-1) that is greater than the
      rate constant (1.5 x 10(4) M-1 s-1) for reaction of AT with the free
      enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2295637
TI  - Promoter structure and protein sequence of msp130, a lipid-anchored sea urchin
      glycoprotein.
AB  - The early fate specification of primary mesenchyme cells in sea urchin embryos
      makes them an attractive system for studying alterations in gene expression and
      protein synthesis during cell lineage determination and differentiation. To
      analyze the developmental regulation of gene expression in Strongylocentrotus
      purpuratus, we have isolated and sequenced genomic and cDNA clones encoding msp
      130, a mesenchyme-specific cell surface glycoprotein. We have located the
      transcription initiation site of the msp130 gene and sequenced several kilobases
      of the promoter region. The region of the gene that encodes the protein is
      divided into numerous small (less than 500 base pairs) exons. The msp130 protein
      possesses two novel glycine-rich domains and a signal peptide, but apparently
      lacks a transmembrane domain. The carboxyl-terminal sequence suggests that msp130
      may be phosphatidylinositol-linked to the cell membrane, and experiments with
      phospholipases support this conclusion. The implications of the msp130 sequence
      for its possible functions are discussed.

PMID- 2295638
TI  - Mechanism for oscillatory assembly of microtubules.
AB  - Dampened oscillations of microtubule assembly can accompany polymerization at
      high tubulin subunit concentrations. This presumably results from a
      synchronization of dynamic instability behavior, which generates a large
      population of rapidly disassembling microtubules, that liberate tubulin-GDP
      oligomers. Subunits in oligomers cannot assemble until they dissociate, to allow
      GDP-GTP exchange. To determine whether rapidly disassembling microtubules
      generate oligomers directly, we measured the rate of dilution-induced disassembly
      of tubulin-GDP microtubules and the rate of dissociation of GDP from the so
      formed tubulin-GDP subunits. The rate of GDP dissociation from liberated subunits
      was found to correspond to that of tubulin-GDP subunits (t1/2 = 5 s), rather than
      tubulin-GDP oligomers. This indicates that tubulin-GDP subunits are released from
      microtubules undergoing rapid disassembly. Oligomers apparently form in a side
      reaction from the high concentration of tubulin-GDP subunits liberated from the
      synchronously disassembling microtubule population. The rate of subunit
      dissociation is 0.11 s-1 with oligomers formed by concentrating tubulin-GDP
      subunits and 0.045 s-1 with oligomers formed by cold-induced microtubule
      disassembly. This difference provides evidence that the conformation of tubulin
      GDP subunits released from rapidly disassembling microtubules differs from
      tubulin-GDP subunits that were not recently in the microtubule lattice.

PMID- 2295639
TI  - Rat ATP citrate-lyase. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a full-length
      cDNA and mRNA abundance as a function of diet, organ, and age.
AB  - ATP citrate-lyase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of
      cytosolic acetyl-CoA in many tissues. We have isolated a full-length cDNA copy of
      4.3 kilobase pairs encoding the ATP-citrate lyase mRNA by screening rat liver
      cDNA library using oligonucleotide probes designed from peptide sequences
      obtained from the purified rat enzyme. Expression of this cDNA in bacteria,
      followed by immunoblotting with antibody directed against the ATP citrate-lyase,
      further demonstrated the identity of this clone. Nucleic acid sequence data
      indicate that the cDNA contains the complete coding region for the enzyme, which
      is 1100 amino acids in length with a calculated molecular weight of 121,293. RNA
      blot analysis indicated an mRNA species of about 4.3 kilobase pairs in livers of
      chow-fed rats. Rats maintained on low fat, high carbohydrate diets exhibited a
      striking increase (50-fold) in the level of liver ATP citrate-lyase mRNA as
      compared with the control animals maintained on a normal diet. The tissue
      distribution of this mRNA in chow-fed animals revealed a relatively high
      abundance of the message in liver and adrenal, moderate levels were found in
      lung, brain, and large intestine with only trace amounts of the message in small
      intestine, stomach, testis, spleen, pancreas, kidney, and heart. During rat
      development, the ATP citrate-lyase mRNA was relatively high in the liver at
      parturition, followed by a reduction in its level during suckling. Higher amounts
      of the mRNA were detected again in adult animals. The isolation and
      characterization of the mRNA for ATP citrate-lyase will allow further studies on
      the reaction mechanism and metabolic regulation of this key enzyme in lipogenesis
      and cholesterogenesis.

PMID- 2295640
TI  - NADH-linked substrate dependence of peroxide-induced respiratory inhibition and
      calcium efflux in isolated renal mitochondria.
AB  - Peroxide-induced state 3 respiratory inhibition and Ca2+ efflux in isolated renal
      mitochondria exhibited a NADH-linked substrate dependence. ADP-stimulated
      respiratory rates in the presence of various concentrations of tert-butyl
      hydroperoxide (tBOOH, 0-1000 nmol/mg protein) were determined using glutamate,
      beta-hydroxybutyrate, or pyruvate as substrates. Pyruvate-driven respiration was
      most sensitive to inhibition (Ki approximately equal to 75 nmol of tBOOH/mg
      protein) followed by beta-hydroxybutyrate and glutamate (Ki approximately equal
      to 150 nmol of tBOOH/mg protein for each). Calcium (5-10 nmol/mg protein)
      potentiated tBOOH-induced respiratory inhibition using all three substrates.
      Mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux, induced by tBOOH, was most pronounced with pyruvate as
      substrate. Glutamate prevented Ca2+ efflux while the efflux rate with beta
      hydroxybutyrate was intermediate between glutamate and pyruvate. The substrate
      dependent pattern of tBOOH-induced NAD(P)H (NADH plus NADPH) and cytochrome b
      oxidation was similar to that seen for respiratory inhibition and Ca2+ efflux
      suggesting that NAD(P)H may be a common factor in both responses. Low tBOOH
      concentrations inhibited pyruvate dehydrogenase flux while higher concentrations
      enhanced pyruvate dehydrogenase flux and activation. The results are discussed in
      relation to currently proposed theories of reactive oxygen-induced respiratory
      inhibition, Ca2+ efflux, and reperfusion injury.

PMID- 2295641
TI  - Hormone-induced system A amino acid transport activity in rat liver plasma
      membrane and Golgi vesicles. Evidence for a differential sensitivity to
      inactivation by N-ethylmaleimide during carrier maturation.
AB  - We have investigated the biogenesis and processing of the rat hepatic System A
      amino acid carrier following induction of its de novo synthesis by the combined
      action of glucagon and dexamethasone. Golgi subfractions isolated from hormone
      treated rat liver form transport competent vesicles and possess characteristic
      System A activity based on pH sensitivity and 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid
      inhibition of Na(+)-dependent 2-aminoisobutyric acid uptake. We have monitored
      the time course for appearance of the newly synthesized carrier in the Golgi and
      plasma membrane fractions after the administration of hormones. Our data suggest
      that it may also be possible to detect processing intermediates of the System A
      carrier in the Golgi. Perfusion of whole rat liver with 5 mM N-ethylmaleimide
      followed by isolation of Golgi subfractions and plasma membrane revealed a
      differential sensitivity such that the plasma membrane or trans Golgi activities
      were inactivated to a much greater extent than those of the cis or medial Golgi.
      In vitro N-ethylmaleimide treatment of membrane fractions isolated from an intact
      rat results in an inactivation of the trans Golgi and plasma membrane System A
      carrier protein, whereas the cis and medial Golgi fractions retained their
      transport activity.

PMID- 2295642
TI  - Redox interactions between catalase and alcohol dehydrogenase pathways of ethanol
      metabolism in the perfused rat liver.
AB  - Alcohol metabolism via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and catalase was studied in
      perfused rat livers by measuring the oxidation of methanol and butanol, selective
      substrates for catalase and ADH, respectively. In livers from fasted rats, basal
      rates of methanol uptake of 15 +/- 1 mumol/g/h were decreased significantly to 8
      +/- 2 mumol/g/h by addition of butanol. Concomitantly, pyridine nucleotide
      fluorescence detected from the liver surface was increased by butanol but not
      methanol. Both effects of butanol were blocked by an inhibitor of ADH, 4
      methylpyrazole, consistent with the hypothesis that elevation of the NADH redox
      state by butanol inhibited H2O2 production via NAD+-requiring peroxisomal beta
      oxidation, leading indirectly to diminished rates of catalase-dependent methanol
      uptake. In support of this idea, both butanol and butyraldehyde inhibited H2O2
      generation. The NADH redox state was also elevated by xylitol, causing a 75%
      decrease in rates of methanol uptake by livers from fasted rats. This effect was
      not observed in livers from fed rats unless malate-aspartate shuttle activity was
      reduced by infusion of the transaminase inhibitor aminooxyacetate. Taken
      together, these data indicate that generation of reducing equivalents from ADH in
      the cytosol inhibits H2O2 generation leading to significantly diminished rates of
      peroxidation of alcohols via catalase. This phenomenon may represent an important
      physiological mechanism of regulation of ethanol oxidation in intact cells.

PMID- 2295643
TI  - Developmental regulation of the human cathepsin G gene in myelomonocytic cells.
AB  - Cathepsin G is a neutral serine protease that is found in the azurophil granules
      of neutrophils and monocytes. Previous experiments had demonstrated that
      cathepsin G is actively produced by the promonocytic U937 cell line, and that 12
      O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced differentiation of these cells
      toward macrophages resulted in a reduction of cathepsin G activity. In this
      study, we have analyzed the mechanism of this TPA-induced down-regulatory event.
      Using in situ hybridization techniques, we demonstrated that cathepsin G mRNA is
      detectable only at the promyelocytic stage of myeloid development. Using U937
      promonocytic cells as a model, we demonstrated; 1) cathepsin G protein levels
      decline in TPA-treated cells; 2) this decline was due to a nearly complete loss
      of cathepsin G mRNA in cells treated with TPA for 24 h; and 3) the rate of
      cathepsin G mRNA loss with TPA treatment was similar to that with actinomycin D.
      These results suggested that cathepsin G transcription was down-regulated within
      several hours of TPA addition. This was directly tested by performing nuclear run
      off assays of TPA-treated U937 cells; cathepsin G transcription was shown to be
      strand-specific, and declined within 4 h of TPA addition. Cathepsin G
      transcription was essentially undetectable 8 or more hours after TPA treatment,
      suggesting that down-regulation is predominantly transcriptional. Cycloheximide
      treatment of U937 cells resulted in a partial block of TPA-mediated cathepsin G
      down-regulation, indicating that continuous protein synthesis is required for
      down-regulation to occur. A newly synthesized protein or proteins may therefore
      be required for the transcriptional down-regulation of cathepsin G during the
      normal development of promyelocytes or promonocytes.

PMID- 2295645
TI  - Primary structure of a linker subunit of the tube worm 3000-kDa hemoglobin.
AB  - The deep-sea tube worm Lamellibrachia contains two giant extracellular
      hemoglobins, a 3000-kDa hemoglobin and a 440-kDa hemoglobin. The former consists
      of four heme-containing chains (AI-AIV) and two linker chains (AV and AVI) for
      the assembly of the heme-containing chains. The 440-kDa hemoglobin consists of
      only four heme-containing chains (Suzuki, T., Takagi, T., and Ohta, S. (1988)
      Biochem. J. 255, 541-545). The complete amino acid sequence of a linker subunit
      (chain AV) has been determined by automated Edman sequencing of the peptides
      derived by digestions with lysyl endopeptidase and endoproteinase Asp-N. The
      chain is composed of 224 amino acid residues, and the molecular mass for the
      protein moiety was calculated to be 24,894 Da. An Asn-X-Thr sequence which is
      possible as a glycosylation site was suggested at positions 108-110. A computer
      assisted homology search showed that the sequence shows no notable homology with
      any other globins and proteins. However a careful alignment of the linker
      sequence with a heme-containing chain sequence suggested that there is a slight,
      but significant homology between the two sequences. The alignment also suggested
      that the linker resulted from gene duplication of a heme-containing chain with a
      three exon-two intron structure, and that the first exon of domain 1 and the last
      exon of domain 2 had been lost during evolution. In our alignment, domain 1 has
      the heme-binding proximal histidine, but domain 2 does not. This is the first
      linker subunit to be sequenced completely.

PMID- 2295644
TI  - Localization of sequence segments forming a kappa-bungarotoxin-binding site on
      the alpha 3 neuronal nicotinic receptor.
AB  - To identify the sequence segments of the alpha 3 subunit of the neuronal
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (N-nAChR) forming the binding site for the
      cholinergic antagonist kappa-bungarotoxin (kappa-BGT), overlapping peptides
      corresponding to the complete alpha 3 sequence were tested for their ability to
      bind 125I-labeled kappa-BGT. Two peptides located within the N-terminal
      extracellular domain specifically bound kappa-BGT in a solid phase assay, i.e.
      peptide N alpha(3)51-70 with a Kd approximately 300 nM and peptide N alpha(3)1-18
      with slightly lower affinity (Kd approximately 500 nM). Preincubation of 125I
      kappa-BGT with peptides N alpha(3)51-70 or N alpha(3)1-18 resulted in greater
      than 90% inhibition of kappa-125I-BGT binding to native N-nAChR expressed on the
      neuronal cell line PC12. Under the same conditions, two additional peptides, N
      alpha(3)180-199 and N alpha(3)183-201, were found to inhibit kappa-125I-BGT
      binding to PC12 by approximately 50%. These latter peptides represent sequences
      that are homologous to those shown previously to bind alpha-bungarotoxin. Peptide
      N alpha(3)51-70 (400 microM) also reduced by approximately 4-fold the observed
      rate of association of kappa-BGT to PC12 cells. The results of these experiments
      identify sequence segments of the alpha 3 subunit which are likely to interact
      with kappa-BGT and may indicate the relative contribution that these segments
      make in the formation of the high affinity kappa-BGT-binding site of this N-nAChR
      subtype.

PMID- 2295646
TI  - Transfection of a human alpha-(1,3)fucosyltransferase gene into Chinese hamster
      ovary cells. Complications arise from activation of endogenous alpha
      (1,3)fucosyltransferases.
AB  - In order to isolate a human gene encoding an alpha-(1,3)fucosyltransferase (alpha
      (1,3)Fuc-T), genomic DNA from HL-60 cells was transfected by several methods into
      Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Colonies expressing alpha-(1,3)Fuc-T activity
      were identified by their ability to bind a monoclonal antibody (anti-SSEA-1) that
      recognizes the carbohydrate product of alpha-(1,3)Fuc-T action. CHO cells do not
      express alpha-(1,3)Fuc-T activity but contain at least two, silent alpha-(1,3)Fuc
      T genes previously identified by their activation in the rare, dominant mutants
      LEC11 and LEC12. These CHO enzymes were shown to be distinguishable from the
      alpha-(1,3)Fuc-T activity of HL-60 cells by the latter's comparative inability to
      transfer fucose to paragloboside and fetuin. Based on these criteria, only 11
      isolates from more than 70 putative transfectants examined were found to stably
      express an alpha-(1,3)Fuc-T activity typical of HL-60 cells. Genomic DNA from two
      of these isolates was used to generate five independent secondary transfectants
      with HL-60-like alpha-(1,3)Fuc-T activity. Southern analysis revealed a common
      DNA fragment that hybridized to an Alu probe in each secondary, providing
      evidence that a human alpha-(1,3)Fuc-T gene had been transfected. However, in all
      transfection experiments, isolates that expressed alpha-(1,3)Fuc-T activities
      similar to CHO-encoded enzymes were also obtained. Several lines of evidence
      indicated that these cells arose from activation of endogenous CHO alpha-(1,3)Fuc
      T genes as a consequence of DNA transfection. These false positives complicated
      the identification of transfectants expressing a human alpha-(1,3)Fuc-T gene and
      represent an important consideration in experiments to transfect other
      glycosyltransferase genes.

PMID- 2295647
TI  - Microtubule solutions display nematic liquid crystalline structure.
AB  - We report a study of the spontaneous formation of ordered arrays of microtubules
      in solution. Form birefringence and anisotropic light-scattering appear rapidly
      and spontaneously when tubulin, initially present in homogeneous solution, self
      assembles into microtubules. This phenomenon is reversible and occurs at protein
      concentrations of a few milligrams per ml, in the presence or absence of
      microtubule-associated proteins. Light and electron microscopic examination
      reveals that extensive regions of these birefringent solutions consist of nearly
      parallel microtubules. Measurement of the order parameter, S, yields a value of
      0.81 +/- 0.05, indicating a high degree of alignment. Comparison of these
      observations to qualitative predictions developed from the theory of Onsager
      ((1949) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51, 627-659) leads to the conclusion that
      microtubules form a nematic liquid crystalline phase in vitro under ordinary
      conditions. Simultaneous spectrophotometric observation of turbidity (a measure
      of microtubule assembly) and birefringence shows that the parallel ordering lags
      only slightly behind assembly, thus demonstrating that much microtubule growth
      must occur by addition of tubulin to the ends of microtubules that are already
      aligned. These observations of anisotropy are important to the understanding of
      microtubule dynamics in vitro.

PMID- 2295648
TI  - cis-acting sequences involved in protein binding and in vitro transcription of
      the human alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH2.
AB  - The human alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH2 is expressed at high levels in the
      liver. At least five different complexes between nuclear proteins from mouse
      liver or rat hepatoma cells and the proximal promoter region extending from
      nucleotides -188 to +31 are detected by gel retardation assays. Using
      oligonucleotides to compete for the binding, and also as the probes, allowed
      localization of sequences within this region that bind nuclear proteins. Mutated
      oligonucleotides did not bind or compete. Nucleotides which are contacted by the
      proteins have been localized by methylation interference assays to two regions
      homologous to the related mouse Adh-1 gene. One maps between nucleotides -94 and 
      84; the other is from nucleotides -72 through -64. The 5' region of the human
      ADH2 gene is capable of directing accurate in vitro transcription in extracts
      from hepatoma cells. Deletion analysis indicates that the smallest portion of the
      proximal promoter region capable of directing significant transcription extends
      to nucleotide -93, which just contains both of the identified contact regions.
      The longer promoter fragments do not work as well, suggesting the presence of
      negative elements. In vitro transcription assays using oligonucleotides and
      mutated oligonucleotides as competitors demonstrate that both of the cis-acting
      sequences identified here are important to efficient initiation of transcription
      from the ADH2 promoter.

PMID- 2295649
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction results of snowdrop (Galanthus
      nivalis) lectin.
AB  - Well-ordered single crystals have been grown for a mannose-specific lectin from
      snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) bulbs in the presence of methyl-alpha-D-mannoside.
      The space group symmetry is consistent with the orthorhombic space group
      P2(1)2(1)2(1). The unit cell parameters are a = 140.0 A, b = 64.7 A, c = 62.0 A.
      The asymmetric unit can accommodate a tetramer. The functional molecule (50,000
      daltons) consists of four identical subunits and is highly specific for alpha 1,3
      linked mannose oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2295650
TI  - Structure of the human smooth muscle alpha-actin gene. Analysis of a cDNA and 5'
      upstream region.
AB  - The structures of a cDNA and the 5' upstream region of the human smooth muscle
      alpha-actin gene have been characterized. Transcriptional start sites and the non
      coding first exon were mapped by primer extension analysis and by comparing cDNA
      and genomic sequences. The deduced human smooth muscle alpha-actin protein
      sequence is identical to the corresponding bovine protein sequence, and thus
      confirms that the previously determined human genomic sequence contained a
      mutation at codon 312. Human smooth muscle cells express only a single, 1.4
      kilobase smooth muscle alpha-actin transcript. 5' Noncoding sequences that have
      the greatest similarity to the chicken gene are located in five noncontiguous
      segments, extending from approximately 250 base pairs upstream of the cap site
      through the first exon. Conserved sequences encompass a region required for
      expression and tissue-specific regulation of chicken smooth muscle alpha-actin
      and therefore are probably also important for expression of the human gene.

PMID- 2295651
TI  - pH-dependent denaturation of thrombin-activated porcine factor VIII.
AB  - Thrombin-activated porcine factor VIII (fVIIIaIIa) is a stable, active, 160-kDa
      heterotrimer at concentrations exceeding 2 x 10(-7) M in 0.7 M NaCl, 0.01 M
      histidine Cl, 5 mM CaCl2, pH 6.0, at 4 degrees C or 20 degrees C. Two of the
      subunits, fVIIIA1 and fVIIIA2, are derived from the heavy chain of the plasma
      derived, heterodimeric fVIII precursor. The third subunit, fVIIIA3-C1-C2, is
      derived from the fVIII light chain. We now find that fVIIIaIIa undergoes a sharp
      decline in coagulant activity between pH 7 and 8. At pH 7.5, the activity of
      fVIIIaIIa at 3 x 10(-7) M decays within a few hours to a stable level that is
      approximately 70% of the value at pH 6.0, whereas at pH 8.0, greater than 99% of
      the activity is lost. The activity cannot be restored by readjusting the pH to
      6.0. The loss of activity at pH 8.0 coincides with dissociation of the fVIIIA2
      subunit since an inactive fVIIIA1/A3-C1-C2 heterodimer can be isolated by Mono S
      high performance liquid chromatography. After prolonged incubation at pH 8.0, the
      fVIIIA1 subunit also dissociates. The free fVIIIA2 fragment appears to be poorly
      soluble which may explain the irreversible loss of activity. Analytical velocity
      sedimentation of the pH-inactivated fVIIIaIIa preparation also is consistent with
      dissociation and precipitation of the fVIIIA2 fragment. We propose that
      denaturation of fVIIIaIIa by pH-dependent subunit dissociation may provide a
      major mechanism of inactivation of fVIIIaIIa under physiologic conditions.

PMID- 2295652
TI  - Isolation and reconstitution of the intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter.
AB  - The intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter was isolated from brush border membrane
      vesicles using a three-step procedure and Na(+)-dependent phlorizin binding as
      the measure of cotransporter enrichment. The initial step was to treat the Ca2(+)
      precipitated brush border membrane vesicles with 0.02% sodium dodecyl sulfate
      (SDS) followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation which resulted in a 5-fold
      enrichment of the Na+/glucose cotransporter. The second step was chromatofocusing
      chromatography over the pH range from pH 7.4 to pH 4.0. This step resulted in an
      additional 20-fold purification as compared with the SDS-brush border membrane
      vesicle protein which served as the starting material. The final step was
      affinity chromatography on con A-Sepharose which resulted in a 5-fold enrichment
      of the chromatofocused protein. The glycoprotein fraction from the concanavalin A
      column reconstituted into phosphatidyl choline: cholesterol liposomes
      demonstrated Na(+)-dependent, phlorizin-sensitive, and osmotic strength-sensitive
      glucose uptake. This fraction consisted of a single 75-kDa polypeptide on SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis upon staining with silver. On the basis of
      these criteria it appears that a protocol for the isolation of the Na+/glucose
      cotransporter has been developed.

PMID- 2295653
TI  - Examination of substrate-induced conformational changes in the Na+/glucose
      cotransporter.
AB  - Conformations of the Na+/glucose cotransporter were examined using tryptophan
      fluorescence and substrates to induce cotransporter conformational changes.
      Addition of Na+ but not K+ or TMA+ resulted in a saturable quenching of
      tryptophan fluorescence with a K0.5 for Na+ of 28 mM. In the presence of
      saturating Na+ concentrations, d-glucose but not l-glucose, fructose, or
      phlorizin resulted in a partial return of tryptophan fluorescence to
      approximately 70% of the substrate-free levels. This return of tryptophan
      fluorescence was a saturable function of d-glucose concentration with a K0.5 of
      43 microM. The three conformations were compared with respect to their
      sensitivity to tryptophan quench reagents. Acrylamide quenching was unaffected by
      substrates. In contrast, I- quenching decreased 40% in the presence of Na+, while
      Cs+ quenching increased 64%. Addition of saturating d-glucose concentrations
      resulted in the return of I- quenching to 90% of the substrate-free values and
      reduced Cs+ quenching to substrate-free levels. In contrast, phlorizin did not
      mimic the effect of d-glucose on tryptophan fluorescence. These results are
      interpreted in terms of a second substrate-induced cotransporter conformational
      change which based on similar substrate specificities appears directly related to
      cotransporter-mediated Na+ and d-glucose transport.

PMID- 2295654
TI  - Modulation of the stability of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase
      through the calmodulin-binding domain.
AB  - The binding of Ca2+(4).calmodulin (CaM) to rabbit skeletal muscle myosin light
      chain kinase (MLCK) is required for expression of the enzyme's activity. While
      both MLCK and CaM were stable at 30 degrees C, their complex was not. The binding
      of CaM to MLCK resulted in a time- and temperature-dependent inactivation that
      reflected an intrinsic instability of the complex. Separation of the components
      of the inactive complex yielded functional CaM, but catalytically inert MLCK,
      indicating that the site of the inactivating event was confined to MLCK. The
      behavior of proteolytic fragments further localized this event to the C-terminal
      60% of the 603-residue protein. Changes in the tryptophan fluorescence and
      proteolytic susceptibility of MLCK-CaM indicated that a conformational change
      accompanied, and thus may have caused, inactivation. Substrates protected against
      inactivation, as did millimolar concentrations of Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+. These
      metals appeared to bind to a site on MLCK distinct from that which recognized
      Mg2+.ATP. A proteolytic fragment of MLCK lacking the ability to bind CaM, C beta
      35 (residues 255-584; Edelman, A. M., Takio, K., Blumenthal, D. K., Hansen, R.
      S., Walsh, K. A., Titani, K., and Krebs, E. G. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 11275
      11285), was unstable at 30 degrees C, whereas a similar fragment which does bind
      CaM, T beta 40 (residues 236-595; Edelman, A. M., Takio, K., Blumenthal, D. K.,
      Hansen, R. S., Walsh, K. A., Titani, K., and Krebs, E. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260,
      11275-11285), was unstable only when CaM was bound.

PMID- 2295655
TI  - Interaction of endotoxic lipid A and lipid X with purified human platelet protein
      kinase C.
AB  - Lipid A, the toxic principle of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide, and its precursor,
      Lipid X, interact with human platelets and modulate protein kinase C therein
      (Grabarek, J., Timmons, S., and Hawiger, J. (1988) J. Clin. Invest. 82, 964-971).
      We have now purified protein kinase C from human platelets and studied its
      interaction with endotoxic Lipids A and X. Protein kinase C-dependent
      phosphorylation of histone III-S was increased 15 times in the presence of Lipid
      A and 300 microM Ca2+. The Ca2+ requirement for such activation was lower when 4
      beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or 1,2-diolein were added. Lipid A
      also induced autophosphorylation of protein kinase C, and its activation was
      enhanced by phosphatidylserine without reducing the Ca2+ requirement. Kinetic
      analysis of protein kinase C activation induced by Lipid A, in regard to ATP as a
      substrate, demonstrated that Lipid A increased the rate of the reaction (Vmax)
      without modifying the affinity of the enzyme (Km) for the substrate. Lipid X
      inhibited the activation of the enzyme induced by Lipid A. Lipid X also inhibited
      protein kinase C activation by phosphatidylserine, 1,2-diolein, and PMA. However,
      10 times more of Lipid X was required for 50% inhibition (IC50) when PMA was used
      as an activator of protein kinase C in the presence of phosphatidylserine than
      when Lipid A and 1,2-diolein were used. These results support the hypothesis that
      endotoxic Lipid A and Lipid X exert their biological effect in platelets through
      direct interactions with protein kinase C.

PMID- 2295656
TI  - Identification of a novel arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase in bovine tracheal
      epithelial cells distinct from leukocyte and platelet forms of the enzyme.
AB  - We examined the characteristics of an arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase in bovine
      tracheal epithelial cells in relation to the enzyme expressed in leukocytes and
      platelets. Homogenous preparations of intact or disrupted tracheal epithelial
      cells metabolized arachidonic acid predominantly to (12S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic
      acid, and subcellular fractionation by differential centrifugation demonstrated
      that the 12-lipoxygenase activity was localized predominantly to the 100,000 x g
      supernatant (cytosol fraction). Analysis of cytosolic enzymatic activity for pH
      dependence (maximum activity at pH 7.4-8.0), divalent cation effects (no
      dependence on cations), and kinetic characteristics (lag phase elimination by
      addition of hydroperoxide) exhibited similarity to leukocyte and platelet 12
      lipoxygenases. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the epithelial
      12-lipoxygenase reacted with a monoclonal antibody (lox-2) directed against
      leukocyte 12-lipoxygenase but not with an antibody (HPLO-3) against the platelet
      enzyme. Immunoaffinity chromatography of the epithelial 100,000 x g supernatant
      fraction using lox-2 linked to Affi-Prep 10 yielded a single predominant protein
      band (Mr = 72,000) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      identical in apparent mass to the bovine leukocyte lipoxygenase. Western blotting
      using a polyclonal antibody to leukocyte 12-lipoxygenase showed peroxidase
      staining of the same 72-kDa protein band. Activity assays of the purified enzymes
      demonstrated that substrate specificity for the epithelial 12-lipoxygenase was
      similar to that of the leukocyte enzyme, but the epithelial enzyme more
      efficiently converted 18-carbon fatty acids to the corresponding monohydroxylated
      conjugated dienes. We conclude that bovine tracheal epithelial cells express a 12
      lipoxygenase that has immunological reactivity similar to leukocyte and distinct
      from platelet 12-lipoxygenase and possesses substrate specificity distinct from
      both enzymes. We further suggest that lipoxygenase heterogeneity may provide a
      basis for different functional roles for the enzyme in different cell types.

PMID- 2295657
TI  - Oral ciprofloxacin compared with standard parenteral antibiotic therapy for
      chronic osteomyelitis in adults.
AB  - A group of fourteen patients who had chronic osteomyelitis and were treated with
      oral ciprofloxacin was compared with a group of twelve patients of similar age
      who had chronic osteomyelitis and received standard parenteral antibiotic therapy
      consisting of nafcillin, clindamycin, and gentamicin, singly or in combination.
      The osteomyelitis was arrested at the end of therapy and on follow-up examination
      of eleven patients in the first group and ten in the second group. The average
      duration of antibiotic therapy (thirty-eight days) and follow-up (approximately
      thirty months) were about the same for both groups. Oral administration of
      ciprofloxacin was as effective and safe as parenteral therapy for the treatment
      of osteomyelitis in these adults.

PMID- 2295658
TI  - Experimental lumbar spinal stenosis. Analysis of the cortical evoked potentials,
      microvasculature, and histopathology.
AB  - An animal model of lumbar spinal stenosis was developed in which the
      pathophysiology of this condition could be examined. Four experimental groups,
      each containing six dogs, were studied. One group had a laminectomy of the sixth
      and seventh lumbar vertebrae only; these animals served as controls. In the three
      other groups, a laminectomy was performed and the cauda equina was constricted by
      25, 50, or 75 per cent to produce chronic compression. Cortical evoked potentials
      were recorded preoperatively, immediately after constriction, and at one, two,
      and three months postoperatively. Daily neurological examinations were carried
      out, and the neurological deficits were graded using the Tarlov system. After
      three months of constriction, the cauda equina of three dogs in each group was
      examined histologically, and the vascular circulation was examined by latex and
      India-ink injection with a modification of the Spalteholz technique. The animals
      in the control group showed no neurological abnormalities, no changes in cortical
      evoked potentials, normal microvascularity, and no histopathological changes in
      the nerve roots or the spinal cord. The dogs in which the cauda equina had been
      constricted 25 per cent had no neurological deficits, mild changes in cortical
      evoked potentials, slight histological changes, and venous congestion of the root
      and dorsal root ganglion of the seventh lumbar nerve. The dogs in which the cauda
      equina had been constricted 50 per cent had mild initial motor weakness, major
      changes in cortical evoked potentials, edema and loss of myelin in the root of
      the seventh lumbar nerve, and moderate or severe venous congestion of the root
      and dorsal root ganglion of the seventh lumbar nerve. The dogs in which the cauda
      equina had been constricted 75 per cent had significant weakness, paralysis of
      the tail, and urinary incontinence; two dogs recovered by the third month, but
      all had neurogenic claudication for three months. All six dogs had dramatic
      changes in cortical evoked potentials and had complete nerve-root atrophy at the
      level of the constriction. There was blockage of axoplasmic flow and wallerian
      degeneration of the motor nerve roots distal to the constriction and of the
      sensory roots proximal to the constriction, as well as degeneration of the
      posterior column. Severe arterial narrowing at the level of the constriction and
      venous congestion of the roots and dorsal root ganglia of the seventh lumbar and
      first sacral nerves were also present. Cortical evoked potentials revealed
      neurological abnormalities before the appearance of neurological signs and
      symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2295659
TI  - Post-traumatic squamous-cell carcinoma.
AB  - Between January 1, 1976, and January 1, 1986, we treated sixty-three patients who
      had histologically proved squamous-cell carcinoma that originated in a pre
      existing scar or sinus of an extremity. In 49 per cent of the patients,
      metastases to regional lymph nodes either were present when the patient was first
      seen or subsequently developed. The age and sex of the patient, the etiology of
      the original scar, and the duration of illness bore no relationship to the
      result. The most significant factor in predicting the outcome was the grade of
      the tumor: for grade-I (low-grade) lesions, the incidence of metastasis was 10
      per cent; for grade-II (moderately well differentiated) lesions, 59 per cent; and
      for grade-III (poorly differentiated) lesions, 86 per cent. Eleven patients had
      wide local excision of the lesion, which resulted in local recurrence in four
      patients and metastasis in three. Thirty patients had therapeutic amputation: one
      patient had recurrent disease and five patients had metastasis. Radical resection
      of lymph nodes after metastasis was uniformly unsuccessful in preventing
      additional metastasis. Ten patients who had a grade-II or grade-III tumor had
      prophylactic irradiation of the regional lymph nodes after the definitive
      operative treatment. At an average of thirty-seven months of follow-up, only one
      of them had metastasis. We recommend that well differentiated squamous-cell
      carcinoma be considered a low-grade tumor, according to the staging system for
      musculoskeletal neoplasms, and that more poorly differentiated squamous-cell
      carcinoma (grades II and III) be considered a high-grade lesion.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295660
TI  - Late infection after total hip replacement, caused by an oral organism after
      dental manipulation. A case report.

PMID- 2295661
TI  - Metallosis associated with a stable titanium-alloy femoral component in total hip
      replacement. A case report.

PMID- 2295662
TI  - Recurrent compartment syndrome and Volkmann contracture associated with chronic
      osteomyelitis of the ulna. A case report.

PMID- 2295663
TI  - Traumatic rupture of the superior gluteal artery, without fracture of the pelvis,
      causing compartment syndrome of the buttock. A case report.

PMID- 2295664
TI  - Compartment syndrome in the foot after an inversion injury to the ankle. A case
      report.

PMID- 2295665
TI  - Ischemic necrosis of the femoral head. Treatment by core decompression.

PMID- 2295666
TI  - Refracture of bones of the forearm after the removal of compression plates.

PMID- 2295667
TI  - Avulsion fracture of the lateral acetabular margin. A case report.

PMID- 2295668
TI  - Dihydroergotamine/heparin in the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after total
      hip replacement. A controlled, prospective, randomized multicenter trial.

PMID- 2295669
TI  - Orthopaedic procedures and prognosis in hemophilic patients who are seropositive
      for human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Thirty patients who had hemophilia and were seropositive for the human
      immunodeficiency virus were evaluated. The preoperative CD4 lymphocyte count was
      decreased to an average of 336 x 10(9) per liter (range, 27 to 708 x 10(9) per
      liter). After twenty-six orthopaedic operations in patients who had no previous
      bacterial infection, a nosocomial infection (cellulitis in the forearm, at the
      site of an intravenous catheter) developed in only one patient, but five patients
      had an abnormal postoperative fever that was not accompanied by the expected
      increase in the white blood-cell count. The preoperative CD4 lymphocyte count was
      significantly reduced in the patients who had an abnormal elevation in body
      temperature (p less than 0.004). The functional result or outcome after operation
      was similar to that in hemophilic patients treated before 1982. Subsequent
      progression of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, as determined by
      the CD4 lymphocyte count and the Walter Reed classification system, occurred in
      most patients. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was diagnosed in six patients.
      A more rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was seen in the
      patients who had a lower CD4 lymphocyte count preoperatively. Preoperative
      evaluation of the CD4 lymphocyte count and the response to intradermal skin-test
      antigens in patients who are at risk for infection postoperatively provides
      additional information concerning immunological competence. With these data, the
      possible risk of infection in patients who are seropositive for the human
      immunodeficiency virus can be estimated more accurately.

PMID- 2295670
TI  - Osteosynthesis for old, established non-union of the lateral condyle of the
      humerus.
AB  - In thirty elbows that had an established non-union of a fracture of the lateral
      humeral condyle that had occurred more than five years before, treatment
      consisted of one of three operations: anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve
      (nine patients), corrective osteotomy of the humerus and anterior transposition
      of the ulnar nerve (four patients), or osteosynthesis of the non-union combined
      with neurolysis and anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve, with or without
      corrective osteotomy of the humerus (seventeen patients). Of the thirty patients,
      fifteen had been apprehensive when using the elbow, due to lateral instability,
      or had had pain in the elbow. In thirteen of these fifteen patients, the non
      union was treated by osteosynthesis. Afterward, the pain and apprehension
      disappeared, but the range of motion of the elbow decreased in all but three
      patients. Three patients had clicking between the humerus and radius, and the
      bone failed to unite in three others. Osteosynthesis is indicated for the
      treatment of non-union of the lateral humeral condyle only if the patient has
      serious pain in the elbow or apprehension when using the elbow, due to lateral
      instability.

PMID- 2295671
TI  - Compartment syndrome after intramedullary nailing of the tibia.
AB  - Three patients had compartment syndrome of the leg after tibial intramedullary
      nailing with reaming. They were all treated successfully with emergency
      fasciotomy. A prospective study was done of seven additional patients who had
      continual monitoring of the pressure in the deep posterior compartment during
      tibial intramedullary nailing with reaming. In five of them, the procedure was
      performed three weeks or less after injury and in the remaining two, the nailing
      was performed later for the treatment of non-union. Two pressure peaks in the
      deep posterior compartment were noted: one after strong longitudinal traction was
      applied and the fracture was reduced and the other during intramedullary reaming.
      Intraoperative pressure of thirty millimeters of mercury or more were recorded in
      three of the seven patients. In the treatment of tibial fractures, operative
      procedures that involve forceful traction for a long time may predispose the
      patient to compartment syndrome in the leg. Close clinical observation of such
      patients is needed. When there is a high risk of compartment syndrome, monitoring
      of the pressure in the compartment may be prudent.

PMID- 2295672
TI  - Joint replacement for ankylosed hips.
AB  - Forty-one fused hips in thirty-eight patients were converted to total hip
      replacement. The average length of follow-up was seven years. The predominant
      indications for conversion were progressively disabling pain in the low back or
      the hip, or both; loss of function due to immobility or malposition of the hip;
      and progressive pain and instability of the knee (usually ipsilateral). The
      postoperative arc of flexion averaged 87 degrees. Limb-length discrepancies
      improved an average of 2.5 centimeters. Postoperative function of the abductor
      muscles depended on the preoperative quality of those muscles and on the accuracy
      of the biomechanical restoration. Postoperative strength of the muscles of the
      hip improved for two years or more in most patients. There was complete or major
      relief of pain, improved mobility of the hip, and decreased dependence on
      supports for walking. There were nine failures: four because of sepsis, four
      because of loosening of the femoral component, and one because of malposition of
      the acetabular component. The failures were predominantly in patients who were
      fifty years old or less at the time of arthroplasty, patients who had had two or
      more previous operations, and patients who had had an injury to the hip. The
      quality of the results approached that after primary hip arthroplasty in older
      patients who have not had multiple previous operations on the hip. Survivorship
      analysis of the spontaneously fused hips that were treated with conventional hip
      replacement predicted a probability of survival of the implant of 96 per cent at
      thirteen years postoperatively (p = 0.048).

PMID- 2295673
TI  - Talar impingement by the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament. A cause of chronic
      pain in the ankle after inversion sprain.
AB  - Seven patients who had pain in the anterior aspect of the ankle were found to
      have a thickened distal fascicle of the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament.
      Each patient had a history of an inversion sprain of the ankle followed by
      chronic pain in the anterior aspect of the ankle. The thickened distal fascicle
      was resected without loss of stability of the ankle. Five patients needed
      debridement of an area of abraded hyaline cartilage on the anterolateral aspect
      of the talus. Six patients were followed for a mean of thirty-nine months (range,
      twenty-four to fifty-nine months). Four of them had no pain in the ankle or
      limitation in activities, and two reported marked improvement, with only
      occasional pain in the ankle related to overuse. A separate distal fascicle of
      the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament is present in most human ankles and can
      be a cause of talar impingement, abrasion of the articular cartilage, and pain in
      the anterior aspect of the ankle. Resection of this ligament usually will
      alleviate the pain caused by the impingement.

PMID- 2295674
TI  - Prognosis for patients who have osteosarcoma with skip metastasis.
AB  - We analyzed the cases of twenty-three patients who had Stage-IIB osteosarcoma and
      skip metastasis to determine the rates of disease-free and long-term survival.
      The regimens of preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy varied. The patterns
      of relapse and long-term survival were studied in relation to the skip lesions,
      and these patterns were compared with those of 224 patients who had Stage-II
      osteosarcoma but no skip lesion. Of the twenty-three patients who had a skip
      lesion, twenty-two had either a local recurrence or a distant metastasis; twenty
      two patients died, and one remained disease-free at thirty-eight months. Kaplan
      Meier analysis showed significant differences in the rates of local recurrence
      and distant metastasis (Mantel-Cox test statistic, p less than 0.0001) and in the
      over-all survival (Mantel-Cox test statistic, p less than 0.0001) between the
      patients who had and those who did not have skip metastasis. The cases of
      fourteen patients who had skip metastasis from a lesion in the distal end of the
      femur were compared with those of eighty-seven patients who had a similarly
      situated primary lesion but no skip metastasis. The difference was significant,
      although less so than when lesions in all anatomical sites were analyzed. The
      follow-up data indicated that the use of adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve
      the poor prognosis of patients who had skip metastasis. Therefore, we regard a
      skip lesion, along with regional lymphatic metastasis or metastasis to a distant
      organ, as another criterion for considering an osteosarcoma to be Stage III.

PMID- 2295675
TI  - HLA phenotypes in patients who have osteosarcoma.
AB  - Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotypes were studied in twenty Japanese patients
      who had typical osteosarcoma. The HLA-A11 phenotype was found in ten (50 per
      cent) of the twenty patients, compared with 16.6 per cent of 235 control subjects
      (chi square = 13.248; p less than 0.0005)--an odds ratio of 5.026. These data
      suggest that major histocompatibility complex-linked genes may determine
      susceptibility to osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2295676
TI  - Scapulothoracic arthrodesis for patients who have fascioscapulohumeral muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - In nine patients who had fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, thoracoscapular
      arthrodesis was done for the treatment of symptomatic winging of the scapula. The
      objective was to improve the use of the upper extremity in the performance of
      activities of daily living. Seven patients had a bilateral procedure. The active
      range of motion of the shoulder improved in all patients, with flexion increasing
      an average of 33 degrees and abduction, 25 degrees. Complications included
      pneumothorax, pleural effusion, atelectasis, fracture of the scapula, and
      pseudarthrosis. The length of follow-up averaged sixty-nine months, and the
      results did not deteriorate with time.

PMID- 2295677
TI  - Double-crush nerve compression in thoracic-outlet syndrome.
AB  - We studied 165 cases of thoracic-outlet syndrome in 142 patients in whom
      resection of the first rib had been performed. In seventy-three cases (44 per
      cent), there was compression of a nerve distally, as shown by electromyography
      and conduction studies. The most common secondary compression was carpal tunnel
      syndrome (forty-one cases). Thirteen patients needed an operation at three sites
      or more. Our results show that proximal compression of a nerve lessens its
      ability to withstand more distal compression. Once the diagnosis of thoracic
      outlet syndrome has been made, the possibility of an additional distal
      compression neuropathy should be investigated.

PMID- 2295678
TI  - Recalcitrant non-union of the scaphoid treated with a vascularized bone graft
      based on the ulnar artery.
AB  - Eight patients who had a recurrent pseudarthrosis of the carpal scaphoid were
      treated by a bone graft from the ulna, vascularized by an ulnar-artery pedicle.
      The graft was taken from the medial aspect of the distal third of the ulna and
      inserted into the prepared scaphoid. This technique is advocated only for complex
      recalcitrant non-union. All of our patients had previously had at least two
      operations, one of which was conventional non-vascularized bone-grafting. In all
      eight patients, primary osseous union occurred in an average of 4.6 months; all
      were able to resume their previous occupational or athletic activities.

PMID- 2295679
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the femoral head after acute intracapsular fracture
      of the femoral neck.
AB  - In fifteen patients who had a subcapital fracture of the femoral neck (twelve
      displaced fractures and three non-displaced fractures), magnetic resonance
      imaging of the femoral head was done with two-dimensional Fourier transform spin
      echo technique within forty-eight hours of injury. The magnetic resonance image
      did not show avascular necrosis of the femoral head in any of the patients. In
      eleven patients, there was a decreased signal at the base of the femoral head,
      immediately adjacent to the fracture. This decreased signal corresponded to a
      recognized band of necrosis and hemorrhage next to the site of the fracture and
      was not related to the viability of the femoral head. No other changes were seen
      on the images. We concluded that this type of magnetic resonance imaging is
      inadequate to determine the viability of the femoral head within forty-eight
      hours after a patient sustains an acute intracapsular fracture of the femoral
      neck.

PMID- 2295681
TI  - Intercellular communication is cell cycle modulated during early Xenopus laevis
      development.
AB  - We investigated intercellular communication during the seventh and tenth cell
      cycles of Xenopus laevis development using microinjection of Lucifer yellow and
      FITC-dextran as well as freeze-fracture electron microscopy. We found that gap
      junction-mediated dye coupling visualized using Lucifer yellow was strongly cell
      cycle modulated in the tenth cell cycle. Cytoplasmic bridge-mediated dye coupling
      visualized via FITC-dextran was also, of course, cell cycle modulated. The basis
      of cell cycle-modulated gap junctional coupling was investigated by measuring the
      abundance of morphologically detectable gap junctions through the tenth cell
      cycle. These proved to be six times more abundant at the beginning than at the
      end of this cell cycle.

PMID- 2295680
TI  - Sorting within the regulated secretory pathway occurs in the trans-Golgi network.
AB  - Bioactive peptides cleaved from the egg-laying hormone precursor in the bag cell
      neurons of Aplysia are sorted into distinct dense core vesicle classes (DCVs).
      Bag cell prohormone processing can be divided into two stages, an initial
      cleavage occurring in a late Golgi compartment, which is not blocked by monensin,
      and later cleavages that occur within DCVs and are blocked by monensin.
      Prohormone intermediates are sorted in the trans-Golgi network. The large soma
      specific DCVs turn over, while the small DCVs are transported to processes for
      regulated release. Thus, protein trafficking differentially regulates the levels
      and localization of multiple biologically active peptides derived from a common
      prohormone.

PMID- 2295682
TI  - The neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM enhances L1-dependent cell-cell
      interactions.
AB  - On neural cells, the cell adhesion molecule L1 is generally found coexpressed
      with N-CAM. The two molecules have been suggested, but not directly shown, to
      affect each other's function. To investigate the possible functional relationship
      between the two molecules, we have characterized the adhesive interactions
      between the purified molecules and between cultured cells expressing them. Latex
      beads were coated with purified L1 and found to aggregate slowly. N-CAM-coated
      beads did not aggregate, but did so after addition of heparin. Beads coated with
      both L1 and N-CAM aggregated better than L1-coated beads. Strongest aggregation
      was achieved when L1-coated beads were incubated together with beads carrying
      both L1 and N-CAM. In a binding assay, the complex of L1 and N-CAM bound strongly
      to immobilized L1, but not to the cell adhesion molecules J1 or myelin-associated
      glycoprotein. N-CAM alone did not bind to these glycoproteins. Cerebellar
      neurones adhered to and sent out processes on L1 immobilized on nitrocellulose. N
      CAM was less effective as substrate. Neurones interacted most efficiently with
      the immobilized complex of L1 and N-CAM. They adhered to this complex even when
      its concentration was at least 10 times lower than the lowest concentration of L1
      found to promote adhesion. The complex became adhesive for cells only when the
      two glycoproteins were preincubated together for approximately 30 min before
      their immobilization on nitrocellulose. The adhesive properties between cells
      that express L1 only or both L1 and N-CAM were also studied. ESb-MP cells, which
      are L1-positive, but N-CAM negative, aggregated slowly under low Ca2+. Their
      aggregation could be completely inhibited by antibodies to L1 and enhanced by
      addition of soluble N-CAM to the cells before aggregation. N2A cells, which are
      L1 and N-CAM positive aggregated well under low Ca2+. Their aggregation was
      partially inhibited by either L1 or N-CAM antibodies and almost completely by the
      combination of both antibodies. N2A and ESb-MP cells coaggregated rapidly and
      their interaction was similarly inhibited by L1 and N-CAM antibodies. These
      results indicate that L1 is involved in two types of binding mechanisms. In one
      type, L1 serves as its own receptor with slow binding kinetics. In the other, L1
      is modulated in the presence of N-CAM on one cell (cis-binding) to form a more
      potent receptor complex for L1 on another cell (trans-binding).

PMID- 2295683
TI  - Functional cooperation between the neural adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM is
      carbohydrate dependent.
AB  - The neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM have been suggested to interact
      functionally by formation of a complex between the two molecules (Kadmon, G., A.
      Kowitz, P. Altevogt, and M. Schachner. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 110:193-208). To
      determine the molecular mechanisms underlying this functional cooperation, we
      have studied the contribution of carbohydrates to the association of the two
      molecules at the cell surface. Aggregation or adhesion between L1- and N-CAM
      positive neuroblastoma N2A cells was reduced when the synthesis of complex and/or
      hybrid glycans was modified by castanospermine. Fab fragments of polyclonal
      antibodies to L1 inhibited aggregation and adhesion of castanospermine-treated
      cells almost completely, whereas untreated cells were inhibited by approximately
      50%. Fab fragments of polyclonal antibodies to N-CAM did not interfere with the
      interaction between castanospermine-treated cells, whereas they inhibited
      aggregation or adhesion of untreated cells by approximately 50%. These findings
      indicate that cell interactions depending both on L1 and N-CAM ("assisted
      homophilic" binding) can be reduced to an L1-dominated interaction ("homophilic
      binding"). Treatment of cells with the carbohydrate synthesis inhibitor
      swainsonine did not modify cell aggregation in the absence or presence of
      antibodies compared with untreated cells, indicating that castanospermine
      sensitive, but swainsonine-insensitive glycans are involved. To investigate
      whether the appropriate carbohydrate composition is required for an association
      of L1 and N-CAM in the surface membrane (cis-interaction) or between L1 on one
      side and L1 and N-CAM on the other side of interacting partner cells (trans
      interaction), an L1-positive lymphoid tumor cell line was coaggregated with and
      adhered to neuroblastoma cells in the various combinations of castanospermine
      treated and untreated cells. The results show that it is the cis-interaction
      between L1 and N-CAM that depends on the appropriate carbohydrate structures.

PMID- 2295684
TI  - Transient increases in cytosolic free calcium appear to be required for the
      migration of adherent human neutrophils.
AB  - Human neutrophils exhibit multiple increases in cytosolic free calcium
      concentration [( Ca2+]i) spontaneously and in response to the chemoattractant N
      formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (Jaconi, M. E. E., R. W. Rivest, W.
      Schlegel, C. B. Wollheim, D. Pittet, and P. D. Lew. 1988. J. Biol. Chem.
      263:10557-10560). The function of these repetitive increases in [Ca2+]i, as well
      as the role of Ca2+ in human neutrophil migration, remain unresolved. We have
      used microspectrofluorometry to measure [Ca2+]i in single fura-2-loaded human
      neutrophils as they moved on poly-D-lysine-coated glass in the presence of serum.
      To investigate the role of Ca2+ in human neutrophil migration, we examined cells
      in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+, as well as intracellular
      Ca2(+)-buffered and Ca2(+)-depleted cells. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+,
      multiple increases and decreases in [Ca2+]i were frequently observed, and at
      least one such transient increase in [Ca2+]i occurred in every moving cell during
      chemokinesis, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. In addition, neutrophils that
      extended pseudopodia and assumed a polarized morphology after plating onto a
      surface were always observed to exhibit [Ca2+]i transients even in the absence of
      chemoattractant. In contrast, a [Ca2+]i transient was observed in only one of the
      nonpolarized stationary cells that were examined (n = 15). Although some cells
      exhibited relatively periodic increases and decreases in [Ca2+]i, resembling the
      regular oscillations that have been observed in some cell types, many others
      exhibited increases and decreases in [Ca2+]i that varied in their timing,
      magnitude, and duration. Buffering of [Ca2+]i or removal of extracellular Ca2+
      damped out or blocked transient increases in [Ca2+]i and reduced or inhibited the
      migration of neutrophils. Under these conditions, polarized cells were often
      observed to make repeated attempts at migration, but they remained anchored at
      their rear. These data suggest that transient increases in [Ca2+]i may be
      required for the migration of human neutrophils on poly-D-lysine-coated glass in
      the presence of serum by allowing them to release from previous sites of
      attachment.

PMID- 2295687
TI  - Determination of benzimidazole anthelmintics in meat samples.
AB  - A procedure for the detection of eight benzimidazole anthelmintics in meat
      samples using high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The limits of
      detection are in the range 20-50 micrograms/kg with a recovery of 66-87%.
      Chromatography is performed on an octadecylsilane column using mobile phases of
      acetonitrile-water with an ion-pair reagent, with UV detection. For verification
      of positive results, the drug substances are derivatized to methyl or
      pentafluorobenzyl derivatives suitable for detection by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry in the electron-impact or positive or negative chemical-ionization
      mode.

PMID- 2295686
TI  - Copolymerization of two distinct tubulin isotypes during microtubule assembly in
      vitro.
AB  - Cells contain multiple tubulin isotypes that are the products of different genes
      and posttranslational modifications. It has been proposed that tubulin isotypes
      become segregated into different classes of microtubules each adapted to specific
      activities and functions. To determine if mixtures of tubulin isotypes segregate
      into different classes of polymers in vitro, we used immunoelectron microscopy to
      examine the composition of microtubule copolymers that assembled from mixtures of
      purified tubulin subunits from chicken brain and erythrocytes, each of which has
      been shown to exhibit distinct assembly properties in vitro. We observed that (a)
      the two isotypes coassemble rapidly and efficiently despite the fact that each
      isotype exhibits its own unique biochemical and assembly properties; (b) at low
      monomer concentrations the ratio of tubulin isotypes changes along the lengths of
      elongating copolymers resulting in gradients in immuno-gold labeling; (c) two
      distinct classes of copolymers each containing a distinct ratio of isotypes
      assemble simultaneously in the same subunit mixture; and (d) subunits and
      polymers of different isotypes associate nearly equally well with each other,
      there being only a slight bias favoring interactions among subunits and polymers
      of the same isotype. The observations agree with previous studies on the
      homogeneous distribution of multiple isotypes within cells and suggest that if
      segregation of isotypes does occur in vivo, it is most likely directed by cell
      specific microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) or specialized intracellular
      conditions.

PMID- 2295685
TI  - Kinetochores are transported poleward along a single astral microtubule during
      chromosome attachment to the spindle in newt lung cells.
AB  - During mitosis in cultured newt pneumocytes, one or more chromosomes may become
      positioned well removed (greater than 50 microns) from the polar regions during
      early prometaphase. As a result, these chromosomes are delayed for up to 5 h in
      forming an attachment to the spindle. The spatial separation of these chromosomes
      from the polar microtubule-nucleating centers provides a unique opportunity to
      study the initial stages of kinetochore fiber formation in living cells. Time
      lapse Nomarski-differential interference contrast videomicroscopic observations
      reveal that late-attaching chromosomes always move, upon attachment, into a
      single polar region (usually the one closest to the chromosome). During this
      attachment, the kinetochore region of the chromosome undergoes a variable number
      of transient poleward tugs that are followed, shortly thereafter, by rapid
      movement of the chromosome towards the pole. Anti-tubulin immunofluorescence and
      serial section EM reveal that the kinetochores and kinetochore regions of
      nonattached chromosomes lack associated microtubules. By contrast, these methods
      reveal that the attachment and subsequent poleward movement of a chromosome
      correlates with the association of a single long microtubule with one of the
      kinetochores of the chromosome. This microtubule traverses the entire distance
      between the spindle pole and the kinetochore and often extends well past the
      kinetochore. From these results, we conclude that the initial attachment of a
      chromosome to the newt pneumocyte spindle results from an interaction between a
      single polar-nucleated microtubule and one of the kinetochores on the chromosome.
      Once this association is established, the kinetochore is rapidly transported
      poleward along the surface of the microtubule by a mechanism that is not
      dependent on microtubule depolymerization. Our results further demonstrate that
      the motors for prometaphase chromosome movement must be either on the surface of
      the kinetochore (i.e., within the corona but not the plate), distributed along
      the surface of the kinetochore microtubules, or both.

PMID- 2295688
TI  - Gas chromatographic mass-specific investigation of dextromoramide (Palfium)
      metabolism in the horse.
AB  - Dextromoramide (Palfium) was given by intravenous injection to a Thoroughbred
      horse at a dosage of 20 mg and urine was collected 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after drug
      administration. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the urine followed by solvent extraction
      gave a residue which was back-extracted into 0.1 M sulphuric acid. After
      basification to pH 9 and solvent extraction, the resulting residue was submitted
      to gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. Both electron-impact and
      ammonia chemical-ionization mass spectra were recorded and, based on the observed
      fragmentation patterns, the principal metabolites in horse urine were shown to be
      2,2-diphenyl-3-methyl-4-morpholinobutyramide (compound 2) and the product of
      hydroxylation of one phenyl ring in dextromoramide (compound 3), respectively.
      The electron-impact mass spectra of compounds 2 and 3, and of their
      derivatisation products from oncolumn methylation in the gas chromatograph, are
      reported.

PMID- 2295689
TI  - Characterization of polyimide sorbents by using tracer pulse chromatography.
AB  - A modification of tracer pulse chromatography was used to rapidly evaluate four
      novel polyimide sorbents for use in air sampling. This technique utilized probe
      molecules with differenet functional groups to evaluate the surface retention
      characteristics when the sorbents were highly loaded by these chemicals and
      humidity. The evaluation of sorbents indicated the polymer subunits of each must
      have multiple sorption sites which is consistent with their chemical makeup. Some
      comparisons between the polyimides and Tenax-GC were made.

PMID- 2295690
TI  - Indirect fluorometric detection of tryptic digests separated by capillary zone
      electrophoresis.
AB  - This work demonstrates the analytical utility of indirect fluorescence detection
      with capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for the analysis of trace quantities of
      macromolecular mixtures. Detection is based upon charge displacement and is not
      based upon any absorption or emission property of the analyte. No derivatization
      step is required. Indirect fluorescence is therefore a general detector for
      electrophoresis. Subfemtomolar quantities of tryptic digest mixtures are
      separated within three minutes, and reproducible peaks are obtained from the
      mixtures. Mass limits of detection are 3000 times lower than those of commercial
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) UV absorbance detectors and 180
      times lower than those of UV absorbance detectors in CZE systems. This separation
      and detection system should be well suited to analysis of trace quantities of
      mixtures of peptides.

PMID- 2295692
TI  - Carrier detection in xeroderma pigmentosum.
AB  - We were able to detect clinically normal carriers of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)
      genes with coded samples of either peripheral blood lymphocytes or skin
      fibroblasts, using a cytogenetic assay shown previously to detect individuals
      with cancer-prone genetic disorders. Metaphase cells of phytohemagglutinin
      stimulated T-lymphocytes from eight individuals who are obligate heterozygotes
      for XP were compared with those from nine normal controls at 1.3, 2.3, and 3.3 h
      after x-irradiation (58 R) during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Lymphocytes
      from the XP heterozygotes had twofold higher frequencies of chromatid breaks or
      chromatid gaps than normal (P less than 10(-5)) when fixed at 2.3 or 3.3 h after
      irradiation. Lymphocytes from six XP homozygotes had frequencies of breaks and
      gaps threefold higher than normal. Skin fibroblasts from an additional obligate
      XP heterozygote, when fixed approximately 2 h after x-irradiation (68 R), had a
      twofold higher frequency of chromatid breaks and a fourfold higher frequency of
      gaps than fibroblasts from a normal control. This frequency of aberrations in
      cells from the XP heterozygote was approximately half that observed in the XP
      homozygote. The elevated frequencies of chromatid breaks and gaps after G2 phase
      x-irradiation may provide the basis of a test for identifying carriers of the XP
      gene(s) within known XP families.

PMID- 2295691
TI  - Distribution and concentration of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in plasma of
      normolipemic subjects.
AB  - A MAb (TP-2) directed against human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) has
      been applied to the development of a competitive solid-phase RIA. Experiments
      with immobilized CETP have shown that upon incubation with plasma or HDL in the
      presence of Tween (0.05%) apo A-I (but not apo A-II) binds to CETP while TP-2
      binding to CETP is concomitantly decreased. With high detergent concentration
      (0.5% Triton), the interference is eliminated and a specific RIA in which all
      plasma CETP fractions have the same affinity can be obtained. Plasma levels of
      CETP, apo A-I, lipids, and lipoproteins were measured in 50 normolipemic, healthy
      subjects of both sexes. CETP levels varied nearly fourfold with a mean value of
      1.7 micrograms/ml. CETP was positively correlated only with apo A-I (r = 0.38)
      and HDL-triglyceride (r = 0.39). In 29 other normolipemic subjects, where several
      apolipoproteins were also measured, significant correlations of CETP with apo A-I
      (0.41), apo E (0.43), and HDL-cholesterol (0.41) were observed, but there was no
      significant relationship between CETP and either apo A-II, B, or D. In other
      experiments CETP was shown to be present mostly in HDL3 and VHDL, to display
      exclusively an alpha 2-electrophoretic migration, and to occur within discrete
      particles ranging in size from 129 to 154 kD. In conclusion, the association of
      CETP with apo A-I-containing lipoproteins probably explains the correlation
      between CETP and apo A-I levels. The relationship between CETP and apo E suggests
      either a common metabolism or a specific cooperative role in cholesterol ester
      transport for these proteins.

PMID- 2295693
TI  - Isolation, purification, and radiolabeling of a novel 120-kD surface protein on
      Blastomyces dermatitidis yeasts to detect antibody in infected patients.
AB  - No well-defined Blastomyces-specific antigens are currently available. We used
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting to
      identify immunologically active molecules in the cell wall of B. dermatitidis. A
      major immunoreactive 120-kD protein (WI-1) was present in all five strains
      studied and comprised 5% of the protein in the cell wall extract obtained after
      freezing and thawing yeast cells. WI-1 was recognized by serum from all 10
      patients with blastomycosis but by none of those from 5 patients with
      histoplasmosis. It was purified by electroelution, radiolabeled with 125I, and
      incorporated into a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serodiagnosis of blastomycosis.
      Antibody to WI-1 was detected in 58 (85%) of 68 patients with blastomycosis
      (geometric mean titer, 1:2,981), in two (3%) of 73 patients with histoplasmosis,
      coccidioidomycosis, sporotrichosis, or candidiasis (titers, 1:86 and 1:91) and in
      none of 44 healthy persons. WI-1 was shown to be a surface molecule abundant on
      B. dermatitidis yeasts that were indirectly stained with serum from a rabbit
      immunized with WI-1. Approximately 0.93 pg of WI-1 or 4.7 x 10(6) WI-1 molecules
      were found on the surface of an individual yeast using an antigen-inhibition RIA;
      none was found on Histoplasma capsulatum or Candida albicans yeasts. We conclude
      that WI-1 is a novel, immunologically active surface molecule on the invasive
      form of B. dermatitidis and that WI-1 can be used to reliably detect antibody and
      study the immunopathogenesis of blastomycosis.

PMID- 2295694
TI  - Major histocompatibility complex-linked diabetogenic gene of the nonobese
      diabetic mouse. Analysis of genomic DNA amplified by the polymerase chain
      reaction.
AB  - Inheritance of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is polygenic, and at
      least one of the genes conferring susceptibility to diabetes is tightly linked to
      the MHC. Recent studies have suggested that DQB1 of humans and I-A beta of mice
      are closely associated with susceptibility and resistance to IDDM. For further
      characterization and localization of the MHC-linked diabetogenic gene, we studied
      the genomic sequence of the A beta gene of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, an
      animal model of IDDM, in comparison with those of its sister strains, nonobese
      nondiabetic and cataract Shionogi (CTS) mice, and the original strain, outbred
      Imperial Cancer Research (ICR) mice. Genomic DNAs from these strains were
      amplified in vitro by the polymerase chain reaction with thermostable Taq
      polymerase. The amplified sequences were analyzed by restriction endonuclease
      digestion, hybridization with allele-specific oligonucleotide probes, and direct
      sequencing. The unique I-A beta sequence of NOD mice was observed in the sister
      strain, CTS mice, and in one mouse of the original strain, outbred ICR mice.
      These data together with the results of MAb typing of MHC molecules and
      restriction mapping of the I-A region suggest that the unique class II MHC of NOD
      mice is not the result of a recent mutation, but is derived from the original
      strain. Since class I MHC of CTS mice is different from the MHC of NOD mice at
      both the K and D loci, CTS mice are a naturally occurring recombinant strain with
      NOD type class II MHC and non-NOD type class I MHC. Thus, breeding studies in
      crosses of NOD with CTS mice should provide biological information on whether the
      unique class II MHC of NOD mice is diabetogenic.

PMID- 2295695
TI  - Expression of interleukin 2 receptors by monocytes from patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome and induction of monocyte interleukin 2 receptors by
      human immunodeficiency virus in vitro.
AB  - A population of circulating mononuclear cells from patients with AIDS was
      identified which expressed interleukin 2 receptors (IL-2R). By dual-fluorescence
      flow microfluorometry, the patients' IL-2R+ cells were further identified as Leu
      M3+ monocytes (29.4 +/- 5.2% of the Leu M3+ cells were IL-2R+, n = 15), whereas
      Leu M3+ monocytes from normal subjects were IL-2R negative (2.0 +/- 0.42%; P less
      than 0.001). By Northern analysis, monocytes from AIDS patients, but not control
      subjects, constitutively expressed steady-state levels of IL-2R mRNA.
      Functionally, the IL-2R+ monocytes were capable of depleting IL-2 from culture
      supernatants, suggesting a mechanism for the reduced IL-2 levels commonly seen in
      AIDS patients. IL-2R+ monocytes also expressed increased levels of surface HLA-DR
      which may favor monocyte T-cell interactions and the transmission of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In additional studies, normal monocytes were
      infected with a macrophage-tropic HIV isolate in vitro and monitored for IL-2R
      and HLA-DR expression. Within 24-48 h after exposure to HIV in vitro, but before
      evidence of productive infection, greater than 25% of the monocytes became IL-2R+
      with increasing numbers of IL-2R+ cells and HLA-DR levels through day 6. These
      early signaling effects of HIV could be mimicked by adding purified HIV envelope
      glycoprotein gp120 to the monocytes. This stimulation of monocytes before or
      independent of productive infection of the cells by HIV is consistent with in
      vivo observations of activated and/or abnormal functions by monocytes that do not
      appear to be infected with HIV in AIDS patients.

PMID- 2295697
TI  - Role of complement in mouse macrophage binding of Haemophilus influenzae type b.
AB  - Previous in vivo studies demonstrated that clearance of encapsulated Haemophilus
      influenzae from blood is associated with the deposition of C3 on these bacteria
      and is independent of the later complement components (C5-C9). Since clearance of
      encapsulated bacteria is determined by phagocytosis of bacteria by fixed tissue
      macrophages, we studied the interaction of H. influenzae type b with macrophages
      in vitro. Organisms bound to macrophages in the presence of nonimmune serum.
      Binding was not evident in heat-treated serum or in serum from complement
      depleted animals and was inhibited by F(ab')2 fragments of antibody to C3 and by
      blockade of the macrophage complement receptor type 3. The majority of organisms
      bound in the presence of complement alone remained extracellular. Antibody in the
      form of convalescent serum or an IgG1 monoclonal to type b capsule did not
      increase the total number of organisms associated with macrophages, but did
      increase the number of organisms ingested. Furthermore, complement enhanced
      antibody-mediated ingestion. This in vitro study demonstrates that complement
      largely mediates binding of H. influenzae to macrophages. This binding may be
      critical in determining the early clearance of these bacteria from blood and may
      be an important mechanism of defense in the nonimmune, as well as the immune
      host.

PMID- 2295696
TI  - Identification of two related markers for common acute lymphoblastic leukemia as
      heat shock proteins.
AB  - By direct analysis of the polypeptide constituents of leukemic cells, we have
      previously detected several polypeptides that are restricted in their expression
      to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this study, we provide evidence that
      two polypeptides designated L2 and L4 are structurally related and represent
      novel markers for common ALL. Partial amino acid sequence analysis did not
      uncover differences between L2 and L4. The sequences obtained correspond to a
      previously cloned human gene designated hsp 27 that is expressed, following heat
      shock treatment, in a variety of cells. 32Pi incorporation studies indicate that
      L4 is an unphosphorylated form and L2 is a phosphorylated form of hsp27. The two
      forms were inducible by heat shock in leukemic and nonleukemic lymphoid cells.
      Thus, in acute leukemia, the common ALL subtype is uniquely characterized by the
      constitutive expression of a polypeptide that represents a major cellular
      phosphoprotein.

PMID- 2295698
TI  - A glucocerebrosidase fusion gene in Gaucher disease. Implications for the
      molecular anatomy, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of this disorder.
AB  - The molecular diagnosis of Gaucher disease has been difficult due to the
      existence of several different point mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene and
      due to the presence of a tightly linked, highly homologous pseudogene. We now
      report the occurrence of a "Lepore-like" glucocerebrosidase fusion gene in which
      the 5' end is the functional gene and the 3' end is the pseudogene. This further
      complicates the molecular diagnosis of Gaucher disease but sheds light on the
      molecular anatomy of the glucocerebrosidase gene complex and on the pathogenesis
      of this important storage disease.

PMID- 2295699
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits albumin gene expression in a murine model of
      cachexia.
AB  - The mechanisms responsible for decreased serum albumin levels in patients with
      cachexia-associated infection, inflammation, and cancer are unknown. Since tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) is elevated in cachexia-associated diseases,
      and chronic administration of TNF alpha induces cachexia in animal models, we
      assessed the regulation of albumin gene expression by TNF alpha in vivo. In this
      animal model of cachexia, Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the
      functional gene for human TNF alpha were inoculated into nude mice (TNF alpha
      mice). TNF alpha mice became cachectic and manifested decreased serum albumin
      levels, albumin synthesis, and albumin mRNA levels. However, even before the TNF
      alpha mice lost weight, their albumin mRNA steady-state levels were decreased
      approximately 90%, and in situ hybridization revealed a low level of albumin gene
      expression throughout the hepatic lobule. The mRNA levels of several other genes
      were unchanged. Hepatic nuclei from TNF alpha mice before the onset of weight
      loss were markedly less active in transcribing the albumin gene than hepatic
      nuclei from control mice. Therefore, TNF alpha selectively inhibits the genetic
      expression of albumin in this model before weight loss.

PMID- 2295700
TI  - Cerebroventricular calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits rat duodenal
      bicarbonate secretion by release of norepinephrine and vasopressin.
AB  - Proximal duodenal bicarbonate secretion is an important factor in humans and
      animals protecting the mucosa against acid-peptic damage. This study examined the
      mechanisms responsible for the central nervous system regulation of duodenal
      bicarbonate secretion by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in unrestrained
      rats. Cerebroventricular administration of rat CGRP significantly inhibited basal
      duodenal bicarbonate secretion as well as the stimulatory effects of vasoactive
      intestinal peptide, neurotensin, a luminal PGE1 analogue, misoprostol, and
      hydrochloric acid. The inhibitory effects of cerebroventricular CGRP were
      abolished by ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine, significantly attenuated
      by noradrenergic blockade with bretylium, and enhanced by vagotomy. Inhibition of
      duodenal bicarbonate secretion induced by CGRP coincided with significant
      increases in plasma norepinephrine (NE) and vasopressin concentrations. The alpha
      adrenergic receptor antagonist, phentolamine, and the vasopressin V1 receptor
      antagonist, (1-deaminopenicillamine, 2-[O-methyl]Tyr, 8-Arg)-vasopressin, given
      intravenously reversed the central inhibitory effect of CGRP by approximately 50%
      each. Pretreatment of the animals with both phentolamine and the vasopressin
      antagonist completely abolished the central inhibitory effect of CGRP. Peripheral
      vasopressin and NE significantly decreased duodenal bicarbonate secretion, and
      their inhibitory effects were additive and prevented by phentolamine and the
      vasopressin antagonist, respectively. We conclude that cerebroventricular CGRP
      inhibits rat duodenal bicarbonate secretion by activation of sympathetic
      efferents and subsequent release of NE and vasopressin that act on alpha
      adrenergic and vasopressin receptors, respectively.

PMID- 2295702
TI  - Monovalent Fab' immunoglobulin fragments from endemic pemphigus foliaceus
      autoantibodies reproduce the human disease in neonatal Balb/c mice.
AB  - Fogo selvagem (FS) is an autoimmune disease caused by IgG autoantibodies to
      desmoglein I (DG-I), a desmosomal glycoprotein. We have previously shown that the
      autoantibodies in these patients are pathogenic and restricted mainly to the IgG4
      subclass. The purpose of this study was to determine if the Fc domain or the
      valence of FS autoantibodies were relevant in the induction of epidermal disease
      in neonatal mice. IgG4 was prepared from sera of FS patients by anion exchange
      chromatography, and digested with pepsin to yield F(ab')2 fragments. Monovalent
      FS Fab' were made by reduction and alkylation of FS F(ab')2. Intact FS IgG4, FS
      F(ab')2, and FS Fab' fragments were injected into neonatal mice. Intact FS IgG4
      and both FS IgG fragments were pathogenic. The disease in the animals was dose
      dependent, and on the molar basis, FS Fab' fragments were more potent and
      efficient in producing disease than whole FS IgG. These results suggest: (a)
      simple binding of FS autoantibodies to DG-I may trigger keratinocyte detachment
      and epidermal disease; (b) DG-I may represent a keratinocyte cell adhesion
      molecule; and (c) complement activation and surface cross-linking may not be
      relevant in keratinocyte detachment.

PMID- 2295701
TI  - Frameshift mutation near the 3' end of the COL1A1 gene of type I collagen
      predicts an elongated Pro alpha 1(I) chain and results in osteogenesis imperfecta
      type I.
AB  - Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous disorder of type I collagen of
      which OI type I, an autosomal dominant condition, is the mildest and most common
      form. Affected individuals have blue sclerae, normal stature, bone fragility
      without significant deformity and osteopenia. Fibroblasts from most affected
      individuals produce about half the expected amount of structurally normal type I
      collagen as a result of decreased synthesis of one of its constituent chains, pro
      alpha 1(I), but the nature of the mutations which result in OI type I are
      unknown. We describe a three generation family with OI type I in which all
      affected members have one normal COL1A1 allele and another from which the
      intragenic Eco RI restriction site near the 3' end of the gene is missing.
      Amplification by polymerase chain reaction and sequence determination of the
      normal allele and of the mutant allele in the domain that normally contains the
      Eco RI site demonstrated a 5-bp deletion from the mutant allele. The deletion
      changes the translational reading-frame beginning at the Eco RI site and predicts
      the synthesis of a pro alpha 1(I) chain that extends 84 amino acids beyond the
      normal termination. Although the mutant pro alpha 1(I) chain is synthesized in an
      in vitro translation system, we are unable to detect its presence in intact
      cells, suggesting that it is unstable and rapidly destroyed in one of the cell's
      degradative pathways. Our analysis of individuals with OI type I from 20 families
      indicates that this is a unique mutation and suggests that the phenotype can
      result from multiple mechanisms that decrease the synthesis of normal type I
      procollagen molecules, including those that alter protein stability.

PMID- 2295703
TI  - Characterization of biologically active, platelet-derived growth factor-like
      molecules produced by murine erythroid cells in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important serum regulator of
      erythropoiesis in vitro. We have now obtained evidence suggesting that PDGF-like
      molecules may also modulate erythropoiesis in vivo. Western blot analysis of
      cytoplasmic extracts from Rauscher murine erythroleukemia cells and
      phenylhydrazine-treated mouse splenic erythroid cells revealed the presence of
      several PDGF-like proteins. The presence of PDGF-like proteins in the cytoplasm
      of these two erythroid cell types was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining.
      Using a serum-free biologic assay, PDGF-like biological activity was found in
      cell lysates and conditioned medium of both Rauscher cells and phenylhydrazine
      treated mouse erythroid cells. Subcellular localization experiments revealed the
      biological activity to be concentrated in the cytosolic fraction. Using a series
      of antibodies to hematopoietic growth factors we demonstrated that PDGF-like
      biological activity was specifically immunoprecipitated by both monoclonal and
      polyclonal anti-human PDGF antibodies but not by antibodies to burst-promoting
      activity, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-3, or
      erythropoietin. Taken together, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that
      PDGF-like molecules play a role in the regulation of mammalian erythropoiesis in
      vivo.

PMID- 2295705
TI  - Rapid periodontal destruction in adult humans with poorly controlled diabetes. A
      report of 2 cases.
AB  - Out of a pool of 12 middle-aged or elderly diabetic patients demonstrating rapid
      periodontal break-down, the 2 oldest cases with follow-up periods of 19 and 16
      years are described. The common feature of all 12 patients was that they were
      either unaware of or unable to control their diabetic condition at the time of
      the active stage of their periodontal disease. The bone loss progressed in spite
      of specialist periodontal care and the patients again responded to treatment only
      after their elevated blood glucose levels had been brought back to normal. Thus,
      the rapid periodontal breakdown was not found to be associated with the diabetic
      condition per se, but rather with the hyperglycemia. This clinical follow-up
      study does not answer the question of whether rapid periodontal destruction
      occurs in all patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Neither do the
      observations imply that rapid bone loss would be pathognomic of high blood
      glucose levels. However, the observations seem to suggest that there may be an
      inter-relationship between rapid periodontal breakdown and elevated blood glucose
      levels. Therefore, any sudden change towards an increased progression rate of
      periodontal breakdown at adult age, as observed from periodic radiographs with
      intervals of only a few years, should be followed up with a medical examination
      in order to outrule or verify the possibility of a high blood glucose level.

PMID- 2295704
TI  - Regulation of the anti-Sm autoantibody response in systemic lupus erythematosus
      mice by monoclonal anti-Sm antibodies.
AB  - The administration of certain monoclonal anti-Sm antibodies (2G7, 7.13) induced
      most MRL/lpr mice to become anti-Sm positive by 5 mo of age, although other anti
      Sm monoclonals (Y2, Y12) suppressed the spontaneous response. Positive anti-Sm
      antibody enhancement occurred efficiently only in MRL/lpr mice and not in other
      systemic lupus erythematosus mice that have little spontaneous anti-Sm
      production. The enhancement by anti-Sm antibodies was specific for the anti-Sm
      response. The mechanism of the passive antibody enhancement was apparently not
      isotype- or idiotype-related. The fine specificity of the anti-Sm monoclonal
      antibody may be essential to its enhancing or suppressing effects, since both
      enhancing monoclonals recognized only the D Sm polypeptide, whereas both
      suppressing monoclonals saw the D and the B polypeptides. Furthermore, analysis
      of serial bleeds from unmanipulated MRL mice that developed anti-Sm positivity
      showed that the D specificity almost always appeared first. We hypothesize,
      therefore, that those animals in which an anti-Sm response is initiated by D
      specific B-cell clones can become serologically positive with the aid of a
      positive feedback loop. In contrast, animals in which the initial specificity is
      for both B and D peptides would be prevented from developing a full anti-Sm
      response.

PMID- 2295706
TI  - Improvement of gingival health by toothbrushing in individuals with large amounts
      of calculus.
AB  - Dental calculus itself is not thought to affect gingival health, but its rough
      and porous surface retains plaque better than a calculus-free surface. In a
      population with a high degree of supragingival calculus, the effect of
      toothbrushing after a careful professional prophylaxis (group A) has been
      compared with the effect of toothbrushing as the sole oral hygiene aid (group B).
      The subjects in this comparison were Indonesian soldiers, 20-25 years of age,
      none of whom had pathological pockets (CPITN less than or equal to 2), but all
      had large amounts of calculus. They had no experience of modern oral hygiene
      practice but were given individual instruction in toothbrushing at the start of
      the study and were provided with toothpaste and toothbrush. Removal of calculus
      in group A took an average of 1 h per subject by an experienced clinician.
      Gingival health in both groups improved after 2 months: group A from 63% to 34%
      bleeding points and group B from 61% to 36%. There was thus no obvious benefit
      from the professional prophylaxis received by group A. The results are
      particularly relevant for populations in which professional prophylaxis is not
      normally available. However, they were obtained in a group of young, healthy
      individuals and may not be extrapolated to older and less healthy populations or
      to individuals with deep periodontal pockets. The improvement of gingival health
      through toothbrushing, in spite of the presence of calculus, supports the
      contention that plaque, rather than calculus as a non-inflammatory scale,
      provides the pathogenic potential.

PMID- 2295707
TI  - Dental health behaviors and periodontal disease indicators in Danish youths. A 10
      year epidemiological follow-up.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to analyse the epidemiologic relationship
      between dental health behaviors and periodontal disease. Indicators of
      periodontal disease in terms of bleeding and calculus were measured dichotomously
      (absence/presence). Periodontal pockets were as follows: normal pockets (0-3 mm),
      shallow pockets (4-5 mm), and deep pockets (6+ mm). The indicators were measured
      on 4 surfaces on 6 index teeth (16, 11, 26, 36, 31, 46) in 1984-85. The highest
      value for each tooth of bleeding (0/1), calculus (0/1) and pockets (0/1/2) was
      used for calculation of the bleeding index, the calculus index and the pocket
      index. The participation rate in 1984-85 was 86%, and the study population
      involved 368 males and 388 females. Information concerning dental health behavior
      was obtained both in childhood (1974) when the individuals were 9-10 years of
      age, and in adulthood (1984-85) when the individuals were 20-21 years of age.
      Information concerning dental health behaviors in adulthood, i.e., regularity of
      dental visits, frequency of tooth brushing, and regular use of interdental aids,
      was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire (1984-85). Dental health
      behaviors in childhood (1974) was operationalized as level of plaque, gingivitis,
      and dmfs. The results showed that dental health behaviors in childhood and in
      adulthood were together responsible for 9.4-13.8% of the variance in level of
      periodontal disease indicators. Determinants of early dental health behaviors in
      terms of plaque and dmfs at age 9-10 years were significant predictors in pocket
      index at age 20-21.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295708
TI  - Suspected periodontopathogens in erupting third molar sites of periodontally
      healthy individuals.
AB  - 29 periodontally healthy subjects (11 female and 18 male) with a mean age of 24
      years (range 19 to 38 years) and with partially erupted lower third molars
      participated in this study. 18 subjects demonstrated no signs or symptoms of
      acute inflammation and were without pain (group A). 5 subjects showed redness of
      the pericoronal tissues and experienced pain upon palpation (group B). 6 subjects
      suffered from acute pain and exhibited formation of pus (group C).
      Microbiological samples were taken from the lateral aspect of the pericoronal
      space using the paperpoint-method. Continuous anaerobic techniques were utilized
      for microbiological processing. The samples were cultivated on ETSA and on
      selective media and were studied by darkfield microscopy. Gram-negative anaerobic
      rods accounted for 27% (group A), 34% (group B) and 39% (group C) of all
      organisms growing on ETSA. Bacteroides intermedius was detected in 61% (group A),
      80% (group B) and 83% (group C) of the samples. B. gingivalis was found in 1
      sample of group A only. Fusobacterium sp. was detected in 56% (group A), 80%
      (group B) and 33% (group C) of the samples. Capnocytophaga were seen in 67%
      (group A), 20% (group B) and 50% of the samples. Actinobacillus
      actinomycetemcomitans was found in 44% (group A), 40% (group B) and 17% (group
      C). 72% of the group A and 100% of the group B and C samples contained
      spirochetes. In all of those positive samples, small spirochetes were present,
      but only 78% contained medium and only 48% large spirochetes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295709
TI  - Relationship between bleeding/plaque ratio, family history of diabetes mellitus
      and impaired glucose tolerance.
AB  - In the present study, the relationship between bleeding/plaque ratio, family
      history of diabetes mellitus and oral glucose tolerance pattern were investigated
      in 85 non-diabetic individuals without periodontal breakdown. In this group, no
      relationship between bleeding/plaque ratio, family history of diabetes mellitus
      and impaired glucose tolerance was found. The results of the present study
      suggest that the observed variation in bleeding/plaque ratio cannot be explained
      by impaired glucose tolerance or family history of diabetes mellitus. It is
      hypothesized that in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, the periods of
      elevated blood glucose values may be too short to introduce tissue changes.

PMID- 2295710
TI  - Case report of the Prader-Willi syndrome.
AB  - A case of Prader-Willi Syndrome in a 12-year-old girl is described, together with
      the dental findings which exhibit extensive periodontal disease for her age,
      which has hitherto not been recorded in the literature.

PMID- 2295711
TI  - 67th AADS annual session. American Association of Dental Schools. March 4-7,
      1990, Cincinnati, Ohio. Abstracts.

PMID- 2295712
TI  - The First National Dental Symposium on smoking cessation: helping dental patients
      to quit smoking.

PMID- 2295714
TI  - A patient-oriented smoking cessation program conducted in a dental school
      clinical setting.
AB  - This patient-oriented smoking cessation program is a viable, positive, and
      constructive addition to the overall, preventive IUSD program. Because dental
      schools will be required to teach chemical dependency topics (including smoking
      cessation) in the future, it is appropriate and timely to launch this project
      now. During the past year, we have observed numerous patients, students, faculty
      members, and staff employees who have quit smoking, either directly or
      indirectly, as a result of these organized efforts. As the roles of all dental
      health professionals continue to expand, leaders in dental education face
      additional challenges. The IUSD is presently meeting this challenge by training
      dentists and auxiliaries to provide patients with comprehensive, lifesaving
      smoking cessation information and therapy. Members of the IUSD dental faculty are
      also engaged in other health promotion and disease prevention efforts. In the
      future, many health-oriented activities will become an important and integral
      part of the daily dental practice. Thus, dental health educators must train
      dental students and auxiliaries to successfully blend these adjunctive services
      into routine dental care.

PMID- 2295713
TI  - Establishing smoking cessation programs in dental offices.
AB  - Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and disease in the
      United States. Because dental personnel treat millions of patients who are
      cigarette smokers, they have a unique opportunity to help persons quit the
      smoking habit. Effectively designed, office-based programs should involve all or
      most dental team members and contain the following components: a procedure that
      identifies smokers and records changes in their smoking status, a personal
      evaluation of each smoker's motivation to quit, an assessment of the degree of
      nicotine dependence experienced by potential quitters, the prescription of
      nicotine polacrilex therapy for appropriate candidates, personalized counseling
      commensurate with each patient's level of quitting readiness and, an effective
      system that ensures consistent patient follow-up and support.

PMID- 2295716
TI  - Doing what needn't be done.

PMID- 2295715
TI  - The National Cancer Institute's invitation to dental professionals in smoking
      cessation.

PMID- 2295717
TI  - Bilateral gingival swellings in the mandibular canine-premolar areas.
AB  - A bilateral occurrence of gingival cyst of the adult has been presented. A
      comparison of the gingival cyst and lateral periodontal cyst indicates that these
      lesions may represent intraosseous and extraosseous counterparts. Criteria for
      differentiation of the two similar lesions were presented. Because not all
      lesions are clinically apparent, the frequency of occurrence of this cyst may be
      underestimated.

PMID- 2295718
TI  - Prognostic value of dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy for evaluation of ischemic
      heart disease.
AB  - Exercise testing alone or in combination with thallium scintigraphy has
      significant prognostic value. In contrast, dipyridamole thallium imaging is not
      dependent on patients achieving adequate levels of exercise, but no long-term
      prognostic studies have been reported. Accordingly, imaging results of 516
      consecutive patients referred for dipyridamole thallium studies were correlated
      with subsequent cardiac events, death (n = 23) and myocardial infarction (n = 43)
      over a mean follow-up period of 21 months. Patients with a history of congestive
      heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus or abnormal scans
      were significantly more likely to have a cardiac event (p less than 0.03). With
      use of logistic regression analysis, an abnormal scan was an independent and
      significant predictor of subsequent myocardial infarction or cardiac death and
      increased the relative risk of any event more than threefold. The presence of
      redistribution on thallium scanning further increased the risk of a cardiac
      event. Survival analysis demonstrated a significant difference between patients
      with an abnormal or normal thallium scan over a 30 month period. In conclusion,
      dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy demonstrates prognostic value in a large
      unselected population and may be an adequate clinical alternative to physiologic
      exercise testing in the evaluation of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2295719
TI  - Dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy and prognosis in coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2295720
TI  - Augmented myocardial perfusion reserve after coronary angioplasty quantified by
      positron emission tomography with H2(15)O.
AB  - Effects of coronary angioplasty on myocardial flow reserve have been difficult to
      characterize noninvasively because conventional imaging techniques cannot
      quantitate blood flow in absolute terms. The effects of coronary angioplasty on
      myocardial perfusion and perfusion reserve were delineated with positron emission
      tomography and oxygen-15-labeled water (H2(15)O) in 13 patients before and after
      single vessel angioplasty. In 11 patients, angioplasty was successful (minimal
      cross-sectional area increased from 0.60 +/- 0.59 to 3.45 +/- 1.09 mm2, p less
      than 0.001). In these patients, regional H2(15)O radioactivity (the ratio of
      nutritional perfusion in regions distal to the stenosis compared with regions
      supplied by angiographically normal arteries) at rest before angioplasty was 55
      +/- 22% of peak myocardial radioactivity and did not increase significantly
      afterward (70 +/- 16%, p = NS). However, after administration of intravenous
      dipyridamole, hyperemic perfusion in regions distal to a stenosis averaged only
      39 +/- 18% of peak myocardial counts before angioplasty, but increased to 66 +/-
      22% after angioplasty (p less than 0.02). Perfusion reserve in the two patients
      in whom angioplasty was angiographically unsuccessful showed no change.
      Quantitative estimates of perfusion in absolute rather than relative terms were
      obtained with positron emission tomographic data from seven of the patients with
      successful angioplasty. At rest, perfusion in regions distal to a stenosis was
      not different from the values in regions supplied by normal coronary arteries
      (1.54 +/- 0.54 compared with 1.46 +/- 0.38 ml/g per min, p = NS).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295721
TI  - Positron emission tomography and the quantitative assessment of regional
      myocardial blood flow.

PMID- 2295722
TI  - Comparison of coronary hemodynamics in patients with internal mammary artery and
      saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts: a noninvasive approach using
      combined two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - Blood flow in bypass grafts and recipient left anterior descending coronary
      arteries was evaluated with combined two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography
      in 15 patients with an internal mammary artery graft and in 24 patients with a
      saphenous vein graft. Comparative studies of coronary hemodynamics were also
      performed regarding these two different grafting techniques. The graft vessel was
      detected in 11 (79%) of 14 patients with an internal mammary artery graft and in
      20 (87%) of 23 with a saphenous vein graft. The recipient left anterior
      descending coronary artery was detected in 10 (67%) of the former group and 17
      (71%) of the latter. The blood flow patterns obtained were generally biphasic,
      consisting of systolic and diastolic phases with higher velocity during diastole.
      The maximal diastolic flow velocity in internal mammary artery grafts was much
      higher than that in saphenous vein grafts. In patients with an internal mammary
      artery graft, the flow pattern characteristics within the recipient coronary
      artery were quite similar to those within the arterial graft, and flow velocities
      within the recipient coronary artery and the arterial graft were quantitatively
      almost identical. This outcome may contribute to the long-term patency seen in
      internal mammary artery grafts. On the other hand, the flow velocity in saphenous
      vein grafts was fairly low throughout the cardiac cycle. Flow velocity in the
      recipient coronary artery in patients with a saphenous vein graft was accelerated
      only in early diastole. As a result, the recipient coronary artery flow pattern
      and velocity differed substantially from those in the saphenous vein
      graft.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295723
TI  - Duplex Doppler evaluation of coronary artery and bypass graft flow: a practical
      clinical tool?

PMID- 2295724
TI  - Quantitation of acute myocardial infarct size by nuclear magnetic resonance
      imaging.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging has shown potential in the detection and
      characterization of acute myocardial infarction in humans. This study was
      performed to evaluate the capability of NMR imaging in the measurement of infarct
      size in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Electrocardiographic (ECG)
      gated spin-echo NMR imaging was performed in 26 patients a mean of 9 +/- 3 days
      (range 5 to 20) after infarction. The imaging technique used provided single
      slice, spin-echo (time to echo [TE] = 60 ms) images of the left ventricle in its
      true short axis, allowing direct correlation of NMR infarct location and size
      with the region of severe hypokinesia on left ventriculography. In all 20
      patients with complete NMR studies, infarct location was correctly identified by
      using specific, objective criteria. The correlation between the mean infarct
      volume (29 +/- 11 ml) and the quantitated left ventricular hypokinetic segment
      (7.5 +/- 4.0 cm) was good (r = 0.84, p = 0.0002), suggesting that NMR imaging of
      the heart may have a role in the noninvasive assessment of myocardial infarct
      size in patients.

PMID- 2295725
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging in ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2295726
TI  - Diagnostic value of electrocardiographic variables to predict the presence of
      ventricular late potentials.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that the presence of ventricular late potentials in the
      highly amplified, averaged and filtered surface electrocardiogram (ECG) can be
      predicted from the conventional surface ECG, 211 patients with and without
      previously documented sustained ventricular tachycardia outside the acute phase
      of myocardial infarction were studied. The presence of left ventricular akinesia
      or aneurysm was significantly correlated with the ECG score (based on Q wave
      duration, R wave duration and amplitude ratio). The mean ECG score in patients
      without ventricular tachycardia was 3.4 +/- 3.5 points compared with 5.5 +/- 3.9
      points (p less than 0.001) in patients with ventricular tachycardia. The presence
      of late potentials was positively correlated with the ECG score in the whole
      cohort of patients. This was also the case in the subgroup of patients without a
      history of sustained ventricular tachycardia. In contrast, in patients with
      ventricular tachycardia, the presence of late potentials was independent of their
      ECG score. Using linear discriminant function analyses to predict the presence of
      late potentials, a history of ventricular tachycardia alone and the ECG score
      alone had a high predictive power (high standardized coefficients). If
      combinations of variables were analyzed including estimates of left ventricular
      function (presence of aneurysm or akinesia; ejection fraction), the ECG score and
      a history of ventricular tachycardia still ranked highest. The influence of
      ejection fraction if used in combination with other variables for the prediction
      of late potentials was relatively small (standardized coefficient of 0.4). In
      conclusion, the surface ECG can be used in patients previously free of sustained
      ventricular tachycardia to predict the presence of ventricular late
      potentials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295727
TI  - Effect of pulsed progressive fluoroscopy on reduction of radiation dose in the
      cardiac catheterization laboratory.
AB  - The increased application of therapeutic interventional cardiology procedures is
      associated with increased radiation exposure to physicians, patients and
      technical personnel. New advances in imaging techniques have the potential for
      reducing radiation exposure. A progressive scanning video system with a standard
      vascular phantom has been shown to decrease entrance radiation exposure. The
      effect of this system on reducing actual radiation exposure to physicians and
      technicians was assessed from 1984 through 1987. During this time, progressive
      fluoroscopy was added sequentially to all four adult catheterization
      laboratories; no changes in shielding procedures were made. During this time, the
      case load per physician increased by 63% and the number of percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty procedures (a high radiation procedure)
      increased by 244%. Despite these increases in both case load and higher radiation
      procedures, the average radiation exposure per physician declined by 37%. During
      the same time, the radiation exposure for technicians decreased by 35%. Pulsed
      progressive fluoroscopy is effective for reducing radiation exposure to
      catheterization laboratory physicians and technical staff.

PMID- 2295728
TI  - Termination of ventricular tachycardia with epicardial laser photocoagulation: a
      clinical comparison with patients undergoing successful endocardial
      photocoagulation alone.
AB  - Electrical activation-guided laser photocoagulation was used intraoperatively to
      terminate ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischemic heart disease. During
      ventricular tachycardia, laser irradiation was delivered to mapped sites with
      local diastolic activation. In 30 long-term survivors, 85 ventricular tachycardia
      configurations were terminated by ablation; 72 (84.7%) were terminated by
      endocardial photocoagulation. Thirteen (15.3%) required epicardial
      photocoagulation; however, these 13 ventricular tachycardias occurred in 10 (33%)
      of the 30 patients. An aneurysm was present in 70% of patients with successful
      endocardial photocoagulation, but in only 10% of patients requiring epicardial
      photocoagulation for at least one ventricular tachycardia configuration; 90% of
      all patients requiring epicardial laser photocoagulation had no aneurysm and had
      either a right or a left circumflex coronary artery-related infarction. In this
      group, epicardial activation data were similar to those described for ventricular
      tachycardia with an "endocardial" origin and included 1) delayed potentials
      during sinus rhythm, 2) presystolic or pandiastolic activation sequences during
      ventricular tachycardia, and 3) regions of block near the presumed region of
      reentry during ventricular tachycardia. This study suggests that the critical
      anatomic substrates supporting reentry in postinfarction ventricular tachycardia
      may occur at intramural or epicardial sites, particularly in patients with right
      or circumflex coronary artery-related infarction and no aneurysm.

PMID- 2295729
TI  - Activation mapping in ventricular tachycardia: role of the epicardium.

PMID- 2295730
TI  - Afterload reduction with vasodilators and diuretics decreases mitral
      regurgitation during upright exercise in advanced heart failure.
AB  - In advanced heart failure, mitral regurgitation increases the burden of the
      failing ventricle and decreases effective stroke volume. Although tailored
      afterload reduction decreases mitral regurgitation at rest, it is not known if
      this benefit is maintained during upright exercise. Simultaneous radionuclide
      ventriculography and thermodilution stroke volumes were compared to measure the
      forward ejection fraction in 10 patients during upright bicycle exercise before
      and after therapy with vasodilators and diuretics tailored to decrease pulmonary
      capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance. Ventricular volumes,
      total ejection fraction and the forward ejection fraction did not change during
      exercise at baseline. At rest, tailored therapy decreased average pulmonary
      capillary wedge pressure from 36 to 19 mm Hg (p less than 0.01), systemic
      vascular resistance from 1,570 to 1,210 dynes.s.cm-5 (p less than 0.05), and left
      ventricular volume index from 251 to 177 ml/m2 (p less than 0.01), while
      increasing the forward ejection fraction from 0.53 to 0.85 (p less than 0.01)
      without change in total ejection fraction (0.18 from 0.17). During steady state
      exercise at low work load, tailored therapy decreased left ventricular volume
      index from 279 to 213 (p less than 0.05) and increased forward ejection fraction
      from 0.52 to 0.79 (p less than 0.01) without change in total ejection fraction
      (0.20 from 0.19). The total stroke volume during exercise was not increased after
      therapy; the increase in forward stroke volume after therapy appeared to result
      instead from the decrease in mitral regurgitant flow. The benefits of tailored
      afterload reduction are maintained throughout upright exercise.

PMID- 2295731
TI  - Is secondary mitral regurgitation in congestive heart failure a marker of
      clinical importance?

PMID- 2295732
TI  - Clinical profile of congestive cardiomyopathy in children.
AB  - The clinical profile of 23 children with congestive cardiomyopathy was reviewed
      to detect any factors that might be predictive for their survival. Factors
      examined include age at onset (less than 2 versus greater than 2 years), gender,
      severity of the clinical picture including data from the chest radiograph,
      electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, hemodynamic study and endomyocardial
      biopsy. Follow-up study ranged from 1 month to 14 years (mean 43 months). There
      were 12 survivors and 11 nonsurvivors; the 1 year mortality rate was 30% (7 of
      23), and the 5 year mortality rate was 44% (10 of 23). Age at onset, gender,
      cardiothoracic ratio on chest radiograph, pattern of infarction, ST-T changes or
      arrhythmia on ECG and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were nonpredictive
      of outcome. However, low shortening fraction (mean 11.5% in nonsurvivors versus
      20.9% in survivors, p less than 0.01), familial cardiomyopathy and endocardial
      fibroelastosis indicated a very poor prognosis.

PMID- 2295733
TI  - Congestive cardiomyopathy in children.

PMID- 2295734
TI  - Risk of preoperative aspirin in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass
      surgery.

PMID- 2295735
TI  - Low energy partial ablation of the atrioventricular node junction in the dog
      using a suction-ablation catheter.
AB  - A suction electrode catheter was used for low energy, partial ablation of the
      atrioventricular (AV) node junction in 12 dogs. In 10 dogs, partial injury of the
      AV node was induced. In six dogs, delivered energy was measured precisely with
      use of a specially designed electronic circuit. The total energy required for
      partial ablation was 225 +/- 91 J. The increase in PR (p less than 0.0001) and AH
      (p less than 0.001) intervals was proportional to the energy delivered. After
      ablation, the PR interval increased from 98 +/- 10 to 154 +/- 33 ms (p less than
      0.004) and the AH interval from 59 +/- 8 to 102 +/- 16 ms (p less than 0.004).
      There was no significant change in QRS, QTc, HV or RR intervals. AH and PR
      intervals were significantly prolonged at 3, 7 and 14 days after ablation (p less
      than 0.05). Anterograde conduction was significantly altered in 10 dogs.
      Anterograde AV node effective refractory period increased from 157 +/- 14 to 214
      +/- 45 ms (p less than 0.005). Anterograde AV node Wenckebach cycle length
      increased from 196 +/- 30 to 244 +/- 44 ms (p less than 0.002). Retrograde
      conduction was assessed in three dogs. Retrograde AV node effective refractory
      period increased from 156 +/- 21 to 260 ms in two dogs, with complete retrograde
      block in the third. These changes persisted for up to 2 weeks. Pathologic changes
      were limited to the region of the AV node. In four dogs adherent thrombus without
      pulmonary emboli was noted. Partial focal injury to the AV node is feasible in
      the canine model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295736
TI  - Reversal of chronic regional myocardial dysfunction (hibernating myocardium) by
      synchronized diastolic coronary venous retroperfusion during coronary
      angioplasty.
AB  - A 62 year old man with previous myocardial infarction, an occluded right coronary
      artery and a 90% stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery
      underwent angioplasty with the support of coronary venous retroperfusion of
      arterial blood during the procedure. In two of four angioplasty balloon dilations
      of the left anterior descending coronary artery, synchronized diastolic
      retroperfusion of the coronary veins with arterial blood was applied to protect
      the severely dysfunctioning myocardium from additional ischemia. Two-dimensional
      echocardiography was used to monitor and quantitate alterations in left
      ventricular function. Retroperfusion of arterial blood resulted in immediate
      improvement in ischemic zone wall motion despite the totally occluded artery
      during balloon dilation. Echocardiographic images recorded after angioplasty
      showed a marked improvement in contraction of the previously dyskinetic segments,
      with changes similar to those seen during balloon dilations with synchronized
      diastolic coronary venous retroperfusion. Thus, in this patient, viability of
      chronically dysfunctioning myocardium could be demonstrated by the improvement in
      regional wall motion during retroperfusion. This technique could eventually be of
      value to elucidate the anatomic location of viable myocardium while maintaining
      adequate left ventricular systolic function during coronary artery interventions
      in the catheterization laboratory.

PMID- 2295737
TI  - A generalized formulation of the Gorlin formula for calculating the area of the
      stenotic mitral valve and other stenotic cardiac valves.

PMID- 2295739
TI  - Postinfarction risk stratification.

PMID- 2295738
TI  - Clinical cardiovascular research: a role for the private practitioner.

PMID- 2295740
TI  - Cardiopulmonary support: the risk and benefits of assisted coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 2295741
TI  - Pulmonary artery pressure changes during exercise and daily activities in chronic
      heart failure.
AB  - Long-term continuous pulmonary artery pressure monitoring was used to investigate
      pressure changes during different types of exercise and normal daily activities
      in patients with chronic heart failure. Nine men (mean age 55 years) with treated
      chronic heart failure underwent continuous pulmonary artery pressure measurement
      with use of a micromanometer-tipped catheter with in vivo calibration and
      frequency-modulated recording. The mean (+/- SD) maximal systolic pulmonary
      artery pressure (in mm Hg) was 59.4 +/- 26.1 on treadmill exercise, 54.9 +/- 30.6
      on bicycle exercise, 52.5 +/- 26.1 walking up and down stairs and 43.5 +/- 23.9
      walking on a flat surface. The mean maximal diastolic pressure (in mm Hg) was
      27.8 +/- 14.6 on treadmill exercise, 25.5 +/- 14.9 on bicycle exercise, 24.9 +/-
      14.8 walking up and down stairs and 20.4 +/- 12.5 walking on a flat surface. The
      increase in pulmonary artery pressure did not correlate with the severity of the
      limiting symptoms except during walking on a flat surface. All patients had
      marked postural changes in pressure, with the systolic pressure difference from
      lying to standing ranging from 8 to 25 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure
      difference ranging from 3 to 13 mm Hg. Eating meals caused an increase in
      pressure in three patients, but less than that when lying flat. There was an
      increase in pressure during urination in four patients equal to that when walking
      on a flat surface. None of these activities was associated with symptoms. Neither
      symptoms nor pulmonary artery pressure during maximal exercise is the same as
      during daily activities. This may restrict the value of maximal exercise tests in
      assessing patients with chronic heart failure.

PMID- 2295742
TI  - The maximal stress test: does it have any value in heart failure?

PMID- 2295744
TI  - Extreme exertion and right ventricular function.

PMID- 2295743
TI  - Different effects of prolonged exercise on the right and left ventricles.
AB  - To examine the functional consequences of the greater increase in right
      ventricular work with exercise, the effects of prolonged exercise on the right
      and left heart chambers were compared in 41 athletes before, at the finish (13
      min) and after recovery (28 h) from the Hawaii Ironman Triathlon (3.9 km swim,
      180.2 km bike ride, 42.2 km run). Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiograms
      were analyzed for left and right atrial and ventricular areas at end-diastole and
      end-systole, right and left ventricular inflow velocities and mitral and
      tricuspid regurgitation. After exercise, left ventricular and left and right
      atrial sizes were reduced, whereas right ventricular size increased (diastole:
      21.4 to 24.2 cm2; systole: 15.8 to 18.2 cm2; p less than 0.01). The emptying
      fraction of all chambers was unchanged. Left but not right ventricular inflow
      showed an increase in peak velocity of rapid filling, whereas both atrial
      systolic velocities increased (26 to 38 cm/s tricuspid; 38 to 54 cm/s mitral;
      both p less than 0.01). Overall, the right ventricular early to atrial velocity
      ratio was reduced after exercise (1.56 to 1.17; p less than 0.05) and the left
      ventricular pattern was unchanged. The prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation was
      statistically unchanged (86% to 52%), although that of mitral regurgitation was
      greatly reduced (76% to 0%). Changes in all variables returned toward prerace
      values during recovery. Thus, in highly trained athletes, prolonged exercise
      causes differing responses of the right and left ventricles. These differences
      may be due to changes in right ventricular function, shape or compliance.

PMID- 2295745
TI  - Exertional myocardial ischemia in diabetes: a quantitative analysis of anginal
      perceptual threshold and the influence of autonomic function.
AB  - Patients with diabetes are prone to silent myocardial infarction and silent
      exertional ischemia. Although the mechanism is not clear, it may reflect a
      specific impairment of the sensory innervation of the heart. To test this
      hypothesis, anginal perceptual threshold was measured in 32 diabetic patients and
      36 nondiabetic control patients, all of whom had typical exertional angina.
      Anginal perceptual threshold was defined as the time from onset of 0.1 mV ST
      depression to the onset of chest pain during treadmill stress
      electrocardiography. Although ST depression occurred earlier in the diabetic than
      in the nondiabetic group (111 +/- 82 versus 216 +/- 162 s, p less than 0.005),
      the anginal perceptual threshold in the diabetic group was delayed by a mean of
      86 s (149 +/- 76 versus 63 +/- 59 s, p less than 0.001), with 95% confidence
      intervals of 53 to 119 s. Autonomic function tests were abnormal in the diabetic
      group, and in both groups regression analyses (using a third order polynomial)
      showed marked prolongations of anginal perceptual threshold as the heart rate
      responses to the Valsalva maneuver decreased to below the normal range (r = 0.5,
      p less than 0.001). There was a similar though less pronounced relation between
      anginal perceptual threshold and the heart rate responses to deep breathing (r =
      0.3, p less than 0.02). These data suggest that prolongation of the anginal
      perceptual threshold may be caused by autonomic neuropathy involving the sensory
      innervation of the heart. To test sensory function, median nerve conduction
      studies were performed in 19 patients (10 diabetic and 9 nondiabetic).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295746
TI  - Myocardial salvage after failed coronary angioplasty.
AB  - Patients undergoing coronary angioplasty have a 2% to 7% risk of requiring
      emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery for impending infarction. These
      patients provide a unique model of early reperfusion because the exact time of
      compromise to blood flow and the composition of the reperfusion solution are
      known. However, the amount of myocardium salvaged is unknown. Between December
      1981 and September 1985, 859 patients underwent coronary angioplasty. Forty-two
      patients had emergency surgery for objective evidence of impending infarction.
      Five patients died. Thirty-six patients were contacted for follow-up; 21 (58%) of
      36 had a radionuclide ventriculogram performed at a mean of 39 +/- 13 months
      after surgery. These radionuclide studies were compared with the patient's
      preangioplasty contrast ventriculogram. One patient had a myocardial infarction 3
      years after surgery. Eleven (55%) of the remaining 20 patients had a normal
      radionuclide ventriculogram at follow-up study (ejection fraction 65 +/- 9%).
      Five (25%) of the 20 patients had a depressed ejection fraction (46 +/- 4%) with
      wall motion abnormalities, but these were unchanged from the preangioplasty
      studies. Four patients (20%) had a significant decrease in ejection fraction over
      baseline (37 +/- 10%) with new wall motion abnormalities. IN CONCLUSION: 1) there
      is an 80% chance that left ventricular function will be unchanged at 3 year
      follow-up study in patients surviving emergency bypass grafting for failed
      angioplasty; 2) these data suggest that early revascularization for impending
      infarction in this setting is associated with a good late outcome; and 3) this
      patient group offers a unique opportunity to study the effects of early
      reperfusion in a human model.

PMID- 2295747
TI  - Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical follow-up and diagnostic correlates.
AB  - To determine the clinical course of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 26
      patients (mean age 45 years) with asymmetric apical hypertrophy diagnosed by
      echocardiography or angiography were followed up for an average of 7.3 years
      (range 1 to 22). Presenting symptoms included atypical chest pain (n = 10),
      typical angina (n = 6), dyspnea (n = 5) and palpitation (n = 8). Ten patients
      were asymptomatic. At follow-up all patients had inverted precordial T waves, and
      14 had the syndrome of "giant T wave negativity" (greater than or equal to 10
      mm). In six patients with electrocardiographic follow-up of greater than 10 years
      (mean 13.4), precordial T wave inversion had progressed from -0.8 +/- 3.9 to 
      11.2 +/- 8.0 mm in lead V4 in association with increased QRS amplitude. Episodic
      atrial fibrillation occurred in 4 of 10 patients with echocardiographic left
      atrial enlargement. Although left ventricular systolic function was normal,
      diastolic relaxation was impaired in comparison with values in 10 healthy control
      subjects: in all 18 patients studied peak filling rate was decreased (4.44 +/-
      0.44 versus 6.13 +/- 1.54 stroke volumes/s); time to peak filling was increased
      (174 +/- 40 versus 147 +/- 32 ms); and atrial systolic contribution to
      ventricular end-diastolic volume was increased (21.5 +/- 6.8 versus 11.5 +/- 4.6
      stroke volume %). During follow-up, 21 of the 26 patients remained in stable
      condition or were asymptomatic. One patient with normal coronary arteries had an
      apical myocardial infarction with development of a discrete apical aneurysm and
      loss of "giant T wave negativity." This patient was the only one to have
      documented life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2295748
TI  - Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the continuing saga.

PMID- 2295749
TI  - Comprehensive Doppler assessment of right ventricular diastolic function in
      cardiac amyloidosis.
AB  - To assess right ventricular diastolic function in cardiac amyloidosis, pulsed
      wave Doppler ultrasound measurements of right ventricular inflow velocities and
      superior vena cava and hepatic vein flow velocities with respiratory monitoring
      were performed in 41 patients with primary systemic amyloidosis and two
      dimensional echocardiographic features of cardiac involvement. Right ventricular
      diastolic function was abnormal in 31 (76%) of these patients, the major
      abnormality being a short deceleration time (less than 150 ms) in 21 (68%),
      suggesting restriction. In contrast, 7 (23%) of the 31 patients had a decreased
      ratio of early (E) and late (A) diastolic peak flow velocities and a prolonged
      deceleration time (greater than 240 ms), suggesting abnormal relaxation. The
      patients were classified into two groups on the basis of right ventricular free
      wall thickness: group 1, less than 7 mm and group 2, greater than or equal to 7
      mm. Compared with normal values, group 1 showed an increased peak late flow
      velocity (44 +/- 19 versus 39 +/- 6 cm/s; p less than 0.01) and a decreased E/A
      velocity ratio (1.1 +/- 0.4 versus 1.5 +/- 0.3; p less than 0.01). Group 2 showed
      a markedly shortened deceleration time (151 +/- 37 versus 225 +/- 28 ms; p less
      than 0.01), characteristic of restriction. In the overall group, superior vena
      cava peak flow velocity was decreased in systole and increased in diastole and
      flow reversals during inspiration were increased compared with normal values.
      Hepatic venous flow velocities were similar to those in the superior vena cava
      except for larger flow reversals in the hepatic vein. Thus, in cardiac
      amyloidosis, right ventricular diastolic function is abnormal. There is a
      spectrum of right ventricular filling abnormalities and the restrictive filling
      pattern is seen only in the advanced stages of the disease.

PMID- 2295750
TI  - The need for nutritionists: a survey of dental practitioners.

PMID- 2295751
TI  - Clinical effects of mandibular fixation on cholesterol intake and serum lipids: a
      case study.
AB  - With cholesterol and saturated fat intake strictly controlled and monitored, the
      opportunity arose to study the effect of stress on the elevation of cholesterol
      levels (7). Results indicate significant increase in fasting lipids
      preoperatively (Table 1). Postoperatively, lipid levels dropped immediately and
      leveled out to a normal range for this patient and were maintained through the 6
      month follow-up blood analysis. As lipids increased, the cardiovascular risk
      factors remained fairly consistent because of a similar elevation of all lipids.
      This supports the research that stress releases catecholamines, which raise free
      fatty acid levels in the blood stream (8,9). This case study does suggest that
      there is a relationship between elevated serum lipid levels and emotional stress
      (10). A total liquid diet for 6 to 8 weeks can modify cholesterol intake. This
      case study is unique because the patient consumed only low-cholesterol, low
      saturated fat foods and liquids and nutritional supplements and was acutely aware
      of meeting nutritional requirements (6). The average patient undergoing oral
      surgery with mandibular fixation typically selects whole milk products, ice
      cream, and other high-cholesterol liquids in order to increase total caloric
      intake.

PMID- 2295752
TI  - Career-related psychological preferences of dietetic and restaurant/hotel and
      institution management students.

PMID- 2295753
TI  - Position of the American Dietetic Association: nutrition education for the
      public.

PMID- 2295754
TI  - Food and water safety (ADA timely statement)

PMID- 2295755
TI  - Assessment of student selection practices and beliefs in dietetic internship
      programs.
AB  - With declining college enrollment, the health professions, including dietetics,
      are recognizing a need to assess and monitor student selection more closely. In
      this survey of 102 dietetic internship programs, program directors and a sample
      of their faculty members were asked to describe their current selection practices
      and to identify the beliefs they hold about the information obtained from various
      components of their procedures. Differences in beliefs between program directors
      and other faculty members were compared by t-test analysis. The five major
      categories of internship selection procedures are presented with information
      items faculty members believe are derived from each category, and the results are
      compared with those of previous surveys of dietetic selection practices. Major
      findings are that the intern selection process has changed significantly since
      1978, with greater emphasis on work experience and extracurricular activities;
      the number of applicants per position has doubled despite a doubling of dietetic
      internship programs; and program directors and faculty members agree on the major
      selection practices but not on the information obtained from a given category. In
      the discussion, the findings are evaluated against a broad background of health
      profession education literature; implications are raised for intern selection
      committees and for the applicant.

PMID- 2295756
TI  - ADA testifies on Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1989.

PMID- 2295757
TI  - Marketing skills for the 1990s: practical steps for promoting dietetic
      professionals.

PMID- 2295758
TI  - Perceptions of clinical decision making by dietitians and physicians.
AB  - Role delineation is an ongoing process and must be evaluated within the health
      care team framework. The specific interactions between dietitians and physicians
      in the nutrition care of patients is one aspect that needs to be more clearly
      defined. This study examined selected practice issues by surveying physicians and
      dietitians to identify perceptions of ideal and actual performance. Role
      disparity was found between the responses of the dietitians and those of the
      physicians. Dietitian respondents identified themselves as the primary decision
      makers more than 50% of the time in all circumstances queried. In contrast, 10%
      or less of the MDs saw the dietitians as the primary decision makers in any area
      except selection of caloric supplements. In the ideal setting, the dietitian
      desired a greater degree of autonomy than the physician was willing to grant. Our
      findings were not explained by demographic differences. Perhaps faulty
      communication between the physician and the dietitian or unclear medical-legal
      issues may explain our findings of perceived role disparity.

PMID- 2295759
TI  - Comparing nutrition programs conducted by public health and Cooperative Extension
      personnel.
AB  - We surveyed 218 county extension agents, 75 state extension specialists, 163
      public health nutritionists, and 87 public health administrators in 16 states to
      compare the nutrition program characteristics of extension personnel with public
      health personnel. Public health personnel were most strongly influenced by
      funding regulations--more than 80% of public health nutritionists cited
      infant/preschool nutrition and nutrition for pregnant/lactating women as program
      topics. About half of the extension agents listed food preservation and
      preparation as the dominant topics provided. Public health personnel most
      frequently designed programs for pregnant and lactating women and low-income
      clientele; 91% of the nutritionists ranked one-to-one counseling as one of their
      three most important delivery methods. Extension personnel designed programs more
      often for homemakers/adults and youth and ranked a combination of group and media
      delivery methods as most important. Public health personnel use anthropometric
      measures and food intake records to evaluate their programs; extension personnel
      use written questionnaires and program records. More than 50% of the
      nutritionists ranked improving the health of their clients as one of the three
      most important impacts of their programs; more than 50% of the extension agents
      ranked increasing knowledge and improving skills as their most important impacts.

PMID- 2295760
TI  - Dietary intakes of police department employees in a wellness program.
AB  - A 12-month nutrition program was developed and implemented as a project of the
      Wellness Department of the Austin Police Department (APD). Forty APD employees
      began the program; 24 completed the dietary portion of the study. A comparison of
      7-day dietary intakes recorded before and after the program indicated a decrease
      in energy intake from a mean of 2,273 +/- 694 kcal/day to 1,379 +/- 364 kcal/day
      (p less than .001). Percentage of energy from protein increased from 16% to 21%
      (p less than .001), and energy from fat decreased from 42% to 36% (p less than
      .05). Percentages of energy from carbohydrate and alcohol were not significantly
      different from the beginning to the end of the study. Daily intakes of
      cholesterol decreased from 405 +/- 188 mg/day to 295 +/- 132 mg/day (p less than
      .05). Phosphorus and iron intakes decreased significantly (p less than .01 and p
      less than .001, respectively), while intakes of calcium remained constant. Mean
      consumption of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin decreased significantly (p less
      than .01, p less than .05, and p less than .01, respectively). The changes in
      vitamin A and ascorbic acid intakes were not significant. Results indicated that
      a nutrition education program can effect positive changes toward better food
      choices. However, dietitians working with similar populations should stress
      eating patterns that include foods dense in micronutrients.

PMID- 2295761
TI  - Conducting a third-party reimbursement survey: experience of the Connecticut
      Nutrition Services Payment Systems Committee.
AB  - Third-party reimbursement (TPR) has emerged as a crucial issue for dietetics in
      the past decade. To investigate the level of TPR being obtained by individuals
      receiving nutrition services from registered dietitians in ambulatory settings,
      the Connecticut Nutrition Services Payment Systems (NSPS) Committee conducted an
      audit. Sixty survey packets were distributed to consulting dietitians in private
      practice and to dietitians in outpatient nutrition clinics. Twenty dietitians
      participated in the audit process, providing 99 client responses to the survey.
      Sixty-seven percent of clients submitted the charges for nutrition services to
      their insurance companies, but only 17% received reimbursement for the claims
      submitted. This audit process raised the level of awareness of the state
      membership regarding the need to aggressively pursue TPR for nutrition services
      at all levels, and it provided a model for dietitians to use to conduct periodic
      audits and assess TPR being received by their clients.

PMID- 2295762
TI  - Design and implementation of a computerized diet order entry system for a
      hospital.
AB  - A computerized diet entry system was developed to control entry of diet orders by
      hospital ward clerks from an established list of items. Three reporting systems
      were then designed for delivery of the computerized order to the Nutrition
      Services Department. One report contains only essential information and is
      printed instantly upon entry for confirmation of a "stat" diet order. Another
      report collates diet orders by time periods and then organizes them by wards and
      sequentially by room number. That report is then used for diet changes prior to
      meal service. The third report stores advance diet orders and test diet orders
      and reports them upon the date they are to be served. Diet orders are also
      collated and retained in the system, in sequential order for each patient, to
      allow for an instant report of the patient's diet history upon demand. This
      computerized diet order system has resolved problems regarding receipt of
      complete information required for a diet order and receipt of a diet order for
      all patients. An overview of the information support system used by the Nutrition
      Services Department, which was created from programs developed for other hospital
      departments, is also presented.

PMID- 2295763
TI  - Comparative assessment of sodium intake from meals and snacks consumed by
      selected American and British students.

PMID- 2295764
TI  - Aging and postural control. A comparison of spontaneous- and induced-sway balance
      tests.
AB  - Two different balance testing methods were compared: (1) measurement of
      spontaneous postural sway during quiet standing, and (2) measurement of induced
      postural sway in response to an applied postural perturbation. Eyes-open tests
      were performed in 64 healthy young and elderly adults and in five elderly
      subjects with a history of falling. In both balance tests, the sway was defined
      in terms of the displacement of the center of pressure on the feet. Spontaneous
      sway was quantified using a number of different amplitude- and frequency-based
      parameters. Induced sway was measured in response to anterior-posterior
      acceleration of a platform on which the subject stood. The induced-sway test was
      specially designed to be safe and nonthreatening for elderly subjects; thus, the
      platform perturbation was confined to small accelerations and a gentle
      pseudorandom motion was used. To derive a measure of postural stability, the data
      from this test were fitted with a model that was then used to predict the
      response to sudden (transient) perturbations, thereby simulating the response in
      actual falls. Although both induced- and spontaneous-sway measures demonstrated
      significant aging-related decreases in stability, the differences were more
      pronounced for the induced-sway data. Conversely, some of the spontaneous-sway
      measures were much more successful in distinguishing the fallers from the
      nonfallers. There was a significant correlation between induced-sway and certain
      spontaneous-sway measures in the normal young adults; however, in the elderly
      normals and fallers, the data from the two types of balance tests either showed
      no correlation or, for certain spontaneous-sway measures, tended to show an
      inverse relationship.

PMID- 2295765
TI  - Effects of long-term treatment with probucol on serum lipoproteins in cases of
      familial hypercholesterolemia in the elderly.
AB  - The effect of probucol in lowering serum lipoprotein in young and middle-aged
      (YM) and elderly (E) patients with familial hypercholesterolemia were compared.
      Probucol at 1000 mg/day was administered orally to 37 YM patients and 14 E
      patients for an average of 10 months. Probucol treatment for this period caused
      significant reductions in the serum levels of total cholesterol, low density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and
      apoprotein AI, AII, B, and CIII in both groups. The decreases in the levels of
      total cholesterol, LDL-C, and apoprotein B were greater in the E group than in
      the YM group (total cholesterol: YM, -19.3%, E, -31.3% [P less than .001]; LDL-C:
      YM, -17.0%, E, -35.4% [P less than .001]; apoprotein B: YM, -12.3%, E, -28.1% [P
      less than .01]). The decreases in other parameters in the two groups were not
      significantly different. The serum probucol concentrations in the YM and E groups
      were not significantly different. No significant side effects were observed in
      any patient. Thus probucol reduced the serum level of LDL more in the E group
      than in the YM group, and did so without any increase in the serum concentration
      of the drug or in side effects, suggesting that probucol is safe and beneficial
      for use in elderly patients.

PMID- 2295766
TI  - Incidence and prognosis of acute renal failure in older patients.
AB  - Few studies have assessed the prevalence and outcome of acute renal failure (ARF)
      in the elderly. Among 437 ARF cases prospectively studied during a nine-year
      period in a nephrology department, 152 (35%) occurred in patients over 70 years
      of age (Group 1). Patients over 70 account for only 10.5% of all hospital
      admissions in our country, and prevalence of ARF was 3.5 times higher in these
      patients than in younger people. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) was diagnosed in
      40% of Group 1 and 52% of the younger patients (Group 2) (P less than .05),
      whereas prerenal ARF was found in 47% and 32%, respectively (P less than .001).
      Dehydration was the most frequent cause of prerenal ARF in the elderly (51%). The
      etiological distribution of ATN was similar in both groups, being of
      multifactorial origin in most cases. Oliguria was present in 49% of ATN in Group
      1 and in 66% of Group 2 (P less than .05). There were no significant differences
      in dialysis needs. Mortality was higher in the elderly in all types of ARF,
      although differences did not reach statistical significance. Need for dialysis,
      mechanical respiration, decreased level of consciousness, and hypotension were
      associated with poor prognosis in both groups. Total recovery from ARF in older
      persons was less frequent and slower than in younger patients. It may be
      concluded that patients over 70 years of age are at high risk for developing ARF;
      nevertheless, age should not be used as a discriminating factor in therapeutic
      decisions concerning ARF.

PMID- 2295767
TI  - Association between hearing impairment and the quality of life of elderly
      individuals.
AB  - Hearing impairment is one of the most common chronic health problems of elderly
      Americans. Although adverse effects on quality of life are thought to be
      considerable, they have not been rigorously evaluated. This study was designed to
      identify the types and extent of dysfunction experienced by elderly individuals
      with hearing loss, and to define the most appropriate measures for assessing this
      dysfunction. Elderly male veterans attending a primary care clinic were screened
      for hearing loss and had their quality of life assessed with a comprehensive
      battery of disease-specific and generic measures. Of 472 people who had their
      hearing tested, 106 had hearing loss. Hearing loss was associated with
      significant emotional (P = .0001), social (P = .0001), and communication (P =
      .02) dysfunction. Most individuals (66%) perceived these dysfunctions as severe
      handicaps even though audiologic loss revealed only mild to moderate impairment
      (pure tone average loss, 27-55 dB). Adverse effects were best detected with
      disease-specific rather than generic functional status measures. We conclude that
      hearing impairment is associated with important adverse effects on the quality of
      life of elderly individuals, and that these effects are perceived as severe
      handicaps even by individuals with only mild to moderate degrees of hearing loss.

PMID- 2295768
TI  - The elderly amputee with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Case
      reports.
AB  - The case reports describe three elderly amputees with coexisting severe COPD. All
      three successfully mastered their prostheses and were discharged home able to
      walk functional distances. This demonstrates that these patients deserve a trial
      period of rehabilitation in a situation where close medical supervision and
      optimal medical management are available. Two of our cases died within 5 years,
      indicating the fragility and poor long-term prognosis of these patients; the
      third was lost to follow-up.

PMID- 2295769
TI  - The Dieulafoy gastric erosion. An infrequently recognized cause of upper
      gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly.
AB  - Definitive treatment of the Dieulafoy erosion--once recognized--has generally
      been surgery. Numerous surgical approaches have been suggested, including: simple
      oversewing of the lesion, wedge restriction, and gastrectomy with and without
      vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Attempts at endoscopic electrocoagulation and
      angiographic embolization have generally been disappointing; however, Pointer et
      al have recently reported satisfactory control of hemorrhage from Dieulafoy
      lesions with bipolar electrocoagulation and endoscopic injection sclerotherapy,
      either independently or in combination. These case reports describe two elderly
      patients with massive upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding from Dieulafoy's
      gastric erosion; it is hoped the geriatrician will be alerted to an often
      unrecognized source of hemorrhage.

PMID- 2295770
TI  - Werner's syndrome with myelofibrosis following diphenylhydantoin therapy after
      meningiomectomy. An autopsy case.

PMID- 2295771
TI  - Nonenzymatic glycosylation of protein does not increase with age in normal human
      lenses.
AB  - Nonenzymatic glycosylation or glycation is a posttranslational modification of
      proteins which has been implicated in the aging of lens proteins and the
      development of senile and diabetic cataracts. The extent of glycation of normal
      human lens proteins was measured by reduction of the protein with [3H]NaBH4, acid
      hydrolysis and quantitation of radioactive hexitol-amino acids by phenylboronic
      acid (PBA) affinity chromatography. Hexitollysine (HL) accounted for greater than
      or equal to 90% of total radioactivity recovered as hexitol-amino acids (HAA). In
      lenses in the age range (1-79) years (n = 26) there was no significant age
      dependent increase in glycation of lens proteins (p greater than .10). The
      average extent of glycation was 2.3 +/- 0.3 mmol glycated lysine/mol lysine, or
      approximately 0.8 nmol hexitollysine/mg lens protein. These results indicate that
      the extent of glycation of lysine residues in lens proteins is comparable to that
      of lysine residues in soluble proteins, such as hemoglobin and albumin, and that
      the extent of glycation of lens proteins does not increase with age. Thus,
      glycation, per se, is not an age-dependent chemical modification of human lens
      protein.

PMID- 2295772
TI  - What should the Federal government do about Alzheimer's disease? Report of the
      Secretary's Advisory Panel on Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2295773
TI  - Gait assessment in the elderly: a gait abnormality rating scale and its relation
      to falls.
AB  - We evaluated the gait of 49 nursing home residents (27 of whom had a history of
      recent falls), and 22 controls. Measures consisted of stride length and walking
      speed, as well as a videotape-based analysis of 16 facets of gait. The study
      demonstrates that stride length, walking speed, and the assessment of videotaped
      gait correlated well with each other and were significantly impaired in fallers
      compared to controls. Arm swing amplitude, upper-lower extremity synchrony, and
      guardedness of gait were most impaired in fallers. Although subjects who fell
      were more often demented than controls, it is likely that this represents a
      selection bias in nursing homes. Visual rating of gait features in the nursing
      home population is a simple and useful alternative to established methods of gait
      analysis.

PMID- 2295774
TI  - Cardiovascular response during postural change in the elderly.
AB  - In order to evaluate the heart rate and blood pressure response during sitting
      and standing, as well as during the change from sitting to standing, we studied
      40 healthy men and women, aged 60-76 years, by means of a noninvasive beat-to
      beat blood pressure tracking cuff. Heart rate and blood pressure curves
      immediately after standing exhibited pronounced flattening relative to a younger
      population, with no differences between men and women. Only four subjects showed
      systolic blood pressure drops of at least 15 mmHg in response to standing. Both
      handgrip and mental arithmetic significantly modified the cardiovascular response
      from sitting to standing, raising the possibility that individuals with
      orthostatic hypotension and impaired circulatory reflexes could be trained to
      utilize behavioral techniques as a means of preventing blood pressure from
      dropping too far during orthostasis.

PMID- 2295775
TI  - Effect of aerobic and resistance training on fractionated reaction time and speed
      of movement.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of aerobic and variable resistance exercise training on
      fractionated reaction time (RT) and speed of movement (SM) in elderly
      individuals, premotor time (PMT), motor time (MT), total RT, and SM were measured
      in 49 healthy, untrained men and women, 70 to 79 years of age, before and after 6
      months of training. Subjects were randomized into either a walk/jog (n = 17), a
      strength training (n = 20), or a control group (n = 12). Improvements in aerobic
      capacity were only weakly related to reduced total RT (r = 0.30, p less than
      .05). Analysis of covariance revealed that there were no differences (p greater
      than .05) among the three groups after training with respect to PMT, MT, total
      RT, and SM. These findings indicate that 6 months of aerobic and strength
      training did not induce significant changes in RT or SM in this group.

PMID- 2295776
TI  - Difficulties in physical functioning reported by middle-aged and elderly women
      with breast cancer: a case-control comparison.
AB  - Levels of physical functioning reported by women aged 55 to 84 with incident
      breast cancer were compared to those reported by women of the same age without
      the disease. A total of 422 breast cancer patients, identified through the
      Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System, were interviewed 3 and 12 months
      after diagnosis. Interviews with 478 controls of the same age, identified through
      telephone random-digit dialing, were conducted twice during the same time period.
      At 3 months, patients aged 55-64 and 65-74 reported greater difficulty than
      controls in completing tasks requiring upper-body strength. Little difference was
      shown between cases and controls aged 75 to 84. After one year, patients aged 65
      74 still reported higher than expected levels of difficulty in light lifting as
      well as pushing and lifting heavy objects. Among cases aged 55-64, only pushing
      and lifting heavy objects remained problematic. Estimates of the prevalence of
      physical difficulty will be useful in planning future breast cancer treatment and
      rehabilitation services.

PMID- 2295777
TI  - Age differences in processing information from television news: the effects of
      bisensory augmentation.
AB  - Younger and older adults listened to segments of television news under one of
      three conditions: (a) Listen, in which they heard the auditory portion of the
      segment without its visual track; (b) Listen + Read, in which they listened to
      the auditory track only while reading along with a written transcript; and (c)
      Listen + Television, in which they heard the original televised segment complete
      with audio and visual track. Younger adults showed better free recall for the
      spoken information when it was augmented by the written transcript or video
      track; older adults did not show this benefit of bisensory augmentation. Subjects
      were also tested on a Daneman and Carpenter (1980) style measure of working
      memory processing. This measure accounted for virtually all age variance in
      memory performance in the unaugmented Listen condition. In the Listen + TV
      condition, however, there was a substantial proportion of age variance in
      performance which could not be accounted for in terms of working memory
      processing. Results are discussed in terms of the varying involvement of working
      memory processing in age differences as a function of input modality.

PMID- 2295778
TI  - Adult age group differences in story recall style.
AB  - The story recall style of younger (mean age = 18.67 years) and older adults (mean
      age = 65.96) was examined in this study. Following presentation of a narrative in
      either fable or non-fable form, participants produced written responses under one
      of four recall conditions: total recall, summary, gist, or gist plus moral.
      Analysis of the response protocols revealed quantitative and qualitative
      differences associated with age in the non-fable but not the fable condition. In
      response to the non-fable, older adults exhibited a style that was more
      integrative or interpretive than that of the younger adults, whose protocols were
      highly text-based and literal. Overall, the fable condition produced more text
      based responses than did the non-fable condition. In addition, instructions at
      recall influenced responding. Response patterns could be shifted toward a more
      text-based style under total recall instructions, while more interpretive
      responses were obtained under the gist plus moral condition.

PMID- 2295779
TI  - Empirical clusters of disordered behavior among older psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - Various researchers have suggested that traditional psychiatric nosologies may
      not be as useful in understanding and planning for persons with disordered
      behavior as might be categories based on empirical research. Although a number of
      cluster analytic studies have suggested that this approach can generate
      meaningful typologies of behavior among psychiatric patients, little attention
      has been paid to the issue of categorization of psychiatric disorders among older
      chronic inpatients. This paper presents results of a preliminary study targeted
      at developing a categorization system with such patients. A six-cluster solution
      was obtained using K-means clustering. The six clusters were "Paranoid Symptoms,"
      "Motor Symptoms," "Depressive Symptoms," "Nonsymptomatic," "Positive Symptoms,"
      and "Negative Symptoms." Results of this study of patients whose psychiatric
      disorders arose early in life are contrasted with studies of patients whose
      disorders occurred late in life.

PMID- 2295780
TI  - Adult age differences in the time course of visual attention.
AB  - On each trial in this experiment, subjects made a choice response regarding which
      of two target letters was present in a visual display. A cue, occurring between
      50 and 183 ms prior to display onset, indicated the location of the target. The
      results indicated that reaction time (RT) increased as a function of both the
      distance of the target from fixation and the presence of nontarget letters in the
      display. These RT effects were more pronounced for older adults than for young
      adults, in a manner consistent with a generalized age-related slowing of visual
      processing. The changes in RT associated with the cue indicated that, when
      nontarget letters were present in the display, the buildup of attention over the
      cue-target interval was slower for older adults than for young adults. This age
      difference in the time course of attention was independent of the generalized age
      related slowing.

PMID- 2295781
TI  - Is intergenerational solidarity a unidimensional construct? A second test of a
      formal model.
AB  - Results from a second empirical test of a theory of intergenerational family
      relations, as an example of empirically driven theory construction in social
      gerontology, are presented. The theory we tested reflects an attempt to explain
      later-life patterns of affection, association, and consensus between parents and
      children as interdependent components of a meta-construct--family
      intergenerational solidarity. The theoretical model also identifies variables
      that are expected to predict variations in levels of solidarity. A recent
      empirical test (Atkinson, Kivett, and Campbell, 1986) offered little support for
      the central proposition of the model: that solidarity can be indexed by a linear
      additive composite of affection, association, and consensus. The replication
      analysis reported here is based on a different sample, as well as alternate
      measures and statistical methods. The convergent results suggest that (a) later
      life intergenerational solidarity is not a unidimensional construct, and (b)
      different variables predict each component. This exercise of theory statement,
      testing, and retesting leads us to suggest several refinements to the theory
      acknowledging a more complex relationship between dimensions of intergenerational
      relations in old age.

PMID- 2295782
TI  - Cohort analysis of retirement preparation, 1974-1981.
AB  - Extending Easterlin's (1987) thesis regarding cohort size and personal welfare,
      this study was designed to examine cohort differences and changes in preparation
      for retirement. The data on which the study is based came from two cross
      sectional surveys commissioned by the National Council on the Aging and conducted
      in 1974 and 1981. Major research questions included: (a) Which cohorts are most
      active in taking steps to prepare for retirement? and (b) Did Americans increase
      their retirement preparation activities during the time period studied? Results
      indicate that retirement preparation is influenced by cohort effects, especially
      among the more recent cohorts, and that earlier cohorts generally prepare more.
      Most respondents, especially the earlier cohorts, experienced a decrease in
      retirement preparation between 1974 and 1981 (i.e., a period effect). Analysis of
      the separate indicators of a retirement preparation index show that most
      activities, for instance, savings, decreased during this time while others either
      increased (will preparation) or remained stable (home ownership). The findings
      suggest that retirement preparation is influenced by economic climate and provide
      partial support for this application of Easterlin's thesis. Retirement
      preparation is also strongly related to education and race.

PMID- 2295783
TI  - Divorce for women after midlife.
AB  - In spite of widespread interest in both aging and divorce, relatively little
      research has joined these topics. This study used data from the U.S. Census,
      Vital Statistics, and Current Population Survey to determine current divorce
      patterns for women aged 40+, project marriage and divorce experiences of future
      cohorts of elderly women, and consider the socioeconomic correlates of divorce
      for middle-aged and older women. Given current marriage, divorce, and widowhood
      rates, the findings indicate a marked decline in the proportion of future elderly
      women who will be married or widowed, and a dramatic increase in the proportion
      who will be divorced. Further, the data show that the socioeconomic well-being of
      divorcees is significantly below that of widowed or married women.

PMID- 2295784
TI  - Health and social antecedents of relocation in rural elderly persons.
AB  - Sociodemographic, health, and psychobehavioral correlates of anticipated and
      actual relocation were examined in a geographically-defined rural elderly
      population (N = 3097). Intent to move was associated with higher levels of
      depressive symptoms. Of those responding, 4.8 percent moved between the baseline
      and one-year follow-up interviews. Disproportionally high numbers of women,
      persons over 84 years of age, those who lived alone, persons with lower incomes,
      and the less educated made noninstitutional moves. Actual noninstitutional
      relocation was associated with poorer physical functional status, poorer self
      perceived health status, higher levels of depressive symptomatology and anxiety,
      and poorer life satisfaction at baseline. Death of spouse, marriage of offspring,
      and having someone move in with the respondent were associated with
      noninstitutional relocation, but retirement was not. The outcomes are generally
      consistent with Litwak and Longino's (1987) developmental model of relocation
      among elderly persons.

PMID- 2295785
TI  - Activity and mortality among aged persons over an eight-year period.
AB  - The influence of level of activity examined with data from an eight-year (1976 to
      1984) longitudinal study of 508 older Mexican Americans and Anglos. Over the
      study interval, 119 subjects were confirmed to have died. Activity was a
      significant predictor of mortality at the univariate level. However, when age,
      gender, education, marital status, ethnicity, and self-rated health were
      controlled for in the analysis, activity was not a significant predictor of
      mortality. The popular notion that an active life among elderly persons might
      lead to extended longevity was not supported by these data.

PMID- 2295786
TI  - The age-dependent loss of bone marrow B cell precursors in autoimmune NZ mice
      results from decreased mitotic activity, but not from inherent stromal cell
      defects.
AB  - The formation of B lymphocytes is abnormal in autoimmune NZB and (NZB x NZW)F1
      mice. With age, the proportion of sIg- Ly-5(220)+ pre-B cells and less mature B
      cell progenitors in the bone marrow progressively declines, reaching only
      approximately one-third of normal levels in 20-wk-old NZ mice. To determine the
      mechanisms responsible for the deficiency of NZ B lineage precursors, the mitotic
      activity of sIg- Ly-5(220)+ bone marrow cells in vivo was determined in NZ and
      conventional inbred mice as a function of age. The proportion of sIg- Ly-5(220)+
      B cell precursors in (S + G2/M) stages of the cell cycle steadily decreased with
      age in NZ autoimmune mice. Furthermore, upon metaphase arrest, the rate of entry
      of sIg- Ly-5(220)+ bone marrow cells into G2/M also decreased with age in NZ
      mice. Therefore, the mitotic activity of sIg- Ly-5(220)+ B cell precursors is
      substantially decreased in NZ mice greater than or equal to 20 wk of age. The
      capacity of the bone marrow stromal microenvironment of NZ mice to support B
      lineage precursor growth was tested in two ways: 1) the capacity of preformed NZ
      bone marrow stroma to support B lineage cell growth in long term bone marrow cell
      culture under lymphopoietic conditions was assessed and 2) the capacity of NZ
      bone marrow B lineage precursors to expand in vivo after sublethal (200 rad)
      whole body irradiation was determined. Stroma derived from adult NZ mice
      supported the growth and development of B lineage lymphocytes in long term bone
      marrow cell culture to a greater extent than did age-matched conventional murine
      stroma. Furthermore, sublethal irradiation of older adult NZ mice resulted in
      some expansion of bone marrow sIg- Ly-5(220)+ B cell precursors in vivo.
      Therefore, the deficiency of B cell progenitors in the bone marrow of older NZ
      autoimmune mice is associated with diminished mitotic activity. However, this
      does not result from defects in the capacity of NZ bone marrow stroma to permit B
      lineage cell expansion as determined by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. In
      the absence of a detectable stromal cell defect, it is possible that an active
      inhibitory process within the bone marrow influences the mitotic activity of B
      cell precursors in NZ mice.

PMID- 2295787
TI  - Mechanism of action of a streptococcal preparation (OK-432) in prevention of
      autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Suppression of generation of effector cells for
      pancreatic B cell destruction.
AB  - We have previously reported that treatment with a streptococcal preparation (OK
      432), one of the biologic response modifiers, inhibits insulitis and development
      of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and Bio-Breeding rats used
      as animal models of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We studied the
      mechanism by which OK-432 inhibited development of IDDM in NOD mice. In female
      NOD mice diabetes spontaneously developed from 10 to 15 wk of age and the
      cumulative incidence of diabetes amounted to 74.7% at 30 wk of age. NOD mice,
      however, never developed diabetes over the observation period of up to 45 wk of
      age when they were i.p. injected with 0.1 mg of OK-432 weekly from 4 to 15 wk of
      age. OK-432 treatment in younger age had a stronger inhibitory effect on the
      development of diabetes. Diabetes was transferred to young, irradiated mice by
      spleen cells of nontreated, adult mice, but barely transferred by those of OK-432
      treated mice. Furthermore, these spleen cells of OK-432-treated mice did not
      suppress transfer of diabetes by diabetic mice spleen cells. Treatment with
      cyclophosphamide promoted development of diabetes in nontreated NOD mice due to
      removal of suppressor cells. However, cyclophosphamide did not show the promotive
      effect in OK-432-treated mice. Taken together, these results indicate that OK-432
      treatment prevented development of diabetes mainly by suppression in generation
      of the effector cells for pancreatic B cell destruction. The same OK-432
      treatment did not suppress the immune response to exogenous AG such as xenogeneic
      SRBC and allogeneic tumor cells. The study suggests that BRM in the natural
      environment such as streptococci may suppress induction and progression of
      autoimmunity and be useful for the immunotherapy of human IDDM.

PMID- 2295788
TI  - Glucocorticoid regulation of the humoral immune system. I. In vivo effects of
      dexamethasone on IgA and IgG in serum and at mucosal surfaces.
AB  - The present studies were undertaken to determine whether glucocorticoids
      influence the levels of Ig in serum, saliva, and vaginal secretions. When
      measured by RIA, IgA levels in serum were elevated when increasing doses of
      dexamethasone, a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, were administered to intact-
      and adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats. In contrast, IgA levels decreased in
      saliva and vaginal secretions over the same dose range. Time course studies
      indicated that the decline in salivary IgA, observed at 24 h after a single
      injection of dexamethasone, preceded a rise in serum IgA detected at 24 h after
      the second hormone treatment. Both responses were maximal at day 2 and did not
      change with further hormone exposure. After immunization and boosting with SRBC
      at two mucosal sites (intestinal Peyer's patch and uterine lumen), dexamethasone
      increased anti-SRBC IgA antibody levels in serum and reduced their presence in
      vaginal secretions. In contrast, anti-SRBC IgG-antibody levels in serum and
      vaginal secretions were reduced with hormone treatment. In the absence of hormone
      treatment, pooled sera from nonimmunized animals, when analyzed by HPLC,
      contained polymeric and dimeric IgA that was present in roughly equal proportion.
      In response to dexamethasone, polymeric IgA increased to a greater extent than
      did monomeric IgA. In summary, these studies demonstrate that dexamethasone
      alters the levels of IgA as well as specifically directed IgA and IgG antibodies
      in secretions and serum. Further, it suggests that glucocorticoid controlled IgA
      increases in serum and decreases in vaginal and salivary secretions may be due,
      in part, to a redistribution of polymeric IgA from mucosal surfaces to serum.

PMID- 2295789
TI  - Detection of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in the supernatants of paraformaldehyde
      treated human monocytes. Evidence against a membrane form of IL-1.
AB  - The concept of a membrane form of IL-1 arose from the observation that
      paraformaldehyde-treated macrophages display IL-1 bioactivity. Thus far, the
      biochemical characterization of a membrane form of the molecule has not been
      reported. In a recent publication we demonstrated that murine IL-1 alpha can be
      detected in the supernatants of paraformaldehyde-treated macrophages. These data
      indicate that the phenomenon of membrane IL-1 may result from leakage of IL-1
      from inadequately fixed cells. In the current report we have extended our studies
      toward the examination of human IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. IL-1 activity can be
      detected in the supernatants of paraformaldehyde-treated human monocytes.
      Although anti-IL-1 alpha, but not anti-IL-1 beta, antibodies can efficiently
      block the IL-1 bioactivity, both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta can be found by
      immunoprecipitation in the supernatants of the fixed monocytes. IL-1 alpha is
      efficiently processed to the low m.w. form, whereas IL-1 beta remains
      predominantly as the inactive, precursor molecule. IL-1 is not found in the
      supernatants of monocyte membrane preparations, demonstrating that the leakage of
      IL-1 is from an intracellular, rather than membrane-bound source.

PMID- 2295790
TI  - IL-5 up-regulates but IL-4 down-regulates IL-2R expression on a cloned B lymphoma
      line.
AB  - Both IL-4 and IL-5 demonstrate B cell growth activity. IL-5 can render a cloned
      neoplastic B cell line, BCL1-CL-3 cells, responsive to IL-2, whereas IL-4 has no
      such activity. The response to IL-5 and IL-2 proceeds in two phases: the first
      phase which clearly depends upon IL-5 is the obvious increase in number of high
      affinity IL-2R (3.1-fold) with modest increase of low affinity IL-2R (1.2-fold)
      and gain of the ability of facilitated IL-2-binding and internalization of IL-2,
      and the second phase which is induced by IL-2 in the IL-5-stimulated CL-3 cells
      comprises the striking increase of low affinity IL-2R (8.5-fold). Kinetic study
      has revealed that high affinity IL-2R expressed on CL-3 cells begins to increase
      at 6 h and reaches to maximum at 12 h after stimulation with IL-5 or IL-5 plus IL
      2, whereas low affinity IL-2R expression increases at 18 h and becomes maximal at
      24 h after stimulation of CL-3 cells with IL-5 and IL-2. However, in the presence
      of IL-4, IL-5 cannot induce an increase in number of high affinity IL-2R on CL-3
      cells. Thus, CL-3 cells stimulated with the mixture of IL-5 and IL-4 cannot
      respond to IL-2, and fail to show up-regulated expression of low affinity IL-2R.
      IL-4 also has a capacity to modestly interfere with the action of IL-2 to up
      regulate low affinity IL-2R expression on IL-5-pretreated CL-3 cells. Thus, this
      monoclonal B cell system provides an excellent model system to define the roles
      of IL-5 and IL-4 involved in the B cell differentiation and to characterize the
      properties of B cells competent to IL-2 stimulation and the signal transduction
      mechanism which operates through IL-2/IL-2R system.

PMID- 2295792
TI  - Immunogenicity of recombinant IL-2 modified by covalent attachment of
      polyethylene glycol.
AB  - Human rIL-2, expressed and purified from Escherichia coli, is currently being
      tested as an anticancer therapeutic agent. Some of the patients undergoing
      clinical trials with rIL-2 have developed antibodies to rIL-2. We describe a
      chemical modification of rIL-2 that reduces its immunogenicity. rIL-2 has been
      chemically modified with a water soluble polymer, monomethoxy polyethylene glycol
      (PEG). This covalent conjugate PEG-rIL-2 has enhanced solubility and extended in
      vivo circulation. Attachment of PEG to rIL-2 reduces its immunogenicity when
      tested in rabbits and in mice. Ag-specific IgG antibody titers were 100 to 1000
      fold lower when PEG-rIL-2 was used as the Ag, compared to rIL-2. In a long term
      study, 7 of 10 rabbits injected with PEG-rIL-2 had no Ag-specific IgG antibody
      response. In these seven rabbits, the in vivo behavior of the injected PEG-rIL-2
      remained essentially unchanged after repeated immunizations. PEG-rIL-2 injected
      before rIL-2 injections, immunosuppressed the antibody response to rIL-2 in
      rabbits. The maintenance of the systemic exposure of PEG-rIL-2 after repetitive
      dosing is related to its decreased immunogenicity. Thus, the PEGylation (covalent
      attachment of PEG) of rIL-2-enhances its potential as an anticancer therapeutic.

PMID- 2295791
TI  - C3, C4, and the terminal complement complex differ from C1q by binding
      predominantly to the antigenic part of solid phase immune complexes.
AB  - The binding of the C components C1q, C4, C3, the terminal C5b-9 complement
      complex (TCC) and S protein to immune complexes was studied. The hapten 5-iodo-4
      hydroxy-3-nitrophenacetyl (NIP) conjugated to BSA was adsorbed to polystyrene
      plates and reacted with a human IgG3-mouse chimeric anti-NIP antibody. After
      addition of serum a dose-dependent binding of C1q, C4, C3, and TCC to the immune
      complexes was found. An increase in the amount of NIP-BSA was associated with an
      increase in the binding of TCC and a decrease in the binding of S-protein. After
      addition of soluble NIP only 4 to 6% of the anti-NIP antibody remained bound to
      the Ag. C1q showed diminished binding after addition of NIP, whereas C4, C3, and
      TCC quantitatively remained bound to the Ag. Binding of TCC to the immune
      complexes was also found in an alternative assay, in which the anti-NIP antibody
      was adsorbed to the solid phase before NIP-BSA and an additional layer of anti
      NIP antibody were added. The supernatants from the solid phase assay were tested
      for C3 activation and formation of the fluid phase TCC (SC5b-9). Activation of
      the C3 was reflected in the fluid phase by a dose-dependent increase in C3
      activation products. This was not seen for TCC despite increased binding to the
      solid phase.

PMID- 2295793
TI  - Recombinant, truncated CD4 molecule (rT4) binds IgG.
AB  - CD4 is a cell surface glycoprotein that identifies the subset of human T
      lymphocytes that induces sIg+ B lymphocytes to differentiate and secrete Ig after
      intimate T-B cell contact. In the course of studying a recombinant, truncated
      form of CD4 (rT4) we noticed that goat antibodies of apparently irrelevant
      specificities bound to immobilized rT4. To directly study whether rT4 interacts
      with Ig molecules, purified human IgG was added to rT4-coated wells and a dose
      dependent interaction between IgG and rT4 was observed by ELISA. Purified myeloma
      IgG proteins bound to immobilized rT4 with the same avidity as polyclonal IgG
      that suggests that rT4-IgG binding was not due to the presence of anti-rT4
      antibodies in the IgG fraction. IgG from 6 sera bound to rT4 in concentration
      dependent manner similar to purified IgG. Immobilized rT4 specifically bound IgG,
      and not IgM, IgA, IgD, or beta 2-microglobulin. The specific interaction of rT4
      and IgG was also observed when IgG or IgM were immobilized, demonstrating that
      IgG binding was not a unique property of immobilized rT4. As with low affinity
      receptors for IgG, rT4 bound heat aggregated IgG with increased avidity. Neither
      anti-CD4 mAb nor dextran sulfate inhibited rT4-IgG binding. rT4 bound Fc but not
      F(ab)2 fragments. Each of the purified IgG subclasses; IgG1, 2, 3, and 4 bound to
      rT4 with similar avidity. Taken together, these data suggest that rT4
      specifically interacts with a public structure on IgG Fc.

PMID- 2295794
TI  - Necessity of IgE antibodies and mast cells for manifestation of resistance
      against larval Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in mice.
AB  - Genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1-W/Wv mice showed an apparent defect in
      manifestation of the resistance against larval Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks,
      but their serum IgE levels increased more than 100-fold after the second tick
      infestation. Immune sera obtained from the WBB6F1-W/Wv mice were adoptively
      transferred to the other WBB6F1-W/Wv mice which had received intracutaneous
      injections of WBB6F1-+/+ mouse-derived cultured mast cells. Because the
      resistance against ticks was detectable only when both mast cells and IgE
      antibodies were available, immediate hypersensitivity reaction appeared to have a
      physiologic role in the manifestation of the resistance against H. longicornis
      ticks.

PMID- 2295796
TI  - Elevated natural killer cell responses in mice infected with recombinant vaccinia
      virus encoding murine IL-2.
AB  - The role of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells in the recovery of immunodeficient,
      athymic, nude mice infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) encoding
      murine IL-2 was investigated. Kinetic studies with the IL-2-encoding recombinant
      (VV-HA-IL2) and control (VV-HA-TK) viruses excluded a role for cytotoxic T cells
      but suggested the possible involvement of NK cells. In athymic nude mice given VV
      HA-IL2, NK activity was at least threefold higher than mice infected with VV-HA
      TK and this activity persisted for at least 6 days after infection. The effectors
      mediating the NK-like activity were asialo-GM1+ (as-GM1+), Thy1.2+/-, CD4- and
      CD8-, the phenotype of conventional NK cells. Elevated NK activity coincided with
      the rapid clearance of VV-HA-IL2 from ovaries of infected normal CBA/H mice but
      not from ovaries of CBA beige mice which had no detectable NK activity in spleens
      or ovaries. The expression of IL-2 in recombinant VV infection probably induces a
      cascade of immunologic effects of which elevated NK activity is one. We speculate
      that the chemoattractant and NK activity augmenting effects of IL-2 may
      contribute to recovery from VV-infection.

PMID- 2295795
TI  - Cross-antigenicity between the major surface proteins (ospA and ospB) and other
      proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi.
AB  - Two of the major surface Ag of Borrelia burgdorferi, the 31-kDa OspA and 34-kDa
      OspB proteins, are encoded by a 49-kb plasmid. In this study, mAb and
      monospecific polyclonal antibodies were used to define cross-antigenicity of the
      OspA and OspB protein to each other and to other lower molecular mass proteins by
      Western blot analysis. Two mAb studied, 105.5 and 184.1, were directed
      predominantly against the 31-kDa OspA protein. However, each also reacted with
      other minor bands, though with different specificities. Using V8 protease
      digestion and cleavage by cyanogen bromide, we demonstrated that each mAb reacted
      to the 31-kDa protein differently. Monospecific polyclonal rabbit and human
      antibodies directed against the 34-, 31-, 22-, and 20-kDa proteins were eluted
      from blots and used to further corroborate the cross-reactivity among these Ag.
      Rabbit antibodies to the 31- and 22-kDa Ag gave remarkably similar peptide maps
      after V8 protease digestion of the 31-kDa OspA protein, as did mAb 184.1,
      suggesting that this mAb recognized an immunodominant epitope common to the 22-
      and 31-kDa proteins. It seems likely therefore that the humoral immune response
      to Borrelia surface Ag may be due to a limited number of cross-reactive epitopes
      on distinct, but related, gene products.

PMID- 2295797
TI  - Induction of tolerance to parental marrow grafts in F1 hybrid mice. Evidence for
      recognition of self-antigens.
AB  - Lethally irradiated (C57BL/6xC3H)F1 mice are able to acutely reject parental
      C57BL/6 but not C3H marrow grafts, a phenomenon called hybrid resistance (HR). In
      attempts to inactivate this rejection mechanism we found that parental spleen
      cells activated with LPS are very potent in inducing tolerance to a subsequent
      C57BL/6 marrow graft. Tolerance is likely due to elimination of effector cells
      responsible for graft rejection as adoptive transfer of spleen cells from normal
      into tolerized mice reconstitutes responsiveness. Evidence is presented that the
      Ag on LPS-activated spleen cells responsible for induction of unresponsiveness
      are expressed on both C57BL/6 and (C57BL/6xC3H)F1 cells. This suggests that the
      HR effector cells recognize autoantigens. In support of this, induction of
      tolerance to C57BL/6 parental marrow grafts leads to a concomitant dramatic
      increase in endogenous CFU-spleen after a dose of gamma-irradiation. Moreover,
      elimination of the cells responsible for HR by injection of anti-ASGM1 antibody
      results in a similar increase of endogenous CFU-spleen after irradiation. It is
      concluded that HR is a reflection of autoimmunity, able to limit the
      proliferation of syngeneic marrow stem cells.

PMID- 2295798
TI  - The use of transfected fibroblasts and transgenic mice establishes that
      stimulation of T cells by the Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen is mediated by E
      alpha.
AB  - Mycoplasma arthritidis produces a soluble protein which is active for murine and
      human lymphocytes when presented by Ia-bearing accessory cells. By using
      fibroblasts transfected in vitro with various class II Ag, we demonstrated that
      presentation of the M. arthritidis mitogen (MAM) to T cells was mediated by E
      alpha-containing molecules. We also showed that splenocytes from transgenic mice
      expressing E alpha heterozygously (B10.TRG E alpha+) or homozygously (B10.E alpha
      TG +/+) underwent a similar proliferation in response to MAM as compared with the
      failure of control B10.TRG E alpha- splenocytes to respond to MAM. Although
      splenocytes from inbred C3H and CBA mice exhibited much higher proliferative
      responses to MAM than did those from B10.TRG.E alpha+ or B10.E alpha TG +/+ mice,
      flow cytometry showed similar levels of E alpha expression. Furthermore, gamma
      irradiated splenocytes from B10.TRG E alpha + mice presented MAM to T hybridoma
      cells with a similar efficacy as did splenocytes from C3H mice. The lesser
      response to MAM of lymphocytes from the E alpha transgenic mice as compared with
      those from C3H and B10.K mice was likewise not due to differential expression of
      their V beta TCR. We conclude that presentation of MAM to T cells is accomplished
      by E alpha-containing molecules. The studies also suggest that the conserved,
      nonpolymorphic regions of class II molecules may play an important role in host
      immune response to microbial products.

PMID- 2295799
TI  - Infection with HIV is associated with elevated IL-6 levels and production.
AB  - Polyclonal B cell activation is commonly observed in AIDS and in infection with
      HIV. Because IL-6 (B cell stimulatory factor 2) plays an essential role in the
      differentiation of activated B cells to Ig-secreting cells, and because IL-6
      production is induced by exposure of human PBMC to HIV, we measured the level of
      circulating plasma IL-6, spontaneously-produced IL-6, and IL-6 mRNA in HIV
      infected donors and in healthy control donors. Elevated levels of plasma IL-6 and
      IL-6 mRNA were detected in HIV-infected donors. PBMC isolated from the peripheral
      circulation of HIV-infected donors, and cultured without added exogenous
      activators of IL-6 production, produced markedly elevated amounts of IL-6 when
      compared with cells isolated from healthy donors. Interestingly, levels of an
      acute-phase protein, which is known to be induced by IL-6, was also increased in
      HIV-infected donors. These results demonstrate that elevated levels of IL-6 are
      associated with HIV-infection, and suggest that IL-6 over-production may
      contribute to the polyclonal B cell activation seen in AIDS and HIV infection.

PMID- 2295800
TI  - Development of the autoimmune B cell repertoire in MRL-lpr/lpr mice.
AB  - The processes responsible for the production of autoantibodies have been shown to
      include both Ag-specific and generalized (polyclonal) forms of B cell activation.
      The relative contribution and temporal association of these processes to the
      genesis of systemic autoimmunity are incompletely understood. To study this
      relationship, the B cell repertoires of MRL-lpr/lpr mice were analyzed by ELISA
      spot assay over an 8-mo period. Between 6 and 12 wk of age, the number of splenic
      lymphocytes producing antibodies reactive with both autoantigens and conventional
      Ag increased proportionately. The repertoires of MRL-lpr/lpr mice under 12 wk
      were dominated by IgM-secreting B cells that showed no bias toward the production
      of specific autoantibodies. From 12 to 38 wk of age, an increasing proportion of
      animals developed repertoires dominated by IgG-secreting B cells that were skewed
      toward reactivity against one or very few (auto)antigens. Although there was no
      single Ag against which all mice developed skewed reactivity, 55% of MRL-lpr/lpr
      adults had increased numbers of B cells producing antibodies to the Sm Ag and 13
      to 16% developed increased reactivity toward DNA, myosin, histone, thyroglobulin,
      or T cells. These data indicate that generalized (polyclonal) B cell activation
      dominates early repertoire development whereas (auto)-antigen-specific responses
      become increasingly important during the latter stages of disease in these
      autoimmune-prone mice.

PMID- 2295801
TI  - IL-2 dependence of the promotion of human B cell differentiation by IL-6 (BSF-2).
AB  - The effect of rIL-6 on the growth and differentiation of highly purified human
      peripheral blood B cells was examined. IL-6 alone induced minimal incorporation
      of [3H]thymidine by unstimulated or Staphylococcus aureus (SA)-stimulated B cells
      and did not augment proliferation induced by SA and IL-2. Similarly, IL-6 alone
      did not support the generation of Ig-secreting cells (ISC) or induce the
      secretion of Ig by unstimulated or SA-stimulated B cells. However, IL-6 did
      augment the generation of ISC and the secretion of all isotypes of Ig induced by
      SA and IL-2. Maximal enhancement of B cell responsiveness by IL-6 required its
      presence from the initiation of culture. Delaying the addition of IL-6 to B cells
      stimulated with SA and IL-2 beyond 24 h diminished its effect on ISC generation.
      However, increased Ig production but not ISC generation was observed when IL-6
      was added to B cells that had been preactivated for 48 h with SA and IL-2. This
      effect was most marked when the activated B cells were also stimulated with IL-2.
      IL-6 in combination with other cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-4 did not induce the
      secretion of Ig or generation of ISC in the absence of IL-2. Moreover, antibody
      to IL-6 did not inhibit the effect of IL-2 on the growth and differentiation of B
      cells stimulated with SA, but did inhibit the IL-6-induced augmentation of Ig
      secretion by B cells stimulated with SA and IL-2. IL-6 alone enhanced T cell
      dependent induction of B cell differentiation stimulated by PWM. Part of this
      enhancement was related to its capacity to increase the production of IL-2 in
      these cultures. These results indicate that IL-6 has several direct enhancing
      effects on the differentiation of B cells, all of which are at least in part
      dependent on the presence of IL-2. In addition, IL-6 can indirectly increase B
      cell differentiation by increasing IL-2 production by T cells.

PMID- 2295802
TI  - Conversion of the C4d.2 serologic allotype of murine complement component C4 to
      the C4d.1 allotype by site-specific mutagenesis.
AB  - C4d.1 and C4d.2 are serologically defined allotypes of murine complement
      component C4. Previous studies in Shreffler's laboratory have shown that the
      structural difference between the two allotypes lies within a single tryptic
      peptide of the C4 alpha-chain and that the sequences of this fragment from the
      two allotypes (determined from nucleic acid sequences of genomic clones) differ
      only by the substitution of arginine in C4d.2 for glutamine in C4d.1. Hence this
      single amino acid change apparently is responsible for the rather striking
      serological difference between the two allotypes. To test this conclusion, we
      have used site-specific mutagenesis to alter the sequence of a full-length C4
      cDNA that was derived from a mouse strain expressing the C4d.2 allotype. We
      substituted a glutamine codon for the arginine codon at the specified site and
      expressed both mutant and parent recombinant C4 proteins by transient
      transfection of COS cells. We found that an alloantiserum specific for C4d.1
      reacts with the mutant protein but not the parent whereas an alloantiserum
      specific for C4d.2 reacts with the parent protein, as expected, but not the
      mutant. These results confirm that a single amino acid difference specifies the
      C4d.1 and C4d.2 allotypes.

PMID- 2295803
TI  - Generation and use of site-specific antibodies to serum amyloid A for probing
      amyloid A development.
AB  - Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase reactant and the putative precursor of an
      amyloid fibril protein (AA). During amyloidogenesis in mice, the C-terminal
      portion of SAA that consists of 28 amino acids is cleaved off to produce the 75
      amino acid AA. Of three known isotypes of SAA, SAA2 has been identified as
      amyloidogenic. For differential immunologic recognition of SAA and AA, antisera
      were generated in rabbits against AA protein and a synthetic peptide
      corresponding to the C-terminal (amino acids 84 to 103) of murine SAA2. The anti
      AA antiserum reacted with AA and SAA, but the anti-peptide antiserum reacted with
      SAA only. Immunohistochemically anti-peptide antiserum predominantly stained the
      rims of murine amyloid deposits. In contrast, anti-AA antiserum generated an
      overall homogeneous staining of amyloid deposits. The data lend support to a view
      that SAA are concentrated in the vicinity of the surrounding cells (mostly
      macrophages) where they are processed to AA, or that SAA are deposited initially
      as components of the amyloid fibrils onto the outside margin of amyloid deposits
      and the C-terminus is cleaved off as maturation of the amyloid fibril progresses.

PMID- 2295804
TI  - Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein has endotoxin-neutralizing activity.
AB  - Neutrophil granules contain proteins important in host defense against bacterial
      pathogens. Granule proteins released from activated neutrophils facilitate
      opsonization, phagocytosis, tissue digestion, and antimicrobial activity. Three
      similar, if not identical, neutrophil proteins, bactericidal/permeability
      increasing protein (BPI), 57,000 m.w. cationic antimicrobial protein, and
      bactericidal protein have been described that specifically kill gram negative
      bacteria. Since LPS is a structure common to all gram-negative bacteria, we
      investigated whether the microbicidal protein BPI affects biologic activity of
      LPS in vitro. Human neutrophils can be activated both in vitro and in vivo by
      LPS. Upon stimulation, surface expression of CR1 and CR3 increases markedly.
      Using flow microfluorimetry, we analyzed surface expression of CR1 and CR3 as a
      measure of neutrophil stimulation in response to LPS. CR up-regulation on
      neutrophils was TNF independent, suggesting direct LPS stimulation of neutrophils
      in this system. Purified BPI completely inhibited CR up-regulation on neutrophils
      stimulated with both rough and smooth LPS chemotypes at 1.8 to 3.6 nM (100 to 200
      ng/ml). By comparison, the polypeptide antibiotic polymyxin B completely
      inhibited the same dose of LPS at 0.4 nM. The inhibitory activity of BPI appeared
      to be specific for LPS because neutrophil stimulation by formylated peptide or
      TNF was unaffected. The specificity of BPI for LPS was further demonstrated by
      inhibition of LPS activity in the limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Therefore, the
      role of BPI in infection may not be limited to its microbicidal activity, but it
      may also regulate the neutrophil response to LPS.

PMID- 2295805
TI  - Short term exposure to cis unsaturated free fatty acids inhibits degranulation of
      cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
AB  - Degranulation of CTL stimulated by alloantigen-bearing target cells is shown to
      be inhibited by short term exposure to low concentrations of long chain cis
      unsaturated free fatty acids (FFA), whereas saturated FFA have no effect. The Ag
      specific (TCR mediated) stimulation of cloned murine CTL was monitored by changes
      in intracellular calcium concentrations [( Ca2+]i) using the fluorescence
      indicator acetoxymethylester of fura-2 and by degranulation as measured by the
      release of BLT-esterase. Treatment of the CTL cells with any of the
      physiologically important FFA; oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), linolenic (18:3),
      or arachidonic (20:4) acid, at concentrations between 1 and 10 microM inhibits
      the target cell-mediated rise in [Ca2+]i which occurs within seconds of
      stimulation and the release of BLT-esterase, which occurs over a period of 1 to 3
      h. These inhibitory effects are observed within seconds to minutes of FFA
      addition. Inhibition can be reversed by treating cells with fatty acid free BSA
      and, in agreement with our previous studies, indicates that the effects of FFA
      are due to physical perturbations of cellular components. To determine the locus
      of this perturbation, the effect of FFA on the lipid order of CTL plasma membrane
      was determined using fluorescence polarization of the membrane impermeable probe
      trimethylammoniumdiphenylhexatriene. Cis unsaturated FFA were found to disorder
      the lipid acyl chains and the degree of disorder was found to increase with the
      degree of cis unsaturation. These results, together with the previous studies,
      suggest that inhibition results from a physical perturbation of plasma membrane
      lipid order. Moreover, because degranulation requires elevated levels of [Ca2+]i,
      it is likely that inhibition of degranulation results from a FFA-induced decrease
      in Ca2+ permeability through the membrane.

PMID- 2295806
TI  - Synergistic action of phorbol ester and IL-3 in the induction of "connective
      tissue-type" mast cell proliferation.
AB  - 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a tumor-promoting phorbol ester,
      induced the proliferation of connective tissue-type mast cells (CTMC)
      synergistically with IL-3 in a methylcellulose culture, as well as with IL-4. The
      culture of single CTMC and the serum-free culture of CTMC fractionated by Percoll
      density gradient centrifugation showed that this synergistic action of IL-3 and
      TPA required no effects of accessory cells or other humoral factors. Although the
      populations of CTMC acted on by TPA and IL-4 seemed to be close to each other,
      the velocity of colony growth induced by the simultaneous stimulation of the
      combination of TPA and IL-4 was faster than that induced by either TPA or IL-4 in
      the presence of IL-3. In addition, the addition of anti-IL-4 antibody did not
      neutralize the effect of TPA on the proliferation of CTMC. These results suggest
      that TPA and IL-4 act on the proliferation of CTMC synergistically with IL-3 via
      a different pathway. Beside TPA, other phorbol derivatives capable of activating
      protein kinase C (PKC) induced the proliferation of CTMC synergistically with IL
      3, but phorbol derivatives which were unable to activate PKC did not. These
      results indicate that the activation of PKC is involved in the process of TPA
      action on the proliferation of CTMC. Furthermore, the facts that 1-oleoyl-2
      acetylglycerol, which activated membrane PKC transiently, and staurosporine,
      which has been reported to inhibit PKC, did not induce the proliferation of CTMC
      in the presence of IL-3 and that the effect of TPA was exhibited by the sustained
      stimulation suggest that the action of TPA on the proliferation of CTMC requires
      at least two steps. The first one is the primary activation of membrane PKC and
      the second one is the disappearance of PKC from the cells, "down-regulation."

PMID- 2295807
TI  - Characterization of two proteins from Leishmania donovani and their use for
      vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - Two proteins from Leishmania donovani, dp72 and gp70-2, have been previously
      utilized to specifically serodiagnose patients with visceral leishmaniasis. The
      proteins were shown by ELISA and Western blotting with monoclonal and polyclonal
      antibodies to be present in both stages of the parasite. Antibodies to gp70-2
      recognize in promastigotes multiple discrete bands of similar m.w. which are
      common to several isolates of L. donovani. The total amount of Ag and number of
      bands observed per isolate is not constant. Lectin blots with Con A show gp70-2
      to be a glycoprotein. Dp72 shows pronounced microheterogeneity between isolates
      of L. donovani. The Brazilian isolates examined appear to possess a lower m.w.
      form (64,000 or 68,000) of this molecule. No reactions were observed with dp72
      and lectins in Western blots; and neither tunicamycin, N-glycanase,
      endoglycosidase H nor F affected the migration of [35S]-methionine-labeled
      protein on SDS-PAGE. A mAb against dp72 also cross-reacted in Western blots with
      a 60-kDa protein in Leishmania major, Leishmania aethiopica, and Leishmania
      tropica. No reaction was observed between the purified promastigote surface
      protease (gp63) and either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies produced to dp72
      or gp70-2. The ability of the pure proteins to provide protection against a
      challenge by L. donovani amastigotes was examined. BALB/c mice were immunized
      with gp70-2 and/or dp72 by using Corynebacterium parvum as an adjuvant. Mice
      immunized with gp70-2 were not protected; however, mice receiving dp72 showed a
      81.1% reduction in the liver parasitemia compared with the adjuvant controls.

PMID- 2295808
TI  - Human trophoblast and the choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo express a truncated HLA
      Class I molecule.
AB  - Extravillous trophoblast from normal human placenta has been shown previously to
      express an unusual form of HLA class I molecule, as does a choriocarcinoma cell
      line, BeWo. This molecule has a H chain of approximately 40 kDa and appears to be
      nonpolymorphic. We have isolated and sequenced a HLA class I cDNA clone, which
      probably corresponds to this molecule, from a library derived from BeWo. The
      nucleotide sequence shows a high degree of homology with the published sequence
      of a genomic clone, HLA 6.0, which is the product of a class I locus other than
      A, B, or C, (provisionally designated "HLA G"). The expressed product of this
      locus has not previously been localized. We have used the polymerase chain
      reaction to demonstrate the presence of similar HLA class I sequences in cDNA
      from normal extravillous trophoblast. Although there is some nucleotide sequence
      polymorphism the amino acid sequence of this molecule is conserved. It is
      therefore unlikely to provoke immune responses even though it is found at the
      fetal-maternal interface.

PMID- 2295809
TI  - Idiotypic variation in a human B lymphoma cell line.
AB  - The Ig Id of a B cell lymphoma serves as a distinct marker of the malignant clone
      and thus as a tumor-specific target for antibody therapy. Somatic variation of
      the Ig genes expressed by B cell tumors can lead to loss of reactivity with anti
      Id antibodies and escape of tumors from the therapeutic effects of such
      antibodies. In our study, we have used anti-Id antibodies to screen for variants
      within a cell line derived from a patient with a large cell lymphoma of the B
      cell type. Cells were simultaneously stained on their surface for idiotypic and
      for isotypic Ig determinants using reagents labeled with different fluorochromes.
      Tumor cells expressing intact Ig molecules with alteration of their idiotypic
      determinants were isolated with the fluorescence activated cell sorter. Idiotypic
      variation was an ongoing process in vitro with Id- variants being generated at a
      rate of 2.7 x 10(-4)/cell per generation and Ig- cells being produced at a rate
      of 1.31 x 10(-5)/cell per generation. Subcloned variants expressed subtle
      differences in reactivity with a panel of three non-cross-blocking anti-Id
      antibodies. Analysis of Ig gene rearrangements by the Southern blotting technique
      using a JH probe established that the variants and the original tumor cells were
      all clonally related. Immunoprecipitation of surface labeled Ig molecules from
      the variant subclones disclosed major alterations of the lambda-L chains with no
      gross alterations of the mu-H chains. Related studies have established that the
      tumor cells undergo rearrangement and expression of new lambda-L chain genes.

PMID- 2295811
TI  - Protease inhibitors block the macrophage-mediated inhibition of tumor cell
      mitochondrial respiration.
AB  - The antitumor activity of activated macrophages toward tumor cells, in vitro,
      appears to involve the production of toxic nitrogen intermediates. These
      intermediates, particularly nitric oxide, have been shown to cause the inhibition
      of cell division and to decrease cellular respiration by inhibiting electron
      transport. We studied the effects of proteolytic inhibitors on macrophage
      mediated inhibition of L1210 tumor cell respiration and DNA synthesis, and found
      that chloromethyl ketone derivatives, which covalently modify serine proteases,
      can block macrophage cytotoxicity. Furthermore, these inhibitors decrease nitrite
      production by activated macrophages suggesting that the mechanism of action
      involves the inhibition of nitric oxide production.

PMID- 2295810
TI  - Idiotype matching: correlation of expression of protective idiotype in sera with
      survival of tumor mice.
AB  - A monoclonal anti-Id, 2F10, has previously been shown to protect against transfer
      of L1210/GZL tumor cells in DBA/2 mice and also to have therapeutic effects in
      mice with growing tumor. In this study we have measured expression of an idiotope
      which reacts with a tumor-protective anti-idiotypic antibody, 2F10, in the sera
      of mice bearing the L1210/GZL tumor. The levels of antibodies binding to 2F10,
      referred to as the "2F10 idiotope," are different in individual mice and also
      fluctuate over time. A statistical analysis demonstrated a significant
      correlation between these changes in 2F10 levels in mice with tumors and their
      survival times. Increasing 2F10 idiotope in sera of tumor mice correlated with
      long-term survival, whereas a decreasing trend was found in mice which died
      shortly after tumor transfer. Correlations between the 2F10 idiotope and survival
      were observed in groups of mice which had received surgery, cyclophosphamide, a
      combination of cyclophosphamide and anti-idiotype, or no treatment at all. No
      correlation between a nonrelated idiotope and survival was noted. Although 2F10
      is an idiotope expressed by an anti-tumor-associated Ag antibody, the correlation
      between anti-tumor-associated Ag titers and survival was significantly lower than
      that between the 2F10 idiotope and survival. This demonstrates that 2F10 is
      preferentially associated with antibodies which are involved in tumor regression.
      Thus, the 2F10 idiotope in sera of tumor-bearing mice has predictive value for
      survival and tumor regression.

PMID- 2295812
TI  - Development of a diphtheria toxin mutant conjugate directed against antigen
      specific B cells expressing high affinity surface Ig.
AB  - Modification of a mutant diphtheria toxin, possessing reduced binding capacity,
      with TNP groups resulted in an Ag-toxin conjugate capable of eliminating TNP
      specific B cells. Previous experimental approaches to the elimination of Ag
      specific B cells have involved the conjugation of Ag to holoricin molecules or
      ricin A chain. Holoricin conjugates possess efficacy, but display high
      nonspecific toxicity. A chain conjugates, which appear specific, lack high
      potency. In developing the diphtheria toxin-based conjugate, we found high
      potency for target anti-TNP hybridoma cells and for spleen cells isolated from
      TNP-immunized mice. The similar intoxication of nontarget cells required
      concentrations approximately three orders of magnitude higher. Additionally, it
      was found that the TNP-specific agent may have selectively depleted B cells
      producing high affinity IgG anti-TNP antibodies.

PMID- 2295813
TI  - Regulation of C5a and formyl peptide receptor expression on human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Fluorescein conjugates of C5a (FL-C5a) and formyl methionine-leucine
      phenylalanine-lysine (FL-FMLPL) have been used to determine how the expression of
      receptors for these peptides is regulated on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      (PMN). Video intensification microscopy showed that receptors for FL-C5a were
      homogeneously distributed on the surface of the PMN, but within minutes were
      mobilized into patches and internalized by the PMN. Internalization of C5a
      receptors was confirmed in studies in which external FL-C5a fluorescence was
      quenched by reducing the pH. A similar rapid internalization was observed with FL
      FMLPL. This process was inhibited for both fluorescent ligands by monensin.
      Reexpression of C5a and formyl peptide receptors after internalization occurred
      with both receptors. By comparison, the rate of reexpression of formyl peptide
      receptors was much faster than that observed with C5a receptors with the half
      maximal reexpression time for each being 5 to 10 min and 18 to 60 min,
      respectively. C5a receptor reexpression was completely blocked by monensin
      suggesting receptor recycling, whereas monensin had little effect on FMLPL
      receptor reexpression. The reexpression of both receptors occurred in the
      presence of cycloheximide indicating that this process occurred independent of
      protein synthesis. Additional studies on formyl peptide receptor showed that when
      PMN were treated with ionomycin to fully mobilize the intracellular pool of FMLPL
      receptors, receptor reexpression failed to occur. These studies show that both
      C5a and formyl peptide receptors are internalized after binding ligand, but that
      their reexpression occurs through different mechanisms. C5a receptors appear to
      be recycled to the cell surface whereas formyl peptide receptors are reexpressed
      predominantly by translocation from an intracellular pool.

PMID- 2295814
TI  - Protection against Leishmania major in BALB/c mice by adoptive transfer of a T
      cell clone recognizing a low molecular weight antigen released by promastigotes.
AB  - We have shown previously that BALB/c mice can be protected against a fatal
      infection with Leishmania major by adoptive transfer of a T cell line recognizing
      a protective soluble fraction (fraction 9) of promastigotes. We now describe the
      isolation and characterization of a T cell clone (9.1-2) that also transfers
      protective immunity against Leishmania. After Ag or mitogen stimulation, this
      clone secrets IL-2 and IFN-gamma, but not IL-4 or IL-5. The clone preferentially
      recognizes L. major fraction 9, and in addition, soluble Ag from Leishmania
      donovani, Leishmania amazonensis, and Leishmania braziliensis, but not from the
      related flagellates, Trypanosoma cruzi or Crithidia fasciculata. Besides being
      contained in fraction 9, the stimulatory Ag is also released from the parasite,
      because concentrated promastigote culture supernatants induced IFN-gamma
      production by 9.1-2. By means of T cell immunoblotting, we determined that 9.1-2
      recognized a protein with a relative m.w. between 8,000 and 12,000, and within
      this region is a predominant protein contained in fraction 9 of approximately
      10,000 m.w. These data identify a new candidate Ag for immunization against
      protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania.

PMID- 2295815
TI  - Human and mouse LSP1 genes code for highly conserved phosphoproteins.
AB  - With use of the mouse LSP1 cDNA we isolated a human homologue of the mouse LSP1
      gene from a human CTL cDNA library. The predicted protein sequence of human LSP1
      is compared with the predicted mouse LSP1 protein sequence and regions of
      homology are identified in order to predict structural features of the LSP1
      protein that might be important for its function. Both the human and mouse LSP1
      proteins consist of two domains, an N-terminal acidic domain and a C-terminal
      basic domain. The C-terminal domains of the mouse and human LSP1 proteins are
      highly conserved and include several conserved, putative serine/threonine
      phosphorylation sites. Immunoprecipitation of LSP1 protein from 32P
      orthophosphate-loaded cells show that both the mouse and human LSP1 proteins are
      phosphoproteins. The sequences of the putative Ca2(+)-binding sites present in
      the N-terminal domain of the mouse LSP1 protein are not conserved in the human
      LSP1 protein; however, a different Ca2(+)-binding site may exist in the human
      protein, indicating a functional conservation rather than a strict sequence
      conservation of the two proteins. The expression of the human LSP1 gene follows
      the same pattern as the expression of the mouse LSP1 gene. Southern analysis of
      human genomic DNA shows multiple LSP1-related fragments of varying intensity in
      contrast to the simple pattern found after similar analysis of mouse genomic DNA.
      By using different parts of the human LSP1 cDNA as a probe, we show that most of
      these multiple bands contain sequences homologous to the conserved C-terminal
      region of the LSP1 cDNA. This suggests that there are several LSP1-related genes
      present in the human genome.

PMID- 2295816
TI  - Distinct tumor cell membrane constituents activate human monocytes for tumor
      necrosis factor synthesis.
AB  - Several lines of evidence point to an activation mechanism of
      monocytes/macrophages by tumor cells. In this study we present data for distinct
      surface structures on K562 and Jurkat cells to directly induce TNF-mRNA
      expression and TNF production by human peripheral blood monocytes. Northern
      analysis showed that incubation of monocytes with either K562 or Jurkat cells led
      to a significant increase in TNF-mRNA expression. In addition, enhanced TNF
      production was detected in supernatants of monocyte cultures activated by Jurkat
      cells. Not only viable tumor cells but also metabolically inactivated tumor
      cells, cytoblasts, and membrane preparations from Jurkat and K562 cells induced
      TNF-mRNA expression. We identified two different membrane protein fractions with
      relative molecular mass of 32 to 38 kDa for Jurkat cells and 46 to 54 kDa for
      K562 cells that were responsible for monocyte activation.

PMID- 2295818
TI  - Direct involvement of surface IA/E molecules during B cell maturation using an
      antigen-specific B cell clone.
AB  - TP67.14 is a subclone of a resulting B cell hybridoma established by somatic
      hybridization between splenic B cells of A/J mice immunized with TNP-LPS and 2.52
      M, a HAT medium-sensitive mutant of a B cell line; it expresses IgM, B220, IAk,
      and IEk on the cell membrane and also possesses a receptor molecule for TNP on
      its surface derived from TNP-reactive B cells of A/J mice used for cell fusion.
      As shown previously, TP67.14 could be induced to generate a significant amount of
      anti-TNP antibodies when treated with TNP-conjugated protein such as TNP-BSA and
      TNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin without T cell help as well as LPS. Our study was
      undertaken to investigate direct involvement of surface MHC class II molecules on
      B cells during B cell maturation by analysis with this Ag-specific B cell clone.
      The data demonstrate that mAb against IAk and IEk molecules, but not IAd and H
      2k, markedly inhibited the differentiative effects of LPS on TP67.14. In
      contrast, both antibodies specifically augmented the secretion of anti-TNP
      antibodies by TP67.14 treated with TNP-BSA, although these antibodies alone
      failed to induce the generation of anti-TNP antibodies. Interestingly, TP67.14
      significantly differentiated into anti-TNP antibody secreting cells when
      incubated with TNP-conjugated monoclonal anti-IAk or anti-IEk antibodies alone;
      this differentiative effect was much greater than that of TNP-conjugated anti-IAd
      mAb or purified mouse IgG under the same conditions. Our result suggests that
      surface IA/E molecules on B cells may be directly involved in a transductional
      signal for B cell maturation mediated by the cross-linkage of receptor molecules
      on B cells with Ag.

PMID- 2295817
TI  - A monoclonal antibody to VLA-4 alpha-chain (CDw49d) induces homotypic lymphocyte
      aggregation.
AB  - The complex processes of cellular adhesion involve a variety of receptor to
      ligand interactions that are extremely important during the development of immune
      function. Lymphocyte activation by Ag or mitogen, CTL- and NK-mediated cytolysis,
      homing to lymphoid-associated tissue, and the attachment of lymphocytes to
      extracellular matrix proteins are all governed, at least in part, by cell surface
      adhesion receptors. During the analysis of mAb for the ability to block human
      cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated killing an inhibitory mAb was noted that caused
      rapid and vigorous aggregation among the CTL. This antibody, mAb L25, also
      induced aggregation among human T and B tumor cell lines. mAb L25 binds to an
      epitope on the alpha 4 subunit of the integrin protein VLA-4 and induced an
      adhesion event requiring divalent cations, energy, a fluid plasma membrane, and
      an intact cytoskeleton. The Ag-independent homotypic adhesion induced by mAb L25
      was not inhibited by mAb to the lymphocyte function associated Ag-1 (CD11a/CD18),
      CD2, CD4, and CD8, or to their ligands ICAM-1, LFA-3, MHC class I, or MHC class
      II. We believe that these experiments suggest a role for VLA-4 in a novel system
      of leukocyte adhesion.

PMID- 2295819
TI  - Antigen recognition by T cells. Quantitative effects of augmentation by
      antibodies providing accessory interactions.
AB  - Although engagement of the TCR via antibody can be sufficient to trigger T cells,
      responses to Ag-bearing cells require additional "accessory" interactions in many
      cases. A method has been developed which allows preparation of surfaces bearing
      both purified class I alloantigen and coimmobilized antibodies. With this
      approach, it is possible to mimic such "accessory" interactions and to examine
      their quantitative effects on triggering via TCR-Ag interaction. Experiments are
      described which use this approach to examine triggering of degranulation by
      cloned, allogeneic CTL lines. Coimmobilization of antibodies specific for any of
      a variety of CTL surface proteins, including CD8, class I MHC proteins, CD45
      (T200) and Thy-1, had the effect of decreasing the critical threshold density of
      Ag necessary to trigger responses, and decreasing by an order of magnitude the
      density required to stimulate a half-maximal response. Furthermore, in comparison
      with the 30-min lag seen with Ag alone, response was initiated immediately when
      an antibody specific for a CTL surface component was present. These results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that any CTL surface molecule having sufficient
      affinity for a component of the target surface can contribute to activation via
      the Ag-specific TCR; and at low Ag density could determine whether any response
      occurs.

PMID- 2295820
TI  - Allotype-specific immunoregulation of autoantibody production by host B cells in
      chronic graft-versus host disease.
AB  - A chronic graft-vs-host (GVH) reaction induced in nonautoimmune mice by the
      transfer of Ia-incompatible spleen cells results in a syndrome that closely
      resembles SLE in the spectrum of autoantibodies and immunopathology. We have
      utilized Ia- and Igh-congenic strains to study the immunoregulation of
      autoantibody-producing B cells in this model. We have found that the
      autoantibodies are produced almost entirely by the host B cells. The transferred
      donor B cells contributed neither to the autoimmune response nor to the total
      serum Ig, with rare exceptions. The donor cell population did, however, exert an
      Igh allotype-specific immunoregulatory effect on the host B cells. For example,
      in allotype-heterozygous recipients, the autoantibodies were preferentially made
      by those host cells that expressed the donor allotype, whereas those host B cells
      that expressed nondonor allotype were relatively suppressed. In allotype
      homozygous recipients, the donor cells frequently suppressed the host IgG2a
      allotype completely. This suppression sometimes prevented the IgG antichromatin
      response, although in other cases the response occurred with the use of a
      different isotype. In a final set of experiments, a chronic GVH reaction was
      induced in which both the donors and the recipients were Igh allotype
      heterozygous and yet differed at Ia. In this case, no donor influence on allotype
      should be expected; yet the IgG2a autoantibodies were clearly skewed toward the b
      allotype. These results show that host B cells play a unique role in the GVH
      autoimmune syndrome. In addition, they are immunoregulated in allotype-specific
      manners, some of which presumably involve interaction with donor T cells.

PMID- 2295821
TI  - Regulation of human T cell proliferation by IL-7.
AB  - The regulation of human T cell proliferation by rIL-7 was investigated. Purified
      peripheral blood T cells were stimulated to proliferate in a short-term assay by
      IL-7 in the presence of CD3 mAb or lectin. This stimulation was accompanied by a
      significant increase in the expression of IL-2R on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
      over that seen with mitogen alone. The proliferation of these cells in the
      presence of exogenous IL-7 involved both IL-2-dependent and - independent
      mechanisms as shown by the ability of neutralizing IL-2 antibody to partially
      inhibit the response. Anti-IL-4 and anti-IL-6 antibodies had no effect on IL-7
      induced T cell growth. These results suggest that the costimulatory effect of IL
      7 on human T cells is primarily direct, not involving other intermediate T cell
      growth factors. IL-7 was also found to be mitogenic in a long-term assay in the
      absence of any costimulus, with the onset of proliferation occurring later than
      that seen in the presence of mitogen. These results demonstrate that IL-7
      provides a potent T cell stimulus either alone or in the presence of co-mitogen
      and, although this stimulus is accompanied by an increase in the level of IL-2R
      expression, it is not dependent on the action of IL-2 for its effect.

PMID- 2295822
TI  - Mechanism for transforming growth factor beta and IL-2 enhancement of IgA
      expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B cell cultures.
AB  - Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), but not IL-2, causes LPS-stimulated
      surface (s)IgA- cells to express sIgA. Although there is a progression of sIgA-
      cells to sIgA+ cells and then to IgA-secreting cells, there is not a parallel
      change in ratio of membrane to secreted form of alpha-mRNA. In fact, the secreted
      form of alpha-mRNA is always the predominant form even before the expression of
      sIgA. However, at least some of the secreted alpha-mRNA transcripts are sterile.
      The increase in sIgA expression and the induction of sterile transcripts indicate
      that TGF-beta enhances H chain class switching to IgA as opposed to allowing the
      growth and maturation of cells precommitted to IgA secretion. The addition of IL
      2 to cultures with TGF-beta results in a 5- to 10-fold increase in IgA secretion
      compared to cultures to which only TGF-beta was added. In these cultures IL-2
      increases neither the proportion nor the total number of sIgA+ cells suggesting
      that IL-2 acts to increase IgA secretion. However, IL-2 does not cause a change
      in the ratio of secreted to membrane form of alpha-mRNA nor does it lead to an
      increase in the steady state level of alpha-mRNA comparable to the increase in
      secreted IgA. Thus, it appears that regulation of transcription of IgA as sIgA-
      cells proliferate and undergo H class switching and maturation does not follow
      the same sequence as is seen when sIgM+ cells proliferate and mature to Ig
      secreting cells. Furthermore, the data suggest that maturation to high level
      secretion is controlled posttranscriptionally.

PMID- 2295823
TI  - Differential gene expression of IFN-alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AIDS related complex and
      AIDS.
AB  - Human PBMC from HIV-1-infected individuals produced ex vivo in response to
      vesicular stomatitis virus only low amounts of IFN-alpha. This impairment was
      significant as early as Walter Reed (WR) stage 2; at WR stage 4-5, the production
      was almost zero. At WR stage 2 of infection, IFN-alpha mRNA was exclusively found
      in association with polyribosomes, indicating that IFN-alpha gene was
      transcriptionally inactive under the experimental conditions used. A similar
      decrease of the level of transcripts as a function of the progression of the
      disease was also observed for the IFN-gamma mRNA. In contrast, TNF-alpha
      production was strongly enhanced in PBMC from HIV-1-infected individuals after
      stimulation with LPS compared to the TNF-alpha production of activated PBMC from
      healthy donors. Almost parallel with the increase of the level of the transcript
      for TNF-alpha, the level of TNF-beta increases as well. Data are presented which
      show that the increased TNF-alpha production is due to a longer half-life of TNF
      alpha transcripts in PBMC from infected individuals. These results let us suggest
      that the up-regulation of TNF-alpha gene expression in PBMC from HIV-infected
      individuals is controlled predominantly on the posttranscriptional level, whereas
      transcriptional events regulate the level of IFN-alpha transcripts. This
      assumption is supported by run-on experiments which revealed that the extent of
      transcription of TNF-alpha gene is almost identical in nuclei from stimulated
      PBMC of noninfected and HIV-infected donors, whereas the transcription of IFN
      alpha gene is strongly suppressed in nuclei from HIV-infected individuals at WR
      stages 3 and 6.

PMID- 2295825
TI  - UVB-induced epidermal hyperproliferation is modified by a single, topical
      treatment with a mitosis inhibitory epidermal pentapeptide.
AB  - A single application of a water-miscible cream base containing the recently
      identified mitosis inhibitory epidermal pentapeptide pyroGlu-Glu-Asp-Ser-GlyOH
      (EPP) to hairless mouse skin is followed by a long-lasting period of reduced
      epidermal cell proliferation. To examine if a similar growth inhibition could be
      achieved in stimulated and rapidly proliferating epidermis, EPP was applied at
      two different concentrations, 0.005 or 0.02%, to hairless mouse skin immediately
      after exposure of the left flank to an erythemic dose of ultraviolet B light
      (UVB). This dose of UVB alone induces a sustained period of rapid epidermal cell
      proliferation, starting at about 18 h after the irradiation. Epidermal cell
      proliferation was followed from 18 to 54 h (0.005% cream) or from 18 to 30 h
      (0.02% cream) after the treatment by estimating the rate of G2-M cell flux (the
      mitotic rate) by means of Colcemid, and epidermal DNA synthesis by counting
      labeled cells after pulse-labeling with 3H-thymidine. The unirradiated side of
      the mice was used as reference. The results showed that topical treatment with a
      0.02% EPP cream partially inhibited UVB-induced epidermal hyperproliferation,
      while the 0.005% EPP cream inhibited as well as stimulated the UVB-induced
      hyperproliferation. Thus, EPP is effective even in rapidly proliferating
      epidermal cell populations, but the outcome is obviously dose-dependent in this
      test system.

PMID- 2295824
TI  - Lack of detectable endocytosis of B lymphocyte MHC class II antigens using an
      antibody-independent technique.
AB  - MHC class II complexes may intercept ingested foreign Ag as the nascent class II
      molecules exit the cell or as mature complexes recycle between the outer membrane
      and an internal compartment. To examine endocytosis of HLA-DR, we radiolabeled B
      lymphoblastoid cells, warmed the cells to allow internalization of membrane
      proteins, and then subjected viable cells to neuraminidase (NANAse)3 digestion.
      DR complexes were precipitated and analyzed by two-dimensional PAGE for shifts in
      isoelectric point signifying sensitivity to or protection from NANAse treatment.
      DR molecules were completely sensitive to the enzyme with or without specific
      antibody in the medium during the 37 degrees C incubation, suggesting that no
      detectable endocytosis had occurred. Control transferrin receptors, which readily
      internalize, showed marked protection. Assay sensitivity was measured by
      proportionate mixing of mock and NANAse-treated lysates; precipitated sialylated
      molecules were detectable at the 10% level. Monensin treatment to block recycling
      also failed to reveal any internally accumulated. NANAse-protected DR molecules.
      Measurements of turnover for surface-labeled DR complexes revealed a t 1/2 of
      approximately 36 h. We conclude that no large endocytically-derived pool of HLA
      DR molecules exists within cells and suggest that the majority of mature DR
      molecules do not actively undergo internalization but reside at the cell surface
      after synthesis/transport for significantly long periods of time.

PMID- 2295826
TI  - The distinctive pattern of proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan free chain
      synthesis by cultured human epidermal keratinocytes.
AB  - The in vitro synthesis of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycan free chains was
      studied in human epidermal keratinocytes. Preconfluent and confluent cultures
      established on 3T3 feeders were steady state labeled with [35S]-sulfate and [3H]
      glucosamine after removal of the 3T3 cells. Products in nonionic detergent
      extracts of keratinocytes and in the medium were analyzed in the presence of
      protease inhibitors. Glycosaminoglycans as proteoglycans and as free chains were
      defined by susceptibility or resistance, respectively, to alkaline borohydride
      reduction. Products associated with the cells were approximately 30%
      proteoglycans and approximately 70% glycosaminoglycan free chains, whereas in the
      medium virtually all was proteoglycan. The heparan and chondroitin sulfate
      proteoglycans were small compared to those of many other cell types. Their Kav on
      Sepharose CL-4B was 0.56 (estimated 50 kDa), whereas the free chain Kav was 0.74
      (estimated 12 kDa). Relative amounts of the sulfated products varied with
      confluence and differentiation; heparan and chondroitin sulfates were equally
      represented within the free chains and proteoglycans of the cells in
      preconfluent, proliferating cultures, whereas in postconfluent, differentiated
      cultures the major labeling was in the heparan sulfate products, consistent with
      our prior reports (J Invest Dermatol 88:215-9, 1987 and 91:492-8, 1988). The
      cellular localization of the products was probed with glycosaminoglycan degrading
      enzymes added to isotopically prelabeled cultures. The proteoglycans appeared to
      be located on the external surface of plasma membranes, whereas the
      glycosaminoglycan free chains resisted digestion and are either intracellular or
      membrane associated, but otherwise inaccessible. These data establish the
      distinctive pattern of low Mr proteoglycans and abundant cell-associated
      glycosaminoglycan free chains synthesized by keratinocytes.

PMID- 2295827
TI  - Trans retinoic acid enhances the growth response of epidermal keratinocytes to
      epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor beta.
AB  - Retinoids have been shown to either stimulate or inhibit epidermal keratinocyte
      proliferation. We have observed that in serum and growth factor free medium
      (basal medium), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor
      alpha (TGF alpha) stimulated DNA synthesis in mouse epidermal keratinocyte
      cultures (mKC) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Incubation with all-trans
      retinoic acid (RA) greatly enhanced the stimulatory effect of EGF. Transforming
      growth factor beta (TGF beta) inhibited the EGF-induced DNA synthesis in a dose
      dependent manner, and the inhibition was greatly enhanced by a low dose of RA.
      Treatment of growth-factor deprived human keratinocyte cultures (hKC) with RA
      before incubation in basal medium containing EGF or a mixture of EGF, bovine
      pituitary extract (BPE), and insulin caused a dose-related increase in DNA
      synthesis and cell growth (cell number), respectively. A low concentration of RA
      also enhanced the inhibitory effect of TGF beta on growth-factor-induced DNA
      synthesis and cell growth in hKC. These findings suggest that the differential
      effects of retinoids on epidermal keratinocyte proliferation are in part due to
      an enhancement of the response of keratinocytes to positive and negative peptide
      growth factors.

PMID- 2295828
TI  - Vitamin A esterification in human epidermis: a relation to keratinocyte
      differentiation.
AB  - Keratinocytes from three different layers of epidermis (stratum basale, stratum
      spinosum, and stratum granulosum/corneum) were shown by high-performance liquid
      chromatography to contain retinol, 3,4-didehydroretinol and several fatty acyl
      esters thereof. The concentration of unesterified congeners increased 1.8-2.8
      times from the inner to the outer layers of epidermis, while the corresponding
      increase in fatty acyl esters was 4.0-6.5 times. Together the esters represented
      71% of the total vitamin A content in stratum granulosum/corneum as compared to
      54% in stratum basale. The in situ synthesis of fatty acyl esters of retinol and
      3,4-didehydroretinol (vitamin A2) was studied by addition of [3H]retinol to organ
      cultured human breast skin. The radioactive compounds appearing in the epidermis
      after 48 h were, in order of abundance, retinyl esters, retinol, 3,4
      didehydroretinyl esters, and 3,4-didehydroretinol. Studies at the subcellular
      level demonstrated the highest esterifying activity in the microsomal fraction.
      The enzyme catalyzing the reaction, acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase (ARAT; EC
      2.3.1.76), had a pH optimum of 5.5-6.0, which differs from that of ARAT in other
      tissues. ARAT activities in microsomes from different layers of epidermis were
      similar, but, owing to a presumed pH gradient in upper epidermis, the in vivo
      esterification of vitamin A may be enhanced in terminally differentiating
      keratinocytes. The mean ARAT activities in basal cell carcinomas and squamous
      cell carcinomas were less than 50% of the control values, and the relative
      amounts of retinyl esters were significantly lower than normal. We suggest that
      the esterification of vitamin A may also be of importance in relation to
      pathologic keratinocyte differentiation.

PMID- 2295829
TI  - Type IV collagen and fibronectin enhance human keratinocyte thymidine
      incorporation and spreading in the absence of soluble growth factors.
AB  - In various cell culture systems, extracellular matrix components have been
      demonstrated to be mitogenic and, in some cases, to substitute for growth
      factors. In order to study the effects of various matrices on keratinocyte
      growth, we assessed the incorporation of tritiated thymidine and cell number on
      short-term cultures of human keratinocytes plated on different substrata. For
      determination of whether thymidine incorporation by keratinocytes was related to
      the ability of the cells to attach and spread on the substratum, experiments to
      determine the percentage of attached and spread cells on each matrix surface were
      performed. High levels of attachment and incorporation of thymidine with no
      preferential attachment to a given matrix were evident when the cells were
      cultured in the presence of growth factors. When growth factors were absent,
      keratinocytes likewise showed no preferential attachment to a given matrix
      component, but demonstrated enhanced thymidine incorporation when apposed to type
      IV collagen or fibronectin in comparison with tissue culture plastic or laminin.
      In the absence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bovine pituitary extract
      (BPE), increased spreading on type IV collagen and fibronectin was associated
      with enhanced incorporation of thymidine. In agreement with the thymidine
      incorporation results, when keratinocytes were cultured for 7 d, cell numbers
      were increased in cultures plated on type IV collagen only if growth factors were
      excluded from the medium. When attachment of cells to substrata with or without
      growth factors was compared, either EGF or BPE enhanced attachment to all of the
      substrata tested. It is concluded that under suboptimal growth conditions
      extracellular matrix components can modulate keratinocyte growth. Also, under
      these conditions, spreading, but not attachment, correlates with growth
      potential.

PMID- 2295830
TI  - Phototoxic erythema following PUVA treatment: independence of complement.
AB  - The effect of PUVA treatment on normal human serum (NHS), on isolated PMN, or on
      C3-deficient guinea pigs and congenic (C3-competent) control animals was tested.
      At a concentration of 0.1 or 1 mM/l 8-MOP and UVA doses of 5-30 J/cm2, PUVA
      failed to induce any detectable C3-cleavage in NHS. Furthermore, when the
      complement (C) activation in NHS had been induced before or after PUVA treatment
      by various methods. PUVA did not modulate the extent of C3-cleavage. PUVA did not
      affect the viability of isolated PMN, nor did it induce a release of LDH or
      elastase. No differences between C3-deficient and C-competent guinea pig skin
      exposed to PUVA were observed in erythema or histologic responses.
      Immunohistologic examination of specimens from normal guinea pigs revealed C3b
      and C3d deposits on necrotic keratinocytes, findings restricted to the PUVA
      treated areas. Necrosis of keratinocytes was present in skin specimens of C3
      deficient animals from PUVA-treated sites to a similar extent. However, deposits
      of C3-related antigens were completely absent there. From these observations, we
      suggest that the induction of phototoxic erythema following PUVA treatment is
      independent of complement.

PMID- 2295831
TI  - 5 alpha-reductase activity in cultured human dermal papilla cells from beard
      compared with reticular dermal fibroblasts.
AB  - The activity of 5 alpha-reductase was assessed in cultured human beard dermal
      papilla cells and reticular dermal fibroblasts to elucidate the mechanism of
      androgen action in promoting the growth of beards in men. The monolayer was
      incubated with 50 nM of [1,2-3H]-testosterone. Steroids were extracted from the
      medium and analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The major metabolite in the
      beard dermal papilla cells was dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the most potent
      androgen in the androgen target tissue. By contrast, the amount of DHT formed was
      similar to that of androstenedione in reticular dermal fibroblasts. The 5 alpha
      reductase activity in beard dermal papilla cells was three to five times as high
      as that in the reticular dermal fibroblasts from the same skin sample. The
      apparant Michaelis constant of 5 alpha-reductase in the beard dermal papilla
      cells was 1.0 X 10(-6) M, which was virtually equivalent to that of genital skin
      fibroblasts, typical androgen target cells. It was 4.0 X 10(-5) M in reticular
      dermal fibroblasts. By contrast, the activities of 5 alpha-reductase in dermal
      papilla cells from occipital scalp hair follicles were similar to those of
      reticular dermal fibroblasts of the same skin samples. These results strongly
      suggest that the beard dermal papilla cell is an androgen target cell, and that
      DHT plays a role in the growth of beards in men.

PMID- 2295832
TI  - Adverse effect of lignocaine (Lidocaine) on skin destined for tissue culture.

PMID- 2295833
TI  - UVB irradiation induces melanocyte increase in both exposed and shielded human
      skin.

PMID- 2295834
TI  - Immunosuppression by factors released from UV-irradiated epidermal cells:
      selective effects on the generation of contact and delayed hypersensitivity after
      exposure to UVA or UVB radiation.
AB  - Exposure of murine epidermal cells to UV radiation in vitro causes the release of
      immunoregulatory factors that mimic some of the immunosuppressive effects of in
      vivo UV irradiation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spectrum of
      immune responses affected following i.v. injection of supernatants obtained from
      cultures of epidermal cells exposed in vitro to UV radiation. Treatment of
      primary epidermal cell cultures or transformed keratinocytes (Pam 212 cells) with
      UVB (280-320 nm) radiation caused the release of factors that suppressed the
      induction of delayed hypersensitivity to alloantigen and trinitrophenyl-modified
      self-antigens in syngeneic and allogeneic mice. Contrary to expectations,
      however, the injection of supernatants from UVB-irradiated epidermal cells had no
      effect on the induction of contact hypersensitivity to trinitrochlorobenzene. On
      the other hand, treatment of the keratinocytes with UVA radiation (320-400 nm,
      filtered to remove wavelengths in the UVB region) resulted in the release of a
      factor that suppressed contact but not delayed hypersensitivity. Neither the UVA
      induced nor the UVB-induced suppressive factor inhibited the generation of an
      antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, indicating that, like the suppression
      that occurs after in vivo exposure to UV radiation, the suppression induced by
      factors from UV-irradiated keratinocytes is selective in nature. These data
      support the hypothesis that soluble keratinocyte-derived suppressive factors are
      involved in the induction of systemic immune suppression by UV radiation. In
      addition, they suggest that multiple suppressive factors, having different
      immunosuppressive properties, are produced by different wavelengths of UV
      radiation.

PMID- 2295835
TI  - Suppression of ornithine decarboxylase gene expression by retinoids in cultured
      human keratinocytes.
AB  - Modulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression by retinoids was
      analyzed in human keratinocyte cultures maintained in serum-free medium
      containing 0.15 mM Ca++. Cells were incubated with all-trans-retinoic acid, 13
      cis-retinoic acid or arotinoid Ro15-0778 (10(-10) to 10(-5) M), total RNA was
      isolated, and mRNA transcripts for ODC were analyzed by Northern and slot blot
      hybridizations with a human ODC cDNA. Treatment of cells for 24 h resulted in a
      dose-dependent decrease in ODC mRNA levels, with an estimated IC50 of
      approximately 1 X 10(-8) M for all-trans- and 13-cis-retinoic acid, while Ro15
      0778 was somewhat less effective (IC50 approximately 1-5 X 10(-7) M). The
      suppression of ODC mRNA levels by retinoids was detectable at approximately 3 h
      of incubation, with essentially a maximal inhibition at 12 h. Reduced ODC mRNA
      levels noted after 24 h of incubation with 5 X 10(-7) M all-trans-retinoic acid
      were accompanied by a reduction in ODC enzyme activity. To determine if all-trans
      retinoic acid was regulating ODC gene expression directly, or if protein
      synthesis was required, ODC expression was analyzed in cultures treated with
      protein synthesis inhibitors. In the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin, all
      trans-retinoic acid did not suppress ODC mRNA levels. These findings suggest that
      suppression of ODC gene expression is not a direct effect of all-trans-retinoic
      acid, but depends on ongoing protein synthesis.

PMID- 2295836
TI  - Keratinocyte prostaglandin synthesis is enhanced by IL-1.
AB  - Keratinocytes are a rich source of IL-1, a cytokine which stimulates
      prostaglandin synthesis in many cell types. The effects on arachidonic acid
      metabolism of this cytokine were therefore studied in cultured adult human
      keratinocytes. Exogenous IL-1 increased basal cellular prostaglandin synthesis
      (particularly PGE2) threefold. Increased PGE2 synthesis in response to IL-1 was
      inhibited by cycloheximide, suggesting a requirement for new protein synthesis.
      Irradiation of the keratinocytes with low-dose ultraviolet light B (UVB) resulted
      in the release of increased quantities of both IL-1 and PGE2. The amount of IL-1
      released was sufficient to increase PGE2 synthesis when exogenously added to
      unstimulated cells, suggesting a causal relationship. The time course of
      accumulation of IL-1 and PGE2 in the medium of irradiated keratinocytes was also
      consistent with a cause-effect relationship. No feedback inhibition of IL-1
      release by the increased PGE2 was detected as demonstrated by the observation
      that IL-1 production in response to UVB was not augmented by treatment with
      indomethacin or blunted by the exogenous addition of PGE2. These data suggest
      that keratinocyte IL-1 may be partially responsible for induction of keratinocyte
      PGE2 synthesis after UVB irradiation.

PMID- 2295837
TI  - Inhibition of autoimmune disease in a murine model of systemic lupus
      erythematosus induced by exposure to syngeneic photoinactivated lymphocytes.
AB  - MRL/l mice develop progressive, virulent autoimmune disease that has many of the
      features of systemic lupus erythematosus. Prophylactic treatment of MRL/l mice
      with syngeneic photoinactivated autoimmune splenocytes improves survival and
      inhibits the fulminant hyperproliferation of abnormal T cells and the production
      of high titer anti-DNA antibody invariably found in untreated mice. The
      proliferation of Thy 1+ splenic T cells was significantly decreased, and
      prolonged retention of the response to T-cell mitogen was found in treated mice.
      Treatment with unmodified cells induced a partial inhibition of disease features
      which did not prolong survival rates. These results suggest that phototherapy
      potentiates a normal immunoregulatory process which enables suppression of the
      development of abnormal cell populations in young MRL/l mice with relatively
      intact immune systems.

PMID- 2295838
TI  - Modulation of the binding and endocytosis of concanavalin A by guinea pig
      keratinocytes: reversible antagonistic effects of cholesterol and phospholipid
      liposomes.
AB  - Alteration of guinea pig keratinocyte membrane microviscosities (eta) by
      liposomes of varying composition was determined by fluorescence polarization of
      1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Measurements performed either with whole cell
      suspensions or Percoll-separated cell subpopulations, indicate a similar membrane
      microviscosity (eta = 3.37 poise +/- 10%) compared to those microviscosities
      reported for other cell types. Our findings show that treatment of guinea pig
      keratinocytes with liposomes composed of phospholipids results in a decreased
      membrane microviscosity (1.95 poise), whereas treatment of the cells with an
      emulsion of cholesterol hemisuccinate, or liposomes composed of cerebrosides,
      causes an increase in membrane microviscosity (3.85 poise and 5.55 poise +/- 10%,
      respectively). Changes in membrane fluidity had no significant effect on cell
      viability. A reduced membrane microviscosity resulted in a decrease in the
      binding of Concanavalin A to keratinocytes, whereas an increased microviscosity
      resulted in an increased binding of Concanavalin A. Furthermore, endocytosis of
      Concanavalin A bound to keratinocytes plasma membranes was not significantly
      affected by a reduced membrane microviscosity, whereas an increased membrane
      microviscosity completely blocked the endocytosis of Concanavalin A. Another
      novel observation was that membranes "fluidified" by phospholipid liposomes could
      be "rigidified" by treatment with cholesterol hemisuccinate and vice versa.
      Moreover, these alternate changes in membrane microviscosity resulted in
      simultaneous alternate changes in the binding of Concanavalin A to the
      keratinocyte surface.

PMID- 2295839
TI  - Levels of cytochrome P-450-mediated aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) are higher
      in differentiated than in germinative cutaneous keratinocytes.
AB  - Induction of microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and cytochrome P-450 was
      observed in epidermal cells obtained from the skin of newborn rats exposed to
      benz(a)anthracene by topical exposure and in submerged cultures exposed to the
      procarcinogen in vitro. The level of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was
      increased 2.5-fold in vivo and six- to sevenfold in vitro when the measurements
      were made on the entire epidermis or the entire culture, respectively. However,
      separate measurement on germinative (basal) and on differentiated cells revealed
      that AHH was sevenfold higher in differentiated cells as compared with basal
      cells in the skin of both unexposed animals and animals exposed in vivo. Similar
      results were obtained in cultured cells exposed in vitro. Immunocytochemical
      staining of sections of skin from animals exposed to benz(a)anthracene in vivo
      with a monoclonal antibody generated against cytochrome P-450c showed a higher
      binding of the antibody in lower spinous cells than in basal cells in the
      epidermis. Although more stained cells were observed in exposed cultures than in
      untreated cultures, the antibody, which inhibits at least 85% of the hydroxylase
      activity in the skin, inhibited only 6%-16% of the activity in culture. These
      observations support the interpretations that a) differentiated keratinocytes
      have a higher capacity in the metabolic activation of PAH than do germinative
      cells, although both types of cell are susceptible to induction of cytochrome P
      450 by exposure to BA, and b) the cytochrome P-450 induced by exposure of
      epidermis to benz(a)anthracene in vivo exhibits some differences from the one
      induced upon exposure of keratinocytes to this procarcinogen in vitro.

PMID- 2295841
TI  - Effects of recombinant soluble CD4 (rCD4) on HIV-1 infection of
      monocyte/macrophages.
AB  - Recombinant soluble CD4 (rCD4) was tested for its ability to block acute human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the U937 monocytic cell line and in
      human pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and for its ability to prevent
      transfer of virus from chronically infected PAM to target peripheral blood
      mononuclear leukocytes (PMNL). With an initial virus inoculum of 10(3)-10(4)
      TCID50/ml, rCD4 completely prevented acute HIV infection of U937 cells at
      concentrations greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml and provided substantial
      but incomplete protection at 0.1 microgram/ml. With an initial virus inoculum of
      10(2) TCID50/ml, rCD4 completely prevented acute infection of PAM at
      concentrations greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/ml. The transmission of HIV
      1 infection to PMNL cocultured with chronically infected PAM was completely
      inhibited at concentrations greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml if cell-to
      cell contact was prevented. With direct PAM-PMNL contact, substantial inhibition
      was obtained at an rCD4 concentration of 10 micrograms/ml, and higher
      concentrations (200 micrograms/ml) could completely block transfer. These results
      demonstrated that rCD4 can be effective in preventing de novo infection of cells
      of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, but microenvironments where cell-to-cell
      contact predominates are likely to pose a formidable challenge to this
      therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 2295840
TI  - Immune function, mutant frequency, and cancer risk in the DNA repair defective
      genodermatoses xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne's syndrome, and
      trichothiodystrophy.
AB  - There is evidence for defective DNA repair in xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne's
      syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy, but for increased cancer risk only in
      xeroderma pigmentosum. Natural and adaptive immune surveillance and mutant
      frequency to 6-thioguanine resistance in circulating T-lymphocytes were studied
      in five patients with xeroderma pigmentosum, two with Cockayne's syndrome, and
      one with trichothiodystrophy. Forty-eight-hour cutaneous hypersensitivity
      responses to recall antigens excluded anergy and circulating CD3+, CD4+, CD8+,
      and CD16+ cell numbers were within normal limits in all patients tested, as were
      proliferative lymphocyte responses to PHA, except in the trichothiodystrophy
      patient. Proliferative responses to recall antigens (PPD, SKSD, and Candida)
      showed that all patients responded to one or more antigens. Direct natural killer
      cytotoxicity measured against the human erythromyeloid leukaemia cell line K562
      using a 4-h 51Cr release assay was significantly reduced in xeroderma pigmentosum
      (specific cytotoxicity less than mean +/- SD greater than 17.4 +/- 9.4 per cent,
      with effector:target cell ratio of 50:1) compared to normal controls (45.8 +/-
      17.8), but normal in Cockayne's syndrome and trichothiodystrophy. Generation of
      lymphokine activated killer cell activity was normal in the two xeroderma
      pigmentosum lines tested. The mutant frequency in the xeroderma pigmentosum
      donors was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) and was elevated in the two
      Cockayne's syndrome donors, taking age into account. No mutants were observed
      from the single trichothiodystrophy donor. These findings suggest that reduced
      natural killer cell activity may contribute to the greatly increased
      susceptibility to skin cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum.

PMID- 2295842
TI  - Scedosporium inflatum: clinical spectrum of a newly recognized pathogen.
AB  - The clinical course of 11 patients is reported: a newly-described species,
      Scedosporium inflatum, was isolated from each. Infections were primarily focally
      invasive and involved musculoskeletal tissues. All but one followed penetrating
      trauma, often minor, or surgery. Two cases, one fatal, occurred in
      immunosuppressed patients. In only one case was there presumptive hematogenous
      spread. In three cases colonization with S. inflatum could not reliably be
      distinguished from infection. In vitro susceptibility testing of isolates from
      all patients showed that all were resistant to amphotericin B, miconazole, and
      ketoconazole and most were resistant to fluconazole and itraconazole. The optimum
      management of S. inflatum infection is not apparent: Although several patients
      recovered without antifungal therapy, progressive unremitting infection occurred
      in an immunocompromised patient and in a previously healthy child despite
      aggressive antifungal chemotherapy and surgical debridement.

PMID- 2295843
TI  - Kinins are generated in nasal secretions during natural rhinovirus colds.
AB  - A prospective study compared the levels of inflammatory mediators in nasal
      lavages from noninfected, asymptomatic subjects with the mediator content of
      lavages from the same subjects during naturally occurring rhinovirus colds.
      Samples were obtained from 16 subjects who experienced natural colds that could
      be attributed to rhinovirus infections. Kinin levels during symptomatic colds
      were significantly elevated (P less than .01) compared with those measured when
      the subjects were noninfected and asymptomatic. Increases in kinins correlated
      with increased vascular permeability, as monitored by increased concentrations of
      albumin in lavages. In contrast, histamine levels in nasal lavages were not
      increased during symptomatic infections, suggesting that mast cell and basophil
      activation does not occur during rhinovirus colds. These data confirm and extend
      observations made during experimentally induced rhinovirus infections to the
      natural disease and are consistent with the hypothesis that kinins may play a
      role in the pathogenesis of symptomatic rhinovirus infections.

PMID- 2295844
TI  - Brazilian purpuric fever: evolutionary genetic relationships of the case clone of
      Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius to encapsulated strains of Haemophilus
      influenzae.
AB  - As a first step toward identifying the evolutionary origin of a pathogenic clone
      of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius causing Brazilian purpuric fever,
      chromosomal variation and genetic relationships were indexed among 17 isolates of
      biogroup aegyptius and 2209 previously characterized encapsulated H. influenzae
      strains recovered from 30 countries on six continents. Biogroup aegyptius
      isolates form three distinct evolutionary lineages of the species H. influenzae
      and isolates of the case clone are genetically not closely related to other
      isolates classified as biogroup aegyptius. The Brazilian purpuric fever case
      clone was found to be genetically allied with H. influenzae isolates producing
      serotype c polysaccharide capsule. The population genetic evidence suggests that
      biogroup aegyptius isolates may represent cell lineages occasionally transmitted
      from nonhuman hosts or spawned from a much larger base population consisting of
      genetically diverse nonpathogenic precursor clones.

PMID- 2295845
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxin II using
      P1 glycoprotein from hydatid cysts.
AB  - Shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains and Shiga-like toxins (SLT)
      I and II from Escherichia coli bind to terminal alpha-D-Galp-(1----4)-D-Galp
      containing glycolipids. Hydatid cyst fluid isolated from sheep infected with
      Echinococcus granulosus contains a glycoprotein (P1gp) with a terminal alpha-D
      Galp-(1----4)-D-Galp disaccharide. Preparations of P1gp were shown to interact
      directly with Shiga toxin and to inhibit the binding and cytotoxicity of Shiga
      toxin to HeLa cells. A sandwich ELISA was developed using preparations of P1gp as
      the toxin capture molecule, which, with an appropriate polyclonal antibody, was
      capable of detecting as little as 80 pg/well Shiga toxin and 132 pg/well SLT-II.
      Thus, the P1gp-toxin interaction forms the basis for a simple antigen-capture
      ELISA that may be useful clinically for the rapid detection and quantitation of
      Shiga and Shiga-like toxins.

PMID- 2295846
TI  - Short-chain fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria inhibit phagocytosis by
      human lung phagocytes.
AB  - The effect of short-chain fatty acids on the phagocytic activity of human
      alveolar macrophages and neutrophils was investigated. These acids, butyric,
      propionic, and succinic, are produced by anaerobic bacteria. The results indicate
      that phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by human lung phagocytes is strongly
      inhibited by the end products of anaerobic catabolism and support the hypothesis
      that the antiphagocytic activity present in the supernatants of anaerobic
      cultures may be dependent on the presence of short-chain fatty acids.

PMID- 2295847
TI  - Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus in unselected
      hospital admissions: implications for mandatory testing and universal
      precautions.
AB  - The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus in
      serial unselected hospital admissions was determined to examine the potential
      efficacy of a system of universal blood and body fluid precautions versus a
      system based on selected or unselected screening. Serum was obtained from 616
      (97%) of the 636 patients admitted during a 1-month period and interviews were
      completed on 540. Of the 616, 23 (3.7%) were confirmed positive for HIV, and 12
      (2.0%) of 612 for hepatitis B surface antigen. Of 33 infected persons, only 8
      were known to be positive on admission and only 22 were in "high-risk" groups;
      therefore, selective precautions would not have been effective. Mandatory testing
      would have required 1216 tests to identify 25 infected persons and would leave in
      doubt the presence of other transmissible diseases. On the basis of these data,
      it appears that universal precautions are a logical system of infection control.

PMID- 2295848
TI  - Human nanophyetiasis: transmission by handling naturally infected coho salmon
      (Oncorhynchus kisutch).
AB  - The first US case of human nanophyetiasis that does not involve ingestion of raw
      or undercooked salmonid fishes is reported. The patient worked with highly
      infected fish. Hand contamination with the infectious metacercariae of the
      digenetic trematode Nanophyetus salmincola (family Troglotrematidae) occurred
      during the handling of fresh-killed, juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch.
      Diagnosis of nanophyetiasis was based on the clinical findings of chronic
      diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, and a peripheral blood eosinophilia of
      43% and was confirmed on finding characteristic bipolar eggs in a stool specimen.
      The patient rarely ate seafood products and never ate raw or cold smoked fish. He
      responded favorably to praziquantel and was asymptomatic after therapy.

PMID- 2295849
TI  - Hepatitis delta virus antibodies in hepatitis B surface antigen asymptomatic
      carriers in Senegal.

PMID- 2295850
TI  - Intravenous drug users: the only important reservoir of delta virus in Spain.

PMID- 2295851
TI  - Handfishing-associated Klebsiella bloodstream infection.

PMID- 2295852
TI  - Neurobrucellosis--another cause of increased adenosine deaminase activity in
      cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2295853
TI  - The hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly syndrome in a European: has the treatment
      a modulatory effect on the immune system?

PMID- 2295854
TI  - New and old drugs for treating typhoid fever.

PMID- 2295855
TI  - A recombinant human adenovirus vaccine against rabies.
AB  - Rabies continues to be a serious problem in both developed and developing nations
      due to the reservoir of rabies virus in wildlife vectors. The control and
      worldwide eradication of rabies depends on the development of safe, effective,
      and economical vaccines that might be used in preexposure vaccination programs
      for humans and animals. To this end an infectious human adenovirus type 5
      recombinant virus that contains the rabies glycoprotein gene, and which may serve
      as the prototype for a new class of vaccines against rabies, was constructed and
      tested. This recombinant, when administered by either the parenteral or oronasal
      route, was highly effective in eliciting good levels of rabies-neutralizing
      antibodies in the sera of dogs and mice. Mice immunized by the recombinant virus
      were protected from lethal intracerebral challenge with rabies virus.

PMID- 2295856
TI  - Staphylococcus epidermidis extracted slime inhibits the antimicrobial action of
      glycopeptide antibiotics.
AB  - Certain strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis produce a mucoid slime that appears
      to be an important virulence factor. After crude slime was isolated from selected
      strains of S. epidermidis, phenol and chloroform were used to remove proteins and
      lipids. The remaining extract contained a polysaccharide that was seen on SDS
      gels stained with Stains-all. This extract was an inhibitor of the antimicrobial
      action of vancomycin, raising the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to
      vancomycin in all 18 isolates of S. epidermidis. A dose-response curve was seen
      between the amount of extract added and the degree of resistance, as measured by
      both MIC and growth curves. A similar effect was noted with MICs of organisms to
      teicoplanin. Addition of the extract did not change the MIC to LY146032, although
      a modest effect on growth rate was observed. The extract did not raise the MIC to
      clindamycin, rifampin, and cefazolin. The extract reversed the synergism seen
      between vancomycin and gentamicin in the 5 strains tested in time-kill studies.
      The interference by slime of the antimicrobial effect of vancomycin and
      teicoplanin may explain why these antibiotics are sometimes ineffective in
      eradicating foreign body infections due to slime-producing coagulase-negative
      staphylococci.

PMID- 2295858
TI  - Selection for vancomycin resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus
      haemolyticus.
AB  - Killing curves were used to characterize Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates
      previously reported to contain subpopulations showing increased resistance to
      vancomycin. Results suggested that vancomycin and teicoplanin were ineffective at
      a concentration of 8 micrograms/ml and growth was seen between 24 and 48 h.
      Conversely, the lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin at the same concentration
      rapidly killed tested strains by 6 h. Various staphylococcal strains were
      examined to determine if vancomycin resistance could be selected in all strains
      of staphylococci, was specie(s) restricted, or was unique to this patient's
      clinical isolates. About 1 x 10(8) colony-forming units were added to melted
      brain-heart infusion agar plates containing 12 micrograms/ml of vancomycin.
      Plates were examined after 48 h for presence of resistant clones. Results
      indicated that selection for vancomycin resistance was restricted to S.
      haemolyticus strains. Further, all S. haemolyticus isolates that displayed a
      double zone of growth around imipenem agar diffusion discs (Impdz) contained
      stably resistant subpopulations. Vancomycin resistance could not be selected in
      imipenem-sensitive derivative clones. Impdz isolates that were recovered from
      geographically distinct locations displayed nearly identical SDS-PAGE protein
      profiles. It appears that a characteristic susceptibility pattern displayed by
      clinical isolates of S. haemolyticus may provide a marker for those strains that
      contain subpopulations having increased resistance to vancomycin.

PMID- 2295857
TI  - Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcal skin flora
      in immunocompromised patients receiving ciprofloxacin.
AB  - Seven septicemias in neutropenic leukemia patients (two with fatal outcome)
      caused by ciprofloxacin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci were diagnosed
      in the hematologic unit of Turku University Central Hospital in 1988 soon after
      the introduction of the drug. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal skin flora of 28
      neutropenic patients receiving ciprofloxacin prophylaxis and therapy for gram
      negative bacterial infections were compared with those of 31 untreated patients
      and 33 hospital personnel working in the same unit. In ciprofloxacin-treated
      patients the flora were almost completely ciprofloxacin-resistant, whereas in the
      control groups resistant flora were detected only occasionally. Similarities in
      the plasmid profile patterns were found in 91% of the ciprofloxacin-resistant
      coagulase-negative staphylococci, suggesting an epidemiologic relation between
      these strains. It seems evident that cross-infection is responsible for the
      spread of ciprofloxacin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in these
      patients.

PMID- 2295859
TI  - Treatment of experimental chronic osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus with
      ampicillin/sulbactam.
AB  - Ampicillin/sulbactam was used for the treatment of experimental osteomyelitis due
      to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. Treatment with 200 mg/kg (ampicillin) three
      times a day sterilized 40% of infected rabbit bones. The results of 4 weeks of
      treatment with ampicillin/sulbactam for chronic experimental staphylococcal
      osteomyelitis were comparable to those obtained previously with cephalothin and
      with oxacillin in previous studies and were not as good as those with clindamycin
      alone or combination therapy that included rifampin.

PMID- 2295860
TI  - Production of specific monoclonal antibodies to Salmonella typhi flagellin and
      possible application to immunodiagnosis of typhoid fever.
AB  - Four murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to Salmonella typhi flagellin were
      produced. These MAbs did not react with eight other enterobacterial strains
      tested: Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella paratyphi A,
      Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Yersinia enterocolitica,
      and Campylobacter jejuni. All four MAbs cross-reacted with Salmonella muenchen
      flagellin indicating specificity for d antigenic flagellar epitope. One MAb (C4)
      was selected to develop a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) to detect S. typhi flagellin in serum samples. By use of this assay
      S. typhi flagellar antigen was detected in 95.5% of serum samples from patients
      with positive hemoculture for S. typhi, in 93.6% of samples from patients with
      positive serodiagnosis of typhoid fever, in 26% of samples collected from
      patients who were initially hemoculture-positive for S. typhi and who had
      undergone 7-8 d of chemotherapy, in 8.5% of samples from healthy persons from an
      endemic area, and in no samples from healthy persons from a nonendemic area. The
      presence of high levels of flagellin antibody titers did not interfere with the
      antigen detection. The detection of S. typhi flagellar antigen in patient serum
      may have practical value for rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever.

PMID- 2295861
TI  - Circulating interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor in septic shock and
      experimental endotoxin fever.
AB  - Interleukins (IL) -1 beta and -1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) were
      measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples from 44 healthy individuals, 15
      patients in septic shock, and 6 volunteers infused with endotoxin. Plasma IL-1
      alpha levels were low (40 pg/ml) or undetectable in all situations. In 67% of the
      healthy subjects, plasma IL-1 beta levels were less than 70 pg/ml. Septic
      patients had higher plasma IL-1 beta levels (120 +/- 17 pg/ml, P = .001); those
      of surviving patients were higher than those of patients who died (P = .05).
      Plasma TNF-alpha concentrations in septic individuals were elevated (119 +/- 30
      pg/ml) and correlated with severity of illness (r = .73, P = .003), but no
      correlation was observed between plasma IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha concentrations in
      individual samples. Infusion of endotoxin caused a twofold elevation of IL-1
      beta, from a baseline of 35 +/- 5 pg/ml to a maximum of 69 +/- 27 pg/ml at 180
      min (P less than .05). Peak TNF-alpha levels after endotoxin infusion were 15
      times higher than IL-1 beta levels, were attained more rapidly (90 min), and as
      with the septic patients, did not correlate with IL-1 beta levels. These data
      support the concept that plasma IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha concentrations are
      regulated independently and are associated with different clinical outcomes.

PMID- 2295862
TI  - Mycobacterium chelonae infection among patients receiving high-flux dialysis in a
      hemodialysis clinic in California.
AB  - Between July 1987 and January 1988, five patients dialyzed at a hemodialysis
      outpatient clinic developed systemic Mycobacterium chelonae abscessus (MCA)
      infections. Four of the five patients had arteriovenous graft infections, and two
      died during antimicrobial therapy. Case-patients were more likely than control
      patients to have received high-flux dialysis during the 6 mo before their
      infection (100% vs. 30%, P = .009). MCA was cultured from the hose connected to a
      water spray device used for manual reprocessing of high-flux but not regular
      dialyzers. Renalin was the germicide used to manually disinfect dialyzers for
      reuse and was prepared at a concentration of 2.5%. Laboratory studies documented
      survival of MCA from two high-flux dialyzers that were reprocessed in a manner
      similar to that used in the clinic. Early diagnosis with complete rather than
      partial graft removal in combination with antimicrobial therapy is recommended
      for MCA graft infections. In addition, 2.5% Renalin did not appear to ensure
      complete killing of MCA in high-flux dialyzers that were manually reprocessed at
      this hemodialysis clinic.

PMID- 2295863
TI  - Development of long-term specific cellular immunity after acute Blastomyces
      dermatitidis infection: assessments following a large point-source outbreak in
      Wisconsin.
AB  - Ninety-five persons exposed to a point-source of Blastomyces dermatitidis in
      Wisconsin in 1984 were evaluated 3 months after exposure for the development of
      specific cellular immunity, and the 48 infected persons were again evaluated 7
      and 21 months after exposure. The immune response was assessed by an assay of
      [3H]thymidine uptake by lymphocytes proliferating in response to stimulation with
      Blastomyces alkali- and water-soluble antigen (B-ASWS) or blastomycin and by skin
      testing with blastomycin. At 3 months, 36 (84%) of 43 patients demonstrated a
      proliferative response to B-ASWS (mean value of experimental [E]-control [C]
      counts, 16,852 +/- 2664, and of E/C, 42.2 +/- 5.3). None of the patients
      demonstrated a proliferative response to blastomycin, and only 19 (41%) of 45
      patients tested had a positive blastomycin skin test. By 21 months, 47 (98%) of
      the 48 patients demonstrated a proliferative response to B-ASWS on at least one
      testing date. Of those initially positive, 82% had a persistently positive
      proliferative response at 21 months; mean E-C and E/C values were comparable to
      those seen at 3 months. None of the 47 uninfected persons demonstrated a
      proliferative response to B-ASWS: 7 with positive histoplasmin skin tests had a
      mean E-C value of 1094 +/- 432, and the 40 others, a mean value of 1139 +/- 212.
      A proliferative response to B-ASWS in exposed individuals is a reliable marker of
      specific cellular immunity in blastomycosis and the response persists in most
      patients for up to at least 2 years.

PMID- 2295864
TI  - AIDS: intensive care utilization and outcome.
AB  - A significant portion of health resource dollars are spent providing intensive
      care. We examined the immediate outcome of the utilization of medical intensive
      care for the patient with complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) at the teaching hospital of the University of Louisville. Our experience
      indicates that utilization of critical care services for the AIDS patient may
      favorably alter immediate morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2295866
TI  - Differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid.

PMID- 2295865
TI  - Maxillofacial trauma.
AB  - If a multiply injured patient with severe head injuries, intra-abdominal and
      intrathoracic injuries is admitted, the diagnosis and management of the facial
      fractures may be shunted into the background. With the tremendous methods of
      modern medicine at hand, we are adequately able to resuscitate, treat, and
      discharge those patients. If the maxillofacial injuries go undiagnosed or
      untreated, the patient is left with some fairly significant sequelae in function
      and appearance that are difficult to treat on a delayed basis. Initial management
      of those injuries can be done concomitantly with management of the other serious
      life-threatening injuries and a successful outcome achieved. The traditional
      approach of waiting "until all the swelling goes down" before definitive
      correction of bony or soft tissue problems are addressed, has been shown to
      produce inadequate and disabling results both from a structural and functional
      viewpoint. Following the first or at most second week after injury, the process
      of bone healing and scar formation have usually progressed quite quickly. This is
      especially true in children who normally have a very high metabolic rate. A
      displaced facial fracture not corrected during the initial "golden" period will
      require major manipulation and even refracture in order to adequately reduce the
      segments into the proper position and a less satisfactory result than acute
      management. Similar considerations with respect to the skin and soft tissues are
      also important. Once scar tissue has formed it becomes very difficult to restore
      normal or near-normal appearance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2295867
TI  - Teachers do make a difference.

PMID- 2295868
TI  - Student error patterns as a function of curriculum design: teaching fractions to
      remedial high school students and high school students with learning
      disabilities.
AB  - This study evaluated the relative effectiveness of a curriculum that incorporated
      three empirically derived principles of curriculum design with a basal approach
      in teaching basic fractions concepts to students with learning disabilities and
      other low performing students in high school remedial math classes. The
      components of effective mathematics instruction articulated by Good and Grouws
      (1979) were implemented in both conditions. Thus, the curriculum design variables
      were isolated by keeping all other aspects of instruction constant. Results
      indicated that, although both programs were reasonably successful in teaching the
      material, the curriculum program utilizing sophisticated principles of curriculum
      design was significantly more effective. Mean scores on a curriculum-referenced
      test were 96.5% for that group and 82.3% for the basal group. Secondary analyses
      of item clusters revealed that areas of weakness in the performance of the basal
      group could be directly linked to hypothesized flaws in its curriculum design.

PMID- 2295869
TI  - Empirical testing of a cognitive model to account for neuropsychological
      functioning underlying arithmetic problem solving.
AB  - The efficacy of a cognitive-based arithmetic problem-solving model (Dinnel,
      Glover, & Halpain, in press; Dinnel, Glover, & Ronning, 1984) was tested using
      989 students with learning disabilities. Comprehensive neuropsychological test
      battery information was used to predict composite arithmetic test performance as
      a means of examining the utility of this model. Results of this study offer
      support for Dinnel et al.'s (Dinnel, Glover, & Halpain, in press; Dinnel, Glover,
      & Ronning, 1984) model in accounting for arithmetic performance under continuous
      visual stimulus conditions. However, these data indicate a more complex
      neuropsychological underpinning to arithmetic performance in both visual and
      aural stimulus conditions. The neuropsychological aspects of arithmetic problem
      solving were discussed in relationship to this cognitive-based model.

PMID- 2295870
TI  - Holism and empiricism as complementary paradigms.

PMID- 2295871
TI  - Identifying children with specific reading disabilities from listening and
      reading discrepancy scores.
AB  - A method of identifying children with specific reading disabilities by
      identifying discrepancies between their reading and listening comprehension
      scores was validated with disabled and nondisabled readers in Grades 4, 5, and 6.
      The method is based on a modification of the reading comprehension subtest of the
      Peabody Individual Achievement Test (Dunn & Markwardt, 1970). In this
      modification, even-numbered sentences are read by subjects, and odd-numbered
      sentences are read by the test administrator as subjects listen. The features of
      this test that reduce demands on working memory, thereby making it suitable for
      the detection of a discrepancy between reading and listening comprehension in
      readers with disabilities, are discussed. A significant group-by-modality
      interaction was obtained. Children with reading disabilities scored significantly
      lower on reading than on listening comprehension, while nondisabled readers
      scored slightly higher, but not significantly so, on reading than on listening
      comprehension. The appropriateness of this method as a substitute for the
      traditional method, which is based on the detection of a discrepancy between
      intelligence and reading and which has recently been proscribed in certain school
      districts, is discussed. Issues concerning the listening comprehension skills of
      disabled readers are also discussed.

PMID- 2295872
TI  - Can learning disabilities be determined from working memory performance?
AB  - This study assumes that children of various academic abilities may be
      characterized by different patterns of memory function. To test this assumption,
      subgroups of children were identified through a hierarchical cluster analysis
      based upon a test battery of sentence span, preload, and concurrent memory demand
      tasks. One subtype presented a profile of children with learning disabilities
      showing severe memory performance deficits, while another subgroup yielded high
      memory and high academic performance. Four additional subtypes had variations in
      memory performance, which in turn reflected variations in external criteria
      related to reading, mathematics, and spelling performance. For each subtype,
      performance strengths and weaknesses were characterized within Baddeley's (1986)
      working memory model. The study provides partial validation for the
      classification of children with learning disabilities on psychometric measures
      according to patterns of memory performance.

PMID- 2295873
TI  - Effectiveness of the DISTAR reading program for children with learning
      disabilities.
AB  - The reading achievement of students with learning disabilities who received
      reading instruction through the DISTAR program was compared to that of similar
      students using basal reader materials. The overall reading scores of the groups
      were not significantly different following 1 and 2 years of instruction, although
      students in the DISTAR program had somewhat better word attack skills.

PMID- 2295874
TI  - Being successful with dyslexia.

PMID- 2295875
TI  - Null alleles of human complement C4. Evidence for pseudogenes at the C4A locus
      and for gene conversion at the C4B locus.
AB  - The two genes for the C4A and C4B isotypes of the fourth component of human
      complement are located in the MHC class III region. Previous studies have
      demonstrated the unusual expression of C4 genes in the form of aberrant or
      duplicated haplotypes. Null alleles of C4A or C4B (AQ0 or BQ0) have been defined
      by the absence of gene products and occur at frequencies of 0.1-0.3. However,
      only some C4 null alleles are due to gene deletions, the remainder were thought
      to be nonexpressed genes. We have analyzed the C4 gene structure of 26
      individuals lacking either C4A or C4B protein. The DNA of individuals with
      apparently nonexpressed C4 genes was tested for the presence of C4A- and C4B
      specific sequences using restriction fragment analysis and isotype-specific
      oligonucleotide hybridization of DNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction. All
      nondeleted AQ0 allels had C4A-specific sequences and may thus be described as
      pseudogenes, whereas the nondeleted BQ0 alleles had C4A-instead of C4B-specific
      sequences. Gene conversion is the probable mechanism by which a C4A gene is found
      at the second C4 locus normally occupied by C4B genes.

PMID- 2295876
TI  - In vivo treatment with monoclonal antibody 3.2.3 selectively eliminates natural
      killer cells in rats.
AB  - We recently described a mAb 3.2.3 (IgG1), that recognizes a 60-kD dimeric
      molecule expressed exclusively on fresh and rIL-2-activated NK cells and
      polymorphonuclear cells. mAb 3.2.3 enhances cytolytic activity of NK cells
      against selected FcR+ tumor target cells by reverse antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC), indicating that it recognizes an important triggering site
      on NK cells. The in vivo treatment of F344 rats with mAb 3.2.3 intraperitoneally
      completely and selectively eliminated NK/ADCC function in the spleen and
      peripheral blood for up to 10 d after treatment. Total numbers and percentages of
      T cells, monocytes, or PMN were not decreased and T cell function, as determined
      by Con A stimulation, was not affected. The reduction in NK function was
      associated with a decrease in the numbers of LGL and the expression of other NK
      related cell surface markers including CD2, CD8, and asialo GM1. Depletion of NK
      cells with 3.2.3 markedly decreased the survival of F344 rats injected
      intravenously with MADB106 mammary adenocarcinoma cells, but did not affect the
      subcutaneous growth of MADB106 tumors. These results indicate that mAb 3.2.3 (in
      contrast to anti-asialo GM1 and OX8, which are less selective markers) will be
      useful for studies on the functional role of NK cells in vivo as well as their in
      vivo differentiation and origin from 3.2.3- precursors.

PMID- 2295878
TI  - Synergistic antitumor activity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, interleukin 2,
      and local tumor irradiation. Studies on the mechanism of action.
AB  - The adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) with the
      concomitant administration of IL-2 has been shown to mediate the regression of
      established 6- and 14-d murine hepatic and pulmonary metastases. For successful
      immunotherapy with TIL, however, pretreatment with either cyclophosphamide (CP)
      or whole body irradiation (WBX) was required. The exact mechanism of CP and WBX
      augmentation of TIL antitumor activity remains unknown, but the elimination of Ts
      cells has been frequently invoked as an explanation. To address this possibility
      and to determine if local tumor irradiation (LTX) could synergize with TIL as
      well as WBX, we investigated the effect of LTX on the therapeutic efficacy of TIL
      and IL-2 in the treatment of multiple 7-d murine hepatic metastases. Experiments
      studying the treatment of a weakly immunogenic murine adenocarcinoma, MC-38,
      showed prolonged survival of mice treated with the combination of IL-2, TIL, and
      either LTX or WBX, compared with treatment with radiation alone or radiation plus
      IL-2 controls (p less than 0.0001). In addition, therapy with LTX and IL-2
      prolonged survival, compared with LTX administration alone, whereas therapy with
      WBX combined with IL-2 did not alter survival. This augmentation of TIL-mediated
      antitumor activity was dependent on the dose of radiation used. To assess the
      possibility that tumor-associated Ts cells inhibit the function of adoptively
      transferred TIL in animals with 7-d metastatic tumor and are eliminated by WBX
      and LTX, we repeated the above experiments leaving some tumor unirradiated. Mice
      underwent either LTX or limited LTX, which included only the right side of the
      liver (LTX1/2). The number of right- and left-sided metastases were then
      individually counted. These studies showed that the reduction in the number of
      right-sided metastases was identical between the two groups and that the presence
      of left-sided tumor in the LTX1/2 group did not suppress the observed antitumor
      activity of TIL against irradiated tumor. Additional evidence against the
      elimination of suppressor cells as an important mechanism in radiation-induced
      augmentation of TIL antitumor activity was provided by experiments studying the
      effectiveness of TIL in thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and reconstituted B
      mice. Unless CP was administered before the adoptive transfer of TIL, therapy
      with IL-2 and TIL in these B mice was ineffective in the absence of demonstrable
      T lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2295877
TI  - Rapid onset synovial inflammation and hyperplasia induced by transforming growth
      factor beta.
AB  - After intraarticular injection of TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 2, marked swelling and
      erythema of the injected joints were apparent within 12-24 h. On a scale of 0 to
      4, by day 3, the TGF-beta-treated joints had articular indices (AI) of 3.6 +/-
      0.5 to 4.0 +/- 0.0 compared with no response for the vehicle-injected
      contralateral joints. Histopathologic evaluation revealed a predominantly
      mononuclear phagocyte infiltrate with some neutrophils and T lymphocytes,
      consistent with active inflammation. The monocytic pattern of leukocyte
      infiltration at 2-3 d was comparable to that seen in animals with antigen-induced
      arthritis after 2-3 wk. Extensive synovial fibroblast hyperplasia became apparent
      within 48 h, likely as a result of TGF-beta induction of growth factor synthesis
      by the accumulating monocytes. TGF-beta 2, a homologue of TGF-beta 1, was found
      to induce a similar level of synovitis and synovial hyperplasia consistent with
      its parallel monocyte and fibroblast chemotactic properties and ability to induce
      transcription and translation of monocyte/macrophage-derived growth factors.
      These data suggest that TGF-beta, released by platelets and activated
      inflammatory cells, may play a direct role in leukocyte recruitment and
      activation in arthritic and other chronic inflammatory lesions.

PMID- 2295879
TI  - A test for clonal relatedness in a set of lymphocytes.

PMID- 2295880
TI  - Cellular basis of the proliferative response of human T cells to mouse
      xenoantigens.
AB  - Purified human T cells respond proliferatively to allogenic peripheral blood
      mononuclear (PBMC) stimulating cells but show no response to murine splenic
      stimulating cells. Two possible explanations for the lack of xenogeneic response
      are that human T cells, educated in a human thymus, cannot directly recognize a
      molecule as disparate as mouse antigen encoded by H-2 and/or that a cytokine(s)
      produced by the APCs is needed to allow a proliferative response and that the
      cytokine(s) produced by murine APC do not provide an adequate stimulus to the
      human T cells under these conditions. We show here that highly purified human T
      cells can respond directly in an antigen-specific manner to murine stimulating
      cells if human rIL-1 or rIL-2 or a T cell growth factor (TCGF) preparation are
      present in the culture. These findings demonstrate that human T cells can
      recognize murine antigens and that a highly significant response can be obtained
      if a human cytokine is present to permit that response.

PMID- 2295881
TI  - Surprisingly uneven distribution of the T cell receptor V beta repertoire in wild
      mice.
AB  - We have examined TCR V beta expression in a collection of wild mice. Many of the
      mice were homozygous for a large deletion at the V beta locus, and many animals
      also suppressed expression of several V betas using self superantigens.
      Expression of V beta 8.2 was unexpectedly suppressed by a self superantigen in
      some wild mice, which was due to the presence in these animals of a variant V
      beta 8.2 gene. The amino acid changes in this gene product suggest contact sites
      between V beta and the superantigen. Although all V betas are expressed within
      each wild mouse population, individual mice have a limited and variable V beta
      repertoire. The independent origin of multiple V beta deletions and the presence
      of polymorphic self superantigens suggest that this variation may be maintained
      by balancing selection.

PMID- 2295882
TI  - Characterization of the protective capacity and immunogenicity of the 69-kD outer
      membrane protein of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Immunization with the 69-kD outer membrane protein (OMP) of Bordetella pertussis
      protected neonatal mice against lethal respiratory challenge with B. pertussis
      18323. Active immunization elicited a serum IgG anti-69-kD OMP response at the
      time of challenge, with IgG anti-69-kD OMP antibodies detected in bronchoalveolar
      lavage fluid after challenge. Intravenous administration of BPE8, a monoclonal
      IgG1 anti-69-kD OMP, also protected young mice against B. pertussis challenge.
      Intravenously injected BPE8 was detected in the lungs of mice at the time of
      aerosol challenge, suggesting that the presence of specific antibody in the lungs
      may mediate protection. Thus the 69-kD OMP of B. pertussis is a protective
      antigen in mice that elicits specific serum antibody that can transude to the
      lung. The 69-kD OMP was detected in a preparation of a Takeda acellular vaccine
      by immunoblot analysis and a serum antibody response to the 69-kD OMP was
      observed in 18-mo-old children boosted with this preparation of Japanese
      acellular vaccine. Our results demonstrate that the B. pertussis 69-kD OMP is a
      protective antigen in animals, is immunogenic in humans, and is present in a
      preparation of acellular pertussis vaccine that is widely used in Japan. These
      findings indicate that the 69-kD OMP should be seriously considered as a
      candidate for inclusion in new formulations of antigenically defined acellular
      pertussis vaccines.

PMID- 2295884
TI  - Story recall under monaural and binaural conditions. Patients with anterior
      temporal lesions.
AB  - Recall of a short story is ordinarily the same whether it is heard in the left,
      right, or both ears. It has been reported that many patients with severe cerebral
      dysfunctions (including brain damage, major psychiatric disorders, and learning
      disabilities in children) perform much better with one ear than the other
      (monaural asymmetry) and that binaural performance is worse than with the better
      ear alone (binaural interference). Blocking the poorer ear with an earplug is
      said to significantly improve speech comprehension in daily life. Because of the
      theoretical and practical significance of these reports, we have attempted a
      replication. We studied patients with anterior temporal lobectomy because it was
      proposed that the underlying mechanism of monaural asymmetry and binaural
      interference in all clinical categories may involve temporal lesions or abnormal
      inhibition of one temporal lobe by the other. We were unable to confirm the
      previous reports.

PMID- 2295885
TI  - Depression in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - A consecutive series of 105 outpatients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were
      examined for the presence of depression. Twenty-one percent met diagnostic
      criteria for major depression, 20% had minor depression, and the remainder were
      not depressed. The frequency of depression showed a bimodal distribution over
      time, with highest frequencies occurring in the early and late stages of the
      disease. Although other factors such as a positive family history of psychiatric
      disorders, quality of social functioning, and severity of tremor, rigidity, and
      akinesia did not show a significant association with depression, depressed
      patients had significantly higher impairment scores in activities of daily living
      and cognitive function than nondepressed PD patients. There was also a
      significant correlation between impairment and depression scores. In addition,
      among patients with mainly unilateral symptoms, depression was significantly
      associated with greater left hemisphere involvement. These findings suggest that
      depression in the early stages of the disease may be related to left hemisphere
      dysfunction, while later in the disease, depression and impairment in activities
      of daily living are interrelated. This may indicate more than one etiology of
      depression or that depression may have an adverse impact on the course of the
      disease.

PMID- 2295883
TI  - Regulation of transcription of the human T cell antigen receptor delta chain
      gene. A T lineage-specific enhancer element is located in the J delta 3-C delta
      intron.
AB  - We have defined transcriptional enhancing sequences inside the TCR-delta gene
      locus, using transient transfections with constructs containing DNA fragments
      cloned upstream to a reporter gene fused to a heterologous promoter. A 14-kb DNA
      region extending from the J delta 3 segment to 6 kb 3' to C delta was analyzed.
      We show the presence of positive regulatory sequences inside the J delta 3-C
      delta intron and have localized these sequences to two DNA fragments of
      approximately 300 and 258 bp. Analysis of cell specificity of the activation of
      such sequences demonstrates a T cell pattern for one of the two fragments. The
      nucleotide sequence of the T cell-specific element shows motifs sharing homology
      with previously described core enhancers.

PMID- 2295887
TI  - Are children and adolescents who have suicidal thoughts different from those who
      attempt suicide?
AB  - In this study we inquire whether children and adolescents with suicidal ideation
      can be differentiated from children who attempt suicide on the basis of clinical
      symptoms or social grounds. From a total of 2181 consecutive outpatient referrals
      to a child and adolescent psychiatry service, 258 young persons who exhibited
      suicidal ideation are compared with 82 who had actually attempted suicide. We
      were unable to differentiate children with suicidal thoughts from those who
      attempted suicide on the basis of clinical symptoms alone. Both groups had
      similar high levels of symptoms of depression, anxiety, sleep disorder, and
      irritability. Conduct disorders were less common in both groups but 22% of the
      attempters abused illicit drugs or alcohol. Suicide attempts were more likely to
      be associated with chronic family discord and substance abuse. For boys, the odds
      of suicidal attempts were substantially increased if the subject had experienced
      loss. Results are discussed with reference to antecedents that may increase the
      odds of suicidal attempt and suggestions for future research are outlined.

PMID- 2295886
TI  - Combat experience and postservice psychosocial status as predictors of suicide in
      Vietnam veterans.
AB  - The authors examined potential risk factors for suicide among 38 Vietnam veterans
      using 46 Vietnam veterans who died from motor vehicle accidents as a comparison
      group. The veterans were selected from Los Angeles County Medical Examiner's file
      (1977-1982). Data for these veterans were obtained from military service records,
      the coroner's reports, and the psychological autopsy conducted with the
      decedents' family members. No military service factor was associated with
      suicide. The characteristics of Vietnam veteran suicide cases were not
      substantially different from non-Vietnam veteran suicide cases with respect to
      known demographic risk factors. The psychological profile of Vietnam veteran
      suicide cases are also similar to non-Vietnam veteran suicide cases in most
      instances. Symptoms related to posttraumatic stress disorder were observed more
      frequently among suicide cases than accident cases. However, suicides were not
      associated with specific combat experiences or military occupation. The extent of
      combat experience in Vietnam per se as measured in this study is not a good
      predictor of suicide death.

PMID- 2295888
TI  - The diagnosis of multiple personality disorder based on subtle dissociative
      signs.
AB  - Patients with multiple personality disorder (MPD) often present with subtle
      dissociative signs and symptoms rather than with the clear-cut, overt
      dissociative signs and symptoms usually associated with MPD. Because most MPD
      patients usually conceal their condition, there are only limited periods in their
      lives when they show florid, overt symptoms that can be easily diagnosed. During
      these other times, MPD patients often show subtle dissociative signs in their
      affects, thoughts, memories, behaviors, object relations, and transferences.
      These indirect manifestations of MPD are evidence of the patient's dissociative
      pathology and occur when their alters influence each other, partly emerge, or
      subtly shift. A familiarity with these subtle dissociative signs would allow the
      therapist to be aware of what MPD looks like when it is camouflaged and expressed
      indirectly. A recognition of these indirect manifestations would enable the
      clinician to suspect the diagnosis, explore the possible alters, and diagnose the
      patient's underlying dissociative pathology when present.

PMID- 2295889
TI  - Relationship of mood disorders to violence.
AB  - Past research on the relationship between mood disorders and violent behavior has
      been inconsistent, sometimes finding a relationship between the two and sometimes
      finding no relationship. Any relationship is arguably complex, and this area of
      research would benefit from attempts to clarify the relationship. This paper
      addresses the issue of complexity by examining the relationship between specific
      mood disorder categories and symptoms and six conceptually different indicators
      of violent behavior. Relationships are analyzed in logistic regression models
      where demographic and problem drinking variables are included to control
      variation that may be accounted for by these factors. The study uses a sample of
      1140 recently incarcerated male felons. Psychiatric disorder diagnoses are based
      on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. There is evidence of a direct relationship
      between a lifetime diagnosis of dysthymia and an arrest or incarceration history
      for robbery as well as with multiple incidents of fighting since age 18.
      Recurrent depression was significantly associated with a robbery incarceration
      history. Depression symptoms (regardless of whether a disorder diagnosis was
      made) were associated with multiple incidents of fighting since age 18. Manic
      symptoms were inconsistently associated with "expressive" violence and a number
      of mood disorder/violence models showed no significant relationship between the
      two.

PMID- 2295890
TI  - Validity of self-reports of criminal activity in psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - Self reports of criminal activity are known to be valid in general populations.
      Little is known about the validity of self-reports of crime in psychiatric
      inpatients. A group of 41 psychiatric inpatients had their self-reported arrests
      contrasted with their official arrest records. Sixty-six percent of the patients
      gave accurate reports. Twelve percent denied having arrests when their record
      showed arrests. Twenty-two percent reported arrests when their official records
      showed none. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.

PMID- 2295891
TI  - Hardiness, type A behavior, and physical symptoms in a Japanese sample.
AB  - This study examined the possible mediating effects of hardiness and Type A
      behavior on the relationship between stressful life events and physical and
      psychological well-being in a Japanese male sample (N = 78). The ANOVA showed the
      main effects of hardiness on both physical symptoms and depression. It is
      indicated that hardiness protects individuals from both physical symptoms and
      depression. There was a significant stressful life events x Type A interaction,
      indicating that the Type As tended to possess physical symptoms even when
      stressful life events decreased. No three-way interaction among hardiness, Type A
      behavior, and stressful life events was found. The results suggested that
      hardiness and Type A were independently related to physical and psychological
      well-being. Implications for the influence of Japanese culture on hardiness and
      Type A behavior are discussed.

PMID- 2295892
TI  - Dose-related paranoid reaction associated with fluoxetine.

PMID- 2295894
TI  - Detection of venous air embolism in dogs by emission spectrometry.
AB  - Emission spectrometers provide alternative, relatively inexpensive methods for
      detecting the concentration of respiratory gas nitrogen. Mass spectrometers are
      accepted as reliable monitors of end-tidal nitrogen for detection of venous air
      embolisms. We evaluated an inexpensive emission spectrometer for detecting
      changes in nitrogen levels and compared it with a mass spectrometer for detecting
      increased end-tidal nitrogen levels in dogs with venous air embolisms. During in
      vitro gas flow studies (helium; oxygen; helium/oxygen mixtures; or 70% nitrous
      oxide/30% oxygen with 0, 1, 2, or 3% isoflurane), air boluses (0.01 to 5.0 ml)
      were injected into a gas flow circuit and outlet nitrogen levels were measured by
      a Collins 21232 emission spectrometer. Responses were greater after each bolus
      when helium rather than oxygen was the major diluent gas. During in vivo studies,
      5 dogs were anesthetized, ventilated, denitrogenated, and given venous air
      embolisms (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ml.kg-1) during oxygen and then during Heliox (20%
      oxygen:80% helium) breathing. End-tidal nitrogen increased approximately two-fold
      after venous air embolisms given during Heliox as compared with oxygen
      ventilation. In all 0.1-ml.kg-1 venous air embolisms end-tidal nitrogen increased
      when the emission spectrometer was used, but venous air embolisms less than 1.0
      ml.kg-1 were not consistently detected by mass spectrometry. Emission
      spectrometry can be used to detect increased end-tidal nitrogen levels indicative
      of venous air embolism and may be a more sensitive detector than mass
      spectrometry.

PMID- 2295893
TI  - Electroencephalographic and evoked potential monitoring in the hyperbaric
      environment.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate brain bioelectrical activity during
      hyperbaric oxygenation by continuous and simultaneous monitoring of
      electroencephalographic and bimodal (auditory, somatosensory) evoked potentials.
      Multivariable recordings (electroencephalogram, brainstem auditory evoked
      potentials, early somatosensory evoked potentials, heart rate, heart rate
      variability, and transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen) were measured with a
      new technique in 12 healthy male volunteers 26 to 52 years old (mean +/- SD, 35.9
      +/- 9.5 years). Recordings were obtained while the subjects breathed (1) air at
      normal atmospheric pressure, (2) 100% oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure, (3)
      air at 2 atm (10 meters sea water [msw]), and (4) 100% oxygen at 2 atm (10 msw).
      Spontaneous brain electrical activity, somatosensory evoked potentials, and heart
      rate variability were not significantly affected during hyperbaric oxygenation,
      whereas the heart rate showed a significant decrease (paired t test, P less than
      0.05). Alterations in brainstem auditory evoked potentials were seen under
      hyperbaric conditions and did not reach statistical significance (increase of the
      I-V interpeak latency by paired t test; P less than 0.2). All subjects showed
      insignificant increases in dominant alpha frequency and decreases in delta
      frequency under hyperbaric situations.

PMID- 2295896
TI  - Does measurement of systolic blood pressure with a pulse oximeter correlate with
      conventional methods?
AB  - The pulse oximeter is commonly used in the operating room. We evaluated the use
      of a pulse oximeter to monitor systolic blood pressure in 20 healthy volunteers
      and 42 anesthetized patients. We compared the pulse oximeter method of measuring
      systolic blood pressure with the cuff methods using Korotkoff sounds and Doppler
      ultrasound as well as with direct pressure measurement through an intraarterial
      cannula. Systolic blood pressure values obtained by pulse oximeter correlated
      well with values obtained by other conventional methods. The best correlation was
      found with Doppler ultrasound (r = 0.996) and the worst with arterial cannulation
      (r = 0.880). We conclude that this method can be used intraoperatively to measure
      systolic blood pressure.

PMID- 2295895
TI  - Evaluation of long sampling tubes for remote monitoring by mass spectrometry.
AB  - The long sampling tubes required for remote mass spectrometry alter the sampling
      system's performance characterized by sample flow, residence time, and 10 to 90%
      response time. We searched for an easy-to-handle tube with (1) a length of 30 m,
      (2) sample flow less than 50 ml.min-1, and (3) residence and response times
      approaching those predicted by our mathematical model. We tested tubes of various
      geometries and various commercially available materials by using them as inlet
      catheters for a quadrupole mass spectrometer (Centronic 200 MGA, Centronic Ltd,
      Craydon, UK). We measured their responses at 0 to 10% (on transients) and 10 to
      0% (off transients) step changes in gas concentration for nitrogen, argon,
      nitrous oxide, oxygen, and carbon dioxide and 0 to 3% and 3 to 0% for halothane,
      enflurane, and isoflurane. With 5 polyethylene tubes, halothane response times
      were up to 38 times longer than predicted. One 30-m polyethylene tube combined a
      158-ms response time for nitrogen and argon with a 2,205-ms response time for
      halothane. Teflon, polyvinyl chloride, and stainless steel also proved to be
      unsuitable because of unacceptable signal distortion: the carbon dioxide response
      time for a 30-m Teflon tube was 2,600 ms. A glass tube showed the least signal
      distortion but was hard to handle. Our requirements were fulfilled by a 29.77-m
      tube made from nylon with a 1.00-mm inside diameter to which a 0.23-m length of
      nylon with a 0.25-mm inside diameter was added at the patient end. It offers (1)
      sample flow equals 46 ml.min-1, (2) residence time equals 11.1 seconds, and (3)
      response times approaching our theoretical predictions, that is, 159, 164, 180,
      159, 188, 302, 298, and 300 ms (means of on and off transients) for nitrogen,
      argon, nitrous oxide, oxygen, carbon dioxide, halothane, enflurane, and
      isoflurane, respectively. This tube allows the accurate monitoring of breathing
      frequencies up to 25 and 50 breaths/min for volatile agents and gases,
      respectively.

PMID- 2295897
TI  - Detection of venous air embolism by continuous intraarterial oxygen monitoring.
AB  - In a recent study, we compared a new intraarterial fiberoptic "optode" probe to
      continuously measure arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions and pH with
      intermittently drawn blood samples in patients undergoing surgery. In one patient
      with a diagnosis of Arnold-Chiari type I malformation with outflow obstruction of
      the fourth ventricle, a major pulmonary air embolism occurred while the patient
      was undergoing suboccipital craniectomy and cervical laminectomy in the prone
      position. Three hours after the incision the optode-displayed oxygen tension
      decreased from a stable value of 225 +/- 8 mm Hg to 63 mm Hg over a 10-minute
      period. During the same interval, carbon dioxide tension increased and end-tidal
      carbon dioxide decreased; shortly thereafter, transcutaneous oxygen tension
      decreased also. Within 20 minutes after the inspired gas mixture was changed to
      100% oxygen, the patient's respiratory variables returned to near baseline. No
      further complications ensued. This is the first time continuously monitored
      arterial oxygen tension values during a pulmonary embolism have been reported.
      With further refinement, intraarterial optode probes will add another valuable
      method of detecting pulmonary air embolism.

PMID- 2295898
TI  - Inexpensive temperature monitor for heated humidifiers.
AB  - A commercially available indoor/outdoor electronic thermometer has been adapted
      to monitor both airway gas temperature and operating room temperature when heated
      humidifiers are used. Heated humidifiers that do not have temperature monitoring
      capabilities pose a risk of dangerously high inspired gas temperatures.

PMID- 2295899
TI  - Continuous measurement of central venous pressure by manometry.
AB  - An alternative method is described for measurement of central venous pressure by
      insertion of a right atrial catheter with a connection to a fluid-column
      manometer. With this method, the central venous pressure can be monitored by
      visual inspection of the manometer column; the stopcock does not need turning;
      the manometer column does not need refilling; and the catheter is always being
      flushed, eliminating the risk of clotting.

PMID- 2295900
TI  - A low-cost, high-fidelity FM wireless precordial radiostethoscope for continuous
      monitoring of heart and breath sounds.
AB  - We constructed and tested an inexpensive (less than $50) FM wireless,
      acoustically shielded, precordial radiostethoscope that enables the anesthetist
      to follow the heart tones and breath sounds of the patient regardless of the
      anesthetist's location in the operating room. We compared our acoustically
      shielded device with a similar, but acoustically unshielded, commercially
      available device. We found the sound quality of our radiostethoscope to be
      superior to that of the commercial device; the signal-to-noise ratio of our
      device was 7.6 for heart tones and 8.4 for breath sounds, whereas the commercial
      device had a signal-to-noise ratio of 2.7 and 3.9 for heart tones and breath
      sounds, respectively. Our device offers all of the advantages of a
      radiostethoscope and has the added advantages of low cost and high fidelity.

PMID- 2295901
TI  - Hazards of small clinical trials.

PMID- 2295902
TI  - Concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by transhiatal
      esophagectomy for local-regional cancer of the esophagus.
AB  - Forty-three patients with local-regional squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus
      or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, cardia, or gastroesophageal junction were
      treated with concurrent cisplatin, vinblastine, fluorouracil (5-FU), and
      radiation therapy (RT) over 21 days. A transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) was
      planned on day 42. Seventy-nine percent had T2 primaries by clinical staging and
      56% had enlarged regional nodes (N) on computed tomographic (CT) scan. Forty-one
      patients completed the preoperative treatment and went to surgery (95%
      operability rate), and 36 (84%) were completely resected. Ten of the 41 operative
      candidates had no evidence of tumor in the resected esophagus and nodal tissue
      (tumor0 node0; T0N0), 24% complete response (CR). Myelosuppression was the major
      toxicity with grade 3 or 4 leukopenia in 93% of patients and two preoperative
      treatment-related deaths. At a median follow-up of 26 months, the median survival
      time (MST) of all 43 patients registered on study has not been reached. The MST
      of the 36 completely resected patients and the 10 complete responders has not
      been reached; 70% and 100%, respectively, are alive at 24 months. The MST by
      histology is 21 months for the 22 squamous patients and has not been reached for
      the 21 adenocarcinoma patients registered on study. In a prognostic factor
      analysis, clinical N status, histology, and the percent of cisplatin and
      vinblastine tolerated were significant predictors for survival. These survival
      results suggest a significant improvement over the 14-month MST observed in our
      previous trial using preoperative chemotherapy only in a similar patient
      population, and a 12-month MST in a historic control group undergoing THE. A
      randomized trial is now in progress to convincingly determine if survival is
      prolonged by this therapy.

PMID- 2295903
TI  - Expression of the multidrug resistance, MDR1, gene in neuroblastomas.
AB  - Metastatic neuroblastoma is a childhood malignancy that is frequently responsive
      to chemotherapy with doxorubicin, vincristine, and teniposide (VM26), among other
      drugs, but in the majority of treated patients, the tumor recurs during or after
      chemotherapy. In this work, we have examined the hypothesis that the development
      of resistance to chemotherapy in neuroblastoma might be related to the expression
      of the human MDR1 gene, which encodes a multidrug transporter that functions as
      an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. RNA samples from 49 neuroblastomas were
      analyzed, including 31 from untreated and 18 from treated patients. MDR1 RNA was
      detectable in the majority of treated and untreated tumors using a sensitive,
      semiquantitative slot blot assay. Of the samples from treated patients, five of
      18 were found to have high MDR1 RNA levels, whereas only three of 31 from
      untreated patients had high MDR1 levels, a statistically significant difference
      (P less than .01). These results show that high levels of MDR1 RNA are often
      associated with resistance to chemotherapy in neuroblastoma and suggest that they
      may contribute to this resistance. Many of the neuroblastoma samples were also
      evaluated for N-myc amplification but there was no correlation between N-myc copy
      number and the level of MDR1 mRNA expression.

PMID- 2295904
TI  - A phase II trial of intraperitoneal cisplatin and etoposide for primary treatment
      of ovarian epithelial cancer.
AB  - We conducted a phase II trial of intraperitoneal (IP) cisplatin (DDP) and
      etoposide (VP-16) in stage III and IV newly diagnosed ovarian carcinoma patients
      with residual disease of any size. Twenty-three patients were entered, 19 had
      stage III and four stage IV disease. DDP 200 mg/m2 and VP-16 350 mg/m2 were given
      in 2 L saline IP via a Port-A-Cath (Pharmacia-Deltec, St Paul, MN). Sodium
      thiosulfate 4 g/m2 was given intravenously (IV) just before the start of IP
      instillation, and continued as a constant IV infusion of 2 g/m2/hr IV for a total
      of 6 hours. Treatment was given once every 4 weeks; six cycles of therapy were
      planned. Thirteen patients (56%) were in complete clinical remission at the end
      of treatment (normal physical exam, computed tomographic [CT] scan, CA-125, and
      peritoneal cytology). Seven of these 13 underwent a second-look laparotomy: three
      (13%) were in pathologic complete remission and four (17%) had microscopic
      disease only. Projected survival is 68% at 27 months, with 10 patients being
      alive and continuously free of disease. There was a very rapid fall in mean CA
      125 to within normal limits at the end of the second course of treatment. The
      major toxicity was myelosuppression with median nadir WBC, granulocyte, and
      platelet counts of 2,600, 896, and 205,000/microL, respectively. There was no
      cumulative renal damage, anemia, hypomagnesemia, or chemical peritonitis.
      Neurotoxicity was similar to that observed with IV dosing. We conclude that
      therapy with the IP DDP/VP-16/IV thiosulfate regimen, in which all cytotoxic
      drugs are given only by the IP route, produces less anemia and renal damage than
      standard IV DDP-containing regimens, and that survival with this regimen appears
      to be at least as good as that produced by IV programs.

PMID- 2295905
TI  - Phase II trial of intraperitoneal mitoxantrone in the management of refractory
      ovarian cancer.
AB  - To define both the toxicity and efficacy of intraperitoneal mitoxantrone in the
      treatment of refractory ovarian carcinoma, 31 patients were entered onto a phase
      II trial of this agent delivered in a 2 L treatment volume on a monthly basis.
      Due to excessive local pain at the initial dose level (30 mg/m2), the amount of
      drug delivered with each treatment course was reduced to 20 mg/m2. Despite this
      reduction, 74% of patients required narcotic analgesia during treatment. In
      addition, there were four episodes of bowel obstruction (one requiring surgical
      intervention) during therapy, and two patients developed bowel obstruction and
      intraabdominal abscesses following the completion of treatment. Six of 18
      evaluable patients (33%) whose largest tumor diameter was less than or equal to 1
      cm at protocol initiation experienced surgically documented responses, compared
      with one of 11 patients (9%) whose largest tumor was greater than 1 cm in
      diameter. If the two patients exhibiting what we called a mixed response to
      treatment are included, seven of 21 patients previously treated with
      intraperitoneal cisplatin responded to this treatment program, including four
      patients who had failed to respond to intraperitoneal cisplatin. No responding
      patient has demonstrated clinical evidence of relapse with a median follow-up of
      7 months (range, 3+ to 13+ months) from response laparotomy. Intraperitoneal
      mitoxantrone is an active treatment program in patients with small-volume
      refractory ovarian carcinoma, but local toxicity can be severe. Due to the
      toxicity encountered with this specific program, its use cannot be recommended
      for standard clinical practice. However, in view of the activity observed in
      refractory ovarian carcinoma, including responses in patients who had previously
      failed intraperitoneal cisplatin, it is important to continue to explore
      alternative therapeutic regimens using intraperitoneal mitoxantrone to reduce
      local toxicity while maintaining or improving efficacy.

PMID- 2295906
TI  - Phase II trial of intermittent high-dose recombinant interferon alfa-2a in
      mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that recombinant interferon alfa-2a (IFN-alfa) in a
      dose of 50 X 10(6) U million units (MU)/m2 intramuscularly (IM) three times per
      week has efficacy against mycosis fungoides (MF) and the Sezary syndrome (SS).
      However, this regimen given to patients with refractory disease was uniformly
      complicated by toxicities requiring major dose reductions. The present study was
      designed to determine if intermittent high-dose IFN-alfa would preserve efficacy
      and decrease toxicity in a similar patient population. Twenty-four patients with
      advanced disease refractory to one or more standard therapies received IFN-alfa,
      10 MU/m2 IM on day 1 followed by 50 MU/m2 IM on days 2 to 5 every 3 weeks; after
      the first four cycles, stable and partially responding patients underwent dose
      escalation to twice the starting dose. One complete (CR) and six partial
      responses (PRs) were observed (response rate, 29%; 95% confidence interval, 13%
      to 51%) lasting 4 to 19 months (median, 8 months). No improvement in objective
      response was seen in the eight patients who received dose escalation. Dose
      reductions were necessary in eight of 22 patients receiving one or more cycles of
      therapy. Weighted mean dose rate intensity for patients on this study over the
      first four cycles of treatment was 65.5 MU/m2/wk compared with 73.2 MU/m2/wk over
      the first 12 weeks of treatment in patients from the previous study, in which all
      19 patients receiving more than 1 week of treatment required dose reduction. IFN
      alfa is effective against previously treated MF and the SS and is better
      tolerated on this intermittent schedule.

PMID- 2295907
TI  - Staging of neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2295908
TI  - Treatment-related ototoxicity.

PMID- 2295910
TI  - Clarification.

PMID- 2295909
TI  - Reporting of clinical trials.

PMID- 2295912
TI  - Adrenocortical carcinoma in children: a study of 40 cases.
AB  - Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), a very rare tumor in children in the United
      States, is apparently more common among Brazilian children. We reviewed the
      medical records of 40 children whose disease was diagnosed between 1966 and 1987.
      There were 12 boys and 28 girls; their median age was 3.9 years (range, 1 day to
      15.7 years). Virilization was the most common clinical sign (37 of 40); other
      signs included abdominal mass, deepened voice, plethora, hypertension, seizures
      (seven patients) and, rarely, weight loss (two patients). The median time between
      first signs or symptoms and diagnosis was 1.4 years (range, 3 days to 5 years).
      Four of 33 tumors were classified as benign according to the Weiss, van Slooten,
      or Hough systems (tumor tissue was unavailable for seven patients). Tumors were
      completely resected in 26 of 38 patients; of those, 17 are in continuous complete
      remission, five relapsed, and four have been lost to follow-up. One patient, who
      had local recurrence, has been in a third complete remission for 18+ months after
      tumor resection and chemotherapy (cisplatin and etoposide). Of the remaining 14
      patients, 11 died of progressive disease, the diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy
      in two, and one has been lost to follow-up. Univariate analysis disclosed that
      age greater than or equal to 3.5 years at diagnosis, interval of greater than or
      equal to 6 months between first symptoms and diagnosis, tumor weight greater than
      100 g, tumor size greater than 200 cm3, and high levels of urinary 17
      ketosteroids (17-KS) and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OH) were associated with
      an unfavorable outcome. Multivariate analysis disclosed that only a tumor size
      greater than 200 cm3 independently identifies those patients with an unfavorable
      prognosis. Among the variables known before surgery, age, and the interval
      between first symptoms and diagnosis were important predictors of outcome. Our
      data suggest that some children with ACC and certain clinical characteristics are
      at high risk of primary treatment failure and, therefore, are good candidates for
      investigational adjuvant therapy.

PMID- 2295911
TI  - The prognostic value of testicular biopsy in childhood acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia: a report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group.
AB  - One of the objectives of Childrens Cancer Study Group (CCSG) study 141 (CCG-141)
      was to determine the frequency of occult testicular leukemia (TL) after 3 years
      of disease-free survival (DFS) and to retreat boys with occult TL to prolong
      their subsequent DFS. Of the 494 boys entered on study, 255 (51.6%) were in
      complete continuous remission (CCR) 3 years after entering remission and an
      additional eight were in CCR 3 years after localized extramedullary relapse and
      retreatment; 263 boys were eligible for testicular biopsy. Elective testicular
      biopsy was performed on 235 (89.4%) boys. Of the 204 (86.8%) boys with negative
      biopsies, 175 (85.8%) remained in CCR 10 to 12 years after diagnosis and 25
      (12.3%) relapsed, 11 (44%) of whom died. Isolated overt TL occurred in four
      (2.0%) and all remained in CCR 22+ to 60+ months after re-treatment. Of the 26
      boys with occult TL, 16 (62%) remained in CCR. Ten (38%) relapsed despite local
      testicular irradiation and systemic re-treatment; six of the 10 died. Of the 26
      boys who did not undergo biopsy, 21 (80.8%) remained in CCR; two (7.7%) developed
      isolated overt TL. DFS after testicular biopsy was significantly better in boys
      without occult TL (P = .001). Occult TL after 3 years of CCR represents
      aggressive minimal-residual disease and carries a worse prognosis than absence of
      TL. Initial treatment should be directed at obviating occult and overt testicular
      relapse. Conventional therapy as used in this study was suboptimal in preventing
      subsequent bone marrow (BM) relapse and death. If occult TR is identified during
      or at the end of planned therapy, a higher salvage rate may require intensified
      alternate therapy. As such, testicular biopsies may be clinically useful. Further
      investigation is limited by the relative rarity of, and the lack of identifying
      features in boys with occult TL.

PMID- 2295913
TI  - Prognostic importance of cytogenetic subgroups in de novo pediatric acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Reports of close associations between recurring chromosomal abnormalities and the
      clinical behavior of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) have stimulated efforts
      to define this disease in cytogenetic terms. Here we report on the leukemic cell
      karyotypes of 155 children with ANLL who were treated from 1980 to 1987 in
      consecutive programs of chemotherapy at this institution. Of 121 cases with
      adequate banding, 20% were normal, 30% had miscellaneous clonal abnormalities,
      and 50% were classified into known cytogenetic subgroups: inv(16)/del(16q) (n =
      15), t(8; 21) (n = 14), t(15;17) (n = 9), t(9;11) (n = 9), t(11;V)/del(11q) (n =
      7) and -7/del(7q) (n = 6). The inv(16)/del(16q) cases showed a nearly equal
      distribution of myelocytic and monocytic French-American-British (FAB) subtypes;
      only four of these patients presented with M4Eo morphology. Despite a 100%
      remission induction rate, patients with inv(16)/del(16q)-positive ANLL fared no
      better overall than the entire group; only 40% of this subgroup were event-free
      survivors at 2 years from diagnosis (P = .23). Patients with inv(16)/del(16q)
      frequently had CNS involvement at diagnosis (eight of 15) or initially relapsed
      in this site (three of eight). Event-free survival (EFS) was clearly superior for
      young patients with FAB M5 leukemia and the t(9;11) (P = .041). These patients
      were clinically indistinguishable from others with the FAB disease subtype, yet
      their responses to etoposide-containing therapies were noteworthy. By contrast,
      children with structural abnormalities involving 11q23, other than t(9;11), were
      infants (median age, 6 months) with FAB M4 or M5 leukemia, hyperleukocytosis, and
      frequent coagulation abnormalities. Patients with such changes [t(11;V) or
      del(11q)] relapsed early during postremission therapy: none remained disease-free
      more than 16 months from diagnosis. Because of resistant leukemia, patients with
      monosomy 7/del(7q) had a poor remission induction rate (17%; P = .0015); patients
      with the t(15;17) were also poor responders to induction therapy (44%; P = 0.02)
      because of hemorrhagic deaths. These results identify several cytogenetic
      subtypes of pediatric ANLL that may represent unique disease processes for which
      more effective early cytoreduction [-7/del(7q), t(11;V)], better supportive care
      measures [t(15;17)], or more effective CNS prophylaxis [inv(16)/del(16q)] would
      be warranted.

PMID- 2295914
TI  - Treatment of bilateral coronal synostosis in infancy: a holistic approach.
AB  - Bilateral coronal synostosis often results in a turribrachycephalic skull shape.
      Reduction of skull height and elongation of the anteroposterior axis of the skull
      while preserving normal cerebral function are the major therapeutic goals. A
      surgical technique is described which can successfully accomplish these goals in
      a single operative procedure.

PMID- 2295915
TI  - Relationship of early cerebral blood flow and metabolism to outcome in acute head
      injury.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements were obtained acutely in 96 comatose
      patients with closed head injury, using the intravenous 133Xe technique.
      Arteriojugular venous oxygen differences and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen
      (CMRO2) were determined in a subgroup of 66 patients. The relationship between
      each of these variables and outcome at 6 months was analyzed, using the Glasgow
      Outcome Scale. The CMRO2 was significantly depressed in patients who subsequently
      died or remained in a vegetative state, whereas higher values were obtained in
      patients who later regained consciousness. Although CBF was not predictive of
      outcome in the total sample, omission of patients with acute hyperemia resulted
      in a significant relationship that paralleled the metabolic findings. Follow-up
      studies in the survivors revealed a correlation between CBF and degree of
      functional recovery, the lowest blood flows being obtained among patients with
      severe disability. Age, initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, and occurrence of
      intracranial hypertension were each found to be predictive of outcome, thus
      confirming previous reports. When these variables were combined with CMRO2 in a
      logistic regression analysis, the probability of recovery was correctly predicted
      in 82% of the cases. The CMRO2 was relatively independent of the other prognostic
      indicators and, next to age, contributed most to the prediction.

PMID- 2295916
TI  - The significance of skull fracture in acute traumatic intracranial hematomas in
      adolescents: a prospective study.
AB  - A prospective study was conducted to validate the retrospective finding that
      adolescents (11 to 15 years old) with skull fractures were prone to develop acute
      traumatic intracranial hematoma (ICH). Over a 4-year period, 1178 consecutive
      adolescents attended the emergency room directly, of whom 760 were discharged
      well and 418 were admitted. All underwent skull x-ray studies. Immediate
      computerized tomography (CT) scans were performed in patients with Glasgow Coma
      Scale (GCS) scores of less than 15, in those with radiological and/or clinical
      evidence of skull fracture, and whenever clinically indicated. Of the 418
      admitted patients, only 26 had skull fractures; 13 of these developed ICH. Four
      patients without skull fracture developed diffuse brain swelling. The remaining
      401 patients were discharged after observation periods of up to 48 hours. Of the
      13 patients with ICH, 10 had admission GCS scores of 15; however, four
      deteriorated rapidly and required urgent operation, and four remained stable but
      were operated on due to their large ICH. Two required conservative treatment only
      and both made good recovery. Three patients were in coma (GCS score less than or
      equal to 8) on admission. One patient had an epidural hematoma and made good
      recovery after surgery. Two developed delayed ICH after operations for associated
      systemic injuries despite initial CT showing diffuse brain swelling only, and
      both died despite evacuation of the ICH. Multivariate analysis showed that skull
      fracture was the only independent significant risk factor in predicting ICH in
      adolescents (sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 97%). A routine skull x-ray
      study is therefore mandatory in all head-injured adolescents and, if a skull
      fracture is detected, immediate CT may be performed for early detection of ICH.

PMID- 2295918
TI  - Management of cervical spine injuries in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - Eleven patients with ankylosing spondylitis and traumatic fracture/dislocation of
      the spine were identified in a retrospective review of all cases of cervical
      spine injury treated on the neurosurgical service over a 10-year period. Injury
      was most often secondary to minor trauma or a motor-vehicle accident, and the
      level of vertebral involvement was most frequently between C-5 and T-1.
      Neurological symptoms at presentation ranged from neck pain alone to complete
      loss of function distal to the level of injury. Initial routine treatment
      consisted of axial traction for realignment with the minimal weight needed to
      accomplish this, taking into account the flexion deformity. All patients
      underwent pluridirectional tomography and/or computerized tomography to delineate
      the exact sites of injury. Three patients died shortly after admission due to
      pulmonary complications. The remaining eight patients underwent early posterior
      stabilization and mobilization in a halo or cervicothoracic brace to achieve
      fusion. Neurological improvement was achieved in six of these eight cases. The
      experience described here supports the initiation of axial traction as initial
      therapy for cervical injuries followed by early surgical stabilization in
      patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The difficulty of maintaining spinal
      alignment and the devastating pulmonary problems attendant on conservative
      management may be obviated by early fusion.

PMID- 2295917
TI  - Ultra-early evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage.
AB  - The authors evaluate eight patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) who
      underwent computerized tomography (CT) within 2 1/2 hours after symptom onset and
      then again several hours later. The second CT scan was performed within 12 hours
      after onset for seven of the patients and 100 hours after onset for the eighth
      patient. In four patients, the second CT scan was obtained prospectively. The
      mean percentage of increase in the volume of hemorrhage between the first and
      second CT scans was 107% (range 1% to 338%). In each of the six patients with a
      greater than 40% increase in hemorrhage volume, neurological deterioration
      occurred soon after the first CT. A systolic blood pressure of 195 mm Hg or
      greater was recorded during the first 6 hours in five of the same six patients.
      The data from this study indicate that, in ICH, bleeding may continue after the
      1st hour post-hemorrhage, particularly in patients with early clinical
      deterioration.

PMID- 2295919
TI  - Surgical management of epilepsy associated with cerebral arteriovenous
      malformations.
AB  - Between 1982 and 1986, 27 patients with seizure disorders due to cerebral
      arteriovenous malformation (AVM) were surgically treated by the authors. These
      patients had no history or clinical manifestation of intracranial hemorrhage. All
      were treated with anticonvulsant agents by their neurologists but became disabled
      due to inadequate control of seizures by medication, side effects of the
      anticonvulsant drugs, or the effects on their professional lives of even
      infrequent seizures. The age of the patients ranged from 13 to 61 years. There
      were 13 males and 14 females. The AVM's were smaller than 2 cm in four patients,
      between 2 and 4 cm in five, and larger than 4 cm in 18. The most frequent
      location of the AVM's was in the temporal lobe, followed by the frontal,
      parietal, and occipital lobes. All patients had preoperative
      electroencephalography (EEG) and intraoperative electrocorticography.
      Intraoperative recording of the amygdala and the hippocampus by depth electrodes
      was performed if the AVM's were located in the temporal lobe. Superficial or
      posterior temporal lobe AVM's often have remote seizure foci that involve the
      amygdala and hippocampus. All patients underwent craniotomy and total excision of
      their AVM's. Surgery was carried out under local anesthesia to allow localization
      by electrical stimulation if the AVM involved the speech area or the sensorimotor
      cortex. Based on the EEG findings, excision of the epileptogenic lesion in
      addition to the AVM was performed in 18 patients. In seven patients with AVM's
      located in the temporal lobe, remote seizure foci were identified and excised.
      The remote epileptic activity was particularly prominent in AVM's in the temporal
      lobe and usually involved mesial temporal structures. Microscopic study of
      excised seizure foci showed gliosis in 26 cases, hemosiderin deposits in 10, and
      focal hemorrhage in four. There were no operative deaths. Two patients developed
      a hemiparesis and three suffered temporary dysphasia after surgery. Two patients
      had visual field deficits. The results of postoperative seizure control during
      the average follow-up period of 3 years 11 months were excellent in 21 patients,
      good in three, fair in two, and poor in one. The latter patient, whose epileptic
      lesion was not completely excised because of its location in the motor cortex,
      had poor seizure control postoperatively. Another patient required a second
      operation to remove a remote seizure focus. In this series, proposed mechanisms
      of seizure associated with cerebral AVM include focal cerebral ischemia secondary
      to arteriovenous shunting, gliosis of the surrounding brain, and a secondary
      epileptogenesis in the temporal lobe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2295920
TI  - Effect of clot removal on cerebral vasospasm.
AB  - The effect of clot removal on cerebral vasospasm was studied in 104 patients with
      aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The series included patients who
      fulfilled all of the following criteria: operation was performed by Day 3 after
      the ictus; the patient's preoperative clinical grade was between Grades I and IV;
      there was no rebleeding; computerized tomography (CT) showed only SAH; and
      carotid angiograms were performed by Day 2 and repeated between Days 7 and 9.
      Both the degree of SAH on CT and angiographic vasospasm were graded from 0 to
      III. The relationship of the SAH grade in the basal frontal interhemispheric
      fissure (IHF) to the presence of vasospasm at the A2 segments of the anterior
      cerebral artery and the relationship of the SAH grade in the sylvian stems to the
      presence of vasospasm at the M1 segments of the middle cerebral artery were
      analyzed. Correlation of preoperative and postoperative SAH grades with the
      angiographic vasospasm grades, with the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm, and
      with the low-density area on CT could be found in the A2 and M1 territories.
      Decrease of cisternal blood measured by CT after the operation did not relate
      directly to the reduction of vasospasm. When the SAH was Grade II or III in the
      basal frontal IHF, the angiographic vasospasm grades at the A2 were significantly
      lower in patients with surgery via the interhemispheric approach than in those
      with surgery via the pterional approach. Symptomatic vasospasm occurred in two of
      the eight cases operated on by the interhemispheric approach compared with 11 of
      the 22 cases approached via the pterional route. In patients with a pterional
      approach, there was no significant difference in severity of vasospasm in the M1
      territory between the side of approach and the opposite side. No consistent
      relationship could be found between the time interval from SAH to operation and
      the severity of vasospasm. While clot removal may ameliorate cerebral vasospasm,
      its effect per se does not seem to be significant.

PMID- 2295921
TI  - The effect of fetal mesencephalon implants on primate MPTP-induced parkinsonism.
      Histochemical and behavioral studies.
AB  - Parkinsonism or hemiparkinsonism was induced by administration of 1-methyl-4
      phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in four rhesus monkeys, which then
      received homologous fetal mesencephalon implants into the caudate nuclei.
      Cavities were prepared in the medial caudate nucleus 2 to 5 weeks before the
      fetal grafts were implanted. Control studies were conducted in unoperated MPTP
      treated animals. Significant behavioral improvement, which occurred within weeks
      of implantation of fetal mesencephalon, was sustained for up to 7 months. No
      recovery was seen in the unoperated control animals. Histological examination
      revealed numerous surviving tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cell bodies.
      In addition to the graft, abundant TH-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the
      host caudate nucleus ventral to the region of the implanted and the nonimplanted
      cavities. Since TH-immunoreactive cell bodies of the substantia nigra compacta (A
      9 cells) were destroyed by MPTP treatment and the ventral tegmental area (A-10)
      remained intact, it is concluded that sprouting of remaining host dopaminergic
      fibers occurs. These newly formed fibers appeared to emanate from the mesolimbic
      projection to the striatum. It is likely that the newly sprouted dopaminergic
      fibers account for the motor improvement elicited by precavitation and fetal
      mesencephalon implantation. These results suggest that the mechanism of recovery
      of parkinsonian primates after implantation of fetal dopaminergic tissue into the
      caudate nucleus is by stimulation of sprouting from host neurons. They also
      suggest that, with identification of the factors responsible for the formation of
      the new dopaminergic neuronal processes and with further development, tissue
      implantation may be an effective therapy for Parkinson's disease in humans.

PMID- 2295922
TI  - Possible protective effect of endogenous opioids in traumatic brain injury.
AB  - Naloxone (0.1, 1.0, or 20.0 mg/kg), morphine (1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg), or saline was
      administered systemically intraperitoneally to rats 15 minutes prior to moderate
      fluid-percussion brain injury. The effects of the drugs were measured on systemic
      physiological, neurological, and body-weight responses to injury. The animals
      were trained prior to injury and were assessed for 10 days after injury on body
      weight responses and neurological endpoints. Low doses of naloxone (0.1 or 1.0
      mg/kg) significantly exacerbated neurological deficits associated with injury.
      Morphine (10.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced neurological deficits associated with
      injury. The drugs had no effect on neurological measures or body weight in sham
      injured animals. Drug treatments did not significantly alter systemic
      physiological responses to injury. Data from these experiments suggest the
      involvement of endogenous opioids in at least some components of neurological
      deficits following traumatic brain injury and suggest the possibility that at
      least some classes of endogenous opioids may protect against long-term
      neurological deficits produced by fluid-percussion injury to the rat.

PMID- 2295923
TI  - Nerve root compression by herniated intradiscal gas. Case report.
AB  - Intervertebral disc degeneration of any etiology may be associated with the
      formation of spaces or clefts within the disc. Gas collects within these spaces
      and can be seen roentgenographically. A case is presented in which intradiscal
      gas herniated into a connective tissue capsule, displacing the left S-1 nerve
      root and producing symptoms and signs identical to those of a herniated nucleus
      pulposus. The pathophysiology of gas within a disc space and the possibility that
      it may herniate much like the nucleus pulposus is discussed.

PMID- 2295924
TI  - Optic nerve degeneration caused by supraophthalmic carotid artery infusion with
      cisplatin and ACNU. Case report.
AB  - A 28-year-old woman with a left frontoparietal anaplastic astrocytoma was treated
      postoperatively with a combination of cisplatin and 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidine
      5-yl) methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU). The drugs were
      infused via the left supraophthalmic internal carotid artery in an attempt to
      avoid ocular toxicity. The patient subsequently developed blindness in the left
      eye and a right temporal hemianopsia from marked degeneration of the left optic
      nerve and tract. It is apparent that the placement of a catheter into the
      supraophthalmic carotid artery does not exclude visual complications.

PMID- 2295927
TI  - Hydrocephalus and intracranial venous hypertension.

PMID- 2295926
TI  - Neuroepithelial cysts of the posterior fossa. Case report.
AB  - The authors report the case of a patient harboring a posterior fossa
      neuroepithelial cyst who presented with positional facial weakness and syncope.
      The patient recovered rapidly after cyst fenestration and placement of an
      internal cyst-cisternal shunt. The pathogenesis and principles of diagnosis and
      management of these rare lesions are reviewed.

PMID- 2295925
TI  - Basilar artery migraine. Case report.
AB  - The case of a 40-year-old woman with a 24-year history of basilar artery migraine
      is described. She was admitted to the hospital after suffering a large cerebellar
      infarction causing hydrocephalus and deep stupor during an attack of migraine.
      She recovered after ventricular shunting and removal of the infarct.

PMID- 2295928
TI  - Thermal clearance for CBF determination.

PMID- 2295930
TI  - SPECT imaging in the diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome.
AB  - We recently performed planar and single photon emission computed tomographic
      (SPECT) liver/spleen scintigraphy in a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome. While
      planar imaging revealed only nonspecific hepatocellular dysfunction, tomographic
      images demonstrated increased radiotracer accumulation in the caudate lobe of the
      liver, the classical scintigraphic finding in this entity. This case suggests
      that SPECT may enhance the sensitivity of the scintigraphic diagnosis of this
      uncommon condition, especially when the occlusion of the hepatic veins is
      incomplete.

PMID- 2295929
TI  - Radiation-induced gliomas.

PMID- 2295931
TI  - Altered biodistribution of gallium-67 in a patient with aluminum toxicity treated
      with desferoxamine.
AB  - Markedly altered biodistribution of [67Ga]citrate was observed in a 66-yr-old
      hemodialysis patient imaged at 48 hr postinjection. A review of the patient's
      hospital records revealed toxic serum levels of aluminum, treated with the
      chelating agent desferoxamine. Based on what is known about the biologic
      interactions between gallium, aluminum, transferrin, and desferoxamine, we
      believe that both toxic serum aluminum levels and desferoxamine therapy may cause
      altered biodistribution on [67Ga]citrate scintigraphy.

PMID- 2295932
TI  - Papillary muscle dysfunction during dipyridamole-thallium imaging.

PMID- 2295933
TI  - Preparation of [99mTc]HM-PAO.

PMID- 2295934
TI  - Radioactivity variations in cobalt-57 cyanocobalamin capsules.

PMID- 2295935
TI  - The slow but steady pace of transition to SI units.

PMID- 2295936
TI  - Imaging of soft-tissue sarcomas with indium-111-labeled monoclonal antimyosin Fab
      fragments.
AB  - Some soft-tissue sarcomas contain intracellular myosin. We therefore studied the
      possibility of localizing various soft-tissue sarcomas with 111In-labeled
      monoclonal antibody Fab fragments binding specifically to myosin, assuming that
      damage to the cell membrane could expose intracellular myosin. Nineteen patients
      with different types of soft-tissue sarcomas were studied. Eighteen patients were
      found to have abnormal antibody uptakes. Antibody uptake was not observed in an
      additional patient operated for a benign tumor (gastric leiomyoma). The
      immunoscintigraphy results were generally in good agreement with those of other
      radiologic findings (computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance
      imaging). Surprisingly, the immunohistochemistry results showed that tumors not
      stainable for myosin can also be imaged with antimyosin. Thus, the mechanism of
      antibody uptake does not seem to be related entirely to specific antigen
      recognition. Irrespective of the exact mechanism for the uptake of labeled
      antibody this method appears to be useful for localizing soft-tissue sarcomas.

PMID- 2295938
TI  - Comparison of fixed and variable temporal resolution methods for creating gated
      cardiac blood-pool image sequences.
AB  - In each of 50 resting subjects, two gated blood-pool image sequences were created
      from the same LIST mode data set. One sequence was created using a sorting method
      that spans each individual cardiac cycle with the same number of images (the
      "variable temporal" or VT method), while the other (the "fixed temporal" or FT
      method) spans the average cardiac cycle with images of fixed temporal duration.
      Left ventricular time-activity curves were extracted from each sequence using
      identical regions-of-interest and analyzed with identical methods to obtain
      estimates of ejection fraction, peak ejection rate, peak filling rate, and the
      times of occurrence of these peak rates. Differences among certain of these
      parameters in kind and amount support the hypothesis that estimates of resting
      cardiac function are more accurately portrayed by the FT method. The magnitudes
      of these differences are small for systolic parameters but large for early
      diastolic parameters. Thus, although both methods might be used for measuring
      systolic function, the FT method will yield a more accurate estimate of peak
      filling rate in resting subjects.

PMID- 2295937
TI  - MIBG scintigraphic assessment of cardiac adrenergic activity in response to
      altitude hypoxia.
AB  - High altitude hypoxia induces a decrease in the cardiac chronotropic function at
      maximal exercise or in response to isoproterenol infusion, suggesting an
      alteration in the cardiac sympathetic activation. Iodine-123
      metaiodobenzylguanidine [( 123I]MIBG) was used to map scintigraphically the
      cardiac sympathetic neuronal function in six male subjects (aged 32 +/- 7 yr)
      after an exposure to high altitude that created hypoxic conditions. Results
      obtained just after return to sea level (RSL) were compared with the normal
      values obtained after 2 or 3 mo of normoxia (N). A static image was created as
      the sum of the 16-EKG gated images recorded for 10 min in the anterior view of
      the chest at 20, 60, 120, and 240 min after injection. Regions of interest were
      located over the heart (H), lungs (L), and mediastinum (M) regions. There was a
      significant decrease in the H/M and the L/M ratios in RSL compared to N
      condition. Plasma norepinephrine concentration was elevated during the stay at
      altitude but not significantly different in RSL compared to N. In conclusion,
      cardiac [123I]MIBG uptake is reduced after an exposure to altitude hypoxia,
      supporting the hypothesis of an hypoxia-induced reduction of adrenergic
      neurotransmitter reserve in the myocardium. Furthermore, the observed significant
      decrease in pulmonary MIBG uptake suggests an alteration of endothelial cell
      function after exposure to chronic hypoxia.

PMID- 2295939
TI  - Precision of regional bone mineral measurements obtained from total-body scans.
AB  - Newer bone densitometers using dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) or dual energy x
      ray absorptiometry (DEXA) are capable of measuring the total-body bone mineral;
      regional analysis of these scans would have significant utility if adequate
      precision were possible. This study investigated short term precision by weekly
      scanning (three to five times) normal subjects (total 48 scans) and long term
      precision by scanning a whole-body phantom 30 times over 15 mo. For the 30
      phantom scans, a coefficient of variation (CV) of bone mineral content (BMC) and
      bone mineral density (BMD) was calculated for each region. Nonrandom changes were
      analyzed by plotting the phantom data with time and testing the slope of the
      fitted line for significance. Similarly for the subjects, a CV for each region
      and the mean value for all subjects was obtained. From this study we conclude (a)
      BMD is more precise than BMC, (b) long-term precision was poorer than short term,
      (c) long-term regional BMD precision (%) was: head, 3.2; arms, 2.8; legs, 1.6;
      ribs, 2.6; pelvis, 3.8; thoracic spine, 3.8; lumbar spine, 7.1; total spine, 2.4;
      trunk, 2.2; total body, 1.2.

PMID- 2295940
TI  - Nasal radioiodine activity: a prospective study of frequency, intensity, and
      pattern.
AB  - The nose has been reported as a site of radioiodine accumulation on 131I whole
      body scintigraphy. To determine the frequency, intensity, and pattern of nasal
      radioiodine accumulation, a prospective study was performed on 21 patients
      referred for 131I whole-body scintigraphy during a 26-mo interval. All patients
      were dosed with 5 mCi (18.5 MBq) of 131I p.o., and imaged 72 hr later. Ninety
      five percent (20/21) of patients had nasal radioactivity greater than background,
      and in 75% (15/20) of positive patients the pattern of activity was round.
      Clinical follow-up of these patients has shown no evidence of tumor involvement
      in the nasal area. We conclude that nasal radioiodine activity is a normal
      finding. Radioiodine uptake in the nasal area, without clinical suspicion of
      metastatic disease, should not be considered a criterion for surgical
      intervention or radioiodine therapy.

PMID- 2295941
TI  - Cerebral hemodynamics in patients with chronic obstructive carotid disease by
      rCBF, rCBV, and rCBV/rCBF ratio using SPECT.
AB  - To evaluate cerebral hemodynamics, 21 patients with chronic occlusion or severe
      stenosis of the internal carotid or middle cerebral artery with normal or only
      lacunar infarction on x-ray CT were studied using single photon emission computed
      tomography (SPECT). We measured rCBV with 99mTc erythrocytes after rCBF with
      133Xe, and calculated rCBV/rCBF. rCBF and rCBV of the 25 affected hemispheres
      were classified as (a) patients with normal rCBF [type I (n = 7) and type II (n =
      3)]; (b) patients with decreased rCBF [type III (n = 6) and type IV (n = 9)].
      These two groups then could be subdivided according to findings of rCBV, normal,
      and increased blood volumes. rCBV/rCBF increased as the cerebral perfusion
      pressure dropped from type I to type III. In type IV, other situations but
      cerebral autoregulation could be assumed. rCBV/rCBF signifies vascular mean
      transit time. Type III (high rCBV/rCBF) assumed as the increased OEF, misery
      perfusion as reported in PET. We propose rCBF, rCBV and rCBV/rCBF using SPECT can
      be an index for cerebral circulatory reserve.

PMID- 2295942
TI  - Prognostication of recovery following stroke using the comparison of CT and
      technetium-99m HM-PAO SPECT.
AB  - This study investigated the possibility that a relationship between the anatomic
      defects observed on computed tomography (CT) and the functional defects observed
      on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) might be used as an outcome
      measure to predict clinical recovery from the neurologic deficits induced by
      stroke. Twenty-seven patients with stroke location limited primarily to cerebral
      cortex were included in the study: each patient underwent a cranial CT scan,
      99mTc hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime SPECT cerebral perfusion scan, and an initial
      and 1-yr follow-up neurologic examination. A strongly positive correlation
      between the ratio of the SPECT to CT volume defect sizes (SPECT divided by CT)
      and recovery following stroke was found, such that the greater the SPECT to CT
      ratio, the better the subsequent recovery of neurological deficits. Discriminant
      function analysis revealed that the best predictor of clinical outcome following
      stroke was the log-transformation of SPECT divided by CT. The results suggest
      that the relationship between the perfusion defects and tissue loss measured by
      SPECT and CT imaging may have prognostic utility following stroke limited
      primarily to cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2295943
TI  - Comparative myocardial extraction of two technetium-labeled BATO derivatives
      (SQ30217, SQ32014) and thallium.
AB  - The transcapillary exchange of a new class of 99mTc-labeled compounds (BATO) were
      compared to 201Tl in isolated, blood perfused rabbit hearts. During variable
      blood flow (0.15-2.44 ml/min/g), peak and net extraction (Emax and Enet,
      respectively), and capillary permeability-surface area product (PScap) were
      determined with paired indicator-dilution techniques. Serial bolus injections of
      201Tl, [111In]albumin, and [99mTc]BATO;
      chloro[tris(cyclohexanedionedioxime)methyl boronic acid]Tc (SQ30217, n = 8) and a
      hydroxy-substituted derivative (SQ32014, n = 5) were given to a total of 13
      hearts. Mean (+/- s.d.) SQ30217 Emax and Enet were 0.72 +/- 0.09 and 0.55 +/-
      0.18, respectively, which were higher than thallium values of 0.57 +/- 0.10 and
      0.46 +/- 0.17 (p less than 0.03). Mean SQ30217 PScap was 1.1 +/- 0.4 ml/min/g and
      was also higher than corresponding thallium determinations (0.7 +/- 0.3; p less
      than 0.001). SQ32014 Emax, Enet, and PScap were all significantly less than
      thallium values (p less than 0.001). Thallium and SQ30217 values for Emax and
      PScap were closely correlated with blood flow (r greater than or equal to 0.73),
      whereas those for SQ32014 were weakly correlated (r = 0.09). A small clinical
      pilot study (n = 3) was performed, which showed that SQ32014 was a poor
      myocardial perfusion agent in man. In summary, transcapillary exchange of SQ30217
      is greater than thallium, which in turn, is greater than SQ32014. Therefore,
      SQ30217 appears to have good clinical potential, but SQ32014 does not.

PMID- 2295944
TI  - Nonuniformity of tumor dose in radioimmunotherapy.
AB  - The conventional approach to calculating tumor radiation dose from internally
      administered radioisotopes is by the MIRD schema. The raw input data for such
      dose calculations is obtained by immunoscintigraphic methods, PLANAR or SPECT
      imaging. Limitations in the spatial resolution of these techniques can lead to a
      considerable underestimate of the gross variation in tumor dose. The use of
      radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies for therapy can result in large
      nonuniformities in tumor dose. This paper discusses how antibody distribution can
      influence the energy deposition in the nuclei of target cells. Heterogeneity of
      antibody binding will lead to an expected decrease in the effectiveness of the
      radiation delivered. However, enhanced cell killing is possible if the
      radiolabeled Ab binds to the cell surface membrane and may be further enhanced if
      the Ab is internalized. Calculations are presented for two cases: (a) a three
      dimensional random packing arrangement of cells as a model of the astructural
      nondifferentiated form seen in some tumors, and (b) differentiated carcinoma of
      the colon with the cells in tubules. Results for the magnitude of the mean energy
      deposition to individual cell nuclei from: (a) cell membrane bound 211At, 199Au,
      131I, and 90Y-labeled Abs, and (b) a uniform distribution of these sources, as a
      function of internuclear distance for the two histologies are presented. Energy
      deposition in tumor cell nuclei from membrane bound radiolabeled antibody may be
      several times greater than estimated with the assumption of a uniform source
      distribution.

PMID- 2295945
TI  - Inhibition of autoradiolysis of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies by
      cryopreservation.
AB  - Autoradiolysis of therapeutic doses of monoclonal antibodies can occur rapidly,
      limits their shelf life and makes onsite radiolabeling a near-necessity. We
      evaluated freezing of three different 131I-labeled murine monoclonal antibodies
      at -70 degrees C, immediately following radiolabeling, as a method of diminishing
      autoradiolysis, and of preserving immunoreactivity. Freezing greatly limits the
      ability of radiation-induced free radicals to diffuse in solution and thus
      produce radiolytic damage. By freezing at -70 degrees C autoradiolytic damage of
      immunoreactivity of three different 131I monoclonal antibodies could be largely
      eliminated, in contrast to the 80-90% losses in immunoreactivity seen with
      storage at 4 degrees C for a period of 1 to 12 days. Reduced in vitro
      deiodination rates are also seen for frozen antibodies. Limited studies with 125I
      labeled antibodies indicate autoradiolysis does occur, though at a slower rate
      per mCi than for 131I, and that this process is also retarded by freezing.
      Freezing may be valuable while quality control procedures are performed following
      radiolabeling as well as if temporary storage or shipment of radioantibodies
      prior to patient dosing is undertaken. While the approach should be validated for
      each antibody studied, freezing of therapeutic doses of monoclonal antibodies
      appears to be a simple and effective approach to the problem of autoradiolysis.

PMID- 2295946
TI  - Iodophenylpentadecanoic acid-myocardial blood flow relationship during maximal
      exercise with coronary occlusion.
AB  - Imaging 123I-labeled iodophenylpentadecanoic acid (IPPA) uptake and clearance
      from the myocardium following exercise has been advocated as a means of detecting
      myocardial ischemia because fatty acid deposition is enhanced and clearance
      prolonged in regions of low flow. However, normal regional myocardial blood flows
      are markedly heterogeneous, and it is not known how this heterogeneity affects
      regional metabolism or substrate uptake and thus image interpretation. In five
      instrumented dogs running at near maximal workload on a treadmill, 131I-labeled
      IPPA and 15-micron 46Sc microspheres were injected into the left atrium after 30
      sec of circumflex coronary artery occlusion. Microsphere and IPPA activity were
      determined in 250 mapped pieces of myocardium of approximately 400 mg. Myocardial
      blood flows (from microspheres) ranged from 0.05 to 7.6 ml/min/g. Deposition of
      IPPA was proportional to regional flows (r = 0.83) with an average retention of
      25%. The mean endocardial-epicardial ratio for IPPA (0.90 +/- 0.43) was similar
      to that for microspheres (0.94 +/- 0.47; p = 0.08). Thus, initial IPPA deposition
      during treadmill exercise increases in proportion to regional myocardial blood
      flow over a range of flows from very low to five times normal.

PMID- 2295947
TI  - Race, birth weight, and mortality rates.

PMID- 2295948
TI  - Hypercalciuria in the frequency-dysuria syndrome of childhood.

PMID- 2295949
TI  - Cow milk feeding in infancy: further observations on blood loss from the
      gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Because feeding of cow milk causes normal infants to lose increased amounts of
      occult blood from the gastrointestinal tract, we conducted a prospective trial to
      measure intestinal blood loss quantitatively and to monitor iron nutritional
      status. Fifty-two infants entered the trial at 168 days of age and were assigned
      at random to receive either cow milk or a milk-based formula. Initially, 31
      infants had been breast-fed and 21 had been fed formulas. With the feeding of cow
      milk, the proportion of guaiac-positive stools increased from 3.0% at baseline to
      30.3% during the first 28 days of the trial (p less than 0.01), whereas the
      proportion of positive stools remained low (5.0%) with the feeding of formula.
      The proportion of guaiac-positive stools among cow milk-fed infants declined
      later, but for the entire trial it remained significantly (p less than 0.01)
      elevated. Stool hemoglobin concentration increased markedly with the introduction
      of cow milk, rising from a mean (+/- SD) of 622 +/- 527 micrograms/gm dry stool
      at baseline to 3598 +/- 10,479 micrograms/gm dry stool during the first 28 days
      of ingestion of cow milk. Among infants fed formula, stool hemoglobin did not
      increase and was significantly (p less than 0.01) less than in the cow milk
      group. Among infants fed cow milk, the increase in hemoglobin concentration
      tended to be greater for those who had initially been fed human milk than for
      those who had initially been fed formulas. Iron nutritional status was not
      significantly different between the two feeding groups. However, one infant
      became iron deficient after 4 weeks of ingesting cow milk. We conclude that cow
      milk feeding leads to increased intestinal tract blood loss in a large proportion
      of normal infants and that the amount of iron lost is nutritionally important.

PMID- 2295950
TI  - Secretion of hormones by ectopic thyroid glands after prolonged thyroxine
      therapy.

PMID- 2295951
TI  - Childhood chronic lymphocytic leukemia with (2;14) translocation.

PMID- 2295953
TI  - Once-daily versus twice-daily dosing of digoxin in the pediatric age group.

PMID- 2295952
TI  - Neonatal hemodialysis: effective therapy for the encephalopathy of inborn errors
      of metabolism.

PMID- 2295954
TI  - Increased incidence of epistaxis in adolescents with familial
      hypercholesterolemia treated with fish oil.

PMID- 2295955
TI  - Benefit of intravenously administered immune serum globulin in patients with
      Guillain-Barre syndrome.

PMID- 2295957
TI  - Respiratory distress in an 11-month-old infant.

PMID- 2295956
TI  - Initial congestive heart failure, six to ten years after doxorubicin chemotherapy
      for childhood cancer.

PMID- 2295958
TI  - Treatment of medulloblastoma.

PMID- 2295959
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis during sclerotherapy for esophageal varices.

PMID- 2295961
TI  - Elementary school performance of children with congenital hypothyroidism. New
      England Congenital Hypothyroidism Collaborative.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine whether hypothyroid children treated early
      as a result of diagnosis after neonatal screening progressed normally in school.
      The New England Congenital Hypothyroidism Collaborative studied 72 of its
      patients at the ages of 9 or 10 years after they had completed 3 years of
      schooling beyond kindergarten. Control subjects were 96 classmates of the same
      sex and age as the patients and 32 siblings of appropriate age for the testing.
      Intelligence quotients (IQs) were measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
      Children-Revised abbreviated to five items, and school achievement by the Peabody
      Individual Achievement Test. In addition, a series of neuropsychologic tests was
      administered to both patients and control subjects. Educational histories were
      obtained from the parents for 74 patients, 87 of their siblings, 96 classmates,
      and 96 siblings of the classmates. The IQ of the control subjects (mean +/- SEM)
      was 109 +/- 1.2 versus 106 +/- 1.4 for the patients. The mean overall achievement
      score was 109 +/- 0.93 for the control subjects and 108 +/- 1.3 for the patients.
      These differences are not statistically significant. The regression lines
      relating overall Peabody Individual Achievement Test scores or subtests thereof
      to IQ did not differ among the patients and the control groups. Within the groups
      the regression lines for IQ and the different subtests of school achievement were
      also identical. The percentages of children repeating a grade, needing extra
      tutoring, or in special classes were the same for patients and control groups. We
      conclude that children with hypothyroidism have no apparent specific impediments
      to learning unrelated to intelligence.

PMID- 2295960
TI  - Eight-year school performance and growth of preterm, small for gestational age
      infants: a comparative study with subjects matched for birth weight or for
      gestational age.
AB  - Eight-year school performance and growth outcome are reported for three groups of
      preterm infants: one group that was small for gestational age (SGA; 36 infants)
      and two comparison groups that were appropriate in size for gestational age, one
      matched for birth weight and the other for gestational age. The subjects all had
      white parents whose mother tongue was English and were matched for gender,
      mother's height, mother's education, and father's socioeconomic status (Blishen
      Scale). A comparison peer group of term infants was also studied. The three
      preterm groups did not differ in school performance or physical growth, with the
      exception of head circumference, which was smaller in the SGA children. All
      preterm groups had growth measures, intellectual and visual-motor integration
      scores, reading and arithmetic grade levels, and behavior rating levels
      significantly inferior to those of the peer group. Receptive vocabulary scores
      and spelling grade levels did not differ between the preterm groups and the peer
      group. On multivariate analyses, mother's education was the primary predictor of
      academic grade levels for the preterm SGA group, and the only predictor when the
      disabled children were excluded from analyses. Preterm SGA children without
      disabilities had academic scores similar to those of their term peers, but their
      scores indicated more hyperactivity. Intrauterine growth retardation did not
      appear to impose a disadvantage on the preterm children in this study.

PMID- 2295962
TI  - Growth in children with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening.
AB  - A prospective analysis of physical growth in 56 children with congenital
      hypothyroidism compared the children's height, weight, and head circumference
      with population percentiles. Two measures of skeletal maturation and predictions
      of adult height were also compared with population standards. The mean
      percentiles for the children's height and head circumference were higher than
      population means. Although mean bone age scores were slightly higher, predictions
      of adult height did not differ significantly from midparental height (arithmetic
      mean of sum of parental heights) and population means. The duration of
      intrauterine hypothyroidism as measured by gestational bone age and the duration
      of postnatal hypothyroidism were inversely correlated with heights attained up to
      9 years. This association suggests a possible long-term influence of early
      hypothyroidism on growth. In children with congenital hypothyroidism, maintenance
      of serum thyroxine levels in the upper half of the normal range results in normal
      growth patterns.

PMID- 2295963
TI  - Myocardial performance and perfusion during exercise in patients with coronary
      artery disease caused by Kawasaki disease.
AB  - For a study of the natural history of coronary artery lesions after Kawasaki
      disease and their effect on myocardial blood flow reserve with exercise, five
      such patients underwent exercise testing on a bicycle. Oxygen consumption, carbon
      dioxide production, minute ventilation, and electrocardiograms were monitored
      continuously. Thallium-201 scintigraphy was performed for all patients. One
      patient stopped exercise before exhaustion of cardiovascular reserve but had no
      evidence of myocardial perfusion abnormalities. Four patients terminated exercise
      because of exhaustion of cardiovascular reserve; one had normal cardiovascular
      reserve and thallium scintiscans, but the remaining patients had diminished
      cardiovascular reserve. Thallium scintigrams showed myocardial ischemia in two
      and infarction in one. No patient had exercise-induced electrocardiographic
      changes. These results indicate that patients with residual coronary artery
      lesions after Kawasaki disease frequently have reduced cardiovascular reserve
      during exercise. The addition of thallium scintigraphy and metabolic measurements
      to exercise testing improved the detection of exercise-induced abnormalities of
      myocardial perfusion.

PMID- 2295964
TI  - Sequential pulmonary function measurements during treatment of infantile chronic
      interstitial pneumonitis.
AB  - Three infants with histologically confirmed chronic interstitial pneumonitis were
      treated with monthly intravenously administered high doses of methylprednisolone
      with or without daily hydroxychloroquine therapy. We applied the multiple
      occlusion technique to measure the static respiratory system compliance, and the
      end-inspiratory occlusion technique to measure passive respiratory system
      compliance, resistance, and time constant. When assessed by clinical criteria and
      pulmonary function measurements, all three patients showed improvement with this
      treatment. Clinical improvement was associated with an increase in respiratory
      system compliance as measured by both techniques (60% to 100% increase in all
      patients). The passive respiratory resistance and the time constant did not
      closely reflect the clinical course. We conclude (1) that high doses (pulses) of
      methylprednisolone and daily oral doses of hydroxychloroquine are effective in
      the treatment of infantile chronic interstitial pneumonitis and (2) that the
      respiratory system compliance, measured by both pulmonary function techniques,
      correlates well with the response to treatment and change in clinical status.

PMID- 2295965
TI  - Cutaneous lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia.
AB  - Six patients (5 to 15 years of age) with hypogammaglobulinemia had scattered
      papular lesions in association with widespread dermatitis. These disfiguring
      lesions were a portal of entry for secondary infections and led to social
      withdrawal. Biopsy specimens from the papules demonstrated dense
      lymphohistiocytic infiltrate limited to the dermis. Infectious causes (bacterial,
      fungal, and viral) were excluded. The skin lesions failed to respond to
      conventional treatment, including topical corticosteroids. Replacement therapy
      with monthly infusions of high doses of immune serum globulin resulted in gradual
      improvement and ultimate clearing of the lesions. This unusual skin abnormality,
      which is unresponsive to traditional treatment, may provide the earliest clue to
      the presence of hypogammaglobulinemia.

PMID- 2295966
TI  - Why small black infants have a lower mortality rate than small white infants: the
      case for population-specific standards for birth weight.

PMID- 2295967
TI  - Partial biotinidase deficiency: clinical and biochemical features.
AB  - Neonatal screening for profound biotinidase deficiency (less than 10% of the mean
      normal activity level) has identified a group of children with partial
      biotinidase deficiency (10% to 30% of mean normal activity). Because partial
      biotinidase deficiency may result in clinical consequences that may be prevented
      by treatment with biotin, we evaluated such individuals and their family members
      (1) to determine whether partial biotinidase deficiency is associated with
      symptoms and (2) to determine the inheritance pattern. We quantified serum
      biotinidase activity levels and obtained medical histories of probands, their
      parents and siblings, and additional family members. All children with partial
      deficiency were healthy at the time of diagnosis. One child, who was not
      initially treated with biotin, later developed hypotonia, hair loss, and skin
      rash, which resolved with biotin therapy. Four adults and three children with
      partial biotinidase deficiency were identified among family members of infants
      identified by neonatal screening. All these individuals were healthy, although
      one sibling had elevated urinary lactate excretion. A fifth adult with partial
      deficiency, found among clinically normal adult volunteers, later showed minor
      symptoms that resolved after biotin therapy. Like children with profound
      biotinidase deficiency, children with partial biotinidase deficiency are symptoms
      free at birth. However, the subsequent occurrence of symptoms of profound
      biotinidase deficiency in some persons with partial deficiency suggests that
      biotin therapy for this condition may be warranted.

PMID- 2295968
TI  - Congenital rubella syndrome associated with calcific epiphyseal stippling and
      peroxisomal dysfunction.
AB  - An infant girl had the clinical and immunologic findings of congenital rubella
      syndrome but also had arthrogryposis multiplex and calcific epiphyseal stippling.
      Spastic quadriparesis developed, and both physical and behavioral development
      were slow. Increased spasticity of the legs at 5 1/2 years was related not to
      progressive rubella encephalomyelopathy but to spinal cord compression by
      abnormal cartilaginous tissue. The presence of a peroxisomal disorder was
      demonstrated by a greatly increased level of phytanic acid and slightly increased
      levels of hexacosanoate in serum and by reduced activity of peroxisomal
      dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase and a slightly increased ratio of
      cytosolic to peroxisomal catalase activity in cultured fibroblasts. A reduction
      in the number and size of peroxisomes was demonstrated in cultured fibroblasts,
      and a needle biopsy specimen of the liver also showed the peroxisomes to have a
      smaller diameter than usual. We recommend that any child with epiphyseal
      stippling be assessed for peroxisomal disease and that the potential for spinal
      cord compression by dysplastic bone or cartilage be recognized. The association
      of peroxisomal dysfunction with congenital rubella has not been described
      previously. The interaction between rubella virus infection and peroxisomal
      function may need further investigation.

PMID- 2295969
TI  - Immunoblot analyses of glycogen debranching enzyme in different subtypes of
      glycogen storage disease type III.
AB  - To determine the tissue distribution of glycogen debranching enzyme, we used
      immunoblot analysis with a polyclonal antibody prepared against purified porcine
      muscle debranching enzyme. Debranching enzyme was identified in porcine brain,
      kidney, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, liver, and spleen; and in human liver,
      skeletal muscle, lymphocytes, lymphoblastoid cells, skin fibroblasts, cultured
      chorionic villi, and amniocytes. In each of these tissues the debranching enzyme
      band was 160 kd. To determine the molecular basis for glycogen storage disease
      type III at the protein level, tissues from 41 patients with glycogen storage
      disease type III were also subjected to immunoblot analysis. Three patients
      having isolated transferase deficiency with retention of glucosidase activity
      (type IIID disease) had nearly normal amounts of cross-reactive material. In the
      remaining patients (both transferase and glucosidase deficiency), debranching
      enzyme was either absent or greatly reduced. These latter patients included 31
      with disease that appeared to involve both liver and muscle (type IIIA), four
      with disease that was present only in the liver (type IIIB), and three with
      unknown muscle status. In patients with both type IIIA and type IIIB disease,
      debranching enzyme protein was absent in skin fibroblasts, lymphoblastoid cells,
      and lymphocytes. The parents of two patients with type IIIA disease had an
      intermediate level of debranching enzyme protein, consistent with their presumed
      heterozygote state. An immunoblot analysis of cultured amniotic fluid cells from
      a woman whose fetus was at risk for type IIIA disease predicted an unaffected
      fetus; the prediction was confirmed postnatally. Thus Western blot analysis
      offers an alternate method of prenatal diagnosis for the most common form of
      glycogen storage disease type III.

PMID- 2295970
TI  - Eating disorders: looking beneath the surface.

PMID- 2295971
TI  - One year in a refugee camp.

PMID- 2295973
TI  - Professionalizing spiritual care.

PMID- 2295972
TI  - Billie, the police and me.

PMID- 2295974
TI  - Living and learning. I am a Christian bulimic.

PMID- 2295976
TI  - HIV risk difference between condom users and nonusers among U.S. heterosexual
      women.
AB  - Using data from the National Survey of Family Growth, we estimate that among
      3,498,060 U.S. reproductive-age women least likely to be protected from HIV, 12%
      rely on condoms for birth control. We have modeled the risk difference between
      condom users and nonusers and projected the number of preventable and
      nonpreventable HIV infections likely to occur among the 419,201 condom users as a
      function of 50 HIV-incidence/relative risk assumptions. Results of the
      attributable-risk model suggest that at the current low HIV-incidence level in
      U.S. women, condom-user failure rates will be less than 1% per year,
      substantially lower than the 10% condom-user failure rate for pregnancy. As few
      as 1% but up to 11% of all new HIV cases may be prevented by the current low
      level of condom use, depending on the exact degree of condom effectiveness in
      this population at risk. However, the model further projects that up to 45% of
      all new HIV cases may be prevented if condoms are maximally effective and far
      more widely used. Women with seropositive partners may enjoy the same protective
      benefits of condoms, but the costs in terms of condom-user failures will be much
      higher than in the remainder of the population at risk. Among serious and
      reliable users, condom-user failure rates for HIV may approach those for
      pregnancy, but only in women who have known seropositive partners.

PMID- 2295975
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the blood donors of Delhi, India.
AB  - In the present study, blood from paid and unpaid donors was screened for the
      presence of HIV infection using a competitive ELISA test. None of the 8,000
      unpaid donors but 4 (0.23%) of the 1,700 paid donors showed evidence of HIV
      infection. All of these four ELISA-positive samples were confirmed by the Western
      blot test. The present study indicates that HIV infection has entered the group
      of paid donors in the Delhi metropolitan area. Careful donor screening,
      discouraging use of paid donors, and stringent screening of donated units of
      blood has become mandatory in India to prevent HIV transmission through blood and
      blood products.

PMID- 2295977
TI  - Knowledge of AIDS risk factors in south Bronx minority college students.
AB  - Hostos Community College is located in the South Bronx, an epicenter of the AIDS
      epidemic. The student body is 84% Hispanic and 12% black; Hispanics and blacks
      account for 70% of AIDS cases among heterosexual adults nationwide and 75% of
      pediatric cases. We surveyed 1,869 Hostos students to determine their
      understanding of AIDS risk factors. Respondents' age, English proficiency, time
      in the college, and time in the United States did not correspond in any
      consistent way with understanding of risk factors. Sexual intercourse without a
      condom was recognized as increasing risk by only 69% of all respondents, having a
      sexual partner who used i.v. drugs 5 years ago by 61%, and having a partner who
      had a male homosexual relationship 5 years ago by 58%. Only 55% were aware of the
      risk to the baby if the mother had a partner who used i.v. drugs 5 years earlier.
      The lack of information observed in college students understates that within the
      South Bronx as a whole and portends increased heterosexual and pediatric
      transmission of AIDS. This survey shows that the public health AIDS prevention
      education program has not yet adequately informed a large segment of the minority
      population of the South Bronx.

PMID- 2295979
TI  - Female to male: an inefficient mode of transmission of human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV)

PMID- 2295978
TI  - A model of the sexual relations of young i.v. drug users.

PMID- 2295980
TI  - Light-cured interim palatal augmentation prosthesis. A clinical report.
AB  - The interim palatal augmentation prosthesis produced a significant improvement in
      function within a short period of time. With the visible light-curing system,
      modifications of the prosthesis were made quickly and easily. The methods
      described enable the treatment team to immediately assess the results of
      prosthesis modifications.

PMID- 2295981
TI  - Organizing records and equipment for transport to a laboratory.
AB  - This article describes a procedure for combining a facebow with a laboratory work
      pan to make a convenient vehicle for storage and transportation of all casts,
      records, and equipment used to make a prosthesis for a patient. The use of this
      procedure will assure that everything necessary for the laboratory procedures
      will be in the laboratory at the same time.

PMID- 2295983
TI  - A matrix technique for restoring occlusolingual cavity preparations.

PMID- 2295982
TI  - How to make microwavable denture flasks.
AB  - One can make a microwavable denture flask that will accommodate obturators and
      other large intraoral prostheses. A method for making a dental stone flask
      pattern and a latex mold makes it possible to produce fiberglass flasks strong
      enough for compression molding. These flasks are economical to produce and are
      made from the fiberglass liquid resin that is used in automobile body repairs.
      The fiberglass liquid resin is strengthened by the addition of dental stone and
      chopped fiberglass strands. The resultant flasks allow successful microwave
      polymerization of acrylic resin for denture bases while still being able to
      follow conventional flasking and packing techniques.

PMID- 2295984
TI  - Making custom cast protectors.

PMID- 2295985
TI  - Properties of a new polyether urethane dimethacrylate photoinitiated elastomeric
      impression material.
AB  - The photoinitiated impression material is supplied premixed as a light-bodied
      material in a light-tight plastic syringe and as a heavy-bodied material in a
      tube. The impression material has excellent physical, mechanical, and clinical
      qualities with noteworthy long working times, short setting times, dimensional
      stability, accuracy, high tear strength, good wettability, biocompatibility, and
      ease of cold disinfection without loss of quality. The impression material is
      also compatible with gypsum and silver or copper metallizing baths. Accurate
      casts can be obtained by means of either a double-impression technique or a
      double-mix technique.

PMID- 2295986
TI  - Matrices in metal ceramics.
AB  - Restoration of the severely debilitated dentition continues to be challenging for
      the restorative dentist. The advantages of determining the treatment position,
      fabrication of a diagnostic wax-up, and the use of matrices for making
      provisional and final restorations has been described. This article reviews the
      past stages in the restorative process regarding matrices and their use. A new
      technique is suggested that greatly simplifies the most time-consuming steps for
      the dentist and technician. This system allows for control of vertical dimension,
      esthetics, and the maintenance of occlusal position and detail. A technique for
      making porcelain occlusal restorations is described.

PMID- 2295987
TI  - Mechanical evaluation of splint therapy in treatment of the edentulous patient.
AB  - Many edentulous patients have temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction that
      affects the use of their complete dentures. During the diagnostic and treatment
      planning phase an ordered series of procedures must be performed. An arbitrary
      axis mounting, needlepoint and pantographic tracings on stabilized record bases
      will aid the dentist in determining the functional state of the TMJ and
      associated muscles. If no pathosis is found, a conventional denture technique can
      be used. If TMJ dysfunction is noted on the basis of an analysis of the tracings,
      an interim mandibular denture can be modified to correct the TMJ and musculature
      before new complete dentures are made. The occlusal scheme chosen for each
      patient can be based on a careful analysis of the tracings over a period of
      months.

PMID- 2295988
TI  - Factors influencing long-term implant success.
AB  - An implant quotient (IQ) has been proposed to help clinicians identify the 24
      factors that can affect the potential long-term success of endosseous dental
      implants. Maximizing the positive factors and minimizing the negative factors
      will result in relatively high values for the theoretical IQ. Long-term success
      is directly proportional to the resultant value of the IQ. The greater the value
      of the IQ, the better the possibility for long-term success. The length of
      healing time and the necessity for submerged healing are indirectly proportional
      to the resultant value of the IQ. The greater the value of the IQ, the shorter
      the healing time before loading an endosseous implant may be. The greater the
      value of the IQ, the less necessary it becomes to submerge the healing implant.

PMID- 2295990
TI  - Morphology of the condyles and mandibular fossa as seen by computed tomography.
AB  - Computed tomography allows detailed three-dimensional examination of the hard and
      soft tissue of the temporomandibular joint. The morphology of the mandibular
      fossa and the condyles together with the horizontal and vertical condylar
      inclinations was determined in 25 patients with temporomandibular joint
      dysfunction and 29 controls by use of axial and coronal computed tomography
      projections. The shape of the condyle was evaluated according to its general
      appearance. The temporomandibular joint measurements obtained by computed
      tomography were in good agreement with morphologic studies performed on dry
      skulls and autopsy material.

PMID- 2295989
TI  - Fixed mandibular complete denture prostheses supported by mandibular staple bone
      plate implant.
AB  - The staple bone plate implant has been used to stabilize and retain an mandibular
      overdenture. This implant-with-pin configuration, with four pins penetrating the
      bone and mucosa, was used to support a mandibular fixed complete denture. The
      prosthesis was completely implant supported. All of the occlusal loads were
      directed to the bone through the implant pins. Results for six patients were
      reported. The implant and the prosthesis were well tolerated.

PMID- 2295991
TI  - Lyme disease misdiagnosed as a temporomandibular joint disorder.
AB  - Craniomandibular disorders cause many pleomorphic and seemingly unrelated
      clinical manifestations that mimic other more serious medical problems and thus
      can present physicians and dentists with a challenge that invites misdiagnosis
      and improper treatment planning. Conversely, misdiagnosis and ineffective
      treatment planning are facilitated when serious medical problems manifest a range
      of signs and symptoms that are clinically similar to temporomandibular joint
      muscle dysfunction. At times, the patient's response to therapy may be the best
      method of corroborating a diagnosis, as illustrated in this report of a patient
      with Lyme disease that was misdiagnosed as a temporomandibular joint disorder.
      Lyme disease has already reached epidemic proportions in several parts of the
      United States and its geographic distribution is spreading. Because Lyme disease
      is a life-threatening illness whose clinical manifestations can mimic
      temporomandibular joint/myofascial pain-dysfunction, it is the responsibility of
      every dentist who treats craniomandibular disorders to become familiar with the
      clinical presentations of Lyme disease and more proficient in its differential
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2295992
TI  - Relationships between mandibular and skeletal bone in a population of normal
      women.
AB  - In this study, we measured mandibular bone mass and density and cortical
      thickness at gonion in 50 normal women between the ages of 20 and 90. The
      subjects showed neither radiographic nor metabolic evidence of osteoporosis.
      Comparisons (by age) were made between mandibular measurements. Mandibular
      measurements were also compared with measurements of bone mass in the spine and
      the wrist. Mandibular bone mass was not significantly affected with age but
      mandibular bone mass was significantly correlated with skeletal bone mass.
      Cortical thickness at gonion decreased with age.

PMID- 2295993
TI  - The effect of dust-suppressant additives on the physical properties of an
      irreversible hydrocolloid.
AB  - The effects of dust-suppressant additives on certain physical properties of an
      irreversible hydrocolloid were studied in five test specimens formulated as
      follows: no additives (F0); 10% Duomeen cationic surfactant in 0.5% paraffin with
      0.05% zinc stearate (F1); 10% Duomeen in 0.5% paraffin with 0.10% zinc stearate
      (F2); 20% Duomeen in 0.5% paraffin with 0.05% zinc stearate (F3); and 20% Duomeen
      in 0.5% paraffin with 0.10% zinc stearate (F4). The properties tested according
      to ADA specifications were mixing time, setting time, compressive strength,
      strain in compression, and permanent deformation under fixed strain. For each
      property, the variances between formulations were not significantly different
      (Levene p less than 0.05) whereas means were significantly different for stress
      (ANOVA p + 0.0001; Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.0019); strain (ANOVA p = 0.0003; Kruskal
      Wallis p = 0.0228); deformation (ANOVA p = 0.0166; Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.0308).
      For the properties stress, strain, and permanent deformation under fixed strain,
      the paired differences of dust suppressants were established by using Duncan's
      multiple range test. Duomeen, instead of zinc stearate seems to be responsible
      for these effects.

PMID- 2295994
TI  - Mounting natural teeth for preclinical exercises.
AB  - Plastic teeth are commonly used to help teach students who are taking preclinical
      courses in restorative dentistry. Unfortunately, plastic teeth do not have the
      texture, anatomy, and other characteristics of natural teeth. To provide more
      realistic clinical experience for dental students, a technique is described for
      mounting natural teeth in a dentoform.

PMID- 2295995
TI  - Shade selection by color vision-defective dental personnel.
AB  - This investigation studied the impairment of Hue, Value, and Chroma matching by
      color vision-defective dental personnel. Color-defective dental personnel were
      found to make significantly greater errors in Hue and Chroma selection than
      normal-vision dental personnel. Value, the component of shade selection
      considered the most important, was uneffected. Color-normal dental assistants
      were significantly more accurate in Hue and Chroma selection than color-defective
      dental personnel and could assist affected dentists in clinical situations.

PMID- 2295996
TI  - An epilogue to evaluating the impact of P.L. 99-252 on decreasing smokeless
      tobacco use.
AB  - In a previous paper, "Evaluating the Impact of P.L. 99-252 on Decreasing
      Smokeless Tobacco Use," the context of this law and the theoretical framework for
      an evaluation plan for measuring its impact were described. In this paper, the
      methodology and selected findings from this project as well as their implications
      are discussed. This discussion includes the identification of the six indicators
      considered to be the most relevant, valid, reliable, accessible, and practical
      for measuring the impact of this law on decreasing smokeless tobacco use, as well
      as a report on the feasibility analysis of three of these indicators. Pilot data
      on two indicators--pounds of smokeless tobacco sold and incidence rates of
      tobacco-induced leukoplakia--are presented and analyzed.

PMID- 2295997
TI  - Evaluation of the comparative effectiveness of fluoride mouthrinsing, fluoride
      tablets, and both procedures in combination: interim findings after five years.
AB  - This article presents five-year interim findings of an eight-year clinical trial
      designed to compare the relative caries-preventive benefits of weekly fluoride
      mouthrinsing, daily fluoride tablet administration, and both procedures combined.
      Children in kindergarten and first grade residing in Springfield, Ohio, a
      nonfluoridated community, were assigned randomly in school to one of three groups
      that (1) rinses once a week in school with a 0.2 percent neutral NaF solution;
      (2) chews, rinses with, and then swallows daily in school a neutral 2.2 mg NaF
      tablet; or (3) carries out both procedures. At baseline (1981), 1,640
      participants were examined clinically using the DMF surface index. After five
      years, 789 children were available for reexamination. Findings show that subjects
      in the combination group experienced a mean caries increment of 1.47 DMFS, 16.5
      percent lower than the mean score of 1.76 DMFS for children in the tablet group
      and 31.3 percent lower than the 2.14 DMFS for those in the rinse group. Only the
      difference in incremental caries scores between the combined fluoride procedure
      and the fluoride rinse was statistically significant (P less than .05). Despite
      the finding of an additive caries-preventive benefit among children who followed
      the combined regimen, it would be premature to judge which procedure is best
      before results of the final examinations become known.

PMID- 2295998
TI  - Fluoride exposure in Michigan schoolchildren.
AB  - Recent trends in the prevalence of dental caries in children, as well as a
      possible increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis, have prompted some
      researchers to suggest the reassessment of water fluoride concentration
      standards. Instead of reducing water fluoride concentrations, an alternative
      approach would be to limit the use of, or reduce the fluoride concentration of,
      dentifrices, mouthrinses, and supplements. Information about the use of these
      other sources of fluoride, however, is scarce. Using data from a 1987 survey of
      Michigan schoolchildren, exposure to selected fluoride sources as well as
      toothbrushing habits are described. Responses from questionnaires revealed that,
      overall, 98.5 percent of the children have used fluoride dentifrices, 27 percent
      have used topical fluoride rinses, 72.5 percent have had at least one exposure to
      professionally applied topical fluoride, and 27 percent have used dietary
      fluoride supplements. Although the use of fluoride dietary supplements was
      appropriate for most children residing in fluoride-deficient Cadillac, the
      percentages of children in the other communities who have ingested these
      supplements suggest that these products are being prescribed improperly. Given
      the almost universal use of fluoride dentifrices at an early age, it may be time
      to investigate the use of reduced fluoride dentifrices for children. In addition,
      continuing efforts to decrease inappropriate dietary fluoride supplementation are
      required.

PMID- 2295999
TI  - Oral health status of Mexican-Americans with low and high acculturation status:
      findings from southwestern HHANES, 1982-84.
AB  - This article presents the results of a cross-sectional analysis of the prevalence
      of dental caries and periodontal disease, as well as the use of dental services,
      among 395 low acculturated dentate Mexican-Americans, 12-74 years of age,
      examined during the southwestern portion of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition
      Examination Survey (HHANES). Comparisons were carried out with 1,894 dentate
      Mexican-Americans who had high acculturation status. Mexican-American adolescents
      and adults with low acculturation status had 73 and 116 percent higher mean
      number of decayed and missing teeth, respectively, compared with those with high
      acculturation status. The differences between the two groups, however, did not
      remain statistically significant when the confounding effects of age, sex,
      education, and income status were taken into account. Gingivitis and periodontal
      pocketing were highly prevalent in both groups, but those with low acculturation
      status had significantly higher disease levels than those with high acculturation
      status. Despite the unmet dental needs and the higher prevalence of dental caries
      and periodontal disease, Mexican-Americans with low acculturation status were
      significantly less likely than those with high acculturation status to have
      dental insurance and to have visited the dentist as frequently.

PMID- 2296000
TI  - The future of the dental hygienist.

PMID- 2296001
TI  - Examiner agreement between hygienists and dentists for caries prevalence
      examinations.
AB  - Dentists have been used as examiners in caries prevalence examinations almost
      exclusively. Only rarely have dental hygienists been reported as examiners in
      these types of studies. This article describes the degree of agreement for
      prevalence data (DMFT, dmft) and specific caries prediction information collected
      by hygienist-screeners and dentist-examiners. A total of 5,233 first- and fifth
      grade children were screened by hygienist-screeners using a tongue blade only and
      then examined by dentist-examiners using an explorer and mirror. Agreement was
      analyzed in terms of percent agreement and the kappa statistic. The values for
      screener-hygienist dentist-examiner agreement were compared to interexaminer and
      interscreener reliability values. Means were also calculated for the caries
      indices. The results indicated good agreement for the caries indices between the
      screener-hygienist and dentist-examiner. Agreement for the prediction indices
      tended to be lower. The results suggest that hygienists can be used as examiners
      in caries prevalence studies.

PMID- 2296002
TI  - Dentists' and physicians' attitudes on the role of the dental health care team in
      a cardiovascular risk factor reduction program.
AB  - This study examines the attitudes of both dentists and physicians on the role of
      the dental health care team in a cardiovascular risk factor reduction program
      directed at a general "well" population. A questionnaire was sent to a stratified
      sample of primary care dentists and physicians in the Augusta, Georgia,
      metropolitan area. The questionnaire was divided into four parts: the demographic
      component and three attitude components (the affective component, the cognitive
      component, and the action component). Results showed that dentists tended to have
      a positive attitude about performing cholesterol screening, nutrition counseling,
      and blood pressure screening in the dental office. Physicians tended to be
      negative about the idea of dentists performing cholesterol screening and
      nutrition counseling and were undecided about this role for dentists in a
      cardiovascular risk factor reduction program. Both dentists and physicians had
      positive attitudes about the idea of dentists referring high cardiovascular risk
      patients to physicians, as well as about the role of dentists in blood pressure
      screening. Overall, although dentists and physicians expressed concerns about the
      role of dentists in a cardiovascular risk factor reduction program, responses of
      both groups demonstrated a willingness to explore this concept further.

PMID- 2296003
TI  - Fluoridation.

PMID- 2296004
TI  - Evaluating the impact of P.L. 99-252 on decreasing smokeless tobacco use.
AB  - Literally, Public Law 99-252 (otherwise known as the Comprehensive Smokeless
      Tobacco Health Education Act of 1986) includes provisions that are informational
      in nature. Implicitly, however, this law is considered part of the federal effort
      in disease prevention and health promotion. This paper reviews the societal and
      legislative context of that act and presents a plan to evaluate the impact of
      this law on decreasing smokeless tobacco use. The uniqueness of this plan is its
      incorporation of nine disciplinary perspectives in the derivation of indicators
      to measure process, impact, and outcome measures for decreasing smokeless tobacco
      use. A basic prevention strategy is suggested by this interdisciplinary approach.
      In addition, specific lessons could be applied from the history of successes in
      public health to decreasing smokeless tobacco use.

PMID- 2296005
TI  - P.L. 99-252 and the roles of state and local governments in decreasing smokeless
      tobacco use.
AB  - Evaluation of the impact of the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education
      Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-252) will help determine the level of progress being made to
      reduce smokeless tobacco use and will help determine changes or new strategies
      needed to prevent or reduce smokeless tobacco use. Indicators of progress made
      toward implicit goals and explicit provisions of P.L. 99-252 are proposed as
      appropriate for local, state, and federal government health agencies to address.
      Examples of roles that can be played by health agencies relative to implicit
      goals of the law are drawn from experiences of public health professionals in
      Ohio and other states. These roles relate to work with the media, research and
      evaluation, surveillance activity, support for development of materials and
      implementation of programs, and funding for community educational programs.
      Indicators to measure impact of explicit provisions of the law focus on
      provisions specified in the public education section of the law. Proposed
      indicators involve monitoring the development and availability of programs,
      materials and media, monitoring research and dissemination of findings, and
      monitoring technical assistance and grants available. Possible measurement and
      evaluation strategies are discussed. Survey methodology seems most suitable for
      monitoring level and type of anti-smokeless tobacco activity in which health
      agencies engage and for determining awareness of resources available through the
      law.

PMID- 2296006
TI  - Synthesis and biochemical studies of 7-substituted 4,6-androstadiene-3,17-diones
      as aromatase inhibitors.
AB  - Inhibitors of aromatase, the cytochrome P-450 enzyme complex responsible for the
      biosynthesis of estrogens, may be useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment
      of estrogen-dependent disease states such as breast and endometrial cancer.
      Several 7 alpha-thio-substituted androstenediones have proven to be potent
      inhibitors of aromatase in vitro and in vivo. Recent research efforts have
      focused on designing aromatase inhibitors with both substitution at C-7 and
      extended linear conjugation in rings A and B of the steroid nucleus. The targeted
      compounds, 7-substituted 4,6-androstadiene-3,17-diones 4-10, were prepared by the
      addition of either Grignard or lithium reagents to 3,3:17,17-bis(ethylenedioxy)-5
      androsten-7-one (3). Inhibitory activities of the compounds were evaluated in
      vitro by enzyme kinetic studies employing the microsomal fraction isolated from
      human term placenta. 7-Benzyl- and 7-phenethyl-4,6-androstadiene-3,17-dione
      analogues are effective inhibitors with apparent Ki's of 60.9-174 nM, while the 7
      phenyl analogue exhibited an apparent Ki of 1.424 microM. Thus, several 7
      substituted 4,6-androstadiene-3,17-diones were prepared and exhibited good
      competitive inhibition of aromatase in vitro in human placental microsomes.

PMID- 2296007
TI  - cis-diamineplatinum (II) complexes containing phosphono carboxylate ligands as
      antitumor agents.
AB  - A series of platinum complexes of the form cis-M[PtA2(PC)] (I) has been prepared
      and tested for antitumor activity in mice. Compounds in this series contain
      either two monodentate amine ligands (A), such as NH3 or isopropylamine, or one
      bidentate diamine (A2), such as ethylenediamine, 1,2-diaminopropane, or 1,2
      diaminocyclohexane. The PC ligand is a bidentate, O-bound, phosphono carboxylate
      chelate of the form -O2C(CR1R2)nPO3-, where n = 0 or 1 and R1 and R2 are chosen
      from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl, or pentanoic acid substituents. The
      resulting complexes (I) were prepared as the free acids (M = H) or as sodium
      salts (M = Na). Members of this series have demonstrated good activity in a
      number of tumor screens. A total of 18 platinum-phosphono carboxylate (Pt-PC)
      complexes were tested against Sarcoma 180 ascites (S180a) in CFW mice, with 13
      analogues showing activity above the 50% ILS level. Antitumor activity was also
      observed vs L1210 leukemia in CDF1 mice, where six of the 12 compounds tested
      gave ILS values in the 60-160% range, and vs M5076 reticulum cell sarcoma (sc
      tumor, iv drug), where four of the four compounds tested gave ILS and T-C values
      comparable to that of cisplatin. Each of the Pt-PC complexes was characterized by
      NMR (195Pt, 13C, and 31P), HPLC, and elemental analysis. These compounds, which
      are anionic at neutral pH, display excellent solubility and stability in aqueous
      media, such as phosphate-buffered saline and fetal calf serum. On the basis of a
      comparative study of BUN and serum creatinine levels in treated mice,
      representative complexes from this series are also less kidney toxic than
      cisplatin. The results of these studies demonstrate that the platinum-phosphono
      carboxylate complexes are a promising new class of antitumor agents.

PMID- 2296008
TI  - Alpha-diketone and alpha-keto ester derivatives of N-protected amino acids and
      peptides as novel inhibitors of cysteine and serine proteinases.

PMID- 2296009
TI  - Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 3. Relationships between structure and
      cytotoxicity against cultured tumor cells for substituted N,N-bis(2
      chloroethyl)anilines.
AB  - A series of aniline mustards with a wide range of electron-donating and 
      withdrawing substituents in the 3- and 4-positions has been synthesized and
      evaluated for cytotoxicity in cell culture to examine the potential of using
      nitro group deactivated nitrogen mustards for the design of novel hypoxia
      selective anticancer drugs (Denny, W. A.; Wilson, W. R. J. Med. Chem. 1986, 29,
      879). Hydrolytic half-lives in tissue culture media, determined by bioassay
      against a cell line (UV4) defective in the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links
      showed the expected dependence on the Hammett electronic parameter, sigma,
      varying from 0.13 h for the 4-amino analogue to greater than 100 h for analogues
      with strongly electron-withdrawing substituents. Cytotoxic potencies in aerobic
      UV4 cultures showed a similar dependence on sigma. This dependence predicted that
      the 4-nitroaniline mustard would be 7200-fold less potent than its potential six
      electron reduction product, the 4-amino compound, in growth inhibition assays
      using a 1-h drug exposure. The measured differential was much lower (225-fold)
      because of the instability of the latter compound, but a differential of 17,500
      fold was observed in the initial rate of killing by using a clonogenic assay. The
      potential for formation of reactive mustards by reduction to the amine or
      hydroxylamine was demonstrated by the 4-nitroso compound, which had an aerobic
      toxicity similar to that of the amine. Although these features confirmed the
      original rationale, the 3-nitro- and 4-nitroaniline mustards had only minimal
      hypoxic selectivity against UV cells. Toxicity to hypoxic cells appears to be
      limited by the low reduction potentials of these compounds and consequent lack of
      enzymatic nitroreduction. However, this study has demonstrated that nitro groups
      can be used to latentiate aromatic nitrogen mustards and indicates that examples
      with higher reduction potentials could provide useful hypoxia-selective
      therapeutic agents.

PMID- 2296010
TI  - Synthesis and in vivo antitumor activity of 2-amino-9H-purine-6-sulfenamide, 
      sulfinamide, and -sulfonamide and related purine ribonucleosides.
AB  - A number of 6-sulfenamide, 6-sulfinamide, and 6-sulfonamide derivatives of 2
      aminopurine and certain related purine ribonucleosides have been synthesized and
      evaluated for antileukemic activity in mice. Amination of 6-mercaptopurine
      ribonucleoside (7a) and 6-thioguanosine (7b) with chloramine solution gave 9-beta
      D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-sulfenamide (8a) and 2-amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine
      6-sulfenamide (sulfenosine, 8b), respectively. Selective oxidation of 8a and 8b
      with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) gave (R,S)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6
      sulfinamide (9a) and (R,S)-2-amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-sulfinamide
      (sulfinosine, 9b), respectively. However, oxidation of 8a and 8b with excess of
      MCPBA gave 9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-sulfonamide (10a) and 2-amino-9-beta-D
      ribofuranosylpurine-6-sulfonamide (sulfonosine, 10b), respectively. Similarly,
      amination of 5'-deoxy-6-thioguanosine (7c) afforded the 6-sulfenamide derivative
      (8c), which on controlled oxidation gave (R,S)-2-amino-9-(5-deoxy-beta-D
      ribofuranosyl)purine-6-sulfinamide (9c) and the corresponding 6-sulfonamide
      derivative (10c). Treatment of 6-thioguanine (12) with aqueous chloramine
      solution gave 2-amino-9H-purine-6-sulfenamide (13). Oxidation of 13 with 1 molar
      equiv of MCPBA afforded (R,S)-2-amino-9H-purine-6-sulfinamide (14), whereas the
      use of 4 molar equiv of MCPBA furnished 2-amino-9H-purine-6-sulfonamide (15). The
      resolution of R and S diastereomers of sulfinosine (9b) was accomplished by HPLC
      techniques. The structures of (R)-9b and 10b were assigned by single-crystal X
      ray diffraction studies. (R)-9b exists in the crystal structure in four
      crystallographically independent conformations. Of the 18 compounds evaluated, 13
      exhibited very significant anti-L1210 activity in mice. Sulfenosine (8b) at 22
      mg/kg per day X 1 showed a T/C of 170, whereas sulfinosine (9b) at 173 mg/kg per
      day X 1 showed a T/C of 167 against L1210 leukemia. The 5'-deoxy analogue of
      sulfinosine (9c) at 104 mg/kg per day also showed a T/C of 172. A single
      treatment with 8b, 9b, and 9c reduced body burdens of viable L1210 cells by more
      than 99.8%.

PMID- 2296011
TI  - A novel, nonsteroidal inhibitor of androgen binding to the rat androgen binding
      protein: diethyl [[[3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl)-4-fluorophenyl]amino]methylene]
      propanedioate.
AB  - In vitro binding studies demonstrate the binding specificity of a series of 4
      aryl-2,6-dimethylpyridines for the rat epididymal androgen binding protein
      (rABP). The compounds bound competitively to rABP but have very weak or no
      demonstrable affinity for rat ventral prostate androgen receptor and human sex
      hormone binding globulin. In particular, compound 11, diethyl [[[3-(2,6-dimethyl
      4-pyridinyl)-4-fluorphenyl]amino]methylene] propanedioate, bound with high
      affinity to rABP (binding affinity about 1/3 that of the endogenous ligand 5
      alpha-dihydrotestosterone). However, additional in vitro binding studies
      indicated that 11 did not bind to testicular or epididymal ABP from rabbit,
      rhesus monkey, and human. Nevertheless, the specificity and relatively high
      affinity of these nonsteroidal compounds make them unique and potentially ideal
      agents for the study of the role of ABP in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation
      in the rat.

PMID- 2296012
TI  - Aromatic thiazole derivatives: structurally novel and selective serotonin-3
      receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2296013
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of antifilarial antimycin analogues: a
      multivariate pattern recognition study.
AB  - The structure-activity relationships of a series of novel antifilarial antimycin
      A1 analogues have been investigated by using computational chemistry and
      multivariate statistical techniques. The physiochemical descriptors calculated in
      this way contained information which was useful in the classification of
      compounds according to their in vitro antifilarial activity. This approach
      generated a 53 parameter descriptor set, which was reduced with a multivariate
      pattern recognition package, ARTHUR. Regression analysis of the reduced set
      yielded several statistically significant regression equations; e.g.-log in vitro
      activity = 0.017 mp + 0.65 log P - 0.81ESDL10-7.33 (R = 0.9). With use of this
      equation, it was possible to make predictions for further untested analogues. The
      analysis indicated that membrane or lipid solubility is an important determinant
      in biological activity agreeing with the proposed primary mode of action of the
      compounds as disrupters of cuticular glucose uptake.

PMID- 2296014
TI  - Inhibition of monoamine oxidases A and B by simple isoquinoline alkaloids:
      racemic and optically active 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-, 3,4-dihydro-, and fully
      aromatic isoquinolines.
AB  - A series of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-, 3,4-dihydro-, and fully aromatic isoquinolines
      were tested as substrates and/or inactivators of highly purified human monoamine
      oxidase A and B (MAO A and B). None were found to be a substrate for either
      enzyme, but many of these isoquinolines could selectively inhibit either MAO A or
      B. Stereoselective competitive inhibition of MAO A was found with the R
      enantiomer of all the stereoisomers tested, including salsolinol (Ki = 31
      microM), salsoline (Ki = 77 microM), salsolidine (Ki = 6 microM), and carnegine
      (Ki = 2 microM). As a class, the 3,4-dihydro-isoquinolines were the most potent
      inhibitors tested (Ki = 2-130 microM), and the fully aromatic isoquinolines had
      intermediate activity (Ki = 17-130 microM) against MAO A. In contrast, only a few
      of these compounds markedly inhibited MAO B. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline, its
      2-methyl derivative, and o-methylcorypalline gave apparent Ki values of 15, 1,
      and 29 microM, respectively, and two 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines (compounds 22 and
      25) showed substantial inhibition of MAO B (Ki = 76 and 15 microM, respectively).
      These results support the concept that the topography of the inhibitor binding
      site differs in MAO A and B.

PMID- 2296016
TI  - Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some new 2-substituted 3-aryl-4(3H)
      quinazolinones.
AB  - A series of 4(3H)-quinazolinones structurally related to 2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)
      quinazolinone (methaqualone, 3) were synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant
      activity. Preliminary screening of these compounds revealed that 2-[2-oxo-2-(4
      pyridyl)ethyl]-3-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinones 6l and 8i, 8k, and 8p-r having a
      single ortho substituent on the 3-aryl group had the most promising
      anticonvulsant activity. Compounds 6l and 8i possessing 3-o-tolyl and 3-o
      chlorophenyl groups, respectively, showed good protection against MES- and scMet
      induced seizures, combined with relatively low neurotoxicity after
      intraperitoneal administration in mice. They also exhibited low toxicity in tests
      for determining the mean hypnotic dose (HD50) and the median lethal dose (LD50).
      Although these compounds were markedly more potent as anticonvulsants when
      administered orally in mice and rats, they were also more neurotoxic. This
      neurotoxicity was particularly acute in oral tests with rats, which resulted in
      marginal protective indices. In drug differentiation tests, compound 6l was
      ineffective against seizures induced by bicuculline, picrotoxin, and strychnine,
      while 8i showed some protection against picrotoxin-induced seizures.

PMID- 2296015
TI  - Indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines. Syntheses, steroid hormone receptor binding
      affinities, and cytostatic activity.
AB  - A number of acetoxy-substituted 5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines were
      synthesized and tested for binding affinity for steroid hormone receptors. All of
      the derivatives bind to the estrogen receptor with RBA values ranging from 1.5 to
      17 (17 beta-estradiol = 100). Some of them show binding affinities for the
      androgen receptor as well. In the mouse uterine weight test, the tetracycles
      proved to be weak estrogens with partial antagonistic activity. All of the
      compounds were tested in vitro for cytostatic activity with hormone-independent
      MDA-MB 231 and hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells. A cytostatic effect
      was found in both cell lines. The comparison of results exhibited a stronger
      inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells only for compounds with high binding affinity
      for the estrogen receptor. For those derivatives, it can be assumed that the
      growth inhibition is partly mediated by the estrogen receptor.

PMID- 2296017
TI  - Structure-activity relationship of anthracyclines in vitro.
AB  - The cytotoxic activities of several natural and semisynthetic anthracyclines
      against L1210 leukemia and two human colon tumor cells (Colon 4, HT 29) in vitro
      were examined after short (1 h) and long (7 days) incubation times and correlated
      with the water/octanol partition coefficients and the DNA-binding affinity of the
      compounds. Analysis of equation in which cytotoxicity against L1210 (1-h
      incubation) was parabolically related to the partition coefficient revealed an
      almost exclusive correlation (r = 0.80) between the cytotoxicity and the
      parameters, and this correlation was only slightly improved by addition of DNA
      binding affinity (r = 0.85). On the other hand, cytotoxic activities displayed
      after continuous incubation were partially related to both partition coefficients
      (parabolic dependence) and DNA-binding affinities (linear dependence). In this
      case the correlation between the activity and partition coefficient (r = 0.67)
      was significantly improved by addition of DNA-binding affinity (r = 0.90).
      Similar results were also obtained for human colon tumor cells although the
      corresponding correlation coefficients were generally of lower value, indicating
      that cytotoxic activity of anthracyclines against these primary resistant cells
      may be influenced by additional factors not yet determined.

PMID- 2296018
TI  - Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy 2,6
      disubstituted purine nucleosides.
AB  - (+-)-cis-[4-[(2,5-Diamino-6-chloropyrimidinyl)amino]-2- cyclopentenyl]carbinol
      (5a) was synthesized from 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine and cis-4
      (hydroxymethyl)cyclopentenylamine (2a) by subsequent preparation of the 5-[(4
      chlorophenyl)azo] derivative of the resulting pyrimidine (3a) and reduction of
      the azo moiety with zinc and acetic acid. The carbocyclic analogue of 2',3'
      didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy 2-amino-6-chloropurine (6a) and the corresponding 8
      azapurine (9a) were prepared from 5a. The carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'
      dideoxy analogues of guanine (7a) and 2,6-diaminopurine (8a), and 8-azaguanine
      (10a) and 8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine (11a) were prepared from 6a and 9a,
      respectively. The corresponding 2',3'-saturated series of 2-amino-6-substituted
      purine carbocyclic nucleosides was prepared following the same scheme starting
      with cis-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentylamine (2b). Carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro
      2',3'-dideoxyguanosine (carbovir, 7a) emerged as a potent and selective anti-HIV
      agent. Its hydrolytic stability and its ability to inhibit the infectivity and
      replication of HIV in T-cells at concentrations of approximately 200-400-fold
      below toxic concentrations make carbovir an excellent candidate for development
      as a potential antiretroviral agent.

PMID- 2296019
TI  - Inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. 1. trans-6-(2-pyrrol-1-ylethyl)-4
      hydroxypyran-2-ones, a novel series of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. 1. Effects
      of structural modifications at the 2- and 5-positions of the pyrrole nucleus.
AB  - A novel series of trans-6-(2-pyrrol-1-ylethyl)-4-hydroxypyran-2-ones and their
      dihydroxy acid derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their ability to
      inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase in vitro. A systematic study of substitution
      at the 2- and 5-positions of the pyrrole ring revealed that optimum potency was
      realized with the 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-isopropyl derivative 8x, which possessed
      30% of the in vitro activity of the potent fungal metabolite compactin (I). A
      molecular modeling analysis led to the description of a pharmacophore model
      characterized by (A) length limits of 5.9 and 3.3 A for the 2- and 5
      substituents, respectively, as well as an overall width limit of 10.6 A across
      the pyrrole ring from the 2- to the 5-substituent and (B) an orientation of the
      ethyl(ene) bridge to the 4-hydroxypyran-2-one ring nearly perpendicular to the
      planes of the parent pyrrole, hexahydronaphthalene, and phenyl rings of the
      structures examined (Figure 3, theta = 80-110 degrees). Attempts to more closely
      mimic compactin's polar isobutyric ester side chain with the synthesis of 2
      phenylpyrroles containing polar phenyl substituents resulted in analogues with
      equal or slightly reduced potencies when compared to the 2-[(unsubstituted or 4
      fluoro)phenyl]pyrroles, supporting the hypothesis that inhibitory potency is
      relatively insensitive to side-chain polarity or charge distribution in this
      area.

PMID- 2296020
TI  - Synthesis and antifolate properties of 9-alkyl-10-deazaminopterins.
AB  - Reformatski condensation of benzyl 2-bromopropionate with 4
      carbomethoxybenzaldehyde, followed by dehydration afforded benzyl 2-methyl-p
      carbomethoxycinnamate (4a). Hydrogenation over a Pd catalyst gave the
      hydrocinnamic acid 5a. Conversion to the chloromethyl (6a) and azidomethyl ketone
      (7a) was followed by hydrogenation to the aminomethyl ketone (8a). Direct N
      alkylation by 2,4-diamino-5-nitro-6-chloropyrimidine followed by reductive ring
      closure in Zn-HOAc and subsequent saponification of the benzoate ester yielded 4
      amino-4-deoxy-9-methyl-10-deazapteroic acid (11a). Coupling with diethyl L
      glutamate and saponification afforded 9-methyl-10-deazaminopterin (13a). The 9
      ethyl analogue (13b) was similarly prepared from benzyl 2-bromobutyrate. The 9
      methyl analogue (13a) was 21 times more potent than MTX as an inhibitor of cell
      growth in L1210 cells. The reason for this enhanced cytotoxicity in L1210 is
      unclear, since enzyme inhibition and transport parameters were similar to those
      of MTX. In human Manca leukemia cells growth inhibition was not dramatic and
      paralleled MTX.

PMID- 2296021
TI  - Antihypertensive dihydropyridines with 1,4,4-trisubstitution.
AB  - Dihydropyridines with 1,4,4-trisubstitution were synthesized and tested for
      antihypertensive activity in a spontaneously hypertensive rat model. This
      substitution pattern on the dihydropyridine nucleus differs markedly from that
      found most active in the structure-activity relationship established for
      nifedipine-like compounds. However, some were found to significantly lower blood
      pressure at testing doses (30 mg/kg, ip and 100 mg/kg, po) for up to 24 h. Methyl
      1,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-1-pyridinepropanoate (2-1), for example, lowered blood
      pressure 71 mmHg at 30 mg/kg, ip and the effect endured for greater than 24 h.
      Unlike prototypical dihydropyridines such as nifedipine, these compounds did not
      seem to have any effect on calcium channels.

PMID- 2296022
TI  - Alkylation of DNA by C-10 of 2,7-diaminomitosene.
AB  - Mitomycin C and certain analogues alkylate DNA with their C-1 position and cross
      link it by a second alkylation involving C-10. We now show that monoalkylation by
      C-10 (carbamate group) can occur for mitosene analogues that have no reactive C-1
      functionality. Sodium dithionite reduction of 2,7-diaminomitosene or 2,7-diamino
      1-hydroxymitosene in the presence of calf thymus DNA resulted in alkylation of
      the DNA to the extent of one molecule per 14 and 11 bases, respectively, although
      no covalent binding was observed on catalytic reduction. Reduction of each of
      these mitosenes by sodium dithionite in the presence of 2'-deoxyguanosine gave
      monoalkylation on the 2-amino group of this nucleotide. The 2,7-diaminomitosenes
      inhibited L-1210 leukemia cell colony formation in vitro at concentrations 3-4
      fold greater (less potent) than mitomycin C. DNA single-strand breaks were also
      produced by each mitosene, but these lesions did not correlate with cytotoxicity
      and were less prominent than breaks produced by another monofunctional alkylating
      agent, methyl methanesulfonate. Mitosene-induced DNA strand breaks are probably
      due to excission-repair endonuclease activity and not from oxygen free radicals
      produced by redox cycling of the quinone moiety. There was no evidence of DNA-DNA
      cross-links by either 2,7-diaminomitosene.

PMID- 2296023
TI  - 1-(substituted-benzyl)imidazole-2(3H)-thione inhibitors of dopamine beta
      hydroxylase.
AB  - Molecular shape and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses
      of 52 1-(substituted-benzyl)-imidazole-2(3H)-thione inhibitors of dopamine beta
      hydroxylase were carried out. QSARs were developed for sets of 45 and sets of 47
      analogues. Molecular shape, as represented by common overlap steric volume and
      the composite charge density on carbons 3, 4, and 5 of the substituted-benzyl
      ring are the major inhibition-potency descriptors. Five of the 52 compounds were
      eliminated prior to analyses on the basis of difficulties in characterizing shape
      and charge state. Two compounds were outliers. The active conformation deduced in
      the analyses is a low-energy conformer for both active and inactive inhibitors.
      This suggests that the intrinsic shape of the molecule due to the selection of X
      is more important than torsion-angle selection for the bonds between the two
      rings. The QSARs found in this study have only general similarities to one put
      forth by Kruse et al. using linear free energy descriptors.

PMID- 2296024
TI  - Tertiary 2-haloethylamine derivatives of the muscarinic agent McN-A-343, [4-[[N
      (3-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]oxy]-2-butynyl]trimethylammonium chloride.
AB  - 4-[(2-Chloroethyl)methylamino]-2-butynyl N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate (2) and 4
      [(2-bromoethyl)methylamino]-2-butynyl N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate (3) were
      synthesized. Compounds 2 and 3 cyclized at neutral pH to an aziridinium ion (4).
      The rate constants for the cyclization of 2 and 3 at 37 degrees C were about 0.01
      and 0.4 min-1, respectively, as measured by titrimetric analysis and by 1H NMR
      spectroscopy. The aziridinium ion had 1/4 the potency of McN-A-343 (1) as a
      ganglionic muscarinic stimulant in the anesthetized, pentolinium-treated rat but
      showed no muscarinic effects on the isolated guinea pig ileum. It caused
      alkylation of muscarinic receptors in homogenates of the rat cerebral cortex. An
      irreversible blockade of central muscarinic receptors was also observed after
      intravenous administration of 3 to mice. Because of its selectivity, irreversible
      actions, and ability to pass into the central nervous system, 3 should become a
      valuable tool in studies of muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2296025
TI  - Cationic antiprotozoal drugs. Trypanocidal activity of 2-(4'
      formylphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinium guanylhydrazones and related derivatives of
      quaternary heteroaromatic compounds.
AB  - A series of quaternary 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridinum salts has been prepared
      and evaluated for antiparasitic activity. Primary attention was focused on
      derivatives with amido, substituted hydrazone, and heterocyclic functionality at
      the para position of the phenyl substituent. Guanylhydrazones and N-substituted
      guanylhydrazones of the 4'-formyl-substituted compounds are very active against
      the blood state Trypanosoma rhodesiense in mice by subcutaneous or oral
      administration. The most potent compounds attain 100% survival for 30 days at
      doses of less than 1.0 mg/kg (sc) and greater than 5.0 mg/kg (po). Weaker
      activity is noted for certain other 4'-substituents such as carboxamidines and
      carboxamide oximes. Considerable variation in structure, including replacing of
      the imidazo [1,2-a]pyridinium ring by other cationic heterocyclic rings and
      insertion of linking groups between the heterocyclic ring and phenyl group, can
      be done, and a high level of activity is maintained. Relationships between these
      structural changes and biological activity are discussed.

PMID- 2296026
TI  - Synthesis of some 3-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl) 3-amino-2-hydroxy-2
      phenylpropionates: profile of antimuscarinic efficacy and selectivity.
AB  - A series of 3-quinuclidinyl atrolactate [3-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl) 2-hydroxy-2
      phenylpropionate, QNA] derivatives in which the methyl group of the parent is
      substituted with a tertiary amino substituent was prepared and tested for
      antimuscarinic activity. In general, potency was markedly decreased, although the
      morpholinyl and thiomorpholinyl derivatives retained significant activity. These
      compounds were also examined for muscarinic receptor subtype selectivity. Their
      subtype selectivities were comparable to that of (R,R)-QNA. The results of this
      investigation suggest possible differences in the accessory binding sites of the
      proteinaceous receptor subtypes.

PMID- 2296027
TI  - Inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. 2. 1,3,5-trisubstituted [2-(tetrahydro-4
      hydroxy-2-oxopyran-6-yl)ethyl]pyrazoles.
AB  - A series of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazole mevalonolactones were prepared and
      evaluated for their ability to inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase in vitro.
      Since previous studies suggested that the 5-(4-fluorophenyl) and 3-(1
      methylethyl) substituents afforded optimum potency, attention was focused on
      variations in position 1 of the pyrazole ring. Biological evaluation of analogues
      bearing a variety of 1-substituents suggested that, although most substituents
      were tolerated, none afforded an advantage over phenyl, which exhibited potency
      comparable to that of compactin in vitro.

PMID- 2296029
TI  - Growth inhibition and induction of cellular differentiation of human myeloid
      leukemia cells in culture by carbamoyl congeners of ribavirin.
AB  - A series of 1,2,3-triazole (2), pyrazole (3 and 5), and pyrrole (4)
      ribonucleosides with two adjacent carbamoyl groups have been synthesized and
      evaluated for cell growth inhibition and induction of cellular differentiation of
      HL-60 cells in culture. Glycosylation of the TMS derivatives of dimethyl 1,2,3
      triazole-4,5-dicarboxylate (6) and diethyl pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxylate (7) with 1
      O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D- ribofuranose (8) in the presence of TMS triflate
      gave predominantly the beta-nucleosides 9 and 14, respectively. Ammonolysis of 9
      and 14 furnished 2-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxamide (2) and
      1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrazole-3,4-dicarboxamide (3), respectively.
      Stereoselective ring annulation of 1-deoxy-1-hydrazinyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-
      ribose (16) with tetracyanoethylene (15) gave 5-amino-1-(2,3-O-isopropylidene
      beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazole-3,4- dicarbonitrile (17). Deisopropylidenation of
      17, followed by oxidative hydrolysis of the reaction product (18), gave the 5
      amino derivative of 3 (5). Stereospecific glycosylation of the sodium salt of
      preformed diethyl pyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylate (22) with 1-chloro-2,3-O
      isopropylidene-5-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-alpha-D- ribofuranose (23) was
      accomplished to furnish blocked nucleoside 24, which on ammonolysis and
      deisopropylidenation gave 1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrole-3,4-dicarboxamide (4).
      The structures of 2 and 3 were assigned by single-crystal X-ray diffraction
      studies, which showed extensive inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
      Nucleosides 2-5 are devoid of significant cytotoxic properties against L1210 and
      WI-L2 leukemia cells in culture. However, these compounds were found to be
      inducers of cellular differentiation of HL-60 cells in the range of 30-60 microM
      and were comparable to ribavirin in this regard.

PMID- 2296028
TI  - N-phenyl-2-pyridinecarbothioamides as gastric mucosal protectants.
AB  - A series of substituted 2-pyridinecarbothioamides was synthesized and evaluated
      for gastric mucosal protectant activity in the rat. Out of this investigation N
      (3,5-difluorophenyl)-2- pyridinecarbothioamide (23, AY-31,574) was identified.
      This compound was much more potent than sucralfate and ranitidine against ethanol
      induced lesions. Compound 23 was equipotent with ranitidine against gastric
      injury caused by stress. Unlike ranitidine, 23 was found to be devoid of
      antisecretory activity in the pylorus-ligated rat model, making it a selective
      mucosal protectant. Such a potent selective mucosal protectant may provide a
      novel clinical approach in treating ulcers.

PMID- 2296030
TI  - Orally effective acid prodrugs of the beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam.
AB  - Sulbactam (1) is a beta-lactamase inhibitor with limited oral bioavailability.
      Lipophilic double-ester prodrug sulbactam pivoxil (2) significantly improves the
      oral absorption of sulbactam, as does the mutual prodrug double ester
      sultamicillin (3). We have found that double-ester prodrugs of sulbactam
      terminating in a carboxyl group (8) also were effective oral-delivery vehicles in
      rats. Carboxyl-terminated double esters have several potential advantages over
      their nonionizable lipophilic counterparts, including water solubility,
      crystallinity, choice of salts for dosage forms, and formation of innocuous
      byproducts on hydrolysis.

PMID- 2296031
TI  - Synthesis of peptidyl fluoromethyl ketones and peptidyl alpha-keto esters as
      inhibitors of porcine pancreatic elastase, human neutrophil elastase, and rat and
      human neutrophil cathepsin G.
AB  - Comparison of MeO-Suc-Val-Pro-Phe-CO2Me (29) and MeO-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe- CO2Me
      (25) with their corresponding trifluoromethyl ketones 9a and 9b, respectively, in
      rat and human neutrophil cathepsin G assays showed the alpha-keto esters to be
      more potent inhibitors. Likewise, Ac-Pro-Ala-Pro-Ala-CO2Me (21) was more potent
      than its corresponding trifluoromethyl ketone (9c) in both porcine pancreatic
      elastase and human neutrophil elastase assays. Within a set of Ala-Ala-Pro-Val
      CF3 elastase inhibitors, the carbobenzyloxy (Cbz) N-protecting group conferred
      greater potency as a P5 site recognition unit for elastase than did dansyl,
      methoxysuccinyl, or tert-butyloxycarbonyl. Initial inhibition of elastase was
      greater when trifluoromethyl ketone 9f was added from a stock solution of
      dimethyl sulfoxide than when it had been buffer-equilibrated prior to assay,
      which suggests that the nonhydrated ketone is the more effective form of the
      inhibitor. The most potent elastase inhibitor we report is Na-(Ad-SO2)-N epsilon
      (MeO-Suc)Lys-Pro-Val-CF3 (16) which has a Ki of 0.58 nM.

PMID- 2296032
TI  - Estrogen synthetase inhibitors. 2. Comparison of the in vitro aromatase
      inhibitory activity for a variety of nitrogen heterocycles substituted with
      diarylmethane or diarylmethanol groups.
AB  - The preparation and in vitro aromatase inhibitory activity of a wide variety of
      heterocyclic (4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl)methanes and -methanols are described. The
      choice of the two diaryl-bearing moieties as a vehicle for the evaluation of the
      heterocycles was made by the comparison of series of imidazole and pyridine
      derived compounds with similar pyrimidine compounds reported previously. A
      structural model for the most active compounds is also presented. The activity of
      a related series of the compounds which contain two heterocyclic moieties was
      found to be consistent with the model. Many of the compounds evaluated, including
      representatives of the pyridine, imidazole, pyrimidine, pyrazole, triazole,
      thiazole, and isothiazole classes, exhibit EC50 potencies for aromatase
      inhibition at low nanomolar levels. These compounds are at least as potent as
      other nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors reported previously.

PMID- 2296033
TI  - Synthesis and structure-affinity of a series of 7 alpha-undecylestradiol
      derivatives: a potential vector for therapy and imaging of estrogen-receptor
      positive cancers.
AB  - A series of 7 alpha-undecylestradiol derivatives, featuring various substituents
      at the end of the undecyl spacer chain, were synthesized and evaluated for their
      interaction with the estrogen receptor and nonreceptor sites. Their relative
      binding affinities (RBA) for calf uterine estrogen receptors were measured by
      competitive binding assays and varied between 0.5 and 8.4% of that of unlabeled
      17 beta-estradiol. Enhanced lipophilicity and steric hindrance of the substituent
      on the end of the spacer chain resulted in decreased binding affinity for the
      estrogen receptor, while interactions with nonreceptor sites increased. RBA
      values were not affected by prolonged incubation times, suggesting a stable
      ligand-receptor complex. The potential to use the 7 alpha-undecylestradiol as a
      vector for site-selective delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic moieties to
      estrogen-receptor-positive human cancers is discussed.

PMID- 2296035
TI  - 5-[(Aminoalkyl)amino]imidazo[4,5,1-de]acridin-6-ones as a novel class of
      antineoplastic agents. Synthesis and biological activity.
AB  - A new class of antineoplastic agents, the 5-substituted imidazo[4,5,1-de]acridin
      6-ones with an (aminoalkyl)amino group in the side chain, has been made. These
      compounds were synthesized by reduction of 1-substituted 4-nitroacridin-9(10H)
      ones and subsequent reaction of the derived amines with carboxylic acids. Their
      cytotoxic activity against HeLaS3 cells in tissue culture and in vivo antitumor
      activity against P388 leukemia in mice was demonstrated. A strict relationship
      between the antineoplastic activity and the number of methylene spacers between
      proximal and distal nitrogens in the side chain was established.

PMID- 2296034
TI  - Synthesis, structure, and antiparasitic activity of sulfamoyl derivatives of
      ribavirin.
AB  - The triazole nucleoside derivatives 1-(5'-O-sulfamoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)
      [1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxamide (2), 1-(5'-O-sulfamoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)
      [1,2,4]triazole-3-thiocarboxamide (3), and 1-(5'-O-sulfamoyl-beta-D
      ribofuranosyl)-[1,2,4]triazole-3- carbonitrile (4) were synthesized. Suitably
      protected triazole nucleosides were converted to their corresponding 5'-sulfamoyl
      derivatives, which on subsequent deprotection gave the desired compounds in good
      yields. The structures of compounds 2-4 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic
      analysis. All three compounds showed significant antiparasitic activity in vitro,
      while 2 showed significant activity in vivo against Leishmania donovani and
      Trypanosoma brucei.

PMID- 2296036
TI  - Synthesis and biological activity of new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. 1.
      Lactones of pyridine- and pyrimidine-substituted 3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoic (
      heptanoic) acids.
AB  - Lactones of pyridine- and pyrimidine-substituted 3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoic (
      heptanoic) acids 2-4 have been synthesized. Extensive exploration of structure
      activity relationships led to several compounds exceeding the inhibitory activity
      of mevinolin (1b) on HMG-CoA reductase, both in vitro and in vivo. First clinical
      trials with 2i (HR 780) are in preparation.

PMID- 2296037
TI  - DNA intercalating properties of tetrahydro-9-aminoacridines. Synthesis and 23Na
      NMR spin-lattice relaxation time measurements.
AB  - A series of 9-(arylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridines, including the tetrahydro m
      AMSA [N-[4-(acridin-9-yl-amino)-3- methoxyphenyl]methanesulfonamide] derivative,
      has been synthesized. 23Na NMR spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) measurements
      have been used to study whether these hydrogenated acridines were capable of
      intercalative binding to calf thymus DNA. The results have been compared to
      corresponding measurements for 9-aminoacridine, m-AMSA, and MgCl2. All compounds
      studied were capable of intercalative binding to DNA. However, it was found that
      the interaction was strongly influenced by substituents on the 9-arylamino group.
      Thus, tetrahydro m-AMSA was found to intercalate much more weakly with DNA than m
      AMSA. Removal of the 3'-methoxy substituent of the 9-arylamino group resulted in
      intercalation in DNA that was almost as strong as that for m-AMSA.

PMID- 2296038
TI  - Cyclization-activated prodrugs. Basic carbamates of 4-hydroxyanisole.
AB  - A series of basic carbamates of 4-hydroxyanisole was prepared and evaluated as
      progenitors of this melanocytotoxic phenol. All of the carbamates were relatively
      stable at low pH but released 4-hydroxyanisole cleanly at pH 7.4 at rates that
      were structure dependent. A detailed study of the N-methyl-N-[2
      (methylamino)ethyl]carbamate showed that generation of the parent phenol followed
      first-order kinetics with t1/2 = 36.3 min at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C, and was
      accompanied by formation of N,N'-dimethylimidazolidinone. These basic carbamates
      are examples of cyclization-activated prodrugs in which generation of the active
      drug is not linked to enzymatic cleavage but rather depends solely upon a
      predictable, intramolecular cyclization-elimination reaction.

PMID- 2296039
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by the detection of a fatty acid marker
      in CSF with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring.
AB  - A chemical marker of bacterial meningitis was sought by comparing derivatives of
      sterile cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with cultures of organisms in spinal fluid and
      artificial media. The technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with
      selected ion monitoring (GC-MS-SIM) was used, optimised for the analysis of fatty
      acids. Twenty candidate ions were screened, and an ion of mass: charge ratio
      (m/e) 268 was chosen for detection in clinical specimens. The origin of this
      marker is unknown, but it is probably the molecular ion of a C16:1 fatty acid. In
      135 clinical specimens of CSF examined, the m/e 268 ion was found to be a useful
      marker for the common organisms that cause bacterial meningitis, giving a
      sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 98%. The method was more rapid and more
      sensitive than conventional microscopy and culture, but CSF containing coagulase
      negative staphylococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans and
      some other uncommon pathogens gave inconsistent results. Many organisms produced
      characteristic ion profiles with multiple-ion monitoring, and this method of
      chemical analysis holds promise for the rapid diagnosis of bacterial infections
      to genus or species level.

PMID- 2296040
TI  - The effect of antibiotics that inhibit cell-wall, protein, and DNA synthesis on
      the growth and morphology of Legionella pneumophila.
AB  - The response of Legionella pneumophila to antibiotics that inhibit cell-wall,
      protein and DNA synthesis was examined by electronmicroscopy, MIC estimations and
      viable counts. Ampicillin, cefotaxime, methicillin, erythromycin, rifampicin and
      ciprofloxacin, each used separately at 20 times their respective MIC values,
      showed activity against L. pneumophila in these studies. The inhibitors of cell
      wall synthesis--ampicillin, cefotaxime and methicillin--effected the greatest
      bactericidal activity and induced the most extensive morphological changes, which
      included the formation of membranous lesions through which cytoplasmic contents
      were lost. In terms of ultrastructural damage and loss of viability, the
      inhibitors of protein and DNA synthesis were less effective than the antibiotics
      that acted on the microbial cell wall. Erythromycin- and rifampicin-treated cells
      possessed irregular membranes and were partially or fully lysed, whereas
      ciprofloxacin induced abnormally elongated organisms with intermittently lysed
      and detached inner membranes. These results illustrated the ability of
      antibiotics of putative clinical value, with diverse modes of action, to affect
      the ultrastructural cytology as well as the viability of L. pneumophila in vitro.

PMID- 2296041
TI  - Typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by antibiotic resistance
      phenotypes.
AB  - The identification of new epidemic strains of methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus is essential for rapid, effective infection control. We
      have developed a typing method which uses antibiotic sensitivity patterns to
      differentiate methicillin-resistant S. aureus and which is faster and more cost
      effective than biochemical analysis or bacteriophage typing. Characterisation of
      phenotypes which are chromosomally-encoded, plasmid- or chromosomally-encoded or
      exclusively plasmid-mediated has enabled us to separate Australian strains of
      methicillin-resistant S. aureus into 11 classes, representatives of which were
      indistinguishable by bacteriophage type, or plasmid profile alone. The value of
      this procedure is thus clearly shown.

PMID- 2296043
TI  - Enigma of therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2296042
TI  - Genetic control of cancer metastasis.

PMID- 2296044
TI  - Earlier end points sought for clinical trials.

PMID- 2296045
TI  - Quality of life gets equal consideration as a clinical trial end point.

PMID- 2296046
TI  - Food labeling: tell whole truth, nothing but truth.

PMID- 2296047
TI  - Perspective: cancer research in the 1980s.

PMID- 2296048
TI  - Smoking during the eighties: a waning flame.

PMID- 2296049
TI  - Isolation of gene associated with high metastatic potential in rat mammary
      adenocarcinomas.
AB  - This report describes our isolation of pGM21, a novel gene showing enhanced
      expression in rat mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines with high metastatic
      potential. We constructed a library of 25,000 complementary DNA (cDNA) clones
      enriched for genes associated with metastasis. To build this library, we
      hybridized messenger RNA (mRNA) from a poorly metastatic rat mammary
      adenocarcinoma cell line (DMBA8) with cDNA from the highly metastatic variant
      line (DMBA8 ascites). One-fifth of the library was screened by differential cDNA
      hybridization. After three rounds of screening, we had isolated 14 cDNA clones
      that showed higher mRNA expression in the more metastatic cells. When we used
      Northern blot screening of these cDNA clones against several related rat mammary
      adenocarcinoma cell lines and a line that was independently derived, one of the
      clones showed levels of expression consistently correlating with high metastatic
      potential. Southern blot analysis indicated that no gene rearrangement or
      amplification accounted for this change. Partial sequencing of this isolated
      clone revealed a 45-nucleotide segment homologous to mRNA from human elongation
      factor 1 subunit alpha, which is involved in protein synthesis. Our results
      demonstrate that overexpression of the gene corresponding to pGM21 may be
      important in the development of metastasis.

PMID- 2296050
TI  - Interferon alfa-2a combined with phototherapy in the treatment of cutaneous T
      cell lymphoma.
AB  - Escalating doses of recombinant interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A), administered
      intramuscularly three times weekly, combined with psoralen plus ultraviolet light
      irradiation (PUVA), were tested in a phase I trial for the therapy of patients
      with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). Interferon doses were escalated in groups
      of three patients from 6 million to 30 million IUs three times weekly. Disease
      stages ranged from IB to IVB. Eighty percent of the patients entered in this
      trial had failed at least one prior therapy. Complete remissions were obtained in
      12 of 15 patients, and partial responses were seen in two of 15 patients, for an
      overall response rate of 93%. The median duration of response exceeded 13 months
      (range, 3-15+). All patients who responded have been maintained on therapy. The
      dose-limiting toxic effects were constitutional symptoms such as fevers and
      malaise (93.3%), leukopenias (40.0%), mental status changes consisting of
      depression and confusion (33.3%), and photosensitivity (26.6%). These side
      effects were reversible with a decrement in dose or discontinuation of the
      interferon. No patient tolerated 30 million IU of the interferon for extended
      periods; the maximally tolerated dose was 18 million IU. Interferon plus PUVA
      appears to be a highly effective regimen for the treatment of patients with CTCL.
      Phase II studies investigating this combination, using 18 million IU of
      interferon alfa-2a three times weekly, should be undertaken to expand these
      findings, and to attempt to reduce the toxic effects associated with this
      therapy.

PMID- 2296051
TI  - Serum protease inhibitor abrogation of Newcastle disease virus enhancement of
      cytolysis by recombinant tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta.
AB  - Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been used to induce regression of tumors in
      human cancer patients. We recently demonstrated that human malignant melanoma
      cells resistant to the lytic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
      become susceptible after treatment with NDV. We examined the effects of a serine
      protease inhibitor, N-1-tosylamide-2-phenyl-ethyl-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), on
      viral enhancement of TNF cytotoxicity. Virulent NDV (but neither heat- nor UV
      inactivated NDV) induced a 100-fold increase in the sensitivity of murine
      fibroblast L929 cells to recombinant human TNF-alpha (rHuTNF-alpha), rHuTNF-beta,
      and recombinant murine TNF-alpha (rMuTNF-alpha). TPCK, which is an inhibitor of
      chymotrypsin-like proteases, blocked between 42% and 93% of the cytolytic
      activity of rMuTNF-alpha, rHuTNF-alpha, and rHuTNF-beta toward NDV-treated L929
      cells. Similarly, TPCK abrogated 62% of the cytotoxicity of rMuTNF-alpha toward
      dactinomycin-treated L929 cells. In contrast, TPCK had no effect on WEHI 164
      clone 13 cells, a murine fibrosarcoma cell line that is much more sensitive to
      the lytic effects of TNF and does not show enhanced sensitivity to TNF after
      treatment with either NDV or dactinomycin. These results suggest a role for a
      cellular protease in the mechanism by which some viruses sensitize tumor cells to
      the cytolytic activity of TNF.

PMID- 2296052
TI  - Mutagenic cervical mucus in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

PMID- 2296053
TI  - Low- versus high-dose interferon alfa-2a in relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma.

PMID- 2296054
TI  - Erratum: Drug resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells during recovery from
      severe hypoxia.

PMID- 2296055
TI  - Intestinal injuries missed by computed tomography.
AB  - Isolated intestinal injuries are frequently difficult to diagnose using only
      physical examination and routine laboratory studies. Between 1980 and 1988, ten
      patients were identified who had intestinal injuries and had computed tomographic
      (CT) scans before operation. For none of these scans was the initial reading
      considered diagnostic of intestinal injury. All patients came to laparotomy from
      2 hours to 3 days following injury, and no patient died because of missed
      intestinal injury. Retrospective review of the scans revealed two to be
      diagnostic of intestinal perforation with free intraperitoneal air or
      extravasated contrast. The remaining eight scans had findings suggestive of
      injury. However, six additional patients had similar suggestive findings and had
      no evidence of intestinal injury. One patient with missed duodenal injury had not
      been given gastrointestinal contrast. Computed tomographic findings of intestinal
      trauma may be subtle or nonspecific and require optimal technique and care in
      interpretation. The timely treatment of this injury continues to rely on a high
      index of clinical suspicion and serial examinations by an experienced surgeon.

PMID- 2296056
TI  - Valgus deformity following proximal metaphyseal fractures in children:
      experiences in the African tropics.
AB  - Three cases of valgus deformity following proximal metaphyseal fractures of the
      tibia in childhood are reported. All the cases seen required corrective
      osteotomies for management. In one case, a 4-year-old girl, recurrence was noted
      to have occurred despite the corrective osteotomy. Subsequent revision and
      suturing of the pes anserinus tendon plate was considered to be pertinent in the
      eventual correction and prevention of recurrence obtained. Although conservative
      management technics and the possibility of spontaneous correction are also
      considered in the management of the ailment, the role of the pes anserinus tendon
      plate is highlighted in terms of loss of its tethering effect and medial
      overgrowth due to hemichondrodiastasis. Primary repair by removal of the
      infolding of the periosteum into the fracture space and resuturing of same is the
      proposed method of management.

PMID- 2296057
TI  - Acute compartment syndrome of the thigh: case report.
AB  - Compartment syndrome of the thigh is a recognized, yet uncommon, condition
      characterized by excessive thigh pain following trauma, especially if accompanied
      by decreasing neurological function. A case is presented in a patient with a
      subtrochanteric fracture of the femur due to a gunshot wound. Surgical
      decompression corrected the problem.

PMID- 2296058
TI  - Rupture of the supradiaphragmatic inferior vena cava by blunt decelerating
      trauma: case report.
AB  - Lacerations of the inferior vena cava resulting from blunt external trauma are
      relatively rare, but extremely serious. The high lethality is due to the
      difficulty in diagnosis and technical problems with repair, particularly if the
      injury is located above the renal veins. During a 12-month period seven patients
      with inferior vena cava laceration were seen, of whom two presented with
      laceration of the inferior vena cava above the diaphragm. Both had a deceleration
      injury while wearing seatbelts. The clinical presentation was similar. The
      etiology is discussed. Caval continuity should be repaired because acute sudden
      occlusion at the suprahepatic level is incompatible with survival. Median
      sternotomy is advised, moreover it provides good exposure for eventual
      cannulation.

PMID- 2296059
TI  - Successful removal of an intracranial needle by an ophthalmologic magnet: case
      report.

PMID- 2296060
TI  - Lesion of the internal carotid artery caused by a car safety belt.
AB  - A description is given of a case of complete obstruction of the internal carotid
      in a patient wearing a lap-shoulder belt. This was presumed due to direct
      contusion of the vessel at the C2 level.

PMID- 2296061
TI  - Median and ulnar nerve injury secondary to a comminuted Colles fracture.

PMID- 2296062
TI  - Small bowel perforation caused by a high-velocity cigarette filter: case report.

PMID- 2296063
TI  - Altered pulmonary surfactant in uncomplicated and septicemia-complicated courses
      of acute respiratory failure.
AB  - Pulmonary surfactant, which is crucial for alveolar stability, may also be
      involved in endogenous defense mechanisms of the lungs. Thus, alterations in
      pulmonary surfactant may promote infections, including pneumonia and septicemia.
      Because patients who have acute respiratory failure often develop pneumonia, thus
      septicemia, we investigated when surfactant is altered in these patients and
      whether there is a specific pattern of changes in surfactant phospholipid
      composition associated with septicemia in these patients. To answer these
      questions, we determined the phospholipid content and composition in lung
      washings obtained from alveolar sites (by bronchoalveolar lavage) and from
      tracheal sites (by aspiration). Both techniques were performed serially over a
      period of 18 days in 30 patients who had acute respiratory failure resulting from
      polytrauma, 18 of whom developed septicemia caused by pneumonia. We found that in
      lung washings obtained from the alveolar sites from all patients, the
      phosphatidylglycerol content was decreased and the phosphatidylinositol content
      was increased as early as 6 hr after trauma and normalized during recovery of the
      patients. In addition, alveolar phosphatidylcholine content was decreased 24 hr
      after trauma. In patients who developed septicemia during the observation time,
      but not in patients who had uncomplicated courses of acute respiratory failure,
      the concentrations of alveolar phosphatidylethanolamine (normally 4.8% of total
      phospholipids) and alveolar phosphatidylcholine (normally 62.8%) both approached
      the proportions found in the trachea (phosphatidylethanolamine 33.4%,
      phosphatidylcholine 35.6%), suggesting that surfactant phospholipid pool size had
      progressively decreased. Our results indicate that in patients who have acute
      respiratory failure, pulmonary surfactant is altered very early, and that when
      septicemia complicates the course of acute respiratory failure, the surfactant
      phospholipid pool size decreases progressively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296064
TI  - Chronic ethanol exposure before injury produces greater immune dysfunction after
      thermal injury in rats.
AB  - Chronic alcoholics constitute a small but significant subgroup of burned
      patients. The effects of chronic alcohol exposure on immune function in burned
      patients has not to our knowledge been studied. This study was designed to
      determine the effect of chronic alcohol exposure before burn injury on immune
      function after injury in rats. Immune function assessed by in vivo chemotaxis and
      responsiveness of non-adherent splenocytes to both a T-cell mitogen, concanavalin
      A, and a B-cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide, was measured at 4 days after a 20%
      BSA full-thickness burn injury and/or gavage of 2.4 gm/kg/day of ethanol for 14
      days. Chronic ethanol ingestion before burn injury produced significant
      suppression in chemotaxis and response to lipopolysaccharide but not in response
      to concanavalin A. These results suggest that chronic alcohol exposure before
      injury can contribute to further impaired immune function after injury, and may
      lead to increased susceptibility to infection and increased mortality.

PMID- 2296065
TI  - The first two years' experience with major trauma at a pediatric trauma center.
AB  - We reviewed the records of 233 patients with major trauma admitted to The
      Children's Hospital of Alabama during the first 2 years of operation of its
      Pediatric Trauma Center. The male-to-female ratio was 1.7:1. The highest
      incidence of trauma occurred in the spring (88 patients, 38%) and the lowest in
      the winter (36 patients, 15%). Most children (184, 79%) were injured between noon
      and midnight. Blunt mechanisms of injury accounted for 206 patients (88%),
      penetrating for 17 (7%), and burns for ten (4%). The distribution of injuries by
      organ system was head/neurologic, 185 patients (79%); musculoskeletal, 83 (36%);
      thoracic, 57 (24%); abdominal, 29 (12%); major soft-tissue, 26 (11%),
      genitourinary, 11 (5%); and vascular, 11 (5%). Surgery was required at some point
      during the hospitalization in 89 patients (38%). Seventy-two patients (31%)
      experienced 115 complications. The mean length of time spent for resuscitation
      and stabilization in the trauma room was 49 min. The mean ICU stay was 3.2 days.
      Total length of hospitalization averaged 11.2 days. Twenty-six patients (11%)
      died. The Pediatric Trauma Score and the Pediatric Coma Score were found to be
      predictive of outcome. The organization and function of the trauma team is
      described, and public health concerns are discussed.

PMID- 2296066
TI  - Efficacy of liver wound healing by secondary intent.
AB  - Nonoperative treatment of liver injury raises questions about liver wound healing
      (LWH) when the edges are not approximated by primary intent. The efficacy of LWH
      was studied in 18 dogs and 18 pigs with a total of 108 standard 6-cm injuries.
      The 36 injuries in six dogs and six pigs were compressed for hemostasis and then
      allowed to heal by second intent. LWH in these animals was compared to 36 liver
      wounds in six dogs and six pigs following primary closure (hepatorrhaphy) and 36
      liver wounds after omental buttress plus hepatorrhaphy in six dogs and six pigs.
      Average wound breaking strength (WBS) of liver wounds was studied at 3 weeks (54
      wounds) and 6 weeks (54 wounds) with a Chatillon tensiometer and microscopic
      analysis. The WBS of liver wounds was also compared to normal uninjured liver
      WBS. The porcine WBS at 3 weeks after healing by second intent (0.31 kg/cm2) was
      similar to the WBS at 3 weeks after healing by hepatorrhaphy (0.30 kg/cm2) and
      omental buttress (0.25 kg/cm2). Porcine WBS at 6 weeks after healing by second
      intent was significantly greater than WBS at 6 weeks after hepatorrhaphy or
      omental buttress. The canine WBS at 3 weeks after healing by second intent
      exceeded WBS at 3 weeks after hepatorrhaphy or omental buttress. Canine WBS at 6
      weeks after healing by second intent exceeded WBS at 6 weeks after omental
      buttress and was similar to WBS at 6 weeks after hepatorrhaphy. WBS in all groups
      paralleled the extent of fibrosis seen on microscopic analysis.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296067
TI  - Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis complicating nonunion and segmental defects of
      the tibia with open cancellous bone graft, posterolateral bone graft, and soft
      tissue transfer.
AB  - Forty-two consecutive patients with chronic osteomyelitis complicating persistent
      tibial nonunion and chronic osteomyelitis complicating tibial fracture with
      segmental bone loss were treated from January 1979 through December 1986 using a
      protocol including either open cancellous bone grafting (Friedlaender-Papineau
      technique), posterolateral bone grafting (Harmon technique), or local or
      microvascular soft-tissue transfer before cancellous bone grafting. Each patient
      had undergone surgical debridement and intravenous antibiotic therapy before
      inclusion in this study. Patients were classified using a staging system which
      included consideration of anatomic location of the infection within the bone;
      extent of bone involvement; quality of soft-tissue envelope and vascular
      integrity; and generalized host status. The overall success rate for arresting
      the osteomyelitis and healing the nonunion was 62% (26/42). If the six patients
      who refused additional bone graft surgery, the one patient who represented poor
      patient selection, and the patient who refused ankle arthrodesis are eliminated,
      the success rate for healing of the nonunion and resolving the osteomyelitis in
      this difficult patient population is: open bone cell graft, 66% (12/18); soft
      tissue transfer 87.5%, (7/8); and posterolateral bone grafting, 87.5% (7/8). Use
      of a standardized classification system allows comparison of treatment results.
      Adequate debridement is crucial in treating osteomyelitis complicating
      established long bone fractures and nonunions. Determining the extent of
      debridement has proven to be the single most difficult aspect technically.
      Patient selection and pretreatment education are crucial. Caring for these
      patients is not only labor intensive and demanding of personnel and hospital
      resources, but demanding of the patients as well.

PMID- 2296068
TI  - Computed tomography in the assessment of protective helmet deformation.
AB  - Damage to a helmet worn by a motorcyclist or pedal cyclist involved in a crash
      can provide information of importance to those investigating impact responses of
      the helmeted head. In the past the retrieval of this information has been
      incomplete as it has involved the destructive dismantling of a helmet into its
      component layers. Conventional radiology, whilst being noninvasive, has the
      disadvantage that all structures traversed by the X-ray beam are superimposed in
      the final image. In an attempt to overcome the limitations of existing methods,
      computed tomography (CT) was evaluated in a study of 25 protective helmets. This
      was found to be an informative, noninvasive technique of investigation that
      provided faithful images of each helmet layer and delineated helmet damage that
      was not observed with other methods. Additional advantages of CT include the ease
      of computed data storage, the ability to reformat CT data into a variety of
      planes as either two- or three- dimensional images, and the facility to measure
      distance and density. Limiting factors include scanning cost and artefacts
      produced by metal in the helmet.

PMID- 2296069
TI  - Systemic lipid peroxidation and inflammation induced by thermal injury persists
      into the post-resuscitation period.
AB  - We determined the time course of the oxidant-induced systemic lipid peroxidation
      seen after burn injury. Twelve sheep were given a 15% of total body surface third
      degree burn and monitored for 3 or 5 days. Circulating lipid peroxides were
      monitored by both malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (CD). Lung and
      liver tissue MDA was also measured and compared to controls. A significant but
      transient increase in circulating MDA and CD was noted several hours after burn.
      Venous plasma levels increased again 3-5 days postburn with onset of wound
      inflammation. Oxygen consumption, VO2, also increased by 35 +/- 12% at this time.
      Lung MDA, which increased to 64 +/- 5 from a control of 45 +/- 4 nMol/gm, at 12
      hours after burn was still increased 3 days after injury. Marked lung
      inflammation was present early after injury and persisted for the 5-day study
      period. Liver MDA also increased from control value of 110 +/- 20 to 252 +/- 25
      at 12 hours and remained increased over the 5-day period. Serum alkaline
      phosphatase was also increased. Burn biopsies revealed no infection to explain
      the ongoing lipid peroxidation process, i.e., bacterial content was less than
      10(5) organisms/gram burn tissue. We conclude that an initial system lipid
      peroxidation occurs immediately after burn injury, and that this process
      continues well into the post-resuscitation period, corresponding in time with
      increased VO2, lung inflammation, and evidence of liver dysfunction. The ongoing
      oxidant changes with the presence of a burn may explain the accentuated organ
      dysfunction seen with an additional septic insult in burned patients.

PMID- 2296070
TI  - Hypertonic saline resuscitation of head injury: effects on cerebral water
      content.
AB  - Ideal resuscitation would simultaneously replete intravascular volume and
      minimize cerebral edema. We assessed the effects of hypertonic saline (HS) shock
      resuscitation on cerebral edema after head injury. Rats were subjected to
      hemorrhagic shock (40 mm Hg for 1 hour) in the presence or absence of mechanical
      brain injury, followed by 1 hour of resuscitation with either hypertonic saline
      (6.5%) or lactated Ringer's (LR). After resuscitation, animals were sacrificed
      and brain water contents determined. RESULTS: Less HS than LR was needed for
      resuscitation both in animals without brain injury (7 +/- 2 ml/kg vs. 97 +/- 16
      ml/kg; p less than 0.0003) and with brain injury (10 +/- 1 ml/kg vs. 68 +/- 6
      ml/kg; p less than 0.0001). Brain water content (ml H2O/gm dry wt) after HS
      resuscitation was decreased compared to LR resuscitation in animals without brain
      injury (3.36 +/- 0.12 vs. 3.74 +/- 0.08; p less than 0.025) and in the uninjured
      hemisphere of head-injured animals (3.29 +/- 0.11 vs. 3.78 +/- 0.09; p less than
      0.025). Brain water content was increased in injured brain in both resuscitation
      groups, but the increase was the same (HS 4.10 +/- 0.13; LR 4.25 +/- 0.17; p
      greater than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HS resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock decreases
      brain water content in uninjured but not injured brain. HS may be useful in
      resuscitation of combined hemorrhagic shock and head injury.

PMID- 2296071
TI  - Heparinless extracorporeal bypass for treatment of hypothermia.
AB  - In an attempt to assess the changes occurring to the coagulation profile during
      internal active core rewarming with partial cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) without
      heparin anticoagulation, five pigs were anesthetized, and a model for severe to
      moderate hypothermia was created. Femoral-femoral bypass with Bio-Pump, heat
      exchanger, and a membrane oxygenator were used during the rewarming for 64.8 +/-
      8.5 minutes. There were no statistically significant changes in platelet count,
      platelet index, activated clotting time (ACT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT),
      prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, fibrinogen index and fibrin split products (p
      greater than 0.05). There were no thromboembolic sequelae seen at autopsy. The
      components of the CPB circuit showed no signs of formation of aggregates or
      thrombi. The results of this study are attributed to the nonthrombogenic,
      atraumatic design of the Bio-Pump and the enhanced physiological fibrinolysis
      seen in the first hour of CPB. We concluded that heparinless CPB may serve as a
      safe alternative for active core rewarming for severe to moderate hypothermia.

PMID- 2296072
TI  - Blunt laryngeal trauma: classification and management protocol.
AB  - Ten patients with the diagnosis of blunt laryngotracheal trauma were admitted to
      Orlando Regional Medical Center from March 1, 1987 through September 30, 1988.
      These patients have been studied retrospectively with attention to type of
      injury, management, treatment, and outcome. The use of a flexible
      nasopharyngoscope in the Emergency Department, significance of a patient's
      inability to tolerate the supine position, and tracheotomy as the airway of
      choice are key points in the laryngotracheal injury classification and management
      protocol presented herein.

PMID- 2296073
TI  - Mortality prognostic factors in chest injury.
AB  - 1,026 multiple trauma patients (P) were compared to P with chest injuries (PCT)
      (407). Severity indices were related to type of thoracic injury and mortality.
      The Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Trauma Score (TS),
      CHOP, and the Respiratory Index (RI) were used. The mortality rate of P was 27.1%
      but increased to 32.9% for PCT (p less than 0.05). We noted that mortality rate
      was highly dependent on major chest trauma: 68.6% for flail chest (FC), 56% for
      lung contusion (LC), 42.3% for hemothorax (HA), and 38.1% for pneumothorax (PN).
      ISS and RI scores for PCT survivors were greater than ISS + RI scores for P
      survivors (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01). ISS values for LC, HA, and PN
      PCT survivors were greater than the ISS of P survivors (p less than 0.01).
      Nonsurviving PCTs, especially those with lung contusion, showed a highly
      significant increase in ISS and RI scores.

PMID- 2296074
TI  - Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic features of coronary arteriovenous
      fistula. Report of three cases.
AB  - Two-dimensional (2-D) and Doppler echocardiographic features of three cases of
      coronary arteriovenous fistula (CAVF) were analyzed. The final diagnosis was
      confirmed by coronary angiography in each case. In cases 1 and 2, the CAVF arose
      from the right coronary artery and drained into the right atrium and right
      ventricle, respectively. The origin and draining site of the CAVF could be
      visualized by 2-D echocardiograms. The Doppler studies revealed a unidirectional
      flow within the lumen of the CAVF. In case 3, with a small CAVF originating from
      both the right coronary artery and left circumflex artery draining into the main
      pulmonary artery, no abnormal vascular structure could be detected by the 2-D
      echocardiogram; with Doppler study, a diastolic as well as systolic flow signal
      directed toward the distal pulmonary artery could be detected.

PMID- 2296075
TI  - A Val-25-to-Ile substitution in the envelope precursor polyprotein, gPr80env, is
      responsible for the temperature sensitivity, inefficient processing of gPr80env,
      and neurovirulence of ts1, a mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus TB.
AB  - ts1 is a neurovirulent spontaneous temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine
      leukemia virus TB which causes hindlimb paralysis in mice. Previously, it had
      been shown that the temperature-sensitive defect resided in the env gene. At the
      restrictive temperature, the envelope precursor polyprotein, gPr80env, is
      inefficiently processed intracellularly into two cleavage products, gp70 and
      Prp15E. This inefficient processing of gPr80env is correlated with
      neurovirulence. In this study, it was shown that a single amino acid
      substitution, Val-25----Ile in gPr80env, is responsible for the temperature
      sensitivity, inefficient processing of gPr80env at the restrictive temperature,
      and neurovirulence of ts1. At the restrictive temperature, a steady-state level
      of nonprocessed, endoglycosidase H-sensitive gPr80env remained in the endoplasmic
      reticulum of cells infected by ts1, but no endoglycosidase H-resistant gPr80env
      and only trace amounts of gp70 were detected in the infected cells. Since the
      host cell-encoded processing protease resides in the cis cisternae of the Golgi
      apparatus, inefficient processing of gPr80env at the restrictive temperature is
      most likely due to inefficient transport of gPr80env from the endoplasmic
      reticulum to the cis cisternae of the Golgi apparatus rather than due to
      misfolded gPr80env being a poor substrate for the processing protease at the
      restrictive temperature.

PMID- 2296076
TI  - The adenovirus type 5 i-leader open reading frame functions in cis to reduce the
      half-life of L1 mRNAs.
AB  - The 440-nucleotide adenovirus type 5 i-leader sequence, encoding a 13.6
      kilodalton protein, is located between the second and third components of the
      tripartite leader sequence. It appears primarily on the L1 family of mRNAs. To
      study its function, we constructed two point mutations within the i leader. pm382
      lacks the wild-type i-leader splice acceptor and failed to splice the leader onto
      L1 mRNAs. pm383 lacks the ATG used for translation of the i-leader protein; it
      synthesized i-leader-containing mRNAs, but failed to produce detectable levels of
      the polypeptide. Both mutants exhibited modestly reduced yields in some but not
      all cell lines tested and accumulated slightly elevated levels of L1 mRNA and L1
      52- and 55-kilodalton proteins in infected cells. Mutant phenotypes were
      consistently more pronounced in pm382- than in pm383-infected cells. In wild-type
      virus-infected cells, L1 mRNAs lacking the i leader displayed a half-life of
      about 26 h, whereas L1 mRNAs containing the leader were much less stable, with a
      half-life of less than 4 h. In pm383-infected cells (ATG mutant), L1 mRNAs
      containing the i leader exhibited a half-life of 26 h. The abnormally long half
      life of pm383-encoded L1 mRNAs containing a mutant i leader was not reduced by
      coinfection with wild-type virus, suggesting that synthesis of the i-leader
      protein leads to destabilization of the i-leader-containing L1 mRNA undergoing
      translation.

PMID- 2296077
TI  - Temperature-sensitive vaccinia virus mutants identify a gene with an essential
      role in viral replication.
AB  - Vaccinia virus mutants ts2 and ts25, members of the same complementation group,
      exhibit a temperature-dependent arrest at the stage of viral DNA replication. The
      lesions responsible for the mutant phenotypes have been localized to the far left
      region of the HindIII B genomic fragment by marker rescue studies. Hybrid
      selection analyses established that the DNA fragments positive for rescue
      represented the first open reading frame of the HindIII B fragment and encoded a
      30-kilodalton protein. The gene is expressed early after infection as a
      rightwardly transcribed 1-kilobase-pair mRNA whose coordinates were determined by
      S1 nuclease mapping. To further the phenotypic analysis of the mutants, the
      accumulation of viral DNA sequences during permissive and nonpermissive
      infections was quantitated. The extent of the DNA- phenotype was shown to vary in
      different cell types. In mouse L cells at either high or low multiplicity of
      infection, nonpermissive DNA synthesis was less than 5% of that seen in
      permissive infections. This severe defect was mirrored by correspondingly low
      viral yields. In infections of BSC40 monkey cells, however, the deficiencies in
      both DNA synthesis and virus production were far less severe. For one mutant
      (ts2), the temperature sensitivity in BSC40 cells varied inversely with the
      multiplicity of infection.

PMID- 2296078
TI  - Conserved region 3 of the adenovirus type 5 DNA-binding protein is important for
      interaction with single-stranded DNA.
AB  - The adenovirus-encoded single-stranded DNA-binding protein (DBP) functions in
      viral DNA replication and several aspects of RNA metabolism. Previous studies (G.
      A. M. Neale and G. R. Kitchingman, J. Biol. Chem. 264:3153-3159, 1989) have
      defined three highly conserved regions in the carboxy-terminal domain of the
      protein (amino acids 178 to 186, 322 to 330, and 464 to 475) that may be involved
      in the binding of the protein to single-stranded DNA. We examined the role of
      conserved region 3 (464 to 475) by constructing nine classes of point mutants
      with from one to four amino acid changes. The point mutants were tested for their
      ability to assist adeno-associated virus DNA replication. All nine differed from
      wild-type DBP; seven were essentially nonfunctional, whereas two had 55 and 145%,
      respectively, of the wild-type DBP helper activity. Three of the mutants were
      found to be temperature sensitive, with significantly greater helper activity at
      33 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. All nine mutants produced essentially wild
      type levels of protein. One monoclonal antibody against the DBP, termed 2/4, did
      not immunoprecipitate the mutant DBPs as well as wild-type DBP, indicating either
      that the antibody recognized sequences around CR3 or that the conformation of the
      protein around the epitope recognized by 2/4 had changed. Two of the three
      temperature-sensitive DBP mutants bound to single-stranded DNA-cellulose with the
      same affinity as wild-type DBP at 4 degrees C; the remaining mutants all showed
      reduced affinity. These results demonstrated that many of the residues within
      conserved region 3 of the DBP are important for interaction of the protein with
      nucleic acid.

PMID- 2296079
TI  - Simian immunodeficiency virus inhibits bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cell
      growth.
AB  - The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the depressed hematopoietic functions seen
      in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals were explored in rhesus
      monkeys infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac).
      Bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cell colony formation, both
      granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) and erythrocyte (BFU-E), was shown to be
      decreased in number in SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys. SIVmac was readily
      isolated from bone marrow cells of infected monkeys and was shown to be harbored
      in macrophages rather than T lymphocytes. The in vitro infection of normal bone
      marrow cells by SIVmac inhibited colony formation. A striking in vivo correlation
      between increased SIVmac load in bone marrow cells and decreased hematopoietic
      progenitor cell colony growth was also shown. Finally, inhibition of SIVmac
      replication in bone marrow macrophages resulted in increased progenitor cell
      colony growth from bone marrow cells. These results suggest that the infection of
      bone marrow macrophages by the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus
      may contribute to depressed bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cell growth.
      Moreover, inhibition of AIDS virus replication in these macrophages might induce
      significant improvement in hematopoietic function.

PMID- 2296080
TI  - Identification of a locus on mouse chromosome 3 involved in differential
      susceptibility to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating
      disease.
AB  - Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease results from a chronic infection in
      the white matter of the central nervous system and provides an excellent model
      for human multiple sclerosis. Like multiple sclerosis, there are genetic risk
      factors in disease development, including genes associated with the major
      histocompatibility complex and with those encoding the beta chain of the T-cell
      receptor. Comparisons of the susceptible DBA/2 and resistant C57BL/6 strains have
      indicated an important role for the H-2D locus and for a non-H-2 gene (not
      involving the beta chain of the T-cell receptor) in differential susceptibility.
      In the present report, analysis of recombinant-inbred strains (BXD) between the
      DBA/2 and C57BL/6 strains indicated that this non-H-2 locus is located at the
      centromeric end of chromosome 3 near (4 +/- 4 centimorgans) the carbonic
      anhydrase-2 (Car-2) enzyme locus.

PMID- 2296081
TI  - Antibody-induced restriction of viral gene expression in measles encephalitis in
      rats.
AB  - After infection with the neurotropic CAM/RBH measles virus (MV) strain, newborn
      Lewis rats succumb to an acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Passive transfer of
      neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against MV hemagglutinin prevented
      this disease process. Instead, either an antibody-induced acute or subacute
      measles encephalitis developed after a prolonged incubation period with a
      restricted expression of MV structural proteins. The molecular biological
      analysis of MV gene expression in brain tissue of rats treated with MV
      neutralizing antibodies revealed a transcriptional restriction of viral mRNAs,
      particularly for the envelope proteins, leading to a steep expression gradient.
      Based on in situ hybridization, it was concluded that the efficiency of
      transcription of viral genes at the single-cell level is reduced compared with
      that of controls. Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies directed
      against other MV structural proteins proved to be ineffective. Similar results
      were obtained in MV-infected weanling Brown Norway rats. These rats developed a
      clinically silent encephalitis in the presence of high titers of neutralizing
      antibodies. In such animals, a pronounced attenuation of the viral gene
      transcription was observed. These findings indicated that neutralizing antibodies
      directed against a restricted set of specific antigenic sites on the viral
      hemagglutinin protein expressed on cell membranes exert a modulating effect on
      the viral gene expression at the level of transcription. This phenomenon
      contributes to the switch from the acute cytopathic effect to a persistent
      infection in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2296082
TI  - Mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) genome in
      relation to HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus SIV (AGM).
AB  - We constructed an infectious molecular clone of the human immunodeficiency virus
      type 2 (HIV-2) and generated nine frameshift mutants corresponding to nine open
      reading frames identified so far. Three structural (gag, pol, env) and two
      regulative (tat, rev) gene mutants were not infectious, whereas vif, vpx, vpr,
      and nef genes were dispensable for infectivity. All of the mutants except env and
      rev were cytopathic in CD4+ human leukemia cells. In transfection assays, the
      expression of HIV-2 long terminal repeat was activated by infectious clones of
      HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkey but not
      by the tat mutants. However, an HIV-2 tat mutant could produce small amounts of
      virus proteins and particles in contrast to a rev mutant, which directed no
      detectable synthesis of virus proteins and virions.

PMID- 2296084
TI  - Structural rearrangement of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA as well as cellular
      flanking DNA is present in chronically infected hepatic tissues.
AB  - Cellular DNAs from human livers chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV)
      were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization for the presence of integrated HBV
      DNA. In 15 of 16 chronically infected hepatic tissues, random HBV DNA integration
      was evident. By molecular cloning and structural analyses of 19 integrants from
      three chronically infected hepatic tissues, deletion of cellular flanking DNA in
      all cases and rearrangement of HBV DNA with inverted duplication or translocation
      of cellular flanking DNA at the virus-cell junction in some cases were noted.
      Thus, the rearrangement of HBV DNA or cellular flanking DNA is not a specific
      incident of hepatocellular carcinoma formation. Detailed analyses of various
      integrants bearing rearranged viral DNA failed to indicate any gross structural
      alteration in cellular DNA, except for a small deletion at the integration site,
      indicating that viral DNA rearrangement with inverted duplication possibly occurs
      before integration of HBV DNA. Based on nucleotide sequencing analyses of virus
      virus junctions, a one- to three-nucleotide identity was found. A mechanism for
      this inverted duplication of HBV DNA is proposed in which illegitimate
      recombination between two complementary viral strands may take place by means of
      a nucleotide identity at the junction site in a weakly homologous region (patchy
      homology) on one side of adjoining viral sequences. For virus-cell junctions, the
      mechanism may be basically similar to that for virus-virus junctions.

PMID- 2296083
TI  - A 10,400-molecular-weight membrane protein is coded by region E3 of adenovirus.
AB  - Previous studies with adenovirus mutants have indicated that a 10,400-molecular
      weight (10.4K) protein predicted to be coded by an open reading frame in region
      E3 of adenovirus functions to down regulate the epidermal growth factor receptor
      (C. R. Carlin, A. E. Tollefson, H. A. Brady, B. L. Hoffman, and W. S. M. Wold,
      Cell 57:135-144, 1989). We now demonstrate that the 10.4K protein is in fact
      synthesized in cells infected by group C adenoviruses. This was done by
      immunoprecipitation of 10.4K from cells infected by a variety of E3 mutants,
      using antisera against three different synthetic peptides corresponding to the
      predicted 10.4K sequence. The 10.4K protein was translated primarily from E3 mRNA
      f, as indicated by cell-free translation of mRNA purified by hybridization from
      cells infected with an RNA processing mutant that synthesizes predominantly mRNA
      f. The 10.4K protein was overproduced or underproduced in vivo, respectively, by
      mutants that overproduce or underproduce E3 mRNA f, also indicating that the
      10.4K protein is translated primarily from mRNA f. The 10.4K protein migrated as
      two bands with apparent molecular weights of 16,000 and 11,000 (10 to 18%
      gradient gels); both bands contained 10.4K epitopes, as shown by Western blot
      (immunoblot). Only the 16K band was obtained by cell-free translation, suggesting
      that the 16K protein is the precursor to the 11K protein. The 10.4K protein is a
      membrane protein, as shown by cell fractionation experiments and as predicted
      from its sequence. The predicted 10.4K sequence as well as a putative N-terminal
      signal sequence and 30-residue transmembrane domain are conserved in adenovirus
      types 2 and 5 (group C) and in types 3, 7, and 35 (group B).

PMID- 2296085
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals contain provirus in small
      numbers of peripheral mononuclear cells and at low copy numbers.
AB  - In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, the proportion of
      circulating mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which carry HIV provirus and the number of
      HIV proviral sequences per infected PBMC have been matters for conjecture. Using
      a double polymerase chain reaction which allows the detection of single molecules
      of provirus and a method of quantifying the provirus molecules, we have measured
      provirus frequencies in infected individuals down to a level of one molecule per
      10(6) PBMCs. As a general rule, only a small proportion of PBMCs contain provirus
      (median value of samples from 12 patients, one per 8,000 cells), and most if not
      all of the infected cells carry a single provirus molecule. The frequency of
      provirus-carrying cells correlated positively both with the progression of the
      disease and with the success with which virus could be isolated from the same
      patients by cocultivation methods. Of seven asymptomatic (Centers for Disease
      Control stage II) patients, all but one contained one provirus molecule per 6,000
      to 80,000 cells; of five Centers for Disease Control stage IV patients, all but
      one contained one provirus molecule per 700 to 3,300 cells. When considered in
      conjunction with estimates of the frequency of PBMCs that express viral RNA, our
      results suggest that either (i) the majority of provirus-containing cells are
      monocytes or (ii) most provirus-containing lymphocytes are transcriptionally
      inactive. We also present nucleotide sequence data derived directly from provirus
      present in vivo which we show is not marred by the in vitro selection of
      potential virus variants or by errors introduced by Taq polymerase. We argue from
      these data that, of the provirus present in infected individuals, the proportion
      which is defective is not high in the regions sequenced.

PMID- 2296086
TI  - Molecular characterization of an attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 2
      isolate.
AB  - Naturally occurring strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can vary
      considerably in their in vitro biological properties, and such differences may
      also be reflected in their in vivo pathogenesis. In an attempt to define genetic
      determinants of viral pathogenicity, we have molecularly cloned, sequenced, and
      characterized an attenuated isolate of HIV type 2 (HIV-2/ST) that differs from
      prototype HIV-2 strains in its inability to fuse with and kill susceptible CD4
      bearing target cells. A proviral clone, termed JSP4-27, was identified to be
      transfection competent and to fully exhibit the noncytopathic and nonfusogenic
      properties of its parental isolate. Nucleotide sequence analysis of this clone
      revealed a genomic organization very similar to that of cytopathic HIV-2 strains
      and an overall nucleotide sequence homology of 88 to 90%. Amino acid sequence
      comparison confirmed the integrity of all major viral gene products in JSP4-27
      but identified two amino acid sequence substitutions in its envelope fusion
      region. To investigate whether these mutations were responsible for the
      nonfusogenic phenotype of JSP4-27, we amplified, cloned, and sequenced the
      envelope fusion regions of four additional HIV-2/ST strains, two of which
      represented in vitro-generated, fusogenic and cytopathic variants of HIV-2/ST.
      The analysis showed that all HIV-2/ST strains examined, including the fusogenic
      variants, contained the same amino acid sequence changes. On the basis of these
      findings, we conclude that the attenuated phenotype of JSP4-27, and that of its
      parental virus, is not due to a direct alteration of the envelope fusion domain.
      Our results also show, for the first time, that individual replication-competent
      proviral clones can be representative of attenuated strains of HIV.

PMID- 2296087
TI  - Transcriptionally active genome regions are preferred targets for retrovirus
      integration.
AB  - We have analyzed the transcriptional activity of cellular target sequences for
      Moloney murine leukemia virus integration in mouse fibroblasts. At least five of
      the nine random, unselected integration target sequences studied showed direct
      evidence for transcriptional activity by hybridization to nuclear run-on
      transcripts prepared from uninfected cells. At least four of the sequences
      contained multiple recognition sites for several restriction enzymes that cut
      preferentially in CpG-rich islands, indicating integration into 5' or 3' ends or
      flanking regions of genes. Assuming that only a minor fraction (less than 20%) of
      the genome is transcribed in mammalian cells, we calculated the probability that
      this association of retroviral integration sites with transcribed sequences is
      due to chance to be very low (1.6 x 10(-2]. Thus, our results strongly suggest
      that transcriptionally active genome regions are preferred targets for retrovirus
      integration.

PMID- 2296088
TI  - Transmembrane envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and
      simian immunodeficiency virus SIV-mac exist as homodimers.
AB  - An 80-kilodalton glycoprotein (gp80) was produced in human immunodeficiency virus
      type 2 (HIV-2)-infected cells along with three envelope glycoproteins that we
      have recently reported: the extracellular glycoprotein (gp125), the envelope
      glycoprotein precursor (gp140), and the transient dimeric form of the precursor
      (gp300). gp125 and gp80 were detectable after the synthesis of gp140 and the
      formation of gp300. Using a specific monoclonal antibody, we showed here that
      gp80 is a dimeric form of the transmembrane glycoprotein gp36 of HIV-2.
      Dimerization of the envelope glycoprotein precursor and dimeric forms of the
      transmembrane glycoproteins were also observed in cells infected with simian
      immunodeficiency virus (SIV-mac), a virus closely related to HIV-2. Under routine
      conditions of our experiments (i.e., extraction by 1% Triton X-100 before
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]), monomeric
      forms of the transmembrane glycoprotein of HIV-2 and SIV-mac were only seldomly
      observed. Dimeric forms of the envelope precursors and the transmembrane
      glycoproteins are probably stabilized by extraction in the nonionic detergent
      Triton X-100 since such dimeric forms resist dissociation during subsequent
      electrophoresis in the presence of the ionic detergent SDS. However, the
      dissociation of these dimeric forms might occur when samples are prepared by
      extraction directly in 1% SDS or by incubation of the purified dimers at acidic
      pH. Dimerization of the envelope precursor might be required for its processing
      to give the mature envelope proteins, whereas the transmembrane dimer might be
      essential for optimal structure of the virion and thus its infectivity.

PMID- 2296089
TI  - Transcription of the S gene in transgenic mice is associated with hypomethylation
      at specific sites and with DNase I sensitivity.
AB  - The methylation status of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was investigated in
      different organs from two strains of transgenic mice (E36 and E11) expressing the
      hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) gene specifically in the liver. Specific
      sites in the S gene were shown to be methylated in all the organs of adult mice
      except in the liver. These sites were methylated in 14-day-old fetal liver and
      were progressively demethylated during development and after birth. In one strain
      in which HBsAg expression is lost upon transmission by females, extensive de novo
      methylation of the transgene was detected in the livers and bodies of 14-day-old
      fetuses from transgenic females. The extent of methylation was such that
      activation of the gene was no longer possible. DNase I-hypersensitive sites were
      detected in the enhancer region of HBV in the liver of HBsAg-positive mice but
      not in HBsAg-negative progeny of E36 females. These data indicated that in two
      independent transgenic lines, HBV sequences are reproducibly activated in the
      developing liver along with cellular liver-specific genes and that transcription
      is associated with demethylation at specific sites in the S gene and with DNase
      hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2296090
TI  - A monoclonal antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 which mediates
      cellular cytotoxicity and neutralization.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were raised against human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1 gp120. One MAb, P4/D10, was found to mediate highly efficient antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity and virus neutralization. The reactivity was
      located to a major neutralizing region (amino acids 304 to 323) on gp120. Five
      other MAbs with a similar epitopic reactivity did not show any antibody-dependent
      cellulan cytotoxicity activity but had a virus-neutralizing capacity.

PMID- 2296091
TI  - Immunomodulation of vascular endothelium: effects of ultraviolet B irradiation on
      vein allograft rejection.
AB  - Prosthetic grafts of vein allografts are inadequate as small-diameter vessel
      substitutes. We have applied ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation to modulate the
      immunogenicity of vein allografts to avoid immunologic injury. The veins of male
      ACI rats were irradiated with UVB (60 mJ/cm2) in situ and transplanted to male
      ACI rats (autografts) and female Lewis rats (allografts). Nonirradiated veins
      served as controls. At 4, 7, 14, and 28 days, all grafts were patent and were
      studied for morphologic changes by scanning electron microscopy and for
      immunogold labeling of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen
      expression. In autografts, scanning electron microscopy demonstrated minimal
      endothelial loss after grafting, regardless of UVB irradiation. Untreated
      allografts showed severe endothelial injury 4, 7, and 14 days after
      transplantation. UVB irradiation of veins protected allografts from injury to the
      endothelium and basement membrane. Major histocompatibility complex class II
      positive endothelial cells were not seen in autografts but were seen in 40% of
      cells 4 days after transplantation in untreated allografts. UVB-treated
      allografts showed MHC class II antigen expression labeling of 20% of the
      endothelial cells. Barr body analysis demonstrated the donor origin of these
      endothelial cells. UVB irradiation of rat vein allografts prolongs endothelial
      survival while decreasing endothelial surface expression of class II antigens.
      These data suggest that modification of vein immunogenicity with UVB irradiation
      may permit functional survival of small-vessel allografts without chronic
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2296092
TI  - Computed tomography for evaluation of arterial disease in the popliteal fossa.
AB  - The clinical details, arteriograms, and computerized tomographic (CT) scans of 28
      patients with popliteal arteriopathies were reviewed retrospectively to determine
      the usefulness of CT for the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.
      Arteriography diagnosed 70% and CT diagnosed 98% of the 45 popliteal disorders.
      Popliteal aneurysms were not detected by arteriography because of occlusion in
      seven (20%) patients and intraaneurysmal thrombus that produced no luminal
      compromise in two. Thrombus was identified by CT in 22 of 24 patient aneurysms
      and suspected as the source of digital embolization in 7. Graft aneurysms were
      identified by CT in two cases, but one was not detected by arteriography because
      of graft occlusion. Two mycotic aneurysms were identified, one by arteriography
      and not by CT because of misinterpretation of a periarterial hematoma. Popliteal
      entrapment was diagnosed by CT in three cases, and in two cases occlusion
      precluded diagnosis of entrapment by arteriography. Adventitial cystic disease
      was diagnosed accurately by CT in three cases, and in two there were no
      characteristic arteriographic abnormalities. In cases of entrapment and cystic
      disease, the CT findings allow the surgeon to plan his approach through a
      posterior incision, which in these two instances facilitates surgical technique.
      CT provides detail of the arterial wall, intraarterial contents, and surrounding
      musculoskeletal anatomy, all of which are useful for accurate evaluation of
      arterial disorders of the popliteal fossa.

PMID- 2296093
TI  - Hemodynamics of the inferior mesenteric arterial circulation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of collateral supply
      from the hypogastric arteries (HGAs) to the inferior mesenteric arterial (IMA)
      bed. Peak systolic "stump" IMA and radial arterial pressures were obtained before
      and after clamping the right HGA, the left HGA, both HGAs, the middle colic
      artery (MCA) only, or the MCA plus right HGA, MCA plus left HGA, and MCA plus
      both HGAs in patients with aortoiliac aneurysm or occlusive disease. Six patients
      (four with aneurysms and two with occlusive disease) had patent IMAs. Five
      patients (four with aneurysms and one with occlusive disease) had chronically
      occluded IMAs. In the six patients with patent IMAs, clamping of the HGAs
      decreased the IMA-stump pressure index (IMA-SPI) from 0.61 +/- 0.20 to 0.56 +/-
      0.17, 0.54 +/- 0.17, and 0.54 +/- 0.19, respectively (p greater than 0.05)
      whereas clamping only the MCA decreased the IMA-SPI from 0.61 +/- 0.20 to 0.32 +/
      0.15 (p less than 0.01). In the five patients with chronically occluded IMAs,
      clamping of the HGAs decreased the IMA-SPI from 0.60 +/- 0.11 to 0.59 +/- 0.12,
      0.58 +/- 0.12, and 0.57 +/- 0.11, respectively (p greater than 0.05), whereas
      clamping the MCA decreased the IMA-SPI from 0.60 +/- 0.11 to 0.34 +/- 0.04 (p
      less than 0.01). These data suggest that branches of the superior mesenteric
      artery provide the major collateral pathway to the IMA bed and that the
      contribution through branches of the HGAs is insignificant in the acute setting.

PMID- 2296094
TI  - Evidence of a possible link between poststenotic dilation and wall shear stress.
AB  - The effects of an axisymmetric 65% area reduction stenosis on a pulsatile flow
      were investigated by use of an in vitro model that permits simultaneous
      visualization of the flow velocity profiles at seven sites. By use of seven
      lenses to focus the ultraviolet light from a nitrogen laser, seven thin blue
      lines were produced in the photochromic solution flowing through the tube. The
      displacement profiles of the dye traces were photographed, resulting in the
      acquisition of the velocity profiles. From these traces, the flow pattern was
      determined, and the wall shear stresses were measured. Turbulence was generated
      3.3 to 6.5 tube diameters downstream from the edge of the stenosis, depending on
      the time in the pulsatile flow cycle. Maximum wall shear stress fluctuations
      between positive and negative values appeared to lie within 1.6 to 3.3 tube
      diameters downstream of the stenosis. In several illustrative clinical cases of
      thoracic outlet arterial compression, the poststenotic dilation was maximum at
      2.0 +/- 0.3 vessel diameters downstream. Based on these observations, it is
      postulated that wall shear stress fluctuations may be important in the
      development of poststenotic dilation.

PMID- 2296095
TI  - Treatment of failed lower extremity bypass grafts with new autogenous vein bypass
      grafting.
AB  - During the last 9 years we performed 111 bypass procedures for lower extremity
      ischemia, which occurred after failed infrainguinal bypass grafting. An all
      autogenous reversed vein bypass was achieved in 103 of 111 operations (93%). Five
      year primary and secondary patency of bypasses placed as treatment for one or
      more failed prior bypass(es) was 57% and 71%, respectively, as compared to 80%
      and 83%, respectively, for 5-year primary and secondary patency of simultaneously
      placed first time leg bypasses. Five-year limb salvage for bypass procedures
      performed as treatment for failed bypass was 90%, which was identical to that
      achieved for first time bypasses.

PMID- 2296096
TI  - Wound complications of autogenous subcutaneous infrainguinal arterial bypass
      surgery: predisposing factors and management.
AB  - To identify factors predisposing to wound infection and necrosis complicating in
      situ or other subcutaneous autogenous lower extremity vein bypass procedures, we
      retrospectively analyzed all such cases performed in our hospital between July
      1983 and July 1988. Among 163 subcutaneous autogenous bypass grafts, wound
      complications developed in 28 (17%). According to progressive depth of
      involvement as defined in the text, 10 patients had grade I complications, six
      had grade II, and 12 had grade III complications with threatened or actual graft
      exposure. Factors significantly associated with wound morbidity were female
      gender, chronic steroid therapy, in situ bypass grafting, use of continuous
      incision (all p less than or equal to 0.05, chi square); diabetes mellitus,
      ipsilateral limb ulcer, limb salvage indication (all p less than 0.01); and
      bypass grafting to the dorsalis pedis artery (p less than 0.02). A logistic
      regression analysis identified four factors (in situ bypass grafting, steroid
      therapy, ipsilateral ulcer, and dorsalis pedis bypass grafting) that predicted a
      cumulatively increasing risk of wound complications, and in whose absence wound
      complications were rare. Grade I and II complications responded to standard
      regimens of wound care and intravenous antibiotics without loss of any graft or
      limb. In spite of aggressive efforts to provide secondary soft tissue coverage,
      grade III complications led directly to four major amputations and one death.
      Measures to prevent these morbid sequelae must include preoperative control of
      infection in the ischemic foot and meticulous attention to operative technique.

PMID- 2296097
TI  - Utility of inframalleolar arterial bypass grafting.
AB  - Sixty-five patients received 68 inframalleolar arterial grafts for severe rest
      pain, foot ulceration, or gangrene. Patients were elderly with an average age of
      68 years (median 72); most had several operative risk factors. Reversed saphenous
      vein grafts were used early, but most conduits were in situ vein grafts. The
      recipient vessel was the dorsalis pedis artery in 39 patients, the posterior
      tibial in 27, and tarsal branches in two. Preoperative angiography was routinely
      performed with biplanar and digital arterial techniques, but in nearly a third a
      suitable bypass vessel was not identified preoperatively. When vessels were
      identified there was usually only a single patent artery suitable for bypass
      grafting below the knee. There were five postoperative deaths (7.6%). Eight
      grafts (11%) required early revision for thrombosis or retained valve, and six
      were salvaged and remained patent. Poor vein quality appeared responsible for the
      two early failures. Six late graft occlusions occurred from 4 to 39 months (mean
      14 months). Three of these patients had no recurrence of their ulceration, but
      two required amputation, and one has continued rest pain. One additional
      amputation was required in a patient with a patent graft. Eleven late deaths
      (16%) occurred (nine with patent grafts) primarily of cardiac causes.

PMID- 2296098
TI  - Remote distal arteriovenous fistula to improve infrapopliteal bypass patency.
AB  - The results of the use of prosthetic materials for femorocrural bypass surgery
      have been less than optimal. The creation of a distal anastomotic arteriovenous
      fistula to augment blood flow and velocity through the graft is well known.
      However, it may create turbulence at the anastomosis and steal blood flow away
      from the distal artery. A canine model was developed to evaluate the effect of
      fistula size on graft/arterial hemodynamics. In 16 patients we have constructed a
      distal arteriovenous fistula, which is remote from the distal anastomosis, and we
      studied the effect of such fistulas on bypass patency and distal arterial
      hemodynamics. Patients selected for this procedure had multiple previously failed
      reconstructions and limb-threatening ischemia and did not have usable autogenous
      vein. Femorotibial bypass graft reconstructions were performed with
      polytetrafluoroethylene followed by the creation of a side-to-side arteriovenous
      fistula 5 to 15 cm below the distal anastomosis in the same artery and
      accompanying veins. We have achieved a 1-year patency of 67% with a 75% limb
      salvage rate. We also serially measured blood flow and velocity within the
      bypass, the arteriovenous fistula, and the distal outflow vessel using duplex
      scanning after surgery. Mean estimated blood flow through the bypass during the
      immediate postoperative period was 264 ml/min, the arteriovenous fistula was 157
      ml/min, and the distal artery was 19 ml/min. Unlike an arteriovenous fistula
      created at the distal anastomosis, a remote distal arteriovenous fistula not only
      increases graft blood flow but also augments native arterial blood flow between
      the distal anastomosis and fistula and thus may improve distal limb perfusion.

PMID- 2296099
TI  - Postischemic cell membrane dysfunction.

PMID- 2296100
TI  - Is there a reason for controversy regarding fasciotomy?

PMID- 2296101
TI  - Multiple aortic aneurysms: the results of surgical management.
AB  - During the past 2 decades 102 consecutive patients (77 men and 25 women) with
      multiple aortic aneurysms underwent 201 aortic reconstructions. These procedures
      (174 elective and 27 emergent) represented 3.4% of the 5837 aortic aneurysm
      operations performed. Seventy-five (30.9%) of the 243 aneurysms occurred in the
      infrarenal aorta, 65 occurred in the descending aorta (26.7%), 56 occurred in the
      thoracoabdominal aorta (23.0%), and 47 occurred in the ascending aorta or arch
      (19.3%). Ages ranged from 20 to 81 years (mean 63.3 years). Smoking history and
      abnormal electrocardiographic tracings were present in 84.3% of the patients,
      hypertension was present in 77.5%, and obstructive lung disease was present in
      60.8%. Multiple aortic aneurysms were present at the time of the first repair in
      55 patients (53.9%). Twelve patients had one procedure, 81 had two, and nine had
      three. Sixteen (17.8%) of the 90 patients who had multiple operations had a
      subsequent operation for complications of the unrepaired aneurysm (rupture 12,
      symptoms 4). Fourteen perioperative deaths occurred among the 174 elective
      repairs (8.0%), and 11 occurred among the 27 emergent procedures (40.7%).
      Procedure mortality increased with the ordinal number of elective operations and
      was 4.4% for the first, 10.4% for the second, and 33.3% for the third. Seven of
      21 patients (33.3%) who had simultaneous repair of at least two aortic aneurysms
      died in the perioperative period. Overall, 77 of the 102 patients (75.5%)
      survived all surgical procedures to repair their multiple aortic aneurysms; of
      these, 63 had complete resection of all known aneurysms. Follow-up was complete
      in all patients and averaged 6.3 years (ranges: 1 month to 19 years). There were
      30 late deaths; the most frequent cause was myocardial infarction. Kaplan-Meier 5
      year survival including perioperative deaths for all patients after the first
      operation was 76% and after the last operation 40%. We conclude that multiple
      aortic aneurysms can be safely managed, usually with staged repairs, and that
      long-term survival is probably. After the first aortic operation the presence of
      multiple aneurysms mandates close observation with timely surgical intervention.

PMID- 2296102
TI  - Ureteral complications and aortoiliac reconstruction.
AB  - A 33-year experience with 58 ureteral complications in 50 of 3580 patients
      undergoing aortoiliac reconstruction was analyzed. Ureteral obstruction was
      treated before or in conjunction with aneurysm repair in six patients with
      aneurysmal disease. The remaining 44 patients had 46 ureteral complications after
      aortic reconstruction; complications included hydronephrosis (42), ureteral leak
      (3), and ureteral necrosis (1). A high incidence of associated graft
      complications was noted. Graft thrombosis developed in one of the six patients
      undergoing prior or simultaneous ureteral procedures, and graft infection
      developed in another. Thirty-six graft complications developed in 24 (55%) of the
      44 patients with postoperative ureteral complications. The complications included
      19 anastomotic aneurysms, eight graft limb thromboses, six graft infections, and
      three aortoenteric fistulas. Twenty-nine of the 44 patients with postoperative
      ureteral complications underwent ureteral or graft operations or both. These
      included five patients having ureteral operations alone, seven with a ureteral
      procedure and subsequent graft operation, eight requiring simultaneous ureteral
      and graft procedures, and nine undergoing a graft operation with ureteral
      observation. Six of these 29 patients (21%) died after operation, all from graft
      complications including aortoenteric fistulas (three), ruptured anastomotic
      aneurysms (two), and graft infection (one). Graft complications affected 55% of
      44 patients with postoperative ureteral complications, compared to 12% of 3536
      patients without ureteral complications (p less than 0.0001). Patients with
      postoperative ureteral complications were 4.4 times as likely to have graft
      complications compared to those without ureteral complications (p less than
      0.0001). These data suggest that such urologic complications may be markers for
      recognition of or harbingers for graft complications.

PMID- 2296103
TI  - Clinical observations on the effect of carotid artery occlusion on cerebral blood
      flow mapped by xenon computed tomography and its correlation with carotid artery
      back pressure.
AB  - Xenon computed tomographic cerebral blood flow mapping was correlated with
      internal carotid artery stump pressures and clinical neurologic assessment during
      temporary internal carotid artery occlusion. One hundred fourteen patients with
      skull base tumors or intracranial aneurysms potentially requiring carotid
      resection or ligation underwent angiography, xenon CT cerebral blood flow
      mapping, and internal carotid artery blood pressure monitoring. The internal
      carotid artery was then temporarily occluded with a balloon catheter, stump
      pressure was measured through the catheter, and the xenon CT cerebral blood flow
      mapping was repeated. Adequate xenon CT cerebral blood flow was defined as
      greater than 30 cc/100 gm/min. All patients had normal xenon CT cerebral blood
      flow before internal carotid artery occlusion. During internal carotid artery
      occlusion, xenon CT cerebral blood flow was found to be normal (group I, 40
      patients), globally reduced but still within the normal range (group II, 50
      patients), or low in the distribution of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery
      (group III, 13 patients). With balloon occlusion, an immediate neurologic deficit
      developed in 11 patients (9%) requiring deflation of the balloon preceding xenon
      CT cerebral blood flow measurement (group IV). In group I internal carotid artery
      blood pressure was 128 mm Hg. (range 85 to 171 mm Hg) with stump pressure 86 mm
      Hg (range 46 to 125 mm Hg). In group II internal carotid artery blood pressure
      was 130 mm Hg. (range 78 to 199 mm Hg), with stump pressure 86 mm Hg (range 31 to
      150 mm Hg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296104
TI  - Timing of carotid endarterectomy after acute stroke.
AB  - An arbitrary delay of at least 6 weeks before performing carotid endarterectomy
      after acute stroke has been recommended based on anecdotal reports. This
      prolonged interval may increase the danger of recurrent neurologic deficit before
      surgery. From September 1978 to September 1988, carotid endarterectomy was
      performed on 140 patients at variable intervals after stroke. Eleven patients had
      temporary stroke, which left 129 patients with neurologic symptoms that persisted
      for 3 weeks or had a cortical infarct on CT scanning. A prospective therapeutic
      protocol was applied to 82 patients admitted with acute stroke. They were
      observed until neurologic recovery reached a plateau, based on clinical
      observation by a neurologist, before performing angiography and carotid
      endarterectomy (group I). Forty-seven patients were not seen until after recovery
      from stroke was established (group II). At initial presentation, the severity of
      neurologic deficit was classified as mild, moderate, or severe in 31%, 58%, and
      11%, respectively. Recovery before operation was registered as complete in 11%,
      mild residual in 66%, moderate residual in 21%, and severe residual in 2%. Group
      I patients (n = 82, 64%) were operated on within 6 weeks of stroke and group II
      (n = 47, 36%) were operated on at varying times after 6 weeks. No significant
      difference was found in the incidence of cerebrovascular events (1.2% vs 4.2%)
      and deaths (1.3% vs 2.1%) between groups I and II with respect to the timing of
      carotid endarterectomy, and no significant difference was found between patients
      operated on at 2, 4, 6, or more than 6 weeks after stroke.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296105
TI  - Safety of peripheral vascular surgery after recent acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - We have treated 30 patients requiring urgent or emergent vascular procedures in
      the first 6 weeks after a myocardial infarction (median 11 days) from 1977
      through 1989. Forty operations were performed, including 28 lower extremity
      revascularizations, 10 major amputations and revisions, and two carotid
      endarterectomies. There were four postoperative deaths (three cardiac related)
      and two nonfatal reinfarctions. Cardiac complications did not correlate with age,
      interval from myocardial infarction to surgery within the initial 6 weeks, type
      of anesthesia, or complexity of operation. Twenty of 24 patients survived
      attempts at leg revascularization, with ultimate limb salvage in 16. Our cardiac
      complication rate of 17% (5/30 patients) was reasonably close to that predicted
      by the Goldman risk scale for classes II and III and significantly better than
      class IV and also better than that predicted by the Cooperman risk scale for
      vascular surgery, despite the more recent preoperative myocardial infarctions in
      our patients. We attribute our low morbidity and mortality to the extracavitary
      nature of the procedures and possibly to improvements in anesthetic and
      perioperative management. Patients requiring urgent revascularization for limb
      salvage should not be denied surgery on the basis of a recent myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2296106
TI  - New perspectives on the management of penetrating trauma in proximity to major
      limb arteries.
AB  - Current management of penetrating injuries in the proximity of major extremity
      arteries with no evidence of vascular trauma remains controversial. A total of
      318 such injuries in 254 patients were evaluated prospectively to clarify the
      appropriate timing and role of arteriography, as well as the natural history of
      these injuries. The arteries at risk were: axillary, 47; brachial, 57;
      superficial femoral, 176; and popliteal, 38. No deaths occurred, and no morbidity
      resulted from arteriographic delay of 6 to 24 hours after injury. Of the 48
      arteriographic abnormalities detected, 16 involved noncritical branch vessels.
      There were 32 injuries to major arteries (10.0%), including localized narrowing
      (n = 13), intimal flap (n = 12), false aneurysm (n = 6), and arteriovenous
      fistula (n = 1). Shotgun wounds led to a greater arterial injury rate (3/17;
      17.6%) than did gunshot wounds (24/247; 9.7%) or stab wounds (5/54; 9.3%). At the
      surgeon's discretion, three injuries underwent immediate exploration (one
      negative), whereas the remaining 29 vessel injuries were followed up
      nonoperatively by repeat arteriography (n = 22) or clinical examination (n = 7),
      for a mean interval of 2.8 months. Fifteen abnormalities resolved, 10 improved or
      remained unchanged, and 4 worsened. The four lesions (13.7%) that worsened (two
      shotgun and two axillary artery injuries) were identified within 3 months of
      injury and repaired surgically with no morbidity. In conclusion, only 6
      operations were required out of 3218 potential injuries (1.8%), suggesting that
      routine arteriography is not a cost-effective means of evaluating these
      injuries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296108
TI  - Medical education and resident work hours.

PMID- 2296107
TI  - Functional analysis of cryopreserved veins. Preliminary report.
AB  - Functional comparisons of cryopreserved and fresh canine vein endothelium, smooth
      muscle, and connective tissue were performed. Morphometric analysis of saphenous
      vein endothelium revealed no significant loss of endothelial integrity as a
      result of cryopreservation. Endothelial cell culture revealed similar numbers of
      clonogenic intimal cells from cryopreserved and fresh saphenous, cephalic, and
      jugular veins. Smooth muscle function was assessed by measurement of the
      isometric force generated by vein rings in response to norepinephrine, serotonin,
      and potassium chloride. There was no significant difference in the dose responses
      of cryopreserved and fresh saphenous veins to the reagents tested. Similar
      results were obtained for the cephalic and jugular vein experiments with
      norepinephrine. The maximum tensions generated in response to norepinephrine were
      52% of fresh control segments. Connective tissue function was assessed by
      quantitation of 3H-proline incorporation. The results indicate that cryopreserved
      veins retained approximately 43.5% of values of fresh vein collagen synthesis.
      Finally, eight cryopreserved cephalic vein autografts were placed as femoral
      artery grafts and were removed electively after 1 to 8 weeks. All grafts were
      patent. Both light and electron microscopy demonstrated that the cryopreserved
      veins remained intact in vivo and that arteriolization occurred as described for
      fresh autografts in the literature. In conclusion, cryopreserved veins retain
      much of their cellular and tissue functions on thawing. Transplantation of
      cryopreserved veins suggests that cryopreservation does not change the sequence
      of histologic events associated with the use of autologous fresh vein as an
      arterial substitute.

PMID- 2296109
TI  - Peptide portions may hold key to amplifying bone against porosis.

PMID- 2296110
TI  - Forum focuses on Hispanic-American health.

PMID- 2296111
TI  - Biomagnetometry provides a new compass for exploring the brain and heart.

PMID- 2296112
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Prevalence of overweight for Hispanics-
      United States, 1982-1984.

PMID- 2296113
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Update: eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome
      associated with ingestion of L-tryptophan--United States, as of January 9, 1990.

PMID- 2296114
TI  - Health care changes after independence and transition to majority rule.

PMID- 2296115
TI  - Mail-order (veterinary) drug dependence.

PMID- 2296116
TI  - Methadone treatment and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2296117
TI  - Persantine advertisement: artistic license or misleading implication?

PMID- 2296118
TI  - Distinguishing depression from functional impairment in the medical outcomes
      study.

PMID- 2296119
TI  - Blood pressure reduction and the risk of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2296120
TI  - The tears of the physician.

PMID- 2296121
TI  - Letter from Ipoh.

PMID- 2296122
TI  - Suicidal ideation and HIV testing.
AB  - To examine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing on
      suicidal ideation among physically asymptomatic subjects at perceived risk for
      infection, 244 men and 57 women completed the Beck Depression Inventory 2 weeks
      before and 1 week and 2 months after notification. All subjects received
      extensive pretest and posttest counseling. Among the 49 seropositive subjects,
      rates of suicidal ideation on item 9 of the Beck Depression Inventory were 28.6%
      at entry and 27.1% and 16.3% at the two follow-up assessments; none reported
      increased suicidal ideation at 2 months. Among the 252 seronegative subjects,
      suicidal ideation decreased from 30.6% at entry to 17.1% and 15.9% at 1 week and
      2 months after notification, respectively. Suicidal ideation correlated with
      modified Beck Depression Inventory scores (r = .50 to .55). Among the 4.7% of
      seropositives and seronegatives with suicidal wishes or intent at any assessment,
      average modified Beck Depression Inventory scores (mean, 17.1) suggested a
      clinical depression.

PMID- 2296123
TI  - Alternative strategies for controlling rising cesarean section rates.
AB  - Cesarean section rates in the United States have increased from 5.5% in 1970 to
      24.4% in 1987. This dramatic increase has generated considerable concern, leading
      to a variety of proposals to control rising use of cesarean section. Six
      strategies have been adopted or proposed to reduce cesarean section use: (1)
      education and peer evaluation, (2) external review, (3) public dissemination of
      cesarean section rates, (4) changes in physician payment, (5) changes in hospital
      payment, and (6) medical malpractice reform. These strategies differ in their
      specific assumptions regarding the process of clinical decision making,
      implications for physician autonomy, and methods of implementation. Educational
      efforts have been the most widely promoted. Of these, formal programs aimed at
      modifying practices within individual hospitals appear to be the most successful.
      However, insufficient research has been conducted to compare conclusively the
      impact and feasibility of these six strategies, pointing to the need for further
      study.

PMID- 2296124
TI  - Consumption of olive oil, butter, and vegetable oils and coronary heart disease
      risk factors. The Research Group ATS-RF2 of the Italian National Research
      Council.
AB  - The cross-sectional association between consumption of various fats (eg, butter,
      olive oil, and vegetable oil) and risk factors for coronary heart disease was
      analyzed in a sample of 4903 Italian men and women 20 to 59 years of age. The
      intake of fats was ascertained by an interviewer-administered questionnaire.
      Increased consumption of butter was associated with significantly higher blood
      pressure and serum cholesterol and glucose levels for men; in women only the
      association with glucose reached statistical significance. In both sexes
      consumption of olive oil and vegetable oil was inversely associated with serum
      cholesterol and glucose levels and systolic blood pressure. These findings were
      adjusted for confounding effects of other risk factors for cardiovascular
      disease. These cross-sectional findings from a large population sample suggest
      that consumption of butter may detrimentally affect coronary risk factors, while
      polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats may be associated with a lower coronary
      risk profile.

PMID- 2296125
TI  - Saturated fatty acids in vegetable oils. Council on Scientific Affairs.
AB  - Concern has been expressed about the "atherogenicity" of coconut and/or palm oil
      in food products. Saturated fatty acids are found primarily in animal products
      and in "tropical oils" (coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils). Composition of the
      total diet over an extended period determines nutritional status and contribution
      to health. Specific foods and/or food ingredients need to be evaluated within the
      context of a person's total dietary pattern over time. Persons attempting to
      limit saturated fatty acid intake should be aware of the high content of
      saturated fatty acids in tropical oils. The American Medical Association is on
      record as supporting fatty acid labeling when cholesterol content is declared and
      cholesterol labeling when fatty acid content is declared. The American Medical
      Association has supported, and continues to support, voluntary efforts to
      increase public awareness of the composition and nutritional value of foods.

PMID- 2296126
TI  - Ethical principles in critical care.

PMID- 2296127
TI  - Critical limits for urgent clinician notification at US medical centers.
AB  - A national survey determined critical limits used by trauma and medical centers
      in the United States. Mean low and high critical limits for the most frequently
      listed tests were the following values: glucose, 2.6 and 26.9 mmol/L; potassium,
      2.8 and 6.2 mmol/L; calcium, 1.65 and 3.22 mmol/L; sodium, 120 and 158 mmol/L;
      hematocrit, 0.18 and 0.61; hemoglobin, 66 and 199 g/L; platelets, 37 x 10(9)/L
      and 910 X 10(9)/L; and white blood cell count, 2.0 X 10(9)/L and 37.0 X 10(9)/L.
      The high critical limit for prothrombin time was 27 seconds. Critical limits for
      PCO2 were 19 and 67 mm Hg; and for pH, 7.21 and 7.59. The low critical limit for
      PO2 was 43 mm Hg; no high critical limit was listed. The noncritical span for
      free calcium was 0.80 mmol/L. Important qualitative critical results included the
      presence of blasts on the blood smear, a Gram's stain or culture from blood or
      cerebrospinal fluid with positive results, and an elevated white blood cell count
      in the cerebrospinal fluid. A product of 15 years of collective medical judgment,
      these data should help physicians improve the quality and efficiency of acute
      patient care.

PMID- 2296128
TI  - Osteoporosis and hip fractures: challenges to investigators and clinicians.

PMID- 2296129
TI  - Critical (panic) value notification: an established laboratory practice policy
      (parameter)

PMID- 2296130
TI  - A piece of my mind. Letting go.

PMID- 2296131
TI  - MD-PhD programs: at a crossroads?

PMID- 2296132
TI  - The clinician-researcher's unique perspective.

PMID- 2296133
TI  - An odyssey through Iliad.

PMID- 2296134
TI  - The discovery of the graft-mediated pupillary reflex.

PMID- 2296135
TI  - Endothelial dysfunction plays dynamic role in coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2296136
TI  - New sources add to lead poisoning concerns.

PMID- 2296137
TI  - What the Nazis called 'medical research' haunts the scientific community to this
      day.

PMID- 2296138
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Lead poisoning associated with intravenous
      methamphetamine use--Oregon, 1988.

PMID- 2296139
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Deaths from nine chronic diseases--United
      States, 1986.

PMID- 2296140
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Years of potential life lost before ages 65
      and 85--United States, 1987 and 1988.

PMID- 2296141
TI  - Problems in reporting psychiatric disorders among homeless adults.

PMID- 2296142
TI  - The health care needs of homeless and runaway youths.

PMID- 2296143
TI  - Adolescents and their music: Paganini, Satanists, and insider trading.

PMID- 2296144
TI  - Kentucky, not Kennedy. ROS, POS, and ROPO rear their ugly heads. Acronymic
      archivist seduced by eponymy.

PMID- 2296145
TI  - A piece of mind. Dit dit.

PMID- 2296146
TI  - The effect of known risk factors on the excess mortality of black adults in the
      United States.
AB  - We compared the mortality rate ratios, before and after adjustment for different
      risk factors, of black vs white adults in the National Health and Nutrition
      Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. For persons 35 to 54 years
      old, the rate ratio of mortality for blacks vs whites decreased from 2.3
      (unadjusted) to 1.9 when adjusted simultaneously for six well-established risk
      factors (smoking, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol level, body-mass index,
      alcohol intake, and diabetes) and decreased from 1.9 to 1.4 when adjusted for the
      six risk factors plus family income. Thus, approximately 31% of the excess
      mortality can be accounted for by six well-established risk factors and a further
      38% by family income. This leaves 31% unexplained. Broader social and health
      system changes and research targeted at the causes of the mortality gap, coupled
      with increased efforts aimed at modifiable risk factors, may all be needed for
      egalitarian goals in health to be realized.

PMID- 2296147
TI  - Risk of sexually transmitted disease among black adolescent crack users in
      Oakland and San Francisco, Calif.
AB  - Crack cocaine is a smokable form of cocaine hydrochloride that has been
      associated with increases in admissions to drug treatment programs, and,
      recently, increases in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
      among black teenagers. In an exploratory, cross-sectional study of the prevalence
      of risk behaviors that would promote the dissemination of STDs (including human
      immunodeficiency virus) among 222 black teenaged crack users, 41% of those
      interviewed reported a history of an STD. A history of an STD was more likely to
      be reported by girls (55%) than by boys (34%) and by those who combined crack use
      with sexual relations (51%) than those who did not (32%). The number of risk
      behaviors for STDs or human immunodeficiency virus reported by respondents
      (including failure to use a condom in one's most recent sexual encounter, having
      had a history of an STD, engaging in exchanges of sex for drugs or money,
      combining sexual activity with drug use, and reporting five or more sexual
      partners per year) was evaluated using multiple regression analysis stratified by
      gender. For girls, a history of selling crack and the number of reported risk
      behaviors (R = .46); for boys who chose the description "I don't know ahead of
      time if I'm going to have sex--it just happens" and the number of drugs used on a
      daily basis were associated with the number of reported risk behaviors (R = .31).
      Because of the impetuous nature of some crack-related sexual activity and because
      76% of respondents acknowledged that they were either "very worried" or "somewhat
      worried" that they might get acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, it is possible
      that a program of widespread distribution of condoms in neighborhoods where crack
      use is prevalent might make it possible for the worried, impulsive crack user to
      practice "safer sex."

PMID- 2296148
TI  - Fourth-order blood pressure waves.
AB  - A critically ill 80-year-old man had blood pressure waves with a period of about
      30 minutes. These blood pressure oscillations, lasting longer than 18 hours, were
      accompanied by oscillations in heart rate, central venous pressure, pulmonary
      arterial pressure, and oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood. No discernible
      variations in external conditions caused the oscillations. Oscillations with such
      long periods heretofore have not been reported.

PMID- 2296149
TI  - The right of privacy protects the doctor-patient relationship.

PMID- 2296150
TI  - Ethical implications of rejecting patients for clinical trials.

PMID- 2296151
TI  - Clinical decision making: from theory to practice. Practice policies --what are
      they?

PMID- 2296153
TI  - United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology. Annual meeting, Boston, March 4
      9, 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2296152
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic technology assessment. Autologous bone marrow
      transplantation--reassessment.

PMID- 2296154
TI  - Society for Pediatric Pathology. Annual meeting, Boston, MA, March 3-4, 1990.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2296155
TI  - Differences in activity of minoxidil and cyclosporin A on hair growth in nude and
      normal mice. Comparisons of in vivo and in vitro studies.
AB  - Hair growth effects of minoxidil and cyclosporin A were assessed in a series of
      experiments using nude mice. Systematic monitoring of coat hair showed that
      untreated nude mice grow extremely sparse and transient hair in cycles. This
      monitoring was done by photographing each animal through at least one full growth
      cycle and rating peak growth on a 1 to 4 scale. Topical administration of
      minoxidil or minoxidil sulfate did not influence this cyclic hair growth. Orally
      administered minoxidil also had no effect but oral cyclosporin A increased peak
      hair growth. None of the treatments altered the length of the hair cycle. Direct
      drug effects on follicles were tested in vitro using organ cultured vibrissae
      from both nude and normal mice. Minoxidil stimulated hair growth in follicles
      from normal but not nude mice. In contrast, cyclosporin A stimulated growth only
      in vibrissae follicles from nude but not normal animals. These studies show that
      minoxidil and cyclosporin A influence hair growth differentially. Cyclosporin A
      directly affects nude hair follicles by apparently compensating for a genetic
      defect inherent in nude follicles. Minoxidil does not have a similar effect.
      Apparently, the biochemical pathway activated by minoxidil is not a critical
      defect of hair growth in nude mice. We conclude that nude mice are not useful for
      studying minoxidil effects but they may be useful in studying pleiotropic effects
      of the nude gene on hair growth.

PMID- 2296156
TI  - Glomerular volume in type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes estimated by a direct
      and unbiased stereologic method.
AB  - Glomerular volume was estimated in 20 type 2 diabetic patients (age 64 +/- 6
      years, duration of diabetes 6 +/- 5 years) compared with 14 sex- and age-matched
      controls, as well as in a group of 11 very long-term type 1 diabetic patients
      (age 61 +/- 12 years, duration of diabetes 44 +/- 11 years). One whole autopsy
      kidney was obtained prospectively, and a known fraction (approximately equal to
      1/140) was sampled systematically and embedded in plastic (JB-4
      glycolmetacrylate), thereby essentially eliminating shrinkage. Sections 15
      microns thick were stained with periodic acid-Schiff. Mean glomerular volume was
      estimated on a random sample of glomeruli using the disector method. Frequency of
      glomerular occlusion and mean volume of open glomeruli was estimated. Mean
      glomerular volume was not different between type 2 diabetic patients and controls
      (5.3 +/- 1.7 M mu3/1.73 m2 versus 5.3 +/- 1.9 M mu3/1.73 m2) nor was total
      glomerular volume or kidney weight. Frequency of glomerular occlusion was 4.8 +/-
      5.7% in controls, 8.9 +/- 7.8% (p = 0.10) in type 2 patients, and 16.8% +/- 20.7
      (p less than 0.05) in type 1 patients. In type 2 patients there was a correlation
      between frequency of glomerular occlusion and mean volume of open glomeruli (r =
      0.44, p = 0.05), and the same tendency was seen in type 1 patients (r = 0.49, p =
      0.12). By the present method the absolute level of glomerular volume was
      increased by at least a factor of two compared with previous studies. This
      illustrates the problems arising from shrinkage of tissue in paraffin and
      stresses the importance of using an unbiased stereological method. The lack of
      increase in total glomerular volume is in accordance with clinical findings of
      lack of glomerular hyperfiltration in type 2 patients, findings in contrast to
      those in type 1 diabetes. It is suggested that hyperfiltration per se is not the
      cause of glomerulopathy.

PMID- 2296157
TI  - Propylene glycol ingestion causes D-lactic acidosis.
AB  - Propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) is a solvent in numerous pharmaceuticals and a
      major preservative and source of carbohydrates in processed foods. In mammals,
      propylene glycol is metabolized similar to ethanol, proceeding via hepatic
      alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases to lactate, which can then enter
      gluconeogenesis. We observed that cats ingesting 1.6 gm of propylene glycol/kg
      body weight/day developed increased anion gap. To investigate this further, we
      measured D- and L-lactate concentrations in these cats; we also measured D
      lactate in cats ingesting high doses of propylene glycol (8.0 gm/kg). While L
      lactate actually decreased throughout the 35-day course of propylene glycol
      feeding, D-lactate levels were significantly increased on a dose-dependent basis
      and correlated positively with anion gap. In cats ingesting the high dose of
      propylene glycol, D-lactate concentrations were as high as 7 mmol/liter, levels
      associated with encephalopathy in humans. Indeed, this group of cats developed
      depression and ataxia, consistent with intoxication by D-lactate. These findings
      are significant not only for animals ingesting diets which contain propylene
      glycol, but for humans who receive propylene glycol-containing medications.

PMID- 2296158
TI  - Amyloid enhancing factor-loaded macrophages in amyloid fibril formation.
AB  - Amyloid enhancing factor (AEF) is believed to be a key agent that triggers the
      second (deposition) phase of amyloidogenesis. However, the target cells of AEF
      activation and their function after the activation have not yet been clearly
      identified. We found that peritoneal resident cells from amyloidotic mice
      contained very high AEF activity. With a simultaneous subcutaneous injection of
      1.0 ml of the casein-adjuvant emulsion, an intravenous injection of 10,000 cells
      was consistently capable of inducing amyloidosis in a recipient mouse in 72
      hours. After 2-hour cultures, the major AEF activity was found in the adherent
      cells (macrophages). An intravenous injection of 5 to 10 million of the live
      macrophages with the casein-adjuvant injection caused amyloid deposits in the
      recipient not only in the spleen and the liver but also in the lung (an extremely
      rare site of AA amyloid deposition). We have interpreted this finding to indicate
      that the injected AEF-loaded macrophages, while still residing in the lung and
      exposed to the blood stream, processed SAA to form amyloid. We further tested
      this postulate in an in vitro system. In a 4-day culture of the AEF-loaded
      macrophages in a medium containing SAA-rich mouse serum, small masses (less than
      15 microns in diameter) of Congo red positive substance were observed scattered
      adjacent to or surrounded by the macrophages. The present observations lend
      strong credence to the conclusion that AEF-loaded macrophages are fully capable
      of processing SAA to AA and further to amyloid fibrils, and that they indeed play
      a role in the second phase of amyloidogenesis in vivo.

PMID- 2296159
TI  - Actin isoform mRNA alterations induced by doxorubicin in cultured heart cells.
AB  - Cultured rat myocardial cells (CMC) were incubated with adriamycin (ADR), an
      antineoplastic which causes dilated cardiomyopathy (COCM). CMC were exposed to
      10(-7) M to 10(-5) M ADR for 24 hours, harvested, and CMC RNA was extracted.
      Extracted RNA underwent electrophoresis, transfer to nitrocellulose filters, and
      hybridization with radiolabeled cDNA probes which were specific for the actin
      isoforms (alpha, beta, and gamma) and isotypes (alpha sk = alpha skeletal; alpha
      c = alpha cardiac). RNA from CMC exposed to 10(-7) M ADR yielded a strong signal
      for mRNA coding for alpha c actin when probed with the isotype-specific cDNA.
      Hybridization signal was reduced in CMC extracts at 10(-6) M ADR. In CMC extracts
      at 10(-5) M ADR, the alpha c actin mRNA again hybridized. The cDNAs which were
      specific for beta and gamma actin isoforms yielded hybridization signals in
      extracts from CMC exposed to 10(-7) M and 10(-6) M ADR. These signals were
      reduced in extracts of CMC at 10(-5) M ADR. ADR's dose-related effect on the
      expression of alpha c actin in CMC is specific and suggests that ADR may have
      effects on regulation of CMC alpha c actin polypeptides and mRNA.

PMID- 2296161
TI  - Differential localization of type I and type III procollagen messenger
      ribonucleic acids in inflamed periodontal and periapical connective tissues by in
      situ hybridization.
AB  - Inflammatory lesions of periodontal and periapical connective tissue were studied
      by in situ hybridization to detect cells responsible for type I and type III
      collagen production. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from
      patients with oral lesions of various stages of inflammation were hybridized with
      cDNA probes specific for human pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 1(III) collagen
      mRNAs, and with bacteriophage lambda DNA as a control probe. This technique
      permitted us to localize fibroblasts active in type I collagen synthesis in the
      vicinity of inflammatory infiltrates in all the samples studied. Cells containing
      high levels of type III collagen mRNA were seen in early abscess formation and
      they were particularly abundant in pyogenic granuloma and irritation fibroma.
      Type I collagen mRNA was prominent in gingival fibrosis. In the infrabony lesions
      with active inflammatory infiltrations the production of collagen was confined
      mostly to the periphery of the lesions. These findings give indirect evidence
      that cytokines liberated during the early stages of the inflammatory process
      stimulate expression of the type III collagen gene by fibroblasts. In chronic
      lesions a gradual switch from type III to type I collagen gene expression occurs.
      The change in collagen types appears to underlie the observed isolation of the
      inflammation by a collagenous capsule. In all the samples studied fibroblasts
      exhibited marked variation in their levels of procollagen mRNAs, supporting
      previous views about their heterogeneity in connective tissues. The approach
      presented here offers new possibilities to study cellular interactions and
      metabolic activities in inflammatory lesions.

PMID- 2296160
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase activity in hepatic tissue and serum correlates with amount
      and type of bile acid load.
AB  - Bile acids stimulate synthesis of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) in the liver. We
      studied how alterations in bile acid type and load affect ATPase activity in
      hepatic tissue and in the serum. We increased the load of natural bile acids in
      rats by bile duct obstruction (BDO) or by creating a shunt between the common
      bile duct and superior vena cava (choledocho-caval shunt or CCS). Concentration
      of bile acids and ALPase activity in hepatic tissue rose more rapidly in the BDO
      model than in CCS. ALPase activity on the hepatocellular surface, normally
      confined to the canaliculus, spread outward to involve basolateral membrane in
      livers with high total hepatic ALPase activity. When the bile acid pool was
      reduced by a 12-hour biliary drainage in the CCS model, surface distribution of
      ALPase reverted to a nearly normal pattern. We substituted the endogenous bile
      acid pool with an equimolar amount of the single bile acid, taurocholic (TCA),
      tauroursocholic, taurohyocholic, or tauroursodeoxycholic acid in the CCS. The
      first two bile acids have a 12 alpha-hydroxyl group, whereas the latter two do
      not. After 12 hours, hepatic ALPase activity was increased with TCA or
      tauroursocholic substitution, but not with taurohyocholic or
      tauroursodeoxycholic. Again, surface distribution of ALPase activity correlated
      with the tissue ALPase activity. However, the serum activity increased
      significantly only with TCA, the most detergent of the bile acids. In bile
      fistula rats only infusion of TCA accelerated biliary secretion of ALPase. The
      above results suggest that hepatic synthesis and serum activity of ALPase are
      influenced by two different features of bile acids: the former by structure (the
      12 alpha-hydroxyl group) and the latter by a physical property (detergency).

PMID- 2296162
TI  - Wall shear stress distribution along the cusp of a tri-leaflet prosthetic valve.
AB  - High levels of wall shear stress on the surface of valvular cusps can cause
      mechanical damage to the blood cells and the cusp surfaces. The shear stresses
      are also responsible for mechanical failure of prosthetic heart valves.
      Qualitative measurements of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the leaflets are
      thus essential for diagnosis of suspected complications and provide important
      information for the design and fabrication of bioprosthetic heart valves. For
      this purpose we measured the velocity distribution along the inside wall of the
      cusps of a tri-leaflet heart valve with a two colour laser Doppler anemometer
      system. The wall shear stresses on the cusp surface were computed and found to
      range from 80 to 120 N/m2 during the ejection phase. Wall shear stresses of up to
      180 N/m2 were measured in loci of cusp flexure and the accelerated boundary
      layer. The results of this study show a correlation between the high shear stress
      loci and the clinically (animal) observed regions of cusp calcification.

PMID- 2296163
TI  - New design of hip prosthesis using carbon fibre reinforced composite.
AB  - We present a new design for a hip prosthesis using polyethylene-hydroxyapatite, a
      composite material with layered stiffness and good bone compatibility. In order
      to overcome the low stiffness of the matrix, carbon fibre reinforcement is
      suggested. This new collarless prosthesis was designed to give maximum stiffness
      at the core and lower stiffness at the bone-implant interface. For this design a
      2D finite element analysis was undertaken; its results were compared with those
      for a titanium alloy prosthesis. The effect of the variation in the collar
      stiffness was also analysed.

PMID- 2296164
TI  - Numerical 3D-stimulation of pulsatile wall shear stress in an arterial T
      bifurcation model.
AB  - The structure of pulsatile blood flow and wall shear stress in a 90 degrees T
      bifurcation model is analysed numerically. The nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations
      for time-dependent incompressible Newtonian fluid flow are approximated using a
      newly developed pressure correction, finite element method. The wall shear stress
      is calculated from the finite element velocity field. The investigation shows
      viscous flow phenomena such as flow separation and stagnation and the
      distribution of high and low wall shear stress during the pulse cycle.
      Furthermore, the effect of a sharp corner at the bifurcation edge on the wall
      shear stress is analysed. Detailed local flow investigation is required to
      examine fluid dynamic contribution to the development of arterial diseases such
      as atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

PMID- 2296165
TI  - Cardiac chemical constant. Part I: Derivation of the characteristic
      phenomenological equation.
AB  - A physiochemical parameter is derived and defined as the cardiac chemical
      equilibrium dissociation constant (KD). KD is based upon a phenomenological model
      in which the cardiac muscle chemical reaction kinetics describe the
      interconversion between long and short units (i.e. the individual sarcomere is
      fully extended or fully contracted). KD is defined as the ratio of the number of
      units in the long state to the number of units in the short state. The
      mathematical development proceeds through four stages: derivation of the
      governing differential equation during cardiac systole; simplification of the
      differential equation to describe the cardiac model; determination of the upper
      and lower limits and average value of Nt (the total number of units in a
      hypothetical mid-wall circumferential fibre): definition and calculation of the
      cardiac chemical constant (KD). KD is shown to describe a series of equilibrium
      points throughout cardiac systole. This requires that each mechanical equilibrium
      state (a series of static, steady-state intervals over time) is also associated
      with its own specific chemical equilibrium state.

PMID- 2296167
TI  - A linear motor and compact cylinder-piston driver for left ventricular bypass.
AB  - A simple, portable, reliable and noise-free pneumatic driver has been developed.
      It consists of a linear motor attached to a cylinder piston, in one unit. The
      motor coil is directly wound on the cylinder, and the permanent magnet is fixed
      to the piston. As a continuous voltage square wave is applied to the coil, the
      cylinder reciprocates on the piston periodically, producing air pressure and
      vacuum alternately. In conjunction with a locally made diaphragm pump, the driver
      was tested in vitro and in vivo. Results demonstrated that the device could drive
      the diaphragm pump and so support the circulation of an experimental animal. The
      driver weighs 12 kg. For 200 mmHg air pressure and -80 mmHg vacuum the power
      consumed is 30 W. Its noise is about 30 dB, less than that of an artificial valve
      and pump.

PMID- 2296166
TI  - Cardiac chemical constant. Part II: Application to normal and abnormal left
      ventricular function.
AB  - A physiochemical parameter has been defined as KD, the cardiac chemical
      equilibrium dissociation constant, and represents the ratio of long units
      (extended sarcomeres) to short units (contracted sarcomeres) of a hypothetical
      mid-wall circumferential fibre. KD has been separately identified for three
      specific points in the cardiac cycle: end-diastole (KDED), mid-cycle of systole
      (KDMC) and end-systole (KDES). These three values of KD have been computed for 15
      normal patients (N), 6 patients with compensated volume overload (CVO), 9
      patients with decompensated volume overload (DVO), 3 patients with compensated
      pressure overload (CPO) and 6 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (CC). The
      average for the N group was KDED = 2.47, KDMC = 0.67 and KDES = 0.24. The
      majority of the long-to-short unit interconversions were calculated to occur
      during the first half of systole. The phenomenological model does not predict any
      significant parameter changes between the CVO group and the N group. The ratio
      KDMC/KDED is significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) for the DVO group compared
      to the N group and indicates a greater extent of long-to-short unit
      interconversion during the first half of systole for the DVO group average
      (compared to the N group average). For the CPO group, KDED averages around 45%
      higher than the average normal (P less than 0.005) and KDES averages about 33%
      lower than the average of the N group (P less than 0.005). As a compensatory
      process in CPO, the myocardium is transferring a larger percentage of its total
      units (sarcomeres) to long units at end-diastole and interconverting a larger
      percentage of its long units to short units during systole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296168
TI  - Computer analysis of ENG spectral features from patients with congenital
      nystagmus.
AB  - Power spectral estimation from electromystagmographic recording of eye position
      is proposed as a simple digital processing method to quantify both the amplitude
      and the frequency features of eye motion in patients affected by the oculomotor
      disorder of congenital nystagmus (CN). Different basic wave shapes clinically
      identified and studied in the literature are shown to have slightly different
      power spectra, which can be used to characterize the CN disorder from nystagmus
      waveforms. This treatment, statistical in nature, does not depend strongly on the
      detailed structure of each recorded wave shape, thus emphasizing that accurate
      descriptive analysis of all patient's waveforms characteristics adds little to
      the comprehension of CN. We show that the power spectral estimation also
      represents a useful tool in modelling both the CN defect and the non-defective
      oculomotor system, and in assessing the effect of the surgical treatment of CN
      through the differences in the power spectra before and after surgery.

PMID- 2296169
TI  - Description of dynamic lung fluid transport phenomena by linear non-equilibrium
      thermodynamic equations.
AB  - We propose a mathematical model of dynamic lung transvascular fluid flow based on
      linear non-equilibrium thermodynamic equations. The model makes use of
      experimental results concerning lung fluid balance during hydrodynamic and
      hypooncotic loading. An 'inexact problem' solution method was employed to solve
      the mathematical problem and to obtain coefficients of mass transfer. Transport
      features dependent on the system's condition and on boundary phase surface
      phenomena were also considered. A complex analysis of such a multi-unit system as
      the lung is useful for the evaluation of fluid balance mechanisms and their
      application to the development of artificial mass exchange devices.

PMID- 2296170
TI  - Method for recording short latency evoked potentials using an EKG artifact
      elimination procedure.
AB  - This paper describes the application of an EKG elimination procedure, previously
      reported by the authors, to evoked potentials (EPs) recording using a non
      cephalic reference. The method consists of three separate steps: data
      acquisition, EKG artifact elimination, and EP averaging. EKG artifacts are
      eliminated from the raw EEG by applying a four step procedure to the
      simultaneously recorded EEG, EKG and stimulus pulse. The steps are: synchronized
      partition of the raw EEG, EKG averaging, synchronized repetition, and
      synchronized subtraction of the EKG estimate from the raw EEG. Average EP values
      are then obtained by averaging the processed EEG using the stimulus pulse as a
      trigger. Somatosensory evoked potentials to a hand reference, averaged using the
      proposed method, were compared with those obtained by two conventional averaging
      methods, and were shown to be more clearly defined. The advantage of the proposed
      method for recording short latency EP values with a non-cephalic reference is
      that it requires fewer sweeps and thus takes less time than other methods. The
      proposed method may also be applicable to the recording of other EP values.

PMID- 2296171
TI  - Study of the hysteresis phenomenon in canine anterior cruciate ligaments.
AB  - Preconditioning is now in common use in biomechanical testing of soft connective
      tissues. During the first few cycles the tissue behaviour is characterized by a
      decreasing hysteresis area. However, little is known about the changes occurring
      during the preconditioning process. The purpose of this study was to investigate
      the hysteresis phenomenon of ligaments as it is influenced by preconditioning and
      in vitro enzymatic treatment. Canine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was chosen
      because its mechanical properties and microstructure are relatively well known. A
      series of experiments were conducted to clarify some of the hysteresis features
      by combining mechanical testing, enzymatic digestions and pH variations. The area
      within the hysteresis loops (energy absorption, EA) was measured before and after
      each treatment. The results showed that the EA before preconditioning is not
      modified by elastase treatment, however, it was significantly reduced after
      preconditioning. The fractional EA lost during the preconditioning process
      increased significantly as compared to the controls. This may be explained by the
      destruction of elastin, which plays a significant role in the elasticity of
      ligaments. It was found that hyaluronidase treatment did not significantly affect
      the hysteresis of preconditioned ligaments. However, the EA during the first
      cycle decreased significantly as a result of uronic acid digestion leading
      probably to an exhaustion of the viscous component of the tissue. Hyaluronidase
      treatment seems to have the same effect as preconditioning on the hysteresis
      area.

PMID- 2296172
TI  - The central axis prosthetic cardiac valve: an in vitro study of pressure drop
      assessment under steady-state flow conditions.
AB  - In this work, a new mechanical prosthetic heart valve, the central axis valve, is
      presented. This new prosthesis has been tested in vitro, and compared with four
      other common prosthetic cardiac valves (Starr-Edwards 6120, Bjork-Shiley
      monostrut, Medtronic-Hall, and St Jude Medical valves). All valves studied have
      the same orifice diameter of 22 mm. The prostheses were installed inside a
      transparent mitral test chamber, which enables pressure drop measurement to be
      made under steady-state flow conditions using a blood analogue fluid. Pressure
      drop loss is one important factor affecting the overall performance of a
      prosthetic heart valve. Steady-state flow tests are essential to predict certain
      flow characteristics and pressure gradient loss before more complicated,
      expensive, and difficult-to-interpret pulsatile flow tests are conducted. All
      experiments were performed in vitro and at steady volumetric flow rates of 10 to
      30 l/min. The Starr-Edwards SE 6120 showed the highest values for pressure drop.
      The St Jude Medical valve offers the minimum resistance to flow. The central axis
      valve comes second to the Starr Edwards valve for this type of measurement. The
      new valve is promising. A complete valve evaluation programme, covering initial
      conceptional design through to clinical use, is in progress. Materials for the
      fabrication of the new valve are also under consideration.

PMID- 2296173
TI  - Single camera photogrammetric technique for restricted 3D motion analysis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to use a single camera to determine the true elbow
      flexion angle with the arm plane oriented arbitrarily with respect to the camera.
      A mathematical theory was developed and a mechanical arm model was constructed to
      validate the theory. A static weightlifting skill was analysed to investigate the
      viability of the technique on the human subject. The validation of the theory
      showed the error associated with the elbow flexion angle was reduced from as high
      as 108 degrees when uncorrected to within 3 degrees when corrected by the
      technique. The elbow flexion angle of the human arm can be calculated to within 6
      degrees of error for static weightlifting skill analysis.

PMID- 2296174
TI  - Phase-dependent responses in locomotor muscles of walking man.
AB  - Bilateral reflex responses in locomotor muscles were studied in normal human
      subjects walking on a treadmill. Reflex responses were elicited in response to a
      momentary resistance applied to one leg. The responses were recorded
      electromyographically from superficial muscles of both lower limbs: the vastus
      lateralis, gluteus medius and tibialis anterior. A four-channel storage
      oscilloscope displayed a quartet record which consisted of phases of the walking
      cycle and patterns of EMG activity. Resistance and response data were collected
      for comparison. The appearance of reflex responses was found to be conditioned.
      The following two observations provide the phase-dependent characteristics of
      those responses: muscles of the ipsilateral limb elicited responses throughout
      the walking cycle regardless of whether the muscles were active or silent and
      muscles of the contralateral limb produced responses that depended on the point
      at which resistance occurred during the walking cycle. Discussion follows
      concerning inhibition of the response that may be responsible for this phase
      dependent phenomenon.

PMID- 2296175
TI  - Oral glutamine reduces bacterial translocation following abdominal radiation.
AB  - The effect of dietary glutamine on bacterial translocation was studied in rats
      following administration of a single dose of abdominal radiation (1000 rad) that
      causes a reproducible mucosal injury and results in a high incidence of culture
      positive mesenteric lymph nodes after radiation (XRT). Following XRT, rats
      received only the amino acid glutamine (3%, +GLN) in their drinking water or a
      control nonessential amino acid (glycine, -GLN). Diets were isonitrogenous and
      isovolumetric. Four days after XRT, rats were anesthetized and a laparotomy was
      performed. Mesenteric lymph nodes were sterilely excised and cultured. Arterial
      blood was also obtained for whole blood glutamine determination. Control rats
      received no XRT but received identical diets. In XRT rats who received the GLN
      free diet, the incidence of culture-positive mesenteric lymph nodes was 89%
      (eight of nine rats) while in the radiated rats receiving the GLN-enriched diet,
      the incidence fell to 20% (P less than 0.05). In non-radiated control rats
      receiving GLN-enriched and GLN-depleted diets for 4 days, bacterial translocation
      occurred in zero of eight and one of eight rats, respectively (NS). Provision of
      glutamine to XRT rats resulted in higher blood levels of glutamine (408 +/- 25
      microM in XRT +GLN vs 311 +/- 19 microM in XRT -GLN, P less than 0.05). In
      addition, provision of GLN maintained mucosal mass and reduced weight loss (P
      less than 0.05). The data lend further support to the hypothesis that glutamine
      helps maintain the gut mucosal barrier and thereby decreases the incidence of
      bacterial translocation following bowel injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296176
TI  - Pulse oximetry as a means of assessing bowel viability.
AB  - Utilizing a pulse oximeter, oxygen saturation was determined in the periphery
      (tongue) and compared to the intestinal wall in a canine model. Segmental
      intestinal ischemia was then produced and the last obtainable pulse oximetry
      reading was marked with a suture on either end of the ischemic segment.
      Reexploration was performed within 48 hr and full thickness biopsies were taken
      in normal intestine and at various distances into the ischemic segment. Blinded
      evaluation of the biopsies showed that all biopsies taken within 1 cm of a normal
      pulse oximetry reading were normal, whereas at 3 cm into the ischemic segment 7
      of 15 biopsies showed partial necrosis and 5 of 15 showed full thickness
      necrosis. We conclude that pulse oximetry of the intestinal wall is a valuable
      method of assessing intestinal viability in this model.

PMID- 2296177
TI  - Auxiliary liver by transplanted frozen-thawed hepatocytes.
AB  - Among the therapeutic alternatives to orthotopic liver transplantation,
      hepatocyte transplantation (HT) offers the best potential in a number of liver
      diseases, mainly inborn errors of metabolism. Nevertheless, HT presents several
      inconveniences such as the scarce knowledge of the functionality of the
      transplanted hepatocytes, which has given rise to controversy about the
      specificity or unspecificity of the transplant, and the lack of a suitable system
      for preserving the cells. This study was designed to test a system for
      cryopreserving hepatocytes and to assess their functionality over prolonged
      periods after their ectopic transplantation. A medium and a freezing schedule
      which are reproducible and yield elevated viability have been used, and a number
      of hepatospecific parameters have been assessed: the activity of ornithine
      carbamoyltransferase--an enzyme of primary importance in the urea cycle-
      lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, glucose-6-phosphatase and cytochrome oxidase
      activities, the presence of albumin--as an index of plasma protein synthesis--and
      IDA uptake and metabolism, showing the UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity. As
      dedifferentiation markers, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alpha-fetoprotein
      have been studied. From the results, it can be deduced that hepatocytes can be
      cryopreserved and transplanted and that under these conditions they maintain
      hepatic features for a long time. Following transplantation, several specific
      liver functions appear or are enhanced in the spleen. Freshly isolated and
      cryopreserved transplanted hepatocytes have similar behaviors, although a
      difference in the expression of the function can be observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296178
TI  - One-stage hepatectomy in the dog.
AB  - This report describes a technique for total hepatectomy in the dog. The procedure
      maintains the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas in the
      normothermic, anesthetized animal. The technique involves (i) a mesentericocaval
      shunt, (ii) a temporary external bypass between the femoral and jugular veins,
      and (iii) a permanent internal bypass between the abdominal and thoracic inferior
      vena cava through the tendinous area of the diaphragm. This 60- to 70-min
      procedure yields a preparation useful for short-term metabolic studies in
      nonhepatic tissues.

PMID- 2296179
TI  - Reduction of primary postoperative adhesion formation under calcium channel
      blockade in the rabbit.
AB  - Preliminary studies in a hamster model have demonstrated calcium channel blocking
      agents to be potent inhibitors of primary post-traumatic peritoneal adhesion
      formation. The present investigation was designed to extend these observations to
      an extensively studied model, the rabbit, and to evaluate the optimal route of
      administration of these drugs for intraabdominal surgery. Rabbits were subjected
      to a standardized traumatic lesion of the left uterine horn. Subsequently,
      animals were divided into the following treatment groups: subcutaneous vehicle
      control (n = 7), intraperitoneal (ip) vehicle control (n = 8), subcutaneous
      verapamil treatment (n = 6), low-dose (2.5 micrograms/kg/hr) ip verapamil
      treatment (n = 10), and high-dose ip (25 micrograms/kg/hr) verapamil treatment (n
      = 6). All animals were reexplored at 1 week postop for evaluation of adhesion
      formation (scale: 0 to 4+). Calcium channel blockade-treated animals formed
      significantly fewer adhesions (0.45) than controls (3.93) (P less than 0.01).
      There was no significant difference between animals treated with sc with
      verapamil sc and those treated with low- or high-dose verapamil ip (0.33 vs 0.20
      vs 1.0). These data confirm our preliminary results, suggesting that calcium
      channel blockade potently modulates peritoneal healing and regeneration.
      Furthermore, intraperitoneal delivery and systemic administration appear
      equipotent in this model. Further study of these agents as potential adjuvants
      for intraperitoneal surgery is indicated.

PMID- 2296180
TI  - Energetic recovery from hypothermic preservation in the rat liver.
AB  - Changes in energy metabolism induced by norepinephrine were observed in liver
      perfused immediately after dissection and in liver stored in Euro-Collins
      solution at 0 degrees C for 24 hr. Oxygen consumption, glucose output, ATP
      content, and tissue pH were measured in isolated perfused rat liver at 37 degrees
      C. In fresh liver, a two-fold increase in glucose output and oxygen consumption
      was induced by norepinephrine (1 microM), while changes in ATP content and tissue
      pH were minimal. In stored liver, the cumulative increments in glucose output and
      oxygen consumption induced by norepinephrine were 30 and 27% those of fresh
      liver, respectively. ATP content of the unstimulated liver was 76% that of the
      fresh liver, then decreased to 50% during stimulation. A transient decrease in
      tissue pH (0.14 pH unit) was significant compared with that of fresh liver. These
      results suggest that norepinephrine stimulation is useful for assessing energetic
      and functional recovery of reperfused liver following hypothermic storage.

PMID- 2296181
TI  - Heterogeneity of potential for hematogenous metastasis in a human pancreatic
      carcinoma.
AB  - Human pancreatic carcinoma, a disease with grave prognosis, frequently
      metastasizes to the liver, with detrimental consequences for the host. Good
      models of experimental metastasis for this disease are lacking. We describe a
      model of hepatic metastasis from the fast-growing variant (FG) of the human
      pancreatic carcinoma COLO 357. We also show that the slow-growing variant (SG) of
      COLO 357 lacks the potential for forming hepatic and pulmonary metastases
      following injection into the spleen of the nude mouse. This expression of
      heterogeneity of potential for hematogenous metastases can be exploited by
      pursuing studies aiming at identifying differences between the cells with and
      without metastatic potential.

PMID- 2296182
TI  - Biological significance of enhanced mitochondrial ketogenesis during the early
      stages after 70% hepatectomy in rats.
AB  - Ketogenic capacity of mitochondria from the remnant liver of 70% hepatectomized
      rats was studied in relation to mitochondrial phosphorylative activity. Ketogenic
      capacity increased to a maximum of 6.04 +/- 0.39 from 3.84 +/- 0.13 of control,
      with an enhancement of mitochondrial phosphorylative activity 6 hr after
      hepatectomy, and then decreased to normal levels within 24 hr. Adenylate energy
      charge, (ATP + 1/2ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP), of the remnant liver decreased to 0.825
      +/- 0.006 as compared to 0.849 +/- 0.002 of control 6 hr after operation. At 12
      hr, total ketone body concentrations of the arterial blood increased concomitant
      with a fall in ketone body ratio (acetoacetate/3-hydroxybutyrate) which reflects
      the decreased liver mitochondrial redox (NAD+/NADH) state. These findings suggest
      that an enhancement of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis occurs
      concomitant with an enhancement of mitochondrial phosphorylative activity in the
      remnant liver in response to a decreased energy charge after 70% hepatectomy.

PMID- 2296183
TI  - Changes in cardiac dynamics by opening an interventricular shunt in dogs.
AB  - Changes in right and left ventricular (RV, LV) dynamics caused by an
      interventricular shunt were examined in open-chest dogs. At a pulmonary to
      systemic blood flow ratio of 1.7 +/- 0.2 pulmonary flow increased by 53 +/- 13%,
      whereas aortic flow decreased by 9 +/- 2%. Shunt flow was continuous from the
      left to the right ventricle throughout the cardiac cycle, but 72 +/- 4% took
      place during the LV ejection phase. Peak systolic LV pressure declined by 6 +/- 3
      mm Hg, LV end-diastolic segment length (SL) rose, and systolic shortening of the
      SL increased. Peak systolic RV pressure rose from 28 +/- 3 to 36 +/- 3 mm Hg and
      RV end-diastolic and end-systolic SL rose almost equally. Accordingly, RV
      systolic SL shortening did not rise despite the substantial augmentation in RV
      outflow. The transseptal end-diastolic pressure gradient did not rise, while the
      transseptal peak systolic gradient decreased when the shunt was opened. Similarly
      directed alterations were observed when the shunt was opened at different
      preloads and when the shunt flow was varied. Local work in the anterior wall of
      the right ventricle (calculated from the RV pressure SL loop) rose by 26 +/- 4%,
      whereas RV stroke work (product of mean systolic right ventricular pressure and
      pulmonary flow) rose by 57 +/- 12%; difference, P less than 0.05. LV stroke work
      and local work in anterior LV free wall rose in proportion when the shunt was
      opened.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296184
TI  - Effect of different degrees of hypothermia on myocardium in treatment of
      hemorrhagic shock.
AB  - The use of hypothermia in cardiac and neurologic surgery is well established, but
      its use in treating hemorrhagic shock is controversial. Using a modified Wiggers
      hemorrhagic shock model, we examined the effects of hypothermia (group 1, 33
      degrees C, N = 7; group 2, 28 degrees C, N = 12) after inducing hemorrhagic
      shock. In group 3, N = 6, dogs were maintained at body temperature in hemorrhagic
      shock and throughout resuscitation (normothermic shock). Sixty minutes after
      resuscitation (shed blood and lactated Ringer's solution, 50 ml/kg body wt), all
      hypothermic dogs were rewarmed and studied for an additional 120 min. Comparison
      of moderately hypothermic, severely hypothermic, and normothermic dogs showed a
      lower heart rate (80.6 +/- 3.3, 62.5 +/- 4.1, and 136.7 +/- 4.2 beats/min, P less
      than 0.05), reduced rate of left ventricular pressure fall (938 +/- 125, 700 +/-
      75, and 1550 +/- 275 mm Hg/sec, P less than 0.05), a lower arterial pH (7.15 +/-
      0.02, 7.10 +/- 0.03, and 7.24 +/- 0.02, P less than 0.05), a lower respiratory
      rate (18 +/- 1, 14 +/- 1, and 24 +/- 2 breaths/min, P less than 0.05), and a
      higher arterial pCO2 (36.6 +/- 1.6, 46.9 +/- 4.6, and 20.3 +/- 2.0 mm Hg, P less
      than 0.05). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was lower in the severely
      hypothermic dogs while stroke volume was higher in this group. Rewarming ablated
      all differences in cardiovascular performance and acid-base balance. Our data
      show that moderate hypothermia during hemorrhagic shock increased coronary
      perfusion, enhanced cardiac contractile performance, and significantly reduced
      myocardial oxygen requirements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296185
TI  - Effect of ultraviolet therapy on rat skin wound healing.
AB  - Ultraviolet (UV) light therapy has been suggested as a treatment for pressure
      sores and crural ulcerations even though controlled trials are few. Therefore,
      the effect of UV light therapy on wound healing was studied in rat skin. A dose
      dependent, significant improvement in the diminution of wound size was found
      between 4 and 15 days in wounds treated with UV as compared with untreated
      control wounds in the opposite side of the same animals. Wound closure, however,
      did not occur earlier in the treated wounds. UV had a marked warming effect;
      warmth alone without UV had no effect on wound healing. No significant difference
      was found in the tensile strength of UV-treated wounds at 7 and 15 days when
      compared with untreated wounds. Moreover, the intensity of the inflammation was
      equal in both treated and control wounds when studied histologically. We did not
      find any effect on clinical infection rate or bacterial colonization of the
      wounds. Although UV therapy seems to have an effect on wound healing in rat skin
      the present results are rather nonsupportive of the clinical benefits that are
      expected from this kind of treatment.

PMID- 2296186
TI  - Postburn suppression of murine lymphocyte and neutrophil functions is not
      reversed by prostaglandin blockade.
AB  - Certain arachidonic acid metabolites, including prostaglandins (PGs) E1 and E2,
      have been shown to exert marked immunosuppressive effects on T-cell and
      macrophage functions. Cyclooxygenase blockade with indomethacin or ibuprofen may
      ameloriate these effects. In the current study we measured lymphocyte
      proliferation by thymidine incorporation, the presence of T-cell activation
      antigens with monoclonal antibodies and two-color flow cytometry, and neutrophil
      (PMN) oxidative burst using a fluorescent marker, in control mice and in burned
      mice treated with indomethacin for 10 days after injury. One-half of the cell
      cultures were treated with indomethacin in vitro to ensure its continued presence
      during stimulation. Separate groups of mice were fed a fish oil-based diet which
      leads to the production of PGE3 rather than PGE2, versus standard mouse chow, a
      soy-bean oil-based diet which leads to PGE2 production. Lymphocyte proliferation,
      expression of T-cell activation antigens, and PMN oxidative burst remained
      depressed in burned mice treated with indomethacin in vivo (plus in vitro) and in
      those which received the fish oil-based diet, compared to control. Blockade of PG
      synthesis after murine burn injury by cyclooxygenase inhibition or alterations in
      the diet failed to restore T-lymphocyte activation or proliferation or to improve
      PMN oxidative burst. These data suggest that PGE2 alone does not explain the
      immunosuppression noted after burn injury.

PMID- 2296187
TI  - Sampling of lung interstitial fluid in intact dog.
AB  - This paper reports a method of sampling fluid from the peribronchial-perivascular
      space (PBVS) of the lungs in intact closed chest dogs. The PBVS was sampled by
      introducing a wick catheter into the PBVS through a mediastinoscope. The right
      lymph duct was cannulated by the method of Vriem and Ohkuda [J. Appl. Physiol.:
      Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 54: 199, 1983] for collection of lymph to
      compare to peribronchial fluid. The colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of PVBS and
      right lymph duct fluid (RLDF) were compared in a series of dogs infused with
      lactated Ringer's solution (LR) and lactated Ringer's combined with three other
      conditions: left atrial balloon inflation (LRB), oleic acid infusion (LRO), and
      oleic acid infusion and left atrial balloon inflation (LROB). Prior to LR
      infusion, the volume of samples of fluid from the PBVS wicks was inadequate for
      measuring COP (less than 4 microliters). This difference was significantly only
      in the later samples at 3, 4, and 5 hr in the LR and LRB groups. In the LRO and
      LROB groups, protein content and amount of fluid sampled were greater than in the
      LR and LRB groups, but the mean COPs of the wick PBVS and RLDF were not
      significantly different. This method of directly sampling interstitial fluid from
      the lungs of dogs without thoracotomy confirms the high COP of fluid from the
      lung interstitium. This method of PBVS fluid sampling is potentially feasible in
      a human patient undergoing mediastinoscopy.

PMID- 2296188
TI  - Training in surgical oncology.

PMID- 2296189
TI  - Functional estrogen receptors as biochemical marker for the detection of hormone
      dependent breast cancer.
AB  - The translocatable receptors categorized as functional receptors were quantitated
      in a cross-incubation study of breast cancer nuclei with receptor-rich uterine
      cytosol. Data demonstrated that tumors that contained cytosolic estrogen receptor
      (ER) but had translocation defect might not be hormone dependent, whereas tumors
      with low ER but intact nuclear translocation step will respond to antiestrogen
      therapy. Cytosolic ER was estimated in 114 primary breast cancer tissues and ten
      metastatic axillary lymph nodes; 58% of postmenopausal and 54% of premenopausal
      breast cancer tissues were ER+ with a cutoff value of 10 fmoles and 3 fmoles/mg
      protein, respectively. Of tumors in the premenopausal and postmenopausal state,
      62% and 57%, respectively, were positive for nuclear ER, with a cutoff value of
      10 fmoles/100 micrograms DNA. This study suggested that evaluation of functional
      ER level would reduce the number of false-negative and false-positive tumors.

PMID- 2296190
TI  - Autologous transfusions for cancer patients undergoing elective ablative surgery.
AB  - Patients who have cancer are exposed to the adverse consequences of blood
      transfusions, such as transmissible diseases. This study presents an examination
      of a program of autologous blood deposit for cancer patients undergoing elective
      surgical procedures. Over a 3-year period, 235 patients deposited 388 units of
      autologous blood: 6 for head and neck tumor surgery, 8 for neurosurgical tumors,
      8 for gastrointestinal and colorectal tumor surgery, 14 for adrenal tumor
      surgery, 16 for gynecologic tumor surgery, 23 for soft tissue and bone tumor
      surgery, 25 for mastectomies and reconstructive breast surgery, 42 for
      genitourinary tumor surgery, and 93 for bone marrow aspirations for autologous
      transplants. One hundred eighty-two patients (77.4%) used 278 units (71.6%) of
      their autologous blood units during the operations, 50/182 required additional
      homologous blood, and 53 did not require transfusions with autologous blood. Our
      study shows that a majority of these patients (132/182) underwent surgery using
      only autologous transfusions. Therefore, we believe that predeposited autologous
      blood is a viable alternative to homologous blood for cancer patients undergoing
      surgery.

PMID- 2296191
TI  - Mortality and morbidity of primary pharyngogastric anastomosis following
      circumferential excision for hypopharyngeal malignancies.
AB  - Seventy-five patients underwent gastric transposition for replacement of the
      pharyngoesophagus. These patients had primary or recurrent malignant tumors of
      the hypopharynx, postcricoid region, and cervical esophagus. The operative
      procedure consisted of a transhiatal esophagectomy and gastric pull-up to
      establish gastrointestinal continuity, with a unilateral or bilateral neck
      dissection where indicated. Seven patients died, a mortality rate of 9.33%. The
      average hospital stay of uncomplicated cases was 18 days and for complicated
      cases was 40 days. Immediate restoration of oral intake was achieved in 70.6% of
      patients. We conclude that gastric transposition after circumferential
      laryngopharyngeal excision is a procedure with low mortality and acceptable
      morbidity leading to early relief of dysphagia.

PMID- 2296192
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide in patients with endocrine tumors.
AB  - The plasma level of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was measured by RIA in
      41 patients with endocrine tumors [22 medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC), seven
      parathyroid adenomas, four benign insulinomas, five carcinoids, and three
      pheochromocytomas]. Of the 22 patients with MTC, all five preoperative patients
      had elevated CGRP levels. The correlation between CGRP and calcitonin levels was
      significant (P less than .001) in 22 patients with MTC. Six of 19 patients with
      endocrine tumors other than MTC showed elevated CGRP levels. Immunohistochemical
      study showed that tumor tissues from all 22 cases of MTC and seven from other
      endocrine tumors contained immunoreactive CGRP. CGRP reactivity was found in only
      small numbers of tumor cells. Thus, although CGRP appeared to be a useful
      additional marker for MTC, the role of CGRP in the pathophysiology of endocrine
      tumors was not elucidated.

PMID- 2296193
TI  - Relation of proliferative activity to survival in patients with gastric
      carcinoma.
AB  - The prognostic significance of proliferative activity in 167 gastric carcinomas
      was studied by means of an in vitro labeling method with bromodeoxyuridine
      (BrdU), using specimens obtained by endoscopic biopsy, and the results were
      correlated with conventional prognostic factors. The BrdU labeling indicates
      (BrdU LI) varied from 2.1 to 45%. When the in vitro BrdU LI were plotted against
      in vivo BrdU LI, a significant correlation was found between in vitro and in vivo
      BrdU LI (P less than .01). These results show that the in vitro BrdU LI of
      specimens obtained by endoscopic biopsy indicate accurate proliferative
      activities of gastric cancers. The BrdU LI were closely correlated with nodal
      status, vessel invasion, and tumor size. With regard to the correlation of BrdU
      LI and prognosis, patients whose tumors had a high BrdU LI (BrdU greater than LI
      less than 10%). When the BrdU LI and all the pathologic findings were entered
      simultaneously into the regression model, nodal status, tumor size, serosal
      involvement, and BrdU LI emerged as independent prognostic parameters. The
      present studies demonstrated the usefulness of the in vitro BrdU-labeling method
      to estimate the malignancy of gastric cancer preoperatively, and this method may
      be useful in designing the operative procedure and multimodal therapy for
      individual patients.

PMID- 2296194
TI  - Comparison of clinical and surgical-pathologic staging in patients with
      endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - In that accurate staging is essential to proper management of patients with
      endometrium cancer, preoperative clinical staging was compared with surgical
      pathological staging in 160 patients with endometrium cancer. One hundred fifty
      two patients had clinical stage I, and eight had clinical stage II disease.
      Overall, the clinical stage was changed in 26.9% of patients. The incidence of
      inaccurate staging was 25% for clinical stage I and 62.5% for clinical stage II
      disease. Endocervical curettage was found to have a 12.5% false-positive rate and
      an 8.6% false-negative rate. The extent of malignant disease for endometrium
      cancer (clinical stages I-II) cannot be adequately and accurately assessed with
      clinical staging because there is a high rate of discordance between clinical and
      surgical-pathologic staging.

PMID- 2296195
TI  - Flow cytometric DNA content analysis in primary lung cancer: comparison of
      results from fresh and paraffin-embedded specimens.
AB  - Tumor DNA content was determined by flow cytometry in 24 surgically resected
      specimens from patients with primary lung cancer to compare results from fresh
      and paraffin-embedded specimens. We found a good correlation in DNA indices
      between fresh and paraffin-embedded specimens (r = .978), although one tumor with
      DNA near-diploidy was mistaken as DNA diploid in paraffin-embedded specimens. In
      the measurements of paraffin-embedded specimens, eight of 24 tumors were DNA
      multiploid and showed DNA content heterogeneity. These results indicate that DNA
      content analysis of paraffin-embedded specimens is helpful because it makes it
      easy to analyze multiple specimens from different parts of the tumor.

PMID- 2296197
TI  - Gastroesophageal anastomotic leakage following resection of carcinoma of the
      esophagus and gastric cardia: analysis of ten cases.
AB  - Postoperative anastomotic leakage is one of the most dangerous and,
      unfortunately, most frequent complications. Many methods have been tried to
      prevent such leakage. The incidence of leakage has decreased to 3.84% in our
      hospital in recent years. Ten cases of gastroesophageal anastomotic leakage
      following resection of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia are analyzed
      and a new tool, the three-leaf clamp, which reduced the anastomotic leakage, is
      introduced.

PMID- 2296196
TI  - Safety of EEA staplers for anastomosis between upper esophagus and the gastric
      tube.
AB  - The EEA stapling devices used for intrathoracic anastomosis between the upper
      esophagus and the gastric tube in patients with carcinoma of the thoracic
      esophagus were evaluated, and the results were compared with those of an
      antesternally reconstructed esophagus. These approaches were both used by the
      same surgical team. An intrathoracic anastomosis using the EEA stapler was made
      in 53 patients with carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Minor anastomotic
      leakage occurred in five patients (9.4%). Good results were obtained with total
      parenteral nutrition for 2 weeks. Intrathoracic anastomotic complications were
      never fatal. Among another 106 patients with antesternally reconstructed
      esophagus, with the EEA stapler there were 28 patients with anastomotic leakage
      (26.4%) and two operative mortalities (1.9%). Intrathoracic anastomosis with the
      EEA stapler is recommended because it is secure and the operative procedure is
      simple and time-saving. For successful use of the instrument, proper technical
      procedures must be followed.

PMID- 2296198
TI  - Invasive colorectal adenomas: surgery versus colonoscopic polypectomy.
AB  - Of 6,426 colonoscopies performed in 1978-1987, 66 invasive colorectal adenomatous
      polyps were removed in 58 examinations. The study group included 36 (62%) men and
      22 (38%) women with an age range of 42-96 years. Forty-three patients had
      invasive pedunculated polyps and 15 had invasive sessile polyps. Following the
      colonoscopic polypectomy, secondary surgical resection was done in 19 patients
      with pedunculated polyps and in 13 patients with sessile polyps. The operative
      specimens showed that the colonoscopic polypectomy removed the entire cancerous
      focus in all patients with pedunculated polyps, including those with stalk
      invasion. In contrast, most cases with sessile polyps turned out on operation to
      be Dukes' B or C carcinoma. Follow-up (mean 4.4 years) was available for 53 (93%)
      patients: none of 24 unoperated patients with pedunculated polyps suffered from
      local recurrence. We conclude that colonoscopic polypectomy is sufficient for
      invasive pedunculated polyps, provided that histology shows that the resection
      margins are free of tumoral cells. Surgery is recommended for all invasive
      sessile polyps.

PMID- 2296199
TI  - Cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas: neo-adjuvant therapy and CEA monitoring.
AB  - Cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas is generally considered to be unresponsive to
      chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We present two cases of laparotomy-proven
      unresectable cystadenocarcinoma which responded to intravenous 5-fluorouracil
      (1,000 mg/m2/24 hr x 5 days x 2) and 4,000 rads of radiation therapy. Both
      patients had objective response with marked shrinkage of the tumor as determined
      by clinical examination and computed tomography. At reexploration both tumors had
      become completely resectable with histologically clear margins and negative lymph
      nodes. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were elevated in both patients at
      initial presentation (86 and 71 ng/ml). The CEA levels declined to 19.9 and 66.0
      ng/ml, respectively, after neo-adjuvant therapy, and both fell to normal levels
      after resection. Although surgical resection has been considered the only
      curative therapy for patients with pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma, we suggest that
      preoperative irradiation and chemotherapy may reduce the size of seemingly
      unresectable tumors. We also recommend serial CEA determinations in patients with
      levels initially elevated as a marker of the response to neo-adjuvant and
      operative therapy.

PMID- 2296200
TI  - Detection of minimal residual disease in chronic myeloid leukemia patients after
      bone marrow transplantation by polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - We used a modification of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the
      specific bcr-abl mRNA from 14 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who
      had previously received non T cell depleted allogenic bone marrow transplantation
      (BMT). Two types of reactions were used: a single step amplification with 5' and
      3' primers, and a double step PCR in which products of the first amplification
      were reamplified using nested primers. The latter procedure was highly sensitive
      and capable of detecting one abnormal cell in 10(7) cells. At the time of PCR
      analysis, all 14 patients were in hematological remission, and 13 were in
      cytogenetic remission. PCR analysis revealed rearranged bcr-abl mRNA in five
      patients. The interval from transplant in those five patients ranged from 3 to 63
      months. Two of the five positive patients were reexamined after 3 months and were
      found negative by double step PCR. Our findings suggest that after non-T cell
      depleted BMT the eradication of the leukemic clone probably occurs in some
      patients. Other patients, however, proved to have a small number of abnormal
      cells even at long intervals after BMT, although these cells could only be
      detected transiently in some patients. The significance of these abnormal cells
      with respect to the risk of leukemic relapse remains to be determined.

PMID- 2296201
TI  - A human leukemia cell culture system for testing new antifols: differential
      sensitivity of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell lines to unconjugated and
      methotrexate-conjugated polymers of basic amino acids.
AB  - A human cell culture system is described for biological testing of potent new
      folate-targeted antileukemic drugs that are poorly transported. Basic amino acid
      (lysine and ornithine) polymers were employed as carriers for increasing the
      uptake of folate analogs by human leukemia cell lines. In growth inhibition
      assays, the lymphocytic CCRF-CEM line displayed sensitivities to covalent
      methotrexate (MTX) conjugates of poly-L-lysine (Mr = 15,000, 50,000, or 100,000)
      or poly-L-ornithine (Mr = 35,000) which were identical to the sensitivities of
      these cells to the unconjugated polymers during continuous (120 hr) and pulse (24
      hr) exposures; both polymers and conjugates were 50-fold less toxic than
      unconjugated MTX. The growth inhibitory effects of the polymers or MTX-conjugates
      were not reversed by simultaneous inclusion of leucovorin, while those of MTX
      were reversed. In contrast, the nonlymphocytic K562 line showed toxicity by the
      MTX-conjugates at nontoxic levels of the polymers during continuous, but not
      pulse, exposures. During continuous exposure the conjugates were only 10-fold
      less toxic than unconjugated MTX. Toxicities of the MTX-conjugates for the K562
      line under continuous exposure conditions were reversed by the simultaneous
      presence of leucovorin or the lysosomotropic agent leupeptin and thus appeared to
      be a true antifolate effect which required uptake and lysosomal degradation. This
      human cell line is thus a suitable system in which to study the effects of
      antifolates which can be coupled to basic polymers.

PMID- 2296202
TI  - Do chromosome abnormalities determine the type of acute leukemia that develops in
      CML?
AB  - Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by two distinct phases-
      chronic and acute. Features of the chronic phase include proliferation and
      accumulation of mature myeloid cells and their progenitors; differentiation is
      seemingly intact. In contrast, the acute phase is characterized by impaired
      differentiation. Acute phase is heterogeneous--granulocytes, lymphocytes,
      megakaryocytes, and erythroid cells are involved singly or in combination. The
      t(9;22) translocation, which results in the Ph1 chromosome, is the hallmark of
      chronic phase CML. Transition to acute phase is often accompanied by additional
      chromosome abnormalities. Here we suggest that these additional abnormalities
      determine the phenotype of acute phase CML.

PMID- 2296203
TI  - Variant plasmacytoma cells including nonproducing cells sorted according to CD38
      expression show uniform clonal H and L chain gene rearrangement.

PMID- 2296204
TI  - The challenge of bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2296205
TI  - Prevention: the endpoint of suicidology.

PMID- 2296206
TI  - Cryptogenic versus autoimmune chronic hepatitis: to split or to lump?

PMID- 2296207
TI  - Carpal tunnel syndrome.

PMID- 2296208
TI  - Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies in systemic vasculitis.

PMID- 2296209
TI  - Suicide in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1951 through 1985.
AB  - During the 35-year period 1951 through 1985, 274 completed suicides occurred
      among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. The overall age- and sex-adjusted
      incidence was 12.5 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 11.0 to
      14.0), similar to the national averages, and rates were comparable for urban and
      rural portions of the county. Men outnumbered women 3.6 to 1, and the sex ratio
      of age-adjusted incidence rates was 4.5:1. The incidence rates increased after
      middle age for men but not for women. The most common suicide methods were
      gunshot wounds for men and poisoning for women. Two-thirds of the suicides
      occurred at home and were usually discovered by family members or friends. Almost
      half of all suicide victims were unmarried. This figure seems high, as does the
      greater proportion of unemployed persons than employed persons among those who
      committed suicide, but denominator data are unavailable.

PMID- 2296210
TI  - Clinical features and prognostic implications of severe corticosteroid-treated
      cryptogenic chronic active hepatitis.
AB  - To assess the nature and prognosis of severe chronic active hepatitis of unknown
      cause, we compared 26 patients who had been fully screened for etiologic factors
      with 112 patients who had autoimmune chronic active hepatitis after similar
      durations of corticosteroid therapy (17(+)/- 2 versus 23 (+)/- 2 months), and
      follow-up versus 103 +/- 7 months). Patients with cryptogenic disease could not
      be distinguished from those with autoimmune disease on the basis of age, sex
      distribution, duration of illness, immunoglobulin levels, frequency of concurrent
      immunologic disorders, or histologic findings. Serum gamma-globulin levels were
      higher (3.4 +/- 0.1 versus 2.5 +/- 0.2 g/dl, P = 0.007) and albumin levels were
      lower (2.9 +/- 0.1 versus 3.3 +/- 0.1 g/dl, P = 0.003) in patients with
      autoimmune disease than in those with cryptogenic disease, but individual
      findings did not differentiate the patients. Remission (69 versus 75%), treatment
      failure (23 versus 13%), relapse after drug withdrawal (67 versus 68%),
      progression to cirrhosis (57 versus 36%), and death from hepatic failure (12
      versus 11%) occurred as commonly in patients with cryptogenic as in those with
      autoimmune disease. Patients with different constellations of immunoserologic
      findings were similar clinically. We conclude that patients with severe chronic
      active hepatitis who have been fully screened for etiologic factors cannot be
      distinguished from patients with autoimmune disease of comparable severity. These
      two groups of patients have a similar prognosis after corticosteroid therapy, and
      such treatment should be considered in these highly selected patients.

PMID- 2296211
TI  - Emotional responses of athletes to injury.
AB  - Increased participation in sports is associated with increased related injuries.
      This study was conducted to identify the emotional responses of athletes to
      injury and to determine which responses might interfere with rehabilitation and
      necessitate psychologic or psychiatric intervention. In 72 patients, follow-up
      surveillance was continued from the time of injury until resumption of sports
      activity. Patients completed the Emotional Responses of Athletes to Injury
      Questionnaire and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test, and significant
      differences were found when the POMS scales of depression and anger were compared
      with college norms. Mean POMS scores were compared (by multivariate analysis of
      variance) by sex, age, and severity of injury. No gender differences were found,
      and only for anger were age groups significantly different (younger athletes were
      most angered). Three severity-of-injury groups (based on the duration of time the
      athlete was unable to participate in sports) were also compared. The most
      seriously injured group experienced significantly more tension, depression, and
      anger and less vigor than college norms, a mood disturbance that lasted 1 month.
      Emotional disturbance can occur after a sports-related injury, and its prompt
      recognition may facilitate the athlete's optimal rehabilitation and a safe return
      to participation in sports.

PMID- 2296212
TI  - Classification of hepatic venous outflow obstruction: ambiguous terminology of
      the Budd-Chiari syndrome.
AB  - Severe hepatic venous outflow obstruction and its manifestations often are
      recorded under the label "Budd-Chiari syndrome." Unfortunately, this label is
      ambiguous; it does not clearly identify the site of the lesion (hepatic veins
      versus inferior vena cava), its morphologic features (thrombotic versus
      nonthrombotic), or its cause. In the literature, implied or expressed definitions
      vary. Use of a standardized topographic and pathogenetic classification of
      hepatic venous outflow obstruction would enable investigators to group patients
      with comparable conditions, as required for therapeutic trials, prognostic
      evaluations, and studies of pathogenetic pathways. Review of our own cases
      revealed that hepatic venous outflow obstruction involving large hepatic veins is
      usually thrombotic and that isolated obstruction of the inferior vena cava or of
      small hepatic veins is usually nonthrombotic. Application of such a
      classification seems feasible and may yield useful results.

PMID- 2296213
TI  - Hypertension: role of the nurse-therapist.
AB  - In this article, we describe the evolution of the hypertension nurse-therapist
      program at the Mayo Clinic. Because of the large numbers of patients in whom
      hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, a leading cause
      of death in the United States and other industrialized nations, an approach was
      devised in which, with physician supervision, specially trained nurses managed
      many aspects of the acute and long-term outpatient care of hypertensive patients.
      Clinical trials in which nonphysician care-providers were used to treat
      hypertensive patients and to maintain long-term blood pressure control provided
      an opportunity to identify and to expand the concept of continuing care for blood
      pressure management in a community hypertension clinic. Currently, almost 7,000
      patient visits are scheduled annually in this program, and these patients are
      seen by five full-time hypertension nurse-therapists.

PMID- 2296214
TI  - Patient information-seeking behaviors when communicating with doctors.
AB  - In order to better understand patient differences in question asking and other
      information-seeking behaviors when communicating with doctors, 106 rehabilitation
      medicine patients were studied. Sociodemographic data, attitude measures,
      interview data and tape recordings of doctor-patient encounters revealed that
      patients desired information about a wide range of medical topics but did not
      engage in many information-seeking behaviors when communicating with doctors.
      While desiring information, patients regarded doctors as the appropriate persons
      to make medical decisions. Regression analyses indicated that patient information
      seeking behaviors were more directly associated with situational variables
      (length of interaction, diagnosis, reason for visit) than with patient attitudes
      or sociodemographic characteristics. Patient attitudes influenced patient
      information-seeking behaviors only for patients with interactions lasting at
      least 19 minutes, indicating that a longer interaction may be necessary for
      patient attitudes regarding desire for information and participation in medical
      decisions to manifest themselves in information-seeking communication behavior.

PMID- 2296215
TI  - Training house officers to be cost conscious. Effects of an educational
      intervention on charges and length of stay.
AB  - Two annual cost-containment educational programs, featuring involvement of
      respected senior physicians, lectures, comparative feedback, chart reviews, and
      small group discussions, were designed to reduce interns' generated costs in a
      private and a VA university hospital affiliated with Northwestern University
      Medical School. To evaluate the impact of this randomized educational
      intervention, hospital data on inpatient charges and length of stay (LOS) were
      collected for 12 common medical diagnoses and adjusted by the Severity of Illness
      Index. Interns who were randomized to the program were found to have
      significantly lower per patient costs and LOS than control group interns at both
      hospitals. These reductions in resource use and LOS were not associated with
      differences in patients' residual impairment on discharge, the incidence of
      inpatient complications, or the percentage of deaths and readmissions within 30
      days. Our results suggest that the current hospital cost-containment environment
      may be far more conducive to physician cost-containment education than indicated
      by the earlier literature.

PMID- 2296216
TI  - On saving time and saving money in CABGs.

PMID- 2296217
TI  - A Children's Health Belief Model.
AB  - The classic Health Belief Model (HBM) was adapted to explain children's expected
      medicine use for five common health problems. To evaluate this Children's Health
      Belief Model (CHBM), 270 urban preadolescents, stratified by socioeconomic
      status, grade level, and sex, and their primary caretakers (93% mothers) were
      individually interviewed. Analyses were performed in two steps. First, regression
      analysis evaluated the influence of the child's primary caretaker on the child's
      expected medicine use. Individual differences in children's motivations,
      perceived benefits and threats, and expectations to take medicines were partially
      explained by caretakers' perceptions of these children. Second, path analysis
      evaluated hypothesized causal relationships in the CHBM, accounting for 63% of
      the adjusted variance in children's expected medicine use. Two readiness factors,
      perceived severity of illness and perceived benefit of taking medicines, had the
      highest path coefficients, with illness concern and perceived vulnerability to
      illness accounting for a smaller, but significant, portion of the variance.
      Cognitive/Affective variables, notably children's health locus of control,
      contributed to indirect paths between demographic and readiness factors. The CHBM
      appears to be a promising model for studying the development of children's health
      beliefs and expectations.

PMID- 2296219
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2296218
TI  - Female medical practitioners. More preventive and patient oriented?

PMID- 2296220
TI  - Lifelong control with inflammatory bowel disease patients.
AB  - The benefits and the burden of a lifelong control scheme for patients with
      chronic inflammatory bowel disease are discussed. The benefits cover physical,
      psychologic, and social conditions. Valuable scientific gains can be yielded
      secondarily from the data collection.

PMID- 2296221
TI  - Antileptospiral antibodies in Australian pig farmers.

PMID- 2296222
TI  - Methadone maintenance therapy.

PMID- 2296223
TI  - Unorthodox methods of diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases.

PMID- 2296224
TI  - Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Western Australia.

PMID- 2296225
TI  - Misdiagnosis of coronal papillae.

PMID- 2296226
TI  - Adequacy of the cell sample in cervical cytology.

PMID- 2296227
TI  - Clinical details and radiological examinations.

PMID- 2296228
TI  - Potential for the prevention of "needle-stick" injuries in hospitals.

PMID- 2296229
TI  - Does pregnancy cause obesity?

PMID- 2296230
TI  - Pharmaceutical promotion.

PMID- 2296231
TI  - Preventing skin cancer in Australia.

PMID- 2296233
TI  - Management of primary, operable breast cancer in Victoria.
AB  - The study aimed to describe the surgical treatment in cases of primary, operable
      breast cancer in Victoria. All patients who were entered in a population-based
      cancer registry and who met the entry criteria over a six-month period were
      identified. In respect of each patient, the treating surgeon completed a
      questionnaire about patient characteristics, investigations, tumour description,
      surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For 716 eligible cases, 635 (89%)
      questionnaires were returned by 200 treating surgeons; this gave a mean rate of
      6.3 breast-cancer patients per surgeon per year. Most (61%) surgeons treated one
      to four breast-cancer patients per year and only 4% of surgeons treated more than
      20 breast-cancer patients each. Little systematic difference was found in the
      treatment approach that was adopted by the surgeons with heavy or light case
      loads of patients with breast cancer. Twenty-two per cent of patients underwent
      breast-conserving operations. Virtually all the remainder underwent mastectomy,
      most commonly modified radical mastectomy.

PMID- 2296234
TI  - The awareness of the risk of elevated cholesterol levels and knowledge about
      cholesterol-lowering action in Australia.
AB  - We report on a survey of the frequency of the assessment of cholesterol levels
      and blood pressure in the Australian population. Attitudes to risk-factor
      modification for cardiovascular disease also were evaluated and emphasis was
      placed on the assessment of knowledge about dietary modification in relation to
      cardiovascular disease. Respondents in this survey more frequently reported that
      they had undergone a blood pressure assessment than that they had had their blood
      cholesterol levels measured (96% and 46% of respondents, respectively). The
      proportion (5%) of respondents who recalled a cholesterol assessment with
      elevated cholesterol levels was found to be substantially lower than was that for
      participants in the 1983 National Heart Foundation Risk Factor Prevalence Study
      (19% of men and 21% of women had cholesterol levels of more than 6.5 mmol/L).
      Very few (9%) respondents in this survey nominated that they would reduce their
      dietary fat intake in order to modify their risk of developing cardiovascular
      disease. However, a greater number of respondents answered appropriately when
      asked about their potential modification of specific food items. More than 80% of
      respondents reported that they would reduce their intake of fried foods, although
      fewer would minimize their intakes of dairy products and meat. Women and
      respondents with a higher level of education were found to be more likely to
      respond appropriately. In addition, of those respondents who recalled ever having
      had their blood cholesterol level measured, those who reported that they had an
      elevated cholesterol level were more likely to indicate appropriate dietary
      modifications compared with those who reported normal cholesterol levels.
      Cholesterol reduction continues to be an important public-health issue in
      Australia. The results of this survey indicate that there is a need for both
      increased identification of individuals with elevated cholesterol levels in the
      population and further educational programmes about the relationship among
      cholesterol, diet and cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2296232
TI  - The role of childhood exposure to sunlight in the development of solar keratoses
      and non-melanocytic skin cancer.
AB  - The age-standardized proportion of persons with solar keratoses in 1232
      Australian-born persons who were aged 40 years and older was 44.5% compared with
      a proportion of 15.7% in 1332 British persons who had migrated to Australia at
      various ages. Stratification of the British migrants into those who had arrived
      in Australia between one and 20 years of age and those who had arrived in
      Australia after the age of 20 years revealed that the proportion of persons with
      solar keratoses in the latter group never reached the proportion in Australian
      born persons of the same age, in spite of many years in Australia after
      migration. Those persons who arrived in Australia between one and 20 years of age
      showed a lower proportion with solar keratoses in the younger age-groups, but
      with increasing age the proportion with solar keratoses equalled or exceeded that
      which was seen in Australians. These results suggest that a reduction in exposure
      to sunlight in childhood will reduce substantially the incidence of solar
      keratoses, and by implication, squamous-cell carcinomas, in adulthood.

PMID- 2296235
TI  - Intravenous drug users who present to the Albion Street (AIDS) Centre for
      diagnosis and management of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Intravenous drug users who presented to the Albion Street (AIDS) Centre for human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody screening during the period March 1, 1985
      to January 31, 1989, were included in this study. Information on medical history
      and HIV risk-related behaviour was collected by means of a standardized, computer
      coded medical record. Of the 1222 intravenous drug users in this study, 72.3%
      were men, 26.9% were women and 0.8% were transsexual, with 60.1% of the total
      claiming exclusive heterosexuality. Of the sample, 40.2% were current intravenous
      drug users, and 86.8% recorded having shared needles and syringes. Among this
      sample, the over-all prevalence of HIV seropositivity was 14.5%. Of subjects who
      were diagnosed as HIV seropositive, 43.8% were homosexual men, 13.1% were
      bisexual men and 5.3% were heterosexual men. Of all intravenous drug users, 49.9%
      had a history of at least one sexually-transmitted disease, with 21.8% reporting
      a history of more than one. Fifty-two per cent of the sample reported that they
      had been infected with hepatitis B previously. There was no over-all increase in
      the annual rate of HIV infection among this population of intravenous drug users.
      The sexual activity and prevalence of hepatitis and other sexually-transmitted
      diseases among this group are suggestive of widespread, continuing risk
      behaviour.

PMID- 2296236
TI  - Treatment of sexually transmitted diseases.

PMID- 2296237
TI  - Blood flow in large arteries: applications to atherogenesis and clinical
      medicine. International Symposium on Biofluid Mechanics. Palm Springs, CA, April
      27-29, 1988.

PMID- 2296238
TI  - On the hemodynamics of several prosthetic heart valves: in vitro study.
AB  - Distribution of velocity, viscous shear stress and turbulence intensity in the
      wake of several mechanical heart valves is studied using a laser Doppler
      anemometer system during steady and pulsatile flow conditions. The corresponding
      results are also obtained for a sharp-edged orifice which help assess changes in
      the flow pattern caused by different valve geometries. The results are correlated
      with the static pressure drop across the valves and its recovery in the wake, as
      a function of the Reynolds number. Results suggest a substantial increase in
      turbulence intensity, in some cases by as much as 40- to 50-fold, thus raising a
      possibility of thromboembolism.

PMID- 2296239
TI  - Topography of human aortic sudanophilic lesions.
AB  - The topographic distribution of sudanophilic lesions in the human aorta has been
      defined using probability-of-occurrence maps for a population dying of trauma
      (male, black and white, 15-29 years, n = 109). The maps demonstrate that
      sudanophilic lesions are localized with a characteristic topography. Regions of
      high probability (greater than 60%) occurred in close proximity to regions of low
      probability (less than 10%). Although some high-probability areas are associated
      with expected low wall shear stress regions, many other high probability areas
      are not and thus no specific causal hemodynamic localizing factors could be
      identified. The probability maps do however form an important basis for the
      development of rational strategies of tissue sampling in studies concerned with
      the characterization of localizing factors (biochemical, cellular, hemodynamic,
      and structural) and their relationship to putative atherogenic mechanisms.

PMID- 2296240
TI  - Wave motions in a collapsible tube conveying fluid.
AB  - This paper presents a refinement of the authors' previous analysis and additional
      numerical results. In order to study self-excited oscillation of a finite-length
      collapsible tube, a simple two-dimensional channel model analysis has been
      proposed using an existing one-dimensional flow theory which may account for the
      pressure loss due to flow separation. A flexible part of the channel consists of
      two elastic membranes supported by distributed nonlinear springs from the
      outsides. The analysis includes the effect of longitudinal membrane tensions
      caused by an initial stretching and membrane deflection. According to numerical
      analyses, an initially stretched membrane channel may have a wide region of the
      flow separation at the downstream of the channel throat located in the
      neighborhood of the middle point of the channel. The induced oscillations become
      large and chaotic. Some details of wave motions of membrane deflection, flow
      velocity and pressure are given.

PMID- 2296241
TI  - Dynamic viscoelasticity of blood.

PMID- 2296242
TI  - Blood cells filtration at a low flow state.

PMID- 2296243
TI  - Can mechanical dilatation improve the function of calcified heart valves?

PMID- 2296244
TI  - The role of fluid dynamics in triggering and amplifying hemostatic reactions in
      thrombogenesis.

PMID- 2296245
TI  - Flow in curved vessels, with application to flow in the aorta and other arteries.

PMID- 2296246
TI  - Theoretical analysis of influence of shape and size of the stenosis on steady
      flow through tubes.

PMID- 2296247
TI  - Potential applications of computational fluid dynamics to biofluid analysis.

PMID- 2296248
TI  - Clinical results of pentoxifylline use in a community peripheral vascular
      surgical practice.

PMID- 2296249
TI  - Mathematical model of blood flows in the entry region of arteries.

PMID- 2296250
TI  - Characterization of arterial blood flow using magnetic resonance imaging
      techniques.

PMID- 2296252
TI  - High resolution photochromic dye method for pulsatile flow studies.

PMID- 2296251
TI  - Blood flow in the coronary arteries of man: relation to atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2296253
TI  - Dexamethasone suppression test in patients with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - The Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST), supposed to effectively distinguish
      between endogenous and nonendogenous depression, was performed in a group of 34
      patients with Parkinson's disease. Abnormal DST results were observed in 50% of
      the patients. The patients were clinically divided into subgroups of depressed
      and nondepressed parkinsonians. Abnormal DST results were significantly more
      frequent in depressed (75%) than in nondepressed parkinsonians (27.7%).

PMID- 2296254
TI  - Effect of intravenous injection of biperiden and clonazepam in dystonia.
AB  - The acute effect of intravenous injections of biperiden and clonazepam was
      investigated in 14 patients with various forms of dystonia (segmental dystonia,
      2; generalized dystonia, 6; and Meige's syndrome, 6). Eleven patients had primary
      dystonia, and 3 patients had a secondary form of dystonia. Doses of 5 mg of
      biperiden reduced dystonia when evaluated by total scores, global scores, and
      subjective scores. Two patients had marked side effects in the form of dizziness.
      Doses of 1 mg of clonazepam significantly reduced total scores and subjective
      scores, but the reduction in global score was insignificant. No patient had
      marked side effects following injection with clonazepam. These results correspond
      with earlier investigations of the long-term effects of anticholinergics and
      benzodiazepines. It is concluded that in some cases, intravenous injections can
      be used as a test for evaluating both effects and side effects of antidystonic
      medication prior to the institution of oral treatment. Long-term intravenous
      treatment might be considered in individual cases.

PMID- 2296255
TI  - Induction of chorea and dystonia in parkinsonian primates.
AB  - Administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in primates
      induced a parkinsonian syndrome that could be reversed by levodopa treatment.
      Animals quickly developed an apparent restlessness ("akathisia") of the lower
      limbs after as little as five doses. After 4-10 weeks of regular levodopa
      therapy, animals developed "peak dose" choreiform movements in the lower limbs
      that spread, with time, to involve the upper limbs and orofacial musculature.
      With further treatment (5-21 months), animals developed "peak dose" dystonia that
      variably involved the limbs and orofacial musculature. These conditions represent
      novel models of levodopa-induced chorea and dystonia in humans. They depend on
      the same underlying neuropathology and treatment regimen as their human
      counterparts. It is to be anticipated that these models of dyskinesia will be
      useful in determining the mechanisms underlying chorea and dystonia in humans and
      are ideally suited for experimental evaluation of new treatment strategies.

PMID- 2296256
TI  - Parkinsonism in alcohol withdrawal: a follow-up study.
AB  - Transient parkinsonism associated with alcohol intake and withdrawal has
      previously been described. We followed-up three patients with acute alcohol
      withdrawal-induced parkinsonism 9-11 years after their initial presentation. None
      showed any evidence of parkinsonism at follow-up. This suggests that withdrawal
      induced parkinsonism is caused by a completely reversible abnormality in
      nigrostriatal dopamine transmission, which is unaccompanied by underlying nigral
      degeneration, as we had previously hypothesized.

PMID- 2296257
TI  - A case of rabies in North America.
AB  - A 25-year-old man developed classical hydrophobic rabies 3 months after being
      bitten on the face. We present his involuntary movements on videotape and discuss
      the clinical and epidemiological features of rabies. Though rabies is seen in
      tropical countries commonly and in North America occasionally, recording of the
      clinical features is rare.

PMID- 2296258
TI  - Diurnal variability in cranial dystonia.
AB  - Eleven patients with cranial dystonia were investigated for diurnal variations in
      disability by means of video recordings. Disability increased significantly from
      morning to evening. The increase was not related to changes in vigilance levels
      assessed by dynamic electroencephalogram. Cranial movement disorders display
      diurnal fluctuations that are probably related to endogenous circadian rhythms.

PMID- 2296259
TI  - Neural mechanisms of dystonia: evidence from a 2-deoxyglucose uptake study in a
      primate model of dopamine agonist-induced dystonia.
AB  - The neural mechanisms that mediate dystonia were investigated in a novel
      experimental primate model of dopamine agonist-induced dystonia. This condition
      was produced by long-term (15 months) dopamine agonist therapy of a macaque
      monkey that had been rendered hemiparkinsonian by unilateral infusion of 1-methyl
      4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine into the right common carotid artery. The 2
      deoxyglucose (2-DG) metabolic mapping technique was applied to the animal during
      the expression of active unilateral dystonia, and regional brain uptake of 2-DG
      was assessed autoradiographically. The results demonstrate that dystonia is
      associated with marked increases in 2-DG uptake in the constituent nuclei of the
      basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, medial and lateral segments of the
      globus pallidus) and in the subthalamic nucleus, but decreased uptake in the
      structures that receive output of the basal ganglia (ventral anterior/ventral
      lateral thalamic complex and lateral habenula). Based on these findings it is
      suggested that dystonia is characterized by increased activity in the
      putaminopallidal and pallidosubthalamic pathways, and decreased activity in the
      subthalamopallidal and pallidothalamic pathways.

PMID- 2296260
TI  - Trunk and head tremor as isolated manifestations of dystonia.
AB  - Five patients presenting with isolated tremors of the trunk or neck are
      described. Their clinical features were similar to seven other patients who
      presented with head tremor, or arm and head tremor, but then eventually developed
      obvious torticollis, sometimes with arm dystonia. We conclude that isolated
      tremor of the trunk or head, especially of slow frequency (2-5 Hz), and in the
      case of the head in a "no-no" direction, may be the initial manifestation of
      focal dystonia.

PMID- 2296261
TI  - Follow-up study of early-life protective and risk factors in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Previous studies suggest that Parkinson's disease (PD) is negatively associated
      with early-life intake of vitamin E-rich foods and positively associated with
      rural experience. Using a new survey design, we attempted to confirm and extend
      these results. We gave a telephone questionnaire to 106 patients with PD and to
      their spouses as controls. It assessed premarital consumption of 31 foods of
      various vitamin E content, vitamin supplements, and exposure to rural living.
      Respondents rated food consumption with respect to what they perceived as the
      average for their sex and age at that time. We found female patients with PD less
      likely than spouses to have eaten "peanuts and peanut butter" (p less than .05),
      which are high in vitamin E. "Salad with dressing," also high in vitamin E, gave
      a similar result (p less than .05) for a male-predominant patient group. Separate
      comparison of male controls with female controls ruled out sex-related
      preferences as the explanation of our findings. Patients had more extensive rural
      experience and were more likely to have frequently sprayed pesticides (p less
      than .05) than had controls. Our results justify further investigations into
      early-life vitamin E intake, pesticides, and neurotoxins associated with rural
      life.

PMID- 2296262
TI  - Uniform frequency of parkinsonian resting tremor in the lips, jaw, tongue, and
      index finger.
AB  - Parkinsonian resting tremor was examined in the lips, jaw, tongue, and index
      finger using electromyography (EMG) and displacement transduction. Long-term
      spectral averaging of tremor movement and EMG signals revealed that resting
      tremor frequencies were remarkably uniform across these orofacial and hand
      structures within the same parkinsonian subjects. However, marked variability in
      tremor spectral amplitude across structures and subtle moment-to-moment
      variations in tremor period, amplitude, and waveform shape were also observed.
      Although these observations argue for a central source of tremor, it appears that
      interactive central and/or peripheral neural circuitry may yield variations in
      tremor characteristics.

PMID- 2296263
TI  - Complex hyperkinesia during recovery from left temporoparietal cortical
      infarction.
AB  - A 51-year-old man with preexistent lacunar infarctions in the basal ganglia and
      pons developed complex involuntary movements of his right arm 1 day after a
      purely cortical-subcortical ischemic infarction in the territory of the left
      middle cerebral artery sparing the basal ganglia. The movements were stereotyped
      and repetitive, affecting hand and fingers or proximal arm muscles alternatively
      or together. Although hyperkinesia after basal ganglia lesion has been described
      many times in the literature, it has not yet been reported after cortical
      subcortical ischemic infarctions sparing the basal ganglia.

PMID- 2296264
TI  - The effect of nocturnal physiological sleep on various movement disorders.
AB  - Thirty-one subjects affected by different movement disorders underwent
      polygraphic and videotape monitoring during nocturnal sleep, to assess movement
      patterns during the night. It was possible to distinguish two categories of
      disorders according to their pattern of movements. In the largest group (Meige's
      syndrome, blepharospasm, amyotrophic choreoacanthocytosis, Tourette syndrome,
      tonic foot, hemiballism) abnormal movements were still present during sleep, but
      decreased in frequency and amplitude in all stages. The second group presented
      three syndromes (nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia, nocturnal myoclonus, restless
      legs syndrome), in which light non-rapid-eye-movement sleep induced a strong
      activation of abnormal movements, whereas rapid-eye-movement sleep suppressed
      them.

PMID- 2296265
TI  - Generalized reflex myoclonus in a patient with alcohol-sensitive spontaneous
      myoclonus and an abnormal gait.
AB  - A patient with alcohol-sensitive spontaneous, action- and stimulus-sensitive
      generalized reflex myoclonus is reported. Gait was abnormal but could not be
      clearly classified as dystonic. No other neurological abnormality was present.
      The possible relationship between alcohol-sensitive myoclonic dystonia and this
      case is discussed. Reflex myoclonus may serve as an additional clinical marker in
      the study of families with alcohol-sensitive myoclonus, dystonia, or both.

PMID- 2296266
TI  - The cause of blepharospasm is unknown in most cases.

PMID- 2296267
TI  - Opioid therapy in the movement disorders.

PMID- 2296268
TI  - A case of pure akinesia due to Lewy body parkinson's disease with pathology.

PMID- 2296269
TI  - Thiazide diuretic agents and the incidence of hip fracture.
AB  - Thiazide diuretic agents lower the urinary excretion of calcium. Their use has
      been associated with increased bone density, but their role in preventing hip
      fracture has not been established. We prospectively studied the effect of
      thiazide diuretic agents on the incidence of hip fracture among 9518 men and
      women 65 years of age or older residing in three communities. At base line, 24 to
      30 percent of the subjects were thiazide users. In the subsequent four years, 242
      subjects had hip fractures. The incidence rates of hip fracture were lower among
      thiazide users than nonusers in each community; the Mantel-Haenszel relative risk
      of hip fracture, adjusted for community and age, was 0.63 (95 percent confidence
      interval, 0.46 to 0.86). The protective effect of the use of thiazides was
      independent of sex, age, impaired mobility, body-mass index, and current and
      former smoking status; the multivariate adjusted relative risk of hip fracture
      was 0.68 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.49 to 0.94). Furthermore, the
      protective effect was specific to thiazide diuretic agents, since there was no
      association between the use of antihypertensive medications other than thiazides
      and the risk of hip fracture. These prospective data suggest that in older men
      and women the use of thiazide diuretic agents is associated with a reduction of
      approximately one third in the risk of hip fracture.

PMID- 2296271
TI  - Cathepsin D and prognosis in breast cancer.
AB  - We investigated the possibility that cathepsin D, an estrogen-induced lysosomal
      protease, might have value as a prognostic factor in breast cancer by studying
      frozen tissue specimens from 397 patients. We measured the 34-kd mature form of
      the enzyme by Western blot assay and densitometry. Among 199 patients with node
      negative disease, but not among 198 with node-positive disease, high levels of
      cathepsin D proved to be a significant predictor of reduced disease-free survival
      (median follow-up, 64 months), either as a continuous variable (log cathepsin D;
      P = 0.018) or as a dichotomous variable with an optimized cutoff point (P =
      0.0001). Results were similar for overall survival (P = 0.009 and 0.0001,
      respectively). Relating the level of cathepsin D to other prognostic factors in
      the patients with node-negative disease, we found an association with aneuploidy
      but none with estrogen or progesterone receptors, tumor size, or the age of the
      patient. In multivariate analyses, a high level of cathepsin D was the most
      important independent factor in predicting shorter disease-free and overall
      survival in patients with node-negative disease. As compared with the risk in
      women with low levels of cathepsin D, the relative risk of tumor recurrence was
      2.6 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 4.4) and the relative risk of death
      was 3.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.1 to 7.3) among those with high levels
      of cathepsin D. For disease-free survival, cathepsin D status was predictive of
      outcome primarily among those with aneuploid tumors; the actuarial five-year
      recurrence rates of aneuploid tumors were 60 percent among women with high levels
      of cathepsin D and 29 percent among those with low levels, as compared with 22
      percent for all diploid tumors. We conclude that cathepsin D may be an
      independent predictor of early recurrence and death in node-negative breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2296270
TI  - Mutation analysis for heterozygote detection and the prenatal diagnosis of cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - The cystic fibrosis gene was recently cloned, and a three-base deletion removing
      phenylalanine 508 from the coding region was identified as the mutation on the
      majority of cystic fibrosis chromosomes. We used the polymerase chain reaction
      and hybridization with allele-specific oligonucleotides to analyze the presence
      or absence of this mutation on 439 cystic fibrosis chromosomes and 433 normal
      chromosomes from non-Ashkenazic white families. This mutation was present on 75.8
      percent of the cystic fibrosis chromosomes. Using the DNA markers XV-2c and KM
      19, we found that 96 percent of cystic fibrosis chromosomes with the mutation had
      a single DNA haplotype that occurs frequently with cystic fibrosis chromosomes.
      This haplotype was also found on 54 percent of the cystic fibrosis chromosomes
      without the three-base deletion. The three-base deletion was found on only 30.3
      percent of cystic fibrosis chromosomes from Ashkenazic families, although the
      common cystic fibrosis haplotype was present on 97 percent of cystic fibrosis
      chromosomes from Ashkenazic families. The ability to detect the common mutation
      causing cystic fibrosis represents a major improvement in prenatal diagnosis and
      heterozygote detection, particularly in families in which no DNA sample is
      available from the affected child, and provides an improved method of testing for
      spouses of carriers of cystic fibrosis. Mutation analysis introduces the
      possibility of population-based screening programs for carriers, which on the
      basis of the sample in this study, would currently identify about 57 percent of
      the non-Ashkenazic white couples at risk.

PMID- 2296272
TI  - Pancreatic function in infants identified as having cystic fibrosis in a neonatal
      screening program.
AB  - The use of the dried-blood immunoreactive-trypsin assay for the detection of
      cystic fibrosis in newborns has been questioned on the grounds that it may fail
      to identify patients with enough pancreatic function to have normal fat
      absorption. To investigate this possibility, we assessed pancreatic function in
      78 patients identified in a neonatal screening program as having cystic fibrosis.
      The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was confirmed by abnormal results on a sweat
      chloride test. The results of measurements of fecal fat excretion, pancreatic
      stimulation tests, and estimations of the serum level of pancreatic isoamylase
      indicated that 29 of the 78 children (37 percent) had substantial preservation of
      pancreatic function. These children (median age, four years) had growth that was
      close to normal and comparable to growth in children with severe pancreatic
      insufficiency who received oral enzyme therapy. Pancreatic insufficiency
      subsequently developed in 6 of the 29 patients, at 3 to 36 months of age. We
      conclude that the serum immunoreactive-trypsin assay used in neonatal screening
      programs identifies patients with cystic fibrosis who have sufficient pancreatic
      function to have normal fat absorption and that a substantial proportion of
      infants identified as having cystic fibrosis are in this category.

PMID- 2296273
TI  - Withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill.
AB  - We investigated decisions to withhold or withdraw life support from patients in
      the medical-surgical intensive care units at the Moffitt-Long Hospital of the
      University of California and San Francisco General Hospital, from July 1987
      through June 1988. Among 1719 patients admitted to the two intensive care units,
      life support was withheld from 22 (1 percent) and withdrawn from 93 (5 percent).
      The reason for limiting care was poor prognosis. Of these 115 patients (18 of
      whom were considered brain-dead), 89 died in the intensive care unit (accounting
      for 45 percent of all deaths there), and all but 1 of the remaining patients died
      after transfer from the intensive care unit. Thirteen (11 percent) had earlier
      expressed the wish that their terminal care be limited, but this affected care in
      only four cases. Only 5 of the 115 patients made the actual decision to limit
      care; the others were incompetent at the time. Of the latter, 102 had families
      who participated in the decision; family members of the other 8 incompetent
      patients could not be found, and the decisions were made by physicians. Only 10
      families initially disagreed with the recommendations to limit care, and they
      later agreed. The median duration of intensive care among the patients from whom
      life support was withheld or withdrawn was eight days at Moffitt-Long Hospital
      and four days at San Francisco General, as compared with medians of three and one
      days, respectively, for other patients who died in the intensive care units. We
      conclude that although life-sustaining care is withheld or withdrawn relatively
      infrequently from patients in the intensive care unit, such decisions precipitate
      about half of all deaths in the intensive care units of the hospitals we studied.
      In most of these cases the patients are incompetent, but physicians and families
      usually agree to limit care.

PMID- 2296274
TI  - Screening for cystic fibrosis; public policy and personal choices.

PMID- 2296275
TI  - Assessing the risk of recurrence in breast cancer.

PMID- 2296276
TI  - Cyclosporine-induced hyperuricemia and gout.

PMID- 2296277
TI  - Novel T-lymphocyte population in combined immunodeficiency with features of graft
      versus-host disease.

PMID- 2296278
TI  - Aminoglycosides and C. difficile colitis.

PMID- 2296279
TI  - Listeriosis traced to the consumption of alfalfa tablets and soft cheese.

PMID- 2296280
TI  - Maternal use of alcohol and breast-fed infants.

PMID- 2296281
TI  - Research on human embryos.

PMID- 2296282
TI  - Aren't we all green now?

PMID- 2296283
TI  - Neurobiology. The club-sandwich mystery.

PMID- 2296284
TI  - Nucleic acids. Adding to the genetic alphabet.

PMID- 2296285
TI  - Evolution. A case of male opportunism.

PMID- 2296286
TI  - Shedding light on PCR contamination.

PMID- 2296287
TI  - Bone-conducted sound.

PMID- 2296288
TI  - Redesign of the coenzyme specificity of a dehydrogenase by protein engineering.
AB  - Directed mutagenesis and molecular modelling have been used to identify a set of
      amino-acid side chains in glutathione reductase that confer specificity for the
      coenzyme NADP+. Systematic replacement of these amino acids, all of which occur
      in a 'fingerprint' structural motif in the NADP+-binding domain, leaves the
      substrate specificity unchanged but converts the enzyme into one displaying a
      marked preference for the coenzyme NAD+.

PMID- 2296289
TI  - Britain releases green bill.

PMID- 2296290
TI  - International collaboration.

PMID- 2296291
TI  - Sexual selection for sensory exploitation in the frog Physalaemus pustulosus.
AB  - The sensory bases of species and population mate preferences are well known; in
      frogs properties of the female auditory system influence such preferences. By
      contrast, there is little understanding of how sensory characteristics could
      result in sexual selection within a population. One possible mechanism is that
      females are more sensitive to male courtship signals that deviate from the
      population mean. We document this mechanism in the frog Physalaemus pustulosus.
      Female basilar papilla tuning is biased toward lower-than-average frequencies in
      the 'chuck' portion of the male's call, explaining female preference for the
      lower-frequency chucks produced by larger males. The tuning does not differ
      between P. pustulosus and its close relative P. coloradorum, a species in which
      males never evolved the ability to produce chucks; thus the female tuning evolved
      before the chuck and therefore the chuck played no role in the evolution of the
      preference. This allows us to reject two popular hypotheses for the evolution of
      this female preference (runaway sexual selection and natural selection) in favour
      of a third: sexual selection for sensory exploitation.

PMID- 2296292
TI  - Functions of the colour-opponent and broad-band channels of the visual system.
AB  - The colour-opponent and broad-band channels of the primate visual system
      originate in the retina and remain segregated through several neural stations in
      the visual system. Until now inferences about their function in vision have been
      based primarily on studies examining single-cell receptive field properties which
      have shown that the colour-opponent retinal ganglion cells have small receptive
      fields, produce sustained responses and receive spatially segregated inputs from
      different cone types; the broad-band cells have large receptive fields, respond
      transiently and receive cone inputs that are not spatially separated. We have now
      examined the visual capacities of rhesus monkeys before and after interrupting
      either of these channels with small lesions at the lateral geniculate nucleus.
      Here we report that the colour-opponent channel is essential for the processing
      of colour, texture, fine pattern and fine stereopsis, whereas the broad-band
      channel is crucial for the perception of fast flicker and motion. Little or no
      deficits were found in brightness and coarse-shape discrimination, low spatial
      frequency stereopsis and contrast sensitivity after the disruption of either of
      the channels.

PMID- 2296293
TI  - Ethics and research. Sex, hearts and brains.

PMID- 2296294
TI  - Induction of a novel epidermal growth factor-secreting cell lineage by mucosal
      ulceration in human gastrointestinal stem cells.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor, and its human homologue urogastrone (EGF/URO), are
      secreted by the gut-associated salivary and Brunner's glands. Recombinant EGF/URO
      is a powerful stimulator of cell proliferation and differentiation in the rodent
      and neonatal human intestine. But EGF/URO is not absorbed from the adult gut and
      has no action when given through the gut lumen; thus the role of secreted EGF/URO
      is unknown. We now report that ulceration of the epithelium anywhere in the human
      gastrointestinal tract induces the development of a novel cell lineage from
      gastrointestinal stem cells. This lineage initially appears as a bud from the
      base of intestinal crypts, adjacent to the ulcer, and grows locally as a tubule,
      ramifying to form a new small gland, and ultimately emerges onto the mucosal
      surface. The lineage produces neutral mucin, shows a unique lectin-binding
      profile and immunophenotype, is nonproliferative, and contains and secretes
      abundant immunoreactive EGF/URO. We propose that all gastrointestinal stem cells
      can produce this cell lineage after mucosal ulceration, secreting EGF/URO to
      stimulate cell proliferation, regeneration and ulcer healing. This cell lineage
      is very commonly associated with gastrointestinal mucosal ulceration, and we
      conclude that a principal in vivo role for EGF/URO is to stimulate ulcer healing
      throughout the gut through induction of this cell lineage in the adjacent mucosa.

PMID- 2296296
TI  - Research ethics: no conflict-of-interest rules.

PMID- 2296295
TI  - High levels of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA in brain tissue of AIDS dementia patients.
AB  - In the host cell, retroviral DNAs exist in three main forms: unintegrated linear,
      unintegrated circular, and integrated (the provirus). High levels of unintegrated
      forms of retroviral DNA often correlate with superinfection and accompanying
      cytopathic effects, as, for example, in the case of feline acquired
      immunodeficiency. In culture, HIV-1 infection also results in high levels of
      unintegrated viral DNA although direct correlations with cytopathicity have not
      been made. The low frequency of HIV-1-infected cells in patients has made it
      difficult to determine the structure of the viral DNA in fresh tissue samples
      from AIDS patients by standard methods such as Southern hybridization. The PCR
      technique however, which allows the detection of viral DNA at levels far below
      that possible by other hybridization methods is, in its conventional form, of
      limited use for quantitative analysis. To study the amount and form of HIV-1 DNA
      in primary tissue of AIDS patients we have therefore modified the PCR method. Our
      results indicate that each of the three species of viral DNA are detectable in
      blood and brain of AIDS patients, and that in autopsy samples from patients with
      HIV encephalitis there is a considerably higher proportion of unintegrated viral
      DNA.

PMID- 2296297
TI  - Citing patients.

PMID- 2296298
TI  - Publishing and perishing.

PMID- 2296299
TI  - Separate culture.

PMID- 2296300
TI  - Publishing without being damned.

PMID- 2296301
TI  - Auditory models: pitch perception in silicon.

PMID- 2296302
TI  - Nitrogen fixation: new ligands bound to work.

PMID- 2296303
TI  - Molecular genetics: mice, men and sickle cells.

PMID- 2296304
TI  - Cell biology: telomeres sans frontieres.

PMID- 2296305
TI  - Cleaning up gene databases.

PMID- 2296306
TI  - Occurrence of magnetic bacteria in soil.
AB  - Enrichment of the ferrimagnetic minerals magnetite and maghemite is frequently
      observed in the top layer of soil horizons. Although both inorganic and organic
      processes are known to produce magnetite, magnetite in soils has been ascribed to
      an inorganic origin. We report here the discovery of living magnetic bacteria,
      similar to those found in salt- and fresh-water sediments, in the A horizon of a
      well developed soil profile in a typical meadow environment in southern Bavaria.
      The bacteria were detected in fresh samples using an optical microscope equipped
      with a rotating magnetic field and a volumetrically calibrated depression slide,
      permitting accurate counts of the volume density of the organisms. We suggest
      that magnetic bacteria and their magnetofossils can contribute to the magnetic
      properties of soils.

PMID- 2296307
TI  - Does the brain know the physics of specular reflection?
AB  - Images of artificial and natural scenes typically contain many highlights
      generated by mirror-like reflection from glossy surfaces. Until recently,
      computational models of visual processes have tended to regard highlights as
      obscuring the structure of the underlying scene. The truth is that, on the
      contrary, highlights are rich in local geometric information. Here we report that
      the three-dimensional appearance of a highlight on a computer-simulated
      stereoscopic curved surface affects observers' judgment of surface gloss. We also
      show that the 3-D appearance of a highlight affects the perception of surface
      curvature--that is, it can force an ambiguous convex-concave figure to change
      state. We thus conclude that human visual analysis seems to employ a physical
      model of the interaction of light with curved surfaces, a model firmly based on
      ray optics and differential geometry.

PMID- 2296308
TI  - No evidence for illegitimate young in monogamous and polygynous warblers.
AB  - In animals with internal fertilization, paternity is uncertain. In birds, the
      occurrence of copulations outside the pair-bond has been documented in a number
      of species, but the extent to which these result in illegitimate young is largely
      unknown, and constitutes a major deficiency in our understanding of avian mating
      systems. The analysis of tandemly repeated sequences (minisatellites), has
      enhanced our ability to make individual identifications and paternity
      determinations. Here we describe the use of a bird minisatellite DNA probe in
      assigning paternity in natural populations of the monogamous willow warbler
      Phylloscopus trochilus and of the polygynous wood warbler Phylloscopus
      sibilatrix. In both species this probe detects a multiple locus pattern and a
      single locus that exhibits a variable number of tandem repeats. Although we
      observed intrusions by non-resident males into the territories of paired males
      and extra-pair copulations, no illegitimate offspring were detected among 176
      young from 32 families of both species, implying that extra-pair copulations have
      little or no genetic impact.

PMID- 2296309
TI  - Specification of limb development in the Drosophila embryo by positional cues
      from segmentation genes.
AB  - Limb development in Drosophila requires the activity of a proximo-distal pattern
      forming system, in addition to the antero-posterior and dorso-ventral pattern
      forming systems that subdivide the embryo. Several lines of genetic evidence
      indicate that the Distal-less gene plays an important part in specifying proximo
      distal positional information. The Distal-less locus encodes a homoeodomain
      containing protein, which suggests that Distal-less may exert its activity
      through differential regulation of subordinate genes. The spatially restricted
      pattern of Distal-less expression allows direct visualization of the limb
      primordia during early embryogenesis. Here I report that from their inception,
      the leg primordia span the parasegment boundary. The segment polarity gene
      wingless seems to have a key part in defining the positions at which leg
      primordia will develop along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo. This
      analysis allows a direct molecular visualization of the compartments that
      subdivide the limb primordia into discrete developmental domains.

PMID- 2296310
TI  - A transgenic mouse model of sickle cell disorder.
AB  - A single base-pair mutation (beta s) in codon 6 of the human beta-globin gene,
      causing a single amino-acid substitution, is the cause of sickle cell anaemia.
      The mutant haemoglobin molecule, HbS, polymerizes when deoxygenated and causes
      deformation of the erythrocytes to a characteristic 'sickled' shape. Sickling of
      cells in small vessels causes painful crises and other life-threatening
      complications. Although the molecular basis for sickle cell anaemia has been
      known for 30 years, no definitive treatment is available. An animal model of
      sickle cell anaemia would not only allow a detailed analysis of the factors that
      initiate erythrocyte sickling in vivo and of the pathophysiology of the disease,
      but would also permit the development of novel approaches to the treatment of the
      disease. By using the dominant control region sequences from the human beta
      globin locus, together with human alpha- and beta s-globin genes, we have
      obtained three transgenic mice with HbS levels ranging from 10 to 80% of total
      haemoglobin in their red cells. As observed in homozygous and heterozygous Hbs
      patients, the erythrocytes of this mouse sickle readily on deoxygenation.
      Irreversibly sickled cells, which are characteristic of sickle-cell patients
      homozygous for beta s, are also observed in the peripheral blood of the mouse
      with high levels of HbS.

PMID- 2296311
TI  - DNA trapping electrophoresis.
AB  - Attempts to improve the size separation of single-stranded DNA in polyacrylamide
      gels by field-inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) have met with limited success.
      Here we show that attaching a neutral globular protein, streptavidin, to one end
      of a single-stranded DNA molecule profoundly alters the DNA mobility pattern and
      increases the band separation manyfold within a size range controlled by voltage
      and pulse cycle. In constant field, short modified fragments are only slightly
      retarded but long molecules are retarded dramatically above a 'threshold size' of
      0.6 kilobases at 60 V per cm. At this voltage, molecules above a 1.2-kilobase
      'cut-off' do not enter the gel. Both the threshold and the cut-off sizes decrease
      as the voltage increases. In FIGE, the longer the reverse pulse, the larger the
      modified fragments that enter the gel. We interpret these results as the trapping
      by the gel matrix of the protein attached to the DNA. The probability of release
      then depends on the balance between the electric field and thermal motion: the
      larger the DNA and the higher the voltage, the harder it is to release.

PMID- 2296312
TI  - [Adrenaline injection in the corpus cavernosum of the penis for the treatment of
      priapism].
AB  - Intracavernous papaverine injection therapy has gained widespread acceptance in
      the treatment of erectile impotence. Treatment for the opposite, priapism, is
      also possible with the same technique using a vasoconstrictive drug. We report 5
      patients with priapism successfully managed by intracavernous injection with
      adrenalin.

PMID- 2296313
TI  - [HIV-2 infection in a Portuguese woman with an AIDS-dementia complex living in
      The Netherlands].
AB  - The case history is presented of the first patient with a fatal HIV-2 infection
      in The Netherlands, a Portuguese woman aged 51 yr. The infection resulted in
      AIDS, the AIDS-dementia complex and death. Her partner, a retired Cape Verde
      sailor, also proved to be infected with HIV-2. Epidemiology, virology and
      clinical manifestations of HIV-2 infection are discussed.

PMID- 2296314
TI  - [Series of articles on clinimetrics].

PMID- 2296315
TI  - [Telephone consultation about Lyme disease].

PMID- 2296316
TI  - [Treating specialist should not just simply discontinue medication prescribed for
      the patient in another specialty].

PMID- 2296318
TI  - [Is large-scale testing for HIV in pregnant women morally acceptable?].

PMID- 2296317
TI  - [Eurothemes. Medical negligence and its legal repercussions].

PMID- 2296319
TI  - [Irradiation myelopathy].

PMID- 2296320
TI  - [Medical ethics and health legislation; obstacles for further increase in
      knowledge in medicine?].

PMID- 2296321
TI  - [Clinimetrics: how is the patient?].

PMID- 2296323
TI  - [Is the end of the Pap classification in sight?].

PMID- 2296322
TI  - [An HIV-seropositive patient with fever].

PMID- 2296324
TI  - [Chemonucleolysis].

PMID- 2296325
TI  - [Treatment of AIDS patients with zidovudine].
AB  - During 20 months 49 AIDS patients treated with zidovudine were followed
      prospectively. The 12-month cumulative probability of survival was 73% and the 18
      month probability of survival was 51%. The probability of survival was
      significantly higher when, at the start of therapy, the Karnofsky score was 70 or
      higher (p less than 0.001) or the CD4 cell count was 0.05 x 10(9)/l or higher (p
      less than 0.05). The general condition, Karnofsky score, body weight, number of
      CD4 positive cells and the lymphocyte stimulation in vitro improved during
      therapy, but the beneficial effects lasted only 6-9 months. Anaemia (Hb less than
      6 mmol/l) developed in 21 (43%) of the patients. (Pan)cytopenia prompted dose
      reduction in 14 patients, in 5 patients with pancytopenia therapy was withdrawn.
      The length of stay in hospital was 885 days for the whole group of patients,
      equivalent to 20 days per patient year.

PMID- 2296326
TI  - [Balloon valvuloplasty of the aortic valve: short-term and medium-term results in
      50 patients].
AB  - Fifty patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis underwent a balloon
      valvuloplasty of the aortic valve with acceptable initial haemodynamic results.
      Follow-up at one month showed clinical improvement in 66% of the patients. Long
      term follow-up (clinical, Doppler echocardiography and repeat cardiac
      catheterization) was disappointing. The intervention-free rates at one and two
      years were 44% and 26%, respectively. Aortic balloon valvuloplasty should be
      limited to patients with a severe aortic stenosis and short life expectancy
      because of non-cardiac disease and to patients with severely depressed left
      ventricular function as a bridge to valve replacement.

PMID- 2296327
TI  - [Eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrates or the PIE syndrome].
AB  - A 22-year-old male suffering from bronchial obstruction, in whom the usual anti
      allergic treatment was almost ineffective, had a high degree of blood
      eosinophilia and migrating pulmonary infiltrates. These infiltrates were strongly
      suspected to be of eosinophilic origin, in view of the results of bronchoalveolar
      lavage. Unfortunately, no clear cause of the disorder was found. Corticosteroid
      treatment per os and by inhalation clearly improved his condition. However, the
      treatment with inhalation corticosteroids has to be continued indefinitely.

PMID- 2296329
TI  - [Medicine and language; side effect or meaning?].

PMID- 2296328
TI  - [Pseudomembranous colitis under administration of norfloxacin].

PMID- 2296330
TI  - [The neglected blood pressure determination in pregnancy].

PMID- 2296331
TI  - [Completeness of cancer registration].

PMID- 2296332
TI  - [Intracranial tuberculoma, a special space-occupying process].

PMID- 2296333
TI  - [Liver metastases: a death sentence?].

PMID- 2296334
TI  - [Pain in the arm with tingling index and middle fingers, or the little-known
      prolapsed disk in the neck].

PMID- 2296335
TI  - Acute renal failure and Mediterranean spotted fever.

PMID- 2296336
TI  - Effects of amphotericin B on renal transport.

PMID- 2296337
TI  - Kinetics of cisplatin in a patient with lung carcinoma on continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2296338
TI  - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in scleroderma.

PMID- 2296339
TI  - The therapeutic dilemma of the usage of corticosteroid in patients with
      membranous nephropathy and persistent hepatitis B virus surface antigenaemia.
AB  - The therapeutic benefits and risks of short-term corticosteroid were investigated
      in 8 patients with membranous nephropathy and hepatitis B surface antigenaemia.
      Seven patients presented with nephrotic syndrome, and the remaining patient had
      significant proteinuria. Their liver function tests were normal on repeated
      examination. Their sera demonstrated the persistent presence of hepatitis B virus
      surface antigen and high titres of antibody to hepatitis B virus core antigen.
      Hepatitis B virus e antigens were present in the sera of 4 patients at initial
      presentation. Their clinical responses were compared with 7 similar patients
      previously treated with diuretic therapy alone and acting as historic controls.
      Short-term corticosteroid (6 months) with stepwise reduction resulted in an early
      regression of the nephrotic syndrome in 3 patients. Five patients had persistent
      but reduced proteinuria. Transient liver impairment was observed in 3 patients.
      Corticosteroid therapy induced transient viral replication with increased serum
      concentration of hepatitis B virus e antigen and hepatitis B virus DNA. Two of
      the 7 patients receiving diuretics developed spontaneous remission though
      apparently later than those receiving corticosteroid. Yet complications such as
      liver dysfunction and hypertension were not observed in the patients treated with
      diuretics. Our findings suggest that corticosteroid therapy could be harmful in
      membranous nephropathy related to hepatitis B surface antigenaemia, as activation
      of viral replication could occur with corticosteroid therapy.

PMID- 2296340
TI  - Transcapillary oncotic pressure in the edema of congestive heart failure.
AB  - Tissue fluid and plasma oncotic pressure levels were measured in an unselected
      group of 13 patients presenting with congestive heart failure. Patients had a
      mean serum albumin of 3.6 g/dl +/- (SD) 0.35; serum oncotic pressure was 22.23 +/
      1.8 mm Hg; tissue fluid (lower leg) oncotic pressure was 0.985 +/- 0.34 mm Hg.
      The oncotic pressure gradient between plasma and tissue fluid was 21.25 Hg +/-
      1.7. This is about 10 mm Hg greater than delta pi in normal man. The high value
      in congestive heart failure is a mechanism to protect against the formation of
      edema. The possible mechanisms responsible for the formation of edema in
      congestive heart failure are discussed.

PMID- 2296341
TI  - The influence of the geometry of the dialyzer and the composition of the
      dialysate in activating the complement system.
AB  - During hemodialysis there is a complex interaction between the patient and the
      extracorporeal circuit that activates the complement system, among others. To
      better understand the influence of the dialyzer geometry and the dialysate
      composition, we compared hollow fiber versus parallel plate dialyzers and acetate
      versus bicarbonate dialysates and their role in the production of C3a, C4a and
      C5a. There was no significant difference in the plasmatic levels of these
      anaphylotoxins and their des-Arg derivates, as measured by RIA, in either
      dialyzer. The same was true when the dialysate in question had a different
      composition. We thus concluded that neither the geometric configuration of the
      dialyzer nor the composition of the dialysate influence their biocompatibility as
      regards the activation of the complement system, and that the differences that
      have been described shall have to be explained in another manner or assessed by
      methods other than those used in this study.

PMID- 2296342
TI  - Acute renal failure in community-acquired bacteraemia.
AB  - Over a 1-year period, 239 patients with community-acquired bacteraemia in
      positive blood culture were prospectively evaluated to establish the prevalence
      and outcome of acute renal failure (ARF). Fifty-eight patients (24%) were
      identified as having ARF defined by a doubling or more in serum creatinine. The
      overall mortality in this group was 53% compared with 22% for patients with
      bacteraemia but without ARF (p less than 0.001). Within the ARF group there were
      two identifiable subgroups. Thirty patients had resolution of renal failure with
      treatment of the bacteraemia, and only 6 (20%) of these died. Of the remaining 28
      where ARF persisted, 25 (89%) died (p less than 0.000001). Nine patients were
      dialysed, and only 2 survived. The majority of the remaining 24 patients died of
      overwhelming bacteraemia before dialysis was indicated. ARF is a common finding
      in community-acquired bacteraemia, and this has a poor prognosis particularly in
      those without early resolution of renal failure.

PMID- 2296343
TI  - Decrease of polymorphonuclear leukocyte membrane fluidity in uremic patients on
      hemodialysis.
AB  - We measured membrane fluidity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from 14
      uremic patients on hemodialysis by the excimer-forming lipid technique with
      pyrenedecanoic acid using flow cytometry. Membrane fluidity of PMN was
      significantly lower in the uremic patients during the predialysis period. During
      hemodialysis, progressive normalization in membrane fluidity was observed. Cross
      incubation studies indicated that this observation is ascribed to factors in the
      patients' serum and that they can be removed by hemodialysis. When sera of these
      patients were fractionated by Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, the specific
      fraction responsible for a decreased fluidity was found in the low-molecular
      weight fraction. Uremic patients have an increased risk of infection, which may
      be partly due to altered membrane fluidity of their PMN.

PMID- 2296344
TI  - Mucosal immunity in adult primary glomerulonephritis. I. Evaluation of salivary
      IgA subclasses and components.
AB  - Salivary components (proteins, albumin, IgA1, IgA2, IgG, IgM, beta 2
      microglobulin, neopterin and peroxidase) were investigated in 3 adult types of
      primary glomerulonephritis (PGN): IgA mesangial glomerulonephritis (IgAGN; n =
      14); idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis (n = 8); idiopathic nephrotic
      syndrome (INS; n = 14), and a control group (n = 11). Salivary IgA1 levels were
      significantly increased in all these PGN whereas salivary IgA2 levels were only
      higher than controls in INS. Albumin and proteins did not differ between PGN and
      controls, while the IgA1 + IgA2/protein ratio was significantly increased in
      these 3 PGN. Salivary neopterin levels were enhanced in the 3 types of PGN,
      whereas beta 2-microglobulin levels were not. The other salivary components did
      not differ from controls. These results demonstrate the nonspecificity of the IgA
      increase at mucosal sites previously found in IgAGN and raise the hypothesis of
      an activation of mucosal immunity of PGN or of a disturbed isotypic network or
      lymphokine secretion in these diseases.

PMID- 2296345
TI  - Germanium dioxide-induced nephropathy: a new type of renal disease.
AB  - Chronic renal failure developed in 5 patients who were taking germanium dioxide
      (GeO2)-containing compounds. Renal functional deterioration was slow but
      progressive and dialysis treatment was necessitated temporarily in 2 patients.
      After the discontinuation of GeO2, the impaired renal function tended to improve
      but remained abnormal for an observation period of 10-40 months. The lack of
      proteinuria and hematuria was characterized as the clinical manifestations. Renal
      biopsy specimens revealed the tubular epithelial cell degeneration containing
      hematoxylin-positive fine granules on light microscopy, and electron-dense
      inclusions in the swollen mitochondria on electron microscopy. These findings
      localized mainly in distal segment of the tubules. In the rats given GeO2 orally
      for 10 weeks, similar histological lesions were evident, as manifested by marked
      weight loss, anemia, azotemia, and negative proteinuria. In the rats given
      carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide, these changes were not observed and Ge
      concentration of kidney was significantly lower than in the rats given GeO2. The
      present study indicates that chronic GeO2 intake causes progressive renal
      dysfunction characterized by the degeneration of distal tubules.

PMID- 2296346
TI  - Surfeit and deficit of sodium: evidence from studies of body sodium in rats.
AB  - The concept of a basal level of body sodium (Strauss' state 'between surfeit and
      deficit') was studied by means of body sodium measurements in rats on different
      sodium intakes, in some cases after diuretic pretreatment. At a certain level of
      body sodium, when sodium intake was just enough to allow for body growth, a
      sodium chloride load (followed by a zero sodium intake) was excreted more or less
      quantitatively in 24-48 h. In rats pretreated with an ample sodium intake, the
      load was excreted more quickly and some additional sodium was also excreted. In
      rats pretreated with diuretic and a zero sodium diet, body sodium was very low
      and a sodium chloride load was retained to an extent that was more or less
      appropriate to the deficit. In a subsidiary part of the study, rats pretreated
      with a low sodium intake and frusemide and continuing on frusemide during and
      after the load, excreted a sodium chloride load at much the same rate as rats
      given a load following pretreatment with a very low sodium diet alone (i.e. not
      given a diuretic); after excreting the load they were able to maintain a stable
      (though reduced) level of body sodium in spite of cessation of sodium intake.
      Rats pretreated with hydrochlorothiazide, and continuing on this drug during and
      after the load, had a continued loss of sodium after cessation of sodium intake.
      The results are discussed in the light of the Strauss concept and appear to
      confirm it. Basal body sodium is, by inference, identified as the level at which
      delivery of sodium to the distal tubule exactly equals distal sodium
      reabsorption.

PMID- 2296347
TI  - Monocyte ferritin as a possible index of bone marrow iron stores in patients on
      chronic hemodialysis.
AB  - It is well known that macrophages are the principle cells responsible for removal
      of senescent erythrocytes from circulation and are the major storage cell for
      body iron. Monitoring stored iron in patients with anemia secondary to renal
      failure and chronic hemodialysis is an important parameter used for gauging
      supplementing these patients with iron. We have proven that blood monocyte
      ferritin unlike serum ferritin reflects adequately bone marrow iron stores and
      thus replaces an undesirable procedure in such patients namely bone marrow
      punctures.

PMID- 2296348
TI  - Development and progression of uremic changes in the mouse with surgically
      induced renal failure.
AB  - Adult C57BL/6 mice with surgically induced renal failure of 1-15 weeks' duration
      were examined for the presence of changes caused by the renal failure. Surgery
      consisted of the electrocoagulation of the entire surface of the right kidney
      followed 3 weeks later by contralateral nephrectomy. Control groups comprised
      normal mice as well as sham-operated mice subjected to the right kidney
      electrocoagulation followed by visualization of the left kidney rather than
      removal. Results indicate: (1) the surgical procedures to induce renal failure
      were free of local and systemic infectious complications, (2) moderate to severe
      degree of renal failure was consistently achieved and remained stable over the
      study period, (3) significant growth retardation of the renal failure mice was
      present throughout the study whereas sham-operated mice showed catch-up growth
      with normal controls by the 3rd week postsurgery, (4) anemia was a very early
      manifestation of the disease appearing by the 1st week after the induction of
      renal failure to reach its nadir by the 2nd week; a mild anemia was observed
      transiently postsurgery in sham-operated mice and ascribed to the renal injury,
      and (5) renal failure mice were free of visible changes of advanced uremia such
      as impaired wound healing, bleeding tendency and gross neurological deficits.
      This new experimental model is proposed as a tool for the study of the
      pathogenesis and treatment of chronic uremia. While developed to study the
      immunological disturbances of renal failure, this model could conceivably serve
      for the study of other abnormalities, anemia in particular.

PMID- 2296349
TI  - Unilateral renal agenesis associated with various metabolic disorders in three
      siblings.
AB  - Unilateral renal agenesis with impaired renal function was found in all 3
      siblings of a single family, in association with various metabolic disorders such
      as diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia and hyperbilirubinemia with gallstones. The
      present report suggests that unilateral renal agenesis could occur as a
      manifestation of a genetic disorder.

PMID- 2296350
TI  - Inferior vena caval compression by hepatic cysts: an unusual complication of
      adult polycystic kidney disease.
AB  - A case of inferior vena caval compression by hepatic cysts as a complication of
      adult polycystic kidney disease is presented and its management is discussed.

PMID- 2296351
TI  - Cefotaxime-induced encephalopathy in an uremic patient.

PMID- 2296352
TI  - Is erythropoietin effective for impotence in dialysis patients?

PMID- 2296353
TI  - Renal tubular acidosis, vanadium and buffaloes.

PMID- 2296354
TI  - Does digoxin-like immunoreactivity really represent the natriuretic hormone?

PMID- 2296355
TI  - Recurrent respiratory insufficiency and depressed ventilatory drive complicating
      mitochondrial myopathies.
AB  - Three patients with mitochondrial myopathies and progressive external
      ophthalmoplegia had repeated episodes of respiratory failure requiring assisted
      ventilation. Studies in these patients and asymptomatic family members, as well
      as a sporadic case of Kearns-Sayre syndrome, demonstrated markedly depressed
      ventilatory drive responses to hypoxia. In 2 patients, there was also decreased
      drive to hypercapnia. The reduced ventilatory drive appears to be due to an
      altered neural control system that may cause episodic life-threatening
      hypoventilation occurring especially in relation to surgery, sedation, or
      intercurrent infection.

PMID- 2296356
TI  - Acute changes in blood glucose affect resistance to ischemic nerve conduction
      failure.
AB  - We studied resistance to ischemic nerve conduction failure (RINCF) following
      rapid alterations of blood glucose in normal and diabetic rats. We measured RINCF
      hourly for 4 hours in normal and diabetic rats. We then made normal rats
      hyperglycemic and diabetics euglycemic. In normal rats, we measured RINCF
      sequentially for 4 hours immediately after glucose injection and once after 1, 2,
      3, or 4 hours of hyperglycemia. In diabetics, we measured RINCF sequentially for
      4 hours after insulin injection. In normal rats, in sequential measurements,
      RINCF progressively fell but glucose injection prevented this fall. Hyperglycemia
      without preceding ischemia increased RINCF. In diabetic rats, sequential
      measurements also produced a decline in RINCF, accentuated with insulin
      injection. The results suggest that both glucose and insulin are important in
      determining the response of peripheral nerve to ischemia. They also underscore
      the importance of knowing the blood glucose and time of most recent insulin
      injection when measuring RINCF.

PMID- 2296358
TI  - Eight families with Joseph's disease in India.
AB  - We report 8 additional cases of Joseph's disease (JD) from India and conclude (1)
      the most common pattern is type III, with few cases of types II and II-III; (b)
      type III JD in India has an earlier onset of symptoms (mean age at onset, 25.6
      years) than the Azorean cases; and (3) a "pinched face" is a frequent minor
      clinical sign.

PMID- 2296357
TI  - A syndrome of asymmetric limb weakness with motor conduction block.
AB  - We describe 3 patients with asymmetric limb weakness, fasciculations (2
      patients), relatively preserved reflexes, normal cranial nerves, and few or no
      sensory abnormalities. The symptoms had been progressive over 1 to 15 years.
      Detailed motor nerve conduction studies showed conduction block and slowing
      localized to sharply circumscribed areas 30 to 100 mm long in several nerves in
      each patient. By contrast, the sensory conduction studies over the same nerve
      segments were normal, indicating very selective involvement of motor fibers.
      Sural nerve biopsies showed minor changes that varied among the patients. One
      patient had high levels of anti-GM1 antibodies, 1 had mildly elevated levels, and
      1 had high levels of only asialo-GM1 antibodies. Treatment with immune
      suppressive therapy has produced minimal improvement in 1 patient.

PMID- 2296359
TI  - Segmental analysis of neuropeptide concentrations in normal human spinal cord.
AB  - We concurrently measured, by radioimmunoassay, levels of substance P (SP),
      somatostatin (SST), methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk), cholecystokinin (CCK),
      peptide hystidyl-isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and
      neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the ventral and dorsal gray matter at each segment of the
      cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal cord, obtained within 6 hours of
      death from 4 subjects (ages 17 to 55) with no neurologic disease. Levels (pmol/g
      gray matter) of SP, SST, and Met-Enk throughout and PHI, VIP, and NPY in lumbar
      and sacral cord were significantly higher in dorsal than in ventral gray matter.
      PHI, VIP, and NPY were significantly higher in lumbar and especially sacral cord
      than in cervical and thoracic segments. In rats, a postmortem delay of up to 8
      hours did not affect SP, Met-Enk, PHI, or NPY and decreased SST, CCK, and VIP
      levels. Thus, there is a characteristic profile of neuropeptide distribution in
      gray matter, which emphasizes the neurochemical heterogeneity along the
      rostrocaudal and dorsoventral extent of normal human spinal cord.

PMID- 2296360
TI  - Focal Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is characterized by relative sparing of primary sensory and
      motor cortex and a lack of sensory or motor symptomatology. We report a case of
      presenile onset dementia accompanied by a slowly progressive hemiparesis. Autopsy
      examination showed severe pathologic involvement of somatosensory cortex with
      neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, in addition to degeneration of the
      nucleus basalis and locus ceruleus. Neurochemical and immunocytochemical studies
      showed a moderate cortical cholinergic deficiency with normal somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity and a profuse immunostaining of somatosensory cortex with the
      Alz-50 antibody. These unusual features emphasize that Alzheimer's disease is
      extremely variable in its clinical symptomatology, pathologic distribution, and
      neurochemical dimensions.

PMID- 2296361
TI  - Herpes simplex labialis and trigeminal neuropathy.
AB  - Three patients had a transient trigeminal sensory disturbance associated with an
      ipsilateral herpes simplex (HS) labialis lesion. These cases support the theory
      that isolated trigeminal sensory disturbance may be caused by intermittent
      reactivation of HS virus in the trigeminal ganglion.

PMID- 2296362
TI  - Transient focal neurologic deficits complicating interleukin-2 therapy.
AB  - We report 2 patients with transient, focal, repetitive, stereotyped episodes of
      neurologic deficits during treatment with interleukin-2. One patient had
      recurrent monocular blindness, while the 2nd had recurrent homonymous
      quadrantanopia. We suggest that these attacks are provoked by endothelial cell
      activation induced by interleukin-2.

PMID- 2296363
TI  - Episodic symptoms mistaken for seizures in the neurologically impaired child.
AB  - We found neurologically impaired children studied by time-locked video-EEG to
      have episodes of abnormal behaviors which had been mistaken for epileptic
      seizures. Recognition that other neurologically abnormal phenomena can closely
      mimic epilepsy is important for prevention of erroneous diagnoses of epilepsy,
      and thus overtreatment, in this patient population.

PMID- 2296364
TI  - The role of radiation therapy following resection of single brain metastasis from
      melanoma.
AB  - From 1972 to 1987, 35 patients underwent resection of a single brain metastasis
      from melanoma; 19 received postoperative radiation therapy (RT) (group A), and 16
      did not (group B). Group A had a longer interval to CNS relapse compared with
      group B, but survival was similar. However, 4/17 (24%) from group A and 11/13
      (85%) from group B died of neurologic causes. We conclude that patients with
      single brain metastasis from melanoma have improved control of CNS disease when
      postoperative RT is administered, and survival depends upon control of systemic
      disease.

PMID- 2296365
TI  - Convergence-evoked nystagmus.
AB  - We describe 17 patients with acquired convergence-evoked nystagmus (CEN).
      Vertical CEN was most common (82%), with upbeat much more frequent than downbeat.
      The most common diagnoses were multiple sclerosis (41%) and brainstem infarction
      (29%). CEN is an easily elicited bedside sign of posterior fossa dysfunction and
      can be a clinically useful manifestation. In cases of isolated optic neuritis,
      the presence of CEN may indicate dissemination of neurologic disease.

PMID- 2296366
TI  - Drug-induced meningitis.
AB  - Meningitis is usually produced by an infectious agent, but there are multiple
      noninfectious causes. Medications may produce both acute and recurrent
      meningitis. We present a patient with 3 episodes of aseptic meningitis due to
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and then review the topic of drug-induced
      meningitis.

PMID- 2296367
TI  - Transient inhibitory seizures mimicking crescendo TIAs.
AB  - Somatic inhibitory seizures are thought to occur rarely. We describe a patient
      with somatic inhibitory seizures who initially presented with a clinical picture
      of crescendo transient ischemic attacks. He did not improve with anticoagulation,
      but the episodes ceased promptly after the administration of an anticonvulsant.

PMID- 2296368
TI  - Neurologic involvement in toxemia of pregnancy: reversible MRI lesions.
AB  - Three women presenting with toxemia of pregnancy revealed reversible increased
      signal intensity on T2-weighted images by MRI. Overall, neuroradiologic
      techniques, with MRI the most sensitive, help elucidate the pathophysiology and
      facilitate the diagnosis in this condition.

PMID- 2296369
TI  - Occurrence of invasive thymoma after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis: report of
      a case.
AB  - We report the occurrence of an invasive thymoma following a median sternotomy
      with removal of a normal involuted thymus in a patient with myasthenia gravis and
      stress the prompt reevaluation of post-thymectomy patients who have an initial
      good response and then deteriorate.

PMID- 2296370
TI  - Characteristics of American neurology chairs, 1988: a demographic snapshot.

PMID- 2296371
TI  - Pimozide treatment of Sydenham's chorea.

PMID- 2296372
TI  - Dysphagia as the sole manifestation of adult type I Arnold-Chiari malformation.

PMID- 2296373
TI  - CT in glutaric aciduria.

PMID- 2296374
TI  - CNS Lyme disease.

PMID- 2296375
TI  - Orofacial impairment in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2296376
TI  - Amantadine for Friedreich's ataxia.

PMID- 2296377
TI  - Widespread tissue distribution of mitochondrial DNA deletions in Kearns-Sayre
      syndrome.
AB  - We performed Southern analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in 6 tissues from a
      patient with Kearns-Sayre syndrome and found a single deletion of 4.9 kb in all
      tissues. The percentage of deleted mtDNAs varied widely between tissues, from
      only 4% in smooth muscle to approximately 50% in skeletal muscle. Samples of DNA
      obtained from 3 different skeletal muscles and from separate areas of individual
      tissues showed little variation in percentage of deleted mtDNA. Biochemical
      analysis showed no clear correlation between mitochondrial enzyme activity and
      deleted mtDNAs.

PMID- 2296378
TI  - Treatment of visual loss in pseudotumor cerebri associated with uremia.
AB  - Ten patients with pseudotumor cerebri associated with renal insufficiency had
      papilledema and elevated intracranial pressure, but neurologic examinations and
      CT were normal. The 40% frequency of severe visual loss, 20/100 or worse, was
      higher than expected for pseudotumor cerebri. While furosemide was effective in 3
      patients with renal transplants, administration of corticosteroids to 2 other
      patients did not halt progressive loss of vision. The visual function of 2
      patients deteriorated even after lumboperitoneal shunting. Five patients
      underwent fenestration of the optic nerve sheath. This procedure improved the
      visual acuity of 3 patients and stabilized vision in the others. While the
      pathogenesis of pseudotumor cerebri in renal insufficiency is unknown, optic
      nerve sheath fenestration is the surgical treatment of choice for visual loss
      unresponsive to medical therapy.

PMID- 2296379
TI  - General and dramatic glial reaction in Alzheimer brains.
AB  - We quantified glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using immunoblot techniques
      and anti-GFAP, in unfractionated homogenates of different brain regions from
      Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The amount of GFAP was significantly higher
      than in brains from controls and other neurodegenerative disorders (mean of 11
      times), even in brain regions usually free of AD lesions such as caudate nucleus,
      thalamus, cerebellum, or brainstem. This dramatic increase of GFAP is not simply
      reflective of the astrocytic gliosis usually observed near the neurofibrillary
      tangles and senile plaques but more likely represents an astrocytic reaction in
      the whole brain corresponding to an overproduction or an accumulation of GFAP.
      The significance of such an increase is unknown, but it might be a key element in
      the pathogenesis of AD.

PMID- 2296380
TI  - Age-induced cognitive disturbances in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - We investigated the influence of age on the occurrence of cognitive disturbances
      in Parkinson's disease (PD), by evaluating neuropsychological performances in
      early- and late-onset groups of patients (less than 45 and greater than 65 years,
      respectively), individually paired for all the variables of parkinsonism and
      compared with age-matched controls. Cognitive disorders were limited in the early
      onset PD group compared with their age-matched controls. Conversely, we found
      global cognitive changes, including marked frontal lobe dysfunction, in the late
      onset group. This specific cognitive impairment in older patients related to a
      significant interaction between the aging and disease processes. Late onset
      seemed to compound the subtle cognitive changes associated with the disease for
      which the early-onset group compensated. This compounding effect of aging may
      explain, at least partially, the high frequency of dementia in older PD patients.

PMID- 2296381
TI  - The changing patterns of death rates in parkinsonism.
AB  - Annual crude death rates due to parkinsonism in Denmark, 1956 to 1985, and the
      United States, 1950 to 1984, showed a consistent hierarchy, with white male rates
      greater than white female than black male than black female. Rates rose sharply
      in both lands and sexes between 1976 and 1984. Age-specific death rate curves for
      whites in the 1960s and 1980s were very similar between the countries with a
      regular male excess. Both countries drastically changed the configuration of all
      the death rate age curves in parallel fashion between the 2 periods: rates were
      now nearly twice those of the earlier interval for each sex, age, and race, and
      were then maximal at age 82 or 85+ as opposed to the prior peak at age 77 or 80.
      Age-adjusted rates did not consistently reflect this change, being markedly lower
      for US white females despite their age-specific rate increases. This discrepancy
      appears to be an artifact of changing population distributions which increasingly
      differ by age between sexes and countries over time. When the recent age-specific
      death rates were recalculated with the thesis that all deaths had occurred at
      ages 5 years younger, all the 1980s death rate configurations returned to those
      of the 1960s, with but modest increases at most ages. This is evidence that age
      at death, and thus survival, has increased at all ages by about 5 years since the
      introduction of levodopa, released in the US in 1970 and in Denmark in
      1971.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296382
TI  - Neologistic speech automatisms during complex partial seizures.
AB  - There are no documented cases of seizures causing reiterative neologistic speech
      automatisms. We report an 18-year-old right-handed woman with stereotypic ictal
      speech automatisms characterized by phonemic jargon and reiterative neologisms.
      Video-EEG during the reiterative neologisms demonstrated rhythmic delta activity,
      which was most prominent in the left posterior temporal region. At surgery, there
      was an arteriovenous malformation impinging on the left supramarginal gyrus and
      the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus. Though intelligible speech
      automatisms can result from seizure foci in either hemisphere, neologistic speech
      automatisms may implicate a focus in the language-dominant hemisphere.

PMID- 2296383
TI  - The movement disorder of reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
AB  - We present 43 patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) who manifested
      abnormalities of movement. The patients have focal dystonia, weakness, spasms,
      tremor, difficulty initiating movement, and increased tone and reflexes. These
      motor signs and symptoms may precede other manifestations of the illness by weeks
      or months. They most frequently, but not invariably, occur concomitantly with
      sudomotor or vasomotor changes and pain. Lioresal is effective in reducing
      spasms. Early in the course of RSD, the motor manifestation may be alleviated by
      intense sympathetic blockade or sympathectomy. In many patients, the movement
      disorder becomes independent of sympathetic innervation.

PMID- 2296384
TI  - Dopa-responsive dystonia: the spectrum of clinical manifestations in a large
      North American family.
AB  - We examined 106 members of a family affected with dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD),
      a subset of idiopathic dystonia. Ten members had unequivocal dystonia; 8 of these
      had generalized dystonia and the other 2 had focal dystonias (writer's cramp and
      spastic dysphonia). Twenty members had lesser dystonic signs and symptoms
      suggestive of a diagnosis of dystonia. Five members, including 1 with dystonia,
      had prominent parkinsonism that became symptomatic in late adulthood. All members
      affected with dystonia or parkinsonism had increased muscle tone (rigidity),
      which may represent the minimal clinical expression of DRD. Gene penetrance in
      families with DRD may be greater than previously suspected.

PMID- 2296385
TI  - Pharmacodynamic modeling of concentration-effect relationships after controlled
      release carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet CR4) in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Eight parkinsonian patients participated in a pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic
      study of sequential doses of controlled-release carbidopa (CD)/levodopa (LD) at 4
      hour intervals, with serial blood samples obtained before and after each dose.
      Effect measurements obtained with each blood sample included tapping and walking
      speed as well as a global assessment of motor function. Analysis of the data by
      extended least squares regression for linear, Emax, and sigmoid Emax
      pharmacodynamic models revealed that linear relationships do not provide the best
      fit between LD plasma concentrations and clinical effects after controlled
      release CD/LD. The data are fit best to models that are curvilinear in nature. LD
      plasma concentrations greater than 2.0 micrograms/ml resulted in sustained
      effects on walking and global scores while the greatest rate of change in walking
      and global scores occurred at 0.9 micrograms/ml. LD plasma concentrations
      fluctuating around 0.9 micrograms/ml may result in the "on/off" effects seen in
      Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2296386
TI  - Combined depth and subdural electrode investigation in uncontrolled epilepsy.
AB  - We used both depth and subdural electrodes to obtain localization of the seizure
      focus in 47 medically refractory epileptic patients. Seizures were localized in
      33 patients. Onset was consistently localized by the depth electrodes in 23
      patients, was variable or simultaneous in depth and subdural electrodes in 6 (in
      the same lobe), and was consistently localized to subdural electrodes in 4. All
      patients localized with subdural electrodes were extratemporal and 3 of the 4 had
      lesions on imaging studies which helped guide location of electrode placement.
      Eighty-seven percent of temporal lobe seizures began in hippocampus (recorded by
      the depth electrode), and 80% were eventually propagated to the ipsilateral
      temporal neocortex (recorded by the subdural electrode). In 8 patients with
      bilateral temporal depth and subdural recording, seizures never spread to the
      contralateral neocortex before the ipsilateral neocortex. Subdural electrodes
      were 20% less sensitive than depth electrodes in detection of seizures beginning
      in hippocampus but were accurate when lateralized. Variable or simultaneous
      unilateral neocortical versus hippocampal temporal lobe seizure onset, determined
      by the combined study, was significantly correlated with less favorable seizure
      control after anteromedial temporal lobectomy and hippocampectomy.

PMID- 2296387
TI  - Measurement and prediction of functional capacity in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Functional loss in Alzheimer's disease is difficult to measure or predict. The
      Blessed Dementia Rating Scale (Part 1) correlates well with postmortem changes
      but is not an effective antemortem index of functional change since disparate
      behavioral domains are assessed. We performed a factor analysis of the Blessed
      items in 187 patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and
      identified 4 independent factors: (I) cognitive, (II) personality, (III) apathy,
      and (IV) basic self-care. An endpoint, consisting of a score indicative of
      moderate disability, was determined for each factor. We then used life table
      analyses to compare the probability of reaching these endpoints over time in
      longitudinally followed patients. Patients with extrapyramidal signs at their
      initial visit reached the factor IV endpoint sooner, and those with psychosis or
      no family history of dementia also reached the factor I endpoint faster. These
      data illustrate the utility of a multifactorial approach to the assessment of
      functional capacity in Alzheimer's disease, and also indicate that extrapyramidal
      symptoms and psychosis are powerful predictors of the rate of decline in basic
      self-care activities and cognition.

PMID- 2296388
TI  - Primary CNS lymphoma: combined treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
AB  - Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), an uncommon tumor, is occurring
      with increasing frequency. Conventional therapy with corticosteroids and cranial
      radiotherapy (RT) usually gives a dramatic initial response, but median survival
      is only 10 to 18 months. Chemotherapy is more successful in comparable systemic
      lymphoma and has been employed for PCNSL at relapse, causing remission but not
      cure. Between June 1985 and June 1988, we prospectively staged 32 patients with
      PCNSL at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and treated 28 on a new protocol
      that combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy at diagnosis. None had occult
      systemic lymphoma, but 19% had ocular and 69% had definite or probable
      leptomeningeal lymphoma. There were no complications in 19 stereotactic biopsies,
      but 4/10 patients who had a complete resection suffered a severe postoperative
      deficit. Four patients received RT alone, and 28 received chemotherapy and
      cranial RT, 17 of whom (group A) received a combination regimen using pre-RT
      systemic (1 g/m2) and intra-Ommaya methotrexate (MTX), 4,000 cGy whole-brain RT
      with a 1,440 cGy boost, and 2 courses of post-RT high-dose cytosine arabinoside;
      5 other patients received an identical regimen but with a decreased dose of MTX
      (200 mg/m2). Sixty-three percent of assessable patients had a response to MTX
      independent of corticosteroid and prior to RT. Eighteen of 26 (69%) assessable
      patients who received combined therapy are alive with a median follow-up of 25.4
      months. Twelve of 16 (75%) assessable group A patients are alive in the same
      period. Chemotherapy-related toxicity was minimal, and no late toxicities have
      occurred to date.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296389
TI  - Cerebral blood flow variations in CNS lupus.
AB  - We studied the patterns of cerebral blood flow (CBF), over time, in patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus and varying neurologic manifestations including
      headache, stroke, psychosis, and encephalopathy. For 20 paired xenon-133 CBF
      measurements, CBF was normal during CNS remissions, regardless of the symptoms.
      CBF was significantly depressed during CNS exacerbations. The magnitude of change
      in CBF varied with the neurologic syndrome. CBF was least affected in patients
      with nonspecific symptoms such as headache or malaise, whereas patients with
      encephalopathy or psychosis exhibited the greatest reductions in CBF. In 1
      patient with affective psychosis, without clinical or CT evidence of cerebral
      ischemia, serial SPECT studies showed resolution of multifocal cerebral perfusion
      defects which paralleled clinical recovery.

PMID- 2296390
TI  - Melville's "Bartleby the Scrivener": a case study.

PMID- 2296391
TI  - Local low-dose infusion of streptokinase for massive pulmonary embolism when
      systemic thrombolysis is contraindicated.

PMID- 2296392
TI  - The use of a Swan-Ganz catheter and streptokinase in the management of massive
      hemoptysis.

PMID- 2296393
TI  - Low-dose subcutaneous heparin therapy.

PMID- 2296394
TI  - The new health code regulations concerning postgraduate medical education in New
      York State.

PMID- 2296395
TI  - Evaluation of methods for identification of Campylobacter pyloris infection.
AB  - Fifty unselected patients undergoing routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy were
      evaluated for infection with Campylobacter pyloris (CP). Antral specimens were
      cultured, and biopsies from the antrum and the body of the stomach were examined
      histologically. Specimens of antral brushings were analyzed with Gram stain, and
      urease testing was performed on gastric aspirates, antral brushings, and antral
      biopsy homogenates. Twenty-seven (54%) patients were CP-positive by silver stain
      and/or culture of mucosal biopsies. The simplest and fastest diagnostic methods
      was Gram stain of antral brushing, which was 93% sensitive and 100% specific. CP
      negative patients were more likely to have normal histology in antrum and body
      tissues, while CP-positive patients usually exhibited superficial or chronic
      gastritis (p less than 0.01). Using ELISA technique, 67% of all patients and 89%
      of CP-positive patients had serum antibodies against sonicated CP organisms. We
      conclude that evidence of gastric CP infection is common, is associated with
      inflammatory changes of the gastric mucosa, is suggested by finding antibodies to
      CP in serum, and can be accurately and rapidly diagnosed by staining of
      endoscopically derived cytology and biopsy specimens.

PMID- 2296397
TI  - Birth outcomes in New York State (Part II).

PMID- 2296396
TI  - Alcohol and public health: implications for New York State.

PMID- 2296398
TI  - Residential and home health care for people with AIDS and HIV-related illnesses.

PMID- 2296399
TI  - Cancer incidence among NYC Hispanics 1982-1985.

PMID- 2296400
TI  - Metaproterenol inhaler taken off market.

PMID- 2296401
TI  - Risk factors for teenage suicide.

PMID- 2296402
TI  - Lung cancer rates decreasing for young people in US.

PMID- 2296403
TI  - Promoting bicycle helmet use in children.

PMID- 2296404
TI  - Too many surgeons for too few operations?

PMID- 2296405
TI  - Cervical angina.
AB  - Cervical angina, resembling true angina pectoris, but resulting from cervical
      spondylosis and nerve root compression, is also known as pseudoangina. This
      report describes 164 patients treated over a 22-year period. Patients included
      103 men and 61 women, with ages ranging from 45 to 68 years and averaging 54
      years of age. The duration of symptoms prior to definitive diagnosis averaged ten
      months and ranged from ten to 18 months. Most patients had consulted at least two
      cardiologists prior to diagnosis. The results of stress testing were abnormal in
      ten patients, but none underwent angiography. Symptoms common to all patients, in
      varying severity, included neck pain and stiffness, occipital headache, arm pain
      with sensory symptoms. Neurologic deficit was found in only three instances. The
      majority of patients responded satisfactorily to a standard nonsurgical regimen,
      employed for at least three months, involving the use of a hard collar,
      intermittent traction, isometric exercise, and a combination of anti-inflammatory
      and muscle relaxant medications. In cases where disability persisted, myelography
      was usually employed and when confirming nerve root compression, anterior disc
      excision and spine fusion were performed. Such treatment was required in only 38
      cases and resulted in complete relief of complaints in all but five instances in
      which fusion failure required re-operation with ultimate success. Fusion usually
      was completed in three months, during which time the patient was required to wear
      a hard collar.

PMID- 2296406
TI  - The conscience of the specialty.
AB  - The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has a two-pronged
      Quality Assurance program for use by practitioners. The Voluntary Review of
      Quality Care Program allows hospital departments of obstetrics and gynecology to
      be reviewed, at their own request, by a team of trained reviewers. The Quality
      Assurance in Obstetrics and Gynecology Manual, published in May 1989, provides
      clinical indicators and clinical criteria to be used within a department to
      establish its own quality assurance program. It allows evaluation of a
      departmental practice; development of physician profiles, department profiles,
      and practice trends; and identification of educational needs. The planning of
      these programs is difficult. Setting standards and establishing quality assurance
      programs carries some risk, but certainly not the risk incurred by hearing,
      seeing, and doing nothing. We must provide a quality assurance program that
      changes appropriately and continuously with proven advances in science and
      technology.

PMID- 2296407
TI  - Cytologic smears of peritoneal surfaces as a sampling technique in epithelial
      ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - Ovarian carcinoma disseminates primarily through the shedding of cells into the
      peritoneal cavity and subsequent implantation onto peritoneal surfaces. Accurate
      evaluation of the extent of disease is important both at initial surgical
      evaluation for staging and at second-look operations to determine the necessity
      of further therapy. Techniques used for such assessment include node sampling,
      peritoneal washings, and random biopsies of peritoneal surfaces. Although random
      biopsies are used by some, others have found them to be of negligible value in
      the absence of gross disease. The use of cytologic smears of peritoneal surfaces
      offers a simple method by which cells from a large surface area may be evaluated,
      and uses equipment readily available to the gynecologist. We compared results of
      125 cytologic smears with washings and biopsy specimens obtained during 33
      laparotomies for ovarian carcinoma. Cytologic smears identified disease in 48 of
      125 sites, whereas biopsy identified only 29 areas of disease. Thirteen of the
      positive Papanicolaou smears were obtained from clinically disease-free areas.
      Although the cytologic evaluation of the parietal peritoneal surfaces was more
      frequently positive than were biopsy specimens, each method identified disease in
      16 patients when paired with standard techniques of examination and washing. We
      conclude that the peritoneal cytologic smear offers an alternative method of
      further evaluating the extent of disease, particularly when no gross evidence of
      extraovarian disease is detected.

PMID- 2296408
TI  - Obstetrics and gynecology in the USSR.
AB  - Knowledge of Soviet obstetrics and gynecology has been mostly inaccessible to
      Western physicians. We share our experience regarding medical education and
      practice in the USSR. Medical education lasts 6 years and is followed by 2 years
      of postdoctorate training. Residency is limited to clinical obstetrics and
      gynecology. No formal subspecialty training exists. Research projects are funded
      and guided by the Health Ministry and Academy of Medical Science. Most articles
      are published in Russian and are therefore unknown to physicians in the West.
      Modern medical technology is not available in the practice of obstetrics and
      gynecology. Abortion remains the leading method of contraception. Perinatal and
      infant mortality in the USSR is higher than that in comparable Western countries.

PMID- 2296409
TI  - A modified terminology for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
AB  - Recent data are consistent with the concept that human papillomavirus (HPV) is
      etiologically important in the causation of cervical squamous cell cancer. There
      appear to be certain important events in the process of HPV infection and
      neoplasia. It is suggested that the terminology of the HPV-related precursor
      lesions be modified and that two terms, rather than three, would best satisfy the
      requirements of both science and clinical care. The "early" lesions should be
      referred to as "low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) with HPV
      related changes" and the lesions that have the features of cancer precursors as
      "high-grade CIN."

PMID- 2296410
TI  - Meeting the challenge of the rising cesarean birth rate.
AB  - The rising cesarean birth rate is a matter of national concern, and the goal of
      clinical obstetricians is to contain this trend while maintaining good maternal
      and perinatal outcome. Despite published reports suggesting that excellent
      perinatal outcome can be achieved with modest cesarean birth rates, the general
      increase of abdominal delivery in the United States appears to continue unabated.
      An educational approach to modify the community cesarean rate was directed at
      physicians, nurses, and interested lay groups via presentations in the Denver
      metropolitan community over a 5-year period. The content of these presentations
      included management of patients with previous cesarean births, diagnosis and
      management of fetal distress, the approach to patients with apparent failed
      progress in labor, indications and strategies for the indicated induction of
      labor, alternatives in the management of breech presentations and twin
      deliveries, and identification of patients at risk for genital herpes. The total
      cesarean birth rate increased to a level of 19.3% in this community in 1986,
      largely accounted for by the increase in the primary rate to 13.7%. Repeat
      cesarean birth rates remained relatively stable at 5.6% over the 2-year survey.
      Hospitals in which resident house officers either managed the entire service or
      participated in patient care achieved some of the lowest rates of both primary
      and repeat cesarean birth. Although intellectual arguments for decreasing
      cesarean births are acknowledged by physicians and nurses alike, translating them
      into practice on a daily basis is tempered by the constraints of time and the
      burden of medicolegal concerns. Educational efforts alone, therefore, are likely
      to produce change only slowly.

PMID- 2296411
TI  - Suprapubic teloscopy: extraperitoneal intraoperative technique to demonstrate
      ureteral patency.
AB  - A simple method for intraoperative visualization of the ureteral orifices to
      demonstrate ureteral function is described. This method, called suprapubic
      teloscopy because only the telescope of a cystoscope is used for visualization,
      allows intraoperative assessment without the need for completely closing the
      abdomen or repositioning the patient. The use of this equipment, standard in all
      operating suites, is detailed, and experience with 37 patients is presented.

PMID- 2296412
TI  - The unstable urethra in the female.

PMID- 2296413
TI  - A new technique for reduction of prolapsed fetal membranes for emergency cervical
      cerclage.

PMID- 2296414
TI  - Fetal survival following coagulopathy at 17 weeks' gestation.

PMID- 2296415
TI  - Fimbrioscopy and salpingoscopy in patients with minimal to moderate pelvic
      endometriosis.
AB  - Fimbrioscopy and salpingoscopy were performed with a rigid salpingoscope during
      operative laparoscopy in 100 patients with minimal to moderate endometriosis and
      in 20 normal controls. Five women with endometriosis had perifimbrial adhesions,
      compared with none of the controls. No subject in either group had adhesion
      formation of the endosalpinx. These observations indicate that there is no
      association between endometriosis and intratubal disease.

PMID- 2296416
TI  - Psychosexual study of women with detrusor instability.
AB  - Clinical impression suggests that many cases of detrusor instability are
      psychosomatic. We evaluated 63 women with urinary incontinence and 27 continent
      controls using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Uplift and Hassle
      Scales, and a structured questionnaire screening sexual dysfunction. All
      incontinent women underwent diagnostic urodynamic studies including uroflowmetry,
      subtracted water cystometry with provocation, and urethral closure pressure
      profilometry. Thirty-five women had genuine stress incontinence and 28 had
      detrusor instability, including nine with mixed incontinence. No differences in
      psychological test results were noted between the detrusor-instability and
      genuine-stress-incontinence groups. On the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
      Inventory, subjects with detrusor instability scored significantly higher than
      controls on the hypochondriasis (P = .006), depression (P = .01), and hysteria (P
      = .0009) scales. Compared with continent controls, the detrusor-instability group
      reported a lower frequency of uplifts (P less than .05) and a greater intensity
      of hassles (P less than .05). Both incontinent groups reported more sexual
      dysfunction than did controls. We conclude that many women with urinary
      incontinence have abnormal psychological and sexual test results reflecting
      moodiness, feelings of helplessness and sadness, pessimism, general
      hypochondriasis/somatization, and sexual dysfunction. These abnormalities appear
      to be associated with urinary incontinence in general rather than with specific
      diseases of the urinary tract.

PMID- 2296417
TI  - A 10-year review of maternal mortality in a municipal hospital in Rio de Janeiro:
      a cause for concern.
AB  - A 10-year review of maternal mortality was conducted at the Municipal Hospital
      Miguel Couto in Rio de Janeiro. Thirty-two deaths occurred between January 1978
      and December 1987. In the same period there were 18,071 live births, giving an
      overall maternal mortality ratio of 177 per 100,000 live births. Maternal
      mortality increased from 128 per 100,000 live births in 1978 to 462 per 100,000
      in 1987. Abortion-related deaths accounted for 47% of the total mortality,
      followed by toxemia (19%) and hemorrhage (13%). The contribution of abortion
      related mortality to maternal mortality increased 172% over the 10-year period
      studied. These results indicate that maternal mortality has been increasing in a
      population of urban poor and that the leading cause of death is induced abortion.
      In a setting where access to abortion is highly restricted and desire to regulate
      fertility is high, death due to illegal abortion is a major contributor to
      maternal mortality. The rise in abortion-related mortality over the past 10 years
      is attributed to a lack of family planning services in conjunction with urban
      socioeconomic conditions conducive to smaller families.

PMID- 2296418
TI  - Evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma in the third trimester of pregnancy:
      maternal and fetal considerations.
AB  - With the active life-style of today's pregnant women, the effects of trauma have
      become an important obstetric concern. A protocol was developed to monitor
      pregnancies complicated by major blunt abdominal trauma in the third trimester,
      looking specifically for delayed placental and/or fetal problems. Of the 84
      pregnancies studied, the most serious complication was placental abruption.
      Although abruption occurred in only two cases, one case was associated with a
      ruptured uterus and fetal death. There were no cases of delayed abruption or
      delayed fetal compromise. The most common complication was preterm labor,
      occurring in 28% of cases when the traumatic insult happened before 37 weeks'
      gestation. Of these 17 patients, 15 were successfully treated with tocolysis.
      There were no cases of direct fetal injury or Rh-isoimmunization. A revised
      protocol is recommended for limited outpatient observation with nonstress testing
      and screening ultrasonography to rule out preterm labor and placental abruption
      and to document fetal well-being.

PMID- 2296419
TI  - Adnexal masses in pregnancy: occurrence by ethnic group.
AB  - Two hundred twenty-eight adnexal masses during pregnancy were discovered among
      37,159 deliveries occurring between January 1, 1983 and October 31, 1988 at
      Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children in Honolulu. Hydatid cysts of
      morgagni (45.6%) occurred most frequently, followed by benign cystic teratomas
      (15.8%), epithelial cystadenomas (15.4%), and paraovarian cysts (13.6%). There
      were no malignant or borderline tumors. The patients were categorized as 22.1%
      part Hawaiian, 18.5% white, 17% Filipino, and 16% Japanese. We demonstrated an
      increased incidence of benign cystic teratomas in Filipinas (P less than .01).
      There was no significant predisposition for the occurrence of non-neoplastic or
      other neoplastic lesions among any of the other ethnic groups studied.

PMID- 2296420
TI  - Uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy: a prospective study.
AB  - Uterine leiomyomas are associated with various complications during pregnancy.
      During a 2-year period, pregnant women with a history of leiomyomas were referred
      to our antenatal testing unit for ultrasound evaluation. Eighty-five patients
      were found to have single or multiple leiomyomas by ultrasound examination. The
      size (total leiomyoma volume), number, and location of the leiomyoma(s) were
      ascertained. Each woman with leiomyoma(s) was matched by age, race, and parity
      with one without leiomyomas. Both groups were followed throughout pregnancy, and
      outcomes were compared. Size, number, or location of the leiomyoma had no
      influence on outcome. Student t test indicated a significantly (P less than .01)
      lower mean gestational age at the time of delivery in women with leiomyomas.

PMID- 2296421
TI  - The duration of labor in primiparas undergoing vaginal birth after cesarean
      delivery.
AB  - The purpose of this retrospective investigation was to evaluate the duration of
      labor in women having a trial of labor after a previous low transverse cervical
      cesarean delivery for dystocia. We specifically sought to determine whether these
      patients experienced a labor similar to that of the nulliparous or multiparous
      woman. During the study period, 73 women who had previously undergone a cesarean
      for dystocia had a successful trial of labor. We matched each study patient to
      two controls. One control was nulliparous and the second was a woman who had
      undergone a previous uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Thirty-six study patients
      had had a cesarean in the latent phase of labor (group I), 29 in the active phase
      of labor (group II), and eight in the second stage of labor (group III). With the
      exception of group I patients, the first and second stages of labor were similar
      to those of nulliparous control patients. Patients in group I had a significantly
      longer first stage of labor than did the nulliparous controls. There was no
      significant difference in oxytocin requirements among the three groups. We
      conclude that primiparous women who have had a previous cesarean delivery for
      dystocia have a duration of labor similar in length or longer than that of
      nulliparous women.

PMID- 2296422
TI  - Early repair of episiotomy dehiscence.
AB  - Early repair of episiotomy dehiscence was performed in 22 women with an initial
      fourth-degree episiotomy, four with third-degree episiotomy, and five with a
      mediolateral episiotomy. Early complications were limited to development of a
      pinpoint rectovaginal fistula in two women, both subsequently repaired by a
      rectal mucosal flap procedure. Of the 27 women now 1 year or more post-repair,
      all are completely continent and report resumption of normal coital activity.

PMID- 2296423
TI  - Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis.
AB  - Bacterial species associated with bacterial vaginosis have been isolated more
      frequently from endometrial cultures of patients with postpartum endometritis
      than expected from the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women. To
      further assess the association between bacterial vaginosis and postpartum
      endometritis, vaginal Gram smears were obtained from women admitted for delivery.
      Vaginal smears of women delivered by cesarean were scored as normal or as
      indicating bacterial vaginosis. Factors related independently to postpartum
      endometritis by multiple logistic regression analysis included maternal age less
      than 25 years, any duration of membrane rupture, and bacterial vaginosis. The
      unadjusted odds ratio for the development of postpartum endometritis associated
      with bacterial vaginosis (odds ratio = 6.1, 95% confidence interval 3.3-15.9) was
      not appreciably changed in the multivariable analysis (odds ratio = 5.8, 95%
      confidence interval 3.0-10.9) after adjusting for maternal age, duration of
      labor, and duration of membrane rupture. At the time of endometritis, Bacteroides
      sp, Peptostreptococcus sp, and Gardnerella vaginalis were isolated more
      frequently from the endometrium using a triple lumen endometrial sampling method
      among patients with bacterial vaginosis than among those with a normal Gram
      stain. Bacterial vaginosis appears to be an important risk factor for postpartum
      endometritis after cesarean delivery.

PMID- 2296424
TI  - A quantitative analysis of placental vasculature in the third-trimester fetus
      with autosomal trisomy.
AB  - Growth disturbance in the trisomic fetus is believed to be primarily fetal in
      origin. There has been only sparse description of placental pathology in the
      third trimester in these fetuses, and therefore the placental role in their
      growth and development remains unexplored. We performed quantitative morphometric
      analysis on the placentas of 18 fetuses with trisomy and ten normal control
      fetuses. Doppler umbilical artery analysis was performed on ten abnormal fetuses
      and all controls. The placentas of trisomic fetuses exhibited a significant
      reduction in small muscular artery count and small muscular artery/villus ratio.
      Abnormal Doppler waveforms correlated closely with reduced small muscular artery
      counts. Undervascularization and increased vascular resistance of the placenta of
      trisomic fetuses may contribute to diminished fetal growth. The placenta appears
      to be another fetal organ whose structure and function are affected adversely by
      abnormal karyotype.

PMID- 2296425
TI  - Fetal genitourinary tract anomalies: evaluation, operative correction, and follow
      up.
AB  - The prenatal diagnosis of a genitourinary anomaly was made in 53 fetuses.
      Sonographic findings, antenatal course, and postnatal treatment and outcomes were
      examined. No interventional therapy was undertaken in utero, and the natural
      history could be examined in the 44 of 53 (83%) who did not electively terminate
      their pregnancies. Twenty-three of the total 53 (43%) had unilateral disease and
      30 (57%) had bilateral involvement. Thirty-five of 53 (66%) survived, with 22
      undergoing operative therapy postnatally. In all but one of the 35 survivors, the
      anomaly was isolated to the genitourinary tract, and the majority of surviving
      fetuses had unilateral disease. Oligohydramnios was present in only three of 35
      survivors, and none had severe oligohydramnios. Nine of 53 women underwent
      termination of pregnancy and nine others experienced a neonatal death. All 18 of
      their fetuses had bilateral disease, with oligohydramnios present in 14 (78%).
      All five fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities were found in this group of 18.
      The majority of fetuses with a genitourinary anomaly will do well postnatally.
      Pulmonary hypoplasia, extrarenal anomalies, and chromosomal defects are frequent
      findings in the minority with poor outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach to
      management of the pregnancy with a fetal genitourinary tract anomaly is essential
      to optimize outcome.

PMID- 2296426
TI  - Spontaneous abortions in repeat diabetic pregnancies: a relationship with
      glycemic control.
AB  - In previous studies, we reported a high rate of spontaneous abortions in insulin
      dependent diabetic pregnancies. Abortions were associated with poor first
      trimester glycemic control. We hypothesized that improvement of glycemic control
      from one pregnancy to the other would improve fetal outcome and that
      deterioration of glycemic control would increase the likelihood of abortion. We
      studied prospectively 43 insulin-dependent diabetic women (White class B-RF) with
      two consecutive pregnancies, recruited before 9 weeks' gestation. Preprandial and
      90-minute postprandial blood glucose concentrations were measured at each weekly
      visit. Glycohemoglobin A1 was measured at 9 weeks' gestation. Twenty women had
      two successful pregnancies and 15 had an abortion followed by a successful
      pregnancy (abortion-no abortion); the sample sizes for other sequences (no
      abortion-abortion, N = 5; and abortion-abortion, N = 3) were too small to allow
      for analysis. Glycohemoglobin A1 concentrations were stable in the sequence no
      abortion-no abortion (9.7 +/- 0.5 versus 9.8 +/- 0.4%, mean +/- SEM; not
      significant), whereas in the sequence abortion-no abortion, there was a
      significant decrease in glycohemoglobin A1 values from the nonsuccessful to the
      successful pregnancy (10.7 +/- 0.6 versus 9.3 +/- 0.4%; P = .01). Similarly, in
      the sequence abortion-no abortion, there was a significant decrease in mean
      postprandial blood glucose from first to second pregnancy (166 +/- 13 versus 135
      +/- 11 mg/dL; P = .04), whereas in the sequence no abortion-no abortion, mean
      postprandial blood glucose did not change significantly (160 +/- 14 versus 144 +/
      11 mg/dL; not significant).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296427
TI  - Maternal and cord serum glycosylated protein in neonatal macrosomia and
      correlation with birth weight.
AB  - Maternal glycosylated hemoglobin and glycosylated protein and cord glycosylated
      protein were measured at delivery in 20 normal mothers of 20 macrosomic neonates
      over 4000 g (group I) and compared with values in two groups of mother/infant
      pairs: 20 normal/20 appropriate for gestational age (group II) and nine diabetic
      mothers/ten neonates (group III). Infants in group I, by design, weighed more
      (mean +/- SD 4403 +/- 337 g) than those in group II (2902 +/- 278 g) or group III
      (3365 +/- 898 g) (P less than .001). There was no significant difference in
      weight between group II and group III infants. Birth weight ratio was greater (P
      less than .001) in group I than in group II or group III (1.39 +/- 0.1, 0.9 +/-
      0.08, and 1.08 +/- 0.25, respectively); group III infants had a higher birth
      weight ratio (P less than .05) than those in group II. Hematocrit (%) was higher
      (P less than .05) in group III (62 +/- 3) than in group I (59 +/- 5) or group II
      (57 +/- 6) infants. Glycosylated hemoglobin values were similar in all three
      groups. Mean serum glycosylated protein was higher (P less than .001) in group
      III (13.8 +/- 2%) than in group I (10 +/- 2%) or group II (9.8 +/- 2.5%) mothers.
      Cord glycosylated protein was also higher (P less than .001) in group III (12.3
      +/- 1.9%) than in group I (9 +/- 1.3%) or group II (8.6 +/- 1.7%)
      neonates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296429
TI  - Papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum.
AB  - Between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1983, 817 patients with serous ovarian
      carcinoma were seen at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Within this population, we
      identified those patients with normal-sized ovaries (4 cm or less in maximum
      diameter) and those with papillary serous histology, exclusive of borderline
      tumors. The 74 patients so identified were classified as having papillary serous
      carcinoma of the peritoneum, and form the basis of this report. The average age
      at diagnosis was 57.4 years. The majority of the patients (90.5%) were white.
      Common presenting symptoms included abdominal pain (54.9%) and abdominal
      distention (51.5%). In 89.1% of patients, disease involved the omentum. Clinical
      response to chemotherapy was seen in 63.6% of the patients; 40.9% of them had
      partial responses and 22.7% complete responses. At second-look laparotomy, 27.3%
      of 33 patients demonstrated a surgical complete response, 21.2% had
      microscopically positive disease only, and 51.1% had grossly positive disease.
      The median survival for the total group was 24.0 months. Neither patient age nor
      presence of residual disease after cytoreduction predicted survival. Patients
      treated with combination chemotherapy fared better than patients treated with
      single-agent regimens (29.5 versus 16.5 months; P = .01). Patients receiving
      cisplatin-containing regimens also did better (31.5 versus 19.5 months; P = .02).
      Among several pathologic characteristics analyzed, only the absence of mitoses
      predicted improved survival (76.5 versus 21.4-27.0 months; P less than or equal
      to .05). Papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum, though biologically and
      histologically similar to ovarian carcinoma, is a distinct clinicopathologic
      entity not uncommonly encountered by the gynecologist.

PMID- 2296428
TI  - Collagen metabolism in premature rupture of amniotic membranes.
AB  - Collagen content, acid-soluble collagen, degradation activity, and collagen
      biosynthesis were measured in 22 normal and 20 prematurely ruptured membranes
      from pregnancies near term (37 weeks or more). Although no significant
      differences were found in the collagen content, a clear correlation was found
      between this value and the interval from premature rupture to delivery.
      Collagenolytic activity and collagen solubility were higher and collagen
      synthesis was lower in amniotic membranes that ruptured prematurely. These
      studies suggest that premature rupture of membranes is associated with extensive
      changes in collagen metabolism.

PMID- 2296430
TI  - Histopathology of fallopian tubes with recurrent tubal pregnancy.
AB  - Fifteen fallopian tubes in which a previous ipsilateral eccyesis was managed by
      conservative surgical techniques were examined. The condition of the tube
      relative to the previous surgical management and the resolution of the previous
      implantation sites were correlated with the recurrent tubal pregnancy. All
      previous incisions were identified and all were well-healed, except for one
      fistula. Residual histologic evidence was present in only five of 16 previous
      implantation sites. The recurrent eccyeses were related to previous surgical
      management in only three women, two after anastomosis and one because of
      inadvertent obstruction of the tube. The cases of tubal obstruction and
      tuboperitoneal fistula formation were thought to reflect a lack of understanding
      of the pathologic changes associated with tubal pregnancy during conservative
      surgery. The previous tubal incision sites were all remarkably well-healed
      regardless of whether they were primarily closed or left open, and independent of
      location. Infundibular or fimbrial "milk-outs" were without histologic evidence
      of damage. The underlying tubal disease (chronic salpingitis, follicular
      salpingitis, or salpingitis isthmica nodosa) seems to be the major factor
      identified that is associated with, and probably the cause for, the recurrent
      tubal gestation.

PMID- 2296431
TI  - Treatment failure in endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - Endometrial carcinoma has been regarded as one of the more curable gynecologic
      malignancies. Clinical stage, grade, and depth of myometrial invasion are well
      established prognostic variables. We examined the clinical course of 520 patients
      with endometrial carcinoma treated at Walter Reed Army Medical Center and the
      Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland, between January 1, 1960 and December 31,
      1982. Life table 5-year survivals for stages Ia, Ib, II, III, and IV were 89, 92,
      77, 27, and 0%, respectively. Compared with patients with grade 1 endometrial
      adenocarcinomas, significant decreases in survival were noted for patients with
      grade 2 or 3 endometrial, papillary endometrioid, serous papillary, and clear
      cell tumors. There were six treatment-related deaths (1.2%). Thirty-eight
      patients (7.3%) developed recurrent disease, with a median time to recurrence of
      15 months and a median survival of 21 months. Two of 11 patients with pelvic
      recurrence were salvaged by radiotherapy, whereas none of 27 patients with
      distant failure survived. Sixteen advanced-stage patients (3.1%) with persistent
      disease had a median survival of 4.5 months. Patients with advanced disease or
      unfavorable histologic subtypes responded poorly to conventional therapy. Current
      salvage treatments are largely ineffective. Combined-modality therapy and
      systemic adjuvant therapy should be prospectively evaluated in high-risk patient
      subgroups.

PMID- 2296433
TI  - Reduce musculoskeletal injuries with corporate ergonomics program.

PMID- 2296432
TI  - Use whole-brain learning methods to control repetitive motion injuries.

PMID- 2296434
TI  - Microbial cleanup of toxic wastes may provide alternative solution.

PMID- 2296435
TI  - Changing work force will require commitment to health practices.

PMID- 2296436
TI  - Eye-irrigating lens more effective if applied seconds after accident.

PMID- 2296438
TI  - Would universal health insurance undermine quality of health care?

PMID- 2296437
TI  - Cost shifting, utilization spur rising health care benefits costs.

PMID- 2296439
TI  - High condylar shave of the temporomandibular joint with preservation of the
      articular soft tissue cover: an experimental study on rabbits.
AB  - The high condylar shave has the disadvantage of removing the articular soft
      tissue cover together with the underlying condylar bone. In an attempt to
      overcome this disadvantage, we elevated the articular soft tissue cover, shaved
      the condylar head, and replaced the articular soft tissue cover in its original
      position in nine adult rabbit temporomandibular joints. On the contralateral
      joints, the same amount of bone was shaved together with the articular soft
      tissue cover. The rabbits were killed after 3 months, and the condyles were
      macroscopically and histologically evaluated. All condyles were covered with an
      articular soft tissue layer in the area operated on. This surface was smoother
      when the articular soft tissue cover was preserved. Histologically, the
      subarticular layer of cartilage cells was continuous in the joints with
      preservation of the articular soft tissue cover but was frequently interrupted in
      the joints where this cover was removed. The incision made in the posterior part
      of the articular surface for elevating the articular soft tissue cover frequently
      caused a deformity of the condyle and an interruption of the subarticular layer
      of cartilage. The results suggest that preservation of the articular soft tissue
      cover on the mandibular condyle might be one way to improve the postoperative
      morphology after high condylar shave. The technique in its present state has
      obvious drawbacks and should be further refined before it is considered for
      clinical application.

PMID- 2296440
TI  - Three-rooted permanent mandibular first molars of Asian and black groups in the
      Middle East.
AB  - The occurrence of supplementary roots of the lower first permanent molars is
      2.33% for a Saudi group of Asiatic descendants and 0.65% for an Egyptian group of
      African descendants. The most prominent finding demonstrated in this study is the
      lower percentage of occurrence of the third root among the Saudi samples compared
      to other Asiatic samples in other studies. Furthermore, this study confirmed the
      occurrence of the anomaly in our African samples, and the clinical situation
      illustrates the importance of early diagnosis to avoid complications for such
      molars by dental practitioners.

PMID- 2296441
TI  - Nonrotational scanning in panoramic radiography.
AB  - A mathematical analysis of orthoradiography, nonrotational scanning in panoramic
      radiography, and rotational panoramic radiography shows that they may all be
      described by the same set of equations. The other two techniques may be regarded
      as special cases of rotational panoramic radiography.

PMID- 2296442
TI  - Factors involved in the high radiographic sensitivity of E-speed films.
AB  - A microscopic and densitometric analysis of the high speed and fog density of E
      speed film was conducted. The grain sizes of silver bromide (AgBr) and developed
      silver metals were measured, and the optical densities of the film were compared
      by means of various development procedures. Silver bromide grains were found to
      be large and accounted for the high speed of the film. Development caused chains
      of silver metal clusters to form, which contributed to the larger fog density as
      well as the higher speed.

PMID- 2296443
TI  - Bony ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint: a computed tomography study.
AB  - Bony ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint is a disabling disease that almost
      invariably manifests itself in the first two decades of life. CT of the
      temporomandibular joints was performed in 50 patients--axial CT in 2 and coronal
      CT in 48--of whom 43 (86%) had received trauma to the joints. New bone of
      variable form and thickness was observed in 64 joints (the involvement was
      bilateral in 14 patients). These joints were classified into one of two
      categories: type I, medially angulated condyle with deformed articular fossa and
      a mild-to-moderate amount of new bone formation; and type II, no recognizable
      condyle or fossa but instead a large mass of new bone. Type I was etiology
      specific and seen only when trauma was the antecedent, whereas type II was a
      sequelae of either insult. A pseudofracture in the new bone was seen in 49 (77%)
      joints. Six joints showed subtle deformities but no new bone. Since coronal CT
      fully characterizes the lesion at acceptable radiation exposure levels, it
      appears to be valuable in the preoperative workup of these patients.

PMID- 2296444
TI  - Computer-assisted scanning of supracondylar fractures.

PMID- 2296445
TI  - Long-standing root fracture.

PMID- 2296446
TI  - Treatment of mandibular fractures by external fixation.
AB  - This series encompasses thirteen fractures of the mandible treated by external
      fixation. The indications were five fractures of edentulous mandible, four
      fractures through missile wounding, and four fractures without soft tissue lesion
      treated in Africa. Twelve patients were found to show good or excellent results.
      In our indications, this method is a successful approach to the treatment of the
      fractured jaw.

PMID- 2296447
TI  - Temporomandibular joint sounds in adolescents: a longitudinal study.
AB  - A 2-year longitudinal study on signs and symptoms of mandibular dysfunction was
      performed with 285 17-year-old adolescents living in a certain geographic area in
      Skelleftea, Sweden. Crepitation was neither reported nor recorded in any subject.
      Both reports and recordings of TMJ clicking sounds fluctuated with time. The 2
      year period prevalence was 24%, and 5.8% consistently reported TMJ clicking
      sounds. The corresponding figures for clinically recorded clickings were 36% and
      9.3%, respectively. Both reported and recorded joint sounds were significantly
      more frequently found in 19-year-old girls than in boys. No consistent pattern of
      relationships between reported and recorded clicking sounds and single factors
      obtained by the questionnaire or clinically recorded variables could be found.
      Palpation tenderness in three muscle sites was to a varying degree related to
      both reports and recordings of clicking. Each year, significant relationships
      were found between reports of TMJ sounds and symptom indices. Recorded sounds
      were significantly related to a clinical index in the two oldest age groups. The
      prevalence of TMJ clicking sounds increases with age, and girls are more prone to
      have them than boys. In view of the natural longitudinal fluctuations, most
      clickings only need to be supervised, and when there is a demand for treatment,
      reversible methods are advocated in adolescents.

PMID- 2296448
TI  - Unusual complications of autogenous rib grafts.

PMID- 2296449
TI  - Combination immunosuppressant and topical steroid therapy for treatment of
      recurrent major aphthae. A case report.
AB  - A 32-year-old woman with a 3-month history of severe major aphthous stomatitis
      covering the anterior dorsal third of the tongue was treated successfully with
      topical dexamethasone mouthrinse and oral azathioprine tablets. The lesion was
      resolved within 90 days without side effects.

PMID- 2296450
TI  - Acinic cell carcinoma of the salivary glands: the prognostic relevance of DNA
      cytophotometry in a retrospective study of long duration (1965-1987).
AB  - Acinic cell carcinomas of the Salivary Gland Registry, Institute of Pathology,
      University of Hamburg, West Germany, from 1965 to 1980 (n = 55) were evaluated
      retrospectively with respect to histologic, cytophotometric, and clinical data.
      The majority of the tumors (92.8%) were located in the parotid gland. Two thirds
      of the patients were female; one third were male. Mean age at primary diagnosis
      was 55.4 years. The tumors were graded into highly differentiated (76%) or less
      differentiated forms (24%) according to classic histologic and cytologic
      criteria. The clinical course was characterized by no recurrence in 15 cases; in
      17 cases, recurrences developed, and 12 patients died of their tumor, some as
      late as 240 months after primary diagnosis. Differentiation showed a weak
      correlation with the clinical course. In 35 cases, nuclear DNA content of tumor
      cells was assessed cytochemically. The tumors were "diploid" or "near-diploid" in
      34 cases; DNA content showed no correlation to the clinical course. As a result
      of long-term follow-up, it becomes evident that acinic cell carcinoma is prone to
      develop recurrences and metastases. Complete tumor removal during the primary
      operation seems to be important for controlling the disease inasmuch as the
      ostensible prognostic predictors evaluated here proved to be unreliable.

PMID- 2296451
TI  - Undifferentiated carcinomas of the major salivary glands.
AB  - Undifferentiated salivary carcinomas are defined as primary epithelial malignant
      neoplasms that are devoid of any phenotypic expression by light microscopy that
      would allow them to be otherwise classified. A clinicopathologic study of sixteen
      so-defined carcinomas of the major salivary glands is presented. The carcinomas
      are unquestionably high-grade malignant neoplasms. Ten of the sixteen patients
      were dead because of their disease within 4 1/2 years of histologic diagnosis.
      Cell size and ultrastructural features have little bearing on prognosis. The
      single most important clinicopathologic factor relating to patient outcome is
      size of the primary neoplasm. All patients with carcinomas larger than 4 cm died,
      and these carcinomas had nearly two times the incidence of perineural invasion,
      extrasalivary extension, and locoregional failure of control.

PMID- 2296452
TI  - Rapid furcation involvement associated with a devitalizing mandibular first
      molar. A case report.
AB  - Literature reports and journal articles on endodontic-periodontic relationships
      are numerous. Presented is a brief review of the diagnostic tests, the
      classification of endoperiodontic lesions, and a clinical report that covers an
      unusually rapid development of furcation involvement associated with a tooth that
      became nonvital.

PMID- 2296453
TI  - Sealing ability of intermediate restorations and cavity design used in
      endodontics.
AB  - Temporary filling materials are used in endodontics to prevent contamination of
      the root canal system during intertreatment visits. Recently, a new composition
      resin (TERM) has been introduced as an interim restoration in endodontics. The
      purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of this resin as an
      interim restoration and possible effect of access cavity design with respect to
      its sealing ability compared with other temporary restorative materials. Sixty
      human teeth were divided into two categories, and two types of access cavities
      were prepared, namely tapered access with walls divergent toward the occlusal
      surface and straight access with parallel walls. The prepared teeth from each
      category were divided into three subgroups of ten each to receive Cavit (group
      I), IRM (group II), or TERM (group III). After the fillings were placed, the
      teeth were transferred into a humidor where they stayed for 24 hours. The teeth
      were then thermocycled. Each group was thermocycled for 2 hours at 1 minute
      intervals at 60 degrees C and 4 degrees C. Then the teeth were sealed with a
      compound and coated with two layers of clear varnish, with the exception of
      cavity margins. Each occlusal surface was immersed in a vial containing silver
      nitrate. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally, and the degree of dye
      penetration was evaluated under a dissection microscope according to set
      criteria. Our findings demonstrated that design of cavity preparation was not a
      functional parameter in leakage pattern. Results indicated that Cavit had the
      best sealing ability whereas IRM showed the maximum dye penetration.

PMID- 2296454
TI  - Pathological fractures in metabolic bone disease.

PMID- 2296455
TI  - Osteogenesis imperfecta.
AB  - Osteogenesis imperfecta describes a group of heritable disorders characterized by
      excessive bony fragility and reduced skeletal mass. It is classified in terms of
      its clinical manifestations, but our understanding of the underlying genetic
      defects in collagen synthesis is increasing rapidly. The nonoperative and
      surgical orthopedic approaches to osteogenesis imperfecta aim at the maximum
      preservation of limb strength and the correction of deformities. Various
      pharmacologic agents have been administered to patients with osteogenesis
      imperfecta, but to date, none have proved effective in controlled trials.
      Prenatal diagnosis has been attempted and seems certain to assume greater
      importance as knowledge of the molecular genetic basis of the disease increases.

PMID- 2296456
TI  - The mechanism of an osteoporosis center.
AB  - The cost of osteoporosis to the quality of human life and well-being are
      immeasurable; its costs to society are significant. Osteoporosis affects
      approximately 20 million Americans and has been estimated by the National
      Osteoporosis Foundation to equal $7 to $10 billion in health care costs and
      productivity annually. Osteoporosis represents a major health problem. Clearly, a
      screening and bone maintenance program can be managed by nurses in a cost
      effective manner and serves as an efficient facilitator in the education and care
      of patients. Furthermore, an osteoporosis center can provide invaluable support
      for professionals in various disciplines of medicine. In our experience at The
      Hospital for Special Surgery most of our patients come to our center as a result
      of a physician referral. An average of 600 to 800 patients are seen annually and
      about 15 per cent of these patients are referred from the screening program to a
      metabolic bone treatment source. Approximately 5 per cent of patients referred
      for treatment are hospitalized for an extensive evaluation which includes an
      iliac crest-bone biopsy. As the patient population in the Osteoporosis Center has
      grown there has been a recognition of special patient groups who have specific
      needs. This has resulted in the establishment of clinics which address the
      problems associated with patients who are renal stone formers, anorexic, and
      amenorheic (many of this latter group are athletes or dancers).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296457
TI  - Musculoskeletal problems in hemoglobinopathy.
AB  - Disorders of hemoglobin synthesis affect the musculoskeletal system by either
      causing replacement of bone by hematopoietic tissue, precipitating bone and soft
      tissue ischemia and necrosis, or a combination of both processes. Less
      frequently, joints are involved by synovial ischemia, synovial deposition of
      iron, or microfracture of subchondral bone. Osteopenia is a significant problem
      in both thalassemia and sickle cell anemia and may result in vertebral and long
      bone fractures. Growth disturbances are frequently seen but are not often
      appreciated until adolescence because of improved hematologic management. The
      cause of the growth problems is multifactorial and may be related to hormonal
      deficiencies, iron overload, hypoxia, or local trauma to the growth plate
      secondary to significant osteopenia.

PMID- 2296458
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta in the regulation of fracture repair.
AB  - The complexity of the fracture repair process has been apparent to both
      clinicians and scientists since its first histologic description. How fracture
      repair is regulated, however, remains unclear. Transforming growth factor-beta
      (TGF-beta), one member of a class of proteins known as growth factors, may be
      involved in the formation of bone and cartilage. Our experimental findings
      implicate TGF-beta as an important regulator of cell proliferation,
      differentiation, and synthesis of extracellular matrix. Further elucidation of
      how TGF-beta regulates bone physiology is necessary to improve therapy in
      pathologic conditions.

PMID- 2296459
TI  - Nutrition and bone.
AB  - This article discusses the effects of nutrition on bone. Included are discussions
      of osteoporosis and protein, phosphate, and bone calcium metabolism. Nutrition's
      important role in fracture healing is also discussed.

PMID- 2296460
TI  - The tissue diagnosis of metabolic bone disease. Role of histomorphometry.
AB  - Those aspects of bone histology and histomorphometry that need to be understood
      by clinicians to put histomorphometry into proper perspective are presented. An
      increasingly important component of the histologic diagnosis of the metabolic
      diseases of bone is the quantification of the various histologic features as seen
      in undecalcified bone biopsies. This article is intended to review some of the
      histologic features of the metabolic diseases of bone and their corresponding
      histomorphometric parameters as they are used in diagnosis. The methods of
      obtaining both direct and derived values as well as the reporting of the results
      are presented in detail.

PMID- 2296461
TI  - [Effect of puberty on the development of diabetic microangiopathy].
AB  - Fluorescein angiography was used to follow the development of retinal
      microangiopathy at the time of puberty in 34 children with type I diabetes. When
      the results were compared with those for the control children who had suffered
      from the disease for a similar length of time, it was concluded that (in contrast
      with certain literature data) the process of sexual maturation does not
      essentially influence the development of retinal microangiopathy if the diabetes
      is maintained under good control for a long-lasting period. Appreciable roles in
      the rapid progression that is frequently observed in early adulthood are
      attributed to the sudden changes in the previously systematic living conditions
      (school, family, etc.).

PMID- 2296462
TI  - [Rudimentary ovary syndrome].
AB  - 21 patients with rudimentary ovary syndrome were studied with a review of the
      literature. Rudimentary ovary syndrome is one of the syndromes of primary ovarian
      failure characterised by limited ovarian function around puberty. Some cases are
      associated with chromosomal abnormalities, some others may be due to immunologic
      defect. Treatment considerations are discussed.

PMID- 2296463
TI  - A new human highly tumorigenic neuroblastoma cell line with undetectable
      expression of N-myc.
AB  - A peculiar human cell line (GI-ME-N) derived from the metastatic bone marrow of a
      2-yr-old patient with stage IV neuroblastoma (NB) was extensively characterized.
      Cell-type-specific markers, tumorigenicity in nude mice, morphology,
      cytogenetics, and amplification/expression of the N-myc gene were evaluated. All
      metaphases presented the typical 1p deletion. Surface markers specific for NB
      cells, vimentin, and neurofilament proteins were all clearly detectable with
      immunofluorescence and/or western blot procedures. Moreover, it was found that GI
      ME-N cells did not express N-myc oncogene or HLA class 1 antigens, and were not
      classified as peripheral neuroectodermal tumor cells. However, extremely short
      latency and survival times, comparable to peripheral neuroectodermal tumor cells,
      were observed in nude mice grafted with GI-ME-N. In addition, no correlations
      were observed in tumorigenicity of N-myc amplified (IMR32) versus unamplified (SK
      N-SH GI-ME-N) human NB cell lines in nude mice. We conclude that N-myc
      amplification/expression do not correlate with the aggressiveness of human NB in
      athymic animals, which is not always explained by the peripheral neuroectodermal
      tumor cell nature of the malignant cells, either.

PMID- 2296464
TI  - Increased renal biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 in human
      congenital obstructive uropathy.
AB  - Animal experiments have shown that after ureter obstruction hydronephrotic
      kidneys release increased amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2
      (TxA2), suggesting that these prostanoids modify renal blood flow and excretory
      function in this model. To test the hypothesis that these mechanisms are also
      operative in congenital obstructive uropathy, we measured prostanoid excretion
      rates in 12 neonates and infants with congenital unilateral or bilateral
      hydronephrosis. Prostanoid determinations were performed by gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry. PGE2 and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) (non-enzymatic metabolite of
      TxA2) excretion exceeded the normal range in eight and 11 of 12 patients,
      respectively. Median PGE2 excretion was 22, range 4-572 ng/h/1.73 m2 (normal 3
      16). Median TxB2 excretion was 22, range 3-188 ng/h/1.73 m2 (normal 3-7). No
      other renal prostanoids (prostaglandin F2 alpha, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha)
      or systemic prostanoid metabolites (PGE-M, 2,3-dinorthromboxane B2, 11-dehydro
      thromboxane B2, 2,3-dinor-6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha) were consistently
      elevated. A second group of 12 neonates with congenital obstructive uropathy was
      followed sequentially. PGE2 and thromboxane B2 excretion rates increased even
      further after surgical decompression and gradually normalized during follow-up.
      There was a significant relationship between elevated FeNa and enhanced PGE2 and
      TxB2 excretion. These data suggest that endogenous renal formation of PGE2 and
      TxA2 is selectively stimulated in hydronephrotic kidneys in neonates and infants.
      PGE2 and TxA2 may be involved in modulating renal function in these infants.

PMID- 2296465
TI  - Clinical and immunologic characteristics of healthy children with subnormal serum
      concentrations of IgG2.
AB  - To understand the relevance of subnormal serum concentrations of IgG2, we
      measured IgG2 in serum of 575 healthy children and identified 11 with
      concentrations greater than 2 SD less than the mean for age. The levels of IgG2
      present were similar to those found in symptomatic children with IgG2 subclass
      deficiency associated with antibody deficiency. The 11 children ranged in age
      from 1 to 14 y (mean = 5.7). Detailed clinical information was available on 10 of
      the 11 children and each was matched for age with two controls. The median number
      of visits/y to the doctor for infectious illnesses was identical for the two
      groups (1.0). Nine of the children with subnormal IgG2 were followed for 1 to 5 y
      (mean = 2.3). All nine children had normal serum concentrations of IgA, IgG1,
      IgG3, and IgG4 but seven had persistently subnormal or low-normal serum IgG2
      concentrations. One of these seven children also had a subnormal serum
      concentration of IgG, and one had subnormal IgM. Antibody responses to
      Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine were normal in five of six who were
      immunized. In vitro secretion of Ig by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells was measured in six of seven children with persistently
      subnormal or low-normal IgG2; five showed decreased secretion of IgG2, and two of
      the five also had subnormal secretion of IgG1 and IgG3. An important implication
      of this study is that the subnormal concentrations of serum IgG2 found in
      infection-prone children are not a sufficient explanation for their increased
      susceptibility to infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296466
TI  - Bronze baby syndrome: an animal model.
AB  - We evaluated the appropriateness of an animal model for the bronze baby syndrome.
      Ligation of the common bile duct in adult Wistar rats induces an accumulation of
      porphyrins and copper in the liver and a 20% conversion of protoporphyrin IX into
      (Cu(II)-protoporphyrin IX. Upon irradiation of these animals with super-blue
      lamps, the plasma content of Cu(II)-protoporphyrin increases by about 30%.
      Cholestasis also increases the recovery of porphyrins in the urine, although
      light treatment of ligated rats further increases urinary porphyrin excretion.
      The spectroscopic changes induced by irradiation of sera of ligated rats are
      consistent with the formation of products that have the typical spectrum found in
      bronze baby syndrome patients, i.e. a reduced absorbance in the visible region
      and an increased absorption in near-UV and red spectral regions. The products
      responsible for the brown discoloration found in bronze baby syndrome seem to
      result from phototransformation of copper-porphyrins subsequent to an electron
      transfer between photoexcited bilirubin and the copper ion.

PMID- 2296467
TI  - Bone disease in chronic childhood cholestasis. II. Better absorption of 25-OH
      vitamin D than vitamin D in extrahepatic biliary atresia.
AB  - Infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) commonly develop rickets in
      infancy, whereas long-term survivors with EHBA commonly develop osteopenia with
      increasing age. We evaluated baseline vitamin D (D2 and D3), 25-OH vitamin D2 and
      D3, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, bone mineral content, and vitamin D2 and 25-OH vitamin
      D3 absorption in six infants and children (age 4-22 mo) with EHBA whose
      portoenterostomy failed to produce bile flow (group 1) and five infants and
      children (age 10/12 to 8-4/12 y) with EHBA whose portoenterostomy repair led to
      good postoperative bile flow (group 2). Baseline serum vitamin D2 and D3 were
      undetectable in all subjects in group 1 despite supplements of 2500-5000 IU/day,
      whereas all group 2 subjects given supplements (doses 400-5000 IU/d) had
      measurable levels. Baseline serum 25-OH vitamin D was less than 15 ng/mL in five
      of six (three with rickets) in group 1, whereas only one in group 2 had
      concentrations less than 15 ng/mL. A significantly blunted rise of vitamin D2
      above baseline and reduced area under the absorption curve after 1000 IU/kg
      vitamin D2 were found in group 1 patients compared to group 2 (both p less than
      0.01), and five pediatric controls (both p less than 0.01). The peak change and
      area under the absorption curve for serum 25-OH vitamin D3 from baseline after 10
      micrograms/kg 25-OH vitamin D3 were significantly reduced for group 1 (both at
      least p less than 0.05) and group 2 compared to controls (both p less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296468
TI  - The impact of gestational length on human milk selenium concentration and
      glutathione peroxidase activity.
AB  - Longitudinal changes in selenium (Se) and protein concentrations and glutathione
      peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of milk collected from healthy mothers of term (n =
      12), preterm (n = 10), and very preterm (n = 12) infants were assessed. All
      infants were size appropriate for gestational age. Milk samples representative of
      colostrum (d 3), transitional (d 7), and mature milk (d 21 and 42) were assayed.
      The content of Se in the colostrum secreted by mothers of preterm infants was
      significantly greater than the Se content of milk secreted by the same mothers at
      d 21 and 42 of lactation. Mothers of term and very preterm infants, however,
      produced colostrum with significantly higher levels of Se than milk produced at d
      7 (p less than 0.05), d 21 (p less than 0.01), or d 42 (p less than 0.001).
      Significant differences between the protein concentrations measured in early
      lactation and in late lactation were evident in all maternal groups. Protein
      content did not differ significantly among groups at anytime during lactation. An
      age-related difference was detected in milk GSH-Px activities of mature milk (d
      21). Mature milk produced by mothers of very preterm infants on d 21 of lactation
      contained significantly greater enzyme activity (p less than 0.05) than milk
      produced by mothers of term infants at the same stage of lactation. Activity of
      GSH-Px in milk from mothers of very preterm and preterm infants paralleled
      previously noted changes in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content in
      human milk with the progression of lactation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296469
TI  - Feasibility of using the stable isotope 25Mg to study Mg metabolism in infants.
AB  - The feasibility of using isotopic techniques to study Mg absorption and
      metabolism was explored in three full-term human infants. 25Mg (98.8 atom %) was
      administered orally as an in vivo tracer. Fractional 25Mg absorption, isotope
      retention, endogenous fecal Mg losses, and apparent Mg exchangeable pool size
      were then determined under three conditions of isotope administration: 1) 20 mg
      25Mg, with single feeding; 2) 20 mg 25Mg, distributed over a 24-h period; and 3)
      60 mg 25Mg, over a 24-h period. Mg isotope ratios were determined by inductively
      coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Fractional absorption was increased in all
      three infants after distributed versus bolus administration at the 20 mg dose;
      mean (+/- SD) fractional absorption was 64.0 +/- 3.9 versus 54.3 +/- 5.9%,
      respectively. 25Mg retention was also more in all three infants after distributed
      administration (55.8 +/- 3.0 versus 44.3 +/- 1.3% of dose). At the 60-mg 25Mg
      dose, compared to 20 mg, fractional absorption was reduced but absolute isotope
      absorption more than doubled in all infants; urine isotope losses represented a
      similar fraction of the absorbed dose, thus, 25Mg retention also more than
      doubled. Compared to the results of the isotope studies, net Mg absorption and
      balance were uninfluenced by total Mg intake. Isotope retention with distributed
      isotope administration resulted in measurable isotopic enrichment of plasma and
      erythrocytes at 72 h (i.e. plasma isotope enrichment was 6.3-10.2 and 19.2-23.5%
      for the 20- and 60-mg dose, respectively). With these doses, apparent Mg
      exchangeable pool size ranged from 5.5 to 7.6 mmol/kg body wt; these values
      showed a decrease with age both within and between infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296470
TI  - Kinetics of proteoglycans and cells in growth plate of normal, diabetic, and
      malnourished rats.
AB  - The metabolism of proteoglycans in normal growth plate and the changes in growth
      plate morphology induced by diabetes and malnutrition were studied in rats. The
      proteoglycans had a significantly faster turnover (half-life measured with
      [35S]sulfate labeling: 25-30 h) than the cells in the growth plate. Morphometric
      studies showed significant reductions of cell number, zone height, and
      [3H]thymidine incorporation in growth plates from rats with untreated
      streptozotocin-induced diabetes compared to normal rats. Similar, although less
      pronounced alterations were observed in malnourished, nondiabetic rats.
      Disaggregation and degradation of proteoglycans are probably necessary
      prerequisites for calcification. Our data indicate that the proteoglycans are in
      a dynamic state of rapid biosynthesis and degradation throughout the growth plate
      with a shift in the balance at the calcification front toward less synthesis and
      more degradation.

PMID- 2296471
TI  - Efficacy of insulin-like growth factor I levels in predicting the response to
      provocative growth hormone testing.
AB  - Clinical testing of growth hormone (GH) sufficiency is a controversial area in
      endocrinology. Due to the episodic nature of endogenous GH secretion, diagnosis
      of GH deficiency has been defined as a failure to achieve normal GH levels in
      response to at least two stimuli. This testing is associated with significant
      patient morbidity and cost. We analyzed our experience over a 4-y period to
      determine whether clinical or biochemical variables could be used to predict the
      results of a specific GH testing procedure. Of 180 cases analyzed (67% male, mean
      age 8.89 +/- 4.39 y, range neonate-16 y), eight cases had incomplete GH testing
      results. Of the remaining 172, 19 were GH deficient (GH level less than 7 ng/mL).
      Younger age, higher body mass index and a greater degree of bone age delay were
      characteristic of the GH-deficient population; however, none of these variables
      alone was of diagnostic utility. Serum IGF-I level was below the normal range for
      81% of the GH deficient and 47% of the GH-sufficient children; and was the only
      single variable that provided a reasonable between-group distinction.
      Discriminant analysis resulted in development of a new variable, based on IGF-I z
      scores, chronologic age, degree of bone age delay, and body mass index, which
      would have allowed exclusion of GH deficiency without provocative testing for 58%
      of the GH sufficient population, whereas permitting the diagnosis of GH
      deficiency for all GH-deficient subjects. Our data are dependent on the IGF-I
      assay method and the clinical definition for GH deficiency; therefore, the
      calculated predictive values are not applicable to all clinical
      populations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296472
TI  - The effects of hypoxia on (methionine) enkephalin peptide and catecholamine
      release in fetal sheep.
AB  - The effect of hypoxia on plasma met-enkephalin and catecholamine levels was
      studied in chronically catheterized fetal sheep. Maternal and fetal hypoxia was
      maintained for 20 min. We found hypoxia significantly increased the plasma levels
      of large mol wt met-enkephalin containing peptides from 1755 +/- 229 pg/mL during
      baseline to 4408 +/- 1426 pg/mL by 15 minutes of hypoxia. The levels of the met
      enkephalin pentapeptide were unchanged during hypoxia from a baseline value of
      168 +/- 56 pg/mL. Norepinephrine and epinephrine levels increased 5- and 10-fold,
      respectively, by 15 min of hypoxia. These observations suggest cosecretion of the
      large mol wt met-enkephalin peptides with catecholamines during stress in
      developing animals.

PMID- 2296473
TI  - Intrauterine growth retardation: altered hepatic energy and redox states in the
      fetal rat.
AB  - We determined the extent to which ligating both maternal uterine arteries affects
      fetal hepatic energy and redox states in the fetal rat. Bilateral maternal
      uterine artery ligation on d 18 of the rat's 21.5-d gestation significantly
      inhibits fetal growth; sham surgery limits growth to a lesser extent. Within 12 h
      of surgery and persisting to d 19, small-for-gestational age (SGA) fetuses had
      significantly diminished ATP/ADP and adenylate charge ratios, whereas sham
      fetuses had values intermediate between SGA and normal. Hepatic mitochondrial
      redox state demonstrated similar changes. Cytosolic redox state in SGA fetuses at
      12 and 24 h after surgery was significantly elevated. SGA fetuses had
      significantly diminished plasma insulin and elevated glucagon concentrations. On
      d 19 and 20, hepatic ATP/ADP and cytosolic NAD+/NADH correlated directly for sham
      and normal but not SGA fetuses. Alterations in glucose, insulin, and glucagon
      availability and hypoxia were responsible for the changes in energy and redox
      states. They may also have disassociated hepatic cytosolic from mitochondrial
      redox states and altered the equilibrium between adenine and nicotinamide
      nucleotides. These altered cellular functions retarded fetal growth. Newborn SGA,
      sham, and normal rat pups had similar hepatic ATP/ADP, cytosolic, and
      mitochondrial redox states at 10 and 240 min after delivery suggesting that the
      hypoglycemia which developed in SGA pups was not attributable to alterations in
      these variables.

PMID- 2296474
TI  - Taurine transport in the in vitro perfused human placenta.
AB  - Taurine, required by the fetus for nutrition and neurological development, is
      inadequately synthesized by the fetus and substantial quantities of the amino
      acid are supplied by the mother. Maternal to fetal unidirectional taurine
      transport was studied in in vitro perfused human placentae from normal term
      deliveries. To determine whether the placenta can achieve and maintain a chemical
      gradient for taurine, recirculating equimolar maternal and fetal perfusions were
      performed. The ratio of fetal/maternal taurine concentration increased over 75
      min and was maintained at 1.38 +/- 0.14 (SEM) through 2.25 h (n = 6). To
      determine the rate of taurine transport against a concentration gradient, flux
      was determined with maternal taurine constant at 50 microM whereas the fetal
      taurine concentration varied from 0 to 500 microM in a nonrecirculating system (n
      = 5). Despite increasing the chemical gradient tenfold, taurine was transported
      at a constant rate of 1.75 +/- 0.75 (SEM) nmol/min/g. Nonrecirculating perfusions
      were performed with B-alanine (n = 13) and hypotaurine (n = 10), both B-carrier
      competitors, and no inhibition of taurine transport could be detected, taurine
      flux being 104.1 +/- 6.0% (SEM) of baseline in the presence of B-alanine and
      106.0 +/- 7.0% (SEM) with hypotaurine. Finally, ouabain inhibited transport (n =
      3) by 58.1 +/- 5.4% (SEM). We conclude that taurine is transported in the human
      placenta by an active carrier mechanism.

PMID- 2296475
TI  - Taurine and osmoregulation. III. Taurine deficiency protects against cerebral
      edema during acute hyponatremia.
AB  - Taurine is a cerebral osmoprotective molecule during chronic hypernatremic
      dehydration. In these experiments, we investigated the role of taurine in
      osmoregulation during acute hyponatremia. Taurine deficiency was induced in
      experimental cats (n = 6) by feeding a taurine-free diet for 8-10 wk, whereas
      control counterparts (n = 6) consumed a regular diet. Hyponatremia was provoked
      in all cats over 54 h by daily injections of 5% dextrose in water (7.5% body wt)
      and vasopressin (20 U/d). The serum Na+ concentration was abruptly lowered to 110
      +/- 3 and 117 +/- 2 mmol/L, in experimental and control animals, respectively.
      The cerebral total and intracellular water compartment sizes were reduced from
      486 +/- 11 to 441 +/- 11 ml/100 g dry wt and from 357 +/- 7 to 309 +/- 12 mL/100
      g dry wt, respectively, in control versus experimental cats, p less than 0.05.
      There was a significant linear relationship between cerebral taurine content and
      the intracellular water compartment size in all animals, p less than 0.02.
      Taurine displayed a similar osmoprotective capacity in muscle tissue in these
      studies. We conclude that taurine is an osmoregulatory molecule in cerebral and
      extracerebral tissues during severe hyponatremia. Reductions in tissue taurine
      content may complement decreases in cytosolic electrolyte levels during
      adaptation to more prolonged hyponatremia.

PMID- 2296476
TI  - Twenty-five years of residents: what and where are they now.
AB  - To evaluate the effectiveness of our program in meeting the subsequent career
      needs of our graduates and to describe their professional experiences as a
      microcosm of pediatrics, a survey was completed of the 419 pediatricians who had
      completed the Harriet Lane Residency Program at The Johns Hopkins Hospital
      between 1960 and 1984. Overall, the 326 respondents found the program to have
      been effective in the areas they deemed appropriate to be taught in residency
      years. In decreasing order, the chief resident, fellow house officers, and full
      time faculty were rated to have had the greatest teaching effectiveness. The
      women respondents were less likely to be married (76% vs 89%), had fewer children
      on average (1.2 vs 2.31), missed more work, and were more likely to enter
      postresidency training (89% vs 78%) than the men. Of all respondents, 73%
      reported being certain of their career goals during residency and 77% of those
      reported a reasonable similarity with current positions. More than 93% reported
      being satisfied with their current careers, and 87% would still choose
      pediatrics. They are generally well reimbursed financially, with academician
      salaries matching those of private practitioners 10 years after completing
      residency and surpassing them, slightly, thereafter. This information provides
      much food for thought in preparing tomorrow's pediatricians.

PMID- 2296477
TI  - Structured encounter form: the impact on provider performance and recording of
      well-child care.
AB  - The impact of record format on provider performance and recording of the process
      of care and their concordance were examined in this study. The process of care
      was defined by existing sets of explicit criteria developed for quality
      assessment. The study was conducted in an urban teaching hospital pediatric
      primary care clinic. Housestaff were encouraged, but not required, to use the
      clinic's structured, age-specific forms for recording well-child care.
      Performance and recording were compared during required well-child visits using
      the structured form and those using the basic clinic form. Study data from 1031
      visits to 68 housestaff during a 14-month period were collected using medical
      record abstracting of all visits and direct observation of 243 of them. Twenty
      three of the providers were assigned randomly to an unobserved control group to
      assess the effect of observation on recording. Use of the structured form was
      associated with significantly higher levels of both recorded and observed
      performance. When performance could be merely checked off to document
      performance, overdocumentation was found. Record-based estimates of performance
      were more accurate during visits when the structured form was used. Record format
      can improve provider performance and recording of the process of care.

PMID- 2296478
TI  - Health care use by children receiving mental health services.
AB  - Reduction in medical care utilization is one criteria for assessing the impact of
      mental health treatment for children with psychosocial problems. This reduction
      has been termed the "offset" effect. Almost all published research concerning
      offset after mental health treatment concerns adults, and the few studies in
      pediatric populations are limited by methodologic problems. A study of health
      care utilization after mental health treatment for children was conducted. Mental
      health treatment for psychosocial problems was significantly associated with
      decreased use of medical care only for older children, after potentially
      confounding variables were controlled for. Furthermore, this decreased use was
      found only for nonmental health specialty care visits. No reduction in primary
      care visits occurred. Other factors such as previous patterns of use and the
      presence of other morbidity were stronger predictors of subsequent primary health
      care use than was mental health treatment. Mental health treatment does not have
      a major impact on the high utilization of most children with psychosocial
      problems in pediatric settings. Because the reasons for this may be particular
      morbidity patterns in these children, future studies should include some measure
      of case mix as a potentially important variable in assessment of mental health
      treatment effects.

PMID- 2296479
TI  - Informed consent: influence on patient selection among critically ill premature
      infants.

PMID- 2296480
TI  - Hypermagnesemia and intestinal perforation following antacid administration in a
      premature infant.

PMID- 2296481
TI  - Autologous blood transfusion in pediatrics.

PMID- 2296482
TI  - Physician involvement strategies to promote the medical home.

PMID- 2296483
TI  - Immunizations to the deltoid region.

PMID- 2296484
TI  - Morbidity is decreased by neonatal intensive care!

PMID- 2296485
TI  - Neonatal bacteremia and circumcision.

PMID- 2296486
TI  - More on risks of circumcision.

PMID- 2296487
TI  - Rearing children in hospital facilities ("boarder babies")

PMID- 2296488
TI  - Cough as a risk factor for neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage.

PMID- 2296489
TI  - Jitteriness in full-term neonates: prevalence and correlates.
AB  - The prevalence and correlates of jitteriness were evaluated in a sample of 936
      healthy full-term infants. Jitteriness was seen in 44% of this sample: 23% were
      classified as mildly jittery, 8% as moderately jittery, and 13% as extremely
      jittery. Jitteriness was seen most commonly in infants who were sleepy or active
      and least commonly in infants who were quietly wakeful during the neonatal
      examination. Jittery infants were more likely to be difficult to console when
      crying (P less than .01) and less visually alert (P less than .001) than were
      nonjittery infants. Jitteriness was seen more commonly in slightly smaller (P
      less than .05) and shorter (P less than .001) infants, in those more than 12
      hours old (P less than .01), and in those not exposed to general anesthesia (P
      less than .05). In an expanded sample of 1054 healthy and sick full-term infants,
      jitteriness was observed more commonly in neonates who had been exposed
      prenatally to maternal marijuana use (P less than .01), but not to cocaine use (P
      = .1), and whose mothers had a positive postpartum urine assay for marijuana (P
      less than .05) or cocaine (P = .06). The magnitude of these drug effects,
      however, was small. These findings have important implications for the early
      parent-infant relationship, pediatric practice, and future research.

PMID- 2296490
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome transmission: changes in knowledge and
      behaviors among teenagers, Massachusetts statewide surveys, 1986 to 1988.
AB  - Despite substantial progress, adolescents remain at high risk for human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Two independent random digit dial
      statewide Massachusetts surveys of 16- to 19-year-old persons conducted August
      through September 1986 and 1988 revealed that the proportion of teenagers who had
      discussed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in schools increased from 52%
      to 82%. Knowledge about how AIDS is transmitted was also significantly higher in
      1988. The proportion of teenagers using drugs other than alcohol and marijuana
      declined from 13% to 9%, and intravenous drug use declined from 1% to 0.1%. At
      the same time, among sexually active teenagers, the proportion who reported
      changes in sexual behavior to avoid AIDS increased from 16% to 34%. The
      proportion who adopted condom use to avoid AIDS increased from 2% to 19%.
      However, the overall proportion of teenagers who reported sexual intercourse in
      the past year increased significantly from 55% to 61%. In 1988, among sexually
      active teenagers, 37% never used condoms and 33% used them only some of the time.
      Of all respondents, 18% reported unprotected sex with more than one partner in
      the previous year, and 3% reported unprotected sex with intravenous drug users.
      Although mass media and school education may increase knowledge and stimulate
      some teenagers to change behavior, for others more personal forms of counseling
      may be needed. The effects of increasing physician counseling warrant special
      study. Teenagers who had spoken to physicians about AIDS were much more likely to
      have adopted condom use to avoid HIV exposure. However, although 80% of
      adolescents saw a physician in the past year, only 13% were counseled about AIDS.

PMID- 2296491
TI  - Decreased cardiac output in infants of mothers who abused cocaine.
AB  - Cocaine increases the level of circulating catecholamines by blocking the
      catecholamine reuptake receptors. The effect of intrauterine cocaine exposure on
      cardiac output was studied in 15 full-term newborn infants whose mothers used
      cocaine during pregnancy. A total of 22 healthy nonexposed full-term infants
      served as a control group. On the first day of life, cardiac output (183 +/- 12
      vs 235 +/- 13 mL/kg per minute, mean +/- SD; P less than .05) and stroke volume
      (1.3 +/- 0.1 vs 1.9 +/- 0.1 mL/kg, mean +/- SD; P less than .005) were lower and
      arterial blood pressure (60 +/- 2 vs 41 +/- 2 mmHg, mean +/- SD; P less than
      .001) higher in the infants exposed to cocaine. On day 2, cardiac output, stroke
      volume, and mean arterial blood pressure were similar, probably because of the
      gradual excretion of cocaine and its metabolites by the infant. It was speculated
      that an increase in plasma norepinephrine levels is responsible for the
      cardiovascular effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure.

PMID- 2296492
TI  - Pediatric problems in a suburban shelter for homeless families.
AB  - The experience of an affiliation between a hospital-based clinic and a family
      shelter is presented. The medical implications of family shelter residence
      include special issues related to the spread of infectious diseases, particularly
      to the neonate. Preentry medical evaluation revealed that a large proportion of
      children and their parents had one or more medical problems. Of 67 children
      screened before entrance, 13% [corrected] had Giardia lamblia detected in the
      stool. In addition to carriage of enteric pathogens, the range of pediatric
      problems encountered included a variety of acute and chronic medical conditions,
      unmet primary care needs, and developmental and school difficulties. Fifty-eight
      percent of shelter residents were found to be "medically homeless." Formal
      liaison between a hospital-based clinic and a family shelter was found to be an
      effective way to promote a healthy environment in the family shelter and to
      provide needed medical services to shelter families.

PMID- 2296493
TI  - What constitutes adequate oxygenation?

PMID- 2296494
TI  - Readability of pediatric biomedical research informed consent forms.
AB  - Informed consent forms are used in biomedical research as a mechanism to convey
      study information to potential subjects so that they may arrive at a decision
      concerning their willingness to participate. Although the Department of Health
      and Human Services Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects require the
      presentation of specific study information at a level that is easily understood,
      according to research concerning adult biomedical consent forms, the typical form
      is not readily comprehensible. Unfortunately, no data exist concerning the
      readability of informed consent forms that are used in the context of pediatric
      biomedical research. In the present study, readability analyses were conducted on
      a large sample (N = 238) of pediatric biomedical informed consent forms obtained
      during a 10-year period from a large midwestern children's hospital. For the
      entire sample, results derived from two readability estimates (Fry grade
      equivalent and Flesch Reading Ease methods) indicated that the consent forms were
      written at the college graduate level. Although there was a linear increase in
      the length of the consent document during the 10-year period evaluated, expanded
      length was not associated with improved readability. According to analyses, a
      differential pattern of reading difficulty was associated with specific sections
      of the informed consent document. Findings are highly consistent with those from
      studies of adult biomedical consent form and document that the purpose of the
      informed consent form is being compromised, in part, by a readability factor.
      Suggestions for solving this critical problem are advanced.

PMID- 2296495
TI  - Swimming pool owners' opinions of strategies for prevention of drowning.
AB  - Training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation for pool owners and mandatory placement
      of a barrier around pools, two commonly suggested strategies for prevention of
      drowning, will depend, in part, on the support of pool owners to be successfully
      implemented. To measure this support, an equal probability sample of 795
      Sacramento County households with pools was surveyed. An 80% response rate was
      achieved. A large majority (86%) favored voluntary cardiopulmonary resuscitation
      training, and a plurality (40%) favored required cardiopulmonary resuscitation
      certification for pool owners. However, 61% opposed a universal barrier
      requirement, and 49% objected to a barrier requirement for new pools only.
      Respondents with small children at home were more likely (P = .0001) to support a
      required barrier. The previous occurrence of a significant immersion event had
      surprisingly little effect. The results suggest some specific directions for
      programs to prevent swimming pool drownings.

PMID- 2296496
TI  - Different high-frequency ventilator strategies: effect on the propagation of
      tracheobronchial histopathologic changes.
AB  - To assess the role of high-frequency ventilator strategy in the propagation of
      airway injury, we compared the tracheobronchial histologic alterations in 20
      newborn piglets ventilated for 8 hours with high-frequency flow interruption
      (HFFI). Ten animals were assigned to HFFI with a strategy of continuous
      pulsations at a frequency of 10 Hz and a mean airway pressure of 16 cm H2O. Ten
      piglets were treated at identical settings except for 10 one-second baseline
      pauses per minute to a positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm H2O. A
      semiquantitative scoring system was used to grade light microscopic tissue
      alterations in the trachea, carina, and mainstem bronchi. Ultrastructural changes
      were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy. The HFFI-continuous-treated
      piglets had significantly more damage in all areas than the HFFI-baseline pause
      group (P less than .001). The upper tracheas of animals in both groups were
      altered to a greater extent than the lower tracheas (P less than .007). In
      addition, numerous "skip" areas of injury were noted throughout the tracheas.
      High-frequency ventilator strategy is a determinant of the severity of airway
      histologic changes. Factors that adversely affect tissue oxygenation or cause
      direct mechanical trauma may also influence the degree of injury. Optimal
      operating characteristics and limitations of different high-frequency devices
      must be assessed before their use in human neonates.

PMID- 2296497
TI  - Quality-protein maize as the sole source of dietary protein and fat for rapidly
      growing young children.
AB  - Earlier studies demonstrated that quality protein maize (QPM), with increased
      lysine and tryptophan and decreased leucine contents, was more digestible and
      supported 45% greater nitrogen retention than common maize. Ten recovering
      malnourished children (ages 13 to 29 months, height-ages 5 to 15 months, weight
      ages 3 to 11 months) have now received 90% of their diet energy and 100% of
      protein and fat from QPM. Energy intake was adjusted to allow them to reach the
      50th centile of weight-for-length (according to the National Center for Health
      Statistics) in 90 days (two completed 60 days only). Growth was compared with
      that of 10 children receiving modified cow's milk formula (CMF). Energy intakes
      (QPM 110 +/- 15, CMF 106 +/- 12, corrected for absorption to 94 and 97
      kcal/kg.d), crude energy costs of gain (43 +/- 9 and 40 +/- 10, corrected to 37
      and 37 kcal/g), linear growth (1.23 +/- 0.24 and 1.33 +/- 0.26 cm/mo), gains in
      height-age (3.1 +/- 0.7 and 3.3 +/- 1.2 mo), weight gain (2.6 +/- 0.6 and 2.6 +/-
      0.8 g/kg.d), and final sums of fat folds (24.3 +/- 3.5 and 27.2 +/- 2.9 mm) were
      not different. Gains in weight-age were greater (7.5 +/- 2.3 vs 5.4 +/- 1.6
      months, P less than .05) and serum albumin decreased (4.10 +/- 0.24 to 3.77 +/-
      0.31 g/dL, P less than .01) during QPM feeding. Plasma-free total essential amino
      acids and ratio of these to total essential amino acids were less after QPM than
      after CMF diets. Equal growth rates with QPM and CMF diets offer great potential
      for developing- and developed-country children.

PMID- 2296498
TI  - Retrocardiac pneumomediastinum: radiographic finding and clinical implications.
AB  - Fourteen neonates with posterior mediastinal air collections (retrocardiac
      pneumomediastinum) are described. In the majority of the infants (13 of 14), the
      mediastinal air developed as a complication of assisted ventilation. It is
      suggested that the retrocardiac pneumomediastinum represents air trapped in a
      potential space in the mediastinum posterior to the heart and not within the
      pulmonary ligament. The collections have a variable shape and size and rarely may
      produce a tension phenomenon elevating the posterior, inferior portion of the
      heart off of the diaphragm. There was a strong association of retrocardiac
      pneumomediastinum with other manifestations of extraalveolar air, including
      pulmonary interstitial emphysema (13 of 14 infants), pneumothorax (10 of 14
      infants), dissection of air into the soft tissues of the neck (10 of 14 infants),
      and pneumoperitoneum (5 of 14 infants).

PMID- 2296499
TI  - Celiac disease: parental knowledge and attitudes of dietary compliance.
AB  - Parents of 43 children with celiac disease, 28% of whom were classified as
      noncompliant, were interviewed. The knowledge, attitudes, and dietary behavior of
      parents of compliant patients were compared with those of noncompliant patients.
      Parents of compliant patients are better educated and from a higher social class.
      Although objective knowledge of the disease is similar in both groups, parents of
      compliant patients consider themselves adequately informed about the disease and
      are better able to choose gluten-free items from a menu. Parents of compliant
      patients are less worried about health in general but are more concerned with
      possible adverse effects celiac disease might have on the future of their
      children. Parents of both groups are not significantly different with regard to
      their understanding of the diet, the tendency to use medical care, and the
      perception of barriers to compliance or social support. It was concluded that to
      increase dietary compliance in celiac patients, parents should be guided mainly
      by the following three purposes: (1) enhancing their subjective evaluation of
      their own knowledge of celiac disease; (2) improving their practical ability to
      handle a menu; (3) increasing their anxiety regarding possible long-term adverse
      effects.

PMID- 2296500
TI  - Defining successful performance among pediatric residents.
AB  - The pediatric literature has documented a growing attention to defining the
      nature and quality of residency training. The critical incident technique, a
      method widely accepted in industrial settings, was used in this study to
      determine attitudes and behaviors deemed critical for successful performance of
      residents in a pediatric training program. Structured interviews with 17 senior
      teaching faculty produced descriptions of resident behavior that were classified
      into the following mutually exclusive categories: commitment to learning,
      clinical judgment, communicating medical information, recognition of limits,
      professional behavior, interpersonal skills with patients, and dealing with
      emergency situations. Only 30% of the critical incidents obtained from the
      faculty were related to criteria traditionally used to select and evaluate
      residents, such as knowledge and technical skills, while the remaining incidents
      were noncognitive in nature. The results of this study have implications for the
      evaluation and selection of residents and suggest that pediatric program
      directors and faculty must give attention to the means by which noncognitive
      skills are fostered in residents.

PMID- 2296501
TI  - Age- and gender-related differences in clinical productivity among Canadian
      pediatricians.
AB  - The desire to control health care costs in Canada has led to reductions in
      postgraduate training posts and physician immigration. To determine the possible
      effects of these cutbacks on pediatric manpower, a country-wide study was
      conducted to assess the practice patterns and productivity of Canadian
      pediatricians. Of the 1960 pediatricians in Canada, 69% completed and returned
      our questionnaire. Practice descriptions were as follows: 37% practice primary,
      25% secondary, and 38% tertiary care. A total of 70% of Canadian pediatricians
      are men, although this will change with time because 49% of pediatricians younger
      than 35 years of age are women. Clinical productivity was assessed by five
      indices: number of clinical hours, patients seen, consultations provided, and
      hours on call per week, and number of hospital admissions per year. Younger
      pediatricians were significantly less clinically productive than older
      pediatricians. Age-matched groups of female pediatricians were significantly less
      clinically productive than their male counterparts in three of the five indices
      assessed. Overall, female pediatricians were significantly more likely to work
      part-time than were male pediatricians (22% vs 16%, P less than .05). When the
      clinical productivity of part-time pediatricians was assessed, there was no male
      to female difference noted. However, among full-time pediatricians, men worked
      significantly more clinical hours per week and saw significantly more patients
      than did women (P less than .05). According to results, women pediatricians were
      more satisfied with their practice now than when starting practice than were men
      (47% vs 41%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296502
TI  - Unconventional remedies used for patients with juvenile arthritis.
AB  - While attending arthritis youth camps, 53 patients with juvenile arthritis from
      Australia (31 patients), New Zealand (4 patients), and Canada (18 patients)
      completed individual questionnaires concerning their treatment. Between 1 and 8
      unconventional remedies (mean 2.6) had been used by 37 (70%) of the patients. The
      most commonly used unconventional remedies were copper bracelets (68%), diet
      (43%), and patent medicines (38%). The potential dangers of unconventional remedy
      use in children are illustrated by three case reports. Professionals caring for
      patients with juvenile arthritis should be aware that most of them will probably
      use unconventional remedies at some time.

PMID- 2296503
TI  - High-frequency oscillatory ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
      for the treatment of acute neonatal respiratory failure.
AB  - Forty-six (92%) outborn and four (8%) inborn term or near-term neonates were
      admitted for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment to a neonatal
      intensive care unit between July 1, 1985, and November 1, 1987. All infants had
      PAO2-PaO2 greater than or equal to 600 mm Hg in spite of aggressive conventional
      ventilatory and pharmacologic therapy. All patients were offered rescue treatment
      with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), and only if there was no
      improvement in PAO2-PaO2 with HFOV were infants treated using ECMO. Four patients
      died before receiving an adequate trial of HFOV and before emergency ECMO support
      could be initiated; 21 patients, all of whom survived to hospital discharge,
      responded to HFOV; 25 patients ultimately required ECMO therapy for
      cardiopulmonary support, with 22 (88%) surviving to discharge. Neonates
      responding to HFOV were of slightly younger gestational age (38 +/- 2 weeks vs 40
      +/- 2 weeks, mean +/- SD; P less than .001) and more frequently had clinical
      evidence of pneumonia (11 of 21 vs 2 of 25; P less than .002). There was no
      statistically significant difference in outcome with respect to the number of
      ventilator days, hospital days, or survival between patients responding to HFOV
      and patients who required ECMO. Morbidity was increased in ECMO patients, with
      bleeding abnormalities, seizures, and renal failure occurring more frequently
      than in HFOV-treated infants. Overall, 92% (46 of 50) of the patients were
      treated with a staged protocol using HFOV before ECMO. A total of 46% (21 of 46)
      responded to HFOV treatment alone and did not require ECMO therapy.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296504
TI  - Increased cerebral blood flow and plasma epinephrine in hypoglycemic, preterm
      neonates.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow, plasma epinephrine, and plasma norepinephrine were measured
      in 25 spontaneously breathing, preterm neonates (mean gestational age 30.4 weeks)
      2 hours after birth, during a routine screening for low blood glucose levels.
      Increased cerebral blood flow and plasma epinephrine values were observed when
      blood glucose levels were low, whereas plasma norepinephrine was constant
      throughout the blood glucose range. Hypoglycemia (defined as blood glucose
      concentration less than 30 mg/dL) was found in 13 neonates who were treated with
      intravenous glucose and milk enterally. Blood glucose levels were normal in the
      remaining 12 control neonates who received milk by a gastric line. Approximately
      30 minutes after treatment with intravenous glucose and/or milk, cerebral blood
      flow had decreased by a mean of 11.3% in the 13 hypoglycemic neonates but was
      still 37.5% higher than cerebral blood flow in the control neonates despite
      normalization of plasma epinephrine concentration. Mean arterial blood pressure
      and blood gas values were identical between groups throughout the investigation.
      It is suggested that a normal coupling between cerebral metabolic demands and
      flow is present in very preterm neonates and that epinephrine may play a role in
      the cerebral hyperperfusion. Although none of the neonates had clinical signs of
      hypoglycemia, the data suggest that counterregulatory mechanisms are invoked when
      blood glucose values are less than 30 to 45 mg/dL.

PMID- 2296505
TI  - Comparison of genital examination techniques in prepubertal girls.
AB  - The results of three separate methods used to examine prepubertal girls are
      compared and a technique for measuring hymenal orifice diameters from colposcopic
      photographs is presented. A total of 172 girls who were examined by three
      techniques during their evaluation in a clinic for suspected child sexual abuse
      victims were studied. Their ages ranged from 10 months to 11 years with a mean of
      5 years, 8 months. The examination techniques used were the supine position with
      labial separation, the supine position with labial traction, and the knee-chest
      position. The knee-chest position (98%) and the supine traction method (96%)
      proved to be superior to the supine separation technique (86%) in opening the
      vaginal introitus. The largest vertical transhymenal diameters were produced in
      the knee-chest position, whereas the greatest transverse horizontal spans were
      generated by the supine traction procedure. Other soft tissue changes were noted
      but not quantified. A multimethod approach to the examination of the sexually
      abused child is recommended to take advantage of the strengths of each technique.

PMID- 2296506
TI  - Childhood survival in Haiti: protective effect of measles vaccination.
AB  - To evaluate the impact of measles vaccination on survival of children residing in
      a periurban slum in Haiti, a total-population survey was conducted 2.5 years
      after completion of a one-time study of the serologic response to measles vaccine
      administered in the same population. Pregnancy histories from the 16,400 women in
      the population revealed that 1499 children had been born during a 7-month
      interval that would have made them eligible for participation in the measles
      vaccine program. Of these children, 1381 (92.1%) survived to 9 months of age, the
      median age that measles vaccine had been administered. Seventy-three infants had
      died between 9 and 39 months of age. Mortality of infants who were seronegative
      before receiving measles vaccine was significantly lower (P = .0013) than that of
      unvaccinated infants (3/235 vs 70/1056, respectively). Other factors positively
      associated with survival between 9 and 39 months of age included socioeconomic
      status (P = .0002), maternal literacy (P = .0020), maternal knowledge and use of
      oral rehydration solution (P = .0002), and an interval of greater than 24 months
      to the birth of the next younger sibling (P = .0012). Multivariate stepwise
      logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent association of
      measles vaccination by adjusting for other factors that also correlated with
      survival and that might have been associated with maternal seeking of
      vaccinations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296507
TI  - Prenatal care evaluation and cohort analyses.
AB  - The value of prenatal care has been obscured by multiple factors, including the
      limitations of birth certificate data, large socioeconomic disparities between
      women who seek prenatal care and those who do not, and the "preterm delivery
      bias", ie, the reduced pregnancy duration and opportunity for prenatal care among
      women who give birth prematurely. Perinatal mortality and morbidity (neonatal
      intensive care unit admission; ventilator therapy) were carefully assessed in an
      indigent population (28,838 deliveries at Parkland Memorial Hospital). To avoid
      the preterm delivery bias, a cohort of all women whose pregnancy reached a
      specific week of gestation was identified and their prenatal care status (zero vs
      one or more visits) by that week was related to pregnancy outcome. Separate
      cohorts were defined at 26, 30, 34, 38, and 42 weeks. Prenatal care was
      associated with improved pregnancy outcomes in only the 34-, 38-, and 42-week
      cohorts (P less than .01). Findings suggest substantial benefit from prenatal
      care after 30 weeks' gestation but not from early prenatal care. Unfortunately,
      it may not be possible to assess prenatal care accurately in observational
      studies even if cohort analyses are used. Clinical trials are needed to assess
      the effects of strategies for increasing or improving prenatal care, especially
      in early pregnancy.

PMID- 2296509
TI  - Lack of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus from infected children to
      their household contacts.
AB  - The possibility of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from
      infected children to their contacts has been confronted in households, schools,
      day-care centers, and other child care settings. Cases reported to the Centers
      for Disease Control and several studies of close contacts of HIV-infected
      patients suggested that the risk of transmission in these settings is extremely
      low. However, most of these studies involved infected adults or older children.
      Younger children, who drool, bite, mouth toys, and are incontinent, may be more
      likely to transmit HIV in these settings. To assess this possibility, the authors
      tested 89 members of households in which 25 children with HIV infection, most of
      whom were preschool-aged, resided. Household members had close personal contact
      with the infected children. They shared many items likely to be soiled with blood
      and body fluids, such as toys, toothbrushes, eating utensils, toilets, and
      bathtubs. Hugging, kissing, sharing a bed, and bathing together were common.
      Household members were tested no sooner than 4 months after initial contact with
      the infected child, to allow adequate time for sero-conversion. All 89
      participating household members were anti-HIV seronegative, and 78 who were
      tested were serum p24 antigen negative. It was concluded from this study and
      other evidence that the risk of transmission from children to their contacts is
      extremely low and has not been clearly documented in the household setting.

PMID- 2296508
TI  - Characteristics of narcolepsy in preteenaged children.
AB  - Narcolepsy is rarely diagnosed in preteenaged children. Its clinical and
      polysomnographic manifestations, some of which are unusual, are described in four
      children who were observed prospectively. The mean age at onset of hypersomnia
      was 10.2 years (range 8.4 to 11.2 years). Daytime naps among these children were
      lengthy, ranging from 20 to 120 minutes, and generally were considered
      unrefreshing. Cataplexy was present at the onset in all four children. Three of
      the four children were obese, with the concurrent nocturnal snoring prompting a
      misleading concern about obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in two children. The
      histocompatibility DR2 antigen was present in all four children. Significant
      behavioral manifestations appeared in all of them. The response to stimulant
      medications was, at best, modest. Narcolepsy may be difficult to diagnose in this
      age group. However, a careful history eliciting sleep/wake dysfunction (including
      cataplexy), leukocyte assays for the histocompatibility DR2 antigen, and serial
      polysomnographic studies may enable early recognition and treatment of this
      disease.

PMID- 2296510
TI  - Intestinal myiasis caused by Parasarcophaga crassipalpis (Diptera:
      Sarcophagidae).

PMID- 2296511
TI  - Embolization of ectopic kidney to control incontinence.

PMID- 2296512
TI  - Introital diameter as the criterion for sexual abuse.

PMID- 2296513
TI  - Between a "rock" and a hard place: perinatal drug abuse.

PMID- 2296514
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Provisional Committee on International Child
      Health: Statement of principle.

PMID- 2296515
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine: Knee brace use by
      athletes.

PMID- 2296517
TI  - Drug screening.

PMID- 2296516
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Accident and Poison Prevention:
      Bicycle helmets.

PMID- 2296518
TI  - Bone marrow transplants.

PMID- 2296520
TI  - Visions of Rogers' science-based nursing.

PMID- 2296519
TI  - Early treatment for congenital hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2296521
TI  - Health patterning with clients in a private practice environment.

PMID- 2296522
TI  - Intentionality in the human-environment encounter in an ambulatory care
      environment.

PMID- 2296523
TI  - Nursing care of the elderly: futuristic projections.

PMID- 2296524
TI  - Changing human potentials and future visions of nursing: a human field image
      perspective.

PMID- 2296525
TI  - Chronological age as an anomalie of evolution.

PMID- 2296526
TI  - Visionary opportunities for knowledge development in nursing administration.

PMID- 2296527
TI  - Rogerian patterns of scientific inquiry.

PMID- 2296529
TI  - Theory development.

PMID- 2296528
TI  - Structuring the gap from conceptual system to research design within a Rogerian
      world view.

PMID- 2296530
TI  - The relationships among the experience of dying, the experience of paranormal
      events, and creativity in adults.

PMID- 2296531
TI  - The relationship of temporal experience to human time.

PMID- 2296532
TI  - The continuing revolution of Rogers' science-based nursing education.

PMID- 2296533
TI  - Rogers' science-based nursing practice.

PMID- 2296534
TI  - Using Rogerian science in undergraduate and graduate nursing education.

PMID- 2296535
TI  - Concept-integration: a board game as a learning tool.

PMID- 2296536
TI  - Issues in dissertation proposal development.

PMID- 2296537
TI  - Visions of Rogerian science in the future of humankind.

PMID- 2296538
TI  - The Rogerian science of unitary human beings as a knowledge base for nursing in
      space.

PMID- 2296539
TI  - A conversation with Martha Rogers on nursing in space.

PMID- 2296540
TI  - A template for unitary pattern-based nursing practice.
AB  - Unitary pattern-based practice is one creative approach to nursing intervention
      based on the conceptual and theoretical perspective of the Science of Unitary
      Human Beings. Considerations for practice were derived from the major concepts
      and theoretical tenets of the framework. Continued clarification and
      operationalization of the conceptual features in practice is warranted. A
      template for nursing practice with specified constituents provides a mechanism
      for implementing practice strategies. Processes of pattern appraisal,
      deliberative mutual patterning, health patterning, and evaluation were elaborated
      for the consideration of clinical scholars. Debate and dialogue on these issues
      is anticipated to further explicate the practice potential of this conceptual
      system.

PMID- 2296541
TI  - Nursing: Science of Unitary, Irreducible, Human Beings: update 1990.

PMID- 2296542
TI  - Nursing student census 1989.

PMID- 2296543
TI  - A champion of nursing. Interview by Alison Morton-Cooper.

PMID- 2296544
TI  - Test questions.

PMID- 2296545
TI  - Innovate or vegetate!

PMID- 2296546
TI  - Back to the future.

PMID- 2296547
TI  - Communication: Hunt the message.

PMID- 2296548
TI  - Making sense of .... eye care for ventilated or unconscious patients.

PMID- 2296549
TI  - Nursing models. King's model.

PMID- 2296550
TI  - Working out sexuality.

PMID- 2296551
TI  - Talking through grief.

PMID- 2296552
TI  - Teaching in the community.

PMID- 2296553
TI  - Lockerbie one year on.

PMID- 2296555
TI  - AIDS facts pack now available.

PMID- 2296554
TI  - Counselling the boss.

PMID- 2296556
TI  - Black Country care.

PMID- 2296557
TI  - Prevalence of intravenous devices.

PMID- 2296559
TI  - Iatrogenic disease and the primary care physician.
AB  - Primary care physicians need to be aware of iatrogenic disease and its causes.
      Adverse drug reactions, including drug-drug interactions, and certain diagnostic
      procedures may lead to iatrogenic complications. Hospitalized patients,
      especially the elderly, face increased risks of such complications. Physicians
      who are aware of common adverse reactions to drugs, drug combinations, and
      medical procedures may be able to help patients avoid unnecessary distress and
      morbidity.

PMID- 2296558
TI  - Nurse education. Issues--shared learning.

PMID- 2296560
TI  - Cholesterol myth club on par with flat earth society.

PMID- 2296561
TI  - Is a dilated inguinal ring a good predictor of a hernia?
AB  - Diagnosis of a groin hernia based on the size of the external inguinal ring is
      not always reliable. The external ring can be dilated without a hernia being
      present, or it can be of normal size when a hernia is present. All techniques of
      hernia repair attempt to reconstruct the posterior floor of the inguinal canal.
      The posterior approach allows visualization of the entire groin area, and any
      form of hernia can be defined and repaired without examining the external
      inguinal ring. The recurrence rate with this approach is less than 2%.

PMID- 2296562
TI  - When is surgery necessary for a groin hernia?
AB  - Hernias are one of the most common causes of symptoms in the groin. Surgery is
      needed for all femoral and indirect inguinal hernias to prevent incarceration and
      strangulation. Asymptomatic direct hernias can be observed if they are not
      enlarging. Atypical symptoms in a patient with a hernia must be evaluated to
      exclude other disease. Fortunately, most groin hernias can be repaired
      electively.

PMID- 2296563
TI  - Use of mesh to prevent recurrence of hernias.
AB  - Hernias recur primarily for two reasons: (1) attrition of tissue due to altered
      collagen metabolism and (2) tension on the suture line. Human tissue alone cannot
      be used to counteract these causes; a satisfactory prosthesis is needed if
      results of herniorrhaphy are to improve. We have had a large personal experience
      with monofilament polypropylene mesh (Marlex), using it to repair more than 5,000
      hernias of all types over a period of 25 years. We have found it to be
      nonallergenic, nononcogenic, and highly resistant to infection. It serves as an
      effective and permanent barrier to protrusion through the floor of the inguinal
      canal and is readily incorporated into tissue with virtually no foreign-body
      reaction. Postoperative discomfort is minimized because there is no tension on
      the sutures and the operation is easily performed using a local anesthetic. The
      patient may leave the ambulatory care center within hours and return quickly to
      unrestricted activity with confidence.

PMID- 2296564
TI  - Nutritional deficiencies in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.
AB  - Cancer often causes malnutrition and specific vitamin and protein deficiencies.
      Chemotherapy also causes deficiencies by promoting anorexia, stomatitis, and
      alimentary tract disturbances. Antimetabolite drugs in particular inhibit
      synthesis of essential vitamins, purines, and pyrimidines. Because vitamin levels
      in the blood are often nondiagnostic, nutritional deficiency is identified almost
      exclusively on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms and the patient's
      response to therapy. Signs and symptoms of cachexia and hypoalbuminemia are
      common in patients with advanced cancer. Deficiencies of vitamins B1, B2, and K
      and of niacin, folic acid, and thymine also may result from chemotherapy.
      Nutritional deficiencies are chemically correctable; however, the tumor must be
      eradicated to relieve cachexia.

PMID- 2296565
TI  - Open cardiac resuscitation. A surgeon's viewpoint.
AB  - Open cardiac massage yields better hemodynamic results in the laboratory than
      does closed cardiac massage. However, reported survival rates with the two
      methods are similar, except in postcardiotomy patients and patients with
      penetrating injury. Implementation of resuscitation within several minutes of
      cardiac arrest is far more important than the specific method used. Closed
      cardiac massage can be instituted more universally and more quickly than open
      massage and thus should remain the mainstay of cardiac resuscitation. Open
      cardiac massage can be performed by trained surgical personnel in appropriate
      situations.

PMID- 2296566
TI  - Common errors in evaluating chest radiographs.
AB  - Chest radiographs that are correctly obtained and interpreted provide valuable
      diagnostic information. However, some radiographs are not taken at total lung
      capacity, and the appearance of the lungs on film may mimic certain lung
      disorders. Most common interpretive pitfalls in chest radiography can be avoided
      by physicians who are familiar with the film appearance of varying degrees of
      lung inflation, technical limitations of portable radiography, and common chest
      abnormalities. When further definition is necessary, additional projections
      should be obtained. Chest fluoroscopy and computed tomography can offer further
      clarification, if needed.

PMID- 2296567
TI  - Primary psoas abscess. An often insidious infection.
AB  - Psoas abscess is most often caused by infection with Staphylococcus aureus.
      Classic symptoms are localized pain, persistent fever, and a limp or flexion
      problem of the hip. Diagnosis can be confirmed by ultrasound or computed
      tomographic scan. Appropriate treatment consists of drainage of the abscess and
      antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2296568
TI  - White clot syndrome. A serious complication of heparin therapy.

PMID- 2296569
TI  - An unusual request.

PMID- 2296570
TI  - Happiness revisited.

PMID- 2296571
TI  - Scopolamine withdrawal syndrome.
AB  - As travel by air and ship becomes increasingly popular, more and more travelers
      are using transdermal scopolamine to avoid motion sickness. In fact, it has
      become almost fashionable for ocean travelers to sit on the sun deck with a patch
      behind the ear. This article describes withdrawal symptoms in a patient who used
      transdermal scopolamine beyond the recommended 3 days.

PMID- 2296572
TI  - Temperature-derivative spectroscopy: a tool for protein dynamics.
AB  - A relaxation method that measures the derivative of a population with respect to
      temperature is introduced and used to study the recombination of CO to sperm
      whale myoglobin after a photolyzing flash. Measurement of the geminate process in
      the infrared CO-stretch bands shows distributed activation enthalpies with
      different distributions for each band, transitions between two bands that
      correspond to photolyzed ligands, and kinetic hole burning. The data are well
      described by gaussian enthalpy distributions; the results match and complement
      those of isothermal methods. The temperature-derivative technique is further used
      to explore the recombination of CO from outside the heme pocket.

PMID- 2296573
TI  - Evidence for additional subunits associated to the mouse interleukin 2 receptor
      p55/p75 complex.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated that high-affinity interleukin 2 receptors (IL
      2R) are comprised of at least two distinct noncovalently associated subunits of
      Mr 55,000 (p55) and Mr 75,000 (p75). To biochemically characterize p75, we have
      directly isolated IL-2R using affinity precipitations with immobilized IL-2. We
      now report that at least some mouse p75 appears to exist as a disulfide-linked
      heterodimer with a subunit of Mr 22,000 (p22). These findings suggest that
      functional high-affinity mouse IL-2R may be comprised of at least three distinct
      subunits. The possibility of an even more complex structure is suggested by the
      coprecipitation of a protein of Mr 40,000-45,000 (p40) that may represent an
      additional IL-2R-associated protein.

PMID- 2296574
TI  - Phorbol ester induces photoreceptor-specific degeneration in a Drosophila mutant.
AB  - In the retinal degeneration B (rdgB) mutant of Drosophila, the major class of
      photoreceptors degenerate when the fly is raised in the light for several days;
      raising the fly in the dark largely prevents the degeneration. Thus, the rdgB is
      a conditional mutant that requires the operation of some stages of the
      phototransduction cascade to express its characteristic phenotype. We report here
      experiments that examine the ability of chemical agents to mimic light by causing
      photoreceptor-specific degeneration in the dark. Application of a specific
      activator of protein kinase C, phorbol ester, to eyes of rdgB flies led to a
      degeneration of the photoreceptors that was indistinguishable from that caused by
      light: both light and phorbol ester-induced degeneration were characterized by
      (i) selective degeneration of one class of photoreceptors; (ii) a unique pattern
      of degeneration; and (iii) the appearance of light-induced regenerative spikes at
      early stages of degeneration. Application of phorbol ester to the eyes of wild
      type flies had no effect. We suggest that light or phorbol ester activates a
      protein kinase C and results in a sustained or excessive phosphorylation of
      proteins in the rdgB mutant, leading to photoreceptor degeneration. Furthermore,
      the results are consistent with identification of the rdgB gene product as a
      phosphoprotein phosphatase that is nonfunctional or absent in the mutant.

PMID- 2296575
TI  - Automatic generation of primary sequence patterns from sets of related protein
      sequences.
AB  - We have developed a computer algorithm that can extract the pattern of conserved
      primary sequence elements common to all members of a homologous protein family.
      The method involves clustering the pairwise similarity scores among a set of
      related sequences to generate a binary dendrogram (tree). The tree is then
      reduced in a stepwise manner by progressively replacing the node connecting the
      two most similar termini by one common pattern until only a single common "root"
      pattern remains. A pattern is generated at a node by (i) performing a local
      optimal alignment on the sequence/pattern pair connected by the node with the use
      of an extended dynamic programming algorithm and then (ii) constructing a single
      common pattern from this alignment with a nested hierarchy of amino acid classes
      to identify the minimal inclusive amino acid class covering each paired set of
      elements in the alignment. Gaps within an alignment are created and/or extended
      using a "pay once" gap penalty rule, and gapped positions are converted into gap
      characters that function as 0 or 1 amino acid of any type during subsequent
      alignment. This method has been used to generate a library of covering patterns
      for homologous families in the National Biomedical Research Foundation/Protein
      Identification Resource protein sequence data base. We show that a covering
      pattern can be more diagnostic for sequence family membership than any of the
      individual sequences used to construct the pattern.

PMID- 2296576
TI  - Involvement of myosin light-chain kinase in endothelial cell retraction.
AB  - Permeabilized bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers were used to
      investigate the mechanism of endothelial cell retraction. Postconfluent
      endothelial cells permeabilized with saponin retracted upon exposure to ATP and
      Ca2+. Retraction was accompanied by thiophosphorylation of 19,000-Da myosin light
      chains when adenosine 5'-[gamma-[35S]thio]triphosphate was included in the
      medium. Both retraction and thiophosphorylation of myosin light chains exhibited
      a graded quantitative dependence on Ca2+. When permeabilized monolayers were
      extracted in buffer D containing 100 mM KCl and 30 mM MgCl2 for 30 min, the cells
      failed to retract upon exposure to ATP and Ca2+, and no thiophosphorylation of
      myosin light chains occurred. The ability both to retract and to
      thiophosphorylate myosin light chains was restored by the addition to the
      permeabilized, extracted cells of myosin light-chain kinase and calmodulin
      together but not by either alone. These studies indicate that endothelial cell
      retraction, as does smooth muscle contraction, depends on myosin light-chain
      kinase phosphorylation of myosin light chains.

PMID- 2296578
TI  - Acetylaminofluorene bound to different guanines of the sequence -GGCGCC- is
      excised with different efficiencies by the UvrABC excision nuclease in a pattern
      not correlated to the potency of mutation induction.
AB  - DNA fragments were constructed in which acetylaminofluorene adducts were
      introduced specifically at each one of the three different guanines of the 6-base
      pair sequence -GGCGCC-. Incubation of the DNA with the UvrABC excision nuclease
      in vitro revealed major differences in the efficiency of adduct excision
      depending on the site of modification. Oligonucleotide excision of adducts bound
      to the second guanine was only 15% as efficient as excision of adducts at the
      first guanine, whereas the excision efficiency for adducts bound to the third
      guanine was intermediary. However, recognition of DNA damage appeared to occur
      with nearly 100% efficiency at all three adduct positions, as judged from DNase I
      footprint analysis of the DNA/protein binding complexes. Hence, it appears that
      the structural elements for DNA damage recognition by the UvrABC enzyme are
      different from the signals for excision. Furthermore, the repair pattern observed
      is not inversely correlated with the potential of these adducts to induce
      mutations since mutation analysis of single-adduct DNA has shown that only
      adducts at the third guanine are strongly premutagenic. We conclude that the
      effectiveness of excision repair depends on the context of the DNA sequence and
      that ineffectively repaired adduct sites are not necessarily mutational hot
      spots.

PMID- 2296577
TI  - Influence of the hinge region on complement activation, C1q binding, and
      segmental flexibility in chimeric human immunoglobulins.
AB  - We have characterized a series of genetically engineered chimeric human IgG3 and
      IgG4 anti-dansyl (DNS) antibodies with identical antibody-combining sites but
      different hinge region amino acid compositions to determine how the hinge region
      influences Fab fragment segmental flexibility, C1q binding, and complement
      activation. Our data support the correlation between "upper hinge" length and Fab
      segmental flexibility; moreover, we confirm that a hinge region is essential for
      C1q binding and complement activation. However, the hinge length by itself is not
      sufficient for complement activity in IgG molecules. We have demonstrated that
      the IgG4 hinge, which imparts restricted segmental flexibility, reduces the
      ability of IgG3 molecules to activate complement. We also find that the IgG3
      hinge region, which imparts greater segmental motion, is not sufficient to create
      complement activation activity in IgG4 anti-DNS antibodies. Finally, we conclude
      that (i) segmental motion is correlated with "upper hinge" length, (ii) hinge
      length and segmental flexibility is not enough to alter complement binding and
      activation, and (iii) segmental flexibility does not correlate with proficiency
      to activate the complement cascade.

PMID- 2296579
TI  - Evolution of the first metabolic cycles.
AB  - There are two alternatives concerning the origin of life: the origin may be
      heterotrophic or autotrophic. The central problem within the theory of an
      autotrophic origin is the first process of carbon fixation. I here propose the
      hypothesis that this process is an autocatalytic cycle that can be retrodictively
      constructed from the extant reductive citric acid cycle by replacing thioesters
      by thioacids and by assuming that the required reducing power is obtained from
      the oxidative formation of pyrite (FeS2). This archaic cycle is strictly
      chemoautotrophic: photoautotrophy is not required. The cycle is catalytic for
      pyrite formation and autocatalytic for its own multiplication. It is a
      consequence of this hypothesis that the postulated cycle cannot exist as a single
      isolated cycle but must be a member of a network of concatenated homologous
      cycles, from which all anabolic pathways appear to have sprung.

PMID- 2296580
TI  - Metastable intermediates in myoglobin at low pH.
AB  - Resonance Raman and optical absorption spectra of ligand-free (deoxy) myoglobin
      and CO-bound myoglobin (MbCO) at pH 2.6 have been measured by using continuous
      flow/rapid-mixing techniques. The spectra of deoxy myoglobin at low pH within 6
      ms of the pH drop demonstrate that the iron-histidine bond has been ruptured but
      that the heme is still five-coordinate. Comparison with data from model complexes
      indicates that a weak-field ligand, such as a water molecule, is coordinated at
      the fifth position. The Raman spectrum of MbCO at low pH has an Fe-CO stretching
      mode that is characteristic of a six-coordinate heme with an unhindered Fe-CO
      moiety. Immediately following the pH drop in this case, there is no indication
      that the iron-proximal histidine bond is broken. Three different structural
      changes are detected at low pH: (i) the iron-proximal histidine (F8) bond in
      ligand-free myoglobin is broken and replaced by a weak-field ligand, (ii) the
      distal pocket in MbCO is opened, and (iii) protein constraints on the heme group
      in MbCO are relaxed. Previous conclusions that the kinetics of CO-binding in
      hemoproteins at low pH is modified by rupturing the iron-proximal histidine bond
      are supported by these new results which, however, demand a more complete
      reevaluation of the phenomenon.

PMID- 2296581
TI  - Dopamine receptor gene expression by enkephalin neurons in rat forebrain.
AB  - In situ hybridization experiments were performed with brain sections from normal,
      control and haloperidol-treated rats to identify and map the cells expressing the
      D2 dopamine receptor gene. D2 receptor mRNA was detected with radioactive or
      biotinylated oligonucleotide probes. D2 receptor mRNA was present in glandular
      cells of the pituitary intermediate lobe and in neurons of the substantia nigra,
      ventral tegmental area, and forebrain, especially in caudate putamen, nucleus
      accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and piriform cortex. Hybridization with D2 and
      preproenkephalin A probes in adjacent sections, as well as combined hybridization
      with the two probes in the same sections, demonstrated that all detectable
      enkephalin neurons in the striatum contained the D2 receptor mRNA. Large neurons
      in caudate putamen, which were unlabeled with the preproenkephalin A probe and
      which may have been cholinergic, also expressed the D2 receptor gene. Haloperidol
      treatment (14 or 21 days) provoked an increase in mRNA content for D2 receptor
      and preproenkephalin A in the striatum. This suggests that the increase in D2
      receptor number observed after haloperidol treatment is due to increased activity
      of the D2 gene. These results indicate that in the striatum, the enkephalin
      neurons are direct targets for dopamine liberated from mesostriatal neurons.

PMID- 2296582
TI  - On-line analysis of penicillin blood levels in the live rat by combined
      microdialysis/fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - The combination of microdialysis and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry has
      been used to follow the pharmacokinetics of penicillin G directly in the blood
      stream of a live rat. After the intramuscular injection of the antibiotic, the
      blood dialysate was allowed to flow into the mass spectrometer via the continuous
      flow/fast-atom bombardment interface. Tandem mass spectrometry provided the means
      for isolating and recording the ion fragments produced from the drug as the
      dialysate was exposed to the ionization process. The pharmacokinetic results
      obtained are compared with those previously reported in the literature, and this
      on-line method is discussed in terms of its particular advantages.

PMID- 2296584
TI  - Inhibition by Ca2+ of inositol trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ liberation: a possible
      mechanism for oscillatory release of Ca2+.
AB  - Light-flash photolysis of caged inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) was used to
      generate reproducible transients of free InsP3 in Xenopus oocytes, and the
      resulting liberation of Ca2+ from intracellular stores was monitored by recording
      Ca2+-activated membrane currents and by use of the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator
      fluo-3. InsP3-mediated Ca2+ release was inhibited by elevating the intracellular
      free Ca2+ level, either by microinjecting Ca2+ into the cell or by applying
      conditioning light flashes to liberate Ca2+. This inhibition followed a slow time
      course, being maximal after about 2 s and subsequently declining over several
      seconds. Negative feedback of Ca2+ ions on InsP3-mediated Ca2+ liberation may
      explain the oscillatory release of Ca2+ seen during activation of inositol
      phospholipid signaling in the oocyte, and the time course of the inhibition is
      consistent with the period of the oscillations.

PMID- 2296583
TI  - The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop
      attentional conflict paradigm.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow, an index of local neuronal activity, was measured
      using positron emission tomography (PET) during the performance of the classic
      Stroop color/word task in eight healthy right-handed subjects. In the first
      condition of this paradigm, subjects name the color of the words presented on a
      video monitor. All the words are the color names congruent to the color presented
      (e.g., the noun "red" displayed in red color). In the second condition, subjects
      also name the color of the words presented on the monitor. However, during these
      trials all words are color names incongruent to the color presented (e.g., the
      noun "red" displayed in green color). The difference in brain activity between
      these two conditions (i.e., incongruent minus congruent) could reveal brain
      systems involved in the attentionally mediated resolution of the conflict between
      the habitual response of reading words vs. the task demands of naming the color
      of the words--i.e., the Stroop interference effect. The most robust responses
      occurred in the anterior cingulate cortex. Other responses noted were in the left
      premotor cortex, left postcentral cortex, left putamen, supplementary motor area,
      right superior temporal gyrus, and bilateral peristriate cortices. These data
      provide support for the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in attentional
      processing through the selection and recruitment of processing centers
      appropriate for task execution. Furthermore, the extensive distributed network of
      activated regions suggests that the Stroop interference effect cannot be
      explained simply in terms of stimulus encoding or response interference.

PMID- 2296586
TI  - Specific high molecular weight mRNAs induced by associative learning in
      Hermissenda.
AB  - Associative conditioning of Hermissenda crassicornis has been demonstrated to
      result in long-term changes in the potassium currents IA and ICa2(+)-K+ in
      photoreceptor neurons in the eye and to increase mRNA levels in the eye 2- to 3
      fold. mRNA isolated from Hermissenda trained with paired light and rotation
      stimuli was labeled with [3H]acetic anhydride, while mRNA from naive animals or
      from animals subjected to random light and rotation stimuli was labeled with
      [14C]acetic anhydride. The labeled RNA was combined and separated by agarose gel
      electrophoresis. The overall size distribution of labeled mRNA was shifted to
      longer chain lengths in the paired group. In addition, the 3H/14C ratios were
      markedly increased for 21 distinct size bands, indicating increased mRNA of
      specific chain lengths in the paired group. Increases in the same size bands were
      also observed with mRNA labeled in vivo with 32Pi. This indicates that
      associative learning in Hermissenda results in a specific induction of a distinct
      set of at least 21 mRNAs, rather than in a generalized increase in synthesis of
      all mRNA, thus resembling in some respects a differentiation-like response.

PMID- 2296585
TI  - Type II hereditary angioneurotic edema that may result from a single nucleotide
      change in the codon for alanine-436 in the C1 inhibitor gene.
AB  - Identical single-base changes in the C1 inhibitor gene that may result in
      dysfunctional inhibitor proteins are described in two different families with
      type II hereditary angioneurotic edema. Initially, a restriction fragment length
      polymorphism was defined that resulted from loss of a Pst I site within exon
      VIII, which encodes the region containing the reactive center. Exon VIII from the
      normal and abnormal allelles was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction.
      Amplified DNA product was cloned into plasmid pUC18; clones representing normal
      and mutant allelles were distinguished by the presence and absence, respectively,
      of the Pst I restriction site. DNA sequence analysis revealed a G----A mutation
      in the codon for alanine-436, which would result in replacement with a threonine
      residue. This position is nine amino acid residues amino-terminal to the reactive
      center arginylthreonine peptide bond. In contrast, previously defined mutations
      in type II hereditary angioneurotic edema result in replacement of the reactive
      center arginine.

PMID- 2296587
TI  - Progastrin expression in mammalian pancreas.
AB  - Expression and processing of progastrin were examined in fetal, neonatal, and
      adult pancreatic tissue from five mammalian species (cat, dog, man, pig, and
      rat). A library of sensitive, sequence-specific immunoassays for progastrin and
      its products was used to monitor extractions and chromatography before and after
      cleavage with processing-like enzymes. The results showed that progastrin and its
      products are expressed in the pancreas of all species in total concentrations
      varying from 0.3 to 58.9 pmol/g of tissue (medians). The degree of processing was
      age- and species-dependent. In comparison with adult pancreatic tissue the fetal
      or neonatal pancreas processed a higher fraction to bioactive, C-terminally
      amidated gastrin. Nevertheless, the pancreatic processing was always less
      complete than that of the adult antral mucosa. The moderate level of expression
      and the attenuated processing in the adult pancreas contribute to explain
      previous failures to detect gastrin in normal pancreatic tissue. Our results
      indicate that gastrin-producing tumors in the pancreas are not ectopic, but arise
      from cells that normally express the gastrin gene.

PMID- 2296589
TI  - Translation of bicistronic viral mRNA in transfected cells: regulation at the
      level of elongation.
AB  - The S1 species of mammalian reovirus mRNA, like a number of other viral but not
      cellular mRNAs, codes for two dissimilar polypeptides by initiation of
      translation at two 5'-proximal, out-of-frame AUG codons. To determine if
      uninfected cells can utilize bicistronic genes, a bovine papilloma virus-based
      vector system was used to select mouse C127 cell lines containing multiple
      integrated copies of the reovirus S1 gene. These cell lines produced both
      reovirus polypeptides from a single mRNA. In addition, studies of COS cells
      transfected with the S1 gene containing small changes around the first AUG
      suggest that bicistronic mRNA translation is regulated at the level of
      elongation. A model is proposed in which ribosomes engaged in translation of one
      reading frame interfere with movement of ribosomes in the other frame because of
      differences in codon usage. Expression of bicistronic genes may be similarly
      regulated in virus-infected cells.

PMID- 2296588
TI  - Drosophila glutathione S-transferase 1-1 shares a region of sequence homology
      with the maize glutathione S-transferase III.
AB  - We have characterized a Drosophila glutathione S-transferase (RX:glutathione R
      transferase, EC 2.5.1.18) cDNA encoding a protein of 209 amino acids. The cDNA
      was expressed in Escherichia coli harboring the expression plasmid construct
      pGTDml-KK. The active enzyme, designated as Drosophila glutathione S-transferase
      1-1, had a specific activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene comparable to
      that for the mammalian glutathione S-transferases but did not have as broad a
      substrate specificity pattern. There is a region of 44 amino acids in this enzyme
      that shares 66% identity with an analogous region of maize glutathione S
      transferase III. Drosophila glutathione S-transferase 1-1 had no obvious homology
      to any mammalian or parasitic glutathione S-transferases. The gene was found to
      be a member of a multigene family.

PMID- 2296590
TI  - Crystal structure of the antigen-binding fragment of the murine anti-arsonate
      monoclonal antibody 36-71 at 2.9-A resolution.
AB  - The structure of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of an anti-phenylarsonate
      monoclonal antibody (36-71) bearing a major crossreacting idiotype of A/J mice
      has been solved and refined to an R factor of 19.3% at a resolution of 2.9 A. An
      initial electron density map was obtained with phase information from a total of
      six isomorphous heavy-atom derivatives (from two different compounds) and a
      molecular replacement solution using the HED10 Fab crystal structure as a model.
      The structure of the McPC603 Fab was used to provide an initial set of atomic
      coordinates. The electron density maps are clear and easily interpretable for the
      entire sequence except for sections from two of the heavy-chain complementarity
      determining regions totaling 21 residues. These residues have been left out of
      the refinement and are not represented in our current model. The antigen
      combining site was located by means of a difference Fourier synthesis with one of
      the heavy-atom derivatives, which contained arsanilic acid. It lies in a small
      pocket formed by residues from the hypervariable regions of both the heavy and
      the light chains. Interactions with the hapten from framework residues are also
      possible.

PMID- 2296591
TI  - Identification of heat shock protein hsp70 homologues in chloroplasts.
AB  - Cytoplasmic members of the heat shock protein hsp70 family have recently been
      implicated in the transport of proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum and
      mitochondria. In addition, other hsp70 homologues have been found in the
      endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and, at least for the endoplasmic
      reticulum hsp70 homologue, may be involved in the proper folding and assembly of
      newly transported proteins. Since chloroplasts are an important site of protein
      transport in plant cells, we were interested in determining whether hsp70
      proteins might be located in this organelle. By using immunoblotting techniques
      and two antibody preparations against hsp70 proteins, we have identified three
      chloroplastic proteins of approximately 70 kDa that are related to hsp70
      proteins. One of these proteins was tightly associated with the outer envelope
      membrane and was not exposed at the outer surface of the chloroplasts. The other
      two were soluble proteins located in the stroma. Steady-state levels of the
      chloroplastic hsp70 homologues did not change after heat stress nor were any
      additional hsp70 homologues detected in chloroplasts isolated from heat-stressed
      plants. We discuss the possible functions of these hsp70 homologues in the
      transport of proteins into and within chloroplasts.

PMID- 2296592
TI  - Thyroid hormone regulates expression of a transfected human alpha-myosin heavy
      chain fusion gene in fetal rat heart cells.
AB  - The rat alpha-myosin heavy-chain (alpha-MHC) gene is regulated by 3,5,3'-triiodo
      L-thyronine (T3) in ventricular myocardium and is constitutively expressed in
      atrial tissue. Less is known about regulation of the human gene, but conservation
      of sequences in the 5'-flanking region between the rat and human alpha-MHC genes
      suggests that the human gene may be regulated similarly. Accordingly, T3
      responsiveness and tissue-specific expression of human and rat alpha
      MHC/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion constructs have been compared in rat
      fetal heart cells, L6E9 myoblasts and myotubes, 3T3 fibroblasts, and HeLa cells.
      Transient transfection assays revealed a complex series of cis-regulatory
      elements in the 5'-flanking sequences in the human genes, including a basal
      promoter element with canonical TATAA and CAAT sequences, two positive regulatory
      element(s), and two negative regulatory elements, which markedly diminished both
      constitutive and T3-inducible activity. Interestingly, the human gene seemed to
      contain a proximal thyroid-hormone response element(s) not found in the rat gene.
      In L6E9 myoblasts and myotubes, the human constructs were constitutively
      expressed but not T3-regulated; none of the constructs were active in 3T3 or HeLa
      cells. We propose that interactions among the thyroid hormone responsive elements
      and other cis-acting elements in the human alpha-MHC 5'-flanking sequences may be
      sufficient to explain the characteristic features of expression of this gene in
      cardiac tissues.

PMID- 2296593
TI  - Manganese-dependent disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide in bicarbonate
      buffer.
AB  - At physiological concentrations of HCO3- and CO2, Mn(II) catalyzes
      disproportionation of H2O2. This catalase-like activity is directly proportional
      to the concentrations of Mn(II) and H2O2, and it increases exponentially with
      increases in pH. The effect of increasing pH is almost completely attributable to
      the concomitant increase in HCO3- concentration. The rate is proportional to the
      third power of the HCO3- concentration, suggesting that 3 equivalents of HCO3-
      combine with 1 equivalent of Mn(II) to form the catalytic complex. It is presumed
      that the redox potential of the Mn(II) in equilibrium with Mn(III) couple in such
      a complex permits H2O2 to carry out facile reactions with Mn(II) comparable to
      those that occur with Fe(III) and Cu(II) chelate complexes, in which OH. and O2-.
      are established intermediates. The Mn-catalyzed disproportionation of H2O2 does
      not occur at physiological pH in the absence of HCO3-. Hepes, inorganic
      phosphate, and inorganic pyrophosphate inhibit the reaction catalyzed by the
      Mn/HCO3- system. These results are similar to those of Sychev et al. [Sychev,
      A.Y., Pfannmeller, U. & Isak, V.G. (1983) Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 57, 1690-1693].
      The catalase-like activity of Mn(II)-bicarbonate complexes reported here,
      together with the superoxide dismutase activity of Mn complexes demonstrated by
      Archibald and Fridovich [Archibald, F.S. & Fridovich, I. (1982) Arch. Biochem.
      Biophys. 214, 452-463], strengthen the proposition that Mn may play an important
      role in the protection of cells against oxygen radical-mediated damage.

PMID- 2296594
TI  - Manganese(II) catalyzes the bicarbonate-dependent oxidation of amino acids by
      hydrogen peroxide and the amino acid-facilitated dismutation of hydrogen
      peroxide.
AB  - In bicarbonate/CO2 buffer, Mn(II) and Fe(II) catalyze the oxidation of amino
      acids by H2O2 and the dismutation of H2O2. As the Mn(II)/Fe(II) ratio is
      increased, the yield of carbonyl compounds per mole of leucine oxidized is
      essentially constant, but the ratio of alpha-ketoisocaproate to isovaleraldehyde
      formed increases, and the fraction of H2O2 converted to O2 increases. In the
      absence of Fe(II), the rate of Mn(II)-catalyzed leucine oxidation is directly
      proportional to the H2O2, Mn(II), and amino acid concentrations and is
      proportional to the square of the HCO3- concentration. The rate of Mn(II)
      catalyzed O2 production in the presence of 50 mM alanine or leucine is about 4
      fold the rate observed in the absence of amino acids and accounts for about half
      of the H2O2 consumed; the other half of the H2O2 is consumed in the oxidation of
      the amino acids. In contrast, O2 production is increased nearly 18-fold by the
      presence of alpha-methylalanine and accounts for about 90% of the H2O2 consumed.
      The data are consistent with the view that H2O2 decomposition is an inner sphere
      (cage-like) process catalyzed by a Mn coordination complex of the composition
      Mn(II), amino acid, (HCO3-)2. Oxidation of the amino acid in this complex most
      likely proceeds by a free radical mechanism involving hydrogen abstraction from
      the alpha-carbon as a critical step. The results demonstrate that at
      physiological concentrations of HCO3- and CO2, Mn(II) is able to facilitate
      Fenton-type reactions.

PMID- 2296595
TI  - Unusual molecular characteristics of a repeat sequence island within a Giemsa
      positive band on the mouse X chromosome.
AB  - The mouse genome contains 50 copies of a long complex repeat unit localized as a
      repeat sequence island to the A3 Giemsa-positive (dark) band on the mouse X
      chromosome. The repeat units are not tandemly arranged but are juxtaposed and
      inserted by unrelated sequences of high repetition. The repeat sequence island
      possesses two notable features that have been suggested as diagnostic features of
      mammalian Giemsa-positive bands. First, the repeat sequence island encompasses a
      1-megabase region devoid of CpG islands; second, it features a high concentration
      of L1 long interspersed repeat sequences.

PMID- 2296597
TI  - A simple model for the immune network.
AB  - In this note I present a simple model for the idiotypic network among antibodies
      and study its relevance for the maintenance of immunological memory; in
      particular, the memory capacity of such a model is studied. Some of the
      similarities with the spin glass model and with neural networks are discussed.

PMID- 2296596
TI  - Overexpression of fibronectin induced by diabetes or high glucose: phenomenon
      with a memory.
AB  - To identify events and mechanisms that might contribute to the poor reversibility
      of diabetic complications, we examined whether diabetes or high glucose induces
      changes in gene expression and whether such changes outlast the presence of the
      metabolic abnormalities. The study focused on fibronectin because the increased
      amounts of this glycoprotein found in diabetic tissues and thickened basement
      membranes are as yet unexplained. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats,
      fibronectin mRNA levels were increased to 304 +/- 295% of control (mean +/- SD)
      in the kidney cortex (P less than 0.02), and to 271 +/- 273% of control in the
      heart (P less than 0.02), while actin mRNA levels remained unchanged. Elevation
      of fibronectin mRNA persisted for weeks after restoration of near-normoglycemia.
      In cultured human endothelial cells, high glucose-induced overexpression of
      fibronectin and collagen IV remained detectable after replating and multiple cell
      divisions in the absence of high glucose. Cells shifted to normal-glucose medium
      after prolonged exposure to high glucose also exhibited a proliferative advantage
      over cells chronically maintained in normal glucose. Thus, diabetes increases
      fibronectin expression in tissues that are known targets of the complications,
      and the effect is not readily reversible. The in vitro studies suggest that
      hyperglycemia may be responsible for these events through induction of self
      perpetuating changes in gene expression.

PMID- 2296598
TI  - Genomic RNA of an insect virus directs synthesis of infectious virions in plants.
AB  - Newly synthesized virions of flock house virus (FHV), an insect nodavirus, were
      detected in plant cells inoculated with FHV RNA. FHV was found in whole plants of
      barley (Hordeum vulgare), cowpea (Vigna sinensis), chenopodium (Chenopodium
      hybridum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and Nicotiana benthamiana and in
      protoplasts derived from barley leaves. Virions produced in plants contained
      newly synthesized RNA as well as newly synthesized capsid protein. These results
      show that the intracellular environment in these plants is suitable for synthesis
      of a virus normally indigenous only to insects. Such synthesis involves,
      minimally, translation of viral RNA, RNA replication, and virion assembly.
      Inoculation of barley protoplasts with FHV virions resulted in synthesis of small
      amounts of progeny virions, suggesting that FHV virions are capable of releasing
      their RNA in plant cells. In N. benthamiana, virions resulting from inoculation
      with RNA were detected not only in inoculated leaves but also in other leaves of
      inoculated plants, suggesting that virions could move in this plant species. Such
      movement probably occurs by a passive transport through the vascular system
      rather than by an active transport involving mechanisms that have evolved for
      plant viruses.

PMID- 2296599
TI  - Expression of human adenosine deaminase in mice reconstituted with retrovirus
      transduced hematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - Recombinant retroviruses encoding human adenosine deaminase (ADA; adenosine
      aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) have been used to infect murine hematopoietic stem
      cells. In bone marrow transplant recipients reconstituted with the genetically
      modified cells, human ADA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of
      the recipients for at least 6 months after transplantation. In animals analyzed
      in detail 4 months after transplantation, human ADA and proviral sequences were
      detected in all hematopoietic lineages; in several cases, human ADA activity
      exceeded the endogenous activity. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of
      introducing a functional human ADA gene into hematopoietic stem cells and
      obtaining expression in multiple hematopoietic lineages long after
      transplantation. This approach should be helpful in designing effective gene
      therapies for severe combined immunodeficiency syndromes in humans.

PMID- 2296600
TI  - Gene imprinting and major histocompatibility complex class I antigen expression
      in the rat placenta.
AB  - Ultrastructural immunocytochemical studies of the expression of major
      histocompatibility complex class I antigens in the placentas of inbred rats were
      performed using placentas derived from natural matings and from embryo transfers
      into females made pseudopregnant by mechanical stimulation. The studies utilized
      the WF (u) and DA (a) strains and monoclonal antibodies to all of the class I
      antigens involved. All four mating combinations of the two strains showed that
      only paternal antigens were expressed in the placenta and that they were limited
      to the basal trophoblast. This conclusion was confirmed using embryo transfer
      experiments. In allogeneic natural matings, the allele-specific class I
      transplantation antigens were not expressed on the membrane of the basal
      trophoblast but they were expressed in embryo transfers involving embryos of the
      same genotype. In both types of pregnancies, the pregnancy-associated (Pa)
      antigen was present on the membrane of the basal trophoblast. The antibody
      response to DA X DA and to WF X DA embryos transferred into pseudopregnant WF
      females was against the allele-specific RT1.Aa antigen and the Pa antigen,
      whereas the antibody response to the heterozygous embryo in the natural WF
      (female) X DA (male) mating was against the Pa antigen only. These results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that the suppression of the expression of the
      allele-specific major histocompatibility complex class I antigens occurs shortly
      after fertilization and that it requires the uterine environment of a natural
      mating.

PMID- 2296601
TI  - Subcellular distribution of an inhalational anesthetic in situ.
AB  - To better understand the mechanisms and sites of anesthetic action, we determined
      the subcellular partitioning of halothane in a tissue model. A method was found
      to fix the in vivo distribution of halothane in rat atrial tissue for subsequent
      electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. Atrial strips were exposed to
      various concentrations of halothane, rapidly frozen, cryo-sectioned, and cryo
      transferred into an electron microscope. Irradiation of the hydrated cryosections
      with the electron beam caused halothane radiolysis, which allowed retention of
      the halogen-containing fragments after dehydration of the sections. The bromine
      from halothane was detected and quantified with x-ray microanalysis in various
      microregions of atrial myocytes. Halothane (bromine) partitioned largely to
      mitochondria, with progressively lower concentrations in sarcolemma, nuclear
      membrane, cytoplasm, sarcomere, and nucleus. Partitioning could not be explained
      solely by distribution of cellular lipid, suggesting significant and differential
      physicochemical solubility in protein. However, we found no saturable compartment
      in atrial myocytes within the clinical concentration range, which implies little
      specific protein binding.

PMID- 2296602
TI  - Maize regulatory gene opaque-2 encodes a protein with a "leucine-zipper" motif
      that binds to zein DNA.
AB  - The opaque-2 locus (o2) in maize regulates the expression of many members of the
      zein multigene family of storage proteins. cDNA clones for a wild-type allele of
      the (o2) locus (O2) were isolated from a maize endosperm cDNA library and
      sequenced. We found a 258-nucleotide 5' leader sequence containing three short
      open reading frames followed by a sequence specifying a protein of 437 amino
      acids. The presumptive amino acid sequence of the protein (O2) specified by the
      O2 cDNA contains a "leucine-zipper" domain characteristic of some mammalian and
      fungal transcription activation factors. lacZ-O2 fusion constructs, using nearly
      the entire coding region of O2 or only a fragment specifying the leucine-zipper
      domain, were expressed in Escherichia coli. In an in vitro binding assay, the
      beta-galactosidase-O2 fusion proteins bound to two specific regions on the 5'
      side of the coding sequence in a zein genomic clone. This suggests that the O2
      protein affects zein transcription through direct interaction with one or more
      zein promoter elements.

PMID- 2296603
TI  - Relation of spontaneous transformation in cell culture to adaptive growth and
      clonal heterogeneity.
AB  - Cell transformation in culture is marked by the appearance of morphologically
      altered cells that continue to multiply to form discrete foci in confluent sheets
      when the surrounding cells are inhibited. These foci occur spontaneously in early
      passage NIH 3T3 cells grown to confluency in 10% calf serum (CS) but are not seen
      in cultures grown to confluency in 2% CS. However, repeated passage of the cells
      at low density in 2% CS gives rise to an adapted population that grows to
      increasingly higher saturation densities and produces large numbers of foci in 2%
      CS. The increased saturation density of the adapted population in 2% CS is
      retained upon repeated passage in 10% CS, but the number and size of the foci
      produced in 2% CS gradually decrease under this regime. Clonal analysis confirms
      that the focus-forming potential of most if not all of the cells in a population
      increases in response to a continuously applied growth constraint, although only
      a small fraction of the population may actually form foci in a given assay. The
      acquired capacity for focus formation varies widely in clones derived from the
      adapted population and changes in diverse ways upon further passage of the
      clones. We propose that the adaptive changes result from progressive selection of
      successive phenotypic variations in growth capacity that occur spontaneously. The
      process designated progressive state selection resolves the apparent dichotomy
      between spontaneous mutation with selection on the one hand and induction on the
      other, by introducing selection among fluctuating states or metabolic patterns
      rather than among genetically altered cells.

PMID- 2296604
TI  - Factors governing helical preference of peptides containing multiple alpha,alpha
      dialkyl amino acids.
AB  - The presence of multiple alpha,alpha-dialkyl amino acids such as alpha
      methylalanine (alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, Aib) leads to predominantly helical
      structures, either with alpha-helical or 3(10)-helical hydrogen bonding patterns.
      The crystal structure of emerimicin-(1-9) benzyl ester (Ac-Phe-Aib-Aib-Aib-Val
      Gly-Leu-Aib-Aib-OBzl) reported here shows essentially pure alpha-helical
      character, whereas other similar compounds show predominantly 3(10)-helical
      structures. The factors that govern helical preference include the inherent
      relative stability of the alpha-helix compared with the 3(10)-helix, the extra
      hydrogen bond seen with 3(10)-helices, and the enhanced electrostatic dipolar
      interaction of the 3(10)-helix when packed in a crystalline lattice. The balance
      of these forces, when combined with the steric requirements of the amino acid
      side chains, determines the relative stability of the two helical conformations
      under a given set of experimental conditions.

PMID- 2296605
TI  - Tumor trapping of 5-fluorouracil: in vivo 19F NMR spectroscopic pharmacokinetics
      in tumor-bearing humans and rabbits.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) were studied in vivo in patients
      with discrete tumors and in rabbits bearing VX2 tumors by using 19F NMR
      spectroscopy. The human studies were conducted in a 1.5-T Magnetom magnetic
      resonance imager (Siemens), and the rabbit studies were conducted in a 4.7-T
      GE/Nicolet 33-cm bore magnet. Free 5FU was detected in the tumors of four of the
      six patients and in all VX2 tumors but not in normal rabbit tissues. No other
      metabolites were seen in these tumors, contrary to the extensive catabolism we
      had previously documented using 19F NMR spectroscopy in both human and animal
      livers. The tumor pool of free 5FU in those human tumors that trapped 5FU was
      determined to have a half-life of 0.4-2.1 hr, much longer than expected and
      significantly longer than the half-life of 5FU in blood (5-15 min), whereas the
      half-life of trapped 5FU in the VX2 tumors ranged from 1.05 to 1.22 hr. In this
      initial experience, patient response to chemotherapy may correlate with extent of
      trapping free 5FU in the human tumors. These studies document that NMR
      spectroscopy is clinically feasible in vivo, allows noninvasive pharmacokinetic
      analyses at a drug-target tissue in real time, and may produce therapeutically
      important information at the time of drug administration. Demonstration of the
      trapping of 5FU in tumors provides both a model for studying metabolic modulation
      in experimental tumors (in animals) and a method for testing modulation
      strategies clinically (in patients).

PMID- 2296606
TI  - Fibroblast-mediated acceleration of human epithelial tumor growth in vivo.
AB  - Transformed fibroblasts coinoculated with epithelial cells accelerated the growth
      and shortened the latency period of human epithelial tumors in athymic mice.
      Addition of NbF-1 fibroblasts caused epithelial tumors to grow from five
      marginally tumorigenic or "nontumorigenic" (nontumor-forming) human tumor cell
      lines or strains: PC-3 (prostate), WH (bladder), MDA-436 (breast), and cells
      derived from the ascites fluids of patients with metastatic renal pelvic or
      prostate cancers. Evidence for the human and epithelial nature of these
      experimental tumors was provided by histologic, immunohistochemical, Southern and
      dot-blot hybridization, and cytogenetic analyses. Transformed fibroblasts induced
      predominantly carcinosarcomas, whereas nontumorigenic fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) and
      lethally irradiated transformed fibroblasts induced exclusively carcinomas. The
      fibroblast-epithelial interaction appears to occur bidirectionally and does not
      result from cell fusion. Because coculture experiments in vitro did not
      demonstrate an increased cell proliferation, it appears that undefined host
      factors can influence tumor growth. This tumor model may be useful in drug
      screening programs and in mechanistic studies of factors regulating human tumor
      growth and progression.

PMID- 2296607
TI  - Mechanism of L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester-mediated killing of cytotoxic
      lymphocytes: dependence on a lysosomal thiol protease, dipeptidyl peptidase I,
      that is enriched in these cells.
AB  - Exposure of murine or human lymphocytes to L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (Leu
      Leu-OMe) results in selective killing of cytotoxic lymphocytes, whereas helper T
      cells and B cells remain functionally intact. Cytolytic lymphocytes incubated in
      the presence of toxic concentrations of Leu-Leu-OMe were found to contain
      membranolytic metabolites of the structure (Leu-Leu)n-OMe, where n greater than
      or equal to 3. The sensitivity of cytotoxic lymphocytes to Leu-Leu-OMe was found
      to be dependent upon production of these metabolites by a lysosomal thiol
      protease, dipeptidyl peptidase I, which is present at far higher levels in
      cytotoxic lymphocytes than in cells without cytolytic potential or not of bone
      marrow origin. Thus, this granule enzyme is required for the unique effects of
      Leu-Leu-OMe and may provide a target for the development of other
      immunotherapeutic agents designed to delete cytotoxic lymphocyte responses.

PMID- 2296609
TI  - Factors physical therapists use to make career decisions.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors physical therapists use
      to make career choices. A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 500
      clinicians. The results of this study indicate that salary was the most important
      factor cited by clinicians for selecting their present position and for remaining
      in their present position, as well as the principal motivator that would induce
      them to consider leaving their present position. Unless salaries are raised in
      academe and in the traditional settings of acute care hospitals and
      rehabilitation centers, recruitment of clinicians in the future will be
      difficult.

PMID- 2296608
TI  - Isolation of complementary DNA clones encoding pathogenesis-related proteins P
      and Q, two acidic chitinases from tobacco.
AB  - Complementary DNA clones encoding two isoforms of the acidic endochitinase
      (chitinase, EC 3.2.1.14) from tobacco were isolated. Comparison of amino acid
      sequences deduced from the cDNA clones and the sequence of peptides derived from
      purified proteins show that these clones encode the pathogenesis-related proteins
      PR-P and PR-Q. The cDNA inserts were not homologous to either the bacterial form
      of chitinase or the form from cucumber but shared significant homology to the
      basic form of chitinase from tobacco and bean. The acidic isoforms of tobacco
      chitinase did not contain the amino-terminal, cysteine-rich "hevein" domain found
      in the basic isoforms, indicating that this domain, which binds chitin, is not
      essential for chitinolytic activity. The accumulation of mRNA for the
      pathogenesis-related proteins PR-1, PR-R, PR-P, and PR-Q in Xanthi.nc tobacco
      leaves following infection with tobacco mosaic virus was measured by primer
      extension. The results indicate that the induction of these proteins during the
      local necrotic lesion response to the virus is coordinated at the mRNA level.

PMID- 2296610
TI  - Validity and reliability testing of the Scoliometer.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the Scoliometer, an instrument that measures
      axial trunk rotation in individuals with scoliosis. The objectives included
      determining 1) the Scoliometer's screening capability and validity and 2) the
      intrarater and interrater reliability of Scoliometer measurements. Scoliometer
      measurements made by two raters on 65 persons with idiopathic scoliosis were
      correlated with radiographic assessment of vertebral (pedicle) rotation and
      lateral curvature (Cobb method). Correlation ranged from .32 to .46 with pedicle
      rotation and from .46 to .54 with the Cobb angle. Frequency analysis revealed
      relatively good specificity, sensitivity, and predictive capability of the
      Scoliometer. Intrarater and interrater reliability coefficients were high (r =
      .86-.97). These results indicate good measurement reproducibility. The less-than
      optimal between-method correlation coefficients suggest that the validity of
      Scoliometer measurements is not sufficient to use this method alone for
      determining patient diagnosis and management. Based on the positive-frequency
      analysis, however, the use of this tool as a screening device would be
      appropriate.

PMID- 2296611
TI  - Scholarly productivity: a regional study of physical therapy faculty in schools
      of allied health.
AB  - A study of the scholarly activities of physical therapy faculty members in
      selected schools of allied health was conducted through a mailed questionnaire
      survey. The analysis of the data provided by the respondents (N = 127; 97.6%)
      revealed the following: 1) the respondents' primary scholarly activity was
      authorship of referred journal articles; 2) a majority of the respondents
      presented a paper at a professional meeting during the past three years; 3) only
      a small percentage of the respondents had directed extramurally funded projects;
      4) the majority of the respondents indicated that their own academic preparation
      was the primary factor that encouraged their scholarly pursuits and that heavy
      teaching and administrative responsibilities were the primary discouraging
      factors; and 5) the respondents indicated that faculty scholarly activities are,
      and will continue to be, important considerations in academic promotion
      decisions. Comparison of the data provided by these respondents with data from
      the 1983 American Physical Therapy Association physical therapy faculty survey
      suggests modest gains in scholarly productivity. The implications of these
      findings are that faculty development programs are warranted and physical therapy
      administrators and faculty should join forces in finding more effective ways to
      involve faculty in research activities.

PMID- 2296612
TI  - Signs of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in spinal cord injured patients
      wearing halo braces: a clinical report.
AB  - This clinical report was completed in response to the observations of physical
      therapists at the spinal cord injury (SCI) center of Jackson Memorial Hospital
      (Miami, Fla) and at other SCI centers that halo-braced spinal cord injured
      patients may develop symptoms of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. This
      report describes the assessment of TMJ mobility and the occurrence of symptoms of
      TMJ dysfunction in four halo-braced subjects with SCI. The results of these
      assessments indicate that patients with SCI may have some limitations in
      mandibular mobility early on and may complain of some symptoms associated with
      TMJ dysfunction. Reasons for the possibility of TMJ dysfunction occurring in this
      population and the importance of this occurrence to physical therapists are
      discussed. The author proposes that physical therapists treating halo-braced
      spinal cord injured patients should be aware of symptoms indicating TMJ
      dysfunction and that assessment may be indicated. Additionally, ideas for further
      clinical research are suggested.

PMID- 2296613
TI  - Preparing to use technology.

PMID- 2296614
TI  - Quantification of control: a preliminary study of effects of neurodevelopmental
      treatment on reaching in children with spastic cerebral palsy.
AB  - The effects of neurodevelopmental treatment on reaching in children with spastic
      quadriplegia were studied using a method of analysis to quantify the qualitative
      term "smoothness." Hand position in three-dimensional space was recorded during a
      simple reaching task using the WATSMART (Waterloo Spatial Motion Analysis and
      Recording Technique) system in conjunction with videotaping. The number of
      accelerations and decelerations (movement units) were measured in addition to
      movement time, distance of path (directedness), and associated reactions. Each
      subject performed several reaches before and following one treatment session.
      Following treatment, reaches were significantly faster, smoother (fewer movement
      units), and more mature. This study supports the hypotheses that
      neurodevelopmental treatment can produce immediate changes in the kinematic
      properties of reaching and that kinematic data can be used to quantitatively
      describe components of movement (eg, smoothness) that have traditionally been
      described qualitatively.

PMID- 2296615
TI  - Interrater and test-retest reliability of two pediatric balance tests.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the interrater and test-retest
      reliability of a one-leg balance test and a tiltboard balance test. Twenty-four
      normally developing children aged 4 through 9 years participated in the study.
      Time and quality of balance on one leg and degrees of tilt on a tiltboard prior
      to postural adjustment were measured. Both tests were completed with eyes open
      and with eyes closed. Interrater reliability was examined using two raters. Test
      retest reliability, with a one-week interval between test and retest, was
      examined for a subgroup consisting of 12 children. Spearman rank-order
      correlation coefficients were used as indexes of both interrater and test-retest
      reliability for time and degrees of tilt. To supplement the correlation
      coefficients, the magnitudes of difference between raters' scores and between
      test and retest scores were calculated. Spearman coefficients were moderate to
      high for one-leg balance when scores for both feet were combined for both eyes
      open and eyes-closed conditions. The magnitude of difference between scores was
      low, indicating good agreement between raters and across time. Interrater and
      test-retest reliabilities of quality of one-leg standing balance were examined by
      calculating percentages of agreement and Cohen's Kappa statistics. Results of
      these analyses revealed the need for further study. The Spearman coefficients for
      the interrater tiltboard test were high; however, the test-retest coefficients
      were low. The magnitudes of difference between scores were small for the two
      raters, but large for test and retest. These results are important to consider
      when using these tests for initial evaluation or for monitoring patient progress.

PMID- 2296616
TI  - Electromyographic analysis of postural adjustments in two methods of balance
      testing.
AB  - The primary purpose of this study was to compare postural responses during two
      methods of balance testing: 1) a platform perturbation test (PP), with
      destabilizing forces of uniform magnitude given at the base of support, and 2) a
      postural stress test (PST), with destabilizing forces of increasing magnitude
      given at the waist. A secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between
      balance strategy scores and the patterns of muscle responses as determined by
      electromyographic analysis on the PST. Postural responses to backward sway of 17
      healthy subjects, aged 60 to 79 years (means = 69.0, s = 5.3), were characterized
      bilaterally by EMG recording of the tibialis anterior, quadriceps femoris,
      gastrocnemius, and hamstring muscles. We examined three measures of bilateral
      postural responses: 1) latency to first muscle response (FR) among the four lower
      extremity muscle groups, 2) tibialis anterior muscle latency (TA), and 3)
      patterns of muscle responses. Our results demonstrated significantly shorter (p
      less than .001) TAs and FRs (in milliseconds) on the PST than on the PP (PST TA:
      = means = 80.3, s = 12.4; PP TA: = means = 142.6, s = 13.4; PST FR: means = 75.9,
      s = 10.4; PP FR: = means = 140.4, s = 13.6). The ankle strategy was the most
      frequently used pattern of muscle response during both the PP and the PST, but it
      occurred less frequently on the PST than on the PP (PP = 72.5%, PST = 50.9%) (p
      less than .05). No consistent relationship was observed between the balance
      strategy scores as determined by videotape analysis of the PST and the patterns
      of muscle responses as determined by EMG analysis.

PMID- 2296617
TI  - Effect of feedback on learning a vertebral joint mobilization skill.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate whether concurrent quantitative feedback
      of performance could improve the learning of a joint mobilization technique. A
      group of 110 physical therapy students had been randomly divided into two groups
      for teaching purposes. All students had previously learned mobilization of
      peripheral joints and were currently learning spinal mobilization. From one of
      the groups, 22 students volunteered to comprise a control group, which was taught
      a spinal mobilization technique in the traditional way. Additional concurrent
      quantitative feedback of the level of force applied to the patient was given to
      31 volunteers from the other group. These students formed the experimental group.
      A force plate was used for force measurement, and the feedback was given via an
      oscilloscope. The average force applied by the students' instructors was taken as
      an "ideal" force. The oscilloscope showed both the applied force and the "ideal"
      force. Consistency was measured by the variance of the group's performance.
      Accuracy was assessed by calculating the difference between the applied force and
      the "ideal" force. Results indicated that this feedback was associated with a
      significant improvement in accuracy and consistency in the application of the
      mobilizing force. This improvement was still present at a follow-up test
      conducted one week later. This result supports a greater use of such feedback in
      the teaching and practice of joint mobilization techniques, although the need for
      further research is emphasized.

PMID- 2296618
TI  - Evidence for 5-HT2 receptor mediation in quipazine anorexia.
AB  - Doses of d-amphetamine (3.2 mg/kg), fenfluramine (10 mg/kg) and quipazine (8
      mg/kg) cause a significant reduction in food intake during a 30-min daily feeding
      session in food-deprived rats. Pirenperone and ritanserin, 5-HT2 receptor
      antagonists, significantly blocked the anorectic effect of quipazine, while d
      amphetamine and fenfluramine effects were not modified. Metergoline, a non
      specific blocker of 5-HT receptors, significantly blocked the anorectic effects
      of fenfluramine and quipazine, but not the d-amphetamine effect. Pretreatment
      with alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (prazosin, propranolol and
      pindolol), dopamine receptor antagonists (haloperidol and pimozide), the
      catecholamine synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, and the opioid
      receptor antagonist naloxone failed to modify the anorectic effects of all three
      agents, with the exception that quipazine-induced anorexia was significantly
      reduced by pimozide. These results suggest that the quipazine anorexia is largely
      mediating through 5-HT2 receptors, although the effect of pimozide remains to be
      explained. Consistent with previous studies, the fenfluramine effect appears to
      be mediated through 5-HT1B receptors. Receptors involved in the anorectic effect
      of higher doses of d-amphetamine are still unidentified by this analysis. Further
      investigation is required to define the mechanisms by which quipazine and larger
      doses of d-amphetamine bring about a reduced appetite for food.

PMID- 2296619
TI  - Idazoxan increases rough-and-tumble play, activity and exploration in juvenile
      rats.
AB  - The effects of idazoxan, an alpha-2 noradrenergic antagonist, on play and open
      field behavior were assessed in juvenile rats. Play was assessed in two separate
      paradigms. Initially, juvenile rats were housed individually and given a daily 5
      min opportunity to play with a responsive partner. Idazoxan (1-8 mg/kg) increased
      pinning, an indicator variable of play, but did not affect the frequency of
      dorsal contacts, an index of play solicitation. When rats were tested in a
      separate test for play solicitation using an unresponsive play partner, idazoxan
      increased all three measures of play solicitation. Idazoxan increased activity
      and exploration when rats were tested in an open field, suggesting that the
      effects of idazoxan on play may be due to an increase in behavioral arousal
      and/or attention. These data are consistent with a modulatory role for
      norepinephrine in the control of behavior.

PMID- 2296620
TI  - Behavioral performance effects of nifedipine in normotensive and renovascular
      hypertensive baboons.
AB  - Behavioral performances of normotensive and hypertensive adult male baboons were
      tested before, during, and following chronic oral dosing with nifedipine.
      Performances during a five-color simultaneous match-to-sample task were measured
      during three dosing schedules (0.20, 0.68, and 1.14 mg/kg/day) and vehicle. Each
      dose was administered for 21 consecutive days preceded and followed by 14-day
      baseline and recovery periods, respectively. Choice reaction times increased by
      191 ms over baseline at the 0.68 mg/kg dose. Choice reaction times above the 95th
      percentile (i.e., the slowest reaction times) were the most slowed by nifedipine.
      Accuracy of color matching was decreased at 0.20 and 0.68 mg/kg by an average
      range of 2-4%. The yellow and white stimuli were the most difficult to
      discriminate correctly, and were also the most impaired by nifedipine.
      Nifedipine's behavioral effects were not modulated by blood pressure changes
      because daily changes in choice reaction time and systolic blood pressure were
      not correlated, and hypertensive status did not determine the behavioral effects.
      Potential sources of nifedipine's behavioral performance effects are discussed,
      with blood pressure changes excluded as a probable mechanism.

PMID- 2296621
TI  - Differentiation between the stimulus effects of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide
      and lisuride using a three-choice, drug discrimination procedure.
AB  - The discriminative stimulus properties of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
      and lisuride hydrogen maleate (LHM), were compared in a three-choice, water
      reinforced (FR 20) situation in which rats were required to press one lever
      following LSD (0.08 mg/kg), a second lever following LHM (0.04 mg/kg), and a
      third lever following saline. Reliable drug-appropriate responding was
      established in 72 sessions. Dose-response tests with LSD and LHM indicated that,
      as dose increased, the per cent of responding on the lever associated with the
      particular training drug also increased; little or no cross-transfer occurred
      between LSD and LHM. In generalization tests, the serotonin (5-HT) agonist
      quipazine substituted for LSD but not LHM while the dopamine (DA) agonist
      apomorphine mimicked LHM but not LSD; an unrelated compound, pentylenetetrazol
      (PTZ), produced responding on the saline-appropriate lever. In combination tests,
      5-HT antagonists (e.g., BC-105 and low doses of pirenperone) blocked responding
      on the LSD lever while DA antagonists (e.g., haloperidol and much higher doses of
      pirenperone) blocked LHM-appropriate responding. These data suggest that the
      three-lever (D-D-N) procedure is similar to, but can be more sensitive than the
      two-lever (D-N) procedure (because it can differentiate between LSD and LHM);
      they therefore at least partially support the hypothesis that three-choice
      discriminations can be conceptualized as two separate, two-choice (D-N)
      discriminations (Jarbe and Swedberg 1982). The results also confirm suggestion
      that the stimulus effects of LSD and LHM are mediated by different mechanisms;
      the primary action of LSD is serotonergic (5-HT2), while that of LHM is
      dopaminergic (White 1986).

PMID- 2296623
TI  - Anxiogenic-like effect of infusing 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP) into the
      hippocampus.
AB  - 1-(3-Chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP) was previously shown to have an anxiogenic
      like effect, i.e., it decreased total interaction in a rat social interaction
      test. Evidence indicated mediation by activation of 5-HT1C receptors with an ED50
      of approximately 500 micrograms/kg IP (Kennett et al. 1989). A comparable effect
      is now shown on infusing 4 micrograms of the drug ICV or infusing 0.5 microgram
      into the hippocampus. Both responses were dose dependent. Infusion of 1 microgram
      mCPP into the amygdala had no effect. None of the above treatments significantly
      reduced locomotion. Results are consistent with the postulated role of the
      hippocampus in anxiety.

PMID- 2296622
TI  - Electroconvulsive treatment attenuates behavioral response to SKF 38393 in
      reserpine-treated mice.
AB  - Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) of mice, once daily for 7 days, significantly
      reduced the stimulation of motor activity induced by the selective dopamine (DA)
      D1-receptor agonist SKF 38393 (15 mg/kg IP), but significantly increased the
      motor stimulation by the unselective DA-receptor agonist apomorphine (1.5 mg/kg
      IP) in reserpine-treated (10 mg/kg IP) mice, when compared to control mice,
      receiving sham ECT. The results provide a functional correlate to previously
      observed ECT-induced down-regulation of D1 receptor sites in DA-rich regions of
      the rodent brain. Such an effect may be significant for clinical actions of ECT
      in affective disorders and, possibly, in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2296624
TI  - State dependent and/or direct memory retrieval by morphine in mice.
AB  - Mice were trained in step-down and step-through type passive avoidance learning
      tasks and given retention tests. Pre-training administration of morphine impaired
      retention, the effect recovering completely after an additional injection of the
      same dose of morphine given 30 min before the retention test. Amnesia produced by
      scopolamine, cycloheximide and electroconvulsive shock was also reversed by pre
      test morphine. Pre-test saline also reversed the morphine-induced memory
      impairment to some extent, indicating that the recovery may partially be due to
      the state dependent effect. Thus, it is demonstrated that pre-test morphine not
      only state dependently but also directly reversed memory impairment in mice.

PMID- 2296625
TI  - Naloxone-induced analgesia and morphine supersensitivity effects are contingent
      upon prior exposure to analgesic testing.
AB  - Repeated administrations of naloxone have been found to result in the development
      of analgesia. Pretreatment with naloxone can also produce supersensitivity to
      morphine. This study examined whether the development of these phenomena is
      affected by exposure to pain (hot-plate testing) during opiate blockade. During
      acquisition, two experimental groups of rats received identical treatment with
      respect to repeated naloxone injections (5 mg/kg) and the environment in which
      the injections were administered. A "contingent" group (NAL-C) received hot-plate
      testing under the influence of naloxone, while a "noncontingent" group (NAL-NC)
      experienced hot-plate testing and naloxone separated by an interval of 24 h. At
      test, NAL-C rats manifested naloxone-induced analgesia (NIA) whereas the NAL-NC
      animals did not. The NAL-C rats also showed supersensitivity to the analgesic
      effects of morphine (3 mg/kg) and to the cataleptic effects of morphine (17.5
      mg/kg) while the NAL-NC rats did not differ from saline controls. Thus, both NIA
      and morphine supersensitivity were completely dependent on testing in the drug
      state during acquisition; mere exposure to an identical regime of naloxone
      injections was insufficient to produce these phenomena.

PMID- 2296626
TI  - Effects of caffeine on alertness.
AB  - The alerting effects of caffeine were assessed using a standard physiological
      measure of daytime sleepiness/alertness, the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT).
      Healthy young men (n = 24) were randomly assigned to receive caffeine 250 mg or
      placebo administered double blind, at 0900 and 1300 hours on each of 2 days. On
      the 3rd day both groups received placebo to test for conditioning to the alerting
      effects of caffeine. Each day sleep latency was measured at 1000, 1200, 1400, and
      1600 hours and performance (divided attention at 1030 hours and auditory
      vigilance at 1430 hours) was assessed. Caffeine increased sleep latency (i.e.,
      improved alertness) and auditory vigilance performance compared to placebo.
      Tolerance to the effects of caffeine on sleep latency developed over the four
      administrations. On the conditioning test (day 3) the group receiving caffeine
      the previous two days was more alert and performed better than the placebo group.

PMID- 2296628
TI  - Biliary excretion of reduced haloperidol glucuronide.
AB  - The biliary excretion of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol were investigated in
      the guinea pig. Bile duct cannulated guinea pigs were administered a single
      intraperitoneal dose of haloperidol (1 mg/kg). Bile was continually collected
      over a 12-h period. Aliquots of the bile samples were analyzed by HPLC for free
      haloperidol and reduced haloperidol. The remaining portions of the bile samples
      were incubated with beta glucuronidase and reanalyzed for haloperidol and reduced
      haloperidol. Although no significant amount of haloperidol glucuronide was
      detected in the bile, a new metabolite of reduced haloperidol, reduced
      haloperidol glucuronide, was found. The amount of reduced haloperidol excreted in
      the bile as the glucuronide conjugate was significantly higher than the amount of
      haloperidol or reduced haloperidol. These results imply that reduced haloperidol
      glucuronide may play a role in the disposition of haloperidol and/or its
      metabolite, reduced haloperidol.

PMID- 2296627
TI  - Evaluation and comparison of the interaction between alcohol and moclobemide or
      clomipramine in healthy subjects.
AB  - The interaction of clomipramine and moclobemide with alcohol was compared in a
      double blind parallel groups study in 24 healthy volunteers. Moclobemide was
      given at the highest recommended therapeutic dose (200 mg t.i.d.) and
      clomipramine in a subtherapeutic dose (25 mg b.i.d.) because of its poor
      tolerance in healthy subjects. Psychometric evaluations were performed during a
      placebo run-in phase; after a 5-day treatment period; assessments were made
      before, and again 1 h and 4 h after alcohol ingestion. Alcohol doses were pre
      determined for each subject in order to produce a blood alcohol concentration of
      0.6 g/l 1 h after alcohol intake and this individual alcohol dose was given on
      test days. The day before alcohol intake tests for autonomic functions were made
      to assess the anticholinergic effects of the drugs. Alcohol significantly
      increased body sway, decreased critical flicker fusion frequency, prolonged
      choice reaction time, impaired copying skills, impaired memory and increased the
      subjective feelings of satisfaction and tension. Drugs increased the effect of
      alcohol on body sway and this was essentially due to clomipramine. Clomipramine
      both without and with alcohol increased body sway, prolonged choice reaction time
      more than did moclobemide. Clomipramine seemed to diminish alcohol-induced memory
      impairment in one of the memory tests used. Subjects taking clomipramine had
      significantly more adverse effects after alcohol ingestion than did subjects of
      the moclobemide group. In contrast to moclobemide, clomipramine produced a
      moderate but significant drop in standing systolic blood pressure and a clear
      inhibition of salivary excretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296629
TI  - Methylazoxymethanol (MAM)-induced brain lesion and oral dyskinesia in rats.
AB  - The effects of methylazoxymethanol (MAM)-induced brain lesions on vacuous chewing
      movements (VCM) were examined in rats given chronic haloperidol treatment (0.1 or
      1 mg/kg/day) for 18 months. At the end of the experiment striatal, pallidal, and
      nigral activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) were measured. MAM-lesioned
      rats had an elevated rate of VCMs compared to unlesioned controls. This effect
      was stable during the whole 18-month experiment. In unlesioned control rats
      chronic haloperidol produced a gradual increase in VCM rates, but this effect was
      not further exacerbated in MAM-lesioned animals. After chronic haloperidol
      treatment with the higher dose (1 mg/kg/day) GAD activity was reduced in
      substantia nigra (-20%), globus pallidus (-35%), and striatum (-26%) of
      unlesioned rats. MAM caused a reduction of GAD activity in substantia nigra (
      29%) and globus pallidus (-29%). Chronic haloperidol did not influence these
      effects of MAM-induced lesion. The present results show that a MAM-induced brain
      lesion, in contrast to cortical ablations, cannot be used to amplify the
      haloperidol-induced VCM increase or influence the nigral GAD activity in a rat
      model for tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2296630
TI  - The relationship between chronic ethanol exposure and cigarette smoking in the
      laboratory and the natural environment.
AB  - Few studies have examined the association between ethanol use and cigarette
      smoking topography. In particular, no study has objectively investigated the
      relationship between chronic ethanol exposure and cigarette smoking. The aim of
      this study was to quantify the relationship between cigarette smoking and past
      and current ethanol use. Male and female cigarette smokers (n = 77) between the
      ages of 30 and 65 years were recruited and grouped as a function of their past
      and current ethanol use. Group 1 (n = 18) included subjects who were ethanol
      abstinent for the 3 months prior to the study and had no history of alcohol abuse
      (as defined by DSM-III criteria). Group 2 (n = 19) included subjects who were
      current regular ethanol users and had no history of alcohol abuse. Group 3 (n =
      20) included subjects who were ethanol abstinent and had a history of alcohol
      abuse. Group 4 (n = 20) included current regular ethanol users with a history of
      alcohol abuse. A history of alcohol abuse was associated with an intensified
      pattern of cigarette smoking. Significant differences were observed for total
      daily smoke exposure, cigarette number, puff number, total puff and inhalation
      volume, and the nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide yields of the cigarettes
      smoked. Increased expired-air carbon monoxide and serum cotinine levels were also
      observed. Current ethanol use was not associated with an increased cigarette
      smoking pattern. These data suggest that alcohol abusers are at greater risk of
      contracting cigarette-related pathology.

PMID- 2296631
TI  - Pirenperone does not attenuate morphine analgesia in spinal rats.
AB  - The selective serotonin type-2 (S2) receptor blocker pirenperone (0.24 mg/kg, SC)
      attenuates morphine-produced tail-flick antinociception in intact rats, but not
      in rats with transected spinal cords. These results suggest that S2 receptor
      blockade does not affect intraspinal opioid antinociception. Together with
      evidence that there are virtually no S2 receptors in the dorsal spinal cord,
      supraspinal S2 receptors are implicated in the mediation of morphine-produced
      antinociception.

PMID- 2296632
TI  - Fetal echocardiography.
AB  - In recent years, fetal echocardiography has greatly improved in that most major
      structural heart defects are detectable from 18 weeks on. Fetal M-mode mapping
      has also enabled us to detect and diagnose fetal arrhythmias as well as follow
      their treatment. More recently, pulsed Doppler and color-flow mapping have
      facilitated the dynamic study of blood flow in the cardiovascular system. Fetal
      echocardiography has now become a sophisticated modality, but is a crucial one to
      master because most fetuses that have congenital heart defects are not
      necessarily at any high risk. Evaluation of the fetal heart, therefore, is a
      recommended part of the routine fetal structural survey.

PMID- 2296633
TI  - Duplex Doppler systems in obstetric ultrasound.
AB  - Doppler ultrasound applications in normal and complicated pregnancies are
      presented in this article. Anatomy and pathophysiology of fetal placental blood
      flow are described. Potential pitfalls in the evaluation of fetal placental blood
      flow are explored. Doppler flow velocity waveform analysis combined with other
      clinical and physiologic information is valuable in monitoring of the high-risk
      pregnancy. Duplex technology may also be useful in the first trimester.

PMID- 2296634
TI  - Using the anode heel effect for extremity radiography.
AB  - The profession's literature contains numerous references to the variations in x
      ray intensity along the cathode-anode axis of the x-ray tube. The significance of
      this gradient in intensity when x-raying extremities is neither recognized nor
      routinely used by radiographers. This study documents the significance of the
      anode heel effect for balancing densities of distal and proximal joints during
      long bone extremity radiography.

PMID- 2296635
TI  - Ethical issues of randomized clinical trials.
AB  - Randomized clinical trials are an accepted form of experimentation on human
      subjects to determine the effectiveness of new treatment regimens or drugs. The
      Declaration of Helsinki, adopted by the World Medical Association, has
      established guidelines to safeguard humans used as subjects in medical
      experimentation. The ethical issues of informed consent, the physician-patient
      relationship and the potential for abuses in research must be considered prior to
      agreeing to participate in human experimentation.

PMID- 2296636
TI  - Positioning techniques for the augmented breast.
AB  - Mammography of the augmented breast can be difficult due to problems associated
      with the presence of an implant. Modified positioning techniques can greatly
      increase the amount of breast tissue visualized and improve image detail.

PMID- 2296637
TI  - Volumetric 3-D imaging of computerized tomography scans.
AB  - Contiguous transaxial high resolution CT scans of more than 100 patients with
      craniofacial deformities and orthopedic disorders were obtained. The CT scan
      examinations were used diagnostically in determining the need for surgery and for
      planning therapy. The serial section data was reconstructed in a three
      dimensional form with surface and transparent volumetric computer graphics
      processing techniques. Real time sequences showing the presence of internal
      abnormalities in these patients were produced and recorded on video tape. This
      study demonstrates the feasibility and technical requirements of three
      dimensional volumetric visualization for diagnostic evaluation of patients with
      craniofacial and orthopedic disorders.

PMID- 2296638
TI  - Scatter radiation.

PMID- 2296639
TI  - Invest in yourself.

PMID- 2296640
TI  - Thrombogenic potential of nonionic contrast media?

PMID- 2296642
TI  - Predicting gallstone composition with CT: in vivo and in vitro analysis.
AB  - Chemical composition of gallstones is of major importance in selecting patients
      for nonsurgical therapy. In a combined in vivo and in vitro study of predictive
      potential, 50 patients undergoing cholecystectomy were evaluated with computed
      tomography (CT) and either plain abdominal radiography or oral cholecystography
      (OCG). The largest stone surgically removed from each patient was subjected to in
      vitro CT and chemical analysis. The authors found an inverse relationship between
      CT attenuation numbers and cholesterol content and a good positive correlation
      between CT attenuation numbers and calcium content. In vivo CT analysis improved
      sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values
      compared to plain abdominal radiography and OCG in detection of cholesterol
      stones. Using their prediction rule (a CT number smaller than 140 HU indicates a
      pure cholesterol gallstone), the authors correctly classified gallstones in 17
      (84%) of another 20 patients. In vivo CT analysis can enable reliable prediction
      of gallstone composition and should play an important role in the selection of
      patients for nonsurgical treatment.

PMID- 2296641
TI  - Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis.
AB  - The presence and degree of pancreatic necrosis (30%, 50%, or greater than 50%)
      was evaluated by means of bolus injection of contrast material and dynamic
      sequential computed tomography (CT) in 88 patients with acute pancreatitis at
      initial and follow-up examinations. Pancreatic necrosis was defined as lack of
      enhancement of all or a portion of the gland. Length of hospitalization,
      morbidity, and mortality in patients with early or late necrosis (22 patients)
      were evaluated and compared with the same criteria in the rest of the group.
      Patients with necrosis had a 23% mortality and an 82% complication rate; patients
      without necrosis had 0% mortality and 6% morbidity. When only the initial
      assessment was considered, patients with peripancreatic phlegmons and necrosis
      had 80% morbidity, compared with 36% morbidity in those with phlegmons and no
      necrosis. Serious complications occurred in patients who initially had or
      developed more than 30% necrosis. A CT severity index, based on a combination of
      peripancreatic inflammation, phlegmon, and degree of pancreatic necrosis as seen
      at initial CT study, was developed. Patients with a high CT severity index had
      92% morbidity and 17% mortality; patients with a low CT severity index had 2%
      morbidity, and none died.

PMID- 2296643
TI  - The intercostal pathway for biliary lithotripsy: an evaluation.
AB  - Intercostal biliary extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (BESWL), an alternative
      method for targeting retrocostal gallbladders, was evaluated in a three-stage
      study. First, 10 pigs (three with implanted gallstones) underwent BESWL at
      different, increasing shock wave pressures. Histologic studies were done in seven
      animals and showed no macroscopic abnormalities. Microscopically, two pigs had 1
      3-mm blood collections in the shock wave path. Next, 11 patients in whom
      subcostal BESWL was not feasible underwent intercostal BESWL. One patient
      complained of contact-site tenderness after BESWL, which resolved spontaneously.
      Transient elevations of aspartate aminotransferase occurred in two asymptomatic
      patients. Finally, both pathways were evaluated in 22 consecutive patients.
      Intercostal BESWL was the method of choice in only two patients. In each stage of
      the study all intercostally targeted gallstones fragmented. It is concluded that
      the intercostal pathway is a valid alternative whenever subcostal BESWL proves
      unsatisfactory.

PMID- 2296644
TI  - Left hepatic duct anatomy: implications.
AB  - A review of the findings of a 10-year experience with biliary interventional
      procedures in 838 patients led to consideration of the anatomy of the left
      hepatic duct. To better illustrate the findings, 15 normal human livers obtained
      at autopsy were fixed and dissected. Fifty-five percent of the patients had a
      single left hepatic duct that was formed by the intrahepatic union of ducts
      draining segments II and III (segmental nomenclature follows Couinaud) lateral to
      the falciform ligament. Central to this ligament, the left duct became
      extrahepatic and was joined by ducts from segments I and IV. The real and
      theoretical implications of the unpredictable variability of biliary anatomy, the
      frequency of right lateral duct drainage into the left hepatic duct, and the
      extrahepatic contiguous relationship between the left hepatic duct and the left
      portal vein are discussed.

PMID- 2296645
TI  - Use of magnetite particles as a contrast agent for MR imaging of the liver.
AB  - To evaluate the potential of dextran-coated magnetite (DM) particles in enhancing
      the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging,
      the authors induced liver tumors in rats by oral administration of
      diethylnitrosamine and examined the rats before and after intravenous injections
      of DM with various iron concentrations. Because of the intense and preferential
      T2 relaxativity of DM, use of DM with an iron concentration of 10 mumol/kg
      yielded effective MR signal reduction in each normal liver at 1 hour after the
      injection. Because no significant signal change in the tumors was observed on DM
      enhanced MR images, the contrast between hepatocellular carcinoma and adjacent
      uninvolved liver increased remarkably on even relatively T1-weighted images. The
      detection rate for the 89 tumors, including small tumors less than 2 mm in
      diameter, increased from 10% (nine of 89) before DM administration to 65% (58 of
      89) with DM-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. Iron staining of rat liver performed
      about 1 hour after DM administration showed sparse deposits of DM selectively in
      reticuloendothelial cells but not in liver tumors.

PMID- 2296646
TI  - Clinical application of superparamagnetic iron oxide to MR imaging of tissue
      perfusion in vascular liver tumors.
AB  - Previous studies of AMI-25, a particulate iron oxide magnetic resonance contrast
      agent, imaged liver tumors 1 or more hours after injection, in the retention
      phase after complete clearance of AMI-25 from the circulation. In the present
      study, imaging was performed in the distribution phase, during the first 12
      minutes after injection while contrast agent remain in circulation, and these
      images were compared with those obtained in the retention phase. Nineteen
      patients with cancer were studied, including 15 imaged during the distribution
      phase. T2-weighted distribution phase images demonstrated 90% of the lesions
      detected by means of T2-weighted retention phase images, showed a 3.5-fold
      increase in contrast-to-noise ratio over images obtained before administration of
      AMI-25, and increased diagnostic confidence by reducing signal from small
      intrahepatic blood vessels. Distribution phase images showed little contrast
      agent uptake by cancer tissue. Both distribution and retention phase images
      demonstrated greater contrast agent uptake by hemangiomas than by malignant
      neoplasms (P less than .01). The use of both distribution phase and retention
      phase AMI-25-enhanced images offers improved diagnostic accuracy in the detection
      and characterization of focal liver lesions.

PMID- 2296647
TI  - Toxoplasmosis of the stomach: a cause of antral narrowing.
AB  - Radiographs of the stomach showed narrowing of the antrum, caused by
      toxoplasmosis, in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A
      biopsy specimen demonstrated numerous cysts containing Toxoplasma gondii and many
      free trophozoites. A subsequent brain scan, obtained with computed tomography,
      showed multiple enhancing lesions throughout the cerebrum, cerebellum, and basal
      ganglia that were characteristic of toxoplasmosis. Radiographic abnormalities of
      the stomach are not uncommon in patients with AIDS. They are associated with
      infections such as cryptosporidiosis and cytomegalovirus and neoplasms such as
      Kaposi sarcoma and malignant lymphoma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the
      first reported case of toxoplasmosis involving the stomach.

PMID- 2296648
TI  - Nonsurgical fallopian tube recanalization for treatment of infertility.
AB  - Fluoroscopic transcervical fallopian tube recanalization was performed in 100
      consecutive patients with infertility and proximal tubal obstruction documented
      with hysterosalpingography. In 86 patients, the procedure enabled at least one
      tube to be opened. Twenty-six intrauterine pregnancies resulted from the
      successful recanalization. A well-defined subset of 20 patients were evaluated to
      better define the treatment effect of fallopian tube recanalization. All 20 had
      bilateral proximal tubal obstruction without other tubal disease, and all had
      been recommended for tubal microsurgery or in vitro fertilization. Recanalization
      of one or both tubes was successful in 19 of these women (95%). Nine patients
      conceived (47%) without receiving any other therapy, and the average time from
      procedure to conception was 4 months. All pregnancies were intrauterine. Eight of
      the 10 patients who did not conceive underwent follow-up hysterosalpingography an
      average of 6 months following the procedure; four (50%) demonstrated reocclusion
      of both tubes. The authors conclude that nonsurgical fallopian tube
      recanalization is an effective treatment for infertility caused by proximal tubal
      obstruction.

PMID- 2296649
TI  - Pseudolayering of Gd-DTPA in the urinary bladder.
AB  - When excreted gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) collects in
      the bladder of a supine patient during magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, a
      puzzling pattern of signal intensities is noted. A gradual change in urine signal
      intensity with progressive addition of Gd-DTPA does not occur; instead, three
      sharply defined "layers" are seen both on T1- and T2-weighted images within the
      urine-Gd-DTPA mixture. The physical basis for this triple-layering phenomenon was
      investigated. A bladder phantom was constructed to reproduce the phenomenon. T1
      and T2 relaxivities of urine doped with varying concentrations of Gd-DTPA were
      measured in vitro; measured signal intensities corresponded closely to predicted
      intensities. Early urine concentrations of excreted Gd-DTPA may be relatively
      high (10-40 mmol/L), resulting in extremely short T1 and T2 values (less than 30
      msec). These extremely short relaxation times cause an artifactual pseudolayering
      of signal within the urine-Gd-DTPA mixture.

PMID- 2296650
TI  - Pulsatile tinnitus and the vascular tympanic membrane: CT, MR, and angiographic
      findings.
AB  - The radiologic studies of 107 patients with pulsatile tinnitus or a vascular
      retrotympanic mass were retrospectively reviewed. Of the 100 patients with
      pulsatile tinnitus, 25 had objective tinnitus. A vascular tympanic membrane was
      present in 37 cases (35%). Normal vascular variants were present in 23 patients
      (21%). Twenty-seven patients (25%) had acquired vascular lesions. Temporal bone
      tumors were found in 33 patients (31%). No abnormality was identified in 21 cases
      (20%). To ensure optimal radiologic examination, it is imperative to know the
      nature of the tinnitus (objective vs subjective) and the appearance of the
      tympanic membrane. All patients with subjective pulsatile tinnitus or a vascular
      retrotympanic mass should undergo high-resolution computed tomography of the
      temporal bone as the initial imaging study. Angiography is recommended for
      patients with objective tinnitus and a normal tympanic membrane. The role of MR
      imaging, even with the addition of gradient-echo techniques, remains limited and
      secondary.

PMID- 2296652
TI  - Effect of repeated injections of chymopapain in the epidural space.
AB  - Because arachnoiditis occurred in a previous experimental study, the authors
      performed additional experimental injections of chymopapain in the epidural
      space. Four monkeys received epidural injections of 100 units of chymopapain in
      1.2 mL of saline on days 1, 8, and 16 of the experiment; four control animals
      received injections of 1.2 mL of 0.9% saline on the same days. Both groups were
      killed on the 84th day. The dural sac was removed, fixed, sectioned, stained, and
      examined microscopically. No significant changes were found in the arachnoid,
      dura, or epidural space of the treated animals. Chymopapain, even if injected
      repeatedly into the epidural space, does not cause significant scarring in the
      meninges.

PMID- 2296651
TI  - P-31 MR spectroscopy of normal human brain and brain tumors.
AB  - Image-guided phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance (MR)-localized image-selected in
      vivo spectroscopy was performed on normal human brain and brain tumors. Peak area
      ratios, absolute molar concentrations of metabolites, and pH were determined. T1
      values in normal brain were measured. The most important finding was that the
      metabolite concentrations detectable with MR spectroscopy in brain tumors were
      reduced from 20% to 70%. Phosphomonoesters, phosphodiesters, and phosphocreatine
      (PCr) showed the greatest decreases, while inorganic phosphate (Pi) showed the
      least change. The PCr-Pi ratio was significantly reduced in tumors. The pH of
      brain tumors (7.12 +/- 0.03) was more alkaline than that of normal brain (6.99 +/
      0.01). The authors conclude that the metabolite concentrations and pH in human
      brain tumors differ significantly from those in normal brain. These differences
      may be ultimately useful in characterizing tumors in man.

PMID- 2296653
TI  - Chronic venous insufficiency: assessment with descending venography.
AB  - Six hundred forty-four legs were examined by means of descending venography in
      patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Three patient positions (supine, 30
      degrees semierect, and 60 degrees semierect) were used with a standard
      angiographic technique. Patients were also studied during either normal
      respiration or a Valsalva maneuver. The deep venous valvular system was
      incompetent more often than the superficial (saphenous) venous system. Positive
      venograms revealed that reflux occurred into the deep venous system alone in 82%,
      the superficial venous system alone in only 2%, and a combination of deep and
      superficial systems in 16%. The authors conclude that descending venography is
      best performed at the more physiologic 60 degrees semierect position and with the
      Valsalva maneuver, which enables evaluation of the competence of valves in the
      closed position.

PMID- 2296654
TI  - Risk of thromboembolism during diagnostic and interventional cardiac procedures
      with nonionic contrast media.
AB  - To investigate the relationship between clot formation and thromboembolism,
      canine blood was withdrawn into catheter-syringe or catheter-steerable wire
      systems containing either contrast medium or normal saline as used in debubbling
      techniques. The contrast media used were iohexol, iopamidol, ioxaglate, and
      diatrizoate. Without the use of heparin, after a 30-minute incubation, blood
      clots were harvested from all catheter-syringe systems except those with
      diatrizoate and from all catheter-steerable wire systems. Significantly more
      blood clot was harvested from the catheter-steerable wire system. With use of
      heparinized blood, no clot was found in any system. Twelve dogs that underwent
      coronary angiography were divided into two groups; one received heparin (5,000
      IU) and the other did not. Thromboembolism occurred in all nonheparinized dogs
      that underwent angiography with iohexol or iopamidol but not in any other group.
      The authors found that in a dog model nonionic contrast media are more
      thrombogenic than ionic contrast media, especially in the catheter-steerable wire
      system. The blood clot in the catheters is associated with thromboembolism during
      angiography. The authors maintain that in this setting, blood clotting and
      thromboembolism with nonionic agents can be eliminated with heparin.

PMID- 2296656
TI  - Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: air in Morison pouch.
AB  - Six newborn infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) were noted to have air
      confined to Morison pouch as an early sign of pneumoperitoneum. Air in Morison
      pouch appears as a triangular lucency in the right upper quadrant. Extraluminal
      air in this location is easily mistaken for air within a loop of bowel if its
      characteristic appearance is not specifically sought. Review of the literature
      revealed no reported cases of NEC in which air in Morison pouch was mentioned.
      The authors' observation of six patients suggests that air in Morison pouch may
      be more common than previously recognized. Air in Morison pouch has the same
      significance as more obvious signs of pneumoperitoneum, and its detection is an
      indication for surgery.

PMID- 2296655
TI  - Thrombin generation in nonclottable mixtures of blood and nonionic contrast
      agents.
AB  - The four newly introduced contrast agents--iopamidol, iohexol, ioversol, and
      ioxaglate--are of much lower osmolality than conventional agents, and claims have
      been made that they are substantially safer. A chromogenic assay for thrombin was
      applied to 1:1 (50%), 2:1 (67%), and 4:1 (80%) contrast agent-whole blood
      mixtures, each containing enough contrast agent to render them unclottable.
      Thrombin generation occurred in the nonionic-whole blood mixtures and increased
      with time. No thrombin could be detected in any ioxaglate-whole blood mixtures.
      The authors conclude that this difference presents a novel hazard in that
      iopamidol, iohexol, and ioversol permit thrombin generation to occur while
      inhibiting the fibrin polymerization step of blood coagulation, thus posing a
      significant, albeit theoretical, threat to patient well-being.

PMID- 2296657
TI  - Breast disease: tissue characterization with Gd-DTPA enhancement profiles.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the breast is currently of limited value
      because of lack of specificity. Enhanced MR imaging with gadolinium
      diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) has been shown to be helpful in the
      further characterization of breast tissue. This prospective study attempted to
      differentiate benign and malignant breast disease with a dynamic enhancement
      technique. Bolus injection of Gd-DTPA and a short MR imaging time were used to
      examine 18 patients with a palpable breast mass. Construction of enhancement
      profiles helped effectively differentiate benign and malignant lesion (P less
      than .001). Dynamic MR imaging shows promise for the further characterization of
      breast tissue and, particularly, identification of breast carcinoma.

PMID- 2296658
TI  - Benign versus pathologic compression fractures of vertebral bodies: assessment
      with conventional spin-echo, chemical-shift, and STIR MR imaging.
AB  - Differentiation of benign from pathologic compression fractures of vertebral
      bodies was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging in a prospective study of 53
      patients. Twenty-six patients had 34 benign posttraumatic compression fractures.
      Twenty-seven patients had metastatic disease to the vertebral column and seven
      pathologic fractures. T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo (SE) sequences (1.5 T) were
      performed in all patients. A presaturation technique was used to obtain "fat" and
      "water" images to better assess the degree of normal fatty marrow replacement in
      fractured vertebrae. Short inversion-time inversion-recovery (STIR) images were
      also obtained. Discrimination between benign and pathologic compression fractures
      was generally possible with the SE sequences. Chronic benign fractures
      demonstrated isointense marrow signal intensity (SI), compared with that of
      normal vertebrae with all sequences. Pathologic fractures showed low SI on T1
      weighted images and high SI on T2-weighted images. Fat images revealed complete
      replacement of normal fatty marrow, shown as absent SI in the involved vertebral
      body. Water and STIR images showed diffuse high SI in pathologic fractures, with
      STIR images having the highest contrast between abnormal and normal marrow. Acute
      benign compression fractures also demonstrated high SI on T2-weighted, water, and
      STIR images, but the SI was less pronounced and the pattern was generally more
      inhomogeneous than that of pathologic compressions. In general, fat images showed
      only partial replacement of normal fatty marrow by low SI, in contrast to the
      complete absence of marrow SI typical of pathologic fractures.

PMID- 2296659
TI  - Bone scans with one or two new abnormalities in cancer patients with no known
      metastases: reliability of interpretation of initial correlative radiographs.
AB  - To determine the reliability of radiographs obtained for correlation with bone
      scans showing one or two new abnormalities in cancer patients without known
      metastases, a retrospective study of 306 scans showing such lesions was
      performed. Overall, 14% of the lesions proved to be malignant. The initial
      radiographic interpretation was normal for 43% of the new bone scan lesions; 17%
      of these lesions were metastases. A benign process was identified on radiographs
      for 38% of the abnormalities; only one (1%) was a metastasis. Twelve percent of
      new bone scan lesions correlated with radiographic abnormalities considered
      either suggestive of or consistent with metastasis, of which 24% and 71%,
      respectively, proved to be metastases. In cancer patients with one or two new
      bone scan abnormalities, correlative radiographs showing a benign abnormality are
      reliable. However, if the radiographs are either normal or show findings
      considered suggestive of or consistent with metastasis, further evaluation or
      follow-up is warranted.

PMID- 2296660
TI  - Osteosarcoma: MR imaging after preoperative chemotherapy.
AB  - The authors reviewed 76 magnetic resonance (MR) images of 38 patients with
      osteosarcoma treated with preoperative chemotherapy (intraarterial cisplatin with
      or without systemic chemotherapy). Histologic maps of the surgical tumor
      specimens in 33 cases were correlated with either late-chemotherapy or
      postchemotherapy MR images. There were four MR patterns--dark, mottled or
      speckled, homogeneous, and cystic--that corresponded to different amounts of
      tumor matrix, granulation tissue, hemosiderin deposits, fluid-filled cysts, and
      residual viable tumor. Nested foci of residual viable tumor could not be
      specifically identified, although tumor progression or skip metastases were
      accurately depicted in four patients. Other findings included (a) peritumoral
      edema in the soft tissues and intramedullary space that shrank with chemotherapy,
      (b) chemotherapy effect in the surrounding soft tissues, (c) a dark rim around
      the extramedullary component of the tumors corresponding to a collagenous capsule
      continuous with the periosteum, (d) development of metaphyseal hemorrhages and
      bone marrow infarcts, and (e) intramedullary vascular channels.

PMID- 2296661
TI  - Posterior cruciate ligament: MR imaging.
AB  - The authors reviewed 610 consecutive magnetic resonance (MR) examinations of
      patients with suspected internal derangements of the knee, paying special
      attention to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). The normal PCL shows a low MR
      signal intensity and an arcuate shape. An accessory anterior or posterior
      meniscofemoral ligament was identified in 58.5% of examinations. Among 202
      patients who underwent arthroscopy or arthrotomy, MR imaging depicted 11 PCL
      injuries: eight complete or incomplete ligament disruptions and three avulsions.
      All were confirmed by means of arthroscopy or arthrotomy. MR findings of PCL
      injury were anatomic disruption, increased signal intensity in the ligament, and
      redundancy of an avulsed ligament. Of the 11 PCL injuries, four were not detected
      at initial clinical examination. In none of the 202 patients in whom arthroscopy
      or surgery was performed was an abnormal PCL identified in the presence of a
      normal MR examination. MR imaging is a reliable method for the detection of PCL
      injuries.

PMID- 2296662
TI  - Radiographic features of bone lengthening procedures.
AB  - The successful treatment of leg length discrepancy depends not only on an
      accurate assessment of the pattern of growth of the femur and tibia but also on
      thorough understanding of the various treatment methods. The radiographic
      features of 43 leg lengthening surgeries were studied retrospectively, and their
      significance in the treatment of children with leg length discrepancies was
      evaluated. The morbidities seen in our study include leg deformities resulting
      from misalignment of bone segments and excessive stretching of soft tissues, and
      fractures, nonunions, and delayed unions at the lengthened sites, leading to
      prolonged application of traction devices. The overall frequency of morbidity was
      148.8%. In the orthopedic literature, morbidity rates vary with the underlying
      reasons for leg length discrepancy, the type of bone lengthening procedure, and
      the type of complications included. Timely detection of radiographic
      abnormalities in the lengthened leg can contribute significantly to the
      successful treatment of leg length discrepancy.

PMID- 2296663
TI  - Dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry of the lumbar spine: clinical experience
      with two different systems.
AB  - Dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry (DRA) of the lumbar spine was performed
      in 222 subjects (aged 17-92 years) of both sexes with use of two different
      systems. In a sub-group of 21 patients, results were compared with those obtained
      by means of dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) of the lumbar spine. There was a
      high correlation among the results obtained with three instruments (r = .9, P
      less than .0001), and interconversion factors were calculated. Data conversion
      based on these regression equations may be useful for comparing results from one
      laboratory to another.

PMID- 2296664
TI  - Cause of signal loss in MR images of old hemorrhagic lesions.
AB  - Old hemorrhagic lesions in the brain are characteristically surrounded by a band
      of hemosiderin-containing tissue. This region is typically of low signal
      intensity on long-echo-time (TE) radio-frequency (RF) spin-echo magnetic
      resonance (MR) images and on gradient-echo MR images. To determine the cause of
      signal loss in this band, the authors measured the signal that arises from
      imaging such a region with use of an RF spin-echo technique with a 180 degrees
      pulse incrementally displaced from TE/2. The incremental loss of signal was
      small. Using an agar phantom containing iron particles, the authors also showed
      that signal loss results primarily from diffusion in magnetic gradients. They
      conclude that most signal loss in the dark band surrounding areas of late-stage
      hemorrhage arises from diffusion in areas of magnetic inhomogeneity.

PMID- 2296665
TI  - Comparison of measured and perceived time values for radiologists' work: impact
      on relative value scales.
AB  - The authors compared the actual time required by radiologists to perform and/or
      interpret common diagnostic radiologic examinations with the times the same
      radiologists perceived were necessary (as determined with a survey) to perform
      and/or interpret those same examinations. Average measured times ranged from 1.7
      minutes for radiologic examinations of extremities to 113.2 minutes for
      interventional procedures. Average survey times ranged from 3.2 minutes for
      examinations of extremities to 84.4 minutes for cerebral angiography. The mean
      difference between measured and survey times for all examinations was 48.6%.
      Relative value scales were developed based on measured and survey times, with the
      upper gastrointestinal examination assigned the base unit of 100. The difference
      between the measured-time and survey-time relative value scales was 98% on
      average for the 16 examinations compared. The study suggests that there is a need
      for actual measurement of at least the time component of physician work if
      resource-based relative value scales are to be used as the basis for physician
      compensation.

PMID- 2296666
TI  - Influences affecting radiologists' choices of academic or private practice
      careers.
AB  - The authors surveyed 5,000 practicing radiologists and 3,000 individuals
      currently in radiology training to determine the aspects of their backgrounds,
      education, training, and attitudes that most affected their career decisions. The
      choice of academic radiology was associated with receiving medical school
      education or radiology training at an institution ranking among the 20 with the
      most federal grant funding, publishing research articles, and participating in a
      variety of interpersonal research experiences during radiology training. Academic
      radiologists were more likely to choose their careers because of their interests,
      aptitudes, and greater concern for the value of doing research. Private
      practitioners rated family obligations, leisure time, and level of personal
      income as more significant influences on their career choices. Programs
      interested in training more academic radiologists should reconsider how they
      select trainees and provide an appropriate research environment during training.

PMID- 2296667
TI  - Recurrent pterygia: results of postoperative treatment with Sr-90 applicators.
AB  - Recurrent pterygia in 42 patients (48 eyes) were treated locally with strontium
      90 irradiation from May 1967 to May 1988. The 31 male patients had an average age
      of 52 years; the 11 female patients, 46 years. All patients underwent surgical
      resection of the recurrent pterygia with use of the bare-sclera technique. During
      the immediate postoperative period the surgical site was treated with an Sr-90
      applicator (beta irradiation). Doses ranged from 10 to 70 Gy (average, 50 Gy).
      Follow-up times ranged from 8 to 136 months (median, 14 months). The local
      control rate was 89%. Four of the five recurrences were in patients treated with
      doses of 1,000-1,500 cGy (P less than .0002). None of the patients developed
      cataracts or any other serious complications.

PMID- 2296668
TI  - Automated, percutaneous biopsy device.
AB  - An automated, percutaneous biopsy device was developed. A miniaturized motor in a
      20-mL syringe produces low-speed rotation of the distal helical stylet for tissue
      acquisition. The device was used in vitro in 30 lesions, and the samples
      demonstrated adequate preservation of cell structure. In lesions with fibrous,
      calcified, or osseous components, the device was superior to conventional
      needles. The device has also been successfully used in 10 patients.

PMID- 2296669
TI  - Moving knee joint: technique for kinematic MR imaging.
AB  - A system for magnetic resonance imaging of the knee joint during movement was
      developed by using a gating system and cine acquisition. The technique was used
      in 10 subjects: five with no history of knee pain or injury and five with tears
      of the anterior cruciate ligament. The normal ligaments and menisci appeared as
      low-intensity structures against intermediate-intensity hyaline cartilage. The
      ligament tears appeared discontinuous and faint against the background of the to
      and-fro moving joint fluid.

PMID- 2296670
TI  - Device for hysterosalpingography and fallopian tube catheterization.
AB  - A device was developed for hysterosalpingography and fallopian tube
      recanalization. It differs from the previously used vacuum-cup device in that the
      central shaft slides and has an acorn-shaped tip. Optimal results were obtained
      in all 14 women (100%) who underwent catheterization with the new device; optimal
      results were achieved in only five of eight women (62%) who underwent
      catheterization with the fixed-shaft device during the same time period.

PMID- 2296671
TI  - Fallopian tubes: improved technique for catheterization.
AB  - Successful fallopian tube catheterization for diagnosis or treatment of
      infertility combines hysterosalpingographic and angiographic techniques. An
      improvement in the catheterization strategy was developed so that angled,
      tortuous, or more distally obstructed fallopian tubes could be catheterized. In
      22 patients, 38 fallopian tubes were catheterized by using this strategy. In nine
      tubes (24%), forceful ostial injection alone of contrast material was able to
      open and/or depict the fallopian tube. In 13 tubes (34%), a discrete obstruction
      was recanalized by using the standard fallopian tube catheterization set. In 12
      tubes (32%), successful recanalization required the use of a softer, tapered
      guide wire and catheter. In four tubes (10%), recanalization was unsuccessful.

PMID- 2296672
TI  - Lightening dark double-emulsion radiographs.
AB  - A simple technique is described for lightening overly dark radiographs in the
      interest of enhancing them for display or for making photographic slides or
      prints. The object of the technique is to remove the emulsion from one side of
      the radiograph.

PMID- 2296673
TI  - University-based radiology departments.

PMID- 2296674
TI  - Digital imaging of the chest.

PMID- 2296675
TI  - Ingested raisins simulating abdominal calcifications.

PMID- 2296676
TI  - Perforation of the inferior vena cava by a suprarenal Greenfield filter.

PMID- 2296678
TI  - Viewing glasses as an alternative to bifocals.

PMID- 2296677
TI  - Spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct in children.

PMID- 2296679
TI  - Radiology department organization and radiology education.

PMID- 2296680
TI  - Increasing the usefulness of disposable lead gloves.

PMID- 2296681
TI  - Whose realities?

PMID- 2296682
TI  - AAPM tutorial. Mammography as a radiographic system.
AB  - The author introduces the 15th Annual Symposium on Basic Physics. In the first of
      this series of tutorials on the physics of mammography, the basic radiologic
      physics principles applied in radiographic imaging equipment are discussed in
      terms of a mammographic system. The analysis is intended to assist in the
      understanding of mammography in particular and radiography in general.
      Mammographic systems differ from those of general radiography in several
      important details because of the differing clinical demands.

PMID- 2296683
TI  - Case of the day. Noncirrhotic idiopathic portal hypertension (Banti syndrome).

PMID- 2296684
TI  - Case of the day. Pediatric. Mycotic pseudoaneurysm and thrombosis of modified
      left Blalock-Taussig shunt.

PMID- 2296686
TI  - Image interpretation session. Endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor) of the
      right ovary, stage I (confined to the ovary).

PMID- 2296685
TI  - What radiologists really do.

PMID- 2296687
TI  - Image interpretation session. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, type II.

PMID- 2296688
TI  - Image interpretation session. Hypereosinophilic syndrome.

PMID- 2296689
TI  - Image interpretation session. Large cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2296690
TI  - Image interpretation session. Perforated appendix.

PMID- 2296691
TI  - Image interpretation session. Metastatic neuroblastoma and tumor-related rickets.

PMID- 2296692
TI  - Image interpretation session. Fungal (Trichosporon beigelii) meningitis.

PMID- 2296693
TI  - MR imaging of uterine carcinoma: correlation with clinical and pathologic
      findings.
AB  - Thirteen patients with clinical stages I and II endometrial carcinoma were
      examined with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging before surgery. Depth of invasion
      and stage of disease were assessed, and the results were compared with those from
      MR images of the surgical specimens and pathologic findings. Staging with MR
      imaging was accurate in 11 of 13 patients (85%). Our results agree with previous
      reports that MR imaging is an accurate, noninvasive method of assessing depth of
      myometrial invasion and cervical involvement. We anticipate that MR imaging will
      have an increasing role in treatment of patients with endometrial carcinoma.

PMID- 2296694
TI  - Image interpretation session. Neonatal bilateral chylothoraces secondary to
      obstruction of the superior vena cava (as complication of inadvertent placement
      of a umbilical vein catheter).

PMID- 2296695
TI  - CT in the diagnosis of renal trauma.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) is frequently employed as the initial diagnostic study
      in patients with known or suspected renal trauma, especially in large trauma
      centers where multiple-system injuries are common. In our 3-year experience,
      which encompasses over 2,500 CT scans for abdominal trauma, the following
      traumatic renal lesions were identified: renal contusion, small and large
      subcapsular hematomas, laceration, complete laceration, ureteropelvic junction
      disruption, fractured kidney, shattered kidney with and without an intact renal
      capsule, renal vein injury, renal artery thrombosis, avulsion, and trauma to the
      abnormal kidney. The CT findings and clinical features and management of each
      lesion are reviewed.

PMID- 2296696
TI  - Pulmonary nodules: computer-aided detection in digital chest images.
AB  - Currently, radiologists fail to detect pulmonary nodules in up to 30% of cases
      with actually positive findings. Diagnoses may be missed due to camouflaging
      effects of anatomic background, subjective and varying decision criteria, or
      distractions in clinical situations. We developed a computerized method to detect
      locations of lung nodules in digital chest images. The method is based on a
      difference-image approach and feature-extraction techniques, including growth,
      slope, and profile tests. Computer results were used to alert 12 radiologists to
      possible nodule locations in 60 clinical cases. Preliminary results suggest that
      computer aid can improve the detection performance of radiologists.

PMID- 2296697
TI  - MR imaging appearance of childhood adrenoleukodystrophy with auditory, visual,
      and motor pathway involvement.
AB  - Childhood adrenoleukodystrophy is an X chromosome-linked disorder characterized
      by progressive demyelination of cerebral white matter and adrenal insufficiency.
      Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 15 patients with symptomatic
      disease and three with presymptomatic disease. MR imaging findings were abnormal
      only in symptomatic patients. Major sites of disease were the occipital,
      parietal, and temporal lobes, with all patients showing involvement of occipital
      lobes, optic radiations, and splenium of the corpus callosum. Follow-up images
      obtained in four patients demonstrated a posterior-to-anterior progression of
      disease. Correlation of results from MR imaging with those from evoked potential
      studies indicated that MR imaging was the method of choice for detecting
      demyelination of visual, auditory, and motor systems in adrenoleukodystrophy.

PMID- 2296698
TI  - Bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of extraskeletal injuries from child abuse.
AB  - Bone scintigraphy is a valuable imaging modality in the examination of the
      battered child. It is often used to evaluate skeletal trauma. However, bone scans
      may also reveal subtle and unusual scintigraphic findings that, if recognized,
      can lead to the diagnosis of intracranial, visceral, and soft-tissue injury.
      Several cases of child abuse in which bone scan findings suggested the presence
      of injuries other than skeletal trauma are presented.

PMID- 2296699
TI  - From the archives of the AFIP. Giant cell tumor of the upper extremity.
AB  - Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a relatively common primary bone tumor that typically
      develops in young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Our archives
      contain 1,183 cases of histologically proved and radiographically correlated
      GCTs, collected in consultation over 40 years. From this large series, we
      identified 243 lesions (21% of GCTs) arising in the upper extremity distal to the
      scapula. This report demonstrates the spectrum of radiologic findings of GCT of
      the upper extremity, augmented where appropriate by accompanying pathologic
      material.

PMID- 2296700
TI  - [What is your diagnosis? Balanitis erosiva circinata in Reiter's disease].

PMID- 2296701
TI  - [A case from practice (157). Generalized tendomyopathy (fibrositis syndrome)].

PMID- 2296702
TI  - [Cerebral bypass surgery].
AB  - When an obstruction of a cerebral vessel is hemodynamically relevant and
      insufficiently collateralized--and when the mechanisms of compensation are
      exhausted--it can lead to ischemia. The second and more common way a vascular
      obstructive lesion can become symptomatic is the shedding of emboli to the
      periphery. The extra-/intracranial arterial bypass (EIAB), most often constructed
      as an anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery (STA) and a cortical
      branch of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), increases cerebral blood flow when
      all the mechanisms of compensation are exhausted. When not, it augments the
      cerebral perfusion reserve. If cerebral ischemia is due to embolism, the therapy
      of choice is elimination of the embolic source. When using the EIAB in
      hemodynamically caused ischemia, there are two indications: a therapeutic and a
      prophylactic one. Differentiation between functional and structural damage of
      neurons is difficult. Because reversible longlasting functional loss is rare, we
      reject it as a therapeutic indication. The prophylactic EIAB has to overcome the
      hemodynamic consequences of an intentional or spontaneous obstruction of extra-
      or intracranial cerebral vessels. Currently, neither the asymmetry of cerebral
      perfusion nor a decrease of the the cerebral perfusion reserve are established as
      risk factors for future ischemic cerebral events. If the MCA is to be occluded, a
      prophylactic EIAB is indicated: When the intention is to occlude the ICA with its
      extensive collateral system, the necessity for a bypass has to be evaluated. Most
      often, spontaneous occlusion of cerebral vessels is of atherosclerotic origin.
      Because no reliable method exists to differentiate between embolic (arterio
      arterial) and hemodynamic ischemia; and since the spontaneous course of
      atherosclerosis is not predictable, the prophylactic indications for EIAB are
      unresolved. Nevertheless, many uncontrolled studies have shown a good
      prophylactic effect after the EIAB. The randomized international EC/IC Bypass
      Study, which is not accepted without reservation, denies any advantage of the
      EIAB in treating atherosclerotic vessel lesions when compared to medication with
      aspirin. Our experience leads us to believe that a prophylactic effect of the
      EIAB, even with atherosclerotic vessel obstruction, cannot be denied point blank.
      On the other hand, our experience also confirms that the EIAB should not be the
      standard treatment for atherosclerotic vessel obstruction. Considering the broad
      differences in the individual architecture of the cerebral vascular system and
      its varied amounts of acquired vascular lesions and through the spontaneous
      development of collaterals, the indications for EIAB, which in some circumstances
      is very effective, must be assessed for each individual patient.

PMID- 2296703
TI  - Thinking about starting an interest group?

PMID- 2296704
TI  - Canadian nurses sent home following Tiannemen massacre.

PMID- 2296705
TI  - Access to continuing education is growing for Ontario nurses.

PMID- 2296706
TI  - [Growth and puberty in 7-to-16-year-old female gymnasts: a prospective study].
AB  - The female members of two different gym squads who where subject to hard training
      (12 to 15 hours a week), were investigated in regard to their growth parameters
      shortly after the beginning of intensive training and at yearly intervals
      thereafter. 12 of the initial 25 girls gave up training before reaching their
      14th year. Only data compiled during the training period were included in the
      study. At the beginning of training, the gymnasts were comparable to the standard
      population (Zurich Longitudinal Study of Growth and Development) in regard to
      height and bone age: their weight was slightly subaverage. Height, growth rate,
      bone age, weight development and skinfold thickness remained clearly below
      standard values during the years of training. Due to a prolonged growth spurt
      during puberty, the final height and body weight were again comparable to
      standard values. Thelarche, pubarche and menarche were also significantly
      delayed; thelarche and menarche did occur, though, when the same body
      measurements (height, weight) as compared to the standard population were
      reached. FH, FSH and estradiol showed the puberty rise only after the 14th year,
      i.e. with considerable delay. When separately analyzing the data of the girls who
      gave up training before completing their 14th year, preexisting greater body
      measurements (including bone age) as well as more rapid development during the
      first years of training were found. Thus, the observed physical growth
      retardation is partly due to predisposition in the form of a constitutional late
      puberty, and is partly caused by the intensive training. A permanent physical
      developmental loss was not observed.

PMID- 2296707
TI  - [Clinical aspects of staphylococcal endocarditis].
AB  - Patients with staphylococcus endocarditis hospitalized at the Cantonal Hospital
      Lucerne from 1971 to 1988 are reviewed. A total of 50 patients fulfilled the
      diagnostic criteria (in 60% of the cases the diagnosis was definite, in 26%
      probable, and in 14% possible). These 50 patients with staphylococcus infection
      account for 29% of all patients with infective endocarditis seen during this time
      interval. Staphylococcus endocarditis affected the mitral valve in 48%, the
      aortic valve in 36% and--unexpectedly often--the tricuspid valve in 30%. In 54%
      previously normal valves were infected. Diminished host defence (predominantly
      intravenous drug addiction and diabetes) was a predisposing feature in 52% of the
      patients. The average duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 11 days, and in
      patients with right heart endocarditis it was 21 days. In 20% the condition was
      not diagnosed before autopsy. The clinical picture was relatively nonspecific:
      50% of patients had no diagnostic heart murmur and 10% had no fever. The dominant
      -often misleading--symptoms were due to embolic complications. Two thirds of the
      cases with right heart endocarditis had pulmonary emboli. In 38% of the patients
      endocarditis resulted in heart failure. Overall mortality was 51% and correlated
      with age and the presence of heart failure, uncontrolled infection or cerebral
      embolism. In contrast to the high mortality in patients with mitral valve
      infection (61%), only one of the 11 patients with isolated right heart
      endocarditis died.

PMID- 2296708
TI  - [The importance of the interpretation of autoantibodies: apropos of a case with
      anti-Ro antibodies during pregnancy].
AB  - Anti-Ro antibodies are autoantibodies which are directed against cytoplasmic and
      nuclear antigens. They are found in serum of patients suffering from Sjogren
      syndrome (70% of the cases) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, about 20%). In
      SLE patients who are pregnant the anti-Ro antibodies are found in the serum of
      the newborn and have been associated with congenital heart block. We present here
      the case of a pregnant woman without clinical disease but with high titers of
      antinuclear, anti-RNP and anti-Ro antibodies. Pregnancy and delivery were
      uneventful and the three autoantibodies were found in the newborn's serum. We
      conclude that the presence of several autoantibodies, even in high titers and in
      a pregnant woman, should be interpreted with caution, in light of the clinical
      presentation.

PMID- 2296709
TI  - [Permeability pulmonary edema in pheochromocytoma].
AB  - We describe two patients with pheochromocytoma who developed pulmonary edema of
      rapid onset. The edema occurred spontaneously in the first case and during
      surgery for the tumor in the second patient. Since left ventricular function was
      normal in both patients and the protein content of the edema fluid was elevated
      in one patient, the conditions involved were permeability edemas.

PMID- 2296710
TI  - Aborted Research. Ideology seems to have put some medical advances on hold.

PMID- 2296711
TI  - Cold storage. Winter-proof critters suggest ways to store human organs.

PMID- 2296712
TI  - When dad drinks. Can his liquor intake impair his future offspring?

PMID- 2296713
TI  - Playing the numbers.

PMID- 2296714
TI  - The tragedy of needless pain.

PMID- 2296716
TI  - Antibody bonanza.

PMID- 2296715
TI  - Chaos and fractals in human physiology.

PMID- 2296717
TI  - The fluoride debate: one more time.

PMID- 2296718
TI  - Whatever happened to the genetic map?

PMID- 2296719
TI  - Priming and human memory systems.
AB  - Priming is a nonconscious form of human memory, which is concerned with
      perceptual identification of words and objects and which has only recently been
      recognized as separate from other forms of memory or memory systems. It is
      currently under intense experimental scrutiny. Evidence is converging for the
      proposition that priming is an expression of a perceptual representation system
      that operates at a pre-semantic level; it emerges early in development, and
      access to it lacks the kind of flexibility characteristic of other cognitive
      memory systems. Conceptual priming, however, seems to be based on the operations
      of semantic memory.

PMID- 2296720
TI  - Prenylated proteins: the structure of the isoprenoid group.
AB  - The mevalonate-derived portion of a prenylated protein from Chinese hamster ovary
      cells has been established as diterpenoid (C20). This group is linked to a
      carboxyl-terminal cysteine as a thioether. It was removed from the protein by
      hydrazinolysis followed by Raney nickel desulfurization, and the resulting
      hydrocarbon fraction was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PMID- 2296722
TI  - A dominant mutation that predisposes to multiple intestinal neoplasia in the
      mouse.
AB  - In a pedigree derived from a mouse treated with the mutagen ethylnitrosourea, a
      mutation has been identified that predisposes to spontaneous intestinal cancer.
      The mutant gene was found to be dominantly expressed and fully penetrant.
      Affected mice developed multiple adenomas throughout the entire intestinal tract
      at an early age.

PMID- 2296721
TI  - Identification of geranylgeranyl-modified proteins in HeLa cells.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that animal cells contain isoprenoid-modified
      proteins and that one of these proteins, lamin B, contains a thioether-linked
      farnesyl group that is attached to cysteine. In the present study, a novel
      isoprenoid-modification was identified by labeling HeLa cells with [3H]mevalonic
      acid and analyzing proteolytic digests of the total cell protein. Radioactive
      fragments were purified from these digests and treated with Raney nickel. The
      released, labeled material was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and
      mass spectrometry (MS). This approach revealed that an all-trans geranylgeranyl
      group was a major isoprenoid modification.

PMID- 2296723
TI  - Auditory association cortex lesions impair auditory short-term memory in monkeys.
AB  - Monkeys that were trained to perform auditory and visual short-term memory tasks
      (delayed matching-to-sample) received lesions of the auditory association cortex
      in the superior temporal gyrus. Although visual memory was completely unaffected
      by the lesions, auditory memory was severely impaired. Despite this impairment,
      all monkeys could discriminate sounds closer in frequency than those used in the
      auditory memory task. This result suggests that the superior temporal cortex
      plays a role in auditory processing and retention similar to the role the
      inferior temporal cortex plays in visual processing and retention.

PMID- 2296724
TI  - Urolithiasis in pregnancy. A case report.
AB  - Urolithiasis in pregnancy is relatively rare and management requires slight
      modification. A case is presented and treatment discussed.

PMID- 2296726
TI  - Informed consent before testing for HIV.

PMID- 2296725
TI  - Summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis in southern Africa. A report of 5 cases
      in one family.
AB  - Five patients, from a family of 8 who all lived in the same house, developed
      chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The 4 patients followed up showed features
      strikingly similar to summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis, previously
      thought unique to Japan. The clinical setting and limited immunological
      investigations suggest the cause to be a bacterial or fungal growth in the roof
      of the house.

PMID- 2296727
TI  - Pulmonary oedema from a widow spider bite.

PMID- 2296728
TI  - Prevention of adhesions after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

PMID- 2296729
TI  - Threshold limit values for fluoride in fluorspar exposure.

PMID- 2296730
TI  - Merkel cell tumour of the eyelid.

PMID- 2296731
TI  - Non-pigmented palmar skin grafts for black patients.

PMID- 2296732
TI  - A triage system for stab wounds to the chest.

PMID- 2296733
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in South Africa.

PMID- 2296734
TI  - AIDS education at Unilever.

PMID- 2296735
TI  - Oxygen concentrators.

PMID- 2296736
TI  - Implementation of public health research in the south-western Cape.

PMID- 2296737
TI  - Psychiatric management of drug addicts in rehabilitation centres.

PMID- 2296738
TI  - Tracheostomy in the management of laryngotracheobronchitis. Red Cross War
      Memorial Children's Hospital experience, 1980-1985.
AB  - In the 6-year period 1980-1985 162 children required tracheostomy during
      treatment of laryngotracheobronchitis at Red Cross War Memorial Children's
      Hospital, Cape Town. This represents 4.6% of 3,500 children with this disorder
      and 28% of those requiring airway intervention. Fifty-eight percent of the
      children were decannulated within 4 weeks and 75% within 10 weeks. Fifty-four per
      cent of the children required one or more further procedures before
      decannulation, including 7 children who required a laryngotracheoplasty.
      Obstructing stomal granulation tissue had to be removed from 24 children and
      suprastomal collapse was a cause of decannulation failure in 29 children. Use of
      an expiratory valve as an aid to decannulation is discussed. Three children died
      of tracheostomy airway complications and 6 of a medical disorder. Another
      complication, laryngeal incompetence, was particularly associated with herpetic
      laryngeal ulceration.

PMID- 2296740
TI  - A prospective analysis of prognostic factors in the myelodysplastic syndromes.
AB  - In view of the uncertainty regarding the natural history and management of
      individuals with the myelodysplastic syndromes, a prospective study of 43
      consecutive and previously untreated patients was undertaken in order to identify
      haematological features that could predict for poor prognosis. A significant
      correlation between percentage of blasts in the bone marrow, maturity index and
      the number of cell lineages involved was demonstrated with both the risk of
      leukaemic transformation and survival. It remains to be determined whether
      further accumulation of data will result in similar predictive values for
      karyotypic analysis, in vitro bone marrow culture and the species of plasminogen
      activator secreted by the cells. Since treatment ranges from red cell transfusion
      and administration of maturation-inducing agents to aggressive cytotoxic
      chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation, the development of predictive
      models, based on relevant prognostic factors, remains the most rational basis for
      choices between these various options.

PMID- 2296739
TI  - Prolonged fetal bradycardia during epidural analgesia. Incidence, timing and
      significance.
AB  - The mechanism of episodes of fetal bradycardia during epidural analgesia is
      unknown in the majority of cases. This retrospective study considers the
      relationship between prolonged fetal bradycardia and epidural analgesia during
      labour. Of 705 cardiotocographs recorded during administration of epidural
      analgesia for patients in labour, 207 were suitable for analysis. Prolonged fetal
      bradycardia occurred after 40 of 366 (11%) initial or repeat injections of local
      anaesthetic into the epidural space. The peak incidence of onset of bradycardia
      was 5-20 minutes after administration, but occurrences continued throughout the
      60-minute period studied. In 1 patient a single episode of fetal bradycardia
      occurred before administration of the epidural block. In all cases studied the 5
      minute Apgar scores were 7 or better. It is concluded that administration of
      epidural analgesia is significantly associated with episodes of prolonged fetal
      bradycardia, but that there is usually a return to pre-epidural patterns. The
      fetal heart rate should be monitored during epidural block administration to
      confirm the return to baseline rate and normal variability. Episodes of fetal
      bradycardia that return to a normal pattern do not necessitate early delivery.

PMID- 2296741
TI  - Neonatal tetanus--an opportunity for prevention.
AB  - A prospective analysis of 18 infants with neonatal tetanus treated over a 14
      month period showed that the disease could have been prevented in at least 15
      cases. These mothers had received antenatal care on a sufficient number of
      occasions for two tetanus toxoid immunisations to have been given to effect
      protective passive immunity in the babies.

PMID- 2296743
TI  - The multiple sleep latency test in the diagnosis of sleep disorders.
AB  - The multiple sleep latency test provides an objective measure of a patient's
      daytime sleepiness. Sixteen tests were performed at Groote Schuur Hospital in
      1987 and 1988 according to a fixed protocol. In 8 patients the test was
      definitely abnormal (mean sleep latency less than 5 minutes) with 3 subjects
      diagnosed as having narcolepsy, 1 sleep apnoea syndrome, 1 idiopathic central
      nervous system hypersomnolence, 2 environment-related hypersomnolence and 1
      psychophysiological hypersomnolence. In 2 patients the test results fell in the
      equivocal range (mean sleep latency 5-10 minutes), while in 5 the test revealed
      no evidence for a disorder of excessive sleep (mean sleep latency greater than 10
      minutes). The test was uninterpretable for technical reasons in only 1 patient.
      In conclusion, the test--when performed in a standardised manner--is extremely
      helpful in the elucidation of possible disorders of excessive sleep.

PMID- 2296742
TI  - The use of a cephalic perforator for delivery of the dead fetus in cases of
      severe abruptio placentae.
AB  - A technique of cephalic perforation and fetal bone screw application is described
      in 9 cases of severe abruptio placentae complicated by intra-uterine fetal death
      and uterine inertia. Eight of the patients were delivered per vaginam within 6
      hours of the procedure. Besides rapid progress to vaginal delivery, fetal
      mutilation was minimal and no maternal injuries occurred.

PMID- 2296744
TI  - Echoes from the Third World--two-dimensional echocardiography in a developing
      country.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease is common in the developing world where lack of
      sophisticated diagnostic equipment may make adequate assessment of the disease
      impossible. Two-dimensional echocardiography has made a major contribution to the
      practice of cardiology in Transkei by improving diagnostic ability, aiding in the
      assessment of patients for surgery locally and for referral elsewhere for open
      heart surgery, and in monitoring the progress of pericardial disease. It is cost
      effective and appropriate technology for the developing world.

PMID- 2296745
TI  - Behavioural and epidemiological considerations pertaining to necrotic araneism in
      southern Africa.
AB  - Species of three spider genera are known to cause dermonecrotic lesions in man.
      The incidence of necrotic araneism caused by species of these genera is a
      function of their behaviour and their geographical distribution in relation to
      areas of high human population density. Evidence based on an analysis of 39
      diagnosed spider bites suggests that sac spiders (Chiracanthium sp.) are
      responsible for most spider bites, followed by violin spiders, Loxosceles sp.

PMID- 2296746
TI  - A key for the clinical diagnosis of araneism in Africa south of the equator.
AB  - A simple key that will enable the clinician to diagnose the culprit species in
      cases of spider bite in Africa south of the equator in the absence of the culprit
      is presented. Species of four spider genera are responsible for virtually all the
      cases of araneism requiring medical attention, viz. Latrodectus, Chiracanthium,
      Loxosceles and Sicarius. The signs and symptoms at various intervals following
      envenomation by these spiders are sufficiently distinctive to allow specific
      diagnosis in most cases. To make this more easily possible the signs and symptoms
      at various intervals after envenomation have been tabulated in the form of a
      diagnostic key.

PMID- 2296747
TI  - Causes of mental handicap in Cape Town.
AB  - A cross-cultural study of the cause of the mental handicap of greater than 1,000
      children born in the Cape Town area between 1974 and 1986 was carried out.
      Acquired causes were noted to be more prevalent among the black ethnic group.
      This study showed that at least 80-100 additional cases of moderate-severe mental
      handicap can be expected in the Cape Town area each year. Attention is drawn to
      the expanded facilities that will be required to provide for the ongoing special
      needs of these children. Possible areas for prevention of mental handicap are
      discussed.

PMID- 2296748
TI  - Anorectal melanoma: clinical characteristics and results of surgical management
      in twenty-four patients.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with primary anorectal melanoma diagnosed since 1974 have
      been studied retrospectively. There was a predominance of women (2.4:1): Mean age
      was 64 years. The most common initial symptom was rectal bleeding, typically
      misdiagnosed as hemorrhoids. Seventeen patients had stage I cancer when first
      seen, four had stage II, and three had distant disease. Progressive disease most
      commonly started as a large pelvic mass, diffuse bilateral pulmonary nodules, or
      diffuse liver metastases. Twenty patients (83%) died of the disease; none
      survived more than 6 years. Among the patients who died of the disease, median
      survival was 1.9 years. Median survival for patients with stage I disease (29
      months) was longer than that for patients with stage II disease (11 months; p
      less than 0.05) or stage III disease (9 months). Twelve patients were treated
      initially with abdominoperineal resection (APR), and three additional patients
      underwent APR to manage recurrent local or regional disease that developed later
      in the clinical course. Among evaluable patients with stage I disease initially
      managed with APR, 50% developed recurrent local-regional disease (mean disease
      free interval, 23 months), compared with 100% of those who underwent more limited
      surgery (mean disease-free interval, 16 months). Even after APR, however, distant
      metastases were common, and there was no prolongation of survival for patients
      treated with APR. Primary melanoma of the anorectum has a high metastatic
      potential and carries a grave prognosis. APR appears to have some effect in
      controlling local and regional disease, but prolongation of survival will depend
      on both earlier diagnosis and development of more successful therapeutic
      approaches.

PMID- 2296749
TI  - Rupture of the vein patch: a rare complication of carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - Vein patch closure after carotid endarterectomy has been used to reduce the
      incidence of residual and recurrent stenosis at the carotid bifurcation. A rare
      but potential serious complication is rupture of the vein patch during the early
      postoperative period. In our experience of 2359 carotid operations performed from
      1962 through 1986, saphenous vein was used for closure in 2275 (96.5%)
      operations. In three patients out of 75 in whom the vein patch had been harvested
      from the ankle, rupture of the patch occurred 2 to 5 days after uneventful
      carotid surgery. At emergency reoperation, the central portion of the vein was
      necrotic, with no evidence of infection. In each case the carotid artery was
      closed again with fresh thigh saphenous vein, and recovery was uneventful. The
      use of ankle vein was discontinued in December 1983 in favor of groin saphenous
      vein, and similar complications have not occurred in more than 600 carotid
      endarterectomies performed since. Early noninfectious ruptures of the saphenous
      vein patches have been mentioned in other reported series of carotid operations
      and have often been related to the use of ankle vein, but they remain
      unexplained.

PMID- 2296750
TI  - Further experience with division of the left renal vein.
AB  - The left renal vein (LRV) has numerous tributaries including, but not limited to,
      the inferior phrenic, suprarenal, and gonadal veins. The resultant potential for
      collateral LRV outflow through these tributaries in instances of LRV division is
      obvious. One of us has previously reported 10 such cases of LRV division (close
      to its confluence with the inferior vena cava and without reanastomosis) for the
      purpose of facilitating proximal abdominal aortic exposure for reconstructive
      procedures. One of the 10 patients had moderate renal insufficiency at follow-up.
      We present herein an additional 19 patients who underwent LRV division
      predominantly for aneurysmal disease of the abdominal aorta. Sixteen patients
      were available for follow-up. Three patients died in the intraoperative and early
      postoperative periods. Multivariate analysis of variance of preoperative,
      postoperative, and follow-up laboratory data--serum creatinine and BUN--showed no
      significant change in renal function as assessed.

PMID- 2296751
TI  - Aneurysms and hematobilia.

PMID- 2296752
TI  - Nonfunctional adrenal tumors discovered on computed tomography as adrenalomas.

PMID- 2296753
TI  - Clinical characteristics and surgical treatment of sporadic primary
      hyperparathyroidism with emphasis on chief cell hyperplasia.
AB  - In 570 patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism, the age, sex,
      symptoms, and preoperative serum calcium values were related to the
      histopathologic diagnoses, operative findings, and the extent and outcome of
      parathyroid surgery. Renal stone formation was especially prevalent in younger
      patients with slight hypercalcemia and parathyroid chief cell hyperplasia,
      whereas neuromuscular and psychiatric disturbances were overrepresented among
      older women with higher serum calcium values. Serum calcium concentration was
      inversely correlated to the proportional incidence of chief cell hyperplasia and
      positively correlated to the glandular weight of both adenomas and hyperplasias.
      Glandular size was markedly irregular in chief cell hyperplasia, with increased
      gland weights of no more than two glands in 78% of patients. During follow-up,
      for as long as 27 years, normocalcemia was obtained in 91% of patients with
      adenomas, with failures mainly depending on difficulties in identifying the
      parathyroid glands. The rate of normocalcemia was lower (80%) among patients with
      hyperplasia, but an inability to visualize the glands was not a major cause of
      failure. In patients with hyperplasia with asymmetric and more markedly enlarged
      glands, it appeared sufficient to remove only the enlarged glands, whereas the
      findings advocated a subtotal 3- to 3.5-gland resection in patients with more
      symmetrically or less enlarged hyperplastic glands.

PMID- 2296754
TI  - Late results of vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid and super obesity.
AB  - Two hundred one patients who underwent vertical banded gastroplasty have been
      followed up for a minimum of 2 years to more than 5 years. Staple line
      perforations occurred in 48% of patients, and 36% underwent reoperation. The
      instability of the operation becomes apparent only with careful follow-up. More
      than 50% of patients who maintained a small orifice of less than or equal to 11
      mm in diameter and an intact staple line over 3 to 5 years achieved an excellent
      result (0% to 25% excess weight), which equals the best results in the literature
      for any gastric-limiting operation, whether bypass or gastroplasty. The results
      of this operation for super obesity (a body mass index greater than or equal to
      50 kg/m2) are disappointing. Only 8% of these patients achieve an excellent
      result. Failure of vertical banded gastroplasty in the morbidly obese (body mass
      index of 40 to 50 kg/m2) is frequently technical, and a method that eliminates
      dependence on integrity of staples should be evaluated. Results should be
      reported so that unsatisfactory results are apparent. Mean weight loss and mean
      percent excess weight loss are both highly satisfactory in this study, whereas
      unsatisfactory results ranged from 10% to 21% for each of the 5 years of follow
      up.

PMID- 2296755
TI  - Reversible changes in tumor growth and metastatic behavior induced by immune
      pressure.
AB  - Prolonged exposure to host immunity was studied for its effect on several
      characteristics of a cloned 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma. One
      million cells of a clone 10-O were injected subcutaneously into normal C3H/HeJ
      mice (clone 10-N) or tumor-immune mice (clone 10-I). After 10 passages in immune
      mice, 1 X 10(6) cells from 10-I tumor were transferred back into normal mice
      (clone 10-R). After 5 to 10 additional in vivo passages, clone 10-O, 10-N, 10-I,
      and 10-R tumors were transplanted into normal mice and observed for tumor growth
      rate, tumorigenicity, antigen specificity, metastatic potential, and plating
      efficiency. Clone 10-I after 10 passages in immunized mice grew significantly
      more slowly than did 10-O or 10-N clones, required more tumor cells to cause 50%
      tumor incidence in normal mice (tumorigenicity), and completely lost its capacity
      to metastasize spontaneously or experimentally. The plating efficiency in vitro
      of 10-I was also less than that of 10-O or 10-N. All these changes reversed after
      5 to 10 passages of 10-I clone back into normal mice (10-R). Although immune
      pressure induced qualitative antigenic changes, as demonstrated by a tumor
      rejection assay, and resulted in no cross-reactivity with control tumor clones
      (antigen specificity), the degree of immune response to its autologous clone in
      immune mice (immunogenicity) remained constant. These results suggest that
      several unrelated characteristics of this clone 10 can be phenotypically changed
      during the same period by immune pressure.

PMID- 2296756
TI  - Influence of dopamine on the liver assessed by changes in arterial ketone body
      ratio in brain-dead dogs.
AB  - The influence of dopamine on liver metabolism in the state of brain death was
      assessed by measuring arterial ketone body ratio (AKBR) in dogs. Mean arterial
      blood pressure (MABP) was significantly decreased, from 137.4 +/- 3.7 to 64.7 +/-
      2.8 mm Hg, 1 hour after completion of brain death (p less than 0.01). In the
      control group AKBR was maintained at the near control value of 1.07 thereafter,
      concomitant with a significant decrease in serum lactate levels, despite marked
      hypotension (p less than 0.05). Dopamine infusion at rates of 5 and 10
      micrograms/kg/min sustained both AKBR and MABP at near control values. In
      contrast, dopamine given at doses greater than 15 micrograms/kg/min caused a
      significant reduction of AKBR, to less than 0.66 +/- 0.12 (p less than 0.01),
      although MABP was restored to near-normal levels. In addition, serum levels of
      alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase
      were significantly elevated, reflecting liver cell injury. It is suggested that
      the liver is primarily tolerant to hypotension in the state of brain death and
      that dopamine administered at a rate of 15 micrograms/kg/min or more impairs
      liver metabolism by reducing the redox state (free nicotinamide-adenine
      dinucleotide/reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide) of liver mitochondria.

PMID- 2296757
TI  - Osseous wound healing with xenogeneic bone implants with a biodegradable carrier.
AB  - Human antigen-extracted, autolyzed (AA) bone and a bovine bone morphogenetic
      protein were prepared as implants within biodegradable carriers and compared with
      autogenous bone grafts and controls in the healing of critical-size bony defects
      in nonhuman primates. The treated craniotomy sites were studied 3 and 6 months
      after surgery; radiodensity and volume of newly deposited trabecular bone were
      assessed by radiomorphometric and histomorphometric methods, respectively. There
      was no evidence of adverse immunologic response to the experimental implants. The
      autografts resulted in the greatest volume of new bone formation (p less than
      0.01), but the AA implants elicited a significantly greater response than either
      the bovine bone morphogenetic protein derivatives or the controls (p less than
      0.05). By 6 months, the AA derivatives had healed with actively coalescing
      islands of new bone, displaying normal-appearing outer and inner tables along
      with well-developed marrow cavities. It appears that xenogeneic AA implants have
      the ability to elicit an excellent osseous response in critical-size calvarial
      wounds. In addition, the carrier polymer for the implants acted as an effective
      soft-tissue spacer before being absorbed.

PMID- 2296758
TI  - Hemodynamic study after devascularization procedure in patients with esophageal
      varices.
AB  - The portal and systemic hemodynamics in 23 patients with esophageal varices
      caused by portal hypertension were studied by the thermodilution method with a
      thermodilution catheter. The patients had a mean age of 48.2 years and underwent
      splenectomy and devascularization with (17 cases) or without cardiectomy (six
      cases). The initial portal venous blood flow in all 23 patients was 0.99 +/- 0.31
      L/min/m2, and this decreased significantly after splenectomy to 0.67 +/- 0.29
      L/min/m2 in proportion to the resected spleen weight. The initial portal venous
      pressure was 36.5 +/- 6.8 cm H2O, and this decreased after splenectomy to 29.1 +/
      5.7 cm H2O but returned to the initial level after the devascularization
      procedure. Thus the portal hypertensive status was preserved in spite of the
      reduction in portal venous blood flow. There was no difference in the pattern of
      portal hemodynamic change between the patients who underwent cardiectomy and
      those who did not. In conclusion, it is indicated that the portal hemodynamic
      change after the devascularization procedure was not caused by cardiectomy but by
      the lack of splenic blood flow to the portal vein after splenectomy.

PMID- 2296759
TI  - Human duodenal myoelectric activity after operation and with pacing.
AB  - We sought to determine the influence of operation on the pattern of human
      duodenal myoelectric activity and to assess whether electrical pacing might
      correct any postoperative disturbances. Three pairs of temporary bipolar serosal
      electrodes were placed on the duodenums of ten patients undergoing
      cholecystectomy. Electrical recordings were obtained daily until the patients'
      discharge, at 3 to 7 days, after operation. On each postoperative day, a regular
      rhythmic pattern of pacesetter potentials (PPs) was detected in all patients. The
      PP frequency (mean +/- SEM) was greater at the proximal electrode than at the
      distal electrode on the first postoperative day (12.3 +/- 0.1 cpm vs 11.9 +/- 0.1
      cpm, p less than 0.01) and on the day of feeding (12.0 +/- 0.2 cpm vs 11.6 +/-
      0.2, p less than 0.01). Spontaneous periods when spike potentials accompanied
      each PP (phase III of the migrating myoelectric complex), were found in only one
      patient on the day after operation, while they were recorded in five patients
      after 3 to 7 days, when postoperative ileus had resolved (p less than 0.05).
      Pacing with electric pulses (50 msec, 5 to 15 mA, 11 to 13 cpm) did not alter the
      pattern of duodenal PPs or entrain them in the duodenum of any patient at any
      time after operation. In conclusion, the pattern of duodenal pacesetter
      potentials changed little during the period of postoperative ileus, while the
      incidence of phase IIIs of the migrating myoelectric complex was greatly
      decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296760
TI  - Early postburn lipid peroxidation: effect of ibuprofen and allopurinol.
AB  - We measured lipid peroxidation of plasma, lung, and liver in anaesthetized sheep
      after third-degree burns involving 30% of total body surface. Animals were
      resuscitated to baseline filling pressures with lactated Ringer's solution and
      killed 10 hours after burn. Six sheep were pretreated with ibuprofen (12.5 mg/kg)
      and five with allopurinol (50 mg/kg). We used conjugated dienes and
      malondialdehyde as measures of lipid peroxidation. Circulating conjugated dienes
      increased from a baseline of 0.48 +/- 0.06 to 0.64 +/- 0.05 after burn, while
      protein-rich burn tissue lymph flow increased up to eightfold. We also noted a
      significant increase in lung tissue malondialdehyde from 45 +/- 4 to 60 +/- 6
      nmol/gm and liver malondialdehyde from 110 +/- 20 to 271 +/- 34 nmol/gm along
      with increased tissue neutrophil sequestration. Ibuprofen attenuated lung-tissue
      malondialdehyde but had no effect on lung inflammation, circulating lipid
      peroxides or burn edema, indicating that ibuprofen most likely decreased O2
      radical release in lung tissue by the already-sequestered neutrophils.
      Allopurinol, possibly via xanthine oxidase inhibition, markedly attenuated burn
      QL and circulating lipid peroxides and prevented all pulmonary lipid peroxidation
      and inflammation, indicating that release of oxidant from burn tissue was in part
      responsible for local burn edema, as well as distant inflammation and oxidant
      release, the latter most likely from complement activation. Neither antioxidant
      decreased lipid peroxidation in the liver; this indicates that its mechanism of
      production was different from that seen in burn tissue, in plasma, or in the
      lung. An ischemic event resulting from a selective decrease in splanchnic blood
      flow may be the cause of the liver changes.

PMID- 2296761
TI  - [Arthroluxyl--the patient as a test object?].

PMID- 2296762
TI  - Effects of ozone inhalation on polyamine metabolism and tritiated thymidine
      incorporation into DNA of rat lungs.
AB  - We examined the effects of low-level ozone (O3) inhalation on polyamine
      metabolism and tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation into DNA in rat lungs.
      We have also compared the activities of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate
      limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      (G6PD), the key enzyme of the pentose phosphate cycle and a typical marker of
      oxidant injury, to assess whether ODC can serve as a sensitive marker of O3
      effects on the lung. We exposed 90-day-old male specific-pathogen-free Sprague
      Dawley rats to either 0.45 +/- 0.05 ppm (882 +/- 98 micrograms/m3) O3 or filtered
      room air continuously for 3 days. After exposure, the rats were terminated and
      the lungs examined for enzyme activities, polyamine contents, DNA content, and 3H
      TdR incorporation. We found that in exposed rats, the enzyme activities were
      significantly increased (p less than 0.05) relative to air controls. G6PD, 25%,
      ODC, 147%, and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMet DC), 86%. Polyamine
      contents were also affected by O3; putrescine increased 80%, p less than 0.05,
      spermidine did not change, and spermine decreased 23%, p less than 0.05. 3H-TdR
      incorporation into DNA was significantly elevated, 155%, p less than 0.001, after
      O3 exposure while total lung DNA content remained unchanged. The concomitant and
      large increase in ODC activity (reflecting polyamine metabolism) and DNA labeling
      (reflecting DNA synthesis and/or repair), indicates a strong correlation between
      the two and suggests that polyamine metabolism may play an important role in the
      accelerated cell proliferation associated with O3 injury. Moreover, the greater
      increase in lung ODC activity compared to other enzymes offers a sensitive marker
      of the lung response to inhaled O3. We conclude that inhalation of O3 at levels
      similar to what may be encountered during some smog episodes can result in
      significant pulmonary biochemical alterations with a potential for long-term
      consequences. The possible association between ODC activity and DNA labeling may
      offer a new insight into the mechanism of tissue injury and repair. We also
      speculate that the changes in lung polyamines may reflect antioxidant and anti
      inflammatory functions associated with the cellular defense against oxidant
      injury.

PMID- 2296763
TI  - Sensitive periods for lead-induced behavioral impairment (nonspatial
      discrimination reversal) in monkeys.
AB  - A total of 52 nursery-reared monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were dosed orally with
      1.5 mg/kg/day of lead on one of four dosing regimens (13 monkeys/group): Group 1,
      vehicle only; Group 2, dosed with lead continuously from birth; Group 3, dosed
      with lead from birth to 400 days of age and vehicle thereafter; and Group 4,
      dosed with vehicle from birth to 300 days of age and lead thereafter. This dosing
      regimen allowed evaluation of differential infant vulnerability as well as
      reversibility of the behavioral toxicity of lead. Blood lead concentrations
      averaged 3-6 micrograms/dl when monkeys were not being exposed to lead, 32-36
      micrograms/dl when being dosed with lead and having access to infant formula, and
      19-26 micrograms/dl during lead exposure after weaning from infant formula. When
      monkeys were 5-6 years old, they were tested on a series of nonspatial
      discrimination reversal tasks: form, form with irrelevant color cues, color with
      irrelevant form cues, and alternating form and color. Group 2 exhibited the
      greatest degree of impairment compared to controls. Group 4 also exhibited
      impaired performance, although less marked than that of Group 2. Group 3 was not
      impaired on this series of tasks. These results confirm findings observed in
      other monkeys exposed continuously to lead and suggest that while exposure
      beginning after infancy produces impairment, exposure during infancy as well
      exacerbates the effect.

PMID- 2296764
TI  - Methoxychlor accelerates embryo transport through the rat reproductive tract.
AB  - The estrogenic pesticide methoxychlor (MXC) is known to reduce implantation, and,
      in our previous work, this reduction has been attributed to a direct effect on
      uterine function. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of MXC
      on embryo transport rate, another phenomenon that is vulnerable to estrogenic
      effects. MXC was administered by gavage, at 0, 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg/day, to
      groups of rats on Days 1-3 of pregnancy (Day 0 = sperm positive), and the
      distribution of embryos in the oviducts and uteri of animals was assessed at five
      time intervals prior to implantation. No effect of MXC was detected by the
      afternoon of Day 1. On Days 2 and 3 of pregnancy, 200 and 500 mg/kg/day MXC were
      found to accelerate embryo transport into the uterus; the 500 mg/kg/day dosage
      also reduced the total number of embryos recovered from the tract. On the third
      day, 100 mg/kg/day MXC also accelerated embryo transport to the uterus and 200
      mg/kg/day MXC reduced total embryo recovery. Until the afternoon of Day 3, most
      control embryos remained in the oviduct. These data demonstrate that MXC produces
      a dose-dependent acceleration of embryo transport through the female reproductive
      tract. When compared with previous work, the current data indicate that such an
      acceleration is the primary cause of MXC-induced preimplantation embryonic loss
      when exposure occurs after fertilization.

PMID- 2296765
TI  - Acute acrylonitrile toxicity: studies on the mechanism of the antidotal effect of
      D- and L-cysteine and their N-acetyl derivatives in the rat.
AB  - Thiol-containing antidotes for acute acrylonitrile (AN) toxicity may exert their
      action by chemically reacting with AN, by replacing critical sulfhydryl groups
      cyanoethylated by AN, and by detoxifying cyanide produced from AN metabolism. We
      have evaluated the ability of the optical isomers of cysteine and N
      acetylcysteine to act as antidotes against AN toxicity in order to assess the
      relative importance of each of these three antidotal mechanisms. The toxicity of
      AN was determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats and compared to the toxicity
      determined after treatment with 2 mmol/kg of thiol antidote by computing a
      protective index (median lethal dose with antidote/median lethal dose without
      antidote). The protective indices of L-cysteine, D-cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine,
      and N-acetyl-D-cysteine were 2.03, 1.97, 1.76, and 1.25, respectively.
      Measurements of urinary mercapturates, derived from the non-oxidative pathway of
      AN metabolism, indicated that none of the antidotes was able to significantly
      increase the excretion of these metabolites. Blood cyanide generated from the
      oxidative metabolism of AN and butyronitrile was also determined. All of the
      antidotes, except N-acetyl-D-cysteine, lowered blood cyanide levels. A comparison
      of these results with the predicted relative abilities of the enantiomers to
      participate in each of the three antidotal mechanisms leads to the conclusion
      that, under these experimental conditions, the best correlation exists with the
      cyanide detoxification mechanism.

PMID- 2296766
TI  - Effects of developmental exposure to methyl mercury on spatial and temporal
      visual function in monkeys.
AB  - Detailed characterization of several aspects of visual function was made in two
      groups of monkeys exposed developmentally to methyl mercury. One group of monkeys
      (Macaca fascicularis) was dosed from birth onward with 50 micrograms/kg/day of
      mercury as methyl mercury. Another group was exposed in utero by dosing the
      mother with 10, 25, or 50 micrograms/kg/day of mercury as methyl mercury, and
      postnatally until 4.0-4.5 years of age with the same dose the mother had
      received. Spatial and temporal visual function was tested in both groups. Spatial
      visual deficits observed in the group dosed beginning postnatally were reported
      previously (Rice and Gilbert, 1982, Science, 216, 759-761). Monkeys exposed in
      utero plus postnatally exhibited impaired high- and low-luminance spatial vision.
      They also exhibited deficits in low-frequency high-luminance temporal vision,
      while low-luminance temporal vision was superior to that of control monkeys.
      Monkeys in which exposure began at birth displayed superior low-luminance
      temporal vision, while high-luminance temporal vision was not impaired. These
      effects were observed in the absence of constriction of visual fields. These data
      suggest that the pattern of visual deficits produced by developmental exposure to
      methyl mercury may be different from that in the adult, and that the developing
      visual system may be able to remodel as a result of early insult by a neurotoxic
      agent.

PMID- 2296767
TI  - Maitotoxin-induced myocardial cell injury: calcium accumulation followed by ATP
      depletion precedes cell death.
AB  - Maitotoxin, the most potent marine toxin, is known to increase the uptake and the
      accumulation of Ca2+ into cells, and was used in the present study to investigate
      the mechanisms of myocardial cell damage induced by Ca2+ overload. In cultured
      cardiomyocytes, isolated from 2-day-old rats, maitotoxin affected cell viability,
      as indicated by the leakage of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
      and of radiolabeled adenine nucleotides into the extracellular medium. Maitotoxin
      induced leakage of LDH steadily increased between 30 min and 24 hr, and was
      preceded by a marked depletion of intracellular ATP. Addition of maitotoxin
      resulted in a rapid influx of extracellular Ca2+, as detected by preincubating
      the cells in the presence of 45Ca; this effect evolved in a few minutes, thus
      preceding the signs of cell death. Cytosolic levels of free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) were
      monitored by loading freshly isolated, suspended cardiomyocytes with the
      intracellular fluorescent probe fura-2; in these cells, maitotoxin induced a dose
      dependent increase in [Ca2+]i, with a lag phase of less than a minute. All these
      effects of maitotoxin were inhibited by reducing Ca2+ concentration in the
      culture medium or by incubating the cells with the calcium-channel blocking drug
      verapamil. It is thus demonstrated that maitotoxin-induced cardiotoxicity is
      secondary to an inordinate influx of Ca2+ into the cells. It is also suggested
      that, in those conditions that lead to an inordinate accumulation of Ca2+ into
      myocardial cells, the unmatched demands of energy and the depletion of ATP play a
      primary role in the irreversible stage of cell damage.

PMID- 2296768
TI  - DNA damage induced in rats by oral administration of chlordiazepoxide plus sodium
      nitrite or of N-nitrosochlordiazepoxide.
AB  - Chlordiazepoxide (CDE) reacts in acidic conditions with NaNO2 yielding N
      nitrosochlordiazepoxide (NO-CDE), previously shown to exert genotoxic effects in
      some in vitro systems. The possible intragastric nitrosation of CDE to NO-CDE has
      been investigated in rats given by gavage high single doses of this
      benzodiazepine along with NaNO2. Liver DNA fragmentation, as revealed by both DNA
      alkaline elution and a more sensitive viscometric method, was found to occur
      consistently and to be essentially independent of the molar ratio drug/nitrite or
      of gastric pH. The significant increase in the frequency of DNA lesions observed
      in rats treated for 15 successive days indicates that DNA repair did not keep
      pace with the accumulation of the damage. Oral administration of single doses of
      NO-CDE induced similar dose-dependent amounts of DNA fragmentation in liver,
      gastric mucosa, and brain. Due to the demonstrated absence of carcinogenic
      activity in rodents, the present results should be interpreted solely as
      indicating that NO-CDE is intrinsically capable of producing DNA lesions in vivo,
      an effect by itself not sufficient to induce tumor growth.

PMID- 2296769
TI  - Toxicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine, and 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - N-Nitrosodimethylamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were shown to injure lethally
      primary monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes only after incubation periods in
      excess of 24 hr. The toxic action of these agents, therefore, mimics the time
      dependency of their hepatoxicity in vivo. The viability of hepatocytes treated
      with N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine was not different from controls at times up to 54
      hr following treatment, a result which is also consistent with the inability of
      this compound to produce hepatotoxicity in vivo.

PMID- 2296770
TI  - Effect of oral dosing vehicles on the acute hepatotoxicity of carbon
      tetrachloride in rats.
AB  - Although carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is of concern as a drinking water
      contaminant, it has been necessary in most oral toxicity studies to give CCl4 in
      an oil vehicle due to its limited water solubility. The primary objective of our
      study was to assess the influence of dosing vehicles on the acute hepatotoxicity
      of CCl4. Fasted 200- to 230-g rats were generally found to be more susceptible to
      CCl4 hepatotoxicity than fasted 300- to 330-g rats. A time-course study revealed
      that corn oil did not delay the onset or time of maximal liver injury by an oral
      100 mg/kg dose of CCl4, but did reduce the extent of injury relative to that when
      the chemical was given undiluted or as an aqueous emulsion. Fasted 200- to 230-g
      male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 mg
      CCl4/kg body wt by gavage: in corn oil; as an aqueous emulsion; as the undiluted
      chemical; and in the 10 and 25 mg/kg doses only, in water. Blood and liver
      samples were taken 24 hr after dosing for measurement of serum and microsomal
      enzymes. Pathological examination of liver samples was also conducted. Dose
      dependent increases in serum enzyme levels and pathological changes and dose
      dependent decreases in microsomal P450 and glucose-6-phosphatase activity were
      observed in each vehicle group. Both the 10 and 25 mg/kg oral doses of CCl4 in
      water caused significant elevations in serum enzymes and hepatic centrolobular
      vacuolation. The study revealed that acute hepatotoxicity was less pronounced at
      each dosage level in rats given CCl4 in corn oil than in other vehicle groups.
      These findings demonstrate that dosing vehicles can significantly influence the
      acute hepatotoxicity of CCl4 in rats and are a cause for additional consideration
      and review of the practice of routinely using vegetable oils as a diluent in
      studies of volatile organic compound (VOC) toxicity. The use of aqueous Emulphor
      emulsions appears more appropriate in acute toxicity studies of VOC drinking
      water contaminants such as CCl4, in that the emulsion did not substantially alter
      the toxicity of CCl4 from that of undiluted CCl4 or CCl4 ingested in water.

PMID- 2296771
TI  - Effect of dosing vehicles on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered carbon
      tetrachloride in rats.
AB  - The primary objectives of this investigation were to determine whether oil and
      aqueous dosage vehicles alter the pharmacokinetics of orally administered carbon
      tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats, and to relate vehicle effects on CCl4 absorption
      and bioavailability to alterations of the acute hepatotoxicity of CCl4 seen in a
      companion study (H.J. Kim, S. Odend'hal, and J. V. Bruckner, 1990, Toxicol. Appl.
      Pharmacol. 102, 34-49). Fasted 200- to 230-g male Sprague-Dawley rats with
      indwelling arterial cannulas received 25 mg CCl4/kg body wt by gavage: in corn
      oil; as an Emulphor aqueous emulsion; in water; and as pure undiluted chemical.
      The 25 mg/kg dose was also given iv in PEG 400 through an indwelling jugular
      cannula. Serial blood samples were taken from the iv and gavage animals and
      analyzed for CCl4 content to obtain blood concentration-versus-time profiles.
      CCl4 was absorbed very rapidly from the GI tract, as peak concentrations of CCl4
      in the blood were reached within 3-6 min of dosing in the aqueous emulsion and
      water groups. These peak levels were higher than those in the undiluted CCl4
      group and substantially higher than those in the corn oil group. Corn oil
      markedly delayed the absorption of CCl4 from the GI tract and produced secondary
      peaks in the blood concentration-versus-time profiles. Elimination of CCl4 from
      the bloodstream of the iv group followed a triexponential pattern. CCl4 was
      eliminated from the blood at approximately the same rate in the iv and po groups,
      as reflected by similar elimination rate constant and half-life values. There was
      a high degree of correlation of both Cmax and AUC0(120) with hepatotoxicity. CCl4
      was apparently less acutely hepatotoxic in corn oil due to delay and prolongation
      of CCl4 absorption, resulting in a marked decrease in the concentration of the
      chemical in the arterial blood. These findings suggest that corn oil has
      sufficient effect on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered CCl4 to require
      an appraisal of its use in studies of the acute oral toxicity of CCl4 and other
      volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). The use of aqueous Emulphor emulsions appears
      appropriate in studies of VOC contaminants of drinking water, in that the
      emulsion did not substantially alter the pharmacokinetics or hepatotoxicity of
      CCl4 from that ingested in water.

PMID- 2296772
TI  - The effect of age on digoxin pharmacokinetics in Fischer-344 rats.
AB  - Digoxin protein binding and pharmacokinetics were studied in 4-, 14-, and 25
      month-old male Fischer-344 rats to determine if there were age-dependent changes
      in digoxin disposition. Serum protein binding did not differ among age groups.
      The average percentage unbound digoxin for all animals was 61.3 +/- 5.3% (means
      +/- SD, n = 15). For pharmacokinetic studies, [3H]digoxin and 1 mg/kg unlabeled
      digoxin were administered as an intravenous bolus dose to animals from each age
      group. The [3H]digoxin terminal elimination half-life was 2.0, 2.3, and 2.5 hr,
      respectively. The steady-state volume of distribution in the three age groups was
      1.51, 1.49, and 1.27 liters/kg, respectively. Total body clearance for the three
      age groups was 14.2, 12.1, and 7.5 ml/min/kg, respectively. Analysis of variance
      of these data followed by Duncan's multiple range test indicated a significant
      decrease in clearance in the aged rats (25-month-old, p less than 0.05). This age
      dependent decrease in clearance suggested that digoxin pharmacokinetics could be
      a significant factor in age-related alterations in digoxin cardiotoxicity in the
      rat, as it is in humans, and that the Fischer-344 rat could be a useful model for
      studies of digoxin pharmacokinetic changes with age.

PMID- 2296773
TI  - Interference with hepatocellular substrate uptake by 1,1,1-trichloroethane and
      tetrachloroethylene.
AB  - The effects of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent exposure on
      hepatocellular transport of some model substrates have been investigated.
      Exposure of isolated hepatocytes to 1,1,1-trichloroethane or tetrachloroethylene
      resulted in suppression of uptake of taurocholate, ouabain, and 2-aminoisobutyric
      acid but not CdCl2 or 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. The effect was clearly evident at
      noncytotoxic concentrations, as indicated by the lack of intracellular enzyme
      leakage and unaltered intracellular K+ ion concentration. Moreover, the
      ultrastructure of solvent-exposed hepatocytes was similar to that of control
      cells, except for a reduction in membrane microvilli. The suppression of uptake
      was reversible provided that sufficient time was allowed for the cells to
      recover. The mechanism of this inhibition may be associated with energy-linked
      processes, as uptake of taurocholate, ouabain, and 2-aminoisobutyric acid is
      energy requiring while uptake of CdCl2 and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose is not. Cellular
      ATP was reduced in a dose-dependent manner, but a marked depletion occurred only
      at cytotoxic concentrations. Na(+)-K(+)- and Mg2(+)-ATPase activities in
      hepatocyte plasma membrane preparations were also inhibited by solvent exposure.
      The data suggest that 1,1,1-trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene interfere
      specifically with energy-dependent hepatic transport functions and that a
      decrease in ATP levels and/or inhibition of cell membrane ATPases may be the
      mechanism.

PMID- 2296774
TI  - The role of metabolism in carbon tetrachloride-mediated immunosuppression: in
      vivo studies.
AB  - The role of metabolic bioactivation for carbon tetrachloride-mediated suppression
      of humoral responses was investigated in B6C3F1 mice. Subchronic studies with
      CCl4 demonstrated that this chlorinated hydrocarbon markedly suppressed T
      dependent antibody responses following 7 consecutive days of administration at
      doses between 500 and 5000 mg/kg. No significant difference in the magnitude of
      suppression was observed between the ip and oral routes of exposure. Thirty-day
      ip administration of CCl4 at doses as low as 25 mg/kg also resulted in a
      significant inhibition of T-dependent antibody responses. The results from both
      the 7-day and the 30-day studies indicate that a greater than 50% suppression of
      antibody responses could not be achieved even at doses of CCl4 as high as 5000
      mg/kg. In vivo studies utilized the cytochrome P450 competitive inhibitor,
      aminoacetonitrile (AAN), in an effort to block the effects of exposure to CCl4.
      Both the hepatotoxicity, as measured by serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
      levels, and the suppression of the T-dependent antibody response to sRBC were
      reversed by treatment with AAN. Conversely, induction of cytochrome P450, by
      pretreatment of mice with ethanol prior to treatment with CCl4, resulted in the
      potentiation of the immunosuppressive effects of CCl4. AAN and ethanol
      administered alone had no effect on antibody responses. In order to assess the
      effect of CCl4 treatment on cytochrome P450 activity at doses which cause
      immunosuppression, measurements of total microsomal protein and specific
      substrate activities were determined. Significant decreases were observed in both
      total hepatic microsomal protein as well as in aminopyrine N-demethylase
      activity, aniline hydroxylase activity, and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity
      following treatment with CCl4 for 7 days at doses ranging from 5 to 1000 mg/kg.
      All of the cytochrome P450 parameters that were measured, following CCl4
      treatment, demonstrated very flat dose-response curves which appeared to parallel
      the effects of CCl4 on antibody responses.

PMID- 2296775
TI  - Effects of recombinant human alpha-interferon in a rodent cardiotoxicity model.
AB  - Recombinant human alpha-interferon infused intravenously into rats at doses of
      10(6) (1st infusion) and 10(5) IU (2nd and 3rd infusion) produced marginal
      evidence of liver damage but no serious toxicity. During the 2nd and 3rd
      infusions an increased incidence of cardiac arrhythmias of various types was
      observed. In 2 rats electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia was
      noted. No changes in myocardial structure were demonstrated by light and electron
      microscopy. With the high dose the decrease in body temperature resulting from
      anesthesia was significantly reduced. Antibodies to interferon were demonstrated
      in the majority of the animals.

PMID- 2296776
TI  - Mitochondrial dysfunction in paracetamol hepatotoxicity: in vitro studies in
      isolated mouse hepatocytes.
AB  - The effect of paracetamol intoxication on mitochondrial function was studied in
      isolated mouse hepatocytes. Inhibition of cellular respiration as well as a
      lowering of cellular ATP contents and ATP/ADP ratios was associated with exposure
      to toxic concentrations of paracetamol. Significantly, inhibition of 3
      hydroxybutyrate- and lactate/pyruvate-supported respiration, as well as the
      reduction in cellular ATP levels and ATP/ADP ratios, preceded the appearance of
      plasma membrane damage, as assessed by LDH leakage. N-Acetylcysteine reduced the
      extent of plasma membrane damage induced by paracetamol and protected against the
      impairment of cellular respiration. This suggests that respiratory dysfunction
      was a consequence of the oxidation of paracetamol to its reactive metabolite
      within the liver cell. These findings indicate that paracetamol toxicity results
      in an impairment of mitochondrial function which precedes the loss of plasma
      membrane integrity.

PMID- 2296777
TI  - TCDD resistance is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in the rat.
AB  - In the present study, genetic crossings were performed between the most TCDD
      susceptible (Long-Evans) and the most TCDD-resistant (Han/Wistar) rat strains.
      The F1 offspring were as resistant to TCDD as the Han/Wistar rats irrespective of
      the sex of their Han/Wistar parents. In test-cross and F2 progeny the
      distribution of resistant and susceptible phenotypes was consistent with
      inheritance regulated by 2 (possibly 3) autosomal genes displaying complete
      dominance, independent segregation, and an additive co-effect. These data show
      that, in contrast to earlier findings in mice, TCDD resistance seems to be the
      dominant trait in the rat. Moreover, the results challenge the current view that
      the Ah-locus is the exclusive determinant of TCDD sensitivity.

PMID- 2296778
TI  - Effects of macrocyclic trichothecene congeners on the viability and mitogenesis
      of murine splenic lymphocytes.
AB  - The effects of several congeners of the macrocyclic class of trichothecene
      mycotoxins on murine splenic cells in vitro were investigated. The mycotoxins
      were roritoxin B, myrotoxin B, roridins A, D and E, baccharinoids B4, B5 and B12,
      16-hydroxyverrucarin A, and verrucarins A and J. Lymphocytes from CD-1 mice were
      cultured with each of the mycotoxins for 48 h to assess cytotoxicity. The maximum
      effect of various trichothecenes produced on cells occurred at concentrations
      ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-4) M. Mycotoxins had no effect at concentrations
      ranging from 10(-12) to 10(-7) M. The mitogenic stimulants concanavalin A,
      lipopolysaccharide, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen were added to
      splenic lymphocyte cultures along with varying concentrations of selected
      mycotoxins. Blastogenesis was inhibited at concentrations 2-5 orders of magnitude
      lower than those which produced lethality on resting lymphocytes.

PMID- 2296779
TI  - Quantitative risk assessment of polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) released in PCB
      fires: use of high-resolution gas chromatography.
AB  - The toxicity of polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), produced during incineration and
      in accidental fires involving polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is generally
      assessed in terms of total concentration or more recently in terms of the group
      concentrations of the tetra-, penta- and hexachloro-isomers. This approach fails
      to account for the great differences in potency of the relatively few toxic
      congeners and isomers present in the sample. A quantitative risk assessment of
      PCDF mixtures must not only be based on the concentrations of the toxic
      components but also account for the relative potency of each congener in a form
      which permits summation of the toxicities of the individual contributors. This
      paper outlines a method by which the concentration of each of the toxic
      components, determined by high-resolution congener-specific gas chromatographic
      analysis, may be converted to equivalent toxic concentrations of 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Summation of the resulting values permits the
      overall toxicity of the sample to be expressed in terms of an equivalent toxic
      weight of TCDD per unit weight of sample (ng TCDD/g) in the case of fly ash or an
      equivalent toxic weight of TCDD per unit area (ng TCDD/m2) for soot deposit.

PMID- 2296780
TI  - Altered serum immunoglobulin response to model intestinal antigens during dietary
      exposure to vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol).
AB  - The effect of dietary vomitoxin on the serum IgA and IgG responses to two model
      intestinal antigens, casein and cholera toxin (CT), were assessed in 4
      experimental groups: (1) mice fed casein-based diet, (2) mice fed casein-based
      diet containing 25 ppm vomitoxin, (3) mice fed casein-based diet and immunized
      with CT, and (4) mice fed casein-based diet containing 25 ppm vomitoxin and
      immunized with CT. Unimmunized and CT-immunized mice that were fed vomitoxin
      exhibited increased levels of total serum IgA relative to matched control animals
      fed the standard diet. Relative concentrations of casein-specific IgA were
      greater in both unimmunized mice and CT-immunized mice fed standard diet with
      vomitoxin than in matched controls fed standard diet only. CT-specific serum IgA
      in CT-immunized mice was not affected by vomitoxin feeding, but relative levels
      of CT-specific IgA were higher in unimmunized mice fed vomitoxin than in
      unimmunized mice fed standard diet. Both casein- and CT-specific serum IgG were
      depressed in mice fed vomitoxin. Significant differences in total, casein
      specific and CT-specific IgA within the intestinal contents were not observed
      between CT-immunized mice fed vomitoxin and those fed the control diet. The
      results suggest that vomitoxin altered regulation of the normal immunoglobulin
      response to intestinal antigens and that this was manifested in the systemic
      compartment.

PMID- 2296781
TI  - Schedule dependency of a cadmium-complexing dithiocarbamate analog in mice.
AB  - A number of dosing regimens was assessed to determine the optimum schedule of
      administration of N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-dithiocarboxy-D-glucamine (MeOBDCG) in
      depleting whole-body, renal and hepatic levels of metallothionein-bound cadmium
      (Cd) in mice. A comparison of 4.0 mmol/kg given as a single injection versus 0.5
      mmol/kg given as 8 hourly injections revealed the latter regimen to be superior
      in reducing renal Cd levels, but less effective than a bolus dose in lowering
      hepatic Cd concentrations. Administration of 1.33 mmol/kg for 3 consecutive days
      or 0.8 mmol/kg for 5 days effected a more extensive depletion of renal Cd
      concentrations than did a single injection of 4.0 mmol/kg. Three injections of
      1.0 mmol/kg given at 4- to 7-day intervals were generally more effective in
      reducing renal Cd concentrations than were 3 consecutive daily injections in mice
      which had low or moderately high total Cd burdens. The lowest effective dose of
      MeOBDCG in lowering whole-body, liver and kidney Cd levels when given
      repetitively was about 0.2 mmol/kg. While schedule variations did not alter
      appreciably the whole-body Cd reductions at any given total dose of MeOBDCG,
      repetitive dosing schedules in which injections were given at intervals of
      several days rather than daily were typically more effective in reducing renal Cd
      levels. Based upon consideration of pharmacological response as influenced by
      body surface area, it was calculated that doses of MeOBDCG of the order of 2.0
      g/d may be effective in reducing renal Cd levels in individuals with chronic
      renal dysfunction secondary to chronic Cd intoxication.

PMID- 2296782
TI  - Biochemical changes in the rat lung and liver following intratracheal
      instillation of cadmium oxide.
AB  - Acute biochemical changes in the rat lung and liver following intratracheal
      instillation of cadmium oxide (CdO) were observed at a dose of 5 micrograms
      Cd/rat to investigate the defense mechanism to Cd intoxication via airway. In the
      lung metallothionein (MT) was induced, reaching a maximum at 2 days. A slight
      increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration was observed at 4 days. The
      activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was increased and
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was slightly decreased, but glutathione
      peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were not changed.
      These observations suggested that MT played a key role in detoxification of
      instilled CdO, but that the antioxidant enzymes had a minimal role. In the liver
      MT and GSH concentrations were diminished 7 h after instillation and returned to
      their control levels. Hepatic GPx activity was increased 1 day after instillation
      and the significantly elevated level lasted up to 7 days, while hepatic GR
      activity was decreased. These hepatic biochemical changes are suggested to be due
      to the secondary effects of the lung injury.

PMID- 2296783
TI  - How low can we go? Is there a way to know?

PMID- 2296784
TI  - Physiologic effects of acute anemia: implications for a reduced transfusion
      trigger.
AB  - The risks of transfusion-associated infectious disease have led to a reassessment
      of transfusion practice, which in turn has resulted in a trend toward the
      reduction of homologous transfusion. This reduction is primarily due to the
      initiation of hemotherapy at more severe levels of anemia. The optimum threshold
      for the initiation of transfusion therapy, or the transfusion trigger (TT), is
      unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of withholding
      transfusion or lowering the TT to a hematocrit (Hct) of 15 percent in
      unanesthetized animals. Nineteen adult baboons underwent a laparotomy to simulate
      surgical stress. Upon their recovery from anesthesia, hemodynamic measurements
      were obtained, and the animals underwent an exchange transfusion (ET) with 6
      percent hetastarch to a final Hct of 15 percent. After ET, hemodynamic
      measurements were repeated, and the animals were followed for 2 months. There was
      no morbidity after ET or during the 2-month observation period. After ET, there
      was a significant increase in both the cardiac output (3.3 vs. 2.5 L/min, p less
      than 0.001) and the oxygen extraction ratio (59.9 vs. 38.2%, p less than 0.0001).
      Oxygen delivery fell after ET (18.9 vs. 11.1 cc/kg/min, p less than 0.001), but
      there was no significant change in oxygen consumption after ET. The
      unanesthetized animals adapted well to severe anemia and experienced no adverse
      effects on their long-term survival in this setting, which suggests that the
      reduction of the TT to a Hct of 15 percent in normal animals is safe. Adoption of
      this TT could result in a significant reduction in the requirements for
      homologous transfusion with its attendant risks.

PMID- 2296785
TI  - Preparation of white cell-depleted blood. Comparison of two bedside filter
      systems.
AB  - Numerous techniques have been established for preparing white cell-poor blood,
      such as centrifugation, sedimentation, freezing, and filtration. All of these
      methods have disadvantages that restrict their practical use: they are time
      consuming, they require the facilities of a blood bank, and the white cell-poor
      units cannot be stored. Therefore tests have been performed on two filter systems
      that make possible the depletion of white cells directly at the bedside. Both
      filters have a high white cell-removal rate. The number of residual white cells
      in 1 unit of packed red cells was calculated as 1.08 +/- 0.53 x 10(7) in one
      system and 1.54 +/- 0.71 x 10(7) in the other. The filters do not affect the
      filtered red cells. Pressure filtration is performed without significant loss of
      efficiency. One of the systems can filter 2 units via one filter; however,
      handling the filters is tedious, and both filters are characterized by a low red
      cell recovery. Despite these disadvantages, the tested filter systems provide an
      effective device for preparing white cell-poor blood at the bedside. They are a
      suitable alternative to the conventional methods.

PMID- 2296786
TI  - Removal of white cells from red cells by transfusion through a new filter.
AB  - The effectiveness of a new filter (RC100) for the preparation of white cell
      depleted red cells (RBCs) at the bedside was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using
      three RBC products: standard RBC concentrate (CPDA units), RBCs suspended in
      saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol additive solution after the removal of plasma
      (SAGM units), and RBCs suspended in SAGM after the removal of plasma and buffy
      coat (SAGM-BC units). Median RBC recovery was at least 92 percent when 2 units
      were administered through one filter; median values for residual white cells and
      platelets were less than or equal to 20 x 10(6) and less than or equal to 2.5 x
      10(9) per 2 units, respectively. The in vivo study was carried out in 80 multiply
      transfused patients with thalassemia, 35 of whom had experienced frequent
      nonhemolytic transfusion reactions when given standard or buffy coat-free RBCs.
      During the 6-month study, each patient was given two transfusions of each type of
      RBC product One febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction occurred in each of two
      patients receiving SAGM-BC units, but in no other case. If the flow rate is not
      reduced, the median transfusion time is 35 minutes per CPDA unit and 15 minutes
      per SAGM and SAGM-BC unit. It is concluded that the transfusion of RBCs through
      the RC100 is a simple and effective procedure to administer white cell-depleted
      RBCs prepared at the bedside.

PMID- 2296787
TI  - Filtration. A method to prepare white cell-poor platelet concentrates with
      optimal preservation of platelet viability.
AB  - HLA alloimmunization is a major problem for thrombocytopenic patients receiving
      long-term platelet support. It is caused by white cells (WBCs) that are present
      as contaminants in platelet concentrates (PCs). Recent data have shown that
      filtration is an effective means to reduce WBC contamination, but it has little
      effect on the recovery of platelets. The present report evaluates two filters, a
      cellulose acetate (CA) filter requiring the inactivation of platelets with
      prostacyclin and a cotton wool (CW) filter requiring no platelet inactivation.
      The results show that, using fresh pooled PCs from six random donors, both
      filters reduce WBC contamination below 10(7) per PC, the likely threshold below
      which alloimmunization does not develop. With platelets stored for 2 to 3 days
      the efficacy of the CW filter decreases. Neither filter inflicts important damage
      to the platelets, as there is no considerable platelet activation or cell
      disruption. Moreover, PCs prepared by both filters show normal survival and
      effectively reduce the bleeding times. Thus, filtration of PCs results in
      platelets with optimal responsiveness both in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2296788
TI  - When should antibody screening tests be done for recently transfused patients?
AB  - The American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) requires that blood samples used
      for pretransfusion testing of recently transfused (or pregnant) patients must be
      obtained within 3 days of scheduled transfusions. This requirement, which became
      effective in July 1988, amended Standard G2.000 of the AABB, which previously
      required that pretransfusion testing must be done on blood samples obtained
      within 2 days of scheduled transfusions. The present study was designed to
      estimate the risk associated with adopting the amended version of Standard
      G2.000. Sixty patients who developed significant unexpected alloantibodies after
      transfusion were studied retrospectively. Thirteen of the 60 patients were found
      to have newly detectable antibodies within 83 hours of a sample reported to be
      negative for the new antibody. Had the amended version of Standard G2.000 been in
      effect, the detection of some of these antibodies might have been delayed up to
      24 hours. It was estimated that the implementation of the new AABB requirement at
      the authors' institution could potentially place about 1 in 3000 transfused
      patients at risk for an acute or delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction.

PMID- 2296789
TI  - Efficacy of new tests and the safety of the blood supply.

PMID- 2296790
TI  - Transfusion-related acute lung injury caused by an NB2 granulocyte-specific
      antibody in a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - HLA and granulocyte-specific antibodies have been implicated in the production of
      transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Reported here is a case that
      suggests that the patient's preexisting condition may play an important role in
      determining whether TRALI develops upon transfusion of blood products containing
      anti-white cell (WBC) antibodies. A 29-year-old woman with thrombotic
      thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) underwent an uneventful 1.5-volume plasma
      exchange, which was followed by the transfusion of 2 red cell (RBC) units. At the
      end of the second RBC transfusion, the patient developed clinical signs and
      symptoms of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Serologic studies demonstrated that
      the serum from the second RBC donor had no HLA antibodies but did have a
      granulocyte-specific antibody (anti-NB2) that caused the agglutination of the
      recipient's granulocytes, which were NB2 positive. Serum from the donor of the
      first RBC unit and serum from the donors of units used in the exchange had no HLA
      or granulocyte-specific antibodies that reacted with the recipient's WBCs.
      Because the donor implicated in this reaction had a history of 21 blood
      donations, none of which had been associated with a transfusion reaction, we
      suggest that the patient's preexisting condition played a significant role in
      this episode of TRALI, owing to the granulocyte-specific antibody.

PMID- 2296791
TI  - Temporary suppression of Kidd system antigen expression accompanied by transient
      production of anti-Jk3.
AB  - This report describes an 85-year-old woman of Russian Jewish extraction whose red
      cell Kidd system phenotype changed during the 2 years in which her blood was
      studied. Certainly once, and perhaps twice, the patient's phenotype changed from
      Jk(a+b-) to Jk(a-b-). On both occasions, it reverted to Jk(a+b-). During the
      first episode of loss of Jka, she formed anti-Jk3. Although this antibody was
      weak, it was capable of in vivo destruction of Jk(a+b-) and Jk(a-b+) red cells. A
      lack of details about the patient's clinical condition precludes speculation as
      to the cause of suppression of Jka expression. The phenomenon appeared to affect
      only the Kidd blood group system. This case should alert others that antigen loss
      can occur in the Kidd system as it has been shown to occur in, at least, the Rh,
      Kell, and Ge systems.

PMID- 2296792
TI  - SI units and the journal Transfusion.

PMID- 2296793
TI  - Testing in the years ahead: new pressures and new concerns.
AB  - In the past, testing by blood banks was intended primarily to ensure product
      quality or donor safety or to meet existing regulations. As a result of recent
      pressures, especially the AIDS epidemic, additional reasons to test have become
      evident. Although some of these reasons are not easy to accept, it is appropriate
      to review them and to evaluate a new approach to reaching blood bank decisions
      that have public policy implications. It is suggested that The Institute of
      Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences sponsor a new and permanent
      structure for this purpose.

PMID- 2296794
TI  - Directed and limited-exposure blood donations for infants and children.

PMID- 2296796
TI  - Potential risks of blood donation during pregnancy for autologous transfusion.

PMID- 2296795
TI  - Evaluation of a blood warmer that utilizes a 40 degrees C heat exchanger.
AB  - Most commercial blood warmers are unable to warm blood components to greater than
      35 degrees C at rapid flow rates (greater than 100 mL/min) because of problems
      with inefficient heat transfer and resistance to the flow of blood through the
      instrument's tubing. A new blood warmer, using a closed-flow 40 degrees C counter
      current water bath and large-bore tubing, is able to warm cold (10 degrees C)
      packed red cells to temperatures greater than 35 degrees C even at flow rates of
      500 mL per minute. To evaluate the effects on red cells of prolonged exposure to
      the 40 degrees C heat exchanger, blood from five volunteers stored for 42 days in
      AS-1 was run through the blood warmer using flow rates equivalent to the
      transfusion of a unit of blood over 4 hours. Compared with unwarmed blood, these
      blood units showed no significant changes in plasma hemoglobin, mean corpuscular
      hemoglobin concentration, potassium, ATP, pH, and osmotic fragility. In vivo
      survivals of chromium-51-labeled warmed autologous red cells were greater than 75
      percent in four volunteers and 49.5 percent in the fifth volunteer, whose
      abnormally low unwarmed red cell ATP level suggested a storage problem. Thus,
      this blood warmer, which warms blood efficiently at high flow rates, causes no
      red cell damage, even with prolonged exposure of old red cells to the 40 degrees
      C heat exchanger.

PMID- 2296797
TI  - Results of follow-up survey sent to laboratories participating in a nationwide
      ALT standardization program.

PMID- 2296798
TI  - The true rate of donor seropositivity to HIV.

PMID- 2296799
TI  - Hemolysis caused by half-physiologic-strength saline.

PMID- 2296800
TI  - Duodenal ultrastructure in patients with chronic renal failure with a comment on
      the incidence of Campylobacter pylori infection.
AB  - This study was aimed at identifying ultrastructural abnormalities that may be
      present in the duodenum of patients with chronic renal failure who were
      undergoing hemodialysis and that may have an effect on the normal absorptive
      function of the duodenum. Duodenal biopsy specimens from ten patients and four
      controls were examined. Light microscopy showed gastric metaplasia in eight
      patients and in none of the controls. The main electron microscopic findings were
      related to the metaplastic changes, with abundant mucous globules and abnormal
      microvilli being seen in the affected columnar cells. Prominent lysosomes and
      wide intercellular spaces were seen in some areas. Goblet and enterochromaffin
      cells appeared to be normal. Some of the reported abnormal duodenal absorptive
      functions may be related to the ultrastructural abnormalities seen in the
      microvilli and the apical parts of the columnar cells. Because of the known
      association between gastric metaplasia and colonization of the duodenum with
      Campylobacter pylori, we looked for these organisms in our cases. Light
      microscopy demonstrated these bacteria in only one of the eight duodenal biopsy
      specimens with gastric metaplasia. Particles, probably representing degenerated
      bacteria, were seen by electron microscopy in most of the examined specimens,
      however, suggesting that the duodenum of these patients remains hostile to the
      growth of these organisms.

PMID- 2296801
TI  - Altered serous granules in acinar cells of a human parotid gland.
AB  - A peculiar alteration of secretory granule morphology was observed in serous
      cells of the parotid gland from a patient undergoing radical neck surgery for
      oral cancer. The granules were half filled with a dense material that in early
      stages of formation appeared to consist of filaments or fine tubules. Growth of
      these apparently rigid fibrillar structures caused the formation of long
      pseudopodia on the granule surface. Granule alterations were not due to
      preoperative treatment because the patient had had none. It is postulated that
      the granule alterations were due to a perturbation in granule composition,
      possibly because of a genetic mutation that led to changes in one or more of the
      proline-rich proteins that normally reside in parotid serous granules.

PMID- 2296802
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis.
AB  - A typical skin lesion from a patient with biopsy-confirmed disseminated
      superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) was examined by scanning electron
      microscopy. The lesion was rimmed by a prominent but discontinuous cornoid
      lamella. The cornoid lamella was found to consist of a packed layer of
      keratinocytes whose orientation varied from parallel to the epidermis at the base
      of the lesion to perpendicular at the summit of the porokeratotic column. The
      central core of the cornoid lamella consisted of a tightly packed mass of
      keratin.

PMID- 2296803
TI  - Basement membranes in bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma: an
      immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.
AB  - Basement membrane (BM) deposition at the inter-face of tumor cells and stroma was
      studied in 27 bronchogenic squamous cell carcinomas. Specimens from peripheral
      and central parts of each tumor were collected. These were frozen, formalin fixed
      and paraffin embedded or fixed in Karnovsky's fixative, and processed for
      electron microscopy. With the use of antibodies to type IV collagen and laminin,
      the BM was visualized by light microscopy with an indirect immunoperoxidase
      technique. Light microscopic findings were compared to ultrastructural
      observations. The peripheral parts of the tumors showed continuous BM in a
      recognizable preexisting alveolar pattern without evidence of invasive growth
      into the alveolar septa. In contrast, central parts showed highly variable BM
      deposition ranging from continuous to almost completely absent. Alveolar patterns
      were not observed in the tumor centers. The stromal compartment of the tumor
      centers contained many spindle cells with irregular pericellular BM-like material
      that could be identified ultrastructurally as myofibroblasts. Electron microscopy
      and immunohistochemistry yielded virtually identical results. It is concluded
      that invasive growth in bronchogenic squamous cell carcinomas occurs in central
      parts of the tumor when the tumor periphery shows expansive growth without
      invasion of alveolar septa. The situation is different in invasive squamous cell
      carcinomas originating from other organs because of anatomical differences
      between the lung and solid organs.

PMID- 2296804
TI  - Heterogeneous subcellular morphology of lung adenocarcinoma cells: identification
      of different cytotypes on cytological material.
AB  - We performed an electron microscopic study of cytologic material from 20 cases of
      primary lung adenocarcinoma (pleural effusion, 13 cases; fine needle aspiration
      biopsy, 7 cases). Ultrastructural characteristics related to secretory and
      storing activity of adenocarcinoma cells were evaluated semiquantitatively. Data
      analysis identified three basic cell types (secretory, well or poorly
      differentiated; storing; and indifferent). We could classify our cases in five
      groups of pure or mixed cytotypes. Our results demonstrated a subcellular
      morphological heterogeneity manifested by the presence of different basic cell
      types: secretory, storing or indifferent features (or both); and different
      secretory and storage products in the same cell. This heterogeneity of lung
      adenocarcinoma cells suggests that the neoplasm could arise from a single cell
      type capable of differentiating along different lines. Cases lacking secretory
      differentiation seemed to be characterized by more aggressive biologic behavior.
      A clear correlation between the ultrastructural cytotypes identified and the
      clinical and prognostic data on the patients was not observed. This may be due to
      the fact that 75% of the patients were in clinical stage III at the time of
      diagnosis; also, in this series only five cases did not have characteristics that
      indicated secretory activity.

PMID- 2296805
TI  - Agarose embedding: a new method for the ultrastructural examination of the in
      situ morphology of cell cultures.
AB  - A new technique for the ultrastructural examination of the in-situ morphology of
      cell cultures is described. By embedding the cell cultures in situ in agarose
      before embedding them in epoxy resin, numerous agarose blocks with the cells on
      top of the blocks can be obtained and used for different types of investigation,
      including electron microscopy. Use of this technique enables many of the problems
      encountered with earlier methods to be avoided.

PMID- 2296806
TI  - Case for the panel. Microvillous structure in a mast cell tumor of lung.

PMID- 2296807
TI  - ["This is only an old man's sugar disease!"].

PMID- 2296808
TI  - [Fatal accidents at train intersections in Denmark].
AB  - Material was collected concerning fatal level-crossing accidents in Denmark
      during the period 1.1.1980 to 31.12.1987. The epidemiological and traumatic
      circumstances are illustrated. A total of 51 fatal level-crossing accidents
      occurred which corresponds to 1% of all the annual traffic deaths in Denmark. The
      majority of the accidents occurred in good weather conditions and between 12 noon
      and 3.59 pm. Single-person accidents constituted 75%. The majority of the persons
      killed belonged to the local population and were familiar with the local
      conditions. The majority of the accidents were the local conditions. The majority
      of the accidents were due to poor visual conditions and lack of attention. In
      level-crossings with a keeper, the commonest causes were blinding by the sun and
      fog. The majority of the accidents occurred in level-crossings marked by light
      and sound signals. The risk for accidents in these crossings is six times as
      great as in crossings with half barriers. Private cars were most frequently
      involved and the persons killed in these died of head and cerebral injuries
      because the train buffers hit them at head height. Derailing of the trains was
      only seen on three occasions where the obstructing vehicles were heavy lorries.
      The fact that more derailings did not occur must be due to the low rate of the
      trains in the railway sidings where the majority of accidents occurred. A few
      proposals are made for prophylactic measures.

PMID- 2296809
TI  - [Allergic alveolitis among pigeon breeders in the county of Funen].
AB  - Two hundred pigeon breeders from the county of Funen were invited to participate
      in the study. No definite cases of allergic alveolitis were found among the 68
      participants. 40% had experienced airway and/or general symptoms in connection
      with pigeon exposure. However, most of these symptoms could be explained as
      irritation of the airway and chronic bronchitis. Precipitating antibodies to
      pigeon serum and to an aqueous pigeon bloom extract were determined. The antibody
      titers did not differ in pigeon breeders with or without symptoms. Smokers had
      lower antibody titers to pigeon antigens and a lower level of total serum IgG,
      but reported symptoms in connection with pigeon exposure as often as non smokers.

PMID- 2296810
TI  - [Immunologic prevention of hepatitis B--in Greenland].

PMID- 2296811
TI  - Can a urologic nurse contribute to management of secondary impotence in an office
      setting?
AB  - A practicing urologist with a properly trained nurse can form a dual (male,
      female) sex therapy team. We have found that such a team will improve sexual
      history-taking from both partners, provide a more holistic approach to patient
      management, help avoid certain misdiagnoses, and improve case selection for
      penile surgery. A nurse can assist with the workup, preoperative and
      postoperative care, counseling, and if so trained, the actual surgery.

PMID- 2296812
TI  - Single-stage transrectal transsphincteric (modified York-Mason) repair of
      rectourinary fistulas.
AB  - Over the past eleven years we have repaired seven rectourinary fistulas using a
      modified York-Mason transrectal transsphincteric approach. The simplicity of this
      one-stage procedure has demonstrated its cost effectiveness compared with the
      standard three-stage procedure (colostomy and cystotomy, fistula repair, and
      colostomy takedown).

PMID- 2296813
TI  - Urolithiasis in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - In a retrospective study, 760 Saudi patients with urolithiasis were
      epidemiologically and metabolically studied (41% were from the Central region,
      32% South, 14% West, 9% North, and 1% East; the remaining 3% were Saudi but of
      unknown region). The male to female ratio was 5:1; 87 percent of the patients
      were aged thirty to sixty years and 11 patients were under age fourteen. There
      was no clear relation of stone formation to occupation. Sixty-nine percent of
      calculi were renal, 29 percent ureteric, and only 3 percent were bladder calculi.
      Two hundred seventy-eight operative procedures were done (36.5% of all patients),
      including pyelolithotomy, nephrolithotomy, ureterolithotomy, ESWL,
      cystolithotomy, and extractions by basket. Infection was a rarity (6%) and
      urinary schistosomiasis was found in 33 patients (4.3%), 24 of whom were from a
      schistosoma-infested region. Raised serum calcium was found in only 5.7 percent
      and raised serum urate in 13 percent. Increased urinary excretion of urate was
      found in 60 percent and hypercalciuria in 9 percent. Seventy-six percent of
      stones analyzed (239) were calcium oxalate, 20.5 percent urate, and 3.3 percent
      phosphate.

PMID- 2296814
TI  - Cavernosometry: corroboratory method to surgical treatment of impotence due to
      venous leakage.
AB  - There are still controversies about the mechanism of penile erection. Arterial
      aspects of impotence have received considerable attention, but just recently the
      venous component became widely recognized. Twenty patients with abnormal
      cavernosometry (flow rate over 280 mL/min) and no rigid erections
      (intracavernosal pressure lower than 80 mm Hg) were analyzed. Surgical ligation
      of the dorsal veins was performed in 12 cases, 9 of which also required ligation
      of the crus of each corpus cavernosum. After these ligations, erection improved
      sufficiently to allow satisfactory intercourse in 9 of 12 patients. Two patients
      became impotent after eight months of normal sexual performance. The 3 failures
      showed persistently high flow rates and one leakage by the crural edge which had
      not been ligated at surgery. In selected patients with organic impotence the
      venous abnormalities should be assessed routinely and dorsal veins and the crural
      edge of the corpus cavernosum should be ligated in an attempt to restore erectile
      function.

PMID- 2296815
TI  - Results of EDAP lithotriptor treatment of kidney stones in our first fifty
      patients.
AB  - We report the results of the treatment of the first 50 patients with the EDAP
      lithotriptor at our center. The EDAP is a second generation lithotriptor that
      employs ultrasound imaging and piezo-electric energy stone fragmentation. Seventy
      six percent of patients had kidney stones completely eliminated or residual no
      greater than 3 mL. Fourteen percent of patients had residual fragments which may
      require second treatment. Five stones showed no improvement, and 2 stones could
      not be imaged. Only 2 patients required anesthesia. One patient required
      hospitalization prior to treatment. The rest were treated as outpatients. This
      preliminary FDA-investigative study limited our protocol to stones of 0.5 cm to
      2.5 cm within the kidney or proximal ureter. Since particles passed were so
      small, "steinstrasse phenomenon" (distal ureteral obstruction by stone fragments)
      was not encountered and routine stent placement was obviated. There were no major
      complications.

PMID- 2296816
TI  - Microbiological study of bladder tumors, their histology and infective
      complications.
AB  - The microbiology of bladder tumors and the infective complications of
      transurethral resection (TURBT) were studied prospectively in 51 patients.
      Patients taking antimicrobials were excluded. Those with significant preoperative
      bacteriuria were included in the study when results of the preoperative urine
      specimen were unavailable at the time of operation. Infected tumors were found in
      18 percent of males and 75 percent of females. A wide range of bacteria,
      including anaerobes, was isolated; when streptococci or coliforms were cultured
      from the tumor, they were always found in significant numbers in the preoperative
      urine specimen. Perioperative bacteremia and postoperative complications
      requiring parenteral antibiotics were more common in females and in patients with
      significant preoperative bacteriuria. No correlation was found between tumor
      infection and histologic grade or stage of tumor. Patients with sterile
      preoperative urine and positive bacterial cultures from tumors were no more
      likely to have postoperative urinary tract infections than those with negative
      tumor cultures.

PMID- 2296817
TI  - Endourologic management of filling defect in renal pelvis: limited value of cold
      cup biopsy.
AB  - A fifty-six-year-old woman underwent transurethral ureterorenoscopy and cold cup
      biopsy for evaluation of a filling defect of the left renal pelvis. The pathology
      indicated a benign lesion, and percutaneous resection was done with the
      nephroresectoscope. However, the pathologic diagnosis of the resected tissue
      showed it to be transitional cell carcinoma, grade I. Consequently we performed a
      nephroureterectomy with excision of a cuff of bladder and the nephrostomy tract.
      Residual tumor was found in deep layer of the renal pelvis. The implication from
      this case in defining the indications for endourologic management of tumors is
      considered.

PMID- 2296818
TI  - Seminal antisperm antibodies and genitourinary infection.
AB  - A total of 326 infertile men, 126 with genitourinary tract infection, and 200
      without infection, were compared with 60 fertile men. Seminal plasma antisperm
      antibody with other clinical and microbiologic investigations were performed in
      all. Infertile men with genitourinary tract infection had antisperm antibody in
      11.9 percent, infertile men without infection in 14.5 percent, and fertile men in
      5 percent; these differences were not significant. The most common causes of
      these infections were gram-negative organisms and Chlamydia. Comparison of the
      levels of the titers of seminal plasma antisperm antibodies showed no significant
      difference between infertile and fertile men. This study shows no significant
      relationship between genitourinary tract infection and formation of the seminal
      antisperm antibody.

PMID- 2296819
TI  - Hypospadias retractor.

PMID- 2296820
TI  - Ureteral stent for nonrefluxing, continent urinary diversions. Reduces
      complications and hospitalization for patients.

PMID- 2296821
TI  - Splashshield--a protective device for the endoscopist.

PMID- 2296822
TI  - Benign soft-tissue neoplasm simulating sarcoma of spermatic cord.
AB  - A large, painless, slow-growing mass arising in the scrotum of a twenty-three
      year-old man, which proved to be benign myxoma, simulated a primary sarcoma of
      the spermatic cord. Only 1 case of myxoma involving the spermatic cord has been
      reported previously. It is extremely important that multiple microscopic sections
      of the specimen be examined carefully so that the proper tissue diagnosis can be
      made. A false diagnosis of malignancy may lead to treatment that is not indicated
      and that has a high morbidity.

PMID- 2296823
TI  - Renal infarction secondary to fibrous dysplasia and aneurysm formation of renal
      artery.
AB  - We report a case of a previously healthy forty-year-old man with bilateral renal
      artery stenosis secondary to bilateral medial fibrous dysplasia. He was
      additionally found to have a dissecting aneurysm of the left upper renal artery
      branch with resultant infarction of the upper and middle pole renal segments. We
      believe renal infarction secondary to medial fibrous dysplasia with occlusion of
      the renal artery associated with a dissecting aneurysm has not been reported, and
      we report the first such case. A multimodality treatment approach was utilized.

PMID- 2296824
TI  - Long-term follow-up of percutaneous radiofrequency sacral rhizotomy.
AB  - A series of 7 patients undergoing percutaneous radiofrequency sacral rhizotomy to
      change a hyperreflexic to an areflexic bladder was reported in 1978. A patient
      from this original series was seen for treatment nine years later with successful
      preservation of good vesical capacity enabling him to use Crede maneuver and
      intermittent catheterization to evacuate his urine. In addition, there has been
      no recurrence of symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia during that period.

PMID- 2296825
TI  - Ureteral triplication (type I) with vesicoureteral reflux.
AB  - Complete triplication of ureter associated with vesicoureteral reflux
      successfully treated with ureteroureterostomy is described. The principle of the
      Weigert-Meyer law applies to complete triplication of the ureter.

PMID- 2296826
TI  - Reappraisal of hydrostatic pressure treatment for intractable postradiotherapy
      vesical hemorrhage.
AB  - Intravesical balloon distention was used in 8 patients to stop intractable
      hemorrhage after radiotherapy for carcinoma of bladder. We recommend this method
      of treatment only in patients with no evidence of recurrent or residual invasive
      tumor in the bladder, where the source of bleeding is from superficial submucosal
      telangiectatic vessels.

PMID- 2296827
TI  - Prospective study utilizing transdermal scopolamine in detrusor instability.
AB  - Ten patients with pure detrusor instability were treated in a prospective fashion
      with transdermal scopolamine. Seventy percent of patients experienced moderate to
      severe untoward symptoms requiring discontinuation of medication. Three of 10
      patients (30%) demonstrated a subjective improvement although only 1 was able to
      tolerate the medication. No objective change in detrusor instability was
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2296828
TI  - Nuclear penogram: non-invasive technique to monitor and record effect of
      pharmacologically-induced penile erection in impotence therapy.

PMID- 2296829
TI  - Beta-carotene and reversal of urothelial dysplasia.

PMID- 2296830
TI  - Splenic gonadal fusion: a plea for conservative surgery.

PMID- 2296831
TI  - Fluoroquinolone treatment of urinary tract infections.

PMID- 2296832
TI  - Silicone lymphadenopathy in a patient with a mammary prosthesis. Fine needle
      aspiration cytology, histology and analytical electron microscopy.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy of an enlarged axillary lymph node in a patient
      with an intact mammary prosthesis yielded a cellular sample in which there were
      numerous macrophages containing large cytoplasmic vacuoles, a picture suggestive
      of granulomatous inflammation of the foreign-body type. Subsequent excision of
      the lymph node confirmed the diagnosis. Analytical electron microscopy identified
      the foreign material as silicone. While the cytologic features of silicone
      lymphadenopathy are diagnostic in the appropriate clinical setting, excision of
      the lymph node may be advisable to exclude a concomitant malignant neoplasm.

PMID- 2296833
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy of paranasal chondrosarcoma metastatic to lung.

PMID- 2296834
TI  - Adrenal cortical carcinoma metastatic to the lung: report of a case diagnosed by
      fine needle aspiration biopsy.

PMID- 2296835
TI  - False-positive cytodiagnosis in fibrosing alveolitis.

PMID- 2296836
TI  - Aspiration cytology of tubular breast carcinoma.
AB  - The cytologic features in smears of fine needle aspirates from 34 tubular breast
      carcinomas were studied. Uniform and bland epithelium in cohesive clusters
      dominated all specimens; two-thirds also showed some degree of cellular
      dissociation. Characteristic (but not quite pathognomonic) angular epithelial
      clusters with a tubular structure occurred in about 50% of the smears. Sparsely
      occurring atypical nuclei and/or cytoplasmic vacuoles, similar to those seen in
      lobular cancer, were found in half of the cases. Although a lack of myoepithelial
      cells was apparent in the majority of the smears, one-fourth of them showed a
      quite prominent myoepithelial component. Various combinations of atypical
      features resulted in a picture that was considered diagnostic of malignancy in
      50% of the cases; the remaining specimens showed less pronounced atypia. Other
      pitfalls associated with the cytologic diagnosis of tubular carcinoma are
      discussed, and the importance of basing the management of small breast lesions on
      the mammographic as well as on the cytologic findings is emphasized.

PMID- 2296837
TI  - Gynecomastia in a mortician. A case report.
AB  - The fine needle aspiration (FNA) observations in a case of gynecomastia occurring
      in a mortician are described. The FNA smear showed cytomorphologic features
      typical of a gynecomastia. Morticians use an embalming cream that contains
      estrogens or estrogenlike compounds; these substances may be absorbed
      percutaneously and cause the development of gynecomastia. The mortician should be
      made aware of the potential risk of such an occupational exposure and development
      of the "embalmer's curse. "Recognition by the clinicians and cytopathologists of
      such an occurrence and its implications can help with the proper management.

PMID- 2296838
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy of intramammary neurilemoma.
AB  - A case of benign neurilemoma (schwannoma) arising in the breast is presented,
      including the fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy findings. The aspirate yielded
      a cellular smear composed of clusters of spindle-shaped cells showing minimal
      atypia. The absence of mitotic figures and breast epithelium suggested a benign
      neoplasm. The final diagnosis was established on the excised mass by
      histopathologic study and the use of special stains. The utility and pitfalls of
      FNA biopsy in diagnosing this rare entity are discussed.

PMID- 2296839
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of granulomatous mastitis. Report of a case and
      review of the literature.
AB  - A case of granulomatous mastitis diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA)
      cytology alone is reported. A 24-year-old pregnant woman presented with a six
      week history of a rapidly enlarging breast mass, considered clinically to be
      malignant. The FNA smears contained numerous aggregates of epithelioid
      histiocytes admixed with Langhans' and foreign-body giant cells, lymphocytes,
      neutrophilic leukocytes and apoptotic debris, leading to a diagnosis of
      granulomatous mastitis. The features of granulomatous mastitis and its
      differential diagnoses are discussed.

PMID- 2296840
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Statistical
      analysis.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is an increasingly popular method for the
      evaluation of salivary gland tumors. Of the common salivary gland tumors,
      mucoepidermoid carcinoma is probably the most difficult to diagnose accurately by
      this means. A series of 96 FNA biopsy specimens of salivary gland masses,
      including 34 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 51 other benign and malignant neoplasms,
      7 nonneoplastic lesions and 4 normal salivary glands, were analyzed in order to
      identify the most useful criteria for diagnosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
      Thirteen cytologic criteria were evaluated in the FNA specimens, and a stepwise
      logistic regression analysis was performed. The three cytologic features selected
      as most predictive of mucoepidermoid carcinoma were intermediate cells, squamous
      cells and overlapping epithelial groups. Using these three features together, the
      sensitivity and specificity of accurately diagnosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma
      were 97% and 100%, respectively.

PMID- 2296841
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of granulomatous prostatitis.
AB  - The fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic findings are presented for 18 cases of
      granulomatous prostatitis (12 nonspecific, 5 tuberculous and 1 eosinophilic
      cases). These cases represented 19% of all prostatitis cases and 2% of all
      prostatic aspirates examined from January 1986 to December 1987. The
      cytomorphologic differences between the three types of granulomatous prostatitis
      are described, with emphasis on the differentiation between the nonspecific and
      specific varieties. The differential diagnostic features between reactive changes
      and well-differentiated adenocarcinomas of the prostate are also presented. The
      findings in these cases indicate that FNA cytology is a reliable procedure for
      the morphologic diagnosis of granulomatous prostatitis, which can clinically
      mimic prostatic carcinoma when it presents as a diffuse or nodular enlargement
      with increased consistency.

PMID- 2296842
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of biphasic synovial sarcoma of soft tissue.
      Report of a case with ultrastructural, immunohistologic and cytophotometric
      studies.
AB  - A case of biphasic synovial sarcoma initially diagnosed by fine needle aspiration
      cytology is described. The diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopic
      studies on a repeat aspirate and histologic and immunohistochemical studies on
      the surgical specimen. The cellular DNA content was also measured. The
      differential diagnosis and histogenesis of this neoplasm are discussed.

PMID- 2296843
TI  - Fine needle aspiration of rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart. Light and electron
      microscopic findings and histologic correlation.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy was performed on a 12-year-old child with
      intractable cardiac arrhythmias and a mediastinal mass. The cytologic,
      immunocytochemical and electron microscopic findings on the aspirated material
      established an initial diagnosis of cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma. Subsequent
      histologic material confirmed the cytologic diagnosis. The findings are
      presented, and the use of FNA to definitively establish a preoperative diagnosis
      of cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma is discussed.

PMID- 2296844
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of retroperitoneal paraganglioma with lipofuscin
      pigmentation.
AB  - The cytologic features observed in fine needle aspiration smears and cell blocks
      from a retroperitoneal paraganglioma are described. The aspirate contained
      clusters of uniform cells of medium size, with ill-defined borders, round nuclei
      and evenly dispersed chromatin. An unusual feature was the presence of
      cytoplasmic pigment, which proved to be lipofuscin by histochemical staining and
      electron microscopy. The histologic and ultrastructural findings, as well as the
      results of histochemical and immunodiagnostic staining, are also presented.

PMID- 2296845
TI  - Isolation and characterization of rabbit peritoneal mesothelial cells.
AB  - Four enriched mesothelial cell populations distinguished by different size and
      density were obtained when a unit gravity sedimentation procedure was applied to
      pronase-dispersed rabbit peritoneal mesothelial cells. Cell integrity was
      confirmed by trypan blue, ultrastructural and biosynthetic analyses, as well as
      by explantation in tissue culture. The enriched mesothelial cells displayed the
      immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and growth characteristics of native
      mesothelial cells. This isolation and separation procedure should provide a
      valuable experimental tool to study the pathobiology of mesothelial cells.

PMID- 2296846
TI  - Embryogenesis of the avian iris sphincter muscle: in vivo and in vitro studies.
AB  - The histogenesis of iris sphincter muscle was studied in birds. Chick embryo iris
      "anlagen", ages from 3 days (st. 18 H.H.) to hatching, were examined. At the 4th
      day (st. 24 H.H.), nerve fibers were observed in the mesenchyme of the
      inferotemporal quadrant of the optic cup near the colobomic fissue. Among the
      mesenchymal cells, there were cells characterized by AChE activity, presence of
      desmin filaments, exhibiting ACh receptors, and ultrastructurally similar to the
      presumptive skeletal myoblasts. One day later (st. 27 H.H.), these myoblasts
      could be cultivated. The formation of myotubes began between 10 and 12 days. From
      9 to 14 days, cells left the anterior epithelium of the iris to give rise to the
      smooth iris muscle; during this evolution some epithelial cells fused with the
      myotubes taking part in the histogenesis of striated muscle. The possibility of a
      neurogenic determination for the iris skeletal muscle is discussed.

PMID- 2296847
TI  - Subcellular and regional distribution of casein kinase II and initiation factor 2
      activities during rat brain development.
AB  - The possible relationship between the subcellular and regional distribution of
      the activities of initiation factor 2 and casein kinase II, responsible for the
      phosphorylation of the beta subunit of the factor, has been studied during
      postnatal rat brain development. Both activities have been measured in four brain
      regions: diencephalon, hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem, and in two
      subcellular fractions: postmicrosomal supernatant and the protein fraction
      associated with ribosomes, or crude initiation factors fraction. The specific
      activity of both the factor and the protein kinase is much higher in the protein
      fraction associated with ribosomes than in the soluble fraction and slightly
      higher in the hemispheres than in the other three regions. Changes in the
      activity of both proteins are in parallel with development, the activities
      increase in the postmicrosomal supernatant and decrease in the fraction
      associated with ribosomes from suckling (5-day-old) to adult (60-day-old)
      animals. The total activity of the factor and its kinase, calculated by summation
      of the activities of both subcellular fractions, does not change during
      development, and the distribution of activities between the two subcellular
      fractions observed during brain development, appears as an attractive regulation
      mechanism for the function of both proteins.

PMID- 2296848
TI  - Immunocytochemical study of S-100 positive glial cells in the brainstem and
      spinal cord of the rat embryo.
AB  - A light and electronmicroscopic immunocytochemical study of the glial cells in
      the brainstem and spinal cord of the 18th day rat embryo was performed using an
      anti-S-100 protein antiserum. Only the radial glia and the free immature glial
      cells are S-100 immunoreactive. Neurons are devoid of S-100 immunoreactivity. The
      radial glia form two paramedial plates and a great number of lateral plates,
      uniformly spaced along the ventral portion of the brainstem from the
      mesencephalon to the medulla. The S-100 protein was also detected in the
      perivascular membranes and glial limitans. Embryonic glia adopt a highly
      organized spatial pattern in the brainstem that could set the structural basis
      for an organized assembly of the developing nervous tissue. The use of the S-100
      protein as a glial marker in the embryonic rat brain proved to be of great value.
      Antibodies to S-100 protein allow the demonstration of immature glial cells and a
      highly organized spatial pattern in the brainstem and spinal cord of the rat
      embryo.

PMID- 2296849
TI  - Neuronal localization of the nerve growth factor precursor-like immunoreactivity
      in the rat brain.
AB  - The distribution of the nerve growth factor precursor(proNGF)-like
      immunoreactivity was examined in the adult rat brain with affinity-purified
      antisera directed against synthetic peptides that reproduce sequences of the
      precursor protein. Immunoreactivity was localized in defined areas of the
      neocortex, hippocampal formation, thalamus/hypothalamus, striatum, olfactory
      bulb, pons and spinal cord, which are regions previously reported to contain NGF
      mRNA. Interestingly, immunoreactivity was also observed in the septum and
      diagonal band of Broca known to contain very low NGF mRNA levels. Using
      immunohistochemical methods combined with the retrograde transport of a protein
      gold complex we demonstrate that proNGF-like immunoreactivity is localized within
      neuronal cell bodies, in the cortex, hippocampus and septum. These results
      suggest that the immunological approach may not only identify NGF-synthesizing
      cells, but also cells which may accumulate proNGF or some cleavage products by an
      uptake mechanism.

PMID- 2296850
TI  - Synapse formation on quail trochlear neurons transplanted in duck embryos before
      naturally occurring motor neuron death.
AB  - About half of the trochlear motor neurons in duck and quail embryos die during
      normal development. In a previous study the role of target muscle in controlling
      the number of surviving motor neurons was investigated by reducing the number of
      neurons innervating the muscle. This was accomplished by removing the midbrain of
      the duck embryo and grafting in its place the midbrain of the quail embryo before
      motor neuron death begins. It was observed that the number of surviving trochlear
      motor neurons in the quail-duck chimera embryos was not significantly different
      from that of the normal quail. The present investigation was undertaken to
      determine whether trochlear motor neurons in the chimera embryos received
      afferent synapses. Brains of duck, quail and chimera embryos on days 16 and 20
      were processed for electron microscopical observations. Synapses formed on motor
      neurons of the chimera embryos. Surprisingly, synapses on motor neurons of quail
      differed from those of duck, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Synapses on
      the motor neurons of the chimera embryos developed in a fashion similar to that
      for the duck motor neurons. Our failure to rescue trochlear motor neurons in the
      chimera embryos suggests that the developing motor neurons may respond to a
      larger target muscle only if they received a normal complement of afferent
      synaptic input.

PMID- 2296851
TI  - Effect of thyroid deficiency on actin mRNA content in the developing rat
      cerebellum.
AB  - The actin mRNA content of the cerebellum was determined in normal and hypothyroid
      developing rats using RNA dot hybridization with a beta-actin cDNA probe. The
      decline in actin mRNA content occurring during the second postnatal week in
      normal development was delayed by about 1 week in hypothyroid rats. Since this
      effect coincides exactly with the delay in actin filament formation recently
      reported in thyroid-deficient rats, it strengthens the hypothesis of an inverse
      relationship in the developing brain between the polymerization state of actin
      and the production of actin mRNA.

PMID- 2296852
TI  - Comparison of single rubber-nylon balloon and double polyethylene balloon
      valvuloplasty in 94 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis.
AB  - To compare the single rubber-nylon balloon and double polyethylene balloon
      techniques, 94 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis underwent percutaneous
      transseptal balloon mitral valvuloplasty between November 1985 and September
      1988. The single balloon technique was used in 73 patients and the double balloon
      technique was used in 21. The two groups were similar in age, weight, severity of
      the lesion, and cardiac functional status. The mean mitral valve diastolic
      gradient decreased from 17.9 +/- 6.5 to 2.9 +/- 3.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.001),
      18.5 +/- 6.7 to 5.8 +/- 3.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), and 18.1 +/- 5.9 to 3.2 +/
      3.7 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) in the single balloon group, double balloon group,
      and the entire series, respectively. The final mitral diastolic gradient in the
      single balloon group was lower than in the double balloon group (p less than
      0.05). Complications in the single balloon group were lower than in the double
      balloon group. Additional advantages of single over double balloon technique were
      easier maneuverability and higher success rate. The initial and long-term follow
      up results confirmed the earlier impressions that percutaneous transseptal
      balloon mitral valvuloplasty is an effective and safe nonsurgical method of
      treatment for rheumatic mitral stenosis, and the single rubber-nylon balloon
      technique is at least as effective as, if not superior to, the double
      polyethylene balloon technique.

PMID- 2296853
TI  - Late hemodynamic changes in percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty.
AB  - Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) was performed in 57 patients with mitral
      stenosis. Twenty-three women and 34 men (mean age 28 +/- 10 mean +/- SD) were
      included in the study. A single-balloon (trefoil or bifoil) technique was used in
      49 patients and a double-balloon (trefoil + monofoil) technique in eight. After a
      3-month follow-up period, right- and left-sided cardiac catheterization was
      repeated. In the single-balloon group there was improvement in the mitral valve
      gradient (16.10 +/- 5.99 to 4.41 +/- 2.03 mm Hg), mean left atrial pressure
      (22.65 +/- 6.13 to 9.76 +/- 3.01 mm Hg), and mitral valve area (0.89 +/- 0.22 to
      1.95 +/- 0.46 cm2/m2). Mean pulmonary artery pressure and mean pulmonary wedge
      pressure decreased to 19.33 +/- 4.19 mm Hg and 10.73 +/- 2.60 mm Hg from 32.94 +/
      7.90 mm Hg and 21.49 +/- 5.98 mm Hg. Cardiac output increased to 6.86 +/- 0.56
      L/min from 5.57 +/- 0.66. All improvements were statistically significant (p less
      than 0.001). In the double-balloon study group, mitral valve gradient (23.75 +/-
      2.77 to 4.50 +/- 1.94 mm Hg), mean left atrial pressure (31.63 +/- 3.57 to 9.50
      +/- 1.94 mm Hg), mean pulmonary artery pressure (44.00 +/- 6.36 to 18.88 +/-
      7.10), and mean pulmonary wedge pressure (29.25 +/- 3.73 to 10.25 +/- 1.85 mm Hg)
      all improved significantly (p less than 0.001). Mitral valve area and cardiac
      output increased from 0.89 +/- 0.15 to 2.44 +/- 0.44 cm2/m2 (p less than 0.001)
      and from 5.46 +/- 0.76 to 7.15 +/- 0.52 L/min (p less than 0.002),
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296854
TI  - Serial evaluation of ventricular function after percutaneous aortic balloon
      valvuloplasty.
AB  - To evaluate the serial changes in right and left ventricular performance after
      percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty, 15 patients, mean age 75 +/- 18 years,
      and in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III, were studied with first-pass
      radionuclide angiocardiography (RNA) immediately before, then 5 minutes, 2 hours,
      4 hours, 6 hours, and 3 days after valvuloplasty. No change was observed in heart
      rate, aortic root systolic pressure, Fick, or RNA cardiac output, amount of
      aortic insufficiency measured either angiographically or with the regurgitant
      fraction determination immediately after valvuloplasty. However, significant
      changes were observed in the peak-to-peak aortic valve gradient (63 to 35 mm Hg;
      p less than 0.001), mean aortic valve gradient (54 to 33 mm Hg; p less than
      0.001), aortic valve area (0.60 to 0.90 cm2; p less than 0.001), and meridional
      wall stress (79 to 50 10(3) dynes/cm2; p less than 0.01) immediately following
      valvuloplasty. In addition, left ventricular end-diastolic volume decreased from
      186 to 153 ml (p less than 0.001), end-systolic volume decreased from 114 to 86
      ml (p less than 0.001), micromanometric left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
      decreased from 20 to 14 mm Hg (p less than 0.02), and left ventricular ejection
      fraction increased from 0.39 to 0.45 (p less than 0.001). Peak positive left
      ventricular dP/dt and end-systolic pressure-volume ratio did not change after
      valvuloplasty (1700 to 1550 mm Hg/sec, 2.1 to 2.5 mm Hg/ml,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296855
TI  - Hemodynamics and coronary blood flow during experimental aortic valvuloplasty:
      comparison of the dual versus the single catheter methods.
AB  - During thoracotomy 12 anesthetized swine were instrumented and valvuloplasty
      catheters were positioned at the aortic anulus. Thirty-second occlusions of the
      left ventricular outflow tract were performed with a single catheter (n = 34) and
      with simultaneous inflation of dual catheters (n = 47). Left anterior descending
      coronary artery blood flow fell to minimums of 15% of baseline flow (SD 13.9%)
      during single balloon occlusion and to 63.8% of baseline flow (SD 22.8%) during
      dual balloon occlusion. Main pulmonary artery flow fell to minimums of 13.6% of
      baseline flow (SD 17.3%) during single balloon occlusion and to 66.9% of baseline
      flow (SD 18.3%) during dual balloon occlusion. Femoral artery systolic pressure
      dropped to 20.1% of baseline pressure (SD 5.6%) during single balloon occlusion
      and to 82.6% of baseline pressure (SD 8.1%) during dual balloon occlusion. During
      single balloon occlusion, 8.5 (SD 3.5) premature ventricular contractions were
      observed and 2.8 (SD 1.6) premature ventricular contractions occurred during dual
      balloon occlusion. After deflation of the valvuloplasty catheters, the time to
      return of baseline flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery was 28.4
      second (SD 23.2 seconds) with the single balloon method and 4.8 seconds (SD 3.7
      seconds) with the dual balloon method. All of these differences were
      statistically significant (p less than .001). During occlusion of the left
      ventricular outflow tract by dual valvuloplasty catheters, there were better
      hemodynamics, higher coronary blood flows, and fewer premature ventricular
      contractions than during occlusion by a single catheter. After occlusion by dual
      catheters, returns to baseline coronary flows were more rapid than after single
      catheter occlusions. These data may have application to clinical aortic
      valvuloplasty.

PMID- 2296856
TI  - The bleeding time: its potential utility among patients receiving thrombolytic
      therapy.
AB  - The BT as a test of hemostatic function was first described 80 years ago. It has
      generally been considered a primitive and tedious test. Improvements in technique
      and standardization have increased the BT's reliability and led to its
      consideration as a preoperative screening measure. Current use has not been
      widespread, however, except for patients undergoing neurosurgery and organ
      biopsy. Recently, though, there has been a renewed interest in the BT for
      patients receiving thrombolytic therapy because levels of fibrinogen and
      fibrin(ogen) degradation products have been only weak predictors of hemorrhagic
      complications. The rationale for using the BT in this setting is that
      thrombolysis appears to impair platelet function, either through depletion of
      platelet granules or through direct proteolytic actions on platelets. Further
      research will determine whether these platelet effects are manifest as BT
      prolongation; whether increased BT will correlate with hemorrhagic complications;
      and, finally, whether patients who fail to achieve clot lysis or those at risk
      for bleeding can be identified prospectively.

PMID- 2296857
TI  - Acute treatment of torsades de pointes with amiodarone: proarrhythmic and
      antiarrhythmic association of QT prolongation.

PMID- 2296858
TI  - Pulmonic balloon valvuloplasty in adults.

PMID- 2296859
TI  - Aortic rupture following percutaneous catheter balloon coarctoplasty in an adult.

PMID- 2296860
TI  - Perioperative surface and transesophageal color-flow Doppler evaluation of post
      traumatic intracardiac shunt.

PMID- 2296861
TI  - Aneurysm of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa complicating infective
      endocarditis: preoperative characterization by two-dimensional and color flow
      Doppler echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cineangiography.

PMID- 2296862
TI  - Reversal of echocardiographic signs of pericardial tamponade by transfusion.

PMID- 2296863
TI  - Spontaneous long-term survival in single ventricle with pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2296864
TI  - Painless myocardial infarction in the elderly.

PMID- 2296865
TI  - Coronary angioplasty at the time of initial catheterization using small
      diagnostic catheters.

PMID- 2296866
TI  - Echocardiographic identification of anomalous origin of the left circumflex
      coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva.

PMID- 2296867
TI  - Right ventricular infarction as a risk factor for ventricular fibrillation during
      pulmonary artery catheterization using Swan-Ganz catheters.

PMID- 2296868
TI  - Iatrogenic Lutembacher's syndrome after percutaneous transluminal mitral
      valvotomy.

PMID- 2296869
TI  - Clinical and electrophysiologic findings in acute ischemic intraHisian bundle
      branch block.
AB  - Clinical and electrophysiologic features of acute ischemic right bundle-branch
      block (RBBB) that are reversible by His bundle pacing were analyzed in nine
      patients. All had large anterior myocardial infarctions (mean peak CK-MB = 185 +/
      71 IU/l), and six showed increased pulmonary capillary pressures. The RBBB
      occurred within 48 hours of infarction, and in six patients it was associated
      with left fascicular block. The HV intervals that were measured 1 to 4 days after
      infarction were normal in all patients. Progression to complete atrioventricular
      (AV) block occurred in three patients, and one patient required permanent cardiac
      pacing. Sustained ventricular tachycardia developed in two patients, and
      ventricular fibrillation developed in five. During a mean follow-up period of 26
      months, four patients died (three of them suddenly). The RBBB disappeared in only
      one case. Acute ischemic intraHisian RBBB occurred in the setting of massive
      myocardial infarctions complicated by ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation and
      by a high mortality rate during the follow-up period. The RBBB rarely reverted
      spontaneously, and the His-Purkinje conduction time was frequently normal.

PMID- 2296870
TI  - The effects of atrial pacing on the signal-averaged electrocardiogram in patients
      with coronary artery disease.
AB  - The effects of atrial pacing on the signal-averaged electrocardiogram were
      studied in 14 patients with remote myocardial infarction and a history of cardiac
      arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia (group I) and in 13 patients with
      coronary artery disease and no history of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia
      (group II). Recordings of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram were obtained at
      control and during atrial pacing at rates of 80, 100, and 120 beats/min. All
      patients had recordings analyzed from at least two paced rates. At control, the
      mean high frequency total duration of the QRS complex (HFTD) was significantly
      longer in group I versus group II patients (123 +/- 5.6 versus 111 +/- 3.5 msec,
      p less than 0.05). Although the duration of the QRS signal under 40 microV (D40)
      was higher in group I versus group II patients (42 +/- 4.7 versus 32.4 +/- 3.5
      msec) and the root mean square amplitude of the terminal 40 msec QRS (RMSA) was
      lower in the group I patients (27 +/- 7.5 versus 38.1 +/- 8.8 microV), these
      differences did not achieve statistical significance. There was no effect of
      atrial pacing on the measured signal-averaged parameters of HFTD, D40, and RMSA.
      Although there was a difference between group I and group II at each paced rate
      analyzed, atrial pacing did not help to further stratify the groups. In patients
      with coronary artery disease, atrial pacing is not a useful method of stratifying
      high-risk patients. Changes in serial signal-averaged electrocardiograms from the
      same patient are not due to heart rate variability.

PMID- 2296871
TI  - Comparative analysis of coronary angiographic morphology following restenosis.
AB  - The site and angiographic morphology of restenotic lesions following initially
      successful coronary angioplasty (PTCA) were compared to the original pre-PTCA
      stenosis and the immediate post-PTCA result. Forty-seven patients with 55
      restenoses were analyzed. All patients with repeat angiography for recurrent
      ischemia 1 to 12 months post-PTCA documenting restenosis were included. Two
      orthogonal angiographic views best showing the initial lesion, immediate post
      PTCA result, and the restenosis lesion, were selected and matched for angulation
      and cardiac cycle phase. Individual frames were traced and magnified. Restenosis
      lesions were similar in morphology to the pre-PTCA lesions in 29 of 55 (53%) and
      to the post-PTCA lesions in only 25 of 55 (46%) (p = NS). However, when the
      lesions with residual post-PTCA stenosis of greater than 25% luminal diameter
      narrowing were excluded from the analysis, the post-PTCA lesion morphology was
      similar to restenosis morphology in 25 of 30 (83%), whereas pre-PTCA and
      restenosis morphology was similar in only 15 of 30 (50%) lesions (p less than
      0.01). Subgroup analysis revealed that when the restenosis occurred at the same
      site as the original lesion (group 1), post-PTCA morphology was significantly
      better (p = 0.01) in predicting restenosis morphology, 15 of 17 (88%), than was
      pre-PTCA morphology, 8 of 17 (47%). When the restenosis occurred greater than 5
      mm distant from the original site (group 2), there was no significant difference
      in the association between pre-PTCA versus post-PTCA morphology and restenosis
      morphology. Thus restenosis morphology is usually dissimilar to the pre-PTCA
      stenosis morphology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296872
TI  - Myocardial protection with autoperfusion during prolonged coronary artery
      occlusion.
AB  - Passive transcatheter coronary arterial perfusion, i.e., autoperfusion, has been
      introduced for clinical use to ameliorate short episodes of myocardial ischemia
      during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The primary goal of this
      study was to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of autoperfusion after
      prolonged coronary artery occlusion. Accordingly, in 24 anesthetized dogs, either
      the left anterior descending or left circumflex coronary artery was occluded for
      6 hours. The dogs were randomized to a control group subjected to coronary artery
      occlusion alone (n = 13) or to a group treated with transcatheter autoperfusion
      (n = 11). The hypoperfused zone, i.e., risk area and infarct size, were measured
      by autoradiography and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, respectively. The
      hypoperfused zone was 30 +/- 2% and 29 +/- 2% in the control and treated (NS)
      groups, respectively. When infarct size was expressed as a percent of the
      hypoperfused zone, it was 84 +/- 5% in the control group and 25 +/- 9% in the
      group treated with transcatheter autoperfusion (p less than 0.001), showing a
      reduction of 70%. In addition, an in vitro study showed pressure-dependent flow
      during autoperfusion as reflected by close linear relationship between perfusion
      pressure and flow (Flow = 0.54 X Pressure + 16.16, r = 0.99, n = 16). These data
      suggest that although passive coronary arterial perfusion for 6 hours after
      coronary occlusion does not prevent myocardial necrosis, it markedly reduces
      myocardial infarction in the canine model.

PMID- 2296873
TI  - Effects of diltiazem and nifedipine on systemic and coronary hemodynamics and
      ischemic responses during transient coronary artery occlusion in patients.
AB  - Diltiazem and nifedipine improve coronary blood flow and reduce peripheral
      determinants of myocardial oxygen demand through activation of similar but
      distinct cellular mechanisms. To identify differences during myocardial ischemia,
      systemic and coronary hemodynamics were measured continuously before and during
      brief periods of left anterior descending coronary balloon occlusion in 23
      patients undergoing single-vessel angioplasty. Data were compared for two matched
      ischemic periods, one control and one "drug" period. In 13 patients, diltiazem,
      10 mg (intravenous bolus with continuous 500 mg/min infusion), was given; in 10
      patients, nifedipine, 10 mg sublingual, was given and after 15 minutes, ischemia
      was reinduced. Both drugs significantly reduced systolic and mean arterial
      pressure (for diltiazem, 108 +/- 15 to 93 +/- 10 mm Hg; and for nifedipine, 117
      +/- 20 to 96 +/- 8 mm Hg, both p less than 0.01). Diltiazem significantly reduced
      heart rate-pressure product (with heart rate unchanged), while both drugs
      maintained the resting great vein blood flow (for diltiazem, 97 +/- 25 to 91 +/-
      34 ml/min; for nifedipine, 115 +/- 49 to 98 +/- 58 ml/min, p = ns) with reduced
      arterial pressure. Coronary flow during occlusion was unchanged (for control
      versus diltiazem, 63 +/- 21 versus 59 +/- 14 ml/min; for nifedipine, 66 +/- 33
      versus 73 +/- 38 ml/min, both p = ns). Neither drug improved collateral
      hemodynamics or resistance index during ischemia. Both diltiazem and nifedipine
      prolonged the time to ischemic ST segment alteration (for diltiazem, 27 +/- 10 to
      40 +/- 16 seconds, p less than 0.05; for nifedipine, 24 +/- 14 to 38 +/- 14
      seconds, p = ns) during transient coronary occlusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2296874
TI  - Stable angina pectoris and controlled ischemia: what causes the abnormalities in
      whole blood filterability?
AB  - The determinants of the altered whole blood filterability observed during
      coronary ischemia are still under discussion. Since no studies have been carried
      out to date on what exactly causes these alterations during the early stages of
      controlled ischemia in coronary heart disease, a model was set up using a bicycle
      ergometer test (with a 25 W increase every 2 minutes). Blood samples were taken
      from 48 stable angina pectoris patients and from a group of 28 matched controls
      before and immediately after exercise and 8 minutes later. Plasma viscosity, the
      filterability (through 5 microns diameter pore filters) of whole blood,
      erythrocytes, and polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes (separated by
      density gradient) were monitored. Alterations in whole blood filterability could
      be linked only to an impairment in polymorphonuclear cell filterability in those
      stable angina pectoris patients who reported chest pain and/or whose ST segment
      depression was greater than or equal to 2 mm.

PMID- 2296875
TI  - Effect of intracoronary contrast medium on left ventricular diastolic pressure
      volume relationships.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intracoronary
      injection of the contrast medium sodium-meglumine diatrizoate (CM) on left
      ventricular (LV) diastolic pressure-volume relationships. Seven closed-chest dogs
      were instrumented with pressure catheters in the left ventricle and aorta, a
      balloon transducer to measure pericardial pressure, and an aortic flow meter to
      determine stroke volume. We estimated LV volume from two diameters by
      sonomicrometry. Six milliliters of CM was injected into the left main coronary
      artery. Transmural LV end-diastolic pressure increased from 3.3 +/- 1.1 to 7.2 +/
      0.9 mm Hg and LV end-diastolic volume index from 40.8 +/- 6.8 to 44.7 +/- 7.4
      ml. There was only a minor increase in pericardial pressure. Stroke volume
      decreased by 31 +/- 7%. There was no change in the intracavitary or transmural
      diastolic pressure-volume relationship, indicating unchanged LV "compliance."
      Increased LV filling pressure by CM reflected reduced systolic function.

PMID- 2296876
TI  - Combined mechanical and chemical thrombolysis in an experimental animal model:
      evaluation by angiography and angioscopy.
AB  - In an experimental animal model of femoral artery thrombosis, contrast
      angiography was compared to intravascular angioscopy. Additionally, the effect of
      mechanical, rotational thrombectomy and the additive benefit of the
      administration of intravascular streptokinase were assessed by means of both
      procedures. After external forceps crush injury alone, contrast angiograms were
      generally normal (6 of 14) or showed minimal luminal irregularity (3 of 14), and
      5 of 14 had 30% to 50% stenosis. With angioscopy, none appeared normal, and 14 of
      14 showed thrombi layered along the wall, as well as intimal flaps, and 6 of 14
      had partially occlusive thrombi (p less than 0.001 angiography vs angioscopy).
      After 2-hour occlusion and injection of thrombin into the injured segment,
      angiographic total (5 of 14), subtotal (3 of 14), or partial thrombotic
      occlusions (5 of 14) were created. Angioscopy showed similar results, except that
      total occlusions were classed as subtotal occlusions. After rotational
      thrombectomy, most arteries again appeared normal by contrast angiography (6 of
      11) but none were angioscopically normal (p less than 0.006). Streptokinase,
      administered after rotational thrombectomy in seven arteries, normalized one 30%
      angiographic stenosis; there were no other angiographic changes. Findings with
      angioscopy were also unchanged. We conclude that in the diagnosis and treatment
      of intravascular thrombosis, angioscopy is generally more sensitive in the
      detection of intravascular thrombi, with the exception of total thrombotic
      occlusions. Angioscopy was uniquely effective in identifying subintimal flaps,
      which were never identified by angiography. In this model, streptokinase provided
      little or no additional thrombolytic benefit to mechanical thrombectomy alone.

PMID- 2296877
TI  - The effects of long-term antithrombotic treatment on left ventricular thrombi in
      patients after an acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Sixty patients (48 men and 12 women; aged 36 to 72 years, mean 48 +/- 9), who
      survived an acute anterior myocardial infarction and in whom left ventricular
      thrombus was detected by cross-sectional echocardiography 1 to 2 days before they
      were discharged from the hospital, were prospectively studied. All had evidence
      of left apical wall motion abnormalities. They were randomly divided into three
      groups of 20 patients each. Group A was given a full dose of oral anticoagulants,
      group B was given aspirin, 650 mg/day, and group C received no antithrombotic
      therapy. Echocardiography was performed every 3 months in all patients, and they
      were followed for 9 to 24 months (mean 16 +/- 5 months). Twelve patients in group
      A had complete resolution of the thrombus and three had a significant decrease in
      the size of the thrombus (greater than or equal to 50% of initial thickness)
      during the first trimester after acute infarction. In group B the thrombus
      resolved in nine patients and was significantly diminished in four during the
      first trimester of follow-up. In group C the thrombus resolved in two patients
      during the first trimester and showed a significant decrease in size in two
      patients during the second trimester of follow-up. Two patients in group C
      initially had recurrent transient cerebral ischemic attacks, which did not recur
      after aneurysmectomy. One patient in group C had a peripheral embolic episode in
      the femoral artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296878
TI  - Use of heart rate spectral analysis to study the effects of calcium channel
      blockers on sympathetic activity after myocardial infarction.
AB  - We used spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) to study the effects of
      the calcium channel blockers diltiazem and nifedipine and the beta-blocker
      metoprolol on the sympathetic nervous system in patients following myocardial
      infarction. Energy in the low-frequency range (0.04 to 0.12 Hz) in the standing
      (tilt) position was used as a quantitative index of sympathetic activity. Twenty
      seven male patients, mean age 62 +/- 13 years, were studied 2 to 6 weeks after
      myocardial infarction. Eight patients received metoprolol, 100 mg twice daily;
      nine patients received diltiazem, 60 mg three times daily; and 10 patients
      received nifedipine, 10 mg three times daily. HRV and arterial blood pressure
      were recorded before and 5 to 7 days after initiation of therapy. None of the
      drugs had significant effects on the systolic blood pressure, and only nifedipine
      significantly reduced the diastolic blood pressure. Metoprolol and diltiazem
      reduced the low-frequency HRV in all patients studied, but nifedipine had no
      consistent effects. Our results suggest that diltiazem had a depressant effect on
      sympathetic activity similar to beta-adrenergic blockers. This effect was not
      observed with nifedipine. The reduction in sympathetic activity by diltiazem may
      contribute to its therapeutic effects in the post-infarction period.

PMID- 2296879
TI  - Benefit and risks of long-term amiodarone therapy for sustained ventricular
      tachycardia/fibrillation: minimum of three-year follow-up in 145 patients.
AB  - Our experience with amiodarone therapy in 145 consecutively referred patients
      with medically refractory sustained ventricular tachycardia and/or fibrillation
      treated for at least 3 years was reviewed. Ninety-seven had sustained ventricular
      tachycardia; the remaining 48 patients were survivors of sudden cardiac death.
      The patients had a mean of 3.7 +/- 1.4 unsuccessful anti-arrhythmic drug trials
      before initiation of amiodarone. The initial doses of amiodarone averaged 845 +/-
      258 mg for the first 2 weeks and 56% of all patients received a type I
      antiarrhythmic drug in addition to amiodarone during the initial phase of
      therapy. The average maintenance dose of amiodarone was 410 +/- 187 mg per day.
      All patients were followed for a minimum of 3 years or until death or withdrawal
      from therapy. The maximum follow-up was a period of 8 years. Thus, the average
      duration of amiodarone therapy was 39 +/- 26 months, representing 472 patient
      years of therapeutic time on amiodarone. The incidence of deaths either caused by
      a documented ventricular tachyarrhythmia or presumed to result from an arrhythmic
      cause was 5.5% in the first year and 3.4% in each of the second and third years
      of follow-up. During the entire period of follow-up, 56 patients died of all
      causes (38.6% of the study population). Survival over the follow-up period was
      influenced significantly by left ventricular function, as judged by either New
      York Heart Association Functional Class or objective assessment of left
      ventricular ejection fraction, which was available in 102 patients.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296880
TI  - Left ventricular filling shortly after an uncomplicated myocardial infarction as
      a predictor of subsequent exercise capacity.
AB  - Resting measurements of left ventricular systolic function do not reliably
      predict exercise capacity in patients with cardiac disease. Therefore left
      ventricular filling shortly after a myocardial infarction was prospectively
      studied to determine whether it could predict subsequent exercise time.
      Consecutive patients with an acute infarction underwent Doppler and two
      dimensional echocardiography within 36 hours of infarction. The study group was
      composed of the 26 men who did not have reperfusion, who had an uncomplicated
      myocardial infarction, and who had undergone symptom-limited stress testing
      during recovery (modified Bruce protocol, 44 +/- 23 days after myocardial
      infarction). Systolic function was measured by ejection fraction and a wall
      motion score. Ventricular filling was assessed by the peak transmitral Doppler
      velocity in early diastole (E), with atrial systole (A), their ratio (A/E), and
      the percentage of filling from atrial systole. The only parameter of systolic or
      diastolic function that correlated with exercise time was E (r = 0.65, p less
      than 0.001). This relationship was particularly strong for the 16 subjects taking
      beta blockers at the time of stress testing (r = 0.88, p less than 0.001).
      Stepwise multivariate regression analysis showed that only E and beta blocker
      therapy at the time of stress testing contributed to the model predicting
      recovery exercise time (R2 = 0.55). In summary, E, measured soon after an
      uncomplicated myocardial infarction, is one factor that predicts exercise
      capacity during recovery.

PMID- 2296881
TI  - Results of high dose intravenous urokinase for acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - To determine the outcome of patients after treatment with high-dose intravenous
      urokinase (3 million U) 102 patients were prospectively evaluated in the setting
      of acute myocardial infarction. The first 61 patients received intravenous
      urokinase as a continuous infusion and the last 41 patients were treated with an
      initial 1.5 million U intravenous bolus. Sixty-two percent of all patients had
      patent infarct-related arteries by the time of immediate angiography (median time
      2.2 hours), which was performed in all patients. There was no significant
      difference in patency rates between patients treated with or without an initial
      intravenous bolus. Twenty-eight (28%) patients developed clinical evidence of
      recurrent ischemia (death, reocclusion, emergency angioplasty, urgent bypass
      surgery) during hospitalization, whereas only 7 (7%) developed angiographically
      documented reocclusion. Of 28 patients who failed to achieve successful
      reperfusion at the time of immediate catheterization, rescue angioplasty was
      technically successful in establishing reperfusion in all but 1 patient. No
      significant improvement in median global left ventricular function was seen
      between immediate (48%) and follow-up catheterization (48%). Significant bleeding
      complications were unusual except in 1 patient who experienced an intracranial
      hemorrhage. Eight (8%) patients died during hospitalization. Therefore, the use
      of high-dose intravenous urokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction
      is associated with a 62% patency rate, a low incidence of reocclusion and
      bleeding complications and a high technical success rate with rescue angioplasty
      at the time of immediate catheterization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296882
TI  - Predischarge maximal exercise test identifies risk for cardiac death in patients
      with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - A maximal exercise test was performed in 54 patients with acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) before discharge and in 49 age-matched control subjects. The
      long-term prognosis was assessed after an average follow-up of 7.6 years in AMI
      patients and 5.8 years in control subjects. The maximal work capacity and
      systolic blood pressure increase in AMI patients was 59% that of control subjects
      (p less than 0.001). Seventeen AMI patients had significant ST-segment shifts, 13
      with ST depression and 4 with ST elevation. In AMI patients experiencing a
      cardiac death during follow-up the maximal work capacity and systolic blood
      pressure increase were significantly lower than in survivors and those who died
      from noncardiac reasons (p less than 0.01; p less than 0.05), with no difference
      between these groups in the number of patients with ST-segment shifts. The
      average maximal work capacity of control subjects was 143 watts. A maximal work
      capacity half this (less than or equal to 72 watts) predicted long-term mortality
      in AMI patients (p less than 0.001). In addition a low increase in systolic blood
      pressure (less than 30 mm Hg) also predicted long-term mortality (p less than
      0.005), whereas ST shifts were of no significant value. In this study maximal
      work capacity turned out to be the best single exercise variable for identifying
      groups of AMI patients with very low and relative high risk of cardiac death.
      When all 3 exercise variables were combined, the predischarge maximal exercise
      test was of great value in identifying AMI patients at low risk for cardiac death
      (predictive value of a negative test: 95%).

PMID- 2296883
TI  - Clinical and prognostic significance of lung thallium uptake on rest imaging in
      acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Exercise-induced pulmonary uptake of thallium-201 in patients with ischemic heart
      disease is probably due to transient pulmonary edema and left ventricular failure
      induced by exercise. The significance of increased lung uptake of thallium-201 at
      rest after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not been described. Ninety-six
      patients admitted with chest pain for suspected AMI or unstable angina underwent
      thallium-201 imaging at rest. Using conventional diagnostic criteria, 62 had AMI,
      12 had unstable angina and 22 had neither. Increased lung uptake of thallium-201
      was present in 24 of the total 96 (25%) patients, 20 of the 62 (32%) patients
      with AMI and 4 of 34 (13%) patients with no evidence of infarction. In the AMI
      group, those with increased lung thallium-201 uptake had a higher mean +/-
      standard deviation segmental thallium-201 defect score (22 +/- 7 vs 12 +/- 8, p
      less than 0.0001), lower ejection fraction (35 +/- 14 vs 49 +/- 14%, p less than
      0.002), higher peak creatine kinase levels (2,410 +/- 1,247 vs 1,496 +/- 1,228
      IU/liter, p less than 0.01), higher wall motion abnormality score (25 +/- 13 vs
      13 +/- 12, p less than 0.0001), increased incidence of clinical in-hospital heart
      failure (15 of 20 vs 7 of 42, p less than 0.0001) and higher short-term mortality
      (4 of 20 vs 1 of 42, p less than 0.02) compared to those without increased lung
      thallium-201 uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296884
TI  - Ability of dipyridamole-thallium-201 imaging one to four days after acute
      myocardial infarction to predict in-hospital and late recurrent myocardial
      ischemic events.
AB  - The ability of dipyridamole-thallium-201 imaging to predict in-hospital and late
      cardiac events when performed very early (62 +/- 21 hours, range 23 to 102) after
      acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was tested in 50 patients. During
      hospitalization, 1 patient developed recurrent AMI and 8 patients developed
      recurrent angina after MI associated with ST-segment depression at 60 +/- 42
      hours after the dipyridamole-thallium-201 imaging; of these, 6 required urgent
      coronary revascularization. No patient died in-hospital. There were no serious
      adverse effects during the dipyridamole protocol. Using stepwise multivariate
      logistic regression analysis, the best and only statistically significant
      predictor of in-hospital ischemic cardiac events was the presence of thallium-201
      redistribution within the infarct zone (p = 0.0001). Of 20 patients with infarct
      zone thallium-201 redistribution, 9 (45%) developed in-hospital ischemic cardiac
      events compared to 0 of 30 patients without infarct zone thallium-201
      redistribution (p less than 0.0001). During a follow-up 12 +/- 7 months after
      discharge, 3 additional patients with infarct zone thallium-201 redistribution
      developed recurrent AMI or unstable angina, whereas no patient without infarct
      zone thallium-201 redistribution developed ischemic cardiac events. These data
      suggest that dipyridamole-thallium-201 imaging performed very early after AMI may
      identify a subgroup of patients at high risk for in-hospital and late ischemic
      cardiac events. Such patients may benefit from early cardiac catheterization and
      revascularization. Patients without infarct zone thallium-201 redistribution
      appear to be at very low risk for in-hospital and late ischemic cardiac events
      and may be candidates for early discharge.

PMID- 2296885
TI  - Elevation of C-reactive protein in "active" coronary artery disease.
AB  - Unstable angina occurs most commonly in the setting of atherosclerotic coronary
      artery disease (CAD), but there is little information concerning the mechanisms
      responsible for the transition from clinically stable to unstable coronary
      atherosclerotic plaque. Recently, increased focal infiltration of inflammatory
      cells into the adventitia of coronary arteries of patients dying suddenly from
      CAD and activation of circulating neutrophils in patients with unstable angina
      have been observed. To characterize the presence of inflammation in "active"
      atherosclerotic lesions, the acute phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) was
      measured in 37 patients admitted to the coronary care unit with unstable angina,
      30 patients admitted to the coronary care unit with nonischemic illnesses and 32
      patients with stable CAD. CRP levels were significantly elevated (normal less
      than 0.6 mg/dl) in 90% of the unstable angina group compared to 20% of the
      coronary care unit group and 13% of the stable angina group. The average CRP
      values were significantly different (p = 0.001) for the unstable angina group
      (2.2 +/- 2.9 mg/dl) compared to the coronary care (0.9 +/- 0.7 mg/dl) and stable
      angina (0.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dl) groups. There was a trend for unstable angina patients
      with ischemic ST-T-wave abnormalities to have higher CRP values (2.6 +/- 3.4)
      than those without electrocardiographic changes (1.3 +/- 0.9, p = 0.1). The data
      demonstrate increased levels of an acute phase reactant in unstable angina. These
      findings suggest that an inflammatory component in "active" angina may contribute
      to the susceptibility of these patients to vasospasm and thrombosis.

PMID- 2296886
TI  - Influence of heparin therapy on percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
      outcome in patients with coronary arterial thrombus.
AB  - The clinical and angiographic outcome of 18 patients with coronary thrombus
      undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty without antecedent
      heparin therapy was compared to that of a group of 35 patients receiving pre
      procedural heparin therapy. The former group had a significant reduction in
      angiographic success (61 vs 94%, p less than 0.05) and a significant increase in
      immediate postprocedural thrombotic arterial occlusion (33 vs 6%, p less than
      0.05). This difference existed despite equivalent frequencies of antiplatelet
      therapy. Prolonged intravenous heparin therapy before angioplasty in the setting
      of coronary thrombus improves the overall success rate and lessens the likelihood
      of periprocedural coronary arterial thrombosis.

PMID- 2296888
TI  - Value of a revised procainamide test in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
AB  - A shortest preexcited RR interval less than 250 ms during atrial fibrillation
      identifies the patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome potentially at risk
      for ventricular fibrillation. Loss of preexcitation after infusion of up to 10
      mg/kg of procainamide during sinus rhythm has been reported to correlate with a
      slow ventricular response during atrial fibrillation and has been proposed as a
      noninvasive test to establish risk of sudden death in these patients. Others have
      failed to establish this relation and have questioned the usefulness of the
      procainamide test. Such conflicting results were hypothesized to be a result of
      differing dosages and methodology. Consequently, this study tested the effect of
      incremental doses of procainamide (to a cumulative dose of 1 g) on the
      anterograde effective refractory period of the accessory pathway and related the
      reliability of the procainamide test to the dose at which preexcitation was lost.
      The effect of procainamide on the anterograde effective refractory period of the
      accessory pathway was dose dependent; patients who lost preexcitation had a
      steeper dose-response curve. Loss of preexcitation by a cumulative dose of 550 mg
      provided the best balance for sensitivity (60%) and specificity (89%) in
      identifying patients with preexcited shortest RR greater than 250 ms. Specificity
      fell steeply after this dosage and higher doses were not useful. The diagnostic
      accuracy of the procainamide test is critically related to dosage and method of
      infusion.

PMID- 2296887
TI  - Changing use of coronary angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery in the treatment
      of chronic coronary artery disease.
AB  - Changes in the use of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) over the last several years have
      resulted in a new and different environment for the interventional treatment of
      coronary artery disease. This study explores these changes as applied to the
      treatment of chronic coronary artery disease. The study population comprised
      14,078 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization between 1981 and
      1988. In 1981, 1,704 patients underwent a first known cardiac catheterization at
      Emory University Hospital or Crawford W. Long Hospital and were found to have
      significant coronary artery disease. Of these patients, 51.7% were treated
      medically, 44.0% by CABG and 4.3% with PTCA. A similar group comprised 1,719
      patients in 1988. Of this group 41.2% were treated medically, 28.5% with CABG and
      30.3% with PTCA. The data reveal a much more complex phenomenon than a simple
      increase in PTCA for the treatment of coronary disease at the expense of CABG.
      The CABG group aged such that the percent of the CABG population more than 65
      years old increased from 26.0% of the total in 1981 to 44.9% of the total in
      1988. The percent of patients with ejection fractions less than 50% in the CABG
      population increased from 24.5% in 1981 to 29.7% in 1988. The PTCA population had
      less severe disease, was younger and had better left ventricular
      function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296889
TI  - Value of programmed ventricular stimulation in the evaluation and management of
      patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia associated with coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - Programmed ventricular stimulation with up to 3 extrastimuli at the right
      ventricular apex was performed in 52 patients with spontaneous nonsustained
      ventricular tachycardia (VT) associated with coronary artery disease. There were
      44 men and 8 women, aged 66 +/- 9 years (range 45 to 86). The mean left
      ventricular ejection fraction was 41 +/- 14%. Nonsustained VT was asymptomatic in
      10 patients (19%), while the arrhythmia was detected during evaluation of
      palpitations in 5 patients (10%), presyncope in 11 (21%) and syncope in 26
      patients (50%). All patients were tested in the drug-free state and were
      classified as having no inducible arrhythmia (31 patients, group I), or an
      inducible arrhythmia (21 patients, group II). The age, gender, type of heart
      disease, symptoms and left ventricular ejection fraction were similar in both
      groups. Group I patients had a higher overall incidence of syncope. Group I
      patients received no therapy, while group II patients received antiarrhythmic
      therapy guided by electropharmacologic testing. At 21 +/- 17 months there was no
      sustained VT in either group. There were 3 deaths in group I patients, including
      1 sudden, 1 nonsudden cardiac and 1 noncardiac death. In group II patients 6
      deaths occurred including 4 nonsudden cardiac and 2 noncardiac deaths. In
      patients with nonsustained VT and coronary artery disease undergoing programmed
      ventricular stimulation, the incidence of significant arrhythmic events is low in
      those without therapy with no inducible arrhythmia, and in those with an
      inducible arrhythmia with therapy guided by electrophysiologic testing.

PMID- 2296890
TI  - Ten-year results with the St. Jude Medical prosthesis.
AB  - Although the hemodynamic characteristics and durability of the St. Jude valve
      prosthesis have been reported, the need for and the degree of anticoagulation in
      patients who receive these valves remain uncertain. Our 10-year experience with
      165 patients (100 men and 65 women, mean age of 58 +/- 13 years), who underwent
      valve replacement with St. Jude prostheses, is reported. Of the 165 patients, 147
      were treated with warfarin. A prothrombin time 1.3 to 1.8 times control (range 15
      to 20 seconds) was maintained in 134 patients with single valve and 1.8 to 2
      times control (range 20 to 25 seconds) in 13 patients with double valve
      prostheses. The 10-year actuarial event-free incidence from thromboembolic and
      hemorrhagic complications was 84 and 95%, respectively. Of the 8 patients
      receiving antiplatelet therapy alone, 4 had thromboembolic events. Of the 10
      patients on neither warfarin nor antiplatelet therapy, 3 had thromboembolic
      events. The 10-year actuarial event-free incidence from valve failure was 95%.
      The 10-year actuarial patient survival was 55%. Thus, the St. Jude valve is a
      safe and reliable prosthesis with acceptable overall long-term performance in
      patients given a modest anticoagulation regimen. Patients who receive St. Jude
      prosthetic valves without anticoagulants have a high incidence of thromboembolic
      events despite therapy with antiplatelet agents.

PMID- 2296892
TI  - Characteristics and natural history of abnormal atrial rhythms in left isomerism.
AB  - The object of this study is to document variation in atrial pacemaker rate and P
      wave axis, and to clarify the natural history of abnormally slow atrial rhythms
      in left isomerism. Standard 15-lead electrocardiograms of 50 patients with left
      isomerism were retrospectively studied. On the average, 9 electrocardiograms
      covering 7 years for each patient were available. For comparison, atrial rhythms
      in patients with right isomerism and in those with situs solitus and 5
      representative congenital cardiac conditions were studied with the same study
      protocol. In left isomerism, atrial rhythm with constantly normal P-wave axis was
      exceptional and the presence of atrial rhythm with abnormal P-wave axis was the
      rule. The most frequent abnormal mean frontal P-wave axis was between -30 and -90
      degrees, recorded in 70%. Slow atrial rates below the second percentile were
      observed in 50%, either transiently and recurrently (in 40%), or persistently (in
      10%), and were associated with junctional escape in 42%. The number of patients
      with slow atrial rate increased with age. In right isomerism, multiple atrial
      rhythms were also frequent, but slow atrial rhythms was present in only 4%.
      Multiple atrial rhythms or bradycardia associated with junctional escape were
      rare in the group of patients with congenital heart disease and situs solitus. It
      is concluded that multiplicity and progressive slowing of the atrial rhythm are
      characteristic in patients with left isomerism.

PMID- 2296891
TI  - Assessment of diastolic filling indexes obtained by radionuclide
      ventriculography.
AB  - This study assesses how differences in residual volume and heart rate influence
      the measurement and interpretation of commonly used indexes of left ventricular
      filling obtained by radionuclide ventriculography. Thirty patients with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) and 26 normal subjects were studied. The time to
      peak filling rate (168 +/- 42 vs 139 +/- 35 ms; p = 0.006) and time to 30%
      filling (154 +/- 32 vs 131 +/- 29 ms; p = 0.009 were prolonged in patients with
      HC compared to normal subjects, suggesting impaired early diastolic filling.
      However the peak filling rate, measured in end-diastolic counts/s, was greater in
      patients with HC (3.31 +/- 0.89 vs 3.06 +/- 0.51, p = 0.19). This measurement was
      influenced by the relative residual volume (HC r = 0.41, p less than 0.001;
      normal r = 0.29, difference not significant), which was smaller in patients with
      HC (22.4 +/- 8.0 vs 35.5 +/- 5.6%; p less than 0.0001). The peak filling rate
      measured in stroke volume counts did not vary with the relative residual volume
      (HC r = 0.10, difference not significant; normal r = 0.21, difference not
      significant) and was less than normal in patients with HC (4.27 +/- 0.69 vs 4.72
      +/- 1.0; p = 0.58). There was a strong association between the first third
      filling fraction and the heart rate (HC r = 0.66, p less than 0.001; normal r =
      0.71, p less than 0.001), reflecting its dependence on the duration of the first
      third of diastole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296893
TI  - Doppler echocardiographic-determined changes in left ventricular diastolic
      filling flow velocity during the lower body positive and negative pressure
      method.
AB  - Changes in parameters of left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling flow obtained
      with Doppler echocardiography during the lower body positive and negative
      pressure method were analyzed in 15 patients (12 with coronary artery disease and
      3 with dilated cardiomyopathy). Lower body pressure was altered at 5 steps (+20,
      +10, 0, -20 and -40 mm Hg vs atmospheric pressure). Pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure measured with a balloon-tipped catheter was changed proportionally with
      lower body pressure during the procedures (p less than 0.01). Mean systemic
      arterial pressure was changed slightly during lower body positive pressure and
      negative pressure of -40 mm Hg. Heart rate was almost unchanged except at lower
      body pressure of -40 mm Hg. The peak velocity of LV early diastolic filling flow
      was changed with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in an almost parallel fashion
      during the procedures (p less than 0.01). The peak velocity of LV late diastolic
      filling flow showed smaller changes than that of early diastolic filling flow.
      Changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure correlated positively with changes
      in the peak velocity of LV early diastolic filling flow (r = 0.759, p less than
      0.01), but not with changes in the peak velocity of LV late diastolic filling
      flow (r = 0.039, not significant) during lower body negative pressure of -20 mm
      Hg. These data suggest that left atrial pressure is one of the important
      determinants of LV early diastolic filling flow in this acute clinical setting
      and that LV late diastolic filling flow is less sensitive to changes in left
      atrial pressure than LV early diastolic filling flow.

PMID- 2296894
TI  - Effect of cigarette smoke on sinus node automaticity.

PMID- 2296895
TI  - Pulmonary venous flow determined by Doppler echocardiography in mitral stenosis.

PMID- 2296896
TI  - Follow-up after percutaneous balloon valvoplasty for noncalcific aortic stenosis.

PMID- 2296897
TI  - Do changes in fraction of inspired oxygen affect pulmonary artery acceleration
      time?

PMID- 2296898
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries associated with
      acetylcholine-induced vasoconstriction in the absence of a positive ergonovine
      test.

PMID- 2296899
TI  - Balloon occlusion of an internal mammary artery to anterior interventricular vein
      fistula.

PMID- 2296900
TI  - Saphenous vein graft angioplasty in a teenager.

PMID- 2296901
TI  - Surgical correction of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and no
      central pulmonary arteries.

PMID- 2296902
TI  - A transmural approach for endocardial ventricular pacing.

PMID- 2296903
TI  - Severe stenosis involving a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve in the tenth
      decade of life.

PMID- 2296904
TI  - Disopyramide in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2296905
TI  - Magnesium sulfate is the treatment for torsades de pointes if the right dose is
      given.

PMID- 2296906
TI  - Differentiation of cyclophosphamide-treated hamster secondary palate:
      ultrastructural and biochemical observations.
AB  - A study was undertaken to analyze the ultrastructural aspects and the enzyme acid
      phosphatase cytochemistry and biochemistry of the pathogenesis of
      cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced cleft palate in hamster fetuses. The initial CP
      induced alterations were the appearance of lysosomes in the mesenchymal cells of
      the vertically developing palatal primordia within 8 hr of drug administration.
      The mesenchymal lysosomal activity, which increased during the next 16 hr, was
      abnormal and interpreted as a sub-lethal response to CP treatment. Subsequently,
      the lysosomal activity in the mesenchyme diminished gradually and, 48 hr after CP
      treatment, was absent. At this time, lysosomes were seen in the epithelial cells
      of the vertical palate. Fifty-six hours after CP treatment, unlike controls where
      palatal shelves were already fused, lysosomal activity subsided in the epithelial
      cells. Changes, however, continued to be seen at the epithelial-mesenchymal
      interface. These changes were characterized by discontinuity in the basal lamina,
      and by epithelial-mesenchymal contacts. They persisted for 8 hr but were absent
      thereafter. Sixty-four hours after CP administration, the vertical shelves became
      horizontal and remained so until term. Following analysis of data, both from the
      literature and from the present study, it was suggested that CP first affected
      mesenchymal cell proliferation, and then its cytodifferentiation, during the
      critical phase of early vertical development; consequently the reorientation of
      the shelves to a horizontal plane was delayed, inducing cleft palate.

PMID- 2296907
TI  - Fine structure of the dorsal lingual epithelium of the lizard, Gekko japonicus
      (Lacertilia, Gekkonidae).
AB  - Three different types of lingual papilla were observed by scanning electron
      microscopy on the dorsal lingual epithelium of the lizard Gekko japonicus. Dome
      shaped lingual papillae were located at the apex. Flat, fan-shaped lingual
      papillae were seen in the widest area of the lingual body. Long, scale-like
      lingual papillae were arranged on the latero-posterior dorsal surface. At higher
      magnification, microvilli and microridges were seen to be widely distributed over
      the surface of the papillae. By light microscopy, the epithelium of the dome
      shaped papillae was composed of single, columnar epithelial cells filled with
      secretory granules. The tip of the epithelium of the fan-shaped and scale-like
      papillae was composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells without granules.
      The major part of the epithelium of these two types of papilla, except the tip
      area, was also composed of single, columnar epithelial cells with secretory
      granules. By transmission electron microscopy, a nucleus without a defined shape
      was seen to be located in the basal part of each of the single, columnar
      epithelial cells. Rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were
      well developed around the nucleus. The other, major part of the cytoplasm was
      filled with the spherical secretory granules, a large number of which had very
      electron-dense cores and moderately electron-dense peripheral regions. In the
      stratified squamous epithelium, a nucleus, which tended to be condensed on the
      free-surface side, was located in the center of each cell. Mitochondria,
      endoplasmic reticulum, and vesicles were observed in the cytoplasm.

PMID- 2296908
TI  - Ultrastructural features of mitochondria-rich cells in stenohaline freshwater and
      seawater fishes.
AB  - In order to elucidate the functional significance of accessory cells in
      freshwater fishes, such as the rainbow trout, which displays a poor adaptability
      to seawater life, a search for such cells was performed in two stenohaline
      freshwater fishes: the loach and the gudgeon. Accessory cells were never
      encountered in these species; but, in contrast, two types of chloride cells were
      observed consistently that strikingly resembled the alpha- and beta-cells
      previously described in the guppy, a freshwater-adapted euryhaline fish. The
      alpha-cell, a pale and elongated chloride cell, was located at the base of the
      secondary lamellae in close contact with the arterioarterial pillar capillary.
      Darker, ovoid chloride cells resembling the beta-cell were found exclusively in
      the interlamellar region of the primary epithelium facing the central venous
      sinous. The latter cells frequently formed multicellular complexes linked
      together by deep, narrow, apical junctions. In another experiment, a stenohaline
      seawater fish, the turbot, was adapted to diluted 5% saltwater and to fresh
      water. In seawater, the gill epithelium contained only one type of chloride cell,
      always associated with accessory cells. Due to numerous cytoplasmic
      interdigitations between the accessory cells and the apical portion of the
      chloride cell, there was a noticeable increase in the length of the shallow
      apical junction, sealing off the intercellular space between the two cell types.
      In 5% saltwater, there was a decrease in the number of these interdigitations and
      a concomitant decrease in the length of the shallow apical junction. In fresh
      water, chloride cells were partially or completely separated from the outside
      medium by modified accessory cells. It is thus concluded that accessory cells are
      found exclusively in fish living in seawater or preadapted to seawater and that
      they probably are involved in the formation and modulation of paracellular
      pathways for ionic excretion. In contrast, the respective roles of the two types
      of chloride cells observed in freshwater fishes are still to be determined.

PMID- 2296909
TI  - Effect of photoperiod on pineal gland volume and pinealocyte size in the Chinese
      hamster, Cricetulus griseus.
AB  - Male adult (200-day-old) Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) raised from
      weaning under either LD 16:8 or LD 8:16 were used. The pineal gland of the
      Chinese hamster consists of superficial (major) and deep (minor) components and a
      continuous, or interrupted, narrow parenchymal stalk interposed between them. The
      volume of the superficial pineal including the parenchymal stalk is greater under
      LD 16:8 than under LD 8:16. Under both photoperiods, pinealocytes in the
      superficial pineal have larger nuclei and more abundant cytoplasm than those in
      the deep pineal. Nuclei in the superficial pineal appear pale and usually have
      irregular profiles, whereas those in the deep pineal appear dark and have round
      profiles. In the superficial pineal, pinealocyte nuclei are larger, paler, and
      more irregular; and, in addition, nuclear density is lower under LD 16:8 than
      under LD 8:16. Similar, but less prominent, photoperiod-induced changes occur in
      the volume of the deep pineal, the size of pinealocytes, and pinealocyte nuclear
      morphology in the deep pineal. The results indicate that the development and
      differentiation of pinealocytes in both pineal portions may be advanced under
      long photoperiods and delayed under short photoperiods, although pinealocytes in
      the deep pineal may remain not fully differentiated even in adults. Since
      testicular weights and body weights are similar under both photoperiods, the
      photoperiod may exert marked influences on the development of the pineal gland
      without affecting reproductive activity and growth rates of animals.

PMID- 2296910
TI  - Prenatal development of "synaptic" ribbons in the guinea pig pineal gland.
AB  - Pineal "synaptic" ribbons are a heterogeneous population of organelles.
      "Synaptic" ribbons (SR) sensu stricto, "synaptic" spherules (SS), and
      intermediate forms (IMF) are present. Their function and origin are unknown, and
      a knowledge of their prenatal development is lacking. Thus the pineal glands of
      prenatal, neonatal, and adult guinea pigs were prepared for electron microscopy.
      "Synaptic" ribbons were studied morphologically and quantitatively. The three
      categories of "synaptic" ribbons reported in adult pineal glands were also
      present in prenatal pineal glands. Their structural features, distribution,
      grouping, and composition patterns are similar to those in adults. "Synaptic"
      ribbons were first detected in pinealocytes of the distal region of a 42-day
      postcoitus (PC) pineal gland and were comparable with those in adults. They
      increased in number with age and reached a peak at 63 days PC, followed by a
      steep decline at 66 and 67 days PC. By day 69 PC, the numbers increased again and
      showed a dramatic increase after birth. Several true ribbon synapses were seen at
      day 63 PC between pinealocyte cell processes or between pinealocyte cell process
      and pinealocyte cell body. Since true ribbon synapses have not been found in
      adult guinea pig pinealocytes, their synaptic nature could have been lost during
      development. No precursors for the "synaptic" ribbons were found. The endoplasmic
      reticulum cisternae may be the origin for the ribbon vesicles because of their
      close association with the "synaptic" ribbons.

PMID- 2296911
TI  - Peripheral development of avian trigeminal nerves.
AB  - Development of the trigeminal nerve branches was studied in stage -17 to -27
      chick embryos stained with an antibody to neurofilament protein. The following
      findings were obtained. 1) Ectopic ganglia transiently appeared in the ectoderm
      of the supraorbital region and were considered as remnant ophthalmic-placode
      derived ganglia. 2) Most of the cutaneous sensory branches of the
      maxillomandibular nerve arose from a loosely arborized mass of neurites,
      provisionally termed the maxillomandibular reticulum, in which the fibers
      intermingled in a seemingly random fashion. 3) The growth of the trigeminal
      branches was mainly correlated with the development of the facial processes;
      however, irregular communications between different groups of branches were
      observed, suggesting that topographical organization of the peripheral branches
      is not rigid in early stages. 4) From the ophthalmic nerve around stage 23,
      transient dorsal rami developed and were distributed in the mesenchymal space,
      the cavum epiptericum, and passed near the ectoderm. Their homology with the rr.
      tentorii in human anatomy is suggested.

PMID- 2296912
TI  - Oviductal epithelium of the baboon: hormonal control and the immuno-gold
      localization of oviduct-specific glycoproteins.
AB  - Oviducts were obtained from a series of cycling and ovariectomized steroid
      treated baboons. The lining epithelium of the ampulla and isthmus was analyzed by
      light and electron microscopy. Both morphological and cytomorphometric analyses
      revealed that the morphological and functional state of the oviductal epithelium
      in the baboon is controlled by the ovarian steroids. Additionally, a clear
      cephalocaudal steroid-responsive gradient was observed when the data from the
      ampulla and isthmus of the same animal were compared. Within the ampulla,
      estradiol induced hypertrophy, hyperplasia, ciliogenesis, and secretory activity,
      whereas adding progesterone to the treatment regimen (+/- estradiol) resulted in
      atrophy, deciliation, apoptosis, and loss of the secretory activity. These cyclic
      processes were less evident in the isthmus. We also used an indirect electron
      microscopic immunogold technique and a previously characterized polyclonal
      antibody to determine the localization of oviduct-specific glycoproteins. These
      glycoproteins were present in every secretory granule observed, regardless of
      oviduct region, electron density, or size of the secretory granule. In summary,
      our data show that 1) estradiol induces and maintains the mature epithelium of
      the baboon oviduct, 2) steroid withdrawal or the administration of progesterone
      causes regression of the epithelium, and 3) the previously identified estradiol
      dependent oviduct-specific glycoproteins are synthesized within and released from
      the secretory epithelial cells.

PMID- 2296913
TI  - Effect of altered occlusal function on transseptal ligament and new bone
      thicknesses in the periodontium of the rat.
AB  - Alteration of tooth function is assumed to change stress/strain on the adjacent
      alveolar bone and its mucoperiosteum, producing changes in morphology similar to
      those described for other load-bearing bones. The present study suggested that
      crestal alveolar bone and its mucoperiosteum respond differently to stress/strain
      than load-bearing bones in other locations, possibly due to differences in the
      mechanism of bone loading by muscles and teeth. Occlusal hypofunction was
      initiated by extraction of agonist teeth; the contralateral teeth were placed in
      hyperfunction by the surgery. Untreated animals were also studied. 3H-proline was
      injected, animals were killed 1-5 weeks later, and the thicknesses of new bone
      and transseptal ligament were measured. After 5 weeks of altered function, total
      thickness (new bone + transseptal ligament) was similar in untreated and in
      hypofunctional and hyperfunctional situations; however, a new ratio between
      transseptal ligament and new bone thicknesses was established. Occlusal force was
      negatively correlated with new bone and positively correlated with transseptal
      ligament thickness; both thicknesses were statistically correlated in each
      functional situation (P less than 0.001). Hyperfunction resulted in increased
      transseptal ligament thickness, but decreased new bone thickness as compared to
      untreated controls (P less than 0.001). In contrast, hypofunction resulted in an
      increased new bone thickness, but a decreased transseptal ligament thickness (P
      less than 0.001). Tissue responses assure appropriate support for the teeth in
      each functional situation.

PMID- 2296914
TI  - Ontogenetic development of the ophthalmic rete in relation to brain cooling in
      chickens and pigeons.
AB  - The brain cooling capacity of the altricial pigeon increases during posthatching
      growth at a higher rate than that of the precocial duck and chicken. To determine
      if this difference between the altricial and the precocial modes of development
      can be related to growth rates of the vascular heat exchanger involved in brain
      cooling (the ophthalmic rete), we performed a morphometric analysis of this
      structure during the post-hatching maturation of the three species. The number of
      vascular units in the rete did not change during development but differed
      significantly among species. The retia continued to grow in length and diameter
      in an exponential relation with body mass at similar rates in all species. The
      surface area of the retial arteries, which reflects the area available for
      countercurrent heat exchange, also increased exponentially with body mass, but
      without significant differences among the three species. However, the
      effectiveness of the rete in brain cooling, as indicated by the degree of brain
      cooling per unit of heat-exchange area in the rete, was higher in the altricial
      pigeon than in the precocial chicken and duck. It is concluded that the
      posthatching morphometric changes in the ophthalmic rete (rete ophthalmicum) are
      important for the development of brain cooling capacity, but cannot solely
      explain differences in brain cooling between growing altricial and precocial
      birds. These differences are most likely related to differences in the maturation
      of the central thermoregulatory control system and the peripheral effector
      mechanisms among the two groups of birds.

PMID- 2296915
TI  - Hypnotic techniques for smoking control and psychogenic impotence.
AB  - In the past 35 years I have used a variety of hypnotic techniques to help
      patients stop smoking. The most successful method has been to see the patient for
      3 consecutive days with a follow-up session about 3 weeks later. With this
      technique, about 81% of patients stopped smoking. Psychogenic impotence has many
      possible causes and must be approached with an understanding of the dynamics
      involved. However, hypnotic suggestions can be helpful in restoring erectile
      function. I have used the technique described here with almost 3000 patients with
      a success rate of 88%.

PMID- 2296916
TI  - A hypnotherapeutic approach to the improvement of compliance in adolescent
      diabetics.
AB  - Adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have a rate of
      noncompliance in our clinic of approximately 20% despite all of the usual
      measures aimed at securing compliance. Seven IDDM patients ranging in age from 11
      to 19 years were managed in our clinic with all of our usual modalities, but all
      remained in long-term poor control during the 6 months immediately prior to the
      study. To ensure that each patient would serve as his/her own control, no changes
      were made in his/her management other than the addition of hypnosis. Six of the
      seven patients were followed for more than 6 months. No changes were made in
      insulin, diet, or exercise as prescribed. Posttreatment, the average HgbA1C
      dropped from 13.2% to 9.7%, and the average fasting blood sugar from 426 mg/dl to
      149 mg/dl, values which are consistent with good compliance.

PMID- 2296917
TI  - Rational self-directed hypnotherapy: a treatment for panic attacks.
AB  - A single-subject research design was employed to assess the efficacy of rational
      self-directed hypnotherapy in the treatment of panic attacks. Presenting symptoms
      were acute fear, dizziness, constricted throat, upset stomach, loss of appetite,
      loss of weight, insomnia, fear of doctors, and fear of returning to work.
      Treatment lasted 13 weeks plus a 2-week baseline and posttherapy period and a 6
      month follow-up. Objective measurements (MMPI, TSCS, POMS) and self-report
      assessments (physiological symptoms and a subjective stress inventory) were
      implemented. Using hypnosis and guided imagery, the subject reviewed critical
      incidents identifying self-defeating components within a cognitive paradigm,
      revising and rehearsing these incidents. Results showed an increased sense of
      control, improved self-concept, elimination of pathological symptoms, and
      cessation of panic attacks.

PMID- 2296918
TI  - Hypnotherapy in a case of pruritus and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
AB  - A 24-year-old patient was treated using hypnotic intervention for extreme
      pruritus. With hypnotherapy the pruritus cleared. Six months after her final
      appointment she sought hypnotherapy for unexplainable increasing numbness and
      pain. With hypnotherapy she experienced temporary relief. Later a diagnosis of
      Guillain-Barre syndrome was made. Hypnotherapy appeared to improve muscle
      function temporarily in the acute stage of the patient's disease. Hypnotherapy to
      reduce the symptoms of Guillain-Barre should be investigated further.

PMID- 2296919
TI  - Neurolinguistic programming as an adjunct to other
      psychotherapeutic/hypnotherapeutic interventions.
AB  - The therapeutic dissociative techniques of "anchoring" and "three-part
      dissociation," neurolinguistic programming (NLP) treatment paradigms
      incorporating the idea of division into ego states, are effective in crisis
      intervention and as a stimulus for catharsis. Using the anchoring technique in
      the first session, a patient with severe anxiety, manifested by episodes of
      hyperactivity, was able to superimpose inner resources upon the situations which
      led to the episodes. Utilizing three-part dissociation, the patient experienced
      the hyperactive episodes "for the very last time" and terminated them
      permanently. Hypnotic exploration and ideomotor signaling were used with a
      patient presenting with uncomfortable feelings associated with intense anger.
      After the origin of the anger was determined, a three-part dissociation produced
      an abreaction and catharsis. Interaction at a cognitive level integrated the
      feelings and knowledge into personal consciousness.

PMID- 2296920
TI  - The hypnotic relationship and the holographic paradigm.
AB  - The holographic paradigm is a recently constructed model of consciousness derived
      from neuropsychology and quantum physics. It views the processing of mental forms
      as occurring within the context of a part/whole relationship, where the
      identified part exists within the code of the whole. In this paper I have applied
      this paradigm to the hypnotic relationship, viewing the hypnotic process as an
      undulation of form and transitional states and proposing the holographic paradigm
      as a cutting edge to understand the curative processes in hypnosis.

PMID- 2296921
TI  - Hypnotizability, attitudes toward eating, and concern with body size in a female
      college population.
AB  - In this study we investigated the relationship between hypnotizability and
      attitudes towards food intake. One hundred and two female college students (mean
      age 21) completed the Eating Attitudes Test and the Goldfarb Fear-of-Fat Scale,
      and were assessed for hypnotizability on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic
      Susceptibility. The results indicated that level of hypnotizability was related
      to attitudes toward food intake and the fear of becoming overweight. The findings
      support the thesis that hypnotizability may be one of a variety of predisposing
      factors in the development and maintenance of extreme attitudes towards eating
      and weight regulation. Implications for changing these attitudes are discussed.

PMID- 2296922
TI  - A factor analytic study of two scales measuring dissociation.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the construct validity of
      dissociation. We administered the PAS and the DES to 507 male (48%) and female
      (52%) undergraduate students. Factor analysis on each scale separately showed
      that neither the PAS nor the DES adequately measures the three dimensions
      hypothesized to underlie dissociative experience. For both scales, a single
      factor emerged as replicable and reliable. Use of the scales, in their present
      form, therefore, should be limited to a single dimension representing
      disturbances in affect-control in the case of the PAS and disturbances in
      cognition-control if the DES is used at least with normal populations. Analysis
      of the combined items showed that the scales are measuring conceptually different
      but statistically correlated dimensions of dissociation. Further development of
      both scales is desirable, and further research should investigate the effect of
      different response formats on the internal structure of the scales.

PMID- 2296923
TI  - Lower ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids in cultured than in wild fish.
AB  - Fish are the major dietary source of very-long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty
      acids. We investigated whether cultured fish contain fewer n-3 fatty acids than
      do wild fish. Fifty-eight trout, 51 eel, and 5 salmon were collected from
      fishermen and hatcheries throughout Europe, pooled into 23 lots (8 of wild and 15
      of cultured fish), and analyzed. The ratio of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturates was
      significantly lower in cultured than in wild fish (2 vs 7 in trout, 2 vs 5 in
      eel, and 6 vs 11 in salmon). Hunted fish are a better source of n-3
      polyunsaturates than are cultured fish.

PMID- 2296924
TI  - Osteopenia in the men of a Veterans Administration nursing home.
AB  - We measured by photon absorptiometry the bone density at six sites in 65 nursing
      home men aged 57-85 y and in 25 independent community men aged 57-80 y. Average
      bone density in the community men ranged from 97% to 105% of age-matched normal
      men. In the nursing home men these values ranged from 71% to 92% of age-matched
      normal men (p less than 0.05 for comparison with the community men). About 50% of
      the nursing home men but none of the community men had a value less than 70% of
      age-matched normal men at one or more sites. Among the institutionalized men bone
      densities at all six sites (in g/cm2) were significantly (p less than 0.05) and
      directly correlated with body weight but were not significantly correlated with
      height, age, principal or secondary diagnoses, continuing medications, or
      functional level.

PMID- 2296925
TI  - Changes in food and nutrient intake in middle-aged men from 1960 to 1985 (the
      Zutphen Study).
AB  - Within the Zutphen Study dietary surveys using the cross-check dietary history
      method were carried out in 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1985. Of the 872 men aged 40-59
      y examined in 1960, 315 participated in all four surveys. In 1985 a small random
      sample of 51 men aged 40-59 y was also investigated. Between 1960 and 1985 the
      consumption of bread, potatoes, and edible fats decreased and the consumption of
      fruits, pastries, nuts, and alcoholic beverages increased in both the aging
      cohort and in the two independent samples of middle-aged men examined 25 y apart.
      These changes were accompanied by a substantial decrease in the intake of
      monounsaturated fat, polysaccharides, and potassium and a substantial increase in
      animal protein and alcohol. Small changes were observed in the intake of
      saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary cholesterol, and
      dietary fiber. Since 1960 some changes in a nutritionally desirable direction
      were observed but the diet of the Zutphen men in 1985 departs substantially from
      the guidelines for a healthy diet formulated by The Netherlands Nutrition Council
      in 1986.

PMID- 2296926
TI  - Comparison of convenient indicators of obesity.
AB  - A comparative study of obesity measurements was undertaken with 533 male and
      female subjects, aged 11.8-15.9. Six adiposity measures (three skinfold indices,
      three height-weight indices) were derived from measures of height, weight, and
      eight skinfold thickness measurements. A principal components analysis of these
      adiposity measures resulted in a unifactorial solution accounting for 85.6% of
      the total variance. A cross-tabulation analysis with the derived factor scores
      and a criterion visual inspection rating supported the interpretation that the
      underlying construct of the factor was adiposity, and that a factor score of
      greater than 1.5 SD above the mean was a suitable standard for labeling obesity.
      Utilizing this dichotomy of factor scores as a standard, the differential
      diagnostic capabilities of four adiposity scales commonly used in identifying
      obesity was undertaken. Pursuit of this methodology, with the use of additional
      measures and larger sample sizes, is recommended to ensure the validation of an
      obesity measure.

PMID- 2296927
TI  - Nutrient intakes during pregnancy: observations on the influence of smoking and
      social class.
AB  - The influence of smoking and social class on dietary intake in pregnancy was
      investigated in a random sample of smokers (greater than or equal to 15
      cigarettes/d) and nonsmokers. A total of 206 subjects (94 smokers and 112
      nonsmokers) completed a 7-d weighed dietary intake at 28 wk gestation and 178
      completed a second assessment at 36 wk. Nonsmokers had higher intakes of almost
      all nutrients than did smokers and the nutrient density of their diet was
      greater. Energy intake was nonsignificantly higher in nonsmokers. Women in higher
      social classes had the highest nutrient intakes. Smokers were shorter than
      nonsmokers and tended to be of lower social class. After maternal height and
      social class were controlled for, smoking had a significant effect on intake of
      many micronutrients. Dietary intake was reduced in late pregnancy, particularly
      in smokers. These data suggest that smokers in all social classes have a poorer
      quality of diet.

PMID- 2296928
TI  - Assessment of body composition by bioelectrical impedance in a population aged
      greater than 60 y.
AB  - Body composition was measured in a group of 35 healthy men and 37 healthy women
      aged 60-83 y. Body mass index (BMI) in men was 25.0 +/- 2.2 kg/m2 (means +/- SD)
      and in women, 25.9 +/- 3.2 kg/m2. BMI was low in relation to body fat percentage
      as determined by skinfold-thickness measurements or densitometry in comparison
      with the relation found in younger adults. Mean body fat percentage of the male
      subjects (aged 70.4 +/- 5.2 y) as determined by densitometry was 31.0 +/- 4.5%,
      whereas in women (aged 68.0 +/- 5.2 y) it was 43.9 +/- 4.3%. Body impedance
      correlated with fat-free mass (FFM). The best prediction formulas for the FFM
      from body impedance and anthropometric variables were 1) FFM (kg) = (0.671 x
      10(4) x H2/R) + 3.1S + 3.9 where H is body height (m), R is resistance (omega),
      and S is gender (females, 0; males, 1) (r = 0.94; SEE = 3.1 kg) and 2) FFM (kg) =
      (0.360 x 10(4) x H2/R) + 0.359BW + 4.5S - 20T + 7.0 where BW is body weight (kg)
      and T is thigh circumference (m) (r = 0.96; SEE = 2.5 kg). The prediction
      equations from the literature, generally determined in younger populations,
      overestimated FFM in elderly subjects by approximately 6 kg and are not
      applicable to elderly subjects.

PMID- 2296929
TI  - Reversal of the arrhythmogenic effects of long-term saturated fatty acid intake
      by dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
AB  - This study investigated whether the adverse influences of dietary saturated
      animal fatty acids (SF) on vulnerability to cardiac arrhythmias in rats could be
      modified by crossover in maturity to diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids
      (PUFAs). The arrhythmia model was coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion under
      anesthesia. Animals were fed commercial stock diet (4% fat wt:wt) supplemented
      (12% wt:wt) with fat (final diets, 35% energy as fat). Of rats fed the SF diet
      for 9 and 18 mo, ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurred in 71% during occlusion
      and in 86% on reperfusion. Mortality from VF was 0% after 9 mo on the SF diet but
      67% after 18 mo. Dietary crossover to n-3 (tuna-fish oil) or n-6 (sunflower-seed
      oil) PUFA-supplemented diets at 9 mo reduced arrhythmias (VF incidence less than
      30% in occlusion and reperfusion) and mortality (0%). The n-3 PUFAs were most
      effective. Dietary interventions can be effective even when introduced in mature,
      high-risk animals and may be of benefit in reducing risk of sudden cardiac death.

PMID- 2296930
TI  - Preservation of short-term energy balance in clinically stable patients with
      AIDS.
AB  - Malnutrition in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is
      common and multifactorial. The possible causes of malnutrition were evaluated by
      performing studies of energy balance in five clinically stable outpatients with
      AIDS, six seronegative homosexual control subjects, and five seronegative
      heterosexual control subjects. The AIDS group was significantly depleted of body
      cell mass compared with the control subjects but the values did not change
      significantly over 6 wk. Food intake was normal in the AIDS group whereas
      intestinal absorptions of the pentose sugar xylose and of the triglyceride
      triolein were both significantly diminished. The AIDS patients were hypometabolic
      as compared with the control subjects and with predictions of metabolic rate
      based on the Harris-Benedict equation. We conclude that short-term energy balance
      can be maintained in clinically stable patients with AIDS. Hypometabolism is an
      appropriate metabolic response to the combination of body-cell-mass depletion and
      nutrient malabsorption.

PMID- 2296931
TI  - Vitamin A intervention: short-term effects of a single, oral, massive dose on
      iron metabolism.
AB  - A group of 134 school children aged 3-9 y, with signs of conjunctival xerosis,
      from the rural area of the Sakorn Nakhon province in Northeast Thailand were
      selected for a controlled study on the short-term effect (2 wk) of a single, oral
      high dose of vitamin A on iron metabolism. After collection of the baseline data,
      children within villages were randomly assigned to receive the capsules (n = 65)
      or serve as control subjects (n = 69). Two weeks after supplementation
      significant increases of retinol, retinol-binding protein, hemoglobin,
      hematocrit, serum iron, and saturation of transferrin were found in the
      supplemented group. Ferritin concentrations did not change significantly. These
      short-term changes completely exclude seasonal effects and change in morbidity.
      This study provides further evidence of a causal association between vitamin A
      and iron metabolism. In areas where vitamin A deficiency is endemic, periodic
      massive vitamin A dose programs can also improve iron status of the population.

PMID- 2296932
TI  - Evaluation of the deoxyuridine suppression test by using whole blood samples from
      folic acid-supplemented subjects.
AB  - We performed the deoxyuridine suppression test (dUST) along with assessment of
      folate and vitamin B-12 status in blood specimens from 136 normal women and 109
      women with cervical dysplasia. All tests were repeated at 2, 4, and 6 mo in
      subjects with dysplasia during a randomized, double-blind intervention trial in
      which 50 received a 10-mg daily oral folic acid supplement (F group) and 59
      received a placebo (P group). Median folate concentration increased fivefold in
      plasma and threefold in erythrocytes of F group beginning at the second months
      and remained elevated whereas concentrations of the P group remained unchanged.
      Vitamin B-12 values did not vary significantly in either group. The dUST value
      decreased from 10.4 +/- 4.6% (means +/- SD) pretreatment to 4.5 +/- 4.7% in F
      group after 2 mo (p less than 0.001). The dUST values had significant negative
      correlation with plasma and erythrocyte folate concentrations. However,
      erythrocyte folate had the greatest power to distinguish P group from F group.

PMID- 2296933
TI  - Inhibition by selected food components of human and porcine intestinal
      pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase activity.
AB  - Studies were conducted to determine the in vitro effect of selected food
      components on activity of the brush border membrane pteroylpolyglutamate
      hydrolase (folate conjugase) of porcine and human intestine. Foods differed
      widely in their effects although the pattern of the effects on both porcine and
      human enzymes was similar. Extracts of legumes, tomatoes, and orange juice
      consistently inhibited the conjugase activity. Citrate was also inhibitory to
      some extent. In contrast, extracts of cereal grain flours, whole egg, milk,
      cabbage, cauliflower, and lettuce caused little inhibition. Purified
      phytohemagglutinins, soybean trypsin inhibitors, and bovine milk folate-binding
      protein had no effect on the conjugase activity at the concentrations tested. The
      food substances that inhibited the conjugase activity did not bind the
      polyglutamyl folate substrate or inhibit intestinal brush border membrane sucrase
      and alkaline phosphatase. These findings suggest that food composition may
      influence folate bioavailability by interfering with the intestinal deconjugation
      of dietary polyglutamyl folates.

PMID- 2296934
TI  - Effects of different calcium sources on iron absorption in postmenopausal women.
AB  - We measured the effect of calcium from food and supplement sources on whole-body
      retention of 59Fe in 19 normal postmenopausal women. Each woman received a
      placebo and 500 mg calcium from a mixed calcium citrate-malate salt (CCM), from
      orange juice plus CCM, and from milk after a test breakfast meal to which 59Fe
      had been added. The test meal contained 238 mg calcium. Whole-body countings of
      59Fe were performed before and 30 min and 2 wk after each test meal. Retention of
      59Fe was 8.3 +/- 1.1% (means +/- SEM) with placebo, 3.4 +/- 0.78% with milk, 6.0
      +/- 0.97% with CCM, and 7.4 +/- 1.7% with CCM plus orange juice. When compared
      with placebo, milk and CCM significantly lowered iron retention (p less than
      0.05) whereas CCM plus orange juice did not. The reduction with milk was greater
      than that with CCM (p less than 0.05) or CCM plus orange juice (p less than
      0.05). The differences in the effects of these calcium sources on 59Fe retention
      may result from their varied contents of citric and ascorbic acids, known
      enhancers of iron absorption.

PMID- 2296935
TI  - Adaptation of craniofacial muscles in subjects with craniomandibular disorders.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine muscle function in subjects with muscle
      pain. Forty-three subjects with pain in the craniomandibular muscles, clinically
      determined by manual palpation, were studied for alteration in recruitment of
      temporalis, masseter, and suprahyoid muscles during a series of phasic movements.
      Seventeen normal subjects were used as controls. The subjects with muscle pain
      were divided into three subgroups: (1) those with pain in both mandibular and
      neck muscles; (2) those with pain in these two muscle groups with joint
      degeneration; and (3) those subjects with pain only in mandibular muscles.
      Surface electromyographic (EMG) recordings were taken as each subject performed
      16 different responses in which mandibular incisor movement was tracked
      simultaneously. The results show that the subjects with muscle pain use their
      anterior temporalis muscles with less frequency (i.e., probability) and with less
      intensity in several responses than normal subjects. These responses include
      rapid vertical closing movements, retrusion, ipsilateral laterotrusion, and
      natural as well as contralateral mastication. The masseter muscle is impaired
      much less in its function, and the recruitment of the suprahyoid muscles is not
      affected in the patients with muscle pain. Comparison of the bilateral activity
      in the anterior temporalis muscles during intercuspal clenching shows that the
      subjects with muscle pain often demonstrate a more severe asymmetrical
      recruitment of these muscles than the more symmetrical recruitment seen in normal
      subjects. Similar observations were made for the masseter muscle. These studies
      demonstrate that subjects with muscle pain in craniomandibular muscles alter the
      recruitment of their jaw muscles, thus supporting the concept that the
      neuromuscular system is altered in patients with craniomandibular disorders.

PMID- 2296936
TI  - More on fixed magnetic appliances.

PMID- 2296937
TI  - Debate on orthognathic surgery continues.

PMID- 2296938
TI  - Push for "shortcuts" yields inferior results.

PMID- 2296940
TI  - Counterpoint. Dear new orthodontist...

PMID- 2296939
TI  - Alternate interpretation of mandibular osteotomy results.

PMID- 2296941
TI  - A cephalometric analysis of patients with coronoid process enlargement and
      locking.
AB  - Two patient groups with radiographically verified coronoid process locking were
      cephalometrically examined. In eight patients the locking was of congenital
      origin, and in eight patients the locking had developed as a result of internal
      derangement of the temporomandibular joint. When compared with that in a control
      group, the height of the coronoid process was statistically significantly greater
      in both patient groups, but there was no difference on condylar height between
      any of the groups. Neither were there any differences between groups regarding
      the upper face height, which, if present, could have been expected to contribute
      to the development of coronoid process locking. In the group with congenital
      enlargement, the mandibular configuration was strikingly square-shaped, which was
      expressed by a statistically significantly smaller gonion angle than was present
      in the other two groups. The finding was interpreted as a growth effect due to
      the mandibular locking.

PMID- 2296942
TI  - The anterior component of occlusal force. Part 2. Relationship with dental
      malalignment.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the
      anterior component of occlusal force and malalignment of the mandibular anterior
      teeth. The anterior component of occlusal force that resulted from axially
      loading the second molars was measured in 15 subjects with varying degrees of
      mandibular anterior dental malalignment. Malalignment of the mandibular anterior
      teeth was found to be related to the magnitude of the anterior component of
      occlusal force and to the tightness of interproximal contacts in the mandibular
      posterior segments.

PMID- 2296943
TI  - The duration of orthodontic treatment with and without extractions: a pilot study
      of five selected practices.
AB  - Contemporary orthodontic practice is diverse, both in the variety of clinical
      problems treated and in the methods used. Practices differ with respect to their
      patient composition as well as in many variables relative to treatment protocols.
      Such heterogeneity makes it difficult to make valid generalizations concerning
      the characteristics of orthodontic treatment procedures or outcomes; yet data and
      methods are required for assessment of issues of efficacy and utility. The
      frequency of orthodontic extractions is an objective criterion that distinguishes
      practices and may also be related to differences in treatment outcome variables,
      such as duration. Following a telephone survey to estimate extraction rates in
      the practices of 238 Michigan orthodontists, five practices with very high or low
      reported rates were chosen for this pilot study. Our primary aim was to determine
      whether a systematic relationship existed between the relative frequency of
      extraction treatments and the duration of active appliance therapy. Records of
      438 patients from these practices were examined. The extraction rates of the
      practices ranged from a low of 25% to a high of 84%. Treatment duration was
      affected by several variables, such as the number of arches treated, the number
      of treatment phases, and the practice selected. When the data for all five
      practices were pooled, and all of the extraction versus nonextraction treatments
      were compared, the mean durations of treatment were 31.2 and 31.3 months,
      respectively. Data from individual practices, however, indicated that extraction
      treatment in each of the practices was of longer duration than nonextraction
      therapy. These differences in duration were 3.0, 6.6, 2.4, 3.0, and 7.3 months in
      the five practices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2296944
TI  - The surgical treatment of skeletal anterior open-bite deformities with rigid
      internal fixation in the mandible.
AB  - The rationale for the surgical correction of skeletal anterior open-bite
      deformities by bilateral mandibular rotation osteotomy is presented. Results of
      this procedure in which rigid internal fixation is used are reported and show a
      very high degree of long-term stability. The procedure offers a useful
      alternative to the more common approach of posterior maxillary intrusion, which
      does not always address the cosmetic defect.

PMID- 2296945
TI  - Effect of surgical reduction of the tongue on oral stereognosis, oral motor
      ability, and the rest position of the tongue and mandible.
AB  - The oral ability to recognize forms and oral motor ability were studied by means
      of two specific tests in 27 subjects, 10 to 23 years of age, before and after
      tongue reduction because of macroglossia. Recordings were made before and 6 and
      12 months after the operation. At the same time the natural position of the head
      and of the cervical column, the craniocervical relation, the position of the
      tongue and the hyoid bone, and the rest position of the mandible were studied
      with profile roentgen-cephalometry. The surgical reduction of the tongue had a
      minor influence on the subject's performance in the test of oral ability to
      recognize forms, where the number of false identifications increased somewhat.
      The oral motor ability and the positions of the head, the cervical column, and
      the hyoid bone were unaffected. After the operation, the tongue did not fill out
      the oral cavity as much as before and the freeway space decreased.

PMID- 2296946
TI  - A method for structural mandibular superimpositioning.
AB  - Structural mandibular superimpositioning on stable natural references has gained
      wide acceptance in the orthodontic literature. However, accurate instructions
      that provide a simple step-by-step procedure are not readily available.
      Considering the specific method described here and assuming stability of the
      natural reference structures, a reliable procedure for marking two artificial
      references (simulating "implants") on mandibles in a longitudinal series of
      cephalograms appears to be possible. In essence, the method is based on the
      construction of a template, drawn on a small auxiliary tracing sheet, which
      contains only information relevant for structural mandibular superimpositioning
      plus error checks. This template is subsequently superimposed on the radiographs
      in a longitudinal series by the structural method, which permits the transference
      of two fiducial points. These fiducial points consequently replace the images of
      metallic implants and thus facilitate local superimpositioning of mandibles. It
      is a convenient method for longitudinal growth research as well as for any two
      successive records in the clinical situation.

PMID- 2296947
TI  - Spontaneous reeruption of a secondarily retained permanent lower molar and an
      unusual migration of a lower third molar.
AB  - Secondary retention refers to cessation of eruption of a tooth after its
      emergence. It occurs mainly in the deciduous dentition, but it is also seen on
      rare occasions in the permanent dentition. Although ankylosis has been suggested
      as the main etiologic factor, the exact biologic mechanism of secondary retention
      is not yet known. This article presents a case of spontaneous reeruption of a
      secondarily retained permanent molar, which is very rare. It also describes an
      unusual migration of a lower third molar in the same patient.

PMID- 2296948
TI  - Orthodontist or orthodeity?

PMID- 2296949
TI  - Fractals: The key to craniofacial growth dynamics?

PMID- 2296950
TI  - Legal aspects of orthodontic practice: risk management concepts. Update on TMJ
      litigation--Part 3.

PMID- 2296951
TI  - Nontyphoid Salmonella carrier state treated with norfloxin.

PMID- 2296952
TI  - Culture-negative neutrocytic ascites is a variant of spontaneous bacterial
      peritonitis.

PMID- 2296953
TI  - Pancreatic cancer in a young adult.

PMID- 2296954
TI  - Pelvic mesothelioma: intraoperative control of hemorrhage by clamping the feeding
      arteries.

PMID- 2296955
TI  - Hemorrhage from the diaphragm: an unusual cause of hemothorax after percutaneous
      liver biopsy.

PMID- 2296956
TI  - Tetanus associated with carcinoma of the rectum.

PMID- 2296957
TI  - Finger clubbing in gastrointestinal polyposis.

PMID- 2296958
TI  - Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.

PMID- 2296959
TI  - The OTC drug approval process. The ACG Committee on FDA-Related Matters. American
      College of Gastroenterology.
AB  - The OTC drug monograph process and the NDA route of OTC drug approval are two
      different methods that reach the same result, the approval of safe and effective
      drugs. Both routes to OTC marketing require substantial evidence that the drugs
      are safe and effective for OTC use, including evidence that the drug would be
      safe for self-use without the supervision of a practitioner.

PMID- 2296960
TI  - Endoscopic measurement of gastric mucosal blood flow with special reference to
      the effect of sclerotherapy in patients with liver cirrhosis.
AB  - Gastric mucosal blood flow plays an important role as a background factor in the
      pathogenesis of acute gastric mucosal lesion. In this study, endoscopic
      measurement of regional gastric mucosal blood flow was performed on 41 patients
      with esophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis to ascertain the possible
      relations of this parameter to liver function, portal pressure, and acute gastric
      mucosal lesion. The effect of sclerotherapy and of esophageal transection on
      gastric mucosal blood flow were also investigated. Regional gastric mucosal blood
      flow in either the antrum or the corpus was significantly decreased in these
      patients, compared with normal controls. There was also a significant difference
      in gastric mucosal blood flow between two subgroups of patients, one with gastric
      mucosal lesions and the other without these lesions. Sclerosing therapy for
      esophageal varices tended to affect this parameter. Gastric mucosal blood flow
      had no significant correlation with portal pressure.

PMID- 2296961
TI  - Ambulatory esophageal and hypopharyngeal pH monitoring in patients with
      hoarseness.
AB  - Ten patients referred by an otolaryngologist for ambulatory esophageal pH
      monitoring for suspected reflux-induced hoarseness were monitored with a dual
      ambulatory pH system in which probes were simultaneously placed 5 cm above the
      lower esophageal sphincter and 2 cm above the upper esophageal sphincter
      (laryngeal inlet). All were nonsmokers. Hypopharyngeal reflux (pH drop less than
      4 in upper electrode preceded by pH drop less than 4 in esophageal electrode) was
      conclusively demonstrated in 7 of 10 patients. Three of these seven patients had
      normal frequency and duration of esophageal reflux and would have been classified
      as normal, yet demonstrated acid reflux into the hypopharynx. As a group, these
      patients were high frequency, short duration, upright refluxers. Combined
      hypopharyngeal and esophageal pH monitoring is useful in the diagnosis of reflux
      induced hoarseness.

PMID- 2296962
TI  - Gastric emptying in patients with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa.
AB  - A dual radioisotope technique was used to measure gastric emptying of a mixed
      liquid and solid meal in 11 patients with bulimia nervosa, and was compared with
      10 patients with anorexia nervosa and a sex-matched control population. The
      relationship of body weight and gastrointestinal symptoms to gastric emptying was
      also examined. Gastric emptying of solids in patients with bulimia nervosa was
      similar to that in controls (gastric T1/2 131 +/- 15 min vs 119 +/- 7 min; mean
      +/- SEM). In contrast, patients with anorexia nervosa had overall delayed
      emptying (182 +/- 31 min; p less than 0.05); six patients had normal emptying of
      the solid components of the meal and four had markedly delayed emptying. Gastric
      emptying of liquids was similar in the bulimics and controls (gastric T1/2 48 +/-
      5 min and 49 +/- 4 min, respectively), whereas the anorexics tended to have
      prolonged gastric emptying (65 +/- 11 min, p = NS). There was no correlation
      between body weight, gastrointestinal symptoms, and gastric emptying in either
      group. These findings suggest that gastrointestinal symptoms are unreliable
      indicators of gastric emptying in patients with eating disorders, and that
      gastric emptying studies should be performed in such patients before treatment
      with prokinetic agents is considered.

PMID- 2296963
TI  - Gastric mucosal prostaglandin synthesis in the presence of Campylobacter pylori
      in patients with gastric ulcers and non-ulcer dyspepsia.
AB  - It is unclear how Campylobacter pylori (CP) interacts with gastric mucosal
      prostaglandins (PG). In a double-blind study we measured gastric PG synthesis in
      22 patients with benign gastric antral ulcers (GU) and 26 with non-ulcer
      dyspepsis (NUD). CP status was determined by histology and bacteriology: 26 (16
      GU plus 10 NUD) were CP positive, and 22 (6 GU plus 16 NUD) were CP negative.
      Patients with severe gastritis regardless of CP status) had significantly higher
      PGE2 and PGI2 values than those with mild gastritis. Severe gastritis was found
      in 36% of CP-negative subjects and 77% of the CP-positive patients (chi 2 = 8.64,
      p less than 0.01), but no significant differences in PG values were found between
      CP-positive or -negative patients.

PMID- 2296964
TI  - Bone mineral density in adult celiac patients and the effect of gluten-free diet
      from childhood.
AB  - Peripheral single photon absorptiometry was used to measure forearm bone mineral
      density in 22 celiacs on gluten-free diet from childhood (male 14, female 8, age
      13-20) and 29 untreated adult celiacs at diagnosis (male 5, female 24, age 18-56,
      14 with subclinical disease), compared with healthy sex- and age-matched
      controls. Bone mineral density was similar in patients treated from childhood and
      their controls [(668.4 +/- 65.3 vs. 654.9 +/- 69.6 mg/cm2, (mean +/- SD)], but
      significantly lower in untreated patients than in their controls (598.3 +/- 83.1
      vs 673.2 +/- 42.7 mg/cm2, p less than 0.001). It was also significantly lower in
      the 12 younger untreated celiacs (18-28 yr) versus controls (619.4 +/- 68.5 vs
      669.1 +/- 39.3 mg/cm2, p less than 0.01). In the untreated women, but not their
      controls, a negative correlation (p less than 0.05) was observed between bone
      mineral density and age. Bone mineral density did not correlate with severity of
      clinical or biochemical abnormalities. These results suggest that bone
      derangements are common in celiacs diagnosed in adulthood, even if they never
      presented evident malabsorption symptoms, and emphasize the importance of early
      diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2296965
TI  - Familial pancreatic cancer: clinicopathologic study of 18 nuclear families.
AB  - Host factors have been given scant attention in the search for etiology in
      pancreatic cancer. Several anecdotal reports have identified its familial
      clustering, whereas a recent population-based case/control study has shown that
      6.7% of cases and 0.7% of controls had positive family histories of this disease
      (p less than 0.001). Forty-seven individuals with pancreatic cancer from 18
      families were identified from a review of the medical records of all kindreds on
      file at our Hereditary Cancer Institute. The observed sex ratio, age of onset,
      histologic type, and survival were comparable to published data on unselected
      patients. We did not identify any pattern of extra-pancreatic cancer association.
      A serious limitation of our study is its lack of a population-based case/control
      design. Whereas our data are primarily descriptive, they do indicate the need to
      learn more about the role of familial factors in the etiology of pancreatic
      cancer. Pancreatic cancer is increasing in incidence, and its prognosis is almost
      uniformly dismal; identification of persons at high risk may improve cancer
      control.

PMID- 2296966
TI  - Cholecystectomy and colon cancer.
AB  - A hospital-based case-control study on the possible relationship between
      cholecystectomy and colon cancer is described. In all, 569 cases and 1,129
      controls were included in the study. Controls were patients who had been admitted
      either with another malignant disease (lung cancer or breast cancer), or because
      of benign gastrointestinal diseases. No differences with regard to colon cancer
      risk were observed between the two control groups. The crude odds ratio (OR)
      after cholecystectomy for colon cancer was 2.1 [95% CL (confidence limits) = 1.5;
      2.9]. No significant difference in risk between males (OR = 2.0; 95% CL = 1.1;
      3.6) and females (OR = 2.1; 95% CL = 1.4; 3.2) was found. A significant inverse
      relationship was found between the relative risk for colon cancer and
      sublocalization of the colon cancer, the highest relative risk (RR) found
      proximal in the colon. A decreasing risk with increasing interval between
      cholecystectomy and date of diagnosis of colon cancer was found. It is
      hypothesized that the apparent association between cholecystectomy and colon
      cancer does not reflect a necessary cause-effect relationship, but is rather an
      epiphenomenon representing a diminished exposure level to other etiologic
      factors.

PMID- 2296967
TI  - Gastric malignant lymphoma with superimposed amebiasis.
AB  - A case of primary B, large cell lymphoma of the stomach with superimposed
      amebiasis due to Entamoeba histolytica is reported. This represents the second
      recorded case of such an association. A review of the subject and possible
      mechanisms of infection are discussed.

PMID- 2296968
TI  - Gastric adenocarcinoma presenting with soft tissue masses.
AB  - Patients with gastric adenocarcinoma typically present with symptoms that include
      anorexia, early satiety, and weight loss. Although the disease may already be far
      advanced at presentation, signs and symptoms from involvement of skeletal muscle
      are extremely uncommon. In fact, metastatic cancer of any type to the skeletal
      muscles is rare, and most of these metastases are discovered at autopsy. We
      report here the case of a 65-yr-old man who presented with complaints of weight
      loss, early satiety, bloating, and swelling and tenderness in his upper thighs.
      Endoscopy with biopsy revealed invasive, poorly differentiated gastric
      adenocarcinoma. Biopsy of one of the thigh masses displayed the same findings.
      The patient initially responded well to an investigational protocol with high
      dose 5-fluorouracil, with regression of the thigh masses and palliation of his
      pain.

PMID- 2296969
TI  - Trichosporon cholangitis associated with hyperbilirubinemia, and findings
      suggesting primary sclerosing cholangitis on endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography.
AB  - Usually, ascending cholangitis is a bacterial process. However, in the
      debilitated or immunocompromised patient, mycotic cholangitis must be placed in
      the differential diagnosis. We report a patient with cryptogenic cirrhosis whose
      presenting problem in his terminal hospitalization was spontaneous bacterial
      peritonitis, for which he was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatogram was performed during the hospital course to
      explain his profound hyperbilirubinemia. The findings were grossly consistent
      with primary sclerosing cholangitis or cholangiocarcinoma. The patient
      subsequently continued to deteriorate, and died with hepatic and renal failure.
      At autopsy, he was found to have choledocholithiasis, marked biliary duct
      proliferation, and ascending cholangitis, with Trichosporon demonstrated
      histologically to be invading the bile ducts. To our knowledge, this is the first
      reported case of Trichosporon cholangitis.

PMID- 2296970
TI  - Isolated aspartate aminotransferase elevation due to macroenzyme formation with
      liver biopsy correlation.
AB  - Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) has rarely been reported to complex with
      immunoglobulins, resulting in abnormally elevated serum activity. A similar
      phenomenon occurs with serum amylase, resulting in the more common entity of
      macroamylasemia. AST macroenzyme formation can occur in the presence or absence
      of liver disease and, at times, can lead to a false suspicion of liver disease.
      We describe the abnormal liver histology found in a healthy patient with isolated
      AST elevation due to AST macroenzyme formation.

PMID- 2296971
TI  - Controversies, dilemmas, and dialogues. What is the role of endoscopy in the
      management of biliary pancreatitis, and when should it be utilized?

PMID- 2296972
TI  - A new diagnostic approach to the Dubin-Johnson syndrome.
AB  - Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS), a congenital metabolic disorder of bilirubin
      excretion, was classically diagnosed by the bromsulfalein (BSP) curve and needle
      hepatic biopsy methods. We present three cases of DJS and propose a new
      diagnostic approach which could conceivably become a substitute for more
      aggressive techniques. The results of the 24-h urine coproporphyrin determination
      and 99mTc-Disofenin scintigraphy gave, together, enough data for an accurate
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2296973
TI  - Hereditary hemochromatosis.

PMID- 2296974
TI  - Vaccine evaluation by case-control or prospective studies.

PMID- 2296975
TI  - Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in
      patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in New York City.
AB  - Patients who attended a sexually transmitted disease clinic in New York City in
      1987 were offered enrollment in a nonblinded study to estimate human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroprevalence in adults with multiple
      sexual partners and to determine risk factors associated with HIV-1 infection. In
      addition, a blinded serosurvey of a representative sample of patients was
      performed to obtain an unbiased estimate of seroprevalence in clinic attendees.
      The seroprevalence in the blinded serosurvey was 7.5% (26/348), while the
      seroprevalence of the 1,201 volunteers for the nonblinded study was 11.2%. For
      men in the nonblinded study, the risk behaviors most strongly associated with HIV
      1 infection were intravenous drug use, sexual contact with another man, and
      sexual contact with a female intravenous drug user. For women, intravenous drug
      use and sexual contact with a man at risk for HIV-1 infection (an intravenous
      drug user or a bisexual) were most important. The seroprevalence among persons
      who denied all high-risk behavior was 1% (7/723). The results of this study,
      conducted in a city with one of the nation's highest reported cumulative
      incidences of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, suggest that HIV-1 infection in
      clinic attendees was primarily limited to intravenous drug users,
      homosexual/bisexual men, and the sexual partners of these two groups.

PMID- 2296976
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men. Epidemiology and
      analysis for cofactors.
AB  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) surveillance data for both the United
      States and San Francisco indicate that Kaposi's sarcoma is more common in
      homosexual and bisexual men with AIDS than in other adults with AIDS, and that
      the proportion of newly diagnosed AIDS cases presenting with Kaposi's sarcoma has
      been significantly declining over time. The changing epidemiology of Kaposi's
      sarcoma was analyzed in a well-characterized cohort of homosexual and bisexual
      men; laboratory and interview data from a sample of these men were evaluated for
      determinants of and cofactors associated with Kaposi's sarcoma. Among 1,341 men
      with AIDS, the proportion presenting with Kaposi's sarcoma declined from 79% in
      1981 to 25% in 1989. Compared with other men with AIDS, men with Kaposi's sarcoma
      had a shorter interval from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversion to
      AIDS diagnosis (median, 77 vs. 86 months). Men with and without Kaposi's sarcoma
      did not significantly differ with respect to number of sexual partners, history
      of certain sexually transmitted or enteric diseases, use of certain recreational
      drugs (including nitrite inhalants), or participation in certain specific sexual
      practices. The decline in Kaposi's sarcoma may at least partly be due to a
      shorter latency period from infection to disease. Although cofactors for the
      development of Kaposi's sarcoma may exist, many previously hypothesized agents
      were not supported by this analysis.

PMID- 2296977
TI  - The association of cutaneous malignant melanoma with the use of sunbeds and
      sunlamps.
AB  - Data are presented from a large case-control study (583 cases, 608 controls) to
      estimate the association of melanoma with the use of sunbeds and sunlamps. Odds
      ratios of 1.88 and 1.45 were found for ever having used a sunbed or sunlamp in
      males and females, respectively, which was statistically significant in males and
      of borderline significance in females. These effects persisted when adjustments
      were made for age and a variety of potential confounders. The effect was slightly
      stronger for lentigo maligna and for lesions of the face, head, neck, and arms.
      The risk was greater and significant for both sexes for domestic use of
      sunbeds/sunlamps, and increased with duration and amount of use. A comparison of
      43 cases interviewed before a diagnosis of melanoma had been made with the other
      540 cases suggests that recall bias was not responsible for the association. The
      authors conclude that use of artificial tanning devices appears to be a risk
      factor for melanoma.

PMID- 2296978
TI  - Post-load plasma glucose and cancer mortality in middle-aged men and women. 12
      year follow-up findings of the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in
      Industry.
AB  - The relation of post-load plasma glucose to 12-year cancer mortality was studied
      in 11,521 white men and 8,591 white women aged 35-64 years at entry in the
      Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. There were 298 deaths in
      which cancer was the underlying cause in men and 186 such deaths in women. Plasma
      glucose levels at baseline measured one hour after a 50 g oral glucose load were
      positively related to cancer mortality in men but not in women. This increased
      mortality in men persisted after controlling for age, body mass index, smoking,
      serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, education, and anti-hypertensive
      treatment. A site-specific analysis of the male cancer deaths demonstrated higher
      mean plasma glucose levels for decedents for nearly all sites except oral
      cancers, liver cancer, and other respiratory cancers. For women, elevations
      existed for those who died of colon, lung, and hematologic/lymphatic tumors, but
      not for most other sites. The associations between baseline post-load plasma
      glucose levels and cancer mortality were similar for earlier and later cancer
      deaths, which indicates that incipient or occult neoplasm at baseline was not
      responsible for elevated glucose levels in men who subsequently died of cancer.
      Cancer mortality rates were also higher for those with a clinical diagnosis of
      diabetes than for those without, but the numbers of persons with diabetes were
      small as were the numbers of cancer deaths (19 in the men and 10 in the women).

PMID- 2296979
TI  - Diet and histologic types of benign breast disease defined by subsequent risk of
      breast cancer.
AB  - The authors investigated the relation between diet and histologic types of benign
      breast disease defined by subsequent risk of breast cancer in a case-control
      study of volunteers who entered the Vancouver Center of the Canadian National
      Breast Screening Study between 1983 and 1985. Proliferative benign breast disease
      (n = 124) was inversely associated with vitamin A supplementation (vitamin A user
      vs. nonuser, odds ratio (OR) = 0.5) and frequent green vegetable consumption
      (frequent vs. rare consumption, OR = 0.3), whereas severe atypias and borderline
      carcinoma in situ (n = 32) were directly associated with frequent meat fats
      consumption (frequent vs. rare consumption, OR = 3.2) with no association with
      vitamin A or vegetable consumption. No dietary relations were found for
      histologic types of benign breast disease at no increased risk for subsequent
      breast cancer (n = 274). The implications of these findings in relation to the
      etiology of breast cancer are discussed.

PMID- 2296980
TI  - Boys from populations with high-carbohydrate intake have higher fasting
      triglyceride levels than boys from populations with high-fat intake.
AB  - Experimentally, high-carbohydrate diets have been shown to elevate triglycerides,
      but it has not been established whether this rise is permanent or transient. The
      authors approached this question by studying 719 boys from worldwide populations
      with marked differences in long-term carbohydrate intake. Fasting serum
      triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
      concentrations were measured in boys aged 8 and 9 years from 12 countries--eight
      in Europe, three in Africa, and one in Asia. A standardized protocol was used for
      obtaining fasting blood and for the preparation, storage and transport of serum,
      and all measurements were made in one laboratory. Published values were used for
      the United States. Mean values for lipid levels per country were compared with
      the percentage of daily energy intake consumed as carbohydrate or fat, as
      determined by survey. Boys from populations with higher carbohydrate and lower
      fat intake had lower low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (univariate
      regression coefficient (+/- standard error, -0.028 +/- 0.009 mmol/liter for each
      percent of energy from carbohydrate; p less than 0.01, n = 13), but they also had
      higher fasting triglycerides (0.010 +/- 0.002 mmol/liter for each percent of
      energy from carbohydrate; p less than 0.01, n = 13) and lower HDL cholesterol
      levels (-0.022 +/- 0.003 mmol/liter for each percent of energy from carbohydrate;
      p less than 0.001, n = 13). These trends agree with results from epidemiologic
      studies within populations and from controlled dietary trials, and suggest that
      in normolipidemic healthy subjects, high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets cause higher
      triglyceride levels than diets that are higher in fats and oils.

PMID- 2296982
TI  - Risk factors for the onset of panic disorder and other panic attacks in a
      prospective, population-based study.
AB  - A total of 383 cases of incident panic attack were identified among 12,823
      participants in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program over various 12-month
      periods in 1980-1983. These cases not phobia-stimulated were compared with 766
      controls. Risk factors were examined for the onset of panic attacks, with attacks
      categorized as panic disorder, severe and unexplained panic attacks, or other
      panic attacks. Risk factors were also examined for the onset of attacks in which
      cardiovascular symptoms were experienced and those in which psychologic symptoms
      were experienced. Females were at greater risk than males for each category of
      attacks (relative odds ranged from 1.36 to 2.25). Persons aged 65 years or older
      were at lower risk than younger persons (relative odds, compared with 30- to 44
      year-olds, ranged from 0.26 to 0.71). A history of cardiac symptoms, shortness of
      breath, depression or a major grief episode, drug abuse or dependence, alcohol
      abuse or dependence, and seizures were each strongly associated with panic
      attacks. A history of cardiac symptoms was more strongly associated with attacks
      in which cardiovascular symptoms were experienced than with attacks in which
      psychologic symptoms were experienced (relative odds, 8.36 vs. 2.23). A history
      of seizures was more strongly associated with attacks with psychologic symptoms
      than with attacks with cardiovascular symptoms (relative odds, 5.21 vs. 1.58).

PMID- 2296981
TI  - Pregnancy outcomes in women potentially exposed to solvent-contaminated drinking
      water in San Jose, California.
AB  - During 1980-1981, solvents leaked from an underground storage tank of a
      semiconductor firm in southern Santa Clara County, California, contaminating
      local drinking water. The contaminated well was closed in December 1981. An
      epidemiologic study conducted in 1983 confirmed statistically significant
      excesses of adverse pregnancy outcomes in an exposed community compared with an
      unexposed community, but could not establish a causal connection between the leak
      and the adverse outcomes. This study expanded the first study; adverse pregnancy
      outcomes occurring in 1980-1985 were studied in two communities exposed to the
      contaminated drinking water and in two demographically comparable but unexposed
      communities. The period 1980-1981 was the time period in which the well was
      considered to have been contaminated and 1982-1985 was considered the
      postcontamination time period. Both exposed and unexposed communities were
      considered unexposed during the latter period (1982-1985). Out of 10,055
      households surveyed, interviews were conducted with 1,105 women who reported one
      or more eligible pregnancies. Miscarriages and birth defects were validated by
      medical record review or physician reports. Although the authors again observed
      statistically significant excesses of spontaneous abortions and birth defects in
      the originally studied exposed area in 1980-1981, they observed deficits of these
      outcomes in the second exposed study area. Adjustment for potential confounders
      did not alter these findings. Analyses of pregnancy outcomes during 1981 in
      relation to exposure estimates based on hydrogeologic modeling of water and
      contaminant distribution within the exposed areas also indicated that the leak
      was not likely to have caused the observed excesses of adverse pregnancy outcomes
      in the originally studied area.

PMID- 2296983
TI  - Birth defects among offspring of firemen.
AB  - The authors conducted an exploratory case-control study of paternal employment as
      a fire fighter and the risk of birth defects among offspring. By means of a
      population-based registry in British Columbia, 22,192 liveborn children with
      birth defects were identified for the period, 1952-1973. Two comparisons were
      made to evaluate the risk among offspring of firemen: 1) comparison with the risk
      among offspring of fathers employed in other occupations using a matched (two per
      case) control group, and 2) comparison with the risk among offspring of
      policemen. Among the 20 birth defect groups studied, an association was found for
      paternal employment as a fire fighter (relative to all other occupations) and
      increased risks were observed for ventricular septal defects (odds ratio (OR) =
      2.70, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.02-7.18) and atrial septal defects (OR =
      5.91, 95% Cl 1.60-21.83) among offspring. When compared with policemen, firemen
      had increased risks of having a child with a ventricular septal defect (OR =
      4.68, 95% Cl 1.66-13.17) and atrial septal defect (OR = 3.76, 95% Cl 1.40-10.07).
      Analyses using a pathogenetic classification for these heart defects yielded
      similar increased odds ratios for firemen.

PMID- 2296984
TI  - Breast feeding protects infants in Indonesia against illness and weight loss due
      to illness.
AB  - The authors tested the hypothesis that breast feeding modifies the effect of
      morbidity on growth by examining, at different levels of breast feeding: 1)
      number of days ill; and 2) the relation between morbidity and weight change. A
      total of 200 observations made at 3-weekly intervals between 1983 and 1984 on 33
      breast-fed infants from a rural village on the island of Madura, Indonesia were
      used. Levels of breast feeding were defined as quartiles (Q1-Q4) of proportion of
      household visit time spent breast feeding. Regression analysis and analysis of
      variance were used and within child effects examined. Number of days ill from
      respiratory tract illness decreased significantly (p = 0.01) as quartile of
      breast feeding increased. Weight change was not affected by respiratory tract
      illness in Q2-Q4 but was significantly and negatively affected by such illness in
      the lowest quartile, Q1 (beta = -22.5 +/- 4.8 g/day ill). The slopes of Q2-Q4
      were not significantly different from each other but were significantly different
      (p = 0.0094) from the Q1 slope. The authors examined whether measurement, reverse
      causality, or confounding bias changed the interpretation of findings; they did
      not. The authors conclude that breast feeding protects infants against the
      nutritional consequences of illness by decreasing the number of days with
      respiratory tract illness and protecting against weight loss due to this form of
      illness. However, this protective effect of breast feeding is attained only when
      levels of breast feeding are adequate, because at the lowest level of breast
      feeding, illness had a negative impact on weight performance.

PMID- 2296985
TI  - Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in
      preschool and school children in northeastern Thailand.
AB  - A cross-sectional study, a follow-up study, and an intervention trial were
      carried out to investigate the association between mild vitamin A deficiency and
      the occurrence of diarrhea and respiratory diseases. Cross-sectional analysis was
      performed among 1,772 children, aged 1-8 years, in the Sakon Nakhon province of
      northeastern Thailand. Children with a history of diarrhea or respiratory disease
      had lower levels of serum retinol and retinol-binding protein. Adjusted for age,
      sex, nutritional status, and level of urbanization, logistic regression using
      data for 877 children showed a negative association between serum retinol and
      both diarrhea and respiratory diseases. A follow-up three months later (n = 146
      children) showed that children with deficient serum retinol (less than 0.35
      mumol/liter) had a fourfold greater risk of respiratory disease (p less than
      0.01). No relation was found for diarrhea. An intervention trial (n = 166
      children aged 1-5 years) showed that, during 2 months of follow-up after
      administration of oral vitamin A (200,000 IU), the control group (aged 3-5 years)
      had a higher incidence of respiratory disease (2.9 times) as well as diarrhea
      (3.1 times). Between 2 and 4 months, a significantly (p less than 0.025) higher
      incidence of respiratory diseases (2.5 times) could be observed in children aged
      1-2 years. This study supports earlier reports on a greater risk of respiratory
      diseases and of diarrhea in mild vitamin A deficiency. Supplementation reduced
      the incidence of both diarrhea and respiratory disease for a period of at least 2
      months.

PMID- 2296986
TI  - The effectiveness of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination against
      tuberculosis. A case-control study in Treaty Indians, Alberta, Canada.
AB  - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis has been used
      around the world for 60 years, yet its efficacy in large, controlled prospective
      studies is inconsistent. The factors influencing BCG protection include variation
      in immunogenic potential, background exposure to environmental mycobacteria, and
      differences in host response to vaccine. As a means of addressing regional
      differences in protection, case-control studies provide a relatively inexpensive,
      rapid means of assessing regional vaccine effects. Treaty Indian cases (n = 160)
      resident in Alberta, Canada, presenting during a 5-year period (1975-1979) were
      individually matched for age, sex, and Band with two nontuberculous controls. A
      57 percent protection by BCG vaccination was demonstrated. These results support
      the usefulness of case-control studies and their importance in planning
      tuberculosis control programs.

PMID- 2296987
TI  - The use of residuals for longitudinal data analysis: the example of child growth.
AB  - Health impact evaluations often measure changes in health status over part of a
      total life experience. The effects on health up to and including the start of the
      evaluation, which are embodied in the measure of initial health status, need to
      be removed while examining the effects that other variables exert during the
      evaluation period on final health status. Statistical models, which include
      initial health status as a covariate while examining the effects of other
      variables during the evaluation, confound the effects of a determinant during
      evaluation with preevaluation effects, because they do not differentiate between
      effects produced at different times by the same determinant. A residual model
      removes the preevaluation effects by regressing final health status on initial
      health status. The residuals from this regression are then regressed on the other
      predictor variables. In this paper, standard covariate adjustment, which includes
      all effects simultaneously, is compared with a two-part residual model using
      child growth as an example. The simultaneous model over- and underpredicts growth
      relative to the residual model depending on the age and initial body size of a
      child. In general, whenever initial (preintervention) and final
      (postintervention) measures of health outcome exist, the residual model should be
      considered on the basis of biologic and epidemiologic consideration, not solely
      on statistical optimality.

PMID- 2296988
TI  - A simple method to calculate the confidence interval of a standardized mortality
      ratio (SMR)
AB  - In analyzing standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), it is of interest to calculate
      a confidence interval for the true SMR. The exact limits of a specific interval
      can be obtained by means of the Poisson distribution either within an iterative
      procedure or by one of the tables. The limits can be approximated in using one of
      various shortcut methods. In this paper, a method is described for calculating
      the exact limits in a simple and easy way. The method is based on the link
      between the chi 2 distribution and the Poisson distribution. Only a table of the
      chi 2 distribution is necessary.

PMID- 2296989
TI  - Re: "Fried foods and the risk of colon cancer".

PMID- 2296990
TI  - Re: "A drug by an other name...".

PMID- 2296991
TI  - Patient-controlled analgesia in patients with sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis.
AB  - Pain control using intramuscular analgesia is often unsatisfactory in sickle cell
      patients. In a pilot study, 15 patients with sickle cell anemia (SS) and one
      patient with SB thalassemia in vaso-occlusive crisis were treated with the
      Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) technique using a Pharmacia Deltec
      Programmable pump (CADD PCA). Age range was 19-50 years (median = 27); there were
      nine females and seven males. The protocol consisted of 3 days of therapy using a
      background of continuous infusion meperidine. The starting dose was 20 mg/hr and
      was escalated to 30 mg/hr. The average amount given was 25.8 mg/hr. One to two
      boluses of 2.5-5.0 mg/dose (mode = 5.0) were also allowed each hour. In addition,
      patients number 8 through 16 were given hydroxyzine (Vistaril) 50 mg PO q6h. The
      number of days in pain prior to study entry (mean +/- SD) was 3.3 +/- 1.6. The
      number of pain sites per patient was 3.6 +/- 1.2. Using categorical and analog
      pain scales, patients' pain scores decreased only about 30%. However, most
      patients were fairly satisfied with the treatment and rated it overall as
      follows: 1 poor, 1 fair, 3 good, 6 very good, 4 excellent, 1 no comment. Patients
      number 8 through 16 gave higher ratings probably because a more idealized dosage
      regimen was being used by that time in the study. There were no adverse effects
      or major problems noted. It is our impression that PCA, when optimized, will be a
      safe and effective alternative method for providing patients with sickle cell
      vaso-occlusive crisis pain relief.

PMID- 2296993
TI  - Azidothymidine (zidovudine) transport by the human placenta.
AB  - The diagnosis of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is increasingly made
      in pregnant women, and the disease may be transmitted to the fetus.
      Azidothymidine (AZT, Zidovudine) is the one therapeutic agent of some promise in
      this condition. As there is no information on the transport of this drug by the
      human placenta, such studies were carried out using the single cotyledon
      placental perfusion system and human placental vesicles. AZT crossed the placenta
      readily and bidirectionally. The transfer rate was about 70% that of a freely
      diffusible reference marker, antipyrine, and was comparable in both directions.
      There was no evidence of active or carrier-mediated transport and no
      glucuronidated metabolites of the drug were identified in either maternal or
      fetal compartments. The authors believe that the drug crosses the placenta by
      diffusion, consistent with its lipophilicity and transport into various blood
      cells.

PMID- 2296992
TI  - Low plasma prealbumin and carotenoid levels in sickle cell disease patients.
AB  - This study was undertaken to discover whether reduced levels of micronutrients in
      patients with sickle cell disease are due to the generalized undernutrition.
      Protein undernutrition was determined by measuring plasma levels of prealbumin.
      One micronutrient, carotene, was also simultaneously assayed in the plasma.
      Eighteen sickle cell disease patients were enrolled at random. Controls were 19
      normal volunteers and seven family members of the patients. The patients showed
      significantly reduced levels of prealbumin and carotenoids compared with either
      normals or family members. Levels of carotenoids did not significantly correlate
      with level of prealbumin, which suggests that the undernutrition was not the only
      factor contributing to lower levels of carotenoids in these patients.

PMID- 2296994
TI  - Induction of type II T4-5'-monodeiodinase activity in brown adipose tissue in
      fasted mice.
AB  - In order to study the effect of starvation on brown adipose tissue (BAT) type II
      5'-monodeiodinating activity (5'MDI), type II 5'MDI was measured in vitro in the
      presence of 20 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM propylthiouracil, 2 nM thyroxine (T4) and
      appropriate amounts of 600 X g infranatant of BAT from fed control or 3 day
      fasted mice, with or without daily T4 replacement (1.2 micrograms/100 g bw)
      during starvation. I- released from 125I-T4 was measured by ion-exchange column
      chromatography. Activity of BAT 5'MDI was markedly elevated in the 3 day fasted
      group (133 +/- 28 fmol I-/h per mg protein vs. 26 +/- 6.4; p less than 0.05).
      Kinetic studies using BAT infranatant suggested that fasting-induced activity is
      associated with a similar change in the Vmax, but no demonstrable change in
      apparent Km of T4 monodeiodination. T4 replacement during fasting, which
      normalized both serum T4 and T3 in fed and 3 day fasted groups, did not stop the
      increase of BAT 5'MDI in the fasted group (p less than 0.01). The data suggest
      that: (1) the fasting-induced increase in BAT 5'MDI is due mainly to the changes
      in capacity rather than the affinity of the enzyme, and (2) the fasting-induced
      increase in BAT 5'MDI is not mediated entirely through changes in serum thyroid
      hormone concentration.

PMID- 2296995
TI  - Differential cholecystokinin gene expression in brain and gut of the fasted rat.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) gene expression has been compared in the brain and duodenum
      of control and 5 days fasted rats. To study transcription, CCK mRNA was
      quantified using a solution hybridization assay. Large and small molecular weight
      CCK peptides were separated using a sequential extraction process and
      subsequently quantified by radioimmunoassay. In the duodenum, a fall in weight
      was paralleled by a decrease in CCK mRNA and in the large forms of CCK peptides.
      Small molecular species of CCK peptides did not change. There was no change in
      weight, CCK transcriptional or translational products in the brain as a whole.
      These data indicate location-specific differential regulation of the products of
      CCK gene expression in the fasted rat.

PMID- 2296996
TI  - Incorporating severity of illness into estimates of likelihood ratios.
AB  - Although severity of illness may affect the usefulness of a diagnostic test, most
      previous work has considered test performance only in the dichotomous situation
      where the target disorder is considered present or absent. In this paper, a
      clinical example is provided and two methods presented whereby illness severity
      may be incorporated into the determination of likelihood ratios for a diagnostic
      test. The use of this approach is that given a test result, a clinician may
      determine the post-test probability of all levels of the illness in the patient
      under study.

PMID- 2296997
TI  - Restoring balance to internal medicine training: the case for the teaching office
      practice.
AB  - Medical residents require an experience beyond the tertiary care hospital to
      understand many aspects of contemporary medical practice and to make informed
      career choices. To provide this balanced training, the University of Virginia has
      operated for 10 years an internal medicine teaching office practice to provide an
      outpatient experience similar to private practice. It allows residents to work
      closely with general internal medicine faculty and introduces them to the
      knowledge and skills necessary to establish and manage a successful practice. The
      curriculum of the 10 week rotation includes patient care in the office and by
      telephone, nursing home and home visits, tutorials and seminars on primary care
      and office management topics, and training in the use of microcomputers. A survey
      of 46 (92%) of the first 50 residents completing the rotation revealed that the
      content of the rotation was valuable, the rotation substantially influenced
      career choices, and the rotation helped provide a balanced view of internal
      medicine practice.

PMID- 2296998
TI  - Chromomycosis in a steroid-dependent patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease.
AB  - Cutaneous chromomycosis developed in an elderly man with steroid-dependent
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This patient had no history of foreign
      travel. Chromomycosis acquired in the United States is rare and may be seen in
      immunosuppressed patients, as exemplified by this case. Satisfactory response was
      observed in this patient with surgical debridement and continuing oral
      ketoconazole therapy.

PMID- 2297001
TI  - Ban on AIDS testing stands.

PMID- 2296999
TI  - Reversible nephrotic range proteinuria and renal failure in atheroembolic renal
      disease.
AB  - A case is described in which atheroembolic renal disease was associated with
      nephrotic range proteinuria, sub-acute renal failure, severe hypertension and
      microhematuria, in the absence of typical peripheral stigmata of atheroemboli.
      Nephrotic range proteinuria has not been previously reported in atheroembolic
      renal disease. With sustained aggressive treatment of hypertension there was
      diminution and eventual clearing of the proteinuria accompanied by marked
      improvement in renal function. The histopathology, the indications for renal
      biopsy, and possible causes of proteinuria are discussed.

PMID- 2297000
TI  - Comfort for patients with advanced cancer.

PMID- 2297002
TI  - The bottom line.

PMID- 2297003
TI  - Self-creation.

PMID- 2297004
TI  - Clues: itching and burning in skin folds.

PMID- 2297006
TI  - Which tasks do we give away?

PMID- 2297005
TI  - What patients need to know about magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2297007
TI  - Twelve tips for defending yourself in a malpractice suit.

PMID- 2297008
TI  - Nurses provide high-risk AIDS outreach.

PMID- 2297009
TI  - Comparing NP with MD care for people with AIDS.

PMID- 2297010
TI  - Chronic illness and sexuality.

PMID- 2297011
TI  - Botulism: north to Alaska.

PMID- 2297012
TI  - Learning the art and craft of nursing.

PMID- 2297013
TI  - Welcome to the decade of the nurse.

PMID- 2297014
TI  - Dialogues with excellence. The many faces of advocacy. Victory and peace.

PMID- 2297015
TI  - Dialogues with excellence. The many faces of advocacy. A sense of foreboding.

PMID- 2297016
TI  - Northeast jobfocus. North by northeast.

PMID- 2297017
TI  - Late ophthalmologic manifestations of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection.
AB  - We examined 32 children one to 15 years after virologically verified neonatal
      herpes simplex virus infection. Sixteen of 17 (94%) neurologically impaired
      children had ocular abnormalities compared to three of 15 (20%) neurologically
      healthy children. Disturbed oculomotor control occurred in 14 children (44%),
      most of whom were among those with severe handicap. Ocular morbidity was present
      in 13 (40%) of 32 children: one had cataracts, two had corneal scars, seven had
      optic atrophy, and nine had chorioretinal scars. The clinically silent
      chorioretinal lesions were manifest as coarse hyperpigmented areas between the
      equator and ora serrata. One child had suffered from acute fulminant retinitis.
      Twelve of 13 (93%) severely handicapped children had impaired vision, mainly
      because of cortical blindness. Less affected children had normal vision unless
      corneal scars were present. Long-term observation of patients with neonatal
      herpes infections is essential because ocular manifestations are not rare, and
      recurrences may be more common than previously reported.

PMID- 2297018
TI  - Ophthalmomyiasis in an eyelid reconstruction.

PMID- 2297019
TI  - Linear subcutaneous fat atrophy after a single corticosteroid injection for
      ocular adnexal hemangioma.

PMID- 2297020
TI  - Spontaneous orbital hemorrhage associated with idiopathic inflammatory
      pseudotumor.

PMID- 2297021
TI  - Ocular flutter in vidarabine toxicity.

PMID- 2297023
TI  - Laser treatment of the retinal periphery with the +90-diopter lens.

PMID- 2297022
TI  - Branch retinal artery occlusion after platelet transfusion.

PMID- 2297024
TI  - A simple device to standardize measurements of retinal structures in fundus
      photographs and retinal angiograms.

PMID- 2297025
TI  - Test-retest variability in glaucomatous visual fields.

PMID- 2297026
TI  - Timolol-pilocarpine combined vs timolol and pilocarpine given separately.

PMID- 2297027
TI  - Orbital myositis with Lyme disease.
AB  - We examined, treated, and followed up for nine years a 5-year-old girl with
      active Lyme disease and orbital myositis. Clinically, the patient demonstrated
      typical symptoms for each of the major stages of Lyme disease, including fever,
      erythema chronicum migrans, aseptic meningitis, Bell's palsy, and arthritis. She
      subsequently developed clinical and computed tomographic evidence of orbital
      myositis. Although orbital myositis is generally considered to be an idiopathic
      inflammation, our findings suggest that in certain patients it may be a
      manifestation of Lyme disease.

PMID- 2297028
TI  - Traumatic hyphema in an urban population.
AB  - We reviewed 241 patients (178 black and 63 white) who were examined and treated
      at the Detroit Medical Center between 1980 and 1989 for traumatic hyphema.
      Secondary hemorrhage occurred in 46 patients (19%) and was significantly higher
      in black patients (P less than .005). Thirty-one patients (67%) developing
      secondary hemorrhage had an initial hyphema filling less than 25% of the anterior
      chamber. Patients treated with aminocaproic acid had secondary hemorrhages at a
      rate of 11% (six patients) compared to 21% (40 patients) in patients who were not
      treated with aminocaproic acid. The high risk of secondary hemorrhage with
      potential ocular damage in patients with traumatic hyphema, especially black
      patients, supports the benefit of hospitalization and the administration of
      aminocaproic acid.

PMID- 2297029
TI  - Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive in the management of recurrent retinal detachment
      caused by macular hole.
AB  - Nine eyes of nine patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by a
      macular hole were treated by the transvitreal application of cyanoacrylate tissue
      adhesive to the macular hole. Eight of the nine eyes had previously failed
      conventional vitreous surgery with gas tamponade and laser photocoagulation.
      Eight eyes (89%) were completely reattached with a minimum follow-up of three
      months. In the successfully treated eyes, post-operative visual acuity was 20/200
      in two eyes, 20/400 to 5/200 in five eyes, and less than 5/200 in one eye. Direct
      sealing of macular holes in difficult cases may obviate the need for extended
      intraocular tamponade or macular buckling with their associated complications.

PMID- 2297030
TI  - Factors prognostic of visual outcome in patients with subretinal hemorrhage.
AB  - We reviewed the charts of 29 patients with large subretinal hemorrhages involving
      the center of the fovea to evaluate factors that might be prognostic of visual
      outcome. The average final visual acuity was 20/480 with a mean follow-up of
      three years. Patients with thick hemorrhages (causing an obvious elevation of the
      fovea) had worse final visual acuity than patients with thin hemorrhages (P =
      .02). The diameter of the hemorrhage was not a significant predictor of outcome.
      Patients with aging macular degeneration had poorer final visual acuity (mean,
      20/1,700, P = .002), and patients with choroidal ruptures had better final visual
      acuity, (mean 20/35, P less than .001) than the remainder of the patients. We
      found that the presence of aging macular degeneration was a more important
      predictor of the outcome of legal blindness than the thickness of the hemorrhage
      (P = .03). Although the prognosis in patients with subfoveal blood is generally
      poor, some patients have excellent return of vision.

PMID- 2297031
TI  - Autosomal dominant congenital stationary night blindness and normal fundus with
      an electronegative electroretinogram.
AB  - We studied three members of three successive generations of a family with
      autosomal dominant congenital stationary night blindness and normal fundi.
      Psychophysical studies on two members showed normal final cone thresholds and
      mildly increased rod thresholds. Full-field electroretinograms on all three
      members showed normal photopic b-wave amplitudes and implicit times. Under
      scotopic conditions, the rod response was absent, and with a bright flash
      stimulus, there was a normal a-wave with no b-wave. This electronegative dark
      adapted electroretinogram resembled the Schubert-Bornschein type seen in
      congenital stationary blindness, which has been seen only in autosomal and X
      linked recessive pedigrees.

PMID- 2297032
TI  - Correlation of visual function and retinal leukocyte velocity in glaucoma.
AB  - Twelve subjects with glaucoma or ocular hypertension underwent measurement of
      visual fields (Humphrey perimeter and the Henson CFS2000 perimeter), contrast
      sensitivity (Vistech wall charts), and perimacular leukocyte velocity (Oculix BFS
      1000 blue field entoptic technique). Significant positive correlations were seen
      between asymmetry of visual function and asymmetry of retinal leukocyte velocity
      in the study population. The eye with the higher velocity of retinal leukocyte
      flow tended to have better visual function as measured by Humphrey mean deviation
      (P less than .05), Henson Score (P less than .06), and Vistech contrast
      sensitivity score at 6 cycles/degree (P less than .001). An association of
      borderline significance was found between the asymmetries of intraocular pressure
      and retinal leukocyte velocity (P = .06). No significant intraocular
      pressure:visual field correlations were found on asymmetry analysis, although the
      inverse relationship between intraocular pressure and contrast sensitivity was
      significant (P less than .05). Significant correlations were obtained between
      visual field scores derived from the Henson data and Humphrey parameters mean
      deviation (P less than .001) and corrected pattern standard deviation (P less
      than .05) on both asymmetry and single eye analysis.

PMID- 2297033
TI  - Intraocular pressure measurement with the Tono-Pen through soft contact lenses.
AB  - We evaluated a miniaturized digital and electronic tonometer, the Tono-Pen, for
      accuracy of intraocular pressure measurement in the presence of a contact lens.
      In the manometric study, the Tono-Pen was used to measure a known intraocular
      pressure, ranging from 10 mm Hg to 60 mm Hg in a cadaver eye over soft contact
      lenses with different powers and a plano-T bandage lens. There was significant
      bias in pressure measurement over all contact lenses except for the plano-T,
      which had no bias at any level. In the clinical study, the intraocular pressures
      of 40 eyes in 20 normal patients were measured with and without a plano-T contact
      lens in place. Analysis of variance showed no significant interactive effect
      between the right and left eyes, with or without the lens. There was no
      significant difference in the Tono-Pen measurement of intraocular pressure over a
      plano-T contact lens compared with no lens.

PMID- 2297034
TI  - Complications of malpositioned Jones tubes.
AB  - A Jones tube is an effective lacrimal drainage bypass device often associated
      with post-operative problems. Unsuspected migration of the tube may cause signs
      and symptoms that are not immediately identified with the prosthesis. Malposition
      of Jones tubes in three patients resulted in the following complications. The
      first patient had persistent episcleritis and atypical facial pain and numbness
      caused by migration of the tube against the globe and into the nasal septum.
      Bilateral tubes in the second patient were improperly oriented, causing severe
      scleral erosion and ulceration. The third patient's bilateral tubes migrated
      through the conjunctiva into the subcutaneous tissues and were manifested as
      lower eyelid inflammatory masses. Placement of a Jones tube requires long-term
      maintenance by the physician and the patient.

PMID- 2297035
TI  - Auditory function in Duane's retraction syndrome.
AB  - We obtained audiograms and auditory brainstem responses from 44 patients with
      Duane's retraction syndrome to assess the incidence and nature of hearing
      deficit. Of 44 patients, seven (15.9%) had evidence of hearing impairment. Three
      (6.8%) subjects had a temporary conductive hearing loss because of middle ear
      fluid, and another patient had hearing loss from Crouzon's disease. The remaining
      three (6.8%) patients demonstrated sensorineural hearing deficit. This hearing
      impairment was attributed to a cochlear lesion and not to a pontine lesion. We
      believe that the frequency of sensorineural hearing loss in these patients
      warrants hearing screening programs similar to those used for infants in neonatal
      intensive care units.

PMID- 2297036
TI  - The medial rectus muscle insertion site in infantile esotropia.
AB  - The distance from the corneoscleral limbus to the insertion site of the medial
      rectus muscle was measured at several stages of medial rectus recession surgery
      in 20 patients (40 eyes) with infantile esotropia. Disinsertion of the medial
      rectus muscle resulted in a mean reduction in the distance from the muscle
      insertion site to the corneoscleral limbus of 0.903 mm (P less than .001),
      whereas the use of fixation forceps on the insertion to abduct the eye resulted
      in an additional mean reduction of 0.306 mm (P less than .01). The strabismus
      surgeon often uses the muscle insertion site as a reference point in determining
      the desired location for recessing a muscle. Our results suggest that this method
      of measurement is unreliable in infantile esotropia because the position of the
      medial rectus muscle insertion site varies considerably during surgery.

PMID- 2297037
TI  - Subepidermal calcified nodules of the eyelid.
AB  - Two children had subepidermal calcified nodules of the upper eyelid. The first
      patient was a 13-year-old girl who noted painless increase in size of a lesion
      involving her right upper eyelid over four months. The clinical diagnosis was
      "warty papilloma." The second patient was a 13-year-old boy who had a slowly
      growing, keratinized lesion involving his left upper eyelid. The clinical
      diagnosis was "cutaneous horn." On histopathologic examination, the nodules
      demonstrated the characteristic changes associated with subepidermal calcified
      nodules, including the presence of calcified material in the uppermost dermis,
      occasional foreign body giant cells around the calcific masses, acanthosis of the
      overlying epithelium, and calcium granules in the epidermis.

PMID- 2297038
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among potential corneal donors from
      medical examiner cases.

PMID- 2297039
TI  - Neisseria cinerea acute purulent conjunctivitis.

PMID- 2297040
TI  - Persistent corneal defect caused by Listeria monocytogenes.

PMID- 2297041
TI  - Corticosteroid-responsive traumatic optic neuropathy.

PMID- 2297042
TI  - Human chorionic gonadotropin in the thymus. An immunocytochemical study on
      discordant expression of subunits.
AB  - To demonstrate discordant expression of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
      subunits in the human thymus and thymic tumors, immunocytochemical studies were
      performed with immunoelectron microscopy. In the fetus, hCG beta-positive cells
      were identified in excess of hCG alpha-positive cells (hCG alpha: 1.38 +/-
      0.18/mm2, hCG beta: 4.50 +/- 1.13/mm2). They were usually different populations
      in serial sections. There were 0.18 +/- 0.03/mm2 synchronously positive cells
      using the double immunostaining method, comprising approximately 3% of the total
      positive cells. The immunoreactive material for both subunits was present at the
      rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), perinuclear space, and vesicular structures
      with protruding microvilli in the lumens. hCG alpha was expressed preferentially
      in the endocrine tumors of the thymus and non-germ-cell tumor, with rare
      positivity for beta-subunits of glycoprotein hormones. The hCG alpha
      immunoreactive material also was present in the granules as well as in RER of the
      neoplastic cells. In four teratomas of the thymus, hCG alpha-positivity only was
      present in endocrinelike cells. The subunit profile of hCG was unbalanced in the
      thymus and isolated hCG alpha-expression in the fetal thymus may represent the
      endocrine cell with a primitive storage mechanism. The discordant expression of
      hCG subunits may be common in nontrophoblastic tissues.

PMID- 2297043
TI  - Colonic aberrant crypts in azoxymethane-treated F344 rats have decreased
      hexosaminidase activity.
AB  - Aberrant crypts, identified with methylene blue staining of unsectioned colon
      from carcinogen-treated rats on the basis of their increased size, were examined
      for the altered expression of hexosaminidase activity. Previously we identified
      enzyme-altered foci with normal morphology in sections of colon from carcinogen
      treated rats. A reduction of histochemically demonstrable hexosaminidase activity
      was the most consistent marker for these foci. Aberrant crypts, marked with
      permanent ink and embedded in methacrylate, had a marked decrease of
      hexosaminidase activity compared to the adjacent, normal crypts. Hexosaminidase
      may be a marker that will aid in the identification of the molecular basis of
      colon cancer in a manner similar to that of esterase D and retinoblastoma.

PMID- 2297044
TI  - Detection of numerical chromosomal abnormalities in neoplastic hematopoietic
      cells by in situ hybridization with a chromosome-specific probe.
AB  - The feasibility of using molecular hybridization techniques for the detection of
      malignant clones that contain numerical chromosomal abnormalities was tested in
      clinical specimens from patients who had hematologic malignancies. A biotinylated
      DNA probe specific for chromosome 9 was used for in situ hybridization to
      interphase and terminally differentiated cells, and fluoresceinated avidin or
      avidin followed by biotinylated alkaline phosphatase was used for probe
      detection. In a blinded analysis of ten clinical samples from patients with
      hematologic malignancies and cytogenetically documented monosomy 9 or trisomy 9,
      the abnormality was identified correctly in each of five cases of monosomy 9 and
      five cases of trisomy 9. In two cases of trisomy 9, the detection of this
      numerical chromosomal abnormality in nuclei of segmented neutrophils permitted
      the deduction that some granulocytic cells were derived from the abnormal clone,
      but were still capable of terminal differentiation. Analysis of the position of
      the probe signal in such nuclei did not disclose any ordered localization of the
      chromosome 9 homologues with respect to segmentation. These results demonstrate
      that interphase cytogenetic analysis is feasible in peripheral blood and bone
      marrow specimens, and that this technique may be a useful adjunct to conventional
      cytogenetic analysis for the clinical management of patients with hematopoietic
      malignancies.

PMID- 2297046
TI  - Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells employ a restricted range of T-cell antigen
      receptor variable region genes.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies that recognize the proteins specified by two families of T
      cell antigen receptor variable region genes were assessed as clonal markers in
      cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome). About 3% to 5%
      of tumors were expected to react with each antibody. However, 10 of 16 cases
      studied reacted with MAbs specific for the V beta 8 gene family. All the positive
      cases were examples of the plaque or tumor stages of CTCL. None of the cases of
      eczematoid or premycotic CTCL showed uniform reactivity with these antibodies.
      Unexpected use of one particular V gene family raises the possibility that CTCL
      derives from a distinct subpopulation of antigen- or virus-selected T cells.

PMID- 2297045
TI  - Characterization of two unique cholesterol-rich lipid particles isolated from
      human atherosclerotic lesions.
AB  - The authors' laboratory, using histochemical methods, previously identified two
      types of cholesterol-containing lipid particles in the extracellular spaces of
      human atherosclerotic lesions, one particle enriched in esterified cholesterol
      and the other particle enriched in unesterified cholesterol. The authors isolated
      and characterized these lipid particles. The esterified cholesterol-rich lipid
      particle was a small lipid droplet and differed from intracellular lipid droplets
      found in foam cells with respect to size and chemical composition. It had an
      esterified cholesterol core surrounded by a phospholipid-unesterified cholesterol
      monolayer. Some aqueous spaces were seen within the particle core. Unesterified
      cholesterol-rich lipid particles were multilamellated, solid structures and
      vesicles comprised of single or multiple lamellas. The esterified cholesterol
      rich particle had a density less than 1.01 g/ml, whereas the unesterified
      cholesterol-rich particle had a density between 1.03 and 1.05 g/ml. Both
      particles were similar in size (90% of both particles ranged in size between 40
      to 200 nm in diameter) and had an unesterified cholesterol-to-phospholipid molar
      ratio of 2.5:1. The predominant phospholipid in both particles was sphingomyelin.
      The fatty acyl compositions of cholesteryl ester and phospholipid also were
      similar in both particles. Palmitate, oleate, and linoleate were the major fatty
      acids in the cholesteryl ester fraction, whereas palmitate, stearate, oleate, and
      linoleate were predominant in the phospholipid fraction. The origins and the role
      of these two unusual lipid particles in vessel wall cholesterol metabolism remain
      to be determined.

PMID- 2297047
TI  - A 22-kd surface antigen detected by monoclonal antibody E 48 is exclusively
      expressed in stratified squamous and transitional epithelia.
AB  - After immunization of mice with viable cells of a metastasis of a laryngeal
      squamous cell carcinoma, a monoclonal antibody E 48 was obtained that detects an
      epitope present exclusively in squamous and transitional epithelium and their
      neoplastic counterparts. Immunoblotting revealed that E 48 recognizes a 22 kd
      molecule. Seventy-five of 76 squamous cell carcinomas from the head and neck,
      lung, cervix, and skin stained positively, whereas various adenocarcinomas from
      the colon, lung, and breast, and small cell lung carcinomas consistently stained
      negatively. The E 48 antigen, which is formaldehyde resistant, appears to be a
      reliable marker for differentiation of squamous cell carcinomas from
      adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinomas.

PMID- 2297048
TI  - Interactions between alveolar macrophage subpopulations modulate their migratory
      function.
AB  - To better understand the mechanisms by which alveolar macrophages (AM) are
      attracted to local sites in the lung, the locomotion of AM in response to N
      formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) was investigated. Total
      bronchoalveolar cells (99% AM) obtained by a nondiscriminating bronchoalveolar
      lavage procedure migrated toward FMLP over a range of concentrations of 10(-12) M
      to 10(-6) M. Dose-response experiments showed a biphasic response with two peaks
      of migration obtained respectively at 5 x 10(-10) M and 10(-8) M. Analysis in the
      presence and absence of a positive gradient of FMLP revealed that the first peak
      of migration (5 x 10(-10) M FMLP) corresponded predominantly to chemotactic
      activity whereas the second peak of migration (10(-8) M FMLP) was associated with
      chemokinetic activity. To further evaluate these activities of oriented
      (chemotaxis) vs. random (chemokinesis) migration, AM were separated into two
      fractions by a two-step bronchoalveolar lavage procedure. Whereas fraction 1
      displayed exclusively chemokinesis in response to higher concentrations of FMLP
      (10(-8) M), fraction 2 was totally unresponsive to FMLP over a wide range of
      concentrations (5 x 10(-11) M - 10(-7) M). When both fractions were combined,
      however, the chemotactic response to low concentrations of FMLP (5 x 10(-10) M)
      was restored. Additional analysis of these two AM fractions indicated that
      fraction 1 AM had a significantly lower degree of adherence and aggregation than
      fraction 2 AM. These data suggest that cell-cell cooperation is important for AM
      chemotactic response to FMLP and that such interaction may involve changes in
      adherence and aggregation.

PMID- 2297049
TI  - Fibrinogen and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa localization during platelet adhesion.
      Localization to the granulomere and at sites of platelet interaction.
AB  - Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa plays a focal role in primary hemostasis
      by serving as the cell surface receptor for fibrinogen. Recent studies by several
      groups have suggested that GPIIb-IIIa, which is dispersed randomly in the resting
      cell, undergoes migration leading to receptor clustering after platelet
      activation. The authors have investigated this activation-dependent relocation of
      fibrinogen receptors on platelets adherent to a standardized artificial surface.
      The correlative use of immunogold electron microscopy, ligand-gold binding, and
      stereo (three-dimensional) electron microscopy (EM) revealed specific
      localization of fibrinogen and its receptor at points of platelet to platelet
      interaction. Fibrinogen distribution on the plasma membrane, studied through the
      use of fibrinogen-gold conjugates with whole-mount adherent platelets, was
      primarily over the granulomere and at the cell periphery corresponding to sites
      of platelet-platelet interaction. Compared with the general hyalomere, fibrinogen
      density over the granulomere and at contact regions was increased 12-fold and 22
      fold, respectively, and the specificity of binding at these sites was verified by
      positive competition with native fibrinogen, one of its degradation products
      (Fragment D1), and by monoclonal antibodies (HP1-1d and AP-2) specific for GPIIb
      IIIa. The distribution of receptor antigens, localized by immunogold EM using
      antibodies against GPIIb-IIIa, also was localized over the hyalomere, where
      fibrinogen did not bind. To understand this apparently nonfunctional hyalomere
      GPIIb-IIIa further, correlative immunocytochemistry was performed using
      polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for GPIIb and GPIIIa simultaneously.
      Colocalization of the antigens was observed consistently over the granulomere and
      at regions of cell contact, whereas the hyalomere antigens tended to be
      nonassociated. The studies document GPIIb-IIIa as a function complex at sites of
      cell interaction where fibrinogen binds.

PMID- 2297051
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of heat shock protein-70 in normal-appearing and
      atherosclerotic specimens of human arteries.
AB  - Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are synthesized by cells under metabolic stress and
      are known to enhance a cell's ability to survive life-threatening stress. The
      authors have begun to examine HSPs in the context of human atherosclerosis. This
      study demonstrated immunohistochemically the presence of HSP-70 in human and
      rabbit arteries, and its distribution in relation to necrosis and lipid
      accumulation, as well as vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages, in human
      atherosclerotic plaques. Advanced lesions from 10 human carotid endarterectomy
      specimens were compared with 11 human aortic specimens from autopsy and 8 rabbit
      aortas. The immunostaining procedure used a mouse monoclonal antibody specific
      for the inducible form of HSP-70. Normal rabbit aortas were tested for changes in
      HSP-70 up to 24 hours after removal, and were used as controls for the human
      aortas. Representative plaques were examined for lipid content by osmium
      staining, and for smooth muscle cell and macrophage components using cell
      specific monoclonal antibodies followed by immunostaining. The results indicated
      that HSP-70 was present in human and rabbit arteries and remained unchanged in
      distribution or concentration up to 15 hours after death. HSP-70 was present
      weakly throughout the media of normal-appearing arterial specimens. In contrast,
      HSP-70 was concentrated in the central portions of more thickened atheromas
      around sites of necrosis and lipid accumulation. Macrophages were coincident with
      these areas and were observed to be lipid-loaded. In contrast, patches of smooth
      muscle cells were observed in very complicated plaques, but without consistent
      association with necrosis or increased HSP-70; plaque smooth muscle cells also
      were observed to contain lipid. Large, relatively avascular and collagenous areas
      of plaque also were occasionally positive for HSP-70 staining. The results
      support the hypothesis that elevated HSPs indicate which plaque cells,
      particularly macrophages, are more stressed in the depth of atheroma, especially
      in association with necrosis, and should prompt further investigation of the
      significance of HSP accumulation to the evolution of atherosclerotic plaques.

PMID- 2297050
TI  - Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in lipopolysaccharide-induced pathologic
      alterations.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) has been implicated strongly as a principal
      mediator in the pathogenesis of septic shock. The authors investigated the in
      vivo production of TNF in CBA/J and CD-1 mice that had been primed by an
      intraperitoneal injection of complete Freund's adjuvant followed 2 weeks later by
      an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF bioactivity peaked
      in both the ascites and plasma one hour after challenge, and TNF mRNA expression
      in the ascites cells peaked 30 minutes after LPS. After the induction of
      bioactivity, an interstitial pulmonary neutrophilic infiltrate occurred that was
      quantitated both morphometrically and by a myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay.
      Peripheral blood neutrophilia and lymphopenia developed after the LPS injection
      (PMNs: control, 46 +/- 2%; LPS, 65 +/- 3%; Lymphs control, 53 +/- 2%; LPS, 37 +/-
      3%). Treatment with dexamethasone (Dex) completely inhibited the pulmonary
      neutrophilic infiltrate as measured by the (MPO) assay. Because Dex will inhibit
      the production of several cytokines, anti-TNF antiserum was given to mice at the
      same time as the LPS challenge to assess specifically the role of TNF in inducing
      these changes. This antiserum partially blocked the pulmonary neutrophil
      infiltrate, and completely blocked the peripheral blood changes at one hour after
      LPS. These data demonstrate that TNF plays an important role in the early
      pathophysiologic alterations that occur after systemic exposure to LPS.

PMID- 2297054
TI  - Shooting galleries and AIDS: infection probabilities and 'tough' policies.

PMID- 2297052
TI  - Monomorphic lymphomas arising in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Correlation of
      morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular genetic findings in 12 cases.
AB  - Patients with Hodgkin's Disease (HD) occasionally develop monomorphic lymphomas
      in which mononuclear cells, usually large in size, grow in sheets, and in which
      there are few reacting cells or classic Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells. Twelve
      patients of this type were reviewed to determine the nature of the monomorphic
      growth. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections from the original diagnostic HD and the
      monomorphic growths were stained for Leu-M1 (CD15), leukocyte common antigen
      (LCA, CD45), pan B-cell markers LN1, LN2, and L26, and pan T-cell marker UCHL1
      (CD45R) reactive in paraffin-embedded tissues. Cases were included only if the
      original diagnostic material had the classic histopathologic features of HD, if
      there was a separate monomorphic growth (in place or time), and if sufficient
      materials from both phases were available for study. Original diagnoses of HD
      included nodular sclerosing (NS; 8 cases); lymphocyte predominant (LP; 2 cases);
      mixed cellularity (MC; 1 case); and lymphocyte depleted (LD: 1 case) types. RS
      cells in the eight cases of NS HD and one case of MC HD were generally Leu-M1 and
      LN2 positive, and L26, LN1, UCHL1, and LCA negative. RS cells in one case of NS
      HD were LCA positive in addition to Leu-M1, LN1, and LN2. Two cases of NS HD
      showed L26 positive RS cells. Conversely, RS cells and lymphocytic-histiocytic (L
      and H) variants in the cases of LP HD were Leu-M1 and LN2 negative, and LCA and
      LN1 positive. The one case of LD HD possessed RS cells that were negative for Leu
      M1, but positive for LCA, L26, LN1, and LN2. In seven cases (4 NS, 2 LP, 1 LD)
      the monomorphic growths possessed a B-cell phenotype (LCA, L26, and LN1 positive;
      Leu-M1 and UCHL1 negative). In the remaining cases (4 NS, 1 MC), the monomorphic
      growths were Leu-M1 positive, and displayed phenotypes similar to the RS cells of
      the original NS HD. Southern blot analysis was performed on the monomorphic
      components of five cases and showed some form of immunoglobulin gene
      rearrangement in each (4 cases: rearranged heavy chain-joining region gene; 1
      case: rearranged Mu chain-constant region gene). Two of these cases expressed L26
      and LN1 in the monomorphic phases. Despite apparent immunoglobulin gene
      rearrangement, one case expressed T-cell antigens Leu-4 (CD3) and Leu-1 (CD5), in
      addition to Leu-M1 (CD15).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2297053
TI  - Regional growth of different human melanomas as metastases in the brain of nude
      mice.
AB  - Cells from eight different human melanomas and two murine melanomas were injected
      into the internal carotid artery of anesthetized nude mice. Although all were
      injected by the same route, particular melanomas produced lesions in different
      regions of the brain. Two melanoma cell lines isolated originally from brain
      metastases in patients produced metastases predominantly in the brain parenchyma.
      In contrast, melanoma cells from subcutaneous or lymph node metastases produced
      more lesions in the meninges, choroid plexus, and ventricles than in the brain
      parenchyma. All of the melanomas grew in the brain after a direct intracerebral
      injection. The pattern of brain metastasis did not correlate with tumorigenicity
      per se or with the ability of the melanomas to grow in the lungs of nude mice.
      Two mouse melanomas showed different patterns of experimental metastasis after
      internal carotid artery injection, with one growing predominantly in the
      parenchyma and the other more frequently in the meninges and choroid plexus. The
      growth pattern of human melanoma metastasis in the brain of T cell-deficient nude
      mice suggests that it is determined by properties unique to each tumor
      interacting with the host's organ microenvironment.

PMID- 2297055
TI  - Fecal contamination of shanty town toddlers in households with non-corralled
      poultry, Lima, Peru.
AB  - We used direct observer techniques to measure the frequency with which toddler
      aged children were contaminated by poultry feces in homes in a peri-urban shanty
      town in Lima, Peru. The mean number of fowl was 5.4 (SD 3.1), with 10.0 (SD 10.7)
      poultry defecations per 12 hours. Toddlers' hand contact with poultry feces
      occurred a mean of 2.9 (SD 3.0) times/12 hours. A mean of 3.9 (SD 4.6) feces-to
      mouth episodes per household/12 hours occurred both by direct hand-to-mouth
      contamination and indirectly by handling soiled objects which were then placed in
      the mouth. There was a strong correlation between feces-to-hand contamination and
      feces-to-mouth contamination (r = 0.94). There was also an association between
      feces-to-mouth contamination and the number of stools deposited in the house (r =
      0.66). For each additional chicken stool deposited during the day, there was an
      average increase of 0.27 in feces-to-mouth episodes. We collected feces from 68
      infected chickens and found viable Campylobacter jejuni for up to 48 hours after
      deposition. Yet, a survey of 108 families demonstrated that free-roaming poultry
      were often not thought of as a health risk for children. An intervention program
      to reduce oral-fecal contamination should emphasize that all poultry be corralled
      and not allowed access into the house.

PMID- 2297056
TI  - HIV seropositivity of needles from shooting galleries in south Florida.
AB  - Needle/syringe combinations were collected from three shooting galleries in South
      Florida and tested for the presence of antibodies to HIV-1. Fifteen of 148
      needles (10.1 percent) tested positive for HIV-1 antibody. Seropositivity rates
      did not vary by the day of the week of collection, nor by shooting gallery from
      which they were collected. When the needle appeared to contain blood residue,
      20.0 percent were positive versus 5.1 percent with no blood residue. These
      findings suggest that needles/syringes used in shooting galleries are likely to
      serve as reservoirs and/or vectors of transmission of the HIV-1 virus, and that
      although visual inspection of the needle/syringe may be useful in lessening the
      chance for transmission, even the visually "clean" needles may result in
      transmission of infection.

PMID- 2297058
TI  - A statewide case registry for surveillance of occupational heavy metals
      absorption.
AB  - The New York State Heavy Metals Registry is a legislatively mandated program
      through which clinical laboratories, physicians, and health facilities report
      state residents 18 years of age and older with elevated levels of lead, mercury,
      arsenic, or cadmium in blood or urine. From 1982-86, the current employer was
      determined for 95.9 percent of 3,309 cases. Occupational exposures in 328
      companies accounted for 82.8 percent of cases. The majority of companies were
      reported for lead (247 companies, 75.3 percent of total) or mercury (47
      companies, 14.3 percent of total). Of the 247 companies reported to the Registry
      for lead, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspected 18
      of 98 companies (18.4 percent) in the manufacturing sector, but only one of 149
      companies (0.6 percent) outside the manufacturing sector. We conclude that the
      Registry effectively detects companies with heavy metals exposures, and is an
      especially useful adjunct to OSHA inspections outside the manufacturing sector.

PMID- 2297057
TI  - Sentinel Health Events (Occupational): analysis of death certificates among
      residents of Nassau County, NY between 1980-82 for occupationally related causes
      of death.
AB  - Death certificates for residents of Nassau County, New York dying between 1980
      and 1982 were examined for causes of death defined as Sentinel Health Events
      (Occupational) (SHE(O]. Of 16,193 deaths from all causes, 2,286 (14.1 percent)
      were identified as SHE(O) deaths; 142 (6.2 percent) of these were matched for
      occupational and/or industry, 13 (9.2 percent) of which required no further match
      [corrected] because the cause of death was inherently related to the occupation
      or industry. Malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchus, or lung were the most
      frequently occurring SHE(O), accounting for 60 percent of all SHE(O) deaths and
      81 percent of matched SHE(O) deaths. The construction industry was associated
      with the vast majority of such deaths.

PMID- 2297059
TI  - Lead-induced anemia: dose-response relationships and evidence for a threshold.
AB  - We conducted a cross-sectional epidemiologic study to assess the association
      between blood lead level and hematocrit in 579 one to five year-old children
      living near a primary lead smelter in 1974. Blood lead levels ranged from 0.53 to
      7.91 mumol/L (11 to 164 micrograms/dl). To predict hematocrit as a function of
      blood lead level and age, we derived non-linear regression models and fit
      percentile curves. We used logistic regression to predict the probability of
      hematocrit values less than 35 per cent. We found a strong non-linear, dose
      response relationship between blood lead level and hematocrit. This relationship
      was influenced by age, but (in this age group) not by sex; the effect was
      strongest in youngest children. In one year-olds, the age group most severely
      affected, the risk of an hematocrit value below 35 percent was 2 percent above
      background at blood lead levels between 0.97 and 1.88 mumol/L (20 and 39
      micrograms/dl), 18 percent above background at lead levels of 1.93 to 2.85
      mumol/L (40 to 59 micrograms/dl), and 40 percent above background at lead levels
      of 2.9 mumol/L (60 micrograms/dl) and greater; background was defined as a blood
      lead level below 1.88 mumol/L (20 micrograms/dl). This effect appeared
      independent of iron deficiency. These findings suggest that blood lead levels
      close to the currently recommended limit value of 1.21 mumol/L (25 micrograms/dl)
      are associated with dose-related depression of hematocrit in young children.

PMID- 2297060
TI  - An analysis of occupational risks for brain cancer.
AB  - We evaluated the risks of brain cancer in relation to employment history in a
      case-control study of 312 cases and 1,248 cancer controls. Subjects were
      identified through the Missouri Cancer Registry for the period 1984 through 1988.
      Job classification was based on data routinely abstracted from hospital records.
      Elevated risks were identified for certain white collar occupations: for men
      employed in engineering, the odds ratio (OR) = 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI)
      = 0.4, 10.3; for social science professionals, the OR = 6.1; 95% CI = 1.5, 26.1.
      Among occupations with potential exposure to occupational carcinogens, increased
      risks were observed for men employed in agricultural crop production (OR = 1.5;
      95% CI = 1.0, 2.4), printing and publishing (OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.0, 8.3), and
      brickmasons and tilesetters (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 0.5, 11.5). Most of elevated
      brain cancer risks were due to astrocytic cancers, but the excess among
      agricultural workers occurred in other cell types. No increase in risk was noted
      for current cigarette smokers (OR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.7, 1.5) or ex-smokers (OR =
      1.0; 95% CI = 0.7, 1.5). This exploratory study indicates a need for further
      studies of occupational risks of brain cancer.

PMID- 2297061
TI  - Work-related psychosocial stress and risk of preterm, low birthweight delivery.
AB  - We investigated whether work-related psychologic stress--defined as work
      characterized by both high psychologic demands and limited control over the
      response to these demands--increases a woman's risk of delivering a preterm, low
      birthweight infant. We studied 786 employed pregnant women included in the
      National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort (NLSY), a
      nationally representative sample of 12,686 young adults. Data concerning work
      status, job title, and other factors affecting pregnancy outcome were obtained
      from the NLSY. Assessment of job experience was based on job title, using an
      established catalogue of occupation characteristics. After accounting for the
      physical exertion entailed in a job, occupational psychologic stress as measured
      by job title was not associated with preterm, low birthweight delivery for the
      sample as a whole (Relative risk = 1.16, 95% confidence interval .45, 2.95). For
      those women who did not want to remain in the work force, work-related stress
      increased their risk of experiencing this outcome (RR = 8.1, 95% CI 1.5, 50.2).
      Personal motivation toward work, as well as the physical effort of work, should
      be considered in evaluating the impact of a job's psychologic characteristics on
      pregnancy outcome.

PMID- 2297062
TI  - Effects of workplace smoking bans on cigarette consumption.
AB  - A sample of staff working in the Australian Public Service (n = 2113) were
      surveyed two to four weeks before a mandated total ban on workplace smoking was
      introduced, and again five to six months later. Among the 391 smokers on whom
      complete data were available, the workplace smoking bans were associated with
      reduced rates of smoking, particularly among heavier smokers where the reduction
      in consumption was over 25 percent.

PMID- 2297064
TI  - Soviet health care and perestroika.
AB  - Health and health care in the Soviet Union are drawing special attention during
      these first years of perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev's reform of Soviet political
      and economic life. This report briefly describes the current state of Soviet
      health and medical care, Gorbachev's plans for reform, and the prospects for
      success. In recent years the Soviet Union has experienced a rising infant
      mortality rate and declining life expectancy. The health care system has been
      increasingly criticized for its uncaring providers, low quality of care, and
      unequal access. The proposed measures will increase by 50 percent the state's
      contribution to health care financing, encourage private medicine on a small
      scale, and begin experimentation with capitation financing. It seems unlikely
      that the government will be able to finance its share of planned health
      improvements, or that private medicine, constrained by the government's tight
      control, will contribute much in the near term. Recovery of the Soviet economy in
      general as well as the ability of health care institutions to gain access to
      Western materials will largely determine the success of reform of the Soviet
      health care system.

PMID- 2297063
TI  - Demographic and dietary determinants of constipation in the US population.
AB  - We investigated the association between self-reported constipation and several
      demographic and dietary variables in 15,014 men and women 12-74 years of age
      examined between 1971-75 during the first Health and Nutrition Examination
      Survey. Overall, 12.8 percent reported constipation. Self-reported constipation
      correlated poorly with stool frequency. Nine percent of those with daily stools
      and 30.6 percent of those with four to six stools/week, reported constipation.
      Constipation was more frequent in Blacks (17.3 percent), women (18.2 percent),
      and those over age 60 (23.3 percent); after adjusting for age, sex, and race it
      was more prevalent in those with daily inactivity, little leisure exercise, low
      income, and poor education. Constipated subjects reported lower consumption of
      cheese, dry beans and peas, milk, meat and poultry, beverages (sweetened,
      carbonated and noncarbonated), and fruits and vegetables. They reported higher
      consumption of coffee or tea. They consumed fewer total calories even after
      controlling for body mass and exercise.

PMID- 2297065
TI  - Comparison of two methodologies to measure agricultural occupational fatalities.
AB  - Agricultural occupational fatalities in Pennsylvania for the years 1985-87 were
      followed up. Supplemental data concerning the occupation of the deceased and
      circumstances of the fatal accident were obtained from a family member. The
      number of fatalities designated as agriculturally and occupationally related by
      the National Traumatic Occupational Fatality (NTOF) system was compared with the
      number of fatalities identified by using alternative criteria for classification
      of agriculturally and occupationally related fatalities. There may be nearly a 30
      percent error in the NTOF method resulting in a 20 percent undercount.

PMID- 2297066
TI  - Use of OSHA inspections data for fatal occupational injury surveillance in New
      Jersey.
AB  - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) computerized inspections
      data, death certificates, and medical examiner records identified 204 fatal
      occupational injuries in New Jersey, 1984-85. OSHA computerized data uniquely
      identified seven cases. They did not identify 35 fatalities under OSHA's
      jurisdiction, of which 24 were investigated by OSHA but not recorded, four were
      not considered work-related, and seven were not known to OSHA. Eighty-seven were
      outside OSHA's jurisdiction; 28 were among the self-employed who are not under
      the health and safety protection of any governmental agency.

PMID- 2297067
TI  - Workplace health hazards: analysis of hotline calls over a six-year period.
AB  - Between 1981-1986 a state-based occupational health telephone hotline received
      more than 8,000 inquiries on over 3,000 hazardous agents. Major caller groups
      were employees (37%), employers (20%), health care providers, primarily
      physicians (19%), government agencies (12%), and labor unions (6%). Employees
      were the fastest growing caller group. Callers inquired about general health
      hazards of chemicals (65%), the relation of symptoms to work (22%), and risks to
      pregnancy (13%).

PMID- 2297068
TI  - Incentives and competition in a worksite smoking cessation intervention.
AB  - We evaluated a worksite smoking cessation program that employed multicomponents
      including support groups, incentives, and competition. The combination of
      incentives and other components increased participation rates to over 80%. Forty
      two percent of smokers were abstinent at six months, compared to 13 percent of a
      control group (difference 29 percent, 95% CI 9, 49).

PMID- 2297069
TI  - Retirement and primary cardiac arrest in males.
AB  - We investigated the association between retirement and primary cardiac arrest
      (PCA) in 126 male cases and controls, 25-75 years of age, without prior heart
      disease or comorbidity. After adjustment for age alone, retirement was not
      associated with an increased risk of PCA, (OR = 1.1; 95% confidence intervals =
      0.5, 2.4). This lack of association was not uniform across age strata, however.
      In 10 of 19 discordant pairs 60 or more years of age, the control subject had
      been retired; in all seven discordant pairs under 60, the case had been retired
      (lower 95% CI of the relative risk = 1.9).

PMID- 2297070
TI  - Seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus in prison inmates.
AB  - We evaluated the prevalence and incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      infection in 3,837 inmates of a state prison system. Ninety-two (2.4 percent)
      were HIV-seropositive. The highest proportion of HIV-seropositive inmates was
      found among Blacks (5.4 percent), females, and those 30 years of age or older.
      HIV-seropositivity of entering inmates was also 2.4 percent and was unchanged
      over the three years of the study. Seroconversion occurred in two inmates while
      in prison, a rate of one conversion per 604 person-years, but HIV infection could
      have occurred before entry. Seroconversion to HIV was rare in inmates in this
      correctional facility.

PMID- 2297071
TI  - Suicide clusters: an examination of age-specific effects.
AB  - The age specificity of time-space clusters of suicide was examined using National
      Center for Health Statistics data for 1978-84. Significant clustering of suicide
      occurred primarily among teenagers and young adults, with minimal effect beyond
      24 years of age. Clustering was two to four times more common among adolescents
      and young adults than among other age groups.

PMID- 2297072
TI  - Misclassification of childhood homicide on death certificates.
AB  - Suspect classification of homicide deaths of Connecticut residents under 20 years
      of age was noted for 29 percent of cases examined. Misclassification was
      attributed to incomplete or erroneous information recorded on the death
      certificates, rather than errors in the designation of ICD-9 homicide codes. The
      results have important implications in the interpretation of vital statistics
      when homicide is listed as the cause of death and underscore the value of record
      linkage systems.

PMID- 2297073
TI  - The incidence of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in a midwestern metropolitan
      county.
AB  - The incidence of H. influenzae meningitis in children under five years of age was
      monitored during the years 1983-87 by a retrospective study of records from all
      hospitals serving a metropolitan county in Kansas. The mean annual incidence rate
      for the five years studied was 26.0 per 100,000. This compares with a mean of
      56.0 per 100,000 measured in the same county during 1979-82.

PMID- 2297074
TI  - Trends in hospitalized discharge rates for head injury in Maryland, 1979-86.
AB  - Hospital discharge data from all acute care hospitals in Maryland were used to
      examine trends in hospitalized head injury incidence and outcome by severity.
      From 1979 to 1986, discharge rates increased by 3.4/100,000 per year; the largest
      percent increase was for more severe injuries. Discharge rates increased the most
      for adults ages 15-24 and ages 75+ but declined for children ages 0-4. Coinciding
      with the increase in head injury discharges was a decrease in the hospital case
      fatality rate across all severity groups.

PMID- 2297075
TI  - Formation of multinucleated cells with osteoclast precursor features in human
      cord monocytes cultures.
AB  - A common lineage between monocytes and osteoclasts has been suggested but not yet
      proved, and an osteoclast precursor might be an immature cell of the monocyte
      macrophage family. We therefore compared the ability of cord blood and adult
      monocytes in long-term culture to differentiate toward osteoclasts. Both adult
      and cord monocytes were cultured for 3 weeks in the presence of 20% horse serum.
      The proportion of multinucleated cells formed was influenced by 1,25(OH)2D3 in
      cord, but not in adult monocyte cultures: 10(-9)M 1,25(OH)2D3 increased
      multinucleated cells from 13 +/- 2 to 26 +/- 1% of total cells in cord monocyte
      cultures. The formation of multinucleated cells in cord monocyte cultures, in the
      presence of 10(-9) M 1,25(OH)2D, was decreased by salmon calcitonin (dose
      dependently from 10(-8) to 10(-6) M) and increased by 1-34 parathormone (100
      ng/ml). None of these hormones induced any modification of the proportion of
      multinucleated cells formed in adult monocytes culture. Specific antigens on the
      membrane of the cells obtained after 3 weeks culture in the presence of 10(-9) M
      1,25(OH)2D3 were assessed by immunocytochemistry. The respective proportion of
      adult and cord labeled cells was 64 +/- 11 vs. 63 +/- 6% with Leu M5 (specific
      for monocyte) and 68 +/- 7 vs. 30 +/- 10% (P less than 0.05) with the anti-HLA DR
      antibody. The monoclonal antibody 23C6 is specific to the vitronectin receptor,
      which is highly expressed by osteoclasts--41 +/- 2% of the cells in cord monocyte
      cultures--but none in the adult monocytes culture were labeled with 23C6 at the
      end of the culture period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297076
TI  - Binding of the blood group-reactive lectins to human adult kidney specimens.
AB  - The binding of a panel of blood group-reactive lectins to frozen sections of
      human kidney was studied with a special emphasis on reactivity with endothelia
      and basement membranes. The blood group A-reactive lectins, all specific for
      alpha-D-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), Helix aspersa (HAA), Helix pomatia (HPA),
      and Griffonia simplicifolia I-A4 (GSA-I-A4) agglutinins bound to the endothelium
      in specimens with blood groups A and AB. In other samples, these lectins reacted
      predominantly with tubular basement membranes, as well as with certain tubules.
      Both Dolichos biflorus (DBA) and Vicia villosa agglutinins (VVA), reported to
      react with blood group A1 substance, failed to reveal endothelia in most
      specimens, but bound differently to tubules in all blood groups. The blood group
      B-reactive lectins, specific for alpha-D-galactose (alpha-Gal) or GalNAc,
      respectively, GSA-I-B4 and Sophora japonica agglutinin (SJA), bound to the
      endothelia in specimens from blood group B or AB and in other specimens bound
      only to certain tubules. Among the blood group O-reactive lectins, specific for
      alpha-L-fucose (Fuc), Ulex europaeus I agglutinin (UEA-I) conjugates, but not
      other lectins with a similar nominal specificity, bound strongly to endothelia in
      specimens with blood group O. The UEA-I conjugates bound distinctly more faintly
      to endothelia in specimens of other blood groups. The present results indicate
      that lectins, binding to defined blood group determinants, react with endothelia
      in specimens of the respective blood group status. Furthermore, they suggest that
      basement membranes and some tubules in the human kidney show a distinct
      heterogeneity in their expression of saccharide residues, related to their blood
      group status.

PMID- 2297077
TI  - Quantitative study of fungiform papillae and taste buds on the cat's tongue.
AB  - The number of fungiform papillae has been counted on the tongues of six adult
      cats and of kittens both at birth and aged 2 and 4 months. Papillae were sampled
      from different regions of the tongue, and their size and the number of taste buds
      they contained were determined using histological sections taken parallel to the
      tongue surface. There were approximately 250 fungiform papillae on the tongues of
      the adult cats, the papillae were most numerous at the tip of the tongue, and
      there was no significant difference between the number of papillae on each side.
      The size of the papillae increased from a mean maximum diameter of 0.28 mm at the
      tip of the tongue to 0.48 mm at the back; the mean number of taste buds increased
      correspondingly from 6.9 to 16.6. The kitten tongues had a number and
      distribution of fungiform papillae similar to that found in the adults. In the
      neonate, papillae were smaller and contained fewer taste buds; these parameters
      increased with the corresponding increase in tongue size in the 2- and 4-month
      old kittens.

PMID- 2297078
TI  - Absence of an osseous patella and other observations in Macropodidae stifle.
AB  - The patella is a large sesamoid bone that typically develops in the tendon of
      insertion of the large extensor muscles of the stifle joint. Although present in
      almost all species of mammals and birds, it has been found to be absent in the
      red kangaroo and two wallaby species (family Macropodidae). In its place is a
      fibrocartilage pad, located in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. This
      structure is visible grossly, is palpable, and has the form normally expected of
      a bony patella. In addition, the femoral trochlea is shallow and asymmetric, and
      the lateral gastrocnemius sesamoid is unusually prominent. These and other
      related modifications in the area of the Macropodidae stifle are presented.

PMID- 2297079
TI  - Cross-sectional internal diameters of human cervical and femoral blood vessels:
      relationship to subject's sex, age, body size.
AB  - Cross-sectional internal diameter measurements were made of right and left common
      carotid and right femoral arteries and right and left internal jugular,
      superficial femoral, and common femoral veins in 32 normal human subjects
      utilizing duplex ultrasonography. The relationships of these vessel sizes to the
      subject's sex, age, height, weight, and body surface area were analyzed
      statistically; and graphs were constructed, indicating the relationship of blood
      vessel diameters to the various body size parameters. Findings indicate that 1)
      for the femoral veins, body surface area had the best correlation with the
      internal diameter of the vein; 2) for the right internal jugular vein, body
      weight had the best correlation with the internal diameter of the vein; 3)
      correlation between vein diameter and body size of the subject is better for the
      femoral veins than for the internal jugular veins; 4) internal diameter of the
      femoral and internal jugular veins increases about 20% when they are distended by
      15 degrees of positional inclination of the subject's body; 5) neither age nor
      sex of the subject influences the positional distensibility of the veins
      examined; 6) the cross-sectional internal diameter of the femoral and internal
      jugular veins, as determined by duplex ultrasonography, closely relates to the
      external diameter of these vessels as measured by direct in vivo application of
      calipers and to the maximum outside diameter of cannula the vessel will accept.

PMID- 2297080
TI  - Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of elastic fibers in the ventral aorta of
      a teleost, Anguilla japonica.
AB  - Previous studies have revealed that amorphous elastin and microfibrils are
      structural entities of mammalian elastic fibers. Elastin shows a wide
      phylogenetic distribution, but the presence of elastin-associated microfibrils
      has not been demonstrated in teleost aorta. Thus, we have ultrastructurally and
      cytochemically examined elastic fibers in the ventral aorta of eel, a teleost, by
      utilizing routine uranyl acetate and lead double staining, the tannic acid (pH
      7.0)-uranyl acetate (TA-UA) method, elastase en bloc digestion, Thiery's periodic
      acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) method, and the horseradish
      peroxidase-labeled concanavalin A (Con A) method. In the ventral aorta of eel, a
      little ultrastructural difference between elastic fibers in the intima and media
      and those in the adventitia was noticed, but in either tunic each elastic fiber
      was basically composed of a "fibrillar core" and surrounding microfibrils. The
      fibrillar core was a collection of fibrils which showed a tendency to coalesce
      with each other, and these constituent fibrils were TA-UA positive and elastase
      sensitive, representing their nature of elastin. By contrast, microfibrils
      associated with the fibrillar core were TA-UA negative and elastase-resistant,
      and their glycoproteinaceous nature was demonstrated by PA-TCH-SP and Con A
      methods. Thus, this study provides evidence for the presence of elastin
      associated microfibrils in teleost aorta. These results are discussed in relation
      to the topographical difference of elastic fibers in eel aortic wall.

PMID- 2297081
TI  - Characterization of the synthetic capacities of isolated placental binucleate
      cells from sheep and goats.
AB  - Sheep and goat binucleate cells (BNC) play a central role in placental growth and
      development. This study reports a simple method for isolating 60-70% pure
      populations of BNC of high viability. After incubation of the isolated BNC with a
      brief pulse of 14C-leucine or 3H-fucose or 3H-galactose, electron microscope
      autoradiography showed that label was eventually incorporated into the
      characteristic BNC granules via the Golgi body. Fucose and galactose initially
      showed a much higher Golgi body label than leucine, which was at first
      predominantly localised in the endoplasmic reticulum. 35S-methionine
      incorporation by BNC suspensions was extensive enough to allow an
      immunoprecipitation investigation which demonstrated that the protein hormone
      ovine placental lactogen and the SBU-3 antigen were synthesised de novo. Previous
      studies with isolated BNC have shown a remarkable range of substances to be
      released into the incubation medium but not necessarily synthesised during the
      incubation. The results demonstrate unequivocally that isolated BNC's are capable
      of total synthesis in vitro of two of the proteins that these same cells are
      known to secrete in vivo.

PMID- 2297082
TI  - Demonstration by lectin-gold cytochemistry of transfer of glycoconjugates of
      oviductal origin to the zona pellucida of oocytes after ovulation in hamsters.
AB  - We have previously localized an antigen of oviductal origin to the zona pellucida
      of superovulated hamster oocytes (Kan et al.: Journal of Histochemistry and
      Cytochemistry 36:1441-1447, 1988) and described the intracellular distribution of
      this antigen in the oviductal epithelium (Kan et al.: Biology of Reproduction
      40:585-598, 1989). These results led to our hypothesis that the oviduct is a bona
      fide site of origin of certain components of the zona pellucida. In this report,
      using the high resolution lectin-gold approach with Helix pomatia lectin (HPL)
      colloidal gold complex, we present cytochemical evidence to show that
      glycoconjugates containing terminal N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues are absent
      from the zona pellucida of ovarian oocytes but are synthesized and secreted by
      the nonciliated secretory cells of the oviduct and later become associated with
      well-defined structural elements of the zona matrix of oocytes during passage
      through the oviduct. The nature of the HPL-binding glycoconjugates was determined
      by biochemical analyses. Electrophoretic and immunological experiments
      demonstrated that the glycoconjugates correspond to the high molecular weight
      polydispersed glycoprotein that we have previously described. We have designated
      this glycoprotein "hamster oviductin 1" (Hm OV-1). Our results further
      substantiate the belief that the oviduct is a source of origin of zona pellucida
      constituents.

PMID- 2297083
TI  - Developmental morphology of vascular and lymphatic capillaries in the working
      myocardium and Purkinje bundle of the sheep septomarginal band.
AB  - The normal development of vascular and lymphatic capillaries in the right
      ventricular septomarginal band of the sheep heart was studied in 9 fetuses aged
      60-143 days (term = 147 days), 14 lambs aged 1 day to 16 weeks, and 3 adults.
      Tissue was fixed by perfusion and examined with light and transmission electron
      microscopy. The septomarginal band is composed of working myocardium and a well
      defined peripheral bundle of Purkinje cells. Vascular capillaries of the working
      myocardium were closely apposed to myocardial cells. By contrast, vascular
      capillaries of the Purkinje bundle were situated within the connective tissue
      sheath and septa, at variable distances from the Purkinje cells. After birth, the
      capillaries of the Purkinje bundle were also found in grooves and tunnels within
      the Purkinje strands. The ultrastructure of fetal vascular capillaries associated
      with myocardial and Purkinje cells was initially similar, and characterized by an
      abundance of synthetic organelles in endothelial cells and pericytes. However,
      after 115 days in utero, capillary endothelium with diaphragmed fenestrae, 40-60
      nm in width, were observed within the Purkinje bundle. The fenestrae attained an
      average frequency of 1 per 11 capillary cross sections just before term, and this
      was maintained in lambs and adults. The ultrastructure of lymphatic capillaries,
      which were not observed in the septomarginal band until just before term, changed
      little during development.

PMID- 2297084
TI  - Ultrastructure of the myocardium of the least shrew, Cryptotis parva Say.
AB  - The heart of the least shrew, Cryptotis parva Say, is an extremely active organ,
      capable of achieving rates of 800-1,200 beats/minute. The general features of
      myocardial cell ultrastructure in this insectivore are much like those of other
      small mammals; no single striking feature of fine structure is present to which
      the physiological properties of this heart might necessarily be attributed. Still
      there exist in these myocardial cells a number of atypical properties. These
      include 1) mitochondria having a wide variety of sizes and internal
      configurations 2) a pleiomorphic, highly ramified, small-diameter transverse
      axial tubular system (TATS) 3) numerous "labyrinths," which are proliferated
      components of the TATS, and 4) myofibril-free regions, located both in
      juxtanuclear and other myoplasmic levels and populated by a concentration of TATS
      elements and fibrillar structures. Features (2) and (3) are also characteristic
      of another fast-beating heart, that of the mouse. The sinoatrial and
      atrioventricular nodal regions, as well as a Purkinje system, have been
      identified in the least shrew heart, along with sparsely distributed atrial cells
      whose myofibrils contain proliferated Z-band material. A feature frequently
      encountered in atrial working muscle cells is the occurrence of close appositions
      between gap junctions and tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum; such appositions are
      also present in other regions of the shrew heart, as are complexes composed of
      gap junctions and mitochondria.

PMID- 2297085
TI  - Distribution of cell surface glycoconjugates during secondary neurulation in the
      chick embryo.
AB  - Lectin histochemistry was used to examine the expression of cell surface
      glycoconjugates during secondary neurulation in chick embryos. Fourteen lectins
      were applied to serial sections of the caudal region of embryos at the various
      stages of tail bud development. The lectins Bandeiraea simplicifolia, Dolichos
      biflorus agglutinin, Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin, soybean agglutinin,
      Sophora japonica agglutinin, Ulex europaeus agglutinin and succinylated wheat
      germ agglutinin (sWGA) showed very light or no binding to the developing
      medullary cord of the tail bud. With the other lectins, staining occurred
      throughout the early tail bud and solid medullary cord. During cavitation,
      however, differential expression of cell surface glycoconjugates by different
      cell populations was observed. The lectins concanavalin A, Lens culinaris
      agglutinin, Pisum sativum agglutinin, Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin,
      Ricinus communis agglutinin and WGA showed basic similarities in the distribution
      of lectin binding. Of these, the binding pattern of WGA was the most striking. As
      the medullary cord cells were separating into central mesenchymal and peripheral
      epithelial populations, WGA bound preferentially to the epithelial cells and the
      notochord. The lectin PNA, however, became preferentially bound to the
      mesenchymal cells. Heavy staining by WGA (specific for N-acetylglucosamine and
      sialic acid) where sWGA staining (specific for N-acetylglucosamine only) was
      faint suggested that WGA binding was due to the presence of sialic acid
      containing glycoconjugates.

PMID- 2297086
TI  - Morphogenesis of precursor subpopulations of chicken limb mesenchyme in three
      dimensional collagen gel culture.
AB  - Although homogeneous in appearance, several lines of evidence suggest early
      (stage 17-19) limb mesenchymal cells are committed to particular cell lineages,
      e.g., myogenic or chondrogenic. However, subsequent expression of cell or tissue
      phenotype in the developing limb does not occur in a randomized process but
      rather in a spatially specific pattern. The potential regulatory mechanisms
      controlling the "patterned" expression of tissue phenotype in the limb have not
      been resolved. The purpose of this study was to determine if, prior to the
      formation of an apical ectodermal ridge, nondissociated limb mesenchyme has
      inherent morphogenetic potential to form nonrandomized patterns of tissue
      organization. The hypotheses to be tested were that, if provided a spatially
      permissive culture environment, 1) mesenchymal cells committed to a particular
      lineage would segregate into precursor (sub)populations prior to overt expression
      of phenotype and 2) the ultimate expression of a tissue phenotype may be
      regulated, in part, by histogenic interactions between the precursor cell groups.
      For these studies, mesoblasts (intact mesenchyme minus ectoderm) from stage 17-19
      hindlimb buds were explanted intact to the surface of a 1-3 mm thick hydrated
      lattice of repolymerized type I collagen and incubated for 2-11 days. Examination
      of cultures at variable intervals revealed three distinct temporal sequences
      (periods) which were arbitrarily termed early morphogenesis (0-3 days),
      cytodifferentiation (3-5.5 days), and primitive tissue formation (5.5-11 days)
      based on similarities to in situ limb development. By the end of the first
      period, the mesenchymal cells had sorted into three distinct precursor
      populations: 1) an epithelial-like outgrowth of premyogenic and prefibrogenic
      cells at the surface of the gel lattice (termed the "surface subset") which
      circumscribed, 2) a centrally positioned prechondrogenic condensate ("central
      subset"), and overlaid 3) a dispersed, population of free cells that invaded the
      collagen lattice ("seeded subset"). Subsequent cytodifferentiation led to the
      appearance of multinucleated myotubes within the surface subset and
      chondrification of the central subset. Cells of the seeded subset remained
      dispersed within the collagen lattice. Primitive histogenic events were initiated
      during the final period of development including 1) at sites where surface cells
      established boundaries with the central subset, collectives or "bundles" of
      variable sized myotubes were formed which became partially ensheathed by the
      attenuated processes of fibroblastlike cells; and 2) a secondary site of
      chondrogenic activity was initiated within the gel lattice at the boundary
      between the central and seeded cell populations. Transformation of seeded
      fibroblasts into chondroblasts accompanied expansion of the secondary
      chondrogenic element within the gel lattice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2297087
TI  - Waking up to desflurane: the anesthetic for the '90s?

PMID- 2297088
TI  - The Bullard laryngoscope. A new indirect oral laryngoscope (pediatric version).

PMID- 2297089
TI  - Prevertebral hematoma secondary to whiplash injury necessitating emergency
      intubation.

PMID- 2297090
TI  - Diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia in infants.

PMID- 2297091
TI  - Drug infusions: drips by drops.

PMID- 2297093
TI  - Spouse-controlled analgesia.

PMID- 2297092
TI  - Anesthetic potency and lipid solubility.

PMID- 2297094
TI  - Obstruction of venous return by a pulmonary artery catheter during
      cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2297095
TI  - Further comments on the failure of impulse propagation in nerves marginally
      blocked by local anesthetic.

PMID- 2297096
TI  - Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia: let's standardize our nomenclature.

PMID- 2297097
TI  - Does 1 + 1 = 2? A continuing debate.

PMID- 2297098
TI  - Problems with eye opening after propofol anesthesia.

PMID- 2297099
TI  - New needle for combined epidural and spinal techniques.

PMID- 2297100
TI  - Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of epidural ropivacaine in humans.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacodynamics and
      pharmacokinetics of three concentrations of the new long-acting amide local
      anesthetic, ropivacaine, given epidurally in 15 physical status ASA I or II
      patients for elective lower-extremity orthopedic procedures using a nonrandomized
      open-label design. Three groups of five patients each received either 0.5%,
      0.75%, or 1.0% ropivacaine. Upper and lower levels of analgesia to pinprick were
      determined at frequent intervals until normal sensation had completely returned.
      Motor blockade was assessed by use of a modified Bromage scale after each
      determination of level of analgesia. Fifteen venous blood samples were collected
      over 12 h after ropivacaine injection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived
      using serum concentration-time data. No significant differences were found
      between the three groups in terms of onset or recovery of motor and sensory
      blockade. Median maximum thoracic levels of analgesia achieved were 8, 6, and 5
      for the 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% groups, respectively, and occurred at 29 +/- 11, 37
      +/- 21, and 30 +/- 9 min. Respective times to two-segment regression were 2.8 +/-
      1.0, 3.0 +/- 0.5, and 2.9 +/- 0.6 h. Total durations of sensory blockade were 5.4
      +/- 0.7, 6.5 +/- 0.4, and 6.8 +/- 0.8 h, respectively. No statistically
      significant differences were noted between the three groups in terms of clearance
      (CL). The mean residence time (MRT) was significantly longer for the 0.5% group
      when compared with the 1% group. The peak concentration (Cmax) for the 0.5% group
      was found to be significantly lower than for either the 0.75% or 1%
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297101
TI  - Fatty acid lessens halothane's inhibition of energy metabolism in isolated
      hepatocytes.
AB  - This study has examined whether adverse halothane effects on liver-cell energy
      metabolism are influenced by the availability of alternate substrates for energy
      generating reactions. Halogenated volatile anesthetics affect both energy supply
      and energy demand in tissues, and cellular energy deficits have been implicated
      in anesthetic hepatotoxicity. Using hepatocytes isolated from fed rats either
      pretreated with phenobarbital or not treated (+PB or -PB cells, respectively), we
      studied the cellular energetic effects of providing fatty acid (oleic acid) along
      with glucose as substrate(s) for energy metabolism, while exposing the cells to
      0%-2% halothane. In -PB cells incubated with glucose alone, there were halothane
      dose-related decreases in the oxygen (O2) consumption rate (VO2) and in the
      balance between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and demand (ATP/ADP ratio),
      but no effect on lactate metabolism (lactate consumption or production) over the
      10-min incubation period. Adding oleate along with glucose (a) raised VO2 but
      lowered ATP/ADP in the absence of halothane; (b) eliminated the decreases in VO2
      and ATP/ADP seen when halothane was introduced; and (c) increased lactate
      consumption in both the presence and absence of halothane. In +PB cells, VO2 was
      higher, ATP/ADP lower, and lactate consumption also lower than in -PB cells under
      comparable conditions. Halothane or oleate effects, or both, on energy metabolism
      were thus qualitatively similar in +PB and -PB cells, except that in +PB cells
      incubated without oleate, lactate formation developed as halothane was increased
      from 0% to 2%, reflecting activation of glycolysis due to insufficient
      mitochondrial ATP production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297102
TI  - Postoperative pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy with different types of
      anesthesia.
AB  - In a randomized, double-blind study, postoperative pain was assessed in 36
      patients undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy with three types of anesthesia:
      general (thiopental-nitrous oxide-halothane); general with the addition of local
      (infiltration of the abdominal wall with 0.25% bupivacaine along the line of the
      proposed incision); and spinal (0.5% bupivacaine). The severity of constant
      incisional pain, movement-associated incisional pain, and pain upon pressure
      applied to the surgical wound using an algometer was assessed with a visual
      analogue self-rating method at 24 h, 48 h, and 10 days after surgery. The
      addition of local anesthesia significantly decreased the intensity of all types
      of postoperative pain. This effect was especially evident with constant
      incisional pain that disappeared almost completely 24 h after surgery. With pain
      caused by pressure on the site of the surgical incision, the pain score
      difference between general and general plus local anesthesia was obvious even 10
      days after the surgery (with 0.4-kg/cm2 pressure, the pain scores were 16 +/- 3
      vs 2 +/- 1, P less than 0.01). The difference in postoperative pain scores
      between spinal and general anesthesia groups indicated that spinal anesthesia
      also decreases the pain intensity. However, this decrease is less pronounced than
      that seen with the addition of local anesthesia: movement-associated pain scores
      24 h after surgery were 72 +/- 5 in the general anesthesia group, 40 +/- 6 in the
      spinal anesthesia group, and 16 +/- 3 in the general plus local anesthesia group
      (with P less than 0.002 between the groups).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297103
TI  - Kinetics and potency of desflurance (I-653) in volunteers.
AB  - The inhalation anesthetic, desflurance (I-653), is a methyl ethyl ether
      halogenated entirely with fluorine and differing from isoflurance only in the
      substitution of fluorine for chlorine on the alpha-ethyl carbon. Relative to
      presently used potent inhalation anesthetics, desflurane has low blood/gas (0.42)
      and oil/gas (18.7) partition coefficients. These indicate that it will undergo
      rapid washin and washout (and hence rapid induction of and recovery from
      anesthesia) and have a MAC value of about 5%. In the present study we demonstrate
      that desflurane possesses these characteristics in healthy young volunteers.
      After a 10-min exposure to desflurane the ratio of alveolar (FA) (determined by
      end-tidal sampling) to inspired (FI) concentration (FA/FI) was 0.82. Washout was
      similarly rapid; 10 min after discontinuing administration of desflurane, the
      alveolar concentration relative to the last concentration during administration
      of anesthetic (FAO) was 0.11 (FA/FAO). These values are similar to those for
      nitrous oxide. Volunteers responded to commands an average of 2.7 min after
      discontinuing anesthetic administration. The values for MAC-awake and MAC (the
      latter determined by tetanic stimulation of the ulnar nerve using surface
      electrodes) were 2.42% and 4.58% and the ratio of the former to the latter was
      0.53.

PMID- 2297104
TI  - Incidence of electrocardiographic changes during cesarean delivery under regional
      anesthesia.
AB  - Serial electrocardiograms were obtained on 93 healthy ASA physical status I and
      II term parturients during nonemergent cesarean delivery under regional
      anesthesia. Electrocardiographic changes occurred in 44 of the 93 patients
      (47.3%); in 35 of these 44 patients, the changes were characteristic, or
      suggestive, of myocardial ischemia. Symptoms of chest pain, pressure, and dyspnea
      occurred in 15 of the 44 patients with electrocardiographic changes; no patient
      without electrocardiographic change developed symptoms of chest pain, pressure,
      or dyspnea. Small but statistically significant differences were noted in heart
      rate, diastolic and systolic arterial pressures, and rate-pressure product
      between the patients with electrocardiographic changes and those without. The
      authors speculate that myocardial ischemia is a likely cause of both the
      electrocardiographic changes seen in these patients and of the symptoms of chest
      pain and dyspnea that they sometimes experience.

PMID- 2297105
TI  - Comparison of hemodynamic changes induced by adenosine monophosphate and sodium
      nitroprusside alone and during dopamine infusion in the anesthetized dog.
AB  - Adenosine receptor stimulation, such as by adenosine monophosphate (AMP), elicits
      systemic vasodilation that may be useful to control cardiac afterload during
      treatment of acute low-output cardiac failure. This study compared the
      hemodynamic effects of graded doses of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) with those of
      AMP when infused alone or in combination with the positive inotropic agent
      dopamine (DA) in anesthetized dogs. Both SNP (2-25 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) and AMP
      (200-2500 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) were effective vasodilators and reduced systemic
      vascular resistance and arterial pressure in a dose-dependent manner. Heart rate
      and cardiac index were increased by both agents. When compared at dosages that
      caused similar decreases in arterial pressure, cardiac index was increased more
      by AMP than by SNP. Also, AMP-induced vasodilation was associated with less
      tachyphylaxis. Sodium nitroprusside and AMP, at the dosages used, did not depress
      atrioventricular nodal conduction or antagonize DA-induced increases in renal
      blood flow. At equivalent decreases in mean arterial pressure, the increase from
      baseline in cardiac and stroke indices observed with AMP alone was further
      increased by the concomitant administration of DA. These results suggest that AMP
      and DA-AMP may offer significant advantages over SNP or DA-SNP in situations
      where elevation of cardiac output and reduction in afterload are required.

PMID- 2297106
TI  - Hepatic circulation and oxygen supply-uptake relationships after hepatic ischemic
      insult during anesthesia with volatile anesthetics and fentanyl in miniature
      pigs.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to quantitate the effects of several
      anesthetics on hepatic circulation, oxygenation, and function after hepatic
      ischemic insult and during reperfusion. We examined the effects of different
      anesthetics on hepatic circulation, oxygenation, and function after hepatic
      ischemic insult in 28 miniature pigs weighing 20-27 kg. The preparation allowed a
      stepwise decrease followed by a complete cessation for 1 h of hepatic blood and
      oxygen supply. Immediately after the unclamping of both vessels supplying the
      liver and restoration of the hepatic circulation, systemic mean arterial pressure
      decreased to approximately 75% of preischemic values in animals anesthetized with
      pentobarbital and fentanyl and to 60% of preischemic values in pigs anesthetized
      with halothane, enflurane, or isoflurane. Total hepatic blood flow immediately
      returned to preischemic values without significant difference between the groups.
      Subsequently, hepatic oxygen delivery returned to 75%-95% of preischemic values.
      Hepatic oxygen uptake returned to 50%-60% of preischemic values in animals
      anesthetized with pentobarbital and with volatile anesthetics and up to 80% and
      then later to baseline values with fentanyl anesthesia. Lactate uptake by the
      liver returned to preischemic values only in animals given fentanyl or isoflurane
      but remained at approximately 50% of preischemic values during enflurane and 20%
      40% during halothane and pentobarbital anesthesia. Thus, the study indicates that
      both isoflurane and fentanyl anesthesia provide more protection from ischemic
      insult than do halothane, enflurane, or pentobarbital anesthesia.

PMID- 2297107
TI  - Epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions are clinically equivalent after knee
      surgery.
AB  - The management of postoperative pain with continuous epidural fentanyl infusion
      was compared with continuous intravenous fentanyl infusion. In a randomized,
      doubleblind protocol we prospectively studied 20 patients undergoing repair of
      the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. The quality of analgesia and the
      incidence of side effects were documented. Compared with patients receiving
      continuous intravenous fentanyl infusion, at 18 h postoperatively patients given
      continuous epidural fentanyl infusion reported similar pain scores both at rest
      (22 +/- 25 vs 27 +/- 21, P = 0.52) and with ambulation (59 +/- 18 vs 56 +/- 22, P
      = 0.82). Plasma fentanyl levels were 1.8 +/- 0.4 and 1.7 +/- 0.4 ng/mL (P = 0.91)
      for the intravenous and epidural groups, respectively. There were no significant
      differences in the incidence of nausea, pruritus, or urinary retention. There was
      no respiratory depression in either group. We conclude that when compared with
      continuous intravenous fentanyl infusion, continuous epidural fentanyl infusion
      offers no clinical advantages for the management of postoperative pain after knee
      surgery.

PMID- 2297108
TI  - Impaired epidural analgesia after dural puncture with and without subsequent
      blood patch.
AB  - We carried out a retrospective assessment of epidural analgesia in 46 parturients
      who had a previous dural puncture. Of 29 women who had both dural puncture and
      blood patch previously, only 59% had an uncomplicated successful second epidural
      anesthetic. Of 17 parturients who had dural puncture but no blood patch
      previously, only 65% had an uncomplicated successful subsequent epidural
      anesthetic. In comparable groups of parturients without previous dural puncture,
      88%-92% had successful epidural analgesia. The data suggest that dural puncture
      may lead to impaired epidural analgesia subsequently. Epidural blood patch after
      dural puncture did not lead to any further decrease in the rate of good analgesia
      with subsequent epidural anesthetics. Parturients who request epidural analgesia
      and who have had previous dural puncture with or without blood patch should be
      informed about the 35%-40% chance of poor epidural analgesia.

PMID- 2297109
TI  - A new local anesthetic, ropivacaine. Its epidural effects in humans.
AB  - The current study was initiated to evaluate the epidural anesthetic properties of
      0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% ropivacaine, a new local anesthetic agent structurally
      similar to bupivacaine. Fifteen patients scheduled for lower limb orthopedic
      surgery were enrolled in the study. As the concentration of ropivacaine increased
      from 0.5% to 1.0%, the time to onset of sensory anesthesia decreased from 6.4 +/-
      1.7 (SD) min to 2.4 +/- 0.6 min and the maximum level of sensory anesthesia
      increased from T6 to T1. These changes were not statistically significant. Time
      to regression of anesthesia to T12 increased from 255 +/- 73 min with the 0.5%
      solution to 356 +/- 75 min with 1.0% ropivacaine (P less than 0.05). The degree
      of motor blockade using the Bromage scale varied with the concentration. When the
      0.5% concentration was used, only one patient (20%) had greater than 1+ motor
      blockade. However, all of the patients receiving the 0.75% or 1.0% solution had
      at least 2+ motor blockade. Sensory anesthesia was adequate for surgery in 14 of
      the 15 patients. The mean peak plasma concentration of ropivacaine (Cmax)
      increased from 0.65 +/- 0.15 micrograms/mL with the 100-mg dose to 1.30 +/- 0.43
      microgram/mL with the 200-mg dose. No adverse effects were noted in any patient
      in the study. These initial studies in humans suggest that ropivacaine provides
      satisfactory sensory anesthesia with minimal motor blockade at a concentration of
      0.5%. An increase in concentration resulted in a more profound motor blockade.
      The Cmax of ropivacaine in this study was below levels associated with toxicity
      in animal studies.

PMID- 2297110
TI  - A template for writing a scientific paper.

PMID- 2297111
TI  - Abstracts of papers and posters presented at the International Anesthesia
      Research Society, 64th congress. Honolulu, Hawaii, March 9-13, 1990.

PMID- 2297112
TI  - An A.S.A. (American Society of Anesthesiologists) Overseas Teaching Program.

PMID- 2297113
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of acute changes in extracellular ionized calcium
      concentration induced by citrate and CaCl2 infusions in chronically instrumented
      dogs, conscious and during enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane anesthesia.
AB  - To study the cardiovascular effects of low blood ionized calcium ion
      concentrations [Ca2+] induced by citrate infusion followed by high [Ca2+],
      induced by CaCl2 infusion awake and during enflurane (2.5% ET), halothane (1.2%
      ET), and isoflurane (1.6% ET) anesthesia, dogs were chronically instrumented to
      measure heart rate, aortic, left atrial, and left ventricular (LV) blood
      pressures, and cardiac output. In conscious dogs low [Ca2+] (decreased 0.35 mM);
      increased heart rate (HR) and mean aortic pressure (MAP) and decreased stroke
      volume (SV) and LV dP/dtmax. Low [Ca2+] increased HR during all three anesthetics
      and decreased LV dP/dtmax except during isoflurane anesthesia. Low [Ca2+]
      produced more hemodynamic depression during enflurane anesthesia than during
      anesthesia with halothane or isoflurane increasing left atrial pressure and
      decreasing MAP and SV. The differences seen were partially related to decreased
      systemic vascular resistance during halothane and isoflurane anesthesia. In
      conscious dogs following high [Ca2+] (increased 0.37 mM); only MAP and LV
      dP/dtmax increased. LVdP/dtmax was also increased by high [Ca2+] during all three
      anesthetics without a change in MAP. Cardiac output increased during halothane
      and isoflurane anesthesia but was unchanged during enflurane. It would appear
      that the hemodynamic sensitivity for the effects of changing [Ca2+] was enflurane
      greater than halothane greater than isoflurane greater than awake. The results
      suggest that the effects of changes in [Ca2+] induced by citrate and CaCl2
      infusion are modified by the three volatile anesthetics.

PMID- 2297114
TI  - Attenuation of histamine-induced airway constriction by albuterol during
      halothane anesthesia.
AB  - The effect of albuterol (a beta 2 specific adrenergic agonist) on airway
      reactivity to histamine aerosol challenge was evaluated during halothane
      anesthesia and thiopental-fentanyl anesthesia in five Basenji Greyhound dogs.
      Responses to histamine aerosol challenges (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0
      mg/ml) were measured during thiopental-fentanyl anesthesia and during halothane
      anesthesia in the presence and absence of iv albuterol (2.5 micrograms/kg). Prior
      to aerosol challenges, baseline pulmonary resistance (RL) and dynamic compliance
      (Cdyn) did not differ in the four conditions. Albuterol significantly attenuated
      the pulmonary response to histamine during thiopental-fentanyl anesthesia.
      Although halothane itself significantly attenuated the pulmonary response to
      histamine, this response was further attenuated by the addition of albuterol.
      This study suggests that albuterol is effective in attenuating
      bronchoconstriction during both thiopental-fentanyl and halothane anesthesia. As
      the effects of albuterol and halothane on the airways are additive, beta
      adrenergic agonists such as albuterol are the agents of choice to treat
      bronchospasm in patients anesthetized with inhalational anesthetics.

PMID- 2297115
TI  - The cerebral pressure-flow relationship during 1.0 MAC isoflurane anesthesia in
      the rabbit: the effect of different vasopressors.
AB  - The influence of different vasopressors on the cerebral pressure-flow
      relationship during 1.0 MAC isoflurane anesthesia has been studied. Mean arterial
      pressure (MAP) was increased by one of three vasopressors [angiotensin II (AT),
      norepinephrine (NE), or phenylephrine (PE)] in three groups of New Zealand white
      rabbits (n = 11, 10, and 9, respectively). Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was
      measured at five intervals by the injection of radioactive microspheres at a
      stable 2.05% (1.0 MAC) end-tidal isoflurane concentration (baseline) and
      following elevation of mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%
      above baseline MAP with either AT, NE, or PE. Baseline MAP was the same in all
      groups. No differences in MAP were seen between groups when MAP was elevated from
      20% to 80% above baseline. Normocapnia (PaCO2 35.8-38.2 mmHg) was maintained
      throughout. Total cerebral blood flow (tCBF), hemispheric CBF (hCBF), and
      posterior fossa (cerebellum and brain stem) CBF (pCBF) were determined. Baseline
      tCBF, hCBF, and pCBF was similar in all groups. For each experiment a pressure
      flow curve was generated by curvilinear regression analysis. Mean slopes and
      intercepts were derived for each group. For all regions examined, the slope of
      the pressure-flow curve was significantly less steep when MAP was elevated with
      AT versus NE or PE (P less than 0.05 Tukey's studentized range test). There was
      no difference in slope between the NE and PE groups for any region. These results
      indicate that either NE and PE result in indirect cerebral vasodilation or that
      AT has intrinsic cerebral vasoconstrictive effects during 1.0 MAC isoflurane
      anesthesia in the rabbit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297116
TI  - The effects of halothane in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
AB  - Human and animal experiments have not consistently shown halothane to inhibit
      hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). The authors used a canine lung lobe
      perfused in situ to more precisely characterize the effects of halothane on HPV.
      The pulmonary vasculature can be divided into inflow, middle, and outflow
      segments by sequentially occluding the lobar inflow and outflow of blood. The
      lobes were ventilated with four different gas mixtures (normoxia, hypoxia,
      normoxia/halothane, hypoxia/halothane) and measured inflow, outflow, and middle
      segment (Rm) resistances using this stop-flow technique. All values are shown as
      means +/- standard deviation. The authors found that hypoxia increased Rm from
      normoxia values of .006 +/- .005 cmH2O.ml-1.min-1 to .025 +/- .008 cmH2O.ml-1.min
      1 (P less than 0.05). During hypoxia/halothane Rm returned to .005 +/- .004
      cmH2O.ml-1.min-1. The relationship between pressure and flow (P-Q) for the lobes
      for each gas mixture was also determined. The slopes of the P-Q lines by linear
      regression were all similar. The zero-flow pressure intercepts of the P-Q lines
      for normoxia (3.2 +/- .9 cmH2O) and hypoxia (4.4 +/- 1.1 cmH2O) were
      significantly decreased after the administration of halothane (1.7 +/- 1.0 cmH2O
      and 2.6 +/- 1.0 cmH2O, respectively). Since the zero-flow intercept likely
      reflects the tone at alveolar vessel level, the authors conclude that halothane
      inhibits HPV by decreasing the tone in the middle vascular segment.

PMID- 2297117
TI  - Plasma concentrations of laudanosine, but not of atracurium, are increased during
      the anhepatic phase of orthotopic liver transplantation in pigs.
AB  - To quantify the changes in plasma concentrations of atracurium and laudanosine
      induced by the lack of hepatic function and circulation, the authors studied nine
      domestic pigs (22-25 kg) undergoing an orthotopic liver transplantation, and
      three control animals without surgery, using atracurium as the muscle relaxant.
      After intubation facilitated by isoflurane 2-3%, anesthesia was maintained with
      isoflurane (0.5% in oxygen) and fentanyl (4 micrograms.kg-1.hr-1). Ventilation
      was controlled to keep end-tidal CO2 at 35-40 mmHg, body temperature maintained
      at 35.5-37.5 degrees C, and arterial pH at 7.35-7.50. The right sciatic nerve was
      stimulated with a nerve stimulator delivering a single twitch at 0.1 Hz with 0.2
      ms duration, at supramaximal stimulation. The force of the corresponding evoked
      isometric muscle contraction was continuously measured by a force-displacement
      transducer. A single iv bolus of atracurium (2 mg/kg) was given to obtain a 90
      95% twitch depression, followed 5 min later by a constant-rate iv infusion of
      atracurium at 120 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 maintained during the entire
      investigation. Blood samples for plasma atracurium and laudanosine concentrations
      were drawn every 15 min. In the control group, plasma concentrations of
      atracurium remained stable between 6.5-8.0 micrograms/ml following initial bolus
      injection; plasma concentrations of laudanosine increased during the first 60
      min, then remained stable between 0.69-0.74 micrograms/ml up to the end of the
      study. In animals undergoing transplantation, plasma concentrations of atracurium
      remained stable between 10-12 micrograms/ml, despite a 90-min duration of liver
      exclusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297118
TI  - Differential effects of nitrous oxide on baroreflex control of heart rate and
      peripheral sympathetic nerve activity in humans.
AB  - Acute regulation of blood pressure in humans is mediated by arterial baroreflex
      regulation of heart rate, cardiac contractility, and peripheral sympathetic
      outflow. Brief pharmacologic reductions of blood pressure were employed in 11
      healthy volunteers to determine the effects of N2O on baroreflex-mediated
      increases in heart rate and efferent muscle sympathetic nerve activity. R-R
      intervals (ECG), blood pressure (radial artery), central venous pressure,
      respiratory rate (abdominal bellows), and end-tidal gas concentrations (mass
      spectrometer) were monitored. Efferent sympathetic nerve activity directed to
      skeletal muscle blood vessels (MSNA) was recorded from an epoxy-coated tungsten
      needle placed into the peroneal nerve. Data were obtained from six subjects
      before and during iv bolus administration of sodium nitroprusside (100
      micrograms), during control while breathing 40% N2/60% O2, during administration
      of N2O (40% N2O/60% O2), and during recovery (40% N2/60% O2). Five subjects
      served as time controls and breathed 40% N2 in O2 throughout the protocol.
      Nitrous oxide produced a 59 +/- 18% (P less than 0.05) increase in baseline MSNA
      but did not alter the reflex augmentations in MSNA produced by nitroprusside. In
      contrast, there was a 39 +/- 14% decrease in the slope of the relationship
      between systolic pressure and R-R interval (P less than 0.05) in subjects
      breathing N2O. N2O thus produces activation of the sympathetic nerves directed to
      skeletal muscle blood vessels, and it decreases baroreflex-mediated tachycardia
      without diminishing baroreflex-mediated augmentations in sympathetic outflow.

PMID- 2297119
TI  - Frequency response of the peripheral sampling sites of a clinical mass
      spectrometer.
AB  - Mass spectrometers are used in ICUs and ORs to measure the concentration of
      medical and anesthetic gases gathered from multiple sites. This investigation was
      designed to determine the accuracy of a clinical system, which included 12 ICU
      bedside stations monitored by a medical mass spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer RMS III,
      Pomona, CA). Each site station was connected to the analyzing unit via two Teflon
      tubes, one permanently installed, 30-m long, and the second disposable, 2.4-m
      long. A gas mixture containing 95% O2 and 5% CO2, alternating with room air, was
      delivered to a solenoid valve and from there to the connecting tubes. Gas flow
      rate, delay time, rise time, and peak and trough concentrations were determined
      for each gas at solenoid cycling frequencies of 25, 50, and 100/min. After the
      first set of measurements, the 30-m tubes were thoroughly cleaned and all
      measurements repeated. In addition, the authors also measured CO2 delay and rise
      times when the gas was delivered to the mass spectrometer through an unused 30-m
      tube or a new 2.4-m tube. Gas flow-rate increased from 143 +/- 12 ml/min (mean +/
      SD) to 238 +/- 9 ml/min after the tubes were cleaned. Delay time was identical
      for all gases at all solenoid cycling rates but decreased significantly (P less
      than 0.05), from 11.5 +/- 0.3 to 4.8 +/- 0.7 s after the ceiling tubes were
      cleaned. As solenoid valve rate increased, the difference between measured and
      actual gas concentration increased. The lowest accuracy was 63.6 +/- 2.1%, for
      CO2 at 100 cycles/min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297120
TI  - Massive venous air embolism during orthotopic liver transplantation.

PMID- 2297121
TI  - Venous air embolism during surgical manipulation of a femoral bone cyst.

PMID- 2297122
TI  - Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis: anesthetic management.

PMID- 2297123
TI  - Venous air embolism in the recovery room producing unexplained cardiac
      dysrhythmias: a case report.

PMID- 2297124
TI  - An unusual cause of misleading temperature readings.

PMID- 2297125
TI  - An increase in serum creatine kinase concentration due to variant creatine kinase
      during preterm labor.

PMID- 2297126
TI  - Legal view of informed consent for anesthesia during labor.

PMID- 2297127
TI  - Epidural anesthesia in patients with coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2297128
TI  - Problems and innovations in home-based patient-controlled analgesia with epidural
      opioids.

PMID- 2297129
TI  - Oral midazolam for a mentally retarded patient.

PMID- 2297130
TI  - What is the etiology of "reactions" to vascular graft material?

PMID- 2297131
TI  - The effect of ketamine on human somatosensory evoked potentials and its
      modification by nitrous oxide.
AB  - The effect of ketamine alone and in combination with N2O (70% inspired) on median
      nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) was investigated in 16
      neurologically normal patients undergoing elective abdominopelvic procedures. The
      anesthetic regimen consisted of ketamine (2 mg/kg iv bolus followed by continuous
      infusion at a rate of 30 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) [corrected], neuromuscular
      blockade (atracurium), and mechanical ventilation with 100% oxygen. SSEP
      recordings were obtained immediately preinduction and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30
      min postinduction. Thereafter, N2O was added with surgical incision and
      maintained for 15 min. At 5-min intervals, SSEP recordings were again taken
      during and after N2O. With minor exceptions, mean cortical and noncortical
      latencies as well as noncortical-evoked potential amplitude were unaffected by
      either ketamine or N2O. Ketamine induction increased cortical amplitude
      significantly with maximal increases occurring within 2-10 min. For example, at 5
      min postinduction, mean N1-P1 amplitude increased from 2.58 +/- 1.05 (baseline)
      to 2.98 +/- 1.20 microV and P1-N2 amplitude increased from 2.12 +/- 1.50
      (baseline) to 3.99 +/- 1.76 microV. Throughout the 30-min period after ketamine
      induction, mean P1-N2 amplitude increased generally by more (57-88%) than did
      mean N1-P1 amplitude (6-16%). N2O added to the background ketamine anesthetic
      produced a rapid and consistent reduction in both N1-P1 and P1-N2 amplitude.
      Thus, at 1 min after N2O, mean N1-P1 amplitude decreased from 2.74 +/- 1.11 to
      1.64 +/- 0.63 microV, while P1-N2 amplitude decreased from 3.32 +/- 1.52 to 1.84
      +/- 0.87 microV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297133
TI  - Central venous cannulation using the infraclavicular axillary vein.
AB  - A new percutaneous approach to central venous catheterization was recently
      described which seemed to offer advantages over others commonly used. To evaluate
      the technique, it was successfully used in 102 consecutive patients for
      monitoring, drug infusion, pulmonary arterial catheterization, and parenteral
      nutrition. There was a low incidence of complications, the most frequent being
      arterial puncture. The results confirm that this is an effective and relatively
      safe technique that deserves consideration in patients who require central venous
      catheterization.

PMID- 2297132
TI  - Transesophageal echocardiography and its potential for esophageal damage.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pressure produced by
      contact between a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probe and the esophagus
      was sufficient to cause esophageal damage. The authors studied the effects of
      sustained contact and associated surface pressure on the esophagus by a TEE probe
      in anesthetized dogs and humans. Contact pressure between the tip of the probe
      and the esophageal wall in dogs was measured using a previously described flat
      balloon of Silastic fitted to the end of a TEE probe and the recording system
      calibrated with a mercury manometer. In the dog studies, the probe was inserted,
      maximally flexed, and its position fixed for 4, 6, 8, and 12 h. The maximum
      surface pressure generated by contact between a probe and the esophageal wall was
      10 mmHg. Subsequent pathologic studies failed to reveal either gross or
      microscopic evidence of tissue damage. The same system was used in short-term
      patient studies with the surface contact pressure transducer connected to a
      Camino Catheter 420 Digital Pressure Monitor. In five of six patients contact
      pressure was less than 17 mmHg despite maximal rotation of the TEE controls.
      However, one of the six patients developed very high contact pressure, up to 60
      mmHg, between the probe and the esophagus. This patient had no history of
      esophageal disease but did have intrathoracic pathology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297134
TI  - Maternal anesthesia and the stressed fetus: effects of isoflurane on the
      asphyxiated fetal lamb.
AB  - The effects of maternal isoflurane-oxygen anesthesia (isoflurane, 1% inspired)
      were measured in eight pregnant ewes and their asphyxiated singleton fetuses.
      Stable fetal asphyxia, indicated by a stable fetal arterial pH of 7.1-7.2 units,
      was produced by maternal uterine artery occlusion. Maternal and fetal heart rates
      and blood pressures; maternal uterine artery flow; maternal arterial, fetal
      arterial, and sagittal sinus pH; and blood gas tensions were determined during an
      awake control period, during fetal asphyxia alone, and during fetal asphyxia plus
      isoflurane-oxygen. Measurements of representative fetal whole organ blood flows,
      cardiac output, and cerebral oxygen consumption were also made during each of the
      three experimental periods. During asphyxia alone regional and total brain,
      heart, and adrenal flows increased above control while flow to the spleen and
      carcass decreased. Similar responses were seen during asphyxia plus isoflurane
      oxygen. Fetal arterial and sagittal sinus pH, base excess, po2, and oxygen
      saturation decreased, and hydrogen ion concentrations and pco2 increased during
      asphyxia alone and asphyxia plus isoflurane-oxygen. Cerebral oxygen consumption
      decreased significantly from control during asphyxia plus isoflurane-oxygen,
      whereas no significant changes occurred in cerebral oxygen delivery. These
      results support the conclusions that in the asphyxiated fetus: 1) acidosis is
      increased; 2) cardiac output is redistributed to vital organs; and 3) the balance
      of cerebral oxygen supply-to-demand is maintained during maternal isoflurane
      oxygen anesthesia.

PMID- 2297135
TI  - Caffeine and halothane contracture testing in swine using the recommendations of
      the North American Malignant Hyperthermia Group.
AB  - Caffeine and halothane contracture testing is widely used to detect malignant
      hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility. The accuracy and reliability of the 3%
      halothane test and the incremental caffeine test, as recommended by the North
      American MH Group, were assessed in 11 swine (five MHS, six control). Nine swine
      were tested twice, 4-6 weeks apart. Accuracy of the in vitro diagnosis was also
      assessed by in vivo anesthetic challenge. Of all muscle bundles from MH
      susceptible swine, 65% reacted positively to 3% halothane and 70% to 2 mM
      caffeine. Only 35% had a positive caffeine-specific concentration, and 25%
      developed an increase in baseline tension greater than or equal to 7% at 2 mM
      caffeine. However, when only the most positive response to 3% halothane or to 2
      mM caffeine was used (a minimum of three fresh muscle strips is recommended),
      these two tests were highly sensitive and specific. In control swine one of 30
      muscle bundles reacted positively to 3% halothane. A positive caffeine-specific
      concentration developed in one of 25 control muscle bundles exposed to caffeine.
      The variability in the results of these tests mandated that at least three muscle
      bundles be used for each test. Nonviable muscle bundles could not be relied upon
      to provide accurate results. In this porcine model, MH susceptibility could be
      detected by performing the Caffeine Halothane Contracture Test (CHCT) according
      to the guidelines of the North American MH Group. However, only the 3% halothane
      test and the response to 2 mM caffeine produced adequate diagnostic results in
      this breed of swine.

PMID- 2297136
TI  - Effects of vasodilators on gas exchange in acute canine embolic pulmonary
      hypertension.
AB  - Pulmonary vascular tone was investigated by the construction of pulmonary
      arterial pressure (PAP)/cardiac output (Q) plots, and gas exchange, by the
      multiple inert gas elimination technique, in 24 anesthetized dogs before and
      after pulmonary embolization of autologous clots. Three PAP/Q plots were obtained
      by a manipulation of venous return at baseline and 60 min and 110 min after
      embolization. Before the third PAP/Q plot, the dogs were randomly allocated to
      one of the following iv treatments: 1) placebo (n = 6); 2) prostaglandin E1
      (PGE1) 0.4 microgram.kg-1.min-1 (n = 6); 3) hydralazine 2 mg/kg (n = 6); and 4)
      nitroprusside 10 microgram.kg-1.min-1 (n = 6). These vasodilators decreased
      systemic arterial pressure by a mean of 44%. Ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q)
      distributions were determined at the same Q (2.4 +/- 0.1 l.min-1.m-2, mean +/-
      SE) of each PAP/Q plot. Embolization increased the intercept and the slope of the
      PAP/Q plots (P less than 0.001). Distributions of VA/Q were only moderately
      impaired, with an increased dispersion of both VA and Q and a shift of VA
      distributions to higher VA/Q. PaO2 changed from 208 +/- 5 to 172 +/- 8 mmHg (P
      less than 0.01) (fraction of inspired O2 was 0.4). None of the treatments had any
      effect on VA/Q distributions. Placebo and PGE1 had no effect on PAP/Q plots.
      Hydralazine and nitroprusside reduced the slope of the PAP/Q plots. Thus, in this
      canine model of acute pulmonary embolism: 1) VA/Q distributions were moderately
      impaired accounting for only slight hypoxemia, and 2) pulmonary hypertension was
      partially reversible by hydralazine and by nitroprusside without associated non
      flow-dependent change in VA/Q distributions and arterial oxygenation.

PMID- 2297138
TI  - Facilitation of communication through uniform requirements.

PMID- 2297137
TI  - Comparison of methohexital and isoflurane on neurologic outcome and
      histopathology following incomplete ischemia in rats.
AB  - Using a rat model of incomplete cerebral ischemia the effects of isoflurane (iso)
      and methohexital (metho) were compared with those of 70% nitrous oxide controls
      (N2O). Two levels of incomplete cerebral ischemia were produced by right carotid
      occlusion plus hypotension for 30 min: moderate = 30 mmHg, FIO2 = 0.30; severe =
      25 mmHg, FIO2 = 0.20. The iso doses (1 and 2 MAC) and metho doses (0.01 and 0.1
      mg.kg-1.min-1) were tested at each ischemic level. These iso and metho doses were
      selected because without ischemia they produced similar decreases in cerebral
      oxygen consumption (CMRO2) compared with that produced in N2O controls. In the
      absence of ischemia, the electroencephalogram (EEG) was suppressed by 0.01 mg.kg
      1.min-1 metho and 1 MAC iso and showed burst-suppression with 0.1 mg.kg-1.min-1
      metho and 2 MAC iso. The EEG was further depressed by ischemia under all
      anesthetic conditions. Neurologic outcome was evaluated for 3 days following
      incomplete cerebral ischemia by using a graded deficit score (0 = normal, 5 =
      death associated with stroke). Following moderate ischemia all four anesthetic
      treatments improved outcome compared with N2O controls, but after severe ischemia
      only 2 MAC iso significantly improved outcome. Neurohistopathology was evaluated
      on a scale of 0 to 40, 24 h after ischemia. The neurohistopathology score was
      significantly improved by all four anesthetic treatments compared with N2O
      following moderate ischemia and was better with 2 MAC iso compared with 0.1 mg.kg
      1.min-1 metho after both moderate and severe ischemia. These results show that
      both iso and metho improve outcome from cerebral ischemia compared with that
      associated with N2O, but only 2 MAC iso resulted in an improved outcome following
      severe ischemia. This difference in outcome between the two anesthetics may be
      related to greater neuronal depression with iso, which may occur with little
      difference in cerebral metabolic depression.

PMID- 2297139
TI  - In vitro determination of specific IgE.

PMID- 2297140
TI  - Acute interstitial pneumonia in a patient with Behcet's syndrome and common
      variable immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2297141
TI  - Effect of intravenous gammaglobulin therapy in IgG2 deficient and IgG2 sufficient
      children with recurrent infections and poor response to immunization with
      Hemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide antigen.
AB  - Nine children with recurrent sinopulmonary infections and normal IgG levels
      failed to improve after a 12-month period of prophylactic antibiotic therapy with
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Five of these children had selective deficiency of
      IgG2 subclass, while the other four did not, but all nine children had a poor
      response to immunization with Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular
      polysaccharide. Following the institution of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
      therapy, there was a significant decrease in the episodes of sinusitis and otitis
      media in all patients. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy resulted in a
      significant increase in total serum IgG, IgG2, and IgG anti-Hib antibody levels.
      Discontinuation of IVIG therapy was followed by the return of recurrent
      infections. This preliminary study demonstrates that IVIG replacement therapy in
      children with recurrent infections and selective antibody deficiency is
      associated with a significant reduction in the frequency of sinopulmonary
      infections.

PMID- 2297142
TI  - A double-blind trial of oral immunotherapy for Artemisia pollen asthma with
      evaluation of bronchial response to the pollen allergen and serum-specific IgE
      antibody.
AB  - Eighteen asymptomatic Artemisia pollen asthma patients with normal pulmonary
      function were selected for a double-blind trial of oral immunotherapy. Each
      patient had a positive skin test to Artemisia pollen extract and also a positive
      bronchial challenge response to the same extract. The patients were randomly
      assigned to active treatment or placebo group and received intensive oral
      administration of Artemisia pollen extract over a 50-day course. The nine
      patients who received the active treatment ingested a cumulative dose of 396,652
      PNU and showed a significant decrease in serum-specific IgE antibodies (P less
      than .05) and a significant reduction in bronchial sensitivity to the same
      extract (P less than .01). The changes in these two variables correlated well (r
      = .8787, P less than .01). The nine patients who received the placebo showed no
      significant changes in serum-specific IgE or bronchial sensitivity to Artemisia
      pollen extract. Follow-up of two cases with the same extract showed that the
      reductions in serum-specific IgE as well as bronchial sensitivity induced by oral
      immunotherapy were maintained for 3 months.

PMID- 2297143
TI  - Allergenic variability in olea pollen.
AB  - Marked in vitro allergenic potency variations were observed among six different
      olive pollen batches as determined by RAST inhibition, in direct correlation with
      the content of a multimeric component of 55,000 D as analyzed by size-exclusion
      high performance liquid chromotography. Electrophoretical patterns displayed
      differences in a heterogeneous band of 20,000 D and isoelectric point around 5,
      which probably represents the monomeric form of the major allergen.

PMID- 2297144
TI  - Chronic cough caused by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
AB  - Physicians should suspect ACE inhibitors as the cause of cough in patients whose
      symptom begins soon after the institution of therapy with this class of drugs.
      This is particularly important in patients without a personal or family history
      of atopy, with normal physical findings, chest radiographs, and lung function
      tests. Rather than subjecting the patient to an extensive workup, substitution of
      a different antihypertensive agent is an inexpensive way to show whether the ACE
      inhibitor is the cause of the chronic cough.

PMID- 2297145
TI  - Allergy to pine pollen and pinon nuts: a review of three cases.

PMID- 2297146
TI  - Hemothorax in a patient with asthma.
AB  - Treatment of chronic illnesses such as asthma can often become routine. This is a
      case report that emphasizes the importance of a thorough history and physical
      examination for each exacerbation of asthma. An 11-year-old girl with a history
      of asthma presented to the emergency room with wheezing and dyspnea that was
      assumed to be an exacerbation of her chronic illness. After careful history
      taking and physical examination, a chest radiograph was recommended. The x-ray
      revealed a hemothorax and a new diagnosis was made, thoracic Ewing's sarcoma.

PMID- 2297147
TI  - The role of bicarbonate and fluid loading in improving resuscitation from
      prolonged cardiac arrest with rapid manual chest compression CPR.
AB  - Rapid manual chest compression (120 compressions/min) CPR has been shown to
      improve hemodynamics and survival when compared with standard CPR (60
      compressions/min) in a canine model of prolonged cardiac arrest. The study
      showing improved survival with rapid manual CPR empirically included treatment
      with bicarbonate and initial fluid loading. To determine the role of bicarbonate
      and fluid loading in the success of rapid manual chest compression CPR, 31
      mongrel dogs were studied. After instrumentation with micromanometer-tipped
      catheters to measure aortic and right atrial pressures, the animals were assigned
      sequentially to three treatment groups. Group A underwent rapid manual chest
      compressions at 120 compressions/min, bicarbonate treatment, and initial fluid
      loading. Group B underwent rapid manual compressions at 120 compressions/min
      without bicarbonate or fluid loading. Group C underwent standard CPR at 80
      compressions/min with bicarbonate and fluid loading. After 30 minutes of
      ventricular fibrillation, defibrillation was attempted. Seven of 11 dogs in group
      A survived 24 hours. None of the animals in group B resuscitated or survived.
      Three of the ten dogs in group C survived 24 hours. Survival with rapid manual
      CPR without bicarbonate and initial fluid loading was significantly less than
      when these interventions were used (P less than .01). To examine the separate
      contribution of bicarbonate and fluid therapy, two additional groups of animals
      were studied. Fourteen animals (group D) received rapid manual CPR with
      bicarbonate therapy, and 12 (group E) received rapid manual CPR with fluid
      loading only.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297148
TI  - Some views on post-traumatic neck pain.

PMID- 2297149
TI  - An emergency medicine society.

PMID- 2297150
TI  - Frequency of inhaled metaproterenol in the treatment of acute asthma
      exacerbation.
AB  - Acute asthma exacerbations are common complaints in patients who present to the
      emergency department. A prospective, double-blinded study was designed to
      evaluate how frequency of dosing of an inhaled beta-agonist, metaproterenol
      (Alupent inhalation solution) would affect patient response, length of stay in
      the ED, and admission rates. Forty-one patients initially received a 0.3-mL dose
      of nebulized metaproterenol followed by two additional doses of either
      metaproterenol or saline every 20 minutes. While there was no difference in
      response (forced expiratory volume in one second) in patients at 30 minutes after
      their arrival, there was an improved response in the metaproterenol group at 60
      and 120 minutes. The length of stay in the ED was approximately the same for both
      groups. There was no significant difference in admission rates. No increase in
      undesirable side effects (eg, nausea, tremor, palpitations) was seen in the
      metaproterenol-treated group. Frequent dosing of metaproterenol is useful in
      asthmatics having acute exacerbations and leads to rapid improvement without an
      increase in toxicity.

PMID- 2297152
TI  - Comparison of serum phenobarbital levels after single versus multiple attempts at
      intraosseous infusion.
AB  - Serum drug levels from a single intraosseous attempt in nontraumatized bone have
      proven comparable to levels from IV drug infusions. However, in the clinical
      situation, inexperienced personnel may make multiple intraosseous attempts, which
      could allow significant extravasation from multiple intramedullary entrance
      sites. Serum drug levels arising from multiple intraosseous attempts in
      traumatized bone were compared with those arising from single intraosseous
      attempts in nontraumatized bone. We administered phenobarbital to 24 dogs
      randomly divided into single- (11) and multiple-attempt (13) groups. In the
      multiple-attempt group, we created three intramedullary insertion sites in a
      linear fashion and infused through only the central site. In the single-attempt
      group, only a single infusion site was created. Phenobarbital then was infused
      into the intramedullary space, and central venous phenobarbital samples were
      collected at one-, three-, six-, and ten-minute intervals. The single-attempt
      group attained significantly higher serum phenobarbital levels at each interval
      compared with the multiple-attempt group (P less than .0001). Therefore, to be an
      effective mode of therapy, it is critical to achieve single-attempt intraosseous
      needle placement for intraosseous infusion.

PMID- 2297151
TI  - A prospective study of femoral versus subclavian vein catheterization during
      cardiac arrest.
AB  - Femoral vein catheterization has advantages over subclavian vein catheterization
      during cardiac arrest in that there is minimal interference to ongoing CPR. In
      addition, risks of subclavian catheterization are not a factor in femoral vein
      catheterization. Few studies have compared the success rate for catheterization
      of one site with that of the other during cardiac arrest. We conducted a
      prospective study to compare the success and complication rates for femoral with
      those of subclavian vein catheterization. Ninety-four patients undergoing CPR had
      either femoral or subclavian vein catheters placed during the course of the
      arrest. Catheter placement was verified by injection of radiopaque contrast
      material. We found that the success rate for femoral catheterization was 77%
      compared with a success rate of 94% for subclavian vein catheterization (P less
      than .05). There were no instances of pneumothorax with subclavian vein
      catheterization. There was no apparent learning curve leading to an increased
      success rate during the course of the study. We conclude that femoral vein
      catheterization should not be used except in those instances where attempts at
      peripheral and central venous cannulation are unsuccessful.

PMID- 2297153
TI  - Acute cocaine abuse associated with cerebral infarction.
AB  - We present the case of a 29-year-old patient who developed a cerebral infarction,
      without hemorrhage, after using cocaine. A computed tomography scan of the brain
      at the time of initial presentation was entirely normal; a repeat CT scan on the
      fifth hospital day showed a basal ganglion infarction. No evidence of
      intracranial bleeding was detected. Theories of cocaine-induced cerebral
      infarction, including promotion of thrombogenesis and vasospasm, are reviewed.

PMID- 2297154
TI  - Near-fatal yew berry intoxication treated with external cardiac pacing and
      digoxin-specific FAB antibody fragments.
AB  - The case of a 5-year-old girl who survived a near-fatal ingestion of yew plant
      leaves after treatment with CPR, transcutaneous pacing, and digoxin-specific FAB
      antibody fragments is presented. Multiple rhythm disturbances, including profound
      bradycardia, occurred. She required endotracheal intubation, external chest
      compressions, and application of a transcutaneous pacemaker. Paced cardiac
      contractions produced a dramatic improvement in her blood pressure and clinical
      condition. Two empiric injections of digoxin-specific FAB antibody fragments were
      administered, after which cardiac function and rhythm gradually improved. She was
      discharged in her normal state of health three days later. Yew leaves and berries
      contain several alkaloids that can produce fatal conduction disturbances.
      Transcutaneous cardiac pacemakers may be lifesaving for patients with transient
      cardiac toxicity from drug or toxin ingestions. In addition, cross-reactivity
      between digoxin-specific FAB antibodies and the alkaloids in the yew plant may
      exist and may have therapeutic importance, although this mechanism was unlikely
      to have helped our patient.

PMID- 2297155
TI  - Chloroquine poisoning in a child.
AB  - Chloroquine poisoning in children, although infrequent, is extremely dangerous
      because of the narrow margin between therapeutic and toxic doses. Children
      clinically present with apnea, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. We present the
      case of a 12-month-old infant, the second-youngest patient reported in the US
      literature to die from chloroquine poisoning. A serum level of 4.4 mg/L (13.64
      mumol/L) was obtained after the infant ingested only one tablet (300 mg). This
      establishes a new minimal lethal dose/blood level for children. Although some
      pediatric and adult pharmacokinetic and clinical similarities exist, the outcome
      is different. Pediatric mortality is 80%, whereas adult mortality is only 10%.
      Pediatric ingestion cases are primarily unintentional, and most adult cases are
      suicide attempts. Current treatment in adults includes a protocol of diazepam and
      epinephrine. Further studies involving children and these medications and other
      modalities are needed to improve survival.

PMID- 2297156
TI  - Epiglottitis: comparison of signs and symptoms in children less than 2 years old
      and older.
AB  - A 20-year retrospective review of 236 children with epiglottitis was performed to
      determine the frequency of occurrence of 21 presenting signs and symptoms. To
      determine the association of age with clinical presentation and diagnosis of
      epiglottitis, the signs and symptoms of children less than 2 years old were
      compared with those of children 2 years of age and older. Fifty-eight children
      (25%) were less than 2 years old. Sore throat was the only factor significantly
      different in the two age groups (P less than .01), occurring more commonly in the
      older children. There were 128 children (54%) with blood cultures positive for
      Haemophilus influenzae. Analyses of patients with positive blood cultures gave
      similar results. The signs and symptoms that clinically support epiglottitis in
      children less than 2 years old are similar in older children.

PMID- 2297157
TI  - Comparison of topical tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine anesthesia with
      lidocaine infiltration for repair of lacerations in children.
AB  - Local anesthetic infiltration is painful and frightening for children. We
      prospectively compared a topical alternative, TAC solution (tetracaine 0.5%,
      adrenaline 1:2,000, cocaine 11.8%), with 1% lidocaine infiltration for use in
      laceration repair in 467 children. Adequate anesthesia of facial and scalp wounds
      was achieved for 81% of TAC-treated wounds versus 87% of lidocaine-treated wounds
      (P = .005). TAC was less effective on extremity wounds; 43% had effective
      anesthesia compared with 89% of lidocaine-treated extremity wounds (P less than
      .0001). No systemic toxicity was observed. The incidence of wound infection was
      2.2% for both TAC and lidocaine. Wound dehiscence occurred in seven TAC- and two
      lidocaine-treated facial or scalp wounds (4.5% vs 1.8%, NS) and in five TAC- and
      four lidocaine-treated extremity wounds (20% vs 17.4%, NS). The unusually high
      rate of dehiscence was due partially to recurrent trauma or coincident infection.
      TAC was well accepted by patients and parents. We encourage the careful use of
      TAC as a less painful alternative to lidocaine infiltration for selected scalp
      and facial lacerations in children.

PMID- 2297158
TI  - A short course on motor vehicle injury for emergency medicine residents.
AB  - Despite growing interest and activity by emergency physicians in injury
      prevention, we found no reports of any attempts to include injury control
      concepts in emergency medicine residency training. An existing course for
      graduate level public health students on motor vehicle injury was modified for
      emergency medicine residents, presented as a one-day short course, and evaluated.
      The objective of the course was to provide information regarding the dynamics and
      prevention of motor vehicle crashes. An equally important second objective was to
      demonstrate to the residents the need for emergency physicians as part of the
      injury control research team. The content of the course was based on the
      conceptual model in which a motor vehicle crash is analyzed in terms of precrash,
      crash, and post-crash factors. The correlation between the mechanism of injury
      and the types of injuries experienced was of particular interest. A one-day
      format was found to be too concentrated. The incorporation of injury prevention
      concepts and research methods into the grand rounds, journal club, and
      conferences of the emergency medicine residency is recommended. Educational
      objectives and practical suggestions for implementation are provided. A
      comprehensive reading list is available on request.

PMID- 2297159
TI  - Injury control: a primer for physicians.
AB  - Injuries are a disease process that costs billions of dollars every year in
      direct and indirect costs. Despite recent emphasis on prehospital systems and
      trauma care, prevention of injuries remains an area underutilized by physicians.
      As a disease process, injuries are amenable to evaluation with epidemiologic
      tools and subject to prevention by modifying the transmission of energy to human
      beings. This may occur by either active or passive means of intervention.
      Physician leadership in the prevention of injuries is important, yet few
      physicians have training in injury control. The concepts of injury control are
      presented by defining the components that create injury and by examining the
      factors that affect each component. Strategies for identifying countermeasures
      are described and the merits of each of the applications of countermeasures are
      discussed. The physician must understand these basic concepts of injury control
      to an effective leader in developing strategies that mitigate injury in the
      community.

PMID- 2297160
TI  - Comparison of standard versus high-dose epinephrine in the resuscitation of
      cardiac arrest in dogs.
AB  - A prospective, randomized, blinded study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy
      of standard compared with high-dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest in dogs. Twenty
      five mongrel dogs were anesthetized and monitored by central venous catheter,
      intra-arterial catheter, and ECG. A left lateral thoracotomy was performed, and
      the proximal left anterior descending artery was ligated. After ten minutes of
      myocardial ischemia, ventricular fibrillation was obtained by application of 6-V
      AC. Mechanical ventilation was stopped. Total arrest time was ten minutes. All
      animals were randomized into one of five resuscitation protocols; each protocol
      was identical except for the dose and route of epinephrine administration. Group
      1 animals comprised the control group and received normal saline. Group 2 and 3
      animals received epinephrine in doses of 0.014 mg/kg by central venous and
      intracardiac injection, respectively. Group 4 and 5 animals received epinephrine
      in doses of 0.071 mg/kg by central venous and intracardiac injection,
      respectively. None of the dogs receiving normal saline had a return of
      spontaneous circulation, defined as a spontaneous systolic blood pressure of more
      than 50 mm Hg. Nine of the ten animals from groups 2 and 3 and all of the ten
      animals from groups 4 and 5 had a return of spontaneous circulation. However,
      animals receiving the standard dose of epinephrine had a significantly longer
      resuscitation time compared with the high-dose group (P = .05) and required more
      doses of epinephrine for successful resuscitation than did animals receiving high
      doses (P less than .02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297161
TI  - Introduction to biostatistics: Part 1, Basic concepts.
AB  - Statistical methods commonly used to analyze data presented in journal articles
      should be understood by both medical scientists and practicing clinicians.
      Inappropriate data analysis methods have been reported in 42% to 78% of original
      publications in critical reviews of selected medical journals. The only way to
      halt researchers' misuse of statistics and improve the clinician's knowledge of
      statistics is through education. This is the first of a six-part series of
      articles intended to provide the reader with a basic, yet fundamental knowledge
      of common biomedical statistical methods. The series will cover basic concepts of
      statistical analysis, descriptive statistics, statistical inference theory,
      comparison of means, chi 2, and correlational and regression techniques. A
      conceptual explanation will accompany discussion of the appropriate use of these
      techniques.

PMID- 2297162
TI  - Emergency medicine: winning the revolution!

PMID- 2297163
TI  - Residency training: the missing curriculum.

PMID- 2297164
TI  - Injury management and the emergency physician.

PMID- 2297165
TI  - Emergency medicine and the health care needs of the indigent child.

PMID- 2297166
TI  - Inferring psychological significance from physiological signals.
AB  - A century has passed since the publication of William James's Principles of
      Psychology, yet most of the questions James raised about the relation between
      physiological events and molar psychological or behavioral processes, such as
      emotion, remain unanswered. The sluggish progress in capitalizing on
      physiological signals to address general psychological questions is due in part
      to shortcomings in the quantification of physiological signals in humans and,
      perhaps more important, to the way in which investigators have been thinking
      about the relation between physiological signals and psychological operations. In
      this article, we illustrate these points, and we provide a conceptual framework
      to foster research and analysis of psychological phenomena based on physiological
      signals. Psychological operations and physiological responses are defined in
      terms of configural and temporal properties, and psychophysiological relations
      are conceptualized in terms of their specificity (e.g., one-to-one versus many-to
      one) and their generality (e.g., situation or person specific versus cross
      situational and pancultural). This model yields four classes of
      psychophysiological relations: (a) outcomes, (b) concomitants, (c) markers, and
      (d) invariants. Finally, the model specifies how to determine whether a
      psychophysiological relation is an outcome, concomitant, marker, or invariant,
      and it describes important limitations in inferences of psychological
      significance based on physiological signals when dealing with each.

PMID- 2297167
TI  - The multiple partnership. Scientist, university, agency, and government.
AB  - In the United States a large and significant percentage of scientific effort is
      carried out in universities and financed by government and private agencies. The
      partnership between universities and research support agencies relies on
      individuals representing their scientific organizations, their universities, and
      their agencies. These individuals deal with the ideas, the proposals, and
      advocacies that push and shape the programs that ultimately become established.
      The organizational and political realities that drive and influence this
      partnership are described in a way that highlights the ensuing richness,
      diversity, and the sometimes wasted efforts that characterize American science.
      Present-day science advocacy in the United States is placed in perspective as it
      is compared with an ideal, advocacy-free system and to other systems that have
      existed historically.

PMID- 2297168
TI  - Scientist-administrators at the National Institute of Child Health and Human
      Development as contributors to the scientific enterprise.
AB  - At the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), as in
      other government research supporting agencies, scientist-administrators who are
      "program staff" work to accomplish their organization's set of research
      priorities using established mechanisms for supporting research. At the same
      time, the definition of their work is given to their interpretation, which, in
      turn, is guided by their understanding of their scientific discipline and their
      commitment to it. The tension that may arise between the organization-guided role
      and the science-guided role is more apparent than real because the major
      responsibility of "program staff" within the Institute is to cultivate a grant
      portfolio addressing scientific issues relevant to the mission of the Institute
      and exemplifying the most advanced research concepts and methodologies. When the
      overlap between the mission of the Institute and the direction of science is
      small, the push to increase it leads to new and imaginative solutions that
      benefit both the Institute and the science.

PMID- 2297169
TI  - A rabbit model of pulmonary hypertension induced by the synthetic platelet
      activating factor acetylglyceryl ether phosphorylcholine.
AB  - Development of effective treatment for human pulmonary hypertension (PHT) has
      been hampered by an incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. We present a
      rabbit model of PHT based on platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent
      phospholipid autacoid synthesized by a variety of mammalian cells. PAF was
      intravenously infused into rabbits for 4 wk. After the infusion, rabbits
      underwent pulmonary arterial catheterization for hemodynamic evaluation, and lung
      tissue was morphometrically analyzed for changes in cross-sectional areas of
      intima and media, and alteration in number of small pulmonary arteries. The heart
      was evaluated by the method of Fulton for right ventricular hypertrophy. Mean
      pulmonary arterial pressure was 20 +/- 2 mm Hg in PAF-treated rabbits compared
      with 12 +/- 1 mm Hg in vehicle-treated control rabbits. PAF induced a trend
      toward loss of small muscular pulmonary arteries, measuring 50 to 200 microns in
      diameter, and right ventricular hypertrophy. There was a decrease in
      circumference of the internal elastic lamina in vessels accompanying alveolar
      ducts and in alveolar walls, and a relative increase in the intimal cross
      sectional area of these vessels. These lesions were associated with a trend
      toward medial hypertrophy. No increase in lung water was found. Pressure changes
      occurred in the absence of alterations in hematocrit and arterial partial
      pressure of oxygen. We conclude that chronic intravenous infusion of PAF, a
      naturally synthesized substance, into rabbits provides a potentially useful model
      for the study of vascular changes associated with PHT.

PMID- 2297170
TI  - Oxygen radical production by alveolar inflammatory cells in idiopathic pulmonary
      fibrosis.
AB  - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic inflammatory interstitial lung
      disease characterized by the accumulation of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and
      neutrophils in the lower respiratory tract, parenchymal cell injury, and fibrosis
      of the alveolar structure. Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) are claimed to be
      a major cause of tissue damage in IPF; however, the source of ROI has not been
      unequivocally identified. AMs, as well as neutrophils, are capable of releasing
      these agents. The contributions of these possible sources are not known. To
      address this question, we evaluated the spontaneous and stimulated (PMA or
      zymosan) ROI release of total bronchoalveolar cells and isolated AMs in 14
      patients with IPF by means of luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. Bronchoalveolar
      lavage (BAL) cells from 17 individuals without any signs of inflammation served
      as controls. In comparison with the controls, the spontaneous as well as the
      stimulated ROI release of total BAL cells in IPF are markedly increased (20,763.9
      +/- 5,079.3 versus 2,509.5 +/- 300.6 counts/10 s/2.10(5) cells, spontaneously,
      IPF versus control; 106,819.3 +/- 33,802.8 versus 8,919 +/- 1,357.9 PMA induced;
      41,597.1 +/- 8,442.6 versus 6,223.8 +/- 1,025.1 zymosan induced, p less than
      0.001). Measurement of the ROI release of purified AMs revealed that these cells
      produce the bulk part of ROI released by BAL cells (84%). In spite of the fact
      that, on a per cell basis, the ROI release of neutrophils is 1.7-fold of that of
      AMs, there is no correlation between the ROI production of total BAL cells and
      the percentage of neutrophils in BAL, demonstrating a minor role of these cells
      in the generation of the total ROI burden in IPF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2297171
TI  - Oxidant-induced endothelial leak correlates with decreased cellular energy
      levels.
AB  - A common finding in oxidant-induced organ injury is loss of vascular endothelial
      cell (EC) integrity and subsequent leak. The mechanisms involved are unclear, but
      maintenance of EC structure and functional integrity is highly dependent on the
      EC energy level. This study investigates whether oxidant-induced EC injury and
      concomitant increased monolayer permeability correlate with decreased energy
      levels. Rabbit pulmonary microvascular EC in vitro were exposed to varying levels
      of glucose oxidase as an oxidant-generating source for 2 h. Permeability changes
      were determined by albumin-Evans blue dye exclusion by monolayers of EC. ATP
      (nm/10(6) cells) and energy charge [ATP + 1/2ADP/(ATP + ADP + AMP)] were
      determined by HPLC. ATP and energy charge were found to decrease as permeability
      increased in response to increasing glucose oxidase concentration. ATP levels
      were a significantly more sensitive predictor of increased permeability than was
      energy charge. At 24 h, both permeability and ATP levels returned toward
      baseline. It appears that cell energy charge is preserved despite significant
      increases in monolayer permeability.

PMID- 2297172
TI  - Respiratory and skeletal muscle function in steroid-dependent bronchial asthma.
AB  - Respiratory and skeletal (deltoid) muscle strength were evaluated in 34 oral
      steroid-dependent asthmatics by use of maximal inspiratory and expiratory
      pressures and a myometer. The patients were compared to age- and sex-matched
      asthmatics who had never been on continuous oral steroid treatment. Endurance
      time was also studied in ten steroid-dependent asthmatics and ten controls using
      a pressure threshold breathing device. Nutritional status was assessed from body
      weight, midarm circumference, triceps skinfold (TSF), prealbumin, albumin, and
      total protein. An open biopsy from deltoid muscle was taken from nine steroid
      dependent asthmatics and the diameter of type 1 and type 2 fibers was measured by
      a morphometric study. No differences were found between study and control groups
      either in respiratory and skeletal muscle strength or in endurance time. Steroid
      dependent asthmatics showed a decrease in TSF, total protein, albumin, and
      potassium serum levels when compared with the control group but differences were
      not statistically significant after Bonferroni's adjustment for multiple
      comparison studies. Transversal diameter of type 2 fibers was significantly
      correlated with the percentage of ideal weight (r = 0.75 p less than 0.05), but
      not with average daily dose of steroids nor with the length of steroid treatment.
      Our results support the clinical impression that steroids, at the doses usually
      administered in chronic severe asthma, do not cause muscular weakness. We also
      found that malnutrition rather than corticosteroids is the most important
      contributory factor to type 2 muscle fiber atrophy in steroid-dependent asthma.

PMID- 2297173
TI  - Effect of fasting on hyperoxic lung injury in mice. The role of glutathione.
AB  - Fasted mice exposed to 100% oxygen have more lung damage and die sooner than do
      fed mice. The mechanism responsible for this phenomenon has not been identified.
      We performed the following experiments to test the hypothesis that reduced
      glutathione content in lung tissue of fasted mice contributes to the increased
      susceptibility to hyperoxic lung damage. First, air-exposed mice were fasted for
      as long as 3 days. They had little change in lung levels of superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) or catalase, but they had a 41% decrease in glutathione by Day 3 (p less
      than 0.001). Second, fed mice and fasted mice were exposed to 100% oxygen for as
      long as 4 days. Both groups had nearly identical values of lung SOD and catalase,
      but the fasted mice had lower levels of glutathione (p less than 0.001). Third,
      fed mice received the glutathione synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine
      (BSO; 20 mM) in their drinking water for 2 wk and were then exposed to either air
      or 100% oxygen. Air-exposed mice receiving BSO for 14 days had no change in lung
      SOD content, a 43% increase in catalase (p less than 0.001), and a 41% decrease
      in glutathione (p less than 0.01). Oxygen-exposed, BSO-treated mice had no change
      in SOD and an increase in catalase, but lower glutathione levels, more deaths,
      and increased lung damage on Day 3 (BAL protein: 1.72 +/- 0.21 versus 0.94 +/-
      0.08 mg/ml; p less than 0.01) than did diluent-treated mice. Fourth, fasted mice
      were given liposomes containing glutathione intratracheally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297174
TI  - Effect of corticosteroids on diaphragm function and biochemistry in the rabbit.
AB  - The effects of corticosteroid administration for 2 weeks on diaphragm histology,
      biochemistry, and function were assessed in the rabbit at rest and during
      inspiratory loading to respiratory failure, and compared to the extensor
      digitorum longus and untreated control animals. There were marked pathologic
      changes in the diaphragm after corticosteroid administration and significant
      alterations in diaphragm glycogen level (118.7 +/- 2.8 versus 56.2 +/- 1.0
      mmol/kg wet weight, p less than 0.01) and lactate level (5.3 +/- 0.3 versus 3.5
      +/- 0.4 mmol/kg wet weight, p less than 0.01) with only minimal changes in the
      skeletal muscle. Although respiratory muscle endurance in the control group
      increased from 142 +/- 17 min at baseline to 155 +/- 20 at Week 1 and 183 +/- 13
      at Week 2 (p less than 0.05), it fell progressively from 135 +/- 19 min at
      baseline to 99 +/- 5 at Week 1 and 88 +/- 9 at Week 2 (p less than 0.01) in the
      corticosteroid-treated animals. On the other hand, there was no significant
      change in resting Pdimax after corticosteroid administration. In addition, there
      was no significant change in Pdimax, Pdi/Edi ratio, or glycogen level at the
      point of respiratory failure, but diaphragm lactate levels were increased (8.5 +/
      0.8 versus 5.3 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.05). When variable degrees of diaphragm
      dysfunction were induced by phrenic nerve pacing and/or thoracoabdominal binding,
      the degree of biochemical change associated with diaphragm dysfunction was
      significantly greater in corticosteroid-treated animals. We conclude that
      corticosteroid administration in the rabbit alters diaphragm histopathology and
      biochemistry as well as respiratory muscle endurance, but not strength.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297175
TI  - The diagnosis of mild emphysema. Correlation of computed tomography and pathology
      scores.
AB  - Early and accurate diagnosis of emphysema is said to be invaluable for
      identification of clinically silent and mild emphysema. Recently, computed
      tomography (CT) has been much advocated for its efficacy in detailed diagnosis of
      emphysema, and the results have been compared with the pathology grade of
      emphysema in resected lung specimens. To assess the ability of high resolution CT
      scan in detecting and grading mild emphysema, we correlated the high resolution
      CT scan with the pathology grade of emphysema and the destructive index (DI) of
      lung specimens from 42 patients undergoing thoracotomy for a solitary pulmonary
      nodule. The high resolution CT scan and the cut surface of the lung,
      corresponding exactly to the same plane of the CT scan image, were assessed using
      the picture-grading system of Thurlbeck and coworkers on a scale of zero to 100.
      The CT scores for all patients ranged from 12 to 57, with a mean +/- SD of 22.1
      +/- 9.6 using 1-mm collimation (n = 35), and from 7 to 46 with a mean +/- SD of
      16.5 +/- 8.3 using 5-mm collimation (n = 33). The pathology scores ranged from 10
      to 57, with a mean +/- SD of 23.2 +/- 9.8 (n = 42). The DI ranged from 15.4 to
      67.1, with a mean +/- SD of 31.4 +/- 10.8 (n = 42). The CT scores using 1-mm and
      5-mm collimation correlated significantly with the pathology scores (r = 0.68 and
      0.76, respectively, p less than 0.001), and with the DI (r = 0.62 and 0.74,
      respectively, p less than 0.001). The pathology scores correlated significantly
      with the DI (r = 0.72, p less than 0.001). We therefore concluded that high
      resolution CT can help to identify the presence and grading of mild emphysema.

PMID- 2297176
TI  - Direct cytotoxicity of polymorphonuclear leukocyte granule proteins to human lung
      derived cells and endothelial cells.
AB  - Neutrophils, in the course of defending the host against microbial invasion,
      release a potent arsenal of proteins that can potentially damage host tissues.
      Defensins are major peptides of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) granules
      and are both broadly microbicidal and cytotoxic to several tumor cell lines. To
      determine whether these peptides could play a role in neutrophil-mediated lung
      injury, we examined the cytotoxicity of defensins and other PMN granule proteins
      in a chromium release assay with human lung-derived cell lines MRC-5 (lung fetal
      fibroblast), A549 (lung adenocarcinoma with features of alveolar epithelium), and
      primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Crude
      fractionation of an acid extract of human PMN granules yielded four fractions A
      D. Only fraction D (containing mostly defensins) was significantly cytotoxic to
      all three target cells. In contrast, fraction A (containing myeloperoxidase and
      lactoferrin) and fraction C (containing lysozyme) had little effect, and fraction
      B (containing chiefly cathepsin G and elastase) was only injurious to endothelial
      cells. The cytotoxicity of whole PMN granule extracts on pulmonary epithelial and
      fibroblast targets could be completely accounted for by their defensin content.
      Fraction D- and defensin-mediated cytotoxicity was concentration dependent,
      required at least 10 to 12 h to become manifest, and was inhibited by serum. The
      role of these peptides in lung damage during acute and chronic inflammation
      deserves further study.

PMID- 2297177
TI  - Alterations in pulmonary function in cancer patients receiving adoptive
      immunotherapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin-2.
AB  - Adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and interleukin
      2 (IL-2) is currently being investigated in the treatment of chemoresistant
      cancers. In protocols using high dosages of IL-2 and adoptive transfers of
      lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, severe pulmonary toxicities, including
      pulmonary edema and respiratory failure, are regularly observed. Serial
      measurements of pulmonary function in patients receiving TIL and continuous
      infusions of moderate dosages of IL-2 showed the development of mild obstructive
      and restrictive defects. Partial reversibility of the FEV1 with bronchodilators
      was observed, suggesting the development of hyperreactive airways. Decreases in
      lung volumes, DLCO, and gas exchange occurred and may reflect pulmonary
      infiltration by inflammatory cells, increased lung water, or diminished chest
      wall function. We conclude that adoptive immunotherapy with TIL and IL-2 produces
      changes in systemic immune response that may contribute to abnormal pulmonary
      physiology.

PMID- 2297178
TI  - Fractional processing of sequential bronchoalveolar lavage to separate bronchial
      and alveolar samples.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage has been widely used to sample the lower respiratory
      tract. Most of the material recovered with this technique represents alveolar
      contents. A number of modifications have been suggested in order to obtain
      samples relatively enriched for bronchial material. In order to be able to use a
      standard technique for bronchoalveolar lavage to sample both airways and
      "routine" alveolar material, a simple modification of the technique as described
      by Reynolds and Newball was used: five sequential 20-ml aliquots were infused
      into the lower respiratory tract, and each aliquot was immediately aspirated. The
      return from the first aliquot was processed separately from the return from the
      subsequent four aliquots. These last four aliquots were pooled. Analysis of the
      first aliquot revealed it to be enriched for ciliated epithelial cells when
      compared with the subsequent aliquots. There were also differences in
      inflammatory cell composition with the bronchial sample containing relatively
      more neutrophils and relatively less lymphocytes. Aspiration during transoral
      bronchoscopy was documented by quantifying salivary amylase in the bronchial and
      alveolar lavage fluids. It was estimated, however, that the aspiration was not of
      quantitative significance in the vast majority of subjects studied. Finally, with
      the technique of fractional processing of bronchoalveolar lavage samples, it was
      possible to compare the protein concentrations in bronchial and alveolar lavages.
      Most prominent among the differences was a marked relative enrichment in the
      bronchial samples for immunoglobulin A. The technique of fractional processing of
      bronchoalveolar lavage samples provides a simple means to obtain samples enriched
      for bronchial and alveolar components. This should facilitate analysis of lower
      respiratory tract specimens in airway disease.

PMID- 2297179
TI  - Bronchial epithelial cells produce chemotactic activity for bronchial epithelial
      cells. Possible role for fibronectin in airway repair.
AB  - Bronchial mucosal injury initiates a complex series of repair mechanisms, one of
      which is reepithelialization of a denuded lumenal surface. This suggests the
      hypothesis that bronchial epithelial cells, the cells initially affected by
      bronchial injury, might be able to initiate repair of an injured area by
      producing a chemotactic activity for intact bronchial epithelial cells. To
      evaluate this, bronchial epithelial cells were prepared from bovine lung by
      protease digestion and cultured in medium 199 (M199) with 10% fetal calf serum
      (FCS) until confluence, after which the cells were rinsed with Hanks' balanced
      salt solution, and serum-free fresh M199 was added. This conditioned medium was
      then collected and used to test the chemotactic response of bronchial epithelial
      cells using a blindwell chamber technique. Target cells for this assay were
      isolated from airways by protease digestion, grown to confluence in M199 with 10%
      FCS, and then harvested with trypsin. Bronchial epithelial cell-conditioned
      medium harvested after 3 days attracted more cells (197.0 +/- 5.7 cells/10 high
      power fields) than did M199 without FCS alone (4.3 +/- 0.9) (p less than 0.01).
      Checkerboard analysis showed that the migration was chemotactic. The chemotactic
      activity was nondialyzable, pepsin-labile, acid-stable, heat-labile, and lipid
      inextractable. The chemotactic activity accumulated in the culture medium with
      time. The addition of 25 micrograms/ml of cycloheximide inhibited this
      accumulation. Column chromatography with Sephadex G-150 revealed a single peak of
      chemotactic activity in the high molecular weight range. The chemotactic activity
      was bound to gelatin-Sepharose 4B and was eluted with 6 M urea.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297180
TI  - Respiratory failure in rapidly progressing pulmonary lymphoma. Role of
      immunophenotyping in diagnosis.
AB  - An asymptomatic man was found to have bilateral small pulmonary infiltrates on a
      preoperative chest roentgenogram. Over a 4-wk period there was rapid progression
      of the infiltrates with a clinical picture suggestive of adult respiratory
      distress syndrome. Open lung biopsy showed a high grade lymphoma filling and
      distorting the pulmonary parenchyma. Flow cytometry of pleural fluid showed an
      aberrant phenotype consistent with T cell lymphoma. The patient died of
      progressive respiratory failure 6 wk after the first radiographic abnormalities
      were detected. With further experience, immunophenotyping of pleural fluid may
      secure definitive diagnoses in certain clinical situations, obviating more
      invasive procedures.

PMID- 2297181
TI  - NHLBI Workshop Summary. Models of airway hyperresponsiveness.

PMID- 2297182
TI  - Home mechanical ventilation of pediatric patients. American Thoracic Society.

PMID- 2297183
TI  - Effect of nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory nerve stimulation on the
      allergic reaction in cat airways.
AB  - To examine the effect of nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) inhibitory nerve
      stimulation on the antigen inhalation with allergic animals, changes in pulmonary
      resistance (RL) and arterial plasma histamine concentration ([H]) caused by
      inhalation of Ascaris suum antigen were studied in five control (Group A) and
      five nerve-stimulated (Group B) cats, which were anesthetized and mechanically
      ventilated. All animals were actively sensitized with Ascaris antigen before the
      experiment. After cholinergic and beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenously
      administered atropine (3 mg/kg) and propranolol (2 mg/kg), inhalation of the
      antigen (1:100 dilution) was performed for 3 min. For Group B, bilateral cervical
      vagi were stimulated electrically for 1 min before the antigen inhalation and
      successively every 30 s until 5 min had passed from the onset of inhalation. RL
      and [H] were determined before, during, and after antigen inhalation in both
      groups. Baseline RL and [H] did not differ significantly between groups (16.3 +/-
      2.2 (mean +/- SE) cm H2O/L/s and 14.0 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, respectively, for Group A;
      14.4 +/- 1.3 and 15.6 +/- 2.7, respectively, for Group B). Increases in RL and
      [H] of Group B after the antigen inhalation were significantly depressed,
      compared with Group A (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively, two
      way ANOVA). The increase in RL 5 min after antigen inhalation was 113 +/- 19% for
      Group A and 28 +/- 8% for Group B, and the increase in [H] at the same point was
      36.3 +/- 9.1 ng/ml for Group A and 4.4 +/- 1.4 ng/ml for Group B.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297184
TI  - Heart rate depression during sleep apnea depends on hypoxic chemosensitivity. A
      study at high altitude.
AB  - To clarify the heart rate (HR) slowing response during periodic breathing (PB)
      with apnea and its relationship to hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), sleep
      studies were done in seven Japanese climbers at 5,360 m in the Kunlun mountains
      of China in 1986. Apnea duration (APD), arterial oxygen saturation changes (delta
      SaO2), and the percentage of heart rate changes (delta HR%) during PB with apnea
      were analyzed. The data were compared with hypoxic heart rate and ventilatory
      responses assessed at sea level. HR during the apneic period (APD, 10, 8 +/- 1.2
      s; delta SaO2, 10.2 +/- 1.8%) was significantly smaller than that during the
      ventilatory period of PB (56.0 +/- 5.1/min and 74.6 +/- 6.2/min, respectively).
      This HR slowing or acceleration alternated in accordance with off and on
      activities in ventilation. The magnitude of delta HR% had a significant
      correlation with that of delta SaO2 (p less than 0.01). The sensitivity of HR
      depression to desaturation (delta HR%/delta SaO2) was smaller in low HVR climbers
      than in high HVR climbers. We concluded that these results can be ascribed to the
      fact that the primary effect of peripheral chemoreceptors on the cardiovascular
      center is vagotonia, and the effect is overridden by the vagal pulmonary
      inflation reflex.

PMID- 2297185
TI  - Oxygen desaturation during sleep as a function of the underlying respiratory
      disease.
AB  - Patients with hypoxemia due to respiratory diseases may desaturate further during
      sleep. A quantitative analysis of this sleep-induced desaturation, simultaneously
      comparing patients with different respiratory diseases, could identify patient
      groups especially prone to develop nocturnal hypoxemia. I have therefore compared
      the changes in oxygenation during sleep in three groups of patients with the same
      baseline oxygen saturation but with entirely different types of respiratory
      dysfunction, namely interstitial lung disease (n = 14), chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (n = 29), and scoliosis (n = 10). The patients with scoliosis
      had considerably larger sleep-induced desaturation than the patients with lung
      diseases. Their oxygen saturation was also more unstable than that of the others
      during REM sleep; possibly a consequence of their lower position on the
      oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve during this sleep stage. The results suggest
      that sleep studies may be more informative in patients with scoliosis, for
      example, where a need for nocturnal-assisted ventilation can be revealed, than in
      patients with lung diseases.

PMID- 2297187
TI  - Pulmonary capillary blood volume in emphysema.
AB  - We determined single breath diffusing capacity (DLCO) and pulmonary capillary
      blood volume (Vc) in a total of 110 patients, who were being evaluated for
      resectional lung surgery for a localized tumor or lesion. Pathologic assessment
      of emphysema was obtained in 55 cases who had resection of a lung or an upper
      lobe, based on a standard reference panel for emphysema grading. In 86 cases, the
      extent of emphysema was quantitated by computed tomography (CT) of the chest.
      There was a significant negative correlation between Vc and emphysema assessed by
      either pathology or CT (r = about -0.5, p less than 0.001) similar to the
      correlation between DLCO and the extent of emphysema. Results of Vc were
      significantly lower in cases with moderate emphysema (pathologic grade greater
      than or equal to 30) than those with no emphysema (grade less than or equal to 5)
      (p less than 0.001) or mild emphysema (grade 10 to 25) (p less than 0.05), and
      they were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in the group with mild emphysema
      compared with the group with no emphysema on pathologic assessment similar to
      DLCO results. Although Vc was reduced in emphysema, determination of Vc did not
      result in improved discrimination in separating cases with emphysema from those
      without emphysema when compared with DLCO.

PMID- 2297186
TI  - Induction and exacerbation of emphysema in hamsters with human neutrophil
      elastase inactivated reversibly by a peptide boronic acid.
AB  - In solution, MeO-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-D,L-boro-Val pinacol ester (Boroval) is a highly
      effective but reversible inhibitor of both porcine pancreatic elastase and human
      neutrophil elastase (HNE) (50% inhibition with a 1.5 M ratio of Boroval to
      elastase). Boroval has been shown to prevent porcine-pancreatic-elastase-induced
      emphysema in hamsters. But with HNE-induced emphysema in hamsters, pretreatment
      with as much as a 170-fold M excess of Boroval, given intratracheally 1 h before
      0.3 mg HNE, did not prevent emphysema. Indeed, lung volumes were larger after
      Boroval pretreatment than after HNE alone. Emphysema was also induced by
      instilling HNE that had been mixed with and inactivated by a 41-fold M excess of
      Boroval (a molar ratio of 42). When 0.25 or 0.5 mg of HNE were given mixed with a
      41-fold M excess of Boroval, the emphysema was much more severe with the 0.5 mg
      dose. Two hours after instillation of 0.3 mg HNE inactivated with a 34-fold M
      excess of Boroval, bronchoalveolar lavage contained elastolytic activity but no
      evidence of hemorrhage. In contrast, hemorrhage was severe in hamsters that had
      been instilled with 0.3 mg HNE alone. We conclude that Boroval can enhance HNE
      induced emphysema. We postulate that Boroval suppresses HNE-induced hemorrhage
      and the resultant influx of plasma protease inhibitors; the HNE-Boroval complex
      is transported into the alveolar interstitium, followed by dissociation of the
      inhibitor from the active site of HNE. Because of its small size, free Boroval is
      rapidly cleared, and the reactivated HNE attacks elastic fibers, giving rise to
      emphysema.

PMID- 2297188
TI  - Passive smoking, air pollution, and acute respiratory symptoms in a diary study
      of student nurses.
AB  - A cohort of approximately 100 student nurses in Los Angeles was recruited for a
      diary study of the acute effects of air pollution. Smoking histories and presence
      of asthma and other allergies were determined by questionnaire. Diaries were
      completed daily and collected weekly for as long as 3 yr. Air pollution was
      measured at a monitoring location within 2.5 miles of the school. Incidence and
      duration of a symptom were modeled separately. Pack-years of cigarettes were
      predictive of the number of episodes of coughing (p less than 0.0001) and of
      bringing up phlegm (p less than 0.0001). Current smoking, rather than cumulative
      smoking, was a better predictor of the duration of a phlegm episode (p less than
      0.0001). Controlling for personal smoking, a smoking roommate increased the risk
      of an episode of phlegm (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41, p less than 0.001), but not of
      cough. Excluding asthmatics (who may be medicated), increased the odds ratio for
      passive smoking to 1.76 (p less than 0.0001). In logistic regression models
      controlling for temperature and serial correlation between days, an increase of 1
      SD in carbon monoxide exposure (6.5 ppm) was associated with increased risk of
      headache (OR = 1.09, p less than 0.001), photochemical oxidants (7.4 pphm) were
      associated with increased risk of chest discomfort (OR = 1.17, p less than 0.001)
      and eye irritation (OR = 1.20 p less than 0.001), and nitrogen dioxide (9.1 pphm)
      was associated with increased risk of phlegm (OR = 1.08 p less than 0.01), sore
      throats (OR = 1.26, p less than 0.001), and eye irritation (OR = 1.16, p less
      than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297189
TI  - Relationship of lung function to severity of osteoporosis in women.
AB  - To determine if the severity of osteoporosis and its resultant hyperkyphosis
      cause measurable impairment of lung function, 74 women referred for osteoporosis
      evaluation underwent pulmonary function testing. Women with thoracic wedge
      compression fractures secondary to osteoporosis had significantly lower percent
      predicted FVC than did those without fractures. In hierarchical regression
      analysis, after controlling for age and arm span, there was a significant effect
      on FVC of the degree of hyperkyphosis as measured by Cobb's angle (increment in
      R2 = 0.14, p less than 0.001). The addition of the number of vertebral fractures
      to the model was also significant (increment in R2 = 0.06, p less than 0.002),
      but cortical bone volume, bone mineral density, and smoking status did not
      significantly improve the model. From one half of subjects tested, a regression
      equation was generated relating %FVC and the number of thoracic fractures: %FVC =
      103.4 - 9.4 x number of fractures. When used to predict lung function impairment
      in the second half of study subjects, the correlation between measured and %FVC
      was r = 0.59 (p less than 0.002). Kyphosis and thoracic compression fractures
      caused by osteoporosis produce modest but predictable declines in vital capacity
      in women.

PMID- 2297190
TI  - The incidence and significance of Staphylococcus aureus in respiratory cultures
      from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - This study assessed the incidence and clinical significance of recovery of
      Staphylococcus aureus from the respiratory tract of patients infected with the
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In a retrospective review of 129 consecutive
      episodes of respiratory disease in HIV-seropositive patients where respiratory
      tract cultures were obtained, S. aureus was recovered in 30 (23%) of the
      episodes. Twenty-nine of these were evaluated in this study, and the recovery of
      S. aureus was found to represent pneumonia in 8 cases (28%), to be of
      indeterminate significance in 18 cases (62%), and to represent colonization in 3
      cases (10%). Episodes of S. aureus pneumonia were usually community-acquired
      (seven of eight episodes) and had an acute or subacute clinical presentation.
      Fever and physical signs of pneumonia were present in all patients. Chest
      radiographic presentations varied, but local infiltrates were seen in seven of
      eight episodes. Concomitant pulmonary disorders were common (seven of eight
      episodes). All patients were appropriately treated; five patients recovered and
      three died, giving a mortality rate of 38%. We conclude that S. aureus is a
      frequent isolate from respiratory tract cultures of HIV-seropositive patients
      referred for evaluation of pulmonary disease. It can cause a pneumonia with a
      high mortality rate, as it did in 6% of all episodes of pulmonary disease
      reviewed in this study. Clinicians should be aware that HIV-seropositive patients
      may develop respiratory disease secondary to S. aureus infection and that when
      this organism is suspected, appropriate antibiotic therapy should be instituted.

PMID- 2297191
TI  - Plasma tumor necrosis factor in patients with septic shock. Mortality rate,
      incidence of adult respiratory distress syndrome, and effects of
      methylprednisolone administration.
AB  - We assayed serial plasma samples from 86 patients, who were enrolled in a
      prospective randomized trial of the effects of methylprednisolone (MPSS) in
      septic shock, for the presence of cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) using an
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TNF was present in the plasma of 27 of the 74
      patients with septic shock, but in only 1 of the 12 patients with shock due to
      other causes. TNF was detected with equal frequency in patients with shock from
      gram-negative or from gram-positive bacillary sepsis. TNF levels were highest on
      the initial sample and decreased significantly over the subsequent 24 h in both
      the patients treated with MPSS and in those given placebo. Patients with
      detectable TNF had a higher incidence and severity of the adult respiratory
      distress syndrome and a higher mortality rate than did patients without
      detectable TNF.

PMID- 2297192
TI  - The terminal complement complex (sC5b-9) is not specifically associated with the
      development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - Previous investigators suggested that increased plasma levels of the terminal
      complement complex (sC5b-9) are an early marker for the development of adult
      respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in septic patients. We asked whether an
      increase in sC5b-9 was also associated with the development of ARDS from other
      etiologies and whether sC5b-9 measurements consistently reflected complement
      activation in vivo. We evaluated 75 patients with sepsis, trauma,
      hypertransfusion, multiple fractures, aspiration, or pancreatitis who were at
      risk for ARDS but did not develop the syndrome and 23 patients with similar
      histories who did develop ARDS. Of the latter patients, seven were identified and
      studied both when they were at risk and when they had ARDS. Serial blood samples
      were obtained and analyzed for the complement activation products Bb, Ba, C4d,
      C3d, IC3b, and sC5b-9. All but one of the patients studied had levels of one or
      more complement fragments that were greater than 2 SD above the mean obtained
      from 18 normal subjects. In contrast to the report referred to previously, none
      of the fragments measured, including sC5b-9, was a specific indicator of ARDS,
      and no combination of complement fragments predicted which patients at risk would
      develop ARDS. Patients demonstrated evidence of activation of the classical
      pathway only, alternative pathway only, or both pathways, but none of these was
      associated with greater risk or severity of disease. In addition, in several
      patients only late components were activated, suggesting that enzymes other than
      those derived from complement activation may be responsible. In conclusion,
      complement can be activated by a variety of mechanisms in critically ill
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297193
TI  - Continuous infusion high-dose leucovorin with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for
      untreated stage IV carcinoma of the head and neck.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To study the activity of continuous infusion cisplatin, 5
      fluorouracil, and high-dose leucovorin (PFL) as induction chemotherapy in
      patients with previously untreated, advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head
      and neck. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, prospective trial. SETTING: A comprehensive
      cancer center. PATIENTS: Thirty-five patients (4 patients [11%], stage III; 31
      patients [89%], stage IV [MO]), all evaluable for response and toxicity.
      INTERVENTIONS: Two to three cycles of PFL before definitive, local-regional
      therapy (surgery and radiation therapy or radiation therapy alone). Chemotherapy
      included continuous intravenous infusion of cisplatin (25 mg/m2 body surface area
      daily, days 1 through 5); 5-fluorouracil (800 mg/m2 body surface area daily, days
      2 through 6); and leucovorin (500 mg/m2 body surface area daily, days 1 through
      6) administered once every 28 days. Pathologic response was evaluated by surgical
      resection or biopsy. Serum-reduced folates were measured before and 18 hours
      after the initiation of chemotherapy. RESULTS: A clinical response to PFL was
      achieved in 28 of 35 (80%) patients: 23 (66%) patients had a complete response
      (90% CI, 50% to 79%) and 5 (14%) patients, a partial response. A complete
      response was confirmed pathologically in 14 of 19 (74%) patients. The most common
      toxicity was mucositis (grade 2 to 3; 94% of patients). Dose reduction for
      toxicity was necessary in 11 (31%) patients. There were no treatment-related
      deaths. Serum levels of leucovorin and (6S)5-methyltetrahydrofolate were measured
      in 7 patients. After 18 hours, the mean leucovorin level (+/- SD) was 34.3 +/-
      1.5 mumol/L, of which only 8.0 +/- 0.5% was the active 6S isomer. The mean serum
      (6S)5-methyltetrahydrofolate was 9.2 +/- 0.6 mumol/L. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous
      infusion cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and high-dose leucovorin is a new and highly
      active chemotherapy regimen that can achieve clinical and pathologically
      confirmed complete responses in a substantial proportion of patients with
      advanced, local-regional squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Further
      studies are needed to confirm the activity of PFL and to determine its potential
      impact on local tumor control and disease-free and overall survival.

PMID- 2297194
TI  - Abdominal obesity and breast cancer risk.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine if body fat distribution affects breast cancer
      risk. DESIGN: Prospective case-control study. PATIENTS: The anthropometric
      measurements of 216 consecutively and newly diagnosed women with invasive
      carcinoma of the breast were compared with those of 432 age-matched controls. The
      anthropometric measurements taken were abdomen, thigh, suprailiac, biceps,
      triceps, subscapular, and midaxillary skinfolds; waist and hip circumference; and
      weight and height. Women between 25 and 83 years of age were included in the
      study. RESULTS: Patients with breast cancer had a significantly greater waist:hip
      circumference ratio than controls (P less than 0.001) and a significantly greater
      suprailiac:thigh skinfold ratio (P less than 0.001). The relative risk for breast
      cancer increased with increasing waist:hip circumference ratio (less than 0.73 =
      1.00; 0.73 to 76 = 1.90; 0.77 to 0.80 = 2.83; greater than 0.80 = 6.46) and with
      suprailiac:thigh skinfold ratio (less than 0.42 = 1.00; 0.42 to 0.56 = 1.85; 0.57
      to 0.71 = 2.25; greater than 0.71 = 5.85). At other sites of upper body obesity,
      such as the biceps and triceps, skinfolds were significantly greater in patients
      with breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Although obese women are at slightly higher risk
      for developing breast cancer, women with android obesity are a segment of obese
      women who appear to be at a significantly higher risk for developing breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2297195
TI  - Acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus infection after chronic oral acyclovir
      therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
AB  - Four patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who received
      chronic oral acyclovir therapy for suppression of recurrent varicella zoster or
      herpes simplex virus infection developed persistent disseminated hyperkeratotic
      papules that failed to heal with intravenous or high-dose oral acyclovir therapy.
      Varicella zoster virus, resistant to acyclovir in vitro, was isolated from skin
      lesions of all four patients. Three patients were adults in whom the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had been diagnosed 12 to 20 months before
      isolation of acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus. The fourth patient was a
      perinatally HIV-infected child who developed primary varicella infection at age 7
      years when profoundly immunosuppressed (absolute CD4+ lymphocyte count less than
      50 cells/microL). Mean antiviral susceptibilities (ED50 values) of the four
      clinical isolates compared with the ED50 values of the reference strain Oka were
      85 compared with 3.3 mumol/L for acyclovir, 1.4 compared with 0.8 mumol/L for
      vidarabine, and 123 compared with 117 mumol/L for foscarnet. When assayed by
      [125I]-dC plaque autoradiography, 90% to 100% of the viral isolate populations
      had altered or no measurable thymidine kinase function. Acyclovir-resistant
      varicella zoster virus infection may complicate long-term oral acyclovir
      administration in patients with AIDS and may be associated with the appearance of
      atypical hyperkeratotic papules.

PMID- 2297196
TI  - Persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction in
      serum and liver after loss of HBsAg induced by antiviral therapy.

PMID- 2297197
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure induced by combination lovastatin and
      gemfibrozil therapy.

PMID- 2297198
TI  - Increased blood leukocytes in patients with Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2297199
TI  - Nimesulide, thrombocytopenic purpura, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      infection.

PMID- 2297200
TI  - Measles and immune globulin prophylaxis for travelers and hepatitis A.

PMID- 2297201
TI  - Single-dose phenytoin infusion.

PMID- 2297202
TI  - Soluble CD4: the first step.

PMID- 2297203
TI  - Recombinant soluble CD4 therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. A phase I-II escalating dosage trial.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To study the safety and pharmacokinetics and to derive
      preliminary evidence on surrogate indicators of efficacy of recombinant soluble
      CD4 (rsCD4) in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and
      advanced AIDS-related complex. DESIGN: Open label, escalating dosage, phase I-II
      tolerance trial. SETTING: Massachusetts General Hospital, Cedars-Sinai Medical
      Center, and Stanford University Medical School, three tertiary care institutions
      and members of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS
      Clinical Trials Group. INSTRUCTIONS: Cohorts of 3 to 11 patients received rsCD4
      by intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection in dosages of up to 30 mg per
      day for 28 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Recombinant soluble CD4 was
      tolerated by these patients with no significant clinical or immunologic
      toxicities. Serum levels of rsCD4 in patients receiving doses of 9 or 30 mg per
      day administered intramuscularly were in the range of rsCD4 concentrations
      required to inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in
      vitro. A decline in serum HIV-1 p24 antigen was seen in patients receiving 30 mg
      of rsCD4 daily, but no such changes were noted at lower dosages. CONCLUSIONS:
      Recombinant soluble CD4 is well tolerated by patients with AIDS or advanced AIDS
      related complex. Our study has also provided preliminary evidence of antiviral
      activity of rsCD4 in vivo. Our data suggest that further trials of receptor-based
      therapies against HIV-1 are warranted.

PMID- 2297204
TI  - The safety and pharmacokinetics of recombinant soluble CD4 (rCD4) in subjects
      with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. A
      phase 1 study.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of recombinant,
      soluble human CD4 (rCD4) in subjects with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. The protein rCD4 binds to envelope protein,
      gp120, of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and blocks HIV infection of CD4
      lymphocytes in vitro. DESIGN: Phase 1 trial with dose escalation. SETTING: Two
      university-affiliated hospital clinics. SUBJECTS: Of 42 subjects enrolled, 29 had
      AIDS and 13 had AIDS-related complex. INTERVENTIONS: The rCD4 was administered by
      rapid intravenous infusion on day 1, followed by a 3-day washout, then once a day
      for 10 days, followed by a 7-day washout, and then three times a week for 8
      weeks. Doses of 1, 10, 30, 100, and 300 micrograms/kg body weight per day of rCD4
      were administered intravenously to 6 subjects at each dose level. Twelve
      additional patients received 300 micrograms/kg.d of rCD4: 6 by intramuscular and
      6 by subcutaneous injection. All subjects were monitored for toxicity.
      Immunologic and virologic variables were also monitored. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Administration of rCD4 was not associated with important toxicity as
      determined by clinical monitoring or by serum chemistry, hematologic, or
      immunologic variables. No subjects required dose reduction or discontinuation of
      therapy due to rCD4-related toxicity. No consistent or sustained changes in CD4
      lymphocyte populations or HIV antigen levels were observed. The volume of
      distribution of rCD4 was small, and clearance remained constant over the dose
      range studied. The bioavailability of intramuscular injection and subcutaneous
      injection was 51% and 45%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: At the dose levels used in
      this study, rCD4 appears safe and well tolerated. Serum concentrations of rCD4
      were achieved that were comparable to concentrations shown to have antiviral
      activity in vitro. Further studies are indicated to determine whether rCD4 or
      related molecules will be useful in treating HIV infection.

PMID- 2297205
TI  - Artefacts in measurement of blood pressure and lack of target organ involvement
      in the assessment of patients with treatment-resistant hypertension.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative importance of factors known to cause therapy
      resistant hypertension, and to derive an efficient approach to the evaluation of
      this problem in clinical practice. DESIGN: Consecutive sample. SETTING:
      University hospital hypertension clinic and clinical research center. PATIENTS:
      Fifteen patients referred for management of refractory hypertension and found to
      have a seated diastolic blood pressure greater than 95 mm Hg while taking a
      standard dose of hydrochlorothiazide, propranolol, and hydralazine or its
      equivalent for at least 4 weeks. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Seven patients
      (group 1) had normal, resting mean intra-arterial blood pressure (mean pressure
      less than 107 mm Hg) and eight had elevated pressure (group 2). Patients in group
      1 had minimal or not target organ involvement whereas those in group 2 had higher
      minimum vascular resistance by forearm plethysmography and greater
      interventricular septal wall thickness. Factors contributing to resistant
      hypertension, particularly in group 1, were "office hypertension" (clinic
      systolic blood pressure at least 20 mm Hg higher than home systolic blood
      pressure), pseudohypertension (cuff diastolic blood pressure at least 15 mm Hg
      higher than simultaneously determined intra-arterial pressure), and "cuff
      inflation hypertension" (intra-arterial diastolic blood pressure rise of at least
      15 mm Hg during cuff inflation). CONCLUSION: Home blood pressure monitoring and
      echocardiography are recommended as initial steps in the evaluation of patients
      with resistant hypertension. Intra-arterial blood pressure measurement is
      particularly helpful in patients with resistant hypertension who do not have
      office hypertension yet have normal septal thickness on echocardiography.

PMID- 2297206
TI  - The n-of-1 randomized controlled trial: clinical usefulness. Our three-year
      experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review the feasibility and effectiveness of n-of-1 randomized
      controlled trials (n-of-1 trials) in clinical practice. DESIGN: Individual trials
      were double-blind, randomized, multiple crossover trials. The impact of n-of-1
      trials was determined by eliciting physicians' plans of management and confidence
      in those plans before and after each trial. SETTING: Referral service doing n-of
      1 trials at the requests of community and academic physicians. OBJECT of
      ANALYSIS: All trials were planned, started, and completed by the n-of-1 service.
      MEASURES OF OUTCOME: The proportion of planned n-of-1 trials that were completed
      and the proportion that provided a definite clinical or statistical answer. A
      definite clinical answer was achieved if an n-of-1 trial resulted in a high level
      of physician's confidence in the management plan. Specific criteria were
      developed for classifying an n-of-1 trial as providing a definite statistical
      answer. MAIN RESULTS: Seventy-three n-of-1 trials were planned in various
      clinical situations. Of 70 n-of-1 trials begun, 57 were completed. The reasons
      for not completing n-of-1 trials were patients' or physicians' noncompliance or
      patients' concurrent illness. Of 57 n-of-1 trials completed, 50 provided a
      definite clinical or statistical answer. In 15 trials (39% of trials in which
      appropriate data were available), the results prompted physicians to change their
      "prior to the trial" plan of management (in 11 trials, the physicians stopped the
      drug therapy that they had planned to continue indefinitely). CONCLUSION: We
      interpret the results as supporting the feasibility and usefulness of n-of-1
      trials in clinical practice.

PMID- 2297207
TI  - A case of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with use of an L
      tryptophan product.

PMID- 2297208
TI  - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and pulmonary vasculitis with eosinophilia in a
      patient taking an L-tryptophan preparation.

PMID- 2297209
TI  - Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for drug-resistant pemphigus vulgaris.

PMID- 2297210
TI  - Fatal quinine-induced thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2297211
TI  - Hyperthyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, and macroprolactinemia.

PMID- 2297212
TI  - Dietary carbohydrate, alveolar gas, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2297213
TI  - Liver enzymes and liver biopsy.

PMID- 2297215
TI  - Euthanasia and the American College of Physicians ethics manual.

PMID- 2297214
TI  - Sodium polystyrene-sorbitol enemas.

PMID- 2297216
TI  - Severe angioedema after long-term use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitor.

PMID- 2297217
TI  - Tryptophan fluorescence studies of ferredoxin:NADP reductase indicate the
      presence of tryptophan in or near the ferredoxin binding site.
AB  - The tryptophan fluorescence properties of the flavoprotein ferredoxin:NADP
      reductase have been examined. Although not sensitive to changes in pH or salt
      concentration, the tryptophan fluorescence is affected by the presence of
      substrates for the flavoprotein. While NADP addition results in a slight
      quenching of the fluorescence, ferredoxin decreases the fluorescence by nearly
      50%, suggesting the presence of tryptophan in or near the ferredoxin binding
      site. Titration of this effect gives a dissociation constant for the ferredoxin:
      flavoprotein complex which is similar to that obtained by spectral perturbations.
      This approach has also been used to demonstrate that a chemically modified
      ferredoxin which does not produce spectral perturbations when added to
      flavoprotein is capable of interacting with the flavoprotein although with a
      higher dissociation constant than for native ferredoxin.

PMID- 2297218
TI  - The interaction of calmodulin with the C-terminal M5 peptide of myosin light
      chain kinase.
AB  - The interaction with calmodulin of the 17-residue C-terminal fragment M5 of
      myosin light chain kinase has been studied by several physical techniques.
      Circular dichroism measurements suggest that M5 exists within the complex
      primarily as an alpha-helix. Fluorescence intensity measurements of the single
      tryptophan of M5 (Trp-4) indicate that it is in a relatively nonpolar environment
      and is shielded from solvent. Dynamic measurements of fluorescence anisotropy
      decay indicate that Trp-4 changes from a freely rotating fluorophore to one which
      is largely immobilized upon complex formation. Static fluorescence measurements
      show that 2,6-TNS is displaced from its binding site on calmodulin by M5. The
      binding of M5 also partially inhibits the proteolytic scission by trypsin of the
      bond between residues 77 and 78.

PMID- 2297219
TI  - Ammonium chloride inhibits basal degradation of newly synthesized collagen in
      human fetal lung fibroblasts.
AB  - The objective of this work was to characterize basal degradation of newly
      synthesized collagen in human fetal lung fibroblasts. Analysis of 22 separate
      determinations showed that in cells incubated under normal conditions, the level
      of intracellular degradation was normally distributed with a mean of 15.2% and a
      standard deviation of 2.6%. Within each experiment, however, the uncertainty
      (standard deviation) in determining degradation was very small, usually less than
      1.5%. Consideration of the large variation between experiments and the ability of
      our analytic technique to detect small, but "statistically significant,"
      differences between groups within the same experiment led us to formulate two
      criteria for determining whether degradation measured in cultures exposed to some
      agent differs in a "biologically significant" way from degradation measured in
      control cultures. These criteria were used to evaluate the effects of the
      following proteinase inhibitors on basal degradation: NH4Cl, which increases the
      pH of subcellular compartments that are normally acidic; and leupeptin and Na-p
      tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), which are inhibitors of lysosomal
      cathepsins (B and L) that degrade collagen. NH4Cl (16 mM) lowered degradation to
      an extent that was both statistically and biologically significant, but neither
      leupeptin nor TLCK affected degradation. The effect of NH4Cl on degradation was
      independent of its inhibitory effects on production of collagen, protein, and
      ATP. These results suggest that basal degradation occurs in, or beyond, an acidic
      (i.e., NH4Cl-sensitive) but nonlysosomal compartment of the cell, and that NH4Cl
      inhibits processing within, or transport to, that compartment. This is the first
      report of an agent that inhibits basal degradation of newly synthesized collagen
      in soft tissue fibroblasts.

PMID- 2297220
TI  - L-carnitine delays the killing of cultured hepatocytes by 1-methyl-4-phenyl
      1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.
AB  - The role of fatty acid metabolism in chemical-dependent cell injury is poorly
      understood. Addition of L-carnitine to the incubation medium of cultured
      hepatocytes delayed cell killing initiated by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Protection by L-carnitine was stereospecific and
      observed as late as 1 h following addition of MPTP. D-Carnitine, but not
      iodoacetate, reversed the L-carnitine effect. Monoamine oxidase A and B
      activities, MPTP/N-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium levels, and MPTP-dependent loss of
      mitochondrial membrane potential measured by release of
      [3H]triphenylmethylphosphonium were not altered by addition of L-carnitine.
      Significant changes in MPTP-induced depletion of total cellular ATP did not occur
      with excess L-carnitine. Although the mechanism of cytoprotection exerted by L
      carnitine remains unresolved, the data suggest that L-carnitine does not
      significantly alter: (i) mitochondrial-dependent bioactivation of MPTP; (ii) MPTP
      dependent loss of mitochondrial membrane potential; or (iii) MPTP-mediated
      depletion of total cellular ATP content. We conclude that alterations of fatty
      acid metabolism may contribute to the toxic consequences of exposure to MPTP.
      Moreover, the lack of L-carnitine-mediated cytoprotection of monolayers incubated
      with 4-phenylpyridine or potassium cyanide suggests: (i) a link between fatty
      acid metabolism and mitochondrial membrane-mediated, bioactivation-dependent cell
      killing; and (ii) that inhibition of NADH dehydrogenase may not totally explain
      the mechanism of MPTP cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2297222
TI  - Bile acids: antioxidants or enhancers of peroxidation depending on lipid
      concentration.
AB  - Using three different assay systems, we have discovered a heretofore unrecognized
      antioxidant property of bile acids at physiological concentrations. Bile acids
      inhibit peroxidation of the polyunsaturated lipid, linoleic acid, and of the
      highly fluorescent protein phycoerythrin. In part, the antioxidant activity
      results from scavenging of peroxyl radicals by direct oxidation of the bile
      acids. The most abundant products of the reaction of cholate and
      chenodeoxycholate with peroxyl radicals were studied in detail and shown to be
      the keto derivatives formed by oxidation of the 7 alpha-hydroxyl groups.
      Paradoxically, at linoleate concentrations higher than 1-2 mM, glycocholate up to
      approximately 10-14 mM enhances lipid peroxidation and inhibits only at higher
      concentrations. These findings may prove important in understanding the etiology
      of certain disease states of the biliary tract and intestine where lipid
      peroxidation may be involved and in providing a rationale for the positive
      epidemiological correlation between high lipid intake and higher fecal bile acid
      output and colon cancer.

PMID- 2297221
TI  - Kinetic evidence of the existence of a regulatory phosphoenolpyruvate binding
      site in maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
AB  - Phenylphosphate, a structural analog of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), was found to
      be an activator of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP carboxylase) purified
      from maize leaves. This finding suggested the presence in the enzyme of a
      regulatory site, to which PEP could bind. We carried out kinetic studies on this
      enzyme using controlled concentrations of free PEP and of Mg-PEP complex and
      developed a theoretical kinetic model of the reaction. In summary, the main
      conclusions drawn from our results, and taken as assumptions of the model, were
      the following: (i) The affinity of the active site for the complex Mg-PEP is much
      higher than that for free PEP and Mg2+ ions, and therefore it can be considered
      that the preferential substrate of the PEP-catalyzed reaction is Mg-PEP. (ii) The
      enzyme has a regulatory site specific for free PEP, to which Mg2+ ions can not
      bind. (iii) The binding of free PEP, or an analog molecule, to this regulatory
      site yields a modified enzyme that has much lower apparent Km values and apparent
      Vmax values than the unmodified enzyme. So, free PEP behaves as an excellent
      activator of the reaction at subsaturating substrate concentrations, and as an
      inhibitor at saturating substrate concentrations. These findings may have
      important physiological implications on the regulation of the PEP carboxylase in
      vivo activity and, consequently, of the C4 pathway, since increased reaction
      rates would be obtained when the concentration of PEP rises, even at limiting
      Mg2+ concentrations.

PMID- 2297223
TI  - The mechanism of succinate or fumarate transfer in the tricarboxylic acid cycle
      allows molecular rotation of the intermediate.
AB  - Mitochondria were incubated with L[5-13C]glutamic acid and the distribution of
      the label between the two carboxyl carbon atoms of the L-aspartic acid formed was
      determined by 13C NMR. The reaction sequence leading from L-glutamic acid to L
      aspartic acid spans the tricarboxylic acid cycle reactions involving the two
      symmetrical intermediates succinate and fumarate. The C2 symmetry of these
      intermediates in principle permits a discrimination of the mechanism of their
      transfer between their enzyme sites of production and utilization. A direct
      transfer of metabolite from site to site by translation alone predicts an unequal
      distribution of 13C between the C1 and C4 of aspartate, whereas molecular
      rotation during transfer allows for a scrambling of the original C5 label. Under
      several conditions of different glutamate concentrations and solvent osmotic
      pressures, equal labeling in the C1 and C4 carbons of aspartate is observed. This
      observation is inconsistent with a transfer mechanism restricting molecular
      rotation for both intermediates but is compatible with both a random diffusion
      and a direct transfer mechanism provided the latter allows molecular rotation.

PMID- 2297224
TI  - Cellular recovery of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and thiol
      status after exposure to hydroperoxides.
AB  - The activity of the thiol-dependent enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (GPD), in vertebrate cells, was modulated by a change in the
      intracellular thiol:disulfide redox status. Human lung carcinoma cells (A549)
      were incubated with 1-120 mM H2O2, 1-120 mM t-butyl hydroperoxide, 1-6 mM
      ethacrynic acid, or 0.1-10 mM N-ethylmaleimide for 5 min. Loss of reduced protein
      thiols, as measured by binding of the thiol reagent iodoacetic acid to GPD, and
      loss of GPD enzymatic activity occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation of
      the cells, following oxidative treatment, in saline for 30 min or with 20 mM
      dithiothreitol (DTT) partially reversed both changes in GPD. The enzymatic
      recovery of GPD activity was observed either without addition of thiols to the
      medium or by incubation of a sonicated cell mixture with 2 mM cysteine, cystine,
      cysteamine, or glutathione (GSH); GSSG had no effect. Treatment of cells with
      buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to decrease cellular GSH by varying amounts caused a
      dose-related increase in sensitivity of GPD activity to inactivation by H2O2 and
      decreased cellular ability for subsequent recovery. GPD responded in a similar
      fashion with oxidative treatment of another lung carcinoma cell line (A427) as
      well as normal lung tissue from human and rat. These findings indicate that the
      cellular thiol redox status can be important in determining GPD enzymatic
      activity.

PMID- 2297225
TI  - Monoterpene biosynthesis: specificity of the hydroxylations of (-)-limonene by
      enzyme preparations from peppermint (Mentha piperita), spearmint (Mentha
      spicata), and perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaves.
AB  - Microsomal preparations from the epidermal oil glands of Mentha piperita, Mentha
      spicata, and Perilla frutescens leaves catalyze the NADPH- and O2-dependent
      allylic hydroxylation of the monoterpene olefin (-)-limonene at C-3, C-6, and C
      7, respectively, to produce the corresponding alcohols, (-)-trans-isopiperitenol,
      (-)-trans-carveol, and (-)-perillyl alcohol. These transformations are the key
      steps in the biosynthesis of oxygenated monoterpenes in the respective species,
      and the responsible enzyme systems meet most of the established criteria for
      cytochrome P450-dependent mixed function oxygenases. The reactions catalyzed are
      completely regiospecific and, while exhibiting only a modest degree of
      enantioselectivity, are highly specific for limonene as substrate. Of numerous
      monoterpene olefins tested, including several positional isomers of limonene,
      only the 8,9-dihydro analog served as an alternate substrate for ring (C-3 and C
      6) hydroxylation, but not side chain (C-7) hydroxylation. In addition to the
      regiospecificity of the allylic hydroxylation, these enzymes are also readily
      distinguishable based on differential inhibition by substituted imidazoles.

PMID- 2297226
TI  - Persistent activation of platelet membrane phospholipase C by proteolytic action
      of trypsin and thrombin.
AB  - Trypsin causes rapid activation of intact platelets that mimics many actions of
      thrombin, including the stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC). We have examined
      the effects of thrombin and trypsin on PLC in a platelet membrane preparation
      using exogenous [3H]-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) as substrate.
      Trypsin induced PIP2 breakdown, which was maximal at 20 micrograms/ml, but was
      reduced at higher concentrations. alpha- and gamma-Thrombins also stimulated PLC
      induced hydrolysis of PIP2 in membranes. This effect was inhibited by leupeptin.
      Exogenous [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PIP) was hydrolyzed in
      response to both thrombin and trypsin in the same ratio as PIP2. Activation of
      membrane-bound PLC persisted after removal of thrombin and trypsin. The
      hydrolysis of [3H]phosphatidylinositol was not activated by alpha-thrombin and
      trypsin. We examined the question of whether calpain was involved in the observed
      PLC activation by thrombin and trypsin. Although dibucaine activated a Ca2(+)
      dependent protease as judged by the hydrolysis of actin-binding protein and by
      the activation of phosphoprotein phosphatases, it failed to stimulate the
      generation of phosphatidic acid in 32P-prelabeled platelets. Moreover, when PLC
      was assayed in the membranes, the addition of Ca2(+)-activated neutral
      proteinases did not increase the rate of hydrolysis of either PIP or PIP2. Our
      results show that proteases such as trypsin and thrombin are able to stimulate
      membrane-bound PLC, but this activation does not seem to be related to calpain.

PMID- 2297227
TI  - A rapid redistribution of the transferrin receptor to the cell surface of HL-60
      cells and K562 cells upon treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide due to slowing of
      endocytosis.
AB  - Treatment of two human leukemia cell lines with 1.25% dimethyl sulfoxide at 37
      degrees C results in a rapid increase in the number of transferrin receptors on
      the cell surface detected by fluorescein-labeled anti-transferrin receptor
      antibodies. Both HL-60 cells, a human myeloid cell line, and K562 cells, a human
      erythroid-myeloid cell line, showed a 25-65% increase in cell surface transferrin
      binding in parallel experiments. Scatchard plot analysis of the data indicates
      that the number of receptors increases while the affinity of transferrin for the
      receptor remains the same. This rapid increase in the number of receptors at the
      cell surface appears to be due to a slowing of endocytosis rather than an
      increase in externalization of the receptor.

PMID- 2297228
TI  - Tetrameric structure of mitochondrially bound rat brain hexokinase: a
      crosslinking study.
AB  - Rat brain hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose-6-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.1) was
      derivatized with sulfosuccinimidyl-2-(m-azido-o-nitrobenzamido)ethyl-1,3'
      dithiopro pionate (SAND), a photosensitive and cleavable crosslinking agent. The
      catalytic activity and mitochondrial binding properties of the enzyme were only
      marginally affected by reaction with SAND. When the derivatized enzyme was bound
      to liver mitochondria, photolysis resulted in extensive formation of a single
      crosslinked species with estimated molecular mass 460 kDa. This was determined to
      contain only hexokinase and thus represents a tetramer of the 116 kDa (apparent
      molecular mass in gel system used) monomeric enzyme. Although small amounts of
      tetramer were detected after photolysis of relatively high concentrations of
      derivatized enzyme in free solution, tetramer formation was greatly enhanced when
      the enzyme was bound to mitochondria. No evidence of dimeric or trimeric
      structures was seen even when only a small fraction of the available binding
      sites on the mitochondrial membrane were occupied. It is thus concluded that
      tetramer formation is closely linked with binding of the enzyme to the outer
      mitochondrial membrane and, more specifically, to the pore structure through
      which metabolites traverse this membrane. It is speculated that a tetrameric
      structure surrounding the mitochondrial pores may facilitate interactions between
      the hexokinase reaction and oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the adenine
      nucleotides which are common intermediates in these reactions.

PMID- 2297229
TI  - Concentrations of long-chain acyl-acyl carrier proteins during fatty acid
      synthesis by chloroplasts isolated from pea (Pisum sativum), safflower (Carthamus
      tinctoris), and amaranthus (Amaranthus lividus) leaves.
AB  - Fatty acid synthesis from [1-14C]acetate by chloroplasts isolated from peas and
      amaranthus was linear for at least 15 min, whereas incorporation of the tracer
      into long-chain acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) did not increase after 2-3 min.
      When reactions were transferred to the dark after 3-5 min, long-chain acyl-ACPs
      lost about 90% of their radioactivity and total fatty acids retained all of
      theirs. Half-lives of the long-chain acyl-ACPs were estimated to be 10-15 s.
      Concentrations of palmitoyl-, stearoyl-, and oleoyl-ACP as indicated by
      equilibrium labeling during steady-state fatty acid synthesis, ranged from 0.6
      1.1, 0.2-0.7, and 0.4-1.6 microM, respectively, for peas and from 1.6-1.9, 1.3
      2.6, and 0.6-1.4 microM, respectively, for amaranthus. These values are based on
      a chloroplast volume of 47 microliters/mg chlorophyll and varied according to the
      mode of the incubation. A slow increase in activity of the fatty acid synthetase
      in safflower chloroplasts resulted in long-chain acyl-ACPs continuing to
      incorporate labeled acetate for 10 min. Upon re-illumination following a dark
      break, however, both fatty acid synthetase activity and acyl-ACP concentrations
      increased very rapidly. Palmitoyl-ACP was present at concentrations up to 2.5
      microM in safflower chloroplasts, whereas those of stearoyl- and oleoyl-ACPs were
      in the lower ranges measured for peas. Acyl-ACPs were routinely separated from
      extracts of chloroplasts that had been synthesising long-chain fatty acids from
      labeled acetate by a minor modification of the method of Mancha et al. (Anal.
      Biochem., 1975, 68, 600-608). The results compared favorably with those obtained
      using alternative analytical methods such as adsorption to filter paper and
      partition chromatography on silicic acid columns. The acyl-ACP which
      coprecipitated with ammonium sulfate was not affected by treatments with neutral
      hydroxylamine or borohydride, whereas that eluted from silicic acid was
      relatively easily derivatized. A single radioactive polypeptide of Mr 11,500 from
      pea and amaranthus chloroplasts was revealed by autoradiography of gels from
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the silicic
      acid eluates.

PMID- 2297230
TI  - Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid peroxidation in LM fibroblast
      plasma membrane transbilayer structure.
AB  - The effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid peroxidation on LM
      fibroblast plasma membrane individual leaflet sterol distribution and structural
      order were examined. The cytofacial (inner) leaflet was more rigid and contained
      more sterol than the exofacial (outer) leaflet. The static (limiting anisotropy)
      and dynamic (rotational relaxation time) structural components of
      diphenylhexatriene (DPH) motion in each leaflet were determined by phase and
      modulation fluorometry measurements combined with leaflet-specific quenching by
      trinitrophenyl groups. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, incorporated into the
      membrane phospholipids by culture medium supplementation, decreased the limiting
      anisotrophy of DPH in the cytofacial but not the exofacial leaflet thereby
      abolishing the transbilayer difference in fluidity. Peroxidation by Fe(II) + H2O2
      resulted in a rigidification (increase in limiting anisotropy and rotational
      relaxation time) of the plasma membrane exofacial leaflet, regardless of whether
      the membranes contained saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids or were
      enriched in either linoleate or linolenate. The structure of the cytofacial
      leaflet reported by DPH was unaffected. Plasma membrane transbilayer sterol
      distribution, measured by leaflet-specific quenching of dehydroergosterol
      fluorescence, indicated that 20-28% of the sterol was localized in the exofacial
      leaflet. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of LM fibroblasts resulted in
      a complete reversal of plasma membrane transbilayer sterol distribution (72-76%
      exofacial leaflet). Sterol transbilayer distribution between the membrane
      leaflets was completely resistant to alteration by exposure to crosslinking
      agents and peroxidation in control plasma membranes and by peroxidation in
      linoleate- or linolenate-supplemented membranes.

PMID- 2297231
TI  - Immunoblot analysis of the structure of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF3
      from HeLa cells.
AB  - Translational initiation factor eIF3 is a large, multisubunit protein complex
      involved in early steps of the initiation pathway. Affinity-purified polyclonal
      antibodies were used to analyze by immunoblotting the mass and charge
      characteristics of the subunits in HeLa cell lysates and in purified eIF3
      preparations. The evidence indicates that eIF3 comprises at least seven
      antigenically distinct subunits: p170, p115, p66, p47, p44, p40, and p36. During
      purification, p170, p115, and p66 are partially degraded to smaller forms, which
      appear to be the major cause of variable subunit composition among preparations
      of eIF3.

PMID- 2297233
TI  - [Effect of administration schedules on the antitumor activity of CPT-11, a
      camptothecin derivative].
AB  - Effect of administration schedules on the antitumor activity of CPT-11, a novel
      derivative of camptothecin, against mouse L 1210 leukemia and Meth A fibrosarcoma
      was investigated. At the same total dose, CPT-11 showed more significant
      antitumor activity by repeated administration. The most effective administration
      intervals were 5 days for L 1210 and 1 to 3 days for Meth A. CPT-11 showed a
      considerable antitumor activity by the repeated treatments for 2 or 3 times of
      continuous administration for 3 or 5 days.

PMID- 2297232
TI  - Scorbutic and fasted guinea pig sera contain an insulin-like growth factor I
      reversible inhibitor of proteoglycan and collagen synthesis in chick embryo
      chondrocytes and adult human skin fibroblasts.
AB  - Chick embryo chondrocytes cultured in sera from scorbutic and fasted guinea pigs
      exhibited decreases in collagen and proteoglycan production to about 30-50% of
      control values (I. Oyamada et al., 1988, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 152, 1490
      1496). Here we show by pulse-chase labeling experiments that in the chondrocyte
      system, as in the cartilage of scorbutic and fasted guinea pigs, decreased
      incorporation of precursor into collagen was due to decreased synthesis rather
      than to increased degradation. There was a concomitant decrease in type II
      procollagen mRNA to about 32% of the control level. As in scorbutic cartilage,
      proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes in scorbutic serum was blocked at the
      stage of glycosaminoglycan chain initiation. Scorbutic and fasted guinea pig sera
      also caused a 50-60% decrease in the rates of collagen and proteoglycan synthesis
      in adult human skin fibroblasts, which synthesize mainly type I collagen.
      Decreased matrix synthesis in both cell types resulted from the presence of an
      inhibitor in scorbutic and fasted sera. Elevated cortisol levels in these sera
      were not responsible for inhibition, as determined by the addition of
      dexamethasone to chondrocytes cultured in normal serum. Insulin-like growth
      factor I (IGF-I, 300-350 ng/ml) reversed the inhibition of extracellular matrix
      synthesis by scorbutic and fasted guinea pig sera in both cell types and
      prevented the decrease in type II procollagen mRNA in chondrocytes. Therefore, in
      addition to its established role in proteoglycan metabolism, IGF-I also regulates
      the synthesis of several collagen types. An increase in the circulating inhibitor
      of IGF-I action thus could lead to the negative regulation of collagen and
      cartilage proteoglycan synthesis that occurs in ascorbate-deficient and fasted
      guinea pigs.

PMID- 2297234
TI  - [Effect of fosfomycin on cisplatin-induced renal tubular damage].

PMID- 2297235
TI  - [Factors in the prognosis of early gastric cancer].
AB  - Prognosis factors for 1,012 subjects who underwent gastrectomy for early gastric
      cancer were studied over a 21-year period from 1965 to 1985. We divided
      submucosal cancer (sm) into two subgroups, classifying the one as sm II-1 with
      small cancerous nests in the submucosa and the other as sm II-2. Our cases of
      early gastric cancer fell into the following groups: m(mucosal cancer), 451
      cases; sm II-1, 106; sm II-2, 396 and multiple cancer, 59. The rate of lymph node
      metastasis was 1.1% in the m group, 5.7% in the sm II-1 group, 24.5% in the sm II
      2 group and 6.8% in the multiple group. Gastrectomy with removal of the second
      group lymph node proved adequate for sm II-2 group. The five year survival rate
      was 94.5% in the m group, 94.9% in sm II-1 group, 93.6% in the sm II-2 group and
      91.7% in the multiple cancer group. The rate of recurrence in m group was 0.9%,
      against 3.3% for sm II-2 group. The sm II-2 with histologically well
      differentiated type, n(+) and macroscopically Borrmann type are high-risk groups.
      Adjuvant chemotherapy is necessary to obtain improved surgical results for the
      high risk group. There was a total of 21 non-curative resection cases among which
      distant metastases were observed. Cases of early gastric cancer exist which are
      beyond help by surgical means.

PMID- 2297236
TI  - [Management and prognosis of patients with early colorectal cancer].
AB  - The controversy remains as to the management of patients with early colorectal
      cancer, especially criteria for subsequent surgical resection. However, all
      authors agree that residual carcinoma and lymph node metastasis closely affect
      survival of the patients. In this paper, we estimated the risk factor for local
      residual carcinoma or lymph node metastasis in early cancer, and wish to report
      the experience with particular reference to the management and prognosis of
      patients with invasive carcinoma. Subsequent surgery was indicated when the
      removed material showed at least one of the following findings: carcinoma near
      the surgical margin, massive invasion, vessel invasion and poorly differentiated
      adenocarcinoma. Patients without risk factors were adequately treated by
      polypectomy alone. Thirty-three percent of the patients with risk factors had
      residual carcinoma. We decided that massive invasion and carcinoma near the
      surgical margin were true risk factors for residual carcinoma. Only one patient
      with risk factors had lymph node metastasis. It is difficult to estimate the true
      risk of lymph node metastasis and further study is needed.

PMID- 2297237
TI  - [Prognostic factors in early esophageal cancer].
AB  - During the period from 1975 through 1988, 405 thoracic esophageal carcinoma were
      resected in our department. Among them, superficial carcinoma was proved in 50
      cases. The prognosis of these 50 patients with superficial carcinoma has been
      analyzed in regard to the prognostic factors. As for the clinico-pathological
      findings, there were no evident differences in mean age, sex distribution and
      main location of the lesions between superficial cases and overall resected
      cases. The distribution of depth of invasion was as follows; ep 4 cases, mm 7
      cases and sm 39 cases. The number of patients with invasion to submucosal layer
      had included the majority of the superficial cases. Lymph node metastasis was
      proved in 17 cases, and 16 of them had the invasion to the submucosal layer. On
      the other hand, neither patient with invasion to ep layer had lymph node
      metastasis, however, in one of seven cases with invasion to mm layer, lymph node
      metastasis to second group node was proved. The lesions have been resected
      through thoracotomy in 48 patients out of 50 cases. Blunt dissection has been
      carried out upon only two cases. The 5-year survival rate of superficial
      carcinoma was 61.7%, which was clearly better than that of all patients resected
      in the same period (31.6%). The prognosis distinctly correlated with the depth of
      invasion; 5-year survival rate of ep, mm and sm cases were 100%, 83.7% and 54.3%,
      respectively. We experienced no recurrence in case of ep or mm. As for sm cases,
      lymph node metastasis and/or vessel invasion were most dominant prognostic
      factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297238
TI  - [A clinical study of intraarterial infusion therapy with CDDP for primary
      osteosarcoma].
AB  - Eleven patients with primary osteosarcoma were treated by intra-arterial infusion
      of cisplatin. Cisplatin (50-100 mg/m2) was infused slowly into tumor feeding
      artery or proximal-to-the-lesion artery. An antidote, sodium thiosulfate, was
      also administered intravenously in 10 cases and angiotensin II was simultaneously
      used in 2 cases. Symptoms of heat sensation and local pain were decreased or
      disappeared in almost all cases and histopathologic changes were observed in 7
      cases. No viable tumor cells were seen in 3 cases.

PMID- 2297239
TI  - [Analysis of prognostic factors of node negative breast cancer].
AB  - Prognostic factors of 229 patients with node negative breast cancer were analysed
      using Cox's proportional hazard regression model. From 11 pathological factors,
      four factors nuclear grade, pectoral invasion, fat infiltration and tumor size
      were selected under condition of p less than 0.05. When the three factors
      (moderate or poorly differentiated nuclear grade, marked fatty infiltration and
      tumor size 2 cm) were provided as poor prognostic factors, node negative breast
      cancer was successfully classified from the number of the poor prognostic
      factors: namely, the recurrence rate of subgroups with the number of 0,1,2,3 was
      2%, 7%, 21%, 39%, respectively.

PMID- 2297240
TI  - [Chemosensitivity testing of anticancer agents in head and neck tumors. I:
      Comparison between head and neck squamous cell cancers and thyroid cancers].
AB  - In vitro chemosensitivity was evaluated in 28 patients with head and neck
      squamous cell carcinomas (12 pharyngeal cancers, 7 oral cavity cancers, 4
      laryngeal cancers, 4 maxillary sinus cancers and 1 esophageal cancer) and 19
      patients with thyroid cancer. Tumor fragments obtained at biopsy or surgery were
      exposed to anticancer drugs and assayed for succinate dehydrogenase (SD)
      activity. The average of SD activity in squamous cell carcinomas was 63.2% for 5
      FU, 24.6% for HCFU, 26.1% for CDDP, 41.0% for ADM, 28.4% for THP-ADM, 27.1% for
      ACR, 27.4% for CQ and 45.3% for VLB. In thyroid cancers, the average SD activity
      was 73.9% for 5-FU, 16.7% for HCFU, 32.6% for CDDP, 48.3% for ADM, 38.3% for THP
      ADM, 57.3% for ACR, 39.0% for CQ and 75.3% for VLB. The SD activity inhibition
      rate by anticancer drugs was larger in cases of head and neck squamous cell
      carcinomas than in cases of thyroid cancers except for HCFU. Higher sensitivity
      to each antitumor drug detected in cancer tissues from metastatic lymph-nodes
      than in tissues from primary lesions needs further investigation.

PMID- 2297241
TI  - [Antitumor activity of N-(5-indanylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)-urea, LY 186641
      against various human cancers using subrenal capsule assay].
AB  - An analog of diarylsulfonylurea, LY 186641 has a broad spectrum activity against
      murine solid tumors including Colon 26 and LX-1. Preclinical evaluation of the
      anticancer activity of LY 186641 using the subrenal capsule assay was performed
      in fresh human tumor samples derived from 87 patients with various cancers and 70
      (80%) samples were evaluable. The overall chemosensitivity rate of LY 186641 was
      37% and the average tumor growth inhibition rates (TGIRs) of malignant lymphoma,
      esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer were 51 +/- 19%, 51 +/- 20% and 48 +/-
      12%, respectively. The antitumor effect obtained by LY 186641 was comparable to
      that of the standard anticancer drugs including adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil and
      cisplatin evaluated in this assay simultaneously. Based upon these results, LY
      186641 is considered to have antitumor activity against some human cancers.

PMID- 2297242
TI  - [Sensitivity test for anti-tumor agents. 1. Application of human cord serum--as
      cellular growth factor].
AB  - For the purpose to establish a rapid, accurate, in vitro drug sensitivity test,
      we have been working on surgical specimens and malignant effusions. For the
      primary cultures, we used cellular medium PRMI-1640 with 10% fetal calf serum
      (FCS). For the successful tissue culture, human cord serum (HCS) was in stead of
      FCS in this study. For the preparation of HCS, human cord blood was obtained
      aseptically just after the second stage of labor from the uncomplicated pregnant
      women. The serum was separated, filtrated, being confirmed negative Mycoplasma
      contamination, and inactivated by keeping in a water bath at 56 degrees C for 30
      min. The experimental materials were T-24, HeLa and Vero cells. These cellular
      suspension samples in RPMI1640 with FCS or HCS were kept in 5% CO2 incubator at
      37 degrees C for 120 hours. Estimation and evaluation of this test in comparison
      of FCS with HCS were made on the following points. 1. Cellular proliferation on
      the crystal violet staining. 2. Cellular function test by MTT assay. 3. Cellular
      morphologic changes on microscopic examination. CONCLUSIONS: 1. HCS, as well as
      FCS, seemed to be a good cellular growth factor. 2. 5% HCS is compatible with 10%
      FCS for good cellular development.

PMID- 2297243
TI  - Multiple cystic lesions. Steatocystoma multiplex.

PMID- 2297244
TI  - Langerhans' cells density and morphology.

PMID- 2297245
TI  - Dermatologic radiation and cancer.

PMID- 2297246
TI  - More questions about purpura fulminans.

PMID- 2297247
TI  - Hereditary photosensitivity of the American Indian.

PMID- 2297248
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a patient affected by hereditary
      coproporphyria: safety of zidovudine treatment.

PMID- 2297249
TI  - Congenital common blue nevus.

PMID- 2297250
TI  - Drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis in developing countries.

PMID- 2297251
TI  - Vitiligo is associated with HLA-DR4 in black patients. A preliminary report.
AB  - We have determined the HLA-DR and HLA-DQ phenotypes of 24 black patients with
      vitiligo and compared these with phenotypes of 143 local black controls. HLA-DR4
      was significantly increased in patients, 38% vs 11% for controls. HLA-DQw3 was
      also increased in patients, 58% vs 32% for controls and may be explained in part
      by linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DR4. When patients were subgrouped according
      to family history of autoimmune disease and compared with controls, the increase
      in HLA-DR4 and HLA-DQw3 segregated with a positive family history. HLA-DRw6 in
      patients with a negative family history of autoimmune disease (64%) was
      significantly greater than the 10% in patients with a positive family history.
      When patients were subgrouped according to age at onset of disease, HLA-DR4 was
      increased in those with early onset of disease (younger than 20 years) while HLA
      DRw6 was greater in patients who were older at onset of disease. These findings
      support the hypothesis of an immunogenetic influence on the expression of
      vitiligo in black patients with vitiligo.

PMID- 2297252
TI  - Dermatomyositis. Disease associations and an evaluation of screening
      investigations for malignancy.
AB  - Fifty-three adult patients (19 men, 34 women) with dermatomyositis were studied.
      Two had dermatomyositis associated with benign disorders. Twenty-three (43%) had
      a malignancy; the risk of malignancy increased with age, but there was no sex
      difference. Seven malignancies were recurrences and 9 were diagnosed during
      investigation of dermatomyositis; these 16 were suspected clinically or from
      abnormal results of simple investigations. Extensive screening tests did not
      increase the number of malignancies diagnosed. In 7 patients, a diagnosis of
      malignancy was made more than 9 months after onset of dermatomyositis, although a
      relationship between malignancy and dermatomyositis was uncertain in two cases;
      the diagnosis of gynecological malignancy was missed in 2 patients despite
      appropriate investigations, 1 patient had poorly controlled dermatomyositis, and
      in 2 patients late diagnosis of malignancy was due to failure to reinvestigate
      relapse of previously stable dermatomyositis.

PMID- 2297253
TI  - Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Serial histopathologic evaluation
      demonstrates the dynamic nature of the infiltrate.
AB  - Data from experimentally induced cutaneous vasculitis have suggested that the
      inflammatory infiltrate is dynamic. In contrast, data from humans with cutaneous
      vasculitis have suggested that two distinct patterns of cellular infiltrate
      exist, a mononuclear-predominant and a neutrophilic-predominant type. There are
      little data regarding the temporal evolution of spontaneously occurring cutaneous
      vasculitis in humans. A patient with a cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis
      manifest as palpable purpura had four lesions encircled on the day of
      presentation. Biopsies of these lesions were obtained sequentially at 0, 24, 48,
      and 120 hours. The histopathologic specimens were graded without knowledge of the
      timing of the biopsy. The character of the infiltrate progressively changed from
      a neutrophilic-predominant to a mononuclear-predominant infiltrate supporting the
      theory of a dynamic process in cutaneous vasculitis. The previous reports that
      suggest that there are two distinct inflammatory cell types may be the result of
      performing the biopsy at one point in time during this transitory process.

PMID- 2297254
TI  - Improved patient survival after cardiac arrest using a cardiopulmonary support
      system.
AB  - A portable cardiopulmonary bypass system that can be rapidly deployed in a
      nonsurgical setting using nursing staff was used in 38 patients with
      cardiovascular collapse refractory to ACLS protocol. Percutaneous or cutdown
      cannulation sites were: femoral vein-femoral artery (n = 18), right internal
      jugular vein-femoral artery (n = 2), right atrium-ascending aorta (n = 12), or a
      combination approach (n = 4). Two patients could not be cannulated. Patient
      diagnoses were pulmonary emboli (n = 3), failed coronary angioplasty (n = 7),
      myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock (n = 5), trauma (n = 7), aortic
      stenosis (n = 2), postcardiotomy deterioration (n = 10), deterioration after
      cardiac transplantation (n = 2), cardiomyopathy with shock (n = 1), and ruptured
      ascending aortic dissection (n = 1). Ninety-five percent of patients (36 of 38)
      were successfully resuscitated to a stable rhythm. Eight diagnostic procedures
      (coronary angiography, n = 4; pulmonary angiography, n = 3; and aortography, n =
      1) were performed while patients were on cardiopulmonary support. Early deaths
      resulted from massive hemorrhage (n = 8), inability to cannulate (n = 2), and
      irreversible myocardial injury (n = 10). Sixty-six percent (24 of 36) of patients
      successfully cannulated underwent conversion to standard cardiopulmonary bypass
      with attendant operative procedure or placement of ventricular assist device or
      total artificial heart. Fifty percent (18 of 36) of patients cannulated were
      successfully weaned from cardiopulmonary support, and 17% (6/36) are long-term
      survivors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297255
TI  - Successful coronary artery bypass grafting for high-risk left main coronary
      artery atherosclerosis after cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Severe stenosis of the left main coronary artery developed in a 58-year-old woman
      9 years after orthotopic heart transplantation. Because of serious reversible
      myocardial ischemia and the high-risk nature of the coronary disease, coronary
      artery bypass grafting was performed, with no complications. Possible risk
      factors for the development of coronary arterial disease and its management in
      the transplant population are discussed.

PMID- 2297256
TI  - Late left atrioventricular valve insufficiency after repair of partial
      atrioventricular septal defects: anatomical and surgical determinants.
AB  - Risk factors for late left atrioventricular (AV) valve insufficiency, which
      occurred in 16 (18%) of 90 patients evaluated after repair of partial AV septal
      defect, were examined. The operative findings in 9 patients undergoing
      reoperation were also examined. Preoperative left AV valve insufficiency was
      significantly more common in the group with late left AV valve incompetence, as
      were associated valvular malformations as a whole and fenestrations of valve
      leaflets in particular. Conversely, the higher incidence of malformed or
      malpositioned papillary muscles, accessory clefts, and double-orifice left AV
      valves in the group with late left AV valve insufficiency did not reach
      significance. The method of surgical treatment of the septal commissure was not a
      significant factor. In the group having reoperation, additional valvular
      malformations were found in association with inappropriate treatment of the
      septal commissure in 7 patients. The 2 remaining patients had either a directly
      sutured ostium primum or dilatation of the annulus. Three re-repairs were
      successful. Five patients required prosthetic valve replacement. Preoperative
      left AV valve insufficiency and associated valvular malformations are major
      determinants of late left AV valve insufficiency in partial AV septal defect.

PMID- 2297257
TI  - Retrospective analysis of the efficacy of open lung biopsy in acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Open lung biopsy (OLB) was performed on 66 patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome from November 1981 through December 1987. Twenty-two
      patients with severe respiratory failure died within a month, 3 during operation.
      Fourteen patients with negative transbronchial biopsy and 19 with failure of
      treatment based on transbronchial biopsy died within a year. Six were alive and 5
      were lost to follow-up. The most common organism found in patients with severe
      respiratory failure was Pneumocystis carinii alone or with other pathogens.
      Successful therapeutic change based on OLB findings was possible in only 1 (1.5%)
      of the 66 patients. Open lung biopsy has limited application in the management of
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In patients with overt pulmonary failure, OLB
      is invariably fatal. Those seen with suspicious lung infiltrates without risk
      factors or with known risk factors and negative transbronchial biopsy results
      might benefit from OLB. In our institution, 18 of 64 acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome admissions underwent OLB in 1983, whereas in 1987, only 2 of 302
      patients admitted with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome had OLB.

PMID- 2297258
TI  - Disruption of the aortic anastomosis after heart-lung transplantation.
AB  - Disruption of the aorta at the anastomotic site occurred in 4 of 66 consecutive
      heart-lung transplant recipients and was associated with a 100% mortality. In 3
      of these patients, Candida either was cultured from the suture line or was seen
      in the wall of the aorta at postmortem examination. In 2 of these 3 patients,
      cultures of material from the donor trachea taken at the time of explanation grew
      Candida species. Two patients were seen with sudden massive hemorrhage on
      postoperative day 26 and postoperative day 28. One patient experienced acute
      decompensation due to right ventricular outflow tract obstruction on
      postoperative day 30, and the remaining patient was seen 7 months postoperatively
      with obstruction of both the left main bronchus and the right pulmonary artery
      caused by extrinsic compression by an aortic pseudoaneurysm. A high index of
      suspicion should be maintained when transplanting lungs containing Candida
      species, as we believe there is substantial evidence of donor transmission of the
      fungal agents. We now include amphotericin B in our antibiotic prophylactic
      regimen in an attempt to prevent fungal infection because previous treatment has
      been uniformly unsuccessful. Furthermore, we wrap both the trachea and the aorta
      with omentum to lessen the likelihood of mediastinal spread of infection to the
      aortic suture line.

PMID- 2297259
TI  - Effect of circulatory assist devices on stunned myocardium.
AB  - We studied the effects of mechanical circulatory assist devices on left
      ventricular oxygen consumption, the integrals of systolic left ventricular wall
      stress (SSI), and end-systolic elastance (Ees) in 8 sheep after 25 minutes of
      global ischemia. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at 35 mL/kg/min, intraaortic
      balloon counterpulsation, and an intraaortic double-balloon pump were studied
      alone or in combination. Left ventricular oxygen consumption, SSI, and Ees were
      measured before and during mechanical circulatory assistance. Left ventricular
      oxygen consumption was calculated from transit-time measurements of left main
      coronary artery blood flow and fiberoptic measurements of coronary sinus blood
      oxygen saturation. Three pairs of sonomicrometry crystals placed across three
      orthogonal ventricular axes were used to calculate instantaneous ventricular
      volumes and pressure-volume loops from which the SSI data were derived. The Ees
      was measured using a new single-beat aortic occlusive method. Extracorporeal
      membrane oxygenation alone increased SSI and did not change Ees in postischemic
      poorly contracting hearts. Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation alone
      significantly reduced SSI and increased Ees. The combination of extracorporeal
      membrane oxygenation and either the intraaortic balloon pump or the intraaortic
      double-balloon pump reduced SSI, increased Ees, and reduced left ventricular
      oxygen consumption. In postischemic dilated, poorly contracting hearts, the
      combination of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and intraaortic balloon
      counterpulsation has important advantages over extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation alone.

PMID- 2297260
TI  - Bromocriptine as an adjuvant to cyclosporine immunosuppression after heart
      transplantation.
AB  - Prolactin, a pituitary hormone, has been shown to have an active role in the
      regulation of the immune system. Prolactin receptors have been described on the
      membrane of lymphocyte cells, and competitive binding to these receptors by
      cyclosporine and circulating prolactin has been demonstrated. Experimental
      evidence suggests a synergistic effect of cyclosporine and bromocriptine, an
      inhibitor of pituitary release of prolactin, on immunosuppression. Between July
      1986 and January 1988, 54 patients were randomly assigned to two groups of
      immunosuppression treatment. Thirty patients (group 1) were administered
      cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone and 24 patients (group 2), a modified
      protocol aimed at decreasing the level of circulating prolactin by adding
      bromocriptine to the immunosuppression regimen. The two groups were similar in
      regard to age, preoperative diagnosis, and duration of follow-up. Minimal side
      effects related to bromocriptine were observed. The overall incidences of
      rejection and infection were similar, although actuarial analysis showed that
      freedom from these complications among patients treated with bromocriptine was
      significantly higher throughout the first 2 months after heart transplantation
      compared with that of patients in the control group. Other variables such as
      serum cyclosporine levels and lymphocyte counts were similar in both groups. In
      conclusion, suppression of circulating prolactin by bromocriptine appears to
      improve the immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporine, at least during the early
      postoperative period when the risk of rejection and infection is higher, and
      could be a promising avenue to successful hormonal manipulations of the immune
      process after organ transplantation.

PMID- 2297261
TI  - Effect of routine fibrin glue use on the duration of air leaks after lobectomy.
AB  - The effectiveness of fibrin glue as a sealant to reduce postoperative air leaks
      after pulmonary lobectomy was evaluated in 28 consecutive patients between
      November 1988 and May 1989. A fibrin glue spray was used in 14 patients, and 14
      patients served as controls. Assignment of either group was made before
      thoracotomy. Nine male and 5 female patients with a mean age of 63.8 years were
      in the fibrin glue experimental group, and 8 male and 6 female patients with a
      mean age of 59 years, in the control group. An equal number of complete and
      incomplete fissures were in each group. All fissures were handled in the same way
      (stapled). Two milliliters of fibrin glue was applied through a double-syringe
      delivery system and sprayed on the staple line and any cut surface of the
      inflated lung just before thoracotomy closure. The fibrin glue-treated group had
      a mean air leak duration of 2.3 +/- 3.7 days, chest tube drains for 6 +/- 4.1
      days, and a postoperative hospitalization of 9.8 +/- 3.1 days. The control group
      had a mean air leak duration of 3.3 +/- 3.3 days (p = 0.94), chest tube drains
      for 5.9 +/- 3.9 days (p = 0.95), and a postoperative hospitalization of 11.5 +/-
      3.9 days (p = 0.21). We conclude that the routine use of a fixed quantity of
      fibrin glue is not effective in reducing the duration of air leaks, chest tube
      drainage, or hospitalization after uncomplicated pulmonary lobectomy.

PMID- 2297262
TI  - Sternal wire-induced persistent chest pain: a possible hypersensitivity reaction.
AB  - Persistent chest pain has been reported to be a relatively common complaint after
      operations through a median sternotomy approach. We report a case that we believe
      represents a sternal pain syndrome resulting from sensitivity to nickel in the
      stainless steel sternal wires. In view of the high incidence of nickel
      sensitivity in the general population, we question whether such sensitivity may
      be involved in similar poststernotomy pain syndromes when any other clear-cut
      pathophysiological process is not apparent.

PMID- 2297263
TI  - Aortic valvoplasty for traumatic aortic insufficiency: a 2-year follow-up.
AB  - A 23-year-old man sustained acute rupture of an aortic valve cusp in a motorcycle
      accident. We repaired the valve using an autologous pericardial patch. A 2-year
      follow-up two-dimensional echocardiogram and Doppler study show completely normal
      appearance and function.

PMID- 2297264
TI  - Right atrial thrombosis: association with constrictive pericarditis.
AB  - We report a 73-year-old man with right atrial thrombosis associated with both
      constrictive pericarditis and persistent sinus rhythms of the heart who
      successfully underwent thrombectomy and pericardiectomy.

PMID- 2297265
TI  - Successful surgical management of bronchial dehiscence after single-lung
      transplantation.
AB  - A case of bronchial dehiscence despite bronchial omentopexy is described in a
      patient nine days after single-lung transplantation. Rethoracotomy was undertaken
      as soon as the diagnosis was established before superinfection occurred. Necrotic
      bronchus was excised, with the anastomosis sited distally on the donor bronchus.
      The omentum was necrotic, and the new anastomosis was wrapped with a vascularized
      pedicle of pericardium. Six months after this procedure, the patient remains
      well.

PMID- 2297266
TI  - Method of endoscopic esophageal intubation using a rigid esophagoscope.
AB  - Endoscopic intubation of malignant esophageal strictures carries a substantial
      risk of esophageal perforation. We have developed a method of endoscopic
      intubation that reduces to a minimum the elements of the procedure that have to
      be performed "blind." The use of this method has been associated with a reduction
      in perforation rates when compared with other series.

PMID- 2297267
TI  - Bjork-Shiley strut fracture and disc escape.

PMID- 2297268
TI  - Internal mammary artery grafts.

PMID- 2297269
TI  - Must the mitral valve always be removed during prosthetic replacement?

PMID- 2297270
TI  - Repair of ductus diverticulum aneurysm.

PMID- 2297271
TI  - Importance of precordial electrocardiogram monitoring during coronary artery
      bypass grafting.

PMID- 2297272
TI  - Resection of atriocaval adrenal carcinoma.

PMID- 2297273
TI  - Valvular xenograft to bioprosthesis.

PMID- 2297274
TI  - Technical and scientific advances in cardiac surgery over the past 25 years.

PMID- 2297275
TI  - Esophagectomy for esophageal disruption.
AB  - When esophageal disruption occurs in the presence of preexisting esophageal
      disease or is associated with sepsis or fluid and electrolyte imbalance,
      aggressive and definitive therapy often provides the only chance for patient
      salvage. Twenty-four adults (average age, 59 years) with intrathoracic esophageal
      perforations underwent esophagectomy: 15, transhiatal esophagectomy without
      thoracotomy; and 9, transthoracic esophagectomy. Restoration of alimentary
      continuity with an immediate cervical esophagogastric anastomosis was carried out
      in 13 patients. Eleven underwent a cervical or anterior thoracic esophagostomy,
      and 10 of them had a subsequent colonic (7) or gastric (3) interposition from 4
      to 32 weeks (average time, 8.6 weeks) later. The perforations were due to
      esophageal instrumentation (9 patients), acute caustic ingestion (2), emesis (2),
      intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomotic disruption (2), and other causes (9).
      Preexisting esophageal disease in 20 patients included chronic strictures (10
      patients), reflux esophagitis (3), esophageal cancer (3), achalasia (2), diffuse
      spasm (2), and monilial esophagitis (1 patient). Ten patients were operated on
      within 12 hours after the injury; 3, within 12 to 24 hours; and 11, within three
      to 45 days (average interval, 6.6 days). There were three hospital deaths (13%).
      Nineteen of the 21 survivors were able to swallow comfortably until the time of
      death or latest follow-up. Aggressive diagnosis and aggressive treatment of life
      threatening esophageal perforations are advocated. Conservative procedures
      (repair, diversion, or drainage) for a perforation with preexisting esophageal
      disease often inflict more morbidity than esophageal resection, which eliminates
      the perforation, the source of sepsis, and the underlying esophageal disease. The
      decision to restore alimentary continuity in a single stage must be
      individualized.

PMID- 2297276
TI  - Reduced-size lung transplantation in neonatal swine: technique and short-term
      physiological response.
AB  - Lung transplantation is now a clinical reality in adults but is limited by the
      scarcity of appropriate donors. The donor shortage is even more acute for
      neonatal and pediatric patients. Reduced-size lung grafts would expand the pool
      of appropriate cadaveric donors and allow HLA-matched living related lobar or
      segmental lung transplants. To evaluate this experimentally, we developed a model
      of pulmonary lobar transplantation in neonatal pigs and studied the acute
      hemodynamic response after transplanting the left lower lobe from a more mature
      donor to a neonatal recipient. Technical considerations included using the
      recipient atrial appendage for the pulmonary venous anastomosis. Nine pairs of
      pigs underwent left lateral thoracotomy. The recipient left atrial and pulmonary
      arterial pressures, cardiac output, and pulmonary vascular resistance were
      measured before pneumonectomy and after left lower lobe transplantation. Although
      the left atrial and pulmonary arterial pressures remained unchanged after
      transplantation, there was a 15% increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and a
      23% reduction in cardiac output. Neither change was statistically significant.
      The distribution of blood flow through the left and right pulmonary arteries was
      unchanged after transplantation. We conclude that lobar transplantation is
      technically feasible in immature animals and that the pulmonary venous
      anastomosis to the left atrial appendage facilitates the procedure. This model
      may prove useful in studying lung transplantation in immature recipients and
      expedite implementation of reduced-size lung transplantation in neonatal and
      pediatric patients.

PMID- 2297277
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and steroids provide better spinal cord protection
      during aortic cross-clamping than does either treatment alone.
AB  - We investigated whether intravenous methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) before 30
      minutes of aortic cross-clamping and after 4 hours could enhance the effects of
      cerebrospinal fluid drainage on spinal cord perfusion pressure and postoperative
      paraplegia when proximal blood pressure was controlled with sodium nitroprusside
      and partial exsanguination. Dogs were randomized into three groups: group 1 (n =
      6), control; group 2 (n = 7), steroids; and group 3 (n = 6), steroids with
      cerebrospinal fluid drainage. During aortic cross-clamping, blood pressure
      proximal to the clamp decreased significantly in each group compared with
      baseline (p less than 0.05), but did not differ among groups (group 1 = 82.2,
      group 2 = 82.1, group 3 = 86.6 mm Hg, p greater than 0.05). Mean distal pressure
      decreased from systemic values to 8.4, 8.5, and 3.7 mm Hg, respectively, after
      aortic cross-clamping (p less than 0.05); these values did not differ from one
      another (p greater than 0.05). During aortic cross-clamping, cerebrospinal fluid
      pressure in groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly compared with baseline
      (12.2 versus 8.2, 14.2 versus 10.7 mm Hg, p greater than 0.05), whereas in group
      3 the baseline cerebral spinal fluid pressure of 10.7 mm Hg decreased to 0.4 mm
      Hg (p less than 0.05). Spinal cord perfusion pressure in group 3 was
      significantly higher than in groups 1 and 2 (3.3 versus -3.9 and -5.7 mm Hg, p
      less than 0.05), but did not differ between groups 1 and 2 (p greater than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297278
TI  - Ten-year experience with aortic valve replacement in 482 patients 70 years of age
      or older: operative risk and long-term results.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of an institutional experience with aortic valve
      replacement (AVR) in patients 70 years of age or older during 1976 to 1987 was
      performed. The study was prompted in part by the current interest in palliative
      aortic valvoplasty, an interest based to a certain extent on the impression that
      AVR in the elderly has a high mortality. The mean age of the patients was 75.0 +/
      4.0 years (+/- the standard deviation) (range, 70 to 89 years). Eighty-three
      percent of patients received porcine valves and 17%, mechanical valves.
      Preoperatively 32% were in New York Heart Association class III, and 59% were in
      class IV. Operative mortality was 5.6% for elective isolated AVR for aortic
      stenosis (19% of all patients), 8.2% for all isolated AVR (38%), and 12.4%
      overall. Concomitant operative procedures were done in 62.0%; AVR with coronary
      artery bypass grafting (42%) had an operative mortality of 14.3%. Multivariate
      analysis showed significant predictors of operative mortality to be emergency
      operation (p less than 0.01), isolated aortic regurgitation (p = 0.01), and
      previous cardiac operation (p = 0.02). Follow-up (34 +/- 27 months) was 94%
      complete. Five-year survival from late cardiac-related death was 81.0%. The
      constant yearly hazard rate for late death for patients 70 years of age or older
      who underwent AVR was 5.42% per year, which is similar to the 5.77% per year rate
      calculated for age-matched and sex-matched controls. Five-year freedom from
      reoperation was 99%; from late thromboembolic complications, 91%; and from late
      anticoagulant-related complications, 94%. Freedom from all valve-related
      morbidity and mortality was 61% at 5 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297279
TI  - Evolving patterns in the surgical treatment of malignant ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias.
AB  - The advent of the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD),
      generally viewed as a safe and effective intervention, has in some measure
      discouraged the use of electrophysiologically directed endocardial resection for
      intractable ventricular arrhythmias. We reviewed the records of 127 patients
      undergoing either AICD procedures or resection over a 6-year period. Thirty-day
      mortality was 5.6% (5/89 patients) for all AICD procedures, 10.7% (3/28) for AICD
      placement plus coronary artery bypass grafting, and 11.8% (4/34) for resection.
      These mortality figures are not significantly different. Patients undergoing
      resection were less likely to require antiarrhythmic agents than patients given
      an AICD (33% versus 61%). Survival at 2 years was 78% in the resection group and
      72% in the AICD group. Survival at 4 years was still 78% in the resection group.
      Only 1 late sudden death occurred in the AICD group and none in the resection
      group. We conclude that resection continues to be a valuable alternative,
      offering a greater overall benefit at only slightly increased risk.

PMID- 2297280
TI  - Impact of glucose self-monitoring on glycohemoglobin values in a veteran
      population.
AB  - Twenty-one diabetic patients who self-monitored their glucose levels (via either
      reflectance meter or visual strips) were compared with 17 closely matched
      patients who did not monitor their levels. Mean age, duration of diabetes,
      ancillary illnesses, hospitalizations, and diabetes complications (number and
      type) did not statistically differ between the two groups. Over the 3-year
      interval of the retrospective study, there were no differences in glycohemoglobin
      values between the groups. We conclude that self-monitoring of blood glucose
      levels alone did not improve the mean amount of glycemia in these patients.
      Alternative strategies must be developed for use in concert with self-monitoring
      technology to improve its effectiveness.

PMID- 2297281
TI  - The value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in patients with nodular thyroid
      disease divided into groups of suspicion of malignant neoplasms on clinical
      grounds.
AB  - The accuracy of clinical diagnosis and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was
      evaluated in 169 patients surgically treated for nodular thyroid disease.
      Patients were divided into three groups with high, moderate, or low suspicion of
      malignant neoplasms on clinical grounds without previous knowledge of cytologic
      or histologic results. Histologic examination revealed an overall malignant
      neoplasm rate of 23%; the rate was 71%, 14%, and 11% for the groups with high,
      moderate, and low suspicion, respectively. The FNAB diagnostic interpretations of
      malignant and uncertain were considered positive. Overall sensitivity,
      specificity, and accuracy for FNAB were 92%, 71%, and 75%, respectively.
      Sensitivity in the high-, moderate-, and low-suspicion groups was 95%, 89%, and
      88%, respectively; specificity was 88%, 72%, and 67%, respectively; and accuracy
      was 93%, 75%, and 69%, respectively. In our opinion, all patients in the group
      with high clinical suspicion need surgical treatment whatever the FNAB result;
      those with lower degrees of clinical suspicion and malignant or uncertain FNAB
      result [corrected] should also undergo surgery.

PMID- 2297283
TI  - The influence of age, sex, smoking, and diabetes on lower limb transcutaneous
      oxygen tension in patients with arterial occlusive disease.
AB  - A retrospective study involving 129 patients (256 limbs) with unilateral or
      bilateral arterial occlusive disease was performed to assess the effects of age,
      sex, smoking, and diabetes on lower limb transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPo2)
      measurements of were made according to a standard protocol, and the severity of
      lower limb arterial occlusive disease was estimated using the clinical signs and
      symptoms of disease or the ankle/brachial blood pressure index. The results
      demonstrated that age, sex, and smoking had no major effects on limb TcPo2 or
      disease severity; however, both limb TcPo2 and clinical disease severity were
      adversely affected by diabetes. When limbs with similar occlusive disease
      severity were compared, TcPo2 remained consistently lower in diabetic than in
      nondiabetic patients. We conclude that diabetes causes a reduction in limb TcPo2
      beyond that which can be accounted for by large-vessel arterial occlusive disease
      alone.

PMID- 2297282
TI  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation policies and practices. A statewide nursing home
      study.
AB  - We determined the prevalence of written cardiopulmonary resuscitation policies in
      North Carolina nursing homes and evaluated their content according to
      predetermined criteria. Questionnaires were mailed to 236 state-registered
      facilities. Two hundred nine nursing homes (88.5%) responded to the
      questionnaire; 83% reported having a written policy, and half (86 nursing homes)
      provided copies. Nine of ten nursing homes reported that cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation was performed at their institution, and a similar number (92%)
      permitted physician orders restricting cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Written
      policies were systematically compared with 10 model criteria. Policy content
      varied substantially. More than half of the policies contained provisions for
      authorization, informed consent, documentation, competency, review, and
      applicability of do not resuscitate orders. Less than half contained criteria for
      autonomy, treatment alternatives, dignity and quality of care, and patient
      identification. Nursing homes that had written policies were newer, larger, and
      for-profit; had a greater proportion of skilled nursing care beds; and were more
      likely to have both Medicare and Medicaid certification. The variations in these
      policies place nursing home residents at risk for having important personal
      rights limited or ignored. Inclusion of these 10 policy criteria in a
      comprehensive cardiopulmonary resuscitation policy would represent an important
      step toward enhancing the quality of decision making by nursing home residents.

PMID- 2297284
TI  - Effects of exercise, dietary cholesterol, and dietary fat on blood lipids.
AB  - Exercise, a low fat diet, or a diet low in saturated fat content can each lower
      plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. We
      investigated whether these factors together could prevent the lipid-raising
      effects of dietary cholesterol. Ten healthy, athletic, normolipidemic male
      volunteers were studied. Two diets of 4 weeks duration each were compared in a
      randomized, blind crossover design. Diets were identical except for cholesterol
      content: one contained 600 mg/d; the other 200 mg/d. Both diets contained 15% of
      calories as protein, 55% as carbohydrate, 30% as fat, and the polyunsaturated fat
      to saturated fat ratio was 1.5. Exercise level and body weight were kept constant
      in each subject. As compared with plasma values obtained following the 200-mg/d
      cholesterol diet, mean values following the 600-mg/d cholesterol diet
      significantly increased for LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B by 10% and 13%,
      respectively. Mean plasma triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein 2 and 3, and
      apolipoprotein A-1 levels did not change significantly. Individual responses,
      however, were highly variable. Three subjects increased LDL cholesterol by more
      than 25%; 2 subjects increased LDL cholesterol by 10% to 25%; and 5 subjects had
      5% or less change in LDL cholesterol. A dietary cholesterol increase can
      significantly elevate plasma LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in certain
      normolipidemic, healthy men even when they are exercising regularly and consuming
      a moderately fat restricted, low saturated fat diet. Dietary cholesterol
      restriction may therefore be justifiable even when other life-style and dietary
      measures to minimize blood cholesterol are undertaken.

PMID- 2297285
TI  - Training and practice activities of hematology and medical oncology diplomates.
AB  - Diplomates of the American Board of Internal Medicine in hematology or medical
      oncology were surveyed about the content and setting of their practices, adequacy
      of training for professional activities, and preferences for certification. The
      response rate was 60% (N = 2516). Approximately 20% of cases seen by diplomates
      in hematology involve nonhematopoietic neoplasms, and 10% of cases managed by
      oncologists concern hematologic disorders. Diplomates were satisfied with
      training in areas corresponding to their own field(s) of certification, except
      for immune and/or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related and nonneoplastic
      leukocyte disorders. Training deficits most frequently recalled were office
      management skills and psychosocial/communication skills. Nearly half of the
      respondents preferred to maintain separate certificates. Data indicate that the
      two fields are distinct. However, the overlap in practice brings into question
      the adequacy of training for diplomates who manage problems outside of their
      field of certification and suggests that some degree of cross-fertilization in
      all training would be beneficial.

PMID- 2297286
TI  - The respiratory effects of cobalt.
AB  - We studied seven subjects with certain manifestations of cobalt-induced lung
      disease. All worked with cobalt and were involved in either the production or use
      of hard metal. The mode of presentation varied from an acute hypersensitivity
      pneumonitis that cleared completely when exposure ceased to progressive severe
      interstitial fibrosis of the lungs. In one subject reexposure was followed by a
      recurrence of the symptoms. All subjects showed restrictive ventilatory
      impairment and a reduction of their diffusing capacity. The radiologic
      appearances varied greatly. While two subjects had clear roentgenograms with
      small lung volumes, others had a micronodular pattern or small blotchy nodular
      infiltrates, and one had diffuse reticulonodulation as is seen in cryptogenic
      fibrosing alveolitis. The pathologic appearances varied between desquamative
      interstitial pneumonia and overt mural fibrosis of the alveoli. Six of the seven
      patients had multinucleated giant cells in their biopsy specimens or
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

PMID- 2297287
TI  - A positive family history of breast cancer. Does it effect diminish with age?
AB  - To determine whether the influence of family history on the incidence of breast
      cancer diminishes with age, we studied data from 9000 women: 2712 with breast
      cancer, 2972 with benign breast disease, and 3316 control subjects. Patients were
      divided into eight cohorts by age; for each, odds ratios were computed to compare
      cancer patients with patients who have benign disease and with control subjects
      for positive family history of breast cancer. For both sets of comparisons, odds
      ratios are highest for subjects from 30 to 34 years old. After the age of 45
      years, odds ratios decline, and after age 60 years the odds of breast cancer
      occurring in women with a positive family history are no greater than it is in
      women without such a history. These results suggest that a family history of
      breast cancer is a determinant of breast cancer only for women under age 60
      years. The mechanism through which this is effected needs to be studied.

PMID- 2297289
TI  - Usefulness of physical examination in detecting the presence or absence of
      anemia.
AB  - Previous studies addressing the usefulness of pallor in anemia are deficient
      because of observer or spectrum bias. Three internists made individual
      assessments of conjunctivae, face, nails, palms, and palmar creases in 98 male
      and 5 female hospitalized patients at a Veterans Administration Medical Center.
      The true-positive rates (sensitivities) were highest for pallor at any one of
      three sites (ie, the conjunctivae, face, or palms; 0.65) and for pallor of the
      palms (0.53). True-negative rates (specificities) were best for palmar creases
      (1.00), for pallor at conjunctivae, face, and palms (all three in combination;
      0.95), and for the face (0.90). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis
      revealed that the examination of the nailbeds is inferior to all other sites or
      combinations. Interobserver variability K scores were negative for palmar creases
      but ranged from .16 to .51 for other sites. We conclude that (1) the absence of
      pallor does not rule out anemia, and therefore this sign is not useful for
      screening an asymptomatic population; (2) pallor of the conjunctivae, face, and
      palms together is of benefit in confirming the presence of anemia; and (3)
      neither the nailbeds nor palmar creases are of value in assessing the presence or
      absence of anemia.

PMID- 2297290
TI  - Fulminant hepatic failure associated with intravenous erythromycin lactobionate.
AB  - Fatal fulminant hepatic failure accompanied by brisk hemolysis developed in an
      elderly man after intravenous administration of erythromycin lactobionate for a
      lower respiratory infection. To our knowledge, this is the first case of fatal
      hepatotoxicity associated with intravenous erythromycin therapy. Erythromycin
      should be added to the list of drugs that can cause fulminant hepatic failure.

PMID- 2297291
TI  - SI units:--what do internists think?

PMID- 2297288
TI  - Sexual function in the elderly.
AB  - Little is known about sexual behavior among the elderly living in the community.
      Questions about sexual activity and its correlates were included in a clinic
      examination whose participants were identified by a household survey of a
      probability of Washtenaw County, Michigan, elderly, aged 60 years and over, on
      the medical, epidemiological, and social aspects of aging. Estimates of
      proportions based on responses at the clinic examination were also projected to
      the demographics of the household survey. The estimated proportions of
      individuals who are sexually active are 73.8% for married men and 55.8% for
      married women; among unmarried men and women the proportions are 31.1% and 5.3%,
      respectively. The levels decrease significantly with age in both genders. The
      estimated proportion of married men with erectile impotence is 35.3%. Significant
      associations were observed between having problems with mobility and the lack of
      sexual activity in both genders. The prevalence of impotency was significantly
      associated with a history of heart attack, urinary incontinence, and the use of
      sedatives. The consumption of at least one cup of coffee per day was
      significantly associated with a higher prevalence of sexual activity in women and
      with a higher potency rate in men.

PMID- 2297292
TI  - The national resident matching program.

PMID- 2297293
TI  - Smoking cessation training for medicine residents.

PMID- 2297294
TI  - Vaccine-preventable diseases and medical personnel. Ensure the immunity of all!

PMID- 2297295
TI  - Diabetic nephropathy. The internist's role.

PMID- 2297296
TI  - Attitudes. Physicians, AIDS, and the American public.

PMID- 2297297
TI  - Medical students as sources of rubella and measles outbreaks.
AB  - Medical students demonstrate a high degree of susceptibility to rubella and
      measles, and hence are at risk for infection and transmission of these viruses.
      The purpose of our study was to examine the role medical students play as sources
      or vectors in rubella and measles outbreaks. We conducted a survey of all US and
      Canadian public health departments to determine how often students were
      implicated in outbreaks (response rate, 88.7%). We also performed a literature
      search to identify any cases not reported to health departments, as well as
      examined the medical, social, and economic consequences of such outbreaks in the
      medical setting. Since 1981, 9% of health departments have recorded at least one
      outbreak of rubella or measles in which medical students were specifically
      implicated as sources or vectors. Increased morbidity, mortality, and adverse
      economic consequences resulted from these outbreaks. Our data confirm that
      medical students are important sources/vectors in rubella and measles outbreaks.
      We recommend that all medical students be immune to these viruses.

PMID- 2297298
TI  - Mumps transmission in hospitals.
AB  - Although sporadic transmission of mumps within hospitals to patients and staff is
      well documented, outbreaks of mumps within hospitals have only rarely been
      reported. The widespread mumps outbreaks that occurred in Tennessee in 1986-1987
      provided an opportunity to assess the extent of the problems caused by mumps in
      hospitals. Information was obtained from 146 (95%) of 154 infection control
      practitioners in the state. Infection control problems caused by mumps were
      reported from 17 (12%) of 146 hospitals. The 17 hospitals in which these
      incidents occurred were located in counties that accounted for 67% of the
      reported mumps cases statewide during this period. Although most cases of mumps
      in health care workers were community-acquired, six health care workers in three
      different hospitals developed mumps following nosocomial exposure. In two
      institutions, nine patients contracted mumps while hospitalized. Both were long
      term-care facilities housing adolescents, who had substantial contact with a
      community where mumps outbreaks were ongoing. This study suggests that mumps
      poses a small but real risk to both patients and staff in hospitals, particularly
      in long-term-care facilities caring for adolescents and young adults. In
      communities where mumps activity is ongoing, hospitals should consider
      identifying potentially susceptible staff members at risk for infection and
      offering vaccine. Likewise, susceptible patients in long-term-care facilities
      should be immunized.

PMID- 2297300
TI  - Physician variation in anticoagulating patients with atrial fibrillation.
      Dartmouth Primary Care COOP Project.
AB  - We investigated variations in the oral anticoagulant treatment of atrial
      fibrillation by physicians in three specialties: family physicians (or general
      practitioners), general internists, and cardiologists. Results showed general
      agreement in the anticoagulation decision regarding patients with either mitral
      valve disease or a history of chronic alcohol abuse, but substantial disagreement
      in other categories of patients. Estimations of the risk of embolization and risk
      of hemorrhage differed widely among all physicians, cardiologists generally
      rating the embolization risks lower than the other physicians. A physician's
      treatment decision was strongly related to the relative risk of embolism vs
      hemorrhage derived for each case. A relationship between physician specialty and
      treatment decision was also demonstrated, with cardiologists least likely, and
      family practitioners most likely, to institute anticoagulation in nonrheumatic
      patients with atrial fibrillation. The reason for this variation appears to be
      differences in the estimated risk of systemic embolism.

PMID- 2297299
TI  - Attitudes toward the care of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A
      survey of community internists.
AB  - Community physicians may play an increasing role in treating patients with
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) because of the shift away from
      inpatient care. At a community hospital in New York, NY, we surveyed 230
      attending physicians in a department of medicine to determine their attitudes
      toward the care of patients with AIDS. Factor analysis produced three clusters of
      attitudes termed antipathy, liability, and isolation. These factors, together
      with physicians' "knowledge" and background, were analyzed as predictors of
      treating patients with AIDS. While antipathy, isolation, and fear of acquiring
      AIDS were not predictors, liability scores were inversely correlated with the
      likelihood of treating the disease (r = -.18). Liability was influenced by
      patients' attitudes toward AIDS. Primary care physicians had higher liability and
      isolation scores than subspecialists and were more likely to see support groups,
      guaranteed funding, and education as incentives to treat patients with AIDS.
      Further study is needed to target measures that support primary care physicians
      in their care of patients with this disease.

PMID- 2297301
TI  - Absence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus in long-term, socially
      rehabilitated methadone maintenance patients.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become widespread among
      parenteral drug abusers. We measured antibody to HIV and hepatitis B virus
      markers in 58 long-term, socially rehabilitated methadone-maintained former
      heroin addicts. None of the 58 had antibody to HIV, but one or more markers of
      hepatitis B virus infection were seen in 53 (91%). The duration of methadone
      maintenance was 16.9 +/- 0.5 years, and the median dose of methadone was 60 mg
      (range, 5 to 100 mg). Before methadone treatment, the patients had abused heroin
      parenterally for 10.3 +/- 1.7 years, and they had engaged in additional high-risk
      practices for HIV infection. We conclude that successful outcomes during
      methadone maintenance treatment are associated with sparing of parenteral drug
      abusers from HIV infection.

PMID- 2297302
TI  - Fostering research in the physiatrist's future. Or, there is nothing quite so
      practical as a good, sound theory.

PMID- 2297303
TI  - Scoliosis associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - This study evaluated the age-related and ambulation-related incidence of
      scoliosis among boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and the relationship
      between wheelchair dependency and scoliosis. Charts of 88 DMD boys were reviewed
      retrospectively. The relationships between age and both wheelchair dependency and
      scoliosis were graphed as cumulative distributions with increasing patient age.
      The relationship between ambulation status and scoliosis was analyzed with a
      stepwise series of chi square analyses, assuming increasing time intervals
      between wheelchair dependency and scoliosis. Wheelchair dependency and scoliosis
      were both age-related phenomena. The relationship between ambulation status and
      scoliosis became significant only after 3.5 years of wheelchair dependency. It
      should be noted that 24% of boys with scoliosis developed their curves before
      cessation of ambulation. While development of scoliosis among DMD boys is clearly
      an age-related phenomenon, its previously assumed relationship to ambulation
      requires reevaluation.

PMID- 2297304
TI  - Traumatic central cord syndrome: clinical features and functional outcomes.
AB  - This retrospective study examined clinical features of 81 rehabilitated patients
      with traumatic central cord syndrome and identified factors which predicted more
      favorable rehabilitation outcomes. The sample had two age peaks and a mean age of
      46 years. Most injuries were caused by vehicular accidents, but falls were more
      common among older persons. Predominant upper extremity weakness was proximal in
      4%, distal in 36%, and generalized in the remainder. Forty-one percent also had
      significant lower limb weakness. More than 90% of the patients experienced
      neurologic recovery of upper and/or lower limb strength. After an average acute
      hospitalization of 30 days and a mean rehabilitation stay of 70 days, most
      patients performed each of 14 functional skills independently, 84% had bladder
      continence, and 89% were discharged home. Statistically significant improvements
      were noted for mean Modified Barthel Index scores between rehabilitation
      admission and discharge. Favorable rehabilitation outcomes were associated most
      frequently with younger age, preinjury employment, absence of lower extremity
      impairment on admission, and documented upper or lower extremity strength
      recovery during rehabilitation. Central cord syndrome generally has a good
      prognosis for neurologic and functional improvement during rehabilitation.

PMID- 2297305
TI  - Treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia with botulinum A toxin: a double
      blind study.
AB  - The ability of botulinum A toxin to denervate and relax a spastic external
      urethral sphincter was evaluated in a double-blind study involving five men with
      high spinal cord injuries and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. The sphincter was
      injected with either a low dose of botulinum A toxin or normal saline once per
      week for three weeks. Electromyography of the external urethral sphincter
      indicated denervation in the three patients who received toxin injections. The
      urethral pressure profile decreased an average of 25cm of water, postvoiding
      residual volume of urine decreased an average of 125cc, and bladder pressure
      during voiding decreased to an average of 30cm of water. Bulbosphincteric
      reflexes were more difficult to obtain, and they showed a decreased amplitude
      with normal latency. In the two patients who received normal saline injections,
      parameters were unchanged from baseline values until subsequent injection with
      botulinum A toxin once per week for three weeks when their responses were similar
      to those of the other three patients. Mild generalized weakness lasting two to
      three weeks was noted by three patients after initial toxin injections. The
      duration of the toxin's effect averaged two months. The results suggest that
      botulinum A toxin, an inhibitor of acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular
      junction, may be useful in the treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.

PMID- 2297306
TI  - Anemia in acute phase of spinal cord injury.
AB  - Anemia is a frequent complication during the acute phase of spinal cord injury
      (SCI), even in the absence of detectable blood loss. Since an improved
      understanding of the etiology of anemia in this population is a prerequisite to
      its ultimate prevention, a prospective study was conducted on 28 persons with SCI
      whose lesions were between C3 and C7. The injuries were either neurologically
      complete, incomplete with sensory sparing only, or incomplete with nonfunctional
      motor preservation. Laboratory profiles were obtained during the first few weeks
      postinjury. No persons had below-normal plasma volumes, while 9% had below-normal
      blood volumes. However, 82% had below-normal red cell masses, 25% had below
      normal serum erythropoietin levels, and 11% had below-normal reticulocyte counts.
      Other below-normal values included erythrocyte count (75%), hemoglobin (79%),
      hematocrit (71%), mean corpuscular volume (11%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin
      (11%), serum iron (50%), total iron binding capacity (86%), iron saturation
      (50%), serum total protein (57%), serum albumin (89%), serum globulin (32%), and
      serum transferrin (79%). Most persons (71%) were found to have normochromic,
      normocytic anemia, although 14% had normochromic, microcytic anemia. Only 14% did
      not develop anemia. Although these cases of anemia were not severe enough to
      require transfusions, they might be an important factor in the development of
      other secondary complications and may combine with other nutritional and
      hematologic deficiencies to prolong the rehabilitation process.

PMID- 2297307
TI  - Electromyographic changes of leg muscles with heel lifts in women: therapeutic
      implications.
AB  - The effects, in women, of heel lifts on EMG activity of the medial gastrocnemius
      and tibialis anterior muscles were analyzed to see whether they were different
      from those of men. Six women who wear high-heeled shoes regularly walked on a
      level floor with heel heights of zero, 2.5cm, 5.0cm, and 7.5cm. Results showed
      that as heel height increased, there were significant and progressive decreases
      in gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior EMG activity during walking. This decrease
      in gastrocnemius EMG activity in women is the same as in men, but the decrease in
      tibialis anterior EMG activity in women is opposite to that seen in men. The
      difference in responses of the tibialis anterior muscle between men and women may
      be related to the habitual use of high-heeled shoes by women. Since raising the
      heel decreases gastrocnemius muscle activity, thereby reducing tension in the
      Achilles tendon in both men and women, it was felt that heel lifts may provide a
      useful adjunct in the management of tendoachilles bursitis, tenosynovitis of the
      Achilles tendon, and postoperative management of a ruptured Achilles tendon.

PMID- 2297308
TI  - Knee flexor/extensor strength ratio in follow-up of acute knee distortion
      injuries.
AB  - This study evaluated the peak torque and total work hamstring/quadriceps (HQ)
      ratios of 77 knees with a previous grade I distortion injury to find the possible
      relationship between different HQ ratios and long-term outcome. For measurement
      of quadriceps and hamstrings strengths, the CYBEX II isokinetic dynamometer was
      used. Peak torque values were recorded at low (60 degrees/sec) and high (180
      degrees/sec) speeds of isokinetic movement, and the maximal isometric extension
      and flexion outputs were measured with the knee at a 60 degree angle. Three
      standardized knee scoring scales were used to determine the subjective,
      functional, clinical, and radiologic outcome of the injured knees. In every test,
      great intersubject variation of the HQ ratio was observed, even in healthy knees
      (range 19% to 148%). Follow-up scores of the groups with low (less than 50%),
      optimal (50% to 80%), or high (greater than 80%) HQ ratios of the injured knees
      did not differ significantly from each other. However, in every test the scores
      were significantly (p less than 0.001 to less than 0.0001) better in patients
      whose injured knee HQ ratio was nearly identical (less than or equal to 15%)
      rather than clearly different from (greater than 15%) the uninjured knee. These
      findings confirm our previous observation that the HQ ratio is an idiosyncratic
      parameter. Any general recommendation about optimal value is difficult to give.
      In evaluating long-term outcome, the most ideal HQ ratio of an injured knee seems
      to be the HQ ratio of the opposite, healthy extremity.

PMID- 2297310
TI  - Electroejaculatory stimulation of a quadriplegic man resulting in pregnancy.
AB  - Reproductive rehabilitation of men after spinal cord injury has been made
      possible by the application of assisted ejaculatory techniques such as
      electroejaculation. Although this technique may predictably overcome the barrier
      of semen recovery, the problem of seminal dysfunction still remains. This report
      describes one of the few pregnancies established by a quadriplegic man using
      electroejaculatory stimulation for semen acquisition and standard in vitro semen
      preparation methods for intrauterine insemination.

PMID- 2297309
TI  - Local steroid injection: its effect on the recovery of nerve conduction in
      experimental neuropathy.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of local steroid
      injection on the recovery of nerve conduction in acute compression neuropathy.
      Experimental neuropathy with complete conduction block was produced by mechanical
      compression of the caudal nerves of 24 rats. Five days after compression, the
      compression site was injected with 0.2 mL Dexamethasone acetate (8 mg/mL
      suspension) in eight rats (group A), and 0.2 mL normal saline in another eight
      rats (group B). The remaining eight rats (group C) received no injection. Motor
      nerve conduction velocity (NCV) over the compressed segment, as well as amplitude
      of the evoked compound muscle action potential (CMAP) recorded from the segmental
      tail muscles, were measured before nerve compression and three times per week
      after nerve compression. The recovery rates of NCV of the caudal nerve were not
      significantly different among the three groups. The recovery rate of amplitude of
      CMAP in group A was significantly higher than that in groups B or C (p less than
      0.01). However, there was no significant difference in recovery rate of the
      amplitude of CMAP between groups B and C. It is concluded that local steroid
      injection to the site of nerve compression may facilitate the recovery of nerve
      conduction block but not the recovery of demyelinative lesion.

PMID- 2297311
TI  - Superficial compartment syndrome of the foot after infiltration of intravenous
      fluid.
AB  - The infiltration of intravenous fluids is common in pediatric practice, but
      complications are unusual. This is a report of a four-year-old boy with a spinal
      cord injury resulting in paraplegia who developed a compartment syndrome of the
      foot due to intravenous fluid extravasation. The patient required surgical
      decompression and subsequent skin grafting. This case report demonstrates that
      the normal warning signs indicative of intravenous fluid infiltration such as
      pain or perception of pressure are not applicable in patients with spinal cord
      injuries and that equipment warning systems may not be a reliable means for
      monitoring infiltrations. Intravenous lines placed in the affected limb of these
      patients must be frequently visualized and evaluated.

PMID- 2297312
TI  - The provision of medical care to the elderly. Academy position paper.

PMID- 2297314
TI  - Epidemiology of falls among patients in a rehabilitation hospital.
AB  - Falls in institutional settings have been associated with considerable morbidity.
      Although risk factors for falls have been described for acute care and geriatric
      settings, data from the rehabilitation setting are sparse. To provide a
      descriptive epidemiology, incident reports of falls were reviewed at a 151-bed
      rehabilitation facility. Of 567 patients admitted between January 1 and December
      31, 1984, 71 (12.5%) experienced at least one fall; most (75%) of the falls
      occurred in patients using wheelchairs. Risk for falls was associated with
      increasing age (p less than 0.05), a diagnosis of stroke, or lower extremity
      amputation (p less than 0.05). Of the 71 fallers, 31% experienced repeat falls
      which tended to occur more frequently with older age, disorientation, and
      nonambulatory status at first fall. Nearly 13% sustained injuries, which tended
      to occur more frequently among disoriented and wheelchair or bedfast patients.
      These data suggest that groups of patients who are at high risk for falls within
      the rehabilitation setting can be identified for the purposes of prevention, and
      targeted for preventive measures.

PMID- 2297313
TI  - Protecting the ozone layer.

PMID- 2297315
TI  - Collagen shield heparin delivery for prevention of postoperative fibrin.
AB  - We studied collagen shield heparin delivery to the rabbit eye utilizing
      radiolabeled heparin as well as a fibrin inhibition assay. Radiolabeled heparin
      studies revealed significant tritium delivery to the cornea, aqueous, and iris,
      with only trace levels detectable for the lens, vitreous, and sclera. An aqueous
      fibrin inhibition assay revealed that a single collagen shield soaked in heparin
      achieved anterior chamber anticoagulant levels that paralleled the time course of
      the radiolabeled heparin delivery and resulted in fibrin inhibition during the 6
      hour study period. Subconjunctival heparin injection did not alter baseline
      aqueous anticoagulant activity. No complications related to collagen shield
      heparin delivery were encountered. These studies suggest that a heparin-hydrated
      collagen shield may prevent postoperative fibrin formation in eyes at risk for
      this complication, including eyes undergoing surgery for the complications of
      proliferative diabetic retinopathy proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and glaucoma
      filtration surgery.

PMID- 2297317
TI  - Scleral buckling after failed air injection pneumatic retinopexy.

PMID- 2297316
TI  - Pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba and a Corynebacterium in the rat cornea.
AB  - Acanthamoeba keratitis is a sight-threatening disease that is difficult to treat.
      The development of an animal model is necessary for many of the studies required
      to improve visual outcome in human patients. A rat model is proposed that is
      dependent on coinoculation of amebae and corynebacteria into the corneal stroma.
      The infective dose was determined for a virulent Acanthamoeba isolate and was
      used to screen 17 other isolates, including 7 from the human cornea. A total of 6
      were infective in the rat cornea. The model should be useful for controlled in
      vivo studies of this intractable condition.

PMID- 2297318
TI  - Distributions of elements in the human retinal pigment epithelium.
AB  - Distributions of elements above the atomic number of sodium were mapped in the
      retinal pigment epithelia of eight human eyes. X-ray energy spectra and maps were
      collected from cryofixed, freeze-dried, and epoxy-embedded tissues using energy
      dispersive x-ray microanalysis. All eyes had high concentrations of phosphorus in
      the nuclei of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Melanosomes were rich in sulfur,
      zinc, calcium, and iron. Lipofuscin and cytoplasm contained only phosphorus and
      sulfur in detectable amounts. Drusen, when present, contained phosphorus and
      calcium. Six eyes had a prominent aluminum peak recorded from melanosomes,
      nuclei, and Bruch's membrane. In one pair of 90-year-old eyes, small, electron
      dense deposits surrounded many melanosomes and contained mercury and selenium.
      Retinal pigment epithelial melanosomes may bind and accumulate metals and other
      potentially toxic ions over time, preventing them from reaching the neural
      retina.

PMID- 2297319
TI  - Typhoidal tularemia.

PMID- 2297320
TI  - Optical pachometry in the measurement of anterior corneal disease: an evaluative
      tool for phototherapeutic keratectomy.

PMID- 2297321
TI  - The medial tarsal strip.
AB  - Medial canthal malpositions and marked medial ectropion due to laxity, scarring,
      or trauma can be difficult to correct. Medial canthal tendon publications have
      been advocated but they do not achieve adequate posterior and medial placement of
      the medial canthal angle and they lack permanence. One of us (R.L.A.) has
      developed a surgical technique for correcting these problems that is a
      modification of the lateral tarsal strip procedure used to correct lateral
      canthal tendon laxity and malposition. The medial tarsal strip procedure
      repositions and tightens the medial lower or upper eyelid, establishing a normal
      anatomic appearance. Its use is indicated in cases of medial canthal malposition
      or marked medial ectropion associated with a nonfunctioning canalicular system or
      in those cases in which loss of function of a patent canaliculus is acceptable or
      desirable. The advantages of the medial tarsal strip are as follows: (1) surgery
      is directed at the site of the defect; (2) recurrence of canthal tendon laxity
      and elongation is avoided; (3) a more medial and posterior positioning of the
      medial eyelid can be obtained; (4) any amount of eyelid laxity can be corrected
      simultaneously; (5) the almond-shaped canthal angle is preserved or
      reestablished; and (6) the procedure is fast and easily performed.

PMID- 2297322
TI  - India-US case-control study of age-related cataracts.

PMID- 2297323
TI  - Anterior chamber crystals following hyphema.

PMID- 2297325
TI  - Improved method of fluorescein angioscopy.

PMID- 2297324
TI  - Cryotherapy for stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity.

PMID- 2297326
TI  - Accidental formaldehyde injection in cosmetic blepharoplasty. Case report.

PMID- 2297327
TI  - Use of a soft-tipped extrusion needle for epimacular membrane peeling. Case
      report.

PMID- 2297329
TI  - Four years of ophthalmology training. Has its time come?

PMID- 2297328
TI  - Endophthalmitis following Ruiz procedure. Case report.

PMID- 2297330
TI  - Should postresidency fellowships be mandatory?

PMID- 2297331
TI  - One-year refractive results of central photorefractive keratectomy for myopia in
      the nonhuman primate cornea.
AB  - Photorefractive keratectomy for the correction of myopia was performed in 32 eyes
      of 16 green monkeys. The corneas healed satisfactorily, with normal formation of
      basal lamina and hemidesmosomal attachments visible in 14-week histologic
      specimens. No recurrent erosions were observed clinically. After a transient
      period of faint haze, all corneas were clear at 17 weeks and remained clear
      through the 1-year follow-up. In terms of accuracy, all corneas demonstrated a
      significant flattening compared with preoperative values, but no significant
      difference was seen between the groups with different intended corrections (1.5
      and 3 diopters). The changes in corneal shape stabilized by 17 weeks, as measured
      by keratometry. The clinical results suggest that mechanical removal of the
      epithelium is preferable to laser ablation of the epithelium. Overall, the
      results demonstrate that excimer laser ablation of the corneal stroma can produce
      a stable diptric change in the primate cornea with good healing and long-term
      corneal clarity.

PMID- 2297332
TI  - Penetrating pellet fragmentation. A complication of ocular shotgun injury.
AB  - In three patients who had double-perforating ocular shotgun injuries, a single
      lead shotgun pellet apparently fragmented after striking the eye, resulting in
      two separate intraocular impact sites. The importance of detecting double
      perforating eye injury and becoming aware of this potential complication with
      ocular shotgun injuries is emphasized.

PMID- 2297333
TI  - The size and shape of the optic disc in normal human eyes.
AB  - We studied the size, shape, and configuration of connective tissue of the optic
      disc in normal eye-bank eyes from 60 adults. The mean vertical and horizontal
      disc diameters were 1.88 and 1.77 mm, respectively. These figures are larger than
      most estimates of disc diameter using clinical image analysis methods. Within our
      sample, larger eyes did not have larger discs. The normal variation in disc
      diameter is sufficient to explain the normal variation in cup-disc ratio. The
      optic discs of blacks were larger and more oval than those of whites, though the
      axial lengths of the eyes in the two groups were not significantly different.
      Women's eyes and discs were smaller than those of men, possibly explaining the
      smaller cup-disc ratio in women. Larger optic discs and optic nerves have more
      optic nerve fibers than do smaller discs and nerves. Oblique insertions of the
      disc were detected in 18% of eyes. These were predominantly centered in the
      inferior disc and were more commin in white women.

PMID- 2297334
TI  - Acute-onset Brown's syndrome associated with pansinusitis.
AB  - We treated a 5-year-old girl and a 6-year-old boy with acquired Brown's syndrome
      associated with pansinusitis. In both patients, the diagnosis was established
      roentgenographically, and the patients were treated with oral antibiotics.
      Systemic corticosteroids were used in one case, although their clinical value was
      uncertain. Patients presenting with acute-onset Brown's syndrome of undetermined
      cause should undergo computed imaging of the orbits and paranasal sinuses.

PMID- 2297335
TI  - In vivo videography of the rhesus monkey accommodative apparatus. Age-related
      loss of ciliary muscle response to central stimulation.
AB  - Fourteen rhesus monkeys, aged 1 to 24 years, underwent permanent implantation of
      a bipolar stimulating electrode into the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and complete
      unilateral or bilateral iridectomy. Slit-lamp Scheimpflug videography of the lens
      and slit-lamp goniovideography of the lens equator, zonule, and ciliary body
      allowed direct real-time observation and video recording of the movements of
      these structures during centrally stimulated accommodation and during
      disaccommodation. Scalloping of the lens capsule at the zonular insertion sites
      was clearly visible during disaccommodation and even during accommodation when
      the zonules were folded. During accommodation, the lens became axially thicker,
      the ciliary ring narrowed, and, at high levels of accommodation, the zonular
      fibers slackened and even folded and the lens moved downward. With increasing age
      and concomitantly decreasing accommodative amplitude, these excursions all
      diminished, so that in the oldest animals, they were very minimal or absent.
      Maximum centrally stimulated accommodative amplitude declined with age on a time
      scale similar to that for cholinomimetic drug-induced accommodation in the rhesus
      monkey and voluntary accommodation in the human.

PMID- 2297337
TI  - Conjunctival allergen challenge. A clinical approach to studying allergic
      conjunctivitis.
AB  - To evaluate antiallergic agents, we conducted five allergen challenge studies of
      increasing refinement. The final study design that evolved included two baseline
      visits, when skin test-positive subjects were administered a bilateral ocular
      allergen challenge. At the first visit, the threshold dose of reactivity was
      determined by increasing allergen doses at 10-minute intervals. At the second
      baseline visit, 3 days later, the responsive subjects were challenged with the
      final, highest dose used on visit 1 to assure that the allergic reaction was
      reproducible and not a cumulative effect of multiple allergen doses. The
      responsive subjects then returned 3 days later for the drug efficacy evaluation.
      After a slit-lamp examination, subjects were pretreated with the test drug in one
      eye and the placebo in the fellow eye in a randomized, double-masked fashion.
      After 10 minutes, subjects were challenged bilaterally with the allergen dose
      identified on the previous visits. Postchallenge evaluations of hyperemia,
      itching, chemosis, eyelid swelling, and tearing were performed at 3, 10, and 20
      minutes. Subjects were rechallenged 4 hours after drug administration to assess
      duration of action. Slit-lamp examinations were again performed at the same
      intervals as after the initial challenge. A total of 396 subjects were given a
      baseline allergen challenge; 83.6% responded with a moderate (2+) ocular allergic
      reaction. Of the 266 given a second baseline challenge, 87.2% responded
      positively again, suggesting that ocular challenge was highly correlated with
      skin reactivity and reproducible with a second challenge. No statistically
      significant difference in redness and itching was found when both eyes were
      challenged with the same dose of allergen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297336
TI  - In vivo measurement of posterior chamber intraocular lens decentration and tilt.
AB  - We report what to our knowledge is the first extensive in vivo clinical study of
      intraocular lens decentration and tilt. Measurements of posterior chamber
      intraocular lenses, all implanted by the same surgeon in 89 eyes, showed that
      decentration and tilt consistently differed between right and left eyes. Lenses
      tended to decenter superotemporally and tilt with their superonasal edges tipped
      forward. Decentration magnitude relative to the cornea light reflex axis and line
      of sight averaged 0.64 mm, with decentration increasing slightly with increased
      axial length. Average tilt was 6.75 degrees, and the average tilt-induced
      astigmatism was 0.27 diopter. Tilt magnitude decreased with increased axial
      length, as did tilt-induced astigmatism and plus sphere.

PMID- 2297338
TI  - Ocular findings in primary hyperoxaluria.
AB  - Primary hyperoxaluria (primary oxalosis) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn
      error of glyoxylate metabolism that causes widespread calcium oxalate crystal
      deposition in diverse tissues. Because others have reported only occasional
      ocular involvement, we reviewed the ophthalmologic findings in our 24 patients
      with primary hyperoxaluria to document its funduscopic variability and to
      determine its visual prognosis and its possible systemic significance. Eight
      (30%) of our 24 patients with primary hyperoxaluria exhibited a bilaterally
      symmetrical retinopathy. The abnormalities were predominantly confined to the
      posterior pole and ranged from many small (100- to 200-microns) subretinal black
      ringlets to single large (2- to 3-disc diameter) geographic lesions. In 3 of the
      8 patients with oxalate retinopathy, diffuse optic disc pallor was evident. Five
      patients with both normal-appearing optic discs and oxalate retinopathy had
      relatively good visual acuities. The maculopathy of primary hyperoxaluria caused
      mild visual impairment while optic nerve dysfunction associated with this disease
      appeared to be much visually debilitating. Also, the presence of oxalate
      maculopathy was associated with a more severe systemic course for the disease.

PMID- 2297339
TI  - Normal pupil size and anisocoria in newborn infants.
AB  - The incidence of anisocoria in the newborn period is not well described.
      Additionally, the normal range of infant pupil size is not well defined. Eight
      eight healthy newborns were evaluated. Pupil size and color were obtained from
      photographs. The mean (+/- SD) pupil size was 3.8 +/- 0.8 mm. There was no
      statistical difference between right and left eyes. A statistically significant
      difference in pupil size was found between blue and brown eyes. The incidence of
      anisocoria was found to be 21%. No difference was greater than 1.0 mm. The
      incidence of anisocoria was no different on the basis of eye color.

PMID- 2297340
TI  - Effects of hypoxia on sterol synthesis, acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase
      activity, and efflux of cholesterol in cultured rabbit skin fibroblasts.
AB  - To elucidate the mechanisms of cholesterol accumulation in cells under hypoxic
      conditions, we tested the effects of hypoxia on sterol synthesis, on the activity
      of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), and on the efflux of cholesterol
      in cultured rabbit skin fibroblasts. Sterol synthesis was measured by the
      incorporation of 14C-acetate into sterol, and ACAT activity, by the incorporation
      of 14C-oleate into cholesteryl ester. Hypoxia suppressed both sterol synthesis
      and the efflux of cholesterol but increased ACAT activity. These results suggest
      that hypoxia disturbs the balance of cholesterol metabolism in cells and induces
      intracellular lipid accumulation.

PMID- 2297341
TI  - Plasma membrane enrichment with cis-unsaturated fatty acids enhances LDL
      metabolism in U937 monocytes.
AB  - The mechanism by which dietary cis-unsaturated fatty acids lower low density
      lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is unknown. Because cis-unsaturated fatty acids
      incorporated into cell membranes increase membrane fluidity and, as a result, can
      alter membrane-dependent cell functions, we examined LDL binding, uptake, and
      degradation in upregulated U937 monocytes enriched in membrane oleate, a
      monounsaturated fatty acid, and membrane linoleate, a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
      The same parameters were also examined in upregulated U937 monocytes enriched in
      membrane stearate, a saturated fatty acid, and in upregulated, unmodified U937
      monocytes. Monocytes enriched in cis-unsaturated fatty acids exhibited augmented
      LDL binding, internalization, and degradation compared with both stearate
      enriched monocytes and unmodified monocytes. The molar potency of linoleate in
      augmenting LDL metabolism was 50% greater than that of oleate. Enrichment with
      oleate and linoleate resulted in a decrease in the fatty acyl mole-weighted
      melting point of the plasma membrane and an increase in plasma membrane fluidity,
      as indicated by a reduction in the steady-state fluorescence polarization of 1,6
      diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene incorporated into the membrane. Stearate-enriched
      monocytes exhibited a slight increase in the plasma membrane fatty acyl mole
      weighted melting point and essentially no change in plasma membrane fluidity.
      Thus, one mechanism by which cis-unsaturated fatty acids lower LDL cholesterol
      may involve alteration in membrane lipid composition and physical properties,
      thereby leading to an increase in cellular clearance of this atherogenic
      lipoprotein.

PMID- 2297342
TI  - Effect of dietary fat saturation and cholesterol on LDL composition and
      metabolism. In vivo studies of receptor and nonreceptor-mediated catabolism of
      LDL in cebus monkeys.
AB  - The mechanism(s) by which polyunsaturated fats reduce low density lipoprotein
      (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) B were investigated in 20 cebus
      monkeys (Cebus albifrons) fed diets containing corn oil or coconut oil as fat
      (31% of calories) with or without dietary cholesterol (0.1% by weight) for 3 to
      10 years. Coconut-oil feeding compared to corn-oil feeding resulted in
      significant increases in levels of plasma total cholesterol (176%), very low
      density lipoprotein (VLDL)-LDL cholesterol (236%), high density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol (148%), apo B (78%), and apo A-I (112%). The addition of dietary
      cholesterol to corn oil compared to corn oil alone resulted in smaller, but
      significant, increases in levels of total cholesterol (44%), HDL cholesterol
      (40%), and apo A-I (33%). Although the increases in VLDL-LDL cholesterol were of
      similar magnitude (52%), they barely failed to reach statistical significance (p
      less than 0.08), while the changes in apo B levels were negligible. The addition
      of dietary cholesterol to coconut oil, compared to coconut oil alone, resulted in
      no significant changes in lipoprotein cholesterol or apoproteins, although levels
      of VLDL-LDL cholesterol and apo B values increased 22% and 16%, respectively.
      Although hepatic free cholesterol content was not altered by diet, coconut-oil
      compared to corn-oil feeding resulted in significant increases in hepatic
      cholesteryl esters (236%) and triglycerides (325%), the latter increasing still
      further when dietary cholesterol was added to coconut oil (563%). To further
      assess the effects of these dietary changes on LDL metabolism, radioiodinated
      normal and glucosylated LDL kinetics were performed. The production rate of LDL
      apo B was not altered by diet. With corn-oil feeding, 63% of LDL catabolism was
      via the receptor-mediated pathway. Coconut-oil compared to corn-oil feeding
      resulted in a 50% decrease in receptor-mediated LDL apo B fractional catabolic
      rate (FCR) and a 27% reduction in nonreceptor-mediated LDL apo B FCR. The
      addition of dietary cholesterol to corn oil, compared to corn oil alone, resulted
      in no significant effect on LDL apo B catabolism. The addition of dietary
      cholesterol to coconut oil, compared to coconut oil alone, was associated with no
      significant change in nonreceptor catabolism of LDL apo B but with a 58% decrease
      in receptor-mediated catabolism of LDL (p less than 0.059). The diet-induced
      alterations of LDL catabolism were significantly correlated with hepatic lipids,
      which were enriched in saturated fatty acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2297343
TI  - Influence of high density lipoprotein on esterified cholesterol stores in
      macrophages and hepatoma cells.
AB  - The ability of high density lipoproteins (HDL) to induce the clearance of
      cholesteryl esters from cultured cells has been explored. Studies using the J774
      mouse macrophage cell line showed that these cells are not stimulated to clear
      esterified cholesterol upon exposure to HDL. This was observed over a wide range
      of HDL concentrations (10 to 1000 micrograms/ml HDL protein), and the lack of
      stimulation was not influenced by a number of factors relating to the preparation
      of the HDL, such as HDL subfraction, varying extents of lecithin:cholesterol
      acyltransferase modification, or heparin-Sepharose chromatography to remove
      particles containing apo E. Neither the method of loading the cells with
      esterified cholesterol nor the physical state of the lipid droplets affected the
      inability of HDL to elicit esterified cholesterol clearance. In the presence of
      the acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, Sandoz 58-035, where a high
      level of intracellular free cholesterol was generated, efflux of only a small
      fraction of the excess free cholesterol to HDL was observed. J774 cells were able
      to clear esterified cholesterol efficiently in the presence of cholesterol-free
      apolipoprotein HDL/phospholipid particles, indicating that the cells have the
      capacity to clear esterified cholesterol. Fu5AH hepatoma cells and P388.D1 mouse
      macrophage cells also failed to clear esterified cholesterol in response to HDL.
      In contrast, mouse peritoneal macrophages cleared esterified cholesterol
      efficiently to HDL, indicating that there are fundamental differences between
      mouse peritoneal macrophages and the other cells types studied in regard to
      cholesterol metabolism as influenced by HDL.

PMID- 2297344
TI  - Normalization of lipid metabolism after withdrawal from antihypertensive long
      term therapy with beta blockers and diuretics.
AB  - Blood pressure and serum lipoprotein concentrations were assessed in 40 men with
      essential hypertension at the end of a long-term, controlled intervention study
      (HAPPHY) after 5.2 +/- 1.4 years of treatment with hydrochlorothiazide (n = 23)
      or atenolol (n = 17) and after a wash-out period. After withdrawal from
      antihypertensive medication, the blood pressures of patients treated with
      diuretics or beta blockers rose from 142/93 and 145/91 to 159/106 and 165/104 mm
      Hg, respectively. At the same time, low density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased
      by 17 and 12 mg/dl, respectively, in the diuretic and beta blocker groups (p less
      than 0.05). In addition, total cholesterol decreased by 16 mg/dl (p less than
      0.05) in the diuretic group, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol
      increased by 8 mg/dl (p less than 0.01) and triglycerides decreased by 27 mg/dl
      (p less than 0.05) in the beta blocker group at the end of the wash-out period as
      compared to the final phase of the HAPPHY study. The data indicate the
      persistence of lipid changes during long-term treatment with hydrochlorothiazide
      and atenolol. For the first time, it was clearly demonstrated that the well-known
      unfavorable effects of diuretics and beta blockers on lipid metabolism are
      reversible after cessation of long-term therapy of several years' duration.

PMID- 2297345
TI  - Apoprotein E biosynthesis in the cholesterol-fed guinea pig.
AB  - Apoprotein E biosynthesis was evaluated in the livers of guinea pigs fed chow, 1%
      cholesterol plus 5% corn oil, or 1% cholesterol plus 5% coconut oil for a period
      of 12 weeks. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by both experimental diets,
      although the coconut-oil diet resulted in higher levels. The ratios of free
      cholesterol/cholesterol ester and of free cholesterol/total phospholipid
      increased in the plasma of these animals. Peak lipid levels were mostly achieved
      by 8 weeks of diet. Both cholesterol and triglyceride were substantially
      increased in the liver of animals fed the experimental diets, while phospholipid
      content was unchanged. The amount of apoprotein E mRNA in the guinea pig livers
      was evaluated by cell free translation assays and by membrane hybridization. The
      livers of animals fed corn oil with cholesterol for 4 weeks or 8 weeks contained
      2 to 2.5 more apoprotein E mRNA compared to the control livers. With the diet
      containing coconut oil with cholesterol, the hepatic apoprotein E mRNA increased
      somewhat later, so that by 8 weeks it was 1.7- to 1.9-fold higher than in the
      control animals. We conclude that high cholesterol diets, when fed as part of a
      high saturated or polyunsaturated fat diet, lead to increased hepatic apo E mRNA
      abundance. The relationship between the increased apo E mRNA levels and the
      previously described increases in apo E synthesis and circulating apo E levels is
      discussed.

PMID- 2297346
TI  - Plasma lipoproteins in familial hepatic lipase deficiency.
AB  - We have studied the lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and postheparin lipase
      activities in an extended pedigree with familial hepatic lipase deficiency. A
      deficiency of hepatic lipase was found in three of five brothers and in one of
      their children. Triglyceride enrichment of low density and high density
      lipoproteins was identified as the constitutive phenotype. beta-very low density
      lipoprotein was observed in hepatic lipase-deficient subjects, but it was absent
      when the plasma triglyceride concentration was less than 1 mM/l. The hepatic
      lipase-deficient subjects had normal or elevated low density lipoprotein
      cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.
      Hyperprebetalipoproteinemia, hyperbetalipoproteinemia, and
      hyperalphalipoproteinemia were observed in both affected and unaffected family
      members. Compared with the unaffected family members, the hepatic lipase
      deficient subjects had no significant differences in very low density lipoprotein
      cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein triglyceride, or low density
      lipoprotein cholesterol. These observations are consistent with the presence of
      additional genes causing hyperlipidemia in this family, independent of the
      deficiency of hepatic lipase.

PMID- 2297347
TI  - Activation of endothelial cells induces platelet thrombus formation on their
      matrix. Studies of new in vitro thrombosis model with low molecular weight
      heparin as anticoagulant.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated that activation of endothelial cells may lead to
      the production of tissue factor. We have studied the effect of endothelial cell
      activation and subsequent tissue factor synthesis on thrombus formation on the
      extracellular matrix in flowing blood. Endothelial cells were stimulated with
      tumor necrosis factor, endotoxin, or phorbol ester. Coverslips with activated
      cells or their extracellular matrix were introduced into a perfusion system and
      exposed to blood anticoagulated with 20 U/ml low molecular weight heparin. This
      concentration allowed manipulation of blood without activation of the coagulation
      cascade. Platelet deposition and fibrin formation were evaluated by morphometry,
      and fibrinopeptide A formation was assayed as a measure of thrombin generation.
      Activation of endothelial cells caused fibrinopeptide A generation in the
      perfusate and some deposition of fibrin on endothelial cells; however, platelets
      were not deposited. The matrix of the stimulated endothelium also caused enhanced
      fibrinopeptide A generation, and platelet aggregates and fibrin were deposited on
      the matrix. Maximal effects were observed with stimulation periods between 4 and
      10 hours and were still clearly present after 18 hours. Increase in shear rate,
      perfusion time, and platelet number resulted in an increase in platelet adhesion,
      but platelet aggregate formation as a percentage of adhesion remained constant.
      Platelet aggregate formation and fibrinopeptide A generation were inhibited with
      antibodies against tissue factor or factor VIIa. Platelet aggregate formation
      alone was inhibited by antibodies against glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. Polymerization
      of fibrin on the matrix was best supported in perfusions at a low shear rate. The
      new in vitro thrombosis model presented here provides a powerful tool for study
      of the regulation of thrombogeneity by the vessel wall in response to various
      stimuli.

PMID- 2297348
TI  - Effects of activation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in murine macrophages.
AB  - The effects of activation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism were examined in
      resident murine macrophages, inflammatory cells elicited by thioglycolate, primed
      cells elicited by pyran copolymer, and activated cells elicited by
      Corynebacterium parvum. Low density lipoprotein receptors were reduced by 70%,
      while scavenger receptors were reduced 60% in activated cells. Basal cholesteryl
      ester and triglyceride synthesis were increased fourfold in activated cells,
      whereas the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase was high
      in resident cells and progressively declined by greater than 80% in activated
      cells. Activities of neutral cholesteryl esterase and neutral triglyceride lipase
      were increased two- to fourfold in inflammatory, primed, and activated
      macrophages. These results demonstrate the diverse changes in lipid and
      lipoprotein metabolism that occur with activation and emphasize how the behavior
      of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions can be altered by activation.

PMID- 2297349
TI  - Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and
      lipid transfer protein activity in humans.
AB  - A group of 33 mildly hypercholesterolemic men were stratified into three groups
      on diets closely matched except for the polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement.
      The first group received 14 g/day of linoleic acid (safflower oil); the second
      group, 9 g of alpha-linolenic acid (linseed oil); and the third group, 3.8 g of n
      3 fatty acids (fish oil). Only fish oil lowered plasma triglycerides (by 24% at 6
      weeks, p less than 0.05 compared to safflower oil). Very low density lipoprotein
      (VLDL) apoprotein (apo) B, triglyceride, and cholesterol all fell significantly
      with the fish-oil diet (p less than 0.01). Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol fell by 0.18 and 0.10 mmol/l, respectively, with the safflower-oil
      and linseed-oil diets, but rose by 0.24 mmol/l with the fish-oil diet (p less
      than 0.05). There was a strong correlation between the changes in VLDL
      triglyceride and LDL cholesterol with the fish-oil diet (r = -0.84, p less than
      0.002). High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol fell slightly in all three
      groups (p less than 0.02 with the linseed-oil diet only). However, the apo A-I/A
      II ratio rose by 5% (p less than 0.05), and the HDL2/HDL3 protein ratio increased
      by 28% with the fish-oil diet (p less than 0.005). Fish oil reduced the capacity
      for transfer of cholesteryl ester between LDL and HDL by 23% (p less than 0.02
      compared to baseline), reduced plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase
      activity by 21% (p less than 0.05), and reduced maximal stimulated thromboxane
      production by 9% (p less than 0.05). Thus fish oil produced three potentially
      beneficial changes: significant decreases in VLDL concentration and in
      thromboxane production and an increase in the HDL2/HDL3 ratio. The increase in
      the average HDL particle size probably reflected reduced cholesteryl ester
      acceptor capacity within the smaller pool of VLDL, as well as the decline in
      lipid transfer activity in plasma involving transfer protein itself, LDL, and
      HDL.

PMID- 2297350
TI  - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent oxidation of nicotine-delta
      1'(5')-iminium ion to cotinine by rabbit liver microsomes.

PMID- 2297351
TI  - Induction by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine of lipid peroxidation
      in vivo in vitamin E deficient mice.

PMID- 2297352
TI  - Selective alteration of mitochondrial function by Ditercalinium (NSC 335153), a
      DNA bisintercalating agent.
AB  - The bifunctional intercalator Ditercalinium (NSC 335153) demonstrates an anti
      tumoral cytotoxicity markedly different from other intercalating agents. A
      delayed toxicity is observed in eucaryotic cells, both in vitro and in vivo, at
      drug concentrations far below those required to observe immediate toxic effects.
      Fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that Ditercalinium and the mitochondrial
      staining fluorophore DiOC2(5) are concentrated in the same cellular organelles of
      L1210 cells. Electron microscopy of Ditercalinium-treated cells reveals extensive
      and progressive swelling of mitochondria, with no other ultrastructural changes
      observed. Ditercalinium uptake and toxicity are in part related to mitochondrial
      membrane potential. However, drug accumulation itself does not immediately alter
      the mitochondrial membrane potential. Cellular ATP pool levels and the rate of
      respiration fall progressively after drug treatment. Nucleotide pools in DC3F
      cells, measured between drug treatment and death, show marked drops in pyrimidine
      levels while purine nucleotide levels decline more slowly. Addition of uridine or
      cytidine partially rescues Ditercalinium-treated cells, while toxicity is
      increased in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose. The combined evidence indicates that
      the toxicity of Ditercalinium to murine leukemia cells (L1210) and Chinese
      Hamster lung cells (DC3F) is due to disruption of mitochondrial function.

PMID- 2297353
TI  - Effects of halothane on calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit
      psoas and semitendinosus skinned muscle fibers.
AB  - Calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum was investigated using skinned fibers
      isolated from rabbit semitendinosus and psoas muscles, representative of slow and
      fast fibers, respectively. In both types of fibers, halothane at the
      concentration of 0.03% (v/v) enhanced the Ca2(+)-induced calcium release. In the
      absence of cytoplasmic free Ca2+, halothane induced calcium release in a dose
      dependent manner, with a similar sensitivity for both semitendinosus and psoas
      fibers. These results are discussed in connection with muscular diseases such as
      malignant hyperthermia in which the crisis is triggered during anesthesia by
      halothane.

PMID- 2297354
TI  - Mechanism of the synergistic antiviral and cytostatic activity of (RS)-3-(adenin
      9-yl)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid isobutyl ester and D,L-homocysteine.
AB  - In a previous report (De Clercq E, Cools M and Balzarini J, Biochem Pharmacol 38:
      1771-1778, 1989) we showed that homocysteine (Hcy) enhanced the antiviral and
      cytostatic activity of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase inhibitors. The
      mechanism of synergistic action between Hcy and the isobutyl ester of (RS)-3
      (adenin-9-yl)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid [(RS)-AHPA] has been the subject of the
      present study. The selectivity index of (RS)-AHPA against vaccinia virus in
      murine L929 cells was significantly increased if the drug was combined with 1 or
      3 mM Hcy. Even if Hcy was added as late as 12 hr after (RS)-AHPA, a synergistic
      antiviral activity was noted. Treatment of the L929 cells with (RS)-AHPA caused a
      significant increase in AdoHcy levels, and these levels were further increased
      if, in addition to (RS)-AHPA, Hcy (1 mM) was added to the cell cultures. Double
      pulse label experiments showed that the additional AdoHcy built up after the
      combined treatment of (RS)-AHPA with Hcy did not originate from S
      adenosylmethionine (via transmethylation reactions), but resulted from residual
      AdoHcy hydrolase activity (in the synthetic direction). To maintain sufficient
      levels of AdoHcy, AdoHcy hydrolase activity must be inhibited in the hydrolytic
      direction.

PMID- 2297355
TI  - Differential cell cycle perturbation by transmethylation inhibitors.
AB  - Cell cycle distribution of HL-60 cells was studied by flow cytometry after
      incubation with the transmethylation inhibitors 3-deaza-(+/-)-aristeromycin (c3
      Ari) and 3-deazaadenosine (c3 Ado). Cells were incubated with the drugs (25
      microM) for two cell doublings in control cells (36 hr). The presence of c3 Ari
      caused a dose-dependent, reversible G2 + M arrest, whereas c3 Ado-treated cells
      accumulated in G0/G1. The G2 + M arrest was also found in NIH/3T3 cells incubated
      for 36 hr with 25 microM c3 Ari, but not in U937 and K562 cells. Possible
      mechanisms for the described effects of c3 Ari are discussed from the perspective
      that inhibition of S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase, and subsequent inhibition
      of transmethylation reactions, at present is the only known site of action of c3
      Ari.

PMID- 2297356
TI  - Investigation of the mechanisms of the extensive excretion of cimetidine into rat
      milk.

PMID- 2297357
TI  - Occurrence of 'natural' diazepam in human brain.

PMID- 2297358
TI  - Characterization of [3H]Ro 16-6491 binding to digitonin solubilized monoamine
      oxidase-B and purification of the enzyme from human platelets by affinity
      chromatography.

PMID- 2297359
TI  - Interference by metavanadate in the assay for formaldehyde and 4-aminophenol.

PMID- 2297360
TI  - Mechanism of action of the nitrosoureas--IV. Synthesis of the 2
      haloethylnitrosourea-induced DNA cross-link 1-(3-cytosinyl),2-(1-guanyl)ethane.
AB  - The 2-haloethylnitrosoureas have been shown to form the cross-linked structure 1
      (3-cytosinyl),2-(1-guanyl)ethane in DNA. This cross-link has now been synthesized
      by the reaction of O6-(2-fluoroethyl)guanosine with deoxycytidine in dimethyl
      sulfoxide followed by removal of the sugars by acid hydrolysis. This synthetic
      route supports the mechanism for cross-link formation in DNA that involves an
      initial attack on the O6-position of guanine, followed by a rearrangement and
      subsequent reaction with cytosine. It also provides a practical route to the
      synthesis of 1-(3-cytosinyl),2-(1-guanyl)ethane for studies involving formation
      of this cross-link in DNA.

PMID- 2297361
TI  - Biotransformation of lovastatin--III. Effect of cimetidine and famotidine on in
      vitro metabolism of lovastatin by rat and human liver microsomes.
AB  - The effects of the H2-receptor antagonists, cimetidine and famotidine, on the
      microsomal metabolism of [14C]lovastatin were investigated. Liver microsomes were
      prepared from control, phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats
      and humans (male and female). Concentration-dependent inhibition of the
      metabolism of lovastatin (0.1 mM) was observed with cimetidine (0.1 to 1.0 mM).
      In contrast, famotidine at a similar concentration was a very weak inhibitor. The
      formation of 6'beta-hydroxy-lovastatin, the major microsomal metabolite of
      lovastatin, was similarly inhibited. The results suggest that in vivo metabolic
      interaction with concomitantly administered lovastatin is less likely with
      famotidine than with cimetidine. Phenobarbital pretreatment produced 58%
      stimulation in overall metabolism, whereas 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment had
      no effect relative to control rats (5.4 nmol/mg protein/min). Liver microsomes
      from phenobarbital-pretreated rats produced 67% more of the 6'beta-hydroxy
      lovastatin but 63-66% less of the 3''-hydroxy and 6'-exomethylene metabolites.
      Liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats also produced less 3"
      hydroxy-lovastatin (49%) but similar quantities of the other two metabolites.
      6'beta-Hydroxy-lovastatin was a major metabolite with human liver microsomes.
      Interestingly with these microsomes, hydroxylation at the 3''-position of the
      molecule was a negligible pathway and hydrolysis to the hydroxy acid form was not
      observed. The formation of 6'-exomethylene-lovastatin was also catalyzed by human
      liver microsomes (0.5 to 0.8 nmol/mg protein/min).

PMID- 2297362
TI  - Methylcholanthrene but not phenobarbital enhances caffeine and theophylline
      metabolism in cultured adult human hepatocytes.
AB  - Biotransformation of caffeine and theophylline and the effect of two well-known
      inducers of P-450 isozymes, namely phenobarbital (PB) and methylcholanthrene (3
      MC) were studied in cultured hepatocytes from six human adult donors. Hepatocytes
      co-cultured with rat liver epithelial cells maintained a higher metabolic
      capacity than pure cultures. PB treatment of cultured hepatocytes for 3 days
      slightly increased the rate of caffeine metabolism 1.4 +/- 0.5-fold (N = 6) vs
      controls, and theophylline metabolism 1.2 +/- 0.4-fold (N = 6), whereas 3-MC
      treatment increased metabolism markedly 5.8 +/- 2.3- and 3.3 +/- 1.1-fold (N = 6)
      vs controls for caffeine and theophylline, respectively. Paraxanthine and
      theophylline formations from caffeine were the most induced by 3-MC. Their
      increase was significantly correlated (rs = 0.89, P less than 0.007) but not with
      TB formation, suggesting that at least two isozymes of the P-450IA family are
      involved in the first demethylations of caffeine. In addition, the N-1
      demethylation of theophylline (mean increase of 554% vs controls) was not
      correlated with the N-1 demethylation of caffeine (mean to increase 247% vs
      controls) for the same donor after 3-MC treatment, suggesting that these two
      demethylations are mediated by a different P-450.

PMID- 2297363
TI  - Molecular pharmacological aspects of antiarrhythmic activity. I. Class I and
      class III compounds and lipid peroxidation.
AB  - The effect of nineteen antiarrhythmic agents on nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation,
      using rat hepatic microsomes, was studied. Lipid peroxidation was induced by
      Fe2(+)-ascorbic acid and assayed spectrophotometrically by measuring the 2
      thiobarbituric acid reactive material. The compounds tested have various
      structural characteristics and represent class I and III of antiarrhythmics as
      classified by Vaughan Williams. The RM values, derived from reversed-phase thin
      layer chromatography, were determined, and sigma f values calculated in order to
      correlate lipophilicity and antioxidant activity. The antiarrhythmics studied
      inhibited lipid peroxidation to various degrees. No apparent structural factor
      could definitely be attributed to this effect and antioxidants are found among
      both class I and class III compounds. There is a trend toward a parabolic
      relationship between antioxidant potency and lipophilicity. Three of the tested
      antiarrhythmics, namely the lipophilic amiodarone, aprindine and asocainol, were
      very potent antioxidants, and a further investigation of concentration and time
      dependency of lipid peroxidation was performed. It is suggested that, at least
      for some antiarrhythmic drugs, antioxidant activity may be part of their mode of
      action, and that it may form an additional beneficial feature for the treatment
      of cardiac failure.

PMID- 2297365
TI  - Quality assurance today: learning the basics.

PMID- 2297364
TI  - Agenda for change.

PMID- 2297366
TI  - Quality: a personal perspective.

PMID- 2297367
TI  - Treatment efficacy research: a path to quality assurance.

PMID- 2297368
TI  - Pragmatics, socially speaking.

PMID- 2297369
TI  - Dysarthria.

PMID- 2297371
TI  - Health risk appraisal at the worksite.
AB  - Employers in the 1990s will need all the help they can get to cut health care
      costs, while still providing health benefits for their employees. The HRA
      assessment combined with the nursing intervention at the time of the HRA
      interpretation can trigger changes in health behavior. Employers want these
      positive results: healthier employee behaviors and lower health care costs.

PMID- 2297370
TI  - Workplace health promotion and the blue collar worker.
AB  - Considerable evidence supports the claim that blue collar workers are at risk in
      terms of their health. Health promoting lifestyles have improved in the white
      collar segment of western society, but behaviors such as physical inactivity,
      cigarette smoking, and alcohol and drug abuse have increased in blue collar
      groups. Perceived health status is known to be associated with positive health
      behaviors. Management must demonstrate an ongoing commitment to the support of
      health promotion activities and consider restructuring the work environment to
      encourage health promotion behaviors.

PMID- 2297372
TI  - Relocation support groups for corporate wives.
AB  - Nurses can provide relocation support groups to focus on coping skills, stress
      management, and peer support for relocated women. Support groups can promote a
      healthier adjustment to relocation. Although depression and anxiety scores were
      not statistically decreased by participating in support groups, verbal responses
      from respondents indicated that the support groups were a valuable intervention.

PMID- 2297373
TI  - Asset management and opportunity.

PMID- 2297374
TI  - Writing abstracts.

PMID- 2297376
TI  - AIDS policy and education in the workplace.
AB  - It is inevitable that every workplace will someday be affected by an employee
      with AIDS or positive HIV. Policy and education should be in place before the
      first case appears. Most companies do not have AIDS policies or educational
      programs. Managers and supervisors must have current information and concrete
      guidelines to deal effectively with an employee with HIV. Other problems that may
      occur and disrupt the work force are: concerns of coworkers, legal issues, and
      problems with confidentiality. The occupational health nurse is a key figure in
      the development of policy and planning for education of all employees.

PMID- 2297375
TI  - AIDS vaccine development proving to be a formidable task.

PMID- 2297377
TI  - My mother died two months ago--why do I still feel so tired and sick?

PMID- 2297379
TI  - Patients teach holistic nursing care.

PMID- 2297378
TI  - Pneumoccal vaccine: a focus for nursing.
AB  - Despite licensure and subsequent approval for reimbursement by Medicare for the
      pneumoccal vaccine nearly a decade ago, immunization of the target group of high
      risk individuals has been incomplete. Less than 10% of persons for whom the
      vaccine is recommended have been immunized. Nurses can play a key role in disease
      prevention and cost-effective medical care by facilitating immunization of those
      persons needing the pneumococcal vaccine.

PMID- 2297381
TI  - Teaching the eating disordered client.
AB  - One important aspect of intervention for clients with Anorexia Nervosa and
      Bulimia Nervosa is effective client teaching. By using a specific client-needs
      teaching plan the nurse helps the client understand and control the disorder.

PMID- 2297380
TI  - Who me? Reduce hemorrhoids? It's not my job!
AB  - Hemorrhoids are a problem for many postpartum patients. A procedure for manually
      reducing hemorrhoids is outlined along with necessary patient teaching. This
      procedure is a nursing responsibility as long as the patient does not have other
      anorectal area trauma.

PMID- 2297382
TI  - "Teaching" positive nursing.

PMID- 2297383
TI  - Psych nursing--a student's view.

PMID- 2297384
TI  - Collective bargaining--not a dinosaur of the past.

PMID- 2297385
TI  - Patient rights and obligations.

PMID- 2297386
TI  - Pediatric outpatient care--Moscow.

PMID- 2297387
TI  - Teach the chemically dependent to avoid alcohol!

PMID- 2297389
TI  - Caring for the elderly.

PMID- 2297388
TI  - Drugs used for patients with AIDS.

PMID- 2297390
TI  - Legal aspects of vaccine administration.

PMID- 2297391
TI  - Effective discharge planning and home health care. How-tos for the staff nurse.

PMID- 2297392
TI  - Correlation between cutaneous reaction in vaccinees immunized against smallpox
      and antibody titer determined by plaque neutralization test and ELISA.
AB  - The correlation between skin reaction, exhibited by vaccinees immunized against
      smallpox, and antibody titer determined by plaque neutralization and ELISA, was
      evaluated. Twenty eight out of 35 young adults (vaccinated at infancy and at the
      age of 8 years), who were injected with vaccinia virus, displayed a major skin
      reaction a week later. An increase of four-folds and more, in antibody titer
      against vaccinia virus, is generally considered positive immunization take-up
      against smallpox. According to this criterion, only 17 of the vaccinees were
      found positive by plaque neutralization, while 25 by the indirect micro-ELISA.
      Thus, there were eight vaccinees who were considered immunized by the ELISA,
      (seven of them also according to the skin reaction), but not by the plaque
      neutralization test.

PMID- 2297393
TI  - H-2 restriction and serotype crossreactivity of anti-reovirus cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes (CTL).
AB  - Murine anti-reovirus cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were analyzed for H-2
      restricted recognition of virus infected target cells and for potential cross
      reactivity with cells infected by reovirus serotype 1 (T1; Lang strain) or by
      serotype 3 (T3; Dearing strain). Anti-reovirus CTL specifically lysed virus
      infected cells and lysis was shown to be H-2 restricted by the H-2Dd, H-2Ld, H
      2Kd, H-2Kb, and H-2Kk antigens. No H-2 antigens were identified which failed to
      restrict virus recognition by anti-reovirus CTL. Anti-T1 and anti-T3 CTLs were
      also shown to crossreact completely with cells infected with the opposite virus
      serotype. Thus, anti-reovirus CTLs are restricted by a broad spectrum of H-2
      antigens and they detect common rather than unique structural components of these
      two viral serotypes.

PMID- 2297394
TI  - Different laws govern motor activity in sleep than in wakefulness.
AB  - A wide range of elementary and complex motor activities are known to occur during
      sleep, but very little is known about the basic physiologic condition of the
      skeletal muscle during sleep. The present study provides evidence that a minute
      electric random activity constitutes the basic physiologic condition of the
      skeletal muscles during sleep. During the NonREM stages of each sleep cycle a
      regression of the continuous random minute activity occurs, followed by a sudden
      increase of the isolated motor unit action potentials during REM sleep.
      Particular structural features of the anterior tibial (AT) muscle make it the
      most active skeletal muscle during sleep. During wakefulness, at rest, the random
      muscle activity disappears.

PMID- 2297395
TI  - Hypothalamic monoamines and their metabolites in the deermouse, Peromyscus
      maniculatus, during daily torpor.
AB  - Deermice, subjected to food rationing, an ambient temperature below thermal
      neutrality and short photoperiod, were sacrificed in euthermia or during daily
      torpor. Hypothalamic monoamine and metabolite levels were quantified by HPLC with
      electrochemical detection. Significant elevations in the levels (pg/microgram
      protein) of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid were
      noted in the torpid animals. The concentrations of norepinephrine and serotonin
      displayed no significant alterations between the euthermic and torpid states.
      However, the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, was elevated by
      almost 300%. These data suggest that an increase in activity of the hypothalamic
      serotonergic and dopaminergic systems occurs during daily torpor in the
      deermouse.

PMID- 2297396
TI  - Semistarvation-induced hyperactivity compensates for decreased norepinephrine and
      dopamine turnover in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the rat.
AB  - Male Wistar rats were housed in running wheel cages and were restricted in their
      food intake, in order to reduce the initial body weight by 30% within 10 days.
      Rats increased their daily running up to distances between 7 and 11 km compared
      to the maximum 2.5 km in controls fed ad libitum. The hypothalamic noradrenaline
      (NE) turnover, as estimated by the concentration of the major metabolite MHPG,
      was significantly decreased in semistarved sedentary rats compared to controls.
      Hyperactivity resulted in marked elevation of NE turnover at all time points
      examined. Semistarvation-induced decreases of dopamine (DA) turnover as estimated
      by the concentrations of its major metabolite DOPAC, could also be compensated by
      hyperactivity. The circadian pattern of NE turnover parallels the pattern of
      running activity. MHPG levels at times of high activity were even higher than in
      controls fed ad libitum (p less than 0.01). The availability of the precursor
      tyrosine, as indicated by the ratio of plasma tyrosine to the large neutral amino
      acids, was significantly decreased in semistarvation (p less than 0.0001);
      hyperactivity caused a further decrease (p less than 0.001), indicating that
      tyrosine availability is not, under these conditions, a limiting factor for
      noradrenaline turnover. The combined influence of semistarvation and
      hyperactivity on central catecholamine turnover in the rat is discussed as an
      animal model for the effects of malnutrition and heavy exercise often observed in
      anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 2297397
TI  - Alteration of 5-HT uptake by plasma fractions in the premenstrual syndrome.
AB  - The effects of plasma and an aqueous plasma fraction from patients with
      premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and control subjects on the uptake of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in washed human platelets and rat forebrain synaptosomes
      were studied. Pre- and postmenstrual samples of unextracted plasma from the
      control group significantly enhanced platelet uptake of 5-HT. In contrast, an
      aqueous fraction following extraction of the plasma with organic solvents caused
      a dose-dependent decrease of 5-HT uptake. Plasma obtained from patients with PMS
      caused less stimulation of 5-HT uptake compared to plasma from the control group.
      The aqueous fraction of premenstrual plasma from patients tended to inhibit 5-HT
      uptake to a greater extent than a similar plasma fraction from controls. The
      inhibition of 5-HT uptake was associated with an increase in Km. Aqueous plasma
      fractions from both groups also inhibited 5-HT uptake in brain synaptosomes.
      However, there were no significant differences between groups. The results of the
      platelet study suggest that there may be quantitative differences in the plasma
      concentration of endogenous factors that affect 5-HT uptake between patients with
      PMS and control subjects and that such differences may explain the previously
      reported alteration of platelet 5-HT uptake and content associated with PMS
      symptoms.

PMID- 2297398
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates melatonin release from perifused pineal
      glands of rats.
AB  - The rat pineal gland is known to release melatonin in response to noradrenergic
      stimulation. The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), one of the
      neuropeptides present in the pineal, was examined on perifused rat pineal glands.
      VIP stimulated melatonin release with a dose-dependent effect above 10(-7) M. In
      regard of kinetic characteristics, the pattern of melatonin release after VIP
      stimulation was similar to that after isoproterenol stimulation. 10(-6) M VIP
      stimulated melatonin release was not altered when the pineal glands were treated
      with 10(-5) M propranolol (a beta-adrenergic antagonist) or 10(-5) M prazosin (an
      alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist). Thus VIP has a noradrenergic-independent effect
      on melatonin secretion. Conversely, this VIP effect is greatly inhibited by the
      specific action of a VIPergic antagonist. This suggests that VIP acts on
      melatonin synthesis through its own binding sites. This study demonstrates that
      melatonin secretion from rat pineal glands may be elicited through a VIPergic
      system which is independent of the well-known noradrenergic system.

PMID- 2297399
TI  - Characterization of the light response in the pineal gland of intact and
      sympathectomized rats.
AB  - Electrophysiological recordings were performed in the pineal gland of pigmented
      rats BD9 to investigate the possible contribution of a direct neural connection
      of the gland with the central nervous system in the transmission of photic
      information. Extracellular potentials were recorded during brief photic
      stimulation of the eyes before and after bilateral sympathectomy. Two types of
      responses could be distinguished in intact as well as in sympathectomized rats:
      spontaneously active units which were unresponsive to light flashes and units
      responding to photic stimulation with ON and ON/OFF discharges. Spectral
      sensitivity curves recorded from the pineal organ of dark adapted rats showed a
      maximum at 500 nm. Interruption of the sympathetic innervation by bilateral
      denervation or removal of the superior cervical ganglia did not alter the
      spectral properties of pineal units. Additionally, response-intensity curves and
      response threshold (about 0.0017 microW/cm2) were not changed after
      sympathectomy. These results suggest that the pineal gland of the rat receives
      projections from the visual system via a central pinealopetal innervation.

PMID- 2297401
TI  - Paraganglionic cell response to chronic imipramine and handling stress: an
      ultrastructural study.
AB  - The ultrastructure and connectivity of monoamine-storing paraganglionic cells in
      the rat superior cervical ganglion were investigated following chronic treatment
      with imipramine (Tofranil, Ciba-Geigy) and compared with uninjected unhandled
      controls and saline injected animals. The study reveals a significant decrease in
      the number of dense core vesicles in the drug-treated group (P less than 0.001)
      which is regarded as a specific effect due to receptor blocking actions of
      imipramine. A significant reduction in the maximum diameter of the external rim
      and internal cores of the vesicles (P less than 0.05) in the drug-treated group
      is mimicked to a certain extent by saline injections, indicating a mixed effect
      of stress handling and specific alteration. Although the paraganglionic cell
      morphology is unaltered in the group comparisons, the interrelationship of the
      paraganglionic cells to surrounding neural processes is significantly altered in
      both the control versus saline and the control versus drug group comparisons (P
      less than 0.05). The drug- and saline-induced alterations of neural connectivity
      may reflect stress-induced general changes demonstrating the plasticity of the
      paraganglionic cell population.

PMID- 2297400
TI  - Glycoprotein synthesis in the subcommissural organ of the chick embryo. I. An
      ontogenetical study using specific antibodies.
AB  - Antibodies were raised in rabbit against crude subcommissural organ (SCO) extract
      of 19 day old chick embryos. After absorption with crude brain extract, the IgG
      fraction was purified by ion exchange chromatography. The specificity of the
      antibodies was controlled by immunostaining and by a competition test between
      lectins (Concanavalin A-Con A- and wheat germ agglutinin-WGA-) and antibodies
      (A74 IgG). Using A74 IgG, some ependymal cells containing immunoreactive material
      (IRM) could be detected in the SCO anlage at 4 days of incubation. During the
      following stages (5 to 12 days), the immunostaining extended caudal-ward in the
      SCO epithelium according to a rostro-caudal gradient of differentiation. The
      appearance of IRM in the secretory ependymal cells of the SCO parallel that of
      Concanavalin A-positive glycoproteins (Bruel et al., 1987). Secretion of IRM into
      the ventricular cavity, contributing to the formation of Reissner's fiber (RF)
      occurred during the 7th day of incubation. The formation of RF was examined at
      different levels of the spinal cord using A74 IgG, WGA and aldehyde fuchsin (AF)
      staining. The appearance of SCO specific glycoproteins was observed at 11 days in
      the central canal but the presence of a non-immunoreactive material at 10 days
      suggests that the formation of RF probably happens inside a guidance material.

PMID- 2297402
TI  - Blood pressure and sympathetic activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats during
      food restriction.
AB  - Young (7 weeks) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were kept on food
      restriction (33%) during 4 weeks with (0.3% saline as drinking water) or without
      sodium supplementation. Body weight and indirect systolic blood pressure (tail
      plethysmography) were followed each weak. During the last week of the
      intervention period 24 hour excretions of sodium, dopamine and noradrenaline were
      measured. Vascular pressor responses to noradrenaline were evaluated in pithed
      rats and the sympathetic nerve activity was assessed from the disappearance of
      endogenous noradrenaline in the heart after synthesis inhibition. Despite a clear
      retardation of the growth rate in food-restricted rats the development of
      hypertension was not influenced. Food-restriction was associated with a moderate
      suppression of sympathetic activity. Furthermore, the vascular pressor responses
      to noradrenaline were decreased but this was reversed following sodium
      supplementation. It is concluded that despite evidence of sympathetic suppression
      weight reduction does not reduce the blood pressure in SHR once the blood
      pressure has started to rise.

PMID- 2297403
TI  - Effects of centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY13-36 on the brain
      monoaminergic systems of the rat.
AB  - The effects of centrally administered NPY on the brain monoamine systems were
      investigated in the rat. Neuropeptide Y (0.2-5.0 nmol), its C-terminal 13-36
      amino acid (a.a.) fragment, NPY13-36 (0.4-10.0 nmol), or saline were injected
      into the right lateral cerebral ventricle of unrestrained rats. After 1 h the
      animals were decapitated, and the brains were taken out. Two cortical regions
      ('frontal' and 'parietal'), the striatum, the hypothalamus, and the brain stem
      were dissected out. The tissue contents of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and
      serotonin (5-HT), as well as of their major metabolites, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy
      phenylethylene glycol (MHPG), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5
      hydroxy-indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured. The most consistent finding
      was a dose-related increase of both DA and DOPAC levels after treatment with NPY.
      This effect was reproduced by NPY13-36 in cortical tissue, whereas, in the sub
      cortical regions, NPY13-36 only reproduced the effects of NPY on the DOPAC
      levels. Less consistent effects were found on the NA systems, in which NA levels
      showed a tendency to increase following low, and decrease after high doses of
      NPY. These effects were largely reproduced by NPY13-36. In addition, NPY
      increased tissue levels of MHPG in frontal cortical tissue in a dose-related
      manner. The brain 5-HT systems were not affected.

PMID- 2297404
TI  - [Destruction of confidence in established jurisprudence--1.1 promille as the new
      limit value of absolute inability to drive?].
AB  - The author, presiding judge of the fourth criminal panel of the German Federal
      Court, declares himself for a reduction of the threshold value concerning the
      absolute driving unfitness from the current 1.3 blood alcohol standard to 1.1.
      With his contribution, which for the same reason appears in different special
      periodicals, he tries to call a broad public's attention to the impending change
      in jurisdiction so that relevant drivers can prepare for it in time.

PMID- 2297405
TI  - Esophageal reflux and secondary malignant neoplasia at laryngoesophagectomy.
AB  - Pathologic evidence of gastroesophageal reflux demonstrated by either Barrett's
      esophagus or esophagitis was present in 33% of patients undergoing
      laryngopharynoesophagectomy, while secondary esophageal squamous cell carcinomas
      were present in 25% of the specimens. Overall, 54% of all the patients undergoing
      laryngopharyngoesophagectomy had esophageal disease. This incidence of reflux and
      secondary esophageal malignant neoplasia is higher than in the general
      population. Careful assessment of the patient's preoperative history for
      gastroesophageal reflux, contrast swallowing studies, and esophagoscopies
      correctly diagnosed most but not all of the esophageal lesions found on
      pathologic examination. Interestingly, all of the esophageal carcinomas removed
      in the laryngopharyngoesophagectomy specimens were small and sometimes not
      evident clinically. Although gastroesophageal reflux has been postulated as an
      additional etiologic agent in the development of laryngeal carcinoma, all the
      patients in our study had heavy alcohol and tobacco consumption, and therefore
      reflux could not be evaluated separately as a risk factor.

PMID- 2297406
TI  - Intraoperative radiotherapy of head and neck cancer.
AB  - Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) was developed as an adjuvant to surgery and
      external beam radiation for aggressive, extensive, or recurrent cancers of the
      head and neck. This report reviews the indications, technique, response, and
      complications of IORT. From May 1982 to May 1988, 104 patients received 15 to 20
      Gy of radiation delivered through a Lucite cone to areas of high risk of
      recurrence following resection and prior to closure. The indications for
      treatment were (1) aggressive primary or recurrent cancer; (2) disease fixed to
      deep muscle, carotid, or bone; or (3) close margins in an effort to preserve
      vital structures or function. The IORT was effective in preventing local
      recurrence in 14 (40%) of 35 patients with 2-year follow-up of squamous cell
      carcinoma. The complication rate was acceptable. Intraoperative radiotherapy
      appears to be a safe and beneficial adjunctive therapy for cancers that
      historically have extremely dismal prognoses.

PMID- 2297407
TI  - Regional radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment for head and neck malignant melanoma.
      Preliminary results.
AB  - From 1983 through 1988, 83 patients with high-risk cutaneous malignant melanoma
      (primary lesion thicker than 1.5 mm or palpable lymphadenopathy) of the head and
      neck region were enrolled in a study designed to assess the efficacy of a few
      large doses of radiation (24 to 30 Gy in 4 to 5 fractions). The actuarial 2-year
      locoregional control rates for the three groups were 95%, 90%, and 83%,
      respectively. Corresponding survival rates were 80%, 71%, and 69%. The majority
      of failures were due to distant metastases. Locoregional control rates were
      better than those reported earlier with surgery alone for comparable patients.
      The treatment morbidity was minimal.

PMID- 2297408
TI  - Occult primary tumors. The management of isolated submandibular lymph node
      metastases.
AB  - The management of patients with cervical metastases from unknown primary tumors
      presents a therapeutic challenge to both the head and neck surgeon and
      radiotherapist. If after careful search the primary tumor remains truly occult,
      traditional methods of radiotherapy encompassing fields from the base of skull to
      clavicles are often employed, with significant attendant morbidity. To determine
      if more limited therapy would be effective in cases of isolated regional lymph
      node metastases, the patterns of tumor spread to nodes in the submandibular
      region were studied. A retrospective analysis of 472 radical neck specimens
      obtained from 1975 to 1985 revealed 19 cases (4.0%) of cervical metastases
      limited to the submandibular triangle. Sources of these tumors included lip (3),
      buccal mucosa (4), nasal vestibule (1), floor of mouth (4), alveolar ridge (3),
      oral tongue (1), and unknown (3). It appears that solitary submandibular nodal
      metastases predominantly arise from sites in the oral or nasal cavity. This
      suggests that in patients with isolated submandibular lymph node metastases from
      occult primary sites, a more conservative therapeutic approach to potential
      primary sites is indicated after treatment of the metastatic focus.

PMID- 2297409
TI  - Follow-up of oral leukoplakia after carbon dioxide laser surgery.
AB  - We evaluate the 3-year result of 145 oral leukoplakias operated on by outpatient
      carbon dioxide laser surgery at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy. The
      surgical technique that was used consisted of excision in 140 patients and
      vaporization in 5 patients. Cancer was found in 14 out of 140 patients who
      underwent excision (10%). In the analysis of the disease-free survival rate and
      of the unfavorable pattern of events, only 131 patients with benign postoperative
      histologic diagnosis were considered. Fifty-eight patients developed unfavorable
      events. The probabilities of remaining free of disease or of developing local
      relapses or new lesions at 3-year survival was 0.57, 0.27, and 0.19,
      respectively. Two patients had oral carcinomas after the operation. Forty
      patients modified their alcohol or tobacco habits or their teeth and/or
      prosthesis. Moreover, only two patients modified these factors before the
      unfavorable events occurred.

PMID- 2297410
TI  - Production of monoclonal antibodies to squamous cell carcinoma antigens.
AB  - For therapeutic or diagnostic use of monoclonal antibodies in clinical oncology,
      high-affinity IgG antibodies to tumor-associated antigens have to be generated.
      In order to find out by what immunization schedule the chance to generate such
      antibodies is increased, we evaluated three different immunization protocols with
      and without attempts to induce tolerance to common tissue antigens. Mice were
      immunized either (1) by repeated intraperitoneal injections, (2) by a single
      intrasplenic injection, or (3) by an intraperitoneal injection followed by an
      intrasplenic booster. Whereas a single intrasplenic immunization resulted in low
      affinity antibodies to tumor-associated antigen, high-affinity antibodies were
      generated with the other two protocols, although at a lower frequency. No benefit
      was seen from tolerance induction. The intraperitoneal/intrasplenic protocol was
      found to be superior over the other protocols because of minimal antigen dose and
      immunization time, as well as a higher frequency of hybridoma formation.

PMID- 2297411
TI  - Electrodissection tonsillectomy.
AB  - A prospective, double-blind study was undertaken to compare the technique of
      removing tonsils using cold dissection with selective cauterization vs
      electrocautery dissection. The length of the procedure, blood loss, degree of
      pharyngeal pain, otalgia, and incidence of postoperative hemorrhage was recorded
      for 106 consecutive patients. In addition, our experience in performing the
      electrodissection tonsillectomy in 2431 patients is reviewed. Electrodissection
      tonsillectomy is a safe and effective procedure that offers several advantages
      over that of cold dissection using selective cautery.

PMID- 2297412
TI  - The ventral 'L' island flap. A refined model for skin flap research.
AB  - The rat has long been used as an experimental model for obtaining preliminary
      data in skin flap research. Unfortunately, there has been a great deal of
      inconsistency both in the experimental design of the skin flaps used in this
      animal model and in their inherent survival pattern. We have developed a ventral
      "L" flap based on clear anatomic landmarks that offers a number of advantages
      over previously described rat skin flaps including a more consistent survival
      pattern. This flap was elevated in 23 rats, resulting in an average necrosis of
      16.7% +/- 7.6% 7 days postoperatively. Our article outlines the details of this
      flap's design and its use. The ventral L flap offers a refined tool for skin flap
      research in the rat animal model.

PMID- 2297413
TI  - Utility of emission tomography in evaluation of mandibular bone grafts.
AB  - Bone scanning, performed within 1 week postoperatively, is valuable in predicting
      the survival of revascularized composite flap grafts. Conventional planar
      scintigraphy is limited by a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional
      structures. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a technique in
      which a gamma camera rotates around the patient, acquires multiple projections,
      and with the aid of a computer, reconstructs three-dimensional representations.
      We wished to evaluate the potential advantages of SPECT in the assessment of
      mandibular graft viability and to compare it with planar scanning. These
      noninvasive methods of assessing the vascular supply are critical to patient
      management in the early postoperative period because the presence of or inability
      to exclude vascular compromise commands surgical exploration of the anastomosis
      for graft salvage. Fifteen patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction with
      revascularized free grafts were studied by both planar and SPECT scintigraphy.
      Long-term follow-up data were correlated with the outcome predicted by the
      scanning.

PMID- 2297414
TI  - Promontory electrical stimulation in labyrinthectomized ears.
AB  - Bilateral deafness can occur in patients with Meniere's disease who have
      undergone a labyrinthectomy in one ear. To investigate the feasibility of a
      cochlear implant in the labyrinthectomized ear, promontory electrical testing by
      transtympanic needle was performed in six patients who had undergone a unilateral
      transmastoid labyrinthectomy 6 weeks to 5 years previously. All patients had a
      behavioral response to the stimulus, and each described a different pitch percept
      with the four frequencies used. Five of the patients demonstrated an electrically
      evoked middle latency response. These data are comparable with behavioral and
      electrophysiologic responses from ears deafened by other causes and now
      successfully implanted. The results suggest that peripheral neural elements and
      central auditory pathways remain at least partially functional many years after a
      labyrinthectomy. Thus, a labyrinthectomy should not be withheld as a surgical
      option if otherwise indicated.

PMID- 2297416
TI  - Peritonsillar abscess in spite of adequately performed tonsillectomy.
AB  - We describe a rare case of peritonsillar abscess in a woman, in spite of an
      adequately performed tonsillectomy 35 years earlier. Cultures from aspirated pus
      yielded a heavy growth of Streptococcus milleri and Bacteroides species. No
      remaining tonsillar tissue could be seen. We conclude that a peritonsillar
      abscess might develop in spite of adequately performed tonsillectomy.

PMID- 2297415
TI  - Estrogen and progesterone receptors in acoustic neuromas.
AB  - Acoustic neuromas are more frequent, larger, and more vascular in women, and
      their growth rate increases during pregnancy. Estrogen receptors were claimed to
      be demonstrated in these neoplasms for the first time in 1981. Since then,
      numerous diverging studies, using various biochemical and histochemical methods,
      have been published on the contents of estrogen and progesterone receptors in
      acoustic neuromas. We determined the content of estrogen and progesterone
      receptors by means of an immunohistochemical method, using monoclonal antibodies,
      which has proved to be reliable, reasonably sensitive, and clinically relevant in
      other tissues, especially in breast carcinomas. No estrogen or progesterone
      receptors could be found in 18 consecutive acoustic neuromas from 7 men and 11
      women, ranging in age from 26 to 73 years. The results do not support
      preoperative hormone treatment of acoustic neuromas.

PMID- 2297417
TI  - Benign nasopharyngeal masses and human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are common in the head
      and neck and are becoming well known to the otolaryngologist. We present a series
      of seven patients who complained of nasal obstruction and hearing loss and were
      found, on examination, to have large obstructing nasopharyngeal masses and otitis
      media with effusion. Biopsy revealed benign lymphoid proliferation. Because of a
      suspicion of human immunodeficiency virus infection by history, antibody titers
      were obtained and were found to be positive in all cases. With the known
      increased rate of aggressive extranodal B-cell lymphomas in human
      immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, its existence in the nasopharynx should
      be ruled out histologically in symptomatic patients. Nasal obstruction and
      hearing loss secondary to nasopharyngeal lymphoid proliferation in high-risk
      patients can be an early sign of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Patients
      presenting with this clinical entity should be advised to have serologic testing
      and further treatment and counseling if necessary.

PMID- 2297419
TI  - Congenital muscular torticollis. A spectrum of disease.
AB  - Sternocleidomastoid muscle fibrosis has been recognized for centuries, but its
      pathogenesis and treatment remains controversial. Pseudotumor of infancy is a
      firm fibrous mass in the sternocleidomastoid muscle appearing at 2 to 3 weeks of
      age. Congenital muscular torticollis is less common and appears later in life.
      Pseudotumor and congenital muscular torticollis probably represent different
      manifestations of sternocleidomastoid muscle fibrosis. Pseudotumor will usually
      resolve with conservative therapy; however, some patients will subsequently
      develop torticollis. Congenital muscular torticollis usually requires surgical
      release of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to achieve a good cosmetic result and
      to prevent plagiocephaly, facial asymmetry, and scoliosis. This report provides
      guidelines for the management of congenital muscular torticollis and pseudotumor
      of infancy based on the authors' experience and review of the medical literature.
      Representative case histories from the neonate through the adult are presented,
      and the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis are discussed.

PMID- 2297418
TI  - Neutropenic enterocolitis. A new complication of head and neck cancer
      chemotherapy.
AB  - Neutropenic enterocolitis is a recognized complication of immunosuppression or
      chemotherapy for leukemia. It presents as severe abdominal pain and tenderness,
      fever, and diarrhea associated with granulocytopenia. Gastrointestinal symptoms
      associated with chemotherapy for head and neck neoplasms include nausea and
      emesis, but not acute abdominal distress. We present, to our knowledge, the first
      case of neutropenic enterocolitis in a patient receiving cisplatin and
      fluorouracil chemotherapy for metastatic head and neck cancer.

PMID- 2297420
TI  - Temporal bone histopathologic findings in Alagille's syndrome.
AB  - Six temporal bones obtained from four individuals with Alagille's syndrome, aged
      4 months and 3, 6, and 7 years, were studied histopathologically. The external
      auditory canals and tympanic membranes were normal. Although the stapes, the
      interossicular joints, and the subarcuate fossae were slightly underdeveloped in
      the majority of cases, the other structures in the middle ear were almost normal.
      However, severe anomalies were observed in structures in the inner ear. In all
      cases, both the bony and membranous structures of the posterior semicircular
      canal were partially or totally absent, and, in three ears, those of the anterior
      semicircular canal were also partially absent; the lateral semicircular canal,
      however, was normal in all cases. The cochlea was observed to be shortened in
      only one case.

PMID- 2297421
TI  - Circadian variation of nystagmus in healthy and sick subjects.
AB  - Rhythmic activity of various biological systems and functions have been
      investigated extensively. However, information about diurnal variations of the
      vestibular system is scarce. In the present preliminary report, diurnal
      variations of the spontaneous and induced nystagmus in healthy subjects and in
      patients with peripheral vestibular disorders have been assessed. Circadian
      rhythms of the vestibular responses were demonstrated. In some variables
      significant differences have been found between health and sick examinees. These
      differences may have practical clinical implications on diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2297423
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 1. Granulomatous and suppurative lymphadenitis consistent
      with cat-scratch disease.

PMID- 2297422
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 2. Schwannoma of the cervical plexus.

PMID- 2297424
TI  - Effects of part versus whole instructional strategies on skill acquisition and
      excess behavior.
AB  - The relative effectiveness of part versus whole teaching strategies for students
      with moderate and severe handicaps was investigated. Students were taught two
      functional tasks using the two methods, with outcome assessed by measures of
      acquisition, initiation, problem solving, and inappropriate behavior. Although
      trends in the data suggest the superiority of the part method for acquisition by
      students with the more severe handicaps, these effects were not significant. The
      whole method had a significant carryover effect on task preparation and
      termination. A significant effect of method was found for excess behavior:
      students taught by the part method exhibited less excess behavior than did
      students taught by the whole method.

PMID- 2297425
TI  - Mentally retarded individuals in family care homes: relationships with the family
      of-origin.
AB  - Family involvement with mentally retarded individuals living in family care was
      studied. A sample of 104 home providers completed a set of questionnaires
      focusing on family visitation, client trips home, and other forms of family
      contact. When combined predictors of family visitation were examined, the three
      variables contributing unique variance were the participation of family in
      placement, the provider's encouragement of involvement, and the living status of
      the father. Family involvement correlates of client and home provider
      characteristics, distance from the care home, and care home size were presented.
      Important support roles played by siblings, particularly for older residents,
      were discussed as were the impacts of family involvement on home provider stress.
      Descriptive information on family involvement across the lifespan was presented.

PMID- 2297426
TI  - Cytogenetic survey for autistic fragile X carriers in a mental retardation
      center.
AB  - A cytogenetic survey of 67 individuals previously identified as having mental
      retardation and autistic behaviors revealed 1 person (1.5%) with the fragile X
      chromosome (fra[X]) and 3 (4.5%) with autosome abnormalities. This low prevalence
      of fra(X) indicates that most persons with fra(X) in this mental retardation
      center did not have autistic behaviors severe enough to be identified as a
      secondary psychiatric diagnosis. The presence of other chromosomal abnormalities
      is consistent with the known causal heterogeneity of autism in mental retardation
      populations.

PMID- 2297427
TI  - Detectability gradients as a function of target location.
AB  - We examined the ability to detect a specified visual pattern (a target) in a
      randomly selected location when it was briefly presented with 11 other spatially
      distributed nontarget patterns and also when it was presented by itself for the
      same duration (50 msec) on a background of visual noise. Two experiments were
      designed to measure target detectability as a function of its location in the
      visual field where all possible target locations were equidistant from the fovea.
      A right visual field detection superiority was obtained in both experiments. In
      addition, highly significant detectability differences were observed within the
      right and left visual fields in both experiments. The origin of these
      detectability differences are interpreted in terms of parallel and serial
      processing mechanisms.

PMID- 2297428
TI  - Detectability as a function of target location: effects of spatial configuration.
AB  - Marked differences in detectability as a function of spatial location, a
      "detectability gradient," are observed when subjects are required to detect a
      briefly exposed target pattern of uncertain location in the presence of a number
      of nontarget patterns. Target detectability also is inversely related to the
      number of nontarget patterns which are present in this search paradigm. These
      previous findings provide strong evidence for a serial process in which
      increasing probability of error occurs during a scan of a rapidly degrading
      neural representation of the visual image following a brief exposure to the
      stimuli. It is not yet established whether this scan is attentional or perceptual
      in nature. The present experiments test the hypothesis of an attentional scan by
      presenting the target and nontarget patterns in spatially segregated groups. If
      the scan is attentional, then target detectability under these circumstances
      would be expected to exhibit the characteristic phenomenon of "group processing"-
      a close clustering of detection performance for targets located within a group
      and large differences in detectability across groups. As no evidence for group
      processing was observed, the results fail to support the view that the scan is
      attentional in nature but are fully consistent with a nonattentional scan.

PMID- 2297429
TI  - Target detection in one visual field in the presence or absence of stimuli in the
      contralateral field by right- and left-handed subjects.
AB  - Marked differences in detectability are observed as a function of retinal locus
      when subjects are required to find a briefly exposed target pattern of uncertain
      location in the presence of a number of discriminably different nontarget
      patterns. Our previous studies using this search paradigm have attributed these
      detectability differences, and the right visual field detectability superiority
      associated with them, to a serial (scanning) mechanism which tends to examine
      stimuli in the right field earlier than those in the left. The present
      experiment, performed on large groups of right- and left-handed subjects, was
      designed to test the hypothesis that there are two independent serial processors,
      one in each hemisphere--an hypothesis which might account for the differences in
      detectability within and between the two half-fields in terms of hemispheric
      processing differences. The results are inconsistent with the dual independent
      serial processor hypothesis but are fully consistent with a single serial
      processor, a scanning mechanism, which has access to the information presented to
      both visual half-fields.

PMID- 2297430
TI  - Visual detectability gradients: the effect of distractors in contralateral field.
AB  - A number of studies involving recognition of tachistoscopically presented words
      have reported that the typical right visual field performance superiority
      associated with linguistic stimuli is enhanced by bilateral presentations
      (simultaneous stimuli in both visual half-fields) compared to unilateral
      presentations (stimuli in only one half-field on a trial). We have reported the
      same phenomenon, however, using visual spatial patterns in a search paradigm (E.
      W. Yund, R. Efron, & D. R. Nichols, 1990c. Brain and Cognition, 12, 117-127) and
      have accounted for it in terms of the operating characteristics of a visual
      scanning mechanism which serially examines a decaying neural representation of
      the stimuli. In the present experiment we attempted to exploit these operating
      characteristics to influence this difference between unilateral and bilateral
      presentations. The results not only are consistent with the assumptions of the
      scanning hypothesis but they also provide new information pertinent to the
      operating characteristics of this mechanism.

PMID- 2297431
TI  - Beyond scripts: a note on the capacity of right hemisphere-damaged patients to
      process social and emotional content.
AB  - Individuals with right hemisphere damage (RHD) can comprehend simple scripts but
      have difficulties understanding more complex forms of discourse such as stories
      and jokes. This study sought to discover the point beyond simple scripts at which
      such patients begin to experience difficulties. Three-sentence, script-like
      vignettes which described everyday situations were created along two major
      dimensions: a social dimension (reflecting presence or absence of interactions
      between characters); and an emotional dimension (reflecting a positive, negative,
      or neutral emotion felt by a protagonist in the situation). Right hemisphere
      damaged patients were asked to provide emotional characterizations of, and
      continuations to, these situational vignettes. Results indicated that individuals
      with right hemisphere damage were more likely than control subjects to attribute
      a positive emotional state to a character in a neutral situation. In other
      respects, there were no significant differences between RHD subjects and
      controls, although the RHD subjects made significantly more factual errors in
      their continuations than did control subjects.

PMID- 2297432
TI  - Forced unilateral nostril breathing: a technique that affects brain
      hemisphericity and autonomic activity.
AB  - Asymmetrical shoulder, thoracic and buttock pressure affect ipsilateral nasal
      resistance, autonomic tone, and hemisphericity. This factor must be taken into
      consideration when conducting psychological experimentation, and, in fact, may
      have confounded much prior research.

PMID- 2297433
TI  - Serial processing of visual spatial patterns in a search paradigm.
AB  - Previous experiments in this laboratory employing a search paradigm have found
      highly significant differences in the detectability of a briefly exposed target
      pattern as a function of the spatial location of the target when it is presented
      simultaneously with a number of discriminably different nontarget patterns. These
      detectability differences, at loci equidistant from the fovea, could not be
      accounted for by any known variation in retinal spatial resolution or by
      differential lateral masking effects of the target by nearby nontarget patterns.
      These observations led to the hypothesis that the target in these experiments was
      detected by a serial mechanism which "scanned" a persisting but rapidly degrading
      neural representation of the visual scene with increasing detection failures the
      later in time the scan processed the location occupied by the target. If this
      hypothesis is correct, then target detectability should vary inversely with the
      number of stimuli which must be examined. The present experiment confirmed this
      expectation. A mathematical model of such a serial scanning process also predicts
      other, less obvious, effects on target detectability which were observed when the
      number of nontarget patterns was changed.

PMID- 2297435
TI  - An investigation of immune system disorder as a "marker" for anomalous dominance.
AB  - Geschwind and Galaburda (1987) proposed that immune disorder (ID) susceptibility,
      along with left handedness and familial sinistrality (FS), is a "marker" for
      anomalous dominance. The theory predicts lesser left lateralization for language
      processes, lessened left hemisphere abilities, and enhanced right hemisphere
      abilities. We assessed language laterality (dichotic consonant vowel task) and
      performances on spatial and verbal tasks. Subjects were 128 college students. The
      factors of handedness, sex, FS, and immune disorder history (negative or
      positive) were perfectly counterbalanced. Left-handers were significantly less
      lateralized for language and scored lower than right-handers on the spatial
      tasks. Females scored lower on mental rotation than males, but performed
      comparably to males on the spatial relations task. The only effect of ID was by
      way of interaction with FS on both spatial tasks--subjects who were either
      negative or positive on both FS and ID status factors scored significantly higher
      than subjects negative for one but positive for the other factor. A speculative
      explanatory model for this interaction was proposed. The model incorporates the
      notion that FS and ID factors are comparably correlated, but in opposite
      directions, with hormonal factors implicated by other research as relevant for
      spatial ability differences. Finally, no support for the "anomalous dominance"
      hypothesis predictions was found.

PMID- 2297434
TI  - Detectability as a function of spatial location: effects of selective attention.
AB  - In a series of previous reports we have described differences in detectability of
      a target in a background of nontarget patterns as a function of its spatial
      location. These differences, referred to as a "detectability gradient," have been
      attributed to target detection accomplished by a serial processing mechanism--a
      scan. The mathematical model of such a mechanism, developed in the previous
      report, is equally applicable to a series of attentional shifts or to a
      perceptual, i.e., a preattentive, mechanism. The present experiments were
      designed to test the hypothesis that this scan is attentional in nature. The
      results provide additional evidence for the scanning hypothesis but do not
      support the view that this scan represents a series of attentional shifts.

PMID- 2297436
TI  - Women who excel on a spatial task: proposed genetic and environmental factors.
AB  - A "bent twig" model which incorporates Annett's genetic handedness theory with an
      environmental component predicted characteristics of college women likely to
      excel on a mental rotation task. Those likely to have the necessary combination
      of genetic potential and prior experiences are right-handed women with non-right
      handed relatives who rate themselves high in spatial experiences. This subgroup
      significantly outperformed all other groups of right-handed women on the
      Vandenberg Mental Rotation Test. This study provides support for the view that
      family handedness and spatial experiences are important factors influencing
      mental rotation ability in women.

PMID- 2297437
TI  - A quantitative study of dendrite complexity in selected areas of the human
      cerebral cortex.
AB  - This study seeks relationships between the degree of dendrite complexity of four
      areas of the human cerebral cortex and the type of function subserved by those
      areas. Quantitative studies of basilar dendrite patterns in the trunk and hand
      finger receptive zones of areas 3 and 1, superior gyrus of the prefrontal cortex
      (area 9), and supramarginal gyrus (area 39) of the parietal lobe, in the left
      hemisphere of 10 subjects are reported. Measurements of dendrite complexity were
      based on the Sholl method of counting dendrite intersections with a series of
      superimposed concentric rings centered on the middle of the neuron soma. The data
      were analyzed graphically to show (1) characteristic dendrite profiles generated
      by cells in each of these areas, (2) comparisons between dendrite systems of two
      paired areas, i.e., trunk vs. hand-finger, and hand-finger vs. supramarginal, and
      (3) cumulative dendrite-ring intersection patterns for all areas studied. The
      data provided only partial support for our working hypothesis suggesting a
      relationship between complexity of the dendrite arbor and the nature of the
      computational tasks performed by the area. However, complexity of dendrite
      systems in the trunk area was found to be generally less than that of any other.
      In addition, there were suggestive associations between the complexity of
      dendrite systems of the hand-finger zone of the primary sensory receptive area
      and the nature of the work with which the individual had been associated during
      his/her working life. It proved more difficult to discern relationships between
      structure and function in the cortical associative areas. The study underlines
      the large degree of interindividual variation in dendrite structure and the need
      for much more extensive information about the life history of individuals who
      serve as subjects for this type of study.

PMID- 2297438
TI  - Sugars and caries link.

PMID- 2297439
TI  - 'Dietary sugars and human disease': conclusions and recommendations.

PMID- 2297440
TI  - 'Cross infection control--a challenge for Europe'.

PMID- 2297441
TI  - 'Practice visits'.

PMID- 2297442
TI  - The Macintosh in dentistry.

PMID- 2297443
TI  - 'Wisdom tooth waiting lists'.

PMID- 2297444
TI  - 'MGDS examination'.

PMID- 2297445
TI  - 'Dental sensitivity and bereavement'.

PMID- 2297446
TI  - 'Sugar: the autumn issue'.

PMID- 2297447
TI  - Oral medicine in practice: orofacial allergic reactions.

PMID- 2297448
TI  - Some parental views on the Community Dental Service.
AB  - A sample of 220 adults accompanying children to Community Dental Service (CDS)
      clinics in two adjacent health districts in the North Western Health Region of
      England were questioned to gain insight into their views about the service.
      Seventy-five per cent reported that they had a dentist of their own; 82% of these
      claimed to have visited him/her in the previous 12 months. They had chosen the
      CDS for four broad reasons: 51% saw it as providing a specialised service, 27%
      came as a result of a school inspection, 15% used it because it was convenient,
      and 7% had been unhappy with the care provided by a general dental practitioner.
      Seventy-six per cent thought that the CDS should be allowed to treat adults.
      There were no significant differences between those with dentists of their own
      and those without, or between those who gave the specialised nature of the CDS as
      the reason for attending and those who did not. Those who came by car were
      significantly less likely to believe that the CDS should treat adults;
      nevertheless, 69% of these were in favour.

PMID- 2297449
TI  - The incidence of undiagnosed punctures in non-sterile gloves.
AB  - This study investigates the incidence of undiagnosed punctures in five types of
      single and multiple patient use gloves worn by a group of practitioners (n = 6)
      in general and hospital practice, and provides data on the incidence of
      undiagnosed punctures in gloves worn on operative and passive hands. Gloves
      considered to be intact when discarded (n = 510, 85%) were examined for
      undiagnosed punctures by water inflation. The incidence of undiagnosed punctures
      varied considerably with glove type (range 3-49%) and among the practitioners
      (range 9-29%), and some gloves, notably the vinyl type investigated, appeared to
      be more prone to puncture than the other types of glove. More than 60% of the
      undiagnosed punctures were in the thumbs and second fingers of the gloves. The
      incidence of undiagnosed punctures in gloves from operative hands was only
      slightly greater than that for gloves from passive hands. The gloves intended for
      multiple patient use were found to have the lowest incidence of undiagnosed
      punctures. However, the single patient use gloves were typically misused, in that
      they were worn during the treatment of more than one patient.

PMID- 2297450
TI  - Darier's disease: oral features and genetic aspects.
AB  - Darier's disease, a genetically transmitted, autosomal dominant hyperkeratosis is
      a condition only occasionally described in the dental literature. A familial
      study is presented, which highlights the autosomal dominant inheritance mode of
      the condition and emphasises the similarity between the palatal lesions and
      nicotinic stomatitis.

PMID- 2297451
TI  - A fluoridation crisis.
AB  - It is not only in Europe that one finds small self-governing enclaves such as
      Andorra and Liechtenstein. Australia has its own specimen, in the form of the
      Australian Capital Territory (ACT), which is the small area surrounding Canberra,
      the seat of the Federal Government.

PMID- 2297452
TI  - The annual report of the chief medical officer of the Department of Health:
      Dental Health.

PMID- 2297453
TI  - Policy document: the dental needs of children.
AB  - The past two decades have seen substantial changes in child dental health and
      developments in the dental services available to children. Dental caries in
      children has declined, but there is still a considerable amount of dental need.
      The School Dental Service has evolved into the Community Dental Service which is
      now changing its emphasis towards special groups and away from routine dental
      care for children. Children are being treated increasingly in the general dental
      services, with the possibility of a capitation scheme being introduced
      nationally. The debate on the desirable frequency of attendance for dental check
      ups may affect dental care of children in the long term. The British Paedodontic
      Society wishes to draw attention to the implications that some of these changes
      may have for the future dental health of children.

PMID- 2297454
TI  - Amiloride disposition in geriatric patients: importance of renal function.
AB  - 1. The absorption and disposition of the potassium sparing diuretic amiloride
      were determined in nine elderly patients aged 71 to 87 years and in eight young
      (25 to 38 years) subjects following oral administration of 5 mg amiloride HCl
      daily to steady-state. 2. The maximum and steady-state plasma amiloride
      concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.001) higher
      in the elderly patients. The renal clearance of amiloride was lower in the
      elderly than in young subjects (102 +/- 36 ml min -1 vs 300 +/- 64 ml min-1, P
      less than 0.001) as was the urinary excretion of amiloride (36 +/- 13 vs 62 +/-
      18% of the dose, P less than 0.01). 3. The steady-state plasma amiloride
      concentration correlated significantly (r2 = 0.61, P less than 0.001) with
      amiloride renal clearance and with creatinine clearance (r2 = 0.59, P less than
      0.001). There was a very strong positive correlation between renal amiloride
      clearance and creatinine clearance (r2 = 0.76, P less than 0.001). The slope of
      the regression line was 2.5 indicating substantial proximal tubular secretion of
      amiloride. 4. Sodium and potassium excretion, along with urine volume were
      significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in the elderly (by 39, 45 and 34%
      respectively). 5. The disposition of amiloride was highly dependent on renal
      function, with higher plasma amiloride concentrations in the elderly reflecting
      diminished renal function. The dose of amiloride should be titrated to individual
      response, and the lower potassium excretion in the elderly patients suggests that
      the dose of amiloride could be reduced in this group of patients.

PMID- 2297455
TI  - Correlations among the metabolic ratios of three test probes (metoprolol,
      debrisoquine and sparteine) for genetically determined oxidation polymorphism in
      a Japanese population.
AB  - The study was aimed at defining the relationships among the oxidative capacities
      for three prototype drugs, metoprolol, debrisoquine and sparteine, used for
      assessing genetically determined polymorphism of drug oxidation in a Japanese
      population. Among 292 unrelated healthy Japanese subjects who had been defined as
      extensive (EMs, n = 291) or poor (PM, n = 1) metabolisers of metoprolol
      oxidation, 55 subjects (EMs = 54 and PM = 1) were selected. One PM of metoprolol
      oxidation was also identified as a PM not only of debrisoquine but also of
      sparteine, and no misclassification by the three phenotypic methods was observed.
      All three correlations among the metabolic ratios of the three test probes
      assessed by Spearman's rank test were highly significant (P less than 0.001).
      These findings indicate that in Japanese subjects the oxidation capacities of
      metoprolol, debrisoquine, and sparteine are closely related. It appears that in
      Japanese the polymorphic oxidation of the three drugs is co-regulated, either by
      the same enzyme or gene-controlling system.

PMID- 2297456
TI  - Effects of aspirin upon the flushing reaction induced by niceritrol.
AB  - The usefulness of niceritrol as a lipid-lowering agent is limited by a
      prostaglandin-mediated flushing reaction after each dose occurring in the early
      stages of treatment. We have tested the effect of premedication with aspirin on
      the reaction to 250 mg niceritrol in 30 healthy male volunteers using both
      subjective and observed assessments of severity. Both 300 mg and 600 mg of
      aspirin significantly reduced the severity of flushing when compared with
      placebo. No significant difference was seen between the two dose levels. Prior
      dosing with aspirin may increase acceptability of niceritrol and hence improve
      compliance.

PMID- 2297457
TI  - Biliary elimination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients.
AB  - In view of evidence in animals that enterohepatic recirculation of non-steroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs contributes to small intestinal mucosal damage we have
      investigated the extent of biliary elimination of three nonsteroidals. Ibuprofen
      (n = 3), diclofenac (n = 2) and indomethacin (n = 3) were given to six patients
      with a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage placed in the bile duct
      system. One patient received all three drugs. The mean biliary elimination of
      ibuprofen was 0.82% of the given dose compared with 50.41% urinary excretion.
      When diclofenac or indomethacin was administered 4.62% and 6.40% of the dose were
      found in bile, whereas 34.73% and 32.22% (means) were recovered from urine,
      respectively. The mean percentage eliminated in bile as unchanged drug and active
      phase II metabolites was 0.15% for ibuprofen, 1.09% for diclofenac and 5.02% for
      indomethacin.

PMID- 2297458
TI  - Therapeutic drug monitoring-an hypothesis still in need of testing.

PMID- 2297459
TI  - Moclobemide excretion in human breast milk.
AB  - 1. Six lactating white women, aged 24-36 years, received a single oral dose of
      300 mg moclobemide, between 09.00 h and 11.00 h, 3 to 5 days after the delivery
      of a full term neonate. 2. Complete milk collections were obtained before, 3, 6,
      9, 12 and 24 h after drug administration by means of a breast pump. Venous blood
      samples were drawn before, and 0.5, 1, 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 24 h post-dosing. 3.
      Moclobemide, and its major metabolite (Ro 12-8095) were measured in milk and
      plasma samples using h.p.l.c. The active metabolite (Ro 12-5637) could only be
      detected in plasma. 4. Moclobemide and its metabolites were not detectable in 24
      h plasma samples. Cmax, tmax and t1/2 for moclobemide were (mean +/- s.d.) 2.70
      +/- 1.24 mg l-1, 2.03 +/- 1.19 h and 2.26 +/- 0.26 h, respectively. 5. The
      concentrations of moclobemide and Ro 12-8095 in milk were highest at 3 h after
      drug administration and the drug and metabolite were not detectable after 12 h.
      Ro 12-5637 was not detected in any milk sample. The percentages of the dose
      excreted as moclobemide and Ro 12-8095 were (mean +/- s.d.) 0.057 +/- 0.020% and
      0.031 +/- 0.011%, respectively. An average 3.5 kg breast-fed neonate would
      therefore be exposed to only a 0.05 mg kg-1 moclobemide dose (approximately 1% of
      the maternal dose on the mg kg-1 basis). The low amount of moclobemide excreted
      into breast milk is unlikely to be hazardous to suckling infants.

PMID- 2297460
TI  - Single dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral oxazepam during
      concomitant administration of propranolol and labetalol.
AB  - 1. The oral kinetics of oxazepam after a single 15 mg oral dose was investigated
      in six healthy volunteers before and during concomitant administration of the
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonists propranolol (80 mg) and labetalol (200 mg)
      (racemates). 2. A possible pharmacodynamic interaction between oxazepam and the
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonists was examined using a simple reaction time test
      (SRT) and by measurement of postural sway. 3. The kinetics of oxazepam were not
      affected significantly by propranolol or labetalol, although oxazepam and
      labetalol share the glucuronidation pathway. 4. The SRT was increased by
      combination of both beta-adrenoceptor antagonists with oxazepam, with the
      greatest increase after the coadministration of oxazepam with propranolol.
      Administration of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists alone had no significant
      effect. 5. Postural sway was affected significantly only by the combination of
      oxazepam and propranolol.

PMID- 2297461
TI  - Effect of increasing oral doses of loperamide on gallbladder motility in man.
AB  - 1. Loperamide, a peripherally acting opiate receptor agonist with antidiarrhoeal
      action, inhibits ileal and colonic motor function. To determine the effect of
      loperamide on gallbladder motility, we have pretreated five healthy volunteers
      with 2 mg oral loperamide 24 h, 20, 12 and 2.5 h before; six healthy volunteers
      with 16 mg oral loperamide 2.5 h before; and eight healthy volunteers with 16 mg
      oral loperamide 12 and 2.5 h before intravenous infusion of a 'physiological
      dose' of 12.5 pmol kg-1 cholecystokinin (CCK) for 1 h to stimulate gallbladder
      contraction. All subjects served as their own controls. Gallbladder volume was
      measured by ultrasonography and plasma CCK by radioimmunoassay until 90 min after
      start of the CCK infusion. 2. Infusion of CCK resulted in plasma CCK
      concentrations similar to those after intraduodenal fat. Integrated gallbladder
      contraction after 4 X 2 mg loperamide (4600 +/- 891% min) was similar to that
      without pretreatment (5270 +/- 1037% min; NS). Integrated gallbladder contraction
      after 1 X 16 mg loperamide diminished from 5458 +/- 412% min without to 2632 +/-
      816% min with loperamide (P less than 0.05), and was completely abolished to -596
      +/- 762% min (P less than 0.0005 vs without loperamide) after 2 X 16 mg
      loperamide. 3. It is concluded that loperamide inhibits gallbladder contraction
      in response to a physiological dose of cholecystokinin in a dose-dependent
      manner.

PMID- 2297463
TI  - Effects of a PAF-antagonist (BN 52063) on bronchoconstriction and platelet
      activation during exercise induced asthma.
AB  - 1. The effects of a specific PAF acether antagonist (BN 52063) on the response to
      isocapnic hyperventilation with dry cold air (ISH study) and exercise (EIA study)
      were assessed in a single dose and short term treatment study in 10 patients with
      exercise induced asthma. 2. ISH challenge was performed twice within 1 h after
      administration of either placebo, 240 mg BN 52063 p.o. or inhalation of 2.4 mg BN
      52063. Hyperventilation increased Raw from 0.30 +/- 0.02 to 0.89 kPa s l-1 (P
      less than 0.001) after the first challenge and from 0.28 +/- 0.04 to 0.84 +/-
      0.06 kPa s l-1 (P less than 0.001) after the second challenge. Oral pretreatment
      with BN 52063 did not result in a reduction of bronchoconstriction during both
      challenges. A significant increase of Raw was noted immediately after inhalation
      of BN 52063. An inhibition of PAF induced platelet aggregation (by a factor of 2)
      occurred after oral administration of BN 52063 after both ISH challenges (P less
      than 0.05). No significant inhibition of PAF induced platelet aggregation was
      seen after inhalation of BN 52063. At concentrations up to 30 microM in vitro, BN
      52063 inhibited PAF induced platelet aggregation in a dose dependent manner. The
      IC50 of BN 52063 against the aggregating effect of 1 microM PAF was 7.0 +/- 2.1
      microM. 3. In the EIA study the patients were challenged on the third day of
      treatment with either placebo or 240 mg BN 52063 p.o. or 5 mg BN 52063 by
      inhalation. Peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) fell by 155 +/- 37 1 min-1 after
      exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297462
TI  - The effects of propranolol or atenolol on the cardiovascular responses to central
      hypovolaemia in Europeans and Bengalees.
AB  - 1. The effects of single oral doses of propranolol (80 mg), or atenolol (100 mg)
      on resting heart rate, blood pressure, forearm blood flow and forearm vascular
      resistance and on responses to central hypovolaemia, were compared with those of
      placebo in nine healthy European and nine healthy Bengalee volunteers, in a
      double-blind, three-period, cross-over study. 2. Atenolol induced a significant
      reduction in resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) in Europeans but not in
      Bengalees, although the bradycardic effects of atenolol were similar in both
      groups. Atenolol did not have any significant effect on forearm blood flow (FBF)
      or forearm vascular resistance (FVR) in either group. In the presence of
      propranolol (80 mg) there were no statistically significant falls in BP but there
      were significant bradycardias, falls in FBF and rises in FVR that were similar in
      Europeans and Bengalees. 3. In the presence of placebo Europeans exhibited
      significant falls in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during lower body negative
      pressure (LBNP) of 20 and 30 mm Hg. Bengalees did not show falls in DBP during
      LBNP. However, there were no significant differences between DBP responses in
      Europeans and Bengalee subjects. Both Bengalees and European subjects showed
      similar reductions in FBF and FVR during LBNP of 30 mm Hg. 4. In the presence of
      propranolol, significant changes in forearm blood flow and forearm vascular
      resistance were evident in Bengalee subjects during LBNP of 20 mm Hg and 30 mm
      Hg, whereas in the Europeans significant changes in those variables did not occur
      at any level. The changes in FBF and FVR during LBNP of 20 and 30 mm Hg in
      Bengalee and European subjects were significantly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297464
TI  - Tianeptine binding to human plasma proteins and plasma from patients with hepatic
      cirrhosis or renal failure.
AB  - 1. The binding of tianeptine to human plasma, isolated plasma proteins, red blood
      cells and to plasma from patients with cirrhosis or renal failure was studied in
      vitro by equilibrium dialysis. 2. Tianeptine is highly bound to plasma (95%) at
      therapeutic concentrations (0.3-1 microM). No saturation of the binding sites was
      seen. 3. Human serum albumin (HSA) was shown to be mainly responsible for this
      binding (94%) with a saturable process characterized by one binding site with a
      moderate affinity (Ka = 4.2 x 10(4) M-1) and a non-saturable process with a low
      total affinity (nKa = 1.2 x 10(4) M-1). 4. Like many basic and amphoteric drugs,
      tianeptine showed a saturable binding to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) with one
      site and a moderate affinity (Ka = 3.7 x 10(4) M-1). Its binding to lipoproteins
      and red blood cells (RBC) was weak and non-saturable. Over the range of
      therapeutic drug concentrations (0.3-1 microM), the unbound fraction in blood
      remains constant (4.5%). 5. Interactions were studied using non-esterified fatty
      acids (NEFA) at pathological concentrations; they altered tianeptine binding to
      plasma and to isolated HSA. Tianeptine seems to bind to a HSA site different from
      sites I (warfarin) and II (diazepam), but close to site II. It also shares the
      only basic-site on AAG. However, at therapeutic drug concentrations (0.3-1
      microM), not all of these interactions occur. 6. The binding of tianeptine varied
      according to HSA, AAG and NEFA concentrations both in patients and healthy
      subjects. In patients with chronic renal failure having high NEFA concentrations
      the unbound fraction of tianeptine (fu) increased from 0.045 to 0.153 compared
      with normal (P less than 0.001). In cirrhotic patients, with relatively low HSA
      concentrations, the fu of tianeptine increased from 0.045 to 0.088 compared with
      normal (P less than 0.01). 7. Multiple regression analysis of all of the data
      indicated that the fu of tianeptine was related significantly to HSA, NEFA and
      AAG concentrations, with a particularly strong correlation with NEFA
      concentrations. Therefore, variation of HSA and NEFA concentrations in patients
      on maintenance therapy may cause an increase of tianeptine fu.

PMID- 2297465
TI  - Ouabain inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump: estimation of ED50 in different
      types of human leucocytes in vitro.
AB  - 1. We examined the effect of ouabain on the Na(+)-K+ pump of intact mononuclear
      leucocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes by using the radioactive potassium
      analogue, 86rubidium, as a tracer and measuring the cellular uptake of K+
      (86Rb+). Na(+)-K+ pump activity was determined as the cellular uptake of K+
      (86Rb+) that is sensitive to ouabain, 10(-5) mol l-1. 2. Dose-response curves for
      inhibition of the Na(+)-K+ pump were obtained after exposure of the cells to
      various concentrations of ouabain for 2.5 h when the level of pump inhibition was
      considered to be at steady state. 3. The ED50 of ouabain for the effect on the
      Na(+)-K+ pump was estimated to be 3 X 10(-9) mol l-1 in the absence of potassium.
      In the presence of potassium, 3 and 6.5 X 10(-3) mol l-1, it was increased by
      factors of 10 and 45 respectively. In the presence of potassium, 4 X 10(-3) mol l
      1, the ED50 was similar but somewhat higher when determined in an artificial
      medium (Ringer solution) than when determined in autologous plasma. 4. The ED50
      values observed in the present study were very similar to KD values reported in
      the literature on ligand binding of tritiated ouabain to the same types of human
      leucocytes.

PMID- 2297466
TI  - Pelvic arteriovenous fistulas: therapeutic strategy in five cases.
AB  - Pelvic arteriovenous fistulas are rare. They may be defined as arteriovenous
      communications developing in the pelvis from the internal iliac artery, the
      origin of its posterior trunk or branches of its anterior trunk. Congenital
      arteriovenous malformations, more common in women, and posttraumatic
      arteriovenous fistulas are the two main etiological forms. Diagnostic problems
      include appreciation of visceral extension in arteriovenous malformations and
      precise localization of fistulas especially when they affect the internal iliac
      artery itself. Therapy is aimed at complete closure of arteriovenous
      communications using interventional radiologic methods or surgery. Although
      indications are difficult to assess, complete, one-stage therapy is preferable
      due to surgical difficulties following failed or incomplete radiological or
      surgical attempts.

PMID- 2297467
TI  - Combined mortality and morbidity of direct surgical treatment of abdominal aortic
      aneurysm.
AB  - Two hundred aneurysms of the abdominal aorta were treated surgically from 1980 to
      1987 by the same surgeon. There were 187 men and 13 women whose mean age was 66.1
      years. Nine patients were 80-years-old or more. Eighty-seven percent of patients
      had preoperative risk factors, 30% of which were coronary artery disease. The
      operative approach was through a transverse laparotomy in 188 patients compared
      to 11 midline incisions and one lumbotomy. An aortoaortic tube was inserted in 87
      patients, a bifurcated prosthesis in 99, and a tube bypass in 14. Five patients
      (2.5%) died within the 30 day perioperative period. Death was due to colonic
      necrosis, right heart chamber thrombosis, renal failure after repeat operation
      for acute lower limb ischemia, and myocardial infarction associated with renal
      and respiratory failure. The morbidity rate was 15.7% (31 patients) and included
      seven neurologic accidents, four respiratory complications, five ischemic events
      of the lower limbs requiring reoperation and one amputation, four cardiac
      complications, two renal failures, one reversible colonic ischemia, one revision
      for incomplete hemostasis, one phlebitis, one sliding syndrome, and five minor
      infections or cutaneous complications. Mean duration of hospital stay was 10.9
      days. These results confirm that direct operation on aortic aneurysms can be
      performed in patients from all age groups and even with associated diseases. A
      rapid, simple technique based on a transverse approach, minimal dissection and
      insertion of aortoaortic tubes, whenever feasible, appears to reduce combined
      mortality-morbidity.

PMID- 2297469
TI  - Iliocaval venous compression due to aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: report of
      ten cases.
AB  - Ten patients with symptomatic venous compression secondary to aneurysm of the
      infrarenal abdominal aorta are reported. Compression was responsible for edema of
      the lower extremities in seven cases, and, in three instances, for venous
      thromboembolic disease. The incidence of venous complications secondary to
      aneurysm (8.8% in our series) is close to that of urologic complications (10%),
      but their respective pathogeneses are different. Mechanical compression (nine
      patients) was the predominant mechanism and was due to retroperitoneal hematoma
      (two patients) and left-sided (three patients) or right-sided (four patients)
      development of the aneurysm. Noninvasive imaging, including computed tomographic
      scan and sonography, have replaced the more conventional invasive methods of
      diagnosis. The large diameter of the aneurysms generally found in these cases
      mandates rapid surgical treatment in order to avoid rupture and aortocaval
      fistula. Because of venous collateral circulation, caution must be exercised when
      working on the left side of the aorta above the aneurysm and at the level of the
      iliac vessels. Treatment consists of the inclusion prosthetic replacement. The
      insertion of a Greenfield filter is needed only when pulmonary embolism occurs or
      in the case of recent or life-threatening caval thrombosis.

PMID- 2297468
TI  - Type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with isolated arterial involvement.
AB  - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a connective tissue disorder characterized by skin
      hyperelasticity and friability, hyperextensible small articulations, vascular
      fragility, and ocular and visceral symptoms. Ten types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
      have been described to date. Type IV is characterized by isolated arterial
      involvement with the risk of rupture, making diagnosis difficult. A 25-year-old
      man was operated on for a ruptured left and then right iliac artery and once
      again for a hepatic artery aneurysm within a nine month period. The diagnosis of
      Ehlers-Danlos syndrome was based on clinical and histopathologic findings. An
      asymptomatic iliac artery aneurysm was found in the patient's 23-year-old
      brother.

PMID- 2297470
TI  - Multiple aneurysms in a seven-year-old child.
AB  - Arterial aneurysms, rarely encountered in childhood, pose difficult etiologic and
      therapeutic problems. We report the case of a seven-year-old Algerian girl with
      aortoiliac, visceral, and limb aneurysms revealed by a tumefaction in the left
      popliteal fossa. Aortic rupture subsequently occurred. The aneurysms were
      resected with subsequent prosthetic or vein graft replacement. Three years later,
      clinical and functional results of the grafts were satisfactory. Possible
      etiologies include inflammatory arteritis, dysplasia, or idiopathic primary
      aneurysms.

PMID- 2297471
TI  - The risk of carotid endarterectomy for the asymptomatic patient: an argument for
      prophylactic operation.
AB  - We reviewed the records of 291 asymptomatic patients who underwent 377 carotid
      endarterectomy operations. The study excludes endarterectomies performed
      simultaneously with other operations that influence morbidity as well as
      endarterectomies on patients with symptoms caused by contralateral carotid
      stenosis. Postoperatively, nine patients had a stroke but two of the nine
      recovered completely after reoperation. Seven patients (2% of operations) were
      discharged with a neurologic deficit. One patient died of a myocardial
      infarction. Combined strokes with residual deficit and deaths totaled eight
      patients (2.2% of operations). During the time of the study the indication for
      operation changed from greater than 60% stenosis of the carotid artery to greater
      than 80% stenosis. This paper argues that, based on information currently
      available, a surgical morbidity rate of less than 3% justifies prophylactic
      endarterectomy. Surgeons must audit their results to demonstrate they can perform
      the operation with low risk to the patient.

PMID- 2297472
TI  - Late results of preferential use of tube versus bifurcation grafts for abdominal
      aortic aneurysmectomy.
AB  - The advantages of tube versus bifurcation graft replacement of abdominal aortic
      aneurysms are well known, yet the risk of future development of iliac occlusive
      or aneurysmal disease still leads many to use bifurcation grafts routinely.
      Several studies have reported little risk of this development when patients are
      followed clinically. They suffer, however, from lack of an objective means of
      identifying iliac aneurysms. Among 83 patients undergoing abdominal aortic
      aneurysmectomy during a 53 month period, 36 who had received a tube graft were
      available for follow-up. After a mean of 54 months from the time of surgery,
      these patients were evaluated by abdominal and pelvic computed tomography to
      determine the incidence of subsequent iliac aneurysm formation. No patient had
      developed symptoms or signs of iliac occlusive disease during this interval. In
      addition, no residual aortic aneurysms or new iliac aneurysms were noted. In the
      absence of iliac occlusive or aneurysmal disease, straight graft replacement is
      the preferred therapy for abdominal aortic aneurysms. The risk of future
      development of these lesions is minimal.

PMID- 2297473
TI  - Vocal cord paralysis following carotid endarterectomy: the paradox of return of
      function.
AB  - In a series of 411 consecutive carotid endarterectomies 29 patients were
      identified with vocal cord paralysis. All patients were symptomatic, although in
      many these symptoms were subtle and rapidly resolved. There was a statistically
      significant predominance of left-sided paralysis. Excluding three patients who
      died during the initial year of follow-up return of normal voice was noted in 22
      patients, but complete return of vocal cord function was present in only 15.
      Apposition of the contralateral vocal cord against a paralyzed vocal cord allowed
      for production of normal voice in five patients. Less than 1% of patients
      remained with symptoms at one year following endarterectomy. We conclude that
      vocal cord paralysis is a common complication of carotid endarterectomy; the
      voice becomes an unreliable guide as to its resolution. We recommend
      laryngoscopic examination of all patients who undergo bilateral carotid
      endarterectomy.

PMID- 2297475
TI  - Polyurethane arterial prosthesis: experimental evaluation.
AB  - Two types of microporous polyurethanes have been evaluated both in vitro and in
      vivo. In vitro polyurethane disks have been seeded by endothelial cells from
      bovine aortic origin and from fresh human greater omentum. Various pretreatments
      permit comparison of six different experimental groups. The benefit of poly L
      lysine, laminin, fibronectin and previous astrocyte cell seeding is shown. The
      cell proliferation was assessed daily, using trypan blue in Malassez cells. Cell
      identification was performed by class I MHC antigen characterization and factor
      VIII staining. In vivo, 4 mm polyurethane arterial prostheses were implanted as
      carotid interpositions. Evaluation of polyurethane, both in vitro and in vivo,
      failed to demonstrate a satisfactory hemocompatibility of the material. However,
      previous treatment of polyurethane with laminin, fibronectin, and astrocyte cell
      seeding improves the biologic characteristics of the raw material.

PMID- 2297474
TI  - The natural history of amaurosis fugax with minor degrees of internal carotid
      artery stenosis.
AB  - The natural history of amaurosis fugax with hemodynamically insignificant degrees
      of internal carotid artery stenosis is uncertain. Seventy-three patients over age
      40 who presented with amaurosis fugax without obvious cause and had ipsilateral
      stenoses of 50% or less with carotid duplex scanning were followed for a mean
      period of 35.5 months (range 3-110) without surgical intervention. At the initial
      vascular laboratory duplex evaluation, 35 patients had normal arteries (47.9%),
      29 had minor (0-19%) stenoses of the ipsilateral internal carotid arteries
      (39.7%), and 11 had 20-50% stenosis (15.1%). Four patients with 0-19% stenosis
      and one patient with 20-50% stenosis experienced a subsequent stroke or permanent
      ipsilateral blindness. When analyzed by life-table format, stroke, blindness, and
      early death were more frequent in patients with minor degrees of stenosis than in
      those with normal arteries. Investigations in all patients with amaurosis fugax
      should be aimed at identifying whether the symptoms are explained by
      arteriosclerotic, systemic, collagen, cardiac, hematologic, or ophthalmologic
      disease. When no other etiology is found, and localized carotid bifurcation
      atherosclerosis of even modest degrees is identified, an atheroembolic etiology
      should be considered.

PMID- 2297476
TI  - A paraprosthetic-enteric fistula associated with a duodenal tumor.
AB  - An unusual etiology and presentation of a paraprosthetic-enteric fistula is
      reported involving a duodenal tumor. Review of the possible mechanisms of graft
      enteric fistula formation and diagnostic evaluation is presented. Initial
      insertion of an extraanatomic bypass followed by graft excision was performed in
      the present case and is encouraged in hemodynamically stable patients.
      Additionally, resection of the eroded duodenum with end-to-end anastomosis was
      performed in order to restore intestinal continuity.

PMID- 2297477
TI  - Traumatic pseudoaneurysm in a wrestler.
AB  - An 18-year-old man sought treatment for a pulsatile mass in the medial distal
      thigh four years after he had sustained blunt trauma during a wrestling match.
      Investigation, which included magnetic resonance imaging and arteriography,
      showed the mass to be a pseudoaneurysm, which should be considered in the
      differential diagnosis of masses resulting from direct, blunt trauma. At
      exploration, a pseudoaneurysmic thrombus in the superficial femoral artery was
      evacuated and the vessel was repaired with an interposition graft of reversed
      saphenous vein, followed by complete recovery of the patient.

PMID- 2297478
TI  - Traumatic superior mesenteric artery--portal vein fistula.
AB  - An interesting and rare case of traumatic superior mesenteric artery-to-portal
      vein arteriovenous fistula is presented. Initial operative control of the
      bleeding superior mesenteric artery injury required ligation of the superior
      mesenteric artery at its origin to prevent exsanguination in an extremely
      unstable patient with multiple injuries. Early postoperative visceral
      arteriography documented ligation of the superior mesenteric artery with a
      proximal superior mesenteric artery-to-portal vein arteriovenous fistula.
      Percutaneous catheter embolization of the arteriovenous fistula was undertaken
      successfully at this time. Superior mesenteric artery ligation was surprisingly
      well tolerated. Major arterioportal fistulas require treatment to prevent long
      term complications of intestinal ischemia, portal hypertension, and cirrhosis.
      Although traditional treatment involves ligation of the arteriovenous fistula and
      arterial bypass, percutaneous embolization is becoming a viable alternative.
      Arteriography remains the cornerstone of diagnosis and treatment planning.

PMID- 2297479
TI  - Closure of the internal carotid artery after endarterectomy: the advantages of
      patch angioplasty without its disadvantages.
AB  - We present an original technique which precludes narrowing of the internal
      carotid artery after simple closure of a longitudinal arteriotomy for
      endarterectomy. Derived from the technique used to treat excess length of the
      internal carotid artery, this procedure includes the following steps: (1)
      division of the internal carotid artery at its base; (2) slitting the carotid
      artery until reaching the distal part of the plaque; (3) endarterectomy of the
      internal carotid and common carotid-external carotid axis; and (4) reimplantation
      of the internal carotid into its ostium, enlarged to the new size of the divided
      carotid artery. It has been possible to use this technique in eight consecutive
      cases. Postoperative arteriograms and duplex scanning have shown that anatomic
      and functional results were excellent. Presently, this technique has our
      preference in the surgical treatment of atheromatous stenoses of the internal
      carotid artery.

PMID- 2297480
TI  - Interactions at the blood/material interface.
AB  - The complex interactions occurring at the blood/material interface of implanted
      blood-contacting biomaterials largely determine the clinical efficacy of small
      diameter vascular grafts. Physical characteristics of the material such as
      chemical composition, electrical charge, surface texture, elastic modulus, and
      porosity all affect many responses at the interfaces with blood, surrounding
      tissues, and adjacent artery. Some responses begin instantaneously (deposition of
      plasma proteins and platelets) while other reactions are somewhat delayed
      (deposition of leukocytes and monocytes, and migration of endothelial cells and
      smooth muscle cells). Each of these elements may become activated and release
      bioactive substances which further affect the behavior of the other entities in
      this complex and dynamic microenvironment. It is precisely these tissue reactions
      that regulate thrombogenicity and the development of pseudointimal hyperplasia.

PMID- 2297481
TI  - Direct search methods in the optimisation of cancer chemotherapy regimens.
AB  - Current cancer chemotherapy regimens may involve 20-30 or more independent
      variables, each affecting therapeutic response and toxicity. With standard
      response surface modelling methods, finding the optimum combination with as few
      as 10 variables entails testing over 1,000 combinations, so these methods do not
      provide a feasible approach to such problems. However, they may be tackled by
      direct search methods (DSM), i.e. stepwise searches of the response surface.
      Experiments were carried out in advanced L1210 leukaemia treated with
      combinations of adriamycin with cyclophosphamide, isophosphamide with
      acetylcysteine and methotrexate with leucovorin. Two established DSM (Nelder-Mead
      and Box) were used, and a new method was designed to find consistent search paths
      in spite of wide biological variation. With methotrexate and leucovorin, DSM
      located combinations prolonging mean survival to 40-50 days (compared with 10.4
      in controls) and giving high proportions of long-term survivors. These results
      were achieved with single injections of drugs given 7 days after injection of
      10(6) leukaemic cells, i.e. 2-3 days before deaths began in untreated mice, and
      appear to be unprecedented with these agents. Searching for optimal combinations
      of established agents may be at least as rewarding as searching for new agents,
      and thus DSM may prove a powerful tool for improving the results of combination
      cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2297482
TI  - Rising incidence of breast cancer among young women in Sweden.
AB  - The national Swedish cancer registry was used to analyse the age-specific time
      trends in breast cancer incidence in Sweden from 1970 to 1984. The analysis
      included both a calendar year and a birth cohort approach to estimate time trends
      in disease occurrence. According to the birth cohort approach there was a
      statistically significant increase in the incidence with an average annual
      increase of the incidence of 3.2% (P = 0.0114), 3.4% (P = 0.0002) and 2.2% (P =
      0.0264) in the age groups 25-29, 30-34 and 35-39, respectively. Possible causes
      of the observed increasing incidence are discussed.

PMID- 2297483
TI  - Reduction in calcium excretion in women with breast cancer and bone metastases
      using the oral bisphosphonate pamidronate.
AB  - The bisphosphonate pamidronate (3 amino-1, 1-hydroxypropylidene bisphosphonate
      (APD), Ciba-Geigy) is a powerful inhibitor of osteoclast function and has been
      shown to significantly reduce osteolysis associated with bone metastases in
      breast cancer. Until recently, however, only an intravenous preparation has been
      readily available. We have evaluated the toxicity and effect on urinary calcium
      excretion of an enteric-coated oral preparation of pamidronate in a phase I/II
      trial in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer. Sixteen women with
      progressive disease and evidence of active bone resorption with an elevated
      calcium excretion (fasting urine calcium/creatinine ratio greater than 0.4 (mmol
      mmol-1) on two occasions prior to treatment) were studied. Four were given 150 mg
      daily; four 300 mg daily; four 450 mg daily and four 600 mg daily. Urinary
      calcium/creatinine (Ca2+/Cr) ratios were measured on all patients after an
      overnight fast. In patients on 150 mg daily the mean ratio fell from 0.65 (range
      0.57-0.72) before treatment to 0.13 (0.02-0.19) after three weeks treatment. Mean
      values at entry for patients on 300, 450 and 600 mg were 1.18 (0.72-2.1), 0.76
      (0.42-1.5) and 0.63 (0.52-0.82) respectively and after treatment these fell to
      0.11 (0.05-0.18), 0.37 (0.14-0.68) and 0.17 (0.06-0.25). There were no
      significant differences in efficacy between treatment groups. Oral, enteric
      coated disodium pamidronate is non-toxic and effectively reduces calcium
      excretion, raised in association with metastatic bone disease at doses of 150 mg
      or above. At the doses used to date it is as effective as weekly treatments with
      30 mg of the intravenous preparation. Further studies are required in order to
      determine its value for preventing complications of bone disease and possibly as
      an adjuvant to surgery for breast cancer.

PMID- 2297484
TI  - Dose-intense weekly cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine
      and prednisolone (CMFP) in advanced breast cancer.
AB  - Weekly chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide 80 mg m-2 day-1 p.o. continuously,
      methotrexate 35 mg m-2 week-1 i.v., 5-fluorouracil 500 mg m-2 week-1 i.v.,
      vincristine 1.4 mg m-2 i.v. every two weeks and prednisolone 20 mg m-2 day-1 p.o.
      continuously (CMFVP) was prospectively studied in 45 previously untreated
      outpatients with advanced breast cancer to determine the feasibility of
      delivering a dose-intense regimen. Of 40 evaluable patients, complete response
      (CR) occurred in one patient, partial response (PR) in 20 (CR + PR 53%), stable
      in eight, progression in 11 and five were unevaluable for response. The median
      relapse-free survival for responders was 25 weeks and median survival for all
      patients was 31 weeks. The mean dose intensity relative to the Cooper regimen
      fell from 1.02 to 0.6 within the first 4 weeks of treatment and the median dose
      intensity achieved for all patients on study was only 0.52. Eighty-seven per cent
      of patients had treatment delays with a mean of 3.9 delays per patient and 71%
      had dose reductions. Neutropenia was the major toxicity with WHO grade 3 or 4
      neutropenia (less than 1.0 x 10(9) l-1) in 62% of patients and three septic
      deaths while neutropenic. Dose-intense weekly CMFVP in this schedule cannot be
      delivered to previously untreated outpatients with advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 2297485
TI  - Season of initial discovery of tumour as an independent variable predicting
      survival in breast cancer.
AB  - The month of initial detection of tumour was recorded in 2,245 patients with
      breast cancer and correlated with survival over a follow-up period of 1.5-10
      years. Women who initially detected their breast cancer in spring/summer had a
      significantly longer survival than those detecting their tumour at other times of
      the year. Overall, this relationship was independent of nodal status, tumour size
      and hormone receptor status. However, when patients were divided into groups the
      survival advantage was significantly associated with receptor status and age.
      Women aged greater than or equal to 50 years with ER-positive and PR-positive
      tumours who discovered their initial tumour in spring/summer had significantly
      better survival than those detecting their tumours at other times of the year.
      Survival was also longer in women aged less than 50 years with receptor-negative
      tumours who initially found their tumours in spring/summer compared with the rest
      of the year. This study suggests that the season of first detection of a breast
      cancer relates significantly to the later behaviour of the tumour, and may
      reflect seasonal changes in hormone dependent growth.

PMID- 2297487
TI  - Fourth scientific meeting of the British Oncological Association. 25-27 June
      1989, Edinburgh, U.K.

PMID- 2297486
TI  - Long-term somatic side-effects and morbidity in testicular cancer patients.
AB  - In order to evaluate long-term somatic morbidity after treatment for testicular
      cancer 149 patients with NED greater than or equal to 3 years answered a
      questionnaire. The patients had been treated with surgery only (32 patients,
      radiotherapy only (39 patients), cisplatin-based chemotherapy plus surgery (46
      patients) or chemotherapy plus radiotherapy with or without surgery (32
      patients). Raynaud-like phenomena were the most frequent side-effect occurring
      significantly more often after cisplatin-based chemotherapy than after surgery or
      radiotherapy (33/72 patients versus 5/68 patients). Peripheral sensory
      'neuropathy' was reported by 18% of all the patients. Seventeen per cent and 11%
      complained of pulmonary symptoms and auditory symptoms, respectively.
      Gastrointestinal side-effects were more frequent after any type of cytotoxic
      therapy than after surgery only (34/47 patients versus 5/22 patients). Twenty-six
      patients had fathered children after treatment. About 80% of the patients were in
      full time wage-earning activity when they answered the questionnaire. In
      conclusion, 3-7 years after treatment for testicular cancer, 30-50% of the
      patients had minor somatic complaints whereas serious side-effects seldom
      occurred.

PMID- 2297488
TI  - Heat sensitivity and thermotolerance in vitro of human breast carcinoma,
      malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
AB  - Heat sensitivity and the development of thermotolerance of cells isolated
      directly from surgical specimens of human breast carcinoma, malignant melanoma
      and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were studied in vitro using the
      Courtenay soft agar colony assay. The plating efficiency of some of the tumours
      was sufficiently high (0.3-20.4%) for survival curves covering up to two to three
      decades to be established. Experiments repeated with cells stored in liquid
      nitrogen showed that the survival assay gave highly reproducible results. Heat
      sensitivity of thermotolerant cells was studied by giving cells a conditioning
      heat treatment of 43.5 degrees C for 60 min and, after incubation at 37 degrees C
      for 24 h, second graded heat treatments at 43.5 degrees C. Significant
      differences in heat sensitivity and development of thermotolerance between the
      three tumour types were not found. However, the heat sensitivity, whether the
      cells were thermotolerant or not, differed considerably among individual tumours
      of each histological category. Do at 43.5 degrees C was found to be in the ranges
      of 23-59 min (breast carcinoma), 20-63 min (malignant melanoma) and 20-57 min
      (squamous cell carcinoma) for single-heated cells and 105-476 min (breast
      carcinoma). 102-455 min (malignant melanoma) and 87-400 min (squamous cell
      carcinoma) for thermotolerant cells. The heat sensitivity of cells made
      thermotolerant showed no significant correlation to the surviving fraction after
      the conditioning heat treatment. The study indicated that histological category
      is a poor parameter for assessment of clinical heat responsiveness of tumours.
      Breast carcinoma, malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma are probably,
      from a thermobiological point of view, equally good candidates for clinical trial
      aimed at studying the potential usefulness of hyperthermia as an adjunct to
      radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. The large differences in heat sensitivity
      and development of thermotolerance observed among individual tumours,
      irrespective of histological origin, suggested that an in vitro predictive assay
      for heat responsiveness would be very useful for stratification purposes in such
      clinical trials.

PMID- 2297489
TI  - The chemotherapeutic response of a murine (VM) model of human glioma.
AB  - Using a cell line derived from the VM spontaneous murine astrocytoma, a reliable
      in vitro-in vivo model of human malignant glioma has been developed. In this
      paper we examine the effects of cytotoxic drugs with known activity against other
      animal brain tumour models and human disease on the in vivo VM model. The drugs
      BCNU, CCNU and vincristine produced significant volume reduction in tumours
      growing at a subcutaneous location in syngeneic animals. Procarbazine was
      ineffective. Similarly, BCNU, CCNU and vincristine produced small but
      statistically significant increases in survival of VM mice bearing the
      intracerebral tumour, but procarbazine was again ineffective. The modest, but
      significant, response of the VM model to the nitrosoureas mimics the human
      situation more closely than previously described animal models.

PMID- 2297490
TI  - Resistance to 4-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulphon-m-anisidide (m-AMSA) in human
      myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - Sublines of a human myeloid leukaemia cell line, KBM-3, with increasing degrees
      of resistance to the antileukaemic agent 4'-(9-acridinlylamino) methanesulphon-m
      anisidide (m-AMSA) were evaluated for their response to this drug using a
      clonogenic assay to measure cell survival and alkaline elution to assess m-AMSA
      induced DNA strand breakage. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to map
      the protein profiles of the various cell lines. The resistant lines were obtained
      by intermittent exposure of the KBM-3 cells to the highest tolerated
      concentration of m-AMSA so that the culture would be repopulated only by the most
      resistant subpopulation after each exposure. Two distinct phases were apparent
      during the development of resistance. During the first 14 months of intermittent
      exposure to maximally tolerated concentrations of m-AMSA, the cells developed low
      degree m-AMSA resistance (5-7-fold as compared with the parent line, as measured
      by cell survival). This low-degree resistance was characterised by a somewhat
      suppressed level of DNA strand breakage and no measurable change in cellular
      protein levels. Subsequently, a single escalation of the m-AMSA retreatment
      concentration resulted in a cell population that was approximately 100-fold
      resistant, as assessed by cloning. This rapid phenotypic change temporally
      coincided with the acquisition of an almost complete refractoriness to m-AMSA
      induced DNA strand breakage and the loss of a cellular 76 kDa protein. We suggest
      that the loss of this protein is important for the development of a highly m-AMSA
      resistant phenotype.

PMID- 2297491
TI  - Cytotoxic effect of misonidazole and cyclophosphamide on aerobic and hypoxic
      cells in a C3H mammary carcinoma in vivo.
AB  - The chemosensitising effect of the nitroaromatic radiosensitiser misonidazole
      (MISO) on the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CTX) has been investigated in a
      C3H mammary carcinoma in CDF1 mice. The selective cytotoxicity against aerobic
      and hypoxic cells was measured indirectly, using a local tumour control (TCD50)
      assay. The hypoxic fraction was calculated from the dose difference between the
      TCD50S for tumours irradiated either in air or under clamped conditions. The
      relative survival of tumour cells after drug therapy was expressed as a surviving
      fraction (SF). CTX (100 mg kg-1) was found to be considerably more toxic towards
      hypoxic than aerobic cells (SF 4% versus 52%). MISO (1000 mg kg-1) was almost
      exclusively toxic to hypoxic cells (SF 22%). When MISO and CTX were administered
      simultaneously a decrease in the surviving fraction was observed. The effect on
      aerated cells was found to be 10-fold more than expected from addition of
      toxicities, suggesting a chemosensitising effect on these cells by MISO when used
      in combination with CTX. No synergistic effect was found on radiobiologically
      hypoxic cells. The exact role of hypoxia for the development of
      chemosensitisation seems to be complex and requires additional research in the
      future.

PMID- 2297492
TI  - Flow cytometric measurement of glutathione content of human cancer biopsies.
AB  - Rice et al. (1986) have described a flow cytometric method where the non
      fluorescent probe monochlorobimane (mBCl) forms a fluorescent adduct with
      cellular glutathione (GSH) under the action of glutathione-S-transferase. We show
      here that for EMT6 carcinosarcoma cells there is a close correlation between mean
      cell fluorescence, expressed as a ratio to that of fluorescence calibration
      beads, and biochemically determined GSH content over the range 0.2-2.0 fmol cell
      1. Single cell suspensions from 14 human cancers were prepared by 23-gauge needle
      aspiration or mechanical disaggregation of surgical specimens, stained using mBCl
      and examined by flow cytometry. There was a wide range in individual cell
      fluorescence, which in contrast to EMT6 cells was not strongly correlated with
      Coulter volume. By comparing tumour cell fluorescence to that of calibration
      beads, and assuming that the relationship with GSH content for EMT6 holds for
      other cells, a mean GSH content of 0.95 fmol cell-1 was derived for nine
      carcinomas, and 0.21 fmol cell-1 for five non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Although this
      semi-quantitation needs further validation, the method used here is rapid, gives
      an indication of heterogeneity of tumour cell GSH content, and can be applied to
      fine needle biopsy samples. It therefore shows promise as a means for studying
      prospectively the relationship of GSH content to clinical drug and radiation
      sensitivity, and for monitoring the effects of agents such as buthionine
      sulphoximine which are intended to improve treatment results through tumour cell
      GSH depletion.

PMID- 2297493
TI  - Identification of the peanut-agglutinin binding pancreatic cancer serum marker in
      pancreatic tissue extracts.

PMID- 2297495
TI  - Serum type III procollagen peptide, dynamic liver function tests and hepatic
      fibrosis in psoriatic patients receiving methotrexate.
AB  - The serum level of the aminoterminal peptide of type III procollagen (P3NP) was
      measured in 51 psoriatic patients on long-term, once weekly, low-dose
      methotrexate and in a control group of patients with extensive psoriasis who had
      never had systemic treatment. Serum P3NP levels were normal in all control
      patients, but were elevated in the majority of methotrexate-treated patients,
      even those with normal or non-specific liver histology. Although the highest P3NP
      values were found in the groups of patients with fibrosis and cirrhosis, isolated
      P3NP measurements did not discriminate between individuals with and without
      significant liver pathology. Neither standard nor dynamic liver function tests
      were able to identify patients with significant liver damage and in most cases
      results were in the normal range.

PMID- 2297496
TI  - Aquagenic pruritus associated with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.
AB  - Patients with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) may develop
      associated skin disorders. We describe a patient who had xerosis since birth, but
      who first developed symptoms of aquagenic pruritus soon after he presented with
      HES. Photochemotherapy with psoralen and UVA treatment reduced his peripheral
      blood eosinophil count. The good response to treatment suggests that there was a
      close relationship between the dermatosis and the blood disorder.

PMID- 2297494
TI  - The effect of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone on interleukin-1 alpha induced
      responses in RIF-1 tumours.
AB  - In the present studies the effect of bilateral adrenalectomy on the
      pathophysiologic responses to recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rHIL-1
      alpha) was determined in RIF-1 tumour models. Acute vascular injury and
      haemorrhagic responses were quantitated by the intra-tumour accumulation of 59Fe
      radiolabelled erythrocytes. In vivo clonogenic tumour cell kill was determined by
      an excision assay. A single, intraperitoneal rHIL-1 alpha treatment (6.25 x 10(7)
      D10 units kg-1, 25 micrograms kg-1) resulted in acute tumour haemorrhage and
      approximately 55% clonogenic tumour cell kill (24 h). Bilateral adrenalectomy, 24
      h before rHIL-1 alpha, significantly increased haemorrhagic responses, but
      haemodynamic toxicity was severe. This toxicity could be ameliorated by giving
      dexamethasone (5 mg kg-1) before or up to 3 h after rHIL-1 alpha. The effect of
      dexamethasone on rHIL-1 alpha induced tumour responses in adrenalectomised mice
      was sequence dependent. Given before rHIL-1 alpha, dexamethasone inhibited tumour
      haemorrhage. When dexamethasone was given up to 3 h after rHIL-1 alpha, tumour
      haemorrhage was directly related to sequence interval. Although adrenalectomy and
      dexamethasone alone had little effect on RIF-1 tumours, adrenalectomy increased
      rHIL-1 alpha mediated clonogenic tumour cell kill. The surviving fraction 24 h
      after rHIL-1 alpha (6.25 x 10(7) D10 units kg-1, 25 micrograms kg-1) and
      dexamethasone (5 mg kg-1, 2 h after rHIL-1 alpha) was 1.3 +/- 0.4%. The surviving
      fraction after this combination in intact mice (36.7 +/- 1.4%) was approximately
      30-fold higher than that seen in adrenalectomised mice. The results indicate that
      adrenal responses secondary to rHIL-1 alpha treatment exert a negative feedback
      on rHIL-1 alpha mediated responses in solid tumours.

PMID- 2297497
TI  - Naevus corniculatus: a new acantholytic disorder.
AB  - We describe a 33-year-old man with an unusual epidermal naevus that followed the
      lines of Blaschko. There were filiform hyperkeratoses, large cutaneous horns and
      lesions that resembled giant comedones and linear hyperkeratotic plaques. All of
      these lesions showed acantholysis without dyskeratosis. As the disorder is
      characterized by multiple small or large horn-like processes, we propose the term
      'naevus corniculatus'.

PMID- 2297498
TI  - Topical cyclosporin A in psoriasis.

PMID- 2297499
TI  - Sneddon's syndrome and primary anti-phospholipid syndrome (PAPS)

PMID- 2297500
TI  - Cyclosporin A for treatment of severe lichen planus.

PMID- 2297501
TI  - The effect of bacterial products on human fibroblast and keratinocyte detachment
      and viability.
AB  - An in vitro model has been developed to study the effect of soluble bacterial
      products on the viability and detachment of skin cell types utilized cultured
      grafts. Microbial products prepared from clinical isolates of bacterial species
      which most commonly colonize burn lesions showed marked variation in their
      ability to detach and kill both keratinocytes and fibroblasts. All three isolates
      of Acinetobacter spp. tested were effective in causing detachment and death of
      keratinocytes and fibroblasts, whereas Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and
      Enterobacter spp. tested had little, or no, effect on detachment or viability for
      either skin cell type. Four Staphylococcus aureus isolates elicited variable
      strain-dependent results with regard to detachment and viability. One isolate
      possessed activity specific for keratinocyte detachment and death. These results
      indicate the possible undesirable effects such bacterial species may have on
      graft success in colonized burn wounds.

PMID- 2297502
TI  - The influence of area of application on sensitization by dinitrochlorobenzene.
AB  - We have investigated the effect on sensitization of altering the area of
      application of 2,4,dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) at a constant dose per unit area.
      We showed that, when an area of less than 1 cm2 is used, this area is critical in
      determining the degree of sensitization. This contrasts with previous work that
      showed, for larger areas, an alteration in the area of application had little
      effect on sensitization, whereas keeping the area constant and increasing the
      concentration of DNCB increased the degree of sensitization. We suggest that not
      only is the amount of antigen important in determining response, but also the
      distribution of the antigen as presented to the afferent limb of the immune
      system.

PMID- 2297503
TI  - Malignant melanoma: aetiological importance of individual pigmentation and sun
      exposure.
AB  - A case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) was based on 523
      incident cases and 505 age- and sex-matched controls selected from the general
      population. The purpose was to investigate the relative risk of developing CMM
      associated with different sun habits and indicators of pigmentation, such as skin
      type, eye colour and hair colour. Compared to people with black hair, blonde
      subjects had a relative risk of 74.4 (95% confidence interval, 45.8-120.8).
      Associations with skin type and eye colour were considerably weaker. Relative
      risks of about 1.5-2.5 were found for certain sun habits. The results suggest
      that in a population of Caucasian origin with a predominantly fair complexion,
      pigmentary status characterized by hair colour is a far more important
      aetiological factor than sun habits.

PMID- 2297505
TI  - Monoclonal antibody MAC 387 recognizes a myelomonocytic antigen shared by
      epithelial cells in inflammatory skin diseases.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody MAC 387 recognizes an antigen expressed by human
      macrophages and granulocytes. Normal epidermis does not react with the antibody,
      but the inflamed epidermis may react. In this immunocytochemical study we have
      investigated the intracytoplasmic expression of the MAC 387 antigen in biopsies
      of a variety of skin disorders. In lichen planus the basal cells were usually
      negative, whilst suprabasal cells were positive. In the majority of other
      inflammatory dermatoses studied, there was positive staining of basal and
      suprabasal cells. A parallel frozen- and paraffin-section study of biopsies of
      cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and inflammatory conditions failed to demonstrate HLA
      Class II expression in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes. Expression of the MAC 387
      antigen in the epidermis is directly associated with cell-mediated activity in
      the papillary dermis, but is not related to HLA Class II expression.

PMID- 2297504
TI  - The initial effects on workload and outcome of a public education campaign on
      early diagnosis and treatment of malignant melanoma in Leicestershire.
AB  - We report our experience of the initial effects of a publicity campaign directed
      at early presentation of malignant melanoma in Leicestershire. The campaign
      resulted in a dramatic increase in workload and, at the pigmented lesion clinic,
      the numbers of new patients rose from 12.3 to 54.5 per clinic. There was a large
      rise in the number of new melanomas presenting in Leicestershire: from 1.02 per
      week before the campaign to 1.88 per week in the immediate post-publicity period.
      This was statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Although there was also
      an apparently encouraging rise in the percentage of thinner 'good prognosis'
      tumours, it was not possible to isolate this statistically from a pre-existing
      trend.

PMID- 2297506
TI  - Topical propylene glycol and hyperosmolality.
AB  - Topical propylene glycol is known to cause elevated serum osmolality in burns
      patients. Twelve adults with skin disease had quantities of propylene glycol
      applied to their skin to a maximum of 6.1 g/kg per 24 h for 5 days. Serum
      electrolyte, lactate and osmolality results remained unchanged during the study.
      These results suggest that topical propylene glycol may be used in adult
      dermatological practice without affecting serum osmolality.

PMID- 2297507
TI  - Fresh versus cryopreserved cultured allografts for the treatment of chronic skin
      ulcers.
AB  - Both fresh and cryopreserved cultured epithelial allografts were used to treat 20
      patients with a total of 30 chronic ulcers. A profound stimulation of host
      epithelialization from the wound edges and epidermal appendages was observed. Our
      data suggest that allografts, prepared using a simple cryopreservation technique,
      retain their morphological and functional characteristics, and are as effective
      as fresh allografts in healing chronic ulceration.

PMID- 2297508
TI  - The effect of photochemotherapy with 4,4',6 trimethylangelicin on murine
      cutaneous immune cells.
AB  - The effect of photochemotherapy with 4,4',6 trimethylangelicin (TMA), a new
      monofunctional furocoumarin with a high antiproliferative activity, was studied
      on murine dendritic epidermal cells. Female mice (C3H/HeN[MTV-]) were treated
      topically with the drug three times a week for 4 consecutive weeks followed each
      time by 1 J/cm2 of UVA radiation. At the end of the treatment almost total
      depletion of ATPase+, Ia+ and Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells was observed,
      associated with marked hyperpigmentation but no gross or microscopic
      phototoxicity. Although 4,4',6 TMA is not phototoxic in mice, it affects the
      cutaneous immune cells.

PMID- 2297509
TI  - Oral albendazole for the treatment of cutaneous larva migrans.
AB  - Cutaneous larva migrans is becoming more common in the U.K. with the popularity
      of tropical countries as holiday destinations. We describe the increasing use of
      a new benzimidazole derivative, albendazole, which is very effective in the
      treatment of cutaneous larva migrans. In contrast to thiabendazole, it is
      virtually free from side-effects and should, we feel, become the treatment of
      choice for this condition.

PMID- 2297511
TI  - Evaluation of the kinetics of the intracellular reduction of 2,6
      dichlorophenolindophenol in normal and transformed hepatocytes measured by
      amperometric methods.
AB  - Amperometric methods were used to study the kinetics of intracellular reduction
      of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) in normal and transformed hepatocytes with
      glucose and succinate as substrates. The curves showing the formation of DCIPred
      as a function of time were biphasic, the first part obeying the equation of a
      pseudo-first-order reaction, the final part corresponding to Michaelis-Menten
      kinetics. A statistical method was used to estimate pseudo-first-order rate
      constants k as well as Km and Vmax values. At saturating glucose concentrations
      k, Km and Vmax values were higher in normal compared to transformed cells.
      Decreasing glucose concentrations revealed lowered saturation concentrations in
      tumour cells compared to normal cells. With succinate as substrate for
      hepatocytes, k values were higher than with glucose, while Km and Vmax were about
      the same. Hepatoma cells did not metabolize succinate. K values could be
      attributed to intracellular dehydrogenase activities including cytosolic and
      mitochondrial processes. Differences in pseudo-first-order rate constants between
      normal and tumour cells may therefore represent characteristic alterations
      associated with transformation.

PMID- 2297510
TI  - Quantification of aerobic energy turnover in epididymal bull spermatozoa.
AB  - Turnover rates of oxidative energy metabolism were measured as oxygen consumption
      in untreated and caffeine-stimulated epididymal bull spermatozoa respiring with
      lactate. Incubation of spermatozoa with 1 mM caffeine led to an increase in
      respiration of approx. 60%. The rate of uncoupled respiration and the vanadate
      insensitive part of oxygen consumption were not affected by caffeine. The small
      effect of ouabain on respiration (-10%) indicated a minor contribution of Na+/K+
      ATPase to the ATP consumption. The major part of ATP turnover was caused by
      motility shown by the strong linear correlation between respiration and motility
      in untreated and caffeine-treated spermatozoa. In comparison with ejaculated
      spermatozoa investigated in a previous study, epididymal cells exhibited the same
      rates of uncoupled and ouabain-sensitive respiration. The efficiency of
      transforming mitochondrially-produced ATP into cell motion was the same in
      epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa. The ATP-producing capacity of sperm
      mitochondria was utilized in untreated epididymal, in caffeine-stimulated
      epididymal and in ejaculated spermatozoa, by 20-25%, 40-45% and 45-50%,
      respectively. The results showed that the capacity of mitochondrial. ATP
      formation remains unchanged after ejaculation and is utilized to a higher extent
      by stimulated motility. Treatment with caffeine affected epididymal spermatozoa
      in a similar manner.

PMID- 2297512
TI  - Investigation by amperometric methods of intracellular reduction of 2,6
      dichlorophenolindophenol in normal and transformed hepatocytes in the presence of
      different inhibitors of cellular metabolism.
AB  - The reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) was measured by amperometric
      methods in Morris hepatoma 3924A cells, normal isolated rat hepatocytes and in
      mitochondria isolated from normal rat liver. The influence of aerobic and
      anaerobic atmospheres and of various inhibitors of cellular metabolism,
      especially of the respiratory chain (KCN, NaN3, oligomycin), on DCIP-reduction
      were studied using glucose, succinate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, alpha-keto-glutarate
      and oxalacetate as substrates. Under the influence of KCN and oligomycin the
      velocity of DCIP-reduction was increased in both cell types. Azide showed a
      similar effect on tumour cells and to a lower extent on hepatocytes. Using
      isolated mitochondria total DCIPred was increased by KCN and azide using various
      mitochondrial metabolites as substrates and with ADP/Pi present. The effects of
      KCN, azide and oligomycin could be explained by taking DCIP as an artificial
      coupling site in mitochondria which is only used when oxygen is absent or when
      the respiratory chain is blocked by inhibitors of cytochrome oxidase. Evaluation
      of the reaction kinetics revealed differences between normal and transformed
      cells in terms of the pseudo-first-order rate constants and the activity of
      overall oxidoreductases. The results apparently reflect quantitative differences
      in enzymatic equipment and the metabolic pathways predominating in normal and
      neoplastic cells.

PMID- 2297513
TI  - Variations in energization parameters and proton conductance induced by cold
      adaptation and essential fatty acid deficiency in mitochondria of brown adipose
      tissue in the rat.
AB  - Male weanling Long-Evans rats were fed on a low-fat semipurified diet (control
      diet, 2% sunflower oil; essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient diet, 2%
      hydrogenated coconut oil) for 9 weeks. In order to modulate need for non
      shivering thermogenesis, groups of rats on each diet were exposed at 28 degrees C
      (thermoneutrality) and at 5 degrees C (cold acclimation) for the last 5 weeks. In
      brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondria, several parameters of mitochondrial
      energization, protonmotive force (delta p) and its components delta pH and
      membrane potential, delta psi, were investigated. Simultaneous measurement of
      oxygen consumption and delta psi (the main component of delta p) was performed by
      varying alpha-glycerophosphate concentration and the force/flux relationship of
      the mitochondria was established by comparison of proton conductance, CmH+, over
      the whole range of protonmotive force. delta p. In the absence of GDP, at 28
      degrees C, EFA deficiency induced a marked increase in CmH+. Cold acclimation led
      to comparable enhanced CmH+ in control and EFA-deficient mitochondria. In the
      presence of GDP which binds and inhibits the BAT 32 kDa uncoupling protein, CmH+
      was the same in 28 degrees C and 5 degrees C control mitochondria, but EFA
      deficiency led to an enhanced GDP independent CmH+ at 28 degrees C and to a
      lesser extent at 5 degrees C. These results are discussed with reference to
      substantial changes in mitochondrial lipid composition induced by the deficiency.

PMID- 2297514
TI  - Glucocorticoid stimulation of fatty acid synthesis in explants of human fetal
      lung.
AB  - We examined the effects of glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone (T3) on fatty acid
      synthesis, fatty acid composition and fatty acid synthetase activity in explants
      of human fetal lung (16-23 wk gestation). Explants were cultured 1-7 days in the
      absence (control) or presence of dexamethasone (10 nM) and/or T3 (2 nM). In
      control explants fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid synthetase activity
      increased 200% and 455%, respectively, between 1 and 5 days. Dexamethasone (10
      nM) stimulated fatty acid synthesis (tritiated water incorporation) 155% and
      fatty acid synthetase activity 117% after 5 days in culture. T3 (2 nM) was not
      stimulatory, either alone or in the presence of dexamethasone. Dexamethasone
      increased the proportion of newly synthesized fatty acid recovered in
      phosphatidylcholine from 72% (control) to 90% (P less than 0.02) of total fatty
      acid. Dexamethasone stimulation of fatty acid synthetase activity was consistent
      with a receptor-mediated process: (1) stimulation was saturable and dose
      dependent (Kd = 1.5 +/- 0.3 nM); (2) the potency of glucocorticoid analogs and
      other steroids reflected their glucocorticoid activity; (3) stimulation was
      reversible when cortisol was removed from the medium. Stimulation by
      dexamethasone was apparent within 24 h of hormone exposure, and increased to a
      maximum between 4 and 6 days. Fatty acid synthetase activity was higher in Type
      II cells (3.54 +/- 0.58 nmol malate/min per mg protein) than in fibroblasts from
      treated explants. Although both cell types responded to hormone treatment the
      stimulation was greater for Type II cells (200% vs. 75% increase). The fatty acid
      composition of PC showed increases in 14:0 and 16:1 with culture alone which were
      further stimulated by dexamethasone but not T3. These results indicate
      glucocorticoid stimulation of fatty acid synthesis and are consistent with a key
      role for fatty acid synthetase in the hormonal induction of pulmonary surfactant
      phosphatidylcholine synthesis in cultured fetal lung.

PMID- 2297515
TI  - Molecular species profiles of acidic phospholipids in lung fractions of adult and
      perinatal rabbits.
AB  - The molecular species of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI)
      in pulmonary surfactant and membrane fractions of adult and perinatal rabbit
      lungs were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography of the
      dinitrobenzoyl derivatives of the diacylglycerols (DGs), derived from the two
      acidic phospholipids. The PG in both surfactant and membrane fractions of adult
      lungs consisted mainly of the 16:0/16:0 species, followed in order by 16:0/18:1
      and 16:0/18:2 species. In contrast, the prominent molecular species of PI in the
      membrane fractions were 18:0/20:4 and 16:0/18:1, while surfactant PI consisted
      mainly of 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2, containing only 3% of 16:0/16:0. In the
      perinatal rabbit lungs, a compositional change between surfactant PG and PI was
      found, i.e., an increase in PG and a decrease in PI. The molecular species
      compositions of PG and PI in the perinatal lungs were generally the same as those
      observed in the adult lungs. It should, therefore, be noted that the species
      profiles of surfactant PG and PI, particularly in the content of 16:0/16:0 and
      18:0/20:4, are not similar, but distinctly different from each other in both
      adult and developing lungs. Therefore, the present results strongly suggest two
      possibilities; (1) both acidic phospholipids which appear in pulmonary surfactant
      may originate from different pools of CDP-DGs having different molecular species;
      and/or (2) surfactant PG and PI may be synthesized by individual enzymes having
      different substrate specificities for different CDP-DGs in alveolar type II
      cells.

PMID- 2297516
TI  - Lipid synthesis in vitro by rabbit Meibomian gland tissue and its inhibition by
      tetracycline.
AB  - Rabbit Meibomian gland tissue was incubated with radioactive acetate, propionate,
      valine, leucine or isoleucine. The time-course of incorporation of radioactivity
      into total lipids from acetate and isoleucine was studied in Hanks' or Krebs
      medium. Incorporation of acetate or isoleucine into lipid classes was followed by
      TLC, and of acetate label into individual fatty acids and alcohols by GLC with
      radioactivity detection. Radioactivity was highest in the minor acid components
      C16:1 and C18:1. Levels in branched fatty acids fell with chain length,
      reflecting the time-course of successive chain elongations. Use of amino acids or
      propionate as precursors suggested that molecules containing a specific branched
      structure were preferentially incorporated; this indicates a binding preference
      at the level of the fatty acid synthase which might explain the very high
      proportion of anteiso-branched structures in the rabbit secretion. Incorporation
      of label into total lipids was significantly reduced by tetracycline in the
      medium, with 50% reduction at about 1.5 mg/ml for acetate and 0.7 mg/ml for
      isoleucine.

PMID- 2297517
TI  - Cholesteryl ester transfer activity in hamster plasma: increase by fat and
      cholesterol rich diets.
AB  - We investigated the presence of cholesteryl ester transfer activity (CETA) in
      plasma of hamsters kept on various dietary regimens. In hamsters kept on a
      regular diet, CETA activity was about 5 units/4 mg protein of d greater than 1.21
      g/ml fraction of plasma, as compared to about 35 units present in human d greater
      than 1.21 g/ml fraction. Addition of 15% margarine or butter alone or together
      with 2% cholesterol resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in plasma CETA. The increase
      in plasma CETA was correlated with plasma cholesterol levels (r = 0.78; P less
      than 0.001) and plasma triacylglycerol levels (r = 0.56, P less than 0.001).
      Hamsters consuming the cholesterol + butter-supplemented diets had the highest
      plasma CETA, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels, while CETA in plasma of rats
      and mice remained nondetectable even after 4 weeks on the diet. The causal
      relation between hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and evaluation in
      CETA in hamsters remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2297518
TI  - High-density lipoprotein binding to guinea-pig hepatic membranes. Comparison of
      guinea-pig and human ligands.
AB  - Human and guinea-pig apo-E-free HDL were incubated with isolated guinea-pig
      hepatic membranes at 4 and 37 degrees C to determine the effects of temperature
      and heterologous systems on the equilibrium parameters of HDL binding. Receptor
      mediated HDL binding was highest at 37 degrees C for both lipoproteins. At 4
      degrees C, a higher affinity constant (Kd) was observed when guinea-pig HDL was
      the ligand relative to human HDL; in contrast, both HDL preparations had similar
      Kd values at 37 degrees C. Calculated binding and receptor number (Bmax) were
      higher at both temperatures when guinea-pig HDL was the ligand. These results
      demonstrate a significant species difference in HDL binding to hepatic membrane
      which is partially temperature-dependent.

PMID- 2297519
TI  - Postnatal developmental profile of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase,
      squalene synthetase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities in the liver
      of domestic swine.
AB  - Activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, squalene synthetase and
      cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, measured in liver microsomal preparations from
      domestic swine between birth and adolescence, correlated strongly in individual
      animals. A synchronous increase was observed between 4 and 6 weeks after birth,
      i.e., immediately after weaning. Rise in activity was highest for HMG-CoA
      reductase (30-fold), and smallest for squalene synthetase (5-fold). In pubertal
      pigs (16 to 30 weeks old), activities of these enzymes had the same low values as
      in suckling piglets. The increase of both HMG-CoA reductase and squalene
      synthetase activities may be caused by the shift from high-cholesterol milk
      intake to a chow diet with low-cholesterol content. The rise in cholesterol 7
      alpha-hydroxylase activity might be due to other dietary or hormonal factors.

PMID- 2297520
TI  - Inhibition of hepatic lipase activity impairs chylomicron remnant-removal in
      rats.
AB  - [4-14C]Cholesteryl oleyl ether-labeled chylomicron remnants were injected into
      rats which received a specific goat antibody against rat hepatic lipase or a
      control serum. Chylomicron remnant cholesterol ether disappeared from circulation
      with a significantly higher half-life (2-fold) in antibody-treated rats than in
      controls (P less than 0.001). Recovered radioactivity in the liver was 2-fold
      lower in antibody-treated rats (22.8% (n = 6) vs. 45% (n = 4) P less than 0.01).
      These results clearly show that hepatic lipase may strongly promote chylomicron
      remnant cholesterol ether uptake by the liver.

PMID- 2297521
TI  - A novel high-density lipoprotein particle and associated protein in rat plasma.
AB  - This report describes the characterization of a novel rat apolipoprotein, which,
      as partial sequencing suggests, does not correspond to any described protein. The
      protein (termed PX) has an estimated molecular mass of 19.5 kDa and pI in the
      range 5.5-5.8. Monoclonal antibodies were obtained against protein PX and results
      on distribution among rat lipoproteins show it to be associated mainly with high
      density lipoproteins (HDL), but also with VLDL. Immunoaffinity chromatography of
      total HDL shows protein PX to be included in a distinct lipoprotein particle,
      particularly enriched in free cholesterol, with which only traces of other
      apolipoproteins are associated. Immunologically crossreacting entities are found
      in the plasma of several species, including man. Retention of the epitope carried
      by the protein PX would suggest that it is of particular structural or functional
      importance. It remains to be established whether its function is associated with
      lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2297522
TI  - Phospholipid lamellae are cholesterol carriers in human bile.
AB  - Cholesterol solubility and precipitation in bile are major factors in the
      pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones. At present, mixed micelles and
      phospholipid vesicles are considered to be the only cholesterol carriers in bile.
      In this study we present evidence showing that phospholipid lamellae are major
      cholesterol carriers in human bile. Lamellae are a known aggregational form in
      pure phospholipid model systems. In the present study, lamellae were demonstrated
      by electron microscopy after negative staining and by small-angle X-ray
      diffraction in all human gallbladder bile samples examined. During diffraction
      experiments, cholesterol was found to crystallize from these lamellae.
      Cholesterol carriers in bile were separated by high-resolution chromatography and
      by prolonged ultracentrifugation. Lamellae were shown to solubilize most of the
      biliary cholesterol; vesicles solubilized a lesser amount; while micelles
      solubilized only a minor portion. Our data suggest that phospholipid aggregates
      are the main cholesterol carriers in bile. Bile salts may control the equilibrium
      between the various aggregational forms of cholesterol-carrying phospholipids.

PMID- 2297523
TI  - The esterase profile of a lipase from Candida cylindracea.
AB  - A commercial preparation of a lipase produced by Candida cylindracea catalysed
      the hydrolysis of both long- and short-chain esters of p-nitrophenol. Six major
      bands of hydrolytic activity to alpha-naphthyl acetate were detected on
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two on isoelectric focusing. The esterase
      activity fractionated into two major peaks of activity on ion-exchange
      chromatography and into several peaks of activity on hydrophobic interaction
      chromatography. These esterase activities showed different substrate
      specificities to p-nitrophenyl esters, tributyrin and cetyl palmitate.

PMID- 2297525
TI  - Effects of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate on peroxisomal
      activities and enzyme activities involved in lipid metabolism in rat liver.
AB  - The effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) on hepatic lipids and
      key enzymes involved in esterification, hydrolysis and oxidation of long-chain
      fatty acids at increasing doses were investigated in rats. TPA administration
      tended to decrease the mitochondrial activities of palmitoyl-CoA synthetase and
      carnitine palmitoyltransferase. The microsomal palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity
      was increased. TPA administration was also associated with a dose-dependent
      increase of glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity both in the mitochondrial
      and microsomal fractions in particular. The data are consistent with a decreased
      catabolism of long-chain fatty acids at the mitochondrial level, and an increased
      capacity for esterification of fatty acids in the microsomal fraction.
      Peroxisomal beta-oxidation was increased about 2-fold in the peroxisome-enriched
      fraction of TPA-treated rats while the catalase and urate oxidase activities were
      only marginally affected. TPA administration revealed elevated capacity for
      hydrolysis of palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-L-carnitine in the microsomal fraction.
      Neither increased cytosolic palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity nor increased
      hydroxylation of lauric acid nor changes of the hepatic content of cytochrome P
      450 isoenzymic forms were observed in the TPA-treated animals. There was no
      induction of the protein content of the bifunctional enoyl-CoA hydratase. Thus,
      TPA behaves more like choline-deficient diet and ethionine treatment than well
      known peroxisome proliferators. It seems possible that TPA selectively stimulated
      the peroxisomal activities, i.e., peroxisomal beta-oxidation rather than evoking
      a peroxisome proliferation capacity.

PMID- 2297524
TI  - Enzyme site-specific changes in hepatic microsomal fatty acid chain elongation in
      streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AB  - The hepatic microsomal fatty acid chain elongation of palmitoyl-CoA and gamma
      linolenoyl-CoA was diminished by 40-50% in male Sprague-Dawley rats made diabetic
      for 2 and 4 weeks following the intravenous administration of a single dose (65
      mg/kg) of streptozotocin. Analysis of the activities of the four enzymatic
      components showed that only one enzyme, the condensing enzyme, which catalyzes
      the initial and rate-limiting step in chain elongation, was altered by the
      diabetic state. Both chain elongation and condensation activities were depressed
      to the same extent, whereas beta-ketoacyl-CoA reductase, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA
      dehydrase and trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase activities were the same as the values
      obtained with non-diabetic controls. 2 week administration of 10 units of insulin
      per day to rats which were diabetic for a 2-week period resulted in the reversal
      of the reduced palmitoyl-CoA elongation and condensation activities to control
      values. However, neither the condensation nor the elongation of gamma-linolenoyl
      was reversed by the insulin treatment. These results support the notion of
      multiple condensing enzymes or chain elongation systems.

PMID- 2297526
TI  - Renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3 1 alpha-hydroxylase in guinea-pig: activity
      variations during development and pregnancy.
AB  - The renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3-1 alpha-hydroxylase (1 alpha-hydroxylase)
      activity and circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) were
      measured in pregnant guinea-pigs and their offspring. Serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D
      were significantly elevated in pregnant guinea-pigs but the renal enzyme activity
      was not different from non-pregnant animals. The fetal renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase
      activity was about 6-fold higher than the maternal level, whereas circulating
      1,25(OH)2D was low. Treatment with pharmacological doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 increased
      circulating 1,25(OH)2D and depressed the renal 1 alpha-hydroxylases both in the
      mother and the fetus. In newborn guinea-pigs the enzyme activity was up to 10
      times that seen in adults. It declined over the first 3 weeks, showing no
      difference between the sexes. In sexually mature animals the males had a
      significantly higher 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity than the female. However, this
      higher enzyme activity was not correlated to serum testosterone. Around the time
      the animals reached sexual maturity serum 1,25(OH)2D increased in both sexes. In
      the males this rise was correlated to an increase in serum testosterone. It is
      concluded that the maternal renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity is unchange in
      late pregnancy, compared to non-pregnant females. The data indicate that the
      fetus produces 1,25(OH)2D, and may contribute to the maternal circulating
      1,25(OH)2D. The sex difference in 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity previously
      demonstrated is manifest at about the time of puberty.

PMID- 2297527
TI  - Effect of age on serum lipids and lipoproteins of male and female JCR:LA
      corpulent rats.
AB  - The JCR:LA-cp rat is a strain incorporating the corpulent (cp) gene. When
      homozygous for the cp gene, the rats are hyperphagous, hyperinsulinemic,
      hyperlipidemic and obese. The corpulent male rats develop atherosclerotic and
      myocardial lesions from an early age, while corpulent female and lean rats do not
      develop lesions. The hyperlipidemia is due to elevated levels of VLDL resulting
      in moderately raised cholesterol levels and markedly elevated triacylglycerol
      levels. The VLDL concentrations are similar in corpulent male and female rats at
      an early age with both having much higher levels than lean rats. As the animals
      age, the VLDL hyperlipidemia in the corpulent male increases at 3 months and then
      decreases slowly and rises again at 12 months of age. The corpulent female rats
      show higher triacylglycerol and phospholipid concentrations than the males at 3
      months age and reach values over 1000 mg/100 ml by 9 months of age, then decrease
      at 12 months of age. The cholesterol concentrations of the corpulent females are
      greater than those of the males from 9 months of age. Thus, in the period of life
      up to middle age, the cardiovascular disease incidence does not correlate with
      the degree of hyperlipidemia. The disease progression does correlate with the
      severity of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, which is more severe in
      the corpulent male than female rats. The results suggest that the hyperlipidemia
      must be a necessary condition for development of atherosclerotic disease in this
      strain of rats, but it is not a sufficient condition.

PMID- 2297528
TI  - DNA transfection of mouse lymphoid cells by the combination of DEAE-dextran
      mediated DNA uptake and osmotic shock procedure.
AB  - Several mouse lymphoid cell lines were efficiently transfected with plasmid DNA
      by a novel method combining DEAE-dextran-mediated DNA uptake and osmotic shock
      procedure. The cells were first incubated with DNA-DEAE-dextran complex, treated
      with hypertonic Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.5 M sucrose and 10% poly(ethylene
      glycol), and then exposed to hypotonic RPMI 1640 medium. This transfection
      protocol exhibited maximal frequencies of 0.3% and 3.10(-5) for transient gene
      expression and stable transformation in P3-NSI/1-Ag4-1 cells, respectively.

PMID- 2297529
TI  - Physical mapping of mouse histone gene clusters.
AB  - A chicken histone H2A probe has been used to isolate five different clones from a
      mouse genomic library in lambda Charon 4A. The size of the inserts in these
      clones ranged from 11 to 16 kb. The full complement of histone genes was not
      present in any of the five isolated clones. A physical map, for each of the five
      clones, has been constructed using partial- and double-restriction digests.

PMID- 2297530
TI  - Localisation of the gene encoding the catalytic gamma subunit of phosphorylase
      kinase to human chromosome bands 7p12-q21.
AB  - Skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase has the structure (alpha beta gamma delta)4
      where the alpha and beta subunits are regulatory components, the gamma subunit
      possesses catalytic activity and the delta subunit is identical to the calcium
      binding protein calmodulin. A rabbit skeletal muscle cDNA for the gamma subunit
      has been used to map the human gene (PYKG1) to 7p12-q21, by analysis of somatic
      cell hybrids and in situ hybridisation. The data suggest that the skeletal muscle
      gamma subunit gene is located just above the centromere of chromosome 7, with
      further cross-hybridising sequences at 7q21 and 11p11-14. The liver gamma subunit
      is distinct and its mRNA does not cross-hybridize with the skeletal muscle gamma
      subunit cDNA. These results indicate that autosomal human phosphorylase kinase
      deficiencies affecting both liver and muscle are likely to be caused by a defect
      in the autosomally determined beta subunit, rather than the gamma subunit.

PMID- 2297531
TI  - Sequence-specific spin labeling of DNA.
AB  - Several DNA fragments deriving from plasmid pBR322 were used to determine the
      modification sites caused by the reaction with alkylating spin-labeling probes.
      At a high spin-label concentration, all guanines became alkylated, causing the
      cleavage of the phosphodiester bonds upon the treatment with piperidine. The
      lengths of the breakage products of 5'-end labeled DNA treated with spin labels
      were compared with the length of DNA scission products generated by Maxam-Gilbert
      procedure for DNA sequence analysis. The distribution of the guanine
      modifications is dependent on the amount of the reagent used for the alkylation
      and the ionic conditions of the reaction. The frequency of alkylation by spin
      labels was greatly enhanced within continuous runs of guanines in DNA. The
      stabilization of the DNA structure by magnesium or spermine directs the spin
      label binding specifically to the most exposed region of DNA fragment containing
      GGTGG sequence. The sequence-dependent interaction of spin labels with DNA
      enables the development of the method for the selective spin labeling of DNA
      molecule.

PMID- 2297532
TI  - The interaction of substituted and rigidly linked diquinolines with DNA.
AB  - Viscometric measurements with circular and sonicated rodlike DNA fragments were
      used to explore whether ring substituents or conformationally restricted linkers
      promote bifunctional intercalation amongst a series of binuclear 4
      aminoquinolines bridged via their 4-amino group. We find that ligands comprising
      unsubstituted quinolines and piperazine or pyrazole linkages bisintercalate.
      Quinoline-substituted alkyl-linked dimers intercalate in either a mixed
      monofunctional-bifunctional mode or bind with only one of their chromophores
      intercalated depending on the nature of the substituents. Equilibrium dialysis
      measurements show that the binding affinity for calf thymus DNA of the compounds
      studied ranges from (1.2-12) . 10(4) M-1 in buffer of ionic strength 0.1. Both co
      operative and antico-operative binding isotherms were obtained and there is
      evidence for a second binding mode for the piperazine-linked diquinoline at
      saturating binding levels. For this compound the high-affinity association
      constant decreases with increasing ionic strength, 3.4 cations being released per
      bound ligand molecule. Partition dialysis measurements with DNAs of differing
      base composition indicate that the compounds studied are either AT selective or
      sequence neutral depending on ligand structure. For example, the pyrazole linker
      imparts a marked specificity for binding to AT-rich DNA, whereas the piperazine
      linker does not. Kinetic measurements using the surfactant-sequestration method
      reveal that DNA-diquinoline complexes dissociate very rapidly by complex
      mechanisms with rate constants greater than 100 s-1 in buffer of ionic strength
      0.1.

PMID- 2297533
TI  - Isolation, sequence and biosynthetic significance of a novel fragment of gastrin
      releasing peptide from chicken proventriculus.
AB  - The isolation of bombesin-related peptides in chicken proventriculus was
      monitored by radioimmunoassay using a C-terminal specific bombesin antibody. Two
      peptides were identified, one corresponded to the 27-residue, chicken gastrin
      releasing peptide (GRP-27) previously identified; the other corresponded to its C
      terminal hexapeptide. Chicken GRP-27 stimulated pancreatic and gastric acid
      secretion in anaesthetized turkeys, but the hexapeptide was inactive. No evidence
      could be found to suggest that the hexapeptide was an artifact of degradation
      generated during extraction or isolation. It is proposed that the hexapeptide is
      produced either by chymotryptic-like cleavage of GRP-27 or by trypsin-like
      cleavage followed by two cycles of dipeptidylaminopeptidase cleavage. This type
      of biosynthetic processing may be more common than formerly supposed.

PMID- 2297535
TI  - Evidence for several cell populations in human thyroid with distinct
      glycosphingolipid patterns.
AB  - Thyrocytes, which are functional cells of human thyroid, have been isolated, and
      their glycosphingolipid content has been analyzed in the various fractions
      obtained from the digested gland as well as in the tissue remaining after
      enzymatic treatment. The ganglioside content was not significantly different in
      the different fractions, with GM3 and Gd3 as major components. Analysis of
      neutral glycolipids revealed striking differences between isolated thyrocytes and
      whole thyroid. The membraneous material released from the proteinase-treated
      thyroid presented a pattern of monohexosylceramides clearly distinct from that of
      thyrocytes. The present data suggest the presence of at least two cellular
      populations with distinct glycolipid patterns in thyroid tissue: accessory cells
      containing most of the glycolipids, and thyrocytes in which the major neutral
      glycosphingolipid is phytosphingosine-containing glucosylceramide.

PMID- 2297534
TI  - The primary structure of six leucine isoacceptor tRNAs of yellow lupin seeds. The
      structural requirements for amber tRNA suppressor activity.
AB  - Six tRNA(Leu) isoacceptors from yellow lupin seeds were purified, sequenced, and
      their readthrough properties over the UAG stop codon were tested using TMV RNA as
      a messenger. The tested tRNAs(Leu) did not show amber suppressor activity. The
      partial structure of tRNA(Gln), a minor species in yellow lupin, was also
      determined. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of all known isoacceptors of
      tRNA(Tyr), tRNA(Gln) and tRNA(Leu) from plants, mammals and ciliates enabled us
      to find general structural requirements for tRNA to be a UAG suppressor. From the
      partial sequence of lupin tRNA(Gln) we suggest that it will have readthrough
      properties.

PMID- 2297536
TI  - Effect of forskolin on synthesis of xyloside-initiated glycosaminoglycans in
      embryonic chick chondrocytes.
AB  - The synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains has been studied in the
      presence of various concentrations of the artificial acceptor 4
      methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside and of forskolin. Sulfated GAG chains formed
      in the presence of forskolin had a smaller hydrodynamic radius than controls, as
      revealed by chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B. Sulfated GAGs from both control
      and treated cultures behaved identically when chromatographed on DEAE.

PMID- 2297537
TI  - Characteristics of the suppressive effect of nicardipine on peroxisome induction
      in rat liver.
AB  - In vivo administration of nicardipine, a known calcium antagonist, suppressed the
      clofibrate-evoked induction of activities of peroxisomal enzymes, such as
      catalase, the peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidizing system, carnitine
      acetyltransferase and mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase in rat liver.
      On a time-course study, the suppression of induction in the activities of the
      peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidizing system and carnitine acetyltransferase was
      found at 5 days after the treatment, whereas the induction by clofibrate was
      already observed at 1 day after the treatment, suggesting that in the process of
      peroxisome induction by clofibrate there might be two steps, i.e., a triggering
      step and an enhancing step, and nicardipine might act as suppressor for the later
      step. The precursor-incorporation studies with [3H]leucine showed that the rate
      of the synthesis of the peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme was increased by 4.2-fold
      after clofibrate-treatment, whereas nicardipine suppressed this enhancement to
      only 2.2-fold of the control. The rate of degradation of this enzyme was not
      affected by any treatment. These results show that nicardipine affects the
      regulation mechanism of the biosynthesis of this enzyme. Nicardipine showed
      hardly any suppressive-effect on the hepatic peroxisomal enzyme induction
      observed in high-fat diet fed rat. Furthermore, the suppression of clofibrate
      evoked induction of peroxisomal enzymes was observed also in mice. These
      interesting findings suggest that there is a difference in the mechanism of
      peroxisome proliferation and/or the induction of peroxisomal enzymes between
      clofibrate and physiological conditions, such as high-fat diet feeding. The
      suppression of drug-induced peroxisome proliferation by calcium antagonists may
      help in dissecting the causal relationship between the multiple effects mediated
      by peroxisomal proliferators.

PMID- 2297538
TI  - Characteristics of the growth inhibition and cytotoxicity of long-chain
      (sphingoid) bases for Chinese hamster ovary cells: evidence for an involvement of
      protein kinase C.
AB  - Long-chain bases are potent inhibitors of protein kinase C and cellular processes
      mediated by this enzyme. However, when added to cells they usually cause some
      degree of growth inhibition and cytotoxicity and it is unclear whether this
      reflects inhibition of protein kinase C or nonspecific detergent effects of these
      amphipathic compounds. This study examined the effects of sphinganine on Chinese
      hamster ovary (CHO) cells to gain more insight into these possibilities.
      Sphinganine concentrations between 0.75 and 4 microM resulted in a combination of
      growth inhibition and cytotoxicity that correlated with protein kinase C
      inhibition by five criteria: (1) the effective concentrations were comparable to
      those for protein kinase C inhibition in vitro and in other intact cells; (2) the
      structural specificity for the long-chain base moiety paralleled the potency of
      protein kinase C inhibition; (3) sphinganine blocked changes in protein
      phosphorylation patterns that occurred in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13
      acetate (and vice versa); whereas (4) a mutant cell line that exhibited increased
      resistance to sphinganine cytotoxicity lacked both phorbol ester- and sphinganine
      induced phosphorylation changes and differed somewhat in the behavior of protein
      kinase C assayed in vitro; and (5) sphinganine did not appear to be acting as a
      detergent (except at higher concentrations) nor as a lysosomotrophic agent. While
      the complexity of this cellular behavior mandates caution in interpreting these
      results, they suggest that the cytotoxicity and growth inhibition may be a
      consequence of protein kinase C inhibition.

PMID- 2297539
TI  - The triiodothyronine carrier of rat erythrocytes: asymmetry and mechanisms of
      trans-inhibition.
AB  - The kinetic properties of the carrier-mediated transport of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L
      thyronine (T3) in washed rat erythrocytes were investigated (1) by studying the
      effects of trans unlabelled T3 on influx and efflux of labelled substrate and (2)
      by testing some predictions of the theory of Lieb and Stein [1974) Biochim.
      Biophys. Acta 373, 165-177). The carrier was trans-inhibited by T3 on both sides
      of the membrane. Under zero-trans conditions, the carrier displayed asymmetrical
      properties, the Michaelis constant and the maximal velocity being more than 6
      times higher for influx than for efflux. Under equilibrium-exchange conditions,
      the Michaelis constant was lower than the zero-trans values, as expected when
      trans-inhibition occurs. This kinetic behaviour is consistent with a carrier
      which is accessible to T3 simultaneously from both sides of the erythrocyte
      membrane.

PMID- 2297540
TI  - Characterisation of putrescine uptake by cultured adult mouse hepatocytes.
AB  - Uptake of polyamines by cultured cells has been shown to be influenced by growth
      rate and/or differentiation. In this study, we have investigated whether the
      fully differentiated, non-proliferating adult mouse hepatocyte is capable of
      accumulating extracellular putrescine. When hepatocytes were cultured from 4 to
      48 h, uptake of putrescine was found to increase substantially with time spent in
      culture. The Vmax for putrescine uptake increased 22-fold during this period with
      no change in apparent Km. Treatment of the cells with cycloheximide or
      actinomycin D at concentrations that did not affect cell viability inhibited the
      induction of putrescine uptake. Endogenous putrescine levels increased from 19.7
      nmol/mg DNA after 4 h in culture to over 500 nmol/mg DNA after 48 h in culture.
      This increase was accompanied by a loss of over 90% of ornithine decarboxylase
      activity. Spermidine levels did not change over this time period, whereas
      spermine levels decreased by 35%. Difluoromethylornithine prevented the observed
      increase in intracellular putrescine but did not affect putrescine uptake. The
      increase in putrescine transport was not inhibited by culturing the hepatocytes
      in a high concentration of putrescine, spermidine or spermine. Moreover, the
      induction process was not stimulated by foetal calf serum but was selectively
      inhibited by the differentiating agents dimethylsulfoxide and retinoic acid. The
      results from those studies show that cultured mouse hepatocytes express a
      putrescine transport system that is poorly regulated by extracellular polyamines.
      The expression of the transporter requires the synthesis of mRNA and protein, and
      appears to be related to a time-dependent change in hepatocyte phenotype.

PMID- 2297541
TI  - The E-domain peptide of rat pro-insulin-like growth factor II (proIGF-II):
      properties of the peptide in serum and production by rat cell lines.
AB  - We previously identified a naturally occurring peptide fragment derived from the
      carboxyl terminal region of the E-domain of pro-insulin-like growth factor II
      (proIGF-II117-156) in medium conditioned by cultured BRL-3A rat liver cells. In
      the present study we utilized a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for this peptide to
      measure physiological concentrations of the peptide in media and serum. Serum
      levels of the E-domain peptide were very high in the 5-day neonatal rat and
      declined thereafter to reach low levels in adult rat serum. Chromatography of
      adult rat serum on Sephadex G-75 in 1 M acetic acid yielded a single broad peak
      of E-peptide immunoreactivity that coeluted with a synthetic E-peptide standard.
      However, chromatography of day 5 neonatal rat serum on Sephadex G-75 yielded two
      peaks of immunoreactivity. One of the peaks coeluted with a synthetic E-peptide
      standard, whereas the other peak eluted in a region where higher molecular weight
      proteins typically elute. Experiments aimed at determining whether adult rat
      serum contained a binding protein for the E-domain peptide revealed that: (1)
      serum contains little, if any, binding protein for the E-domain peptide, (2)
      serum contains a proteinase activity that degrades the E-domain peptide, and (3)
      the proteinase activity can be eliminated by acetic acid/ethanol extraction. Of
      several rat cell lines tested (BRL-3A, rat embryo fibroblasts (REF), hepatoma
      cell lines (H4, HTC), GH3 pituitary tumor cells, and normal rat kidney
      fibroblasts (NRK], only BRL-3A and REF cells secreted measurable E-domain peptide
      into the medium. In addition, it was found that some component(s) of serum could
      stimulate secretion of E-domain peptide from BRL-3A and REF cells. Chromatography
      of the immunoreactivity from BRL-3A and REF-conditioned media on Sephadex G-75 in
      1 M acetic acid yielded a single peak that coeluted with a synthetic E-domain
      peptide standard. Since secretion of the E-domain peptide parallels the
      expression of IGF-II, the RIA for the proIGF-II E-domain peptide may be useful
      for studies of the biosynthesis and secretion of IGF-II under different
      physiological conditions. The RIA for the IGF-II E-domain peptide has two
      technical advantages over the RIA for IGF-II, namely, the lack of interference by
      IGF binding proteins and the relative ease with which large quantities of pure
      antigen can be synthesized.

PMID- 2297543
TI  - The role of carbohydrate moieties of cholecystokinin receptors in cholecystokinin
      octapeptide binding: alteration of binding data by specific lectins.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors on rat pancreatic acini have been demonstrated to
      be glycoproteins. In order to study whether their carbohydrate moieties play a
      role in ligand binding, membrane preparations (adjusted to 0.2 mg protein me)
      were incubated with 20 pM 125-I-CCK octapeptide (125I-CCK8) for 4 h at 30 degrees
      C in the presence of lectins with different sugar specificities. Concanavalin A,
      soy-bean agglutinin, and peanut agglutinin in concentrations up to 1 mM did not
      alter specific 125I-CCK8 binding. Ulex europeus lectin I showed a dose-dependent
      enhancement of CCK binding up to 150% of controls at a concentration of 1 mM.
      Wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) was the only lectin found to have an inhibitory
      effect. Inhibition was dose-dependent, with maximal reduction attained at 42 nM,
      but CCK binding was only partially inhibited to 66.2 +/- 4.4%. Inhibition by WGA
      was prevented by the presence of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or N,N',N"
      triacetylchitotriose, sugars that are specific for WGA. The inhibitory effect of
      WGA was not due to an increase in non-specific binding, increased CCK
      degradation, or CCK binding to WGA. Binding data indicated that the presence of
      WGA resulted in a decrease in receptor affinity (Kd = 567 +/- 191 v. 299 +/- 50
      pM). No significant change in the number of available binding sites was observed.
      This suggests that WGA is not binding to the active binding site. It is
      conceivable that binding of WGA to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or its polymers can
      lead to a conformational change in the receptor protein, and that this
      carbohydrate moiety is essential for optimal receptor-ligand interaction.

PMID- 2297542
TI  - Identification of cholate as a shared substrate for the unidirectional efflux
      systems for methotrexate in L1210 mouse cells.
AB  - The bidirectional transport properties of cholate have been examined in leukemic
      L1210 mouse cells and compared with the transport of methotrexate. The cell entry
      of [3H]cholate was Na(+)-independent, linear with increasing concentrations of
      substrate, enhanced by decreasing pH, and uneffected by excess unlabeled cholate
      or by various anion-transport inhibitors and hence had the characteristics of
      passive diffusion or a pH-dependent mediated process with a high Kt for cholate.
      The efflux of [3H]cholate, however, could be attributed to carrier-mediated and
      energy-dependent transport. Efflux was rapid (t1/2 = 1.5 min) and could be
      increased with glucose and decreased with metabolic inhibitors, and it was
      inhibited by various compounds including bromosulfophthalein, probenecid,
      prostaglandin A1, reserpine, verapamil, quinidine, diamide, 1-methyl-3
      isobutylxanthine and vincristine. The most potent inhibitor was prostaglandin A1,
      which reduced efflux by 50% at a concentration of 0.10 microM. Half-maximal
      inhibition by vincristine occurred at 4.8 microM. The maximum extent of
      inhibition with most of the inhibitors was 95%, although a lower value was
      observed with bromosulfophthalein (85%). When cholate efflux was compared with
      the efflux of methotrexate, both processes responded similarly to changes in the
      metabolic state of the cell. Moreover, the various inhibitors of cholate efflux
      also inhibited the efflux of methotrexate and the same concentration of each
      inhibitor was required for half-maximal inhibition of both processes. The efflux
      of folate and urate also proceeded via outwardly directed, unidirectional
      processes which were sensitive to bromosulfophthalein and probenecid. The results
      suggest that L1210 cells have the capacity for the unidirectional extrusion of
      cholate, methotrexate and probably other large, structurally dissimilar organic
      anions and that this efflux occurs via two or more very similar transport systems
      with a broad anion specificity. The function of an organic anion efflux system in
      vivo may be to facilitate the extrusion of cytotoxic metabolic anions which are
      too large to exit via the general anion-exchange carrier of these cells.
      Similarities in inhibitor specificity were also apparent between unidirectional
      anion efflux in L1210 cells and the drug efflux pump which is over-produced in
      cells with multidrug resistance.

PMID- 2297544
TI  - Modulation of plasminogen activator production by interleukin 1: differential
      responses of fibroblasts derived from human skin and rheumatoid and non
      rheumatoid synovium.
AB  - Rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts were treated with purified porcine interleukin 1
      alpha and recombinant human interleukin 1B, and the production of secreted and
      cell-associated plasminogen activator activity was measured. No stimulation of
      plasminogen activator activity was seen in response to either preparation of
      interleukin 1, and in more than half of the cell cultures interleukin 1 caused a
      significant decrease in the secreted levels of PA activity. Increased levels of
      prostaglandin E were produced in the same experiments, indicating that the cells
      were responsive to the interleukin 1 preparations. Both retinoic acid and
      unfractionated monocyte conditioned medium were able to stimulate the production
      of PA activity by the rheumatoid synovial fibroblast cultures. The rheumatoid
      synovial fibroblasts produced two species of plasminogen activator as indicated
      by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with apparent Mr of approx. 50,000 and
      100,000. The Mr = 50,000 species co-migrates with urokinase-type plasminogen
      activator. No species is produced which co-migrates with tissue type plasminogen
      activator. Studies with antibodies also indicate that the activity produced is
      urokinase-type plasminogen activator. The Mr = 100,000 species may be an enzyme
      inhibitor complex. Two non-rheumatoid synovial fibroblast cultures and two out of
      six human skin fibroblast cultures did produce elevated levels of plasminogen
      activator activity in response to recombinant human interleukin 1B. The results
      suggest that fibroblast populations may differ in their response to interleukin
      1, in terms of production of plasminogen activator activity.

PMID- 2297545
TI  - Psychoimmunology and cellular nutrition: an alternative hypothesis.

PMID- 2297546
TI  - A preliminary magnetic resonance imaging study of ECT-treated depressed patients.

PMID- 2297547
TI  - Blink rate response to haloperidol as possible predictor of therapeutic outcome.

PMID- 2297548
TI  - Brain T1 measured by magnetic resonance imaging in bulimia.

PMID- 2297549
TI  - Reduction of immune function in life stress and depression.
AB  - Reduced cell-mediated immune function has been found in depressed patients and in
      distressed persons undergoing threatening life events. The present study examines
      the interaction between severe life stress and major depression to produce immune
      alterations in 36 matched pairs of hospitalized depressed patients and
      nondepressed controls. Both major depressive disorder and the presence of
      threatening life events in control subjects are independently associated with a
      50% reduction of natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity. A decrease in natural
      cytotoxicity is significantly associated with depressive symptoms but not with
      age, alcohol consumption, or tobacco smoking. These findings of altered immunity
      provide further evidence that the physiological responses in chronic stress
      parallel those found in the syndrome of depression.

PMID- 2297550
TI  - Effects of light treatment on core body temperature in seasonal affective
      disorder.
AB  - Abnormalities in circadian rhythms of core body temperature have been reported
      previously in depressed patients. In this study, we compared the temperature
      rhythms of 10 depressed seasonal affective disorder (SAD) patients with winter
      depression with those of 12 normal controls and evaluated the effects of bright
      light on temperature in SAD. Unlike previous studies of depressed patients, the
      temperature curves of the patients and normal controls during the off-light
      condition were nearly identical. We found a significant difference in amplitude
      between the patients in the untreated and light-treated conditions. Although
      there was no systematic difference in circadian phase across groups or treatment
      conditions, we present preliminary evidence that suggests that phase-typed
      subgroups may be present in the population distinguished by their treatment
      responses.

PMID- 2297551
TI  - Disturbances of noradrenergic systems in normal weight bulimia: relationship to
      diet and menses.
AB  - Several lines of evidence suggest that noradrenergic (NE) disturbances occur in
      normal-weight bulimic patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate
      factors that may be related to noradrenergic disturbances. First, we measured
      plasma NE during bingeing and vomiting. We found that this behavior activated the
      sympathetic nervous system. Bingeing produced a significant increase in the
      duration and the peak increase of plasma NE when compared with normal controls
      eating a large meal. Second, we assessed basal peripheral and central NE levels
      near in time (within several days of hospital admission) to chronic bingeing and
      vomiting. At this time, bulimics had normal basal plasma and CSF NE levels.
      Finally, we restudied the same patients after 30 days of inpatient
      hospitalization and observed abstinence from bingeing and vomiting. In this last
      state, bulimics had a reduction of basal plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NE
      levels compared with themselves on admission and compared with healthy controls.
      This study confirms that reduced noradrenergic activity occurs in normal-weight
      bulimic women and suggests that this abnormality may emerge during abstinence
      from bingeing. We hypothesize that dietary intake is related to noradrenergic
      activity, but cause and effect remain uncertain. Noradrenergic disturbances did
      not appear to be related to weight, depression, physical activity, or amino acid
      precursors. Lower CSF NE levels were found in amenorrheic bulimic women in both
      states, suggesting that a noradrenergic disturbance may be associated with the
      frequent incidence of amenorrhea in bulimic women.

PMID- 2297552
TI  - The presence of antithyroid antibodies in patients with affective and
      nonaffective psychiatric disorders.
AB  - We determined the frequency of antithyroglobulin and antimicrosomal antibodies in
      173 consecutively admitted psychiatric inpatients. (We found antithyroid
      antibodies in 8% (5/65) of patients with DSM-III major depression, 13% (4/31)
      with biploar disorder, and in 0% (0/4) of those with schizoaffective disorder.)
      The rate of antibody occurrence was unrelated to lithium exposure either within
      individual diagnostic categories or for the sample as a whole. The overall
      frequency of positive antithyroid antibody titers in patients with DSM-III
      affective disorder, 9% (9/99), did not differ from that in patients with
      nonaffective disorders, 10% (7/68). However, patients with bipolar affective
      disorder-mixed or bipolar affective disorder-depressed had a higher rate of
      positive antithyroid antibody titers than other patients. Our findings confirm
      earlier reports that thyroid disorders may be particularly common in patients
      with bipolar affective disorder, even in the absence of lithium exposure.
      However, as antithyroid antibodies also occurred at a relatively high rate in
      nonaffective disorders, the possible psychiatric effects of autoimmune
      thyroiditis do not appear to be limited to affective dysregulation.

PMID- 2297553
TI  - Reduced temporal lobe areas in schizophrenia: preliminary evidences from a
      controlled multiplanar magnetic resonance imaging study.
AB  - Seventeen young patients with relapsing schizophrenia and 13 normal controls
      matched for age, gender, and educational level underwent magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) scans. Three sagittal, eight axial, and seven coronal images were
      obtained for all subjects. Schizophrenic patients showed a reduction of brain
      tissue in the temporal lobes. Among the several brain structures identified, left
      temporal lobe area, but not ventricular brain ratio (VBR), discriminated between
      the two groups. As VBR has been reported to be increased in the more severe forms
      of schizophrenia, temporal lobe abnormalities may characterize the less severe
      cases of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2297554
TI  - Biochemical investigation of histidinemia in schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Our results suggest that the association between the clinical diagnosis of
      schizophrenic disorder and heterozygosis for histidinemia is not a chance one.
      The real meaning of this relationship has to be further investigated.

PMID- 2297555
TI  - Clomipramine efficacy for tics, obsessions, and compulsions in Tourette's
      syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case study.

PMID- 2297556
TI  - Normal serum cholesterol in panic disorder.

PMID- 2297557
TI  - Transduction noise induced by 4-hydroxy retinals in rod photoreceptors.
AB  - New visual pigments were formed with 4-hydroxy retinals in isolated vertebrate
      rod photoreceptors by exposing bleached rods from the tiger salamander, Ambystoma
      tigrinum, to lipid vesicles containing the analogues. Formation of
      physiologically active pigment was demonstrated by the restoration of sensitivity
      and by a shift of approximately 50 nm in the peak of both the visual pigment
      absorptance spectrum and rod spectral sensitivity spectrum from approximately 520
      to approximately 470 nm for 11-cis 4-hydroxy retinal. Membrane current recordings
      from the inner segments of isolated rods revealed excess fluctuations in membrane
      current after formation of the new pigment in bleached cells or after exposure of
      unbleached cells to flashes in the presence of the analogue. The excess current
      fluctuations are similar to the fluctuations elicited by steady light producing a
      few discrete responses per second, a rate approximately 100 times greater than
      the normal rate of spontaneous events in darkness. These results suggest that
      analogues of retinal can produce alterations in the frequency of production of
      discrete responses in darkness in rod photoreceptors.

PMID- 2297558
TI  - Effect of chain-linkage on the structure of phosphatidyl choline bilayers.
      Hydration studies of 1-hexadecyl 2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
AB  - While hydrated dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) forms tilted chain L beta'
      bilayers in the gel phase, the ether-linked analogue dihexadecyl
      phosphatidylcholine (DHPC) exhibits gel phase polymorphism. At low hydration DHPC
      forms L beta' phases but at greater than 30% H2O a chain-interdigitated gel phase
      is observed (Ruocco, M. J., D. S. Siminovitch, and R. G. Griffin. 1985.
      Biochemistry. 24:2406-2411; Kim, J.T., J. Mattai, and G.G. Shipley. 1987.
      Biochemistry. 26:6599-6603). In this study we report the behavior of a
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) with both types of chain linkage, 1-hexadecyl-2
      palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (HPPC). HPPC has been investigated as a
      function of hydration using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray
      diffraction. By DSC, over the hydration range 5. 1-70.3 wt% H2O, HPPC exhibits
      two reversible transitions. The reversible main chain-melting transition
      decreases from 69 degrees C, reaching a limiting value of 40 degrees C at full
      hydration. X-ray diffraction patterns of hydrated HPPC have been recorded as a
      function of hydration at 20 degrees and 50 degrees C. At 50 degrees C, melted
      chain L alpha bilayer phases are observed at all hydrations. At 20 degrees C, at
      low hydrations (less than 34 wt% H2O) HPPC exhibits diffraction patterns
      characteristic of bilayer gel phases similar to those of the gel phase of DPPC.
      In contrast, at greater than or equal to 34 wt% H2O, HPPC shows a much reduced
      bilayer periodicity, d = 47 A, and a single sharp reflection at 4.0 A in the wide
      angle region. This diffraction pattern is identical to that exhibited by the
      interdigitated phase of DHPC. Therefore, in the gel phase HPPC undergoes a
      hydration-dependent conversion from a regular bilayer structure to an
      interdigitated bilayer arrangement. Clearly, the presence of a single ether
      linkage (at the sn-i position) is sufficient to allow formation of the chain
      interdigitated phase in a hydration-dependent way essentially identical to that
      of DHPC.

PMID- 2297559
TI  - Characterization of precrystallization aggregation of canavalin by dynamic light
      scattering.
AB  - The aggregation processes leading to crystallization and precipitation of
      canavalin have been investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) in photon
      correlation spectroscopy (PCS) mode. The sizes of aggregates formed under various
      conditions of pH, salt concentration, and protein concentrations were deduced
      from the correlation functions generated by the fluctuating intensity of light
      scattered by the solutions of the protein. Results obtained indicate that the
      barrier to crystallization of canavalin is the formation of the trimer, a species
      that has been characterized by x-ray crystallographic studies (McPherson, A.
      1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255:10472-10480). The dimensions of the trimer in solution
      are in good agreement with those obtained both from the crystal (McPherson, A.
      1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255:10472-10480) and from a low angle x-ray scattering study
      in solution (Plietz, P., P. Damaschun, J. J. Muller, and B. Schlener. 1983. FEBS
      [Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc.] Lett. 162:43-46). Furthermore, under conditions known
      to lead to the formation of rhombohedral crystals of canavalin, a limiting size
      is reached at high concentrations of canavalin. The size measured corresponds to
      an aggregate of trimers making a unit rhombohedral cell consistent with x-ray
      crystallographic data (McPherson, A. 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255:10472-10480).
      Presumably, such aggregates are the nuclei from which crystal growth proceeds.
      The present study was undertaken primarily to test the potential of DLS (PCS) as
      a tool for rapid, routine screening to determine the ultimate fate of protein
      solutions (i.e., crystallization or amorphous precipitation) at an early stage,
      therefore eliminating the need for long-term visual observation. Achieving this
      goal would constitute amajor advance in the practive of protein crystallization.
      Delays imposed by visual observation would be considerably reduced, and a more
      systematic approach could be adopted to select experimental conditions.Our
      findings with canavalin demonstrate that DLS(PCS) is, indeed, a selective and
      sensitive probe of precrystallization conditions. Other advantages of this
      technique include the facts that it is noninvasive, nondestructive,universal, and
      does not require calibration.

PMID- 2297560
TI  - Enantiomeric effects on excitation-contraction coupling in frog skeletal muscle
      by a chiral phenoxy carboxylic acid.
AB  - Aromatic monocarboxylic acids are known to significantly potentiate the
      mechanical response of skeletal muscle fibers. In this study we investigated the
      effects of enantiomers of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, chemically one of
      the simplest aromatic monocarboxylic acids with chiral properties, on mechanical
      threshold and charge movement in frog skeletal muscle. The R(+), but not the S(
      ), enantiomer lowered rheobase mechanical threshold and shifted charge movement
      to more negative potentials. The R(+) enantiomer also significantly slowed charge
      movement kinetics, with pronounced delays of the OFF charge transitions. These
      effects required high temperature for their production. The stereospecific
      actions of the R(+) enantiomer are interpreted in terms of a specific interaction
      of this compound at an anion-sensitive site involved in excitation-contraction
      coupling, most likely on the dihydropryidine-sensitive voltage sensor in the T
      system.

PMID- 2297561
TI  - Cholesterol interacts with all of the lipid in bilayer membranes. Implications
      for models.
AB  - The interaction of cholesterol with lipid membranes has been studied by
      differential scanning calorimetry on liposomes, a technique which involves only
      the natural lipids, with no exogeneous probes. The influence of cholesterol at
      different molar percent concentrations c on the enthalpy delta H of the main gel
      to liquid crystal phase transition of saturated phosphatidylcholines of acyl
      chain length n = 12-20 was well represented by delta H = -9.43 + 1.01n - 0.268c
      kcal/mol. The linear dependence of delta H simultaneously upon chain length n and
      upon cholesterol concentration c shows clearly that cholesterol interacts with
      the deeper part of the lipids, as well as the superficial parts. This observation
      is not accommodated in any of the current models of cholesterol-lipid
      interactions.

PMID- 2297562
TI  - Temperature dependence of K(+)-channel properties in human T lymphocytes.
AB  - We have used whole-cell patch clamp to determine the temperature dependence of
      the conductance and gating kinetics of the voltage-gated potassium channel in
      quiescent, human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Threshold for activation, steady
      state inactivation, and the reversal potential are the same at 22 degrees and 37
      degrees C. However, the time-constants for activation, inactivation,
      deactivation, and release from inactivation are quite sensitive to temperature,
      changing by at least a factor of five in each case over this range of
      temperatures. The onset of cumulative inactivation at 22 degrees and 37 degrees C
      reflects the time-course of deactivation. Peak outward current is approximately
      twofold greater at 37 degrees C than at 22 degrees C; this increase is also
      manifest at the single channel level. Energies of activation for conductance,
      activation, inactivation, deactivation, and release from inactivation are 8.2,
      22.1, 25.0, 36.2, and 42.2 kcal/mol, respectively. No new channels were observed
      at 37 degrees C, and there was no evidence for alteration of the K+ conductance
      by putative modulators at 22 or 37 degrees C.

PMID- 2297563
TI  - Structure and dynamics of water in tendon from NMR relaxation measurements.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic relaxation times were measured in collagen tissue when varying
      the orientation of the fiber with respect to the static field. T1 was found to be
      only slightly dependent on theta, the fiber-to-field angle, but T2 was very
      sensitive to the orientation, with a maximum value at the magic angle. The
      transverse decay curves were multiexponential. Their deconvolution displayed four
      components; the ones that decayed most slowly were almost independent of theta,
      but the two fastest ones showed a strong angular dependence that was interpreted
      with a cross-relaxation model. Quadrupolar dips were visible in the 1/T1
      dispersion curves. These dips were independent of theta, so that the
      magnetization transfer could also be assumed to be independent of the fiber
      orientation. Finally, each component was assigned to a fraction of protons
      localized in the macromolecular structure and characterized by particular
      dynamics. The model of Woessner was applied to the water molecules tightly bound
      into the macromolecules, which resulted in a dynamical description of this water
      fraction. This description is compatible with the two-sites model of Ramachandran
      based on x-ray diffraction and with the extensive studies of Berendsen. However,
      the important indications obtained from the deconvolution lead to a less static
      representation of the tissue.

PMID- 2297565
TI  - Biophysical Journal: program and abstracts, thirty-fourth annual meeting.
      February 18-22, 1990, Baltimore, Maryland.

PMID- 2297564
TI  - Transbilayer coupling mechanism for the formation of lipid asymmetry in
      biological membranes. Application to the photoreceptor disc membrane.
AB  - An equilibrium transmembrane asymmetry in charged lipids is shown to arise as a
      result of oriented, bipolar proteins in the membrane. The basic interaction
      giving rise to the asymmetry is between a lipid molecule and a transbilayer
      potential generated by the asymmetric charge distribution in the protein. Thus, a
      protein can generate a lipid asymmetry without a direct binding interaction
      between lipid and protein. The generation of an asymmetry in charged lipid by
      this mechanism can also lead to a concomitant asymmetry in neutral lipids if
      deviations from ideality in the lipid mixture are taken into account. It is shown
      that regular solution theory applied to the lipid phase predicts an asymmetry in
      all components of a ternary mixture as long as one component is electrostatically
      oriented according to the mechanism mentioned above. The resulting asymmetry is
      not strongly salt dependent. The mechanism quantitatively accounts for the
      experimentally determined phospholipid asymmetry in the rod outer segment disc
      membrane of the vertebrate photoreceptor.

PMID- 2297566
TI  - Transfusion-transmitted HTLV-I/II infection in patients undergoing open-heart
      surgery.
AB  - Sera from 5,244 blood donations collected between 1979 and 1987 were screened for
      antibody to HTLV-I with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) whose result was confirmed
      with a two-step procedure including Western blot (WB) and radio
      immunoprecipitation. Of 20 repeatedly reactive samples, two were confirmed
      positive for HTLV-I infection. These blood units were transfused to patients
      undergoing cardiac surgery. Both recipients of the confirmed anti-HTLV-I positive
      units were infected with HTLV-I as evidenced by antibody seroconversion. In
      contrast, six recipients of EIA positive, WB indeterminate blood and nine
      recipients WB negative blood were not infected with HTLV-I. These results confirm
      a low prevalence of HTLV-I infection in US blood donors, the capacity of infected
      units to transmit the virus to recipients, and the importance of an appropriate
      confirmatory assay.

PMID- 2297567
TI  - Graft-versus-leukemia reactions after bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - To determine whether graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactions are important in
      preventing leukemia recurrence after bone marrow transplantation, we studied
      2,254 persons receiving HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplants for acute
      myelogenous leukemia (AML) in first remission, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
      in first remission, and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in first chronic
      phase. Four groups were investigated in detail: recipients of non--T-cell
      depleted allografts without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), recipients of non-
      T-cell depleted allografts with GVHD, recipients of T-cell depleted allografts,
      and recipients of genetically identical twin transplants. Decreased relapse was
      observed in recipients of non--T-cell depleted allografts with acute (relative
      risk 0.68, P = .03), chronic (relative risk 0.43, P = .01), and both acute and
      chronic GVDH (relative risk 0.33, P = .0001) as compared with recipients of non-
      T-cell depleted allografts without GVHD. These data support an antileukemia
      effect of GVHD. AML patients who received identical twin transplants had an
      increased probability of relapse (relative risk 2.58, P = .008) compared with
      allograft recipients without GVHD. These data support an antileukemia effect of
      allogeneic grafts independent of GVHD. CML patients who received T-cell depleted
      transplants with or without GVHD had higher probabilities of relapse (relative
      risks 4.45 and 6.91, respectively, P = .0001) than recipients of non--T-cell
      depleted allografts without GVHD. These data support an antileukemia effect
      independent of GVHD that is altered by T-cell depletion. These results explain
      the efficacy of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in eradicating leukemia,
      provide evidence for a role of the immune system in controlling human cancers,
      and suggest future directions to improve leukemia therapy.

PMID- 2297568
TI  - Tumor cells are the site of erythropoietin synthesis in human renal cancers
      associated with polycythemia.
AB  - One to five percent of human renal cell carcinomas are associated with
      polycythemia. It is generally assumed that polycythemia results from the
      secretion of erythropoietin (Epo) by the malignant cells. However, there is no
      direct proof supporting this hypothesis. Three patients with typical renal
      adenocarcinoma and polycythemia were studied. All three exhibited high Epo serum
      levels as measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). A strong Epo signal was observed on
      Northern blot analysis of total RNA extracted from the renal tumors. The Epo
      message seemed to be of normal size and no Epo gene rearrangement was observed
      with the restriction enzymes tested. Using the in situ hybridization technique, a
      significant labeling was constantly observed on the tumor cells.
      Immunohistochemical studies showed that these tumor cells, known to be of tubular
      origin, were labeled by an anti-cytokeratin antibody and therefore were of
      epithelial nature. Thus, this study demonstrated that malignant cells of tubular
      origin were able to produce Epo constitutively, whereas in the mouse hypoxic
      kidney, peritubular cells (probably capillary endothelial cells) were the major
      site of Epo synthesis.

PMID- 2297569
TI  - Severe type III von Willebrand's disease caused by deletion of exon 42 of the von
      Willebrand factor gene: family studies that identify carriers of the condition
      and a compound heterozygous individual.
AB  - Southern blotting was performed with cDNA probes for the human von Willebrand
      factor (vWF) gene on six patients with severe type III von Willebrand's disease
      (vWD). A partial deletion in the 3' end of the vWF gene was demonstrated in one
      individual whose parents were related and who had an alloantibody inhibitor to
      vWF. A resulting novel 2.0-kilobase (kb) EcoRI fragment was used for carrier
      detection within the patient's family, and seven carriers of this recessive trait
      were identified. Of the six tested, five had normal or only slightly reduced
      levels of vWF antigen, but with generally higher levels of factor VIII. The sixth
      carrier had moderately severe vWD and it is proposed that this patient is
      heterozygous for the defective vWF gene and a second recessive vWF defect. The
      novel 2.0-kb EcoRI restriction fragment was cloned and sequenced, and compared
      with that of the corresponding normal 4.2-kb EcoRI fragment that includes exons
      41 and 42 of the vWF gene. A deletion of 2,320 base pairs (bp) which included
      exon 42, was identified and a novel 182-bp insert was found between the
      breakpoints. This insert was detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification
      both in the patient's DNA and in his carrier relatives.

PMID- 2297570
TI  - Identification of the platelet-specific alloantigen, Naka, on platelet membrane
      glycoprotein IV.
AB  - We describe the membrane localization of a new platelet-specific alloantigen,
      designated Naka, that is involved in refractoriness to HLA-matched platelet
      transfusions. By indirect immunoprecipitation, anti-Naka antibody precipitated a
      single, radiolabeled platelet membrane protein with a molecular weight (mol wt)
      of 91 Kd from Naka-positive platelets. When radiolabeled Naka-negative platelets
      were used as a source of target antigens, no radiolabeled proteins were
      precipitated. The analyses using nonreduced-reduced two-dimensional sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and using rabbit
      antiglycoprotein (GP)IV demonstrated that this protein corresponds to GPIV
      (alternatively GPIIIb). Furthermore, in dot immunobinding, anti-Naka antibody
      bound to purified GPIV. Our results provide definitive evidence that the Naka
      alloantigen is carried on GPIV. These results also demonstrate that, on occasion,
      antibodies against GPIV may play an important role in refractoriness to platelet
      transfusions.

PMID- 2297571
TI  - Effect of tamoxifen on regulation of viral replication and human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) long terminal repeat-directed transcription in cells chronically
      infected with HIV-1.
AB  - The protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was used to
      upregulate viral replication in a clone of promonocytic cells chronically
      infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. Induction of virus could be
      inhibited by the triphenylethylene anti-estrogen tamoxifen at concentrations that
      had minimal effects on cellular DNA synthetic responses and cell cycle kinetics.
      This effect correlated with tamoxifen's ability to block PMA-mediated enhancement
      of HIV-promoter-driven transactivation in cells of monocyte and CD4+ T-lymphocyte
      lineages. No interference with a primary infection was noted. Tamoxifen's
      mechanism of action may relate both to its capacity to inhibit PKC and to
      consensus sequences for gonadal steroid responsive elements in the HIV long
      terminal repeat, as it was able to partially inhibit another HIV activator, 5
      azacytidine, which does not modulate PKC function. The finding that regulation of
      HIV in a model for low-level chronic or latent infection is amenable to a
      nonimmunosuppressive steroid antagonist may suggest approaches to pharmacologic
      intervention early in HIV infection.

PMID- 2297573
TI  - A new human B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line (Karpas 422) exhibiting both
      t (14;18) and t(4;11) chromosomal translocations.
AB  - A unique B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cell line (Karpas 422), bearing both
      t(14;18) and t(4;11) chromosomal translocations as well as several other
      chromosomal abnormalities, has been established from the pleural effusion of a
      patient with chemotherapy-resistant NHL. This cell line has the same karyotypic
      features as malignant cells from the patient. The major cell clone is
      characterized chromosomally by 46,XX t(2;10)(p23;q22.1), t(4;11)(q21.3; q23.1),
      t(14;18)(q32.1;q21.3), t(4;16)(q21.3;p13.1). Both phenotypically and
      genotypically, the cell line has features of a mature B-cell neoplasm with no
      evidence for commitment to other lineages. Rearrangements of the C-ETS-1 oncogene
      and N-CAM-1 and CD3 genes that map to 11q23 were not detected by conventional
      Southern analysis. BCL-2 was rearranged within the major breakpoint cluster. The
      K422 cell line has a unique karyotype; this is the first occasion that the
      t(4;11) translocation has been described in a t(14;18) lymphoma. The cell line
      will be of value in determining the molecular nature of the t(4;11)
      translocation.

PMID- 2297572
TI  - Perforin gene expression in granular lymphocyte proliferative disorders.
AB  - By Northern blot analysis using a cDNA clone of the perforin gene, we studied the
      levels of perforin mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 cases of
      granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPDs). The granular lymphocytes
      studied were characterized by morphologic, immunophenotypic, and immunogenotypic
      analyses. Cytolytic functions of the lymphocytes assayed included nonmajor
      histocompatibility complex-requiring cytotoxicity, anti-CD3-redirected
      cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and lectin-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity. The results showed that in lymphocytes with strong
      cytolytic functions high levels of perforin mRNA existed, whereas in lymphocytes
      with weak or undetectable levels of cytolytic functions, low levels of perforin
      mRNA existed. Because the levels of perforin mRNA correlated with those of
      cytolytic functions, perforin is probably a mediator in cytolytic functions of
      granular lymphocytes in patients with GLPDs. When the lymphocytes were cultured
      for 1 day, however, the levels of cytolytic activity were increased, and those of
      perforin mRNA were decreased. Therefore, we cannot rule out the possibility that
      factors other than perforin protein are involved in the cytolytic functions of
      granular lymphocytes.

PMID- 2297575
TI  - Antibodies to actin in autoimmune neutropenia.
AB  - In an effort to characterize the cellular antigens recognized by anti-neutrophil
      antibodies in autoimmune neutropenia, we studied sera, purified immunoglobulin G
      (IgG) and isolated F(ab')2 from 70 neutropenic patients suspected of this
      diagnosis. Anti-neutrophil antibodies were found in the sera of 36 of these
      patients by either 125I-staph A binding or immunofluorescence cytometric
      techniques that detected increased binding of patients' IgG to normal
      neutrophils. Anti-neutrophil antibody positive sera were then evaluated for
      specific binding to electrophoretically separated neutrophil membrane-associated
      proteins by immunoblotting. A 43-Kd protein was consistently identified by eight
      anti-neutrophil antibody positive sera. The specificity of binding to this
      protein was confirmed with affinity purified IgG and F(ab')2 fragments prepared
      from these sera. Sera from 20 healthy normal controls and from 22 non
      neutropenic, anti-neutrophil antibody negative rheumatoid arthritis patients
      failed to bind this protein. Separate studies identified the 43-Kd protein as
      actin. Purified Acanthamoeba actin comigrated with the protein and was
      specifically bound by anti-neutrophil antibody positive IgG. Moreover, two actin
      specific monoclonal antibodies bound to the 43-Kd membrane-associated protein in
      immunoblots. In addition, a rabbit anti-actin antiserum not only bound to this
      same 43-Kd protein but also expressed anti-neutrophil antibody activity against
      normal human neutrophils, as did purified human anti-actin IgG prepared by
      affinity chromatography from the serum of one of the index patients. These
      studies indicate that the anti-neutrophil antibodies of certain patients with
      autoimmune neutropenia include autoantibodies specific for actin. The molecules
      on the surface of neutrophils, which have actin-like antigenic epitopes and are
      recognized by these anti-actin antibodies, remain to be characterized.

PMID- 2297574
TI  - Effect of glucocorticoids on the biologic activities of myeloma cells: inhibition
      of interleukin-1 beta osteoclast activating factor-induced bone resorption.
AB  - Regulatory effects of glucocorticoids (dexamethasone) on myeloma cells as well as
      bone resorption in multiple myeloma were investigated. Glucocorticoids
      significantly inhibited proliferation of myeloma cells, and decreased the
      messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and secretory type
      immunoglobulin G (IgG). The inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on myeloma cell
      proliferation could be due to the decreased expression of IL-6 mRNA, decreased IL
      6 production, and thus suppression of autocrine growth by IL-6, which is an
      autocrine growth factor for myeloma cells as reported previously (Nature 332:83,
      1988). Glucocorticoids also inhibited M-protein secretion by decreasing the
      levels of secretory type Ig mRNA. On the other hand, because IL-1 beta rather
      than lymphotoxin is considered to be a major osteoclast activating factor (OAF)
      produced by myeloma cells, and glucocorticoids decreased the expression of IL-1
      beta mRNA and markedly suppressed the bone resorbing activity induced by IL-1
      beta OAF in 45Ca-release bone resorption assay, it is suggestive that
      glucocorticoids could inhibit bone resorption induced by IL-1 beta OAF in
      multiple myeloma. Therefore, from these data it is concluded that glucocorticoids
      could be more effective chemotherapeutic agents in multiple myeloma than we
      expected, especially with regards to the inhibitory effects on proliferation and
      M-protein secretion from myeloma cells, as well as bone resorption by myeloma
      cells.

PMID- 2297576
TI  - An isozyme of hexokinase specific for the human red blood cell (HKR)
AB  - The hexokinase (HK) of the human red blood cell (RBC) was separated into two
      distinct major isozymes by fast protein liquid chromatography using a linear salt
      gradient on a MonoQ column. The first isozyme (HKI) eluted as a sharp peak at the
      same position as HKI of human liver. The second isozyme eluted between HKI and
      HKII of human white blood cells, and it appeared to be unique to the RBC (it was
      designated HKR). From a gel filtration column, HKR eluted before HKI, suggesting
      that it was larger than HKI by several kilodaltons. In a mitochondria-enriched
      fraction from human reticulocytes, no HKR was found; thus, HKR was not a
      mitochondrial enzyme. Despite these differences in chromatographic behavior,
      size, and mitochondrial binding, both forms behaved kinetically as HKI. RBC from
      normal blood contained HKI and HKR at an equal activity, but in reticulocyte-rich
      RBC, HKR dominated. When RBC of increasing age was separated by buoyant density
      ultracentrifugation, the total HK activity decayed in a biphasic manner, with
      half-lives respectively of approximately 15 and approximately 51 days. When
      isolated by MonoQ column from each age-separated fraction, HKR was the major form
      in the youngest RBC, and decreased rapidly with cell age, with a t 1/2 of
      approximately 10 days, representing a negligible activity in the oldest RBC.
      Instead, HKI was relatively stable through the entire life span of the RBC, with
      a t 1/2 of approximately 66 days. Thus, HKR appears to be an RBC-specific isozyme
      that is predominant in the reticulocyte and is then rapidly degraded. During
      maturation of the RBC, the fast decay of HKR contributes to the early sharp
      decline of HK activity and the slow decay of HKI to the later gradual decline.

PMID- 2297577
TI  - A fixed low number of T cells in HLA-identical allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in humans is hampered mainly by
      graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Ex vivo T-cell depletion of the marrow graft
      has decreased the incidence and severity of GVHD, but has resulted in a higher
      incidence of graft failure and of relapse of the disease. In order to find an
      optimal T-cell number that avoids the extreme risks on both sides, we performed
      BMTs with a fixed low number of T cells. Thirty-one patients received marrow
      grafts, containing 1 x 10(5) T cells per kilogram body weight, from their HLA
      identical sibs. All patients, except one, received cyclosporin A. Engraftment of
      donor marrow cells occurred in all patients and (late) graft rejections are not
      observed to date. Eighteen of 30 (60%) evaluable patients had acute GVHD, grade I
      (10 patients) or grade II (8 patients), limited to the skin in all patients.
      Chronic GVHD, also limited to the skin, was found in 9 of 27 (33%) evaluable
      patients. Incidence but not severity of GVHD in our study seems similar to that
      observed in non-T-cell depleted marrow grafting. Relapse was observed in 1 of 13
      leukemic patients transplanted in first (or second) remission or first chronic
      phase with a follow-up of at least 6 months. These results suggest that with a
      fixed low number of T cells severe GVHD and failure to engraft can be avoided.
      More patients and longer follow-up are necessary for conclusions regarding
      relapse rate and late graft failure.

PMID- 2297578
TI  - Clinical toxicity of cryopreserved bone marrow graft infusion.
AB  - We prospectively evaluated infusion-related toxicities in 82 recipients of
      autologous bone marrow grafts. The grafts were cryopreserved in 10%
      dimethylsulfoxide and stored in liquid nitrogen. All grafts were concentrated and
      buffy-coat cells were collected. Forty-seven grafts were treated ex vivo with 4
      hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) at 100 micrograms/mL; 26 grafts were further
      processed using density-gradient separation and treated with 4-HC at 60
      micrograms/mL. Nine buffy-coat concentrates were frozen without drug treatment.
      Before infusion, patients were medicated with mannitol, hydrocortisone, and
      diphenhydramine. Grafts were rapidly thawed and immediately infused without
      further manipulation. During the infusions, 33 (70%) recipients of treated buffy
      coat, 5 (56%) recipients of untreated buffy-coat, and 6 (23%) recipients of
      density-gradient separated grafts experienced varying symptoms including nausea,
      abdominal cramping, and flushing. Forced vital capacities for 83% of the
      recipients of treated buffy-coat concentrates decreased after the graft infusion;
      six of these patients complained of dyspnea and one patient experienced an acute
      episode of respiratory decompensation. Decreased heart rates were observed in 98%
      of the recipients of treated buffy-coat cells with asymptomatic bradycardia
      occurring in 45%. Forty-five patients (96%) in this group experienced transient
      hypertension, with 18 (38%) requiring additional medications within 6 hours after
      the infusion for control of blood pressure. Similar cardiovascular changes were
      observed in the recipients of untreated buffy-coat concentrates. One recipient of
      an untreated buffy-coat concentrate had 2 degrees heart block after the graft
      infusion. Twenty-three (88%) recipients of density-gradient separated grafts had
      decreased heart rates and 21 (81%) had increased blood pressure. However, the
      degrees of change were less than those experienced by the recipients of treated
      buffy-coat cells (P less than .01). Forced vital capacities were not affected by
      the infusion of the density-gradient separated grafts. No renal failure or
      obvious hemolytic episodes occurred for any patient group. Minor to moderate
      toxicities were associated with cryopreserved graft infusions. Recipients of
      buffy-coat separated grafts, both treated and untreated, experienced more
      complications than the recipients of density-gradient separated grafts. These
      toxicities may relate to the volumes of cryoprotectant and cell lysis products
      infused, which were less for the more highly purified density-gradient separated
      grafts.

PMID- 2297579
TI  - Expression of human glucocerebrosidase in murine long-term bone marrow cultures
      after retroviral vector-mediated transfer.
AB  - A retroviral vector (N2-SV-GC) was constructed by inserting a normal human
      glucocerebrosidase (GC) cDNA under control of the SV40 early region promoter into
      the Moloney murine leukemia virus-derived N2 vector. N2-SV-GC produced human GC
      in murine 3T3 fibroblasts at levels in the range of the endogenous murine GC as
      determined by enzymatic assay and Western blot analysis. The N2-SV-GC retroviral
      vector was used for studies of gene transduction of murine hematopoietic
      progenitor cells (HPC). Infection of bone marrow cultured for 2 to 10 days in
      medium containing hematopoietic growth factors was significantly more efficient
      than infection of freshly isolated marrow cells (24% to 32% G418-resistant CFU-GM
      v 15%, respectively). The marrow infected by N2-SV-GC was maintained in long-term
      bone marrow culture (LTBMC) and had a stable level of G418-resistant HPC over 2
      months of serial assays. The human GC gene of the vector was persistently
      expressed in the nonadherent cell fraction of the murine LTBMC as determined by
      Northern blotting, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining using a
      monoclonal antibody specific for human GC. N2-SV-GC also expressed the human GC
      gene in day 12 CFU-S. LTBMC represents a novel system for retroviral vector
      mediated gene transduction of HPC and may accurately predict the activities of
      vectors in vivo.

PMID- 2297580
TI  - Effect of dengue virus on hematopoietic progenitors.

PMID- 2297581
TI  - Minimal interferon-alpha doses for hairy cell leukemia.

PMID- 2297583
TI  - Preparation of leukocyte-poor platelet concentrates from buffy coats by a new
      type of quadruple bag.
AB  - A new quadruple blood bag system for collection of platelet concentrates is
      described. The principle modification consists of a smaller (150 ml) buffy coat
      bag in conjunction with SAG-mannitol for red cell preservation. Platelet yield
      and function were comparable to conventional techniques, leukocyte contamination
      was lower (1.7 +/- 1.3 x 10(7) per unit). The system is recommended for
      specialized institutions with a high demand of blood components.

PMID- 2297582
TI  - The origin of the membrane convolute in degranulating platelets. A comparative
      study of normal and "gray" platelets.
AB  - Thrombin-stimulated normal platelets contain a membrane system of dilated
      channels with openings to the exterior. Whether these membranes originate from
      the surface connected system (SCS), the alpha-granules or internalized portions
      of the plasmalemma has not yet been defined. The present study traces in series
      of ultrathin sections the rearrangement of these membranes during shape change,
      degranulation and internalization of surface membranes in washed normal and
      "gray" platelets upon the stimulation with thrombin (1 IU/ml). Cationized
      ferritin (CF) was used as a surface marker in order to recognize internalized
      portions of the plasmalemma. Within the first seconds after stimulation, both
      normal and gray platelets changed their shape by extrusion of the SCS membranes.
      Simultaneously they started to internalize surface membrane and formed surface
      membrane invaginations closely attached to the outer rim of the cytoskeletal
      sphere which developed during the internal contraction. CF was internalized in
      these invaginations. CF was not observed within the system of dilated channels of
      stimulated platelets, however. Thrombin-stimulated gray platelets showed a
      markedly reduced number of dilated channels or none at all. This observation may
      be due to the fact "gray" platelets are deficient in alpha-granules. It is
      concluded that the dilated system of membranes in degranulated normal platelets
      originates from membranes of the alpha-granules which have performed compound
      exocytosis.

PMID- 2297585
TI  - Routine immunophenotyping of acute leukemias.

PMID- 2297584
TI  - Ferrokinetics and erythropoiesis in mice after long-term inhalation of benzene.
AB  - Ferrokinetics and erythropoiesis were examined in mice exposed for 6 or 7 weeks
      to an airborne concentration of 300 ppm of benzene, for 6 h per day, and 5 days
      per week. Ferrokinetic indicators showed only a slightly enhanced production of
      haeme and erythrocytes in the spleen (133% +/- 18% and 122% +/- 17%,
      respectively). Production did not change in the femoral marrow; a decline of CFU
      C, BFU-E and especially CFU-E (34% +/- 8%) took place there and a shift of
      cellularity into less mature developmental classes in the erythroblast
      compartment, without this compartment as a whole being damaged. The erythrocytes
      produced have an enhanced MCV (109% +/- 0%) and MCH (109% +/- 1%) with an
      unchanged MCHC; their concentration in blood sank to 87% +/- 1%. The absolute
      reticulocyte count rose to 160% +/- 16%. 59Fe incorporation into the liver
      declined far below the level attributable to decreased accessibility of the
      tracer (84% +/- 4%). A shortening of the life span of late erythroblasts and
      circulating erythrocytes was deduced from these findings and methodological
      problems related to some of the seemingly controversial findings are discussed.

PMID- 2297586
TI  - In vitro chemosensitivity of leukemic progenitor cells (AML-CFU) to a combination
      of mafosfamide lysine (ASTA-Z 7654) and etoposide (VP16-213).
AB  - The inhibitory effects of mafosfamide lysine, ASTA-Z 7654 (ASTA-Z) and etoposide,
      (VP16-213) on human leukemic progenitor cells (AML-CFU) were studied using a
      clonogenic assay. AML-CFU were shown to be less sensitive than human
      promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) to the toxic effects of these two drugs. The
      mean log kill obtained for the AML-CFU from 12 patients was only 0.95 and 0.93
      for 50 micrograms/ml ASTA-Z and etoposide respectively. For normal progenitor
      cells (CFU-GM) the maximum log kill increased to 2 log at 50 micrograms/ml ASTA-Z
      or etoposide and for HL-60 cells more than 4 log kill values were obtained for
      the same drug concentrations. When the two drugs were used in combination the log
      kill value increased to 1.75 for AML-CFU. Furthermore, in addition to classic
      incubation parameters (temperature, cell concentration, red blood cell
      contamination and time) the treatment efficiency was influenced by the incubation
      sequence of the two drugs. When ASTA-Z and etoposide were incubated together
      (Z/VP) or etoposide prior to ASTA-Z (VP + Z) log kill values for drug
      concentrations of 20 and 50 micrograms/ml were 0.72 and 1.41 respectively.
      However, when cells were incubated with ASTA-Z prior to etoposide (Z + VP) values
      of 1.1 and 1.75 were obtained for drug concentrations of 20 and 50 micrograms/ml
      respectively (p less than or equal to 0.05 between Z + VP and the two other
      sequences).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297587
TI  - Relative efficiency of leukemic cell depletion using anti-murine-IgG1(Fc) or anti
      murine-IgG coated immunomagnetic microbeads.
AB  - Microbeads for immunomagnetic bone marrow purging, to which sheep anti-mouse
      IgG1(Fc) antibodies have been linked, and beads linked with antibodies against
      whole murine immunoglobulin were compared. Competitive binding studies, in which
      Fc fragments and Fab fragments were titrated onto the microbeads, followed by
      incubation with 125I-labeled whole mouse Ig, revealed that the beads linked with
      anti-mouse-IgG1(Fc) specifically bound the Fc region of the murine immunoglobulin
      molecules. The total amount of antibody of either IgG1 or IgG2 isotype that would
      adhere to microbeads linked with either type of antibody, as revealed by
      secondary binding with 125I rabbit antimouse Ig, was identical, suggesting that
      similar numbers of antibody binding sites were available. In cell depletion
      studies, it was found that if IgG1 isotype monoclonal antibodies were employed as
      binding intermediaries between the target cells and the microbeads, the
      efficiency of target cell depletion was superior with the anti-mouse-IgG1(Fc)
      coated beads, even if the amount of MoAb coating the target cells was suboptimal.
      However, if the intermediary antibodies were of the IgG2 isotype, the efficiency
      of target cell depletion with these beads was inferior. These findings indicate
      that the efficiency of immunomagnetic bone marrow purging is dependent upon
      matching of the targeting MoAb and the secondary antibodies that link to the
      surface to the microbeads.

PMID- 2297588
TI  - Early induction of immune resistance against leukemia in lethally total body
      irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells obtained from
      previously immunized donor mice.
AB  - BALB/c x DBA/2 F1 (CD2F1) mice were lethally irradiated and reconstituted with
      syngeneic bone marrow cells (SBMC) obtained from normal or previously immunized
      (against L1210 lymphatic leukemia) donors. These recipient mice are called TBI +
      SBMT or TBI + Imm-SBMT mice, respectively. TBI + Imm-SBMT, but not TBI + SBMT
      mice, were able to develop strong immune resistance against L1210 leukemia, but
      not against MOPC 104E plasmacytoma, if the immunization procedure (four i.p.
      injections at weekly intervals of immunogenic L1210 cells) was started as early
      as 7 days posttransplantation. Incubation of Imm-SBMC with mafosfamide (ASTA
      Z7654) before grafting abrogated the ability of the recipient mice to develop
      early resistance against the leukemia. Treatment of Imm-SBMC with monoclonal or
      polyclonal antibodies plus complement showed that two or three subpopulations of
      Imm-SBMC were necessary for the transfer of immune information against leukemia:
      T lymphocytes with phenotype Thy 1.2+, Lyt 1+2-, I-Ad-, macrophages with
      phenotype Mac-1+, I-Ad-, and probably asialo-GM 1+ cells. Recipient mice
      immunized against L1210 leukemia before TBI + SBMT do not develop early
      resistance to the leukemia.

PMID- 2297589
TI  - Failure of anti-MHC antibodies to prevent GVHD in DLA mismatched unrelated canine
      marrow recipients.
AB  - Gene products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been shown to
      elicit lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in experimental animals.
      Antibodies specific for MHC cell surface determinants might therefore be expected
      to overcome histocompatibility barriers and influence survival of marrow graft
      recipients. GVHD can be consistently induced in dogs by transplanting donor
      marrow cells into lethally irradiated, unrelated, mismatched recipients. Three
      anti-Ia monoclonal antibodies were administered to five canine recipients, each
      at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight per day intravenously for 10 days, beginning
      on day 0, the day of transplantation. Eight canine recipients were treated with
      antidog alloantiserum 10 ml/kg body weight per day intravenously on days -2 to
      day +20, in addition to receiving postgrafting methotrexate. The antiserum was
      generated by immunizing a matched littermate of the donor with peripheral blood
      cells of the recipient before transplantation. Survival was no different in the
      two groups of dogs, compared with historical controls without antibody treatment.
      A possible explanation for the failure of anti-MHC antibodies to modify acute
      GVHD in the dog is the inability of antibody to reach critical tissue sites
      targeted in GVHD.

PMID- 2297590
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation across major histocompatibility barriers in rabbits.
      I. A positive role for graft-versus-host reactivity in engraftment.
AB  - The impact of graft-versus-host reactivity on the outcome of bone marrow
      transplantation (BMT) was analysed in rabbits of defined major histocompatibility
      (RLA) types by injecting 10(8) parental type cells into newborn F1 recipients.
      Distinctive allotypic determinants on immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules of donor and
      recipient rabbits provided markers for analysing B cell chimerism, while T cell
      chimerism was assessed by sex chromosome analysis. The characteristics of graft
      versus-host disease (GVHD) in the rabbit were first analysed in a group of F1
      recipients transplanted neonatally with spleen or lymph node cells of parental
      type. The majority of such animals died in the third to fifth week of life, while
      exhibiting clinical and histological signs of GVHD, i.e. profound anemia,
      pancytopenia, and lymphoid aplasia. Runting, as indicated by weight loss, was not
      observed. No surviving chimeras resulted from this group. In contrast, injection
      of 10(8) parental type bone marrow (BM) cells caused death from GVHD in only 27%
      of recipients. Thirty-two percent (7/22) became permanent chimeras, and
      engraftment failure was observed in the remainder. In BM chimeras T cells and B
      cells of donor origin were dominant or completely replaced cells of the recipient
      type. These differences from the results of transferring RLA-matched lymphoid
      cells suggest a significant role for GVH reactivity, with or without overt GVHD,
      in the establishment of permanent chimerism.

PMID- 2297591
TI  - A case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura following allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - A case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is reported in a 40-year-old
      man 6 months after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for multiple myeloma.
      The features of TTP included microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, severe
      thrombocytopenia, fluctuating neurological abnormalities, and progressive renal
      impairment. Despite treatment with anti-platelet agents, prostacyclin infusion,
      intensive immunosuppression and prolonged plasma exchange, the patient developed
      end-stage renal failure and is now on maintenance haemodialysis 18 months after
      the onset of TTP. Graft-versus-host disease and cytomegalovirus infection could
      not be implicated as aetiological factors, and cyclosporin medication had ceased
      1 week before the clinical onset of his disease. The unusually intensive pre
      transplant chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocol used in this patient appear to
      be most likely cause of the generalized endothelial damage resulting in TTP in
      this patient.

PMID- 2297592
TI  - Toxoplasmosis after BMT for CML.

PMID- 2297593
TI  - The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) gene amplification and synthetic
      oligonucleotide probes for HLA-DP typing in bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2297594
TI  - Model systems of treatment for alcohol abuse following traumatic brain injury.

PMID- 2297595
TI  - Unexpected recovery of functional communication following a prolonged period of
      mutism post-head injury.
AB  - A case is presented of a seven-year-old female who showed an unexpected recovery
      of functional communication skills following a prolonged period of traumatic
      mutism subsequent to a severe closed head injury. The patient initially presented
      as comatose. A period of mutism subsequent to the coma extended for ten months.
      Following this protracted period of mutism the child demonstrated rapid and
      unexpected recovery of functional communication skills, despite the persistence
      of higher level language deficits. The findings of a neurological assessment,
      neuroradiological assessment and battery of speech/language tests are described.
      The present case is discussed in light of the existing literature on recovery
      from paediatric head trauma.

PMID- 2297596
TI  - Computer analysis of cortical evoked potentials following severe head injury.
AB  - A combination of several automatically-extracted quantitative features of evoked
      potentials (EPs) can discriminate between globally good and poor outcomes
      following severe head injury. Further, a single EP feature, its peak-to-peak
      variance, can select for the severely disabled survivor from among other poor
      outcomes, a potentially important distinction for the management of patients
      suffering severe head trauma.

PMID- 2297597
TI  - Performance of closed head-injured children on a naming task.
AB  - The naming abilities of a group of 20 children (aged 8-16) who had sustained a
      closed head injury (CHI) at least 12 months previously were assessed with the
      purpose of examining the long-term effect of CHI on children's naming ability.
      Performance of the CHI group on the Boston Naming Test was compared to that of a
      group of non-neurologically impaired accident victims matched for age, sex and
      socioeconomic status. A detailed examination of the types of naming errors
      exhibited by the CHI children was also carried out. Boston Naming Test scores of
      the CHI group were found to be significantly lower than those achieved by the
      control group. The error pattern demonstrated by the CHI group, however, mimicked
      that of the control group.

PMID- 2297598
TI  - A comparison of four memory strategies with traumatically brain-injured clients.
AB  - Six traumatically brain-injured clients were trained in four memory improvement
      strategies. These were written rehearsal, verbal rehearsal, acronym formation,
      and memory notebook logging. This study showed that only memory notebook logging
      was effective in increasing recall of classroom material.

PMID- 2297599
TI  - Psychosocial sequelae of closed head injury: effects on the marital relationship.
AB  - Head injury frequently produces physical and psychological sequelae involving
      cognitive, behavioural, and personality disturbances which are chronic and
      perhaps even permanent. Clinically, it is apparent that the marital relationships
      of head injury patients face initial disruption as well as ongoing challenges in
      dealing with the physical, neuropsychological, and emotional changes post-injury.
      However, there is little empirical data to substantiate these observations. In
      this study, the marital relationships of 55 male head injury patients were
      assessed, based on the spouse's self-report obtained through interview and
      questionnaires. The sample was divided into three groups according to the
      severity of the injury: mild (N = 10), moderate (N = 25) and severe (N = 20).
      Based on a one-way multivariate analysis of variance, dyadic consensus,
      affectional expression, and overall dyadic adjustment were significantly lower
      for wives in the severe group than the moderate group. Affectional expression was
      also lower in the severe group than the mild group. Stepwise multiple regression
      analysis determined that 47% of the variance of overall dyadic adjustment could
      be accounted for by three variables (multiple R = 0.69, p less than 0.001).
      Dyadic adjustment was greater when wives reported a lower level of financial
      strain, perceived their spouse to have a relatively low level of general
      psychopathology or maladjustment, and when the injury was relatively mild based
      on GCS scores. The implications for intervention in rehabilitation at the marital
      level are highlighted.

PMID- 2297600
TI  - Return to work after rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury.
AB  - The relationship of medical variables and discharge functional status to
      vocational and educational outcomes was examined in 79 closed head-injured
      patients who were consecutively admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation hospital
      during a two-year period. A follow-up study, conducted after hospital discharge
      (median, 16.5 months), found that 66% (n = 52) of the patients had returned to
      work or school, while 34% (n = 27) did not. Patients were divided into return and
      non-return to work groups. Traditional variables included age, severity of brain
      damage as characterized by CT head scan, duration of post-traumatic amnesia,
      duration of coma, length of stay and acute inpatient rehabilitation program.
      Discharge functional scores were analysed by t-tests and chi-square analysis.
      Results suggest that traditional factors of younger age, shorter length of coma,
      minimal CT head scan findings and shorter length of stay were significant
      contributors to educational/vocational outcome. Their significance was enhanced
      by discharge functional profile measurement of medical, physical and
      psychological/neuropsychological integrity. Those functional measures not
      significant were in social, vocational, recreational and communication areas.
      These factors may continue to improve over a longer period of time and should be
      tracked in the post-acute rehabilitation phase for their significance in return
      to work/school.

PMID- 2297601
TI  - Return to work (RTW) after head injury.
AB  - This study explored return to work (RTW) after head injury from survey data on
      177 cases of head injury. Although 45% of the sample study did engage in some
      work-related activity only 19% were in competitive employment positions. Factors
      which were related to RTW after head injury were: age when injured, sex, length
      of loss of consciousness and Likert ratings of learning, motor and ambulation
      impairment. Many of those who did return to competitive employment did so in less
      demanding positions than held pre-injury. Limitations of the current study and
      suggestions for future research are ventured.

PMID- 2297602
TI  - Self-rating versus neuropsychological performance of moderate versus severe head
      injured patients.
AB  - Head-injured patients frequently appear to be inaccurate in judging their
      cognitive functioning. To examine this clinical impression, self-ratings were
      compared with neuropsychological test performances. The sample was comprised of
      28 patients with severe and 28 with mild-moderate head injuries, and these two
      groups were further subdivided according to chronicity, i.e. less than or equal
      to 1 year versus greater than 1 year between the date of injury and the
      evaluation. The control group of 31 adults was matched according to age and
      education. Head-injured patients rated themselves lower than normals regardless
      of severity of injury. Chronicity affected only the self-rating of learning and
      memory. The severely head-injured were generally less accurate when comparing
      self-ratings to test performance. However, this was not uniform across cognitive
      domains. Recommendations for self-assessment in neuropsychology are discussed.

PMID- 2297603
TI  - Effect of injections of contrast media on regional uptake of (14C)-2-deoxyglucose
      by the rat brain.
AB  - Mechanisms contributing to the rare but consistent neurotoxicity of contrast
      media currently in clinical use for the radiological examination of the
      subarachnoid space remain to be isolated. We assessed, by means of the (14C)-2
      deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) autoradiographic method, the effect of three non-ionic,
      low-osmolar contrast media, namely metrizamide, iopamidol and iohexol, on the
      local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat brain after intracisternal
      application. A significant (-30%) global reduction of the brain's metabolic
      activity occurred following intracisternal metrizamide injection. When compared
      with the mock-CSF control group the greater relative changes were observed in the
      supratentorial grey matter structures. In contrast, no significant changes were
      observed in metabolic brain activity in rats treated intracisternally with
      iopamidol and iohexol. These findings were consistent with the hypothesis that
      metrizamide is a competitive inhibitor of human brain hexokinase. The apparent
      lack of interference on neural tissue metabolism makes the second generation
      contrast media less neurotoxic and more suitable for neuroradiological
      subarachnoid investigations in clinical settings. The present experimental work
      establishes the 2-DG method as a viable laboratory approach to investigate
      aspects of neuronal dysfunction induced by contrast media.

PMID- 2297604
TI  - Services for severely head-injured patients in north London and environs.
AB  - There is a growing awareness of deficits in service provision for severely head
      injured patients. This study identifies areas in which patients fail to receive
      services by investigating the admission and transfer of such patients from eleven
      District Health Authorities in North London and the services offered by
      rehabilitation professionals in hospital and community. Sixty per cent of our
      sample were referred to Neurosurgical Units (NSUs) and later transferred to
      District General Hospitals (DGHs). Of these, 20% remained in DGHs without
      receiving NSU care, while 20% were treated at NSUs but were not referred to a
      local DGH. Assessment of rehabilitation services revealed that on average
      physiotherapists offered the greatest amount of therapy time to head-injured
      patients (3-4 hours) per week compared with other professionals and that this
      seemed to be a reflection of referral systems. Of the patients in our sample
      approximately 80% received physiotherapy, 30% received occupational therapy and
      less than 15% received speech therapy, social work or clinical psychology. It was
      concluded that severely head-injured patients fail to receive available services
      due to haphazard admission and transfer procedures, lack of referral to
      rehabilitation professionals and to the paucity of appropriate community care.

PMID- 2297605
TI  - Schneider's first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia: prevalence and diagnostic use.
      A study from Pakistan.
AB  - The prevalence of Schneiderian first-rank symptoms in 75 schizophrenic in
      patients was found to be 67%. The commonest were somatic passivity, thought
      broadcast, and thought insertion. This suggests a considerable variation in the
      prevalence of first-rank symptoms and their individual frequencies in different
      cultures. First-rank symptoms thus have inherent weaknesses.

PMID- 2297606
TI  - The treatment of monodelusional psychosis associated with depression.
AB  - This is a report of the treatment of four patients suffering from a syndrome
      consisting of a single delusion in association with depression. The tendency of
      monodelusional syndromes to respond to a pimozide provides a rationale for
      nosological organisation.

PMID- 2297607
TI  - Anxiety and depression in mothers of children with psychotic disorders and mental
      retardation.
AB  - Using the HAD scale, anxiety and depression were assessed in 18 mothers of
      mentally retarded psychotic children and a comparative group of 18 mothers of
      children with motor handicaps. Anxiety and depression scores were significantly
      higher among the mothers of the psychotic children, although no definite signs of
      depression were recorded.

PMID- 2297608
TI  - Neonaticide and hysterical denial of pregnancy.
AB  - A case illustrating the association between neonaticide and denial of pregnancy
      is reported. Neonaticide may be a relatively common form of homicide. In some
      cases it could be preventable, providing the physician responsible for antenatal
      care is alert.

PMID- 2297609
TI  - Positive diagnosis of self-medication with homatropine eye drops.
AB  - A 25-year-old man with a variety of unusual ocular symptoms was fully
      investigated and no abnormality discovered. The suspicion of self-medication with
      a mydriatic was confirmed when homatropine was isolated in his tears. We describe
      a method for collecting tears which allowed biochemical confirmation at leisure.

PMID- 2297610
TI  - The opiate prescribing debate.

PMID- 2297611
TI  - Reliability of GHQ factor structures.

PMID- 2297612
TI  - Behaviour disorders in mentally handicapped adults.

PMID- 2297613
TI  - Violence in hospital.

PMID- 2297614
TI  - Asian patients and the HAD scale.

PMID- 2297615
TI  - Jarman indices and 'new chronic' in-patients.

PMID- 2297616
TI  - Post-traumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 2297617
TI  - A transition period in psychiatric care in Italy ten years after the reform.
AB  - Ten years after the passing of the Italian psychiatric reform bill, the author
      assesses the state of the national mental health services. Albeit slowly, the
      decrease in the number of in-patients in mental hospitals is accompanied by a
      numerical increase in district and out-patient services. However, the quality of
      care provided and the regional distribution of services are not acceptable. The
      reorganisation has benefited hospital and out-patient services, but community
      care facilities remain inadequate. The mental health of the general population
      seems to be unaffected by the ongoing transition in psychiatric care.

PMID- 2297618
TI  - The effect of research on readmission to a psychiatric hospital.
AB  - The effects on outcome of research into the course of psychiatric illness are
      controversial. This study examines a cohort of research patients involved in an
      outcome study in which the research and clinical teams were kept separate. While
      research intervention of this nature would not be expected to influence outcome,
      the research cohort had fewer readmissions than non-research controls. This
      occurred despite the presence of factors which would be expected to be associated
      with a contrary result. It is stressed that the confounding effects of research
      need to be taken into account when designing follow-up studies and evaluating
      outcome results.

PMID- 2297619
TI  - Suicides among immigrants from the Indian subcontinent.
AB  - Suicides in England and Wales among immigrants of Indian ethnic origin were
      analysed for the period 1970-78. There were excess suicides among young Indian
      women, these being disproportionately more among the married. Burning was a
      common method of suicide among Indian women. Suicide rates were low in Indian men
      and the Indian elderly. A large proportion of the male suicides were among
      doctors and dentists.

PMID- 2297620
TI  - Clusters of obsessive-compulsive phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
AB  - Clusters of phenomena were obtained by two clustering techniques, using the form
      and content of obsessions and compulsions. Significant clusters which emerged
      involved washing, checking, thoughts of past, and embarrassing behaviour.
      Depression occurred as a discrete cluster. Eighty-nine per cent of subjects could
      be fitted into at least one cluster; over half could be fitted into only one
      cluster. Washers and checkers made up more than half of the sample studied.

PMID- 2297621
TI  - Couples referred to a sexual dysfunction clinic. Psychological and physical
      morbidity.
AB  - Two hundred couples referred to a sexual problems clinic were assessed in a
      standardised way for their suitability for sex therapy. The assessment focused on
      the nature of the sexual dysfunction, motivation for treatment, marital and
      relationship problems, psychiatric status, and physical problems. Approximately
      one-third of the couples were found to have significant marital and relationship
      problems, and more than 30% were suffering from psychiatric disorders, although
      these were usually of mild to moderate intensity. A third of males and 18% of
      females were suffering from physical disorders likely to contribute to the sexual
      dysfunction. Patients who were offered sex therapy and who completed their course
      of treatment were more likely to show high levels of motivation and an absence of
      physical disorders, marital relationship problems and psychiatric disorder. There
      should be careful assessment of couples suffering from sexual dysfunction before
      specific treatment is offered.

PMID- 2297622
TI  - Psychoanalytical aspects of morbid jealousy in women.
AB  - During the course of the psychoanalytical treatment of patients whose morbid
      jealousy is of the non-psychotic type it is possible to identify the unconscious
      causes of the pathological mental state. This material can provide an insight
      into the unconscious determinants of the contents of delusions of jealousy.

PMID- 2297623
TI  - Screening for adjustment disorders and major depressive disorders in cancer in
      patients.
AB  - The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a four-point, 14-item
      questionnaire, was tested as a screening method for adjustment disorders and
      major depressive disorders in a sample of 210 cancer in-patients. A receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed, giving the relationship
      between the true positive rate (sensitivity) and the false positive rate (1
      specificity). This makes it possible to choose an optimal cut-off point that
      takes into account the costs and benefits of treatment of psychological distress.
      For screening for major depressive disorders only, a cut-off score of 19 gave 70%
      sensitivity and 75% specificity. For screening for adjustment disorders and major
      depressive disorders taken together, a cut-off score of 13 gave 75% sensitivity
      and 75% specificity. HADS appears in this study to be a simple, sensitive and
      specific tool for screening for psychiatric disorders in an oncology in-patient
      population.

PMID- 2297625
TI  - Outcome and prognosis of anorexia nervosa. A retrospective study of 41 subjects.
AB  - An investigation was carried out in 1986 of 41 patients, 39 female and 2 male,
      who had been treated for anorexia nervosa in a psychiatric ward at a general
      hospital between 1958 and 1980. A follow-up analysis was carried out, in which 30
      subjects participated. Using the scores on the 40-item version of the EAT as
      outcome criteria, validated by the Morgan-Hayward outcome scales, the outcome
      distribution and rate of mortality was in agreement with previous findings.
      Further data concerning weight, menstruation, and nutritional, social and
      psychiatric status were based on a semistructured interview as well as on the
      scores on the EAT, the GHQ, and the MMPI. Prognostic variables were analysed,
      indicating that duration of illness, poor motivation for treatment, social
      withdrawal, and poor family relations were significant as predictors of poor
      outcome.

PMID- 2297624
TI  - Psychiatric morbidity among women in urban and rural New Zealand: psycho-social
      correlates.
AB  - A random community survey into psychiatric disorder among women in urban and
      rural New Zealand found urban women to be more often at age extremes, not
      married, better educated, in more paid employment, and to have better household
      and child-care facilities. There were no overall urban-rural differences in the
      GHQ-28 score, total PSE score or PSE case rates. A multiple regression found the
      same three factors accounted for most of the explained variance in both the urban
      and the rural total PSE scores: these were the quality of social networks,
      difficulties with alcohol, and the past experience of childhood sexual abuse. Low
      socioeconomic status, poor physical health, and adult experiences of sexual and
      physical abuse were also associated with increased psychiatric morbidity in both
      samples. Other individual sociodemographic items were correlated with psychiatric
      morbidity for the urban or rural sample only.

PMID- 2297626
TI  - Overview of trauma anesthesia and critical care.

PMID- 2297628
TI  - Psychiatric-mental health nurse coordinates shelter services.

PMID- 2297627
TI  - Public health nurses bring special disaster relief skills.

PMID- 2297629
TI  - Nursing study documents profession's growth and change.

PMID- 2297631
TI  - Staging, treatment, and results in testicular seminoma. A 12-year report.
AB  - Sixty-one patients with histologically confirmed seminoma of the testis were
      treated by radiotherapy at The Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1975 to 1987. Fifty
      seven patients remain disease-free, three patients died of intercurrent disease,
      and one patient (Stage IIB) died of widespread seminoma. Median follow-up for
      these patients is 5.5 years. Using a modified M.D. Anderson Hospital clinical
      staging system, 42 (69%) were Stage I, 16 (26%) were Stage IIA, and three (5%)
      were Stage IIB. Radiologic staging included both lymphangiogram (LAG) and
      abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan. Among Stage I disease, nine patients had
      false-positive CT scans, determined by negative LAG. Six patients had false
      negative CT scans and were upstaged to Stage IIA by LAG. Treatment portals were
      altered in 15 of the 39 patients (38%) who had both LAG and CT scan. Overall
      actuarial survival (Kaplan-Meier method) was 97% at 5 years and 92% at 10 years.
      Five-year survival corrected for intercurrent disease was 100% for Stage I, 100%
      for Stage IIA, and two of three in Stage IIB patients. There were two distant
      treatment failures among the entire cohort. One patient who had Stage I disease
      was salvaged with local-field radiation and chemotherapy and is now without
      evidence of disease for 6 years. The second patient with Stage IIB seminoma
      receiving the same treatments disseminated and died. There were no significant
      acute toxicities or serious complications. In summary, proper staging with
      information gained from LAG and adequate radiation dose led to a 92% 10-year
      disease-free survival.

PMID- 2297630
TI  - Is chemotherapy effective in reducing the local failure rate in patients with
      operable breast cancer?
AB  - To evaluate the role of chemotherapy in local control of primary breast cancer,
      the incidence of local failure was evaluated in 768 patients treated with surgery
      and adjuvant, combination chemotherapy that contained fluorouracil, doxorubicin,
      and cyclophosphamide (FAC) at our institute between 1974 and 1982. Of these
      patients, 429 received postoperative irradiation (XRT) before adjuvant therapy. A
      group of 178 historical control patients had mastectomies and received
      irradiation after surgery without chemotherapy. The rates of locoregional
      recurrence alone in the three groups were as follows: FAC, 12%; FAC plus XRT, 5%;
      and XRT, 10%. The difference in recurrence rates between the FAC group and the
      FAC plus XRT subgroup was significant (P less than 0.01). Local failure rates
      were evaluated by stage and nodal status; patients with Stage III disease and
      those with four or more disease-positive nodes had a higher incidence of local
      failure than did patients with Stage II disease or those who had one to three
      positive nodes. Systemic chemotherapy and local therapies resulted in 50% local
      control at the time of locoregional recurrence in patients treated with FAC,
      whereas local control was achieved in 18% of patients with local recurrence in
      the XRT subgroups. Overall life-time local control of disease was similar whether
      irradiation was administered initially (in the period after operation) or at the
      time of local recurrence. Irradiation after mastectomy remains an integral part
      of a combined modality approach in selected groups of patients.

PMID- 2297632
TI  - Evaluation of the continuous infusion of etoposide plus cisplatin in metastatic
      breast cancer. A collaborative North Central Cancer Treatment Group/Mayo Clinic
      phase II study.
AB  - A prospective clinical trial was done to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of
      cisplatin plus etoposide (VP-16) in patients with breast cancer who failed one
      previous chemotherapy regimen for advanced disease or relapsed within 12 months
      of adjuvant chemotherapy. Partial responses occurred in 11 of 44 evaluable
      patients (25%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 13% to 40%). The median time to
      disease progression in responding patients was 4 months (range, 3 to 6+ months),
      whereas the median time to disease progression and survival for all patients who
      were treated were 3 and 7 months, respectively. There was marked toxicity related
      to this protocol treatment including pancytopenia, gastrointestinal upset, and
      renal insufficiency. Two treatment-related deaths occurred; one from sepsis and
      one from renal failure. Thus, this regimen, as second-line chemotherapy for women
      with metastatic breast cancer, resulted in moderate, short-term, antitumor
      activity at the expense of marked toxicity.

PMID- 2297633
TI  - Chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil for penile and urethral squamous
      cell carcinomas.
AB  - Six men with either recurrent (n = 4) or unresectable (n = 2) squamous cell
      carcinoma of the penis (n = 5) and urethra (n = 1) received chemotherapy with
      cisplatin intravenously at a dose of 100 mg/m2. This was followed 24 hours later
      by a continuous intravenous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at a dose of 960
      mg/m2/d for five days every 3 to 4 weeks. There was universal alopecia. The other
      toxicities were mild and consisted of mucositis, nausea, vomiting, reversible
      creatininemia, and transient azotemia. After chemotherapy, five patients had a
      clinical partial response and one had a complete response. Of the five patients
      with no metastases, three had residual unresectable tumors. These three patients
      received radiation and survived for 6, 8, and 20 months after the start of
      chemotherapy. The other two patients were rendered disease-free by surgery. The
      first patient, who was a partial responder to chemotherapy, survived for 26
      months. The second patient, who was a clinical complete responder, had excision
      of microscopic disease and is disease-free at 32+ months after the start of
      chemotherapy. This is the first article to report that the combination of
      cisplatin and 5-FU is active in penile and urethral carcinomas. After
      chemotherapy, surgery may be useful in selected patients to accurately assess
      response and excise localized residual tumors. Patients rendered tumor-free may
      achieve long-term survival.

PMID- 2297634
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma of the extremity. Long-term results of two
      consecutive prospective protocol studies.
AB  - Seventy-six patients with classic high-grade osteosarcoma of an extremity
      received adjuvant chemotherapy by two protocols, initiated in 1972 and 1977,
      respectively, after appropriate amputations. Chemotherapy consisted of high-dose
      methotrexate, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide. Dose intensity of high-dose
      methotrexate and doxorubicin was greater for the patients treated with the
      protocol initiated in 1977. The proportion of long-term disease-free survivors on
      the two protocols are 46% and 56%. A better outcome (P = 0.042) was seen for the
      latter group, which received more intensive chemotherapy. Overall, metastases
      developed in 35 patients; in 19 who were receiving chemotherapy and in 16 after
      chemotherapy. The outcome for these two protocols, compared with two control
      groups that were given no chemotherapy or ineffective chemotherapy (biweekly
      vincristine and cyclophosphamide), confirms the results of controlled studies
      that showed an advantage of adjuvant chemotherapy after amputation for
      osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2297635
TI  - Early blindness and coma during intrathecal chemotherapy for meningeal
      carcinomatosis.
AB  - A 35-year-old woman was treated with intraventricular methotrexate (MTX) with a
      total dose of 70 mg followed by cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) with a total dose of
      80 mg for meningeal metastasis of breast carcinoma. Radiation therapy was not
      given. Despite a response of the meningeal tumor the patient developed in the
      third week of MTX treatment a progressive visual loss and loss of consciousness
      which worsened during subsequent Ara-C treatment and led to death within 3 weeks.
      Postmortem examination revealed only minimal neoplastic infiltration of the
      meninges. Multiple foci of axonal degeneration and demyelination were found in
      the optic nerves and chiasm, the superficial layers of the brainstem, and spinal
      cord and to some extent in other cranial nerves and spinal nerve roots. The
      possible causes of this previously unreported early complication are discussed.

PMID- 2297636
TI  - Evaluation of primary lung cancer with indium 111 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen
      (type ZCE-025) monoclonal antibody scintigraphy.
AB  - A study was undertaken to test whether indium 111 (111In)-labeled anti
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (type ZCE 025) monoclonal intact antibody (MoAb)
      would concentrate in primary lung cancer enabling its detection and localization
      by scintigraphy. The scintigraphic results were correlated with chest radiograph,
      computed tomograph (CT), bronchoscopy, surgical resection, and tumor CEA
      analysis. Twenty adult male patients with clinical suspicion of primary lung
      cancer were studied. Each subject was infused with 4 to 5 mCi of 111In anti-CEA
      ZCE 025 MoAb, and planar and tomographic scintiphotos were obtained on days 3 and
      6 or 7 postinfusion. The scintigraphy was true-positive in 12 of 16 patients with
      primary lung cancer, eight of nine patients with squamous cell carcinoma, and
      four of seven with adenocarcinoma; it was true-negative in three of four patients
      with benign lung disease with an overall accuracy of 75%. In seven patients with
      confirmed primary lung cancer, but with negative bronchoscopic findings, the
      scintigraphy was true-positive in four. In 11 patients with definitely positive
      or suspicious malignancy by bronchoscopy the monoclonal scintigraphy was positive
      in eight. In true-positive cases, the location and size of the lesion by 111In
      anti-CEA ZCE 025 MoAb imaging correlated well with CT findings and also tumor
      mass at surgery. Only one of 12 tumors stained positive for CEA had serum CEA
      levels greater than 10 ng/ml, indicating nonleakage of the tumor antigen into
      general circulation in early lung cancer. It is concluded that 111In anti-CEA ZCE
      025 MoAb planar and tomographic imaging shows potential to serve as a noninvasive
      diagnostic test in the evaluation of primary lung cancer. The lung lesion is
      likely to be malignant if it concentrates 111In anti-CEA ZCE 025 MoAb and benign
      if it does not. Further studies in large number of patients with suspected
      primary lung cancer are needed to define the ultimate role for MoAb scintigraphy.

PMID- 2297637
TI  - Dexamethasone used as an antiemetic in chemotherapy protocols inhibits natural
      cytotoxic (NC) cell activity.
AB  - Because dexamethasone is often included as an antiemetic in chemotherapy
      protocols that involve cisplatin and because cisplatin has been shown to increase
      the in vitro lysis of tumor cells by natural cytotoxic (NC) effector cells, we
      determined the NC activity of 27 patients who received dexamethasone in
      conjunction with seven different cisplatin-based chemotherapy protocols. The
      results of this analysis showed that the NC activity of patients who received
      cisplatin-based chemotherapy protocols that included dexamethasone was reduced
      significantly 24 hours after treatment compared with before treatment (P less
      than 0.001). The addition of dexamethasone (at a concentration equivalent to the
      plasma level of patients treated with dexamethasone) to the in vitro assay of NC
      activity caused a significant decrease in NC activity compared with when
      dexamethasone was not added (P less than 0.001). There was no cumulative effect
      of dexamethasone in that the reduction of NC activity by dexamethasone was not
      significantly different in patients who had been treated previously at least four
      times and in patients who were treated for the first time. When dexamethasone was
      not included in the chemotherapy protocol the NC activity of 19 patients was not
      reduced 24 hours after treatment. These results indicate that dexamethasone
      causes a significant reduction in NC activity. Although the tumor surveillance
      role of human NC cells in vivo has not been established, the effect of
      dexamethasone on NC cells suggests that additional research of the effect of
      dexamethasone in cisplatin-based chemotherapy protocols is warranted.

PMID- 2297638
TI  - Cutaneous and mucosal neoplasms in bone marrow transplant recipients.
AB  - Fifty-six long-term survivors of bone marrow allografts were followed for a
      minimum of 40 months after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to determine the
      frequency of secondary malignancies. The 56 patients included ten with severe
      aplastic anemia (SAA), 16 with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), 11 with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and 19 with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). All
      patients received a preparative regimen combining high-dose chemotherapy with
      total body irradiation (TBI). Three patients developed a malignancy of the skin
      or oral mucosa. Two were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma and one as a
      malignant melanoma. All three patients had chronic graft versus host disease
      (GvHD) and were treated for prolonged periods with immunosuppressive medications.
      The lesions of all patients developed in areas involved by chronic GvHD.

PMID- 2297639
TI  - The effect of distant malignancy upon quantitative cytologic assessment of normal
      oral mucosa.
AB  - In 1962 Nieburgs et al. reported specific changes within cells taken from normal
      buccal mucosa, in those with malignant disease distant from the oral cavity. Few
      have attempted to confirm these findings. Given the potential application of the
      observations of Nieburgs et al., a quantitative investigation seemed necessary.
      Two groups were studied: 40 patients with malignant disease outside the oral
      cavity and 40 healthy patients attending for routine dental treatment. Both
      groups were matched for age and sex, with anemia excluded. Quantitative cytologic
      assessment of nuclear (NA) and cytoplasmic area (CA) and DNA distribution (using
      DNA cytophotometric study) were calculated from cells in normal buccal mucosal
      smears. No significant difference in NA (P = 0.28) was found between the two
      groups. However, a significant reduction in CA (P = 0.005) was found within the
      distant malignancy group. DNA distribution was invariably diploid. Previous
      studies on the effect of distant malignancy and nutritional deficiency have
      concentrated on examination of the nucleus, with exclusion of the cytoplasm.
      Important changes, such as the one reported, may therefore have gone unrecorded,
      particularly since oral smears have rarely been quantitatively assessed. The
      cause of this decrease in CA in distant malignancy patients is discussed with
      regard to the patients' nutritional state. The buccal smear may yet prove of
      value in assessing nutritional deficiency consequent to internal malignancy.

PMID- 2297640
TI  - Estrogen and progesterone receptors in ovarian cancer.
AB  - To determine whether steroid hormone receptor expression is clinically relevant
      in ovarian cancer, cytoplasmic and nuclear estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR)
      receptor levels have been measured and their concentration calculated by
      Scatchard analysis. Of 89 samples from patients with non-pretreated epithelial
      ovarian cancer, 33% were ER-positive, PR-positive (ER+PR+) and 40% ER-negative,
      PR-negative (ER-PR-); 20% were ER+PR-, and 7% ER-PR+. There was no correlation
      between receptor status and patient age, menopausal status, or tumor grade,
      although serous tumors were more likely to be ER+. The incidence of PR+ tumors
      was highest in early disease and decreased with increasing International
      Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage. Survival of patients with
      advanced disease (FIGO Stages IIC, III, or IV) was significantly prolonged by
      optimal initial cytoreductive surgery (P = 0.002), platinum therapy (P = 0.003),
      and tumor expression of PR (P = 0.009). On multivariate analysis, PR positivity
      was still associated with improved survival, although this did not retain
      statistical significance (P = 0.09).

PMID- 2297641
TI  - Normal bronchial mucus contains high levels of cancer-associated antigens, CA125,
      CA19-9, and carcinoembryonic antigen.
AB  - The presence of cancer-associated antigens CA125, CA19-9, and carcinoembryonic
      antigen (CEA) in apparently normal respiratory system was demonstrated
      histochemically and immunochemically. Epithelial cells lining central airways
      (trachea, bronchi, and bronchioli) and respiratory glands were specifically
      stained by antibodies recognizing CA125, CA19-9, and CEA. Most, if not all,
      bronchial mucus obtained from patients without pulmonary diseases during general
      anesthesia contained remarkably high levels of CA125, CA19-9, and CEA ranging
      from 190 to 41,000 U/ml (594-4803 U/mg protein), 210 to 95,000 U/ml (294-197,917
      U/mg protein), and 6 to 940 ng/ml (14-209 ng/mg protein), respectively, whereas
      serum antigen levels were normal in all cases examined. These results suggest
      that CA125, CA19-9, and CEA are synthesized and secreted by normal epithelial
      cells of central airways and/or respiratory glands and that these substances are
      not specific indicators of abnormal cellular activity.

PMID- 2297643
TI  - A comparison of the results of long-term follow-up for atypical intraductal
      hyperplasia and intraductal hyperplasia of the breast.
AB  - Follow-up information was obtained on 199 women with breast biopsy specimens
      containing intraductal epithelial proliferation. The proliferations were divided
      into regular or ordinary intraductal hyperplasia (IDH) (117 cases) and atypical
      intraductal hyperplasia (AIDH) (82 cases). The average length of follow-up was 14
      years for the patients with IDH and 12.4 years for the patients with AIDH. Of the
      117 patients with ordinary IDH, carcinoma subsequently developed in six (5%);
      three of these were invasive carcinomas (2.6%). All three invasive carcinomas
      were in the ipsilateral breast, but of the three intraductal carcinomas (IDCa),
      two were in the contralateral breast. Of the 82 patients with AIDH, invasive
      carcinoma subsequently developed in eight (9.8%); six of these were located in
      the ipsilateral breast and two in the contralateral breast. One of these six
      patients died of disseminated carcinoma. The average interval to the subsequent
      carcinoma (intraductal and invasive carcinoma) was about the same in the two
      groups (8.3 years for AIDH and 8.8 years for IDH lacking atypia). When
      considering only subsequent invasive carcinomas, the interval was 8.3 years for
      the AIDH and 14.3 years for the IDH lacking atypia. Of the 14 patients with IDH
      and a family history of breast carcinoma, invasive carcinoma subsequently
      developed in one (7%) as compared with two (2%) of the 91 with a negative family
      history. Among patients with AIDH, invasive carcinoma subsequently developed in
      two of the 13 (15%) of those with a family history of breast carcinoma as
      compared with one of 57 (1.8%) of the women with a negative family history. The
      presence of atypia in epithelial hyperplasia is a significant factor in
      increasing the likelihood of the development of subsequent invasive carcinoma (P
      = 0.03; two-tailed test). Of women with AIDH, invasive carcinoma subsequently
      developed in 17% of those with sclerosing adenosis (SA) as compared with 4.2% of
      those without it. Therefore, SA may be a contributing factor to increased risk. A
      positive family history also appears to increase the likelihood of the subsequent
      development of invasive carcinoma, particularly in patients with AIDH.

PMID- 2297642
TI  - Nuclear DNA content and survival in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Swedish
      Medullary Thyroid Cancer Study Group.
AB  - In a nationwide study of medullary thyroid carcinoma, the relation between
      nuclear DNA content and survival was studied in 211 patients with complete follow
      up of up to 27 years. Morphologically identified tumor cells were analyzed by an
      image cytometric method. The DNA histograms were classified (1) by an objective
      method in which the degree of aneuploidy was defined as the percentage number of
      tumor cells with DNA values exceeding the 90th percentile of diploid control
      cells (P90), and (2) according to a subjective evaluation of whether the DNA
      profiles represented a euploid or an aneuploid DNA pattern. Both classifications
      separated groups with marked differences (P less than 0.001) in survival. A
      multivariate proportional hazards analysis indicated that each method provided
      additional information when the other one was taken into account. In patients
      whose tumors were classified according to the objective P90 method 1, the
      relative hazards (with 95% confidence interval) in the groups with P90 values of
      36% to 69% and greater than or equal to 70% were 1.6 (0.9-2.8) and 2.1 (1.1-4.0)
      respectively, compared with the reference group. With the subjective method 2 the
      corresponding figure for the group with aneuploid tumors was 1.7 (1.0-2.0)
      compared with the group with euploid tumors.

PMID- 2297644
TI  - Stage D1 prostate carcinoma. The histologic appearance of nodal metastases and
      its relationship to survival.
AB  - Eighty-two of 307 consecutive staging lymphadenectomies had nodal metastases
      (Stage D1 prostate carcinoma). Seventy-seven of the 82 cases had at least a 5
      year follow-up and 50 had at least a 10-year follow-up. Three of these 77 cases
      had Grade 1 (well-differentiated) metastases, 59 (77%) had Grade 2-3 (moderately
      differentiated) metastases, and 15 (19%) had Grade 4 (poorly differentiated)
      metastases (M. D. Anderson Hospital [MDAH] grading system). The patients with
      moderately differentiated metastases had 5-year and 10-year survival rates of 79%
      and 34%, respectively, whereas the patients with poorly differentiated metastases
      had 5-year and 10-year survival rates of 13% and 0%, respectively (P less than
      0.0001). This study demonstrates a statistically significant difference between
      the prognosis of Stage D1 patients with moderately differentiated metastases and
      Stage D1 patients with poorly differentiated metastases. Consequently, the
      evaluation of the histologic appearance of Stage D1 metastases may be of clinical
      importance.

PMID- 2297645
TI  - Comparative morphometric analysis of aggressive and ordinary basal cell carcinoma
      of the skin.
AB  - A morphometric analysis was performed on histologic sections of 11 cases of
      aggressive basal cell carcinoma that recurred and/or metastasized after the first
      diagnosis (BCC2) and on 11 ordinary basal cell carcinomas (BCC1). The considered
      parameters were as follows: nuclear area, perimeter, maximum diameter, feret x,
      feret y, form perimeter, and form area. The results show numeric differences
      between the two groups for the first five parameters. A statistical analysis was
      performed between BCC1 and BCC2 for all the considered parameters using a two
      sided t test for independent samples. The test showed significant differences
      between the first five parameters except for the two form factors. A multivariate
      analysis was performed using area and perimeter values of the compared groups
      that amplified the discrimination threshold between the two groups. The authors
      conclude that a morphometric assessment may bring significant contribution in the
      knowledge and in the outcome prediction of basal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2297646
TI  - Diffuse leiomyosarcomatosis of the colon.
AB  - Smooth muscle cell tumors of the large bowel excluding the rectum are extremely
      rare. The case of a 30-year-old patient, who had ulcerative colitis for 5 years,
      is reported. Because of uncontrollable bleeding a proctocolectomy was performed.
      Along the whole colon the authors found more than 50 polypous tumors with a
      diameter up to 5 cm. Histologically all of these tumors were classified as
      leiomyosarcomas. The authors believe this to be the first reported case of
      multicentric leiomyosarcoma of the colon and of such a tumor associated with a
      history of ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2297647
TI  - Serous ovarian tumors of low malignant potential with peritoneal implants.
AB  - Between 1956 and 1985, 82 patients with metastatic low-grade serous ovarian
      carcinoma, subsequently reclassified by pathologic review as serous ovarian
      tumors of low malignant potential with peritoneal implants, were seen at the
      authors' institution. Median age was 34 years (range, 17-64 years). Original
      stage distribution was as follows: 32 Stage II, 46 Stage III, and four Stage IV.
      Peritoneal implants in 72 patients were classified as benign (22 patients),
      noninvasive (37), or invasive (13). For ten patients, implants were clinically
      documented but histologic material was unavailable. The most common sites of
      peritoneal implants included the pelvic peritoneum (42), omentum (33), uterus
      (33), and fallopian tube (26). All patients underwent primary surgery.
      Postoperative therapy consisted of radiotherapy in 18 patients, single-agent
      chemotherapy in 37 patients, combination chemotherapy in 25 patients, and no
      therapy in two patients. Second-look laparotomy documented response to
      chemotherapy in 42% of patients with no gross residual disease and in 80% of
      patients with macroscopic residual disease (40% complete response, 40% partial
      response). Disease-free survival rates were 95% at 5 years and 91% at 10 years.
      The International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) stage,
      extent of residual disease, type of postoperative treatment, and type of
      peritoneal implants had no effect on survival. Based on a comparison of the
      present study's findings with those in the literature, the authors propose
      possible explanations for differences in survival by type of peritoneal implants
      and outline recommendations for clinical management until further studies
      elucidate the role of postoperative therapy.

PMID- 2297648
TI  - Cranial nerve lesions due to base of the skull metastases in prostate carcinoma.
AB  - We studied 11 patients with prostate cancer metastatic to the base of skull that
      caused cranial nerve deficits. Patients with occipital condyle, jugular foramen,
      middle fossa, parasellar, and orbital syndromes are described. Other patients had
      combinations of these syndromes or other cranial nerve involvements. Two patients
      had 6th nerve palsies secondary to prepontine cistern and clivus lesions. The
      median survival time from the diagnosis of cranial nerve involvement was 4
      months. Two patients had cranial nerve involvement and, on subsequent
      investigation, were found to have carcinoma of the prostate. Interestingly, these
      patients are still alive at 42 and 84 months after diagnosis.

PMID- 2297649
TI  - Adult T-cell lymphoma in Israeli patients of Iranian origin.
AB  - The clinical and laboratory features of four Israeli patients with adult T-cell
      lymphoma-leukemia (ATL) are presented. In three of them evidence for human T-cell
      lymphotropic leukemia virus (HTLV-I) infection was obtained. Interestingly, all
      of the patients immigrated to Israel from the same regions in Iran. Except for
      lack of skin involvement, the clinical course was typical for ATL as described
      worldwide. This is the first report of ATL in an Iranian cohort. This observation
      suggests that Iranian patients with ATL-like illness should be studied for the
      presence of HTLV-I infection.

PMID- 2297650
TI  - Sarcomas (other than Ewing's) of flat bones in children and adolescents. A
      clinicopathologic study.
AB  - The clinicopathologic features and response to therapy of 28 patients with non
      Ewing's flat bone sarcoma treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
      Memphis, Tennessee, over a 25-year period were reviewed. Twenty-two patients had
      osteosarcoma, four malignant fibrous histiocytoma, one chondrosarcoma, and one
      fibrosarcoma. Ages at diagnosis ranged from 3 to 24 years (median, 15 years).
      Primary sites were craniofacial bones in ten patients, pelvis eight, scapula
      four, ribs two, metatarsal bones two, clavicle one, and vertebra one. All primary
      tumors were associated with soft tissue extension; none of the patients had
      metastatic disease at presentation. Six cases represented second malignancies
      that arose 5 to 16 years after irradiation for an unrelated tumor. Complete
      excision was possible in ten patients, eight of whom received postoperative
      chemotherapy. Five of these patients remain free of disease 1.8+ to 13+ years
      (median, 8.1 years) from diagnosis. Prolonged remissions after adjuvant
      chemotherapy were achieved in only two of 18 patients after incomplete surgical
      resection or biopsy. The median survival time in this group was 1 year (range,
      0.2-7.7+ years). The remaining 16 patients had progressive local disease, but
      only two developed concurrent metastases. Thus, complete surgical resection
      appears to maximize disease-free survival in patients with non-Ewing's flat bone
      sarcoma. For the large percentage of patients in whom total resection is not
      possible, because of soft tissue extension and local invasion of bulky tumors,
      preoperative chemotherapy may increase the likelihood of complete excision and
      improve long-term survival.

PMID- 2297651
TI  - Primary stomal lymphoma. An unusual complication of ileostomy in a patient with
      transfusion-related acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
AB  - A 73-year-old heterosexual man developed a high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at
      the site of an ileostomy only 2 years after proctectomy for undetermined colitis
      not cured by previous colectomy. In fact, the early occurrence of this usually
      very late and rare complication of ileostomy was probably favored by the
      simultaneous presence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) due to
      repeated blood transfusions for refractory anemia with excess blasts. The
      intestinal location of the tumor, its high-grade malignancy and B-cell origin are
      all features of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This case report seems to be
      one of the rarely identified examples of the cooperation between general
      predisposing factors and local irritating agents at the origin of a malignant
      tumor.

PMID- 2297652
TI  - Advanced gastric carcinoma simulating early gastric carcinoma.
AB  - Eighty-six cases of advanced gastric carcinoma simulating early gastric carcinoma
      were studied clinicopathologically. Cytophotometric DNA analysis was also
      performed in 33 cases. Most of these particular carcinomas were of the depressed
      type on gross inspection. Histologically, the tumors were of diffuse type in 60%.
      The rate of the carcinomas restricted to within the muscularis propria was 48%
      and high in comparison with those in conventional advanced gastric carcinomas.
      There were four main growth patterns: small invasion type (Type A, 43 cases),
      ulcer-connected type (Type B, 19 cases), vessel permeation type (Type C, six
      cases), and diffusely infiltrative type (Type D, 13 cases). There was a
      relationship between growth patterns, lymph node metastasis, and prognosis: Types
      A and B had a small percentage of lymph node metastasis and a good prognosis,
      whereas Types C and D a high percentage and a poor prognosis. DNA analysis
      revealed that two thirds of the examined cases showed a low ploidy pattern. The
      DNA ploidy patterns were concerned with the tumor growth pattern: high-ploidy
      cases were rarely seen in Types A and B yet were frequent in Types C and D. The 5
      year survival rate was 73%, but results were poor in cases of tumors with blood
      vessel permeation, in those with lymph node metastasis, in those with the Type D
      or C growth patterns, and in those with high DNA ploidy pattern. Since these
      carcinomas can be understaged endoscopically and by gross examination, a precise
      study of the surgically excised tissues will aid in making an accurate prognosis.

PMID- 2297653
TI  - Pregnancy and offspring after adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.
AB  - A retrospective review of 227 consecutive breast cancer patients who were 35
      years of age or younger and who had been given doxorubicin-containing adjuvant
      chemotherapy was conducted to determine the frequency of pregnancy and its effect
      on the clinical course of the disease. Also, the status of the newborn was
      evaluated. There were 33 pregnancies in 25 patients (10 pregnancies were
      terminated, 2 patients had spontaneous abortions, and 19 patients gave birth to
      full-term offspring without fetal malformation). Two patients were still pregnant
      at the time of this report. The median interval between the completion of
      chemotherapy and pregnancy was 12 months. Eight patients who became pregnant
      experienced temporary amenorrhea during chemotherapy. Of the 25 patients who
      became pregnant, recurrent disease subsequently developed in 7 and 3 died. A
      patient's disease-free and overall survival status was not adversely effected by
      pregnancy. These data illustrate that in a sizeable fraction of patients 35 years
      of age or younger treated with adjuvant doxorubicin-containing therapy, ovarian
      function remained intact and subsequent pregnancy did not affect the disease-free
      or overall survival of the patients.

PMID- 2297654
TI  - Response of osteogenic sarcoma to the combination of etoposide and
      cyclophosphamide as neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
AB  - A Phase II study of the combination of etoposide (VP-16) and cyclophosphamide
      (CPM) was conducted in an attempt to identify active and potentially less toxic
      agents for treating patients with osteogenic sarcoma (OS). VP-16 was given as a
      72-hour infusion for a total dose of 600 mg/m2. CPM was given as six pulses of
      300 mg/m2 every 12 hours for a total dose of 1800 mg/m2. Seventeen newly
      diagnosed patients, including five (29%) with metastatic disease, were evaluated
      before and after two courses of VP-16 and CPM for clinical, radiologic, and
      biochemical (serum alkaline phosphatase [SAP]) responses of the primary tumor and
      metastases. Fifteen (88%) patients achieved complete or partial clinical
      responses. Fourteen (82%) patients achieved radiologic responses. Thirteen (87%)
      of 15 patients with higher than normal SAP levels for their age showed partial or
      complete responses. Three (60%) of the five patients with metastatic disease
      achieved complete or partial responses. The only major toxicity was
      myelosuppression, which led to 21 (62%) brief admissions after 34 courses of
      chemotherapy for intravenous antibiotic therapy for fever and neutropenia,
      without associated mortality. It was concluded that the combination of VP-16 and
      CPM is effective chemotherapy for both primary and metastatic OS. Although
      myelosuppression is inevitable, it is rapidly reversible in the drug dosages
      used. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of these drugs in
      combination with established agents in improving the disease-free survival of
      patients with OS.

PMID- 2297655
TI  - High-dose cisplatin for metastatic soft tissue sarcoma.
AB  - Between August 1984 and January 1987, the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG)
      registered 46 patients with metastatic sarcomas on SWOG 8465, a Phase II trial of
      high-dose cisplatin in patients with metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Six patients
      were ineligible for the following reasons: poor performance status (two
      patients); ineligible diagnosis (three patients, two with Ewing's sarcoma of bone
      and one with metastatic chondrosarcoma); and evaluable but nonmeasurable disease
      (one patient with bone-only disease). Of the 40 fully evaluable patients, 34 had
      received prior chemotherapy; treatment was with cisplatin (40 mg/m2/d for 5
      consecutive days). Cisplatin was mixed in 250 ml of 3% NaCl and hydrated with a
      normal saline solution at a rate of 250 ml/h, beginning 12 hours before the first
      dose of cisplatin was specified. The second treatment was given 3 weeks after the
      first, with all subsequent treatments given every 4 weeks. After three cycles of
      treatment, responding patients were treated at a cisplatin dose of 20 mg/m2/d for
      5 consecutive days. Leukopenia was of Grade 3 or 4 in seven patients, whereas
      thrombopenia was of Grade 3 or 4 in eight patients. More severe myelosuppression
      was produced in patients who had received prior radiotherapy. A single case of
      reversible Grade 4 nephrotoxicity was produced; neurotoxicity was observed in 11
      cases, but was of Grade 3 in only 2 cases. Of the 40 evaluable cases, six showed
      partial responses or no responses, for a major response rate of 15%. High-dose
      cisplatin has minor activity and major toxicity in the treatment of metastatic
      soft tissue sarcomas, and should be considered investigational.

PMID- 2297657
TI  - Hepatosplenic candidiasis in children with acute leukemia.
AB  - Three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed disseminated fungal
      disease predominantly involving the liver and spleen. The three patients were
      undergoing induction chemotherapy and had neutropenia when they presented
      prolonged fever not responsive to antibiotics. Once neutropenia was recovered,
      hepatosplenomegaly leukocytosis, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, and
      hypoechoic areas in the spleen and liver ultrasound were observed. All fungal
      blood cultures were negative, with the diagnosis being confirmed by histologic
      study. One of the patients died without achieving control of the candidiasis. The
      other two patients received prolonged antifungal treatment concurrently with
      chemotherapy and both are alive, one of them cured and in complete remission. The
      increasing frequency of this infection in recent years and the importance of a
      prompt and prolonged administration of antifungal therapy to obtain the cure are
      discussed.

PMID- 2297656
TI  - Reduced cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin by a 6-hour infusion regimen. A prospective
      randomized evaluation.
AB  - In order to evaluate the possible cardiosparing effect of a prolonged infusion of
      doxorubicin as compared with the standard mode of administration 62 consecutive
      patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast or carcinoma of the ovary Stage
      III or IV were prospectively randomized to receive doxorubicin either as a rapid
      infusion over 15 to 20 minutes at 8 AM or as a continuous infusion over 6 hours,
      8 AM to 2 PM. The remaining protocol was identical for the two groups. The
      cardiotoxic effect of doxorubicin was evaluated by history and physical
      examination and by the decline in resting ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as
      determined by gated pool radionuclide angiography with technetium 99m (99mTc) and
      by the decline in the height of the QRS complexes in the standard leads of the
      echocardiogram (ECG). Initially there were 31 patients in each group. The
      cumulative dose of doxorubicin, was 410 mg/m2 +/- 42 SD in the standard infusion
      group and 428 mg/m2 +/- 48 SD in the 6-hour infusion group. The mean decline in
      LVEF after a cumulative doxorubicin dose of 300 mg/m2 was 17% in the first group
      and only 4.1% in the second. After 400 mg/m2 the mean fall in LVEF was 21% in the
      first group and 6% in the second. The mean decline in QRS voltage after 300 mg/m2
      was 29% and 1.5%, respectively. Four patients, all in the standard infusion
      group, developed congestive heart failure. These data suggest that slow infusion
      of doxorubicin is associated with reduced cardiotoxicity.

PMID- 2297658
TI  - Acute hepatic injury after the withdrawal of immunosuppressive chemotherapy in
      patients with hepatitis B.
AB  - Five patients with lymphoproliferative malignancies and chronic hepatitis B
      suffered severe acute hepatic injury after the withdrawal of multiagent
      chemotherapy that included high-dose corticosteroid. Four patients died of
      hepatic failure, three of whom received corticosteroid as treatment for the
      hepatic injury. We believe that the cause of this entity is massive immune
      associated cytolysis of hepatitis B virus infected hepatocytes occurring after a
      period of immunosuppression and increased viral replication. The literature
      regarding this complication of chemotherapy and its pathophysiology is reviewed.

PMID- 2297659
TI  - Thrombogenicity of intravenous 5-fluorouracil alone or in combination with
      cisplatin.
AB  - Acute myocardial infarction was observed in two patients receiving standard
      intravenous doses of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy. Therefore, the
      authors prospectively assessed the thrombogenicity of this agent by studying ten
      patients, six with head and neck cancer and four with gastrointestinal
      malignancies, receiving 5-FU (1 g/m2/day) as a constant intravenous infusion over
      a 4-day or 5-day period. The six patients with head and neck cancer also received
      a single dose of 100 mg/m2 of cisplatin on day 1. Blood samples were obtained
      preinfusion, 24 hours into the infusion, and postinfusion. Samples were assayed
      for fibrinopeptide A (FpA) by enzyme-linked immunoassay, for protein C activity
      (PCa) using a chromogenic substrate (Spectrozyme PCa), and protein C (PCag) and
      free protein S antigen (PSag) by electroimmunoassay. No patient experienced a
      thrombotic event. A significant increase was observed in FpA levels during the
      infusion which returned toward baseline at the conclusion of the infusion. After
      infusion of 5-FU, the PCa value was significantly lower than the PCag (37 +/- 17
      versus 69 +/- 24%; P less than 0.002). No effect on protein S was observed. The
      changes in the patients receiving 5-FU alone were comparable to those who also
      received CDDP. The authors conclude that during the infusion of 5-FU, the rise in
      FpA activation and reduction in PCa as compared to PCag are compatible with
      activation of coagulation.

PMID- 2297660
TI  - Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in differentiating
      pancreatic cancer coexisting with chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - The pancreatographic appearance and the clinical presentation of ten patients
      presenting with adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas coexisting with
      chronic pancreatitis were compared with those of 45 patients with chronic
      pancreatitis (CP), without malignancy, investigated at the same time period. All
      ten patients, had typical pancreatographic findings of CP, combined with an
      elongated narrowing of the duct of Wirsung. Marked localized irregularity of the
      adjacent main duct and of side branches were found in all ten patients. Such
      findings were not detected in the other 45 patients with CP only. Ultrasonography
      or computed tomography have detected a definite pancreatic mass in only five of
      these patients, and in six patients with CP without malignancy. It is concluded
      that endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is highly accurate in
      detecting pancreatic cancer coexisting with CP. It is primarily helpful in
      elderly patients having severe degrees of CP to rule out cancer.

PMID- 2297661
TI  - Serum thyroid hormone changes in head and neck cancer patients treated with
      microwave hyperthermia on lymph node metastasis.
AB  - Eleven patients with head and neck cancer (ten men, one woman; mean age, 65
      years) (larynx, six; oropharynx, two; tongue, one; skin, one; thyroid, one) with
      regional lymph node enlargements either in contiguity or firmly adherent to the
      vascular structures of the neck have been treated by means of external microwaves
      (915, 434 MHz) applicators. All patients were treated by hyperthermia (42-45
      degrees C) alone (ten sessions, twice a week, each lasting 30 minutes). Thyroid
      hormones (T4, T3, FT4, FT3, rT3, thyroid stimulating hormone less than obTSH])
      were evaluated during sessions 1, 2, 3, and 8, just before the session (time [t]
      = 0) and at 10-minute intervals during the heating (t = 10, t = 20, t = 30).
      Blood was also taken 10 (t = 40) and 30 minutes (t = 60) after the end of each
      session. T4 showed a decreasing trend; T3 decreased significantly from t = 10 and
      reached the lowest values at t = 40 and t = 60; FT4 decreased at t = 40 and t =
      60 at all sessions; FT3 and rT3 showed no change; TSH decreased at t = 10 until t
      = 40.

PMID- 2297662
TI  - Effects of natural beta-interferon and recombinant alpha-2B-interferon on
      proliferation, glucocorticoid receptor content, and antigen expression in
      cultured HL-60 cells.
AB  - In the current study, we investigated the effects of natural beta-interferon
      (beta-IFN) and recombinant alpha-2b-interferon (alpha-IFN) on the growth of the
      HL-60 cell line. Cells cultured in a medium that contains various concentrations
      (from 10 to 1000 IU/ml) of interferons showed a growth inhibition, which reaches
      the maximum after a 6-day treatment, at the highest dose used. Furthermore, we
      studied the effect of both beta-IFN and alpha-IFN on the level of glucocorticoid
      receptors. This was enhanced more than 30% with respect to control in HL-60 cells
      exposed for 24 hours to concentrations of beta-IFN that ranged from 100 to 1000
      IU/ml. The increase of the receptor amount was seen even if cells were treated
      for 5 days, and was not accompanied by a modification of antigen expression of HL
      60 cells. alpha-IFN did not modify the glucocorticoid receptor level
      substantially in our experimental conditions. Our data indicate that both beta
      IFN and alpha-IFN regulate HL-60 cell proliferation. Additional studies are
      required to clarify if modifications of the receptor level induced by beta-IFN
      could be related to the modulation of hormone-sensitivity in this model.

PMID- 2297663
TI  - Cytogenetic findings in adult acute leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders
      with an involvement of megakaryocyte lineage.
AB  - Cytogenetic analyses were performed on 12 adult patients with abnormal
      megakaryoblastic proliferation which was detected by ultrastructural cytochemical
      study (platelet peroxidase) and platelet-megakaryocytes-specific monoclonal
      antibodies (TP-80, Plt1, AN51, and KOR-77). The patients consisted of two
      patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), three with acute megakaryoblastic
      leukemia (AMKL), six with megakaryoblastic transformation in Philadelphia
      positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML-meg-BC), and one case of chronic
      myeloproliferative disorder (CMPD). Among them, an inversion of the long arm of
      chromosome 3 [inv(3)(q21q26)] was found in one AMKL patient with a normal
      platelet count. Chromosome change at band 3q26 was also found in one MDS patient
      without thrombocythemia. Furthermore, the long arm of chromosome 13, where
      rearrangements in myelofibrosis are clustered (13q12----q22) was seen in one MDS
      patient. Trisomoy of chromosome 19 was found in one AMKL patient and three CML
      meg-BC patients. These findings indicate that cytogenetic abnormalities involving
      3q26, 13q, and trisomy 19 are associated with hematologic neoplasia with
      megakaryocytic lineage in adult patients, although these abnormalities were not
      related to the survival of the patients. During the period of this study, two
      acute myelogenous leukemia patients (AML-M2 and AML-M5b) with chromosome
      rearrangements at band 3q21 and thrombocythemia were found, indicating that
      chromosome abnormality at band 3q21 is related to quantitative platelet
      dysfunction, whereas that at 3q26 is related to hematologic malignancies with a
      proliferation of megakaryocytic lineage.

PMID- 2297664
TI  - Polyamines in colorectal cancer. Evaluation of polyamine concentrations in the
      colon tissue, serum, and urine of 50 patients with colorectal cancer.
AB  - Total, free, and acetylated polyamine concentrations were measured simultaneously
      in colon tissue, serum, and urine of 50 patients with histologically proven
      colorectal cancer, 40 patients with nonmalignant gastrointestinal diseases, and
      30 healthy volunteers. Compared with histologically unaffected colon tissue,
      concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher for putrescine,
      elevated for cadaverine, and nearly identical for spermidine and spermine in
      colon carcinoma, whereas N1-acetylated and N8-acetylated spermidine were
      detectable in cancer tissue only. Serum and urine concentrations of all
      polyamines except total cadaverine and spermine in serum and free spermine in
      urine were significantly elevated compared with healthy controls and highest
      sensitivity for colon cancer was found for total spermidine (89.15%) in serum and
      acetylputrescine (84.5%), total putrescine (84.0%), N1-acetylspermidine (79.3%),
      and total spermidine (92.1%) in urine. However, nonmalignant gastrointestinal
      diseases partly showed similar elevations which resulted in a low specificity for
      polyamines in colorectal cancer. Therefore, polyamines are of little value only
      as diagnostic markers in colorectal carcinoma. Since polyamine concentrations in
      serum and urine normalized in patients after curative operation while they were
      further elevated in patients with proven tumor relapse or metastases, these
      substances might play a clinical role in predicting therapeutic success or
      indicating relapse of the tumor. Although a significant dependency of polyamine
      concentrations in serum or urine to Dukes' classification, tumor localization,
      CEA, CA 19-9, or CA 125 did not exist, a significant linear correlation was found
      for tumor size.

PMID- 2297666
TI  - Peripheral/post-thymic T-cell lymphomas: a spectrum of disease. Clinical,
      pathologic, and immunologic features of 78 cases.
AB  - The clinical, pathologic, and immunologic features of 78 cases of peripheral/post
      thymic T-cell lymphomas are described. These neoplasms were extremely
      heterogeneous and were classified as small lymphocytic, mixed small and large
      cell, large cell, lymphoepithelioid cell, angiocentric, and adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma type. Some cases revealed angioimmunoblastic or Hodgkin's-like
      features. These neoplasms mainly affected older adults (mean age, 57 years;
      median age, 60 years). Lymphadenopathy represented the most frequent clinical
      presentation, although most patients demonstrated both nodal (87%) and extranodal
      involvement (77%) during the course of disease. Sites of extranodal disease
      included skin/soft tissue, spleen, lung, liver, bone, gastrointestinal tract,
      central nervous system, peripheral blood, nasopharynx, and retrovaginal tissue.
      Splenomegaly at presentation was most frequently observed in lymphoepithelioid
      cell lymphomas. Angiocentric lymphomas involved lung. A mediastinal presentation
      was typically observed in young adults and associated with a poor prognosis.
      Patients with gastrointestinal lymphomas presented with bleeding and/or
      malabsorption. B symptoms were present in most cases (65%). Hypercalcemia
      occurred in four patients. Phenotypic studies of T-cell antigens demonstrated the
      loss of one or more pan-T-cell markers in eight of 47 cases evaluated. Assessment
      of T-cell subsets revealed a helper/inducer phenotype for nearly all
      immunoreactive cases. For the overall series, 32 patients died of disease (median
      survival time, 11.5 mo). There was a statistical difference between the combined
      groups of small lymphocytic and lymphoepithelioid cell types as compared with
      mixed and large cell types, with a poorer survival for the latter group.
      Angiocentric and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma were associated with poor
      survival. This series of T-cell lymphomas further documents the marked
      heterogeneity of this group of neoplasms as well as the poor prognosis observed
      for certain histologic types.

PMID- 2297665
TI  - Detection of occult nodal metastases in patients with colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - Immunohistochemical study may be used for detecting micrometastases by their
      expression of tumor-associated antigens. In 48 specimens of colorectal cancer
      from 47 patients, 49 of 249 lymph nodes (median, five per patient; range, 2-11)
      examined by light microscopic study contained tumor deposits. Sections of all
      lymph nodes were also examined by immunohistochemical study for carcinoembryonic
      antigen (CEA) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) expression using the indirect
      immunoperoxidase staining method. All 49 lymph node metastases (100%) from 20
      patients stained positively for CEA and 45 (92%) expressed EMA. Of the 200 lymph
      nodes without metastases on light microscopic examination, anti-CEA revealed a
      single micrometastasis in a patient staged as Dukes' B. No additional metastases
      were detected with anti-EMA. In this series of patients immunohistochemical study
      has, therefore, influenced the histologic staging in only one patient (2%) and
      thus does not offer a significant benefit over conventional histologic staging.

PMID- 2297667
TI  - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy and malignant lymphoma. An
      unreported association.
AB  - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy is a benign disorder often
      characterized by spontaneous remission. Although immunologic abnormalities are
      common and high Epstein Barr virus titers have been reported, to date no case has
      been associated with malignant lymphoma. The authors report here the first case
      of this association.

PMID- 2297668
TI  - One parent's perspective.

PMID- 2297670
TI  - King at the bedside.

PMID- 2297669
TI  - Parents of long-stay children.

PMID- 2297671
TI  - COBRA.

PMID- 2297672
TI  - Crises in graduate nursing education.

PMID- 2297673
TI  - [Geriatric shouting: ethical reflections. 1].
AB  - Geriatric shouting challenges us to reexamine our values towards the cognitively
      impaired. The author examines current limitations in geriatric care and the
      important role the family plays in understanding bioethical issues. The debate
      surrounding the sanctity and quality of life is also presented.

PMID- 2297674
TI  - [Guidelines for solutions. 2].
AB  - In this, the second of two related articles, the author presents ethical
      guidelines that apply to the older adult, the family and health care members in a
      geriatric setting. He proposes six possible ethical solutions for dealing with
      geriatric shouting. Two ways to alter the perception that health professionals
      evade or ignore the problem are discussed.

PMID- 2297675
TI  - Acute myelogenous leukemia with an 8;21 translocation. A report on 148 cases from
      the Groupe Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique.
AB  - A retrospective study of 148 previously untreated patients with acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) presenting a t(8;21) was undertaken by the Groupe
      Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique (GFCH). The mean age was 30.8 years for
      33 children and 115 adults, 80% of patients were under 50 years, and 66% were
      males. The sex ratio was unbalanced only in adults (p less than 0.05).
      Morphologic diagnosis was M2 in 92% of patients. Normal and abnormal mitoses were
      found in 45% of cases. Complex variant translocations involving 8q22, 21q22, and
      another chromosome had a frequency of 3.4%. In 75% of the cases additional
      chromosomal abnormalities were observed. Sex chromosome loss was found (73% of
      additional abnormalities) in 41% of females and 61% of males. Trisomy 8 was the
      other recurrent numerical abnormality (7.5%). Chromosome 9 was frequently
      involved in additional abnormalities (11%), mainly in deletions overlapping the
      region 9q21-22. Deletions or translocations of chromosome 7(q) were observed in
      10% of the cases. The order of appearance did not follow a precise pattern. The
      remission rate was 90.7%. It was similar in males and females, children and
      adults. The median survival duration from diagnosis was 17.5 months, with a 24%
      probability of 5 year survival. Children had a median survival of 24 months from
      diagnosis, which is to be compared to 16 months for the adults (not statistically
      different). In no cytogenetic category was a white cell count level higher than
      10 x10(9)/L associated with a poorer prognosis. It was concluded that despite the
      high complete remission rate in t(8;21) ANLL, when a comparison is made between
      patients achieving a complete remission, the 17-month median survival is similar
      to that reported in recently published series of ANLL.

PMID- 2297676
TI  - Seven variants including four new Philadelphia translocations.
AB  - This paper reports on seven atypical Philadelphia chromosome translocations in
      chronic myelocytic leukemia. Three of them, a t(16;22), t(17;22), and t(9;14;22)
      have already been observed before, while the t(X;9;11;22), t(X;22), t(3;22) and
      t(3;4;9;22) are newly reported.

PMID- 2297677
TI  - Trisomy 19 in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome and thrombocytosis.
AB  - A patient with refractory anemia with excess blasts, ringed sideroblasts, and
      thrombocytosis was found on cytogenetic analysis to have trisomy 19 as the sole
      abnormality. Although trisomy 19 in combination with other chromosomal anomalies
      has been encountered in association with a variety of hematologic malignancies,
      many solid tumors, and the myelodysplastic syndrome, its occurrence as the only
      cytogenetic aberration is rare and has not been reported in association with
      thrombocythemia.

PMID- 2297678
TI  - Cytogenetic study of a patient with the Sezary syndrome.
AB  - A cytogenetic study was performed in a patient with Sezary syndrome, which is a T
      helper lymphoproliferative disorder. Metaphases were obtained from a
      phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte culture. Normal, hypodiploid (42 to 45
      chromosomes) and hypotetraploid (84 to 88 chromosomes) cells were observed. Both
      abnormal cell lines showed the same abnormalities involving chromosomes 1, 2, 4,
      6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, and 20.

PMID- 2297679
TI  - Sister chromatid exchanges in patients with oral submucous fibrosis.
AB  - The incidence of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was investigated in the
      lymphocyte chromosomes of 45 patients with oral submucous fibrosis and 56 age-
      and sex-matched nonsmoking controls. The frequency of SCE was 9.26 +/- 2.15 in
      patients with oral submucous fibrosis, which was significantly higher than the
      mean SCE value of 5.49 +/- 1.24 observed in normal controls. The frequency of SCE
      in patients with oral submucous fibrosis addicted to the habit of betel with
      tobacco chewing, "bidi"/cigarette smoking and combined habits of chewing and
      smoking of tobacco were 8.12 +/- 1.69, 9.43 +/- 1.87, and 10.06 +/- 2.28,
      respectively. These values were also significantly higher as compared with the
      SCE values observed in normal controls.

PMID- 2297680
TI  - Double minute chromosomes in the leukocytes of a young girl with breast
      carcinoma.
AB  - Cytogenetic analysis was performed in a young girl with breast carcinoma. The
      most important finding was the existence of double minute (dmin) chromosomes,
      besides other chromosomal abnormalities. Removal of the tumor resulted in
      reduction of chromosomal abnormalities in the leukocyte cultures repeated after 1
      year, suggesting that the presence of tumor may elevate the frequency of
      chromosomal abnormalities. The presence of dmin chromosomes indicates that
      factors causing their presence in tumor cells may also operate in human
      leukocytes.

PMID- 2297681
TI  - Multiple clonal chromosome aberrations in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx.
AB  - Short-term cultures from five squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx were
      subjected to cytogenetic analysis. In the first three cases, two, three, and 10
      chromosomally abnormal clones were detected. Single clonal abnormalities were
      found in cases 4 and 5. In addition to the clonal aberrations, a number of
      nonclonal changes were also present in all five tumors. None of the aberrations,
      clonal or nonclonal, was found in more than one tumor, nor did the rearrangements
      correspond to any of the consistently cancer-associated aberrations known from
      other tumors. The remarkably diverse karyotypic picture of the five squamous cell
      larynx carcinomas, in particular the finding of cytogenetically unrelated clones
      in three of them, suggests that some of these neoplasms are polyclonal rather
      than monoclonal.

PMID- 2297682
TI  - Cytogenetics of thyroid follicular adenomas.
AB  - We present the results of a cytogenetic study of three cases of follicular
      adenoma of the thyroid. All three cases had a numerical strongly abnormal
      karyotype with most abnormalities (eg, +4 or +5, +7, +9, +12, +16) in common,
      possibly indicating that this cluster of abnormalities might be specific for
      follicular adenomas. For benign tumors, the three cases showed a remarkably
      abnormal karyotype. These cases are another example of benign tumors with
      chromosomal abnormalities that might be specific for follicular adenomas.

PMID- 2297683
TI  - Karyotyping and DNA flow cytometry of metastatic ovarian yolk sac tumor.
AB  - We karyotyped a metastasis composed of pure yolk sac tumor derived from a primary
      ovarian germ cell tumor with two components: a dermoid cyst [DNA index (DI) 1.0]
      and a pure yolk sac tumor (DI 1.88). The metastatic yolk sac tumor had a
      hypertriploid karyotype and a DI of 1.78 and lacked the germ cell tumor marker
      i(12p). The absence of this marker in a metastasis from a tumor with a dermoid
      cyst component might be indicative for a pathogenesis of the yolk sac tumor
      similar to that of a dermoid cyst and different from that of dysgerminoma.

PMID- 2297684
TI  - Chromosome changes in 43 carcinomas of the cervix uteri.
AB  - A summary of the chromosome changes in 43 carcinomas of the cervix studied by a
      direct technique showed that the most common anomaly was a small metacentric [in
      77%, often in two copies: an i(5p) or possibly an i(4p)]. Others commonly
      involved in structural changes were: chromosome 1 (60%; most commonly an i(1q),
      1p-, or translocation of part of 1q onto another chromosome); chromosome 17 (47%;
      translocations onto the short arm or long-arm isochromosomes), chromosome 11
      (37%; translocations onto the short arm); chromosome 3 (26%; including 3p- and 31
      ); and chromosomes 2, 6, and 9 (each in 19%). Considering the four most frequent
      categories of markers--small metacentrics and markers derived from chromosomes 1,
      17, and 11, none of which is specific for cervical carcinoma--almost any
      combination of these four might be present in a tumor (and at least one was
      present in all tumors) so that they were not mutually exclusive. Estimates of the
      average numbers of normal chromosomes based on representative karyotypes from 35
      of the tumors showed that three chromosomes in particular were underrepresented
      (chromosomes 4, 11, and 14; 72-73% of the expected values), while chromosomes 3,
      19, and 20 were those most highly represented (99-103%).

PMID- 2297685
TI  - Monosomy 7 syndrome. Clinical heterogeneity in children and adolescents.
AB  - Bone marrow monosomy 7 is the most frequent karyotypic abnormality found in
      patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders. To a review of 46 previously
      reported pediatric patients we add three additional cases. Clinical presentation
      is usually dependent upon which cell lines are most perturbed in this pluripotent
      stem cell disorder. Sixteen (35%) children presented by their first birthday and
      35 (76%) by their sixth birthday. Distinctive differences in presentation exist
      between infants, children, and adolescents. Younger patients were more
      symptomatic and had greater degree of hepatosplenomegaly and leukocytosis. The
      prognosis is very poor and death usually occurs within two years from
      complications attributable to cytopenias, cellular dysfunction, or transformation
      to acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Implications for therapy are discussed.

PMID- 2297686
TI  - A new case of myelodysplastic syndrome with 6p rearrangement.
AB  - Bone marrow cells from a patient with refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts
      were studied cytogenetically. All metaphases analyzed revealed an abnormal
      karyotype with complex defects. The most prominent defect consisted of a
      rearrangement of the short arm of chromosome 6. Until now, 6p rearrangements have
      been preferentially observed in myelodysplastic patients with a history of
      previous exposure to toxic products such as alkylating agents or environmental
      factors of occupational origin. Although our patient was not exposed to
      alkylating agents, for about 20 years he has regularly consumed important
      quantities of analgesics, tranquilizers, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
      The eventual relationship between sideroblastic anemia and drug abuse, as well as
      the existence of chromosome sites preferentially rearranged in the bone marrow
      cells of myelodysplastic patients, are discussed.

PMID- 2297687
TI  - Translocation t(3;21)(q26;q22) in acute myeloblastic leukemia secondary to
      polycythemia vera.
AB  - A case of acute myeloblastic leukemia secondary to polycythemia vera suggests
      that the t(3;21) translocation is not restricted to blastic phases of chronic
      myelocytic leukemia (CML) but can be associated with blastic phases occurring
      after other myeloproliferative syndromes. All published cases were in myeloid
      crises. Furthermore, this translocation may have been induced by mutagenic
      effects of either 32P or various chemotherapies administered in this case. In the
      nine cases reported (including ours), hydroxyurea and busulfan were most
      frequently used (each drug was used separately in six cases and in association in
      three cases). Even if the t(3;21) translocation is partly therapy induced, this
      chromosomal abnormality appears to characterize myeloid crises of
      myeloproliferative syndromes (often CML, seldom polycythemia vera).

PMID- 2297688
TI  - Ph-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in a child. Rearrangement of the breakpoint
      cluster region.

PMID- 2297689
TI  - Double i(18q) in lymphoma.

PMID- 2297690
TI  - In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of rhodamine 123 combined with hyperthermia.
AB  - Because both Rhodamine 123 (R123) and hyperthermia have been shown to be
      cytotoxic, we examined their effect, independently and in combination, on five
      different human malignant cell lines in vitro and on cultured melanoma cells
      grown intradermally in nude mice. The cell lines examined include two human
      melanomas, UCLA-SO-M14 and UCLA-SO-M21, the colon cancer cell line HT29, the
      human lung cancer cell line P3, and the human breast cancer cell line B231. R123
      and hyperthermia, when used in combination, were found to be cytotoxic for these
      five different human malignant cell lines in vitro. The two agents together
      appear to enhance the cytotoxic effect of each alone, as documented by
      synergistic ratios ranging from 2.31 to 45 for the different cell lines. In the
      "nude" mouse model, animals were treated with a combination of R123 and
      hyperthermia (43 degrees C for 90 min). A statistically significant (P = 0.04)
      decrease in tumor growth rate was observed when compared with the rate of tumor
      growth in untreated animals. The results suggest a potential role for R123 in
      combination with hyperthermia in the treatment of malignant cells.

PMID- 2297691
TI  - Low density lipoprotein receptor activity in human intracranial tumors and its
      relation to the cholesterol requirement.
AB  - The receptor binding of low density lipoprotein (LDL) was determined in
      homogenates of surgically removed specimens from primary and metastatic
      intracranial tumors and in some cases also from surrounding brain. Seventy-one
      specimens from 63 patients were analyzed. In a subsample of 16 specimens from 13
      patients, the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase was assayed in
      parallel. The LDL binding in the tumors varied over a wide range. A significantly
      higher LDL binding activity was found when all tumor samples were compared to
      brain (P less than 0.05). In the three patients where LDL receptor and 3-hydroxy
      3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activities were assayed in both tumor tissue and
      surrounding brain, it was found that the receptor or the enzyme activity was
      increased in the tumors. It is suggested that certain intracranial tumors have an
      increased cholesterol requirement and that this may be fulfilled by an enhanced
      LDL receptor activity or an increased 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
      activity. The data indicate that the LDL receptor activity may be regulated
      independently of the reductase in intracranial tumors.

PMID- 2297693
TI  - Retrospective analysis of the prognostic significance of DNA ploidy patterns and
      S-phase fraction in gastric carcinoma.
AB  - Paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 493 gastric carcinoma patients were analyzed
      by DNA flow cytometry. The results were correlated with clinicopathological
      findings and S-phase fractions measured by in vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd)
      labeling. Of the 493 patients, 183 (37%), 225 (46%), and 85 (17%) showed
      diploidy, single DNA-aneuploidy, and DNA-multiploidy patterns, respectively. When
      the DNA histogram and all the clinicopathological parameters were entered
      simultaneously into the Cox regression model, DNA ploidy, liver metastasis,
      peritoneal dissemination, and nodal status emerged as independent prognostic
      parameters. The relative risk of death was twofold higher in single DNA-aneuploid
      and threefold higher in DNA-multiploid tumors than in DNA-diploid tumors. BrdUrd
      labeling indices (LIs) also proved to be an independent prognostic factor.
      Multiploid tumors showed the highest median BrdUrd LI associated with the most
      frequent peritoneal dissemination and liver metastasis. The simultaneous
      evaluation of DNA ploidy patterns and BrdUrd LIs gave more prognostic information
      than the determination of tumor DNA ploidy only. Namely, DNA diploid, together
      with low BrdUrd LIs, was associated with favorable prognosis, whereas DNA
      aneuploid with high BrdUrd LIs was related to the poorest prognosis. These
      results indicate that DNA ploidy and BrdUrd labeling indices may be possibly
      useful prognostic factors for gastric carcinoma.

PMID- 2297692
TI  - Disposition of amsacrine and its analogue 9-([2-methoxy-4
      [(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl]amino)-N,5-dimethyl-4- acridinecarboxamide (CI-921)
      in plasma, liver, and Lewis lung tumors in mice.
AB  - 9-([2-Methoxy-4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl]amino)-N,5-dimethyl-4-
      acridinecarboxamide (CI-921), an analogue of the clinical antileukemia drug
      amsacrine with improved solid tumor activity in mice, is currently being
      evaluated in patients. In order to determine whether CI-921 possesses any
      advantages over amsacrine in terms of tissue delivery, the pharmacokinetics of
      amsacrine and CI-921 were determined following i.v. injection in male B6D2F1
      mice. Plasma kinetics in normal mice were measured following administration of
      14.4, 28.9, and 57.7 mumol/kg. The kinetics in s.c. Lewis lung tumors, and in
      plasma and livers of normal and tumor-bearing mice were measured following
      administration of 57.7 mumol/kg. CI-921 and amsacrine were quantitated by high
      performance liquid chromatography after extraction from plasma and from liver and
      tumor homogenates. In experiments with appropriate 3H-labeled compounds, both
      total and covalently bound radioactivity (determined after precipitation and
      washing with acetonitrile) were measured in plasma and in liver homogenates. Over
      this dose range, nonlinear kinetics were observed in plasma for unchanged CI-921
      and amsacrine, and a reasonable fit was obtained with Michaelis-Menten kinetics
      to a one-compartment model for CI-921 (Km 3.7 mumol/liter; Vmax 18 mumol/h/kg; V
      ss 3.3 liter/kg) and a two-compartment model for amsacrine (Km 3.6 mumol/liter;
      Vmax 76 mumol/h/kg; Vss 4.8 liter/kg). The area under the concentration-time
      curve (AUC) for plasma following a dose of 57.7 mumol/kg was 31 mumol.h/liter for
      CI-921 and 6.3 mumol.h/liter for amsacrine. However, equilibrium dialysis
      measurements indicated high plasma protein binding with free drug fractions for
      CI-921 and amsacrine of 0.63 and 6.7%, respectively. In the liver, unchanged drug
      concentrations and total radioactivity for both compounds were approximately 10
      fold those in plasma, and the tissue half-life of CI-921 was approximately 4-fold
      longer for CI-921 than for amsacrine. Plasma and liver kinetics in mice with s.c.
      Lewis lung tumors were similar to those in normal mice. Tumor half-lives of
      unchanged CI-921 and amsacrine were 3.9 and 2.7 h, respectively, considerably
      longer than those for plasma (1.2 and 0.30 h respectively) or liver (1.2 and 0.28
      h, respectively). Tumor AUC values for CI-921 and amsacrine were 68 and 37
      mumol.h/liter, respectively, as compared to the calculated AUC values for free
      drug in plasma of 0.19 and 0.42 mumol.h/liter, respectively. It is concluded that
      the uptake into tumors from the plasma free drug fraction is more efficient for
      CI-921 than for amsacrine.

PMID- 2297694
TI  - Differential expression of a Mr approximately 90,000 cell surface transferrin
      receptor-related glycoprotein on murine B16 metastatic melanoma sublines selected
      for enhanced brain or ovary colonization.
AB  - A cell surface Mr approximately 90,000 glycoprotein (gp90) was found in higher
      amounts on brain-colonizing than on lung-colonizing murine B16 melanoma sublines.
      The possible role of gp90 in determining the brain-associated metastatic
      properties of B16 cells was examined by purifying the glycoprotein and studying
      the effects of anti-gp90 on the growth, adhesion, and organ colonization
      properties of B16 cells. The specificity of the anti-gp90 was demonstrated in
      immunoprecipitation studies where a cell surface- or metabolically labeled Mr
      approximately 90,000 glycoprotein of pI approximately 4 was exclusively found
      upon two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      under reducing conditions. Immunoprecipitation analysis, enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays, and the lectin-binding properties of gp90 on lectin
      affinity columns indicated that it is a Mr approximately 180,000 disulfide-linked
      dimer, probably related to the transferrin receptor. B16 sublines selected for
      various organ colonization properties differentially expressed gp90, bound 125I
      labeled transferrin, and responded differently to purified transferrin in
      proliferation assays in relation to their metastatic properties (B15b greater
      than O13 greater than F10 greater than F1). Anti-gp90 immunoglobulin G affected
      the growth of brain-colonizing B16-B15b more than B16-F1 cells, but had no effect
      on the adhesion of B16-B15b or -F1 cells to microvessel endothelial cells in
      vitro, and anti-gp90 immunoglobulin G F(ab')2 had little effect on the brain
      colonization properties of B16-B15b cells in syngeneic mice. In blocking assays,
      anti-gp90 inhibited the binding of 125I-labeled transferrin to B16-B15b cells in
      a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that the differential growth
      stimulating effects of transferrin on highly metastatic B16 melanoma cells may be
      due to their differential expression of a Mr approximately 90,000 glycoprotein
      that is related to the transferrin receptor. In organ sites, such as the brain,
      differential expression of a transferrin-like receptor may allow metastatic cells
      to respond to low concentrations of growth factors known to be present in certain
      organs.

PMID- 2297695
TI  - 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human colon cancer.
AB  - Phosphatic metabolite profiles of 19 malignant and normal human colon specimens
      were analyzed by techniques of perchloric acid extraction and 31P magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy at 202.4 MHz. Thirty-one individual phosphorus-containing
      intermediates of metabolism were identified and quantified for statistical
      intergroup comparisons. Elevations in relative concentrations of
      phosphorylethanolamine, IMP, NADP 2'-P, an uncharacterized resonance at 3.72
      delta, glycerol 3-phosphorylcholine, phosphorylated glycans and the nucleoside
      diphosphosugars were seen in malignant tissues concurrently with reductions in
      relative concentrations of phosphorylcholine, phosphocreatine (PCr), and ATP. The
      malignant and normal tissue groups were further characterized and contrasted by
      computing metabolic indices from spectral data. Significant elevations in
      phosphomonoesters, glycerolphosphodiesters, the ratio of
      phosphorylethanolamine/phosphorylcholine, and phosphomonoesters/inorganic
      orthophosphate were detected in malignant tissues along with significant
      reductions in the ratios of PCr/inorganic orthophosphate, PCr/ATP, the energy
      charge of the adenylate system and the tissue energy modulus. These results
      revealed significant alterations in high energy metabolism, low energy
      metabolism, and membrane metabolism characteristic of malignant tissues. The
      reduction in high energy phosphates ATP and PCr was balanced by the net increase
      in nucleoside diphosphosugar and a shift in equilibrium to metabolism involving
      low energy phosphomonoesters. The spectral data of the tumors, which were of
      epithelial origin, demonstrated minor metabolites not previously detected in
      tissue extract analysis of malignant tissues. Detection of these minor
      metabolites represents an indirect measurement of phospholipid metabolism in
      malignant tissues.

PMID- 2297696
TI  - Effects of 2-deoxyglucose on drug-sensitive and drug-resistant human breast
      cancer cells: toxicity and magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of metabolism.
AB  - The glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) was tested as a potential
      chemotherapeutic agent for drug-resistant cancer cells. Previously it was found
      that Adriamycin-resistant human MCF-7 breast cancer cells (ADR) exhibit an
      enhanced rate of glycolysis compared to their parent wild-type (WT) cell line (R.
      C. Lyon et al., Cancer Res., 48: 870-877, 1987). We now describe a specific toxic
      effect of 2-DG on the ADR cells, which is more than 15-fold greater than for WT
      cells. Using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of perfused MCF7 cells we
      continuously monitored the accumulation of 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate together
      with concomitant changes in other phosphate-containing metabolites. Kinetic
      measurements demonstrated that ADR cells accumulated 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate
      faster and to a greater extent than WT cells, while their depletion of high
      energy compounds (ATP, phosphocreatine) was more pronounced and became
      irreversible earlier. The phosphorylation of 2-DG could be followed more
      effectively by the use of 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 2-DG enriched
      with 13C at C-6, since the signals of 2-DG and 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate are
      clearly resolved and, unlike 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, there are no
      other interfering signals. With the use of this technique with ADR and WT cells
      the rate of phosphorylation of 2-DG was found to be 11.2 x 10(-4) and 6.5 x 10(
      4) mmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The results of these studies indicate that
      differences in the biochemistry of energy metabolism of resistant cells may make
      them targets for energy antimetabolites.

PMID- 2297697
TI  - Clearance of 131I-labeled murine monoclonal antibody from patients' blood by
      intravenous human anti-murine immunoglobulin antibody.
AB  - Five patients treated with intraperitoneal 131I-labeled mouse monoclonal antibody
      for ovarian cancer also received i.v. exogenous polyclonal human anti-murine
      immunoglobulin antibody. The pharmacokinetics of 131I-labeled monoclonal antibody
      in these patients were compared with those of 28 other patients receiving i.p.
      radiolabeled monoclonal antibody for the first time without exogenous human anti
      murine immunoglobulin, and who had no preexisting endogenous human anti-murine
      immunoglobulin antibody. Patients receiving i.v. human anti-murine immunoglobulin
      antibody demonstrated a rapid clearance of 131I-labeled monoclonal antibody from
      their circulation. The (mean) maximum 131I blood content was 11.4% of the
      injected activity in patients receiving human anti-murine immunoglobulin antibody
      compared to 23.3% in patients not given human anti-murine immunoglobulin
      antibody. Intravenous human anti-murine immunoglobulin antibody decreased the
      radiation dose to bone marrow (from 131I-labeled monoclonal antibody in the
      vascular compartment) 4-fold. Following the injection of human anti-murine
      immunoglobulin antibody, 131I-monoclonal/human anti-murine immunoglobulin
      antibody immune complexes were rapidly transported to the liver. Antibody
      dehalogenation in the liver was rapid, with 87% of the injected 131I excreted in
      5 days. Despite the efficient hepatic uptake of immune complexes, dehalogenation
      of monoclonal antibody was so rapid that the radiation dose to liver parenchyma
      from circulating 131I was decreased 4-fold rather than increased. All patients
      developed endogenous human anti-murine immunoglobulin antibody 2 to 3 weeks after
      treatment.

PMID- 2297698
TI  - Liposomal vincristine preparations which exhibit decreased drug toxicity and
      increased activity against murine L1210 and P388 tumors.
AB  - The toxicity and antitumor activity of liposomal vincristine preparations have
      been examined. Vincristine was encapsulated inside egg phosphatidylcholine
      (EPC)/cholesterol (55/45, mol/mol) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine
      (DSPC)/cholesterol (55/45, mol/mol) vesicles utilizing transmembrane pH gradient
      (inside acidic) drug uptake processes. Trapping efficiencies approaching 100%
      were achieved for this procedure using drug:lipid ratios as high as 0.2:1 (w/w).
      Although both EPC/cholesterol and DSPC/cholesterol liposomal systems yielded high
      trapping efficiencies, DSPC/cholesterol vesicles exhibited superior drug
      retention properties. This ability to retain entrapped vincristine was related to
      maintenance of the transmembrane pH gradient as well as the membrane permeability
      properties. Thirty-day dose-response survival studies in mice indicated that
      vincristine encapsulated in DSPC/cholesterol liposomes was less toxic than free
      drug. The 50% lethal dose of 1.9 mg/kg in CD-1 mice observed for free vincristine
      increased to 4.8 mg/kg upon administration of the drug in liposomal form.
      Liposome encapsulation of vincristine also enhanced the antitumor activity
      against murine P388 and L1210 lymphocytic leukemia models. This resulted from
      increased efficacy for liposomal vincristine at doses equal to free drug
      (liposomal/free drug median survival times greater than 1.0) as well as the
      ability to administer increased doses of liposomal vincristine. The combined
      effects of decreased toxicity and increased antitumor efficacy of liposomal
      vincristine over free drug suggest significant clinical utility of appropriate
      liposomal vincristine systems.

PMID- 2297699
TI  - Suppression of dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinogenesis in mice by dietary
      addition of the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor.
AB  - In the present study the effect of feeding the soybean-derived Bowman-Birk
      protease inhibitor (BBI) on dimethylhydrazine (DHM)-induced gastrointestinal
      tract and liver carcinogenesis in mice was examined. In this investigation we
      found the addition of 0.5 or 0.1% semipurified BBI or 0.1% purified BBI to the
      diet of DMH-treated mice resulted in a statistically significant suppression of
      angiosarcomas and nodular hyperplasia of the liver and adenomatous tumors of the
      gastrointestinal tract. Autoclaved BBI or BBI which had its trypsin inhibitory
      domain specifically inactivated was found to be ineffective in suppressing the
      induction of these liver and gastrointestinal tract lesions. The results of this
      study also indicate that BBI, included as 0.5% of the diet or less, has the
      ability to suppress carcinogenesis with no observed adverse effects on the health
      of the mice.

PMID- 2297700
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor in children with malignancies.
AB  - We measured serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) concentrations by a double
      antibody radioimmunoassay method, with a detection level of 10 ng/liter, in 32
      children with malignancies. Seventeen had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 4 had
      acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, and 11 had solid tumors. At the diagnosis of
      malignant disease, 30 of the 32 patients had elevated serum TNF levels ranging up
      to 450 ng/liter. After complete remission status was achieved, 2-6 months from
      the diagnosis, the TNF levels were within the range of 130 healthy children who
      served as the reference group. Most of them had TNF levels below the detection
      limit. We consider the upper limit of normal to be 40 ng/liter. We conclude that
      elevated serum TNF concentration may be of potential significance in the
      diagnosis and follow-up of children with malignant diseases.

PMID- 2297701
TI  - Decreased expression of type II protein kinase C in HL-60 variant cells resistant
      to induction of cell differentiation by phorbol diester.
AB  - To evaluate the molecular basis for susceptibility of the cell differentiation
      induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), we examined biochemical
      activities and expression of subspecies of protein kinase C from HL-60 cells that
      are susceptible to differentiation induced by TPA and HL-60R cells, HL-60 variant
      cells that are resistant to such induction. Analysis of the subcellular
      distribution of protein kinase C revealed that the activity of this kinase in the
      cytosol from HL-60R cells was 30% of that from parental HL-60 cells but that the
      enzyme activities in the membrane showed similar values in these cells. Treatment
      of HL-60 cells with 100 nM TPA for 30 min resulted in a 75% decrease in protein
      kinase C activity in the cytosol and a 300% increase in this activity in the
      membrane. A minor subcellular redistribution of the enzyme activity was found in
      HL-60R cells after TPA treatment. Based on analysis of protein kinase C isozymes
      by hydroxyapatite column chromatography, the relative activities of types I, II,
      and III in the cytosol of HL-60 cells were 11, 80, and 9%, whereas those in HL
      60R cells were 27, 36, and 37%, respectively. Type II isozyme was a major protein
      kinase C in the cytosol of HL-60 cells, but type II was less in the HL-60R cells.
      Among the three isozymes, type II enzyme was most sensitive to TPA with histone
      H1 as the substrate, although all three isozymes were activated Ca2+-dependently
      in the presence of phosphatidylserine. We suggest that the acquired resistance of
      HL-60R cells toward induction of cell differentiation by TPA may be associated
      with a decrease in the expression of the type II isozyme of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2297702
TI  - A prospective study of stomach cancer and its relation to diet, cigarettes, and
      alcohol consumption.
AB  - From 1965 to 1968 in Hawaii, 7990 American men of Japanese ancestry were
      interviewed and examined in a cohort study. The intake of 20 separate foods in a
      food frequency questionnaire and the intake of carbohydrate and other nutrients,
      based on a 24-h diet recall history, were recorded. Since then, 150 incident
      cases of stomach cancer have been identified. Although men with stomach cancer
      (cases) consumed pickles and ham/bacon/sausages more often and fruits and fried
      vegetables less often than men without cancer (noncases), none of the differences
      was statistically significant. Current cigarette smokers had an increased risk
      (relative risk = 2.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.8 to 4.1) compared with
      nonsmokers, but there was no dose-response effect with heavier cigarette smoking.
      The consumption of alcohol, either from beer, spirits, or wine, did not affect
      the incidence of stomach cancer. The failure to detect an association with
      dietary foods in this study may be due to the omission of many oriental foods in
      the questionnaire and the limitations of the 24-h diet recall history.

PMID- 2297703
TI  - Evidence for deficiency of low density lipoprotein receptor on human colonic
      carcinoma cell lines.
AB  - Cells from six human colonic adenocarcinoma lines (CaCo-2, HT29, LS174T, SW480,
      SW403, and SW1417) and a normal skin fibroblast cell line (AG1519) were assayed
      in vitro for their ability to use low density lipoprotein (LDL). All tumor cell
      lines grew well in lipoprotein-deficient serum, implying that LDL in culture
      medium was not critical for cell growth. When cell growth was inhibited with
      mevinolin, a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, the addition of LDL to the medium
      had no effect on the growth of cells from five of six tumor cell lines. CaCo-2
      cells showed a moderate reversal while the fibroblast control showed total
      reversal of inhibition. A monoclonal antibody to bovine/human LDL receptor, used
      in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indicated that only CaCo-2 cells and
      human skin fibroblast cells consistently demonstrated the presence of LDL
      receptors. Thus, five of six colon tumor cell lines were unable to overcome a
      mevinolin block in cholesterol metabolism indicating that these cells were
      deficient in LDL receptors.

PMID- 2297704
TI  - Hypersensitivity of skin fibroblasts from basal cell nevus syndrome patients to
      killing by ultraviolet B but not by ultraviolet C radiation.
AB  - Basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder in
      which the afflicted individuals are extremely susceptible to sunlight-induced
      skin cancers, particularly basal cell carcinomas. However, the cellular and
      molecular basis for BCNS is unknown. To ascertain whether there is any
      relationship between genetic predisposition to skin cancer and increased
      sensitivity of somatic cells from BCNS patients to killing by UV radiation, we
      exposed skin fibroblasts established from unexposed skin biopsies of several BCNS
      and age- and sex-matched normal individuals to either UV-B (280-320 nm) or UV-C
      (254 nm) radiation and determined their survival. The results indicated that skin
      fibroblasts from BCNS patients were hypersensitive to killing by UV-B but not UV
      C radiation as compared to skin fibroblasts from normal individuals. DNA repair
      studies indicated that the increased sensitivity of BCNS skin fibroblasts to
      killing by UV-B radiation was not due to a defect in the excision repair of
      pyrimidine dimers. These results indicate that there is an association between
      hypersensitivity of somatic cells to killing by UV-B radiation and the genetic
      predisposition to skin cancer in BCNS patients. In addition, these results
      suggest that DNA lesions (and repair processes) other than the pyrimidine dimer
      are also involved in the pathogenesis of sunlight-induced skin cancers in BCNS
      patients. More important, the UV-B sensitivity assay described here may be used
      as a diagnostic tool to identify presymptomatic individuals with BCNS.

PMID- 2297705
TI  - A Mr 43,000 epidermal growth factor-related protein purified from the urine of
      breast cancer patients.
AB  - A tumor-associated epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like activity was detected in
      the urine of breast cancer patients by means of an EGF radioreceptor assay and an
      anchorage-independent growth assay. The clonogenic growth factor activity of
      pooled void volume eluate fractions from a Bio-Gel P-30 column was completely
      neutralized by an anti-human epidermal growth factor antiserum but not by an anti
      transforming growth factor alpha antiserum. This activity was determined in the
      urine of 71 breast cancer patients. A statistically significant correlation was
      found between EGF-like clonogenic activity and axillary lymph node status, tumor
      size, stage of disease, and grade of differentiation of the primary tumor. The
      Bio-Gel P-30 void volume fraction was used to purify the EGF-related polypeptide
      to apparent homogeneity by subsequent binding to and elution from A431 cells
      followed by isoelectric focusing. A polypeptide of a pI of approximately 3.4 was
      identified to be related to EGF by neutralization and immunoprecipitation
      experiments with anti-human epidermal growth factor antisera. This polypeptide
      migrated as a single band of Mr 43,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2297706
TI  - Characterization of a cathepsin L-like enzyme secreted from human pancreatic
      cancer cell line HPC-YP.
AB  - Spent culture medium from the human pancreatic carcinoma cell line HPC-YP, which
      can propagate in a protein-free, chemically defined medium without any other
      supplements, was analyzed for the presence of the cysteine protease, cathepsin L.
      The secreted form of cathepsin L was distinguished from the lysosomal form by its
      increased stability at alkaline pH, by its strong thermostability, and by its
      larger molecular size. HPC-YP cathepsin L was still stable at pH 7.4 and at 56
      degrees C after 60-min preincubation. The molecular weight of this enzyme was
      estimated to be 68,000, compared with a molecular weight of 29,000 for normal
      liver cathepsin L. By Western blot analysis, HPC-YP enzyme was found to be
      composed of two components, one with a molecular weight of 37,000 and the other
      of 31,000. This result suggests that HPC-YP enzyme in the spent medium may be a
      complex of the proenzyme (in the case of liver proenzyme; Mr 39,000) and the
      mature enzyme (in the case of liver mature enzyme; Mr 29,000). Interestingly, an
      intrinsic inhibitor was also separated from the spent medium by gel filtration.
      The molecular weight of this inhibitor was estimated to be approximately 13,000.
      The cathepsin L of HPC-YP proved more resistant toward leupeptin than did liver
      cathepsin L. On the other hand, the former was more sensitive than the latter
      toward the diazomethane inhibitors, Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2 and Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2. These
      results indicate that cathepsin L secreted from cancer cell lines may play a role
      in the destruction of basal lamina, invasion of tissue, and formation of
      metastasis.

PMID- 2297707
TI  - Evidence for mitochondrial localization of N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N'-(4
      chlorophenyl)urea in human colon adenocarcinoma cells.
AB  - N-(4-Methylphenylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (MPCU) is a new agent that
      exhibits high therapeutic activity against human and rodent tumor models. Initial
      studies indicated that in vitro [3H]MPCU was concentrated 4- to 6-fold in GC3/c1
      human colon adenocarcinoma cells in an azide-sensitive manner. In this study the
      dependence of uptake and concentrative accumulation of MPCU upon temperature,
      plasma membrane potential, and the electrochemical potential of mitochondria has
      been examined. Accumulation and efflux of MPCU were temperature dependent. At 3.6
      microM MPCU, initial rates of uptake (15 s) were 1.4, 38.0, and 84.2
      pmol/min/10(6) cells at 2 degrees C, 23 degrees C, and 37 degrees C,
      respectively. The rate of uptake and concentrative accumulation within GC3/c1
      cells was not altered in high K+ buffer or by 1 mM ouabain, indicating that
      plasma membrane potential was not significant in these processes. Concentrative
      accumulation, but not initial uptake, was inhibited by carbonyl cyanide p
      trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and sodium azide. Glucose
      partially antagonized the inhibition of these agents which uncouple oxidative
      phosphorylation. Oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase, did not
      inhibit uptake or concentrative accumulation of MPCU. However, oligomycin in the
      presence of 2-deoxyglucose significantly inhibited concentrative accumulation of
      MPCU. These results suggested that concentrative accumulation of MPCU was
      dependent upon the mitochondrial transmembrane gradient rather than ATP, although
      direct implication of ATP could not be excluded. To examine which component of
      this gradient was predominant in causing MPCU sequestration, the ionophores
      valinomycin and nigericin were used. Valinomycin, which collapses the charge
      gradient across the mitochondrial matrix membrane, caused only slight inhibition
      of MPCU accumulation, and the effect was similar at 2 or 10 mumol. In contrast,
      nigericin (which collapses the pH gradient and increases mitochondrial membrane
      potential) inhibited by approximately 90% concentrative accumulation of MPCU.
      These data suggested that MPCU was being concentrated in mitochondria and that
      this was dependent upon the pH gradient across mitochondrial membrane. In cells
      exposed to MPCU or the analogue N-(5-indanylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)urea,
      enlargement of mitochondria was observed within 24 h and appeared to be the
      initial morphological change associated with drug treatment. These results
      implicate mitochondria as a site of sequestration of diarylsulfonylureas and as a
      potential site of action.

PMID- 2297708
TI  - Inhibition of rodent protein kinase C by the anticarcinoma agent dequalinium.
AB  - Dequalinium has previously been shown to be an anticarcinoma agent (M. J. Weiss
      et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84: 5444-5448, 1987). The present study
      demonstrates that it can inhibit protein kinase C-beta 1 isolated from an
      overproducing cell line with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 8-15 microM.
      Further examination of the inhibition by using structural analogues of
      dequalinium reveals that the length of the methylene bridge between the two
      quinaldinium moieties, the presence of the ring substituents, and the bipartite
      character of the compound each contributes to the inhibitory potency. Related
      studies show that the analogues display the same rank order of inhibitory potency
      when tested with the trypsin-generated catalytic fragment of the enzyme,
      indicating that dequalinium inhibits kinase activity through an interaction with
      the catalytic subunit. Further studies argue that the ability of a given analogue
      to inhibit phosphotransferase activity correlates with its ability to compete
      with [3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate binding on the intact enzyme (50% inhibitory
      concentration of 2-5 microM). This suggests that the inhibitor is either binding
      directly to the regulatory subunit as well, or that due to its interaction with
      the catalytic subunit, dequalinium produces an indirect effect on sites defined
      by phorbol ester binding. Kinetic analysis revealed that inhibition is
      noncompetitive with respect to ATP or phosphatidylserine. Studies conducted with
      types I, II, and III rat brain isozymes, resolved by hydroxylapatite
      chromatography, demonstrate that dequalinium inhibits each of them with similar
      potency (50% inhibitory concentration of 11 microM) and imply that the site of
      contact on the enzyme is a highly conserved region. Morphology studies with
      dequalinium in intact cells demonstrate that the inhibitor can protect control
      cells against phorbol ester-induced morphology changes but cannot protect protein
      kinase C-overproducing cells, suggesting that an elevation in protein kinase C
      levels alone is sufficient to overturn the protection conferred by dequalinium.
      On the basis of these results, we propose that protein kinase C could be a
      critical in vivo target of dequalinium.

PMID- 2297709
TI  - Tumorigenicity and metastasis of human breast carcinoma cell lines in nude mice.
AB  - There are few reports describing experimental models of the growth and metastasis
      of human breast carcinomas. This article discusses the tumorigenic and metastatic
      properties of two estrogen receptor-negative breast carcinomas injected into nude
      mice. Tumor growth in the mammary fatpad (m.f.p.) and the subcutis was compared
      in female nude mice. The injection of 10(5) viable cells of two human breast
      carcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435) gave a 100% tumor take rate in
      the m.f.p., whereas only 40% of the s.c. injections produced tumors and these
      occurred several weeks after the appearance of the m.f.p. tumors. Thus, the
      m.f.p. of nude mice is a favorable site for the growth of human breast
      carcinomas. MDA-MB-435 tumors produced distant metastases in 80% to 100% of
      recipients. The most common sites for metastasis were the lymph nodes and lungs,
      with a lower incidence of metastases in muscle (chest wall and thigh), heart, and
      brain. New variant cell lines were isolated from metastases in the lungs, brain,
      and heart. All the cell lines were tumorigenic in the m.f.p., and the lung- and
      heart-derived metastasis lines produced slightly more lung metastases than the
      original cell line. However, the brain metastasis variant produced significantly
      fewer lung metastases. Intravenous inoculation of the spontaneous metastasis
      derived cell lines produced few lung colonies. Only cell variants isolated from
      experimental lung metastases showed enhanced lung colonization potential when
      reinjected i.v. Our results suggest that the estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB
      435 cell line injected in the m.f.p. of nude mice could be a valuable tool for
      analysis of the cellular and molecular basis of the metastasis of advanced breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2297710
TI  - Nonrandom chromosome alterations that correlate with progression to immortality
      in rat tracheal epithelial cells transformed with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine.
AB  - Primary rat tracheal epithelial cells can be transformed in vitro by N-methyl-N'
      nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The earliest recognizable morphological transformant is
      the enhanced growth variant (EGV), characterized by enhanced proliferative
      capacity. Transformed EGV colonies can progress to give rise to immortal cell
      lines. The purpose of this study was to determine if specific chromosome changes
      occur which correlate with immortalization. A total of 34 EGV colonies were
      isolated, of which five were able to progress in culture to become immortal
      (greater than or equal to 100 population doublings). Early passages of all five
      immortalized cultures exhibited additional copies of chromosomes 4, 7, and 11 as
      a common or recurrent abnormality. These numerical alterations were rarely
      observed in the primary EGV colonies from which the cell lines were derived,
      suggesting that these alterations occurred during progression. Structural
      alterations involving chromosome 1 (resulting in a net gain of 1q) and chromosome
      3(3q) also occurred in four out of five immortalized cultures. In all cases,
      structural alterations involving 1q and/or 3q were detected in the primary EGV
      colonies from which the immortal cell lines arose. Comparison of the frequency of
      the structural and numerical alterations observed in the immortalized cultures
      with their frequency in the 29 EGV colonies which did not become immortal
      indicated that these changes correlated (P less than or equal to 0.005) with the
      ability to become immortal. These results suggest that structural alterations
      occur in primary EGV colonies which predispose cells to immortalization and that
      subsequent numerical changes occur during progression that correlate with
      acquisition of the immortal phenotype.

PMID- 2297711
TI  - Tumor spheroid model for the biologically targeted radiotherapy of neuroblastoma
      micrometastases.
AB  - Neuroblastoma is a pediatric malignancy with a poor prognosis at least partly
      attributable to an early pattern of dissemination. New approaches to treatment of
      micrometastases include targeted radiotherapy using radiolabeled antibodies or
      molecules which are taken up preferentially by tumor cells. Multicellular tumor
      spheroids (MTS) resemble micrometastases during the avascular phase of their
      development. A human neuroblastoma cell line (NBl-G) was grown as MTS and
      incubated briefly with a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody (131I-UJ13A) directed
      against neuroectodermal antigens. Spheroid response was evaluated in terms of
      regrowth delay or proportion sterilized. A dose-response relationship was
      demonstrated in terms of 131I activity or duration of incubation. Control
      experiments using unlabeled UJ13A, radiolabeled nonspecific antibody (T2.10),
      radiolabeled human serum albumin, and radiolabeled sodium iodide showed these to
      be relatively ineffective compared to 131I-UJ13A. The cell line NBl-G grown as
      MTS has also been found to preferentially accumulate the radiolabeled
      catecholamine precursor molecule m-[131I]iodobenzylguanidine compared to cell
      lines derived from other tumor types. NBl-G cells grown as MTS provide a
      promising laboratory model for targeted radiotherapy of neuroblastoma
      micrometastases using radiolabeled antibodies or m-iodobenzylguanidine.

PMID- 2297712
TI  - Role of bone marrow transplantation in 90Y antibody therapy of colon cancer
      xenografts in nude mice.
AB  - The efficacy of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for the prevention of 90Y
      toxicity and extension of survival in nude mice with i.p. LS174T carcinomatosis
      was evaluated. 90Y-labeled monoclonal antibody (MAB) directed against
      carcinoembryonic antigen (90Y-anti-CEA MAB) at a dose of 120 microCi caused no
      deaths due to treatment toxicity and increased the duration of animal survival.
      No long term cures were obtained in these mice. At doses of 160 microCi or more
      90Y-anti-CEA MAB led to hematological deaths. Nude mice were given i.p.
      injections of 10(6) LS174T tumor cells on day 0. On day 7 the mice received 90Y
      anti-CEA MAB i.p. at doses of 120-225 microCi. Syngeneic bone marrow cells (10(7)
      cells) were then injected i.v. into the mice at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, or 14 days
      following 90Y treatment. In the absence of BMT, toxic deaths for animals given
      175 microCi 90Y were 11 of 24 (46%) with a median survival of 17 days and 13 of
      20 (65%) for animals given 225 microCi 90Y with a median survival of 14 days.
      Animals receiving the same two doses of 90Y and given BMT 5 days following the
      90Y treatment showed 0 of 24 (0%) and 0 of 54 (0%) toxicity deaths, respectively.
      The optimal time of BMT in relation to 90Y therapy was dependent upon the dose of
      90Y-anti-CEA MAB (225 microCi, 3-5 days; 175 microCi, 5-14 days). The mean
      survival in tumor bearing animals was extended from 31.7 +/- 1.2 (SE) to 45.3 +/-
      2.0 days by treatment with 120 microCi of 90Y-anti-CEA MAB. By increasing the
      dose of 90Y-anti-CEA MAB to 225 microCi and undertaking BMT 5 days later the mean
      survival was further extended to 63.2 +/- 3.6 days (P less than 0.005). BMT
      administered at the optimal times can prevent toxic deaths and facilitates
      higher, more effective doses of tumor specific 90Y-MAB.

PMID- 2297713
TI  - Fractionated radioimmunotherapy of B-cell malignancies with 131I-Lym-1.
AB  - Eighteen patients with Stage 4 B-cell malignancies, which were primarily of
      intermediate or high grade and progressive despite multiple drug chemotherapy and
      external irradiation, were treated with fractionated doses of 131I-labeled Lym-1.
      Lym-1 is an IgG2a monoclonal antibody that was produced by immunizing mice with
      Raji cell nuclei that originated from a patient with African Burkitt's lymphoma.
      Despite advanced disease, 10 of the patients had objective evidence for a
      complete or partial remission. Toxicity was very modest except in one patient who
      developed hypotension. Dose-dependent hepatic uptake of Lym-1 was observed in the
      patients and in BALB/c mice suggesting receptor-mediated recognition of this
      murine antibody.

PMID- 2297714
TI  - High dose radiolabeled antibody therapy of lymphoma.
AB  - A trial has been initiated testing the effects of high dose radiolabeled
      monoclonal antibody administered in conjunction with marrow transplantation for
      treatment of lymphoma. This study is based on observations in mice demonstrating
      that radiolabeled antibody against a normal lymphocyte-associate antigen can
      induce regression of lymphoma masses. These preclinical studies also showed that
      large amounts of antibody are needed to achieve adequate biodistribution in vivo
      and that potentially curative doses of radionuclide induce substantial
      hematopoietic toxicity. Consequently, in patients with recurrent lymphoma, we are
      first evaluating the influence of dose on the biodistribution of a pan B-cell
      antibody, MB-1 (anti-CD37). In four patients, the biodistribution studies
      indicated that at the highest amount of antibody tested 131I-labeled antibody MB
      1 (10 mg/kg) could deliver more radiation to tumor than to normal organs. These
      patients were treated with antibody MB-1 labeled with 250 to 482 mCi 131I
      estimated to deliver 380 to 1570 cGy to normal organs and 850 to 4260 cGy to
      tumor. Myelosuppression occurred in all patients and required infusion of
      cryopreserved marrow in one patient. Complete tumor regressions were observed in
      each patient. In three other patients with splenomegaly and/or large tumor
      burden, biodistribution studies indicated that 131I-labeled antibody could not
      deliver more radiation to tumor than to normal organs and these patients were not
      treated. Thus, tumor burden and spleen size may determine the feasibility of
      treatment with radiolabeled antibody. Treatment with this antibody labeled with
      high doses of 131I was well tolerated and may prove therapeutically useful. These
      studies are being continued to determine the maximal doses of radiation that can
      be tolerated by nonhematopoietic tissues after infusion of 131I-labeled antibody.

PMID- 2297715
TI  - Radioimmunotherapy of human B-cell lymphoma with 90Y-conjugated antiidiotype
      monoclonal antibody.
AB  - We report the first case of 90Y-conjugated monoclonal antibody (MoAb)
      administration for human radioimmunotherapy. Ten mCi 90Y-labeled antiidiotype
      (anti-Id) MoAb were administered to a patient with B-cell lymphoma whose tumor
      successfully imaged with 111In-labeled anti-Id MoAb. No significant toxicities
      were observed. More than 2 g of unlabeled anti-Id MoAb were administered while
      clearing the circulating IgM idiotype prior to administration of the 90Y-MoAb.
      Transient partial regression of disease was observed. Serial fine needle
      aspirations of a malignant lymph node documented in vivo anti-Id penetration into
      a site that did not image by radioimmunoscintigraphy. The radiosensitivity of B
      cell lymphoma, the tumor specificity of anti-Id, the antitumor activity of anti
      Id alone, and the safe administration of 10 mCi 90Y-labeled anti-Id MoAb in this
      report suggest further investigation of this radioimmunoconjugate for therapy of
      B-cell lymphoma is warranted.

PMID- 2297717
TI  - Tumor, red marrow, and organ dosimetry for 131I-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic
      antigen monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Tumor-, red marrow-, and organ-absorbed doses were calculated for patients
      receiving 131I-labeled monoclonal antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen for
      either diagnosis or therapy. Ten patients with confirmed liver tumors who
      received doses ranging from 10.79 to 200 mCi were evaluated. Urine and blood
      samples were taken in order to determine total body and red marrow activity,
      respectively. Anterior and posterior gamma camera images were obtained at
      multiple times postinjection in order to quantitate activity uptake using the
      conjugate view counting method for the following organs and regions: lungs,
      liver, spleen, kidneys, and the liver tumors. In addition, sacral regions of
      interest were drawn to generate red marrow-absorbed dose estimates for comparison
      to those obtained by blood sampling. Tumor volumes were obtained from volumetric
      analysis of the patient's computed tomographic study and tumor S values were
      obtained by assuming uniform distribution of the 131I-labeled monoclonal antibody
      in spherical tumor regions considering all emitted electrons, beta-particles, and
      photons. The following mean absorbed doses in rads/mCi injected were obtained:
      lungs, 2.3 +/- 1.6 (SD); liver, 1.4 +/- 0.7; spleen, 2.6 +/- 1.4; kidneys, 3.1 +/
      1.5; total body, 0.7 +/- 0.5; red marrow from blood sampling, 2.9 +/- 1.9; red
      marrow from sacral scintigraphy, 1.7 +/- 1.2; and liver tumors, 69.3 +/- 92.5.
      Tumor volumes ranged from 1 to 216 g and the percentage of uptake/g of monoclonal
      antibody into these tumors ranged from 0.0006 to 1.040. There was a statistically
      significant difference between the two techniques for estimation of red marrow
      dose (P less than 0.01). This methodology, permits calculation of tumor, red
      marrow, and organ dosimetry using planar gamma camera imaging.

PMID- 2297716
TI  - Estimation of monoclonal antibody-associated 90Y activity needed to achieve
      certain tumor radiation doses in colorectal cancer patients.
AB  - In these measurements, we quantitated, via surgical samples, human primary tumor
      uptake of the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody T84.66. Uptake
      was measured in units of percentage of injected dose/kg with 111In as the
      radiolabel. All 11 colorectal lesions were nonnecrotic and were visualized upon
      scanning. Tumor volume was calculated using the three orthogonal dimensions as
      described by pathology. Uptake mean +/- SD was 6.55 +/- 3.55% injected dose/kg
      with a range of 1.2 to 10.4% injected dose/kg. Lesion mean volume was 36 cm3 with
      a range of 1.5 to 304 cm3. Using mean values, assuming no biological clearance
      and that the biodistribution of the monoclonal is independent of its radiolabel,
      the predicted human tumor 90Y beta dose was 0.12 Gy/mCi. Therefore a 10-Gy tumor
      dose would require 83 mCi of i.v. activity. Using least and highest uptake
      results, requisite activity values were 3-fold larger and smaller respectively.
      Thus, there was approximately an order of magnitude variation in the amount of
      90Y predicted to achieve a given tumor dose in colorectal cancer patients. Murine
      and human uptake values were consistent if lesion mass and carcinoembryonic
      antigen content were taken into account.

PMID- 2297718
TI  - Dosimetric model for antibody targeted radionuclide therapy of tumor cells in
      cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Although encouraging results have been obtained using systemic radioimmunotherapy
      in the treatment of cancer, it is likely that regional applications may prove
      more effective. One such strategy is the treatment of central nervous system
      leukemia in children by intrathecal instillation of targeting or nontargeting
      beta particle emitting radionuclide carriers. The beta particle dosimetry of the
      spine is assessed, assuming that the spinal cord and the cerebrospinal fluid
      compartment can be adequately represented by a cylindrical annulus. The
      radionuclides investigated were 90Y, 131I, 67Cu, and 199Au. It is shown that the
      radiation dose to the cord can be significantly reduced using short range beta
      particle emitters and that there is little advantage in using targeting carriers
      with these radionuclides. 199Au and 67Cu also have the advantage of having a
      suitable gamma emission for imaging, permitting pretherapy imaging and dosimetric
      calculations to be undertaken prior to therapy. If these methods prove
      successful, it may be possible to replace the external beam component used in the
      treatment of central nervous system leukemia in children by intrathecal
      radionuclide therapy, thus reducing or avoiding side effects such as growth and
      intellectual impairment.

PMID- 2297719
TI  - Anticipating, recognizing, and preventing hazards associated with in vivo use of
      monoclonal antibodies: special considerations related to human anti-mouse
      antibodies.
AB  - The advent of monoclonal antibodies offers abundant potential benefits to
      diagnosis and therapy of many conditions. However, with widespread use come
      greater concerns regarding possible side effects and complications. Antibodies,
      including monoclonals, react with antigens which may be represented on tissues
      other than those to which they were raised. Although histochemical surveys of
      tissues may be performed, these may not necessarily be predictive of in vivo
      cross-reactivities. This consideration mandates carefully performed preclinical
      toxicological studies prior to use in humans. For murine monoclonal antibodies,
      the type most commonly available, issues related to potential immunogenicity are
      of paramount concern. Very little substantive information has accrued regarding
      the prevalence of these antibodies in the general population, the mechanism by
      which these antibodies are elicited, or the predictive value of assays for their
      detection. This knowledge is crucial for the development of strategies for
      blunting or controlling the human anti-mouse antibody response. Contaminants in
      manufactured monoclonals also pose inherent danger to recipients. Among those
      commonly encountered are microbes, DNA, and manufacturing reagents (e.g., sera,
      column components, and tissue culture additives). Strict adherence to proper
      manufacturing technique usually will minimize these concerns. However, in the
      absence of well-defined cause/effect relationships between toxicity (theoretical
      or real) and agent, complacency that a given product is safe is ill-advised. The
      Food and Drug Administration has disseminated a compilation of concerns and
      suggestions for addressing them in the document "Points to consider in the
      manufacture and testing of monoclonal antibody products for human use." The
      precepts outlined in that document and a close working relationship between
      manufacturers of monoclonal products and scientifically astute regulators
      together represent an effective approach to minimizing the risks of monoclonal
      therapy in diverse patient populations.

PMID- 2297720
TI  - Immunoglobulin class and immunoglobulin G subclass analysis of human anti-mouse
      antibody response during monoclonal antibody treatment of cancer patients.
AB  - The immune response against murine IgG2a immunoglobulin was studied in 42
      gastrointestinal cancer patients treated with mouse monoclonal antibodies. IgM,
      IgA, and all 4 IgG subclasses directed against mouse immunoglobulin were studied.
      Thirty of 42 patients developed an anti-mouse response of IgG isotype, often
      associated with IgM and IgA specific for mouse monoclonal antibodies circulating
      in serum. Patients first developed an IgM response, followed by IgA and IgG. IgG1
      was found to be the most frequently expressed isotype, followed by IgG2 and IgG3.
      IgG4 was detected in only 6 patients.

PMID- 2297721
TI  - Human immune response to anti-carcinoembryonic antigen murine monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that patients with carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA]
      producing neoplastic tumors, treated with murine monoclonal antibody to CEA,
      produced antibodies directed against the constant regions [human anti-mouse
      antibody (HAMA)] and the idiotypes [anti-Id] of these murine immunoglobulins. In
      this study, we describe a method for analyzing the presence of such antibodies in
      the sera of these patients. The HAMAs were measured by enzyme immunoassay and
      removed by immunoadsorption on Affi-Gel mouse IgG. The unabsorbed fraction
      contained the anti-Id antibodies; their presence was demonstrated by binding to
      the CEA monoclonal antibody (Ab1). The specificity of the binding was assessed by
      preincubating the sera with Ab1 and measuring the residual nonspecific binding.
      When specific binding was detected, the anti-Id antibodies were isolated by
      adsorption and elution on Affi-Gel Ab1. The anti-Id antibodies were fixed on
      enzyme immunoassay plates and incubated with a panel of mouse anti-human
      immunoglobulin to determine their isotypes. In a first series of 24 patients,
      HAMAs were found in 20 cases and anti-Id antibodies in 19 cases. The isolation of
      a specific IgG to Ab1 was achieved in 2 cases. In an ongoing series, the HAMA and
      anti-Id antibodies were detected in all five patients given injections of another
      monoclonal antibody to CEA. In two patients an IgG1 kappa anti-Id was isolated
      from the serum. The potential therapeutic effect of these antibodies is under
      investigation.

PMID- 2297722
TI  - Second Conference on Radioimmunodetection and Radioimmunotherapy of Cancer.
      Princeton, New Jersey, September 8-10, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2297723
TI  - Development of radiochemically pure antibodies.
AB  - There are presently three approaches to radiolabeling antibodies: direct
      radiolabeling; radiolabeling of a chelating agent conjugated to an antibody; and
      radiolabeling of a chelating agent before conjugation to an antibody. Using
      either the direct radiolabeling or radiolabeling of a chelating agent conjugated
      to an antibody has not led to a radiochemically pure 99mTc-labeled protein. High
      radiochemical purity is obtained using a prelabeled ligand; therefore this method
      is preferred.

PMID- 2297724
TI  - Improving the tumor retention of radioiodinated antibody: aryl carbohydrate
      adducts.
AB  - Improved methods for attaching radioiodine to monoclonal antibodies have been
      developed. Ten aryl carbohydrate adducts were synthesized by the reductive
      amination of a carbohydrate with an aryl amine, using sodium cyanoborohydride as
      a reducing agent. After purification by chromatography and characterization by
      nuclear magnetic resonance they were iodinated using the chloramine-T method.
      Iodinated adducts were activated with cyanuric chloride and incubated with
      protein at room temperature. The immunoreactivity and avidity of radioiodinated
      tyramine cellobiose (TCB) labeled antibody were fully preserved when compared to
      electrophilically radioiodinated antibody. Radioiodinated TCB-and tyramine
      glucose-labeled monoclonal antibodies showed much greater intracellular retention
      of radioiodine when compared to electrophilically radioiodinated monoclonal
      antibodies. Neither radioiodinated tyramine nor radioiodinated TCB had any
      specific tissue uptake or retention. In mice the retention of radioiodinated TCB
      labeled anti-Thy-1.1 antibody (1A14) by Thy-1.1-bearing lymphoma cells was 2
      times greater than that of chloramine-T labeled 1A14 antibody, whereas the plasma
      clearance curve and uptake in normal tissues was not changed. This method of
      radioiodinating monoclonal antibodies increases the retention time of radioiodine
      in tumor and thus may obviate the problem of intracellular deiodination, a
      perceived disadvantage of electrophilically iodinated antibodies, with respect to
      tumor retention of radioactivity.

PMID- 2297725
TI  - Stable bifunctional chelates of metals used in radiotherapy.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody technology allows the specificity of an antibody for its
      antigen to be used in targeting cancer cells. The conjugation of metals,
      particularly radionuclides such as 90Y or 67Cu, to monoclonal antibodies results
      in agents for radioimmunotherapy and other medical applications. Chelators that
      can hold radiometals with high stability under physiological conditions are
      essential to avoid excessive radiation damage to nontarget cells. Derivatives of
      polyazamacrocycles (bearing a C-substituted functional group for antibody
      attachment) can exhibit remarkable kinetic inertness; for example, the copper
      complex of the 14-membered 6-(p-nitrobenzyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane
      N,N',N'',N'''- tetraacetic acid is very stable in human serum under physiological
      conditions, and a conjugate of this complex with a monoclonal antibody has tested
      well in tumor-bearing mice. Desreux and coworkers [Loncin, M. F., Desreux, J. F.,
      and Merciny, E. Inorg. Chem., 25: 2646-2648, 1986] have shown that complexes of
      lanthanides with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid
      have formation constants that are several orders of magnitude higher than that of
      1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid; thus the 12
      membered macrocycle is the favored target for binding trivalent yttrium. We have
      developed a new synthetic route to these macrocycles via peptide synthesis and
      intramolecular tosylamide ring closure. Incubation of the 88Y-(III) complex of 2
      p-nitrobenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''- tetraacetic acid for
      18 days in serum results in loss of so little Y(III) from the complex (less than
      0.5%) that the rate of loss cannot be measured under these conditions.

PMID- 2297726
TI  - Preclinical evaluation of an "instant" 99mTc-labeling kit for antibody imaging.
AB  - This communication presents information on the quality and stability of a new
      conjugate of 99mTc to an anticancer antibody fragment and results of animal
      imaging and distribution studies. Clinical studies have proved that this labeled
      antibody can image tumors within 2 hours of i.v. injection. It is produced using
      an "instant kit," merely requiring addition of [99mTc]pertechnetate to a
      lyophilized vial containing the fragment and a pertechnetate-reducing agent.
      Within 5 min of addition of pertechnetate to the vial containing the fragment,
      [99mTc]pertechnetate is reduced and quantitatively bound to an intrinsic high
      affinity receptor present in the Fab'. The Fab'-bound 99mTc is completely stable
      to challenge with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and human serum albumin.
      Minimal oxidation and release of 99mTc bound to the fragment were observed when
      the labeled fragment was incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C. Animal
      biodistribution studies were consistent with the known metabolic elimination of a
      radiolabeled Fab' fragment by the kidney. Tumor localization studies in athymic
      nude mice bearing xenografts of human colonic carcinoma (GW-39) predicted the
      positive results later demonstrated in clinical studies.

PMID- 2297727
TI  - 99mTc labeling of proteins: initial evaluation of a novel diaminedithiol
      bifunctional chelating agent.
AB  - The initial evaluation of a novel thiolactone bifunctional chelating agent, 1,
      for facile introduction of the diaminedithiol (DADT) ligand system onto proteins
      for subsequent labeling with 99mTc under mild conditions is presented. For human
      serum albumin and a monoclonal anti-colon carcinoma antibody (B72.3), time
      dependent coupling was achieved at pH 7-9 at room temperature. The coupled
      proteins could be labeled in a direct fashion (Sn2+/99mTcO4-) and by exchange
      labeling (with preformed 99mTc-glucoheptonate) in good to excellent yields at pH
      7. In contrast, the unmodified proteins could be labeled only by direct methods
      with maximum yields of 30%. The labeled, coupled proteins were purified by high
      performance liquid chromatography and found to be stable in vitro over a 20-h
      period of study with no evidence for the loss of label. This exceptional
      stability is due to the chelation of 99mTc by the DADT ligand since 66% (3.5 h)
      and 47% (20 h) of the label were lost from directly labeled unmodified human
      serum albumin and the unmodified antibody, respectively. Biodistribution studies
      in normal mice and rabbits confirmed the stability of the 99mTc-DADT-labeled
      proteins compared to the 99mTc-labeled unmodified proteins in vivo. Thus, the
      novel thiolactone 1 is a useful bifunctional chelating agent for introducing the
      DADT ligand system onto a variety of proteins for subsequent incorporation of
      technetium under mild conditions such that the resultant labeled products are
      stable in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2297728
TI  - Disulfide bond-targeted radiolabeling: tumor specificity of a streptavidin
      biotinylated monoclonal antibody complex.
AB  - A site-specific labeling method was developed in which sulfhydryl groups of a
      murine IgG2a anti-ovarian monoclonal antibody, 5G6.4, were biotinylated with N
      iodoacetyl-N'-biotinylhexylenediamine (Compound 1) following partial reduction of
      disulfide bonds with dithiothreitol. Reaction of 1-alkylated 5G6.4 with 125I
      streptavidin gave immunoreactive streptavidin-1-biotinylated complexes. Radio
      fast protein liquid chromatography data were consistent with the formation of a
      stable monovalent streptavidin-half-antibody complex as the major species. In
      vivo specific localization of these radioantibody conjugates to human tumor
      xenografts of ovarian carcinoma was confirmed by a comparative biodistribution
      study in nude mice using as a control the nonspecific 125I-streptavidin-1
      alkylated UPC-10 (an irrelevant IgG2a monoclonal antibody) complex prepared
      analogously as described above. Tumor uptake for radiolabeled 5G6.4 [0.279 +/-
      0.041% (SE) kg injection dose/g) was significantly greater [P less than 0.025]
      than for UPC-10 [0.165 +/- 0.027% kg injection dose/g]. The tumor:blood ratio
      (7.38 +/- 1.285) for 5G6.4 was approximately 3 times that for UPC-10 (2.48 +/-
      0.708, P less than 0.01). This sulfhydryl site-directed approach demonstrated
      that reduced disulfides of monoclonal antibodies are viable sites for attaching
      labels without significant loss of in vitro and in vivo immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2297729
TI  - Comparison of tumor targeting in nude mice by murine monoclonal antibodies
      directed against different human colorectal cancer antigens.
AB  - Tumor targeting of five radioiodinated murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)
      directed against human colorectal cancer were studied in nude mice bearing the GW
      39 human colonic tumor xenograft. All of the MAbs are of the IgG1 isotype. Two of
      the MAbs (NP-4 and MN-14) are directed against a Class III carcinoembryonic
      antigen-specific epitope, but they differ 10-fold in their affinity. The other
      three MAbs recognize mucins found in colonic cancer. Mu-9 recognizes a peptide
      determinant similar to that described previously for a polyclonal goat anti-colon
      specific antigen p. G9 identifies an organ-specific, tumor-associated
      carbohydrate epitope. The tumor targeting of these MAbs was compared to that of
      B72.3, another anti-mucin MAb. The tumor uptake of all the MAbs were similar on
      days 1, 3, and 7, with an average maximum accretion of between 30 and 40%/g tumor
      occurring by day 3. This tumor uptake was maintained for 14 days with the anti
      mucin MAbs, whereas the percentage of injected dose/g in the tumor for 2 anti
      carcinoembryonic antigen MAbs decreased 2-fold by day 14. Although no statistical
      difference could be found between the percentage of injected dose/g in the tumor
      for NP-4 and MN-14 (carcinoembryonic antigen MAbs), in a paired-labeled study
      using 131I-MN-14 and 125I-NP-4, MN-14 uptake in the tumor was consistently 1.3
      times higher than that of NP-4 on all days tested. F(ab')2 fragments showed lower
      tumor uptake (maximum uptake for NP-4 and Mu-9 was 11% on day 1), but the faster
      clearance resulted in a 4- to 40-fold increase in tumor/blood ratios on day 3 in
      comparison to the whole IgGs. Fab' fragments had the lowest tumor uptake of the 3
      forms of immunoglobulin, with a maximum of only 5%/g 6 h after injection.
      However, tumor/blood ratios on day 1 for the Fab' fragments were improved 3-fold
      over that of F(ab')2. All of these MAbs, except Mu-9, identify epitopes that can
      be detected in plasma, but none of the MAbs complexed appreciably when mixed in
      vitro with plasma containing antigen at antigen/MAb ratios anticipated to be
      encountered most frequently in imaging or therapy applications in humans.
      However, complexation of the MAbs will occur if antigen in the plasma is markedly
      elevated. These studies suggest that if used clinically, tumor targeting of
      colorectal cancer with any of these MAb IgG may be similar if these antigens are
      present at relatively similar concentrations in tumor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2297730
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of 99mTc-metallothionein-B72.3 and its F(ab')2 fragment.
AB  - The radionuclide of choice for use in diagnosis in most nuclear medicine
      diagnostic procedures is 99mTc. It is important, therefore, to establish whether
      there is potential clinical efficacy of an antitumor antigen directed monoclonal
      antibody labeled with 99mTc. We have investigated the potential use of a 99mTc
      labeled antibody complex which uses conjugation of the metal binding protein,
      metallothionein (MT), to bind the radiolabel. The stability and pharmacokinetics
      of the conjugates in normal and tumor bearing mice were compared to
      radioiodinated controls. Measurements done in CD-1 mice comparing either 99mTc-MT
      B72.3 with 125I-B72.3 or 99mTc-MT-F(ab')2 with 125I-F(ab')2 indicated that the
      99mTc-MT-B72.3 cleared at a rate which was faster than 125I-B72.3 while the two
      radiolabeled F(ab')2 fragments cleared at similar rates. The 99mTc from both
      labeled IgG and F(ab')2 was found in the kidneys and urine. While all the 99mTc
      in the urine was in the form of low molecular weight compounds, the serum
      contained radioactivity comigrating on size exclusion chromatography with the
      injected monoclonal antibody. With the exception of kidneys, organ values for
      99mTc-MT-B72.3 were consistently lower than the 125I values, while the 99mTc-MT
      F(ab')2 cleared other organs at similar rates to those for the iodinated
      monoclonal antibody. Both 99mTc-MT-B72.3 and F(ab')2 showed higher 24-h
      tumor:blood ratios than the iodinated proteins. Due to the pharmacokinetic
      properties of 99mTc-MT-F(ab')2 and the half-life of 99mTc, 99mTc-MT-F(ab')2 is
      the agent best suited for imaging.

PMID- 2297731
TI  - Mechanisms of tissue uptake and metabolism of radiolabeled antibody--role of
      antigen: antibody complex formation.
AB  - Scintigraphic studies in animals and in humans have demonstrated uptake of
      radiolabeled antibody by both normal and tumor tissue. Normal tissues most
      commonly visualized are blood, liver, spleen, kidneys, lymph nodes, bone, and
      thyroid. A number of factors have been demonstrated to affect the uptake by
      normal and tumor tissue, including radioisotope properties, immunoglobulin
      characteristics, antibody specificity, tumor size, vascular permeability, and
      antigen expression. Clarification of the mechanisms of tumor and normal tissue
      uptake depends upon comparison of scintigraphic findings with analysis of tissue
      for such factors as radioactivity, antigen content, and tumor size. One of the
      major limitations of 111In labeled monoclonal antibody imaging has been extensive
      111In uptake by histologically normal liver, especially in a host bearing a large
      tumor mass. By high performance liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis analysis of liver and blood it can be
      demonstrated that much of the liver uptake is related to the formation of
      antigen:antibody complexes. The normal liver intensity can be decreased by
      inhibition of radiolabeled complex formation. Understanding of the mechanisms of
      tissue uptake, both normal and tumor, and of radiolabeled antibody metabolism is
      crucial to the rational planning and use of radioimmunoconjugates for tumor
      imaging and treatment. Animal and human studies complement one another in
      examination of these mechanisms.

PMID- 2297732
TI  - Mechanism of decreasing liver uptake of 111In-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic
      antigen monoclonal antibody by specific antibody pretreatment in tumor bearing
      mice.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanism of specific antibody
      pretreatment for reduction of liver uptake of 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody
      (MAB). Previous work with an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) MAB (T84.66) and
      LS174T human colon cancer xenografts in nude mice has shown that giving a high
      dose (0.2 mg) of unlabeled T84.66 in conjunction with the same MAB (T84.66)
      labeled with 111In (Indacea) significantly lowered the liver uptake of 111In.
      High performance liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis were used to assess the radiolabeled components in serum and
      liver at different times following administration of Indacea in normal and tumor
      bearing mice. In serum the 111In remained associated with the IgG in both tumor
      bearing and non-tumor bearing mice. Liver uptake of 111In in mice without tumor
      was low (8-12% injected dose/g) and both IgG and a low molecular weight
      metabolite were found in the liver homogenates. Liver uptake in tumor bearing
      mice increased dramatically (15-40% injected dose/g) with size of tumor and in
      addition to the IgG and low molecular weight components, a high molecular weight
      compound was identified. Administration of CEA: Indacea complexes to non-tumor
      bearing mice produced the same high pressure liquid chromatography and gel
      patterns as those seen in mice with large (greater than 1 g) tumors. Liver
      homogenates from tumor bearing mice given specific antibody pretreatment showed
      the same patterns seen with non-tumor bearing mice (no high molecular weight
      peak). In conclusion, CEA:Indacea complexes are formed in tumor bearing mice and
      rapidly cleared by the liver. Specific antibody pretreatment results in the
      production of unlabeled CEA:MAB complexes causing a reduction in the formation of
      CEA:Indacea complexes and a lower liver uptake of 111In.

PMID- 2297733
TI  - Uptake and metabolism of 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody B6.2 by the rat liver.
AB  - When 111In-labeled murine monoclonal antibodies are used in radio-scintigraphic
      diagnostic procedures, a large fraction of the injected radionuclide is
      sequestered by the liver. Neither the cells responsible for the uptake nor the
      mechanism of uptake are known. Little is known about either the site within the
      liver of antibody metabolism or the form of the products of metabolism. In these
      studies, the uptake and metabolism of a monoclonal antibody, B6.2 radiolabeled
      with 111In or 125I [either intact B6.2 or F(ab')2] were determined in rats. One h
      after injection of either 125I- or 111In-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
      (111In-DTPA)-labeled B6.2, the predominant liver cell in which the radionuclide
      was found was the parenchymal cell. At this time, the absolute uptake of 125I in
      the liver was 0.23 +/- 0.06% (SD) of the injected dose compared to 0.61 +/- 0.06%
      when the radionuclide was 111In. Removal of the Fc portion of the antibody
      reduced the absolute liver uptake of 125I to 0.10 +/- 0.01 and the absolute
      uptake of 111In to 0.16 +/- 0.06. Both radionuclides were still associated
      predominantly with the parenchymal cell. Using size exclusion high performance
      liquid chromatography analysis of liver supernatants the metabolism of
      radiolabeled B6.2 was followed for 24 h. Of the radioactivity recovered, 47.9% of
      the 125I was precipitable by centrifugation (and presumed bound to cell
      membranes) while 15.4% was attached to B6.2 found in the cytosol. In contrast,
      when 111In-DTPA-B6.2 was administered, 16.0% of 111In recovered from the liver
      was precipitable by centrifugation, and 6.5% was attached to B6.2 found in the
      cytosol. Sixty % of the 111In was recovered as a low molecular weight (less than
      1000) component in the cytosol. This metabolite was not immunoreactive, nor did
      it comigrate with ferritin, and was resolved into four components by ion exchange
      high performance liquid chromatography. Of these, only a minor component
      cochromatographed with an 111In-DTPA standard. These data suggest that the large
      accretion of radionuclide by the liver is due to uptake of monoclonal antibodies
      by an Fc receptor-mediated mechanism and the subsequent accumulation of low
      molecular weight metabolites, presumably 111In-DTPA, attached to one or more
      amino acids. The reasons for the entrapment of metabolites in the liver are under
      investigation.

PMID- 2297734
TI  - Site-specifically radioiodinated antibody for targeting tumors.
AB  - Labeling of an antibody site specifically through its carbohydrate regions
      preserves its antigen-binding activity (Rodwell et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,
      83: 2632, 1986). Previously site-specific labeling studies have conjugated
      antibodies with metallic radioisotopes or drugs. We now report site-specific
      labeling with a new radioiodinated compound, 2-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-methylbenzoyl
      hydrazide, whose synthesis we described earlier (Belinka et al., Biochemistry,
      27: 3084, 1988). The compound is reacted with aldehyde groups produced by
      specific oxidation of the carbohydrate portion of the antibody with sodium m
      periodate. Optimized conjugation conditions give good recovery of active antibody
      containing 10 groups per molecule. The conjugate is stable in solution for at
      least several weeks at both 4 and -70 degrees C. When injected into nude mice
      bearing LS174T human cancer xenografts, the conjugate of B72.3 antibody localizes
      well to tumor tissue, with low uptake by other organs. This biodistribution is
      similar to that of conjugate prepared by using solid-phase chloramine-T
      (Iodohead). There are only two significant differences. First, the carbohydrate
      conjugate is much less susceptible to dehalogenation, and thus shows much less
      thyroid uptake. Secondly, the biological half-life of the carbohydrate conjugate
      was about half that of the chloramine-T one. This could be due primarily to lysis
      of the hydrazine bond through which the antibody is attached to the compound,
      which would then be excreted rapidly by itself. The new reagent will be
      especially useful for antibodies which either cannot be labeled by chloramine-T
      methods, or whose activity is impaired by them.

PMID- 2297735
TI  - Radiolocalization of monoclonal antibodies in hepatic metastases from human colon
      cancer in congenitally athymic mice.
AB  - Intrasplenic injection of the HT-29 LMM metastatic human colon cancer line
      reproducibly results in hepatic metastasis formation in congenitally athymic
      mice. HT-29-15, a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) of the IgG1 class reactive
      with the HT-29 LMM line, and BL-3, an isotype-matched control antibody, were
      labeled with 125I. Labeled mAbs were injected i.v. in mice with hepatic
      metastases, and animals were sacrificed on days 3, 5, and 7. Specific mAb uptake
      by tumor was significantly greater than nonspecific mAb uptake, as evidenced by
      specific/nonspecific tumor/blood ratios (radiolocalization indices) of 3.47/1
      25.6/1. Relative mAb uptake was greater by the hepatic tumors than by the splenic
      tumors from day 3 to day 7, although this was significant (P less than 0.05) only
      on day 7 (5.12 +/- 2.97 versus 1.79 +/- 0.71). Tumor/uninvolved tissue ratios
      were also significantly greater (P less than 0.05) for the hepatic metastases
      than for the splenic tumors on day 7 (12.23 +/- 3.85 versus 6.63 +/- 2.63). This
      murine hepatic metastasis model appears useful for evaluation of localization of
      mAbs to hepatic metastases from human colon carcinoma.

PMID- 2297736
TI  - Comparative pharmacokinetics of a murine monoclonal antibody to a rat colon tumor
      in rats and nude mice.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of the 131I-labeled murine anti-rat colon carcinoma
      monoclonal antibody, E4, and its F(ab')2 fragments were compared in normal
      Sprague-Dawley rats as well as in syngeneic BDIX rats and nude mice bearing the
      tumor to which the monoclonal antibodies had been generated. 125I-labeled
      irrelevant antibody of the same IgG2a subclass or its labeled F(ab')2 fragments
      were used as controls. Results of labeled antibody uptake after i.v.
      administration were analyzed in terms of accumulation and localization indices
      for normal tissues and tumor. Whole E4, which is tumor specific by
      immunoperoxidase staining, bound to a variety of normal tissues, in addition to
      the tumor. These tissues included liver, stomach, colon, and lung of rats bearing
      s.c. tumors. Targeting to the tumor was better in rats bearing i.p. tumors, but
      targeting to other organs was also high. The use of F(ab')2 fragments in rats
      bearing s.c. tumors showed results similar to those found with the whole antibody
      and did not improve tumor localization. These observations demonstrate a lack of
      correlation between in vivo tissue uptake of injected murine monoclonals, or
      their fragments, and in vitro histochemical studies. In contrast to observations
      in rats, tumor alone was specifically targeted with whole E4 or F(ab')2 fragments
      in tumor-bearing nude mice. Trichloroacetic acid precipitation of rat and mouse
      tissue radioactivity indicated that labeled antibody, and not catabolites or free
      iodine, was being measured. These data suggest that studies on the xenogeneic
      nude mouse model may not necessarily be relevant to the choice of monoclonal
      antibodies for clinical diagnostic imaging or therapy.

PMID- 2297737
TI  - Radioimmunodetection of hepatic metastases from human colon cancer in nude mice
      with a gamma-detecting probe.
AB  - The utility of a gamma detecting probe (GDP) in the detection of experimental
      hepatic metastases in nude mice using radiolabeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) was
      assessed. Twelve mice with established hepatic metastases from the HT-29 LMM cell
      line, 5 mice with s.c. tumors in the left flank and 6 non-tumor-bearing control
      mice were given i.v. injections of 40 microCi/4 micrograms of 125I-labeled mAb HT
      29-15. Six tumor-bearing mice were given i.v. injections of an isotype-matched
      control mAb (BL-3). Using the GDP, measurements were obtained daily over the
      region of the heart, the region of the liver (i.e., the right flank), and the
      s.c. tumor when applicable. Intraoperative measurements were obtained at
      laparotomy on days 5 and 7. Subsequently, the metastases, normal liver, and blood
      were resected and the radioactivity/g tissue was measured in a gamma well
      counter. External right flank/heart ratios were significantly higher in the tumor
      bearing group than in controls. External measurements allowed detection of small
      tumors weighing only 161 +/- 87 (SD) mg and occupying 11.5 +/- 4% of the entire
      liver weight. Metastases counted intraoperatively with the GDP measured 1 to 7 mm
      in greatest diameter. The mean metastasis/heart GDP ratio was 1.7 +/- 0.4:1.
      Tumors weighing as little as 51 +/- 42 mg could be identified. These experimental
      results confirm the usefulness of the GDP for the detection of small hepatic
      metastases from colon cancer and illustrate important features of probe
      measurement of radiolabeled mAb uptake.

PMID- 2297738
TI  - Patterns of antigen distribution in human carcinomas.
AB  - Ten epithelial-specific monoclonal antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies to
      antigens that have been used extensively in immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy
      experiments, were tested for reactivity with 20 human carcinomas each of the
      colon, lung, and breast. The antibodies tested included B72.3, OC125, and
      antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen, the 17-1A antigen, and the milk fat
      globule mucin antigen (epithelial membrane antigen). Striking differences in the
      pattern of antigen distribution were seen, with each antibody having a fairly
      consistent staining pattern, which was dependent on the tumor type. Two
      antibodies reacted with most or all tumor specimens and, when positive, reacted
      homogeneously with apparently every cell in the specimen. Other antibodies
      consistently produced a variegated staining pattern, typically with areas of
      positive cells surrounded by areas of negative tumor cells. A third pattern was
      strong localization to the luminal edge and/or secretions of glandular tumors;
      this pattern was seen primarily in colon carcinomas which have more well
      developed glandular structures than breast or lung carcinomas. A correlation with
      biochemical properties of the antigens was evident, in that mucins or mucin
      related antigens generally produced variegated staining of lung and breast
      carcinomas and luminal edge/secretion staining of colon carcinomas. Such
      differences in antigen distribution are likely to be a major factor in developing
      methods for immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy.

PMID- 2297739
TI  - Use of whole-body autoradiography in cancer targeting with radiolabeled
      antibodies.
AB  - Methods of single-tracer whole-body autoradiography (WBAR) have been developed in
      our laboratory which allow imaging and measurement of the zonal distribution of
      radioiodinated antibodies and their fragments within GW-39 colon carcinoma
      xenografts varying in size from large, cystic masses with necrotic cores to
      micrometastases. The whole-animal distribution of 90Y-labeled anti
      carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody NP-2 was evaluated by WBAR in nude
      mice bearing s.c. implants of GW-39 colon cancer and revealed antitumor uptake
      specifically as well as significant accumulation of 90Y in the bones. Dual-tracer
      qualitative WBAR methods have also been applied in order to examine the
      biodistribution of labeled immunoglobulins in the GW-39 animal tumor model as a
      function of the underlying rapid cell proliferation index ([3H]-thymidine assay)
      in the same tumor. In addition, extension of the WBAR method was made to permit
      imaging of the biodistribution of 10B compounds in mice bearing Harding-Passey
      melanoma implants by using a track-etch procedure to produce alpha-particle WBAR.
      Further applications of single and multiple radionuclide WBAR are offered and
      discussed as an effective means of assessing the degree of penetration of
      immunoglobulins in tumors in which vascular patterns, local glucose metabolism,
      protein synthesis, and rapid cell proliferation indices may be characterized.

PMID- 2297740
TI  - Radioimaging of melanoma using 99mTc-labeled Fab fragment reactive with a high
      molecular weight melanoma antigen.
AB  - Twenty patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were studied with 99mTc
      labeled monoclonal antibody (MoAb) Fab fragment (NR-Ml-05) reactive with a high
      molecular weight (Mr 240,000) melanoma associated antigen. Patients received 40
      mg unlabeled irrelevant MoAb (NR-2AD-IgG) and 7.5 mg unlabeled NR-Ml-05 (whole
      IgG) prior to infusion of 10 mg 99mTc-labeled (10-25 mCi) NR-Ml-05 Fab. Unlabeled
      MoAb were given to block nonspecific and specific binding sites. Gamma camera
      scans and single photon emission computed tomography were performed at 8 and 24 h
      postadministration. Of 172 preexisting lesions, 136 were imaged for a sensitivity
      of detection of 79%. Imaging was site and size dependent with the greatest
      sensitivity for liver lesions (100%) and the least for bowel (0%). Six sites (2
      skin, 1 lung, 3 liver) were detected by single photon emission computed
      tomography that were missed on routine planar images. Forty-one additional
      unconfirmed sites were seen. Of these, 7 (17%) have been confirmed as tumor after
      a median follow-up time of 6 months. False positive scans included scar tissue,
      areas of chronic inflammation, an infected femoral aneurysm, and septic emboli.
      Nonspecific uptake of radioactivity occurred in kidney, gallbladder, bowel,
      thyroid, and myocardium. Human anti-mouse antibodies were detected in up to 69%
      of patients. In summary, radioimaging with 99mTc-NR-Ml-05 is a sensitive test,
      especially for detecting liver lesions. It is safe, simple to administer, and
      convenient for the patient. Biodistribution and imaging sensitivity differ
      significantly from studies in which 111In-labeled anti-melanoma MoAb have been
      used.

PMID- 2297741
TI  - Clinical studies of cancer radioimmunodetection with carcinoembryonic antigen
      monoclonal antibody fragments labeled with 123I or 99mTc.
AB  - Seventy-three patients with diverse cancers containing carcinoembryonic antigen
      received 123I-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody F(ab')2
      fragment [38 patients], 99mTc-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal
      antibody Fab' fragment [23 patients], or both reagents at different times [6
      patients] for evaluation of antibody targeting and imaging [radioimmunodetection
      (RAID)], using planar and single-photon emission computed tomography. The results
      indicated that antibody fragments are preferred for early tumor imaging (within
      24 h). Rapid targeting and clearance from blood and normal organs of the antibody
      fragments (blood median t1/2 elimination of 26.5 and 13.2 h for the F(ab')2 and
      Fab' fragments respectively) permitted the use of short-lived radionuclides, such
      as 123I (13.3 h) and 99mTc (6 h), and confirmed that selective antibody accretion
      in tumors occurred very soon after administration, such as between 2 and 5 h.
      Scan interpretations at 24 h for the 123I-labeled F(ab')2 and at 2-5 h for the
      99mTc-labeled Fab' revealed overall sensitivities, on a tumor site basis, of 95.9
      and 94.9%, respectively. On a site basis, the overall accuracies were 94.2 and
      93.8% for the 123I and 99mTc immunoconjugates, respectively. In the 6 patients
      studied with both radioimmunoconjugates, a high concordance in detection was
      found. Both imaging agents also revealed a high number of putatively new tumor
      sites not disclosed by other radiological methods at the time of the RAID
      studies, of which 40.0 and 20.5% were subsequently confirmed as tumor for the
      123I and 99mTc agents, respectively, within an 11-month follow-up period. This
      represented 24 proven occult tumor sites in 19 patients given the 123I
      immunoconjugate and 16 proven occult tumor sites in 9 patients receiving the
      99mTc agent. The new lesions were found up to 17 and 7 months earlier for 123I
      RAID and 99mTc-RAID, respectively, than with other detection methods. The
      smallest tumors identified were below 0.5 cm, especially with the 99mTc
      immunoconjugate and single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. The
      findings of this study confirm previous evidence that RAID is a safe and a
      potentially useful new method of cancer detection. Despite the excellent results
      with the 123I-F(ab')2 antibody fragment, its poor availability and high cost
      limit its clinical use. Therefore, the 99mTc agent, which is made by an instant,
      1-step, 1-vial, direct labeling method, appears to be the method of choice for
      rapid and accurate detection of cancer by RAID.

PMID- 2297742
TI  - Presurgical imaging with indium-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen for colon
      cancer staging.
AB  - Over a 4-year period, 108 patients with known or suspected colorectal cancer were
      studied by radioimmunoconjugate scintigraphy prior to operative procedures. Study
      subjects received 0.2 to 40 mg i.v. of murine anti-carcinoembryonic antigen
      monoclonal antibody labeled with 2-5 mCi of 111In (Indacea). Resected tissues
      were analyzed for 111In and carcinoembryonic antigen content. Tumor, liver, and
      draining lymph nodes had over 10% injected dose/kg compared to less than 2.5%
      injected dose/kg for other normal tissues. Primary tumors that were successfully
      imaged were significantly larger and had higher 111In and carcinoembryonic
      antigen content. In 54 patients, primary tumors were visualized with a
      sensitivity of 78%. Hepatic metastases (58 patients) were visualized as negative
      filling defects (sensitivity, 45%). Extrahepatic (intraabdominal) metastases (25
      patients) were visualized (sensitivity, 48%) as areas of increased uptake.
      Extraabdominal metastases were uncommon (10 patients; sensitivity, 80%). Of 56
      patients with known or suspected hepatic metastases who presented with no
      evidence of extrahepatic disease by conventional tests (X-ray, computerized
      tomographic scan), 20 (36%) were documented to have extrahepatic metastases at
      exploratory surgery and 10 of these (50%) had the extrahepatic disease localized
      by the Indacea scan. The management of these 10 patients was, or could have been,
      modified by the scan findings and unnecessary surgery eliminated.

PMID- 2297743
TI  - Breast tumor radioimmunodetection with a 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody (MA5)
      against a mucin-like antigen.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody MA5 recognizes a determinant displayed on high molecular
      weight antigens associated with secretory and malignant breast epithelial cells.
      MA5 reactivity with greater than 95% of primary and metastatic breast tumors,
      surface expression of the antigen, as well as its ability to localize within
      breast tumor xenografts prompted this initial study to determine the efficacy of
      MA5 to localize breast tumors by radioimmunoscanning. A total of 17 patients was
      monitored, each receiving 2 mg of purified MA5 labeled with 5 mCi of 111In. Some
      patients also received 3 or 18 mg of unlabeled carrier antibody (MA5); no serious
      allergic reactions were noted. Primary tumors, bone lesions, soft tissue
      recurrences, and lung metastases greater than 3 cm in diameter were detectable,
      whereas only one lesion (hilar node) less than 3 cm was localized. Significant
      antibody accumulation was noted in the liver and less significant uptake in the
      spleen and bone. The extensive fibrosis and poor vascularization of breast tumors
      may partly explain the limited sensitivity obtained thus far. The imaging results
      obtained with MA5 are compared with other antibodies which we show recognize the
      same antigens.

PMID- 2297744
TI  - Human biodistribution of 111In-labeled B72.3 monoclonal antibody.
AB  - The murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody B72.3 reacts with human colorectal, breast,
      lung, pancreatic, gastric, and ovarian tumors. Human biodistribution studies
      using intact 131I-B72.3 have been reported by Carrasquillo et al. (J. Nucl. Med.,
      29: 1022-1030, 1988). We have performed similar studies on five patients using
      i.v. infusion of 20 mg of intact 111In-B72.3 (Cytogen Corp.). Serum clearance is
      similar with a t1/2 of 64.2 h (range, 44-80) for 111In-B72.3 and 65 h (range, 32
      106) for 131I-B72.3 (J. A. Carrasquillo et al., J. Nucl. Med., 29: 1022-1030,
      1988). However, organ biodistribution is markedly different. For 131I-B72.3,
      hepatic and splenic clearance mirrors blood pool clearance (J. A. Carrasquillo et
      al., J. Nucl, Med., 29: 1022-1030, 1988). For 111In-B72.3, there is rapid uptake
      in tumor, liver, spleen, kidney, lumbar spine, and testes by 2-6 h with no
      significant clearance over the next 9 days. For 111In-B72.3, quantitative
      analysis of liver (from biopsy specimens), spleen, kidney, and lumbar spine (from
      scintiphoto regions of interest after background subtraction and attenuation
      correction) shows the following peak organ biodistributions in percentage infused
      dose: liver, 32%; spleen, 3.9%; kidneys, 3.5%; and lumbar vertebral bodies
      (marrow sample), 2.7%. For both 111In-B72.3 and 131I-B72.3, the principal route
      of excretion from the body is urinary with excretion rate of 131I faster than
      111In. The marked differences between 111In-B72.3 and 131I-B72.3 biodistribution
      and clearance strongly influence the dosimetry, immunodetection, and
      immunotherapeutic potentials of B72.3 MoAb.

PMID- 2297745
TI  - Immunolymphoscintigraphy and immunoscintigraphy of ovarian and fallopian tube
      cancer using F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal antibody OC 125.
AB  - We have used immunolymphoscintigraphy (ILS) alone or in combination with
      immunoscintigraphy with 131I-labeled F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal OC 125
      antibodies to improve detection of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases of
      ovarian and fallopian tube cancer. ILS was carried out with bilateral dorsopedal
      s.c. injections on nine patients and with bilateral iliopelvic injections into
      the ischiorectal fossa on two other patients. Radioimaging was performed 2-4
      times between 0 and 5 days. An additional dose of labeled antibody fragments was
      given i.v., and imaging was done 2-3 days later. Conventional immunoscintigraphy
      without preceding ILS was carried out on another nine patients. Dorsopedal ILS
      improved detection of pelvic and paraaortic lymph node metastases. Malignant
      lymph nodes were detectable as early as 3 h after s.c. injection of the tracer.
      Combined results of ILS and immunoscintigraphy in 16 surgically verified cases
      indicated a true positive finding in 9 patients, true negative finding in 5,
      false positive in one, and false negative in 1. Calculated from these figures the
      sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the method were 90, 83, and 88%,
      respectively. Involved lymph nodes were found more frequently in those patients
      whose serum CA 125 concentration was elevated demonstrating that an elevated
      serum CA 125 level does not preclude successful radioimmunodetection.

PMID- 2297747
TI  - Immunolymphoscintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled monoclonal antibody (BW 431/26)
      reacting with carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer.
AB  - In breast cancer, the most interesting sites showing the regional spread of the
      disease are the axillary and internal mammary lymph nodes. Monoclonal antibodies
      are specific in detecting tumor metastases. The aim of this study is to present a
      simple method whereby the immunolymphoscintigraphic approach is introduced
      whether bimanually or parasternally. Twenty consecutive female breast cancer
      patients were imaged with 99mTc-labeled monoclonal intact IgG1 antibody (BW
      431/26, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany), which reacts with carcinoembryonic
      antigen. The labeling yield was in 10 cases over 98%. The patients had a
      suspicion of scar recurrency, skin metastases, or palpable lymph node affixions.
      The patients were imaged twice after bimanual s.c. injections (at 2-3 h and 20-22
      h); the bimanual injections were given into first and fourth interdigital
      interstitial spaces and in one case parasternally following Sappey's lines. A
      total of 105 lesions in 18 patients were detected. Twenty-five lesions in 18
      patients were verified cytologically or histologically. Sensitivity of
      morphological data was 84%. In supraclavicular and axillary lymph node regions
      the sensitivity was 90% and the specificity 88% compared to other findings. Most
      of the undetected lesions were skeletal. The carcinoembryonic antigen
      concentration in serum had no correlation with the findings. The human anti
      murine antibodies showed in two patients of 15 elevated response. This
      immunolymphoscintigraphy method could be of clinical importance because it
      enables detection of both regional and systemic lesions in a common type of
      cancer. The method is sensitive, except for bone lesions, and might be applied
      for screening purposes in selected patients.

PMID- 2297746
TI  - Lymphoscintigraphy in melanoma: initial evaluation of a low protein dose
      monoclonal antibody cocktail.
AB  - A low protein dose (73 +/- 10 micrograms total) 131I-labeled monoclonal antibody
      cocktail made of equal microgram quantities of 225.28S (IgG2a) and 763.24T (IgG1)
      murine monoclonal antibodies, which bind additively to a high molecular weight
      antigen of melanoma, was evaluated as a lymphoscintigraphic agent in 17 patients
      with intermediate to thick (mean Breslow depth, 3.39 +/- 0.64 mm) melanomas or
      clinical Stage II disease scheduled for nodal dissection. Eleven of the patients
      were clinically Stage I while 6 were clinically Stage II. 131I antibody cocktail,
      258 +/- 10 microCi, was administered s.c. at the site of the primary melanoma or
      its scar following surgical removal. In eight patients, 63 +/- 8 microCi of 125I
      nonspecific normal sheep IgG was coadministered s.c. Gamma camera imaging was
      conducted beginning immediately after and continuing for several days following
      injection. Surgical resection, weighing, and gamma counting of the draining lymph
      nodes were undertaken in all patients. On gamma scans, early nodal uptake of
      antibody was most pronounced and of longest duration in the tumor pathologically
      positive patients (5 of 7 had visible nodal uptake, 4 of 7 visually stable or
      rising with time), with the t 1/2 of nodal clearance by gamma scan significantly
      (P less than 0.05) longer than in the negative patients in whom 4 of 10 showed
      some, although generally transient (0 of 10 stable or rising), nodal uptake.
      Scans were not easily interpretable when the injection site was very near the
      draining nodal group, in part due to the detection of scatter activity from the
      injection site. In several instances the scan was correct and the clinical
      examination was incorrect as regards nodal disease. Quantitative analysis of the
      surgically excised draining nodes showed significantly (P less than 0.001) more
      131I anti-melanoma antibody uptake in the 21 tumor-involved nodes [0.01217%
      injected dose (ID)/node median] than in the 512 tumor-negative nodes (0.00051%
      ID/node median). Median percentage ID/g of anti-melanoma antibody in tumor
      involved nodes was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than in tumor
      negative nodes (0.01984 versus 0.003215% ID/g). 125I-labeled nonspecific antibody
      did not accumulate significantly more in the tumor-involved nodes on a per node
      or per g basis in the 283 of 533 nodes studied using the dual-label approach
      (0.0036 versus 0.00092% ID/g). These data demonstrate that by external imaging
      and by tissue counting that a radiolabeled anti-melanoma monoclonal antibody
      cocktail can specifically accumulate to melanoma-involved lymph nodes following
      s.c. administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2297748
TI  - Radioimmunodetection in rhabdo- and leiomyosarcoma with 111In-anti-myosin
      monoclonal antibody complex.
AB  - In patients with rhabdo- and leiomyosarcoma a radioimmunodiagnostic study was
      performed with 111In labeled F(ab) fragments of a monoclonal antibody against
      myosin. Eight patients with rhabdomyosarcoma and 18 patients with leiomyosarcoma
      were studied. Scanning was performed at 4, 24, and 48 h after administration of
      74 MBeq of the antibody complex. A high uptake with a tumor:background ratio of
      10:1 was observed in several patients with rhabdomyosarcoma but the results were
      less accurate in leiomyosarcoma.

PMID- 2297749
TI  - Radioimmunotherapy in experimental animal models: principles derived from models.
AB  - Experimental animal models have made it possible to study some of the biological,
      biochemical, and pharmacological parameters involved in the use of radiolabeled
      monoclonal antibody for therapy and detection. Although such models are less
      appropriate for studies of dosimetry and the host's immune response to the
      monoclonal antibody, some general principles have been derived from the various
      model systems that have largely held true in studies in patients. Some of the
      points learned from experimental animal models will be illustrated in this paper.

PMID- 2297751
TI  - Radioimmunotherapy of peritoneal human colon cancer xenografts with site
      specifically modified 212Bi-labeled antibody.
AB  - 212Bi is a radioisotope that emits highly cytotoxic alpha-particles. alpha
      particles have a high linear energy transfer over a short path length. These
      properties and the 1-h half-life make this isotope suitable for
      radioimmunotherapy of peritoneal tumors. Therefore, we wanted to test whether
      monoclonal antibodies labeled with 212Bi would be effective in treating such
      tumors. We conjugated the antibody B72.3, which is reactive with many human
      adenocarcinomas, to the chelator linker glycyltyrosyl-lysyl-N-epsilon
      diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, by reductive amination to the carbohydrate
      residues of the antibody (J. Rodwell, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83: 2632
      2636, 1986). Athymic nude mice were injected i.p. with LS174T cells, a human
      colon cancer cell line. Seven to 13 days later the mice were treated with the
      212Bi-labeled antibody. We treated the mice using single doses of 180-450 microCi
      or multiple doses of 80-180 microCi on consecutive days. Dissections were
      performed 9-16 days after the end of treatment. Both the single and multiple
      doses resulted in a decrease in tumor burden when compared to tumor from mice
      receiving unlabeled antibody. Mice in the optimum group showed tumor reductions
      of greater than 90%. Treatment with a 212Bi-labeled irrelevant antibody was
      significantly less effective than that with labeled B72.3 antibody. Survival
      studies showed that mice receiving the labeled antibody had a prolonged survival
      when compared to control mice.

PMID- 2297750
TI  - Biological considerations for radioimmunotherapy.
AB  - We have examined three methods that may be useful for improving the therapeutic
      efficacy of antibody-targeted radionuclides. The principal limitation of
      radioimmunotherapy is myelotoxicity and thrombocytopenia. These are due mainly to
      the length of time the radioantibody remains in the blood. The clearance time of
      a radiolabeled immunoglobulin G (IgG) may be decreased by using fragments
      prepared from the IgG. Using murine monoclonal antibodies against human colonic
      cancer in an animal model with a transplantable human colonic tumor, we have
      shown that fractionated doses of 131I-labeled F(ab')2 fragments can provide
      similar tumoricidal activity as a single injection of IgG, but toxicity to the
      normal tissues is reduced significantly at this tumoricidal level. Thus, it is
      expected that improved tumoricidal activity may be achieved by further escalating
      the dose of F(ab')2 that is administered at each injection. An anti-antibody
      (second antibody) may also be used to remove an anti-tumor antibody rapidly from
      the blood. By allowing intact IgG to be used instead of fragments, a higher
      percentage of the radiolabeled anti-tumor antibodies may be concentrated in the
      tumor to provide higher tumor doses, yet toxicity to the normal tissues may be
      controlled by the removal of the radiolabeled antibody from the blood. We have
      shown that the injection of a second antibody 48 h after 131I-labeled anti
      carcinoembryonic antigen antibody is given can reduce toxicity at least 2-fold
      without affecting the tumoricidal activity of the radioantibody. A third method
      for reducing the myelotoxicity of radioantibody treatment involves the use of
      cytokines to increase the production of white blood cells. For example,
      interleukin 1 may be given prior to, or sometime after, radioantibody treatment
      to increase the number of circulating white blood cells and thereby reduce
      myelotoxicity. Thus, modification of some of the biological factors limiting
      radioimmunotherapy may provide for improvements in cancer treatment with
      radiolabeled antibodies.

PMID- 2297752
TI  - Radioimmunotherapy of human colon carcinomatosis xenograft with 90Y-ZCE025
      monoclonal antibody: toxicity and tumor phenotype studies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody ZCE025 recognizes an epitope of the carcinoembryonic molecule
      (CEA). We have shown that when linked to 90Y, its localization in the tumor was
      sufficient to result in a significant tumoricidal effect in human colon
      carcinomatosis grown in the peritoneum of athymic mice. Intraperitoneal tumors
      were present 7 days after inoculation of the CEA-producing human colon carcinoma
      cell line LS174T, when the mice received i.p. injections with 40 to 160 microCi
      of 90Y-labeled ZCE025 or 96.5c (nonspecific monoclonal antibody). The animals
      that were autopsied 12 days after treatment displayed a significant (P less than
      0.001) inhibition of tumor growth when compared to the control animals that
      received no treatment or similar doses of nonspecific monoclonal antibody.
      Microscopically, the treated tumors showed extensive radiation effect and they
      became progressively necrotic until only a rim of viable tissue remained in the
      periphery of the nodules. CEA expression was practically absent on the newly
      grown nodules that began to appear 3 weeks after therapy, and remained so 6 weeks
      thereafter. In contrast, over 80% of the tumor cells from the untreated animals
      expressed CEA. There was no mortality due to treatment; however, the
      hematopoietic organs were markedly depleted at the higher doses. The marrow and
      the spleen recovery began 2 weeks after treatment, and it was completed by the
      4th week. No evidence of toxicity was present in any of the other organs
      examined. These studies suggest that 90Y-ZCE025 therapy results in clonal
      selection of cells lacking or minimally expressing CEA. The inherent implications
      of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2297753
TI  - Comparative binding and preclinical localization and therapy studies with
      radiolabeled human chimeric and murine 17-1A monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Murine MoAb 17-1A is an IgG2a antibody reactive with a gastrointestinal cancer
      associated cell surface antigen. Human-mouse chimeric 17-1A MoAbs were
      constructed in which the murine variable region of 17-1A was joined with human
      IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 constant regions. Human-mouse IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4
      chimeric antibodies were compared with the parental murine antibody and its
      F(ab')2 fragments for their ability to bind to colon carcinoma cells in vitro,
      for their blood clearance in normal nude mice, and for their localization and
      tumor growth inhibition of colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Indirect
      immunofluorescence experiments with fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-mouse or
      goat anti-human antibody verified that the substitution of human constant regions
      in the chimeric MoAbs did not significantly alter the ability of the murine
      variable region to bind to colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (LS174T, SW948, and
      C0112). The immunoreactivities of 125I-labeled murine and chimeric 17-1A MoAbs
      measured in a live cell-binding assay with LS174T, SW948, and C0112 cells
      revealed that chimeric IgG1, IgG4, and 17-1A F(ab')2 were comparable to murine 17
      1A while chimeric IgG2 showed lower binding. The blood half-lives of 125I-labeled
      murine 17-1A, its F(ab')2 fragments, and chimeric IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 in normal
      nude mice determined by serial eye bleeding were 7.5, 0.5, 5.2, 6.9, and 1.9
      days, respectively. In biodistribution studies at 4 days after injection of 125I
      labeled MoAbs in nude mice bearing LS174T tumors, chimeric IgG1 had the highest
      tumor concentration of 20.5% injected dose/g with a tumor/blood ratio of 3.2.
      131I-labeled murine 17-1A administered in a single injection of 300 microCi or 3
      injections of about 300 microCi each to nude mice bearing established LS174T
      tumors inhibited tumor growth, whereas a comparable amount of unlabeled murine 17
      1A did not inhibit tumor growth. 131I-labeled chimeric IgG1 MoAb showed a similar
      level of tumor growth inhibition. The results of the present study indicate that
      17-1A chimeric IgG1 antibody may be the best choice for clinical
      radioimmunodetection and radioimmunotherapy studies.

PMID- 2297754
TI  - Protection from carcinogen-induced murine bladder carcinoma by interferons and an
      oral interferon-inducing pyrimidinone, bropirimine.
AB  - Interferons (IFNs) have established activities as antivirals and inhibitors of
      viral and transplantable tumors. To establish whether IFNs or their inducers can
      affect induction of carcinogenesis in vivo, the bladder-specific carcinogen N-[4
      (5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) was administered in the diet at
      0.11 or 0.13% (w/w) to female C3H/He mice beginning at 7 weeks of age. Mice
      treated with the IFN-inducing bropirimine [2-amino-5-bromo-6-phenyl-4(3H)
      pyrimidinone] i.p. twice a week for 14 weeks starting on day 30 of start of FANFT
      feeding developed fewer transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) than mice treated with
      the vehicle. Bropirimine (200 mg/kg twice a week) orally resulted in even greater
      effectiveness: 6 of 43 bladders with TCC for bropirimine-treated mice versus 24
      of 39 for control glycine buffer-treated mice (P less than 0.01, x2 test). Mice
      treated i.p. daily on days 29 through 210 with 5,000 units of beta interferon
      (specific activity, 2.0 x 10(8) units/mg) had 0 of 15 TCC while control mice had
      7 of 13 TCC (P less than 0.001). Bladders of untreated mice were also
      significantly heavier than those of beta interferon- or bropirimine-treated mice.
      This dose of IFN treatment was confirmed as effective in a second experiment, in
      which mice were treated daily on days 30-223 with 5,000 units alpha/beta
      interferon (specific activity, 1.2 x 10(7) units/mg). This resulted in 4 of 25
      bladders with TCC versus 24 of 39 for control mice (P less than 0.001). A higher
      dose of IFN (50,000 units alpha/beta interferon daily) was toxic; 24 of 30 mice
      died within 2 months. IFN and an IFN inducer, bropirimine, inhibited development
      and progression of FANFT-induced bladder TCC in vivo and thus may have roles as
      chemopreventive modalities.

PMID- 2297755
TI  - Oncodevelopmental regulation of the alternative splicing of fibronectin pre
      messenger RNA in human lung tissues.
AB  - Alternative splicing of fibronectin pre-mRNA at the ED-A region has been shown to
      be deregulated in malignant human liver tumors (F. Oyama et al., J. Biol. Chem.,
      264: 10331-10334, 1989). In order to extend this observation to other human
      cancers, we investigated the splicing patterns of fibronectin pre-mRNA at both ED
      A and ED-B regions in normal, fetal, and cancerous lung tissues. Unlike in the
      liver, the ED-A+ mRNA was constitutively expressed in the lung irrespective of
      ontogenic or oncogenic stages. Although fetal tissues expressed the ED-A+ mRNA
      slightly more than did adult tissues, there was virtually no significant
      difference between malignant and nonmalignant tissues in the level of the ED-A+
      mRNA. In contrast, significant expression of the ED-B+ mRNA was observed with
      fetal and cancerous tissues but not with normal adult tissues. Increased
      expression of the ED-B+ mRNA was associated with all types of lung cancer
      including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and
      large cell carcinoma. These results indicate that it is the ED-B, but not the ED
      A, region where the alternative splicing of fibronectin pre-mRNA is
      oncodevelopmentally regulated in the lung. Our results also suggest that
      deregulation of the tissue-specific alternative splicing of fibronectin pre-mRNA
      is not a unique phenotype of liver cancer but rather a general feature of
      naturally occurring human cancer.

PMID- 2297756
TI  - Structures of the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of an alkaline phosphatase,
      kasahara isozyme, purified from FL amnion cells.
AB  - Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides were quantitatively released by hydrazinolysis
      from an alkaline phosphatase, Kasahara isozyme, which was purified from FL amnion
      cells. Almost all of the oligosaccharides (98%) were acidic components, all of
      which can be converted to neutral oligosaccharides upon sialidase digestion.
      Structural analysis of the oligosaccharides by sequential exoglycosidase
      digestion in combination with methylation analysis revealed that the alkaline
      phosphatase of FL cells contains sialylated mono-, bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary
      complex type sugar chains with the Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1---- outer chains.
      Some of the tetraantennary sugar chains contain a single Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc
      beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1---- outer chain on their Man alpha 1----6
      arm. Both fucosylated and nonfucosylated trimannosyl cores were found in the
      sugar chains. However, it is of interest that the core portion of monoantennary
      oligosaccharide was not fucosylated and that of the tetraantennary
      oligosaccharide with a tetrasaccharide outer chain was completely fucosylated.

PMID- 2297757
TI  - Molecular cloning of complementary DNAs encoding alkaline phosphatase in human
      colon cancer cells.
AB  - We have isolated a set of complementary DNA (cDNA) clones that together encode
      the alkaline phosphatase of human colon cancer LS174T cells. These clones include
      two cDNAs isolated from a conventionally prepared oligodeoxythymidylate-primed
      lambda ZAP cDNA library and three cDNA clones prepared by using the polymerase
      chain reaction. The deduced amino acid sequence of the alkaline phosphatase
      primary transcript contains 532 amino acids. This enzyme is similar to, but not
      identical with, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP); it exhibits 12-19 amino
      acid substitutions when compared to the various alleles of PLAP. Also, it is
      similar to PLAP in that it is apparently attached to the cell membrane by a
      phosphatidylinositol-containing anchor as judged by the ability of
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C to release it from membranes. It is
      different from PLAP however, in terms of its signal sequence which only contains
      19 amino acids as compared to 22 for PLAP. Moreover, the 3'-untranslated region
      of the LS174T cell alkaline phosphatase message diverges considerably from the
      PLAP message. The LS174T cell alkaline phosphatase cDNAs are actually much more
      similar to the "germ cell" alkaline phosphatase gene than they are to PLAP. Only
      7 amino acid substitutions exist between the LS174T cell enzyme and the alkaline
      phosphatase encoded by the germ cell alkaline phosphatase genomic DNA clone
      isolated by Millan and Manes (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85: 3024-3028, 1988).
      Furthermore, the 3'-untranslated region of the LS174T cell alkaline phosphatase
      message is very similar to the sequence immediately downstream of the coding
      region of the germ cell alkaline phosphatase genomic DNA clone. Thus, these
      results indicate that this colon cancer cell alkaline phosphatase is likely to
      represent an allelic variant encoded at the germ cell alkaline phosphatase locus.

PMID- 2297758
TI  - Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse forestomach neoplasia by conjugated
      dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid.
AB  - Grilled ground beef contains factors that inhibit the initiation of mouse
      epidermal carcinogenesis by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Previously we
      isolated an active principal and characterized it as an isomeric mixture of
      conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid (CLA). We now show that synthetic
      CLA inhibits the initiation of mouse forestomach tumorigenesis by benzo(a)pyrene.
      Four and 2 days prior to p.o. treatment with benzo(a)pyrene, female ICR mice were
      given (a) CLA in olive oil, (b) linoleic acid in olive oil, or (c) olive oil
      alone or plus 0.85% saline (control groups). Three days later the cycle was
      repeated for a total of 4 times. At 30 wk of age, the mice were sacrificed. In
      three independent experiments, mice treated with CLA developed only about half as
      many neoplasms/animal as mice in the control groups (P less than 0.025); in two
      of the experiments tumor incidence was also reduced (P less than 0.05). There
      were no significant differences in food intake or body weight among the groups.
      High-performance liquid chromatography/gas chromatography analysis established
      that, following intubation, only the c-9, t-11 CLA isomer was incorporated into
      forestomach phospholipids. In studies aimed at elucidating the mechanism of
      action, we found that CLA is an effective antioxidant. Under the conditions of
      the test CLA was more potent than alpha-tocopherol and almost as effective as
      butylated hydroxytoluene. These observations indicate that CLA might serve as an
      in situ defense mechanism against membrane attack by free radicals and may, at
      least in part, explain the anticarcinogenic properties of CLA.

PMID- 2297759
TI  - Prolongation of serum half-life of interleukin 2 and augmentation of lymphokine
      activated killer cell activity by pepstatin in mice.
AB  - We reported previously using a murine model that the kidney is the organ involved
      in catabolism of exogenous human recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2) and that
      cathepsin D, a major renal acid protease, is responsible for the degradation of
      IL-2. In the present report also using BALB/c mice we have investigated the
      effect of in vivo pepstatin, an acid protease inhibitor, treatment on serum half
      life of IL-2, and generation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity.
      The in vivo pepstatin treatment by i.p. injection resulted in a significant
      reduction in the accumulation of 125I-IL-2 by the kidney in a reverse dose
      response manner. Pepstatin treatment prolonged the serum half-life of 125I-IL-2,
      and the increase in serum half-life of 125I-IL-2 was pepstatin dose dependent. A
      significant reduction in renal cathepsin D activity, as monitored by the
      degradation of 125I-IL-2, was detected. In vivo pepstatin (0.6 mg/kg) treatment
      along with IL-2 (300,000 IU/mouse) daily for 3 or 6 days resulted in an
      augmentation of natural killer activity exhibited by freshly prepared and
      uncultured splenocytes against YAC-1 cells. An additional culturing of the
      splenocytes with IL-2 (3,000 IU/ml) in vitro for 1 day significantly enhanced the
      effect of in vivo pepstatin treatment; i.e., LAK cell activity generated from the
      splenocytes of animals treated with IL-2 plus pepstatin was greatly augmented in
      comparison with that treated with IL-2 alone. Phenotypic assessment by cell
      surface markers (Thy-1.2, Lyt-2, L3T4, and asialo-GM1) on the fresh splenocytes
      prepared from animals treated in vivo with pepstatin plus IL-2 revealed a
      decrease in the percentage of cells expressing Thy-1.2 and Lyt-2 and an increase
      in those carrying asialo-GM1. These results demonstrated that, as a result of in
      vivo pepstatin treatment, renal cathepsin D activity was greatly inhibited, which
      in turn reduced the degradation of circulating IL-2, then prolonged serum half
      life of IL-2, and subsequently augmented natural killer and LAK cell activity.
      The in vivo pepstatin and IL-2 treatment decreased the T-cells and increased the
      natural killer-like LAK precursor cells, possibly also with an increase in its
      activity, which were further induced by in vitro IL-2 culture to generate an
      augmented LAK cell activity. This study also suggests the clinical potential of
      pepstatin in IL-2-related immunotherapy.

PMID- 2297760
TI  - A latent Mr 94,000 gelatin-degrading metalloprotease induced during
      differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells: a member of the
      collagenase family of enzymes.
AB  - The treatment of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells with phorbol esters (12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) results in the appearance of cell substrate
      adhesion and the release of a Mr 94,000 gelatin-degrading metalloprotease. The
      appearance of the metalloprotease in the culture medium directly correlates with
      the timing and extent of cell substrate adhesion over a 24-h period. Anti-Mr
      94,000 metalloprotease blocking antibodies were unable to interfere with the HL
      60 cell substrate adhesion induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate,
      although they were able to specifically remove the Mr 94,000 gelatin-degrading
      activity from either HL-60 or U-937 cell-conditioned medium. A purified
      metalloprotease preparation was found to be predominantly latent and activated by
      organomercurials, acid treatment (pH 2 to 3.6), or 8 M urea. The activating
      effect of the latter two denaturing treatments suggests that conformational
      changes may be the common activating mechanism. The different treatments also
      caused the appearance of lower molecular weight gelatin-degrading bands (in
      gelatin zymogram gels) in a manner consistent with the autocatalytic cleavage
      that occurs with other collagnase proenzymes during activation. Edman degradation
      of a cyanogen bromide fragment from the Mr 94,000 metalloprotease provided the
      amino acid sequence [PR(C)GVPD] which is present in type I collagenase,
      stromelysin, and transin proenzyme sequences and partially conserved (V----N
      substitution) in the type IV collagenase proenzyme. This sequence has been
      reported to be important in the maintenance of the latent state of the transin
      proenzyme (R. Sanchez-Lopez et al., J. Biol. Chem., 263: 1892-11899, 1988) and is
      a sequence unique to collagenase proenzymes. The N-terminal sequence of the Mr
      94,000 metalloprotease (AP-QDQST) is unique and distinct from other collagenases.
      Thus, the Mr 94,000 metalloprotease from HL-60 cells appears to be a distinct and
      new member of the collagenase family of proteases.

PMID- 2297761
TI  - Increased protein turnover despite normal energy metabolism and responses to
      feeding in patients with lung cancer.
AB  - We have examined the responses of energy and protein metabolism to nutrient
      intake in nine patients with lung carcinoma, of whom none were cachexic and only
      one had distant metastases, compared with nine control patients for elective
      aneurysm surgery, who were comparable in terms of age, body mass index, and
      smoking habits. Whole-body protein turnover and leucine oxidation were assessed
      by primed continuous infusion of L-[13C]leucine. Indirect calorimetry was used to
      determine energy expenditure and rates of carbohydrate and fat utilization. Lean
      body mass (LBM) was estimated from dilution of deuterium oxide. Measurements were
      made over an 8-h period, including 4 h postabsorptive followed by 4 h of feeding,
      during which small hourly meals were consumed. In the post-absorptive state, the
      rate of incorporation of leucine into protein was higher in the cancer group
      (mean +/- SD, cancer versus control: 102 +/- 21 versus 86 +/- 8 mumol/kg LBM/h, P
      less than 0.05), as was the release of leucine by protein degradation (126 +/- 19
      versus 110 +/- 10 mumol/kg LBM/h, P less than 0.01), but there was no difference
      in rates of leucine oxidation (27 +/- 6 versus 27 +/- 5 mumol/kg LBM/h) or
      leucine balance (-25 +/- 7 versus -24 +/- 4 mumol/kg LBM/h). There were no
      differences between the cancer and control groups with respect to either resting
      energy expenditure (37.3 +/- 3.5 versus 35.2 +/- 3.8 kcal LBM/day) or the
      postabsorptive pattern of nutrient utilization (61 +/- 13% fat, 26 +/- 10%
      carbohydrate, and 13 +/- 2% protein versus 65 +/- 7%, 21 +/- 7%, and 14 +/- 2%,
      respectively). During feeding, leucine oxidation rose relative to the
      postabsorptive state, incorporation into protein remained the same, and release
      by protein degradation fell. Incorporation (106 +/- 20 versus 89 +/- 7 mumol/kg
      LBM/h, P less than 0.05) and release (59 +/- 12 versus 42 +/- 14 mumol/kg LBM/h,
      P less than 0.02) remained higher in the cancer group than in controls, but
      leucine oxidation (43 +/- 15 versus 43 +/- 12 mumol/kg LBM/h) and leucine balance
      (+48 +/- 10 versus +47 +/- 12 mumol/kg LBM/h) were the same. Energy expenditure
      during feeding increased to 43.8 +/- 5.1 versus 43.2 +/- 4.2 kcal/kg LBM/day,
      derived from 32 +/- 11% fat, 52 +/- 9% carbohydrate, and 16 +/- 5% protein in
      cancer patients and 36 +/- 7%, 48 +/- 8%, and 16 +/- 4%, respectively, in
      controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2297762
TI  - Metabolic denitrosation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in vivo in the rat.
AB  - Enzymatic denitrosation is a potentially inactivating metabolic route that has
      been shown to convert carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) to methylamine
      (MA) in vitro. To investigate its quantitative course in vivo, groups of 8-week
      old male Fischer rats have been given small (8-15 mumol/kg) p.o. or i.v. bolus
      doses of 14C-labeled NDMA and the subsequent formation of radioactive MA has been
      monitored by high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of serially
      collected blood samples from each individual. Adjusting the [14C]MA fluxes
      observed for the previously measured rates at which MA is itself eliminated from
      the system after intragastric administration, denitrosation was calculated to
      represent a rather uniform 21.3 +/- 1.3% (SE) of total NDMA elimination in the
      four animals studied. By contrast, repetition of the experiment with fully
      deuterated NDMA (NDMA-d6) revealed a significantly wider variance in the results
      (39.8 +/- 8.9%). An alternative calculation using values for elimination of i.v.
      doses of MA and its trideuteromethyl analogue gave an even larger difference for
      MA formation between NDMA and NDMA-d6, the estimated extents of in vivo
      denitrosation in this case being 14.5 +/- 0.9% and 48.3 +/- 10.8%, respectively.
      The results indicate that denitrosation is a major metabolic pathway for NDMA
      elimination and suggest that deuteration of the carcinogen induces a shift in its
      metabolism toward increasing denitrosation at the expense of the competing
      activation pathway. Consequently, denitrosation may be the previously undefined
      in vivo metabolic route, the existence of which was suggested by the findings
      that deuteration of NDMA lowered its hepatocarcinogenicity and liver DNA
      alkylating ability in rats.

PMID- 2297763
TI  - Phase I clinical and pharmacological study of merbarone.
AB  - Merbarone, a nonsedating derivative of thiobarbituric acid, has demonstrated
      excellent activity against certain murine tumors, including L1210 and P388
      leukemias, B16 melanoma, and M5076 sarcoma. Preclinical studies suggested that
      the antitumor effects of this drug were schedule dependent, since repeated dosing
      increased killing of tumor cells when compared to intermittent injections. We
      have completed a Phase I clinical and pharmacological study of merbarone in which
      the drug was administered both as a 2-h infusion and as a continuous i.v.
      infusion over 24 h. In view of the increased toxicity observed in animals
      following bolus injections and the possibility of schedule-dependent anticancer
      activity, a schedule of drug administration daily for 5 days was selected. Fifty
      patients with advanced cancer were treated at dose levels that ranged from 100 to
      1500 mg/m2/day. When the drug was administered by peripheral vein, phlebitis was
      observed at the infusion site at daily doses greater than or equal to 150 mg/m2.
      Therefore, all patients who received drug doses greater than or equal to 200
      mg/m2 were treated by continuous i.v. infusion using central venous catheters.
      Renal insufficiency, initially observed at a dose of 1000 mg/m2/day, was the dose
      limiting toxic reaction at 1500 mg/m2/day. Three of five patients treated at the
      highest dose level were unable to complete the infusion due to this effect.
      Marked hypouricemia was observed in all patients. Other toxic effects were mild
      and included nausea, fatigue, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anorexia.
      Alopecia was noted in several patients who received doses greater than or equal
      to 1000 mg/m2/day. No major antitumor effects were observed. Dose-dependent,
      steady-state plasma concentrations of merbarone were reached within 24-48 h after
      beginning the continuous i.v. infusion. Elimination of drug from plasma followed
      a two-compartment model, with a t1/2 alpha of 4.2 h and a t1/2 beta of 15.3 h.
      Renal excretion of merbarone and its major metabolites accounted for less than
      30% of the administered dose. We conclude that merbarone is relatively well
      tolerated with few constitutional symptoms. The current formulation of the drug
      causes phlebitis when administered by peripheral vein, and renal insufficiency is
      commonly observed at daily doses which exceed 1250 mg/m2. The recommended dose
      for extended Phase II evaluation is 1000 mg/m2/day daily for 5 days administered
      by central venous catheter.

PMID- 2297764
TI  - Rectal cell proliferation and colon cancer risk in ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Cell proliferation kinetics of 30 patients affected by extensive ulcerative
      colitis in remission have been studied with autoradiography of rectal biopsies
      incubated with tritiated thymidine. The results have been compared with those of
      20 control subjects without evidence of colonic diseases, and of 16 patients with
      multiple nonfamilial colonic adenomas. The labeling index was similar in the
      three groups (P = NS). On the contrary, the labeling frequency (SEM) in the upper
      40% of the crypt (phi h value) was 0.04 +/- 0.01 in controls, 0.16 +/- 0.02 in
      ulcerative colitis, and 0.10 +/- 0.01 in adenoma patients (P less than 0.001
      ulcerative colitis versus controls, P less than 0.01 adenomas versus controls, P
      = NS ulcerative colitis versus adenomas). The distribution of phi h values in
      ulcerative colitis showed a bimodal trend with 22 patients having mean phi h
      values similar to adenoma patients (0.10 +/- 0.01) and 8 with higher values (0.30
      +/- 0.02). No relationship was found between phi h values and duration of
      colitis, age of patients, or age at onset of symptoms. These data show that cell
      kinetics studies can detect patients at particularly high risk of colon cancer,
      and that additional factors should determine colon cancer risk level in
      ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2297765
TI  - Comparison of the efficacy of a phenothiazine and a bisquinaldinium calmodulin
      antagonist against multidrug-resistant P388 cell lines.
AB  - Dequalinium belongs to a group of cationic lipophilic drugs believed to be
      selectively cytotoxic to malignant cells of epithelial origin by virtue of their
      accumulation in mitochondria. In addition, they are potent inhibitors of
      calmodulin and, therefore, might sensitize multidrug-resistant cells to
      chemotherapeutic agents. We compared the responsiveness of multidrug-resistant
      cells to the effect of dequalinium with that to trifluoperazine, a potent
      phenothiazine inhibitor of calmodulin. In addition, we studied the effect of
      these drugs on the responsiveness of multidrug-resistant cell lines to
      doxorubicin. The effect of drugs on P388 murine leukemic cells was determined by
      cell counting, [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, or soft agar cloning. Drug
      accumulation was measured by fluorescence spectrophotometry. We found that
      multidrug-resistant lines were less sensitive than parental cell lines to the
      intrinsic growth inhibitory effects of dequalinium (IC50, 4.4 versus 0.3 microM
      in multidrug-resistant and sensitive P388 cells, respectively), whereas they were
      equally sensitive as the parental line to the effects of trifluoperazine.
      Following a 3-h exposure of P388/doxorubicin-resistant cells to 0-100 microM
      doxorubicin with or without either 10 microM dequalinium or 10 microM
      trifluoperazine, the latter increased the sensitivity to doxorubicin whereas the
      former had little effect (IC50 values were doxorubicin, 30 microM; doxorubicin
      plus dequalinium, 25 microM; doxorubicin plus trifluoperazine, 4 microM).
      Calmodulin prepared from resistant cells were equally sensitive to inhibition by
      dequalinium and trifluoperazine. P388/doxorubicin-resistant cells accumulated 4.5
      fold less dequalinium than P388 cells whereas trifluoperazine was accumulated
      equally in both. The addition of 4 microM trifluoperazine to resistant cells
      exposed to 0-100 microM dequalinium completely reversed the alteration in
      accumulation and resistance to the dequalinium. These studies demonstrate that
      certain multidrug-resistant lines are cross-resistant to dequalinium and that
      sensitivity can be completely restored by nontoxic concentrations of
      trifluoperazine. The resistance appears to be due to changes in drug accumulation
      and not to be related to an altered sensitivity of calmodulin.

PMID- 2297766
TI  - Interactive effects of alpha-interferon A/D and interleukin 2 on murine
      lymphokine-activated killer activity: analysis at the effector and precursor
      level.
AB  - Studies from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that alpha-interferon
      (IFN alpha) can regulate natural killer cells and lymphokine-activated killer
      (LAK) cell activation. In vitro experiments have shown that IFN alpha has
      differential effects on both natural killer cells and LAK activity when combined
      with interleukin 2 (IL2); IFN alpha synergized with IL2 to augment natural killer
      cells activity while it suppressed the IL2-induced LAK response. Here we
      demonstrated that IFN alpha A/D can also regulate IL2-induced LAK activity in
      vivo with enhanced or suppressed activity depending on the IFN alpha A/D dose.
      The enhanced response was observed with the combination when 80,000 units/day of
      IFN alpha A/D were used and was detectable in the spleen, lung, and peritoneum.
      When a high dose of IFN alpha A/D was combined with IL2, a moderate reduction in
      LAK activity was noted in the spleen and peritoneum. In contrast, a high dose IFN
      alpha A/D augmented IL2-induced LAK activity in the lung even though it reduced
      the level of cellular infiltration. We have also evaluated the effect that IL2,
      IFN alpha A/D, and IL2 plus IFN alpha A/D have on the frequency of LAK precursors
      in the spleen and lung using limiting dilution analysis. Treatment of normal mice
      with IL2 alone increased the frequency of LAK precursor (LAKp) in the lung. This
      increase was associated with an infiltration of Thy-1+, asialo-GM1+, Lyt-2-
      lymphocytes into the lungs. Moreover, treatment with IL2 plus IFN alpha A/D
      enhanced the frequency of LAKp over that observed with IL2 alone. Treatment with
      the combination did not change the phenotype of LAKp in the lung from that seen
      with IL2. The increase in LAKp frequency induced by the combined treatment may
      not be a direct effect of IFN alpha A/D on precursor cells since IFN alpha A/D
      alone did not increase the frequency of LAKp in vivo or in vitro when added to
      limiting dilution analysis cultures. In contrast to what occurred in the lung, a
      consistent increase in LAKp was not seen in the spleen after treatment with IL2
      or with the combination, although LAK activity was observed. These results
      demonstrated that in addition to inducing lytic activity from LAK effectors in
      vivo, IL2 treatment increased the number of precursor cells within the lung.
      Moreover, IFN alpha A/D in combination with IL2 influenced the level of LAKp in
      situ.

PMID- 2297767
TI  - cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) cross-linking of the human myeloid cell nuclear
      differentiation antigen to DNA in HL-60 cells following 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3
      induced monocyte differentiation.
AB  - Protein-DNA interactions of the human myeloid cell nuclear differentiation
      antigen (MNDA) were examined in vivo in proliferating HL-60 promyelocytic
      leukemia cells and following induction of differentiation by 1,25
      dehydroxyvitamin D3. Intact cells were treated with the reversible cross-linking
      agent cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and the MNDA levels in the isolated
      protein-DNA complexes were determined. Less than 1% of the total intracellular
      level of MNDA was cross-linked to DNA in the noninduced proliferating HL-60
      cells. Once the cells were induced to differentiate into monocytes, the amount of
      antigen cross-linked to the DNA increased to over 5% of the total intracellular
      level. The increased efficiency of cross-linking the MNDA to DNA was specific for
      monocyte-induced HL-60 differentiation, achieved with three inducers, and was not
      observed in association with granulocyte-induced differentiation. On a molar
      basis the phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) was the most
      effective inducer of monocyte differentiation, followed by 1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene
      23-ynecholecalciferol which was more effective than 1,25
      dihydroxycholecalciferol. A cesium chloride gradient analysis of the nucleic acid
      protein fraction isolation from cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-treated,
      monocyte-induced HL-60 cells documented the authenticity of the association
      between the MNDA and DNA. The results indicate that a significant level of
      chromatin reorganization may accompany monocyte-induced differentiation that
      leads to much higher levels of MNDA-DNA cross-linking to DNA. The expression of
      the MNDA is restricted to human myeloid cells and the present results indicate
      that a fraction of this low abundance nuclear protein is specifically located
      near the DNA [within cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) cross-linking distance] and
      that this association may be modulated specifically during monocyte
      differentiation.

PMID- 2297768
TI  - Sex steroid hormone modulation of NADPH pathways in MCF-7 cells.
AB  - Hormonal modulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and of
      utilization pathways of NADPH generated by G6PD was studied in the MCF-7 human
      breast cancer cell line, using a quantitative cytochemical method. Our results
      show that G6PD is increased by 17 beta-estradiol (estradiol) and synthetic
      progestin (promegestone R5020). The synthetic antiestrogen tamoxifen has no
      effect on G6PD activity. When it is present in the medium with estradiol,
      tamoxifen can oppose the stimulatory effect of estradiol on G6PD activity.
      Mifepristone (RU 38486) has no effect on G6PD activity, but it inhibits the R5020
      stimulation of G6PD activity. After MCF-7 pretreatment with estradiol, there is a
      much stronger stimulation of G6PD activity by R5020. When we studied the effect
      of the steroid on the two utilization pathways of NADPH generated by G6PD
      activity, we observed that, in the cells treated with estradiol, there is an
      increase in reducing equivalents generated by G6PD activity which only affects
      the NADPH2 pathway, and that there is cell growth stimulation. When tamoxifen is
      present in the medium, we found no effect on the NADPH utilization pathways, nor
      on cell growth. In the presence of R5020, the NADPH2 pathway activity is
      increased but, under our experimental conditions, there was no effect on cell
      growth. On the other hand, even though RU 38486 is without effect on total G6PD
      activity, it does cause a modification in the distribution of reducing
      equivalents: the NADPH2 pathway activity is decreased, while the NADPH1 pathway
      is stimulated.

PMID- 2297769
TI  - Modulation of epidermal growth factor receptors by retinoic acid in ME180 cells.
AB  - Retinoic acid (RA) increases epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors in many
      cells; in ME180 cells, a human epidermoid carcinoma, RA resulted in a dose- and
      time-dependent reduction of EGF binding. In RA-treated ME180 cells, binding was
      41% of the control. The reduction of EGF binding was due to a decrease in the
      number of receptors, from 8.7 x 10(4) to 3.6 x 10(4) per cell. The difference was
      present 8 h after the addition of RA and was reversible 3 days after its removal.
      Scatchard analysis indicated that RA did not change the binding affinity of EGF
      (Kd = 1 nM). Also, RA did not alter the rate of EGF internalization or the down
      regulation induced by exogenous EGF. Flow-cytometric analysis revealed that RA
      did not alter the cell cycle. Soluble cell membrane extracts were prepared in a
      Tris buffer with protease inhibitors, immunoprecipitated, electrophoresed, and
      immunoblotted with an antiserum to EGF receptors. The EGF receptor band of Mr
      170,000 was decreased in RA-treated cells. These results suggest that RA reduces
      the synthesis of EGF receptors in ME180 cells.

PMID- 2297770
TI  - Interleukin 1 as an adjuvant for active specific immunotherapy in a murine tumor
      model.
AB  - Many vaccines are dependent on adjuvants to augment the immunizing process. The
      vaccines being developed for active specific immunotherapy of cancer have also
      usually included an adjuvant in the clinical studies. Several cytokines have been
      identified which are participants in the immune response to new antigenic
      stimulation. We investigated the potential of interleukin 1 (IL-1) to serve as an
      adjuvant when administered either locally with the vaccine or given systemically.
      Using a weakly immunogenic syngeneic murine lung cancer tumor system (Line 1,
      BALB/cByJ mice), we have administered recombinant human IL-1 alpha, recombinant
      human IL-1 beta, and the peptide fragment 163-171 of IL-1 beta in combination
      with a vaccine of radiated tumor cells. We demonstrated an improved vaccine
      effectiveness with all three types of IL-1 molecules. The effect was both dose
      dependent and duration dependent (the number of daily doses given). When IL-1 was
      administered at a site remote from the vaccine, it functioned as well as when
      administered at the vaccine site indicating that IL-1 functions as a systemic
      adjuvant. A requirement for administering the IL-1 during the 10-day period
      following the vaccine, rather than later, was observed. A detrimental effect on
      weight gain was seen with high doses of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and the peptide
      but some lower doses were effective in the adjuvant function without impairing
      weight gain. When eight daily doses of IL-1 were given following the vaccine, 70
      100% of the mice became tumor free, while mice receiving vaccine alone were only
      0-20% tumor free. We conclude that IL-1 appears promising as an adjuvant to
      vaccines and is highly effective in this model of active specific immunotherapy
      for cancer.

PMID- 2297771
TI  - Induction of erythroid differentiation in human leukemic K-562 cells by membrane
      directed action of adriamycin covalently bound to microspheres.
AB  - Covalent coupling of Adriamycin (ADR) to polyglutaraldehyde microspheres focuses
      the drug action to the plasma membrane which leads to growth inhibition and also
      to induction of erythroid differentiation in human leukemic K-562 cells without
      any evidence of cellular internalization of the drug-microsphere complexes. As
      observed with the free drug, a reduction in cell growth by the coupled drug
      correlated with a recruitment of differentiating cells. Treatment of sensitive
      cells with ADR-microspheres results in 40% of cells containing hemoglobins as
      determined by benzidine staining at 87% growth inhibition. Similar treatment of
      ADR-resistant cells produces 24% of benzidine-positive cells at 72% growth
      inhibition. Furthermore, free and coupled forms of ADR stimulate heme synthesis
      12- and 20-fold. Hemoglobin analysis of ADR-polymer induced cells demonstrates
      additional embryonic (Gower-2, X, Portland) and fetal (F) types of hemoglobin in
      comparison to uninduced cells which synthesize only small amounts of Gower-1 in
      sensitive cells and Gower-1 plus hemoglobin X in resistant cells. In addition,
      free and bound forms of Adriamycin differ markedly in the relative proportion of
      hemoglobin types that they induce. Free and coupled forms of ADR produce an
      increase in the gamma-globin mRNA synthesis in sensitive K-562 cells. These
      results demonstrate that both ADR-sensitive and -resistant K-562 cells can be
      induced to differentiate at the cell surface by ADR-microspheres and that this
      induction differs qualitatively from that of free ADR.

PMID- 2297772
TI  - Inhibition of catabolism of radiolabeled antibodies by tumor cells using
      lysosomotropic amines and carboxylic ionophores.
AB  - The rates of degradation of radioiodinated monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) by
      malignant T- and B-lymphoid cells were studied in the presence and absence of a
      variety of pharmacological agents known to affect the intracellular metabolism of
      internalized ligands. 125I-MoAbs directed against the CD2, CD3, CD5, and anti-mu
      surface antigens underwent rapid endocytosis, followed by prompt degradation with
      release of greater than or equal to 50% of the initially bound radioactivity as
      free, trichloroacetic acid-soluble 125I within 24 h. Lysosomotropic amines
      (chloroquine, ammonium chloride, amantadine), carboxylic ionophores (monensin,
      nigericin), calcium channel blockers (verapamil), thionamides (propylthiouracil),
      lysosomal enzyme inhibitors (leupeptin), and colchicine all inhibited metabolism
      of radioiodinated MoAbs and enhanced retention of 125I-MoAbs by tumor cells. The
      most effective agents (e.g., monensin, nigericin) diminished the release of free
      125I by greater than 90% and enhanced retention of radioactivity by greater than
      300% at 24 h. Experiments with immunoperoxidase electron microscopy and Percoll
      gradient fractionation of organelles from disrupted cells suggested that high
      concentrations of monensin (10-20 microM) delayed transfer of 125I-MoAbs to
      lysosomes, but other mechanisms (e.g., pH neutralization) were operative at lower
      concentrations (1-3 microM). Clinical administration of these agents may enhance
      retention of radioimmunoconjugates by tumor cells, resulting in improved
      radioimmunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy.

PMID- 2297773
TI  - Rate of buthionine sulfoximine entry into brain and xenotransplanted human
      gliomas.
AB  - Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) is an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis and can be
      used to potentiate the effects of chemotherapeutic alkylating agents and
      radiotherapy. We examined the rates of influx and efflux of [35S]BSO administered
      to athymic mice with and without xenografted D-54MG human gliomas. Three analytic
      approaches were applied to the experimental data to obtain values of the blood-to
      tissue influx constant, K1, of BSO. Multiple time point experiments in tumor
      bearing mice were analyzed with a two-compartment model and nonlinear fitting
      routines, and by graphical analysis which assumed no backflux of BSO from tissue
      to blood. A third approach used single time point data in nontumor-bearing mice
      and assumed no backflux. Calculated values of the K1 of BSO ranged from 0.23 to
      1.35 microliters/g/min in tumor-free cortex, and from 5.3 to 6.3
      microliters/g/min in the D-54MG gliomas. The tissue-to-blood efflux constant, k2,
      was zero in both cortex and tumor, suggesting that BSO entered cells and was
      trapped once it crossed the blood-brain barrier. Estimates of plasma vascular
      space (Vp) ranged from 2 to 20 microliters/g in cortex, and from 103 to 169
      microliters/g in tumor. Another set of experiments, done in normal mice with
      different doses of BSO, suggested that BSO competes for neutral amino acid
      transport sites at the blood-brain barrier, but that the capacity of the carrier
      mediated transport system is low and saturates at administered doses of about 0.5
      mmol/kg (corresponding to plasma concentrations of about 12 mumol/ml). The rate
      of entry into brain was proportional to the octanol/water partition coefficient
      and molecular weight of BSO, which also supports passive diffusion as the means
      of entry. Consequently, although the rate of BSO entry into D-54MG gliomas was
      between 4 and 30 times higher than the rate of entry into tumor-free cortex, the
      results of these experiments suggest that most of the BSO that enters brain
      tumors in the doses commonly used in experimental situations will cross
      capillaries by passive diffusion.

PMID- 2297774
TI  - Enhanced tumor binding using immunohistochemical analyses by second generation
      anti-tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 monoclonal antibodies versus monoclonal
      antibody B72.3 in human tissue.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3 was generated using a membrane-enriched fraction
      of a human mammary carcinoma biopsy. It has demonstrated reactivity to the
      majority of human adenocarcinomas including colorectal, gastric, pancreatic,
      ovarian, endometrial, mammary, and nonsmall cell lung cancer as well as weak or
      nondetectable reactivity to the majority of normal adult tissues, with the
      exception of secretory endometrium. Radiolabeled B72.3 has demonstrated MAb
      localization of carcinoma in approximately 70% of several hundred colorectal and
      ovarian carcinoma patients. The B72.3-reactive antigen, tumor-associated
      glycoprotein 72, has been purified from a human colon cancer xenograft and used
      as an immunogen to generate second generation MAbs. Twenty-eight of these MAbs,
      designated CC (colon cancer), were shown to be reactive with tumor-associated
      glycoprotein 72; direct-binding radioimmunoassays, Western blotting, live cell
      surface binding assays, liquid competition radioimmunoassays, and affinity
      constant measurements distinguished CC MAbs from each other and from B72.3. Two
      of these MAbs, CC49 and CC112, were selected for further immunohistochemical
      characterization. These MAbs were tested here against a spectrum of normal,
      benign, and malignant human adult tissues using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase
      technique, and their reactivity was compared with B72.3. Both CC MAbs were more
      reactive than B72.3 against a range of tumors. Extensive testing with MAbs CC49
      and B72.3 using serial tissue sections demonstrated that both MAbs reacted
      similarly to most normal adult tissues with MAb CC49 reacting stronger to
      inflammatory colonic tissue. In 35 of 48 (72%) carcinoma biopsies of the
      gastrointestinal tract, ovary, breast, and lung in which one of the MAbs reacted
      to at least 20% of the cells, CC49 reacted to a greater percentage of carcinoma
      cells and/or tumor-associated mucin than B72.3. The reciprocal was observed in
      only 2% of the carcinomas. This study thus provides evidence that these second
      generation anti-tumor-associated glycoprotein MAbs may be more efficient than
      B72.3 in the further study of human carcinoma cell populations and in the
      diagnostic and therapeutic procedures presently being pursued with MAb B72.3.

PMID- 2297775
TI  - Cell surface sialoprotein alterations in metastatic murine colon cancer cell
      lines selected in an animal model for colon cancer metastasis.
AB  - Alterations in cell surface proteins and glycoproteins may play a key role in
      determining the metastatic behavior of tumor cells. The cell surface proteins of
      a series of related murine colon cancer cells selected in an animal model for
      colon cancer metastasis (R. S. Bresalier et al., Cancer Res., 47: 1398-1406,
      1987) were therefore compared by a variety of biochemical methods.
      Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of cell surface proteins followed by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated quantitative and
      qualitative differences in the cell surface protein profiles of parental cell
      line 51B (low metastatic potential) and its metastatic derivatives 51B LiM 5 and
      51B LiM 6. Labeling of sialic acid-containing proteins suggested that, in the
      case of at least four of these proteins (Mr 170,000, 120,000, 95,000, and
      55,000), this represented an increase in radioactive labeling of
      sialoglycoproteins from the metastatic lines. Affinity chromatography of
      solubilized 125I-labeled cell membrane proteins revealed a 2- to 3-fold increase
      in wheat germ agglutinin and Sambucus nigra lectin binding associated with the
      metastatic lines, compared to the poorly metastatic parent. Sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of material eluted from these columns
      demonstrated enhancement of proteins from the metastatic cells corresponding in
      molecular weight to the previously identified major sialoglycoproteins.
      Neuraminidase-releasable membrane-associated sialic acid and sialyltransferase
      activities were 2- to 3-fold higher in the metastatic cell lines compared to the
      parental line. Liver colonization after intrasplenic injection of the various
      lines into syngeneic mice was dramatically reduced by prior removal of cell
      surface sialic acid. Immunohistochemical staining of primary and metastatic
      tumors formed after cecal injection of parental 51B suggested selective
      metastasis by wheat germ agglutinin-binding tumor cells. These results further
      support the concept that cell membrane sialylation is important in determining
      the metastatic potential of cancer cells.

PMID- 2297777
TI  - Cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2297776
TI  - Effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on intercellular communication in
      various clones of mouse epidermal JB6 cells.
AB  - We studied gap junctional intercellular communication (IC) in various clones of
      mouse epidermal JB6 cells and the effect of the tumor promoter, 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on such communication. JB6 clones used
      included nonpromotable, promotable, and transformed clones, representing a
      spectrum in susceptibility to transformation from nontransformed, to initiated
      (postinitiated), to transformed cells. We used the dye transfer assay and the
      radioisotope transfer assay, and quantified IC both in homologous pairings, where
      IC among cells of a single clone was examined, and heterologous pairings, where
      cells of initiated or transformed clones were paired with cells of a
      nonpromotable clone. Both pairings showed good IC in the absence of TPA and poor
      IC in the presence of TPA. However, suppression of IC by TPA was more effective
      when cells had advanced in promotability. IC was more suppressed by TPA in
      heterologous pairing than in homologous pairing. These results implied that in
      advanced stages of promotion, the capability to retain IC with each other
      (homologous IC) and especially with their nontransformed counterpart
      (heterologous IC) is progressively lost. Thus we conclude that the interaction of
      initiated cells and transformed cells with nontransformed cells decreases
      progressively in this model system for tumor promotion and progression.

PMID- 2297778
TI  - Transplantation of other organs with the heart.

PMID- 2297780
TI  - Innervation of the anococcygeus muscle of the rat.
AB  - The innervation of the anococcygeus muscle of the rat was investigated with
      regard to the histochemical features of nerve fibers within the muscle and to the
      location of the postganglionic autonomic neurons which are the source of these
      fibers. Acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers and catecholaminergic fibers are
      abundant in the anococcygeus as well as the related retractor penis muscle.
      Neuronal somata, either between muscle bundles of the anococcygeus or in the
      connective tissue sheath, are also acetylcholinesterase-positive. Nerve fibers
      and a minority of the ganglion cells in the anococcygeus and retractor penis
      muscles are immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Injection of
      the retrogradely transported dye Fluorogold into the anococcygeus muscle filled
      neurons in the abdomino-pelvic sympathetic chain, pelvic plexus and a small
      number of neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion. In the pelvic plexus, some
      neurons were located in the major pelvic ganglion but most were found along the
      main penile nerve and its branches to the anococcygeus muscle.
      Immunocytochemistry of these identified neurons indicates that about one half of
      them are positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. These results raise the
      possibility that both acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are
      important neurotransmitters in autonomic nerves to the anococcygeus muscle.

PMID- 2297781
TI  - Distribution of functional significance of Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7- and Met
      enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-like peptides in the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. II.
      Immunocytochemical mapping of neuronal pathways in the retrocerebral complex and
      thoracic ganglion.
AB  - Neuronal pathways in the retrocerebral complex and thoracico-abdominal ganglionic
      mass of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria have been identified
      immunocytochemically with antisera against the extended-enkephalins, Met
      enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 (Met-7) and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (Met-8). Neurons
      of the hypocerebral ganglion, immunoreactive to Met-8, have axons in the crop
      duct nerve and terminals in muscles of the crop and its duct. Certain neurons of
      the hypocerebral ganglion are also immunoreactive to Met-7, and axons from these
      cells innervate the heart. Met-8 immunoreactive nerve terminals invest the cells
      of the corpus allatum. The source of this material is believed to be a single
      pair of lateral neurosecretory cells in the brain. There is no Met-7
      immunoreactive material in the corpus allatum. In the corpus cardiacum neither
      Met-7 nor Met-8 immunoreactivity is present in the cells. However, in the
      neuropil of the gland certain fibres, with their origins elsewhere, do contain
      Met-8 immunoreactivity. The most prominent neurons in the thoracic ganglion are
      the Met-7 immunoreactive ventral thoracic neurosecretory cells, axons from which
      project to neurohaemal areas in the dorsal neural sheath and also, via the
      ventral connective, to the brain. Co-localisation studies show that the perikarya
      of these cells are immunoreactive to antisera raised against several vertebrate
      type peptides, such as Met-7, gastrin/cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide.
      However, their axons and terminals show varying amounts of the peptides,
      suggesting differential transport and utilisation. Only a few cells in the
      thoracic ganglion are immunoreactive to Met-8 antisera. These lie close to the
      nerve bundles supplying the legs. In the abdominal ganglion, Met-8 immunoreactive
      neurons project to the muscles of the hindgut. This study suggests that the
      extended enkephalin-like peptides of Calliphora may have a variety of different
      roles: as neurotransmitter or neuromodulator substances; in the direct
      innervation of effector organs; and as neurohormones.

PMID- 2297779
TI  - Neuropeptide Y: presence in sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the
      nasal mucosa.
AB  - The occurrence of neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
      and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) in the sympathetic and parasympathetic
      innervation of the nasal mucosa was studied in various species including man. A
      dense network of NPY-immunoreactive (IR) fibres was present around arteries and
      arterioles in the nasal mucosa of all species studied. NPY was also located in
      nerves around seromucous glands in pig and guinea-pig, but not in rat, cat and
      man. The NPY-IR glandular innervation corresponded to about 20% of the NPY
      content of the nasal mucosa as revealed by remaining NPY content determined by
      radioimmunoassay after sympathectomy. These periglandular NPY-positive fibres had
      a distribution similar to the VIP-IR and PHI-IR nerves but not to the
      noradrenergic markers tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
      (DBH). The NPY nerves around glands and some perivascular fibres were not
      influenced by sympathectomy and probably originated in the sphenopalatine
      ganglion where NPY-IR and VIP-IR ganglion cells were present. The venous
      sinusoids were innervated by NPY-positive fibres in all species except the cat.
      Dense NPY and DBH-positive innervation was seen around thick-walled vessels in
      the pig nasal mucosa; the latter may represent arterio-venous shunts. Double
      labelling experiments using TH and DBH, and surgical sympathectomy revealed that
      the majority of NPY-IR fibres around blood vessels were probably noradrenergic.
      The NPY-positive perivascular nerves that remained after sympathectomy in the pig
      nasal mucosa also contained VIP/PHI-IR. The major nasal blood vessels, i.e.
      sphenopalatine artery and vein, were also densely innervated by NPY-IR fibres of
      sympathetic origin. Perivascular VIP-IR fibres were present around small
      arteries, arterioles, venous sinusoids and arterio-venous shunt vessels of the
      nasal mucosa whereas major nasal vessels received only single VIP-positive
      nerves. The trigeminal ganglion of the species studied contained only single TH
      IR or VIP-IR but no NPY-positive ganglion cells. It is concluded that NPY in the
      nasal mucosa is mainly present in perivascular nerves of sympathetic origin. In
      some species, such as pig, glandular and perivascular parasympathetic nerves,
      probably of VIP/PHI nature, also contain NPY.

PMID- 2297782
TI  - Physiological color change in squid iridophores. II. Ultrastructural mechanisms
      in Lolliguncula brevis.
AB  - Evidence is presented that changes in the optical properties of active
      iridophores in the dermis of the squid Lolliguncula brevis are the result of
      changes in the ultrastructure of these cells. At least two mechanisms may be
      involved when active cells change from non-iridescent to iridescent or change
      iridescent color. One is the reversible change of labile, detergent-resistant
      proteinaceous material within the iridophore platelets, from a contracted gel
      state (non-iridescent) to an expanded fluid or sol state when the cells become
      iridescent. The other is a change in the thickness of the platelets, with
      platelets becoming significantly thinner as the optical properties of the
      iridophores change from non-iridescent to iridescent red, and progressively
      thinner still as the observed iridescent colors become those of shorter
      wavelengths. Optical change from Rayleigh scattering (non-iridescent) to
      structural reflection (iridescent) may be due to the viscosity change in the
      platelet material, with the variations in observed iridescent colors due to
      changes in the dimensions of the iridophore platelets.

PMID- 2297783
TI  - Differentiation of mast cells during postnatal development of neonatally estrogen
      treated rats.
AB  - The accumulation of mast cells in the testicular interstitium of neonatally
      estrogen-treated rats was studied from 15 to 90 days of age. The maturation of
      these cells was assessed by ultrastructural analysis and their histochemical
      properties were examined with the sequential alcian blue-safranin staining
      method. The first identifiable mast cells appeared in the testis at 17-20 days of
      age, as immature cells with proliferative capacity. The density of mast cells
      increased up to 45 days of age, showing a slight decrease from 45 to 90 days of
      age. Before 45 days of age, most mast cells showed alcian blue-stained granules,
      whereas at 45 days of age, most cells presented a mixture of alcian blue and
      safranin-stained granules. From this age onward, most cells were stained with
      safranin. These maturational changes were well-correlated with their
      ultrastructural features. Mast cells presented few and heterogeneous immature
      granules up to 45 days of age, and many uniform electron-dense granules at 90
      days of age. These results indicate that the testicular interstitium of
      neonatally estrogen-treated rats provides an advantageous environment for the
      recruitment, proliferation and maturation of connective tissue mast cells.

PMID- 2297784
TI  - Physiological color change in squid iridophores. I. Behavior, morphology and
      pharmacology in Lolliguncula brevis.
AB  - Cephalopods generally are thought to have only static iridophores, but this
      report provides qualitative and quantitative evidence for active control of
      certain iridescent cells in the dermis of the squid Lolliguncula brevis. In vivo
      observations indicate the expression of iridescence to be linked to agonistic or
      reproductive behavior. The neuromodulator acetylcholine (ACh) induced dramatic
      opitcla changes in active iridophores in vitro, whereas ACh had little effect on
      passive iridophores elsewhere in the mantle skin. Bath application of
      physiological concentrations of ACh (10(-7)M to 10(-6)M) to excised dermal skin
      layers transformed the active iridophores from a non-reflective diffuse blue to
      brightly iridescent colors, and this reaction was reversible and repeatable. The
      speed of change to iridescent in vitro corresponded well to the speed of changes
      in the living animal. Pharmacological results indicate the presence of muscarinic
      receptors in this system and that Ca++ is a mediator for the observed changes.
      Although ACh is present in physiological quantities in the dermal iridophore
      layer, it is possible that ACh release is not controlled directly by the nervous
      system because electrophysiological stimulation of major nerves in the periphery
      resulted in no iridescence in L. brevis; nor did silver staining or transmission
      electron microscopy reveal neuronal elements in the iridophore layer. Thus,
      active iridophores may be controlled by ACh acting as a hormone.

PMID- 2297785
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of 14 kDa beta-galactoside-binding lectin in
      various organs of rat.
AB  - Immunohistochemical localization of 14 kDa beta-galactoside-binding lectin in
      various organs of adult rat was achieved using a monospecific antibody raised
      against lectin purified from rat lung. The antibody-stained cells were formed
      into small aggregates, thin fascicles, or thick bundles in the walls of blood
      vessels, gastrointestinal tracts and urogenital organs. From the patterns of
      distribution, as well as their organization, these immunoreactive cells were
      regarded as smooth muscle cells. This was confirmed by a double
      immunofluorescence study using a mixture of anti 14 kDa lectin and anti alpha
      smooth muscle-specific actin antibodies. Strong 14 kDa lectin immunoreactivity
      was seen in the pericellular matrix of smooth muscle cells in intact organs as
      well as in detergent-treated organs from which all cellular components were
      extracted. From these findings, it is suggested that the 14 kDa lectin may be
      externalized by smooth muscle cells into their pericellular matrix and
      participate in the crosslinking of the complementary glycoconjugate(s) localized
      at that site. The macromolecular xomplex of glycoconjugates thus formed around
      smooth muscle cells may play a role in anchoring smooth muscle cells to the
      pericellular connective tissue thereby permitting the force of muscle contraction
      to be efficiently transmitted to the surrounding connective tissue proper.

PMID- 2297786
TI  - Mechanical sensitivity and cell coupling in the ciliated epithelial cells of
      Mytilus edulis gill. An ultrastructural and developmental analysis.
AB  - Transmission electron microscopy has not provided strong evidence for gap
      junctions in Mytilus edulis gill tissue, in spite of extensive physiological
      evidence for coupled ciliary arrest in lateral cells and coupled activation in
      abfrontal cells. To investigate the kinds and relative distribution of cell
      junctions and also to determine whether ciliary membrane particle differences
      exist in these two types of oppositely mechanically sensitive cells, we analyzed
      the structure of these and two other ciliated cell types (frontal and
      laterofrontal) by freeze-fracture replication. Gap junctions occur in all four
      ciliated cell types, but they are relatively small and of variable morphology,
      often consisting of elongate, winding complexes of membrane particles.
      Statistically, such structures rarely would be recognized as gap junctions in
      thin sections. Gap junctions appear to be most abundant between the highly
      coupled abfrontal cells, minimal between laterofrontal cells, and not evident in
      the epithelial cells that separate coupled ciliated cell types. The ciliary
      necklaces of the mechanically activated abfrontal cilia are typically 4- or 5
      stranded while those of the remaining three cell types are mainly 3-stranded. In
      developing gill tips, ciliated cells have abundant gap junctions and newly formed
      cilia have a full complement of necklace particles. Nascent lateral cilia are not
      mechanically sensitive, indicating that the acquisition of mechanosensitivity
      does not correlate with the presence of ciliary necklace or other membrane
      particles. Lateral and laterofrontal cells become sensitive to neurotransmitters
      soon after the appearance of the latter during development, but
      mechanosensitivity of both lateral and abfrontal cells arises substantially
      later.

PMID- 2297787
TI  - The development of the sensory organs of the legs in the blowfly, Phormia regina.
AB  - The development of the sensory neurons of the legs of the blowfly, Phormia regina
      has been described from the third instar larva to the late pupa using
      immunohistochemical staining. The leg discs of the third instar larva contain 8
      neurons of which 5 come to lie in the fifth tarsomere of the developing leg.
      Whereas 2 neurons persist at least to the late pupa, the other cells degenerate.
      The first neurons of gustatory sensilla arise in the fifth tarsomere at about 1.5
      h after formation of the puparium. Most of these sensilla, however, appear within
      a short time period beginning at about 18 h. The femoral chordotonal sensory
      neurons first appear at the time of formation of the puparium, as a mass of cells
      situated in the distal femur. During later pupal development 2 groups of these
      cells come to lie at the femur-trochanter border, where they become the proximal
      femoral chordotonal organ of the adult; the remaining cells become the distal
      femoral chordotonal organ. Other scolopidial neurons appear later in development.
      The nerve pathways of the late pupal leg are established either by the axons of
      the cells that are present in the larval leg disc or by new outgrowing processes
      of sensory neurons. In the tibia, the initial direction of new outgrowth differs
      in different regions of the segment: proximal tibial neurons grow distally, while
      distal tibial neurons grow initially proximally.

PMID- 2297788
TI  - Assembly of translocation-competent proteoliposomes from detergent-solubilized
      rough microsomes.
AB  - Canine pancreas rough microsomes were solubilized in a high salt buffer
      containing sodium cholate, a detergent extract prepared by high speed
      centrifugation, and vesicles were reconstituted from the extract by a detergent
      dialysis procedure. The reconstituted vesicles, lacking resident lumenal
      proteins, translocated in vitro-synthesized preprolactin in a cotranslational,
      SRP-dependent manner. The translocated precursor was processed to mature
      prolactin and protected from digestion by exogenous protease. Vesicles were also
      reconstituted from detergent extracts depleted of glycoproteins by chromatography
      on concanavalin-Sepharose. The depleted vesicles, containing a full complement of
      SRP receptor but deficient in the glycoprotein subunit of signal peptidase, the
      ribophorins, and other glycoprotein components, were functional in the targeting
      and binding of nascent preprolactin but exhibited a greatly diminished capacity
      for translocation.

PMID- 2297789
TI  - The ENOD12 gene product is involved in the infection process during the pea
      Rhizobium interaction.
AB  - The pea cDNA clone pPsENOD12 represents a gene involved in the infection process
      during Pisum sativum L.-Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae symbiosis. The ENOD12
      protein is composed of pentapeptides containing two hydroxyprolines. The
      expression of the ENOD12 gene is induced in cells through which the infection
      thread is migrating, but also in cells that do not yet contain an infection
      thread. Soluble compounds from Rhizobium are involved in eliciting ENOD12 gene
      expression. Rhizobium common and host-specific nodulation genes are essential for
      the production of these compounds. Two ENOD12 genes are expressed in nodules and
      in stem tissue of uninoculated plants. The gene represented by the cloned ENOD12
      mRNA is also expressed in flowers, but a different transcription start may be
      used.

PMID- 2297790
TI  - Snap helix with knob and hole: essential repeats in S. pombe nuclear protein
      nuc2+.
AB  - The S. pombe nuc2+ gene is required for mitotic chromosome disjunction. Its
      mutation arrests mitosis at the metaphase. The gene product is present in the
      nuclear scaffold-like fraction. The nuc2+ protein contains a domain, separated
      from ten 34 amino acid repeat segments, that is capable of binding AT-rich DNA in
      vitro. The ts mutation resides in one of the 34 amino acid repeats. Circular
      dichroism, limited proteolysis of the repeats, and model fitting indicate the
      presence of helical segments connected by protease-sensitive hinges. We propose
      that these repeats form a novel secondary structure (snap helix) having "knob and
      hole" helix-associating motifs. The packing of the snap helices would be
      stabilized by the bonding between the hydrophobic amino acids surrounding the
      knobs and holes. The nuc2+ protein may in one way bind to DNA and in another way
      mutually associate to form a part of the chromosome scaffold.

PMID- 2297791
TI  - Synergistic induction of interleukin 2 receptor (TAC) expression on YT cells by
      simultaneous activation of distinct signal transduction pathways.
AB  - The human NK-like leukemic cell line YT was used to study interleukin 2 receptor
      (IL-2R; Tac) expression induced by activators of distinct signal transduction
      pathways. Tac expression was induced by active phorbol esters (12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [TPA] and 4 beta-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate),
      which directly activate protein kinase C (PKC), as well as forskolin (FK), a
      stimulator of adenylate cyclase. A synergistic effect on Tac expression was
      obtained by simultaneous stimulation with optimal concentrations of phorbol
      esters and FK. Inactive phorbol esters (4 beta-phorbol, 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13
      didecanoate) and the inactive analog of FK (1,9-dideoxyforskolin) had no effect
      on Tac expression. The active phorbol esters synergized also with interleukin 1
      (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) in Tac expression.
      Staurosporine, a potent inhibitor of PKC in vitro, inhibited Tac expression
      marginally in YT cells stimulated with FK, and enhanced Tac expression in
      cultures treated with TPA, TNF alpha, or IL-1. Based on the assumption that
      synergistic effects are observed when two agonists use different signaling
      pathways, these findings provide evidence that IL-1, TNF, and TPA use different
      pathways/regulatory elements to regulate Tac expression on the cell surface.
      Synergistic upregulation of Tac expression by simultaneous activation of distinct
      pathways may be an important mechanism to modulate the immune response.

PMID- 2297792
TI  - Detection of vasoactive intestinal peptide and localization of its mRNA within
      granulomas of murine schistosomiasis.
AB  - Schistosomiasis mansoni is a parasitic disease resulting in the deposition of ova
      predominantly in the liver and intestines. These ova secrete antigens which
      induce host sensitization and evoke focal granulomas. The granulomas are
      intricate delayed-hypersensitivity reactions governed by numerous cellular and
      humoral interactions. They displace or destroy normal tissue. Vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP) is one of several neuropeptides which exert a broad
      range of biologic actions that may include modulation of immune responses. In
      this study, VIP was sought within liver granulomas isolated from Schistosoma
      mansoni-infected, CBA/J mice. Granuloma extracts contained appreciable amounts of
      immunoreactive VIP as detected by radioimmunoassay. Immunoreactive VIP was shown,
      by each of two chromatographic methods, to elute as a single peak coinciding with
      that of synthetic VIP. In situ hybridization was performed with an
      oligonucleotide probe complementary to a portion of the nucleotide sequence
      encoding VIP on preproVIP mRNA (antisense probe). Radiolabeled VIP probe adhered
      exclusively to granuloma eosinophils and to eosinophils within a peritonitis
      induced in normal mice by proteose peptone. Hybridization of radiolabeled VIP
      probe in the presence of unlabeled probe substantially attenuated binding. A
      sense probe failed to bind. These data suggest that the granulomas contain
      authentic VIP and that eosinophils express the gene for this molecule.

PMID- 2297793
TI  - Interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha protect cells against natural
      killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and natural killer cytotoxic factor.
AB  - The protective effects of interferons (IFNs) against NK cell-mediated
      cytotoxicity (NK-CMC) is well established. We report here that both recombinant
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and recombinant interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1
      alpha) can also protect some adherent target cells (e.g., the amniotic cells WISH
      and the cervical epithelial carcinoma cells HeLa-229) from NK-CMC in a dose
      dependent manner. Like in the case of IFNs, the level of conjugate formation
      between target and effector cells (nonadherent peripheral blood lymphocytes) is
      not affected by pretreatment of the target cells with either TNF-alpha or IL-1
      alpha. However, while the main effect of IFNs is to reduce the ability of target
      cells to stimulate the release of NK cytotoxic factor (NKCF) from effector cells,
      TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha do not affect this process but rather reduce the target
      cell sensitivity to the lytic effect of NKCF. Therefore TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha
      induce resistance to NK-CMC by a mechanism that differs from the one attributed
      to IFNs. The protective effect of TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha is not mediated by the
      induction of IFN-beta 2/IL-6.

PMID- 2297794
TI  - Interaction of interleukin-5 with its receptors on murine leukemic BCL1 cells and
      its implication in biological activity.
AB  - Interaction of interleukin (IL)-5 with its receptors on murine leukemic cell
      line, BCL1 cells was examined. 125I-labeled recombinant murine IL-5(rmIL-5) bound
      specifically to high-affinity receptors on BCL1 cells. rmIL-5, which was about
      2500-fold more active than recombinant human IL-5(rhIL-5) in IgM-inducing
      activity on BCL1 cells, also showed about 5000-fold higher affinity to receptors.
      These results suggest that the bioactivity of IL-5 correlates with its receptor
      binding activity. When disulfide bond formation was blocked, rmIL-5 dissociated
      into a monomer and lost its biological activity. This monomeric form of rmIL-5
      also lost its ability to bind to cells, suggesting that dimer formation is
      essential for the biological activity of IL-5.

PMID- 2297795
TI  - Methylacetylenic putrescine (MAP), an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis,
      prevents the development of collagen-induced arthritis.
AB  - The objective of the present investigation was to examine the effects of an
      irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (2R,5R)-6-heptyne-2,5,diamine
      (methylacetylenic putrescine, MAP) on experimentally induced arthritis in mice.
      MAP (0.5-0.05%) was administered in drinking water to DBA/1 mice immunized with
      native chick type II collagen (CII). The development of arthritis was inhibited
      only in those mice receiving 0.5% MAP; lower doses were ineffective. Putrescine
      and spermidine levels were decreased and spermine levels were increased in spleen
      and lymph node cells from drug-treated mice compared to control arthritic mice.
      Furthermore, when control mice were developing arthritis, serum anti-CII antibody
      levels were lower in the MAP-treated group. MAP inhibited antibody production
      early in the immune response to CII; there was an association between inhibition
      of antibody production and inhibition of the development of arthritis. When MAP
      was discontinued, the nonarthritic, drug-treated mice did not develop the
      disease. Late administration of MAP (beginning 19 days after CII immunization)
      did not affect the incidence or the severity of the arthritis. Cyclophosphamide
      treatment begun at the same time significantly inhibited the development of the
      disease. In vitro T cell responses to denatured type II collagen (dCII) in
      untreated and MAP-treated mice were examined 14 days after immunization with CII.
      This is a time of peak T cell responsiveness in untreated animals. MAP treatment
      had no effect on the T cell response to dCII. These results indicate that MAP can
      prevent the development of CII-induced arthritis, possibly by inhibiting the
      autoantibody response. Therefore, inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis deserve
      further investigation as potential immunosuppressive agents.

PMID- 2297796
TI  - Modulation of in vitro autologous melanoma-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses by
      phorbol dibutyrate and ionomycin.
AB  - Human melanoma-specific, HLA restricted, cytotoxic T-cell lines can be generated
      by in vitro stimulation and culturing of peripheral lymphocytes, or lymph node
      cells, with autologous or HLA-A region matched melanomas in the presence of a low
      concentration (5 U/ml) of IL-2. Stimulation is followed by a period of clonal
      expansion and differentiation into cytotoxic T-cells specific for melanoma. We
      investigated the effect of the PKC modulating drug phorbol dibutyrate combined
      with the calcium ionophore Ionomycin on growth and differentiation of the cell
      lines. The growth of the T-cell lines was substantially augmented in the presence
      of the drugs with increases of 10-fold or more in clonal expansion by 3 weeks of
      culture. The cell lines were IL-2 dependent for growth in the presence or absence
      of the drugs and the phenotypic distribution remained predominantly CD3+ T-cells
      of mixed CD4 and CD8 phenotypes. In spite of the increased rate of growth in the
      presence of the drugs, autologous melanoma-specific cytotoxicity was almost
      completely abrogated in those cultures. The cells were, however, nonspecifically
      lytic in the presence of concanavalin A. The melanoma-specific cytotoxic response
      was completely restored following culture with IL-2 alone. The results suggest
      that the human tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell response can be induced and
      amplified in the presence of immune modulating drugs.

PMID- 2297797
TI  - An intracellular pathway is required for ABA-tyrosine presentation to T cells.
AB  - Although tyrosine-azobenzenearsonate (ABA-Tyr) is not degraded by proteolytic
      enzymes, its presentation by accessory cells is inhibited by lysosomotropic
      agents such as chloroquine. Presentation of ABA-poly-L-glutamic, alanine,
      tyrosine (ABA-GAT) is similarly inhibited by chloroquine, but in contrast to ABA
      Tyr it is also inhibited by leupeptin. Finally formaldehyde fixation of accessory
      cells after pulsing with ABA-Tyr but not before permits successful stimulation of
      ABA-specific hybridoma cells. These results suggest that a lysosomal pathway but
      not digestion is necessary for the association of ABA-Tyr and la molecules for
      presentation.

PMID- 2297800
TI  - Fractures.

PMID- 2297798
TI  - M protein deficient streptococcal cell walls can induce acute and chronic
      arthritis rats.
AB  - Cell walls from M+ and M- protein variants of group A streptococci were examined
      for their arthritogenicity in female Lewis rats. Intraperitoneal administration
      of both of these sonicated cell wall preparations caused a severe acute and
      chronic arthritis in recipient rats. Histological evaluation of the hind paw of
      these rats indicated synovial lining hyperplasia, cell infiltration in the
      subsynovial space, pannus formation, and erosions of bone and cartilage. Joint
      pathology was similar in the hind paws of rats immunized with cell walls prepared
      from either the M+ or the M- protein variants. Cell-mediated immunity was also
      similar when lymph nodes were exposed to cell walls derived from these two
      preparations. A recombinant M6 protein from streptococci did not elicit a
      proliferative response from lymph nodes prepared from arthritic rats. These
      observations indicate that the M protein that has previously been implicated in
      auto-immunity does not have a critical role in the pathogenesis of streptococcal
      cell wall arthritis in rats.

PMID- 2297799
TI  - Protein kinase-C involvement in thymocyte apoptosis induced by hydrocortisone.
AB  - The involvement of protein kinase-C in thymocytes death induced by hydrocortisone
      was studied. Thymus cells were incubated 6 hr or in the presence of
      hydrocortisone, labeled with Acridine orange, and the DNA content of each nuclei
      was estimated by cytofluorimetry. The results indicate that hydrocortisone
      induced DNA fragmentation can be prevented by adding the protein kinase-C
      inhibitor H-7 to the cell suspension. Incubation of the H-A 1004, an inhibitor of
      c-AMP-dependent protein kinase, with low effect on on protein kinase-C, did not
      interfere with the cortisone-mediated DNA fragmentation. Therefore, it can be
      concluded that protein kinase-C plays an important role in the process of
      lympholysis mediated by corticoids.

PMID- 2297802
TI  - National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Statement on immunization of
      children with inadequate immunization records.

PMID- 2297801
TI  - Femoral shaft stress fractures in athletes.
AB  - Stress fractures of the femoral shaft in athletes occur most commonly in the
      proximal third of the femur. They can, however, also be found in the mid- or
      distal third. Conservative treatment is highly successful in healing these
      fractures without complications. Athletes can usually return to activity in 8 to
      14 weeks. Recognition of the symptoms characteristic of these fractures (vague
      thigh pain, diffuse tenderness, no trauma) will assist early diagnosis. Early
      definitive diagnosis can be made by radionuclide scanning or later, by plain
      radiography, if symptoms have been present for a sufficient period. Diagnosis is
      not limited to novice runners since runners with significant mileage, or baseball
      or basketball players, can develop femoral shaft stress fractures.

PMID- 2297803
TI  - National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI).
AB  - As the epidemiology of measles evolves and new data become available, it is
      essential to review the current vaccination policy and make any necessary
      adjustments. The result of such a review process is the following new statement
      on the recommended use of measles vaccine in Canada issued by the National
      Advisory Committee on Immunization. There may be further changes in the future as
      more data become available.

PMID- 2297805
TI  - Intermittent ischemia produces a cumulative depletion of mitochondrial adenine
      nucleotides in the isolated perfused rat heart.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to determine if repetitive myocardial
      ischemia would result in the cumulative loss of mitochondrial adenine
      nucleotides. Isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to continuous or
      intermittent ischemia. A single 5-minute period of continuous ischemia did not
      result in a significant decrease in the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool; a
      single 10-minute period of ischemia resulted in a decrease of approximately 17%.
      Next, the adenine nucleotide content of mitochondria from preischemic and 30
      minute continuous ischemic hearts was compared with two groups of hearts
      undergoing intermittent ischemia (both groups receiving a total of 30 minutes of
      ischemia). One group received three 10-minute episodes of ischemia interrupted by
      5-minute periods of reperfusion (3 x 10-minute intermittent ischemia); the other
      intermittent ischemic group received six 5-minute episodes of ischemia
      interrupted by 5-minute periods of perfusion (6 x 5-minute intermittent
      ischemia). The mitochondrial adenine nucleotide content (expressed as nanomoles
      per nanomole cytochrome a) for the preischemic and 30-minute continuous ischemic
      hearts was 14.7 +/- 0.6 and 8.0 +/- 0.4, respectively. The mitochondrial adenine
      nucleotide content of the 3 x 10-minute intermittent ischemia group (8.5 +/- 0.5)
      was not significantly different from the 30-minute continuous ischemic group. The
      mitochondrial adenine nucleotide content of the 6 x 5-minute intermittent
      ischemia group (11.0 +/- 0.6) was significantly larger than that of the 30-minute
      continuous and the 3 x 10-minute intermittent ischemia groups (p less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297804
TI  - Metabolic oxidation of pyruvate and lactate during early myocardial reperfusion.
AB  - We have previously described the rates of oxidation for long-chain fatty acids
      and glucose in stunned myocardium during early reflow after moderately severe
      regional ischemia. The purpose of these studies was to characterize the rates of
      pyruvate and lactate oxidation during comparable periods of reflow. In the main
      protocol, pyruvate oxidation was defined at two conditions of coronary flow and
      at two levels of fatty acids in the coronary perfusate. Twenty animals were
      prepared using the extracorporeally perfused, working swine heart model. In five
      control (group 1) hearts, flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery
      was maintained at aerobic levels during a 115-minute perfusion trial. In 15
      hearts (groups 2 and 3), flow was held at aerobic levels for 30 minutes, reduced
      acutely by 60% for 45 minutes, and restored again to aerobic levels for the final
      40-minute reflow. In the five control hearts and in 10 of the reperfused hearts
      (group 2), 20% Intralipid (KabiVitrum, Alameda, California) with heparin was
      infused to raise serum fatty acids to an average of 0.95 +/- 0.08 mumol/ml,
      whereas in the five remaining nonsupplemented group 3 hearts, serum levels of
      fatty acids were 0.49 +/- 0.10 mumol/ml. Ischemia in supplemented and
      nonsupplemented hearts caused a decline in regional mechanical performance (-40
      delta % and -39 delta % below aerobic values in active shortening) that failed to
      recover completely (-16 delta % and -25 delta % below aerobic values in active
      shortening) during reflow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297806
TI  - Triggerlike stimulation of cholesterol accumulation and DNA and extracellular
      matrix synthesis induced by atherogenic serum or low density lipoprotein in
      cultured cells.
AB  - A 72-hour incubation of cultured cells with blood sera or plasma of patients
      suffering from coronary heart disease (CHD) with angiographically assessed
      coronary atherosclerosis caused a threefold to fourfold elevation of
      intracellular cholesterol. An elevated cholesterol level in the cells precultured
      with patients' sera was retained several days after the removal of the examined
      serum from culture. The accumulation of intracellular cholesterol was accompanied
      by enhanced synthesis of DNA, total protein, collagen, sulfated
      glycosaminoglycans, and hyaluronic acid. Enhanced DNA and total protein synthesis
      was retained for at least 9 days after the serum had been removed from culture.
      The obtained results suggest that the sera of CHD patients possess an atherogenic
      potential that manifests itself at the arterial cell level in the stable
      stimulation of atherosclerotic cellular processes: proliferation, lipidosis, and
      fibrosis. The examined sera of healthy donors were devoid of such an atherogenic
      potential. The low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction (density, 1.030-1.050
      g/cm3) obtained from an atherogenic serum had the same atherogenic potential as a
      whole serum. Atherosclerotic alterations in cultured intimal cells caused by
      atherogenic LDL were retained for at least 3 days after the removal of the
      lipoprotein from culture. Preincubation of intimal cells with LDL obtained from
      healthy donors had no effect on the intracellular cholesterol level or the
      synthesis of DNA and extracellular matrix. One may assume that the atherogenic
      potential of CHD patients' sera is related to the presence of LDLs that are
      qualitatively different from the LDL of healthy subjects.

PMID- 2297807
TI  - Glucose flux rate regulates onset of ischemic contracture in globally
      underperfused rat hearts.
AB  - This study analyzes the importance of the source and rate of ATP production
      (glucose flux, glycogenolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation) in the prevention
      of ischemic contracture in isolated rat hearts. Ischemic contracture was
      initiated at about 10 minutes by buffer perfusion with nonglycolytic substrates
      whereas the addition of 11 mM glucose prevented contracture for 2 hours. Tissue
      values of ATP, phosphocreatine, and lactate could be dissociated from onset of
      ischemic contracture. In hearts perfused with acetate or free fatty acid, with 11
      mM glucose, glycolytic ATP production was 2.3-2.8 mumol/g fresh wt/min; as
      initial rates of glycogenolysis fell, glycolysis was maintained by a steady
      increase of glucose flux to values in excess of 2 mumol ATP/g fresh wt/min.
      Decreasing the glucose flux by lowering the perfusate glucose or by the addition
      of 2-deoxyglucose precipitated ischemic contracture. When oxidative
      phosphorylation was further reduced by hypoxia, glucose still prevented ischemic
      contracture; however, when oxidative phosphorylation dropped to near zero (near
      anoxic) rates, glycolysis was inhibited, and glucose could only delay ischemic
      contracture to about 45 minutes. Combined ATP production rates could be
      dissociated from contracture. The metabolic parameter that correlated best with
      prevention or delay of ischemic contracture was the rate of glycolytic flux from
      glucose, which in this model of global low-flow ischemia had to accelerate to
      provide a rate of ATP production from glucose in excess of 2 mumol/g fresh wt/min
      within 30 minutes of the start of ischemia to prevent ischemic contracture.

PMID- 2297808
TI  - Unidirectional block and reentry of cardiac excitation: a model study.
AB  - A computer model of a ring-shaped, one-dimensional cardiac fiber was used for
      examination of responses of propagation to premature stimuli applied under
      different degrees of both cell-to-cell coupling and membrane excitability.
      Results demonstrated the importance of cellular uncoupling in the genesis of
      unidirectional block and reentry. Propagation of excitation itself created a
      certain degree of functional inhomogeneity that provided necessary conditions for
      unidirectional block and reentry. The likelihood of induction of unidirectional
      block was proportional to the degree of cellular uncoupling. In contrast, uniform
      reduction in sodium channel conductance decreased the inducibility of
      unidirectional block. Nonsustained and sustained reentry was induced by a
      properly timed single premature stimulus during the refractory period of a
      propagating action potential. Reduction of the size of the reentry pathway
      resulted in an increased degree of interaction between the wavefront and its
      tail, which, in turn, changed the kinetics of the slow ionic channels, bringing
      about shortening of action potential duration. Alternans in action potential
      duration were also demonstrated during circus movement and were caused by the
      alternating kinetic properties of the slow ionic currents. Inhomogeneity along
      the reentry pathway in refractory period, in membrane excitability, in fiber
      cross-sectional area, or in gap junction resistance also provided conditions
      necessary for unidirectional block. The simulations suggested that an important
      role was played by cellular uncoupling in the genesis and maintenance of
      unidirectional block and reentry.

PMID- 2297809
TI  - Dexamethasone selectively attenuates prostanoid-induced vasoconstrictor responses
      in vitro.
AB  - Glucocorticoids bind to specific vascular receptors resulting in a variety of
      functional consequences that may affect vascular smooth muscle behavior. We,
      therefore, examined in rabbits the effect of treatment with dexamethasone (2.5
      mg/kg) for 6 days on vascular responses to pressor prostanoids in aortic and
      carotid arterial rings and in the isolated perfused kidney. Isometric tension
      development to prostaglandin F2 alpha and U46619, a thromboxane/prostaglandin
      endoperoxide mimetic, was markedly reduced in vessels from dexamethasone-treated
      rabbits. The inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on vascular reactivity was
      manifested by an increase in the concentration of agonist for threshold tension
      development and a reduction in the maximal response to prostaglandin F2 alpha and
      U46619. In contrast, reactivity to phenylephrine, potassium, histamine, or
      endothelin was not affected by dexamethasone treatment. In addition, pressor
      responses to prostaglandin F2 alpha and U46619 in Krebs'-perfused kidneys from
      dexamethasone-treated rabbits were also diminished. These data suggest that
      dexamethasone selectively interferes with the expression of receptor-mediated
      contractile responses to eicosanoids.

PMID- 2297810
TI  - Heterogeneous changes in epimyocardial microvascular size during graded coronary
      stenosis. Evidence of the microvascular site for autoregulation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the coronary microvascular sites of
      autoregulation. The epimyocardial coronary microcirculation was observed through
      an intravital microscope by stroboscopic epi-illumination in anesthetized open
      chest dogs (n = 20). Aortic pressure and heart rate were held constant by an
      aortic snare and atrial pacing, respectively. Distal pressure of the left
      anterior descending coronary artery was controlled by a screw occluder on the
      proximal left anterior descending coronary artery and monitored with a 24-gauge
      plastic cannula inserted into the branch or distal portion of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery. Distal pressure of the left anterior descending
      coronary artery was stepwisely reduced to 59 +/- 1 mm Hg (mild stenosis, n = 20)
      and 38 +/- 1 mm Hg (severe stenosis, n = 16). In the left circumflex coronary
      artery area, myocardial blood flow measured with radioactive microspheres to
      subepicardium, midmyocardium, and subendocardium did not change with the mild and
      severe stenosis from control. In the left anterior descending coronary artery
      area, myocardial blood flow to each layer remained at nearly control level with
      the mild stenosis but was reduced in midmyocardium and subendocardium with the
      severe stenosis. With the mild stenosis, diameters of coronary arterial
      microvessels less than 100 microns in diameter dilated, and those larger than 100
      microns in diameter did not change. The magnitude of vasodilation in small
      arterial microvessels was inversely related to control diameter. With the severe
      stenosis, small arterial microvessels dilated, and simultaneously, large arterial
      microvessels constricted. Again, the magnitude of vasodilation in small arterial
      microvessels was inversely related to control diameter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2297811
TI  - Relative roles of cardiac receptors and arterial baroreceptors during hemorrhage
      in conscious dogs.
AB  - To determine the relative roles of cardiac receptors and arterial baroreceptors
      during blood loss, the effects of acute hemorrhage on measurements of mean
      arterial pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance,
      and heart rate were examined in chronically instrumented, conscious dogs with all
      nerves intact (n = 15) and following either cardiac denervation (CD, n = 14),
      sinoaortic denervation alone (SAD, n = 11), or combined sinoaortic denervation
      plus cardiac denervation (SAD + CD, n = 8). Hemorrhage at a constant rate (0.5
      ml/kg/min) was continued until mean arterial pressure fell to 40 mm Hg or 30
      ml/kg of blood was withdrawn. Hemorrhage (20 ml/kg) decreased mean arterial
      pressure similarly in the intact group (-15 +/- 3.3 mm Hg) and CD group (-17 +/-
      3.2 mm Hg), but to a greater extent in the SAD (-53 +/- 3.4 mm Hg) and SAD + CD (
      49 +/- 2.9 mm Hg) groups. Total peripheral resistance increased similarly in the
      intact (20.4 +/- 3.0 mm Hg/l/min) and CD (22.4 +/- 2.4 mm Hg/l/min) groups, but
      did not increase in SAD and SAD + CD groups. Acute cardiac denervation induced
      with intrapericardial lidocaine in either the intact or SAD groups resulted in
      similar responses of mean arterial pressure to hemorrhage as those observed in
      the chronic CD and chronic SAD + CD groups, respectively. Thus, dogs with cardiac
      denervation withstand hemorrhage and increase total peripheral resistance to a
      similar extent as intact dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297812
TI  - Alterations in elastin and collagen related to the mechanism of progressive
      pulmonary venous obstruction in a piglet model. A hemodynamic, ultrastructural,
      and biochemical study.
AB  - We created an animal model to understand better the pathogenesis and underlying
      mechanism of progressive central pulmonary venous (PV) obstruction, a condition
      not amenable to current therapy. Twenty piglets underwent banding of their PVs,
      18 had a sham operation, and 12 were nonoperated controls. After 1, 3, and 6
      weeks hemodynamic data were obtained and correlated with ventricular weights, PV
      and pulmonary artery (PA) distensibilities (at 1 week), morphometric structural
      and ultrastructural analyses, and biochemical assessment of elastin determined
      gravimetrically (and by desmosine level at 1 week), collagen, and elastase
      activity. At 1 week, PV banding was associated with increased PV compliance (p
      less than 0.05). At 3 weeks, an increased PA pressure (Ppa) (p less than 0.05)
      was observed, unaccompanied by a rise in PV pressure (Pcw). In the PV, however,
      there was breakdown of the internal elastic lamina with apparent migration of
      smooth muscle cells from media to subendothelium. At 6 weeks, a rise in Pcw (p
      less than 0.01), a further rise in Ppa (p less than 0.01), and right ventricular
      hypertrophy (p less than 0.005) were observed. We also observed mild PV intimal
      thickening (p less than 0.01), complete degradation of elastic laminae (p less
      than 0.05), and an increase in collagen assessed morphometrically (p less than
      0.01). The banding procedure resulted in an overall increase in PV elastin
      synthesis and in the proportion of elastin determined gravimetrically (p less
      than 0.05 for both) but not by desmosine level, suggesting the possibility of
      poor cross-linking of elastin, which might account for the early increased
      distensibility of the PV. However, our assay could not detect an increase in
      elastase activity associated with either the increased distensibility or the
      ultrastructural changes of elastin degradation. The increased Ppa was not
      associated with significant PA biochemical or structural changes. We speculate
      that in response to distal venous obstruction, early remodeling of the PVs
      increases distensibility, protecting the lung from venous congestion and blunting
      a rise in Pcw. PA hypertension precedes the rise in Pcw, likely because of reflex
      vasoconstriction. The subsequent modest rise in Pcw is already associated with
      extensive fibrosis of the PV, suggesting a reason for unsuccessful current
      therapy and a need for consideration of earlier assessment and intervention.

PMID- 2297813
TI  - Electrophysiological properties and responses to simulated ischemia in cat
      ventricular myocytes of endocardial and epicardial origin.
AB  - In multicellular preparations, there are differences in action potential
      configuration between endocardium and epicardium, and electrophysiological
      alterations induced by ischemia are more drastic in epicardium than in
      endocardium. The present study was designed to examine electrophysiological
      properties of single cardiac myocytes enzymatically isolated from the endocardial
      and epicardial surfaces of the cat left ventricle and to determine whether the
      differential responses to ischemia of intact tissue occur in single cells. Action
      potentials recorded from the isolated single cells of epicardial surface had
      lower action potential amplitude and a prominent notch between phase 1 and phase
      2, compared with those of the cells isolated from the endocardial surface; these
      findings are similar to those in intact endocardial and epicardial preparations.
      Resting membrane potentials recorded from both endocardial and epicardial single
      cells were sensitive to the change in extracellular K+ concentration and had
      properties of a K+ electrode. Action potential duration was frequency dependent
      in both cell types and was shorter in epicardial cells than in endocardial cells
      at a stimulation rate of 3 Hz. When the cells were superfused with Tyrode's
      solution that was altered to mimic an ischemic environment in vivo (PO2, 30-40 mm
      Hg; pH 6.8; [K+], 10 mM; and glucose free), resting membrane potential, action
      potential amplitude, and action potential duration were reduced, and the
      refractory period was shortened in both endocardial and epicardial single cells,
      but there were no differences in the degree of changes in action potentials and
      refractory periods induced between the two cell types. Action potential changes
      induced by L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (5-40 mg/l) were also similar in
      endocardial and epicardial single cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297814
TI  - Diameter change and pressure-red blood cell velocity relations in coronary
      microvessels during long diastoles in the canine left ventricle.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine whether coronary vascular resistance
      remains constant during long diastoles and whether critical closure of arterial
      microvessels occurs at zero-flow pressure. For this purpose, we directly measured
      internal diameters and red blood cell velocities in arterial and venous coronary
      microvessels during long diastoles under maximal vasodilation. The epicardial
      coronary microcirculation was viewed in anesthetized, open-chest mongrel dogs
      through an intravital microscope equipped with a newly developed floating
      objective. Coronary microvascular diameters and red blood cell velocities were
      measured with high-speed cinematography. During maximal vasodilation (150
      micrograms/kg body wt i.v. dilazep), long diastoles were induced by vagal nerve
      stimulation. Internal diameters of all small arteries and arterioles (n = 12)
      gradually declined with decreasing aortic pressure during long diastoles, and the
      reduction of the diameter was greatest when aortic pressure was less than 35 mm
      Hg. The mean internal diameter (88.8 +/- 52.2 microns) at minimal aortic pressure
      (19.2 +/- 6.4 mm Hg) was significantly less than that at an aortic pressure of
      100 mm Hg (116.2 +/- 68.5 microns, p less than 0.01). The internal diameters of
      small veins and venules remained nearly constant during long diastoles. When red
      blood cell progression in coronary microvessels stopped at the nadir of aortic
      pressure, all arterial coronary microvessels remained open; that is, there was no
      evidence of "critical closure."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297816
TI  - Supernormal excitability as a mechanism of chaotic dynamics of activation in
      cardiac Purkinje fibers.
AB  - Supernormality, which can be defined as greater than normal excitability during
      or immediately after action potential repolarization, has been observed in a
      variety of cardiac preparations. However, as yet, no description of the dynamics
      of tissue response to repetitive stimulation in the presence of supernormal or
      relatively supernormal excitability has appeared. Isolated sheep cardiac Purkinje
      fibers (2-5 mm in length) were superfused with Tyrode's solution and stimulated
      with depolarizing current pulses through a suction pipette. Recovery of
      excitability, restitution of the action potential duration, and response patterns
      were measured in each fiber for a wide range of current amplitudes and
      stimulation frequencies. When the potassium chloride concentration of the
      Tyrode's solution was decreased from 7 to 4 mM, the excitability recovery
      function consistently changed from monophasic ("normal") to triphasic
      ("supernormal'). During repetitive stimulation at increasing rates, normal
      preparations responded only with gradual changes in the activation ratio,
      expressed as periodic phase-locked responses (i.e., Wenckebach-like patterns,
      etc.). Supernormal preparations showed a nonmonotonic change in the activation
      ratio, as well as complex aperiodic response patterns. Numerical results from an
      analytical model gave a quantitative basis for the relation between
      nonmonotonicity in the excitability function and the development of complex
      rhythms in cardiac Purkinje fibers. Both our experimental and theoretical results
      indicate that the presence of supernormality and the slope of the action
      potential duration restitution curve at short diastolic intervals are responsible
      for the development of chaotic dynamics. Moreover, our results give an accurate
      description of the supernormality phenomenon, predict the behavior expected under
      such conditions, and provide insight about the role of membrane recovery in
      determining regular and irregular frequency-dependent rhythm and conduction
      disturbances.

PMID- 2297815
TI  - Evidence for cholinergic regulation of microvessel hydraulic conductance during
      tissue hypoxia.
AB  - Cholinergic regulation of single-vessel hydraulic conductivity (Lp) during
      normoxia and hypoxia was tested in single mesenteric vessels of pithed frogs
      (Rana pipiens). Capillaries were cannulated in situ and perfused with frog
      Ringer's solution containing 10 mg/ml albumin and human erythrocytes while the
      mesentery was continuously superfused with frog Ringer's solution (15 degrees C).
      Lp was first measured under normoxic (room air equilibrated) conditions by the
      modified Landis microocclusion method. Repeated measurements of filtration
      coefficient under control conditions, for periods up to 80 minutes, demonstrated
      that Lp did not change with time in normoxic vessels (n = 18). After initial
      control measurement (Lpo), perfusion with 1 microM acetylcholine increased Lp by
      4.6 +/- 1.0-fold (mean +/- SEM, n = 6). The response to acetylcholine was
      antagonized by the addition of 10 microns atropine to the perfusate (Lp/Lpo = 1.8
      +/- 0.4). Perfusion with atropine alone reduced Lp in three of six capillaries
      Lp/Lpo = 0.56 +/- 0.04); Lp in the remaining three vessels was unaffected. Tissue
      hypoxia was simulated by exposing the mesentery to deoxygenated superfusate Po2
      less than or equal to 10 mm Hg) for 10-15 minutes. Tissue hypoxia had no effect
      on Lp in atropine-treated vessels (n = 8). Without atropine, tissue hypoxia
      increased Lp by 2.3 +/- 0.7-fold, whereas the addition of atropine completely
      antagonized this response (n = 5). In contrast to the inhibitory action of
      atropine during tissue hypoxia, Lp rose 5.2 +/- 1.6-fold (n = 4) in vessels
      simultaneously exposed to deoxygenated perfusate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2297817
TI  - Glucose and palmitate oxidation in isolated working rat hearts reperfused after a
      period of transient global ischemia.
AB  - Alterations in energy substrate utilization during reperfusion of ischemic hearts
      can influence the functional recovery of the myocardium. Energy substrate
      preference by the reperfused myocardium, however, has received limited attention.
      Therefore, we measured oxidation rates of glucose and palmitate during
      reperfusion of ischemic hearts. Isolated working rat hearts were perfused with
      1.2 mM palmitate and 11 mM [14C]glucose, 1.2 mM [14C]palmitate and 11 mM glucose,
      or 11 mM [14C]glucose alone, at an 11.5 mm Hg preload and 80 mm Hg afterload.
      Hearts were subjected to 60-minute aerobic perfusion or 25-minute global ischemia
      followed by 60-minute aerobic reperfusion. Steady-state oxidative rates of
      glucose or palmitate were determined by measuring 14CO2 production. In hearts
      perfused with glucose alone, oxidative rates during reperfusion were not
      significantly different than nonischemic hearts (1,008 +/- 335 vs. 1,372 +/- 117
      nmol [14C]glucose oxidized/min/g dry wt, respectively). In the presence of
      palmitate, glucose oxidation was markedly reduced in reperfused and nonischemic
      hearts (81 +/- 11 and 101 +/- 15 nmol [14C]glucose oxidized/min/g dry wt,
      respectively). Palmitate oxidation rates were not significantly different in
      reperfused compared with nonischemic hearts (369 +/- 55 and 455 +/- 50 nmol
      [14C]palmitate oxidized/min/g dry wt, respectively). [14C]Palmitate was
      incorporated into myocardial triglycerides to a greater extent in reperfused
      ischemic hearts than in nonischemic hearts (26.0 and 13.8 mumol/g dry wt,
      respectively). Under the perfusion conditions used, palmitate provided over 90%
      of the ATP produced from exogenous substrates. Addition of the carnitine
      palmitoyltransferase I inhibitor, ethyl 2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2
      carboxylate (Etomoxir, 10(-6) M), during reperfusion stimulated glucose oxidation
      and improved mechanical recovery of ischemic hearts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2297819
TI  - Impact of Fontan operation on left ventricular size and contractility in
      tricuspid atresia.
AB  - Left ventricular dimensions and contractility were determined by echocardiography
      in 33 patients with tricuspid atresia in 1985 and again in 1988. Eight patients
      remained palliated throughout the 3-year period; neither the left ventricular end
      diastolic diameter (153 +/- 15% of normal vs. 157 +/- 19%, p = NS) nor a load
      independent index of contractility (rate-corrected velocity of shortening
      [VCFc]/end-systolic meridional stress [ESSM]) changed. Eleven patients underwent
      a Fontan operation during the study and were reevaluated at least 6 months after
      surgery; left ventricular dimension decreased (130 +/- 15% vs. 114 +/- 19%, p
      less than 0.001), and the contractility index VCFc/ESSM improved (p less than
      0.05). Fourteen patients had undergone a Fontan operation 0.9-9.5 years (mean,
      4.2 years) before initial examination in 1985. Over the 3-year period, left
      ventricular dimensions did not change (121 +/- 17% vs. 118 +/- 11%, p = NS), but
      the contractility index showed significant improvement (p less than 0.01). Eight
      additional patients were studied just before and after a Fontan operation to
      examine the early effects of surgery. Left ventricular dimensions decreased from
      130 +/- 14% to 100 +/- 13% by 10 days p less than 0.001) with no further change
      at 2 months. An inappropriate degree of ventricular hypertrophy was observed in
      only the early postoperative period. Successful Fontan repair results in rapid
      reduction of left ventricular size, followed by regression of hypertrophy to a
      normal mass-to-volume ratio. Operating at more favorable dimensions and loading
      conditions results in an early increase in left ventricular contractility, which
      further improves in the medium term follow-up.

PMID- 2297818
TI  - Relation of blood viscosity to demographic and physiologic variables and to
      cardiovascular risk factors in apparently normal adults.
AB  - Although increased blood viscosity occurs in several cardiovascular diseases,
      little is known of factors influencing blood rheology in normal adults.
      Accordingly, we examined the relations of whole blood viscosity (WBV) to its
      rheologic determinants (hematocrit level, plasma viscosity, protein
      concentration, and red cell aggregability and rigidity), to demographic and
      laboratory variables, and to cardiovascular risk factors in 128 normotensive
      employed adults. Hematocrit levels accounted for 67-84% of variability of WBV at
      shear rates from 208 to 0.1 sec-1 with lesser contributions from plasma
      viscosity, red cell aggregability, and rigidity (multiple r = 0.95-0.97); WBV was
      predicted accurately from standard measurements of hematocrit and total plasma
      protein levels (multiple r = 0.78-0.92 in "learning" and "test" analysis). Male
      sex, obesity, dietary Na+ intake, and increasing age had additive effects on WBV
      (multiple r greater than or equal to 0.59, p less than 0.00001); the last three
      of these factors and black race independently predicted plasma viscosity
      (multiple r = 0.36, p less than 0.001). Among regulators of plasma volume, plasma
      renin activity and urinary Na+ excretion bore independent positive relations to
      WBV. Diastolic and mean blood pressures were independent predictors of WBV and
      hematocrit levels (all p less than 0.05). Conventional risk factors (e.g.,
      triglycerides, obesity, and cholesterol levels) were positively related to WBV or
      plasma viscosity. Thus, in apparently normal adults, 1) WBV or plasma viscosity
      are increased by male sex, obesity, high sodium intake, aging, and black race, 2)
      WBV is positively related to plasma renin activity, 3) WBV or plasma viscosity
      are related to diastolic and mean blood pressures, triglycerides and cholesterol
      concentrations, and 4) WBV can be predicted from simple measurements of
      hematocrit and total plasma protein levels.

PMID- 2297820
TI  - Sudden death after repair of double-outlet right ventricle.
AB  - The outlook for patients with double-outlet right ventricle has improved since
      the development of corrective operations. Late arrhythmic deaths after successful
      procedures have been reported; however, the magnitude remains unknown. This study
      was undertaken to identify the magnitude of late sudden death and the significant
      factors associated with it. From 1965 through 1985, 118 patients underwent
      corrective operation for double-outlet right ventricle; of these, 23 died in the
      hospital and six were lost to follow-up. The 89 remaining patients (52 male and
      37 female) made up the study population. Their mean age (+/- SD) was 10.3 +/- 7.8
      years at the time of repair. The mean duration of follow-up was 82 months. Of the
      22 late deaths, 16 (73%) were sudden. Eight (50%) of the sudden deaths occurred
      within 1 year of operation. Cox proportional hazards multivariate analysis
      revealed the following significant risk factors for late sudden death: older age
      at the time of operation, perioperative or postoperative ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias, and third-degree atrioventricular block. Factors not associated
      with late sudden death included year of operation, sex, type and number of
      associated cardiac anomalies, preoperative functional class, previous palliative
      procedures, surgical technique, perioperative or postoperative single premature
      ventricular contractions, and postoperative left or right bundle branch block
      with or without fascicular block. We conclude that the incidence of late sudden
      death after successful surgical repair of double-outlet right ventricle is very
      high. Complete corrective operation at an early age and aggressive diagnosis and
      treatment of arrhythmias and conduction defects after operation are warranted.

PMID- 2297821
TI  - Trends in congenital heart disease in Dallas County births. 1971-1984.
AB  - To examine the changes in birth cohort prevalence rates and severity of
      congenital heart disease, we studied children with congenital heart disease born
      to blacks, whites, and Mexican-Americans in Dallas County from 1971 through 1984.
      Diagnoses were made by pediatric cardiologists' clinical evaluations,
      echocardiography, catheterization, surgery, or autopsy. During this study period,
      2,509 of 379,561 liveborn infants were diagnosed, a prevalence rate of 6.6/1000.
      The rates for whites was significantly higher than for blacks or Mexican
      Americans--7.2/1,000, 5.6/1,000, and 5.9/1,000, respectively. The rate for severe
      cases requiring cardiac catheterization or surgery or undergoing autopsy was
      3.1/1,000 and did not differ among the three groups. The time trend for rates of
      congenital heart disease suggested an apparent increase in prevalence rate during
      the 1970s; however, the prevalence rate of severe forms remained relatively
      stable. This indicates that the apparent rise in prevalence could be accounted
      for by an increase in detection of mild cases. These findings were interpreted as
      reflecting a greater tendency for pediatricians to refer asymptomatic children
      with significant heart murmurs to a pediatric cardiologist.

PMID- 2297822
TI  - Paradoxical effects of exercise on the QT interval in patients with polymorphic
      ventricular tachycardia receiving type Ia antiarrhythmic agents.
AB  - We analyzed the results of exercise testing performed in the absence of all
      antiarrhythmic drugs in 11 case patients with newly documented polymorphic
      ventricular tachycardia in response to type Ia antiarrhythmic agents. These
      results were compared with those found in 11 control patients matched for age,
      sex, and heart disease to determine whether the response of the QT interval to
      exercise testing was abnormal in patients who developed worsening of arrhythmia
      while taking antiarrhythmic drugs. QT, RR, and QTc intervals (by Bazett's method)
      were evaluated at rest and at 3 minutes of exercise in both groups. At rest,
      there was no significant difference in the QT interval (410 +/- 13 vs. 386 +/- 11
      msec), RR interval (890 +/- 56 vs. 781 +/- 43 msec), or corrected QT interval
      (438 +/- 10 vs. 438 +/- 4 msec) in the case patients and the control patients.
      Both groups demonstrated a similar chronotropic response to exercise. The QT
      interval shortened in both groups with exercise (p less than 0.001), but the
      degree of shortening tended to be greater in the control patients (to 310 +/- 9
      msec) than in the case patients (to 357 +/- 11 msec) (p = 0.06). Thus, there was
      a paradoxical increase in the QTc interval in the patients who experienced a
      proarrhythmic effect of type Ia drugs but not in the control patients (to 482 +/-
      8 vs. 431 +/- 5 msec; p less than 0.001). Ten of 11 case patients but only one of
      11 control patients had an increase in QTc interval of more than 10 msec with
      exercise (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297823
TI  - The complement system in ischemic heart disease.
AB  - The mechanisms by which tissue injury after acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
      occurs has not been fully elucidated. Recent evidence in experimental models has
      suggested involvement of the complement system in microvascular and macrovascular
      injury subsequent to AMI. With respect to angina pectoris, whether or not the
      complement system is activated is not clear. The present study assessed the role
      of complement as a mediator of myocardial inflammation by quantifying products of
      complement activation, including C3d, C4d, Bb, and SC5b-9 complexes, in 31
      patients with AMI, 17 patients with unstable angina pectoris, 19 patients with
      stable angina pectoris, and 20 normal volunteers. The plasma C3d levels increased
      in patients with AMI and in those with unstable angina pectoris (p less than
      0.01). The plasma levels of C4d, Bb, and SC5b-9 increased only in patients with
      AMI (p less than 0.01). The plasma SC5b-9 level was related to peak creatine
      phosphokinase (r = 0.71) and inversely related to the ejection fraction (r = 
      0.71). The plasma SC5b-9 level of patients with congestive heart failure was
      higher than that of patients without congestive heart failure in AMI. These
      results show that activation of complement system occurs after AMI and show an
      association of myocardial damage with complement activation. With respect to
      angina pectoris, the complement system is mildly activated in patients with
      unstable angina pectoris; however, the cardiac function of patients with unstable
      angina pectoris is not damaged. The complement system of patients with stable
      angina pectoris is not activated.

PMID- 2297825
TI  - Effect of dietary potassium on blood pressure, renal function, muscle sympathetic
      nerve activity, and forearm vascular resistance and flow in normotensive and
      borderline hypertensive humans.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of a low potassium diet on blood pressure in normotensive
      (NT) and in borderline hypertensive subjects (BHT). There were 11 BHT men (age,
      24.6 +/- 1.2 years) and 10 NT men (age, 23.5 +/- 1.0 years). Subjects were
      studied while on both low potassium, high sodium (30 meq/day, 400 meq/day) diets
      and high potassium, high sodium (100 meq/day, 400 meq/day) diets, each taken for
      6 days. During the low potassium diet, daytime ambulatory systolic blood pressure
      increased in both NT (123 +/- 5 mm Hg, low potassium, vs. 116 +/- 4 mm Hg, high
      potassium, p less than 0.01) and BHT groups (134 +/- 3, low potassium, vs. 124 +/
      3, high potassium, p less than 0.001). Mean blood pressure was not different in
      NT during the two diets but was significantly higher during the low potassium
      diet in BHT subjects (97 +/- 2 mm Hg low potassium, vs. 92 +/- 1 mm Hg, high
      potassium, p less than 0.05) without change in heart rate in BHT subjects during
      the two diets. Low potassium diet increased the postural rise in diastolic blood
      pressure when subjects changed from the supine position to quiet standing
      (standing diastolic blood pressure for NT: low potassium, 79 +/- 2 mm Hg vs. high
      potassium, 72 +/- 2 mm Hg; for BHT: low potassium, 89 +/- 2 mm Hg vs. high
      potassium diet, 83 +/- 2 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). The effects of low potassium
      diet on blood pressure were not related to marked changes in renal hemodynamics,
      in plasma renin activity, in aldosterone, or in norepinephrine, nor to increases
      in forearm vascular resistance or in muscle sympathetic nerve activity. In fact,
      muscle sympathetic nerve activity decreased in the BHT group during low potassium
      compared with high potassium diets (p less than 0.001) and did not change in the
      NT group. Sympathetic nerve activity was also higher in BHT compared with the NT
      group during high potassium and low potassium diets, p less than 0.001. In the NT
      group, the low potassium diet was associated with lower hematocrit levels, weight
      gain, and increased 24 hour urinary calcium levels. After the low potassium diet,
      serum potassium fell in both groups, and serum phosphorus fell significantly in
      the BHT group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2297824
TI  - Role of adenosine in pathogenesis of anginal pain.
AB  - The intravenous infusion of adenosine provokes anginalike chest pain. To
      establish its origin, an intracoronary infusion of increasing adenosine
      concentrations was given in 22 patients with stable angina pectoris. During
      adenosine infusion, 20 patients had chest pain without electrocardiographic signs
      of ischemia. They all reported that the chest pain was similar to their usual
      anginal pain. In 10 of the 22 patients adenosine was also infused into the right
      atrium, but it never produced symptoms at the doses that had provoked chest pain
      during intracoronary infusion. In seven other patients, the intracoronary
      adenosine infusion was repeated after intravenous administration of
      aminophylline, an antagonist of adenosine P1-receptors. Aminophylline decreased
      the severity of adenosine-induced chest pain (assessed with a visual analog
      scale) from 42 +/- 22 to 23 +/- 17 mm (p less than 0.002). In the remaining five
      of the 22 patients, monitoring of blood oxygen saturation in the coronary sinus
      during intracoronary adenosine administration showed that maximum coronary
      vasodilation was achieved at doses lower than those responsible for chest pain. A
      single-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effect of aminophylline
      on exercise-induced chest pain was also performed in 20 other patients with
      stable angina. Aminophylline, compared with placebo, decreased the severity of
      chest pain at peak exercise from 67 +/- 21 to 51 +/- 23 mm (p less than 0.02),
      despite the achievement of a similar degree of ST-segment depression. Finally,
      the effect of intravenous adenosine was compared in 10 patients with
      predominantly painful myocardial ischemia and in 10 patients with predominantly
      silent ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297826
TI  - Can serial exercise testing improve the prediction of coronary events in
      asymptomatic individuals?
AB  - An abnormal ST segment response to treadmill exercise has a low predictive value
      for future coronary events (angina pectoris, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or
      cardiac death) in apparently healthy individuals. To determine whether the
      conversion from a normal to an abnormal ST segment response might identify
      individuals at high risk for a future coronary event, we analyzed the results of
      serial exercise tests performed at 2-4-year intervals in 726 male and female
      volunteers, aged 22-84 years (mean, 55.1 years), from the Baltimore Longitudinal
      Study of Aging (BLSA). All subjects were free of cardiovascular disease at entry
      by history, physical examination, and resting 12-lead electrocardiogram. Over a
      mean overall follow-up of 7.4 years, coronary events occurred in 34 of 178
      (19.1%) of those with an abnormal ST response to exercise versus 30 of 548 (5.5%)
      in those with a normal response (p = 0.001). Angina pectoris was the most common
      presenting coronary event regardless of ST segment exercise response. Among
      individuals with an abnormal ST segment response, the incidence of events was
      virtually identical between those with an initially abnormal response (group 1)
      and those who converted from a normal to an abnormal response (group 2), 19.8%
      versus 18.5%. After adjustment for standard coronary risk factors by proportional
      hazards regression analysis, the risk of a coronary event relative to subjects
      with persistently normal ST segment responses (group 3) remained nearly identical
      in the two groups, 2.72 in group 1 (p less than 0.003) and 2.80 in group 2 (p
      less than 0.002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297827
TI  - Occurrence of oxidative stress during reperfusion of the human heart.
AB  - We have investigated the relation between occurrence of myocardial oxidative
      stress and functional recovery during postischemic reperfusion in 20 selected
      patients subjected to aortocoronary bypass grafting. Patients were selected for
      having normal percent ejection fraction and left ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure before the operation. Occurrence of oxidative stress was assessed by
      measuring the formation and release of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in the
      coronary sinus immediately before aortic cross-clamp, 1, 5, 10, and 20 minutes
      after removal of aortic cross-clamp, and 10 and 20 minutes after the end of
      cardiopulmonary bypass. Reduced glutathione (GSH), lactate, and creatine
      phosphokinase release were also monitored with the same timing. Standard
      hemodynamic measurements were recorded by means of a triple-lumen thermodilution
      pulmonary artery catheter before sternotomy, 15 minutes after the end of
      cardiopulmonary bypass, and during the 24 hours after termination of
      cardiopulmonary bypass. Reperfusion in patients after a short period of ischemia
      (less than 30 minutes; group 1) resulted in a small and transient release in the
      coronary sinus of GSSG and GSH and in a progressive improvement of hemodynamic
      parameters reaching a stable state 4 hours after the operation. In patients with
      a period of ischemia longer than 30 minutes (group 2), reperfusion induced a
      marked and sustained release of lactate, GSH, and GSSG; the arteriocoronary sinus
      difference for GSSG was still negative after the end of cardiopulmonary bypass.
      The arteriocoronary sinus difference for creatine phosphokinase also remained
      negative for as long as 20 minutes after cardiopulmonary bypass, and the rate of
      functional recovery was significantly delayed, reaching the values of group 1
      only 12 hours after the operation. In these patients there was a positive
      correlation (r = 0.88, p less than 0.01) between the duration of ischemia and the
      myocardial arteriovenous difference for GSSG. In addition, there was a negative
      correlation between the arteriocoronary sinus difference for GSSG and cardiac
      index measured 2, 4, and 6 hours after the operation. These data suggest for the
      first time that, depending on the severity of the ischemic period, oxidative
      stress occurs during reperfusion of patients with coronary artery disease who are
      subjected to heart surgery and that it may be linked with a delay in
      postoperative recovery of cardiac function.

PMID- 2297828
TI  - Prevention of platelet-rich arterial thrombosis by selective thrombin inhibition.
AB  - The effect of heparin and of the synthetic competitive thrombin inhibitor (2R,4R)
      4-methyl-1-[N2-(3-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-quinolinesulfon yl)-L-arginyl]-2
      piperidinecarboxylic acid monohydrate (argatroban) on platelet-rich arterial
      thrombosis was studied in a rabbit model, consisting of a 4-6-mm everted ("inside
      out") femoral arterial segment. Intravenous injection of heparin (200 units/kg)
      failed to prevent occlusion within 60 minutes in all 10 rabbits, whereas
      intravenous argatroban infusion at a rate of 100 or 200 micrograms/kg/min for 60
      minutes, which prolonged the thrombin time more than fourfold, prevented
      thrombosis in nine of 13 rabbits (p = 0.002 vs. i.v. heparin). Intra-arterial
      infusion of 200 units/kg heparin over 60 minutes prevented occlusion in six of
      nine rabbits (p = 0.003 vs. i.v. heparin), whereas intra-arterial argatroban at a
      rate of 100 micrograms/kg/min for 60 minutes prevented thrombosis in all 10
      rabbits (p = 0.00001 vs. i.v. heparin). Patency of femoral arterial segments was
      maintained after the end of the intra-arterial heparin and intravenous or intra
      arterial argatroban infusion for up to 3 hours despite normalization of the
      thrombin time and partial thromboplastin time. Pathologic examination of the
      graft revealed that the inverted adventitial surface was covered by layers of
      platelets without platelet aggregation or fibrin deposition. These findings
      indicate that thrombin plays an important role in platelet-rich arterial
      thrombosis, and that the thrombogenic stimulus is rapidly attenuated by short
      term infusion of the synthetic thrombin inhibitor. Selective thrombin inhibition
      can constitute an alternative approach to the prevention of arterial occlusion
      after angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy in patients with unstable coronary
      syndromes.

PMID- 2297829
TI  - Relation of left ventricular hemodynamic load and contractile performance to left
      ventricular mass in hypertension.
AB  - The weak relation of systolic blood pressure to left ventricular mass in
      hypertensive patients is often interpreted as evidence of nonhemodynamic stimuli
      to muscle growth. To test the hypothesis that left ventricular chamber size,
      reflecting hemodynamic volume load and myocardial contractility, influences the
      development of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension, we studied actual
      and theoretic relations of left ventricular mass to left ventricular diastolic
      chamber volume, pressure and volume load, and an index of contractility. Data
      were obtained from independently measured M-mode and two-dimensional
      echocardiograms in 50 normal subjects and 50 untreated patients with essential
      hypertension. Two indices of overall left ventricular load were assessed: total
      load (systolic blood pressure x left ventricular endocardial surface area) and
      peak meridional force (systolic blood pressure x left ventricular cross sectional
      area). A theoretically optimal left ventricular mass, allowing each subject to
      achieve mean normal peak stress, was calculated as a function of systolic blood
      pressure and M-mode left ventricular end-diastolic diameter. Left ventricular
      mass measured by M-mode echo correlated better with two-dimensional
      echocardiogram derived left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = 0.56, p less
      than 0.001) than with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.45, p less than 0.001) and
      best with total load or peak meridional force (r = 0.68 and 0.70, p less than
      0.001). In multivariate analysis both end-diastolic volume and blood pressure
      were independent predictors of systolic mass (p less than 0.001) and explained
      most of its variability (R = 0.75, p less than 0.001). Theoretically optimal left
      ventricular mass was more closely related to end-diastolic volume (r = 0.72, p
      less than 0.001) than to systolic blood pressure (r = 0.46, p less than 0.001);
      thus, the relatively weak correlation between blood pressure and optimal mass
      reflected the influence of left ventricular cavity size, rather than a lack of
      proportionality between load and hypertrophy. Actual and theoretically optimal
      left ventricular mass were closely related (r = 0.76, p less than 0.001),
      indicating that left ventricular hypertrophy in most cases paralleled hemodynamic
      load. Left ventricular mass was positively related to stroke index and inversely
      to contractility (as estimated by the end-systolic stress/volume index ratio),
      the main determinants of left ventricular chamber volume. In multivariate
      analysis, systolic blood pressure, stroke index, and the end-systolic
      stress/volume index ratio were each independently related to left ventricular
      mass index (all p less than 0.001, multiple R = 0.81) and accounted for 66% of
      its overall variability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2297830
TI  - Assessment of left ventricular relaxation by Doppler echocardiography. Comparison
      of isovolumic relaxation time and transmitral flow velocities with time constant
      of isovolumic relaxation.
AB  - Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and events of early transmitral flow measured
      by Doppler echocardiography were validated against the time constant of left
      ventricular relaxation (tau) in open-chest dogs. During increased inotropy (by
      isoproterenol infusion) at constant preload, enhancement of relaxation was
      indicated by a decrease in tau from 48 +/- 12 (mean +/- SD) to 33 +/- 5 msec (p =
      0.04) with a concomitant decrease in IVRT from 74 +/- 18 to 38 +/- 8 msec (p =
      0.03). During decreased inotropy (by propranolol infusion) at constant preload,
      slowing of relaxation was indicated by an increase in tau from 40 +/- 8 to 51 +/-
      13 msec (p = 0.02) with a concomitant increase in IVRT from 71 +/- 15 to 83 +/-
      21 msec (p less than 0.05). A significant correlation between changes in tau and
      changes in IVRT was found (r = 0.66, p less than 0.001). In contrast, when left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure was increased from 7 +/- 2 to 24 +/- 4 mm Hg
      at constant inotropy, tau increased from 47 +/- 14 to 64 +/- 25 msec (p = 0.03),
      whereas no change in IVRT was observed (76 +/- 19 and 71 +/- 19 msec,
      respectively). Aortic pressure was not significantly changed during any
      intervention, and heart rate was kept constant by pacing. Peak early transmitral
      velocity was unchanged by propranolol but increased during isoproterenol and
      saline infusion (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01, respectively).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297831
TI  - Ventricular reentry around a fixed barrier. Resetting with advancement in an in
      vitro model.
AB  - We studied an in vitro model of reentrant tachycardia in a ring of ventricular
      endocardial tissue surrounding the canine mitral and aortic valves to understand
      how the response of a reentrant tachycardia to premature impulses can provide
      insight into the underlying tachycardia mechanism, circuit characteristics, and
      nature of the central barrier. Reproducible regular reentrant tachycardias (cycle
      length range, 177-450 msec) were induced with programmed stimulation in 19 intact
      preparations studied at 34-38 degrees C. Tachycardias were sustained and stable
      until terminated by programmed stimulation in 95% of preparations. Reentry was
      reliably reinitiated during experiments lasting 2-15 hours. Data supporting
      reentry as the mechanism of these tachycardias included sequential activation
      around the ring that spanned the cycle length of the tachycardia, unidirectional
      block during initiation of the reentrant rhythm, and termination of the
      tachycardia after interruption of the circuit. Tachycardias in 13 preparations
      were systematically reset by premature stimuli. During reentry, each of these
      preparations had full recovery of excitability by the end of their excitable gap
      as evidenced by a flat portion along their resetting response curve (eight of 13)
      or by lack of faster conduction velocity during the second poststimulus beat
      after premature impulses that produced a long return cycle (13 of 13). From
      analysis of the conduction of premature impulses and their return cycles, we
      reached several conclusions useful for interpreting resetting response curves
      when the reentrant circuit is not fully accessible for study. The duration of a
      flat portion of the resetting response curve indicated the duration of the
      shortest fully recovered excitable gap in the reentrant circuit. The window of
      reset of the tachycardia reflected only the local excitable gap at the site of
      stimulation and did not define the shortest excitable gap within the circuit. The
      extent of advancement of the tachycardia provided a lower-limit estimate of the
      shortest excitable gap in the reentrant circuit. Advancement of a tachycardia in
      time by premature stimuli indicated advancement at each point in the circuit.
      Finally, for tachycardias advanced by premature impulses, the length of the
      reentrant path cannot be determined by the recovery of a refractory barrier.

PMID- 2297832
TI  - Correlation between in vivo transmembrane action potential durations and
      activation-recovery intervals from electrograms. Effects of interventions that
      alter repolarization time.
AB  - Classic cable theory was used to analyze the relation between the activation
      recovery interval measured from unipolar electrograms and transmembrane action
      potential duration. Theoretic analysis demonstrated that the temporal derivative
      of the extracellular potential is proportional to a spatial weighting of the
      third temporal derivative of the transmembrane action potentials along a cable
      with uniform propagation in a homogeneous medium. Thus, the activation-recovery
      interval, measured as the interval between times of minimum derivative (Vmin) of
      the QRS and maximum derivative (Vmax) of the T wave, should be related to action
      potential duration, measured as the interval between times of Vmax of the
      upstroke and Vmin of the downstroke of the transmembrane action potential. This
      relation was examined experimentally in 12 anesthetized dogs. Unipolar
      electrograms and transmembrane action potentials were recorded simultaneously
      from sites within 2 mm of each other during control states, cardiac sympathetic
      nerve stimulation, localized epicardial warming, and graded reductions in
      myocardial perfusion. The heart was paced from several sites. There was close
      correlation between activation-recovery interval and action potential duration
      measurements taken during cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation and local
      epicardial warming (r = 0.96 and 0.99 for cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation
      and warming, respectively). In five animals in which coronary perfusion pressure
      was gradually lowered, the variables correlated closely over a range of values
      from 62 to 212 msec (r = 0.98). However, although the overall correlation was
      good and mean differences between activation-recovery interval and action
      potential duration were small, in individual cases there were differences up to
      24 msec.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297833
TI  - Quantification and validation of left ventricular wall thickening by a three
      dimensional volume element magnetic resonance imaging approach.
AB  - We have developed a method to quantify and map regional wall thickening
      throughout the left ventricle (LV) with magnetic resonance imaging. In contrast
      to methods that measure planar wall thickness and thickening, this method uses
      the three-dimensional (3D) geometry of the left ventricle to calculate the
      perpendicular thickness of the wall. We tested this method at three levels of
      increasing complexity using 1) phantom studies, 2) in vivo experiments in dogs
      with normal cardiac function, and 3) in vivo studies in dogs during acute
      ischemia. Experiments were conducted in 15 open-chest dogs imaged by a 0.38 T
      iron core magnet. Five short-axis images at end diastole and end systole were
      obtained with the spin echo technique by use of the QRS as a trigger for end
      diastole and the second heart sound, S2, to time end systole. After acquisition
      of preischemic images, acute ischemia was induced by either coronary artery
      ligation (n = 5) or intracoronary dental rubber injection (n = 5), which produced
      severe transmural ischemia. By use of computer-aided contouring of the
      endocardial and epicardial borders, each image was divided into 16 segments with
      radial lines originating from the midwall centroid. A 3D volume element was
      defined as that generated by connecting two matched planar segments in two
      adjacent image planes. This defined 64 volume elements comprising the entire left
      ventricle. Thickness and thickening before and during ischemia were then
      calculated by using the planar segments and the 3D volume elements. In phantom
      studies, the 3D method was accurate, independent of the angle of inclination of
      the image plane to the phantom wall, whereas the planar method showed
      considerable overestimation of thickness when the image plane was oblique to the
      phantom wall. In the dogs before induction of ischemia, the 3D method
      demonstrated the well-established normal taper in end-diastolic wall thickness
      from 1.10 +/- 0.02 cm at the base to 1.05 +/- 0.11 cm at the apex (p less than
      0.01). By contrast, the planar method did not detect the decrease in thickness
      toward the apex (1.13 +/- 0.07 cm at the base vs. 1.16 +/- 0.14 cm at the apex, p
      = NS). During acute ischemia, thickening was calculated by both methods at the
      center of the ischemic zone defined by Monastral blue nonstaining and compared
      with the preischemic values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2297834
TI  - Transvenous atrial septal defect occlusion in piglets with a "buttoned" double
      disk device.
AB  - The feasibility and safety of transvenous closure of atrial septal defects by a
      new device was tested in 20 piglets, in which atrial septal defects were created
      by foramen ovale dilatation with angioplasty balloons. The device was small
      enough to be introduced in a 7F or 8F sheath, and it measured 20-25 mm. It has no
      hooks and consists of a foam occluder from the left atrium and a counter-occluder
      from the right atrium, buttoned independently. The animals were observed by
      angiography and color flow mapping, and they were electively killed at various
      intervals up to 2 months after occlusion. The device was not thrombogenic and had
      endothelialized by 2-3 weeks. All atrial defects were found to be completely
      occluded. Complications occurred only with the first three prototype devices,
      including counter-occluder detachment, right atrial perforation, and need for
      double occlusion and pulmonary artery embolization. No such complications
      occurred in the last 17 experiments because of modifications of the device and
      operator experience. These observations showed the feasibility of occlusion of
      moderate-size atrial septal defects in piglets by a new device introduced through
      a small sheath. The method appears promising for potential human application.

PMID- 2297835
TI  - Effects of nitroprusside on myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption in
      conscious lambs with an aortopulmonary left-to-right shunt.
AB  - We studied the effect of vasodilation on regional myocardial blood flow and
      oxygen consumption of the left ventricular free wall by infusing 10
      micrograms/kg/min sodium nitroprusside into 7-week-old conscious lambs with and
      without aortopulmonary left-to-right shunts. Resting myocardial oxygen
      consumption in the 13 shunt lambs was significantly higher than in the nine
      control lambs (989 +/- 104 [+/- SEM] vs. 432 +/- 41 mumol/min/100 g left
      ventricle). This was achieved by a significantly higher left ventricular
      myocardial blood flow (294 +/- 33 vs. 143 +/- 16 ml/min/100 g left ventricle)
      because the arteriovenous oxygen concentration difference across the left
      ventricular free wall was similar in shunt and control lambs. Infusion of
      nitroprusside did not significantly change myocardial oxygen consumption and
      regional myocardial blood flows at 10 and 50 minutes after the onset of the
      infusion. This occurred despite a substantial drop in aortic and left atrial
      pressures and stroke volume, which decreases wall stress as well as external work
      of the left ventricle. Heart rate, however, increased significantly. We postulate
      that, during infusion of nitroprusside, the potential decrease in myocardial
      oxygen consumption due to a decrease in wall stress and external work of the left
      ventricle is neutralized by the consequences of the increased heart rate. In view
      of this and because of its hemodynamic effects, we do not consider sodium
      nitroprusside useful in the treatment of circulatory congestion in patients with
      left-to-right shunts, normal arterial pressures, and normal systemic blood flows.

PMID- 2297836
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic determination of ventricular volumes in the
      fetal heart. Validation studies in fetal lambs.
AB  - The determination of ventricular volumes in the fetal heart from two-dimensional
      echocardiography (2DE) may give a better estimate of fetal ventricular size than
      simple diameter measurements, but the accuracy of this method has not been
      established. In fetal lambs, we tested whether ventricular volume calculations
      from 2DE using a biplane Simpson's rule algorithm are accurate. Calculations of
      left and right ventricular end-diastolic volumes from 2DE were compared with cast
      volumes of these ventricles. Also, at different levels of left atrial pressure,
      left ventricular stroke volumes calculated from 2DE were compared with stroke
      volumes measured simultaneously by an electromagnetic flowmeter. There was a good
      correlation between volumes determined from 2DE (y axis) and from casts (x axis)
      for both the left (r = 0.92; y = 0.2 + 1.1x; SEE = 0.19 ml) and right ventricle
      (r = 0.90; y = 0.7 + 0.9x; SEE = 0.21 ml). Left ventricular stroke volumes
      calculated from 2DE correlated well with those measured by the electromagnetic
      flowmeter (r = 0.87; y = 0.2 + 0.9x; SEE = 0.27 ml). Thus, calculation of fetal
      ventricular volumes from 2DE images using a biplane Simpson's rule method is
      feasible and accurate.

PMID- 2297837
TI  - Antiarrhythmic actions of diltiazem during experimental atrioventricular
      reentrant tachycardias. Importance of use-dependent calcium channel-blocking
      properties.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if the known frequency-dependent
      effects of diltiazem on inward calcium current result in selective actions during
      supraventricular tachycardia. These effects were evaluated by use of an
      experimental model of orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT).
      AVRT was induced in 15 dogs over a wide range of retrograde conduction times
      before and after two doses of diltiazem. Diltiazem produced a tachycardia-related
      suppression of atrioventricular nodal conduction resulting in greater efficacy
      for faster than for slower AVRTs. The degree of slowing for tachycardias that
      remained inducible after diltiazem administration was greater for AVRTs with a
      rapid initial rate (dose 1, 29%; dose 2, 40%) than for slower AVRTs (dose 1, 11%,
      p less than 0.01; dose 2, 18%, p less than 0.001). Rate-dependent AVRT slowing
      occurred because of a time-dependent phase of AH interval prolongation after the
      onset of tachycardia, which was observed only after diltiazem administration. to
      further clarify the mechanism of diltiazem's selective actions against faster
      tachycardias, its effects on the minimum pathway for reentry, or wavelength, were
      examined in four dogs. The ratio of refractory period to revolution time (RP/RT),
      an index of wavelength, was measured for each AVRT before and after diltiazem
      administration. Diltiazem increased the positive slope of the relation between
      RP/RT and the AVRT rate threefold compared with control (p less than 0.05). This
      rate-dependent effect prevented AVRT when RP/RT became greater than unity. In
      conclusion, rate-dependent atrioventricular node depression by diltiazem results
      in greater tachycardia slowing and higher rates of termination during
      atrioventricular reentrant tachycardias with faster initial rates and shorter
      retrograde conduction intervals.

PMID- 2297838
TI  - Flunarizine allows differentiation between mechanisms of arrhythmias in the
      intact heart.
AB  - The calcium antagonist flunarizine suppresses pathologic accumulation of calcium
      intracellularly without affecting the fast sodium or the slow calcium channel. To
      establish its value in differentiating between mechanisms of arrhythmias in the
      canine heart, the effect of flunarizine was investigated on ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) induced by ouabain intoxication or occurring 16-24 hours after
      occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Four groups of dogs
      were studied. Group 1 consisted of 13 animals with VT induced by ouabain
      intoxication (triggered-activity group). Group 2 included nine dogs in whom VT
      developed 16-24 hours after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary
      artery (abnormal automaticity group). Group 3 included six dogs with normally
      conducted sinus beats, whereas group 4 consisted of six animals having a
      ventricular escape rhythm. With the exception of group 3, all dogs had surgically
      induced complete atrioventricular block. All animals were studied while conscious
      and without premedication. In groups 1 and 2, 2-3 mg/kg flunarizine was given
      intravenously after VT had persisted for at least 20 minutes. In groups 3 and 4,
      2 mg/kg flunarizine was given after the rhythm was registered for 20 minutes. The
      cycle lengths of the different rhythms were compared before and after
      flunarizine. In group 1, flunarizine increased the cycle length of the VT from
      300 +/- 30 to 410 +/- 50 msec (p less than or equal to 0.001). Termination of VT
      was seen in 11 out of 13 animals. In group 2, flunarizine resulted in a
      nonsignificant shortening of the RR interval from 450 +/- 60 to 440 +/- 60 msec.
      Persistent termination was observed in only one of nine dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297840
TI  - Autoregulation of cardiac output by passive elastic characteristics of the
      vascular capacitance system.
AB  - After a change in cardiac output, the magnitude of potential blood volume
      redistribution was investigated in 10 dogs anesthetized with chloralose. All of
      the venous return was pumped into a reservoir, using servocontrolled pumps to
      maintain fixed superior and inferior vena cava pressures. The cardiac output was
      set at various levels by pumping from the reservoir into the right atrium.
      Changes in reservoir volume were assumed to reflect the changes in vascular blood
      volume. After measuring the control responses, cardiovascular reflexes were
      blocked with hexamethonium. Reducing the cardiac output, for example, from 110 to
      80 ml/(min.kg) with reflexes intact, caused a 9.2-ml/kg transfer of blood from
      the dog to the reservoir. With reflexes blocked, the same change in cardiac
      output caused 6.8 ml/kg of the blood to be transferred. Under the control
      conditions, throughout the range of 50-140 ml/(min.kg), an increase or decrease
      of cardiac output of 1 ml/(min.kg) elicited a 0.304 +/- 0.086 (mean +/- SD) ml/kg
      change in dog blood volume; with reflexes blocked, the flow sensitivity was 0.239
      +/- 0.062 ml/kg. Thus, only 21% of the total blood volume redistribution was
      attributable to active reflex responses. Deterioration of the preparation may
      have attenuated the magnitude of active reflex activity. Neither the systemic
      vascular compliance of 1.80 +/- 0.35 ml/mm Hg.kg nor the fraction of venous
      return from the superior vena cava of 26.5 +/- 4.6% was significantly changed by
      reflex blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297839
TI  - Modification of sinus node function by epicardial laser irradiation in dogs.
AB  - This study tested the feasibility of neodymium:YAG laser photocoagulation of
      selected sinus node areas to depress sinus rate responsiveness. In 14 open-chest
      dogs, origin of the sinus impulse (O point) was electrically mapped from the
      epicardium before and during isoproterenol infusion. Epicardial laser
      photocoagulation was applied to the O point observed during isoproterenol
      infusion and stepwise to remapped new O points until a 30 +/- 5% decrease in
      heart rate occurred. Long-term effects were assessed by Holter monitoring and
      electropharmacologic testing preoperatively and up to 10 weeks or 6 months. Mean
      (+/- SEM) percent decreases were observed at 10 weeks in the following
      parameters: average 24-hour heart rate, 17.4 +/- 5.0%; maximum heart rate on
      Holter, 30.5 +/- 3.5%; heart rate during pharmacologic autonomic blockade, 32.7
      +/- 3.5%; and maximum heart rate on isoproterenol, 23.1 +/- 4.6% (all p less than
      0.01). Curves with pacemaker recovery time plotted against control cycle length
      remained unchanged. Holter monitoring did not show excessive bradycardic episodes
      even after administration of propranolol. In three control dogs (sham operation),
      sinus node function remained unchanged. Histologic study of the irradiated area
      showed replacement by inflammatory cells, fibrosis, and cartilage formation with
      surrounding normal cells and occasional cells resembling pacemaker-like cells at
      the caudal end of the sinoatrial node. This study suggests that 1) map-guided
      graded laser photocoagulation of sinus node regions showing earliest activation
      during catecholamine stimulation successfully limits maximum heart rates without
      causing significant bradycardia, 2) the effects are long lasting, and 3) the
      remaining pacemaker behaves like the sinus node. Laser modification of sinus node
      function could become a form of nonpharmacologic heart rate control in patients
      with coronary artery disease undergoing surgery and in the syndrome of
      inappropriate sinus tachycardia.

PMID- 2297841
TI  - Prostaglandin redirection by thromboxane synthetase inhibition. Attenuation of
      myocardial stunning in canine heart.
AB  - We have previously reported that inhibition of thromboxane synthesis results in
      an improvement in postischemic function in stunned myocardium of dogs. The
      purpose of the present study was to investigate further the mechanism by which
      thromboxane synthesis inhibition improves recovery of function in stunned
      myocardium (15 minutes of coronary occlusion and 3 hours of reperfusion) in
      barbital anesthetized dogs. The recovery of regional myocardial wall function
      (percent segment shortening, % SS) following treatment with two doses (0.5 and 10
      mg/kg) of a thromboxane receptor blocker, BM 13.505, given prior to coronary
      occlusion, was not different from that of a control group (3-hour % SS of
      pretreatment control, PTC, 12 +/- 11) throughout reperfusion (3-hour % SS of PTC
      with BM 13.505: 0.5 mg/kg 14 +/- 10; 10 mg/kg, 27 +/- 9). In contrast, the
      specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, dazmegrel (3.0 mg/kg), significantly
      improved % SS throughout reperfusion (3-hour % SS of PTC, 66 +/- 8). In addition,
      while dazmegrel produced a marked decrease in thromboxane, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was
      significantly increased in coronary venous blood throughout the occlusion and
      reperfusion period. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, had no beneficial
      effect on functional recovery (3-hour % SS of PTC, 5 +/- 6), attenuated the
      dazmegrel induced shunting to prostacyclin, and completely prevented the
      beneficial effects of dazmegrel on functional recovery (3-hour % SS of PTC, 17 +/
      12). Thus, a redirection to endogenous cardioprotective prostanoids, such as
      prostacyclin, appears to be responsible for the beneficial effect of thromboxane
      synthesis inhibition on postischemic recovery in stunned myocardium whereas
      thromboxane does not appear to be an important mediator of the stunning
      phenomenon.

PMID- 2297842
TI  - Dual isotope thallium and indium antimyosin SPECT imaging to identify acute
      infarct patients at further ischemic risk.
AB  - Forty-two patients (28 men and 14 women) with acute myocardial infarction (35 Q,
      seven non-Q wave) were injected with 2.0 mCi indium 111-labeled antimyosin (AM)
      monoclonal antibody (111In AM) within 48 hours of the onset of chest pain. Forty
      eight hours later (72-96 hours after onset of chest pain), patients were injected
      with 2.2 mCi thallium 201, and two sets of single-photon emission computed
      tomography (SPECT) images were obtained simultaneously using dual energy windows
      set for the 247 keV indium photopeak and the 70 keV thallium peak. Seventeen
      patients had repeat scans at 4 hours. 111In AM uptake and 201Tl defects were
      localized to one or more of 24 coronal and sagittal segments. Scans with only
      201Tl defects and corresponding 111In AM uptake were classified as matches; scans
      with unmatched 201Tl defects in addition to matching regions corresponding to
      electrocardiographic infarct location were classified as mismatches; and scans
      with 201Tl and 111In AM uptake in the same segments were classified as overlap.
      Scan patterns were correlated with clinical evidence for residual ischemia
      occurring within 6 weeks of infarct and including infarct extension, recurrent
      angina, and positive predischarge low-level or 6-week symptom-limited stress
      tests and with coronary anatomy. Fourteen patients had only matching patterns
      (group 1), 23 had mismatches (group 2), and five had 201Tl-111In overlap as the
      predominant pattern. None of the patients in group 1 had previous myocardial
      infarction; in each, the matched area corresponded to the Q wave location on
      electrocardiogram, and none had further in-hospital ischemic events or positive
      stress tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297843
TI  - Adenosine. A homeostatic metabolite in cardiac energy metabolism.

PMID- 2297844
TI  - Trends for coronary heart disease in Japan.

PMID- 2297845
TI  - Triggers of onset of acute cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2297846
TI  - Statement on exercise. A position statement for health professionals by the
      Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical
      Cardiology, American Heart Association.

PMID- 2297847
TI  - Improvement in mitral flow dynamics during exercise after percutaneous
      transvenous mitral commissurotomy. Noninvasive evaluation using continuous wave
      Doppler technique.
AB  - Evaluation of mitral flow dynamics during exercise is critically important in
      patients who receive percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC)
      because limited mitral flow during exercise provokes hemodynamic deterioration
      and involves cardiogenic symptoms in patients with mitral stenosis. To examine
      mitral flow dynamics during exercise, we applied continuous wave Doppler
      technique in 20 patients with mitral stenosis. Exercise Doppler study was
      performed 2 days before and 5 days after PTMC. PTMC increased mitral valve area
      from 1.0 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SD) to 1.9 +/- 0.5 cm2 and decreased mean transmitral
      pressure gradient from 8 +/- 2 to 4 +/- 1 mm Hg at rest. Moreover, PTMC decreased
      mean transmitral pressure gradient from 21 +/- 6 to 11 +/- 4 mm Hg at submaximal
      exercise. The extent of an increase in mitral valve area by PTMC correlated with
      a decrease in the mean transmitral pressure gradient at the submaximal exercise
      (r = -0.76, p less than 0.01) and that at rest (r = -0.52, p less than 0.05).
      Heart rate after PTMC during exercise was significantly lower than that before
      PTMC, indicating that the compensatory mechanism (tachycardia) to increase
      cardiac output during exercise is less necessary after PTMC. Thus, we conclude
      that the mitral flow dynamics during exercise is improved, as well as the resting
      mitral flow dynamics 5 days after PTMC, and that exercise Doppler study enabled
      us to make a noninvasive evaluation of the mitral flow dynamics in patients who
      receive PTMC.

PMID- 2297848
TI  - Serum aminoterminal type III procollagen peptide reflects repair after acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - In 16 patients with acute myocardial infarction and in 15 controls, procollagen
      type III aminoterminal peptide in serum (PIIINP) was measured consecutively.
      Serum PIIINP was increased on the second to third postinfarction day (p less than
      0.01) and remained elevated for more than 4 months. Peak values were observed on
      the third to seventh postinfarction day. The individual peak changes were
      correlated to infarction size calculated from serum CK-MB and serum lactate
      dehydrogenase (p = 0.60, p = 0.02). The changes in distribution of PIIINP-related
      antigens in serum after gel chromatography were similar to changes observed
      during wound healing in humans. PIIINP is cleaved off procollagen type III during
      the biosynthesis of type III collagen, which characterizes the early stages of
      repair and inflammation. Our findings suggest that serum PIIINP reflects the
      repair processes and scar formation following acute myocardial infarction. The
      serum PIIINP alterations in acute myocardial infarction differ essentially from
      the changes in myocardial enzymes reflecting myocardial injury. Serum PIIINP may
      therefore provide new and clinically relevant information on the healing of
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2297849
TI  - Effects of H1-receptor stimulation on coronary arterial diameter and coronary
      hemodynamics in humans.
AB  - Effects of H1-receptor stimulation on coronary arterial diameter and coronary
      hemodynamics were examined in 11 patients with angiographically normal coronary
      arteries and without variant angina or resting angina. Selective H1-receptor
      stimulation was achieved by infusing histamine into the left coronary artery at a
      rate of 2.0 micrograms/min for 5 minutes after pretreatment with cimetidine (25
      mg/kg). Plasma histamine concentration in the coronary sinus, coronary sinus
      blood flow, heart rate, and aortic pressure were measured before, during, and
      after the histamine infusion. Coronary arterial diameter was measured by
      cinevideodensitometric analysis of coronary arteriograms performed before and
      immediately after the histamine infusion. During the histamine infusion, plasma
      histamine concentration in the coronary sinus increased from 0.33 +/- 0.06 to
      5.86 +/- 0.71 ng/ml (p less than 0.01); coronary sinus blood flow increased from
      98 +/- 12 to 124 +/- 13 ml/min (p less than 0.01), and coronary vascular
      resistance decreased from 1,113 +/- 117 to 851 +/- 91 mm Hg.min/l (p less than
      0.01). Heart rate and aortic pressure remained unchanged. The mean luminal
      diameters of the proximal, middle, and distal left anterior descending artery
      increased by 9.4 +/- 3.6% (p less than 0.05), 19.2 +/- 3.8% (p less than 0.001),
      and 31.5 +/- 5.6% (p less than 0.001), respectively, after the histamine
      infusion. The mean luminal diameters of the proximal, middle, and distal left
      circumflex artery increased by 15.2 +/- 3.6% (p less than 0.01), 17.5 +/- 5.2% (p
      less than 0.01), and 20.6 +/- 4.3% (p less than 0.001), respectively, after the
      histamine infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297850
TI  - Electrocardiographic changes suggestive of myocardial ischemia elicited by
      dipyridamole infusion in acute rejection early after heart transplantation.
AB  - Acute cardiac rejection, syndrome X, and arterial hypertension can induce small
      vessel damage and, therefore, restriction of coronary reserve in the presence of
      normal epicardial coronary arteries. A characteristic response pattern to
      dipyridamole (DIP) infusion has been previously described in syndrome X and
      arterial hypertension: ST segment depression without any measurable systolic
      dysfunction. The aim of this study was to establish whether acute cardiac
      rejection might induce electrocardiographic alterations during DIP infusion.
      Changes in the 12-lead electrocardiogram and two-dimensional echocardiogram
      during high-dose DIP infusion (up to 0.84 mg/kg in 10 minutes) were evaluated
      within 24 hours of endomyocardial biopsy in 14 transplanted patients. A total of
      47 biopsy-controlled DIP studies were performed within 5 weeks after cardiac
      transplantation. For each patient, at least 7 days elapsed between two
      consecutive studies. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic tracings were
      analyzed without prior knowledge of endomyocardial biopsy findings. No remarkable
      side effects occurred in any case, so that the DIP study could be completed in
      all patients. A diagnostic (greater than 0.1 mV) ST segment depression was found
      in 11 studies. The sensitivity and specificity of DIP-induced ST segment
      depression for the detection of biopsy-proven acute rejection were 72% and 94%,
      respectively. These data show that DIP stress is feasible and safe in
      transplanted patients and that acute cardiac rejection can be accompanied by DIP
      induced ST segment depression without detectable impairment in systolic function.
      These changes might provide noninvasive markers for surveillance of rejection.

PMID- 2297851
TI  - Exercise capacity for survivors of cardiac transplantation or sustained medical
      therapy for stable heart failure.
AB  - Cardiac transplantation is predicted to improve survival for patients with severe
      symptoms of heart failure and ejection fraction of 20% or less, but the exercise
      capacity after cardiac transplantation is less than normal. Patients responding
      to vasodilators and diuretics have progressive improvement in exercise capacity
      despite low ejection fraction. We hypothesized that among patients currently
      considered appropriate for transplantation who could nonetheless subsequently be
      stabilized on medical therapy tailored to hemodynamic goals, survivors after 6
      months of sustained medical therapy would demonstrate exercise capacity
      comparable to that of survivors of transplantation. Of 146 patients referred, 118
      (81%) were discharged on tailored therapy without transplantation, and 88 (60%)
      were stable for at least 1 month. Stability after discharge was more likely in
      patients with lower right atrial pressures and better renal function on therapy.
      Of the 88 stable patients, 45 patients were listed for transplant, and 43 were
      ineligible or unwilling. From these patients, 42 survivors for more than 6 months
      follow-up after cardiac transplantation or tailoring of medical therapy underwent
      exercise testing. Baseline functional and hemodynamic status and left ventricular
      ejection fraction (15 +/- 4%) were not different between the transplant and
      sustained medical survivor groups at the time of initial evaluation. After 14 +/-
      6 months, left ventricular ejection fraction had increased to 62 +/- 7% after
      transplantation (p less than 0.01) and only 22 +/- 9% after sustained medical
      therapy (p less than 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the
      maximum workload, oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold, or maximum oxygen pulse
      between survivors of cardiac transplantation and survivors on sustained medical
      therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297852
TI  - Effects of resting vagal tone on accessory atrioventricular connections.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of resting vagal tone on
      accessory atrioventricular (AV) connections. Atropine (0.04 mg/kg) was
      administered to 13 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and was found
      to have the following effects on the accessory AV connection: the anterograde
      block cycle length shortened from 305 +/- 51 to 279 +/- 54 msec (mean +/- SD; p
      less than 0.001); the retrograde block cycle length shortened from 288 +/- 57 to
      251 +/- 50 msec (p less than 0.001); and the effective refractory period measured
      at a basic drive cycle length of 400 msec shortened from 295 +/- 45 to 265 +/- 47
      msec in the anterograde direction (p less than 0.001) and from 283 +/- 18 to 261
      +/- 12 msec in the retrograde direction (p less than 0.01). During atrial
      fibrillation, the mean ventricular cycle length decreased from 434 +/- 88 to 352
      +/- 56 msec (p less than 0.001), and the shortest preexcited RR interval
      decreased from 302 +/- 56 to 256 +/- 43 msec (p less than 0.01). In another seven
      patients, propranolol (0.2 mg/kg) was administered before atropine, and atropine
      lengthened the anterograde block cycle length and the effective refractory period
      of the accessory AV connection; the magnitude of these effects was similar to
      that in the patients who did not receive propranolol. In conclusion, these data
      demonstrate that resting vagal tone exerts a direct depressant effect on
      accessory AV connections that does not require background sympathetic activity to
      be manifest.

PMID- 2297853
TI  - Prevalence and prognostic significance of exercise-induced silent myocardial
      ischemia detected by thallium scintigraphy and electrocardiography in
      asymptomatic volunteers.
AB  - Although a silent ischemic electrocardiographic response to treadmill exercise in
      clinically healthy populations is associated with an increased likelihood of
      future coronary events (i.e., angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, or cardiac
      death), such a response has a low predictive value for future events because of
      the low prevalence of disease in asymptomatic populations. To examine whether
      detection of reduced regional perfusion by thallium scintigraphy improved the
      predictive value of exercise-induced ST segment depression, we performed maximal
      treadmill exercise electrocardiography (ECG) and thallium scintigraphy (201Tl) in
      407 asymptomatic volunteers 40-96 years of age (mean = 60) from the Baltimore
      Longitudinal Study on Aging. The prevalence of exercise-induced silent ischemia,
      defined by concordant ST segment depression and a thallium perfusion defect,
      increased more than sevenfold from 2% in the fifth and sixth decades to 15% in
      the ninth decade. Over a mean follow-up period of 4.6 years, cardiac events
      developed in 9.8% of subjects and consisted of 20 cases of new angina pectoris,
      13 myocardial infarctions, and seven deaths. Events occurred in 7% of individuals
      with both negative 201Tl and ECG, 8% of those with either test positive, and 48%
      of those in whom both tests were positive (p less than 0.001). By proportional
      hazards analysis, age, hypertension, exercise duration, and a concordant positive
      ECG and 201Tl result were independent predictors of coronary events. Furthermore,
      those with positive ECG and 201Tl had a 3.6-fold relative risk for subsequent
      coronary events, independent of conventional risk factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297854
TI  - Chest pain and coronary heart disease mortality among older men and women in
      three communities.
AB  - Angina pectoris is a manifestation of coronary heart disease, yet little is known
      from clinical or epidemiologic studies about its prognosis in older populations.
      We investigated the relation of uncomplicated angina symptoms to risk of coronary
      heart disease mortality within 3 years in a prospective study of 8,359 people
      aged 65 and older residing in three communities. From baseline (1981-1983) to the
      third year of follow-up (1984-1986), there were 245 deaths from coronary heart
      disease. Three classifications of chest pain were defined using the Rose
      Questionnaire: nonexertional chest pain, chest pain on exertion (including
      angina), and angina. Exertional chest pain was a strong, independent predictor of
      coronary heart disease death for older men and women. There were no differences
      in the prognostic implications of this symptom between the sexes; the relative
      risks being 2.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.4) in men and 2.7 (1.7-4.2) in
      women. The risk of coronary heart disease mortality for those reporting chest
      pain on exertion was at least as high as that for participants whose symptoms met
      the Rose Questionnaire criteria for angina. The association between exertional
      chest pain and coronary heart disease mortality was independent of other coronary
      risk factors. The relation was specific for deaths from coronary heart disease,
      as there was no association between exertional chest pain and noncoronary causes
      of death. Chest pain on exertion conveys important prognostic information about
      risk of coronary death in older populations, regardless of gender.

PMID- 2297855
TI  - Influence of coronary occlusion during PTCA on end-systolic and end-diastolic
      pressure-volume relations in humans.
AB  - The influence of acute coronary occlusion on systolic and diastolic left
      ventricular pressure-volume relations was studied in 10 patients undergoing
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Pressure-volume relations
      were obtained by conductance catheter and micromanometer techniques and with
      volume load altered by transient inferior vena caval occlusion. End-systolic and
      end-diastolic pressure-volume relations were obtained at baseline, during 60-90
      seconds of ischemia, and at return to baseline after angioplasty balloon
      deflation. Coronary occlusion significantly altered systolic and diastolic
      chamber function. Systolic dysfunction was characterized by a reproducible
      rightward shift of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation (+25.4 +/- 18.4 ml)
      that was greater for proximal left anterior descending and circumflex coronary
      artery occlusions (+41 ml) than for distal or right coronary artery occlusions
      (+15.4 ml, p less than 0.05). Occlusion also lowered chamber systolic function
      indexes, such as the end-systolic pressure-volume relation slope (from 4.2 to 2.8
      mm Hg/ml) and preload recruitable stroke work (from 97 to 78.6 mm Hg). All
      systolic (and diastolic) changes were resolved with successful angioplasty.
      Diastolic abnormalities during angioplasty were characterized by prolonged
      pressure relaxation and an upward shift of the resting diastolic pressure-volume
      data and by an apparent increase in chamber elastic stiffness. However, when end
      diastolic data from multiple beats during inferior vena caval occlusion were
      compared, control and ischemic end-diastolic pressure-volume relations displayed
      little or no difference. Thus, elevations in resting diastolic pressure-volume
      relations and apparent increase in chamber elastic stiffness during coronary
      occlusion in humans appear dominated by altered right ventricular or pericardial
      loading. These data indicate that pressure-volume analysis is useful in assessing
      the functional significance of coronary lesions and reperfusion.

PMID- 2297857
TI  - Factors associated with pericardial effusion in acute Q wave myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - To elucidate the clinical characteristics associated with pericardial effusion in
      the early phase of myocardial infarction, 330 patients with acute Q wave
      infarction were studied. According to echocardiography, 83 patients had
      pericardial effusion on the third day of hospitalization, and careful
      auscultation revealed that a pericardial rub was absent in 45 patients and was
      present in 38 patients. Based on seven clinical variables, multivariate analysis
      was performed to determine the important variables related to the occurrence of
      pericardial effusion with and without pericardial rub. Pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure and left ventricular segments with advanced asynergy were the
      significant factors related to the occurrence of pericardial effusion without a
      pericardial rub. The presence of ventricular aneurysmal motion, left ventricular
      segments with advanced asynergy, and alveolar arterial oxygen difference were
      related to pericardial effusion with a pericardial rub. Therefore, a hemodynamic
      factor was the major mechanism associated with the increase in extravascular
      myocardial fluid and the consequent occurrence of hydropericardia in the absence
      of a pericardial rub, whereas an increase in the microvascular permeability in
      the myocardium with excessive fluid exudating through the irritated epicardial
      surface was the mechanism related to pericardial effusion with a pericardial rub
      in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2297856
TI  - Relation between localization of coronary artery disease and local abnormalities
      in ventricular activation during exercise tests.
AB  - To examine whether or not the location of local abnormalities on body surface
      isochrone maps reflects the site of myocardial ischemia, 48 coronary artery
      disease patients without myocardial infarction were studied. Eighty-seven
      unipolar electrocardiograms distributed over the anterior chest and the back were
      recorded simultaneously before and after the submaximal treadmill exercise. For
      each lead, the duration from the QRS onset to the time of the most rapid decrease
      in QRS voltage was measured (index of ventricular activation [IVA]). Based o the
      data provided by these 87 leads, IVA isochrone maps (IVA map) in preexercise and
      in postexercise, as well as IVA maps showing the difference between preexercise
      and postexercise, were constructed. The IVA was defined as abnormal when it
      exceeded (mean + 2 SD) the normal range. We called the area with the abnormal
      IVA, the "+2SD area." In patients having a stenosis in the left anterior
      descending artery, the +2SD area in each map was located mainly on the left
      anterior chest, whereas in patients having a stenosis in the right coronary
      artery, the +2SD area in each map was located mainly on the right lower thoracic
      surface. Moreover, the +2SD area of patients with both left anterior descending
      and right coronary artery disease appeared on both the left anterior chest and
      the right lower thoracic surface. In patients with left circumflex artery
      disease, however, the location of the +2SD area did not suggest a stenotic site
      because of its small population. On the other hand, it was difficult to determine
      the ischemic site from the body surface distribution of ST segment
      depression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297858
TI  - Mildly dilated congestive cardiomyopathy. Use of prospective diagnostic criteria
      and description of the clinical course without heart transplantation.
AB  - Prognosis in classically described dilated congestive cardiomyopathy has been
      reported to be related to ventricular size. Mildly dilated congestive
      cardiomyopathy (MDCM) has been defined as end-stage heart failure of unknown
      etiology (New York Heart Association class IV, left ventricular ejection fraction
      less than 30%), occurring with neither typical hemodynamic signs of restrictive
      myopathy nor significant ventricular dilatation (less than 15% above normal
      range). The present study includes follow-up in 12 nontransplant patients. In the
      first 4 months after diagnosis, two patients improved and are living, and two
      showed cardiac dilation and clinical deterioration and died. Six of the remaining
      eight with persistent MDCM died (four with intractable heart failure and two,
      sudden deaths) without change in ventricular size before death, despite medical
      therapy over 20 +/- 8 months. Eight comparable transplanted patients with
      persistent MDCM demonstrated improved total survival by life table analysis (p
      less than 0.05). A family history of congestive cardiomyopathy was found in nine
      of 16 patients (56%) with persistent MDCM. Nontransplant patients were older (p
      less than 0.02), but other findings were similar in the two groups.
      Endomyocardial biopsies available in 14 of 16 cases showed little or no
      myofibrillar loss in spite of severe hemodynamic impairment. The degree of
      myofibrillar loss did not correlate with hemodynamic parameters but showed good
      correlation with left ventricular size, that is, five of six patients with no
      myofibrillar loss had normal ventricular size, whereas all eight patients with
      mild myofibrillar loss had mild cardiomegaly (p less than 0.002). Our current
      experience suggests a somewhat variable but negative prognosis after prospective
      diagnosis of MDCM, with poor survival in patients with persistence of the
      original diagnostic features during follow-up. Preservation of heart size in MDCM
      is probably related to lack of significant myofibrillar loss. Thus, irrespective
      of heart size or myofibrillar preservation on biopsy, heart transplantation
      should be strongly considered in MDCM if signs of severe cardiac dysfunction
      persist despite therapy.

PMID- 2297859
TI  - Skeletal muscle biochemistry and histology in ambulatory patients with long-term
      heart failure.
AB  - Recent studies in patients with long-term heart failure have suggested that
      intrinsic abnormalities in skeletal muscle can contribute to the development of
      early lactic acidosis and fatigue during exercise. The present study provides an
      analysis of substrate and enzyme content, fiber typing, and capillarization in
      skeletal muscle biopsy samples obtained at rest from the vastus lateralis in 11
      patients with long-term heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction, 21 +/-
      8%) and nine normal subjects. Patients demonstrated a reduced peak exercise
      oxygen consumption (13.0 +/- 3.3 ml/kg/min) when compared with normals (30.2 +/-
      8.6 ml/kg/min, p less than 0.001) and had an accelerated rise in blood lactate
      levels during exercise. In mixed fiber skeletal muscle, total phosphorylase and
      glycolytic enzyme activities were not different in the two groups, whereas
      mitochondrial enzymes involved in terminal oxidation were decreased in patients
      as compared with normal subjects as indicated by reductions in succinate
      dehydrogenase (51 +/- 15 vs. 81 +/- 17 microM/g protein/min, p less than 0.001)
      and citrate synthetase (26 +/- 7 vs. 43 +/- 20 microM/g protein/min, p less than
      0.05). 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase, an important enzyme mediating beta
      oxidation of fatty acids, was also reduced in patients as compared with normals
      (18 +/- 7 vs. 27 +/- 10 microM/g protein/min, p less than 0.05). There was no
      difference in high-energy phosphagens or lactate concentration of mixed muscle in
      the two groups, whereas glycogen content was decreased in patients (262 +/- 29
      vs. 298 +/- 35 microM glucosyl units/kg dry wt, p = 0.01). Patients demonstrated
      a reduced percentage of slow twitch type I fibers (36 +/- 7% vs. 52 +/- 22%, p
      less than 0.05) and had a higher percentage of type IIb fast twitch fibers (24 +/
      9% vs. 11 +/- 12%, p = 0.02), which were smaller than the type IIb fibers seen
      in normal subjects (p less than 0.05). In patients, the number of capillaries per
      fiber was decreased for type I and type IIa fibers (both, p less than 0.03), but
      the ratio of capillaries to cross-sectional fiber area was not different for the
      two groups. These data demonstrate major alterations in skeletal muscle histology
      and biochemistry in patients with long-term heart failure, including fiber
      atrophy, a decrease in percentage of composition of type I fibers, and an
      increase in type IIb fibers accompanied by a decrease in oxidative enzyme
      capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297860
TI  - Continuous 24-hour assessment of the neural regulation of systemic arterial
      pressure and RR variabilities in ambulant subjects.
AB  - In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the neural control of circulation in
      humans undergoes continuous but in part predictable changes throughout the day
      and night. Dynamic 24-hour recordings were obtained in two groups of ambulant
      subjects. In 18 hospitalized patients free to move, direct high-fidelity arterial
      pressures and electrocardiograms were recorded, and in an additional 28
      nonhospitalized subjects, only electrocardiograms were obtained. Spectral
      analysis of systolic arterial pressure and of RR interval variabilities provided
      quantitative markers of sympathetic and vagal control of the sinus node and of
      sympathetic modulation of vasomotor tone. With this approach, the low-frequency
      (approximately 0.1 Hz) component of RR interval and systolic arterial pressure
      variabilities is considered a marker primarily of sympathetic activity, whereas
      the high-frequency (approximately 0.25 Hz) component of RR interval variability,
      related to respiration, seems to be a marker primarily of vagal activity. We
      observed a pronounced and consistent reduction in the markers of sympathetic
      activity and an increase in those of vagal activity during the night. In the
      invasive studies, while the subjects were still lying in bed after waking up, the
      markers of sympathetic activity rose rapidly and concomitantly with a
      simultaneous vagal withdrawal. Noninvasive studies confirmed the early morning
      rise of the markers of sympathetic activity and the circadian pattern of
      sympathovagal balance. These data indicate that the ominously increased rate of
      cardiovascular events in the morning hours may reflect the sudden rise of
      sympathetic activity and the reduction of vagal tone.

PMID- 2297861
TI  - Intraoperative Doppler color flow mapping for decision-making in valve repair for
      mitral regurgitation. Technique and results in 100 patients.
AB  - Mitral valve repair provides substantial advantages over mitral valve replacement
      in patients with severe mitral regurgitation. However, because of the possibility
      of persistent regurgitation, an intraoperative technique is needed to provide an
      immediate and accurate assessment of the adequacy of the repair before closure of
      the chest. One hundred patients with pure mitral regurgitation were studied with
      intraoperative epicardial Doppler color flow mapping immediately before and after
      valve repair. Intraoperative assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation
      showed good agreement with preoperative left ventriculography and with standard
      precordial Doppler echocardiography before and after surgery. Postrepair
      intraoperative Doppler studies showed satisfactory surgical results in 92
      patients. Postrepair intraoperative Doppler studies in the remaining eight
      patients demonstrated unsatisfactory results: persistent significant
      regurgitation in four, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve with dynamic
      left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in three, and a persistent flail
      leaflet in one. In six of the eight patients, further surgery was performed
      during the same thoracotomy. In two patients, the intraoperative postrepair
      Doppler findings of persistent regurgitation were confirmed on precordial Doppler
      studies within 5 days, and mitral reoperation was required. Intraoperative
      epicardial Doppler color flow mapping provided a "safety net" that ensured a
      successful outcome in all 100 patients by providing the surgeon with a direct
      means to assess the success of the operation and the need for further surgery.

PMID- 2297862
TI  - Behavior of right and left ventricles during episodes of variant angina in
      relation to the site of coronary vasospasm.
AB  - The effects of single-vessel coronary occlusion on simultaneously evaluated right
      (RV) and left ventricular (LV) performance were assessed and compared with LV
      perfusion patterns in 25 patients with variant angina. Coronary spasm involved
      the right coronary artery in 15 patients (group 1) and the left anterior
      descending coronary artery in 10 patients (group 2). Biventricular function was
      assessed by radionuclide angiography under basal conditions, during spontaneous
      or ergonovine-induced ischemia, and after resolution of the ischemic attack.
      Myocardial perfusion was assessed by thallium 201 scintigraphy in 21 patients of
      this series during superimposable ischemic episodes. In group 1, ischemia caused
      RV (14 of 15 patients) and LV (13 of 15 patients) regional dysfunction with
      significant reduction in RV and LV ejection fractions. The interventricular
      spetum was involved in six of 15 patients, causing a more pronounced LV
      impairment. In group 2, all patients showed septal dyssynergies associated with a
      reduction of LV ejection fraction; absent or trivial RV involvement was observed.
      In both groups, LV perfusion defects were present in all patients with LV wall
      motion abnormalities during ischemia, matching the site of regional dyssynergies.
      Thus, in a group of patients with variant angina and single-vessel disease,
      transient occlusion of the right coronary artery directly caused RV and LV
      impairment; in these patients, the extent of LV but not RV dysfunction appeared
      related to the presence of septal ischemia. Vasospasm of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery consistently caused LV dysfunction not associated with
      secondary effects on RV systolic function.

PMID- 2297863
TI  - Importance of preexcited QRS morphology during induced atrial fibrillation to the
      diagnosis and localization of multiple accessory pathways.
AB  - The present investigation evaluates the ability of several electrocardiographic
      (ECG) and electrophysiologic methods to identify multiple accessory pathways in
      47 patients in whom the presence and sites of multiple accessory pathways were
      confirmed intraoperatively. To establish ECG features that suggested the presence
      of multiple accessory pathways in these patients, we initially studied the 12
      lead ECG during maximal preexcitation in 101 patients with single accessory
      pathways. Distinctive 12-lead ECG patterns were noted for six defined anatomic
      areas around the right and left atrioventricular groove. Multiple preexcited QRS
      morphologies, each typical for a separate accessory pathway, and atypical
      preexcited QRS morphologies were recorded during atrial fibrillation in 31 of 47
      (66%) patients with multiple accessory pathways. By comparison, the ECG during
      sinus rhythm and rapid atrial pacing identified 14 (32%) and 26 (55%) of the
      patients, respectively. In 12 (26%) patients in whom evidence for multiple
      accessory pathways was absent from endocardial mapping data, atrial fibrillation
      provided the diagnosis. In five (11%) patients, atrial fibrillation was the only
      method that demonstrated the presence of multiple accessory pathways. A
      combination of ECG findings during atrial fibrillation and rapid atrial pacing
      plus endocardial mapping data identified 43 (91%) of the patients with multiple
      accessory pathways. There were two unique fusion patterns on the 12-lead ECG that
      were characteristic of specific multiple accessory pathway combinations.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297865
TI  - Effects of nifedipine on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with
      asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - We investigated the effects of nifedipine on left ventricular diastolic function
      in 17 asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients with hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy by simultaneously measuring left ventricular pressure and volume
      with a catheter-tipped manometer and biplane cineangiography. Studies were
      performed before and 20 minutes after sublingual administration of nifedipine (20
      mg). Heart rates were held constant (79 +/- 12 beats/min, mean +/- SD) by right
      atrial pacing. Left ventricular volumes and instantaneous rates of left
      ventricular volume were derived from frame-by-frame (20-msec) analyses of left
      ventricular biplane angiograms. Left ventricular peak systolic pressure (from 122
      +/- 21 to 108 +/- 13 mm Hg, p less than 0.01 vs. control) and mean aortic
      pressure (from 96 +/- 15 to 87 +/- 11 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) decreased
      significantly with nifedipine. With afterload reduction, left ventricular
      ejection fraction (from 0.69 +/- 0.12 to 0.74 +/- 0.08, p less than 0.01) and
      cardiac output (from 6.4 +/- 2.0 to 7.2 +/- 2.2 l/mm, p less than 0.05) increased
      significantly. However, there was a slight but significant increase in left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure (from 15 +/- 8 to 18 +/- 8 mm Hg, p less than
      0.05). Nifedipine did not improve left ventricular relaxation as assessed by the
      time constants of isovolumic pressure decay (t1/2, from 39.8 +/- 6.6 to 39.4 +/-
      7.7 msec, NS; t1/e, from 53.8 +/- 9.0 to 54.4 +/- 10.7 msec, NS).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297864
TI  - Lipoprotein and oxygen transport alterations in passive smoking preadolescent
      children. The MCV Twin Study.
AB  - We investigated the cardiovascular effects of lifelong passive cigarette smoke
      exposure in preadolescent children and examined the following questions: 1) Is
      systemic oxygen transport altered? 2) Are coronary heart disease risk factors
      adversely affected? We recruited 216 families from the MCV Twin Study; 105 had at
      least one smoking parent. Serum thiocyanate and cotinine levels were used as
      measures of smoke exposure in the children and thiocyanate was proportional to
      the number of parental cigarettes smoked each day (p = 0.0001). Paternal smoking
      had no effect on these measures. Whole blood 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was higher in
      smoke-exposed than unexposed children (p less than 0.01) and was related to the
      thiocyanate level (p less than 0.02). High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
      was lower in passive smoking children (p less than 0.05); the HDL2 subfraction
      was reduced in passive smoking boys, while the HDL3 subfraction was reduced in
      passive smoking girls. Significant adverse alterations in systemic oxygen
      transport and lipoprotein profiles are already present in preadolescent children
      exposed to long-term passive cigarette smoke, primarily from maternal smoke.
      Children with long-term exposure to passive smoke may be at elevated risk for the
      development of premature coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2297866
TI  - Hemodynamic changes in the peripheral circulation after repeat low density
      lipoprotein apheresis in familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Repeat low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis and blood flow determinations in
      the forearm and leg were performed in 10 patients (age range, 13-49 years; four
      male, six female) with familial hypercholesterolemia (eight homozygous, two
      heterozygous). To perform LDL apheresis, plasma was first separated by a
      polysulphone hollow fiber filter; then, LDL was selectively removed from plasma
      by dextran sulphate cellulose beads packed in columns. Blood flows in the forearm
      and leg were determined at rest and during a reactive hyperemia test (peak flow).
      This test was performed noninvasively by a strain-gauge plethysmograph with
      semicontinuous registration of arterial blood flow variables before the first
      apheresis and 3 weeks after the last of six procedures for apheresis. Resting
      arterial blood flows in the forearm and leg were slightly increased after repeat
      LDL apheresis (p less than 0.05). Peak blood flow in the leg significantly
      increased (+34%, p less than 0.01). No change in peak blood flow in the forearm
      was observed. Systolic blood pressures were slightly but significantly reduced (p
      less than 0.05); forearm peripheral resistances were also reduced (p less than
      0.05). Flow response was not related to LDL receptor status. Blood and plasma
      viscosities were determined before and 7 days after the last apheresis. Blood
      viscosity was significantly reduced after LDL apheresis at shear rates of 11.25
      450 sec-1. Plasma viscosity did not change.

PMID- 2297867
TI  - Myocardial kinetics of Tc-MIBI in canine myocardium after dipyridamole.
AB  - Technetium 99m-hexakis-2-methoxy-2-methylpropyl-isonitrile (Tc-MIBI) is a
      promising new myocardial perfusion imaging agent producing excellent rest images.
      Imaging, however, will need to be performed with exercise or dipyridamole to
      detect ischemia and to differentiate salvaged but still ischemic myocardium from
      scar. Accordingly, 12 dogs were given mild-to-moderate left circumflex coronary
      stenoses (group 2), and 10 dogs were given severe stenoses (group 3). In five
      control dogs (group 1), there was no stenosis. After an intravenous infusion of
      dipyridamole (0.08 mg/kg/min for 4 minutes), Tc-MIBI was injected into the right
      atrium. Over the next 4-hour study period, myocardial Tc-MIBI activities were
      continuously monitored in both the left anterior descending (LAD) (normal) and
      left circumflex (LCx) (ischemic) coronary artery (ischemic) zones using miniature
      cadmium telluride radiation detectors and serial gamma camera images were
      acquired when necessary. Tc-MIBI was rapidly taken up by nonischemic, mild-to
      moderate, and severe ischemic myocardium. The initial myocardial uptake of Tc
      MIBI was linearly related (r = 0.97) to regional myocardial blood flow at rates
      up to 2.0 ml/min/g. After the initial uptake, the mean 4-hour fractional
      myocardial clearance was similar between the control (0.09 +/- 0.03 [+/- SEM])
      and group 2 (0.07 +/- 0.03) and group 3 (0.09 +/- 0.03) ischemic zones. Tc-MIBI
      blood clearance was rapid and biexponential with an initial fast clearance phase
      followed by a slow clearance phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297868
TI  - Complete recovery in plasma of enzymes lost from the heart after permanent
      coronary artery occlusion in the dog.
AB  - Plasma activities of creatine kinase (CK) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
      (HBD) were measured after permanent coronary artery occlusion in the dog.
      Cumulative release of enzymes in plasma was calculated from these data by using a
      previously validated two-compartment model for circulating enzymes. Regional
      myocardial ischemia was measured by injection of radiolabeled microspheres. After
      48 hours, the dogs were killed, and a detailed map of left ventricular enzyme
      activity was obtained from 108 tissue samples. Cumulative release into plasma of
      CK and HBD was 96 +/- 20% and 112 +/- 26%, respectively, of the total activities
      depleted from the heart (mean +/- SD, n = 11). The scatter in these values is
      inherent to the calculations, and it is concluded that both enzymes are recovered
      completely in plasma and, thus, can be used as quantitative markers of injury.
      Discrepancies between this result and earlier reports on the recovery of CK are
      only partly apparent and can be explained partly by underestimation of the
      elimination rate of CK from plasma, irregardless of tissue edema and incomplete
      extraction of enzyme activity from tissue.

PMID- 2297869
TI  - Nonfatal myocardial infarction is, by itself, an inappropriate end point in
      clinical trials in cardiology.

PMID- 2297870
TI  - Clinical importance of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic subjects.

PMID- 2297871
TI  - Role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in progression of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2297872
TI  - Hyperlipidemic arterial dysfunction.

PMID- 2297874
TI  - Abstracts of the 30th annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology.
      March 29-31, 1990, San Diego, California.

PMID- 2297873
TI  - Enzymatic estimation of infarct size. Thrombolysis induced its demise: will it
      now rekindle its renaissance?

PMID- 2297875
TI  - Recommendations for standardization and specifications in automated
      electrocardiography: bandwidth and digital signal processing. A report for health
      professionals by an ad hoc writing group of the Committee on Electrocardiography
      and Cardiac Electrophysiology of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American
      Heart Association.

PMID- 2297876
TI  - Diastolic function in heart failure: clinical approaches to its understanding and
      treatment. Brussels, Belgium, September 4-6, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2297877
TI  - Effects of benazeprilat on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function and
      neurohumoral status in patients with ischemic heart disease.
AB  - The effects of the intravenous administration of the angiotensin converting
      enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat on left ventricular function were examined in 18
      patients with ischemic heart disease. Twenty minutes after drug infusion (0.3-10
      mg), heart rate (78 +/- 17 to 71 +/- 16 beats/min, p less than 0.0003), left
      ventricular systolic pressure (-9 mm Hg, p less than 0.0004), and plasma
      norepinephrine concentration all decreased significantly. The isovolumic indexes
      of inotropic state also decreased slightly (-10% in dP/dtmax, p less than 0.001),
      whereas the ejection fraction (39 +/- 16% to 41 +/- 16%, p less than 0.08) and
      the end-systolic volume (-6%, p less than 0.04) tended to improve, probably
      because of the afterload reduction (-13% in mean systolic wall stress, p less
      than 0.05). After benazeprilat administration, the left ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure was unchanged at the group level, but there was a consistent downward
      shift of the diastolic pressure-volume relation during rapid filling, and the
      mean diastolic wall stress decreased from 99 +/- 73 to 69 +/- 42 kdyne/cm2 (p
      less than 0.007). These data indicate that the acute administration of
      benazeprilat has a dual action on left ventricular pump function, which is that
      the negative inotropic effect of bradycardia and reduced sympathetic drive are
      compensated by afterload reduction. The drug also improved left ventricular
      diastolic distensibility and significantly reduced wall stress during diastole.
      The beneficial effects on diastolic function were noted both in patients with
      mild left ventricular dysfunction and in patients with heart failure.

PMID- 2297878
TI  - Effects of nicardipine on myocardial function in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Nicardipine is a second-generation dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with
      relative coronary and cerebrovascular selectivity. To study the effects of
      nicardipine on systolic and diastolic myocardial function, we used three
      experimental models. In isolated feline papillary muscle, nicardipine produced a
      dose-dependent calcium antagonistic effect manifested by depressed indexes of
      contraction and relaxation. In an autoregulating blood-perfused isolated rabbit
      heart preparation, nicardipine markedly increased coronary blood flow and
      slightly decreased systolic pressure at a given end-diastolic pressure. The
      systolic pressure and +dP/dt versus volume curves, however, were shifted to the
      left during nicardipine administration, indicating improved systolic function.
      This increase was accompanied by decreased volume elastance and is probably due,
      at least in part, to the coronary turgor effect. In humans at rest, intravenous
      nicardipine administration produced pronounced coronary and systemic vasodilation
      with improved left ventricular systolic performance and enhanced relaxation
      accompanied by reflex sympathetic activation. With exercise to ischemia,
      nicardipine preserved the salutary effects on left ventricular function seen at
      rest and significantly blunted the increase in left ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure observed in the control setting. Administration of intracoronary
      nicardipine to patients produced a slight and transient depression of systolic
      and diastolic left ventricular function that was accompanied by a pronounced
      coronary vasodilator response and later by improved ventricular function. This
      improvement was manifested by decreased end-systolic volume and increased +dP/dt
      without changes in heart rate, arterial pressure, end-diastolic pressure, or end
      diastolic volume. Global diastolic function indexes, including the time constant
      for isovolumic relaxation, peak filling rate normalized for stroke volume, and
      volume elastance, were unaltered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297879
TI  - Effects of nicardipine on regional diastolic left ventricular function in
      patients with angina pectoris.
AB  - The effects of the slow calcium channel blocker nicardipine on the synchrony of
      left ventricular filling were examined in eight patients with angina pectoris.
      Left ventriculography was performed at baseline (after pretreatment with
      propranolol to minimize reflex changes) and was repeated after the intravenous
      administration of 2.5 mg nicardipine. Regional peak filling rate and time to peak
      filling rate were determined in eight ventricular segments before and after
      nicardipine. At baseline, the time from the R wave to the regional peak filling
      rate was 380-680 msec, and there were a large number of segments with depressed
      peak filling rate (p less than 0.001, vs. distribution of regional peak filling
      rate in normal subjects using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), indicating both
      asynchrony of filling (p less than 0.001, vs. distribution of time to peak
      filling rate in normal subjects) and nonhomogeneity of diastolic distensibility.
      Nicardipine administration significantly reduced the distribution of the time to
      peak filling rate (p less than 0.001) and increased regional peak filling rate (p
      less than 0.001) in a large subset of segments. Segments with normal values of
      peak filling rate at baseline, however, frequently did not improve or even
      decreased their peak filling rate. The changes in global left ventricular filling
      rate after drug administration also correlated with the number of segments
      improved after nicardipine. It is concluded that intravenous nicardipine improves
      the synchrony of diastolic filling in patients with angina pectoris.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297880
TI  - Influence of the pericardium and ventricular interdependence on left ventricular
      diastolic and systolic function in patients with heart failure.
AB  - The pericardium, because of the nature of its pressure-volume relation, can
      influence left ventricular diastolic and systolic pump function. During an acute
      increase in heart size that results in the stretching of the pericardium, the
      elastic properties of the pericardium restrict further cardiac dilatation and
      curtail the ability of the ventricles to increase stroke volume. In addition, the
      pericardium enhances the degree to which increments in right ventricular volume
      would alter left ventricular diastolic distensibility. Ventricular
      interdependence is enhanced as a direct consequence of pericardial elastic
      properties. During the heightened venous return associated with marked muscular
      work, we found evidence of pericardial constraint in 31 of 61 patients with heart
      failure of varying severity and diverse etiology. The occurrence of pericardial
      constraint, which was characterized by stroke volume becoming invariant and an
      equivalent rise in right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures as work
      load was raised during incremental upright exercise, was independent of the
      degree to which maximum oxygen consumption was reduced or, equivalently, the
      severity of heart failure. In contrast, when pericardial constraint was not
      apparent during our exercise protocol, stroke volume did not become invariant,
      and the increments in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were two- to threefold
      that of right atrial pressure. Thus, the pericardium can have a substantial role
      in determining the limits to left ventricular diastolic and systolic function.

PMID- 2297881
TI  - Factors influencing diastolic function. Possible role of the extracellular
      matrix.

PMID- 2297882
TI  - Effect of asynchrony on left ventricular relaxation.
AB  - The potential adverse effect of 1) electrical nonuniformity induced by right
      ventricular pacing and 2) mechanical nonuniformity observed in a model of stunned
      myocardium induced by 1 hour of severe coronary artery stenosis on left
      ventricular contraction and relaxation was studied in conscious dogs instrumented
      for long-term measurements of global and regional left ventricular function.
      Altering the sequence of electrical activation resulted in a significant change
      in contraction and relaxation predominantly through asynchrony rather than
      through changes in inotropy or loading conditions. In the presence of abnormal
      depolarization, sympathetic stimulation induced by treadmill exercise does not
      restore synchrony but, on the contrary, results in a significant prolongation of
      relaxation constant T1. During the early phase of reperfusion after 1 hour of
      severe coronary artery stenosis, left ventricular relaxation constant T1 is
      prolonged, whereas at the same time, temporal and regional asynchrony between the
      normal zone and the stunned zone are significantly augmented. The similarity
      between the time course of recovery of both global left ventricular relaxation
      and asynchrony suggests that asynchronous contraction, rather than regional
      relaxation abnormalities of the stunned myocardium, is the major cause for
      prolonged relaxation constant T1 during recovery from myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2297883
TI  - Diastolic dysfunction during acute cardiac allograft rejection.
AB  - Left ventricular diastolic function was evaluated in 41 heart transplant patients
      during acute rejection by an analysis of echocardiograms and surgically implanted
      intramyocardial tantalum markers. In 35 patients, isovolumic relaxation time was
      calculated from M-mode tracings selected from two-dimensional echocardiographic
      recordings. A total of 84 biopsy findings of no rejection, moderate rejection,
      and severe acute rejection after treatment were correlated with measurements of
      isovolumic relaxation time. In six patients, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic
      volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction, and peak filling rate were obtained
      from biplanar cineradiographic images of intramyocardial markers. Data from 11
      prerejection periods were compared with those of moderate acute rejection. All
      echocardiograms and marker images were analyzed without previous knowledge of
      biopsy findings. At times of acute rejection, isovolumic relaxation time
      decreased from 107 to 65 msec (p less than 0.01) and returned to 98 msec after
      immunosuppressive therapy. Ejection fraction and end-systolic volume did not
      change significantly with acute rejection, whereas stroke volume decreased from
      76 to 67 ml (p less than 0.05). In contrast to the effects on systolic function,
      episodes of acute rejection were accompanied by a decrease in end-diastolic
      volume from 166 to 153 ml (p less than 0.01) and a reduction in peak filling rate
      from 514 to 460 ml/sec (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that acute cardiac
      rejection is associated with relative preservation of left ventricular systolic
      performance but with alterations in diastolic dynamics similar to those seen in
      "restrictive" cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2297885
TI  - Differences in lipid composition between isolated growth cones from the forebrain
      and those from the brainstem in the fetal rat.
AB  - The lipid composition of nerve growth cone membranes isolated from rat fetal
      forebrain or brainstem by the sucrose density gradient method was analyzed
      biochemically and immunochemically. In the forebrain, growth cone membrane (GCM)
      contained lower levels of gangliosides than those from other heavier fractions,
      but it was not the case in the fetal brainstem at the same developmental stage.
      The distinctive features in the ganglioside composition of GCM are the
      predominance of GD3 and the presence of c-series gangliosides that are due to
      fetal expression in mammals. A unique acidic glycolipid,
      sulfoglucuronylparagloboside (SGPG), which is not present in adult brains, was
      first detected in both forebrain and brainstem GCM. Including such minor species,
      the ganglioside composition in forebrain or brainstem GCM was almost identical to
      other membrane fractions from the forebrain or brainstem. The compositional
      ratios of the major lipid classes in membranes, cholesterol and phospholipids,
      seemed to be common to forebrain GCM and brainstem GCM, as indicated by the
      identical values of phospholipid-to-protein (PL/Pr), cholesterol-to-protein
      (Ch/Pr), and cholesterol-to-phospholipid (Ch/PL) ratios for both. This study has
      revealed that GCM isolated from forebrain which is supposed to be at an earlier
      stage of neuronal differentiation than brainstem has less amounts of total
      gangliosides, high proportion of GD3 to GD1a and enriched c-series gangliosides
      as compared to brainstem GCM.

PMID- 2297884
TI  - Alterations in left ventricular diastolic function in chronic ischemic heart
      failure. Assessment by radionuclide angiography.
AB  - Using radionuclide angiography at rest, we studied several parameters of left
      ventricular systolic and diastolic function in 60 patients divided into three
      groups, a control group (G1) of 15 patients and two groups of patients with
      chronic ischemic heart disease and previous anterior wall myocardial infarction
      but without aneurysm or dyskinetic wall motion, a second group (G2) of 23
      patients with no history of heart failure, and a third group (G3) of 22 patients
      in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III of heart failure. Ejection
      fraction, peak emptying, and peak filling rates, in addition to times to reach
      peak rates, were evaluated after constructing a global time-activity curve and
      its first time derivative. In addition, we computed the first time-derivative
      curves for each image pixel and obtained functional images (MIN/MAX images)
      representing the distribution of times to peak emptying or filling rates Using a
      left ventricular region of interest, time histograms were generated, and indexes
      of dispersion of times to peak rates, defined as the full width at half maximum
      of the histograms, were obtained. Significant (p less than or equal to 0.01)
      differences were observed among all groups for ejection fraction, peak emptying
      rate, and peak filling rate. The decrease of the peak filling rate still remained
      significant from group G1 to group G3 even after adjustment for differences in
      ejection fraction and heart rate. Peak filling rate was linearly correlated with
      ejection fraction in the population with ischemic heart disease (G2 + G3) (r =
      0.68, p less than or equal to 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297886
TI  - Changes in fibronectin distribution in the developing peripheral nervous system
      of the chick.
AB  - The relationship of peripheral nerves with fibronectin was examined at different
      stages of the chick embryo using double immunofluorescent staining. Neurons were
      stained with a monoclonal antibody (E/C8) against intermediate filaments in
      neuronal processes, and fibronectin was stained with polyclonal antibodies. Prior
      to axonal outgrowth, fibronectin was distributed in a meshwork throughout the
      mesenchyme. However, soon after the initiation of axonal outgrowth, fibronectin
      began to disappear along neuronal pathways. Thus, during the period of active
      axonal growth, all neural tissues were marked by the striking absence of
      fibronectin. Interestingly, fibronectin reappeared along peripheral pathways soon
      after projection patterns were established. The presence of fibronectin in the
      substrate on which axons grow suggests that fibronectin may provide a permissive
      substrate for axon extension. The disappearance of fibronectin upon axon arrival
      suggests that neurons may modify the substrate of their pathway during outgrowth.

PMID- 2297887
TI  - Experimental reorganization in the alar plate of the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis.
      I. Quantitative and qualitative effects of embryonic otocyst extirpation.
AB  - The area octavolateralis and the lateral line projections were examined in larval
      and postmetamorphic clawed toads, which had one otic vesicle removed at embryonic
      stage 38 (ref. 20). Premetamorphic tadpoles show a smaller octavolateral area on
      the operated side as compared to the contralateral control side. This area is in
      postmetamorphic toadlets significantly reduced as compared to the control side.
      The largest cells of the magnocellular vestibular nucleus show no significant
      difference in size to the contralateral side. A dorsolateral auditory nucleus
      develops prior to metamorphosis and shows in tadpoles no differences in cell
      size. Cell of this nucleus are in small toads only about 60% the size of cells in
      the contralateral nucleus. Countings in toadlets indicate a reduction of 40% in
      cell number on the operated side. Both tadpoles and small toads show virtually no
      differences in the lateral line projection compared to controls. Only rare
      collaterals of lateral line fibres can be traced into the neighbouring vestibular
      and auditory nuclei. The data show no preferential innervation of inner ear
      afferent deprived auditory and vestibular nuclei by lateral line afferents. In
      contrast, some collaterals of somatosensory fibres reach into the area deprived
      of octaval afferents.

PMID- 2297888
TI  - Identification of injury-induced mitotic cells in adult rat cerebral cortex by
      neuron-specific markers.
AB  - Adult rat brains were injured by partial decortication. Four days later, the
      brains were examined for mitotic cells that were immunostained for neuronal
      markers: the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and neurofilaments (NF). Of the 30
      rats stained for NSE, 15 were found to have NSE-positive cells containing mitotic
      figures; of the 25 rats stained for NF, 12 possessed NF-positive cells in
      mitosis. Most of the mitotic neurons were granule cells and small- and medium
      size pyramidal cells and were located in cortical layer III within 500 microns
      from the wound margin. Although a rare phenomenon, mitosis of neurons in the
      neocortex of mature mammalian brains may reflect neuronal plasticity in response
      to injury.

PMID- 2297889
TI  - Selective growth of sensory nerve fibers on metal oxide pattern in culture.
AB  - Metal oxides were used to study how the sensory nerve fibers recognize surface
      properties. Neurites selectively grow on the metal oxides deposited on silica
      glass, being guided along the axial direction of the patterns. The guiding
      ability depends on the electronegativity of the metal in metal oxide. Aluminum
      oxide or indium oxide patterns showed a remarkable ability to guide the growth
      direction. Neurites recognize the differences in surface properties (which are
      reflected by electronegativity) between metal oxides when the metal oxide
      substrata are only 1 micron in width.

PMID- 2297890
TI  - Enriched neonatal odor exposure leads to increased numbers of olfactory bulb
      mitral and granule cells.
AB  - Exposure of rat pups to a variety of airborne odors leads to a greater number of
      neurons in the mitral and granule cell layers in the main and accessory olfactory
      bulbs. The results are contrasted with studies on olfactory deprivation and
      possible mechanisms for the effects are discussed.

PMID- 2297891
TI  - The effect of hypothyroidism on the development of the glycogen content of organ
      of Corti's hair cells.
AB  - The density of glycogen particles in organ of Corti's sensory cells was measured
      to determine the effect of congenital hypothyroidism upon the normal development
      of this energy source. This density in both normal and hypothyroid inner hair
      cells remains in low values from birth to adulthood. On the other hand, that of
      normal outer hair cells undergoes a great increase between the 10th and the 20th
      postnatal days, coinciding with the maturation of both the efferent innervation
      of these cells and the tuning properties of the auditory receptor. The glycogen
      stores of the hypothyroid outer hair cells do not show any significant increase
      from birth to adulthood. This latter fact suggests that the congenital
      hypothyroidism restrains the development of an important energy source of outer
      hair cells, most surely disturbing the physiological processes relying on
      glycogen metabolism.

PMID- 2297893
TI  - Neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells and fibers in the developing primate
      cerebellum.
AB  - Using the avidin-biotin-peroxide immunohistochemical method, we studied the
      distributions of somatostatin (SOM)-, cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8)- and substance P
      (SP)-like immunoreactivities in the cerebellum of macaque monkeys at embryonic
      day 120 (E120), E140, newborn, postnatal day 60 (P60) and adults. During the
      embryonic stages, there were many SOM-, CCK- and SP-immunoreactive structures in
      the external granular layer, Purkinje cell layer and white matter, SP
      immunoreactive mossy fibers and their terminals were distributed in the granular
      layer and white matter. During these stages, there were SOM-immunoreactive
      Purkinje cells, Golgi cells and a few cells in the molecular layer, and CCK
      immunoreactive Purkinje cells and cells in the molecular layer. At the newborn
      stage, all of the immunoreactivities in the external granular layer decreased and
      the number of immunoreactive fibers increased in the white matter. At P60 stage,
      SOM- and CCK-immunoreactive fibers were observed around Purkinje cells, which
      seem to be the fiber terminals of basket cells. Many SOM, CCK and SP fibers were
      distributed in the white matter. In the adult stage, we observed little
      neuropeptide-immunoreactivity in the cerebellum. The high concentration of the
      neuropeptide-immunoreactive fibers and cells in the earlier stages suggests that
      the neuropeptides may be involved in the development of the primate cerebellar
      cortex.

PMID- 2297892
TI  - Postnatal development of phrenic motoneurons in the cat.
AB  - The postnatal growth of phrenic motoneurons in the cat was studied using
      retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The mean somal surface area
      of these developing motoneurons increased 2.5 times from day 3 to adult while the
      mean somal volume increased four-fold. This change in mean somal surface area
      during postnatal development was found to be correlated with the change in mean
      axonal conduction velocity measured from phrenic motoneurons.

PMID- 2297894
TI  - The development of Meissner corpuscles in primate digital skin.
AB  - Digital skin from fetal and neonatal primates was examined using light and
      electron microscopic techniques to document the development of the Meissner
      corpuscle. Generation of the receptor was initiated early in the third trimester
      by fine neurites which left the superficial dermal nerve plexus, ascended the
      dermal papillae and entered the basal epidermis. As maturation of the Meissner
      corpuscle continued, the axons were confined to the apex of the dermal papilla,
      where they were oriented parallel to the surface to the surface of the skin and
      terminated among cytoplasmic extensions of presumptive lamellar cells. During
      late fetal life the complexity of the lamellar cell stacking increased and the
      lamellar cell bodies were found solely at the base of the receptor. Numerous axon
      terminals were evident between the cytoplasmic lamellae. The appearance of the
      neonatal Meissner corpuscle was indistinguishable from that of the adult,
      indicating that the complete cycle of development is concluded before birth.

PMID- 2297895
TI  - Cell commitment and differentiation in explants of embryonic rat neural retina.
      Comparison with the developmental potential of dissociated retina.
AB  - The differentiation of presumptive neural retina following its isolation from rat
      embryos and growth in explant and monolayer culture has been studied to obtain
      information regarding the extent to which factors extrinsic and intrinsic to the
      retina participate in determining molecular and cytological differentiation.
      Explanted retinal epithelium retained the capacity for mitosis, as shown by
      [3H]thymidine incorporation, and from the undifferentiated neuroepithelium,
      retinal cell-types emerged and acquired a laminar organization resembling that in
      vivo. Characterization of rod photoreceptor cells at both the light and electron
      microscopic level showed that these cells exhibit differentiated structural
      features including inner segments, connecting cilia and membranous expansions
      suggestive of forming outer segments. Immunofluorescent labeling with an antibody
      to a synaptic vesicle protein, and electron microscopic identification of
      synaptic elements showed formation of synapses by the photoreceptor cells within
      the explant. Neurites extending from the explants exhibited growth on laminin,
      fibronectin and collagen substrates. Since the neurites immunolabeled with
      antibodies to the 140 kDa subunit of neurofilament and with antibodies to Thy-1,
      they could be identified as axons of ganglion cells. Antibodies to a variety of
      cell-type specific antigens showed that the cells expressed molecules associated
      with the fully differentiated cell. Furthermore, since our approach has been to
      explant embryonic retina at an age when the antigens are not yet expressed in
      vivo, the appearance of the antigens in culture represented de novo expression.
      In contrast, neural retinal cells in dissociated cultures did not exhibit de novo
      expression of differentiated molecular properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2297896
TI  - Evidence for plasticity in neurotransmitter expression in neuronal cultures
      derived from 3-day-old chick embryo.
AB  - We have previously reported the developmental profiles of glutamate decarboxylase
      (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) bio- and immunocytochemically,
      assessing GABAergic and cholinergic neuronal phenotypes respectively, in
      neuroblast-enriched cultures from 3-day-old chick embryo, plated on poly-L
      lysine. We have also reported that collagen as culture substrate inhibits
      neuronal aggregation and neuritic fasciculation in this culture system. In this
      study we assessed the same parameters for cultures on collagen. In addition, we
      evaluated the effects of nerve growth factors (NGF) on cholinergic and GABAergic
      expression on neurons plated either on polylysine or collagen. We found that non
      neuronal cells and NGF prolonged the survival of cholinergic and GABAergic
      neuronal populations and that both markedly stimulated GABAergic expression. In
      contrast, cholinergic expression was only enhanced by NGF. Immunostaining for
      GABA and ChAT reflected the biochemical findings. Glutamine synthetase and cyclic
      nucleotide phosphohydrolase, used as markers for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
      respectively, showed very low activity in both substrata and were not related to
      GAD or ChAT peak activities. Our findings suggest that humoral factors and cell
      cell contacts markedly influence neuronal phenotypic expression in culture.
      Moreover, it appears that during early neuronal differentiation GABAergic neurons
      are more responsive to microenvironmental regulation compared to cholinergic
      neurons.

PMID- 2297897
TI  - Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase isoenzyme activity as measured by fast
      protein liquid chromatography in patients with nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Exactly why N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion is increased in
      patients with nephrotic syndrome with glomerular lesions is poorly understood.
      Glomeruli contain less NAG than do proximal tubules. In this study, we have tried
      to measure the NAG isoenzymes automatically by use of the recently developed fast
      protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) system, followed by column chromatography on
      DEAE cellulose (Mono Q). Three isoenzyme peaks--B, I + II, and A--were observed
      for urine from both healthy subjects and nephrotic patients. The B isoenzyme
      usually constituted about 10% of the total NAG in healthy controls, 30% in
      nephrotic patients. In contrast, the proportion of the A isoenzyme was inversely
      related to that of the B isoenzyme when healthy controls and nephrotic patients
      were compared. Our system for measuring NAG isoenzymes is reproducible and fast,
      and it should be useful in further studies.

PMID- 2297898
TI  - Evaluation of three first-generation ion-selective electrode analyzers for
      lithium: systematic errors, frequency of random interferences, and
      recommendations based on comparison with flame atomic emission spectrometry.
AB  - Ion-selective electrode analyzers for measuring lithium (Li/ISE) in serum became
      available in early 1987. We compared results for patients' samples from three of
      them vs results from flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES). Within-run and
      day-to-day imprecision ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 mmol/L and 0.01 to 0.04 mmol/L,
      respectively. Comparing Li/ISE results (y) with the FAES results (x) gave the
      following equations: y = 1.063x - 0.035 for AMDEV's Lytening 2, y = 1.020x +
      0.038 for NOVA's Model 11, and y = 1.030x - 0.027 for AVL's Model 985.
      Unexplained positive errors greater than 0.2 mmol/L were observed for two of the
      90 patients' samples, but only a few additional excessively high values were seen
      in 3000 patients' samples run subsequently (Lytening 2). Causes of error in
      clinical Li/ISE measurements are still unclear; simply characterizing them as
      "matrix effects" does not correct the underlying analytical problem. An increase
      in pH from loss of CO2 gave low results on two of the three Li/ISE analyzers but
      did not change FAES results. Trimethylammonium bicarbonate used in a
      reconstitution solution caused extremely high Li/ISE results but did not change
      FAES results. Performance specifications to help reduce and correct these errors
      are recommended.

PMID- 2297899
TI  - Non-extraction HPLC method for simultaneous measurement of dyphylline and
      doxofylline in serum.
AB  - A direct injection HPLC method for the simultaneous measurement of dyphylline and
      doxofylline in serum is reported. Chromatography is carried out with a
      "Pinkerton" internal surface reversed-phase column and phosphate buffer (0.1
      mol/L, pH 6.8) as mobile phase. Absorbance at 275 nm is monitored. Only 10 microL
      of serum is required to detect less than 1 mg of each drug per liter in
      biological samples. The standard curve for the method is linear over the range 6
      100 mg/L, and precision is acceptable for both drugs, with CVs of 2% and 1.5% for
      respective concentrations of 6.2 and 25 mg/L. None of the 76 drugs tested for
      interference affected the measurement of either drug. Four samples can be
      injected per hour. This method provides a fast, accurate way to monitor two
      interesting therapeutic agents used in chronic obstructive airway diseases.

PMID- 2297900
TI  - Three commercial polyclonal immunoassays for cyclosporine in whole blood
      compared: 1. Results with patients' specimens.
AB  - We assessed the performance of three commercially available polyclonal
      immunoassays for apparent cyclosporine in 120 whole-blood specimens collected
      from transplant recipients just before their next dose of cyclosporine (CsA). The
      assays were (a) Abbott's TDx fluorescent polarization immunoassay for CsA and its
      metabolites in whole blood; (b) the Sandoz radioimmunoassay (RIA); and (c)
      Incstar's Cyclo-Trac RIA. Mean respective CVs were 3.8%, 9.3%, and 24.3%.
      Analytical recovery was nearly 100% for concentrations up to 1000 micrograms/L
      for Incstar and up to 1500 micrograms/L for Abbott and Sandoz; linearity was
      compromised at greater concentrations. We also quantified the parent CsA
      concentrations by HPLC. Moreover, to follow day-to-day fluctuations in patients'
      "cyclosporine" concentrations with each method and to assess the impact these
      differences have on interpretation of the analytical results, we assayed serial
      specimens from six post-transplant patients. These showed significantly
      dissimilar, but parallel, results among the methods for any single sample.
      Occasionally, however, a result would not fit the established trend. Biases
      observed among the assays can be explained in part by the nonspecific antisera
      cross-reacting with CsA metabolites. Most important, we demonstrate that
      patients' results are not reliably interchangeable among the methods.

PMID- 2297901
TI  - Three commercial polyclonal immunoassays for cyclosporine in whole blood
      compared: 2. Cross-reactivity of the antisera with cyclosporine metabolites.
AB  - We demonstrate the diverse selectivity of three commercial polyclonal
      "cyclosporine" immunoassays for cyclosporin (CsA) metabolites by comparing
      analytical responses of nine metabolites added to drug-free whole-blood specimens
      (range 0 to 2000 micrograms/L) and assayed by the Abbott TDx fluorescence
      polarization immunoassay (FPIA), the Incstar Cyclo-Trac radioimmunoassay (RIA),
      and the Sandoz RIA. Cross-reactivity--defined as the relative response (slope of
      regression line) of metabolite/parent CsA over the assay's linear range of
      concentrations--differed for each metabolite among the three assays. Overall,
      Abbott's antiserum exhibited the greatest affinity for the metabolites, the
      Sandoz antiserum the least. Ranges of cross-reactivity for the metabolites over
      all three assays were M1 (14-44%), M8 (9-20%), M13 (13-26%), M17 (50-116%), M18
      (17-79%), M21 (4-54%), M25 (less than 1-52%), M26 (less than 1-29%), and M203-218
      (7-51%). The specificities of the Abbott, Incstar, and Sandoz polyclonal assays
      thus differ significantly, and this brings into question the practical utility of
      comparing data generated for patients' specimens by different procedures.

PMID- 2297902
TI  - Revision of the oral glucose tolerance test: a pilot study.
AB  - Nausea and vomiting have been recurrent problems with the oral glucose tolerance
      tests (OGTT) used to diagnose diabetes. We believe the nausea is associated with
      delayed gastric emptying caused by the high osmolarity of the glucose solution.
      In our pilot study, both the "standard" 100-g glucose OGTT and our new modified
      (lower osmolar) glucose solution were evaluated. Considerably delayed gastric
      emptying (along with severe nausea) was consistently noted with the standard
      OGTT. No nausea and a much more rapid gastric emptying time were recorded when
      the modified glucose solution was administered. We were able to diagnose diabetes
      (by using Wilkerson's point system) when our modified OGTT was administered to
      type 2 diabetics. We plan to develop a more physiological, more reproducible, and
      better tolerated OGTT to diagnose diabetes more accurately in the general
      population.

PMID- 2297903
TI  - High-density lipoprotein (HDL), HDL2, and HDL3 cholesterol concentrations
      determined in serum of newborns, infants, children, adolescents, and adults by
      use of a micromethod for combined precipitation ultracentrifugation.
AB  - Cholesterol (C) concentrations in the two major subfractions of high-density
      lipoproteins (HDL2-C and HDL3-C) in sera from both sexes, ages ranging from
      newborns to adults, were measured by use of a micromethod for combined
      precipitation-ultracentrifugation. Sera were obtained from 91 boys, 68 girls, 15
      healthy men, and 14 women. The HDL2-C concentration was higher in women than in
      men; the HDL3-C concentration was similar in these two groups. This sex-related
      difference, generally seen in adults, was found to begin at ages 11-15 y. The
      value of HDL2-C in females increased with age in a stepwise manner, whereas that
      in males increased up to ages 6-10 y but tended to decline thereafter. The HDL3-C
      concentration was higher in the adults than in the children. This micromethod for
      separating operationally defined HDL subfractions is of value for lipoprotein
      research in children.

PMID- 2297904
TI  - Development and validation of an automated, enzyme-mediated colorimetric assay of
      salicylate in serum.
AB  - This salicylate-specific assay can be adapted for use with most discrete
      analyzers, for rapid emergency or routine testing with small serum or plasma
      sample volumes and a single calibration. The basis of this method is as follows:
      salicylate monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.1) converts salicylate to catechol in the
      presence of NADH; the catechol then reacts with 4-aminophenazone under alkaline
      conditions, catalyzed by manganese ions, to produce a red dye. Incorporation of
      an NADH-regenerating system, involving glucose and glucose dehydrogenase, into
      the enzyme reagent ensures that the working reagent is stable for more than two
      weeks. The standard curve is linear over the drug concentration range 0 to 5
      mmol/L. The CV was less than 4% over 20 days. Results correlated well with those
      by the Trinder colorimetric method and an HPLC method. We saw no interference by
      any of 80 drugs we tested at therapeutic concentrations or by endogenous
      compounds in serum.

PMID- 2297905
TI  - Standardization of serum fructosamine assays.
AB  - We have calibrated a secondary serum protein standard by use (as primary
      standards) of samples of albumin and polylysine glycated with [14C]glucose in
      vitro, the glycation of which was assessed by radioactivity measurements and by
      elementary analysis for C and N. Using this standard for calibration in our
      improved fructosamine assay, one obtains an average fructosamine value of 247
      mumol/L for nondiabetic individuals (or, in terms of total serum protein, 3.2
      mumol/g)--about a tenth the value we obtained when we used the fructosamine assay
      of Johnson et al. (Clin Chim Acta 1983;127:87-95), standardized with
      desoxymorpholinofructose. In contrast, results corresponded well with the value
      for mean glycation of serum proteins, 3 mumol/g, determined by a furosine/HPLC
      method. Evidently the proposed procedure, in which a standard sharing the binding
      characteristics of endogenous glycated proteins is used together with our
      modified new fructosamine assay, leads to more realistic values for the
      concentrations of glycated serum proteins.

PMID- 2297906
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid lipoperoxides quantified by liquid chromatography, and
      determination of reference values.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid lipoperoxides, measured as the malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric
      acid (MDA-TBA) adduct, were quantified by adapting the plasma liquid
      chromatographic method of Wong et al. (Clin Chem 1987;33:214-20) to cerebrospinal
      fluid. Reference values for spinal fluid specimens from 91 adults, ages 17 to 95
      y, and 37 children, ages 8 d to 8 y, were determined. Their concentrations were
      not significantly different (P = 0.222), adults having a mean (and SD) of 0.11
      (0.06) mumol and children 0.10 (0.04) mumol of MDA per liter. Their ranges were
      0.02-0.26 and 0.04-0.21 mumol of MDA per liter, respectively. We found
      concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid to be increased in several central nervous
      system disorders, including seizures, cerebral infarction, alcoholic
      encephalopathy, and, perhaps, prematurity. The presence of other thiobarbituric
      acid-reactive substances in cerebrospinal fluid stresses the importance of using
      highly specific techniques when lipoperoxides are measured in body fluids.

PMID- 2297907
TI  - Albumin-adjusted calcium concentration in serum increases during normal
      pregnancy.
AB  - Concentrations of total calcium and albumin were measured in serum specimens from
      41 women at intervals before, during, and after 42 pregnancies. The albumin
      concentration decreased but the calcium decreased more slowly, so that the
      albumin-adjusted calcium concentration increased from conception to term. These
      findings, taken in conjunction with published observations of hypercalciuria,
      increased concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcitonin in
      serum, and decreased concentrations of intact parathyrin in serum, strongly
      suggest that maternal ionized calcium increases throughout normal pregnancy.

PMID- 2297908
TI  - Regional interlaboratory standardization of determinations of cholesterol, high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides.
AB  - The Clinical Chemistry Forum of Central Virginia initiated a lipid
      standardization program to help ensure that its members meet the current National
      Cholesterol Education Program guidelines for cholesterol testing, and to
      standardize assays of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and
      triglycerides so as to provide accurate lipid profiles. We found that freshly
      collected, never-frozen human sera must be used to assess interlaboratory
      accuracy for cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides assays, and that at
      least 23 samples are required to detect a 3% bias with 90% power when the between
      laboratory imprecision (CV) is 3%. After recalibration, all 12 laboratories had a
      mean HDL cholesterol bias less than or equal to 5%, nine of 10 laboratories had a
      mean HDL cholesterol bias less than or equal to 40 mg/L for samples with values
      less than or equal to 570 mg/L, and 10 of 12 laboratories had a mean
      triglycerides bias less than or equal to 10% for fresh human sera split between
      participants and the Centers for Disease Control. Pools of frozen human sera were
      shown to have matrix biases greater than 3% for cholesterol in seven of 11
      laboratories, and greater than 40 mg/L for HDL cholesterol in six of nine
      laboratories.

PMID- 2297910
TI  - Monoclonal antibody inhibiting creatine kinase MM3 but not isoform MM1.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody CKM-G01 inhibited greater than 99% of the activity of porcine
      and human creatine kinase(CK)-MM isoenzyme purified from muscle. However, it
      inhibited only 54% of CK-MM in human serum. Chromatofocusing of serum CK-MM
      showed that CKM-G01 inhibited 100% of MM3 but not isoform MM1. CKM-G01 inhibited
      CK-MM2 by 57%. CKM-G01 specifically inhibited only the original CK-M subunit and
      not the subunit modified by removal of C-terminal lysine by carboxypeptidase N.
      CKM-G01 can be used for assay of CK isoforms. We devised a new diagnostic reagent
      involving it, which requires no analytical separation of isoforms, based on the
      immunoinhibition method, and applied it to early diagnosis of acute myocardial
      infarction. The "inhibition index," (inhibited CK activity/total CK activity) x
      100, increased more rapidly than did total CK and CK-MB. Evidently this
      diagnostic reagent can be used for easy, early diagnosis of acute myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2297909
TI  - Estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by the Friedewald equation is
      adequate for classifying patients on the basis of nationally recommended
      cutpoints.
AB  - We compared low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) values obtained by the
      Friedewald formula--i.e., total cholesterol minus high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol minus very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (estimated as
      triglyceride divided by 5)--with those obtained by lipoprotein fractionation,
      using 4736 specimens. When triglycerides were less than 2.0 g/L, greater than 90%
      of estimated LDL cholesterol values were acceptable, within +/- 10% of measured
      values. At triglyceride concentrations of 2.0-4.0 g/L and 4.0-6.0 g/L, only 72%
      and 39%, respectively, of the estimates were acceptable. LDL values derived from
      an alternative formula, estimating VLDL as triglycerides divided by 6, were even
      less accurate. Nevertheless, the use of estimated LDL for risk classification
      based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel
      cutpoints of 1.30 and 1.60 g/L was considered acceptable. At triglyceride
      concentrations less than or equal to 5.0 g/L, 88% of classifications based on
      estimated LDL (using triglycerides divided by 5) were concordant with those by
      measured LDL. Eleven percent of classifications were shifted across one cutpoint,
      evenly distributed between high and low. Fewer than 1% of classifications, all
      with Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, were misclassified two cutpoints high.
      Refinements in the estimation model did not substantially improve LDL estimation
      or concordance of risk classification.

PMID- 2297911
TI  - Chemiluminescence immunoassay kit with acridinium-ester-labeled antibody for
      assay of choriogonadotropin in serum.

PMID- 2297912
TI  - Analysis for sulfamethoxazole by "high-performance" liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2297913
TI  - Appearance of vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid, 4-amino-hex-5
      enoic acid) in screening tests and analyses for amino acids.

PMID- 2297914
TI  - Evaluation of an alveolar carbon monoxide analysis method.

PMID- 2297915
TI  - Improvement in the head-space gas-chromatographic method for determination of
      three ketone bodies in plasma.

PMID- 2297916
TI  - Evaluation of sialic acid concentrations in serum for the diagnosis and staging
      of breast cancer.

PMID- 2297917
TI  - Inhibition of human alpha-amylases by cycloheptaamylose: a noncompetitive
      mechanism?

PMID- 2297918
TI  - Improved enzymatic method for determining free fatty acids in serum, with use of
      3-octenoic acid.

PMID- 2297919
TI  - Evidence for interaction of human anti-idiotypic antibodies with CA 125
      determination in a patient after radioimmunodetection.
AB  - Very high concentrations of CA 125 have been found in some ovarian cancer
      patients after repeated radioimmunodetection with anti-CA 125 antibodies [OC125
      F(ab')2]. In one patient we measured a CA 125 concentration of 135,000 kilo-arb.
      units/L, using an enzyme immunoassay involving OC125 antibodies. With an
      immunoradiometric assay involving use of two new anti-CA 125 antibodies (B43.13
      and B27.1), the CA 125 concentration was 34 kilo-arb. units/L, indicating a
      discrepancy. The component responsible for the high result in the enzyme
      immunoassay could be purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on Protein A
      Sepharose. Furthermore this component bound to anti-human IgG-Sepharose in the
      same manner as did the serum IgG fraction. Adsorption of human anti-mouse
      antibodies present in the serum did not decrease the CA-125-like material.
      Binding of whole OC125 antibodies to the purified CA-125-like material was
      inhibited completely in the presence of CA 125 antigen. We infer that the false
      positive CA 125 activity is ascribable to a human IgG directed against an
      idiotope of the OC125 antibody, which was induced by repeated application of
      OC125 antibodies. To avoid falsely positive results in patients receiving OC125
      antibodies, CA 125 should be measured by an assay in which other antibodies are
      used.

PMID- 2297920
TI  - Cord serum thyrotropin and birth weight in a normal Japanese population.

PMID- 2297921
TI  - Shifting the "hook effect" in one-step immunometric assays.

PMID- 2297923
TI  - DuPont aca overestimates high concentrations of total protein.

PMID- 2297922
TI  - Correlations between concentrations of lipids in serum and bile of patients with
      gallstones.

PMID- 2297924
TI  - Digoxin-like immunoreactive substances in kidney- and liver-transplant patients.

PMID- 2297925
TI  - Effect of sex-hormone-binding globulin on no-extraction immunoassays for
      testosterone.

PMID- 2297926
TI  - No SHBG interference with the "Coat-A-Count Total Testosterone" direct RIA kit.

PMID- 2297927
TI  - Association between paracetamol and pyroglutamic aciduria.

PMID- 2297928
TI  - Urinary "oligoclonal" bands in AIDS.

PMID- 2297929
TI  - Intact parathyrin measured in serum from patients with chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2297930
TI  - Plasma albumin determination in the Cobas Mira: effect of measurement wavelength.

PMID- 2297931
TI  - Estimation of sensitivity of immunoassays.

PMID- 2297932
TI  - Criteria for detection of heterozygous individuals with lactate dehydrogenase
      subunit deficiencies.

PMID- 2297933
TI  - Alpha 1-antitrypsin typing test evaluated.

PMID- 2297934
TI  - Thrombin-induced serotonin release as an in vitro indicator of the functional
      integrity of stored platelets.
AB  - Measurements of endogenous serotonin and the thrombin-induced serotonin release
      reaction in platelet concentrates were compared with other methods of quality
      control: particle counting and pH and gas analyses. A discrepancy between the
      serotonin release reaction and the other data was observed after seven days of
      storage. The decline in the release reaction was not predictable from pH
      measurements or the number of platelets or leukocytes in the concentrate. There
      was a significant positive correlation between endogenous serotonin content and
      the thrombin-induced serotonin secretion after seven days of storage. We conclude
      that the current methods for routine control of platelet concentrates may not
      ensure the quality of the product after it has been stored for seven days. The
      thrombin-induced serotonin release may provide a valuable addition to the battery
      of tests available.

PMID- 2297935
TI  - Calculated values for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the assessment of
      lipid abnormalities and coronary disease risk.
AB  - Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations are most commonly
      estimated by the formula LDL cholesterol = total cholesterol - [triglycerides
      (TG)/5 + high-density lipoprotein cholesterol], although alternative factors such
      as TG/6 have also been used. Using standardized, automated, enzymatic lipid
      assays, we analyzed 4797 plasma samples from normal and dyslipidemic adults, to
      compare LDL cholesterol concentrations obtained after ultracentrifugation with
      those calculated by several such methods (i.e., TG/4-TG/8). or TG concentrations
      less than or equal to 0.50 g/L, TG/4 agreed best with the direct assay; for TG of
      0.51-2.00 g/L, TG/4.5 was best; and for TG of 2.01-4.00 g/L, TG/5 was best.
      Differences in estimated values were generally small, however. At TG greater than
      4.00 g/L, none of the factors tested allowed a reliable estimate of LDL
      cholesterol. When TG were less than or equal to 4.00 g/L, 86% of estimated LDL
      cholesterol values were properly classified according to National Cholesterol
      Education Program cutpoints when the factor TG/5 was used. We conclude that a
      convenient direct method for measuring LDL cholesterol is needed but, until one
      is available, use of the factor TG/5 will assure that most individuals with TG
      less than or equal to 4.00 g/L, as measured in a standardized laboratory, can be
      reasonably well classified for risk of coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2297936
TI  - Development of an HPLC method for measuring orally administered 1-substituted 2
      alkyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one iron chelators in biological fluids.
AB  - "High-performance" liquid-chromatographic (HPLC) methods have been developed for
      identifying 1-substituted 2-alkyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one iron chelators in serum
      and urine. Ion pairing with heptane- or octanesulfonic acid in pH 2.0-2.2
      phosphate buffer and reversed-phase chromatography were required to separate
      these compounds from endogenous compounds in both biological fluids. In both the
      2-methyl and 2-ethyl series of 1-substituted compounds (H, methyl, ethyl, or
      propyl) the elution times increased in accordance with the n-octanol/water
      partition coefficients (propyl greater than ethyl greater than H greater than
      methyl). Urine samples were filtered (0.4 microns pore size) and injected either
      undiluted or after dilution with elution buffer. After the addition of internal
      standard, the plasma or serum samples were deproteinized by treatment with HCIO4,
      0.5 mol/L, centrifuged, and the supernates were injected directly onto the HPLC.
      Using these procedures, we could identify 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1)
      in the serum and urine of a thalassemic patient who had received a 3-g dose of
      the drug and in the urine of other patients who had received the same dose. One
      or more possible metabolites were also observed in the chromatograms of both
      urine and serum. The 24-h urinary output of L1 (0.22-2.37 g) and iron (10.6-71.5
      mg) varied but there was no correlation between the two with respect to quantity
      or concentration. Instead, urinary iron output was higher in patients with a
      greater number of transfused units of erythrocytes. This is the first study in
      humans to show that L1 is absorbed from the gut, enters the circulation, and is
      excreted in the urine.

PMID- 2297937
TI  - Differences between concentrations of salivary cortisol and cortisone and of free
      cortisol and cortisone in plasma during pregnancy and postpartum.
AB  - We measured cortisol and cortisone in plasma--both total and free--and in saliva
      during the course of pregnancy and postpartum. Antepartum and postpartum
      concentrations and morning and afternoon concentrations of both steroids were
      compared. The mean concentrations of cortisol and cortisone increased towards
      term and were significantly greater at the end of pregnancy than postpartum,
      except for free cortisol in plasma in the afternoon. The daily rhythm of both
      steroids was maintained throughout pregnancy and postpartum. The correlations
      between salivary and plasma free concentrations of cortisol and cortisone as well
      as of the sum of cortisol + cortisone were highly significant. The mean
      concentrations of cortisone in saliva accurately reflected both total and free
      concentrations in plasma. For cortisol, however, the change of the concentrations
      in saliva, was somewhat different from that in plasma. Moreover, the mass ratio
      of plasma free cortisol to salivary cortisol was about 2, whereas for cortisone
      the ratio was only about 0.5, probably owing to the conversion of cortisol to
      cortisone by 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the salivary gland.
      Furthermore, the passage of cortisol and cortisone from plasma to saliva should
      not be regarded as simple diffusion, because in the first half of pregnancy the
      sum of the concentrations of cortisol + cortisone in saliva significantly
      exceeded the sum of their free concentrations in plasma.

PMID- 2297938
TI  - Adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine/xanthine measured in tissue and plasma by a
      luminescence method.
AB  - This simple method for sequentially quantifying hypoxanthine (HYP), inosine
      (INO), and adenosine (ADN) concentrations exploits the H2O2 peroxidase-catalyzed
      chemiluminescence of luminol. Though applied here only to tissue and plasma, this
      method can be adapted to analyze other body fluids. HYP in human plasma was
      stable for 30 min in 10 mmol/L EDTA reagent, whereas ADN was slowly converted to
      INO. Analytical recovery of HYP and INO added to plasma was 102% each; that of
      ADN was 95%. The within-run mean CVs for determinations of HYP, INO, and ADN at 1
      mumol/L were 3.46%, 2.65%, and 3.01%; at 10 mumol/L they were 2.16%, 1.88%, and
      1.63%, respectively. Corresponding between-run CVs were 5.34%, 4.09%, and 4.17%;
      and 3.43%, 2.40%, and 2.88%, respectively. Bilirubin at a concentration greater
      than 50 mumol/L interferes, but this interference is eliminated by bilirubin
      oxidase. Results for both tissue and plasma are compared with previously
      published results based on different analytical methods.

PMID- 2297939
TI  - Glycosaminoglycans of the hemodialysis-associated carpal synovial amyloid and of
      amyloid-rich tissues and fibrils of heart, liver, and spleen.
AB  - Significant amounts of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were found in amyloid fibril
      preparations. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis to fractionate GAG mixtures,
      we quantified and identified for the first time the GAGs of the fibrils from
      carpal synovium of patients with amyloid associated with chronic hemodialysis.
      The total GAG content was small, but the GAG distribution (high relative content
      of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid and lack of the other GAGs) was
      unique, unlike that for the other amyloid fibril preparations. The amyloid-rich
      heart, liver, and spleen tissues, as well as the fibrils isolated from these
      tissues of patients with systemic forms (primary amyloid and secondary amyloid)
      of amyloid disease, were also analyzed for GAGs. Fibrils from heart tissue of a
      patient with primary amyloidosis, now examined for the first time, contained four
      major GAGs (chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and heparan
      sulfate).

PMID- 2297941
TI  - Diagnostic efficacy of DSER in patients with spine pain and radiculopathy in the
      cervical and lumbar region.

PMID- 2297940
TI  - Delta and conjugated bilirubin as complementary markers of early rejection in
      liver-transplant recipients.
AB  - For 51 liver allograft recipients, we evaluated whether serum profiles of delta
      (Bd) and conjugated bilirubins (Bc) could be used to diagnose rejection during
      the first 30-50 postoperative days, in comparison with histology as the "gold
      standard." Daily measurements of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline
      phosphatase, total bilirubin, Bd, and Bc were made, the last two by liquid
      chromatography. In 34 patients without any biochemical or histological evidence
      of rejection, within seven to 10 postoperative days Bd increased to greater than
      40-50% of total bilirubin, while Bc decreased to less than 10%. In patients with
      severe rejections resulting in death, Bc increased rapidly to greater than 50%,
      while Bd remained less than 30%. In 24 histologically proven episodes of
      rejection in 17 patients there was either a rapid decrease in Bd or its
      persistence at 30%, plus either a steep increase in Bc, or its remaining at
      greater than 50% total bilirubin. Treatment of rejection resulted in a prompt
      reversal of these trends. Individually promising as prognostic adjuncts to
      existing liver-function markers, Bd and Bc also complemented each other,
      rendering the diagnosis of liver rejection much more incisive.

PMID- 2297942
TI  - Effects of stimulus intensity on direct recordings of eighth nerve auditory
      evoked responses.
AB  - Effects of auditory stimulus intensity on auditory nerve and brainstem evoked
      potential patterns recorded simultaneously from the scalp and directly from the
      eighth nerve were compared for an anesthetized patient undergoing surgery for
      macrovascular decompression. Replicable robust potentials were readily obtained
      from a recording electrode on the eighth nerve less than half a second after as
      few as 15 stimulations. Less robust and less readable evoked potential patterns
      were obtained from scalp recordings after 30 seconds and about 900 stimulations.
      It was observed in the direct auditory evoked response (DAER) that there is a
      systematic decrease in peak latencies with each 10 dB increase in stimulus
      intensity between 60 and 90 dB nHL. Also, with each 10 dB increase in stimulus
      intensity there is an increase in amplitude of the DAER action potential between
      70 and 90 dB nHL but not between 60 and 70 dB.

PMID- 2297943
TI  - Minimum cortical processing time.

PMID- 2297944
TI  - Brain mapping in migraine.
AB  - The topographic maps of 100 patients with various types of headache (classic
      migraine, non-classic migraine, muscle contraction, mixed and post-traumatic)
      were compared to the brain maps of 38 normal controls. Patients with classic
      migraine showed 11 markers, but especially three of high amplitude theta on 0(1)
      and alpha on 0(1) and T6, thereby identifying 82% of the patients with only 30%
      as false positives. Patients with other types of headaches in general did not
      show useful markers.

PMID- 2297945
TI  - Value of a revised EEG coma scale for prognosis after cerebral anoxia and diffuse
      head injury.
AB  - The prognostic validity for survival of a recently devised EEG grading scale was
      tested in anoxic and post-traumatic coma. This scale divides EEG in coma into
      five major grades and ten subdivisions with emphasis on the presence of dominant
      activities, their amplitude, persistence, distribution and reactivity. In this
      scale, patterns previously not allocated, such as "spindle pattern coma," "alpha
      pattern coma," and "theta pattern coma" are also included. The prognostic power
      of the revised scale was tested retrospectively without knowledge of clinical
      data in a group of patients with cerebral anoxia after cardiac arrest lasting
      more than seven minutes and in a group of diffuse head injuries. The validity of
      the scale was found to be higher than those used in previously published studies,
      reaching 98.4% prognostic accuracy in anoxic encephalopathies and was very high
      in head injuries.

PMID- 2297946
TI  - Unreactive EEG: pattern in locked-in syndrome.
AB  - Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a state of complete paralysis except for ocular
      movements in a conscious individual, normally resulting from brainstem lesions.
      We report three patients with acute brainstem strokes and LIS whose repeated EEG
      recordings exhibited an "alpha coma" pattern including an unreactive alpha rhythm
      to multimodal stimuli. This finding is of importance since preservation of
      consciousness is often difficult to ascertain in LIS and presence of unreactive
      alpha on unresponsive patients is normally equated with vegetative states and
      discards LIS. Failure to diagnose LIS results in abandonment of communication
      efforts with these tragically affected individuals. Alpha reactivity cannot
      define consciousness.

PMID- 2297947
TI  - Triphasic waves in endocarditis.
AB  - A 45 year old woman with probable bacterial endocarditis was admitted to hospital
      having presented with a deteriorating level of consciousness and a febrile
      illness. Among the numerous investigations she underwent was an EEG which showed
      classical triphasic waves at the peak of her illness, and which reverted to
      normal as did the patient after treatment with antibiotics. The association
      between triphasic waves and bacterial endocarditis has never been previously
      reported.

PMID- 2297948
TI  - Interhemispheric EEG coherence before and after partial callosotomy.
AB  - Measures of interhemispheric EEG coherence during REM and NREM sleep reflect the
      functional connectivity of the right and left hemispheres mediated by the corpus
      callosum. Surface recordings of interhemispheric coherence in two patients
      reflected fairly accurately the degree of anatomical section produced by partial
      callosotomy. With further development, EEG coherence may prove useful as a
      noninvasive method for assessing interhemispheric integration under different
      physiological and experimental conditions.

PMID- 2297949
TI  - Asymmetries of sleep spindles and beta activity in pediatric EEG.
AB  - Unilateral suppression of beta activity, unilateral suppression of sleep
      spindles, and unilateral delta slowing on EEG have not been previously compared
      regarding accompanying neuroradiological (NR) and clinical neurological (CN)
      findings in children. We studied EEGs in children under age 10 years with
      unilateral beta suppression (n = 80), spindle suppression (n = 51) or unilateral
      delta slowing (n = 49). There were no significant differences between the three
      groups of abnormal EEGs in their relationships with NR and CN. Unilateral
      suppression of sleep spindles and beta activity are at least as accurate as focal
      slowing in lateralizing NR and CN findings.

PMID- 2297952
TI  - Acronyms of thrombolytic therapy in myocardial infarctions.

PMID- 2297950
TI  - Ingestion of carbohydrates varying in complexity produce differential brain
      responses.
AB  - Variations in the complexity of carbohydrate substances were studied with respect
      to their differential effects on brain function. Glucose, sucrose, fructose and
      corn starch were each administered as part of an oral carbohydrate tolerance test
      during 17 test trials. Brain EEG changes and blood glucose levels were monitored
      concurrently throughout a 5 hour period. The glucose solution produced more
      substantial EEG effects than the other three carbohydrate solutions. Absolute
      blood glucose level was the primary determinant of electrocortical changes found
      predominantly in the left parietal-occipital and left temporal cortical regions.
      Implications for the study and evaluation of cognitive function were discussed.

PMID- 2297953
TI  - Coronary revascularization: influence on ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - Myocardial ischemia may cause severe cardiac arrhythmias. In the present study,
      the influence of revascularization on ventricular arrhythmias was investigated. A
      total of 68 patients (61 male, 7 female; mean age 53 years) with coronary artery
      disease was divided into three groups: Group A (21 patients) underwent
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA); Group B (37 patients) had
      coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG); and Group C were 10 patients who served
      as controls, who had simple coronary angiography. All patients had a Holter ECG
      on the day before angiography. PTCA patients and controls were restudied on the
      day after the procedure, while in Group B, Holter ECG was repeated three weeks
      after surgery. Groups A and B were again studied 18 months after the first Holter
      ECG. The PTCA group showed a slight reduction in complex arrhythmias immediately
      following PTCA, which increased again after 18 months; the CABG group, however,
      revealed a significant increase in complex arrhythmias three weeks after bypass
      surgery, but a decrease after 18 months. There was no significant change in the
      control group before or after angiography. Thus, successful revascularization has
      no influence on ventricular arrhythmias after 18 months.

PMID- 2297951
TI  - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in alternating hemiplegia: ictal vs
      interictal assessment in one case.
AB  - The authors report a case of alternating hemiplegia (AH) in a 3yr 6m old boy who
      had presented, from the age of 4 months on, episodes of alternating hemi- or
      quadriplegia. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials were recorded both in the
      interictal state and, for the first time, during an attack. There was no
      significant difference between the two states. These findings suggest that a
      massive involvement of the posterior vascular territory is not likely to be
      associated with attacks in AH.

PMID- 2297954
TI  - Dipyridamole thallium imaging may not be a reliable screening test for coronary
      artery disease in patients undergoing vascular surgery.
AB  - Dipyridamole thallium imaging has been proposed for cardiac risk stratification
      in patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery. The purpose of this study was
      to define the benefit of this investigation in routine preoperative evaluation of
      these patients. The outcome of 86 patients undergoing vascular surgery procedures
      was examined in light of preoperative clinical assessment and dipyridamole SPECT
      thallium imaging (DST). Fifty-one patients (59%) were considered at high risk on
      clinical grounds, and 22 patients (26%) had perfusion defects. Ten patients
      suffered a perioperative coronary event, including unstable angina, myocardial
      infarction, or cardiac death. Seven of the patients with such events were among
      the 51 clinically high-risk subjects (14%). Three perioperative events occurred
      in the group of 19 patients with positive DST images who underwent surgery (16%),
      but the DST test failed to identify 7 patients who suffered coronary events. The
      frequency of abnormal thallium imaging was similar to the prevalence of
      angiographically significant coronary disease reported previously at this center,
      but considerably less than the rate of abnormal thallium imaging in past studies
      of vascular surgery patients. The application of the test to a low to moderate
      risk population is probably responsible for its lower predictive accuracy for
      coronary events. DST is not an ideal routine noninvasive technique for risk
      stratification in patients undergoing vascular surgery.

PMID- 2297955
TI  - The slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship compared with the
      global end-systolic pressure-volume ratio in humans.
AB  - The slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (Emax), which is
      generated clinically by load manipulation, as well as the "absolute" peak
      systolic pressure end-systolic volume ratio (denoted as pressure-volume ratio),
      have been suggested as indices defining left ventricular function. This study
      represents an attempt to determine the relationship between these two indices by
      studying 20 patients (16 with coronary artery disease and 4 with normal coronary
      arteries) undergoing cardiac catheterization. Left ventriculography was performed
      three times in each patient: (1) in the control baseline state, (2) after rapid
      intravenous infusion of 250-300 cc of saline, and (3) after sublingual
      administration of 5 mg isosorbide dinitrate. Emax was approximated by linear
      regression using the peak left ventricular pressure (replacing end-systolic
      pressure) and the smallest left ventricular (end-systolic) volume for these three
      different loads. Acute ischemia with typical chest pain and ECG changes developed
      in 4 patients during saline loading. The pressure-volume ratio showed no change
      with load manipulation in patients who did not demonstrate ischemia. In the 4
      patients who developed acute ischemia, the pressure-volume ratio dropped from 4.4
      +/- 1.3 to 2.9 +/- 0.9 mmHg/ml (p less than 0.001). In all of the patients, the
      pressure-volume ratio, but not the Emax, correlated with the ejection fraction (r
      = 0.6; p less than 0.05). In addition, the Emax line demonstrated a markedly
      nonphysiological Vo. There was no correlation between Emax and pressure-volume
      ratio.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2297956
TI  - Identification of patients prone to infarct expansion by the degree of regional
      shape distortion on an early two-dimensional echocardiogram after myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Early detection of potential expanders (patients who develop clinically
      significant infarct expansion with acute left ventricular (LV) dilatation and
      failure but no necrosis) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is necessary in
      order to apply preventive therapy. To determine whether the degree of regional
      shape distortion (RSD), or dilatation, on early two-dimensional echocardiogram (2
      D echo) after AMI can identify potential expanders, serial clinical and
      echocardiographic data were studied prospectively in 244 consecutive patients
      with a first Q-wave AMI. Initial (mean 2 days) and final (mean 10 days) two
      dimensional echocardiograms were compared for regional LV asynergy, RSD, and
      conventional indices of expansion measured on endocardial diastolic outlines of
      mid-LV short-axis sections. Analysis of clinical and 2-D echo data revealed 51
      expanders and 193 nonexpanders. Expanders showed greater LV dysfunction and more
      inhospital deaths (27% vs. 8%, p less than 0.001) compared with nonexpanders;
      conventional indices of expansion showed more marked increase between initial and
      final two-dimensional echo in expanders, but initial indices were not predictive.
      In contrast, the new RSD index Pk, a measure of the outward bulge, was markedly
      greater in expanders than nonexpanders on both initial (16.5 vs. 2.4 mm, p less
      than 0.001) and final echo. Furthermore, expanders with greater than or equal to
      30% increase in Pk (to 21 mm) developed rupture of the ventricular septum (n =
      10) or free wall (n = 2). Also, 50 of 51 expanders compared with 3 of 193
      nonexpanders had a Pk greater than or equal to 10 mm on the initial echo. A
      simpler index, the depth of RSD (rd), provided similar discrimination as Pk.
      Thus, the degree of diastolic RSD on an early 2-D echo after AMI can identify
      potential expanders.

PMID- 2297958
TI  - Coronary artery spasm during cardiac angiography.
AB  - Unexpected occurrence of coronary artery spasm is sometimes observed during
      cardiac catheterization. We report here two cases of coronary artery spasm with
      hypotension and urticaria subsequent to administration of contrast material. The
      etiology of coronary artery spasm is discussed.

PMID- 2297957
TI  - Coronary occlusion: cause or consequence of acute myocardial infarction?
AB  - A 45-year-old man with unstable angina developed persistent ECG changes of
      myocardial ischemia during coronary angiography. Occlusion of the left anterior
      descending branch (LAD) was documented 20 minutes after these changes.
      Intracoronary nitrate, Ca antagonist, urokinase, removal by percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of atherosclerotic obstructions, and
      emergency bypass surgery failed to restore myocardial perfusion. Only short
      periods of reflow were obtained by urokinase and PTCA. The repeated coronary
      injections demonstrated a progressive disappearance of the left anterior
      descending artery (LAD) starting from the distal portion and progressing
      retrogradely up to the origin of the vessel. The patient developed a transmural
      anterolateral myocardial infarction and 12 months later underwent cardiac
      transplantation for untractable failure. His heart was examined and the infarct
      confirmed. Analysis of this case suggests that coronary occlusion in acute
      myocardial infarction can be an event secondary to increased intramyocardial
      resistance rather than the cause of reduced coronary blood flow in subepicardial
      coronary arteries.

PMID- 2297959
TI  - Coronary artery spasm induced by anesthesia: a case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Anesthesia-induced coronary vasospasm has been reported only rarely. We report a
      case, without previous cardiac history, in which immediately after anesthesia
      induction a marked ST elevation was noted on the EKG monitor. Premature
      ventricular contractions as well as non-sustained ventricular tachycardia were
      noted. These changes resolved immediately after nitroglycerin infusion and 75 mg
      of lidocaine were given. A coronary angiogram revealed normal coronary arteries
      and left ventriculogram. Ergonovine stimulation was not performed. The patient
      was discharged home on calcium entry blockers and nitrates. Exercise stress test
      two weeks after discharge was negative for ischemia. Induction of anesthesia
      triggering coronary spasm has been reported rarely, and to our knowledge never in
      the presence of angiographically normal coronary anatomy. Coronary vasospasm with
      typical EKG changes--namely, ST elevation and ventricular arrhythmias--has to be
      included as a possible complication of general anesthesia. Recognition of this
      syndrome allows prompt treatment and prevention of future episodes.

PMID- 2297960
TI  - Starting from scratch--some problems with Forrest.

PMID- 2297961
TI  - Splenic and portal venous thrombosis: a vascular complication of pancreatic
      disease demonstrated on computed tomography.
AB  - Portal and splenic venous thrombosis is a rare but well recognised complication
      of pancreatic carcinoma and pancreatitis. We report a series of five patients
      with pancreatic disease in whom CT detected this complication. The appearances on
      CT are of an enlarged vein with a centre of lower attenuation which does not
      enhance following intravenous contrast injection, ring enhancement and
      opacification of collateral veins. Splenic vein thrombosis following pancreatitis
      should be considered in all patients with pancreatic disease as this complication
      is increasingly recognised as a cause of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage from
      varices.

PMID- 2297962
TI  - CT of swollen legs.
AB  - The use of a single axial slice through the mid calf in the differential
      diagnosis of a swollen leg is described. This is a very simple quick non-invasive
      investigation. Venous obstruction results in an increase in the cross sectional
      area of the muscle compartment. The subcutaneous fat layer is normally
      homogeneous; in obesity or lipoedema it is increased but remains homogeneous. In
      lymphoedema fluid collects in the interstitial spaces which become very prominent
      on CT images. In chronic lymphoedema a honeycomb pattern is seen as a result of
      increase in the interstitial tissue due to fibrosis. Popliteal cyst extensions
      result in fluid collections between muscle planes. Haematomas have higher
      attenuation, and are intramuscular. The findings in 64 patients and 10 controls
      are presented and the literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2297963
TI  - The basic radiology system: a challenging role in a changing world.

PMID- 2297964
TI  - The role of computed tomography in the investigation of recurrent axillary
      disease in patients with carcinoma of the breast.
AB  - Carcinoma of the breast commonly recurs in the axilla. A nodal mass may be
      palpable and computed tomography (CT) is frequently requested in order to
      differentiate recurrent tumour from the longer term effects of surgery and
      radiotherapy. We have reviewed the CT scans of 35 such patients referred
      consecutively to our CT unit. CT only detected the presence of recurrent tumour
      in one patient in whom a mass could not be palpated. This patient had a
      previously irradiated 'wooden' axilla making clinical examination impossible. CT
      failed to diagnose recurrence in two patients; one with disease in normal sized
      nodes and the other with axillary vein thrombosis. We conclude that CT of the
      axilla only appears to be of value when the axilla is impossible to palpate due
      to previous treatment. The key to the diagnosis of axillary tumour recurrence is
      careful palpation supplemented by aspiration cytology of any mass. When no mass
      is evident on clinical examination, CT is unlikely to demonstrate disease.

PMID- 2297965
TI  - Extremity doses during interventional radiology.
AB  - The radiation doses received by the unprotected parts of a radiologist
      undertaking biliary and renal interventional techniques using an overcouch X-ray
      tube have been measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters. Mean doses to the
      eyes, thyroid and fingers ranged from 0.27 to 1.29 mSv per examination. The
      results substantiate the need for such monitoring but the study demonstrates that
      the doses to the radiologist can be kept to an acceptable level with careful
      technique.

PMID- 2297966
TI  - Injection rate: a factor in contrast reactions?
AB  - A prospective study comparing the frequency of contrast reactions by the rate of
      contrast injection is presented. One hundred patients undergoing excretion
      urography with meglumine diatriazoate (18%) and sodium diatriazoate (40%) mixture
      (Urografin 325) were randomised into slow (mean 0.975 ml/s) and rapid (mean 2.575
      ml/s) injection groups. In the slow injection group 6 (12%) patients experienced
      a significant reaction as compared with 4 (8%) in the rapid injection group.
      There was no significant relationship between injection rate and contrast
      reaction (P greater than 0.1).

PMID- 2297967
TI  - Indirect radionuclide cystography demonstrates reflux under physiological
      conditions.
AB  - Indirect radionuclide cystography (IRC) is a useful technique for the detection
      and quantification of vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR). Its principal advantage over
      micturating contrast cysto-urethrography (MCU) is its ability to demonstrate VUR
      under physiological conditions. Three children (age range 6-9 years) reported
      here illustrate some physiological features of micturition readily seen only on
      IRC. The most important of these was uretero-ureteric reflux which, because of
      bladder activity, is not usually identifiable on IRC or MCU but is probably more
      common than previously thought and misinterpreted as VUR.

PMID- 2297968
TI  - Infantile lobar emphysema in association with congenital heart disease.
AB  - Three cases of congenital heart disease (CHD) are presented; all infants
      developed the unusual complication of lobar emphysema (LE). In all cases delay in
      reaching the correct diagnosis resulted in two of the infants undergoing a second
      operation to resect the emphysematous lobe. The chest radiograph in all cases was
      dominated by the heart disease and the radiological signs of LE were initially
      missed. The radionuclide ventilation/perfusion lung scan was used in two of these
      infants to provide conclusive proof and to emphasise the clinical significance of
      the condition. Lobar emphysema in association with CHD should be recognised early
      and lobectomy performed at the same time as surgical correction of the heart
      defect.

PMID- 2297969
TI  - Barium studies and ileoscopy compared in children with suspected Crohn's disease.
AB  - The findings on barium follow through, ileoscopy and biopsy of the terminal ileum
      in 46 children with suspected chronic inflammatory bowel disease have been
      compared to the final clinical diagnosis. Ileoscopy and barium follow through
      agreed in 91%, barium follow through and biopsy in 80% and barium follow through,
      ileoscopy and biopsy in 76% of cases. A pronounced lymphoid hyperplasia pattern
      was present radiologically in 24%, and was a source of error in two cases. Barium
      follow through compared favourably to ileoscopy or biopsy individually, detecting
      18 of 20 and 17 of 20 cases respectively; however, ileoscopy combined with biopsy
      diagnosed every case. The sensitivity of the barium follow through was 0.90 with
      a specificity 0.96 for the diagnosis of Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum.

PMID- 2297970
TI  - Magnetic resonance differentiation of acute and chronic osteomyelitis in
      children.
AB  - A comparison has been made of the MRI findings of 17 studies in 16 patients with
      osteomyelitis: eight studies were performed in patients with acute osteomyelitis,
      six in chronic and three in healed osteomyelitis. Soft tissues, cortex and marrow
      were assessed in all patients. The best predictors of acute osteomyelitis were
      poorly defined soft tissue planes, absence of cortical thickening, and a poor
      interface between normal and diseased marrow. In contrast, chronic osteomyelitis
      was suggested by the presence of well-defined soft tissue abnormality, thickened
      cortex, and a relatively good interface between normal and diseased marrow. The
      appearance of osteomyelitis did not vary in different anatomic sites.

PMID- 2297971
TI  - Tortuous vertebral artery--onset of symptoms during pregnancy.
AB  - A case of tortuous vertebral artery causing neurological symptoms and expansion
      of an intervertebral foramen in a 33-year-old pregnant woman is described. The
      literature on this condition is reviewed.

PMID- 2297972
TI  - Inhalation of Carbex.

PMID- 2297973
TI  - What is a radiologist?

PMID- 2297974
TI  - Patterns of sugar consumption in early childhood.
AB  - Patterns of sugar consumption were studied prospectively in a birth cohort of 231
      Norwegian children. Information on dietary habits and sugar consumption was
      collected at the children's ages of 10 months, 18 months, and 2 yr. The results
      of the factor analyses showed that the children's sugar consumption constituted a
      separate dimension of dietary habits. Patterns of sugar consumption seemed to be
      established already during infancy. The children's sugar consumption increased
      from infancy to the age of 2 yr, and the patterns of sugar consumption also
      seemed to be maintained throughout the first years of early childhood. Sugar
      consumption was also analyzed multivariately using indicators of social
      background and family size as explanatory variables, but the explanatory power of
      these variables was rather poor and decreasing with age.

PMID- 2297975
TI  - Salivary levels of mutans streptococci, Lactobacillus, Candida, and Veillonella
      species in a group of Scottish adolescents.
AB  - Salivary levels of mutans streptococci, Lactobacillus, Candida, and Veillonella
      species were investigated on three occasions at annual intervals in a group of
      372 Scottish adolescents. Counts of the micro-organisms studied were
      logarithmically distributed, with Candida spp. being isolated from approximately
      half the subjects. Counts of lactobacilli, mutans streptococci, and candida were
      significantly intercorrelated, while veillonella were associated consistently
      with mutans streptococci alone. Levels of each of the four micro-organisms were
      significantly correlated over the three examinations, with levels of the Candida
      spp. being the most stable over the period studied.

PMID- 2297976
TI  - Prevalence of dental caries in 7-13-yr-old children in Morogoro District,
      Tanzania, in 1984, 1986, and 1988.
AB  - A 4-yr mixed-longitudinal study to determine the prevalence of caries in 7-13-yr
      old Tanzanian children was started in 1984. The parameters considered were age,
      locality, Socio-Economic Status, and sex. Locality was composed of urban
      (Morogoro town), rural (Morogoro District), and rural areas in the District with
      an average fluoride level of 0.5 ppm or more in all drinking water present. SES
      was established based on the occupation of the father or mother and on housing
      conditions. Overall, the reproducibility of the dental conditions studied (D2MT/S
      and D3MT/S) was high, with lower scores for the conditions including early enamel
      lesions (D3MT/S). The reproducibility of the SES scoring system was high (kappa =
      0.96 and kappa = 0.90), but the association over the 2 yr of measurement (1984
      and 1988) was weak (r = 0.50). There were no restorations found. The percentage
      of children with caries increased with increasing age from 12-17% at age 7 to 37%
      at age 13. The statistical tests (ANOVA) revealed an age effect for all
      conditions studied in 1984, 1986, and 1988 and a locality effect in 1988 only.
      The mean D3MT-scores varied between 0.15 and 0.24 at age 7 to 0.76 at age 13,
      while the mean D3MS-scores varied between 0.27 and 0.31 at age 7 to 1.18 at age
      13. In general, the caries prevalence observed was low. Children living in
      naturally fluoridated rural areas had significantly lower caries scores than
      children in non-fluoridated areas.

PMID- 2297977
TI  - Value of the teeth.
AB  - A random sample of 542 respondents answered questions concerning the value
      assigned to the teeth, dental attendance pattern, oral health status, and dental
      anxiety. Non-linear multivariate analysis showed the data regarding value
      attached to the teeth to contain two dimensions, of which the second one was
      deleted due to extreme answer patterns (skewed distributions) on the pertinent
      variables. Repetition of the analysis, including a plot of the respondents, made
      it possible to discern four subsamples, characterized by specific answer
      patterns. In the discussion attention was given firstly to the separate variables
      estimating the value attached to the teeth, and next to the four subsamples,
      taking into consideration the dental attendance pattern, oral health status, and
      dental anxiety. It was concluded that the multivariate approach reveals that the
      respondents are of a rather high heterogeneity.

PMID- 2297978
TI  - Association of dental health knowledge with periodontal conditions among regular
      patients.
AB  - Although routine patient education concerning periodontal disease is recommended
      as a means of improving oral health, strong associations between oral health
      knowledge and plaque or gingival inflammation scores have not been demonstrated.
      This study examined associations between four knowledge scales (likelihood of
      keeping teeth, signs of disease, role of diet, role of oral hygiene measures) and
      six periodontal status measures (plaque, gingivitis, calculus, probing depth,
      attachment loss, missing teeth) among 1088 regularly attending dental patients.
      In bivariate correlation analyses, there was a weak, direct association between
      stronger expectations of keeping teeth and better levels of periodontal health,
      while an inverse association between knowledge of signs of periodontal disease
      and better periodontal health was noted. Level of knowledge of the role of oral
      hygiene or of diet in periodontal disease was not associated with level of
      disease. When effects associated with age, sex, race, and different dental
      practices were held constant, these patient knowledge scales did not explain
      substantial proportions of variance in the periodontal disease measures. Among
      regular utilizers, the effects of receipt of dental care may be more
      determinative than level of patient knowledge.

PMID- 2297979
TI  - Roentgenological arthrosis of the hand in dentists with reference to manual
      function.
AB  - Arthrosis of the hand was studied in 136 dentists 33-69 yr of age on a joint-by
      joint basis. A random sample of 940 persons of similar age from the general
      population served as controls. The prevalence of arthrosis was significantly
      higher in male than female dentists. Male dentists tended to have a higher and
      female dentists a similar prevalence of arthrosis as compared to the respective
      controls. The proportion of arthrotic distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of all
      arthrotic joints of the hands was in both male and female dentists greater than
      that in controls, especially below the age 50, suggesting that arthrosis of the
      DIP joints of fingers develops earlier in dentists than in controls. This might
      result from the extensive use of the precision grip in dentistry. Arthrosis of
      the DIP joint of the index finger was not associated with the pinch power between
      the thumb and index finger, indicating good preservation of manual function in
      spite of increasing degenerative changes in hand joints with advancing age.

PMID- 2297980
TI  - Comparison of the need for periodontal care amongst 15-year-old children in
      Ireland and Saudi Arabia as assessed by CPITN.

PMID- 2297981
TI  - Dental caries status and treatment needs of the permanent dentition of 6-12-year
      olds in Hong Kong.
AB  - An oral health survey was conducted in 1986 on a representative sample of primary
      school children in Hong Kong. 1483 Chinese children of both sexes, aged 6-12 yr,
      attending 56 primary schools were surveyed. The DMFT index for the 6-yr-olds was
      0.1, and for the 12-yr-olds it was 1.5. Forty percent of the 12-yr-olds were
      clinically caries-free. The permanent molars constituted 90% of the total caries
      experience of the 12-yr-olds. Over 90% of the caries lesions were found in pits
      and fissures. The dental caries treatment need in the permanent dentition was low
      and of the simple type. A great reduction in the dental caries experience of the
      permanent dentition of children has occurred since the introduction of water
      fluoridation 25 yr ago. In addition to treatment care, preventive measures should
      be provided by the School Dental Care Service for children with a high caries
      risk.

PMID- 2297982
TI  - Suggested guidelines for including or excluding categories in the DSM-IV.
AB  - A set of guidelines is proposed for the possible inclusion or exclusion of
      diagnostic categories in the DSM-IV. For possible inclusion, a new category
      should meet all of the following five guidelines: adequate literature, specified
      diagnostic criteria, acceptable interclinician reliability, evidence that the
      criteria forms a syndrome, and differentiation from other categories. For
      possible exclusion, a category should possess an inadequate literature, extremely
      low coverage, or evidence of diagnostic bias. None of the exclusionary guidelines
      would be invoked if the category refers to a demonstrable disease.

PMID- 2297983
TI  - Axis II comorbidity of normal-weight bulimia.
AB  - The axis II comorbidity of 34 women with active bulimia, 18 women with remitted
      bulimia, and 20 women with a history of major depression was assessed blind to
      axis I diagnosis using the Diagnostic Interview for Personality Disorders (DIPD),
      a semistructured interview of demonstrated reliability. Fifty percent of the
      active bulimic subjects, 44% of the remitted bulimic subjects, and 35% of the
      depressed controls met DSM-III criteria for at least one axis II disorder.
      Despite the generally higher prevalence of axis II pathology in both bulimic
      groups than depressed controls, these between-group differences did not reach
      significance. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2297984
TI  - Continuous observation for psychiatric inpatients: a critical evaluation.
AB  - Continuous observation is a procedure used in most psychiatric inpatient units to
      manage acute and escalating risk in patients. Yet, it is virtually unstudied and
      unreported. The present study, conducted in a psychiatric teaching hospital,
      compared 102 inpatients who required continuous observation with 102 control
      subjects. Continuous observation was provided by nursing staff, and was used for
      13% of inpatients. The most common reasons for continuous observation were risk
      of self-harm, overstimulation by the environment, and violence. Five clinical
      factors that predicted the use of continuous observation as well as another set
      of factors that correlated with a history of violence were found. Almost two
      thirds of patients required brief episodes lasting less than 72 hours (mean, 28
      hours). These appeared to be effective and practical. However, when continuous
      observation exceeded 72 hours, it often became problematic and ineffective. We
      recommend that after 72 hours of continuous observation, patients' clinical
      management should be reviewed by the treatment team and changed.

PMID- 2297985
TI  - Explaining diagnostic complexity in an intake setting.
AB  - A one patient-one illness paradigm is implicit in the history and theory of
      psychiatry, and in basic research. Yet, in clinical practice and treatment
      populations in general, more than one diagnosis per patient is frequently
      encountered. How clinicians formulate comorbidity by means of DSM-III has rarely
      been investigated. In this study, the ideas of clinical condition and that of its
      diagnostic complexity are used to analyze descriptive features of a large number
      of patients seen in an intake setting. Axis I of DSM-III is used to measure
      diagnostic complexity. Complexity is analyzed in relation to demographic
      variables, to ratings entered in the remaining axes of DSM-III formulations, to
      symptom levels of patients, and to decisions involving disposition. Results
      indicate that analysis of diagnostic complexity by means of DSM-III yields a
      definable structure and that it can be related meaningfully to clinical factors.
      The idea of information uncertainty in diagnosis, i.e., the opacity versus
      transparency of a clinical condition, is also used to explain results. The ideas
      introduced and studied are shown to have value for social psychiatric research.

PMID- 2297986
TI  - Additional psychiatric illness by Diagnostic Interview Schedule in male
      alcoholics.
AB  - Seventy-four male veterans entering an alcohol abuse treatment program were
      screened for additional psychiatric diagnoses using the Diagnostic Interview
      Schedule (DIS). Fifty-four of these also completed a questionnaire on personal
      and family drinking history. Over half (54.1%) had another diagnosis. The most
      common syndromes other than substance abuse were antisocial personality disorder,
      phobic disorder, and depression. In each of these cases, the presence of the
      additional disorder accelerated the course of the alcohol problem significantly.
      The difference in course between syndromes was dwarfed by the time of
      presentation by the difference between "pure" alcoholism and alcoholism with
      another diagnosis. The primary versus secondary distinction appeared to account
      for only a part of this effect.

PMID- 2297988
TI  - A relatively dry eye during sleep.

PMID- 2297987
TI  - Syndrome of intermetamorphosis: a new perspective.

PMID- 2297989
TI  - Salzmann's nodular degeneration.
AB  - Fifteen eyes in 12 patients with Salzmann's nodular corneal degeneration
      developed symptoms of recurrent erosion, decreased vision, or both. A history or
      evidence of ocular surface disease was present in 14 of 15 eyes. Removal of the
      nodule and accompanying pannus or corneal epithelial basement membrane
      degeneration, provided symptomatic improvement in all patients.

PMID- 2297990
TI  - Exceptional case of bone resorption in an osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis. A
      scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis study.
AB  - This article reports the findings of investigations on an osteo-odonto
      keratoprosthesis in an eye that was enucleated owing to severe complications 12
      years after implantation. Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe X-ray
      microanalysis showed extensive resorption of the bone that was used as a
      supporting element in the kind of transcorneal prosthesis developed by
      Strampelli. The destructive process, in addition to surgical trauma, has been
      associated with the early and recurrent bacterial infections relating to the
      presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The need to control the occurrence of
      primary bacterial infections in traumatized tissues during operations as well as
      further infectious situations, given the enhanced antibiotic-resistence of
      bacteria, is emphasized.

PMID- 2297992
TI  - Healing of rabbit corneal alkali wounds in vitro.
AB  - The repair process of rabbit corneal alkali wounds was examined for 3 weeks in
      organ culture. The initial wound was inflicted by applying a round filter paper,
      5.5 mm in diameter, soaked in 1 N NaOH, for 60 s on the central cornea--the same
      procedure as used in previous in vivo studies. Epithelial and endothelial healing
      were determined morphometrically by utilizing a standardized photographic
      procedure following alizarin red/trypan blue staining. A one-phase healing was
      discerned both in the epithelium and in the endothelium. The epithelial
      resurfacing of the wound was completed by 5 days and then remained intact.
      However, the endothelial defect did not heal completely during the observation
      period of 21 days. The defect area was, however, consistently reduced in size
      during the first four days. The present results were compared with previous in
      vivo findings in rabbit eyes. The advantages of using an in vitro model for
      initial therapeutic trials are described.

PMID- 2297991
TI  - Role of actin filaments and microtubules in the spreading of rabbit corneal
      epithelial cells on the fibronectin matrix.
AB  - The migration and spreading of the corneal epithelial cells adjacent to a wound
      is the first step in successful epithelial resurfacing. To understand the role of
      actin filaments and microtubules of the cytoskeletal system in the spreading of
      corneal epithelial cells, we plated rabbit corneal epithelial cells on a
      fibronectin matrix and studied the effects of cytochalasin B, which inhibits
      actin filaments assembly, and colchicine, which inhibits microtubules assembly,
      on the ability of individual cells to spread. Changes in the morphology of actin
      filaments and microtubules were also studied using immunofluorescent microscopy.
      The area of spread epithelial cells depended on the concentration of fibronectin
      used to coat the surface. In spread cells, stress fibers of actin filaments were
      evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm, whereas microtubules were observed
      only at the perinuclear region. The presence of cytochalasin B during the cell
      attachment and spreading decreased the area of the spread cells more than did
      colchicine. However, once the epithelial cells were spread on a fibronectin
      matrix, cytochalasin B and colchicine each decreased the cell area only slightly,
      and to the same extent. These results indicate that formation of actin filaments
      is more important than formation of microtubules to the spreading of corneal
      epithelial cells.

PMID- 2297993
TI  - Retinoid-induced potentiation of epidermal growth factor mitogenic effect on
      corneal endothelial cells.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is mitogenic for bovine corneal endothelial cells
      in culture. Pretreatment with either retinoic acid or the synthetic analog CBS
      211 A ((E)-4-[2-(2-isopropyl-5-thienyl)propenyl]benzoic acid) at 10(-8)-10(-6) M
      enhanced the EGF effect. This potentiating effect of retinoids contrasts with
      their intrinsic activity, which results in cell growth inhibition in the absence
      of growth factor. The present data emphasize the previously reported beneficial
      effect of retinoic acid on corneal endothelium wound healing. This effect could
      be related to the potentiation of endogenous growth factors and further
      underlines the importance of retinoids in the medical treatment of corneal
      endothelial lesions.

PMID- 2297994
TI  - Effect of silicone elastomer contact lens wear on endothelial cell morphology in
      aphakic eyes.
AB  - We prospectively evaluated the effect of extended silicone elastomer contact lens
      wear on the endothelial mosaic of aphakic subjects. Endothelial cell photography
      and central corneal thickness measurements were performed on 23 eyes of 15
      aphakic subjects (mean age 60 +/- 10 years). These measurements were made before
      lens wear (n = 23) and were repeated after 1 year (n = 19) and again after 5
      years (n = 10) of lens wear. No statistically significant change in mean
      endothelial cell size or coefficient of variation of cell size was found. Central
      corneal thickness was significantly decreased at 1 year and hexagonality was
      significantly increased at 5 years. Thus, the changes in endothelial morphology
      usually associated with contact lens wear did not occur with silicone lenses,
      which are highly permeable to oxygen.

PMID- 2297995
TI  - The other side of the corneal endothelium.
AB  - New high-magnification biomicroscopes, the specular microscope and now the in
      tandem confocal microscope, provide new images of the corneal endothelium in
      vivo. These are not always easy to interpret, and correlation with the morphology
      of the endothelium as seen in dead, fixed specimens is necessary. One such image
      is of the anterior surface with the confocal microscope. It exhibits a mosaic of
      hexagonal cells. This surface has not been specifically investigated previously
      in fixed preparations and the in vivo appearance does not correlate with the
      structure deduced from transmission electron micrographs. These indicate that the
      bases of endothelial cells are in the form of thin processes that would not
      present an image of clearly defined cell outlines. Therefore, the anterior
      surface of corneal endothelium stripped from ox and human corneas has been
      examined with the scanning electron microscope. It was found that the basal cell
      membranes extend processes to neighbouring cells and that some of these seem to
      unite. The possibility that these findings are artefactual has been examined by
      comparing them with published transmission and scanning electron micrographs, and
      it has been concluded that the processes of the basal cell membranes are real.

PMID- 2297996
TI  - The effect of gentamicin on the corneal endothelium. An experimental study.
AB  - Gentamicin sulfate with preservatives was injected into the anterior chamber of a
      rabbit eye to evaluate its effect on the corneal endothelium. Endothelial
      toxicity was evaluated by contact specular microscopy and transmission electron
      microscopy 48 h after injection. The results suggest that doses ranging from 100
      to 400 micrograms of gentamicin are not toxic to the corneal endothelium.
      Endothelial toxicity occurred when 1,000 micrograms of gentamicin was injected.

PMID- 2297997
TI  - An analysis of therapeutic decision making regarding immunosuppressive
      chemotherapy for peripheral ulcerative keratitis.
AB  - We reviewed our experience in the management of 47 patients (61 eyes) with
      peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) to establish guidelines for appropriate
      indications to consider institution of systemic chemotherapy. Fifty-three percent
      of patients had a systemic disease as the etiology of PUK; one fourth of these
      were newly diagnosed as a result of meticulous history taking. The histologic
      demonstration of vasculitis in ocular tissue was the crucial step in deciding on
      chemotherapy in more than half of our patients. The presence of scleritis was
      highly associated with active vasculitis. Twelve of 14 patients with bilateral
      PUK required chemotherapy. Recommendations for an approach to therapy of PUK are
      presented.

PMID- 2297998
TI  - Scleral ectasia secondary to Acanthamoeba keratitis.
AB  - An unrecognized case of Acanthamoeba keratitis became quiescent after prolonged
      scleritis, resulting in a central corneal scar with extensive scleral ectasia.
      Twenty-one months after the onset of the sclerokeratitis, a penetrating
      keratoplasty was performed. Acanthamoeba cysts were found in the host corneal
      button. The corneal transplant has remained thin and clear for 2 1/2 years
      following surgery. Acanthamoeba keratitis extending to the limbus may become self
      limited due to immunologic mechanisms available at the limbus, which do not
      appear to be active within the cornea itself. However, the prolonged inflammatory
      reaction manifesting as scleritis may result in extensive scleral ectasia.

PMID- 2297999
TI  - Infectious crystalline keratopathy associated with topical anesthetic abuse.
AB  - Two patients with infectious crystalline keratopathy associated with topical
      anesthetic abuse are described. No previously reported predisposing factors
      existed, including topical corticosteroid use during active Herpes simplex or
      Acanthamoeba keratitis, or following penetrating keratoplasty. Cultures from
      corneal biopsies of both patients grew Streptococcus viridans. Both infections
      resulted in corneal scarring with vascularization. Ultimately, corneal
      transplantation was performed in one case.

PMID- 2298000
TI  - Unusual presentation of paraproteinemic corneal infiltrates.
AB  - A 76-year-old man with bilateral corneal infiltrates secondary to a monoclonal
      gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is described. The corneal changes
      simulated a remote lattice dystrophy. Although the clinical presentation of
      corneal opacities secondary to paraproteinemic conditions is somewhat variable,
      this patient's corneas lacked the common crystalline appearance of immunoglobulin
      deposits. This patient demonstrates an atypical clinical presentation of corneal
      infiltration secondary to a paraproteinemia.

PMID- 2298001
TI  - Trichiasis is a trigger for recurrent corneal graft rejection.

PMID- 2298003
TI  - Ventilation-perfusion distribution after aortic valve replacement.
AB  - In eight patients, the ventilation-perfusion (Va/Q) relationships after
      uncomplicated aortic valve replacement were studied by the multiple inert gas
      technique. Postoperatively, all patients had a right-to-left intrapulmonary shunt
      (Qsp/Qt) (range 2.4% to 14.4%) and abnormal distribution of Va/Q patterns to
      varying degrees. No single mechanism was identified that defined gas exchange in
      all patients. In three patients, moving from the supine to the right lateral
      decubitus position resulted in improved oxygenation which occurred because of
      better matching of Va/Q, not because of a decrease in Qsp/Qt.

PMID- 2298002
TI  - Effects of glucose on fuel utilization and glycerol turnover in normal and
      injured man.
AB  - Rates of fat mobilization (glycerol turnover), and fuel utilization and energy
      expenditure (indirect calorimetry) were measured in normal subjects and injured
      or septic patients maintained on high or low iv intakes of glucose as their sole
      nutrient source during 3-day periods. Regimens were given consecutively to each
      subject in random order. Concentrations of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, 3
      hydroxybutyrate, urea, insulin, and glucagon were determined in plasma, and of
      epinephrine and norepinephrine in urine. In normal subjects, there was no
      increase in energy expenditure with increasing glucose, although estimated costs
      of glucose storage as glycogen or fat could account for an increase of 4%. Thus,
      storage costs of glucose do not necessarily constitute an obligatory increase in
      energy expenditure. Rates of glycerol turnover and fat oxidation, and plasma
      glycerol concentrations were lower with the high than the low rate of glucose
      infusion, and lower than values reported by others during fasting or glucose
      infusion. Rates of fat oxidation were higher and glucose oxidation lower in
      patients than in controls, even though insulin concentrations were more than
      twice as high in patients. This confirms previous studies comparing injured and
      septic patients to depleted patients or historical controls. Triglyceride cycle
      activity was higher in the injured and septic patients than in normal subjects,
      and could account for from 6% to 15% of the increase in energy expenditure, in
      agreement with reports for burn patients.

PMID- 2298005
TI  - Left and right ventricular output in newborn infants undergoing extracorporeal
      membrane oxygenation.
AB  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has gained a place as an alternative
      mode of treatment for newborn infants with life-threatening respiratory failure
      who do not respond to maximal conventional ventilatory support. To determine any
      possible changes in cardiac performance during the course of ECMO treatment, we
      evaluated left and right ventricular output in 10 newborn infants with pulsed
      Doppler ultrasound before, during, and after ECMO. Birth weight ranged from 2.5
      to 4.2 kg and gestational age from 35 to 42 wk. During ECMO, left and right
      ventricular output decreased proportionally to the amount of bypass flow provided
      (r = -.82 and -.83, respectively; p less than .001), and were accompanied by a
      decrease in left ventricular contractility. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography
      provides a noninvasive method to estimate ventricular outputs during ECMO and to
      evaluate the response of both ventricles to volume loading during weaning from
      ECMO.

PMID- 2298004
TI  - Additional evidence of autoxidation as a possible mechanism of neutrophil
      locomotory dysfunction in blunt trauma.
AB  - Previous studies in victims of blunt injury suggest that the observed neutrophil
      (PMN) locomotory dysfunction is, in part, due to autoxidation. To further clarify
      the occurrence and significance of autoxidation, we studied changes in levels of
      glutathione in PMN and of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol in serum and blood
      cells of postsurgical and blunt trauma patients. Levels of total, reduced, and
      oxidized glutathione in PMN from trauma patients were similar to normal controls.
      Serum and cellular ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol levels dropped
      significantly after injury and remained below normal control levels during the 7
      to 8-day study period. Low serum alpha-tocopherol was partially explainable on
      the basis of changes in serum lipids. When serum samples of trauma patients were
      thawed unprotected without pyrogallol, there was significant loss of recoverable
      alpha-tocopherol, whereas no significant losses occurred with unprotected thawed
      normal sera. Less total reducing capacity was observed in PMN of trauma patients
      compared with normal controls. These findings indicate that synthesis and
      regeneration capacity of glutathione are intact but that the levels of the
      consumable antioxidants, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol are compromised
      after injury. These results add further support to the hypothesis that
      autoxidation occurs in trauma.

PMID- 2298006
TI  - Work of breathing: reliable predictor of weaning and extubation.
AB  - During the course of a critical illness, many patients become ventilator
      dependent. The standard assessment criteria are not always accurate in predicting
      potential for extubation. This investigation was designed to analyze whether the
      work of breathing (WOB) was a more reliable predictor of ventilator dependence.
      Twenty consecutive ventilator-dependent patients were prospectively studied.
      Nineteen required ventilator support for greater than 2 wk and all were
      considered ventilator dependent because of their inability to tolerate weaning
      trials. The oxygen consumption (VO2) and resting energy expenditure were measured
      using a metabolic gas monitor. Respiratory mechanics and arterial blood gas
      measurements were obtained, and the deadspace to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) was
      calculated. The WOB was determined by the difference in VO2 between spontaneous
      and mechanical ventilation, and expressed as a percentage of VO2 during
      mechanical ventilation. Five of eight patients with a WOB less than 15% (mean
      1.9) were extubated within 2 wk of study, while none of 12 patients with a WOB
      greater than or equal to 15% (mean 34) were able to be extubated in this period.
      The differences in the WOB between the two groups were statistically significant
      (p less than .01), while there was no significant difference in mechanics, PaCO2,
      VD/VT or measured resting energy expenditure. These data support the use of WOB
      determinations in evaluating extubation potential. Using a reference value for
      the WOB of 15%, this study had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 80%.
      This proved to be of greater predictive value than traditional criteria.

PMID- 2298007
TI  - Factors affecting accidental extubations in neonatal and pediatric intensive care
      patients.
AB  - All patients intubated in the neonatal (NICU) and pediatric (PICU) ICUs over a 3
      yr period were evaluated prospectively to determine the incidence of accidental
      extubation (AE) and contributing factors. Two thousand two hundred patients (age
      range 26 wk gestation to 18 yr) were intubated for a total of 21,222 days. In the
      PICU and NICU, a total of 153 patients experienced 195 AE. The PICU had 113 AE in
      1,388 subunit for a rate of 1.15 AE/100 intubated days. The NICU had 82 AE in 812
      intubated patients, a rate of 0.72 AE/100 intubated days. A review of factors
      contributing to AE showed the most critical to be: sedation not administered in
      the 2 h before AE (65%), the lack of two-point or more restraints (58%), and the
      performance of a patient procedure at the bedside (49%). One death occurred as an
      indirect consequence of AE. The data are being reported as a function of number
      of days intubated in an attempt to standardize reporting techniques. The use of
      standardized reporting and the identification of high-risk factors may be useful
      for education and modification of patient care practices.

PMID- 2298008
TI  - Supercarbia in children: clinical course and outcome.
AB  - Supercarbia (PCO2 greater than or equal to 150 torr) may result in a number of
      pathophysiologic conditions in experimental models and in humans. We report the
      clinical course and outcome after supercarbia secondary to hypoventilation in
      five children. Supercarbia resulted from severe airway obstruction in four
      children and central hypoventilation in one. Maximal PCO2 values ranged from 155
      to 269 torr (mean 206). The time course to development of maximal PCO2 was
      between 35 min and 2 days. The pH ranged between 6.76 and 7.10 (mean 6.86). No
      patient was severely hypoxemic (PaO2 less than or equal to 55 torr) during the
      supercarbia period. Despite very high levels of PCO2 and low pH, the only
      pathophysiologic change found was temporary depression of neurologic function
      manifested by stupor or coma. Long-term follow-up of these patients has shown no
      serious adverse neurologic or developmental effects.

PMID- 2298009
TI  - Use of bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose bacterial pneumonia in mechanically
      ventilated patients.
AB  - We studied the efficacy and safety of bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage
      (BAL) in mechanically ventilated patients. Seventy-seven patients, 60 of whom
      underwent BAL, were analyzed. Of the patients undergoing BAL, 30 had clinical
      pneumonia, 24 had a diagnosis other than pneumonia by clinical criteria or
      autopsy, and six could not be classified but clinically improved without changing
      their antibiotic therapy. Of the 30 pneumonia patients, 18 had bacterial cultures
      felt to be diagnostic of bacterial pneumonia: two cases of Legionella
      pneumophila, and 16 cases with one or more organisms recovered at greater than
      10(4) cfu/ml of BAL fluid. No patient without the clinical diagnosis of pneumonia
      had a positive bacterial culture greater than 10(4) cfu/ml of BAL fluid (chi
      square = 18.2, p less than .001). Of the patients classified with pneumonia,
      Pneumocystis carinii was found in six and cytologic evidence of viral infection
      in three patients. Of the 30 patients undergoing BAL with pneumonia, 27 had one
      or more pathogens identified in the lavage specimen. Although no patient died as
      a result of lavage, significant hypoxemia was encountered in some patients
      undergoing lavage. In 35 patients with the same FIO2 before and after
      bronchoscopy, the median change in PO2 was -8.0 torr (range -63.0 to +29.0). We
      found that bacterial cultures of BAL fluid appeared useful in defining the
      presence and etiology of pneumonia.

PMID- 2298010
TI  - Trauma index revisited: a better triage tool.
AB  - In the development of triage and bypass protocols, many different scoring systems
      and triage criteria are being used. Our purpose was to evaluate the Revised
      Trauma Index (RTI) as a triage tool for both its severity prediction ability and
      triage accuracy. A total of 2,340 trauma admissions were evaluated using the RTI
      and the Injury Severity Score (ISS). The data were submitted to standardized
      statistical analysis and compared to other published data for under and
      overtriage. Our results show a linear correlation between the RTI and the ISS
      with a correlation coefficient of .62. There is 5% death rate at an RTI level of
      15, which yields a 5% undertriage rate for death and a 37.3% overtriage rate for
      predicting an ISS greater than 15. This compares to under and overtriage rates
      for the Trauma Score, CRAMS, Pre-Hospital Index, and Mechanism of Injury scales
      varying from 19% to 56% undertriage and 7% to 82% overtriage. We reached the
      following conclusions. a) The RTI is a simple, fast triage tool for predicting
      major trauma. b) The RTI is related to the ultimate ISS. c) Use of an RTI greater
      than or equal to 15 results in an acceptable undertriage rate, with a better rate
      for overtriage than existing scores. d) Therefore, we recommend the RTI for use
      in emergency medical direction and bypass protocols.

PMID- 2298011
TI  - Clearance of vancomycin during continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration.
AB  - The clearance of vancomycin during therapy with continuous arteriovenous
      hemodiafiltration (CAVHD) has been measured in vivo. Vancomycin clearances (n =
      16) were 0.636 +/- 0.269 L/h (10.5 +/- 4.46 ml/min). Effective drug clearances
      were proportional to ultrafiltrate volumes, reflecting convective clearance.
      Clearances of vancomycin on CAVHD were approximately twice the values seen with
      continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration. These data allow construction of a
      dosing schedule for vancomycin therapy in patients receiving renal support via
      CAVHD.

PMID- 2298012
TI  - Pretreatment with pentoxifylline improves the hemodynamic and histologic changes
      and decreases neutrophil adhesiveness in a pig fecal peritonitis model.
AB  - We investigated pentoxifylline (PTF) as a pretreatment of septic syndrome in pigs
      with fecal peritonitis. In the untreated group there was a progressive decrease
      in mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output, mean pulmonary artery wedge
      pressure (WP), and a progressive rise in mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP),
      pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), heart
      rate (HR), and core temperature (T). In those pigs given PTF there was a
      significantly smaller increase in SVR throughout and in PVR after 270 min. No
      significant differences were seen in MAP, MPAP, WP, HR, and T. Neutrophil
      adhesiveness did not change in the untreated group. However, it decreased
      markedly with PTF, both before and after peritonitis induction. Electron
      microscopy of the lungs, liver, and spleen in the test group showed severe
      damage, with endothelial disruption, capillary or sinusoidal occlusion,
      leukostasis, and neutrophil degranulation. Pretreatment with PTF attenuated these
      changes.

PMID- 2298013
TI  - Effects of hyperoxia in the presence of acute lung injury.
AB  - We employed a multiple-dose, oleic acid (OA) model to evaluate the susceptibility
      to oxygen toxicity of rabbits with acute lung injury (ALI). The rabbits were
      partitioned into four groups: ALI group (n = 8) received OA (0.04 ml/kg iv) and
      again at two consecutive 24-h intervals and breathed room air (RA); hyperoxic
      O2/ALI group (n = 8) underwent similar OA injection protocol and breathed an FIO2
      greater than or equal to 0.96; oxygen group (n = 8) received identical injection
      protocol with normal saline (NS) and breathed an FIO2 greater than or equal to
      0.96; and control (CTR) group (n = 5) received isovolume NS injections and
      breathed RA. Arterial blood pH and gas tensions were measured before and 24, 48,
      and 60 h after ALI. Surviving animals were killed at 72 h and body weight (BW)
      was determined at autopsy; then the lungs were removed and weighed (LW). The
      mortality for animals exposed to hyperoxia was significantly (p less than or
      equal to .02) greater than those breathing RA, regardless of the presence or
      absence of ALI. Blood pH was lower (p less than or equal to .05) in all animals
      but the CTR group. However, acidemia was significantly greater in both hyperoxic
      groups compared to animals in the CTR and ALI/RA. Inflation and deflation lung
      thorax compliances were lower (p less than or equal to .05) and percent lung
      weight of terminal body weight (LW/BW) was higher (p less than or equal to .05)
      after hyperoxia with or without ALI compared to CTR animals regardless of
      FIO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298014
TI  - Reduced venous admixture in hemorrhagic hypovolemia: maintenance of arterial
      oxygenation by selective pulmonary vascular collapse.
AB  - In nine anesthetized and ventilated swine, a microcomputer calculated cardiac
      output, venous admixture (Qsp/Qt) and physiologic deadspace (VD/VT) every 20 sec,
      utilizing dual oximetry and a gas exchange analyzer. After lung injury with
      ethchlorvynol (ECV), animals were bled 40% blood volume over 40 min. Mean cardiac
      output decreased 7.0 to 2.2 L/min (p less than .05) accompanied by a decrease in
      mean Qsp/Qt from 0.28 to 0.14 (p less than .05) and an increase in mean VD/VT
      from 0.39 to 0.54 (p less than .05). Arterial Hgb saturation (Sao2) increased
      from 88 +/- 7% to 90 +/- 6%. On regression of all data points for each variable,
      Qsp/Qt had a positive correlation with cardiac output (r = .90), mean arterial
      pressure (MAP, r = .87), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP, r = .86), and
      mixed venous Hgb saturation (Svo2, r = .89, p less than .001). VD/VT had an
      inverse correlation with cardiac output (r = -.90), MAP (r = -.82), Qsp/Qt (r = 
      .83), MPAP (r = -.77), and Svo2 (r = -.92, p less than .001). The decreasing
      Qsp/Qt and increasing VD/VT, with decreasing pulmonary perfusion pressures, were
      attributed to selective loss of perfusion to alveoli with low
      ventilation/perfusion ratios.

PMID- 2298015
TI  - Morphometric study of neuromuscular junction in rabbits subjected to shock by
      superior mesenteric artery occlusion.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe changes in the neuromuscular junction
      of rabbit sartorius muscle after shock by superior mesenteric artery occlusion in
      18 rabbits. The results revealed that the numeric and volume densities of the
      acetylcholine (Ach) vesicles of the sartorius neuromuscular junction were
      decreased during shock when compared by electron microscopy with normal subjects
      (p less than .001). We also discovered that the release of lysosomes from hepatic
      cells, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, and hepatic ATP values
      decreased during shock. Both scopolamine (0.023 mg/kg) and verapamil (0.74 mg/kg)
      blocked the release of Ach vesicles and lysosomes, and increased hepatic ATP
      values. Scopolamine also increased AchE activity. This study shows that the
      parasympathetic activation plays an important role in mesenteric artery occlusion
      shock.

PMID- 2298016
TI  - Impedance cardiography fails to measure accurately left ventricular ejection
      fraction.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe the technique proposed to measure left
      ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with the impedance cardiogram and to compare
      these values with those measured by radionuclide angiocardiography.
      Characteristics (mean +/- SE) of the healthy control group were: age, 32 +/- 3
      yr; weight, 75 +/- 6 kg; and height, 177 +/- 3 cm. Characteristics of the patient
      population of 46 men and 49 women were: age, 63 +/- 1 yr; weight 74 +/- 2 kg; and
      height, 170 +/- 1 cm. LVEF was measured by impedance (ZEF) and multiple-gated
      scans (MEF) while in the supine position. The control group ZEF averaged 72%
      (range 67% to 78%) and the MEF averaged 71% (range 65% to 77%). There were no
      differences between the average ZEF (56 +/- 1%) and MEF (53 +/- 2%) in the
      patients. Correlations, however, between ZEF and MEF were unacceptably low for
      the several clinical populations within this group (-0.17 to 0.16). Furthermore,
      MEF correlated well with regional wall motion (r = .84) while ZEF did not (r =
      .00). Subdividing the patients according to heart function as determined by
      regional wall motion failed to improve the correlation between MEF and ZEF. The
      use of a previously published regression equation to predict LVEF from the
      systolic time interval ratio of pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection
      time derived from the impedance cardiogram also proved ineffective. These data
      suggest that the previously proposed analysis of the impedance cardiogram to
      measure LVEF should not be used to make a clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2298017
TI  - Epidural analgesia in thoracic trauma: effects of lumbar morphine and thoracic
      bupivacaine on pulmonary function.
AB  - Changes in pulmonary function tests were compared in 14 thoracic trauma patients,
      of whom seven received thoracic epidural bupivacaine for analgesia and seven
      received lumbar epidural morphine. In both groups epidural analgesia decreased
      subjective pain levels when compared to parenteral narcotics which the patients
      received before epidural catheter placement. Patients in the bupivacaine group
      had statistically significant improvements in vital capacity and forced
      expiratory volume, and a decreased respiratory rate. Patients in the morphine
      group had no significant change in pulmonary function. The use of thoracic
      epidural bupivacaine for analgesia in post-traumatic chest injuries produced
      superior improvement in pulmonary function when compared to lumbar epidural
      morphine.

PMID- 2298018
TI  - Resuscitation by extracorporeal lung assist of a patient suffocating after
      inhalation of sawdust particles.
AB  - A 17-yr-old male accidentally inhaled a massive amount of sawdust particles.
      Severe respiratory distress developed, resulting in subcutaneous emphysema and
      left pneumothorax. Therefore, sufficient positive-pressure ventilation was
      inapplicable. Under veno-venous extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA) with an
      artificial lung, the sawdust particles were removed by broncho-fibroscopy and
      lung lavage. After 36 h, the patient was weaned from ECLA without further
      complications.

PMID- 2298019
TI  - Treatment of right ventricular thrombus with severe right ventricular dysfunction
      using urokinase.

PMID- 2298020
TI  - Pentoxifylline in septic shock.

PMID- 2298021
TI  - Hypertonic saline for resuscitation: a word of caution.

PMID- 2298022
TI  - Interpleural analgesia: caution in trauma patients.

PMID- 2298023
TI  - Pulmonary angiography during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

PMID- 2298024
TI  - Survey of umbilical artery catheter practices.

PMID- 2298025
TI  - "Pseudoabscess" of the lung--misinterpretation of a novel piece of medical
      apparatus.

PMID- 2298026
TI  - SaO2 changes with temperature may cause hemoximeter reading errors.

PMID- 2298027
TI  - Progress in targeted therapy against human immunodeficiency virus [corrected].
AB  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and its related disorders are caused by
      a retrovirus termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV has nine known genes,
      and each gene provides a target of opportunity for a therapeutic intervention.
      Knowledge of the life cycle of this virus has already yielded clinically useful
      therapies and will likely make a major impact against AIDS in the near future,
      provided that the principles of controlled trials are followed.

PMID- 2298028
TI  - Practical use of immunosuppressive drugs in autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
AB  - Immunosuppressive drugs are frequently used in the treatment of autoimmune
      rheumatic diseases when more conventional therapy, including corticosteroids,
      fail to control the manifestations of disease. The practical use of these drugs
      in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and vasculitis (including
      Wegener's granulomatosis and Sjogren's syndrome) are reviewed. The focus is on
      the indications for the administration of these agents and proper monitoring of
      their effect on disease activity.

PMID- 2298029
TI  - Cellular immunotherapy of cancer.

PMID- 2298032
TI  - Cutaneous lymphoma. International Symposium on Cutaneous Lymphoma. Copenhagen,
      October 28-30, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2298031
TI  - Immune system modulation: nutritional and pharmacologic approaches. Proceedings
      of a symposium. Palm Springs, California, November 3-6, 1988.

PMID- 2298030
TI  - Immune system modulation: nutritional and pharmacologic approaches.

PMID- 2298033
TI  - Cutaneous lymphomas of the T cell type presenting primary tumors.

PMID- 2298034
TI  - Cutaneous manifestations in T-zone lymphoma.

PMID- 2298036
TI  - Bacterial capsules.

PMID- 2298035
TI  - Plutonium-induced mycosis fungoides and parapsoriasis en plaques--a new entity?

PMID- 2298037
TI  - The third component of complement. Chemistry and biology.

PMID- 2298038
TI  - Albania.

PMID- 2298039
TI  - Perfume dermatitis in children sensitized to balsam of Peru in topical agents.
AB  - Hjorth in his classic monogram "Eczematous Allergy to Balsams" emphasized that
      sensitization to balsam of Peru is most important since secondary allergens such
      as "fragrances" are ubiquitous. The application of a topical medication
      containing balsam of Peru to the skin of an infant, particularly in the occluded
      diaper area, seems a great way to sensitize the infant not only to balsam of Peru
      but also to our fragrant environment.

PMID- 2298041
TI  - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with mycosis fungoides.
AB  - We report a case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with mycosis
      fungoides. We propose that autoimmune hemolytic anemia may be induced by
      cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases. Thus, hemolysis should be considered as a
      mechanism of anemia in patients with mycosis fungoides.

PMID- 2298040
TI  - Self-healing dystrophic calcinosis following trauma with transepidermal
      elimination.
AB  - An unusual case of dystrophic calcinosis that occurred following trauma is
      presented. Calcinosis cutis is the deposition of calcium phosphate into the skin.
      It is classified as dystrophic if calcium and phosphorous levels are normal and
      tissue damage is present, idiopathic if calcium and phosphorous levels are normal
      and no tissue damage is present, or metastatic if there is hypercalcemia or
      hyperphosphatemia. The numerous causes of underlying tissue damage associated
      with dystrophic calcinosis are discussed.

PMID- 2298042
TI  - Nonrashes. 6. Telepathic pruritus.
AB  - We report the case of a paranoid schizophrenic man who suffered from the delusion
      that two other men used mental telepathy to make him itch over a period of
      thirteen years. To our knowledge, this is the first report of "telepathic
      pruritus."

PMID- 2298043
TI  - Psychogenic purpura: a most distressing case.
AB  - A case of psychogenic purpura is likely to be unforgettable for everyone
      concerned. The patient's bizarre and dramatic appearance can frighten both the
      patient and medical personnel unfamiliar with the condition, causing panic and
      intense demands for drastic, inappropriate remedies. Our second experience with
      this condition was such a memorable case. We stress how difficult it can be to
      withstand the pressures of colleagues, the patient, and his or her family, and
      how important it sometimes is to be resolute regarding the need for conservative
      management.

PMID- 2298044
TI  - Cardiopulmonary exercise testing. An idea whose time has almost come.

PMID- 2298045
TI  - State of the art of spirometric instrumentation.

PMID- 2298046
TI  - General thoracic surgery. The need for excellence in training.

PMID- 2298047
TI  - Home monitoring of the transplanted lung.

PMID- 2298048
TI  - Tracheobronchial stents and stunts.

PMID- 2298049
TI  - An algorithm for the interpretation of cardiopulmonary exercise tests.
AB  - We have developed and are using an algorithm for the interpretation of
      cardiopulmonary exercise tests that are performed in our Pulmonary Diagnostic
      Service Department. As its decision points, this algorithm uses routinely
      obtained measurements from the results of these exercise tests, such as VO2,
      VCO2, VE, SaO2, HR, and AT. Using the algorithm results in an objective
      determination of limitation to exercise and allows for the differentiation
      between pulmonary and cardiac or circulatory limitation. This straightforward
      technique for arriving at an interpretation of these tests has resulted in a more
      consistent approach to interpretation and an excellent teaching guide for
      physicians and technicians.

PMID- 2298050
TI  - Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and gas exchange during exercise in chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) studied at rest,
      nifedipine releases hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and worsens gas
      exchange. During exercise, this drug lowers pulmonary hypertension, but the
      effects of this lower pulmonary vascular tone on ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q)
      relationships are still poorly understood. To analyze them, we determined the
      VA/Q distributions in eight patients with stable COPD (FEV1, 36 percent of
      predicted) at rest and during exercise (60 percent VO2 max), before and after
      nifedipine (20 mg sublingually). Nifedipine shifted to the right the pulmonary
      pressure-flow relationship (p less than 0.01) and increased the dispersion of the
      blood flow distribution at rest and during exercise (p less than 0.005). These
      observations strongly suggest that nifedipine released HPV under both conditions.
      However, even after releasing HPV by nifedipine, exercise distributed blood flow
      more homogeneously than at rest (p less than 0.05). Besides, exercise greatly
      decreased the overall degree of VA/Q mismatching (p less than 0.001) not only
      before but also after nifedipine. Thus, we postulate that most of the VA/Q
      improvement that exercise may induce in patients with COPD, as it is shown here,
      is due to improvement in the ventilation distribution. Interestingly, this VA/Q
      improvement was not paralleled by a significant decrease of P(A-a)O2. This
      apparent paradox could be explained by 20 percent of the actual P(A-a)O2 during
      exercise due to diffusion limitation, as assessed through the inert gas approach.
      Taken all together, these results help to better understand the mechanisms that
      govern pulmonary gas exchange during exercise in COPD.

PMID- 2298052
TI  - Performance evaluation of contemporary spirometers.
AB  - A comprehensive evaluation of 62 spirometers from 37 different sources was
      performed using a two-part protocol: calibrated syringe, and dynamic waveform
      testing. All testing was done with ambient air. Calibrated syringe testing
      examined the ability of the spirometers to accurately measure the output of a 3 L
      calibrating syringe under varying conditions. The accuracy, FVC volume linearity,
      and stability of each spirometer was determined from these data. All but five of
      42 spirometers accurately measured a 3 L calibrating syringe to within +/- 3
      percent. Dynamic waveform testing consisted of introducing 24 standard waveforms
      into the spirometer from a computer-controlled air pump. The values of FVC, FEV1,
      and FEF25-75% were compared to the actual values for each waveform to determine a
      performance rating. Only 35 (56.5 percent) of the spirometers performed
      acceptably when measuring the 24 standard waveforms. Nine (14.5 percent) were
      marginal and 18 (29.0 percent) were unacceptable. Fifty-nine (95 percent) of the
      62 spirometers were computerized. Software errors were found in 25 percent of the
      computerized systems evaluated. Although using a 3 L syringe for quality control
      purposes is essential, simple testing of spirometers with a 3 L calibrating
      syringe for validation purposes was inadequate to assess spirometer performance
      when compared to dynamic waveform testing. Dynamic waveform testing is essential
      to accurately measure and validate acceptability of spirometer system
      performance.

PMID- 2298051
TI  - Recovery of gas exchange variables and heart rate after maximal exercise in COPD.
AB  - Studies of the limited exercise capacity in patients with COPD have not assessed
      the recovery phase, although the phenomenon of increased oxygen uptake after
      exercise has been thoroughly investigated in normal subjects. Therefore, we
      compared the recovery of gas exchange variables and HR after maximal cycle
      ergometry in 16 patients with varying severities of airflow obstruction and ten
      aged control subjects. Aerobic capacity was reduced in the patients with COPD,
      and the rates of recovery of VE, VO2, VCO2, excess VCO2, and HR were all
      significantly slower in the patients with COPD than in the controls. When
      expressed as the half-time for recovery, patients with COPD had values which were
      approximately twice that of control subjects for gas exchange and HR. The extent
      of recovery was similar in patients and controls. We conclude that in patients
      with COPD, postexercise relative hyperpnea and hypermetabolism are significantly
      prolonged. In addition, impaired elimination of increased body stores of carbon
      dioxide may contribute to impaired adjustment to acid-base disorders in these
      patients.

PMID- 2298053
TI  - Exercise response in young women with borderline hypertension.
AB  - We compared the response to dynamic exercise in 157 females (mean age 19 +/- 3
      years) with borderline hypertension (BH) to findings in 105 normotensive
      controls. Near-maximal physical working capacity was 90 +/- 17 W in females with
      BH and 71 +/- 23 W for the controls (p less than 0.001). Mean heart rate,
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure levels both at rest and
      at exercise were significantly higher in BH patients (p less than 0.001 for all).
      Mean change between rest and exercise for all the above parameters was not
      significantly different among BH patients compared with controls. Nonspecific ST
      T changes at rest (p less than 0.001) and exercise (p less than 0.005) were more
      common and mean corrected QT interval was significantly longer (p less than
      0.001) in BH patients. The parallel exercise response that we found in BH and
      normotensives would not appear to substantiate the view that ergometry is
      particularly useful as a modality for diagnosing hypertension in young females.

PMID- 2298054
TI  - Pulmonary function in obstructive sleep apnea. Relationships to pharyngeal
      resistance and cross-sectional area.
AB  - Reduction in the size of the pharynx and increased pharyngeal airflow resistance
      have been demonstrated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We
      evaluated 15 men with severe OSA and 10 nonapneic control subjects matched for
      age and weight in order to determine if PCSA, inspiratory pharyngeal airflow
      resistance, and abnormal breathing events during sleep were associated with
      alterations in the flow-volume relationship and other awake PFTs. Pharyngeal
      cross-sectional area was determined by CT, and pharyngeal resistance between
      choanae and epiglottis was measured during quiet awake breathing. In patients
      with OSA, there was an inverse relationship between the mean cross-sectional area
      of the oropharynx and the ratio of FEF50%/FIF50% (rs = -0.54; p = 0.03). In all
      subjects, pharyngeal resistance was inversely related to percentage of predicted
      values for FEF25-75% (rs = -0.56; p = 0.01). The frequency of apneas during sleep
      was significantly (p less than 0.05) related to the percentage of predicted
      values for MVV, TLC, FVC, and PIF. Obesity appears to account for the strength of
      these relationships. Flow-volume loops and other PFTs did not distinguish
      patients with OSA from controls.

PMID- 2298055
TI  - Daytime hypercapnia in the development of nocturnal hypoxemia in COPD.
AB  - Arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2) falls to a variable extent during sleep
      in patients with COPD. These nocturnal falls in SaO2 may contribute to the
      development of pulmonary hypertension, nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias, and death
      during sleep. In order to determine which physiologic factors measured during
      wakefulness might contribute to the development of nocturnal hypoxemia, we
      performed multiple stepwise linear regression analyses in 48 patients with stable
      COPD with mean and lowest nocturnal SaO2 as dependent variables. It was concluded
      that the two chief variables, measured while awake, which are associated with
      alterations in nocturnal oxygenation in patients with COPD are baseline awake
      SaO2 and PaCO2. Hypercapnia appears to be a risk factor for the development of
      nocturnal hypoxemia in patients who are normoxic while awake.

PMID- 2298056
TI  - Postural variation of the maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures in normal
      subjects.
AB  - The maximum static inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP,
      respectively) were measured in 15 normal male subjects (average age, 27.14 years)
      in standing and sitting position. The MIP was determined at RV and FRC and MEP
      was determined at TLC and FRC. No significant differences were found for these
      parameters between the two postures. Our study proves that the posture adopted by
      the subject when these two maneuvers are performed does not influence the results
      obtained.

PMID- 2298057
TI  - Quantitation of emphysema by computed tomography using a "density mask" program
      and correlation with pulmonary function tests.
AB  - We used a CT program "density mask" outlining areas with attenuation values less
      than -910 HU, to indicate areas of emphysema on a chest CT and to provide an
      overall percentage of lung involvement by emphysema. The "density mask"
      quantitation of emphysema was previously shown to correlate well with the
      pathologic assessment of emphysema in patients undergoing lung resection. We
      compared the CT quantitation of emphysema with mean lung density, overall lung
      volume on CT and pulmonary function tests in 85 patients. There was a significant
      correlation between the extent of emphysema on CT and FEV/FVC percent of
      predicted, functional residual capacity percent predicted and Dsb percent
      predicted. Determination of the percentage of lung with areas of low attenuation
      by CT provides a useful method for quantitating emphysema in life and correlates
      significantly with pulmonary function tests.

PMID- 2298058
TI  - Changes in ventilatory muscle function with negative pressure ventilation in
      patients with severe COPD.
AB  - Patients with severe COPD may be in a state of ventilatory muscle (VM) fatigue.
      In these patients, rapid and shallow breathing has been hypothesized to be a
      compensatory mechanism that prevents more severe fatigue from taking place. To
      test these hypotheses, we studied the effects of VM resting in a group of
      patients with severe COPD. Eleven clinically stable patients with COPD and
      chronic hypercapnia were studied. Six of them (group A) had a seven-day period of
      negative pressure-assisted ventilation (NPV), and five (group B) with similar
      functional characteristics served as a control group. Compared with a normal age
      matched control group, both A and B groups exhibited significantly lower tidal
      volume (VT), inspiratory time (TI), total time of the respiratory cycle (Ttot)
      and Ti/Ttot ratio, decrease in muscle strength, and greater electromyographic
      activity of diaphragm (EMGd) and parasternal muscles, but similar ventilation and
      VT/TI. After the study period, group A exhibited significant increase in VT, Ti,
      and TI/Ttot (p less than 0.05), and decrease in PaCO2 (p less than 0.05), EMGd,
      and EMGint (p less than 0.05 for both), and a slight but significant increase in
      maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that
      NPV rests VM, increases their strength, and reduces hypercapnia in patients with
      severe COPD.

PMID- 2298059
TI  - Cricopharyngeal dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - Dysphagia due to cricopharyngeal dysfunction is well known; however, there have
      been no previous data indicating an association between cricopharyngeal
      dysfunction and COPD. After observing marked cricopharyngeal dysfunction with
      aspiration in three patients who had frequent and severe exacerbations of COPD,
      we performed pharyngoesophageal examinations with videotaping in another 22
      nonrandomized patients. Cineradiography or videofluoroscopic recording with
      capabilities of slow-motion and freeze-frame playback is mandatory, since the
      transit time of the bolus through the pharynx is rapid. Severe cricopharyngeal
      dysfunction was observed in 17 elderly patients with COPD. Deglutition disorders
      were elicited by careful questioning in 15 of these. In eight subjects,
      cricopharyngeal myotomy resulted in improvement of swallowing and complete or
      partial relief of acute exacerbations of respiratory distress. In one subject,
      myotomy relieved only the swallowing problem. The mechanism of cricopharyngeal
      dysfunction in elderly patients with COPD is unknown at this time, but may be
      related to gastroesophageal reflux, therapeutic agents, and/or alterations in
      pharyngoesophageal anatomic structures. We conclude that investigations for
      swallowing disorders should be considered in patients with COPD who have frequent
      acute exacerbations of respiratory distress.

PMID- 2298060
TI  - The use of home spirometry in detecting acute lung rejection and infection
      following heart-lung transplantation.
AB  - The value of home spirometry in detecting acute lung rejection and opportunistic
      infections was studied in 15 heart-lung transplant recipients over a six-month
      period. The patients measured their FEV1 and FVC twice daily at home using a
      portable turbine spirometer. The records were then reviewed in relation to the
      results of transbronchial lung biopsy carried out during occurrences of
      respiratory symptoms and during routine posttransplant assessment. FEV1 and FVC
      fell by a mean (+/- SD) of 10.4 +/- 6.9 percent and 9.3 +/- 7.9 percent,
      respectively, during 20 episodes of lung rejection. The corresponding figures
      during opportunistic infections were 12.8 +/- 10.1 percent and 12.5 +/- 14.3
      percent. No such change was observed during routine normal biopsies. Regular home
      spirometry offered early detection of these complications allowing early
      transbronchial lung biopsy as well as assessing efficacy of their therapy. Above
      all, measurements can be made daily, which is unique in the assessment of solid
      organ transplants.

PMID- 2298061
TI  - Pulsed nasal and transtracheal oxygen delivery.
AB  - Oxygen conserving devices, the TTO catheters, electronic pulsed DODS and
      reservoir cannulas, increase efficacy of oxygen delivery; TTO also improves
      cosmetic appearance, comfort and compliance. We speculated that pulsing of oxygen
      transtracheally can increase efficiency of TTO. We modified the DODS to include
      settable delays and a rapid pre-inspiratory trigger. The first part of the study
      was performed with nasal oxygen on seven subjects and the second part, with TTO
      on 17 subjects. Nasal oxygen results indicate improved delivery efficiency with
      more rapid response. The TTO results indicate no significant change for each
      delay setting, but there was improvement in delivery efficiency when DODS was
      combined with TTO vs continuous flow TTO. Thus, early inspiratory delivery
      increases efficiency of oxygen therapy. Small delays in response time are
      critical in nasal delivery but not important in TTO. Pulsed TTO is more efficient
      than continuous flow TTO and merits long-term studies.

PMID- 2298062
TI  - Bronchodilating effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate in acute severe bronchial
      asthma.
AB  - We investigated the bronchodilating effect of intravenous MgSO4 in acute severe
      bronchial asthma. Infusion of MgSO4 caused a significant improvement in FEV1
      (0.94 +/- 0.39L to 1.3 +/- 0.44 L) and an improvement in clinical signs and
      symptoms in ten out of 12 administrations. The bronchodilating effect of MgSO4,
      however, was significantly less than that of subsequent albuterol inhalation
      (FEV1 improvement from 1.13 +/- 0.41 L to 1.72 +/- 0.49 L). These findings
      confirm that intravenous MgSO4 may be used as an adjunct to classic beta 2
      agonist therapy in cases of severe acute asthma; its exact place in the treatment
      of asthma remains to be determined in large-scale studies.

PMID- 2298063
TI  - Decreased paradoxic pulse from increased venous return in severe asthma.
AB  - During severe asthma, paradoxic pulse may result from increased impedance to left
      ventricular ejection, mechanical impairment of left ventricular filling by
      ventricular interdependence or decreased pulmonary venous return augmented by
      hypovolemia. We studied the effect of reversible blood volume expansion by MAST
      inflation during severe attacks of asthma. Ten patients with clinically
      detectable paradoxic pulse of more than 20 mm Hg were studied. All had a history
      of reversible bronchial asthma with evidence of respiratory and circulatory
      failure. Standard therapy for asthma was started. We observed no difference in
      respiratory and heart rates during MAST inflation. Paradoxic pulse was
      consistently decreased during MAST inflation; paradoxic pulse returned to
      baseline values after MAST deflation. The decrease in paradoxic pulse was
      produced by an increased inspiratory systolic arterial pressure. We conclude that
      a reduction in pulmonary venous return is more important than ventricular
      interdependence in producing paradoxic pulse during severe asthma.

PMID- 2298064
TI  - Anterior segment upper lobe tuberculosis in the adult. Occurrence in primary and
      reactivation disease.
AB  - Nine patients with pulmonary tuberculosis involving predominantly or exclusively
      the anterior segment of one or both upper lobes were seen over a five-year
      period. The incidence of anterior segment upper lobe tuberculosis was 6.3 percent
      of 142 patients presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis during the same time
      period. Five of the nine patients with anterior segment upper lobe involvement
      had reactivation disease. An increased incidence of advanced age, diabetes,
      associated malignant neoplasms, alcoholism, and steroid use were noted in those
      patients with anterior segment involvement, although only the occurrence of
      diabetes was statistically significant. We suggest vigilance with regard to the
      diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients who are elderly, diabetic, or alcohol
      abusers, particularly where the roentgenographic appearance of anterior segment
      upper lobe involvement would tend to favor an alternative diagnosis.

PMID- 2298065
TI  - Reference equations used to predict pulmonary function. Survey at institutions
      with respiratory disease training programs in the United States and Canada.
AB  - Adult respiratory disease training programs in the United States and Canada were
      surveyed to determine which reference equations were used to predict normal
      pulmonary function and how ethnic differences were approached. Replies from 139
      of the 180 (77.2 percent) institutions surveyed were received and evaluated.
      Surprisingly few studies account for most of the equations in use: three studies
      account for 85 percent of the spirometric equations, two for 83 percent of the
      lung volume equations and five for 84 percent of the diffusing capacity
      equations. Although there are no definite data, the form of many of the replies
      suggests that equipment default settings may influence the selection process. Of
      those responding to the ethnic difference question, 53 percent of institutions
      applied no correction for ethnic differences. There was no consistent pattern to
      the method of correction among those who did.

PMID- 2298066
TI  - Cross-sectional echocardiographic characterization of atelectatic lung segments.
      Differentiation from extracardiac tumors.
AB  - This report describes a unique series of patients who, during routine cross
      sectional echocardiographic examination, were each noted to have a large echo
      dense extracardiac mass adherent to the lateral aspect of the left ventricle.
      While this echo-dense mass was considered initially to represent an extracardiac
      tumor, this mass was shown subsequently to be an atelectatic segment of the left
      lower lobe of the lung. The salient echocardiographic findings that were
      considered to be helpful in terms of differentiating these adherent pulmonary
      atelectatic lung segments were that the lung segments always occurred in the
      presence of a moderate to large left pleural effusion; in real-time examination,
      the atelectatic lung masses generally appeared solid, as opposed to cystic, with
      a characteristic brightly reflective ground-glass appearance; there was never any
      evidence of extrinsic compression of the heart by the lung mass.

PMID- 2298067
TI  - Expiratory lung crackles in patients with fibrosing alveolitis.
AB  - Inspiratory lung crackles are a diagnostic feature of interstitial pulmonary
      fibrosis, but expiratory crackles are not well documented. In a
      phonopneumographic study of 13 patients with fibrosing alveolitis, expiratory
      crackles were audible with the stethoscope in 12. Phonopneumographic analysis of
      these 12 patients showed the crackles to be fine with the initial wave deflection
      of the expiratory and inspiratory crackles in opposite directions. They were few
      in number, occurred predominantly in mid- and late expiration, and were not
      affected by varying the volume history or by breath holding maneuvers. These
      observations support the theory that some crackles are produced by vibration of
      the walls of peripheral airways. In addition, this group of patients showed a
      significant correlation between the number of expiratory crackles and the
      reduction in predicted transfer factor, suggesting that expiratory crackles may
      be a clinical indicator of the severity of disease in fibrosing alveolitis.

PMID- 2298068
TI  - Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients recovering from acute cardiogenic pulmonary
      edema.
AB  - Cheyne-Stokes respiration is characterized by crescendo-decrescendo fluctuations
      in tidal volume and respiratory rate interrupted by central apneas. It has long
      been associated with cardiac disease and has often been cited as a poor
      prognostic indicator, yet the incidence and immediate significance of CSR in the
      setting of acute cardiogenic PE is not well defined. Therefore, we studied 95
      patients who required MVS because of PE. Breathing patterns were monitored by
      continuous respiratory inductive plethysmography for a minimum of 12 hours of
      spontaneous respiration after recovery from PE; CSR was noted in 42 patients (44
      percent). There were no significant differences between patients with PE and CSR
      and those with only PE in regard to LVEF (mean +/- SD, 36 +/- 18 percent vs 33 +/
      16 percent; p = 0.55), reinstitution of MVS within 48 hours (4.8 percent vs 17.0
      percent; p = 0.065), or in-hospital mortality (16.7 percent vs 26.4 percent; p =
      0.255). We conclude that CSR is a relatively common breathing pattern in patients
      who required MVS because of cardiogenic PE and does not portend a poor immediate
      prognosis in this population.

PMID- 2298069
TI  - Early predictors of mortality for hospitalized patients suffering cardiopulmonary
      arrest.
AB  - Few if any prearrest or intraarrest variables have been identified as highly
      predictive of inhospital mortality following cardiopulmonary arrest. A total of
      310 consecutive patients requiring advanced cardiac life support during the
      calendar years 1985 and 1986 were reviewed with respect to eight specific
      variables. These included age, diagnosis, location, mechanism of the event,
      duration of resuscitation, whether the event was witnessed or unwitnessed, the
      initial observed rhythm and medications administered. A total of 37.1 percent of
      the patients were successfully resuscitated, but only 9.7 percent survived until
      discharge. Factors strongly associated with inhospital mortality included
      unwitnessed events (p = 0.0316), the need for epinephrine (p = 0.0003),
      identification of electromechanical dissociation or asystole as initial rhythms
      (p = 0.0000), and cardiac vs respiratory mechanism of arrest (p = 0.0000).

PMID- 2298070
TI  - Treatment for collapsed lung in critically ill patients. Selective intrabronchial
      air insufflation using the fiberoptic bronchoscope.
AB  - A new, simpler method to re-expand collapsed lungs was introduced in 14
      procedures in 12 critically ill patients. To close the bronchus, we wedge the
      fiberoptic bronchoscope into each segment or subsegment of the collapsed lung
      instead of using a balloon cuff. Room air was then insufflated into the
      atelectatic alveoli after repetitive sputum suctioning and bronchial washing with
      normal saline solution. Complete re-expansion was achieved in 12 of the 14
      procedures and partial in two. The average alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure
      difference (P[A-a]O2) declined from 217.5 before the procedure to 200.3, 150.0
      and 152.2, respectively at 30 minutes, 12 hours and 24 hours after. There were no
      complications.

PMID- 2298071
TI  - The heart is not always in good hands.

PMID- 2298072
TI  - Airflow-generated sound in a hollow canine airway cast.
AB  - We examined the distribution of airflow-generated sound within a flexible model
      of canine airways. Sounds were picked up by a microphone adapted to a glass
      conical probe which was introduced through puncture holes in the wall of the
      model. We acquired 341 measurements in 31 airways between 2.0 and 19.0 mm in
      diameter at airflow rates from 0 to 2.5 L/s in the inspiratory and expiratory
      directions. We found that in the expiratory direction, the sound amplitude was
      approximately linearly related to airway cross-sectional area, with the greatest
      amplitude occurring in the largest airway. In the inspiratory direction the
      greatest amplitude occurred in airways of 5 to 8 mm in diameter. At all levels
      within the model, sound amplitude was approximately linearly related to the
      square of the airflow. Our findings suggest that in canine airways, the
      predominant vesicular lung sound-producing locations are the large airways for
      the expiratory component and the medium-sized airways for the inspiratory
      component.

PMID- 2298073
TI  - Bilateral pleural-based densities in a patient with hip pain.

PMID- 2298074
TI  - Hemoptysis: clinicians' perspectives.
AB  - Clinicians who were interested and considerably experienced in assessing patients
      with hemoptysis were surveyed during a computer-assisted interactive presentation
      at the 1988 ACCP Annual Scientific Assembly. The approach to ambulatory patients
      with minor bleeding was consistent with recently published guidelines: fiberoptic
      bronchoscopy has a central role, with a less apparent impact of other new
      technologies. Although specific diagnostic results were significantly more useful
      (p less than 0.01), even nonspecific bronchoscopy findings were though to have
      clinical value. External factors such as medicolegal concerns and obligations to
      provide service were acknowledged to influence selection of patients for
      bronchoscopy, and community-based clinicians cited such effects more often than
      academicians (p less than 0.02). Approaches to patients with massive hemoptysis
      reflected caution essential to acute management. Bronchoscopy was performed
      earlier (p less than 0.01) than in patients with minor bleeding, but opinions
      differed regarding instrument selection, the best method of airway support, and
      the roles of interventional angiography. This survey suggests that real-world
      settings are addressed incompletely by published experiences accumulated in
      tertiary centers. Clarification of optimum approaches to patients with hemoptysis
      requires further input from practicing clinicians.

PMID- 2298075
TI  - Pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, and a facial skin nodule.

PMID- 2298076
TI  - Pneumothoraces and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in two AIDS patients receiving
      aerosolized pentamidine.
AB  - Two cases of focal recurrent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) associated with
      pneumothorax occurred in patients with AIDS who had received aerosolized
      pentamidine therapy. A resected lung specimen from one patient suggested that
      subpleural cavitary lung destruction by P carinii was pathogenically responsible
      for the pneumothorax. This report represents the first case known to the author
      documenting the etiology of PCP-associated pneumothorax by pathologic
      examination.

PMID- 2298077
TI  - Asymptomatic congenital subclavian steal in a young male patient with right
      aortic arch.
AB  - The clinical and angiographic features of a patient with right aortic arch and
      isolation of the left subclavian artery from the aorta were described. This young
      male patient showed no symptoms and signs of the insufficiency of both brain and
      left-arm blood flow, in spite of the congenital left subclavian steal.

PMID- 2298078
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuric renal failure following cardioversion and CPR
      for acute MI.
AB  - A 50-year-old man suffered an MI with VFIB at work, and efforts at resuscitation
      were initiated immediately. Ninety minutes of CPR and 14 cardioversions were
      given by trained personnel before VFIB converted to sinus rhythm. Reversible
      myoglobinuric renal failure ensued, requiring two weeks of hemodialysis. Scanning
      with technetium-99m pyrophosphate revealed extensive muscle injury in the regions
      of cardioversion and a large anterolateral MI. Prolonged resuscitative efforts
      involving repeated cardioversion may predispose to myoglobinuric renal failure.

PMID- 2298079
TI  - Distal airway bronchomalacia resulting in severe obstructive airway physiology.
AB  - A 24-year-old woman, referred for treatment of presumed severe steroid-dependent
      asthma, was found to have generalized bronchomalacia. The diagnosis was based on
      an abnormal collapsibility of the bronchi on bronchoscopic examination and a lack
      of bronchial reversibility with aggressive bronchodilator therapy.

PMID- 2298080
TI  - Myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries after acute exposure to
      carbon monoxide.
AB  - This report describes a 46-year-old white man who suffered an acute myocardial
      infarction after carbon monoxide exposure. The electrocardiogram and serum
      enzymes showed myocardial infarction. The coronary angiogram performed one week
      after admission failed to reveal evidence of coronary obstructive lesions. The
      case presented is of interest because the clinical presentation suggestive of
      myocardial infarction was absent, the patient was found unconscious and his
      medical profile was negative for coronary heart disease risk factors. It is
      assumed that COHb causes myocardial infarction by severe generalized tissue
      hypoxia and a direct toxic effect on the myocardial mitochondria. Contributing
      factors that might also decrease myocardial oxygenation are an inadequate
      myocardial perfusion and an increased thrombotic tendency.

PMID- 2298081
TI  - Thoracic outlet syndrome caused by a latissimus dorsi flap for breast
      reconstruction.
AB  - After undergoing bilateral breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flaps, a
      34-year-old woman developed right-sided thoracic outlet syndrome. At operation,
      the latissimus dorsi flap was found to have formed a constrictive muscle sling
      that compressed the thoracic outlet. To the author's knowledge, thoracic outlet
      syndrome has not previously occurred under these circumstances.

PMID- 2298082
TI  - Provocation test coupled with bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis of drug
      (nilutamide)-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
AB  - A 79-year-old man was given a cumulative dose of 16.5 g of nilutamide for
      treatment of prostate cancer. He then presented with a respiratory illness having
      clinical, radiologic and functional characteristics of interstitial pneumonitis.
      No other cause of pneumonitis was found. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed a
      lymphocytic alveolitis with an inverted lymphocyte subset ratio. After an 11-week
      period of drug withdrawal, clinical, radiologic and functional improvement was
      observed along with a normal alveolar lymphocytosis. Nilutamide therapy was then
      resumed for five weeks and induced the recurrence of clinical, functional and
      alveolar abnormalities. Nilutamide treatment was finally stopped and two months
      later, clinical and functional abnormalities resolved. This observation seems to
      exemplify the possible diagnostic value of coupling provocation test with BAL
      cell data in hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by drugs. In addition, these
      data support the role of a cell-mediated immunologic mechanism in the
      pathogenesis of nilutamide-induced pneumonitis.

PMID- 2298083
TI  - Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis secondary to carbon monoxide poisoning.
AB  - Complications of carbon monoxide poisoning include peripheral neuropathy, which
      is usually confined to the lower extremities. We report a case of carbon monoxide
      associated neuropathy resulting in unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. Possible
      mechanisms of injury are described.

PMID- 2298084
TI  - Successful treatment of sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension with
      corticosteroids.
AB  - We report a case of sarcoidosis presenting with cor pulmonale of a greater
      severity than would be expected from the degree of hypoxia and pulmonary
      fibrosis. Right heart catheterization revealed that mean pulmonary artery
      pressure was markedly increased (42 mm Hg), was not reduced by supplemental
      oxygen, but was reduced significantly (25 mm Hg) after 16 weeks of therapy with
      corticosteroids. Improvement in symptoms and pulmonary function was maintained
      for an 18-month period of observation after cessation of corticosteroid therapy.

PMID- 2298085
TI  - Reconstruction of superior vena cava in invasive thymoma.
AB  - Aggressive en-bloc resection of the superior vena cava was performed in a 50-year
      old man who had superior vena caval syndrome caused by invasive thymoma. After
      the superior vena cava was resected, a Gore-Tex vascular graft was used to
      reconstruct the lower end of the right innominate vein and lower end of the
      superior vena cava. The patient was treated with postoperative radiotherapy to
      the mediastinum and has been asymptomatic for 14 months following surgery.

PMID- 2298086
TI  - Flow volume loops in diagnosis.

PMID- 2298087
TI  - Atypical evolution of pulmonary tuberculosis during treatment.

PMID- 2298088
TI  - Accuracy of asthma mortality in France.

PMID- 2298089
TI  - Anesthesia and airway obstruction.

PMID- 2298090
TI  - Sepsis and pulmonary embolism due to catheter-related right heart thrombus.

PMID- 2298091
TI  - Aerosolized pentamidine and spontaneous pneumothoraces in AIDS patients.

PMID- 2298092
TI  - Pulmonary function in long-term survivors of thoracoplasty.

PMID- 2298093
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2298094
TI  - Colonoscopy in patients with a primary family history of colon cancer.
AB  - Patients with a primary family history of colon cancer were recommended to have
      full colonoscopy for screening. The results of 125 such patients who also were
      asymptomatic, had no prior history of neoplasms, and had negative fecal occult
      blood, showed 15 patients (12 percent) with neoplasms. Only 6 (5.2 percent) had
      neoplasms that were detectable only by colonoscopy (i.e., above 55 cm). These
      results suggest that colonoscopy may not be necessary to screen patients with a
      primary history of colon cancer.

PMID- 2298095
TI  - Depressed adenoma in the large intestine. Endoscopic features.
AB  - To clarify the presence of depressed adenomas in the human large intestine, a
      prospective study was performed from January 1986 to December 1987. During these
      two years, 997 colonoscopies were conducted in patients, excluding cases of
      familial adenomatosis coli. Of 32 small, depressed lesions biopsied, seven were
      depressed adenomas, demonstrating that depressed adenomas do exist in the colon
      and rectum, and can be detected endoscopically. Resembling a sucker, they are
      easily detected through inflation and deflation.

PMID- 2298096
TI  - Conservative management of tumors of the rectum by radiotherapy and local
      excision.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with invasive adenocarcinoma of the rectum were treated by
      preoperative external irradiation (35 Gy), local excision, and peroperative
      placement of a plastic tube loop in the tumor bed for perioperative brachytherapy
      (20 or 25 Gy). Patients treated were too frail for radical resection (14
      patients) or had refused a permanent colostomy (11 patients). With a mean follow
      up of 40.5 months, there have been 5 patients with local relapse, 3 of whom had
      salvage abdominoperineal resections: 2 have no evidence of disease and 1 has
      developed distant metastatic disease. The 20 patients with local control have
      normally functioning sphincters; 1 has developed distant metastatic disease. This
      combined approach was designed to expand the curative role of local resection in
      carcinoma of the rectum. The surgical techniques are thoroughly described and the
      potential role and indications of this approach are discussed.

PMID- 2298097
TI  - A prospective study of local recurrence after resection and low stapled
      anastomosis in 183 patients with rectal cancer.
AB  - Local recurrence is the most serious complication of anterior resection for
      rectal cancer, usually occurring during the first two years after surgery. Over a
      five-year period, from 1981 to 1986, 183 patients underwent anterior resection
      for rectal carcinoma at the Surgery Ward of the University of Ferrara. Patients
      were followed for two years postoperatively. All operations were performed with
      staplers and classified according to Dukes, with 43 cases of Dukes' A; 83 cases
      of Dukes' B; and 57 cases of Dukes' C. In the first 24 months after surgery, the
      tumor recurred locally in 44 of the 183 patients (24 percent). Dukes' stage,
      grading distal resection margin, and histopathologic differentiation of the
      distal rectal ring left in the stapler after anastomosis were assessed to
      determine a prognostic indicator for the recurrence of the tumor. The
      stage:recurrence ratio was as follows: A, 1 (2 percent); B, 21 (25 percent); and
      C, 22 (39 percent). The grading:recurrence ratio was: G1, 13:51 (25 percent); G2,
      24:110 (22 percent); and G3, 7:22 (32 percent). The ratio between distal rectal
      resection margin and recurrence was: 0 to 2 cm, 15:27 (56 percent); 2 to 4 cm,
      16:74 (22 percent); and over 4 cm, 13:82 (15 percent). Histopathologic
      examination of the distal rectal ring was negative for all patients. These data
      confirm the direct relationship between class and local recurrence and indicate
      histologic grade and distal resection margin as significant prognostic parameters
      only when interpreted in the light of staging.

PMID- 2298098
TI  - Recurrence of colorectal cancer and perioperative blood transfusion. Is blood
      storage time important?
AB  - In a prospective study of 35 patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer,
      the mitogenic activity of plasma was measured using 3T3 Swiss fibroblasts as
      target cells. Transfused patients exhibited a 100 percent increase in mitogenic
      activity over preoperative values compared with no significant change in
      nontransfused patients. Samples were taken from blood during 28 days of storage
      following donation, and mitogenic activity measured. The mitogenic activity
      increased with storage time, the principal changes occurring from the end of the
      second week. The increased mitogenic activity in patients following transfusion
      and in stored blood may be a factor in the mediation of the deleterious effect of
      transfusion on recurrence in colorectal cancer and perhaps "fresh" blood, if
      required, should be used.

PMID- 2298099
TI  - Colorectal disease in spinal cord patients. An occult diagnosis.
AB  - Undiagnosed abdominal emergencies account for 10 percent of all fatalities among
      patients with spinal cord injuries. A large number of these emergencies involve
      the lower gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of this study is to bring attention
      to the occult nature of colorectal disease in spinal cord patients and to
      highlight the subtle, but characteristic, symptoms and signs that develop in
      these patients. The authors identified 13 spinal cord patients in whom a lesion
      developed in either the appendix, colon, rectum, or anus. The average age of all
      patients was 36.2 years. Trauma and multiple sclerosis were the most common
      etiology of spinal cord injury. The most common presenting symptoms were
      abdominal distention, vomiting, and constipation. The average delay in diagnosis
      of the colorectal disease was 35.8 hours. An 84% morbidity and 22% mortality were
      observed. This study indicates that any deviation from the normal lifestyle of
      the spinal cord patient should alert one to the possibility of visceral
      inflammation. Furthermore, close attention to the signs of autonomic dysreflexia
      or changes in spasticity, along with a thorough evaluation of the ill-appearing
      spinal cord patient, may uncover occult colonic or rectal disease.

PMID- 2298100
TI  - Serum sialic acid and carcinoembryonic levels in the detection and monitoring of
      colorectal cancer.
AB  - Total sialic acid (TSA), total protein (TP), TSA normalized to total TP (TSA/TP),
      and carcinoembryonic antigen levels were determined in 146 consecutive colorectal
      patients. These results were compared with results from 73 people with
      nonmalignant gastrointestinal disease, and with results from 96 normal controls.
      All malignancies were staged according to the Astler-Coller modification of
      Dukes' classification for colorectal cancer. All blood samples were drawn before
      surgical therapy. The TSA/TP ratio for colorectal cancer was 13.4 (mg/gm) in
      contrast to 12.1 (mg/gm) for pathologic controls, and 9.7 (mg/gm) for normal
      controls. Student's t test showed a P value less than 0.001 for normal controls
      and a P value less than 0.001 for pathologic controls. The TSA/TP also showed
      statistical significance in Dukes A, B2, C, and D subgroups when compared with
      normal controls. There were only four patients with stage C1 carcinoma, thus
      statistical analysis would be questionable. In contrast, carcinoembryonic antigen
      levels showed no significant elevations until Dukes C2 tumors were encountered.
      These preliminary findings suggest that TSA/TP ratio may detect colorectal cancer
      patients with less tumor burden and be more beneficial as a tumor marker than CEA
      for monitoring patients with colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2298101
TI  - Endoscopic diagnosis of small flat carcinoma of the colon. Report of three cases.
AB  - Most small carcinomas arise from polyps. Small lesions with cellular features of
      malignancy and early invasion, but with no histologic evidence of residual
      adenoma, are rare. Diagnosed by endoscopy, three such lesions are described. They
      were recognized as mucosal plaques, measuring between 6 and 8 mm in diameter. In
      each case, there was either synchronous or metachronous carcinoma elsewhere in
      the colon, as well as benign adenomatous polyps. Colonoscopic identification of
      such lesions allows inclusion of that bowel segment in any planned resection.

PMID- 2298102
TI  - Primary aortoenteric fistula due to recurrent colorectal cancer. Report of a
      case.
AB  - Primary aortoenteric fistula is rare. The most common cause is atherosclerosis,
      followed by infection and carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. A case of
      spontaneous aortojejunal fistula due to recurrent colorectal cancer is reported.

PMID- 2298103
TI  - Instrument for dilatation of stenotic colorectal anastomosis.
AB  - The use of a modified Starck dilator in the treatment of anastomotic stenosis in
      the distal 15 cm of the rectum is described. This technique is a suitable
      alternative for use in hospitals where more sophisticated instrumentation is not
      available.

PMID- 2298104
TI  - A new 'enterocompressor' to facilitate rectal anastomosis.
AB  - A newly devised enterocompressor facilitates low rectal anastomosis in children
      with Hirschsprung's disease. This simple surgical instrument, composed of two
      semicylindrical valves, a hinge, and a regulating screw, maintains intestinal
      anastomoses properly placed and produces spur crushing. In addition, it is
      inexpensive and reusable. The enterocompressor, used in 33 primary and 15
      secondary Duhamel operations, and applied to normalize intestinal transit in 10
      colectomies, provided adequate anastomosis and prevented leakage of intestinal
      contents. This enterocompressor can be used safely in children as young as six
      months of age.

PMID- 2298105
TI  - pH of local anesthetic solutions.

PMID- 2298106
TI  - On the treatment of hemangioma of the rectum.

PMID- 2298108
TI  - Duodenal obstruction.

PMID- 2298107
TI  - Crohn's disease in ileal J-pouch.

PMID- 2298109
TI  - Colonic anastomotic leakages.

PMID- 2298110
TI  - Anal manometry with microtransducer technique before and after restorative
      proctocolectomy. Sphincter function and clinical correlations.
AB  - Anal manometry, with microtransducer technique, was performed in 55 patients
      after restorative proctocolectomy. Forty-two patients were followed regularly
      from before surgery until 12 months after surgery, and 23 patients until 24
      months of function. Postoperatively, sphincter function was severely impaired. At
      12 months, the mean height was less than 60 percent, mean area less than 50
      percent, and mean length less than 90 percent of the preoperative values of the
      high pressure zone. There was no improvement between 12 and 24 months. Mean
      maximal squeeze pressure was restored at 12 months. Rectoanal inhibitory reflex
      was constantly present preoperatively, but in only 4 of 30 patients,
      postoperatively. Those patients with preoperative resting pressure 100 cm H2O or
      greater had significantly higher resting tones at 12 months than those with less
      than 100 cm H2O. Patients with 5 or fewer bowel movements every 24 hours had
      significantly higher resting tones than those with more than 6 movements every 24
      hours (66 vs. 45 cm H2O). Patients with deferral 60 minutes or greater had
      significantly higher resting pressures than those with deferral less than 30
      minutes (65 vs. 44 cm H2O). No correlation was found between resting pressure and
      state of continence.

PMID- 2298111
TI  - Relationship between hyperglycemia and cognitive function in older NIDDM
      patients.
AB  - The nature and extent of cognitive impairment was examined in 29 healthy elderly
      subjects (mean age 69.8 yr) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
      and 30 demographically similar nondiabetic community volunteers (mean age 68 yr).
      Measures of verbal learning, abstract reasoning, and complex psychomotor
      functioning were performed more poorly by diabetic than nondiabetic subjects.
      Conversely, there were no between-group differences in performance on tasks
      involving pure motor speed and simple verbal abilities. Within the diabetic
      group, individuals with poorer metabolic control performed more poorly on tasks
      involving learning, reasoning, and complex psychomotor performance, although this
      relationship was not evident for simple verbal or motor tasks. These data
      indicate that older people with NIDDM who are functioning well and perceive
      themselves as in good health are likely to manifest greater deficits than healthy
      elderly people in processing complex verbal or nonverbal material. Possible
      explanatory mechanisms are discussed, and directions for future research are
      explored.

PMID- 2298112
TI  - Survey of diabetes professionals regarding developmental changes in diabetes self
      care.
AB  - There are no empirically obtained data defining appropriate developmental
      expectations for the acquisition of self-care independence by children with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. This study surveyed diabetes professionals
      about their estimates of ages at which children typically master 38 diabetes
      skills. The 229 survey respondents represented a broad range of professions and
      clinical settings and had extensive experience as diabetes professionals. Mean
      mastery age estimates were less than 14 yr for the 38 skills assessed. Responses
      to each item were variable among respondents, with a mean SD of 2.1 yr in
      estimated mastery ages for all items. Estimated mastery ages were below the age
      ranges recommended by the American Diabetes Association for 14 of 20 comparable
      skills. Physicians generally expected the diabetes skills to be mastered at later
      ages than did nurses or other health-care professionals. There were no other
      consistent response patterns related to respondent characteristics, i.e., years
      of clinical experience, employment setting, current patient load, or method of
      survey distribution.

PMID- 2298113
TI  - Corrected Q-T interval prolongation as diagnostic tool for assessment of cardiac
      autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - A simple method for evaluating alterations in cardiac sympathetic innervation may
      be measurement of the Q-T interval. Seventy-three diabetic patients (46 insulin
      dependent and 27 non-insulin dependent) were separated into four groups based on
      the presence and degree of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) with noninvasive
      cardiovascular reflexes and blood pressure responses. None of the patients had
      evidence of ischemic heart disease, kidney disease, or the idiopathic long Q-T
      interval syndrome. The corrected Q-T interval (Q-Tc) was determined at rest with
      Bazett's formula. As a group, diabetic patients with greater than or equal to 2
      abnormalities of cardiac autonomic function had a longer Q-Tc interval than those
      with no evidence of CAN. Diabetic patients with greater than or equal to 1
      abnormality had a prolonged Q-Tc interval compared with a control group of 96
      healthy nondiabetic subjects (mean +/- SD 397 +/- 18). The frequency of prolonged
      (greater than 433 ms, normal mean + 2SD) resting Q-Tc intervals increased with
      the increasing number of abnormalities (0, 1, 2, greater than or equal to 3): 11,
      25, 41, and 75%, respectively. Twenty-three of 25 (92%) patients with a Q-Tc
      greater than 433 ms had evidence of CAN. However, 57% (31 of 54) of the patients
      with CAN had a normal Q-Tc interval. These data provide further evidence of a
      relationship between the presence and severity of CAN and degree of Q-Tc interval
      prolongation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298114
TI  - Education for patients with established NIDDM. Disparities between patients who
      do and do not attend.

PMID- 2298115
TI  - Fish oil and glycemic control: importance of dose.

PMID- 2298116
TI  - Clinical practice recommendations. American Diabetes Association 1989-1990.

PMID- 2298117
TI  - Third-party reimbursement for outpatient diabetes education and counseling.

PMID- 2298118
TI  - Importance of attitude evaluation in diabetes patient education.
AB  - Attitudes were evaluated according to the 'Personal Responsibility Attitude
      Assessment System' (PRAS), which allows grading of patients' attitudes into five
      levels of perception of responsibility toward their disease. In 59 diabetics
      evaluated in this study, no sex difference was observed in attitude level, but
      more of those aged less than 40 years showed lower attitude levels (levels 1-4)
      than those aged 40 years or over (P less than 0.01). Of those aged 40 or over,
      more patients with a high attitude level (level 5) had had diabetes for 10 years
      or longer than those with low attitude levels (levels 1-4) (P less than 0.05).
      Among those not treated with insulin, patients with a low attitude level showed
      higher hemoglobin A1 (HbA1) levels (P less than 0.01) and more frequently had
      retinopathy (P less than 0.05) than patients with high attitude levels. As for
      women, low attitude level patients consumed less fruit, meat or fish, and
      vegetables (P less than 0.05) but more fat and sweetening agents (P less than
      0.05) than high attitude level patients. These results suggest an association
      between the attitude level of diabetic patients evaluated by PRAS and the degree
      of their self-care. Evaluation of patients' attitudes is important in predicting
      the response to educational intervention in diabetes.

PMID- 2298119
TI  - Comparison of urinary albumin excretion between Maoris, Pacific Island
      Polynesians and Europeans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - Elevated urinary albumin excretion is a marker for increased mortality and
      morbidity in European subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Urinary
      albumin excretion was compared in 32 Maoris, 34 Pacific Island Polynesians and 66
      subjects of European origin with non-insulin-dependent diabetes attending a
      diabetes clinic in Wellington, New Zealand. The random urinary albumin to
      creatinine ratio was used as an estimation of urinary albumin excretion rate. The
      random urinary albumin to creatinine ratio was significantly higher in Maori and
      Pacific Island Polynesian subjects, compared to diabetic Europeans (geometric
      mean urinary albumin to creatinine ratios were 13.13, 12.00 and 2.79 mg/mmol
      respectively, P less than 0.05). These findings would be consistent with the high
      mortality and morbidity seen in the Maori and Pacific Island Polynesian diabetic
      populations. The correlation between hypertension and increased urinary albumin
      excretion was stronger in the Europeans than in the Maoris and Pacific Island
      Polynesians studied, suggesting that differences in blood pressure alone are
      unlikely to account for the observed differences in albumin excretion. Follow-up
      studies are required to determine whether diabetic Maoris and Pacific Island
      Polynesians with increased urinary albumin excretion have a similar prognosis to
      their European counterparts.

PMID- 2298121
TI  - Diabetes mellitus and lifestyle in a north Italian population.

PMID- 2298120
TI  - Relationship between age-adjusted heart rate and anaerobic threshold in
      estimating exercise intensity in diabetics.
AB  - We compared heart rates at the anaerobic threshold (AT) with age-adjusted heart
      rates in two groups of diabetics (DMY, mean age 31; and DMO, mean age 48) to
      ascertain whether the AT is useful for evaluating the intensity of exercise
      therapy for diabetics. In both the DMY and DMO groups the AT was reached at lower
      heart rates than in control groups of healthy subjects, indicating that the
      metabolism of diabetics may become anaerobic if their age-adjusted heart rate is
      higher than their heart rate at the AT. In this study, 86% of the DMY and 50% of
      the DMO group had age-adjusted heart rates, at 70% of maximum, that were higher
      than the heart rates at the AT. Thus, exercise intensity with an age-adjusted
      heart rate at 70% of maximum may induce anaerobic metabolism in some diabetics.
      We also studied the relationship between exercise intensity and the glycosylated
      hemoglobin (HbA1c) level at the AT in order to understand why the heart rate at
      the AT in diabetics was less than in healthy subjects. Exercise intensity at the
      AT in both diabetic groups was less than in healthy groups, and so did not
      increase the heart rates. Both exercise intensity and the heart rate at the AT
      were inversely related to the HbA1c level, suggesting that HbA1c may be important
      for keeping low the exercise intensity and the heart rate at the AT. As far as
      possible, we excluded cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, so that it could not
      explain the mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298123
TI  - [Fistula formation between the coronary arteries and the pulmonary artery].

PMID- 2298122
TI  - [Treatment of idiopathic facial paralysis].

PMID- 2298124
TI  - [Pregnancy in Addison's disease].

PMID- 2298125
TI  - [Primary myelodysplastic syndrome. Prognostic factors and frequent appearance of
      monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathies].
AB  - Prognostic factors were obtained by retrospective analysis of data on 44 patients
      (34 men and ten women; average age 64 +/- 13 years) with a primary
      myelodysplastic syndrome. The most important factors for a poor prognosis were
      the presence of more than 5% blast cells in the bone marrow (P = 0.001), serum
      platelet count of less than 150,000/microliters (P = 0.05), serum white cell
      count less than 3000/microliters (not significant) and serum lactate
      dehydrogenase concentration greater than 240 U/l (P = 0.05). Protein
      electrophoresis revealed a polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia in 15 of 38
      patients; in eight of 17 patients with partly normal curve pattern at protein
      electrophoresis, a monoclonal gammopathy was demonstrated (monoclonal gradient
      3.5 g/dl) by immunoelectrophoresis or immunofixation. No prognostic significance
      could be established for these gammopathies.

PMID- 2298126
TI  - [Wilson's disease--critical deterioration under high-dose parenteral
      penicillamine therapy].
AB  - A 31-year-old man with Wilson's disease, not treated for the past 4 1/2 years,
      was admitted to hospital with brain concussion after a fall. While receiving
      penicillamine, 1 g i.v. four times daily, the neurological signs worsened and
      akinesia, mutism, tachy- and bradyarrhythmias, as well as transitory respiratory
      insufficiency developed. Serum copper concentration on the sixth day of treatment
      was markedly decreased to 28 micrograms/dl, rising to 60 micrograms/dl on the
      ninth day. 24-hour urinary copper excretion was at first 4500-5000 micrograms.
      Only after drastic reduction of the penicillamine dosage to 600 mg three times
      daily was there any improvement and after 11 weeks the patient was again able to
      walk and was discharged. Marked, mainly hepatic, copper depletion from the high
      penicillamine dosage was the likely cause of the patient's initial deterioration.
      To avoid cerebral complications penicillamine should be administered in gradually
      increasing doses.

PMID- 2298127
TI  - [Postinfectious myopathy. An important differential diagnosis in muscle pain].
AB  - Following a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract a 63-year-old woman
      developed a postinfectious myopathy with nonprogressive muscle weakness and
      diffuse muscle pain. Electromyography revealed typical changes of a myopathy with
      low-amplitude, splintered voluntary potentials and prematurely dense interference
      pattern, without additional abnormal spontaneous activity as a pointer to an
      acute inflammatory process. Muscle biopsy showed moderate focal atrophic and
      inflammatory changes but no perivascular inflammation. The clinical and
      biochemical tests were noncontributory and there was no evidence for collagen
      disease. No cortisone was given because of the minor degree of the postinfectious
      myopathy. The symptoms completely regressed within ten months.

PMID- 2298128
TI  - [Epidemiological studies of the frequency of the abuse of analgesics].
AB  - To assess the epidemiology of habitual use of analgesics in South-West Germany
      (i) urine specimens of employees of a factory, of patients seen by a general
      practitioner (GP) and of patients attending a renal clinic were examined for
      paracetamol; (ii) mucosa of the left renal pelvis was examined for the presence
      of capillary sclerosis as an index of habitual use of phenacetin or paracetamol
      in 258 consecutive autopsies; (iii) in a regional renal clinic, the frequency of
      analgesic nephropathy was determined amongst outpatients and amongst patients on
      hemodialysis. Paracetamol was found in the urine of 4.1% of factory employees, in
      3.5% of patients seen by a GP and in 2% of patients seen in the renal clinic.
      Capillary sclerosis was found in only one of 258 autopsies, in a patient dialysed
      for analgesic nephropathy. During the past two years, analgesic nephropathy was
      diagnosed in 3% of all patients seen for nephrological examination. Analgesic
      nephropathy was the cause of terminal renal failure in 15 of 166 patients (9.4%)
      on dialysis. The present study documents that habitual use of paracetamol-type
      analgesics continues in the general population despite the ban of phenacetin.

PMID- 2298129
TI  - [Long-term danazol therapy for hereditary angioedema].
AB  - Three patients with hereditary angio-oedema, two men of 19 and 35 years and a
      woman of 69 years, have been treated for 10 years with danazol, an androgen
      preparation with diminished androgenic effects. The 19-year-old man started
      taking it at the age of nine years and continued throughout puberty. Maintenance
      therapy with 200 mg twice a week, together with occasional booster doses of 200
      mg daily, started at the age of 16 years and given when required cut the
      frequency of attacks from one a week to roughly six a year and greatly reduced
      their severity. Sexual maturation was entirely normal. The 35-year-old man, who
      had previously had three severe attacks a week, became symptom-free on a dose of
      200 mg four or five times a week. During treatment he fathered a healthy child.
      The 69-year-old woman had had attacks every four weeks after the menopause, but
      obtained complete relief from a dose of 200 mg six times weekly. C1-Esterase
      inhibitor--originally depressed to around 30% of normal in all these patients-
      rose to about 50% during treatment. Endocrine, metabolic and toxic side-effects
      were minimal.

PMID- 2298130
TI  - [Hypersensitivity pneumonia caused by sulfonamides].
AB  - A 59-year-old man with Duhring's disease (herpetiform dermatitis) developed
      undulating fever and pulmonary infiltrates soon after sulfapyridine treatment was
      started. When the drug was discontinued, a positive provocation test
      unequivocally established the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonia. There was
      also a cross-reaction with sulfonyldianiline (dapsone). This case illustrates the
      need of considering a hypersensitivity reaction as the cause of fever and (or)
      pulmonary infiltration during sulphonamide administration.

PMID- 2298131
TI  - [Resting and exercise hemodynamics in essential arterial hypertension].
AB  - Various haemodynamic functions were studied in 70 patients (51 men and 19 women;
      mean age 53.0 +/- 7.0 years) with essential hypertension. The following
      parameters were measured, at rest and on exercise: systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure, heart rate, mean pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac output and
      peripheral vascular resistance. 15 normotensive subjects (11 men and four women;
      mean age 54.4 +/- 7.2 years) without significant cardiovascular disease served as
      controls. Resting peripheral vascular resistance (PAP) in the hypertensives was,
      at 1634.7 +/- 239.0 dyn/s.cm-5, higher by 41%, on exercise at 1029.4 +/- 105.9
      higher by 14%, than in the controls (at rest 1157.1 +/- 118.9 dyn/s.cm-5, on
      exercise 706.9 +/- 94.1 dyn/s.cm-5; P less than 0.0001). Cardiac output at rest
      was 9.6% lower, on exercise 8.0% lower than in the controls (neither change
      significant). Thus the increased peripheral vascular resistance was the sole
      cause of the increased blood pressure. Mean PAP, as a measure of left-ventricular
      filling pressure, in hypertensives was 14.7 +/- 3.9 mm Hg at rest, 34.9 +/- 7.8
      mm Hg on exercise, an increase of 14% and 40%, respectively, over the control
      values of 12.7 +/- 1.9 mm Hg at rest and 24.4 +/- 2.8 mm Hg on exercise (P less
      than 0.0001). The raised left-ventricular filling pressure is an indication of
      early hypertensive heart disease.

PMID- 2298132
TI  - [Bowmaker's disease: an occupational disease in the manufacture of bows for
      string instruments].
AB  - Inhalation of wood dust from the tropical tree Fernambouc (Caesalpinia echinata)
      in the manufacture of string bows can cause characteristic symptoms (bow-makers
      disease). To confirm this observation, 177 bow-makers, working in a village near
      Erlangen (Bavaria), the centre of this manufacture, filled in questionnaires. Of
      these 36 worked with Fernambouc, 141 with other types of wood. Twelve out of
      these 36 suffered from dyspnoea, cough, sneezing impulses, tearing and coryza,
      which would disappear quickly at weekends and during holidays. 14 of those
      working with other types of wood merely had sneezing, irritation of the mucosa, a
      few also cough, dyspnoea and tearing. Extracts of Fernambouc splinters were made
      for serological testing. However, neither experimental sensitization in animals
      nor skin tests in the twelve gave allergic reactions. A 51-year-old woman with
      long-standing bronchial asthma developed dyspnoea five minutes after an
      inhalative provocation test; a prick test brought about slight infiltration.
      Thus, no evidence of an allergic origin of symptoms from Fernambouc dust
      inhalation could be elicited.

PMID- 2298133
TI  - [Retractile mesenteritis. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects].
AB  - An 18-year-old boy, who had severe abdominal pain for 18 months associated with
      marked weight loss, was found to have a stenosed ileal sling on double-contrast
      radiology of the small intestine. At operation a plate-like tumour was extending
      from the pancreas to the aortic bifurcation. Histological examination of removed
      tissue revealed retractile mesenteritis (mesenteric panniculitis; liposclerotic
      mesenteritis). The symptoms regressed and the patient again gained weight under
      immunotherapy with 1 mg/kg of prednisone and 2 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide daily.
      Subsequently, under prednisone alone, there was a recurrence, which responded
      within five weeks to daily 60 mg prednisone and 125 mg cyclophosphamide. The
      patient remains symptom-free on 125 mg cyclophosphamide and 10 mg prednisone
      daily.

PMID- 2298134
TI  - [Enteral hyperoxalosis due to therapy with a somatostatin analog].
AB  - A 27-year-old woman with multiple bilobal liver metastases of a carcinoid tumour
      and carcinoid syndrome was treated with the somatostatin analogue Octreotide, 450
      600 micrograms daily subcutaneously. This improved previous attacks of marked
      epigastric pain, while endocrine activity and tumour mass remained unchanged.
      Shortly after treatment had begun, soft fatty stools and oxaluria were noted.
      After six months severe renal colics were found to be due to non-opaque caliceal
      calculi, and a contracted non-functioning gallbladder was discovered. The calculi
      consisted of oxalate. The enteric hyperoxalosis, oxaluria and urolithiasis were
      presumably side effects of the Octreotide treatment.

PMID- 2298136
TI  - Transplantation of fetal frontal cortex onto degenerating thalamus of cats and
      kittens.
AB  - Tissue from fetal frontal cortex survived after transplantation onto the surface
      of the left thalamus in 2 kittens and 2 adult cats which 7 days previously had
      sustained a left cerebral hemispherectomy. There were nerve fiber connections
      with host tissue (WGA-HRP, Loyez myelin stain) only in the neonatal animals. The
      grafts contained surviving neurons in all but in one adult cat which survived 301
      days. The grafts had little effects on the retrograde ventral thalamic
      degeneration typically seen following hemispherectomy. However, the dorsal
      lateral geniculate nucleus adjacent to the transplants showed reduced neuronal
      loss and gliosis compared to controls. Magnetic resonance imaging was
      successfully used to visualize the grafts in vivo and suggested a decrease in
      size as well as changes in composition for a graft systematically followed for
      120 days posttransplantation. Cytochrome oxidase histochemistry indicated
      sustained metabolic activity in transplants containing surviving neurons. This
      study introduces the cat as a useful model for brain tissue transplantation in a
      classical, myelinated sensorimotor system.

PMID- 2298135
TI  - [Indication for surgery in the variant courses of the extracranial A. carotis
      interna?].

PMID- 2298137
TI  - [Reciprocal differences in the susceptibility to induction by ortho
      aminoazotoluene of liver and vascular tumors in A/HeJ and CC67BR/Mv mice].
AB  - When administered subcutaneously, ortho-aminoazotoluene induces predominantly
      liver tumours in A/HeJ mice but vascular tumours (located mainly in the
      interscapular brown fat pads) in CC57BR/Mv mice. Liver tumours are more frequent
      in females, while vascular tumours--in males. Under crossing, the susceptibility
      to induction of the both types of tumours in male F1 hybrids is inherited
      intermediately, whereas in females the resistance to induction of vascular
      tumours predominates.

PMID- 2298138
TI  - [Effects of tumor promoters and related compounds on electric relations between
      giant cells of the salivary glands of Chironomus tentans larvae].
AB  - The action of 15 chemicals, being tumor-promoters and/or inhibitors of cell-to
      cell communications in vitro upon electric relations between giant cells of
      salivary gland of the Chironomus tentans larvae are studied. It is shown that out
      of 11 compounds disturbing the intercellular contacts in this model, 10 chemicals
      are tumour-promoters (Aroclor 1254, butylated hydroxytoluene,
      di(ethylhexyl)phthalate, DDT, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, oleic acid,
      anthralin, iodine-acetate, tween-80) and 1 compound (oleoyl-acetyl-glycerol) is
      not studied for the promoting activity. At the same time, two other tumor
      promoters (phenobarbital and TPA) as well as two nontumor-promoters (phorbol and
      chlorpromazine) do not influence the electric relations. The possibilities of
      using the developed test-system for the screening of the tumour-promoters are
      discussed.

PMID- 2298139
TI  - [Ultrastructural features of erythropoiesis disorder in Rauscher virus leukemia].
AB  - The population of leukemic cells (beginning from the precursor cells) has been
      identified by electron-microscopy methods. Ultrastructural changes typical of the
      erythropoiesis alteration are determined. Peculiarities in the formation of a
      leukemic cells population in different hemopoietic organs and changes in
      erythroid islands (the main morphofunctional unit of erythropoiesis) are
      revealed. Data obtained show the significant disturbances in differentiation of
      erythroid cells in the virus leukoses and are very important form the further
      study of the leukemogenesis mechanisms.

PMID- 2298140
TI  - [Initial morphological manifestations in experimental neuroleukemia].
AB  - The results of the study of primary morphological manifestation of neuroleukemia
      (MMN) by mice with transplanting leukemia strains L 1210, P-388, L 5178Y, and are
      presented. It is determined that the MMN development degree depends on the
      leukemia cells dissemination amplitude after their transplantation and, in
      particular, on the degree of the bone-marrow affection, from which the leukemia
      cells grow into the dura mater encephali and epidural fat of the vertebral canal
      from the side of skull bones and vertebral canal. The analogous dependence is
      assumed to be present in a man and, therefore, there appears the possibility of
      using it for the neuroleukemia development frequency prognosing.

PMID- 2298141
TI  - [Morphological changes in fetal small intestine and pancreas implanted in Fisher
      and August rats].
AB  - Fragments of fetal small intestine of Fischer rats aged 16-20 days were implanted
      to rats aged 3 months of the same Fischer strain (syngeneic implantation). The
      morphological changes in the implants were investigated. It has been shown that
      serious modifications of the implant including the neoplasm formation are
      possible during the evolution process. After syngeneic implantation of fetal
      pancreas to Fischer and August rats under identical conditions no malignization
      of the implants was observed.

PMID- 2298142
TI  - [Modifying effects of recombinant tumor necrosis factor on the metastatic
      potential of tumor cells].
AB  - Cells of the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL), B16 melanoma and Ehrlich carcinoma pre
      treated in vitro by a recombinant tumour necrosis factor (rTNF) were studied for
      their spontaneous and experimental metastatic spreading. The rTNF (1000 u/ml) was
      determined to stimulate a metastatic potential of the Lewis carcinoma cells after
      their treatment with the factor for 6 h and, vice versa, to inhibit it after 96 h
      prolonged treatment. The efficacy of the stimulating effect of rTNF on a
      metastatic spreading depends on the peculiarities of the studied cells.

PMID- 2298143
TI  - [Effects of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal
      system and thyroid function in mice with Lewis lung carcinoma].
AB  - It has been determined that prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha being exogenously
      inoculated during the premetastatic period to mice with metastatic Lewis lung
      carcinoma in equal degree activate neurocytes of supraoptic and paraventricular
      hypothalamus nuclei, playing the important role in secretion of peptidergic
      hypophysial adrenal gland complex, but they exert unequal influence on pituitary
      body, adrenal cortex and thyroid apparatus. F2 alpha stimulates the pituitary
      body corticotrophic function, secretory function of spongiocytes and thyrocytes,
      identifies the thyroxin and triiodothyronine utilization, E2, on the contrary,
      does not influence these indices or reduces them. Obviously, the mentioned above
      differences between E2 and F2 alpha may be explained by their different
      influences on antimetastatic resistance.

PMID- 2298144
TI  - [Elastase activity during growth and metastasis of tumors andthe pharmacological
      effects in C57Bl/6 mice].
AB  - The elastase activity in malignant tumour tissues and lungs of C57B1/6 mice has
      been studied under growth and metastatic spreading of tumours and under some
      pharmacological influences (tryelin, cyclophosphamide). The highest elastase
      activity was revealed in mice with carcinoma 3LL, especially in the period of
      formation and appearance of metastases. Tryelin alone and in combination with
      cyclophosphamide reduces the elastase activity and inhibits the process of
      metastatic spreading in lungs.

PMID- 2298146
TI  - [Familial cases of lymphogranulomatosis].
AB  - Among patients with Hodgkin's disease 30 cases of the family disease were
      revealed during 1972-1988. The occurrence of family pairs of patients with
      Hodgkin's disease suggests a heritable anomaly or inheritance of a gene
      predisposing for this disease. In cases of contacts with second degree relatives
      and children from a single family, one cannot exclude a role of environmental
      factors and a concurrent transfer of the infectious factor. However, cases of
      family Hodgkin's disease might be due to a pure coincidence.

PMID- 2298145
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies IGR to surface antigens of neutrophilic granulocytes in
      human blood].
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from series IGR to human peripheral blood
      neutrophilic granulocyte cell surface antigens were obtained by the conventional
      hybridoma technique. Specificity of MAbs AGR was determined to various leukemic
      cell lines and human peripheral blood cells. Overlapping in characteristics of
      antigens (molecular weight, localization, expression on induced leukemic cell
      line HL-60) to MAbs IGR-1 4C7, IGR-1 5B6 and IGR-2 IA6 suggests their identity.
      These, apparently, cannot be analogous to the well known granulocyte cell surface
      glycoproteins LFA-1, CR-3, p150, 95 or GP 130. The characteristics of MAbs IGR-1
      and IGR-2 permit concluding that the antibodies should be useful in normal and
      leukemic myelomonocytic cell linear differentiation studies.

PMID- 2298147
TI  - [Effects of cortiphen on human tumor strains transplanted into athymic mice and
      rats].
AB  - The antitumour activity of cortiphen synthesized at the All-Union Cancer Research
      Centre of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences was studied on human tumour
      strains transplanted into nude mice and rats. Cortiphen was found to possess an
      expressed activity to kidney cancer, cancer of corpus uteri, chorionepithelioma,
      fibrosarcoma. Two strains of colon adenocarcinoma out of three have displayed an
      expressed sensitivity to cortiphen, while melanoma and Jewing sarcoma strains
      proved to be weakly sensitive to the preparation.

PMID- 2298148
TI  - [Effects of cortiphen and cyclophosphamide in uterine sarcoma induced primarily
      by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and estradiol dipropionate in CBA mice].
AB  - Cortiphen and cyclophosphamide were studied for their effect on the mixed uterus
      sarcoma induced primarily by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and oestradiol-dipropionate in
      CBA mice and its transplants. Their inhibitory action on the growth of these
      tumours is established.

PMID- 2298149
TI  - [14Co-dimetinur distribution in mice in relation to the stage of the development
      of tumor process].
AB  - Pharmacokinetics of the antitumour agent 14CO-dimetinur (100 mg/kg) after oral
      administration to the intact mice and those with solid leukemia P 388 is
      characterized by its rapid delivery to organs and tumours with the achievement of
      maximum radioactivity 5 hours later and the further gradually decline during 4
      days. The increased accumulation of the 14CO-products in kidneys and their
      retarded output from the brain and lungs against a background of the relatively
      equal distribution of radioactivity between other tested organs have been
      established. The same level of carbamoylated products in large tumours (the 16th
      day after leukemia transplantation) as well as in small tumours (the 9th day
      after inoculation) is in agreement with the conservation of the initial marked
      inhibitory effect of the drug against advanced tumours.

PMID- 2298150
TI  - [Effects of light-activated hematoporphyrin derivative on nucleotides and
      experimental tumors].
AB  - The data on the photodamage of biomolecules and experimental tumours by a
      hematoporphyrin derivative activated with laser radiation are presented.
      Inhibition of the tumour growth and prolongation of the life-span of treated
      tumour-bearing animals are observed.

PMID- 2298151
TI  - [2 artifacts in the assessment of the degree of tissue heating during
      electromagnetic hyperthermia].
AB  - It is shown that the use of the thermoprobes galvanically coupled with connecting
      wires at SHF hyperthermia leads to a high error in temperature definition, and
      the HF band choice for inductothermia is followed by parasitic heating of tissue
      by electric field which is stronger than that of the magnetic field and is
      originally uneven.

PMID- 2298152
TI  - Oxytocin is the major prolactin releasing factor in the posterior pituitary.
AB  - Although the posterior pituitary is known to contain the PRL releasing activity
      or factor (PRF), its chemical identification has been a matter of dispute. In the
      present study, we purified PRF in porcine posterior pituitary extracts to
      chemically determine the primary structure. PRF activity was assessed during
      purification by the release of immunoreactive PRL from superfused rat pituitary
      cells. Two hundred seventy porcine posterior pituitaries were boiled,
      homogenized, and extracted with 2 M acetic acid. The acid extract was
      precipitated with 67% acetone, and the supernatant was absorbed onto a C18
      column. The column was eluted step-wise with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60%
      acetonitrile (CH3CN) in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The greatest PRF
      activity was recovered in the 30% CH3CN/0.1% TFA fraction and was further
      purified by ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex, followed by gel
      filtration on Sephadex G-50. The Sephadex G-50 fractions with major PRF activity
      were finally purified by two cycles of reverse phase HPLC, yielding a single peak
      of PRF. Amino acid, as well as sequence analyses, indicated that the highly
      purified PRF was oxytocin. Authentic oxytocin showed the same chromatographic
      behavior and biological activity as those of the isolated peptide. In another
      experiment, desalted crude extracts of rat and porcine posterior pituitary
      tissues were directly chromatographed by reverse phase HPLC, and each fraction
      was assayed for PRF activity. Only two areas showed PRF activity; the largest
      activity coeluted with oxytocin and the smaller one co-eluted with vasopressin.
      The fractions which coeluted with oxytocin also showed oxytocin immunoreactivity,
      as examined by RIA. The results clearly indicated that the major PRF in these
      posterior pituitary extracts was oxytocin.

PMID- 2298153
TI  - Effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha on bone formation and resorption in cultured
      neonatal mouse calvariae: role of prostaglandin E2 production.
AB  - Although most studies show that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most potent and
      effective of the prostanoids in bone, recent data in cell culture suggest that
      PGF2 alpha may have unique effects, particularly on cell replication. The present
      study was undertaken to compare the effects of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 in cultured
      neonatal mouse parietal bones by simultaneous measurement of bone resorption as
      release of previously incorporated 45Ca, bone formation as incorporation of
      [3H]proline into collagenase-digestible (CDP) and noncollagen protein, and DNA
      synthesis as incorporation of [3H]thymidine. PGF2 alpha was less effective than
      PGE2 as a stimulator of bone resorption, and its effects were partially inhibited
      by indomethacin and markedly inhibited by glucocorticoids. In contrast, the
      resorptive response to PGE2 was unaffected by indomethacin and only partially
      inhibited by cortisol. PGF2 alpha had little effect on bone formation, in
      contrast to the biphasic effect of PGE2, which inhibited labeling of CDP in the
      absence of cortisol and stimulated CDP labeling in the presence of cortisol. PGF2
      alpha increased thymidine incorporation into DNA, but the effect was smaller than
      that of PGE2 and was inhibited by indomethacin. These observations suggested that
      PGF2 alpha might act in part by stimulating PGE2 production. By RIA, PGE2
      concentrations were increased in the medium of bones treated with PGF2 alpha, and
      this increase was blocked by indomethacin. By HPLC, bones prelabeled with
      [3H]arachidonic acid showed an increase in labeled PGE2 release, and RIA showed
      an increase in PGE2 after PGF2 alpha treatment. These results indicate that PGF2
      alpha is a relatively weak agonist in bone compared to PGE2 and that some of the
      effects of PGF2 alpha on bone resorption, formation, and cell replication may be
      mediated by an increase in endogenous PGE2 production.

PMID- 2298154
TI  - Developmental changes in estrogen receptors in mouse cerebral cortex between
      birth and postweaning: studied by autoradiography with 11 beta-methoxy-16 alpha
      [125I]iodoestradiol.
AB  - The presence of estrogen receptor cells in postnatal cerebral cortex and their
      topographical and numerical changes between birth and postweaning were examined.
      On postnatal days 0, 2, 8, 12, 18, and 25, six mice (three males and three
      females) were injected sc with 0.25 microgram/100 g BW 11 beta-methoxy-16 alpha
      [125I]iodoestradiol [( 125I]MIE2). Two additional males on postnatal day 2 were
      each sc injected with 250 micrograms/100 g BW 17 beta-estradiol 1 h before
      radiolabeled ligand to establish the specificity of nuclear label. Two hours
      after the injection of [125I]MIE2 brains were frozen, and 4-microns sections were
      thaw-mounted and processed for autoradiography. Autoradiograms were exposed for 1
      45 days, and cortical cells with nuclear uptake and retention of [125I]MIE2 were
      evaluated at the levels of the frontal pole, preoptic area, and central and
      posterior hypothalamus. At birth, cells with nuclear label were found
      predominantly in deep cortical layers. Between birth and postnatal day 2, the
      number of labeled cells increased in deep and intermediate laminae and first
      appeared in certain superficial regions. By day 8, labeled cells were
      concentrated in laminae II-VI of the cingulate/paracingulate and suprarhinal
      cortex. On day 12, labeling in laminae V and VI declined to a few cells, while a
      concentration of labeled cells remained in laminae II and III of the
      cingulate/paracingulate and suprarhinal regions. With subsequent development, an
      attenuation in labeling at all cortical levels was observed. By day 25, a small
      cluster of labeled cells remained in lamina II and III of the anterior cingulate,
      paracingulate, and suprarhinal regions, with additional labeled cells scattered
      throughout the remaining cortex. Competition with unlabeled 17 beta-estradiol
      reduced nuclear concentration of ligand in all cortical layers and demonstrated
      the specificity of [125I]MIE2 for the estrogen receptor. These results show the
      extensive presence of estrogen target cells in the early postnatal cortex and a
      profound change in topography and number of target cells during the postnatal
      period. These findings further suggest an important role for estrogen in the
      development of certain cortical neurons, possibly involving neuronal
      differentiation, cell positioning, and connectivity.

PMID- 2298155
TI  - Regulation and localization of estrogen and progestin receptors in the pituitary
      of steroid-treated monkeys.
AB  - PRL increases during pregnancy in primates with rising levels of placental
      estradiol (E) and progesterone (P). However, while E will increase PRL secretion
      in monkey pituitary cell cultures, P has no effect. We recently localized
      progestin receptors (PR) to gonadotropes, but not lactotropes, with an
      immunocytochemical technique to double stain monkey pituitary cell cultures. The
      following studies were performed to confirm the immunocytochemical localization
      of PR in intact pituitary tissue and to determine the effect of E and P on the
      levels of estrogen receptors (ER) and PR in the pituitary. ER and PR levels were
      determined in the endometrium of the same animals for an internal comparison.
      Thirteen adult cycling female cynomolgus monkeys were ovariectomized and treated
      for 28 days with 1) an empty Silastic capsule (Spay), 2) a 2-cm E-filled capsule
      (E), or 3) a 2-cm E-filled capsule for 14 days plus a 6-cm P-filled capsule
      implanted for an additional 14 days (E + P). Blood samples were drawn daily for
      assay of serum E, P, and PRL levels. Serum PRL was not significantly affected by
      E, but the sequential addition of P significantly increased serum PRL levels over
      those observed in Spray animals. The anterior pituitary and endometrium were
      removed for measurement of ER and PR levels by a sucrose gradient shift assay
      incorporating monoclonal antibodies against ER and PR. Pituitary ER levels did
      not vary significantly with steroid treatment (158.2 +/- 33.6, 135.5 +/- 24.9,
      104.3 +/- 13.4 fmol/mg DNA in Spay, E, and E + P animals, respectively).
      Pituitary PR levels were undetectable in Spay animals, were induced by E (393.3
      +/- 53.4 fmol/mg DNA), and were suppressed to undetectable levels by the addition
      of P. A portion of the pituitary was frozen for immunocytochemical single
      staining for ER, PR, PRL, and LH and double staining for PRL + PR and LH + PR. ER
      staining was observed in many parenchymal cells, but there was no apparent change
      with steroid treatment. PR staining was absent in the Spay animals; many PR
      positive cells were observed in E-treated females, and only a small number of
      faintly staining cells were detected in the E + P animals. Double staining for
      PRL + PR and LH + PR revealed PR in gonadotropes, but not lactotropes. In
      conclusion, PR, but not ER, are regulated by E and P in the monkey pituitary.
      Importantly, PR is regulated within gonadotropes, but not lactotropes. Therefore,
      P probably increases PRL secretion through a hypothalamic action.

PMID- 2298156
TI  - Oxytocin in the ovine ductuli efferentes and caput epididymidis:
      immunolocalization and endocytosis from the luminal fluid.
AB  - The presence, possible biosynthesis, and uptake of oxytocin from luminal fluid in
      the ductuli efferentes and caput epididymidis of the ram were studied. Specific
      immunostaining for oxytocin, but not neurophysin, was observed in the ductuli
      efferentes as well as caput epididymidis. This indicates the presence, but not
      production, of oxytocin in epithelial cells of these ducts. Staining was
      predominantly present in the epithelium, especially in the middle lobules of the
      ductuli efferentes and initial segment of the epididymis. Endocytosis of oxytocin
      was studied by electron microscopy after intraluminal microinjections of oxytocin
      conjugated to colloidal gold (8-10 nm), a 20-fold excess of oxytocin followed by
      oxytocin-gold, or plain colloidal gold into the ductuli efferentes and four
      successive regions of the caput epididymidis. Specific uptake by a receptor
      mediated process was evidenced by the presence of more gold particles within
      epithelial cells after oxytocin-gold injections than after control injections.
      The quantity of oxytocin-gold endocytosed was 3.7-fold greater in the ductuli
      efferentes than in the initial segment of the epididymis. Within the caput
      epididymidis, more oxytocin-gold was endocytosed in the initial segment and
      proximal caput epididymidis than in two distal regions. We conclude that
      localization of oxytocin in epithelia of the excurrent ducts is a consequence of
      endocytosis (predominantly receptor mediated) of luminal oxytocin entering in
      rete testis fluid; however, uptake of blood-borne oxytocin cannot be excluded.
      Although oxytocin may have a role in sperm transport via action on smooth muscle
      in the ductal wall, the regional pattern of endocytosis of oxytocin is suggestive
      of a role for oxytocin in epithelial function in the ductuli efferentes and
      proximal portions of the caput epididymidis.

PMID- 2298157
TI  - Testosterone at high concentrations interacts with the human androgen receptor
      similarly to dihydrotestosterone.
AB  - Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are believed to exert their androgenic
      effects by interacting with a single intracellular receptor protein in androgen
      target tissues. During fetal life, however, testosterone mediates the
      virilization of the Wolffian ducts into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal
      vesicles, whereas the urogenital sinus and external genitalia require the in situ
      conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone to undergo male development.
      The reason why the signal provided by testosterone needs to be amplified in some
      androgen target tissues but not in others remains an enigma. To provide insight
      into the different actions of these androgens we studied their interaction with
      the human androgen receptor in fibroblasts cultured from the genital skin of a
      patient with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency. Dihydrotestosterone was formed in
      negligible amounts in these cells, and in some experiments the residual 5 alpha
      reductase activity was further blocked with the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor
      finasteride. Saturation analysis in fibroblast monolayers disclosed similar
      amounts of binding with testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, and the affinity of
      binding of dihydrotestosterone was, on the average, about 2-fold greater than
      that of testosterone. [3H]Testosterone also exhibited a 5-fold faster
      dissociation rate from the receptor than [3H]dihydrotestosterone. In
      thermolability experiments the [3H]testosterone-receptor complex displayed marked
      instability at 42 C with 2 nM [3H] testosterone, whereas with 20 nM
      [3H]testosterone, receptor stability was similar to that seen with
      [3H]dihydrotestosterone. In up-regulation experiments, 2 nM [3H]testosterone
      produced a 34% increase in specific androgen receptor binding after 24 h, whereas
      20 nM [3H]testosterone produced an average increase of 64%. Our results suggest
      that the weaker androgenic potency of testosterone compared to that of
      dihydrotestosterone resides in its weaker interaction with the androgen receptor,
      most clearly demonstrable as an increase in the dissociation rate of testosterone
      from the receptor. When present in relatively high concentrations, however,
      testosterone overcomes this defect by mass action.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2298158
TI  - Casein accumulation in mouse mammary epithelial cells after growth stimulated by
      different hormonal and nonhormonal agents.
AB  - Mammary epithelial cells obtained from virgin mice were cultured in collagen gel
      with linoleic acid-containing serum-free growth medium supplemented with hormonal
      (PRL and progesterone, epidermal growth factor, somatomedin-C) or nonhormonal
      (lithium ion, phosphatidic acid containing phospholipid liposomes) growth
      stimulating agents. The phenotypes of the resulting progeny cells were compared
      by examining the ultrastructure, immunohistochemical staining for luminal
      epithelial and myoepithelial cells and casein, and assessing the quantity of
      biochemically detectable alpha- and beta-casein. Although there are some
      differences in ultrastructure and immunostaining in the progeny cell populations
      induced by different growth-promoting agents, all the cultures were able to
      accumulate alpha- and beta-casein on subsequent stimulation by PRL and linoleic
      acid in the second phase of culture. Since, in vivo, luminal epithelial cells of
      the mammary gland are the only cell type capable of synthesizing milk products,
      these results indicate that all the different growth stimulants, hormonal and
      nonhormonal, result in the predominant proliferation of luminal-type epithelial
      cells. These results have important implications for studies of the mechanism of
      growth control in and transformation of mammary epithelial cells.

PMID- 2298159
TI  - Comparison of the luteinizing hormone-sensitive adenylyl cyclase of the pig
      ovarian follicle and corpus luteum and its susceptibility to in vitro hormone
      dependent desensitization.
AB  - The hormone responsiveness of the adenylyl cyclase of pig ovarian follicles or
      corpora lutea was examined. Adenylyl cyclase activity was assayed in 10,000 x g
      membrane fractions that had been prepared with or without (control) a urea
      extraction. In control luteal membranes there was little stimulation (less than 2
      fold) or adenylyl cyclase by saturating ovine (o) LH, hCG, or (-)isoproterenol in
      the absence or presence of 10 microM GTP. However, in urea-treated luteal
      membranes, a 2- to 3-fold stimulation of adenylyl cyclase was caused by
      saturating oLH or hCG, and a 4- to 5-fold stimulation by (-)isoproterenol; the
      marked stimulation by the gonadotropins was only observed if 10 microM GTP was
      added. In follicular membranes, a 3- to 4-fold stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by
      gonadotropins was observed regardless of whether GTP was added or the membranes
      had been urea extracted. Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by (-)isoproterenol was
      always less than 2-fold in follicular membranes. The binding affinity for
      [125I]hCG was similar in control follicular and luteal membranes, but there were
      approximately 10-fold more [125I]hCG-binding sites in follicular compared with
      luteal membranes. The binding affinities and number of receptor sites were not
      significantly changed by urea treatment. The ED50 values for hCG or (
      )isoproterenol were the same in follicular and luteal membranes and were
      uneffected by the addition of 10 microM GTP, but the ED50 for oLH was 3-fold
      lower in follicular than in luteal membranes. GTP caused a dose-dependent
      increase in adenylyl cyclase activity in luteal and follicular membranes, and
      both tissues had the same ED50. A saturating hormone concentration resulted in an
      approximately 2-fold decrease in the ED50 for GTP. In vitro hCG-induced
      desensitization of the hCG-responsive adenylyl cyclase was 31% in follicular
      membranes, but only 11-15% in luteal membranes. Hormone-induced desensitization
      was not increased in incubations of luteal homogenate or membranes plus cytosol.
      These results establish the existence of a LH/hCG-sensitive adenylyl cyclase in
      the pig corpus luteum and indicate that the G-protein and catalytic moieties of
      the follicular and luteal adenylyl cyclase complex are functionally the same, but
      some difference exists in the way the LH/hCG-receptor in the two tissues
      interacts with the G-protein/catalytic complex.

PMID- 2298160
TI  - Effect of ovarian steroids on a nocturnal surge of prolactin secretion that
      precedes parturition in the rat.
AB  - PRL secretion in several physiological and experimental conditions, including
      early pregnancy, is linked to the daily photoperiod. The aim of this study was to
      examine the antepartum increase in PRL secretion for evidence of a circadian
      pattern of release, as seen during early pregnancy. During the last 3 days of
      pregnancy blood samples were taken six times daily by means of previously
      implanted jugular cannulae. Plasma PRL concentrations were then measured by RIA.
      PRL levels were less than 10 ng/ml in all animals on day 19 of pregnancy, but
      during the light period of day 20 there was an increase to an average of 30 +/-
      10 ng/ml, with no evidence of a peak related to the time of day. However, in the
      dark period between days 20 and 21 there was a large surge of PRL secretion which
      reached peak levels of 356 +/- 39 ng/ml at 0500 h on day 21, then returned to 48
      +/- 20 ng/ml at 1200 h, around the time of parturition. The peak always occurred
      at 0500 h and was not related to the time of parturition which ranged from 1000
      2200 h on day 21. Bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) on day 19 advanced the time of
      delivery by approximately 12 h. In seven of nine animals, no surge of PRL
      secretion was observed during the dark period preceding parturition. Estradiol
      treatment after OVX on day 19 (OVX+E) advanced the time of delivery by approx 18
      h. An antepartum PRL surge was present and was advanced by 24 h in all OVX+E
      animals, peaking at 0300 h on day 20. Progesterone treatment from day 18 to 21 in
      intact pregnant animals delayed parturition by approximately 18 h and prevented
      PRL secretion during the period of treatment. After progesterone treatment was
      stopped, a nocturnal surge of PRL secretion occurred, peaking at 0500 h on day
      22, 24 h after the surge in normal animals. The results suggest that the
      increased PRL secretion during late pregnancy is linked to the daily photoperiod
      and is characterized by a nocturnal surge in the dark period preceding
      parturition. This surge is inhibited by progesterone, and it can be advanced 24 h
      by estradiol treatment in the absence of the ovaries.

PMID- 2298161
TI  - Sexual differentiation of the mechanism controlling pulsatile secretion of
      luteinizing hormone contributes to sexual differences in the timing of puberty in
      sheep.
AB  - Sexual differences in the regulation of tonic luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion
      were examined in immature female and male sheep (eight each, including six pairs
      of female/male twins). After gonadectomy of lambs at 2 weeks of age, Silastic
      capsules filled with estradiol, a primary central feedback steroid in both
      females and males, were implanted every 3 weeks for 3 days, and then removed, so
      that the pattern of LH secretion could be repeatedly determined in the same
      individuals both with and without steroid feedback. Implanted capsules yielded
      circulating steroid levels of 2-5 pg/ml. Circulating LH concentrations were
      determined by radioimmunoassay in blood samples collected at 12-min intervals for
      4 h immediately before estradiol was implanted, and again, immediately before it
      was removed 3 days later. In male lambs, a decrease in responsiveness of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary axis to inhibition by estradiol began at 8-11 weeks, as
      evidenced by the progressive increase in mean LH concentrations and frequency of
      LH pulses. This correlated temporally with the onset of spermatogenesis in intact
      male controls (n = 8). In females, a similar decrease in responsiveness did not
      occur until 26-29 weeks of age, corresponding to the onset of ovulatory cycles in
      intact female controls (n = 6). In the absence of estradiol implants, LH pulse
      frequencies were higher in male lambs than in female lambs between 5 and 35 weeks
      of age. There was no further increase in LH pulse frequency in the absence of the
      gonads in either sex during the pubertal period. These findings suggest that the
      mechanism regulating tonic LH secretion in developing lambs is sexually
      differentiated in its responsiveness to inhibition by estradiol. This
      differentiation also occurs at a more fundamental steroid-independent level, but
      any causal relationship between the higher steroid-independent LH pulse frequency
      and the lower responsiveness to estradiol negative feedback in males is not
      evident. We hypothesize that these sexual differences in the regulation of tonic
      LH underlie the difference in the timing of puberty in male and female lambs.

PMID- 2298162
TI  - Cholinergic stimulation, through muscarinic receptors, of oxytocin and
      progesterone secretion from bovine granulosa cells undergoing spontaneous
      luteinization in serum-free culture.
AB  - Bovine granulosa cells were cultured in a defined serum-free system to examine
      their responsiveness to acetylcholine (ACh). Continuous exposure to
      concentrations of ACh between 10(-8)-10(-4) M resulted in dose-dependent
      increases (up to 6.7-fold) in the secretion of oxytocin and progesterone, with an
      ED50 of 6.6 microM. Ascorbic acid (0.5 mM), a known stimulator of granulosa
      secretion, synergized with ACh, resulting in an increase in the amounts of
      hormone secreted and a 7-fold increase in cellular sensitivity to ACh (ED50 =
      approximately 0.9 microM). Treatment of cells with ACh for 24 h at various times
      during a typical 5-day culture resulted in a stimulation that persisted for up to
      4 days after removal of ACh. Carbachol (10(-8)-10(-4) M), a receptor antagonist
      with both antimuscarinic and antinicotinic actions, had no distinct effect on
      hormone secretion by the cells, but the effects of 10(-5) M ACh could be
      completely abolished by equimolar or hypomolar concentrations of the specific
      muscarinic receptor antagonists atropine and scopolamine. Nicotine bitratrate
      (10(-8)-10(4) M), a dose-dependent nicotinic receptor agonist/antagonist, had no
      effect on the cells. It is concluded that bovine granulosa cells, exhibiting a
      luteinized phenotype in culture, are responsive to cholinergic agonists in a
      specific and saturable manner. The response of the cells is probably mediated
      through muscarinic receptors and has both medium and long term (persistent)
      components. These results indicate that cholinergic neurotransmitters may play a
      direct role in the regulation of ovarian function in the ruminant.

PMID- 2298164
TI  - Effects of congenital hypothyroidism on microtubule-associated protein-2
      expression in the cerebellum of the rat.
AB  - In view of the defective neurotubule assembly observed in congenital
      hypothyroidism and the striking morphological abnormalities of the cerebellum in
      this condition, we have investigated the expression of microtubule-associated
      protein-2 (MAP2) in the cerebellum of rats with congenital hypothyroidism.
      Analysis included the measurement of immunoreactive MAP2 and its mRNA. In
      addition, the intracellular distribution of MAP2 was studied by immunostaining of
      the appropriate histological preparations. The results showed that the
      developmental increase in MAP2 is delayed in congenital hypothyroidism, but
      eventually the concentration of this protein reached normal levels in animals
      with this condition, even if untreated. These abnormalities in the immunoreactive
      protein are not paralleled by abnormalities in the abundance of MAP2 mRNA, which
      was not affected by the thyroid status of the animals. In spite of the
      normalization of the content of the protein, the distribution of MAP2 in the
      Purkinje cells of hypothyroid rats remained abnormal. Whereas in euthyroid rats
      the protein rapidly migrated into the dendrites, in the Purkinje cells of
      hypothyroid pups, MAP2 remained largely confined to the body and the most
      proximal part of the dendrites. These results suggest that thyroid hormone
      affects the expression of MAP2 at translation or posttranslational levels. The
      abnormality in distribution may result from some posttranslational abnormality of
      the protein itself or some underlying defect in the function of the neurons.
      These observations are probably relevant to the abnormalities in cerebellar
      function seen in animals and humans with untreated congenital hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2298165
TI  - Animal rights and the inertia of the scientific community.

PMID- 2298163
TI  - Hypophysectomy eliminates and growth hormone (GH) maintains the midpregnancy
      elevation in GH receptor and serum binding protein in the mouse.
AB  - [125I]Iodomouse GH [( 125I]iodo-mGH) binding to samples of serum and hepatic
      microsomal membranes was measured in hypophysectomized pregnant, sham-operated
      pregnant, intact pregnant, and intact adult virgin mice. Surgeries were carried
      out on day 11 of pregnancy, and the animals were killed on day 14. The binding of
      mGH to both serum and hepatic microsomal membranes of intact virgin mice was much
      lower than to those of intact pregnant mice. In hypophysectomized mice, the mGH
      binding capacity of both serum and hepatic microsomes decreased to values similar
      to those of nonpregnant mice. No significant differences were observed between
      intact and sham-operated pregnant animals in the maternal serum mGH
      concentration, the serum GH-binding protein concentration, or the hepatic GH
      receptor concentration. GH receptor and binding protein-encoding mRNAs were also
      higher in intact and sham-operated pregnant mice than in virgin and
      hypophysectomized mice. Hypophysectomized mice were treated with 200
      micrograms/day bovine GH, administered by osmotic minipump; after 3 days of
      treatment, a significant elevation of hepatic GH receptor and serum GH-binding
      protein levels was observed. These results demonstrate an up-regulation of
      hepatic GH receptors and serum GH-binding protein by GH during pregnancy in the
      mouse.

PMID- 2298166
TI  - Differential regulation of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator
      inhibitor by osteotropic factors in primary cultures of mature osteoblasts and
      osteoblast precursors.
AB  - Plasminogen activators (PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAI) have been
      implicated in the process of extracellular matrix degradation. To study their
      role in bone matrix turnover, we examined the activity and regulation of PA and
      PAI in cultures of periosteal osteoblast-like precursor cells and mature
      osteoblast-like cells from fetal rat calvariae. Both cell populations released PA
      activity of the tissue type and a 50K PAI species into the culture medium.
      However, mature osteoblasts had a strikingly lower PA activity and higher PAI
      activity than periosteal precursor cells, indicating that osteoblast
      differentiation is associated with a marked decrease in the PA/PAI ratio. PTH and
      prostaglandin E2 transiently increased PA activity and decreased PAI activity. In
      contrast, transforming growth factor-beta decreased PA activity and increased PAI
      activity. Differential effects of these factors on PA and PAI activity may be
      involved in the regulation of extracellular matrix deposition by osteoblasts.

PMID- 2298167
TI  - Depletion of serum growth hormone in adult female rats by neonatal monosodium
      glutamate treatment without loss of female-specific hepatic enzymes P450 2d
      (IIC12) and steroid 5 alpha-reductase.
AB  - The sexually dimorphic profiles of pituitary GH secretion play a key role in
      regulating the expression of several sex-dependent and developmentally controlled
      P-450 enzymes in rat liver. Current models for P-450 regulation by GH, however,
      are primarily based on hypophysectomy and GH replacement experiments. The present
      study examines the effects on hepatic P-450 expression of neonatal injections of
      monosodium glutamate (MSG), which allows for the nonsurgical suppression of adult
      GH levels. Furthermore, the levels of other pituitary-dependent hormones, such as
      testosterone and estradiol, are largely unchanged in the MSG-treated rats.
      Although hypophysectomy and GH replacement experiments have previously
      demonstrated that expression of the female-specific hepatic enzymes P-450 2d
      (gene product IIC12) and steroid 5 alpha-reductase is strikingly dependent on
      continuous GH exposure, neither enzyme was decreased in adult female rat liver
      after the elimination of plasma GH (less than 2 ng/ml) by neonatal MSG treatment.
      Moreover, although the loss of circulating GH appears to be largely responsible
      for the more than 10- to 20-fold elevation of the male-specific hepatic P-450
      forms 2a (gene product IIIA2) and RLM2 (gene product IIA2) in hypophysectomized
      female rats, no such elevation of the male-specific P-450s was observed in the GH
      deficient MSG-treated female rats. In contrast, the female-predominant forms P
      450j (gene product IIE1) and 3 (gene product IIA1) were both elevated in adult
      rat liver after neonatal MSG treatment, in agreement with earlier hypophysectomy
      studies and demonstrating the suppressive effects that GH can exert on expression
      of these P-450 forms. Thus, although MSG and hypophysectomy both produce GH
      depletion, the responsiveness of the hepatic P-450s to these endocrine
      manipulations differs, allowing for an expanded understanding of the role of GH
      in P-450 expression.

PMID- 2298168
TI  - Binding of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein to
      vascular smooth muscle of rabbit renal microvessels.
AB  - The humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy factor (also called PTH-related protein
      or PTHrp) has been shown to produce effects similar to PTH in the kidney, bone,
      and cardiovascular system. Binding of PTHrp and PTH has been characterized in
      renal and osseous tissues, but not in vascular tissue. We have attempted to
      characterize the interaction of both human PTHrp and rat PTH to renal
      microvessels as a model of vascular smooth muscle and in a renal tubule
      preparation from the same rabbit kidneys. Previous studies have shown the
      microvessel and tubule preparations to be distinct based upon morphological
      examination, differential enzyme markers, calcitonin and vasopressin-sensitive
      adenylate cyclase distribution, and different characteristics of guanine
      nucleotide and of oxidized PTH activation of the adenylate cyclases associated
      with the preparations. Human PTHrp and rat PTH were iodinated by standard
      techniques and purified by HPLC. Both ligands bound to microvessels and tubules
      in a saturable, specific manner, Maximal specific binding of either ligand was 65
      75% in microvessels and 80-90% in renal tubules. The time courses of binding of
      both ligands were identical with steady state achieved within 20 min in the
      smooth muscle of microvessels and 15 min in the tubules at 22 C. In equilibrium
      competition binding experiments, bound 125I-PTHrp was displaced by both PTHrp and
      PTH in microvessels and tubules. Rat PTH displayed slightly higher affinity in
      microvessels and tubules than PTHrp. Identical results were obtained with 125I
      PTH as ligand. Specificity of binding of PTHrp and PTH to both microvessels and
      tubules was excellent, with competition observed between the radioactive ligand
      and bovine and rat PTH, PTHrp, and the antagonists, [Nle8,18, Tyr34]bovine PTH
      and [Nle8,18, Tyr34]bovine PTH but not with several other peptides of unrelated
      structure. The only major difference in binding between microvessels and tubules
      was a smaller number of binding sites in microvessels compared to tubules. These
      results indicate that vascular tissue contains receptor sites for PTH and PTHrp
      as identified by radioligand binding techniques. These receptors are similar in
      characteristics to the receptors of renal tubular tissue. Both PTH and PTHrp
      appear to interact with the receptors of rabbit kidney microvessels and tubules.

PMID- 2298169
TI  - Interactions of dopaminergic and peptidergic factors in the control of prolactin
      release.
AB  - Oxytocin (OT) has been shown to play a role in the control of physiological PRL
      release and has been demonstrated to have a direct effect on the pituitary to
      stimulate PRL secretion. Administration of OT into the third ventricle, however,
      lowers PRL levels. This reduction could be mediated by either an inhibition of
      the release of endogenous OT into the hypohysial portal circulation or via an
      alteration in the release of some other PRL releasing (PRF) or PRL release
      inhibiting (PIF) factor. In order to determine if centrally administered OT
      lowers PRL levels by increasing secretion of dopamine (DA) into the portal
      circulation, endogenous dopaminergic tone was blocked by injection of the DA
      antagonist domperidone (DOM). Subcutaneous administration of DOM resulted in
      elevated PRL levels which could be further augmented by iv infusion of OT (at
      0.01 or 0.1 microgram OT/kg.min) or partially, but significantly, reduced by
      pretreatment with anti-OT antiserum (0.75 ml) indicating that under conditions of
      DA blockade, OT (which has little PRF activity during conditions of normal
      dopaminergic tone) can stimulate PRL secretion by a direct pituitary action.
      Treatment with DOM did not prevent, however, the reduction in PRL levels produced
      by central administration of OT (2 micrograms). This suggests that the effect of
      OT to alter PRL secretion when administered into the third ventricle was not
      mediated via an increase in DA release into the portal circulation. Furthermore,
      central administration of the OT antagonist CAV-259 (1-deamino-2-D-Trp-4-Val-8
      Orn-OT) after DOM treatment resulted in a significant increase in PRL secretion
      indicating that endogenous levels of OT within the hypothalamus inhibit PRL
      secretion through a nondopaminergic mechanism. This stimulatory effect of the OT
      antagonist was not blocked by pretreatment with anti-OT antiserum (iv) which had
      been demonstrated previously to reduce the PRL surges in lactating mothers and
      steroid-primed ovariectomized rats, as well as to block the increase in PRL
      secretion seen after central administration of vasoactive intestinal peptide
      (VIP). Thus the central effect of OT to alter PRL secretion was probably not due
      to a change in the release of OT into the portal circulation. Intravenous
      administration of a VIP antagonist (D-4-Cl-6-Phe-17-Leu-VIP, previously
      demonstrated to be capable of reducing the PRL surge seen in lactating mothers)
      into DOM-treated rats does not alter PRL levels but blocks the ability of central
      administration of the OT antagonist CAV-259 to increase PRL levels under these
      conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2298171
TI  - Inhibition of the activities of P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage and 3 beta
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the amount of P450 cholesterol side-chain
      cleavage by testosterone and estradiol-17 beta in hen granulosa cells.
AB  - We have found that androgens and estradiol-17 beta (E2) produced by theca cells
      suppress progesterone (P4) secretion by granulosa cells of the domestic hen in a
      dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, testosterone (T) and E2 inhibited the
      conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone (P5) and of P5 to P4, respectively. The
      aim of this study was to determine if T and E2 suppress P4 biosynthesis by
      changing activities of the cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage
      (P450scc) and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) (Exp I) and the
      amount of P450scc (Exp II). Granulosa layers of the largest follicle of two to
      four hens were obtained 22 h before ovulation, pooled, and isolated granulosa
      cells were prepared. In Exp I, the specific activities of the P450scc and 3 beta
      HSD were measured in mitochondrial and microsomal proteins of granulosa cells,
      respectively, in the presence of T or E2 (0-10 microM). Addition of T to
      mitochondrial proteins increased the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) with no
      change in the maximum velocity (Vmax) of the P450scc, which suggests competitive
      inhibition (Ki = 30.9 microM), whereas E2 had no effect on Km and Vmax of the
      P450scc. Likewise, addition of E2 to microsomal proteins increased the Km with no
      change in the Vmax of the 3 beta-HSD, which suggests competitive inhibition (Ki =
      15.1 microM), whereas T had no effect on Km and Vmax of the 3 beta-HSD. In Exp
      II, granulosa cells (3 x 10(5)/3 ml.tube) were incubated for 0-12 h in triplicate
      for each combined treatments of 25-OH-cholesterol (8 microM) and cyanoketone (10
      microM), T, or E2 (0-10 microM) in the presence or absence of LH (25 ng). Protein
      content and P5 secretion were measured and the amount of P450scc was determined
      by Western blot analysis. Incubation of granulosa cells with T decreased the
      amount of the P450scc in granulosa cells cultured for 12 h and P5 secretion in
      granulosa cells cultured for 3 h or longer (P less than 0.05), without a change
      in protein content and cell viability. Our results suggest that P4 production by
      granulosa cells is suppressed by T and E2 acting as competitive inhibitors of the
      P450scc and 3 beta-HSD, respectively, and by T decreasing the amount of the
      P450scc. We conclude that steroidogenesis in the follicle of the chicken is
      regulated through the interaction of theca and granulosa layers.

PMID- 2298170
TI  - Discordant effects of aging on prolactin and luteinizing hormone-beta messenger
      ribonucleic acid levels in the female rat.
AB  - To examine the molecular genetic basis for the age-related increase in PRL
      secretion and decrease in LH production in the rat, we measured steady state
      levels of PRL and LH beta mRNA in pituitary homogenates and cell lysates from
      monolayer adenohypophyseal cultures. These mRNA levels were compared with the
      corresponding levels of immunoreactive PRL and LH in sera and culture media.
      Paired groups (n = 4-10/group) of intact and 4-week ovariectomized mature (6-7
      months old) and old (23-25 months old) female Wistar rats were studied. Serum PRL
      levels were 550% higher in intact old vs. mature rats (P less than 0.001),
      whereas the corresponding pituitary homogenate levels of PRL mRNA were similar (P
      greater than 0.4). Medium PRL concentrations were 230% greater (P less than
      0.006) whereas cell lysate concentrations of PRL mRNA were unaltered (P greater
      than 0.2) in monolayer cultures from intact old vs. mature rats. Serum PRL levels
      were 650% higher (P less than 0.003) and pituitary homogenate PRL mRNA levels
      were slightly increased (P less than 0.04) in ovariectomized old vs. mature rats.
      Neither serum LH values (P greater than 0.07) nor pituitary homogenate LH beta
      mRNA levels (P greater than 0.1) differed in intact old and mature rats, whereas
      the corresponding medium concentrations of LH were reduced (P less than 0.001).
      Ovariectomized old vs. mature rats exhibited reductions in serum (P less than
      0.02) and medium (P less than 0.001) LH concentrations, as well as in pituitary
      homogenate (P less than 0.002) and cell lysate (P less than 0.006) LH beta mRNA
      levels. Thus, these data revealed coordinate decreases with age in LH beta mRNA
      and LH secretion, particularly in ovariectomized rats, suggesting an age-related
      alteration at or before LH beta gene transcription. These findings parallel
      observations on other genes whose products change with age. In contrast, the
      observation that the increased secretion of PRL in old rats is accompanied by
      little or no increase in PRL mRNA is novel and suggests that age-related
      alterations in PRL gene expression proceed through a posttranscriptional
      mechanism.

PMID- 2298172
TI  - Effect of biological alterations of type I 5'deiodinase activity on affinity
      labeled membrane proteins in rat liver and kidney.
AB  - Type I iodothyronine 5'deiodinase (5'D-I) is a membrane-bound enzyme catalyzing
      the deiodination of T4 to T3. The affinity label, N-bromoacetyl-thyroxine
      (BrAcT4), has previously been used to characterize a 27 kilodalton protein (p27)
      from rat liver and kidney microsomes with characteristics of the catalytic
      subunit of the 5'D-I. We examined the effect of physiological conditions, known
      to alter 5'D-I activity, on affinity-labeled proteins in rat liver and kidney
      microsomes. To confirm that the affinity labeled protein was associated with the
      deiodinase, we treated rats with the active site directed enzyme inhibitor,
      propylthiouracil (PTU), in the absence and presence of 100-fold excess
      methimazole (MMI), an antithyroid drug which blocks PTU inhibition of 5'D-I in
      vivo. In addition, we used the affinity label as a probe to measure 5'D-I levels
      in membrane preparations from short and long term fasted rats. Rats were treated
      ip with PTU (50 micrograms/100 g BW) or MMI (5 mg/100 g BW); in a second
      experiment, groups of rats were fasted for 4 days (4 D), 1 day (1 D), or fed ad
      lib (C) and hepatic and kidney microsomes were prepared. 5'D-I activity and 5'D-I
      content, as judged by specific incorporation of the affinity label into p27, were
      determined. PTU decreased both 5'D-I activity and BrACT incorporation into p27 by
      60-65%. Coadministration of MMI attenuated the effect of PTU on 5'D-I activity
      and p27 affinity labeling. No other affinity labeled proteins were affected. In
      fasting experiments, the changes in affinity labeling of p27 paralleled the
      changes in 5'D-I activity. 5'D-I activity was significantly decreased in hepatic
      microsomes obtained from 4 D-fasted rats as compared to C rats, but was unchanged
      in hepatic microsomes from 1 D-fasted rats or in kidney microsomes from 1 D or 4
      D-fasted rats as compared to C. Maximal BrAcT4 incorporation into p27 decreased
      by 45% in hepatic microsomes from 4 D-starved rats as compared to C (6.7 +/- 0.9
      vs. 11.9 +/- 1.5 pmol BrAcT4 incorporated/mg microsomal protein, respectively).
      There was no change in p27 content in hepatic microsomes from 1 D-starved rats
      (11.2 +/- 1.1). Starvation failed to alter the BrAcT4 labeling of kidney
      microsomes (16.7 +/- 4.4, 16.2 +/- 6.6, and 14.8 +/- 3.2 pmol BrAcT4 in 4 D, 1 D,
      and C rats, respectively). In this study, we have demonstrated that alterations
      in biological activity of 5'D-I correspond to alterations in affinity labeling of
      p27.

PMID- 2298173
TI  - 23(S),25(R)-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone stimulates murine bone
      formation in vivo.
AB  - 23(S),25(R)-1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone (1,25-lactone) has been shown
      to have unique actions different from those of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25
      (OH)2D3]. In contrast to 1,25-(OH)2D3, 1,25-lactone causes a significant
      reduction in the serum Ca2+ level, stimulates collagen production in an
      osteoblastic cell line, and inhibits bone resorption induced by 1,25-(OH)2D3. A
      possible effect of 1,25-lactone on bone formation was examined in experiments on
      ectopic bone formation using a bone-inducing factor derived from Dunn
      osteosarcomas. 1,25-Lactone, a metabolite of 1,25-(OH)2D3, increased [3H]proline
      uptake at the stage of chondrogenesis and 85Sr uptake during bone formation.
      Significantly enlarged bone was also induced by this compound 3 weeks after
      implantation. These results suggest that the 1,25-lactone may be able to
      stimulate bone formation under in vivo conditions.

PMID- 2298174
TI  - Prolactin (PRL) regulation of maternal behavior in rats: bromocriptine treatment
      delays and PRL promotes the rapid onset of behavior.
AB  - Recent findings indicate that PRL helps stimulate the onset of maternal behavior
      in inexperienced hypophysectomized steroid-treated female rats. In a series of
      five experiments we have further examined the involvement of PRL in maternal
      behavior using nonhypophysectomized ovariectomized rats treated concurrently
      (type I) or sequentially (type II) with progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) and
      administered either bromocriptine (to suppress endogenous PRL secretion) or
      bromocriptine plus ovine PRL. In Exp 1 plasma PRL concentrations were measured in
      ovariectomized rats treated for 2 weeks with a combination of E2 and P Silastic
      implants. Type I steroid-treated (2mm E2, days 1-24; three 30 mm P, days 3-13)
      rats exhibited elevated plasma PRL levels throughout the sampling period compared
      with nonsteroid-treated controls. In contrast, PRL concentrations in type II
      steroid-treated (P, days 3-13; E2, days 13-24) females were low (similar to
      controls) from days 3-13 when the type II steroid-treated females were exposed to
      P only. Like type I treated rats, PRL levels in type II steroid-treated rats were
      elevated from day 13 onward after E2 capsule insertion. In Exp 2, treatment of
      both type I and type II steroid-treated rats with bromocriptine (2 mg/kg, sc)
      twice daily beginning on treatment day 13 suppressed basal PRL concentrations and
      prevented the estrogen-induced diurnal PRL surge. Whereas PRL was effectively
      suppressed by bromocriptine in both steroid-treated groups, the absolute levels
      of PRL were lower in rats treated with the type II steroid regimen. Behavioral
      analyses in Exp 3, 4, and 5 revealed that bromocriptine administration, while
      failing to interfere with the onset of maternal behavior in rats treated with the
      type I concurrent steroid regimen, disrupted the onset of maternal care in rats
      treated with the type II sequential steroid regimen. When a separate set of type
      II steroid-treated rats was given both bromocriptine (2 mg/kg) plus ovine PRL
      (0.5 mg, sc) twice daily, maternal behavior rapidly appeared. Thus, suppression
      of endogenous PRL secretion delays the onset of maternal behavior in
      nonhypophysectomized steroid-primed rats, an effect prevented by concurrent
      administration of ovine PRL. In addition to providing further experimental
      support for PRL's role in maternal behavior, the development of this endocrine
      regimen provides researchers with a potentially fruitful model to examine neural
      sites and mechanisms of PRL regulation of maternal behavior in mammals.

PMID- 2298175
TI  - Divergent responses of serum insulin-like growth factor-I and liver growth
      hormone (GH) receptors to exogenous GH in protein-restricted rats.
AB  - Protein deprivation in young rats retards growth and decreases serum insulin-like
      growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations, neither of which is prevented by
      injections of GH once daily. Since four time daily injections of GH in
      hypophysectomized rats increase serum IGF-I concentrations more efficiently than
      single daily injections, we assessed whether this mode of GH delivery could
      overcome the GH resistance of protein malnutrition. Also, we evaluated whether
      continuous GH infusion could override this GH resistance. We fed 4-week-old
      female Wistar rats a low (5%) protein diet (P5) or a normal (15%) protein diet
      (P15) for 7 days. In a first experiment, rats fed a P5 diet received 40 or 400
      micrograms/100 g BW.day rat GH (rGH) in four daily sc injections, while control
      P5 rats were injected at the same frequency with vehicle. In a second experiment,
      rats fed a P5 diet received 200 micrograms rGH/100 g BW.day by continuous
      infusion, while P5 sham-operated rats served as controls. IGF-I was measured by
      RIA on extracted serum, and free and total liver GH binding were determined by
      incubation of [125I]bovine GH with water- or MgCl2-treated homogenates,
      respectively. Neither continuous infusion nor repeated injections of rGH
      normalized the indices of growth or restored the serum IGF-I level to P15 control
      values. Injections of 400 micrograms rGH increased serum IGF-I 2-fold (P less
      than 0.01), but did not promote growth. Continuous GH infusion increased total
      and free liver GH binding to P15 control values, but had no effect on serum IGF
      I. The discordance between liver GH binding and IGF-I confirms that a
      postreceptor defect is responsible for the GH resistance in protein restriction.
      These observations demonstrate that the consequences of protein restriction on
      growth are not overridden by intermittent or continuous administration of GH. The
      increase in IGF-I in response to 400 micrograms GH given intermittently in the
      absence of growth-promoting effects suggests that nutritional sufficiency is
      essential for IGF-I to promote growth.

PMID- 2298177
TI  - Glucocorticoid regulation of rat diencephalon angiotensinogen production.
AB  - To investigate whether glucocorticoids can stimulate rat brain angiotensinogen
      production directly, we have studied the effect of dexamethasone on
      angiotensinogen secretion and angiotensinogen mRNA concentration in primary
      astroglial cultures from rat diencephalon. Dexamethasone stimulated
      angiotensinogen secretion by astroglial cells in a dose-related fashion. The half
      maximally effective concentration was 11 nM, and the effect was blocked by RU
      486, an antagonist of type II glucocorticoid receptors. This was similar to what
      was observed in rat hepatoma H4IIEC cells, where the half-maximally effective
      concentration of dexamethasone on angiotensinogen secretion was 10 nM. At maximal
      concentrations, dexamethasone increased angiotensinogen secretion and
      angiotensinogen mRNA concentration 2-fold in astroglial cells. In the hepatoma
      cells, however, the increase in angiotensinogen secretion was 5-fold. The in vivo
      diencephalon angiotensinogen mRNA concentration was decreased after
      adrenalectomy. Dexamethasone restored those levels to normal and induced a modest
      increase when the animals were killed 6 h after drug administration. In contrast,
      dexamethasone induced a robust increase in liver angiotensinogen mRNA
      concentration in the same animals. These results indicate that glucocorticoids
      increase angiotensinogen production through a direct receptor-mediated mechanism
      in both liver and brain. However, the angiotensinogen gene appears much more
      responsive to the action of glucocorticoids in liver than in brain.

PMID- 2298176
TI  - Osteopetrosis in the rat: coexistence of reductions in osteocalcin and bone
      resorption.
AB  - Osteocalcin, one of the vitamin K-dependent bone proteins, has recently been
      implicated in bone resorption. To explore this hypothesis, bone and serum
      osteocalcin were measured in three different osteopetrotic rat mutations
      characterized by reduced bone resorption. These three mutations (ia/ia, tl/tl,
      and op/op) exhibit heterogeneity with respect to osteoclast number and activity
      and response to being cured by bone marrow transplantation. Calvarial bone
      osteocalcin was present in normal amounts, but difficult to extract, in ia/ia
      rats that have increased numbers of inactive osteoclasts. Bone osteocalcin was
      greatly decreased in op/op (53-60% of control) and tl/tl (64-73% of control)
      osteopetrotic rats, in which osteoclasts are both reduced in number and inactive.
      These decreases in osteocalcin levels in bone coexist with elevated serum levels
      of osteocalcin in all three mutations. Since osteocalcin synthesis is known to be
      stimulated by 1,25(OH)2D3, the increase in serum osteocalcin may be a reflection
      of the elevated blood levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 known to occur in each of these
      mutations. These findings indicate that the composition of osteopetrotic bone is
      abnormal with respect to osteocalcin in the two rat osteopetrotic mutations
      showing decreased osteoclast numbers. Considered together with the emerging
      evidence that the extracellular matrix in many developing tissues plays a role in
      cell recruitment and differentiation, these data suggest that osteocalcin
      abnormalities may be a contributing factor to the spectrum of osteoclast
      aberrations in osteopetrosis.

PMID- 2298178
TI  - The human placental growth hormone variant is mitogenic for rat lymphoma Nb2
      cells.
AB  - Although there is evidence that human (h) placental GH variant (hGH-V) possesses
      a growth-promoting function, lactogenic activity by the hormone has not been
      demonstrated. Rat anterior pituitary tumor (GC) cells stably transfected with the
      hGH-V gene (GC [hGH-V] cells) synthesize and secrete hGH-V. This hormone shares
      considerable structural similarity with pituitary growth hormone (hGH-N) and
      chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) at the nucleotide (greater than 90%) and amino
      acid (greater than 80%) levels. As expected, both hGH-N and hCS antibodies detect
      hGH-V by immunoblotting. However, hGH-V, but not hGH-N or hCS, cross-reacts with
      human or rat pituitary prolactin (PRL) antibodies. These data indicate that
      structural features shared by hGH-V and pituitary PRL are not present in hGH-N or
      hCS. Comparison of amino acid sequences implicates two regions that may account
      for a common epitope between hGH-V and hPRL, and structural difference from hGH-N
      and hCS. The possible lactogenic activity by hGH-V was assessed in a rat lymphoma
      Nb2 cell bioassay. Conditioned medium from GC[hGH-V] cells permitted growth of
      lactogen-dependent Nb2 lymphoma cells in culture. This activity was blocked by
      antibodies raised to rat PRL but not hPRL or hGH-N. Comparison of the hGH-V amino
      acid sequence with those from 14 other lactogenic hormones, including hPRL, hCS
      and hGH-N, reveals 6 conserved amino acids. These data indicate a lactogenic as
      well as growth-promoting function for the secreted hGH-V protein in vivo.

PMID- 2298179
TI  - Isolation and biological activity of a novel kinin ([Thr6] bradykinin) from the
      turtle, Pseudemys scripta.
AB  - Incubation of plasma from the red-eared turtle with glass beads in the presence
      of the kininase inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline resulted in activation of the
      kallikrein-kinin system and generation of bradykinin-like immunoreactivity. The
      immunoreactive material comprised a single molecular form that was purified to
      homogeneity by reverse phase HPLC. The primary structure of the peptide was
      determined by automated Edman degradation and fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry. The amino acid sequence of the turtle kinin Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Thr
      Pro-Phe-Arg contains the substitution Thr for Ser at position 6 compared with
      mammalian bradykinin. [Thr6] bradykinin was synthesized using solid phase
      methodology, and bolus injections of the peptide into the left atrium of the
      anaesthetized turtle produced rapid vasodilation. A dose-dependent increase in
      blood flow in the left aortic arch was accompanied by a decrease in peripheral
      vascular resistance, so that systemic blood pressure did not change. The data
      suggest that the kallikrein-kinin system may play an important physiological role
      in the regulation of cardiovascular function in reptiles.

PMID- 2298180
TI  - Airborne asbestos in public buildings.
AB  - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sampled air in 49 government-owned
      buildings (six buildings with no asbestos-containing material, six buildings with
      asbestos-containing material in generally good condition, and 37 buildings with
      damaged asbestos-containing material). This is the most comprehensive study to
      date of airborne asbestos levels in U.S. public buildings during normal building
      activities. The air outside each building was also sampled. Air samples were
      analyzed by transmission electron microscopy using a direct transfer preparation
      technique. The results show an increasing trend in average airborne asbestos
      levels; outdoor levels are lowest and levels in buildings with damaged asbestos
      containing material are highest. However, the measured levels and the differences
      between indoors and outdoors and between building categories are small in
      absolute magnitude. Comparable studies from Canada and the UK, although differing
      in their estimated concentrations, also conclude that while airborne asbestos
      levels may be elevated in buildings that contain asbestos, levels are generally
      low. This conclusion does not eliminate the possibility of higher airborne
      asbestos levels during maintenance or renovation that disturbs the asbestos
      containing material.

PMID- 2298181
TI  - Lowering time trend of blood lead levels in Belgium since 1978.
AB  - Since 1978, the biological screening of the Belgian population was regularly
      monitored by measuring blood lead levels. Over 11 years, 6070 samples were
      analyzed in urban, rural, and industrial areas. The median values of blood lead
      concentration dropped from 170 to 78 micrograms/liter of blood, i.e., a lowering
      of about 55%. The trend persists when taking into account some individual
      characteristics which influence blood lead levels such as gender, age, tobacco,
      and areas. These influences and the possible environmental causes of the observed
      trend are discussed.

PMID- 2298182
TI  - Asthma attack periodicity: a study of hospital emergency visits in Vancouver.
AB  - Attendances at the emergency departments of the nine acute care hospitals serving
      the Vancouver region, with a population of just under a million people, were
      recorded from July 1, 1984 to October 31, 1986. Of about 25,500 visits a month,
      2.7% were for respiratory conditions; and of these, 41.3% were for asthma. Data
      from 11 air monitoring stations were also tabulated on a daily basis, giving mean
      maximal hourly values for SO2, NO2, and O3; daily aerosol sulfate measurements
      from one station were also analyzed, together with daily temperature data and
      measurements of the coefficient of haze. In 3 consecutive years, a peak in asthma
      attendances was noted, starting in the last week of September, and continuing for
      3 weeks. In these periods, weekly visits for asthma reached 130 patients; during
      the rest of the year, the weekly visits for asthma varied between 30 and 90. This
      peak affected children and adults between the ages of 15 and 60, but no increase
      was seen in those over 60 years. Although pollution levels increased sharply in
      the fall, a day-by-day analysis showed that the rise in asthma attendances
      preceded the increase in NO chi and SO2 levels for the region, expressed as the
      mean of the hourly maxima across all stations. It seems unlikely that a specific
      pollen is responsible for this, or that house mite replication is the cause. Soya
      beans are not shipped out of Vancouver. The cause of the peak has not been
      identified. Variations in emergency visits by day of the week have been recorded;
      in children and in those aged 15-60, more visits occur on Sundays than on other
      days, but this does not occur in those over 60. There is no significant variation
      in environmental data by day of the week. Intercorrelations between environmental
      variables and emergency visits have been calculated separately for the periods
      May 1 to October 31, and November 1 to April 31. SO2, NO2, and SO4 are strongly
      intercorrelated in both periods; ozone is strongly related to temperature, but
      less strongly correlated to sulfate than is the case in Southern Ontario. In
      summer, total emergency visits (but not respiratory visits) are strongly
      correlated with temperature in all age groups (the hotter the day, the more
      visits occur); but respiratory visits are not related to temperature, ozone, or
      NO2 levels. However, in the 15-60 age group, asthma and respiratory visits are
      correlated in summer with SO2 and SO4 levels (P = less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2298183
TI  - Uptake and distribution of Cd in the ovaries, adrenals, and pituitary in
      pseudopregnant rats: effect of Cd on progesterone serum levels.
AB  - Pseudopregnant (PSP) rats were treated with 3.5 or 7.0 mg/kg body wt of CdCl2 on
      Day 1 of PSP sc. In the lower dose Cd content of the ovaries (luteal and
      nonluteal tissues), adrenals, pituitary, and blood on Days 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, and
      12, and in the higher dose that of luteal and nonluteal tissue on Days 2 and 5 of
      PSP were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A rapid
      incorporation into the corpora lutea was measured on Day 1 and Day 2 of PSP
      followed by a decrease of Cd content toward the end of PSP whereas the nonluteal
      tissue, adrenals, and pituitary accumulated Cd gradually until the fifth to 10th
      day, respectively. Progesterone (P) serum levels were measured with RIA in the
      blood collected daily from the jugular vein following administration of 3.5 to
      7.0 mg/kg body wt of CdCl2 sc on Day 1 or Day 8 of PSP. The serum levels of P
      remained unchanged when CdCl2 was administered on Day 1 of PSP; however, 7.0
      mg/kg body wt CdCl2 given on Day 8 of PSP induced a significant decrease in serum
      levels of P. It is supposed that the regressing luteal tissue is more sensitive
      to the toxic effects of Cd than the developing one.

PMID- 2298184
TI  - Hypertrophic osteopathy--an unusual but treatable condition.

PMID- 2298185
TI  - Effect of palosein (superoxide dismutase) and catalase upon oxygen derived free
      radical induced degradation of equine synovial fluid.
AB  - The effect of oxygen derived free radicals (ODFR) upon the specific viscosity of
      equine synovial fluid was studied. ODFR were generated either by a mixture of
      ferrous iron and EDTA (Fe/EDTA) or by a mixture of hypoxanthine and xanthine
      oxidase (HX/XO). Incubation of the synovial fluid with both free radical
      generating systems decreased its specific viscosity. When the synovial fluid was
      incubated with Fe/EDTA the specific viscosity of the synovial fluid was reduced
      rapidly. By 2 mins, it was 53 +/- 3 per cent of the original specific viscosity
      and by 30 mins it was reduced to 39 +/- 5 per cent. In the HX/XO system, the
      specific viscosity was 75 +/- 4 per cent of the original specific viscosity at 10
      mins and by 50 mins it was reduced to 55 +/- 3 per cent. Palosein (superoxide
      dismutase) was an effective inhibitor of the free radical induced reduction of
      the viscosity of the synovial fluid when the free radicals were generated with
      HX/XO but not with Fe/EDTA. Catalase was moderately effective as an inhibitor of
      reduction in specific viscosity of the synovial fluid when the free radicals were
      generated by either system. Only minor synergy resulted when mixtures of Palosein
      and catalase were tested for inhibition of Fe/EDTA induced reduction in the
      specific viscosity of equine synovial fluid. The results indicate that Palosein
      may protect equine synovial fluid from the effects of the superoxide radical (O2
      ) but not from the hydroxyl radical (OH.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298186
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in critically ill neonatal foals treated for
      presumed or confirmed sepsis.
AB  - Fourteen foals less than four days of age were treated with the aminoglycoside,
      amikacin sulphate, and either penicillin or ampicillin for septicaemia,
      pneumonia, and/or failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer. Serum amikacin
      concentrations were determined at three times during an 8 or 12 h dosing
      interval. A 7.0 mg/kg bodyweight dose of amikacin every 8 h was appropriate.
      Prematurity did not influence mortality. All seven premature foals survived,
      whereas four of the seven full term foals died. Uraemia in three foals was caused
      by urinary bladder rupture; amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity was not recognised by
      clinical chemistries (elevations in serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen
      concentrations) or post-mortem findings.

PMID- 2298187
TI  - Gastric lesions and gastric ulceration in foals.

PMID- 2298188
TI  - The effect of phenothiazine on plasma prolactin levels in non-pregnant mares.
AB  - Sixteen non-pregnant pony mares were divided into four groups of similar age and
      bodyweight (bwt). Groups were randomly assigned to one of four treatments
      consisting of oral administration of perphenazine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg bwt,
      phenothiazine (10 mg/kg bwt) and a control group. Blood samples were taken by
      jugular venepuncture and plasma prolactin concentrations measured using an
      homologous assay for equine prolactin. Analysis of variance was conducted on data
      designed as a split plot over time. Perphenazine given orally (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg
      bwt) increased plasma prolactin concentrations when measured 3 and 6 h following
      feeding (P less than 0.05). Prolactin concentrations returned to normal by 11 h
      post drug administration. There was no response in plasma prolactin
      concentrations following oral phenothiazine treatment (10 mg/kg bwt).
      Perphenazine at the 1.0 mg/kg bwt level was discontinued after two days due to
      two mares exhibiting signs of hyperesthesia.

PMID- 2298189
TI  - Effect of strenuous exercise stress on chemiluminescence response of equine
      alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected using a fibreoptic endoscope from
      horses at specified times before and after single bouts of exercise. Lucigenin
      dependent phagocytic chemiluminescence was used to assess the effect of exercise
      on the alveolar macrophage metabolic activity in response to stimulation by
      opsonised zymosan. A profound suppressive effect on the chemiluminescence
      production was present throughout the first three days after exercise. However,
      the cellular composition of lavage fluids was not altered by the exercise. It is
      suggested that strenuous exercise may jeopardize the antimicrobial function of
      alveolar macrophages which may lead to an increase in susceptibility to
      infection.

PMID- 2298190
TI  - Pharmacokinetic studies of cimetidine hydrochloride in adult horses.
AB  - Histamine type II (H2) antagonists inhibit gastric acid secretion and are useful
      in treating gastric and duodenal ulcer disease. To provide some information on
      the pharmacokinetics of the H2 antagonist cimetidine, adult horses were given 3.3
      mg/kg cimetidine intravenously (iv) or 3.3 and 10 mg/kg orally. Plasma cimetidine
      concentrations after 3.3 mg/kg orally were too low to measure. Following 3.3
      mg/kg iv, cimetidine displayed two-compartment characteristics with a t1/2 of
      0.083 +/- 0.039 h and t1/2 of 2.23 +/- 0.64 h. The total body clearance was 0.443
      +/- 0.160 litre/h/kg and the mean residence time was 2.74 +/- 1.11 h. This
      clearance and t1/2 are similar to that in man. The volume of distribution (Vss)
      and volume of the central compartment (Vc) were 1.138 +/- 0.230 and 0.276 +/-
      0.102 litre/kg, respectively. After a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg as crushed
      tablets, peak plasma concentration of 1.81 +/- 0.82 micrograms/ml occurred at
      approximately 1.4 h. Oral absorption of cimetidine appeared variable and slow
      with an extent of absorption of 0.296 +/- 0.183 and a mean residence time for
      absorption of 1.99 +/- 0.79 h. This was less than in man. Based on a desired
      average steady state plasma concentration of 1.0 microgram/ml, 11.0 mg/kg/day iv
      and 48 mg/kg/day orally can be recommended in adult horses.

PMID- 2298192
TI  - Isolation of mycobacteria from the nasal cavity of horses.

PMID- 2298191
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in two-day-old foals after a
      single intravenous injection.
AB  - Six healthy two-day-old foals (3 pony foals and 3 horse foals) were given a
      single intravenous (iv) injection of trimethoprim (TMP)--sulphamethoxazole (SMZ)
      at a dosage of 2.5 mg of TMP/kg bodyweight (bwt) and 12.5 mg of SMZ/kg bwt. Serum
      TMP and SMZ concentrations were measured serially during a 24 hour period. The
      overall elimination rate constant (K) for TMP in the pony and horse foals was
      0.45/h, whereas the K values for SMZ for the pony and horse foals were 0.12/h and
      0.07/h, respectively (no significant difference; P greater than 0.05). Based on
      published minimum inhibitory concentration values for equine pathogens (Adamson
      et al 1985), the primary indication for the use of TMP/SMZ in foals may be in the
      treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. A dosage of 2.5 mg of
      TMP/kg bwt and 12.5 mg of SMZ/kg bwt, given iv at 12 h intervals would be
      appropriate.

PMID- 2298193
TI  - Radiographic and scintigraphic imaging of a proximal radial physeal injury in a
      young horse induced by olecranon fracture repair.

PMID- 2298194
TI  - Prevalence of gastric lesions in foals without signs of gastric disease: an
      endoscopic survey.
AB  - Gastroendoscopic examinations were conducted on 75 Thoroughbred foals aged two to
      85 days on seven breeding farms in England and Ireland. The foals showed no signs
      of gastric disease. There was no significant difference between lesion prevalence
      in foals in England (16 of 28 foals; 57 per cent) or Ireland (22 of 47 foals; 47
      per cent). Neither was there any sex predilection (18 of 36 males; 20 of 39
      females). Lesions were most prevalent in foals under 10 days old (8 of 9) and
      least prevalent in foals older than 70 days (3 of 10). Lesions occurred most
      frequently in the squamous mucosa immediately adjacent to the margo plicatus
      along the greater curvature (34 foals), whereas lesions in the squamous fundus,
      the glandular fundus, and the lesser curvature were observed in 11, six and three
      foals, respectively. Lesions were not observed in the squamous mucosa surrounding
      the cardia. Gastric lesions were more prevalent in foals with a previous disorder
      than in those without (68 vs 43 per cent) and particularly with a history of
      recent or concurrent diarrhoea (9 of 14).

PMID- 2298195
TI  - Traction apophysitis in a yearling colt resembling Osgood-Schlatter disease in
      man.

PMID- 2298196
TI  - Visceral prolapse after castration in the horse: a review of 18 cases.
AB  - During a 10 year period, 18 horses were treated surgically because of visceral
      prolapse after castration. Surgery was successful in six cases of omental
      prolapse and in eight out of 12 cases of intestinal prolapse. To minimise the
      risk of visceral prolapse, the authors prefer half-closed castration, with proper
      ligation of the parietal vaginal tunic, to open castration. If adequate treatment
      is started promptly, prognosis in cases of visceral prolapse is favourable.

PMID- 2298198
TI  - Employment of adult mammalian primary cells in toxicology: in vivo and in vitro
      genotoxic effects of environmentally significant N-nitrosodialkylamines in cells
      of the liver, lung, and kidney.
AB  - This report focuses on the use of freshly isolated primary mammalian cells from
      different tissues and organs of the rat for the rapid and efficient analysis of
      toxic and genotoxic chemicals. The cells are either treated in vitro or they are
      isolated from treated animals. Viability by trypan blue exclusion and DNA damage
      as single-strand breaks are monitored in either case. Therefore, it is possible
      to compare in vitro and in vivo results directly. N-nitrosamines with unique
      organ-specific modes in carcinogenesis were studied in vitro using hepatocytes
      derived from three species (rat, hamster, and pig) and in rat lung and kidney
      cells. The sensitive detection of all carcinogenic nitrosamines was achieved,
      although a pattern of cell-specific activation was not observable. The new
      modification of the in vivo approach allowed the sensitive detection of NDMA
      genotoxicity in hepatic and in extrahepatic tissues. It is important to point out
      that the method is an efficient tool for toxicokinetic studies with genotoxic
      carcinogens in vivo.

PMID- 2298197
TI  - Effect of interleukin-2 on cell proliferation, sister-chromatid exchange
      induction, and nuclear stress protein phosphorylation in PHA-stimulated Fischer
      344 rat spleen lymphocytes: modulation by 2-mercaptoethanol.
AB  - The effect of interleukin-2 (IL-2) on cell proliferation, sister-chromatid
      exchange (SCE) frequency, and the phosphorylation of nuclear stress proteins was
      evaluated in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated spleen lymphocytes isolated from
      Fischer 344 rats. In addition, the ability of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to
      modulate the induction of these biological responses was characterized. Cell
      proliferation, as measured by the mitotic index, increased significantly (P less
      than .003) from a range of 3-4% in PHA-stimulated cultures to a range of 8-11% in
      PHA-stimulated cultures exposed to IL-2. The average generation time (AGT) did
      not respond to IL-2 in a concentration-dependent manner and decreased
      significantly (P less than .05) when 20 microM 2-ME was included with IL-2 in the
      culture medium. The number of SCE increased significantly (P less than .004) from
      control frequencies, which ranged from 13.1 to 15.6 SCE per cell, to frequencies
      of 18.5 to 21.5 SCE per cell as the concentration of IL-2 in the culture medium
      increased to 50 half-maximal units per ml. A reduction in SCE frequency was
      observed when cells were cultured with 20 microM 2-ME and IL-2 compared to IL-2
      alone. Three nuclear proteins, with relative molecular masses of approximately
      13,000-18,000, 20,000, and 80,000, were phosphorylated in IL-2-exposed G1-phase
      nuclei. Elicitation of these nuclear proteins in IL-2-exposed cells was not
      affected by exposure to 2-ME.

PMID- 2298199
TI  - Urine mutagenicity and biochemical parameters as markers of exposure to petroleum
      pitch using a rat model.
AB  - A petroleum pitch sample collected in a carbon electrode factory was studied
      using a series of in vivo assays for genotoxicity and enzymatic induction
      capability. Rats were treated with the petroleum derivative in three doses: 100,
      50, and 10 mg/kg body weight. The treatment produced a rapid excretion of
      mutagenic substances in the urines of the first 24 hr only in rats treated with
      high doses (100 and 50 mg/kg). No faecal mutagenic activity was observed.
      Analyses of urinary thioethers showed that urinary metabolites derived from the
      compounds present in the pitch-sample at the lowest dose-administered (10 mg/kg)
      were eliminated primarily as cysteine conjugates. The pitch sample was found to
      be a good inducer of pulmonary and hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase,
      especially after a 50 mg/kg dose. Urinary D-glucaric acid content was always
      statistically increased in treated animals compared with controls, confirming the
      enzymatic induction activity. Hepatic glutathione-S-transferase activity
      increased following treatment with 50 and 10 mg/kg doses.

PMID- 2298200
TI  - Abstracts of the twenty-first annual meeting of the Environmental Mutagen
      Society. Albuquerque, New Mexico, March 25-29, 1990.

PMID- 2298201
TI  - Inhibition of leukotriene omega-oxidation by isonicotinic acid hydrazide
      (isoniazid).
AB  - Metabolism of leukotrienes via omega-oxidation represents a major degradative and
      inactivating pathway of these biologically active icosanoids. Isonicotinic acid
      hydrazide (isoniazid) inhibited this process in rats in vivo, in the isolated
      perfused rat liver, and in hepatic microsomes. The in vivo catabolism of
      leukotriene E4 via N-acetyl-leukotriene E4 to its omega-oxidized metabolites was
      inhibited by 50% or 71% using single intravenous isoniazid doses of 0.6 mmol or
      1.0 mmol/kg body mass, respectively. Isoniazid interfered with leukotriene
      catabolism at the initial omega-oxidation step, resulting in an accumulation of N
      acetyl-leukotriene E4. Analogous although weaker inhibition of leukotriene omega
      oxidation in vivo was observed by pretreatment with isonicotinic acid 2
      isopropylhydrazide and monoacetyl hydrazine. In the isolated perfused liver,
      isoniazid at concentrations varying over 0.2-10 mM decreased the omega-oxidation
      of cysteinyl leukotrienes dose-dependently by up to 94%. omega-Oxidation of both
      leukotriene E4 and leukotriene B4 by rat liver microsomes was inhibited by
      isoniazid, isonicotinic acid 2-isopropylhydrazide, and monoacetyl hydrazine with
      half-maximal concentrations in the range of 5-15 mM. Our measurements indicate
      that the impairment of leukotriene omega-oxidation by isoniazid involves both
      cytochrome-P450-dependent enzyme systems responsible for omega-oxidation of
      leukotriene E4 and leukotriene B4. In effect, under isoniazid treatment one can
      expect a prolongation of the proinflammatory actions of endogenously produced
      leukotrienes.

PMID- 2298202
TI  - Core histone-DNA interactions in sea urchin sperm chromatin. The N-terminal tail
      of H2B interacts with linker DNA.
AB  - A three-stage chemical modification procedure [Lambert, S. F. & Thomas, J. O.
      (1986) Eur. J. Biochem. 160, 191-201; Thomas, J. O. & Wilson, C. M. (1986) EMBO
      J. 5, 3531-3537] for selectively radiolabelling lysine residues that interact
      with DNA has been used to investigate core histone--DNA interactions in sea
      urchin sperm chromatin, in particular to determine the binding site of the long N
      terminal domain of sperm-specific H2B. Comparison of the patterns of
      radiolabelling of core histones from extended chromatin and nucleosome core
      particles (which lack linker DNA) reveals the regions of the histones involved in
      interactions with the linker. The results show that the N-terminal domain of H2B
      is bound to DNA outside the 146-bp nucleosome core, presumably to the linker DNA.
      H2A and H4 make no substantial contacts with the linker in extended chromatin;
      the N-terminal tail of H4 is bound within the core particle, but the N-terminal
      tail of H2A is not bound in core particles or in extended chromatin, and may
      therefore have a role in higher-order structure. H3, like H2B, makes contacts
      with DNA outside the 146-bp nucleosome core in its N-terminal region, as well as
      elsewhere, and probably interacts with the two 10-bp extensions that complete the
      two turns of DNA in the nucleosome and/or with the linker.

PMID- 2298203
TI  - Characterization of the S'-subsite specificity of bovine pancreatic alpha
      chymotrypsin via acyl transfer to added nucleophiles.
AB  - The S'-subsite specificity of bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin was
      investigated by acyl transfer reactions using a series of amino-acid- and peptide
      derived nucleophiles. The nucleophilic efficiency covers a range of more than
      three orders of magnitude, reflecting the specificity of the acyl transfer
      process. Positively charged H-Arg-NH2 was the most efficient nucleophile of the
      series while peptides with free carboxyl groups show poor nucleophilic behaviour.
      This is explained by electrostatic interactions with the residues Asp35 and Asp64
      of the enzyme. These negatively charged groups, which are localized near the
      appropriate S' binding sites, repel carboxylate groups of the nucleophiles. There
      is a good correlation between the nucleophile efficiencies found for different
      acyl enzymes. An investigation of a series of 14 water-soluble acyl donor esters,
      differing both in the P1 residue and in the number of amino acids, revealed that
      the nature of the acyl group affected the acyl-enzyme partitioning between water
      and added nucleophile in the range of one order of magnitude.

PMID- 2298205
TI  - cDNA cloning of cytochrome P-450 related to P-450p-2 from the cDNA library of
      human placenta. Gene structure and expression.
AB  - We have isolated and analyzed cDNA (designated P-450HP cDNA) clones from a human
      placenta cDNA library, using the cDNA for rabbit pulmonary cytochrome P-450p-2, a
      prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase, as a hybridization probe. The cDNA obtained
      encoded a polypeptide comprising 511 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass
      of 58987 Da, and the amino acid sequence similarity with P-450p-2 and rat liver
      laurate omega-hydroxylase (P-450LA omega) was only about 50%. RNA blot analysis
      showed that the mRNA hybridizable with the human P-450HP cDNA was inducibly
      expressed 3-5-fold in rabbit small intestine and lung by gestation, but the
      expression remained constant in rabbit liver and kidney. This mode of expression
      was quite different from that of P-450p-2 and P-450LA omega. Interestingly, the
      mRNA hybridized with the cDNA of P-450HP was found to be expressed in all the
      human tumor tissues so far examined, in sharp contrast with the facts that almost
      all the other species of P-450s are known to disappear in the tumor tissues.
      Taken together, the deduced hemoprotein termed P-450HP dose not seem to be the
      human counterpart of rabbit P-450p-2 or rat P-450LA omega, and is presumably a
      new member of the P-450 family including P-450p-2 and P-450LA omega. Furthermore,
      the corresponding genomic DNA was also cloned and analyzed. The gene of P-450HP
      spanned 18.8 kb and was separated into 11 exons by 10 introns whose locations
      were completely different from those of P-450 genes so far determined.

PMID- 2298204
TI  - Amino acid sequences around the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-binding sites of phenol
      hydroxylase.
AB  - Phenol hydroxylase was labelled with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. A radioactive label
      was introduced by using sodium boro[3H]hydride to reduce the initially formed
      Schiff's base. The labelled enzyme was digested with Staphylococcus V8 protease.
      Labelled peptides were isolated and their sequences were determined. The label
      could be located to three different lysyl residues. Sequence similarities with
      the known structures of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase and glutathione reductase
      are discussed. The positions of the labelled sequences, relative to the bound
      ligands at the active site, are proposed on the basis of such sequence
      similarities.

PMID- 2298206
TI  - Isolation and structure elucidation of a novel 5-kDa peptide from neurohaemal
      lobes of the corpora cardiaca of Locusta migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera).
AB  - Two predominant peptides have been isolated from neurohaemal lobes of corpora
      cardiaca of 8000 adults of Locusta migratoria. Both peptides have been
      unambiguously characterized by automated peptide microsequencing and liquid
      secondary-ion mass spectrometry as a 50-residue peptide (5K peptide) and a 48
      residue isologue (5K' peptide). Computer search of sequence data banks did not
      reveal any significant similarity with other identified proteins. The 5K peptides
      are remarkably rich in alanine residues (25%) and contain a stretch of five
      consecutive alanines. This structure suggests that these molecules could
      correspond to spacer peptides. This assumption is corroborated in the
      accompanying paper [Lagueux et al. (1990) Eur. J. Biochem. 187, 249-254] on the
      molecular cloning of the precursor protein which attributes to the 5K peptides a
      role analogous to that of the C peptides of insulins.

PMID- 2298208
TI  - Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in two sublines of human erythroleukemia
      K562 cells. Sensitivity or resistance to phosphatidylinositol-specific
      phospholipase C and biosynthesis.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in K562 cells exists in two molecular forms. The
      major form, an amphiphilic dimer (G2a) which sediments at 5.3 S, and the minor
      form, an amphiphilic monomer (G1a) which sediments at 3.5 S. Extraction in the
      presence of the sulfhydryl alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide was required to
      preserve the G2a form. In Triton X-100 extracts of the subline K562-243,
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PtdIns-PLC) from Bacillus
      thuringiensis converted most of the G2a AChE into a hydrophilic dimer (G2h),
      indicating that the G2a form possessed a hydrophobic glycoinositol phospholipid
      that mediated its attachment to the membrane. Treatment of intact K562-243 cells
      with PtdIns-PLC released approximately 60% of the total AChE activity and
      provided an estimate of the externally exposed AChE. The direct conversion from
      an amphiphilic to a hydrophilic dimeric form by PtdIns-PLC was not obtained in
      extracts or intact cells of the subline K562-48. Instead, pretreatment with
      alkaline hydroxylamine was necessary to render the amphiphilic G2 form of this
      subline susceptible to digestion by the phospholipase. In this respect, the
      amphiphilic dimer of K562-48 AChE resembles the G2a form of human erythrocyte
      AChE, which is resistant to PtdIns-PLC because of the direct palmitoylation of an
      inositol hydroxyl group in the anchor [Roberts et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263,
      18766-18775]. Release of this acyl chain by hydroxylamine renders the enzyme
      susceptible to PtdIns-PLC [Toutant et al. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 180, 503-508].
      In both K562 sublines, sialidase decreased the migration of the G2a form but not
      of the G1a form of AChE. G1a forms thus appear to represent an intracellular pool
      of newly synthesized molecules residing in a compartment proximal to the trans
      Golgi apparatus. The sialidase-resistant G1a molecules were also resistant to
      PtdIns-PLC digestion; possible explanations for this resistance are presented.

PMID- 2298207
TI  - Identification of two essential histidine residues of ribonuclease T2 from
      Aspergillus oryzae.
AB  - Ribonuclease (RNase) T2 from Aspergillus oryzae was modified by diethyl
      pyrocarbonate and iodoacetic acid. RNase T2 was rapidly inactivated by diethyl
      pyrocarbonate above pH 6.0 and by incorporation of a carboxymethyl group. No
      inactivation occurred in the presence of 3'AMP. 1H-NMR titration and photo
      chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization experiments demonstrated that two
      histidine residues were involved in the active site of RNase T2. Furthermore,
      analysis of inactive carboxymethylated RNase T2 showed that both His53 and His115
      were partially modified to yield a total of one mole of N tau
      carboxymethylhistidine/mole enzyme. The results indicate that the two histidine
      residues in the active site of RNase T2 are essential for catalysis and that
      modification of either His53 or His115 inactivates the enzyme.

PMID- 2298210
TI  - Description of enzyme kinetics in reversed micelles. 1. Theory.
AB  - In the literature measurements of kinetic data of enzymes in reversed micelles
      have been interpreted in two ways. In the first, all enzyme parameters are
      expressed with respect to the total volume of the reversed micellar solution. In
      the second, the enzymatic conversion is related only to the fraction of the
      volume consisting of aqueous solution (pseudophase model). In this paper
      equations are derived describing the rate of an enzymatic reaction for three
      different kinds of enzymes: enzymes obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics, enzymes
      following a ping-pong bi-bi mechanism and enzymes which convert substrates
      according to an ordered mechanism. In deriving these equations, a distinction is
      made between intermicellar exchange reactions of substrate(s) and product(s) and
      the enzymatic reaction which takes place in the waterpool of a reversed micelle.
      In the description, all intrinsic rate constants of the enzyme are assumed to be
      independent of its environment. The rate equations show that the presence and
      efficiency of the intermicellar exchange reaction, which supplies the enzyme with
      substrate and removes product, can affect the rate of an enzymatic reaction under
      common experimental conditions. Whereas kinetic parameters derived from double
      reciprocal plots often seem to be affected by enclosure in reversed micelles,
      these apparent deviations from kinetics in aqueous media can be explained by the
      model presented here as arising from exchange phenomena. Neither the
      experimentally determined maximum enzyme velocity, vmax, nor the Michaelis
      constants are affected by the incorporation of the enzyme in reversed micelles.
      The deviations of kinetic parameters from the aqueous values are shown to depend
      strongly on the concentration of reversed micelles, the intermicellar exchange
      rate and the volume fraction of water, a dependence in agreement with findings
      reported in the literature.

PMID- 2298209
TI  - Identification and characterization of the major chicken bone phosphoprotein.
      Analysis of its synthesis by cultured embryonic chick osteoblasts.
AB  - The major phosphoprotein synthesized by cultured chicken embryo osteoblasts had a
      molecular mass of approximately 66 kDa. The 32P label on the protein was cleaved
      by acid phosphatase treatment and O-[32P]phosphoserine and O
      [32P]phosphothreonine could be identified after partial acid hydrolysis. The
      phosphoprotein contributed approximately 2.0% of the total protein synthesized by
      osteoblasts and was shown to be secreted, as shown by its presence in the culture
      media. Glycosylation was demonstrated by the fact that it could be labelled with
      [3H]galactosamine. The major approximately 66-kDa phosphoprotein was resolved by
      isoelectric focusing into three major variants with pI values ranging over 3.7 -
      3.9; all three forms appear to be the result of variation in the extent of
      protein phosphorylation. An identical approximately 66-kDa phosphoprotein could
      be extracted from chicken bones which had both the same range of pI values and an
      identical elution position following DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Analysis of
      the protein isolated from bone demonstrated the presence of sialic acid and,
      while amino-terminal sequence analysis and internal tryptic fragment sequence
      analysis of about 25% of the protein revealed little similarity to the rat
      phosphoprotein osteopontin, a conserved nine-residue sequence spanning the Arg
      Gly-Asp cell-binding site of the rat protein osteopontin, was identified in the
      approximately 66-kDa chicken protein. Peptide mapping with Staphylococcus aureus
      V8 protease of the in vivo protein compared to the in vitro synthesized protein
      demonstrated identical peptide fingerprints. The two proteins also had comparable
      amino acid compositions. Several smaller-molecular-mass phosphoproteins ranging
      in size over about 55 - 29 kDa were also observed in the HCl extracts of bone.
      Peptide mapping of these species demonstrated that the approximately 66-kDa,
      approximately 55-kDa, and approximately 45-kDa species had a common core of
      peptide fragments. Pulse/chase experiments in culture revealed no evidence for a
      defined pathway of intracellular proteolysis associated with the approximately 66
      kDa species since this phosphoprotein remained the prevalent species after a 24-h
      chase. Because of the predominant association of all the smaller-molecular-mass
      forms with the cell layer and an absence of a quantitative conversion to any of
      the smaller forms over a 24-h chase, these results suggested that the lower
      molecular-mass species were not the result of proteolytic processing during
      synthesis or secretion, but rather represent proteolysis of the approximately 66
      kDa component in the extracellular matrix.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2298211
TI  - Enzyme kinetics in reversed micelles. 2. Behaviour of enoate reductase.
AB  - Enoate reductase (EC 1.3.1.31) can stereospecifically reduce a variety of
      alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylates. Its use was extended to apolar media by
      incorporating the enzyme into a reversed micellar medium. The kinetics of the
      enzyme in such a medium have been investigated using 2-methylbutenoic acid as
      substrate and NADH as a cofactor and compared with the reaction rates in aqueous
      solution. In aqueous solution the enzyme obeys a ping pong mechanism [Buhler et
      al. (1982) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem 363, 609-625]. In 50 mM Hepes pH = 7.0
      with ionic strength of 0.05 M the Michaelis constants for NADH and 2
      methylbutenoic acid are 20 microM and 6.0 mM respectively. In reversed micelles
      the kinetics of the reaction (Michaelis constant, maximum velocity as well as
      inhibitory effects) were markedly different. The rate of the enzymatic reaction
      of enoate reductase was studied using various concentrations of 2-methylbutenoic
      acid and various NADH concentrations. In reversed micelles composed of the
      anionic detergent sodium di(ethylhexyl)sulphosuccinate, the enzymatic reaction
      deviates substantially from the values in aqueous solution. Using our model (see
      preceding paper in this issue of the journal), all kinetics could be explained as
      evolving from enclosure in reversed micelles without any change in the intrinsic
      rate parameters of the enzyme. So the enzyme itself is unaffected by
      incorporation in reversed micelles, but the rate of intermicellar exchange as
      well as the microheterogeneity of the medium, resulting in very high local
      concentrations of the substrate, are the most important factors altering the
      reaction pattern. The effect of the composition of the reversed micellar medium
      was also investigated using either a nonionic or a cationic surfactant. In these
      solutions too, exchange and microheterogeneity of the medium proved to be the
      most important parameters influencing the enzymatic reaction. In all reversed
      micellar solutions inhibition by the enoate was observed at an overall
      concentration of 0.5-5 mM, implying that a concentration of substrate equal to
      the Km value in aqueous solution may already cause inhibition in reversed
      micelles. At this level no inhibition by NADH was observed. The
      microheterogeneity of the medium also explains this inhibition of the enzyme at
      relatively low 2-methylbutenoic acid concentrations.

PMID- 2298212
TI  - Enzyme kinetics in reversed micelles. 3. Behaviour of 20 beta-hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - The kinetic parameters of 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were determined in
      aqueous solutions and in reversed micellar media composed with either an anionic,
      a cationic or a nonionic surfactant, at low and at high ionic strength. The
      velocity data were analysed in two ways: first by extrapolation to infinite
      concentrations of both substrates to determine 'apparent' Michaelis constants and
      V values, and secondly by comparison to reaction rates calculated using the model
      presented (see first of this series of papers in this issue of the journal). Data
      analysis according to the first method reveals some differences in the kinetic
      parameters in reversed micelles as compared to those in aqueous solution, though
      the kinetic parameters of the enzyme seem not to be much affected by enclosure in
      reversed micelles. It is shown that the changes that do occur are not caused by a
      shift of the intramicellar pH or by electrostatic interactions between the enzyme
      and the surfactant head groups. Interpretation of the data using the second
      method assumes that the enzyme is not affected by the enclosure in reversed
      micelles, and that deviations with respect to the aqueous parameters are caused
      by exchange phenomena between distinct aqueous droplets in the organic phase and
      by a high effective intramicellar substrate concentration. This model is able to
      predict reaction rates that agree rather well with experimentally determined
      rates and explains why the enzyme mechanism in reversed micelles is, at all
      progesterone concentrations used, the same as observed at high progesterone
      concentrations in aqueous solution. Furthermore it clarifies the occurrence of
      substrate inhibition in sodium-di(ethylhexyl)sulphosuccinate-reversed micelles
      and the observed low activity in Triton-reversed micelles, as arising from the
      high partition coefficient of progesterone and the slow rate of diffusion of
      progesterone into the reversed micelles. From these results, and those reported
      for enoate reductase (see preceding paper in this issue of the journal) it can be
      concluded that the theory presented before (see first of this series of papers in
      this issue of the journal) offers a good explanation for the observed kinetic
      behaviour in reversed micelles, and emphasizes the importance of exchange
      processes between micelles.

PMID- 2298213
TI  - Oligosaccharides at individual glycosylation sites in glycoprotein 71 of Friend
      murine leukemia virus.
AB  - Glycoprotein 71 from Friend murine leukemia virus was digested with proteases and
      the glycopeptides obtained were isolated and assigned, by amino acid sequencing,
      to the eight N-glycosylated asparagines in the molecule; only Asn334 and Asn341
      could not be separated. The oligosaccharides liberated from each glycopeptide by
      endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, or by peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta
      glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F, were fractionated and subjected to structural
      analysis by one- and two-dimensional 1H NMR, as well as by methylation/gas-liquid
      chromatography/mass-fragmentography. At each glycosylation site, the substituents
      were found to be heterogeneous including, at Asn334/341 and Asn410, substitution
      by different classes of N-glycans: oligomannosidic oligosaccharides, mainly Man
      alpha 1----6(Man alpha 1----3)Man alpha 1----6(Man alpha 1----3)Man beta 1---
      4GlcNAc beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----, were detected at Asn168, Asn334/341 and
      Asn410. Hybrid species, partially sialylated, intersected and (proximally)
      funcosylated Man alpha 1----6(Man alpha 1----3)Man alpha 1----6 and Man alpha 1--
      -3Man alpha 1----6 and Man alpha 1----3Man alpha 1----6(Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc
      beta 1----2Man alpha 1----3)Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----,
      were found at Asn12, as previously published [Schluter, M., Linder, D., Geyer,
      R., Hunsmann, H., Schneider, J. & Stirm, S. (1984) FEBS Lett. 169, 194-198] and
      at Asn334/341. N-Acetyllactosaminic glycans, mainly partially intersected and
      fucosylated NeuAc alpha 2----3 or Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1---
      2Man alpha 1----6(NeuAc alpha 2----6 or NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal-beta 1----4GlcNAc
      beta 1----2Man alpha 1----3)Man beta 1----4GlcNac beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----
      with some bifurcation at ----6Man alpha 1----6, were obtained from Asn266,
      Asn302, Asn334/341, Asn374 and Asn410. In addition, Thr268, Thr277, Thr279,
      Thr304/309, as well as Ser273 and Ser275, were found to be O-glycosidically
      substituted by Gal beta 1----3GalNAc alpha 1----, monosialylated or desialylated
      at position 3 of Gal or/and position 6 of GalNAc.

PMID- 2298215
TI  - Isolation and characterization of abaecin, a major antibacterial response peptide
      in the honeybee (Apis mellifera).
AB  - Honeybee (Apis mellifera) are frequently exposed to and likely to be infected by
      plant-associated bacteria. We mimicked this process by injecting bees with live
      bacteria and isolated five induced antibacterial substances by comparative liquid
      chromatographic mapping of the hemolymph. Three of these antibiotics belong to a
      unique family of small (18 amino acids) peptides: the apidaecins [Casteels et al.
      (1989) EMBO J. 8, 2387-2391]. We have now characterized a fourth bee immune
      response peptide. The complete sequence was established by Edman degradation of
      the peptide and fragments thereof. It is 34 amino acids long and contains 10
      proline residues. The amino-terminal half is related to the apidaecins; similar
      proline motifs are also present in the amino-terminal quarter of the much longer
      fly diptericins. The newly identified peptide's broad spectrum, lower specific
      activities against Gram-negative plant pathogens and its inability to inhibit
      bacterial growth at medium ionic strength are different from the apidaecins.
      Moreover, the highest observed specific activity was against an apidaecin
      resistant Xanthomonas strain. In contrast to the immediate action of apidaecins,
      bactericidal activity is delayed. We propose the name 'abaecin' for this new
      antibacterial response peptide.

PMID- 2298214
TI  - Selection of the 5'-proximal translation initiation site is influenced by mRNA
      and eIF-2 concentrations.
AB  - A cDNA clone of the influenza virus NS (non-structural protein) gene in a vector
      carrying a bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter was manipulated so as to
      reiterate the initiation site to give two in-frame AUG codons 57 nucleotide
      residues apart. Each initiation site was in either a preferred context
      (...AUAAUGG...) or a less favourable context (...UUUAUGG...) and the four
      possible permutations were constructed. When capped mRNA transcripts of these
      clones were translated in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, products from
      initiation at both AUG codons were observed. At low RNA concentrations the
      frequency of initiation at the 5'-proximal AUG codon rather than the second was
      higher when the first AUG codon was in the preferred context, in qualitative
      agreement with the scanning ribosome model. However, a completely unexpected
      finding was that the ratio of initiation at the first AUG codon to initiation at
      the second decreased with increasing mRNA concentration, irrespective of the
      particular context involved. Several lines of evidence indicated that the
      increased frequency of initiation at the second AUG codon was not due solely to
      the lower density of ribosome loading per mRNA at high RNA concentrations, and
      may therefore be the result of high RNA concentrations out-titring the capacity
      of endogenous reticulocyte factors responsible for preferential initiation at the
      5'-proximal AUG codon. The effect of supplementing the system with purified
      initiation factors was examined. Only eIF-2 was capable of decreasing the
      frequency of initiation at the second AUG codon and promoting use of the first
      AUG at high mRNA concentrations; eIF-3, 4A, 4B, 4C + 4D, 4F and 5 were inactive.

PMID- 2298216
TI  - Metal-ion-governed molecular recognition: extent of intramolecular stack
      formation in mixed-ligand--copper(II) complexes containing a heteroaromatic N
      base and an adenosine monophosphate (2'AMP, 3'AMP, or 5'AMP). A structuring
      effect of the metal-ion bridge.
AB  - Stability constants of mixed-ligand Cu(Arm)(AMP) complexes [where Arm = 2,2'
      bipyridyl (Bpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) and AMP2- = 2'AMP2-, 3'AMP2- or
      5'AMP2-] were determined by potentiometric pH titrations in aqueous solution at I
      = 0.1 M (NaNO3) and 25 degrees C. The ternary Cu(Arm)(AMP) complexes are more
      stable than corresponding Cu(Arm)(R-MP) complexes, where R-MP2- represents a
      phosphate monoester with a group R that is unable to participate in any kind of
      interaction within the complexes as, for example, D-ribose 5'-monophosphate. This
      increased stability is attributed, in agreement with previous results, to
      intramolecular stack formation in the Cu(Arm)(AMP) complexes between the purine
      residue of the AMPs and the aromatic rings of Bpy or Phen. Based on correlation
      lines (previously obtained from log K versus pKa plots) for Cu(Arm)(R-MP)
      complexes without a ligand-ligand interaction, a quantitative evaluation was
      carried out. The degree of formation of the species with the intramolecular
      stacks increases for the Cu(Arm)(AMP) complexes in the series: 3'AMP2- less than
      5'AMP2- less than 2'AMP2-; e.g. in Cu(Bpy)(3'AMP) the stack reaches a formation
      degree of 45 +/- 11% and in Cu(Bpy)(2'AMP) one of 96.1 +/- 0.7% is obtained. It
      must be emphasized that these differences are due to the different steric
      orientations of the bridging metal ion, which result from the varying position of
      the phosphate group on the ribose ring. As shown by 1H-NMR shift measurements,
      there is no significant effect of the position of the phosphate group on the
      stability of the binary (Phen)(AMP)2- adducts (K approximately 36 M-1 in D2O);
      such an effect is seen only if a metal-ion bridge is formed between the moieties
      forming the stack, i.e. metal-ion coordination imposes individual properties on
      the AMPs. By also taking into account some recent results on other nucleoside 5'
      monophosphate complexes, the following trend for an increasing stacking tendency
      of the nucleic base moieties can be established: uracil approximately less than
      cytosine approximately less than thymine much less than adenine less than 7
      deazaadenine. Some additional conclusions of general importance are given and the
      relevance of the results with regard to bio-systems is indicated.

PMID- 2298217
TI  - Intraorganelle localization and substrate specificities of the mitochondrial acyl
      CoA: sn-glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase and acyl-CoA: 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3
      phosphate O-acyltransferase from potato tubers and pea leaves.
AB  - The mitochondrial sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate O
      acyltransferases from potato tubers and pea leaves were investigated with respect
      to their intraorganelle localization, their positional and substrate
      specificities, and their fatty acid selectivities. In mitochondria from potato
      tubers both enzymes were found to be located in the outer membrane. The 1-acyl-sn
      glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase of pea mitochondria showed the same
      intraorganelle localization whereas the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase
      behaved like a soluble protein of the intermembrane space. The sn-glycerol-3
      phosphate O-acyltransferase of both potato and pea mitochondria used sn-glycerol
      3-phosphate but not dihydroxyacetone phosphate as acyl acceptor and exclusively
      catalyzed the formation of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate which subsequently
      served as substrate for the second acylation reaction at its C-2 position. Both
      acyltransferases of potato as well as pea mitochondria showed higher activities
      with acyl-CoA than with the corresponding acyl-(acyl carrier protein) thioesters.
      When different acyl-CoA thioesters were offered separately, the sn-glycerol-3
      phosphate O-acyltransferase of potato mitochondria displayed no fatty acid
      specificity whereas the enzyme of pea mitochondria revealed one for saturated
      acyl groups. On the other hand, the mitochondrial 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate
      O-acyltransferases from both potato tubers and pea leaves were more active on
      unsaturated than on saturated acyl-CoA thioesters. Furthermore, these enzymes
      preferentially used oleoyl- and linoleoyl-CoA when they were offered in a mixture
      with saturated ones, although the fatty acid selectivity of the pea enzyme was
      less pronounced than that of the potato enzyme. The sn-glycerol-3-phosphate O
      acyltransferase of potato mitochondria displayed a slight preference for
      saturated acyl groups.

PMID- 2298219
TI  - Purification and characterization of a novel beta-agarase from Vibrio sp. AP-2.
AB  - beta-Agarase was purified from the culture fluid of a porphyran-decomposing
      marine bacterium (strain AP-2) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, successive
      column chromatography and DNase and RNase treatment. The final enzyme preparation
      appeared to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme had
      a molecular mass of 20 kDa, a pH optimum of 5.5, and was stable in the pH region
      4.0-9.0 and at temperatures below 45 degrees C. The beta-agarase was a novel endo
      type enzyme which hydrolyzed neoagarotetraose, larger neoagarooligosaccharides
      and agar to give neoagarobiose [3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl-(1----3)-D
      galactose] as the predominant product. The enzyme did not act on kappa
      carrageenan. According to the criteria of Bergey's Manual of Systematic
      Bacteriology, the strain was assigned to the genus Vibrio.

PMID- 2298220
TI  - Triphasic waves and cerebral tumors.
AB  - Three patients with cerebral tumor involving diencephalic midline structures (2
      malignant gliomas, 1 craniopharyngioma) and no metabolic abnormalities developed
      disorientation in time and place or coma with triphasic waves (TW) seen on
      electroencephalograms. Serial EEG recordings showed persistence or disappearance
      of TW depending on poor or good outcome of the antiedema treatment. TW have been
      described with disorders affecting the brain diffusely, as metabolic
      encephalopathies, dementing processes, cerebral carcinomatosis and baclofen
      intoxication. The findings described here demonstrate that TW may occur in
      patients with brain tumor involving subcortical midline structures.

PMID- 2298218
TI  - Multiple coordinate controls contribute to a balanced expression of ribulose-1,5
      bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase subunits in rye leaves.
AB  - In the leaves of rye (Secale cereale L.), control mechanisms acting at multiple
      molecular levels contribute to a coordinate expression of the subunit
      polypeptides of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. The relevance and
      hierarchy of the different control steps were evaluated by comparing the time
      courses of changes in levels of translatable mRNA, rates of in vivo amino acid
      incorporation, and the turnover of subunit polypeptides after selective
      interference with translation at either cytoplasmic 80S ribosomes, or at the 70S
      ribosomes of the chloroplast, by compartment-specific inhibitors, or by the use
      of 70S-ribosome-deficient leaves. The latter were generated by growing the plants
      at a non-permissive elevated temperature of 32 degrees C. The rates of synthesis
      of the two ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase subunits were most rapidly
      adapted to each other by translational controls. Within 0.5-2.5 h after selective
      inhibition of the synthesis of either subunit, that of the other subunit made in
      the unaffected compartment also declined by more than 90% without any marked
      change in its mRNA. After prolonged inhibition (24 h) of either cytoplasmic or
      chloroplast protein synthesis, the levels of mRNAs for both subunits were greatly
      diminished. In rye, the mRNA levels for both subunits changed under all
      experimental conditions tested in a closely parallel manner and appeared to be
      always maintained in a balanced, fairly constant ratio by strong coordinate
      controls. Even 70S-ribosome-deficient leaves contained mRNAs for both the small
      and the large subunits, although only in small amounts. The mRNAs for both
      subunits were also markedly further decreased in 70S-ribosome-deficient leaves
      after application of an inhibitor of cytoplasmic translation. MDMP [2-(4-methyl
      2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide], suggesting that the suppression of the
      large subunit mRNA in the plastids was not mediated through feedback effects of
      accumulating unassembled large subunits. Coordinate controls at both the mRNA and
      the translational level require a bidirectional exchange of regulatory signals
      between chloroplast and cytoplasm. However, these controls were not absolutely
      restrictive and allowed low rates of uncoupled synthesis of either large or small
      subunits. Large subunits made in the presence of MDMP were stable over 24 h.
      However, unassembled small subunits synthesized in 70S-ribosome-deficient leaves
      were degraded with a half-time of 10.5 h, in contrast to their behavior after
      integration into the holoprotein in normal leaves, where no turnover was
      detected. The proteolytic removal of surplus free small subunits is regarded as a
      final post-translational fine-tuning step to establish a balanced subunit
      stoichiometry in leaves.

PMID- 2298221
TI  - Magneto-electrical stimulation of central motor pathways compared with
      percutaneous electrical stimulation.
AB  - The central motor conduction to the relaxed muscles was studied in 30 normal
      volunteers using magneto-electrical stimulation (MES) of the central motor
      pathways. The results were compared with those obtained by the percutaneous
      electrical stimulation technique (PES) described previously. None of the cortical
      and spinal latencies (Lcor and Lsp, respectively) and the central motor
      conduction time were different between MES and PES in the upper limb muscles. In
      some lower limb muscles, however, the Lsps of MES were significantly shorter than
      those of PES. This was probably because the magnetic stimulation over the lumbar
      spinal column activated the motor roots at their exit from the spinal canal
      rather than the level of conus medullaris, at which activation occurs in the
      electrical stimulation.

PMID- 2298222
TI  - Propranolol corrects the abnormal catecholamine response to light during
      migraine.
AB  - The catecholamine (CA) response to light before and after propranolol therapy was
      studied in 25 migrainous subjects. Before therapy an abnormal CA response to
      light consisting of a rise in epinephrine excretion and a depression in
      norepinephrine (NE) excretion was noticed in migrainous patients. After
      propranolol administration (60 mg daily for 10 days) the post-photic augmentation
      in epinephrine excretion and the post-photic depression in NE excretion no longer
      occurred. As epinephrine discharge may be pathogenetic for migraine attack, the
      favorable effect of propranolol in migraine therapy could be due to its ability
      to prevent the epinephrine release induced by light or other stimuli.

PMID- 2298223
TI  - Serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection of the central
      nervous system in African patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - The intrathecal synthesis of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was
      determined by 3 different immunoassays in 15 African patients with pre-acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS. Isoelectric focusing together with
      affinity-mediated immunoblot were found to be superior to enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay and Western blot in providing information not only about the
      antigen specificity of locally produced antibodies but also about their clonal
      distribution. In 9 of the subjects, HIV-specific oligoclonal bands were
      demonstrable with higher frequency or intensity in the cerebrospinal fluid than
      in the autologous serum, indicating autochthonous synthesis of HIV-related
      antibodies.

PMID- 2298224
TI  - Fragile-X mental retardation in a large five-generation family. A clinical and
      cytogenetic study.
AB  - A number of problems concerning both clinical and genetic or cytogenetic aspects
      of the fragile-X syndrome remain unsolved. In the present work, a large 5
      generation fragile-X family has been clinically and cytogenetically investigated.
      The results of our study indicated that an unusually high proportion of affected
      males was present in the family examined; all fragile-X-positive males were
      profoundly retarded and showed the phenotype typically described for this
      syndrome; moreover, we observed a variability of penetrance within the pedigree
      and all fragile-X-positive females in the 4th and 5th generation had some degree
      of mental impairment. A multistep mutation model has been proposed in order to
      explain some of these findings.

PMID- 2298225
TI  - Loss of brainstem acoustic evoked potentials with spontaneous breathing in a
      patient with supratentorial lesion.
AB  - The loss of brainstem acoustic evoked potentials (BAEP) is considered as a
      confirmatory test for the diagnosis of brain death in patients with
      supratentorial lesions. We report a patient with ischemia in the territory of the
      left middle and anterior cerebral artery, who showed a loss of BAEP waves III-V
      as a sign of brainstem compression, but maintained spontaneous breathing and EEG
      activities. We conclude that occasionally BAEP may provide misleading results in
      the diagnosis of brain death.

PMID- 2298226
TI  - Pseudobulbar palsy: a clinical computed tomography study.
AB  - 61 of 1,590 (3.8%) patients with cerebrovascular disease showed suprabulbar palsy
      of the pure form (42 patients; 2 had autopsy) and striate form (19 patients; 3
      had autopsy). 25 patients with the pallidopyramidal syndrome were included since
      the clinical picture bordered on the striate form. The pure variety was
      characterized by dysarthria, dysphagia and automatic voluntary dissociation of
      facial movements. Half of the patients also had hemiparesis, primitive reflexes
      and short-step gait. In the striate form, the main signs were dysarthria,
      dysphagia, automatic voluntary dissociation, rigidity and hypokinesia. Brisk
      tendon reflexes, primitive reflexes, short-step gait and mental deterioration
      were also present in half of the patients. The pure variety was caused by
      multiple infarcts and/or lacunae (85.7%), while the striate form had vascular
      lesions by computed tomography in only 36.8% of the cases. Histological findings,
      showing lipohyalinosis of the arterial wall leading to stenosis and occlusion of
      the lumen and tissue rarefaction and disintegration, support the assumption that
      microinfarctions, sometimes found only by histopathological examination, are the
      leading pathogenetic factor in this form. Hypertension, cardiopathy, smoking
      habit, dyslipemia and diabetes are the most frequent risk factors in both forms.

PMID- 2298227
TI  - Lacunar cerebral infarct and nuclear magnetic resonance. A review of sixty cases.
AB  - A prospective series of 60 consecutive patients with lacunar cerebral infarcts
      (LI), studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) and brain computerized
      tomography (CT), is presented. A significantly greater number of positive results
      (p less than 0.001) was observed in the MR (78%) in comparison with the CT scan
      (30%). In pure motor hemiparesis, the number of positive results obtained with MR
      was maximal (85%) and greater than with CT scan (35%; p less than 0.001). In pure
      sensory stroke, the positivity was 40% in MR and 20% in CT. In pontine and
      capsular topography, MR showed a greater sensitivity than CT scan (p less than
      0.001). A significantly (p less than 0.001 greater number of silent infarcts were
      detected by MR (42%) than by CT scan (18.5%). Nowadays, MR is the complementary
      examination of choice in the topographic diagnosis of LI and should be carried
      out whenever possible in all patients presenting with this pathology.

PMID- 2298228
TI  - Histochemical and biochemical studies in a patient with myophosphorylase
      deficiency.
AB  - The present report describes the histochemical and biochemical findings of
      biopsied muscles in a 26-year-old male with myophosphorylase deficiency.
      Histochemical analysis of the first biopsy specimen revealed that the
      phosphorylase activity was absent, corresponding to an absent band at 94,000 Da
      on the basis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS
      PAGE). Histochemically the second biopsy specimen showed a partial phosphorylase
      activity of type 2B fibers, corresponding to a weakly staining band at 94,000 Da
      on the basis of SDS-PAGE. The present study supports the hypothesis that
      myophosphorylase deficiency is essentially a single gene disorder, characterized
      by absence or marked reduction of the myophosphorylase protein.

PMID- 2298229
TI  - Pseudotumor cerebri following eclampsia.
AB  - Pseudotumor cerebri, or increased intracranial pressure without a mass lesion,
      has been associated with hormonal activity but the exact causative relation is
      still obscure. We report a case of a 15-year-old girl who developed pseudotumor
      cerebri manifested by headache, visual symptoms and extraocular muscle palsies 3
      weeks after recovering from eclampsia. Possible associations with eclampsia and
      postpartum changes in estrogen, progesterone and prolactin are discussed.

PMID- 2298230
TI  - Serum and serotonin induce retraction of calf aortic smooth muscle (CASM) cells
      in vitro: inhibition by ketanserin, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist.
AB  - Calf aortic smooth muscle (CASM) cells cultured in vitro at high cell density (4
      x 10(4) cells/cm2) on bacteriological petri dishes in the presence of serum pile
      up in clusters and create open spaces in the monolayer. This phenomenon is
      clearly visible 6 days after plating and is markedly enhanced by the addition of
      fetal calf serum. Serotonin is essential for the serum-induced retraction since
      (1) dialyzed serum has no effect, (2) of all the vasoactive agents we tested,
      only serotonin induced a similar degree of retraction, and (3) the serum-induced
      retraction was completely blocked by preincubating the cells with serotonin 5-HT2
      receptor blockers such as ketanserin and ritanserin but not by preincubation with
      adrenergic-alpha 1 blockers or histamine antagonists. Serotonin caused CASM cell
      retraction in a dose-dependent way, with a maximum effect at 10(-6) M. The
      serotonin-induced retraction was reversible in time and was effectively blocked
      by ketanserin (IC50 = 1.2 x 10(-9) M). It is therefore concluded that serotonin
      induces retraction of CASM cells, mediated by the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor.

PMID- 2298231
TI  - Effects of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1 on rat
      heart endothelial cell anchorage-dependent and -independent growth.
AB  - This report describes the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and
      transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on the anchorage-dependent and 
      independent growth of rat heart endothelial cells (RHE-1A). When RHE-1A cells
      were grown in monolayer culture with medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum
      (FBS) supplemented with epidermal growth factor (0.1-100 ng/ml), growth was
      stimulated fivefold when compared to that of cells grown in medium containing 10%
      FBS alone. The stimulatory effect of EGF on RHE-1A cell monolayer growth was dose
      dependent and half-maximal at 5 ng/ml. The addition of TGF-beta 1 in the range
      0.1-10 ng/ml had no effect on RHE-1A cell monolayer growth when added to medium
      containing 10% FBS alone or 10% FBS supplemented with EGF (50 ng/ml). RHE-1A
      cells failed to grow under anchorage-independent conditions in 0.3% agar medium
      containing 10% FBS. In the presence of EGF, however, colony formation increased
      dramatically. The stimulatory effect of EGF was dose-dependent in the range 0.1
      100 ng/ml and was half-maximal at 5 ng/ml. In contrast to its effects under
      anchorage-dependent conditions, TGF-beta 1 (0.1-10 ng/ml) antagonized the
      stimulatory effects of EGF on RHE-1A cell anchorage-independent growth. The
      inhibitory effect of TGF-beta 1 was dose-dependent and half-maximal at 0.1 ng/ml.
      EGF-induced RHE-1A soft agar colonies were isolated and reinitiated in monolayer
      culture. They retained the cobblestone morphology and contact-inhibition
      characteristic of normal vascular endothelial cells. Each of the clones continued
      to express Factor VIII antigen. These findings suggest that TGF-beta may
      influence not only endothelial cell proliferation but also anchorage dependence.
      These effects may in turn be of relevance to endothelial cell growth and
      angiogenesis in vivo.

PMID- 2298232
TI  - Differentiation of EC cells in vitro by the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342.
AB  - The fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342 is able to differentiate F9 EC cells at low
      concentrations. This differentiation is accompanied by synthesis of large amounts
      of laminin, production of a well-developed cytoskeleton, disappearance of the
      SSEA-1 antigen, and synthesis of large amounts of fibronectin, all
      characteristics of the primitive endoderm. The dye immediately blocks the cells
      at the S/G2 phase of the cell cycle and produces a complete arrest in
      proliferation. This effect is not specific for the nullipotent F9 cell line, as
      multipotent EC cell lines like PCC3, P19, and PCC4 can also be easily
      differentiated into the same pathway by treatment with the Hoechst dye. In
      contrast, the dye has no remarkable effects on terminal differentiated,
      immortalized cells like NIH 3T3 or the parietal endoderm-like cell PYS-2.

PMID- 2298233
TI  - Evidence for autocrine growth stimulation of cultured colon tumor cells by a
      gastrin/cholecystokinin-like peptide.
AB  - The peptide gastrin has been shown to have growth stimulatory effects on normal
      as well as malignant gastrointestinal tissue. In this study, we have examined the
      possibility of autocrine growth-stimulation of cultured colon tumor cells by a
      gastrin-like peptide. The gastrin/CCK receptor antagonist dibutyryl cGMP
      inhibited the proliferation of two human colon carcinoma cell lines HCT 116 (EC50
      = 1.3 mM) and CBS (EC50 = 2.5 mM) in a dose-dependent manner. Marked
      morphological changes were observed in HCT 116 cells after treatment with 1 mM
      dibutyryl cGMP. In receptor binding assays, dibutyryl cGMP competed with 125I
      labeled gastrin for binding to HCT 116 cells (IC50 = 1.8 mM). Another derivative
      of cyclic GMP, 8-Bromo cGMP used as control due to its considerably weaker
      affinity for the gastrin/CCK receptor, did not compete with radiolabeled gastrin
      for binding to HCT 116 cells and had no effect on the morphology or proliferation
      in monolayer cultures of HCT 116 or CBS cells at concentrations up to 10 mM.
      Antigastrin/CCK antisera was also found to have dose-dependent cytostatic effects
      on HCT 116 and CBS cells adapted to growth in serum-free medium. The
      antiproliferative effect of the gastrin/CCK receptor antagonist and
      antigastrin/CCK antibodies suggested that a gastrin-like peptide secreted by
      these cells may promote growth. Radioimmunoassay of the conditioned medium of
      these two cell lines indicated the presence of a gastrin-like peptide (10-50
      pg/10(6) cells/72 h). Northern analysis using an oligonucleotide DNA probe
      complementary to the nucleotide sequence coding the dodecapeptide carboxyl
      terminal of human gastrin showed three transcripts (0.7, 3.3, and 3.7 kb) that
      hybridized with the probe. These data provide, for the first time, evidence for
      an autocrine growth stimulatory role of a gastrin/CCK-like peptide in cultured
      colon tumor cells.

PMID- 2298234
TI  - On the cell-free association of lamins A and C with metaphase chromosomes.
AB  - Nuclear envelopes have previously been shown to assemble spontaneously around
      endogenous chromosomes in cell-free homogenates of mitotic Chinese hamster ovary
      cells. In order to further analyze the mechanisms underlying nuclear envelope
      reformation and the functions of the individual nuclear lamin polypeptides, a
      fractionated cell-free nuclear envelope reassembly system involving purified
      chromosomes and either a postchromosomal supernatant or a cytosol fraction from
      mitotic cells has been devised. Results obtained with this fractionated system
      show that lamins A and C will associate with the surfaces of chromosomes in the
      absence of lamin B and membranes, this association being inhibitable by ATP-gamma
      S. However, in the absence of membranes chromatin decondensation never occurs.
      Using the reversible swelling of chromosomes in low ionic strength buffers
      lacking divalent cations as the basis of a simple assay, it is demonstrated that
      the association of lamins A and C with the surfaces of chromosomes has a
      pronounced and easily observable effect on chromatin organization.

PMID- 2298235
TI  - TGF-beta enhances the production of hyaluronan in human lung but not in skin
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) enhances the production of
      extracellular matrix components, such as type I and type III collagen,
      fibronectin, proteoglycans, in various cell types. The effect on hyaluronan
      synthesis in relation to proteoglycan synthesis has not been investigated. Human
      lung or skin fibroblast cultures were treated with TGF-beta in serum-free medium
      for various periods of time. 35SO4 or [3H]glucosamine was then added to the
      cultures in the absence of TGF-beta for up to 48 h. Hyaluronan and proteoglycans
      were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and quantitated. TGF-beta induced a
      three- to fourfold increase in hyaluronan production by lung cells but had no
      effect on skin fibroblasts. In contrast, proteoglycan synthesis was enhanced in
      both cell types, although skin fibroblasts responded at lower concentrations of
      TGF-beta. Increased accumulation of hyaluronan was noted only in the cell medium,
      whereas proteoglycan accumulation was observed both in the medium and in the cell
      layer. The ED50 for TGF-beta on hyaluronan accumulation in lung cells was the
      same as that for proteoglycan accumulation, i.e., 40 pM. In skin fibroblasts the
      ED50 was considerably lower (4 pM). The induction time needed to attain full
      effect of TGF-beta was 6 h for both hyaluronan and proteoglycan synthesis. These
      results indicate that TGF-beta has tissue-specific effects on matrix production
      which may be of importance for control of cell proliferation in various disease
      states.

PMID- 2298236
TI  - Mechanisms for activation and subsequent removal of cytosolic Ca2+ in bradykinin
      stimulated neuronal and glial cell lines.
AB  - Mechanisms for activation and for removal of cytosolic Ca2+ after stimulation
      with bradykinin were investigated in two neural cell lines by measuring cytosolic
      Ca2+ activity and 45Ca2+ fluxes. In the neuronal (neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid)
      and in the glial (rat glioma) cell lines, the transient, bradykinin-induced rise
      in cytosolic Ca2+ activity (determined by fura-2 or indo-1 fluorescence) was
      blocked by a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist. Ca2+ ionophores (ionomycin and 4
      Br-A23187) caused a comparable transient rise in cytosolic Ca2+ activity. After
      addition of ionophores, the Ca2+ response to bradykinin was reduced or completely
      blocked in both cell lines. At the concentrations used, the ionophores primarily
      depleted intracellular Ca2+ stores and prevented refilling of the stores. Thus,
      the bradykinin-induced rise of cytosolic Ca2+ activity seems to be mostly due to
      Ca2+ release from internal stores. In the neuronal but not in the glial cell
      line, a brief stimulation by bradykinin of 45Ca2+ uptake was followed by a long
      lasting inhibition below control values. Thus, in the neuronal cells bradykinin
      presumably blocks Ca2+ channels by a readily reversible, pertussis toxin
      insensitive mechanism. Excess cytosolic Ca2+ of the bradykinin-stimulated cells
      is mostly not resequestered into the internal Ca2+ pool accessible to bradykinin,
      but is mainly extruded through the plasma membrane, as indicated by (i)
      stimulation of 45Ca2+ release by bradykinin, (ii) quick reduction by bradykinin
      of cellular 45Ca2+ content of cells preequilibrated with 45Ca2+, and (iii)
      diminution of the ionophore-inducible Ca2+ response after the addition of
      bradykinin.

PMID- 2298237
TI  - Methods of successive multiparametric cytochemistry and microfluorometry on
      identical cells with special reference to cell cycle phases in a chick embryo.
AB  - The study of cell cycle kinetics in relation to regulatory mechanisms in
      embryonic development is considered quite important, but many technical
      difficulties still remain owing to the complexity of embryonic systems. To
      facilitate such study, a novel method of multiparametric microfluorometry was
      developed and is presented here. In many other multiparametric methods, various
      cytochemistries and fluorometries are conducted at the same time, whereas in our
      system only one type of cytochemistry and its microfluorometry are performed
      first and then other types subsequently. Our system is composed of two parts, a
      method for combining various types of quantitative cytochemistries to be
      performed in succession on identical cells and a method that permits the
      implementation of cytochemistries and microfluorometries in succession using in
      combination a microfluorometer, TV camera, video recorder, digital Telopper, and
      microcomputers. A method for the evaluation and normalization of
      microfluorometric data on DNA content is described. The cell cycle phases of each
      cell can be accurately distinguished on the basis of DNA content and BrdU uptake,
      using a statistical method. A cell cycle traverse study using embryonic avian
      scale dermal cells was carried out in which the four parameters of DNA content,
      double labeling with BrdU and [3H]AdR, and time lapse between the two labelings
      were included. As an example of its application to molecular cytochemistry, in
      situ nick translation was conducted on developing scale dermal cells. The special
      features and scope of application of the present system are discussed.

PMID- 2298238
TI  - A unique subset of developmentally regulated surface proteins turns over rapidly
      during fusion of the L6 rat myoblast cell line.
AB  - We have previously identified several developmentally regulated surface
      polypeptides in the L6 rat myoblast cell line, on the basis of their
      susceptibility to lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination. An analysis of the
      turnover rates of these polypeptides now indicates that while the bulk of the
      iodinated polypeptides have a half-life of 20-30 h, four low-molecular-weight
      polypeptides have half lives of 2-7 h. The half-lives of all of the rapid
      turnover class surface polypeptides were greatly increased in cultures where
      fusion was inhibited by chloroquine and in nonfusing variants of the L6 cell
      line. In contrast, inhibition of fusion by the metalloendoprotease inhibitor 1,
      10-phenanthroline did not alter the turnover of any iodinatable surface proteins.
      We propose that some or all of the rapid turnover class of polypeptides may be
      surface receptors which control cell surface alterations involved in the
      acquisition of fusion competence or in fusion itself.

PMID- 2298239
TI  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-nonresponsive variants of normal rat kidney cell
      line: response to EGF and transforming growth factor-beta.
AB  - Anchorage-independent growth in soft agar of normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts
      depends on both transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and epidermal growth
      factor (EGF) (or TGF-alpha). We have isolated two EGF-nonresponsive cell lines, N
      3 and N-9, from chemically mutagenized NRK cells, after selection of mitogen
      specific nonproliferative variants in the presence of EGF and colchicine.
      Saturation binding kinetics with 125I-EGF showed one-half or fewer EGF receptors
      in N-3 and N-9 than in their parental NRK. Cellular uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose
      was enhanced in all NRK, N-3, and N-9 cell lines by TGF-beta treatment, whereas
      treatment with EGF significantly enhanced the cellular uptake of the glucose
      analog in NRK cells, but not in N-3 and N-9 cells. DNA synthesis of NRK during
      the quiescent state, but not that of N-3 and N-9, was stimulated by EGF.
      Anchorage-independent growth of N-9 could not be observed even in the presence of
      both EGF and TGF-beta, whereas that of N-3 was significantly enhanced by TGF-beta
      alone. EGF stimulated phosphorylation of a membrane protein with molecular size
      170 kDa of NRK, but not of N-3, when immunoprecipitates reacting with anti
      phosphotyrosine antibody were analyzed. Exposure of NRK cells to EGF increased
      cellular levels of TGF-beta mRNA, but there appeared little expression of TGF
      beta mRNA in N-3 and N-9 cells. Exposure of N-3 cells to EGF or TGF-beta enhanced
      the secretion of EGF into culture medium, but exposure of NRK or N-9 cells did
      not. Altered response to EGF of N-3 or N-9 might be related to their aberrant
      growth behaviors.

PMID- 2298240
TI  - The impact of maternal serum on development of enolase activity in fetal rat
      brain cell culture.
AB  - The effect of gestational age on serum-mediated changes in enolase activity was
      tested in a fetal rat brain cell culture. After 6 days exposure to graded
      concentrations (10 and 20%) of nonpregnant female rat sera, enolase activity in
      brain cell cultures increased from 2.83 +/- 0.03 to 3.74 +/- 0.19 mumol/min/mg
      protein, P less than 0.01. By contrast, similar concentrations of 20-day maternal
      serum progressively decreased enzyme activity from 1.52 +/- 0.14 to 1.19 +/- 0.08
      mumol/min/mg protein. The inhibitory effect was apparent at 14 days gestation and
      became progressively greater during late gestation to reach a maximum at 20 days.
      Combining equal concentrations of 20-day pregnant with either nonpregnant or
      adult male serum neutralized the inhibitory activity. When serum from 20-day
      pregnant rats was partitioned by a dialysis membrane with a 50,000 MW pore size,
      inhibitory activity could be similarly neutralized by male or nonpregnant female
      serum. When 20-day maternal serum was passed successively through filters with a
      greater than 300,000, 100,000, and 50,000 MW exclusion, the inhibitory activity
      was apparent in all fractions excluded by a molecular weight of 50,000. No
      inhibition was apparent in fractions that were not excluded by 50,000 MW pore
      size. Inhibition of enolase activity was greatest in the fraction with MW greater
      than 300,000. Binding of IGF II could also be demonstrated in this fraction.
      Binding of IGF II was evident in the fraction greater than 100,000 MW but could
      not be demonstrated in fractions with a lower molecular weight. The presence of
      mRNA for IGF II in 20-day fetal rat brain cell cultures was evident when total
      cellular RNA was analyzed by an RNAase protection assay. It is proposed that a
      high-molecular-weight component of maternal serum in late gestation can bind
      endogenously generated IGF II. Such binding, by depleting the necessary growth
      factors, could inhibit in vitro growth and development of enolase activity.

PMID- 2298241
TI  - Formation of multicellular spheroids composed of adult rat hepatocytes in dishes
      with positively charged surfaces and under other nonadherent environments.
AB  - Adult rat hepatocytes formed floating multicellular spheroids in primary culture
      in an uncoated plastic dish with a positively charged surface. Cells in the
      spheroids formed in such a simple way were similar to those formed in dishes
      coated with proteoglycan fraction isolated from rat liver reticulin fibers; in
      both cases, cells maintained high ability to produce albumin and poor ability to
      proliferate in response to epidermal growth factor. Coating dishes with albumin
      was also helpful in spheroid formation; coating with 2-hydroxymethyl methacrylate
      resulted in formation of incomplete spheroids. Elimination of serum factors was
      essential for the formation of spheroids; when cells were washed with serum
      containing medium before seeding or if the medium was replaced with a serum
      containing medium, spheroid formation was completely inhibited. Collagens,
      fibronectin, and laminin, all of which promote the adhesion and spreading of
      hepatocytes on substrates, inhibited spheroid formation. Furthermore, collagens
      disintegrated spheroids, and cells in the monolayer initiated proliferation.
      Thus, two distinct, mutually exclusive features of primary culture of adult
      hepatocytes apparently exist; monolayer culture with proliferative activity in an
      adherent environment and spheroid culture with poor proliferative activity and
      high albumin-producing ability in a nonadherent environment.

PMID- 2298243
TI  - Transcription switch of two phosphoglycerate kinase genes during spermatogenesis
      as determined with mouse testis sections in situ.
AB  - In order to elucidate the mechanistic interpretations underlying differential
      expression of the two phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) genes during mammalian
      spermatogenesis, localization of its mRNAs in mouse testis sections was
      determined by in situ hybridization. MRNA for nonsperm-type PGK-1 was identified
      in nongerminal Leydig and Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and spermatocytes, but
      was not detected in spermatids. In contrast, mRNA for sperm-type PGK-2 was
      notable in leptotene spermatocytes, becoming most abundant in pachytene
      spermatocytes. It was amply present in spermatids only up to step 10, completely
      disappearing after step 12. It is possible to assume that a transcription switch
      of the two PGK genes ensued following the onset of meiosis. These findings taken
      together with previous observations indicate that differential expression of the
      two PGK genes during mammalian spermatogenesis is regulated at the
      transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.

PMID- 2298242
TI  - Beta 1 integrin-mediated collagen gel contraction is stimulated by PDGF.
AB  - The attachment of primary rat hepatocytes and fibroblasts to collagen type I is
      mediated by non-RGD-dependent beta 1 integrin matrix receptors. In this report we
      describe a novel 96-well microtiter plate assay for the quantification of
      fibroblast-mediated contraction of floating collagen type I gels. Fetal calf
      serum and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), but not transforming growth
      factor-beta 1, stimulated primary rat heart fibroblasts and normal human diploid
      fibroblasts (AG 1518) to contract collagen gels to less than 10% of the initial
      gel volume within a 24-h incubation period. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed
      to the rat hepatocyte integrin beta 1-chain inhibited the PDGF-stimulated
      collagen gel contraction. The inhibitory activity on contraction of the anti-beta
      1 integrin IgG could be overcome by adding higher doses of PDGF. The contraction
      process was not blocked by anti-fibronectin IgG nor by synthetic peptides
      containing the tripeptide Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), in concentrations that readily
      blocked fibroblast attachment to fibronectin-coated planar substrates. Autologous
      fibronectin or control peptides containing the tripeptide Arg-Gly-Glu were
      without effect. Immunofluorescence microscopy on fibroblasts grown within
      collagen gels revealed a punctate distribution of the beta 1 integrin and a lack
      of detectable levels of endogenously produced fibronectin. Collectively these
      data suggest a role for integrin collagen receptors with affinity for collagen
      fibers, distinct from the previously described RGD-dependent fibronectin
      receptors, in the fibronectin-independent PDGF-stimulated collagen gel
      contraction process.

PMID- 2298244
TI  - How is the flagellar length of mature sperm determined? II. Comparison of tubulin
      synthesis in spermatids between newt and Xenopus in vitro.
AB  - In order to elucidate mechanisms that control flagellar length of mature sperm,
      we studied in synchronous cell suspension cultures flagellar growth, tubulin
      pool, and tubulin synthesis in round spermatids of Xenopus laevis and the newt
      Cynops pyrrhogaster. The average final length of flagella in Xenopus round
      spermatids was 35 mum, almost the same length as that in mature sperm, whereas in
      the newt round spermatids, the length was 210 mum, almost half that of mature
      sperm. Kinetics of flagellar growth showed that the rate and period of flagellar
      growth in the newt spermatids were two to threefold those in Xenopus spermatids.
      The tubulin pool size in newt spermatids was estimated to be about 10-fold
      greater than that in Xenopus spermatids. But even if all of the pool was used for
      flagellar growth, it could support only about a seventh to a tenth of the
      flagellar length in mature sperm in either species. Thus, the possibility that
      the tubulin pool primarily determines flagellar length was excluded. Since the
      tubulin pool size did not change throughout the culture period, the possibility
      that the termination of flagellar growth is due to the exhaustion of the tubulin
      pool was also excluded. Tubulin synthesis declined over the culture period but
      continued in newt spermatids longer than in Xenopus spermatids. The period of
      flagellar elongation almost coincided with the period of tubulin synthesis. The
      amount of rRNA did not decrease, excluding the possibility that the decline of
      tubulin synthesis was due to cytoplasmic shedding which might result in the loss
      of ribosomes. Tubulin synthesis and the amount of rRNA in newt spermatids was
      more than threefold greater than that in Xenopus spermatids, which may explain
      the difference in growth rates of their flagella.

PMID- 2298245
TI  - Reversion to a homocysteine-responsive phenotype in a human melanoma cell line is
      associated with diminished growth potential and increased methionine
      biosynthesis.
AB  - Our aim was to determine if the isolation of cells capable of proliferating in
      methionine-free homocysteine-containing medium, from the human MeWo-LC1 melanoma
      tumor cell line which is unable to proliferate or survive under such conditions,
      was associated with altered growth properties. Cells which were able to
      proliferate in methionine-free homocysteine-containing medium (homocysteine
      responsive cells) were obtained from the homocysteine-nonresponsive MeWo-LC1 cell
      line after 8 months of continuous exposure to methionine-free homocysteine
      containing medium. Unlike the parental MeWo-LC1 cell line, these homocysteine
      responsive cells were also able to proliferate normally in methionine-free medium
      containing 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine. In vitro growth rate, methionine
      requirement, and capacity to form colonies on soft agarose of these homocysteine
      responsive cells were reduced compared to those of the homocysteine-nonresponsive
      parental MeWo-LC1 cell line. Unlike MeWo-LC1, these homocysteine-responsive cells
      were able to synthesize [3H]S-adenosylmethionine from [3H]adenine and
      homocysteine. The failure of the MeWo-LC1 cell line to proliferate in methionine
      free homocysteine-containing medium may be due to a deficiency in the synthesis
      of methionine from homocysteine and 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. These results
      indicate that acquisition of a homocysteine-responsive phenotype in homocysteine
      nonresponsive malignant human tumor cells is associated with a reduction in the
      autonomous growth potential of such cells.

PMID- 2298246
TI  - Nuclear localization of two steroid receptor-associated proteins, hsp90 and p59.
AB  - It has been proposed that the unliganded nontransformed form of steroid hormone
      receptor is a heterooligomer comprising, in addition to the hormone-binding
      subunit, two associated proteins: a heat shock protein of MW 90,000 (hsp90) and
      another protein of MW 59,000 (p59). Using monoclonal antibodies, we demonstrate
      immunocytochemically the presence of both hsp90 and p59 in cell nuclei of
      progesterone target cells of the rabbit uterus. While steroid receptors (e.g.,
      progesterone receptors) appear to be exclusively nuclear, we find p59
      predominantly in the cell nuclei and hsp90 in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
      In addition, Western blotting of high-salt extracts of nuclear proteins detects
      the presence of hsp90 and p59 in the nuclei of rabbit uterus. These observations
      are consistent with the presence of the untransformed heterooligomeric form of
      steroid hormone receptors in the nuclei of target cells.

PMID- 2298247
TI  - Temporal changes in the response of chick limb bud mesodermal cells to
      transforming growth factor beta-type 1.
AB  - Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) has been found in adult and developing
      bone in vivo and has varied effects on chondrocytes and osteoblasts in culture.
      We investigated the effects of TGF beta-type 1 on embryonic chick endochondral
      bone precursors in culture. Stage 24 chick limb bud mesoderm cells were cultured
      at high density. Under these conditions a dense mat containing nodules of
      cartilage surrounded by alkaline phosphatase-positive cells formed. Exposure of
      mesodermal cells to TGF beta-type 1 over the course of 4-7 days or during Days 3
      and 4 caused a reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity and [35S]sulfate
      incorporation into proteoglycans. When the TGF beta-type 1 was applied during
      Days 1-2, it caused an increase in both parameters: these increases were observed
      in the absence of a corresponding change in [3H]thymidine incorporation. The
      specificity of the effects of TGF beta-type 1 was confirmed by neutralizing
      antibodies. These studies show that TGF beta-type 1 modulates the phenotype of
      embryonic endochondral bone precursors. The influence may depend on the window of
      exposure to the growth factor and, therefore, on the state of differentiation of
      the cells.

PMID- 2298249
TI  - Epidermal growth factor stimulates DNA synthesis while inhibiting cell
      multiplication of A-431 carcinoma cells.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to inhibit the multiplication of the
      human epidermoid carcinoma cell line A-431. In the present report it is shown
      that, despite growth inhibition, EGF caused a marked synthesis of DNA and
      nonhistone proteins, without progression into mitosis. This event was associated
      with a retraction of the monolayer into colonies of cells. This suggests that the
      cell cycle of A-431 cells is controlled by two surface membrane signals: one
      generated by EGF stimulating the synthetic events of the G1 and S phases; a
      second signal, leading to progression into mitosis appears either not to be
      generated or to be inhibited by EGF.

PMID- 2298248
TI  - Expression of transferrin and vitamin D-binding protein genes in an osteogenic
      sarcoma cell line.
AB  - Expression of genes encoding transferrin and the vitamin D-binding protein is
      described in a cell line, U-2 OS, derived from a human osteogenic sarcoma. The
      mRNA transcripts of transferrin and vitamin D-binding protein were shown to be
      the lengths of those found in normal human liver. The cells synthesize and
      secrete the transferrin and vitamin D-binding proteins, in addition to human
      albumin and ceruloplasmin. The U-2 OS cells were successfully transfected with
      chimeric genes carrying 670 bp of the 5' regulatory sequence of the human
      transferrin gene fused to a reporter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene.
      These data indicate that the appropriate transcriptional factors required for
      expression of four plasma proteins are produced by U-2 OS nuclei and that the U-2
      OS cell line will be useful for studies analyzing regulation of these genes.

PMID- 2298250
TI  - Glorin-regulated protein synthesis in Polyspondylium violaceum.
AB  - Protein synthesis by Polyspondylium violaceum in response to the chemoattractant
      glorin was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to determine if glorin
      can affect gene expression. When cells developing in a shaking suspension culture
      were given glorin, five proteins exhibited significantly increased and three
      proteins exhibited decreased incorporation of L-[35S]methionine. Glorin was
      active from 10-1000 nM, a concentration range within which cells are
      chemotactically active. The extent of the response was dependent on the
      concentration and the length of exposure to glorin. This evidence suggests that
      glorin may act in part to mediate changes in gene expression during development.

PMID- 2298251
TI  - Centrosome competition: a possibility?
AB  - A recent theory on the evolution of sexuality, has hypothesized heritable
      variation in the functional properties of centrosomes, leading to competition for
      the organization of the mitotic spindle when different centrosomes enter a common
      cytoplasm. We present here data on polyethylene glycol-induced polykaryocytes of
      cultured Chinese hamster fibroblasts indirectly supporting centrosome
      competition. On the assumption that sib centrosomes are similar and variation
      increases with cell generations, the frequencies of multipolar mitoses were
      compared in cultures fused under conditions favoring sib cell fusion or fusion of
      distantly related cells. Multipolar mitoses were considerably more frequent in
      the former, when the average difference between pairs of centrosomes was assumed
      to be too small for one centrosome to "outcompete" the other.

PMID- 2298252
TI  - An anti-HLA class I monoclonal antibody alters the progression in the cell cycle
      of phytohemagglutinin-activated human T lymphocytes.
AB  - The monomorphic anti-HLA Class I monoclonal antibody 01.65 inhibits the
      incorporation of tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) in Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)
      activated human T lymphocytes. Our data indicate that 01.65 affects the average
      duration of the cell cycle by increasing the length of the early S subphase. As a
      consequence of the increase in the doubling time of the cell population, the
      absolute number of cells at harvesting time was reduced in 01.65-treated cultures
      compared to that of untreated cultures. The lengthening of the S-phase and the
      decrease in the cell number can together quantitatively account for the reduction
      of [3H]TdR incorporation observed in 01.65-treated cultures.

PMID- 2298253
TI  - Commitment to autogamy in Paramecium blocks mating reactivity: implications for
      regulation of the sexual pathway and the breeding system.
AB  - Commitment to autogamy blocks mating reactivity in Paramecium. Cells which had
      previously developed mating reactivity, lost reactivity 30-90 min prior to the
      preautogamous fission. Mating reactivity develops at a standard level of
      starvation when cells are allowed to exhaust their food supply naturally. In
      abruptly starved cultures, mating reactivity appears 3.3 h after downshift.
      Autogamy is also triggered by starvation. The level of starvation required for
      initiation of autogamy decreases progressively as cells age. When the autogamy
      starvation threshold drops to such a low level that all cells become committed to
      autogamy before any of them develop mating reactivity, reactivity does not occur
      under natural starvation conditions and the period of maturity for conjugation
      has come to an end. There is no absolute immature period for autogamy.

PMID- 2298254
TI  - Effects of leptomycin B on the cell cycle of fibroblasts and fission yeast cells.
AB  - An antifungal antibiotic, leptomycin B (LMB), which induced cell elongation of
      fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, was found to be a unique inhibitor of
      the cell cycle of mammalian and fission yeast cells. Proliferation of rat 3Y1
      fibroblasts was reversibly blocked by LMB in both the G1 and G2 phases and the
      treated cells were presumably introduced into the resting state (GO). After
      removal of LMB, proliferative tetraploid cells were produced from the cells which
      had been arrested by LMB at the G2 phase, as a result of DNA replication without
      passage through the M phase. LMB also inhibited the proliferation of S. pombe in
      both the G1 and G2 phases. These results suggest that the molecular target of LMB
      is one of the components necessary for progression of both G1 and G2 in the
      eukaryotic cell cycle.

PMID- 2298255
TI  - Characterization and nucleosomal core localization of Achlya histones involved in
      stress-induced chromatin condensation.
AB  - To better understand the basis for heat shock-induced chromatin condensation in
      Achlya, a further characterization of the histones of this organism was carried
      out. The nucleosomal location (i.e., core vs linker), partial peptide map, and
      electrophoretic behavior of each Achlya histone was determined and compared to
      the well-characterized histones of rabbit kidney. The results of this and
      previous studies suggest that in Achlya, no nucleosome linker-associated histone
      analogous to histone H1 of higher eucaryotes is observed and that the Achlya
      histone designated alpha is a novel nucleosomal core histone. These observations
      may reflect the existence of a mechanism of stress-induced chromatin condensation
      which does not involve histone H1.

PMID- 2298256
TI  - Isolation of the perisinusoidal vitamin A-storing cells from rat liver on Ca2(+)
      immobilized glass surfaces.
AB  - Calcium was immobilized on glass slides employing covalently coupled
      iminodiacetic acid. The calcium-coated glass surfaces were then used for
      purification and culturing of perisinusoidal vitamin A-storing cells from rat
      liver. The cells were isolated in a yield of 0.9 x 10(6) cells/g rat liver
      without cross-contamination by other hepatic cell types. The cells were
      characterized by morphology, vitamin A fluorescence, and immunohistochemistry to
      detect expression of cellular retinol-binding protein.

PMID- 2298257
TI  - Thyroid hormones induce hemopoietic pluripotent stem cell differentiation toward
      erythropoiesis through the production of pluripoietin-like factors.
AB  - We have previously reported that E pluripoietins are produced in mice after a
      single 20-mg injection of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and that they are able to
      initiate the determination of hemopoietic pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S) toward
      the erythrocytic lineage. However, the mechanism of E pluripoietin release is
      still unclear. Since the stimulating effect of thyroid hormone on erythropoiesis
      is well known, we postulated a link between this hormone and the E pluripoietins.
      In previous papers we demonstrated that L-triiodothyronine (LT3) exhibits the
      capacity of inducing CFU-S differentiation toward erythropoiesis in vitro. Two
      series of data presented here suggest that LT3 acts indirectly on CFU-S
      determination by promoting the release of E pluripoietin-like factors. First, the
      Ara-C injection which induces the production of E pluripoietins in mice also
      promotes an increase in the LT3 plasma level. Second, medium conditioned with
      bone marrow cells exposed in vitro for 90 min to LT3 (even though this medium
      does not contain LT3) has E pluripoietin-like effects, inducing CFU-S
      differentiation toward the erythrocytic lineage.

PMID- 2298258
TI  - Glutathione content and growth in A549 human lung carcinoma cells.
AB  - The relationship between glutathione content and cell growth was investigated in
      A549 human lung carcinoma cells. A decreased cellular glutathione content was
      achieved by exposing the cells to L-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine (BSO). It also
      occurred in these cells as they approached their plateau phase of growth. During
      exponential growth, a lower initial glutathione content correlated with a longer
      lag phase in subcultured cells. Further, depletion of cellular glutathione by BSO
      inhibited cell growth. This inhibition became apparent 36 h after the addition of
      BSO. These observations raise the possibility that a critical concentration of
      GSH may be required for optimal growth of A549 human lung carcinoma cells.

PMID- 2298259
TI  - Cytoskeleton-bound mRNA for a 40-kDa polypeptide in rat L6 cells is not always
      translated.
AB  - The relationship between attachment of mRNA to the cytoskeletal framework and its
      translation was examined using the mRNA for a polypeptide of 40 kDa (P-40) which
      is translated in rat L6 myoblasts but not in the myotubes. In both myoblasts and
      myotubes this mRNA was found to be associated with the cytoskeletal framework.
      Furthermore, the stability of the association between P-40 mRNA and the
      cytoskeletal framework in absence of RNA and protein synthesis was examined by
      using actinomycin D and NaF to block RNA and protein synthesis, respectively. In
      absence of RNA synthesis portions of both nontranslated P-40 mRNA and translated
      actin mRNA of myotubes were released into the soluble fraction. In myoblasts,
      however, both mRNAs remained associated with the cytoskeletal framework following
      inhibition of RNA synthesis. Inhibition of protein synthesis, on the other hand,
      had a more dramatic effect on the association between the cytoskeletal framework
      and P-40 mRNA in myoblasts but not in myotubes. In contrast, the association
      between actin mRNA and cytoskeletal framework was unaffected by inhibition of
      protein synthesis in both myoblasts and myotubes. The results of these studies
      show that the molecular nature of association between cytoskeletal framework and
      mRNA may differ among mRNAs and may also depend on whether the cells are dividing
      or are terminally differentiated. Furthermore, no direct relationship between the
      translation of mRNA and its attachment to the cytoskeletal framework was
      observed.

PMID- 2298260
TI  - Reversible G1 arrest in the cell cycle of human lymphoid cell lines by dimethyl
      sulfoxide.
AB  - Proliferation of human B- and T-lymphoid cell lines including Raji and Akata
      cells was found to be arrested at the G1 stage in the cell cycle by dimethyl
      sulfoxide (DMSO). The G1 arrest by DMSO occurred gradually and was completed
      within 96 h after addition of 1.5% DMSO concomitantly with a decrease in growth
      rate. Progression of G1-phase cells containing a larger amount of RNA into S
      phase began 9-12 h after removal of DMSO. At 24 h, the DNA pattern of the cell
      cycle was similar to that of nontreated log-phase cells. The expression of six
      differentiation markers on the lymphoid cells was not appreciably changed by
      treatment with DMSO. On the other hand, the expression of transferrin receptor
      (one of the growth-related markers) on G1-phase cells 96 h after addition of DMSO
      was decreased to one-fourth that on log-phase cells and was completely restored
      24 h after removal of DMSO. These results indicate that DMSO, known as an inducer
      of differentiation in several myeloid cell lines, acts as an agent inducing G1
      arrest in the cell cycle of the lymphoid cells.

PMID- 2298261
TI  - S100 protein expression in human melanoma cells: comparison of levels of
      expression among different cell lines and individual cells in different phases of
      the cell cycle.
AB  - The synthesis of S100 protein in cultured human melanoma cells was examined using
      metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine, immunoprecipitation with anti-S100
      protein antiserum, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of
      sodium dodecyl sulfate. Six of seven cell lines derived from melanomas
      synthesized relatively large amounts of S100 protein, whereas three cell lines
      derived from normal melanocytes synthesized lesser amounts. Synthesis of S100
      protein was not detected in 10 human cell lines of nonneuroectodermal origin.
      Analysis of poly(A+) RNA from one melanoma cell line by Northern blot
      hybridization with a probe specific for the beta subunit of rat S100 protein
      revealed a single mRNA species of 1.0 kb coding for the human protein. Flow
      cytometric analysis of individual cells of two melanoma cell lines and the rat
      glioma cell line C6 indicated that G0/G1 cells were heterogeneous with respect to
      S100 protein expression, while almost all the cells in S + G2 + M expressed S100
      protein. These results suggest that expression of S100 protein in G0/G1 could be
      a prerequisite for progression of the cells through the cell cycle.

PMID- 2298262
TI  - Ascorbic acid modulates the production of fibronectin and laminin by cells from
      an eye tissue-trabecular meshwork.
AB  - Ascorbic acid is a significant component in the aqueous humor of the eye, in
      which trabecular meshwork cells are immersed. Using immunostaining and Western
      blot analysis, the effects of ascorbic acid on the extracellular matrix
      production by cultured bovine trabecular meshwork cells were examined. It was
      found that, when the cultures were treated with 100, 250, and 500 micrograms/ml
      of ascorbic acid, the amount of fibronectin and laminin produced was enhanced. An
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation further showed that the
      fibronectin and laminin levels in ascorbate-treated cultures were higher than
      those found in control cultures. These results indicate that ascorbic acid
      promotes fibronectin and laminin production and suggest that this substance may
      be one of the factors modulating basal lamina assembly in the trabecular
      meshwork.

PMID- 2298263
TI  - Affinity labeling of myoblast surface proteins with 5'-P-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl
      adenosine: concomitant inhibition of ectoprotein kinase activity and myoblast
      fusion.
AB  - During in vitro myogenesis, mononucleated myoblasts fuse among themselves to form
      multinucleated myotubes. We have recently reported for the first time in the
      literature that a Ca2(+)-dependent ectoprotein kinase is responsible for this
      process, but we had no direct evidence for the role of extracellular ATP. To
      investigate whether the cells can fuse or not in the absence of this nucleotide,
      we used a nucleotide affinity label, fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine (FSBA). We
      report here its use in detecting the nucleotide-binding sites at the cell surface
      of intact myoblasts in culture. We demonstrate that FSBA blocks fusion by
      inhibiting the ectoprotein kinase activity of the cells at sublethal
      concentrations. Radioactive [14C]SBA is incorporated into seven cell surface
      proteins and into the 48-kDa protein, among others. This species is specific for
      fusion-competent myoblasts and is implicated in this process. This is the first
      time that nucleotide-binding molecular species have been identified at the
      surface of myoblasts.

PMID- 2298264
TI  - Effects of juzen-taiho-toh (TJ-48), a traditional Oriental medicine, on
      hematopoietic recovery from radiation injury in mice.
AB  - Effects of Juzen-taiho-toh (TJ-48) on the recovery of hemopoietic systems from
      radiation injury are analyzed. Female C57BL/6N mice (6-8 weeks old) were
      irradiated at doses of 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7 Gy from a 60Co source. After irradiation,
      the mice were given TJ-48 (1.25 g in 100 ml drinking water). Seven days after
      irradiation, the mice were sacrificed, and bone marrow (both femurs), thymus,
      spleen, and peripheral blood counts were made. The bone marrow cells were used
      for fibroblast colony-forming unit (CFU-f), spleen colony-forming unit (CFU-S),
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (CFU-GM), erythroid colony-forming
      unit (CFU-E), and erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) assays. No difference was
      observed between the experimental and control groups except for CFU-S counts. In
      the assay for day-14 CFU-S, the mice injected with TJ-48-treated bone marrow
      cells showed better general condition (including increased body weight) and
      heavier spleens with larger and more numerous colonies. The effect of TJ-48 does
      not seem to be elicited via the hemopoietic microenvironment, because mice that
      had been given TJ-48 before irradiation at 8 Gy and then injected with syngeneic
      bone marrow cells did not show enhanced day-14 CFU-S counts. These results
      suggest that TJ-48 manifests a radioprotective effect by increasing the number
      and size of day-14 CFU-S.

PMID- 2298266
TI  - Impact of RLA matching and cyclosporine on long-term survival in transplanted
      rabbits.
AB  - In order to measure the impact on long-term survival of rabbit leukocyte antigen
      (RLA) matching and the administration of cyclosporine (CSP) in allogeneic marrow
      transplantation of irradiated adult rabbits, four groups of five rabbits each
      were studied. Group 1 consisted of RLA-mismatched animals that did not receive
      CSP following transplant. All five animals died of infectious complications or
      graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (median survival 12 days, range 6-20 days).
      Group 2 consisted of animals that were similarly mismatched but treated with CSP
      as postgrafting immunosuppression. All animals also died of GVHD or infection but
      the median survival was extended to 18 days, range 12-27 days. Group 3 consisted
      of RLA-matched animals that did not receive CSP. Median survival was 65 days,
      range 27-121 days, and two are still alive at 120 and 121 days after transplant.
      Three of five animals died of GVHD. The only group of animals to consistently
      achieve long-term survival was group 4; these animals were RLA matched and were
      treated with CSP. Five of five animals survived with a median survival of 564
      days following transplant, range 220-806 days. All five became complete
      hematopoietic chimeras as determined by cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow
      lymphocytes. Thus, long-term survival after allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation in the irradiated adult rabbit was achieved and was dependent
      upon the use of RLA-matched donors and the administration of cyclosporine as GVHD
      prophylaxis.

PMID- 2298265
TI  - Merocyanine 540-sensitized photoinactivation of leukemia cells: role of oxygen
      and effects on plasma membrane integrity and mitochondrial respiration.
AB  - Merocyanine 540 (MC 540) is a photosensitizing dye that is used clinically for
      the purging of autologous bone marrow grafts and preclinically for the
      inactivation of enveloped viruses in blood products. In this paper we present
      evidence that the MC 540-sensitized photoinactivation of leukemia cells is an
      oxygen-dependent process and that unsaturated plasma membrane lipids are
      substrates for singlet oxygen and/or other activated oxygen species generated by
      photoirradiated MC 540. A comparison of the inhibition of clonal growth, the
      inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, and the exclusion of trypan blue by the
      plasma membrane after exposure to MC 540 and graded doses of light showed that
      mitochondrial respiration is compromised relatively early in the course of the
      dye-mediated photoinactivation of cells, well before the plasma membrane loses
      its capacity to exclude trypan blue. It also showed that trypan blue exclusion
      assays can greatly underestimate the cytotoxic effects of MC 540-sensitized
      photoirradiation.

PMID- 2298267
TI  - Recovery of megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro in children with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia during induction of remission.
AB  - In children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), megakaryocytopoiesis was
      investigated in vitro by the semisolid agar culture technique. In untreated ALL
      the median number of committed megakaryocyte progenitor cells (CFU-Mk) in the
      bone marrow was 2 (range less than 0.1-8) per 10(5) bone marrow cells instead of
      30 (range 14-93) in controls, the impairment being dependent on the degree of
      leukemic bone marrow infiltration. However, if the number of CFU-Mk was related
      to residual nonleukemic bone marrow cells only, two-thirds of the children
      investigated had a frequency of CFU-Mk within the normal range. After 2 weeks of
      induction therapy the majority of the children had a low number of CFU-Mk in the
      bone marrow (median 6, range 0.5-40), a fact that could no longer be explained by
      a dilution of CFU-Mk by leukemic cells. After 4 weeks of chemotherapy (day 29)
      the frequency of CFU-Mk had risen to 18 (range 3-67) per 10(5) bone marrow cells,
      a value still significantly (p less than 0.01) below the normal range. In
      contrast to the changes in the number of CFU-Mk the median cell number per
      megakaryocyte colony remained constant during induction of remission. After
      cessation of long-term chemotherapy all children investigated had a normal number
      of CFU-Mk, suggesting that no permanent chemotherapy-related damage to committed
      megakaryocyte progenitor cells was induced.

PMID- 2298268
TI  - The effect of a prolonged in vitro exposure to 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine
      and deoxycytidine on the survival of normal (CFU-GM) and leukemic (L-CFU) human
      myeloid progenitor cells in suspension culture.
AB  - We examined the effect of a 96-h exposure to 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine
      (Ara-C) and deoxycytidine (dCyd) in medium lacking an exogenous source of colony
      stimulating activity (phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte-conditioned medium,
      PHA-LCM) on the survival of normal human committed myeloid progenitor cells (day
      7 and day-14 granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units [CFU-GM] as well as
      leukemic progenitors (leukemic colony-forming units, L-CFU) derived from
      myeloblasts obtained from 13 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL).
      Coadministration of Ara-C (20-50 microM) in conjunction with dCyd (50-100 microM)
      permitted the survival of an average of 9%-57% of day-7 CFU-GM and 32%-65% day-14
      CFU-GM, depending upon the relative concentrations of dCyd and Ara-C. In
      contrast, exposure of leukemic myeloblasts to identical regimens resulted in
      considerably greater reductions in L-CFU survival, which in general exceeded 90%
      and in some cases was 100%. In addition, exposure of leukemic myeloblasts to Ara
      C and dCyd for 96 h in culture medium lacking PHA-LCM eliminated the secondary
      plating efficiency (PE2) of leukemic colonies in 11 of 13 samples assayed and
      reduced values dramatically in the remaining 2. Substantial preservation of CFU
      GM formation was also noted when normal bone marrow samples depleted of T cells
      and marrows obtained from two patients with ANLL in remission were assayed. These
      studies suggest that in contrast to certain normal committed myeloid progenitor
      cells, leukemic progenitors, particularly those with self-renewal capacity, are
      highly vulnerable to a prolonged exposure to Ara-C and dCyd in the absence of an
      exogenous source of colony-stimulating activity. They also raise the possibility
      that a combined regimen utilizing chemotherapeutic agents in conjunction with
      modifications of long-term culture techniques may represent a novel approach to
      the ex vivo purging of leukemic cells from bone marrow in conjunction with
      autologous bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2298270
TI  - Lectin-binding properties of Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines: application to bone
      marrow purging.
AB  - The efficacy of binding of several lectins to different Burkitt's lymphoma (BL)
      cell lines was investigated. Soybean agglutinin (SBA), peanut agglutinin (PNA),
      wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) bound strongly
      to all BL cell lines. Because SBA has been used safely in clinical bone marrow
      transplantation (BMT) as part of the procedure for T-cell depletion and hence
      does not bind to the stem cells, we chose this lectin to establish a model for
      purging BL cells from human bone marrow. Using a two-step purging procedure with
      tumor cell agglutination by SBA in solution, a 2-log depletion could be
      accomplished. Using SBA-coated magnetic beads, we could improve BL cell depletion
      to greater than 4 logs. Because SBA seems to have a broad specificity for BL
      cells with concomitant enrichment in hematopoietic progenitor cells, the use of
      SBA-coated magnetic beads could be of interest for autologous BMT for lymphomas
      as well as other hematological malignancies and solid tumors with positive
      binding to SBA.

PMID- 2298269
TI  - Effective purging of bone marrow by a combination of immunorosette depletion and
      complement lysis.
AB  - The effectiveness of a simple immunorosette technique for the depletion of common
      acute lymphatic leukemic (cALL) blasts from autologous bone marrow transplants
      was studied. Erythrocytes were sensitized with tetramolecular complexes
      consisting of rat anti-mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) that crosslink
      two different mouse McAbs. One of the McAbs was directed against glycophorin A,
      and the other was directed against marker glycoproteins of B cells and their
      precursors (CD9, CD10, CD19, or CD22). Immunorosettes were formed by addition of
      the sensitized erythrocytes to the cALL+ cells. After density-gradient separation
      of immunorosettes from mixtures of cALL+/terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
      positive (TdT+) leukemic blasts and mononuclear bone marrow cells, nearly a 2-log
      depletion of leukemic cells was measured by flow cytometry. Clonogenic assays
      with two cALL+B-cell lines (Ros-17 and Nalm-16) were performed to compare the
      efficacy of complement-mediated cell lysis, immunorosette depletion, and a
      combination of both procedures. Complement-mediated cytotoxicity with the three
      McAbs in combination with baby rabbit complement yielded a 1- to 2-log cell kill.
      Immunorosette depletion resulted in a 3-log reduction of clonogenic units.
      Sequential application of the two methods (immunorosette depletion with CD19 McAb
      followed by a complement lysis with CD9 and CD10 McAbs) led to superior results
      in causing a 4- to 5-log purging effect. These purging procedures did not cause a
      loss of normal myeloid (granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units, CFU-GM) or
      erythroid (erythroid burst-forming units, BFU-e) progenitors from the bone
      marrow. This study indicates that the combination of the two methods results in a
      highly efficient purging procedure for the removal of cALL+ cells from autologous
      bone marrow cells.

PMID- 2298271
TI  - Study of megakaryocytic progenitors (CFU-MK) in human long-term bone marrow
      cultures (LTBMC): adjuvant effect of plasma from aplastic patients.
AB  - Human long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC) provide a very interesting tool for
      studying the events that are involved in stem cell commitment. At the present
      time, megakaryocyte (MK) progenitor cells have never been demonstrated in this
      system. In an effort to detect this cell lineage, we modified the culture medium
      by substituting fetal calf serum (FCS) and horse serum (HS) mix with human plasma
      obtained from treated aplastic leukemic patients. This plasma was harvested
      between days 15 and 21 following induction chemotherapy or conditioning regimen
      for autograft or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Using LTBMC, 17 normal
      marrows were cultivated for 11 weeks in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium
      containing either 20% human aplastic plasma or control FCS/HS mixture. In this
      plasma medium we observed the development of an adherent layer morphologically
      comparable to that observed with standard medium. We demonstrated presence of MK
      cells at all stages of maturation for 10 weeks and MK colony-forming cells (CFU
      MK) for 11 weeks in the culture supernatants. An increased production of
      nonadherent cells and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM) was also
      observed. LTBMC in aplastic plasma medium provide a new method for studying
      megakaryocytopoiesis, especially in human hematological diseases.

PMID- 2298272
TI  - Murine spleen culture: homing of hemopoietic progenitor cells to spleen is not
      mediated by a similar mechanism to that in marrow.
AB  - We have previously shown that in long-term bone marrow cultures (LTMC) the
      specific recognition and binding of hemopoietic stem cells to stroma, which we
      call "homing," is mediated by a recognition mechanism involving a surface
      membrane lectin with galactosyl and mannosyl specificities. Subsequent in vivo
      studies in lethally irradiated mice confirmed that homing to the marrow similarly
      involves a galactosyl- and mannosyl-specific recognition mechanism. However,
      these in vivo studies suggested that homing of hemopoietic progenitor cells to
      spleen was based upon a different molecular recognition mechanism. In the present
      study splenic homing was investigated in a cell culture system composed of an
      adherent layer of splenic stromal cells inoculated with stroma-free stem cells
      from the supernate of LTMC. In this system, splenic stroma supported
      proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic precursors for a few weeks. When
      stem cells were added to the cultures in the presence or absence of inhibitory
      concentrations of neoglycoprotein reagents specific for galactosyl, mannosyl, or
      fucosyl lectins, the pattern of production of total cells, pluripotential stem
      cells (CFU-S), and granulocyte-macrophage committed progenitors (CFU-GM) remained
      the same. These data support our in vivo observations that homing of stem cells
      to splenic stroma is not mediated by a surface lectin with galactosyl and
      mannosyl specificities as it is in bone marrow, but rather by a different
      molecular mechanism.

PMID- 2298273
TI  - Recombinant interleukin 6 stimulates immature murine megakaryocytes.
AB  - Human recombinant interleukin 6 (IL-6) was found to stimulate the growth of
      immature mouse megakaryocytes maximally at 2 ng/ml, leading to significant
      increases in the number of large megakaryocytes readily detectable by light
      microscopy. IL-6 did not stimulate megakaryocyte progenitor cells to form
      colonies of megakaryocytes, but potentiated megakaryocyte colony formation when
      added in the presence of interleukin 3. The stimulation could be neutralized by
      an anti-IL-6 serum. The data indicate that IL-6 is a potent differentiation
      stimulus of megakaryocyte development in cell culture.

PMID- 2298274
TI  - The detection of normal hidden stem cells during the development of leukemia:
      assays with PGK isozyme.
AB  - We evaluated the changes in the number of normal spleen colony-forming units (CFU
      S) in the spleen and the bone marrow of C3H/He mice during the development of
      leukemia following the injection of the murine leukemia cell line, MK-8057, MK
      8057 cells, originating in C3H/He PGK-1b mice, were injected into syngeneic
      C3H/He PGK-1a mice so that phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) isozymes could be used
      to distinguish leukemic spleen colonies from normal colonies when cells from the
      spleen or bone marrow of the recipients were reinjected into lethally irradiated
      mice. Leukemic cells showed a logarithmic increase in the recipient mice and had
      replaced the bone marrow and the spleen completely by days 6-8; the mice started
      to die of leukemia after day 11. However, colonies examined from normal stem
      cells still comprised 60% of the total number of spleen colonies on day 6, 45% on
      day 8, and 20% on day 10. Furthermore, when the numbers of normal CFU-S were
      calculated as numbers per spleen, we found that they increased exponentially to a
      level 100 times higher than the normal level 10 days after injection of MK-8057
      cells.

PMID- 2298275
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: purification and characterization of a membrane-associated
      leucine aminopeptidase.
AB  - Membrane-associated leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1, LAP) has been purified
      to homogeneity from Schistosoma mansoni egg homogenates by a combination of
      ultracentrifugation, chromatofocusing, and molecular sieve chromatography. A 260
      fold increase in specific activity was observed after purification. This is a
      metalloenzyme, containing carbohydrate moieties. Optimal enzyme activity was
      found at neutral pH. Enzyme activity was measured using L-leucine-7-amino-4
      trifluoromethylcoumarin (L-Leu-AFC); in addition, schistosome egg LAP hydrolyzed
      a variety of other aminopeptidase substrates. Hydrolysis of L-Leu-AFC was
      inhibited by a number of aminopeptidase inhibitors, including 1,10
      phenanthroline, bestatin, and amastatin.

PMID- 2298276
TI  - Cyclical differentiation of Trypanosoma brucei involves changes in the cellular
      complement of calmodulin-binding proteins.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to evaluate changes in the complement of
      calmodulin-binding proteins which accompany cyclical differentiation in
      Trypanosoma brucei. An [125I]trypanosome calmodulin overlay procedure was used to
      detect calmodulin-binding proteins with Mr of 126,000 and 106,000 that were
      present in homogenates of slender bloodstream froms but were absent in procyclic
      culture forms. Competition assays with unlabeled bovine brain or trypanosome
      calmodulins indicated that the developmentally regulated proteins associated with
      calmodulins from either source. Moreover, [125I]bovine brain calmodulin
      associated with the same proteins as trypanosome calmodulin. Homogenates of T.
      evansi exhibited the same pattern of calmodulin-binding activity as T. brucei
      slender bloodstream forms; however, T. cruzi and Leishmania tarentolae contained
      distinct patterns of calmodulin-binding activity. Mouse serum contained no
      detectable binding proteins while mouse brain contained predominantly proteins of
      Mr 210,000, 60,000, and 49,000 which were associated with the trypanosome
      calmodulin probe. The developmentally regulated calmodulin-binding proteins from
      T. brucei were in the 10,000g pellet. We conclude that the cellular complement of
      calmodulin-binding proteins varies during the trypanosome life cycle.

PMID- 2298277
TI  - Amblyomma americanum: identification of tick salivary gland antigens from unfed
      and early feeding females with comparisons to Ixodes dammini and Dermacentor
      variabilis.
AB  - Salivary gland antigens involved in host resistance to tick feeding by Amblyomma
      americanum (lone star tick) have been identified. Gland extracts from unfed and
      partially fed 12-, 48-, 72-, 96-, and 120-hr females and their corresponding
      midgut tissues were analyzed by immunoblotting with sera from naturally immune
      and hyperimmune sheep and rabbits. Polypeptides at 90, 75, 58, 45, 33, and 23 kDa
      from the salivary glands of A. americanum females were consistently observed with
      antibodies from both sheep and rabbits. No antigens unique to tick midgut tissue
      were detected with immune sera. Female Dermacentor variabilis and Ixodes dammini
      shared 90- and 45-kDa salivary gland antigens with A. americanum, and these may
      represent conserved polypeptides. We speculate that some of the salivary gland
      antigens represent components of tick cement, while others are playing some other
      yet undetermined role in tick feeding.

PMID- 2298278
TI  - Chemistry of male dominance in the house mouse, Mus domesticus.
AB  - Two terpenic constituents, E,E,-alpha-farnesene and E-beta-farnesene, were found
      to be elevated in dominant male urine when compared to subordinate or control
      males. These two urinary compounds were absent in the bladder urine of males;
      however, they were the most prominent constituents of the perputial gland's
      aliquots. The results of a two-choice preference test, conducted on ICR/Alb
      subordinate males, gave a strong indication that these two terpenic constituents
      introduced into the previously attractive stimulus significantly discouraged
      prolonged investigations by male mice. The compounds, whether present in the
      urine matrix or water, rendered the stimulus with a quality behaviorally similar
      to the urine of dominant males. It appears that they may be synonymous with the
      previously described aversion signal produced by dominant males. We suggest that
      these compounds may play a wide-ranging role in the territorial marking behavior
      of male mice.

PMID- 2298279
TI  - Ansamitocin P-3, a maytansinoid, from Claopodium crispifolium and Anomodon
      attenuatus or associated actinomycetes.
AB  - Guided by cytotoxicity, ansamitocin P-3, a maytansinoid, was isolated in very low
      yield from two members of the moss family Thuidiaceae, Claopodium crispifolium
      (Hook.) Ren. & Card. and Anomodon attenuatus (Hedw.) Hueb. Ansamitocin P-3 showed
      potent cytotoxicity against the human solid tumor cell lines A-549, HT-29. A
      possible basis for the occurrence of this compound in mosses is discussed.

PMID- 2298280
TI  - Vagal afferent innervation of the pylorus and the upper small intestine studied
      in the rat with the horseradish peroxidase technique.
AB  - The neuronal tracer horseradish peroxidase was injected into different segments
      of the gastrointestinal in the rat, in order to study the vagal afferent
      innervation. In the nodose ganglia the extent of labeling was greater in the
      experiments on the gastric antrum and pylorus than in the experiments on the
      first part of the small intestine. Vagal afferents are scarce in the upper
      duodenum and originate mainly from the left nodose ganglion.

PMID- 2298281
TI  - Vagal afferent innervation in regenerated rat liver.
AB  - The possible presence of neural sprouting in the afferent neurons of regenerated
      rat liver after hepatectomy was investigated by retrograde transport of
      horseradish peroxidase. This experiment was carried out to see if the increase in
      hepatic parenchyma could provide an adequate stimulus for the sprouting process.
      The study was limited to the vagal afferents, particularly the left ones, because
      they are the principal contributors to hepatic afferent innervation in the rat.
      The results show that neural sprouting does not occur in regenerated rat liver
      after 3 weeks. In fact, the number of intensely labeled neurons in the left
      nodose ganglia of hepatectomized rats was significantly smaller than in controls.
      This could be due to a lessened availability of horseradish peroxidase to nerve
      terminals because of the increased non-innervated hepatic mass. There was no
      difference between right nodose ganglia neurons in hepatectomized and control
      animals. This could be a consequence of their possible distribution in hepatic
      areas not involved in the regenerative process.

PMID- 2298282
TI  - Location of an acoustic window in dolphins.
AB  - Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) to sound clicks from sources in different
      positions were recorded in dolphins Inia geoffrensis. The position of the
      acoustic window was determined by measurement of acoustic delays. The acoustic
      window was found to lie close to the auditory meatus and the bulla rather than on
      the lower jaw.

PMID- 2298283
TI  - Aging alters resynchronization of the circadian system in rats after a shift of
      the light-dark cycle.
AB  - Four days following an 8-h advance of the light-dark cycle, the circadian rhythms
      in the pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content reappeared in 7
      week-old rats, but were still abolished in 24-month-old animals.

PMID- 2298284
TI  - Calculation of drug-melanin binding energy using molecular modeling.
AB  - Conformational analysis and molecular graphics are used to model a representative
      melanin structure to estimate a chemical's in vitro affinity for melanin. The
      modelling data fit to a simple linear equation relative to a logarithmic
      transformation of the experimentally-derived binding data (r = 0.901). The
      goodness of fit, as evidenced by the F-statistic, F (1,14) = 60.09 (p =
      0.000002), for the regression indicates that this technique gives an accurate
      representation of the interaction of these chemicals with melanin in vitro.

PMID- 2298285
TI  - Plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol in experimental galactosemia in the rat.
AB  - Feeding with a galactose-rich diet induced a substantial drop in blood plasma 1,5
      anhydroglucitol concentration. The decline was proportional to the dose of
      galactose. The decline was less marked in xylose-fed rats.

PMID- 2298286
TI  - The effect of melatonin on the formation of gastric stress lesions in rats.
AB  - Prior melatonin administration (1,5 and 10 mg/kg b. wt) causes a significant
      reduction in gastric ulceration induced in male rats by restraint immobilization
      in the presence of low temperatures.

PMID- 2298287
TI  - A possible genetic component of obesity in childhood. Observations on acid
      phosphatase polymorphism.
AB  - Phenotypes of acid phosphatase with low enzymatic activity (ACP1 A and BA) are
      correlated with the highest degree of body mass increase observed in a sample of
      obese children. Since acid phosphatase probably functions as a flavin
      mononucleotide phosphatase, differential modulation of flavo-enzyme activity and
      energy metabolism due to acid phosphatase genetic variability may explain the
      observed association.

PMID- 2298288
TI  - Plasma lipid-bound sialic acid alterations in neoplastic diseases.
AB  - Plasma lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) was assayed in normal volunteers, patients
      with non-malignant diseases, and a variety of cancer patients. Mean plasma LSA in
      50 normal volunteers, 16 patients with non-malignant diseases, 54 breast cancer,
      17 lung cancer, 15 colon cancer, 7 ovarian cancer, 5 prostate cancer, 4 leukemia,
      4 gastrointestinal, 3 thyroid cancer, 3 pancreas cancer and 2 adrenal cancer
      patients were 17.7, 23.2, 58, 85, 56.7, 46.2, 56.7, 53.3, 31.1, 33.2 and 119.5
      mg/dl, respectively. None of the normal volunteers had elevated plasma LSA
      values. Plasma LSA level was not significantly different in male and female
      volunteers. Two out of 114 different cancer patients had plasma LSA levels within
      normal range exhibiting 98.2% sensitivity of the assay. Plasma LSA, which is
      relatively simple to assay, may be used as a tumor marker in wide variety of
      neoplastic diseases.

PMID- 2298289
TI  - The effect of quercetin on cell cycle progression and growth of human gastric
      cancer cells.
AB  - Quercetin, a flavonoid, is found in many plants, including edible fruits and
      vegetables. We examined the effects on cell growth of human malignant cells
      derived from the gastrointestinal tract and on cell cycle progression. Quercetin
      markedly inhibited the growth of human gastric cancer cells and the IC50 value
      was 32-55 microM. DNA synthesis was suppressed to 14% of the control level by the
      treatment with 70 microM quercetin for 2 days. Furthermore, quercetin blocked
      cell progression from the G1 to the S phase.

PMID- 2298290
TI  - Ascorbic acid accumulation in plated human neutrophils.
AB  - Ascorbic acid uptake was investigated in isolated, plated human neutrophils using
      high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric electrochemical
      detection. Freshly isolated neutrophils contained 1.3 mM ascorbic acid and
      accumulated significantly greater amounts when physiologic concentrations of the
      vitamin were present in the extracellular buffer. In several different buffers
      uptake was dependent on the presence of calcium and magnesium. Under these
      conditions, scintillation spectrometry of [14C]ascorbic acid in conjunction with
      high-performance liquid chromatography was suited for measuring ascorbic acid
      transport.

PMID- 2298291
TI  - Urea cycle disorder in C3H-H-2 degree mice with juvenile steatosis of viscera.
AB  - We determined the activities of urea cycle enzymes in the liver of C3H-H-2 degree
      jsv mice. The activities of all urea cycle enzymes decreased in the latter period
      of lactation. The activities of carbamylphosphate synthetase and ornithine
      transcarbamylase in some affected mice were undetectable. On the other hand, the
      activities of enzymes other than urea cycle enzymes were normal. We consider that
      the decrease in the urea cycle enzymes is caused by an abnormality in the
      mechanism of gene expression.

PMID- 2298292
TI  - Isolation and amino acid sequence of a novel 6.8-kDa mitochondrial proteolipid
      from beef heart. Use of FAB-MS for molecular mass determination.
AB  - We have isolated a 6.8 kDa proteolipid from an acidic chloroform/methanol extract
      of bovine cardiac muscle. The molecular mass of the polypeptide was measured by
      fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) (m/z6834.1). Its amino acid
      sequence was partly determined by direct sequencing and completed by
      characterization of cyanogen bromide and tryptic fragments (sequencing, FAB-MS
      and amino acid analysis). The polypeptide consists of 60 amino acid residues.
      Polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbit allowed its localization by
      electroimmunoblotting in mitochondria.

PMID- 2298293
TI  - Dermal glands of Xenopus laevis contain a polypeptide with a highly repetitive
      amino acid sequence.
AB  - Mature dermal glands of Xenopus laevis contain storage granules with a
      characteristic ellipsoid shape. These granules contain, as a minor component, a
      heat-stable, acidic polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 75 kDa. Using
      antibodies against this protein, positive clones were isolated from a cDNA
      expression library prepared from skin of X. laevis. One of the cloned cDNAs
      encodes a pre-protein with a typical signal sequence and a mature part of 396
      amino acids. The protein contains 33 copies of the sequence Gly-Gly/Glu-(Ala
      Pro)2-4-Ala-Glu. Using the single-letter code for the four predominant amino
      acids, we have termed this polypeptide the APEG protein. Near its carboxy
      terminus, one segment has been found with an amino acid sequence similar to that
      of spasmolytic polypeptide from porcine pancreas and to the human protein pS2.

PMID- 2298294
TI  - Extensive precursor-product relationship between gangliosides formed from
      exogenous glucosylceramide in rat liver.
AB  - Glucosylceramide, radiolabelled on the glucose residue, was administered to rats
      and the radioactive gangliosides formed at different time points were chemically
      characterized. They were identified as GM3, GM1, GD1a and GD1b, each one carrying
      only radioactive glucose. The time course of each individual ganglioside showed
      that the simpler gangliosides were formed earlier but were consumed earlier than
      the more complex ones, resulting in radioactivity patterns that were different at
      each time point. Only 30 h after injection did it resemble that of endogenous rat
      liver gangliosides. These results indicate that an extensive precursor-product
      relationship actually exists in the course of ganglioside biosynthesis.

PMID- 2298295
TI  - High molecular weight forms of basic fibroblast growth factor recognized by a new
      anti-bFGF antibody.
AB  - An antibody against basic fibroblasts growth factor (bFGF) was raised using
      purified bovine pituitary bFGF. Western blot analysis revealed immunoreactive
      bands at 18, 24, 30-33 and 46 kDa in immunoaffinity purified extracts of
      pituitary and adrenal gland using this antibody. A similar staining pattern was
      obtained with ovary extracts with the exception of the missing 18 kDa band. A
      second anti-bFGF antibody raised against a synthetic peptide comprising the 24 N
      terminal amino acids of bFGF reacted with the 18 kDa and the 46 kDa band of
      immunoaffinity purified ovary and adrenal gland extracts.

PMID- 2298296
TI  - Stimulation of protein synthesis by raised extracellular pH in cardiac myocytes
      and perfused hearts.
AB  - Protein synthesis was stimulated in freshly-isolated rats cardiac myocytes by
      increasing the extracellular pH of Hepes-buffered Tyrode's solutions over the
      range pH 7.4-8.4. The maximal stimulation was about 45%. Protein synthesis in
      anterogradely-perfused rat hearts was stimulated by 11% by increasing the pH of
      the bicarbonate-containing perfusion medium from pH 7.4 to 7.8. This manoeuvre
      increased intracellular pH by 0.12 units. A concomitant increase in
      phosphocreatine concentration was observed. These findings are consistent with
      the hypothesis that intracellular pH may exert profound effects on tissue protein
      synthesis rates.

PMID- 2298297
TI  - Thrombopoietic activity of human interleukin-6.
AB  - Thrombopoietin (TPO), a regulatory factor in platelet production, was purified
      from the conditioned medium of TNK-01 cells cultured in the presence of human
      interleukin-1. The N-terminal sequence of purified TPO was determined to be
      VPPGEDSKDVAAPHRQPLT, identical to that of the N-terminal region of human
      interleukin-6 (IL-6). Two forms of TPO with molecular masses of 24 and 27 kDa
      were identified as IL-6 by Western analysis using an anti-IL-6 antibody.
      Commercial recombinant human IL-6 produced in Escherichia coli, stimulated
      megakaryocyte colony formation in the presence of mouse interleukin-3 and
      increased the number of peripheral platelets in mice in a dose-dependent manner.
      From these results, it is concluded that human IL-6 has thrombopoietic activity.

PMID- 2298299
TI  - Inhibition of epidermal growth factor-induced DNA synthesis by tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors.
AB  - We prepared methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate as a stable analogue of erbstatin, a
      tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This analogue was about 4 times more stable than
      erbstatin in calf serum. It inhibited epidermal growth factor receptor-associated
      tyrosine kinase in vitro with an IC50 of 0.15 micrograms/ml. It also inhibited in
      situ autophosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor in A431 cells.
      Methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate was shown to delay the S-phase induction by
      epidermal growth factor in quiescent normal rat kidney cells, without affecting
      the total amount of DNA synthesis. The effect of erbstatin on S-phase induction
      was smaller, possibly because of its shorter life time.

PMID- 2298298
TI  - Video enhanced imaging of the fluorescent Na+ probe SBFI indicates that colonic
      crypts absorb fluid by generating a hypertonic interstitial fluid.
AB  - Extracellular accumulation of Na+ detected by video-enhanced microscopic imaging
      of the impermeant fluorescent probe SBFI confirms the view that colonic crypts
      produce a hypertonic ascorbate ca 1000 mOsm.kg-1, thereby generating a large
      osmotic pressure across the crypt wall. This creates a high fluid tension within
      the crypt lumen, sufficient to dehydrate faeces. When bathed in Tyrode the
      SBFI.Na+ fluorescence indicates a [Na+] ca 750 mM within the interstitial space
      of metabolizing rat descending colon. There is no evidence of interstitial Na+
      accumulation in octanol (2 mM) or in rabbit colon incubated with 1.0 mM ouabain
      and no evidence of Na+ secretion via the crypt lumen during absorption.

PMID- 2298300
TI  - Alterations of lipid composition in Friend leukemia cell tumors in mice treated
      with tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
AB  - Lipid analyses were carried out on transplantable murine Friend leukemia cell
      tumors, 6 h after intratumoral administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha
      (TNF). The levels of the major phospholipid classes were uniformly decreased to
      about 70% of control values; free fatty acids were increased to about 170%;
      diacylglycerol was decreased to about 50% and triacylglycerol, the main lipid
      component, was not significantly altered. These results analysed in the light of
      concomitant alterations in the levels of phospholipid precursors and catabolites
      (determined in previous 31P NMR studies) and histological modifications
      demonstrated that at early stages of TNF-induced inhibition of tumor growth (a)
      phospholipid catabolism was significantly enhanced; (b) morphological changes
      were apparently correlated with alterations in the levels of phosphatidylcholine
      and its catabolic products.

PMID- 2298301
TI  - Specific interaction of the new fluorescent dye 10-N-nonyl acridine orange with
      inner mitochondrial membrane. A lipid-mediated inhibition of oxidative
      phosphorylation.
AB  - The fluorescent dye 10-N-nonyl acridine orange (NAO), known as specifically
      associated with mitochondria, has been reported to have a cytotoxic effect when
      high doses were applied to cells. Presently, the biochemical basis of its
      toxicity was investigated on isolated rat liver mitochondria. At low
      concentrations, NAO strongly inhibited state 3 respiration and ATP synthesis. At
      high concentrations, electron transport, ATP hydrolysis, Pi-transport and adenine
      nucleotide activities were also decreased. All these inhibitions can be explained
      by probe-cardiolipin interactions which could induce the collapse of energy
      conversion and/or the modification of membrane fluidity.

PMID- 2298303
TI  - Expression of protein kinase CI in NIH 3T3 cells increases its growth response to
      specific activators.
AB  - In order to investigate the effects of protein kinase C (PKC) expression on
      cellular growth and morphology, we established mouse fibroblast cell populations
      which expressed the rat pkc-gamma gene under the control of a retroviral
      promoter. NIH 3T3 stable transfectants displayed a three-fold increase in total
      PKC levels. These cells appeared morphologically unaltered but exhibited a
      stronger mitogenic response to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and
      cardiolipin (CL) as well as enhanced growth in semisolid medium in the presence
      of TPA. Thus, at these enzyme levels, PKC conferred growth advantages to NIH 3T3
      cells only in response to specific activators.

PMID- 2298302
TI  - Tropomyosin-troponin complex stabilizes the pointed ends of actin filaments
      against polymerization and depolymerization.
AB  - In striated muscle the pointed ends of polar actin filaments are directed toward
      the center of the sarcomere. Formed filaments keep a constant length of about 1
      micron. As polymerization and depolymerization at free pointed ends are not
      sufficiently slow to account for the constant length of the filaments, we
      searched for proteins which occur in sarcomeres and can stabilize the pointed
      ends of actin filaments. We observed that tropomyosin-troponin complex reduces
      the rate of association and dissociation of actin molecules at the pointed ends
      more than 30-fold. On the average, every 600 s one association or dissociation
      reaction has been found to occur at the pointed ends near the critical actin
      monomer concentration.

PMID- 2298304
TI  - Molecular cloning of two distinct vasotocin precursor cDNAs from chum salmon
      (Oncorhynchus keta) suggests an ancient gene duplication.
AB  - The structures of two different vasotocin precursors from chum salmon brain have
      been elucidated through the molecular cloning of their corresponding cDNAs.
      Although the predicted precursors, consisting respectively of 153 and 158 amino
      acids, have the same structural organisation, they show 35% amino acid sequence
      divergence, of which only approximately half are isofunctional substitutions.
      Remarkably, while the C terminal segments of both precursors resemble the
      glycopeptide moiety of the related mammalian vasopressin precursor, both salmon
      precursors lack consensus sequences for N-glycosylation.

PMID- 2298305
TI  - Heme maintains catalytically active structure of cytochrome P-450.
AB  - Treatment of purified cytochrome P-450 LM2 and its liposome-bound form with
      hydrogen peroxide led to complete destruction of the P-450 heme. The apoenzyme
      thus produced could be reconstituted to catalytically active cytochrome P-450 by
      incubation with hemin, the reconstitution efficiency being 50% for the soluble
      enzyme and 80% for the liposome-bound enzyme. The removal of heme from the
      soluble hemoprotein resulted in a 3-fold decrease in the efficiency of its
      incorporation into sonicated liposomes. The contents of 5 secondary structure
      forms in the native, apo- and reconstituted holoenzymes were estimated from their
      circular dichroism spectra. It was thus found that the helix content increased
      from 34% to 60% upon removal of the heme from the native enzyme. We suggest that
      the increase in the helix content leads to a reduction of the incorporation
      efficiency into liposomal membranes.

PMID- 2298307
TI  - Reproductive outcome after conservative surgery for unruptured tubal pregnancy--a
      15-year experience.
AB  - The fertility outcome is presented in 118 patients after conservative surgery for
      unruptured tubal pregnancies. This patient group experienced 142 pregnancies, 127
      of which were intrauterine (89.4%). The intrauterine pregnancies (IUPs) occurred
      in 83 patients (70.3%) and 63.5% (75/118) had live births. The recurrence rate of
      tubal pregnancy was 12.7%. Of the 65 patients with a normal contralateral tube 53
      (81.5%) followed surgery with an IUP, 76.1% a live birth, and 7.7% a recurrent
      tubal pregnancy. Fifty-seven percent of the patients with a single tube followed
      with an IUP, and 47.6% had a live birth. The recurrence of tubal pregnancy in
      this group was 28.5%. Of the patients who underwent expression of tubal
      gestation, 60.6% followed with an IUP, and 57.5% with a live birth with no
      recurrence of tubal pregnancy.

PMID- 2298306
TI  - Comment: mitochondria and carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2298308
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of cornual obstruction using a flexible tip guidewire.
AB  - Proximal tubal obstruction, either unilateral or bilateral, is a frequent finding
      on hysterosalpingogram (HSG). Approximately two-thirds of the fallopian tubes
      resected for proximal tubal obstruction reveal an absence of luminal occlusion.
      The distinction between true pathologic occlusion and either spasm or plugging is
      crucial in determining therapy. We combined hysteroscopic cannulation of the
      proximal fallopian tube with laparoscopy in 11 patients with proximal tubal
      obstruction diagnosed by HSG and confirmed at laparoscopy. Hysteroscopic
      cannulation was able to be performed in 72% of the fallopian tubes attempted, and
      there was a postcannulation patency rate by HSG of 73%. Six of the 11 patients
      became pregnant after tubal cannulation and adjunctive distal tubal surgery.
      Hysteroscopic cannulation of the fallopian tube is a safe diagnostic procedure
      that can be used to identify those patients with true proximal occlusion, and may
      also serve as a therapeutic procedure in some of these patients.

PMID- 2298309
TI  - Peritoneal fluid and serum autoantibody levels in patients with endometriosis.
AB  - Patients with endometriosis demonstrate autoantibody abnormalities in their
      peripheral blood. Whether such abnormalities can also be detected in the
      peritoneal cavity, has not been established. We therefore investigated
      autoantibodies to 6 phospholipid antigens, 5 histones and histone subfractions
      and 4 polynucleotides in 14 laparoscopically diagnosed endometriosis and 9
      control patients, undergoing laparoscopic tubal occlusion, in both serum and
      peritoneal fluid. Endometriosis patients demonstrated significantly lower total
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in peritoneal fluid than controls. In contrast,
      specific IgG autoantibody levels were higher in peritoneal fluids of
      endometriosis patients. Mean antiphospholipids and antihistones autoantibodies
      reached significance when serum/peritoneal fluid ratios were compared with
      controls. Significant differences between endometriosis and control patients were
      restricted to IgG isotypes and were not observed for either IgM or IgA isotypes.
      These data suggest an abnormal concentration of IgG antiphospholipids and
      antihistones antibodies within the peritoneal cavity of endometriosis patients,
      which may play a contributing role in the peritoneal pathology of this condition.

PMID- 2298310
TI  - Acid Tyrode's solution can stimulate parthenogenetic activation of human and
      mouse oocytes.
AB  - Fresh and aged (24 hours after ovulation) human oocytes and recently ovulated
      mouse oocytes may be activated by exposure to acidified Tyrode's solution. No
      activation of either type of human oocyte was observed after exposure to
      hyaluronidase or pronase, but significant numbers of fresh mouse oocytes were
      activated after exposure to pronase but not to chymotrypsin. The implications of
      these results for the manipulation of human and mouse eggs in vitro are
      discussed.

PMID- 2298311
TI  - Immunosuppressive properties of human follicular fluid.
AB  - Human preovulatory follicular fluids (FF) obtained in the course of stimulated
      cycles were analyzed for their possible immunologic functions. Different
      concentrations of FF (20%, 2%, 1%) inhibited the mitogenic response of normal
      human lymphocytes to concanavalin A (Con A). Lymphocytes were assessed for
      immunosuppressor activity after preincubation with FF. Lymphocyte mitogenic
      response to Con A was only suppressed by cells preincubated with FF at
      concentrations of 2% and 1% for at least 48 hours. No evidence of suppressor cell
      induction was seen following incubation of lymphocytes with 20% FF, nor was any
      significant relationship between FF immunosuppressor activity and the outcome of
      in vitro fertilization observed. We conclude that some factor(s) in FF may be
      capable of directly inhibiting lymphocyte response and inducing immunosuppressor
      cell activity in vitro.

PMID- 2298312
TI  - The clinical outcome of reinsemination of human oocytes fertilized in vitro.
AB  - To assess the value of reinseminating human oocytes, the results of 1,662 embryo
      transfers were analyzed. In 1,460 transfers embryos arose from oocytes that had
      fertilized and cleaved after initial insemination. The pregnancy rate was
      significantly higher than in transfers of embryos (n = 76) resulting solely from
      reinseminated oocytes (27% versus 3%). Adding reinseminated embryos to those
      fertilizing on initial insemination at transfer failed to raise the pregnancy
      rate. Only 2 of 158 (1.3%) reinseminated embryos implanted compared with 540 of
      4,181 (12.9%) fertilized and cleaved on initial insemination (P less than 0.001).
      Reinseminated embryos do occasionally produce viable pregnancies. It is therefore
      worth considering replacement of these embryos if initial fertilization has
      entirely failed. Patients should be counseled as to the low chance of
      implantation with these embryos.

PMID- 2298313
TI  - Association of cocaine use with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology.
AB  - Use of cocaine within 2 years of their first semen analysis has been found to be
      twice as common among men with sperm counts less than 20 X 10(6) mL (odds ratio
      [OR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0, 4.6). Duration of cocaine use for
      five or more years was more common in men with low sperm motility (OR = 2.0, 95%
      CI 1.0, 4.1) and in those with low concentrations and a large proportion of
      abnormal forms. Other major risk factors for these three indicators of male
      subfertility also have been identified, but the cocaine risk factors remained
      after adjustment for them. This association, together with the high prevalence of
      cocaine use in the general male population, suggests cocaine may now be related
      to male subfertility and that history of use should be ascertained during
      diagnostic interviews.

PMID- 2298314
TI  - Differential diagnosis of immature germ cells in semen utilizing monoclonal
      antibody MHS-10 to the intra-acrosomal antigen SP-10.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody (mAb) MHS-10 (IgG1) is a mouse antihuman sperm antibody
      which recognizes a polymorphic sperm protein, (SP-10), which has previously been
      localized within the acrosomal matrix and the acrosomal membranes. The SP-10
      antigen has been shown to be sperm-specific and is not found in somatic tissues.
      It is stage specific, having been immunohistologically localized to Golgi phase
      spermatids and all subsequent phases of spermiogenesis. In the present study,
      acetone-dried smears from washed human semen containing significant numbers of
      round cells were probed with mAb MHS-10. Monoclonal antibody-labeled cells were
      visualized by a standard streptavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method using a
      light microscope. The MHS-10 mAb immunoreacted with mature sperm and with a
      subset of round cells diagnosed as developing spermatids, which had been sloughed
      off from the testis at varying stages of acrosome formation. To rule out possible
      cross-reactivity of the mAb with leukocytes in semen, a leukocyte surface marker
      (anti-HLe-1) was used in conjunction with MHS-10. Round cell populations staining
      with MHS-10 did not stain with anti-HLe-1. The mAb MHS-10 is thus a promising
      probe for the identification and quantitation of immature germ cells in human
      semen.

PMID- 2298315
TI  - Male genital mycoplasmas and Chlamydia trachomatis culture: its relationship with
      accessory gland function, sperm quality, and autoimmunity.
AB  - To study the effect of mycoplasmas and Chlamydia trachomatis infection on semen
      quality, these microorganisms were cultured from the semen and anterior urethra
      respectively, in a group of 175 infertile men suspected of a silent genital
      infection with a poor postcoital test. Chlamydia infection, but not mycoplasmas,
      was parodoxically more frequent in the apparently normal than
      oligotetratoasthenozoospermia patients. Mycoplasmas male infection, but not
      chlamydia, was more frequent in cases with female, mechanical, and/or organic
      infertility factors. Infection was unrelated to the accessory gland evaluation or
      sperm variables. However, seminal antisperm antibody activity was significantly
      increased in cases with any positive culture. By this local antibody increase,
      chlamydia and mycoplasmas may significantly reduce sperm egg penetration ability.

PMID- 2298316
TI  - A fifteen-year study of alterations in semen quality occurring after vasectomy
      reversal.
AB  - Semen quality was evaluated in 256 men at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months after vasectomy
      reversal. Total sperm counts were normal and averaged 91 X 10(6) sperm per
      ejaculate. The percentage of live sperm was decreased below normal to 36% and
      hypo-osmolarity values indicated only 41% of the sperm with normal membranes.
      Progressive motility and the total progressively motile sperm count were reduced
      and averaged 25% and 27 million, respectively. Approximately 50% of the patients
      had positive titers of sperm agglutinating and/or sperm immobilizing antibodies.
      Sperm morphology indicated tail and head shape defects with increases in both
      tapered and immature sperm. A fertility score combining several sperm parameters
      averaged only 37% of normal. All of these values remained constant with time
      after reversal except for progressive motility (increased), oval head shapes
      (increased), and tapered sperm (decreased). This study has demonstrated that
      characteristic defects occur in sperm (decreased). This study has demonstrated
      that characteristic defects occur in sperm motility, sperm membrane function and
      morphology, in addition to specimen fertility scores, after a vasectomy reversal
      and need to be taken into consideration when advising and treating these patients
      for subsequent fertility difficulties.

PMID- 2298317
TI  - Absence of antisperm antibodies and factors influencing sperm motility in the cul
      de-sac fluid of women with endometriosis.
AB  - No detrimental effect on sperm motility characteristics by PF from women with low
      stage endometriosis was documented when incubated for 3 to 6 hours. Although 1 of
      31 women with endometriosis possessed IgA and IgG to sperm in her PF, its
      significance remains undetermined.

PMID- 2298318
TI  - High prevalence of silent chlamydia colonization of the tubal mucosa in infertile
      women.
AB  - Thirty-four asymptomatic infertile patients without distal tubal occlusion were
      prospectively evaluated at laparoscopy for C. trachomatis infection. Samples were
      collected from the urethra, the cervical canal, the endometrium, the cul-de-sac
      peritoneal fluid and the endosalpinx. In 8 patients (24%), C. trachomatis was
      isolated from at least one site. In 6 patients C. trachomatis was isolated from
      at least one tube, demonstrating the possibility of silent chlamydial
      colonization of the tubal mucosa in the absence of signs of active pelvic
      infection.

PMID- 2298319
TI  - Selective fallopian tube cannulation: initial experience in an infertile
      population.
AB  - We have studied a group of 19 patients presenting with proximal tubal occlusion.
      Seventy-three percent (22/30) of tubes attempted were successfully cannulated.
      Sixty-two percent (5/8) of tubes remained patent in limited follow-up at 3 to 6
      months. We conclude that selective fallopian tube cannulation may provide an
      alternative to microsurgical tubal anastomosis in selected patients.

PMID- 2298321
TI  - Morbidity from in vitro fertilization secondary to instrument failure: a case
      report.
AB  - This case illustrates the need for careful monitoring of equipment used for
      assisted reproduction. Unfortunately, most such devices have been considered
      investigational and have not been held to the usual scrutiny of government
      regulating agencies.

PMID- 2298320
TI  - The metoclopramid-provocation test for prediction of transient hyperprolactinemia
      during cycle stimulation.
AB  - The predictive value of the metoclopramid-provocation test to detect transient
      hyperprolactinemia during cycle stimulation was assessed. Patients developing
      hyperprolactinemia during cycle stimulation showed a significantly higher PRL
      response to the metoclopramid-provocation test before cycle stimulation. The
      current study confirms previous reports that hyperprolactinemia during cycle
      stimulation can interfere with follicular and oocyte maturation. The use of the
      metoclopramid-test can detect an enhanced responsiveness to PRL stimulators and
      offers the possibility of treatment during cycle stimulation.

PMID- 2298323
TI  - Donor insemination program management.

PMID- 2298322
TI  - Pregnancy achieved through in vitro fertilization with cryopreserved semen from a
      man with Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 2298324
TI  - The challenge for nursing: learning to "change our ways".

PMID- 2298325
TI  - An opportunity in correctional nursing: the view from behind bars.

PMID- 2298326
TI  - Mentoring: a means to a desirable end for nursing.

PMID- 2298327
TI  - Certification of oncology nurses.

PMID- 2298328
TI  - Psychiatric consultation program enhances nursing practice.

PMID- 2298329
TI  - The changing focus of public health.

PMID- 2298330
TI  - Developing workable policies: the treasures of a small hospital.

PMID- 2298332
TI  - The nursing process: promoting the image of nursing.

PMID- 2298331
TI  - A personal perspective--our strength comes from within.

PMID- 2298333
TI  - Parental attitudes toward management of newborns with myelomeningocele.
AB  - The parents of 50 children with myelomeningocele completed a questionnaire
      assessing their attitudes toward the medical management of their newborn infants.
      Of the 47 mothers and 29 fathers interviewed, only 26 were satisfied with the
      information they had received at the delivery hospital, whereas 61 expressed
      satisfaction with the information given at the tertiary-care hospital.
      Satisfaction was significantly more common when parents had been involved in
      decisions about the management of their newborn infants. The people most commonly
      cited as being helpful in making decisions were physicians at the tertiary-care
      hospital, spouses and other family members. The most important factors in
      reaching a decision were the information received at the tertiary-care hospital
      and the parents' own personal philosophy and social values. Most parents felt
      that they should have the final decision about the medical management of their
      newborn infants.

PMID- 2298334
TI  - Predicting developmental outcome at school age from infant tests of normal, at
      risk and retarded infants.
AB  - The predictive validity of developmental testing was investigated in term,
      preterm and retarded children. Verbal, performance and locomotor development were
      assessed at various ages and individual development curves constructed. Inter-age
      correlations between development tests at nine to 24 months and intellectual
      assessment at seven years revealed a strong effect on prediction for age at
      testing and level of mental performance. Categorisation by level of mental
      performance demonstrated that at seven years 98.6 per cent of the children with
      developmental quotients (DQs) greater than 85 at 24 months achieved IQs greater
      than 85, while 98.7 per cent of the seven- to eight-year-old children with DQs
      greater than 85 at nine to 24 months achieved IQs greater than 85. The Griffiths
      language and performance scores and their combination were the strongest
      predictors of later intellectual functioning. The social score was of moderate
      significance, while the locomotor score had no predictive value. Analysis of
      individual development curves revealed that prediction was hampered in some
      children by factors not detectable by statistical analysis, such as dissociations
      in development, organic impairment and major life events. Among the prenatal,
      perinatal and postnatal variables studied, only socio-economic status was of
      predictive significance; its effect depended on the level of mental performance
      and was most marked in term children, but it had no effect on retarded children.

PMID- 2298335
TI  - On-line detection of transient neuropsychological disturbances during EEG
      discharges in children with epilepsy.
AB  - Short-term memory tasks (visual-spatial and verbal) were devised to identify the
      influence of transient EEG discharges, without clinically manifest disturbances,
      on neuropsychological performance. 53 children with subclinical focal and
      generalized EEG discharges were tested 72 times and 16-channel telemetered EEG
      and video-recordings were made. 36 per cent of test sessions showed a significant
      preponderance of errors when discharges were recorded. Children with right-sided
      discharges had impaired performance in 50 per cent of their test sessions, with
      performance on the visual-spatial task most affected: left-sided discharges
      appeared to exert greater influence on the verbal task. These tests can easily be
      used to monitor six- to 15-year-old children.

PMID- 2298336
TI  - Communication and oral-motor function in Rett syndrome.
AB  - The communication skills, oral-motor function and respiration patterns of 20
      girls with Rett syndrome were studied. Loss of communication has been previously
      recognized as a sign of the onset of Rett syndrome, but oral-motor dysfunction
      has not been reported. All the girls showed a regression in speech and language
      function by the onset of stage II Rett syndrome. Changes in oral-motor function
      and respiration correlated with the progression of the disease from stages II to
      IV.

PMID- 2298337
TI  - Single-photon emission computed tomography of brain perfusion: analysis of 60
      paediatric cases.
AB  - Sixty-nine brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
      scans were performed on 60 paediatric patients with various neurological
      diagnoses. SPECT was abnormal more frequently in degenerative brain diseases (82
      per cent), than in epilepsy (63 per cent), encephalitis (62 per cent),
      cerebrovascular disease (43 per cent), or other brain disorders (43 per cent).
      SPECT was more sensitive than EEG, CT and MRI results. SPECT was of considerable
      value for diagnosis in many cases. It was a decisive aid in two cases, but
      misleading in another two, so SPECT must be related to findings obtained by
      clinical and other laboratory methods.

PMID- 2298338
TI  - Growth patterns of the normal pituitary gland and in pituitary adenoma.
AB  - The growth pattern of the pituitary gland of 86 infants, children and adolescents
      without pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction was studied with sagittal magnetic
      resonance imaging. Postnatally the gland grew rapidly, reaching a plateau at
      almost three years after birth, and growing rapidly again between the age of 10
      to 13 years. Pituitary gland area showed a similar growth pattern to gland
      height. The pituitary glands of seven patients with pituitary adenomata were also
      examined. All had convex upper-gland margins, with height and area significantly
      greater than those of normal controls of the same age.

PMID- 2298340
TI  - NIH and ADAMHA's conflict-of-interest guidelines withdrawn.

PMID- 2298339
TI  - Autonomic seizures in an infant: unusual cutaneous and cardiac manifestations.
AB  - An eight-month-old infant developed autonomic seizures, manifested by skin
      reaction (harlequin-like syndrome) and paroxysmal bradycardia. Interictal EEG
      showed multifocal spikes, 24-hour EEG/ECG monitoring disclosed episodes of
      cerebral decremental response associated with cardiac nodal rhythm. Head CT and
      other laboratory tests were normal. Despite excellent seizure control with
      carbamazepine, the child has moderate psychomotor retardation.

PMID- 2298341
TI  - Adipose tissue islets: tissue culture of a potential source of fat cells in the
      adult rat.
AB  - Collagenase digests of adipose tissue of the 3 to 4-month-old rat contain groups
      of 20-100 tightly arranged cells (islets) that copurify with the free-floating
      fat cells. When cultured along with mature adipocytes the islets give rise to
      cells, initially fibroblast-like, which rapidly proliferate, acquire lipid
      droplets, and differentiate into small adipocytes within 4-6 days without the
      addition to the medium of the agents usually required to produce differentiation
      in stromal-vascular preadipocytes. Differentiation of these cells is independent
      of confluence and begins as early as day 2 of culture. The proportion of islet
      derived cells that differentiate is directly correlated with the number of mature
      adipocytes simultaneously present in the culture (r = .709; P less than 0.001).
      Culture medium exposed to mature adipocytes demonstrated differentiation
      promoting activity, suggesting a paracrine effect of these cells. Islets may in
      vivo constitute a source for newly formed adipocytes in the adult rat. The
      differentiation of these potential adipocytes may be regulated, at least in part,
      by the mature fat cells via a paracrine effect.

PMID- 2298342
TI  - Regulation of TGF beta gene expression in rat liver intoxicated with carbon
      tetrachloride.
AB  - Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) has been implicated as having a
      central role in the postinflammatory tissue regeneration and fibrosis. To test
      its potential involvement in events that follow hepatotoxin-mediated liver
      regeneration and fibrosis, we quantitated changes in the steady-state levels of
      TGF beta mRNA in parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells at various times after an
      acute treatment with CCl4, and also compared TGF beta gene expression in these
      two cell types from livers subjected to chronic CCl4 treatment. The parenchymal
      and nonparenchymal cells from normal liver contained undetectable amounts of TGF
      beta mRNA. In contrast, we could readily detect TGF beta specific transcripts in
      both the parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells after acute injury. Nonparenchymal
      cells from acutely injured liver contained fivefold greater amounts of TGF beta
      mRNA, which peaked at 48 h and declined thereafter. In chronically treated rat
      livers (1, 2, 3, and 7 wk after the initiation of CCl4 treatment), increased
      expression of TGF beta mRNA was found only in nonparenchymal cells obtained after
      2-3 wk of treatment. Strikingly large elevations in the steady-state levels of
      beta-actin mRNA in CCl4-treated liver were also observed, which may be related to
      the known regenerative processes associated with acute liver toxicity. Changing
      dynamics of TGF beta gene expression, therefore, appear to be an important
      attribute of regenerating liver after acute or chronic CCl4 toxicity.

PMID- 2298344
TI  - NIH grants license for rabbit AIDS model.

PMID- 2298343
TI  - Secreted alkaline phosphatase: an internal standard for expression of injected
      mRNAs in the Xenopus oocyte.
AB  - The Xenopus oocyte is widely used to study the various aspects of eukaryotic cell
      structure and function. It is also being used increasingly in expression cloning
      of cDNAs encoding proteins for which there are no structural data. One of the
      drawbacks of the Xenopus oocyte system is that individual oocytes taken at the
      same time from the same frog vary considerably in the amount of protein
      synthesized from the same amount of injected mRNA. In this report we describe the
      preparation and use of the mRNA for a secreted mutant form of human placental
      alkaline phosphatase as an internal, coinjected standard to monitor translation
      in oocytes. Secreted alkaline phosphatase can be readily determined in the medium
      of cultured oocytes by using a standard colorimetric assay. The amounts of
      alkaline phosphatase secreted into the medium were shown to parallel the level of
      expression of two membrane proteins. This permits rapid identification and
      selection of those oocytes that efficiently express injected mRNAs. The procedure
      yields more precise data and results in an enormous saving of time and expense,
      especially in investigations that involve complex measurements on individual
      oocytes.

PMID- 2298345
TI  - Meal-induced peptide tyrosine tyrosine inhibitor of pancreatic secretion.

PMID- 2298347
TI  - The real options on the war on drugs.

PMID- 2298346
TI  - Essential fatty acids and immune response.

PMID- 2298348
TI  - Subcutaneous soft tissue densities: a computed tomography indicator of severe
      pancreatitis.
AB  - Twenty patients with known acute pancreatitis had 50 computed tomography studies.
      Those with severe pancreatitis showed streaky and fluffy soft tissue densities in
      the flanks and some in the gluteal regions. The appearance and disappearance of
      this finding correlates with the extravascular movement of fluid due to severe
      pancreatic inflammation.

PMID- 2298349
TI  - Computed tomography evaluation of high-density bile in the gallbladder.
AB  - On computed tomograms obtained during a seven-year period, 27 patients were found
      to have high-density bile in the gallbladder. Serial computed tomography (CT)
      examinations showed that gradual narrowing of common bile duct is a causative
      factor. This has not been reported previously. The density of the bile in the
      gallbladder of patients with such obstruction was almost equal to that of normal
      liver on CT. In some of the patients in whom obstruction of the cystic duct was
      the factor of high-density bile and continued for a long time, the density of the
      bile decreased and hydrops developed.

PMID- 2298351
TI  - Extraperitoneal mass effect by ascites under tension.
AB  - Benign ascites may cause an extraperitoneal mass effect when it becomes loculated
      by adhesions or when peritoneal recesses are enlarged by ascites under tension.
      Five symptomatic patients were examined by computed tomography demonstrating
      ascites as the cause of an apparent mediastinal mass in 1, a retrogastric mass in
      1, and a retroperitoneal mass displacing the right kidney anteriorly in 4.

PMID- 2298350
TI  - Hepatic iron overload: diagnosis and quantification by noninvasive imaging.
AB  - The diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT)
      for detection and quantification of hepatic iron was assessed in a series of
      patients under investigation for clinical or biochemical evidence of hepatic iron
      overload. Thirty patients underwent MR imaging (SE 30,60/1000 or SE 30,60/2000)
      at 0.5 Tesla with calculation of hepatic T2 and liver to paraspinous muscle
      signal intensity ratios. Twenty-nine patients also had measurement of hepatic
      attenuation on noncontrast CT images. Results of these imaging studies were
      correlated in all patients with quantitative iron determination from liver biopsy
      specimens. The best predictor of liver iron among parameters studied was the
      ratio of the signal intensities of liver and paraspinous muscle (L/M) on a SE
      60/1000 sequence. Both MR using L/M ratios and CT were sensitive methods for
      detection of severe degrees of hepatic iron overload with 100% of patients with
      hepatic iron on biopsy greater than 600 micrograms/100 mg liver dry weight
      detected on the basis of L/M less than 0.6 or CT attenuation greater than 70
      Hounsfield units (HU). The MR parameter, however, was more specific than CT (100
      vs 50%) and showed a higher degree of correlation with quantitated hepatic iron
      from biopsy. T2 measurements showed poor correlation with hepatic iron, due to
      difficulty in obtaining precise T2 measurements in vivo when the signal intensity
      is low. None of the parameters utilized was sensitive for detecting mild or
      moderate degrees of hepatic iron overload. We conclude that MR and CT are
      sensitive techniques for noninvasive detection of severe hepatic iron overload,
      with MR providing greater specificity than CT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298352
TI  - Computed tomography of hepatic venous hypertension: the reticulated-mosaic
      pattern.
AB  - A reticulated-mosaic pattern of the liver was identified on contrast-enhanced
      computed tomography in 4 of 20 patients with constrictive pericarditis or
      congestive heart failure. Reflux of contrast into a distended inferior vena cava
      and the hepatic veins was identified in 3 of the 4 patients. This abnormal
      enhancement pattern combined with hepatic venous or caval reflux of contrast
      indicates the presence of hepatic venous hypertension, and should not be mistaken
      for other abnormalities that may result in inhomogeneous hepatic enhancement.

PMID- 2298354
TI  - Erosion of portal vein catheter into the biliary system.
AB  - Transcatheter intraportal infusion of chemotherapy in a patient with metastatic
      liver disease resulted in erosion of the tip of the catheter into the biliary
      system within six months of its placement. This unusual complication adds to the
      disadvantages of direct portal administration of chemotherapeutic agents in the
      treatment of hepatic tumors.

PMID- 2298353
TI  - Massive bleeding after fine needle aspiration of liver angiosarcoma.
AB  - Open or closed biopsy of liver angiosarcoma is a life-threatening procedure. A
      case of massive bleeding after fine needle aspiration of the liver is reported in
      a patient having an angiosarcoma of the liver and spleen. Fine needle aspiration
      seems a hazardous procedure in this disease.

PMID- 2298355
TI  - Computed tomography evaluation of radiolucent gallstones in vivo.
AB  - Computed tomography facilitates an in vivo classification of gallstones and can
      aid in the identification of calcifications that escape detection with
      conventional radiologic procedures. Of patients with radiolucent stones, 54.8%
      exhibited calcifications either in the form of discrete rims (41.9%) or at the
      center of the stone (12.9%). Densities of the noncalcified areas of partially
      calcified stones averaged 40.68 +/- 6.8 Hounsfield units (HU), which was not
      significantly higher than the average of 31.85 +/- 3.19 HU for noncalcified
      stones. Calcified regions showed significantly higher densities (240.0 +/- 28.6
      HU, p less than 0.001, x +/- SEM). Of the identified stones, 16.1% showed
      densities greater than 50 HU. These were primarily bilirubin stones, which cannot
      yet be treated successfully with conservative therapeutic modalities.

PMID- 2298356
TI  - Polypoid Menetrier's disease associated with acromegaly.
AB  - There are two forms of Menetrier's disease. The common form involves thickened
      gastric rugae, while the rare form involves discrete gastric polyps. The clinical
      literature suggests an association between Menetrier's disease and acromegaly, as
      well as other neuroendocrine neoplasms; the radiological literature has not
      addressed the issue. We describe a patient with acromegaly who developed the rare
      polypoidal form of Menetrier's disease.

PMID- 2298357
TI  - Laxatives prior to small bowel follow-through: are they necessary for a rapid and
      good-quality examination?
AB  - Fifty-six patients undergoing small bowel follow-through examination were
      randomly allocated to two groups to assess the effect of preparation with
      laxative on the speed and quality of the examination. We found that laxative had
      no effect on either speed of the examination or quality of visualization of small
      bowel. However, the latter was dependent on the degree of supervision and
      technique of the examining radiologist.

PMID- 2298358
TI  - Spontaneous dissection of air into the transverse mesocolon during double
      contrast barium enema.
AB  - Intramural perforation of the colon proximal to the rectosigmoid is a rare
      complication of the barium enema examination. We present a case in which air and
      barium entered the wall of the transverse colon, and then dissected through the
      transverse mesocolon during double-contrast barium enema in an asymptomatic
      patient with no known underlying colonic disease.

PMID- 2298359
TI  - Sigmoid colon fistula complicating ovarian cystadenocarcinoma: a rare finding.
AB  - A case of sigmoid colon fistula complicating ovarian cystadenocarcinoma is
      reported. The entity demonstrated a large air-filled, thin-walled cystic lesion
      during barium enema examination. The differential diagnosis of distended air
      filled cystic lesions is discussed and expanded to include colonic fistula
      complicating ovarian neoplasms.

PMID- 2298360
TI  - Extramedullary hematopoiesis mimicking the appearance of carcinomatosis or
      peritoneal mesothelioma: computed tomography demonstration.
AB  - The computed tomographic (CT) appearance of extensive intra-abdominal
      extramedullary hematopoiesis is illustrated in a 51-year old woman with agnogenic
      myeloid metaplasia. The CT images closely simulate peritoneal carcinomatosis or
      peritoneal mesothelioma.

PMID- 2298361
TI  - A prospective study of viral and mycoplasma infections in chronic inflammatory
      bowel disease.
AB  - Seventy-two children with chronic inflammatory bowel disease were investigated
      for infections with various viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia
      psittaci, and Coxiella burnetii to determine whether these pathogens are
      associated with acute onset exacerbations. Altogether 54 infections were
      identified serologically, of which 23 (42.6%) were associated with exacerbations.
      This corresponded to 24.2% of the recorded exacerbations during the study period.
      The respiratory pathogens accounted for 59.3% of the infections and 43.8% of
      these were associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. This is consistent with the
      observation that up to 40% of the exacerbations were associated with symptoms of
      antecedent or concurrent infection, most commonly involving the respiratory
      tract. Rubella virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenovirus were associated with
      acute exacerbations in 5 children. Thus, common pathogens were frequently
      associated with exacerbations and account for a large proportion of the commonly
      reported symptoms of a concurrent infection. The possible causal relationship
      between these pathogens and exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease is
      discussed. Reactivation of latent herpesviruses was identified in 4 children with
      active disease and indicates that the converse relationship may also occur.

PMID- 2298363
TI  - The effect of terminal ileal triglyceride infusion on gastroduodenal motility and
      the intragastric distribution of a solid meal.
AB  - The infusion of triglyceride emulsions into the terminal ileum in concentrations
      that approximate those found in malabsorption results in the slowing of gastric
      emptying. The aim of this study was to characterize the changes in gastroduodenal
      motility responsible for this effect. Antropyloroduodenal pressures in 8 healthy
      volunteers were recorded with a manometric assembly incorporating a sleeve sensor
      across the pylorus and side holes in the antrum and duodenum. Each subject
      ingested a 100-g, 99m Tc-labeled solid meal; when approximately 25% of the meal
      had emptied from the stomach, a triglyceride emulsion (20% Intralipid) was
      infused into the terminal ileum at 1 ml/min for 45 min. Gastric emptying slowed
      markedly 15-30 min after the start of the lipid infusion (p = 0.01), and there
      was retrograde movement of the solid meal from the distal to the proximal portion
      of the stomach. During lipid infusion, there was a decrease in antral (p = 0.01),
      duodenal (p less than 0.05), and propagated antropyloroduodenal pressure waves (p
      less than 0.05) and an increase in isolated pyloric pressure waves (p less than
      0.05). The rate of gastric emptying correlated with antral pressure waves (r =
      0.92, p less than 0.001), duodenal pressure waves (r = 0.80, p less than 0.01),
      and propagated pressure waves (r = 0.88, p = 0.0025) and correlated inversely
      with the number of isolated pyloric pressure waves (r = -0.60, p = 0.05). The
      changes in antral, pyloric, and duodenal motility and the intragastric
      redistribution of a solid meal associated with ileal lipid infusion are likely to
      contribute to the delay in gastric emptying caused by this stimulus.

PMID- 2298362
TI  - MPTP-induced duodenal ulcers in rat. Prevention by reuptake blockers for
      serotonin and norepinephrine, but not dopamine.
AB  - Abnormal activity of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine may contribute to
      the pathophysiology of duodenal ulcers. We therefore studied the effects of
      neuropharmacological manipulations on 1-methly-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced duodenal ulcers. Duodenal ulcers were produced
      in rats by 12 subcutaneous injections of a neurotoxin, MPTP, over 4 days. At an
      MPTP dose of 20 mg.kg. injection, duodenal ulcers developed in 91% (43 of 47) of
      animals with low mortality. When neuropharmacological agents were preadministered
      before MPTP, the following effects on duodenal ulcers incidence were obtained.
      MAO-B inhibitors (pargyline [55%], deprenyl [43%]) but not MAO-A inhibitors
      (clorgyline [91%]) significantly decreased the frequency of duodenal ulcers
      suggesting that, like MPTP-induced parkinsonism, formation of a toxic metabolite,
      probably 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium is involved. Reuptake blockers for
      serotonin (fluoxetine [18%], indalpine [25%]) also decreased the frequency of
      duodenal ulcers. Reuptake blockers for norepinephrine (desmethylimipramine [17%],
      tomoxepine [31%], but not amfonelic acid [82%]) decreased the frequency of
      duodenal ulcers. Reuptake blockers for dopamine (benztropine [73%], amfonelic
      acid [82%], GBR-12909 [80%]) did not protect against duodenal ulcers. However,
      GBR-12909 significantly decreased the severity of those duodenal ulcers that were
      produced. These data suggest that abnormally low levels of synaptic transmission
      in serotonergic and possibly noradrenergic neurons play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer while the role of dopamine may be limited to
      modulation of ulcer severity.

PMID- 2298364
TI  - Transferrin receptor distribution and regulation in the rat small intestine.
      Effect of iron stores and erythropoiesis.
AB  - A combination of biochemical quantitation and immunohistochemistry has been used
      to examine in detail transferrin receptor distribution and expression in the rat
      small intestine and its relationship to iron absorption. Receptor numbers were
      quantitated by transferrin binding to preparations of basolateral or brush-border
      membranes. Receptors were demonstrated on the basolateral membranes of the gut
      cells, but not on the brush-border fraction. Apotransferrin demonstrated little
      binding to basolateral membranes at physiological pH. Dietary or parenteral iron
      loading of animals produced a significant decline in transferrin binding, whereas
      binding was increased in iron deficiency. These data were confirmed by
      immunohistochemical studies using a monoclonal antibody to the transferrin
      receptor. When iron absorption was increased threefold following acute hemolysis
      and without a decrease in body iron stores, there was no change in transferrin
      receptor number. These data indicate that intestinal transferrin receptors may be
      regulated by body iron stores but suggest that they are not directly involved in
      iron absorption.

PMID- 2298365
TI  - Effects of aspirin on gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha content and
      on gastric mucosal injury in humans receiving fish oil or olive oil.
AB  - Gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha content was evaluated in healthy
      human subjects who received either fish oil or olive oil (control) daily for 3 wk
      before exposure to aspirin or no aspirin. Two hours after aspirin administration,
      when mean serum salicylate concentration was approximately 12 mg/dl, gastric
      mucosal prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha content was reduced by greater than 95% in
      the fundus and antrum (p less than 0.001) and there was endoscopic evidence of
      gastric mucosal damage (erosions, submucosal hemorrhages). Fish oil feeding had
      no significant effect on mucosal prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha content or on the
      damaging effect of aspirin on the stomach, despite the fact that fish oil reduced
      serum triglyceride concentrations significantly. These studies indicate that the
      damaging effects of aspirin on the gastric mucosa are not influenced by dietary
      fish oil.

PMID- 2298366
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to human intrinsic factor.
AB  - Mice were immunized with human intrinsic factor, and their lymph node cells were
      fused with a myeloma cell line by standard hybridoma techniques. Eleven of the
      resulting 227 hybridomas secreted immunoglobulin G capable of binding to
      intrinsic factor-cobalamin complex. Cloning by limiting dilution gave 6 clones
      secreting anti-intrinsic factor antibodies that bound human intrinsic factor
      cobalamin complex with affinities of 13-116 nM; 3 antibodies also bound rabbit
      intrinsic factor-cobalamin complex. Five antibodies inhibited to some degree the
      binding of cobalamin by intrinsic factor, and 2 also prevented attachment of
      intrinsic factor-cobalamin complex to guinea pig ileal receptors. Anti-rabbit
      intrinsic factor antibodies specifically precipitated a peptide of molecular
      weight 53,000, corresponding to the molecular weight of rabbit intrinsic factor
      from homogenates of rabbit gastric mucosal explants biosynthetically labeled with
      [35S]methionine and from culture medium in which the explants were incubated.
      Indirect fluorescence immunocytochemistry with the antibodies in human and rabbit
      gastric mucosal sections showed intense selective staining of parietal cells.
      These results (a) document species differences between human and rabbit intrinsic
      factors not previously demonstrable with polyclonal anti-intrinsic factor sera;
      (b) confirm earlier evidence that cobalamin binding and receptor functions occur
      at separate sites in intrinsic factor; and (c) provide a useful approach to
      studying structure-function relations of the intrinsic function molecule.

PMID- 2298367
TI  - Manometry and radiology. Complementary studies in the assessment of esophageal
      motility disorders.
AB  - The relationship between radiological and manometric findings in esophageal
      motility disorders is poorly understood. Therefore, 20 subjects (4 normal; 13
      diffuse spasm; 3 other motility disorders) were studied using synchronous
      manometry and videofluoroscopy with alternate 5-ml and 10-ml barium swallows. A
      total of 181 swallows were analyzed. Concordance between manometry and
      fluoroscopy was excellent for individual swallows (98%), groups of 5 swallows
      (97%), and final diagnoses (90%). Contraction onset intervals less than 0.8 s
      apart over 5 cm (velocity greater than 6.25 cm/s) were critical in determining
      abnormal bolus transit (98% sensitivity and positive predictive value).
      Radiologically, segmental tertiary activity (complete luminal obliteration) was
      always associated with disrupted primary peristalsis, but nonsegmental tertiary
      activity was often seen with normal bolus transit and did not have a specific
      manometric correlate. Four patterns of interrupted peristalsis radiologically
      were found--segmental tertiary contractions, a generalized esophageal
      contraction, absence of motor activity, or discoordinated "to-and-fro" movement.
      Surprisingly, nearly complete barium clearance occurred by the first two
      mechanisms in two thirds of swallows. Thus, the authors believe radiology and
      manometry are both excellent studies for identifying abnormal esophageal
      peristalsis. In difficult cases, these tests give complementary information
      because radiology assesses bolus movement while manometry provides quantitative
      pressure data.

PMID- 2298368
TI  - T-cell activation in Crohn's disease. Increased levels of soluble interleukin-2
      receptor in serum and in supernatants of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells.
AB  - Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor were determined in 29 patients
      with active and quiescent Crohn's disease. In addition, the ability of peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells of 23 of these patients to generate soluble interleukin-2
      receptor following mitogenic stimulation was studied in vitro. Serum soluble
      interleukin-2 receptor concentrations of patients with active Crohn's disease (n
      = 19) were significantly elevated (757 +/- 438 U/ml) compared with levels in
      patients with inactive disease (n = 10; 412 +/- 120 U/ml) and healthy control
      individuals (n = 40; 375 +/- 102 U/ml; p less than 0.003 and p less than 0.0005,
      respectively). Serial determinations of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor
      concentration in a follow-up of 11 hospitalized patients treated for highly
      active disease showed a decrease from 1252 +/- 494 U/ml to 527 +/- 193 U/ml (p
      less than 0.004) that corresponded to clinical improvement, as assessed by
      Crohn's disease activity index and a reduction of inflammatory parameters. In
      vitro phytohemagglutinin stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      derived from patients with Crohn's disease resulted in elevated soluble
      interleukin-2 receptor production not only in patients with active disease (3987
      +/- 2439 U/ml), but also in patients with inactive disease (3297 +/- 2282 U/ml),
      compared with the amount of soluble interleukin-2 receptor produced by
      mononuclear cells of healthy individuals (1523 +/- 1152 U/ml; p less than 0.005
      and p less than 0.02, respectively). In addition, cultivation of mononuclear
      cells without mitogen resulted in higher soluble interleukin-2 receptor
      production in patients with active disease than in patients with inactive disease
      (p less than 0.02). However, patients suffering from active ulcerative colitis
      also had significantly increased serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor
      (1080 +/- 400 U/ml) compared with the levels in patients with chronic disease
      (455 +/- 140 U/ml; p less than 0.0025). In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells derived from patients with ulcerative colitis produced significantly more
      soluble interleukin-2 receptor upon mitogenic stimulation with phytohemagglutinin
      (2314 +/- 936 U/ml), than cells from healthy controls (1523 +/- 1152 U/ml; p less
      than 0.05). The finding of elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor serum levels
      in patients with active Crohn's disease and its increased production by
      mononuclear cells of patients with both active and inactive disease is a further
      example of an alteration of the immune system in this condition; however, this
      alteration can also be found in other inflammatory bowel diseases.

PMID- 2298370
TI  - Cerebral electrical potentials evoked by balloon distention of the human
      esophagus.
AB  - Cerebral evoked potentials provide a technique for evaluation of central nervous
      processing of information derived from a variety of sensory modalities. Evoked
      potentials associated with balloon distention of the smooth muscle esophagus were
      studied in 14 adult volunteers. Stimulation was applied via repeated inflation
      and deflation of a balloon attached to a pressure pump that cycled at 0.2 Hz.
      Cortical electrical responses were recorded from scalp electrodes at Cz, Cz', and
      Pz of the international 10-20 System for electroencephalographic recording. The
      recording electrodes were referenced to Fpz and averaged over a 1-s period for
      100 repetitions. Latencies, amplitudes, and waveforms of the evoked potentials
      were compared with controls consisting of pump on/balloon detached, auditory
      masking, and conventional somatosensory posterior tibial nerve stimulation.
      Polyphasic evoked potentials were obtained in all subjects, and maximum positive
      deflections occurring with latencies of 202-396 ms. Maximal amplitudes ranged
      from 2.5-8.3 microV. Latencies and amplitudes of the evoked responses were highly
      reproducible in each subject with considerable variation among subjects.
      CONCLUSIONS: (a) Reproducible evoked potentials with distinctive waveforms can be
      recorded in response to esophageal balloon distention in humans; (2) long latency
      of the evoked potentials suggests involvement of nonmyelinated visceral afferent
      pathways; (3) the evoked potentials are probably specific to mechanical
      stimulation rather than being nonspecific arousal responses; and (4) the results
      support this as a promising new method for investigation of the neurobiology of
      gastrointestinal sensation in humans that may help clarify pathological
      conditions of the irritable esophagus syndrome and esophagus-related chest pain.

PMID- 2298369
TI  - Gastric acid hypersecretion in refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease.
AB  - We prospectively evaluated gastric acid output (mEq/h), gastric volume output
      (ml/h), ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring, and the endoscopic appearance
      of the esophagus in 23 patients undergoing treatment of chronic long-standing
      pyrosis. Twelve of these 23 individuals (52%) remained symptomatic after 3 mo of
      standard antisecretory treatment with ranitidine, 150 mg twice daily. When
      compared with initial responders, those patients who did not experience complete
      symptomatic relief on therapy had significantly higher basal acid output (p less
      than 0.001), basal volume output (p less than 0.02), and basal upright (but not
      supine) reflux time (p less than 0.05). Nine of the 12 patients who did not
      respond to initial treatment had gastric acid hypersecretion (basal acid output
      greater than 10 mEq/h), and 10 of the 12 had Barrett's epithelium compared with
      only 1 patient in the initial-responder group (p less than 0.001). All 12
      nonresponders were treated for an additional 3 mo with increased doses of
      ranitidine (mean, 1280 mg/day; range, 600-1800 mg/day), and complete
      disappearance of pyrosis occurred in 10 of the 12, although no significant
      endoscopic regression was observed in the extent of the underlying columnar
      mucosa in those with Barrett's esophagus over the 6-mo duration of the study. A
      significant correlation was shown between the daily ranitidine dose required to
      eliminate symptoms and the pretreatment basal acid output (r = 0.81, p less than
      0.001); gastric acid output had to be almost totally suppressed (i.e., less than
      1 mEq/h) for pyrosis to disappear completely. No side effects occurred with any
      of these high doses of ranitidine. We conclude that a subgroup of patients with
      long-standing symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease who do not respond to
      standard ulcer-healing doses of histamine2-receptor antagonists are
      hypersecretors of basal gastric acid and require increased acid-suppressive
      therapy. Many of these individuals also have underlying Barrett's epithelium.

PMID- 2298371
TI  - Preparation and properties of brush-border membrane vesicles from human small
      intestine.
AB  - This study describes a simple and rapid method for the preparation of brush
      border membrane vesicles from intestinal biopsies. The specific activities of
      sucrase, amino peptidase N, and alkaline phosphatase in these vesicles were the
      same as those in vesicles prepared from intestinal segments. The vesicles from
      all the regions of the small intestine can transport D-glucose in an Na+
      dependent manner. The rates of transport of D-glucose presented here are far
      higher than previously reported. The method should have a wide applicability to
      studies of transport mechanisms and the distribution of transport processes
      within the intestine.

PMID- 2298372
TI  - Clinical and morphological characteristics of early gastric cancer. A case
      control study.
AB  - We investigated whether previously reported differences between the frequency and
      survival of patients with early gastric cancer in Europe and Japan represent a
      selection phenomenon or differences in tumor biology. Within a 10-year period,
      early gastric cancer was diagnosed in 51 outpatients and advanced gastric cancer
      in 190 patients, amounting to a 21.2% incidence of early gastric cancer. Patients
      with early gastric cancer had an age distribution and clinical presentation
      similar to those of patients with benign gastric ulcers (589) but markedly
      different from those in patients with advanced cancer. Histological types and
      tumor locations were comparable in patients with early and advanced gastric
      cancer, indicating a close relationship between the two neoplasms. Patients with
      early gastric cancer had markedly higher 5-yr survival rates (83.4%) than those
      with advanced gastric cancer (14.5%) and did not differ in this regard from
      patients with benign gastric ulcers (82.9%). None of the 51 patients with early
      gastric cancer died of disseminated cancer. If survival rates were estimated for
      matched pairs with comparable age, sex, and length of follow-up, these data
      remained essentially unchanged (early gastric cancer: 83.4%, 95% confidence
      interval 73.2%-93.4%; gastric ulcer: 87.8%, 95% confidence interval 74.7%-94.3%).
      We conclude that early gastric cancer in European patients is comparable to early
      gastric cancer in Japan with regard to its morphology, clinical presentation, and
      curability. Early investigation of patients with significant gastrointestinal
      symptoms may improve the prognoses of patients with gastric cancer.

PMID- 2298373
TI  - High protein and total lipid concentration are associated with reduced
      metastability of bile in an early stage of cholesterol gallstone formation.
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory suggested that high gallbladder protein
      concentrations as well as excessive dehydration of bile might reduce the normal
      metastability of human gallbladder bile. This study attempted to identify persons
      in an early stage of stone formation, when there are crystals but no stones, and
      to determine the composition of bile under these conditions of reduced
      metastability. Two hundred twenty-seven patients were studied, 96 without
      gallstones. Twenty-three of 96 control patients had cholesterol crystals in their
      bile. Total protein concentration, total lipid concentration, and cholesterol
      saturation index were greater in control patients with crystals in bile. To
      determine whether or not cholesterol saturation index alone could account for the
      presence of crystals, control patients with cholesterol saturation index above
      the median value of 1.04 were studied. In this case there was no difference in
      cholesterol saturation index between the 19 crystal-positive (1.27) and 29
      crystal-negative patients (1.26), but the difference in total protein and lipid
      concentrations persisted. Total protein and total lipid concentrations were even
      higher in crystal-positive sediments containing large numbers of crystals. Sludge
      seen by ultrasonography was more common in patients with crystal-positive
      sediments. High protein and lipid concentrations are associated with reduced
      metastability of bile.

PMID- 2298374
TI  - Increased brain uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid in a rabbit model of hepatic
      encephalopathy.
AB  - Transfer of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid across the
      normal blood-brain barrier is minimal. One prerequisite for gamma-aminobutyric
      acid in plasma contributing to the neural inhibition of hepatic encephalopathy
      would be that increased transfer of gamma-aminobutyric acid across the blood
      brain barrier occurs in liver failure. The aim of the present study was to
      determine if brain gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake is increased in rabbits with
      stage II-III (precoma) hepatic encephalopathy due to galactosamine-induced
      fulminant hepatic failure. A modification of the Oldendorf intracarotid artery
      injection technique was applied. [3H] gamma-aminobutyric acid, [14C] butanol, and
      113mIn-labeled serum protein (transferrin) were injected simultaneously 4 s
      before decapitation. The ipsilateral brain uptake index of gamma-aminobutyric
      acid was determined from measurements of the 3 isotopes in 5 brain regions.
      Uncorrected or simple brain uptake indices of [3H] gamma-aminobutyric acid and
      [113mIn] transferrin were calculated using [14C] butanol as the highly extracted
      reference compound. The [113mIn] transferrin data were also used to "correct" the
      brain uptake index of [3H] gamma-aminobutyric acid for intravascular retention of
      [3H] gamma-aminobutyric acid. The methodology adopted minimized problems
      attributable to rapid [3H] gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism, and slow brain
      washout and recirculation of the radiolabeled tracers. Both the uncorrected and
      corrected brain uptake indices of gamma-aminobutyric acid as well as the simple
      brain uptake index of transferrin were significantly increased in both stage II
      and III hepatic encephalopathy in all brain regions studied. Moreover, these
      brain uptake indices were significantly greater in stage III hepatic
      encephalopathy than in stage II hepatic encephalopathy. These findings indicate
      that transfer of gamma-aminobutyric acid from plasma to brain extracellular fluid
      is increased in the model of hepatic encephalopathy studied; hence, they provide
      support for the hypothesis that plasma-derived gamma-aminobutyric acid may
      contribute to the neural inhibition of hepatic encephalopathy due to fulminant
      hepatic failure.

PMID- 2298375
TI  - Abnormal drug metabolism in chronic pancreatitis. Treatment with antioxidants.
AB  - Functional and morphological changes in hepatocytes, indicating induction of the
      drug metabolizing enzymes and free radical-mediated damage, were found in 4
      patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. The possibility that reflux of
      abnormal bile (rich in lipid peroxidation and other products generated through
      hepatic metabolism of xenobiotics) into the pancreatic duct may initiate
      pancreatic damage was negated when bile duct ligation and bile diversion did not
      abolish attacks of pancreatitis in 3 cases, although the evidence of reflux was
      indisputable in 1 of them who also had a pancreatoduodenectomy. Pancreatic acinar
      cells from that patient showed extensive microvesiculation, as did hepatocytes
      from each case. These observations suggest that pancreatic and liver damage in
      chronic pancreatitis proceed independently but by the same mechanism-heightened,
      but unmitigated, oxidative detoxification of xenobiotics by cytochromes P450.
      Therefore, although bile reflux is not a prerequisite, it could compound injury
      in the head of the gland. Antioxidants were prescribed to the 3 cases mentioned
      and, from the outset, to a fourth patient who showed the same liver changes. This
      unconventional approach has held attacks at bay during a follow-up period of 5
      yr.

PMID- 2298376
TI  - Treatment of acute colonic pseudoobstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) with cisapride.
AB  - A 73-yr-old white woman admitted with lobar pneumonia and congestive heart
      failure developed progressive colonic pseudoobstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) 2
      days after admission which was unrelieved by diatrizoate meglumine (Gastrografin,
      Squibb Canada, Montreal) enema and rectal tube. Cisapride, a new gastrointestinal
      prokinetic agent, was administered intravenously with full resolution of the
      syndrome. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of
      successful treatment of acute colonic pseudoobstruction with cisapride.

PMID- 2298377
TI  - Candida-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients.
AB  - Ten hospitalized patients with severe diarrhea associated with intestinal Candida
      overgrowth are reported. Candida-associated diarrhea is predominantly of the
      secretory type, characterized by frequent watery stools, usually without blood,
      mucus, tenesmus, or abdominal pain. The patients were elderly, malnourished, and
      critically ill, or suffered from chronic debilitating illness. Their hospital
      stays were prolonged, and the majority were being treated with multiple
      antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents. Diarrhea often led to dehydration,
      prerenal azotemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte imbalance.
      Stool culture most frequently isolated Cand. albicans in association with
      decreased normal flora. Colonoscopy showed no evidence of colitis. Diagnosis was
      made based on the absence of diarrhea-producing medications, the continuation of
      diarrhea despite fasting, the exclusion of other infections, inflammatory
      conditions and other causes of secretory diarrhea, and a dramatic response to a
      short course of nystatin.

PMID- 2298378
TI  - Liver biopsy shown useful in work-up of patients with chronically abnormal 'LFTS'
      -still.

PMID- 2298379
TI  - Barrett's esophagus: too much acid, alkali, or both?

PMID- 2298380
TI  - Estrogen-induced gallstones in males.

PMID- 2298381
TI  - Calcium and gallbladder motility: another piece in the puzzle.

PMID- 2298382
TI  - Hemoccult test in screening for colorectal cancers.

PMID- 2298383
TI  - Gallstone shock-wave therapy.

PMID- 2298384
TI  - Propylene glycol enhances anti-inflammatory effects of phenylbutazone.
AB  - 1. The interference of propylene glycol with anti-inflammatory effects of
      phenylbutazone was investigated. 2. Inhibitory effect of phenylbutazone on both
      carrageenin-induced edema and the cotton pellet granuloma was increased when
      propylene glycol was used as solvent. 3. Propylene glycol given alone inhibited
      carrageenin-induced edema and pleurisy, as well as granulomatous tissue
      formation. 4. Some pharmacokinetic parameters of phenylbutazone were also changed
      by propylene glycol administered simultaneously. 5. These results suggest that
      propylene glycol probably increases the anti-inflammatory effect of
      phenylbutazone by summation and by raising the plasma half-life and the
      distribution volume of phenylbutazone.

PMID- 2298385
TI  - Inhibition by vasodilators of noradrenaline and vasoconstrictor-mediated, but not
      skeletal muscle contraction-induced oxygen uptake in the perfused rat hindlimb;
      implications for non-shivering thermogenesis in muscle tissue.
AB  - 1. The effect of noradrenaline as well as of vasopressin and angiotensin II to
      increase oxygen uptake and perfusion pressure by the isolated perfused rat
      hindlimb were completely inhibited by the vasodilators, nitroprusside (0.5 mM),
      nifedipine (2.5 microM) and isoprenaline (50 nM). 2. Oxygen uptake due to sciatic
      nerve stimulation of skeletal muscle contraction was not inhibited by 0.5 mM
      nitroprusside but was found to increase further that produced by a maximum dose
      of either noradrenaline or angiotensin II. 3. Analysis of high energy phosphates
      in samples of freeze-clamped hindlimb muscle showed no difference before and
      after vasoconstrictor addition or with muscle sampled in vivo. 4. It is concluded
      that norepinephrine mediated increase in oxygen uptake by the perfused rat
      hindlimb results from its vasoconstrictor action.

PMID- 2298386
TI  - Pharmacological differentiation of presynaptic M1 muscarinic receptors modulating
      acetylcholine release from postsynaptic muscarinic receptors in guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - 1. Effects of three muscarinic antagonists on electrically evoked ACh release and
      contractile response were investigated in longitudinal muscle strips of guinea
      pig ileum suspended in an organ-bath and superfused with Krebs solution. ACh
      release was determined by a specific radioimmunoassay. 2. Telenzepine, a
      selective M1 muscarinic antagonist, increased the ACh release at a concentration
      of 100-fold less than that inhibiting the contractile response (10 vs 1000 nM).
      3. AF-DX 116, a cardioselective M2 muscarinic antagonist, inhibited the
      contractile response at 10 microM, but did not affect the ACh release at this
      concentration. 4. (-)N-Methylscopolamine (NMS) did not affect the ACh release,
      but inhibited the contractile response at all concentrations tested (1-1000 nM),
      indicating (-)NMS can be used as an ileal specific postsynaptic muscarinic
      antagonist. 5. These data demonstrate that presynaptic muscarinic receptors
      modulating ACh release are distinct from postsynaptic ones involved in the
      contractile response and can be classified as M1 subtype.

PMID- 2298387
TI  - Ca2+ entry blockers, force staircase and the onset of the positive inotropic
      action of cardiotonic steroids in isolated cardiac muscle.
AB  - 1. Effects of alterations of Ca2+ fluxes on the force staircase phenomenon and on
      the positive inotropic action of strophanthidin or ouabain were examined in left
      atrial muscle preparations isolated from rabbit or rat heart. 2. The organic Ca2+
      entry blockers converted the positive force staircase observed in rabbit heart to
      the negative staircase; however, Ni2+, Co2+ or a reduction of the extracellular
      Ca2+ concentration which reduces Ca2+ influx via the Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism
      as well as via the Ca2+ channels, failed to convert the force staircase. 3. All
      of these interventions or ryanodine, which inhibits Ca2+ release from the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum, delayed the onset of the positive inotropic effect of
      strophanthidin or ouabain without reducing the peak inotropic effect. 4. These
      results indicate that either Ca2+ antagonists reduce the Na+ influx in addition
      to reducing Ca2+ influx, or Ca2+ influx per se and not the Na+ influx is
      important for the staircase phenomenon, and that intracellular Ca2+ accumulation
      plays an important role in the early phase of the positive inotropic effect of
      the cardiotonic steroids.

PMID- 2298388
TI  - Dihydropyridines on guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - 1. The effects of three dihydropyridine derivates were studied and compared with
      those of nifedipine in guinea-pig ileum. 2. Nifedipine, nimodipine, nitrendipine
      (25-200 nM) and nisoldipine (10-80 nM) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of
      the contractile responses induced by single pulse stimulation, acetylcholine (1
      microM) and high-K (50 mM). 3. From these experiments it is concluded that
      nimodipine and nitrendipine, like nifedipine, produced a similar and potent
      inhibitory effect of the contractile responses induced in the guinea-pig ileum.
      4. Nisoldipine resulted to be the most active agent.

PMID- 2298389
TI  - Leu-enkephalin, tamoxifen and ethanol interactions: effects on motility and
      hepatic ethanol metabolizing enzymes.
AB  - 1. Short-term treatment with tamoxifen (a nonsteroidal antiestrogen) decreased
      mouse spontaneous locomotor activity compared to controls. 2. Short-term
      pretreatment with tamoxifen prior to an acute sedative dose of ethanol
      potentiated ethanol-medicated behavioral depression in the mouse. 3. Injection of
      a small dose of Leu-enkephalin, which is devoid of effect on mouse motility,
      prior to an acute sedative dose of ethanol to tamoxifen pretreated female mice
      counteracted ethanol-produced suppression of motor activity. 4. Mouse liver
      aldehyde dehydrogenase was inhibited by the short-term administration of
      tamoxifen when given alone or preceding acute dosages of Leu-enkephalin.
      Concomitantly, there was an increase in blood plasma ethanol concentration from
      corresponding control. 5. The results of the behavioral performance test used
      suggest that tamoxifen possesses depressant property and exerts synergestic
      effect with Leu-enkephalin in antagonizing ethanol-produced behavioral depression
      in the mouse. 6. The enzymatic part of the study indicates an adverse metabolic
      influence by tamoxifen on hepatic metabolism of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde
      which could contribute to the potentiation of the sedative effect of ethanol.

PMID- 2298390
TI  - Acetylcholine release in two parts of the canine ileum.
AB  - 1. Electrically-induced contractions and acetylcholine (Ach) release in two parts
      of the ileum: 5 and 25 cm proximal to the ileo-colic sphincter (ICS) were
      compared. 2. The amplitude of electrically- and Ach-induced contractions of the
      ileum 5 cm proximal to the ICS (terminal ileum) was much higher than the
      amplitude of the contractions of the ileum 25 cm proximal to the ICS. 3. The
      amount of Ach released in the ileum 25 cm proximal to the ICS accounted for 58%
      of the amount of Ach released in the terminal ileum, which was taken to be 100%.

PMID- 2298391
TI  - Influences of estrogen and/or progesterone on some dopamine related behavior in
      rats.
AB  - 1. The effects of ovariectomy and/or of female hormonal treatments on open-field
      behavior, apomorphine-induced stereotypies and haloperidol-induced catalepsy were
      studied in rats. 2. Rat's locomotion frequency was significantly decreased by 17
      beta-estradiol and estradiol plus progesterone treatments; this open-field
      parameter was not affected by progesterone administration per se. 3. 17 beta
      estradiol and progesterone treatments, alone or in combination decreased
      apomorphine-stereotyped behavior. 4. Haloperidol effects were higher in both 17
      beta-estradiol and 17 beta-estradiol plus progesterone treated rats. 5.
      Progesterone treatment alone, decreased the duration of catalepsy induced by the
      minor (1.0 mg/kg) neuroleptic dose. 6. These results were discussed in the light
      of a possible interference of estrogen and/or progesterone on dopaminergic
      transmission at the level of the nigroestratial pathway.

PMID- 2298392
TI  - Effects of inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis in the uterus of ovariectomized
      rats and rats in natural oestrus: relation with calcium.
AB  - 1. The effects of 4 inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis (ESIs)--mepacrine (MEP,
      10(-5) - 3 x 10(-4) M), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDHGA, 10(-6) - 2 x 10(-5) M),
      indomethacin (IND, 2 x 10(-6) M and 2 x 10(-5) M) and imidazole (IMI, 10(-5) M
      and 10(-4) M)--on the motility induced by oxytocin (OT, 0.5 and 4 mU/ml) in
      uterus of rats in natural oestrus and of ovariectomized rats have been studied.
      2. MEP, NDHGA and IND, but not IMI, inhibited the motility induced by both
      concentrations of OT in natural oestrus. Ovariectomy enhanced the effects of all
      ESIs, except the one of MEP. 3. MEP and NDHGA, but not IND or IMI, inhibited the
      contractions induced by methacholine (10(-5) M) and prostaglandin F2a (10(-6) M)
      and relaxed in a dose-dependent way the tonic component of the contractile
      response to KCl 60 mM (DI50: 6.14 +/- 0.38 and 1.38 +/- 0.29 x 10(-5) M,
      respectively). 4. CaCl2 (0.1-10 mM) reverted the relaxation of KCl contractions
      produced by MEP but not by NDHGA.

PMID- 2298395
TI  - Getting the job done: Helping hands in geriatric primary care.

PMID- 2298394
TI  - Overcoming barriers to blood pressure control in the elderly.
AB  - Given the evidence that treating hypertension reduces the morbidity and mortality
      associated with it, and given the demonstrated effectiveness of the
      antihypertensive agents available, the number of inadequately controlled patients
      is disturbing. Failed or inadequate antihypertensive therapy may be due to aging
      related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes, drug interactions, poor
      patient compliance, or poor communication between physician and patient. By
      understanding the reasons for therapeutic failure in hypertension, the primary
      care physician is in a position to remedy the problem. It is the uncommon patient
      whose blood pressure can not be controlled if the doctor is giving proper advice
      which the patient then follows.

PMID- 2298393
TI  - Motor and inflammatory effect of hyperosmolar solutions on the rat urinary
      bladder in relation to capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves.
AB  - 1. Intravesical administration of hyperosmolar NaCl or urea solutions produced a
      concentration-dependent stimulatory action on the micturition reflex in urethane
      anesthetized rats. This effect was not modified in rats pretreated with capsaicin
      as adults (50 mg/kg s.c. 4 days before). 2. Hyperosmolar NaCl also produced Evans
      blue leakage (plasma extravasation) in the rat bladder. This effect was greatly
      reduced by extrinsic bladder denervation and in rats desensitized to capsaicin as
      newborns but not as adults. 3. Cumulative addition of NaCl produced a
      concentration-dependent increase in tone and biphasic effects on neurogenic
      contractions of the rat isolated bladder. These effects were not modified by in
      vitro capsaicin desensitization. 4. These findings do not support the idea that
      true osmoreceptors are present in the rat urinary bladder. The neurogenic
      component of the inflammatory response to hyperosmolar NaCl could involve
      activation of a subpopulation of bladder sensory fibers susceptible to the
      neurotoxic action of capsaicin in the early postnatal period only.

PMID- 2298397
TI  - A physician's guide to locating a qualified nutritionist.

PMID- 2298396
TI  - The nurse who specializes in geriatrics.

PMID- 2298398
TI  - Social work: connecting mental and physical health.

PMID- 2298399
TI  - Specialists in foot care, the "overlooked" therapy.

PMID- 2298400
TI  - Specialists in educating the public.

PMID- 2298401
TI  - Evaluation and management of the hearing-impaired elderly.

PMID- 2298402
TI  - The physical therapist's role in geriatric care.

PMID- 2298403
TI  - Cervical cancer: reflections of the professor.

PMID- 2298404
TI  - Doxorubicin as an adjuvant following surgery and radiation therapy in patients
      with high-risk endometrial carcinoma, stage I and occult stage II: a Gynecologic
      Oncology Group Study.
AB  - The Gynecologic Oncology Group studied the use of adjuvant doxorubicin after
      surgery and radiation therapy for endometrial carcinoma in a randomized,
      prospective manner. The study population consisted of patients clinically stage I
      or II (occult) who, after surgical-pathologic evaluation, had one or more risk
      factors for recurrence: greater than 50% myometrial invasion, pelvic or aortic
      node metastasis, cervical involvement, or adnexal metastases. All patients
      without aortic node metastasis received 5000 rads to the whole pelvis at 160-180
      rads per day. If aortic node metastasis was documented, aortic field radiation to
      the top of T12 was offered. The aortic target dose was 4500 rads at 150 rads per
      day. After completion of radiation therapy, the patients were randomized to
      receive doxorubicin bolus therapy (60 mg/m2 starting dose) to a maximum
      cumulative dose of 500 mg/m2. Between November 1977 and July 1986, 92 patients
      were entered into the doxorubicin (DOX) treatment arm, and 89 patients entered
      the no-DOX arm. There was no statistically significant difference in survival or
      progression-free interval of the two arms. The 5-year survival rates for patients
      with deep myometrial invasion, cervical involvement, and pelvic node metastases
      were similar (63-70%), whereas the rate for patients with aortic node metastases
      was 26%. There was no significant difference in the recurrence pattern between
      the two treatment arms. There were no cases of grade 3 or 4 cardiac toxicity.
      Twelve patients (6.9%) developed small bowel obstruction after radiation therapy.
      There were three treatment-related deaths in the DOX arm and two in the radiation
      therapy-only arm. We conclude that, because of protocol violations, small sample
      size, and the number of patients lost to follow-up, this study was unable to
      determine what effect use of doxorubicin as adjuvant therapy had on recurrence,
      progression, and survival of the endometrial cancer study population. The
      combination of surgical staging and postoperative radiation as used in this study
      appears to increase the risk of bowel complications.

PMID- 2298405
TI  - Factor analysis of false-negative second-look laparotomy.
AB  - From January 1976 through December 1987, 155 patients with ovarian epithelial
      malignancy underwent a second-look laparotomy. Seventy-seven (50%) had a negative
      second-look. Recurrence after negative second-look occurred in 15 patients
      (19.5%). Of the factors analyzed, serous histology and residual disease after
      initial laparotomy were found to be of significance. Grade of tumor, stage, and
      ascites were not found to be of significance.

PMID- 2298407
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal doxorubicin in combination with systemic
      cyclophosphamide and cis-platinum in the treatment of stage III ovarian cancer.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal doxorubicin in three previously untreated
      patients with ovarian cancer are described. All patients were maximally
      cytoreduced (largest residual tumor less than or equal to 2 cm). The average
      total body clearance (TBC) was 16.3 ml/kg/min (range 10.6-20.4 ml/kg/min) and the
      mean volume of distribution (VD) was 42.4 liter/kg (range 27.6-46.9 liter/kg).
      Half-life of elimination (t 1/2 beta) was 2.6 hr. In spite of a therapeutic
      advantage of 60 when administered intraperitoneally, prohibitive local toxicity
      limited the use of doxorubicin via the intraperitoneal route in patients with
      ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2298406
TI  - Preoperative radiotherapy followed by radical vulvectomy with inguinal
      lymphadenectomy for advanced vulvar carcinomas.
AB  - A therapeutic alternative to exenteration for large locally advanced vulvar
      carcinoma involving the rectum, anus, or vagina is the use of preoperative
      radiation followed by radical surgery. Between 1980 and 1988, 13 patients with
      Stage III and 3 with Stage IV vulvar carcinoma involving the rectum/anus,
      urethra, or vagina were treated with 4000 rad to the vulva and 4500 rad to the
      inguinal and pelvic nodes followed by a radical vulvectomy and inguinal
      lymphadenectomy 4 weeks later. The overall 5 year cumulative survival was 45%.
      Twelve tumors regressed after radiation with 62.5% of the patients having
      visceral preservation while in 4 patients there was no major response to
      radiation and urinary or fecal diversion was required. Of the 6 recurrences 4
      were central and 2 distant. Three patients with central recurrences had tumor
      within 1 cm of the vulvectomy margin. Complications included wet desquamation,
      inguinal wound separation, lymphedema, and urethral strictures. There were no
      operative deaths. It is concluded that the use of preoperative radiation followed
      by radical vulvectomy may be an alternative to pelvic exenteration in selected
      patients with advanced vulvar lesions.

PMID- 2298408
TI  - Estrogen replacement therapy following treatment for stage I endometrial
      carcinoma.
AB  - One hundred forty-four patients with clinical stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma
      were treated over an 11-year period at Madigan Army Medical Center and Brooke
      Army Medical Center. Following surgical staging, 44 selected patients were placed
      on oral estrogen replacement for a median duration of 64 months. In the estrogen
      user group, there were no recurrent endometrial cancer and no intercurrent death.
      Of the 99 nonestrogen users, there were 8 recurrences (8%) and 8 intercurrent
      deaths. Patients placed on estrogen replacement had low-risk factors for
      recurrence, namely, low tumor grade (grades 1 and 2), less than 1/2 myometrial
      invasion, and no metastases to lymph nodes or other organs. Postoperative
      estrogen replacement appears to be safe in selected low-risk patients.

PMID- 2298410
TI  - C-reactive protein and 6-keto prostaglandin F 1-alpha in patients with
      gynecologic cancer.
AB  - C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant that appears to have a
      variety of biologic effects, including stimulation of prostaglandin production by
      peripheral blood monocytes. Both CRP and 6-keto prostaglandin F 1-alpha (6-keto
      PGF1-alpha) have been noted to be elevated in the sera of patients with malignant
      disease, therefore the current study was undertaken to determine whether any
      correlation exists between serum levels of these two substances. Thirty-five
      samples of sera from 16 patients undergoing treatment for primary gynecologic
      malignancies were tested. CRP was elevated above normal in 97% of samples and 6
      keto PGF1-alpha was elevated in 91% of samples. No correlation between levels of
      CRP and 6-keto PGF1-alpha was identified. Serial serum samples were available for
      6 patients undergoing therapy; in 5 of 6 patients CRP levels reflected the
      clinical disease course. There was no apparent correlation between 6-keto PGF1
      alpha levels and clinical progression or regression of disease.

PMID- 2298409
TI  - Prognostic factors and the significance of cytologic grading in invasive squamous
      cell carcinoma of the vulva: a clinicopathologic study.
AB  - Clinical staging, tumor size, histologic differentiation, cytologic grading,
      depth of stromal invasion, and vascular channel involvement by tumor cells were
      studied in 42 patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva who
      were treated with radical vulvectomy and inguinal-femoral lymphadenectomy. All
      parameters were found to correlate well in predicting groin node metastasis.
      Cytological grading was found to be more significant compared to histologic
      grading in regard to nodal metastasis (P less than 0.02). No patient with
      cytologic or histologic grade 1 tumor and less than 5 mm stromal invasion was
      found to have nodal metastasis.

PMID- 2298411
TI  - The correlation between dysmenorrhea and the pain experienced during laser
      ablation of a cervical lesion.
AB  - Twenty women undergoing colposcopically directed laser evaporation of a cervical
      intraepithelial neoplastic (CIN) lesion were recruited. Using a linear analog
      scale they scored the pain associated with a normal period when not using
      contraception. Under standardized conditions and without any analgesia or local
      anesthesia their transformation zone was ablated to a depth of approximately 6 mm
      by an independent operator. Pain was assessed 10 min after the procedure by the
      same technique as that used for the measurement of dysmenorrhea. There is a
      direct correlation (r = 0.7) between the discomfort of dysmenorrhea and
      discomfort at colposcopy. This allows the operating colposcopist to predict which
      patients are most likely to experience discomfort during laser evaporation of a
      cervical lesion.

PMID- 2298412
TI  - A new way to expose endocervical lesions at colposcopy.
AB  - If there are atypical cells on a cytological smear and if the squamo-columnar
      junction can not be visualized during a colposcopic examination, then in order to
      exclude an early invasive cancer in the nonvisualized area within the endocervix
      it is mandatory to perform a diagnostic cone biopsy. A woman with abnormal
      cervical cytology and an unsatisfactory colposcopic examination who refused a
      cone biopsy was offered Lamicel in an attempt to expose the entire transformation
      zone. After 4 hr the sponge was removed and colposcopy repeated. The lesion and
      the squamo-columnar junction was then fully visible and she was spared a cone
      biopsy.

PMID- 2298413
TI  - Flow cytometric DNA ploidy analysis of ovarian granulosa cell tumors.
AB  - The nuclear DNA content of 50 ovarian tumors initially diagnosed as granulosa
      cell tumors was measured by flow cytometry using paraffin-embedded archival
      material. The follow-up period of the patients ranged from 4 months to 19 years.
      Thirty-eight tumors were diploid or near-diploid, while 5 were aneuploid. DNA
      profiles of 7 tumors could not be evaluated. All 50 tumors were
      immunohistochemically tested for expression of intermediate filament proteins
      vimentin and cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen. The cells of all but 3
      tumors expressed vimentin. These 3 vimentin-negative tumors were positive for
      cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen. They were highly aneuploid and
      though originally diagnosed as granulosa cell tumors, most likely represent
      undifferentiated carcinomas. Hence, only 2 typical granulosa cell tumors were
      aneuploid. In addition, frozen tissue samples from 9 of 10 granulosa cell tumors
      showed a DNA diploid content. Our results indicate that granulosa cell tumors
      tend to be diploid or have only minor ploidy abnormalities which is in line with
      their relatively benign character. An undifferentiated carcinoma should be
      considered in the differential diagnosis of tumors with a high DNA index.

PMID- 2298414
TI  - The topography and invasive potential of cervical adenocarcinoma in situ, with
      and without associated squamous dysplasia.
AB  - Thirty-eight cases of cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (ACIS) were studied to see
      if the topography of the ACIS and any stromal invasion by adenocarcinoma were
      associated with the presence (22 cases) or absence (16 cases) of squamous
      cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Neither the topography of the ACIS
      (proximal linear extent, focality, presence of ACIS beneath the transformation
      zone, and circumferential extent) or the presence of invasive adenocarcinoma was
      associated with the presence or absence of CIN. We conclude that the course of
      ACIS, at least as reflected by cervical topography and invasive potential, seems
      to be unaffected by the coexistence of squamous neoplasia.

PMID- 2298415
TI  - Opioid-like immunoreactants in human cervical cancer.
AB  - Cervical carcinoma cell lines produce several polypeptide hormones. While
      screening human cervical cancers for such factors we have found many tumors to be
      immunoreactive for opioid peptides. The tumors were collected at surgery or prior
      to actinotherapy, fixed in buffered formalin, paraffin-embedded, and
      immunocytochemically stained using the PAP method. The localization of opioid
      like immunoreactivity was investigated using a primary antiserum recognizing the
      Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe sequence common to all known opioid peptides. The presence of
      neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide histidine methionine (PHM), both known to be
      present in normal human cervical tissue, was also investigated using specific
      antisera. Controls included staining controls and absorption controls, using
      Sepharose-coupled antigen and were all negative. Out of 40 cervical carcinomas,
      27 displayed varying numbers of opioid-immunoreactive cells. In 12 normal
      cervical specimens no specific staining was observed. None of the tumors
      displayed any NPY-like or PHM-like immunoreactivity. The growth of cervical
      carcinoma seems therefore to be accompanied by a destruction of the local
      peptidergic innervation of blood vessels and smooth muscle cells. The
      demonstration of opioid-like immunoreactants and the known immunoregulatory
      properties of these peptides, indicate that opioid peptides may be important in
      the regulation of growth of human cervical carcinoma.

PMID- 2298416
TI  - Chemotherapy by the intravenous and intraperitoneal routes combined in ovarian
      cancer.
AB  - Intraperitoneal (ip) administration allows delivery of concentrations of
      cytotoxic drugs to the site of tumor development that could not be attained by
      the intravenous (iv) route. Rather than leaving ip delivery systems (Tenckhoff
      catheter, Port a Cath, etc.) in position for several months, with the attendant
      risk of complications, we prefer to use a simple needle for lumbar puncture and
      leave it in place between 1 and 2 hr at each infusion of chemotherapy. Results
      observed at second-look laparotomy in 31 patients with stage III (FIGO) common
      epithelial carcinoma, treated from January 1980 to December 1986, are reported
      after six to ten courses of ip and iv chemotherapy combined. In five patients in
      whom complete surgical excision had been possible, there was still complete
      remission (CR). In 26 patients in whom initial surgical excision had been
      incomplete, there was complete remission in 20 (76%). In the other 6 cases, there
      were small residual masses (incomplete remission), which could readily be excised
      by the surgeon. Following second-look laparotomy, these 6 patients received ip
      maintenance chemotherapy for a further 6 months. During follow-up periods of 22
      to 105 months (average 45 months), 8 recurrences were observed (4 of them died);
      23 of 31 patients are disease free. At 4 years, actuarial survival was 81.5% and
      actuarial disease-free survival was 66.2%.

PMID- 2298417
TI  - Combination chemotherapy and radiation for stage IV breast cancer during
      pregnancy.
AB  - A 42-year-old woman presented with a 25-week pregnancy and stage IV breast cancer
      with metastases in the skeleton and liver and a T-4 primary tumor. She was
      treated with two cycles of doxorubicin, methotrexate, and vincristine.
      Spontaneous labor resulted in a normal female infant, who was successfully
      treated for sepsis and mild respiratory distress. The placenta showed diffuse
      chorioamnionitis. There was no doxorubicin demonstrated in the placenta, blood,
      or fetal lymphocytes 3 weeks after the last treatment. Maternal and fetal
      chromosomal analyses were unremarkable. The child is functioning normally 2 years
      after delivery. The literature on anthracycline treatment during pregnancy is
      reviewed. Adriamycin has been shown to cross the blood-placenta barrier, but has
      not led to specific fetal abnormalities when given during the second or third
      trimester. Experience during the first trimester is still limited.

PMID- 2298418
TI  - Prognostic significance of flow cytometry studies in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
AB  - The prognostic relevance of flow cytometric DNA measurements of lymph node
      biopsies in relation to histopathology according to the Kiel classification,
      stage, age and presence or absence of B-symptoms was investigated in 106 patients
      with non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) of proven B-cell type. Biopsies were taken at
      diagnosis before treatment. The mean proportion of cells in S-phase was
      significantly lower in the 76 patients with a 'low grade' NHL (4.4 per cent) than
      in the 30 patients with a 'high grade' NHL (13.0 per cent) (p less than 0.0001).
      High S-phase rates were associated with a poor prognosis within the whole
      material (p less than 0.01) and within the group of 'high grade' NHL (p less than
      0.05). In the subgroup CB-CC lymphomas of 'low grade' NHL, the prognostic value
      of the S-phase rate was stronger than any other investigated parameter (p less
      than 0.05). In multivariate analyses, the S-phase rate gave, in several
      subgroups, independent prognostic information, besides clinico-pathological
      variables.

PMID- 2298419
TI  - Phase 2 study of mitozantrone in combination with chlorambucil and prednisolone
      for relapsed and refractory non-Hodgkins lymphoma.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (comprising patients with
      refractory or relapsed disease and eight elderly, unfit patients with de novo
      disease) were treated with mitozantrone, chlorambucil and prednisolone on an out
      patient basis. Fifteen patients had low grade (LG) disease, five patients
      intermediate grade (IG) disease and 16 patients high grade (HG) disease and 31/36
      had stage IV disease. All elderly patients had IG or HG disease. The regimen was
      well-tolerated. After six courses of chemotherapy, there was a 69 per cent
      response rate with 33 per cent in complete remission. The median duration of
      remission was 15 months. The overall 3-year projected survival was 38 per cent;
      27 per cent for LG disease and 47 per cent for HG and IG disease. Responses did
      not appear durable for either HG or LG disease unless CR was achieved early on.
      Three of the eight patients treated de novo (mean age 71 years) have survived
      disease-free, between 28 and 38 months from entry. This study indicates that
      mitozantrone-based regimens have promising activity in NHL and require further
      evaluation. The low toxicity combined with worthwhile remissions make this an
      attractive first-line option for elderly patients.

PMID- 2298420
TI  - The relation between hypocholesterolemia and degree of maturation in acute
      myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Plasma cholesterol concentrations were determined in 83 acute myeloid leukemia
      patients. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration (+/- S.D.) at the time of
      diagnosis was 2.91 mmol/L (+/- 1.13). The percentage of AML patients having
      hypocholesterolemia was 90.4 per cent. The lowest cholesterol levels were
      observed in the poorly differentiated FAB subtypes of acute myeloid leukaemia:
      AMyL(M1) and AMoL(M5a). The results showed that the initial hypocholesterolemia
      in acute myeloid leukemia is significantly related to the degree of both
      cytological and cytochemical maturation of leukemic blast cells at diagnosis. The
      degree of maturation at diagnosis has been shown to be related to prognosis in
      favour of more differentiated subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia. Also,
      hypocholesterolemia has been shown in several epidemiological studies to be
      related to an increased mortality from human cancer. Therefore, the degree of
      maturation may serve as a link between hypocholesterolemia and the increased
      mortality from human cancer.

PMID- 2298421
TI  - Exclusive HAS/Monitrend II data from AHA.

PMID- 2298422
TI  - Policymakers struggle to define essential access.
AB  - Rural health advocates have succeeded in prodding lawmakers into action to
      preserve access to care in rural areas, but the next hurdle--achieving consensus
      on just how to do that--may prove even tougher. In fact, the first obstacle that
      policymakers will have to overcome may be to reach agreement on a definition of
      the term "essential access."

PMID- 2298423
TI  - Institutes of Quality experience uneven volume.
AB  - The Prudential Insurance Company's plan to shuttle patients needing high-tech
      care to designated Institutes of Quality was announced with great fanfare and has
      been under way for more than a year now. Yet the prestige of the designation has
      been greater than any increases in patient volume for all but a few hospitals
      involved in the program. Still, according to Prudential, the program has saved
      the Newark-based company close to $1 million.

PMID- 2298424
TI  - Patient compensation funds: success and failure.
AB  - During the insurance crisis of the 1970s, a handful of states established patient
      compensation funds to ensure providers access to insurance. Well, the funds are
      mature now. And for better or for worse, they have played key roles in how much
      the states' providers pay for medical malpractice premiums.

PMID- 2298425
TI  - HMO ownership pays off for systems that stick with it.
AB  - HMOs and PPOs have been financial losers for many hospitals. In fact, problems
      controlling costs have driven many hospitals to sell or close HMOs and PPOs that
      they started to channel new business their way. But for those hospitals that
      invested the time and money needed to manage physician and ambulatory care
      networks, vertical integration of managed care is paying off.

PMID- 2298426
TI  - AHA: inflation up, but hospital results stable.

PMID- 2298427
TI  - Finances push admission, transfer-policy change.

PMID- 2298428
TI  - Gerber Alley goes to the bank--step by step.

PMID- 2298429
TI  - New act may limit recruitment of foreign nurses.

PMID- 2298430
TI  - Hospital sales teams take off on wings of success.

PMID- 2298431
TI  - Will new treatment cause remission in AIDS patients?

PMID- 2298432
TI  - Small hospitals work to expand IS functions.

PMID- 2298433
TI  - Health care executives: a personality profile.

PMID- 2298434
TI  - No real winners in health care cost debate.

PMID- 2298435
TI  - Survey tracks variations in service profitability.

PMID- 2298436
TI  - Politics, power struggles a part of divestiture battle for university hospitals.
AB  - For hospitals, cutting legal and financial ties with a state or university is no
      easy thing to do. Just ask Dennis Brimhall, president of the University of
      Colorado Hospital, Denver. Converting his public hospital to a private not-for
      profit corporation took more than two years of planning and four months of
      intensive lobbying. However, Brimhall and other executives who have fought
      similar battles say that the hard-won competitive advantage was worth the fight.

PMID- 2298437
TI  - Hospital execs switch hats--from provider to buyer of care.
AB  - What happens when hospital CEOs decide to switch hats and become purchasers of
      health care rather than merely providers? As employee health benefits costs
      continue to climb, hospital executives will be compelled to make some difficult
      decisions. Some benefits consultants say that in order to effectively curb costs,
      they will have to move from using traditional cost-containment measures to
      offering managed care. Hospitals may also tap into options such as encouraging
      use of their own facilities and promoting employee wellness.

PMID- 2298438
TI  - CEO firings: the medical staff's key role.

PMID- 2298439
TI  - Recruitment: ensuring the right fit.

PMID- 2298440
TI  - Hospital/physician fax networks: plan ahead for success.

PMID- 2298441
TI  - Hospital sales forces are growing strong.

PMID- 2298442
TI  - Outpatient network will cut costs for Blue Shield of CA.

PMID- 2298444
TI  - Budget forecasting key for surviving price competition.

PMID- 2298443
TI  - Business coalition motto: strength in numbers.

PMID- 2298445
TI  - Are hospitals becoming too businesslike?
AB  - Douglass Seaver, director, health care practice, Arthur D. Little, Inc.,
      Cambridge, MA, says that the public views hospitals as business enterprises and
      not social service organizations. The result, Seaver says, is that many hospitals
      may lose their tax-exempt status and with it their unique character as voluntary
      institutions.

PMID- 2298446
TI  - Cloning and sequence analysis of the human parathyroid hormone gene region.
AB  - A region of 50 kb around the human PTH gene was cloned and mapped by restriction
      analysis. Sequence analysis was performed and 3270bp determined, completing the
      sequence of the gene. The nucleotide sequence was analysed with regard to
      homology between human, bovine and rat PTH genes, and various potential cis
      acting regulatory elements were identified. The gene region lacks an obvious CpG
      island. The PTH gene region in patients suffering from (pseudo)
      hypoparathyroidism was investigated by Southern blotting. No detectable
      alteration in the fragment patterns was observed. Results of segregation analysis
      in families with affected individuals was inconclusive.

PMID- 2298447
TI  - Molecular cloning of human preproacrosin cDNA.
AB  - Complementary DNA-clones for human preproacrosin have been isolated from a human
      testis cDNA library in lambda gt11. The nucleotide sequence of the 1402 bp cDNA
      insert includes a 20 bp 5' noncoding region, an open reading frame of 1263 bp
      corresponding to 421 amino acids (45.9 kdalton), and a 105 bp 3' untranslated
      region. The deduced amino acid sequence is compared with that recently evaluated
      from a cDNA clone for boar preproacrosin. The sequence identity is 70%; the
      leader sequence, the catalytic triad (His, Asp, Ser; which is characteristic for
      serine proteinases) and the positions of the cysteine residues crosslinking the
      light and the heavy chain of the active enzyme, acrosin, are conserved in both
      species. At the C-terminal end, a proline-rich sequence is present in both
      species; this may represent the species-specificity of acrosin.

PMID- 2298448
TI  - Detection of beta-thalassemia mutations in the Chinese using amplified DNA from
      dried blood specimens.
AB  - This paper describes DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification directly
      from dried blood specimens for the detection of the beta-thalassemia mutation in
      China. Target DNA was amplified to span the beta-globin gene regions, which
      included ten types of mutation sites specific for Chinese beta-thalassemias. Ten
      kinds of oligonucleotide probes were constructed and used to hybridize with the
      amplified DNA. A total of 170 beta-thalassemia alleles originating from eastern,
      southwestern and southern China were analyzed. The results revealed that the
      distributions of different types of mutations were different in the three
      regions. The most common types in southern China were a frameshift at codons
      41/42 and a C----T substitution at IVS II n.654, the most frequent types in
      southwestern China were codon 17 and IVS II n.654 mutations, and the predominant
      mutations in eastern China were frameshifts at codons 41/42 and 71/72.

PMID- 2298449
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against human vitamin-D-binding protein for the analysis of
      genetic variation in the group-specific component system (Gc).
AB  - We have developed a murine hybridoma cell line that is stable in secreting a
      monoclonal antibody (hDBP-1) directed against the group-specific component (Gc)
      molecule. The hDBP-1 is monospecific for Gc and does not crossreact with human
      albumin, which has 23% of its amino acid residues identical with vitamin-D
      binding protein (DBP). The subclass of the antibody is IgG1 for the heavy chain,
      the light chain being of the kappa type. Isoelectric focusing discloses four
      major bands for the hDBP-1 with isoelectric points between pH 6.5 and 7.8.
      Binding to the antigen at different pH values was determined: there is high
      affinity in the physiological range and no binding at pH 3.5 and lower. In the
      presence of high salt concentrations, binding was reduced to about 50% at 1.5 M
      NaCl. The hDBP-1 recognizes the common human Gc types and the Gc of all apes and
      old world monkeys. No reaction was observed with the Gc of other mammals such as
      horses, cattle, rats, rabbits, sheep, goats and pigs. By testing hDBP-1 against
      77 of the more than 120 known rare human Gc variants, it could be shown that this
      monoclonal antibody cannot recognize seven of these rare variants and can only
      poorly recognize nine. The binding site of hDBP-1 to Gc is not related to the
      binding site of Gc with G-actin: it recognizes Gc, the binary complex between Gc
      and G-actin, as well as the ternary complex between Gc, G-actin and DNase I.
      Competition assays with vitamin D3 and Gc in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      indicate that the epitope of hDBP-1 on the Gc molecule may be related to the
      vitamin-D3-binding site.

PMID- 2298450
TI  - Parental age and seasonal variation in the births of children with sporadic
      retinoblastoma: a mutation-epidemiologic study.
AB  - Statistical analysis of parental age data from 225 sporadic cases of bilateral
      retinoblastoma, plus ten sporadic cases of chromosome deletion or translocation
      involving 13q14 that was identified as of paternal origin, revealed no evidence
      of paternal or maternal age effect. Parental exposure to ionizing radiation or
      chemical mutagens, the effect of which is accumulated with advancing age, does
      not seem to play a major role in the production of germinal mutations at the
      responsible (RB) locus. Furthermore, analysis of variation in the month of birth
      of 753 children with sporadic unilateral retinoblastoma did not show any
      significant deviation from the controls or a cyclic trend. The occurrence of
      nonheritable retinoblastoma is not likely to be associated with certain viruses
      such as human adenovirus 12 whose activity varies markedly with season. These
      results, together with the fairly uniform pattern in the incidence of this tumor
      among different populations, suggest that most, if not all, cases of sporadic
      retinoblastoma are caused by some intrinsic biological mechanisms, and not by
      environmental mutagens that may vary with respect to time and place.

PMID- 2298451
TI  - Meiotic and sperm chromosome studies in a reciprocal translocation
      t(1;2)(q32;q36).
AB  - Meiotic and sperm chromosomes were studied in a man heterozygous for a reciprocal
      translocation t(1;2)(q32;q36). Forty-five meiotic metaphase I cells were obtained
      from semen samples: 86.6% were 22,XY,IV and 13.3% had synaptic anomalies that
      affected all or some of the bivalents. The quadrivalents observed had a ring
      configuration (92.3%) or a chain configuration (7.7%). A total of 105 sperm
      chromosome complements were analyzed: 41% resulted from an alternate segregation,
      and the percentage of unbalanced sperm was 59%; most of them (71%) resulted from
      an adjacent 1 segregation. The frequency of anomalies unrelated to the
      translocation (5.7% numerical and 14.1% structural anomalies) were within the
      normal range for control donors. There was a good correspondence between the
      percentage of cells with a ring IV (92.3%) and the proportion of 2:2 segregations
      (88.6%) and between the percentage of chain IV (7.7%) and the incidence of 3:1
      segregations (11.4%).

PMID- 2298452
TI  - A probable sex difference in mutation rates in ornithine transcarbamylase
      deficiency.
AB  - Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is an X-linked disease with possible
      manifestations in heterozygous females. Using segregation analysis in families
      from the literature pooled with a French series, the penetrance could be
      estimated to be 17% in heterozygous females (15% with severe and 2% with milder
      symptoms). Using these estimates, the proportion of sporadic cases among
      heterozygous females and hemizygous males could be derived. This proportion is
      57% in females. In males, it depends on mutation rate values: assuming equal
      mutation rates in sperm and eggs, this proportion should be 40%. However, this
      value can be strongly rejected based on the proportion of isolated cases in male
      sibships. In both sets of data, segregation analysis provided no evidence for
      sporadic affected males, suggesting that there are virtually no mutations in
      eggs. The upper limit of the confidence interval, 0%-16%, can be taken as the
      maximum prior probability that an affected male occurs as the result of a new
      mutation in his mother's germ cells.

PMID- 2298453
TI  - Carrier detection in a partially dominant X-linked disease: ornithine
      transcarbamylase deficiency.
AB  - Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency is an X-linked disease responsible
      for lethal neonatal hyperammonemia in males. Partial OTC deficiency also occurs
      in females and can be responsible for life-threatening hyperammonemic comas in
      heterozygotes (15%). Increased orotic acid excretion occurs in both symptomatic
      and asymptomatic carriers, especially under protein loading tests. The disease is
      therefore partially dominant with neonatal lethality in the hemizygous male; the
      fraction of new mutations has previously been estimated to be low in males (point
      estimation = 0, upper bound of the confidence interval = 0.16) and 57% in
      females. Genetic counseling in this disease is difficult because it is not clear
      whether a negative protein loading test rules out carrier status. In an attempt
      to determine how reliable the test is for carrier detection, we investigated ten
      obligate carriers for orotic acid excretion; considering all data available, we
      concluded that the test is rarely negative in obligate carriers (8%).
      Consequently, a negative test in a mother decreases the minimum risk of being a
      carrier from 84% a priori to 30% if she had an affected son and from 43% a priori
      to 5% if she had a heterozygous daughter. Finally, the diagnosis of a new
      mutation in the germ cells of the maternal grandfather in one particular family
      could be ascertained by extensive DNA analysis.

PMID- 2298454
TI  - Search for chromosomal variations among gas-exposed persons in Bhopal.
AB  - A chromosomal survey using standard lymphocyte cultures employing different media
      and G-banding techniques was initiated in 1984. This study became particularly
      important following the tragic gaseous exposure of the population in Bhopal at
      midnight on 2 December 1984. We have been able to formulate a chromosomal profile
      for each person whom we have studied; during 1986-1988, 154 persons were examined
      twice. Among seemingly normal individuals, as many as 20% might possess some
      chromosomal abnormality; of these, 50% may develop, at a later date, some kind of
      pathological complication (such as tumours, recurrent abortion or transmission of
      defects to their offspring). The people exposed to methyl isocyanate have
      repeatedly shown Robertsonian translocations, mostly in acrocentric chromosomes
      13 and 21. Other types of translocations have been studied among all exposed (53)
      and normal (101) persons; the involvement of chromosomes 5, 9, 11, 14 and 16 is
      statistically significant (P = less than 0.001). One of the major clinical
      symptoms is dyspnoea; we have estimated that almost all seriously dyspnoeic
      patients have developed at least two categories of chromosomal aberrations, one
      of which is Robertsonian translocation, in at least 10% metaphases. Our
      chromosomal survey will be of significance because we are able to identify people
      with chromosomal aberrations that might be correlated with future pathological
      consequences of the accident. The "chromosomal load" that can be sustained with
      an apparently normal phenotype can also be measured.

PMID- 2298455
TI  - The distribution of the Hb constant spring gene in Southeast Asian populations.
AB  - The distribution of the hemoglobin Constant Spring (Hb CS) gene in eight
      populations in Southeast Asia (including Assam) was determined using
      oligonucleotide hybridization. Hb CS was absent in two Assamese populations with
      a high prevalence of Hb E. The Hb CS gene frequency was 0.033 in northern
      Thailand and near 0.01 in central Thailand and Cambodia. High frequencies,
      between 0.05 and 0.06, were observed in northeastern Thailand. The present data
      and a similar study in Laotians suggest that the Lao-speaking populations of the
      Mekong River basin in northeastern Thailand and Laos have the highest frequencies
      of the Hb CS gene in Southeast Asia.

PMID- 2298456
TI  - Chromosomal damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients treated for
      testicular cancer.
AB  - We describe the presence of a large number of chromosome aberrations in
      lymphocytes of 50 patients with testicular cancer. These chromosomal aberrations
      were not only found in patients treated with chemotherapy but also in untreated
      patients or in patients after surgery alone. Our results suggest a role for
      genetic instability in the pathogenesis of testicular cancer. This instability
      might be a risk factor for the development of secondary malignancies.

PMID- 2298457
TI  - Molecular basis of beta-thalassemia in Turkey: detection of rare mutations by
      direct sequencing.
AB  - Using restriction endonuclease analysis, oligonucleotide hybridization, and
      direct sequencing of amplified genomic DNA, we characterized 11 different
      mutations in the DNA of 26 patients from Turkey homozygous for beta-thalassemia.
      We found that mutations IVS-1 nt110, IVS-1 nt6, and the frameshift at codon 8
      were the most frequent. By direct sequencing we characterized two very rare
      mutations not previously reported in the Turkish population: a frameshift +1 at
      codons 9/10 and a nonsense mutation at codon 15.

PMID- 2298458
TI  - Genotype-phenotype correlations in XX males and their bearing on current theories
      of sex determination.
AB  - Clinical, chromosomal and molecular studies of a group of 15 XX males confirm the
      presence of two main groups. A Y + ve group of ten patients exhibit sex reversal
      as the result of transfer of the distal end of the short arm of the Y chromosome,
      including testis determining factors, to the short arm of one X-chromosome,
      presumably by accidental crossing-over in paternal meiosis. The ten patients have
      Klinefelter's syndrome but differ from XXY cases in that they are short and shown
      no impairment of intelligence. The four Y-ve XX males have no demonstrable Y
      sequences and differ from Y + ve cases in abnormality of the external genitalia
      and invariable gynaecomastia; in this, they more closely resemble XX true
      hermaphrodites than XY males. These observations on Y - ve XX males and an
      additional exceptional Y + patients suggest that the ZFY locus is not essential
      for male differentiation and is not the primary testis determining factor. Male
      sex determination in sporadic, and familial Y-ve XX males and true hermaphrodites
      is likely to be the result of mutation in an X-linked TDF gene and its consequent
      escape from the constraints of X-inactivation. It seems premature to abandon the
      dosage model of sex determination on the recent evidence that ZFX does not show
      dosage compensation.

PMID- 2298459
TI  - A new electrophoretically distinguishable variant of human diaphorase locus
      3(DIA3):DIA3 6-1.
AB  - A new electrophoretic variant of the diaphorase locus 3 termed DIA3 6-1 has been
      detected in one Polish man during a population study.

PMID- 2298460
TI  - No significant relationship between age and frequency of chromosome lesions in
      mentally retarded individuals with or without the fragile X syndrome.

PMID- 2298461
TI  - Class II genes of miniature swine. II. Molecular identification and
      characterization of B (beta) genes from the SLAc haplotype.
AB  - Genomic clones corresponding to class II beta genes of the SLAc haplotype of
      miniature swine have been isolated and characterized. These genes have been
      grouped into seven non-overlapping clusters on the basis of restriction mapping.
      Ordering of exons within each cluster was accomplished by hybridization of
      Southern blots of restriction fragments with exon-specific probes. The two
      clusters (clusters 2 and 3) encoding the DRB and DQB genes were identified on the
      basis of hybridization with locus-specific 3' untranslated cDNA probes. Cluster 4
      contained exons of both DOB and DQB genes, the basis for which remains to be
      determined. The remaining four clusters (1, 5, 6, 7) were identified as
      containing DP, DR, and DO coding sequences, respectively, on the basis of
      sequence analysis. The porcine class II region appears very similar to that of
      man in number and nature of the class II genes identified and in the intron/exon
      organization of corresponding genes.

PMID- 2298462
TI  - Human non-lineage antigen, CD46 (HuLy-m5): purification and partial sequencing
      demonstrates structural homology with complement-regulating glycoproteins.
AB  - CD46, until recently known as HuLy-m5, is a non-lineage restricted surface
      antigen ubiquitously expressed by almost all human cells except erythrocytes. The
      CD46 antigen is identified by the E4.3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and exists at
      the surface of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) as two acidic, non
      disulfide bonded chains, alpha and beta, of Mr 66,000 and 56,000. Receptor
      density analysis showed that CD46 was of moderately low abundance on PBLs with
      7.5 x 10(3) molecules present on each cell. The two chains of CD46 were purified
      (144,000-fold) by immunoaffinity-chromatography with E4.3 mAb from the plasma
      membranes of a human spleen infiltrated with chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.
      Amino acid sequence analysis of the NH2-terminal of both alpha and beta chains
      yielded the same sequence; XEEPPQ/TFEAMELIGKPKPYYEIGE. Peptide mapping studies
      confirmed that both CD46 chains were closely related, except for one peptide
      fragment. This amino acid sequence is identical to that of the NH2-terminal of
      the recently cloned membrane co-factor protein (MCP), a membrane protein that
      binds the C3b and C4b fragments of complement and acts as a co-factor for I
      protein-mediated decay of the complement convertases. CD46 shares a cross
      reactive epitope with some primate retroviruses, and this may indicate that some
      retroviruses mimic the mechanisms used by autologous human cells to evade
      complement-mediated immune clearance.

PMID- 2298463
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of the bovine MHC class II alpha genes: DRA, DOA, and
      DYA.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the exons 2, 3, and 4, and parts of the intervening
      sequences of a BoLA-DRA and -DQA gene and one other class II BoLA-A gene have
      been determined. The structure of the BoLA-DRA and -DQA gene was found to be very
      similar to that of the corresponding human HLA class II genes. An analysis of the
      structure of the other class II BoLA-A gene showed that this A gene was clearly
      very different from both the human A genes and the bovine DRA and DQA genes. The
      results indicate that this other type of class II A gene probably represents the
      class II gene that has already been identified in restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) studies as BoLA-DYA. Since no clear homologue of this
      presumed BoLA-DYA gene was found among the human HLA class II genes, these
      results indicate that, at least as far as the A genes are concerned, a distinct
      class II gene is present in cattle.

PMID- 2298464
TI  - Characterization of H-2 congenic strains using DNA markers.
AB  - Congenic mouse strains are widely used in mapping traits to specific loci or
      short chromosomal regions. The precision of the mapping depends on the
      information available about the length of the differential segment--the segment
      introduced from the donor into the background strain. Until recently, very few
      markers flanking the differential locus were known and consequently the length of
      the foreign segment could only be determined imprecisely. Now, in an attempt to
      construct a map of the mouse chromosome 17, we have produced a set of DNA markers
      distributed along the chromosome. These markers provide a new opportunity to
      measure the length of the differential segment of the congenic strains and thus
      increase their usefulness for gene mapping. Here we examined the DNA of 96 H-2
      congenic strains using 30 DNA markers; of these, the most proximal is located
      roughly 1.5 centiMorgans (cM) from the centromere and the most distal is about 20
      cM telomeric from the H-2 complex (the complex itself being some 20 cM from the
      centromere). The mapping depends on polymorphism among the input strains and can
      therefore establish only the minimal length of the differential segment. This
      point is emphasized by the fact that the average observed length of the
      differential segment is only about one half of the expected values.

PMID- 2298465
TI  - Class II genes of miniature swine. III. Characterization of an expressed pig
      class II gene homologous to HLA-DQA.

PMID- 2298466
TI  - Deoxycorticosterone hypertension in the intact weanling rat without salt loading.
AB  - Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) hypertension in the rat is generally induced in rats at
      an age of approximately 3 months. Both uninephrectomy and a high sodium diet are
      necessary, however, to induce DOC hypertension. Considering the inability of the
      developing kidney to adequately excrete a sodium load, we studied the possibility
      that DOC alone might induce hypertension when treatment is initiated in rats at
      the age of 21 days. The contribution of volume expansion as a factor mediating
      the pressor response to DOC was assessed in rats given a high sodium diet instead
      of DOC. Systolic blood pressure increased in DOC-treated rats within 3 weeks.
      Although systolic blood pressure also increased in rats on a high sodium diet,
      the increase was transient and of a lesser magnitude than that observed in DOC
      treated rats. The rise in blood pressure in both groups of rats was associated
      with suppression of plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration.
      Furthermore, extracellular fluid volume was similarly increased in DOC-treated
      rats and rats given a high sodium diet. Consistent with these data, DOC-treated
      rats showed an exaggerated natriuretic response to acute saline loading as
      compared with a vehicle-treated control group. Discontinuation of DOC treatment
      after 5 weeks led to normalization of all variables studied including blood
      pressure. Yet, when DOC was continued for 8 weeks, stopping treatment did not
      lower blood pressure despite normalization of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
      system and the natriuretic response to saline loading. In contrast,
      discontinuation of the high sodium diet after 8 weeks normalized blood
      pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298467
TI  - Effect of gender in centrally induced angiotensin II hypertension in dogs.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the relation between gender, an endogenous
      inhibitor of the Na+-K+ pump, and volume-dependent hypertension induced by
      stimulation of the brain renin-angiotensin system and increased salt intake.
      Angiotensin II (20 ng/min i.c.v.) was infused for 4 weeks in five dogs of each
      sex with saline as the drinking fluid. In male dogs, angiotensin II induced
      parallel pressor (30%) and dipsogenic responses (70%), whereas no hypertension
      and no increase in fluid intake were observed in females. In contrast, the
      activity of the Na+-K+ pump as assessed by 86Rb uptake was independent of gender.
      Our data provide novel evidence that gender plays a determining role in the
      physiological properties of centrally administered angiotensin II.

PMID- 2298468
TI  - A reevaluation of the hemodynamics of pheochromocytoma.
AB  - We examined the hemodynamic features of 24 untreated patients with surgically
      proven pheochromocytoma during steady-state periods and compared them with 24
      untreated essential hypertensive patients individually matched for sex, age, body
      surface area, and arterial blood pressure. We found that, despite having 10-fold
      higher levels of circulating catecholamines, pheochromocytoma patients have
      hemodynamic characteristics similar to patients with essential hypertension and
      that, in individual patients, the ratio of circulating norepinephrine to
      epinephrine had no relation to the hemodynamic profile. In both groups, increased
      total peripheral resistance is primarily responsible for maintenance of
      hypertension. These results suggest that, unlike the acute administration of
      catecholamines, long-term exposure to high levels of circulating catecholamines
      does not produce hemodynamic responses characteristic of this group of compounds.
      This might be due in part to desensitization of the cardiovascular system to
      catecholamines and might explain the clinical observation that some patients can
      be completely asymptomatic despite harboring an actively catecholamine-secreting
      pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2298469
TI  - Pressor response to norepinephrine in essential hypertension. A study in
      families.
AB  - Study of pressor response to graded, increased doses of infused norepinephrine in
      patients with essential hypertension, their normotensive siblings, and
      normotensive control subjects unrelated to the patients and without a family
      history of hypertension indicated an increased response in the two former groups.
      Comparison of the dose-response curves in the three groups showed that the
      difference in response was due to a reduced threshold to norepinephrine in
      patients and their siblings and not to differences in the slopes of the dose
      response curves. These alterations were not paralleled by differences in heart
      rate responses.

PMID- 2298470
TI  - Reversal of hyperreactivity to bradykinin in renal hypertensive rats.
AB  - Increased blood pressure responsiveness to bradykinin in comparison with other
      vasodilator agents was demonstrated in rats with long-term one-kidney and two
      kidney, one clip hypertension. In the present study, we analyzed the reactivity
      to intra-aortically injected bradykinin in unanesthetized one-kidney, one clip
      hypertensive rats during the control period and 1, 5, and 8 hours after reversal
      of hypertension after removal of the renal artery constriction. One and 5 hours
      after unclipping the renal artery, the mean blood pressure decreased markedly
      (from 195 +/- 7 to 124 +/- 8 and 145 +/- 9 mm Hg, respectively), whereas the
      hyperreactivity to bradykinin reverted only slightly, and the responses to
      nitroprusside remained unchanged. In another group of hypertensive rats examined
      8 hours after unclipping (pressure decreased from 192 +/- 4 to 143 +/- 8 mm Hg),
      the hyperreactivity to bradykinin had partially reverted. Significantly larger
      doses of bradykinin were necessary to produce the same decrease in blood pressure
      when compared with the control period (16.4 +/- 2.0 vs. 7.2 +/- 1.2 ng). The same
      degree of reversal of hyperreactivity to bradykinin was observed when the blood
      pressure of hypertensive rats was reduced (from 207 +/- 8 to 143 +/- 5 mm Hg)
      during 1 hour by hydralazine injection. Complete reversibility of bradykinin
      hyperreactivity was produced by nitroprusside infusion (from 201 +/- 13 to 142 +/
      10 mm Hg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298471
TI  - Effect of moderate physical training on left ventricular mass in mild
      hypertensive persons.
AB  - Exercise might reduce blood pressure in mild essential hypertensive individuals,
      but it could raise left ventricular mass, counteracting the beneficial effects
      induced by a decrease in blood pressure. Seventeen (group 1) of 25 mild
      hypertensive patients, nonresponders to a 3-month low sodium diet (2 g/day), were
      admitted into a physical training program consisting of three weekly sessions of
      aerobics (20 minutes), bicycling at prefixed loads (20 minutes), and induced
      muscular relaxation (10 minutes). They were compared with 15 mild hypertensive
      patients (group 2), nonresponders to the low sodium diet who remained untrained.
      The follow-up lasted 15.7 +/- 5.8 months. There were significant blood pressure
      decreases in group 1 at rest (155 +/- 9.8/101 +/- 3.3 vs. 136 +/- 8.1/86 +/- 6.6
      mm Hg, p less than 0.001) and at maximal effort (219 +/- 27.4/119 +/- 14.4 vs.
      196 +/- 21.8/101 +/- 10.5 mm Hg, p less than 0.001). Maximal work capacity
      increased from 758.8 +/- 256.7 to 944.1 +/- 203.8 kpm (p less than 0.001).
      Echocardiographic left ventricular mass index tended to decrease (137.8 +/- 36.3
      vs. 125.4 +/- 29.9 g/m2, p = NS), without any significant modification of either
      left ventricular volume index or left ventricular shortening fraction. No
      significant changes occurred in group 2. There was no correlation between blood
      pressure and left ventricular mass changes and left ventricular shortening
      fraction and left ventricular mass index changes. According to these results, it
      seems prudent to prescribe physical training to mild hypertensive patients
      because it does not induce left ventricular mass increases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298472
TI  - Magnitude, reproducibility, and components of the pressor response to the clinic.
AB  - We investigated the magnitude of the pressor response to the clinic with
      ambulatory monitors by comparing blood pressure readings related to the medical
      visit with all clinic-unrelated readings during the day. One hundred studies were
      conducted on 51 hypertensive patients who were placed either on placebo (67) or
      on monotherapy with hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, or the converting enzyme
      inhibitors captopril or zofenopril. On placebo, clinic-related systolic (162 +/-
      2), diastolic (101 +/- 1), and pulse (61 +/- 2) pressures (mm Hg) were
      significantly higher than the respective clinic-unrelated values (149 +/- 2, 93
      +/- 1, and 56 +/- 1 mm Hg). Heart rates were not different. Despite significant
      reductions of blood pressure, the same pattern was found during treatment. After
      initiating the monitoring and while in transit to job or home (initial component
      of the clinic-related readings), systolic (166 +/- 2 mm Hg) and pulse (64 +/- 2
      mm Hg) pressures were higher than those during return to the office the next day
      (final component, 158 +/- 3 and 58 +/- 2 mm Hg). Blood pressures of both
      components, however, were significantly higher than the clinic-unrelated ones. In
      19 repeat studies carried out 2-24 months apart on placebo, the average pressor
      response did not change from the first (13 +/- 3/11 +/- 2) to the second (13 +/-
      4/11 +/- 2 mm Hg) procedure. No correlation, however, was found between the first
      and second study responses of individual patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2298473
TI  - Biological activity of angiotensin-(1-7) heptapeptide in the hamster heart.
AB  - Angiotensin II has been reported to have both a positive inotropic effect and a
      coronary constrictor action in the hamster heart. To study the contribution to
      these responses of phenylalanine in position 8, we assessed the direct cardiac
      effects of angiotensin-(1-7), which lacks phenylalanine in position 8. Syrian
      hamsters were used to determine the effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on cardiac
      performance in the diseased and normal hearts. We used the isolated isovolumic
      heart preparation perfused either at a constant pressure of 50 mm Hg or at a
      constant coronary (myocardial) flow rate of 7 ml/min (seven cardiomyopathic
      hamsters [CMH] and seven normal hamsters [NH] in each subgroup). At constant
      perfusion pressure, coronary (myocardial) flow rate decreased (p less than 0.01)
      in both CMH and NH (-31 +/- 8% vs. -39 +/- 4% of baseline, respectively); but the
      percent decrease in left ventricular pressure and the first derivative of left
      ventricular pressure over time (LV + dP/dt) was significant only in NH (-8 +/- 1%
      and -9 +/- 4%) but not in CMH (-14 +/- 5% and -21 +/- 8%). On the other hand, at
      a constant coronary (myocardial) flow rate, left ventricular pressure and LV +
      dP/dt tended to increase in both CMH and NH (+10 +/- 3% and +6 +/- 2% of baseline
      vs. +7 +/- 7% and +7 +/- 5%, respectively) but these changes were not
      significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298474
TI  - Actions of angiotensin peptides after partial denervation of the solitary tract
      nucleus.
AB  - We determined the excitatory effects of direct nucleus tractus solitarii
      injection of angiotensin peptides after the sinoaortic nerves were cut
      unilaterally in rats under halothane anesthesia. Twenty-four hours later,
      recordings of mean arterial pressure and heart rate were obtained during
      injections of 2.5 ng angiotensin II or angiotensin-(1-7) in chloralose-urethane
      anesthetized rats. Both peptides caused reductions in pressure and heart rate
      after nucleus tractus solitarii injections. In unilateral sinoaortic denervated
      rats, the hypotension and bradycardia produced with angiotensin II injections in
      either the ipsilateral (denervated) or contralateral (nondenervated) nucleus
      tractus solitarii were comparable. Angiotensin-(1-7), however, produced a larger
      decrease in pressure on the denervated side when compared with the nondenervated
      side. There were no differences in baseline pressure or heart rate between
      control rats and those with unilateral sinoaortic denervations. The effects of
      both angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) were blocked by previous administration
      of the angiotensin II antagonist [Sar1,Thr8]angiotensin II into the nucleus
      tractus solitarii. Assessment of angiotensin II binding sites in the solitary
      vagal complex 24 hours after denervation showed a 13% reduction in angiotensin
      receptors. These findings confirm that both angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7)
      express biological activity through receptor-mediated actions in the dorsal
      medulla oblongata. That the effects produced by angiotensin II do not require the
      integrity of baroreceptor input further suggests that the receptors responsible
      for the acute cardiovascular actions of this peptide reside on postsynaptic
      elements in the vagal-solitary complex.

PMID- 2298475
TI  - Rapid resetting of the baroreceptors in renal hypertensive rats.
AB  - The characteristics and extent of rapid or acute resetting of the aortic
      baroreceptors were studied in long-term renal hypertensive rats during 30 minutes
      of sustained hypertension produced by phenylephrine infusion. The aortic
      baroreceptors of hypertensive rats exhibited complete resetting to hypertension
      because during the control period the systolic threshold pressure for activation
      of the baroreceptors was similar (137 +/- 5 vs. 142 +/- 4 mm Hg) to the control
      diastolic pressure. Five minutes after onset of hypertension, a resetting of 32%
      (percent change of mean pressure threshold divided by total change of mean
      pressure) was demonstrable. The extent of resetting was 39%, 38%, and 41% after
      10, 20, and 30 minutes of hypertension, respectively. When the percent change of
      systolic threshold pressure divided by total change of control diastolic pressure
      was used to calculate the extent of resetting, similar results were obtained. The
      extent of displacement of the entire baroreceptor pressure-response curves was
      similar to that of pressure thresholds. Reversibility of the resetting process
      was not complete within 30 minutes of pressure normalization after the
      administration of phenylephrine was interrupted. These data indicate that the
      characteristics and extent of rapid resetting of the baroreceptors of renal
      hypertensive rats, which were reset to operate at hypertensive levels, are
      similar to those previously described in normotensive rats.

PMID- 2298477
TI  - Effects of systemic hypertension, antidiuretic hormone, and prostaglandins on
      remnant nephrons.
AB  - Renal function was evaluated in normal and after 30 days of 5/6 renal mass
      reduction (CRF) in Munich-Wistar (MW) rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats with
      superficial glomeruli (EPM), and in Brattleboro rats with congenital diabetes
      insipidus (DI). Mean arterial pressure was higher in EPM-Control and EPM-CRF rats
      as compared with MW and DI rats. MW and EPM rats with CRF showed increases of
      120% and 196%, respectively, in single nephron glomerular filtration rate as
      compared with their controls. However, DI rats with CRF did not show any increase
      in single nephron glomerular filtration rate as compared with the control group.
      Therefore, the data suggest that the presence of hypertension enhances the
      adaptive mechanisms on remnant kidney's function. Conversely, in the absence of
      antidiuretic hormone, adaptive mechanisms of remnant nephrons did not occur. In
      addition, it was observed that rats with CRF submitted to prostaglandin blockade
      with indomethacin showed for MW rats a 55% and 20% reduction in ultrafiltration
      coefficient and in single nephron glomerular filtration rate, respectively.
      Decreases of 60% and 30% in ultrafiltration coefficient and single nephron
      glomerular filtration rate, respectively, were observed for EPM rats. In
      contrast, DI rats did not show any alteration on renal function after
      indomethacin. It seems, therefore, that prostaglandins play a role in remnant
      nephron function of MW and EPM rats, but in the absence of antidiuretic hormone,
      prostaglandins do not affect remnant glomerular hemodynamics.

PMID- 2298476
TI  - Angiotensin II as a modulator of baroreceptor reflexes in the brainstem of
      conscious rats.
AB  - The effect of microinjection into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of
      angiotensin II (Ang II) on baroreceptor control of heart rate (HR) in conscious,
      freely moving rats was evaluated with a new method of long-term cannulation of
      the dorsal brainstem areas. Reflex changes in HR were produced by intravenous
      bolus injections of either phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside (0.2-25.6
      micrograms/kg) both after saline and after unilateral microinjection of Ang II
      into the NTS (24 ng, 0.2 microliter) and compared with those produced after
      administration of Ang II into the fourth ventricle (24 ng, 0.2 microliter) or
      intravenously (1-2 ng/kg/min). Baseline levels of mean arterial pressure (MAP)
      and HR were not affected by the route of Ang II application but reflex
      bradycardia during MAP increase was significantly attenuated after injections of
      Ang II into the NTS. Both the slope and the intercept of the regression line
      function between delta HR and delta MAP were reduced by 43% from the control
      value of -1.55 +/- 0.13 beats/min/mm Hg (p less than 0.01) and -14 +/- 5
      beats/min (p less than 0.05), respectively. Similar reductions were observed
      after Ang II administration into the fourth ventricle or intravenously, although
      microinjections into the cerebellum produced no effect. Endogenous blockade of
      Ang II by saralasin (22 ng) in the NTS facilitated the bradycardic response (
      2.29 +/- 0.91 beats/min/mm Hg). Nitroprusside-induced tachycardia was not altered
      by Saralasin microinjection into the NTS or by Ang II application to the NTS,
      fourth ventricle, or intravenously.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298478
TI  - Dietary linoleic acid prevents the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate
      salt hypertension.
AB  - The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of dietary variations of
      linoleic acid on the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt
      hypertension in rats. All rats were divided into three groups and fed one of the
      following isocaloric diets with 8% NaCl: a high linoleic acid (HLA) (20%
      sunflower oil), a moderate linoleic acid (5% lard oil + 15% sunflower oil), or a
      low linoleic acid (DLA) (20% lard oil). After 4 weeks of feeding, we determined
      intraerythrocyte sodium, potassium, and magnesium concentrations, intra-aortic
      and lymphocyte magnesium content, and erythrocyte ouabain-sensitive 22Na efflux
      rate constant. Cytoplasmic free calcium concentration of lymphocytes from thymus
      was also determined with quin-2 as a fluorescent indicator. In the HLA group, the
      elevation of systolic blood pressure was significantly attenuated, and
      intraerythrocyte sodium concentration was significantly lower than in the DLA
      group. There were greater intraerythrocyte potassium and magnesium
      concentrations, intra-aortic and lymphocyte magnesium contents, and erythrocyte
      ouabain-sensitive 22Na efflux rate constant in the HLA group as compared with
      other groups. Cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in the HLA group was
      significantly lower than in other groups. Systolic blood pressure significantly
      correlated negatively with intraerythrocyte and intra-aortic magnesium
      concentrations and intraerythrocyte potassium concentration, and correlated
      positively with cytoplasmic free calcium concentration. Erythrocyte ouabain
      sensitive 22Na efflux rate constant significantly correlated positively with
      intraerythrocyte magnesium concentration. These findings suggest that dietary
      linoleic acid can attenuate the development of DOCA-salt hypertension.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298479
TI  - Calcium sensitivity of Ca2(+)-activated K+ channels in spontaneously hypertensive
      stroke-prone rats.
AB  - In previous studies, we measured a greater intracellular free calcium
      concentration and net potassium efflux, possibly calcium activated, in
      lymphocytes from spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP) as compared
      with Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In this study, we addressed two related questions:
      1) Can the greater intralymphocytic calcium concentration of the SHRSP account
      for the greater net potassium efflux? 2) Is the calcium sensitivity of calcium
      activated potassium channels in lymphocytes from SHRSP different as compared with
      that of those from WKY rats? Ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, caused a
      concentration-dependent and proportional increase in net potassium efflux and
      intracellular free calcium concentration in lymphocytes from both strains of rat.
      Based on the relations between net potassium efflux and intracellular free
      calcium concentration established with ionomycin, the resting net potassium
      efflux of lymphocytes from SHRSP is greater than would be predicted based on the
      resting intracellular free calcium concentration. Using the patch clamp
      technique, we were able to identify and characterize a calcium-activated
      potassium channel in the plasma membrane of lymphocytes from both strains of rat.
      Potassium currents were recorded that had a slope conductance of 18.1 +/- 1.49, n
      = 6, and 18.5 +/- 1.44, n = 7, in WKY rat and SHRSP thymocytes, respectively. The
      channel exhibited rectification of the outward current in both strains of rat.
      Channels tended to appear in clusters of two or more per patch and were recorded
      in 30-50% of the patches examined. Calcium sensitivity of the channels was
      similar; maximum activation occurred at 700 nM free calcium
      concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298480
TI  - Surface hydrophobicity, adherence, and aggregation of cell surface protein
      antigen mutants of Streptococcus mutans serotype c.
AB  - The pac gene of the serotype c strain Streptococcus mutans MT8148 encodes a cell
      surface protein antigen (PAc) of approximate 190 kilodaltons. The serotype c
      strain S. mutans GS-5 does not produce the 190-kilodalton PAc but produces a
      lower-molecular-weight protein that reacts with anti-PAc serum. The SphI-BamHI
      fragment of the pac gene was ligated with the S. mutans-Escherichia coli shuttle
      vector pSA3. The chimeric shuttle vector was transformed into strain GS-5, and
      two transformants (TK15 and TK18) were isolated. These transformants produced a
      large amount of cell-free and cell-bound PAc of 190 kilodaltons. No plasmid was
      isolated from these transformants, and the EcoRI fragments of their chromosomal
      DNA hybridized with the erythromycin resistance gene in the shuttle vector DNA,
      indicating insertion of the chimeric shuttle vector DNA into the chromosomal DNA.
      The cell hydrophobicity of strains TK15 and TK18 as well as PAc-defective mutants
      constructed by inserting an erythromycin resistance gene into the pac gene of
      strain MT8148 was analyzed. Strains MT8148, TK15, and TK18 were hydrophobic. On
      the other hand, strain GS-5 and PAc-defective MT8148 transformants were
      hydrophilic. Resting cells of the hydrophobic strains attached in larger numbers
      to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite than did the hydrophilic strains. Human whole
      saliva induced the aggregation of cells of the hydrophobic strains but not that
      of cells of the hydrophilic strains. These results suggest that cell surface PAc
      of S. mutans serotype c participates in attachment of the streptococcal cell to
      experimental pellicles.

PMID- 2298481
TI  - Roles of tumor necrosis factor and macrophages in lipopolysaccharide-induced
      accumulation of neutrophils in cutaneous air pouches.
AB  - The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in macrophage-dependent neutrophil
      accumulation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was examined through the use of
      cutaneous air pouches formed on the backs of mice. To investigate the possibility
      that TNF functions in LPS-induced neutrophil accumulation, we injected LPS into
      newly formed air pouches (containing relatively few endogenous macrophages), 48-h
      old air pouches (containing large numbers of endogenous macrophages), or newly
      formed air pouches instilled with 10(6) alveolar macrophages (AM). Six hours
      after LPS injection, air pouches possessing either AM or endogenous macrophages
      contained large numbers of neutrophils. Infusion of anti-TNF immunoglobulin G
      into the air pouches inhibited LPS-induced neutrophil accumulation by 84% in air
      pouches containing AM and 71% in air pouches containing large numbers of
      endogenous macrophages. TNF was also capable of including neutrophil accumulation
      when injected into air pouches containing relatively large numbers of either
      endogenous or exogenous macrophages but not when injected into air pouches
      containing small numbers of macrophages. In addition, incubation of AM in vitro
      with TNF induced the AM to cause neutrophil accumulation upon injection into
      newly formed air pouches. These results indicate that TNF functions in LPS
      induced neutrophil accumulation. Furthermore, the results indicate that TNF
      functions by enhancing the ability of macrophages to cause neutrophil emigration.
      This is consistent with the possibility that LPS induces TNF production and that
      TNF, in turn, induces macrophages to produce cytokines with inflammatory
      activities.

PMID- 2298482
TI  - Adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis to fibrin-platelet clots in vitro
      mediated by lipoteichoic acid.
AB  - The adherence of two strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to human fibrin
      platelet clots in vitro was investigated. Both strains were noncapsulated,
      nonhemagglutinating, and nonslime producers. Binding was not related to surface
      charge, carbohydrate profile, or hydrophobicity of the bacteria. Adherence was
      reduced four- to sixfold (P less than 0.001) on pretreatment of bacteria with
      lipase, while neuraminidase, trypsin, phospholipase C, and sodium periodate did
      not alter their binding. Pretreatment of bacteria with substances known to bind
      lipoteichoic acid (LTA), such as human albumin and anti-LTA antibodies, also
      resulted in a fourfold (P less than 0.001) reduction in adherence. Prior
      incubation of clots with free LTA, but not with deacylated LTA, produced a
      fourfold (P less than 0.001) decrease in the adherence of homologous and
      heterologous strains of S. epidermidis. A similar reduction was also observed
      when LTAs derived from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes were
      used. These data provide evidence that the lipid moiety of LTA has a central role
      in the adherence of S. epidermidis to fibrin-platelet clots in vitro.

PMID- 2298483
TI  - Efficacy of a cell extract from Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae
      serotype 1 against disease in swine.
AB  - We partially characterized a cell extract (CE) from Actinobacillus
      pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 and used the CE to test the efficacy of secreted
      proteins against disease. Secreted products from 4-h culture supernatants were
      precipitated with 20% polyethylene glycol. Analysis of the CE indicated the
      presence of protein, endotoxin, and carbohydrate. Hemolytic activity to bovine
      erythrocytes and cytotoxic activity to porcine mononuclear leukocytes was also
      demonstrated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis
      of the CE from a 4-h culture showed a major band at 110 kilodaltons (kDa), while
      a CE of a 26-h culture indicated the presence of a number of additional proteins,
      including the 110-kDa protein. The 110-kDa protein was also identified as a
      glycoprotein by periodic acid-Schiff and silver staining. A single band
      precipitated against convalescent-phase pig antiserum when the polyethylene
      glycol precipitate was used in an Ouchterlony plate. Vaccination with CE
      conferred greater protection against challenge with the homologous serotype than
      either a commercial bacterin or an outer membrane protein vaccine. Hemolysin
      neutralizing titers were higher both pre- and postchallenge in the group
      vaccinated with the CE compared with in all other groups. We believe that this
      demonstrates the importance of secreted factors in protection against disease and
      suggests that the 110-kDa protein is an important immunogen.

PMID- 2298484
TI  - Immunocytochemical detection of chitin in Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - Polyclonal antisera against chitin and chitin oligomers were used to stain
      Pneumocystis carinii by the immunoperoxidase technique in Formalin-fixed,
      paraffin-embedded sections of four human lung biopsies and in alcohol-fixed,
      paraffin-embedded cell blocks of two bronchioloalveolar lavage specimens from
      infected human patients. In all cases, the antisera bound P. carinii but did not
      bind the host tissue elements. Moreover, the antisera bound not only to the cyst
      forms of P. carinii but also to the intracystic bodies and to the trophic forms.
      Preadsorption of the anti-chitin antiserum with purified chitin abolished all
      staining of P. carinii. Our results indicate that P. carinii produces chitin at
      more than one stage of its life cycle in the infected human host.

PMID- 2298485
TI  - Induction of circulating tumor necrosis factor cannot be demonstrated during
      septicemic salmonellosis in calves.
AB  - The concentration of tumor necrosis factor in the circulation of calves, which
      were infected with Salmonella typhimurium and exhibited septicemia as indicated
      by clinical signs and blood culture, was measured with a radioimmunoassay. These
      levels were compared with those in calves before infection and in other calves
      that had received an intravenous dose of gram-negative endotoxin. The tumor
      necrosis factor levels measured in samples taken during septicemia were not
      different from those in samples from infected nonsepticemic calves or samples
      from calves before infection. In contrast, the levels of tumor necrosis factor
      rose rapidly in calves after treatment with endotoxin by intravenous injection.

PMID- 2298486
TI  - Localization of host immunoglobulin G to the surface of Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - In immunoblotting studies of Pneumocystis carinii surface proteins, we found that
      a secondary antibody, anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG), recognized a 52
      kilodalton (kDa) band in homogenates of P. carinii purified from human autopsy
      lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, even when serum as a source of primary
      antibody was omitted. The electrophoretic mobility of the 52-kDa band is
      identical to that of IgG heavy chains. In addition to affinity-purified, anti
      human IgG, monoclonal antibodies specific for the Fab and Fc regions of human IgG
      recognized the 52-kDa band. To determine whether the 52-kDa band represents IgG
      bound to the surface of P. carinii, we treated intact organisms with Triton X-100
      and acid in order to elute immunoglobulin from the surface of P. carinii. After
      purification over a protein G column, the eluate comigrated with human IgG, was
      recognized by anti-IgG, and bound to discrete bands with molecular sizes of 65 to
      70, 60, 50, and 35 kDa in purified, rat-derived P. carinii. To confirm the
      presence of human IgG on the surface of P. carinii, we performed
      immunocytochemical and immunoelectron microscopic studies. Staining of intact P.
      carinii aggregates by anti-human IgG was pronounced and was abolished by acid
      treatment. IgA was also present. Ultrastructural studies showed the presence of
      IgG on the cyst wall and on fine membranous structures and vesicles adjacent to
      cysts. We conclude that the surface of P. carinii is coated with human IgG. The
      close association of human IgG with P. carinii may have implications for the
      pathogenesis of P. carinii pneumonia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2298487
TI  - Regulation of expression of Streptococcus mutans genes important to virulence.
AB  - Studies were initiated to investigate the regulation of Streptococcus mutans
      genes which are believed to be important to virulence. Operon fusions were
      constructed between S. mutans gene regulatory regions and a promoterless
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (cat) found on the plasmid pMH109.
      Specifically, fusions were generated between cat and the S. mutans genes encoding
      fructosyltransferase (ftf) and the glucosyltransferase B/C (gtfB/C) operon.
      Constructs were confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis, and the fusions were
      subcloned into the integration vehicle pVA891. Following generation of multimeric
      DNA, recombinant plasmids were introduced into the s. mutans genome by Campbell
      type insertion, resulting in single-copy operon fusions. Chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase specific activities were used to monitor the expression of the
      S. mutans gtfB/C operon and ftf determinants. The expression of these genes is
      increased by the presence of sucrose and is followed by a rapid decline in
      expression over time. Additionally, expression of the gtfB/C operon is increased
      in S. mutans cells bound to artificial tooth pellicles.

PMID- 2298488
TI  - Antibody response to Brucella ovis outer membrane proteins in ovine brucellosis.
AB  - Hot saline extracts of Brucella ovis were composed of vesicles with outer
      membrane proteins (OMPs), lipopolysaccharide, and phospholipid as constituents.
      Extraction with petroleum ether-chloroform-phenol yielded a protein fraction free
      of detectable lipopolysaccharide, in which group 3 OMPs (28,500 apparent
      molecular weight [28.5K], 27.0K, and 25.5K) represented 81% of the total. Group 1
      OMPs and 67.0K, 22.5K to 21.5K, and 19.5K to 18.0K proteins were also detected.
      Adsorption of immune sera with whole bacteria suggested that group 3 OMPs and
      67.0K, 22.5K to 21.5K, and 19.5K to 18.0K proteins had antigenic determinants
      exposed on the surfaces of both B. ovis and rough B. melitensis cells but not on
      smooth B. melitensis cells. Antibodies to group 3 OMPs and the 67.0K protein in
      the sera of 93 and 87%, respectively, of B. ovis-infected rams were found by
      immunoblotting. Antibodies to other proteins were present in 67% of these
      animals. Compared with B. ovis-infected rams which had not developed lesions,
      rams with epididymo-orchitis had antibodies to a larger variety of proteins.
      Although ewes infected with B. melitensis also showed antibodies to OMPs, the
      immunoblot reactions were less intense.

PMID- 2298489
TI  - Identification of lectin-binding proteins in Chlamydia species.
AB  - Lectin-binding proteins of chlamydiae were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. All three Chlamydia
      species tested expressed two proteins when whole-elementary-body lysates were
      reacted with the biotinylated lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin. The protein
      with a molecular mass of 18 kilodaltons (kDa) responded strongly compared with a
      higher-molecular-mass protein that varied from 27 to 32 kDa with each chlamydia
      strain tested. Among six lectins tested, including concanavalin A, D. biflorus
      agglutinin, Ulex europaeus agglutinin, soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, and
      wheat germ agglutinin, the latter was the only lectin that did not recognize any
      chlamydial protein. For each lectin that reacted against the elementary body of
      serovar L2 of Chlamydia trachomatis, the same two peptides, an 18-kDa peptide and
      a 32-kDa peptide, were revealed. These two polypeptides adhered to HeLa cell
      surface components. Binding of a lectin to the L2 reticulate body resulted in a
      reduced response at the 18-kDa peptide. The 18- and 32-kDa peptides were purified
      from L2 serovar elementary bodies by affinity chromatography. The two proteins
      isolated from a concanavalin A-agarose column maintained their lectin-binding
      capacities and elicited hemagglutinating properties against mouse erythrocytes.
      Periodate oxidation abolished the abilities of the peptides to adhere to any of
      the lectins tested. These results suggest that these lectin-binding proteins are
      glycoproteins that may be an essential factor for attachment of chlamydial
      organisms to host cells.

PMID- 2298490
TI  - Chronic arthritis induced in rats by cell wall fragments of Eubacterium species
      from the human intestinal flora.
AB  - To investigate arthritis-inducing properties of Eubacterium species, which are
      major residents of the human intestinal flora, cell wall fragments (CWF) of
      several Eubacterium strains were prepared and tested in an animal model. After a
      single intraperitoneal injection in the rat, CWF of E. aerofaciens, E. contortum,
      and E. lentum induced a chronic polyarthritis. E. limosum and E. tortuosum CWF
      induced an acute self-limiting joint inflammation, whereas E. rectale CWF failed
      to do so. The rhamnose contents of the isolated CWF were not related to their
      arthritis-inducing properties. Paradoxically, the sensitivity of CWF to lysozyme
      digestion, which is regarded as a parameter for the clearance of CWF in tissues,
      appeared to be positively correlated with the ability of Eubacterium CWF to
      induce chronic joint inflammation. Our findings show the diversity in arthritis
      inducing properties among different species of the anaerobic genus Eubacterium
      and underline the importance of the anaerobic intestinal flora in the induction
      of joint inflammation.

PMID- 2298491
TI  - Macrophages are stimulated by muramyl dipeptide to induce polymorphonuclear
      leukocyte accumulation in the peritoneal cavities of guinea pigs.
AB  - N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide [MDP]) injected
      intraperitoneally significantly increased the number of cells entering the
      peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs primed with liquid paraffin or thioglycollate.
      There was a close relationship between peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocyte
      (PMN) accumulation and the uptake of glucosamine by macrophages in guinea pigs
      treated with a variety of bacterial cell surface components such as cell wall
      peptidoglycan subunits and bacterial or synthetic lipid A. The PMN accumulation
      was also facilitated by the intraperitoneal transfer of the peritoneal
      macrophages that had been stimulated by MDP in vitro. Furthermore, cell-free
      lavage fluids taken from the peritoneum of MDP-treated guinea pigs also initiated
      the influx of PMNs when introduced into the peritoneal cavities of liquid
      paraffin-pretreated guinea pigs. These results suggest that a soluble factor
      which attracts neutrophils is produced by MDP-treated macrophages. Partial
      characterization of the factor is described.

PMID- 2298492
TI  - Passive immunization of chickens against Eimeria maxima infection with a
      monoclonal antibody developed against a gametocyte antigen.
AB  - Eimeria maxima gametocytes contain two major antigens with molecular masses of 56
      and 82 kilodaltons (kDa) which are recognized by convalescent sera from immune
      chickens. Preparations enriched in these two antigens were used to immunize mice,
      and several monoclonal antibodies which specifically reacted with the 56-kDa
      antigen were produced. One of these monoclonal antibodies of the immunoglobulin M
      subclass, along with immune chicken sera raised against affinity-purified 56- and
      82-kDa antigens, was used to passively immunize chicks. On the basis of the
      parameter of total oocyst output, it was found that these antibodies provided
      partial protection (40 to 50% inhibition) against E. maxima challenge infections.

PMID- 2298493
TI  - Further evaluation of the prognostic value of morphometric and flow cytometric
      parameters in breast-cancer patients with long follow-up.
AB  - The added prognostic value of cellular DNA content compared with single and
      combined morphometric factors and classical parameters such as tumor size, nodal
      status, histologic grade and estrogen receptor (ER) content was investigated in
      225 consecutive breast-cancer patients with long follow-up. Of all features
      investigated, the MPI (multivariate prognostic index) had the strongest
      prognostic value [Mantel-Cox (MC) = 48.2, p less than 0.00005]. The results
      further showed that neither age nor ER content had significant prognostic value,
      but the DNA index (DI) as a single parameter had (though weak) prognostic
      significance (MC = 5.9, p = 0.015); a similar result was obtained with the
      percentage of S-phase cells (MC = 6.1, p = 0.013). The DI had (restricted)
      additional prognostic value to the morphometric features (MPI plus DI Mantel-Cox
      53.0, p less than 0.0001). The percentage of S-phase cells had no additional
      prognostic value over the MPI. On the other hand, the additional value of the DI
      over tumor size and nodal status was much more impressive (MC = 41.0 and 40.7),
      although it did not reach the prognostic significance of the MPI. Prediction of
      disease outcome with a linear combination of quantitative microscopical
      parameters of the primary tumor alone [MAI (mitotic activity index), DI and mean
      nuclear area] was very accurate, even without considering lymph-node status (MC
      30.8, p less than 0.0005). Grade had no additional value to the MPI at all (p =
      0.76). This could be especially important for lymph-node-negative patients in
      whom the prognostic value of the MPI and the MAI are confirmed.

PMID- 2298494
TI  - Recurrent mutation of immunoglobulin and c-myc genes and differential expression
      of cell surface antigens occur in variant cell lines derived from a Burkitt
      lymphoma.
AB  - The phenotypic and molecular genetic characteristics of 4 variant sublines of the
      Burkitt lymphoma cell line Namalwa have been examined. The sublines are DNA
      fingerprint-identical and derived from a monoclonal tumour, as shown by a
      rearrangement of the T-cell-receptor beta-chain gene common to the 4 sublines.
      There is non-co-ordinate expression of MHC class-I MHC class-II, surface
      immunoglobulin and a number of antigens recognized by CD MAbs on the different
      sublines. These different phenotypes of the cells are reminiscent of B cells
      arrested in varying states of cellular maturity. On Southern blots there are
      different patterns of restriction fragments hybridizing with Ig heavy- and light
      chain gene probes among the sublines, indicating that multiple rearrangements or
      mutations of Ig genes have occurred in the cells. Different patterns of
      hybridizing fragments among the sublines were also found by using c-myc probes,
      implying the existence of different mutations of the c-myc locus. The c-myc
      mutation found in one of the sublines mapped to the 5' flanking sequence and in
      another 3' to the c-myc locus. Using the J17BS8 probe, which detects a
      restriction fragment length polymorphism in the 3' flanking region of the c-myc
      gene, a 4-fold variation in the gene copy number among the subline was found and
      one of the sublines was shown to be hemizygous for c-myc. Examination of DNA from
      early cultures of Namalwa cells showed that the alternations in Ig and c-myc
      structure had occurred on prolonged culture of the cells.

PMID- 2298495
TI  - TIL from renal-cell carcinoma: restimulation with tumor influences proliferation
      and cytolytic activity.
AB  - TIL were cultured from human renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) in 1,000 U/ml rIL2 and
      restimulated with autologous tumor in efforts to establish which conditions would
      best expand the number of lymphocytes cytotoxic for autologous tumor. Greater
      cell yields resulted from multiple restimulations of TIL with autologous tumor.
      In most instances, these TIL lysed autologous tumor better than TIL grown in rIL2
      alone. Enhanced proliferation was seen also after restimulation of TIL with
      allogeneic RCC as well as with tumor cells of non-renal origin. Although in some
      instances lysis of autologous tumor appeared to be specific, restimulation with
      autologous tumor did not consistently result in the generation of specific
      cytolytic T cells. Attempts to culture more specific cytolytic T cells by using
      50 U/ml rIL2 were successful in expanding TIL with enhanced lytic activity;
      however, this activity was not specific for autologous tumor. The phenotype of
      the tumor-restimulated TIL generally did not change. In most of the TIL cultures,
      CD3+CD4+ cells were predominant with low numbers of CD3+Leu19+ cells and minimal
      numbers of CD3-Leu19+ cells. Thus, the cytotoxic response to tumor was mediated
      by T cells and not NK cells. Overall, our data indicate that restimulation of TIL
      with autologous tumor may be beneficial for growing larger numbers of cells which
      have increased lytic activity and for prolonging the presence of lytic activity
      among the expanded TIL.

PMID- 2298496
TI  - Cancer procoagulant in serum of rats during development of experimental
      epithelioma.
AB  - The activity of cancer procoagulant (CP) during the development of Guerin
      epithelioma was studied in the blood of Wistar rats. Blood was collected from the
      carotid artery and, after clotting, proteins adsorbing on aluminum hydroxide were
      removed from the serum. Then procoagulant activity was determined in the test
      system without factor VII by means of substrate S-2222 specific for factor Xa. A
      statistically significant increase in the activity of CP in serum was detected,
      coinciding with the period of intensive tumor growth (15th-25th day of disease).

PMID- 2298497
TI  - EGF and TGF-alpha, the ligands of hyperproduced EGFR in human esophageal
      carcinoma cells, act as autocrine growth factors.
AB  - In order to ascertain autocrine growth factors in esophageal carcinomas, we
      analysed expression of mRNAs and proteins for epidermal growth factor (EGF),
      transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and epidermal growth factor receptor
      (EGFR) in 6 esophageal carcinoma cell lines. Gene alterations were also examined.
      All of the esophageal carcinoma cell lines expressed mRNA for EGFR and TGF-alpha
      genes. Interestingly, EGF mRNA of about 5.0 kb was also detected in TE-1, TE-2,
      and TE-8 cells. Production of protein was also confirmed by binding assay and
      ELISA on 3 of the 6 cell lines. The cells had a relatively high number of EGFRs
      and produced TGF-alpha and EGF protein at the same time. Furthermore, anti-EGF
      (KEM-10) and anti-TGF-alpha (WA-3) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) inhibited
      spontaneous uptake of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) by TE-1 cells which expressed
      EGF, TGF-alpha and EGFR mRNA and protein. These results strongly suggest that EGF
      and/or TGF-alpha produced by carcinoma cells function as autocrine growth factors
      for human esophageal carcinomas.

PMID- 2298498
TI  - Yolk-sac carcinoma develops spontaneously as a late occurrence in slow-growing
      teratoid tumors produced from transplanted 7-day mouse embryos.
AB  - Seven-day embryos of BALB/c mice transplanted underneath the kidney capsule of
      adult syngeneic recipients form either benign teratomas or teratocarcinomas,
      which can be distinguished from one another histologically at 8 weeks post
      embryonic transplantation. Embryo-derived (ED) teratomas were allowed to remain
      in the host for an additional period up to 1 year after embryo transplantation,
      to test their malignant potential. It was found that a considerable number of
      slow-growing small tumors derived from embryonic transplant give rise to parietal
      yolk-sac carcinomas. A proportion of these tumors contained foci of visceral yolk
      sac and trophoblastic differentiation, which gradually disappeared in successive
      transplantations. We conclude that parietal yolk-sac carcinoma develops as a late
      event in some ED teratomas. These malignant tumors originate either from small
      foci of yolk sac originally included in the grafted embryo or, more likely, from
      the yolk sac formed from the differentiating embryonic stem cells.

PMID- 2298499
TI  - Frequency and degree of aneuploidy in benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms.
AB  - The frequency and degree of aneuploidy in 44 benign and 124 malignant thyroid
      neoplasms were analyzed by DNA flow cytometry. Single aneuploid cell populations
      were found in 72% of the undifferentiated carcinomas, 64% of the follicular
      carcinomas, 24% of the papillary carcinomas and in 24% of the follicular
      adenomas. Multiple aneuploid cell populations were detected in 4% of the
      papillary and in 36% of the follicular carcinomas but not in undifferentiated
      carcinomas. A low degree of aneuploidy was found in well differentiated papillary
      carcinomas (mean DNA index of aneuploid populations: DI = 1.17; SD +/- 0.09).
      Significantly higher values were found for aneuploid moderately differentiated
      papillary carcinomas (DI = 1.46; SD +/- 0.29), well and moderately differentiated
      follicular carcinomas (DI = 1.61; SD +/- 0.33 and DI = 1.60; SD +/- 0.30,
      respectively) and undifferentiated carcinomas (DI = 1.72; SD +/- 0.19). High DNA
      indices were also found in several follicular adenomas (DI = 1.49; SD +/- 0.22).
      Comparison of the 10-year survival rates of patients with moderately versus well
      differentiated papillary carcinoma (79 vs. 98 months, respectively) indicates
      that loss of differentiation and progression of aneuploidy in this tumour type is
      associated with more aggressive clinical behaviour. Similarly, the high frequency
      and degree of aneuploidy in undifferentiated carcinomas is in agreement with the
      very poor survival rate (0% at 10 years) in this group of patients. However, the
      occurrence of highly aneuploid adenomas and (near)-diploid undifferentiated
      carcinomas does not point to a direct causal relationship between DNA-ploidy
      changes and clinical behaviour of these thyroid tumours.

PMID- 2298500
TI  - Murine spontaneous T-cell leukemia constitutively expressing IL-2 receptor--a
      model for human T-cell malignancies expressing IL-2 receptor.
AB  - We describe a new, spontaneously occurring BALB/c-derived murine T-cell leukemia.
      The leukemic cells, designated LB, grow rapidly and progressively in the
      syngeneic host with no signs of effective immunological resistance. LB cells
      expressed the Thy-1+, Lyt-2+, L3T4-, CD3- class-I+, CD25+ (IL-2 receptor, IL-2R),
      class-II-, gp70- phenotype. As LB cells express IL-2, as indicated by staining
      with 2 distinct anti-CD25 IL-2R monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), the therapeutic
      efficacy of IL-2-diphtheria toxin-related protein was tested on this leukemic
      model. IL-2-diphtheria toxin, but not diphtheria toxin, efficiently inhibited the
      proliferation of LB cells. The proliferation of a murine myeloma cell line, which
      does not express IL-2R, was not inhibited by IL-2-diphtheria toxin. The possible
      implantation of this animal model in fundamental and practical studies is
      discussed.

PMID- 2298501
TI  - Effect of VIP on the glycogen metabolism of human colon adenocarcinoma cells
      studied by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - Metabolic pathways of glucose utilization have been investigated in a human colon
      adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29) using carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
      spectroscopy. HT29 cells were adapted to grow on a polystyrene beaded
      microcarrier and were perfused when attached to the beads in a specially designed
      NMR cell. Abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism already observed in several
      cancer cells were studied in HT29 cells fed with (1-13C)-enriched glucose. The
      cells were first perfused with a glucose-free medium for 2 h in order to deplete
      the intracellular store of glycogen, and they were subsequently perfused with a
      medium containing enriched glucose at an initial concentration of 5.5 mM.
      Sequential 13C-NMR spectra, recorded at 100.5 MHz (5 min accumulation), show that
      HT29 cells were able to utilize glucose through the glycolytic pathway while
      storing glucose as glycogen (glucose was utilized at a rate of 3.9 mumol/mg
      protein/hr). The glycolytic activity determined by the amount of lactic acid
      produced was 4.6 microns/mg protein/hr, corresponding to the formation of 1.2
      lactic acid per glucose molecule. Glycogen accumulation corresponded to 16
      micrograms/mg of protein. Treatment of HT29 with 10 nM vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP) induced a transient decrease in the level of labelled glycogen to
      50% of the initial value. Control level was recovered 12 min after VIP loading.

PMID- 2298502
TI  - A possible mechanism for increased breast cell proliferation by progestins
      through increased reductive 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity.
AB  - We have investigated whether progestins may be able to regulate breast cell
      proliferation by altering the fraction of oestradiol relative to oestrone, using
      the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The ability of the two oestrogens,
      oestradiol and oestrone, to stimulate breast tumour cell proliferation was
      investigated. Oestradiol in concentration was of 10-fold greater proliferative
      potency than oestrone. The progestin MPA increased both reductive and oxidative
      17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity when the tissue culture media pH
      indicator phenol red was included in the media. When phenol red was excluded from
      the tissue culture media, MPA increased predominantly the reductive 17 beta
      hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity, and to a far greater extent than in the
      presence of phenol red. Other progestins such as levonorgestrel, norethisterone
      and norethisterone acetate also increased predominantly reductive 17 beta
      hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity in the absence of phenol red. The action
      of MPA on reductive 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity was increased
      by treatment with oestradiol to a small but significant extent. We propose that
      the progestational increase of reductive 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase
      activity is a possible mechanism by which progestins may increase breast cell
      proliferation in vivo.

PMID- 2298504
TI  - Prognostic significance of DNA-ploidy in a series of 690 primary breast cancer
      patients.
AB  - Flow cytometric DNA-ploidy measurements were performed on paraffin-embedded and
      fresh tumor specimens from 690 patients with Stage I-III breast cancer. The
      conventional classification of DNA-ploidy (diploid versus aneuploid) was compared
      with a division of tumor ploidy into 5 classes based on DNA index (DI) range. The
      DI-classification showed a better correlation with tumor size and TNM stage than
      the conventional classification. Aneuploidy was associated with an impaired
      survival and distant relapse-free survival (p = 0.02) but the DI-classification
      improved the discrimination between different prognostic groups of patients. In
      general, this indicated a more aggressive phenotype for tumors evolved via
      polyploidization. Hyper-tetraploidy (DI greater than 2.10) indicated a very poor
      prognosis in pre-menopausal patients. No prognostic effect of aneuploidy and DI
      class was found in node-negative and TI patients. Cox multivariate regression
      analysis showed that aneuploidy was an additional prognostic factor to nodal
      status (I less than or equal to N less than or equal to 3, N greater than 3 vs. N
      = 0) and tumor size (T2-4 vs. TI) for overall and distant relapse-free survival.
      Subdivision according to DI-class did not improve the prognostic power of DNA
      ploidy due to stronger correlations with established prognostic factors.

PMID- 2298503
TI  - Isolation and characterization of 5T4, a tumour-associated antigen.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5T4 defines a human trophoblast antigen marker with
      a restricted pattern of expression in normal adult tissues but this antigen is
      expressed on a variety of carcinomas. The purification of 5T4 antigenic molecules
      is described from term syncytiotrophoblast by a combination of lectin- and
      immunoaffinity chromatography and gel filtration giving up to 10,000-fold
      purification with 70% yield. The antigen is carried by non-associated
      glycoprotein molecules with an apparent molecular weight of 72 kDa on SDS-PAGE
      and a neutral pI. Removal of N-linked sugars by N-glycanase reveals a core
      protein of 42 kDa. Treatment with enzymes that cleave O-linked sugars does not
      substantially alter the molecular size. The native 5T4 molecules are very
      resistant to proteolysis until the N-linked sugars are removed or the
      glycoprotein is denatured and reduced. Glycopeptides generated by these
      approaches will be suitable for amino acid sequencing.

PMID- 2298505
TI  - Chromosome aberrations in metastatic ovarian cancer: relationship with
      abnormalities in primary tumors.
AB  - Twenty malignant effusions secondary to ovarian cancer have been cytogenetically
      analyzed directly and after short in vitro culture. With the exception of one
      sample characterized by trisomy 3, all cases displayed clonal structural
      rearrangements. Chromosomes 1 and 3 were most frequently involved in the genesis
      of markers. Abnormalities of chromosomes 5, 6, 9, 11 and 12 were also recurrently
      found, and double minutes (DM) were observed in 2 samples. Our results agree with
      previous findings on the preferential involvement of chromosomes 1, 3 and 6 in
      ovarian carcinomas, and suggest that rearrangements of certain chromosomes are
      non-random but are secondary to the malignant progression of these tumors.

PMID- 2298506
TI  - A population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in Majorca. I. Dietary
      factors.
AB  - A population-based case-control study was conducted between July 1984 and
      February 1988 in the Spanish island of Majorca; 286 incident colorectal cancer
      cases, 295 population controls and 203 hospital controls were interviewed using a
      food frequency questionnaire. In a multivariate analysis, an increased risk of
      colon cancer was found for high consumption of fresh meats (RR = 2.87) while a
      high consumption of cruciferous vegetables afforded protection (RR = 0.48). For
      rectal cancer an increased risk was associated with dairy products (RR = 3.08)
      while a protection was afforded by consumption of cruciferae (RR = 0.50). For
      colorectal cancer, the cereal food group also showed an increase in risk (RR =
      1.92). When cases were compared to hospital controls, the effects of cruciferae
      in colon and rectum and those of dairy products in rectal cancer remained. The
      magnitude of the RR estimates was decreased for most comparisons, although in
      general terms the direction of the associations was the same. In addition,
      univariate analyses of food groups also suggested significant increases in risk
      of colorectal cancer for increasing consumption of cereals, potatoes, pastry,
      eggs and number of meals per day. An indication was found of a reduction in risk
      for consumers of coffee. An analysis based on risk scores was also conducted and
      a 4-fold increase in the risk of colorectal cancer and a highly significant
      statistical trend was found for high consumption of fresh meat, dairy products
      and cereals combined with low consumption of cruciferae.

PMID- 2298507
TI  - Measurement of 5'-methylthioadenosine in patients with neoplasms.
AB  - The amount of polyamines in urine from patients with various neoplasms is larger
      than in normal subjects. We have determined the concentration of 5'
      methylthioadenosine (MTA), a by-product of the polyamine biosynthesis, in
      patients with malignancies as well as normal subjects. Our studies indicate that
      the amount of MTA in urine from patients with leukemias and malignant lymphomas
      was higher than in normal subjects (p less than 0.005). Urine samples from
      patients with other malignancies contained normal amounts of MTA. The levels of
      blood MTA in patients with leukemias before treatment or in relapse was higher
      than in control subjects (p less than 0.005), while in patients with other
      malignancies and leukemia in remission, the levels were not different from
      control subjects. Peripheral blood MTA levels clearly decreased after effective
      chemotherapy. The measurement of MTA levels in urine and blood may not be as
      useful as polyamine assays for the detection of malignancies, but blood levels of
      MTA may be useful as an indicator of the efficacy of chemotherapy in leukemic
      patients.

PMID- 2298508
TI  - Endomyocardial biopsy diagnosis of small vessel disease: a clinicopathologic
      study.
AB  - We reviewed the clinical history of 191 patients undergoing endomyocardial biopsy
      and correlated signs and symptoms of heart disease with the presence or absence
      of small vessel disease. Idiopathic congestive heart failure (78%), arrhythmia
      (35%), and chest pain (25%) were the most frequent indications for biopsy. Small
      vessel disease was noted in 61% of the biopsies (67% female, 56% male): 10%
      severe, 36% moderate, and 15% mild small vessel disease. Patients with
      hypertension were twice as likely to have small vessel disease than those without
      hypertension. Of the 27 females with hypertension, 85% had small vessel disease,
      67% with either severe or moderate small vessel disease. Small vessel disease was
      almost twice as frequent in patients with chest pain compared to patients without
      chest pain. Chest pain was significantly more common in patients with severe
      small vessel disease than in those with normal small vessels. Of all patients
      with chest pain, 18% had severe small vessel disease; however, of 20 patients
      with severe small vessel disease, 45% had chest pain. This analysis suggests that
      small vessel disease seen in endomyocardial biopsy is more common in women and is
      related to hypertension. When severe, it is likely to be associated with atypical
      chest pain.

PMID- 2298509
TI  - Perforation of the heart in a newborn with critical valvar pulmonary stenosis
      during balloon valvoplasty.
AB  - We describe the perforation of the right ventricular outflow tract with a 0.021
      inch wire in a newborn infant with critical pulmonary valvar stenosis in an
      attempt to balloon dilatation of the pulmonary valve. The complication was
      diagnosed by contrast injection into the pericardium. The infant was followed
      with sector scan echocardiography and recovered completely from that injury. The
      dilatation was successfully repeated a few days later with the use of a soft
      tipped wire to cross the pulmonary valve.

PMID- 2298511
TI  - Is the prevalence of severe stenoses of left circumflex different from that of
      the right coronary artery?
AB  - We reviewed the last 911 coronary arteriograms performed in our laboratory
      because of chest pain. Among 215 patients with single-vessel disease, 40 had
      stenosis in the right coronary artery and 43 in the left circumflex. This finding
      conflicts with previous reports. Perhaps racial differences could explain this
      discrepancy.

PMID- 2298510
TI  - Hypotension during exercise caused by venodilatation.
AB  - A 54-year-old woman without organic heart disease presented with presyncopal
      symptoms during work. A decreased cardiac output was demonstrated by haemodynamic
      measurements during exercise. Treatment with fludrocortisone and ephedrine was
      initiated with a good haemodynamic and symptomatic result.

PMID- 2298512
TI  - Systolic coronary occlusion due to myocardial bridging--a rare cause of
      ischaemia.
AB  - Myocardial bridging causing systolic occlusion of the left anterior descending
      coronary artery was identified in a 47-year-old man with angina. A fixed
      anterolateral wall defect was demonstrated on thallium imaging and he underwent
      successful division of the bridge resulting in abolition of his symptoms and
      disappearance of the thallium defect.

PMID- 2298513
TI  - Adverse effect of sodium nitroprusside 48 hours after myocardial infarction.
AB  - We present a patient with acute myocardial infarction in whom the use of
      nitroprusside 48 hours after the first symptom, was accompanied by a rise in the
      ST segment representative of the ischemic area. Our experience suggests that
      precaution is needed in the use of nitroprusside even several days after an acute
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2298514
TI  - Improved outcome of coronary arterial bypass surgery in a small center after
      identification and modification of peroperative risk factors.
AB  - By uni- and multivariate analysis, predictors of surgical mortality and
      postoperative angina were identified retrospectively in 189 patients having had
      coronary arterial bypass surgery over the period 1978-1984. After modification of
      these risk factors, surgical outcome was followed up in another 178 patients
      undergoing operation from 1985 to 1987. The surgical mortality of 7% in the first
      series was closely associated with postoperative signs of acute myocardial
      injury. All deaths occurred in patients having at least 3 out of 5 pre- and
      peroperative risk factors: triple vessel/left main coronary arterial disease,
      incomplete revascularization, no propranolol treatment, Bretschneider
      cardioplegia other than "HTP"-solution with blood preperfusion and perioperative
      vasopressor support. The procedures of cardiac protection were modified. St
      Thomas multidose potassium cardioplegia and general hypothermia were introduced,
      perioperative propranolol treatment increased and bypass time decreased. Improved
      cardiac protection with this regime was seen in the patients operated in 1985
      1987 when compared with the first series with regard to perioperative vasopressor
      support (8 vs 33%, P less than 0.001), spontaneous operative defibrillation (72
      vs 52%, P less than 0.001), postoperative arrhythmias (20 vs 43%, P less than
      0.001), peak levels of serum enzymes (P less than 0.001), myocardial infarction
      (7 vs 19%, P less than 0.001) and hospital mortality (2 vs 7%, P less than 0.05).
      The incidence of freedom from symptoms at 3 months was also increased in the
      patients undergoing operation from 1985 to 1987 (72 vs 61%, P less than 0.05).
      Even small centers can improve their surgical outcome by carefully analysing
      their own results and modifying the identified risk factors.

PMID- 2298515
TI  - Efficiency of the heart as estimated from uncalibrated diagrams of
      intraventricular pressure related to conductance.
AB  - Using a diagram representing the relationship of intraventricular pressure and
      conductance, we determined ventricular efficiency from the weighted relationship
      between the area encompassed by the loop (the stroke work) and the total area
      surrounded by the end-diastolic curve, the systolic segment of the diagram, and
      the end-systolic line. The basic concept underlying this calculation stems from
      the linear relationship between consumption of oxygen by the heart and the total
      area discussed above, a relationship already well established in the literature.
      In five animals investigated under control conditions, values ranged, as
      expected, from 17.5 to 30.6% (average 21.78%, SD 5.06). They showed a significant
      increase (P less than 0.05) after an inotropic maneuver (range 19.9-40.0%,
      average 31.17, SD 7.43). An attractive feature is that the diagrams need not be
      calibrated in absolute terms. The procedure can be easily applied during routine
      cardiac catheterization to obtain complementary information (ventricular
      efficiency) which is of value in the evaluation of cardiac performance.

PMID- 2298516
TI  - Changes in blood pressure and heart rate during passive upright tilt upon
      electrical carotid sinus nerve stimulation.
AB  - Electrical carotid sinus nerve stimulation was applied in three normotensive
      anginal patients and one hypertensive patient during upright tilting. Despite a
      base-line depressor response to continuous stimulation, orthostatic hypotension
      was not augmented. In individual patients stimulation slightly enhanced the fall
      of systolic pressure and delayed the increase of diastolic pressure immediately
      after tilting. Base-line heart rates and cardio-acceleration upon tilting
      remained almost uninfluenced by stimulation. It is concluded that a moderately
      enhanced carotid baroreceptor afferent nerve traffic did not interfere with the
      regular orthostatic response.

PMID- 2298517
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse: cardiac arrest with long-term survival.
AB  - Cardiac arrest has been reported in patients with mitral valve prolapse; however,
      clinical characteristics and survival information are limited since most of the
      cases reported include autopsy data. Nine patients (2 male, 7 female) with mitral
      valve prolapse were identified who had cardiac arrest; ventricular fibrillation
      was documented in 8 patients; resuscitation was unsuccessful in 2. Eight had a
      history of palpitations (months to 15 years duration) and ventricular
      arrhythmias, 3 had a history (5-15 years) of recurrent syncope, and 1 was totally
      asymptomatic. Cardiac catheterization-angiographic studies in 8 patients
      demonstrated normal coronary artery anatomy and mitral valve prolapse. All 9
      patients had auscultatory and echocardiographic evidence of mitral valve
      prolapse. Seven survivors (6 still alive) were followed from 3 to 14 years after
      cardiac arrest. A subset of patients with mitral valve prolapse and cardiac
      arrest is described in whom past medical history is compatible with cardiac
      arrhythmias or syncope, and whose long-term prognosis appears better than
      patients with other causes of cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2298518
TI  - Absence of humoral autoimmunity in peripartum cardiomyopathy. A comparative study
      in Niger.
AB  - The authors report a humoral immunity study in 39 black Nigerian women with
      peripartum cardiomyopathy. Serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) assay,
      evaluation of serum immune complexes (immunonephelemetric method) and of heart
      muscle autoantibodies (indirect immunofluorescent double layer technique in heart
      muscle of the rat) were made. Forty breastfeeding black Nigerian women without
      cardiac disease were the controls. Differences between serum immunoglobulins,
      circulating immune complexes and heart muscle autoantibodies are not significant.
      This study demonstrates the absence of a humoral autoimmunity process in
      peripartum cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2298519
TI  - Retrograde dual atrioventricular nodal pathway in patients with atrioventricular
      reciprocating tachycardia using concealed accessory pathways.
AB  - We present electrophysiological studies in two patients with atrioventricular
      reciprocating tachycardias. The first patient had anterograde dual
      atrioventricular nodal pathways with a right-sided concealed accessory pathway.
      The retrograde atrioventricular nodal pathway showed evidence suggestive of slow
      pathway properties. After block was induced with ajmaline in the accessory
      pathway, a typical pattern of discontinuous retrograde atrioventricular nodal
      conduction curves was recognized. We then observed three types of induced
      atrioventricular reentry. The other patient had continuous anterograde
      atrioventricular nodal conduction, a fast-conducting retrograde atrioventricular
      nodal pathway and a left-sided concealed accessory pathway. After refractoriness
      had been induced in the accessory pathway with ajmaline, a typical pattern of
      retrograde dual atrioventricular nodal pathways was recognized, and it proved
      impossible to induce atrioventricular nodal echoes. Induction of block or
      impairment of conduction with ajmaline in the concealed accessory pathway proved
      helpful in the disclosure of retrograde dual atrioventricular nodal pathways by
      means of the ventricular extrastimulus method.

PMID- 2298520
TI  - Electrophysiologic studies of the heart in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We investigated the electrophysiological properties of the heart in patients with
      definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis using programmed electrical
      stimulation techniques. Twelve patients with rheumatoid arthritis and without
      evidence of organic heart disease or arrhythmia detectable with serial
      electrocardiograms and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring were
      compared with 12 control subjects. Stimulation was performed from the high right
      atrium and right ventricular apex at a drive cycle length of 600 msec and the
      recording sites included high right atrium, atrioventricular junction and distal
      coronary sinus. There was no statistically significant difference in the
      corrected sinus node recovery time between the study and control group of
      patients. Similarly, no differences from normal were found in the AH and HV
      intervals or in the atrial and ventricular refractoriness, whereas the
      atrioventricular nodal effective refractory period was higher in patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis, compared with the control group (338 +/- 38 vs 286 +/- 29,
      P less than 0.02). The atrial conduction time during basic cycle length had a
      tendency to increase from high right atrium to atrioventricular junction in the
      study group and reached statistical significance from high right atrium to
      coronary sinus (92 +/- 15 vs 74 +/- 14, P less than 0.05). Electrophysiologic
      differences between the study and control patients also included a greater
      increase in maximal intraatrial (40 +/- 13 vs 27 +/- 16, P less than 0.05) and
      interatrial conduction delay (54 +/- 16 vs 31 +/- 12, P less than 0.01) of early
      premature stimuli in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298522
TI  - Exercise myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with technetium-99m methoxy
      isobutylisonitrile: a comparative study with thallium-201.
AB  - The evaluation of technetium-99m methoxy isobutylisonitrile for the diagnosis of
      coronary artery disease requires comparative validation against thallium-201, the
      established perfusion imaging agent. We have compared myocardial and lung uptake
      of both radiotracers following maximal exercise in 52 patients: 40 with
      angiographically proven coronary disease. Qualitative and quantitative image
      analysis showed the diagnostic sensitivity of technetium-99m methoxy
      isobutylisonitrile to compare favourably with that of thallium-201 as reflected
      by the mean number of ischaemic segments identified: 5.6 +/- 2.5 vs 4.8 +/- 2.1
      by qualitative analysis, and 5.7 +/- 3.2 vs 5.0 +/- 2.6 segments by quantitative
      analysis. More reversibly ischaemic segments per patient were identified with
      technetium-99m methoxy isobutylisonitrile than with thallium-201: 3.6 +/- 2.3 vs
      1.8 +/- 1.9. There was a higher exercise myocardial to background count ratio
      with technetium-99m methoxy isobutylisonitrile: 3.16:1 vs 2.58:1, and the mean
      exercise lung uptake normalised to left ventricular uptake ('lung index'), was
      lower for technetium-99m methoxy isobutylisonitrile than for thallium-201 (36 +/-
      8% vs 40 +/- 10%). Five of the six patients with abnormal elevation of the
      thallium-201 exercise lung index also had elevation of the technetium-99m methoxy
      isobutylisonitrile exercise lung index, and all had extensive coronary artery
      disease. These results indicate that technetium-99m methoxy isobutylisonitrile is
      at least as effective as thallium-201 for detecting exercise induced myocardial
      ischaemia. However, technetium-99m methoxy isobutylisonitrile provides a better
      image quality and may be a more sensitive marker of defect reversibility. For
      both radiotracers lung uptake is increased with extensive coronary artery disease
      and measurement of this variable provides prognostic information.

PMID- 2298521
TI  - Timing and magnitude of serum creatine kinase-MB after transcatheter cardiac
      tissue fulguration in man.
AB  - This study examined the impact of transcatheter fulguration on creatine kinase-MB
      release in 21 patients (age range 17-71 years). Arrhythmia diagnoses were
      ventricular tachycardia 9, atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response
      7, atrioventricular nodal reentry 2, and reciprocating tachycardia utilizing a
      posteroseptal accessory pathway 3. Seven patients had apparently normal hearts
      while 8 had ischemic heart disease and 6 cardiomyopathy. Timing of initial
      elevated creatine kinase-MB activity (mean 1.34 +/- 0.69 SD hours) and peak
      creatine kinase-MB activity (mean 3.73 +/- 0.89 SD hours) was relatively uniform
      in all patients. Time to peak creatine kinase-MB activity was unrelated to either
      underlying cardiac disease (normal: 3.9 +/- 1.0 hours; ischemic heart disease:
      3.5 +/- 0.9 hours; cardiomyopathy: 3.8 +/- 0.9 hours), or fulguration site (His
      bundle (n = 9): 4.2 +/- 0.9 hours, proximal coronary sinus (n = 3): 3.3 +/- 0.3
      hours, ventricle (n = 9): 3.4 +/- 0.8 hours). The magnitude of peak serum
      creatine kinase-MB activity was independent of myocardial diagnosis or
      fulguration site, but was linearly related to total energy delivered (r = 0.5, P
      less than 0.022). The latter correlation was particularly strong within cardiac
      diagnosis subgroups (normal: r = 0.92, P less than 0.002; ischemic heart disease:
      0.73, P less than 0.04; non-ischemic cardiomyopathy: r = 0.57, P = NS). Thus,
      serum creatine kinase-MB activity following transcatheter fulguration is linearly
      related to the magnitude of delivered energy, and is similar to that observed
      after transient coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion.

PMID- 2298523
TI  - Ophthalmology in the Third World.

PMID- 2298524
TI  - Primary eye care and the design of the WHO Programme for the Prevention of
      Blindness.

PMID- 2298525
TI  - Lens implantation at cataract camps in Nepal.

PMID- 2298526
TI  - Blindness prevention for refugees and displaced persons.

PMID- 2298527
TI  - Training health care workers in ophthalmic care: the experience of Helen Keller
      International.

PMID- 2298528
TI  - Project ORBIS.

PMID- 2298529
TI  - Systems development for ophthalmic care in appropriate nations: an American
      approach.

PMID- 2298530
TI  - Illness among expatriate relief workers during a refugee disaster.

PMID- 2298531
TI  - Retinal detachment prevents normal assembly of disk membranes in vitro.
AB  - The effects of retinal detachment upon disk membrane assembly in rod outer
      segments were assessed in Xenopus laevis retinas that had been maintained in
      eyecup cultures for up to 4 days. In these cultures, assembly of disk membranes
      occurred at a normal rate in regions of the retina that remained attached to the
      retinal pigment epithelium. In regions of the retina that were detached from the
      pigment epithelium, the assembly of new disk membranes either was abnormal or was
      inhibited. This result cannot be attributed to reduced access of cells in the
      detached retina to oxygen and metabolites. The experiments described here suggest
      that the apposition of the retina with the pigment epithelium is a necessary
      condition for normal disk membrane assembly in Xenopus retinas. This effect may
      be mediated by contact between the rod outer segments and the pigment epithelium,
      or by trophic factors in the subretinal space.

PMID- 2298532
TI  - Stimulation of cell division by argon and Nd:YAG laser trabeculoplasty in
      cynomolgus monkeys.
AB  - Although laser treatment of the trabecular meshwork is the most common form of
      surgery for glaucoma, the tissue response to this therapy is still incompletely
      understood. We applied argon or Nd:YAG laser to the trabecular meshwork of six
      monkeys. Cell division was identified by injecting tritiated thymidine into the
      anterior chamber 24 hr after laser application. Autoradiography of tissue
      sections revealed significantly more labelled cells in eyes treated with laser
      than in the untreated controls. In addition, cells in neighboring tissues such as
      iris, ciliary body and sclera showed labelling in association with laser
      application. Furthermore, comparison of argon-induced lesions with those caused
      by pulsed Nd:YAG suggests that there are quantitative and qualitative differences
      in the response of trabecular meshwork and surrounding tissues to these two forms
      of laser energy.

PMID- 2298533
TI  - The source of proteins in the aqueous humor of the normal rabbit.
AB  - Aqueous fluorophotometric, tracer localization and modeling methods were combined
      to document the existence of a pathway in the normal rabbit for the diffusion of
      proteins from the ciliary and iridial process stromas through the iris stroma
      into the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber. A new custom-conjugated tracer,
      fluoresceinated horseradish peroxidase (F-HRP), was used. Anesthetized rabbits
      were injected intravenously with F-HRP (250 mg/kg). In some animals, aqueous
      fluorophotometric and tracer localization studies were performed on the same
      eyes. Anterior chamber fluorescence was detected 2-10 min post-injection and rose
      to concentrations of 0.01-0.05 mg/ml 60 min post-injection. Subsequent tracer
      localization studies of these eyes revealed that the morphologic components of
      the blood-aqueous barrier were intact, that is, no leakage of F-HRP from the iris
      vasculature or across the ciliary epithelium was observed. Separate tracer
      localization studies were performed to examine the time course of the route(s) by
      which tracer entered the anterior chamber. These studies revealed a "wave" of
      tracer that migrated from the ciliary and iridial process stromas, through the
      iris, and arrived at the anterior iris surface approximately 8 min post
      injection. A pharmacokinetic model based on the diffusional pathway was developed
      to describe the time course of the concentration of plasma macromolecules in the
      ciliary body, iris and anterior chamber. Model predictions were consistent with
      aqueous fluorophotometric and tracer localization results. The diffusion model
      can account for a major fraction of protein entering the aqueous humor of normal
      rabbit eyes.

PMID- 2298534
TI  - Studies on the ocular pharmacology of prostaglandin D2.
AB  - Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) exerts a variety of biologic actions in the eye; these
      include ocular hypotension and inflammatory effects on the conjunctiva. The
      profile of activity of PGD2 in ocular tissues was compared to that of BW 245C, a
      selective agonist for the PGD2-sensitive (DP) receptor, and to that of the
      biologically active metabolites of PGD2, 9 alpha,11 beta-prostaglandin F2 (9
      alpha,11 beta-PGF2) and prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2). PGD2 produced a dose-dependent
      decrease in intraocular pressure and in the conjunctiva it caused increased
      conjunctival microvascular permeability, eosinophil infiltration and goblet cell
      depletion. Although BW 245C was equipotent to PGD2 as an ocular hypotensive
      agent, it did not cause pathological effects in the conjunctiva. Thus, the ocular
      hypotensive effect of PGD2 may be separated from inflammatory effects on the
      conjunctiva by employing a selective DP-receptor agonist such as BW 245C. 9
      alpha,11 beta-PGF2 was a weak ocular hypotensive and did not cause conjunctival
      inflammation. PGJ2 produced no significant effect on intraocular pressure. PGJ2
      did not elicit a microvascular permeability response in the conjunctiva, but was
      inflammatory in other respects and caused eosinophil infiltration and goblet cell
      depletion similar to PGD2. Thus, both the ocular hypotensive actions and the
      conjunctival pathology of PGD2 may be replicated individually by employing PGD2
      analogues and metabolites.

PMID- 2298535
TI  - Angiotensin binding sites in rabbit anterior uvea and human ciliary epithelial
      cells.
AB  - Angiotensin binding sites in membrane homogenates of rabbit iris/ciliary body and
      human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial (NPE) cells grown in culture were
      characterized using radioligand binding assays with (125I)-sarcosine1-isoleucine8
      angiotensin II [(125I)-SARILE]. Scatchard analysis of the binding of (125I)
      SARILE yielded linear plots with a Kd value of 0.55 +/- 0.1 nM and a Bmax of 98
      +/- 23 fmol/mg protein in rabbit iris/ciliary body, and a Kd value of 0.63 +/-
      0.1 nM, and a Bmax of 36.2 +/- 24 fmol/mg protein in NPE cells. Studies of the
      inhibition of the binding of (125I)-SARILE in rabbit iris/ciliary body were
      performed with a series of competing ligands, including the angiotensin receptor
      antagonist SARILE and the agonists angiotensin I, angiotensin II and angiotensin
      III. Inhibition curves for the antagonist resulted in Hill coefficients of
      approximately 1, consistent with the presence of a single class of binding sites
      with high affinity for (125I)-SARILE. Competition for the binding of (125I)
      SARILE to binding sites with each of the agonists resulted in inhibition curves
      with Hill coefficients significantly less than 1 in the absence of GTP. However,
      in the presence of 100 microM GTP the Hill coefficients increased to
      approximately 1. The order of potencies of these agents was consistent with the
      pharmacologic profile of angiotensin II receptors. Thus rabbit iris/ciliary body
      homogenates, which include vascular tissue, contain a homogeneous population of
      angiotensin binding sites coupled to a guanine nucleotide binding protein. The
      presence of binding sites in cultured NPE cells indicates that at least some are
      located on the cells thought to be responsible for aqueous humor secretion.

PMID- 2298536
TI  - Lateral spatial assay of zinc and superoxide dismutase in the ocular lens.
AB  - A procedure is described, using a freezing microtome and measurements of tissue
      slice volume, to obtain serial sections of the lens for analysis of components
      from one side of the organ to the other. The concentrations of zinc (analyzed by
      atomic absorption spectrophotometry) were similar in serial sections taken across
      the lens from the anterior to the posterior surface. The levels of the zinc
      metalloenzyme superoxide dismutase were, however, much higher in the anterior
      sections. This quite simple procedure may be useful for analyzing the
      distribution of lenticular components.

PMID- 2298537
TI  - Spontaneous sterilization in experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis
      endophthalmitis.
AB  - We created a standardized model of endophthalmitis in the aphakic rabbit eye
      using a laboratory strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis of known characteristics
      (ATCC 155). Eyes were injected with the following number of organisms: 170, 3760,
      8750, 170,000 and 460,000. Serial quantitative cultures, clinical grading of
      infection and histopathologic studies were performed on days 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14.
      Bacteria appeared to multiply rapidly during the first 24 hr with peak recovery
      at 8 to 24 hr. Fewer bacteria were cultured on the third day after injection, and
      positive cultures were rare after the third day. Inflammatory scores were
      initially higher with each increased number of injected bacteria and tended to
      increase for the first 3 to 5 days.

PMID- 2298539
TI  - Optic fissure closure in the normal cinnamon mouse. An ultrastructural study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the ultrastructural features of optic
      fissure closure. Serial coronal sections of fetal eyes from the eleventh to the
      thirteenth gestational day were examined by light and electron microscopy. Fusion
      was associated with inversion of the retinal pigment epithelium at the optic
      fissure and it occurred first between undifferentiated cells at the junction of
      the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. It later extended to involve the
      entire thickness of the pigment epithelium and neuroretina, with the inner aspect
      of the latter being the last area to fuse. There was some evidence that closure
      does not always start at the center of the fissure as generally described, but
      may sometimes start near the developing papilla. At an ultrastructural level,
      there was multifocal disintegration of the basement membrane associated with the
      formation of cytoplasmic processes at these sites. Simple appositional contacts
      between processes on either side of the fissure comprised the first stages of
      fusion. Later intermediate-type junctions were formed between adjacent outer
      retinal cells (presumptive photoreceptors) and junctional complexes were formed
      at the apices of pigment epithelial cells at the site of fusion. This suggests an
      increase in mechanical adherence between cells. While basement membrane
      disintegrated at the center of the fusion site, there was a continuous layer of
      basement membrane at the internal and external limits of fusion. Cell death
      together with two morphological types of phagocytic cells were a constant feature
      at the fissure margins before, during and after fusion. The possible origins and
      roles of these cells in the fusion process is discussed.

PMID- 2298538
TI  - Pathologic changes in the exorbital lacrimal gland of the vitamin A-deficient
      rat.
AB  - Histologic changes in lacrimal glands of vitamin A-deficient (A-) and pair-fed
      control rats were compared. In A- lacrimal glands, secretory granules were
      strikingly diminished, and rough endoplasmic reticulum appeared somewhat
      atrophic. Nuclei of acinar cells were hyperchromatic and pleomorphic. Using
      alcian blue-PAS, no positive staining was present in acini of A- lacrimal glands,
      whereas in controls apical portions of acini were intensely stained. Thus,
      lacrimal tissues of A- rats were thought to be poorly differentiated as a
      glandular epithelium. When A- rats were supplemented with retinyl acetate,
      secretory granules reappeared, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae greatly
      dilated, and mitochondria proliferated, indicating accelerated secretory
      activity. Resupply of vitamin A can induce glandular differentiation in A-
      lacrimal tissues. Tear volume was not decreased in A- rats compared with pair-fed
      controls. Regression of secretory organelles in A- lacrimal tissues may lead to a
      decrease in protein and mucoprotein secretion and subsequent changes in tear
      composition.

PMID- 2298541
TI  - Measuring fundus landmarks.
AB  - Three methods of determining the actual size of objects on the living fundus were
      utilized to measure the horizontal disc diameter (H) in 68 volunteers. H1 was
      calculated from fundus photographs based on the refractive power of the eye and
      according to the formula of Bengtsson and Krakau. H2 was derived from Littmann's
      trigonometric curves based on the anterior corneal curvature and the refractive
      power of the eye. H3 was derived from Littmann's trigonometric curves based on
      the axial length and the refractive power of the eye. H1 underestimated H2 by a
      mean of 0.91% (S.D. 2.19%) in 68 eyes. H3 underestimated H2 by a mean of 3.6%
      (S.D. 4.0%). We concluded that H1 was an acceptable approximation of H2 in a
      clinical setting and retrospective studies.

PMID- 2298540
TI  - Transpupillary irradiation of the rabbit retina with the cw-Nd:YAG laser. I.
      Acute morphologic effects produced using two different pulse forms.
AB  - The retinas of six pigmented rabbits (12 eyes) were irradiated with a cw-Nd:YAG
      laser using two different pulse forms, in conjunction with a constant pulse
      duration of 200 msec and a retinal focus diameter of 200 microns. The first pulse
      form (a) was characterized by an initial transient, lasting 15-20 msec, with a
      peak power twice that of the ensuing plateau phase of 180-185 msec. The second
      pulse form (b) was almost rectangular in shape. Although the average energies
      (and powers) for each pulse form were identical, almost 20% of this entity was
      delivered within the first 20 msec for the first pulse form. Impact lesions were
      examined at the biomicroscopic, light, and electron microscopic levels, and the
      characteristic morphologic features described for the cw-mode in general.
      Comparison of the effects produced using each pulse form revealed a number of
      differences. At low pulse energies (less than 150 mJ) the rectangular pulse form
      produced a photocoagulation reaction within the outer sensory retina, but when
      using the pulse form with the initial transient, this effect was superimposed by
      a degree of mechanical disruption. Ruptures produced within the elastic component
      of Bruch's membrane first appeared at lower pulse energies (ie, at 75 mJ, as
      opposed to 150 mJ for the rectangular pulse form) and were more frequent, and
      choroidal macrohemorrhaging (observed at pulse energies greater than or equal to
      200 mJ) occurred only, when this latter pulse form was employed. Each of these
      phenomena may be attributed to the higher power and energy densities attained
      during the initial transient, which has disruptive properties. In order to avoid
      the risk of severe bleeding, these irradiation parameters should be maintained
      below approximately 6.4 X 10(3) W/cm2 and approximately 0.13 X 10(3) J/cm2.

PMID- 2298542
TI  - Extravascular albumin concentration of the uvea.
AB  - The hypothesis that uveal vessels absorb fluid was tested by measuring the
      albumin in extravascular uveal tissues and in plasma. From these results the
      effective albumin concentration was calculated in both rabbits and monkeys. Three
      separate methods were used to measure uveal albumin, and the results of these
      were compared. In method 1, the intravenous fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)
      albumin concentration found in the uvea 5 min after injection (intravascular
      tracer) was subtracted from that found 2 hr after injection (intravascular plus
      extravascular tracer) to determine the extravascular albumin concentration. In
      method 2, intravenous FITC-albumin was followed by vascular washout after a 2-hr
      equilibration period to determine extravascular uveal albumin. In method 3, the
      endogenous extravascular albumin concentration of uveal tissues was measured with
      an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after vascular washout. The
      effective albumin concentration was determined by dividing the data in methods 1,
      2, and 3 by the extravascular albumin space volume. The effective albumin
      concentration in monkey (as percentage of plasma) was, for methods 1, 2, and 3:
      iris 2, 3, and 4%; pars plicata 14, 12, and 7%; pars plana 2, 10, and 12%; and
      choroid 2, 12, and 10%, respectively. In rabbit, the extravascular albumin
      concentrations were: iris 10, 21, and 7%; pars plicata 69, 26, and 39%; pars
      plana 41, 46, and 10%; and choroid 88, 30, and 26%, respectively. These findings
      are lower than previously reported in rabbits, yet are consistent with previous
      estimates in monkeys. These results support the hypothesis that uveal vessels are
      capable of fluid absorption, since a large colloid osmotic gradient exists across
      the vessel wall.

PMID- 2298543
TI  - Effects of dopamine on the chick retinal pigment epithelium. Membrane potentials
      and light-evoked responses.
AB  - Dopamine, a retinal neurotransmitter, is known to affect electrical measures of
      retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) function: the standing potential and the DC ERG.
      To locate the origin of these effects, studies were performed on in vitro
      preparations of chick retina-RPE-choroid, which were separately perfused on the
      retinal and choroidal tissue surfaces. Dopamine (250 micrograms) in the retinal
      bath depolarized the RPE basal membrane, decreased the apparent basal membrane
      resistance (Rba) and increased the ERG c-wave. At concentrations less than or
      equal to 100 microM, retinal dopamine often caused a transient basal membrane
      hyperpolarization, accompanied by an apparent increase in Rba and decrease in c
      wave. Surprisingly, 20-100 microM choroidal dopamine induced similar changes in
      basal membrane potential, resistance and c-wave amplitude, and the transient
      hyperpolarization and increase in Rba were often more pronounced than at
      comparable concentrations of retinal dopamine. Experiments in RPE-choroid
      preparations suggested that the effects of retinal dopamine were not secondary to
      effects on the neural retina. The effects of retinal and choroidal dopamine in
      the same tissue often were distinct, suggesting separate receptor populations on
      the apical and basolateral membranes of the RPE. The c-wave changes could be
      explained by the changes in Rba, and not by an effect on the light-evoked
      decrease in subretinal [K+]0. Choroidal perfusion with 50 microM 4,4'
      diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DIDS), which appears to block a Cl-
      conductance in chick RPE, blocked the effects of dopamine perfusion on either
      side of the tissue. These results suggest that perfusion with either retinal or
      choroidal dopamine leads to electrical effects on the RPE basal membrane,
      possibly via a second-messenger system affecting a basal membrane Cl-
      conductance. Dopamine could suppress the "light-peak" depolarization of the RPE
      basal membrane. When either retinal or choroidal dopamine induced a large net
      change in trans-tissue potential (originating as a change in basal membrane
      potential), the light peak was severely depressed, while smaller changes produced
      correspondingly smaller decreases in light-peak amplitude. We found, however,
      that light-peak amplitude was not significantly reduced when there was little net
      change in the trans-tissue potential, even though dopamine may have produced
      sizable transient effects. Thus, despite apparent occupation of dopamine
      receptors on the RPE, the light peak persisted under these conditions. Similar
      relations between light-peak amplitude and net change in trans-tissue potential
      have been observed for a variety of different conditions, suggesting that the
      effect of dopamine on the light peak is nonspecific.

PMID- 2298544
TI  - Corticosteroid treatment of laser retinal damage affects prostaglandin E2
      response.
AB  - The current study investigated the effect of steroid treatment of eyes subjected
      to a single retinal argon laser lesion on vitreal accumulation of both
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and protein and their relationship with the amounts of
      PGE2 released from the retina-choroid. Laser exposure resulted in an elevation in
      the amounts of PGE2 released by the retina-choroid of laser-treated eyes: there
      was an initial peak on day 1, followed by a higher peak on day 7 (13.0 +/- 3.9
      ng/mg protein and 32.9 +/- 4.9 ng/mg protein, respectively) after which levels
      progressively declined. Steroid treatment prevented the initial peak, but did not
      prevent the enhanced PGE2 amounts released during the second week. Thus, on day 7
      the amounts released were lower by 32% than in the untreated group (21.0 +/- 8.6
      ng/mg protein vs 32.9 +/- 4.9 ng/mg protein, P = 0.000); by day 14, however, peak
      values in the treated group were higher than in the untreated group (32.2 +/-
      12.4 ng/mg protein and 10.6 +/- 4.5 ng/mg protein, respectively). In steroid
      treated eyes, vitreal PGE2 concentration remained unchanged from baseline over a
      2-week follow-up, whereas in the untreated laser group, levels peaked on day 7 to
      10.7 +/- 3.6 ng/ml, exceeding baseline levels of 5.8 +/- 1.7 ng/ml (P = 0.0002).
      Laser exposure was also associated with a biphasic elevation in vitreal protein
      concentrations on days 3 and 14 (0.68 +/- 0.16 mg/ml and 0.79 +/- 0.13 mg/ml,
      respectively); these were significantly higher than the baseline value of 0.43 +/
      0.12 mg/ml (P = 0.03 and P = 0.004, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2298545
TI  - Quantitative CT of the spine. Significance of intervertebral body variability.
AB  - Quantitative CT of the spine has been used to predict and to identify a
      population at increased risk for fracture. This effort has been limited, in part,
      by the considerable range in normal values of mineral content. We studied the
      mineral contents of individual vertebral bodies to evaluate our empirical
      observation that mineral content changes from one vertebral body to the next and
      to assess the effect of this variability upon mineral content determination.
      Fifty-nine patients referred for the evaluation of osteoporosis were studied by
      single energy and dual energy quantitative CT. Variability among patients and
      fluctuations in the CT machine were corrected by a bone density phantom. Measured
      bone mineral contents were normalized by taking these variations into account.
      Analysis of covariance and t-tests indicated significant differences in the
      measured mineral contents from the T12 to the L3 vertebral bodies. Mean mineral
      contents for different vertebra were significantly different for both the single
      energy and dual energy methods, decreasing from T12 to L3. The measured mineral
      contents of the vertebral bodies within a given patient were highly correlated.
      The high correlation of the mineral contents of the vertebral bodies within a
      given patient strengthens the conclusions that individual vertebral content
      measurement is a valid predictor for the mineral content of vertebrae. The
      current method of averaging several vertebral bodies improves the reliability of
      an overall measurement of mineral content.

PMID- 2298546
TI  - Computer-assisted assessment of the kinetic function of disk-type artificial
      heart valves.
AB  - A simple and accurate computer simulation method was developed to evaluate the
      geometrical parameters of disk-type artificial heart valves from
      cinefluorographic recordings. In vitro valve models with preset occluder angles
      were used to test the accuracy of the method. Linear regression analysis produced
      slope 1.00055 and intercept 0.0402, with r = 0.999. In vivo reproducibility was
      tested through repeated measurements, taken several weeks apart, of OMS valves in
      situ. Regression with slope 1.02 and intercept -0.95, r = 0.95 were found.

PMID- 2298547
TI  - Quadtree-based data compression of abdominal CT images.
AB  - An ROC study was performed to evaluate the effect of quadtree-based data
      compression on the diagnostic yield of CT images. Seventy images were selected
      from a series of consecutive abdominal/pelvic CT scans. Following the application
      of quadtree-based compression, all images were reviewed independently by three
      radiologists. The images were analyzed at six decreasing irreversible compression
      ratios (30.6:1 to 7.4:1), as well as after reversible compression (2.9:1). ROC
      curves reveal a gradual decrease in clinical accuracy with increasing compression
      ratios. At a compression ratio of 7.4:1, sensitivity for all major abnormalities
      was 99% with a specificity of 93%. As the compression ratio was increased to
      30.6:1, sensitivity and specificity dropped to 75% and 83% respectively.
      Execution times for compression and decompression of the CT images with a PC-AT
      based digital radiography system varied from 24.7 to 18.5 seconds and from 16.2
      to 5.1 seconds respectively, decreasing with higher levels of compression. We
      conclude that quadtree-based compression of abdominal CT images may have
      practical applications for a PC based digital radiography system.

PMID- 2298548
TI  - Doctors' requirements for reproducibility of diagnostic information.
AB  - Two radiologists independently assessed 100 leg vein phlebograms for the presence
      or absence of deep venous thrombosis. In a subsequent questionnaire, 66
      physicians were asked to state the level of agreement they would require to use
      conventional phlebography in their diagnostic decisions, and whether they would
      reduce their requirements if the phlebographic technique were made less painful
      and less expensive. The responses indicated physicians' requirements for
      reproducibility of a well-known routine diagnostic method may be unrealistic, and
      that physicians do not consider the inconvenience of an examination to the
      patient or its cost in setting their requirements for diagnostic precision.

PMID- 2298550
TI  - A method for evaluating the bronchial circulation. Preliminary observations.
AB  - Due to the small size of the bronchial arteries, the bronchial circulation is
      difficult to study and remains poorly understood. We have utilized single photon
      emission computed tomography (SPECT) as a noninvasive means of studying the
      bronchial circulation. Imaging studies were performed in sheep before and after
      the introduction of a single pulmonary embolus. Digital bronchial arteriograms
      demonstrated the dilatation of the bronchial artery which is present on studies
      one week after embolization. SPECT bronchial perfusion scans reveal a wedge of
      increased activity that corresponds to a wedge of decreased activity on SPECT
      pulmonary perfusion images. Axial images available with SPECT provide information
      about regional alterations of bronchial perfusion not readily apparent on
      bronchial arteriograms.

PMID- 2298549
TI  - Effects of contrast media on myocardial function during acute left ventricular
      failure in the dog.
AB  - We studied the hemodynamic side effects of intracoronary injection of contrast
      media during acute ischemic heart failure by using anesthetized dogs. Induction
      of failure was performed by microembolization of the area supplied by the left
      main coronary artery. Six ml of iohexol (Omnipaque) increased contractility
      during the normal state, while this contrast medium induced no alterations in any
      of the recorded hemodynamic variables during left ventricular failure. Ioxaglate
      (Hexabrix) was also well tolerated during the normal state, while sodium
      meglumine diatrizoate (Renografin) markedly decreased systolic variables.
      However, in the failing heart both ioxaglate and diatrizoate resulted in greater
      reduction in all systolic variables than in the normal heart. We conclude that
      both ionic contrast media may be harmful in acute ischemic heart failure. Non
      ionic iohexol appears safer in this condition.

PMID- 2298551
TI  - Tissue response of the biliary and digestive system of rabbits after MTBE
      infusion into the gallbladder.
AB  - We evaluated the tissue response of the biliary and digestive system after Methyl
      tert-Butyl-Ether (MTBE) gallbladder infusion in 32 rabbits. After laparotomy,
      MTBE (5-11 ml) was infused into the gallbladder for eight hours. Animals were
      sacrificed after eight hours or after two months. Control animals received saline
      solution infusion into the gallbladder. Afterwards the gallbladder, the common
      bile duct, the liver, the pancreas and the duodenum were examined histologically.
      All animals receiving MTBE had different degrees of gallbladder necrosis, common
      bile duct necrosis and necrosis of intrahepatic bile ducts. After two months,
      scar formation and a hyperplastic cholecystitis were observed. Control animals
      did not have comparable tissue reactions; only small areas of necrosis in the
      gallbladder and the common bile duct occurred after eight hours. The gallbladder,
      common bile duct and liver remained unchanged in those animals which survived two
      months. Although the results of this animal study cannot be directly transferred
      to humans, the data suggest that MTBE should be used in gallstone therapy with
      caution, and that if it is used, a well-controlled follow-up of these patients is
      necessary.

PMID- 2298552
TI  - Predicting femoral neck strength from bone mineral data. A structural approach.
AB  - An interactive computer program was developed to derive femoral neck geometry
      from raw bone mineral image data for an estimate of hip strength using single
      plane engineering stress analysis. The program, which we call Hip Strength
      Analysis (HSA), was developed as an attempt to improve the predictive value of
      hip bone mineral data for osteoporosis fracture risk assessment. We report a
      series of experiments with an aluminum phantom and with cadaver femora, designed
      to test the accuracy of derived geometric measurements and strength estimates.
      Using data acquired with both Lunar DP3 (DPA) and Hologic QDR-1000 (x-ray)
      scanners, HSA computed femoral neck cross-sectional areas (CSA) and cross
      sectional moments of inertia (CSMI) on an aluminum phantom were in excellent
      agreement with actual values (r greater than .99). Using Lunar DP3 data, CSA and
      CSMI measurements at mid-femoral necks of 22 cadaver specimens were in good
      general agreement with literature values. HSA computed cross-sectional properties
      of three of these specimens were compared with measurements derived from
      sequential CT cross-sectional images. Discrepancy between the two methods
      averaged less than 10% along the length of the femoral neck. Finally, breaking
      strengths of 20 of the femora were measured with a materials testing system,
      showing better agreement with HSA predicted strength (r = .89, percent standard
      of the estimate (%SEE) = 21%) than femoral neck bone mineral density (r = .79,
      %SEE = 28%).

PMID- 2298553
TI  - Optimal branching of human arterial bifurcations.
AB  - The area ratio, defined as the combined cross-sectional areas of the daughter
      branches divided by that of the parent artery, is an important indicator of
      "expansion" or "narrowing" in an arterial tree. In 120 morphologically normal
      human arterial bifurcations, angiographically studied, we measured branch artery
      diameters at and away from the bifurcation point to obtain "beta" and "D" ratios,
      respectively. These results were compared with optimal curves. Area ratio D
      values showed better agreement than area ratio beta with theoretical curves; for
      area ratio D, the positive regression line showed the same trend as expected from
      theory (y = 1.26 + 0.153x); for area ratio beta, the regression line was
      negative, showing a trend opposite to theory (y = 0.962 - 0.191x). Area ratio
      beta showed a significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.194; P less than 0.05)
      associated with aging, while for area ratio D it was not the same (r = 0.023; P
      less than 0.05). A significant correlation coefficient was also found between
      both of the area ratios and total branching angle. The new area ratio D,
      reflecting the branching geometry nearer to the bifurcation, is more promising
      than area ratio beta in the evaluation of optimal arterial bifurcation.

PMID- 2298554
TI  - Term infant with progressive tachypnea.

PMID- 2298555
TI  - Diabetic female with altered neurological status.

PMID- 2298556
TI  - Teleradiology for a family practice center.

PMID- 2298557
TI  - Mental health of the elderly.

PMID- 2298558
TI  - Drug misuse and abuse in the elderly.
AB  - The elderly are at particular risk for drug misuse and abuse, yet this problem is
      underdiagnosed. Drug misuse is the underuse, overuse, or erratic use of a drug.
      Drug abuse is the use of a drug for other than its intended purpose. A thorough
      nursing assessment is essential to detect and correct drug misuse and to diagnose
      drug abuse. In this paper methods to prevent and correct drug misuse and abuse
      are discussed. Case studies are used to illustrate the complexity of the problem.

PMID- 2298559
TI  - Humor and its relationship to perceived health, life satisfaction, and morale in
      older adults.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between the use
      of humor as a coping strategy and health indicators as measured by perceived
      health, life satisfaction, and morale in older adults. A packet of questionnaires
      was administered to a nonrandom sample of 73 noninstitutionalized adults over age
      55. Of the independent variables of situational humor, coping humor, residence,
      gender, age, living arrangements, and socioeconomic status (SES), none are
      significant predictors of perceived health at the .017 alpha level, whereas the
      variable of living arrangements is predictive of life satisfaction. Furthermore,
      coping humor and socioeconomic status are predictive of morale in older adults.
      This study adds to the knowledge of humor as a coping strategy as well as a
      developmental concept in older adults. Implications for nursing practice and
      research are discussed.

PMID- 2298560
TI  - Reminiscence: an independent nursing intervention for the elderly.
AB  - The nursing literature states that reminiscence is an independent nursing
      intervention for elderly clients and patients. This paper is about the use of
      reminiscence by nurses in all settings. Nurses have not to date built a firm
      knowledge base. The paper discusses the need for knowledge about the phenomenon
      and life review versus reminiscence. The uses of reminiscence therapy in one-to
      one interaction, in the group modality, and as a research tool are all important
      applications of the concept. In contrast to other disciplines, reminiscence
      therapy, as studied by nurses, focuses on interventions. Reminiscence is a
      fascinating, elusive, and complex phenomenon, but although nursing textbooks tout
      its usefulness, the research findings are less optimistic.

PMID- 2298561
TI  - Mental health in older spouses: the dynamic interplay of resources, depression,
      quality of the marital relationship, and social participation.
AB  - This study demonstrates a conceptual linkage between exchange theory and
      psychoanalytic theory of depression. The effects of diminished resources and the
      dynamic relationships between depression, quality of the marital relationship,
      and social participation were investigated with a sample of 229 community
      residing, married older people (Duke Longitudinal Study) using a combined
      structural and measurement model with linear structural relations (LISREL)
      analysis. Findings are that some resources have direct effects on depression,
      marital quality, and social participation. However, it is through the pathway of
      depressive moods that ill health, retirement, and stress have their negative
      effects on the marital relationship. Depressive moods do affect social
      participation, but psychosomatic symptoms of depression do not affect the amount
      of social participation nor the marital relationship. Recognizing depressive
      moods as intervening variables is important because older people tend to deny
      feeling depressed. Without a conceptual linkage of exchange and depression
      theories, this pathway would not have been identified.

PMID- 2298562
TI  - Nursing approaches to the mental health of the elderly: a position paper.
AB  - Although geropsychiatric nursing or mental health nursing with the elderly (MHNE)
      can be conceived of as a new subspecialty in psychiatric mental health nursing,
      in essence it is as old as nursing itself, for caring for people of all ages has
      always been within the purview of nursing. Today, however, in the more developed
      countries, older adults have increased both in numbers and in sophistication.
      These two changes have altered mental health care for the elderly. For example,
      mental health professionals now recognize that the elderly have an image problem
      which leads to underutilization of existing services. Psychiatric mental health
      nursing as a whole is questioning the nature of its practice and its place both
      within academic settings, and within the health care service delivery system.
      This paper explores the future possibilities and choices for the new
      subspecialty, mental health nursing with the elderly.

PMID- 2298563
TI  - Development and validation of the adult attachment scale: assessing attachment in
      elderly adults.
AB  - This study describes the development of a reliable and valid instrument that can
      be used to assess attachment in older adults: the Lipson-Parra Adult Attachment
      Scale (LAAS). The three-phase design included a critique of the initial 60-item
      instrument by a panel of experts, a pilot test with 16 respondents, and a field
      study with 211 respondents ranging in age from 65 to 99 years. The construct
      validity of the tool was established via factor analysis. A high alpha
      coefficient of .97 provided strong evidence for its reliability. Significant
      correlations were found between attachment scores and items regarding residential
      proximity, contact frequency, and the closeness of the parental relationships.
      One-way analysis of variance produced significant differences in means according
      to marital status, number of living children, and living arrangement. Subsequent
      testing of the revised 20-item LAAS on a sample of 202 respondents provided
      further support for the reliability and validity of the LAAS. With the
      development of a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to assess
      attachment in adults, a better understanding of bonds in older individuals will
      now be possible.

PMID- 2298564
TI  - A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step.

PMID- 2298565
TI  - Integration of chemotherapy in an MFD--radiotherapy plan for advanced inoperable
      squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
AB  - From January 1987 to May 1988, 16 patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma
      of the head and neck received combined treatment, based on an alternating
      schedule of chemotherapy and multiple fractions per day (MFD)-radiotherapy. The
      chemotherapy regimen consisted of cisplatin, 20 mg/m2, followed by 5-fluorouracil
      (5-FU), 200 mg/m2 i.v. push, from days 1 to 5 during weeks 1, 5, and 9.
      Radiotherapy was administered in two courses of 32 Gy each (total dose, 64 Gy)
      during weeks 2 and 3 and 6 and 7. Each course was given in two fractions per day,
      5 days per week. The 16 patients were evaluated for toxicity and response. We
      observed 7 complete responders, 6 partial responders, and 3 nonresponders. The
      overall response rate was 81%. Toxicity was heavy: 44% of the patients developed
      grade III-IV mucositis. Our results suggest that cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil
      alternating with MFD-radiotherapy is effective; however, a new less toxic
      scheduling must be determined.

PMID- 2298566
TI  - Vocal rehabilitation of tracheoesophageal speech failures.
AB  - Twenty-three tracheoesophageal speech failures were prospectively evaluated by
      clinical parameters and transnasal air insufflation at 3 L per minute. The
      results of testing allow an accurate indication of the etiology of the speech
      failure. Pharyngoesophageal spasm accounted for 79% of the failures;
      hypopharyngeal strictures for 26%. One patient was found to have both
      pharyngoesophageal spasm and a hypopharyngeal stricture. A modified air
      insufflation test result greater than 20 mm Hg reliably identified all
      tracheoesophageal speech failures prior to tracheoesophageal puncture. Clinical
      parameters were not helpful in identifying speech failures. Successful treatment
      of the specific etiology of the failure resulted in a reduction of the measured
      intraesophageal pressures. Ninety-one percent of the tracheoesophageal speech
      failures were successfully rehabilitated and achieved fluent tracheoesophageal
      speech. Successful rehabilitation was associated with long-term tracheoesophageal
      speech use.

PMID- 2298567
TI  - A modified single flap for neck dissection in oral cancer.
AB  - Modification of the single flap for neck dissection is described and illustrated
      based on experience with 33 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.
      The advantages of this modified incision are that there are no three-point
      junctions. Hence, it can be used after previous radiotherapy to the neck; the
      vertical limb is well posterior to the carotid artery, and the horizontal limb
      can be conveniently extended upward and forward to permit a combined resection of
      the jaw and/or tongue. To avoid necrosis at the apex of the skin flap,
      particularly after previous radiotherapy, a margin of about 1 cm can be removed
      prophylactically from the apex. This incision is recommended particularly for
      neck dissections in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity in patients who
      have had previous radiotherapy and/or when resection of the mandible or the
      tongue is to be done at the same time. The incision is not recommended for
      bilateral neck dissections, nor for neck dissection combined with total
      laryngectomy or thyroidectomy.

PMID- 2298568
TI  - Parapharyngeal fibrolipoma.
AB  - Although approximately 13% of lipomatous tumors occur in the head and neck, most
      of these are found in the immediate subcutaneous tissues, and lipomas of the deep
      head and neck tissues are rare. Lipomas consist of adipose tissue separated by
      fine fibrous trabeculae; if the amount of fibrous tissue is appreciable, the
      designation of fibrolipoma is used. We describe an unusual case of a
      parapharyngeal fibrolipoma with airway narrowing and ipsilateral compromise of
      the carotid artery and internal jugular vein blood flow. Diagnosis of deep head
      and neck lipomata is facilitated by utilizing computed tomographic analysis and
      angiography. The transcervical approach to the skull base which allows complete
      resection of this lesion is described.

PMID- 2298569
TI  - Professional ethics for health physicists.

PMID- 2298570
TI  - Radon-222 levels in New York State homes.
AB  - Results are presented from a statewide survey that measured annual 222Rn
      concentrations in over 2000 single-family, owner-occupied homes in New York
      state. The participants were selected by a random-digit-dialing telephone
      interview approach developed by Mitofsky-Waksberg which allows inferences to be
      made from the sample to the statewide population. After completing a telephone
      questionnaire and agreeing to have their homes monitored, eligible households
      were mailed alpha-track detectors with instructions to place one detector in the
      main living area for 2 mo (during the winter heating season), a second in the
      main living area for 1 y, and a third in the basement (if applicable) for 1 y.
      The statewide median concentration for the heating-season, living-area readings
      was 31.6 Bq m-3, with a median of 24.0 Bq m-3 for the annual living-area readings
      and 51.8 for the annual basement readings. For the state, approximately 95% of
      the living-area concentrations and 86% of the basement concentrations were below
      148 Bq m-3 (4 pCi L-1). In addition, only 1.4% of the readings in the basement
      were above 740 Bq m-3 (20 pCi L-1).

PMID- 2298571
TI  - Evaluation of Th series disequilibrium in Western Australian monazite.
AB  - Estimation of inhaled radiation doses associated with mineral sands processing is
      commonly performed by gross alpha-counting dust collected on air filters. The
      technique requires knowledge of the extent of disequilibrium in Th-bearing
      minerals. The daughters which can be expected to give rise to disequilibrium,
      viz. 228Ra and 220Rn (also designated thoron in the paper), were investigated in
      a typical Western Australia monazite. The thoron flux from a dry, "infinitely
      thick" layer of monazite was found to be 41 Bq m-2 s-1. The depth of monazite
      from which thoron is exhaled is limited to 40-50 mm, and within the first 10 mm
      is a linear function of bed thickness. The relative loss within the linear region
      is approximately 0.02% of the equilibrium concentration and progressively less
      for layers beyond 10 mm. The sample investigated gave no indication of
      disequilibrium involving 228Ra. The results indicate that secular equilibrium may
      be assumed when calculating 232Th daughter concentrations in monazite from the
      gross alpha activity. More extensive work on monazite samples from a number of
      sites will be necessary before this can be stated as a general conclusion
      applicable to all Western Australian monazite deposits.

PMID- 2298572
TI  - Thyroidal 125I monitoring system using an NaI (Tl) survey meter.
AB  - This paper describes the counting efficiency and detection limit of a thyroidal
      125I monitoring system. Two systems were used: (1) M1 was composed simply of one
      survey meter for 125I (SM) having an NaI (Tl) crystal of 5.08-cm diameter by 5-mm
      thick, and (2) M2 was composed of the SM having an output terminal for
      spectroscopy and a multichannel pulse height analyzer. The counting efficiency
      was determined by using four simulated thyroids of 17, 20.5, 31, and 40 mL
      containing 125I solution. The simulated thyroids were embedded in an
      anthropomorphic neck phantom. The counting efficiency between 0 degrees and 45
      degrees to the normal of the thyroid (front of the neck) changed by +/-2%. The
      efficiency of M1 ranged from 1.8 to 7.9% as the distance between the probe and
      the neck increased from 0 to 5 cm. Similarly, the efficiency of M2 ranged from
      2.2 to 8.3%. The detection limit ranged from 7 to 34 Bq for M1 and from 1 to 5.1
      Bq for M2. The M2 system was applied to monitoring a worker performing iodination
      with 74 MBq Na 125I. Both monitoring systems provided the necessary sensitivity
      to detect thyroidal 125I within the uncertainty of +/-10%.

PMID- 2298573
TI  - Oxidation and dispersion of HT in the environment: the August 1986 field
      experiment at Chalk River.
AB  - The short-range environmental dispersion and oxidation of a release of tritiated
      hydrogen (HT) to the atmosphere has been studied in a field experiment. Emphasis
      was placed on the processes leading to the appearance of tritiated water (HTO)
      vapor in the atmosphere because HTO is much more radiotoxic than HT. The
      following conclusions were reached: No evidence was found for the rapid
      conversion of HT to HTO in the atmosphere; HTO observed in air, during and after
      the release, arose mainly from HT oxidation in the soil followed by emission of
      HTO; HT deposition velocities to soil ranged from 0.041 cm s-1 to 0.13 cm s-1,
      consistent with previous chamber measurements; the rate of HTO loss from soil,
      averaged over 21 d, was less than 1% h-1; and HTO concentrations in vegetation
      water initially increased with time after the release, then by 48 h decreased
      exponentially at a rate similar to soils.

PMID- 2298574
TI  - Root mass and vertical root distribution of five semi-arid plant species.
AB  - The root masses of big sagebrush, Great Basin wild rye, Russian thistle,
      streambank wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass were determined at 20 cm depth
      increments from plants grown in high clay content soils in cylindrical
      containers. All species had roots in the deepest (100-120 cm) depth increment.
      Crested wheatgrass had the greatest average (+/- SD) total root mass (775 +/- 211
      g). Results provide data for some scenarios for fate and effect models for
      shallow-land burial of low-level radioactive wastes in semi-arid environments.

PMID- 2298575
TI  - Preparation for professionalism.

PMID- 2298576
TI  - Hematological changes in peripheral blood of workers occupationally exposed to
      microwave radiation.

PMID- 2298577
TI  - Radon-222 in drinking water: an NJDEP-EERF collaborative study.

PMID- 2298578
TI  - Occupational radiation exposure associated with milling of Th-U-rich Sn ore in
      Nigeria.

PMID- 2298579
TI  - Radiation risk to the human conceptus from measurement of maternal tibial bone
      lead by L-line x-ray fluorescence.

PMID- 2298581
TI  - Comment on 'Reducing Radiation from Brachytherapy Patients with a Cost-effective
      Bedshield'.

PMID- 2298580
TI  - The need for additional warning in x-ray diffraction equipment: a shutter failure
      incident.

PMID- 2298582
TI  - Gastrointestinal absorption factor (f1) for Th from diet.

PMID- 2298583
TI  - Thorotrast exposure and cancer risk.

PMID- 2298584
TI  - Radiation properties of neutrino radiation.

PMID- 2298585
TI  - This mortal coil.

PMID- 2298586
TI  - Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive
      patient undergoing hemodialysis.
AB  - Listeria monocytogenes bacteremia without meningitis has been reported in
      patients who have undergone long-term hemodialysis and have transfusional iron
      overload. On the other hand, cases of Listeria bacteremia without meningitis have
      occurred sporadically among the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome population,
      mostly homosexuals. There have been no reports of Listeria meningitis occurring
      among persons who are antibody positive to human immunodeficiency virus or are
      intravenous drug abusers having chronic renal failure and undergoing
      hemodialysis. This patient represents the first case of Listeria bacteremia and
      meningitis to occur in an intravenous drug abuser who is human immunodeficient
      antibody positive, is receiving hemodialysis, and has transfusional iron
      overload.

PMID- 2298588
TI  - Access to care--the issue of the '90s.

PMID- 2298587
TI  - Occult coiled drinking straw aspiration.
AB  - A 23-year-old man had a 7-month history of recurrent right lower lobe pneumonia.
      Flexible fiber-optic bronchoscopy revealed an occluded bronchus intermedius.
      Rigid bronchoscopy demonstrated a coiled drinking straw in the bronchial lumen,
      which was removed by forceps. This article represents the first reported case of
      an aspirated coiled drinking straw obstructing an airway.

PMID- 2298589
TI  - Early recognition of critical stenosis high in the left anterior descending
      coronary artery.
AB  - We describe an electrocardiographic finding indicative of critical stenosis high
      in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Patients at risk have prior
      angina and normal or minimally elevated cardiac enzyme levels. Their
      electrocardiogram exhibits no precordial Q waves and little or no ST elevation
      but, rather, deep and symmetric T waves. The presence of these findings indicates
      that the patient has had subendocardial ischemia or infarct, which, if not
      treated, may evolve to encompass the entire thickness of the myocardium. The need
      for prompt recognition of these critical warning signs is obvious. Critical care
      nurses must be prepared to recognize and act on these findings in a rapid,
      efficient manner.

PMID- 2298590
TI  - Readers respond with ideas for improving diagnostic abilities.

PMID- 2298591
TI  - Why are so many critical care nurses unable to recognize ventricular tachycardia
      in the 12-lead electrocardiogram?

PMID- 2298593
TI  - Marital functioning after cardiac surgery.
AB  - Using Barnhill's components of family health functioning, we examined the
      relationships of spouse anxiety, coping methods, couple responsibility for
      compliance, and reported compliance with marital couple functioning. Five
      psychosocial scales were returned by mail by 136 Mended Heart members and spouses
      from five geographic regions. By multiple regression analysis, confrontive coping
      strategies and spouse trait anxiety were the two factors predictive of couple
      marital functioning. When marital functioning scores were examined separately,
      spouses' confrontive behaviors and patient reported compliance for diet, stress,
      and smoking prescriptions were predictive of both spouse and patient marital
      functioning. In addition, spouse marital functioning was predicted by state
      anxiety and patient compliance, and patient marital functioning by compliance and
      shared responsibility for compliance. Further studies should evaluate spouse
      inclusion in rehabilitation programs during hospitalization and convalescence and
      examine interactional strategies that facilitate confrontive behaviors and
      patient compliance to promote couple marital functioning after the cardiac event.

PMID- 2298592
TI  - Electrocardiographic response to ice water ingestion.
AB  - To determine the necessity of restricting ice water for patients with acute
      myocardial infarction (MI) we performed studies in 89 patients who had been
      admitted to a coronary care unit with a diagnosis of acute MI or "rule out MI."
      Using a split-plot factorial repeated-measures design, we randomly assigned
      patients to position and sequence of volume. A Marquette Augmented Cardiograph
      was used to obtain 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECGs) at baseline and at 3, 10, and
      25 minutes after ingestion of 200 or 400 ml ice water. Multivariate analysis of
      variance (MANOVA) was used to assess the significance of each factor alone and in
      interaction for both ST segments and T waves for 11 leads. The preliminary
      analysis of variance showed significant difference (p less than 0.10) in ST
      segments for position in several leads and in T waves for disease in several
      leads. Differences did not continue to be significant when they were considered
      across the four time periods (MANOVA); then time and volume were the significant
      variables for most leads. Mean change scores for ST segment (0.01 to 0.05) and T
      wave amplitude (0.01 to 0.88) were not clinically significant; however, a few
      patients had significant changes in ST segment of greater than 1 mm and T wave
      amplitude of greater than 10 mm. A few patients exhibited T wave inversion,
      suggesting a third level of significance: clinically detectable
      differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298594
TI  - Effects of support groups on anxiety of family members during critical illness.
AB  - A critical illness event may precipitate anxiety and a state of crisis for
      members of the patient's family. Many stressors produce anxiety, such as an
      unexpected onset of illness and fragmented support provided in critical care
      settings. This quasi-experimental study examined the effectiveness of support
      groups in reducing state anxiety of adult family members during a relative's
      critical illness. A target sample was used to assign subjects to the treatment
      groups. The control group (n = 30) received bedside support from nurses and other
      health professionals during visiting hours or condition reports. Experimental
      subjects (n = 25) attended a support group to share feelings and experiences in
      coping with illness. No significant differences were found in prestate or
      poststate anxiety scores between the two groups, but experimental subjects had a
      significant reduction in anxiety from premeasures to postmeasures (p less than or
      equal to 0.01). These findings provide a basis for continued research on the
      effectiveness of interventions in reducing the anxiety associated with the crisis
      of critical illness in the family system.

PMID- 2298595
TI  - Comparison of perceived needs of family members between registered nurses and
      family members of critically ill patients in intensive care and neonatal
      intensive care units.
AB  - Using the Norris and Grove (1986) questionnaire of perceived needs of families of
      critically ill patients, 11 registered nurses working in the neonatal intensive
      care unit and 19 registered nurses working in the intensive care unit of two mid
      northern community hospitals provided their perceptions of family needs. Their
      responses were compared with responses of family members of patients in the
      intensive care unit (n = 25) and the (n = 24). Results suggest that regardless of
      unit, registered nurses' perceptions of family needs are congruent. Family
      members collectively and by unit ranked their needs consistently higher and in
      some areas differently than did the registered nurses.

PMID- 2298596
TI  - Teaching home care for ventilator-dependent patients: the patients' perception.
AB  - An increasing number of ventilator-dependent patients are being transferred from
      hospitals to their homes. Discharge teaching has been based on health
      professionals' perception of what patients need to know and how they can learn
      best. In this study we asked ventilator-dependent patients who were living at
      home (N = 13) to complete a questionnaire concerning their perceptions of ideal
      discharge teaching. Most respondents believed that teaching should occur (1) at
      the bedside, (2) with one or two family members, (3) with only the team member
      doing the teaching, (4) for a 30-minute session, (5) using demonstration
      technique. Subjects thought that teaching regarding the lung disease process was
      less important than other content. The patients' criteria for learning mostly
      agree with those identified by health care professionals, and can be met easily
      in most settings.

PMID- 2298598
TI  - Community nursing and rehabilitation nursing using community agencies.
AB  - A course of study is proposed for nursing students studying rehabilitation
      nursing that would use community health settings as clinical sites for the
      practice of rehabilitation nursing rather than the traditional rehabilitation
      setting. Suggested community agencies range from a typical community health
      agency to a shelter for homeless women.

PMID- 2298597
TI  - Nursing research in home health agencies.
AB  - It is appropriate and feasible for home care agencies to conduct research. They
      have a ready population and sample. Many aspects of home care need to be studied
      to improve the quality of care and the quality of life. The rewards of research
      can more than justify the burdens. The practical benefits are the strengthening
      of staff knowledge and expertise through exposure to the process of investigation
      and to the clinical applications and implications of the findings. The bottom
      line will be improved patient care.

PMID- 2298599
TI  - A team approach to rehabilitation.
AB  - Through assessment, goal setting, planning, implementation, evaluation, and
      modification of goals and plans, members of the rehabilitation team individualize
      the meaning of "rehabilitation" for a client and establish a coordinated plan of
      action.

PMID- 2298600
TI  - Theory-based case management: high cervical spinal cord injury.
AB  - Persons who survive traumatic events to be disabled with high cervical spinal
      cord injuries are a relatively new population in community healthcare caseloads.
      These clients represent a great demand for multiple resources and require complex
      case management.

PMID- 2298601
TI  - The clinical nurse specialist in a home healthcare setting.
AB  - An organizational model is proposed that allows for the optimal functioning of
      the clinical nurse specialist in a home healthcare agency setting.

PMID- 2298602
TI  - Beginnings.

PMID- 2298604
TI  - In search of a $45-deductible mammogram: how to negotiate the insurance maze.

PMID- 2298603
TI  - Radon: a health problem.
AB  - Nurses can and should function as effective teachers about the potential hazards
      to health of radon contamination in the home as well as become activists in the
      development of health care policy on radon.

PMID- 2298605
TI  - Supplies for home care of the terminally ill.

PMID- 2298606
TI  - The medication maze.

PMID- 2298607
TI  - Confidentiality and HIV status: an initial overview.

PMID- 2298608
TI  - DQ polymorphism: an analysis of DQw4 alpha and beta membrane proximal regions.
AB  - The complete coding sequences of cDNA clones encoding the DQw4 alpha and beta
      polypeptides have been determined from two individuals expressing the DRw18(3),
      DQw4 haplotype. Although the first domain nucleotide sequence of the DQ alpha
      cDNA is very similar to the DQw2 alpha sequence, the sequence of the membrane
      proximal region (encoding second domain, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic segments)
      is more similar to DQw3-like alpha-gene sequences. The nucleotide sequence of the
      membrane proximal region of the DQw4 beta gene is identical to the DQw8 sequence
      in contrast to the extensive differences in the region encoding the first domains
      of these polypeptides. These sequences have been used to determine the
      evolutionary relationships among DQ alpha and beta genes.

PMID- 2298609
TI  - Sequence analysis of HLA-DR4B1 subtypes: additional first domain variability is
      detected by oligonucleotide hybridization and nucleotide sequencing.
AB  - The stimulating capacity of HLA-DR4 variants in mixed leukocyte culture
      correlates with variation in the polymorphic regions of the first domains of
      their DR beta 1 chains. Variability between amino acids 67 and 86 appears largely
      to determine HLA-DR4,Dw type. We have used a combination of a DR4B1-specific
      primer set in the polymerase chain reaction and specific oligonucleotide probes
      to examine DR4,Dw-associated nucleotide polymorphisms. Phenotype and gene
      frequencies are reported among 44 normal DR4 Caucasoids. Oligonucleotide probes
      were selected which enabled definition of Dw4-, w14-, w10-, w13-, and w15
      associated sequences. Unexpectedly, several subjects were positive for Dw15
      sequences which are usually characteristic of Oriental populations. Dw15
      assignment was confirmed by nucleotide sequencing of DR4B1 polymerase chain
      reaction products. A pair of oligonucleotides informative for the glycine or
      valine dimorphism at position 86 was used to identify two novel DR4B1 alleles,
      designated 13.2 and 14.2. Nucleotide sequencing shows that these represent
      recombinants between third hypervariable regions associated with Dw13 and Dw14
      and a codon for glycine at position 86 which is usually found associated with Dw4
      and Dw15 sequences.

PMID- 2298610
TI  - HLA-DRw52a is involved in alloimmunization against PL-A1 antigen.
AB  - The alloimmunization against the platelet PL-A1 antigen is strongly associated
      with a HLA class II structure in mothers of thrombocytopenic neonates. Most of
      the immunized women have first been shown to possess the DR3 specificity and
      subsequently the DRw52 allele. The 18 immunized mothers studied here by
      restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis had the DRw52a specificity at
      the DRB3 locus whatever their HLA-DRB1 gene product. This finding strongly
      suggests that the DRB3 chain is directly involved in the presentation of the PL
      A1 antigen to the specific T cell. In addition, the similarities between DR3 and
      DRw52 structures due to a hypothetical gene conversion event should be considered
      in order to understand the high frequency of DR3 among the DRw52a-responding
      women. Alternatively, the high frequency of DR3 among the DRw52-responding
      mothers might be due to the high responder status associated with the former
      specificity.

PMID- 2298611
TI  - Subtypes of HLA-A1 defined on the basis of CTL precursor frequencies.
AB  - Recently we have shown that limiting dilution analysis can be used to detect
      cytotoxic T-cell precursor frequencies directed against individual HLA class I
      antigens. Using the same protocol, we have been able to define two subtypes of
      HLA-A1, which are indistinguishable by conventional typing sera as well as by
      cell-mediated lympholysis. One-dimensional isoelectric focusing analysis of the
      variants did not show any overall charge differences. However, family studies
      indicated that these HLA-A1 subtypes are genetically determined and can be
      distinguished on the bases of T-cell precursor frequencies in HLA-A1-negative
      blood donors.

PMID- 2298612
TI  - Shared molecular markers of genetic predisposition to seropositive rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with the human class II major
      histocompatibility complex antigens known as HLA-DR4. HLA-DR4 can be subdivided
      by cellular typing into five subtypes: Dw4, Dw10, Dw13, Dw14, and Dw15. By
      traditional serologic methods, 60-80% of rheumatoid arthritis patients type HLA
      DR4 compared to approximately 20% of the general population. It has been
      demonstrated, using a panel of four alloreactive T-cell clones, each of which
      recognized HLA-DR4, Dw14 homozygous typing cells, that cells from all of a group
      of 23 rheumatoid arthritis patients could be recognized by one or more of these
      clones regardless of the patients' serologic typing. As the expressed
      polymorphism of the DR molecule is accounted for by the beta 1 gene, this gene
      was amplified, using the polymerase chain reaction, and sequenced. Seven patients
      whose cells were recognized by one of the DR4, DW14-specific T-cell clones, T431,
      were analyzed. All of these patients shared a common sequence in the third
      hypervariable region of the DR beta 1 chain gene. The sequence identified is the
      one normally associated with DR4, Dw14 and DR1. Patients and DR4-positive
      controls whose cells did not stimulate this clone did not share this sequence.
      These results suggest that this hypervariable region might be an important
      contribution to a restriction site for the putative causative agent(s) in
      rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2298613
TI  - Dose fractionation and regeneration in radiotherapy for cancer of the oral cavity
      and oropharynx. Part 2. Normal tissue responses: acute and late effects.
AB  - The early responses of normal tissues of the oral cavity and oropharynx in 498
      patients, and the slowly-developing responses in 268 patients who survived a
      minimum of 18 months after radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma were
      analyzed. The severity of acute responses correlated with dose intensity. The
      incidence of severe late responses increased with increase in dose per fraction
      and was characterized by a low alpha/beta ratio. Severe late responses were
      significantly associated with severe acute responses independently of dose per
      fraction and total dose, and were also ameliorated slightly by protraction of
      treatment time suggesting that some late effects were, at least partly, a
      consequence of acute injury. Probability of local tumor control correlated with
      severity of acute response, suggesting that excessive protraction of overall
      treatment time to minimize acute toxicity may compromise local control of the
      tumor. There was no demonstrable correlation between the volume of tissue
      irradiated and the severity of acute or late response.

PMID- 2298614
TI  - The role of radiotherapy in in-situ carcinoma of the larynx.
AB  - Twenty patients with in situ carcinoma of the vocal cord treated with radical
      radiotherapy over a 16-year period have been assessed for local control and
      survival. Seventy-one patients with Stage T1 invasive carcinomas treated in the
      same period have been similarly assessed and the results are compared. All
      patients were treated with megavoltage wedge pair techniques using fields of mean
      size 4.5 x 4.5 cm. Patients were treated to radical intent, the Tis group
      receiving a mean nominal standard dose (NSD) of 1759 ret and the T1 invasive
      group a mean NSD of 1743 ret. In the Tis group, radiotherapy resulted in local
      control in 70% (14/20) of patients with an ultimate local control, after surgery,
      of 90% (18/20). This is not statistically different to the primary local control
      rate for T1 invasive lesions of 83% (59/71) with an ultimate control rate, after
      surgery, of 94% (68/71), chi 2 p greater than 0.2. Five and 10-year actuarial
      survival rates were 100% in the Tis group and 96.8% and 92.6%, respectively, in
      the T1 invasive group (chi 2 p = 0.275). Five and 10-year actuarial recurrence
      free survival rates were 78.8% and 69% for the Tis group and 86.1% and 78.4% for
      the T1 invasive group (chi 2 p = 0.548). Analysis of failures suggests that
      extent of disease, field size, and total dose given are not contributory factors
      to local control or survival in this group of patients. There is no indication
      that in situ lesions respond to radiotherapy less favorably than T1 invasive
      lesions and we would support the use of radiotherapy as a therapeutic option in
      this condition.

PMID- 2298615
TI  - Aerobic radiosensitization by SR 4233 in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - During the past 3 years, our laboratory has identified and characterized the drug
      SR 4233 (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide) as the lead compound in a
      series of benzotriazine di-N-oxides that are both potent and selective killers of
      hypoxic cells in vitro and in rodent tumors in vivo. Recently, we have identified
      a novel property of SR 4233: the ability of a pre- or post-irradiation drug
      treatment under hypoxic conditions to radiosensitize aerobic cells in culture.
      For the mouse cell lines RIF-1 and SCC VII in vitro, this radiosensitization took
      the form of a steepening of the slope of the acute dose radiation survival curve,
      although there was also reduced survival in the "shoulder region" of the curve.
      For both cell lines, the sensitization occurred whether the hypoxic drug exposure
      was given immediately before or after the irradiation under aerobic conditions.
      To determine whether radiosensitization could be demonstrated for RIF-1 and SCC
      VII mouse tumors in vivo, tumor-bearing animals were exposed to 4 daily dose
      fractions of 5 Gy of X rays either alone, or followed immediately by injections
      of SR 4233 and the vasoactive agent hydralazine, which increases tumor hypoxia
      and therefore can potentiate the effect of such hypoxiaspecific drugs. Although
      treatment with the SR 4233/hydralazine combination after each dose fraction
      reduced tumor cell survival to between 10(-5) and 10(-6), near the limits of
      resolution of the clonogenic survival assay, the effect appeared to be strictly
      additive, suggesting that with this fractionated protocol, aerobic
      radiosensitization could not be detected. This is likely to be a consequence of
      the exquisite direct cytotoxicity of the SR 4233 and hydralazine combination
      toward the hypoxic cells in tumors.

PMID- 2298617
TI  - Comparison between in vitro radiosensitivity and in vivo radioresponse of murine
      tumor cell lines. I: Parameters of in vitro radiosensitivity and endogenous
      cellular glutathione levels.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that differences in the initial low-dose region of
      the radiation survival curves for human tumor cells might explain the differences
      in clinical response of tumors to fractionated radiation treatment. In this
      study, which is described in two companion papers, we investigated this
      hypothesis directly using animal model systems. In the present paper we
      determined in vitro radiation survival curves for eight murine tumor cell lines
      of varying histopathological type and: (a) measured survival at the 2 Gy and 8 Gy
      dose levels, (b) fitted parameters to the linear quadratic and two component
      multi-target equation models of cellular survival and (c) calculated mean
      inactivation doses. We found that the choice of the data fitting procedure
      affected the absolute value, relative ranking, and power to discriminate between
      the cell lines of these calculated parameters. A detailed statistical study
      indicated that the measured surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) was the best
      discriminant of intrinsic radiosensitivity between the eight tumor cell lines.
      When these same cell lines were assayed for intracellular glutathione (GSH)
      levels, no correlation was found between levels of GSH and the SF2 value.
      Determining the SF2 value may be the method of choice to describe the low-dose
      region of the radiation survival curve, as it precludes the necessity of choosing
      a model to fit the survival data, it has excellent discriminatory powers, and it
      represents the survival in the radiotherapeutically relevant region of the in
      vitro radiation survival curve. Furthermore, as demonstrated in the companion
      paper, it correlates with cell survival in the tumors following 10 fractions of 2
      Gy given in vivo.

PMID- 2298616
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx without clinically detectable
      lymph node metastases: problem of local relapse and influence of overall
      treatment time.
AB  - From January 1965 until December 1979, 203 patients with squamous cell carcinoma
      of the supraglottic larynx were treated with curative intent. The mean follow-up
      time was 10 years. The policy was to try to aim for cure by radiation therapy
      (RT) only, reserving surgery (S) for radiation therapy failures. For 193 patients
      the treatment consisted of a first series of radiation therapy to a total dose of
      40 Gy; if a good response to radiation therapy was obtained, the treatment was
      continued to a full course of 60-70 Gy (RT-I, n = 132). Patients with tumors
      considered to have responded poorly to the first series of radiation therapy but
      who refused surgery or were found medically unfit for operation, were also
      carried to a full dose of 60-70 Gy (RT-II, n = 33). Surgery was performed in 33
      cases; 23 patients had a laryngectomy because of a poor response to radiation
      therapy and 10 were treated with surgery upfront because of severe respiratory
      distress. This paper focuses on the local control and survival in the defined
      treatment groups. In summary, with advancing T-stage a lower survival and higher
      local relapse rate was found; that is, a 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) of
      53% and corrected survival (CS) of 83% for T2 tumors vs 39% (RFS) and 52% (CS)
      for T4 tumors. Age more than 60 was associated with a 2.2 times higher risk of
      dying due to laryngeal cancer. A lower relapse-free survival (T3,4: 43% vs 61%)
      but a comparable corrected survival (T3,4: 64% vs 69%) for RT-I patients compared
      to the surgery treated patients was found, due to salvage of the radiation
      therapy failures. Although the relapse-free survival of RT-I and RT-II was
      similar (43% vs 38%), the corrected survival for the RT-II patients was worse
      (44% vs 69%). No influence of dose (Gy) per se on the local relapse rate was
      observed; however, a positive association between local relapse rate with overall
      treatment time was found. Death from intercurrent disease was almost twice as
      high as might have been expected for the normal Dutch population. More than half
      of the patients who died of intercurrent disease developed a second primary
      tumor.

PMID- 2298618
TI  - Thermal sensitivity and thermal tolerance of human B-lineage acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL) cells.
AB  - The thermal sensitivities of four B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic (ALL) cell
      lines (REH and KM-3 = pre pre B-ALL; NALM-6 and HPB-NULL = pre B-ALL), and 1 B
      cell ALL (NAMALWA) cell line were studied and compared to the thermal sensitivity
      of the T-lineage ALL cell line MOLT-3 using an in vitro clonogenic assay system
      by limiting dilution. B-lineage ALL cells were as sensitive to hyperthermia as
      were T-lineage ALL cells. D0 values at 42 degrees C ranged from 44.9 min (NALM-6)
      to 85.6 min (NAMALWA), D0 values at 43 degrees C ranged from 15.3 min (NALM-6) to
      35.7 min (KM-3), and D0 values at 44 degrees C ranged from 11.1 min (NALM-6) to
      23.8 min (HPB-NULL). By comparison, the D0 values of MOLT-3 cells were 95.1 min
      at 42 degrees C, 23.8 min at 43 degrees C, and 14.7 min at 44 degrees C. The
      maximum log kill values which were observed ranged from 0.8 log (KM-3 and HPB
      NULL) to 1.3 logs (NALM-6) at 42 degrees C, from 1.4 logs (KM-3) to 4.2 logs
      (NALM-6) at 43 degrees C, and from 3.8 logs (HPB-NULL) to 4.8 logs (NALM-6) at 44
      degrees C. A thermal tolerant plateau was observed in the hyperthermia survival
      curves of REH, NALM-6, and HPB-NULL cells, providing circumstantial evidence that
      thermal tolerance may develop in some B-cell precursor ALL cells after 90-120 min
      of continuous heating. In contrast, no thermal tolerant plateau was observed in
      the hyperthermia survival curves of pre-pre-B-ALL/KM-3 B-cell ALL/NAMALWA or T
      lineage ALL/MOLT-3 cells. The kinetics of development and decay of
      thermotolerance was studied for NALM-6 cells. Thermotolerance after a priming
      heat exposure to 42 degrees C for 30 min was maximum at 8 hr with a maximum
      thermotolerance ratio of 2.0, and it decayed by 24 hr. These findings extend
      previous studies on the thermal sensitivity of human leukemia cells and provide
      new information on the thermal sensitivity and thermotolerance of B-lineage ALL
      cells.

PMID- 2298619
TI  - Influence of radiation therapy on the lung-tissue in breast cancer patients: CT
      assessed density changes and associated symptoms.
AB  - The relative electron density of lung tissue was measured from computer
      tomography (CT) slices in 33 breast cancer patients treated by various techniques
      of adjuvant radiotherapy. The measurements were made before radiotherapy, 3
      months and 9 months after completion of radiation therapy. The changes in lung
      densities at 3 months and 9 months were compared to radiation induced
      radiological (CT) findings. In addition, subjective symptoms such as cough and
      dyspnoea were assessed before and after radiotherapy. It was observed that the
      mean of the relative electron density of lung tissue varied from 0.25 when the
      whole lung was considered to 0.17 when only the anterior lateral quarter of the
      lung was taken into account. In patients with positive radiological (CT) findings
      the mean lung density of the anterior lateral quarter increased 2.1 times 3
      months after radiotherapy and was still increased 1.6 times 6 months later. For
      those patients without findings, in the CT pictures the corresponding values were
      1.2 and 1.1, respectively. The standard deviation of the pixel values within the
      anterior lateral quarter of the lung increased 3.8 times and 3.2 times at 3
      months and 9 months, respectively, in the former group, as opposed to 1.2 and 1.1
      in the latter group. Thirteen patients had an increase in either cough or
      dyspnoea as observed 3 months after completion of radiotherapy. In eleven
      patients these symptoms persisted 6 months later. No significant correlation was
      found between radiological findings and subjective symptoms. However, when three
      different treatment techniques were compared among 29 patients the highest rate
      of radiological findings was observed in patients in which the largest lung
      volumes received the target dose. A tendency towards an increased rate of
      subjective symptoms was also found in this group.

PMID- 2298620
TI  - Can simulation measurements be used to predict the irradiated lung volume in the
      tangential fields in patients treated for breast cancer?
AB  - A simple method of estimating the amount of lung irradiated in patients with
      breast cancer would be of use in minimizing lung complications. To determine
      whether simple measurements taken at the time of simulation can be used to
      predict the lung volume in the radiation field, we performed CT scans as part of
      treatment planning in 40 cases undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer.
      Parameters measured from simulator films included: (a) the perpendicular distance
      from the posterior tangential field edge to the posterior part of the anterior
      chest wall at the center of the field (CLD); (b) the maximum perpendicular
      distance from the posterior tangential field edge to the posterior part of the
      anterior chest wall (MLD); and (c) the length of lung (L) as measured at the
      posterior tangential field edge on the simulator film. CT scans of the chest were
      performed with the patient in the treatment position with 1 cm slice intervals,
      covering lung apex to base. The ipsilateral total lung area and the lung area
      included within the treatment port were calculated for each CT scan slice,
      multiplied by the slice thickness, and then integrated over all CT scan slices to
      give the volumes. The best predictor of the percent of ipsilateral lung volume
      treated by the tangential fields was the CLD. Employing linear regression
      analysis, a coefficient of determination r2 = 0.799 was calculated between CLD
      and percent treated ipsilateral lung volume on CT scan. In comparison, the
      coefficients for the other parameters were r2 = 0.784 for the MLD, r2 = 0.071 for
      L, and r2 = 0.690 for CLD x L. A CLD of 1.5 cm predicted that about 6% of the
      ipsilateral lung would be included in the tangential field, a CLD of 2.5 cm about
      16%, and a CLD of 3.5 cm about 26% of the ipsilateral lung, with a mean 90%
      prediction interval of +/- 7.1% of ipsilateral lung volume. We conclude that the
      CLD measured at the time of simulation provides a reasonable estimate of the
      percent of the ipsilateral lung treated by the tangential fields. This
      information may be of value in evaluating the likelihood of pulmonary
      complications from such treatment and in minimizing toxicity.

PMID- 2298621
TI  - Irradiation of prosthetically augmented breasts: a retrospective study on
      toxicity and cosmetic results.
AB  - Eleven patients with subcutaneous prosthetic breast implants were followed 3-16
      years after mammary irradiation. Radiation doses ranged between 45 Gy and 50 Gy
      to the whole breast, supplemented in five cases with 10-21 Gy scar boost.
      Evaluation of the cosmetic results revealed a good score in three patients,
      moderate to fair in three, and poor in five. Of the five patients who had poor
      postirradiation cosmesis, three had fibrotic changes and encapsulation of the
      prostheses prior to the irradiation, and two received their irradiation 1 month
      after the reconstruction. In most of the patients, the nonirradiated breast was
      augmented with a prosthesis and both breasts could be followed for comparison.
      The irradiated side usually looked and felt on palpation worse than the
      nonirradiated, but both breasts exhibited a steady deterioration in appearance
      over time. The patients who enjoyed better cosmetic results after irradiation had
      better breast appearance before the radiotherapy. Of three patients treated with
      lower doses (45 Gy/4.5-5 weeks), two enjoyed good cosmesis. Both patients who
      received irradiation immediately after reconstructive surgery had poor cosmetic
      results. Three observations could be made: (a) when the implanted breast was free
      of fibrotic changes, radiotherapy produced acceptable results, (b) whenever
      feasible, 45 Gy/5 weeks seemed preferable over higher doses, (c) irradiation
      immediately after the reconstructive surgery appeared to produce poorer cosmetic
      results.

PMID- 2298622
TI  - Spontaneous pneumothorax in patients irradiated for Hodgkin's disease and other
      malignant lymphomas.
AB  - A retrospective review of patients treated for Hodgkin's disease or other
      malignant lymphomas between 1953 and 1988 revealed 10 cases of spontaneous
      pneumothorax. Nine had Hodgkin's disease whereas one had diffuse histiocytic
      lymphoma. Ages of the 10 patients ranged from 11 to 54 years, although nine were
      less than 30-years old. Spontaneous pneumothorax was observed only in patients
      who had received mantle or mini-mantle radiation therapy (RT). Five patients had
      concurrent severe parenchymal pulmonary disease including chemotherapy-induced
      interstitial fibrosis, Varicella pneumonia and severe radiation pneumonitis.
      Pneumothorax in these patients tended to be severe, bilateral and/or recurrent.
      All five required chest tube placement. Three of the five also required
      thoracotomy. RT dose ranged from 3000-7500 cGy, exceeding 4700 cGy in three
      patients who required a second course of RT which included the involved lung
      apex. In comparison, the five who did not have concurrent severe lung disease had
      milder episodes of pneumothorax. Only one required chest tube placement, whereas
      none required thoracotomy. Pulmonary apex RT dose ranged from 3672-4257 cGy. For
      Hodgkin's disease patients treated by RT, the frequency of spontaneous
      pneumothorax in the absence of concurrent pulmonary disease was 2.2%. Limiting
      analysis to patients in the peak age population of 10-30 years raised the
      frequency to 3.0%. No RT dose-response effect could be demonstrated, although
      spontaneous pneumothorax was not observed in patients who received less than 3000
      cGy. Spontaneous pneumothorax was not more frequent among patients who also
      received chemotherapy as compared to those treated only by RT. Exploratory
      thoracotomy in three cases with severe pulmonary disease revealed subpleural
      apical blebs and/or dense pleural fibrosis. Unusual aspects in the medical
      histories of other cases suggest the possibility that patients who develop
      pneumothorax may have unusually dense pulmonary and/or pleural fibrosis compared
      to the majority of patients who receive RT for Hodgkin's disease or other
      malignant lymphomas.

PMID- 2298623
TI  - Interstitial 192Ir flexible catheter radiofrequency hyperthermia treatments of
      head and neck and recurrent pelvic carcinomas.
AB  - Since September 1983, five patients with head and neck cancers and five patients
      with pelvic or perineal recurrences of colorectal neoplasms received 192Ir
      interstitial implants through flexible afterloading catheters that were modified
      to allow RF hyperthermia treatments of the tumor within 1 hr pre- and post
      brachytherapy. Local control in the implant volume was obtained in three of the
      patients with head and neck cancers (base tongue--2/4; floor of mouth--1/1) with
      follow-up of 9 to 42 months. Two patients had local recurrences after disease
      free periods of 8 and 24 months. Two of the five patients treated for pelvic
      recurrences had complete responses lasting less than 3 months; prolonged
      stabilization (12 months) of a presacral mass in a third patient also occurred,
      but the neoplasm eventually regrew. Average temperatures of 39.2 degrees C to
      43.7 degrees C were obtained in the implant volumes of these patients during the
      45 minute heating periods which took place prior to loading, and just after
      removal, of the 192Ir seeds in each patient. No instances of intra or post
      operative hemorrhage or necrosis of bone or soft tissues occurred in these
      patients. However, one individual required a permanent tracheostomy for
      persistent epiglottic edema after implantation as part of a base-tongue
      brachytherapy procedure. Interstitial RF hyperthermia in conjunction with
      brachytherapy appears to be a relatively safe and effective modality, but must be
      tested prospectively to compare its efficacy to interstitial irradiation alone.

PMID- 2298625
TI  - Late radiation damage in prostate cancer patients treated by high dose external
      radiotherapy in relation to rectal dose.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of the incidence of radiation proctitis was performed in
      154 patients with carcinoma of the prostate treated with external radiotherapy
      assisted by CT-scan planning from 1983 to 1985. An attempt was made to assess a
      dose-response relationship for proctitis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis
      showed that previous bowel disease or surgery, anterior rectal dose, and average
      rectal dose contributed to a higher risk of proctitis. The anterior rectal dose
      was the most important indicator. No statistically significant correlation was
      found for the posterior rectal dose. The actuarial 2-year incidence of moderate
      or severe proctitis was 22% for anterior rectal doses less than 70 Gy and 20% for
      anterior rectal doses between 70 and 75 Gy, but increased to 60% when the dose
      was more than 75 Gy. A dose effect relation was evident, with a sharp dose
      response gradient around 75 Gy at the anterior rectal wall.

PMID- 2298624
TI  - Digital tumor fluoroscopy (DTF)--a new direct imaging system in the therapy
      planning for brain tumors.
AB  - Digital Tumor Fluoroscopy is an expanded x-ray video chain optimized to iodine
      contrast with an extended Gy scale up to 64000 Gy values. Series of pictures are
      taken before and after injection of contrast medium. With the most recent unit,
      up to ten images can be taken and stored. The microprogrammable processor allows
      the subtraction of images recorded at any moment of the examination. Dynamic
      views of the distribution of contrast medium in the intravasal and extravasal
      spaces of brain and tumor tissue are gained by the subtraction of stored images.
      Tumors can be differentiated by studying the storage and drainage behavior of the
      contrast medium during the period of examination. Meningiomas store contrast
      medium very intensively during the whole time of investigation, whereas
      astrocytomas grade 2-3 pick it up less strongly at the beginning and release it
      within 2 min. Glioblastomas show a massive but delayed accumulation of contrast
      medium and a decreased flow-off-rate. In comparison with radiography and MR
      imaging the most important advantage of Digital Tumor Fluoroscopy is that direct
      information on tumor localization is gained in relation to the skull-cap. This
      enables the radiotherapist to mark the treatment field directly on the skull.
      Therefore it is no longer necessary to calculate the tumor volume from several CT
      scans for localization. In radiotherapy Digital Tumor Fluoroscopy a unit combined
      with a simulator can replace CT planning. This would help overcome the
      disadvantages arising from the lack of a collimating system, and the inaccuracies
      which result from completely different geometric relationships between a CT unit
      and a therapy machine.

PMID- 2298626
TI  - Spiral microstrip hyperthermia applicators: technical design and clinical
      performance.
AB  - Spiral microstrip microwave (MW) antennas have been developed and adapted for use
      as clinical hyperthermia applicators. The design has been configured in a variety
      of forms including single fixed antenna applicators, multi-element arrays, and
      mechanically scanned single or paired antennas. The latter three configurations
      have been used to allow an expansion of the effective heating area. Specific
      absorption rate (SAR) distributions measured in phantom have been used to
      estimate the depth and volume of effective heating. The estimates are made using
      the bioheat equation assuming uniformly perfused tissue. In excess of 500
      treatments of patients with advanced or recurrent localized superficial tumors
      have been performed using this applicator technology. Data from clinical
      treatments have been analyzed to quantify the heating performance and verify the
      suitability of these applicators for clinical use. Good microwave coupling
      efficiency together with the compact applicator size have proved to be valuable
      clinical assets.

PMID- 2298627
TI  - Interstitial iridium 192 for cutaneous carcinoma of the external nose.
AB  - Several implantation techniques useful for nasal skin carcinoma have been
      developed at the Henri Mondor Hospital in Creteil, France and are described in
      detail. Iridium 192 wires, 0.3 mm in diameter, are afterloaded into either supple
      plastic tubes or rigid needles implanted according to the rules of the Paris
      system. Dosimetry is performed by computer, based on either direct measurements
      of active lengths and spacing, orthogonal films or a tomogram oriented in the
      central plane of the implant. According to a recent review by the European
      Curietherapy Group of 468 implants, the optimal dose is 60 Gy. The overall
      failure rate was 2.6%. Indications for implantation and choice of technique,
      based on tumor size, site, and gross morphology are discussed.

PMID- 2298628
TI  - Testing a 3-D radiation therapy planning program.
AB  - This report describes a systematic effort to test all functions of a large 3-D
      radiation therapy planning program, including graphics and user interaction.
      Previous studies in quality assurance for radiation therapy programs do not
      adequately address the problem of programming errors. They compare dose estimates
      calculated by planning programs to actual doses measured in phantoms, so they
      cannot distinguish programming errors from measurement errors or physical
      unsoundness of the beam model. Moreover, they fail to exercise graphics and user
      interaction functions. This report describes a different methodology: test cases
      are derived from the program specification, results are calculated by an
      independent technique, and compared to program output. Derivation of test cases
      is described in detail. Effectiveness of testing is assessed by reporting the
      number of errors revealed by testing and comparing to the number of errors
      discovered during routine use in five successive program versions. The size of
      the test set is related to the total program size, and the effort devoted to
      deriving and performing tests is compared to the total program development
      effort. We conclude that systematic testing can reveal errors that are not found
      by informal testing, routine program use, or comparison with measurements.
      However, additional errors remain that are only discovered during use. This study
      suggests that a typical large planning system may include more than 100 errors
      when it is released for clinical use. Methods for increasing testing
      effectiveness are recommended.

PMID- 2298629
TI  - Supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma.

PMID- 2298631
TI  - Chemotherapy and brain tumors: a reply to Levin.

PMID- 2298630
TI  - Postoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

PMID- 2298632
TI  - Dose-effect relation of interstitial low-dose-rate radiation (Ir192) in an animal
      tumor model.
AB  - One way to deliver high doses of radiation to deep seated tumors without damaging
      the surrounding tissue is by interstitial techniques. This is commonly applied
      clinically; however, biological data of tumor response to interstitial low-dose
      rate gamma irradiation are scarce. Therefore, we have studied the response of
      rhabdomyosarcoma R1 tumors implanted in the flanks of female Wag/Rij rats using
      an interstitial Ir192 afterloading system. A template was developed by which four
      catheters can be implanted in a square geometry with a fixed spacing.
      Subsequently four Ir192 wires of 2 cm length each are inserted. For dose
      prescription the highest isodose enveloping the tumor volume was chosen.
      Interstitial irradiation was performed using tumor volumes of 1500-2000 mm3. A
      range of minimum tumor doses of 20 up to 115 Gy were given at a mean dose-rate of
      48 cGy/hr. Dose-effect relations were obtained from tumor growth curves and tumor
      cure data, and compared to data from external irradiation. The dose required for
      50% cures with interstitial irradiation (TCD50) appears to be 95 +/- 9 Gy. The
      TCD50 for low-dose-rate interstitial gamma irradiation is 1.5 times the TCD50 for
      single dose external X ray irradiation at high dose rates, but is comparable to
      the TCD50 found after fractionated X ray irradiation at high dose rate. Sham
      treatment of the tumors had no effect on the time needed to reach twice the
      treatment volume. The growth rate of tumors regrowing after interstitial
      radiotherapy is not markedly different from the growth rate of untreated
      (control) tumors (volume doubting time 5.6 +/- 1 day), in contrast to the
      decreased growth rate after external X ray irradiation. It is argued that the
      absence of a clear tumor bed effect may be explained by some sparing of the
      stroma by the low-dose-rate of the interstitial irradiation per se as well as by
      the physical dose distribution of the interstitial Ir192 sources, giving a
      relative low dose of radiation to the surrounding normal tissues.

PMID- 2298633
TI  - Development of blood vessel-related radiation damage in the fimbria of the
      central nervous system.
AB  - The identification problem of the dose-limiting tissue component was investigated
      in the CNS of rats. Moderate single doses of radiation, ranging from 20 to 25 Gy
      were applied to the brain of adult female rats. The sequence of events was
      analyzed by scoring a series of morphological changes in one of the white matter
      structures that appears to represent a sensitive location, that is the fimbria
      hippocampi. The previously defined "Tissue Injury Unit", characterized by a
      dilation of the blood vessel lumen, a thickening of the blood vessel wall, an
      enlargement of endothelial cell nuclei, and a hypertrophy of the adjacent
      astrocytes which represents a combined score of four different, but related
      histological changes, proved to be slightly more sensitive and responsive than
      the earliest recognizable changes in the neurological structures, that is
      demyelination. In addition, the incidence of demyelination could be expressed as
      a function of the intensity of the "Tissue Injury Unit". These findings can be
      interpreted as an additional indication that blood vessel changes and the
      hypertrophy of the perivascular astrocytes precede degenerative changes in the
      white matter of the CNS after moderate doses of X rays.

PMID- 2298634
TI  - Performance of a prototype fluoroscopic radiotherapy imaging system.
AB  - An increasing demand exists for the implementation of radiotherapy imaging during
      routine patient treatment, not only for quality assurance of field alignment, but
      also to obtain full documentation of the actual radiation treatments given. As
      the method using conventional portal films has distinct disadvantages,
      alternative methods are required which preferably are faster and produce images
      of better quality. This paper describes the performance of a prototype
      fluoroscopic system in terms of spatial resolution and contrast resolution as
      well as imaging of patients during routine treatments. The system described
      appears to be suitable for patient set-up and treatment verification and
      documentation.

PMID- 2298635
TI  - Measurement of tumor pH during microwave induced experimental and clinical
      hyperthermia with a fiber optic pH measurement system.
AB  - The influence of hyperthermia on tissue pH was investigated using a modified
      version of the fiber optic monitoring system. This newly developed system was
      tested for use in tissues and found to be suitable for pH measurement during
      microwave induced hyperthermia. The fiber optic pH probe (0.7 mm diameter) could
      be easily used in the electromagnetic fields produced by the microwave
      applicators, whereas only the display unit required some shielding. Tissue pH of
      experimental and clinical tumors was measured concurrently with local microwave
      hyperthermia treatment. The mean initial intratumor pH of a rat rhabdomyosarcoma
      was 7.03 (SD 0.13, n = 19) and the pH of human subcutis was 7.45 (SD 0.02, n =
      8). In rat tumor a primary pH decrease was observed during heating which was
      fully reversed during cooling. The coefficient of temperature dependence was 
      0.016 pH unit/degree C (SD 0.004, n = 12). After approximately 1 hr of heating at
      43 degrees C a further pH decrease of 0.1-0.3 unit occurred which was not
      reversed directly after treatment. Measurements during clinical local microwave
      hyperthermia treatments after radiotherapy revealed similar changes in pH values,
      primary as well as secondary. The estimated coefficient of temperature dependence
      for the reversible pH change, which occurred in subcutis as well as in tumor
      tissue, was -0.016 pH unit/degree C (SD 0.004, n = 12). The fiber optic pH
      measurement system is expected to be a valuable tool in the thorough
      investigation of temperature and time related pH changes in tumor during
      experimental as well as clinical hyperthermia treatment.

PMID- 2298636
TI  - Localized unresectable pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Treatment results are presented for 40 patients with unresectable localized
      pancreatic cancer. The treatment protocol consisted of a split-course external
      radiation therapy to a dose of 50 Gy combined with intravenous 5-fluorouracil on
      the first 4 days of each course in a dose of 375 mg/m2/day. There was no
      treatment mortality and morbidity was moderate. Median survival was 9 months. The
      3-year survival of six patients and the 5-year survival of three patients are
      considered significant enough to advise this combined treatment modality as a
      standard and to use it in comparison with newer treatment schemes in Phase III
      studies.

PMID- 2298637
TI  - Film dosimetry of clinical electron beams.
AB  - Film dosimetry is used widely to obtain relative dose distributions of clinical
      electron beams in phantoms. Nevertheless, measurement results obtained with film
      dosimetry may lack precision and reliability. In this paper well defined and
      reproducible methods in film dosimetry are discussed. By application of these
      methods, film dosimetry appears to be adequate in measuring relative dose
      distributions of clinically applied electron beams, with an accuracy of 1% to 2%
      of the dose maximum, in water and plastics as well as in heterogeneously composed
      material.

PMID- 2298638
TI  - A ring capacitor applicator in hyperthermia: energy distributions in a fat-muscle
      layered model for different ring electrode configurations.
AB  - The energy deposition pattern within a radially layered fat-muscle phantom,
      diameter 135 mm, heated by a novel ring capacitor applicator has been determined
      experimentally as well as theoretically. Good to excellent agreement is found
      between measured and predicted energy distributions. For the specific absorption
      rate in the muscle tissue the differences are in general smaller than 6%. When
      the ring electrodes are placed directly on the phantom surface both measured and
      predicted energy distributions show the presence of superficial hot spots located
      within the fat layer at the site of the ring electrodes. The theoretical
      distributions showed that the radial component of the E-field contributes for
      more than 90% to the energy absorption at the hot spot in the fatty tissue in
      front of the ring electrodes. Introducing a small air gap (10 mm) between the
      phantom surface and the ring electrode results in a decrease of the energy
      absorption within the fatty tissue at the hot spot location by 30%. Further
      theoretical analysis of the energy distribution within the inhomogeneous model
      showed that the intensity of the hot spots at the ring electrodes can be
      controlled by adjustment of the applicator configuration. Independent of the size
      of the electrode to phantom gap the specific absorption rate values predicted in
      the fat-muscle model show a more favorable distribution at a frequency of 27.12
      MHz than at 13.56 MHz. For a similar electrode to phantom gap the specific
      absorption rate within the fatty tissue is approximately two times lower at 27.12
      than at 13.56 MHz. For the model calculations performed the best ratio of fat to
      muscle SAR (0.2) is obtained with distilled water as bolus medium in the gap.

PMID- 2298639
TI  - The prognostic significance of late local recurrence after breast-conserving
      therapy.
AB  - Of 178 local recurrences occurring in 1593 patients with clinical Stages I-II
      breast cancer treated by conservative surgery and megavoltage radiotherapy, 71
      were diagnosed after the 5th year. Compared with recurrences occurring prior to
      60 months, late recurrences were less frequently inoperable (1/71, 1.4%, versus
      18/107, 17%, p less than 0.001), were more often located at a distance from the
      initial primary tumor (23/71, 32%, versus 15/106, 14%, p less than 0.005), and
      had a more favorable prognosis (5-year survival 84% versus 61% for late and early
      operable recurrences, respectively, p = 0.05). Five-year metastasis-free survival
      after late failure depended mainly on the anatomic extent of the recurrence (87%
      for recurrences apparently confined to the breast versus 34% for relapses
      involving the axilla, p less than 0.002). Prognosis of late recurrence appeared
      to be unaffected both by location of the recurrence within the breast and by the
      type of salvage operation used (mastectomy versus wide excision). Local-regional
      control after salvage surgery was satisfactory (89% at 5 years). Whereas
      recurrence in the breast prior to 5 years profoundly affected survival after
      initial diagnosis, patients with late failure had identical 15-year survival as
      other 5-year survivors who never failed locally. Late recurrences were more
      frequent in patients younger than 40 at initial treatment, and in patients who
      had inadequate radiotherapy. We conclude that late local recurrences after breast
      conservation do not represent a serious management problem.

PMID- 2298640
TI  - Effect of postoperative radiotherapy on changes in pulmonary function in patients
      with stage II and IIIA lung carcinoma.
AB  - To assess the pulmonary tolerance to postoperative radiotherapy (RT) in patients
      with resected lung carcinoma, a prospective study was begun in January 1977,
      which consisted of (a) initial pulmonary function test (PFT) and arterial blood
      gases (ABG) at 1 month after surgery, and before beginning of postoperative RT,
      and (b) follow-up PFT and ABG 1 year after postoperative RT and then every year
      thereafter. As of December 1987, 137 patients have been enrolled into this study,
      and 71 patients who were free of recurrence were subjected to the follow-up PFT
      and ABG. The remaining 66 patients were unable to complete the follow-up studies
      because of recurrent carcinoma in 60, refusal to participate in the study in 5
      patients even in the absence of significant respiratory symptoms, and progressive
      asbestos-related pleural thickening in 1 patient. The patient characteristics
      were as follows: Age ranged from 27 to 79 years with the median of 59 years; sex
      ratio was 1.4 to 1 for male to female; surgical procedures included lobectomy in
      49 and pneumonectomy in 22 patients; tumor extent consisted of Stages T1-T2N1M0
      in 44, T1-T2N2M0 in 9, and T3N0-N2M0 in 18 patients, respectively. Histologic
      types included squamous cell carcinoma in 26, adenocarcinoma in 42, small cell
      carcinoma in 1, and large cell carcinoma in 2 patients. Target volume for RT
      included the ipsilateral hilum, the mediastinum, and the thoracic inlet including
      both supraclavicular fossae. A total dose of 54 Gy was delivered in 1.8 Gy of
      daily fractions, 5 days per week over a period of 6 weeks. Contrary to
      expectation, there were minor changes in PFT indices in both lobectomy and
      pneumonectomy patients. The follow-up PFT in the lobectomy group showed small -3%
      to +2% changes in mean values of ventilatory indices, lung volume, and ABG. The
      follow-up PFT in the pneumonectomy group also showed small -9% to +13% changes in
      mean values of ventilatory indices, lung volume, and ABG. Sixteen patients have
      had more than one PFT during the follow-up period (2 years to 10 years), and
      there was no significant long term adverse effect of RT on PFT in this subset of
      patients. Lung scans assessing regional function, which were available in six
      patients, were not helpful in predicting changes in PFT indices as a result of
      postoperative RT.

PMID- 2298641
TI  - AVMA guide to hazard communication.

PMID- 2298643
TI  - Chemical dependency.

PMID- 2298642
TI  - More on Tufts' student surgery program.

PMID- 2298644
TI  - Clarification of a legal brief case.

PMID- 2298645
TI  - Staff meetings open doors to communication.

PMID- 2298646
TI  - Growth enhancers: boon or boomerang for the pork industry?

PMID- 2298647
TI  - Waiting for the Food and Drug Administration to respond to its advisory
      committee's recommendations.

PMID- 2298648
TI  - Difficult dermatologic diagnosis. Pruritus caused by food hypersensitivity in a
      cat.

PMID- 2298649
TI  - Call for Dr. Wonderful.

PMID- 2298650
TI  - Reports from the scientific program, Section on Toxoplasmosis, 126th annual AVMA
      meeting. Orlando, Fla, July 15-19, 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2298651
TI  - Toxoplasmosis in sheep in northeastern United States.

PMID- 2298652
TI  - Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in swine from Iowa.
AB  - Of swine from 104 herds, 2,616 were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma
      gondii, using an ELISA. Data were analyzed according to swine type, herd size,
      facility type, and season. The true prevalence of toxoplasmosis was estimated as
      5.4% among finishing swine and 11.4% among sows and gilts. Herds with less than
      100 breeding swine were significantly (P less than 0.05) more likely to be
      infected than were herds with greater than or equal to 100 breeding swine. The
      rate of seropositivity in breeding swine was approximately the same in infected
      herds, regardless of herd size. Herds with finishing swine maintained in total
      confinement were as likely to become infected as were herds maintained in other
      types of facilities, but infected herds with finishing swine maintained in
      confinement appeared to have a lower in-herd prevalence than did herds maintained
      in other types of facilities (P = 0.09). Seasonal effects were not observed, and
      prevalence remained relatively constant throughout the year.

PMID- 2298653
TI  - Toxoplasmosis and other causes of abortions in sheep from north central United
      States.
AB  - Between 1983 and 1989, we examined 1,201 aborted fetuses and dead lambs from the
      north central United States. Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 17.5%,
      campylobacteriosis in 9.9%, chlamydiosis in 4.7%, and miscellaneous infections in
      15.1%. Inflammatory lesions suggestive of infectious causes were seen in 13%.
      Noninfectious causes were identified in 6.1%, and a diagnosis was not reached in
      33.3%. An agglutination test was used to detect Toxoplasma gondii-specific
      antibodies in ovine fluids. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were detected in 223 of
      1,064 (20.9%) fluids from fetuses and dead lambs. Of 201 seropostive (greater
      than or equal to 16) fetuses and lambs, T gondii antibody titers (reciprocal)
      were 16 (21 fetuses and lambs), 32 (10 fetuses and lambs), 64 (2 fetuses and
      lambs), 128 (7 fetuses and lambs), 256 (9 fetuses and lambs), 512 (5 fetuses and
      lambs), 1,024 (15 fetuses and lambs), 2,048 (13 fetuses and lambs), 4,096 (13
      fetuses and lambs), 8,196 (13 fetuses and lambs), 16,392 (19 fetuses and lambs),
      and greater than or equal to 32,784 (74 fetuses and lambs).

PMID- 2298654
TI  - Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dairy goats from 1982 to 1984.
AB  - Serum samples from 1,000 dairy goats from northwest United States (1982 to 1984)
      were examined for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by a modified agglutination test.
      Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers were less than 1.40 for 779 goats, 1.40 for 153
      goats, and greater than or equal to 1:400 for 68 goats. Seroprevalence increased
      with age of goats; 3.7% of 54 six-month-old goats were seropositive (greater than
      or equal to 1:40) vs 17.8% of 218 one-year-old goats.

PMID- 2298655
TI  - Seroprevalence of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype-1
      infection in swine herds in Quebec.
AB  - Seroprevalence of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype-1
      infection was evaluated in pigs on 7 farms in Quebec. Commercial cross-bred herds
      A to G, ranging from 110 to 235 sows and infected with A pleuropneumoniae
      serotype-1 were selected. Five pigs/litter were selected at random and were
      identified (group 1). Blood samples were obtained from group-1 pigs at 2 to 4,
      14, 28, 42, and 56 days of age. Blood also was obtained from group-1 pigs
      remaining in the postweaning unit at 70 days of age, and from 20 to 40 sows 1 to
      3 times. To determine prevalence of seropositive pigs in all age groups for the
      entire study period in herds C to G, blood samples were obtained from 20 pigs/age
      group (group 2) selected at random at 28, 42, and 56 days of age at each visit.
      Group-1 pigs were included when they reached 28, 42, and 56 days of age. Pigs
      were serologically monitored in herds A and B for 3 months and in herds C to G
      for 5 to 6 months. Serologic status of pigs at 2 to 4 days of age was not
      statistically associated with status at 42 days (P = 0.6293) and at 56 days (P =
      0.3098) of age for the same pigs. Therefore, seronegative pigs 2 to 4 days old
      did not seroconvert earlier than did those with detectable maternal antibodies at
      2 to 4 days old. Only about 50% of the 70-day-old pigs were seropositive at 56
      days. Seemingly, pigs seroconverted late in the postweaning period.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2298656
TI  - Evaluation of an automated tabletop blood biochemical analyzer for the veterinary
      clinical pathology laboratory.
AB  - The importance of accurate quantitative blood biochemical analysis for the
      diagnosis and management of disease is recognized by most veterinarians. In
      recent years, several biochemical analyzers have become available for the
      veterinary market. One of these analyzers was evaluated for its suitability in
      measuring several biochemical variables--alkaline phosphatase, urea nitrogen,
      creatinine, glucose, alanine transaminase (dog and cat only), and aspartate
      transaminase (horse only)--in dogs, cats, and horses. Instrument within-day
      precision ranged from 1.0 to 7.1%, and between-day precision ranged from 1.6 to
      7.4%. During the 6-month period of the study, the analyzer required recalibration
      for only 1 analyte (creatinine). Concentrations of individual analytes were
      similar when blood (collected in anticoagulant), plasma, and serum were assayed
      in parallel. The accuracy of the analyzer, as measured by correlation to a
      reference method, ranged from 0.861 for creatinine in horses to greater than
      0.950 for each of the other analytes in the 3 species. Mean values for each
      analyte were similar, except for alkaline phosphatase, which had consistently
      lower values by use of the analyzer method. A data base was established for
      reference values in each species.

PMID- 2298657
TI  - Brucella ovis excretion in semen of seronegative, clinically normal breeding
      rams.
AB  - A commercial flock of Suffolk and Suffolk-cross breeding rams was monitored for 5
      years in an effort to control epididymitis caused by Brucella ovis. Scrotal
      palpation, semen evaluations, and vaccination against B ovis were used the first
      3 years. Serologic evaluation (complement fixation and ELISA) was added the
      fourth year, and bacteriologic culturing was added to the program the fifth year.
      Semen culturing in the fifth year revealed 9 (37.5%) of 24 rams were actively
      excreting B ovis; 6 of those 9 rams were seronegative. Neither semen quality nor
      the presence of WBC in the semen were dependable criteria to detect these
      seronegative carriers. In spite of the high percentage of B ovis excretors, few
      clinical signs of epididymitis were detected in the flock during the last 3 years
      of the study. It was hypothesized that vaccination protected rams against the
      clinical disease but not the carrier state. The importance of culturing semen for
      assessment of a control program was emphasized.

PMID- 2298658
TI  - Systemic amyloidosis in a mare.
AB  - A mare with chronic cachexia had multiple skin nodules, abdominal masses
      (attached and free floating), and large lymph nodes. Fine-needle aspiration
      cytologic evaluation of a skin mass revealed multinucleated giant cells
      surrounding eosinophilic material. Histologic evaluation revealed extensive
      amyloid deposits within the masses, lymph nodes, and the interstitium of many
      organs. The presence of systemic (visceral) and organ-limited (cutaneous) forms
      of amyloid is rare in horses. Amyloid congophilia was retained after potassium
      permanganate oxidation. The fibrils were thus distinct from the AA (secondary)
      fibrils that are found in most cases of equine amyloidosis, suggesting that this
      mare may have had primary amyloidosis. Regardless of fibril type, the presence of
      multinucleated giant cells in association with eosinophilic material in cytologic
      preparations of skin nodules may suggest a differential diagnosis of amyloidosis
      in horses.

PMID- 2298659
TI  - Intestinal adenocarcinoma in a goat.
AB  - A 5-year-old Toggenburg doe was examined because of wasting, decreased milk
      production, and progressive abdominal distention. Abdominal percussion disclosed
      a prominent fluid wave crossing the abdomen. Physical examination revealed no
      cardiac abnormalities. Abdominal paracentesis yielded 21 L of modified transudate
      (protein concentration, 3.6 g/dl; sp gr 1.013; 0.6 X 10(3) nucleated cells/ml)
      over a 2-hour period. During surgical exploration of the abdomen, dilated loops
      of intestine covered with 1- to 3-mm firm masses and a larger mass associated
      with extensive adhesions were found. At necropsy, an annular tumor causing
      partial obstruction was found in the distal portion of the ileum. The
      histopathologic diagnosis was adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2298660
TI  - Atrial fibrillation associated with neostigmine administration in three cows.
AB  - Three cattle with gastrointestinal disease were given neostigmine as part of the
      treatment for postsurgical ileus. All 3 cattle developed atrial fibrillation
      either before or during neostigmine administration, and 2 converted to normal
      sinus rhythm after cessation of treatment.

PMID- 2298661
TI  - Gastric rupture in horses: 50 cases (1979-1987).
AB  - A computer-based search was conducted of medical and necropsy records of horses
      admitted to the teaching hospital from Jan 1, 1979, to Dec 31, 1987, to obtain
      the records of all horses admitted to the hospital for colic and subsequently
      found to have gastric rupture. Fifty cases of gastric rupture were found. The
      records were reviewed to obtain data regarding peritoneal fluid analysis. Cell
      counts of these samples were often erroneous because debris and clumps of
      bacteria were counted when most WBC were lysed. A cross-sectional study of
      gastric rupture cases versus all other colic cases regarding season of admission
      revealed that there was no association between season and the occurrence of
      gastric rupture. There was also no increased risk associated with age, gender,
      breed, and the occurrence of gastric rupture. One hundred colic cases, matched
      with the gastric rupture cases by year of admission, were randomly selected via a
      table of random numbers. A questionnaire regarding age, breed, gender, use of the
      horse, housing, diet, water source, deworming schedule, and medical history was
      completed from the medical records and phone conversations with the horse owners.
      The results indicated that horses on a diet of grass hay or grass/alfalfa hay
      only or those that drank water from a bucket, stream, or pond were at increased
      risk for having gastric rupture. In contrast, horses fed grain had a reduced
      risk.

PMID- 2298662
TI  - Clinical evaluation of intertrochanteric osteotomy for treatment of dogs with
      early-stage hip dysplasia: 37 cases (1980-1987).
AB  - Between May 1980 and May 1987, intertrochanteric osteotomy was performed on 43
      hips of 37 dogs (6 bilateral procedures) with early-stage hip dysplasia, with the
      objectives of improving hip biomechanics and reducing discomfort. Clinical
      evaluation consisted of: questionnaire, and/or orthopedic examination, and/or
      report from owner(s) via telephone. At least 1 form of evaluation was conducted
      for 42 of 43 hips (98%). On the basis of orthopedic examination findings, 27 of
      33 hips (84%) were functionally good or normal at postoperative month 15 (on
      average). On the basis of owner report, 19 of 28 hips (68%) were functionally
      good or normal at postoperative month 11 (on average). On the basis of
      questionnaire data, 17 of 24 hips (70%) were functionally good or normal at
      postoperative year 1. Before surgery, only 11 of 37 hips (30%) had been evaluated
      as functionally good or normal. Of 36 owners, 33 (91.6%) reported that they would
      have the procedure performed again if the circumstances were the same. From the
      good to excellent clinical results, we concluded that intertrochanteric osteotomy
      is a beneficial treatment for dogs with early-stage hip dysplasia.

PMID- 2298663
TI  - Comparison of serum and plasma taurine values in Bengal tigers with values in
      taurine-sufficient and -deficient domestic cats.
AB  - A white Bengal tiger was determined to have a central retinal lesion and a
      central visual defect. Because of the known association between feline central
      retinal degeneration (CRD) and taurine deficiency in domestic cats, plasma
      concentrations of taurine were measured in this tiger. Serum concentrations of
      taurine, methionine, and cystine also were measured in white Bengal tigers,
      orange Bengal tigers, taurine-sufficient domestic cats, and taurine-deprived and
      tissue-taurine-depleted visually impaired cats with CRD. Hepatic and brain
      enzymes responsible for taurine synthesis were identified in tissue specimens
      from an orange Bengal tiger. Serum taurine concentrations were lower in white vs
      orange tigers, but were not as low as those in cats with CRD. Thus, we concluded
      that taurine depletion did not account for the central retinal lesion in the
      white Bengal tiger.

PMID- 2298664
TI  - Acute toxoplasmosis in a camel.
AB  - A 6-year-old camel was examined because of a history of dyspnea of unknown
      duration. Approximately 24 L of turbid fluid was drained from the pleural cavity.
      Numerous Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were found in macrophages in smears of the
      pleural fluid. High titers (1:20,000) of T gondii antibodies were found in
      pleural fluid.

PMID- 2298665
TI  - Trend in real starting salaries of US veterinary medical college graduates, 1980
      1989.

PMID- 2298666
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Prostatic abscess causing a prolapsed penis in a wallaby.

PMID- 2298668
TI  - Loss control begins with Trust Guidelines.

PMID- 2298667
TI  - Guarded tracheal swabbing.

PMID- 2298669
TI  - Advertising and ethics--is there still a relation?

PMID- 2298670
TI  - ECG of the month. Premature ventricular complexes in an anesthetized colt.

PMID- 2298671
TI  - Long-term jugular vein catheterization in horses.
AB  - The use of soft catheter materials in large-bore veins has allowed safe long-term
      venous access in human patients. Similar principles were applied to groups of
      horses; the jugular vein was catheterized for 14 days (group 1) and for 30 days
      (group 2). Three catheter materials were compared, and the clinical and
      histologic findings indicated that the least reaction was associated with
      silastic, followed by polyurethane; polytetraflouroethylene caused marked
      reaction. Our results suggest that by using catheters made of materials
      (especially silastic) that are less stiff or rigid, the duration of
      catheterization can be increased to 14 days or longer with minimal complications.

PMID- 2298672
TI  - Evaluation of upper respiratory tract function during strenuous exercise in
      racehorses.
AB  - Forty-six racehorses with a history of poor performance underwent endoscopic
      evaluation of laryngeal and pharyngeal function while exercising on a high-speed
      treadmill. This evaluation allowed the definitive diagnosis of intermittent or
      continual upper respiratory tract obstruction as a cause of poor performance, as
      well as the documentation of the dynamic functional anatomy of the obstruction.
      Ten of the horses (22%) were determined to have a functional abnormality of the
      upper respiratory tract. These abnormalities included epiglottic entrapment (1
      horse), persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate during exercise (4
      horses), and left laryngeal hemiplegia (5 horses). Thirty-two horses were
      observed to have signs of left laryngeal hemiparesis (asynchronous arytenoid
      movement) at rest that did not impair full laryngeal abduction during strenuous
      exercise.

PMID- 2298673
TI  - Carbon dioxide laser ablation for treatment of limbal squamous cell carcinoma in
      horses.
AB  - Limbal squamous cell carcinoma in 4 horses was treated successfully, using carbon
      dioxide laser ablation. Tumors were removed, with minimal to no postoperative
      inflammation or discomfort to the horses. Carbon dioxide laser ablation
      represents a promising new option in the treatment of limbal squamous cell
      carcinoma in horses.

PMID- 2298674
TI  - Endoscopic evaluation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease in association with poor performance in racing
      Standardbreds.
AB  - Endoscopic examinations were performed on 965 Standardbred racehorses competing
      at Yonkers Raceway between June 16 and Aug 3, 1988, to demonstrate an association
      between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage or chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease and poor racing performance. Findings suggested that both exercise
      induced pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease adversely
      affect performance, whereas a combination of the 2 conditions more severely
      affects racing performance than do either of the conditions individually.

PMID- 2298675
TI  - Anatomy of the dorsoscapular ligament of horses.
AB  - Thoracic limbs from 8 horses were dissected. The dorsoscapular ligament was
      determined to consist of a collagenous part that fused to the surface of the
      thoracolumbar fascia and of an elastic part that extended laterally from the
      collagenous part to attach to the medial surface of the scapula and interdigitate
      with fibers of the serratus ventralis thoracis muscle.

PMID- 2298676
TI  - Cimetidine for treatment of melanomas in three horses.
AB  - Cimetidine, an H2 histamine antagonist, was used in the clinical management of
      progressive, multifocal melanomatosis in 3 adult gray horses. Prior to treatment,
      the tumors had increased rapidly in size and number in 2 horses (duration of 6
      and 27 months, respectively) and slowly in the third horse (duration of 48
      months). All 3 horses were treated with cimetidine (2.5 mg/kg of body weight, PO,
      q 8 h) for 2 months to 1 year. During treatment, the number and size of the
      melanomas decreased substantially (50 to 90%). The progression of the disease was
      halted in 2 horses and controlled in the third horse, which is still being
      treated with cimetidine (1.6 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h). The horses in which treatment
      was terminated have not been treated for 31 and 41 months, respectively, during
      which time the melanomas have not increased in number or size.

PMID- 2298677
TI  - Bilateral congenital cysts in the frontal sinuses of a horse.
AB  - Congenital frontal sinus cysts were found bilaterally in the frontal sinuses of a
      one-year-old miniature horse. Diagnosis was based on radiography of the head and
      cytologic examination of tissue aspirated from the frontal sinuses. The cysts
      were surgically removed, using a hinged bone flap technique bilaterally over the
      frontal sinuses.

PMID- 2298678
TI  - Treatment of right dorsal ulcerative colitis in a horse.
AB  - Excessive administration of phenylbutazone was associated with development of
      right dorsal ulcerative colitis. The clinical signs of right dorsal colitis
      include chronic colic and weight loss. The laboratory abnormalities include
      panhypoproteinemia and a high WBC count in the abdominal fluid. Medical
      management of the chronic colic and protein-losing enteropathy associated with
      the ulcerative lesions in the right dorsal colon and surgical bypass of the right
      dorsal colon did not result in long-term resolution of clinical signs. Resection
      of the ulcerated right dorsal colon through a right lateral approach at the 16th
      rib resulted in resolution of intestinal protein loss and colic. The results of
      this case suggest that surgical resection of the ulcerated right dorsal colon may
      be the recommended treatment for right dorsal ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2298680
TI  - Enteric pythiosis in a horse.
AB  - Enteric pythiosis was diagnosed in a 2-year-old Quarter Horse gelding. The horse
      had signs of colic, which appeared to be alleviated by administration of mineral
      oil and analgesics, but only temporarily. Intestinal distention developed after
      initial examination. At surgery, a thick stenotic area was observed in the middle
      portion of the jejunum. The thick intestine and associated mesentery contained
      multiple firm nodules of gritty caseous material. Histopathologic findings
      included sclerosing eosinophilic granulomatous enteritis and peritonitis.
      Although the lesion resembled a response to migrating parasites and lacked hyphae
      in initial sections, the gross appearance of the lesion prompted the acquisition
      of additional sections to detect the etiologic agent.

PMID- 2298679
TI  - Probable paratuberculosis in a Sicilian ass.
AB  - A presumptive diagnosis of paratuberculosis was made in a Sicilian ass on the
      basis of a history of chronic diarrhea and weight loss, pasture exposure to a
      heifer with paratuberculosis confirmed by bacterial culture of feces, postmortem
      identification of granulomatous inflammation of the intestine containing acid
      fast organisms, the absence of acid-fast organisms in extraenteric tissues, and
      the absence of exposure to tuberculosis. The literature on paratuberculosis in
      equids is reviewed. The potential for cross-species transmission is emphasized.
      Justification for consideration of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in
      the differential diagnoses of equine granulomatous enteritis is discussed.

PMID- 2298682
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2298681
TI  - Drug-associated aplastic anemia in dogs: eight cases (1984-1988).
AB  - Records of 8 dogs with drug-associated aplastic anemia were reviewed. Drugs
      suspected as being causative included estradiol cyclopentylpropionate (3 dogs),
      phenylbutazone (2 dogs), meclofenamic acid (1 dog), trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and
      fenbendazole (1 dog), and quinidine (1 dog). Five of the dogs died or were
      euthanatized. One dog with estrogen-associated aplasia recovered after prolonged
      treatment. The dogs with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and quinidine-associated
      marrow aplasia recovered promptly after treatment was discontinued.

PMID- 2298683
TI  - Women living with vision loss.

PMID- 2298684
TI  - Endurance capacity and longevity in women.
AB  - The aim of our study was to compare the cardiovascular and metabolic adjustments
      of 8 female and 8 male subjects to similar situations of physical stress, which
      involved muscle contractions at various intensities, and to link the results with
      the fact that in Scandinavia, women survive men by an average of 5-10 years. The
      mean age of subjects was 25 years old, and all were in good health. It was
      concluded that the cardiovascular and metabolic reactions to comparable regimens
      of physical stress differ markedly between female and male subjects: The women
      demonstrated the healthier adjustments, with lesser blood pressure elevation and
      a higher degree of lipid utilization. Both reactions are linked to protective
      mechanisms with respect to developing ischemic heart disease. We suggest that
      these adjustments are linked to longevity in women, and that part of the
      explanation of the sex differences in physiological adjustments to physical
      stress and in longevity lies in the fact that women through life are subjected to
      a higher degree of physical activity.

PMID- 2298685
TI  - Predicting paternal involvement with a newborn by attitude toward women's roles.
AB  - Significant change in the social roles played by American women has occurred
      during the past two decades. Recent research literature suggests, however, that
      attitudinal change may be lagging significantly behind the profound changes in
      behavior. The purpose of this research was to investigate whether expectant
      couples who hold more egalitarian views toward women's roles prior to the birth
      of a first child expect the new father to be more involved in the care of his own
      infant. A demographic questionnaire, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (Spence &
      Helmrich, 1972), and the Projected Paternal Behavior Scale (Alter, 1978) were
      administered to 103 prenatal couples between the sixth and eighth months of
      pregnancy. Findings confirmed a significant correlation between both expectant
      fathers' and expectant mothers' egalitarian views toward women's roles and their
      projections of the father's participation in the care of his infant. More liberal
      attitudes toward women's roles were also associated with increased age, higher
      combined family income, and increased levels of education.

PMID- 2298686
TI  - Osteoporosis: a health issue for women.
AB  - Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease, most of whose victims are women. This
      disease results when bone resorption lags behind bone formation, resulting in a
      net loss of bone. Although the underlying mechanisms have yet to be identified,
      we know that both aging and decreased estrogen levels promote osteoporosis. The
      weakened bone is susceptible to fracture and contributes to the morbidity and
      mortality rates of women over the age of 40. Nonmodifiable risk factors for the
      development of osteoporosis include being female; having a small, thin body
      build; and having lighter skin pigmentation. Modifiable risk factors include
      estrogen and calcium deficiencies, a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, excessive
      alcohol intake, and certain medical conditions. Restoring estrogen to
      premenopausal levels results in a slowing of bone loss and maintenance of bone
      levels for most women for whom estrogen replacement therapy is desirable. Of the
      treatments available, this one shows the most powerful and protective effect on
      bone. Because treatment cannot reverse the condition, considerable energy must be
      directed toward prevention of osteoporosis. Recommendations for prevention have
      been made on the basis of modifiable risk factors.

PMID- 2298687
TI  - Health care of women in the workplace.
AB  - In discussing women's health at work, this article looks at why women have
      particular health needs, by highlighting some historical and social influences,
      describing the hazards encountered by three groups of women workers, and
      discussing some difficulties experienced by many working women, regardless of
      occupation. The final section addresses the role health and welfare professionals
      have to play in making the workplace a healthy and safe environment.

PMID- 2298688
TI  - AIDS and women: an international perspective.
AB  - This article focuses on HIV infection, HIV problems that are female specific (in
      the biological, psychological, and sociological spheres), a national and
      international perspective on HIV infection, and the challenges facing women as
      "women at risk for HIV infection," including childbearing and childrearing. The
      article discusses HIV infection in females worldwide, high risk categories
      (including behaviors, groups, and physiological indicators), physiological
      parameters of HIV infection in females, and health care challenges throughout the
      world. The framework for AIDS assessment, risk reduction, and intervention in
      women is the same as for other major health problems. However, we must first know
      the female specific HIV risks and "HIV disease course" and incorporate that
      knowledge in our assessment and intervention strategies.

PMID- 2298689
TI  - Mental health problems of translocated women.

PMID- 2298690
TI  - Women's health care in China: American travelers' views.
AB  - Chinese health care was examined by three American nurses who visited China
      between 1986 and 1988. A thorough discussion of women's health care as it was
      presented to the authors is provided. Each author found the experience invaluable
      to her understanding of the world and the vast differences, as well as
      commonalities, between health care in the United States and health care in China.

PMID- 2298691
TI  - The myth of the cowboy and its meaning for rodeo families.
AB  - Because of the nature of the sport of rodeo, there is a unique lifestyle
      associated with it. The impact of its stereotypical myth versus the realistic
      lifestyle of cowboys and the subsequent effects on the women and children who
      share their lives are described in this article. This information has
      implications for health professionals and community planners who provide services
      to this group of individuals.

PMID- 2298692
TI  - Evolution of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and application to the fine-tuned
      phylogenetic positioning of enteric bacteria.
AB  - A comprehensive phylogenetic tree for virtually the entire assemblage of enteric
      bacteria is presented. Character states of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis are
      used as criteria, and the results are compared with partial trees based upon
      sequencing of 16S rRNA, 5S rRNA, and tryptophan leader peptide. Three major
      clusters are apparent. Enterocluster 1 possesses a gene fusion (trpG-trpD)
      encoding anthranilate synthase: anthranilate 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate
      phosphoribosyltransferase of tryptophan biosynthesis. This cluster includes the
      genera Escherichia, Shigella, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and
      Enterobacter. The remaining two clusters lack the trpG-trpD gene fusion, but
      differ in the presence (enterocluster 2) or absence (enterocluster 3) of the
      three-step overflow pathway to L-phenylalanine. Enterocluster 2 consists of the
      genera Serratia and Erwinia. Enterocluster 3 includes the genera Cedecea,
      Kluyvera, Edwardsiella, Hafnia, Yersinia, Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella.
      Within these three major clusters, a tentative hierarchy of subcluster ordering
      is formulated on the basis of all data available. This hierarchical framework is
      proposed as a general working basis for continued refinement of the phylogenetic
      relationships of enteric bacteria.

PMID- 2298693
TI  - Pyrogallol-to-phloroglucinol conversion and other hydroxyl-transfer reactions
      catalyzed by cell extracts of Pelobacter acidigallici.
AB  - Permeabilized cells and cell extracts of Pelobacter acidigallici catalyzed the
      conversion of pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) to phloroglucinol (1,3,5
      trihydroxybenzene) in the presence of 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene. Pyrogallol
      consumption by resting cells stopped after lysis by French press or mild
      detergent (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide [CTAB]) treatment. Addition of 1,2,3,5
      tetrahydroxybenzene to the assay mixture restored pyrogallol consumption and led
      to stoichiometric phloroglucinol accumulation. The stoichiometry of pyrogallol
      conversion to phloroglucinol was independent of the amount of tetrahydroxybenzene
      added. The tetrahydroxybenzene concentration limited the velocity of the
      transhydroxylation reaction, which reached a maximum at 1.5 mM
      tetrahydroxybenzene (1 U/mg of protein). Transhydroxylation was shown to be
      reversible. The equilibrium constant of the reaction was determined, and the free
      energy change (delta G degree') of phloroglucinol formation from pyrogallol was
      calculated to be -15.5 kJ/mol. Permeabilized cells and cell extracts also
      catalyzed the transfer of hydroxyl moieties between other hydroxylated benzenes.
      Tetrahydroxybenzene and hydroxyhydroquinone participated as hydroxyl donors and
      as hydroxyl acceptors in the reaction, whereas pyrogallol, resorcinol, and
      phloroglucinol were hydroxylated by both donors. A novel mechanism deduced from
      these data involves intermolecular transfer of the hydroxyl moiety from the
      cosubstrate (1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene) to the substrate (pyrogallol), thus
      forming the product (phloroglucinol) and regenerating the cosubstrate.

PMID- 2298695
TI  - Determination of the packaging capacity of bacteriophage VWB.
AB  - VWB is a temperate bacteriophage whose chromosome has cohesive ends. VWB can
      stably package modified chromosomes that contain insertions of up to about 4
      kilobases of foreign DNA. Phage particles containing extra DNA differ from the
      wild type in their increased sensitivity to chelating agents. Because of these
      properties, VWB is a promising cloning vector for Streptomyces venezuelae.

PMID- 2298694
TI  - Variations in the carbohydrate regions of Bordetella pertussis
      lipopolysaccharides: electrophoretic, serological, and structural features.
AB  - Structural and immunological differences between the two components that are
      usually present in unequal quantities in Bordetella pertussis endotoxin
      preparations and are visualized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis have been studied by using strains 1414, A100, and 134, all in
      phase I. According to analyses by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography, the minor (8%) component of the
      endotoxin of strain 1414 (endotoxin 1414) appeared to be the predominating
      component of endotoxins A100 and 134. The masses of the carbohydrate chains
      isolated from endotoxin A100 and from the major component of endotoxin 1414 were
      1,649 and 2,311 atomic mass units, respectively, as determined by 252Cf plasma
      desorption mass spectrometry. Comparison of the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectra of these chains established that four N-acetyl groups, an N-methyl group,
      and a 6-deoxy function, which characterize the nonreducing, distal trisaccharide
      of the glycose chain of strain 1414, were absent from that of strain A100. The
      antigenicity of endotoxin 1414, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,
      was higher than that of endotoxin A100, but fell below it when the glycose chain
      of endotoxin 1414 was deprived of seven sugars by treatment with nitrous acid.
      This observation suggests that at least three (distal, proximal, and
      intermediate) regions of the glycose chain of endotoxin 1414 carry antigenic
      determinants. One of these, located in the distal trisaccharide, is absent from
      both endotoxins A100 and 134.

PMID- 2298696
TI  - VirA, a coregulator of Ti-specified virulence genes, is phosphorylated in vitro.
AB  - High-level expression of a chimeric virA gene was obtained by replacing the first
      524 codons of virA with the first half of trpE. The encoded fusion protein was
      isolated and found to exhibit autokinase activity. Therefore, a kinase domain is
      in the C-terminal portion of VirA, and protein phosphorylation may be an
      important feature of VirA function.

PMID- 2298697
TI  - Expression of Rhizobium leguminosarum CFN42 genes for lipopolysaccharide in
      strains derived from different R. leguminosarum soil isolates.
AB  - Two mutant derivatives of Rhizobium leguminosarum ANU843 defective in
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were isolated. The LPS of both mutants lacked O antigen
      and some sugar residues of the LPS core oligosaccharides. Genetic regions
      previously cloned from another Rhizobium leguminosarum wild-type isolate, strain
      CFN42, were used to complement these mutants. One mutant was complemented to give
      LPS that was apparently identical to the LPS of strain ANU843 in antigenicity,
      electrophoretic mobility, and sugar composition. The other mutant was
      complemented by a second CFN42 lps genetic region. In this case the resulting LPS
      contained O-antigen sugars characteristic of donor strain CFN42 and reacted
      weakly with antiserum against CFN42 cells, but did not react detectably with
      antiserum against ANU843 cells. Therefore, one of the CFN42 lps genetic regions
      specifies a function that is conserved between the two R. leguminosarum wild-type
      isolates, whereas the other region, at least in part, specifies a strain-specific
      LPS structure. Transfer of these two genetic regions into wild-type strains
      derived from R. leguminosarum ANU843 and 128C53 gave results consistent with this
      conclusion. The mutants derived from strain ANU843 elicited incompletely
      developed clover nodules that exhibited low bacterial populations and very low
      nitrogenase activity. Both mutants elicited normally developed, nitrogen-fixing
      clover nodules when they carried CFN42 lps DNA that permitted synthesis of O
      antigen-containing LPS, regardless of whether the O antigen was the one
      originally made by strain ANU843.

PMID- 2298698
TI  - Characterization of transmembrane movement of glucose and glucose analogs in
      Streptococcus mutants Ingbritt.
AB  - The transmembrane movement of radiolabeled, nonmetabolizable glucose analogs in
      Streptococcus mutants Ingbritt was studied under conditions of differing
      transmembrane electrochemical potentials (delta psi) and pH gradients (delta pH).
      The delta pH and delta psi were determined from the transmembrane equilibration
      of radiolabeled benzoate and tetraphenylphosphonium ions, respectively. Growth
      conditions of S. mutants Ingbritt were chosen so that the cells had a low
      apparent phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent glucose:phosphotransferase activity.
      Cells energized under different conditions produced transmembrane proton
      potentials ranging from -49 to -103 mV but did not accumulate 6-deoxyglucose
      intracellularly. An artificial transmembrane proton potential was generated in
      deenergized cells by creating a delta psi with a valinomycin-induced K+ diffusion
      potential and a delta pH by rapid acidification of the medium. Artificial
      transmembrane proton potentials up to -83 mV, although producing proton influx,
      could not accumulate 6-deoxyglucose in deenergized cells or 2-deoxyglucose or
      thiomethylgalactoside in deenergized, PEP-depleted cells. The transmembrane
      diffusion of glucose in PEP-depleted, KF-treated cells did not exhibit saturation
      kinetics or competitive inhibition by 6-deoxyglucose or 2-deoxyglucose,
      indicating that diffusion was not facilitated by a membrane carrier. As proton
      linked membrane carriers have been shown to facilitate diffusion in the absence
      of a transmembrane proton potential, the results therefore are not consistent
      with a proton-linked glucose carrier in S. mutans Ingbritt. This together with
      the lack of proton-linked transport of the glucose analogs suggests that glucose
      transmembrane movement in S. mutans Ingbritt is not linked to the transmembrane
      proton potential.

PMID- 2298699
TI  - Purification and properties of 5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin
      cyclohydrolase from Methanosarcina barkeri.
AB  - The 5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin cyclohydrolase from Methanosarcina
      barkeri was purified 313-fold to a specific activity of 470 mumol min-1 mg-1 at
      37 degrees C and pH 7.8. At this stage, the enzyme was pure as judged from
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The monofunctional enzyme was oxygen stable,
      but the presence of a detergent proved to be essential for its stability. Like
      the cyclohydrolase purified from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (A. A.
      Dimarco, M. I. Donnelly, and R. S. Wolfe, J. Bacteriol. 168:1372-1377, 1986), the
      protein showed an apparent Mr of 82,000, and it is composed of two identical
      subunits as was concluded from nondenaturating and denaturating polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. The enzymes from M. thermoautotrophicum and M. barkeri
      markedly differ with respect to the hydrolysis product of 5,10
      methenyltetrahydromethanopterin: 5-formyl- and 10-formyltetrahydromethanopterin,
      respectively. The apparent Km for 5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin was 0.57
      mM at 37 degrees C and pH 7.8.

PMID- 2298700
TI  - Genetic map of the Bacillus stearothermophilus NUB36 chromosome.
AB  - A circular genetic map of Bacillus stearothermophilus NUB36 was constructed by
      transduction with bacteriophage TP-42C and protoplast fusion. Sixty-four genes
      were tentatively assigned a cognate Bacillus subtilis gene based on growth
      response to intermediates or end products of metabolism, cross-feeding,
      accumulation of intermediates, or their relative order in a linkage group.
      Although the relative position of many genes on the Bacillus stearothermophilus
      and Bacillus subtilis genetic map appears to be similar, some differences were
      detected. The tentative order of the genes in the Bacillus stearothermophilus aro
      region is aspB-aroBAFEC-tyrA-hisH-(trp), whereas it is aspB-aroE-tyrA-hisH-(trp)
      aroHBF in Bacillus subtilis. The aroA, aroC, and aroG genes in Bacillus subtilis
      are located in another region. The tentative order of genes in the trp operon of
      Bacillus stearothermophilus is trpFCDABE, whereas it is trpABFCDE in Bacillus
      subtilis.

PMID- 2298701
TI  - Structural and chemical characterization of the S layer of a Pseudomonas-like
      bacterium.
AB  - Sections and freeze-fractured preparations showed an S layer on the surface of
      Pseudomonas-like strain EU2. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell envelopes
      extracted with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at room temperature showed three
      proteins (45K, 55K, and 110K). The 55K protein was identified as the S-layer
      protein. Incubation in 1.5 M guanidine hydrochloride removed the S layer from
      cell envelopes and dissociated the structure into subunits. The soluble 55K
      protein reassembled into planar sheets upon removal of the guanidine
      hydrochloride by dialysis. Electron microscopy and image processing indicated
      that these sheets had p4 symmetry in projection with a lattice constant of 13.2
      +/- 0.1 nm (corresponding to 9.3 nm between adjacent fourfold axes). In some
      instances these reassemblies appeared to form small three-dimensional crystals
      which gave particularly clear views of the structure in projection because of the
      superimposition of information from a number of layers. A model is proposed with
      molecules having rounded lobes connected by a narrower linker region and joining
      at the lobes to form the fourfold axes of the array. The pattern superficially
      resembles those of other bacterial S layers, such as those of Aeromonas
      salmonicida, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Azotobacter vinelandii. Extraction of cell
      envelopes with 1% SDS at 50 degrees C released the 110K protein from the
      envelopes and removed an amorphous backing layer from the S layer. The 45K
      protein displayed heat-modifiable migration in SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and was insoluble in SDS at 50 degrees C or in high
      concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride, suggesting that it was associated with
      the peptidoglycan.

PMID- 2298702
TI  - Structure of macroamphiphiles from several Bifidobacterium strains.
AB  - Lipoteichoic acid-like substances, macroamphiphiles, were isolated from cell
      homogenates of Bifidobacterium bifidum YIT 4007 and YIT 4013, Bifidobacterium
      breve YIT 4010 and YIT 4014, and Bifidobacterium longum YIT 4021 by phenol
      extraction followed by nuclease digestion, gel chromatography, ion-exchange
      chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The macroamphiphile
      preparations from these five strains contained D-glucose, D-galactose, glycerol,
      phosphorus, L-alanine, and fatty acids in molar ratios of 1.00, 1.57 to 1.95,
      1.02 to 1.99, 0.97 to 1.72, 0.15 to 0.46, and 0.16 to 0.43. Data from structural
      analyses including methylation, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance measurement,
      alkaline hydrolysis, mild acid hydrolysis, and hydrogen fluoride treatment led to
      the most likely common structure for the macroamphiphiles of the examined
      strains, (formula; see text) where Gro-P is glycerophosphate, m is the number of
      repeating units of galactofuranan, and n is the number of repeating units of
      glucan. Whereas the polymers from the respective strains differed in the numbers
      of repeating units of the galactofuranan and glucan moieties and in the number of
      fatty acid residues, the proposed structure is essentially the same as that
      reported previously for the macroamphiphile of B. bifidum subsp. pennsylvanicum
      DSM 20239 by W. Fischer (Eur. J. Biochem. 165:639-646, 1987).

PMID- 2298703
TI  - Rhizobium meliloti nodD genes mediate host-specific activation of nodABC.
AB  - To differentiate among the roles of the three nodD genes of Rhizobium meliloti
      1021, we studied the activation of a nodC-lacZ fusion by each of the three nodD
      genes in response to root exudates from several R. meliloti host plants and in
      response to the flavone luteolin. We found (i) that the nodD1 and nodD2 products
      (NodD1 and NodD2) responded differently to root exudates from a variety of hosts,
      (ii) that NodD1 but not NodD2 responded to luteolin, (iii) that NodD2 functioned
      synergistically with NodD1 or NodD3, (iv) that NodD2 interfered with NodD1
      mediated activation of nodC-lacZ in response to luteolin, and (v) that a region
      adjacent to and upstream of nodD2 was required for NodD2-mediated activation of
      nodC-lacZ. We also studied the ability of each of the three R. meliloti nodD
      genes to complement nodD mutations in R. trifolii and Rhizobium sp. strain
      NGR234. We found (i) that nodD1 complemented an R. trifolii nodD mutation but not
      a Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 nodD1 mutation and (ii) that R. meliloti nodD2 or
      nodD3 plus R. meliloti syrM complemented the nodD mutations in both R. trifolii
      and Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234. Finally, we determined the nucleotide sequence
      of the R. meliloti nodD2 gene and found that R. meliloti NodD1 and NodD2 are
      highly homologous except in the C-terminal region. Our results support the
      hypothesis that R. meliloti utilizes the three copies of nodD to optimize the
      interaction with each of its legume hosts.

PMID- 2298705
TI  - MAO inhibition and clinical response in depressed patients treated with
      phenelzine.
AB  - The authors studied clinical response in 47 depressed inpatients treated with the
      monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor phenelzine. Improvement on ratings for
      depression at Week 2 of treatment was correlated with percent MAO inhibition at
      Week 2 (r = .35, p less than .03), and the modest positive correlation that was
      found remained after the authors adjusted for the effects of baseline scores on
      the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, dose (mg/kg), and psychosis (partial
      correlation = .49, p less than .002). Further, the 23 patients ultimately
      classified as responders had a significantly greater percent MAO inhibition at
      Week 2 than did the 24 nonresponders (t = 3.02, p less than .005). Thus, the rate
      of MAO inhibition at Week 2 was significantly correlated with clinical
      improvement at Week 2 and final response status. These findings could not be
      explained by other potentially moderating variables such as sex, age,
      endogenicity, recurrence, and incapacitation.

PMID- 2298704
TI  - DNA sequences of genes encoding Acinetobacter calcoaceticus protocatechuate 3,4
      dioxygenase: evidence indicating shuffling of genes and of DNA sequences within
      genes during their evolutionary divergence.
AB  - The DNA sequence of a 2,391-base-pair HindIII restriction fragment of
      Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DNA containing the pcaCHG genes is reported. The DNA
      sequence reveals that A. calcoaceticus pca genes, encoding enzymes required for
      protocatechuate metabolism, are arranged in a single transcriptional unit,
      pcaEFDBCHG, whereas homologous genes are arranged differently in Pseudomonas
      putida. The pcaG and pcaH genes represent separate reading frames respectively
      encoding the alpha and beta subunits of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (EC
      1.13.1.3); previously a single designation, pcaA, had been used to represent DNA
      encoding this enzyme. The alpha and beta protein subunits appear to share common
      ancestry with each other and with catechol 1,2-dioxygenases from A. calcoaceticus
      and P. putida. Marked conservation of amino acid sequence is observed in a region
      containing two histidyl residues and two tyrosyl residues that appear to ligate
      iron within each oxygenase. In some regions within the aligned oxygenase
      sequences, DNA sequences appear to be conserved at a level beyond the extent that
      might have been demanded by selection at the level of protein. In other regions,
      divergence of DNA sequences appears to have been achieved by substitution of DNA
      sequence from one genetic segment into another. The results are interpreted to be
      the consequence of sequence exchange by gene conversion between slipped strands
      of DNA during evolutionary divergence; mismatch repair between slipped strands
      may contribute to the maintenance of DNA sequence in divergent genes.

PMID- 2298707
TI  - Haircutting and psychosis revisited.

PMID- 2298706
TI  - The effect of nortriptyline in elderly patients with cardiac conduction disease.
AB  - Ten depressed, elderly patients with cardiac conduction abnormalities were given
      therapeutic doses of nortriptyline. Serial ECGs revealed no clinically
      significant adverse cardiac changes. These data, added to the findings of
      previous research, suggest that tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) present little
      risk in patients with first degree atrioventricular block or hemiblock. Patients
      with bundle-branch block and bifascicular block are at greater risk of adverse
      cardiac sequelae but can be treated with TCAs. To maximize safety, the authors
      recommend monitoring serial ECGs and plasma TCA levels.

PMID- 2298708
TI  - Verapamil for violent patients.

PMID- 2298709
TI  - Fluoxetine-induced stuttering.

PMID- 2298710
TI  - Tinnitus associated with amitriptyline.

PMID- 2298712
TI  - Obsessive compulsive disorder: new perspectives. Proceedings of a symposium.

PMID- 2298711
TI  - Psychiatric diagnoses and chronic fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 2298714
TI  - Administration and logistics of a mobile intraoperative salvage program.

PMID- 2298713
TI  - Brain imaging as a tool in establishing a theory of brain pathology in obsessive
      compulsive disorder.
AB  - Positron emission tomography (PET) studies using 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose
      (FDG) to determine glucose metabolic rates have been used recently to correlate
      the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) with neuroanatomically
      localized brain dysfunctions. These studies, as well as data from other
      techniques and other disease states, suggest that the orbital cortex and the
      striatum are dysfunctional in OCD. This information can be used to construct a
      theory of how the symptoms of OCD and the related Gilles de la Tourette's
      syndrome and chronic motor tics are mediated by the central nervous system.

PMID- 2298715
TI  - Haemonetics V50 and Plasma Collection System: common concerns and
      troubleshooting.
AB  - The Haemonetics V50 and PCS are automated centrifugal systems designed for the
      collection of a variety of apheresis products. The microprocessor-controlled
      systems increase collection efficiency through many safety features and high
      donor and operator appeal. Troubleshooting the systems has been simplified
      through a systematic approach and easily understood display messages.

PMID- 2298716
TI  - COBE: 2997 TPE Spectra operation troubleshooting and common concerns.

PMID- 2298717
TI  - Therapeutic apheresis and polymyositis.

PMID- 2298718
TI  - Apheresis of low molecular weight protein fraction and the onset of labor.
AB  - In our study, we subjected six (6) pregnant goats of known gestational age to
      whole blood ultrapheresis using an extracorporeal circuit. The serum fraction
      removed was replaced with equal volume of the same material prepared from non
      gravid goats. The serum fraction removed was identified as to content of
      clinically measurable parameters and plotted as permeability coefficient compared
      with molecular weight. The goats were observed to enter the first stage of labor
      as a consequence of this form of apheresis and to deliver normal products of
      conception. No clinically significant deleterious effects on the goats were
      observed. There was no evidence of complement activation, nonspecific heparin
      effect, or endotoxin effect. We consider the possibility that soluble mediators
      of immune suppression may play a role in the maintenance of pregnancy and that
      the onset of the first stage of labor may be an immunologic event.

PMID- 2298719
TI  - Acyclovir pharmacokinetics in plasmapheresis.
AB  - During experimental treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection
      using high doses of acyclovir (ACV) (600 mg IV every 8 h), cyclosporin, and
      several courses of plasmapheresis (PE) (60 ml/kg), ACV pharmacokinetics in three
      patients have been measured. The results with or without PE were not
      significantly different: half-time of elimination 3 vs. 2.3 h, volume of
      distribution 1.8 vs. 1.14 liter/kg, and total clearance 404 vs. 314 ml/min. The
      clearance and the fraction of elimination due to PE were 5.27 ml/min and 2.5%,
      respectively. These findings suggest that supplemental doses of ACV are not
      needed when plasmapheresis is performed.

PMID- 2298720
TI  - Selected proceedings from the tenth annual meeting of the American Society of
      Apheresis and the eleventh annual meeting of the Society of Hemapheresis
      Specialists. Jacksonville, Florida, April 6-8, 1989.

PMID- 2298721
TI  - Positive selection of hematopoietic progenitors from marrow and peripheral blood
      for transplantation.
AB  - The ability to obtain large numbers of purified hematopoietic progenitors (HPC)
      will facilitate the understanding of elements that influence the growth and
      differentiation of bone marrow. Furthermore, HPC isolation will have direct
      application to autologous marrow transplantation (AMT) for malignancies as well
      as facilitate the transfer of genes in marrow cells for the correction of genetic
      disorders. The transplantation of HPC will help delineate the cells or factors
      responsible for graft rejection and graft-versus-host-disease. Or several
      techniques that have been utilized for the separation of HPC, only the avidin
      biotin immunoadsorption (ABIA) method has been shown capable of separating the
      number of cells required for large animals and man. The application of this
      technique to AMT in man requires the identification of an antigen found
      predominantly on HPC in peripheral blood or marrow but not on malignant cells
      that could potentially contaminate bone marrow. Studies have demonstrated that
      the CD34 antigen is expressed by the majority of human marrow HPC measured in
      long-term marrow culture and is expressed on cells capable of autologous
      engraftment in lethally irradiated baboons. Although the CD34 antigen is not
      detectable by FACS analysis on peripheral blood cells, ABIA can enrich for such
      cells. The CD34 antigen is not detected on cells from patients with breast cancer
      or neuroblastoma thus allowing clinical studies to proceed. Preliminary results
      suggest that CD34(+)-enriched cells are depleted of tumor cells and are capable
      of autologous reconstitution in man.

PMID- 2298722
TI  - Photopheresis.

PMID- 2298723
TI  - Therapeutic apheresis in childhood.
AB  - The procedures for intensive plasma exchange (IPE) and cytopheresis (CY) require
      modification for use in children. During the past 11 years we have performed more
      than 2,000 procedures on children for 11 months to 18 years of age.
      Heparinization has been our primary method of anticoagulation. Those who were
      acutely ill anemic or small required a red cell-saline prime. Morbidity was
      virtually nonexistent. If apheresis is otherwise indicated it should not be
      withheld because of patient size or concurrent medical problem.

PMID- 2298724
TI  - Use of pre-operatively obtained platelets and plasma in patients undergoing
      cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass were prospectively studied
      and assigned to plateletpheresis or control groups in a non-randomized, non
      blinded fashion according to apheresis exclusion criteria and our ability to
      perform apheresis within 24 hours of surgery. Patients were grouped by potential
      for hemostatic abnormalities following a risk point factor assignment established
      for this study. The study indicated improvement of hemostasis with autologous
      platelets and plasma as demonstrated by clinical and laboratory parameters and by
      overall blood component utilization. We conclude that pre-operative
      plateletpheresis in this patient population is feasible, safe, and effective.

PMID- 2298725
TI  - Transmodulation of epidermal growth factor binding by platelet-derived growth
      factor and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate is not sodium-dependent in
      Balb/c/3T3 cells.
AB  - The addition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) to many types of cells
      causes a rapid decrease in high affinity binding of 125I-epidermal growth factor
      (EGF), a process which has been termed transmodulation. Treatment with the tumor
      promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) also results in the
      transmodulation of the EGF receptor in many cell types. PDGF can transmodulate
      EGF binding through a mechanism that is not dependent on protein kinase C
      activity. A recent report (Wattenberg, E. V., McNeil, P. L., Fujiki, H., and
      Rosner, M. R. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 213-219) described the requirement for a
      sodium ion influx in the down-modulation of the EGF receptor stimulated by a non
      TPA-type tumor promoter, palytoxin, in Swiss 3T3 cells. We tested for a similar
      sodium requirement in Balb/c/3T3 and Swiss 3T3 cells stimulated by PDGF or TPA in
      Balb cells treated with TPA for prolonged periods to down-regulate protein kinase
      C activity. Our results clearly show that the PDGF- and TPA-stimulated
      transmodulation of the EGF receptor does not require external sodium nor is the
      process affected by amiloride. In each of these experiments, the loss of 125I-EGF
      binding occurred to a similar extent and at a similar rate in the presence or
      absence of sodium. Intracellular pH also did not appear to have a role in the
      response. The sodium ionophore, monensin, was previously shown to bring about the
      down-modulation of 125I-EGF binding in Swiss cells. However, our results indicate
      that monensin-induced transmodulation of the EGF receptor occurs with or without
      external sodium, suggesting that the loss of binding is not the result of a
      sodium ion influx. These findings demonstrate that an increase in intracellular
      sodium does not cause nor is it required for PDGF- or TPA-stimulated EGF receptor
      transmodulation.

PMID- 2298726
TI  - Purification and properties of 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase, a
      coenzyme F420-dependent enzyme, from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum strain
      delta H.
AB  - 5,10-Methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase was purified 22-fold to apparent
      homogeneity from the methanogenic bacterium Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum.
      The enzyme catalyzes the reduction of 5,10-methylene- to 5
      methyltetrahydromethanopterin. The electron carrier coenzyme F420 is specifically
      used as the cosubstrate. The reductase reaction may proceed in both directions,
      methylene reduction is, however, thermodynamically favored. In addition, the
      velocity of the reaction in this direction exceeds the reverse reaction by a
      factor of 26. The reductase is composed of a single subunit with an estimated Mr
      = 35,000. The active enzyme does not contain a flavin prosthetic group or iron
      sulfur clusters, in contrast to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductases
      purified from eukaryotic and eubacterial sources, which catalyze an analogous
      reaction as the methanogenic reductase.

PMID- 2298727
TI  - The structure of the gene for mouse filaggrin and a comparison of the repeating
      units.
AB  - Filaggrins are an important class of intermediate filament-associated proteins
      that are involved in the organization of keratin filaments in the terminal stages
      of mammalian epidermal differentiation. Filaggrins are initially synthesized as
      very large polyprotein precursors consisting of many tandemly arranged repeats
      that are later liberated by proteolytic processes to yield many copies of the
      functional protein. We have recently characterized a cDNA clone to mouse
      filaggrin (Rothnagel, J. A., Mehrel. T., Idler, W. W., Roop, D. R., and Steinert,
      P. M. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15643-15648) which encodes a 750-base pair (250
      amino acid) repeating element having properties consistent with a filaggrin
      molecule. Southern blot analysis of total mouse DNA and the mouse gene isolated
      from a cosmid library (cosmid clone cFM6.1A2) has also revealed a repeat length
      of about 750 base pairs. The cosmid clone contains most of the mouse filaggrin
      gene, but it is missing the 5'-noncoding sequences and possibly some coding
      sequences as well. We report here that cosmid clone cFM6.1A2 contains 20
      filaggrin repeats and 15,213 base pairs of coding sequences. Sequence analysis of
      this clone has revealed at least two different types of repeating element. Type B
      has a repeat length of 750 base pairs (250 amino acids), whereas type A is 765
      base pairs (255 amino acids) long and contains an additional five amino acids
      inserted next to an acidic sequence that delineates the amino and carboxyl
      termini of the filaggrin repeats. It is supposed that these additional five amino
      acids may alter the proteolytic sensitivity of the acidic linker sequence,
      thereby affecting the processing of the precursor. The random distribution of the
      two types of repeats in the precursor indicates that the mouse filaggrin gene
      arose by a complicated series of duplications and/or rearrangements.

PMID- 2298728
TI  - Inhibition of thyrotropin binding to receptor by synthetic human thyrotropin beta
      peptides.
AB  - In order to study the structure and function relationships of the thyrotropin
      (TSH)-specific beta-subunit, we produced 11 synthetic overlapping peptides
      containing the entire 112-amino acid sequence of human beta TSH and tested them
      for activity in TSH radioreceptor assay using both human and porcine thyroid
      membranes. Synthetic peptides representing four regions of the beta-subunit
      demonstrated the ability to inhibit binding of 125I-bovine TSH to crude thyroid
      membranes. The peptide representing the -COOH terminus of the subunit (beta 101
      112) possessed highest binding activity, inhibiting binding of labeled TSH with
      an EC50 of 80 microM. The remaining active peptides were: beta 71-85 (104
      microM), beta 31-45 (186 microM), beta 41-55 (242 microM), and beta 1-15 (331
      microM). Specificity of the binding activity was shown by the inability of the
      peptides representing the remainder of the subunit to inhibit binding of label
      and by the inability of any of the peptides to inhibit binding of 125I-epidermal
      growth factor to the same thyroid membranes. The low affinity of the peptides as
      compared with native hormone is in agreement with previous studies of synthetic
      alpha-subunit peptides and, further, suggests that the interaction of beta TSH
      with receptor is multifaceted, requiring cooperative binding of these sites for
      the observed high affinity of the whole hormone. These studies are in agreement
      with previous predictions of active regions by chemical modification but add two
      regions to the list, showing the utility of the synthetic peptide strategy in the
      study of peptide hormone structure-activity relationships.

PMID- 2298729
TI  - The gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain of human factor VIIa is essential for its
      interaction with cell surface tissue factor.
AB  - Previous studies indicated that both plasma-derived and recombinant human factor
      VIIa specifically interacted with tissue factor on the surface of a human bladder
      carcinoma cell line (J82). In the presence of calcium ions, factor VIIa
      interacted with approximately 300,000 binding sites/cell with a dissociation
      constant (Kd) of 3.25 nM (Sakai, T., Lund-Hansen, T., Paborsky, L., Pedersen, A.
      H., and Kisiel, W. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 9980-9988). In this study, we
      compare recombinant human factor VIIa and a preparation of recombinant human
      factor VIIa lacking the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain (GD-rVIIa) with respect
      to their interaction with J82 cell surface tissue factor. Interaction of GD-rVIIa
      with J82 monolayers at 37 degrees C was specific, saturable, and exhibited a
      hyperbolic profile. Scatchard plots of the binding data obtained at 37 degrees C
      indicated a single class of binding sites for GD-rVIIa with a Kd value of 2.5 nM.
      GD-rVIIa interacted with about 10,000 binding sites/cell. In contrast to the
      tissue factor-specific binding observed for intact factor VIIa, specific binding
      of GD-rVIIa to the J82 cell surface was neither influenced by calcium nor blocked
      by prior incubation of the cells with polyclonal anti-tissue factor apoprotein
      IgG. In addition, cell-bound GD-rVIIa failed to activate human factor X. These
      results indicate that the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain of factor VIIa is
      essential for its interaction with cell surface tissue factor.

PMID- 2298730
TI  - Light-induced transcription of chloroplast genes. psbA transcription is
      differentially enhanced in illuminated barley.
AB  - Transcription and Northern dot blot analyses were used to determine the
      relationship between light-induced changes in RNA levels and transcription in
      barley and maize plastids. Overall plastid transcription activity is near maximum
      and largely light independent in apical sections of 4.5-day-old dark-grown barley
      seedings. With continued development in the dark, transcription activity in
      barley plastids declined precipitously, but transcription could be reactivated if
      plants were illuminated. Illumination of 8-day-old dark-grown barley seedlings
      increased the transcription of psbA, rbcL, and 16 S rDNA; however, the
      stimulation of psbA transcription was 2-4-fold more than rbcL or 16 S rDNA.
      Differential enhancement of psbA transcription occurred when 4.5- or 8-day-old
      dark-grown seedlings were illuminated, and the influence persisted in plants
      illuminated for 72 h. Illumination of 8-day-old dark-grown barley caused an
      increase in psbA and rbcL mRNA levels, but the increase in psbA mRNA was greater
      than that of rbcL. Similarly, illumination of 9-day-old dark-grown maize
      increased plastid transcription activity and the levels of psbA and rbcL mRNA.
      These results indicate that light can modulate overall plastid transcription
      activity and differentially stimulate the transcription of genes including psbA.

PMID- 2298731
TI  - Interaction of saposins, acidic lipids, and glucosylceramidase.
AB  - Activity of lysosomal glucosylceramidase is stimulated by two small
      glycoproteins, saposin A and C, which are, together with two other similar
      glycoproteins, derived from a single precursor protein. This enzyme is also
      stimulated by naturally occurring acidic lipids, such as phosphatidylserine and
      gangliosides. Using highly purified glucosylceramidase, saposins, and acidic
      lipids, the mechanism of enzyme stimulation was studied by investigating complex
      formation between the three components and by examining effects on activity
      caused by changing amounts of saposins and acidic lipids, individually or in
      combination. The results indicated that acidic lipids form a water-soluble
      complex with glucosylceramidase but not with saposins and that saposins and
      acidic lipids each bind to the enzyme at two different sites for the activation.
      Based on these observations, the previously proposed three-binding sites model of
      glucosylceramidase, activator, and substrate was modified to one composed of four
      binding sites: one for carbohydrate of the substrate, one for aglycon, one for
      acidic lipids, and one for saposins.

PMID- 2298732
TI  - Arsenite and cadmium(II) as probes of glucocorticoid receptor structure and
      function.
AB  - Low concentrations of arsenite, but not arsenate, and Cd2+ blocked steroid
      binding to the glucocorticoid receptors of HTC cells. Inhibition by arsenite was
      faster and occurred at lower concentrations than for Cd2+. Half-maximal
      inhibition of [3H]dexamethasone binding was seen after a 30-min preincubation
      with approximately 7 microM arsenite. The effect of arsenite and of Cd2+ appears
      to be mediated by a reaction with vicinal dithiols of the receptor as shown by
      (a) the reversal of arsenite inhibition by much lower concentrations of
      dithiothreitol (approximately 0.1 mM) than of beta-mercaptoethanol (approximately
      10 mM); (b) the ability of both arsenite and Cd2+ to block [3H]dexamethasone 21
      mesylate labeling of receptors but not of other thiol-containing proteins; and
      (c) the known selectivity of arsenite and of Cd2+ for reactions with vicinal
      dithiols. Arsenite forms a tight complex with these vicinal dithiols since the
      removal of loosely associated arsenite by gel exclusion chromatography did not
      reverse the inhibition of steroid binding. The effect of other ions on steroid
      binding was also examined. Half-maximal inhibition of binding occurred with
      approximately 5 microM selenite, whereas up to 300 microM Zn2+ was without
      effect. Much higher concentrations of arsenite were required for effects on
      unactivated and activated complexes. Arsenite slowly induced a loss of
      unactivated complexes but rapidly inhibited a portion of the DNA binding of
      activated complexes. Any effect on activation occurred at arsenite concentrations
      equal to or higher than those that inhibited DNA binding. In contrast, Cd2+
      concentrations similar to those that block steroid binding caused a biphasic loss
      of unactivated complexes and a marginal loss of activated complexes. This is the
      first report of effects of arsenite on glucocorticoid receptors. These results
      confirm directly our earlier hypothesis that steroid binding to rat
      glucocorticoid receptors involves a vicinal dithiol (Miller, N. R., and Simons,
      S. S., Jr. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 15217-15225) and show that arsenite is a
      potent new reagent for probing receptor structure and function.

PMID- 2298733
TI  - Ethanol increases extracellular adenosine by inhibiting adenosine uptake via the
      nucleoside transporter.
AB  - Chronic exposure to ethanol results in heterologous desensitization of receptors
      coupled to adenylyl cyclase via Gs, the stimulatory guanine nucleotide regulatory
      protein. Ethanol-induced accumulation of extracellular adenosine is required for
      the development of heterologous desensitization (Nagy, L. E., Diamond, I.,
      Collier, K., Lopez, L., Ullman, B., and Gordon, A. S., Mol. Pharmacol., in
      press). To understand the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced increases in
      extracellular adenosine, we examined the interaction of ethanol with the
      adenosine transport system in S49 lymphoma cells. We found that ethanol inhibited
      nucleoside uptake without affecting deoxyglucose or isoleucine transport.
      Inhibition of adenosine uptake was due to decreased influx via the nucleoside
      transporter. Thus, ethanol-induced increases in extracellular adenosine appear to
      be due to inhibition of adenosine influx. After chronic exposure to ethanol,
      cells became tolerant to the acute effects of ethanol, i.e. ethanol no longer
      inhibited uptake. Consequently, ethanol no longer increased extracellular
      adenosine concentrations. Taken together with our previous studies, these results
      suggest that ethanol inhibition of adenosine influx leads to an increase in
      extracellular adenosine which causes an initial increase in intracellular cAMP
      levels and subsequent development of heterologous desensitization of cAMP signal
      transduction.

PMID- 2298734
TI  - The mechanism of carbohydrate-mediated complement activation by the serum mannan
      binding protein.
AB  - Serum mannan-binding protein (S-MBP), a lectin specific for mannose and N
      acetylglucosamine, was documented to activate complement through the classical
      pathway. In this study, we examined the mechanism that initiates this activation.
      By a passive hemolysis test using sheep erythrocytes coated with yeast mannan,
      the activation of complement by human S-MBP was shown to proceed in the absence
      of C1q. The following binding studies using 125I-labeled C1r2s2 and C1s indicated
      that the activated form of C1r2s2 bound to S-MBP located on the surface of the
      cells with high affinity. The binding of C1s to the cell-bound S-MBP require the
      presence of C1r, suggesting that C1r2s2 binds to S-MBP through C1r. The
      activation of C1s from a proenzyme to a protease was mediated by cell-bound S-MBP
      in the presence of C1r and the activated protease remained associated with the
      cells and was not released into the medium. The activation of complement with S
      MBP was a solid phase event and did not proceed in a fluid phase. On the basis of
      these results, it was concluded that S-MBP is responsible for the initiation of
      carbohydrate-mediated complement activation as C1q does in immune complex
      mediated complement activation.

PMID- 2298735
TI  - New transient species of sperm whale myoglobin in photodissociation of dioxygen
      from oxymyoglobin.
AB  - We carried out the flash photolysis of oxy complexes of sperm whale myoglobin,
      cobalt-substituted sperm whale myoglobin, and Aplysia myoglobin. When the optical
      absorption spectral changes associated with the O2 rebinding were monitored on
      the nanosecond to millisecond time scale, we found that the transient spectra of
      the O2 photoproduct of sperm whale myoglobin were significantly different from
      the static spectra of deoxy form. This was sharply contrasted with the
      observations that the spectra of the CO photoproduct of sperm whale myoglobin and
      of the O2 photoproducts of cobalt-substituted sperm whale myoglobin and Aplysia
      myoglobin are identical to the corresponding spectra of their deoxy forms. These
      results led us to suggest the presence of a fairly stable transient species in
      the O2 photodissociation from the oxy complex of sperm whale myoglobin, which has
      a protein structure different from the deoxy form. We denoted the O2 photo
      product to be Mb*. In the time-resolved resonance Raman measurements, the nu Fe
      His mode of Mb* gave the same value as that of the deoxy form, indicating that
      the difference in the optical absorption spectra is possibly due to the
      structural difference at the heme distal side rather than those of the proximal
      side. The structure of Mb* is discussed in relation to the dynamic motion of
      myoglobin in the O2 entry to or exit from the heme pocket. Comparing the
      structural characteristics of several myoglobins employed, we suggested that the
      formation of Mb* relates to the following two factors: a hydrogen bonding of O2
      with the distal histidine, and the movement of iron upon the ligation of O2.

PMID- 2298736
TI  - The ligand specificity for uptake of complexed copper-67 by brain hypothalamic
      tissue is a function of copper concentration and copper:ligand molar ratio.
AB  - It has been previously shown that complexation of Cu2+ is essential for effective
      uptake of Cu2+ by brain tissues and that 67Cu complexed to His is taken up by a
      high affinity and a low affinity saturable process (Hartter, D. E., and Barnea,
      A. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 799-805). Using rat hypothalamic tissue slices, we
      defined the ligand specificity for these two uptake processes. The effectiveness
      of stereoisomers or methyl (Me) derivatives of His in facilitating 67Cu uptake by
      the high affinity process was in this decreasing order: L-His = D-His = Me-3-N
      His greater than Me-ester-His greater than Me-alpha-N-His greater than or equal
      to Me-1-N-His. By the low affinity process it was: L-His = D-His = Me-3-N-His =
      Me-ester-His = Me-alpha-N-His greater than Me-1-N-His. When facilitation of 67Cu
      uptake by 14 different amino acids was evaluated using copper:ligand (Cu:L)
      ratios of 1:2,000 (high affinity process) or 1:2 (low affinity process), His
      stood out as the most effective. However, when [Cu2+] was 0.1 microM and the Cu:L
      ratio was increased from 1:2,000 to 1:20,000, Ala, Gly, Lys, Ser, or Thr was each
      as effective as His; when [Cu2+] was 10 microM and the Cu:L ratio was increased
      from 1:2 to 1:2,000, Gln, Glu, Gly, Lys, or Ser was each superior to His in
      facilitating 67Cu uptake. Moreover, by comparison to 67Cu uptake at a Cu:L ratio
      of 1:2, increasing the ratio attenuated (His) or enhanced (Gln, Glu, Gly, Lys,
      Ser) 67Cu uptake. These results indicate that 1) coordination of Cu2+ with the 1
      N-imidazole and the alpha-amino (but not with the carboxyl) is essential for His
      facilitation of 67Cu uptake, and 2) the amino acid specificity for uptake of
      complexed Cu2+ is a function of both [Cu2+] and the molar ratio of copper to
      amino acid. These results are consistent with coordination of Cu2+ with at least
      three nitrogens being a primary factor facilitating copper uptake by brain
      tissue.

PMID- 2298737
TI  - Conformational analysis of the tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and its
      Lea blood group antigen component as related to the specificity of monoclonal
      antibody CO19-9.
AB  - A structural comparison between the synthetic, tumor-associated 19-9
      tetrasaccharide, NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----3GlcNAc(4----1 alpha Fuc)
      O(CH2)8CO2CH3 and its Lea blood group antigen component, Gal beta 1----3GlcNAc(4-
      --1 alpha Fuc)-O(CH2)8CO2CH3 was carried out by two-dimensional 1H NMR
      spectroscopy and hard-sphere energy calculations. Significant chemical shift
      differences between the two molecules were detected only for protons at or near
      the linkage site of NeuAc to the Lea trisaccharide core. Coupling constants for
      the ring protons of both molecules did not suggest major deviation from the 4C1
      chair conformation for Gal and GlcNAc, the 1C4 conformation for Fuc, or the 2C5
      conformation for NeuAc. Two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement
      experiments revealed through-space, inter-proton interactions that corresponded
      to some extent with those predicted by diffraction data and hard-sphere energy
      minimization programs for both saccharides. However, a significant number of
      interactions did not obey the distance dependence predicted from a rigid
      structure model. These data suggest that, while the average conformation of the
      19-9 antigen's Lea core may be invariant to NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal linkage, the
      dynamics of the Lea trisaccharide are altered upon sialylation. Data also
      indicate that the terminal NeuAc linkage is more flexible than the inter-residue
      bonds of the core trisacharide. This analysis, in combination with the fact that
      the monoclonal anti-19-9 antibody CO 19-9 does not cross-react with the Lea
      antigen, provides evidence in favor of NeuAc as an epitope-creating unit involved
      directly at the antibody binding site. However, given the possible role of
      variable dynamics in epitope formation, these results do not preclude crucial
      roles in antibody recognition for regions on the 19-9 antigen that are distanced
      from NeuAc.

PMID- 2298738
TI  - Curtatoxins. Neurotoxic insecticidal polypeptides isolated from the funnel-web
      spider Hololena curta.
AB  - Three polypeptide neurotoxins (curtatoxins) were isolated from the venom of the
      spider Hololena curta by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography,
      gel permeation, and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified toxins induced an
      immediate paralysis in the cricket Acheta domestica that resulted in desiccation
      and death of the insect within 24-48 h (LD50 congruent to 4-20 micrograms/g);
      this toxic effect is consistent with irreversible presynaptic neuromuscular
      blockade. Curtatoxins are a class of sequence-related, cysteine-rich, carboxyl
      terminal amidated polypeptides of 36 to 38 amino acid residues. The cysteine
      residues are conserved at identical sequence positions among these polypeptides
      and form 4 intramolecular disulfide bonds. Hydropathy calculations show that the
      toxins have an internal hydrophobic region flanked by hydrophilic and oppositely
      charged amino- and carboxyl-terminal ends. By analogy to other cysteine-rich
      arthropod venom proteins, the folded structure of the curtatoxins is likely
      important for their target specificity and mode of action at the neuromuscular
      junction.

PMID- 2298739
TI  - Lignin peroxidase compound III. Mechanism of formation and decomposition.
AB  - Lignin peroxidase compound III (LiPIII) was prepared via three procedures: (a)
      ferrous LiP + O2 (LiPIIIa), (b) ferric LiP + O2-. (LiPIIIb), and (c) LiP compound
      II + excess H2O2 followed by treatment with catalase (LiPIIIc). LiPIIIa, b, and c
      each have a Soret maximum at approximately 414 nm and visible bands at 543 and
      578 nm. LiPIIIa, b, and c each slowly reverted to native ferric LiP, releasing
      stoichiometric amounts of O2-. in the process. Electronic absorption spectra of
      LiPIII reversion to the native enzyme displayed isosbestic points in the visible
      region at 470, 525, and 597 nm, suggesting a single-step reversion with no
      intermediates. The LiPIII reversion reactions obeyed first-order kinetics with
      rate constants of approximately 1.0 X 10(-3) s-1. In the presence of excess
      peroxide, at pH 3.0, native LiP, LiPII, and LiPIIIa, b, and c are all converted
      to a unique oxidized species (LiPIII*) with a spectrum displaying visible bands
      at 543 and 578 nm, but with a Soret maximum at 419 nm, red-shifted 5 nm from that
      of LiPIII. LiPIII* is bleached and inactivated in the presence of excess H2O2 via
      a biphasic process. The fast first phase of this bleaching reaction obeys second
      order kinetics, with a rate constant of 1.7 X 10(1) M-1 s-1. Addition of veratryl
      alcohol to LiPIII* results in its rapid reversion to the native enzyme, via an
      apparent one-step reaction that obeys second-order kinetics with a rate constant
      of 3.5 X 10(1) M-1 s-1. Stoichiometric amounts of O2-. are released during this
      reaction. When this reaction was run under conditions that prevented further
      reactions, HPLC analysis of the products demonstrated that veratryl alcohol was
      not oxidized. These results suggest that the binding of veratryl alcohol to
      LiPIII* displaces O2-., thus returning the enzyme to its native state. In
      contrast, the addition of veratryl alcohol to LiPIII did not affect the rate of
      spontaneous reversion of LiPIII to the native enzyme.

PMID- 2298740
TI  - Isolation and characterization of the rat plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene.
AB  - We have reported that glucocorticoids and cyclic nucleotides regulate tissue-type
      plasminogen activator activity in HTC rat hepatoma cells primarily by modulating
      plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) gene expression. To investigate the
      molecular mechanisms underlying this hormonal regulation, we have cloned the rat
      PAI-1 gene from an HTC genomic library. The gene is approximately 10.5 kilobases
      (kb) in size and is comprised of nine exons and eight introns. Comparison of this
      gene with the human PAI-1 gene (Bosma, P. J., van den Berg, E., Kooistra, T.,
      Siemieniak, D. R., and Slightom, J. L. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9129-9141)
      revealed strict conservation of the exon-intron structure. The start site of
      transcription is identical to that in the human PAI-1 gene. The complete
      nucleotide sequence of the rat PAI-1 gene, including 2.4 kb of 5'- and 1 kb of 3'
      flanking DNA, has been determined. Two regions in the 5'-flanking sequence of the
      rat PAI-1 gene show a high degree of similarity to sequences in the upstream
      region of the human PAI-1 gene: a 60-base pair region from -90 to the TATA box
      (90% identical), and a more distal sequence located at -753 to -510 (greater than
      80% identical). Both of these regions have been shown to be involved in the
      glucocorticoid regulation of expression of the human PAI-1 gene (van Zonneveld,
      A.-J., Curriden, S. A., and Loskutoff, D. J. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
      85, 5525-5529), although neither region contains the hexamer consensus sequence
      for glucocorticoid response elements. Five putative glucocofticoid response
      elements, 100% identical to the hexamer consensus sequence, were identified in
      the 5'-flanking region of the rat gene, none of which is present in the regions
      of sequence similarity. Seven putative cyclic AMP response elements that are 75%
      identical to the octamer consensus sequence are located upstream of the rat gene.
      There is only one such sequence within the 5'-flanking region of the human gene;
      however, that sequence, at -61, is 100% conserved in the rat gene.

PMID- 2298741
TI  - Selective post-transcriptional down-regulation of protein kinase C isoenzymes in
      leukemic T cells chronically treated with phorbol ester.
AB  - Binding to, and activation of, protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol ester (PE) tumor
      promoters may underlie their tumor-promoting activity. To study the effects of
      long-term PE treatment on regulation of cellular PKC, we adapted the human
      leukemic T cell line, Jurkat (JK), to continuous growth in the presence of PE.
      Such cells (JKPE) displayed loss of CD2 and CD3 cell surface molecules, known to
      play an important role in agonist-stimulated T cell activation, unresponsiveness
      to stimuli that induce interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor expression or IL2 production,
      change in the expression of several cell cycle-regulated genes, and a 6-fold
      reduction in cellular PKC enzymatic activity. This reduction was accompanied by
      the disappearance of a major approximately 82-kDa immunoreactive protein in JKPE
      cytosol when cell extracts were immunoblotted with a polyclonal anti-PKC peptide
      antibody cross-reactive with the PKC isoenzymes, alpha, beta, and gamma. Analysis
      with additional anti-peptide antibodies specific for alpha, beta, or gamma PKC
      indicated that all three types of PKC are expressed in JK cells; however, JKPE
      cells lost a major approximately 82 kDa immunoreactive cytosolic protein
      detectable with anti-PKC alpha antibody. In contrast, levels of expression and
      subcellular distribution of immunoreactive PKC beta and PKC gamma, as well as
      levels of mRNA specific for the three PKC isoenzymes, were not significantly
      affected by chronic PE treatment. These results indicate that PE-mediated
      reduction of PKC in JKPE cells is selective and occurs at the protein, not mRNA,
      level, and support the notion that distinct isoenzymes encoded by the PKC
      multigene family may be independently regulated. Moreover, the correlation
      between phenotypic and functional changes on one hand, and the selective
      reduction of PKC alpha on the other, raises the possibility that expression of
      CD2 and/or CD3 and functional activation in JKPE cells are preferentially
      regulated by PKC alpha.

PMID- 2298742
TI  - Organic anion transport in macrophage membrane vesicles.
AB  - Cells of the J774 mouse macrophage-like cell line possess organic anion
      transporter that transport fluorescent dyes such as Lucifer Yellow out of the
      cytoplasmic matrix of the cells; the dye is both sequestered in endosomes and
      secreted into the extracellular medium. Lucifer Yellow that is sequestered within
      endosomes is subsequently delivered to the lysosomal compartment. In the present
      studies we demonstrated that probenecid inhibited removal of Lucifer Yellow from
      the soluble cytoplasm and sequestration into membrane bound organelles by
      quantitating Lucifer Yellow fluorescence in both soluble and membrane-associated
      fractions of J774 cells. In addition, we examined the uptake of Lucifer Yellow
      into isolated subcellular organelles derived from J774 cells. Lucifer Yellow
      transport in the organellar fraction of J774 cell homogenates was temperature-
      and pH-dependent and did not require ATP. Subcellular organelles from J774 cells
      were fractionated into endosome- and lysosome-enriched fractions by Percoll
      density gradient centrifugation. Lucifer Yellow was preferentially taken up by
      vesicles of the endosome-enriched fraction, and this transport was inhibited by
      probenecid. These studies provide direct evidence that probenecid inhibits
      Lucifer Yellow transport out of the cytoplasmic matrix and into cytoplasmic
      vacuoles in J774 cells and that organic anion transport in isolated organelles
      derived from J774 cells occurs preferentially in endosome, rather than in
      lysosome-enriched fractions; they suggest that Lucifer Yellow is carried across
      membranes via a secondary active transport process that requires proton symptom
      or hydroxyl anion antiport.

PMID- 2298743
TI  - Primary structure of rat liver 5'-nucleotidase deduced from the cDNA. Presence of
      the COOH-terminal hydrophobic domain for possible post-translational modification
      by glycophospholipid.
AB  - Rat liver 5'-nucleotidase was purified from a crude microsomal fraction, and its
      molecular mass was estimated to be 73 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified protein was subjected to
      cleavage with CNBr or lysyl endopeptidase, and the resulting 21 peptides as well
      as the NH2 terminus of the native protein were sequenced by Edman degradation.
      For further information on the molecular structure, we constructed a lambda gt11
      liver cDNA library and isolated two cDNA clones for 5'-nucleotidase, lambda cNTP6
      and lambda cNT34. The 3.2-kilobase cDNA insert of lambda cNTP6 contains an open
      reading frame that encodes a 576-residue polypeptide with a calculated size of
      63,965 Da, which is in reasonable agreement with that of 5'-nucleotidase (62 kDa)
      immunoprecipitated from cell-free translation products. The NH2-terminal 28
      residues comprise a signal peptide, which is followed by the NH2-terminal
      sequence of the purified protein. The predicted structure contains all the other
      peptide sequences determined by Edman degradation. Five potential N-linked
      glycosylation sites are found in the molecule, accounting for the difference in
      mass between the precursor and mature forms. Another characteristic feature is
      that the primary structure contains a highly hydrophobic amino acid sequence at
      the COOH terminus, a possible signal for the post-translational modification by
      glycophospholipid. In fact, labeling experiments of rat hepatocytes demonstrated
      that 3H-labeled compounds such as ethanolamine, myo-inositol, and palmitic acid,
      components of the glycolipid anchor, were incorporated into 5'-nucleotidase.
      Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C released 5'-nucleotidase from the
      cell surface, and the released protein no longer contained the radioactivity of
      [3H]palmitic acid incorporated.

PMID- 2298744
TI  - Type beta 1 transforming growth factor gene expression. A corrected mRNA
      structure reveals a downstream phorbol ester responsive element in human cells.
AB  - A combined approach of cDNA cloning and direct oligonucleotide mapping of TGF
      beta 1 mRNA from several human cell lines has revealed that the major human TGF
      beta 1 transcript is 381 bases shorter than originally reported, and that the
      reduced mRNA size is due to polyadenylation from an ATTAAA signal at position
      2136 rather than use of the expected AATAAA signal at position 2517. Moreover,
      there is no evidence for a significant amount of structural heterogeneity, as a
      result of alternative polyadenylation, in the human TGF-beta 1 transcripts.
      Considering that the 381-base domain is not part of the major human TGF-beta 1
      mRNA, we analyzed this sequence for potential transcriptional regulatory
      elements. We have identified a 16-base pair domain which contains three putative
      phorbol ester responsive elements (TREs) based on homology to the TRE consensus
      sequence. We also show that this 16-base pair fragment confers phorbol ester
      responsiveness to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene after transient
      transfection of the heterologous construct in NIH-3T3 cells. The identification
      of a TRE immediately downstream of the last TGF-beta 1 exon suggests that a 3'
      enhancer may play an important role in human TGF-beta 1 gene transcription, and
      suggests a basis for growth factor-mediated regulation of TGF-beta 1 expression
      by activation of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2298745
TI  - Isolation and sequencing of NOP1. A yeast gene encoding a nucleolar protein
      homologous to a human autoimmune antigen.
AB  - We have identified the gene for the yeast nucleolar protein p38 and deduced the
      primary structure of p38 from its sequence. We propose the name NOP1 (nucleolar
      protein 1) for this gene. NOP1 encodes a 327 amino acid protein of 34,470 daltons
      and is flanked by potential promoter and polyadenylation sequences. Blot analyses
      indicate that the mRNA transcribed from NOP1 is approximately 1.3 kilobases in
      size and that there is one NOP1 gene per haploid genome. The amino-terminal
      sequence of p38 is homologous with the 31 known amino-terminal residues of the
      autoimmune antigen fibrillarin, confirming the previously observed similarity
      between p38 and this mammalian nucleolar protein. Consistent with this, p38 cross
      reacts with serum from a patient with the autoimmune disease scleroderma. A
      putative nuclear localization signal can be identified in p38. Interestingly, a
      repetitive amino acid sequence motif begins near the amino terminus of p38. This
      motif is approximately 80 residues long, is rich in glycine and arginine, and
      shows striking sequence homology to mammalian nucleolins and certain nucleic acid
      binding proteins.

PMID- 2298746
TI  - RNA-protein interaction. An analysis with RNA oligonucleotides of the recognition
      by alpha-sarcin of a ribosomal domain critical for function.
AB  - alpha-Sarcin is a cytotoxic protein that inactivates ribosomes by hydrolyzing a
      single phosphodiester bond on the 3' side of G-4325 in eukaryotic 28 S rRNA. We
      have examined the requirements for the recognition by alpha-sarcin of this domain
      using a synthetic oligoribonucleotide (35-mer) that reproduces the sequence and,
      we presume, the secondary structure (a stem, a bulged nucleotide, and a loop) at
      the site of modification. The wild type structure and a large number of variants
      were transcribed in vitro from synthetic DNA templates with phage T7 RNA
      polymerase. Recognition of the substrate is strongly favored by a G at the
      position that corresponds to 4325. There is an absolute requirement for a helical
      stem; however, it can be reduced from the 7 base pairs in the natural structure
      to 3 without loss of specificity. The nature of the base pairs in the stem
      modifies but does not abolish recognition; whereas, the bulged nucleotide does
      not contribute to identification. Cleavage is materially affected by altering the
      nucleotides in the universal sequence surrounding G-4325 and changing the
      position in the loop of the tetranucleotide GAG(sarcin)A leads to loss of
      recognition by the toxin. We propose that the alpha-sarcin domain RNA
      participates in elongation factor catalyzed binding of aminoacyl-tRNA and of
      translocation; that translocation is driven by transitions in the structure of
      the alpha-sarcin domain RNA initiated by the binding of the factors, or the
      hydrolysis of GTP, or both; and that to toxin inactivates the ribosomes by
      preventing this transition.

PMID- 2298747
TI  - Cross-linking of smooth muscle caldesmon to the NH2-terminal region of skeletal F
      actin.
AB  - The cross-linking of the F-actin-caldesmon complex with 1-ethyl-3-[3
      (dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide
      generated four major adducts which were identified on polyacrylamide gels. By
      cross-linking 3H-actin to 14C-caldesmon, these were found to represent 1:1 cross
      linked complexes of actin and caldesmon displaying different electrophoretic
      mobilities. Tropomyosin did not noticeably affect the cross-linking process. The
      same four fluorescent species resulting from the cross-linking of caldesmon to F
      actin labeled with N-[7-(dimethylamino)-4-methyl-3-coumarinyl]maleimide were
      subjected separately to partial cleavages with hydroxylamine or cyanogen bromide.
      These treatments yielded fluorescent 41- and 37-kDa fragments, respectively, from
      each cross-linked entity indicating unambiguously that caldesmon was cross-linked
      only to the NH2-terminal actin stretch of residues 1-12. This region is also
      known to serve for the carbodiimide-mediated cross-linking of the myosin
      subfragment-1 heavy chain (Sutoh, K. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 3654-3661). A
      covalent caldesmon-F-actin conjugate containing a protein molar ratio close to
      1:19 was isolated following dissociation of uncross-linked caldesmon. It showed a
      low level of activation of the ATPase activity of skeletal myosin subfragment-1,
      and the binding of Ca2(+)-calmodulin to the derivative did not cause the reversal
      of the ATPase inhibition. In contrast, the reversible binding of caldesmon to F
      actin cross-linked to myosin subfragment-1 did not inhibit the accelerated ATPase
      of the complex. The overall data point to the dual involvement of the actin's NH2
      terminus in the inhibitory binding of caldesmon and in actomyosin interactions in
      the presence of ATP.

PMID- 2298748
TI  - Oleosin KD 18 on the surface of oil bodies in maize. Genomic and cDNA sequences
      and the deduced protein structure.
AB  - Oleosins are newly discovered, abundant, and small Mr hydrophobic proteins
      localized on the surface of oil bodies in diverse seeds. So far, most of the
      studies have been on the general characteristics of the proteins, and only one
      protein (maize KD 16) has been studied using a cDNA clone containing an
      incomplete coding sequence. Here, we report the sequences of a genomic clone and
      a cDNA clone of a new maize oleosin (KD 18). There is no intron in the gene. The
      5'-flanking region contains potential regulatory elements including RY repeats,
      CACA consensus, and CATC boxes, which are presumably involved in the specific
      expression of the proteins in maturing seeds. The deduced amino acid sequence was
      analyzed for secondary structures. We suggest that KD 18 of 187-amino acid
      residues contains three major structural domains: a largely hydrophilic domain at
      the N terminus, a hydrophobic hairpin alpha-helical domain at the center, and an
      amphipathic alpha-helix domain at the C terminus. These structural domains are
      very similar to those of oleosin KD 16. However, the KD 18 and KD 16 amino acid
      sequences as well as nucleotide sequences are highly similar only at the central
      domain (72 and 71%, respectively). The similarities are highest at the loop
      region of the alpha-helical hairpin. These results suggest that KD 18 and KD 16
      are isoforms, encoded by genes derived from a common ancestor gene. We propose
      that the hairpin domain acts as an indispensible internal signal for
      intracellular trafficking of oleosins during protein synthesis as well as an
      anchor for oleosins on the oil bodies. The other two domains can undergo
      relatively massive amino acid substitutions without impairing the
      structure/function of the oleosins or have evolved to generate oleosins having
      different functions.

PMID- 2298749
TI  - Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding human and rabbit forms of the Ca2+ release
      channel (ryanodine receptor) of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - We have cloned cDNAs encoding the rabbit and human forms of the Ca2+ release
      channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum. The human cDNA encodes a protein of 5032 amino
      acids, with a molecular weight of 563,584, which is made without an NH2-terminal
      signal sequence. Amino acid substitutions between rabbit and human sequences were
      noted in 163 positions and deletions or insertions in eight regions accounted for
      additional sequence differences between the two proteins. Analysis of the
      sequence indicates that 10 potential transmembrane sequences in the COOH-terminal
      fifth of the molecule and two additional, potential transmembrane sequences
      nearer to the center of the molecule could contribute to the formation of the
      Ca2+ conducting pore. The remainder of the molecule is hydrophilic and presumably
      constitutes the cytoplasmic domain of the protein. A 114-120 amino acid motif is
      repeated four times in the protein, in residues 841-954, 955-1068, 2725-2844, and
      2845-2958 and a 16 amino acid part of the motif is repeated twice more in
      residues 1344-1359 and 1371-1386. Although the channel is modulated by Ca2+, ATP,
      and calmodulin, no clear high affinity Ca2(+)-binding domain of the EF hand type
      and no clear high affinity ATP-binding domain were detected in the primary
      sequence. An acidic sequence in residues 1872-1923 contains 79% glutamate or
      aspartate residues and this sequence is a potential low affinity Ca2(+)-binding
      site. Several potential calmodulin-binding sites were observed in the sequence,
      in the region 2800 to 3050.

PMID- 2298750
TI  - An intron mutation in the human alpha 1(I) collagen gene alters the efficiency of
      pre-mRNA splicing and is associated with osteogenesis imperfecta type II.
AB  - This study describes a homozygous, G----A transition at the moderately conserved
      +5 position within the splice donor site of intron 14 in the human alpha 1(I)
      collagen gene. The mutation reduced the efficiency of normal splice-site
      selection since the exon upstream of the mutation was spliced alternatively.
      Moreover, the extent of alternative splicing was sensitive to the temperature at
      which the mutant cells were grown, suggesting that the mutation directly affected
      spliceosome assembly. To achieve exon skipping, this effect must be propagated so
      as to disrupt the selection of a second splice site in the adjacent intron.

PMID- 2298751
TI  - Identification of nucleotides responsible for enhancer activity of sterol
      regulatory element in low density lipoprotein receptor gene.
AB  - Sterol-dependent regulation of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor
      promoter has been localized previously to a 16-base pair sequence, designated
      repeat 2, in the 5'-flanking region of the gene. In the current study, we show
      that the central 10 nucleotides of repeat 2 are crucial for the sterol regulatory
      activity. This sequence includes an octamer, designated sterol regulatory element
      1 (SRE-1), which was identified previously in the promoter of the gene for 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase, a sterol-regulated enzyme of
      cholesterol biosynthesis. We made a series of single-base substitutions within a
      1471-base pair fragment of the intact LDL receptor promoter, introduced the
      mutant plasmids into hamster cells by transfection, and measured mRNA levels in
      the absence and presence of sterols. Substitutions within the 10-base pair
      sequence in repeat 2 largely prevented the induction of transcription which
      occurs in the absence of sterols. None of these point mutations affected
      transcription in the presence of sterols. Like an enhancer, the SRE-1 in repeat 2
      functioned in an orientation-independent manner. We interpret these findings to
      indicate that the SRE-1 of the LDL receptor promoter is a conditional positive
      element that cooperates with other elements to enhance transcription in the
      absence of sterols and loses its function in the presence of sterols.

PMID- 2298752
TI  - Thrombospondin binding to specific sequences within the A alpha- and B beta
      chains of fibrinogen.
AB  - Thrombospondin is a multifunctional adhesive glycoprotein which binds to the
      surface of resting and activated platelets. Thrombospondin also binds to a
      variety of proteins, including fibrinogen. The interactions between platelet
      bound thrombospondin and fibrinogen are thought to facilitate irreversible
      platelet aggregation. Both the A alpha- and B beta-chains of fibrinogen
      specifically bind to thrombospondin. Cyanogen bromide cleavage products of the
      fibrinogen A alpha- and B beta-chains, and synthetic peptides corresponding to
      specific regions of these cleavage products were utilized to identify the regions
      of the fibrinogen A alpha- and B beta-chains which bind to thrombospondin.
      Cyanogen bromide fragments of the A alpha- and B beta-fibrinogen chains, resolved
      by gel filtration and reversed-phase chromatography, were examined for
      thrombospondin binding activity. Thrombospondin specifically bound to the A alpha
      chain fragment encompassing residues 92-147 and the B beta-chain fragment
      encompassing residues 243-305. Analyses of the binding characteristics of two
      series of overlapping synthetic peptides revealed that peptides corresponding to
      residues 113-126 of the A alpha-chain and residues 243-252 of the B beta-chain
      retained thrombospondin binding activity. Separate bovine serum albumin
      conjugates of the active A alpha-chain and B beta-chain peptides inhibited
      platelet aggregation. These studies reveal that fibrinogen possesses at least two
      unique sequences which are recognized by thrombospondin and that such interaction
      may affect platelet aggregation.

PMID- 2298753
TI  - Inhibition of activated protein C by recombinant alpha 1-antitrypsin variants
      with substitution of arginine or leucine for methionine358.
AB  - alpha 1-Antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) was recently identified as a major physiologic
      plasma inhibitor of activated protein C. The reaction with activated protein C of
      recombinant alpha 1-AT containing amino acid substitutions at the reactive center
      was studied. The substitution of Arg358 for Met, as observed in a patient with a
      severe bleeding disorder with the mutant alpha 1-AT Pittsburgh, increased the
      association rate constant for activated protein C from 1.1 x 10(1) to 4.9 x 10(4)
      M-1 s-1. The association rate constant of activated protein C with protein C
      inhibitor, a native plasma serpin that contains Arg354 at the reactive site, is 6
      x 10(3) M-1 s-1 in the absence of heparin. Plasma containing 4 microM
      [Arg358]alpha 1-AT inhibited activated protein C activity by greater than 95% in
      15 s, and the inhibited activated protein C was shown by immunoblotting to exist
      as activated protein C-inhibitor complexes. In controls 50% loss of activated
      protein C activity in normal plasma occurred in 19 min. Double-substituted
      [Pro357,Met358]alpha 1-AT----[Ala357,Arg358]alpha 1-AT had similar reactivity
      toward activated protein C as the single-substituted [Arg358]alpha 1-AT. Thus,
      replacement of the reactive center Met358 of alpha 1-AT by Arg358, analogous to
      Arg354 of protein C inhibitor, results in an activated protein C inhibitor that
      is more potent than either of the native inhibitors. Comparison of the
      association rate constant of the [Arg358]alpha 1-AT for activated protein C to
      that for thrombin (4 x 10(4) versus 3 x 10(5) M-1 s-1) suggests that thrombin
      would be more effectively inhibited than activated protein C, thereby giving an
      explanation for bleeding rather than thrombosis in the alpha 1-AT Pittsburgh
      patient.

PMID- 2298754
TI  - Transcriptional regulation of protein kinase C by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in HL
      60 cells.
AB  - Vitamin D3 treatment of the human promyelocytic cell line, HL-60, is accompanied
      by an increase in phorbol ester receptor number (Martell, R. E., Simpson, R. U.,
      and Taylor, J. M. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5570-5575). In this study, the
      mechanism and significance of vitamin D3-induced changes in protein kinase C
      levels were investigated. Treatment of HL-60 cells with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
      (1,25-(OH)2D3) resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in phorbol dibutyrate binding at
      24 h. This was accompanied by a 4.2-fold increase in steady state mRNA levels for
      the beta isoenzyme of protein kinase C and by a 3.8-fold increase in its
      transcriptional rate as determined from nuclear run-off studies. Protein kinase C
      alpha mRNA, which was approximately 15% of the beta isoenzyme levels, showed
      similar increases in mRNA and transcriptional rates in response to 1,25-(OH)2D3.
      Protein kinase C gamma mRNA was not detected. The increases in protein kinase C
      levels were accompanied by increases in activation of the enzyme by phorbol
      esters. More importantly, 1,25-(OH)2D3 caused a 1.5-2.0-fold increase in the
      endogenous phosphorylation of protein kinase C substrates independent of
      exogenous activators or endogenous formation of diacylglycerol. This is the first
      report of transcriptional activation of protein kinase C. This mechanism of up
      regulation of protein kinase C may explain the increased activity of protein
      kinase C in vitamin D3-treated HL-60 cells, and may constitute an important
      mechanism for the long term modulation of the protein kinase C pathway of cell
      regulation independent of diacylglycerol generation.

PMID- 2298755
TI  - Ethnic fertility differentials in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.
AB  - Differences in fertility between the three major ethnic groups (Malays, Chinese
      and Indians) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore have existed since before the
      onset of fertility decline in the late 1950s and remain today, although the
      relative positions and the actual differences have changed due to the varying
      rates of decline. By 1987, the Malays experienced the highest fertility and the
      Chinese the lowest in both countries but in Singapore the Malay fertility was
      lower than the Chinese fertility in Peninsular Malaysia. The fertility
      differentials will lead to changes in the ethnic composition in both countries
      but more so in Peninsular Malaysia.

PMID- 2298756
TI  - Seasonal variation in human births.
AB  - During the first half of this century, the seasonal pattern of births in European
      countries showed a major peak in the spring and a minor peak in the autumn. In
      contrast, the pattern in the US was of a minor peak in spring and a major peak in
      autumn. Over the last 20 years, the pattern in England and Wales has changed to
      resemble the US pattern, and the same seems to be true of several other European
      countries. A hypothesis is offered to account for the difference between the
      European and the US patterns and for the change from one to the other in some
      countries. The magnitude of seasonality correlates positively with latitude: it
      is suggested that this is partially consequent on variation in luminosity.

PMID- 2298757
TI  - Women's childhood experience of parental separation and their subsequent health
      and socioeconomic status in adulthood.
AB  - The long term consequences for women of parental divorce and separation in
      childhood are explored using data from a national, prospective, longitudinal
      survey. In comparison with women who suffered no parental loss, parental divorce
      is associated with lower educational attainment and occupational status, poorer
      mental health, higher alcohol consumption and higher rates of remarriage. Links
      with earlier signs of emotional disturbance and current levels of stress are
      explored.

PMID- 2298758
TI  - The recovery of fertility during breast-feeding in Assiut, Egypt.
AB  - A longitudinal study of twenty-six breast-feeding and twelve non-breast-feeding
      postpartum women was conducted in Assiut, Egypt in order to determine the time
      that ovulation resumed after childbirth, and the effect of breast-feeding
      frequency on the period of lactational anovulation. Breast-feeding women
      experienced the onset of follicular development, vaginal bleeding, ovulation and
      pregnancy significantly later than women who did not breast-feed. Ovulatory and
      non-ovulatory breast-feeders reported similar frequencies of breast-feeding
      episodes. The introduction of dietary supplements commonly preceded ovulation. An
      algorithm using three simple variables observable to the breast-feeding mother
      was found to predict up to 100% of the first ovulations. All breast-feeding women
      who did not give supplements and did not have a vaginal bleeding episode by 6
      months postpartum were anovular by strict criteria for ovulation. Ovulation did
      not precede bleeding or supplementation in the women who experienced these events
      before 6 months, yielding a highly effective formula for preventing unplanned
      pregnancy by the informed use of breast-feeding.

PMID- 2298759
TI  - Changes in timing of fertility--a Canadian experience.
AB  - This paper examines the patterns of timing of births of women using data from the
      Canadian Fertility Survey of 1984. Semi-Markovian schemes are applied to the
      maternity histories of the 5315 sample women in their reproductive ages in order
      to measure the intensity and timing of childbearing. Age-and-duration-specific
      transition probabilities are found to have substantially changed for the more
      recent birth cohorts compared to the older cohorts.

PMID- 2298760
TI  - Smoking and alcohol consumption by Flemish pregnant women, 1966-83.
AB  - Between 1966 and 1983 the percentage of women who smoked or consumed alcohol
      during pregnancy increased considerably. Tobacco use was negatively, and alcohol
      consumption positively, correlated with the mother's level of education. Markedly
      more adolescents than older women smoked during pregnancy. Beer, wine and liquor
      consumption were highest among older pregnant women. The majority of women did
      not alter their smoking and drinking behaviour during their successive
      pregnancies.

PMID- 2298761
TI  - Marriage and mortality: a life table analysis.
AB  - This paper examines the effects of age at marriage and differential mortality of
      males and females on the incidence of widowhood between the sexes. Abridged life
      tables constructed from marital status and death registration data of a rural
      area of Bangladesh for the period 1974-79 were used. The difference in life
      expectancy between males and females varies from 0.4 to 2.2 years at the ages 0
      to 65 years and over. The mortality differentials show that the probabilities of
      a male or a female surviving the other spouse would be approximately the same,
      were there no other influence. But the incidence of widows is about ten times
      that of widowers. Other relevant factors, under a given regime of mortality, are
      age at marriage and age difference between husband and wife.

PMID- 2298762
TI  - Mortality by cause of death in a rural area of Machakos District, Kenya in 1975
      78.
AB  - This paper examines mortality by cause of death in a rural area of Machakos
      district in Kenya. The cause-of-death data collected between 1975 and 1978 were
      likely to be of fairly good quality. The number of deaths was higher among
      infants and children. Infectious diseases and diseases of the respiratory system
      were the leading causes of death among children below 5 years of age. Next in
      prominence were the causes ascribed to congenital anomalies and perinatal
      conditions. Among adolescents and young adults, injury and poisoning, together
      with tuberculosis and other infectious and parasitic diseases, were the leading
      causes of death. Degenerative diseases, especially diseases of the circulatory
      system and neoplasms and respiratory illness, were responsible for the majority
      of deaths among the older population.

PMID- 2298763
TI  - Demography of Muslims in Australia.
AB  - This paper describes the origins and size of the Muslim population in Australia,
      at present about 1% of the total population. Their age distribution is younger
      and their sociodemographic characteristics are different from those of the rest
      of the Australian population.

PMID- 2298764
TI  - Endogamy among the Dogon of Boni, Mali.
AB  - This paper examines factors influencing endogamy in a Dogon population in Mali.
      Situated in Boni district, this population of about 5000 individuals is
      distributed over fifteen villages located on four independent massifs. This
      population is strongly endogamous (only 4% of all marriages are contracted with
      neighbouring ethnic groups), and each massif shows high endogamy. The roles of
      lineage, residence in the same village, and geographical distance in mating
      choice are examined. These different factors are successively analysed using log
      linear statistical models and the results offer a more precise interpretation of
      endogamy in this population.

PMID- 2298765
TI  - Elbow dislocation with avulsion of the medial humeral epicondyle.
AB  - After dislocation of the elbow with avulsion of the medial epicondyle, the
      management of the latter is controversial. Of 28 children followed up after
      initial closed reduction of the elbow, 19 had a satisfactory closed reduction of
      the epicondyle and were treated in plaster. At follow-up, 11 children had a
      normal elbow and eight had lost an average of 15 degrees of flexion. Nine
      children had had open reduction and internal fixation of the fragment, one for an
      open injury, three for displacement of the epicondyle and six for intra-articular
      entrapment of the fragment. Five of these children had ulnar nerve contusion or
      compression, four requiring anterior transposition of the nerve. At review, only
      three had normal elbows and six had lost an average of 37 degrees of flexion. We
      agree with other authors that surgery is indicated only for children in whom the
      epicondyle is trapped in the joint or is significantly displaced after closed
      reduction.

PMID- 2298766
TI  - Features of algodystrophy after Colles' fracture.
AB  - We report the results of a prospective study of the incidence of algodystrophy
      following Colles' fracture in 60 patients, using sensitive or quantitative
      techniques for the assessment of each feature of the syndrome. Nine weeks after
      fracture, 24 patients had evidence of vasomotor instability, 23 had significant
      tenderness of the fingers and 23 had lost finger movement. These three
      abnormalities were significantly associated (p less than 0.001). Swelling was
      also significantly associated with these three variables. There was no
      statistical association between the occurrence of algodystrophy and the patient's
      age or sex, the severity of the fracture, the number of reductions performed or
      the adequacy of the reduction. We conclude that algodystrophy constitutes a
      precisely definable and quantifiable syndrome which is more common than has been
      suspected.

PMID- 2298767
TI  - Tumour DNA content and skeletal metastases in renal cell carcinoma. A preliminary
      report.
AB  - The DNA content of the tumour cells in 10 patients with primary renal cell
      carcinomas was analysed; from six of the patients skeletal metastases were also
      studied. Four patients had homogenously diploid primary tumours, with solitary
      metastases. Six patients had aneuploid primary tumours, three with solitary and
      three with multiple metastases. In two patients radical excision of diploid
      metastases resulted in long disease-free intervals. Patients with diploid tumours
      survived significantly longer than patients with aneuploid tumours. These results
      indicate that tumour DNA content might be a useful prognostic indicator. The
      measurement of DNA content may be a suitable method of identifying those patients
      likely to survive long enough to benefit from major surgical resection and
      reconstruction.

PMID- 2298768
TI  - Lower limb fractures with associated vascular injury.
AB  - We report the management and outcome of 35 lower limb fractures with associated
      severe vascular injuries treated over a 15-year period. Limb survival was related
      to the period of ischaemia. Management of the fractures by immediate open
      reduction and internal fixation was associated with a higher amputation rate than
      either external fixation or simple splintage, particularly for upper tibial
      injuries. External fixation is recommended as the method of choice for the
      stabilisation of the skeletal injury. A selective policy is advised for
      fasciotomy.

PMID- 2298769
TI  - Peripheral nerve damage during limb lengthening. Neurophysiology in five cases of
      bilateral tibial lengthening.
AB  - Limb lengthening is used to correct leg length discrepancy and to increase
      stature. The reported frequency of peripheral nerve complications varies from 5%
      to 30%, but is probably underestimated. Damage may be direct or be caused by
      overstretching of the nerves. We have used electrophysiological tests to evaluate
      five patients during bilateral tibial lengthening by the Ilizarov method. Results
      after 24 to 107 days of lengthening showed electromyographic evidence of partial
      muscle denervation in all 10 limbs, with reduced motor conduction velocities in
      two tibial nerves and three common peroneal nerves. The sensory conduction
      velocity in the sural nerve was always unchanged. A clear relationship was shown
      between the amount of tibial lengthening and the degree of electrophysiological
      abnormality. Our results suggest that subclinical nerve damage is a very frequent
      complication of tibial lengthening.

PMID- 2298770
TI  - Primary or delayed closure for open tibial fractures.
AB  - Of 110 consecutive open tibial fractures 90 were reviewed and analysed
      retrospectively with particular reference to wound closure, method of
      stabilisation, infection rate and the incidence of non-union. There were 41%
      Gustilo type I, 39% type II and 20% type III injuries. The incidence of deep
      infection was 20% after primary wound closure compared with 3% after delayed
      closure, and eight of the nine non-unions followed primary closure. We conclude
      that primary wound closure should be avoided in the treatment of open tibial
      fractures.

PMID- 2298771
TI  - Donor site morbidity following resection of the fibula.
AB  - Ten adults were studied two to seven years after resection of a fibula for use as
      a free vascularised bone graft. Six had no symptoms in the donor leg, four had
      some aching, weakness or paraesthesia and three had definite weakness of the long
      toe flexors and extensors. All knees and ankles were clinically and
      radiologically stable, but the distal fibular remnant was osteoporotic in nine
      patients. Gait analysis of the donor leg and the contralateral normal leg showed
      definite differences, which could be attributed to weakness of the deep muscles
      caused by loss of their normal origin and to the change in load transmission
      through the fibula.

PMID- 2298772
TI  - Biochemical and biomechanical properties of avian callus after local
      administration of dihydroxylated vitamin D metabolites.
AB  - In vitamin D-fed chicks 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
      were implanted into experimentally-produced fractures of the mid-tibia. The
      mechanical and biochemical properties of the tibia were evaluated for two weeks,
      including torsion tests, measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity, 45Ca
      incorporation, and Ca2+ content. Both dihydroxylated metabolites of vitamin D3
      had a direct effect on endochondral bone formation. 24,25(OH)2D3 strengthened the
      callus, and raised alkaline phosphate activity in the first seven days after
      fracture. 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the strength of the callus concomitant with a
      reduction in 45Ca incorporation. It is suggested that local application of
      24,25(OH)2D3 into fractures may accelerate healing and prevent non-union.

PMID- 2298774
TI  - The results of ankle arthrodesis.
AB  - The results are presented of 47 compression arthrodeses of the ankle performed
      for osteoarthritis in 44 patients. In 26 cases the transverse anterior incision
      of Charnley had been used and in 21 cases medial and lateral incisions with
      division of the malleoli. Complications included infection (19%), non-union
      (14.9%) and malposition requiring a further procedure (8.5%). Three patients
      (6.4%) eventually had an amputation. Clinical assessment using a standard grading
      method showed that the functional result was not related to the angle of plantar
      flexion of the ankle, but was related to the varus/valgus position of the heel,
      the neutral position being associated with the best results. The anterior
      approach was more reliable in avoiding varus or valgus of the heel.

PMID- 2298773
TI  - Femoral shaft fractures treated by Ender nails using a trochanteric approach.
AB  - We describe the use of Ender nails for the internal fixation of femoral shaft
      fractures by a closed technique via the greater trochanter and report the
      treatment of 100 patients with 106 fractures, of which 88 were reviewed 12 months
      or more after operation. There was primary union in 85 fractures (96.6%) and
      significant angulation, rotation or leg length discrepancy in eight (9%). We
      discuss the principles of management which we have evolved.

PMID- 2298775
TI  - Idiopathic thoracic kyphosis in identical twins.

PMID- 2298776
TI  - Displacement of the biceps with subscapularis avulsion.

PMID- 2298777
TI  - A formula for diaphyseal limb lengthening.

PMID- 2298778
TI  - The treatment of ganglia.

PMID- 2298779
TI  - Risk of refracture after removing hip fixation.

PMID- 2298780
TI  - Source of the cement within the Charnley hip.

PMID- 2298781
TI  - Snapping hip--an unusual cause.

PMID- 2298782
TI  - Femoral allografts in revision of hip replacement.

PMID- 2298783
TI  - An L-shaped bone graft for acetabular deficiency.

PMID- 2298784
TI  - Recurrent medial swivel dislocation of the foot.

PMID- 2298785
TI  - Transepiphyseal femoral neck fracture at birth.

PMID- 2298786
TI  - Flexion deformity of the hip in Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2298788
TI  - A comparison of three varieties of noncemented porous-coated hip replacement.
AB  - We reviewed 134 primary noncemented porous-coated total hip replacements in 125
      patients: 64 were DePuy AML prostheses, 20 were Howmedica PCA and 50 were Implant
      Technology LSF. The prostheses had been in situ for an average of 36 months, 40
      months and 24 months respectively. The average pre-operative Harris hip scores
      were 38.2 for AML, 33.2 for PCA, and 41.0 for the LSF prostheses. The average
      postoperative scores were 80.7 for AML, 83.8 for the PCA, and 91.5 for LSF. Thigh
      or groin pain associated with the prosthesis was present in 30% of AML, 30% PCA
      and 8% of the LSF cases. The clinical and radiographic review showed better early
      results with the LSF prostheses than the others; this seemed to be related to the
      implant design, which provided improved initial stability and more physiological
      transfer of load.

PMID- 2298787
TI  - Intramedullary locking nails for femoral shaft fractures in elderly patients.
AB  - Fractures of the femoral shaft are generally considered to affect young patients,
      but we have reviewed 24 cases in patients over 60 years who have been treated by
      locked nailing, usually by closed methods. Most were women with low-velocity
      injuries, but despite this, 14 fractures were significantly comminuted. The
      complication rate was 54% with a peri-operative mortality of 17%. Most
      complications were the general ones of operating on elderly patients. Specific
      complications included: fractures below an abnormal hip, proximal fracture
      related to the nail and poor purchase in the distal femur. In all survivors, the
      femoral shaft fractures united satisfactorily, and the fixation allowed early
      mobilisation. The locking nail appears to be an effective method of managing
      femoral shaft fractures in the elderly patient.

PMID- 2298789
TI  - Locked nailing of comminuted and unstable fractures of the femur.
AB  - Forty comminuted or unstable fractures of the femoral shaft were treated by
      closed intramedullary reaming and locked nailing. Twenty-four fractures were
      severely comminuted, and the other 16, in the distal or proximal third of the
      shaft, were classified as unstable. At 12 to 30 months postoperatively all the
      fractures had healed. Three patients had lateral rotation deformity of 5 degrees
      to 10 degrees, three had shortening of 1 to 2 cm and two had lengthening of about
      1 cm. There were no infections or delayed unions. Closed intramedullary locked
      nailing can provide stability in fractures of the femoral shaft, irrespective of
      the degree of comminution and the site of injury.

PMID- 2298790
TI  - Intertrochanteric femoral fractures. Mechanical failure after internal fixation.
AB  - In a prospective study we assessed the causes of mechanical failure in a series
      of 230 intertrochanteric femoral fractures which had been internally fixed with
      either a sliding hip screw or a Kuntscher Y-nail. The overall rate of mechanical
      failure was 16.5%; cutting-out of the implant from the femoral head was the cause
      in three-quarters of the instances. Implants placed posteriorly in the femoral
      head cut out more often (27%) than those placed centrally (7%). The cut-out rate
      was also determined by the quality of the fracture reduction, but age, walking
      ability and bone density (assessed by the Singh grade and metacarpal indices) had
      no significant influence. We conclude that these fractures should be reduced as
      accurately as possible and it is imperative that the implant is placed centrally
      within the femoral head.

PMID- 2298791
TI  - Trochanteric growth disturbance after upper femoral osteotomy for congenital
      dislocation of the hip.
AB  - We reviewed 14 patients (16 hips) treated by open reduction and upper femoral
      derotation osteotomy for congenital dislocation of the hip. Nine patients with 11
      treated hips had growth deformities of the proximal femur; in all of them the top
      screw of the fixation plate lay within the cartilaginous precursor of the greater
      trochanter. In the five control hips the top screw was more distal. In the nine
      patients (mean follow-up 10.8 years) there was an increase of 14 degrees in the
      neck-shaft angle (p = 0.01) and of 18 degrees in the angle between the capital
      femoral physis and the shaft (p = 0.01) compared to the control group. This
      indicates that growth disturbance of the greater trochanteric apophysis as a
      result of plate fixation leads to long-term deformity.

PMID- 2298792
TI  - The stability of intertrochanteric fractures treated with a sliding screw-plate.
AB  - Failure of fixation is a major complication of the treatment of unstable
      intertrochanteric fractures. A retrospective review was performed of 54 such
      fractures treated with a sliding screw-plate device. Linear and angular
      displacements were calculated from radiographs taken at operation and serially
      until healing was complete. Linear displacement was related to fracture
      instability, but the neck-shaft angle was relatively constant during healing.
      Complications were often due to failure of the sliding mechanism of the implant.
      We conclude that a sliding screw-plate allows controlled collapse of the major
      fragments but maintains the neck-shaft angle even in unstable fractures.

PMID- 2298793
TI  - Long-term results of revision total hip arthroplasty.
AB  - A total of 138 revision hip arthroplasties in 134 patients, all operated upon by
      one surgeon, were followed for an average of 7.4 years. The overall results were
      reasonable, with good to excellent Mayo hip scores in 62% and little or no pain
      in 86%. These results were independent of body weight, age, primary diagnosis and
      type of arthroplasty used. The incidence of radiological loosening was alarming,
      though comparable to that found in other series. Our findings indicate that it
      may be wise to replace both components even when, after careful assessment before
      and during operation, one of them seems to be securely fixed.

PMID- 2298794
TI  - Tibial plateau fractures. A comparison of conservative and surgical treatment.
AB  - We evaluated the long-term results of 109 tibial plateau fractures, 61 treated by
      skeletal traction and early knee movement and 48 treated by surgery, at an
      average follow-up of 70 months. The functional results were much the same, though
      meniscectomy had been performed in almost half of the surgical patients. Time in
      bed and duration of hospital stay were clearly shorter after surgery (p less than
      0.0001). We concluded that conservative management is a valid alternative to
      surgery, but should probably be reserved for cases where operation is
      undesirable. Future studies should compare surgery without meniscectomy and
      conservative treatment using cast braces to reduce the time in traction.

PMID- 2298795
TI  - Cementless acetabular components.
AB  - Four hundred and fifteen patients with cementless acetabular components of either
      a smooth threaded (130) or porous surfaced (285) variety were compared for
      clinical symptoms and radiographic signs of component loosening. At a mean 4.8
      year follow-up none of the patients with porous acetabular components had signs
      of component instability. At a mean 3.9 year follow-up 27 (21%) of the patients
      with a smooth threaded acetabular component showed radiographic signs of
      instability and 33 (25%) had clinical symptoms. The disappointing short-term
      results with these threaded cups in our hands have prompted us to abandon their
      use in favour of the porous surfaced hemispherical cups.

PMID- 2298796
TI  - Salvage total hip reconstruction in patients with major acetabular bone
      deficiency using structural femoral head allografts.
AB  - We evaluated 38 hip reconstructions in 36 patients at a mean follow-up of 5.9
      years (range 4 to 9.1) after femoral head allografts had been used to augment
      severely deficient acetabular bone stock. The patients were all relatively young
      and had many previous operations. Their pre-operative Harris hip rating averaged
      46 points (range 18 to 73). All the allografts united and there were no
      infections. However, 12 acetabular components (32%) became loose; six of these
      had needed revision using the healed allograft, and two hips had required
      resection arthroplasty. The 30 surviving hips had a mean Harris hip score of 82
      points. Some radiographic evidence of graft resorption was seen in 23 hips,
      though this was mild in 17. The extent of cover provided by the allograft and the
      severity of graft resorption both correlated with acetabular loosening. Although
      structural allografts had allowed successful hip reconstructions in many of these
      patients with major bone loss, the failure rate had increased from zero at four
      years to 32% at six years; clearly they provide only a short-term solution.

PMID- 2298797
TI  - Brachial plexus lesions associated with dislocated shoulders.
AB  - We reviewed 28 patients with brachial plexus lesions caused by shoulder
      dislocation. Contrary to most other reports, we found that the neurological
      lesions involved the infraclavicular and the supraclavicular brachial plexus.
      With supraclavicular lesions the involvement was always of the suprascapular
      nerve, and this always recovered spontaneously. Isolated axillary nerve lesions
      had the poorest prognosis for spontaneous recovery. We explored all lesions that
      showed no recovery after three to five months and performed either grafting or
      neurolysis. We discuss the combinations of nerve lesions, their recovery, the
      surgical indications, and the operations. We also suggest a new classification
      for these injuries which is more clinically relevant than the anatomical
      classification of Leffert and Seddon (1965).

PMID- 2298798
TI  - Atlanto-axial rotatory fixation and fracture of the clavicle. An association and
      a classification.
AB  - Five children with atlanto-axial rotatory fixation (AARF) in association with
      fractures of the clavicle are described. It is postulated that the rotary
      fixation is a direct result of the trauma which produces the fracture. The
      importance of early diagnosis is stressed, since delayed diagnosis may lead to
      chronic deformity. Early diagnosis depends on awareness of the possibility of
      AARF, and either fluoroscoping the patient in order to take appropriate spot
      films or imaging the atlanto-axial joint by CT. A simple classification of AARF
      is proposed based on distinct radiological features which differentiate
      subluxation from dislocation.

PMID- 2298799
TI  - Transoral fusion for high cervical fractures.
AB  - We report three patients having transoral fusion at C2/3 or C3/4 after fractures,
      with no infections or surgical complications and sound union. The operative
      technique and the relative merits of different approaches to the upper cervical
      spine are discussed and the transoral approach to the anterior aspect of the
      upper three cervical vertebrae is commended to the specialist surgeon.

PMID- 2298800
TI  - Thoracic spine translocation without cord injury.
AB  - We report three cases of thoracic spine translocation without neurological
      deficit. In each case bilateral pedicular fractures, demonstrated by computed
      tomography, produced 'floating arches' which account for the sparing of the cord.
      If computed tomography demonstrates adequate canal dimensions, these patients may
      be treated conservatively, but the treatment of choice at specialist spinal
      centres is operative stabilisation.

PMID- 2298802
TI  - The age of osteosarcoma patients is increasing. An epidemiological study of
      osteosarcoma in Sweden 1971 to 1984.
AB  - We conducted an epidemiological study of osteosarcoma in Sweden from 1971 to 1984
      to investigate whether the typical features of the disease had changed. Of 294
      osteosarcoma patients reviewed, 249 had primary skeletal tumours, and for these
      the mean annual incidence was 2.1 per million, without any clear trend over time.
      The mean male/female ratio for the period was 1.6 again with no consistent
      pattern over time; nor was there any significant change in the distribution of
      tumours according to location. The only feature which showed a significant change
      over the 14-year period was the mean age of the patients, being at its lowest (19
      years) in 1972 and at its highest (40 years) in 1981. Excluding the 22 patients
      with craniofacial tumours, the remaining 227 also showed a significant increase
      in mean age. Analysis of the annual age distribution disclosed an increasing
      fraction of patients older than those in the classical age peak between 10 and 29
      years. A large number of trials have shown improved survival in osteosarcoma over
      the last 15 years, which has been attributed mainly to adjuvant chemotherapy. The
      change we have observed in age distribution should also be taken into account in
      the evaluation of the results of treatment; it may be that older patients have a
      better prognosis.

PMID- 2298801
TI  - Vertebral hydatidosis and paraplegia.
AB  - We report the management of two children and 11 adults with paraplegia secondary
      to vertebral hydatidosis. Destruction of pedicles, posterior vertebral elements
      and discs as well as the vertebral bodies was common and all six patients with
      thoracic disease had involvement of adjacent ribs. The 13 patients had a total of
      42 major surgical procedures; two patients died from postoperative complications
      and four from complications of the disease and paraplegia. All eight patients
      initially treated by laminectomy or anterior decompression alone relapsed within
      two years and seven required further surgery. Circumferential decompression and
      grafting gave the best results, six of nine patients being in remission an
      average of three years and six months later. The prognosis for such patients is
      poor; remission is the aim, rather than cure. Anthelminthic drugs may improve the
      prognosis, but radical surgery is likely to remain the keystone of treatment in
      the foreseeable future.

PMID- 2298803
TI  - Total hip replacement and deep vein thrombosis. A venographic and necropsy study.
AB  - Bilateral venography was performed between 12 and 15 days after total hip
      replacement in 745 consecutive patients, all of whom had heparin prophylaxis. Of
      these, 81 patients (10.8%) showed evidence of recent deep vein thrombosis: 23
      (3%) distal, 44 (5.9%) isolated proximal, five (0.7%) both proximal and distal,
      and nine (1.2%) extensive thrombosis from calf to thigh. Compared with previous
      reports heparin appeared to have reduced the number of distal and contralateral
      thromboses, but was far less effective in reducing proximal femoral thrombosis.
      In a cadaver study, the femoral veins were inspected during simulated total hip
      replacement by either an anterior or a posterior approach. In every case the
      femoral vein became kinked or folded in the thigh position imposed during the
      preparation of the femur. Local damage appears to be an important factor in
      proximal thrombosis; care at operation could help to minimise trauma to the
      femoral veins and reduce the number of such cases.

PMID- 2298804
TI  - Severe disseminated staphylococcal disease associated with osteitis and septic
      arthritis.
AB  - We reviewed the records of 1,156 patients treated for acute staphylococcal
      osteitis or septic arthritis over a 12-year period; 38 had been critically ill
      with evidence of multiple-organ involvement and 30 (79%) had features of the
      toxic shock syndrome. The mortality rate of these 38 patients was 13% and the
      long-term orthopaedic complication rate was 39%. The diagnosis and management of
      patients with osteitis or septic arthritis, disseminated staphylococcal disease,
      and the toxic shock syndrome is discussed.

PMID- 2298805
TI  - Suspected scaphoid fractures. The value of radiographs.
AB  - Twenty observers reported independently on the presence or absence of a fracture
      of the scaphoid on 60 sets of radiographs; these included initial and 2- to 3
      week views in patients in whom the outcome was known, normal scaphoids and random
      copies of these. Analysis of variance of the accuracy of observations revealed
      that the 2- to 3-week radiographs did not improve diagnostic ability and that
      this was independent of the experience or seniority of the observer. For normal
      radiographs, 20% of the observations reported a fracture. Reproducibility of
      opinion improved with experience but this did not help with accuracy. Radiographs
      without accurate clinical observation should not determine the management of the
      suspected scaphoid fracture.

PMID- 2298806
TI  - Radial density distribution of chromatin: evidence that chromatin fibers have
      solid centers.
AB  - Fiber diameter, radial distribution of density, and radius of gyration were
      determined from scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of unstained,
      frozen-dried chromatin fibers. Chromatin fibers isolated under physiological
      conditions (ionic strength, 124 mM) from Thyone briareus sperm (DNA linker
      length, n = 87 bp) and Necturus maculosus erythrocytes (n = 48 bp) were analyzed
      by objective image-processing techniques. The mean outer diameters were
      determined to be 38.0 nm (SD = 3.7 nm; SEM = 0.36 nm) and 31.2 nm (SD = 3.6 nm;
      SEM = 0.32 nm) for Thyone and Necturus, respectively. These data are inconsistent
      with the twisted-ribbon and solenoid models, which predict constant diameters of
      approximately 30 nm, independent of DNA linker length. Calculated radial density
      distributions of chromatin exhibited relatively uniform density with no central
      hole, although the 4-nm hole in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) from the same
      micrographs was visualized clearly. The existence of density at the center of
      chromatin fibers is in strong disagreement with the hollow-solenoid and hollow
      twisted-ribbon models, which predict central holes of 16 and 9 nm for chromatin
      of 38 and 31 nm diameter, respectively. The cross-sectional radii of gyration
      were calculated from the radial density distributions and found to be 13.6 nm for
      Thyone and 11.1 nm for Necturus, in good agreement with x-ray and neutron
      scattering. The STEM data do not support the solenoid or twisted-ribbon models
      for chromatin fiber structure. They do, however, support the double-helical
      crossed-linker models, which exhibit a strong dependence of fiber diameter upon
      DNA linker length and have linker DNA at the center.

PMID- 2298807
TI  - Characterization of two populations of statin and the relationship of their
      syntheses to the state of cell proliferation.
AB  - Statin has previously been identified to be a 57-kD protein present in the nuclei
      of quiescent and senescent human fibroblasts, but not in their replicating
      counterparts (Wang, E. 1985. J. Cell Biol. 100: 545-551). In the present report
      we demonstrate by immunoprecipitation analysis of fractionated cellular extracts
      the existence of two populations of statin. The Triton X-100-soluble statin is
      found in replicating sparse cultures as well as in quiescent confluent cultures
      and quiescent serum-starved cultures of young human fibroblasts, but the Triton X
      100-insoluble, nuclear envelope-localized statin is present only in the quiescent
      cultures. Two-dimensional gel analysis of the immunoprecipitated cellular
      fractions reveals that both populations of statin have an isoelectric point of
      5.3. Pulse-chase experiments show that statin is synthesized as a 57-kD
      polypeptide and is not processed from a precursor of different molecular mass.
      Experiments on serum stimulation of quiescent cells show that synthesis of the
      Triton X-100-insoluble statin decreases rapidly during the transition from the G0
      to S phase, and that this decrease is accompanied by a slower reduction in
      synthesis of the Triton X-100-soluble statin. These results suggest that the
      cellular expression of the two populations of statin may be associated with the
      mechanisms controlling the transition between the growing state and the quiescent
      state and confirm the previous finding that the Triton X-100-insoluble, nuclear
      envelope-localized statin could be used as a marker for cells arrested at the G0
      phase of the cell cycle.

PMID- 2298808
TI  - Role of the human transferrin receptor cytoplasmic domain in endocytosis:
      localization of a specific signal sequence for internalization.
AB  - Wild-type and mutant human transferrin receptors have been expressed in chicken
      embryo fibroblasts using a helper-independent retroviral vector. The
      internalization of mutant human transferrin receptors, in which all but four of
      the 61 amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain had been deleted, was greatly
      impaired. However, when expressed at high levels, such "tailless" mutant
      receptors could provide chicken embryo fibroblasts with sufficient iron from
      diferric human transferrin to support a normal rate of growth. As the rate of
      recycling of the mutant receptors was not significantly different from wild-type
      receptors, an estimate of relative internalization rates could be obtained from
      the distribution of receptors inside the cell and on the cell surface under
      steady-state conditions. This analysis and the results of iron uptake studies
      both indicate that the efficiency of internalization of tailless mutant receptors
      is approximately 10% that of wild-type receptors. Further studies of a series of
      mutant receptors with different regions of the cytoplasmic domain deleted
      suggested that residues within a 10-amino acid region (amino acids 19-28) of the
      human transferrin receptor cytoplasmic domain are required for efficient
      endocytosis. Insertion of this region into the cytoplasmic domain of the tailless
      mutant receptors restored high efficiency endocytosis. The only tyrosine residue
      (Tyr 20) in the cytoplasmic domain of the human transferrin receptor is found
      within this 10-amino acid region. A mutant receptor containing glycine instead of
      tyrosine at position 20 was estimated to be approximately 20% as active as the
      wild-type receptor. We conclude that the cytoplasmic domain of the transferrin
      receptor contains a specific signal sequence located within amino acid residues
      19-28 that determines high efficiency endocytosis. Further, Tyr 20 is an
      important element of that sequence.

PMID- 2298809
TI  - Endocytic pathways in polarized Caco-2 cells: identification of an endosomal
      compartment accessible from both apical and basolateral surfaces.
AB  - The enterocyte-like cell line Caco-2 forms a polarized epithelium when grown on
      filters. We have investigated the interaction of endocytic pathways from the
      apical and basolateral surfaces. The transferrin receptor was an appropriate
      marker for the basolateral route; uptake of radiolabeled transferrin was highly
      polarized, and recycling of this ligand back to the basolateral surface occurred
      with an efficiency of 95%, even after prolonged incubations with transferrin.
      Using a transferrin-peroxidase conjugate to delineate the morphological pathway,
      we have identified an early endocytic compartment in the basolateral cytoplasm of
      the cells. Longer incubations revealed a deeper endocytic compartment in the
      apical cytoplasm. Concanavalin A complexed to gold was used to simultaneously
      label the apical endocytic route. After 60 min, extensive mixing of the two
      labels was seen in endocytic elements throughout the apical cytoplasm, including
      in the Golgi area, but never in the basal cytoplasm. Using a second double
      labeling procedure in which antitransferrin receptor antibody complexed to gold
      was applied to the basolateral surface for up to 2 h and free peroxidase applied
      to the apical surface for shorter periods, we demonstrated that this apical
      marker rapidly (within 5 min) reached endosomes containing antibody-gold. Our
      results indicate that, in Caco-2 cells, the endocytic pathways from the apical
      and basolateral surfaces meet in an endosomal compartment from which transferrin
      can still be recycled.

PMID- 2298810
TI  - Poleward force at the kinetochore in metaphase depends on the number of
      kinetochore microtubules.
AB  - To examine the dependence of poleward force at a kinetochore on the number of
      kinetochore microtubules (kMTs), we altered the normal balance in the number of
      microtubules at opposing homologous kinetochores in meiosis I grasshopper
      spermatocytes at metaphase with a focused laser microbeam. Observations were made
      with light and electron microscopy. Irradiations that partially damaged one
      homologous kinetochore caused the bivalent chromosome to shift to a new
      equilibrium position closer to the pole to which the unirradiated kinetochore was
      tethered; the greater the dose of irradiation, the farther the chromosome moved.
      The number of kMTs on the irradiated kinetochore decreased with severity of
      irradiation, while the number of kMTs on the unirradiated kinetochore remained
      constant and independent of chromosome-to-pole distance. Assuming a balance of
      forces on the chromosome at congression equilibrium, our results demonstrate that
      the net poleward force on a chromosome depends on the number of kMTs and the
      distance from the pole. In contrast, the velocity of chromosome movement showed
      little dependence on the number of kMTs. Possible mechanisms which explain the
      relationship between the poleward force at a kinetochore, the number of
      kinetochore microtubules, and the lengths of the kinetochore fibers at
      congression equilibrium include a "traction fiber model" in which poleward force
      producers are distributed along the length of the kinetochore fibers, or a
      "kinetochore motor-polar ejection model" in which force producers located at or
      near the kinetochore pull the chromosomes poleward along the kMTs and against an
      ejection force that is produced by the polar microtubule array and increases in
      strength toward the pole.

PMID- 2298811
TI  - Parthenogenesis in Xenopus eggs requires centrosomal integrity.
AB  - Xenopus eggs are laid arrested at second metaphase of meiosis lacking a
      functional centrosome. Upon fertilization, the sperm provides the active
      centrosome that is required for cleavage to occur. The injection of purified
      centrosomes mimics fertilization and leads to tadpole formation
      (parthenogenesis). In this work we show that the parthenogenetic activity of
      centrosomes is inactivated by urea concentrations higher than 2 M. The loss of
      activity is correlated with a progressive destruction of the centriolar cylinder
      and extraction of proteins. This shows that centrosomes are relatively sensitive
      to urea since complete protein unfolding and solubilization of proteins normally
      occurs at urea concentrations as high as 8-10 M. When present, the
      parthenogenetic activity is always associated with a pelletable fraction showing
      that it cannot be solubilized by urea. The parthenogenetic activity is
      progressively inactivated by salt concentrations higher than 2 M (NaCl or KCl).
      However, only a few proteins are extracted by these treatments and the centrosome
      ultrastructure is not affected. This shows that both parthenogenetic activity and
      centrosomal structure are resistant to relatively high ionic strength. Indeed,
      most protein structures held by electrostatic forces are dissociated by 2 M salt.
      The loss of parthenogenetic activity produced at higher salt concentrations,
      while the structure of the centrosome is unaffected, is an apparent paradox. We
      interpret this result as meaning that the native state of centrosomes is held
      together by forces that favor functional denaturation by high ionic strength. The
      respective effects of urea and salts on centrosomal structure and activity
      suggest that the centrosome is mainly held together by hydrogen and hydrophobic
      bonds. The in vitro microtubule nucleating activity of centrosomes can be
      inactivated at salt or urea concentrations that do not affect the parthenogenetic
      activity. Since egg cleavage requires the formation of microtubule asters, we
      conclude that the extracted or denatured microtubule nucleating activity of
      centrosomes can be complemented by components present in the egg cytoplasm. Both
      parthenogenetic and microtubule nucleating activities are abolished by protease
      treatments but resist nuclease action. Since we find no RNA in centrosomes
      treated by RNase, they probably do not contain a protected RNA. Taken together,
      these results are consistent with the idea that the whole or part of the
      centrosome structure acts as a seed to start the centrosome duplication cycle in
      Xenopus eggs.

PMID- 2298813
TI  - High-affinity epidermal growth factor binding is specifically reduced by a
      monoclonal antibody, and appears necessary for early responses.
AB  - We have tested the effects of an mAb directed against the protein core of the
      extracellular domain of the human EGF receptor (mAb108), on the binding of EGF,
      and on the early responses of cells to EGF presentation. We used NIH 3T3 cells
      devoid of murine EGF receptor, transfected with a cDNA encoding the full-length
      human EGF receptor gene, and fully responsive to EGF. The binding to saturation
      of mAb108 to the surface of these cells at 4 degrees C and at other temperatures
      specifically reduced high-affinity binding of EGF, but did not change the
      dissociation constant or the estimated number of binding sites for low-affinity
      binding of EGF. The kinetics of EGF binding to the transfected cells were
      measured to determine the effects of the mAb on the initial rate of EGF binding
      at 37 degrees C. Interestingly, high-affinity EGF receptor bound EGF with an
      intrinsic on-rate constant 40-fold higher (9.8 x 10(6) M-1.s-1) than did low
      affinity receptor (2.5 x 10(5) M-1.s-1), whereas the off-rate constants, measured
      at 4 degrees C were similar. Cells treated with the mAb or with phorbol myristate
      acetate displayed single on-rate constants similar to that for the low-affinity
      receptors. At low doses of EGF ranging from 0.4 to 1.2 nM, pretreatment of cells
      with mAb108 inhibited by 50-100% all of the early responses tested, including
      stimulation of tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of the EGF receptor, turnover of
      phosphatidyl inositol, elevation of cytoplasmic pH, and release of Ca2+ from
      intracellular stores. At saturating doses of EGF (20 nM) the inhibition of these
      early responses by prebinding of mAb108 was overcome. On the basis of these
      results, we propose that the high-affinity EGF receptors are necessary for EGF
      receptor signal transduction.

PMID- 2298812
TI  - The cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence for trichohyalin, a differentiation marker
      in the hair follicle, contains a 23 amino acid repeat.
AB  - Trichohyalin is a highly expressed protein within the inner root sheath of hair
      follicles and is similar, or identical, to a protein present in the hair medulla.
      In situ hybridization studies have shown that trichohyalin is a very early
      differentiation marker in both tissues and that in each case the trichohyalin
      mRNA is expressed from the same single copy gene. A partial cDNA clone for sheep
      trichohyalin has been isolated and represents approximately 40% of the full
      length trichohyalin mRNA. The carboxy-terminal 458 amino acids of trichohyalin
      are encoded, and the first 429 amino acids consist of full- or partial-length
      tandem repeats of a 23 amino acid sequence. These repeats are characterized by a
      high proportion of charged amino acids. Secondary structure analyses predict that
      the majority of the encoded protein could form alpha-helical structures that
      might form filamentous aggregates of intermediate filament dimensions, even
      though the heptad motif obligatory for the intermediate filament structure itself
      is absent. The alternative structural role of trichohyalin could be as an
      intermediate filament-associated protein, as proposed from other evidence.

PMID- 2298814
TI  - Endothelial cells secrete a factor that promotes fibroblast contraction of
      hydrated collagen gels.
AB  - Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), grown in vitro, are shown to synthesize
      and secrete factor(s) that stimulate fibroblasts to contract collagen matrices.
      The amount of contraction-promoting activity in the conditioned media is
      dependent on conditioning time and the number of cells in the culture. Production
      of the contraction-promoting activity continues at a high stable level for at
      least 5 d in serum-free medium but is abolished when the cells are exposed to an
      inhibitor of protein synthesis. The mechanism of action of the contraction
      factor(s) derived from endothelial cells was compared with that of unidentified
      serum factors. The endothelial cell-secreted factor(s) depends on active protein
      synthesis by the target cell but does not need to be present during the
      contraction process. The serum factors on the other hand promote collagen
      contraction in the absence of de novo protein synthesis but need to be
      continuously present. Preliminary biochemical characterization of the contraction
      promoting factors produced by endothelial cells revealed properties similar to
      those of previously identified growth factors. However, the BAEC-secreted factor
      was found to be distinct from a previously identified contraction-promoting
      transforming growth factor beta.

PMID- 2298815
TI  - Internal binding sites for MSH: analyses in wild-type and variant Cloudman
      melanoma cells.
AB  - Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma cells express both external (plasma membrane) and
      internal binding sites for MSH. Using 125I-beta melanotropin (beta-MSH) as a
      probe, we report here an extensive series of studies on the biological relevance
      of these internal sites. Cells were swollen in a hypotonic buffer and lysed, and
      a particulate fraction was prepared by high-speed centrifugation. This fraction
      was incubated with 125I-beta-MSH with or without excess nonradioactive beta-MSH
      in the cold for 2 hours. The material was then layered onto a step-wise sucrose
      gradient (8-80%) and centrifuged (156,000g, 60 min); fractions were collected and
      counted in a gamma counter or assayed for various enzymatic activities. The
      following points were established: 1) Specific binding sites for MSH were
      observed sedimenting at an average density of 50% sucrose in amelanotic cells and
      at higher densities in melanotic cells. 2) These sites were similar in density to
      those observed when intact cells were labeled externally with 125I-beta-MSH and
      then warmed to promote internalization of the hormone. 3) Most of the internal
      binding sites were not as dense as fully melanized melanosomes. 4) In control
      experiments, the MSH binding sites were not found in cultured hepatoma cells. 5)
      Variant melanoma cells, which differed from the wild-type in their responses to
      MSH, had reduced expression of internal binding sites even though their ability
      to bind MSH to the outer cell surface appeared normal. (MSH-induced responses
      included changes in tyrosinase, dopa oxidase, and dopachrome conversion factor
      activities, melanization, proliferation, and morphology.) 6)
      Isobutylmethylxanthine, which enhanced cellular responsiveness to MSH, also
      enhanced expression of internal binding sites. The results indicate that
      expression of internal binding sites for MSH is an important criterion for
      cellular responsiveness to the hormone.

PMID- 2298816
TI  - Basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha are
      hepatotrophic mitogens in vitro.
AB  - Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF
      alpha) have been identified as potent hepatotrophic mitogens. bFGF and TGF alpha
      induce DNA synthesis in fetal and adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture and
      support fetal rat hepatocyte multiplication in chemically defined medium. No
      additional exogenous growth or progression factors are required by the cells for
      traversing the cell cycle or for cell division. These mitogenic polypeptides,
      previously identified in various cell types including liver and endothelial
      cells, platelets, and macrophages may act locally in a paracrine mode in
      controlling hepatocyte multiplication in the liver during development and
      regeneration.

PMID- 2298817
TI  - Secretion of a TGF-beta-like growth inhibitor by normal rat mammary epithelial
      cells in vitro.
AB  - We have examined conditioned medium (CM) from cultures of normal rat mammary
      epithelial (RME) cells for growth factor activity on fresh RME cell cultures. RME
      cell-derived CM contained potent growth inhibitory activity toward fresh RME cell
      cultures when the medium was acidified by dialysis against 1% acetic acid prior
      to concentration. Dialysis of the CM at neutral pH resulted in CM that had growth
      stimulatory activity and no inhibitory activity. The acid-activated growth
      inhibitor was heat and acid stable, protease sensitive, and eluted from a Bio-Gel
      p60 column with a peak of activity in the 28 kDa range. Incubation of the
      acidified-concentrated CM with neutralizing antiserum (affinity purified IgG)
      against transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta completely abolished the inhibitory
      activity of the CM. Furthermore, RME cell growth in the presence of the growth
      inhibitor plus TGF-beta antiserum was greater than that observed in growth medium
      alone. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that addition of TGF-beta antiserum
      alone to serum-free medium enhanced RME cell growth, whereas addition of
      nonimmune IgG was without effect even at 25-fold higher concentrations.
      Zymographic analysis of RME-CM revealed the presence of plasminogen activator
      proteases that may mediate the partial activation of the latent growth factor.
      These results indicate that normal RME cells secrete a latent TGF-beta-like
      growth factor into conditioned medium. Furthermore, the results indicate that
      some of the latent growth factor is activated in situ and contributes to the
      growth potential of the cells in primary culture in an autocrine manner.

PMID- 2298818
TI  - Neurite outgrowth activity of protease nexin-1 on neuroblastoma cells requires
      thrombin inhibition.
AB  - Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a protein proteinase inhibitor recently shown to be
      identical with the glial-derived neurite-promoting factor or glial-derived nexin.
      It has been shown to promote neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma cells and in
      sympathetic neurons. The present experiments were designed to further test the
      hypothesis that this activity on neuroblastoma cells is due to its ability to
      complex and inhibit thrombin. It has been suggested that PN-1:thrombin complexes
      might mediate the neurite outgrowth activity of PN-1. However, the present
      studies showed that such complexes, unlike free PN-1, did not promote neurite
      outgrowth. The neurite outgrowth activity of PN-1 was only detected in the
      presence of thrombin or serum (which contains thrombin). PN-1 did not affect the
      rate or extent of neurite outgrowth that occurred when neuroblastoma cells were
      placed in serum-free medium. Retraction of neurites by thrombin was
      indistinguishable in cells whose neurites had been extended in the presence or
      absence of PN-1. The neurite-promoting activity of PN-1 was inhibited by an anti
      PN-1 monoclonal antibody, which blocks its capacity to complex serine
      proteinases. The plasma thrombin inhibitor, antithrombin III, stimulated neurite
      outgrowth but only when its thrombin inhibitory activity was accelerated by
      heparin. The neurite outgrowth activity of both antithrombin III and PN-1
      corresponded to their inhibition of thrombin. Together, these observations show
      that PN-1 promotes neurite outgrowth from neuroblastoma cells by inhibiting
      thrombin and suggest that this depends on the ability of thrombin to retract
      neurites.

PMID- 2298819
TI  - Inositol tetrakisphosphate-induced sequestration of Ca2+ replenishes an
      intracellular pool sensitive to inositol trisphosphate.
AB  - In a permeable neoplastic rat liver epithelial (261B) cell system, inositol
      1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate--Ins(1,3,4,5)P4--induces sequestration of Ca2+ released
      by inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphate--Ins(2,4,5)P3; a non-metabolized inositol
      trisphosphate (InsP3) isomer--and Ca2+ added exogenously in the form of CaCl2.
      Studies were performed to identify the Ca2+ pool filled after Ins(1,3,4,5)P4
      treatment. Both Ins(2,4,5)P3 and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate--Ins(1,4,5)P3--dose
      dependently release Ca2+ from permeable 261B cells--Ins(1,4,5)P3 having a
      threefold greater potency--but differ in that Ca2+ released by Ins(1,4,5)P3 is
      readily sequestered, while the Ca2+ released by Ins(2,4,5)P3 is not. Maximal
      release of Ca2+ by 6 microM Ins(2,4,5)P3 blocked the action of Ins(1,4,5)P3,
      demonstrating that these two isomers influence the same intracellular Ca2+ pool
      through a shared membrane receptor. Addition of 2 microM Ins(2,4,5)P3 to
      discharge partially the Ca2+ pool reduced the amount of Ca2+ released by a
      maximal dose of Ins(1,4,5)P3 (2 microM). Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 combined with
      Ins(2,4,5)P3 produced a Ca2+ release and sequestration response, which
      replenished the InsP3-sensitive pool as indicated by a recovery of full Ca2+
      release by 2 microM Ins(1,4,5)P3. Induction of Ca2+ sequestration by
      Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 occurred dose-dependently, with a half-maximal response elicited
      at a dose of 0.9 microM. Further studies of the effect of Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 apart
      from the influence of Ins(2,4,5)P3 using a model in which the Ca2+ levels are
      raised by an exogenous addition of CaCl2 showed that Ins(1,4,5)P3 released twice
      the amount of Ca2+ from the storage pool following Ins(1,3,4,5)P4-induced Ca2+
      sequestration. These results demonstrate that the Ca2+ uptake induced by
      Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 preferentially replenishes the intracellular Ca2+ storage sites
      regulated by Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(2,4,5)P3.

PMID- 2298821
TI  - Effect of a continuously applied compressive pressure on mouse osteoblast-like
      cells (MC3T3-E1) in vitro.
AB  - Bone metabolism is often affected by a variety of mechanical forces, but the
      cytological basis of their action is not known. In this study, we examined the
      effect of a continuously applied compressive pressure (CCP) on the growth and
      differentiation of clonal mouse osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1) cultured in a
      specifically devised culture chamber. The gas phase of the chamber was maintained
      at a pressure of 2 atmospheres (atm) above ambient (3 atm total, 3.1 kg/cm2; 3.0
      x 10(5) Pa) by continuously infusing a compressed mixed gas (O2: N2:CO2 =
      7.0%:91.3%:1.7%). The pO2, pCO2, and pH in the culture medium at 37 degrees C
      under 3 atm were maintained at the same levels as those under 1 atm. MC3T3-E1
      cells were cultured in alpha-minimal essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine
      serum under either 3 atm in the CCP culture chamber or 1 atm in an ordinary CO2
      incubator. Alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of osteoblasts, was greatly
      suppressed by the CCP treatment. The inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity
      was rapidly restored when the cells were transferred to an ordinary CO2 incubator
      under 1 atm, indicating that the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity by
      CCP is reversible. Cell growth was not altered under CCP. The CCP treatment
      greatly increased the production and secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Adding
      either conditioned medium from the CCP culture or exogenous PGE2 to the control
      culture under 1 atm suppressed alkaline phosphatase activity dose-dependently.
      The CCP treatment also suppressed collagen synthesis and calcification. These
      results suggest that CCP causes the cells to produce and secrete PGE2, which, in
      turn, inhibits differentiation of osteoblasts and the concomitant calcification.

PMID- 2298820
TI  - Male germ cell specific sulfogalactoglycerolipid is recognized and degraded by
      mycoplasmas associated with male infertility.
AB  - Sulfogalactosylglycerolipid (SGG) is the major mammalian male germ cell
      glycolipid and has been implicated in sperm/egg binding. Mycoplasma pulmonis, a
      species of Mollicutes, is associated with male infertility in rodents. Purified
      SGG incubated in the presence of M. pulmonis was enzymatically degraded by both
      desulfation and deacylation. Desulfation occurred primarily at alkaline pH, and
      deacylation also increased with increased pH, indicating that these represent
      novel enzymatic activities. Digestion was facilitated, but not dependent on, the
      presence of detergent. Rat spermatozoa exposed to M. pulmonis showed a reduction
      in SGG content which was particularly marked for cauda (mature) spermatozoa. With
      the aid of tlc overlay binding procedure, intact M. pulmonis were found to bind
      specifically to sulfated glycolipids and thus SGG may provide the cell membrane
      receptor for this organism. The topology of mycoplasma binding to rat sperm was
      consistent with the known topology of sperm SGG. The reduced binding (and
      subsequent digestion) of caput spermatozoan SGG correlates with the membrane
      colocalization of SGG and its endogenous binding protein at this stage.
      Separation of SGG and its binding protein during epididymal sperm maturation
      appears to facilitate M. pulmonis binding to and digestion of cauda sperm SGG.
      The binding and degradation of the sperm SGG by M. pulmonis may play a role in
      the induction of infertility which follows infection with these organisms by
      interfering in sperm/egg receptor recognition.

PMID- 2298822
TI  - Glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones inhibit proliferation of serum-free mouse
      embryo (SFME) cells.
AB  - Mouse embryo cells derived in a serum-free medium formulation (SFME cells) do not
      exhibit growth crisis or chromosomal abnormalities and are nontumorigenic in
      vivo; these cells are also reversibly growth inhibited by serum or platelet-free
      plasma (Loo et al.; Science, 236:200-202, 1987). A portion of the inhibitory
      activity of serum could be extracted by charcoal, a procedure that removes
      steroid and thyroid hormones. Both L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and
      hydrocortisone inhibited growth of SFME cells in a reversible manner. The
      inhibitory activity of serum also was partially removed by treatment with anion
      exchange resin in a procedure designed to deplete serum of thyroid hormone.
      However, the effect of serum on untransformed SFME cells could not be prevented
      by addition of the antiglucocorticoid RU38486, and ras-transformed clones of SFME
      cells, which are capable of growing in serum-containing medium, retained
      inhibitory responses to glucocorticoid and, with some clonal variability, to T3.
      These results suggest that glucocorticoid or thyroid hormones may contribute to
      the inhibitory activity of serum on SFME cells, but additional factors are also
      involved.

PMID- 2298823
TI  - Cholinergic desensitization of pepsinogen secretion and calcium mobilization of
      dispersed guinea pig chief cells.
AB  - When dispersed chief cells from guinea pig stomach were first incubated with
      carbachol, washed, and then reincubated with carbachol in fresh incubation
      solution, the stimulation of pepsinogen secretion and the rise in intracellular
      calcium concentration during the second incubation were reduced. Carbachol did
      not cause residual enzyme secretion, but the same range of concentrations that
      causes enzyme secretion caused desensitization that was rapid, temperature
      dependent, and reversible with time. Preincubation with carbachol caused
      approximately a 65% reduction in enzyme secretion stimulated during a subsequent
      incubation with this agonist, but the potency of carbachol was unaffected. Prior
      exposure to carbachol also reduced subsequent stimulation caused by
      cholecystokinin (CCK-8), gastrin I, ionophore A23187, or 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate but did not alter stimulation by any agonist that
      increases cellular cAMP. Carbachol pretreatment of Fura-loaded chief cells caused
      a threefold increase in the EC50 for carbachol-stimulated [Ca2+]i and
      approximately a 30% reduction in the maximal rise in [Ca2+]i in response to
      carbachol or CCK-8. Inhibition of [N-methyl-3H] scopolamine binding by carbachol
      following carbachol pretreatment indicated that modulation of receptor affinity
      or number did not account for functional desensitization. These data indicate
      that carbachol causes heterologous desensitization of pepsinogen secretion
      stimulated by agonists that mobilize cellular Ca2+ or activate protein kinase C
      through a postreceptor action and suggest that an attenuated rise in chief cell
      calcium is one mechanism mediating the desensitization of enzyme secretion.

PMID- 2298825
TI  - Drug-induced alterations of tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytotoxicity:
      discrimination of early versus late stage action.
AB  - The killing of L-M cells by murine tumor necrosis factor (mTNF) was investigated
      by a combination of drug, antiserum neutralization, and kinetic studies. Kinetic
      studies with 125I-mTNF showed that the bulk of association of ligand with L-M
      cells peaked within 2 hr and the ligand was not degraded. Cell surface receptors
      were depleted (down regulated) by 6 hr when death commenced. The off-rates of
      acid-dissociable (surface bound) and acid-indissociable (internalized)
      compartments were found to be 9 min and 35 hr, respectively. Nevertheless,
      complete cell killing required the persistent presence of mTNF for up to 20 hr.
      This requirement was ablated by the concomitant addition of cycloheximide.
      Antiserum completely inhibited cytotoxicity when it was applied up to 4 hr after
      mTNF, but antiserum added 1 hr after mTNF was not neutralizing in the presence of
      cycloheximide. Thus, the inclusion of cycloheximide temporally dissociated early
      events (internalization and signal transduction) from lysis. Other drugs with and
      without cycloheximide were found to preferentially affect either early or later
      aspects of cell death. Phorbol myristate acetate and the ionophore A23187 were
      potent inhibitors of cytotoxicity, and staurosporine was a potent enhancer. These
      agents were more effective when added 1 hr before mTNF and cycloheximide than
      when added 1 hr after and likely affected early events in the cytolytic program.
      In contrast, chloroquine and cAMP likely affect more terminal aspects of
      cytotoxicity. Dibutyrylcyclic AMP, cholera, and pertussis toxins enhanced
      cytotoxicity. They were equipotent when added either before or after mTNF
      regardless of the presence of cycloheximide. Likewise, chloroquine was an
      equipotent inhibitor when added either before or after mTNF regardless of the
      presence of cycloheximide. Agents that primarily affect association events may be
      more likely to impinge on other TNF-mediated activities than agents that
      primarily affect lysis.

PMID- 2298824
TI  - Mitogenic response of near-diploid mouse cell line m5S/1M induced by epidermal
      growth factor.
AB  - A nonmalignant near-diploid cell line m5s/1M, established by Sasaki and Kodama
      (J. Cell. Res., 131:114-122, 1987), was shown to respond to the epidermal growth
      factor (EGF). The m5s/1M cells showed high sensitivity to post-confluence
      inhibition of cell division and formed a uniform monolayer after the cells had
      become confluent. The addition of EGF resulted in loss of contact-dependent
      inhibition of growth and caused a massive piling up of a multilayered array of
      cells after they had become confluent. When EGF was removed from the medium, the
      cell number decreased rapidly, and the cells formed a uniform monolayer at the
      density observed in the absence of EGF. m5S/1M cells have high- and low-affinity
      receptors for EGF (approximately 40,000 receptors per cell), and the apparent
      dissociation constants of the EGF-binding reactions were 3.3 nM and 0.15 nM,
      respectively. The effect of EGF on the intracellular mobilization of Ca2+ and the
      formation of inositol phosphates was studied by using the calcium-sensitive
      fluorescent indicator fura 2 and [3H]inositol. EGF had no effect either on the
      mobilization of cytosolic free calcium [( Ca2+]i) or on the formation of inositol
      phosphates in m5s/1M cells, whereas bradykinin induced a rapid increase in both
      [Ca2+]i and inositol phosphates. Analysis of the glycosphingolipid (GSL)
      composition of m5S/1M cells showed that globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer), which is
      known to be a Burkitt lymphoma-associated antigen, is specifically expressed in
      the EGF-treated cells. The expression of Gb3Cer is dependent on the presence of
      EGF, with a reversible shift in GSL composition being observed in the presence or
      absence of EGF.

PMID- 2298826
TI  - A new method to measure brain serotonin synthesis in vivo. I. Theory and basic
      data for a biological model.
AB  - We describe here an autoradiographic method to measure the in vivo rate of
      serotonin synthesis in rat brain. The method is based on the use of the L
      tryptophan analogue alpha-methyl-L-tryptophan (alpha-MTrp), which is converted in
      vivo into alpha-methylserotonin (alpha-M5HT). Since alpha-M5HT is not a substrate
      for monoamine oxidase, it is accumulated in the brain tissue. Data are presented
      to confirm time-dependent conversion of alpha-MTrp into alpha-M5HT in the dorsal
      raphe nucleus and also in the pineal body, an organ outside the blood-brain
      barrier. It has also been shown that washing brain slices in 10% trichloroacetic
      acid results in less than 3% incorporation of alpha-MTrp into brain proteins. The
      rates of synthesis are calculated in several grossly dissected brain structures
      by using tracer kinetics and a three-compartment biological model. The half-life
      of the precursor pool is estimated to be approximately 20 min. The rate of
      serotonin synthesis is highest in the pineal body.

PMID- 2298828
TI  - Effect of nimodipine on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with
      acute ischemic stroke as measured by positron emission tomography.
AB  - In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of 27 patients with acute
      ischemic stroke, the effect on regional CMRglc (rCMRglc) of the calcium channel
      blocking agent nimodipine administered in addition to routine treatment was
      investigated. Following computed tomography-supported diagnosis of focal ischemia
      in the middle cerebral artery territory, positron emission tomography (PET) of 2
      [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) was performed, and the patients were entered
      into the study within 48 h after onset of symptoms, randomly receiving either
      nimodipine (2 mg/h constant i.v. infusion for 5 days, 120 mg/day orally for
      another 16 days) or carrier/placebo. FDG PET was repeated after completion of
      therapy. The clinical course was followed during the treatment period and for 6
      months after the stroke, using the Mathew Score for early and the Barthel Index
      for late assessment. During that observation period, five patients died in the
      nimodipine group and four in the control group. Subsequently, the code was
      broken, and the clinical and PET data were analyzed in relation to treatment
      assignment, with the nimodipine group comprising 11 and the control group 12
      eligible cases. The two groups were similar with respect to age and sex
      distribution, initial clinical deficit, and infarct size and location. While the
      infarct rCMRglc showed comparable slight increases over time in both groups, the
      metabolic changes in the other evaluated regions (contralateral infarct mirror
      region, ipsi- and contralateral cerebral gray matter, contra- and ipsilateral
      cerebellar hemispheres) differed significantly between treatment groups (side x
      region x treatment interaction p less than 0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2298827
TI  - Astrocytic acidosis in hyperglycemic and complete ischemia.
AB  - Nearly complete brain ischemia under normoglycemic conditions results in death of
      only selectively vulnerable neurons. With prior elevation of brain glucose, such
      injury is enhanced to include pancellular necrosis (i.e., infarction), perhaps
      because an associated, severe lactic acidosis preferentially injures astrocytes.
      However, no direct physiologic measurements exist to support this hypothesis.
      Therefore, we used microelectrodes to measure intracellular pH and passive
      electrical properties of cortical astrocytes as a first approach to
      characterizing the physiologic behavior of these cells during hyperglycemic and
      complete ischemia, conditions that produce infarction in reperfused brain.
      Anesthesized rats (n = 26) were made extremely hyperglycemic (blood glucose, 51.4
      +/- 2.8 mM) so as to create potentially the most extreme acidic conditions
      possible; then ischemia was induced by cardiac arrest. Two loci more acidic than
      the interstitial space (6.17-6.20 pH) were found. The more acidic locus [4.30 +/-
      0.19 (n = 5); range: 3.82-4.89] was occasionally seen at the onset of anoxic
      depolarization, 3-7 min after cardiac arrest. The less acidic locus [5.30 +/-
      0.07 (n = 53); range 4.46-5.93)] was seen 5-46 min after cardiac arrest. A small
      negative change in DC potential [8 +/- 1 mV (n = 5); range -3 to -12 mV and 7 +/-
      2 mV (n = 53); range +3 to -31 mV, respectively] was always seen upon impalement
      of acidic loci, suggesting cellular penetration. In a separate group of five
      animals, electrical characteristics of these cells were specifically measured (n
      = 17): membrane potential was -12 +/- 0.2 mV (range -3 to -24 mV), input
      resistance was 114 +/- 16 M omega (range 25-250 M omega), and time constant was
      4.4 +/- 0.4 ms (range 3.0-7.9 ms). Injection of horseradish peroxidase into cells
      from either animal group uniformly stained degenerating astrocytes. These
      findings establish previously unrecognized properties of ischemic astrocytes that
      may be prerequisites for infarction from nearly complete ischemia: the capacity
      to develop profound cellular acidosis and a concomitant reduction in cell
      membrane ion permeability.

PMID- 2298830
TI  - PAF antagonist ginkgolide B reduces postischemic neuronal damage in rat brain
      hippocampus.
AB  - We investigated the effect of the known antagonist of platelet-activating factor
      (PAF), ginkgolide B, on postischemic neuronal damage in the rat. Neuronal
      necroses were evaluated in the hippocampus 7 days after a 10-min forebrain
      ischemia. Preischemic application of ginkgolide B (50 mg/kg p.o.) significantly
      reduced neuronal damage. It is suggested that the antagonism of PAF is
      responsible for this beneficial effect of ginkgolide B.

PMID- 2298829
TI  - A new method to measure brain serotonin synthesis in vivo. II. A practical
      autoradiographic method tested in normal and lithium-treated rats.
AB  - We describe here a practical autoradiographic method to estimate the rate of
      serotonin synthesis in brain. A two-time point method (60 and 150 min after
      injection of alpha-[14C]methyl-L-tryptophan) was first evaluated in 14 normal
      rats (7 at each time point). After this the method was tested in lithium-treated
      rats. In normal rats the rate of serotonin synthesis measured by the two-time
      point method generally correlated with known concentrations of tryptophan
      hydroxylase. The rate of synthesis in lithium-treated rats was compared with that
      in sham-treated rats (NaCl treatment). The results showed a significant increase
      in the synthesis rate in some cerebral structures. The greatest increases in the
      serotonin synthesis rate, attributable to the lithium treatment, were observed in
      the parietal cortex (52%) and caudate nucleus (47%). This is the first
      investigation to demonstrate, with autoradiographic resolution (approximately 100
      microns), the differential changes in the rate of serotonin synthesis in the
      brain. Lithium had no significant effect on the rate of synthesis in the pineal
      gland.

PMID- 2298831
TI  - Brain eicosanoid formation following acute penetration injury as studied by in
      vivo microdialysis.
AB  - Formation of eicosanoids has been implicated in the pathological changes that
      follow brain injuries. In the present study, we used a microdialysis probe to
      both induce acute penetration injury and also sample extracellular fluid
      concentrations of eicosanoids. Formation of prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGF2 alpha,
      and thromboxane B2 was highest in the first hour following introduction of the
      probe into rat striatum. In contrast, the level of PGE2 was highest during the
      sixth hour of collection, while 6-keto-PGF1 alpha remained stable throughout the
      sampling period. We conclude that in vivo microdialysis may be useful in the
      evaluation of the time course of the effects of acute penetration injury of the
      brain on the local production of eicosanoids.

PMID- 2298832
TI  - Kinetics of deoxyglucose (DG) and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) metabolism in rat and
      ferret brain.

PMID- 2298833
TI  - Kinetic studies on uptake of serotonin and noradrenaline into pial arteries of
      rats.
AB  - A population of cerebrovascular nerve fibers have recently been found to store
      serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). There is reason to assume that these 5-HT
      containing fibers have a sympathetic rather than an intracerebral origin. This
      was further elucidated in the present study in which the uptake mechanisms of 5
      HT and noradrenaline (NA) were characterized and compared in rat pial arteries by
      measuring the accumulation of [3H]5-HT and [14C]NA under various experimental
      conditions in vitro. Sympathectomized vessels served as blanks. The uptake into
      the perivascular sympathetic nerves was dependent on time as well as
      concentration and was saturable. The Km values were similar, 0.17 microM for 5-HT
      and 0.15 microM for NA, but the Vmax value was 10 times higher for NA (2.38 and
      25 pmol/mg/15 min, respectively). The two amines competed with each other in the
      sympathetic uptake, as studied by inhibition of the accumulation of one labeled
      amine by the other nonlabeled amine. Corticosterone, acting on the extraneuronal
      process, significantly inhibited the 5-HT uptake but had no substantial effect on
      NA. Reserpine, blocking the intraaxonal vesicular stores, markedly attenuated the
      accumulation of NA, but not of 5-HT. The selective uptake blocker paroxetine
      reduced the 5-HT uptake with much higher potency than the NA uptake, whereas
      desipramine predominantly inhibited NA uptake. The pial 5-HT uptake was not
      significantly affected by lesion of the raphe complex, whereas it was reduced to
      half following superior cervical ganglionectomy. The results suggest that the 5
      HT present in nerves associated with pial vessels at the base of the brain is
      taken up through an efficient axonal mechanism, functionally related but not
      identical to the uptake process for NA.

PMID- 2298834
TI  - Cholinergic and VIPergic innervation in cerebral arteries: a sequential double
      labeling immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The possible co-localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the nerve fibers of cat cerebral arteries was
      examined by a sequential double-labeling immunohistochemical method.
      Diaminobenzidine and tetramethylbenzidine were used as chromogens to distinguish
      ChAT (protein) and VIP (peptide) immunoreactivities. Since available fixatives
      often did not provide simultaneous preservation of optimal protein and peptide
      immunoreactivities, a new fixative, buffered periodate-paraformaldehyde-picric
      acid-formaldehyde-lysine (PPPFL), was formulated and tested. PPPFL fixative is
      more reliable for simultaneously preserving ChAT and VIP immunoreactivities than
      were periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP) fixative, Zamboni's fixative, or 2%
      paraformaldehyde solution alone. Using PPPFL as fixative, both ChAT
      immunoreactive (ChAT-I) and VIP-immunoreactive (VIP-I) fibers in cerebral
      arteries appeared as bundle and fine fibers. Most ChAT-I and VIP-I fibers were
      separate. Portions of ChAT-I and VIP-I fibers often ran closely in parallel or
      across each other. Overlaying of VIP-I on ChAT-I fibers and relay connections
      between them were also observed. These morphological data suggest the potential
      functional interactions between cholinergic and VIPergic innervations. In less
      than 5% of the fibers examined did ChAT and VIP immunoreactivities appear to be
      co-localized. These data therefore do not support the hypothesis that
      acetylcholine and VIP are co-localized in most fibers innervating the cerebral
      arterial wall.

PMID- 2298835
TI  - Changes in sensory-cognitive input: effects on cerebral blood flow.
AB  - Eight healthy right-handed young men were subjected to local CBF measurement by
      [15O]water and positron emission tomography during partial sensory deprivation
      and during sensory-cognitive activation; physiological, hormonal, and subjective
      stress measurements were also performed. Results indicated that (a) "whole-brain"
      CBF increased during activation; (b) the greatest increase in CBF was in the
      primary visual cortex; (c) differences between hemispheres were not observed, but
      CBF was greater anteriorly than posteriorly in the deprivation condition only;
      (d) within-subject variability of CBF was not influenced by the sensory-cognitive
      condition; and (e) the procedure was not stressful.

PMID- 2298836
TI  - Preferential metabolic activation of subcortical brain areas by acute
      administration of nicotine to rats.
AB  - Cerebral metabolic and behavioral effects of acutely administered nicotine were
      measured in rats in relation to dose. Nicotine 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg or vehicle was
      administered intraperitoneally to 3-month-old male Fischer-344 rats that had been
      pretreated with hexamethonium bromide 5 mg/kg i.p. to reduce peripheral autonomic
      effects. Regional CMRglc (rCMRglc) values were measured, using the quantitative
      autoradiographic [14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose method, in 71 brain regions, beginning 3
      min after nicotine or vehicle administration. Intensity of body tremor, scored by
      a blinded rater, was dose related and peaked at 3 min after nicotine injection.
      rCMRglc rose in a dose-related manner: Nicotine 0.1 mg/kg had no significant
      effect in any region, whereas 1 mg/kg elevated rCMRglc significantly in 21
      regions (mean rise 20%) and 10 mg/kg produced generalized (56 regions) and
      greater (mean rise 50%) increases in rCMRglc. Nicotine 1 mg/kg activated thalamic
      nuclei, cerebellum, geniculate nuclei, superior colliculus, median raphe,
      reticular formation, and the habenulointerpeduncular pathway, but was without
      effect in the telencephalon. Effects of nicotine in the hindbrain were related
      anatomically to reported distributions of [3H]nicotine and [3H]acetylcholine but
      not [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites, implying that the former ligands
      label functional nicotine receptors. The pattern of change in rCMRglc after
      nicotine administration suggests that its cognitive effects in humans are due to
      augmented arousal/attention and visual processing rather than to direct
      neocortical or hippocampal activation.

PMID- 2298837
TI  - Mild cerebral hypothermia during and after cardiac arrest improves neurologic
      outcome in dogs.
AB  - We previously found mild hypothermia (34-36 degrees C), induced before cardiac
      arrest, to improve neurologic outcome. In this study we used a reproducible dog
      model to evaluate mild hypothermia by head cooling during arrest, continued with
      systemic cooling (34 degrees C) during recirculation and for 1 h after arrest. In
      four groups of dogs, ventricular fibrillation (no flow) of 12.5 min at 37.5
      degrees C was reversed with cardiopulmonary bypass and defibrillation in less
      than or equal to 5 min, and followed by controlled ventilation to 20 h and
      intensive care to 96 h. In Study A we resuscitated with normotension and normal
      hematocrit; Control Group A-I (n = 12) was maintained normothermic, while
      Treatment Group A-II (n = 10) was treated with hypothermia. In Study B we
      resuscitated with hypertension and hemodilution. Control Group B-I (n = 12) was
      maintained normothermic (6 of 12 were not hemodiluted), while Treatment Group B
      II (n = 10) was treated with hypothermia. Best overall performance categories
      (OPCs) achieved between 24 and 96 h postarrest were in Group A-I: OPC 1 (normal)
      in 0 of 12 dogs, OPC 2 (moderate disability) in 2, OPC 3 (severe disability) in
      7, and OPC 4 (coma) in 3 dogs. In Group A-II, OPC 1 was achieved in 5 of 10 dogs
      (p less than 0.01), OPC 2 in 4 (p less than 0.001), OPC 3 in 1, and OPC 4 in 0
      dogs. In Group B-I, OPC 1 was achieved in 0 of 12 dogs, OPC 2 in 6, OPC 3 in 5,
      and OPC 4 in 1 dog. In Group B-II, OPC 1 was achieved in 6 of 10 dogs (p less
      than 0.01), OPC 2 in 4 (p less than 0.05), and OPC 3 or 4 in 0 dogs. Mean
      neurologic deficit and brain histopathologic damage scores showed similar
      significant group differences. Morphologic myocardial damage scores were the same
      in all four groups. We conclude that mild brain cooling during and after insult
      improves neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2298838
TI  - Postischemic canine cerebral blood flow appears to be determined by cerebral
      metabolic needs.
AB  - Following a period of complete global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion there
      ensues a low flow state referred to as the delayed postischemic hypoperfusion
      state. It is unknown whether this low flow state contributes to neuronal injury
      or whether the magnitude of hypoperfusion correlates with the duration of
      ischemia. The latter question was addressed in 20 dogs in which complete global
      ischemia was induced by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compression for periods of 3,
      9, 12, or 18 min. Following reperfusion, CBF (by sagittal sinus outflow) and
      CMRO2 were determined for 90 min, and results were correlated with the duration
      of ischemia. At 90 min postischemia the magnitude of decrease in CBF correlated
      crudely with the duration of ischemia (r = -0.67, p less than 0.01). For CMRO2
      correlation of the magnitude of decrease with the duration of ischemia was more
      evident (r = -0.74, p less than 0.001). Furthermore, the postischemic ratio of
      CBF to CMRO2 was virtually identical for all dog groups regardless of the
      ischemic time. The adequacy of the ratio of CBF to CMRO2 was reflected by
      adequate oxygen levels in the sagittal sinus blood of all dogs. The authors
      conclude that the delayed postischemic hypoperfusion state is probably not an
      important determinant of neuronal injury since its magnitude appears to be
      primarily determined by the metabolic needs of the brain.

PMID- 2298839
TI  - Continuous nimodipine treatment attenuates cortical infarction in rats subjected
      to 24 hours of focal cerebral ischemia.
AB  - Focal cerebral infarction and edema were measured in rats (Wistar, Fisher 344,
      and spontaneously hypertensive strains) pretreated with nimodipine (2
      micrograms/kg/min i.v.) or its vehicle and subjected to the tandem occlusion of
      the middle cerebral and common carotid arteries. Animals awoke from anesthesia 10
      15 min after onset of ischemia and continued to receive treatment over a 24-h
      survival period. Cortical infarction and edema were quantified by image analysis
      of frozen brain sections processed for histology. Nimodipine-treated rats
      developed 20-60% smaller cortical infarct volumes than controls (p less than
      0.002). Cortical edema was reduced proportionately to the decrease in infarct
      volume and constituted approximately 36% of the infarct volume. Nimodipine caused
      a mild hypotensive response that did not aggravate ischemic brain damage. The
      results indicate that continuous nimodipine treatment, started before induction
      of focal cerebral ischemia, can attenuate ischemic brain damage and edema as late
      as 24 h after the onset of ischemia.

PMID- 2298841
TI  - Self-care: issues and controversies.

PMID- 2298840
TI  - The novel dihydronaphthyridine Ca2+ channel blocker CI-951 improves CBF, brain
      pHi, and EEG recovery in focal cerebral ischemia.
AB  - The effects of the novel dihydronaphthyridine Ca2+ antagonist CI-951 on focal
      cerebral ischemia were assessed during MCA occlusion in 30 white New Zealand
      rabbits under 1.0% halothane anesthesia. In vivo brain pHi and focal CBF were
      measured with umbelliferone fluorescence. Baseline normocapnic brain pHi and CBF
      were 7.02 +/- 0.02 and 48.4 +/- 2.9 ml/100 g/min, respectively. In the severe
      ischemic regions, 15 min postocclusion brain pHi and CBF were 6.62 +/- 0.04 and
      14.4 +/- 0.7 ml/100 g/min in controls vs. 6.60 +/- 0.02 and 12.9 +/- 2.3 ml/100
      g/min, respectively, in animals destined to receive CI-951. Twenty minutes after
      MCA occlusion, CI-951 was administered at 0.5 microgram/kg/min and brain pHi and
      CBF were determined in both regions of severe and moderate ischemia for 4 h
      postocclusion. Control severe ischemic sites demonstrated no significant
      improvement in brain pHi and only mild increases in CBF over the next 4 h. CI-951
      caused significant improvement in both of these parameters. Postocclusion 4 h
      brain pHi and CBF measured 6.69 +/- 0.04 and 18.5 +/- 3.2 ml/100 g/min in
      controls vs. 7.01 +/- 0.04 and 41.7 +/- 5.3 ml/100 g/min, respectively, in CI-951
      animals (p less than 0.001). Similar improvements were observed in moderate
      ischemic sites. In animals that demonstrated postocclusion EEG attenuation, 75%
      of CI-951 animals had EEG recovery as compared to 18% in controls. CI-951 may be
      a useful therapeutic agent for focal cerebral ischemia if histological and
      outcome studies verify these data.

PMID- 2298842
TI  - Motivating self-care: a nursing approach.

PMID- 2298843
TI  - Using self-efficacy in teaching self-care to the elderly.

PMID- 2298844
TI  - Negotiation as a strategy to empower self-care.

PMID- 2298845
TI  - The pharmacist's role in promoting and supporting self-care.

PMID- 2298846
TI  - Focusing on living, not dying: a naturalistic study of self-care among
      seropositive gay men.

PMID- 2298847
TI  - TRI-CARE: a patient care model.

PMID- 2298848
TI  - Wellness education for clients receiving psychiatric care in a partial hospital
      program.

PMID- 2298849
TI  - Self-care identity formation: a nursing education perspective.

PMID- 2298850
TI  - Production and metabolic clearance of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in men: effect of
      advancing age.
AB  - To determine whether aging alters the metabolism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25
      (OH)2D] in men, we measured the serum concentrations, MCRs, and production rates
      of 1,25-(OH)2D in healthy old (age, 72 +/- 5 yr; n = 9) and young men (age, 34 +/
      5 yr; n = 9) consuming a constant metabolic diet and in whom the glomerular
      filtration rate was greater than 1.2 mL/s.1.73 m-2. The results indicate that
      when dietary calcium and phosphorus are normal and glomerular filtration rate is
      not reduced, the serum concentrations, MCRs, and production rates of 1,25-(OH)2D
      in old men [83 +/- 22 pmol/L; 0.62 +/- 0.10 mL/s.70 kg ideal BW (IBW); 51 +/- 12
      fmol/s.70 kg IBW, respectively] and young men (90 +/- 20 pmol/L; 0.56 +/- 0.09
      mL/s.70 kg IBW; 52 +/- 13 fmol/s.70 kg IBW, respectively) are equivalent. Indices
      of serum PTH, however, were elevated in the elderly men. These results suggest
      that aging per se has little or no effect on the serum concentration, MCR, or
      production rate of 1,25-(OH)2D in men. Maintenance of a normal production rate of
      1,25-(OH)2D in elderly men, however, may require increased circulating PTH. Most
      observed declines in serum 1,25-(OH)2D in elderly men are probably a consequence
      of decreased functional renal mass.

PMID- 2298851
TI  - Estrone sulfate sulfatase activity is increased during in vitro decidualization
      of stromal cells from human endometrium.
AB  - Arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) activity in human stromal cells isolated from
      specimens of histologically normal proliferative endometrium was increased
      several-fold during culture for 8-15 days in RPMI-1640 medium plus 10% charcoal
      treated fetal bovine serum in the presence of a mixture of ovarian hormones (36
      nM estradiol, 1 microM medroxyprogesterone acetate, and 100 micrograms/mL
      relaxin). The changes in sulfatase activity, determined by measuring the rate of
      formation of estrone from tritiated estrone sulfate, were associated with in
      vitro decidualization of the stromal cells, as determined by changes in secretion
      of PRL into daily renewed culture medium. PRL output by the cells during the last
      24 h in culture and sulfatase activity in the cells collected at the end of the
      culture period were related to their DNA and protein contents. Sulfatase activity
      in the cells cultured in the presence of the ovarian hormones was comparable to
      the activity found in decidual cells at term pregnancy. PRL added for 1 day to
      cultures of stromal cells in the absence of exogenous hormones increased
      sulfatase activity in the cells, probably by acting in an autocrine manner, as
      previously demonstrated with human decidual cells during pregnancy. These
      experiments also revealed a hormonal regulation of stromal cell proliferation in
      vitro, as estimated from measurements of both DNA and protein levels per dish.
      Augmentation of sulfatase activity can serve as another marker of in vitro
      decidualization. Physiologically, an increase in this enzymatic activity may
      result in a preferential estrogenic stimulation of the decidualized cells by
      utilization of a circulating substrate, estrone sulfate. This hypothesis could
      explain the preferential retention of progesterone receptors in decidual cells
      observed immunohistochemically during the late luteal phase of the menstrual
      cycle, suggestive of a shift in progestogenic actions from the epithelium to the
      stroma.

PMID- 2298852
TI  - Lack of preferential transmission of diabetic HLA alleles by healthy parents to
      offspring in Spanish diabetic families.
AB  - HLA-DR3 or -DR4 segregation distortion to normal or insulin-dependent (ID)
      diabetic offspring of 108 Spanish families whose parents were healthy was not
      observed; however, DR3 or DR4 ID offspring is significantly increased in the
      present study, since parents were chosen after tracing ID children. These results
      are discrepant with those found by others in families with diabetic parents in
      other ethnic groups. These conflicting data could be due to sampling errors or
      segregation distortion. Thus, ethnic group differences in a genetic (T/t-like) or
      metabolic mechanism might confer advantages to DR3- or DR4-bearing gametes from
      ID diabetic parents, but segregation distortion might only affect certain HLA DR3
      or DR4 extended haplotypes which are frequent and characteristic for certain
      ethnic groups (i.e. B8-DR3-BfS-C4AQOB1 and Bw62-DR3-BfS-C4A383 in most
      caucasians) but not for other haplotypes in other ethnic groups (Spaniards; B18
      DR3-BfF1-C4A3BQO and BwX-DR4-BfX-C4AXBX).

PMID- 2298853
TI  - Inhibin and estradiol responses to ovarian hyperstimulation: effects of age and
      predictive value for in vitro fertilization outcome.
AB  - We have compared the time courses of serum inhibin and estradiol responses to
      ovarian hyperstimulation in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo
      transfer as well as their predictive value for outcome of intermediate variables
      and pregnancy in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Blood samples (n =
      749) were collected for up to 6 days before hCG administration in 100 consecutive
      treatment cycles, of which 44 resulted in pregnancy, as defined by elevated
      luteal phase serum hCG beta levels. Inhibin and estradiol levels increased
      markedly in parallel during hyperstimulation and were highly correlated (r =
      0.89; P less than 0.001). Inhibin responses were significantly lower in women 35
      yr of age or older (P less than 0.001), although estradiol responses were not
      influenced by age. Gravidity and tubal disease also had marginal effects on the
      time course of inhibin responses, but not on overall mean inhibin levels or
      estradiol responses. The time course of hormonal responses to hyperstimulation
      was not influenced by any other demographic or etiological factors. Peak values
      of both hormones correlated with the total number of follicles (inhibin, r =
      0.70; estradiol, r = 0.65; P less than 0.001) and oocytes retrieved per cycle
      (inhibin, r = 0.49; estradiol, r = 0.39; P less than 0.001). The time course and
      peak values of inhibin and estradiol responses to hyperstimulation did not differ
      significantly between conception or nonconception cycles whether judged by
      biochemical (luteal hCG beta) or clinical (viable ongoing pregnancy) criteria.
      Luteal phase serum inhibin, estradiol, progesterone, and hCG levels were
      significantly higher in conception than in nonconception cycles (P less than
      0.001). These data suggest that the rises in serum inhibin and estradiol levels
      during hyperstimulation have similar predictive properties for IVF-ET outcomes
      and could, therefore, be used interchangeably to monitor hyperstimulation
      regimens. The age-related reduction in inhibin, but not estradiol, responses
      suggests that these two hormones reflect different granulosa cell functions and
      that serum inhibin responses to maximal ovarian stimulation may be a sensitive
      and early index of declining ovarian function with advancing age.

PMID- 2298854
TI  - Defective neuromotor and cognitive ability in iodine-deficient schoolchildren of
      an endemic goiter region in Sicily.
AB  - Visual perceptual integrative motor ability was investigated in 719 6- to 12-yr
      old, presumably normal, primary schoolchildren living in 2 iodine-deficient
      endemic goiter areas in Sicily, identified on the basis of the presence (area A)
      or absence (area B) of endemic cretinism, by administrating the Bender Gestalt
      test. All of these clinically euthyroid schoolchildren were also examined
      neurologically by an investigator unaware of the result of the Bender test.
      Ninety-nine (13.76%) schoolchildren were found to be defective by the Bender
      test; this prevalence was significantly higher than that (3.0%) found in an
      iodine-sufficient goiter-free control area (area C) lying at sea level (chi 2 =
      36.25; P less than 0.000001). No difference in the prevalence of Bender
      abnormalities was apparent if the children were divided according to the area of
      provenience (area A, 14.4%; area B, 13.1%). A high percentage of children falling
      in the lower range of normality was found in both area A (15.5%) and area B
      (19.0%); this was significantly higher than that in area C (3.8%; chi 2 = 77.55;
      P less than 0.000001). Neuromuscular and neurosensorial abnormalities, including
      increased tendon reflexes, clonus of the foot, Babinski sign, minor disturbances
      in balance, and gait, and minor defects in hearing and speech, were apparent in
      19.3% (area A) and 18.5% (area B) of the children. These disorders were
      significantly more frequent in defective children identified by the Bender test
      (33.3%) than in normal children (15.3%; (chi 2 = 17.29; P less than 0.00005). The
      general intellectual aptitude in Bender deficient subjects was evaluated by the
      Terman Merrill test and was found to be impaired in 95%, thus confirming the
      existence of an endemic cognitive deficiency (ECD), distinct from the endemic
      mental deficiency previously found in other endemic goiter, iodine-deficient
      areas. ECD seems to be epidemiologically independent of the existence of endemic
      cretinism. Further clinical auxological and biochemical studies in a selected
      group of ECD children suggested the epidemiological and, possibly, pathogenic
      association of cognitive impairment with iodine deficiency.

PMID- 2298855
TI  - An outbreak of thyrotoxicosis due to atypical subacute thyroiditis.
AB  - We describe an epidemic of self-limited (6 weeks) thyrotoxicosis which affected
      12 index cases, 5 household contacts, and 6 retrospectively identified cases in
      July, August, and September, 1987 in the town of Winterswijk (28,011
      inhabitants), The Netherlands. A small goiter was present in 9 of the 12 index
      patients, tender upon palpation in only 2. Signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis
      were accompanied by a low grade fever in combination with fatigue, headache,
      myalgia, and a fine desquamation of the palms and soles. The apparent incubation
      time between family members was 6 days. Thyroid technetium uptake was decreased
      in 10 of 11 tested patients. Laboratory findings included elevated sedimentation
      rates (up to 68 mm/h), increased liver enzymes, lymphopenia in 2 patients, and
      absence of thyroid autoantibodies. HLA-B35, associated with classical subacute
      thyroiditis, was found in 1 patient only. An etiological agent was not
      identified. No evidence was found for thyrotoxicosis factitia. After 10 months,
      all patients were euthyroid, without a goiter or thyroid autoantibodies. Thus, a
      new variant of thyroiditis, atypical subacute thyroiditis, was probably the cause
      of this unusual outbreak. It is unclear at present if this variant of thyroiditis
      is common in communities and represents a separate disease entity.

PMID- 2298856
TI  - Diurnal pattern of plasma growth hormone-binding protein in man.
AB  - The identification of specific GH-binding proteins (GH-BP) in human plasma, one
      of which is a fragment of the GH receptor, has added new complexity to the state
      of GH in the circulation. A major proportion of GH circulates in complexed form,
      which differs in kinetics and possibly bioactivity from free GH. Little is known
      about the regulation of the GH-BP, their constancy or variation in plasma, or
      plasma factors affecting GH binding. Consequently, the temporal pattern of bound
      and free GH in plasma is also unknown. Knowledge about possible spontaneous
      variability in GH-BP levels/activity is required for physiological investigations
      and comparative studies among different populations. To address these issues, we
      measured GH-binding activity in plasma every hour over a 24-h period in six
      normal adults (three men and three women). A standardized GH binding assay,
      employing incubation of plasma with [125I]GH and separation of bound from free GH
      by gel filtration, was used. GH-BP activity showed no significant diurnal
      variation in any subject. The average GH-BP activity was similar in all subjects,
      although statistically significant differences were found between some subjects.
      No age- or sex-related differences were identified. We conclude that in normal
      man plasma GH-BP activity is constant throughout the day, thereby implying 1)
      constancy of binding protein (and possibly GH receptor) concentration, and 2)
      absence of significant fluctuations in potential binding inhibitors/enhancers in
      plasma.

PMID- 2298857
TI  - Fructose-6-phosphate cycling and the pentose cycle in hyperthyroidism.
AB  - Hepatic fructose-6-phosphate (fructose-6-P) cycling and pentose cycle activity
      were quantified in hyperthyroid patients. A measure of the fructose-6-P cycle was
      the incorporation of 14C, on administering [3-3H,6-14C]galactose, into carbon 1
      of blood glucose and the 3H/14C ratio in blood glucose. The measure of the
      pentose cycle was the randomization of 14C to carbon 1 of blood glucose on
      administering [2-14C]galactose. [2-3H]Galactose was also administered, so the
      3H/14C ratio in blood glucose measured the extent of equilibration of glucose-6-P
      with fructose-6-P. Patients given [3-3H,6-14C]galactose were restudied when
      euthyroid. Of the 14C from [3-3H,6-14C]galactose, 7.7-9.5% was in carbon 1 of
      glucose in both states. 3H/14C ratios were also the same in both states. Fructose
      6-P cycling was estimated to be 13 +/- 1% the rate of glucose turnover in the
      euthyroid and 15 +/- 1% that in the hyperthyroid state. The pentose cycle
      contributed about 2% to glucose utilization, similar to previous estimates in
      healthy humans. As in healthy individuals, about 25% of 3H was retained in the
      conversion of [2-3H]glucose-6-P to glucose. Thus, the fractions of glucose
      turnover participating in hepatic fructose-6-P and pentose cycling are similar in
      hyperthyroid and healthy subjects. As a result, augmented fructose-6-P cycling
      does not substantially contribute to increased hepatic oxygen consumption in
      hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2298859
TI  - Androgen-estrogen metabolism in women with upper body versus lower body obesity.
AB  - Androgen and estrogen production rates were examined in 29 morbidly obese women
      with upper or lower body obesity. Although blood production rates of testosterone
      (T), dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione (A4) were elevated in all of these
      women, those with upper body obesity (waist-height ratios, greater than 0.85) had
      higher T and production rates than women with lower body obesity (waist-height
      ratio less than 0.75). A4 was equally elevated in women with upper and lower body
      obesity. Peripheral aromatization of A4 to estrone (E1) averaged 1.67% in women
      with upper body obesity, but was elevated at 2.54% in women with lower body
      obesity. Urinary E1 production rates averaged 466 +/- 295 nmol/day (172 +/- 109
      micrograms/day) in women with upper body obesity. Thus, women with lower body
      obesity had higher E1 production rates due entirely to increased peripheral
      aromatization. Women with upper body obesity were observed to have higher serum T
      and estradiol (E2) levels than women with lower body obesity. Further, upper body
      obesity was associated with decreased levels of sex hormone-binding globulin
      (16.1 +/- 5.7 nmol/L vs. 18.9 +/- 6.1 in women with lower body obesity). As a
      result, free T levels averaged 98.8 +/- 39.2 pmol/L in women with upper body
      obesity vs. 82.2 +/- 33 in women with lower body obesity. Similarly, serum free
      E2 levels were higher in women with upper body vs. lower body obesity. The data
      demonstrate that sex hormone production and metabolism are different in morbidly
      obese women with these differing phenotypes. Women with upper body obesity have
      higher androgen production rates and higher free T and free E2 levels, whereas
      women with lower body obesity make increased amounts of E1 from peripheral
      aromatization. The biological significance of increased aromatization may be
      offset by increased free E2 levels in women with upper body obesity.

PMID- 2298858
TI  - Multiple osteocalcin fragments in human urine and serum as detected by a
      midmolecule osteocalcin radioimmunoassay.
AB  - Reliable markers of bone formation are essential to the investigation of
      metabolic bone disorders. In this regard, evidence indicates that circulating
      levels of human osteocalcin (OC) correlate with the skeletal isoenzyme of
      alkaline phosphatase and can be used as an index of bone formation. A
      disadvantage of using serum OC as a marker of formation is its diurnal variation.
      To address this problem we carried out our studies to determine the usefulness of
      urine in the assessment of bone turnover. Using a midmolecule specific human OC
      RIA, we were able to detect OC in urine of normal adults (42 mugeq/g creatinine),
      normal children (849 mu/geq/g creatinine), and Paget's disease patients (613
      mugeq/g creatinine). Immunoreactive fragments of OC in human urine and human
      serum were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography. Multiple fragments
      were found in normal adult urine that were not detected in normal adult serum.
      Uremic and Paget's disease sera contain several immunoreactive forms of OC, other
      than the intact molecule, not found in normal adult serum. Additionally, both
      Paget's disease sera and urine contained a specific peak of immunoreactive
      material, eluting at 25% acetonitrile, that was not found in any other serum or
      urine tested. Urinary OC (uOC) correlated with both skeletal alkaline phosphatase
      (r = 0.91) and serum OC (r = 0.83), indices of skeletal formation. While uOC has
      a diurnal variation similar to that of serum OC, determinations of 24-h uOC give
      integrated values of daily bone turnover rates. Z-Score analysis indicates that
      uOC (z = 14.04) is better able to distinguish between normal children with high
      bone turnover and normal adults than either skeletal alkaline phosphatase (z =
      8.87) or serum OC (z = 9.01).

PMID- 2298860
TI  - Cultured human luteal peripheral monocytes secrete increased levels of
      interleukin-1.
AB  - Interleukin-1 (IL-1), an immune monokine secreted by activated macrophages and
      monocytes, appears to be intimately involved in endocrine phenomena. It is well
      established that IL-1 mediates a number of immune and inflammatory responses. In
      addition, the production of IL-1 appears to be modulated by the gonadal estradiol
      and progesterone, leading to this study of IL-1 secretion by cultured peripheral
      monocytes isolated at varying times during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
      Circulating peripheral monocytes were isolated from eight women undergoing human
      menopausal gonadotropin-stimulated ovulation induction during the late follicular
      phase just before hCG administration and from eight similarly stimulated women on
      the 12th day after hCG administration. Peripheral monocytes were also isolated
      from six women during both second and third trimester pregnancy. After 48 h in
      culture, conditioned media were assayed for IL-1 bioactivity using the D1O
      lymphocyte proliferation assay. Significantly more IL-1 bioactivity was secreted
      by monocytes isolated in the luteal phase of the cycle (52.4 +/- 17.5 IU/mL)
      compared to that in late follicular phase (5.2 +/- 0.9 IU/mL; P = 0.001) or third
      trimester of pregnancy (7.0 +/- 1.5 IU/mL; P = 0.006). Thus, peripheral monocyte
      IL-1 secretion appears to be increased by luteal levels of progesterone, although
      further elevation of progesterone during pregnancy returns IL-1 levels to the
      preovulatory baseline. In addition, basal body temperatures obtained in four
      women during third trimester pregnancy were 98 F or less. Thus, IL-1 secretion
      from cultured monocytes appears to increase with luteal concentrations of
      progesterone and decrease to preovulatory levels at higher concentrations of the
      steroid during pregnancy, which may account for the dissociation of high
      progesterone levels and elevated basal body temperature during late pregnancy.

PMID- 2298861
TI  - Platelets in hyperthyroidism: studies on platelet counts, mean platelet volume,
      111-indium-labeled platelet kinetics, and platelet-associated immunoglobulins G
      and M.
AB  - We compared in 15 patients with hyperthyroidism (11 with Graves' disease, 3 with
      toxic adenoma, and 1 with multinodular goiter) platelet counts (PC) and mean
      platelet volume (MPV) before and 3 weeks after initiation of antithyroid drug
      therapy when the patients were euthyroid. In addition, platelet kinetic studies
      of autologous 111-indium-labeled platelets and platelet-associated
      immunoglobulins G and M (PAIgG and PAIgM, respectively) were investigated. The
      control group for the platelet kinetic studies consisted of 2 patients with
      diffuse nontoxic goiter and 86 patients who were studied for evaluation of their
      arteriosclerotic vascular disease. After 3 weeks of antithyroid drug therapy
      there was a significant increase in PC and a decrease in MPV compared with the
      pretreatment values (pretreatment PC median, 215 X 10(9)/L; range, 96-350 X
      10(9)/L; PC median 3 weeks later, 248 X 10(9)/L; range, 157-384 X 10(9)/L; P less
      than 0.005; pretreatment MPV median, 10.6 fL; range, 9.1-13.2 fL; MPV 3 weeks
      later, 9.9 fL; range, 8.4-11.0 fL; P less than 0.005). 111-Indium platelet
      recovery was normal in all subjects. Platelet lifespan was significantly
      shortened in the patients with hyperthyroidism compared with the control group
      (median, 163.8 h; range, 128.5-206 h; vs. 180.0 h; range, 138.3-231.5 h; P less
      than 0.05). Platelet turnover averaged 45.6 (range, 25.6-71.9) X 10(9)/L.day;
      values above the limit of normal were found in 7 of 15 patients with
      hyperthyroidism. Three patients with Graves' disease had elevated levels of
      PAIgG; 1 of these patients had elevated levels of PAIgM and was the only patient
      with thrombocytopenia (PC, 96 X 10(9)/L). Various combinations of statistical
      correlations between the degree of hyperthyroidism, pretreatment PC and MPV,
      platelet kinetic studies, levels of PAIg, and serum levels of antithyroid
      antibodies revealed no significant differences. These findings suggest that the
      platelet changes observed in hyperthyroidism, such as lower PC and increased MPV,
      together with the shortened platelet lifespan reflect metabolically rather than
      immunologically mediated phenomena, although these may be involved in cases with
      marked thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2298862
TI  - De novo synthesis of placental protein-14 (PP14) and not PP12 by monolayer
      cultures of glandular epithelium of gestational endometrium.
AB  - Nine monolayer cell cultures of glandular epithelium from gestational endometrium
      were established from six apparently healthy women undergoing elective
      termination of pregnancy (7-11 weeks gestation). Radiolabel incorporation studies
      showed increasing incorporation of [35S]methionine into proteins present in
      supernatant and cytosol fractions over 48 h. The secreted proteins represented
      approximately 20% of the total incorporation of methionine into cytosolic
      proteins. De novo synthesis and secretion of placental protein-14 (PP14) and not
      PP12 was identified by a novel combination of line immunoelectrophoresis and
      autoradiography. All monolayer cultures demonstrated the presence of radiolabeled
      PP14, but not PP12, in the culture supernatants. These observations suggest that
      the glandular epithelial cells are the major site of synthesis and secretion of
      PP14 in human gestational endometrium.

PMID- 2298863
TI  - Effects of short term administration of recombinant human growth hormone to
      elderly people.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of recombinant human GH (rhGH) in 16 men and women more
      than 60 yr of age. After 10 days of dietary equilibration and control
      collections, subjects were randomly assigned to receive 0.03, 0.06, or 0.12 mg/kg
      rhGH by daily injection for 7 days. A brisk rise in circulating somatomedin-C
      (insulin-like growth factor-I) occurred in all subjects, and this rise was dose
      dependent. rhGH produced striking changes in nitrogen retention, sodium
      excretion, and the parathyroid-vitamin D axis. Twenty-four-hour urinary nitrogen
      excretion decreased from 8.00 +/- 0.33 to 5.01 +/- 0.33 g (P less than 0.001),
      and sodium excretion decreased from 45.9 +/- 2.96 to 21.2 +/- 3.48 mmol/day (P
      less than 0.001). Serum calcium concentrations did not change, but serum
      inorganic phosphorus levels of 1.08 +/- 0.04 mmol/L at baseline increased
      significantly after rhGH treatment to 1.33 +/- 0.04 mmol/L (P less than 0.001).
      Increases were also observed in circulating PTH (53.2 +/- 6 vs. 39.5 +/- 4.2
      ng/L; P less than 0.01) and calcitriol (82.8 vs. 65.8 pmol/L; P less than 0.05).
      A rise in serum osteocalcin (10.3 +/- .86 vs. 8.0 +/- 0.5 micrograms/L; P less
      than 0.05) was accompanied by increased urinary excretion of hydroxyproline (628
      +/- 63 vs. 406 +/- 44 mumol/day; P less than 0.01). Despite the reduction in
      sodium excretion, marked increases were observed in urinary calcium (6.04 +/-
      0.97 vs. 3.27 +/- 0.40 mmol/day; P less than 0.01). rhGH significantly impaired
      oral glucose tolerance and reduced insulin sensitivity, but was otherwise well
      tolerated and produced no systematic changes in weight or blood pressure. The
      results of this study indicate that rhGH requires further study as a potential
      agent for attenuating or reversing the loss of muscle and bone in elderly people.

PMID- 2298864
TI  - Osmoregulation of plasma vasopressin in myxedema.
AB  - We studied osmoregulation of plasma vasopressin (AVP) in eight patients with
      untreated myxedema due to primary hypothyroidism. All patients had severe thyroid
      hormone deficiency due to chronic thyroiditis and had been receiving no
      medication at the time of this study. AVP release was defined by 5% hypertonic
      saline infusion test in all patients, and urinary diluting capacity was estimated
      by the iv water-loading tests in five patients. Plasma AVP was measured by
      sensitive and specific RIA. The mean basal plasma AVP level in the patients (0.5
      +/- 0.1 pmol/L) was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that in normal
      adults (2.5 +/- 0.5 pmol/L). During hypertonic saline infusion, the rise in
      plasma AVP was normal or subnormal in all patients. In two patients who showed
      mild to moderate hyponatremia in the basal state and mild urinary diluting defect
      during water loading, plasma AVP was appropriately suppressed in each case. These
      results indicate that inappropriate elevation of plasma AVP is not common in
      myxedema, and that impaired water excretion is due mainly to AVP-independent
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2298865
TI  - Feminizing adrenocortical tumor: steroid hormone response to ketoconazole.
AB  - A 58-yr-old man presented with gynecomastia and elevated serum estrogens. The
      diagnosis of an estrogen-secreting adrenal tumor was made based upon the finding
      of a 4-cm left adrenal mass, elevated levels of estradiol in peripheral and left
      adrenal venous blood, and increased urinary 17-ketosteroids. In addition to
      marked elevations in estradiol and 17-ketosteroids there was an increased
      baseline level of 11-deoxycorticosterone and a slightly decreased level of 18
      hydroxycorticosterone, suggesting the possibility of impaired P450c11 activity.
      The effect of ketoconazole administration (600 mg/day) for 4 weeks was studied.
      Urinary free cortisol and 17-ketosteroid excretion and serum testosterone levels
      fell acutely (1 week). Serum estradiol levels decreased gradually over the 4-week
      course. Plasma aldosterone levels were essentially unaltered and 18
      hydroxcorticosterone levels fell gradually, but there were marked increases in 11
      deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone. Coincident with the increase in 11
      deoxycorticosterone there was an increase in blood pressure and a transient fall
      in serum potassium. We conclude that ketoconazole administration may result in a
      hypermineralocorticoid state. Therefore, the usefulness of ketoconazole therapy
      for steroid hormone-producing neoplasms will depend upon the individual tumor's
      steroidogenic profile.

PMID- 2298866
TI  - Inhibin is released together with testosterone by the human testis.
AB  - The secretion of inhibin by the testis into the circulation was studied by
      measuring immunoreactive inhibin concentrations in spermatic vein blood samples
      drawn at 15 min intervals for 4 h. Mean spermatic vein inhibin levels were four
      times the levels in peripheral blood whereas spermatic vein testosterone (T)
      levels were 60-fold increased. Inhibin was released in well-defined pulses which
      coincided with episodes ot T release; both the duration and relative amplitude of
      inhibin and T pulses were similar. Inhibin pulses were undetectable in peripheral
      blood. These data suggest that the mechanism responsible for releasing T from the
      testis also stimulates inhibin release. This mechanism appears to involve LH and
      Leydig cells.

PMID- 2298867
TI  - Extended presence of antide (Nal-Lys GnRH antagonist) in circulation: prolonged
      duration of gonadotropin inhibition may derive from antide binding to serum
      proteins.
AB  - Previous data from this laboratory revealed a rapid (-12h) and unexpectedly long
      (-30 days) inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin secretion after a single
      injection of Antide (Nal-Lys GnRH antagonist) in ovariectomized (OVX) monkeys.
      Although the apparent mechanism of action of Antide is competitive occupancy of
      GnRH receptors, the etiology of the prolonged action is unknown. Here, we report
      development of a radioreceptor assay to measure circulating Antide levels to
      determine the mechanism(s) of its long duration of action. Five long-term OVX
      monkeys were injected with Antide (3.0 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected daily
      for 30 days, and thereafter on alternate days until day 60. Following sc or iv
      Antide injection, peripheral luteinizing hormone (LH) levels declined from 281 +/
      19 ng/ml to 29 +/- 3 ng/ml within one day (P less than 0.05). LH levels slowly
      recovered to pretreatment levels within 35 +/- 7 days. Peripheral Antide levels
      were 16,531 +/- 4,432 ng/ml within 15 minutes following iv injection, and 52 +/-
      21 ng/ml at 1 day after sc Antide injection. Interestingly, thereafter clearance
      of Antide-from the peripheral circulation was very slow, with an apparent t1/2
      (second phase) of 6.5 days following iv administration. Detectable Antide levels
      were present in the peripheral circulation for more than one month in all five
      monkeys. In a second experiment, incubation of 125I-Tyro Antide with OVX monkey
      serum resulted in binding of the labelled peptide to serum proteins and reduction
      of 125I-Tyro Antide binding to pituitary receptors. Following gel permeation
      chromatography, greater than 70% of the radioactivity was associated with a 66
      kDa protein(s). In conclusion, the prolonged duration of gonadotropin inhibition
      by Antide seems to derive from the long circulatory half-life of this molecule.
      In turn, this extended action of Antide may be manifest, at least in part, by
      binding to serum protein(s) that serves as a built-in peripheral depot release
      mechanism.

PMID- 2298868
TI  - Development and epidemiological applications of a bacteriophage typing system for
      typing Pasteurella multocida.
AB  - A bacteriophage typing system was developed for typing toxigenic and nontoxigenic
      strains of Pasteurella multocida. A phage set of 24 phages with different lytic
      spectra was isolated after mitomycin treatment of P. multocida strains, isolated
      mainly from pigs from herds with atrophic rhinitis. On a test set of 97 different
      strains isolated from pigs, these 24 phages were able to type 87% of the strains.
      The 97 test strains could be subdivided into 31 different types by reaction with
      the 24 phages. The reproducibility after subculture and storage of the strains
      was good (95%). Phage typing of 217 toxigenic P. multocida field isolates from 37
      pig herds predominately with clinically atrophic rhinitis resulted in 18
      different phage types and an overall typability of 68%. Of 24 herds from which
      more than three isolates of toxigenic P. multocida were obtained, a single phage
      type was demonstrated in 5 herds, while in 9 herds a single phage type
      represented at least half of the isolates. The phage types in the remaining 10
      herds revealed no dominating phage type. The phage typing system described
      appears to be a valuable epidemiological tool for studying the spread of P.
      multocida.

PMID- 2298869
TI  - Epidemiology and pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis.
AB  - A prospective study was performed on a large outpatient population to evaluate
      the epidemiology and pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis. Patients with stool
      specimens positive for B. hominis and negative for other bacterial and parasitic
      pathogens were sent a questionnaire and were requested to submit a follow-up
      specimen for ova-and-parasite examination. B. hominis was identified in 530 of
      16,545 specimens (3.2%). There was a spectrum of clinical-pathological
      presentations in the 143 patients evaluated. An asymptomatic carrier state was
      seen in 19 patients. Fifteen patients had an illness consistent with acute self
      limited B. hominis gastroenteritis, and 21 patients had chronic gastroenteritis
      associated with B. hominis. In the epidemiological evaluation of 130 patients,
      the most common symptoms were watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and gas. We did
      not find a statistically significant association between the number of organisms
      present and the disease state. In summary, our results are consistent with a role
      for B. hominis in acute and chronic gastroenteritis; however, further detailed
      studies are necessary to determine whether that role is one of association or
      causation.

PMID- 2298870
TI  - Comparison of a latex agglutination assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay for detecting cholera toxin.
AB  - To determine the pandemic potential of Vibrio cholerae, one must demonstrate both
      the presence of O1 antigen and the production of enterotoxin (CT). Tissue culture
      or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for CT have been limited to
      research and reference laboratories. A kit for detecting CT by reversed passive
      latex agglutination is now commercially available and was used to test 168
      strains of V. cholerae O1 and non-O1. When compared with the routine ELISA, the
      latex test was 98% accurate (86 of 88) for serogroup O1 strains and 100% accurate
      (80 of 80) for non-O1 strains. For both O1 and non-O1 study strains, the
      sensitivity of the latex agglutination test was 0.97 and the specificity was 1.00
      when results were compared with ELISA results. The latex test is commercially
      available and has the advantages of being less complicated and less time
      consuming than the ELISA.

PMID- 2298871
TI  - Synthetic DNA probes for detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens
      strains isolated from outbreaks of food poisoning.
AB  - Four synthetic oligonucleotides encoding different parts of the Clostridium
      perfringens enterotoxin gene were used to test the enterotoxigenicity of C.
      perfringens strains isolated from confirmed outbreaks of food poisoning. Of the
      245 strains isolated from food and feces originating from 186 separate outbreaks,
      145 (59%) gave hybridization reactions with each of the four DNA probes used,
      while 104 strains did not hybridize with any of the probes. There was no
      correlation between serotype and the presence of the enterotoxin gene, although
      the C. perfringens enterotoxin gene was rarely detected among nontypable strains
      (17%). Results show that DNA hybridization is a suitable method for the
      identification of C. perfringens strains which have the potential to produce
      enterotoxin.

PMID- 2298872
TI  - Endocarditis associated with Comamonas acidovorans.
AB  - A case of endocarditis caused by Comamonas acidovorans (Pseudomonas acidovorans)
      in a 42-year-old intravenous-drug abuser is described. This article appears to be
      the first detailed report of the isolation of this organism from a systemic
      clinical infection and its identification as a pathogen.

PMID- 2298873
TI  - Correlation between esterase electrophoretic types and capsular polysaccharide
      types 5 and 8 among methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant strains of
      Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - The relationship between capsular polysaccharide types 5 and 8 and esterase
      electrophoretic types (zymotypes) in 160 French clinical isolates of
      Staphylococcus aureus was studied. Methicillin-susceptible strains of capsular
      types 5 and 8 were represented by 11 zymotypes, indicating a high polymorphism.
      Methicillin-resistant strains were mainly distributed in only two distinct
      populations. The predominant population was represented by strains of zymotype 6
      and capsular type 5, and the second population was represented by strains of
      zymotype 14 and capsular type 8.

PMID- 2298874
TI  - Serodiagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children as
      measured by detection of RSV-specific immunoglobulins G, M, and A with enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - The diagnostic value of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of
      respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA
      in sera from infants and children with proven RSV infection, from a control
      group, and from patients with symptoms of viral respiratory disease was analyzed.
      Compared to virus isolation and RSV antigen detection methods, the sensitivity of
      this assay was 87% and the specificity was 79%. For IgG alone, these were 45 and
      92%, for IgM alone they were 48 and 92%, and for IgA alone they were 74 and 95%,
      respectively.

PMID- 2298876
TI  - Pulmonary Legionella tucsonensis infection.

PMID- 2298875
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 detected in all seropositive symptomatic and
      asymptomatic individuals.
AB  - Between February 1987 and October 1988, peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC)
      from 409 adult individuals antibody positive by Western (immuno-)blot for human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (56 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      [AIDS] patients, 88 patients with AIDS-related complex, and 265 asymptomatic
      individuals) were consecutively cultured for HIV-1 or tested for the presence of
      HIV-1 DNA sequences by a polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR). We isolated HIV-1
      or detected HIV-1 DNA sequences from the PBMC of all 409 HIV-1 antibody-positive
      individuals. None of 131 healthy HIV-1 antibody-negative individuals were HIV-1
      culture positive, nor were HIV-1 DNA sequences detected by PCR in the blood
      specimens of 43 seronegative individuals. In addition, HIV-1 PCR and HIV-1
      culture were compared in testing the PBMC of 59 HIV-1 antibody-positive and 20
      HIV-1 antibody-negative hemophiliacs. Both methods were found to have
      sensitivities and specificities of at least 97 and 100%, respectively. In
      contrast, the sensitivities of serum HIV-1 antigen testing in AIDS patients and
      asymptomatic seropositive patients were 42 and 17%, respectively. Our ability to
      directly demonstrate HIV-1 infection in all HIV-1 antibody-positive individuals
      provides definitive support that HIV-1 antibody positivity is associated with
      present HIV-1 infection. Moreover, the sensitivities and specificities of PCR and
      culture for the detection of HIV-1 appear to be equivalent, and both methods are
      superior to testing for HIV-1 antigen in serum for the direct detection of HIV-1.

PMID- 2298877
TI  - Adherence of skin bacteria to human epithelial cells.
AB  - Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated from human axillae were tested for their
      capacity to adhere to buccal epithelial cells, immortalized human epithelial (HEp
      2) cells, and undifferentiated and differentiated human epithelial cells. In
      general, both aerobic and anaerobic diphtheroids adhered better to differentiated
      human epithelial cells than to HEp-2 and undifferentiated human epithelial cells
      (P less than 0.05). Mannose, galactose, fucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and
      fibronectin were also assayed for their capacity to inhibit the adherence of
      diphtheroids to human epithelial cells. A great deal of variability was observed
      in the capacity of the latter compounds to inhibit the attachment of aerobic
      diphtheroids to undifferentiated and differentiated epithelial cells. Overall,
      mannose appeared to be best at inhibiting the adherence of the aerobic
      diphtheroids to undifferentiated human epithelial cells. Galactose, fucose, N
      acetyl-D-glucosamine, and fibronectin showed a greater capacity to inhibit
      attachment of aerobic diphtheroids to differentiated than to undifferentiated
      human epithelial cells. The inhibition of adherence to differentiated human
      epithelial cells varied with the microorganism and the compound tested; however,
      the highest and most consistent inhibition of adherence (76.1 to 88.6%) was
      observed with a 5% solution of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The in vitro adherence and
      adherence inhibition assays presented here demonstrate that a number of adhesins
      and receptors are involved in the adherence of skin bacteria to human epithelial
      cells and receptors on human epithelial cells are apparently altered during
      differentiation.

PMID- 2298878
TI  - Evaluation of the commercially available HepProbe kit for detection of hepatitis
      B virus DNA in serum.
AB  - The commercially available HepProbe kit involving the use of a 32P-labeled RNA
      probe was evaluated for its sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility in
      detecting hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in patient serum by dot blot hybridization.
      The level of detection was 0.3 pg, corresponding to 3 x 10(4) genomes in 50
      microliters of serum. A total of 181 serum samples were tested; 53 (82%) of 65
      patients positive for both hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis e antigen
      were positive for HBV DNA compared with only 12 of 74 (16%) hepatitis B surface
      antigen-positive but hepatitis e antigen-negative individuals. In addition, among
      all patients positive for HBV DNA, there was a statistically significant
      correlation between the concentration of HBV DNA in serum and the presence or
      absence of hepatitis e antigen. None of the 42 hepatitis B surface antigen- and
      hepatitis e antigen-negative patients tested was positive for HBV DNA.
      Reproducibility was 87%, with all discordant results representing borderline
      positives. The results indicate that HepProbe can be employed as a sensitive and
      reliable assay for HBV DNA in patient serum.

PMID- 2298879
TI  - Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica infections in rabbits.
AB  - The natural history of infection with Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella
      bronchiseptica in domestic rabbits was studied prospectively at a commercial
      rabbitry. At weaning, about 25% of rabbits had nasal infections with P. multocida
      and 75% had infections with B. bronchiseptica. Infection of weanling rabbits
      paralleled nasal infections of their dams. The proportion of rabbits with both
      infections increased with age. At 2 to 4 months old, about 50% of rabbits with P.
      multocida or P. multocida and B. bronchiseptica infections had upper respiratory
      disease (URD), whereas rabbits with B. bronchiseptica infection had no disease.
      In rabbits about 10 months old, 75% with P. multocida or P. multocida and B.
      bronchiseptica infections had URD, whereas virtually none with B. bronchiseptica
      infection had disease. Disease of the nares, paranasal sinuses, middle ears, and
      lungs was associated with P. multocida and not B. bronchiseptica infection. In
      adult rabbits with nasal P. multocida infection, with or without signs of URD,
      about 80% had concurrent infection of the paranasal sinuses and middle ears and
      20% had infection of the bronchi and lungs. In rabbits without nasal P. multocida
      infection, 20 to 35% had P. multocida infection of the paranasal sinuses and
      middle ears. Weanling rabbits with and without P. multocida infection had similar
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels. In rabbits observed prospectively, the only
      antibody differences between those transiently and persistently infected with P.
      multocida were a diminished IgA response in nasal lavages and an earlier IgM
      response in sera of transiently infected rabbits. IgG levels increased with the
      duration of infection. There was no relationship between immunoglobulin levels
      and freedom from P. multocida infection.

PMID- 2298880
TI  - Native valve endocarditis caused by an organism resembling Corynebacterium
      striatum.
AB  - An organism resembling Corynebacterium striatum was isolated from the blood of a
      patient with acute aortic valvular insufficiency and no history of valvular heart
      disease. At autopsy, histopathologic examination of the aortic valve revealed
      pleomorphic gram-positive bacilli and destruction of valvular tissue. Our isolate
      differed from other nondiphtherial corynebacteria, including the type strain of
      C. striatum (ATCC 6940), in its ability to reduce nitrite. Nitrite reduction may
      be useful for distinguishing strains of corynebacteria.

PMID- 2298881
TI  - Immunologic differences in murine glial cells and their association with
      susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that glial cells from mice resistant or susceptible to
      the autoimmune disease experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) may differ
      in their abilities either to express Ia antigens and/or stimulate anti-class II
      (Ia)-specific T-cells. Ia antigens were induced on glial cells from EAE
      susceptible (SJL/J) and -resistant (B10.S and DBA/2) strains of mice by culture
      with lymphokines from activated T-cells (2 degrees SN). Ia antigen expression was
      quantified with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in which glia were
      exposed to monoclonal anti-Ia antibodies and alkaline phosphatase-labeled anti
      mouse Ig antibodies. The ability of glial cells to stimulate anti-Ia T-cells was
      quantified by culturing irradiated glial cells with anti-Ia-specific T-cell lines
      and measuring the amounts of [3H]thymidine incorporated by these lines. Glial
      cells from all strains of mice could be induced to express Ia antigens and upon
      exposure to high concentrations of lymphokines, amounts of expressed Ia antigen
      were equivalent. However, at limiting lymphokine concentrations, glia from the
      EAE-resistant strain B10.S expressed greater amounts of Ia antigen than did glia
      from SJL/J mice (p less than 0.05), suggesting that B10.S glia were more
      sensitive to the Ia-inducing effects of T cell lymphokines. In contrast to the
      above results, glia from EAE-susceptible SJL mice consistently demonstrated an
      increased ability to induce T-cell proliferation in lines specific for Ias
      antigen, compared to glia from EAE-resistant mice, even those of the same Ia
      haplotype (i.e. B10.S). Spleen cells from resistant strains had equivalent and
      frequently greater ability to induce anti-Ia-specific T-cell proliferation than
      did SJL spleen cells. These data suggest (a) that there are differences in the
      sensitivity of glia from different strains of mice to the Ia antigen-inducing
      effects of T-cell lymphokines, (b) that expression of Ia antigen does not
      necessarily correlate with the ability to stimulate Ia-specific T-cells, (c) that
      there are organ-specific differences in the ability to stimulate Ia antigen
      specific T-cells, and (d) that an additional variable involved in determining
      resistance or susceptibility to an organ-specific autoimmune disease may be the
      ability of the target organ to stimulate anti-Ia-specific T-cells.

PMID- 2298882
TI  - The development and characterization of encephalitogenic cloned T cells specific
      for myelin proteolipid protein.
AB  - T-cell clones have been isolated from SJL/J mice after immunization with myelin
      proteolipid protein (PLP). The cloned cells responded strongly to PLP stimulation
      in vitro as well as to the synthetic PLP-related peptide 139-151. The response to
      PLP is Ia mediated, since it was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies to the
      matched I-As haplotype, but not with antibodies to other I-A haplotypes.
      Phenotypic analysis using immunofluorescence demonstrated the following
      characteristics of the clones: Thy-1+, CD4+, CD5+ and CD8-. Injection of 10-30
      million PLP-activated cells from one clone induced severe experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis in five mice, both clinically and histologically. This
      represents to our knowledge the first report of PLP-specific encephalitogenic
      cloned T cells.

PMID- 2298883
TI  - Incidence and reactivity patterns of skeletal and heart (SH) reactive
      autoantibodies in the sera of patients with myasthenia gravis.
AB  - Serum from patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) contain antibodies to numerous
      skeletal muscle components in addition to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR).
      Certain non-AChR skeletal muscle autoantibodies have been shown by absorption to
      cross-react with cardiac muscle, leading to the designation of 'skeletal and
      heart' or SH antibodies. This study describes a new procedure for the extraction
      of human cardiac muscle which allows direct determination of SH antibody
      reactivity. Serologic evaluation of 17 patients with MG revealed 9/17 (53%) were
      seropositive for SH antibody to cardiac muscle. Absorption of selected MG serum
      samples with cardiac muscle extracts, reduced or eliminated reactivity to
      skeletal muscle in all cases, confirming the presence of cross-reactive
      antibodies. Immunoblot analysis of cardiac muscle extracts demonstrated several
      distinct antigenic components, which were unrelated to the acetylcholine receptor
      or to previously identified striational muscle proteins. Serum samples from
      individual MG patients displayed different immunoblot reactivity patterns ot the
      antigens in cardiac muscle extracts, providing the first evidence of multiple
      heart-reactive SH antibodies in MG.

PMID- 2298884
TI  - HLA antigens in tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Fifty-three male, Caucasian, neuroleptic-treated patients with chronic
      schizophrenia were examined for the presence of tardive dyskinesia (TD) and were
      tissue typed. The group with TD (n = 25) was compared to the group without TD (n
      = 28). HLA-DR4 was more prevalent in the group with TD than in the group without
      TD, with a relative risk of 3.04 for TD with HLA-DR4 present, although this
      finding is not statistically significant when corrected for the number of
      nonparametric comparisons. Other investigations reported an association between
      HLA-B44 and TD, or between HLA-B44 and neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism.
      Potential explanations relating the findings of these investigations are
      discussed.

PMID- 2298885
TI  - Experimental avascular necrosis of the femoral capital epiphysis and induced
      subluxation of the hip in young rabbits.
AB  - We attempted to clarify experimentally the effect of hip joint incongruity on the
      necrotic femoral head. Twenty-four immature rabbits were divided into three
      groups: group I (12 rabbits), interruption of the epiphyseal artery and
      immobilization of the knee in extension for inducing subluxation of the hip;
      group II (six rabbits), interruption of the epiphyseal artery; group III (six
      rabbits), opening of the capsule (with preservation of the epiphyseal artery) and
      immobilization of the knee in extension. Radiographic examination of the hips of
      the rabbits in group I showed severe deformation of the necrotic femoral head
      with subluxation. These radiographic findings appeared similar to those of human
      hip joints affected with Perthes' disease.

PMID- 2298887
TI  - Use of continuous passive motion in pediatric orthopedics.
AB  - Continuous passive motion (CPM) was used to maintain or gain hip and knee range
      of motion in 18 postoperative or postinjury pediatric orthopedic patients.
      Continuous passive motion was started in the early postoperative period and
      augmented with physical therapy. The device was well-tolerated in 16 of the 18
      patients. In all but one, motion was improved with a progressive decrease in
      joint pain. In these patients, CPM was found to be a valuable tool in
      rehabilitation, and did not interfere with traction, open wounds, nursing care,
      nor external fixation devices.

PMID- 2298886
TI  - Heel cord advancement for treatment of equinus deformity in cerebral palsy.
AB  - Spastic equinus deformity is common in patients with cerebral palsy. Since 1981,
      612 anterior transpositions of the Achilles tendon as described by Murphy have
      been performed. One hundred patients with at least 30 months' follow-up were
      selected and retrospectively reviewed. Good correction of the equinus deformity
      was obtained without the need for prolonged bracing. No patient had a calcaneal
      gait or recurrence of equinus.

PMID- 2298888
TI  - Corrective cosmetic supramalleolar osteotomy for valgus deformity of the ankle
      joint: a report of two cases.
AB  - Valgus deformity of the ankle joint can cause pain in walking and a significant
      gait disturbance because of the altered ankle mechanics and the secondary
      planovalgus deformity of the foot. A technique of supramalleolar osteotomy that
      is cosmetically better than a closing wedge osteotomy for correction of this
      condition is described in two patients with hereditary multiple exostoses. The
      osteotomy is inherently stable, and minimal or no internal fixation is needed.

PMID- 2298889
TI  - Open bone graft epiphyseodesis for slipped capital femoral epiphysis.
AB  - Seventeen patients underwent open bone graft epiphyseodesis for slipped capital
      femoral epiphysis (SCFE); physeal fusion was achieved in 12 patients. Eight
      grafts either resorbed, moved, or fractured postoperatively (graft
      insufficiency). Graft insufficiency was statistically associated with failure of
      physeal fusion, (p = 0.009). Radiographic examination, using three different
      measurements, corroborated postoperative changes in femoral head position. One
      case of joint space narrowing and three cases of significant myositis ossificans
      occurred. Ten patients had anterolateral thigh hypesthesia. We conclude that
      fracture, movement, or resorption of a single bone graft is common, leading to an
      increase in slip severity and failure of physeal fusion.

PMID- 2298890
TI  - Chiari osteotomy of the pelvis: a long-term study.
AB  - We evaluated 104 osteotomies of the pelvis after an average of 18 years: 48% of
      patients had hip joint pain, 15% had low back pain, 41% had restricted movement,
      74% had a positive Trendelenburg sign, and 77% had limb length discrepancy
      greater than 1 cm. We also followed the anti-Chiari effect, the influence of the
      osteotomy on narrowing the birth canal, and deterioration of the opposite
      acetabulum. We showed that the optimum indications for Chiari osteotomy are
      severe instability of the hip joint and an irregular femoral head.

PMID- 2298891
TI  - Legg-Calve-Perthes disease in hemophilia: incidence and etiologic considerations.
AB  - A review of hip radiographs of patients with severe hemophilia showed Legg-Calve
      Perthes disease in four of 63 patients examined before the era of specific
      treatment. In another series of 44 patients receiving prophylactic treatment,
      there was no evidence of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. A case report of a boy with
      severe hemophilia with hip joint bleeding that caused joint capsule distention
      and greatly increased intracapsular pressure is presented. Based on our findings,
      and previously published results, we suggest that Legg-Calve-Perthes disease in
      hemophilia is caused by increased intracapsular pressure secondary to
      hemarthrosis.

PMID- 2298892
TI  - Preoperative and postoperative assessment of rotational acetabular osteotomy for
      dysplastic hips in children by three-dimensional surface reconstruction computed
      tomography imaging.
AB  - The three-dimensional relationship between the acetabulum and femoral head was
      evaluated using three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) reconstruction before
      and after rotational acetabular osteotomy. This method provides exact anatomic
      information on acetabular coverage so that precise operative planning is more
      easily made. Evaluation of six dysplastic hips indicated the possible dangers of
      anterolateral rotational shift of the acetabulum when there is marked posterior
      deficiency, such as in the case of a high decree of subluxated femoral head
      covered by a shallow false acetabulum. In these circumstances, it may be safer
      and preferable to plan a lateral shift instead of an anterolateral shift.

PMID- 2298893
TI  - Curve progression after treatment with the Wilmington brace for idiopathic
      scoliosis.
AB  - We evaluated curve progression after completion of Wilmington brace treatment for
      adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in 67 patients. Follow-up ranged from 5 to 13
      years. Pretreatment curve magnitudes ranged from 20 to 39 degrees, with a Risser
      sign of 0 or 1. Sixteen patients (21%) experienced 5-16 degrees of curve
      progression after brace treatment was discontinued. For nine of these patients,
      the final curve magnitude was within 5 degrees of the pretreatment Cobb angle,
      reflecting a loss of correction achieved during brace treatment. The remaining
      seven patients had final curve magnitudes measuring 8-32 degrees greater than the
      pretreatment Cobb angle.

PMID- 2298894
TI  - Comparison of Cotrel-Dubousset and Harrington rod instrumentations in idiopathic
      scoliosis.
AB  - An analysis of the efficacy of two techniques of posterior spinal instrumentation
      in patients with idiopathic scoliosis was performed. Thirty-two consecutive
      patients treated with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation and no external bracing
      were compared with 30 consecutive patients treated with Harrington rod
      instrumentation supplemented by Bobechko hooks, sublaminar wires, and
      postoperative bracing. The groups were similar in age, curve magnitude, and type.
      Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation demonstrated significantly improved immediate
      frontal plane correction. It was also more effective in improving thoracic
      kyphosis, particularly in patients with preoperative hypokyphosis. Both
      procedures were performed with similar operative time, blood loss, and minimal
      complication rates.

PMID- 2298895
TI  - Long-term follow-up of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treated
      conservatively: an analysis of the clinical value of progression.
AB  - In a retrospective study, 217 patients with conservatively treated adolescent
      idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) were investigated. Forty-nine cases were operated and
      168 were treated only conservatively and had been out of the brace for at least 4
      years at the time of the investigation. The progression between cessation of
      brace treatment and follow-up (a mean of 6.9 years later) was 5.1 degrees. Almost
      all progression (4.5 degrees) occurred within 2 years of the end of weaning,
      however. The incidence of failure with regard to the length of follow-up was also
      studied. A follow-up of 2 years was sufficient to predict with great accuracy
      (97%) all incidences of failure.

PMID- 2298896
TI  - Suction-assisted lipectomy--an adjunct to orthopaedic treatment.
AB  - Suction-assisted lipectomy was first performed in 1964 but did not become popular
      until 1981. Many thousands of patients are now so treated for cosmetic reasons
      each year, but no previous use of this technique as an adjunct to orthopaedic
      treatment has been reported. Two patients were successfully treated by suction
      assisted lipectomy to reduce the circumferential measurement and shape of the
      residual limb so that prosthetic restoration could be more easily performed.

PMID- 2298898
TI  - Bipartite patella in the adolescent: results of surgical excision.
AB  - We evaluated the results of excision of the fragment in 16 patients with
      symptomatic bipartite patellae. In nine, the pain began following trauma; in
      seven, the onset was insidious. The pain was aggravated by activity in all
      patients. The average age at surgery was 14 years, 6 months, and the average
      postoperative follow-up was 7 years. Fifteen of the patients were markedly
      improved; one was not.

PMID- 2298899
TI  - Evaluation of acute gait abnormalities in preschool children.
AB  - The charts of 60 consecutive children aged less than 5 years hospitalized for
      evaluation of a new onset limp or refusal to bear weight were reviewed. Only 1 of
      22 patients with a normal complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate (ESR), and temperature had an infection. Of the 14 patients with a diagnosis
      of infection, only one had a normal CBC, ESR, and temperature. Radiographs were
      diagnostic in only four cases, whereas aspiration identified nine of 13
      infections. Thirty-five bone scans were performed; 18 led to a definitive
      diagnosis including synovitis osteomyelitis, Perthes disease, juvenile rheumatoid
      arthritis, (JRA), fracture, soft tissue infection, and discitis.

PMID- 2298897
TI  - Natural history of Osgood-Schlatter disease.
AB  - The natural history of untreated Osgood-Schlatter disease is presented in the
      retrospective study of 69 knees in 50 patients. Seventy-six percent of the
      patients believed they had no limitation of activity, although 60% still could
      not kneel without discomfort. Two groups of patients were identified: those who
      presented with radiologic fragmentation and had either separated ossicles or an
      abnormally ossified tuberosity at review, and those who presented with soft
      tissue swelling without radiologic fragmentation and were asymptomatic at review.
      There was a low incidence of patellar instability or anterior knee pain, and no
      case of premature proximal tibial epiphyseal arrest.

PMID- 2298900
TI  - Redisplacement after closed reduction of forearm fractures in children.
AB  - Reangulation and displacement after closed reduction of pediatric forearm
      fractures were reviewed in 90 patients treated with 1978-1984. All fractures were
      remanipulated and followed to union. No complications occurred and all had a
      functionally satisfactory result. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors were
      identified as contributing to the complication of reangulation/displacement.
      Nonepiphyseal fractures were safely remanipulated up to 24 days postfracture,
      with the majority at 1-2 weeks. We conclude that 7% of pediatric forearm
      fractures treated by closed reduction are subject to reangulation and/or
      displacement following routine acceptable primary treatment, and that
      remanipulation provides a safe, effective means to obtain and maintain reduction.

PMID- 2298901
TI  - Use of pins and plaster in the treatment of unstable pediatric forearm fractures.
AB  - The treatment of unstable forearm fractures in children remains a challenging and
      controversial subject. There are times when more rigid fixation is needed to
      obtain and maintain fracture reduction. Open reduction/internal fixation or
      intramedullary nailing can be avoided by the use of the technique of pins and
      plaster. This study reviewed 20 forearm fractures treated between 1978 and 1984.
      All fractures healed uneventfully in satisfactory alignment. No complications
      were encountered. We conclude that the method of pins and plaster is a safe and
      reliable method to treat unstable pediatric forearm fractures.

PMID- 2298902
TI  - Neck metaphyseal angle guidance in proximal femoral varus osteotomy.
AB  - An angle within the femoral arch is defined, and its line is described in
      selecting the osteotomy site and the position of the fixation device in
      performing a femoral varus osteotomy. This neck metaphyseal angle was measured
      with varying degrees of rotation on seven pediatric femurs; it was also studied
      on 283 randomly selected hip radiographs. The angle varied 25-40 degrees in 90%
      of the patients and was not age related. The angle is stable within 5 degrees as
      long as the landmarks, base of the great trochanter, and medial metaphysis of the
      femoral neck are definable (0-30 degrees of rotation).

PMID- 2298903
TI  - Dorsally angulated solitary metaphyseal greenstick fractures in the distal
      radius: results after immobilization in pronated, neutral, and supinated
      position.
AB  - In a prospective study, angular redisplacement has been correlated with
      immobilization in the pronated, neutral, or supinated position (20 children in
      each group). Those with greater than 20 degrees of dorsal angulation at day 1 and
      after 2 weeks were manipulated. Dorsal angulation after immobilization at day 1,
      2 weeks, and 6 weeks was measured on accurate lateral views. Angular displacement
      during the first two weeks was (a) greater among reduced than unreduced cases in
      the pronation group (p less than 0.001), and (b) less in the supination group
      than in the other groups (p less than 0.05). Based on these findings, we believe
      that the fracture should be immobilized in the supinated position.

PMID- 2298904
TI  - The triceps-dividing approach to open reduction of complex distal humeral
      fractures in adolescents: a Cybex evaluation of triceps function and motion.
AB  - Triceps function and elbow motion were evaluated in nine elbows after open
      reduction of complex distal humeral fractures through a triceps dividing
      approach. At 3-year 6-month follow-up, the patients had an average
      flexion/extension of 136 degrees to -6 degrees. Triceps peak torque decreased
      slightly, measured by Cybex testing with a 6% deficit at 60 degrees/s, 3% deficit
      at 120 degrees/s, and 3% deficit at 180 degrees/s. We recommend triceps division
      rather than olecranon osteotomy in children who require open reduction of complex
      distal humeral fractures.

PMID- 2298905
TI  - Assessment of a treatment plan for managing acute vascular complications
      associated with supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.
AB  - Nine children with ischaemia of the forearm, associated with supracondylar
      fractures of the humerus, which failed to respond promptly to conservative
      measures, were managed by exploration of the antecubital fossa together with
      flexor compartment fasciotomies. The anatomic findings are described, operative
      procedures discussed, and clinical results reviewed. A plan of management is
      outlined which incorporates early surgical intervention. Results show that this
      is a safe and effective method of managing these injuries.

PMID- 2298907
TI  - Intracellular glutathione in the protection from anoxic injury in renal proximal
      tubules.
AB  - Previous results (Weinberg, J. M., J. A. David, M. Abarzua, and T. Rajan. 1987.
      J. Clin. Invest. 80:1446-1454) have shown that GSH and glycine (GLY) are
      cytoprotective during anoxia when added extracellularly. The present studies
      investigate the role that intracellular GSH plays in this cytoprotection.
      Proximal renal tubules in suspension prepared with either high (11 +/- 1 nmol/mg
      protein) or low (6 +/- 1 nmol/mg protein) GSH contents were subjected to 40 min
      of anoxia and 40 min of reoxygenation. Low GSH tubules were protected from plasma
      membrane damage during anoxia by exogenous addition of 1 mM GSH or GLY, reducing
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from 42 +/- 7 to 14 +/- 1 and 10 +/- 1%,
      respectively. High GSH tubules were equally protected from anoxic damage without
      exogenous additions. Since the high GSH content approximates the in vivo values,
      it may be concluded that GSH may be cytoprotective during anoxia in vivo.
      However, it is not the intracellular GSH itself that is cytoprotective; rather,
      this protection resides in the ability to produce GLY, which appears to be the
      cytoprotective agent. Alanine was also shown to have similar cytoprotective
      properties, although higher concentrations were required. Sulfhydryl reducing
      agents such as cysteine and dithiothreitol offered less, but significant
      protection from anoxic damage. Protection by GSH, GLY, or alanine was not
      associated with higher ATP levels during anoxia. Tubules that were protected from
      membrane damage during anoxia recovered oxygen consumption and K and ATP contents
      significantly better during reoxygenation than unprotected tubules.

PMID- 2298906
TI  - Biological markers for increased risk of alcoholism and for quantitation of
      alcohol consumption.

PMID- 2298908
TI  - Intracellular cystine loading inhibits transport in the rabbit proximal
      convoluted tubule.
AB  - Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a high
      intracellular cystine concentration. To establish an in vitro model of this
      disorder and examine the mechanism of the proximal tubule transport defect seen
      with elevated intracellular cystine concentrations, rabbit proximal convoluted
      tubules (PCT) were perfused in vitro. PCTs were loaded with cystine using cystine
      dimethyl ester, a permeative methyl ester derivative. Bath cystine dimethyl ester
      (0.5 mM) reduced volume absorption (Jv) (0.67 +/- 0.07 to 0.15 +/- 0.09
      nl/mm.min, P less than 0.01), bicarbonate transport (JTCO2) (47.2 +/- 4.9 to 11.1
      +/- 2.8 pmol/mm.min, P less than 0.001) and glucose transport (JGLU) (34.1 +/-
      1.5 to 19.7 +/- 1.5 pmol/mm.min, P less than 0.001). The methyl esters of leucine
      (0.5 mM), and tryptophan (0.5 and 2.0 mM) had no effect on these parameters. To
      examine if intracellular reduction of cystine to cysteine could contribute to the
      inhibition in transport, the effect of bath cysteine methyl ester on proximal
      tubular transport was examined. Bath cysteine methyl ester (2 but not 0.5 mM)
      resulted in an inhibition in Jv, JGLU, and JTCO2. Cystine dimethyl ester had no
      effect on mannitol or bicarbonate permeability. These data are consistent with
      intracellular proximal tubular cystine accumulation resulting in an inhibition of
      active transport.

PMID- 2298909
TI  - Role of fibronectin in Pneumocystis carinii attachment to cultured lung cells.
AB  - Attachment of pathogens to host cells is a prerequisite for the development of
      many infections. Pneumocystis carinii (PC) pneumonia is characterized by
      attachment of PC trophozoites to the alveolar epithelium. The mechanism of this
      process is unknown. Fibronectin (Fn) is a glycoprotein present in the alveolar
      space known to mediate cell-cell attachment, including the attachment of certain
      pathogens to host epithelial cells. In this study the binding of Fn to PC
      trophozoites has been characterized in vitro using 125I-Fn. Fn binds saturably
      and specifically to 6.4 x 10(5) binding sites per organism with an apparent
      binding constant, Kd, of 1.2 x 10(-8) M. Fn binding to PC was inhibited by the
      addition of Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS), a tetrapeptide containing the active site of
      the cell-binding domain of Fn. PC attachment to an alveolar epithelial cell line
      was quantified using 51Cr-labeled PC trophozoites. Attachment was decreased from
      24 +/- 1.9% to 12.1 +/- 1% (P less than 0.01) by the addition of an anti-Fn
      antibody, an effect that could be overcome by the addition of excess free Fn. It
      is concluded that binding of Fn to PC may be an important initial step in the
      attachment of the organism to alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, it appears
      that PC recognizes and binds to the RGDS cell attachment site of Fn.

PMID- 2298910
TI  - Atherogenic diet increases cholesteryl ester transfer protein messenger RNA
      levels in rabbit liver.
AB  - Cholesteryl ester transfer activity is increased in plasma of cholesterol-fed
      rabbits. To investigate the mechanisms leading to changes in activity, we
      measured cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mass by RIA and CETP mRNA
      abundance by Northern and slot blot analysis using a human CETP cDNA probe in
      control (n = 8) and cholesterol-fed rabbits (n = 10). Cholesterol feeding (chow
      plus 0.5% cholesterol, 10% corn oil) for 30 d increased CETP mass in plasma 3.2
      fold in the cholesterol-fed rabbits (12.45 +/- 0.82 micrograms/ml) compared with
      controls (3.86 +/- 0.38 micrograms/ml). In the hypercholesterolemic rabbit, liver
      CETP mRNA levels were increased 2.8 times control mRNA levels. Actin, apo E,
      lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, and albumin mRNA abundances were unchanged.
      In contrast to the widespread tissue distribution in humans, CETP mRNA was not
      detected in extrahepatic tissues of either control or cholesterol-fed animals.
      Using a sensitive RNase protection assay, the increase in liver CETP mRNA was
      detectable within 3 d of beginning the high cholesterol diet. Thus, in response
      to the atherogenic diet there is an early increase in liver CETP mRNA, probably
      causing increased CETP synthesis and secretion, and increased plasma CETP. The
      results indicate that the CETP gene may be regulated by diet-induced changes in
      lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2298912
TI  - End-stage renal disease and diabetes catalyze the formation of a pentose-derived
      crosslink from aging human collagen.
AB  - Structure elucidation of a specific fluorophore from the aging extracellular
      matrix revealed the presence of a protein crosslink formed through nonenzymatic
      glycosylation of lysine and arginine residues. The unexpected finding that a
      pentose instead of a hexose is involved in the crosslinking process suggested
      that the crosslink, named pentosidine, might provide insight into abnormalities
      of pentose metabolism in aging and disease. This hypothesis was investigated by
      quantitating pentosidine in hydrolysates of 103 human skin specimens obtained
      randomly at autopsy. Pentosidine level was found to increase exponentially from 5
      to 75 pmol/mg collagen over lifespan (r = 0.86, P less than 0.001). A three- to
      tenfold increase was noted in insulin-dependent diabetic and nondiabetic subjects
      with severe end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis (P less than 0.001).
      Moderately elevated levels were also noted in some very old subjects, some
      subjects with non-insulin dependent diabetes, and two subjects with cystic
      fibrosis and diabetes. The cause of the abnormal pentose metabolism in these
      conditions is unknown but may relate to hemolysis, impaired pentose excretion,
      cellular stress, and accelerated breakdown of ribonucleotides. Thus, pentosidine
      emerges as a useful tool for assessment of previously unrecognized disorders of
      pentose metabolism in aging and disease. Its presence in red blood cells and
      plasma proteins suggests that it might be used as a measure of integrated
      pentosemia in analogy to glycohemoglobin for the assessment of cumulative
      glycemia.

PMID- 2298911
TI  - Interaction of sulfonamide and sulfone compounds with Toxoplasma gondii
      dihydropteroate synthase.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii is a common protozoan disease that often causes life
      threatening disease, particularly among patients with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome. This study demonstrates that the dihydropteroate
      synthase in T. gondii is kinetically distinct from the enzyme characterized from
      other sources and can be highly purified with a high yield using sequential dye
      affinity chromatography. Conditions have been identified that allow for
      stabilization of the purified enzyme, and its physical characteristics have been
      elucidated. The molecular weight of the native protein was 125,000 and the
      protein appeared to contain both dihydropteroate synthase and 6-hydroxymethyl
      dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase activities. The sulfonamide class of compounds
      vary in inhibitory potency by more than three orders of magnitude. Sulfathiazole,
      sulfamethoxazole, and sulfamethazine, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50's)
      of 1.7, 2.7, and 5.7 microM, respectively, represent the most potent of this
      class of inhibitors. Several sulfone analogues, including dapsone, were
      identified as highly potent inhibitors with IC50's less than 1 microM. The
      results of these cell-free experiments were corroborated by investigating the
      metabolic inhibition produced by the various inhibitors in intact organisms. The
      qualitative and quantitative relations among the inhibitors were preserved in
      both the cell-free and intact cell assay systems. These studies suggest that the
      sulfones may be important therapeutic agents for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2298913
TI  - Effect of ethanol on polyamine synthesis during liver regeneration in rats.
AB  - Ethanol consumption retards the hepatic regenerative response to injury. This may
      contribute to the pathogenesis of liver injury in alcoholic individuals. The
      mechanisms responsible for ethanol-associated inhibition of liver regeneration
      are poorly understood. To determine if the antiregenerative effects of ethanol
      involve modulation of polyamine metabolism, parameters of polyamine synthesis
      were compared before and during surgically induced liver regeneration in ethanol
      fed rats and isocalorically maintained controls. After partial hepatectomy,
      induction of the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate limiting
      enzyme for polyamine synthesis, was delayed in rats that had been fed ethanol.
      This was correlated with reduced levels of putrescine, ODC's immediate product.
      Increases in hepatic spermidine and spermine were also inhibited. Differences in
      ODC activity between ethanol-fed and control rats could not be explained by
      differences in the expression of ODC mRNA or by differences in ODC apoenzyme
      concentrations, suggesting that chronic ethanol intake inactivates ODC
      posttranslationally. Supplemental putrescine, administered at partial hepatectomy
      and 4 and 8 h thereafter, increased hepatic putrescine concentrations and
      markedly improved DNA synthesis and liver regeneration in ethanol-fed rats. These
      data suggest that altered polyamine metabolism may contribute to the inhibition
      of liver regeneration that occurs after chronic exposure to ethanol.

PMID- 2298914
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii: inhibition of lung cell growth mediated by parasite
      attachment.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a significant cause of mortality in
      immunocompromised patients. Current concepts suggest that attachment of P.
      carinii to alveolar epithelium is required for development of pneumonia. We
      examined the mechanism of P. carinii adherence to cultured A549 cells, a
      permanent cell line derived from human alveolar epithelium. P. carinii adherence
      was quantified by measuring attachment of 51Cr-labeled P. carinii to cultured
      A549 cells. After 8 h of incubation, 37.4 +/- 4.2% of P. carinii were adherent to
      A549 cells. In the presence of agents known to impair cytoskeletal function,
      including 10(-5) M cytochalasin B, 10(-5) M colchicine, and 10(-5) M
      trimethylcolchicinic acid (TMCA), adherence was decreased from 57.4 +/- 4.2% to
      9.3 +/- 3.4%, 12.5 +/- 3.6%, and 21.5 +/- 3.6%, respectively (P less than 0.01,
      all comparisons). Secondly, we examined the effect of P. carinii on the function
      of A549 cells. P. carinii resulted in significant impairment of A549 cell growth,
      indicating P. carinii adversely affected the function of target lung cells. A P.
      carinii:A549 cell ratio of 50:1 resulted in 43.5 +/- 2.9% inhibition of A549 cell
      growth (P less than 0.001). Additionally, TMCA, which significantly prevented
      attachment of P. carinii, reversed the impairment of A549 cell growth. These data
      demonstrate that P. carinii attachment to cultured lung cells can be quantified,
      is dependent on intact cytoskeletal function and is necessary for impairment of
      lung cell replication.

PMID- 2298915
TI  - Impaired ability of patients with familial isolated vitamin E deficiency to
      incorporate alpha-tocopherol into lipoproteins secreted by the liver.
AB  - Plasma and lipoprotein alpha-tocopherol concentrations of four patients with
      familial isolated vitamin E deficiency and six control subjects were observed for
      4 d after an oral dose (approximately 15 mg) of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate
      labeled with six deuterium atoms (d6-tocopherol). Chylomicron d6-tocopherol
      concentrations were similar in the two groups. d6-Tocopherol concentrations of
      plasma, very low (VLDL), low (LDL), and high (HDL) density lipoproteins were
      similar in the two groups only during the first 12 h; then these were
      significantly lower, and the rate of disappearance faster, in the patients. The
      times (tmax) of the maximum chylomicron d6-tocopherol concentrations were similar
      for the two groups, but tmax values in the controls increased in the order:
      chylomicrons less than VLDL less than or equal to LDL approximately HDL, while
      the corresponding values in the patients were similar to the chylomicron tmax.
      Thus, plasma d6-tocopherol in controls increased during chylomicron and VLDL
      catabolism, whereas in patients it increased only during chylomicron catabolism,
      thereby resulting in a premature and faster decline in the plasma tocopherol
      concentration due to a lack of d6-tocopherol secretion from the liver. We suggest
      that these patients are lacking or have a defective liver "tocopherol binding
      protein" that incorporates alpha-tocopherol into nascent VLDL.

PMID- 2298916
TI  - Identification of a highly mobilizable subset of human neutrophil intracellular
      vesicles that contains tetranectin and latent alkaline phosphatase.
AB  - Tetranectin, a protein recently identified in a wide variety of human secretory
      cells (Christensen, L., and I. Clemmensen. 1989. Histochemistry. 92:29-35) was
      found to colocalize with latent alkaline phosphatase activity in fractions well
      separated from azurophil granules, specific granules, gelatinase-containing
      granules, and plasma membranes when postnuclear supernatants of nitrogen
      cavitated neutrophils were fractionated on discontinuous Percoll density
      gradients. Stimulation of intact neutrophils with nanomolar concentrations of
      FMLP, leukotriene B4, 10-100 U/ml of tumor necrosis factor, and granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor resulted in parallel release of tetranectin
      and translocation of alkaline phosphatase to the plasma membrane. Furthermore,
      intracellular pools of tetranectin and latent alkaline phosphatase were
      completely released from neutrophils under conditions that barely induced release
      of specific granules containing B12-binding protein. These findings indicate that
      tetranectin and latent alkaline phosphatase define an easily mobilizable
      population of cytoplasmic storage organelles in human neutrophils which are
      functionally distinguishable from azurophil, specific, and gelatinase-containing
      granules. These organelles may play an important role as stores of membrane
      proteins that are mobilized to the cell surface during stimulation by
      inflammatory mediators.

PMID- 2298917
TI  - In situ hybridization evidence for angiotensinogen messenger RNA in the rat
      proximal tubule. An hypothesis for the intrarenal renin angiotensin system.
AB  - We examined angiotensinogen gene expression in rat kidney by in situ
      hybridization histochemistry. Using a rat cRNA probe to angiotensinogen, we
      demonstrated angiotensinogen mRNA to be localized predominantly in the proximal
      renal tubule, with considerably lesser amounts in distal tubular segments and
      glomerular tufts. Previous studies have localized renin immunoreactivity to the
      juxtaglomerular cells, glomerular tufts, and proximal tubules. Such findings
      provide further evidence for a local tissue renin angiotensin system within the
      kidney which may influence regional function. Based on our data, we hypothesize
      that a major site of angiotensin production is the proximal tubule. We postulate
      that angiotensin synthesized in and/or around the proximal tubule may directly
      modulate tubular transport of sodium, bicarbonate, and water. In addition to the
      proximal tubule, the specific localization of the renin angiotensin components
      elsewhere in the kidney would also support the other proposed regional functions
      of the intrarenal system, including modulation of tubuloglomerular balance.

PMID- 2298920
TI  - Identification of the multiple beta-thalassemia mutations by denaturing gradient
      gel electrophoresis.
AB  - We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to detect the beta-thalassemia
      mutations in the Chinese population. By amplifying the beta-globin gene in four
      separate fragments and electrophoresing the amplified DNA in two gels, we were
      able to distinguish all the 12 known mutations on the basis of the mobility of
      the homoduplexes and heteroduplexes. We conclude that denaturing gradient gel
      electrophoresis offers a nonradioactive means of detecting multiple mutations in
      genetic disorders.

PMID- 2298919
TI  - Isolation, characterization, and localization of heparin-binding growth factors
      in the heart.
AB  - Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF) are angiogenic
      polypeptide mitogens for cells of mesodermal and neuroectodermal origin. In this
      report we describe the purification from several normal human hearts (including a
      very fresh, nonischemic sample) of heparin-binding, acid-, heat- and trypsin
      sensitive 14-18-kD peptides that crossreact with antisera against aFGF and bFGF.
      Further evidence includes (a) prevention of mitogenicity by protamine and by anti
      bFGF, (b) displacement of 125I-bFGF from cell membranes, and (c) stimulation of
      capillary endothelial cell migration. Specific immunohistochemistry localized
      bFGF to endothelial cells and, surprisingly, to cardiac myocytes, with almost no
      immunoreactivity in smooth muscle cells. These peptides may function in cardiac
      embryogenesis, hypertrophy, atherogenesis, angiogenesis, and wound healing, and
      may also have endocrine, neurotropic, or vasomotor functions.

PMID- 2298918
TI  - Suppression of interleukin 2-dependent human T cell growth in vitro by
      prostaglandin E (PGE) and their precursor fatty acids. Evidence for a PGE
      independent mechanism of inhibition by the fatty acids.
AB  - PGE represent oxygenation products of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids and
      are important regulators of cell-mediated immune responses. Because oils enriched
      in such fatty acids reduce inflammation and tissue injury in vivo, we examined
      the effects of these PGE precursors on IL-2-driven growth of human T lymphocytes.
      Dihomogamma linoleic acid (DGLA), AA, and their metabolites (PGE1 and PGE2,
      respectively) strongly inhibited short- and long-term growth of IL-2-dependent T
      cell cultures; EPA was much less inhibitory and its product, PGE3, failed to
      suppress IL-2 responses. Short-term pretreatment of the cells with DGLA or AA and
      removal of the fatty acids before the proliferation assay resulted in a smaller
      reduction in [3H]TdR incorporation. PGE and fatty acids did not alter the number
      of high affinity IL-2 binding sites on the T cell cultures but reduced the
      percentage of cells expressing CD25 and HLA class II molecules. No PGE was
      detected in supernatants from the fatty acid-treated cultures. Moreover,
      indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, did not reverse the antiproliferative
      effects of the fatty acids. Together, these findings indicate that fatty acids
      can inhibit IL-2-driven T cell growth via a PGE-independent mechanism and might
      be relevant to inflammatory diseases associated with persistent T cell
      activation.

PMID- 2298921
TI  - Mechanisms of intranephronal proteinaceous cast formation by low molecular weight
      proteins.
AB  - Proteinaceous cast formation in the distal nephron of the kidney from low
      molecular weight proteinuria is a significant, but poorly characterized, cause of
      renal failure. To study this phenomenon, we: (a) microperfused the loop segment
      (LS) of rats in vivo with artificial tubule fluid (ATF) containing four different
      low molecular weight proteins, 0.01-50 mg/ml, to detect alterations in LS
      function, and (b) examined the interaction between several proteins and Tamm
      Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) in vitro with turbidity and dynamic light-scattering
      measurements. Perfusion of the LS for less than 2 min with cast-forming proteins
      (Bence Jones protein [BJP3] and myoglobin) decreased chloride absorption and
      elevated early distal tubule fluid (ED) [Cl-], compared with results obtained
      with control perfusions that used ATF alone. BJP3 decreased chloride absorption
      in a concentration-dependent fashion. Perfusion with non-cast-forming proteins
      (albumin and BJP1) enhanced chloride absorption and decreased ED [Cl-]. In vitro,
      proteins that had isoelectric points (pI) greater than 5.1 aggregated with THP.
      Aggregation was enhanced with increasing [NaCl] or [CaCl2]. Albumin (pI 4.8) and
      beta-lactoglobulin (pI 5.1) did not coprecipitate. The molecular size of THP
      alone increased when [NaCl] greater than 80 mM. Thus, cast-forming proteins
      aggregated with THP in vitro and caused in vivo LS dysfunction, which elevated ED
      [Cl-], facilitating aggregation. In contrast, non-cast-forming proteins either
      did not interact with THP or lowered ED [Cl-], which did not provide an
      environment for aggregation. Altered LS function and interaction of some proteins
      with THP were related to different physicochemical properties of the proteins and
      independently contributed to the formation of proteinaceous casts in the kidney.

PMID- 2298922
TI  - Interleukin 1 suppresses inflammation in rabbit colitis. Mediation by endogenous
      prostaglandins.
AB  - Pretreatment with low-dose IL-1 has protective effects in animal models of
      inflammation or tissue injury, but the mechanisms of these protective effects are
      not established. To determine if prostaglandins are involved, we administered
      human recombinant IL-1 beta and measured rectal PGE2 production in rabbits with
      formalin-immune complex colitis. IL-1 beta (0.3 micrograms/kg) administered 24 h
      before induction of colitis increased PGE2 (231 +/- 36 to 1,299 +/- 572 pg/ml, P
      less than 0.01) and reduced subsequent inflammatory cell infiltration index (from
      2.8 +/- 0.3 to 1.4 +/- 0.3, P less than 0.02) and edema (from 2.5 +/- 0.3 to 1.3
      +/- 0.3, P less than 0.01) compared with vehicle-matched animals. Administration
      of ibuprofen (10 mg/kg i.v.) together with IL-1 beta prevented the stimulation of
      PGE2 and the reduction in inflammation. Colonic PGE2 production correlated
      inversely with subsequent severity of inflammation (P less than 0.02, r = -0.39)
      and edema (P less than 0.04, r = -0.35). IL-1-administration 30 min before
      induction of colitis did not affect the severity of inflammation. Similarly,
      pretreatment with a noninflammatory synthetic peptide (fragment 163-171) of human
      IL-1 beta, either 30 min or 24 h before colitis induction, did not reduce
      inflammation or increase prostaglandin synthesis. These data demonstrate that
      pretreatment with IL-1 beta 24 h before the induction of colitis reduces
      inflammation by a mechanism that requires prostaglandin synthesis.

PMID- 2298923
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of macrophages in vitro neither induces
      tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/cachectin gene expression nor alters TNF/cachectin
      induction by lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - The synthesis of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/cachectin was assessed in primary
      monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) cultures after in vitro infection with a
      macrophage-tropic strain of HIV-1 (HTLV-IIIBa-L/85). Productive and cytopathic
      infections in MDM cultures were established using a high multiplicity of
      infection (m.o.i. = 3) under conditions that minimized endotoxin contamination.
      Culture supernatants were tested for TNF/cachectin activity by L929 cell
      cytotoxicity assay, and TNF/cachectin mRNA was assessed by a sensitive PCR
      amplification technique that could detect between 1 and 10 cells fully activated
      for TNF/cachectin expression. Unstimulated MDM cultures produced no detectable
      levels of TNF/cachectin activity or mRNA, consistent with previous demonstrations
      that production of this cytokine by macrophages is an inducible and not a
      constitutive event. HIV-1 infection failed to induce detectable TNF/cachectin
      activity or mRNA in these unstimulated cultures. In addition, the responsiveness
      of macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of TNF/cachectin production
      was assessed in dose-response and kinetic experiments. No differences between
      infected and uninfected cultures were discernable. These results demonstrate that
      productive and cytopathic infection with a macrophage-tropic strain of HIV-1 does
      not alter the regulation of TNF/cachectin expression in macrophages.

PMID- 2298924
TI  - Rat aortic smooth muscle cells in culture express kallikrein, kininogen, and
      bradykininase activity.
AB  - We have studied rat vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells in culture for the
      presence of key elements of the glandular kallikrein-kinin system. Direct
      radioimmunoassay (RIA) using antiserum against rat urinary kallikrein detected a
      glandular kallikrein-like enzyme (GKLE) in VSM cells and in media. VSM
      homogenates and culture media had kininogenase activity, generating kinins from
      dog kininogen. About half of the GKLE was enzymatically inactive which could be
      activated with trypsin. Kininogenase activity was inhibited completely by
      aprotinin but only 20% by soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). Trypsin liberated
      kinins from homogenates and media, demonstrating that VSM cells contain
      kininogen. Homogenates and media rapidly degrade bradykinin. GKLE, kininogen, and
      bradykininase activity were all present in VSM cells grown in defined media that
      contain no serum, thus eliminating any contamination or artefacts from fetal calf
      serum in standard culture media. Blood vessels of the rat have been reported to
      contain GKLE. Our observations indicate that GKLE is synthesized by VSM cells,
      not deposited from plasma. Furthermore, VSM cells synthesize kininogen and
      bradykininase(s), the other key elements of the glandular kallikrein-kinin
      system. Thus it is possible that the system functions as an autocoid mechanism
      that regulates local vascular tone.

PMID- 2298925
TI  - Glutamic-acid-decarboxylase-and parvalbumin-like-immunoreactive structures in the
      olfactory bulb of the human adult.
AB  - This study examines the distribution and morphological characteristics of
      glutamic-acid-decarboxylase-like (GAD)- and parvalbumin-like (PA)-immunoreactive
      structures in the olfactory bulb of the human adult. GAD-immunoreactive somata
      occurred in the glomerular layer, the external granule cell layer, the more
      superficial portion of the external plexiform layer, and the internal granule
      cell layer. The cells were small- to medium-sized. Demonstration of lipofuscin
      pigment revealed the presence of unpigmented as well as pigmented neurons, thus
      suggesting the existence of two subpopulations of GAD-positive neurons. GAD
      immunoreactive puncta and/or fibers were mainly seen in the periglomerular region
      and the internal granule cell layer. All other layers of the bulb, as well as the
      intrabulbar portion of the anterior olfactory nucleus, displayed considerably
      less of these puncta and/or fibers. The olfactory nerve layer remained
      practically clear of immunoreactive material. PA-immunoreactive somata occurred
      in the glomerular layer and both the external and internal granule cell layer.
      Only a small number of immunoreactive nerve cells were encountered within the
      white matter or the olfactory tract. Most PA-positive neurons displayed
      characteristics of short axon cells whereas a few others resembled van Gehuchten
      cells. All of the PA-immunoreactive neurons were devoid of lipofuscin pigment.
      Immunoreactive puncta and fibers were present in all layers though predominating
      in the periglomerular region, the olfactory nerve layer, and the internal granule
      cell layer. The intrabulbar portions of the anterior olfactory nucleus did not
      show any immunoreactive structures.

PMID- 2298926
TI  - Tectal connectivity in the frog Rana pipiens: tectotegmental projections and a
      general analysis of topographic organization.
AB  - Recent studies of visually elicited orienting in the frog Rana pipiens suggest
      that tectofugal signals important in this behavior relay in the midbrain
      tegmentum before descending to the spinal cord. They also suggest that the high
      degree of topographic organization displayed by the retinotectal projection may
      be less characteristic of other tectal afferent and efferent pathways. To explore
      these possibilities, we have studied patterns of retrograde and anterograde
      labelling following multiple and single injections of horseradish peroxidase into
      the tectum. We have found that the midbrain tegmentum is a major terminal zone
      for tectal efferent projections. Our material also provided a description of the
      boundaries of other structures which project to and receive input from the
      tectum. With this background, we studied topographic organization by analyzing
      for each structure the distribution of labelling following multiple injections,
      and comparing it with the label distribution following single injections at
      tectal loci with known visual field input. Multiple injections produced patchy
      anterograde and retrograde labelling in the nucleus isthmi, with the number of
      patches corresponding to the number of tectal sites injected. Single injections
      produced labelling in restricted regions of the nucleus isthmi, the location of
      which varied systematically with the location of the tectal injection site. In
      all other structures studied, labelling was more evenly distributed following
      multiple injections. In none of these structures could we detect systematic
      variations in the location of labelling associated with variations in the
      location of single tectal injection sites, and the labelling following single
      injections was frequently coextensive with that following multiple injections. We
      also found no evidence that there exist structures which project to or receive
      input from particular tectal regions and not others. We conclude that there exist
      adequate neuroanatomical substrates for a tectotegmentospinal pathway believed to
      be important for visually elicited orienting in the frog. We also conclude that a
      high degree of topographic organization is more the exception than the rule in
      considering tectal connections generally in the frog. Topographic organization
      was readily apparent in connections related to the nucleus isthmi but not in
      connections related to any other nonretinal structure.

PMID- 2298927
TI  - Maturation of the corpus callosum of the rat: I. Influence of thyroid hormones on
      the topography of callosal projections.
AB  - The normal adult rat corpus callosum contains numerous axonal profiles that are
      immunoreactive for the high molecular weight subunit of the neurofilament triplet
      (NF-H). NF-H immunoreactivity develops gradually during the first 2 postnatal
      weeks. The expression of NF-H immunoreactivity is almost completely suppressed in
      rats rendered hypothyroid by neonatal treatment with propylthiouracil. To ensure
      that the cytoskeletal deficit was due to a shortage of thyroid hormones rather
      than to unspecific, toxic effects of propylthiouracil, hypothyroid animals kept
      on the propylthiouracil diet were given restorative thyroxine injections daily.
      Such animals express NF-H at normal levels. This suggests that the callosal axons
      may be arrested at an immature stage of development. The immaturity of the
      hypothyroid corpus callosum can also be revealed by a comparison of the myelin
      content in the corpus callosum between normal rats, hypothyroid rats, and
      hypothyroid rats under thyroxine therapy. Hypothyroid rats are severely deficient
      in myelin, and again this deficit can be corrected by postnatal thyroxine
      treatment. During normal callosal development, there is a progressive spatial
      restriction of the transcallosal projection that creates in the adult patches of
      callosally projecting cortex interposed by acallosal regions. Given the
      structural immaturity of the hypothyroid callosal axons, it was interesting to
      investigate the state of development of their topography. For this purpose,
      multiple injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made
      into the occipital and parietal cortices of adult hypothyroid animals. In normal
      rats, the majority of visual callosally projecting cells are located in three
      groups--in area 18b, at the boundary of area 17 and 18a, and in the lateral
      portion of area 18a. Within these areas projecting cells are concentrated in
      layers II-III, Va, and Vc-VIa. The callosal axon terminals are concentrated in
      these same regions, with a laminar distribution as far as the somata plus layer
      I. In the midportion of areas 17 and 18a, fewer callosal cells are found, and
      they occupy mainly layers Vc-VIa, as in the case for terminals in these same
      areas. In the parietal cortex, callosal cells and terminals are disposed in
      vertical arrays alternating with almost empty zones. Most are concentrated in
      layers III and V. The topography of the callosal axon terminal fields is
      unaffected by hypothyroidism. However, there is a dramatic redistribution of the
      callosally projecting cell somata.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2298928
TI  - Maturation of the corpus callosum of the rat: II. Influence of thyroid hormones
      on the number and maturation of axons.
AB  - Quantitative electron microscopy has been used to study the number of callosal
      axons in the corpus callosum of normal and hypothyroid rats during postnatal
      development. At birth, the normal corpus callosum contains 4.4 x 10(6) axons.
      This number increases to 11.4 x 10(6) by 5 days of age (P5) and then, in contrast
      to cats and primates, remains constant until at least P60, the oldest age
      examined. The number of axons in the corpus callosum of hypothyroid animals is
      not significantly different from the values observed in normal rats at all ages
      studied, although the callosal axons of hypothyroid rats remain structurally
      immature. As extensive elimination of callosal axons has been shown to occur in
      normal rats past P5, we conclude that new callosal processes grow through the
      corpus callosum past this age that compensate numerically for the loss. Moreover,
      as the number of callosally projecting neurons seems to be higher in hypothyroid
      rats than in normal controls, it seems that the constant axon number derives from
      more parent neurons, and thus that there are more axon collaterals per callosal
      neuron in a normal animal than in a hypothyroid one. Taken together, these data
      indicate that although hypothyroidism does not alter the total number of
      callosally projecting axons, it interferes with the normal processes that define
      or sculpt the projection fields, thereby leading to a numerically normal
      projection with abnormal topography.

PMID- 2298929
TI  - Intrinsic circuitry: synapses involving the local axon collaterals of
      corticocortical projection neurons in the mouse primary somatosensory cortex.
AB  - Pyramidal neurons in the mouse SmI cortex were labeled by the retrograde
      transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the ipsilateral MsI
      cortex. Terminals of the local axon collaterals of these neurons (CC terminals)
      were identified in SmI, and their distribution and synaptic connectivity were
      examined. To avoid confusion, terminals in SmI cortex labeled by the anterograde
      transport of HRP injected into MsI were eliminated by lesion-induced
      degeneration. Lesions of MsI were made 24 hours after the injection of HRP;
      postlesion survival time was 4 days. Most CC axon terminals occurred in layers
      III and V where they formed asymmetrical synapses. Of 139 CC synapses in layer
      III and 104 in layer V, approximately 13% were formed with dendritic shafts.
      Reconstruction of 19 of these dendrites from serial thin sections showed them to
      originate from both spiny and nonspiny neurons. Most synapses of CC terminals
      (about 87%) were onto dendritic spines. In contrast, White and Keller (1987)
      demonstrated that terminals belonging to the local axon collaterals of
      corticothalamic (CT) projection cells synapse mainly with dendritic shafts of
      nonspiny neurons: 92% onto shafts, the remainder onto spines. The distribution of
      asymmetical synapses onto spines and dendritic shafts was analyzed for neuropil
      in layers III, IV, and V. Depending on the layer, from 34 to 46% of the
      asymmetrical synapses in the neuropil were onto dendritic shafts. Results showing
      that CC and CT terminals form proportions of axodendritic vs. axospinous synapses
      that differ from each other, and from the neuropil, indicate that local axon
      collaterals are highly selective with regard to their postsynaptic elements.

PMID- 2298930
TI  - Embryonic development of four different subsets of cholinergic neurons in rat
      cervical spinal cord.
AB  - The developmental stage at which a neuron becomes committed to a neurotransmitter
      phenotype is an important time in its ontogenetic history. The present study
      examines when choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is first detected within each of
      four different subsets of cholinergic neurons previously identified in the
      cervical enlargement of the spinal cord: namely, motor neurons, partition cells,
      central canal cluster cells, and dorsal horn neurons. By examining the temporal
      sequence of embryonic development of these cholinergic neurons, we can infer the
      relationships between ChAT expression and other important developmental events.
      ChAT was first detected reliably on embryonic day 13 (E13) by both biochemical
      and immunocytochemical methods, and it was localized predominantly within motor
      neurons. A second group of primitive-appearing ChAT-positive cells was detected
      adjacent to the ventricular zone on E14. These neurons seemed to disperse
      laterally into the intermediate zone by E15, and, on the basis of their location,
      were tentatively identified as partition cells. A third group of primitive ChAT
      immunoreactive cells was detected on E16, both within and around the ventral half
      of the ventricular zone. By E17, some members of this "U"-shaped group appeared
      to have dispersed dorsally and laterally, probably giving rise to dorsal horn
      neurons as well as dorsal central canal cluster cells. Other members of this
      group remained near the ventral ventricular zone, most likely differentiating
      into ventral central canal cluster cells. Combined findings from the present
      study and a previous investigation of neurogenesis (Phelps et al.: J. Comp.
      Neurol. 273:459-472, '88), suggest that premitotic precursor cells have not yet
      acquired the cholinergic phenotype because ChAT is not detectable until after the
      onset of neuronal generation for each of the respective subsets of cholinergic
      neurons. However, ChAT is expressed in primitive bipolar neurons located within
      or adjacent to the germinal epithelium. Transitional stages of embryonic
      development suggest that these primitive ChAT-positive cells migrate to different
      locations within the intermediate zone to differentiate into the various subsets
      of mature cholinergic neurons. Therefore, it seems likely that spinal cholinergic
      neurons are committed to the cholinergic phenotype at pre- or early migratory
      stages of their development. Our results also hint that the subsets of
      cholinergic cells may follow different migration routes. For example, presumptive
      partition cells may use radial glial processes for guidance, whereas dorsal horn
      neurons may migrate along nerve fibers of the commissural pathway. Cell-cell
      interactions along such diverse migratory pathways could play a role in
      determining the different morphological, and presumably functional, phenotypes
      expressed by spinal cholinergic neurons.

PMID- 2298931
TI  - Early differentiation of ganglion, amacrine, bipolar, and Muller cells in the
      developing fovea of human retina.
AB  - We examined the differentiation and maturation of neurons and glia of the inner
      nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) in the retina of a human fetus
      of 15 weeks gestation. Serial, ultrathin sections were cut from a resin-embedded
      specimen from the posterior pole of the retina. The region of the putative fovea
      was defined by the absence of rod photoreceptors from the outer nuclear layer;
      only sections through the putative fovea were studied. Cell somata were
      classified on the basis of morphological criteria and, through the analysis of
      serial sections, morphological characteristics of the cell processes were
      established. In the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the types of synapses were
      analysed. The majority of cells in the INL and GCL were differentiated and could
      be identified. Ganglion cell somata were observed in the GCL and INL. Of 186
      somata analysed in the INL, 66 were Muller cells, 21 amacrine cells, and 2
      ganglion cells; a further 7 cells were classified as either amacrine or ganglion.
      Bipolar cells were thought to comprise the majority of the remaining 90 somata,
      but these could not be positively identified, as it was not possible to trace
      bipolar cell axons to their cell bodies deep in the INL. A detailed description
      of the morphological characteristics of the identified cells and their processes,
      and of the axonal processes of bipolar cells, is provided. Puncta adherentia and
      other simple intercellular junctions were commonly seen in the IPL and involved
      all cell types. Amacrine cell synapses and immature, monad bipolar cell synapses
      were common within the IPL. Dyad bipolar synapses were uncommon at this stage of
      development. A possible sequence of synaptogenesis in the IPL is discussed.

PMID- 2298932
TI  - Synaptic morphometry and synapse-to-neuron ratios in the superior colliculus of
      albino rats.
AB  - The superior colliculus of mammals is generally divided into seven layers on the
      basis of the distribution of myelinated fibers, which are densely packed in
      layers III, V, and VII but sparse in the other layers. The laminar distribution
      of afferents and efferents allows, in addition, for the distinction of a
      superficial visual zone (layers I-III) and a deeper multimodal and premotor zone
      (layers IV-VII). Collicular neurons, however, do not show a lamination pattern,
      but are rather homogeneously distributed with only gradual transitions (Albers et
      al.: J. Comp. Neurol. 274:357-370, '88). The present study analyses whether the
      distribution of collicular synapses is correlated with the laminar organization
      of collicular axons or rather with the more homogeneous distribution of
      collicular neurons. For this purpose, the size and density of synaptic terminals
      and contacts as well as synapse-to-neuron ratios were determined in all
      collicular layers of albino rats by means of quantitative analysis of electron
      microscopic pictures. The size of presynaptic terminals and contacts does not
      differ significantly between individual collicular layers. On average,
      presynaptic terminal diameter is 1,079 nm, and synaptic contact size 338 nm,
      while 23% of all contacts are of the symmetrical type with pleiomorphic vesicles.
      The average numerical synaptic density is 422 million per mm3. This value is
      significantly higher in layers I and II (on average 670 million per mm3) than in
      layers III-VII (on average 370 million per mm3). The synapse-to-neuron (S/N)
      ratios calculated show that collicular neurons have on average 6,120 synaptic
      contacts on their receptive surface. The S/N ratio is lowest in layer III
      (4,330), while this ratio is highest in layers I and VII (i.e., 8,970 and 8,560
      respectively). Layer II has a significantly higher S/N ratio than layer III
      (i.e., 8,060 and 4,330, respectively). Our results show that the size of synaptic
      terminals and contacts is not correlated with the different connectivity patterns
      of the distinct collicular layers. However, the density of synapses as well as
      the synapse-to-neuron ratios show a certain degree of laminar differentiation. In
      particular the superficial visual zone appears to be inhomogeneous in this
      respect, since layers I and II have a significantly higher density of synapses
      and higher S/N ratios than layer III. The deeper collicular zone is more
      homogeneously organized with synaptic densities similar to that of layer III and
      gradually increasing synapse-to-neuron ratios from layer IV to layer VII.

PMID- 2298933
TI  - Local intra- and interlaminar connections in mouse barrel cortex.
AB  - Focal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were
      targeted into mouse somatosensory cortex, in vitro, with a template. Injections
      were made at different depths and in different locations in the whisker-barrel
      defined somatosensory map in order to determine quantitative connectivity
      patterns within and between barrel-defined cortical columns. Cortices were
      sectioned in a plane parallel to the pia at 75 microns. Data were collected
      directly from microscope slides by computer. Data are presented as: 1) Plots of
      computer-mapped HRP reaction product density in neurons and cell locations for
      each section in relation to barrel boundaries; 2) histograms of label in cortical
      layers related to individual barrel-defined columns; 3) polar plots of relative
      amounts of label within individual barrel columns in sections through each barrel
      column; 4) vectors which represent HRP reaction product density as a function of
      direction and distance from the injection site; 5) statistical analysis of the
      shape of the label distribution pattern in the plane of the cortex as a function
      of injection site depth; and 6) probability of labeling of any other barrel
      column given a labeled barrel column. The principal findings are: 1) The pattern
      of label distribution, after an injection directly above or directly below an
      individual barrel, is hour-glass shaped with the waist of the hour-glass in layer
      IV. 2) Connections within barrel cortex are asymmetrical. Barrel-related columns
      within a row are more strongly interconnected than those in different rows. 3)
      Connections of the small barrels associated with whiskers on the upper lip are
      strongest with other small barrels, but strong connections also exist between
      these small barrels and the larger barrels. 4) The pattern of intracortical
      connections in SII is not asymmetrical; interlaminar connections in SII are
      fundamentally different from those in barrel cortex. 5) Quantitative
      intracortical projection patterns are highly consistent with functional data on
      intracortical processing of whisker information. As such, the quantitative data
      clearly indicate the spatial extent and relative magnitude of populations of
      neurons involved in intracortical processing of sensory information. The spatial
      arrangements of these intracortical connections, in conjunction with known
      developmental events, make it highly likely that the distribution of
      intracortical axons in mouse barrel cortex is sculpted in part by experience.

PMID- 2298935
TI  - GABA-ergic and glycinergic pathways in the inner plexiform layer of the goldfish
      retina.
AB  - GABA-ergic and glycinergic circuitry in the inner plexiform layer of the goldfish
      retina was evaluated by electron microscopic autoradiography of 3H-GABA and 3H
      glycine uptake, combined with retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling of
      ganglion cells. GABA-ergic and glycinergic synapses were found on labeled
      ganglion cells throughout the inner plexiform layer. This reinforces the idea
      that physiological evidence of GABA-ergic and glycinergic influence on a variety
      of ganglion cells in goldfish and carp often reflects direct inputs. Double
      labeled synapses are presented as evidence of direct type Ab amacrine cell input
      to on-center ganglion cells. At least one population of type Aa sustained-off
      GABA-ergic amacrine cell is proposed, on the basis of profuse GABA-ergic inputs
      onto bipolar cells in sublamina a. Similar GABA-labeled profiles are shown to
      synapse onto HRP-labeled probable off-center ganglion cells. Thus GABA-ergic
      amacrine cells not only provide the predominant feedback to depolarizing (on
      center) and hyperpolarizing (off-center) bipolar cells but also provide feed
      forward inputs to on- and off-center ganglion cells. Large-caliber GABA-ergic
      dendrites present in both sublaminae a and b resemble those expected of a
      previously described bistratified, transient amacrine cell. These processes
      synapse onto HRP-labeled ganglion cell profiles in both sublaminae. Two
      morphologies of glycinergic amacrine cell are proposed on the basis of light
      microscopic autoradiography, 1) the previously described small pyriform cell and
      2) a multipolar cell. The differential connectivity of the glycinergic neurons
      described, however, remains indistinguishable. Whereas abundant glycinergic
      inputs to ganglion cells occur throughout the inner plexiform layer, contacts
      between glycinergic profiles and bipolar cells are extremely rare. Therefore,
      interpreting the meaning of glycinergic input to ganglion cells will require
      further study of amacrine cell circuitry.

PMID- 2298934
TI  - Morphology of antennal motoneurons in the brains of two crickets, Gryllus
      bimaculatus and Gryllus campestris.
AB  - The morphology of the antennal muscles of two cricket species, Gryllus campestris
      and G. bimaculatus, and their innervation are described. The motoneurons
      innervating the five tentorio-scapal muscles M4 and M5 and the two scapo
      pedicellar muscles M6 and M7 were stained with cobalt chloride introduced via the
      cut axonal endings in the muscle. The seven antennal muscles are innervated by a
      total of 17 excitatory motoneurons and one common inhibitory neuron. These
      neurons branch in the dorsal neuropil of the deuto- and tritocerebrum. No
      difference in the morphology of the motoneurons between the two species was
      evident. Two dorsal-unpaired-medial (DUM) neurons located in the suboesophageal
      ganglion also innervate the antennal muscles. Intracellular recordings of some
      motoneurons combined with Lucifer Yellow injections corroborated the motoneuron
      morphology obtained by cobalt backfilling from the muscles. The recordings showed
      that the motoneurons are either of the fast or the slow type.

PMID- 2298936
TI  - Characterization and partial purification of different factors with contraction
      potentiating activities from neurohaemal organs of the locust.
AB  - Phe-Met-Arg-Phe (FMRF-NH2) and structurally related peptides enhance
      neuromuscular transmission and contraction of the M. extensor tibiae preparations
      of the locusts Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria (Walther et al.:
      Neurosci. Lett. 45:99-104, '84). Similar effects could also be obtained with
      extracts of locust ganglia (Walther and Schiebe: Neurosci. Lett. 77:209-214,
      '87). By using two HPLC systems, we have partially purified extracts of the
      unpaired median nerves (including their neurohaemal organs) of different locust
      ganglia. The biological activity of the extracts served as an estimate for the
      degree of purification. Six different bioactive fractions were identified
      migrating at and close to retention times of known -RFamide peptides with similar
      bioactivity. No fraction coeluted with authentic FMRF-NH2 or FLRF-NH2. We
      demonstrate that extensor tibiae muscle contractions were potentiated by HPLC
      fractions from raw material with -RF-NH2 immunoreactivity, but also by HPLC
      fractions from raw material without such immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2298937
TI  - Cells of origin of the spinohypothalamic tract in the rat.
AB  - We recently demonstrated that large numbers of neurons in the spinal cord of rats
      project directly to the hypothalamus. In the present study, we used the
      retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) to examine this projection more completely. In
      the first series of studies, we attempted to label the entire population of
      spinal cord neurons that project to the hypothalamus. Injections that virtually
      filled the hypothalamus on one side without spreading into any other diencephalic
      area labeled a large number of neurons (estimated to be more than 9,000 in the
      case with the most neurons labeled) bilaterally at all levels of the spinal cord.
      Approximately 60% of the labeled neurons were contralateral to the injection. The
      greatest number of labeled neurons was found within the deep dorsal horn. Many
      were also found within the lateral spinal nucleus, the superficial dorsal horn,
      and the gray matter surrounding the central canal. A small number of labeled
      cells was located in the intermediate zone and ventral horn of the spinal gray
      matter. Labeled neurons were distributed bilaterally within the sacral
      parasympathetic nucleus and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Injections of FG
      restricted to the medial hypothalamus labeled neurons within the spinal cord in a
      distribution similar to that produced by injections that filled the hypothalamus.
      However, fewer neurons were labeled in the spinal cord (estimated to be more than
      6,200) and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Injections of FG restricted to the
      lateral hypothalamus also labeled fewer neurons (approximately 3,300) than did
      injections that filled the hypothalamus. In these cases, also, the pattern of
      labeled neurons within the spinal cord was similar to that produced by injections
      within either medial or both medial and lateral hypothalamus. However, few
      neurons were labeled in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus following injections
      into the lateral hypothalamus. These findings show the distribution of a large
      number of spinal cord neurons that project directly to medial or lateral
      hypothalamic regions that are involved in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and
      emotional responses to somatosensory stimulation, including painful stimuli.

PMID- 2298938
TI  - Distribution of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the
      presumptive aganglionic terminal bowel of ls/ls fetal mice: an ultrastructural
      analysis.
AB  - The terminal colon of the ls/ls mouse is aganglionic because an intrinsic defect
      prevents its colonization by cells migrating from the neural crest. Previous
      studies showed that laminin, type IV collagen, and glycosaminoglycans accumulate
      in the region of the presumptive aganglionic ls/ls bowel through which crest
      derived cells would be expected to migrate. It was suggested that crest-derived
      cells might fail to enter the abnormal bowel because they receive inappropriate
      signals from a defective extracellular matrix. This hypothesis was evaluated by
      analyzing the ultrastructure of the extracellular matrix in mutant and control
      gut. Tissue was fixed in the presence of ruthenium red before or after selective
      enzymatic digestion. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (diameter approximately equal
      to 15 nm) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (diameter approximately equal to
      20-50 nm) granules were found in both control and presumptive aganglionic gut.
      The heparan sulfate proteoglycan granules were primarily located within formed
      basal laminae, while chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan granules decorated plasma
      membranes and 5 nm hyaluronic acid microfibrils that formed a network in the
      extracellular matrix. At day E11.5, the mutant gut differed from the control in
      the following: 1) Hyaluronic acid microfibrils were longer and more numerous. 2)
      There were larger numbers of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan granules associated
      with cell membranes and with hyaluronic acid microfibrils. By day E13 the spaces
      between mesenchymal cells of the outer wall of the control bowel contained a
      regular lattice of hyaluronic acid microfibrils studded with chondroitin sulfate
      proteoglycan granules. Instead of this lattice, tangles of excessively long
      hyaluronic acid microfibrils, coated more heavily than in the control with
      chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan granules, were found in the presumptive
      aganglionic gut. These results confirm that the extracellular matrix is abnormal
      in the presumptive aganglionic bowel of the ls/ls mouse; moreover, they also
      indicate that the defect involves not one, but several components of the
      extracellular matrix, as well as their distribution. The defective extracellular
      matrix is apparent at a time when crest-derived cells would be expected to be
      migrating in the terminal bowel and is located in their path. The observations
      thus support the idea that a localized abnormality of the extracellular matrix
      interferes with the colonization of the terminal bowel by crest-derived cells in
      the ls/ls mouse.

PMID- 2298939
TI  - GABA-ergic neurons in the crayfish nervous system: an immunocytochemical census
      of the segmental ganglia and stomatogastric system.
AB  - We used an antiserum directed against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) fixed with
      glutaraldehyde (Hoskins et al., Cell Tissue Res. 244:243-252, '86) to label
      neurons with GABA-like immunoreactivity (GLI) in wholemounts of the
      stomatogastric ganglion and each segmental ganglion of crayfish, except the
      brain. Each abdominal ganglion had an average of 63 labeled neurons, or 10% of
      all their neurons. Each peripheral nerve of each abdominal ganglion except the
      last contained labeled axons. Within each segment, the first peripheral nerve,
      N1, had five axons; the second peripheral nerve, N2, had at most four; and the
      third peripheral nerve, N3, had two. In the last ganglion, N2 had one labeled
      axon, N3 had two and N6 had two; the other nerves contained no labeled axons. A
      tabulation of the identified inhibitory neurons in the abdominal ganglia revealed
      that 40% of these GABA-ergic neurons have been identified. The subesophageal
      ganglion had many labeled neurons in clusters that formed a repeating pattern; it
      also had labeled neurons near its dorsal midline. The thoracic ganglia contained
      more labeled neurons than did the abdominals, but their patterns of labeling were
      similar. The commissural ganglia contained three clusters of labeled neurons and
      sent labeled axons to the esophageal ganglion. The esophageal ganglion contained
      four labeled neurons and many labeled axons. The stomatogastric ganglion
      contained labeled axon terminals but not labeled neurons.

PMID- 2298940
TI  - Altered responses to cutaneous stimuli in the second somatosensory cortex
      following lesions of the postcentral gyrus in infant and juvenile macaques.
AB  - Infant macaques recover tactile abilities better than older animals after
      somatosensory cortical lesions. To investigate the neural basis of this
      phenomenon, we ablated the hand representation in primary somatosensory cortex
      (SI) of infant and juvenile Macaca mulatta and recorded in ipsilateral second
      somatosensory cortex (SII) a year later. We also made tracer injections to verify
      the lesion boundaries and to study the connections of SII after the lesion of SI.
      Similar to the report of Pons et al. (Science 237:417-420, '87), we found that
      substantial portions of the SII hand area were unresponsive to cutaneous
      stimulation of the hand in both age groups. Particularly, there were no cutaneous
      receptive fields restricted to the digits. Some responses were elicited in each
      animal by mechanical stimulation of the hand, including a proportion related to
      cutaneous receptive fields. This proportion was higher in the infants than in the
      juveniles, which may explain the greater capacity of the infants for recovery of
      tactile function after SI lesions. The residual somatic drive in the SII hand
      area of the juveniles was attributable to sparing of parts of areas 3a and 3b.
      However, in the infants, this explanation was not tenable since the responses
      noted in SII occurred even after total ablations of the postcentral gyrus. The
      pattern of corticocortical connections revealed by injections of HRP into the
      medial margin of the SI lesion and of Fast Blue into SII in one infant confirmed
      the absence of SI inputs to the region of SII where responses were recorded from
      the hand. Representations of body parts other than the hand were normally
      responsive, and their location was consistent with normal somatotopy in SII.

PMID- 2298941
TI  - Olivocerebellar fiber maturation in normal and lurcher mutant mice: defective
      development in lurcher.
AB  - Olivocerebellar fiber maturation was examined in normal and lurcher mutant mice
      between postnatal day 5 (P5) and P15, using the anterograde transport of wheat
      germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) from the inferior olive.
      Immunocytochemistry for the Purkinje cell marker PEP-19 was used to demonstrate
      Purkinje cell development in the same material. In mutant and normal animals, a
      regional developmental variation is observed such that, when compared at a given
      age, cortex lining the vermal fissures appears developmentally advanced over
      cortex in the cerebellar hemispheres. In the primary fissure of the normal
      animals, the first recognizable Purkinje cell dendrites appear on P6, and the
      olivocerebellar fibers first enter the climbing stage of their development on P9.
      In lurcher animals Purkinje cell development proceeds on this schedule, but
      olivocerebellar fibers are never observed to enter the molecular layer. These
      afferents maintain dense perisomatic nests around Purkinje cells, even in P13-15
      lurchers. Examination of P14 lurchers by transmission electron microscopy
      indicates that the olivocerebellar fibers form synapses on Purkinje cell somatic
      spines and that the basket cell axons fail to form their typical perisomal nests
      around Purkinje cells. In addition, parallel fibers can be observed to synapse on
      dendritic spines on the Purkinje cell primary dendrites. We interpret these
      results as indicating a recognition defect between olivocerebellar fibers and
      Purkinje cell dendrites. An analysis of this defect in lurcher may reveal how the
      normal transformation of olivocerebellar fibers, from perisomal to dendritic
      terminals, is achieved.

PMID- 2298942
TI  - Organization and postnatal development of zebrin II antigenic compartmentation in
      the cerebellar vermis of the grey opossum, Monodelphis domestica.
AB  - The mammalian cerebellar cortex consists of a number of parasagittal Purkinje
      cell compartments that can be demonstrated cytochemically. The afferent inputs to
      the cerebellum are also compartmentalized, and a complex but reproducible
      relationship exists between the afferents and the intrinsic maps. Developmental
      studies in the rat have shown that many of the main features of compartmentation
      are already established at birth, and are therefore not easily manipulated
      experimentally. The compartmentation antigen zebrin II is expressed selectively
      by Purkinje cell subsets in a range of species, including fish and primates. In
      this study, zebrin II immunoreactivity has been studied in the grey opossum,
      Monodelphis domestica, in order to develop a marsupial model of compartment
      formation in which the early developmental events are more readily accessible. A
      monoclonal antibody to zebrin II from the weakly electric fish Apteronotus
      recognizes a 36 kD polypeptide in homogenates of Monodelphis cerebellum that
      appears to be identical to the antigen in the rat. Immunocytochemistry reveals
      that zebrin II in adult Monodelphis is confined exclusively to the cerebellum,
      where it is expressed by a subset of Purkinje cells. All regions of the cell,
      except the nucleus, are stained. The zebrin II+ Purkinje cells are arranged in a
      set of parasagittal compartments interposed by similar zebrin II- compartments.
      In each hemicerebellum there is one zebrin II+ band abutting the midline (P1+),
      and two others laterally in the vermis (P2+, P3+). A fourth zebrin II+
      compartment straddles the paravermian region (P4+). Three other compartments have
      been identified in the hemisphere (P5+, P6+, P7+). This arrangement is very
      similar to that found in the rat. During postnatal development, zebrin II is
      first expressed between P14 and P21 in Purkinje cells of the posterior lobe
      vermis, and spreads throughout the cerebellar cortex by P28. As in rat, there is
      a stage at which all Purkinje cells are zebrin II+, including those destined to
      be zebrin II- in the adult. The mature pattern of expression emerges after P35 as
      immunoreactivity gradually disappears from the cells destined to become zebrin II
      . The adult appearance is attained only after P56. The developmental timetable is
      therefore similar to that in rat, but is rather more protracted. Monodelphis
      should prove to be a valuable experimental model in which to study the early
      events leading to the formation of cerebellar compartments.

PMID- 2298944
TI  - Immunocytological localization of the highly polysialylated form of the neural
      cell adhesion molecule during development of the murine cerebellar cortex.
AB  - The expression of the highly polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion
      molecule (N-CAM)--the so-called embryonic N-CAM (E-N-CAM)--was investigated in
      the developing and adult mouse cerebellar cortex by immunohistology and
      immunocytology at the light and electron microscopic levels. E-N-CAM was never
      (from embryonic day 14 to postnatal day 15) detectable in the germinal zone of
      neuroblasts destined to form or forming the external granular layer and was only
      observed once small cerebellar interneurons had become postmitotic before the
      beginning of granule cell migration. Granule cells expressed E-N-CAM on cell
      bodies, axons, and leading and trailing processes also during migration but
      ceased to reveal detectable levels of E-N-CAM at the end of migration after
      having reached their final position in the internal granular layer. Other
      cerebellar cell types, such as Purkinje cells, Bergmann glia, astrocytes,
      oligodendrocytes, and most prominently, stellate and basket cells, also expressed
      E-N-CAM, but became E-N-CAM-negative during the third and fourth postnatal weeks,
      coinciding with overt cessation of cerebellar histogenesis. Thus, except for
      neuroblasts, E-N-CAM appeared characteristic of growing and moving cellular
      structures, in agreement with the notion that the highly polysialylated form of N
      CAM is less adhesive than the adult form.

PMID- 2298943
TI  - Autoradiographic localization of progestin-concentrating cells in the brain of
      the zebra finch.
AB  - The production of song in passerine birds is under the control of steroid
      hormones, and brain regions involved in song production have been shown to
      contain androgen and/or estrogen receptors. Studies to date, however, have not
      considered the possible role of progestins in this behavior. As one approach to
      this question, the autoradiographic method was used to investigate the
      distribution of progestin-concentrating cells in the brain of the adult male
      zebra finch (Poephila guttata) after injection of the radiolabeled synthetic
      progestin [17 alpha-methyl-3H]-promegestone. In the telencephalon, identifiable
      groups of progestin-accumulating cells were found in the hyperstriatum dorsale,
      at the medial edge of the lobus parolfactorius, and in the medial septum. In the
      diencephalon, labeled groups of cells were found in the preoptic area, through
      much of the medial hypothalamus--including nucleus periventricularis
      magnocellularis, nucleus medialis hypothalami posterialis, and area
      infundibularis--and in the medial spiriform nucleus and dorsomedial thalamus. In
      the myelencephalon, labeled cells are described at the dorsal edge of the medulla
      and scattered lateral to nXII. These findings offer no support for the hypothesis
      that progestin acts on any of the known song regions, but do suggest areas of
      progestin action in the avian central nervous system outside of the known song
      system. Not surprisingly, these include many areas of the medial hypothalamus and
      other midline structures.

PMID- 2298945
TI  - Morphology of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons in the cat olfactory bulb and
      olfactory peduncle: postnatal development and species comparison.
AB  - The distribution and morphology of Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive (NPY-ir) neurons
      in the olfactory bulb and the olfactory peduncle was studied in the adult cat and
      rat, and the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus. Significant species differences
      were not observed. In all three species, the population of NPY-ir neurons is
      localized in the white matter extending from the main olfactory bulb to the
      border of the striatum. The neurons are characterized by a conspicuously looping
      axonal ramification pattern with some major collaterals running toward the
      olfactory bulb and others running toward the internal olfactory tract. The
      former, ipsilateral projection terminates in the granule cell layer of the main
      and accessory olfactory bulb and in layer II/III of the anterior olfactory
      nucleus. Reconstruction of the latter projection has revealed that the fibers are
      continuous with the olfactory limb of the anterior commissure and the anterior
      commissure proper suggesting a commissural contralateral projection. The analysis
      of the postnatal development of the cat NPY neuron system supports this
      assumption in a very clear-cut way. In young animals growing fibers are observed
      to cross the brachium of the commissure. The NPY neuron system develops
      postnatally. The maximum cell number is reached during the third postnatal week.
      The appearance of more and more NPY-ir neurons slightly precedes the formation of
      the terminal fields and of the fiber projection in the internal olfactory tract.
      The density of this early fiber projection by far exceeds the fiber density
      observed in the adult. Later in development the fiber density in the olfactory
      limb and the anterior commissure becomes considerably reduced. In contrast, the
      plexus density in the anterior olfactory nucleus and the granule cell layer of
      the main and accessory olfactory bulb undergoes only a slight reduction, and the
      NPY-ir cell number remains roughly constant. These observations suggest that the
      ipsilateral NPY-ir projection remains largely unchanged, in contrast to the
      contralateral projection, which exists to a large extent only for the first four
      postnatal months. The observation that the NPY neuron system gives rise to a
      contralateral projection does not support a classification of NPY neurons as
      short axon cells.

PMID- 2298946
TI  - Prospective study of vulvar nevi.
AB  - We report the results of a year-long prospective study to approximate the
      prevalence of pigmented lesions of the vulva in a gynecology practice. A total of
      301 new patients were screened during their routine gynecologic examination.
      Thirty-one (10.3%) had pigmented lesions in the vulvar region, and an additional
      six (2%) had diffuse hyperpigmentation. Only seven patients (2.3%) had vulvar
      nevocytic nevi.

PMID- 2298947
TI  - Atypical mole syndrome.

PMID- 2298948
TI  - Interaction of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives.

PMID- 2298949
TI  - The Koebner phenomenon in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

PMID- 2298950
TI  - Placebo-controlled study of psoriasis patients treated topically with a 10%
      cyclosporine gel.

PMID- 2298951
TI  - Lymphoplasmocytoid lymphoma arising in herpes zoster scars.

PMID- 2298952
TI  - Hereditary multiple exostoses: report of a case presenting with proximal nail
      fold and nail swelling.

PMID- 2298953
TI  - Cutaneous cladosporiosis as a complication of skin testing in a man positive for
      human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2298954
TI  - Treatment of a capillary hemangioma with the flashlamp pumped-dye laser.

PMID- 2298955
TI  - Local anesthesia in dermatologic surgery.

PMID- 2298956
TI  - Response to "Histiocytic Cytophagic Panniculitis".

PMID- 2298957
TI  - Rheumatoid papule, cutaneous extravascular necrotizing granuloma, and Churg
      Strauss granuloma: are they the same entity?

PMID- 2298958
TI  - Zidovudine treatment of psoriasis associated with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.

PMID- 2298960
TI  - Response to use of the word colposcopic.

PMID- 2298959
TI  - Vinegar elucidation of warts.

PMID- 2298961
TI  - Reply to 'Treatment of Essential Telangiectasia': Use of Polidocanol.

PMID- 2298962
TI  - Skin involvement as the presenting sign of internal carcinoma. A retrospective
      study of 7316 cancer patients.
AB  - From tumor registry data of 7316 cancer patients, we found 367 cases (5.0%) with
      skin involvement. Skin involvement was present at the time of presentation in 92
      patients (1.3%), only 26 of whom had remote metastases. Skin involvement was the
      first sign of cancer in 59 patients (0.8%); 22 had direct extension of their
      tumor into the skin, 20 had local metastases, and 17 had distal metastases.
      Direct invasion was most common with breast cancer and second most common with
      oral cavity cancer. Local metastases were also most frequently caused by breast
      cancer but occurred in surgical scars in three women with pelvic cancer and in
      perianal abscesses in one patient with rectal carcinoma as well. Except for
      metastases from unknown primary sites, distant metastases were rare as presenting
      signs, and their origins were widely distributed. Our data show that internal
      cancer uncommonly presents with skin involvement. Nevertheless, an index of
      suspicion should be maintained and biopsy performed, particularly for nonhealing
      ulcers, persistent indurated erythema, and unexplained skin nodules.

PMID- 2298964
TI  - Postinflammatory elastolysis and cutis laxa. A case report.
AB  - One of the rarest forms of cutis laxa is postinflammatory elastolysis and cutis
      laxa, a disease previously reported only in children in Africa and South America.
      This disease is characterized by an urticarial or papular eruption followed by
      acute destruction of elastic tissue that results in atrophy and severe
      disfigurement. It is distinguished from anetoderma and acquired cutis laxa by its
      clinical features, its occurrence in young children, and its relatively benign
      course. This article describes the first case of postinflammatory elastolysis and
      cutis laxa reported in a white child from North America.

PMID- 2298963
TI  - Effect of plasmapheresis therapy on circulating levels of pemphigus antibodies.
AB  - We determined the circulating levels of pemphigus antibodies in 11 patients with
      pemphigus treated with plasmapheresis, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive
      drugs and in 11 patients treated with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs
      alone. Three weeks after hospitalization, the average titer of pemphigus
      antibodies had decreased from admission levels by 83% in patients treated with
      plasmapheresis but by only 18% in the other group (p less than 0.05). These
      results suggest that plasmapheresis, in conjunction with high doses of
      corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs, reduces circulating levels of
      pemphigus antibodies more rapidly than conventional therapy.

PMID- 2298965
TI  - Combined UVA-UVB versus UVB phototherapy for atopic dermatitis: a paired
      comparison study.
AB  - In a paired-comparison study 30 patients with atopic dermatitis underwent
      treatment with a combination of UVA and UVB radiation (UVAB) on one side of the
      body and UVB on the other. Treatment was administered three times a week for a
      maximum of 8 weeks. Each patient was evaluated with respect to eight effect
      variables. Statistically significant differences in favor of UVAB were observed
      for all analyzed variables, namely total score (p = 0.002), pruritus score (p =
      0.04), and overall evaluation score (p = 0.03). No statistically significant
      differences in healing rate were seen; 25 of 30 UVB-treated, and 26 of 30 UVAB
      treated, body halves healed or were considerably improved. Patient preference was
      overwhelmingly in favor of UVAB; 23 of 24 patients who completed an evaluation
      form preferred this treatment. Only 1 of 24 preferred UVB.

PMID- 2298966
TI  - Treatment of severe lichen planus with cyclosporine.
AB  - Two patients with severe chronic lichen planus were successfully treated with
      oral cyclosporine (6 mg/kg/day). A response was noted within 4 weeks, and
      complete clearing was achieved after 8 weeks of treatment. No significant adverse
      effect was noted. The patients have remained in remission 3 and 10 months after
      therapy, respectively. Clinical improvement was accompanied by significant
      reduction in the T cell infiltrate in the skin. Abnormal expression of
      keratinocyte intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which was present before
      therapy, became undetectable after 1 week of cyclosporine therapy, before any
      significant clinical and histologic change.

PMID- 2298967
TI  - Dysplastic melanocytic nevi and cutaneous melanoma: markers of increased melanoma
      risk for affected persons and blood relatives.
AB  - Dysplastic melanocytic nevi are potential precursors of cutaneous melanoma and
      markers of increased risk. This article presents representative case histories
      that illustrate the usefulness of careful follow-up of persons who have
      dysplastic melanocytic nevi or cutaneous melanoma, as well as examination of
      their blood relatives for the same lesions. Identification and periodic
      examination of such high-risk persons may result in the detection of melanoma in
      a curable phase. Our observations suggest that (1) dysplastic melanocytic nevi
      may aggregate in families of persons who have dysplastic melanocytic nevi or
      melanoma, even in the absence of a family history of dysplastic melanocytic nevi
      or melanoma and (2) formal genetic and natural history studies of persons who
      have dysplastic melanocytic nevi outside the familial melanoma setting are
      warranted.

PMID- 2298968
TI  - Therapeutic success of epidermal grafting in generalized vitiligo is limited by
      the Koebner phenomenon.
AB  - Eighteen patients with vitiligo (two with localized type, five with segmental
      type, and 11 with generalized type) were treated with an epidermal graft using
      the roof of a suction blister. In all patients with localized and segmental
      lesions and in seven with generalized lesions, successful repigmentation without
      scarring was observed at the grafted sites approximately 2 to 3 weeks after
      grafting, and a subsequent two- to threefold expansion of the pigmented area
      occurred within 3 to 4 months. On the other hand, no repigmentation could be
      achieved in four patients with generalized vitiligo in whom depigmentation (i.e.,
      the Koebner phenomenon) occurred at the donor sites. Our results suggest that the
      Koebner phenomenon occurs in an all-or-none pattern only in patients with
      generalized vitiligo. Thus, although epidermal grafting is a simple and useful
      method, successful repigmentation at the recipient sites depends on the selection
      of patients with localized lesions in whom the Koebner phenomenon does not
      develop.

PMID- 2298970
TI  - Small aorta: CT detection and clinical significance.
AB  - Small aortas were documented by CT in six patients, 16-34 years old. The diameter
      of these aortas measured at the level of 1 cm below the orifice of the superior
      mesenteric artery ranged from 10 to 12 mm, much smaller than the mean of 17 mm
      obtained from 20 subjects, 16-20 years old. Such small aortas are usually
      produced by vasoconstriction as a compensatory response to hypovolemic shock.

PMID- 2298971
TI  - CT manifestation of sternoclavicular pyarthrosis in patients with intravenous
      drug abuse.
AB  - The CT characteristics of three cases of sternoclavicular pyarthrosis are
      reported. These cases demonstrate the value of CT in the early detection of the
      septic sternoclavicular joint and the associated osteomyelitis. The role of CT in
      the follow-up evaluation and guided needle aspirations of these infectious
      processes is also discussed.

PMID- 2298969
TI  - Intralesional cyclosporine in the treatment of psoriasis. A clinical,
      immunologic, and pharmacokinetic study.
AB  - In a double-blind, vehicle-controlled study, all of six psoriatic plaques treated
      with intralesional cyclosporine administered three times weekly for 4 weeks
      showed complete clearing or incomplete but significant clearing in comparison
      with vehicle-treated plaques (p less than 0.01). Epidermal thickness decreased
      from 0.42 +/- 0.07 to 0.27 +/- 0.08 mm at 4 weeks (p less than 0.03). Biopsy
      specimens obtained on day 5, before any clinical improvement, revealed a
      significant reduction of epidermal DR+CD1- antigen-presenting cells, epidermal
      and dermal monocytes, and keratinocyte intercellular adhesion molecule-1
      expression. By day 5 the stratum corneum reverted to normal in the plaques
      receiving cyclosporine. Pain at the injection site was the major side effect.
      Steady-state blood cyclosporine levels ranged from 20 to 30 ng/ml during the
      first 12 hours after injection and became undetectable at 48 hours. These data
      suggest that cyclosporine improves the skin of patients with psoriasis by a local
      mechanism of action.

PMID- 2298972
TI  - Mechanical properties of trabecular bone from the proximal femur: a quantitative
      CT study.
AB  - We have investigated the relationships between trabecular bone compressive
      strength and elastic modulus and the directly measured apparent density and
      noninvasively measured CT equivalent mineral density for 49 cylindrical specimens
      harvested from fresh human proximal femora. Compressive strength demonstrated a
      high positive correlation with both densities, being proportional to the apparent
      density raised to the 1.8 power (R2 = 0.93) and equivalent mineral density to the
      1.5 power (R2 = 0.89). Similarly, the compressive modulus demonstrated a high
      correlation with both density measures, being proportional to the apparent
      density raised to the 1.4 power (R2 = 0.91) and CT equivalent mineral density to
      the 1.2 power (R2 = 0.90). Though variations in architecture and bone marrow fat
      were observed to influence trabecular properties, the data presented here
      demonstrate that apparent density, compressive strength, and elastic modulus can
      be determined accurately using single energy quantitative CT. We expect that the
      use of these noninvasive data will result in improved estimates of that component
      of hip fracture risk that is attributable to bone strength.

PMID- 2298974
TI  - Follow-up MR studies in Hallervorden-Spatz disease.
AB  - Follow-up magnetic resonance (MR) studies of a child affected by Hallervorden
      Spatz disease were performed over a period of 3 years. The hyperintense pallidi
      shown in the first examination changed to a mixed intensity target-like
      appearance. All the patterns observed in our patient have been described in the
      literature but in different subjects. Our data show these findings to be
      different manifestations of the same disease during its evolution.

PMID- 2298973
TI  - Clinical experience with routine Gd-DTPA administration for MR imaging of the
      brain.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of intracranial magnetic resonance (MR scans of 514
      patients who underwent nonselective Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging was performed to
      determine the efficacy of this protocol for Gd-DTPA administration. This report
      reviews the frequency and clinical significance of abnormally enhancing areas
      that were entirely undetectable on precontrast images or would have been missed
      without the retrospective knowledge of enhancement. Fifty-seven patients (11% of
      the 514 patients studied) showed enhancing lesions, with 16 (3.1% of the total)
      of these patients demonstrating one or more lesions identifiable only on
      postcontrast images. Of those 16 patients, 8 had other focal abnormalities on
      precontrast studies, whereas the remaining 8 (1.6% of the total) had negative
      precontrast studies. The new diagnoses affected clinical management directly in
      five patients and in another nine contributed potentially significant
      information. Considerations regarding a selective versus nonselective protocol
      for Gd-DTPA administration for intracranial MR imaging and the use of clinical
      information to augment these protocols are discussed.

PMID- 2298975
TI  - Cranial lymphangiomatosis causing CSF otorrhea and recurrent meningitis: CT
      features.
AB  - We present a case of cranial lymphangiomatosis that resulted in CSF leakage
      through the ear and recurrent meningitis. The plain radiographic findings, CT,
      and CT cisternographic appearances are discussed along with a brief review of the
      literature.

PMID- 2298976
TI  - Sinus pericranii: CT and MR findings.
AB  - A case of sinus pericranii communicating with the right transverse sinus is
      reported. The radiographic findings on CT, angiography, and magnetic resonance
      imaging are presented.

PMID- 2298977
TI  - Myelopathy due to osteochondroma: MR and CT studies.
AB  - A 9-year-old boy with multiple osteochondromas developed progressive transverse
      myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging and CT demonstrated an exostosis at C7-T1
      with cord compression.

PMID- 2298978
TI  - Orbital cyst with pseudooptic nerve: CT features.
AB  - An 8-year-old boy developed a large orbital cyst, a rare complication, after
      enucleation. On CT there was a structure leading from the orbital apex to the
      posterior aspect of the cystic lesion corresponding in size and location to the
      contralateral optic nerve. The clinical findings and management of this case are
      discussed in detail and other reported cases are reviewed briefly.

PMID- 2298979
TI  - Intrathoracic rib: CT features.
AB  - Computed tomography may suggest the diagnosis of intrathoracic rib (IR) by two
      criteria: (a) The abnormal extrapleural shadow has cortical margins on bone
      windows; (b) the shadow articulates with the spine or with a rib. The
      significance of an IR lies in recognizing it as an innocuous thoracic shadow, one
      not to be mistaken for other more serious lesions, thus preventing additional
      procedures.

PMID- 2298980
TI  - MR appearance of sternal hyperostosis.
AB  - Sternal hyperostosis is characterized by prominent new bone formation and
      fibrosis with less pronounced areas of granulation tissue and round cell
      infiltration. In previously reported cases the process involved not only the
      sternum but adjacent bony areas as well. Depending upon the extent of disease,
      acquiring biopsy material for histologic analysis can be difficult. We report a
      case of sternal hyperostosis involving the sternum exclusively and extensively.
      Magnetic resonance imaging was useful in directing biopsy for optimal histologic
      yield. This unusual case of sternal hyperostosis is believed to be the result of
      an inflammatory process.

PMID- 2298981
TI  - CT demonstration of inflamed Meckel diverticulum.

PMID- 2298982
TI  - Computed tomography of a rapidly growing hepatic hemangioma.
AB  - A rapidly growing hepatic hemangioma was observed in a 40-year-old woman during
      the follow-up period of 1.5 years. Contrast enhanced CT and angiography performed
      3.5 years prior to and at the time of operation were compatible with hemangioma,
      but the diameter of the mass changed from 4.6 to 7.2 cm during this period. The
      pathogenetic reason for this rapid growth was unclear at the time of resection.

PMID- 2298983
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii involvement of the liver and spleen: CT demonstration.
AB  - Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are subject to a variety
      of infections, including Mycobacteria avium intracellulare, cytomegalovirus,
      Cryptosporidium, and Pneumocystis carinii. Pneumocystis is most commonly
      associated with a potentially fatal pneumonia in AIDS patients. Other organ
      involvement by Pneumocystis is rare. We present a patient with hepatic and
      presumed splenic infiltration by Pneumocystis.

PMID- 2298984
TI  - Widespread visceral calcifications in disseminated Pneumocystis carinii
      infection: CT characteristics.
AB  - A case of disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection is presented.
      Calcifications of similar character were found by CT in the lymph nodes, spleen,
      liver, and kidneys. Biopsy of a calcified axillary lymph node demonstrated
      necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis, with Pneumocystis organisms and
      dystrophic calcifications clustered centrally within the granulomas.

PMID- 2298985
TI  - CT appearance in tuberculous pancreatic abscess.
AB  - We report a case of a tuberculous pancreatic abscess in a 47-year-old human
      immunodeficiency virus positive intravenous drug abuser. She had a prolonged
      febrile course and persistent abdominal pain. On CT and sonography the lesion
      lacked the usual ancillary features of an abscess such as diffuse pancreatic
      enlargement and a peripancreatic fluid collection, and more closely resembled a
      necrotic neoplasm.

PMID- 2298987
TI  - Ectopic ovaries associated with absent uterus and pelvic kidney: CT findings.
AB  - A patient with a congenitally absent uterus and a single pelvic kidney presented
      with recurrent pain in the left iliac fossa. This proved to be due to a prolapsed
      left ovary.

PMID- 2298986
TI  - CT findings in acute renal cortical necrosis.
AB  - Acute renal cortical necrosis has three characteristic findings on contrast
      enhanced CT: (a) lack of enhancement of the renal cortex, (b) enhancement of the
      renal medulla, and (c) absent renal excretion.

PMID- 2298988
TI  - Computed tomography with stress maneuver to demonstrate sternoclavicular joint
      dislocation.
AB  - Axial CT is the method of choice for radiographic evaluation of sternoclavicular
      joint dislocation. A technique for demonstrating the degree of mobility at the
      sternoclavicular joint during CT examination is described. This method allows for
      the determination of the true magnitude of hypermobility at the dislocated
      sternoclavicular joint.

PMID- 2298989
TI  - Kaposi sarcoma involving bone: CT demonstration in a patient with AIDS.
AB  - A case is presented of painful lytic bone lesions of the spine and pelvis as a
      manifestation of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related Kaposi
      sarcoma (KS). Though KS is the most common AIDS-related neoplasm and may involve
      many organs, radiographic demonstration of bone involvement has not been
      previously reported. The value of CT in detecting these lesions, which were not
      evident on bone scan or plain films, is demonstrated.

PMID- 2298990
TI  - Nasal orientation device to control head movement during CT and MR studies.
AB  - Cooperative patients can often keep still during a long examination of the brain
      provided that they are given cues about their position in space. In a U-shaped
      head support, the only movements likely are rotation in the sagittal or
      transverse planes. These can be detected by a nasal orientation device (NOD),
      simply a ring around the nose, close but not touching. Any unintentional movement
      is felt on the nose by the patient, who can return to the original (nontouching)
      position. With this device the patient can keep immobile to within approximately
      +/- 2 mm during long examinations. We have used the NOD to improve the quality of
      dynamic Gd-DTPA scanning for the measurement of blood-brain barrier permeability.
      The NOD can be of value in any neurological imaging procedure that is currently
      degraded by head movement.

PMID- 2298991
TI  - Heterogeneity of cerebral cavernous hemangiomas diagnosed by MR imaging.
AB  - The cavernous hemangioma (cavernoma) is increasingly recognized as a vascular
      malformation of the brain that may present with seizures, hemorrhage, or
      progressive neurological deficit. Since 1985 we have identified 13 cases of
      presumed cavernoma of the brain based on the findings on CT, selective
      angiography, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In each case CT showed a high
      density lesion that was "occult" or "cryptic" on angiography. However, within all
      lesions MR revealed a complex internal structure consisting of reticulated
      patches of high and low intensity signal surrounded by a hypointense rim on T1-
      and T2-weighted pulse sequences. Of the nine operated cases, five resected
      specimens were compatible with pure arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and the
      other four were mixtures of cavernoma with either AVM or venous angioma. Our
      experience strongly suggests that the above complex of radiographic findings is
      not at all specific for the cavernoma. We propose that the major common factor
      shared by such "cavernomatoid" malformations is low blood flow. We believe low
      flow lesions follow a relatively benign clinical course, and they readily lend
      themselves to surgical resection.

PMID- 2298992
TI  - Differentiation between cerebral embolism and thrombosis on sequential CT scans.
AB  - A differentiation between embolic versus thrombotic infarction has been attempted
      on the basis of sequential CT of 32 patients fulfilling our clinical and
      angiographic criteria for embolic or thrombotic cerebral infarction of the middle
      cerebral arterial distribution. In the 20 patients of the embolic group, a large
      homogeneous low attenuation area was seen in every case. In 18 of these 20
      patients, the low attenuation area extended from the deep brain to the cortex. In
      the 12 patients of the thrombotic group, 10 had an inhomogeneous low attenuation
      area that did not involve the cortices in 8 cases. The frequency of hemorrhagic
      transformation in the embolic group was higher than in the thrombotic group.
      Computed tomography showed discrete areas of increased attenuation corresponding
      to an angiographically occluded artery in 7 of the 20 patients in the embolic
      group. Sequential CT can assist in differentiating between embolic and thrombotic
      infarction.

PMID- 2298993
TI  - MR imaging of basilar artery occlusion.
AB  - We studied six patients with basilar artery occlusion using magnetic resonance
      imaging. Two patients also had arteriography. All had signs consistent with
      pontine infarction; three had a "locked in" syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging
      (five done within 24 h of onset of progression of neurologic symptoms) revealed a
      linear structure of increased signal intensity in the pontine cistern on T1
      weighted parasagittal images and absence of flow void phenomena. Hyperintense
      signals at various brain stem levels corresponding to the course of the basilar
      artery were noted on T2-weighted images. Multiple parenchymal abnormalities were
      noted in the brain stem (six), cerebellum (four), occipital lobes (two), and
      thalamus (two). Magnetic resonance performed early in the course of basilar
      artery occlusion is a high-yield, safe procedure and might eliminate the need for
      arteriography.

PMID- 2298994
TI  - Height of normal pituitary gland on MR imaging: age and sex differentiation.
AB  - Measurement of the pituitary height was performed on magnetic resonance (MR)
      images of 213 subjects with no known or suspected pituitary and/or hypothalamic
      disorders. Midsagittal, T1-weighted images were used for measurements and mean
      heights in each age and sex group were obtained. In the 10 to 69 year range, the
      pituitary heights were greater in females than in males. The groups of 0-9 years
      of both genders showed the minimum mean pituitary height. The maximum of the mean
      height was observed in the 10 to 19 year age groups of both genders. The height
      gradually decreased with increasing age after age 20 years. There were no
      subjects with a height of greater than or equal to 9.0 mm in females or greater
      than or equal to 8.0 mm in males. There was a marked discrepancy between MR and
      autopsy findings in the older subjects, probably related to the upward concavity
      that is often encountered in the aged gland. Because of this concavity, the
      midsagittal MR measurement will induce underestimation of the whole gland.

PMID- 2298995
TI  - Subacute pituitary apoplexy: MR and CT appearance.
AB  - We report three cases of subacute hemorrhage into a pituitary adenoma. Two
      patients each had visual disturbance and hypopituitarism treated with
      corticosteroids. No patient received bromocriptine. Because it is more exact than
      CT in displaying the metabolic products of hemorrhage, magnetic resonance is the
      preferred modality for radiographic investigation of subacute or chronic
      pituitary apoplexy in patients with prolonged headache and visual disturbance.

PMID- 2298996
TI  - MR imaging of acute transverse myelitis and AIDS myelopathy.
AB  - Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a well recognized clinical entity, though its
      etiology remains obscure. Only a few reports of magnetic resonance imaging of ATM
      appear in the literature. These reports describe conflicting findings with
      respect to the signal intensity of the spinal cord on long repetition time (TR)
      sequences. The purpose of this study is to present our experience with five cases
      of ATM in which long TR sequences demonstrated abnormal increase in signal
      intensity of the cord. Magnetic resonance imaging also demonstrated extension of
      abnormal cord signal intensity over at least six spinal segments and above the
      clinically determined sensory level in four of five cases. Cord expansion was
      noted in two of five cases with normal myelograms. A case of acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) myelopathy that demonstrated a similar high
      signal intensity of the cord is also presented. Our findings suggest that both
      ATM and AIDS myelopathy should be considered in the list of conditions that may
      result in a diffuse increase in the signal intensity of the cord on long TR
      sequences.

PMID- 2298997
TI  - Three-dimensional alignment of functional and morphological tomograms.
AB  - A method has been developed to create corresponding brain slices from
      morphological [CT, magnetic resonance (MR)] and functional [positron emission
      tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography] tomographic studies
      in individual patients. It does not require special headholders or definition of
      specific landmarks and is fully retrospective. Three-dimensional image
      registration in corresponding orientation is achieved by linear interpolation of
      original slices and a variety of interactively controlled video display options.
      These include simultaneous display of multiple slices and brain cuts in all three
      dimensions for comparison of positioning. Brain contours in one imaging modality
      may be enhanced by appropriate filtering and superimposed onto reference images
      of another modality. Matching accuracy depends on image resolution; misalignment
      of 4 mm was detected unambiguously in sample studies (fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose
      PET matched with MR). The technique is equally well applicable to normals and to
      patients with structural brain lesions. Additional options for shaded surface
      display enhance the power to identify neuroanatomical structures in functional
      image analysis. As demonstrated in the example of MR-guided PET, this modeling
      procedure can be successfully used for identification of brain structures on
      functional images, even in patients with pathologically altered brain morphology.

PMID- 2298998
TI  - MR imaging of the larynx at 1.5 T.
AB  - The normal magnetic resonance (MR) anatomy of the larynx at high field strength
      (1.5 T) was studied in 2 normal excised larynges and 62 subjects without
      laryngopharyngeal disease. The two normal excised larynges were imaged using a
      1.5 T MR scanner with a 3 in diameter circular surface coil and a GE 9800 CT
      scanner. The larynges were sectioned transversely and the MR and CT images
      compared to gross and histologic sections. Unossified hyaline cartilage was
      intermediate in signal intensity on T1-weighted and proton density images and low
      in intensity on T2-weighted images. The signal intensity from ossified cartilage
      was determined by the amount of fatty marrow and was high in intensity on T1
      weighted and proton density images and low to intermediate in intensity on T2
      weighted images. A chemical shift artifact from high intensity fatty marrow
      obscured the calcified or ossified cortex of the major laryngeal cartilages along
      the frequency encoding axis. The epiglottic cartilage demonstrated an
      intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and higher intensity on
      proton density and T2-weighted images. The intralaryngeal muscles were well
      demonstrated as low intensity structures. The conus elasticus and the vocal
      ligaments were not recognized as distinct structures. However, the quadrangular
      membrane and a previously undescribed membrane separating the preepiglottic and
      paralaryngeal spaces were shown on MR as low intensity linear structures. In the
      62 subjects, MR at 1.5 T proved excellent for demonstrating the anatomical
      details of the major laryngeal cartilages, extra- and intralaryngeal muscles,
      ligaments, and soft tissues including the vocal cords, false vocal cords,
      laryngeal ventricles, aryepiglottic folds, preepiglottic space, and paralaryngeal
      spaces. Visibility and intensity of muscles, ligaments, and soft tissues did not
      depend on age or sex. The intensity pattern of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages
      demonstrated wide variations in the same sex and age groups, depending on the
      degree of ossification. However, they did show more high intensity foci in older
      men than in younger women. Magnetic resonance showed better contrast resolution
      and finer detail than CT scans in the same subjects. Magnetic resonance imaging
      at 1.5 T, with either a saddle-shaped neck surface coil or a 3 in diameter
      circular surface coil, provides high contrast and high spatial resolution images
      and could be useful for the diagnosis of lesions of the larynx.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2298999
TI  - Carcinoma of the hypopharynx: CT staging.
AB  - The CT examinations of 42 patients with carcinoma of the hypopharynx were
      analyzed. Tumor site of origin and detailed patterns of extent and spread were
      noted and a T and N classification attempted. The results were compared to
      findings achieved by palpation, mirror examination, laryngoscopy, and
      hypopharyngoscopy. Computed tomography yielded valuable information concerning
      submucous tumor extension and cartilage involvement. The additional information
      obtained by CT led to upstaging 29% of the cases to a higher T level and 36% of
      the cases to a higher N level.

PMID- 2299000
TI  - MR imaging in assessment of cardiac transplant rejection in humans.
AB  - To evaluate the efficacy of myocardial T2 values in the assessment of allograft
      rejection, we performed magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 0.5 T serially in
      seven cardiac transplant recipients and singly in seven normal volunteers.
      Cardiac-gated multi-echo spin echo images were obtained; T2 values were estimated
      by a two-point method from regions of interest in the myocardium. Patients
      underwent MR and cardiac biopsy at various times after transplantation. Forty-two
      patient exams were performed. All biopsies showed either no rejection or early
      stages of rejection: grade 0 in 8 examinations, grade 1 in 28, and grade 2 in 6.
      Myocardial T2 values in patients in early stages of cardiac rejection were
      slightly higher (but not statistically significant) than those in non-rejecting
      patients and normal volunteers. Although this study did not allow prospective
      detection of cardiac rejection in our patient group, it demonstrated a trend
      toward higher T2 values at higher biopsy grades that may indicate an ability to
      assess more severe stages of transplant rejection.

PMID- 2299001
TI  - CT of inflation-fixed lungs: wedge-shaped density and vascular sign in the
      diagnosis of infarction.
AB  - To evaluate the role of high resolution CT (HRCT) in the diagnosis of pulmonary
      infarcts, we selected 83 postmortem lung specimens with subpleural densities from
      a collection of 180 lungs that had been prepared by a method which allows for a
      direct radiologic-pathologic correlation. Twelve of the lungs had pulmonary
      infarcts and 71 lungs had other disorders that had produced a subpleural shadow
      on HRCT. Lungs were evaluated for the presence of wedge-shaped pleural-based
      densities and for the presence of an associated vascular sign. There was no
      significant difference in the incidence of wedge-shaped densities on HRCT between
      lungs with pulmonary infarcts and lungs with pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumonia,
      tumor, or edema (p greater than 0.05). A vascular sign associated with a
      subpleural density was, however, more common (p less than 0.01) in lungs with
      pulmonary infarcts. We suggest that the vascular sign associated with a wedge
      shaped density may be of importance in diagnosing pulmonary infarcts by HRCT.

PMID- 2299002
TI  - Transient subpleural curvilinear shadow caused by pulmonary congestion.
AB  - We present two cases of transient subpleural curvilinear shadows (SCSs) on CT
      caused by pulmonary congestion. Subpleural curvilinear shadows, which are usually
      visible in the middle or lower dorsal lung field on CT, have been reported as the
      initial finding of pulmonary fibrosis. But SCS is not a specific finding since
      pulmonary congestion may be one cause of it.

PMID- 2299003
TI  - Computed tomography of esophagomediastinal fistula in tuberculous mediastinal
      lymphadenitis.
AB  - The CT findings are described in five patients with esophagomediastinal fistula
      due to tuberculous lymphadenitis. In all five patients periesophageal amorphous
      gas collections were found along with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. In four
      patients esophagograms demonstrated the fistulas. All fistulas closed with
      antituberculous therapy alone. The presence of periesophageal gas in patients
      with tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis suggests esophago-nodal fistula. The
      treatment of choice is antituberculous therapy.

PMID- 2299004
TI  - Malrotation of the bowel: malalignment of the superior mesenteric artery-vein
      complex shown by CT and MR.
AB  - A malposition of the superior mesenteric vein on cross-sectional imaging was seen
      in four adult patients with malrotation of the bowel and is diagnostic of this
      entity. This sign should be looked for on CT or magnetic resonance to explain ill
      defined symptomatology and to define who may be at risk for future complications.
      We also define a "pseudo-superior mesenteric artery-vein sign" due to mass
      displacement of the pancreas, which must be distinguished from true malrotation.

PMID- 2299005
TI  - MR characterization of hepatic lesions by t-null inversion recovery sequence.
AB  - Tissue characterization of focal hepatic lesions was performed employing an
      inversion recovery sequence with short repetition time and short inversion time
      (TI) values. Different and specific TI values, correlated to the in vivo measured
      T1 relaxation times, were used to null the signal intensity of each type of
      lesion. In 40 patients studied, we observed the nulling effect of normal liver in
      10 of 10 cases with a TI of 136 ms, of metastases in 7 of 8 cases with a TI of
      175 ms, of hemangiomas in 15 of 16 cases with a TI of 200 ms, and of cysts in 6
      of 7 cases with a TI of 235 ms. A quantitative analysis of the nulled signal was
      performed by measuring the signal/noise values. A further qualitative and
      quantitative characterization was carried out by evaluating the signal intensity
      of hepatic lesions at the null point of normal liver. The method provided the
      possibility of discriminating different focal lesions with specificity values of
      83-94%, according to the type of lesion.

PMID- 2299006
TI  - Abstracts of papers. 68th general session, International Association for Dental
      Research; 19th annual session, American Association for Dental Research. March 7
      11, 1990, Cincinnati, OH.

PMID- 2299007
TI  - Pew National Dental Education Program: an unfinished agenda.

PMID- 2299008
TI  - Pew National Dental Education Program: works in progress.

PMID- 2299009
TI  - Initiating change under the Pew National Dental Education Program at the
      University of California, San Francisco.

PMID- 2299010
TI  - Strengthening the education of the general dentist for the 21st century.

PMID- 2299011
TI  - The Pew National Dental Education Program at the University of Florida College of
      Dentistry.
AB  - The University of Florida College of Dentistry is located in a dynamic
      environment. Socially, economically, and demographically, the state of Florida
      manifests changes reflective of the entire nation, i.e., increasing numbers of
      elderly and minorities, a fluctuating, diversified economy, and altered cultural
      values. The explosive growth unique to this state has both positive and negative
      implications for all aspects of its culture and economy. The college resides in a
      maturing, research-oriented university facing vigorous competition from other
      major universities in the state. Within the Health Science Center, the college
      was occupied during the first decade of its existence with development of an
      innovative curriculum, and now it must turn its attention to a new emphasis on
      research and service. A process of strategic planning was conducted at the
      University of Florida College of Dentistry from January 1986 through June 1987.
      Four consultant groups representing the college, the university, organized
      dentistry in Florida, and outside consultants, were guided by a steering
      committee in a thorough evaluation of the external and internal environment of
      the institution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299012
TI  - The development and implementation of a dental school strategic plan.

PMID- 2299013
TI  - Change planning and implementation at Oregon.

PMID- 2299014
TI  - Dentistry's future at the University of Southern California.
AB  - Participation in the National Dental Education Program has been a most important
      activity. It has had great impact on the future well-being of the USC School of
      Dentistry. Success in Phases 1 and 2 was, of course, important. However, the
      involvement in training sessions, where ideas were exchanged and new skills
      learned, was probably of more importance. Communication with university officials
      suddenly became easier--we now spoke a common language and could respond more
      effectively than before. While the outcomes will be important in changing the
      school's course, the process leading to the outcomes will also produce
      significant change. Planning took on new meaning at USC. We are now able to
      respond to opportunities that come knocking at our door. We are able to see
      relationships previously invisible. We are beginning to recognize that what each
      does, in whatever activity, matters a great deal. We--faculty, students, staff,
      and alumni--are interdependent to a larger degree than previously thought.
      Challenging years are in store for the USC School of Dentistry. Much needs to be
      done to ensure dentistry's future at USC into the 21st century. The school is
      located at the right place at the right time. The external environment beckons
      for increased involvement by the School of Dentistry. If the school can address
      the challenges posed by the changed internal environment, it is well positioned
      to become the most important resource in dental education, in dental care, and in
      dental information in the Southwest.

PMID- 2299015
TI  - Do dentists have sufficient information about their patients to control
      infection?
AB  - This study examined dentists' knowledge of infection control, what dentists say
      they do to control infection, and what procedures they actually take to prevent
      the transmission of disease. A professional actor, obviously in need of dental
      care and playing the part of a patient, was sent to three groups of randomly
      selected dentists in general practice. The dentists were uninformed subjects who
      were debriefed about the research immediately after their part in the experiment
      was completed. The study found that dentists apparently know what they should do
      to protect themselves from contamination. However, very few dentists discussed
      HIV or AIDS while taking a pretreatment history of a new patient even if that
      patient was perceived to belong to a high-risk group. The behavior of the
      dentists indicates a neglect of this important aspect of a thorough history,
      providing more evidence that emphasis on infection and infection control is
      necessary in the dental school curriculum and beyond. Unless dentists learn to
      fully understand what infections their patients may have, they take the chance of
      transmitting diseases to other patients as well as to themselves, their staff,
      and their families.

PMID- 2299016
TI  - The relationship of Bi/Polar personality patterns with self-esteem, stress, and
      satisfaction in dental school.
AB  - The Bi/Polar Inventory of Core Strength was administered to two senior dental
      classes. This inventory identifies preferences on three fundamental underlying
      dimensions of personality and yields eight personality patterns, which were
      subsequently correlated with the students' self-assessment of various aspects of
      the dental school experience. Individuals with preferences for risking, practical
      thinking, and independence consistently demonstrated higher self-esteem, higher
      ability to cope with the stresses of dental school, lower psychological distress
      in dental school, and higher satisfaction with dentistry than individuals with
      polar opposite preferences--thinking, theoretical thinking, and dependence-
      although only some of these comparisons reached statistical significance. Pattern
      III (thinking-theoretical-dependent) reported the lowest self-esteem, lowest
      ability to cope with stress, highest psychological distress, and lowest
      satisfaction with dentistry. Pattern III may represent a psychological profile
      exhibiting early warning signs of a potential tension with the task demands of
      clinical dentistry. Conversely, Pattern VII (risking-practical-independent) may
      represent a profile prone to high self-esteem, high-stress resistance, low
      psychological distress, and reasonably high satisfaction with dentistry.

PMID- 2299017
TI  - A potential for cross-contamination within a dental school environment.

PMID- 2299018
TI  - Flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser therapy for poikiloderma of Civatte.
AB  - The use of pulsed yellow light from a flash-lamp-pumped pulsed dye laser has
      provided a successful form of therapy to remove both the telangiectasias and
      irregular pigmentation associated with poikiloderma of Civatte. The short pulse
      duration and specificity of the interaction between yellow light and hemoglobin
      permit this technique to be performed on the thin skin of the neck without
      textural changes or scarring. Furthermore, use of the large beam diameter of this
      laser system allows for rapid treatment of large areas in a short period of time.

PMID- 2299019
TI  - A comparison of sclerosing agents: clinical and histologic effects of
      intravascular sodium tetradecyl sulfate and chromated glycerin in the dorsal
      rabbit ear vein.
AB  - The dorsal marginal rabbit ear vein was injected with 0.25 ml of 0.1% or 0.25%
      sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) (Sotradecol Injection) or undiluted or 50%
      Scleremo (Scl) (chromated glycerin). Only the 50% Scl solution failed to produce
      clinical or histologic thrombosis at 1 hour. Clinical fading was observed in STS
      treated vessels at 10 days postinjection. Histologically, early thrombus
      formation with focal endothelial necrosis was replaced by fibrosis and
      microangiopathic recanalization. Although undiluted Scl caused similar, yet
      milder histologic findings, luminal recanalization after 10 days resulted in a
      clinically unfaded vessel. The use of 50% Scl produced no endothelial damage with
      no subsequent change in vessel appearance. Cutaneous necrosis or extravasation of
      erythrocytes was not observed.

PMID- 2299020
TI  - Treatment of varicose and telangiectatic leg veins with hypertonic saline: a
      comparative study of heparin and saline.
AB  - The clinical results of treating 800 patients with starburst varicosities using
      hypertonic saline with and without heparin are described. The extent and type of
      complications seen in this series of patients are indicated.

PMID- 2299021
TI  - EKG changes in relationship to the chemical peel.
AB  - Holter monitor-type EKG studies were done in a series of 10 patients during
      preoperative baseline and intra- and postoperative periods of Baker-type chemical
      peel procedures. The intention was to assess the quantitative and qualitative EKG
      changes occurring before, during, and after the procedures. The results show that
      there were many spontaneously occurring ectopic beats and changes unrelated to
      the actual application of the chemical peel formula. Only one of the patients
      demonstrated such changes, which can be potentially life threatening, occurring
      in relationship to application of the chemical peel formula.

PMID- 2299022
TI  - Intraoperative tissue expansion using a Foley catheter following excision of a
      basal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Chronic tissue expansion has gained an accepted role in reconstructive surgery.
      Recently, intraoperative tissue expansion (rapid expansion) has been introduced
      as an alternate technique for recruitment of additional tissue to aid in wound
      closure. At the present time, the available expanders are designed for single use
      and then must be discarded; thus they are relatively expensive. We present the
      use of the readily accessible Foley catheter as a suitable, inexpensive, safe,
      and practical device for intraoperative tissue expansion.

PMID- 2299023
TI  - Hair transplant surgery: innovative designs.
AB  - Two new designs for hair transplant surgery are presented. Both designs are safer
      and will provide a more natural appearance in some patients than standard
      designs. The advantages are listed for both.

PMID- 2299024
TI  - Metastatic lentigo maligna melanoma.
AB  - An elderly woman presented with an advanced and ultimately lethal lentigo maligna
      melanoma after ignoring a precursor lesion present for several decades. Lentigo
      maligna melanoma can be lethal in the elderly. Early detection and treatment are
      warranted.

PMID- 2299025
TI  - Upper lip repair--the subcutaneous island pedicle flap.
AB  - The repair of medium-sized defects involving the lateral cutaneous upper lip
      offers significant reconstruction challenges. The triangular subcutaneous island
      pedicle flap is described for repair of such defects. Anatomic and technical
      considerations will be presented as well as the advantages of this flap over
      other reconstructive alternatives.

PMID- 2299026
TI  - First cosmetic surgery resident.

PMID- 2299027
TI  - Micro and mini hair grafting.

PMID- 2299028
TI  - Collagen skin testing.

PMID- 2299029
TI  - Charging for services: efficiently, effectively, and easily.
AB  - In summary, fiscal awareness and involvement are critical in maintaining one's
      position as an ET nurse and in supporting both quality care and institutional
      survival. The authors challenge all ET nurses to work toward the establishment of
      equitable and reimbursable charging systems, and to share the knowledge gained in
      the process.

PMID- 2299030
TI  - Patient with colostomy. Part III. Postoperative colostomy.

PMID- 2299031
TI  - Diabetic foot lesions: pathogenesis and management.

PMID- 2299032
TI  - IAET strategic planning report: chapter VII. Recommendations: action steps for
      the IAET.

PMID- 2299033
TI  - Describing small-scale structure in random media using pulse-echo ultrasound.
AB  - A method for estimating structural properties of random media is described. The
      size, number density, and scattering strength of particles are estimated from an
      analysis of the radio frequency (rf) echo signal power spectrum. Simple
      correlation functions and the accurate scattering theory of Faran [J.J. Faran, J.
      Acoust. Soc. Am. 23, 405-418 (1951)], which includes the effects of shear waves,
      were used separately to model backscatter from spherical particles and thereby
      describe the structures of the medium. These methods were tested using both glass
      sphere-in-agar and polystyrene sphere-in-agar scattering media. With the
      appropriate correlation function, it was possible to measure glass sphere
      diameters with an accuracy of 20%. It was not possible to accurately estimate the
      size of polystyrene spheres with the simple spherical and Gaussian correlation
      models examined because of a significant shear wave contribution. Using the Faran
      scattering theory for spheres, however, the accuracy for estimating diameters was
      improved to 10% for both glass and polystyrene scattering media. It was possible
      to estimate the product of the average scattering particle number density and the
      average scattering strength per particle, but with lower accuracy than the size
      estimates. The dependence of the measurement accuracy on the inclusion of shear
      waves, the wavelength of sound, and medium attenuation are considered, and the
      implications for describing the structure of biological soft tissues are
      discussed.

PMID- 2299034
TI  - A theoretical model of acoustoelectric transducer with a nonuniform distribution
      of piezoelectric coefficient: application to transducer optimization.
AB  - A general equation is derived that describes the behavior of a piezoelectric
      transducer with a nonuniform distribution of piezoelectric coefficient within its
      bulk, when submitted to an arbitrary distribution of acoustic pressure. Based on
      this equation, an expression for the receiving transfer function of the
      transducer is calculated. The results demonstrate the dependence of the transfer
      function on the distribution of piezoelectric coefficient, and that it is
      possible to benefit from a nonuniform distribution to optimize the transfer
      function. The general equation also describes the influence of the external
      electric circuit loading the transducer, which leads to another independent means
      of optimizing the transfer function. The proposed model combines effects of
      piezoelectric material characteristics, acoustic backing, and electric loading,
      without resorting to Mason or other equivalent circuits for the transducer.

PMID- 2299035
TI  - Dynamical behavior of middle ear: theoretical study corresponding to measurement
      results obtained by a newly developed measuring apparatus.
AB  - An attempt is made to develop a new measuring apparatus, and the dynamical
      characteristics of the middle ear of normal subjects and patients are measured
      with this apparatus. Applying the impedance theory of the tube to the external
      auditory canal, the aditus, and the tympanic and mastoid cavities, and applying
      the energy method to the eardrum and the ossicular chain, the equation of the
      middle ear, corresponding to the output of the apparatus and including the
      pressure difference effect upon the eardrum, is obtained. The numerical results
      are compared with the measurement results, and the effects of each part of the
      middle ear upon its dynamical characteristics are clarified. The great dependence
      of the dynamical characteristics of the middle ear upon the external auditory
      canal pressure is mainly caused by the pressure-dependent ossicular chain angular
      stiffness. The clearly different measurement results of the ossicular chain
      disorder patients from those of the normal subjects are obtainable by this
      apparatus, and these characteristics can be explained theoretically.

PMID- 2299036
TI  - Characterizing auditory neurons using the Wigner and Rihacek distributions: a
      comparison.
AB  - Because of their dynamic properties, most sounds can best be characterized in the
      combined frequency-time (FT) domain. Powerful frequency-time characterizations
      are the Wigner distribution function (WDF) and the Rihacek energy density
      function (RDF). In the present paper several new concepts are introduced such as
      using the WDF to characterize the tuning of auditory neurons under wideband noise
      stimulation and a new method to quantify phase lock of auditory neurons to a
      wideband noise. No appreciable differences were found between the WDF and RDF in
      narrow-band signal representations. However, the differences between the WDF and
      RDF increase as the bandwidth of the signal increases. When signals are buried in
      uncorrelated background noise, the average FT function of these signals may be
      obtained through averaging the FT functions for each signal plus noise segment.
      The WDF takes at least a factor 2 more in time to compute than the RDF. The FT
      functions can be used to characterize (linear) filters by averaging FT functions
      of input-noise segments that precede threshold crossings of the filter's output
      signal. Both the WDF and the RDF were used to characterize auditory neurons from
      the midbrain in anurans; the WDF always had a smaller bandwidth than the RDF. By
      comparing the spectrum of the reverse correlation function and the average
      spectrum of the noise segments preceding the spikes, a quantification of the
      amount of phase lock of the auditory neuron to the noise is obtained.

PMID- 2299037
TI  - Temporal integration of trains of tone pulses by normal and by cochlearly
      impaired listeners.
AB  - Two experiments investigated the temporal integration of trains of tone pulses by
      normal and by cochlearly impaired listeners. In the first experiment, thresholds
      were measured for a single 5-ms, 4-kHz tone pulse, and for ten such tone pulses
      as a function of interpulse interval (delta t). For normal listeners, temporal
      integration, defined as the threshold difference between one and ten pulses, was
      about 8 dB for delta t less than 20 ms, and about 5 dB at longer delta t's. For
      impaired listeners, temporal integration was only about 2-3 dB across the range
      of delta t's (5-160 ms) studied. A second experiment measured psychometric
      functions (log d' versus log signal power) for a single pulse and for ten pulses
      with delta t's of 5 ms and 80 ms. The normal listeners' functions had slopes
      close to unity in all three conditions, with a few exceptions. The impaired
      listeners' functions had slopes close to unity for ten pulses with delta t = 5
      ms, but had slopes significantly greater than unity for delta t = 80 ms, and for
      a single pulse. At delta t = 80 ms, the increase in d' relative to the condition
      with a single tone was similar (a factor of square root of 10) for both impaired
      and normal listeners, but the threshold difference was smaller for the impaired
      listeners due to their steeper psychometric functions. For impaired listeners,
      then, temporal integration at delta t = 80 ms was normal in terms of a change in
      d' but abnormal when measured as a threshold difference.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299038
TI  - Effects of flanking band proximity, number, and modulation pattern on
      comodulation masking release.
AB  - Comodulation masking release for a 700-Hz pure-tone signal was investigated as a
      function of the number and spectral positions of 20-Hz-wide comodulated flanking
      bands. In the first experiment, all stimuli were presented diotically. CMR was
      examined as a function of the number of flanking bands present, in conditions
      where the bands were arranged symmetrically around the signal frequency, were
      below the signal frequency, or were above the signal frequency. The number of
      flanking bands ranged from one to eight, and the magnitude of the diotic CMR
      ranged from approximately 5-16 dB. The results indicated: (1) bands closer to the
      signal resulted in larger masking release, and (2) more bands gave rise to larger
      CMR (but with diminishing returns above two flanking bands). Two additional sets
      of diotic conditions were examined and compared to the condition where all eight
      comodulated flanking bands were present: In one set of conditions, two of the
      eight flanking bands were removed; in the other set of conditions, two of the
      eight flanking bands were replaced with bands (termed "deviant" bands) that were
      not comodulated with respect to the other bands. There was very little effect of
      reducing eight bands to six, even when the removed bands were relatively near the
      signal frequency; however, CMR was substantially reduced when deviant bands were
      introduced, particularly when the deviant bands were placed relatively near the
      signal frequency. These reductions in CMR were slightly greater when each of the
      deviant bands had a unique modulation pattern (bideviant bands) than when the two
      deviant bands themselves shared the same modulation pattern (codeviant bands). In
      the second experiment, dichotic conditions were examined where the number and
      spectral positions of the flanking bands in the nonsignal ear were varied (the
      signal ear received only a 20-Hz-wide noise band centered on the signal
      frequency). The magnitude of the dichotic CMR ranged from approximately 2-10 dB,
      depending on condition. Effects of proximity and the number of flanking bands
      were similar to the effects obtained in diotic conditions. For both the diotic
      and the dichotic data, the effects of proximity were more consistent with an
      interpretation based upon across-channel processing than upon a within-channel
      interaction. The results obtained using deviant bands indicate that it is
      difficult for the auditory system to disregard the modulation pattern of flanking
      bands that differ from the modulation pattern of the on-signal band, particularly
      if such bands are proximal to the signal frequency.

PMID- 2299039
TI  - Efficient across-frequency integration in short-signal detection.
AB  - A series of experiments was performed on the influence of bandwidth on the masked
      threshold of brief deterministic signals in continuous broadband noise. The
      signal bandwidth is quantified by the number (n) of constituent 1/3-oct bands.
      For n increasing from 1 to typically 9, the masked-threshold level in the
      constituent 1/3-oct bands is found to decrease by 8 log(n). This integration rule
      is obtained when each of the 1/3-oct bands covered by the signal equally
      contributes to detection, i.e., that, for each of these 1/3-oct bands, the
      difference between signal level and the individual masked-threshold level is the
      same. It was found that this integration rule also applies to noncontiguous
      signal spectra and that it remains intact over a broad range of masker levels.
      Commonly, the masked threshold of compound signals (for instance, n frequency
      components with a spacing of typically 1/3 oct), relative to the masked threshold
      of single-component signals, has been described by a 5 log(n) integration rule.
      However, this rule was obtained for signal durations of typically 100 ms or more.
      For the present brief signals (typically 10 ms or less), the across-frequency
      integration is found to be more effective.

PMID- 2299040
TI  - Comodulation detection differences with multiple signal bands.
AB  - Detection thresholds were determined for signals consisting of one, two, or five
      noise bands embedded in eight "cue" bands. All of the noise bands were 100 Hz
      wide. The center frequencies of the signal bands ranged from 1250-3250 Hz in 500
      Hz steps, and those of the cue bands ranged from 500-4000 Hz in 500-Hz steps. The
      multiple-band signals either all had the same temporal envelope, or all had
      different temporal envelopes. Similarly, the cue bands either all had the same
      temporal envelope or all had different temporal envelopes. In separate listening
      conditions, signal thresholds were determined for various combinations of the
      temporal envelope patterns of the signal and cue bands. The results were analyzed
      both in terms of differences in threshold across listening conditions, and in
      terms of changes in threshold within a listening condition, as the number of
      signal bands was increased. For both the single- and multiple-band signals,
      performance was best when the signal band(s) had a different envelope from the
      common envelope of the cue bands, and performance was worst when either the cue
      bands all had different envelopes, or the signal and cue bands all shared the
      same envelope. The thresholds of the multiple-band signals were better fitted by
      an independent-thresholds model than by a statistical-summation model. However,
      neither model predicted thresholds uniformly well in all listening conditions.
      The results are discussed in terms of both "within-channel" and "across-channel"
      models.

PMID- 2299041
TI  - Auditory correlates of perceived mallet hardness for a set of recorded percussive
      sound events.
AB  - A psychophysical investigation of timbre was undertaken with the intent of
      deriving quantitative results that could be useful in musical applications.
      Recordings of metal objects being struck with percussion mallets were rated by
      subjects on a unidimensional perceptual scale of perceived mallet hardness. Four
      acoustical parameters of the attack portion (first 325 ms) were defined and
      evaluated as predictors of perceived mallet hardness rating. To measure these
      parameters, a critical-band filter bank was employed. Two curves were extracted
      from the filter-bank output: (1) spectral level (log of area under spectrum) over
      time, and (2) spectral centroid over time. For each curve, two parameters were
      measured: the mean and the slope of the spectral level curve, and the mean and
      the time-weighted average of the spectral centroid curve. Multiple regression
      analysis was used to relate the perceptual ratings to these four acoustical
      parameters, and a good fit was achieved (multiple R-squared = 0.725, F = 1135.8,
      p less than 0.01). The resulting function is suitable for quantitatively
      predicting the perceptual dimension of perceived mallet hardness.

PMID- 2299042
TI  - Sensitivity to envelope coherence.
AB  - Measurements are reported on the ability of observers to discriminate whether the
      envelope of two amplitude-modulated sinusoids are in phase or out of phase.
      Spacing between the two carriers was either 2/3 or 4/3 octave, and the depth of
      modulation was varied to determine threshold. Discrimination performance improved
      as the level of the carriers increases up to about 60 dB SPL. The frequency locus
      of the two carriers (geometric mean of the two frequencies), which varied from
      500 to 8000 Hz in different experiments, had little effect on discrimination
      accuracy. Discrimination performance was relatively constant for modulation rates
      below 100 Hz and deteriorates for higher modulation rates. These results are
      compared with data obtained from comodulation masking release experiments.

PMID- 2299044
TI  - Infant speech-sound discrimination in noise.
AB  - The effects of noise on 7- to 11-month-old infants' speech-sound discrimination
      (/ba/vs/ga/) were determined using a conditioned head-turn procedure. Variation
      in performance as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) was estimated by
      testing each infant at four S/N's (-8, 0, 8, and 16 dB). Adults were tested for
      comparison at four S/N's (-12, -8, -4, and 0 dB). The S/N's were chosen based on
      pilot data. Performance varied monotonically with S/N for both age groups, but
      infants required greater S/N than adults to achieve comparable levels of
      performance. Both groups were also tested using an adaptive (1-up, 1-down)
      threshold procedure with a 3-dB step size. There was a group mean difference in
      threshold of 5.8-dB S/N favoring the adults. Weighted group psychometric
      functions, derived from the responses obtained in the adaptive runs, showed good
      correspondence with the data points at the four S/N's. The slopes of these
      functions were the same (7.5%/dB) for infants and adults. The results suggest
      that infants are at a greater disadvantage than adults when processing speech in
      noise and that concern over the effects of a noisy environment on the acquisition
      of language is justified. In addition, the adaptive threshold procedure can be
      used as an efficient way to estimate the limits of discrimination ability as a
      function of S/N or intensity, both for individual subjects and for groups of
      subjects, in developmental research.

PMID- 2299043
TI  - Vibrotactile intensity discrimination measured by three methods.
AB  - The difference threshold for the detection of changes in vibration amplitude was
      measured as a function of the intensity and frequency of stimuli delivered
      through a 2.9-cm2 contactor to the thenar eminence. Stimuli were either 25- or
      250-Hz sinusoids, narrow-band noise centered at 250 Hz, or wideband noise.
      Thresholds were measured by two-interval, forced-choice tracking under three
      methods of stimulus presentation. In the gated-pedestal method, subjects had to
      judge which of two 700-ms bursts of vibration separated by 100 ms was more
      intense. In the continuous-pedestal method, subjects had to detect a 700-ms
      increment in the amplitude of an ongoing pedestal of vibration. In the two-burst
      continuous-pedestal method with 1500-ms pedestals, the subject had to detect
      which of two successively presented pedestals contained a 500-ms amplitude
      increment. Thresholds were consistently lower for detecting increments in the
      amplitude of a continuous pedestal of vibration than for detecting amplitude
      differences between briefly presented successive pedestals or amplitude
      increments in successive pedestals. A "near miss" to Weber's law was found both
      for sinusoidal and for noise stimuli. The difference threshold was not affected
      by stimulus frequency condition.

PMID- 2299045
TI  - Relational spectral features for place of articulation in nasal consonants.
AB  - Much recent research on acoustic cues for consonants' places of articulation has
      focused upon the nature of the rapid spectral changes that take place between
      signal portions corresponding to consonantal closure and adjacent vowels. The
      study reported here builds on the foundation laid by earlier studies that have
      explored techniques for representing spectral change and for classifying place of
      articulation of nasal consonants using features extracted from rapid spectral
      changes that take place over murmur-to-vowel transitions. A new procedure is
      reported that avoids the use of predetermined absolute frequency bands in
      deriving parameters of spectral change in nasals. In experiments using the speech
      of 20 female and 20 male talkers, in a variety of physical and perceptual
      spectral scalings, application of the new procedure results in 77% correct
      classification of place of articulation of syllable-initial nasals and 51%
      correct classification of place of articulation of syllable-final nasals (for
      which there is a three-way contrast). Tested on the same data, a technique using
      predetermined absolute frequency bands produced 72% correct classification of
      syllable-initial nasals.

PMID- 2299046
TI  - Algorithms for separating the speech of interfering talkers: evaluations with
      voiced sentences, and normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners.
AB  - Two signal-processing algorithms, derived from those described by Stubbs and
      Summerfield [R.J. Stubbs and Q. Summerfield, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 1236-1249
      (1988)], were used to separate the voiced speech of two talkers speaking
      simultaneously, at similar intensities, in a single channel. Both algorithms use
      fundamental frequency (FO) as the basis for segregation. One attenuates the
      interfering voice by filtering the cepstrum of the signal. The other is a hybrid
      algorithm that combines cepstral filtering with the technique of harmonic
      selection [T.W. Parsons, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 911-918 (1976)]. The algorithms
      were evaluated and compared in perceptual experiments involving listeners with
      normal hearing and listeners with cochlear hearing impairments. In experiment 1
      the processing was used to separate voiced sentences spoken on a monotone. Both
      algorithms gave significant increases in intelligibility to both groups of
      listeners. The improvements were equivalent to an increase of 3-4 dB in the
      effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In experiment 2 the processing was used to
      separate voiced sentences spoken with time-varying intonation. For normal-hearing
      listeners, cepstral filtering gave a significant increase in intelligibility,
      while the hybrid algorithm gave an increase that was on the margins of
      significance (p = 0.06). The improvements were equivalent to an increase of 2-3
      dB in the effective SNR. For impaired listeners, no intelligibility improvements
      were demonstrated with intoned sentences. The decrease in performance for intoned
      material is attributed to limitations of the algorithms when FO is nonstationary.

PMID- 2299047
TI  - Response to "comments on 'The Growth of and Recovery from TTS in Human Subjects
      Exposed to Impact Noise' " [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 2020-2021 (1989)].

PMID- 2299048
TI  - Recent advances in cochlear implants.

PMID- 2299049
TI  - Student healthcare needs, attitudes, and behavior: marketing implications for
      college health centers.
AB  - This article presents the findings of a 1987 cross-institutional study of the
      healthcare needs, attitudes, and behavior of college students, based on a
      comprehensive survey of 1,050 students at three different institutions. The paper
      focuses on student health concerns, use of facilities, and healthcare knowledge
      and outlook. For each of these topics, the authors present their findings and
      discuss the marketing implications of these findings for college health centers.
      In order to increase utilization rates, match services with student needs, and
      make maximum use of resources, the authors suggest that college health centers
      may need to develop and promote programs and services that better address student
      healthcare concerns; investigate media alternatives and effectiveness; develop
      aggressive promotion messages; consider joint interinstitutional development of
      healthcare advertising; and train and develop staff through internal marketing
      seminars.

PMID- 2299050
TI  - Evaluation of a tuberculosis screening and prophylaxis program for international
      students.
AB  - In many parts of the world, tuberculosis (TB) is still a major cause of morbidity
      and mortality. Because of the high rate of worldwide TB infection, the University
      of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), requires nonimmigrant foreign students to have
      a tuberculin skin test before completing registration for classes. Out of 589
      students tested, 57.6% were positive (n = 339) at the level of 5 mm induration or
      greater. All positive reactors with no contraindications to isoniazid (INH) were
      urged to take INH chemoprophylaxis (n = 290). Several strategies designed to
      improve compliance were used with all students. In addition, some students
      attended a lecture and discussion prior to initiation of therapy. Completion
      rates were low for all students, including those who attended the lecture
      discussion session. Implications of the results for future screening activities
      are discussed.

PMID- 2299051
TI  - The use of pregnancy test kits by college students.
AB  - The self-testing product market is experiencing tremendous growth. Technical
      breakthroughs are allowing tests to be conducted in the home that at one time
      were possible only in a clinical laboratory. One of the more rapidly expanding
      components of the self-testing market is home pregnancy test kits. We conducted a
      study to obtain information about the use of home pregnancy test kits by college
      students. Questionnaires were distributed to 1,000 women entering the student
      health service between October 1 and November 4, 1987. A total of 761 (76.1%)
      questionnaires were completed and returned. Results indicated that approximately
      1 out of 6 respondents (17.2%) had used a pregnancy test kit at least once. Of
      those who had used a test kit, the majority did so because of the speed or
      confidentiality of obtaining results. The magnitude of test kit use by this
      sample suggests that college women should be encouraged to use self-testing
      products as a supplement to but not as a substitute for professional medical
      care.

PMID- 2299052
TI  - AIDS and college health: knowledge, threat, and prevention at a northeastern
      university.
AB  - We performed secondary analyses on data originally collected by telephone from a
      random sample of 294 undergraduates from a large northeastern university to
      examine students' knowledge about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and
      the students' reactions to the health threat posed by human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV). Our findings indicated that students are reasonably well informed
      about AIDS, are aware of the recommended precautions for avoiding HIV infection,
      and are fearful that the virus may spread within the student population. These
      data also show that students are reluctant to change their sexual behavior unless
      the threat of infection is personalized. The implications of our findings for
      future research are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2299053
TI  - Perceived wellness needs of university employees.

PMID- 2299054
TI  - The use of nursing diagnosis in a nurse-managed college health service.

PMID- 2299055
TI  - Reducing blood pressure in the potentially hypertensive young adult.

PMID- 2299057
TI  - Doctor-patient confidentiality and the adolescent patient.

PMID- 2299056
TI  - Radiation reduction in child panoramic radiography.

PMID- 2299058
TI  - Adult root caries survey of two similar communities with contrasting natural
      water fluoride levels.
AB  - For a comparative study of root caries, 502 adult lifelong residents of a
      naturally fluoridated community (1.6 ppm F) and 465 such residents of a nearby,
      comparable nonfluoridated community (0.2 ppm F) were examined. Substantially
      fewer carious lesions were found among adults in the fluoridated community
      relative to the nonfluoridated community. This was observed in virtually all age-
      and gender-specific groups. Given a cross-sectional design and considering only
      exposed root surfaces, root caries was related to age. In addition, the data from
      this study show that the number of root caries lesions is underestimated but that
      root caries prevalence is overestimated by the standard Root Caries Index (RCI).
      A less restrictive form of the RCI may lead to more valid estimation of root
      caries prevalence.

PMID- 2299059
TI  - The clinical evaluation of heat-treated composite resin inlays.
AB  - Laboratory research indicates the physical properties of composite resin used for
      posterior restorations can be significantly increased if a secondary dry heat
      treatment of the material was accomplished. This study investigated the clinical
      performance of a heat-treated composite resin inlay, using both the direct and
      indirect methods of clinical evaluation. Contrary to laboratory results, no
      significant differences in wear could be measured between conventional light
      cured inlays and those with secondary dry heat treatment. Other clinical
      advantages of the heat-treated inlays were observed.

PMID- 2299060
TI  - Bilateral redundant mucosal tissue of the upper lip.
AB  - A case of a double lip malformation, an uncommon oral anomaly, has been
      presented. Differential diagnosis and indications for treatment were discussed.
      This case represents a congenital form of double lip that became of esthetic and
      functional concern to the patient after the loss of his remaining teeth.

PMID- 2299061
TI  - Volunteerism.

PMID- 2299062
TI  - Prognostic significance of nonfatal myocardial reinfarction. Multicenter
      Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group.
AB  - In most risk stratification and intervention postinfarction trials, cardiac
      mortality is used as the major outcome end point either alone or in combination
      with nonfatal reinfarction. However, the independent risk carried by nonfatal
      reinfarction for subsequent cardiac death has not been quantified. The prognostic
      significance of nonfatal reinfarction was determined from the multicenter
      diltiazem trial data base of 1,234 patients treated with placebo followed up for
      1 to 4 years after acute myocardial infarction. One hundred sixteen patients had
      at least one nonfatal reinfarction, 14 (12%) of whom subsequently experienced
      cardiac death. Of the remaining 1,118 patients without nonfatal reinfarction, 110
      (9.8%) experienced cardiac death. Compared with event-free patients, patients
      with nonfatal reinfarction were more likely (p less than 0.05) to be women, to
      have had an infarction before their index event and to have had prior cardiac
      related symptoms. Cox survivorship analyses, using pertinent baseline clinical
      variables along with nonfatal reinfarction as a time-dependent predictor
      variable, revealed that nonfatal reinfarction carried a significant and
      independent risk for subsequent cardiac mortality (hazard ratio 3.0, p = 0.002),
      which was greater than that carried by other significant predictor variables (New
      York Heart Association functional class, pulmonary congestion on chest
      radiograph, blood urea nitrogen level, predischarge Holter-recorded ventricular
      premature complexes and radionuclide ejection fraction). The cardiac mortality
      risk associated with nonfatal reinfarction was further increased in patients
      whose index event was their first infarction (hazard ratio 5.4, p = 0.0006).
      Thus, nonfatal reinfarction carries a strong, significant and independent risk
      for subsequent cardiac death in patients surviving an acute myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2299064
TI  - Very early prediction of restenosis after successful coronary angioplasty: how
      early is early and can we identify it?

PMID- 2299063
TI  - Very early prediction of restenosis after successful coronary angioplasty:
      anatomic and functional assessment.
AB  - To investigate the time course of restenosis, serial treadmill exercise testing
      was performed in the absence of medical therapy by 31 patients with single vessel
      coronary disease who underwent successful angioplasty. Exercise tests were
      performed before angioplasty and at 3 days and 1, 3 and 6 months after
      angioplasty; if the test was positive, it was repeated after administration of 10
      mg of intravenous verapamil. At arteriography 6 months after coronary
      angioplasty, 17 patients (group 1) showed no restenosis but 14 patients (group 2)
      did. Before angioplasty all 31 patients had a positive exercise test with ST
      segment depression greater than or equal to 1 mm. At 3 days after angioplasty,
      three patients in group 1 had a positive exercise test compared with 11 patients
      in group 2 (p = 0.08). At 1, 3 and 6 months, 1 patient in group 1 had a positive
      exercise test compared with 14 patients in group 2 (p less than 0.01). The heart
      rate-blood pressure product (beats/min.mm Hg) calculated at 1 mm ST segment
      depression, or at peak exercise if the test was negative, was used as an index of
      the ischemic threshold. In group 1 (no restenosis) the ischemic threshold
      increased progressively from 14,840 +/- 1,075 (mean value +/- SEM) before
      angioplasty to 21,210 +/- 1,049 at 3 days and to 25,140 +/- 1,177 (p less than
      0.001) at 6 months. In group 2 (restenosis) the ischemic threshold increased from
      16,270 +/- 828 before angioplasty to 20,400 +/- 984 (p less than 0.0004) at 3
      days but decreased to 16,090 +/- 1,298 (p less than 0.006) at 6 months.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299065
TI  - Surgical coronary revascularization in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest:
      its effect on inducible ventricular arrhythmias and long-term survival.
AB  - In a selected subgroup of 50 survivors of cardiac arrest, the impact of surgical
      myocardial revascularization on inducible arrhythmias, arrhythmia recurrence and
      long-term survival was examined. The effects of several clinical, angiographic
      and electrophysiologic variables on arrhythmia recurrence and survival were also
      analyzed. All patients had a prehospital cardiac arrest and severe operable
      coronary artery disease and underwent myocardial revascularization. Preoperative
      electrophysiologic study was performed in 41 patients; 33 (80%) had inducible
      ventricular arrhythmias. Of 42 patients studied off antiarrhythmic drugs
      postoperatively, 19 (45%) had inducible ventricular arrhythmias. Thirty patients
      with inducible arrhythmias preoperatively underwent postoperative testing off
      antiarrhythmic drugs; arrhythmia induction was suppressed in 14 (47%). By
      multivariate analysis, the induction of ventricular fibrillation at the
      preoperative electrophysiologic study was the only significant predictor of
      induced ventricular arrhythmia suppression by coronary surgery (p less than
      0.001). Inducible ventricular fibrillation was not present postoperatively in any
      of the 11 patients who manifested this arrhythmia preoperatively. In contrast,
      inducible ventricular tachycardia persisted in 80% of patients in whom
      preoperative testing induced this arrhythmia. Patients were followed up for 39 +/
      29 months. There were four arrhythmia recurrences; one was fatal. There were
      three nonsudden cardiac deaths and three noncardiac deaths. By life-table
      analysis, 5 year survival, cardiac survival and arrhythmia-free survival rates
      were 88%, 98%, and 88%, respectively. Depressed left ventricular ejection
      fraction and advanced age were predictive of death (p = 0.015 and 0.026,
      respectively) and cardiac death (p = 0.037 and 0.05, respectively).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299066
TI  - Surgical approaches to treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 2299067
TI  - Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia: a side effect of intracoronary papaverine.
AB  - Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia occurred in 1.3% of patients (5 of 391) who
      received intracoronary papaverine over a 47 month period. The arrhythmia lasted
      less than 1 min in all five patients, converting spontaneously in four and
      requiring electrical cardioversion in one. Ventricular tachycardia occurred in
      4.4% of women (4 of 90) and 0.3% of men (1 of 301) (p less than 0.0025). Only one
      of the patients with ventricular tachycardia had coronary artery disease. To
      determine whether other clinical or procedural factors predispose patients to
      this side effect of papaverine, these 5 patients were compared with 25 control
      patients who were matched for gender and extent of coronary artery disease. The
      following variables were analyzed: age, baseline serum potassium and calcium
      levels, left ventricular ejection fraction, baseline heart rate, mean arterial
      pressure, corrected QT interval, the change in corrected QT interval produced by
      papaverine and the maximal dose of the drug per kilogram of body weight. Of these
      variables, only baseline heart rate differed significantly in the two groups of
      patients. Thus, polymorphous ventricular tachycardia is an infrequent, but
      important, side effect of papaverine that is usually self-limited. Women with a
      relatively slow heart rate appear to be predisposed to this side effect.

PMID- 2299068
TI  - Discrete atherosclerotic coronary artery aneurysms: a study of 20 patients.
AB  - The incidence, angiographic features and natural history of discrete
      atherosclerotic coronary aneurysms were evaluated in 20 patients with 22
      aneurysms (0.2% of 8,422 patients referred for coronary angiography). Fifteen
      aneurysms (68%) were in the left anterior descending, four (18%) in the
      circumflex, two (9%) in the right and one (5%) in the left main coronary artery.
      Aneurysm diameter ranged from 4 to 35 mm (mean 8); 95% of aneurysms were adjacent
      to a severe obstruction. Seventy-five percent of patients had severe triple
      vessel disease that included severe left main disease in 15%. Total obstruction
      of one or two arteries was present in 75%. In patients with wall motion
      abnormalities, 78% of the abnormalities were in the distribution of the aneurysm.
      Follow-up (range 1 to 90 months [mean 30]) was obtained in all 20 patients. There
      were two cardiac and two noncardiac deaths; 12 patients had coronary bypass
      surgery and of 16 survivors, 13 were angina-free. In conclusion, discrete
      coronary aneurysms are much less common than diffuse ectasia. Unlike ectasia,
      they are never found in arteries without severe stenosis, and are most common in
      the left anterior descending coronary artery. Associated coronary artery disease
      is more severe in patients with discrete aneurysms than in those with diffuse
      ectasia. Discrete coronary aneurysms do not appear to rupture, and their
      resection is not warranted.

PMID- 2299069
TI  - "Borderline" myocarditis: an indication for repeat endomyocardial biopsy.
AB  - Repeat endomyocardial biopsy was performed in 28 patients with dilated
      cardiomyopathy of less than or equal to 12 months' duration and either
      symptomatic heart failure or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
      Myocarditis was strongly suspected clinically in all cases, yet was unconfirmed
      on initial right ventricular biopsy. Seventeen patients underwent both right and
      left ventricular biopsy, seven patients had a repeat right ventricular biopsy and
      four patients underwent repeat left ventricular biopsy alone. The interval
      between initial and repeat biopsy averaged 31 +/- 6 days. Myocarditis was
      confirmed on repeat biopsy in 4 of 6 patients whose initial biopsy revealed
      "borderline" myocarditis (that is, interstitial inflammation but absence of
      myocyte necrosis) compared with none of the 22 patients whose initial biopsy
      showed either myocyte hypertrophy or interstitial fibrosis, or both (p = 0.0007).
      "Borderline" myocarditis on initial biopsy was the only clinical or histologic
      finding predictive of myocarditis on subsequent biopsy. Repeat endomyocardial
      biopsy can identify and potentially modify the treatment of an additional group
      of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and nondiagnostic initial endomyocardial
      histologic features. Right ventricular sampling should be repeated in patients
      whose initial biopsy demonstrates "borderline" myocarditis.

PMID- 2299070
TI  - Borderline myocarditis on initial endomyocardial biopsy: no-man's-land no more?

PMID- 2299071
TI  - Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: evidence for selective, genetic
      electrophysiologic cardiac involvement.
AB  - Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is an autosomal dominant disorder with an
      incidence of 3 to 10 cases per million. The only type of cardiac involvement
      ascribed to this neuromuscular disorder is a unique form of heart disease-
      permanent atrial paralysis. However, reported cases of facioscapulohumeral
      muscular dystrophy probably represented instead what is now recognized as
      phenotypically similar Emery-Dreifuss dystrophy. Cardiac involvement, therefore,
      has not been convincingly reported in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, but
      because of the clinical similarity of that disorder to Emery-Dreifuss dystrophy
      and its genetic variants, a prospective investigation of the electrophysiologic
      properties of the atria and atrioventricular (AV) node and infranodal conduction
      was undertaken in 30 rigorously documented cases of facioscapulohumeral muscular
      dystrophy. All patients had a 12 lead surface electrocardiogram (ECG), 22 had a
      24 h ambulatory ECG, 15 patients had two-dimensional echocardiographic/Doppler
      studies and 10 patients underwent 12 intracardiac electrophysiologic
      investigations. Left atrial, right atrial or biatrial P wave abnormalities were
      present in 60% of the surface ECGs. Evidence of abnormal AV node or infranodal
      conduction was present on intracardiac electrophysiologic study or surface ECG in
      27% of patients. Atrial flutter or fibrillation was induced by single atrial
      extra stimuli in 10 of the 12 intracardiac electrophysiologic studies. Sinus node
      function was abnormal in three patients. This investigation provides the first
      secure evidence of cardiac involvement in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
      The involvement is represented by relatively high susceptibility to induced
      atrial flutter or fibrillation during electrophysiologic study, together with
      less frequent evidence of abnormal sinus node function and abnormal AV node or
      infranodal conduction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299072
TI  - Exercise thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography for the
      diagnosis of coronary artery disease: what should we expect from SPECT?

PMID- 2299073
TI  - The frequency of late reversibility in SPECT thallium-201 stress-redistribution
      studies.
AB  - The frequency of thallium-201 late reversibility was prospectively assessed in
      118 patients who had stress-redistribution thallium-201 studies by single photon
      emission computed tomography (SPECT). These patients demonstrated two or more
      segments with nonreversible defects at 4 h imaging and underwent late (18 to 72
      h) redistribution imaging. When the criterion of late reversibility was defined
      as greater than or equal to 1 segment with 4 h nonreversible defects
      demonstrating late reversibility, it was present in 62 (53%) of the 118 patients
      and 164 (22%) of 762 segments. When the criterion of greater than or equal to 2
      segments was used, late reversibility was found in 41 (35%) of 118 patients and
      143 (19%) of 762 segments. The frequency of detected reversible defects increased
      from 27% at 4 h imaging to 43% at combined 4 h and late imaging (p less than
      0.0001) and was significantly increased in all myocardial regions. In comparing
      the efficacy of initial and late imaging alone versus performing initial, 4 h and
      late imaging for the identification of reversible defects, 421 (94%) of 449
      segments classified as reversible by the latter protocol were also correctly
      identified by the early and late imaging only approach, with the remaining 6% (28
      segments) comprising those segments demonstrating the reversible pattern at 4 h
      and the nonreversible pattern at late imaging. No major differences were noted
      with respect to clinical, stress electrocardiographic and scintigraphic variables
      between the 118 patients undergoing late imaging and 98 additional randomly
      selected patients with two or more nonreversible defects at 4 h, who did not have
      late imaging.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299074
TI  - Late reversibility: a viability issue.

PMID- 2299075
TI  - In vivo ultrasound arterial recanalization of atherosclerotic total occlusions.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of intraarterial ultrasound
      for in vivo recanalization of atherosclerotic total occlusions. Ultrasound energy
      at a frequency of 20 kHz was applied with a prototype solid wire probe to 12
      surgically implanted occluded human atherosclerotic arterial xenografts, 9 of
      which were calcified, as well as to the intimal surface of 12 normal canine
      arteries. In both the normal canine arteries and the atherosclerotic occluded
      xenografts, there was no angiographic evidence of vasospasm, thrombosis or
      arterial dissection. Eleven of the 12 atherosclerotic complete arterial
      occlusions were resistant to passage of a conventional guide wire or probe
      without ultrasound energy. However, the occlusions were recanalized after
      administration of 15 s to 4 min (mean 1.5 +/- 1.3 min) of intermittent ultrasound
      energy. After ultrasound, 8 of the 12 vessels underwent balloon angioplasty.
      Angiographic residual stenosis after ultrasound alone was 62 +/- 24% and after
      combined ultrasound and balloon angioplasty, 29 +/- 13%. Although routine
      angiography did not reveal arterial emboli, high resolution cut films did
      demonstrate a few distal nonocclusive thrombi of a size similar to that reported
      with other recanalization methods. Histologic studies demonstrated changes
      similar to those after balloon angioplasty, with focal cracking of the fibrotic
      and calcified plaque. The findings demonstrate that ultrasound energy applied
      through a catheter delivery system can be used in vivo to open completely
      obstructed atherosclerotic vessels. These studies suggest that it might be
      clinically feasible to use the ultrasound probe to create a lumen, allowing
      subsequent balloon dilation.

PMID- 2299076
TI  - Prediction of apical thrombus formation in acute myocardial infarction based on
      left ventricular spatial flow pattern.
AB  - The predictive value of the left ventricular spatial flow pattern for thrombus
      formation was determined in 62 patients with acute myocardial infarction. A
      normal flow pattern by pulsed Doppler echocardiography was characterized by 1)
      simultaneous onset of blood motion at the mitral valve and apical level, and 2) a
      discontinuous Doppler signal along the lateral wall and interventricular septum.
      The flow pattern was assessed by these criteria, within 24 h after the onset of
      complaints and after 6 and 12 weeks. In 46 of the 62 patients, a normal flow
      pattern was found at the first examination; none of these 46 patients developed a
      thrombus during the study period. An abnormal flow pattern was seen at the first
      examination in 16 patients; this pattern normalized during follow-up in 6
      patients, none of whom developed a thrombus. In the other 10 patients the
      abnormal flow pattern persisted, and 7 of these developed a thrombus. These
      findings suggest that a normal left ventricular flow pattern in the setting of
      acute myocardial infarction is not associated with subsequent thrombus formation.
      This observation may be of importance if anticoagulation is considered.

PMID- 2299077
TI  - Predictors of left ventricular thrombus formation: flow, asynergy and morphology.

PMID- 2299078
TI  - The utility of transesophageal echocardiography and Doppler color flow imaging in
      patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery.
AB  - To assess the value of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during
      cardiac valve surgery, 154 consecutive patients who had a valve operation in
      conjunction with pre- and postcardiopulmonary bypass transesophageal imaging were
      studied. Prebypass imaging yielded unsuspected findings that either assisted or
      changed the planned operation in 29 (19%) of the 154 patients. Imaging
      immediately after bypass revealed unsatisfactory operative results that
      necessitated immediate further surgery in 10 (6%) of the 154 patients. Postbypass
      left ventricular dysfunction, prompting administration of inotropic agents, was
      identified in 13 patients (8%). Transesophageal echocardiography proved most
      useful when both two-dimensional and Doppler color flow imaging were employed in
      patients undergoing a mitral valve operation, where surgical decisions based on
      echocardiographic results were made in 26 (41%) of 64 cases. Postbypass
      echocardiographic findings identified patients at risk for an adverse
      postoperative outcome. Of 123 patients whose postbypass valve function was judged
      to be satisfactory, 18 (15%) had a major postoperative complication and 6 (5%)
      died, whereas of 7 patients with moderate residual valve dysfunction, 6 (86%) had
      a postoperative complication and 3 (43%) died (p less than 0.05 for both).
      Likewise, of 131 patients with preserved postbypass left ventricular function, 12
      (9%) had a major complication and 7 (5%) died, whereas of 23 patients with
      reduced ventricular function, 17 (73%) had a postoperative complication and 6
      (26%) died (p less than 0.05 for both). These data indicate that intraoperative
      transesophageal echocardiography is useful in formulating the surgical plan,
      assessing immediate operative results and identifying patients with
      unsatisfactory results who are at increased risk for postoperative complications.

PMID- 2299079
TI  - Transthoracic two-dimensional high frequency (7.5 MHz) ultrasonic visualization
      of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery.
AB  - High frequency (7.5 MHz) two-dimensional ultrasound in combination with modified
      acoustic windows allowed visualization of the distal left anterior descending
      artery in 61 (85%) of 72 patients studied. Visualization was confirmed in one
      patient who underwent simultaneous high frequency ultrasound recording and
      selective dye injection into the left coronary artery. In addition, calcific
      coronary atherosclerosis was identified in one patient. The saphenous vein bypass
      graft along with its distal site of anastomosis was clearly seen in 3 patients
      and coronary artery flow was detected in 24 (33%).

PMID- 2299080
TI  - Feasibility and cost-saving potential of outpatient cardiac catheterization.
AB  - To determine the feasibility and cost-saving potential of substituting outpatient
      for inpatient cardiac catheterization, 986 consecutive procedures were studied at
      a large referral hospital. Patients were classified prospectively as to their
      eligibility for outpatient cardiac catheterization according to published
      guidelines. Resource consumption was recorded, and cost savings were then
      calculated by analyzing the specific supply and personnel costs that could change
      as a result of inpatient versus outpatient status. Of the total of 986 patients
      who underwent diagnostic catheterization, 240 (24%) were outpatients, 279 (28%)
      were inpatients but had no exclusion criteria for outpatient catheterization and
      467 (47%) were inpatients who had one or more exclusions for outpatient
      catheterization. The most common reasons for exclusion from outpatient
      catheterization were congestive heart failure (22%), unstable angina (15%),
      noncoronary heart disease (14%), recent myocardial infarction (11%) and severe
      noncardiac disease (9%). Inpatients with no exclusions for the outpatient
      procedure tended to be sicker than outpatients because they were older (p =
      0.002), had a lower ejection fraction (p = 0.009) and had more triple vessel
      coronary artery disease (p less than 0.0001). The cost of the catheterization
      procedure itself was not different between inpatients and outpatients. Laboratory
      testing was more frequent among inpatients, however, and "room and board" costs
      were significantly higher. Although the difference in hospital charges for
      inpatients and outpatients was $580, a rigorous analysis indicated that the
      potential cost savings was only 38% of this amount, or $218 per eligible
      patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299081
TI  - Atrioventricular block in the atypical form of junctional reciprocating
      tachycardia: evidence supporting the atrioventricular node as the site of
      reentry.
AB  - Serial electrophysiologic studies were performed in 19 patients with the atypical
      form of supraventricular tachycardia having a long RP and short PR interval. In
      all 19 patients, supraventricular tachycardia was found to have a 1:1 P-QRS
      relation during initial control electrophysiologic studies, and in all 19
      patients, electrophysiologic studies suggested that junctional reentry was the
      mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia. Seven of the 19 patients developed
      atrioventricular (AV) block during initiation of supraventricular tachycardia or
      after induction of supraventricular tachycardia following various drug
      administrations in subsequent studies. In three patients, second degree block
      within the His bundle or block distal to the His bundle recording site occurred
      after administration of quinidine. In one patient it occurred after procainamide,
      and in another patient it occurred after atropine. In one patient, 2:1 block
      proximal to the His deflection occurred after verapamil. In the remaining
      patient, a transient Wenckebach block proximal to the His deflection was noted
      after adenosine triphosphate. In this latter patient, 2:1 AV block was also noted
      after propranolol and digoxin. The site of reentry in these seven patients with
      AV block during supraventricular tachycardia was confined to the AV node area.
      Their supraventricular tachycardia did not involve a slowly conducting paraseptal
      accessory pathway because the distal AV node, His bundle and ventricle were not
      found to be necessary links in the tachycardia circuit.

PMID- 2299083
TI  - Time dependence of ventricular refractory periods: implications for
      electrophysiologic protocols.
AB  - Cardiac refractory periods are routinely measured during electrophysiologic
      testing. Informal observations suggested that the effective refractory period
      lengthened with a prolongation of the time in sinus rhythm (basic cycle length
      time) between successive runs of drive stimuli (S1S1s). If this were true,
      failure to control the basic cycle length time could affect the results and
      interpretation of electrophysiologic testing. To study this phenomenon, the
      effective refractory period was studied in 20 patients during sinus rhythm and
      two ventricular paced rates with up to three extrastimuli, while varying the
      basic cycle length time from 2 to 3, to 10 to 20 s. With each of the stimulation
      sequences used, the effective refractory period lengthened as the basic cycle
      length time increased ("basic cycle length time-effective refractory period
      effect"). The effect was most pronounced when extrastimuli were used during the
      two ventricular paced rates. As the basic cycle length time increased from 2 to 3
      to 20 s, the mean effective refractory period determined during sinus rhythm
      increased from 296 to 300 ms; with the first ventricular paced rate, the
      effective refractory period increased from 259 to 272 ms (p less than 0.0003) and
      with the second ventricular paced rate, the effective refractory period increased
      from 250 to 263 ms (p less than 0.01). The basic cycle length time-effective
      refractory period effect became more pronounced as the number of extrastimuli
      increased. With the second ventricular paced rate, as basic cycle length was
      increased from 2 to 3 to 20 s, the mean prolongation in the cumulative effective
      refractory period (S1 to final extrastimulus) as the number of extrastimuli
      increased from 1 to 2 to 3, was 13 (p less than 0.01), 42 (p less than 0.0003)
      and 82 ms (p less than 0.001), respectively. Results were confirmed in 17
      instances by redetermining the effective refractory period at the 2 to 3 s basic
      cycle length time after the final 20 s basic cycle length time determination, and
      demonstrating that it was similar to the effective refractory period after the
      initial 2 to 3 s basic cycle length time. No further prolongation of the
      effective refractory period could be demonstrated by increasing basic cycle
      length time from 20 to 60 s, and no significant effect of medications on the
      basic cycle length time-effective refractory period effect could be demonstrated.

PMID- 2299082
TI  - Effect of pacing current strength on indexes of myocardial activation in humans:
      influence of chronic infarction and polarity of pacing.
AB  - The effects of current strength (threshold to 20 mA) and pacing polarity (bipolar
      versus unipolar) on indexes of ventricular activation during endocardial pacing
      (cycle length 400 to 500 ms) from 10 normal and 17 abnormal left ventricular
      sites were assessed in 19 patients. Abnormal sites were infarcted and
      demonstrated an electrogram duration greater than 70 ms and amplitude less than 3
      mV during sinus rhythm. Bipolar pacing was performed from poles 1 (cathode) and 3
      (1 cm interelectrode distance) of a quadripolar catheter. Unipolar cathodal
      pacing was performed from the tip electrode (pole 1). Local activation was
      indexed by the interval from the pacing stimulus to 1) the onset of the QRS
      complex, 2) the largest rapid deflection of the local electrogram, and 3) the end
      (total duration) of the local electrogram recorded from poles 2 and 4 of the
      quadripolar catheter used for left ventricular pacing. Distant activation was
      indexed by the interval from pacing stimulus to electrograms recorded at the
      right ventricular apex and outflow tract. Bipolar and unipolar pacing of normal
      sites produced a modest homogeneous reduction of all activation times by 3 to 11
      ms (median) with increments in current strength from threshold (0.8 mA) to 20 mA.
      Bipolar pacing of abnormal sites showed marked (up to 110 ms) and heterogeneous
      changes in local (median 22 to 30 ms) as well as distant (median 14 to 23 ms)
      activation times with increases in current strength from threshold (2.7 mA) to 20
      mA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299084
TI  - The modified Fontan operation for children less than 4 years old.
AB  - Of 500 patients who had a modified Fontan operation at this institution between
      1973 and 1987, 54 (33 boys and 21 girls) were less than 4 years old. This
      retrospective study related preoperative clinical and hemodynamic data to
      subsequent survival. Twenty patients less than 4 years old had tricuspid atresia,
      13 had double inlet ventricle and 21 had other complex heart defects. There were
      14 early deaths (less than 30 days after operation) and 6 late deaths.
      Multivariate analysis of survival for the entire group of 500 patients revealed
      the following factors to be significantly associated with poorer survival:
      absence of tricuspid atresia (p = 0.011), asplenia (p less than 0.001), age less
      than 4 years at operation (p = 0.042), atrioventricular valve dysfunction (p =
      0.017), early calendar year of operation (p less than 0.001) and the presence of
      either one or more of the following: left ventricular ejection fraction less than
      60%, mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than 15 mm Hg and pulmonary
      arteriolar resistance greater than 4 U.m2 (p less than 0.001). On the basis of
      this study of 500 patients, age less than 4 years at operation appears to be an
      independent risk factor for poorer survival after the modified Fontan operation.

PMID- 2299085
TI  - The safety and utility of endomyocardial biopsy in infants, children and
      adolescents.

PMID- 2299086
TI  - Doppler echocardiographic measurement of pulmonary artery pressure from ductal
      Doppler velocities in the newborn.
AB  - The ductal flow velocities in 37 newborns (group 1: persistent pulmonary
      hypertension [n = 16], transient tachypnea [n = 3], other [n = 2]; group 2:
      respiratory distress syndrome [n = 16]) were prospectively evaluated by Doppler
      ultrasound for the purpose of deriving systolic pulmonary artery pressures.
      Maximal tricuspid regurgitant Doppler velocity in 21 of these patients was used
      to validate the pulmonary artery pressures derived from ductal flow velocities.
      There was a significant linear correlation between tricuspid regurgitant Doppler
      velocity and pulmonary artery systolic pressure derived from ductal Doppler
      velocities in patients with unidirectional (pure left to right or pure right to
      left) ductal shunting (p less than 0.001, r = 0.95, SEE 8) and in those with
      bidirectional shunting (p less than 0.001, r = 0.95, SEE 4.5). Systolic pulmonary
      artery pressure in group 1 (67 +/- 13 mm Hg) was significantly higher than that
      in group 2 (39 +/- 10 mm Hg) (p less than 0.001). In those with bidirectional
      shunting, duration of right to left shunting less than 60% of systole was found
      when pulmonary artery pressure was systemic or less, whereas duration greater
      than or equal to 60% was associated with suprasystemic pulmonary artery
      pressures. Serial changes in pulmonary artery systolic pressure, reflected by
      changes in ductal Doppler velocities, correlated with clinical status in
      persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Persistently suprasystemic
      pulmonary artery pressure was associated with death in five group 1 patients. It
      is concluded that ductal Doppler velocities can be reliably utilized to monitor
      the course of pulmonary artery systolic pressures in newborns.

PMID- 2299087
TI  - The ductus arteriosus: a window for assessment of pulmonary artery pressures?

PMID- 2299088
TI  - Use of a perforated balloon catheter to deliver concentrated heparin into the
      wall of the normal canine artery.
AB  - A perforated catheter was used to deliver either horseradish peroxidase or
      fluoresceinated heparin under pressure to the canine arterial wall. Depth of
      penetration of the media by horseradish peroxidase was dependent on perfusion
      pressure. At 5 bar pressure for 1 min, the entire media showed a reaction product
      for horseradish peroxidase. Fluoresceinated heparin delivered under the same
      conditions could be demonstrated to traverse the entire media as well. A pressure
      of 5 bars caused medial necrosis at 48 h after perfusion, even when the perfusing
      solution was saline. (This did not differ from the effect of standard angioplasty
      at the same pressure.) However, heparin at 5,000 U/ml did not cause medial
      alteration at 48 h when delivered at the lower pressure of 500 mm Hg. It is
      feasible to deliver heparin over 1 min in high concentration to the arterial wall
      by means of this balloon catheter. This method may permit the use of commercially
      prepared heparin in high concentration as an antiproliferative agent to control
      the problem of restenosis after angioplasty.

PMID- 2299089
TI  - Restenosis after coronary angioplasty: new standards for clinical studies.
AB  - With the high initial success rates for coronary angioplasty that are reported
      regularly, it has become increasingly difficult to demonstrate methods or
      techniques that are able to provide more beneficial early results than can be
      achieved by conventional angioplasty. On the other hand, the incidence of late
      restenosis has remained much the same over the 10 years that angioplasty has been
      part of clinical practice, and there is still no proved intervention that
      modifies the restenosis process. Therefore, the problem of restenosis has assumed
      increasing relevance in determining the clinical value of coronary angioplasty
      and, accordingly, studies that address the problem of restenosis need to become
      more exacting. Although numerous articles have addressed the problem of
      restenosis in the clinical setting, many defining certain factors associated with
      restenosis and possible interventions to reduce the incidence of restenosis,
      there is surprisingly little consensus. Most of the discrepancies can be
      attributed to three factors: 1) the selection of patients, 2) the method of
      analysis, and 3) the definition of restenosis employed. This review shows how
      these three factors influence the outcome and conclusions of restenosis studies.

PMID- 2299090
TI  - Left ventricular outflow tract to left atrial communication secondary to rupture
      of mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa in infective endocarditis: diagnosis by
      transesophageal echocardiography and color flow imaging.
AB  - Infection of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa occurs most commonly in
      association with infective endocarditis of the aortic valve. Infection of the
      aortic valve results in a regurgitant jet that presumably strikes this subaortic
      interannular zone of fibrous tissue and produces a secondary site of infection.
      Infection of this interannular zone then leads to the formation of subaortic
      abscess or pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricular outflow tract. This infected
      zone of mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa or subaortic aneurysm can
      subsequently rupture into the left atrium with systolic ejection of blood from
      the left ventricular outflow tract to the left atrium. This report describes the
      echocardiographic findings in three patients with pathologically proved left
      ventricular outflow tract to left atrial communication. Precise preoperative
      diagnosis is important, and this lesion should be differentiated from ruptured
      aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva and perforation of the anterior mitral leaflet.
      Transthoracic echocardiography using color flow imaging and conventional Doppler
      techniques may show an eccentric mitral regurgitation type of signal in the left
      atrium originating from the region of the left ventricular outflow tract.
      However, transesophageal echocardiography provides an accurate preoperative
      diagnosis and should be used intraoperatively during repair of such lesions.

PMID- 2299091
TI  - Anomalous coronary arteries.

PMID- 2299092
TI  - Restrictive ventricular physiology as demonstrated by Doppler echocardiography.

PMID- 2299093
TI  - Congenital cardiac anomalies in China.

PMID- 2299094
TI  - Abstracts. 39th annual scientific session, American College of Cardiology. New
      Orleans, Louisiana, March 18-22, 1990.

PMID- 2299095
TI  - Allergy to human seminal fluid: characterization of the allergen and experience
      with immunotherapy.
AB  - A 20-year-old woman was observed with a history of a severe generalized systemic
      reaction after topical contact with seminal fluid. A prick test with undiluted
      seminal fluid produced a 5.0 mm wheal-and-flare response with pseudopods. Prick
      tests with saliva and serum from the same source as the seminal fluid were
      negative. Measurement of IgE antibody to seminal-fluid allergen with a Biotin
      Avidin ELISA technique yielded strong activity. No IgG antibody could be
      detected. Significant prick test reactivity could be found in Sephadex G-100
      fractions that had a molecular weight range of 12,000 to 75,000 daltons and that
      contained approximately 5% of the total protein in the starting material.
      Isoelectric focusing fractions with strong skin test reactivity had a pI range of
      5.4 to 6.6. These fractions contained one major protein band. Immunotherapy was
      conducted with a Sephadex fraction of seminal fluid during a 24-month period. A
      cumulative dose of 32 mg of protein was administered. No side effects other than
      local swelling occurred. Ten months after the start of immunotherapy, IgE
      antibody became unmeasureable, an effect that was demonstrated not due to the
      inhibitory effect of IgG antibody. IgG antibody rose progressively in this
      period. Clinically, the patient became less sensitive to topical contact.
      Although the natural history of seminal-fluid allergy is not known, immunotherapy
      may be effective.

PMID- 2299096
TI  - The effect of maternal avoidance of eggs, cow's milk, and fish during lactation
      on the development of IgE, IgG, and IgA antibodies in infants.
AB  - Serum levels of IgE, IgE antibodies to egg white (EW) and cow's milk (CM), IgG,
      and IgA antibodies to ovalbumin (OA) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) were measured
      in a group of 115 infants with a family history of atopy/allergy at birth and at
      3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months of age. The mothers of 65 infants avoided eggs, CM,
      and fish during the first 3 months of lactation (maternal antigen avoidance diet,
      D group), whereas the remaining 50 mothers had no diet restrictions (no maternal
      antigen avoidance diet, ND group). CM was introduced after 6 months of age and EW
      after 9 months. The only statistically significant difference between the D and
      ND group infants was a lower rate of specimens with IgE antibodies to EW and/or
      CM in the infants at 3 months of age (p = 0.008). IgE antibodies to EW and/or CM
      appeared in 62 infants during the study period and often during complete breast
      feeding. In 40 of the infants, IgE antibodies appeared before the introduction of
      EW and CM into the diet. The IgE concentrations of the D and the ND group infants
      were similar. Cord-blood IgE was a poor predictor of atopy/allergy; for example,
      only seven of 103 infants with double heredity for atopy/allergy had values above
      the 90th percentile of our normal reference. The concentrations of IgG antibodies
      to OA and BLG were similar in the two groups. The levels decreased significantly
      (p less than 0.001) from birth to 6 months of age, indicating a passive placental
      transfer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299097
TI  - Allergy in subjects with asthma from childhood to adulthood.
AB  - We studied the change from childhood to adulthood in skin test reactivity to
      house dust, animal dander, grass pollen, and molds, and, in addition, the change
      in number of blood eosinophils. The study was carried out in a group of 119
      children with asthma, aged 6 to 14 years first observed between 1966 and 1969. In
      the present study, 101 subjects (85%) were reinvestigated after a mean period of
      16 years; 43% had current symptoms. Skin test reactivity to all allergens and the
      number of subjects with positive skin tests to more than one allergen increased
      from childhood to adulthood. Subjects with allergic rhinitis (38%) had a higher
      number of positive skin tests to grass pollen in both childhood and adulthood
      than subjects without allergic rhinitis. Fifty-three children and 10 adults had
      atopic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis occurred with equal frequency in children
      who did and in children who did not have current symptoms later in life. No
      differences in skin test reactivity to allergens were found between smoking and
      nonsmoking subjects. Although the smoking period was relatively short, smoking
      was correlated with eosinophilia in adulthood. The mean number of eosinophils
      decreased significantly between the first and second survey. The outcome of
      childhood asthma as defined by current symptoms was not predicted by skin
      reactivity to allergens, eosinophilia, atopic dermatitis, or allergic rhinitis in
      childhood.

PMID- 2299098
TI  - Committee report of the training program director's committee of the American
      Academy of Allergy and Immunology: recommendations of five subcommittees at a
      retreat held in January 1989.

PMID- 2299099
TI  - Comments on "Proceedings of the Task Force on Guidelines for Standardizing Old
      and New Technologies Used for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Diseases".

PMID- 2299100
TI  - Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge.

PMID- 2299101
TI  - Erratum: Sulfite-treated lettuce challenges in sulfite-sensitive subjects with
      asthma.

PMID- 2299102
TI  - Changes in conjunctival scrapings after provocation.

PMID- 2299103
TI  - Leukotriene C4 elimination and metabolism in man.
AB  - Three doses of radiolabeled leukotriene C4 (0.2 to 15 muCi) were infused into
      three subjects to investigate its metabolism and routes of elimination during 4
      days. Between 12% and 20% of the infused dose was recovered in the urine within
      24 hours, of which a substantial and relatively constant proportion (4.1% to 6.3%
      total dose) appeared as leukotriene E4 (LTE4), mainly in the first 4 hours. Polar
      omega-oxidation products, N-acetyl LTE4, and tritiated water were also present.
      Fecal elimination accounted for a further 30% to 40% of the infused dose. In the
      absence of altered metabolism or biliary excretion, urinary LTE4 may be a useful
      measure of whole body production of the cysteinyl leukotrienes.

PMID- 2299104
TI  - Serotype-related antigen of Trichosporon cutaneum in the induction of summer-type
      hypersensitivity pneumonitis: correlation between serotype of inhalation
      challenge-positive antigen and that of the isolates from patients' homes.
AB  - Inhalation challenge with the culture filtrate-antigens prepared from two strains
      of different serotype of Trichosporon cutaneum (TIMM 1573, serotype I; TIMM 1318,
      serotype II) was performed on patients with summer-type hypersensitivity
      pneumonitis and asymptomatic seropositive family members. Of the 17 patients, 12
      were strongly positive, four were mildly so, and one was negative. Interestingly,
      of the 16 inhalation challenge-positive patients, four reacted to both serotypes
      I and II, five to serotype I only, and seven to serotype II only. There was a
      good correlation between the serotype inhalation challenge-positive antigen and
      that of T. cutaneum isolated from the homes of two patients' homes. A strain of
      T. cutaneum demonstrating a new serotype was isolated from the homes of two
      patients, one of whom was negative to both serotypes I and II. Specific antibody
      activity, lymphocyte proliferative response, and skin reaction to the antigens
      were also positive, but these findings were not useful to discriminate the
      inhalation challenge-positive from the inhalation challenge-negative antigen.
      Neither of the two asymptomatic family members responded. These results indicate
      that inhalation challenge in patients with summer-type hypersensitivity
      pneumonitis is provoked by the serotype-related antigen of T. cutaneum,
      reflecting the sensitization of these patients in their homes.

PMID- 2299105
TI  - Systemic cold-induced urticaria--clinical and laboratory characterization.
AB  - Six patients are described with a history of cold-related urticaria in whom
      standard tests (water-immersion and ice-cube) did not induce symptoms. Only total
      body cold exposure induced generalized urticaria. Systemic cold urticaria should,
      therefore, be included in the differential diagnosis of cold-dependent allergic
      disorders.

PMID- 2299106
TI  - Exposure-response relationships in asthma caused by tetrachlorophthalic
      anhydride.
AB  - Four patients with asthma caused by occupational exposure to tetrachlorophthalic
      anhydride (TCPA) had dust-challenge tests that used eight different levels of
      TCPA exposure. Measurements of TCPA in the test-cubicle air ranged from 1.3 to
      961.1 micrograms/m3. The higher exposures provoked definite late or dual
      asthmatic responses. Smaller, but statistically significant, responses were
      observed at low exposures. The late asthmatic-response area had a linear relation
      to the logarithm of TCPA exposure, but the immediate asthmatic response was less
      closely related to exposure.

PMID- 2299107
TI  - Long-term effects of aspirin desensitization--treatment for aspirin-sensitive
      rhinosinusitis-asthma.
AB  - One hundred seven known aspirin (ASA)-sensitive patients with rhinosinusitis
      asthma were studied from 1975 to 1988. Forty-two of the patients avoided ASA and
      served as the control group. Thirty-five patients were desensitized to ASA and
      treated with daily ASA treatment (Rx) for as long as 8 years (mean, 3.75 years)
      to May 1988 and were designated the continuous group. Thirty patients, initially
      desensitized to ASA and treated with daily ASA, who stopped Rx permanently after
      a mean duration of 2 years, were designated the discontinued group. Retrospective
      analyses of baselines revealed that both continuous and discontinued groups
      during ASA Rx demonstrated statistically significant reduction in number of
      hospitalizations per year, emergency room visits per year, outpatient visits per
      year, upper respiratory infections-sinusitis-antibiotics per year, need for nasal
      polypectomies and additional sinus operations, and improvement in sense of smell
      compared to the control group. Simultaneously, the ASA-Rx groups were able to
      significantly reduce systemic corticosteroid dosage, corticosteroid bursts per
      year, and, in the continuous group only, significantly reduce inhaled
      corticosteroids. All three groups maintained control of respiratory symptoms. ASA
      desensitization followed by long-term daily ASA Rx appears to improve ASA
      sensitive rhinosinusitis-asthma and concomitantly allows reduction of systemic
      corticosteroids.

PMID- 2299108
TI  - Longitudinal changes in atopy during a 4-year period: relation to bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness and respiratory symptoms in a population sample of Australian
      schoolchildren.
AB  - A total of 380 schoolchildren living in Belmont, New South Wales, a coastal town
      where the predominant aeroallergens are house dust mites, were studied on three
      occasions at 2-year intervals. At each study, atopy was measured by skin prick
      tests to 13 allergens, bronchial responsiveness was measured by histamine
      inhalation test, and respiratory illness history was assessed by a self
      administered questionnaire to parents. The age of the group was 8 to 10 years at
      enrollment. We found that skin wheals less than 4 mm were not associated with
      respiratory or allergic illness, and therefore, we defined atopy as the presence
      of a skin wheal of greater than or equal to 4 mm. In the sample, 24% of the
      children were atopic at 8 to 10 years (early-onset atopy), and an additional 15%
      became atopic during the study (late-onset atopy). Both early- and late-onset
      atopy had a close association with hay fever. Late-onset atopy was strongly
      associated with inconsistent reporting of symptoms. Early-onset atopy was an
      important risk factor for bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), diagnosed asthma,
      and continuing symptoms of wheeze, and was a particularly important risk factor
      for BHR with current wheeze in late childhood years. We conclude that atopy
      acquired at an early age is an important predictive factor for respiratory
      symptoms occurring with BHR and continuing into late childhood.

PMID- 2299109
TI  - Biochemical and immunochemical comparison of Africanized and European honeybee
      venoms.
AB  - Africanized honeybees (HBs) pose a hazard to both normal and sting-sensitive
      subjects in certain areas of Central and South America, and it is predicted that
      they will soon be present in the southern United States as well. Using an
      electrical stimulation device, we collected Africanized HB venom (AHV) in
      Venezuela and European HB venom (EHV) in Louisiana. These venoms, along with
      commercial European HB venom (CHV), were compared by thin-layer isoelectric
      focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS
      PAGE). The Coomassie brilliant blue and silver-stained banding patterns of AHV
      and EHV were essentially identical to CHV. Western blots were prepared from SDS
      PAGE gels and tested with pooled sera from EHV-sensitive subjects and then
      radiolabeled antihuman IgE. The resulting autoradiographs revealed similar
      banding patterns among EHV, AHV, and CHV. RAST-inhibition studies were performed
      with solid-phase CHV and pooled sera from EHV-sensitive subjects. The specific
      allergenic activities of the three HB venoms (allergy units per milligram of
      protein) were comparable. By RAST-inhibition assay with solid-phase, highly
      purified individual venom components, AHV and EHV both contained phospholipase
      A2, hyaluronidase, and high-molecular-weight allergens. The increased morbidity
      after Africanized HB stings is likely related to their more defensive behavior
      during which many bees react by stinging rather than to biochemical or allergenic
      differences between AHV and EHV.

PMID- 2299110
TI  - Malignant idiopathic anaphylaxis.
AB  - A patient with idiopathic anaphylaxis (IA), classified as generalized IA with
      frequent episodes, had original episodes in 1985 and has been managed and studied
      by the authors since 1987. Although her episodes of IA appear to have been
      controlled by prednisone, progressively larger doses of prednisone have been
      required. The patient was classified as a patient with corticosteroid-dependent
      IA, a subset of patients with IA in whom a remission cannot be induced with
      prednisone and in whom prednisone cannot be stopped. A trial of ketotifen is in
      progress without definitive effect on prednisone requirement. Because this
      corticosteroid-dependent patient with IA, which is potentially fatal, cannot be
      managed on less than 90 mg of alternate-day prednisone, we propose the term
      malignant IA to categorize such severe cases of IA.

PMID- 2299112
TI  - The American Academy of Allergy and Immunology. Forty-sixth annual meeting.
      Baltimore, Maryland, March 23-28, 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2299111
TI  - Variability of cat-allergen shedding.
AB  - To study the differences in total allergen shed, nine cats were placed
      individually in a lucite chamber with an air sampler attached for 1 hour. With a
      RAST-inhibition assay that used specific cat IgE antibodies from cat-sensitive
      subjects, we ranked the allergen production of each cat. From these nine cats,
      three high producers and one low producer were studied further. Each cat's
      allergens were collected for two to four separate 1-hour intervals on 6 different
      days. The high producers' samples remained high in allergen content, and the low
      producer's sample remained low. An additional eight cats were selected for
      similar longitudinal measurements, and allergens from each of these 12 cats were
      collected during four 1-hour intervals on 2 different days and assayed for total
      allergy units (AUs) by RAST inhibition and for the major cat allergen, Fel d I,
      by a two-site assay with a monoclonal antibody. Shedding, particularly by high
      producers, varied considerably from hour to hour. We found a hundredfold
      difference in AUs between the mean rate of shedding of the highest and lowest
      producers and a sixfold difference in Fel d I units. Variation in rate of
      shedding of Fel d I accounted for about half the variation of shedding of AUs.
      Allergen shedding varies not only between cats but also in the same cat during
      the course of a day and between days. Male cats shed more than female cats.

PMID- 2299113
TI  - Reduced supine cardiac volumes and diastolic filling rates in elderly patients
      with chronic medical conditions. Implications for postural blood pressure
      homeostasis.
AB  - Very elderly individuals with multiple chronic illnesses are at high risk of
      orthostatic hypotension, falls, and associated morbidity and mortality.
      Alterations in cardiac volumes and filling characteristics may contribute in part
      to an increased prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and falls in these people.
      In this study cardiac function was evaluated with gated radionuclide
      ventriculography in eight healthy young subjects (19-38 years) and 25 elderly
      persons with stable chronic illnesses (73-96 years), 14 of whom had a history of
      recurrent falls. Blood pressure was measured supine during the radionuclide
      ventriculography, then after one minute of standing. Supine stroke volume index,
      end diastolic volume index, cardiac index, and peak filling rates were
      significantly lower in elderly subjects compared to young, and ejection fraction
      and end systolic volume index (measures of systolic function) were the same in
      young and old. Compared to the young, elderly subjects had a reduction in
      ventricular filling during the first third of diastole, but an augmentation in
      the last third, during atrial contraction. Within the group of elderly subjects,
      the directional change in systolic blood pressure during orthostasis was
      significantly correlated with basal supine systolic blood pressure (R = 0.81, P
      less than .0001) and supine cardiac index (R = 0.66, P = .002). Thus, very old
      people representative of those seen in clinical practice have reduced cardiac
      volumes and impaired early diastolic filling, a result possibly related to
      elevations in systolic blood pressure. These changes in cardiac structure and
      function may contribute, in part, to orthostatic hypotension in advanced age.

PMID- 2299114
TI  - Hospitalization rates in nursing home residents with dementia. A pilot study of
      the impact of a special care unit.
AB  - Although Special Care Units (SCUs) have recently gained attention as appropriate
      places for caring for institutionalized patients with dementia, few studies have
      evaluated their effectiveness. This pilot study focused primarily on one aspect
      of patient care, the possible prevention of acute hospitalization. Because
      transfer from nursing home to the acute hospital can be a traumatic experience
      for patients with dementia, important services that SCUs might provide include
      those preventive strategies aimed at reducing the need for transfer to the acute
      hospital. Medical record abstraction revealed that over one year, the rate of
      acute hospitalization was 21% among 47 patients with dementia in SCUs, compared
      with 14% among 36 patients with dementia and 14% among 22 patients with no listed
      diagnosis of dementia residing in non-SCU settings within the same facility.
      Thus, no statistically significant difference in hospitalization rates was found,
      although the trend was for increased hospitalization for SCU patients. There was
      a trend toward deterioration in functional status among SCU patients following
      first hospitalization (P less than .10). Since the majority of these patients
      were hospitalized for hip fractures, this finding was not unexpected. There was a
      trend toward cognitive decline after hospitalization among patients with dementia
      who were not residing in an SCU (P less than .10). In order to investigate
      whether acute hospitalizations among SCU patients were preventable, an expert
      panel was convened to review each episode of illness leading to acute
      hospitalization. Of the 15 hospitalizations, none were judged "preventable," four
      were believed to be "possibly preventable," and 11 were considered to have been
      "not preventable."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299115
TI  - After reaching retirement age physical activity sustains cerebral perfusion and
      cognition.
AB  - Among neurologically normal volunteers approaching age 65 with an option for
      retirement, a four-year prospective longitudinal study was designed to examine
      effects of different levels of physical activity on cerebral perfusion by between
      group comparisons. After the fourth year, cognitive performance was also tested.
      Three groups were compared, each composed of 30 elderly volunteers, assigned as
      follows: Group 1, who continued to work; Group 2, who retired but participated in
      regular physical activities; and Group 3, who retired but did not participate in
      regular, planned physical activities. Retirees who elected to become physically
      inactive exhibited significant declines in cerebral blood flow (CBF) throughout
      four years of follow-up. Those who continued to work or retirees who elected to
      participate in regular activities sustained more constant CBF levels. Active
      retirees and those who continued to work also scored better on cognitive testing
      after the fourth year of follow-up compared to inactive retirees.

PMID- 2299117
TI  - The concept of "reversible" dementia. How nonreliable terminology may impair
      effective treatment.
AB  - Although good clinical and research information continually appears in the
      dementia literature, there is the disconcerting sense that, in some areas, a lack
      of clarity and rigor exists regarding terminology. Although definitions in the
      field of dementia initially seem reasonably straightforward, specific problem
      areas exist. This multidisciplinary field encompasses a variety of physician
      specialists, as well as other diverse professionals and brings not only the
      benefit of a rich mix of backgrounds, but also provides a medium for potential
      misunderstanding due to miscommunication. The variety of definitions of dementia,
      and especially the label, "reversible dementia," exemplifies this problem.
      Disease-specific dementias, pseudodementia, and delirium are three clinical
      situations that may or may not be classified as "reversible dementias," depending
      on individual training, custom, and jargon. Use of the term "reversible dementia"
      may cause misunderstanding and inefficiency and benefits neither patient nor
      caregiver. It is suggested that the term be replaced. Further, all diagnostic
      labels should be clearly understood and explained. Emphasis must be placed on
      promoting the fact that all patients with cognitive/functional decline, no matter
      how defined or what the cause, are eminently treatable individuals.

PMID- 2299116
TI  - Brief screening tests versus clinical staging in senile dementia of the Alzheimer
      type.
AB  - Several brief screening tests of cognitive function were compared with a reliable
      and valid global rating of the presence and severity of senile dementia of the
      Alzheimer type, the Washington University Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). The six
      item Short Blessed Test, the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, the 26
      item Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration Test, the Blessed Dementia Scale,
      and the Blessed Dementia Scale-Cognitive were able to discern both the presence
      of dementia and its severity. The six-item Short Blessed Test is preferred as a
      screening test because of its brevity, administration to the subject only,
      inclusion of a learning task, reliability, and neuropathologic validity. Evidence
      is presented for the convergent validity of the Initial Subject Protocol, used to
      derive the Clinical Dementia Rating.

PMID- 2299118
TI  - Hearing loss in the nursing home. An institutional issue.
AB  - One hundred ninety-eight nursing home admissions underwent audiometric assessment
      and answered questions regarding hearing difficulty in common listening
      situations. Twenty-four percent demonstrated normal thresholds (0-25 dB) in the
      speech frequencies with only mild losses at 4000 Hz. Fifty-four percent had
      normal thresholds through the speech frequencies with moderate to profound losses
      at higher frequencies, or mild losses (26-40 dB) in the speech frequencies. Such
      persons would be at risk in daily listening situations. Twenty-two percent had
      moderate or greater losses (greater than 40 dB) through the entire frequency
      range. Sixteen percent of this significantly impaired group were not identified
      as having a hearing loss by either the admitting RN or physician. Sixty percent
      of residents reported trouble in a group if they could not see the speaker's
      face, when watching television, and/or when using the telephone. The data
      indicate that a systematic hearing screening program is the most reliable means
      of identifying hearing loss and functional hearing handicap on an individual
      basis. The high prevalence of hearing problems suggests that this handicap also
      needs to be addressed from the perspective of institutional policy. Staff
      training and environmental modification should be undertaken to give hearing
      support to the entire nursing home population.

PMID- 2299119
TI  - The trajectory of dying. Functional status in the last year of life.
AB  - The case records of the 97 patients in the largely geriatric clinical practice at
      the Palo Alto Medical Clinic who died in 1987 were reviewed. Functional states 12
      months, six months, and one week before death were determined retrospectively in
      an attempt to establish the degree of functionality in the period before death,
      and particularly to assess the impact of age on this functionality. The data of
      the series suggest that age per se is not closely correlated with dysfunction.
      Further, use of the hospital for terminal care was largely confined to more
      functional patients.

PMID- 2299120
TI  - Autopsies and death certificates in the chronic care setting.
AB  - All autopsies (n = 34) performed over a period from July 1, 1981 to June 30, 1988
      in a teaching nursing home were reviewed to determine the autopsy rate, to
      evaluate premortem versus postmortem diagnostic discrepancies, and to see if
      educational efforts could improve each. The autopsy rate was 3.5%. Major
      discrepancies appeared in 47.1% of cases. Pneumonia was the most frequent and
      most frequently missed diagnosis. Only 23 of 34 death certificates reflected the
      cause of death as documented in the chart, and only 12 had concordant diagnoses
      with those from autopsy. After a collective educational effort, the autopsy rate
      increased from a rate (average of initial six years) of 2.4% to 10.8% in the last
      year. The autopsy rate is low, but can be improved with educational efforts.
      Death certificates, in this population, may be misleading when used for general
      statistical purposes.

PMID- 2299121
TI  - Prevalence of geriatric articles in general medical journals.

PMID- 2299122
TI  - Geriatrics and general medical journals.

PMID- 2299123
TI  - A disease called ageism.

PMID- 2299124
TI  - DNR in nursing homes: the U.K. and N.Y.

PMID- 2299125
TI  - Day care programs affiliated with teaching hospitals: report of the Dependent
      Care Task Force.
AB  - An AMWA sponsored survey of teaching affiliated hospitals reveals that they are
      actively establishing on-site and near-site day care centers. Characteristics of
      the centers, descriptions of their services, and implications for women medical
      students, trainees, and physicians are presented.

PMID- 2299126
TI  - Incest: the unknowable trauma.
AB  - There are incest victims for whom the trauma is unknowable. It is held
      sequestered in their minds and not available to consciousness. The price to the
      victim is a group of recognizable signs, symptoms, behaviors, and deficits, some
      of which threaten the professionalism of the physician/patient relationship. They
      are described in detail here so that they can be recognized and the correct
      diagnosis can be made.

PMID- 2299127
TI  - AMWA endorses uniform mammography screening.

PMID- 2299128
TI  - Self-care for the elderly diabetic.
AB  - Diabetes is a chronic disease; its successful management is largely dependent on
      the elderly individual's compliance with the treatment regimen. Teaching efforts
      for elderly clients with diabetes should be tailored to meet the many age-related
      conditions that affect learning abilities. These include prior experience with
      the disease, sensory perceptual changes, short-term memory loss, and lack of
      formal education. Orem's theory of self-care provides an appropriate framework
      for nurses who work with elderly diabetic clients. For these clients, nursing
      goals are geared toward having the older person remain as independent and healthy
      as possible.

PMID- 2299129
TI  - Recognizing depression in the elderly.
AB  - The signs and symptoms of depression in elderly patients are difficult to
      differentiate from symptoms of normal aging. The lives of institutionalized
      elderly tend to be heavily laden with interpersonal losses, failing health, loss
      of social and economic resources, and loss of control. One major problem in
      managing depression in the elderly concerns adequacy of present diagnostic
      measures. Most existing depression rating scales have been developed and
      validated in younger populations. Identification of elder perceptions is central
      to accurate assessment and the development of interventions enabling elders to
      regain a sense of control in decision making within their current living
      situations. Findings suggest that responses to the Beck Depression Inventory in
      conjunction with individualized nursing assessment can facilitate identification
      of specific symptoms that should be further evaluated.

PMID- 2299130
TI  - Nursing attitudes toward geriatric alcoholism.
AB  - Nurses play a critical role in public education regarding the assessment of
      medical problems related to alcoholism or alcohol abuse. Nurses must assess their
      personal attitudes toward the disease concept of alcoholism before they can
      effectively provide services to geriatric patients who are alcoholics or who
      abuse alcohol. Among the geriatric population, there is a constellation of
      medical problems related to alcoholism and alcohol abuse. Potentially
      dysfunctional attitudes exist among nurses and other health-care professionals
      who are involved in the provision of medical care to geriatric patients who have
      alcoholism or who abuse alcohol.

PMID- 2299131
TI  - The play project--use of stimulus objects with demented patients.
AB  - A major problem among hospitalized demented patients relates to the patients'
      agitation, resistance to nursing care, and loss of meaningful activity. The
      limited stimulus environment and restriction to a chair in an institutional
      environment contribute to such responses. Demented patients display significant
      interest in simple toys and stimulus objects. A variety of stimulus objects were
      provided; most interest was shown in mechanical toys devised for young children.
      In selecting toys and stimulus objects for patients, care must be taken to avoid
      objects that can be ingested, used as weapons, thrown on the floor where they
      will pose a safety hazard to ambulating residents, or that require constant
      intervention of nursing staff. Although patients greatly enjoy fabric and plush
      objects, they tend to hold or stroke them in a calm and passive manner.
      Mechanical objects stimulate vigorous exploration and use visual inspection,
      turning, spinning of dials, and manipulation of moveable or mechanical parts.

PMID- 2299132
TI  - Emerging from the chrysalis. Older widows in transition.
AB  - Widowhood is not a similarly negative transition for all women. For some, it may
      represent a release from significant stressors and obligations. Some older widows
      have spent many years attending to the needs of others to the extent that their
      identities prior to caregiving have been submerged or forgotten. For some women,
      widowhood brings the freedom to rediscover their identities, establish
      independent goals, and take on new challenges. Such women may be hesitant to
      acknowledge to others the positive side of widowhood. Nurses can support widows
      in various circumstances by revising their pessimism about widowhood and by
      supporting widows in their efforts to grow and learn.

PMID- 2299133
TI  - On the inside looking out--perceptions of the homebound.
AB  - Losses expressed by homebound older adults resulted from an initial loss of
      independence. To compensate for losses in independence, the older homebound
      adults created unique and innovative changes in their homes and lifestyles to
      remain as independent as possible. Findings suggest the need for coordinated in
      home services that are ethically administered to homebound individuals. Emergency
      services should be available on a 24-hour basis to homebound older adults needing
      skilled technological nursing services. Nurses must become more actively involved
      in the development, coordination, and evaluation of comprehensive in-home
      services for our growing older adult population.

PMID- 2299134
TI  - Acquired aprosodia in children.
AB  - In adults, the affective components of language, including certain aspects of
      prosody and gesturing, appear to be a dominant function of the right hemisphere.
      The various combinations of affective processing deficits associated with focal
      right brain damage are called aprosodias and have functional and anatomical
      correlates similar to the propositional language deficits associated with
      aphasias secondary to focal left brain damage. Developmental affective-prosodic
      deficits have been reported recently in children with congenital or very early
      right hemisphere injury. We now report two school-aged children with acquired
      motor-type aprosodias following acute right focal brain injury. Their affective
      prosody and singing were also analyzed acoustically during the acute and recovery
      phases of illness. Based on these cases, we propose the term children aprosodia
      to describe affective-prosodic deficits that result from acquired lesions of the
      right hemisphere in children.

PMID- 2299135
TI  - The pediatric spine: a view through clearer glasses.

PMID- 2299136
TI  - Cavernous angioma presenting as atypical facial and head pain.
AB  - Recurrent headache is a common pediatric problem. As the differential diagnosis
      of headache is extensive, physicians rely on the mode of presentation to focus
      any investigation. A report of an adolescent in whom atypical facial and head
      pain caused by a preexisting cerebellar cavernous angioma is presented. Facial
      pain and headache resolved following excision of the tumor.

PMID- 2299137
TI  - Measurement of spontaneous rotational movement (circling) in normal children.
AB  - An asymmetry of basal ganglia dopaminergic function has been demonstrated in rats
      and related to both spontaneous and drug-induced rotation. An electronic device
      that measures the same kind of rotational movements in humans has been developed,
      and we have utilized this "rotometer" to study spontaneous rotational movement in
      prepubertal children. There was no significant difference between boys and girls
      in their average rate of rotation; however, left hemisphere-dominant boys were
      stronger rotators than left hemisphere-dominant girls. Both boys and girls made
      significantly more full turns to the left than to the right. These findings did
      not vary with age. Our observations are strikingly different from those obtained
      in previous studies of normal adults, in which women were stronger rotators than
      men, left hemisphere-dominant women turned to the left, and left hemisphere
      dominant men rotated to the right. This study suggests that maturational changes
      in rotational behavior must occur, perhaps progressing to the adult pattern
      during puberty. The rotometer used in this study may provide useful information
      regarding the status of the basal ganglia in children with specific
      neurobehavioral conditions such as attention deficit disorder and Tourette's
      syndrome.

PMID- 2299138
TI  - Congenital brachial palsy in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia.
AB  - The clinical features of 57 patients (31 males, 26 females) with congenital
      brachial palsy seen at the King Fahd Hospital of the University over a 5-year
      period are described. Delivery was difficult in 32 (56%), 20 (35%) were large
      babies (birth weight greater than 3,600 g), and 20 deliveries required either
      forceps or vacuum extraction. The presentation at delivery was vertex in 45,
      breech in five, and shoulder in four. Associated injuries or features,
      encountered in 14 cases, were fractures of the clavicle and humerus (six cases
      each), and skull fracture and Horner's syndrome in one patient each. The right
      and left sides were involved in 31 and 24 cases, respectively, and both sides in
      only two cases. All the muscle groups of the affected limb were most commonly
      involved (40%), and hand muscles alone were affected in only one patient.
      Although 60% of the cases presented late to the hospital, functional recovery was
      observed in 63%. The major predisposing factors identified in this study were
      technically difficult deliveries, large infants, and breech or shoulder
      presentation with assisted delivery. It is suggested that early identification of
      these factors and improvement in obstetric care of both the mothers and babies
      during delivery would reduce the incidence and severity of this disability.

PMID- 2299139
TI  - Extensive wormian bones in a patient with the Hallermann-Streiff syndrome.
AB  - A case is reported of a 5-month-old girl with Hallermann-Streiff syndrome who was
      evaluated for possible premature closure of the cranial sutures. Skull
      radiographs revealed numerous Wormian bones along sutures in the parietal skull
      bilaterally. Hallermann-Streiff syndrome is added to the list of diseases in
      which extensive Wormian bones can appear.

PMID- 2299140
TI  - Isolated lissencephaly: report of four patients from two unrelated families.
AB  - Lissencephaly is a brain malformation manifested by a smooth cerebral surface and
      caused by incomplete neuronal migration. Clinical sequellae include minor
      craniofacial changes (bitemporal hollowing, small jaw), severe mental
      retardation, and other neurological abnormalities. Patients with classical or
      type I lissencephaly and its sequellae but no other significant anomalies are
      classified as having isolated lissencephaly sequence. Possible causes of isolated
      lissencephaly sequence include ischemia or viral infection during the time of
      neuronal migration, microdeletion within the Miller-Dieker syndrome critical
      region in chromosome band 17p13.3, and Mendelian inheritance. The last is based
      on a report of a single family with three affected children in 1933. We report
      four patients with isolated lissencephaly sequence from two unrelated families
      who provide further support for autosomal (or possibly X-linked) recessive
      inheritance. In the first family, three brothers were affected. In the second,
      the parents are first cousins.

PMID- 2299142
TI  - Bromide therapy for pediatric seizure disorder intractable to other antiepileptic
      drugs.
AB  - Triple bromide elixir was used as an adjunctive antiepileptic drug in 11 children
      whose seizure disorders were intractable to other antiepileptic therapy. The
      patients' ages ranged from 2 to 17 years. The seizure disorders treated included
      photosensitive epilepsy (one case), acquired epileptic aphasia (one case), Lennox
      Gastaut syndrome (three cases), and symptomatic localization-related epilepsies
      (six cases). Two patients' seizures completely stopped with bromide therapy. Four
      patients had a significant and sustained improvement on bromide therapy, while
      three more had a transient improvement. In these six patients with complete or
      significant control, the mean therapeutic dose was 33 mg bromide/kg daily, and
      the mean therapeutic serum concentration was 14.1 mmol/L (range, 4 to 30.5
      mmol/L). The combination of bromide with valproate appeared to be particularly
      effective in these patients. Toxicity was minimal, and in only one patient was
      the medication stopped, because of anorexia and weight loss. Given the low cost,
      long half-life, and minimal toxicity when serum bromide concentrations are
      followed, bromide therapy should be considered as adjunctive antiepileptic drug
      therapy for patients whose seizures are intractable to other drugs.

PMID- 2299143
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in the linear sebaceous nevus syndrome.

PMID- 2299141
TI  - Neonatal cocaine-related seizures.
AB  - Cocaine abuse is associated with a variety of severe acute neurologic
      complications typically occurring in the abusers themselves. These include
      ischemic stroke, subarachnoid and intraparenchymal hemorrhage, headaches,
      syncope, seizures, and death. Sixteen pediatric patients with presumed cocaine
      related seizures secondary to maternal consumption are reported. They were
      evaluated only because of requests for neurologic consultation. All were seen
      during the 1987 calendar year at the King/Drew Medical Center and Urban
      Comprehensive Epilepsy Program of Los Angeles. The cohort had similar maternal
      pregnancy histories and uniformly presented with postdelivery tremulousness,
      irritability, and excessive startle responses. Shortly after birth, each patient
      began having stereotypic episodes with ictal electroencephalographic confirmation
      in seven. Eight of these neonates continued to have seizures after the initial
      month of life.

PMID- 2299144
TI  - Migraine/epilepsy syndrome mimicking shunt malfunction in a child with shunted
      hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2299145
TI  - Reversible changes of somatosensory-evoked potentials in a child with alternating
      hemiplegia.

PMID- 2299146
TI  - Open reduction and internal fixation of comminuted, intraarticular fractures of
      the distal radius.
AB  - Comminuted intraarticular fractures of the distal radius present a difficult
      problem in management. It is well established that unreduced significant
      articular incongruency will result in early degenerative osteoarthritis. The
      technical demands of, and the results to be expected from, formal open reduction
      and internal fixation of these comminuted articular fractures have not been
      addressed in the current literature. From 1981 to 1986, 20 patients were treated
      by open reduction after failure of closed means. Seventeen patients were
      personally reviewed at an average follow-up of 3.25 years. The results indicate
      that the procedures are technically demanding and have high early (15%) and late
      (35%) complication rates. This gives an overall complication rate of 50%,
      including the need for further operative procedures. However, patient
      satisfaction is very high, most patients (89%) returning to previous occupations.
      Function and radiographic results are excellent. Articular congruency was
      restored in 88%.

PMID- 2299147
TI  - Synovial chondromatosis in the distal interphalangeal joint.
AB  - A case of synovial chondromatosis of the distal interphalangeal joint of the long
      finger with an 8-year follow-up is presented. The lesion recurred 4 years after
      simple synovectomy, requiring a second operation with arthrodesis.

PMID- 2299148
TI  - Recurrent digital fibromatosis of childhood.
AB  - Recurrent digital fibromatosis is a rare, benign fibrous growth of childhood. The
      condition, which features rapid growth and local recurrences, may be mistaken for
      a malignant tumor. A case report is presented.

PMID- 2299149
TI  - An effective treatment of comminuted fractures of the distal radius.
AB  - One hundred cases of comminuted fracture of the distal radius were treated by a
      simple uniform method consisting of distraction by an external fixator for 3
      weeks followed by functional bracing. During the application of the external
      fixator, autogenous cancellous bone chips were taken from the iliac crest and
      packed into the fracture site to realign the juxtaarticular fragments and to fill
      up the bone gap. Complications have been minimal. The results, after an average
      follow-up period of 20 months, taking into consideration subjective assessment of
      pain, objective measurement of wrist motion, and radiologic angles, have been
      excellent.

PMID- 2299150
TI  - Coincident rupture of the scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligaments without
      perilunate dislocation: pathomechanics and management.
AB  - Wrist injuries causing coincident disruptions of the scapholunate and
      lunotriquetral ligaments commonly result in perilunate dislocations. This article
      (1) describes our management of eight patients with wrist pain after coincident
      scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligament disruptions in the absence of perilunate
      dislocation; and (2) reports the results of biomechanical testing of some of the
      extrinsic and intrinsic wrist ligament and interprets these data to explain the
      injury seen clinically. The diagnosis of ligament failure was made on the basis
      of history, physical examination, arthrography and surgical exploration. Surgical
      treatment of seven patients consisted of concomitant scapho-trapezio-trapezoid
      fusion and lunotriquetral fusion. Three of seven patients were free of pain, two
      had pain only at the extremes of motion, and two required additional surgery.
      Biomechanical analysis of the scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligaments and two
      extrinsic wrist ligaments, the radiolunotriquetral and the radioscaphocapitate,
      confirmed the clinical suspicion that the intrinsic ligaments could be completely
      disrupted while the extrinsics are only partially injured. Such a scenario could
      account for the residual stability that prevents the development of perilunate
      dislocations. Coincident disruption of the scapholunate and lunotriquetral
      ligaments in the absence of perilunate dislocation is an unusual injury.
      Treatment with lunotriquetral fusion and scapho-trapezio-trapezoid fusion
      restored functional use in five of seven wrists while maintaining wrist motion.

PMID- 2299151
TI  - Evaluation of the biomechanical efficacy of limited intercarpal fusions for the
      treatment of scapho-lunate dissociation.
AB  - An experimental model that uses a static positioning frame, pressure-sensitive
      film, and a microcomputer-based videodigitizing system was used to measure the
      contact areas and pressures in a group of wrists in their "normal" state, after
      ligament sectioning, which resulted in stage III perilunate instability and then
      following different types of simulated carpal fusions. Compared with a normal
      wrist, there is an overall decrease in load in the lunate fossa and a significant
      increase in load in the scaphoid fossa in the wrist with stage III perilunate
      instability. Scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid and scaphoid-capitate fusions
      transmitted almost all load through the scaphoid fossa. Scaphoid-lunate, scaphoid
      lunate-capitate, and capitate-lunate fusions all distributed load more
      proportionately through both scaphoid and lunate fossae. The positioning of the
      carpal bones within a limited carpal fusion was also found to affect the load
      distribution in the wrist. The scaphoid-lunate, scaphoid-lunate-capitate, or
      capitate-lunate fusions, with attention to the relative carpal alignment within
      the limited fusion seem to offer more promise for treatment of perilunate
      instability biomechanically than the scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid or scaphoid
      capitate fusions.

PMID- 2299152
TI  - Anatomic variations of the midcarpal joint.
AB  - Two distinct anatomic variations in the human midcarpal joint have been
      identified. In type I the triquetrohamate joint is on a smooth oblique plane with
      the capitolunate joint. In type 2 the triquetrohamate joint is separated from the
      capitolunate joint by a concave transition facet on the hamate and lunate.
      Degenerative change occurring at the proximal pole of the hamate and the opposing
      transition facet on the lunate have been identified as characteristic of both a
      type 2 joint and lunotriquetral interosseous ligament tears.

PMID- 2299153
TI  - Dorsal dislocation of the lunate with multiple extensor tendon ruptures.
AB  - An old dorsal lunate dislocation with associated multiple extensor tendon
      ruptures is described. Treatment consisted of proximal row carpectomy and
      transfer of the extensor indicis proprius to the distal stumps of the ruptured
      extensor tendons to the long, ring, and small fingers.

PMID- 2299154
TI  - Palmar dislocation of scaphoid and lunate as a unit.
AB  - A case of closed palmar dislocation of the scaphoid and lunate as a unit is
      described. This was treated by closed reduction and resulted in a good functional
      result as assessed at 1-year follow-up. No aseptic necrosis of the lunate or of
      the scaphoid developed. The only residual abnormality was an asymptomatic x-ray
      VISI pattern of the lunate. This is attributed to the disruption of the
      lunotriquetral joint. A functional analysis of the x-ray films with the wrist in
      radial and ulnar deviation indicated a normal arthrokinematic pattern.

PMID- 2299156
TI  - Arterial system of the fingers.
AB  - The arterial system in 141 fresh human cadavers was studied under the operating
      microscope using magnifications of 8 to 25 times. The vascular system was
      injected with latex material alone for identification of the vessels during
      dissection, and with latex and lead for x-ray contrast studies. An overall
      repetitive pattern in size, location, and distribution of the vessels was noted.
      The dorsal branches of the paired digital vessels in each phalanx were generally
      4 and demonstrated a regular, repetitive distribution corresponding to: a,
      condylar vessel; b, metaphyseal vessel; c, dorsal skin vessel; and d, transverse
      palmar arch. Proximal and middle transverse palmar arches were found always in
      relation to the cruciate ligaments. The distal transverse palmar arch lay just
      distal to the insertion of the profundus.

PMID- 2299155
TI  - Anterior bone grafting and conventional lag screw fixation to treat scaphoid
      nonunions.
AB  - The results of 20 established nonunions of the scaphoid treated with resection of
      the pseudoarthrosis, anterior cortic-cancellous iliac bone grafting, and
      conventional lag screw fixation with the ASIF 2.7 mm cortical screw are
      presented. Union rate was 95% and the average time off work was 8.9 weeks. Review
      of the relevant literature uniformly shows that the most common reasons for
      failure are improper internal fixation techniques and/or the absence of bone
      grafting. Successful treatment of scaphoid nonunions with screw fixation and cast
      free after-treatment does not depend on the implant used but rather on careful
      case selection and precise surgical technique.

PMID- 2299157
TI  - Use of a reverse cross-finger flap as a vascularized vein graft carrier in ring
      avulsion injuries.
AB  - We describe the use of a reverse cross-finger pedicle flap, previously described
      by Atasoy, that carries veins used as vascularized grafts to restore venous
      drainage in ring avulsion injuries. In addition, vascularized soft tissue is
      provided to cover extensor tendon and exposed bone.

PMID- 2299158
TI  - Arteriovenous shunt in digit replantation.
AB  - From May 1958 to May 1987, 331 digits were replanted successfully with an overall
      survival rate of 86.2%. Complete success in replantation of amputated fingers
      requires an accurate anastomoses of both arteries and veins. However, anastomosis
      between arteries may not be possible in some patients. Since reports that a thumb
      amputated at the interphalangeal joint area could be successfully replanted by an
      arteriovenous shunt on the palmar side, we did arteriovenous shunts in four such
      cases. Two replantations were successful; necrosis developed in the other two
      patients.

PMID- 2299159
TI  - Radial artery infections and aneurysms after catheterization.
AB  - Twelve patients in whom radial artery infections developed after catheterization
      in an intensive care unit over a 2-year period were reviewed. The incidence of
      local infection was 0.4%. An increased risk of infection was associated with
      prolonged catheterization (greater than 4 days). Aneurysms developed in five
      patients. Signs of septic emboli were present in two patients, including Osler's
      nodes, Janeway's lesions, and fingertip infarcts. In 6 of the 12 patients, the
      radial artery infection resolved with antibiotic treatment alone. The five
      patients with infected aneurysms were treated successfully with antibiotics and
      surgical excision. The radial artery was reconstructed by use of a vein graft in
      one patient. We believe that patients not responding promptly to antibiotics or
      patients with infected aneurysms are best treated by surgical excision.

PMID- 2299160
TI  - Purpura fulminans.
AB  - Purpura fulminans is a rare disease that typically begins as a benign infectious
      process and subsequently progresses to severe sepsis, hypotension, purpura
      ecchymosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. We present an unusual
      case of an adult who was seen initially with pneumococcal sepsis that
      subsequently developed into purpura fulminans with major extremity involvement. A
      multidisciplinary approach is needed in the treatment of this often catastrophic
      disease.

PMID- 2299161
TI  - Intraarticular fractures of the distal radius: a cadaveric study to determine if
      ligamentotaxis restores radiopalmar tilt.
AB  - Nineteen fresh cadaver wrists were divested of all dorsal and palmar tissues to
      the wrist capsule and extrinic and intrinsic ligaments. A Frykman VII type
      fracture was established across the radiocarpal and radioulnar joints. The dorsal
      and palmar wrist ligaments were left intact. The forearms were stabilized in an
      arm board and an external fixation device and traction applied through a
      Kirschner wire at the base of the third metacarpal. Three positions of wrist
      flexion; neutral, 15, and 30 degrees, with 10 and 20 pounds of traction were used
      to attempt to reestablish radiopalmar tilt. Only when the entire palmar
      ligamentous structures were transected at the radius was radiopalmar tilt
      reestablished. Ligamentotaxis alone is not a reliable method to reestablish
      radiopalmar tilt in intraarticular distal radius fractures.

PMID- 2299162
TI  - Cloward technique for obtaining iliac crest bone graft in hand surgery.

PMID- 2299163
TI  - Medial epicondylectomy for the treatment of ulnar nerve compression at the elbow.
AB  - Decompression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow with medial epicondylectomy was
      done in 43 patients and reviewed with an average follow-up of 2.3 years. Eight
      were graded as excellent, 23 as good, 9 as fair, and 3 as poor results. A special
      emphasis was placed on analysis of the potential disadvantages of medial
      epicondylectomy including bone tenderness at the osteotomy site, vulnerability of
      the ulnar nerve, ulnar collateral ligament instability, and weakness from
      disruption of the flexor pronator origin. Clinical assessment of strength
      including quantitative measurement of pinch strength, grip strength and
      endurance, and testing of forearm muscles did not show these potential
      disadvantages to be significant problems.

PMID- 2299164
TI  - Improvement in motor function after brachial plexus surgery.
AB  - Motor functional recovery of 52 patients with brachial plexus surgery followed up
      for more than 2 years was evaluated. Fifty-eight surgical procedures were done,
      including autologous nerve grafting (38 cases), neurolysis (14 cases), and
      neurotization (6 cases). Overall results, evaluated according to the 0 to 5
      formula of the Medical Research Council, were as follows: good, 58%; fair, 15%;
      and poor, 27%. Good results were evident in 58% of patients with nerve grafts and
      in 64% of those with neurolysis. In patients with neurotization, no good recovery
      and only one fair recovery were seen. Patients with open injuries showed good
      recovery, whereas the group with closed injury showed good recovery in only 48%.
      Patients with closed injuries caused by traffic accidents showed a worse recovery
      than those caused by other means. Patients with closed injuries and nerve
      grafting done within 3 months of injury or neurolysis within 6 months showed
      better recovery.

PMID- 2299165
TI  - Transference of thoracodorsal nerve to musculocutaneous or axillary nerve in old
      traumatic injury.
AB  - On the basis of anatomic studies, we have devised a new method of transferring
      the thoracodorsal nerve to reinnervate the paralytic deltoid or biceps muscles in
      an old traumatic injury of the associated nerve. It has been applied to a case of
      musculocutaneous nerve injury and two cases of axillary nerve injury with good
      results. The muscle functions have returned to normal within 1 and 2 years,
      respectively, as shown by electromyography and the muscular contractility test.

PMID- 2299166
TI  - Palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve.
AB  - The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve was dissected in 25 fresh
      cadavers. The origin from the median nerve, the course, termination, and
      variability of the palmar cutaneous nerve are described in relation to two
      reference lines. In no case did a branch of the palmar cutaneous nerve extend
      ulnar to the axial line of the ring finger. The planning of incisions around the
      palmar aspect of the palm and wrist should be based on this anatomical knowledge.

PMID- 2299168
TI  - Effect of various methods of restoring flexor sheath integrity on the formation
      of adhesions after tendon injury.
AB  - The effect of three different methods of restoring flexor sheath integrity on the
      formation of adhesions around traumatized flexor tendons was studied by use of a
      chicken animal model. The three methods were: I, Primary sheath repair; II, a
      fascia patch; and III, a synthetic polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane
      patch. These were compared with controls in which the flexor sheath was excised.
      Adhesion formation was assessed both biomechanically by measuring the parameter
      work of flexion, (which represents the resistance to tendon gliding caused by
      adhesions), and also histologically. At 3 and 6 weeks there was no significant
      difference in the work of flexion between either the sheath repair or fascia
      patch digits, and the sheath excised controls. However, use of the synthetic
      polytetrafluorethylene patch did result in tendon gliding, which was
      significantly better than the controls. In contrast, at 12 weeks all three
      methods of sheath reconstruction had similar tendon gliding biomechanics, and all
      were significantly better than the controls. Histologically, at 3 weeks, the
      biologic barriers sheath repair and fascia patch were associated with a layer of
      granulation tissue, which adhered to the underlying tendon. This was similar to
      the appearance of the sheath excised control digits. The synthetic patch was not
      associated with a significant inflammatory reaction at this time period and was
      clearly separated from the tendon. However, by 6 and 12 weeks the granulation
      tissue in all three sheath reconstruction groups had undergone remodeling to a
      greater degree than had the controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299167
TI  - Anterior interosseous nerve palsy complicating a forearm fracture in a child.
AB  - An anterior interosseous nerve palsy occurring as a complication of a closed both
      bone forearm fracture in a child is presented. Surgical exploration showed that a
      bone spike from the proximal fragment was perforating the median nerve. The
      fractured radius was reduced and inspection of the nerve under the microscope
      showed no fasicular disruption. Complete motor recovery occurred in 4 months and
      sensibility had fully returned at 10 months after the operation.

PMID- 2299169
TI  - Biomechanical and histologic evaluations of pulley reconstructions in nonhuman
      primates.
AB  - A2 pulleys were reconstructed in nonhuman primates using expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene, woven nylon, and fascia. Biomechanical and histologic
      evaluations were done after death at 18 weeks. Tendons were normal after all
      pulley reconstructions. Polytetrafluorethylene had a greater breaking strength
      than woven nylon or fascia, or control pulleys, both at 18 weeks and before
      implantation. Histologic analyses revealed fibrous ingrowth of host tissues, no
      adhesions, no trauma to underlying flexor tendons, and the absence of an
      inflammatory response, for all pulley types.

PMID- 2299170
TI  - Early tensile properties of healing chicken flexor tendons: early controlled
      passive motion versus postoperative immobilization.
AB  - This study compared the effects of postoperative immobilization and early
      controlled passive motion on tensile properties of healing chicken flexor tendons
      during the initial 30 postoperative days. Results indicate (1) that controlled
      passive motion tendons had significantly greater values for rupture load, stress,
      and energy absorbed; (2) that both groups showed significant, and predictable
      changes, in strain, stiffness, and stress across this healing period; and (3)
      that there was no difference between the groups in rate of change for any of the
      tensile properties examined. These findings suggest that not only does early
      controlled passive motion not interfere with rate of early flexor tendon healing,
      but that early controlled passive motion may improve healing efficiency.

PMID- 2299171
TI  - Influences of flexor sheath continuity and early motion on tendon healing in
      dogs.
AB  - The healing response of flexor tendons treated with either sheath reconstruction
      or sheath excision, and early passive motion rehabilitation was investigated in a
      canine model. Flexor sheath repair, sheath excision, and autogenous sheath
      grafting were compared for biomechanical characteristics, and biochemical and
      ultrastructural alterations at the repair site at intervals over a 12-week
      period. No significant differences could be found in tendons treated with either
      sheath repair or sheath excision by biomechanical, biochemical, or morphologic
      assessments. Although ultimate load and linear slope values increased
      significantly in both groups at each interval (p less than 0.05 for each
      comparison), there were no significant differences in angular rotation of the
      distal interphalangeal joint over time. Biochemical findings showed high levels
      of reducible Schiffbase crosslinks through 12 weeks, indicating a repair process
      undergoing active remodeling. Ultrastructural studies showed active
      fibrinogenesis and early evidence of longitudinal alignment of collagen fibrils
      in the extracellular matrix. In the sheath graft group, strength characteristics
      did not increase over time, and there was a high degree of disorganization of
      collagen fibril orientation. These findings demonstrate that reconstruction of
      the tendon sheath, either by suture or autogenous graft, does not improve
      significantly the biomechanical, biochemical, or morphologic characteristics of
      repaired tendons treated with early motion rehabilitation.

PMID- 2299172
TI  - Anatomy and function of the palmar aponeurosis pulley.
AB  - The transverse fibers of the palmar aponeurosis are attached by vertical septa to
      the underlying transverse metacarpal ligament and thus form a pulley over the
      flexor tendons. It is a constant and substantial retinacular structure that
      overlays the synovial sheath. Because of its proven function, position and
      breaking strength, I believe it should be considered part of the flexor tendon
      pulley system.

PMID- 2299173
TI  - De Quervain's disease: surgical or nonsurgical treatment.
AB  - Ninety-one wrists in 82 consecutive patients with Quervain's disease were treated
      by the one surgeon between 1978 and 1987. The treatment of 79 wrists in 71
      patients who had received their entire treatment from this surgeon is analyzed.
      Uniformity of injection technique is thus ensured. Initial treatment in 63 wrists
      was an injection of steroids and local anesthetic into the tendon sheath, which
      gave complete relief in 45 cases. Seven wrists received two injections before the
      pain abated. Only 11 of the 63 injected wrists had an operation. In 10 of these
      the extensor pollicis brevis tendon was in a separate compartment. It is
      concluded that injection of steroids is the preferred initial treatment in de
      Quervain's disease, giving complete and lasting relief in 80% of cases. If
      injection fails, it appears likely that the extensor pollicis brevis tendon lies
      in a separate compartment.

PMID- 2299174
TI  - Incidence of a septum within the first dorsal compartment of the wrist.
AB  - A septum is not unusual within the first dorsal compartment of the wrist. The
      right and left forearms of 50 cadavers were dissected. A septum was identified
      34% of the time. The septum separated the abductor pollicis longus tendon from
      the extensor pollicis brevis tendon. If the septum was present on one side, it
      was usually present on the other side. The septum created a separate compartment
      for the extensor pollicis brevis tendon. The effect of a separate compartment on
      the operative and nonoperative treatment of de Quervain's disease is discussed.

PMID- 2299175
TI  - Intratendinous fibroma of flexor tendon.
AB  - Fibroma of the tendon sheath is a benign lesion usually found in contact with
      tendon sheath or on the epitenon layer. This case report describes the
      intratendinous location not previously described. Impairment of flexor tendon
      excursion is relieved by longitudinal tenotomy and tumor excision.

PMID- 2299177
TI  - Tuberculosis in long-term care facilities.

PMID- 2299176
TI  - Effectiveness of simple measures to control an outbreak of nosocomial methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in an intensive care unit.
AB  - Between June 1985 and March 1986, 14 cases of severe nosocomial methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, including septicemia, were
      observed in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a 400-bed cancer reference center.
      Simple control measures including contact isolation of colonized patients and
      reinforcement of handwashing practices among personnel were followed by a sharp
      decrease in the rate of infection and colonization. An epidemiological
      investigation showed that a single serophage variant MRSA strain was involved;
      peak incidence of infection was 17 per 100 ICU patient discharges; the index case
      was identified as a patient admitted from another hospital and the epidemic
      strain was then transmitted from patient-to-patient in the ICU; risk factors for
      acquiring infection were length of prior hospitalization, invasive procedures and
      number of antibiotic treatments; dissemination of the strain to other wards was
      only anecdotal. These results stress the effectiveness of simple measures to
      control outbreaks of MRSA nosocomial infections even in immunocompromised cancer
      patients.

PMID- 2299178
TI  - Decontamination alternative.

PMID- 2299179
TI  - Prophylaxis for caesarean section: where to turn.

PMID- 2299180
TI  - Development of a bi-specific monoclonal antibody for simultaneous detection of
      rabbit IgG and horseradish peroxidase: use as a general reagent in
      immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - We describe the development of bi-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb) capable of
      simultaneous recognition of rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) and horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) for use in a variety of immunobased techniques. This bi-specific
      antibody, named McC8, was produced by fusion of the aminopterin-sensitive mouse
      hybridoma MAP.Ag.1, which secretes MAb against HRP, and splenocytes from a mouse
      previously immunized with whole rabbit IgG. The resultant hybrid-hybridoma co
      dominantly expresses and secretes the immunoglobulin chains, i.e., IgG1 and
      IgG2b, of its respective parents, as determined by radial immunodiffusion. The
      binding sites on rabbit IgG for McC8 were determined on Western blots and in
      competition solid-phase enzymatic immunoassays with the use of allotype-specific
      rabbit sera. Both these techniques demonstrated that McC8 recognizes the light
      chain of the rabbit IgG molecule with preferential binding to the B4 kappa light
      chain allotype. McC8 was successfully used in two-step immunocytochemistry for
      localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in fibers of the
      superficial layers of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat, as well as for
      localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive sites in
      primary rat septal cell cultures, thus demonstrating its potential as a general
      developing reagent in conventional immunocytochemistry. McC8 compared favorably
      with peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry with respect to sensitivity.
      However, the bi-specific developing reagent proved superior to the conventional
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure when both were employed in a similar fashion
      in tissues prone to display high background staining. Finally, McC8 was also
      employed as a developing reagent in a competitive ELISA designed for quantitation
      of CGRP with the use of a rabbit anti-CGRP primary antibody. The sensitivity of
      this quantitative ELISA (190 pg or 50 fmol CGRP per well) renders this bi
      specific antibody suitable for use in quantitative immunoassays for detection of
      relevant peptides in biological systems.

PMID- 2299181
TI  - Ultrastructural distribution of terbium across capillary endothelium: detection
      by electron spectroscopic imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy.
AB  - We used terbium as an intravital tracer of permeability pathways across the walls
      of capillaries in the rete mirabile of the eel swimbladder and in frog mesentery.
      Terbium was detected in unstained ultra-thin sections by electron density using
      electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) and by electron energy loss spectroscopy
      (EELS). Enhancement of intrinsic contrast in zero loss images (elastically
      scattered electrons) permitted imaging of membrane-bound compartments and terbium
      within them which might otherwise have been undetected in counterstained
      sections. Element-selective imaging with EELS indicated that terbium was
      associated with heavy electron-dense deposits, but the terbium mass:volume of
      sections in areas of lighter deposition was insufficient to obtain a terbium
      signal. In the rete capillaries, terbium was deposited on the luminal surface,
      throughout vesicular profiles, and in the interstitium, but could not be traced
      through interendothelial junctions. Fine terbium deposits were detectable
      throughout apparent vesicular connections across the endothelium. In the frog
      mesentery, terbium penetrated some but not all interendothelial clefts, and was
      detectable in small quantities within luminal and abluminal vesicular profiles
      and in the interstitium. The results indicate that in the rete capillaries,
      terbium permeates the capillary via a transcellular route. This route may be
      provided by transient fusions of luminal and abluminal vesicular compartments.

PMID- 2299182
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of 106 cases of human brucellosis.
AB  - During the year 1987, 106 cases of human brucellosis were studied prospectively
      at the Jordan University Hospital. The disease was more often diagnosed among
      adults (73.6%) than children (26.4%). Serious clinical complications were
      observed in 5.7% patients. An initial Brucella antibody titre greater than or
      equal to 160 proved to be reliable in confirming suspected cases of acute and
      subacute brucellosis. Culture of blood was found to be more sensitive (44.4%) and
      significant (P less than 0.02) than bone marrow culture (27.7%) for detecting
      Brucella melitensis. All patients treated with rifampicin plus tetracycline or co
      trimoxazole were considered to be clinically cured by disappearance of all major
      clinical features of brucellosis. By contrast, 2/10 patients treated with
      rifampicin alone, as well as 1/56 patients treated with tetracycline and
      streptomycin, clinically relapsed. It is evident from this study that the
      treatment with rifampicin alone is not as effective in brucellosis as it is when
      given with another appropriate drug.

PMID- 2299183
TI  - Isolation of Vibrio cholerae non-01 from a Somerset farmworker and his tropical
      fish tank.
AB  - Vibrio cholerae non-01 is occasionally isolated from wounds. To our knowledge,
      this is the first such case to be reported from the U.K. It was associated with
      isolation of a similar organism from a tropical fish tank.

PMID- 2299184
TI  - Early-onset neonatal pneumococcal sepsis in siblings.
AB  - The case of a woman who in two successive pregnancies produced premature infants
      affected by early-onset Streptococcus pneumoniae type 8 sepsis is described. Low
      maternal levels of pneumococcal IgG antibodies were demonstrated after the second
      delivery, and vaccination with 'Pneumovax' produced a rise in antibody levels.
      Attention is drawn to the similarity between early-onset pneumococcal neonatal
      sepsis and group B streptococcal sepsis. Mothers of infants affected by early
      onset pneumococcal sepsis who have low pneumococcal antibody levels run the risk
      of subsequent babies being similarly affected and vaccination should be
      considered to prevent recurrence.

PMID- 2299185
TI  - Reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - The reactive or virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome (RHS) has been
      described in association with several different infections and is regarded as
      clinically and pathologically distinct from malignant histiocytosis. A case is
      described of this syndrome in a 30-year-old HIV-antibody positive homosexual male
      who presented with fever, pancytopenia, lymphadenopathy, and massive
      splenomegaly. The fever and haematological abnormalities resolved following
      splenectomy, and the patient remains well after 12 months. Prominent histiocytic
      haemophagocytosis was seen in both the spleen and an abdominal lymph node.
      Exhaustive tests failed to demonstrate any infectious agent other than human
      immunodeficiency virus, indicating this to be a case of this syndrome occurring
      in association with HIV infection.

PMID- 2299186
TI  - An outbreak of pemphigus neonatorum.
AB  - During the summer of 1987, an epidemic of pemphigus neonatorum took place at
      Guy's Hospital. It involved more than 80 neonates in the maternity unit. Swabs
      from the umbilical stumps of the babies and from the noses of several attending
      midwives yielded Staphylococcus aureus of phage-type Group II 3A/3C. Despite an
      extensive disinfection policy, which included identification and treatment of
      carriers, the outbreak persisted for 3 months. Final resolution came only after
      detailed epidemiological research revealed those midwives most likely to be
      involved. After these had been singled out for further treatment, the outbreak
      ended. The epidemic strains were later subjected to reverse phage-typing, plasmid
      profiling and in vivo testing for production of epidermolytic toxin in order to
      confirm true carriers and cases. Retrospective analysis identified those persons
      most likely to have been responsible for propagation of the epidemic strain. The
      exact course of the outbreak was then clarified.

PMID- 2299187
TI  - Long latency pneumonia: a case of melioidosis.

PMID- 2299189
TI  - Whither the specialist in infection?

PMID- 2299188
TI  - Vibrio vulnificus wound infection treated successfully with oral ciprofloxacin.

PMID- 2299190
TI  - Atypical presentation of cerebral lymphoma with the result of a bromide partition
      test suggesting tuberculous meningitis.

PMID- 2299192
TI  - Antigen dynamics in melanocytic and nevocytic melanoma oncogenesis: anti
      ganglioside and anti-ras p21 antibodies as markers of tumor progression.
AB  - Based on melanoma pathogenesis, phenotypic dynamics in pigment cell tumor
      progression detected with 11 MoAb have been defined. Anti-melanosomal A4F11
      antibody reacts with every type of pigment cell tumor tested except for a few
      specimens. TNKH1 and anti-K.1.2 antibodies recognize nevocytic benign to
      premalignant tumors. HLA-DR, A.1.43, and A.10.33 antigens are expressed in
      advanced melanomas. Staining with anti-ganglioside GM3 and GD3 antibodies, M2590
      and 4.2, respectively, reveals that most pigment cell tumors express gangliosides
      GM3 and GD3. But A2B5 antibody, which detects some polysialogangliosides such as
      GQ1C, reacts with highly progressed melanoma cells. Anti-ras p21 antibodies, RASK
      3 and RASK-4, react with malignant melanomas and their premalignant lesions.
      These findings suggest the following: A4F11 is a universal marker of pigment cell
      tumors. TNKH1 and anti-K.1.2 antibodies might not be markers of melanocytic
      tumors but of nevocytic benign to premalignant tumors. Melanoma cells express
      gangliosides GM3 and GD3 as common pigment cell antigens and synthesize aberrant
      polysialogangliosides. Anti-ganglioside MoAb, including A2B5, are possible
      markers of the level of malignancy in melanoma cells like anti-A.1.43 and anti
      A.10.33 antibodies. Enhanced ras p21 expression already appears on premalignant
      pigment cells.

PMID- 2299193
TI  - Increased collagen synthesis accompanying elevated m-RNA levels in cultured
      Werner's syndrome fibroblasts.
AB  - Although Werner's syndrome (WS) is a premature aging disease and its fibroblasts
      typically grow poorly in culture, WS may cause abnormalities in connective tissue
      metabolism that are seldom seen in normal aging, such as scleroderma-like skin.
      In a preliminary report, we described increased collagen synthesis in fibroblasts
      derived from two WS patients. The present study was undertaken to determine the
      degree of the regulation of collagen gene expression in dermal fibroblasts from
      two other patients. Overproduction of collagenase sensitive protein was observed
      in WS fibroblasts. Collagen m-RNA levels, that were determined by hybridization
      of RNA blots with specific cDNA were about 2 times greater than those in the
      control cells. These results suggest that control of collagen synthesis in WS
      fibroblasts is altered at the transcriptional level.

PMID- 2299191
TI  - Free sphingosine in human epidermis.
AB  - The aim of the present study is to determine the concentration and composition of
      free long-chain bases in human stratum corneum. Samples of foot callus obtained
      from a local chiropodist were extracted at room temperature with chloroform:
      methanol mixtures (2:1, 1:1, and 1:2). The extracts were concentrated, filtered
      to remove nonlipid debris, and dissolved in chloroform: methanol, 2:1, at a
      concentration of 25 mg/ml. Small portions of extract were treated with 2,4
      dinitrofluorobenzene to convert free amino groups to N-dinitrophenyl derivatives,
      which were subsequently separated from other components by thin-layer
      chromatography (TLC) and quantitated by photodensitometry at a wave-length of 355
      nm. The N-dinitrophenylsphingosines were then isolated by preparative TLC and
      oxidized with lead tetraacetate in benzene to produce aldehydes, which were
      analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. It was found that callus lipid contained
      3.39 +/- 0.57 mg free sphingosine, 1.60 +/- 0.72 mg dihydrosphingosine and traces
      of phytosphingosine per g lipid. The sphingosines and dihydrosphingosines ranged
      from 16 through 20 carbons in length, with 18:1 as the predominant constituent.
      These findings are similar to those recently reported for pig epidermis and
      support the possible role of free sphingosine as a regulator of epidermal
      differentiation.

PMID- 2299194
TI  - Regulation of elastin gene expression: evidence for functional promoter activity
      in the 5'-flanking region of the human gene.
AB  - Analysis of nucleotide sequences in the 5'-flanking region of the human elastin
      gene has revealed several unusual features, suggesting that regulation of elastin
      gene expression is complex. To identify any cis-acting regulatory promoter
      elements, a 35-kb fragment of DNA (CosE) was isolated from a human genomic cosmid
      library by hybridizations with a human elastin cDNA. Southern blots of EcoRI
      digests of CosE DNA, utilizing a 5'-end labeled 21-mer oligonucleotide
      corresponding to the signal sequence of elastin, revealed the presence of a
      single 7.8-kb genomic fragment. Partial dideoxynucleotide sequencing of this
      EcoRI genomic subclone revealed that it extended approximately 2.5 kb 3' of the
      translation initiation site (ATG), encompassing exon 1 and a portion of the first
      intron, while the remaining DNA encompassed the 5'-flanking region. Exonuclease
      III digestion (3'----5') was performed to remove sequences of the first intron
      and first exon, including the ATG site. One clone, approximately 5 kb in size,
      had the 3' end located 14 bp upstream of the ATG site. A 462-bp 3' portion of
      this 5-kb fragment was subcloned into a Bluescript/CAT chimeric plasmid (pBS0CAT)
      to generate an elastin gene promoter/CAT reporter gene construct (pEP6CAT).
      Transient transfection experiments with pEP6CAT using human skin fibroblasts,
      human HT-1080, mouse NIH-3T3, or freshly isolated neonatal rat aortic smooth
      muscle cells revealed significant CAT activity in each cell line. These results
      suggest that the 5'-flanking region of the elastin gene contains the cis-acting
      regulatory elements necessary for transcription. The chimeric plasmid pEP6CAT
      provides a means to study the transcriptional control of elastin gene expression
      by exogenous affector molecules, as well as in human dermatologic diseases.

PMID- 2299195
TI  - Transcription and expression of transforming growth factor type beta in the skin
      of progressive systemic sclerosis: a mediator of fibrosis?
AB  - Progressive systemic sclerosis is characterized by extensive generalized fibrotic
      destruction associated with increased accumulation of collagen and other
      extracellular macromolecules in the skin and other involved organs. It has been
      suggested that mediators released from mononuclear or endothelial cells play a
      critical role in the initial activation of connective tissue metabolism.
      Transforming growth factors beta(TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2) mediate the inhibition
      of epithelial cell proliferation and the induction of fibronectin and collagen
      gene expression. Therefore, we investigated the distribution of both TGF-beta 1
      and TGF-beta 2 mRNA and the final proteins in PSS skin in comparison with other
      inflammatory dermatoses and healthy controls by means of in situ hybridization
      and immunohistochemistry. Our studies revealed TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 mRNA in
      dermal and subcutaneous infiltrating cells in both acute and chronic PSS, but
      also in the other inflammatory skin disorders. In the vicinity of this infiltrate
      single TGF-beta positive fibroblasts could be found in acute PSS. The cytoplasm
      of epithelial cells of all skin adnexa showed TGF-beta transcripts and no
      apparent differences were seen in the distribution and number of autoradiographic
      grains between diseased and healthy skin samples. Especially, we could
      demonstrate abundant expression of TGF-beta 1/2 in epithelial hair follicle cells
      of the outer root sheath. Generally, the expression of TGF-beta 2 was less
      abundant than TGF-beta 1. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the same
      distribution pattern of the final proteins. Our data indicate that TGF-beta
      expression in infiltrating cells is not a specific feature of fibrotic disease,
      but seems to be associated with highly proliferating cells in general, perhaps
      functioning as common mediator in regulation of cellular physiology with special
      importance for negative control of cell growth.

PMID- 2299196
TI  - UVB radiation and human monocyte accessory function: differential effects on pre
      mitotic events in T-cell activation.
AB  - Purified T lymphocytes fail to proliferate in response to antigenic and mitogenic
      stimuli when cultured in the presence of accessory cells that have been exposed
      in vitro to sublethal doses of UVB radiation. Because proliferation represents a
      final stage in the T-cell activation process, the present study was conducted to
      determine whether T cells were able to progress through any of the pre-mitotic
      stages when UVB-irradiated monocytes were used as model accessory cells. In these
      experiments, monoclonal anti-CD3 antibodies were employed as the mitogenic
      stimulus. Culture of T cells with UVB-irradiated monocytes did allow the T cells
      to undergo an increase in intracellular free calcium, which is one of the first
      steps in the activation sequence. The T cells expressed interleukin-2 receptors,
      although at a reduced level. However, T cells failed to produce interleukin-2
      above background levels when they were placed in culture with monocytes exposed
      to UVB doses as low as 50 J/m2. Incubation of T cells with UVB-irradiated
      monocytes did not affect the subsequent capacity of T cells to proliferate, since
      they developed a normal proliferative response in secondary culture when
      restimulated with anti-CD3 antibodies and unirradiated monocytes. These studies
      indicate that T lymphocytes become partially activated when cultured with UVB
      irradiated monocytes and mitogenic anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies. In addition,
      they suggest that interleukin-2 production is the T-cell activation step most
      sensitive to inhibition when UVB-irradiated monocytes are employed as accessory
      cells.

PMID- 2299197
TI  - Cultured porcine epithelial grafts: an improved method.
AB  - An improved method of in vitro cultivation of porcine keratinocytes by which
      keratinocyte sheets suitable for grafting can be generated rapidly is described.
      Epidermis from split-thickness porcine skin is enzymatically separated from
      dermis with 0.25% Dispase solution (37 degrees C) within 3 h, and trypsinized to
      a single cell suspension. Keratinocytes are grown in Dulbecco-Vogt modified Eagle
      medium supplemented with 20 ng/ml hydrocortisone, 100 micrograms/ml penicillin,
      100 micrograms/ml streptomycin, and 20% (cells from six-month-old pigs) or 10%
      fetal calf serum (cells from two-month-old pigs). Freshly isolated keratinocytes
      are plated at a density of 1.25 X 10(6) cells/ml since their plating efficiency
      is about 15 times lower than that of human keratinocytes grown under comparable
      conditions. Primary keratinocytes plated on plastic grow to confluence faster
      than those plated on lethally irradiated 3T3-J2 feeder layer cells. Porcine
      keratinocytes grown on plastic reach senescence in the third passage but, when
      subsequently cultivated on a lethally irradiated 3T3-J2 feeder layer, can be
      passaged up to seven times. Nevertheless, plating efficiency of second-passage
      porcine keratinocytes is only about 5%-7%, whereas that of human newborn foreskin
      keratinocytes is 20%-30%. Confluent stratified primary cultures grown on plastic,
      or secondary cultures grown on feeder layers, are used for grafting. The sheets
      are detached with Dispase solution and stapled to vaseline gauze to facilitate
      handling. Epidermal regeneration from porcine grafts produced by this method has
      been demonstrated after transplantation to full-thickness wounds excised to
      muscle fascia in donor animals.

PMID- 2299198
TI  - Shed snake skin and hairless mouse skin as model membranes for human skin during
      permeation studies.
AB  - Difficulties in obtaining and using human skin have tempted many workers to
      employ animal membranes for percutaneous absorption studies. We have investigated
      the suitability of two species of snake (Elaphe obsoleta, Python molurus) for
      this purpose and compared our in vitro experimental results for human skin and
      for hairless mouse, a currently popular model. The effects of long-term hydration
      on the membranes were investigated over 8 d using tritiated water as a model
      permeant. The initial permeability coefficients of all the membranes were similar
      (0.74-2.2 X 10(-3) cm 2h-1). Although the human and squamate skins did not change
      significantly over the test period, the permeability of hairless mouse skin
      increased 37 times. The actions of typical enhancers on the permeabilities of the
      membranes to a model penetrant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were tested using 3% Azone
      in Tween 20/saline, propylene glycol (PG), 2% Azone in PG, and 5% oleic acid in
      PG. While the data from snake membranes tended to underestimate the enhancer
      effects, those from hairless mouse skin greatly overestimated the changes. None
      of the membranes was a completely reliable model for assessing human percutaneous
      absorption as modified by accelerants. Pretreatment with acetone did not
      significantly change the permeability of human or squamate skins to 5-FU,
      although that of hairless mouse increased twentyfold. An overall conclusion is
      that, wherever possible, human skin should be used in absorption studies and not
      hairless mouse or snake skin; otherwise, misleading results may be obtained.

PMID- 2299199
TI  - Formation of DNA adducts in the skin of psoriasis patients, in human skin in
      organ culture, and in mouse skin and lung following topical application of coal
      tar and juniper tar.
AB  - Preparations of coal-tar and juniper tar (cade oil) that are used in the
      treatment of psoriasis are known to contain numerous potentially carcinogenic
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Evidence of covalent binding to DNA by
      components of these mixtures was sought in a) human skin biopsy samples from 12
      psoriasis patients receiving therapy with these agents, b) human skin explants
      maintained in organ culture and treated topically with the tars, and c) the skin
      and lungs of mice treated with repeated doses of the formulations following the
      regimen used in the clinic. DNA was isolated from the human and mouse tissues and
      digested enzymically to mononucleotides. 32P-Post-labeling analysis revealed the
      presence of aromatic DNA adducts in the biopsy samples at levels of up to 0.4
      fmol total adducts/microgram DNA. Treatment of human skin in organ culture
      produced similar levels of adducts, while treatment with dithranol, a non
      mutagenic therapeutic agent, resulted in chromatograms indistinguishable from
      those from untreated controls. In mouse skin, coal-tar ointment and juniper tar
      gave similar DNA adduct levels, with a similar time-course of removal: maximum
      levels (0.5 fmol/microgram DNA) at 24 h after the final treatment declined
      rapidly to 0.05 fmol/microgram at 7 d, thereafter declining slowly over the
      succeeding 25 d. However, while coal-tar ointment produced only very low levels
      of adducts in mouse lung (less than 0.03 fmol/microgram DNA), juniper tar
      produced adducts at a high level (0.7 fmol/microgram DNA) that were persistent in
      this tissue. These results provide direct evidence for the formation of
      potentially carcinogenic DNA damage in human and mouse tissue by components of
      these therapeutic tar preparations.

PMID- 2299200
TI  - Effect of aging on epidermal dendritic cell populations in C57BL/6J mice.
AB  - The density and function of epidermal dendritic cell populations were
      investigated in aged C57BL/6J mice. The densities of both Langerhans cells (LC)
      and Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells were found to decrease with age. Epidermal
      cell suspensions from aged mice showed impaired immunologic function as assessed
      in vitro by the skin-lymphocyte reaction assay and by measuring the ability of
      epidermal cell suspensions to stimulate the proliferation of sensitized T cells
      in the presence of the sensitizing antigen. However, the capacity of LC to
      transport antigen from the skin to the draining lymph nodes was found in vivo to
      be comparable to that of young mice. Results of transplantation of bone marrow
      cells from young and old donors into irradiated recipients indicate that the
      decreased Langerhans cell density found in old mice may result from a deficiency
      in Langerhans cell bone marrow progenitors.

PMID- 2299201
TI  - Intra-epidermal retention of type VII collagen in a patient with recessive
      dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - An infant born with severe blisters on the limbs, face, trunk, and oral mucosa
      was diagnosed by light and electron microscopy to have recessive dystrophic
      epidermolysis bullosa. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the basal
      lamina remained with the epidermis and that the floor of the blister was exposed
      collagen of the papillary dermis. No banded anchoring fibrils were observed along
      either the roof or the floor of the blister; however, small filamentous
      structures, possibly immature anchoring fibrils, extended down from the lamina
      densa along the blister roof. Some basal and suprabasal keratinocytes contained
      large vesicles filled with filamentous matrix of variable electron density.
      Immunofluorescent staining of skin for type VII collagen showed sparse and
      irregular staining of type VII collagen along the blister roof, and intense
      intracellular labeling for type VII collagen in clusters of epidermal cells in
      basal and suprabasal layers. Type VII collagen appeared to be synthesized by
      keratinocytes but not secreted.

PMID- 2299202
TI  - Patterns of transmission and severity of measles infection: a reanalysis of data
      from the Machakos area, Kenya.
AB  - Data on measles from the project in the Machakos District, Kenya, 1974-1981, were
      reanalyzed. In families with several cases, secondary cases (children infected in
      the home) had a relative mortality risk of 3.00 (95% confidence interval [CI]:
      1.55-5.80) compared with index cases who caught infection from someone outside
      the home. The case fatality rate (CFR) may be higher among secondary cases
      exposed to two or more index cases than among those exposed to only one index
      case (relative risk [RR] = 2.47; 95% CI: 0.93-6.56). The CFR was also higher
      among secondary cases exposed to a fatal index case than among those exposed to
      an index case who survived (RR = 4.69; 95% CI: 1.64-13.41). Children aged 12-23
      months and those greater than or equal to 5 years were more likely than other age
      groups to have been infected by someone outside the home. During the course of
      the project the CFR in families with several cases was reduced from 8.8% to 2.7%.
      Though there is no general explanation for this tendency, it was observed that
      the proportion of secondary cases per index case was reduced during the last part
      of the project (odds ratio = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56-0.95).

PMID- 2299203
TI  - Effect of rimantadine on cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and immunity to
      reinfection in mice infected with influenza A virus.
AB  - Administration of rimantadine to mice via drinking water, following a
      prophylactic dose, reduced lung virus titers by greater than 3 log10 plague
      forming units (pfu)/ml but caused only marginal reductions in lung virus titers
      when therapy was started 8 h after exposure to virus. Mice given rimantadine
      prophylactically plus therapeutically were resistant to rechallenge with virus at
      a dose equivalent to that used for the primary infection (50 pfu/mouse) but not
      to a high dose (1 x 10(5) pfu/mouse). Virus-neutralizing-antibody titers were
      reduced only by rimantadine treatment, which included prophylaxis, whereas the
      cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was depressed by treatment given with or
      without prophylaxis. Mice infected with rimantadine-resistant virus had no
      decrease in CTL or antibody responses when treated with rimantadine. Therefore,
      the depression in CTL and antibody responses associated with rimantadine
      treatment appears to be due to a decrease in the amount of viral antigen
      available or interference with viral antigen processing and not to nonspecific
      immunosuppressive effects.

PMID- 2299204
TI  - Antibodies mediating cellular cytotoxicity and neutralization correlate with a
      better clinical stage in children born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected
      mothers.
AB  - In children born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers, factors
      that determine disease outcome and progression are unclear. Also, early diagnosis
      is hampered by maternally transferred antibodies. Children aged 0-24 months were
      retrospectively divided into two groups based on HIV seroreactivity or
      nonreactivity at age 15 months and analyzed for the presence of antibodies that
      mediate cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and virus neutralization. No difference was
      seen in the presence of these functional antibodies between groups. The
      persistently seropositive group was further divided into non-AIDS and AIDS groups
      according to clinical status at serum collection. The ADCC antibody frequencies
      were much higher (70%) in the non-AIDS group than in the AIDS group (30%). Of the
      non-AIDS children, 63% had neutralizing antibodies; no children with AIDS had
      these antibodies. HIV-specific ADCC and neutralizing antibodies do not seem to
      protect against transmission of HIV from mother to child but are significantly
      correlated with a better clinical stage of childhood HIV infection.

PMID- 2299205
TI  - Transfer of zidovudine (AZT) by human placenta.
AB  - The transfer of zidovudine (AZT) across human placenta was studied using an in
      vitro perfusion system with independent maternal and fetal circulations. AZT is
      transferred toward the fetus more rapidly than L-glucose (transfer index 1.5), a
      water-soluble molecule smaller than AZT (267 vs. 180 Da) that passively diffuses
      across the placenta. The transfer rate is proportional to the concentration in
      the maternal perfusate over a range of 0.03-300 microM. Transfer rate in the
      reverse direction, toward the maternal perfusate, also exceeds that of L-glucose
      and fails to show saturability. These observations are consistent with simple
      diffusion. The partition of AZT and glucose between perfusion buffer and octanol
      is 1.04 and 0.013, respectively, indicating that AZT is more lipophilic and
      providing a reasonable explanation for the more rapid transfer. AZT is
      extensively metabolized by the placenta to more polar and as yet unidentified
      metabolites that are not released into the perfusate. The possibility that the
      placental accumulation of such metabolite(s) may exert an antiviral action and
      may also affect placental function must be considered.

PMID- 2299206
TI  - Alternative activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against methicillin- and cephem
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of respiratory tract mucus.
AB  - Methicillin- and cephem-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were found
      to be unable to grow in sputum from patients treated with a beta-lactam
      antibiotic. Sputum containing no beta-lactams also exhibited bactericidal
      activity when the MRSA strain was pretreated with a subinhibitory concentration
      of a beta-lactam; however, lysozyme-free sputum was inactive. Peptidoglycan of
      MRSA grown in the presence of cefazolin was susceptible to lysis by respiratory
      mucus. Hen albumen lysozyme contained the same activity against beta-lactam
      treated MRSA. The median minimum inhibitory concentration of cefazolin for 45 S.
      aureus strains (including 20 MRSA strains) shifted from approximately 50
      micrograms/ml to approximately 0.78 microgram/ml by addition of 1 mg/ml of hen
      albumen lysozyme to susceptibility-testing media. Such lysozyme-dependent
      antistaphylococcal activity was manifested specifically with beta-lactams (9
      penicillins, 10 cephalosporins, 3 cephamycins, 1 oxacephem, and 1 carbapenem).

PMID- 2299207
TI  - Epidemiologic evidence that prior antimicrobial exposure decreases resistance to
      infection by antimicrobial-sensitive Salmonella.
AB  - Exposure to antimicrobials is known to increase the risk of infection with
      antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella, but this effect has not been
      previously demonstrated with antimicrobial-sensitive strains. The effect of prior
      antimicrobial exposure was studied during a multistate outbreak of salmonellosis
      caused by an antimicrobial-sensitive strain of Salmonella havana: 19 (26%) of 72
      persons infected had taken an antimicrobial within 30 days before onset of
      symptoms. Antimicrobial therapy was begun a mean of 15.9 days before and stopped
      a mean of 7.9 days before onset. In a case-control study, 11 (31%) of 35 case
      patients had taken antimicrobials within 30 days of onset compared with 9 (13%)
      of 70 age- and neighborhood-matched controls (matched odds ratio, 4.3; 95%
      confidence interval, 1.3, 13.5). The association remained when controlled for the
      presence of underlying illness or immunosuppression. Prior antimicrobial exposure
      appears to increase the risk of infection with antimicrobial-sensitive and
      resistant strains of Salmonella. The delay between antimicrobial use and onset of
      symptoms suggests that the effect may be due to prolonged alteration of the
      colonic bacterial flora, resulting in decreased resistance to colonization.

PMID- 2299208
TI  - Adherence of peritonitis-causing staphylococci to human peritoneal mesothelial
      cell monolayers.
AB  - The adherence of staphylococci to monolayers of human mesothelial cells was
      studied. Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to mesothelial cell monolayers was
      3.4-fold better than to plastic (P less than .01) whereas that of Staphylococcus
      epidermidis was 3.0-fold less than to plastic (P less than .01). Neither serum
      albumin nor gelatin inhibited staphylococcal binding. S. aureus adherence
      correlated with the amount of cell wall protein A (r = .63, P less than .05) but
      not with fibronectin binding; it was significantly inhibited by the addition of
      purified cell wall lipoteichoic acid (55% +/- 2.7%), teichoic acid (34.5% +/-
      3.4%), and protein A (25.6% +/- 2.9%) but not peptidoglycan. Protein A- and
      teichoic acid-deficient mutants adhered less well than their parent strains, and
      encapsulated S. epidermidis adhere well to human monothelial cells.
      Staphylococcal binding may involve cell wall lipoteichoic acid, teichoic acid,
      and protein A.

PMID- 2299209
TI  - Serologic responses to Pneumocystis carinii antigens in health and disease.
AB  - Serum antibodies to human Pneumocystis carinii antigens were measured in greater
      than 400 specimens from different population groups by the immunoblotting
      technique. Serologic responses varied during the first 2 years of life, but in
      children greater than or equal to 2 1/2 years and in adults antibodies to a 40
      kDa band were found in greater than 85% of the specimens; antigens to bands of
      66, 92, and 116 kDa were also detected frequently. The prevalence of serum
      antibodies in immunosuppressed patients varied at different institutions and was
      usually lower than that of healthy controls. Seven (41%) of 17 patients with
      single episodes of pneumocystosis and 13 (93%) of 14 patients with recurrent
      episodes followed sequentially developed active serum IgM and/or IgG antibody
      responses to the 40-kDa antigen. Serologic responses to P. carinii were also
      detected, though less frequently, by immunofluorescence. These data suggest that
      the 40-kDa antigen is a major marker of P. carinii infection and that
      immunoblotting is useful in measuring serum antibody responses to the organism in
      both normal and immunocompromised hosts.

PMID- 2299210
TI  - Characteristics of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates from women with and without
      colpitis macularis.
AB  - Colpitis macularis, the most specific clinical sign for diagnosis of
      trichomoniasis, was detected by colposcopy in 52 of 118 infected women. Patients
      with colpitis macularis had a mean (+/- SD) of 18 +/- 20 Trichomonas vaginalis
      organisms/field (x 400 magnification) compared with 7 +/- 17 in patients with
      colpitis macularis (P less than .003). To compare possible virulence markers in
      isolates from women with and without colpitis macularis, isolates were analyzed
      for hemolytic activity, abscess production in an animal model, and adherence to
      cells in tissue culture. The mean hemolytic activity (relative to complete
      hemolysis) was 84% for 22 isolates from women with and 78% for 29 isolates from
      women without colpitis macularis. After subcutaneous injections in mice,
      abscesses were produced by 70% of isolates from patients with and 68% from
      patients without colpitis macularis. After a 15-min exposure, 39% of radiolabeled
      isolates from women with or without colpitis macularis adhered to HeLa cell
      monolayers. Purulent discharge, the second most useful sign for clinical
      diagnosis, was associated with colpitis macularis and with the number of
      organisms per high-power field on wet mount (P less than .01 for each comparison)
      but was not correlated with any experimental assay. Thus, no experimental
      characteristic of T. vaginalis isolates was associated with colpitis macularis or
      purulent vaginal discharge.

PMID- 2299211
TI  - Experimental cryptosporidiosis in a primate model.
AB  - Cryptosporidium causes a disease in infant macaques that is clinically,
      histologically, and microbiologically indistinguishable from that seen in young
      children. A reproducible experimental model of cryptosporidiosis has been
      developed in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) and used to studied the
      infectious dose of oocysts and the effect of inoculum size on severity of
      disease. Inoculation with either 2 x 10(5) or 10 oocysts via nasogastric tube
      resulted in clinical enteritis and the fecal passage of large numbers of
      cryptosporidial oocysts in all four primates studied. The size of the inoculum
      had no apparent effect on the severity or duration of disease. Rechallenge 2
      weeks after resolution of the primary infection demonstrated partial acquired
      immunity. The small inoculum size coupled with the passage of large numbers of
      oocysts contributes to the highly contagious nature of cryptosporidiosis among
      captive primates and may be relevant to the epidemiology and control of
      cryptosporidiosis in humans.

PMID- 2299212
TI  - Decreased in vitro susceptibility to zidovudine of HIV isolates obtained from
      patients with AIDS.
AB  - This study tested isolates of human immunodeficiency virus, obtained before and
      after zidovudine therapy from 10 patients, for susceptibility to the drug in
      vitro. The isolates collected after therapy were less susceptible to zidovudine
      as assessed by replication in MT-2 cells and production of reverse transcriptase
      activity by infected mononuclear leucocytes in the presence of the drug.
      Furthermore, pretherapy isolates were sensitive to a range of zidovudine
      concentrations when 100% inhibition was used as the end point. The loss of
      zidovudine susceptibility did not correlate with any clinical or virologic
      consequences in this small group of patients.

PMID- 2299213
TI  - Antibody response to inactivated influenza vaccines of various antigenic
      concentrations.
AB  - Four inactivated influenza vaccines (containing the recommended antigens for the
      1985-1986 influenza season) of various antigenic concentration levels were
      randomly administered to 140 study participants. The effect of the increasing
      antigen concentration resulted in significantly higher influenza hemagglutination
      inhibition (HI) antibody levels 3 weeks after vaccination for the A/H1N1 antigen
      but not for the A/H3N2 or B antigens. Also, at 3 weeks after vaccination, there
      were significantly lower antibody titer levels associated with increasing age for
      the A/H1N1 and B antigens (adjusting for the prevaccination antibody titer and
      antigen content).

PMID- 2299214
TI  - Amphotericin B blunts erythropoietin response to anemia.
AB  - Amphotericin B causes a normochromic, normocytic anemia thought to be mediated by
      direct marrow toxicity or suppression of erythropoietin production. Serial
      hemoglobin, hematocrit, amphotericin B, and erythropoietin levels were determined
      before, during, and after completion of amphotericin B therapy for three patients
      without significant renal disease or active hematologic malignancy. Patients with
      systemic fungal diseases treated with itraconazole served as controls. Serum
      erythropoietin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay and amphotericin B by
      high-performance liquid chromatography. Despite anemia in all amphotericin B
      treated patients, erythropoietin levels declined or remained relatively constant
      during therapy while erythropoietin levels in controls were appropriate for the
      degree of anemia. Within 2 weeks of completion of amphotericin B treatment, two
      patients had increasing erythropoietin levels in response to anemia. Amphotericin
      B appears to suppress but not abolish the erythropoietin response to anemia; this
      effect disappears quickly after discontinuation of the drug.

PMID- 2299215
TI  - Ethical issues involving volunteers in AIDS vaccine trials.

PMID- 2299216
TI  - Fungal cholecystitis and AIDS.

PMID- 2299217
TI  - Food counseling should be given to all persons infected with the human
      immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2299218
TI  - Prevalence of HTLV-I in Alaska Natives.

PMID- 2299219
TI  - Osteomyelitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus.

PMID- 2299220
TI  - Polyvibrio infections: Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus dual wound
      and multiple site infections.

PMID- 2299221
TI  - Natural competence for genetic transformation in Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2299222
TI  - Q fever--sexually transmitted infection?

PMID- 2299223
TI  - Effect of regional heating of upper body on the liver blood flow in rats.
AB  - The changes in rat liver blood flow, caused by hyperthermia, were studied. The
      liver region of rats was heated with Thermotron IV, an experimental capacitive
      heating device utilizing 8 MHz RF, and the liver blood flow was measured with
      radioactive microspheres. Portal venous blood flow slightly decreased during 30
      min heating of the liver at 41 degrees C and returned to control level after the
      heating. When the liver was heated at 43 degrees C, portal venous blood flow
      decreased initially by about 20%, but gradually returned to control level during
      the 30 min heating. Hepatic arterial blood flow increased slightly during 30 min
      heating at 41 degrees C and 43 degrees C. Because almost 85% of the liver blood
      flow is portal venous blood flow, the change in total liver blood flow paralleled
      the change in portal venous blood flow. During regional heating of the liver the
      cardiac output declined significantly, which may account in part for the decrease
      in splanchnic blood flow, and thus portal venous blood flow. Changes in vascular
      resistance in the viscera may be another reason for the decrease in portal venous
      blood flow during heating of the liver region.

PMID- 2299224
TI  - Involvement of protein synthesis in the development of thermotolerance using a
      CHO temperature-sensitive mutant.
AB  - A Chinese hamster ovary temperature-sensitive mutant (CHO-tsH1) with defective
      leucyl-tRNA synthetase at temperatures greater than 39 degrees C was used to
      examine the importance of protein synthesis in the development of
      thermotolerance. Its wild-type parent CHO-SC1 was used as the control. At
      temperatures of 41.5 degrees C, 42 degrees C and 42.5 degrees C, SC1 showed the
      classical biphasic thermotolerant response while tsH1 showed no thermotolerance.
      When both cell lines were heated for 15 min at 45 degrees C, then allowed to
      incubate at the permissive temperature of 35 degrees C and finally challenged
      with another 25 min treatment at 45 degrees C, tolerance was expressed in both
      cell lines. When the development incubation temperature was raised from 35
      degrees C to the non-permissive temperature of 40 degrees C, tolerance was also
      observed. Although both cell lines expressed tolerance under these conditions,
      the magnitude and duration of response of the mutant cell line were reduced. Heat
      shock protein analysis using one-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that,
      under permissive conditions, the mutant cell was able to express the full
      spectrum of heat-shock proteins as seen in the wild-type cells. Under non
      permissive conditions, little or no detectable proteins were synthesized in the
      mutant cell. We therefore postulate that the synthesis of new cytosol proteins is
      not required for the initial onset of thermotolerance but is necessary for the
      sustenance of tolerance.

PMID- 2299226
TI  - Determination of the temperature artifact during ultrasound hyperthermia.
AB  - Temperature artifacts produced by very small uncoated thermocouples during
      ultrasonic heating are evaluated by backward extrapolation of the linear portion
      of the temperature rise curve or by backward extrapolation of the exponential
      portion of the temperature decay curve. The accuracy of these techniques for
      larger clinically used thermocouples is investigated by use of a two-dimensional
      model of the bioheat equation which simulates the transfer of heat radially from
      a probe 1 mm in diameter. The accuracy of these techniques is found to depend
      upon the perfusion rate. In the absence of perfusion, both extrapolation
      techniques underestimate the artifact by nearly 40%. Extrapolation of the
      temperature rise curve is very sensitive to the perfusion rate and this technique
      results in errors exceeding 100% when the perfusion rate is high. Extrapolation
      of the temperature decay curve produces more consistent results. Over a blood
      flow range of 0-100 ml/100 g per min, the artifact is underestimated by an amount
      that varies from approximately 40% to 30% respectively. Thus, the artifact can be
      determined to within 5% by this technique by increasing the extrapolated value by
      35%.

PMID- 2299227
TI  - Measurements of effective thermal conductivity during hyperthermia: a comparison
      of experimental and clinical results.
AB  - Temperature and effective thermal conductivity (including the convective effects
      due to tissue blood flow) profiles have been mapped both within a perfused
      phantom model containing a differentially perfused pseudo-tumour and in patients
      undergoing microwave (915 MHz) hyperthermia. These measurements demonstrate the
      influence of differential thermal characteristics of tumour vs. normal tissue on
      the temperature distributions obtained during hyperthermia. Effective thermal
      conductivity was measured using a self-heated thermistor probe, and temperature
      profiles were measured by means of conventional thermocouples and fibre-optic
      temperature probes. Measurements of effective thermal conductivity obtained in
      patients prior to microwave hyperthermia, and temperature profiles obtained once
      steady-state treatment conditions had been attained, show a strong relation
      between the effective thermal conductivity profile and the ability to obtain
      therapeutic temperatures without excessive heating of intervening tissues. These
      observations were confirmed in phantom experiments, demonstrating that this
      perfused phantom is a more realistic physical model than the conventional
      unperfused gels usually employed as physical models for hyperthermia experiments.
      These results demonstrate that tissue thermal clearance is an important
      determinant of treatment temperature fields, independent of and in addition to
      the SAR distribution of the particular applicator. Effective thermal conductivity
      measurements of the different tissues constituting the volume to be heated could
      be an important index in the planning and optimization of treatment strategies.

PMID- 2299225
TI  - Hyperthermia of pet animal tumours with self-regulating ferromagnetic
      thermoseeds.
AB  - Investigations with thermally self-regulating ferromagnetic implants
      (thermoseeds) were done on healthy rats and pet animals with spontaneous and
      transmissible venereal tumours (TVT). The thermoseeds were produced from a nickel
      copper alloy and electroplated with a gold-silver layer. Manufacturing conditions
      were varied to produce thermoseeds with various operating temperatures, the
      critical temperature above which heating power production sharply declines. To
      test for toxicity, thermoseeds were implanted into the liver of rats and left in
      place for up to 14 months. While atomic absorption spectroscopy showed increased
      nickel and copper levels in tissues near the implants, no clinical evidence of
      ill-effects was noted. For hyperthermia treatment, thermoseeds were implanted
      into tumours of pet animals, and these were placed into an induction coil which
      produced an 89 kHz frequency, 4000 A/m amplitude field. The highest recorded
      tumour temperature correlated with the nominal operating point of the
      thermoseeds, demonstrating their ability to regulate the temperature. Of the 15
      evaluable animals with spontaneous tumours treated, 12 received concomitant 60Co
      radiation (two of them only after tumour recurrence following an initial
      treatment course of hyperthermia alone). Five of those treated with both
      modalities experienced complete response, five responded partially and two had no
      change. The treatment course of hyperthermia alone resulted in one animal
      achieving a complete response, and in three partial responders. Animals bearing
      TVT had a complete local response with hyperthermia alone. Massive tissue
      necrosis and seed migration caused the major treatment-related toxicity. Our
      findings suggest that self-regulating thermoseeds offer the possibility of
      predictable heat delivery to defined tissue volumes, and may be useful in the
      treatment of human tumours which are amenable to implantation. Until migration
      can be controlled, clinical trials should be limited to removable implants.

PMID- 2299228
TI  - In vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy of murine tumours before and after localized
      hyperthermia.
AB  - In vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the energy metabolism, apparent
      intracellular pH (pHNMR), and phospholipid turnover in subcutaneous fibrosarcomas
      (FSall) and mammary carcinomas (MCaIV) treated with hyperthermia (HT). Treatment
      consisted of elevation of tumour temperature to 43.5 degrees C for 15, 30 or 60
      min (FSall) and 30 min (MCaIV). Experiments were performed on conscious mice with
      biologically relevant tumour sizes. Using water bath immersion, this study
      focused on acute heat-induced metabolic changes (up to 7 h post-HT). 31P-NMR
      spectra of both murine tumours were characterized by relatively high pretreatment
      levels of PME, Pi and NTP, and lower levels of PDE, PCr and DPDE. Following
      hyperthermia, NTP and PCr levels, as well as pHNMR, decreased in both tumour
      lines. This drop was accompanied by a prompt and dramatic increase in Pi. After
      heating for 15 min, the limited spectral changes observed for the high-energy
      phosphates and the marginal decline in pHNMR were nullified within 7 h, whereas
      Pi remained significantly elevated. With the exception of PME/NTP and PME/PDE,
      all relevant metabolic ratios (PCr/Pi, NTP/Pi, PME/Pi) decreased after heating
      and did not resolve thereafter. Upon longer heat exposure times the high-energy
      phosphates, pHNMR, NTP/Pi, PCr/Pi, and PME/Pi all decreased in a dose-dependent
      manner and remained at the respective lower levels. The PME/PDE ratio was
      increased after 43.5 degrees C/15 min whereas at longer heating times this ratio
      did not change. At comparable heat doses MCaIV tumours seem to exhibit changes
      similar to FSall tumours.

PMID- 2299230
TI  - Ultrasound hyperthermia applicators: intensity distributions and quality
      assurance.
AB  - Intensity plots at several depths in water were obtained with three ultrasound
      hyperthermia applicators (Clinitherm, Mark VII), each with a single plane
      circular ceramic transducer element. One of the applicators exhibited an
      anomalous localized intensity maximum 3 cm away from the central beam axis. This
      observation, and the fact that transducer efficiency and field patterns may
      change with time and use, suggest quality assurance enhancement through periodic
      checks of output distributions of ultrasonic applicators for clinical use.

PMID- 2299229
TI  - Development of inductive heating equipment using an inductive aperture-type
      applicator.
AB  - We designed an inductive aperture-type applicator, IATA, consisting of a one
      turn, square, column-like coil made of a metal strip. In experiments using a
      phantom, this applicator was seen to have the following characteristics: (1) it
      does not excessively heat the fat layer; (2) deep portions can be heated
      effectively; (3) heat can be applied to the subject, without contact with the
      applicator; (4) excessive generation of heat does not occur in parts of tissue
      near the edge of the aperture; (5) size of the aperture can be changed for
      adaptation to size of the site to be heated; (6) the aperture can be modified to
      fit the shape of the subject and the depth of penetration is influenced by size
      of the subject being heated; (7) the applicator can be driven at an arbitrary
      frequency; (8) efficiency of heat generation to the input power is low. The
      inductive heating equipment, 'Inductron', which we have developed possesses the
      necessary requirements for adequate clinical application.

PMID- 2299231
TI  - Errors between two- and three-dimensional thermal model predictions of
      hyperthermia treatments.
AB  - A simulation program to study the three-dimensional temperature distributions
      produced by hyperthermia in anatomically realistic inhomogenous tissue models has
      been developed using the bioheat transfer equation. The anatomical data for the
      inhomogeneous tissues of the human body are entered on a digitizing tablet from
      serial computed tomography (CT) scans. Power deposition patterns from various
      heating modalities must be calculated independently. The program has been used to
      comparatively evaluate two- and three-dimensional simulations in a series of
      parametric calculations based on a simple inhomogeneous tissue model for uniform
      power deposition. The conclusions are that two-dimensional simulations always
      lead to significant errors at the ends of tumors (up to tens of degrees).
      However, they can give valid results for the central region of large tumors, but
      only with tumor blood perfusions greater than approximately 1 kg/m3/s. These
      conclusions from the geometrically simple model are substantiated by the results
      obtained using the full three-dimensional model for actual patient anatomical
      simulations. In summary, three-dimensional simulations will be necessary for
      accurate patient treatment planning. The effect of the thermal conductivity, used
      in the models, on the temperature field has also been studied. The results show
      that using any thermal conductivity value in the range of 0.4 to 0.6 W/m/degrees
      C sufficiently characterizes most soft tissues, especially in the presence of
      high blood perfusion. However, bone (thermal conductivity of 1.16 W/m/degrees C)
      and fat (thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/m/degrees C) do not fit this
      generalization and significant errors result if soft tissue values are used.

PMID- 2299232
TI  - A robot-controlled microwave antenna system for uniform hyperthermia treatment of
      superficial tumours with arbitrary shape.
AB  - A system for microwave hyperthermia by scanning an antenna 'footprint' over a
      disease site is demonstrated. A computer-controlled robot arm scans a 2.45 GHz
      helical antenna and controls the absorbed power distribution. The 'ideal' power
      distribution required to achieve steady-state temperature uniformity over a given
      region has been calculated and a corresponding antenna trajectory programmed to
      approximate this pattern. Computer models, based on the solution of the bio-heat
      equation, have been implemented to allow various system parameters, such as
      antenna beam size, scan path and velocity profile, to be optimized. Experiments
      on a homogeneous muscle-equivalent phantom have shown that the scanning antenna
      system produces uniform temperature distributions over large areas of arbitrary
      shape. The addition of a thermal control system, based on temperature signal
      feedback, would enable 'real-time' modification of the power distribution and
      allow inhomogeneous and perfused tissue structures to be heated more uniformly.

PMID- 2299233
TI  - Treatment of the human retinoblastoma cell line Y-79 growing in the athymic mouse
      eye with fractionated hyperthermia and/or radiation.
AB  - Concentrated cell suspensions of the human retinoblastoma cell line Y-79 were
      injected into the eyes of athymic nude mice. Three to four weeks after
      implantation the eyes were treated with fractionated hyperthermia and/or
      radiation according to various protocols. Radiation was applied with 250 kV X
      rays in fractions of 3 Gy, three fractions a week (3 x XT). Hyperthermia was
      applied once a week for 30 min at 43-45 degrees C (1 x HT). A coaxial microwave
      applicator (2450 MHz) has been developed for hyperthermia treatment of the mouse
      eye. The effect of the treatment was evaluated by visual observation of the eyes
      during a follow-up of several months, and by histopathological examination. No
      tumour regression was observed after hyperthermia alone (3 x HT). Treatment with
      3 x XT or 3 x XT + 1 x HT initially caused tumour regression followed by regrowth
      in most cases. A treatment protocol of 6 x XT resulted in regrowth in 10 out of
      15 eyes. However, after 6 x XT + 2 x HT regrowth was observed in only 3 out of 13
      eyes. The difference between these two groups is statistically significant (P
      less than 0.05). Thus it is concluded that hyperthermia enhances the effect of
      radiation when the Y-79 cell line is transplanted to the athymic mouse eye, using
      the fractionation scheme presented here.

PMID- 2299234
TI  - Comparison of two-dimensional numerical approximation and measurement of SAR in a
      muscle equivalent phantom exposed to a 915 MHz slab-loaded waveguide.
AB  - Computer predictions of the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in a
      uniform muscle-equivalent phantom with an overlying bolus have been compared to
      those measured experimentally. The microwave source was a 10 cm x 10 cm slab
      loaded waveguide applicator operating at 915 MHz. The modelling technique
      (theory) combines the equivalence principle and a two-dimensional finite element
      technique to determine the incident and the scattered electric fields separately.
      The E-field was measured using a small dipole device oriented parallel to the
      polarized field of the waveguide source. Comparisons of the predicted and
      measured SAR were made for various bolus properties, and reasonable agreement
      with theory was found in each case. The results demonstrate the usefulness of
      numerical modelling in characterizing the fields from microwave applicators used
      in clinical hyperthermia.

PMID- 2299235
TI  - Theoretical investigation of a phased-array hyperthermia system with movable
      apertures.
AB  - A four-applicator phased-array hyperthermia system with movable apertures (MA) is
      compared with an eight-applicator annular phased-array hyperthermia system with
      fixed apertures (AA) in terms of the HEP (hyperthermia equipment performance)
      values, based on two-dimensional models and the bioheat transfer equation. A
      hybrid element method is used to calculate the zeta-directed two-dimensional
      electric field with the inhomogeneities in tissue properties taken into account.
      The amplitudes and phases of each applicator are then optimized with the
      objective of uniform power deposition in the tumour and no power deposited in
      normal tissues. The temperature distributions under different blood flow
      conditions are obtained by solving the bioheat transfer equation using the finite
      element method. It is found that among the seven patient models studied, the MA
      and AA in general perform equally well when the tumour has zero blood flow, or
      equally poorly when the tumour has a blood flow larger than 5 ml/100 g per min.
      The performance of AA is often significantly better than that of MA when the
      tumour blood flow is 2.7 ml/100 g per min. The effects of different weighting
      functions are evaluated. We show that even if uniform absorbed power density (ARD
      = absorption rate density) could be achieved in the tumour volume with zero ARD
      in normal tissue the entire tumour would still not be brought to 43 degrees C or
      greater. However, it is found that the performance of uniform ARD in the tumour
      is on average far better than either the AA or MA, and choosing the uniform ARD
      as the objective function improved 35% of the cases for AA and 16% for MA. The
      optimization formula includes a weighting function that can be varied for
      different tissues. By decreasing the weights in regions of high blood flow the
      HEP values can sometimes be improved quite noticeably. Finally, the importance of
      the locations of applicators is studied. The results obtained indicate that the
      applicators should be placed about 5 cm or more away from the patient body
      (assuming water is the coupling medium) to ensure good HEP ratings.

PMID- 2299236
TI  - The CDRH Helix: an in vivo evaluation.
AB  - The Helix is an electromagnetic heating device used to induce regional/systemic
      hyperthermia for cancer therapy. It is a resonant device operating at about 82
      MHz with an aperture size of 60 cm x 40 cm (elliptical) x 40 cm long. The Helix
      deposits power in tissues (or phantoms) by producing a predominantly axial
      electric field within its radiating aperture. Five pig experiments were performed
      to provide in vivo verification of specific absorption rate (SAR) measurements
      and electric field measurements which were obtained earlier in tissue-equivalent
      phantom and 0.9% saline, respectively. In addition to verifying the power
      deposition patterns found in phantoms, the pig experiments provided valuable
      insight into the capabilities and limitations of electromagnetic regional
      heating. For example, a kidney with limited blood flow, simulating a necrotic
      tumor, heated very well-although the highest temperature was not always measured
      there. Also, fat heating may be a problem, since excessive temperatures in the
      fat were observed in approximately 20% of the heatings. This paper compares the
      in vivo temperature measurements in pigs with SARs and electric field
      measurements obtained in phantoms, and also provides a brief overview of results
      of the Helix in clinical situations.

PMID- 2299237
TI  - Heat sensitization to cisplatin in two cell lines with different drug
      sensitivities.
AB  - Heat sensitization to cisplatin was studied in drug-sensitive Chinese hamster
      fibroblast (CH) and inherently drug-resistant hamster kidney (HaK) cells. Under
      normothermic conditions the slopes of the survival curves differed by a factor of
      3.6, while the cellular uptake was higher in CH cells by a factor of 3. When heat
      and drug treatment were given simultaneously, both effects were increased in CH
      and HaK cells: thermal enhancement factors at 43 degrees C were 5.5 (CH) and 2.9
      (HaK) for cytotoxic drug action and 3.9 and 2.2 for the increase in cellular drug
      content. Increase in cell sensitization was also obtained if the cells were heat
      pretreated (42.5-44 degrees C for various times) followed by drug exposure at 37
      degrees C. It is concluded that thermal enhancement depends on the efficiency of
      cisplatin cytotoxicity, which in turn correlates with cellular drug uptake in
      both the sensitive and resistant cell line.

PMID- 2299238
TI  - Thermal sensitivity of CHO cells with different shapes.
AB  - Confirming previous reports, we observed that rounded Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
      cells from suspension culture were more resistant to heat kill than flattened CHO
      cells from monolayer culture. Cell survival was quantitatively described by
      determining full cell survival curves for flattened versus rounded CHO cells
      after exposure to 43, 44, 45 and 46 degrees C and calculating the To values. The
      cell survival responses of the rounded cells were significantly different from
      those of the flattened cells. Based on the ratio of the To values, the rounded
      cells were consistently twice as resistant to heat-induced cell death than
      flattened cells. This difference in cell survival was not explained by a trypsin
      effect in monolayer cells, or by the amount of time rounded cells were maintained
      in suspension culture, or technical differences in heat-up and cool-down
      kinetics, or differences in extracellular pH. The two groups also showed no
      differences in cell generation times or whole cell protein contents. However, we
      found that the rounded cells had a lower percentage of cells in the S phase of
      the cell cycle (40% versus 52%) than the flattened cells, which could account for
      part of the differential heat-induced cell kill in the flattened versus rounded
      cells. These data suggest there is a significant association between cell shape
      and heat-induced cell killing.

PMID- 2299239
TI  - Removal of excess nuclear protein from cells heated in different physiological
      states.
AB  - The relationship between heat-induced cell kill and alterations in nuclear
      protein content was investigated by heating quiescent 66 mouse mammary
      adenocarcinoma cells in three different physiological states: (1) quiescent,
      nutrient deprived cells (Q); (2) Q cells placed in fresh medium 2 h prior to
      heating (QM); and (3) Q cells made thermotolerant by a previous heat treatment
      (QTT). Although cell survival varied by a factor of 80, the increase in nuclear
      protein after a 30 min exposure to 45 degrees C was similar in Q, QM and QTT
      cells. Removal of the excess nuclear protein from cells in the three
      physiological states differed both in the percentage of the population that could
      remove the protein and the rate at which the protein was removed. While all of
      the QM and QTT cells removed the excess nuclear protein, approximately 30% of the
      Q cells did not remove the excess nuclear protein, and continued to accumulate
      protein over the 48 h after the heat treatment. The time for complete removal of
      the excess protein (Q, 32 h: QM, 18 h: QTT, 8 h) was directly correlated with
      cell survival. Therefore, these data support the hypothesis that the removal of
      excess nuclear protein after heat treatment is related to and, perhaps, a
      determinant of, cell survival.

PMID- 2299241
TI  - [Reverse passive hemagglutination assay for human chorionic gonadotropin in urine
      using monoclonal antibody].
AB  - Aiming to find a urinary hCG immuno-assay which is specific, sensitive and easy
      to perform, a reverse passive hemagglutination reaction was studied by using
      sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coupled with monoclonal antibodies (Mab) to hCG.
      Three Mabs (5D4, 6E4, 2F8) with different specialty were used for the study. Mab
      5D4 reacted to hCG, hCG-beta, and LH but not to hCG-alpha. Mab 6E4 reacted to
      hCG, hCG-alpha and LH, but not to hCG-beta. Mab 2F8 reacted to hCG but not to hCG
      alpha, hCG-beta, or LH. All three Mabs were IgG1. SRBC were treated with
      glutaraldehyde and then with tannic acid. These treated SRBC were coupled with
      IgG(2mg/ml) of each anti hCG-Mab. For assays, 30 microliters of 1:1 mixtures of
      two different Mab-coupled SRBC and 30 microliters of standard hCG or urine
      samples were mixed in wells of microtiter plates and reacted for 60 min at room
      temperature. Among three different combinations, the couple 5D4-SRBC and 2F8-SRBC
      were most sensitive and specific for hCG assays and the minimum amount of hCG and
      LH detected in this combination assays was 12.5 mIU/ml and 800 mIU/ml,
      respectively. Some clinical data obtained by applying this assay were presented.

PMID- 2299240
TI  - Changes in pH and blood flow induced by glucose, and their effects on
      hyperthermia with or without BCNU in RIF-1 tumours.
AB  - The changes in pH and blood flow of tumours caused by hyperglycaemia, and their
      effects on hyperthermia with BCNU, were investigated using RIF-1 tumours which
      grew intradermally in the thigh of C3H mice. The pH of the tumour was measured by
      inserting a microelectrode into the tumour. The blood flow in the tumour was
      estimated by flow cytometry from the uptake of the bisbenzamide fluorochrome
      Hoechst 33342 into the tumour. Administration of glucose resulted in a transient
      drop of both pH and blood flow of the tumour. The change in blood flow appeared
      earlier than that in pH. The response of the tumour to heat was enhanced by the
      administration of glucose in a time- and dose-dependent fashion, and closely
      correlated to the change in tumour pH. Glucose administration reduced the
      cytotoxicity of BCNU. This can be explained by the inhibitory effect of glucose
      on tumour blood flow. The effect of BCNU was enhanced by hyperthermia. This
      combined effect of heat and BCNU was further enhanced by the addition of glucose,
      but this effect was not dramatic. Because glucose inhibits blood flow in the RIF
      system at least, glucose is more effective for thermotherapy than for
      thermochemotherapy.

PMID- 2299242
TI  - [Taurine metabolism in platelets in patients with pregnancy induced
      hypertension].

PMID- 2299244
TI  - [Cytogenetical study on the etiology of partial mole].
AB  - The cytogenetical etiology of partial mole (PM) was studied by means of the Q
      banding technique in 49 cases during the period between Sep. 1976 and Nov. 1986.
      Moreover, histological examinations were performed in 39 cases concentrating on
      the existence of fetal components and trophoblastic hyperplasia, etc. The results
      were as follows. 1. Karyotype analysis showed triploidy (24 cases), normal
      diploidy (10 cases), trisomy (9 cases) and other anomalies (mosaic, translocation
      etc.) (6 cases). These results are quite different from those of many western
      authors, who reported that most cases of PM are triploidy. 2. The criteria of PM
      in Japan differ from those of WHO Scientific Group in regard to trophoblastic
      hyperplasia. 3. Our cases were reclassified on the basis of the definition drawn
      up by the WHO Scientific Group. Nevertheless, the rate of triploidy was only
      54.5%, which is lower than that reported by many western authors. These results
      show that the development of PM cannot be explained cytogenetically at present,
      in contrast with complete mole.

PMID- 2299243
TI  - [The incidence and clinical significance of paraaortic lymph node metastases in
      patients with uterine cervical cancer].
AB  - Paraaortic lymph node dissection was performed in the treatment of patients with
      carcinoma of the cervix who were subjected to radical hysterectomy between June,
      1982 and March, 1988 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido
      University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan. Thirteen out of 246 (5.3%) patients had
      metastases in the paraaortic lymph node. Of the patients with stage I carcinoma
      of the cervix, 1.0 per cent had positive paraaortic lymph node. Of the patients
      with stage II carcinoma, 4.9 per cent had metastases in the paraaortic lymph
      nodes, and of the stage III patients, 16.7 per cent had positive paraaortic lymph
      nodes. The incidence of paraaortic node involvement increased along with the
      advance of the disease. Of the patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the
      cervix, 4.6 per cent had paraaortic lymph node metastases. Of the patients with
      adenocarcinoma of the cervix including mixed carcinoma, 6.8 per cent had positive
      paraaortic node. All the patients with positive paraaortic lymph nodes had
      metastatic diseases in the pelvic nodes. In addition, the number of groups of
      positive pelvic nodes in the patients with positive paraaortic lymph nodes was
      significantly larger than that in those with negative paraaortic nodes. At the
      time of reporting, seven out of 13 patients with positive paraaortic lymph node
      have died of the disease. The mean survival period of those seven patients was
      14.9 +/- 12.2 (mean +/- SD) months. Of the remaining six surviving patients,
      three have been doing well for more than three years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2299245
TI  - [Oocyte fertilizability and hormonal environment of human preovulatory follicles
      in hyperstimulated cycles in an in vitro fertilization program: Are mature
      preovulatory follicles undergoing atresia?].
AB  - Steroid hormones in preovulatory follicular fluid, maturity of the oocyte-corona
      cumulus complex (OCCC), and oocyte fertilizability were studied in 55
      hyperstimulated cycles in 40 patients who were indicated for in vitro
      fertilization and embryo transfer due to tubal infertility. Aspirated follicles
      were categorized into four groups according to the degree of oocyte maturation
      and fertilizability, i.e. follicle (Fol)-1 (non-fertilized, intermediate
      maturation), Fol-2 (fertilized, intermediate maturation), Fol-3 (fertilized, full
      maturation), and Fol-4 (non-fertilized, full maturation). Estradiol (E2),
      progesterone (P), and delta 4- androstenedione (delta 4A) concentrations were
      highest in Fol-3, being lower in Fol-2 and Fol-1 sequentially. Fol-3 contained
      significantly more E2 and P than did Fol-1, showing that the degree of oocyte
      maturation and fertilizability correlate with concentrations of E2 and P in the
      follicles. A comparison of Fol-3 and Fol-4 revealed significantly higher
      concentrations of delta 4A in Fol-4, whereas differences in E2 and P
      concentrations were not significant although Fol-4 values were lower. This
      comparison indicated that Fol-4 were already undergoing atresia at the time of
      oocyte retrieval, containing morphologically mature OCCC which had lost
      fertilizability. This study shows that steroid hormones in the follicular fluid
      reflect oocyte viability and fertilizability, and suggests that preovulatory
      follicles with mature oocytes can also undergo atresia.

PMID- 2299246
TI  - [Localization of sex steroid hormone and sex steroid hormone receptors in human
      ovarian epithelial tumor].
AB  - In some ovarian tumors, such as endometrioid adenocarcinoma, dysfunctional
      uterine bleeding occurs, and the endocrinological aspects were studied in the
      following way: 1) In 3 patients with epithelial ovarian tumor and postmenopausal
      uterine bleeding, preoperative plasma estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P)
      concentrations were significantly high, but dropped to normal following complete
      resections of the ovarian tumor. Plasma E2, P and testosterone concentrations in
      ovarian veins were 3 to 7 times as great as in peripheral veins. 2) Tissues
      obtained from 25 ovarian tumors were immunohistochemically examined by the PAP
      method. In 9 cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma, positive stainings for both E2
      and P were demonstrated in cancer cells from 3 patients (33%) and in connective
      tissues from 7 patients (78%), respectively. In contrast, 16 tumors of other
      histological types gave only one positive staining for E2 on cancer cells and
      connective tissues. As for P, in 3 patients there was a positive stain on cancer
      cells and in 2 patients on connective tissues. 3) Five out of 8 patients with
      immunohistochemically positive staining for E2 on connective tissues in ovarian
      tumors demonstrated dysfunctional uterine bleeding. 4) Cytosolic estrogen
      receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in ovarian tumors obtained from 26
      patients were measured by the DCC method. All of three patients with endometrioid
      adenocarcinoma had both ER and PR. The former were 19-202 fmol/mg, and the latter
      535-1,000 fmol/mg, which were significantly higher levels and positive rates than
      those from other patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299247
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of the treatment of early cervical neoplasia by carbon
      dioxide laser conization].
AB  - One hundred twenty patients with cervical neoplasia were treated by conization,
      78 with a carbon dioxide laser and 42 with a cold knife. Bleeding during the
      conization was 82.5 +/- 91.4 ml with the laser and 117.3 +/- 82.6 ml with the
      cold knife. The time required for the operation was 55.0 +/- 16.7 min and 37.7 +/
      10.2 min, respectively. With the aid of a local injection of epinephrine,
      peroperative bleeding was much less pronounced in the laser group (25.4 +/- 39.5
      ml) and the time required for the operation was further shortened to 36.4 +/-
      15.0 min. Six patients treated with the cold knife (14.3%) suffered postoperative
      hemorrhage requiring hemostasis, but only one in the laser series (1.3%). Forty
      nine patients of 78 treated with the laser and 15 of 42 treated with the cold
      knife were subjected to conservative therapy. All of them were followed up by
      cytology, colposcopy and histology, and there was no failure or recurrence at
      either 8 weeks and 1 year after the operation. Unsatisfactory colposcopic
      findings developed in 9 patients (18.4%) in the laser group compared with 11
      patients (73.3%) in the cold knife group. Specimens obtained after laser
      conization were satisfactory for use in histopathological evaluation. Conization
      with a carbon dioxide laser appears to be an acceptable procedure as a diagnostic
      method and conservative therapy for cervical neoplasia.

PMID- 2299248
TI  - [The survey on the perinatal variables and the incidence of cerebral palsy for 12
      years before and after the application of the fetal monitoring systems].
AB  - The effects of electrical fetal monitoring such as cardiotocogram (CTG) and
      nonstress test (NST) were studied during the years 1975-86 in 6,981 cases (6,893
      singletons, 41 twins and 2 triplets). These cases were divided into three groups
      according to the mode of fetal monitoring. The first group was managed without
      electrical fetal monitoring (control group). The second was managed mainly with
      intrapartum fetal monitoring (transitional group) and the third was managed with
      antepartum and intrapartum fetal monitoring (fully monitored group). The
      incidence of cerebral palsy (CP) was investigated at the social health center
      during the same period. The introduction of intrapartum fetal monitoring resulted
      in a reduction in neonatal asphyxia from 7.0% in the control group to 5.2% and
      4.3% in the transitional group and fully monitored group respectively. The
      perinatal mortality rate showed a significant reduction from 0.61% in the period
      without antepartum fetal monitoring to 0.31% in the fully monitored group, and
      this was attributed to the significant reduction in the number of stillbirths.
      The incidence of CP in the district decreased from 2.2 to 0.2 per 1,000 children
      during the period studied. In these circumstances, the caesarean section rate
      increased from 7.0% in the control group to 11.8% in the transitional group but
      decreased to 9.8% in the fully monitored group. These results showed the clinical
      and social benefits of electrical fetal monitoring.

PMID- 2299249
TI  - Partially calcified renal cell carcinoma mimicking renal calculus.
AB  - Radiologic evaluation disclosed a renal tumor and a calcified mass in the right
      kidney of a 45-year-old man. The resected kidney revealed that a renal cell
      carcinoma had invaded the renal pelvis and the polypoid intrapelvic portion had
      undergone calcification resulting in a pseudocalculus.

PMID- 2299250
TI  - Pasteurella multocida empyema: successful treatment with open thoracostomy.
AB  - Pasteurella multocida appears to be an uncommon pathogen in human thoracic
      empyema. The morbidity and mortality associated with these infections has been
      significant, presumably secondary to the elderly populations they affect, many
      with chronic lung disease and impaired pulmonary defenses. We report a case of
      pasteurella empyema treated with open thoracostomy and rib resection and advocate
      use of such a procedure early in the treatment of patients with this infection.

PMID- 2299251
TI  - Posttraumatic aortico-right ventricular fistula: a case study.
AB  - Posttraumatic formation of either aortico-ventricular or coronary arterio
      ventricular fistulas are rare, albeit well-documented events. A case is presented
      involving crush injury to the chest complicated by an acute inferior wall
      myocardial infarction and later associated with an aortico-right ventricular
      fistula. Progressive right ventricular dilatation dictated subsequent surgical
      repair in this case, although similar fistulas without dilatation may safely be
      observed.

PMID- 2299252
TI  - Effects of ionic and nonionic contrast media on bradyarrhythmia during coronary
      angiography: a comparison of Renografin-76, Hypaque-76, and Isovue-370.
AB  - Contrast media occasionally produce bradyarrhythmias defined as a 25% decrease in
      heart rate and/or developing atrioventricular block during coronary angiography.
      Twelve left coronary angiographies and seven right coronary angiographies were
      performed with 10 ml of diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium (Renografin
      76 [R76] or Hypaque [H76]) or iopamidol (Isovue 370 [ISO]) in a blinded
      randomized fashion. Heart rate decreased significantly from 135 +/- 5 to 120 +/-
      5 beats/min (p less than 0.001) with R76, to 127 +/- 7 beats/min (p less than
      0.01) with H76, and to 130 +/- 6 beats/min (p less than 0.05) with ISO in left
      coronary angiographies; more profound decrease was observed in right coronary
      angiographies from 134 +/- 4 to 87 +/- 18 beats/min (p less than 0.001) with R76,
      to 99 +/- 14 beats/min (p less than 0.001) with H76, and to 125 +/- 7 beats/min
      (p less than 0.01) with ISO. In 12 left coronary angiographies bradyarrhythmia
      was observed in five cases with R76, two with H76, and none with ISO. In seven
      right coronary angiographies it occurred in six with R76, three with H76, and
      none with ISO. The differences in the incidence of bradyarrhythmia between R76
      and ISO were significant during left and right coronary angiographies (p less
      than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively). Thus ionic contrast media produced
      more marked bradyarrhythmias than nonionic contrast media in coronary
      angiography, especially R76. Right coronary angiography resulted in more profound
      bradyarrhythmias than left coronary angiographies. This study suggested that
      nonionic contrast media (ISO) might be preferable to ionic contrast media (R76 or
      H76) for coronary arteriography.

PMID- 2299253
TI  - Pharmacologic nephrectomy with chronic angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
      treatment in renovascular hypertension in the rat.
AB  - Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment in renovascular
      hypertension is associated with acute compromise of renal function in patients
      with bilateral renal artery stenosis or with arterial stenosis to a single
      functioning kidney. Recent evidence has suggested that renal function is also
      compromised in the stenosed kidney of patients with unilateral renal artery
      stenosis. The long-term consequence of this reduction in renal function is not
      known. We have studied the effect of chronic ACE inhibition with enalapril on
      renal structure and function in rats with the two-kidney one-clip model of
      renovascular hypertension. Four weeks after placement of a clip on the left renal
      artery, hypertensive rats were randomized to treatment with enalapril, minoxidil,
      or to a no treatment group. Twelve months later split kidney function was
      determined by chromium 51-labeled ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid clearance in
      surviving rats. Clearance of the clipped kidney was 0.0 ml/min (enalapril group),
      0.26 +/- 0.23 ml/min (minoxidil group), and 0.74 +/- 0.13 ml/min (untreated
      group). The clipped kidney from the enalapril treated rats weighed much less than
      the minoxidil group or the untreated group (0.46 +/- 0.1 gm, 1.2 +/- 0.07 gm, and
      1.14 +/- 0.10 gm, respectively). Enalapril treatment was stopped for 2 weeks in
      five rats. The clipped kidney remained small and nonfunctional. Histologic
      examination revealed marked interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy of the
      clipped kidneys from the enalapril treated group in contrast to minor changes in
      the minoxidil treated and untreated groups. After 12 months of treatment,
      survival in the enalapril group was 84%, 48% in the minoxidil group, and 15% in
      the untreated group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299254
TI  - Limitations of the erythropoietic response to serial phlebotomy: implications for
      autologous blood donor programs.
AB  - Autologous blood (AB) deposit before elective surgery is a widely endorsed and
      rapidly expanding transfusion practice that reduces homologous blood (HB) needs
      but does not minimize HB transfusion in donors who are unsuccessful in
      predonating the amount of AB requested by their surgeon. To study limitations of
      the erythropoietic response in AB donors we have conducted a prospective analysis
      of 72 consecutive adult AB donors scheduled for orthopedic surgery. The data in
      this report indicate that endogenous erythropoietin response is inadequate in at
      least 58% of AB donors who are successful in predonating the requested amount of
      AB and that AB donors with lower initial body iron reserves relative to the
      amount of blood requested have a greater risk of deferral; 15 of 45 female
      patients (33%) were unable to predonate the requested amount of AB. Lower
      circulating red cell volumes (reflecting anemia at first blood donation, smaller
      body size, or both) and/or lower storage iron pools are contributing factors in
      this population. This report also indicates that a significant number of AB units
      have red cell volumes below minimum standards for blood donation, which has
      important implications in a risk/benefit analysis of whether nontransfused AB
      units should be "crossed-over" for HB transfusion, and that future studies
      designed to maximize AB procurement should include an evaluation of recombinant
      erythropoietin therapy in AB programs and therapeutic alternatives to ferrous
      sulfate as iron supplementation in AB donors.

PMID- 2299255
TI  - Release of tumor necrosis factor by alveolar macrophages of patients with
      sarcoidosis.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a monokine released by macrophages and is
      important in the inflammatory response. We compared the spontaneous release of
      TNF by alveolar macrophages (AMs) from patients with symptomatic pulmonary
      sarcoidosis, some of whom were receiving corticosteroid therapy, with AMs from
      control smokers. TNF was released from AMs of sarcoidosis patients at
      significantly higher levels than was released by control AM subjects (sarcoids,
      15 U/ml [0 to 1140 U (median [range]]); controls, all less than 5 U/ml, p less
      than 0.01). By using a specific polyclonal antibody, the detected TNF was found
      to be TNF-alpha. Among the sarcoidosis patients, the amount of TNF released was
      significantly lower for those patients given treatment with corticosteroids (5
      U/ml [0 to 15 U/ml]) compared with untreated persons (50 U/ml [0 to 1140 U/ml], p
      less than 0.05). In vitro studies demonstrated that incubation of peripheral
      blood monocytes or AMs with dexamethasone for 42 hours suppressed subsequent
      release of TNF. We conclude that AMs from sarcoidosis patients often
      spontaneously release TNF and this release is suppressed by prolonged
      corticosteroid therapy.

PMID- 2299256
TI  - Pharmacologic properties of a low molecular weight dermatan sulfate: comparison
      with unfractionated dermatan sulfate.
AB  - The anticoagulant, pharmacodynamic, and antithrombotic properties of a low
      molecular weight dermatan sulfate (molecular weight range 1600 to 8000, peak
      4000) were compared with those of unfractionated dermatan sulfate (molecular
      weight range 12,000 to 45,000, peak 25,000). Anticoagulant activities were
      evaluated as the ability of the compounds to catalyze the inhibition of thrombin
      in the presence of heparin cofactor II in a purified system and to prolong the
      activated partial thromboplastin time or the thrombin clotting time of human and
      rabbit plasmas. On the basis of weight, low molecular weight dermatan sulfate was
      two times less potent than unfractionated dermatan sulfate. After bolus
      intravenous injection into rabbits, the volume of distribution of low molecular
      weight dermatan sulfate was 10 times larger than that of unfractionated compound,
      and the half-life of disappearance was two to four times longer despite a 1.4 to
      2.3 times higher total clearance. The bioavailability of low molecular weight
      dermatan sulfate from its subcutaneous depot was 100%; it was absorbed faster
      from that depot than unfractionated dermatan sulfate. The antithrombotic
      activities of unfractionated and of low molecular weight dermatan sulfate were
      also examined with a Wessler-type model with tissue factor as the thrombogenic
      stimulus. When evaluated 3 minutes after a bolus intravenous injection,
      unfractionated dermatan sulfate was twice as active as low molecular weight
      dermatan sulfate on the basis of weight. With subcutaneous injection, 10 mg/kg of
      low molecular weight dermatan sulfate generated an activity in plasma equivalent
      to 5.6 micrograms/ml 1 hour later. This concentration was associated with a
      significant antithrombotic effect that lasted for less than 6 hours.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299258
TI  - Effect of polyamines, methylguanidine, and guanidinosuccinic acid on calcitriol
      synthesis.
AB  - Previous study from our laboratory has demonstrated that infusion of uremic
      plasma ultrafiltrate to normal rats suppressed their calcitriol synthesis. In
      order identify the uremic toxins responsible for the suppression of the
      calcitriol synthesis, we studied the effects of known uremic toxins: spermidine,
      spermine, methylguanidine (MG), and guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) on calcitriol
      metabolism in the rats. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and production rate (PR)
      of calcitriol were measured in normal rats after they were infused for 24 hours
      with approximately 10 ml of normal saline containing one of the following
      substances: 0.8 mumoles spermidine, 0.3 mumoles spermine, 150 micrograms MG and
      180 micrograms GSA. Control groups of rats were infused with 10 ml of normal
      saline for 24 hours. MCR of calcitriol was not altered by the infusion of each
      toxin; however, plasma concentration of calcitriol (controls, 105.3 +/- 6.7
      pg/ml; versus GSA, 58.9 +/- 2.5 pg/ml, p less than 0.001) and PR of calcitriol
      (controls, 39.0 +/- 2.9 ng/kg/day, versus GSA, 22.5 +/- 1.62 ng/kg/day, p less
      than 0.001) were significantly suppressed by the infusion of GSA. The
      concentration (1.8 mg/dl) of GSA in the infusate was similar to that in the
      uremic plasma ultrafiltrate (2.32 +/- 1.41 mg/dl) used in the previous study,
      though the total amount of GSA infused to the rats was lower in the present
      study. GSA is, therefore, considered a uremic toxin that suppresses calcitriol
      synthesis.

PMID- 2299259
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in renovascular hypertension: the
      narrowing gap between functional renal failure and progressive renal atrophy.

PMID- 2299257
TI  - The bisphosphonate 2-PEBP inhibits cyclosporin A induced high-turnover osteopenia
      in the rat.
AB  - A bisphosphonate, 2-PEBP (2-(2-pyridinyl) ethylidene bisphosphonate), was
      administered to animals receiving cyclosporin A (CsA) in an attempt to modify the
      high-turnover osteopenia associated with CsA therapy. Four groups of female
      Sprague-Dawley rats were administered either vehicle or CsA (15 mg/kg per day) by
      gavage for 28 days, together with either normal saline solution or 2-PEBP (1.72
      mg/kg per day) given by intraperitoneal injection on days 0,1, and 2. The groups
      thus comprised Group A, vehicle/normal saline; group B, vehicle/2-PEBP; group C,
      CsA/normal saline solution; group D, CsA/2-PEBP. All rats received tetracycline
      hydrochloride by intraperitoneal injection for histomorphometric labeling. Blood
      was sampled on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 for ionized calcium, serum phosphate,
      parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), blood urea
      nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, magnesium, and bone gla protein (BGP). Rats were
      killed on day 28 for tibial bone histomorphometry. All results were compared with
      group A. There were no significant differences in weight, ionized calcium, PTH,
      and serum phosphate between groups. Weight increased significantly by day 28 in
      all groups. Groups C and D revealed significantly higher levels of 1,25(OH)2D,
      BUN, and creatinine on days 14 and 28. Magnesium was significantly lower in
      groups C and D on days 14 and 28. BGP increased significantly in group C and
      decreased significantly in group B during the study. Tibial bone histomorphometry
      revealed high-turnover osteopenia in group C, significant improvement in both
      bone formation and resorption parameters in group D and hyperostosis in group B.
      Serum BGP reflected the histomorphometric indices of bone formation in each
      group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299260
TI  - Ghilantens: anticoagulant-antimetastatic proteins from the South American leech,
      Haementeria ghilianii.
AB  - Five proteins with anticoagulant and antimetastatic activities were isolated from
      the salivary glands of the Amazon leech, Haementeria ghilianil. These proteins,
      designated ghilantens, were co-purified on DEAE-cellulose and heparin-agarose,
      and were purified by microbore C-18 reverse-phase HPLC. Each variant had a
      similar molecular weight (18,000), amino acid composition, and a blocked amino
      terminus. Ghilantens caused a dose-dependent prolongation of the prothrombin time
      of normal human plasma and blocked the factor Xa-mediated hydrolysis of
      methoxycarbonyl-D-cyclohexylglycyl-glycl-arginine-p-nitro anillide acetate.
      Ghilantens were quantitatively absorbed to bovine factor Xa-AffiGel-15 and were
      eluted with 0.1 mol/L benzamidine, an active-site reversible inhibitor of factor
      Xa. These findings show that ghilantens can form a reversible association with
      the enzyme. When administered intravenously to mice by tall vein injection,
      ghilantens potently suppressed lung metastases of B16-F10 melanoma cells. These
      findings suggest that ghilantens may have therapeutic value in the treatment of
      metastatic disease.

PMID- 2299261
TI  - Selective samples from human airways can help in studying chronic bronchitis.

PMID- 2299262
TI  - Lower respiratory tract lactoferrin and lysozyme arise primarily in the airways
      and are elevated in association with chronic bronchitis.
AB  - Lactoferrin and lysozyme are proteins found in high concentrations on mucosal
      surfaces, and they have activities potentially important for the modulation of
      inflammation. To investigate whether these proteins might contribute to the
      modulation of the intraluminal airway inflammation associated with chronic
      bronchitis, lactoferrin and lysozyme were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage
      (BAL) fluid from 22 subjects with chronic bronchitis and, for comparison, with 10
      symptom-free smokers and 16 normal subjects. As a further control, transferrin, a
      protein structurally homologous to lactoferrin but not known to arise in airway
      epithelial cells, was also measured. BAL was performed by sequentially instilling
      and retrieving five 20 ml aliquots of normal saline solution into each of three
      sites. Analyzing the first aliquots separately from the later four provided fluid
      that was enriched for airway contents. The concentration of lactoferrin (11.83 +/
      2.86 micrograms/ml vs 0.68 +/- 0.18 micrograms/ml, p less than 0.00001), and
      lysozyme (6.75 +/- 1.51 micrograms/ml vs 0.52 +/- 0.09 microgram/ml, p less than
      0.00001), but not transferrin (3.22 +/- 0.38 microgram/ml vs 2.68 +/- 0.24
      micrograms/ml, p = 0.55) was higher in the bronchial sample lavage fluid,
      suggesting an airway origin for lactoferrin and lysozyme. In subjects with
      chronic bronchitis, bronchial sample lactoferrin (23.1 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml) and
      lysozyme (12.6 +/- 3.5 micrograms/ml) were elevated compared with the normal
      subjects' lactoferrin (1.9 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml, p less than 0.0001) and
      lysozyme (0.77 +/- 0.22 microgram/ml, p less than 0.0001) and the symptom-free
      smokers' lactoferrin (4.1 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml, p = 0.005) and lysozyme (4.9 +/-
      1.3 micrograms/ml, p = 0.02). Transferrin concentrations did not demonstrate the
      same relationships. Finally, when the content of bronchial sample lactoferrin and
      lysozyme were compared with the content of bronchial sample neutrophils, poor
      correlations were found, which may imply an airway epithelial origin for the two
      proteins. Thus lactoferrin and lysozyme appear to arise in the lower respiratory
      tract within the airways and their levels are elevated in association with
      chronic bronchitis. This suggests that lactoferrin and lysozyme may contribute to
      the modulation of airway inflammation in chronic bronchitis.

PMID- 2299263
TI  - Neutrophil chemotactic heterogeneity to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
      detected by the under-agarose assay.
AB  - Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are heterogeneous in their response to
      the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). By using
      a computerized imaging method for analysis of agarose chemotaxis plates, the
      chemotactic sensitivity of the population of PMNs at the leading front to FMLP
      was greater than the mean sensitivity of all migrating PMNs. When PMNs were
      treated with the membrane-perturbing agent butanol at concentrations up to 0.25%,
      chemotaxis of the fastest PMN population in response to 10(-7) mmol/L FMLP was
      increased to 140% of control, whereas the mean of all populations was increased
      to only 110% of control. These data show that the PMN population at the leading
      front has a different chemotactic sensitivity to FMLP. Furthermore, the
      susceptibility to butanol treatment of the PMN population suggests that an
      alteration in membrane properties may partly account for this difference.

PMID- 2299264
TI  - Progression of experimental focal glomerulosclerosis in the spontaneously
      hypertensive rat.
AB  - To study the influence of hypertension on the progression of focal
      glomerulosclerosis (FGS), we produced an experimental model of FGS in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) by the combined administration of
      puromycinaminonucleoside (AMNS) and protamine sulfate (PS). SHRs and normotensive
      Wistar Kyoto rats as a control strain were given daily injections of subcutaneous
      AMNS (1 mg/100 gm body weight) and intravenous PS (two separated doses of 2.5
      mg/100 mg body weight) for 4 days; they were killed on day 80 after three series
      of injections at 10-day intervals. The levels of urinary protein, serum
      creatinine, and urea nitrogen in SHRs given AMNS and PS were elevated throughout
      the experiment and were significantly higher than these levels in other control
      groups on day 80. Histology in SHRs given AMNS and PS showed advanced FGS
      associated with glomerular hypertrophy and widespread interstitial fibrosis. Most
      small arteries and arterioles showed "onion peel" thickening and fibrinoid
      necrosis of the intima, which is characteristic of malignant arteriosclerosis. We
      observed that the gradient of glomerulosclerosis increased from superficial to
      deep cortical zones; this phenomenon had often been reported in human FGS.
      However, these distinguished lesions were not found in control groups. Therefore,
      it is suggested that systemic hypertension is one of the deleterious factors
      enhancing histologic and functional deterioration in FGS.

PMID- 2299265
TI  - Identification of Staphylococcus aureus binding proteins on isolated porcine
      cardiac valve cells.
AB  - Infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus may be initiated by
      bacterial binding to cardiac valve cells. We investigated binding of whole S.
      aureus organisms to preparations of isolated porcine cardiac valve proteins.
      Cultured endothelial and subendothelial cells were surface labeled with iodine
      125. After preabsorption with Escherichia coli, an organism that only rarely
      causes infective endocarditis, binding of surface proteins to S. aureus was
      assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      subsequent autoradiography. The results showed that cardiac valve endothelial
      cells expressed a major S. aureus-binding protein with an approximate apparent
      molecular weight of 120,000. In contrast, cardiac valve subendothelial cells
      expressed on their surface a single species of binding protein with an
      approximate apparent molecular weight of 220,000; immunoblot analysis suggested
      that this protein was fibronectin. We also used radiolabeled S. aureus to probe
      cellular proteins transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. This technique
      identified a 125,000 molecular weight protein that bound S. aureus in endothelial
      cell extracts. We conclude that specific S. aureus binding to cardiac valve cells
      is mediated by different receptors for endothelial and subendothelial cells.

PMID- 2299266
TI  - Recombinant human secretory leukocyte-protease inhibitor: in vitro properties,
      and amelioration of human neutrophil elastase-induced emphysema and secretory
      cell metaplasia in the hamster.
AB  - Studies were undertaken to evaluate the in vitro properties of recombinant human
      secretory leukocyte-protease inhibitor (rSLPI) that had been made in Escherichia
      coli in an inactive form and refolded, and to determine whether emphysema and
      bronchial secretory cell metaplasia, induced in hamsters by intratracheal
      treatment with human neutrophil elastase (HNE), could be amelio-rated by prior
      intratracheal instillation of rSLPI. Chromatographic studies indicated that 3H
      rSLPI formed a 1:1 complex with HNE. Blockage of the active site of HNE by a
      covalently bound tetrapeptide chloromethyl ketone reduced complex formation with
      3H-rSLPI by more than 98%. Incubation of 3H-rSLPI-HNE complex with alpha 1
      protease inhibitor for 3 hours at 37 degrees C decreased the amount of complex
      compared with incubation in the presence of bovine serum albumin (70% vs 27%
      dissociated). The calculated dissociation rate constant was 1.1 x 10(-4) sec-1,
      indicating a 1.8 hour dissociation half-life. Dissociated 3H-rSLPI retained its
      ability to recombine with HNE. rSLPI was as effective at inhibiting HNE released
      from stimulated neutrophils as 3H-rSLPI was at inhibiting purified HNE.
      Intratracheal pretreatment of hamsters with 3000 micrograms of rSLPI as long as 8
      hours before the intratracheal instillation of 250 micrograms of HNE, resulted in
      significant protection against induction of emphysema and secretory cell
      metaplasia. One and 4 hours after instillation of rSLPI, 59% and 44%,
      respectively, of the initial functional activity was recovered in lung lavage
      supernatant, indicating a half-life of approximately 2 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299268
TI  - Motivation for cholesterol screening.

PMID- 2299267
TI  - Thrombin-induced inositol phosphate production by platelets from rats with diet
      induced or genetically determined hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Platelets from rats with diet-induced or genetically determined
      hypercholesterolemia are hypersensitive to thrombin through a pathway that is
      independent of the effects of released ADP or formation of thromboxane A2. We
      examined production of inositol phosphates by platelets from these
      hypercholesterolemic rats to determine whether the enhanced responsiveness to
      thrombin is associated with increased production of inositol trisphosphate (IP3).
      The opportunity to study rats with hypercholesterolemia determined genetically or
      induced by diet makes it possible to determine whether any differences in
      inositol phosphate production are caused by hypercholesterolemia alone rather
      than to any other effect of the diet used to induce hypercholesterolemia.
      Platelets were prelabeled with [3H]inositol so that increases in inositol
      phosphates (IP, IP2, and IP3) upon stimulation with thrombin could be assessed by
      measuring the amount of label in these compounds. Platelets were preincubated
      with CP/CPK, to inhibit effects of released ADP, and aspirin, to inhibit
      formation of thromboxane A2/endoperoxides. In platelets from rats with either
      form of hypercholesterolemia, the percentage increase in labeling of IP3 was
      significantly greater 30 seconds after stimulation with low concentrations of
      thrombin than in platelets from control rats. Increased IP3 formation in
      platelets from hypercholesterolemic rats indicates that there is increased
      activity of a pathway(s) leading to IP3 formation and that this may be a
      mechanism responsible for the thrombin-induced hypersensitivity of these
      platelets.

PMID- 2299269
TI  - Effects of epidermal growth factor on gastrointestinal electromyographic activity
      of conscious sheep.
AB  - Adult sheep were infused with depilating doses of epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      at 4 micrograms/kg per h for 24 h. Food was available ad libitum during recording
      of integrated electromyographic (EMG) activity of the gastrointestinal tract. In
      comparison with control sheep infused with saline, EGF reduced the frequency of A
      and B sequences of contraction of the reticulum and rumen over the 24-h period,
      an effect attributable to the consumption of less food. During the 24-h infusion,
      EGF stimulated phase III migrating myoelectric complex (MMC)-like activity of the
      duodenum with an associated decline in the EMG of the abomasal antrum. Infusion
      of EGF for 1 h at 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg per h in fasted animals produced
      inhibitory effects on the frequency of A sequences of contraction of the
      reticulum and rumen during the infusion, and on the amplitude of the ruminal EMG
      during, and in the hour following, infusion. Phase III MMC-like activity of the
      duodenum was stimulated by EGF in fasted animals. It is concluded that in fed
      sheep, depilating doses of EGF have inhibitory effects on the EMG activity of the
      reticulum and rumen through reductions in food consumption and by other undefined
      mechanisms. Additional effects of EGF on the gastrointestinal tract of sheep
      include stimulation of duodenal phase III MMC-like activity.

PMID- 2299270
TI  - Pattern of serum concentrations of prolactin and progesterone during pregnancy
      and lactation in the brown hare (Lepus europaeus).
AB  - A heterologous radioimmunoassay system developed for the rabbit has been shown to
      measure prolactin in the hare. Concentrations of prolactin showed a significant
      (P less than 0.01) increase in the last 3 days of pregnancy (87.7 +/- 11.7
      compared with 9.8 +/- 1.4 (S.E.M.) micrograms/l; n = 10 and 9 respectively) in
      pregnant females isolated from males, as well as in pregnant females kept with
      males and mating prepartum. This rise of prolactin at the end of pregnancy was
      not due to mating stimuli and occurred at a time when progesterone levels were
      still high (159 nmol/l). The injection of a slow-release preparation of
      bromocriptine (5 mg s.c.), which reduces prolactin secretion at the end of
      pregnancy, did not impair parturition. During lactation, prolactin levels
      increased significantly (61.2 +/- 19.8 compared with 5.3 +/- 0.1 micrograms/l; P
      less than 0.01) only after suckling stimuli.

PMID- 2299271
TI  - Central administration of corticotrophin-releasing factor in the sheep: effects
      on secretion of gonadotrophins, prolactin and cortisol.
AB  - Stress interferes with the normal secretion of LH and FSH from the anterior
      pituitary gland and therefore exerts a deleterious effect on reproductive
      function. Evidence suggests that the stress-induced disruption of gonadal
      function is due to a central action of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) to
      inhibit the release of LHRH into the hypophysial-portal circulation. The
      following studies were undertaken to investigate further the role of CRF in
      regulating gonadotrophin release in the sheep and to determine whether central
      administration of this peptide can alter the secretion of other hormones (e.g.
      prolactin and cortisol) known to be released under conditions of stress. In
      contrast to other species, injection of CRF into the third ventricle of the sheep
      brain caused a dose-related stimulation of LH secretion. The pulse frequency and
      mean levels of LH were increased significantly following central administration
      of CRF. In contrast to this effect, central administration of CRF did not alter
      the plasma concentration of FSH but caused a marked and dose-related stimulation
      of prolactin and cortisol secretion. The stimulatory effect of CRF on prolactin
      secretion was reversed by i.v. administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone,
      suggesting that endogenous opioid peptides mediate the central effect of CRF on
      the release of prolactin, but not cortisol. In conclusion, these data demonstrate
      that administration of CRF causes a dose-related stimulation of LH and prolactin
      release from the anterior pituitary gland and cortisol from the adrenal gland. In
      the case of prolactin, endogenous opioid peptides are likely to mediate this
      response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299273
TI  - Release of oxytocin but not corticotrophin-releasing factor-41 into rat
      hypophysial portal vessel blood can be made opiate dependent.
AB  - The effects of morphine dependence and abrupt opiate withdrawal on the release of
      oxytocin and corticotrophin-releasing factor-41 (CRF-41) into hypophysial portal
      vessel blood in rats anaesthetized with urethane were investigated. Adult female
      Sprague-Dawley rats were made dependent upon morphine by intracerebroventricular
      infusion of morphine for 5 days; abrupt opiate withdrawal was induced by
      injection of the opiate antagonist naloxone. The basal concentrations of oxytocin
      in portal or peripheral plasma from morphine-dependent rats did not differ
      significantly from those in control, vehicle-infused rats. In rats in which the
      pituitary gland was not removed after stalk section, the i.v. injection of
      naloxone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) resulted in a large and sustained increase in
      the concentration of oxytocin in both portal and peripheral plasma in control and
      morphine-dependent rats. The i.v. injection of naloxone resulted in a threefold
      increase in the secretion of oxytocin into portal blood in acutely
      hypophysectomized rats infused with morphine, but did not alter oxytocin
      secretion in vehicle-infused hypophysectomized rats. The concentration of
      oxytocin in peripheral plasma in both vehicle- and morphine-infused
      hypophysectomized rats was at the limit of detection of the assay and was
      unchanged by the administration of naloxone. There were no significant
      differences in the secretion of CRF-41 into portal blood in vehicle- or morphine
      infused hypophysectomized rats either before or after the administration of
      naloxone. These data show that, as for oxytocin release from the neurohypophysis
      into the systemic circulation, the mechanisms which regulate oxytocin release
      into the portal vessel blood can also be made morphine dependent. The lack of
      effect of morphine or naloxone on the release of CRF-41 or other stress neuro
      hormones suggests that the effect of opiate dependence and withdrawal is
      selective for oxytocin and is not simply a non-specific response to 'stress'.

PMID- 2299272
TI  - 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine enhances sugar transport in rat thymocytes by increasing
      the intrinsic activity of the plasma membrane sugar transporter.
AB  - We have shown that 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine (T3) produces a prompt increase in
      sugar transport in rat thymocytes by increasing the maximal velocity without
      changing the Michaelis-Menten constant of the plasma membrane sugar transport
      system. To elucidate further the mechanism of this effect, we have now assessed
      the influence of T3 on the number and affinity of sugar transporters in
      thymocytes, measured as the sugar (2-deoxyglucose; dGlc)-displaceable binding of
      cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B inhibited in a dose-related manner the uptake of
      dGlc by rat thymocytes with inhibition constant values of 0.19 and 0.22 mumol/l
      in the presence and absence of T3 respectively. Binding of cytochalasin B by the
      sugar-displaceable sites was rapid and saturable, demonstrating a single class of
      sites having an apparent dissociation constant of 0.33 +/- 0.02 (S.D.) mumol/l
      and maximal binding capacity of 3.73 +/- 0.48 pmol/20 x 10(6) cells (11.2 +/- 1.4
      x 10(4) sites/thymocyte). In the rat thymocyte, sugar transporters were found to
      be located in two major subcellular pools, the plasma membrane and microsomes,
      the latter being about twice the size of the former. In these subcellular
      compartments, as well as in the intact cell, binding of [3H]cytochalasin B by the
      sugar-displaceable sites constituted about 40% of total cytochalasin B binding.
      3,5,3'-Tri-iodothyronine in concentrations that stimulated uptake of dGlc by
      thymocytes had no effect on [3H]cytochalasin B binding (total and sugar
      displaceable) in the intact cell and in the plasma membrane and microsomal
      compartments, nor did it influence the affinity and number of sugar
      transporters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299274
TI  - Developmental patterns of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and body
      growth in mice from lines divergently selected on the basis of plasma IGF-I.
AB  - A study was conducted to investigate developmental patterns of plasma
      concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), body growth and body
      composition in mice from lines selected for seven generations on the basis of low
      (L) or high (H) plasma IGF-I, and in a random-bred control (C) line. Litter size
      was standardized to eight individuals with equal sex ratios (as far as possible)
      within 48 h of birth. Pups were weaned at an average of 21 days and separated on
      the basis of sex. Blood samples were collected from one male and one female of
      each litter on days, 21, 42, 63 and 105 for analysis of plasma concentrations of
      IGF-I. The animals were then killed and analysed for water, fat and crude protein
      content. The plasma concentration of IGF-I was influenced by line (P less than
      0.05) but not by sex. Significant (P less than 0.001) differences in liveweight
      between mice from L and H lines were first evident at 21 days of age. From 28
      until 105 days of age the H line was significantly (P less than 0.001) heavier
      than both L and C lines, but differences between C and L lines were inconsistent
      and mostly non-significant. The growth velocity of the H line was significantly
      greater than that of C or L lines between 14 and 42 days of age, but differences
      in growth velocities of C compared with L lines were generally non
      significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299275
TI  - The decreased plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I in protein
      restricted rats is not due to decreased numbers of growth hormone receptors on
      isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - The resistance to GH and the low serum concentrations of insulin-like growth
      factor-I (IGF-I) that occur during fasting are accompanied by decreased GH
      receptors in liver homogenates. In protein restriction, however, serum IGF-I but
      not GH receptors are decreased, suggesting that a post-receptor defect exists.
      Because conclusions about the status of GH receptors during dietary manipulation
      are based on studies using liver homogenates, the present study was undertaken to
      determine whether changes in GH binding by homogenates are paralleled by changes
      in receptors on the cell surface considered to mediate the GH signal. Collagenase
      dispersed hepatocytes or liver homogenates from 7-week-old female Wistar rats fed
      various diets were evaluated for changes in somatogenic receptors. Fasting for 24
      h reduced significantly (P less than 0.001) the plasma concentrations of IGF-I (
      31%). Likewise, GH-binding sites were decreased on hepatocytes (-55%; P less than
      0.01) and in liver homogenates (-60%; P less than 0.001) compared with controls,
      as was the velocity of initial binding (-77%; P less than 0.001). Protein
      restriction for 1 week decreased plasma concentrations of IGF-I (-42%; P less
      than 0.001) but GH-binding sites were not significantly reduced on hepatocytes or
      in homogenates. The velocity of initial binding was also not decreased. We
      conclude that observations on changes in homogenate binding of bovine GH during
      dietary manipulation provide a reliable means of assessing changes in cell
      surface GH receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299276
TI  - Differential effects of a unilateral hypothalamic lesion on ovulation and
      compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in hemiovariectomized adult rats.
AB  - The effects were analysed of a unilateral lesion in the anterior or medial
      hypothalamus made on the day of oestrus on right or left hemicastrated rats. On
      the day of oestrus after two consecutive oestrous cycles of the same length, the
      ovulation rate in rats with lesions in the anterior left hypothalamus was lower
      than in control hemicastrated animals (5/16 vs 18/20; P less than 0.01), and
      normal in those rats with lesions in the right side (14/18). None of the animals
      with lesions in the left side of the anterior hypothalamus and with the left
      ovary in situ ovulated (0/7), but 5/9 with the right ovary in situ did ovulate (P
      less than 0.05). Lesions on either side of the medial hypothalamus did not modify
      ovulation rate. Compensatory ovulation was reduced in those animals with lesions
      in the right anterior hypothalamus and with the right ovary in situ. Lesions in
      either side of the medial hypothalamus reduced compensatory ovulation. Lesions in
      the right side of the anterior and medial hypothalamus increased compensatory
      ovarian hypertrophy in the left ovary and decreased it in the right ovary.
      Lesions in the left side of the anterior hypothalamus increased compensatory
      ovarian hypertrophy in the left ovary only, whereas lesions in the left side of
      the medial hypothalamus reduced compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in the right
      ovary. The results suggest that the information arising in each side of the
      anterior and medial hypothalamus plays different roles in the ipsi-and
      contralateral ovary, when either the left or the right ovary is absent.

PMID- 2299277
TI  - Differential ovulatory responses of the right and left ovaries of the adult rat
      to unilateral lesion and anaesthesia of the cervico-vaginal plexus.
AB  - Differences were observed in the ovulation rates of the right and left ovaries in
      response to unilateral lesions of the cervico-vaginal plexus (CVP) followed by
      pseudopregnancy or by anaesthesia of the CVP induced with panthocaine plus
      adrenaline (right ovary 6.7 +/- 0.4 (S.E.M.) vs left ovary 4.6 +/- 0.9; P less
      than 0.05). Pseudopregnancy (days showing a dioestrous smear after copulation
      with a vasectomized male before an oestrous smear following a pro-oestrous one)
      lasted longer in rats with a lesion in the CVP than in a control pseudopregnant
      group (14.9 +/- 0.5 vs 11.2 +/- 0.5; P less than 0.01). Anaesthesia of the CVP
      performed on each day of the oestrous cycle did not modify the ovulation rate
      compared with laparotomized animals. Both laparotomy and anaesthesia of the CVP
      performed on oestrus or day 1 of dioestrus blocked ovulation but when they were
      performed on day 2 of dioestrus or pro-oestrus they failed to do so (laparotomy
      9/18 vs 12/14, P less than 0.05; anaesthesia of CVP 3/11 vs 17/17, P less than
      0.05). The number of ova shed by the left ovary in animals with anaesthetized CVP
      was lower than by the right ovary (4.5 +/- 0.6 vs 6.2 +/- 0.5; P less than 0.05).
      These results add further support to the idea that the CVP participates in the
      regulation of ovulation rate, and that the left ovary is less adaptable than the
      right when innervation is challenged.

PMID- 2299278
TI  - Aldosterone and thyroid hormone interaction on the sodium and potassium transport
      pathways of rat colonic epithelium.
AB  - The effect of hypothyroidism on potassium adaptation (shown by increased
      potassium secretion in response to potassium loading) and on the action of
      aldosterone on potassium secretion and sodium fluxes was examined in the rat
      distal colon. Potassium adaptation, particularly the response to an acute
      potassium load, was impaired by hypothyroidism which also considerably reduced
      the rise of transepithelial electrical potential difference (p.d.) of total and
      transcellular (active) lumen-to-plasma sodium fluxes and of potassium secretion
      normally produced by aldosterone. These changes were, in part, corrected by a
      short period (3 days) of tri-iodothyronine replacement. Moreover in aldosterone
      treated hypothyroid rats, amiloride in the lumen was considerably less effective
      in reducing the p.d. and sodium fluxes than in aldosterone-treated normal rats.
      The intracellular sodium transport pool was greater in the hypothyroid than in
      the normal rats (5.0 +/- 1.1 (S.E.M.) nmol/mg dry weight compared with 2.9 +/-
      0.2 nmol/mg dry weight; P less than 0.02). Aldosterone increased the pool in the
      normal but not in the hypothyroid rats while amiloride had little effect on the
      pool in the aldosterone-treated hypothyroid rats but almost abolished it in
      aldosterone-treated normal rats. Aldosterone plays a major part in the adaptation
      of colonic sodium and potassium transport to sodium depletion or potassium
      excess; these adaptations were much impaired in hypothyroid animals. The present
      results are consistent with a deficiency in aldosterone induction of potassium-
      and amiloride-sensitive sodium pathways in the apical membrane of colonic
      epithelial cells in hypothyroid rats, a deficiency which limits the stimulant
      effect of aldosterone on sodium and potassium transport.

PMID- 2299279
TI  - Endometrial response to deciduogenic stimulus in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys
      treated with oestrogen and progesterone: an ultrastructural study.
AB  - The present work continues our aim of establishing an experimental model to study
      the decidual cell reaction to an artificial deciduogenic stimulus in the long
      term ovariectomized rhesus monkey treated with oestrogen followed by
      progesterone. The fine structural details of decidual, granular and plaque cells,
      which constituted the endometrial cellular response to the deciduogenic
      stimulation in the present study, revealed striking similarities with those
      reportedly present in an endometrial response to blastocyst implantation in the
      rhesus monkey. Plaque epithelia showed a significant degree of hypertrophy,
      hyperplasia and differentiation followed by a steady degeneration by day 32
      (equivalent to day 16 after trauma) of treatment. The plaque cells were shown to
      contain numerous regular-shaped mitochondria, polyribosomes and large amounts of
      rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in their cytoplasm and were characteristically
      arranged in clusters or acini formation surrounded by discrete basal laminae. As
      early as day 28 of treatment, the initiation of stromal decidual cell
      transformation was noted and, by day 48, a sizeable pool of decidual cells was
      found. The decidual cells had rounded nuclei and elaborate arrangements of
      interconnected cisternae of RER which were often moderately dilated and filled
      with amorphous, electron-dense material. Granular cells were characterized by
      eccentrically located nuclei and numerous membrane-bound, electron-dense granules
      in their cytoplasm and were found in increasing numbers in the stroma around
      decidual cells, blood vessels and glandular epithelia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2299280
TI  - Occurrence of rare somatomammotrophs in ovine anterior pituitary tissue studied
      by immunogold labelling and electron microscopy.
AB  - Prolactin and GH are distinct hormones that have been conventionally thought to
      be produced and secreted by separate cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
      Recently it has been suggested that some cells (somatomammotrophs) may secrete
      both hormones. We have examined the occurrence of somatomammotrophs in sheep
      anterior pituitary tissue using immunogold labelling. Of a number of procedures
      used, double labelling using first antibodies raised in different species proved
      the least susceptible to apparent co-localization of hormones due to artifacts.
      Using this approach it was shown that a large proportion of the cells in the
      sheep anterior pituitary glands examined were mammotrophs or somatotrophs,
      showing no significant co-localization of GH and prolactin. Of 1800 cells
      examined, only two were somatomammotrophs. One of these, from a female animal,
      contained GH and prolactin in different granules within the same cell. The other,
      from a male animal, showed co-localization of these two hormones within the same
      granules.

PMID- 2299281
TI  - Paracrine control of adrenocortical function: a new role for the medulla?

PMID- 2299282
TI  - Ontogeny and secretory patterns of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I
      concentrations in meat-type chickens.
AB  - The ontogeny and secretory pattern of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)
      in relation to GH secretion were studied in meat-type (broiler) poultry during
      pre-pubertal and post-pubertal growth. Male and female broiler chickens of two
      commercial strains (strains A and B) were reared from 1 to 198 days of age. From
      1 to 49 days of age birds were reared in raised-wire cages and thereafter in deep
      litter pens, with food available ad libitum. Blood samples were taken at regular
      intervals during growth, and at 29 and 43 days of age representative birds were
      cannulated and serial blood samples taken at 10-min intervals for 5 to 7 h.
      Plasma concentrations of GH and IGF-I were measured by radioimmunoassay. Birds of
      strain A were heavier (P less than 0.05) than those of strain B from 12 to 35
      days of age. In general, male birds were heavier (P less than 0.01) than females
      from 12 to 35 days of age. Plasma GH concentrations were significantly higher (P
      less than 0.05) from 12 to 35 days of age, while plasma IGF-I concentrations were
      lower (P less than 0.05) from 6 to 21 days of age in male compared with female
      birds. Plasma IGF-I concentration increased with age, reaching a plateau at 28
      days of age, while plasma GH concentration declined over the same period. Plasma
      IGF-I concentrations declined in a linear manner from 49 to 198 days of age, and
      there was no evidence of a pubertal increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299283
TI  - Responding of pigeons under variable-interval schedules of signaled-delayed
      reinforcement: effects of delay-signal duration.
AB  - Two experiments with pigeons examined the relation of the duration of a signal
      for delay ("delay signal") to rates of key pecking. The first employed a multiple
      schedule comprised of two components with equal variable-interval 60-s schedules
      of 27-s delayed food reinforcement. In one component, a short (0.5-s) delay
      signal, presented immediately following the key peck that began the delay, was
      increased in duration across phases; in the second component the delay signal
      initially was equal to the length of the programmed delay (27 s) and was
      decreased across phases. Response rates prior to delays were an increasing
      function of delay-signal duration. As the delay signal was decreased in duration,
      response rates were generally higher than those obtained under identical delay
      signal durations as the signal was increased in duration. In Experiment 2 a
      single variable-interval 60-s schedule of 27-s delayed reinforcement was used.
      Delay-signal durations were again increased gradually across phases. As in
      Experiment 1, response rates increased as the delay-signal duration was
      increased. Following the phase during which the signal lasted the entire delay,
      shorter delay-signal-duration conditions were introduced abruptly, rather than
      gradually as in Experiment 1, to determine whether the gradual shortening of the
      delay signal accounted for the differences observed in response rates under
      identical delay-signal conditions in Experiment 1. Response rates obtained during
      the second exposures to the conditions with shorter signals were higher than
      those observed under identical conditions as the signal duration was increased,
      as in Experiment 1. In both experiments, rates and patterns of responding during
      delays varied greatly across subjects and were not systematically related to
      delay-signal durations. The effects of the delay signal may be related to the
      signal's role as a discriminative stimulus for adventitiously reinforced
      intradelay behavior, or the delay signal may have served as a conditioned
      reinforcer by virtue of the temporal relation between it and presentation of
      food.

PMID- 2299285
TI  - Risky choice as a function of amount and variance in food supply.
AB  - In Experiment 1, 4 rats earned their daily food ration by choosing on a trials
      basis between a "risky" and a "riskless" lever. The risky lever produced either
      15 45-mg food pellets or no pellets, and on average provided five pellets per
      choice. The riskless lever always produced three pellets. Across conditions, the
      number of trials per session was varied. Body weight and choice of the risky
      lever decreased as the number of trials per session decreased, even though body
      weight could only be defended by increased choice of the risky lever. In
      Experiment 2, trials per session were fixed, but the number of pellets delivered
      by the risky and riskless levers was either at the same level as in Experiment 1
      or tripled from those levels. Now choice of the risky lever was inversely related
      to the size of reinforcement and to body weight. The results of these experiments
      show that risk aversion covaries with the amount of food available in a session
      and the daily variance in the amount of food earned.

PMID- 2299284
TI  - The effects of reinforcement frequency and response requirements on the
      maintenance of behavior.
AB  - Six rats responded under fixed-interval and tandem fixed-interval fixed-ratio
      schedules of food reinforcement. Basic fixed-interval schedules alternated over
      experimental conditions with tandem fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedules with the
      same fixed-interval value. Fixed-interval length was varied within subjects over
      pairs of experimental conditions; the ratio requirement of the tandem schedules
      was varied across subjects. For both subjects with a ratio requirement of 10,
      overall response rates and running response rates typically were higher under the
      tandem schedules than under the corresponding basic fixed-interval schedules. For
      all subjects with ratio requirements of 30 or 60, overall response rates and
      running response rates were higher under the tandem schedules than under the
      corresponding basic fixed-interval schedules only with relatively short fixed
      intervals. At longer fixed intervals, higher overall response rates and running
      rates were maintained by the basic fixed-interval schedules than by the tandem
      schedules. These findings support Zeiler and Buchman's (1979) reinforcement
      theory account of response strength as an increasing monotonic function of both
      the response requirement and reinforcement frequency. Small response requirements
      added in tandem to fixed-interval schedules have little effect on reinforcement
      frequency and so their net effect is to enhance responding. Larger response
      requirements reduce reinforcement frequency more substantially; therefore their
      net effect depends on the length of the fixed interval, which limits overall
      reinforcement frequency. At the longest fixed intervals studied in the present
      experiment, reinforcement frequency under the tandem schedules was sufficiently
      low that responding weakened or ceased altogether.

PMID- 2299286
TI  - Timeout from concurrent schedules.
AB  - Response-contingent timeouts of equal duration and frequency were added to both
      alternatives of unequal concurrent schedules of reinforcement. For each of 4
      pigeons in Experiment 1, relative response rates generally became less extreme as
      the frequency of timeout increased. In Experiment 2, relative response rates
      consistently approached indifference as the duration of timeout was increased.
      Variation in time allocation was less consistent in both experiments. Absolute
      response rates did not vary with the timeout contingency in either experiment. In
      a third experiment, neither measure of choice varied systematically when the
      duration of a postreinforcement blackout was varied. In contrast to the present
      results, preference has been shown to vary directly with the parameters of shock
      delivery in related procedures. The pattern of results in the first two
      experiments follows that obtained with other manipulations of the overall rate of
      reinforcement in concurrent schedules. The results of the third experiment
      suggest that an intertrial interval following reinforcement is not a critical
      feature of the overall rate of reinforcement.

PMID- 2299287
TI  - Choice between delayed reinforcers and fixed-ratio schedules requiring forceful
      responding.
AB  - This experiment measured pigeons' choices between delayed reinforcers and fixed
      ratio schedules in which a force of approximately 0.48 N was needed to operate
      the response key. In ratio-delay conditions, subjects chose between a fixed-ratio
      schedule and an adjusting delay. The delay was increased or decreased several
      times a session in order to estimate an indifference point--a delay duration at
      which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. Each ratio-delay
      condition was followed by a delay-delay condition in which subjects chose between
      the adjusting delay and a variable-time schedule, with the components of this
      schedule selected to match the ratio completion times of the preceding ratio
      delay condition. The adjusting delays at the indifference point were longer when
      the alternative was a fixed-ratio schedule than when it was a matched variable
      time schedule, which indicated a preference for the matched variable-time
      schedules over the fixed-ratio schedules. This preference increased in a
      nonlinear manner with increasing ratio size. This nonlinearity was inconsistent
      with a theory that states that indifference points for both time and ratio
      schedules can be predicted by multiplying the choice response-reinforcer
      intervals of the two types of schedules by different multiplicative constants.
      Two other theories, which predict nonlinear increases in preference for the
      matched variable-time schedules, are discussed.

PMID- 2299288
TI  - Unification of models for choice between delayed reinforcers.
AB  - Two models for choice between delayed reinforcers, Fantino's delay-reduction
      theory and Killeen's incentive theory, are reviewed. Incentive theory is amended
      to incorporate the effects of arousal on alternate types of behavior that might
      block the reinforcement of the target behavior. This amended version is shown to
      differ from the delay-reduction theory in a term that is an exponential in
      incentive theory and a difference in delay-reduction theory. A power series
      approximation to the exponential generates a model that is formally identical
      with delay-reduction theory. Correlations between delay-reduction theory and the
      amended incentive theory show excellent congruence over a range of experimental
      conditions. Although the assumptions that gave rise to delay-reduction theory and
      incentive theory remain different and testable, the models deriving from the
      theories are unlikely to be discriminable by parametric experimental tests. This
      congruence of the models is recognized by naming the common model the delayed
      reinforcement model, which is then compared with other models of choice such as
      Killeen and Fetterman's (1988) behavioral theory of timing, Mazur's (1984)
      equivalence rule, and Vaughan's (1985) melioration theory.

PMID- 2299289
TI  - Temporal differentiation of response duration in children of different ages:
      developmental changes in relations between verbal and nonverbal behavior.
AB  - Children aged 4.5, 7, or 11 years received an experimental session in which a
      contingency was placed on button-press duration. Each discrete trial was followed
      by a brief verbal probe asking a question about the contingency requirement.
      Other groups of children received an identical task followed by a
      postexperimental interview. Level of adaptation to the duration contingency
      tended to increase with age in subjects receiving posttrial verbal probes, but
      not for those who were interviewed. Eleven-year-olds in the verbal probe
      condition showed a strong correlation between accurate temporal differentiation
      and number of verbalizations relating to response duration or timing. The younger
      subjects, with one exception, showed no association between timing-related
      verbalizations (which were almost totally absent) and response duration
      differentiation. This developmental difference occurred even though the younger
      subjects verbalized after almost every trial. The results suggest that although
      11-year-old children apparently produce rule-governed behavior under verbal
      control as adults do, the behavior of younger children may be controlled directly
      by reinforcement contingencies even when their verbal repertoires are highly
      developed.

PMID- 2299290
TI  - Equivalence classes generated by sequence training.
AB  - In Experiment 1, 3, adult females were taught with verbal instructions and
      contingencies to select, in sequence, three arbitrary visual stimuli from an
      array of five stimuli. After four different sequences were taught, match-to
      sample tests assessed emergent conditional relations among all stimuli that had
      been selected in the same order in the sequences. Subjects' performances
      indicated development of four stimulus classes, three based on ordinal position
      and one based on nonselection. Next, match-to-sample training established
      conditional relations between each of four novel figures and one member of each
      of the ordinal stimulus classes. Tests confirmed that the classes were
      equivalence classes, each expanded by one new member. In subsequent sequence
      tests, the new stimuli were selected in a sequence that was consistent with
      ordinal class membership. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 with 2 different
      adult females, but the verbal instructions were omitted. Results were similar to
      Experiment 1, except that extensive review and retesting were required before
      expansion of the ordinal classes with the novel figures was observed.

PMID- 2299291
TI  - Motivational effects of smoked marijuana: behavioral contingencies and low
      probability activities.
AB  - Six adult male research volunteers, in two groups of 3 subjects each, lived in a
      residential laboratory for 15 days. All contact with the experimenters was
      through a networked computer system, and subjects' behavior was monitored
      continuously and recorded. During the first part of each day, they were allowed
      to socialize. Two cigarettes containing active marijuana (2.7% delta 9-THC) or
      placebo were smoked during the private work period and the period of access to
      social activities. Three-day contingency conditions requiring subjects to engage
      in a low-probability work activity (instrumental activity) in order to earn time
      that could be spent engaging in a high-probability work activity (contingent
      activity) were programmed during periods of placebo and active-marijuana smoking.
      During placebo administration, the contingency requirement reliably increased the
      amount of time that subjects spent engaged in the low-probability instrumental
      activity and decreased the time spent engaged in the high-probability activity.
      During active-marijuana administration, however, the increases in instrumental
      activity were consistently larger than observed under placebo conditions. The
      decreases in contingent activity were similar to those seen under placebo
      conditions. Smoking active marijuana was thus observed to produce increments in
      instrumental activity under motivational conditions involving contingencies for
      "work activities."

PMID- 2299293
TI  - Medicines and risk.

PMID- 2299292
TI  - Effects of d-amphetamine, diazepam, and pentobarbital on the schedule-controlled
      pecking and locomotor activity of pigeons.
AB  - Pigeons were trained on a variant of the autoshaping procedure devised by
      Matthews and Lerer (1987) in which a keylight stimulus ramp of increasing
      brightness signaled the passing of a 30-s interfood interval. This procedure
      generates two distinct behavioral components: key pecking and locomotor activity.
      The effects of three psychoactive drugs on these behavior classes were measured.
      d-Amphetamine had negligible effects on both types of behavior, whereas diazepam
      and pentobartital increased key pecking and decreased activity in a dose
      dependent fashion. In Experiment 2, the possibility that drug effects were
      suppressed by excessively strong stimulus control exerted in Experiment 1 was
      tested by decreasing the discriminability of the stimulus ramp. The direction of
      the effects of diazepam and pentobarbital was the same as in Experiment 1 but the
      magnitude of the effects tended to be larger. The effects of d-amphetamine,
      however, remained quite small, suggesting that, under these conditions, locomotor
      activity and key pecking are less sensitive to d-amphetamine. In Experiments 3
      and 4, key pecking was eliminated by removing the keylight. Reinforcers were
      presented at fixed intervals in Experiment 3 and at variable intervals in
      Experiment 4. The drug effects on activity observed in Experiments 1 and 2
      disappeared in both Experiments 3 and 4. The results suggest that diazepam and
      pentobarbital affect activity indirectly by increasing key-pecking behavior,
      which, in turn, competitively decreases activity.

PMID- 2299295
TI  - Resuscitation of hospitalized patients.
AB  - Effects of in-hospital resuscitations performed by a trained resuscitation team
      were studied over a 20-month period during which 1653 deaths were registered.
      Resuscitative attempts were made in 61 patients with a mean age of 71 years
      (range 0-86 years). The underlying disease was ischaemic heart disease in 38
      cases and most arrests occurred in general wards. Twenty-one patients were
      initially resuscitated; 12, however, died after an average of 3.2 days while
      still in hospital. Nine patients were discharged and seven are still alive after
      two and a half years.

PMID- 2299294
TI  - Platelet count, mean platelet volume and their relation to prognosis in cerebral
      infarction.
AB  - The study was performed on patients with ischaemic cerebral infarction in order
      to obtain information on serial changes of some platelet parameters and to test
      their prognostic significance. Platelet count, obtained within 48 h after
      cerebral infarction, was significantly lower than in the control group (213,611
      +/- 65,652 mm-3 vs. 299,525 +/- 60,611 mm-3, P less than 0.001), reaching the
      normal level on the ninth day and thereafter. The mean platelet volume was
      significantly greater than in the controls (11.26 +/- 1.29 fl vs. 8.93 +/- 0.93
      fl, P less than 0.001), and normalization generally occurred on the forty-fifth
      day. The mean platelet count was significantly lower in the patients who died
      than in those who survived (P less than 0.025 and P less than 0.05 respectively
      on the first to second and fourth day after infarction). The reduction of
      platelet count and the increase of mean volume appear to be related to an
      increased platelet consumption in the infarction area, associated with an in vivo
      platelet activation, as larger platelets are more responsive to platelet activity
      and aggregability tests. The lower mean platelet count observed in the patients
      who died suggests that the platelet value might be considered as a prognostic
      index of cerebral infarction.

PMID- 2299296
TI  - Job strain variations in relation to plasma testosterone fluctuations in working
      men--a longitudinal study.
AB  - Job strain, a high level of psychological demands combined with a low level of
      decision latitude, has been hypothesized to induce mobilization of energy and
      inhibition of anabolism. In the present project this hypothesis was tested using
      four repeated observations every third month in a group of 44 men working in six
      widely different occupations. On each occasion scores of self-reported demands
      and decision latitude were calculated for every participant. An earlier report
      has shown that systolic blood pressure during work hours--an indicator of
      mobilization of energy--increased with increasing job strain (ratio between
      demands and decision latitude). Blood samples were drawn in the morning at the
      work site. For each man the plasma testosterone levels--representing the general
      level of anabolic activity--on the two occasions with the worst strain (ratio
      between demands and decision latitude) were compared with the plasma testosterone
      levels on the two occasions with the least strain. The results indicated that
      total plasma testosterone (but not free testosterone) levels increased when
      strain diminished in sedentary but not in physically demanding work. Subjects
      with a family history of hypertension showed a greater decrease in testosterone
      levels than others when job strain increased.

PMID- 2299297
TI  - Effect of interferon alpha-2b in advanced multiple myeloma.
AB  - The antitumour effect of recombinant human interferon (rh-IFN) alpha-2b was
      studied in 22 patients with advanced multiple myeloma (MM). Nine of 14 evaluable
      cases were refractory to cytostatic therapy; five were in relapse. rh-IFN was
      administered s.c. three times per week, in escalating doses starting with 2 x
      10(6) IU m-2 and if possible up to 15 x 10(6) IU m-2. Two patients (one
      refractory, one relapsing) showed a partial response, defined as a 50% reduction
      of the serum M-component. Three further patients had a minor, significant but
      short-lived response. Subjective side-effects grade 1-2 were noted during rh-IFN
      therapy in all patients. In three cases thrombocytopenia necessitating platelet
      transfusions occurred. Although a fraction of patients with advanced MM obviously
      respond to rh-IFN, this type of therapy may be more effective, alone or in
      addition to chemotherapy, in patients with a low tumour cell burden.

PMID- 2299298
TI  - Creatine kinase isoenzyme BB in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute
      neurological diseases.
AB  - In order to predict the outcome of patients with acute neurological symptoms at
      discharge, the concentration of creatine kinase isoenzyme BB (CK-BB) was
      determined by radioimmunoassay in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 115
      consecutive patients. On admission and over the next 3 days the concentration of
      CK-BB was significantly increased in patients with brain death and other
      neurological sequelae compared with those with favourable outcome. There was a
      variation in time in concentrations of CK-BB between diseases causing
      neurological sequelae. Thus, cerebrovascular haemorrhages caused highest
      concentrations on admission, but cerebral ischaemia due to cardiac arrest caused
      highest concentrations 3 days after admission. On admission the CK-BB
      measurements were highly specific with high predictive value of positive result
      when distinguishing patients with brain death and other neurological sequelae
      from those without complications at discharge. However, when distinguishing
      patients with brain death from those with other neurological sequelae, the test
      was most specific and had highest predictive value of a positive result 3 days
      after admission.

PMID- 2299299
TI  - Autonomic neuropathy in non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus.
      Possible influence of obesity.
AB  - To assess the prevalence of autonomic neuropathy (AN) in non-insulin dependent
      diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and its relationships with other diabetic
      complications, duration of diabetes, and obesity, we evaluated 51 NIDDM patients
      (age 41-59 years, mean 49 years, duration of diabetes 0-15 years, mean 6.9
      years). AN tests included a deep breathing test (E/I ratio) and an orthostatic
      tilt table test (acceleration and brake (25 of 51, 49%) and the most frequent
      disturbance was an impaired E/I ratio (18 of 25; 72%). There were no obvious
      correlations between AN indices and the duration of diabetes, symptoms of AN,
      peripheral neuropathy or retinopathy. However, an influence of obesity on AN was
      suggested. Patients with AN showed a significantly higher BMI than patients
      without AN (31.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 27.5 +/- 0.8; P less than 0.01).

PMID- 2299300
TI  - Cyclosporin A treatment of severe steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome in adults.
AB  - Ten adult patients with a severe nephrotic syndrome resistant to conventional
      immunosuppression were treated with cyclosporin A (CyA) for a mean period of 11
      months. CyA was effective in all but two patients, as evaluated by 24-h urine
      protein excretion and clinical appearance. In general the best effect of CyA was
      seen in patients with minimal change disease and in those who had normal kidney
      function before CyA was initiated. CyA-induced nephrotoxicity was observed in
      four patients. There was no correlation with the duration of CyA therapy.
      Hypertension was accentuated and required multidrug treatment in five patients.
      This side-effect tended to be most pronounced among patients with reduced kidney
      function at onset of CyA therapy. In conclusion, CyA is effective in the
      treatment of severe steroid resistant adult nephrotic syndrome. For most patients
      in the present study, CyA reduced proteinuria by at least 70% to less than 3.5 g
      of protein per day in 8 of 10 patients; only two patients were unresponsive to
      CyA treatment.

PMID- 2299301
TI  - Pancytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus related to azathioprine.
AB  - A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed pancytopenia when
      azathioprine (first 2.0 mg kg-1 day-1, then 2.5 mg kg-1 day-1) was added to
      prednisone for active SLE. This unusual toxic effect of azathioprine occurred
      during the reduction of corticosteroid dosage. After discontinuation of
      azathioprine, clinical and haematological recovery occurred.

PMID- 2299302
TI  - Smoking and metabolic control in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - Within a defined geographical area, all 192 subjects with insulin-dependent
      diabetes of at least 2 years duration and free of diabetic complications were
      identified; 60 (31%) were smokers. The prevalence of smoking increased
      significantly with increasing haemoglobin A1c levels (17.5% among subjects with
      the best metabolic control, 47.5% in those with the worst control). Smoking and
      non-smoking diabetic patients did not differ in attitudes towards the disease,
      psychological well-being, extent of tedium, frequency of self-controls of blood
      glucose or proportion of patients with any sick leave in the preceding 2 years.
      In a case referent study of 25 matched patients with good or poor metabolic
      control, exposure to smoking was significantly more common among those with poor
      control (odds ratio 6.0). Thus there are several lines of evidence that smoking
      is associated with impaired metabolic control in patients with diabetes.

PMID- 2299303
TI  - Asthma and heterozygous alpha 1-antichymotrypsin deficiency: a possible
      association.
AB  - During studies of families with alpha 1-antichymotrypsin deficiency
      heterozygotes, an apparently increased prevalence of asthma among first degree
      relatives was noticed. In a case control study, the prevalence of asthma among
      first degree relatives of 12 women with heterozygous alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
      deficiency was compared with that of first degree relatives of 58 matched
      controls. Secondly, the strength of association between asthma and low or
      subnormal plasma ACT concentration, in first and second degree relatives to
      heterozygotes, was assessed. The prevalence of asthma among first degree
      relatives of women with heterozygous alpha 1-antichymotrypsin deficiency was
      significantly higher [prevalence ratio 3.22 (1.06-9.83), P = 0.04]. Among
      heterozygotes, the prevalence of asthma in first and second degree relatives with
      low plasma alpha 1-antichymotrypsin concentration was higher than in relatives
      with normal plasma ACT concentration, but the difference in prevalence did not
      reach statistical significance [prevalence ratio 3.1 (0.96-9.83), P = 0.059]. The
      findings are in agreement with previous studies and suggest a possible
      association between asthma and heterozygous alpha 1-antichymotrypsin deficiency.

PMID- 2299304
TI  - Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in iron- and vitamin B12 deficiency.
AB  - Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured in 10 patients with iron deficiency
      anaemia, 10 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia and 10 healthy controls.
      Initially there were no significant differences between the groups (P greater
      than 0.4), but after treatment with iron and vitamin B12 for 3 and 6 weeks, the
      glycosylated haemoglobin concentration decreased significantly (P less than
      0.01). It was concluded that glycosylated haemoglobin is a sensitive marker of
      the changes in the erythrocyte population that are observed when predominantly
      immature erythrocytes are being produced.

PMID- 2299305
TI  - Total and age-specific incidence of Graves' thyrotoxicosis, toxic nodular goitre
      and solitary toxic adenoma in Malmo 1970-74.
AB  - During a 5-year period, 333 new cases of thyrotoxicosis were diagnosed in a well
      defined urban population of 258,000 inhabitants in southern Sweden without a
      history of endemic goitre. This corresponds to a mean annual incidence of
      thyrotoxicosis of 25.8/100,000. The incidence of Graves' disease was 17.7, the
      incidence of toxic nodular goitre was 5.4 and that of solitary toxic adenoma was
      2.7/100,000/year. The peak age-specific incidence of Graves' disease was
      32.6/100,000/year (age group 60-69 years), and that of toxic nodular goitre and
      solitary toxic adenoma was 31.5/100,000/year (age group over 80 years).

PMID- 2299306
TI  - Termination of intractable hiccups with digital rectal massage.
AB  - A 60-year-old man with acute pancreatitis developed persistent hiccups after
      insertion of a nasogastric tube. Removal of the latter did not terminate the
      hiccups which had also been treated with different drugs, and several manoeuvres
      were attempted, but with no success. Digital rectal massage was then performed
      resulting in abrupt cessation of the hiccups. Recurrence of the hiccups occurred
      several hours later, and again, they were terminated immediately with digital
      rectal massage. No other recurrences were observed. This is the second reported
      case associating cessation of intractable hiccups with digital rectal massage. We
      suggest that this manoeuvre should be considered in cases of intractable hiccups
      before proceeding with pharmacological agents.

PMID- 2299307
TI  - Cardiovascular death after radiotherapy for benign bleeding disorders. The
      Radiumhemmet metropathia cohort 1912-1977.
AB  - Of 788 women treated with ionizing irradiation for benign bleeding disorders
      (metropathia) 308 (39%) died of cardiovascular disease. In a control group,
      consisting of 1219 women with metropathia who were not irradiated, 257 (21%)
      cardiovascular deaths occurred. Although the risk of cardiovascular death in the
      two studied cohorts compared with national death rates was only 0.92 (lower limit
      0.82; upper limit 1.03) and 0.88 (lower limit 0.78; upper limit 0.99)
      respectively, it was found that women irradiated before the menopause (age 50
      years) run a higher risk of cardiovascular death than the controls in the same
      age group and those irradiated after the menopause.

PMID- 2299308
TI  - Screening mammography guidelines.

PMID- 2299309
TI  - Antihypertensive regimen and quality of life in a disadvantaged population.
AB  - A sample of family practice patients with essential hypertension (N = 106) who
      were predominantly elderly, black, and disadvantaged were studied to determine
      psychosocial and physiological side effects from antihypertensive therapy
      regimens. Patients were assigned randomly to one of four monotherapy treatment
      groups: Hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene, metoprolol, captopril, and methyldopa.
      These medications have been reported to have contrasting effects on quality of
      life. Measurements of quality of life, physical symptoms, and depression taken at
      baseline and during therapy revealed few significant changes in these indicators.
      Changes in mean levels of diastolic and systolic hypertension over time were
      clinically and statistically significant. Findings raise issues regarding
      medication effectiveness and cost given the disadvantaged population studied.

PMID- 2299310
TI  - Factors predicting mortality in rural elderly hospitalized for pneumonia.
AB  - To identify predictors of mortality, the records of 133 elderly patients with
      pneumonia admitted to a small rural midwestern hospital were examined using a
      retrospective cohort design. All recorded clinical information available to the
      patient's physician within the first hours of admission was reviewed. Twenty-one
      (15.8%) patients died during the hospitalization. Patients with preexisting
      coronary heart disease, dementia, urinary incontinence, and impaired mobility
      were more likely to die. Impaired mental status, absence of fever, rapid
      respiratory rate, hypotension, cyanosis, and diffuse abnormalities on chest
      examination were also associated with mortality. Logistic regression analysis
      revealed five predictive indicators of mortality: impaired level of consciousness
      (odds ratio [OR] = 11.3), tachypnea (OR = 10.8), temperature lower than normal
      (OR = 14.2), white cell count higher than 20 X 10(9)/L (20,000 mm-3) (OR = 12.2),
      and cyanosis (OR = 8.6). A risk score based on this regression model demonstrated
      that 1 of 95 patients with a score lower than 3 (1%), 7 of 22 with a score of 3
      (32%), and 13 of 15 patients with a score higher than 3 (87%) died during their
      hospitalization. The validity of this risk-scoring system was confirmed in
      another sample of 40 patients. Studies such as this may be useful in identifying
      information of important prognostic value that enables physicians, patients, and
      family members to make more effective decisions.

PMID- 2299311
TI  - A controlled study of variation among family physicians in HIV screening
      recommendations.
AB  - The results of a study of screening recommendations for human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) by family physicians are reported. Of 209 family practice residents
      and clinical faculty from the four UCLA-affiliated family practice residency
      programs surveyed, 110 (53%) responded. Each physician was presented with an
      identical set of five clinical scenarios and asked to make an HIV screening
      decision in each case. The physicians were also asked to choose from a list of 11
      physician roles the one role that best described why they chose to recommend or
      not recommend an HIV screening test in each particular scenario. Marked variation
      was observed among the physicians' HIV screening recommendations. The degree of
      variation was similar between residents and clinical faculty. The physicians
      predominantly cited concern for the patient's well-being over concern for the
      public's well-being in making their HIV screening decisions. Three physician
      roles, (1) to protect the patient from mental suffering, (2) to protect the
      unborn from disease, and (3) to optimize the patient's future health care, were
      the roles most cited when an HIV screening test was recommended. Two physician
      roles, (1) to protect the patient from mental suffering, and (2) to allocate
      limited health resources properly, were the roles most cited when an HIV
      screening test was not recommended.

PMID- 2299312
TI  - Availability of tobacco products to minors.
AB  - Availability of tobacco products is a key factor in the initiation of smoking or
      use of smokeless tobacco by minors. Existing laws limiting such use are usually
      not enforced. The ability of minors to purchase tobacco products in Wichita,
      Kansas, was compared with results in previous reports. In a variety of retail
      stores, access to both cigarettes and smokeless tobacco was found to be
      significantly less than that found in other studies. Vending machines, however,
      were universally accessible. Sufficient retail outlets allowed purchase to ensure
      that minors who are determined to buy could supply themselves with tobacco.
      Strategies to limit the access of tobacco to minors are discussed.

PMID- 2299313
TI  - Are mental status questionnaires of clinical value in everyday office practice?
      An affirmative view.
AB  - The prevalence of dementia in older people, the poor clinical recognition of this
      problem by physicians, the opportunities for tertiary prevention, and the
      availability of reliable and convenient screening instruments all support the
      value of mental status questionnaires in everyday office practice. These
      instruments may also be helpful in longitudinal evaluation of patients with known
      progressive dementias. The case for screening will be substantially stronger when
      an effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease is found. To avoid inappropriate
      labeling of patients, abnormal results on a mental status questionnaire must be
      interpreted with caution. A thorough history is the most effective diagnostic
      strategy to differentiate progressive dementia from a delirium or a reversible
      chronic problem. An abnormal score on a mental status screening instrument should
      never be equated with the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. To document the
      usefulness of mental status screening in office practice, more research is
      clearly needed. While the value of traditional secondary prevention maneuvers may
      decrease in the very old, routine, careful assessment of function may prove to
      assist the family physician in offering important benefits to elderly patients
      and their families.

PMID- 2299314
TI  - Are mental status questionnaires of clinical value in everyday office practice?
      An opposing view.

PMID- 2299315
TI  - Thoracic lateral cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome without previous lower
      abdominal surgery.

PMID- 2299316
TI  - Glycosylated hemoglobin in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2299317
TI  - Specialty selection: trends over time in one medical school.

PMID- 2299318
TI  - The effects of sleep loss on cognitive performance of resident physicians.
AB  - Although the long hours worked by resident physicians have raised concern in the
      public, legislators, and members of the medical profession, the consequences of
      sleep loss on the ability of residents to perform in clinical settings is
      unknown. The present study examined the effects of various amounts of reported
      sleep on cognitive performance measured by the American Board of Family Practice
      in-training examination. A total of 353 family practice residents in 21 programs
      who took the examination in Pennsylvania in 1988 were studied. Linear regression
      analysis demonstrated a statistically significant (P less than .05) decline in
      composite test score with decreasing sleep on the night before the examination
      for residents in each year of training. Loss of one night's sleep resulted in
      changes in test scores that were approximately equivalent in magnitude to the
      change that occurred in test scores between residents in the first and third year
      of training. The results suggest that prolonged testing over several hours may be
      necessary to detect the subtle but significant differences in cognitive
      performance that are present with relatively mild degrees of sleep loss.

PMID- 2299320
TI  - Costs of electronic information services.

PMID- 2299319
TI  - Differential diagnosis of vaginitis.

PMID- 2299321
TI  - Primary care: ready for merger?

PMID- 2299322
TI  - Medical eye examinations should be done by ophthalmologist.

PMID- 2299323
TI  - How cholesterol drug raises many questions.

PMID- 2299324
TI  - Breast Cancer Screening Project in Northeast Florida.
AB  - The American Cancer Society--Duval Unit, in June, 1987, helped organize a
      community demonstration screening project involving all hospitals and
      institutions with mammography units in the area. A Northeast Florida Cooperative
      Breast Cancer Screening Group was formed comprised of physicians and
      administrators from each institution. A total of 1,200 women agreed to
      participate in the project and each underwent complete screening including
      education, instruction in self-examination, physical examination by a physician
      and mammography as indicated according to ACS guidelines. Of the study group,
      1,032 women were eligible for mammography at a participating center, and 628
      (61%) underwent a mammogram at no cost to them as instructed. Twenty four (4%)
      had definite abnormalities which led to biopsy and seven (1%) of them had
      malignant lesions. The medical community organized to provide breast cancer
      screening and follow-up with low-cost mammography.

PMID- 2299325
TI  - The ABCs of risk management for today's practicing physician.

PMID- 2299326
TI  - Impact of clinic based educational videotape on knowledge of AIDS in STD
      patients.
AB  - A case control intervention study was conducted on STD clinic patients to
      evaluate the effectiveness of videotape education about AIDS. A questionnaire
      containing 20 true or false type questions was administered to 50 study group
      participants before and after display of the videotape and to 50 control group
      participants who did not watch the tape. Before and after scores of each group
      were analyzed for statistical significance.

PMID- 2299327
TI  - Are your local schools healthy?

PMID- 2299328
TI  - Cytosolic pH regulation in osteoblasts. Regulation of anion exchange by
      intracellular pH and Ca2+ ions.
AB  - Measurements of cytosolic pH (pHi) 36Cl fluxes and free cytosolic Ca2+
      concentration ([Ca2+]i) were performed in the clonal osteosarcoma cell line UMR
      106 to characterize the kinetic properties of Cl-/HCO3- (OH-) exchange and its
      regulation by pHi and [Ca2+]i. Suspending cells in Cl(-)-free medium resulted in
      rapid cytosolic alkalinization from pHi 7.05 to approximately 7.42. Subsequently,
      the cytosol acidified to pHi 7.31. Extracellular HCO3- increased the rate and
      extent of cytosolic alkalinization and prevented the secondary acidification.
      Suspending alkalinized and Cl(-)-depleted cells in Cl(-)-containing solutions
      resulted in cytosolic acidification. All these pHi changes were inhibited by
      4',4',-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid (DIDS) and H2DIDS, and were
      not affected by manipulation of the membrane potential. The pattern of
      extracellular Cl- dependency of the exchange process suggests that Cl- ions
      interact with a single saturable external site and HCO3- (OH-) complete with Cl-
      for binding to this site. The dependencies of both net anion exchange and Cl-
      self-exchange fluxes on pHi did not follow simple saturation kinetics. These
      findings suggest that the anion exchanger is regulated by intracellular HCO3- (OH
      ). A rise in [Ca2+]i, whether induced by stimulation of protein kinase C
      activated Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ ionophore, or depolarization of the plasma
      membrane, resulted in cytosolic acidification with subsequent recovery from
      acidification. The Ca2+-activated acidification required the presence of Cl- in
      the medium, could be blocked by DIDS, and H2DIDS and was independent of the
      membrane potential. The subsequent recovery from acidification was absolutely
      dependent on the initial acidification, required the presence of Na+ in the
      medium, and was blocked by amiloride. Activation of protein kinase C without a
      change in [Ca2+]i did not alter pHi. Likewise, in H2DIDS-treated cells and in the
      absence of Cl-, an increase in [Ca2+]i did not activate the Na+/H+ exchanger in
      UMR-106 cells. These findings indicate that an increase in [Ca2+]i was sufficient
      to activate the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger, which results in the acidification of the
      cytosol. The accumulated H+ in the cytosol activated the Na+/H+ exchanger.
      Kinetic analysis of the anion exchange showed that at saturating intracellular OH
      , a [Ca2+]i increase did not modify the properties of the extracellular site. A
      rise in [Ca2+]i increased the apparent affinity for intracellular OH- (or HCO3-)
      of both net anion and Cl- self exchange. These results indicate that [Ca2+]i
      modifies the interaction of intracellular OH- (or HCO3-) with the proposed
      regulatory site of the anion exchanger in UMR-106 cells.

PMID- 2299329
TI  - A nonlinear electrostatic potential change in the T-system of skeletal muscle
      detected under passive recording conditions using potentiometric dyes.
AB  - Voltage-sensing dyes were used to examine the electrical behavior of the T-system
      under passive recording conditions similar to those commonly used to detect
      charge movement. These conditions are designed to eliminate all ionic currents
      and render the T-system potential linear with respect to the command potential
      applied at the surface membrane. However, we found an unexpected nonlinearity in
      the relationship between the dye signal from the T-system and the applied clamp
      potential. An additional voltage- and time-dependent optical signal appears over
      the same depolarizing range of potentials where change movement and mechanical
      activation occur. This nonlinearity is not associated with unblocked ionic
      currents and cannot be attributed to lack of voltage clamp control of the T
      system, which appears to be good under these conditions. We propose that a local
      electrostatic potential change occurs in the T-system upon depolarization. An
      electrostatic potential would not be expected to extend beyond molecular
      distances of the membrane and therefore would be sensed by a charged dye in the
      membrane but not by the voltage clamp, which responds solely to the potential of
      the bulk solution. Results obtained with different dyes suggest that the location
      of the phenomena giving rise to the extra absorbance change is either
      intramembrane or at the inner surface of the T-system membrane.

PMID- 2299330
TI  - Structural and functional properties of two types of horizontal cell in the skate
      retina.
AB  - Two morphologically distinct types of horizontal cell have been identified in the
      all-rod skate retina by light- and electron-microscopy as well as after isolation
      by enzymatic dissociation. The external horizontal cell is more distally
      positioned in the retina and has a much larger cell body than does the internal
      horizontal cell. However, both external and internal horizontal cells extend
      processes to the photoreceptor terminals where they end as lateral elements
      adjacent to the synaptic ribbons within the terminal invaginations. Whole-cell
      voltage-clamp studies on isolated cells similar in appearance to those seen in
      situ showed that both types displayed five separate voltage-sensitive
      conductances: a TTX-sensitive sodium conductance, a calcium current, and three
      potassium-mediated conductances (an anomalous rectifier, a transient outward
      current resembling an A current, and a delayed rectifier). There was, however, a
      striking difference between external and internal horizontal cells in the
      magnitude of the current carried by the anomalous rectifier. Even after
      compensating for differences in the surface areas of the two cell types, the
      sustained inward current elicited by hyperpolarizing voltage steps was a
      significantly greater component of the current profile of external horizontal
      cells. A difference between external and internal horizontal cells was seen also
      in the magnitudes of their TEA-sensitive currents; larger currents were usually
      obtained in recordings from internal horizontal cells. However, the currents
      through these K+ channels were quite small, the TEA block was often judged to be
      incomplete, and except for depolarizing potentials greater than or equal to +20
      mV (i.e., outside the normal operating range of horizontal cells), this current
      did not provide a reliable indicator of cell type. The fact that two classes of
      horizontal cell can be distinguished by their electrophysiological responses, as
      well as by their morphological appearance and spatial distribution in the retina,
      suggests that they may play different roles in the processing of visual
      information within the retina.

PMID- 2299331
TI  - Voltage-dependent gating of Shaker A-type potassium channels in Drosophila
      muscle.
AB  - The voltage-dependent gating mechanism of A1-type potassium channels coded for by
      the Shaker locus of Drosophila was studied using macroscopic and single-channel
      recording techniques on embryonic myotubes in primary culture. From a kinetic
      analysis of data from single A1 channels, we have concluded that all of the
      molecular transitions after first opening, including the inactivation transition,
      are voltage independent and therefore not associated with charge movement through
      the membrane. In contrast, at least some of the activation transitions leading to
      first opening are considerably voltage dependent and account for all of the
      voltage dependence seen in the macroscopic currents. This mechanism is similar in
      many ways to that of vertebrate neuronal voltage-sensitive sodium channels, and
      together with the sequence similarities in the S4 region suggests a conserved
      mechanism for voltage-dependent gating among channels with different
      selectivities. By testing independent and coupled models for activation and
      inactivation we have determined that the final opening transition and
      inactivation are not likely to arise from the independent action of multiple
      subunits, each with simple gating transitions, but rather come about through
      their aggregate properties. A partially coupled model accurately reproduces all
      of the single-channel and macroscopic data. This model will provide a framework
      on which to organize and understand alterations in gating that occur in Shaker
      variants and mutants.

PMID- 2299332
TI  - Na/K pump current in aggregates of cultured chick cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Spontaneously beating aggregates of cultured embryonic chick cardiac myocytes,
      maintained at 37 degrees C, were voltage clamped using a single microelectrode
      switching clamp to measure the current generated by the Na/K pump (Ip). In
      resting, steady-state preparations an ouabain-sensitive current of 0.46 +/- 0.03
      microA/cm2 (n = 22) was identified. This current was not affected by 1 mM Ba,
      which was used to reduce inward rectifier current (IK1) and linearize the current
      voltage relationship. When K-free solution was used to block Ip, subsequent
      addition of Ko reactivated the Na/K pump, generating an outward reactivation
      current that was also ouabain sensitive. The reactivation current magnitude was a
      saturating function of Ko with a Hill coefficient of 1.7 and K0.5 of 1.9 mM in
      the presence of 144 mM Nao. The reactivation current was increased in magnitude
      when Nai was increased by lengthening the period of time that the preparation was
      exposed to K-free solution prior to reactivation. When Nai was raised by 3 microM
      monensin, steady-state Ip was increased more than threefold above the resting
      value to 1.74 +/- 0.09 microA/cm2 (n = 11). From these measurements and other
      published data we calculate that in a resting myocyte: (a) the steady-state Ip
      should hyperpolarize the membrane by 6.5 mV, (b) the turnover rate of the Na/K
      pump is 29 s-1, and (c) the Na influx is 14.3 pmol/cm2.s. We conclude that in
      cultured embryonic chick cardiac myocytes, the Na/K pump generates a measurable
      current which, under certain conditions, can be isolated from other membrane
      currents and has properties similar to those reported for adult cardiac cells.

PMID- 2299334
TI  - Depressed outpatients' life contexts, amount of treatment, and treatment outcome.
AB  - This paper examines the influence of life context factors and the amount of
      treatment on treatment outcome after 1 year among 265 unipolar depressed
      outpatients. Preintake medical conditions, family conflict, and lack of family
      support predicted poorer treatment outcome. Moreover, patients' family conflict
      and confidant support at intake interacted with the amount of treatment to
      influence outcome. Patients who had a close confidant and less family conflict
      showed better outcome with brief therapy; patients who lacked a confidant and had
      more family conflict experienced better outcome with longer treatment.
      Posttreatment stressors and lack of social resources were associated with poorer
      treatment outcome. The findings imply that treatment can provide temporary
      support to compensate for a lack of social resources. More intensive treatment
      may be needed for patients who experience more family conflict and who have a
      poor relationship or no relationship with a confidant.

PMID- 2299333
TI  - Intracellular sodium affects ouabain interaction with the Na/K pump in cultured
      chick cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Whether a given dose of ouabain will produce inotropic or toxic effects depends
      on factors that affect the apparent affinity (K0.5) of the Na/K pump for ouabain.
      To accurately resolve these factors, especially the effect of intracellular Na
      concentration (Nai), we have applied three complementary techniques for measuring
      the K0.5 for ouabain in cultured embryonic chick cardiac myocytes. Under control
      conditions with 5.4 mM Ko, the value of the K0.5 for ouabain was 20.6 +/- 1.2,
      12.3 +/- 1.7, and 6.6 +/- 0.4 microM, measured by voltage-clamp, Na-selective
      microelectrode, and equilibrium [3H]ouabain-binding techniques, respectively. A
      significant difference in the three techniques was the time of exposure to
      ouabain (30 s-30 min). Since increased duration of exposure to ouabain would
      increase Nai, monensin was used to raise Nai to investigate what effect Nai might
      have on the apparent affinity of block by ouabain. Monensin enhanced the rise in
      Na content induced by 1 microM ouabain. In the presence of 1 microM [3H]ouabain,
      total binding was found to be a saturating function of Na content. Using the
      voltage-clamp method, we found that the value of the K0.5 for ouabain was lowered
      by nearly an order of magnitude in the presence of 3 microM monensin to 2.4 +/-
      0.2 microM and the magnitude of the Na/K pump current was increased about
      threefold. Modeling the Na/K pump as a cyclic sequence of states with a single
      state having high affinity for ouabain shows that changes in Nai alone are
      sufficient to cause a 10-fold change in K0.5. These results suggest that Nai
      reduces the value of the apparent affinity of the Na/K pump for ouabain in 5.4 mM
      Ko by increasing its turnover rate, thus increasing the availability of the
      conformation of the Na/K pump that binds ouabain with high affinity.

PMID- 2299335
TI  - Psychometric assessment of depression in an elderly general medical population.
      Over- or underassessment?
AB  - A total of 247 consecutively evaluated geriatric medical patients was
      administered a battery of neuropsychological and psychological tests as part of
      their diagnostic workup for unexplained deterioration in their functioning.
      Depression was assessed with a short form of the MMPI, the Brief Symptom
      Inventory, and the Geriatric Depression Scale. By Research Diagnostic Criteria,
      most suffered from major (59%) or minor (21%) depressions; some degree of
      cognitive impairment was seen in 80% of the patients, defining a population of
      "vulnerable" geriatric patients typical of referrals to a general medical
      hospital setting. Using both conventional score cutoff criteria and discriminant
      analyses, false-negative rates up to 53% for major depression and 100% for minor
      depression were found. Psychometric misrecognition of depression was not related
      to degree of dementia or education but on some measures was positively associated
      with verbal intelligence level and patient age. Contrary to previous suggestions
      that psychometric measures overestimate depression in the elderly, these findings
      suggest that there may be a subgroup of elderly in which treatable affective
      distress is not appreciated.

PMID- 2299336
TI  - The Social Rhythm Metric. An instrument to quantify the daily rhythms of life.
AB  - The Social Rhythm Metric (SRM) is an instrument designed to quantify an
      individual's daily social rhythms. Social rhythms are important both as a way of
      structuring the day cognitively and as time cues (or zeitgebers) that drive the
      biological clock (circadian system). The development of the SRM and its pilot
      testing in 50 healthy control subjects is described, along with measurements of
      reliability and validity. The potential of the SRM for integrating psychosocial
      and biological research and its clinical applicability are discussed.

PMID- 2299337
TI  - Psychosocial predictors of survival in end-stage renal disease.
AB  - Several psychosocial variables were investigated as predictors of 4-year survival
      in a sample of 97 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing treatment by
      hemodialysis, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, or renal
      transplantation. Hypothesized psychosocial predictors included depression, mood
      disturbance, life happiness, affect, pessimism, self-esteem, knowledge of renal
      disease and its treatment, perceived control over important life domains,
      perceived intrusiveness of ESRD into important life domains, illness-related
      concerns, difficulties in daily activities, number of regular leisure activities,
      somatic symptoms of distress, social networks, recent negative life events, and
      defensive response styles. Methodological controls were incorporated to test the
      prognostic significance of these variables and included a) exclusion of deaths
      attributable to "unnatural" causes; b) multivariate statistical controls for
      physical and demographic determinants of survival; c) widely used standardized
      psychosocial instruments; and d) temporally aggregated psychosocial measurements
      to enhance reliability. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses identified four
      variables as significant and independent predictors of increased survival times
      in ESRD: a) comparatively fewer serious nonrenal comorbid illnesses; b) younger
      age; c) regular involvement in an increased number of leisure activities; and d)
      overall life happiness described as "an even mixture of unhappiness and
      happiness" (as compared with "very happy"). However, no evidence was obtained to
      support the hypothesis that increased depressive symptoms and/or moods contribute
      to compromised survival in ESRD.

PMID- 2299338
TI  - A controlled family study of adopted patients with temper outbursts.

PMID- 2299339
TI  - Premorbid adult social competence, socioeconomic status, and psychopathology.

PMID- 2299340
TI  - An exploration of central dysregulation of erectile function as a contributing
      cause of diabetic impotence.
AB  - Diabetic impotence is generally presumed to be secondary to peripheral
      abnormalities of the vascular or autonomic nervous system, although central
      nervous control of the autonomic nervous system has not previously been studied.
      Measures of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep as potential indicators of central
      autonomic dysfunction were studied along with sleep-related tumescence for 10
      impotent diabetics, nine psychogenically impotent men, and 10 men whose impotence
      was secondary to pelvic trauma. Low REM density was found in the diabetics with
      REM density correlating with measures of tumescence. These results suggest that
      central autonomic dysfunction may be a contributing factor in the impotence of
      diabetic men. A metabolic disturbance in the central nervous system of diabetics
      which might alter both sleep and autonomic nervous system activity is proposed to
      explain these results and may help in the understanding of other observed
      abnormalities in both the sleep and autonomic dysfunction of diabetics.

PMID- 2299341
TI  - The effects of prolonged stimulus repetition with repeated switching of target
      status on the orienting response in schizophrenia and depression.
AB  - Schizophrenic patients are frequently orienting nonresponders to innocuous
      stimuli, become responsive to significant target signals, and become
      hyporesponsive again on prolonged repetition. We wish to a) determine whether
      schizophrenic patients can display orienting response (OR) flexibility,
      responding to newly designated targets and ceasing to respond to newly designated
      nontargets; b) determine whether renewed hyporesponding can be averted with
      reminders of target relevance and repeated introduction of new targets; and c)
      compare schizophrenics with depressives and normal controls. Fifty schizophrenics
      (14 drug free), 50 depressives (20 drug free), and 50 normal controls receive
      four trial blocks involving the same sequence of 16 1000- or 2000-Hz tones
      delivered to either the right or left ear. A subsample of each group (N = 14)
      receives all blocks as a simple habituation series; others (N = 36) have to press
      a pedal for designated target signals (left ear or right ear, 1000 Hz or 2000
      Hz), ignoring all nontarget tones. On each trial block, a new target signal is
      defined, and previous targets are discarded. Skin conductance and finger pulse
      amplitude analyses are presented. Both patient groups show enhanced ORs to newly
      relevant targets and ceased ORs to newly irrelevant former targets as well as
      normals. Both show OR decline with target repetition despite reminders and new
      targets.

PMID- 2299342
TI  - Effect of desipramine on a glycoprotein sialyltransferase activity in C6 cultured
      glioma cells.
AB  - The tricyclic antidepressant desipramine, when added to culture medium, gave rise
      in C6 rat glioma cells to a decrease of the activity of the enzyme asialofetuin
      sialyltransferase. The inhibition was dose and time dependent and was observed in
      both multiplying cells and cells blocked with 2 mM thymidine or depletion of
      amino acids. This inhibition was rather specific to the sialyltransferase, as
      under the conditions where this enzyme was inhibited up to 70%, other enzymes
      such as dolichol phosphate mannose synthetase, glutamine synthetase, and glycerol
      phosphate dehydrogenase remained unaffected. This inhibition was not reversed
      after removal of desipramine from the medium and was not observed by direct
      addition of desipramine to the sialyltransferase incubation assay. Under the same
      conditions, W-7 [N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide], which is
      known to be a potent calmodulin antagonist and an inhibitor of calmodulin
      dependent kinases, gave the same concentration-dependent inhibition profile of
      sialyltransferase as desipramine, whereas H-7 [1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2
      methylpiperazine], which is an inhibitor of protein kinase C and cyclic
      nucleotide-dependent kinases, had no effect. So, it is suggested that desipramine
      inhibits the sialyltransferase activity in C6 glioma cells through a calmodulin
      dependent system.

PMID- 2299343
TI  - Monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A but not MAO-B inhibitors potentiate tyramine-induced
      catecholamine release from PC12 cells.
AB  - The previous report that PC12 (pheochromocytoma) cells have a K(+)-induced, as
      well as a tyramine-induced, catecholamine release mechanism has been confirmed.
      Selective monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A (clorgyline and moclobemide) and not MAO-B
      inhibitors (l-deprenyl, AGN 1135, and Ro 16-6491) potentiate the catecholamine
      releasing action of tyramine significantly more than that of K+. The potentiation
      of tyramine-induced [3H]noradrenaline release from PC12 cells by MAO-A inhibitors
      has been linked to the presence of MAO-A in these cells, for which tyramine and
      noradrenaline are substrates. In the above respects, it is the PC12 cell that
      resembles more closely the peripheral adrenergic neuron, rather than the
      chromaffin cell, which is endowed with MAO-B and lacks the tyramine-releasable
      pool of catecholamines.

PMID- 2299344
TI  - Lipid compositions of different regions of the human brain during aging.
AB  - The neutral and phospholipid compositions of various regions of the human brain
      were analyzed using autopsy material covering the life period between 33 and 92
      years of age. The protein content was also measured and, on a weight basis, this
      content is unchanged in the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata, whereas in
      the 90-year-old group it decreases in the hippocampus, gray matter, and nucleus
      caudatus. In white matter, the protein content decreases continuously with age.
      The phospholipid composition is characteristic of the region investigated, but
      remains unchanged during aging. The total phospholipid content exhibits only a 5
      10% decrease in the oldest age group. The content of dolichol and its
      polyisoprenoid pattern are also characteristic of the region analyzed. Between 33
      and 92 years of age, the amount of dolichol in all portions of the brain
      increases three- to fourfold, but the isoprenoid pattern remains constant. The
      level of dolichyl-P varies between different regions, but only a moderate
      increase is seen with age. Ubiquinone content is highest in the nucleus caudatus,
      gray matter, and hippocampus, and in all areas this content is decreased to a
      great extent in the oldest age groups. All regions of the human brain are rich in
      cholesterol, but alterations in the amount of this lipid are highly variable
      during aging, ranging from no change to a 40% decrease.

PMID- 2299345
TI  - Detection of synenkephalin, the amino-terminal portion of proenkephalin, by
      antisera directed against its carboxyl terminus.
AB  - Synenkephalin (SYN), the nonopioid amino-terminal portion of proenkephalin (PRO),
      is stable and well conserved in mammals and therefore a promising marker for PRO
      systems. We immunized rabbits with synthetic [Tyr63]SYN(63-70)-octapeptide,
      coupled by glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin. In radioimmunoassay (RIA)
      using antiserum no. 681, [Tyr63]SYN(63-70)-octapeptide as standard, and 125I
      [Tyr63]SYN(63-70)-octapeptide as tracer, the IC50 was approximately 51 fmol/100
      microliters sample at equilibrium or 12 fmol/100 microliters in disequilibrium,
      and the sensitivity was approximately 3 fmol/100 microliters. Cross-reactivity of
      the assay was 100% with [Cys63]SYN(63-70)-octapeptide and with bovine adrenal 8.6
      kilodalton peptide digested with trypsin and carboxypeptidase B, but less than
      0.1% with transforming growth factor-alpha, less than or equal to 2 x 10(-6) with
      Leu-Leu-Ala [SYN(68-70)-tripeptide], and much less than 10(-6) with all other
      peptides tested. Therefore in RIA this antiserum is specific for the free
      carboxyl terminus of SYN. Because the peptide detected after enzyme digestion is
      the complete SYN(63-70)-octapeptide, we refer to the RIA as an assay for SYN(63
      70). Tissue extracts were made in 1 M acetic acid, dried, reconstituted in Tris
      CaCl2, and digested sequentially with trypsin plus carboxypeptidase B. Extracts
      from bovine corpus striatum gave SYN(63-70) RIA dilution curves parallel to the
      standard curve both before and after digestion. Digestion increased the amount of
      immunoreactive SYN(63-70) in striatum by a factor of 1.5-2.0. The ratio of total
      immunoreactive [Met5]enkephalin to total immunoreactive SYN(63-70) (after
      sequential digestion) was approximately 6:1. At least 90% of the immunoreactive
      SYN(63-70) in extracts of bovine caudate nucleus eluted from Sephadex G-100 with
      an apparent molecular weight equal to that of bovine PRO(1-77). Using the new RIA
      we were able to detect and characterize SYN processing for the first time in
      extracts of whole rat brain, human globus pallidus, and human pheochromocytoma.
      Results in these tissues were similar to those in cattle, in that most stored SYN
      had been processed to a free carboxyl terminus. Since the C-terminal octapeptide
      of SYN is practically identical in all known mammalian PRO, antiserum no. 681
      should be useful for detecting, measuring, and purifying SYN from various
      mammals, including human beings.

PMID- 2299346
TI  - Binding of progesterone to nerve cell membranes of rat brain using progesterone
      conjugated to 125I-bovine serum albumin as a ligand.
AB  - Radioiodinated bovine serum albumin conjugated to progesterone was used as a
      probe to examine binding parameters of steroids to membrane preparations from rat
      brain tissue. The binding of 11 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone-11-hemisuccinate-125I
      bovine serum albumin conjugate reached saturation after 30 min of incubation at 5
      degrees C. Several bovine serum albumin-conjugated steroids were then tested for
      competition displacement studies. Among these steroid conjugates, the bovine
      serum albumin conjugate at position 3 of progesterone had the highest affinity,
      with an estimated inhibition constant of 28.5 +/- 2.1 nM (n = 3), whereas bovine
      serum albumin itself and the 17 beta-estradiol 6-(O-carboxy-methyl)oxime-bovine
      serum albumin conjugate showed no specific displacement. In addition, the binding
      sites were localized in an axolemma-enriched fraction of rat brainstem. Specific
      binding was obtained in tissues from cerebral cortex, brainstem, cerebellum,
      corpus striatum, and hypothalamus, but little or no binding occurred in uterus,
      ovary, liver, and spleen. The present data indicate that progesterone-125I-bovine
      serum albumin conjugate can be used as a ligand to study progesterone-membrane
      receptor interactions.

PMID- 2299347
TI  - Development of benzodiazepine and picrotoxin (t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate)
      binding sites in rat cerebellar granule cells in culture.
AB  - The specific bindings of [3H]flunitrazepam [( 3H]FLU), [3H]CGS 8216, and t
      [35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate [( 35S]TBPS) to sites on rat cerebellar
      granule cells all increase from 4 to 15 days in culture, although their time
      courses differ. Specific [3H]FLU binding doubles, [3H]CGS 8216 binding triples,
      and [35S]TBPS binding increases about fourfold from 4 to 15 days in culture.
      Displacement studies, using the type I-selective ligand CL 218,872, indicate that
      at 4 days the [3H]FLU binding sites are almost entirely "type II," judging from
      an IC50 value near 300 nM and a pseudo-Hill number near 1. By 10 days,
      approximately equal numbers of type I and type II binding sites are present in
      the cultured cells, and this ratio remains constant thereafter (12 and 15 days).
      At days 10-15, both the IC50 value for CL 218,872 (near 100 nM) and the pseudo
      Hill number (near 0.7) remain constant and are significantly different from the
      values at culture day 4. The development of specific [35S]TBPS binding parallels
      that of [3H]CGS 8216 binding more closely than the development of [3H]FLU
      binding. The [3H]CGS 8216/[3H]FLU ratio increased by a factor of 1.6 from day 4
      to day 15 (p less than 0.001). Taken together, our data suggest the existence of
      several gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor subunits, the relative
      proportions of which change during development. The presence of the GABA-mimetic
      4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4c]pyridine-3-ol (THIP) in the culture medium had
      no apparent effect on any of the binding sites studied, although THIP was shown
      previously to induce low-affinity GABA binding sites.

PMID- 2299348
TI  - 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate and forskolin modify muscarinic receptor
      linked Ca2+ mobilization in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells through different
      mechanisms.
AB  - The phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), which causes
      differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, reduces carbachol binding and
      carbachol-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization in these cells. The decrease in
      responsiveness to carbachol is due partially to a reduction in the amount of Ca2+
      released by the cells and partially to a decrease in the sensitivity of the cells
      to carbachol. These effects probably can be attributed to a reduction in
      muscarinic receptor number and a decrease in receptor affinity, respectively.
      Forskolin, an alkaloid known to cause an increase in cellular cyclic AMP,
      enhances Ca2+ influx into the cells without affecting the cytosolic free Ca2+
      concentration. The alkaloid causes an apparent restoration of the reduced Ca2+
      release, caused by TPA, but does not affect the sensitivity of the cells to
      carbachol. Forskolin increases the decay of carbachol-induced increase in
      cytosolic Ca2+. The effects of TPA appear to be linked directly to receptor
      function, whereas those of forskolin are due to the effect of cyclic AMP on
      cellular Ca2+ metabolism.

PMID- 2299350
TI  - Tetrasialoganglioside GO1b reactive monoclonal antibodies: their characterization
      and application for quantification of GQ1b in some cell lines of neuronal and
      adrenal origin(s).
AB  - Seven monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed to tetrasialoganglioside (GQ1b) were
      established, purified GQ1b being used for immunization and hybridoma screening.
      All of the MAbs reacted strongly with GQ1b, although they also reacted with other
      gangliosides, with different specificities and reactivities. Some MAbs (1H10,
      2C7, and 3F4) reacted with GD3, GT1a, GQ1b, and GP1c. MAb 1H4 showed broad
      specificity. It reacted with GD3, GD1b, GD2, GT1a, GT1b, GO1b, GQ1c, and GP1c.
      MAbs 7F5, 4E7, and 4F10 recognized GT1a, GQ1b, and GP1c. MAb 4F10 was more
      specific for GQ1b than the other MAbs. Using MAb 4F10, we determined, by means of
      an immunoassay, the quantities of endogenous GQ1b in some neuronal and adrenal
      cell lines, GOTO (human neuroblastoma), Neuro2a (mouse neuroblastoma), and PC12
      (rat pheochromocytoma). PC12 and Neuro2a cells contained at least 5.1 X 10(6) and
      3.9 X 10(5) molecules/cell of GQ1b, respectively. In contrast, no GQ1b was
      detected in GOTO cells, which are known for their specific neuritogenic response
      to this particular ganglioside when exogenously added.

PMID- 2299349
TI  - Postnatal development of a granule cell-enriched, neurone-specific glycoprotein,
      gp50, in normal and thyroid-deficient rats.
AB  - Glycoprotein gp50 is a neurone-specific, granule cell-enriched glycoprotein that
      is also a major component of isolated synaptic membranes. Here, we describe the
      use of a monoclonal antibody, mab SM gp50, to study the postnatal development of
      gp50 in the brain of normal and thyroid-deficient rats. Radioimmunoassay, enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting show that gp50 is not detectable
      in brain until postnatal day 4 (P4) in both forebrain and cerebellum. In
      forebrain, the rate of increase of gp50 levels is maximal between P12 and P20. It
      is somewhat later in cerebellum, where peak levels are attained between P30 and
      P35. Immunocytochemical studies show little detectable gp50-like immunoreactivity
      before P16, and the staining is still weak, relative to adult tissue, at P25. The
      intense staining of the granule cell layer characteristic of adult cerebellum
      predominantly appears after P25. Development of gp50 is severely retarded in the
      cerebellum of thyroid-deficient rats, particularly during the second and third
      postnatal weeks. However, by the fourth postnatal week, gp50 levels in normal and
      hypothyroid animals are comparable. The results indicate that significant
      alterations in the pattern of gp50 expression continue to occur at a late stage
      of cerebellar development. In particular, the increase in immunocytochemical
      staining of the granule cells after P25 is striking in that by this time most
      major events associated with cerebellar development are essentially complete.

PMID- 2299351
TI  - Effects of choline administration on in vivo release and biosynthesis of
      acetylcholine in the rat striatum as studied by in vivo brain microdialysis.
AB  - The purpose of the present study is to clarify the effects of the administration
      of choline on the in vivo release and biosynthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) in the
      brain. For this purpose, the changes in the extracellular concentration of
      choline and ACh in the rat striatum following intracerebroventricular
      administration of choline were determined using brain microdialysis. We also
      determined changes in the tissue content of choline and ACh. When the striatum
      was dialyzed with Ringer solution containing 10 microM physostigmine, ACh levels
      in dialysates rapidly and dose dependently increased following administration of
      various doses of choline and reached a maximum within 20 min. In contrast,
      choline levels in dialysates increased after a lag period of 20 min following the
      administration. When the striatum was dialyzed with physostigmine-free Ringer
      solution, ACh could not be detected in dialysates both before and even after
      choline administration. After addition of hemicholinium-3 to the perfusion fluid,
      the choline-induced increase in ACh levels in dialysates was abolished. Following
      administration of choline, the tissue content of choline and ACh increased within
      20 min. These results suggest that administered choline is rapidly taken up into
      the intracellular compartment of the cholinergic neurons, where it enhances both
      the release and the biosynthesis of ACh.

PMID- 2299352
TI  - Comparison of the soluble and membrane-bound forms of the puromycin-sensitive
      enkephalin-degrading aminopeptidases from rat.
AB  - Enkephalin degradation in brain has been shown to be catalyzed, in part, by a
      membrane-bound puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase. A cytosolic puromycin
      sensitive aminopeptidase with similar properties also has been described. The
      relationship between the soluble and membrane forms of the rat brain enzyme is
      investigated here. Both of these aminopeptidase forms were purified from rat
      brain and an antiserum was generated to the soluble enzyme. Each of the
      aminopeptidases is composed of a single polypeptide of molecular mass 100
      kilodaltons as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography. The antisoluble aminopeptidase
      antiserum reacts with both enzyme forms on immunoblots and inhibits both with
      nearly identical inhibition curves. The isoelectric points (pI = 5.0) of both
      forms were shown to be identical. N-terminal sequencing yielded a common sequence
      (P-E-K-R-P-F-E-R-L-P-T-E-V-S-P-I-N-Y) for both enzyme forms, and peptide mapping
      yielded 26 peptides that also appeared identical between the two enzyme forms.
      Studies on the nature of the association of the membrane enzyme form with the
      cell membrane suggest that this enzyme form does not represent the soluble form
      trapped during the enzyme preparation. It is suggested that the membrane form of
      the puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase is identical to the soluble enzyme and
      that it associates with the membrane by interactions with other integral membrane
      proteins.

PMID- 2299353
TI  - Increased intracellular calcium stimulates 3H-inositol polyphosphate accumulation
      in rat cerebral cortical slices.
AB  - Agents that increase the intracellular Ca2+ concentration have been examined for
      their ability to stimulate 3H-inositol polyphosphate accumulation in rat cerebral
      cortex slices. Elevated extracellular K+ levels, the alkaloid sodium channel
      activator veratrine, the calcium ionophore ionomycin, and the marine toxin
      maitotoxin were all able to stimulate phosphoinositide metabolism. Certain
      features appear common to the agents studied. Thus, although [3H]inositol
      monophosphate, [3H]inositol bisphosphate ([3H]InsP2), and [3H]inositol
      trisphosphate were all stimulated, a proportionally greater effect was observed
      on [3H]InsP2 in comparison to stimulation by the muscarinic receptor agonist
      carbachol. However, only an elevated K+ level stimulated [3H]inositol
      tetrakisphosphate ([3H]InsP4) accumulation alone or produced marked synergy with
      carbachol on the formation of this polyphosphate. The results suggest that agents
      that elevate the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in cerebral cells can increase
      the hydrolysis of membrane polyphosphoinositides. The pattern of the response
      differs from that produced by muscarinic receptor agonists and indicate that
      Ca2(+)-dependent hydrolysis may involve different pools of lipids,
      phosphoinositidase C enzymes, or both. However, clear differences in the ability
      of these agents to stimulate InsP4, alone or in the presence of muscarinic
      agonist, suggest that factors other than a simple elevated intracellular Ca2+
      concentration are implicated.

PMID- 2299354
TI  - Treatment with oxiracetam or choline restores cholinergic biochemical and
      pharmacological activities in striata of decorticated rats.
AB  - Interruption of the corticostriatal pathway by undercutting the frontal cortex
      resulted after 2 weeks in a 40% reduction of basal acetylcholine (ACh) release in
      vivo, and in inhibition of the striatal sodium-dependent high-affinity uptake of
      choline (SDHACU) to the same extent. The lesion, too, completely prevented the
      rise (about 35%) in striatal ACh content induced by oxotremorine and apomorphine
      acting at muscarine and dopamine receptors, respectively. Acute intraperitoneal
      injections of 100 mg/kg of either oxiracetam or choline chloride resulted in time
      dependent recovery of ACh output from the striata of decorticated rats to control
      levels. Oxiracetam also normalized the ex vivo striatal SDHACU activity of
      decorticated rats 2 h after administration without any effect in sham-operated
      rats. Oxiracetam or choline chloride administered before oxotremorine (0.8 mg/kg,
      i.p.) or apomorphine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) reinstated the ACh-increasing effect of
      these agonists. It is suggested that choline chloride acts directly simply by
      being the precursor for ACh, whereas oxiracetam may act indirectly, possibly by
      increasing the availability of choline chloride for ACh synthesis. Furthermore,
      the frontally decorticated rat could constitute a useful model for studying means
      to restore the deficit in striatal cholinergic neurotransmission.

PMID- 2299355
TI  - Vesicular and ganglionic norepinephrine in the rat: progressive increase with
      age.
AB  - This study analyzed dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) in the synaptic
      vesicles and cytoplasm of brains of rats of 2 months and 14 months. The data
      revealed a clear NE increase in the synaptic vesicles of the 14-month-old rats,
      contrasting with NE in the cytoplasmic fraction of the rat brain, which remained
      unchanged with age. Synaptic vesicles from different regions of rat brain,
      including those from the striatum, consistently exhibited higher NE than DA
      concentrations, suggesting that they are predominantly noradrenergic. In the
      brain, DA concentrations in vesicular and cytoplasmic fractions did not vary with
      age, whereas in the superior cervical ganglia DA and NE concentrations increased
      in the older rats. L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine administration significantly
      increased DA without affecting NE in the ganglia of rats of all ages. In the
      brain, such a treatment significantly raised DA only in the synaptic vesicles of
      the older rats, suggesting an increased facilitation of DA transport into the
      synaptic vesicles with age, which may account for the higher vesicular NE in the
      older rats.

PMID- 2299356
TI  - Survival of chick embryonic sensory neurons in culture is supported by phorbol
      esters.
AB  - Sensory neurons of the chick embryo are supported in culture by several
      neurotrophic factors, including the phorbol esters. Because phorbol esters are
      known to activate one of the second messengers, namely, protein kinase C, it was
      of interest to see if the neurotrophic action of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB)
      was related to the activation of protein kinase C in sensory neurons. Sensory
      neurons were obtained from dorsal root ganglia of 10-day-old chick embryos and
      maintained in a serum-free medium for several days to quantify survival and
      analyze protein kinase C activity. PDB (30 nM) supported the survival of
      approximately 50% of the total number of neurons plated. This value was
      comparable to that supported by nerve growth factor (NGF; 40 ng/ml). If PDB and
      NGF were added together, there was no additive effect on the survival. The
      protein kinase C activity of the particulate and cytosolic fractions of sensory
      neurons supported by NGF for 3 days was 1.26 +/- 0.1 and 2.9 +/- 0.32 pmol/min/mg
      of protein, respectively. In contrast, neurons supported by PDB showed an
      approximately 500% increase in enzyme activity in their particulate fraction. The
      enzyme activity of the cytosolic fraction was decreased by approximately 40%. If
      NGF-supported neurons were treated with PDB (30 nM) for 15 min, protein kinase C
      activity increased greater than 400% in the particulate fraction, whereas an
      approximately 50% decrease was observed in the cytosolic fraction. The protein
      kinase C value, expressed as a ratio of the activities in the particulate to
      cytosol fractions, showed large increases after phorbol treatment.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299357
TI  - Estimation of free dopamine in the cytoplasm of the giant dopamine cell of
      Planorbis corneus by voltammetry and capillary electrophoresis.
AB  - Voltammetric electrodes having a tip diameter of 2-12 microns and microscale
      capillary zone electrophoresis have been used for dynamic and static monitoring
      of dopamine in the somal cytoplasm of the giant dopamine neuron of Planorbis
      corneus. Intracellular dopamine levels can be altered by extracellular
      application of dopamine or ethanol. The latter experiment provides a means to
      estimate total stores of endogenous dopamine, and the evidence presented suggests
      that at least 98% of these stores are bound and not directly accessible to the
      cytoplasm.

PMID- 2299359
TI  - Discrete distributions of adenosine receptors in mammalian retina.
AB  - Binding sites for both the adenosine A1 receptor agonists
      [3H]phenylisopropyladenosine and [3H]cyclohexyladenosine and the mixed A1-A2
      agonist N-[3H]ethylcarboxamidoadenosine [( 3H]NECA) were localized in rabbit and
      mouse retinas using autoradiographic techniques. These two classes of agonists
      bound to very different regions of mammalian retinas. A1 agonist binding was
      localized to the inner retina, particularly over the inner plexiform layer. The
      binding of [3H]NECA was observed primarily over the retinal pigmented epithelium
      and the outer and inner segments of photoreceptors. [3H]NECA labeling was not
      affected either by including a low concentration of unlabeled A1 agonist or by
      pretreating tissue with N-ethylmaleimide to inhibit ligand binding at A1 sites.
      While virtually all of the [3H]NECA binding was displaced by an excess of
      unlabeled NECA, displacement with antagonist or a large excess of
      cyclohexyladenosine revealed that approximately 30% of the [3H]NECA binding was
      at non-A1,A2 sites. The majority of the binding in the outer retina thus labeled
      A2 receptor sites. The unique localizations of the two classes of adenosine
      receptors suggest different functions in visual processing.

PMID- 2299358
TI  - (R)-N-[4,4-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-3-en-1-yl]nipecotic acid binds with high
      affinity to the brain gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake carrier.
AB  - (R)-N-[4,4-Bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-3-en-1-yl]nipecotic acid (NO 328) has
      previously been shown to be a potent anticonvulsant in both mice and rats. Here,
      we report that NO 328 is a potent inhibitor of gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid [(
      3H]GABA) uptake in a rat forebrain synaptosomal preparation (IC50 = 67 nM) and in
      primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes. Inhibition of [3H]GABA uptake by NO
      328 is apparently of a mixed type when NO 328 is preincubated before [3H]GABA
      uptake; the inhibition is apparently competitive without preincubation. NO 328
      itself is not a substrate for the GABA uptake carrier, but NO 328 is a selective
      inhibitor of [3H]GABA uptake. Binding to benzodiazepine receptors, histamine H1
      receptors, and 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors was inhibited by NO 328 at 5-30
      microM, whereas several other receptors and uptake sites were unaffected. [3H]NO
      328 showed saturable and reversible binding to rat brain membranes in the
      presence of NaCl. The specific binding of [3H]NO 328 was inhibited by known
      inhibitors of [3H]GABA uptake; GABA and the cyclic amino acid GABA uptake
      inhibitors were, however, less potent than expected. This indicates that the
      binding site is not identical to, but rather overlapping with, the GABA
      recognition site of the uptake carrier. The affinity constant for binding of
      [3H]NO 328 is 18 nM, and the Bmax is 669 pmol/g of original rat forebrain tissue.
      The regional distribution of NaCl-dependent [3H]NO 328 binding followed that of
      synaptosomal [3H]GABA uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299360
TI  - Diacylglycerol-induced stimulation of neurotransmitter release from rat brain
      striatal synaptosomes.
AB  - These studies were undertaken to test the hypothesis that alterations in
      phosphatidylinositol metabolism can modulate neurotransmitter release in the
      central nervous system. The effects of 1,2-diacylglycerols (DAGs) on dopamine
      release in the rat central nervous system were determined by measuring dopamine
      release from rat striatal synaptosomes in response to two DAGs (sn-1,2
      dioctanoylglycerol and 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol) that can activate protein
      kinase C and one DAG (deoxydioctanoylglycerol) that does not activate this
      kinase. Dioctanoylglycerol and 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, at a concentration of
      50 micrograms/ml, stimulated the release of labeled dopamine from striatal
      synaptosomes by 35-50 and 17%, respectively. Dioctanoylglycerol-induced release
      was also demonstrated for endogenous dopamine. In contrast,
      deoxydioctanoylglycerol (50 micrograms/ml) did not stimulate dopamine release.
      Dioctanoylglycerol-induced dopamine release was independent of external calcium
      concentration, indicating a utilization of internal calcium stores.
      Dioctanoylglycerol (50 micrograms/ml) also produced a 38% increase in labeled
      serotonin release from striatal synaptosomes. The addition of dioctanoylglycerol
      to the striatal supernatant fraction increased protein kinase C activity. These
      results are consistent with the concept that an increase in phosphatidylinositol
      metabolism can stimulate neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system
      via an increase in DAG concentration. The data suggest an involvement of protein
      kinase C in the DAG-induced release, but other sites for DAG action are also
      possible.

PMID- 2299361
TI  - Rat brain glutamic acid decarboxylase sequence deduced from a cloned cDNA.
AB  - A cDNA clone complementary to the rat brain glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA was
      isolated from a rat brain cDNA expression library using an antibody specific to
      the enzyme. The cDNA insert has been shown to direct the synthesis of an active
      protein in Escherichia coli. In this study, the nucleotide sequence of this
      clone, which includes the complete coding region, is presented. The predicted
      protein is 593 amino acids in length. The first 557 residues display a 95%
      identity when compared with the corresponding cat sequence. However, the deduced
      amino acid sequence of the carboxy-terminal end of the rat protein, downstream of
      residue 557, is totally different from the cat, whereas it agrees with a
      published partial peptidic sequence of the rat protein.

PMID- 2299363
TI  - Rapid stereoselective hydrolysis of (+)-cocaine in baboon plasma prevents its
      uptake in the brain: implications for behavioral studies.
AB  - The naturally occurring enantiomer of cocaine, (-)-cocaine, has been previously
      labeled with 11C on the N-methyl group and used in conjunction with positron
      emission tomography to show that cocaine is rapidly taken up in the striata of
      human and baboon brain. In the present study, the behaviorally inactive (+)
      cocaine was similarly labeled, with a view to its use for measuring the
      nonspecific binding of cocaine. No brain uptake was seen, although transport of
      cocaine into the brain is not expected to be stereoselective. The explanation for
      the lack of uptake was determined to be very rapid metabolism of (+)-cocaine in
      the blood. By 30 s after administration of labeled (+)-cocaine, it was
      undetectable in plasma. In vitro studies demonstrated that (+)-cocaine is 50%
      debenzoylated to (+)-ecgonine methyl ester within 5 s of exposure to baboon
      plasma but not to washed erythrocytes. The hydrolysis of (-)-cocaine is at least
      1,000 times slower. Serum butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) appears to be
      responsible for this hydrolysis, as evidenced by its inhibition by physostigmine
      and catalysis by commercially available pseudocholinesterase from horse and human
      blood.

PMID- 2299362
TI  - Circadian regulation of melatonin in the retina of Xenopus laevis: limitation by
      serotonin availability.
AB  - Treatments expected to increase retinal serotonin levels were found to stimulate
      melatonin production by cultured eyecups from Xenopus laevis. The monoamine
      oxidase inhibitor pargyline (100 microM) caused a sixfold increase in melatonin
      release, and the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (100 microM) caused a
      70-fold increase. Both acted synergistically with eserine, an inhibitor of
      melatonin deacetylation in the retina. The effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan was dose
      dependent, with effects increasing from 1 to 100 microM. Increasing the
      tryptophan level in the culture medium had no effect on melatonin release. These
      results indicate that the rate-limiting step in retinal melatonin synthesis is 5
      hydroxylation of tryptophan. Melatonin released from individual eyecups in
      superfusion culture in constant darkness with and without added 5-hydroxy-L
      tryptophan was monitored over a 5-day period. Control eyecups released low levels
      of melatonin, with circadian rhythmicity persisting for 1-3 days. With 5-hydroxy
      L-tryptophan added, melatonin levels were elevated 10-20-fold at all times, and
      rhythmicity was apparent for as long as five cycles. This provides a model system
      for studies of the circadian clock in the eye.

PMID- 2299364
TI  - Penetration of neuronal perikarya by capillaries in chronic limbic encephalitis.
AB  - In a case of chronic limbic encephalitis in a 57-year-old man many neurons in the
      pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus bilaterally were penetrated by ingrowing
      capillaries. All gradations from slight to moderate indentation of the cell
      membranes to complete incorporation of the capillaries in the neuronal perikarya
      were observed. The penetrating capillaries retained their basement membranes.
      Because of the chronic inflammation there was extensive fibrous gliosis in
      Ammon's horn. This apparently had an immobilizing effect on these neurons; it is
      postulated that proliferating capillaries of the active inflammatory process were
      unable to displace local neurons and instead grew against and through their
      perikarya.

PMID- 2299366
TI  - Treatment of interstitial pneumonia in cancer patients: is empiric antibiotic
      therapy the answer?

PMID- 2299365
TI  - Leucovorin rescue revisited.

PMID- 2299367
TI  - A randomized trial of open lung biopsy versus empiric antimicrobial therapy in
      cancer patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates.
AB  - Twenty-four cancer patients with diffuse interstitial pneumonitis (DIP) were
      randomized to undergo an open lung biopsy (OLB) within 8 hours of presentation
      (12 patients) or to receive empiric antimicrobial therapy (ET) with trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) erythromycin for a minimum of 4 days (12 patients).
      Patients whose condition deteriorated underwent an OLB on day 4. Eight of 12
      patients (67%) having OLB survived versus 10 of 12 (83%) receiving ET (P = .64).
      Morbidity occurred in nine of 12 (75%) having OLB versus eight of 12 (67%)
      receiving ET (P = 1.0). Concurrently, there were 14 additional cancer patients
      with DIP who were not randomized (nine refused, three had a coagulopathy
      contraindicating surgery, two were excluded by primary care physicians) and who
      were comparable demographically to the randomized group. Two received OLB and 12
      ET. Combining the randomized and nonrandomized groups, eight of 14 (57%) having
      an initial OLB survived versus 18 of 24 (75%) of ET-treated patients (P2 = .19).
      Results of the OLB were seven Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), five
      nonspecific pneumonitis (NSP), one cytomegalovirus, and one lymphoma. Results of
      OLB led to discontinuation of antibiotics in three patients. Of the 24 ET
      patients, eight failed to improve by day 4 and had an OLB. Results were two NSP,
      two PCP, two cancer, one blastomycosis, and one Candida pneumonia. Complications
      were seen in 10 of 14 (72%) initial OLB patients versus 14 of 24 (58%) patients
      on the ET arm (P = .65). When the complication rate between patients receiving
      only empiric antibiotics was compared with all patients having an OLB (initially
      or on day 4), the difference was greater in patients undergoing OLB (37% v 72%,
      respectively) (P2 = .14). ET with TMP-SMX plus erythromycin and broad spectrum
      antibiotics in granulocytopenic patients appeared to be as successful and
      potentially less toxic than an OLB in this study. Although the number of patients
      in this study was small, these data suggest that a trial of empiric antibiotic
      management may be reasonable in cancer patients presenting with DIP, especially
      if they are nonneutropenic.

PMID- 2299368
TI  - Chemotherapy of intermediate- and high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with a high
      dose doxorubicin-containing regimen.
AB  - Forty-seven previously untreated patients with intermediate- or high-grade non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated with four courses of a regimen that consisted of
      high-dose (120 mg/m2) Adriamycin (doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH),
      vincristine (2 mg), cytarabine (3 gm/m2), and dexamethasone (50 mg intravenously
      [IV] on day 1 and 20 mg/day orally on days 2 to 5) (AVAD), which was administered
      every 3 to 4 weeks. The median age of the patients was 58 years; 72% were Ann
      Arbor stage IV, 49% had "B" symptoms, 62% had masses larger than 7 cm, 40% had
      masses at least 10 cm in diameter, and 49% had serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
      greater than 250 U/L. Overall, 72% of the patients (89% of diffuse large-cell
      lymphoma [DLCL] patients) attained complete (CR) or probable complete responses
      (PCR), and relapses occurred in 32%. There were no episodes of clinical
      congestive heart failure, but one patient developed recurrent ventricular
      arrhythmias. Fever during neutropenia occurred with 65% of treatment courses.
      Three deaths were attributed primarily to complications of therapy. The lymphoma
      free survival of all entered patients is 51% (24 of 47), with a follow-up of 30
      to 67 months (median, 58 months). These results confirm that high CR/PCR and long
      term survival rates can be achieved in patients with aggressive histologies of
      non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, even in groups with poor prognostic factors, using high
      dose anthracycline-containing chemotherapy regimens delivered over a short period
      of time. However, the apparently higher relapse rate in comparison to our
      previous study leads us to speculate that consolidation with noncross-resistant
      agents may be helpful in increasing even further the cure rate in this group of
      patients.

PMID- 2299369
TI  - Prognostic factors for positive surgical staging in patients with Hodgkin's
      disease.
AB  - Staging laparotomy was performed as part of the routine recommended diagnostic
      evaluation following clinical staging (CS) in 692 patients presenting with
      supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease (HD). Various clinical factors were analyzed
      by multivariate analysis for prediction of abdominal involvement. Factors that
      were statistically significant for predicting disease below the diaphragm
      included CS III-IV disease (P less than .001), B symptoms (P less than .001),
      mixed cellularity (MC) or lymphocytic depletion (LD) histology (P = .017), number
      of supradiaphragmatic sites greater than or equal to 2 (P = .001), male sex (P =
      0.034) and age greater than or equal to 40 years (P = .004). Separate analyses
      were performed for various subgroups of CS IA-IIA, CS IB-IIB, CS IIIA-IVA, and CS
      IIIB-IVB patients. Upstaging was seen in 0% to 55% of CS I-II patients based on
      subgroup. Male sex, B symptoms, and number of sites above the diaphragm greater
      than or equal to 2 all independently predicted for positive surgical staging in
      CS I-II patients. Sixty-four percent of CS I-II patients who were upstaged had
      extensive abdominal disease by positive lower abdominal nodes or multiple splenic
      nodules (greater than or equal to 5). Downstaging (to pathological stage [PS] I
      II) was seen in 9% to 68% of patients with CS III-IV disease based on
      subgrouping. Age greater than or equal to 40, MC or LD histology, and B symptoms
      all independently predicted for positive surgical staging in CS III-IV patients.
      Downstaging was more frequently seen in CS IIIA-IVA patients (55%) than in
      patients who were CS III-IVB (22%). Four subgroups of patients who had a low
      probability (less than 10%) of stage or treatment change following laparotomy
      were identified. These included CS IA female patients, CS IA male patients with
      lymphocyte predominance histology or high neck presentations, and patients with
      CS IIIB-IVB disease and account for 21% of the study population. Staging
      laparotomy altered the stage and treatment of a significant number of the
      remaining 79% patients and should continue to be recommended for this group of
      patients.

PMID- 2299370
TI  - Low-dose cytarabine versus intensive chemotherapy in the treatment of acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia in the elderly.
AB  - We conducted a randomized multicenter trial comparing low-dose cytarabine (LD ARA
      C) (20 mg/m2 for 21 days) with an intensive chemotherapy (rubidazone [a
      daunorubicin-derived agent], 100 mg/m2 for 4 days, ARA-C 200 mg/m2 for 7 days) in
      87 patients over 65 years of age with de novo acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
      (ANLL). Forty-one patients received LD ARA-C and 46 received intensive
      chemotherapy. The number of complete remissions (CRs) but also of early deaths
      was higher in the intensive chemotherapy group, while partial remissions (PRs)
      and failures were more frequent in the LD ARA-C group (P less than .001).
      Infectious complications during induction treatment were more numerous and more
      severe in the intensive chemotherapy group (P less than .01). Patients treated
      with LD ARA-C required fewer RBC transfusions (P less than .02), fewer platelet
      transfusions (P less than .01), and had a shorter hospital stay for induction
      treatment (P less than .01). Overall survival and CR duration were not
      significantly different in either group. In the LD ARA-C group, the survival of
      patients with PR and those of patients in CRs was identical. We conclude that in
      a selected group of elderly patients with de novo ANLL a higher number of CRs may
      be obtained with intensive chemotherapy, but that with LD ARA-C, the number of
      early deaths is lower, and long-lasting PRs are obtained, resulting in a similar
      overall survival.

PMID- 2299371
TI  - Invasive fungal disease in pediatric acute leukemia patients with fever and
      neutropenia during induction chemotherapy: a multivariate analysis of risk
      factors.
AB  - We evaluated the courses of 115 consecutive cases of pediatric acute leukemia
      treated with induction chemotherapy. Seventy-two patients developed fever
      associated with neutropenia; 15 developed systemic fungal infections. We reviewed
      multiple demographic and treatment characteristics of these patients in an
      attempt to identify potential risk factors for the development of invasive fungal
      disease (IFD). Risk factors identified in a univariate analysis included duration
      of neutropenia after first fever (P less than .0001), diagnosis of acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) (P = .003), onset of fever and neutropenia within
      5 days of starting induction chemotherapy (P = .009), and multiple (greater than
      one) surveillance culture sites positive for fungal organisms (P = .02). In a
      multiple logistic regression analysis, duration of neutropenia (P less than .001)
      remained a significant risk factor. The study group of patients had a
      significantly higher risk of fungal infections than a matched group of leukemia
      patients developing fever with neutropenia due to postremission consolidation
      chemotherapy (P = .003). In the first 48 patients, 14 (29%) developed IFD. In the
      subsequent patients (n = 24), intravenous miconazole (5 mg/kg every 8 hours) was
      begun at the time of the first fever. One of the 24 patients (4%) given
      miconazole developed IFD. The use of miconazole was a negative risk factor for
      the development of IFD in univariate (P = .01) and multivariate (P = .05)
      analysis. We conclude that pediatric leukemia patients who develop fever
      associated with neutropenia during induction chemotherapy are at high risk for
      developing IFD. The role of intravenous miconazole at the time of the first fever
      in this group deserves further study.

PMID- 2299373
TI  - Stature loss following skeletal irradiation for childhood cancer.
AB  - A model is presented to predict adult stature in children treated successfully
      for cancer outside the CNS. The model is based on radiation dose in Gray adjusted
      for location of therapy and attained stature (GALA); ideal adult stature (IAS),
      assuming the patient had not developed cancer, calculated by the Roche-Wainer
      Thissen (RWT) method (which uses patient stature and weight before developing
      cancer, and parent stature data); a femur correction if both the acetabula or
      heads of both femurs were irradiated (FEMUR); and sex. The model was constructed
      using data from 49 patients with a mean time from completion of therapy to follow
      up of 8.9 years (range, 3.3 to 15.4 years). Thirteen patients received no
      radiotherapy. All model coefficients were highly significant (P less than .001),
      and the model appears to be an excellent predictor of adult stature, with a
      multiple correlation coefficient of 0.84 (R2 = .74) between corrected adult
      stature (CAS) based on the most recent follow-up stature available for the
      patient projected to final adult stature, compared with the model's predicted
      adult stature (MPAS), based only on initial data at presentation and subsequent
      radiation treatment. Patients who did not receive radiotherapy did not have loss
      of stature, ie, there was no significant difference between IAS and CAS, (P less
      than .71; n = 13), but patients who received radiotherapy had shorter statures
      than would be expected from the healthy population model (P less than .0004; n =
      36). The magnitude of the loss in stature appears to be well explained by the
      dose and location of radiation, the stature already achieved at the time of
      radiotherapy, along with IAS, FEMUR, and sex. We believe this model will help
      clinicians to predict the growth effects of radiotherapy in children with cancer
      not involving the CNS.

PMID- 2299372
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a program of intensive sequential
      chemotherapy for children and young adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in
      first remission.
AB  - Eighty-seven consecutive children and young adults with acute nonlymphocytic
      leukemia (ANLL) were treated uniformly with induction chemotherapy based on
      daunorubicin and cytarabine (ara-C), with the addition of etoposide (VP-16) and
      azacytidine (5-Az) for refractory patients. Of the 65 patients who entered
      complete remission, 42 were eligible for assessment of response to intensive
      chemotherapy consisting of four pairs of drugs administered in sequential
      fashion. Nineteen others with available histocompatibility locus antigen (HLA)
      compatible donors were assigned to receive allogeneic bone marrow transplants
      within 16 weeks from their dates of complete remission. Durations of continuous
      complete remission (CCR) in the two groups were not significantly different at a
      median follow-up time of 6 years (P = .30 by log-rank analysis). Kaplan-Meier
      estimates of CCR probabilities (+/- SE) at 6 years were 43% +/- 13%
      (transplantation) and 31% +/- 7% (sequential chemotherapy). Postremission
      failures in the sequential chemotherapy group resulted from bone marrow relapse
      in 23 of 29 patients (79%), whereas in the transplantation group, failures were
      equally divided between marrow relapse and transplantation-related complications
      of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or infection due to the immunosuppressive
      effects of ablative chemotherapy. Comparison of hematologic remission curves
      indicated a significant advantage for marrow transplantation in terms of systemic
      leukemia control (P = .06). Thus, in programs of intensive chemotherapy of the
      type described here, allogeneic marrow transplantation should be seriously
      considered as alternative therapy for patients in first remission who have an HLA
      matched sibling donor, provided that effective methods for control of transplant
      related complications are available.

PMID- 2299374
TI  - Adaptive behavioral responses to potential infertility among survivors of testis
      cancer.
AB  - In a retrospective study of 153 testis cancer survivors, we examined the
      sociodemographic and clinical determinants of attitudes and behaviors toward
      illness-induced infertility. Five fertility adjustment responses were identified:
      sperm-banking awareness (SBA); adoption awareness (AA); fertility testing (FT);
      trying to father children (TFC); and fertility distress (FD). Although responses
      to infertility are multidetermined, these data demonstrate there is a distinct
      sociodemographic and clinical profile for the subgroups of men who engage in
      different fertility-related behaviors. Multivariate analysis results show that
      men most likely to be concerned with banking sperm are those who at diagnosis are
      younger (less than 35 years), childless, college educated, and whose
      relationships have become strained. Men who sought fertility tests were
      childless, college graduates, and able to ejaculate. The only factor predicting
      adoption was childlessness. Those married men attempting to father children were
      also less than 35 years of age at diagnosis and without ejaculatory dysfunction.
      The men at greatest risk for continued distress about infertility were those who
      remained childless and had posttreatment ejaculatory dysfunction. Residual
      infertility distress also was significantly associated with treatments that
      included extensive retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) surgery,
      indicating that the latter is a "risk factor" in survivors' long-term distress.
      These data, while not definitive, show that the prerogative to have children is
      very important to men and that losing it sets into motion a range of both adverse
      emotions and adaptive responses. Adjustment to infertility is a complex process
      that begins at diagnosis and extends long after treatment is completed.

PMID- 2299375
TI  - The effect of compliance with treatment on survival among patients with
      hematologic malignancies.
AB  - Ninety-four newly diagnosed patients with hematologic malignancies were monitored
      for compliance with oral medication and scheduled clinic appointments over a 6
      month treatment period. They were assigned at entry either to a control condition
      or an intervention condition designed to improve compliance. Compliance with
      medication was assessed objectively with serial serum drug and metabolite levels,
      as well as with self-report indices obtained on a monthly basis. Medical records
      were abstracted to obtain data on the number of appointments kept, treatment
      given, disease characteristics, and survival. On univariate analyses using the
      log-rank test, five variables were found to be significantly related to survival.
      These included compliance with allopurinol (probably acting as a surrogate for
      self-medication with other chemotherapeutic agents) (P = .007), control versus
      educational program cohort (P less than .001), disease severity (P = .009),
      Karnofsky at diagnosis (P = .011), sex (P = .084), and clinic appointments kept
      (P = .043). In hierarchical proportional hazards models, the following variables
      were associated with decreased risk of death: disease severity (P less than
      .025), keeping over 60% of appointments (P less than .05), allopurinol/oxipurinol
      compliance (P less than .01), and educational program cohort (P less than .05).
      After controlling for all other variables, three variables were associated with
      increased survival: high disease severity (relative risk [RR] = 2.48), high
      compliance with allopurinol (RR = .45), and educational program cohort (RR =
      .39). We conclude that compliance with oral medication has a significant effect
      on patient survival. In addition, the use of special educational and supportive
      programs designed to improve patient compliance are associated with significant
      prolongation of patient survival due to, as well as independent of their effects
      on compliance.

PMID- 2299376
TI  - Levamisole toxicity.

PMID- 2299377
TI  - Characteristics of background and evoked discharges of multireceptive neurons in
      lumbar spinal cord of cat.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were made in laminae III-V of the dorsal horn of the
      cat spinal cord from a group of multireceptive neurons that exhibited similar
      physiological properties. The background discharge contained irregular and
      occasional clusters of action potentials, each arising from a complex excitatory
      postsynaptic potential (EPSP); brushing elicited more frequent clusters
      containing more action potentials, whereas noxious heating elicited more regular
      firing, with action potentials arising singly. The distribution of interspike
      intervals (ISIs) was measured for the background and heat-evoked discharges and
      revealed characteristic differences in pattern between the two states. 2.
      Statistical tests were applied to the point process of times of occurrence of
      spikes within a discharge to establish stationary, to identify renewal instants,
      and to describe the process between renewal instants. In each case, the
      statistical description of the discharge was related to the physiological state
      of the neuron as revealed by recording of synaptic potentials and analysis of the
      different activating inputs. 3. Background discharge was stationary, and spikes
      occurred singly or occasionally in clusters. The data were therefore analyzed as
      a series of "bursts," where a burst could be made up of one or more spikes.
      Examination of the pattern of serial dependence led to the conclusion that the
      point process renewed itself after each burst. This, together with the
      distribution of the intervals between bursts, suggested that bursts were
      triggered by single, distinct events, which occurred randomly at a slightly and
      randomly varying average rate. The variation in the number of spikes in a burst
      suggested random variation in the strength of the physiological trigger. 4.
      Clusters of action potentials arising from a complex EPSP could be produced by
      simultaneous stimulation of a number of fast-conducting A beta fibers in the
      periphery and gentle mechanical stimulation, whereas stimulation of slow C fibers
      and noxious heat evoked discrete EPSPs from which action potentials arose singly.
      It was, therefore, concluded that background activity was, at least in part, the
      result of random activity in a randomly varying number of A beta primary afferent
      fibers, which could arise from operative procedures. 5. The discharge evoked by
      heat was stationary, and the absence of serial dependence established that the
      point process renewed itself after every spike and was, therefore, a simple
      renewal process. The distribution of the ISIs suggested that each spike was
      triggered by a randomly occurring physiological event.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2299378
TI  - Neural maps of head movement vector and speed in the optic tectum of the barn
      owl.
AB  - 1. This study investigates the contribution of the optic tectum in encoding the
      metric and kinetic properties of saccadic head movements. We describe the
      dependence of head movement components (size, direction, and speed) on parameters
      of focal electrical stimulation of the barn owl's optic tectum. The results
      demonstrate that both the site and the amount of activity can influence head
      saccade metrics and kinetics. 2. Electrical stimulation of the owl's optic tectum
      elicited rapid head movements that closely resembled natural head movements made
      in response to auditory and visual stimuli. The kinetics of these movements were
      similar to those of saccadic eye movements in primates. 3. The metrics and
      kinetics of head movements evoked from any given site depended strongly on
      stimulus parameters. Movement duration increased with stimulus duration, as did
      movement size. Both the size and the maximum speed of the movement increased to a
      plateau value with current strength and pulse rate. Movement direction was
      independent of stimulus parameters. 4. The initial position of the head
      influenced the size, direction, and speed of movements evoked from any given
      site: when the owl initially faced away from the direction of the induced
      saccade, the movement was larger and faster than when the owl initially faced
      toward the direction of the induced movement. 5. A characteristic movement of
      particular size, direction, and speed could be defined for each site by the use
      of stimulation parameters that elicited plateau movements with normal kinetic
      profiles and by having the head initially centered on the body. The size,
      direction, and speed of these characteristic movements varied systematically with
      the site of stimulation across the tectum. The map of head movement vector (size
      and direction) was aligned with the sensory representations of visual and
      auditory space, such that the movement elicited from a given site when the owl
      initially faced straight ahead brought the owl to face that region of space
      represented by the sensory responses of the neurons at the site of stimulation.
      6. The results imply that both the site and the amount of neural activity in the
      optic tectum contribute to encoding the metrics and kinetics of saccadic
      movements. A comparison of the present findings with previous studies on saccadic
      eye movements in primates and combined eye and head movements in cats suggests
      striking similarities in the ways in which tectal activity specifies a
      redirection in gaze to such dissimilar motor effectors as the eyes and head.

PMID- 2299379
TI  - Pharmacologic analysis of inhibition produced by last-order intermediate nucleus
      interneurons mediating nonreciprocal inhibition of motoneurons in cat spinal
      cord.
AB  - 1. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drugs blocking
      glycinergic and GABAergic transmission on the postsynaptic inhibition of hindlimb
      motoneurons produced by activation of last-order laminae V-VI interneurons, which
      are coexcited by muscle and cutaneous afferents and have axonal branches
      projecting to the Clarke's column. 2. In anesthetized cats with right spinal cord
      hemisected and both dorsal columns cut between L4 and L5 segments, stimulation of
      the Clarke's column (CC) at L3-L4 level produced a short-latency, presumably
      monosynaptic, inhibitory potential that could be recorded either from L7 or S1
      ventral rootlets by means of the sucrose-gap technique (iVRP) or intracellularly
      from hindlimb motoneurons (IPSP). These potentials have been attributed to
      antidromic activation of a population of last-order interneurons mediating
      nonreciprocal inhibition of motoneurons. 3. The early iVRP and IPSP produced by
      CC stimulation was practically abolished 10-20 s after the intravenous injection
      of strychnine (0.1 mg/kg) and replaced by an excitatory synaptic potential
      followed by delayed, slow, strychnine-resistant inhibitory potential. 4.
      Monosynaptic reflexes (MSR) elicited by stimulation of group I gastrocnemius (GS)
      afferents were inhibited during the occurrence of the CC-iVRP. This inhibition
      was significantly reduced after intravenous strychnine. On the other hand, the
      inhibition of the GS-MSR, produced by conditioning stimulation of the posterior
      biceps and semitendinosus (PBSt) nerve with trains of pulses applied 25-35 ms
      before the test stimulus, was practically unchanged after the intravenous
      injection of strychnine. 5. The CC-iVRP and the associated inhibition of GS-MSRs
      were not significantly affected after the intravenous injection of 0.1 mg/kg of
      picrotoxin, which clearly reduced the dorsal root potentials (DRP), the late
      component of the iVRP, and the inhibition of MSRs produced by PBSt volleys. 6.
      The effect of strychnine and picrotoxin was tested on the monosynaptic iVRP
      elicited by single intermediate nucleus interneurons that were antidromically
      activated from the CC and responded both to low-threshold cutaneous fibers and to
      group I or group II afferents. In three experiments where the interneuronal
      activity could be kept after the drug injection, it was possible to show that
      strychnine abolished the interneuronally elicited iVRP, which was replaced by an
      excitatory synaptic potential with onset preceding the interneuronal activity. In
      another experiment, it was possible to show that the interneuronally elicited
      iVRP was not affected by an intra-aortic injection of picrotoxin (0.5 mg/kg) that
      reduced to one-half the DRP and the iVRP produced by group I PBSt
      volleys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2299380
TI  - Kinesthetic control of a multijoint movement sequence.
AB  - 1. The individual joint rotations of a movement sequence might be controlled
      either by a central motor plan or by motion-dependent (i.e., kinesthetic) sensory
      input. Most previous research has focused on how the nervous system uses central
      motor plans to control movement sequences. This study examined how the nervous
      system uses kinesthetic input to control a multijoint movement sequence. 2. Human
      subjects were trained to extend the elbow horizontally at 22 degrees/s and to
      open the hand as the elbow passed through a 2 degrees-wide target zone. Different
      distances to the target zone were used to examine a wide range of movement times
      of the elbow to target zone (i.e., 150-1,500 ms). 3. A hydraulic apparatus
      simulated a spring resistance to the elbow extension. In some trials, the spring
      constant was unexpectedly increased or decreased just before the subject
      initiated the elbow extension, causing the elbow to slow down or speed up.
      Because these changes in spring constant were randomly imposed and because no
      visual feedback was available, subjects had to use kinesthetic input to control
      this motor task. 4. The experimental subjects employed two different strategies
      for the use of kinesthetic input to control this motor task. In the first
      strategy, the subjects used kinesthetic input related to the elbow rotation to
      detect and correct velocity errors caused by the changes in spring constant. The
      onset of error correction varied between 92 and 196 ms after the appearance of
      velocity errors. The proportion of the error corrected by the time the elbow
      reached the target zone varied between 31 and 78%, depending on the movement time
      to the target zone. However, because this correction for velocity errors was
      neither instantaneous nor complete, the changes in spring constant caused leads
      and lags in the time that the elbow reached the target zone. 5. In the second
      strategy, subjects used kinesthetic input related to the elbow rotation to
      advance or delay the onset of the hand movement, thereby compensating for leads
      and lags in the arrival of the elbow at the target zone. These adjustments in the
      triggering time of the hand movement allowed subjects to open the hand while the
      elbow was in the target zone. This kinesthetic triggering mechanism was effective
      for elbow rotations reaching the target zone within 150-1,500 ms. 6. These
      results suggest that, to fully understand how multijoint movement sequences are
      controlled by the nervous system, sensory mechanisms must be considered in
      addition to central mechanisms.

PMID- 2299381
TI  - Changes in muscle stiffness produced by motor units of different types in
      peroneus longus muscle of cat.
AB  - 1. The effects of maximal tetanic contractions of varying numbers of motor units
      of the same type [slow (S), fast fatigue-resistant (FR), or fast fatigable (FF)]
      on the mechanical responses to muscle stretch were studied in the peroneus longus
      muscle of anesthetized cats. 2. Two types of stiffness measurements were made: 1)
      an average stiffness, defined as the tension change from the beginning to end of
      a 0.5-mm ramp stretch; and 2) a dynamic stiffness, defined as the ratio of peak
      to-peak tension to amplitude of a maintained 85-microns sinusoidal stretch at
      frequencies of 10-80 Hz. 3. Contractions of slow and fast units elicited
      different increases in average stiffness. Type S units, although developing much
      smaller tetanic tensions than fast ones, produced a resistance to stretch
      comparable with or greater than that of fast units developing much higher
      tensions. 4. For comparable tetanic tensions, slow units also elicited a greater
      dynamic stiffness than fast units. During sinusoidal stretch, changes in muscle
      tension led changes in muscle length during contraction of S units, but the
      reverse was observed for frequencies 30-50 Hz during contraction of FF units.
      This suggests that the latter perform oscillatory work on the driving apparatus.
      5. Type S units, whose low-threshold motoneurons are the first to be recruited,
      appear well adapted to play a role in posture and in slow movements because of
      the resistance they offer to forces tending to change joint position or to oppose
      the progression of slow movements.

PMID- 2299382
TI  - Transmission at a central inhibitory synapse. IV. Quantal structure of synaptic
      noise.
AB  - 1. Continuous segments of synaptic noise were recorded, in 12 experiments, from
      the voltage-clamped goldfish Mauthner (M-)-cell soma during depolarizations
      beyond the Cl- equilibrium potential so that spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic
      currents (IPSCs) were outward going, i.e., opposite in polarity to excitatory
      transients. Inhibitory components constituting the noise were detected with a
      program based on their expected waveforms, and their amplitude distributions were
      analyzed according to a quantal model to determine whether these responses,
      presumably because of asynchronous impulses in a population of presynaptic cells,
      were integral multiples of the same minimal unit. 2. Synaptic noise in the M-cell
      is predominantly inhibitory, as it is abolished by the glycine antagonist
      strychnine. IPSC amplitudes varied by 20-fold or more and about one-third were
      grouped in bursts, with one or several components often occurring during the
      falling phase of a preceding one. To measure individual amplitudes, a base-line
      correction procedure was designed to extrapolate the decay of the leading IPSC,
      on the assumption that it was exponential with a time constant, tau, equal to
      that obtained by fitting averaged waveforms of distinct IPSCs recorded in quiet
      periods. Currents were expressed in nanoamperes and, for comparison between
      experiments, as percentages of the full-sized IPSC evoked by activation of the
      collateral network. 3. The probability distribution functions (PDFs) of
      inhibitory events generated with such an analysis had from 5 to 12 clear and
      equally spaced peaks, larger transients not being included because of their
      sparsity. These PDFs were fit with a sum of Gaussians, on the assumption that all
      peaks were integral multiples of the smallest unit and had the same standard
      deviation, sigma. The fits were statistically satisfactory, according to a chi 2
      test, and mean quantal size was 0.63 +/- 0.17% (SD; range, 0.42-1.0%) of the
      collateral IPSC. 4. In eight experiments, tetrodotoxin (TTX) was subsequently
      applied topically to block presynaptic impulses and isolate "miniature" responses
      because of single exocytotic events. It had no apparent nonspecific effects, as
      indicated by the constancy of M-cell input conductance (8.01 +/- 3.11 microS vs.
      7.90 +/- 2.89 microS). Amplitude distributions of residual IPSCs were unimodal
      and Gaussian, with their mean size (0.60 +/- 0.19%) and average rise time (0.548
      +/- 0.128 ms) the same as those of the first peaks of control histograms. The
      latter parameter was also comparable with that of unitary IPSCs studied
      previously. These results thus confirmed that spontaneous and evoked events are
      due to transmitter release from the same afferent population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2299383
TI  - Transient and prolonged effects of acetylcholine on responsiveness of cat
      somatosensory cortical neurons.

PMID- 2299384
TI  - Diaphragmatic and external intercostal muscle control during vomiting: behavior
      of inspiratory bulbospinal neurons.
AB  - 1. The role of dorsal and ventral respiratory group (DRG and VRG) bulbospinal
      inspiratory (I) neurons in the control of diaphragmatic and external intercostal
      (inspiratory) muscle activity during vomiting was examined by recording from
      these neurons during fictive vomiting in decerebrate, paralyzed cats. Fictive
      vomiting was defined by a characteristic series of bursts of coactivation of
      phrenic and abdominal muscle nerves, elicited either by electrical stimulation of
      abdominal vagal afferents or by emetic drugs, which would be expected to produce
      vomiting if the animals were not paralyzed. 2. Data were recorded from 22 DRG and
      29 VRG I neurons that were antidromically activated from the fourth cervical
      spinal segment (C4). Only 10% (5/51) of these neurons started to fire near the
      beginning of phrenic discharge during fictive vomiting and thus had the
      appropriate discharge pattern to contribute to the initial activation of the
      diaphragm and coactive external intercostal muscles during vomiting. The
      frequency of occurrence of these Active neurons was not significantly different
      in the DRG (3/22) and VRG (2/29) (chi 2 test). Most remaining neurons were either
      totally silent (n = 7) or had only sporadic, infrequent firing (n = 16) (Silent
      neurons, 23/51 = 45%), or else fired near the end of phrenic discharge during
      fictive vomiting (End neurons, 21/51 = 41%). Two neurons were categorized as
      having miscellaneous (Misc) behavior. 3. No differences were found among neurons
      having different response patterns during fictive vomiting in regard to the
      following: the manner in which fictive vomiting was elicited: cell location:
      conduction velocity; and neuronal firing onset, rate, and pattern during
      respiration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299385
TI  - Visual motion response properties of neurons in dorsolateral pontine nucleus of
      alert monkey.
AB  - 1. In this study we sought to characterize the visual motion processing that
      exists in the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) and make a comparison with the
      reported visual responses of the middle temporal (MT) and medial superior
      temporal (MST) areas of the monkey cerebral cortex. The DLPN is implicated as a
      component of the visuomotor interface involved with the regulation of smooth
      pursuit eye movements, because it is a major terminus for afferents from MT and
      MST and also the source of efferents to cerebellar regions involved with eye
      movement control. 2. Some DLPN cells were preferentially responsive to discrete
      (spot and bar) visual stimuli, or to large-field, random-dot pattern motion, or
      to both discrete and large-field visual motion. The results suggest differential
      input from localized regions of MT and MST. 3. The visual-motion responses of
      DLPN neurons were direction selective for 86% of the discrete visual responses
      and 95% of the large-field responses. Direction tuning bandwidths (full-width at
      50% maximum response amplitude) averaged 107 degrees and 120 degrees for discrete
      and large-field visual motion responses, respectively. For the two visual
      response types, the direction index averaged 0.95 and 1.02, indicating that
      responses to stimuli moving in preferred directions were, on average, 20 and 50
      times greater than responses to discrete or large-field stimulus movement in the
      opposite directions, respectively. 4. Most of the DLPN visual responses to
      movements of discrete visual stimuli exhibited increases in amplitude up to
      preferred retinal image speeds between 20 and 80 degrees/s, with an average
      preferred speed of 39 degrees/s. At higher speeds, the response amplitude of most
      units decreased, although a few units exhibited a broad saturation in response
      amplitude that was maintained up to at least 150 degrees/s before the response
      decreased. Over the range of speeds up to the preferred speeds, the sensitivity
      of DLPN neurons to discrete stimulus-related, retinal-image speed averaged 3.0
      spikes/s per deg/s. The responses to large-field visual motion were less
      sensitive to retinal image speed and exhibited an average sensitivity of 1.4
      spikes/s per deg/s before the visual response saturated. 5. DLPN and MT were
      quantitatively comparable with respect to degree of direction selectivity,
      retinal image speed tuning, and distribution of preferred speeds. Many DLPN
      receptive fields contained the fovea and were larger than those of MT and more
      like MST receptive fields in size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2299386
TI  - Effects of excitatory amino acid antagonists on synaptic responses of supraoptic
      neurons in slices of rat hypothalamus.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings from magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic nucleus
      (SON) were obtained from rat hypothalamic slices to determine the effects of
      specific transmitter antagonists on evoked postsynaptic potentials (PSPs), action
      potential after-discharge, and spontaneously occurring PSPs. 2. Broad-spectrum
      excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonists, kynurenic acid (KYN) and gamma-d
      glutamylglycine (DGG), significantly diminished or eliminated electrically evoked
      depolarizing PSPs and spike discharges. These compounds also greatly reduced the
      amplitude and frequency of spontaneous PSPs. 3. The specific N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) receptor antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5), did not
      significantly reduce these measures of synaptic activation under these
      experimental conditions. 4. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist,
      bicuculline methiodide (BIC), partially antagonized some PSPs when the cells were
      hyperpolarized (-75 to -80 mV) with steady injected currents; KYN antagonized BIC
      resistant PSPs. 5. The involvement of a hypothetical cholinergic input to the SON
      in the responses to stimulation of the region dorsolateral to the SON was tested
      by bath application of nicotinic cholinergic antagonists, particularly d
      tubocurarine (dTC). Nicotinic cholinergic antagonists, even after prolonged
      exposure to high concentrations, did not block the responses of SON cells to
      dorsolateral stimulation. 6. These findings strongly suggest that EAAs mediate
      fast excitatory synaptic responses of SON neurons to stimulation of cells and
      axons in the region dorsolateral to the SON. The blockade of almost all
      spontaneous EPSPs by broad-spectrum EAA antagonists likewise argues that EAAs are
      responsible for the majority of ongoing fast excitatory input. These responses
      appear to involve an interaction with kainate- and/or quisqualate-type EAA
      receptors.

PMID- 2299387
TI  - Characterization of an early afterhyperpolarization after a brief train of action
      potentials in rat hippocampal neurons in vitro.
AB  - 1. In rat hippocampal pyramidal cells in vitro, a brief train of action
      potentials elicited by direct depolarizing current pulses injected through an
      intracellular recording electrode is followed by a medium-duration
      afterhyperpolarization (mAHP) and a longer, slow AHP. We studied the mAHP with
      the use of current-clamp techniques in the presence of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine
      3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) to block the slow AHP and isolate the mAHP. 2. The
      mAHP evoked at hyperpolarized membrane potentials was complicated by a potential
      generated by the anomalous rectifier current, IQ. The mAHP is insensitive to
      chloride ions (Cl-), whereas it is sensitive to the extracellular potassium
      concentration ([K+]o). 3. At slightly depolarized levels, the mAHP is partially
      Ca2+ dependent, being enhanced by increased [Ca2+]o and BAY K 8644 and depressed
      by decreased [Ca2+]o, nifedipine, and Cd2+. The Ca2(+)-dependent component of the
      mAHP was also reduced by 100 microM tetraethylammonium (TEA) and charybdotoxin
      (CTX), suggesting it is mediated by the voltage- and Ca2(+)-dependent K+ current,
      IC. 4. Most of the Ca2(+)-independent mAHP was blocked by carbachol, implying
      that IM plays a major role. In a few cells, a small Ca2(+)- and carbachol
      insensitive mAHP component was detectable, and this component was blocked by 10
      mM TEA, suggesting it was mediated by the delayed rectifier current, IK. The K+
      channel antagonist 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 500 microM) did not reduce the mAHP. 5.
      We infer that the mAHP is a complex potential due either to IQ or to the combined
      effects of IM and IC. The contributions of each current depend on the recording
      conditions, with IC playing a role when the cells are activated from depolarized
      potentials and IM dominating at the usual resting potential. IQ is principally
      responsible for the mAHP recorded at hyperpolarized membrane potentials.

PMID- 2299388
TI  - Functional reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkeys
      after behaviorally controlled tactile stimulation.
AB  - 1. Multiple microelectrode maps of the hand representation within and across the
      borders of cortical area 3b were obtained before, immediately after, or several
      weeks after a period of behaviorally controlled hand use. Owl monkeys were
      conditioned in a task that produced cutaneous stimulation of a limited sector of
      skin on the distal phalanges of one or more fingers. 2. Analysis of
      microelectrode mapping experiment data revealed that 1) stimulated skin surfaces
      were represented over expanded cortical areas. 2) Most of the cutaneous receptive
      fields recorded within these expanded cortical representational zones were
      unusually small. 3) The internal topography of representation of the stimulated
      and immediately surrounding skin surfaces differed greatly from that recorded in
      control experiments. Representational discontinuities emerged in this map region,
      and "hypercolumn" distances in this map sector were grossly abnormal. 4) Borders
      between the representations of individual digits and digit segments commonly
      shifted. 5) The functionally defined rostral border of area 3b shifted farther
      rostralward, manifesting either an expansion of the cutaneous area 3b fingertip
      representation into cortical field 3a or an emergence of a cutaneous input zone
      in the caudal aspect of this normally predominantly deep-receptor
      representational field. 6) Significant lateralward translocations of the borders
      between the representations of the hand and face were recorded in all cases. 7)
      The absolute locations--and in some cases the areas or magnifications--of
      representations of many skin surfaces not directly involved in the trained
      behavior also changed significantly. However, the most striking areal,
      positional, and topographic changes were related to the representations of the
      behaviorally stimulated skin in every studied monkey. 3. These experiments
      demonstrate that functional cortical remodeling of the S1 koniocortical field,
      area 3b, results from behavioral manipulations in normal adult owl monkeys. We
      hypothesize that these studies manifest operation of the basic adaptive cortical
      process(es) underlying cortical contributions to perception and learning.

PMID- 2299389
TI  - Step-tracking movements of the wrist in humans. II. EMG analysis.
AB  - We asked human subjects to make accurate step-tracking movements of the wrist to
      targets that required 5 degrees-30 degrees of radial or ulnar deviation. Speed
      instructions were given prior to each trial. Muscle activity was recorded from
      extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) using
      surface electrodes. The agonist muscle initiated each movement with a brief burst
      of activity which began approximately 45 msec before movement onset. Then, the
      antagonist muscle displayed a brief burst of activity which began approximately
      10 msec after movement onset. The magnitude, but not the timing, of these bursts
      was modulated by changes in the task requirements. The area of the initial
      agonist burst varied with changes in both displacement and intended speed. This
      burst was most highly correlated with the initial peaks of acceleration and jerk.
      In contrast, the area of the initial antagonist burst varied with changes in
      intended speed and was less well modulated by changes in displacement. This burst
      was highly correlated with the reciprocal of movement duration. Some small, fast
      movements had the same agonist bursts as some large, slow movements. However, the
      antagonist bursts for these movements differed greatly. This observation provides
      clear evidence that the magnitudes of the agonist and antagonist bursts are
      independently controlled. In a prior paper (Hoffman and Strick, 1986b), we
      proposed that step-tracking movements of different amplitudes and intended speeds
      are centrally generated by adjusting 2 kinematic variables: (1) the peak value
      and (2) the duration of a derivative of displacement. The present results suggest
      that these 2 kinematic parameters are separately generated by independently
      modulating the magnitudes of the agonist and antagonist bursts. Thus, the peak
      displacement of a step-tracking movement must be determined by the appropriate
      adjustment of both bursts of muscle activity.

PMID- 2299390
TI  - A novel type of nicotinic receptor in the rat central nervous system
      characterized by patch-clamp techniques.
AB  - We present a functional characterization of a neuronal nicotinic receptor in the
      CNS using patch-clamp techniques and a preparation of acutely isolated neurons
      from the medial habenular nucleus of 10- to 20-d-old rats. The salient
      pharmacological and electrophysiological properties of this nicotinic response
      are (1) its association with a channel that is relatively nonselective for
      cations and has a unitary conductance of 26.2 (+)+/- 5pS at room temperature; (2)
      its insensitivity to alpha-bungarotoxin and to neuronal bungarotoxin; (3) its
      activation by the ganglionic nicotinic agonists nicotine, 1,1-dimethyl-4
      phenylpiperazinium and cytisine and its blocking by several nicotinic
      antagonists, mecamylamine, hexamethonium, d-tubocurarine, and dihydro-beta
      erythroidine. The combination of these properties has not been reported for any
      other known type of nicotinic receptor.

PMID- 2299391
TI  - Corticotropin-releasing factor produces fear-enhancing and behavioral activating
      effects following infusion into the locus coeruleus.
AB  - The present series of experiments tested the hypothesis that the behavioral
      activating and anxiogenic effects produced by intraventricular administration of
      corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) may be mediated by noradrenergic neurons in
      the brain-stem locus coeruleus (LC). Results showed that infusion of CRF into the
      LC (100 ng) significantly increased nonambulatory spontaneous motor activity
      measured in photocell cages; ambulatory (i.e., locomotor) activity was not
      altered. In the modified Porsolt swim test, which examines arousal and agitation
      in a stressful situation, significant behavioral activation (i.e., decreased
      floating) was seen following infusion of CRF (10 ng) into the LC; a 500 ng dose
      of CRF was necessary to produce similar effects following infusion into the
      lateral ventricle. The results of these 2 tests suggest that the behavioral
      activating effects of CRF in the LC may be related to arousing or stress-related
      effects, rather than to increased locomotor activity per se. Anxiogenic activity
      was assessed in animals placed in an open field containing a small, darkened
      compartment. Infusion or CRF into the LC (1-100 ng) significantly increased the
      time spent in the compartment and decreased the amount of time spent exploring
      the outside of the compartment or venturing into the inner squares of the open
      field, all indices of anxiogenic behavior. Biochemical studies showed that
      bilateral infusion of CRF into the LC produced significant increases in the
      concentration of the norepinephrine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol in such
      forebrain projection areas of the LC as the amygdala and posterior hypothalamus.
      These data, taken together, suggest that CRF produces its behavioral activating
      and anxiogenic effects, at least in part, by increasing the activity of LC
      noradrenergic neurons.

PMID- 2299392
TI  - Locomotion evoked by stimulation of the brain stem in the Atlantic stingray,
      Dasyatis sabina.
AB  - The primary pathway descending to the spinal cord to initiate locomotion in the
      stingray is located in the intermediate to ventral portion of the lateral
      funiculus; a second pathway is located in the dorsolateral funiculus. The goal of
      this study was to identify the origins of these pathways in the rhombencephalic
      reticular formation (RF). To do this we used microstimulation of the RF in
      conjunction with selective lesions of the brain stem and spinal cord. In some
      animals microinjections of excitatory amino acids were used to avoid stimulating
      axons of passage. Locomotion in the contralateral pectoral fin was evoked by
      microstimulation of the dorsal and ventral reticular nuclei, the middle and
      superior RF, and the ventral portion of the lateral RF. The regions from which
      locomotion was evoked by chemical stimulation were more restricted and included
      the rostral dorsal reticular nucleus, the middle RF, and the adjacent ventral
      lateral RF. This area encompasses the magnocellular RF and coincides with the
      distribution of numerous reticulospinal cells that project ipsilaterally into the
      ventral half of the lateral funiculus. Our results indicate, then, that
      locomotion in the stingray is mediated primarily by a pathway originating in the
      magnocellular RF that descends ipsilaterally in the ventral half of the lateral
      funiculus to elicit swimming in the contralateral pectoral fin. We suggest that
      this primary pathway is specifically associated with the control of locomotion.
      We also demonstrated that locomotion can be evoked independently from the lateral
      RF, but is probably mediated by an indirect pathway relaying near the
      spinomedullary junction or in the rostral spinal cord.

PMID- 2299393
TI  - Prolonged enhancement of anterior thalamic synaptic responsiveness by stimulation
      of a brain-stem cholinergic group.
AB  - This study describes the effects of brain-stem cholinergic laterodorsal tegmental
      (LDT) stimulation on the synaptic responsiveness of anterior thalamic (AT)
      neurons. A sample of AT cells, physiologically identified by their short-latency
      (less than 6.5 msec) response to mammillary body (MB) stimulation, was recorded
      in unanesthetized, chronically implanted cats and in urethane-anesthetized cats.
      In chronic experiments, LDT stimulation evoked a short-latency (10-20 msec)
      excitation in most AT cells. Moreover, brief LDT trains (3 shocks at 300 Hz,
      every 3 sec) enhanced the responsiveness of AT cells to both MB (orthodromic) and
      cortical (ortho- and antidromic) stimuli. This effect did not vary as a function
      of the interval between LDT conditioning and MB or cortical testing shocks, but
      as a function of the number of trials. The effects of LDT stimuli resisted
      reserpine treatment (0.75 mg/kg), suggesting that they were not dependent on the
      coactivation of monoaminergic fibers. Finally, LDT trains did not suppress
      inhibitory processes in AT neurons when conditioning-testing intervals were
      longer than 60 msec. Intracellular recordings performed in urethane-anesthetized
      cats revealed that LDT stimulation induced a short-latency depolarization which
      increased with membrane hyperpolarization and was associated with an increase in
      apparent membrane conductance. Usually, isolated LDT trains did not evoke lasting
      changes in membrane potential or conductance. However, when LDT trains were
      applied every 3 sec, they gradually decreased the apparent membrane conductance
      without altering the membrane potential. This conductance change had a time
      course similar to the LDT-induced potentiation of responsiveness observed in the
      chronic experiments. In some neurons, LDT conditioning trains also induced a
      marked increase in the probability of fast prepotentials being triggered by
      subthreshold MB or cortical orthodromic volleys. In order to distinguish the
      cumulative effects of repeated LDT trains from the possibly slow time course of
      LDT influences, we studied the effects of a unique 1 sec LDT train (at 30 Hz) on
      the synaptic responsiveness of AT cells recorded extracellularly in reserpine
      treated, urethane-anesthetized animals. Such LDT trains induced a 2.9-fold
      increase in synaptic responsiveness, reaching its peak 40-50 sec after the LDT
      train and lasting up to 4 min. Iontophoretic application of the muscarinic
      blocker scopolamine blocked these long-lasting potentiating effects of LDT
      stimuli. Removal of cortical and basal forebrain inputs to the AT nuclear complex
      by appropriate transections did not abolish the potentiating effects of LDT
      trains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2299394
TI  - Sensitive and critical periods for visual calibration of sound localization by
      barn owls.
AB  - This study describes developmental changes in the capacity of owls to adjust
      sound localization in response to chronic prismatic displacement of the visual
      field and to recover accurate sound localization following the restoration of
      normal vision. Matched, binocular displacing prisms were mounted over the eyes of
      19 barn owls (Tyto alba) beginning at ages ranging from 10 to 272 d. In nearly
      all cases, the visual field was shifted 23 degrees to the right. Sound
      localization was assessed on the basis of head orientations to sound sources,
      measured in a darkened sound chamber with a search coil system. Chronic exposure
      to a displaced visual field caused the owls to alter sound localization in the
      direction of the visual field displacement, thereby inducing a sound-localization
      error. The size of the sound-localization error that resulted depended on the age
      of the animal when prism experience began. Maximal errors of about 20 degrees
      were induced only when prism experience began by 21 d of age. As prism experience
      began at later ages, the magnitude of induced errors decreased. A bird that wore
      prisms beginning at 102 d of age, altered sound localization by only 6 degrees.
      An adult owl, when exposed chronically to a displaced visual field, altered sound
      localization by about 3 degrees. We refer to the early period in life when
      displaced vision induces exceptionally large sound-localization errors (relative
      to those induced in the adult) as a sensitive period. The capacity to recover
      accurate sound localization following restoration of normal vision was tested in
      7 owls that had been raised wearing prisms. Four owls that had prisms removed by
      182 d of age recovered accurate localization rapidly (over a period of weeks),
      whereas 3 owls that were older when the prisms were removed did not recover
      accurate localization when tested for up to 7 months after prism removal.
      Adjustment of sound localization slowed greatly or ceased at about 200 days of
      age, referred to here as the critical period for visual calibration of sound
      localization. Three owls were subjected repetitively to displacement of the
      visual field. An owl that adjusted sound localization to the left of normal
      during the sensitive period retained the capacity to adjust again to the left,
      but not to the right of normal, later in the critical period. The converse was
      true for an owl that adjusted sound localization to the right of normal during
      the sensitive period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2299395
TI  - Local accumulation of acetylcholine receptors is neither necessary nor sufficient
      to induce cluster formation.
AB  - Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) accumulate at developing neuromuscular junctions
      in part via lateral migration of diffusely expressed receptors. Using a model
      system--cultured Xenopus muscle cells exposed to electric fields--we have shown
      that AChRs, concentrated at the cathode-facing cell pole, continue to aggregate
      there after the field is terminated (Stollberg and Fraser, 1988). These
      observations are consistent with the possibility that the field-induced increase
      in receptor concentration triggers the aggregation event. Only 2 other molecular
      events could initiate the electric field-induced receptor aggregation: (1) a
      local increase in the density of some other molecules, or (2) a voltage-sensitive
      mechanism. Treatment of muscle cell cultures with neuraminidase changes the cell
      surface charge and has been reported to reverse the direction of electromigration
      for AChRs and concanavalin A binding sites (Orida and Poo, 1978). Using digitally
      analyzed fluorescence videomicroscopy, we find that AChRs in neuraminidase
      treated cultures accumulate at both cell poles in an electric field. After
      termination of the field, the AChR continues to aggregate at the cathode-facing
      pole, as in cells not treated with neuraminidase. However, receptor density
      decreases at the anode-facing pole, indicating that elevated AChR density does
      not initiate receptor aggregation. Cells pretreated with neuraminidase and
      trypsin (which blocks receptor aggregation) display reversed receptor
      distributions compared to untreated controls, indicating that electromigration
      has indeed been reversed. The rate at which neuraminidase- and trypsin-treated
      cells approach steady-state distributions indicates a receptor diffusion constant
      of approximately 1.2 x 10(-9) cm2/sec, consistent with a diffusion trap mechanism
      of receptor aggregation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299396
TI  - Microinjection of cocaine into the nucleus accumbens elicits locomotor activation
      in the rat.
AB  - Cocaine is believed to exert its psychostimulant effects through activation of
      the mesocorticolimbic system. Although the nucleus accumbens, in particular, has
      been hypothesized as the site of action of cocaine's stimulating effects, there
      is no direct evidence that microinjection of cocaine into this region produces
      behavioral activation. The present experiments investigated the locomotor
      response to microinjection of cocaine (0, 10, 30, 100 micrograms/0.5 microliter)
      into the nucleus accumbens in rats. Cocaine elicited a pronounced, dose-dependent
      motor activation of approximately 60 min duration. This stimulant effect was
      blocked by prior administration of a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist, cis
      flupenthixol. The response to cocaine was differentiated from nucleus accumbens
      microinjections of procaine and lidocaine, compounds that have potent local
      anesthetic effects but little affinity for the dopamine-uptake site. Neither
      procaine nor lidocaine (0, 10, 30, 100 micrograms/0.5 microliter) had any overall
      effect, although activity was somewhat decreased in the initial part of the test
      session and increased at the end, relative to control activity. Cocaine injected
      into the anterior dorsal or ventrolateral striatum (100 micrograms) also
      increased motor activity; procaine and lidocaine had no effect. Cocaine injected
      into the ventrolateral striatum significantly increased stereotypy. The amplitude
      of motor activation following cocaine injection into nucleus accumbens was much
      greater than that elicited at the other striatal sites. Further, observation of
      the time course of motor activation following cocaine injection into the anterior
      dorsal and ventrolateral striatum suggested that the motor effect was due to
      diffusion, most likely to the nucleus accumbens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299397
TI  - An identified motoneuron with variable fates in embryonic zebrafish.
AB  - Every trunk hemisegment of the zebrafish is innervated by 3 identified primary
      motoneurons whose development can be observed directly in living embryos. In this
      paper, we describe another identified neuron that is part of this system. Unlike
      the other primary motoneurons which are present in all trunk hemisegments, this
      cell is present in slightly less than half of the trunk hemisegments.
      Additionally, this cell has at least 2 different fates: it may become a primary
      motoneuron and arborize in an exclusive muscle territory, or it may die during
      embryonic development. We have named this cell VaP, for variable primary. We show
      that the presence of VaP does not affect the early development of the other
      primary motoneurons in the same hemisegment. Moreover, we show that ablation of
      both VaP and caudal primary does not alter pathfinding by another identified
      primary motoneuron.

PMID- 2299398
TI  - Neural circuits mediating visual flight control in flies. II. Separation of two
      control systems by microsurgical brain lesions.
AB  - The role of 2 sets of interneurons in the optic lobes of blowflies in visual
      course control was studied by means of brain lesions. The first set comprises the
      cells HS and H2, which respond to global horizontal motion. The second set are
      the FD-cells, which respond selectively to local horizontal motion. All these
      cells are output neurons of the third optic ganglion of flies and are thought to
      be coupled via descending neurons to the flight motor system. In 2 series of
      experiments specific cells of these 2 sets were inactivated by microsurgical
      brain lesions L1 and L2 respectively. The effects of the lesions on visual course
      control were tested by measuring the yaw torque responses of the animals in
      restrained flight before and after the operation. The flies were stimulated in
      these tests with monocular and binocular motion of periodic gratings moving in
      either the horizontal or the vertical direction. Lesion L1 in the right side of
      the brain inactivates the right HS-cells and the left H2- and FD-cells. This
      leads to a complete block of the response to binocular clockwise horizontal
      motion and a reduction of the response to monocular motion from front to back on
      the right side of the animal. Application of L1 also leads to a pronounced
      response to binocular motion from front to back not observed in normal animals.
      The response to monocular vertical motion is unaffected. Lesion L2 reduces all
      responses to monocular and binocular horizontal motion present in normal animals.
      The behavioral effects of the lesions are highly specific and consistent with
      predictions based on the well-known anatomical and physiological properties of
      the neural circuitry investigated. The results demonstrate directly that the HS-,
      H2-, and FD-cells control motion-induced steering maneuvers in flight.

PMID- 2299399
TI  - The effects of postembryonic receptor cell addition on the response properties of
      electroreceptive afferents.
AB  - The weakly electric fish Sternopygus detects electric fields with a receptor
      organ called a tuberous electroreceptor. Previous studies have shown that an
      electroreceptive afferent fiber innervates a single organ in small fish and that
      as fish grow some of these organs divide, giving rise to daughter organs; these
      divide in turn to produce a cluster of organs. All of the organs in a cluster are
      innervated by the original afferent, which sprouts new terminals to accommodate
      them. Other organs, however, seldom divide. Thus, the distribution of the number
      of tuberous organs per afferent becomes increasingly bimodal with fish body
      length (Zakon, 1984a). In order to investigate the effect of organ addition on
      neural coding within the afferent fiber, activity was recorded from single units
      within the anterior branch of the anterior lateral line nerve in fish of a range
      of sizes. It was found that, as fish increase in body length, the best frequency,
      sharpness of tuning, and sensitivity increase in a subset of afferents, while
      others remain essentially unchanged. This results in an increasingly bimodal
      distribution of these physiological measures with increasing fish body length.
      These results suggest that the afferents that innervate multiple receptor organs
      are more sensitive and possess higher best frequencies than those that innervate
      1 or 2 organs. This was confirmed by dye injections of electroreceptive fibers
      with Lucifer yellow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299400
TI  - Identified primary motoneurons in embryonic zebrafish select appropriate pathways
      in the absence of other primary motoneurons.
AB  - Accurate pathfinding is a crucial step in formation of a functional nervous
      system. Individually identified zebrafish primary motoneurons undergo a
      stereotyped temporal sequence of axonal outgrowth and pathway selection during
      which their growth cones follow a common pathway to a "choice point" and then
      select divergent cell-specific pathways that lead to separate muscle territories.
      The characteristic sequence of cell-specific pathway selection raises the
      possibility that the sequence of growth cone arrival at the choice point might
      determine pathway selection. To test this idea, we ablated identified primary
      motoneurons by laser irradiation, labeled the remaining primary motoneuron in the
      same hemisegment with a fluorescent dye, and followed its development through the
      end of embryogenesis. We found that the growth cone of each primary motoneuron
      has an independent ability to pioneer the common pathway and select its
      appropriate cell-specific pathway, even in the absence of all other primary
      motoneurons in the same hemisegment.

PMID- 2299401
TI  - Phospholipase A2 and 3H-hemicholinium-3 binding sites in rat brain: a potential
      second-messenger role for fatty acids in the regulation of high-affinity choline
      uptake.
AB  - The involvement of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and fatty acid release in the
      regulation of sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake in rat brain was
      assessed in vitro through the use of the specific binding of 3H-hemicholinium-3
      (3H-HCh-3). Addition of arachidonic acid and other unsaturated fatty acids to rat
      striatal membranes in vitro resulted in a dose-dependent, temperature-independent
      activation of 3H-HCh-3 binding. Scatchard analysis revealed that these changes in
      binding result from a 2-fold increase in the affinity and capacity of 3H-HCh-3
      binding. Saturated fatty acids, lysophospholipids, and phospholipids did not
      affect specific 3H-HCh-3 binding. Addition of defatted BSA to membranes, which
      had been treated previously with arachidonic acid, completely reversed the
      increase in specific 3H-HCh-3 binding. However, several inhibitors of fatty acid
      metabolism, including nordihydroguaiaretic acid, indomethacin, catalase, and
      superoxide dismutase, did not alter arachidonic acid-induced changes in 3H-HCh-3
      binding, suggesting that unsaturated fatty acids, and not their metabolites, are
      directly responsible for the observed activation of specific 3H-HCh-3 binding.
      Additionally, unsaturated fatty acids dose-dependently inhibited high-affinity 3H
      choline uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes, apparently due to the disruption of
      synaptosomal integrity. The phospholipase A2 inhibitors quinacrine hydrochloride,
      trifluoperazine, and 4-bromophenacylbromide dose-dependently inhibited potassium
      depolarization-induced activation of specific 3H-HCh-3 binding in slices of rat
      brain in vitro. Similarly, both quinacrine and trifluoperazine inhibited the
      metabolism of phospholipids and the release of fatty acids evoked by either
      elevated KCl or calcium ionophore A23187. These results support the involvement
      of PLA2 and subsequent fatty acid release in the increase of 3H-HCh-3 binding in
      cholinergic neurons and suggest that activation of PLA2 may be the penultimate
      step in regulating the velocity of sodium-dependent choline transport.

PMID- 2299402
TI  - Noradrenergic modulation of the masseteric reflex in behaving cats. I.
      Pharmacological studies.
AB  - The masseteric (jaw closure) reflex was utilized as a model system for assessing
      functional changes in central norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission. This
      monosynaptic reflex was chosen because of its simple and well-defined circuitry,
      and because its motor component receives a dense NE innervation. Previous
      experiments in our laboratory described NE modulation of this reflex in the
      anesthetized rat. The present experiments examine the effects of NE on this
      response in the unanesthetized, behaving cat. The masseteric reflex was elicited
      by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, and the
      response was recorded via electrodes permanently implanted in the masseter
      muscle. The amplitude of the reflex response was measured before and at various
      intervals following microinfusion (0.5 microliters) of NE or of various NE
      agonists directly into the motor trigeminal nucleus (MoV). Microinfusions of NE
      (0.125-5.0 micrograms) produced dose-dependent increases in the amplitude of the
      elicited reflex response. These effects were evident within 1 min postinfusion
      and lasted up to 30 min; in all cases, the response amplitude returned to
      baseline levels. The increase seen in response to 0.5 micrograms NE was blocked
      by pretreatment with the alpha-1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin, but not by
      pretreatment with the serotonin (5-HT) antagonist methysergide. Methysergide did,
      however, completely block the increase in the amplitude seen in response to
      microinfusion of 5-HT. Infusion of the alpha-1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine
      also increased the amplitude of the reflex response. By contrast, infusion of the
      beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol had no effect, whereas clonidine, a
      presynaptic alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, decreased its amplitude.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299403
TI  - A program evaluation instrument.
AB  - The evaluation of education programs provides valuable information for the
      program coordinator or instructor. The Program Evaluation Instrument (PEI) was
      developed with the use of various educational settings and subjects. The PEI
      provides a valid, reliable instrument that is generalizable to a variety of
      programs.

PMID- 2299404
TI  - University-based preceptor programs: solving the problems.
AB  - Few major hospitals have been left untouched by the rapid growth of preceptorship
      programs for nursing students. The value of these programs has been widely
      acknowledged, but there are disadvantages for the institution and staff. This
      article identifies several problems with preceptor programs and offers
      suggestions for preventing and/or solving these problems.

PMID- 2299406
TI  - Determining the need for a refresher course. Report of a study.
AB  - This article describes findings from a survey of inactive nurses regarding their
      needs for a refresher course. The study revealed some general information about
      these inactive nurses. A large number of respondents indicated interest in home
      study options and requested information about continuing their academic studies.

PMID- 2299405
TI  - The documentation maze. Finding the right path.
AB  - This article outlines the steps taken by a 670-bed hospital to develop a
      coordinated documentation system. The various tasks are described in terms of
      preimplementation and implementation activities. Staff development educators can
      benefit from the reported experiences by capitalizing on the successes and
      learning from the mistakes.

PMID- 2299408
TI  - A patient care trainee program.
AB  - For the past 2 years, a special program at Shriners Hospital for Crippled
      Children, Tampa Unit (SHCC) has been tremendously successful. The hospital hired
      college students to work as patient care trainees (PCTs). The program was
      designed because the hospital needed cost-effective personnel and wanted to
      participate in education and development of health care professionals. The
      success of the program with respect to improvements in quality of care, evidence
      of effective education, and savings in salary is described.

PMID- 2299407
TI  - Interinstitutional collaboration to meet the needs of employed nurses.
AB  - This article discusses how a hospital, local community college, and the nearest
      state university collaborated to bring a BSN program to Springfield, Ohio.
      Classes were held at the hospital at minimal cost to the individual nurse.

PMID- 2299409
TI  - Comparing fact sheets and lectures to provide investigational drug information.
AB  - This article describes a study to evaluate the effectiveness of two methods (fact
      sheets and lectures) of providing investigational drug information.

PMID- 2299410
TI  - Getting started. Writing behavioral objectives.
AB  - Learning objectives, derived from the needs assessment, drive the rest of your
      offering. All learning objectives must be learner-oriented and stated in
      behavioral terms, describing what the learner will do to demonstrate that the
      objective has been achieved. Learning objectives are used as the basis for
      determining content, selecting learning activities, and evaluating both learner
      achievement and the effectiveness of the offering. Measurability is ensured by
      the use of observable action verbs (reminder: "will gain an understanding of ..."
      or "will have increased knowledge of ..." are not observable). Remember that you
      are designing offerings for adults, so the focus must be on applications that
      meet the needs of the participant. This means that you must aim at the higher
      levels of learning and use principles of adult learning.

PMID- 2299412
TI  - The program finance record.

PMID- 2299411
TI  - Games that teach: a practical approach.
AB  - The response of the staff to the safety game has been exceptional. "I never
      realized that safety review could be fun," is a common comment. Preparation time
      for the game did take longer than for a traditional lecture, but new material can
      be used when the game is used again. Motivating staff to learn and/or review
      materials such as those involved in safety procedures often is difficult. Playing
      our safety game is motivating because it is perceived as fun and informal.
      Involvement in the game offers the opportunity for immediate application of
      knowledge. Games are effective teaching methods for these reasons; they also
      provide feedback to learners and allow evaluation of learning as well.

PMID- 2299413
TI  - Performance-based staff development. A baseline for clinical competence.
AB  - Changes in health-care financing, complex technological advancements, and an
      expanding nursing knowledge base have made it increasingly difficult for health
      care educators to assess and enhance the development of professional nurses.
      Using a set of objective evaluation methods and tools, educators assessed the
      competency of novice and experienced staff. This information identified learning
      and practice needs that formed the bases for individualized orientation and
      clinical educational programs.

PMID- 2299414
TI  - Preparing and analyzing fractured archaeological fibers.
AB  - A technique was developed to prepare archaeological fiber cross sections for
      electron microscopic examination and x-ray analysis. Use of this new method
      allows chemical and morphological information to be obtained from the interior of
      a single fiber or yarn. Fibers are fractured while frozen and then freeze dried.
      Following mounting and carbon coating, fibers are examined by scanning and
      backscatter electron microscopy and then analyzed by using energy-dispersive
      spectrometry. Elemental distribution is mapped by using image-processing
      software. In this report, the described technique is employed in the examination
      of ancient fibers from three different long-term storage environments (moist
      buried, dry buried, museum stored). Data obtained by examining the interior of
      fibers such as these provide insight into the conditions of a fiber's growth, the
      treatments applied during the fiber's processing and use, and the conditions in
      which the fiber was stored.

PMID- 2299415
TI  - Surface microanalysis by reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy.
AB  - Several basic physical concepts of applying eq. Ik = I sigma Nxt to surface
      microanalysis by reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy (REELS) are
      clarified. Here Ik and I are the integrated intensities of the core ionization
      edge and the low loss part, sigma is the scattering cross section of element x
      with atomic concentration Nx, and t is the specimen thickness. The reflected
      inelastic electrons are found to be distributed almost symmetrically around the
      Bragg spots and can be reasonably described by a Lorentzian function. EELS
      microanalysis can be performed by using the diffracted spots. The omega
      correction, arising from the angular contributions of the neighbouring spots into
      the spectrometer collecting aperture, is required to be considered.

PMID- 2299416
TI  - Counting cells with stereology: random versus serial sectioning.
AB  - Counts of cells and nuclei from sections provide information central to studying
      structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs. This study considers some of
      the practical problems associated with counting cells with the newer random and
      serial sectioning methods of stereology and tests the hypothesis that similar
      cell counts can be obtained with both random and serial sectioning methods. Using
      irregularly shaped nuclei from alveolar cells of the goat lung, we compared cell
      counts derived from random (electron microscopic) and serial sectioning (light
      microscopic) methods. The results showed that both sectioning methods gave
      similar cell counts (10(7)/cm3 of parenchyma) for type 1 epithelial cells (5.0
      vs. 5.0; P=1.0), type 2 epithelial cells (8.6 vs. 9.8; P= 0.42) and interstitial
      cells (34.6 vs. 33.4; P=0.64), provided that corrections were introduced for
      section-related biases and that the nuclei of the random sectioning method were
      corrected for shape. We found counting biases of 5%-7% for nuclear shape and 16%
      for section compression. These observations support the hypothesis that similar
      cell counts can be obtained with random and serial sectioning, even when nuclei
      have irregular shapes.

PMID- 2299417
TI  - Morphology of rat exocrine pancreas prepared by anhydrous cryo-procedures.
AB  - This paper describes and compares the morphology of a relatively complex tissue,
      the exocrine pancreas, prepared by state-of-the-art anhydrous cryoprocedures.
      Cryopreparative procedures are being used increasingly for a wide range of
      applications, for example, electron-probe x-ray microanalysis and
      immunocytochemical localization of antigenic molecules, because they preserve the
      composition of the specimen better than procedures involving aqueous media. Some
      doubts have remained concerning the morphology of cryosections and the precise
      identification of subcellular structures. We show that thin and sufficiently
      large cryosections of fresh biological tissues can be produced using commercially
      available hardware. The freeze-dried cryosections display high intrinsic
      contrast, are stable under the beam, and allow identification of intracellular
      fine structure.

PMID- 2299418
TI  - Moire fringe analysis of small precipitates in melt-spun titanium-silicon alloys.
AB  - Oxygen-contaminated, melt-spun, binary Ti-Si alloys have been examined by using
      transmission electron microscopy. The microstructure of alloys in the range of 4
      to 10% Si (by weight) are cellular and consist primarily of alpha-Ti and the
      silicide Ti5Si3. Contained only within the Ti5Si3 regions are small,
      approximately spherical particles which are less than or equal to 10 nm in
      diameter. Due to their small size, the crystal structure of these particles could
      not be determined by using conventional diffraction techniques such as Selected
      Area or Convergent Beam Diffraction. By conducting a number of tilting
      experiments and observing the moire fringe patterns produced when various matrix
      Ti5Si3 planes were used to image the sample, the crystal structure of the
      particles and the orientation relationship which exists between them and the
      matrix were deduced. The unknown particles, termed the Z phase, were found to be
      hexagonal with slightly different lattice parameters from the matrix Ti5Si3.
      Their relationship with the matrix was such that they appeared to be totally
      coherent. This may indicate that Z is an oxide based on the intermetallic Ti5Si3.

PMID- 2299419
TI  - Time-resolved cryotransmission electron microscopy.
AB  - We describe a new technique, time-resolved cryotransmission electron microscopy
      (TRC-TEM), that can be used to study changes in microstructure occurring during
      dynamic processes such as phase transitions and chemical reactions. The sample is
      prepared on an electron microscope grid maintained at a fixed temperature in a
      controlled atmosphere. The dynamic process is induced on the grid by a change in
      pH, salt, or reactant concentration by rapid mixing with appropriate solutions.
      Alternatively, induction is by rapid change of specimen temperature, or by
      controlled evaporation of a volatile component. We call such procedures on-the
      grid processing. The dynamic process is permitted to run for a defined time and
      then the thin-film specimen is thermally fixed by plunging into liquid ethane at
      its freezing point, producing a cryotransmission electron microscopy specimen. By
      repeating this procedure with varying delays between induction and sample
      fixation, we can observe transient microstructures. We demonstrate the use of TRC
      TEM to study the intermediate structures that form during the transitions between
      L alpha, III, and HII liquid crystalline phases in phospholipid systems. We also
      identify several other possible applications of the technique.

PMID- 2299420
TI  - Rat kidney glomerular basement membrane visualized in situ by embedment-free
      sectioning and subsequent platinum-carbon replication.
AB  - Following the removal of polyethylene glycol (PEG) from thin sections, and
      viewing through the endothelial fenestrae and/or the interpedicel spaces, the rat
      renal glomerular basement membrane in situ was revealed to consist of meshworks
      and to be electron-transparent when examined at right angles to the plane of the
      membrane. By subsequent platinum replication of the embedment-free sections, the
      lamina densa of the basement membrane appeared as a veil composed of rather
      closely packed particles. The architecture of the split diaphragm and the surface
      morphology of the endothelial cell membrane were also clearly revealed. The
      present results indicate that the PEG method, with or without replication, can
      provide valuable information on basement membrane morphology.

PMID- 2299421
TI  - High resolution SE-I SEM study of enamel crystal morphology.
AB  - Until recently high resolution TEM was the only imaging mode capable of probing
      the atomic lattice structure of crystals composing tooth enamel. Studies designed
      to determine the polyhedral shape of normal enamel crystals and initiation of
      carious lesions in enamel crystals were hampered and limited by interpretation of
      two-dimensional TEM images from thin section and freeze fracture replica
      specimens lacking depth of field. The newly developed SE-I signal mode for SEM
      (SE-I/SE-II ratio) can produce images of enamel crystals approaching beam
      diameter dimensions (0.7-2.0 nm), rivaling the resolution of the TEM technique
      and generating topographic contrasts for three dimensional imaging at very high
      magnification (approximately 1,000,000X). Ultrathin chromium (Cr) films generate
      enriched high resolution SE-I contrasts of enamel crystal surfaces and when
      imaged using an immersion lens field emission SEM operated at high voltage (20-30
      KeV) produce unsurpassed topographic contrasts. Since the grain size of Cr is
      below the resolution of any SEM and is ultrathin (approximately 1 nm), then SE-I
      images can provide a more accurate representation of enamel crystal structure
      than TEM methodologies. Our SE-I SEM observations of normal human enamel crystals
      reveal fractured spicules which contain angled flat surfaces delineated by a
      prominent 2 nm wide SE-I edge brightness contrast. Although microscopic
      observations often show crystals which are hexagonal in cross-section, in both
      SEM and TEM many other growth habits, including rectangular or irregular crystals
      (30-40 nm in width) which contain "notches," are also observed. More detailed
      morphological studies are therefore required to determine the most likely habit
      planes and their relevance to the function of the enamel crystals.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299422
TI  - A novel technique for the preparation of thin films for cross-sectional
      transmission electron microscopy.
AB  - A method is described for the preparation of cross-sectional samples of thin
      films for transmission electron microscopy. The technique produces larger amounts
      of thin region as compared with ion milling and eliminates the problems
      associated with ion beam damage. The requirement is that the films or multilayers
      must initially be deposited on a water-soluble substrate such as single-crystal
      NaCl.

PMID- 2299423
TI  - A specimen holder for low-temperature scanning electron microscopy.
AB  - A miniature vise built into a copper stub is described that holds bulk, pre
      frozen, hydrated biological specimens during examination under the electron beam
      of the scanning electron microscope.

PMID- 2299424
TI  - Comment on "Stereo-imaging made easy".

PMID- 2299425
TI  - Selective screening for high cholesterol in Australian general practice: the
      Newcastle Cholesterol Prediction Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To test whether information simply obtained from adults can identify
      those who are likely to have blood cholesterol levels higher than 6.5 mmol/L (250
      mg/dl). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Seven general practices in the
      lower Hunter Region of Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Of 693 men and women 25 to 65
      years old attending the general practices, 616 (89%) participated. Twelve
      pregnant women and four without blood samples were excluded, leaving 600 subjects
      (208 men, 392 women). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of
      subjects had blood cholesterol higher than 6.5 mmol/L (250 mg/dl). In women, high
      cholesterol was mainly found among those over 40 years of age, but in men high
      cholesterol was more evenly spread across the different age groups. Stepwise
      logistic regression identified age, history of hypertension, and a past history
      of heart attack as significant independent predictors of high cholesterol. A
      simple model developed from these variables identified 81% of men and women (95%
      CI = 72-90%) with high cholesterol while testing only 49% of the population (95%
      CI = 44-54%). This model was developed in a random subset of 331 of the 600
      subjects, and when applied to the remaining 269 subjects, it identified 77% of
      those with high cholesterol (95% CI = 67-87%) after testing 48% (95% CI = 42
      54%). CONCLUSIONS: Selective screening using this simple model can identify
      adults who are likely to have high blood cholesterol and could complement case
      finding or provide an alternative high-risk strategy for communities that cannot
      afford to screen all individuals.

PMID- 2299426
TI  - Patients' Perceived Involvement in Care Scale: relationship to attitudes about
      illness and medical care.
AB  - This report describes the development of the Perceived Involvement in Care Scale
      (PICS), a self-report questionnaire for patients, and its relation to primary
      care patients' attitudes regarding their illnesses and the management of them.
      The questionnaire was administered to three independent samples of adult primary
      care patients. Patients' satisfaction and their attitudes regarding their
      illnesses are evaluated after their medical visits. This instrument is designed
      to examine three relatively distinct factors: 1) doctor facilitation of patient
      involvement, 2) level of information exchange, and 3) patient participation in
      decision making. Of these factors, doctor facilitation and patient decision
      making were related significantly to patients' satisfaction with care. Doctor
      facilitation and information exchange related consistently to patients'
      perceptions of post-visit changes in their understanding, reassurance, perceived
      control over illness, and expectations for improvement in functioning. The role
      of physicians in enhancing patient involvement in care and the potential
      therapeutic benefits of physician facilitative behavior are addressed.

PMID- 2299428
TI  - Measurement and improvement of humanistic skills in first-year trainees.
AB  - The American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) has recently emphasized the
      development of humanistic skills in trainees. Using video technology, transition
      outpatient visits of first-year house officers in a primary care training program
      were evaluated for the presence or absence of nine humanistic skills before and
      after the initiation of an instructional program to reinforce the skills.
      Thirteen videotaped PGY-1 encounters constituted the preintervention group and 16
      videotaped PGY-1 encounters constituted the postintervention group. The
      preintervention group performed a mean of 1.38 skills while the postintervention
      group performed a mean of 3.56 skills, a statistically significant improvement (p
      less than 0.05). The authors conclude that an educational approach that focuses
      on specific elements of interactions facilitates the incorporation of skills
      associated with humane medical care.

PMID- 2299427
TI  - Teaching humanistic and psychosocial aspects of care: current practices and
      attitudes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess current practices and attitudes toward teaching humanistic
      and psychosocial aspects of care in internal medicine residency programs. DESIGN
      AND PARTICIPANTS: Survey questionnaires were sent to residency directors at all
      434 internal medicine residency programs accredited in 1985-1986. Response rate
      for two mailings was 71%. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 78% OF RESIDENCY
      DIRECTORS and 70% of department chairpersons had high or moderately high levels
      of commitment to teaching humanistic/psychosocial aspects of care, but only 44%
      of responding programs offered mandatory training, and only 18% offered elective
      training in these areas. Obstacles to expanded teaching of the
      humanistic/psychosocial aspects rated high or moderately high by residency
      directors included insufficient curriculum time (51%), lack of trained faculty
      (44%), and pressures to reduce both training costs (40%) and patient-care costs
      (37%). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the training that does occur in the
      humanistic/psychosocial aspects of care probably happens informally via mentoring
      and role modeling. Appeals to expand teaching in these areas raise questions
      regarding what to include in medical training and the proper scope of internal
      medicine. Sustainable change will depend on the politics of resource distribution
      and the influence of general internal medicine and primary care on traditional
      training.

PMID- 2299429
TI  - Residency as metaphor.

PMID- 2299431
TI  - Domestic violence and the internist's response: advocacy or apathy?

PMID- 2299430
TI  - Screening for high cholesterol.

PMID- 2299432
TI  - Medical education and the pharmaceutical industry.

PMID- 2299433
TI  - Screening for pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2299434
TI  - Treatment for tinnitus.

PMID- 2299435
TI  - Breast-cancer screening in Pensacola, Florida.

PMID- 2299436
TI  - Kegel exercises after warm sitz bath recommended.

PMID- 2299438
TI  - The research critique. General criteria for evaluating a research report.
AB  - General criteria for evaluating a research report are addressed. This outline of
      criteria can be used as a guide for nurses in critiquing research studies. A
      sample research report is summarized followed by a critique of the study. Readers
      have an opportunity to practice critiquing by doing their own analyses before
      reading the critique presented in the article.

PMID- 2299437
TI  - Surfactant replacement therapy. Innovative care for the premature infant.
AB  - Prematurity is one of the most perplexing problems in perinatal care. Since the
      discovery of a surfactant deficiency as the primary etiology of hyaline membrane
      disease, attempts have been made to supplement surfactant in the premature
      infant. Surfactant replacement therapy is a promising new treatment for the
      premature infant with hyaline membrane disease. The history of surfactant
      replacement therapy, current trials of this therapy, nursing care of the infant
      receiving surfactant replacement, and future directions for nursing research in
      this area are discussed. Infants receiving this therapy require special nursing
      care to assure the best possible outcome. Nursing interventions at the time of
      delivery as well as those required in the neonatal intensive care unit are
      discussed.

PMID- 2299439
TI  - Married mothers' perceptions of their premature or term infants and the quality
      of their relationships with their husbands.
AB  - Twenty-eight mothers of premature infants and 37 mothers of term infants were
      examined for their perceptions of their infants and of their relationships with
      their husbands at two to four postpartum days and at six to eight postpartum
      weeks. The mothers tended to perceive their infants positively, whether or not
      the infants were born prematurely. Preterm mothers who compared their infants to
      an average premature infant were more positive than term mothers who compared
      their infants to an average term infant. An association was not found in either
      group between mothers' perceptions of their infants and of the quality of their
      relationships with their husbands. However, mothers with negative perceptions of
      their infants also tended to have difficult marriages.

PMID- 2299441
TI  - Additivity of spatially induced blackness.
AB  - Tests of additivity of the postreceptoral pathways that mediate the perception of
      blackness were conducted under conditions of spatial contrast. Observers
      increased the radiance of a surrounding annulus until a broadband (white) test
      center appeared completely black. Additivity tests with heterochromatic flicker
      photometry (HFP) and direct brightness matching were also conducted for each
      observer. The results indicated that the luminance level of the annulus required
      to induce blackness did not change with variations in spectral composition.
      Results consistent with additivity were also obtained for HFP, but the results
      from brightness matching were not consistent with additivity. The data support
      the view that the perception of blackness is mediated by neural mechanisms that
      additively combine the input of middle- and long-wave photoreceptors.

PMID- 2299440
TI  - Verbal behavior associated with indicators of maternal attachment with the
      neonate.

PMID- 2299442
TI  - Redetermination of colors for uniform scales.
AB  - Approximately 2000 judgments, made by each of two young normal observers, of
      magnitudes of color differences between nearest neighbors in 12 oblique cleavage
      planes of the uniform color scales of the Optical Society of America were used in
      regressions to redetermine parameters in the formulas used by the Optical Society
      of America committee to specify those colors. The resulting alterations of the
      colors are illustrated.

PMID- 2299443
TI  - Visual masking at different polar angles in the two-dimensional Fourier plane.
AB  - Human contrast thresholds were measured at 86 points in the two-dimensional
      Fourier plane with and without masks. The test stimuli were sinusoidal gratings
      in a 2.55-deg circular field. The superimposed masks were sinusoidal gratings
      having a polar spatial frequency of 8 cycles/deg, a contrast of 0.31, and one of
      five polar angles: 90, 105, 120, 135, and 180 deg. The test grating contrast for
      75.5% correct detection in a three-alternative, forced-choice paradigm was
      determined by a maximum-likelihood adaptive psychophysical procedure. Three other
      observers were tested on subsets of these conditions. The threshold elevation
      surfaces produced by the masks lead to the following conclusions: spatial
      frequency bandwidth is independent of mask orientation and has a value of
      approximately 2 octaves, orientation bandwidth is wider for oblique masks than
      for horizontal and vertical masks, the principle of spectral polar separability
      is violated, and two-dimensional Gabor functions in the frequency domain account
      for the masking effects. Individual differences were found among the observers.

PMID- 2299444
TI  - Visual interactions with luminance and chromatic stimuli.
AB  - The visibility of a 1 degree, 200-msec flash on a large yellow field was measured
      as a function of the intensity of a coincident pedestal flash (a flash that was
      the same in both temporal intervals of a two-alternative forced-choice trial).
      The various flashes were incremental (+Lum) or decremental (-Lum) yellow
      luminance flashes or green (+Chr) or red (-Chr) isoluminant chromatic flashes.
      With uncrossed conditions (Lum tests on Lum pedestals or Chr tests on Chr
      pedestals), we obtained the conventional dipper function, that is, the function
      of threshold test intensity was highly asymmetric about zero pedestal intensity,
      and strong pedestals induced strong masking. Crossed conditions produced neither
      effect: for example, with Chr tests on Lum pedestals, there was no dipper
      function: the function of threshold test intensity was symmetric about zero
      pedestal intensity, and strong pedestals produced no masking. Instead, the
      suprathreshold luminance pedestals facilitated chromatic detection by as much as
      2-3X and also linearized the chromatic psychometric function, further enhancing
      sensitivity to weak chromatic stimuli. (Chromatic sensitivity on the
      suprathreshold luminance pedestal was approximately 25X higher than luminance
      sensitivity on the uniform field.) A pedestal consisting of a thin luminance ring
      that surrounded the chromatic test produced facilitation equal to that of the
      uniform-luminance pedestal: the pedestal may thus act to demarcate the test
      spatially and promote chromatic comparison with the surround. Removing the
      uniform yellow surround eliminated this crossed facilitation but did not
      eliminate the uncrossed facilitation (the dipper function), suggesting that
      different mechanisms mediate the crossed and uncrossed facilitations.

PMID- 2299445
TI  - Two-dimensional approach to psychophysical orientation tuning.
AB  - Orientation bandwidths of psychophysical channels in the human visual system were
      inferred from contrast thresholds for a special class of polar-separable, two
      dimensional patterns. Detection thresholds for these patterns conformed to a
      model with linear filtering by orientation-selective channels followed by
      probability summation across these channels. The number of channels (6-8 pairs)
      and their half-bandwidths at half-sensitivity (approximately 17 degrees) did not
      differ at 4 and 10 cycles/degree. The results extend the many one-dimensional,
      linear system models of vision to two dimensions.

PMID- 2299446
TI  - Equating character-identification performance across the visual field.
AB  - The effect of retinal eccentricity on stimulus identification was investigated by
      measuring observers' ability to identify digits of various sizes presented
      briefly at different locations in their visual fields. The stimuli were either
      presented one at a time or presented in pairs with each member of the pair at a
      different eccentricity and having a different size. Stimulus-response confusion
      matrices were used to calculate the information transmitted by each character as
      a function of stimulus size and retinal eccentricity. Linearly scaling stimulus
      size with retinal eccentricity yields equal information transmission across each
      subject's visual field. There was no difference between the amounts of
      information transmitted when the targets were presented alone and when they were
      transmitted in pairs. For small target sets, therefore, the amount of information
      transmitted from the screen to the observer can be approximated as the sum of the
      information at the separate locations.

PMID- 2299447
TI  - Eye movements and optical flow.
AB  - Translation of an observer through a static environment generates a pattern of
      optical flow that specifies the direction of self-motion, but the retinal flow
      pattern is confounded by pursuit eye movements. How does the visual system
      decompose the translational and rotational components of flow to determine
      heading? It is shown that observers can perceive their direction of self-motion
      during stationary fixations and pursuit eye movements and with displays that
      simulate the optical effects of eye movements. Results indicate that the visual
      system can perform the decomposition with both continuous and discontinuous
      fields on the basis of flow-field information alone but requires a three
      dimensional environmental structure to do so. The findings are inconsistent with
      general computational models and theories based on the maximum of divergence,
      oculomotor signals, or multiple fixations but are consistent with the theory of
      reliance on differential motion produced by environmental variation in depth.

PMID- 2299448
TI  - Retinal illumination using a wide-angle model of the eye: comment.
AB  - When the human eye is modeled, consideration must be given to three anatomical
      factors that are sometimes overlooked. First, the apparent pupillary area is
      likely to exceed the real one, particularly at large paraxial displacements.
      Second, the earlier assumption [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 5, 146 (1988)] that lenticular
      pigment is distributed uniformly throughout the lens is no longer valid except
      along the visual axis. Third, as measurable reflection occurs within the eye, the
      polar retinal illumination is likely to receive a significant indirect quantity
      of light in addition to the direct light.

PMID- 2299449
TI  - Correlative velocity estimation: visual motion analysis, independent of object
      form, in arrays of velocity-tuned bilocal detectors.
AB  - The visual estimation of object velocity in systems of tuned bilocal detector
      units (simplified Hassenstein-Reichardt detectors) is investigated. The units
      contain delay filters of an arbitrary low-pass characteristic. Arrays of such
      detector units with identical delay filters are assumed to cover the plane of
      analysis. The global evaluation of the output signals of suitably arranged
      detector units is exemplified by the analysis of frontoparallel translations of
      rigid objects. The correlative method permits the estimation of the instantaneous
      object velocity, independently of object form. The time course of the resulting
      estimate is shown to be the convolution of the true velocity profile with a time
      invariant kernel that depends solely on the impulse response of the delay filters
      and thus characterizes the analyzer system. The mathematical analysis of the
      processing principle is illustrated by considering idealized detector systems.
      The response of correlative motion analyzers to compound motion and to motion of
      nonrigid objects is discussed.

PMID- 2299450
TI  - Modeling shifts in perceived spatial frequency between the fovea and the
      periphery.
AB  - A quantitative multiple-channels model can account for changes in perceived
      spatial frequency between foveally and peripherally viewed patterns; these
      frequency shifts are as large as 0.47 octave (38.5%). Factors that change as a
      function of eccentricity and that can alter the appearance of visual patterns
      include (1) scaling of receptive-field sizes, (2) overall sensitivity, and (3)
      steepness and nonlinearity of contrast-transfer functions (CTF's). Computations
      based on receptive-field size scaling, combined with fixed perceptual labels,
      predict higher perceived spatial frequency for peripheral patterns. Computations
      based on reduced sensitivity, however, predict the opposite result and thus
      partially offset the effect of receptive-field size scaling. The predicted
      perceived-frequency shifts based on changes in CTF's are quite small and can be
      ignored. Both individual differences and visual-field-location differences in
      magnitudes of perceived-frequency shifts are predicted by the model. An
      alternative perceptual explanation based on size-distance invariance and size
      constancy is also evaluated.

PMID- 2299451
TI  - Evidence for positional coding in hyperacuity.
AB  - Observers performed simple pattern discriminations [tests of orientation
      (vernier) acuity and spatial-interval acuity] with targets consisting of
      spatially separated squares. We investigated the effects on acuity of
      supernumerary squares placed at various mean positions between the two squares
      constituting the target configuration. The exact position of the supernumerary
      squares relative to the target squares changed randomly from trial to trial, so
      that their spatial relationship to the targets could not serve as a cue.
      Observers attempted to ignore these supernumerary squares and to base their
      judgments on the outer target squares alone. The supernumerary squares raised
      thresholds if they were sufficiently close (4.4-arcmin separation) to the target
      squares but not if they were at a greater distance (21.0 arcmin). The results
      therefore show that the observers could ignore the supernumerary squares, even
      when they fell into the space between the target squares. This finding suggests
      that observers can select a class of length- and orientation-tuned filter that is
      suited exactly to the requirements of a particular psychophysical task. We argue
      that filter models of hyperacuity are insufficient unless they address this
      critical issue of filter selection and that a complete model requires an explicit
      spatial representation of target feature position.

PMID- 2299452
TI  - Loci of spectral unique hues throughout the life span.
AB  - Spectral unique hues (blue, green, and yellow) were determined for 50 observers
      ranging in age from 13 to 74 years. Each unique hue was measured at three
      luminance levels (0.5-log-unit steps). There were no significant changes in the
      spectral locations of red-green equilibrium hues (unique blue and yellow) as a
      function of luminance level or age. In contrast, significant shifts in unique
      green loci occurred as a function of both age and luminance. Unique green loci
      shifted toward shorter wavelengths with age. These results are consistent with
      the hypothesis that with advancing age there is a parallel decline in the input
      of all three cone types to the red-green chromatic channel and either a selective
      decline in short-wave-sensitive cone input to the yellow-blue chromatic channel
      or a change in the way in which cone signals are combined within the yellow-blue
      channel.

PMID- 2299453
TI  - The safety of ambulatory anesthesia.

PMID- 2299454
TI  - Stability of mandibular advancement after sagittal osteotomy with screw or wire
      fixation: a comparative study.
AB  - Stability and clinical results in 70 patients who underwent bilateral sagittal
      ramus osteotomy for mandibular advancement were studied. The patients were
      grouped by the method of fixation (screws vs. wire) and matched for the amount of
      advancement. There were 35 patients in each group, and the age, sex, and
      presurgical mandibular plane angle distributions were similar for the two groups.
      Although the pattern of skeletal and dental changes during the first postsurgical
      year were quite different for the groups, stability, incisal opening, and
      clinical results were equivalent at 1 year following surgery. In the first 6
      weeks postsurgery, the screw fixation group was more stable horizontally and
      vertically than the wire group, but between 6 weeks and 1 year, the wire group
      showed recovery, and the mean differences all but disappeared.

PMID- 2299455
TI  - Recovery of neurosensory function following orthognathic surgery.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to prospectively define the recovery of touch
      discrimination following four commonly performed surgical procedures in 22
      consecutive patients with no previous maxillofacial surgery. The surgical groups
      studied were Le Fort I osteotomy (LEFORT; n = 13), sagittal split ramus osteotomy
      (SSRO; n = 6), intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO; n = 9), and isolated
      genioplasty (GENIO; n = 5). Neurosensory function was assessed by three different
      testing modalities which included static light touch (SLT), moving touch
      discrimination (MTD), and two-point discrimination (TPD). Cutaneous sensation of
      the lower lip and chin were examined for the mandibular procedures, whereas the
      infraorbital and upper lip regions were evaluated following maxillary surgery.
      Immediately following surgery, each group varied in both the incidence and
      magnitude of neurosensory deficits (NSD). The SSRO group had the highest
      percentage of sites with immediate postsurgical NSD to both SLT (72%) and MTD
      (67%), followed by the LEFORT (SLT = 50%, MDT = 58%), GENIO (SLT = 27%, MTD =
      6%), and IVRO groups (SLT = 11%, MTD = 18%), respectively. Each group also varied
      in the severity of the initial postoperative deficit as measured by SLT, with the
      SSRO group showing the greatest deficit followed by the LEFORT, GENIO, and IVRO
      groups. During the 6-month recovery period each group approached preoperative
      levels of sensation at a different rate. The LEFORT group recovered most rapidly,
      with few anatomic sites showing NSD (SLT = 20%, MTD = 5%) at the 1-month
      postoperative examination, and the majority of the group (96%) returned to
      preoperative sensation by 3 months following surgery. The SSRO group recovered
      more slowly, with approximately half of the group demonstrating a deficit (SLT =
      50%, MTD = 59%) at 1 month, which diminished to about one fourth of the sites
      (SLT = 25%, MTD = 5%) by 3 months. Most of the SSRO group (90%) exhibited no
      residual deficit 6 months following surgery. The IVRO group had few sites with
      immediate NSD (SLT = 11%, MTD = 15%). In none of the surgical groups was a
      statistically significant correlation found between the severity of the initial
      NSD and length of time to complete recovery.

PMID- 2299456
TI  - Studies of traumatic neuralgia in the maxillofacial region: symptom complexes and
      response to microsurgery.
AB  - Patients with chronic pain following trigeminal nerve injuries were studied
      before and after microsurgical repairs using the McGill Pain Language Inventory,
      sensory reflex testing, and assessment of pain relief from nerve blocks. This
      protocol differentiated four syndrome types that appeared singly or in
      combination: anesthesia dolorosa (AD), sympathetic mediated pain (SMP),
      hyperalgesia, and hyperpathia. Trigeminal nerve blocks proved to be good
      predictors of pain relief from microsurgical treatments. Surgical pain reduction
      was poor for AD and SMP (14.6% and 20.7%) as compared with hyperalgesia and
      hyperpathia (60.5% and 56.3%).

PMID- 2299457
TI  - Purification of rabbit bone morphogenetic protein derived from bone, dentin, and
      wound tissue after tooth extraction.
AB  - Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) was extracted from bone matrix, dentin matrix,
      and wound tissue after tooth extraction in rabbits, and purified. These purified
      fractions were shown to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      slab gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and induced new bone in situ in 3 weeks when
      implanted into the calf muscles of Wistar rats. The dentin matrix-derived BMP was
      different from the other two types in molecular weight and the properties
      revealed in the process of purification. However, each tissue-derived BMP was
      shown to induce new bone growth in a bioassay of xenogenic implantation. For this
      reason, BMP is thought to have subunits with certain commonalities in different
      tissue.

PMID- 2299458
TI  - Electrodiagnostic evaluation of the uninjured rabbit inferior alveolar nerve.
AB  - This investigation describes the electrophysiology of the uninjured rabbit
      inferior alveolar nerve. There were no differences in the measured waveform
      parameters between animals nor between the two sides of each animal. The model is
      reliable and could be applied to basic studies of inferior alveolar nerve
      regeneration and the effects of pharmacologic or surgical intervention.

PMID- 2299459
TI  - Submandibular tuberculous lymphadenitis (scrofula): report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of scrofula are presented. These cases were very different in terms of
      age of the patient, duration of the lesion, and the clinical course. The final
      diagnosis was based on the histologic findings and tuberculin tests.

PMID- 2299460
TI  - Peripheral ameloblastoma: case report with immunohistochemical investigation.

PMID- 2299461
TI  - Life-threatening hemorrhage from placement of a dental implant.
AB  - This report focuses on a potentially fatal hemorrhage arising from dental implant
      placement in the mandible. Anatomic considerations of the lingual artery and its
      divisions in the floor of the mouth are discussed. In addition, various methods
      of controlling bleeding from the floor of the mouth are reviewed. The case
      presented is unusual in that intraoral ligation of the transected vessel was
      possible despite the presence of massive sublingual, submental, and submandibular
      hematomas as well as severely distorted anatomy. This case represents a severe
      complication resulting from a seemingly minor oral surgical procedure. Those
      performing endosteal implant placement should be knowledgeable in the management
      of such complications.

PMID- 2299462
TI  - Failure of surgery and isotretinoin to relieve jaw immobilization in
      fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: report of two cases.
AB  - Two patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva who presented with jaw
      immobilization due to formation of bone between the maxilla and mandible were
      treated with surgical resection of their ectopic bone in conjunction with
      experimental, adjunctive medical therapy using isotretinoin. Both patients had
      recurrence of their ectopic ossification within 2 months of surgery. Surgery to
      remove joint-bridging ossifications in FOP is not recommended.

PMID- 2299463
TI  - Hemangiopericytoma of the palate: case report.
AB  - A case of hemangiopericytoma of the palate is presented. This is a locally
      aggressive tumor with a high propensity for recurrence and metastasis. Proper
      management is by wide local excision. Long-term follow-up is mandatory because
      this neoplasm can recur after several years.

PMID- 2299464
TI  - Accurate diagnosis of malignant ameloblastoma.

PMID- 2299465
TI  - General surgery training in double-degree programs.

PMID- 2299466
TI  - Jury verdict for oral surgeon.

PMID- 2299467
TI  - Potential problems with orthodontics and rigid fixation.

PMID- 2299468
TI  - Human jaw-opening muscle responses elicited by multiple-site electrical
      stimulation.
AB  - Electrical stimuli were applied to subjects' upper and/or lower gingivae around
      the right canines; (i) during maintained relaxation of masticatory muscles; (ii)
      at an active opening position; (iii) while clenching in an incisal edge-to-edge
      contact (IEC) position; and (iv) at the wide-open position. Reflex responses of
      the suprahyoid and jaw-closing muscles were obtained using surface electrodes.
      The electrical stimulation produced segmented reflex excitation(s) in the
      suprahyoid muscle and conventional reflex excitation and/or inhibition in the jaw
      closing muscles when some background activity was maintained in the muscle(s).
      The excitatory reflex in the suprahyoid muscle responded to multiple site
      electrical stimulation which was delivered on both the upper and lower jaw
      simultaneously rather than to single site stimulation. Also, the responses
      depended on the intensity of the electrical stimulation. In particular, stronger
      intensities resulted in longer latencies. The results support the suggestions in
      our previous studies with mechanical stimuli, i.e. that the human jaw-opening
      reflex can be obtained only when some background activity is maintained in the
      jaw openers, perhaps due to low threshold afferent input, and that spatial
      summation may be effective for the reflex.

PMID- 2299469
TI  - A comparative study between three ethnic groups to derive some standards for
      maxillary arch dimensions.
AB  - A sample of 91 adult Philippinos, 45 males and 46 females, were selected for
      maxillary arch measurements. The intercanine width (C-C), intermolar width (M-M),
      molar incisor (M-I) and molar canine (M-C) length were measured. The measurements
      were compared to previous studies of maxillary arch dimensions for adult male and
      female Egyptians and Saudi Arabians. The results showed wider (M-M) measurements
      for the Egyptians than for the Philippinos, who also showed wider (C-C) arch
      dimensions than the Saudi Arabians.

PMID- 2299470
TI  - Method for identification and classification of single motor unit potentials in
      diagnostic electromyography.
AB  - It is important to have an objective method for recording jaw muscle capacity
      such as EMG before, during and after treatment of muscle dysfunction and also for
      oral rehabilitation with dentures, implants or other types of restorations.
      Because measurements of motor unit potentials (MUPs) are needed in several areas
      of EMG analysis, algorithms have been developed in our laboratory for use in a
      small computer-aided system for semi-automatic detection and pattern recognition
      of MUPs. Based upon the test recordings it is suggested that a characteristic
      'maximal voltage increase per microsecond during the spike-phase' can be used as
      a supplement to the more generally used parameter 'rise-time'. Examples are given
      of how the programs can be useful in the study of the functional anatomy of jaw
      muscles by recording normative values for MUPs and their recruitment patterns.

PMID- 2299471
TI  - The effect of sustained release application of chlorhexidine on salivary levels
      of Streptococcus mutans in partial denture wearers.
AB  - The effect of a slow-releasing dosage (SRD) coating of chlorhexidine on the
      salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and on plaque index scores in patients
      with removable partial dentures (RPD) was tested. The SRD proved to be effective
      in maintaining a low level of S. mutans counts after mechanical cleaning, as
      compared to a baseline established during the control period. Plaque index scores
      were lower following the treatment and correlated with the microbiological
      results. Our findings indicate that a single application of sustained-release
      chlorhexidine to removable partial dentures effectively maintains S. mutans
      levels as well as reducing the plaque score for a minimum period of 1 week.

PMID- 2299472
TI  - Finishing composite restorative materials.
AB  - A clinically realistic in vitro study was performed to determine the best method
      for smoothing trimmed surfaces of seven composite restorative materials. Soflex
      discs produced the smoothest surface, and little advantage appeared to be gained
      by prior smoothing of the surface with stones or points. A polishing paste, even
      when used with intermediate finishing agents, produced a rougher surface than
      that left by the discs.

PMID- 2299473
TI  - Studies on the temporomandibular joints of an eighteenth-century London
      population (Spitalfields).
AB  - The mandibular condyles and glenoid fossae of 93 adult skulls of known age at
      death were studied in skeletons exhumed from the crypt of Christ Church,
      Spitalfields, London. Antero-posterior and mesio-lateral dimensions were
      recorded, as were the shapes together with form and surface changes. In addition,
      the teeth present and the extent of occlusal attrition were noted. There was
      sexual dimorphism in the mesio-lateral size of the condyle, and although ante
      mortem tooth loss was higher than in previously studied Romano-British skulls,
      form and surface changes of the condyle were less marked. It is concluded that
      tooth loss is not the main factor involved in remodelling of the condyle.

PMID- 2299474
TI  - Sensitivity to ambient light of visible light-cured composites.
AB  - Fourteen representative visible light-cured composite materials, including a
      total of 29 shades, have been examined for sensitivity to ambient light. The
      assessment was based upon a procedure recommended in an International Standard
      (ISO/DIS 4049). All but four of the 29 formulations exceeded the critical working
      time of 60 s when exposed to ambient illumination of 20 klx. These four composite
      resins exhibited working times greater than 60 s under 10 klx illumination, and
      the maximum working time observed at 10 klx was 227 s. These data confirm the
      finite working time of light-cured resins under clinical lighting conditions.

PMID- 2299475
TI  - The effect of posterior composite restorations on the resistance of cavity walls
      to vertically applied occlusal loads.
AB  - The resistance of the cavity walls of non-vital premolars to vertically applied
      occlusal forces was studied. Standardized MOD cavities were prepared, restored,
      and vertical forces were applied to each of the cuspal tips by the Instron
      machine. Results suggest that bevelled etched-enamel margins and dentine-bonded
      posterior composite resin restorations significantly improved (by 33%) the
      resistance of the remaining cavity walls compared to amalgam restorations. In a
      control group, in which no restorations were carried out in the prepared
      cavities, the resistance of the walls was significantly smaller than in both
      restored groups.

PMID- 2299476
TI  - Initiation of a home hemotherapy program using a primary nursing model.
AB  - A home hemotherapy pilot study was implemented based on a primary nursing model.
      Seventy-one patients received a total of 248 units of red blood cells and 104
      units of platelets during 137 home transfusions. In no case did a clinical change
      in patient status require the interruption of the transfusion. Total nursing time
      for the pretransfusion, transfusion, and posttransfusion follow-up visits for
      each patient averaged 4.36 hours, while another 4.45 hours accounted for nurse
      travel to and from the home and the blood bank. Home hemotherapy is a viable
      option for selected homebound patients. Program success is dependent on staff
      education, strict clinical guidelines, and an acknowledgment of the time required
      to provide quality patient care.

PMID- 2299477
TI  - Accuracy of infusing i.v. fluids: a Q.A. approach.
AB  - Whether delivering medications and parenteral nutrition or replacing fluids and
      electrolytes, intravenous infusions have become a routine aspect of patient care.
      Nursing quality assurance studies at Community Memorial Hospital in Menomonee
      Falls, Wis., found that amounts of fluids infused varied widely from the
      prescribed amounts. With repeated monitoring, several changes in practice, and
      increased awareness on the part of the nursing staff, the accuracy of infused
      amounts was greatly improved. Specifically, as a result of these measures, the
      percentage of infusion rates that matched prescribed rates increased from 38% to
      84% for infusions delivered at 115 ml/hr and from 67% to 78% for infusions
      delivered at 100 ml/hr.

PMID- 2299478
TI  - Central venous catheterization: issues associated with the use of single- and
      multiple-lumen catheters.
AB  - Central venous catheterization is frequently the preferred route of access into
      the vascular system. In recent years, technological advances have given rise to
      multiple-lumen central venous catheters. As intravenous nurses, it is our
      responsibility to be knowledgeable about the central venous system, the
      multiplicity of central venous catheters, and the elements of risk associated
      with these catheters.

PMID- 2299479
TI  - Disposal of sharps: implications and control.
AB  - This paper describes the current federal and state regulations governing disposal
      of "sharps" by health care facilities. Recent data on the implications of
      exposure to waste containing sharps are summarized, and appropriate methods for
      sharps disposal are outlined. Three institutions are cited as examples of the
      costs associated with implementation of a sharps disposal system.

PMID- 2299480
TI  - Legal risks in a changing practice environment.
AB  - A general working definition of medical malpractice is provided. Relevant factual
      situations as well as applicable decisional and statutory laws are delineated.
      This information will allow the nurse to understand the legal standards that
      apply to nursing practice in a variety of health care environments.

PMID- 2299481
TI  - Growth failure in children with renal diseases. A clinical trial in pediatric
      nephrology: Growth Failure in Renal Diseases (GFRD) Study.

PMID- 2299482
TI  - Masking procedure, randomization and stratification, and compliance monitoring in
      the Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Study.
AB  - Ensuring the integrity of a study such as the GFRD Study requires close
      cooperation among all groups involved with the study and the patient. Many
      factors may influence the outcome and validity of a multicenter, double-masked,
      randomized trial. Any dosage modifications that may need to be made rely totally
      on established communication between the centers, the DCC, and the Core Pharmacy.
      When the procedures outlined above are followed, masking is ensured and patient
      compliance can be measured.

PMID- 2299483
TI  - Statistical methods and determination of sample size in the Growth Failure in
      Children with Renal Diseases Study.

PMID- 2299484
TI  - Prevalence of anemia and correlations with mild and chronic renal insufficiency.

PMID- 2299485
TI  - Ethical issues in the nursery: priorities versus limits.

PMID- 2299486
TI  - Cardiac transplantation in infancy: donors and recipients. Loma Linda University
      Pediatric Heart Transplant Group.
AB  - To evaluate the role of orthotopic cardiac transplantation for infants with
      lethal cardiac disease, we reviewed the results from our first 25 patients. Data
      on the donors were also reviewed to define the characteristics of a successful
      cardiac donor. Patients had transplants between November 1985 and November 1988.
      Several primary cardiac diagnoses were indications for transplantation, including
      congestive cardiomyopathy, hypoplastic left-heart syndrome, and other types of
      native and postoperative complex congenital heart diseases. The ages ranged from
      birth to 7 months. Of 25 patients, 21 are still alive (84% survival rate) with
      follow-up from 4 to 40 months. No late deaths have occurred. Long-term
      immunosuppression was accomplished with cyclosporine and azathioprine. Rejection
      surveillance was performed noninvasively; only one child required an
      endomyocardial biopsy. Donors died from a variety of traumatic and metabolic
      causes, including sudden infant death syndrome. The majority (72%) of donors had
      a history of cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. One third
      were receiving inotropic support at the time of cardiac evaluation. We conclude
      that orthotopic cardiac transplantation is an effective therapy for infants with
      lethal heart disease. A larger donor pool is required, and many dying infants,
      despite cardiac arrest and resuscitation, would be suitable donors.

PMID- 2299487
TI  - Coronary arteriosclerosis in pediatric heart transplant survivors: limitation of
      long-term survival.
AB  - Because coronary atherosclerosis after heart transplantation has been a limiting
      problem in long-term survival of adults, we reviewed the coronary angiograms, and
      autopsy data when available, from 21 of 30 children who underwent orthotopic
      heart transplantation and survived the perioperative period. Six patients had
      coronary atherosclerosis, and five of these patients died 6 months to 3 years
      after heart transplantation. The late deaths were sudden and unexpected. Coronary
      angiography demonstrated several types of lesions, including concentric
      narrowing, tubular segmental lesions, and abrupt obliteration of major coronary
      vessels. Risk factors assessed included hypertension, hyperlipidemia,
      cytomegalovirus infection, type of immunosuppressive regimen, number of rejection
      episodes, and major histocompatibility antigen mismatches. Only the frequency and
      duration of rejection episodes seemed to be more prevalent in the patients in
      whom coronary atherosclerosis developed. Despite the benefits of heart
      transplantation in treating children with end-stage heart disease, coronary
      atherosclerosis may limit long-term survival. We suggest that these children
      should undergo serial coronary angiography to identify those at risk for
      subsequent events related to coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2299488
TI  - History of whooping cough in nonvaccinated Swedish children, related to serum
      antibodies to pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a correlation between
      parental information on the child's history of whooping cough and the presence or
      absence of serum antibodies against two antigens of Bordetella pertussis,
      pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin, in nonvaccinated Swedish children.
      The parents of 266 Swedish children aged 1 to 4 years answered a questionnaire
      regarding the child's history of whooping cough, and a serum sample was obtained
      from the child for determination of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to pertussis
      toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin. The study was performed from 1984 to 1986,
      five to seven years after the cessation of general vaccination against pertussis
      in Sweden; none of the children had received pertussis vaccine. Antibodies to
      both toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin increased with age. Of the children aged
      4 years, 50% had antibodies to both antigens. Of all 266 children, 100 had
      antibodies to both antigens, 6 to toxin alone, and 49 to filamentous
      hemagglutinin alone. There was a good correlation between the presence of
      antibodies and a history of whooping cough. Of 91 children with a history of
      whooping cough, 77 had antibodies against both antigens and 13 against one
      antigen; only one child lacked detectable antibodies against both antigens. Of
      the 175 children with no history of whooping cough, 110 lacked detectable
      antibodies to both antigens, 23 had antibodies to both, 2 to toxin alone, and 40
      to filamentous hemagglutinin alone. The data indicate that parental information
      on a previous history of whooping cough in their nonimmunized child is reliable,
      and that many infections with B. pertussis are subclinical or atypical. Exposure
      to other Bordetella species than B. pertussis, which is the only toxin-producing
      species, might be important for the development of FHA antibodies. A follow-up 2
      to 4 years after the collection of serum samples of children without a history of
      whooping cough but with antibodies to one or both antigens indicated that serum
      antibodies to toxin, but not to filamentous hemagglutinin, may be protective
      against disease.

PMID- 2299489
TI  - Viral infections and recurrences of febrile convulsions.
AB  - To determine whether complicated febrile seizures occur more often in children
      with a proven viral infection, we performed viral examinations on 144 children
      with febrile convulsions, of whom 112 had simple and 32 had complicated seizures.
      A diagnosis of virus infection was verified in 46% of the former patients and 53%
      of the latter. Three adenoviruses, one parainfluenza virus type 2 and one type 3,
      one respiratory syncytial virus, one echovirus type 11, one herpes simplex virus
      type 2, and one influenza B virus were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid. A
      simple febrile convulsion occurred in seven children with a positive
      cerebrospinal fluid viral isolation, and two had a complex febrile seizure. In a
      follow-up of 2 to 4 years (mean 3.3 years), 21 of the 107 children with simple
      seizures (19.6%) and 3 of the 32 children with complicated seizures (9.4%) had
      recurrent febrile seizures. The children with positive evidence for a viral
      infection, even with a virus isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid, had no more
      recurrences than those without any proven viral infection. We conclude that
      children with a proven viral infection have no worse prognosis than those
      without.

PMID- 2299490
TI  - Children's knowledge of cancer and its treatment: impact of an oncology camp
      experience.
AB  - Because pediatric oncology camps provide an opportunity for children who have had
      cancer to interact with their peers in an informal, recreational environment,
      this study was designed to determine (1) whether cancer and its treatment are
      discussed informally among the children, (2) what kinds of information are
      exchanged if such discussions take place, and (3) how these interactions might
      affect the children's knowledge and understanding of cancer and its treatment.
      The study included detailed, open-ended, structured interviews and observational
      accounts of the subjects before, during, and after camp. These interviews and
      observations in a sample of 50 children revealed that the children engaged in
      informal discussion about cancer and its treatment, and that information on a
      variety of topics, ranging from medical procedures to prognosis, was exchanged.
      Despite the lack of formal instruction, there was a significant increase in the
      children's knowledge about cancer and its treatment. Age, sex, diagnosis, years
      since diagnosis, treatment status and times at camp were not found to be
      significant determinants of gain in knowledge. No control group was studied, but
      we believe that the data support the conclusion that attending a camp for
      children with cancer improves their knowledge of the disease and its treatment.

PMID- 2299491
TI  - Modulation of abnormal defecation dynamics by biofeedback treatment in
      chronically constipated children with encopresis.
AB  - To determine whether outcome in chronically constipated and encopretic children
      with abnormal defecation dynamics could be improved with biofeedback training, we
      randomly assigned patients, 5 to 16 years of age, to receive conventional
      treatment alone (n = 19) or conventional plus biofeedback treatment (n = 22) and
      evaluated physiologic outcome at 7 months and clinical outcome at 7 and 12
      months. Eighty-six percent of patients learned normal defecation dynamics with up
      to six biofeedback sessions. At 7 months, 13% of conventionally treated and 77%
      of biofeedback-treated patients had normal defecation dynamics (p less than
      0.01); one conventionally treated (5%) and 12 biofeedback-treated patients (55%)
      had recovered (p less than 0.01). Learning normal defecation dynamics was
      correlated with clinical recovery (p less than 0.01). At 7 months, 11% of
      patients with normal defecation dynamics after biofeedback treatment had abnormal
      defecation dynamics, and 71% of the biofeedback-treated patients with normal
      defecation dynamics recovered. At 12 months, 16% of conventionally treated and
      50% of biofeedback-treated patients had recovered (p less than 0.05). Balloon
      defecation did not improve significantly in those who learned normal defecation
      dynamics. Therefore the ability to defecate balloons is apparently not dependent
      on the normal function of the external and sphincter and pelvic floor muscles
      alone. Biofeedback treatment is complementary to a good conventional therapeutic
      regimen in patients with abnormal defecation dynamics.

PMID- 2299492
TI  - Cost, resource utilization, and severity of illness in intensive care.
AB  - The relationship between health care resource use and severity of illness is
      important to hospitals providing care to sicker patients, so we investigated the
      relationship between resource utilization, cost, and severity of illness in 229
      consecutive patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit. Resources
      measured included length of stay and number and cost of laboratory and imaging
      studies. Pediatric intensive care unit and daily mortality risks (assessed by the
      Physiologic Stability Index and the Dynamic Risk Index) were stratified as very
      low risk (less than 1%), low risk (1% to 2.5%), moderate risk (2.5% to 5.0%), and
      high risk (greater than 5%). Increasing daily resource use was directly related
      to increasing gradations of severity of illness. For very low, low-, moderate-,
      and high-risk patient days, the daily numbers of diagnostic studies were (mean +/
      SEM) 20.1 +/- 0.6, 31.4 +/- 1.1, 37.7 +/- 1.6, and 43.0 +/- 1.8, respectively.
      Total resource use, including diagnostic tests and length of stay, also increased
      with pediatric intensive care unit mortality risk. Diagnostic testing and
      corresponding costs were significantly higher for infants who died in the
      pediatric intensive care unit than for survivors on a day-by-day basis as well as
      for the entire stay in the care unit. We conclude that there is a direct,
      positive relationship between resource use, cost, and gradations of severity of
      illness that, if accounted for, would result in more equitable health care
      reimbursement.

PMID- 2299493
TI  - Liver disease in neonatal lupus erythematosus.
AB  - We report the cases of neonatal lupus erythematosus associated with significant
      hepatic involvement in three living infants and in one infant who died 3 hours
      after delivery. The three living infants had neonatal cholestasis as a major
      component of their clinical findings. Pathologic changes included giant cell
      transformation, ductal obstruction, and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Liver
      involvement has been noted incidentally in children with neonatal lupus
      erythematosus, but it has generally been attributed to hemodynamic compromise as
      a result of congenital heart block or systemic toxic reactions. We speculate that
      neonatal hepatitis proceeding to hepatic fibrosis may occur in neonatal lupus
      erythematosus, analogous to the occurrence of "idiopathic" congenital heart
      block. The neonatal hepatitis associated with neonatal lupus erythematosus is a
      form distinguishable from the "idiopathic" group. Liver involvement may be more
      common than was previously recognized, and prospective studies to look for
      maternal autoantibodies in idiopathic neonatal liver disease should be
      undertaken.

PMID- 2299494
TI  - Quantitation of proteinuria with urinary protein/creatinine ratios and random
      testing with dipsticks in nephrotic children.
AB  - We examined the relative feasibility of using random urinary dipstick testing and
      urinary protein/creatinine ratios in the quantitation of proteinuria. Sixty-four
      children with relapsing nephrotic syndrome, ranging in age from 1 1/2 to 16
      years, contributed 145 timed urine collections and 150 random specimens, which
      were analyzed by urinary protein dipstick, quantitation of protein and
      creatinine, or both. Total protein excretion was expressed as grams per surface
      area per day and the urinary protein/creatinine ratio as milligrams of protein
      per milligram of creatinine. Degrees of proteinuria were designated as
      physiologic (less than 0.1 gm/m2/day), intermediate (greater than 0.1 and less
      than 1.0 gm/m2/day), or nephrotic (greater than 1.0 gm/m2/day). The log
      regression analysis of the 24-hour urinary protein/creatinine ratio (y) and total
      protein excretion (x) was highly significant (r = 0.97; p less than 0.001). The
      upper and lower confidence limits of the urinary protein/creatinine ratio (1.0
      and 0.1, respectively) closely approximated the designations for nephrotic and
      physiologic proteinuria, respectively. These values were therefore used to
      classify degrees of proteinuria by the urine protein/creatinine ratio. The
      validity of these tests was assessed by sensitivity, specificity, and predictive
      value, and compared with that of random testing by urinary dipstick. The urinary
      protein/creatinine ratio offered good reliability as a test for classifying
      degrees of proteinuria and accurately predicting nephrotic and physiologic
      proteinuria. The random dipstick testing was reliable only when results were
      distinctly positive and when sensitivity and specificity were low. The error in
      the total protein excretion value that was imposed by collection errors with high
      and low variations in the creatinine value (57% of samples) was largely corrected
      by normalization of the data by log transformation. When controlled for
      creatinine excretion, linear regression analysis allowed calculation of total
      protein excretion (TP) from the urinary protein/creatinine ratio (U P/Cr) by the
      following equation: TP (gm/m2/day) = 0.63 (U P/Cr) at all levels of proteinuria.
      The random urinary protein/creatinine ratio appeared to offer the most sensitive
      test for classification of proteinuria in children with nephrosis, with the
      advantages of ease and expediency not afforded by the 24-hour urine quantitation.

PMID- 2299495
TI  - Long-term follow-up of a cohort of children with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.
AB  - We assessed lung function, liver function, and smoking attitudes and behavior in
      22 adolescents with homozygous alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency whose condition had
      been detected through neonatal screening in the early 1970s. All subjects had
      normal lung volumes, expiratory flow rates, and diffusing capacity except for two
      siblings with mild asthma whose values reverted to the normal range after
      administration of an inhaled bronchodilator. Liver function was normal in all
      subjects with the exception of one boy who had an isolated elevation of alkaline
      phosphatase activity. Smoking attitudes, as determined by questionnaire, did not
      differ from those of 130 control subjects, but smoking initiation rates were
      significantly lower (p = 0.02). We believe that the issue of neonatal screening
      for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency should be reexamined because augmentation
      therapy for adults with emphysema is now available, and screening followed by
      family-based smoking intervention may lead to a nonsmoking life-style. The latter
      is especially important because the current weight of epidemiologic evidence
      strongly suggests that in nonsmokers with this condition, severe emphysema may
      never develop or, if it does, it will do so at a much later age than in smokers.

PMID- 2299496
TI  - Vitamin D metabolism in chronic childhood hypoparathyroidism: evidence for a
      direct regulatory effect of calcium.
AB  - We noted the presence of elevated levels of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
      (83 pg/ml (200 pmol/L), with low total serum calcium concentration (6.5 mg/dl
      (1.88 mmol/L), in an untreated adolescent boy with hypoparathyroidism.
      Furthermore, an inverse relationship between total serum calcium and circulating
      1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels was evident during treatment with 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3. We examined this relationship with a 33-hour intravenous
      infusion of calcium gluconate in the absence of exogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
      D3 therapy. The infusion was accompanied by a gradual increase of both total
      serum calcium and blood ionized calcium concentrations from hypocalcemic to
      normocalcemic ranges, and produced a 50% reduction in circulating 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D values, with minimal changes in circulating phosphorus,
      magnesium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D values. These results suggest that calcium
      dependent, parathyroid hormone-independent regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
      production may exist in human beings.

PMID- 2299497
TI  - Patterns of malformation in children with congenital diaphragmatic defects.
AB  - The medical records of 102 live-born children with a congenital diaphragmatic
      defect were reviewed to determine the frequency and nature of underlying
      chromosomal, genetic, and nongenetic patterns of malformation. Overall, 40
      children (39%) had a major nonpulmonary malformation, and 14 of these children
      (14%) had a previously recognized pattern of malformation. A group of 18 children
      (18%) with cardiac anomalies had an increased mortality rate in comparison with
      those children without cardiac defects (72% vs 38%). The frequency and severity
      of nonpulmonary abnormalities in children with congenital diaphragmatic defects
      suggest that examination of affected children should include cardiac evaluation,
      a karyotype when the defect is one feature of a broader pattern of altered
      development, and a careful evaluation for minor anomalies, which may provide
      clues to an overall diagnosis.

PMID- 2299498
TI  - Successful treatment with an unrelated-donor bone marrow transplant in an HLA
      deficient patient with severe combined immune deficiency ("bare lymphocyte
      syndrome").
AB  - An 8-month-old white female infant with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia had a
      normal blastogenic response to mitogens but no response to a variety of antigens,
      as well as a poor response to allogeneic cells in one-way mixed lymphocyte
      culture assays. The patient's mononuclear cells had defective class I (HLA-A, -B,
      -C) and absent class II (HLA-D) antigen expression on their surface, thus
      establishing the diagnosis of HLA-deficient severe combined immune deficiency
      (bare lymphocyte syndrome). Family HLA typing, in vitro stimulation of patient
      mononuclear cells, and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization
      allowed the patients HLA phenotype to be determined. An unrelated bone marrow
      donor whose phenotype matched at all but a single A locus was found. The patient
      was conditioned with busulfan and cyclophosphamide, followed by infusion of T
      cell-depleted bone marrow cells. The patient has been infection free with a
      successful marrow graft documented by HLA typing and chromosomal analysis.
      Sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization allows determination of the
      HLA phenotype in patients with HLA-deficient severe combined immune deficiency
      which, in turn, makes marrow transplantation an option for the reconstitution of
      these patients' immune system.

PMID- 2299499
TI  - Cardiac transplantation in infants and children.

PMID- 2299500
TI  - Drug assays in the office.

PMID- 2299501
TI  - Disease-specific camping for children.

PMID- 2299502
TI  - Natural history of premature thelarche in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940 to
      1984.

PMID- 2299504
TI  - Aluminum levels in children with chronic renal failure who consume low-phosphorus
      infant formula.

PMID- 2299503
TI  - Autoimmune hepatitis with initial presentation as acute hepatic failure in young
      children.

PMID- 2299505
TI  - Intramyocellular phosphate metabolism in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets.

PMID- 2299506
TI  - Confirmation of X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia with isolated growth hormone
      deficiency as a disease entity.

PMID- 2299507
TI  - Interaction between digoxin and propafenone in children.

PMID- 2299508
TI  - Plasma epinephrine concentrations after intraosseous and central venous injection
      during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the lamb.

PMID- 2299509
TI  - Familial hemolytic-uremic syndrome.

PMID- 2299510
TI  - Hearing loss in high-risk neonates.

PMID- 2299511
TI  - Growth of children with congenital rubella syndrome.

PMID- 2299512
TI  - Lung volume recruitment during high-frequency ventilation.

PMID- 2299513
TI  - Colonization with staphylococci in preterm neonates.

PMID- 2299514
TI  - New approaches to the systematics of the ancyrocephalid Monogenea from Nearctic
      freshwater fishes.
AB  - A total of 133 ancyrocephalid species found on Nearctic freshwater fishes have
      been named. Of these, 103 are now considered valid; 14 and 16 have been declared
      previously as synonyms or species inquirendae, respectively, and Urocleidus rarus
      Mizelle, 1940, is designated as a species inquirenda in the present work. A
      cladistic analysis, based on 13 binary and 4 multistate characters and 32
      apomorphic character states was carried out. Generalized forms of Entobdella,
      Gyrodactylus, and Tetraonchus were used to generate a hypothetical outgroup
      taxon. Thirteen terminal taxa emerged. Of these, 3 (the articulating bar group,
      Ligictaluridus, and Onchocleidus sensu Wheeler and Beverley-Burton, 1989) have
      been recognized previously as monophyletic; 3 (Aethycteron, Lyrodiscus, and
      Salsuginus) were shown to be monophyletic in the present study; 3 (Leptocleidus,
      Macrohaptor, and Tetracleidus) are monotypic genera; and 4 were identified as
      unresolved assemblages that contain a number of species considered to be incertae
      sedis as well as those assigned to the following genera: Aristocleidus Mueller,
      1936, Urocleidus sensu Suriano and Beverley-Burton, 1981, Cleidodiscoides Mayes
      and Miller, 1973, and Cleidodiscus sensu Beverley-Burton and Suriano, 1980. The
      resultant cladogram was 40 steps long with a consistency index of 0.80. The
      monophyly of the ingroup is supported by 5 synapomorphies. Comparison and mapping
      of the parasite cladogram with/onto a family-level cladogram of hosts indicated
      that the present data provided no unequivocal evidence of cospeciation. Some
      possible origins for the Nearctic ancyrocephalids are discussed, and the need for
      further taxonomic studies on the Holarctic ancyrocephalids to explore the
      possible sister-group relationship between the Nearctic and Eurasian faunas is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2299515
TI  - The role of tubificid oligochaetes in the transmission of Goussia carpelli.
AB  - Tubifex tubifex and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, fed intestinal tissue of carp
      containing oocysts of Goussia carpelli, produced infections in laboratory-reared
      carp. Sporocysts ingested by the tubificids released the sporozoites that were
      found to be motile in the intestinal contents and incorporated in intestinal
      cells of the oligochaetes. Tubificids remained infective for carp at least up to
      57 days postexposure (PE). Tubificids were also able to transmit G. carpelli to
      carp that had recovered from a previous infection, whereas attempts of direct
      transmission of G. carpelli among these carp failed. Direct transmission to
      uninfected carp by fecal contamination was possible. Organisms from the pond
      plankton, benthic Limnadia sp., and chironomid larvae did not transmit G.
      carpelli to carp.

PMID- 2299516
TI  - Respiratory changes associated with the in vitro evagination of Taenia solium
      cysticerci.
AB  - The metabolic adaptability of Taenia solium cysticerci was studied in vitro, by
      measuring their respiratory rate before, during, and after trypsin-induced
      evagination. Under aerobic conditions, the oxygen consumption increased about 40%
      during evagination of the cysticeri and returned to basal rates after the process
      was completed. The percentage of evagination induced by trypsin was not affected
      under anaerobic conditions or in the presence of respiratory poisons such as
      cyanide and carbon monoxide. These data indicate that cysticerci use either
      aerobic or anaerobic pathways according to oxygen availability in the
      environment. Results from experiments of irreversible respiratory poisoning using
      cyanide suggest the presence of an alternative respiratory chain. Proteolytic
      action of trypsin on a fibrous layer surrounding the invaginated larvae is
      suggested by histological evidence.

PMID- 2299517
TI  - Sex ratio, emergence and infection rates of Heterotylenchus-exposed Musca
      autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae).
AB  - Experimental infections were produced with the host-specific nematode
      Heterotylenchus autumnalis, which sterilizes its host, the face fly (Musca
      autumnalis). The high infection rate achieved (means = 82.5%) was similar for
      male and female flies. The pupal emergence rate was significantly lower for fly
      larvae exposed to the nematodes than for unexposed controls. Heterotylenchus
      exposed flies had a sex ratio skewed in favor of males. This indicates that in
      addition to sterilization, H. autumnalis has other deleterious effects on its
      host. Heterotylenchus autumnalis is therefore a candidate for use as a potential
      biological control agent of the face fly.

PMID- 2299518
TI  - Fatal congenital Neospora caninum infection in a lamb.
AB  - Neospora caninum tissue cysts were found in the brain and spinal cord of a 1-wk
      old lamb that was unable to stand after birth. The lamb was originally diagnosed
      as having toxoplasmosis, but ultrastructural and immunohistochemical techniques
      used in the present study permitted a definitive diagnosis of Neospora caninum
      tissue cysts in the brain and spinal cord of this lamb. This is the first report
      of N. caninum in sheep.

PMID- 2299519
TI  - Kinetoplastid flagellates: surface-reactive carbohydrates detected by fluorescein
      conjugated lectins.
AB  - Membrane-associated carbohydrate residues of 3 isolates of Leishmania derived
      from etiological agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), postkala-azar dermal
      leishmaniasis (PKDL), and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), as well as 2 other
      nonpathogenic insect gut kinetoplastid flagellates, Bodo sp. and Herpetomonas
      sp., were characterized with the aid of 8 fluorescein-conjugated lectins. Four
      lectins, concanavalin A, Dolichos biflorus, phytohemagglutinin P, Ricinus
      communis agglutinin, bound to all kinetoplastid flagellates at different
      concentrations. All Leishmania promastigotes showed reactions with Ulex
      agglutinin. Although these lectins were bound to all kinetoplastids, the site and
      intensity of binding was different. All skin-dwelling Leishmania parasites, viz.,
      Leishmania donovani of PKDL and Leishmania tropica of CL showed unique
      selectivity toward peanut agglutinin (PNA), soybean agglutinin, and wheatgerm
      agglutinin (WGA). More interestingly, Herpetomonas showed positive fluorescence
      with PNA and WGA, whereas Bodo was negative. The results demonstrated that no
      lectin could distinguish between the pathogenic and nonpathogenic status of
      kinetoplastid flagellates. Moreover, the antigenic (carbohydrate) profiles of
      Herpetomonas corresponded more closely to those of L. tropica, whereas Bodo
      shared some common lectin receptors with L. donovani of VL.

PMID- 2299521
TI  - Prevalence of antibody to Toxoplasma gondii in the moose (Alces alces americana
      Clinton) of Nova Scotia, Canada.
AB  - The prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was investigated in the sera of
      125 moose taken by hunters in 5 countries of Nova Scotia. Nineteen of these sera
      (15%) were positive by the indirect passive hemagglutination test, with titers
      above 1:64. This study adds further evidence to the prevalence of antibodies to
      T. gondii in the wildlife, extending this evidence to eastern Canada. The
      possibility that humans may acquire toxoplasmosis by ingesting undercooked
      infected meat from game animals is supported by the results of this
      investigation; the implications of these findings to public health are obvious.

PMID- 2299522
TI  - Cellular multifunctionality: a capacity facilitating evolutionary change in the
      paucicellular nematodes.

PMID- 2299520
TI  - Helminth parasites from North Pacific anadromous chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus
      tshawytscha, established in New Zealand.
AB  - The following marine species of parasites are reported from the gastrointestinal
      tract of pre-spawning chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, taken in the
      Rakaia River, New Zealand: the digeneans Derogenes varicus, Lecithocladium
      seriolellae, Parahemiurus sp., and Tubulovesicula angusticauda; and a
      tetraphyllidean metacestode, possibly of the genus Phyllobothrium. A small larval
      nematode tentatively assigned to the genus Contracaceum was found in the
      intestine and may be either of marine or freshwater origin. All are species
      acquired in the new environment of the salmon, descendants of stock introduced
      from California.

PMID- 2299523
TI  - Description of the oocysts of Eimeria paludosa (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from
      Fulica americana (Aves: Gruiformes), with comments on synonyms of eimerian
      species from related birds.
AB  - Between November and December 1988, fecal and intestinal contents were collected
      from 25 northern American coots, Fulica americana americana, in Arkansas and
      Texas, and examined for coccidial parasites. Seventeen (68%) of the coots were
      infected with Eimeria paludosa, herein described; for the first time,
      photomicrographs of the species are presented. Sporulated oocysts are ovoid, 16.5
      x 12.6 (15-23 x 11-14) microns, with a lightly to heavily pitted single-layered
      wall; an oocyst residuum is absent, but a prominent micropyle is present. A
      large, or several smaller, polar granule(s) is present, usually located beneath
      the micropyle. Sporocysts are elongate-ovoid, 10.8 x 6.2 (10-12 x 5-7) microns,
      with Stieda and substieda bodies. A sporocyst residuum is present, normally
      composed of very fine faint granules scattered among the sporozoites or, rarely,
      as a spherical mass. Sporozoites are elongate, 8.7 x 2.7 (7-11 x 2-3) microns, in
      situ. Each sporozoite contains a spherical-ellipsoid posterior refractile body
      and occasionally a spherical anterior refractile body. A nucleus is located
      immediately anterior to the posterior refractile body. The occurrence of E.
      paludosa in F. a. americana is a new host and geographic record for the parasite.
      In addition, several of the previously described eimerian species from gruiform
      birds are proposed to be synonyms of E. paludosa.

PMID- 2299524
TI  - Isospora daphnensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the medium ground finch
      (Geospiza fortis) from the Galapagos Islands.
AB  - In March and April 1987 fecal samples from 237 nestling birds, including 199 from
      85 nest sites of Geospiza fortis, 23 from 12 nest sites of Geospiza scandens, 6
      from 2 nest sites of Geospiza magnirostris, and 9 from 2 nest sites of hybrids
      involving Geospiza fuliginosa and G. fortis, were collected from Daphne Major in
      the Galapagos archipelago and examined for coccidia. Only 3 of 4 nestlings from 1
      nest site of G. fortis (1.5%) had oocysts in their feces. Two of the 3 infected
      nestlings had concurrent infections of Isospora temeraria, and all 3 nestlings
      were infected with a new species. Isospora daphnensis n. sp. Sporulated oocysts
      of I. daphnensis n. sp. are ellipsoidal, 27.3 x 23.6 (22-30 x 20-27) microns; a
      polar body is present, but no oocyst residuum or micropyle occurs. The oocyst
      wall, approximately 1.5 microns thick, is composed of a mammillated outer layer
      and thinner inner layer. Sporocysts are ovoid, 15.2 x 10.2 (15-16 x 9-11) microns
      and have a nipplelike Stieda body and a small substieda body. The sporocysts
      contain an irregularly shaped, smoothly contoured residuum with uniform granules
      and 4 sporozoites with a large refractile body at one end and lying randomly in
      the sporocysts.

PMID- 2299525
TI  - The survivability of the ectoparasitic flagellate Ichthyobodo necator on chum
      salmon fry (Oncorhynchus keta) in seawater and comparison to Ichthyobodo sp. on
      Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).
AB  - Experimental studies revealed that a freshwater ectoparasitic flagellate
      Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) could survive and reproduce in seawater
      after infected chum salmon fry, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), were transferred
      directly from fresh water to 33% seawater. Minor morphological changes (slight
      reduction in body width, loss of twistlike wrinkles on body surface, and
      reduction in contractile vacuoles) were observed in the attached form of I.
      necator following transfer to seawater. The field survey also confirmed that I.
      necator occurs on chum salmon fry in seawater estuaries (salinity 17-34%) and in
      freshwater habitats. It was assumed that I. necator acquired salinity tolerance
      as a result of adapting to the migratory behavior of its anadromous host. Two
      morphologically similar bodonids, I. necator from chum salmon and Ichthyobodo sp.
      from marine Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel),
      were differentiated by cross-infection experiments. Thus, the parasite from
      marine flounder should be regarded as a separate species from I. necator.

PMID- 2299527
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni modulation of phagocytosis in Biomphalaria glabrata.
AB  - Both short-term (3 hr) exposure of Biomphalaria glabrata snails (M-line and 13-16
      R1) to Schistosoma mansoni (PR1) miracidia and in vitro incubation of parasite
      sporocysts with host hemolymph components altered host phagocytic ability.
      Hemocytes obtained from susceptible (M-line) snails that had been exposed to
      parasite miracidia for 3 hr showed reduced levels of phagocytosis of yeast cells
      in vitro compared to hemocytes from unexposed individuals. Incubation of whole
      hemolymph with sporocysts in vitro also reduced yeast phagocytosis in this
      susceptible strain. In contrast, resistant (13-16-R1) hemocytes showed increased
      levels of yeast phagocytosis after in vitro incubation with the parasite, and the
      opsonic properties of 13-16-R1 plasma were greater after exposure of snails to
      miracidia. These strain-specific effects of S. mansoni on host hemocyte
      phagocytosis and plasma opsonization were seen only when both plasma and
      hemocytes were present at the time of exposure to the parasite.

PMID- 2299526
TI  - Identification of two isolates of Trichinella recovered from humans in France.
AB  - Two Trichinella isolates from humans in France were characterized using
      reproductive capacity indices and a combination of molecular methods. The isolate
      TRLL hybridized with the pig type-specific probe pPra and had pig type
      restriction profiles and rDNA patterns. It was therefore identified as a domestic
      or pig type isolate. The isolate CTRD-85 had similarities and differences in
      restriction profiles and rDNA patterns with both AF1 and Trichinella nelsoni and
      was identified as a sylvatic type. Pattern comparisons also show that T. nelsoni
      is similar to variants of the North American sylvatic type.

PMID- 2299528
TI  - Effect of egg dosage and host genotype on liver trapping in murine larval
      toxocariasis.
AB  - In this study we examined the effect of various initial sensitizing doses of
      infective Toxocara canis eggs and the effect of murine host genotype on the level
      of trapping of larvae in the liver after larval challenge. In the initial
      experiments, C57BL/6J mice were infected with a sensitization dose of 5, 25, 75,
      125, or 250 infective T. canis eggs on day 0 postinfection (PI). On day 28 PI all
      mice were challenged with 500 infective eggs. On days 7, 14, and 21 postchallenge
      (PC) larval numbers within individual livers were determined. Trapping of larvae
      was observed in mice receiving a sensitization dose of 25 or more eggs. At 7 and
      14 days PC the level of trapping increased with sensitization egg dose up to a
      dose of 125 eggs. At 21 days PC the level of trapping reached a plateau at a
      sensitization dose of 75 eggs. The peak level of larval trapping was observed on
      day 7 and day 14 PC following sensitization doses of 125 and 250 eggs,
      respectively. In the subsequent experiments, mice of various strains and H-2
      haplotypes were inoculated with an initial sensitization dose of 125 eggs and a
      challenge dose of 500 eggs on day 0 and day 28 PI, respectively. Larval trapping
      within the liver was determined on day 14 PC. C57BL/6J mice trapped significantly
      more larvae than DBA/2J mice (P less than 0.01); all other strains trapped larvae
      at a lower, but statistically similar, level to the C57BL6/J mice.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299529
TI  - Detection of antigens of larval Taenia solium in the cerebrospinal fluid of
      patients with the use of HPLC and ELISA.
AB  - The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from patients suspected of having
      neurocysticerosis (79 samples), as well as from control patients (without
      neurological symptoms), was separated using a high performance liquid
      chromatography gel filtration column. During the chromatographic separation, the
      eluted fractions were collected separately according to distinctive peaks. The
      elution characteristics of CSF components were identified by aligning more than
      100 chromatograms and 6 distinctive peaks, eluting in consistent positions.
      Samples of each peak were tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      for the presence of larval antigens. Forty-four of the suspected 79 cases were
      found to have larval antigens in their CSF and these antigens were detected in
      peak no. 2, the mean of which is approximately 110,000 molecular weight. Also, in
      some cases, larval antigens were found in peak no. 1; however, we were able to
      detect them in only 23 CSF samples out of 44 CSF samples in which larval antigens
      were present in peak no. 2. Nine of these 23 CSF samples (derived from 79
      patients in which neurocysticercosis was suspected) were later confirmed by
      histopathology. Values of ELISA readings of 5 CSF samples obtained from control
      patients (0.054 +/- 0.064) were considered negative. Thus, in 44 of 79 CSF
      samples from patients suspected of having neurocysticercosis, the ELISA values
      were highly positive (0.551 +/- 0.293). The remaining 35 CSF samples gave ELISA
      readings of 0.092 +/- 0.062, which were not significantly different from values
      obtained with CSF of control patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299530
TI  - Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in nine populations of dairy goats:
      compared titers using modified direct agglutination and indirect
      hemagglutination.
AB  - In a convenience survey of dairy goats on 9 farms in Tennessee, Kentucky, and
      Georgia, 54 of 99 females were positive for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii as
      measured by the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). Two of 9 males were also
      positive. Positive goats were found on all farms. The percentage of positive does
      increased from 55% to 65% when the sera were titered a second time by modified
      direct agglutination (MDAT). This difference was not statistically significant,
      indicating that both IHA and MDAT are reliable epidemiological tools.

PMID- 2299532
TI  - Papers presented at the 20th annual meeting of the American Pediatric Surgical
      Association. Baltimore, Maryland, May 28-31, 1989. Proceedings. Part I.

PMID- 2299531
TI  - Ultrastructural observations on the developmental stages of Lankesterella minima
      (Apicomplexa) in experimentally infected Rana catesbeiana tadpoles.
AB  - During May to August 1988, the prevalence of Lankesterella minima in bullfrog
      tadpoles and adults in the vicinity of Lake Sasajewun, Algonquin Park, Ontario,
      was 54.8% and 29.4%, respectively. The parasite was transmitted to laboratory
      reared tadpoles through the bite of experimentally infected, laboratory-reared
      leeches (Batracobdella picta). Intraerythrocytic sporozoites were observed in the
      experimentally infected tadpoles 36 days postexposure (PE) to leech bites.
      Sporogonic stages in these tadpoles were examined by light and electron
      microscopy. Oocysts developed in vascular endothelial cells of several organs.
      Multinucleate oocysts at 29 days PE lay in a parasitophorous vacuole and
      contained several large inclusions. Mature oocysts, observed 32 days PE,
      contained about 70 sporozoites that exhibited typical apicomplexan features. In
      the posterior region of the sporozoites, 12 helically arranged chains of electron
      lucent intrapellicular extended anteriorly from a dense terminal ring.

PMID- 2299533
TI  - Acquired aganglionosis: a rare occurrence following pull-through procedures for
      Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is a neurogenic form of intestinal obstruction
      characterized by a congenital absence of ganglion cells in the submucosal and
      myenteric plexuses. Acquired aganglionosis (AAG) is a rare condition that may
      occur following various pull-through procedures for HD. This report describes
      five boys with acquired aganglionosis. In all cases, the presence of normal
      ganglion cells was confirmed on review of biopsies of the pull-through segments
      at the initial operation. The original pull-through procedure included Soave (2),
      Duhamel (2), and Swenson (1) operations. Three procedures were initially
      performed at other institutions. Recurrent symptoms including abdominal
      distention, obstipation, enterocolitis, and failure to thrive developed 7, 11,
      12, 18, and 30 months postoperatively (mean, 15.6 months). The diagnosis of AAG
      was delayed 1.5 to 9 years after the onset of recurrent symptoms. Full column
      barium enema studies revealed a transition zone or narrow area in the
      rectosigmoid or descending colon in four children. Repeat full thickness rectal
      biopsies at 3.0 cm above the anal verge in the pull-through segment confirmed the
      absence of ganglion cells in each case. Two children (post Swenson and Duhamel)
      were successfully revised with a Swenson procedure. Two additional children (post
      Soave and Duhamel) were successfully treated with extended posterior
      anomyomectomy procedures. The remaining boy now has a preliminary colostomy and
      is awaiting a second procedure. Vascular compromise of the distal bowel segment
      at the time of the initial pull-through procedure may contribute to the selective
      loss of ganglion cells postoperatively as neural tissues are most sensitive to
      hypoxia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299534
TI  - Pulmonary lobar transplantation in neonatal swine: a model for treatment of
      congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
AB  - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) babies born with severe pulmonary
      hypoplasia are unsalvageable despite maximal therapy including extracorporeal
      membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Lung transplantation is a potential treatment for
      these otherwise doomed infants using ECMO as a bridge to transplantation.
      Cadaveric, or living related donation of a more mature reduced size lung
      (pulmonary lobe or segment) may help solve the critical donor shortage problem.
      We evaluated the physiological response of mature left lower lobe (LLL)
      transplants in neonatal swine with the hemodynamic conditions of CDH simulated by
      occlusion of the right pulmonary artery (PA), and also studied the pulmonary
      function of the mature lobar graft compared with the neonatal lung. LLL
      transplantation was well tolerated and resulted in minimal alteration in
      hemodynamic parameters. The response to right PA occlusion was similar pre- and
      posttransplantation with a fall in cardiac output and a significant rise in
      pulmonary vascular resistance. Compared with the contralateral native lung, the
      lobar graft was preferentially ventilated with resultant higher pH (7.65 +/- 0.17
      v 7.41 +/- 0.08, P less than .01) and lower pCO2 (17 +/- 6 v 36 +/- 5, P less
      than .001). The more mature lobar graft was preferentially ventilated due to the
      increased compliance compared with the neonatal right lung (8.16 +/- 1.28 v 5.48
      +/- 0.82 mL/cm, P less than .0001). Reduced size lung transplantation is
      technically feasible and may help solve the donor problem for severe CDH neonates
      for whom no effective therapy is currently available.

PMID- 2299535
TI  - Peritoneal dialysis in the first 60 days of life.
AB  - This report describes a 7-year experience with acute peritoneal dialysis in 31
      neonates and infants less than 60 days of age. There were 20 boys and 11 girls,
      ages 3 to 60 days. Tenckhoff catheters of modified length were placed in the
      newborn intensive care unit (ICU), pediatric ICU, or surgery suites, and hourly
      exchanges (20 cc/kg) were started immediately postoperatively. Diagnoses included
      congenital metabolic disorders (11), acute tubular necrosis (6),
      postcardiopulmonary bypass with renal failure (5), renal cortical necrosis (5),
      obstructive uropathy (2), renal agenesis (1), and bilateral renal dysplasia (1).
      Complications included: peritonitis (4), bowel perforation (1), exit site
      infection (3), leaking dialysate (4), catheter obstruction (2), inguinal hernias
      (3), umbilical hernia (1), and retroperitoneal hemorrhage (1). There were 19
      deaths (61.3%) from 1 to 90 days postinsertion in this high risk group. The (1),
      and post liver transplant (1). Effective dialysis (lowering of blood urea
      nitrogen (BUN) or ammonia, correction of acidosis, decrease in fluid overload)
      was possible in all cases. Five of the 12 survivors remain on chronic dialysis
      awaiting renal transplantation. Peritoneal dialysis is effective in the newborn
      period in the management of metabolic disturbances as well as renal failure.
      Morbidity and mortality (61.3%) is related to the near-morbid condition of the
      baby at the time of insertion and the severity of the complex underlying
      diagnosis often associated with multiorgan failure.

PMID- 2299536
TI  - A comparison of placement techniques and complications of externalized catheters
      and implantable port use in children with cancer.
AB  - The complications associated with the placement and use of Hickman catheters (n =
      120), Broviac catheters (n = 146), and implantable ports (n = 93) in children
      with cancer were analyzed. Percutaneously placed central venous access devices
      (CVADs) tended to fail less often (P = .86) and to develop infections less often
      (P = .056) than surgically placed CVADs. The difference in complications with
      percutaneous versus surgically placed CVADs requires confirmation in a randomized
      trial to assure they are not a result of differences in patient characteristics.
      When all catheter failures (removal due to infection, obstruction, or
      dislodgement) were considered, ports had a significantly longer failure-free
      duration of use than externalized Hickman and Broviac catheters (P = .0009).
      Ports also remained infection-free longer than externalized catheters (P =
      .0014). The greatest risk of infection occurs in the first 100 days of use,
      particularly for ports. This study demonstrates that for long-term use (greater
      than 100 days) ports are superior to externalized catheters in children with
      cancer.

PMID- 2299537
TI  - Postoperative wound infection in pediatric surgical patients: a study of 676
      infants and children.
AB  - We conducted an epidemiologic study of postoperative wound infection in pediatric
      patients. Over a 14-month period, 676 patients who received an operative incision
      on the Pediatric Surgical service were entered. Demographic, nutritional,
      clinical, and laboratory data were collected. The patients were followed for
      development of postoperative wound infection. Cultures were taken from wounds to
      identify the offending organisms. Of the 676 patients, 137 were neonates, 197
      infants, and 342 older children. Wound infection occurred in 17 patients (2.5%):
      1 neonate (0.7%), 8 infants (4.1%), and 8 older children (2.3%). Infection rates
      according to wound classification were: clean 1.0%, clean-contaminated 2.9%,
      contaminated 7.9%, and dirty 6.3%. Heavily contaminated or dirty wounds were
      packed open in one third of cases, and allowed to heal by granulation. The
      largest group of wound infections followed operations on the gastrointestinal
      tract (10 patients, 267 operations, 3.7%). Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
      coli, and alpha hemolytic streptococcus were the most common wound pathogens. An
      increased rate of wound infection was associated with operative procedures longer
      than 1 hour, with the presence of an associated illness, and with emergency
      operations. Age, sex, nutritional status, and duration of preoperative hospital
      stay did not significantly alter the wound infection rate. It could be concluded
      that the incidence of wound infection was lower among pediatric surgical patients
      than the reported incidence in adult surgical patients. The greatest risk factors
      were those associated with local contamination of the surgical wound.

PMID- 2299538
TI  - Mucosal proliferation characteristics in ureterosigmoidostomy: effect of calcium
      supplement.
AB  - Ureterosigmoidostomy, frequently performed in children for urinary diversion, is
      a known premalignant condition. Dietary calcium supplements have been shown to
      normalize mucosal proliferative patterns in other human premalignant colonic
      conditions, which might decrease the risk of cancer. However, calcium
      supplementation has not been investigated in ureterosigmoidostomy. We used a rat
      model to study the effects of increased dietary calcium on the progression to
      carcinoma in ureterosigmoidostomy. Twenty-five Wister rats underwent
      ureterosigmoidostomy by anastomosis of bladder trigone and ureters to sigmoid,
      and were divided into two groups: group 1, regular diet (14); and group 2,
      calcium supplemented (2%) diet (11). All animals received the diet for 9 months.
      At death the anastomosis was weighed and examined histologically. In addition,
      ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), an enzyme involved in polyamine synthesis that
      becomes elevated in neoplastic and proliferative disorders, was determined at the
      anastomosis and 8 cm proximal (normal colon). All animals developed proliferative
      metaplastic polyposis at the anastomosis. Tumor weights were 2.6 +/- 1.1 g for
      group 1 and 4.8 +/- 1.2 g for group 2 (P less than .05). The ODC levels were:
      group 1, normal colon 78.2 +/- 15.6 and tumor 321.3 +/- 58.8 (P less than .002);
      and group 2, normal colon 425.8 +/- 65.4 and tumor 568.0 +/- 40.9 (P = NS). The
      difference between group 1 normal colon and group 2 normal colon was significant
      (P less than .001), as was group 1 tumor and group 2 tumor (P less than
      .02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299539
TI  - The influence of donor age on graft survival in renal transplantation.
AB  - The current supply of kidneys from cadaver and living related donor sources is
      not sufficient to meet the demand. As a result, alternative sources of renal
      allografts are being explored, including very young donors and anencephalic
      newborns. However, data on the success of transplanting kidneys from very young
      donors are limited and conflicting. The purpose of this study was to determine
      whether the function and survival of renal grafts obtained from newborns and very
      young donors is different from that for grafts obtained from older donors. Thirty
      six cadaveric donors under the age of 3 years, including seven anencephalic
      newborns, were evaluated. Allograft recipients ranged in age from 12 months to 57
      years. The clinical outcome for these donor organs was compared with the graft
      survival for 136 kidneys transplanted from cadaver donors over age 3 years at our
      institution. There was a 65% 6-month and 64% 1-year graft survival in recipients
      of kidneys from donors greater than or equal to 3 years. Survival of grafts from
      donors under 12 months of age (n = 16) was significantly decreased compared with
      donors age 3 years and older, with a 31% 6-month (P less than .01) and 19% 12
      month survival (P less than .001). Grafts obtained from anencephalic donors did
      not differ in survival or function from kidneys obtained from other donors less
      than 12 months of age. Survival for renal allografts from donors age 13 months to
      3 years was also decreased relative to older donors: 55% at 6 months (P greater
      than .1) and 40% at 1 year (P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299540
TI  - The therapy of biliary atresia combining the Kasai portoenterostomy with liver
      transplantation: a single center experience.
AB  - Survival has improved dramatically for children with extrahepatic biliary atresia
      (EHBA), but optimal surgical management remains controversial. We have studied 28
      infants born between June 1981, and April 1988, who underwent Kasai's
      portoenterostomy as primary surgical treatment. Those with evidence of subsequent
      hepatic decompensation were evaluated for liver transplantation (LT). All were
      cared for by surgeons who perform both the Kasai portoenterostomy and LT.
      Following the Kasai operation, 16 of 28 patients (57.1%) have achieved total
      biliary drainage, while 5 of 28 (17.9%) achieved partial drainage, and 7 of 28
      (25%) achieved no drainage. Nine of 28 (32.1%) have undergone LT, 4 of whom were
      transplanted at greater than 2 years of age. To date, 25 of 28 (89.3%) are alive.
      Twenty three of 25 (92%) living are jaundice-free, 65% of whom have undergone the
      Kasai operation only. We project that 5 of 28 (17.8%) will come to
      transplantation, and 12 of 28 (43%) have no current indication that they are
      likely to come to transplantation. We conclude that combining Kasai's
      portoenterostomy with LT as needed is an effective therapy for children with
      EHBA, that the Kasai operation offers significant benefit by delaying LT in many,
      and that the long-term results of management remain to be determined.

PMID- 2299541
TI  - Optimal therapy for patients with biliary atresia: portoenterostomy ("Kasai"
      procedures) versus primary transplantation.
AB  - As the results with liver transplantation have improved, a controversy has arisen
      regarding the precise role of a portoenterostomy in the treatment of infants with
      biliary atresia. The controversy centers around three issues: (1) the short- and
      long-term survival rates achieved with both procedures, (2) the influence of a
      portoenterostomy on a subsequent transplant, and (3) the shortage of suitable
      liver donors for very small infants. To address these questions, we
      retrospectively reviewed the charts of 48 children with biliary atresia who
      underwent liver transplantation and compared these results with 35 children
      transplanted for other liver diseases. As a group, the biliary atresia patients
      had significantly lower mean body weights and ages and spent a significantly
      longer time on the waiting list. In addition, significantly more of the biliary
      atresia patients had undergone prior abdominal surgery when compared with the non
      biliary atresia group. There was no difference in the intraoperative variables of
      mean anesthesia time, mean operative time, mean anesthesia preparation time, nor
      the mean amount of blood transfused intraoperatively between the two groups.
      However, when the biliary atresia patients who had undergone a portoenterostomy
      with a stoma were compared with either the biliary atresia patients who did not
      have a stoma created as part of their portoenterostomy or the non-biliary atresia
      patients, significant differences were noted in mean total anesthesia time, mean
      operative time, and the mean amount of blood transfused intraoperatively. The
      survival rate of the biliary atresia patients was significantly greater than the
      non-biliary atresia patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299542
TI  - Acquired symptomatic bronchial stenosis in infants: successful management using
      an argon laser.
AB  - Acquired bronchial stenosis following prolonged endotracheal intubation is
      uncommon, but in infants it is associated with significant morbidity. A variety
      of endobronchial techniques including forceps or cautery resection and balloon
      dilatation have been used with inconsistent results. Laser therapy seems
      attractive, but pediatric applications have been very limited. We report the
      first series of infants with life-threatening acquired bronchial stenosis treated
      with an argon laser. Eight infants, age 3 weeks to 2 years, presented with
      symptomatic bronchial obstruction following prolonged intubation. Seven of these
      patients had at least 90% obstruction of a lobar or mainstem bronchus. Under
      general anesthesia a 300 or 600 micron quartz laser fiber was passed through the
      suction channel of a 3.5-mm flexible or 3-mm rigid bronchoscope. The laser was
      operated at 2.5 to 3.5 W in 0.5-second pulses, to ablate the obstructing tissue.
      Multiple procedures, spaced no closer than 10 days, were required in three of
      eight infants. Follow-up bronchoscopy after 2 to 30 months revealed normal
      findings in five of eight infants. All but one child, who has persistent collapse
      of the bronchus intermedius due to bronchomalacia at the site of the obstruction,
      had satisfactory results. The only complication was a pneumothorax in a 1,300 g
      infant, which developed eight hours after treatment. Our experience suggests that
      the argon laser is effective in the management of endobronchial lesions in
      infants and is superior to the CO2 and Neo-dymium-yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd
      YAG) lasers for this purpose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299543
TI  - Pediatric surgery--whither goest thou?
AB  - What I have attempted to do in this analysis is to give you my views of pediatric
      surgery as it stands today in terms of its original goals. I have also attempted
      to look ahead and to analyze the straws in the wind, hopefully offering some
      potential solutions for the issues we are currently facing. If we remember who we
      really are and what our purpose is, great opportunity lies ahead. To those of us
      who are not satisfied with the present outlook there is much to be investigated
      and much to be contributed.

PMID- 2299544
TI  - Reduced tracheal growth after reconstruction with pericardium.
AB  - Four groups of piglets were used to test the use of pericardium and periosteum as
      free grafts in the repair of full thickness cervical tracheal defects.
      Pericardium provided an airtight, rapidly healing graft, but did not give
      sufficient structural rigidity to prevent narrowing and growth failure at the
      graft site. Composite grafts of pericardium and periosteum were also
      unsatisfactory, in that the periosteum failed to produce enough bone to prevent
      collapse of the graft. Since previous studies have shown that periosteal grafts
      result in good bone formation when applied alone or as an extramucosal support,
      it is concluded that the osteogenic potential is dependent on the available blood
      supply and speed of revascularization. It appears that the presence of
      pericardium in the composite grafts may have inhibited this property.

PMID- 2299545
TI  - Pericardial flap aortopexy for tracheomalacia.
AB  - Tracheomalacia is frequently associated with esophageal atresia and vascular
      compression of the thoracic viscera. Suture aortopexy, as first described by
      Gross, has become the most commonly used surgical procedure for alleviating the
      symptoms of tracheomalacia. External stenting, implantation of cartilage graft,
      and tracheal resection have been tried in severe cases not amenable to aortopexy.
      A standard aortopexy was attempted in an infant who had undergone division of the
      posterior portion of a double aortic arch. Because of very tight posterior
      attachments of the mediastinal structures, the aortic arch could not be brought
      up to the sternum without undue tension. A 3 x 2 cm flap of pericardium was
      formed, based at the aortic root. The free end was then sutured to the
      undersurface of the sternum, thereby pulling the aorta toward the sternum under
      gentle, controlled tension. The patient was easily extubated and has remained
      symptom free. Pericardial flap aortopexy is a relatively simple procedure with
      minimal risk to the aorta or trachea. It may be the preferred initial procedure
      in the surgical management of tracheomalacia.

PMID- 2299546
TI  - Decreasing blood donor exposure in neonates on extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation.
AB  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been successful treatment (80%
      survival) in over 2,000 neonates with severe respiratory failure (80% predicted
      mortality without ECMO). Neonates on ECMO require frequent blood product
      replacement, which increases donor exposure (DE) and the risk of transfusion
      related complications. Successful, widespread usage of ECMO in neonatal
      respiratory failure is placing increased numbers of surviving infants at risk for
      acute and long-term transfusion related problems. We assessed DE rates in 21
      consecutive neonatal ECMO survivors. In the first 12 patients packed red blood
      cell (PRBC) transfusions were administered as 10 mL/kg body weight for hematocrit
      less than 45%. PRBC exchange transfusions were used in patients with hematocrit
      less than 45% and hypervolemia. Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and cryoprecipitate
      (CRYO) infusions were used empirically for evidence of hemorrhage. DE rates
      (donors per ECMO day, mean +/- SD) were: PRBC (2.8 +/- 0.6), FFP/CRYO (0.5 +/-
      0.7), and platelet (2.0 +/- 1.0), with a total donor exposure rate of 5.3 +/- 2.0
      donors per ECMO day. Mean duration of ECMO was 4.6 +/- 2.0 days and total DE per
      infant was 22.8 +/- 9.5 donors per ECMO run. In a protocol (n = 9) to minimize DE
      risks, exchange transfusions were eliminated and PRBC transfusion volumes were
      increased to 15 mL/kg. Empiric use of FFP and CRYO was discontinued. The blood
      bank divided standard units of PRBCs into four aliquots and dispensed each
      aliquot sequentially before dispensing blood from another unit.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299547
TI  - Studies in fetal wound healing, VI. Second and early third trimester fetal wounds
      demonstrate rapid collagen deposition without scar formation.
AB  - The mechanisms that underlie the lack of scarring in fetal wounds are unknown,
      but probably relate to the control of collagen fibrillogenesis. The role of
      collagen in the fetal wound matrix is controversial, and several wound implant
      models have been used to evaluate collagen deposition in fetal wounds.
      Unfortunately, these models create an artificial wound environment and may
      thereby affect the results. In order to study fetal wound collagen deposition in
      linear wounds without artificially altering the wound environment, we applied a
      highly sensitive immunohistochemical technique that uses antibodies to collagen
      types I, III, IV, and VI. We found that collagen was deposited in fetal wounds
      much more rapidly than in adult wounds. Wound collagen deposition occurred in a
      normal dermal and mesenchymal pattern in second and early third trimester fetal
      lambs. These findings are consistent with the observation that the fetus heals
      rapidly and without scar formation. In contrast, wounds in late gestation fetal
      lambs showed some evidence of scar formation. Further studies may suggest ways to
      alter the adult wound so that it heals in a fetal manner.

PMID- 2299548
TI  - The effect of perioperative exogenous growth hormone on wound bursting strength
      in normal and malnourished rats.
AB  - Patients with significant malnutrition secondary to underlying disease may
      require major surgical intervention on an urgent basis. Nutritional restoration
      using enteral or intravenous alimentation requires a delay of 10 to 14 days and
      is frequently not practical. With the availability of human growth hormone (GH)
      produced by recombinant DNA technology, this study was undertaken to evaluate the
      effect of exogenous GH on wound tensile strength in a rat model. Fifty-four
      animals were divided into three groups: group I, normal nourished control; group
      II, malnourished; group III, malnourished, rat GH treated (1 mg GH administered 3
      days preoperative and 5 days postoperative celiotomy). Wound tensile strength was
      measured at 6 days postoperatively. Wound strengths in malnourished rats were
      significantly less than in normal controls (P less than .001). With the
      administration of growth hormone in group III, wound strength was significantly
      improved when slightly improved over normally nourished controls (P less than
      .05). A dose response curve demonstrated progressive improvement in wound tensile
      strength from 0.01 mg/d to 1.0 mg/d. Thus growth hormone administration to
      malnourished animals significantly enhances wound strength. With the availability
      of recombinant produced human GH these observations may be clinically applicable.

PMID- 2299549
TI  - Surgical intervention in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Twenty-one children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection required
      surgical intervention during the course of their disease. There were 11 females
      and 10 males (age range, 3 months to 6 years). The children underwent 54
      operative procedures after diagnosis of their disease. These included placement
      of central venous catheter (23 patients), open lung biopsy (11), incision and
      drainage of perirectal abscess (4), incision and drainage of soft tissue abscess
      (5), myringotomy (2), diverting colostomy (3), Nissen fundoplication (1), and
      other (5). All 21 patients had clinical AIDS by the Centers for Disease Control
      CDC classification. To date, there have been 12 deaths in the 21 patients (57%)
      due to progressive deterioration with the patient's disease. Most procedures were
      adjuncts for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention in a population of children
      with a uniformly fatal disease. The knowledge of various high risk groups for
      AIDS must heighten the surgeon's awareness to the growing and significant
      pediatric segment of the HIV population, the complications of their disease, and
      the surgeon's limited role in treating these problems.

PMID- 2299550
TI  - Patterns of injury in children.
AB  - Trauma is the leading cause of death for children over 1 year of age. This study
      was undertaken to identify the patterns of injury among children admitted to a
      regional pediatric trauma center. During a 34-month period, 3,472 injured
      children were consecutively admitted to a regional pediatric trauma center. Data
      were collected on medical, etiological, and financial aspects of injury. Eight
      subgroups were defined by mechanism of injury: motor-vehicle crash occupants,
      pedestrian and cycle injuries, falls, child abuse, gunshot and stab wounds,
      burns, poisonings, and foreign body ingestions or aspirations. Analysis of
      variance, Duncan's multiple range test, and contingency table analysis were used
      to determine differences among subgroups of children. Blunt and penetrating
      trauma accounted for 64.3% of all admissions. The mean age of injured children
      was 5.5 years; 64% of the children were boys. Sixty-seven percent of the children
      were admitted directly from the scene of injury. One-way analysis of variance
      yielded significant differences in mean age, mean hospital length of stay (LOS),
      mean intensive care LOS, mean trauma score, mean injury severity, and mean
      hospital charges by mechanism of injury (P less than .01). The overall mortality
      rate was 2.4%. Child abuse, gunshot/stab wounds, and drowning had the highest
      mortality rates, but injuries to motor-vehicle crash occupants and pedestrians
      accounted for the greatest number of deaths.

PMID- 2299551
TI  - Mortality and head injury: the pediatric perspective.
AB  - The records of 10,098 children entered into the National Pediatric Trauma
      Registry (NPTR) were analyzed to define the characteristics of pediatric head
      injury and the impact of extracranial trauma on Central Nervous System (CNS)
      injury. The 4,400 NPTR head injuries were then compared with 16,524 head injuries
      recently reported from a predominantly adult trauma registry to illustrate
      potential population differences. Results indicate that children have a lower
      mortality, that the addition of extracranial injury significantly reduces
      recovery potential, that CNS injury is the predominant and most common cause of
      pediatric traumatic death, and that the automobile is the most lethal component
      of a child's environment.

PMID- 2299553
TI  - The 1990s: time again for positive image building.

PMID- 2299552
TI  - Characteristics of pediatric firearm fatalities.
AB  - An increase in the awareness of the problem of gunshot fatalities in children has
      occurred nationwide over the last year. Unintentional firearm deaths are more
      common among children and young adults. These deaths may be addressed by
      preventive measures beyond those available for pediatric firearm suicide and
      homicide. This study focuses on the incidence of fatal gunshot injuries in
      children under 16 years of age during the years 1979 through 1987 in our state.
      Over the past 9 years 132 children (0 to 16 years) were shot and killed as a
      result of firearm injuries (M:F ratio, 3:1). No difference in absolute number in
      racial distribution existed. Deaths were classified as homicide, 61 (46%);
      accidental, 33 (25%); suicide, 29 (22%); undetermined, 7 (5%); and other, 2
      (1.5%). Over 70% of these fatal injuries occurred in the home environment. Types
      of weapons involved included handguns (48%), shotguns (22%), rifles (17%),
      unspecified weapon (12%), and air rifle (1%). In a large number of cases, guns
      were found in the home unsecured. The perpetrator was known by the victim in 64
      instances, while unknown in 27. Thirty-nine self-inflicted wounds and two shotgun
      blasts in the line of fire accounted for the remaining deaths. The most common
      anatomical injury and ultimate cause of death was cranial central nervous system
      (CNS) (62%), followed by chest/mediastinum (20%), abdomen (10%), and other (8%).
      A child who has sustained a firearm injury is more likely to know the
      perpetrator, be killed in the home by a readily available unsecured firearm, and
      die from severe head injury.

PMID- 2299554
TI  - Cholesterol screening in children during office visits.
AB  - Elevated blood cholesterol levels, a major risk for coronary artery disease in
      adults, has been associated with atherosclerotic disease in children. More than
      10% of North American children have blood cholesterol levels higher than the
      desirable levels for adults. Current guidelines recommend screening only in
      children who have a family history of hyperlipidemia or myocardial infarction at
      an early age; however, this method fails to identify most children with
      hypercholesterolemia. Office-based cholesterol screening is an effective means to
      identify children and family members for dietary assessment and counseling.
      Should these measures be insufficient to lower the child's cholesterol level,
      referral for pharmacologic treatment is indicated.

PMID- 2299555
TI  - Survey of accidents in a university day-care center.
AB  - Accident reporting provides useful data for the analysis of injuries in day-care
      centers. This article reports the results of a survey study conducted to analyze
      accidental injuries in a large university day-care center in Southern California.
      Data were collected from individual student accident report forms filed by the
      teachers for the 1987 calendar year. A total of 103 accident reports were
      analyzed. Fifty-seven children ranging in age from 6 months to 6 years were
      involved in 103 accidents. The results of the study revealed that the highest
      number of accidents occurred among children 3 and 4 years of age. The majority of
      the accidents occurred during horseplay or while the children were running or
      fighting. Although no deaths or permanent disability occurred, this number of
      accidents do warrant the need for safety education.

PMID- 2299556
TI  - Dilemmas in assessing the health status of children with learning disabilities.
AB  - There has been little research directed at the evaluation of the general health
      status of children in mainstream settings with learning disabilities. The purpose
      of this study was to describe the effectiveness of a teacher-referral instrument
      in comparing the health status of children with learning disabilities and
      nondisabled children. Health records were reviewed to validate the findings of
      the teacher assessments. Students with learning disabilities were found to have
      increased frequency of health problems on the teacher-referral instrument. The
      health records did not serve to validate the teacher assessments, however, as a
      result of missing information and format inconsistencies. Policy implications are
      identified and discussed.

PMID- 2299557
TI  - A community outreach program for individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome.
AB  - Individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) face life with multifaceted problems
      that hinder adaptation to daily life. Helping this population presents a major
      challenge to health professionals. With few exceptions, primary providers lack
      support systems essential for effective management. The Iowa Child Health
      Specialty Clinics (CHSC) has pioneered an outreach program for affected children,
      their families, and primary providers. Community-based services provided by a
      CHSC regional nurse and PWS consultant emphasize education, communication,
      networking services, case review, and pragmatic approaches to care. Satisfaction
      with initial outreach has been high. This discussion proposes to better prepare
      nurses to appreciate needs of individuals with PWS and their families and to
      function as coordinators of services.

PMID- 2299558
TI  - Primary health care for deaf children. Part II.

PMID- 2299559
TI  - Hyperactivity.

PMID- 2299560
TI  - Home visiting: role for nurses and community visitors.

PMID- 2299561
TI  - Corneal-scleral melt in association with cataract surgery and intraocular lenses:
      a report of four cases.
AB  - Four patients with rheumatoid arthritis had cataract extraction with implantation
      of an intraocular lens (IOL). Postoperatively three patients developed
      progressive scleromalacia perforans. All three cases required patch grafting of
      the sclera and two of them developed progressive melting of the sclera and graft.
      The fourth case involved progressive corneal melting with extrusion of the IOL
      despite treatment with penetrating keratoplasties. All four cases developed
      retinal detachments with loss of vision and three of the eyes were subsequently
      enucleated. We describe each case and discuss the clinicopathologic correlations
      of this condition. The need for careful evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis
      patients with cataract surgery and IOL implantation is emphasized.

PMID- 2299562
TI  - In vivo lens density measurements using the IntraOptics opacity lensmeter.
AB  - We evaluated 589 eyes using the IntraOptics opacity lensmeter 701. Twenty-one
      eyes contained poly(methyl methacrylate) intraocular lenses. The patients in the
      phakic group (578 eyes), who had no ocular pathology other than refractive error
      or cataracts, averaged 60.3 years of age, had an average visual acuity of 20/30,
      and displayed an average lens density as measured with the opacity lensmeter of
      22.09. The data were analyzed for the effect of age upon density using various
      regression models. The best fit was obtained with an exponential model: Density =
      6.2 x e(0.02 x Age), with a correlation coefficient of 0.759. The average density
      for the pseudophakic group (mean age = 68.5) was 9.23. Neither cortical nor
      posterior subcapsular cataracts were well recorded. Our results indicate that the
      IntraOptics opacity lensmeter is a rapid and accurate instrument for documenting
      nuclear cataract changes. The opacity lensmeter may prove useful not only as a
      clinical tool for monitoring cataract progression but also as an "electronic"
      second opinion.

PMID- 2299563
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the Bio-Pen for axial length measurement.
AB  - The axial length of 207 eyes was evaluated in a clinical comparison between the
      Bio-Pen biometric ruler and the Kretz 7200 MA A-scan unit. The overall
      correlation was 0.99. The Bio-Pen measurement averaged 0.056 mm shorter than the
      Kretz. The difference was statistically significant (P less than .0001). The Bio
      Pen was found to be a convenient and clinically accurate biometer.

PMID- 2299564
TI  - Consultation section. Vision loss resulting from juvenile rhegmatogenous retinal
      detachment.

PMID- 2299565
TI  - Refraction factor in IOL power calculation.

PMID- 2299566
TI  - Glare not caused by ridge.

PMID- 2299567
TI  - Intraocular endoscope and intraocular lens implantation.

PMID- 2299568
TI  - Uphill and downhill radial keratotomy incisions.

PMID- 2299569
TI  - Continuing progress in cataract surgical technique.

PMID- 2299571
TI  - Development, advantages, and methods of the continuous circular capsulorhexis
      technique.
AB  - The development of the continuous circular capsulorhexis (CCC) technique has
      contributed significantly to the safety and effectiveness of cataract extraction
      and intraocular lens implantation. This technique facilitates every size of
      smooth, circular, capsular opening, and it produces a strong capsular rim that
      resists tearing even when stretched during lens material removal or lens
      implantation. Maintaining the general integrity of the eye and facilitating such
      procedures as hydrodissection, endolenticular phacoemulsification, capsule
      polishing, and safe lens implantation in both adults and children are some of the
      advantages of CCC. This procedure can be performed in several ways, and it has
      been proven to be consistently reproducible by experienced surgeons.

PMID- 2299570
TI  - One year follow-up of epikeratoplasty for myopia.
AB  - Eighteen surgeons performed 166 consecutive epikeratoplasty procedures to correct
      myopia in 103 patients. Of this total, 147 (89%) were first surgeries and 19
      (11%) were repeat surgeries. First surgery patients were divided into three
      subpopulations based on preoperative spherical equivalents (low -5.00 diopters
      [D] to -9.49 D, medium -9.50 D to -14.00 D, and high greater than -14.00 D). The
      percentage of eyes with 20/40 or better best corrected visual acuity before
      surgery was 93% for the low group, 89% for the medium group, and 57% for the high
      group. The percentage of eyes with 20/40 or better uncorrected visual acuity at
      12 months after surgery was 58% for the low group, 42% for the medium group, and
      17% for the high group. The average and median spherical equivalent after one
      year was -1.40 D (2.45 SD) and -1.00 D, respectively; 41% of the eyes were within
      one diopter of emmetropia, 65% within two diopters, and 76% within three
      diopters. Clinically significant regression was only noted in low and medium
      myope groups under 25 years of age. Repeat surgery outcomes were equivalent to
      those in first surgery patients who had a single procedure.

PMID- 2299572
TI  - New multifocal intraocular lens design.
AB  - The first clinical experience with a new diffractive multifocal intraocular lens
      implanted in 55 eyes of 53 patients is reported. Excluding four patients with
      preoperative senile macular degeneration, the best corrected visual acuity was
      20/40 or better and the near vision without any add to the best distance
      correction was J2 or better in all cases three, six, and 12 months
      postoperatively.

PMID- 2299573
TI  - Contrast sensitivity in patients with a new type of multifocal intraocular lens.
AB  - Contrast sensitivity was measured in 13 pseudophakic eyes of ten patients who had
      a new type of diffractive multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) and compared with an
      age-matched control group with a conventional monofocal IOL. All selected cases
      had a postoperative follow-up of four to six months and a corrected visual acuity
      of 20/20 or better. For distance vision, no significant difference in contrast
      sensitivity could be found between the two groups, indicating an uncompromised
      distance focus of the multifocal IOL. For near vision, an overall decrease in the
      contrast sensitivity of 0.19 log units (mean value across the tested frequency
      from 1.5 to 18 cycles/deg) was found in the multifocal group when these patients
      were tested without near addition and compared with the controls with near
      addition (P less than .05). This indicated the near focus of the multifocal IOL
      to be somewhat less efficient than the far focus. We find these results promising
      for the new diffractive multifocal IOL.

PMID- 2299574
TI  - Seventy-six consecutive cases of IOGEL intraocular lens implants.
AB  - A single piece hydrogel IOGEL (poly-HEMA) intraocular lens was implanted in 76
      eyes. Patients obtained a visual acuity of 20/40 or better in 86.9% of cases and
      a best case visual acuity of 20/40 or better in 98.5% of cases. Patients were
      followed an average of 12 months (four to 19 months). Two lenses were exchanged
      with poly(methyl methacrylate) lenses because of decentration-induced glare.
      Cystoid macular edema occurred in two cases, resulting in visual acuity worse
      than 20/40 in one case. Results of the study at one year mean follow-up indicate
      the safety and efficacy of the IOGEL lens as an intraocular implant.

PMID- 2299575
TI  - Management of subluxated and posteriorly dislocated intraocular lenses using pars
      plana vitrectomy instrumentation.
AB  - Thirty-four patients with subluxated and posteriorly dislocated intraocular
      lenses (IOLs) had repositioning, replacement, or removal of the IOL using pars
      plana instrumentation. Of the 25 cases posteriorly dislocated into the formed
      vitreous, ten posterior chamber IOLs were repositioned into the ciliary sulcus,
      one anterior chamber IOL was repositioned into the anterior chamber angle, and
      eight posterior chamber IOLs were exchanged for anterior chamber IOLs through a
      limbal incision. In the remaining six cases, the IOL was removed but was not
      replaced because of concurrent ocular pathology. In nine cases with subluxation
      of an anterior chamber IOL into a large basal iridectomy, a pars plana approach
      after vitrectomy was used for repositioning the IOL into the anterior chamber
      angle. Complications included each of the following: intraoperative retinal
      dialysis, postoperative extension of a pre-existing subclinical retinal
      detachment, recurrent subluxation of an anterior chamber IOL, breakdown of
      chronic cystoid macular edema to form a macular hole, and pseudophakic pupillary
      block requiring laser iridotomy.

PMID- 2299576
TI  - Systematic surgical procedures to secure more stable in-the-bag intraocular lens
      fixation.
AB  - Several conditions have to be fulfilled to retain the integrity of the capsular
      bag for a long period after intraocular lens fixation: (1) The anterior capsular
      window should be small (5 mm) and round, with no radial tears; (2) the equator of
      the capsular bag should be almost circular; (3) the retained capsular wall should
      be transparent and (4) it should have no deformity. To meet these conditions,
      systematization of several innovative procedures is required. The system that we
      propose comprises continuous circular capsulorhexis (Neuhann and Gimbel),
      hydrodelamination (Brint), roundel phacoemulsification (Hara and Hara), new IOL
      designs, and intraoperative extensive lens epithelial cell removal. A description
      of each procedure is presented.

PMID- 2299577
TI  - Effect of keratometer and axial length measurement errors on primary implant
      power calculations.
AB  - Analytical predictions of primary implant power using presumptive errors in
      keratometer and axial length measurements were performed using the modified
      Binkhorst, modified Colenbrander, Holladay, Hoffer, and SRK II equations. These
      predictions demonstrate that the contributions to primary implant power error
      resulting from inaccurate axial length and keratometer measurements are
      algebraically additive. In eyes with a normal axial length, the resulting implant
      power determination error can be larger than differences in implant power
      prediction among these five IOL equations. Calculations using measurement errors
      of 0.2 mm in axial length and 0.50 diopter (D) in corneal curvature predicted a
      worst case primary implant power error of +/- 1.17 D. These calculations were
      performed using an axial length and corneal curvature near the population mean.
      In contrast, implant equation variability was determined to be +/- 0.19 D by
      calculating the standard deviation of the five implant power formulas with the
      measurement errors set to zero. Implant power prediction errors were increased
      when a flat cornea was paired with an axial hyperopic or an axial myopic eye.
      These combinations maximize the implant power error resulting from both implant
      formula variation and inaccurate measurements. Primary implant power error
      prediction tables are presented for emmetropic, axial hyperopic, and axial myopic
      eyes, as a function of presumed errors in axial length and corneal curvature.
      These error predictions clearly show that inaccuracy in axial length measurements
      and keratometer readings can be first order determinants of postoperative
      spherical refractive error.

PMID- 2299578
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the Holladay and SRK II formulas.
AB  - We compared the accuracy of the Holladay and SRK II intraocular lens power
      calculation formulas with that of two commonly used formulas, the Binkhorst and
      SRK. We found no significant difference between the accuracy of the four formulas
      in cases of posterior chamber lens implantation. For anterior chamber lenses, the
      SRK II formula was significantly less accurate than the other three formulas in
      eyes with long axial length.

PMID- 2299579
TI  - Pseudophakia in children: precautions, technique, and feasibility.
AB  - Intraocular lens implantation in young children can yield satisfactory results
      when the surgical techniques are modified and adapted to the child's eye. Between
      June 1983 and July 1988, 84 posterior chamber lenses were implanted in 80
      children aged 2 months to 8 years. An elective posterior capsulotomy followed by
      an anterior vitrectomy was performed in all cases prior to the lens insertion.
      This step allowed a permanent clear visual axis which in turn has facilitated
      visual rehabilitation of the pseudophakic eye. The best results occurred in the
      developmental cataract group followed by the traumatic cataract group; the
      poorest visual outcome occurred in patients with unilateral congenital cataracts.
      Amblyopia treatment and alternative methods of correcting pediatric aphakia are
      discussed.

PMID- 2299580
TI  - Effect of incision length, location, and shape on local corneoscleral deformation
      during cataract surgery.
AB  - The effect of incision length, location, and shape on the structural integrity of
      the globe was examined using finite element analysis by comparing the radial
      deformation of the corneoscleral tissue adjacent to the incision. The results
      show that incision length had the greatest adverse effect, 12 mm incisions
      causing deformations an order of magnitude higher than the distension of the
      intact globe at 20 mm Hg. The least structural disturbance was produced by 3 mm
      scleral pocket incisions.

PMID- 2299581
TI  - Glare and mesopic vision before and after cataract surgery.
AB  - Glare and mesopic vision were tested before and after cataract surgery in
      addition to the standard visual acuity measurement. Quantitative data on the
      amount of improvement in these functions are presented. Preoperatively, glare and
      mesopic vision were reduced to 20/200 or less in most patients. Postoperatively,
      a statistically significant improvement in the three visual functions measured
      was found in all five octaves of presurgical visual acuity.

PMID- 2299582
TI  - Fellow eyes in aphakic and pseudophakic bullous keratopathy.
AB  - We studied the contralateral eye of ten consecutive patients in whom corneal
      decompensation had occurred following cataract extraction to detect the
      beginnings of any corneal disease in that eye. Patients with a previous history
      of surgery, trauma, or ocular disease were excluded. In the study group, the mean
      endothelial cell count was 1,852 cells/mm2 and the central corneal thickness was
      0.572 mm. A comparable group of control eyes with cataracts demonstrated a mean
      endothelial cell count of 2,446 cells/mm2 and central pachymetry of 0.514 mm.
      Patients with corneal edema following cataract extraction should be carefully
      evaluated for the presence of endothelial dysfunction in the opposite eye.

PMID- 2299583
TI  - Prospective analysis of laser photophacofragmentation.
AB  - Several recent reports have discussed the potential benefits of using the Nd:YAG
      laser to photofragment the nucleus prior to cataract extraction. We attempted to
      determine the efficacy and safety of photophacofragmentation prior to cataract
      surgery. We selected 32 patients for the laser photofragmentation category and 37
      patients for the control group. We compared these patients with both
      phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction. There was no apparent
      difference between the four subgroups in endothelial cell loss postoperatively.
      There was a significant decrease in the amount of ultrasonic time required to
      remove the cataract for patients who had prior treatment with the YAG laser.
      However, although this was statistically significant, it did not alter the
      patient's total surgical time nor the outcome of surgery. We feel that
      photophacofragmentation introduces needless increased risk to the patient and
      recommend guarded use of this approach.

PMID- 2299584
TI  - Capsular bag distension after endophacoemulsification and posterior chamber
      intraocular lens implantation.
AB  - Six cases of capsular bag distension after capsulorhexis,
      endophacoemulsification, and posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL)
      implantation are presented. Five cases had prominent posterior subcapsular
      cataracts preoperatively. In three cases, the anterior chamber depths were
      shallower and the apparent refractive errors were more myopic than normal after
      surgery. All six cases exhibited an apparent early complete sealing of the
      anterior capsular remnant against the anterior IOL optic. In each case, the
      capsular bag contained moderate particulate debris and flare while the adjacent
      vitreous and anterior chambers were clear. I suspect the particles are epithelial
      cell and cortical debris suspended in a fluid comprising lens epithelial protein,
      cellular breakdown products, balanced salt solution, and water. Five cases have
      received no specific treatment. In one case, a neodymium:YAG laser anterior
      capsulotomy allowed a forward egress of fluid from the distended capsular bag and
      a return to normal pseudophakic anatomy.

PMID- 2299585
TI  - Effect of methylxanthines on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in various induction
      states.
AB  - The effect of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine on acetaminophen-induced
      hepatotoxicity was evaluated in uninduced, 3-methylcholanthrene- and
      phenobarbital-induced adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The methylxanthines
      themselves did not cause hepatotoxicity in any induction state. In 3
      methylcholanthrene-induced rats, each methylxanthine afforded protection (in
      varying degrees) against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity as reflected by
      serum alanine aminotransferase and liver histopathology determined 24 hr after
      acetaminophen administration. However, in phenobarbital-induced rats, caffeine
      and theophylline substantially potentiated the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen
      whereas theobromine had no effect. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) was determined in
      rats that received caffeine 4 hr after acetaminophen or vehicle. Acetaminophen
      alone substantially depleted hepatic GSH in each induction state, whereas
      caffeine depleted hepatic GSH in uninduced and phenobarbital-induced, but not in
      3-methylcholanthrene-induced rats. In rats that received both caffeine and
      acetaminophen together, hepatic GSH depletion was greater than in rats that
      received acetaminophen only. The effect of caffeine on hepatic GSH is most likely
      due to a decrease in core body temperature. The most likely mechanisms for the
      effects observed are 1) inhibition of acetaminophen reactive metabolite formation
      in 3-methylcholanthrene-induced animals by each of the methylxanthines, and 2)
      activation of the phenobarbital-inducible forms of cytochrome(s) P-450 toward
      formation of acetaminophen reactive metabolites by caffeine and theophylline, but
      not theobromine.

PMID- 2299586
TI  - The activity of several peptide fragments of parathyroid hormone, alone and in
      combination with salmon calcitonin and morphine, in antinociceptive tests in the
      mouse.
AB  - Fragments of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) molecule were investigated for
      intrinsic antinociceptive effects and modulation of salmon calcitonin- and
      morphine-induced antinociception. Intraventricularly administered PTH 1-34
      produced naloxone-insensitive antinociception in both the tail-flick and hot
      plate tests. PTH 1-34 antinociceptive effects in the tail-flick test were blocked
      by i.c.v. salmon calcitonin (sCT, 2 micrograms) and i.c.v. calcium chloride (0.12
      mumol). [tyrosine-34]b-PTH (7-34)NH2, the PTH antagonist, did not block PTH 1-34
      induced antinociception. PTH 1-34 (2 micrograms) was additive with
      antinociceptive doses of sCT, but not morphine, in the hot-plate test. PTH 44-68
      (0.3 micrograms/mouse, icv.) produced hyperalgesic effects 30 min after
      administration using the hot-plate test. PTH 44-68 (2 micrograms/mouse)
      attenuated sCT-induced but not morphine-induced antinociception in both the hot
      plate and tail-flick tests. PTH 64-84 was inactive in all tests, alone or in
      combination with sCT or morphine. Due to the low efficacy of PTH 1-34 and 44-68
      in antinociceptive tests, these PTH fragments may act as modulators of
      antinociception rather than directly producing antinociceptive or hyperalgesic
      effects. In addition, the results indicate that sCT and the PTH fragments 1-34
      and 44-68 may interact in the modulation of nonopiate antinociception, possibly
      via opposing actions on calcium in the brain.

PMID- 2299587
TI  - Acute effects of nicotine on prolactin release in the rat: agonist and antagonist
      effects of a single injection of nicotine.
AB  - The effects of nicotine on prolactin release were studied in conscious,
      unrestrained rats in which an indwelling jugular cannula allowed multiple
      samplings of blood after i.v. administration of nicotine. Intravenous
      administration of nicotine bitartrate dihydrate increases plasma prolactin
      concentrations in a dose-dependent manner with an ED50 of approximately 100
      micrograms/kg (200 nmol/kg) and this effect is blocked completely by pretreatment
      with mecamylamine, indicating that it is mediated by a nicotinic cholinergic
      receptor. Intracerebral ventricular injection of 1 microgram of nicotine also
      increases plasma prolactin levels, but i.v. injection of this same amount of
      nicotine has no effect, indicating that nicotine acts within the brain to release
      prolactin. A single i.v. injection of nicotine resulted in desensitization of the
      prolactin response to a subsequent injection of nicotine given 1 to 2 hr later,
      thus confirming a previous report by Sharp and Beyer (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
      238: 486-491, 1986). The prolactin response to nicotine was restored within 24 hr
      after a single injection. The acute desensitization after a single injection of
      nicotine appears to be specific to release of prolactin by nicotine because the
      prolactin response to morphine was unaffected 1 hr after injection of nicotine. A
      single injection of nicotine appears to desensitize the prolactin response to a
      subsequent injection of nicotine with an ED50 of approximately 20 micrograms/kg
      (40 nmol/kg), indicating that nicotine is even more potent in stimulating
      desensitization of nicotinic cholinergic receptors than in stimulating prolactin
      release. These results support the concept that nicotine acts as a time-averaged
      antagonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299589
TI  - Dose-dependent intestinal glucuronidation and sulfation of acetaminophen in the
      rat in situ.
AB  - An in situ isolated intestinal loop preparation was used to characterize
      intestinal phase II biotransformation of acetaminophen (AA) and to determine
      whether AA biotransformation is dose-dependent in the rat intestine. Under
      urethane-induced anesthesia, AA (6.6-66 mumol) was injected directly into the
      lumen of the isolated intestinal loop in situ and all mesenteric venous (portal)
      blood coming from the loop collected continuously for 60 min. Acetaminophen
      glucuronide (AA-glucuronide) and acetaminophen-sulfate (AA-sulfate) were the only
      phase II metabolites of AA consistently detected. At low doses (less than or
      equal to 14 mumol), AA-glucuronide was the major intestinal metabolite of AA
      formed. Intestinal glucuronidation became saturated at higher doses of AA. The
      maximum concentration of AA-glucuronide attained in the portal blood was similar
      after administration of 14, 30 or 66 mumol of AA. In contrast, the extent of
      intestinal sulfation of AA increased with each increment in dose and, ultimately,
      exceeded intestinal glucuronidation at the highest dose studied (66 mumol). In an
      attempt to ameliorate saturation of intestinal glucuronidation, glucose (5 or 50
      mM) was administered with 66 mumol of AA. Intestinal AA glucuronidation was
      unaffected by glucose coadministration. Unexpectedly, the intestinal absorption
      of AA was increased and sulfation of AA decreased by co-administration of
      glucose. These data indicate that intestinal phase II biotransformation of AA is
      dose-dependent, with glucuronidation predominating at low doses and sulfation
      increasing in importance at high doses. Furthermore, intestinal glucuronidation
      is capacity-limited at relatively low doses of AA. These observations demonstrate
      sharp contrasts between the ability of the intestine and liver to biotransform
      AA.

PMID- 2299588
TI  - Cocaine-mediated impairment of cardiac conduction in the dog: a potential
      mechanism for sudden death after cocaine.
AB  - Deaths from cocaine abuse continue to increase, while the mechanism of lethality
      remains unclear. Previous investigations have focused on potential ventricular
      dysrhythmias and myocardial ischemic events from enhanced autonomic tone or
      seizure activity from central stimulation. However, cocaine is a local anesthetic
      and may impair cardiac conduction. To evaluate this, 16 conscious dogs received
      i.v. cocaine over 30 sec to mimic "recreational" use in doses of 3 mg/kg (n = 6),
      5 mg/kg (n = 6) or 7 mg/kg (n = 4). Another group of anesthetized dogs (n = 6)
      received two infusions of cocaine (5 mg/kg) 1 hr apart. Plasma cocaine levels and
      His bundle electrograms were obtained at control and at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0,
      4.0, 5.0, 10 and 15 min after cocaine administration. At 0.5 min, plasma cocaine
      reached peak levels of 30.0, 45.0 and 59.6 micrograms/ml with increasing dose.
      Cocaine rapidly produced severe prolongation of His to ventricle interval and
      widening of the R wave. Slowing of conduction was dose-dependent, with maximal
      increases in His to venticle interval of 37 to 56% (P = .0299) and R wave
      duration of 34 to 77% (P less than .025). Furthermore, significant conduction
      impairment developed at cocaine levels that did not produce seizures. Conduction
      effects were equally pronounced during repeated administration of cocaine. These
      data indicate that cocaine causes marked conduction slowing, which could play an
      important role in cocaine death.

PMID- 2299590
TI  - Isobolographic characterization of drug interactions incorporating biological
      variability.
AB  - Isobolograms have been widely used to characterize the nature of the interaction
      between combinations of drugs or chemicals. Some authors have applied this
      technique without accounting for the variability in the data or without adjusting
      for multiple comparisons to the line of additivity. This paper develops a
      graphical procedure which takes into account the variability of the data and
      which maintains favorable statistical properties. The isobolographic procedure
      utilized is illustrated by using three classical pharmacological drug
      combinations in female ICR mice. An additive relationship is illustrated with the
      loss of righting reflex after combinations of doses of sodium hexobarbital with
      itself. An antagonistic relationship is illustrated with the protection by
      mecamylamine of nicotine-induced lethality. A synergistic relationship is
      illustrated with the loss of righting reflex after combinations of ethanol and
      chloral hydrate. The procedure's statistical properties (level of significance
      and power) were determined using a simulation study. The isobolographic
      procedures developed here are applicable for quantal, continuous and count data.
      These procedures are applicable for identifying beneficial drug combinations, or
      conversely, identifying hazards resulting from exposure to multiple toxicants.

PMID- 2299591
TI  - Effects of chronic administration of nicotine on prolactin release in the rat:
      inactivation of prolactin response by repeated injections of nicotine.
AB  - The effects of chronic injections of nicotine on nicotine-induced prolactin
      release in the rat were measured and compared to the effects of this treatment on
      [3H]acetylcholine binding to nicotinic cholinergic sites in the hypothalamus.
      Treatment with nicotine for 10 days (s.c. injections twice daily) abolished
      prolactin release in response to an acute i.v. injection of nicotine given 2, 6
      or 8 days after the last of the chronic injections of nicotine. At each of these
      time points, the binding of [3H]acetylcholine in the hypothalamus from rats
      treated chronically with nicotine was significantly higher than in the
      hypothalamus from control rats. By 14 days after the last chronic injection of
      nicotine, the prolactin response to an acute injection of nicotine was restored.
      Coinciding with the return of the nicotine-induced prolactin response, the
      binding of [3H]acetylcholine had returned to control values. These results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that nicotine inactivates nicotinic cholinergic
      receptors in brain by an allosteric mechanism, and that prolonged inactivation of
      nicotinic cholinergic receptors leads to their increased number.

PMID- 2299592
TI  - Effect of esterase inhibition on the disposition of zomepirac glucuronide and its
      covalent binding to plasma proteins in the guinea pig.
AB  - The disposition of zomepirac (Z) and its acyl glucuronide metabolite were studied
      in rabbits and guinea pigs to determine if hydrolysis of zomepirac glucuronide
      (ZG) by tissue esterases occurs in vivo and what effect inhibition of esterases
      would have on exposure to ZG and subsequent covalent binding to plasma proteins.
      ZG was hydrolyzed rapidly in vivo by both guinea pigs and rabbits, liberating Z.
      The effect of inhibition of tissue esterases was determined by administration of
      phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) concurrently with i.v. doses of Z or ZG to
      anesthetized, bile duct ligated guinea pigs. Administration of PMSF decreased the
      apparent plasma clearance of ZG by 86% and elevated the apparent plasma clearance
      of Z by 300%. Exposure of the guinea pigs to ZG as measured by the area under the
      plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC) was increased substantially by PMSF
      treatment. Covalent binding of Z to plasma proteins in the guinea pig correlated
      well with AUC of ZG, but not with AUC of Z. The correlation of Z covalent binding
      with AUC of ZG in the guinea pig is similar to that found in humans suggesting
      that the degree to which acyl glucuronides form covalent adducts with proteins in
      humans may be predictable from studies in animals.

PMID- 2299593
TI  - Effect of the kinase inhibitor, H-7, on stress, crossbridge phosphorylation,
      muscle shortening and inositol phosphate production in rabbit arteries.
AB  - Smooth muscle contractile agents cause large increases in crossbridge
      phosphorylation (Mp) and cycling rates resulting in the rapid development of
      stress (force/muscle cross-sectional area). Despite temporal declines in Mp and
      cycling during continued activation, stress is maintained at high levels. This
      observation led to several different hypotheses describing the regulation of
      steady-state stress. One proposal is that protein kinase C regulates stress
      maintenance, whereas another invokes a steady-state dependence on Ca+(+)
      calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the mechanism of stress-maintenance by analyzing the inhibitory
      efficacy of a protein kinase C inhibitor, H-7 [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2
      methylpiperizine], on steady-state values of stress, Mp and crossbridge cycling
      in rabbit renal and femoral arteries. H-7 effectively inhibited steady-state
      stress produced by KCl (IC50 = 3.7-4.4 microM) and phenylephrine (PhE) (IC50 =
      10.6-15.2 microM). Likewise, increases in the level of Mp and the rate of
      crossbridge cycling induced by both KCl and PhE were significantly reduced by 10
      microM H-7. H-7 did not reduce inositol phosphate production stimulated by PhE,
      but did reduce early stress development thought to be mediated by inositol
      phosphate-induced mobilization of intracellular calcium. Calcium-induced
      increases in stress and Mp produced in saponin-skinned artery strips were reduced
      by less than 50% by 320 microM H-7.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299594
TI  - Ethanol tolerance in hippocampal neurons: adaptive changes in cellular responses
      to ethanol measured in vitro.
AB  - The passive and synaptic membrane properties of hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus
      granule neurons have been compared in hippocampal slices obtained from control
      and ethanol-tolerant rats given ethanol up to 24 hr before sacrifice. In
      addition, the effects of in vitro exposure to a low concentration (20 mM) of
      ethanol have been examined in neurons obtained from both groups of animals. No
      differences were observed in the passive or synaptic membrane properties of
      dentate granule neurons obtained from control and chronically ethanol-exposed
      rats. Dentate granule neurons obtained from the two groups of animals also showed
      similar responses to in vitro exposure to 20 mM ethanol. Hippocampal CA1 neurons
      were also similar, except for the post-spike train afterhyperpolarization which
      was significantly prolonged in neurons from chronically ethanol-exposed animals.
      Exposure to 20 mM ethanol in vitro resulted in a significant increase in the
      amplitude and duration of the afterhyperpolarization in CA1 neurons obtained from
      control animals, but a significant decrease in CA1 neurons obtained from
      chronically ethanol-exposed rats. These results suggest that behavioral tolerance
      to ethanol is accompanied by adaptive changes in the electrophysiological
      responses of hippocampal CA1 neurons when tested with an acute exposure to
      ethanol. Chronic treatment with ethanol did not cause such adaptive changes in
      dentate gyrus granule neurons suggesting that they may be less sensitive to the
      effects of long-term exposure to ethanol than CA1 neurons.

PMID- 2299595
TI  - Plasma protein binding of propranolol enantiomers as a major determinant of their
      stereoselective tissue distribution in rats.
AB  - We examined whether the distribution of propranolol (PL) exhibits
      stereoselectivity. (+)-, (-)- or (+/-)-PL was administered by i.v. bolus
      injection (5 or 10 mg/kg) to rats. The concentrations of PL enantiomers in plasma
      (Cp) and tissues (e.g., lung, heart, brain, kidney, muscle and gastrointestinal
      tract) were determined at 5, 10, 30, 60 and 120 min after administration by
      chiral stationary-phase liquid chromatography. Plasma protein binding of PL
      enantiomers was evaluated by ultrafiltration. Values of tissue-to-plasma
      partition coefficient and tissue-to-plasma-free fraction were obtained. Cp for
      (+)-PL was consistently higher than that of (-)-PL in plasma. In contrast, (-)-PL
      showed a significantly higher distribution than (+)-PL in all tissues observed (P
      less than .05) at 60 min after administration of the racemate. As a result, the
      tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient-Cp curve was markedly different for the
      two enantiomers. However, because the plasma-free fraction of (+)-PL was less
      than that of (-)-PL, no remarkable difference was found between the concentration
      dependent tissue-to-plasma-free concentration curves for the two enantiomers. In
      conclusion, our findings suggest that the uptake or binding of PL enantiomers to
      tissues is saturable and not stereoselective. Therefore, the apparent
      stereoselective tissue distribution of PL seems to be caused mainly by the
      difference in plasma protein binding of its enantiomers.

PMID- 2299597
TI  - Mechanism of contractile response to bombesin of the longitudinal muscle from
      guinea pig ileum.
AB  - The mechanism of action of bombesin in the longitudinal muscle with myenteric
      plexus (LM-MP) preparation from guinea pig ileum was examined. Bombesin (3 x 10(
      10) to 3 X 10(-7) M) induced contraction in a concentration-dependent manner. The
      contractions induced by bombesin at concentrations of 10(-9) M and less were
      tetrodotoxin- and scopolamine-sensitive, and those induced at concentrations of
      10(-8) M and greater were tetrodotoxin-sensitive, and partially scopolamine
      sensitive. In association with the mechanical response to bombesin, the peptide
      induced Ca(++)-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of acetylcholine from
      the LM-MP preparation. Bicuculine inhibited partly both the cholinergic
      contraction and the release of acetylcholine induced by bombesin, suggesting the
      involvement of a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic mechanism. Bombesin also
      induced Ca(++)-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of endogenous and
      [3H]GABA from the LM-MP preparation. These results indicate that bombesin induces
      contraction mainly mediated mediated by cholinergic and partially mediated by
      noncholinergic excitatory neurons. GABAergic neurons may be involved in a part of
      the response to bombesin mediated by the cholinergic neuron.

PMID- 2299596
TI  - Uptake of catamphiphilic drugs into erythrocytes and muscular tissue correlates
      to membrane enrichment and to 45Ca displacement from phosphatidylserine
      monolayers.
AB  - The uptake of the catamphiphilic drugs flunarizine, R 56865 [N-1-4-(4
      fluorophenoxy)butyl-4-piperidinyl-N-methyl-2- benzothiazolamine], verapamil,
      diltiazem, lidocaine and the noncatamphiphilic drug nitrendipine into
      erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes was measured at pH 7.2 in a Ringer's
      solution at 22 degrees C. The uptake was concentration proportional between 10(
      8) and 10(-6) mol/l for all drugs investigated; the erythrocyte/medium ratio
      (E/M) was constant after 20 min in all experiments. In rat aortas and left atria
      drug uptake was measured in a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
      buffered medium (pH 7.2, 32 degrees C). Equilibrium was reached after 360 min and
      the tissue/medium ratio (T/M) was concentration proportional between 10(-8) and
      10(-6) mol/l for all drugs. E/M or T/M ratios, respectively, increased in the
      order: erythrocytes less than aortas less than left atria. However, the
      particular drug/phospholipid ratios were relatively constant for the drugs
      investigated, indicating that the membranes were a major distribution phase for
      these drugs. For the catamphiphilic drugs, the E/M or T/M ratios correlated
      linearly with the EC50 for 45Ca displacement from phosphatidylserine monolayers,
      but were poorly correlated with the octanol-water coefficient of the unchanged
      molecules. The EC50 for 45Ca displacement from phosphatidylserine monolayers is a
      measure for the uptake of the protonated species of catamphiphilic drugs into
      erythrocytes or tissue and may be a good estimate of tissue uptake of these drugs
      in general.

PMID- 2299598
TI  - Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on the in vivo metabolism of all-trans
      retinoic acid in rats.
AB  - This study examines the effects of ketoconazole, R 75 251 and some other
      cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on the in vivo metabolism of all-trans-retinoic acid
      (RA) in normal rats. Oral treatment with ketoconazole or R 75 251 (40 mg/kg, -1
      hr) reduced the elimination rate of i.v. injected RA from plasma: the half-life
      of RA increased from 27 min in control-treated animals to 43 min and 76 min after
      dosing with ketoconazole and R 75 251, respectively. However, neither drug had an
      effect on the distribution volume of the retinoid. Two hours after i.v. injection
      of RA, residual plasma levels of the retinoid were 11.2 ng/ml in ketoconazole and
      22.7 ng/ml in R 75 251-treated rats. The other P-450 inhibitors,
      aminoglutethimide, cimetidine, itraconazole, metyrapone and saperconazole, showed
      no sparing effect on RA elimination: plasma levels of the acid were below 1
      ng/ml, as in control-treated animals. Administration of ketoconazole or R 75 251
      (40 mg/kg, -2 hr) to rats also enhanced endogenous plasma concentrations of RA.
      Levels of the retinoid were raised from mostly undetectable values (less than 0.5
      ng/ml) to 1.3 +/- 0.1 and 2.5 0.1 ng/ml after treatment with ketoconazole and R
      75 251, respectively. These data are indicative of the important contribution of
      the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system to the in vivo metabolic process of RA. In
      vivo inhibition of the P-450 pathway not only increased the biological half-life
      of exogenously administered RA, but also enhanced the endogenous plasma level of
      this vitamin A derivative.

PMID- 2299599
TI  - Modifications by endogenous prostaglandins of angiotensin II-induced contractions
      in dog and monkey cerebral and mesenteric arteries.
AB  - In monkey and dog cerebral artery strips, angiotensin (ANG) II (10(-7) M)
      produced a transient contraction, which was abolished or suppressed by treatment
      with indomethacin, aspirin, ONO3708, diphloretin phosphate, antagonists of
      prostaglandins (PGs) and OKY046, a thromboxane A2 synthesis inhibitor, and by
      endothelium denudation. On the other hand, PGF2 alpha-induced contractions were
      not influenced by indomethacin and aspirin, but were suppressed by treatment with
      ONO3708 and OKY046. Treatment with indomethacin or aspirin potentiated the
      contractile response of monkey mesenteric arteries, whereas treatment with
      ONO3708 and removal of endothelium did not alter the response significantly.
      Saralasin abolished the response to ANG II in these arteries. These findings may
      indicate that ANG II contracts monkey and dog cerebral arteries by activation of
      ANG II receptors mainly in endothelium, releasing arachidonic acid and
      synthesizing vasoconstrictor PGs, such as PGF2 alpha, E2, A2 and D2. Involvement
      of thromboxane A2 is if any minimal. Vasoconstrictor and dilator PGs released by
      ANG II appear to modify differently the contraction caused by direct actions of
      the octapeptide on smooth muscle in monkey cerebral and mesenteric arteries.

PMID- 2299600
TI  - Metabolic activation and bronchiolar Clara cell necrosis from naphthalene in the
      isolated perfused mouse lung.
AB  - A method for isolation and maintenance of the mouse lung ex vivo suitable for the
      study of the relationship between metabolism and toxicity is described. Physical,
      biochemical and morphological evaluations revealed that the lung is viable for up
      to 5 hr. No significant alterations in the architecture of the bronchiolar
      epithelium were observed by light or electron microscopy, despite evidence of
      interstitial and peribronchial edema. Although increases in pulmonary arterial
      pressure were noted at 5 hr, lung wet/dry weight was elevated only minimally
      (11%). Glutathione levels remained stable for the first 3 hr but fell to 57 +/-
      14% of control at 5 hr. Naphthalene monooxygenase activity was not altered
      significantly during 5 hr of perfusion. Perfusion of the lung with naphthalene
      resulted in swelling and vacuolation of Clara cells followed by concentration
      dependent losses of this cell type from the bronchiolar epithelium. Clara cells
      comprised 63% of the epithelial cells in terminal airways of control mice; 10
      mumol of naphthalene decreased this number to 30%. Perfusion with naphthalene
      resulted in concentration-dependent decreases in pulmonary glutathione. Reactive
      metabolites were bound covalently to protein in the lung and in the perfusate.
      This study is the first to provide unambiguous evidence that naphthalene-induced
      Clara cell necrosis can be mediated entirely by processes resident in the lung.
      In addition, this work validates the use of the isolated perfused mouse lung for
      studying the role of reactive metabolites produced in situ vs. those entering the
      lung via the circulation.

PMID- 2299601
TI  - Tolbutamide and mephenytoin hydroxylation by human cytochrome P450s in the CYP2C
      subfamily.
AB  - Previous biochemical studies have suggested that tolbutamide and mephenytoin are
      metabolized by the same cytochrome P450 enzyme. Conversely, clinical studies
      indicate the involvement of different P450 forms in tolbutamide and mephenytoin
      metabolism. Our objective was to elucidate further those P450 enzymes responsible
      for hydroxylation of these two drugs. We studied both tolbutamide and (S)
      mephenytoin hydroxylation in microsomes from 38 different normal adult human
      livers, and found large variability in the rates of metabolism for both reactions
      (1.75-47.4 nmol/mg/hr for hydroxytolbutamide formation and 0.1-7.2 nmol/mg/hr for
      4-hydroxymephenytoin formation). No significant correlation was found between the
      two activities. However, both reactions shared common inhibitors in vitro,
      including inhibition by antikidney-liver-microsome autoantibodies (Meier and
      Meyer, Biochemistry 26: 8466-8474, 1987) and by teniposide. Two human liver cDNAs
      for P450s of the CYP2C subfamily designated IIC8 and IIC9 (S. Kimura, J.
      Pastewka, H. V. Gelboin and F. J. Gonzalez, Nucl. Acids Res. 15: 10053-10054,
      1987), were functionally expressed in human HepG2 and TK- cells using a vaccinia
      virus vector. Interestingly, tolbutamide was hydroxylated by both expressed
      P450s. Only IIC9 catalyzed the 4-hydroxylation of (R)-mephenytoin and neither
      enzyme metabolized (S)-mephenytoin. We conclude that tolbutamide and (R)
      mephenytoin are both metabolized by the same P450 enzyme, IIC9, and that
      tolbutamide is hydroxylated by an additional highly related enzyme, IIC8,
      contributing to the lack of correlation of the two hydroxylase activities among
      human liver microsomes and indicating the absence of a monogenically controlled
      polymorphism for tolbutamide.

PMID- 2299602
TI  - Effects of putative K+ channel activator BRL-34915 on arterial contraction and
      86Rb efflux.
AB  - Segments of thoracic aorta, mesenteric and tail arteries from male Wistar rats
      were used for the determination of isometric relaxation responses to BRL-34915
      [chromakalin or (+/-)-6-cyano-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-trans-4-(2-oxo-1
      pyrrolidyl )-2H-benzo- [b]-pyran-3-ol] after contraction with half-maximal (ED50)
      values of norepinephrine or high K(+)-physiological salt solution. Contiguous
      segments were incubated in the presence of 86Rb and used for study of the effects
      of BRL-34915 on 86Rb efflux. BRL-34915 produced a dose-dependent relaxation of
      norepinephrine- or K(+)-induced active stress that was essentially complete
      (100%) in the aorta and mesenteric artery but only partial (30-40%) in the tail
      artery. The ED50 value of BRL-34915 for relaxation responses was about 0.1 to 0.3
      microM. BRL-34915 had no significant sustained effect on 86Rb efflux from the
      tail artery or mesenteric artery branches but produced a dose-dependent sustained
      increase in efflux from thoracic aorta and portal vein. Responses reached a peak
      effect in 2 to 4 min after exposure but subsequently declined over a slower time
      course. Efflux responses to BRL-34915 had peak values that averaged 100 to 150%
      above basal levels with an ED50 value of about 1 to 3 microM. This suggests a
      dissociation of the effects of BRL-34915 in relaxation and efflux experiments.
      Treatment with 30 microM BRL-34915 decreased both the initial and sustained
      components of the subsequent 86Rb efflux response to 10 microM norepinephrine in
      both thoracic aorta and tail artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299603
TI  - Inhibition of electrogenic Na(+)-pumping in isolated atrial tissue from patients
      treated with digoxin.
AB  - The effect on the cardiac sarcolemmal Na+,K(+)-pump of therapeutic concentrations
      of cardiac glycosides administered long-term to humans in a clinical setting is
      uncertain. We therefore examined Na+,K(+)-pump activity in atrial tissue from two
      groups of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Fourteen patients received digoxin
      long-term until the time of surgery and 12 "controls" never received digoxin. The
      hyperpolarization produced by the electrogenic Na+,K(+)-pump in response to an
      increase in intracellular Na+ activity was utilized to evaluate Na+,K+)-pump
      activity. After excision from the patients, specimens of atrial tissue were Na(+)
      loaded by cooling to 2-3 degrees C for 1 hr. They were then warmed to 30 degrees
      C in Tyrode's solution containing 20 mM K+. After warming the resting membrane
      potential of the tissues from both groups transiently hyperpolarized to levels
      more negative than the equilibrium potential for K+ (= approximately -50 mV in 20
      mM K+) indicating that the hyperpolarization was the consequence of electrogenic
      Na(+(-pumping. The maximal hyperpolarization of the resting potential in tissue
      from patients receiving digoxin long-term (-58.4 +/- 1.9 mV, mean +/- S.D.) was
      significantly (P less than .01) less negative than that in tissue from patients
      in the control group (-69.9 +/- 2.2 mV). These data support the hypothesis that
      digoxin, administered therapeutically in the clinical setting, can inhibit the
      Na(+)-pump in human heart, and that during long-term administration of digoxin
      the inhibition can be sustained.

PMID- 2299604
TI  - The renal mitochondrial toxicity of cephalosporins: specificity of the effect on
      anionic substrate uptake.
AB  - Previous work in this laboratory has demonstrated a reduction by the nephrotoxic
      beta-lactam antibiotics cephaloridine, cephaloglycin and imipenem of renal
      mitochondrial uptake of and respiration with the anionic substrate succinate. The
      present studies were done to test further the hypothesis that reduced substrate
      uptake and decreased respiration are causally related. Using cephaloridine in the
      rabbit, we examined the specificity of this association in regard to the toxic
      cephalosporin insult, the involvement of renal mitochondria and the reduction of
      carrier-mediated anionic substrate transport. 1) Specificity of insult in renal
      cortical mitochondria: cephaloridine (300 mg/kg bwt. i.v., 1 hr before sacrifice)
      reduces both the uptake of and respiration with succinate, whereas the same dose
      of cephalexin, which is not nephrotoxic, has neither effect; 25 min of acute
      unilateral renal artery occlusion reduces both the uptake of and respiration with
      succinate, but, unlike cephaloridine, ischemia causes a large increase of
      substrate efflux; and the respiratory toxins cyanide (1 mM) and oligomycin (2
      micrograms/g of protein) reduce respiration by a direct effect on the
      mitochondrial respiratory chain and therefore have no effect on substrate uptake.
      2) Specificity of target organ: cephaloridine has no significant effect on either
      the uptake of or respiration with succinate in hepatic mitochondria.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299605
TI  - Prostaglandins for enhancing detrusor function after surgery for stress
      incontinence in women.
AB  - Sixty-nine women with a clinically and urodynamically proven diagnosis of genuine
      stress incontinence underwent urethropexy in the form of the revised Pereyra
      procedure (n = 28) or Burch colposuspension (n = 41). Postoperatively the
      patients were assigned randomly to one of three study groups. Group 1 received a
      daily saline injection to the bladder (control group, n = 24), group 2 received
      daily intravesical injections of 250 mg of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) (n
      =23), and group 3 received a daily 10-mg PGE2 (PGE2) vaginal suppository (n =
      22). The patients' suprapubic catheter was removed once the postvoiding residual
      urine volume was less than or equal to 50 mL. Both PGE2 and PGF2 significantly
      reduced the length of time required for postoperative bladder drainage after both
      the Burch and Pereyra procedures as compared to that in the control group (P less
      than .05). Hospital stay and bacteriuria were reduced as well in women receiving
      postoperative prostaglandins as compared to the control group. Clinically there
      were no differences between PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. Both produced no side effects,
      were well tolerated by the patients and were effective in reducing both the
      number of days required for bladder catheterization and the incidence of
      significant bacteriuria when administered after the surgical procedures.

PMID- 2299606
TI  - Epidemiology of complete hydatidiform mole in Paraguay.
AB  - The incidence of complete hydatidiform mole in Paraguay is 0.23-0.25 cases per
      1,000 pregnancies. The incidence is as high at the extremes of reproductive age
      as at other ages. That finding is at variance with long-accepted concepts. The
      incidence in the 15- to 19-year age group is lower than earlier, with a greater
      use of contraceptives in the older group. Complete mole is a rare condition with
      a high incidence in certain geographical areas.

PMID- 2299607
TI  - Conservative surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Avoiding partial
      salpingectomy.
AB  - Salpingostomy is the preferred surgical method of managing ectopic gestation when
      patients desire future fertility. Problems with that technique stem principally
      from difficulties with hemostasis. While ligation of a single mesosalpingeal
      vessel has been described, blood to the site of the ectopic gestation is supplied
      primarily by the tubal branch of the ovarian artery. We developed a technique for
      ligating that vessel at both ends of the ectopic site. The technique may be
      combined with mesosalpingeal vessel ligation and leads to excellent hemostasis.
      Although blood vessels to the tube are interrupted, tubal length is preserved.
      Salpingostomy is thus possible, even in cases of large, actively bleeding or
      ruptured ectopic gestations. The need for partial salpingectomy, frequently
      utilized under those circumstances, is thus obviated. Salpingostomy may result in
      spontaneous recanalization; if anastomosis is needed subsequently, maximal tubal
      length is preserved.

PMID- 2299608
TI  - Maternal mortality in a maternal-fetal medicine intensive care unit.
AB  - Maternal mortality in a large, tertiary-care, intensive care, referral center was
      reviewed for a six-year period. The first three years of the review were prior to
      the institution of a maternal-fetal medicine intensive care unit, located in the
      labor-and-delivery suite. The subsequent three years encompassed a period during
      which an intensive care unit staffed by maternal-fetal medicine specialists and
      obstetric anesthesiologists was established in the labor-and-delivery suite. The
      maternal mortality rate was 21.7/100,000, or 10 maternal deaths in 45,984
      deliveries, prior to establishment of the unit and 22.1/100,000, or 11 maternal
      deaths in 49,700 deliveries, after establishment of the unit. The major causes of
      maternal mortality were pregnancy-induced hypertension, hemorrhage and infection.
      It appears that a multi-disciplinary team composed of maternal-fetal medicine
      specialists and obstetric anesthesiologists can provide the same level of care
      for critically ill obstetric patients that traditionally would be provided by
      medical intensive care specialists.

PMID- 2299609
TI  - Assessment of potentially avoidable perinatal mortality in a regionalized
      program.
AB  - To obtain data regarding factors that influence perinatal mortality, a
      comprehensive perinatal mortality review project was prospectively developed and
      implemented. The resulting data cover a 21-month period and include all perinatal
      mortality at two perinatal centers and ten community hospitals. For each case an
      assessment of potential avoidability was made using the following definition: if
      any factor was identified that might have altered the outcome, the case was
      judged potentially avoidable. All other mortality was classified as either
      unavoidable or undetermined (if sufficient data were not available). During the
      review period there were a total of 26,937 live births and 591 cases of perinatal
      mortality. We conclude that: (1) meaningful analysis of factors affecting
      perinatal mortality data can be obtained by review of all deaths using a
      standardized classification; (2) in 21% of perinatal mortality at least one
      potentially avoidable factor could be identified that might have altered the
      outcome, while 74% was unavoidable and 5% undetermined; and (3) implementation of
      the review process enabled the reviewers to recognize patterns of potentially
      avoidable perinatal deaths.

PMID- 2299610
TI  - Perinatal implications of cocaine exposure.
AB  - Obstetric outcome was reviewed for 139 women who volunteered information on
      cocaine abuse during pregnancy past 20 weeks. Information on the duration of use
      during pregnancy was not accurate enough for documentation. In previous
      pregnancies, only 44.6% of the infants were live born, with spontaneous or
      therapeutic abortions in 41.1% and stillbirths accounting for 3.6%. In the
      current pregnancies, 91 patients (66.1%) were nonwhite, and multiple-drug usage
      was found in 92%, with intravenous cocaine use in 44.6% and freebasing in 31.7%
      as the main routes of administration. Syphilis or another infection, no prenatal
      care and poor weight gain (less than or equal to 19 lb) in pregnancy was present
      in one-third of the patients, while 38% did not know their gestational age.
      Precipitate labor was found in 63.9% and meconium-stained amniotic fluid in
      20.5%. The mean birth weight of the infants was significantly lower than that of
      the general hospital population; low birth weight (less than 2,500 g) occurred in
      36.2%, small size for gestational age in 32.4%, neurologic problems in 30.9% and
      syphilis in 15.4% of the infants. Congenital abnormalities, in 17.4%, seemed to
      be multifactorial. The consistent pattern of poor outcome in both the previous
      and present pregnancies reflects the life-style peculiar to cocaine abusers.
      Prospective studies are in progress to identify the true incidence of cocaine
      usage and to outline the counseling of childbearing women against cocaine use
      during pregnancy, emphasizing prevention since cures are not available.

PMID- 2299612
TI  - Pericardial metastases in squamous cell cancer of the cervix. A report of two
      cases.
AB  - In patients with pericardial metastases of squamous cell cancer of the cervix,
      the metastases represented a preterminal event and were a part of widespread
      metastatic disease.

PMID- 2299611
TI  - Macromastia in a woman treated with penicillamine and oral contraceptives. A case
      report.
AB  - A patient with Wilson's disease treated with penicillamine developed severe
      hirsutism. After treatment with oral contraceptives, her breasts enlarged
      rapidly, and she experienced cyclic mastodynia. Around the time of her breast
      enlargement she also developed gingival hyperplasia.

PMID- 2299613
TI  - Prolongation of premature gestation in women with hemolysis, elevated liver
      enzymes and low platelets. A report of five cases.
AB  - Severe pregnancy-induced hypertension complicated by hemolysis, elevated liver
      enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) is considered an indication for immediate
      delivery, often resulting in premature or even previable infants. In five cases,
      temporary reversal of the HELLP syndrome was achieved using low-dose aspirin and
      corticosteroids. Pregnancy was prolonged an average of 4 weeks; three pregnancies
      were prolonged, beginning at less than or equal to 25 weeks, for an average of
      5.5 weeks. Two of seven infants died, one from pulmonary hypoplasia due to
      oligohydramnios and the other from complications of prematurity. No long-term
      maternal morbidity was encountered, though one patient had peripartum
      disseminated intravascular coagulation and a seizure. A review of the literature
      supports the usefulness of low-dose aspirin in this setting; the impact of
      corticosteroids as part of the reversal strategy has not been discussed
      previously.

PMID- 2299614
TI  - Gamete intrafallopian transfer in a woman with tubal occlusion. A case report.
AB  - Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) is usually performed when at least one
      fallopian tube is normally patent. We used GIFT in a case of bilateral tubal
      occlusion. The patient, who had primary ovarian failure, was enrolled in our GIFT
      program since it was assumed that her tubes were normally patent. Unexpectedly,
      at laparoscopy both tubes turned out to be distally occluded; nevertheless, GIFT
      was carried out by piercing the tubal wall. At this writing the patient had
      reached the 11th week of a normal intrauterine gestation and was still undergoing
      hormone replacement therapy.

PMID- 2299615
TI  - Childbirth after surgical repair of truncus arteriosus. A case report.
AB  - Pregnancy and delivery were accomplished in a woman with surgically repaired
      truncus arteriosus. The pregnancy was well tolerated, without significant
      cardiovascular ill effects. This is the first known report of such a case.

PMID- 2299616
TI  - Negative Q-tip test as a risk factor for failed incontinence surgery in women.

PMID- 2299617
TI  - Design and synthesis of 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones as potent alternate substrate
      inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase.
AB  - 4H-3,1-Benzoxazin-4-ones are alternate substrate inhibitors of the serine
      proteinase human leukocyte elastase (HL elastase) and form acyl enzyme
      intermediates during enzyme catalysis. We have synthesized a large variety of
      benzoxazinones using specific methods that have been adapted to achieve the
      pattern of ring substitution dictated by theoretical considerations. The results
      of the inhibition of HL elastase by 175 benzoxazinones are reported herein with
      reference to hydrophobicity constants D, alkaline hydrolysis rates kOH-,
      inhibition constants Ki, and their component acylation and deacylation rate
      constants, kon and koff, respectively. The ranges for the compounds are
      considerable; alkaline hydrolysis rates and kon span 6, koff covers 5, and ki
      spans 8 orders of magnitude. Multiple regression on this large data set has been
      used to isolate the contributions of electronic and steric effects, as well as
      other factors specific to compound stability and elastase inhibition.
      Essentially, a simple electronic parameter is sufficient to account for almost
      all the variance in the alkaline hydrolysis data, indicating that electronic
      factors are the major determinants of this type of benzoxazinone reactivity.
      Factors that significantly enhance the potency of benzoxazinones I are R5 alkyl
      groups and electron withdrawal by R2. Bulk in R7 and R8 and compound
      hydrophobicity are not significant, but substitution in R6 is highly unfavorable
      as are substituents linked via carbon to C2. The physiochemical factors that
      underlie these trends in Ki are further analyzed in terms of equations that
      describe kon and koff. A conclusion that emerges is that chemically stable,
      potent benzoxazinone inhibitors of HL elastase with inhibition constants in the
      nanomolar range can be designed with (1) R5 alkyl groups to inhibit enzyme
      catalyzed deacylation, (2) small alkyl substituents linked via heteroatoms to C2
      to enhance acylation and limit deacylation rates, and (3) strongly electron
      donating groups at C7 to stabilize the oxazinone ring to nucleophilic attack.
      Thus, 2-(isopropylamino)-5-n-propyl-7-(dimethylamino)benzoxazinone 95 has kOH =
      0.01 M-1 s-1, which extrapolates to a half-life at pH 7.4 of over 8.5 years, and
      2-ethoxy-5-ethylbenzoxazinone 38 has Ki = 42 pM.

PMID- 2299619
TI  - Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of 4-(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-1-pyridyl)-2H-1
      benzopyrans and related compounds, new potassium channel activators.
AB  - The synthesis and antihypertensive activity of 4-(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-1-pyridyl)-2H
      1-benzopyran-3-ols are described. The unsubstituted pyridone adduct lead compound
      7e is highly active, with substituents on the pyridone ring leading to a decrease
      in activity. Strongly electron-withdrawing substituents at the C-6 position are
      required for optimal activity. When the 2-pyridone ring is replaced by other
      heterocycles such as 4-pyridone, pyrimidone, pyridazinone, pyrazinone, and 1,4
      butanesultam, the activity is maintained. The removal of the 3-hydroxy function (
      ---17a) does not significantly reduce the activity. The elimination of water from
      the chromanols leads to the formation of the chromenes, which are among the most
      potent antihypertensives known. The influence of diverse substituents, in
      particular heterocyclic C-6 substituents, was investigated in the 4-(2-oxo-1
      pyrrolidinyl)chroman-3-ol series. Chromanols esterified at the 3-hydroxy group
      with short-chain acids, maintain their activity. The epoxidation of the chromene
      double bond also produces active compounds. The rearrangement of the epoxides 22
      produces the 3-keto compounds 23 and the enol derivatives 25. The reduction of
      the ketone 23a produces cis-chromanol 7ab along with its trans isomer 7e. All
      compounds were tested for oral antihypertensive activity in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats with a dose of 1 mg/kg; for selected compounds ED30 values as
      well as the duration of the antihypertensive effect were determined. 4-(1,2
      Dihydro-2-oxo-1-pyridyl)-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6- carbonitrile (18a) is
      under development as a coronary vasodilator and a drug for treating angina
      pectoris.

PMID- 2299618
TI  - Antitumor properties of tetrahydrobenz[a]anthraquinone derivatives.
AB  - The compound 8,11-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]- 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydro-7,12-benz[a]-anthraquinone (7) was synthesized from 3,6
      dimethoxyphthalic anhydride and 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene by a
      Friedel-Crafts reaction, cyclization to form a dihydroxyanthraquinone, and
      conversion into the amino-substituted derivative by reaction with 2-[(2
      hydroxyethyl)amino]ethylamine. The new compound, a ring D analogue of
      mitoxantrone, showed growth inhibition, at micromolar concentrations, of murine
      leukemia 1210, human lung H125, human breast MCF7, human ovary 121, and human
      colon WiDr and increased the life span of leukemic mice by 38%.

PMID- 2299620
TI  - Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of cis- and trans-6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a,11
      octahydro-11-oxodibenzo[b,e]thiepinacetic and -oxepinacetic acids.
AB  - A series of cis- and trans-6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a,11-octahydro-11-
      oxodibenzo[b,e]thiepinacetic acids (6-9) and -oxepinacetic acids (10-13) were
      prepared and their antiinflammatory activity was examined in the rat carrageenan
      hind paw edema test. The antiinflammatory activity of these compounds depended on
      their stereochemical features (C6a, C10a, and C2'). The 6a,10a-trans compounds
      exhibited considerable antiinflammatory activity, whereas the 6a,10a-cis
      compounds were inactive. Among the trans compounds, 6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a,11
      octahydro-11-oxodibenzo[b,e]thiepin-3-p ropionic acid (9a) and its oxepin
      analogue (13a) showed an antiinflammatory activity superior to that of
      indomethacin. The phenethyl ester (25) of 9a showed potent antiinflammatory
      activity, and its safety index (UD50/ED50) was over 14 times higher than that of
      indomethacin. The phenethyl ester (25) is the most favorable compound with high
      antiinflammatory activity and little ulcerogenicity.

PMID- 2299621
TI  - Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha
      (alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AB  - Several A- and D-ring substituted steroidal 7 alpha-alkoxycarbonyl spirolactones
      were synthesized with the purpose of increasing the aldosterone antagonistic
      potency and reducing the endocrinological side effects relative to the standard
      drug spironolactone. It was found that the 15 beta,16 beta-methylene derivative
      17 exhibited a 2-fold higher aldosterone antagonistic activity compared to either
      spironolactone or the 15,16-unsubstituted derivative 29 while showing remarkably
      reduced antiandrogenicity.

PMID- 2299622
TI  - Conformation-activity relationship of sweet molecules. Comparison of aspartame
      and naphthimidazolesulfonic acids.
AB  - The shape of the active site of the receptor for sweet molecules was previously
      defined on the basis of a combination of both rigid (saccharins) and flexible
      (aspartame) molds. In this paper, the sweetness receptor is refined with use of
      the shapes of 3-anilino-2-styryl-3H-naphtho[1,2-d]imidazolesulfonate (sweet) and
      of 3-anilino-2-phenyl-3H-naphtho[1,2-d]imidazolesulfonate (tasteless), two large
      and almost completely rigid tastants. The minimum-energy conformations of the
      flexible portions of these tastants have been determined by using a detailed
      conformational analysis based on ab initio calculations. The refined receptor
      site is still consistent with all previously examined sweet molecules. In order
      to unequivocally assign the prochiral beta-CH2 protons of the Phe moiety of
      aspartame, (2S,3S)-[2H]-alpha-L-Asp-L-PheOMe was synthesized and examined by 500
      MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results indicate that the minimum-energy
      conformation for aspartame in water, DMSO-d6, and CDCl3 (as a crown ether
      complex) is different from that originally proposed (FIIDII instead of FIDII,
      according to a notation referred to the side chains). Although this conformation
      is not directly consistent with the shape of the sweet receptor, the
      interconversion of FIIDII to FIDII was found to require only 1 kcal/mol.
      Furthermore, a 120-ps molecular dynamics simulation in vacuo confirms the high
      flexibility of aspartame and the accessibility of the FIDII conformer whose
      topology is fully consistent with our model.

PMID- 2299623
TI  - Hypolipidemic activity of rifamycin derivatives.
AB  - Series of 3-piperidinyl- and 3-piperazinylrifamycins and to a certain extent 3
      hydrazonorifamycins all bearing lipophilic side chains were found to exert potent
      hypolipidemic activity in lowering both serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in
      rats. Starting from 3-[N'-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl)-N-piperazinyl]rifamycin SV
      (compound 25), a series of derivatives were synthesized with the aim of
      dissociating the hypolipidemic from the antibacterial activity, leading to the 8
      O,N-dipivaloyl derivative of 25 (compound 48), which is devoid of any
      antibacterial activity but shows about 50-60% reduction of LDL-cholesterol and 20
      30% reduction of serum cholesterol at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Compound 48 was
      selected for further pharmacological evaluation.

PMID- 2299624
TI  - Synthesis and biological activity of an acyclic analogue of 5,6,7,8
      tetrahydrofolic acid, N-[4-[[3-(2,4-diamino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-5-
      pyrimidinyl)propyl]amino]-benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid.
AB  - The synthesis and biological evaluation of N-[4-[[3-(2,4-diamino-1,6-dihydro-6
      oxo-5-pyrimidinyl)propyl]amino]- benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (1) (5-DACTHF, 543U76),
      an acyclic analogue of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA), are described. The
      key intermediate, hemiaminal 8, was prepared in four stages from 3
      chloropropionaldehyde diethyl acetal. Reaction of 8 with dimethyl N-(4
      aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamate gave the 2,4-bis(acetylamino) derivative 11, which was
      hydrolyzed with 1 N sodium hydroxide to give 1; the glycine analogue 16 was
      prepared in a similar manner. The N-methyl analogue 2 and N-formyl analogue 3
      were prepared from 11 and 1, respectively. Compounds 1-3 inhibited growth of
      Detroit 98 and L cells in cell culture, with IC50s ranging from 2 to 0.018
      microM. Cell culture toxicity reversal studies and enzyme inhibition tests showed
      that 1 was cytotoxic but not by the mechanism of the dihydrofolate reductase
      inhibitor aminopterin. Compound 1 and its polyglutamylated homologues inhibited
      glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GAR-TFase) and aminoimidazole
      ribonucleotide transformylase (AICAR-TFase), the folate-dependent enzymes in de
      novo purine biosynthesis; and 1 was an effective substrate for mammalian folyl
      polyglutamate synthetase. The compound inhibited (IC50 = 20 nM) the conversion of
      [14C]formate to [14C]-formylglycinamide ribonucleotide by MOLT-4 cells in
      culture. These data suggest that the site of action of 1 is inhibition of purine
      de novo biosynthesis. Moderate activity was observed against P388 leukemia in
      vivo.

PMID- 2299625
TI  - Antitubulin effects of derivatives of 3-demethylthiocolchicine, methylthio ethers
      of natural colchicinoids, and thioketones derived from thiocolchicine. Comparison
      with colchicinoids.
AB  - Esterification of the phenolic group in 3-demethylthiocolchicine and exchange of
      the N-acetyl group with other N-acyl groups or a N-carbalkoxy group afforded many
      compounds which showed superior activity over the parent drug as inhibitors of
      tubulin polymerization and of the growth of L1210 murine leukemia cells in
      culture. A comparison of naturally occurring Colchicum alkaloids with thio
      isosters, obtained by replacing the OMe group at C(10) with a SCH3 group, showed
      the thio ethers to be invariably more potent in these assays. The comparison
      included 3-demethylthiodemecolcine prepared from 3-demethylthiocolchicine by
      partial synthesis. Thiation of thiocolchicine with Lawesson's reagent afforded
      novel thiotropolones which exhibited high antitubulin activity. Their structures
      are fully secured by spectral data. Colchicine and several of its analogues show
      good antitumor effect in mice infected with P388 lymphocytic leukemia, and all of
      them show high affinity for tubulin and inhibit tubulin polymerization at low
      concentration. Consequently, antitubulin assays with this class of compounds can
      serve as valuable prescreens for the initial evaluation of potential antitumor
      drugs.

PMID- 2299626
TI  - Beta-lactam analogues of oxotremorine. 3- and 4-methyl-substituted 2
      azetidinones.
AB  - Four beta-lactam analogues (8-11) of oxotremorine were synthesized and assayed
      for muscarinic and antimuscarinic activity on the isolated guinea pig ileum. The
      pharmacological results were compared with those obtained previously with the
      beta-lactam analogue 7 and the 3-, 4-, and 5-methyl-substituted 2-pyrrolidones 2
      6. The new compounds were less potent than the corresponding 2-pyrrolidones,
      regardless of whether they showed agonist (10 and 11), partial agonist (8), or
      antagonist properties (9) in the ileum assay. The agonists 10 and 11 were about
      200-fold less potent than 7. Compounds 8-11 also were less potent than the
      similarly substituted 2-pyrrolidones in inhibiting the binding of the muscarinic
      antagonist (-)-[3H]-N-methylscopolamine in homogenates of the rat cerebral
      cortex.

PMID- 2299627
TI  - Novel glutamic acid derived cholecystokinin receptor ligands.
AB  - Novel aryl amide analogues of glutamic acid dialkylamide have been synthesized to
      test for a possible structural analogy between glutamic acid and benzodiazepine
      CCK antagonists such as compounds 2 and 24 (lorglumide and MK-329, respectively).
      In support of the structural model, certain of these hybrid compounds are more
      potent in pancreas CCK radioligand binding assays than corresponding lorglumide
      type reference compounds. Modifications previously found in the benzodiazepine
      antagonists to result in brain CCK/gastrin receptor selectivity were also
      incorporated to produce an aryl urea series of glutamic acid analogues. None of
      these compounds were brain CCK/gastrin selective; however, one was potent and
      selective in the pancreas binding assay. The model appears to be most useful in
      the design of selective ligands for the pancreas type CCK receptor.

PMID- 2299628
TI  - Synthesis and cardiac electrophysiological activity of aryl-substituted
      derivatives of the class III antiarrhythmic agent sematilide. Potential class
      I/III agents.
AB  - Twelve novel derivatives of the selective class III antiarrhythmic agent
      sematilide were prepared in an attempt to incorporate both class I and class III
      electrophysiological properties into a single molecule. Electrophysiological
      activity was determined by standard microelectrode techniques in canine cardiac
      Purkinje fibers. Initial assessment of class I efficacy was carried out in a
      ouabain-induced arrhythmia model in guinea pigs. All of the compounds prolonged
      action potential duration in Purkinje fibers (class III activity), and three were
      active against ouabain-induced arrhythmias (class I activity). Selected compounds
      were evaluated further in dogs for efficacy against arrhythmias occurring 24 h
      following coronary ligation (automatic arrhythmias) and induced by using
      programmed electrical stimulation techniques (reentrant arrhythmias). The most
      effective compounds from the series are 3g and -j, which were effective in both
      canine models. Molecular modeling and structure-activity relationships are
      discussed.

PMID- 2299629
TI  - Design of an antithrombotic-antihypertensive agent (Wy 27569). Synthesis and
      evaluation of a series of 2-heteroaryl-substituted dihydropyridines.
AB  - An approach to the design of potential combined antithrombotic-antihypertensive
      agents is described. A series of 1,4-dihydropyridines bearing a 1H-imidazol-1-yl
      or pyrid-3-yl substituted side chain in the 2-position were synthesized and
      tested for antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats and for
      inhibition of TXA2 synthetase in rabbit platelets, in vitro. 1,4-Dihydro-2-(1H
      imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-6-methyl- 4-(3-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3
      ethyl 5-methyl diester (1) was shown to be similar in potency to nitrendipine as
      an antihypertensive agent. Compound 1 inhibited TXA2 synthetase in rabbit and
      human platelets in vitro and reduced plasma TXB2 levels in rats at
      antihypertensive dose levels. The reductions in thromboxane production observed
      in vivo and in vitro were accompanied by enhanced levels of 6-KPGF1 alpha,
      reflecting diversion of the arachidonic acid cascade toward prostacyclin
      synthesis.

PMID- 2299630
TI  - (8 beta)-6-methylergoline amide derivatives as serotonin antagonists: N1
      substituent effects on vascular 5HT2 receptor activity.
AB  - A series of (8 beta)-6-methylergoline amide derivatives was synthesized with
      various alkyl substituents in the N1-position in order to evaluate their
      effectiveness in blocking vascular 5HT2 receptors. The influence of both the N1
      substituent and amide derivative proved to be of great importance on binding
      affinities to vascular 5HT2 receptors. Within each series of amides, however,
      maximum affinity was achieved with an N1-isopropyl substituent (14, 18, 26, 38,
      and 41; all with 2.7-50 times greater affinity than their N1-H analogues), with
      the exception of two cases (22 and 37) in the cyclohexylamide derivatives wherein
      N1-methyl equalled the isopropyl in potency. Other than these exceptions,
      affinities followed the pattern of H less than Me less than Et less than iPr,
      with potencies falling off with larger alkyl substituents.

PMID- 2299631
TI  - Antimitotic agents: synthesis of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-6-ylcarbamates and
      imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-ylcarbamates.
AB  - Cyclization of ethyl 5,6-diamino-4-hydrazinopyridin-2-ylcarbamate (10) with a
      mixture of CS2 and Et3N in dimethylacetamide gave mainly ethyl 1,4-diamino-2(3H)
      thioxoimidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-6-ylcarbamate (15), whereas, in the absence of
      dimethylacetamide, a double cyclization gave mainly ethyl 5-amino-2(1H)-4
      dithioxodiimidazo-[4,5-b:5,4-c]pyridin-7-ylcarb amate (16). Cyclization of the
      benzylidenehydrazino derivative (6) of 10 with either CS2-Et3N or (EtO)3CH-HCl
      gave 1-(benzylideneamino)imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines 11 and 7 as major products and 7
      (benzylidenehydrazino)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines 12 and 8 as minor products.
      Dethiolation of 11 to give 7 and of 12 to give 8 was effected with excess Raney
      nickel in refluxing ethanol. The benzylidene group of 11 was removed with
      hydrazine in ethanolic HCl to give 15. This key compound was condensed with
      benzaldehydes to give 1-benzylideneamino derivatives (20, 21) and alkylated with
      benzyl halides to give 2-benzylthio derivatives (24-26). In addition, cyclization
      of ethyl 5,6-diamino-4-(benzylidene-1-methylhydrazino)pyridin-2-ylcarbam ate (30)
      with (EtO)3CH provided a method for the synthesis of an imidazo[4,5-c]- and -[4,5
      b]pyridines gave compounds that inhibited proliferation of growth and caused
      mitotic arrest against lymphoid leukemia L1210 at micromolar concentrations.
      However, the more active in vitro compounds (7, 8, 24-26) gave only borderline
      activity in mice against lymphocytic leukemia P388.

PMID- 2299632
TI  - Autoxidation of the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine.
AB  - The indolic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) has been widely
      speculated to express its neurodegenerative effects as a result of intraneuronol
      autoxidation. Until recently, it was believed that autoxidation led to reactive
      electrophilic quinone imine species which alkylated neuronal membrane proteins
      and that byproducts of the autoxidation reaction were cytotoxic reduced-oxygen
      species. This study reveals that at physiological pH carbanions of 5,7-DHT act as
      the primary electron-donor species to yield C(4)- and C(6)-centered free radical
      superoxide complexes in a 1:2 ratio. The C(4)-centered complex reacts to yield,
      ultimately, 5-hydroxytryptamine-4,7-dione which has been shown to be a
      significantly more powerful neurotoxin than 5,7-DHT. The C(6)-centered radical
      superoxide complexes react to give 6,6'-bis(5-hydroxytryptamine-4,7-dione). It is
      likely that the latter reaction yields O2.- as a cytotoxic byproduct.

PMID- 2299633
TI  - Synthesis and antifolate properties of 10-alkyl-5,10-dideaza analogues of
      methotrexate and tetrahydrofolic acid.
AB  - Synthesis of the 10-methyl and 10-ethyl analogues of 5,10-dideazatetrahydrofolic
      acid (DDTHF), a potent inhibitor of glycinamide ribotide (GAR) formyltransferase,
      is reported. Key intermediates in the process were 10-methyl- and 10-ethyl-4
      amino-4-deoxy-5,10-dideazapteroic acid. Condensation of the piperidine enamines
      of branched 4-(p-carbomethoxyphenyl)butyraldehydes with
      (acetoxymethylene)malononitrile afforded 1,1-dicyano-4-piperidinobutadiene 5a,b.
      Subsequent reaction with alcoholic ammonium hydroxide yielded the appropriately
      substituted 2-amino-3-cyanopyridines 6a,b. Ring closure with guanidine gave 10
      methyl- and 10-ethyl-4-amino-4-deoxy-5,10-dideazapteroic acids (7a,b). Coupling
      with diethyl glutamate followed by ester hydrolysis afforded 10-alkyl-5,10
      dideazaminopterin analogues 9a,b. Hydrolysis of the 4-amino group of 7a,b yielded
      the 10-alkylpteroic acids, which were coupled with diethyl glutamate,
      hydrogenated over PtO2, and saponified to afford 10-alkyl-5,10
      dideazatetrahydrofolic acids 13a,b. Aminopterin analogues 9a,b were effective
      inhibitors of DHFR derived from L1210, but were less potent than methotrexate for
      inhibition of growth of L1210 in culture. The 10-ethyl (13b) analogue of 5,10
      DDTHF was about twice as potent an inhibitor of L1210 cell growth as 5,10-DDTHF,
      but was only 1/7 as potent for inhibition of GAR formyltransferase. 10-Methyl
      analogue 13a was similar in potency to 5,10-DDTHF. All of the compounds showed
      moderately improved transport into L1210 cells relative to methotrexate.

PMID- 2299634
TI  - Novel prodrugs which are activated to cytotoxic alkylating agents by
      carboxypeptidase G2.
AB  - The synthesis of three novel prodrugs, 4-[bis[2-(mesyloxy)ethyl]amino]benzoyl-L
      glutamic acid (7), 4-[(2-chloroethyl)[2-(mesyloxy)ethyl]amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic
      acid (8), and 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid (9), for use as
      anticancer agents, is described here. Each is a bifunctional alkylating agent in
      which the activating effect of the ionized carboxyl function is masked through an
      amide bond to the glutamic acid residue. These relatively inactive prodrugs are
      designed to be activated to their corresponding nitrogen alkylating agents (10,
      11, and 12, respectively) at a tumor site by prior administration of a monoclonal
      antibody conjugated to the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2). The
      viability of two different tumor cell lines was monitored with each prodrug in
      the presence of CPG2. All three compounds showed substantial prodrug activity-
      with conversion to the corresponding active drug leading to greatly increased
      cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2299635
TI  - The preparation of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-1',2'-seconucleosides as potential
      antiviral agents.
AB  - The preparation of (R,R)-1,3-dibenzyl-4-fluorobutane-1,2,3-triol (6) from D
      isoascorbic acid and subsequent chloromethylation of this chiron made possible
      the synthesis of a series of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-1',2'-seconucleosides. Among them
      were the uridine (10), thymidine, (11), 5-iodouridine (14), ribavirin (17), and
      guanosine (19) analogues. They were evaluated for antiviral activity primarily
      against RNA viruses and found to be inactive. In addition to the aforementioned
      acyclonucleosides, the 3',5'-cyclic phosphates of the uridine (22) and thymidine
      (23) analogues were prepared from their respective 4-nitrophenyl 3',5'-cyclic
      phosphate triesters. The triesters were also examined for antiviral activity, but
      like their nucleoside counterparts exhibited only marginal activity.

PMID- 2299636
TI  - Structure-activity correlations for psychotomimetics. 1. Phenylalkylamines:
      electronic, volume, and hydrophobicity parameters.
AB  - CNDO/2 calculations have been performed on a series of alkyl, alkoxy, and
      alkylthio derivatives of phenethylamine and phenylisopropylamine. The results of
      these, of van der Waals volume calculations, and of Hansch type hydrophobicity
      calculations were correlated with psychotomimetic activity by chemometric
      methods. Eight parameters, involving seven chemical descriptors, were found to be
      highly significant. Directional hydrophobicity and volume effects were found,
      which suggests that steric and hydrophobic interactions in the neighborhood of
      the receptor site are important. A puzzling but strong interaction effect between
      meta and para substituents was noted. Electronic terms may be explicable in terms
      of formation of charge-transfer complexes by accepting, rather than by donating,
      charge, as has been believed in the past. A charge effect indicates that a charge
      or dipole is influential at the binding site, or alternatively, a specific
      reactivity at the meta position is involved.

PMID- 2299637
TI  - Synthesis and antiviral and cytotoxic activity of iodohydrin and iodomethoxy
      derivatives of 5-vinyl-2'-deoxyuridines, 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine, and uridine.
AB  - A series of new 5-(1-hydroxy-2-iodoethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine and uridine compounds
      (11, 16) was synthesized by the regiospecific addition of HOI to the vinyl
      substituent of 5-vinyl-2'-deoxyuridine (10a), 5-vinyl-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
      (10b), 5-vinyluridine (10c), and (E)-5-(2-iodovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (4b).
      Treatment of the iodohydrins 11a-c with methanolic sulfuric acid afforded the
      corresponding 5-(1-methoxy-2-iodoethyl) derivatives (12a-c). In contrast,
      reaction of 5-(1-hydroxy-2-iodoethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (11a) with sodium carbonate
      in methanol afforded a mixture of 5-(1-hydroxy-2-methoxyethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine
      (13) and 2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-5-(2'-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)- furano[2,3
      d]pyrimidin-6(5H)-one (14). The most active compound, 5-(1-methoxy-2-iodoethyl)
      2'-deoxyuridine (12a, ID50 = 0.1 micrograms/mL), which exhibited antiviral
      activity (HSV-1) 100-fold higher than that of the 5-(1-hydroxy-2-iodoethyl)
      analogue (11a), was less active than IVDU or acyclovir (ID50 = 0.01-0.1
      micrograms/mL range). The C-5 substituent in the 2'-deoxyuridine series was a
      determinant of cytotoxic activity, as determined in the in vitro L1210 screen,
      where the relative activity order was CH(OH)CHI2 (16) greater than CH(OMe)CH2I
      (12a) greater than CH(OH)CH2I (11a) congruent to CH(OH)CH2OMe (13). The 2'
      substituent was also a determinant of cytotoxic activity in the 5-(1-hydroxy-2
      iodoethyl) (11a-c) and 5-(1-methoxy-2-iodoethyl) series of compounds, where the
      relative activity profile was 2'-deoxyuridine greater than 2'-fluoro-2'
      deoxyuridine greater than uridine (11a greater than 11b greater than or equal to
      11c; 12a greater than 12b greater than 12c). The most active cytotoxic agent
      (16), possessing a 5-(1-hydroxy-2,2-diiodoethyl) substituent (ED50 = 0.77
      micrograms/mL), exhibited an activity approaching that of melphalan (ED50 = 0.15
      micrograms/mL). All compounds tested, except for 13 and 14, exhibited high
      affinity (Ki = 0.035-0.22 mM range relative to deoxyuridine, Ki = 0.125) for the
      murine NBMPR-sensitive erythrocyte nucleoside transport system, suggesting that
      these iodohydrins are good permeants of cell membranes.

PMID- 2299638
TI  - Methylating agents as trypanocides.
AB  - Methylating agents, such as streptozotocin, procarbazine, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea,
      dimethyl sulfate, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, and a series of 1,2-bis(sulfonyl)-1
      methylhydrazines synthesized in this laboratory, were evaluated and shown to be
      therapeutically active against murine models of African trypanosomiasis. At high
      dose levels, methylating agents halted trypanosome proliferation and transformed
      cells into bizarre forms containing multiple nuclei and kinetoplasts. These cells
      disappeared from the bloodstream of mice bearing these organisms in 48-72 h. When
      administered at repetitive low doses, methylating agents induced the entire
      population of trypanosomes to differentiate into biochemically distinct short
      stumpy forms in a synchronous manner. These results suggest that methylating
      agents may be used as biochemical tools in the study of trypanosome
      differentiation.

PMID- 2299639
TI  - Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of a glyceryl lipid
      containing GABA and the GABA-T inhibitor gamma-vinyl-GABA.
AB  - 1-O-Linolenoyl-2-O-(4-aminobutyryl)-3-O-(4-vinyl-4-aminobutyryl)glycerol (LGV)
      was synthesized as an example of a prodrug which readily penetrates the blood
      brain barrier (brain penetration index 97% +/- 15%) and releases two active
      substances in the central nervous system (CNS): GABA (4-aminobutanoic acid) and
      the GABA transaminase inhibitor (GABA-T) of GABA breakdown. In vitro studies
      showed that the compound can inhibit GABA-T after hydrolysis by CNS esterases and
      that it enhanced GABAergic inhibition when applied to rat hippocampus slices. In
      vivo studies indicate that LGV depresses the spontaneous locomotor activity of
      mice. Its activity on a molar basis was some 300 times greater than that of gamma
      vinyl-GABA.

PMID- 2299640
TI  - Topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. 3. Benzofuran- and indole-2
      sulfonamides.
AB  - Derivatives of benzofuran- and indole-2-sulfonamide were prepared for evaluation
      as topically active ocular hypotensive agents. These compounds were found to be
      excellent inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase and to lower intraocular pressure in a
      rabbit model of ocular hypertension. However, the development of these compounds
      for clinical use was precluded by the observation that they cause dermal
      sensitization in guinea pigs. A correlation between electrophilicity, as assessed
      by in vitro reactivity with reduced glutathione, and dermal sensitization
      potential was further documented.

PMID- 2299641
TI  - 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 binding profiles of the serotonergic agents alpha-methylserotonin
      and 2-methylserotonin.
AB  - alpha-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (alpha-Me-5-HT; 2) and 2-methyl-5
      hydroxytryptamine (2-Me-5-HT; 3) are considered to be 5-HT2-selective and 5-HT3
      selective agents, respectively. These agents were synthesized and examined at
      serotonin (5-HT) binding sites because there is relatively little documentation
      as to their selectivity and because they have not been previously examined at the
      newly discovered 5-HT1D and 5-HT1E sites. As previously reported, 2-Me-5-HT
      possesses a low affinity (Ki greater than 500 nM) for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, and
      5-HT2 sites; this agent also displays a low affinity for 5-HT1D (Ki = 1220 nM)
      and 5-HT1E (Ki greater than 10,000 nM) sites. However, alpha-Me-5-HT displays
      little selectivity for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, and 5-HT1D sites (Ki = 42, 85,
      150, and 150 nM, respectively) and a very low affinity for 5-HT1E (Ki greater
      than 10,000 nM) sites. Depending upon the radioligand used to label the sites,
      alpha-Me-5-HT displays either a low affinity (Ki = 880 nM with [3H]ketanserin) or
      a high affinity (Ki = 3 nM with [3H]DOB) for 5-HT2 sites. These results suggest
      that alpha-Me-5-HT is not as selective as previously considered and that caution
      should be used when employing this agent in pharmacological studies because it
      may act as mixed 5-HT1/5-HT2 agonist.

PMID- 2299642
TI  - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. 6. Trans-6-[2
      (substituted-1-naphthyl)ethyl(or ethenyl)]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-2H-pyran
      2-ones.
AB  - A variety of trans-6-[2-(substituted-1-naphthyl)ethyl(or ethenyl)]-3,4,5,6
      tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-ones were prepared and, upon conversion to their
      3,5-dihydroxy carboxylates, were found to have good inhibitory activity against
      the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the rate-determining
      enzyme in cholesterogenesis. The most active compounds are 2,4,6- and 2,4,7
      trichloro derivatives and would be expected to display about the same potency as
      the standard compactin upon resolution.

PMID- 2299643
TI  - Lipophilic 1,3-xylyl-21-crown-6 macrocyclic polyether 2-carboxylic acids as
      biological mimics of the ionophore antibiotics.
AB  - Twelve lipophilic 1,3-xylyl-21-crown-6 macrocyclic polyether 2-carboxylic acids,
      two lariat ether 1,3-xylyl-21-crown-6 macrocyclic polyether 2-carboxylic acids,
      and two 1,3-xylyl-28-crown-8 macrocyclic polyether 2-carboxylic acids were
      synthesized and tested for in vitro antibacterial activity, in vitro stimulation
      of rumen propionic acid production, and in vivo anticoccidial activity in
      chickens. These are biological screens relevant to animal health areas where the
      ionophore antibiotics such as monensin have found application. While the parent
      structure 1 without lipophilic substituents was biologically inactive, the
      lipophilic macrocycles were active in the two in vitro tests but not against
      chicken coccidiosis. One compound was tested in cattle and was found to increase
      levels of propionic acid in the rumen fermentation. This effect is considered an
      important factor for increasing the efficiency of feed utilization in cattle
      exhibited by the ionophore antibiotic monensin. The alkali ion salts of these
      lipophilic macrocyclic polyether carboxylic acids are very soluble in organic
      solvents and insoluble in water. These compounds are proposed to act as ion
      transport agents and functional mimics of the ionophore antibiotics in the
      biological systems described above.

PMID- 2299644
TI  - Voronoi binding site model of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon binding protein.
AB  - A three-dimensional Voronoi binding site model has been formulated from a series
      of competitors for the binding site on a recently isolated polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbon binding protein (PBP) from mouse liver. The PBP binds polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), with high affinity and
      shows other characteristics associated with receptor-ligand complexes.
      Altogether, the in vitro binding constant of seven molecules were used to deduce
      the geometry and the energetics of a possible site model consisting of five
      regions: one tetrahedron-shaped finite central hydrophobic pocket, one infinite
      region representing access to the solvent, and three strongly repulsive regions
      representing the sterically forbidden walls of the pocket. The model then
      predicted the binding energies correctly for nine additional competitors and
      suggests that competition of monoaromatic (benzene) derivatives with B[a]P would
      be weak.

PMID- 2299645
TI  - Some benzyl-substituted imidazoles, triazoles, tetrazoles, pyridinethiones, and
      structural relatives as multisubstrate inhibitors of dopamine beta-hydroxylase.
      4. Structure-activity relationships at the copper binding site.
AB  - Structure-activity relationships (SAR) were determined for novel multisubstrate
      inhibitors of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH; EC 1.14.17.1) by examining the
      effects upon in vitro inhibitory potencies resulting from structural changes at
      the copper-binding region of inhibitor. Attempts were made to determine
      replacement groups for the thione sulfur atom of the prototypical inhibitor 1-(4
      hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thione described previously. The synthesis and
      evaluation of oxygen and nitrogen analogues of the soft thione group demonstrated
      the sulfur atom to be necessary for optimal activity. An additional series of
      imidazole-2-thione relatives was prepared in an effort to probe the relationship
      between the pKa of the ligand group and inhibitory potency. In vitro inhibitory
      potency was shown not to correlate with ligand pKa over a range of approximately
      10 pKa units, and a rationale for this is advanced. Additional ligand
      modifications were prepared in order to explore bulk tolerance at the enzyme
      oxygen binding site and to determine the effects of substituting a six-membered
      ligand group for the five-membered imidazole-2-thione ligand.

PMID- 2299646
TI  - An approach to trapping gamma-glutamyl radical intermediates proposed for vitamin
      K dependent carboxylase: alpha,beta-methyleneglutamic acid.
AB  - The vitamin K dependent carboxylase activates the glutamyl gamma-CH of substrate
      peptides for carboxylation by producing a gamma-glutamyl free radical, a gamma
      glutamyl carbanion, or through a concerted carboxylation. We propose to intercept
      the putative gamma-glutamyl free radical by the intramolecular rearrangement of a
      substrate containing the alpha,beta-cyclopropane analogue of glutamic acid. The
      rearrangement of cyclopropylcarbinyl radicals into 2-butenyl radicals is rapid,
      exothermic, and considered diagnostic of free-radical formation. 1-Amino-2
      (carboxymethyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the beta-cyclopropane analogue of
      glutamic acid, was synthesized starting from diethyl alpha-ketoglutarate. The
      alpha-keto ester was first treated with benzonitrile in sulfuric acid, to yield
      diethyl alpha,alpha-dibenzamidoglutarate. The alpha,alpha-dibenzamido acid was
      cleaved to produce the alpha,beta-dehydroamino acid and benzamide on treatment
      with p-toluenesulfonic acid in hot benzene. Diazomethane addition to the
      dehydroamino acid resulted in cycloaddition of diazomethane and production of the
      pyrazoline, which upon irradiation lost N2 to give the protected cyclopropane
      containing amino acid analogue. Acidic hydrolysis of the N-benzoyl-alpha,beta
      methyleneglutamate diethyl ester resulted in the production of the unprotected
      amino acid, alpha,beta-methyleneglutamic acid, in high yield. A single
      dehydroamino acid and a single methyleneglutamic acid isomer were produced in
      this synthesis; both are identified as the Z isomer, the former by NMR using the
      nuclear Overhauser effect and the latter through X-ray crystallographic analysis
      of N-benzoyl-alpha,beta-methyleneglutamate diethyl ester. Saponification of a N
      protected methyleneglutamic acid dialkyl ester using limiting alkali was shown to
      selectively yield the alpha-alkyl ester gamma-acid. The reaction was used to
      produce alpha,beta-cyclopropane-containing analogues of the carboxylase
      substrates N-t-Boc-L-glutamic acid alpha-benzyl ester and N-benzoyl-L-glutamic
      acid alpha-ethyl ester. The cyclpropane-containing analogues were tested and
      found to be neither substrates for nor inhibitors of the rat liver microsomal
      vitamin K dependent carboxylase. The inability of the enzyme to recognize these
      substrate analogues is attributed to the alpha-alkyl substitution, which
      apparently abolishes substrate binding.

PMID- 2299647
TI  - Synthesis, antiretrovirus effects, and phosphorylation kinetics of 3'-isocyano-3'
      deoxythymidine and 3'-isocyano-2',3'-dideoxyuridine.
AB  - The silylated AzddThd 5 and AzddUrd 6 prepared from 2,3'-anhydronucleoside
      derivatives 3 and 4 were transformed to formamides 7 and 8 by using the sequence
      RN3----RN = P(C6H5)----RNHCHO. Formamides 7 and 8 were dehydrated to the
      protected 3'-isocyano derivatives 9 and 10; deblocking gave 11 and 12. Neither 3'
      isocyano-3'-deoxythymidine (11) nor 3'-isocyano-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (12) showed
      anti-HIV activity at noncytotoxic concentrations. ddThd derivative 11 was
      considerably more toxic to MT-4 cells than ddUrd derivative 12; it also had a
      much greater affinity (Ki) for MT-4 cell dThd kinase than ddUrd derivative 12.
      Both compounds appear to be linear mixed-type inhibitors of MT-4 cell dThd
      kinase.

PMID- 2299648
TI  - N-phenyl-N'-pyridinylureas as anticonvulsant agents.
AB  - A series of N-phenyl-N'-pyridinylureas was examined for anticonvulsant activity.
      Extensive structure/activity investigations revealed optimal activity in the N
      (2,6-disubstituted-phenyl)-N'-(4-pyridinyl)urea series, with 37 exhibiting the
      best overall anticonvulsant profile. Compound 37 was effective against seizures
      induced by maximal electroshock but did not protect mice from clonic seizures
      produced by the convulsant pentylenetetrazol. The overall pharmacological profile
      suggests that 37 would be of therapeutic use in the treatment of generalized
      tonic-clonic and partial seizures. Compound 37 was selected for Phase 1 clinical
      trials.

PMID- 2299649
TI  - Glycolipids as host resistance stimulators.
AB  - 6-(5-Cholesten-3 beta-yloxy)hexyl 1-thio-beta-D-mannopyranoside (L-644,257)
      enhances natural host resistance in cyclophosphamide-treated mice against
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a dose-dependent manner. It is active sc, im, and ip
      but not orally. L-644,257 is substantially more protective against P. aeruginosa
      than its alpha anomer. The beta-L-fucose glycolipid is more effective when given
      im and ip than sc. The lactose and beta-D-glucose glycolipids were only
      marginally effective to nonprotective. The 17 beta-steroidal side chain of L
      644,257 can be modified without substantial loss of protective activity.

PMID- 2299651
TI  - Design and synthesis of 14 alpha-methyl-15-aza-D-homosterols as novel
      antimycotics.
AB  - A novel series of 14 alpha-methyl-15-aza-D-homosterols 3-7 has been synthesized.
      These compounds display significant antimycotic activity in vitro (MIC = 0.8-3.1
      micrograms/mL) that compares quite favorably to the activity observed for
      fluconazole (MIC = 0.8 micrograms/mL). Azasterols 3 and 4 were active in vivo as
      reflected in the increased survival time of Candida albicans infected mice. The
      antimycotic activity of 3-7 is hypothesized to be a consequence of the inhibition
      of fungal 14,15-sterol reductase.

PMID- 2299650
TI  - Synthesis and antiviral activity of 3'-heterocyclic substituted 3'
      deoxythymidines.
AB  - Various 3'-deoxythymidine analogues with an heterocyclic five-membered ring in
      the 3'-erythro position have been synthesized. The pyrrol-1-yl (3) and the 1,2,4
      triazol-4-yl (5) compounds were synthesized from 1-(3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D
      erythro-pentofuranosyl)thymine. The pyrazol-1-yl (16a), imidazol-1-yl (16b), and
      1,2,4-triazol-1-yl (16c) derivatives were obtained by epoxide opening of the
      corresponding 1-(2,3-anhydro-beta-D-lyxofuranosyl)thymines followed by 2'
      deoxygenation. Only the 3'-pyrrol-1-yl derivative showed marginal antiviral
      activity against human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2299652
TI  - Genetic relationships among phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the
      verrucarum species group.
AB  - Isozyme data were used to identify populations of certain Lutzomyia taxa in the
      verrucarum species group, mostly in the series townsendi. Lutzomyia youngi
      Feliciangelis and Murillo and L. spinicrassa Morales, Osorno, Osorno, and Hoyos
      each have diagnostic allomorphs for phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) and
      fumarate hydratase (FUM). The 6PGDH and FUM data and those from 6-phospho
      fructokinase and phosphoglucomutase distinguish Lutzomyia sp., a new species from
      Columbia to be described and named later. Data from these enzymes and glucose
      phosphate isomerase will separate L. townsendi (Ortiz) from the others and from
      L. longiflocosa Osorno, Morales, Osorno, and Hoyos, L. quasitownsendi Morales,
      Osorno, Osorno, and Hoyos, and L. sauroida Osorno, Morales, and Osorno (three
      species that are inseparable using enzyme data). Three other species, L. serrana
      (Damasceno and Arouck) (series serrana) and L. columbiana (Ristorcelli and Van
      Ty) and L. andina Osorno, Osorno, and Morales (both in series verrucarum), are
      morphologically distinct using conventional characters and have fixed diagnostic
      differences at several enzyme loci. Statistical analyses of the enzyme data using
      genetic identities (I), differences (D), and the amount of genetic variation
      among these taxa indicated that such statistics can be as useful in the study of
      sand fly phylogeny and population genetics as they have been for other organisms.
      I and D values indicated that L. longiflocosa, L. quasitownsendi, and L. sauroida
      are very similar (I = 0.991 and D = 0.010) and possibly are populations of the
      same conspecific species. The levels of divergence, based on combined enzyme data
      for up to 21 gene loci among the taxa, are discussed, and a dendrogram based on
      genetic distance is presented. The genetic data confirmed established
      phylogenetic relationships among the sand fly taxa based on structural
      similarities.

PMID- 2299653
TI  - Electrophysiological recordings from the taste chemosensilla of Tabanus
      nigrovittatus (Diptera: Tabanidae) and determination of behavioral tarsal
      acceptance thresholds.
AB  - A modified behavioral test for determining the median tarsal acceptance
      thresholds of field-collected, female Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart to sugars
      showed that flies were sensitive to the three major nectar sugars (fructose,
      sucrose, and glucose, in that order of decreasing sensitivity) whereas galactose,
      a nonnectar sugar, was not comparably stimulating. Comparisons of various
      treatment effects on the median tarsal acceptance thresholds showed that for
      future studies, flies should be fed 10% sucrose before testing, should be starved
      for 24 h before testing, and they do not have to be pretested for a water
      response. Electrophysiological recordings showed that gustatory chemosensilla
      were located on the labellum, tip of labrum, labral food canal, foretarsi, tibia,
      and antennae. All chemosensilla responded to sugar and salt, whereas only those
      chemosensilla at the tip of the labrum and those lining the food canal, which
      normally contact the blood meal, responded to sera and plasma.

PMID- 2299654
TI  - Metabolism of juvenile hormone during adult development of Dermacentor variabilis
      (Acari: Ixodidae).
AB  - Juvenile hormone (JH)-I and -III were used as model substrates to study the in
      vitro metabolism of JH in the hemolymph and body homogenates of the American dog
      tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say). Ester hydrolysis was the principal pathway of
      JH metabolism in hemolymph and homogenates. JH also was converted into JH-diol
      primarily by body homogenates, indicating the presence of JH epoxide hydrolase
      activity. JH epoxide hydrolase activity, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase
      activity, and protein concentration per milligram wet weight were significantly
      lower (t test, alpha = 0.05) in homogenates of partially fed, virgin and replete,
      mated females of D. variabilis compared with unfed, virgin females. The decline
      in these factors was probably because of the influx of water into the tissues
      caused by the blood meal. In addition, the epoxide hydrolase and alpha-naphthyl
      acetate esterase activity per milligram tissue protein decreased significantly
      during this time. Mating of fed females rather than feeding alone caused a
      significant decline in the tissue JH esterase activity per milligram wet weight
      but not per milligram protein. The JH esterase activity per milligram protein was
      significantly higher in partially fed, virgin and replete, mated females compared
      with unfed females, indicating that feeding may actually increase JH esterase
      activity on a protein basis. JH-III was metabolized 1.4 times faster than JH-I by
      the hemolymph of partially fed, virgin females. The inhibitors O,O-diisopropyl
      phosphorofluoridate and octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one at 10(-4) M
      inhibited JH and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity in hemolymph and body
      homogenate.

PMID- 2299655
TI  - Rainfall-directed oviposition behavior of Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae)
      and its influence on St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission in Indian River
      County, Florida.
AB  - Resting Culex nigripalpus Theobald were collected with a ground aspirator three
      times a week in Indian River County, Fla., from January 1985 through December
      1987. The number of green (newly emerged), empty, blood-fed, and gravid females
      in each collection was counted; up to 100 empty females were dissected to
      estimate the abundance of empty, parous females in the population. In general,
      this species was uncommon during the dry season from January through June but
      increased during the wet season in July and remained abundant through early
      winter. During the wet season, green, parous, and gravid females were
      periodically abundant. Time series analysis demonstrated that green and parous
      mosquitoes were positively associated through time and that gravid females were
      associated negatively with daily rainfall. The strongest correlations were
      recorded in 1985, a year during which St. Louis encephalitis virus was detected
      with increased frequency in Indian River County. Laboratory experiments in a
      large outdoor wind tunnel confirmed that high relative humidity was important for
      the initiation and successful completion of oviposition by gravid, field
      collected Cx. nigripalpus mosquitoes. Thus, intermittent rainfall during autumn
      may serve to delay oviposition, increase longevity, synchronize blood feeding,
      and enhance transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus by infected mosquitoes
      in the field.

PMID- 2299656
TI  - Fecundity of partially engorged female Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae)
      removed by cattle grooming.
AB  - Eight Hereford heifer calves were infested 28 times over a 64-d period with
      approximately 49,560 Dermacentor albipictus (Packard) larvae per calf. The
      fecundity of partially engorged and small, fully engorged female ticks,
      prematurely removed by grooming behavior of the calves, were compared. A total of
      3,532 females of various engorged weights was collected from all calves,
      resulting in a mean female tick yield of 1.78% based on the number of larvae used
      for all infestations. The ratio of partially to fully engorged females was 1:16.
      Female oviposition success was 96%. The mean (+/- SE) values for female weight,
      number of larvae, and percentage larval eclosion of 50 partially engorged females
      that ranged in weight from 54 to 397 mg was 174 +/- 99, 1,272 +/- 931 and 85 +/-
      14, respectively. The correlation between preoviposition weight and number of
      larvae from partially engorged females was highly significant (r = 0.95, P less
      than 0.0001). A prediction model (Y = -354.6 + 9.07X) showed that the
      preoviposition weight of partially engorged females and larval fecundity from a
      separate study was highly correlated (r = 0.92, P less than 0.0001). There was no
      significant difference between mean values of larval numbers and percentage
      eclosion for partially engorged and small, fully engorged females of similar
      weight.

PMID- 2299657
TI  - Ecology of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae): factors influencing larval
      abundance in mesocosms in southern California.
AB  - Colonization and succession of mosquitoes and macroinvertebrate predators were
      studied in 30-m2 ponds (mesocosms) during summer and fall 1987. Larval abundance
      of Cx. tarsalis Coquillette was lower during the hot, summer months than during
      the fall. In all studies, larval populations declined markedly 2-3 wk after
      habitat flooding. Although predator abundances differed in these studies,
      sometimes by an order of magnitude, the common predators colonized mesocosms in
      the following order: Triops, hydrophilid beetle larvae, dytiscid beetle larvae,
      mesoveliids, dragonfly and damselfly naiads, and notonectids. The similarity of
      the colonization phenologies probably resulted from the vagility of the adult
      insects and species-specific developmental rates. Stepwise multiple regression
      was used to identify factors potentially affecting larval mosquito populations.
      For most studies, coleopteran larvae were related inversely to per capita change
      in the entire larval population and the third- and fourth-instar subpopulation
      (i.e., large coleopteran larval populations were associated with large declines
      in the Cx. trasalis larval population). Maximum water temperatures and pond age
      (days after flooding) also were identified as significant factors affecting
      larval abundance and per capita change of mosquitoes. Potentially lethal water
      temperatures (greater than or equal to 35 degrees C) occurred during the summer;
      however, the declines in larval abundance of Cx. tarsalis were not restricted to
      (or obviously associated with) periods of high water temperature. Our results
      indicated that predation by coleopteran larvae and factor(s) associated with pond
      age, such as mosquito ovipositional preferences, significantly affected Cx.
      tarsalis larval populations.

PMID- 2299658
TI  - Systemic activity of ivermectin on the human body louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae).
AB  - Eighty-one to 100% of nymphs and females of the human body louse (Pediculus
      humanus humanus) that fed artificially on blood containing 2.5-10 ng
      ivermectin/ml died. The mortality of nymphs and female lice fed on rabbits
      treated with 200 micrograms/kg ivermectin was very high during the first two to
      three days, then declined sharply, reaching the level of the controls on day six.
      Nymphs were more sensitive than females. The average number of eggs laid by
      surviving females and the percentage that hatched from those eggs were lower than
      in controls.

PMID- 2299659
TI  - Determination by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of mosquito (Diptera:
      Culicidae) bloodmeal size.
AB  - A method is described for using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to
      quantify the amount of blood present in mosquitoes without killing insect. NIRS
      is a nonconsumptive, instrumental method for fast, accurate, and precise
      evaluation of chemical composition of material with little or no preparation. The
      NIRS method accurately predicted bloodmeal size and bloodmeal disappearance in
      Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. sierrensis (Ludlow) mosquitoes.

PMID- 2299660
TI  - Three-dimensional electron microscopy of entire cells.
AB  - The digital processing of serial electron-microscope sections containing laser
      induced topographical references allows a three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction
      of entire cells at a depth resolution of 40-60 nm by the use of novel image
      analysis methods. The images are directly processed by a video-camera placed
      under the electron microscope in TEM mode or by the electron counting device in
      STEM mode. The deformations associated with the cutting of embedded cells are
      back-calculated by new computer algorithms developed for image analysis and
      treatment. They correct the artefacts caused by serial sectioning and
      automatically reconstruct the third dimension of the cells. Used in such a way,
      our data provide definitive information on the 3-D architecture of cells. This
      computer-assisted 3-D analysis represents a new tool for the documentation and
      analysis of cell ultrastructure and for morphometric studies. Furthermore, it is
      now possible for the observer to view the contents of the reconstructed tissue
      volume in a variety of different ways using computer-aided display techniques.

PMID- 2299661
TI  - A confocal video-rate laser-beam scanning reflected-light microscope with no
      moving parts.
AB  - A no-moving-parts, 30 frames/s, laser-beam scanning confocal reflected-light
      microscope has been developed. In principle, the technique can be extended to
      fluorescence and transmission light microscopy. Acousto-optic beam deflectors
      controlled by digital electronics move a laser beam in a 512-line interlaced 8.5
      x 8.5-mm raster. The light passes through a beam splitter, enters an inverted
      microscope through the side camera port, and is imaged at the object by the
      microscope objective. Reflected light returns through the objective, exits the
      camera port, is reflected off the beam splitter, and is imaged on to the
      photocathode of an image dissector tube (IDT). Confocality is provided by raster
      scanning the IDT aperture coincident with the congruent image of the laser beam
      incident on the object. Real-time jitter-free reflected light images of a variety
      of biological objects have been produced. Computer-controlled alignment of the
      laser scan and IDT is performed in several seconds.

PMID- 2299662
TI  - The application of real-time confocal microscopy to the study of high-speed
      dental-bur-tooth-cutting interactions.
AB  - A tandem scanning reflected light microscope (TSM) has been used to study the
      cutting interactions of dental burs with enamel. Confocal microscopy produces
      high-resolution images of subsurface structures in semi-transparent specimens
      such as teeth. The TSM has a real-time imaging ability which allows the
      visualization of the high-speed failure of a substrate which is being machined.
      This paper describes the criteria for successful imaging and their implementation
      in the design of a stage for controlling these cutting interactions. Examples of
      the results achieved are given and further applications for this technique in the
      field of biomaterials suggested.

PMID- 2299663
TI  - Localization of ribosomal and telomeric DNA sequences in intact plant nuclei by
      in-situ hybridization and three-dimensional optical microscopy.
AB  - We have combined the use of three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence microscopy and
      computer image processing of images with in-situ hybridization to analyse the 3-D
      organization of interphase nuclei in plants. In sections of root tips of Pisum
      sativum, using cDNA probes, we have shown that telomeres are arranged around the
      nuclear periphery and that the ribosomal genes in this species appear to exist in
      discrete, 3-D domains.

PMID- 2299664
TI  - Hierarchy for 5' splice site preference determined in vivo.
AB  - The relationship between preferences among alternative 5' splice sites and their
      sequences has been investigated for 37 sequences by assessing their use in
      splicing relative to the 5' splice site of IVS-2 of rabbit beta-globin. There are
      strong correlations between the intrinsic strength of a 5' splice site and both
      the extent to which it resembles the consensus sequence and the calculated
      stability of its interactions with U1 small nuclear RNA. However, present methods
      of calculating either of the latter values do not allow predictions to be made of
      the relative preferences among a small number of sequences.

PMID- 2299665
TI  - Novel human brain cDNA encoding a 34,000 Mr protein n-chimaerin, related to both
      the regulatory domain of protein kinase C and BCR, the product of the breakpoint
      cluster region gene.
AB  - A novel human brain complementary DNA sequence encodes n-chimaerin, a 34,000 Mr
      protein. A single cysteine-rich sequence CX2CX13CX2CX7CX7C in the N-terminal half
      of n-chimaerin shares almost 50% identity with corresponding sequences in the C1
      regulatory domain of protein kinase C. The C-terminal half of n-chimaerin has 42%
      identity with the C-terminal region (amino acid residues 1050 to 1225) of BCR,
      the product of the breakpoint cluster region gene involved in Philadelphia (Ph')
      chromosome translocation. n-Chimaerin mRNA (2.2 x 10(3) base-pairs) is
      specifically expressed in the brain, with the highest amounts being in the
      hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The mRNA has a neuronal distribution and is
      expressed in neuroblastoma cells, but not in C6 glioma or primary astrocyte
      cultures. The similarity of two separate regions of n-chimaerin to domains of
      protein kinase C and BCR has intriguing implications with respect to its
      evolutionary origins, its function in the brain and potential phorbol-ester
      binding properties.

PMID- 2299666
TI  - Co-operative domains in fibronectin.
AB  - The melting of human plasma fibronectin and its proteolytic fragments has been
      studied by scanning microcalorimetry to reveal co-operative structural domains in
      the molecule. It has been established that each of the two similar polypeptide
      chains of fibronectin has at least 12 structural domains, which differ in
      stability, size and function. Many of the domains in the N-terminal half of the
      polypeptide chains appear to be composed of two homologous repeat modules that co
      operate to form a single co-operative unit. In the intact fibronectin molecule,
      the C-terminal regions of both chains seem to interact forming a stable co
      operative block.

PMID- 2299667
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray study of rat Clara cell 10,000 Mr protein.
AB  - Single crystals of Clara cell 10,000 Mr protein have been grown by vapour
      diffusion in the presence of ammonium sulphate. The space group is P4(1)32 or
      P4(3)32 with unit cell dimension a = 156.9 A. Crystals diffract to about 3.8 A
      resolution.

PMID- 2299668
TI  - Atomic charges for DNA constituents derived from single-crystal X-ray diffraction
      data.
AB  - We have derived a complete set of atomic charges for DNA from very high
      resolution, low temperature, single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, collected for
      a variety of nucleosides and nucleotides: cytidine; deoxycytidine 5'
      monophosphate; deoxythymidine; guanosine 5'-monophosphate; deoxyadenosine;
      adenosine. This set of charges represents the first experimentally based
      parameterization of an important term in the energy function used in most
      modeling of DNA. The resulting charges are in good agreement with chemical
      intuition and experimental observations. They also agree qualitatively with the
      theoretically derived values now commonly used, but numerous and significant
      quantitative differences are observed. Possible reasons for the quantitative
      disagreement are discussed. An averaged set of charges (derived from the
      experimental results), which can be used in DNA modeling calculations, is
      presented.

PMID- 2299669
TI  - Structure of a T4 hairpin loop on a Z-DNA stem and comparison with A-RNA and B
      DNA loops.
AB  - The synthetic DNA oligomer C-G-C-G-C-G-T-T-T-T-C-G-C-G-C-G crystallizes as a Z
      DNA hexamer, capped at one end by a T4 loop. The crystals are monoclinic, space
      group C2, with a = 57.18 A, b = 21.63 A, c = 36.40 A, beta = 95.22 degrees, and
      one hairpin molecule per asymmetric unit. The structure of the z-hexamer stem was
      determined by molecular replacement, and the T4 loop was positioned by difference
      map methods. The final R factor at 2.1 A resolution for hairpin plus 70 water
      molecules is 20% for 2 sigma data, with a root-mean-square error of 0.26 A. The
      (C-G)3 stem resembles the free Z-DNA hexamer with minor crystal packing effects.
      The T4 loop differs from that observed on a B-DNA stem in solution, or in longer
      loops in tRNA, in that it shows intraloop and intermolecular interactions rather
      than base stacking on the final base-pair of the stem. Bases T7, T8 and T9 stack
      with one another and with the sugar of T7. Two T10 bases from different molecules
      stack between the C1-G12 terminal base-pairs of a third and fourth molecule, to
      simulate a T.T "base-pair". Distances between thymine N and O atoms suggest that
      the two thymine bases are hydrogen bonded, and a keto-enol tautomer pair is
      favored over disordered keto-keto wobble pairs. The hairpin molecules pack in the
      crystal in herringbone columns in a manner that accounts well for the observed
      relative crystal growth rates in a, b and c directions. Hydration seems to be
      most extensive around the phosphate groups, with lesser hydration within the
      grooves.

PMID- 2299670
TI  - Intramolecular DNA triplexes, bent DNA and DNA unwinding elements in the
      initiation region of an amplified dihydrofolate reductase replicon.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of 6.2 kb (1 kb = 10(3) base-pairs) of DNA that
      encompasses the earliest replicating portion of the amplified dihydrofolate
      reductase domains of CHOC 400 cells has been determined. Origin region DNA
      contains two AluI family repeats, a novel repetitive element (termed ORR-1), a
      TGGGT-rich region, and several homopurine/homopyrimidine and alternating
      purine/pyrimidine tracts, including an unusual cluster of simple repeating
      sequences composed of (G-C)5, (A-C)18, (A-G)21, (G)9, (CAGA)4,
      GAGGGAGAGAGGCAGAGAGGG, (A-G)27. Recombinant plasmids containing origin region
      sequences were examined for DNA structural conformations previously implicated in
      origin activation. Mung bean nuclease sensitivity assays for DNA unwinding
      elements show the preferred order of nuclease cleavage at neutral pH in
      supercoiled origin plasmids to be: (A-T)23 much greater than the (A-G) cluster
      much greater than (A)38 much greater than vector = (AATT)n. At acid pH, the
      hierarchy of cleavage preferences changes to: the (A-G) cluster much greater than
      (A-T)23 much greater than (AATT)n greater than vector = (A)38. A region of stably
      bent DNA was identified and shown not to be reactive in the mung bean nuclease
      unwinding assay at either acid or neutral pH. Intermolecular hybridization
      studies show that, in the presence of torsional stress at pH 5.2, the (A-G)
      cluster forms triple-stranded DNA. These results show that the origin region of
      an amplified chromosomal replicon contains a novel repetitive element and
      multiple sequence elements that facilitate DNA bending, DNA unwinding and the
      formation of intramolecular triple-stranded DNA.

PMID- 2299671
TI  - Organization and primary sequence of multiple genes coding for the
      apopolysialoglycoproteins of rainbow trout.
AB  - We have shown that the mRNAs for apopolysialoglycoproteins (apoPSGP) of rainbow
      trout contain various numbers of a repetitive sequence of 39 base-pairs encoding
      mature apoPSGP, and that this sequence is bordered by highly homologous 5' and 3'
      regions encoding pre-, pro- and telopeptides. These mRNAs are thought to be
      transcribed from different genes that constitute a large multiple gene family
      (more than 100 members). Here, we have determined the structures of several
      members of the apoPSGP gene family. The results show that two of three genomic
      DNA fragments contain two independent apoPSGP genes in the same orientation with
      unrelated sequences intervening. Five characterized genes have essentially the
      same organization and sequence. Each gene has four exons, and CAAT and TATA
      sequences were found in the 5'-flanking regions. However, two noteworthy
      differences were observed among the five genes; a diversity in the number of the
      39 base-pair repeats, also observed among the cDNA clones, and a one-base
      polymorphism in the 39 base-pair repeat, which causes an amino acid change. This
      polymorphism was not detected among the cDNA clones obtained. The boundary
      positions of the genes are various and contain no transposon-like structures. The
      variation in the number of repeats and the absence of a rule for bordering
      positions of the genes suggest that apoPSGP genes may have been amplified by gene
      duplications, unequal recombination, and selection of chromosomes having larger
      numbers of apoPSGP genes.

PMID- 2299672
TI  - TraY proteins of F and related episomes are members of the Arc and Mnt repressor
      family.
AB  - Amino acid changes known to be structurally allowed in Arc repressor were used to
      aid in the identification of proteins with sequence similarity to Arc and the
      related Mnt repressor. The sequences of the TraY proteins from the F episome and
      related episomes were found to be similar to those of Arc and Mnt.

PMID- 2299673
TI  - An intron-containing Schizosaccharomyces pombe U6 RNA gene can be transcribed by
      human RNA polymerase III.
AB  - A Schizosaccharomyces pombe U6 small nuclear RNA gene containing an intron has
      been described. We find that the S. pombe U6 gene is transcribed in a human
      (HeLa) cell S100 extract with an alpha-amanitin sensitivity characteristic of RNA
      polymerase III. The S. pombe U6 gene is also transcribed after transfection into
      human cells. The transcription of vertebrate U6 RNA genes by RNA polymerase III
      does not require intragenic control elements. The intron of the S. pombe U6 gene
      disrupts a "box A"-like intragenic sequence that is typically an RNA polymerase
      III transcription control element. This, together with the transcription of the
      S. pombe U6 gene by human RNA polymerase III, suggests that it is recognized by
      human U6 gene-specific transcription machinery.

PMID- 2299674
TI  - It's too soon to know.

PMID- 2299675
TI  - Physicians warned of high-dose cytarabine.

PMID- 2299676
TI  - Carotenoid analyses of selected raw and cooked foods associated with a lower risk
      for cancer.
AB  - We examined the carotenoid content of selected foods consistently found to be
      associated with a lower risk for various epithelial cancers in epidemiologic
      studies. Both raw and cooked samples of green, leafy vegetables and yellow or
      orange vegetables were quantitatively examined by high-performance liquid
      chromatography for individual carotenoid content. The results indicated that
      fresh, green, leafy vegetables were moderately high in beta carotene (0.5-14.6
      mg/100 g) and very high in oxygenated carotenoids or xanthophylls, primarily
      lutein and its stereoisomers (2.3-63.0 mg/100g) [corrected]. The fresh, yellow or
      orange vegetables examined were very high in beta carotene (16.0-120.5 mg/100 g)
      [corrected] but had no detectable nonhydrocarbon carotenoids. Cooking
      differentially reduced the lutein content compared with the beta carotene content
      in green, leafy vegetables. These analyses suggest that consumption of
      carotenoids in addition to beta carotene may be associated with a lower risk for
      cancer.

PMID- 2299677
TI  - Body fat distribution and breast cancer in the Framingham Study.
AB  - We examined the relation between central body fat distribution and breast cancer
      in a prospective cohort of women who participated in the Framingham Study. At the
      baseline examination in 1948, a total of 2,201 women aged 30-62 years were
      analyzed. An index of central to peripheral body fat (the central adiposity
      ratio) was calculated from the sum of the trunkal skinfolds (chest, subscapular,
      and abdominal) divided by the sum of the extremity skinfolds (triceps and thigh).
      These skinfolds were measured at the fourth examination in 1954. The cohort was
      followed for up to 28 years and yielded 106 cases of breast cancer. When divided
      into quartiles based on the central adiposity ratio, only women in the fourth
      quartile (those with the highest central to peripheral body fat distribution)
      demonstrated an increased risk for breast cancer. The age- and adiposity-adjusted
      relative risk estimate for having an increased central adiposity ratio (fourth
      quartile) compared to lower central adiposity ratios was 1.8 (95% confidence
      interval, 1.2-2.6). Adjustment for potential confounders of height, parity, and
      education did not appreciably alter this estimate (1.7, 1.1-2.5). There was no
      association between degree of adiposity, as measured by the sum of the five
      skinfolds or by body mass index (weight in kg divided by height in m2), and
      subsequent breast cancer. The results of this study suggest that increased
      central to peripheral body fat distribution predicts breast cancer risk
      independently of the degree of adiposity and may be a more specific marker of a
      premalignant hormonal pattern than degree of adiposity.

PMID- 2299678
TI  - Consumption of salted fish and other risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
      (NPC) in Tianjin, a low-risk region for NPC in the People's Republic of China.
AB  - The dietary habits, occupational exposures, use of tobacco and alcohol, and
      medical history were compared among 100 patients with histologically confirmed
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Tianjin City, People's Republic of China, and
      300 neighborhood controls who were individually matched to the patients with
      regard to age (within 5 yr), sex, and race (Han). Exposure to salted fish was
      significantly associated with an increased risk of NPC. Four characteristics of
      exposure to salted fish independently contributed to the increased risk: (a)
      earlier age at first exposure, (b) increasing duration of consumption, (c)
      increasing frequency of consumption, and (d) cooking the fish by steaming it
      rather than frying, grilling, or boiling it. In addition, significant
      associations were observed for consumption in childhood of salted shrimp paste
      (increased risk) and carrots (reduced risk), and the three dietary effects (i.e.,
      those from consumption of salted fish, salted shrimp paste, and carrots) were
      independent of each other. None of the non-dietary factors studied were
      significantly associated with NPC risk.

PMID- 2299679
TI  - Curability of tumors bearing herpes thymidine kinase genes transferred by
      retroviral vectors.
AB  - Retroviral vectors constructed to contain the herpes simplex virus thymidine
      kinase (HSV-TK) gene were used for transduction of this gene into murine sarcoma
      and lymphoma cells to yield sublines susceptible in vitro to the cytotoxicity of
      ganciclovir, a drug specifically activated by HSV-TK. In vivo, ganciclovir
      induced complete, durable regressions in most mice bearing transplanted HSV-TK
      positive sarcomas; its efficacy against lymphomas was only marginal, possibly
      because of their greater instability of gene expression. The results imply the
      potential value of an anticancer strategy entailing the prophylactic use of
      retroviral vectors to create tissue mosaicism for drug sensitivity.

PMID- 2299680
TI  - CKM carcinogenesis models.

PMID- 2299681
TI  - TPA and CK-BB: new tumor markers in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis secondary to
      breast cancer.

PMID- 2299682
TI  - Proposed criteria for serial evaluation of quality of life in cancer patients.

PMID- 2299683
TI  - Is dose normalization to weight or body surface area useful in adults?

PMID- 2299685
TI  - Circulating factors that modify lung cell DNA synthesis following exposure to
      inhaled oxidants. II. Effect of serum and lavage on lung pneumocytes following
      exposure of adult rats to 1 ppm ozone.
AB  - Adult rats were exposed to 1 ppm (1.96 mg/m3) ozone or air for 2 wk. Animals were
      sacrificed at 3, 5, 7, or 14 d after the onset of exposure, and samples of plasma
      and lung lavage were obtained. Heat-inactivated plasma and lavage from animals
      exposed to ozone for 5 or 7 d significantly increased DNA synthesis by lung
      pneumocytes compared with plasma or lavage from air-exposed animals.
      Fractionation of plasma and lavage samples indicated that the factor responsible
      had an isoelectric point of 6.45-6.75, and a molecular weight of 38 +/- 3 kDa.
      This factor has a dose-dependent effect on lung pneumocyte DNA synthesis in
      culture. It has no effect on cultured fibroblast DNA synthesis, and is distinct
      from a previously described factor in the plasma of these ozone-exposed animals
      that enhances fibroblast DNA synthesis. The factor is detectable within 5 d of
      exposure, and may hold some promise as a marker of early oxidant lung injury.

PMID- 2299684
TI  - Mutagenicity in V79 cells does not correlate with carcinogenity in small rodents
      for 12 aromatic amines.
AB  - The aim of this investigation was to study the correlation between
      carcinogenicity in small rodents and mutagenic potency of aromatic amines, as
      measured by the induction of 6-thioguanine resistance in V79 Chinese hamster
      cells. It has been previously shown that the carcinogenic potency of these
      compounds is not correlated to their ability to induce DNA breakage, SCEs, or
      point mutations in bacteria, but a correlation exists with autoradiographic DNA
      repair test (in primary hepatocyte cultures). Twelve aromatic amines were tested
      and the rat liver S9 fraction was routinely incorporated in the mutation assay;
      mouse liver and hamster liver S9 fractions were also used as metabolizing
      systems. The comparison of the ranks of mutagenic and oncogenic potencies by
      means of the Spearman test shows no correlation between carcinogenicity and V79
      cell mutagenicity of the tested aromatic amines. There was a generally low
      mutagenicity seen for aromatic amines in V79 cells. In some cases this could be
      attributed to an insufficient metabolic activation by rat S9. For example,
      benzidine, which was inactive when assayed in the presence of rat S9, became
      mutagenic when in the presence of mouse S9. On the other hand, hamster S9, which
      has been shown to be the best activating system for 2-acetylaminofluorene in the
      Ames test, did not activate this compound in V79 cells. Inadequate metabolic
      activation of the standard system (rat S9) used in this work could explain the
      low mutagenicity and the lack of correlation observed between mutagenicity and
      carcinogenicity. A second possibility is that point mutation is not the essential
      end point for the initiating activity of aromatic amines during the carcinogenic
      process. A third possibility is that the activity of some aromatic amines is not
      restricted to the initiation step in carcinogenesis. Chronic treatments with the
      sublethal doses often result in significant promoting activities, which could
      mask efficiently the initiating potential of the same chemicals.

PMID- 2299686
TI  - Effects of selected chemicals on the glutathione status in the male reproductive
      system of rats.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested a significant role for reproductive tract
      glutathione in protecting against chemical-induced germ-cell mutations.
      Therefore, a number of compounds were tested for their ability to perturb
      glutathione levels in the testes and epididymides as well as liver following
      single acute dosages to rats. Phorone (250 mg/kg), isophorone (500 mg/kg), and
      diethyl maleate (500 mg/kg) significantly reduced glutathione in the liver and in
      both reproductive organs examined. Methyl iodide (100 mg/kg), trimethyl phosphate
      (600 mg/kg), naphthalene (500 mg/kg), acetaminophen (1500 mg/kg), and
      pentachlorophenol (25 mg/kg) affected hepatic and epididymal glutathione, but had
      little or no effect on testicular levels. The ability of isophorone to enhance
      the covalent binding of tritiated ethyl methanesulfonate (3H-EMS) to
      spermatocytes was assessed. Perturbation of reproductive tract glutathione by
      isophorone treatment significantly enhanced the extent of 3H-EMS-induced binding
      to sperm heads. The temporal pattern of ethylations in sperm heads was consistent
      with the stage of sperm development known to be susceptible to ethylations by
      EMS. Therefore, chemical-induced lowering of glutathione in the male reproductive
      tract may be a mechanism for potentiation of chemical-induced germ-cell
      mutations.

PMID- 2299687
TI  - Methylcellulose prevents the regression of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver
      fibrosis and cirrhosis in rats.
AB  - Male F344 rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4; 0.3 ml/kg per os, 3
      times a week) for 2 mo. At the end of the CCl4 administration out of the 65
      animals 30 received methylcellulose (MCL; 3.85 ml/kg, 5% solution, per os, 3
      times a week) for 6 wk. Thirty-five rats did not receive any further treatment.
      The fibrotic change caused by CCl4 reached its maximum 2 wk after the end of the
      treatment. After this, the severity of the fibrotic change regressed
      spontaneously. This regression was not observable in the liver of rats that
      received MCL. The fact that MCL is used as a solvent for drugs and as a food
      additive underlines the importance of the effect of this compound on chronic
      liver injury.

PMID- 2299688
TI  - Nerve conduction studies in chickens given phenyl saligenin phosphate and
      corticosterone.
AB  - Clinical signs of delayed neuropathy were induced in adult white leghorn chickens
      given the organophosphorus ester phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP, 2.5 mg/kg im)
      22-24 d before assessment of nerve conduction parameters. Damage to the
      myelinated sensory portion of the sciatic nerve was indicated by abnormal
      compound action potentials in treated chickens. In particular, the amplitude of
      the A beta response was markedly reduced. In addition, the A beta fibers did not
      respond normally to increasing stimulation intensity. These parameters were more
      like controls in chickens that had been given PSP and 30 ppm corticosterone for
      11 d, beginning 1 d before PSP administration. These studies indicated that nerve
      conduction parameters could distinguish peripheral nerve damage in chickens given
      PSP and improvement could be noted in chickens treated with corticosterone.

PMID- 2299689
TI  - Subchronic (13-week) toxicity studies of N,N-dimethylaniline administered to
      Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.
AB  - The subchronic toxicity of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) was studied by
      administration in corn oil by gavage at doses of 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 20, or
      500 mg/kg body weight to groups of 10 male and 10 female F344 rats and B6C3F1
      mice 5 d per week for 13 wk. No compound-related mortality was noted in either
      rats or mice. Significant decrease in body weight gain was observed in male rats
      at 250 and 500 mg/kg. The body weight gain of female rats and female mice was not
      adversely affected by the treatment. Clinical signs of toxicity (cyanosis and
      decrease in motor activity) occurred in both species and sexes in a dose
      dependent fashion. Splenomegaly was observed in all treated groups of rats and
      mice, with the severity being dose-related. Microscopic examination revealed the
      presence of hemosiderin in the spleen, liver, testes, and kidney of treated rats
      and mice. Bone marrow hyperplasia and increased hematopoiesis in the spleen
      occurred in treated rats, and hematopoiesis was increased in the spleen and liver
      of treated mice. The severity of these lesions was dose-related. A no-observable
      effect for mice was estimated at 31.25 mg/kg; however, a no-effect level was not
      reached in rats in this study. This suggests that rats are more sensitive than
      mice to the toxic effect of DMA.

PMID- 2299690
TI  - Effects of dinitrotoluenes on morphological cell transformation and intercellular
      communication in Syrian hamster embryo cells.
AB  - The effects of four isomers of dinitrotoluene (DNT) and technical DNT (a mixture
      of DNT isomers and other compounds, with 2,4-DNT as the major constituent) were
      studied in two short-term in vitro assays. None of the isomers or technical DNT
      induced an increase in morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo
      (SHE) cells. Four DNT metabolites (2,4-diaminotoluene, 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene, 2
      amino-6-nitrotoluene, and 2,4-dinitobenzoic acid), representing different stages
      in reduction or oxidation of DNT isomers, were also negative for induction of
      morphological transformation. The DNT isomers were tested in an intercellular
      communication assay based on dye transfer. 2,4-DNT, 2,6-DNT, and technical DNT
      inhibited intercellular communication in the SHE cell line BPNi at toxic
      concentrations. This may be reminiscent of in vivo data showing promoting
      activity of these compound. 2,3-DNT and 3,4-DNT did not inhibit communication.

PMID- 2299691
TI  - Hydroxyl radical generating activity of hydrous but not calcined kaolin is
      prevented by surface modification with dipalmitoyl lecithin.
AB  - The catalytic activity of kaolin, an aluminum silicate, for generating hydroxyl
      radicals (.OH) from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was studied in a chemical system
      that measured .OH as evolution of methane (CH4) from dimethyl sulfoxide. In the
      presence of a reducing agent and 10 mM H2O2, hydrous and calcined kaolin
      generated mean +/- SE CH4 concentrations of 1634 +/- 328 and 1395 +/- 29 ppm,
      respectively. Surface modification with dipalmitoyl lecithin, the lipid of
      pulmonary surfactant, blocked generation of .OH in hydrous kaolin (38 +/- 38 ppm
      CH4) but not in calcined kaolin (875 +/- 262 ppm CH4). The catalytic activity of
      kaolin for producing .OH from H2O2 may be important in the pathogenesis of kaolin
      toxicity, and calcined kaolin may be more toxic than hydrous kaolin because the
      calcined form is resistant to surface modification by lipids of pulmonary
      surfactant.

PMID- 2299692
TI  - Pulmonary effects of ultrafine coal fly ash inhaled by guinea pigs.
AB  - Guinea pigs were exposed to ultrafine coal fly ash produced in a laboratory
      furnace. The average mass median aerodynamic diameter and the average mass
      concentration of Illinois no. 6 fly ash produced in all exposure conditions were
      0.21 microns and 5.8 mg/m3, respectively. In guinea pigs exposed to Illinois no.
      6 fly ash, total lung capacity (TLC), vital capacity (VC), and diffusing capacity
      for carbon monoxide (DLco) were significantly reduced below the control values
      immediately, 2 h, and 8 h postexposure. The diffusing capacity was still 10%
      below the control 96 h after exposure. The total sulfate in the Illinois no. 6
      fly ash as determined using ion chromatography is 1105 +/- 120 micrograms/m3.
      Animals exposed to the Montana lignite fly ash at comparable concentration and
      particle size did not show alteration in diffusing capacity. The data suggest
      that part of the sulfate present in the fly ash of Illinois no. 6 could be in the
      form of sulfuric acid and is responsible for the adverse effects observed in the
      exposed animals. The sulfuric acid in the fly ash of Montana lignite is
      neutralized by its high alkali content and produces no change in lung functions.

PMID- 2299693
TI  - Hypothermia and hypometabolism: sensitive indices of whole-body toxicity
      following exposure to metallic salts in the mouse.
AB  - To investigate the practicality of hypothermia and hypometabolism as sensitive
      indices of toxicity in the mouse, oxygen consumption was monitored continuously
      and body temperature was measured at 30 min postinjection following the
      intraperitoneal administration of various metal salts. Eleven metal ions were
      tested: Al3+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+. All
      metals induced dose-dependent reductions in both oxygen consumption
      (hypometabolism) and deep body (colonic) temperature. Comparative toxicity of the
      metal ions was evaluated by calculating the dose of metal ion in dimensions of
      mmol/kg body mass needed to reduce colonic temperature to 35 degrees C. The order
      of toxicity from lowest to highest was as follows: Cr less than Al less than Pb
      less than Mn less than Mg less than Zn less than Cu less than Co less than Ni
      less than Hg less than Cd. The threshold doses for reducing body temperature were
      less than 5% of the LD50 in 6 of the metals studied. Metal salts with relatively
      low LD50 doses such as Hg, Cd, and Ni were most efficacious in inducing
      hypothermia and hypometabolism. Moreover, there was a direct linear relationship
      between dose for inducing hypothermia or hypometabolism and the reported LD50.
      Hence, the hypothermia and hypometabolism test may prove to be a sensitive and
      rapid test for the evaluation of toxicity of environmental contaminants.

PMID- 2299694
TI  - Lack of hepatotoxicity or promotion of enzyme-altered liver foci development in
      rats treated with harman or norharman.
AB  - The modifying effects of harman or norharman on liver carcinogenesis were
      investigated in male F344/DuCrj rats initially treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine
      (DEN). Two weeks after a single dose of DEN (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), rats
      were given harman or norharman at dietary levels of 1000 and 200 parts per
      million (ppm), or sodium phenobarbital (PB) at 500 ppm as a positive control, for
      6 wk. At wk 3 following DEN administration, all animals were subjected to partial
      hepatectomy. Marked retardation of body weight gain was observed in rats treated
      with harman or norharman at 1000 ppm, but not at 200 ppm. Increased relative
      kidney but not liver weights were associated with harman or norharman treatment,
      especially in the higher dose groups. Although no toxicity-related hepatocyte
      lesions were found, severe renal toxic tubular lesions and regeneration were
      evident. Neither harman nor norharman significantly increased the numbers or
      areas of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci observed
      after DEN initiation, in clear contrast to PB. The results thus demonstrated that
      harman and norharman are nontoxic for the liver and lack modifying potential for
      liver carcinogenesis in our medium-term bioassay system.

PMID- 2299695
TI  - Tissue levels of lead in experimentally exposed herring gull (Larus argentatus)
      chicks.
AB  - Two-day-old herring gull (Larus argentatus) chicks were injected with either 0.1
      or 0.2 mg lead/g body mass and were sacrificed at 45 d of age. Control birds were
      injected with sterile water. We examined lead and cadmium levels in blood,
      kidney, liver, muscle, salt glands, breast feathers, and bone. In control birds
      lead levels were highest in bone, feathers, salt gland, and kidney, and lowest in
      blood, muscle, and brain. In experimental birds lead levels were highest in bone,
      liver, kidney, and feathers, and lowest in blood, muscle, and salt gland. In
      control birds cadmium levels were highest in the kidney, followed by liver, with
      blood and brain being the lowest. Lead-exposed birds had increased cadmium
      deposition in brain. For experimental birds lead levels were correlated for all
      tissues except the salt gland. Correlations were particularly high for feathers
      with brain, kidney, liver and bone, suggesting feathers can be used in
      biomonitoring of natural avian populations. For cadmium there were no significant
      correlations among tissue levels except for brain and liver. Bioamplification of
      lead was greatest for liver and blood, and lowest for muscle and salt gland when
      comparing a lead dose of 0.1 mg/g with controls.

PMID- 2299696
TI  - Newer imaging methods in chest radiography.
AB  - In recent years the application of computers to chest radiography has resulted in
      a wide variety of innovative research. Major research efforts have resulted in
      the development of new types of x-ray detectors, such as storage phosphor
      technology, for use with computers. Storage phosphor imaging is one of the most
      promising new techniques, and almost 100 systems have been installed worldwide.
      Radiologists are quickly evaluating the image quality provided by this new
      detector system, which has the potential to improve image quality. It has wide
      latitude and is coupled with a computer to perform image processing. Another
      promising technology, originally studied in the form of scan equalization
      radiography, is now commercially available in the form of advanced multiple-beam
      equalization radiography. This film technique uses computers to modulate the x
      ray exposure to take maximum advantage of the imaging capabilities of
      radiographic film. Digital solid-state detectors have been studied in conjunction
      with computerized image enhancement systems. These currently show improvement in
      nodule detection and quantification of the calcium content of a lesion.
      Application of large image intensifiers to a digital image system is being
      studied, but there are currently limitations on spatial resolution.

PMID- 2299697
TI  - Update on digital imaging.

PMID- 2299698
TI  - Current status of digital projectional radiography of the chest.
AB  - Thoracic imaging constitutes more than one-third of all medical imaging performed
      in the United States. Despite the substantial impact of computer technology in
      other areas of imaging, conventional film-screen acquisition systems still
      provide the bulk of projectional chest radiography. The successful implementation
      of digital technology in thoracic imaging requires that the standards of current
      film-screen methods for both diagnostic accuracy and efficient data management be
      preserved. This article addresses the technical and clinical aspects of film
      digitization and storage phosphor technology, which are the two digital
      acquisition systems in widest application. Scanned projection radiography, which
      may now be applied to computed radiography systems, is also discussed. Finally,
      some of the issues surrounding the implementation of picture archiving and
      communication systems for thoracic imaging are addressed.

PMID- 2299699
TI  - High-resolution digital imaging with storage phosphors.
AB  - This article describes the current status and potential applications of high
      resolution storage phosphor for imaging of the chest. Digital imaging that uses
      storage phosphor technology is easily adaptable to existing x-ray--generating
      equipment and can also be used with mobile equipment. The wide latitude of the
      storage phosphor technique permits satisfactory imaging in situations in which
      exposure factors cannot be accurately estimated or easily controlled. Early
      experience with an experimental Kodak high-resolution (4K x 4K) storage phosphor
      system suggests that standard and portal chest images of excellent quality can be
      obtained. Many issues must be resolved, however, before digital radiology with a
      storage phosphor can be advocated as being preferable to conventional film-screen
      systems. These issues, which include display modalities (film or television
      monitor), resolution requirements, and the effects of image processing, can only
      be resolved by further large-scale accuracy studies. The change to a digital
      imaging system will involve major expenditures for equipment and computers. Cost
      will be related largely to the level of spatial resolution required for primary
      radiographic diagnosis.

PMID- 2299700
TI  - Pediatric digital chest imaging.
AB  - The Philips Computed Radiography system performs well with pediatric portable
      chest radiographs, handling the throughout of a busy intensive care service 24
      hours a day. Images are excellent and routinely provide a conventional
      (unenhanced) image and an edge-enhanced image. Radiation dose is decreased by the
      lowered frequency of repeat examinations and the ability of the plates to respond
      to a much lower dose and still provide an adequate image. The high quality and
      uniform density of serial PCR portable radiographs greatly enhances diagnostic
      content of the films. Decreased resolution has not been a problem clinically.
      Image manipulation and electronic transfer to remote viewing stations appear to
      be helpful and are currently being evaluated further. The PCR system provides a
      marked improvement in pediatric portable chest radiology.

PMID- 2299701
TI  - Digital mobile radiography.
AB  - A storage phosphor digital imaging system has been used to perform virtually all
      of an increasing number of mobile (portable) projectional roentgenographic
      examinations in a busy hospital. Approximately 130 such studies are done per day,
      of which about 110 are chest examinations. The processing unit suffices to keep
      pace with peak activity in the radiology department. This technique has decreased
      the repeat rate for portable anteroposterior chest radiographic examinations from
      4.5% to less than 1% and has resulted in an even more dramatic reduction in the
      rate for lateral or decubitus chest examinations as well as for studies of the
      abdomen and those done in the operating room. The diagnostic accuracy and
      confidence level achieved in interpreting the complementary pair of digital
      images has been equivalent to or has exceeded that obtained with conventional
      mobile analog film-screen radiographs.

PMID- 2299702
TI  - Preliminary experience with portable digital imaging for intensive care
      radiography.
AB  - A digital radiography system based on reusable, photostimulable phosphor
      technology was evaluated in approximately 3,500 portable chest radiographs of
      patients in an intensive care unit. The system functioned well in this
      application. No major problems were encountered in the visualization of tubes or
      catheters or in the detection of pneumothoraces. Assessment of fluid volume
      status or the presence of small pleural effusions, especially when these were
      bilateral, was initially somewhat difficult but became easier as investigators
      became familiar with the system. Radiologists were quicker than nonradiologists
      to accept the minimized two-on-one display format. Critical evaluation of the
      overall performance of digital systems such as this one is needed for a better
      definition of the system's strengths and weaknesses. Specifically, statistical
      analyses of the ability to detect disease states such as pneumothoraces,
      interstitial lung disease, lung nodules, and pleural abnormalities need to be
      performed.

PMID- 2299703
TI  - Analysis of the solitary pulmonary nodule by means of digital techniques.
AB  - Currently the radiographic determination of the benign or malignant nature of
      solitary pulmonary nodules relies on growth characteristics determined by
      comparison radiographs or the detection of calcification in the nodule with
      either low-peak kilovoltage fluoroscopy or CT of the chest. An alternative
      approach is analysis of the optical densities within the nodules by means of
      digital radiography. Two techniques have been described: histogram analysis of
      chest radiographs digitized with a laser scanner and dual-energy digital
      radiography. Although both techniques remain experimental, they offer a potential
      advantage over CT in that a single radiographic exposure is sufficient, thus
      decreasing the radiation dose to the patient and providing the patient with a
      less complex work-up.

PMID- 2299704
TI  - Potential use of a 100-mm film digitizer and image processor for film archiving.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to examine experimentally and clinically whether
      a 100-mm roll-film digitizer and image processing device could preserve or
      increase the diagnostic accuracy of 100-mm roll films used in the mass screening
      of patients for lung cancer and provide picture archives of high enough image
      quality to replace the original films. The quality of the processed digitized CRT
      image was found to be only slightly less than that of the original films. There
      was only a slight decrease in diagnostic accuracy, and the system was judged to
      be potentially useful as a miniature picture archiving and reference system.

PMID- 2299705
TI  - Computer-aided diagnosis in chest radiology.
AB  - Digital radiography offers several important advantages over conventional
      systems, including abilities for image manipulation, transmission, and storage.
      In the long term, however, the unique ability to apply artificial intelligence
      techniques for automated detection and quantitation of disease may have an even
      greater impact on radiologic practice. Although CAD is still in its infancy, the
      results of several recent studies clearly indicate a major potential for the
      future. The concept of using computers to analyze medical images is not new, but
      recent advances in computer technology together with progress in implementing
      practical digital radiography systems have stimulated research efforts in this
      exciting field. Several facets of CAD are presently being developed at the
      University of Chicago and elsewhere for application in chest radiology as well as
      in mammography and vascular imaging. To date, investigators have focused on a
      limited number of subjects that have been, by their nature, particularly suitable
      for computer analysis. There is no aspect of radiologic diagnosis that could not
      potentially benefit from this approach, however. The ultimate goal of these
      endeavors is to provide a system for comprehensive automated image analysis, the
      results of which could be accepted or modified at the discretion of the
      radiologist.

PMID- 2299706
TI  - Integrated radiologic information system: a radiology multimedia communication
      system.
AB  - A multimedia radiologic communication system has been developed that achieves the
      system design goal of providing a clinical communication service that is an
      efficient improvement over present methods of communication. The system allows
      users to access, through a workstation, digitized radiographic images, voice
      reports, and other patient data. Physicians can consult with each other while
      simultaneously accessing this information through a shared visual workspace, even
      though they are in different places. The system was designed by a
      multidisciplinary team including radiologists, clinicians, engineers, user
      interface specialists, and psychologists from hospital, university, and research
      settings in an effort to maximize system performance and clinical utility.

PMID- 2299707
TI  - Design and testing of artifact-suppressed adaptive histogram equalization: a
      contrast-enhancement technique for display of digital chest radiographs.
AB  - One of the goals of our research in the field of digital radiography has been to
      develop contrast-enhancement algorithms for eventual use in the display of chest
      images on video devices with the aim of preserving the diagnostic information
      presently available with film, some of which would normally be lost because of
      the smaller dynamic range of video monitors. The ASAHE algorithm discussed in
      this article has been tested by investigating observer performance in a difficult
      detection task involving phantoms and simulated lung nodules, using film as the
      output medium. The results of the experiment showed that the algorithm is
      successful in providing contrast-enhanced, natural-looking chest images while
      maintaining diagnostic information. The algorithm did not effect an increase in
      nodule detectability, but this was not unexpected because film is a medium
      capable of displaying a wide range of gray levels. It is sufficient at this stage
      to show that there is no degradation in observer performance. Future tests will
      evaluate the performance of the ASAHE algorithm in preparing chest images for
      video display.

PMID- 2299708
TI  - Enhancement and compression of digital chest radiographs.
AB  - The application of digital technologies to chest radiography holds the promise of
      routine application of image processing techniques to effect image enhancement.
      Because of their inherent spatial resolution, however, digital chest images
      impose severe constraints on data storage devices. Compression of these images
      will relax such constraints and facilitate image transmission on a digital
      network. We evaluated an algorithm for enhancing digital chest images that has
      allowed significant data compression while improving the diagnostic quality of
      the image. This algorithm is based on the photographic technique of unsharp
      masking. Image quality was measured with respect to the task of tumor detection
      and compression ratios as high as 2:1 were achieved. This compression can be
      supplemented by irreversible methods.

PMID- 2299709
TI  - Primary double pigtail stenting as a treatment of upper urinary tract leaks.
AB  - During a 5-year period 21 consecutive patients with iatrogenic or traumatic upper
      urinary tract leaks (nonmalignant) underwent treatment 5 to 28 days later with an
      indwelling double pigtail stent via an antegrade or retrograde approach. Six
      patients underwent initial nephrostomy drainage for relief of obstruction causing
      decreased renal function and/or septicemia. Stent placement was successful in 20
      patients and complete healing occurred within 2 to 7 weeks in all 20. At followup
      2 to 32 months later (median 3 months) no stricture formation or deterioration of
      kidney function was noted. There were no major complications and 85% of the
      patients were able to leave the hospital without any form of external drainage
      within 1 week after stent placement.

PMID- 2299710
TI  - Long-term consequence of nephrectomy.
AB  - Renal function and blood pressure were assessed in 139 patients after unilateral
      nephrectomy. Followup ranged from 1 to 57 years, with a mean of 13.0 +/- 1.1
      (standard error). Serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, beta 2-microglobulin
      clearance and blood pressure remained stable during followup. No significant
      effect of years after unilateral nephrectomy, blood pressure or cause of
      nephrectomy was observed on creatinine clearance. However, urine excretion of
      protein (correlation coefficient 0.475, p less than 0.01) and N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase (correlation coefficient 0.464, p less than 0.01) increased as a
      function of years after unilateral nephrectomy. Creatinine clearance tended to be
      low in elderly patients or patients who underwent nephrectomy at an advanced age.
      Our studies show that despite the late development of proteinuria and tubular
      injury, unilateral nephrectomy is not associated with deterioration in kidney
      function or elevation of blood pressure during long-term followup.

PMID- 2299711
TI  - Laxative abuse as a cause for ammonium urate renal calculi.
AB  - Nine women with laxative abuse and predominantly ammonium urate renal calculi
      underwent metabolic studies to identify common chemical abnormalities and
      determine pathophysiology. The 24-hour urine studies demonstrated marked
      decreases in volume (902 cm.3), sodium (28 mEq.), citrate (116 mg.) and potassium
      (21 mEq.). A significant elevation in ammonium urate supersaturation was found
      compared to control subjects when studied by the computer model EQUIL 2. Of the
      patients 7 had 1 or more urine specimens positive for phenolphthalein.
      Gastrointestinal loss of fluid and electrolytes allowed for chronic extracellular
      volume depletion. Intracellular acidosis was present as judged by low urinary
      citrate and potassium. The fact that the ion product for ammonium urate is
      increased significantly compared to controls reflects the stated
      pathophysiological changes. Laxative abuse should be suspected whenever a woman
      has an ammonium urate renal calculus in sterile urine.

PMID- 2299712
TI  - Effect of magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide on the crystallization of calcium
      salts in urine: changes produced by food-magnesium interaction.
AB  - The effect of magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide on urinary biochemistry and
      on the crystallization of calcium salts was examined in 7 normal subjects and 4
      patients with recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. When magnesium citrate
      or magnesium oxide was administered on an empty stomach (10 mEq. 4 times per day
      or 486 mg. magnesium per day for 2 weeks) urinary magnesium increased by only 77
      to 79 mg. per day and urinary citrate increased by 98 to 142 mg. per day.
      However, urinary calcium increased by 21 to 25 mg. per day. No significant
      changes were noted in urinary saturation of calcium oxalate or brushite or in the
      limit of metastability (formation product) of these salts. However, when
      magnesium salts were provided with meals there were more prominent increases in
      urinary magnesium (by 92 to 96 mg. per day) and in citrate (by 218 to 226 mg. per
      day). Moreover, urinary oxalate decreased. Owing to these changes the urinary
      saturation of calcium oxalate decreased and the formation product increased. If
      magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide are to be used in the management of
      recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, they should be administered with
      meals.

PMID- 2299713
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy for staghorn stones with the
      second generation lithotriptors.
AB  - We reviewed 50 patients with staghorn stones to determine whether extracorporeal
      shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy is a successful alternative to the classical
      approaches (open operation versus percutaneous lithotripsy alone or with
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy). Results free of stones at long-term
      followup (greater than 3 months) were obtained in 28 of 50 patients (56%) and
      when we included residual fragments with a diameter of less than 4 mm. (9
      patients, or 18%) an over-all success rate of 74% (37 patients) was achieved. Of
      the patients 41 had a Double-J stent to improve fragment evacuation (5
      experienced obstructive elimination), while uncomplicated evacuation was noted in
      the remaining 9 without a stent. No case of septicemia after extracorporeal shock
      wave lithotripsy was observed but all patients had received strict antimicrobial
      prophylaxis.

PMID- 2299714
TI  - Evolution of pre-treatment stenting and local anesthesia for extracorporeal shock
      wave lithotripsy at a single university center.
AB  - Evolution of the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy technique involves not
      just second generation technology but operator innovations and experience.
      Retrospective analysis of the first 512 treatments at a university medical stone
      unit using the Dornier HM3 lithotriptor was compared to 3 intervals of 100
      consecutive treatments during the next 2-year period (1985 to 1987). Patient
      referral and selection as well as treatment techniques and rates of
      endourological interventions were analyzed. Patient demographics, stone types and
      retreatment rates remained constant during 2,500 treatments. However, the use of
      local anesthesia and internal ureteral stents became increasingly common. Of the
      1987 cohort 29% were treated with the patient under local anesthesia, and 23 of
      the 44 with a stent (52%) received internal ureteral stents. Other treatment
      trends identified during the study period included increasing number of large
      (greater than 2 cm.) and multiple stones treated; increasing use of internal and
      external ureteral catheters before treatment, fewer stents for small, mobile
      renal calculi and decreasing length of hospital stay (2.7 to 2.1 days) with
      increasing use of stents before lithotripsy. The increasing average number of
      shock waves per treatment (1,382 versus 1,580) during the study period can be
      attributed to the larger proportion of patients with high stone burdens and the
      impact of an increased number of operators with more varied criteria for
      endoscopy and treatment end point.

PMID- 2299715
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and the ureteral stone brush: initial
      results.
AB  - We present the initial results of a ureteral stone brush used in conjunction with
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for impacted ureteral stones. We studied 31
      cases of ureteral calculi that could not be manipulated back into the renal
      collecting system. In 18 cases a ureteral catheter was placed past the calculus,
      while in 13 a catheter could not be passed. With the stone brush unbypassed
      stones yielded a success rate similar to that for bypassed stones (84.6 versus
      88.9%, respectively). We believe that this result is due to the ability of the
      stone brush to remove circumferential fragments from around the stone, allowing
      more shock energy to reach the core of the stone.

PMID- 2299716
TI  - Use of 5F bipolar electrosurgical probe in endoscopic urological procedures.
AB  - Experimental data have shown bipolar electrodes to function in saline solution
      with less volume and depth of tissue destruction compared to similar sized
      monopolar electrodes. We applied the same bipolar generator and electrodes used
      in laboratory testing in 41 procedures on 36 patients to determine if the bipolar
      electrode will provide clinically adequate hemostasis. The bipolar electrode was
      used for bladder fulguration in 37 procedures and ureteral fulguration in 4. The
      procedures were performed by 7 urological surgeons and in normal saline solution.
      The bipolar electrode was believed to perform as well as the standard monopolar
      probe in 39 procedures. The 2 failures included 1 bladder tumor fulguration and 1
      electroincision of a ureterointestinal anastomotic stricture. There were no
      episodes of recurrent bleeding after any procedure. The bipolar system has the
      added advantage of not requiring a return electrode (ground pad), thereby
      eliminating the possibility of skin burns.

PMID- 2299717
TI  - Diagnosis of interstitial cystitis.
AB  - We reviewed clinical and histological findings in 55 patients with interstitial
      cystitis and 21 with voiding dysfunction secondary to other pathological
      conditions. Of our interstitial cystitis patients 36% would fail to meet the
      research definition proposed at a recent National Institutes of Health workshop.
      Detrusor mastocytosis was present in 64% of our interstitial cystitis patients
      compared to 80% of the noninterstitial cystitis group. There was no statistically
      significant difference in mean detrusor mast cell counts between interstitial
      cystitis and noninterstitial cystitis patients. Biopsies of 12 patients who did
      meet the proposed National Institutes of Health research definition were
      evaluated by immunohistochemical techniques. Early results are inconclusive.
      These studies indicate that interstitial cystitis is a complex disease whose
      diagnosis presently still must be made from a symptom complex rather than from
      objective histological criteria, including mastocytosis or the presence of any
      specific immunoreactive cell.

PMID- 2299718
TI  - Laser treatment of bladder hemangioma.
AB  - Bladder hemangiomas may occur singly or in association with systemic
      arteriovenous malformations. A total of 13 patients with bladder hemangiomas
      underwent treatment at this university. All patients had recurrent bleeding and
      neodymium:YAG laser energy was delivered endoscopically to the hemangioma. No
      treatment-related bleeding occurred in any patient, and all had a significant
      decrease in the frequency and intensity of bleeding episodes. Followup
      cystoscopic examinations have shown either complete eradication of the hemangioma
      or a marked decrease in size. Neodymium:YAG laser irradiation provides results
      superior to alternative therapy and is the preferred treatment for most patients
      with bladder hemangioma.

PMID- 2299719
TI  - Clinical significance of ultrastructural findings in the corpora cavernosa of
      normal and impotent men.
AB  - Corpora cavernosa of 5 normal and 11 impotent living men were studied by electron
      microscopy. Of the smooth muscle cells 42.3% from corporeal tissues of impotent
      men showed a pronounced thickening of the basal lamina, a paucity of dense bodies
      and contractile filaments, minimal or no glycogen and fewer vesicles on the cell
      surface, whereas only 5.4% of the smooth muscle cells from normal men showed
      similar alterations. These differences were statistically significant (p less
      than 0.003). The percentage of altered smooth muscle cells in corporeal tissues
      of impotent men was proportional to the severity of symptoms and clinical
      findings. Morphometric analysis revealed no significant differences in the
      relative proportions of the major components of corporeal tissue (smooth muscle
      cells, extracellular matrix, vascular lumina and endothelial cells). These
      findings suggest the need for early detection of corporeal tissue degeneration by
      preoperative biopsy to assist in better selection of candidates for a penile
      vascular operation. They also may contribute to the development of new
      therapeutic modalities for erectile dysfunction.

PMID- 2299720
TI  - Erotic erection versus nocturnal erection.
AB  - To clarify the correlation between erotic and nocturnal erections, and to
      evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the audiovisual stimulation penogram as an
      initial screening test for impotent patients, a comparative study of 137 impotent
      patients was designed. The audiovisual stimulation penogram shows dynamic penile
      blood flow change during audiovisual stimulation using a radioisotope
      (99mtechnetium) and is classified as type 1--similar findings to normal
      volunteers, type 2A--impossible erection due to insufficient blood flow, type 2B-
      unstable erection due to severe fluctuation in blood flow and type 2C--delayed
      erection. The compatibility ratios of the audiovisual stimulation penogram types
      1, 2A and 2C with some tests for nocturnal erection were relatively high (63 to
      80%) and when compared to the final diagnosis all but 1 of the compatible cases
      with nocturnal erection studies were able to be diagnosed correctly. However, the
      compatibility ratio of the audiovisual stimulation penogram type 2B was markedly
      low (35%) and this group had complicated etiologies, including many more
      psychogenic than organic causes. Although the mechanisms of the erotic and
      nocturnal erections have not been fully elucidated to date, our results suggest
      that the audiovisual stimulation penogram seems to be an appropriate initial
      screening step if we refine the criteria for type 2B, and a comprehensive
      interpretation of the tests for erotic and nocturnal erections will result in a
      more accurate diagnosis.

PMID- 2299721
TI  - Electroejaculation in spinal cord injury patients: simplified new equipment and
      technique.
AB  - A new simplified electrostimulation system for rectal probe electroejaculation
      has been developed and tested 17 times in 13 patients. Seminal emissions were
      obtained easily from 13 of 17 studies and partial emissions were obtained in 4.
      Patients with cauda equina and conus lesions with partial intact sensorium also
      could achieve successful ejaculation by longer stimulation from 2 to 5 minutes
      with lower currents that could be maintained easily and were tolerated by the
      patient--a feature unique to our new computerized equipment. The simplicity of
      operation reduces the number of trained personnel for an electrostimulation
      procedure, which can be done even in an outpatient setting.

PMID- 2299722
TI  - Quantitative testicular biopsy in congenital and acquired genital obstruction.
AB  - To determine if congenital obstruction of the genital tract is associated with
      significant testicular histopathological conditions compared to acquired forms of
      obstruction we performed testicular biopsy in 8 vasectomized men and 5 men with
      vasal agenesis. Quantitative analysis of the seminiferous tubular and epithelial
      parameters demonstrated a statistically significant increase in tubular wall
      thickness in the vasectomized group. There was no significant difference among
      the groups with reference to the mean number of late spermatids per seminiferous
      tubules, mean number of Sertoli cells per seminiferous tubules, mean number of
      seminiferous tubules per field (100 times) or mean seminiferous tubular diameter.
      We conclude that despite a lifelong duration of obstruction, men with vasal
      agenesis demonstrate a more favorable testicular histological status compared to
      men after vasectomy. This finding may have therapeutic implications when
      considering assisted pregnancy techniques as a method of treatment of male
      genital tract atresia.

PMID- 2299723
TI  - Is micturition disorder a pathogenic factor in acute epididymitis? An evaluation
      of simultaneous bladder pressure and urine flow in men with previous acute
      epididymitis.
AB  - We evaluated 22 men 22 to 70 years old with previous acute epididymitis by
      pressure-flow study 3 to 12 months after the inflammation had resolved. Nine
      healthy men 20 to 62 years old were evaluated as controls. The patients had no
      symptoms from the lower urinary tract except for 2 men with slight prostatism.
      The maximum intravesical and maximum voiding pressures were elevated
      significantly in the patients compared to the controls (p less than 0.05). In
      most patients and in all of the controls the maximum urinary flow rates were
      within the normal range according to age. Because of the frequency of high
      voiding pressures in patients with previous acute epididymitis, this condition
      may be a pathogenic factor by promoting urethrovasal reflux. The high voiding
      pressures may be transmitted to the proximal urethra or in cases of a narrow and
      rigid bladder neck they may produce increased turbulence in the urine stream.

PMID- 2299724
TI  - Influence of early function on long-term pediatric cadaveric renal allograft
      survival.
AB  - The significance of early renal graft function on long-term transplant survival
      is controversial. From our pediatric renal transplant population we studied 151
      children who had an initial cadaveric renal transplant, were dependent on
      dialysis before transplantation and were 5 to 19 years old at transplantation. We
      used dependence upon dialysis as the parameter for early graft function. There
      was a statistically significant difference in long-term graft survival between
      patients who were independent of and dependent on dialysis at 1 week and 1 month
      postoperatively. Our results show that early renal graft function is important
      for long-term graft survival. All efforts should be directed to obtaining early
      renal graft function by proper organ procurement, storage, operative technique
      and aggressive postoperative management.

PMID- 2299725
TI  - Long-term survival in an infant with urethral atresia.
AB  - Complete urethral atresia is an anomaly that previously was incompatible with
      life. We report on a surviving infant with this anomaly. As a fetus urinary
      decompression was accomplished with a vesicoamniotic shunt. Peritoneal dialysis
      was initiated shortly after birth and at 9 months supramembranous scrotal inlay
      urethroplasty was performed to provide for egress of urine from the bladder. A
      maternal renal allograft was performed when he was 12 months old. When the
      patient was 3 1/2 years old he had normal renal function and emptied the bladder
      to completion through the reconstructed urethra. Although mildly delayed, he
      continues to progress with all developmental milestones.

PMID- 2299726
TI  - Penile agenesis: a fatal variation of an uncommon lesion.
AB  - Two male neonates (46XY karyotype) were born with a triad of penile agenesis
      associated with imperforate anus and complete absence of the median raphe. Both
      patients died of renal dysplasia and secondary pulmonary hypoplasia shortly after
      birth. This triad appears to be secondary to a lack of caudal mesoderm migration
      during month 1 of gestation, leading to severe developmental defects in the
      caudal axis. In all reported cases to date this triad of findings has been
      incompatible with extrauterine life.

PMID- 2299727
TI  - Masson's tumor of the kidney: a new renal lesion.
AB  - Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (Masson's tumor) is a rare benign
      reactive lesion usually found in thrombosed subcutaneous blood vessels. We report
      a case of Masson's tumor of the kidney, and discuss the relevant clinical,
      radiographical and pathological aspects.

PMID- 2299728
TI  - Peritoneal cystic mesothelioma: successful treatment of a difficult disease.
AB  - After several unsuccessful attempts at surgical resection, a case of cystic
      mesothelioma (multilocular mesothelial cyst of the peritoneum) was treated by a
      combination of conservative surgical resection and sclerosive therapy with
      tetracycline. At 4-year followup evaluation no recurrence was noted. Surgical
      excision with adjunct sclerosive therapy appears to be an alternative to radical
      surgery and may decrease the incidence of recurrence in some cases of peritoneal
      multilocular cysts.

PMID- 2299729
TI  - Vesico-ovarian fistula in suppurative ovarian inflammation and salpingitis.
AB  - The development of fistulas between the bladder and right ovary in a 27-year-old
      woman is reported. This exceedingly rare form of an internal vesical fistula
      occurred as a consequence of dextrolateral adnexitis with suppurative ovarian
      inflammation after placement of an intrauterine pessary. Therapy consisted of
      removal of the right adnexa, excision of the fistulous duct and suturing of the
      bladder.

PMID- 2299730
TI  - Rectus muscle flap for repair of refractory bladder fistula following renal
      transplantation: a case report.
AB  - We report a case of refractory bladder fistula in a diabetic renal allograft
      recipient that recurred shortly after conventional operative repair without any
      detectable external cause. After reoperation and use of a vascularized rectus
      muscle flap the fistula closed and the patient has retained excellent graft
      function. It is suggested that this technique should be considered as the primary
      repair modality for bladder fistulas in diabetic recipients, when wound healing
      is impaired seriously as a consequence of the combined effects of diabetic
      microangiopathy and steroid therapy.

PMID- 2299732
TI  - Priapism associated with the use of topical cocaine.
AB  - We report 2 cases of priapism associated with topical application of cocaine on
      the glans penis. Both patients used cocaine to enhance sexual performance. The
      possible physiological mechanism is discussed.

PMID- 2299731
TI  - Isolated cavernous bodies.
AB  - Corpus cavernosography in a patient with erectile dysfunction revealed absence of
      communication between the 2 cavernous bodies. No similar case was found in a
      review of 100 consecutive cavernosograms or in the literature. The abnormality
      may be a source of error in pressure recordings or in intravenous injection of
      pharmaceutical agents.

PMID- 2299733
TI  - Carcinoma in situ of the testes: diagnosis by aspiration flow cytometry.
AB  - Carcinoma in situ of the testes has been described as a premalignant state with
      the potential to progress to invasive carcinoma. A history of testicular
      carcinoma, cryptorchidism, somatosexual ambiguity and infertility has been
      identified as a risk factor for carcinoma in situ. A series of 25 infertility
      patients underwent aspiration biopsy of the testis as part of a study protocol to
      assess spermatogenesis. Of these patients 1 had a unilateral seminoma. In
      accordance with the study protocol the contralateral testis was aspirated at
      radical orchiectomy and the deoxyribonucleic acid histogram generated
      demonstrated an aneuploid peak. Carcinoma in situ subsequently was noted on
      tissue biopsy. The discovery of carcinoma in situ cells in this manner highlights
      the potential of this technique as a diagnostic tool for the screening and
      followup of men at increased risk for carcinoma in situ.

PMID- 2299734
TI  - Granulomatous prostatitis induced by capsule-deficient cryptococcal infection.
AB  - A 59-year-old man with prostatism, in otherwise good health, was treated with
      transurethral prostatectomy and ketoconazole. At microscopic examination of the
      prostatic tissue he had acute and chronic prostatitis with granulomatous lesions,
      in the center of which capsular-deficient cryptococcal organisms were
      demonstrated. The patient was well without evidence of systemic or local
      infection at 22 months. The differential diagnosis of granulomatous prostatitis
      is discussed.

PMID- 2299735
TI  - Prostatic infarction associated with aortic and iliac aneurysm repair.
AB  - We present 2 cases of postoperative urinary retention associated with massive
      prostatic infarction after a complicated vascular operation. The
      pathophysiological principles involved in this entity are discussed.

PMID- 2299736
TI  - This month in Investigative Urology: long-term prospects and problems of
      continent urinary diversions.

PMID- 2299737
TI  - Mucosal ultrastructure of continent cecal reservoir for urine and its ileal
      nipple valve 2-9 years after construction.
AB  - Biopsy specimens from continent cecal reservoir for urine and from its ileal
      nipple valve were studied with electron microscopy after two to nine years of
      function in ten patients. In the colonic mucosa from the reservoir there was
      shortening of microvilli, in some cases with random orientation and numerical
      reduction-changes unrelated to the time from reservoir construction. Filamentous
      core rootlets were also randomly oriented and numerically diminished.
      Glycocalyceal bodies were present in most cases. Mucosal edema and reduced
      numbers of goblet cells were found in six cases and increased amount of collagen
      in two. In the ileal nipple valve mucosa there were no microvillous changes, but
      metaplastic formation of glycocalyceal bodies was interpreted as adaptation to
      physiologic conditions comparable with those in the reservoir's colonic mucosa.
      Collagen increase was found in two of the nipple valves. Neurogenic processes,
      enterochromaffin cells and Paneth cells were always well preserved in normal
      amounts in the cecal as well as the ileal mucosa.

PMID- 2299738
TI  - A juvenile animal model to study the growth potential of bowel segments in the
      urinary tract.
AB  - A juvenile animal model has been developed to study the growth potential of ileum
      in the urinary tract. Patch ileocystoplasties of known surface area were
      constructed in dogs of Group 1. Nonrefluxing ileal nipple valves of known length
      were created to replace one ureter in dogs of Group 2. After the juvenile animals
      grew and at minimum doubled their weight, they were reoperated and augmentation
      surface areas were remeasured at various physiologic intravesical pressures.
      Nipple valve lengths were remeasured after cystograms ruled out reflux. Results
      show that the bowel augmentation and an identical control segment increased in
      surface area proportionate to animal growth and that hydrostatic dilation caused
      further surface area increase. Nipple valves did not grow and in fact shortened,
      but remained nonrefluxing. The conclusion is that in the pediatric population,
      consideration should be given to downscaling the size of bladder augmentations or
      diversions in anticipation of future bowel growth, but that one should not
      shorten the ileal nipple valves.

PMID- 2299739
TI  - Photodynamic therapy for localised prostatic cancer: light penetration in the
      human prostate gland.
AB  - We are investigating the feasibility of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of
      localised prostatic cancer. Of major importance in this form of treatment is the
      extent to which light penetrates the target organ; hence, our interest in the
      optical properties of the human prostate gland. We obtained three whole prostates
      from autopsies of patients who died of non-urological causes. Red light was
      launched interstitially and detector fibres measured light intensity as a
      function of distance from the delivery fibre end. The optical constants derived
      from the three prostates were almost identical and indicated that light was
      predominantly scattered rather than absorbed (mean absorption and scattering
      coefficients 0.07 +/- 0.02 mm.-1 and 0.86 +/- 0.05 mm.-1 respectively). In a
      comparison of the tissue penetration by four different wavelengths, 633 nm red
      light was found to be transmitted best. Light propagation in the heavily
      absorbing tissue of the human liver was 4.3 times poorer than in the prostate.
      Such a combination of low absorption and high scattering characteristics in
      prostatic tissue would enhance the effectiveness of PDT. The optical constants
      derived will enable "light treatment planning" in patients with prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2299740
TI  - Suppression of canine antral gastrin secretion by urine.
AB  - Distention of the gastric antrum with an alkaline fluid normally results in the
      secretion of gastrin. Following gastrocystoplasty in humans, however,
      hypergastrinemia has not been observed. We explored the possibility that a
      component of urine may suppress antral gastrin activity in the dog. Partial
      cystectomy and antral transposition to the bladder (ATB) was performed in five
      animals and antral transposition to the colon (ATC) was performed in five other
      dogs to serve as a hypergastrinemic controls. At four and eight weeks after
      surgery the mean serum gastrin levels in the ATC dogs were significantly greater
      than the mean preoperative levels (p less than 0.05). In contrast, at four and
      eight weeks after surgery the mean serum gastrin levels in the ATB animals were
      significantly less than the mean preoperative levels (p less than 0.05). The
      antral G-cell density as determined by immunohistochemical study at eight weeks
      after surgery was greater than normal in the ATC dogs but less than normal in the
      ATB dogs; but the differences did not achieve statistical significance. In
      another series of experiments using four other dogs a 4% aqueous peptone solution
      and a 4% peptone solution in concentrated dog urine were instilled into
      exteriorized antral pouches. The mean serum gastrin levels at 60 and 90 minutes
      after instillation of the former were significantly increased (p less than 0.05),
      but there was little or no change after instillation of the latter. Urine, or a
      component of urine, appears to suppress canine antral gastrin secretion and may
      explain the absence of hypergastrinemia following gastrocystoplasty in humans.

PMID- 2299741
TI  - Characterization of the products of a gene expressed during androgen-programmed
      cell death and their potential use as a marker of urogenital injury.
AB  - Regression of the rat ventral prostate gland following castration is accompanied
      by the induced expression of messenger RNA encoding Testosterone Repressed
      Prostate Message-2 (TRPM-2). Subsequent studies have shown that this gene is also
      induced during renal injury. In each of these tissues, the TRPM-2 RNA products
      are expressed by cells undergoing programmed death as a result of the hormonal
      stimuli or the traumatic insult. In an attempt to characterize this gene and its
      products, we partially sequenced complementary DNAs for TRPM-2 isolated from a
      recombinant library constructed using RNA of a hydronephrotic kidney. The
      sequence of these clones showed close homology with the sulfated glycoprotein-2
      (SGP-2/clusterin) gene, expressed constitutively by mammalian Sertoli cells.
      Antibody recognition studies confirm this homology. Antiserum made against rat
      clusterin recognized TRPM-2 encoded polypeptides in extracts of regressing rat
      ventral prostate glands. Western blot analysis allowed us to demonstrate large
      increases in the concentration of these proteins in extracts of regressing
      ventral prostate gland and in rat serum and urine during the acute period of
      prostatic regression. These results indicate that proteins are synthesized from
      the large amount of TRPM-2 RNA produced by dying prostate cells and imply that
      these proteins are shed into the serum and urine. Based on the intense synthesis
      of TRPM-2 gene products by dying cells in the urogenital tract and the ability to
      assay for these products in serum and urine, we suggest that an assay for TRPM-2
      products might allow us to monitor the extent of cellular damage associated with
      specific urogenital disease states.

PMID- 2299742
TI  - Presidential address: One man's odyssey.

PMID- 2299743
TI  - Present status of reversed vein bypass grafting: five-year results of a modern
      series.
AB  - From January 1980 through December 1988, 564 limbs in 434 patients were treated
      for infrainguinal arterial ischemia. Of these, 516 limbs in 387 patients
      underwent reversed vein bypass grafting. The remainder were treated by primary
      amputation (11 limbs, 1.9%) or by prosthetic bypass (37 limbs, 6.4%). The
      indications for operation were limb salvage in 80% of limbs and claudication in
      20%. Adequate ipsilateral greater saphenous vein was available for 285 (55%)
      grafts, with reversed vein bypass achieved in the other 231 operations by use of
      distal graft origins (151 grafts), use of alternate vein sources (120 grafts),
      and splicing of venous segments (81 grafts). Seventy-six grafts (15%) were to the
      above-knee popliteal artery, 199 grafts (37%) were to the below-knee popliteal
      artery, and 241 grafts (47%) were to infrapopliteal arteries, 26 of which (11%)
      were to inframalleolar arteries. The primary and secondary patencies for all
      grafts at 5 years were 75% and 81%, respectively. Grafts to infrapopliteal
      arteries had significantly worse primary patency (69%) at 5 years than did grafts
      to the popliteal artery (77%, above knee; 80%, below knee) and grafts formed of
      adequate ipsilateral greater saphenous vein had significantly better primary
      patency (80%) than did grafts performed when this conduit was not available
      (68%). Secondary patency of all graft categories ranged from 76% to 85%, and
      there were no significant differences regardless of site of distal anastomosis,
      source of venous conduit, or site of graft origins. We prefer the use of reversed
      vein bypass grafting for lower extremity revascularization both because of the
      excellent patency results and because the technique can be applied to the larger
      number of patients in our practice who lack intact ipsilateral greater saphenous
      vein, in contrast to in situ vein bypass procedures.

PMID- 2299744
TI  - Infrarenal aortic occlusion: does it threaten renal perfusion or function?
AB  - Proximal propagation of aortic thrombus with resultant impaired renal perfusion
      has been considered a significant risk of untreated infrarenal aortic occlusion.
      To investigate this question, we studied 52 patients surviving 1 year or more
      after surgical interruption of the infrarenal aorta in the course of treatment of
      aortic graft infection. Blood pressure, renal function, and renal artery anatomy
      were studied before and after aortic interruption. Preoperatively, 20 patients
      (38.4%) had treated hypertension, and 11 (21.2%) had impaired renal function
      (creatinine greater than 1.3 mg/dl). In 46 patients (88.4%) with angiography
      before aortic interruption, 31 (67.4%) had normal renal arteries, whereas 15
      (32.6%) demonstrated renal artery stenosis of less than or equal to 50% (N = 10)
      or greater than 50% (N = 9). Concomitant renal revascularization (N = 3) or
      nephrectomy (N = 1) were rare. All patients were monitored after surgery for a
      mean period of 39.2 months. Thirty-three (63.5%) remain alive and well; 19
      (36.5%) have died of causes not related (N = 15) or indirectly related (N = 4) to
      the original graft infection. Forty-eight patients (92.3%) had late assessment of
      their blood pressure (N = 44, mean follow-up of 31.0 months) and/or renal
      function (creatinine) (N = 42, mean follow-up of 26.1 months). Follow-up
      aortography in 21 patients (40.4%, mean interval of 27.7 months) demonstrated no
      instance of suprarenal propagation of aortic thrombus. During follow-up 41
      patients (78.8%) had no change in either their blood pressure or serum
      creatinine. Seven patients (13.5%) developed worsening hypertension (N = 3) or a
      rising creatinine (N = 4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299745
TI  - Cardiac risk in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: impact on
      perioperative and long-term mortality.
AB  - To identify patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy who are at high risk for
      cardiac events and death, we studied the course of 614 patients with known risk
      factors who were entered into our carotid follow-up registry. Patients were
      divided into two groups, group I with overt coronary disease (prior myocardial
      infarction, angina, significant electrocardiographic abnormalities) (N = 324) and
      group II without overt coronary disease (N = 290). Group II patients were
      subdivided into groups with (IIA) (N = 206) and without (IIB) (N = 84) coronary
      risk factors (cigarettes, diabetes, or hyperlipidemias). Thirty-day, 5-, 10-, and
      15-year life-table survival for the groups was: I = 98.5%, 68.6%, 44.9%, 36.4%,
      respectively; II = 100%, 86.4%, 72.3%, 54.3%, respectively; IIA = 100%, 84.8%,
      66.9%, 41.5%, respectively; IIB = 100%, 90.5%, 87.9%, 87.9%, respectively. Overt
      coronary disease was associated with diminished 30-day (p = 0.03) and late (p
      less than 0.0001) survival. Risk factors in the absence of overt disease were not
      associated with diminished 30-day survival. Late survival up to 3 years from
      endarterectomy was similar in groups IIA and IIB, but later survival was
      diminished in group IIA. Myocardial infarction was the most frequent cause of
      death in all groups. Patients with overt coronary disease are at high risk for
      late cardiac events and death. Patients without overt disease are at less risk
      than those with overt disease, and in the absence of overt disease, those without
      are at less risk than those with risk factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299746
TI  - Glucagon potentiates intestinal reperfusion injury.
AB  - Vasoactive agents, including glucagon, have been used in treatment of mesenteric
      ischemia. Such drugs change both intestinal blood flow and metabolism. Since
      reperfusion injury reflects the metabolic state of an organ as well as the
      duration and severity of ischemia, we investigated the effect of glucagon in a
      standard model of intestinal ischemia. Data were generated from denervated
      isoperfused rat small intestinal preparations (n = 39). Arterial and venous
      pressures, intestinal blood flow, and oxygen consumption were monitored. Animals
      were subjected to 15, 30, or 45 minutes of ischemia followed by 1 hour
      reperfusion. Experiments were performed without drug infusion or during
      intravenous glucagon administration (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 micrograms/kg/min). After
      the rats were killed, histologic sections of intestine were graded 1 through 5 in
      a blinded fashion with 1 = normal villi and 5 = severe injury. Results (mean +/-
      SD) were analyzed by analysis of variance (*p less than 0.05). Glucagon at all
      concentrations increased intestinal blood flow and oxygen consumption before
      ischemia. For example, with 0.2 micrograms/kg/min glucagon, intestinal blood flow
      increased from 80.78 +/- 13.5 to 114.79 +/- 21.02 ml/min.100 gm* and oxygen
      consumption increased from 3.65 +/- 0.73 to 5.73 +/- 1.37 ml/min.100 gm.* Mucosal
      injury after ischemia reflected duration of ischemia and glucagon infusion rate.
      At all ischemic intervals, increased glucagon concentrations were associated with
      greater mucosal injury. In fact the histologic injury with 15 minutes of ischemia
      + 0.2 microgram/kg/min glucagon (3.04 +/- 0.49) exceeded that of 30 minutes of
      ischemia (2.87 +/- 0.06).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299747
TI  - Endoscopic intravascular surgery removes intraluminal flaps, dissections, and
      thrombus.
AB  - Over the last 3 years angioscopic techniques have been used to guide intraluminal
      instrumentation in 73 patients undergoing thrombectomy, nine patients with
      vascular trauma, and 32 patients during laser angioplasty and balloon dilation.
      After balloon-catheter thromboembolectomy residual, occlusive thrombi tightly
      adherent to the arterial wall were removed with flexible biopsy forceps in 13 of
      73 (18%) patients; underlying intimal flaps were removed in another four. In nine
      patients traumatic intimal defects caused by iatrogenic cannulation injuries (n =
      5) or external trauma (n = 4) were managed by thrombectomy followed by complete
      or partial intravascular removal of the intimal flap (n = 6) or dissection plane
      (n = 3) with long flexible forceps and rotating brushes. Traumatic intimal
      defects observed in two additional patients were judged to be too severe for
      endoscopic manipulation and required immediate bypass grafting. Inspection after
      angioplasty in 32 patients revealed wall charring and obvious thermal damage
      after laser procedures in 28 (87%) and plaque cracking, intimal flaps, and
      fragmentation in 26 (81%). These defects were underestimated on intraoperative
      angiography. Large flaps and thrombus were removed endoscopically in three. We
      conclude that angioscopic study reveals the extent of intimal injury and gives
      insights into mechanisms of instrumentation. Adherent thrombus after embolectomy
      by balloon catheter and intimal flaps caused by trauma or angioplasty are common
      and, if severe, can be successfully treated by endoscopic intravascular
      manipulation in selected patients.

PMID- 2299748
TI  - Observations on the use of thrombolytic agents for thrombotic occlusion of
      infrainguinal vein grafts.
AB  - Vein graft failure remains a major challenge for the vascular surgeon.
      Thrombolysis of occluded vein grafts has shown promising short-term results in
      restoring vein graft patency, however, the long-term results are not established.
      This study examines the long-term patency and limb salvage after successful
      thrombolysis and revision of 22 thrombosed vein grafts in 21 patients. There were
      17 men and four women with an average age of 60 years (38 to 77 years). Failed
      vein grafts had an average primary patency of 19 months (1 to 84 months) and
      included eight in situ grafts and 14 non-in situ grafts. Twelve grafts were to
      the popliteal level, whereas 10 were infrapopliteal. Thrombolytic agents used
      included urokinase (15), tissue plasminogen activator (5), and streptokinase (2).
      After successful thrombolysis, 19 grafts underwent 26 additional procedures
      including percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (9), vein patch angioplasty (4),
      vein interposition or jump extension graft (9), or other procedures (4). Three
      patients had no additional procedure, but one was placed on sodium warfarin
      (Coumadin). After successful initial vein graft salvage, life-table analysis
      revealed a 36.6% +/- 11.9% patency at 1 year and a 22.9% +/- 11.6% patency at 3
      years. After secondary failure six patients had further interventions
      contributing to an improved limb salvage of 66.9% +/- 11.6% at 1 year and 60.3%
      +/- 19.0% at 3 years. The results suggest that thrombosed vein grafts initially
      salvaged with thrombolysis and revision do not have a favorable long-term
      patency, and that a premium must be placed on the detection of the failing vein
      graft before thrombosis.

PMID- 2299749
TI  - The effects of thrombin on bovine aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that thrombin interacts with various cell types,
      stimulating cellular proliferation and protein and prostanoid production. To
      further delineate its role in vascular healing, we have studied the effects of
      thrombin on proliferation and matrix production by the cells of the vessel wall.
      The addition of thrombin (1 unit/ml) to cultures of bovine aortic smooth muscle
      cells resulted in an increase in cell proliferation (p less than 0.01) and number
      (p less than 0.03), whereas in cultures of bovine aortic endothelial cells
      thrombin produced a decrease in cell proliferation (p less than 0.01) and number
      (p less than 0.02). Thrombin also altered matrix composition in cultures of these
      cells. In both bovine aortic endothelial cells and bovine aortic smooth muscle
      cell cultures grown in the presence of thrombin, total protein content was
      significantly increased when compared to controls (p less than 0.03). In bovine
      aortic endothelial cell cultures the addition of thrombin resulted in a decrease
      in collagen content (p less than 0.01) and an increase in sulfated
      glycosaminoglycan content (p less than 0.02). In contrast, in bovine aortic
      smooth muscle cell cultures thrombin resulted in an increase in collagen content
      (p less than 0.03), whereas glycosaminoglycan content was unaffected. These
      findings suggest that thrombin may significantly influence vascular healing and
      function by altering cell number and matrix composition.

PMID- 2299752
TI  - Inflammation-mediator blockers may be weapons against sepsis syndrome.

PMID- 2299751
TI  - New health care research agency reflects interest in evaluating quality.

PMID- 2299750
TI  - Can the retroperitoneal approach be used for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms?
AB  - The retroperitoneal approach for elective treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms
      is an accepted alternative to midline transperitoneal approaches and may provide
      less physiologic insult and a smoother postoperative course. In recent years we
      have preferentially used the extended retroperitoneal approach for ruptured
      abdominal aortic aneurysms to derive similar physiologic benefits for these
      patients. Over a 6-year period (1983 to 1989) 76 cases of ruptured abdominal
      aortic aneurysms were treated by emergency aortic replacement. After exclusion of
      13 patients whose aneurysmal ruptures were unusual, such as aortoenteric fistula,
      aortocaval fistula, chronic contained rupture, or visceral involvement, 63
      patients were retrospectively studied. Thirty-eight patients were treated via a
      standard transperitoneal celiotomy and 25 via a left retroperitoneal incision. No
      significant differences were found between the two groups in regard to cardiac or
      pulmonary function or duration of preoperative hypotension. Operative mortality
      was lower in the retroperitoneal group (three of 25, 12%) as compared to the
      transperitoneal group (13 of 38, 34.2%). Furthermore, the retroperitoneal group
      required less ventilatory support and tolerated enteral feedings quickly. Length
      of stay in the hospital was also significantly reduced in the retroperitoneal
      group. These data indicate that many ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms can be
      successfully treated through the left retroperitoneal approach. In this
      nonrandomized clinical series increased survival rates and shorter periods of
      postoperative recovery were noted in the patients operated with the
      retroperitoneal approach.

PMID- 2299753
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Increase in National Hospital Discharge
      Survey rates for septicemia--United States, 1979-1987.

PMID- 2299754
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Influenza activity--United States, 1989
      1990.

PMID- 2299755
TI  - Changing changeover.

PMID- 2299756
TI  - Abortion.

PMID- 2299757
TI  - RU-486.

PMID- 2299758
TI  - Chemonucleolysis.

PMID- 2299759
TI  - Mast cells and scleroderma.

PMID- 2299760
TI  - Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2299761
TI  - Severe alkalosis during assisted ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease.

PMID- 2299762
TI  - The relationship of house staff experience to the cost and quality of inpatient
      care.
AB  - The inexperience of house staff has been offered as one explanation for the
      increased cost of care at teaching hospitals, but conclusive evidence for this
      has been lacking. We studied the relationship of house staff experience to the
      cost and quality of inpatient care in a large series of internal medicine
      patients at one teaching hospital. We defined house staff experience by the month
      of academic year during which the patient received care. Our measures of cost
      were length of hospital stay and total hospital charges, while our measures of
      quality were hospital deaths, hospital readmissions, and nursing home placement.
      Multiple linear regression analysis on 21,679 hospital discharges revealed
      increasing house staff experience to be associated with a significant decline in
      length of stay (95% confidence interval for b, -0.006 to -0.066 days per
      discharge per month of house staff experience) and total hospital charges (95%
      confidence interval for b, -0.002 to -0.017 log dollars per discharge per month
      of house staff experience). These findings constitute an estimated average
      decline of 0.43 days per discharge and +370 per discharge over the academic year.
      Logistic regression analysis found no relationship of house staff experience to
      hospital deaths, readmissions, or nursing home placement. These findings suggest
      that the process of training inexperienced physicians may represent an important
      source of inefficiency for teaching hospitals struggling in a competitive
      environment.

PMID- 2299763
TI  - House officer responses to impaired physicians.
AB  - Although physician impairment may have substantial personal and clinical
      consequences, it is commonly held that physicians fail to act in the case of
      impaired colleagues. To learn about initial responses when confronted with
      impaired house officers and attending physicians, we administered five case
      scenarios to all 76 internal medicine house officers at a large, urban, teaching
      hospital. House officer responses to an alcohol-impaired physician differed
      depending on whether that physician was an attending physician or a house
      officer. Seventy-two percent of house officers would tell the chief resident
      about the alcohol-impaired attending physician, whereas 96% would confront the
      alcohol-impaired house officer personally. The most common response to the
      incompetent attending physician (67%) and the incompetent house officer (49%) was
      to tell the chief resident; only 25% would confront an incompetent house officer.
      In contrast, 71% would confront a depressed house officer.

PMID- 2299764
TI  - Failure of cephalosporins to prevent Staphylococcus aureus surgical wound
      infections.
AB  - Approximately 35,000 Staphylococcus aureus surgical wound infections occur
      annually in the United States. To investigate why S aureus causes infection
      despite the perioperative administration of cephalosporins, we compared 35
      methicillin-susceptible isolates recovered from deep wound infections that
      complicated cefazolin prophylaxis (18 of 1650 patients) and cefamandole
      prophylaxis (17 of 3702 patients) with 64 colonizing isolates from presurgical
      patients. Compared with both colonizing and cefamandole-associated isolates, S
      aureus isolates from cefazolin-associated infections were more resistant to
      cefazolin by specialized assays. Staphylococcus aureus isolates that produced the
      A and C variants of staphylococcal beta-lactamase were associated with infections
      following cefazolin and cefamandole prophylaxis, respectively. These isolates
      hydrolyze the respective cephalosporins rapidly, suggesting that staphylococcal
      survival after perioperative prophylaxis may be mediated by in vivo degradation
      of the prophylactically administered cephalosporin. These data indicate that some
      S aureus wound infections occur because of deficiencies in antimicrobial
      effectiveness that are not detectable by routine susceptibility tests. This
      finding has important implications for the therapy and prevention of S aureus
      infection.

PMID- 2299765
TI  - Frequency of hyponatremia and nonosmolar vasopressin release in the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - The frequency and pathophysiology of hyponatremia were studied in the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome. Of 71 hospitalized patients surveyed retrospectively,
      hyponatremia was observed in 37 (52%). Of 48 patients studied prospectively, 27
      (56%) were hyponatremic. In 16 hyponatremic patients, volume status; serum and
      urine osmolalities; renal, adrenal, and thyroid function; and plasma vasopressin
      levels were assessed. Urine osmolalities were inappropriately elevated (mean, 377
      mmol/kg of water) relative to serum osmolalities (mean, 268 mmol/kg of water).
      Four patients had moderate renal insufficiency. Plasma vasopressin levels were
      elevated in 15 patients, with the highest levels seen in patients who died
      (median, 7.08 pmol/L). Hyponatremia of multiple etiologies occurred in a majority
      of inpatients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, often following the
      administration of hypotonic fluids, and was associated with a 30% (8/27) short
      term mortality.

PMID- 2299766
TI  - Inappropriate testing for diarrheal diseases in the hospital.
AB  - To assess the degree to which routine stool cultures, ova and parasite
      examinations, and Clostridium difficile toxin assays may be inappropriately
      ordered on hospitalized patients, we conducted a retrospective study to determine
      the relative yield of these tests on specimens collected from outpatients and
      inpatients as a function of time after admission. During a 3-year period, only 1
      of 191 positive stool cultures and none of the 90 ova and parasite examinations
      with positive results were from the group of patients who had stool specimens
      submitted after 3 days of hospitalization. Analysis of laboratory work load for a
      1-year period showed that specimens from this patient group contributed nearly
      50% of the more than 3000 specimens received each year. In contrast,
      approximately 25% (range, 17% to 33%) of samples, regardless of admission status,
      were positive for C difficile toxin. Eliminating routine stool cultures and ova
      and parasite examinations on hospitalized patients would significantly reduce
      hospital and patient costs without altering patient care. Nationwide, such a
      policy might achieve a cost savings of +20 to +30 million per year.

PMID- 2299767
TI  - Hepatic hemangioma with normal angiograms. Three case reports.
AB  - Three cases of symptomatic cavernous hemangioma of the liver are reported. All
      three patients have normal angiograms. A review of the literature shows that the
      diagnosis of hemangioma may be made noninvasively with a high degree of accuracy.
      Technetium Tc 99m-labeled red blood cell scanning is very specific, while dynamic
      computed tomography may be more sensitive for small lesions. A combination of the
      two modalities makes the diagnosis in greater than 90% of cases. Magnetic
      resonance imaging is also sensitive and specific. Angiography, as shown in these
      cases, may not only be questionably indicated, but may be misleading. The
      treatment for symptomatic lesions is resection, and secondary alternatives are
      discussed.

PMID- 2299768
TI  - Rethinking the presence of American scholars in China.

PMID- 2299769
TI  - It's ok to get sick in July.

PMID- 2299770
TI  - Is there still too much extrapolation from data on middle-aged white men?

PMID- 2299771
TI  - Examples abound of gaps in medical knowledge because of groups excluded from
      scientific study.

PMID- 2299772
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Progress toward achieving the 1990
      objectives for the nation for sexually transmitted diseases.

PMID- 2299773
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Pertussis surveillance--United States, 1986
      1988.

PMID- 2299774
TI  - Moonlighting.

PMID- 2299775
TI  - The use of poison gas against the Iraqi Kurds: analysis of bomb fragments, soil,
      and wool samples.

PMID- 2299776
TI  - Perversions of medical technology.

PMID- 2299777
TI  - The costs of HIV infections.

PMID- 2299778
TI  - The incidence of exposure to needle sticks during surgery.

PMID- 2299779
TI  - The medical directive.

PMID- 2299780
TI  - Student loans: deferment and forbearance provisions.

PMID- 2299781
TI  - Differences between women and men in survival after myocardial infarction.
      Biology or methodology?
AB  - To examine the impact of gender on survival after myocardial infarction, we
      performed a retrospective cohort study of 332 women and 790 men. Women who had a
      myocardial infarction were older and more often had hypertension, diabetes,
      previous heart failure, and impaired left ventricular function on admission.
      Cumulative 3-year mortality and in-hospital mortality rates were significantly
      higher in women than men, but mortality among hospital survivors was similar.
      After multivariate adjustment for baseline differences, mortality rates were not
      significantly different between women and men for in-hospital deaths, and
      mortality at 3 years among hospital survivors tended to be lower among women. We
      conclude that higher observed mortality rates following a myocardial infarction
      in women are related to differences in known risk factors for subsequent
      mortality and that gender should not be considered an independent risk factor for
      mortality after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2299782
TI  - A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly.
AB  - The prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium were studied in 229
      elderly patients. Fifty patients (22%) met criteria for delirium; nondelirious
      elderly constituted the control group. Abnormal sodium levels, illness severity,
      dementia, fever or hypothermia, psychoactive drug use, and azotemia were
      associated with risk of delirium. Patients with three or more risk factors had a
      60% rate of delirium. Delirious patients stayed 12.1 days in the hospital vs 7.2
      days for controls and were more likely to die (8% vs 1%) or be institutionalized
      (16% vs 3%). Illness severity predicted 6-month mortality, but the effect of
      delirium was not significant. Delirium occurs commonly in hospitalized elderly,
      is associated with chronic and acute problems, and identifies elderly at risk for
      death, longer hospitalization, and institutionalization. The increased mortality
      associated with delirium appears to be explained by greater severity of illness.

PMID- 2299783
TI  - Effect of student loan indebtedness and repayment on resident physicians' cash
      flow. An analytic model.
AB  - Cumulative figures of "average medical student indebtedness," although
      meaningful, do not convey the effect of loan repayments on residents' cash flow,
      effect on a resident's value system and residency performance, and effect on
      trends in health care manpower allocation. Using a computer-based cash flow
      model, a "typical" house officer with $20,000 in undergraduate indebtedness who
      is training in a less expensive city will realize a $2390 deficit during
      internship and negative cash flow throughout a 5-year residency. House officers
      with extreme indebtedness (greater than $80,000) who are training in an expensive
      metropolitan area would accumulate an overall deficit approaching $75,000 or
      more, in excess of their undergraduate indebtedness, during a 5-year residency
      program. Effects of these findings on residency education and health care
      manpower issues, along with potential solutions for alleviating residents' cash
      flow problems, are discussed.

PMID- 2299784
TI  - Bromide intoxication secondary to pyridostigmine bromide therapy.
AB  - The diagnosis of bromide intoxication is often aided by the detection of a low or
      negative anion gap due to the laboratory detection of bromide as chloride. A 59
      year-old woman with myasthenia gravis who received a large dose of pyridostigmine
      bromide developed postoperative psychosis and was diagnosed as having bromide
      intoxication. The diagnosis was suspected in the setting of a negative anion gap
      and only later confirmed by direct measurement of the serum bromide level. To our
      knowledge , this is the first reported case of bromide intoxication due to
      pyridostigmine bromide administration.

PMID- 2299785
TI  - Radial keratotomy in the 1990s and the PERK Study.

PMID- 2299786
TI  - A piece of my mind. Miss Gina.

PMID- 2299788
TI  - [Cox's regression analysis of prognostic factors in differentiated thyroid
      carcinomas].
AB  - A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in differentiated thyroid
      carcinomas has been carried out using Cox's proportional hazard model. The
      patient's age, tumor size, extent of the primary tumor, distant metastases,
      operative methods, sex, nodal status and histology were tested in a survival
      analysis. The initial five factors were found to be the significant prognostic
      variables in a univariate analysis, whereas the other were of no importance. A
      multivariate analysis, however, shows age and the distant metastases as being the
      significant prognostic predictors. Therefore, the patient's age must be taken
      into account in a follow-up study of patients with differentiated thyroid
      carcinomas.

PMID- 2299787
TI  - [Pheochromocytoma combined with malignant lymphoma and prostatic cancer--a case
      report].
AB  - A rare case of pheochromocytoma associated with a malignant lymphoma and a
      prostatic cancer is reported. An 80-year-old male had had his terminal ileum
      resected one year earlier due to a malignant lymphoma. A year later,
      postoperative follow-up study by ultrasound revealed a solitary retroperitoneal
      tumor. The resected tumor was found to be a pheochromocytoma, which had provoked
      intraoperatively an intractable hypertension and ventricular arrhythmia. One year
      following this, a urinary disturbance was noted. On examination, a hard and
      irregular prostata was palpate and a subsequent biopsy revealed an
      adenocarcinoma. As far as we have been able to ascertain after a perusal of the
      Japanese literature, we believe that this case represents the first reported case
      of such a malignant lymphoma, combined with prostatic cancer and a
      pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2299789
TI  - [Relationship of breast cancer and HLA in Japanese females].
AB  - One hundred and thirty-seven female breast cancer patients have been HLA-typed by
      a cytotoxicity test. Over all, no specific HLA antigen was found, though when the
      patients were divided into two groups, i.e., into those with bilateral or
      unilateral cancers, A24 and Cw7 was found to be significantly increased in the
      bilateral group. Further, a haplotype of A24-Cw7 was frequently seen in the
      bilateral group. No specific HLA antigen, however, was found in patients
      stratified by a familial history of cancer. It thus was concluded that bilateral
      breast cancer patients that have developed from patients with a unilateral cancer
      are detectable by HLA typing.

PMID- 2299790
TI  - [Study of breast cancers during pregnancy and lactation].
AB  - From breast cancer cases that were mastectomized between 1970 and 1987 at the
      Cancer Institute Hospital, 43 breast cancers during phases of pregnancy and
      lactation (pregnancy 11 cases, lactation 32 cases) have been analyzed. Taking the
      patient's age and the calendar-year at the time of diagnosis into account, we
      collected 43 cases as controls and compared the result. It was found that breast
      cancers during pregnancy and lactation metastasized to the lymph nodes at the
      same frequency as in the control cases, in lymph node-positive cases and in
      tumors of the same size the metastases involved more lymph nodes than in the
      control cases. Further, the survival rate of breast cancers during pregnancy and
      lactation was poorer in the lymph node-positive cases than in the controls.
      Therefore, we have concluded that pregnancy and lactation promote the progress of
      a metastatic cancer.

PMID- 2299792
TI  - [Treatment of radiostomatitis with Salcoat].
AB  - Most malignancies occurring in the oral cavity are squamous carcinoma for which
      radiotherapy as a treatment is the first choice. However, radiostomatitis, which
      occurs as a concomitant symptom due to radiation, largely disturbs the effect of
      radiotherapy. Antibiotics or a gargle are used to treat this concomitant symptom,
      but these preparations are not satisfactorily effective especially in cases in
      which the symptoms are severe and/or wide spread. Salcoat, a spray-type
      preparation of Beclomethasone dipropionate that is used to treat stomatitis, has
      excellent features which compensate for the disadvantage of the previously
      mentioned therapy. This preparation can be administered in a non-contact manner,
      and it contains hydroxypropyl cellulose which assures good adhesion to the
      mucosa, thus covering and protecting the affected area for a long time. In our
      clinical trials, this preparation was found to be highly useful in relieving pain
      and dysgeusia due to radiostomatitis, there by maintaining the quality of life.

PMID- 2299791
TI  - [High-dose intracavitary brachytherapy of a recurrent cervical cancer following
      surgery].
AB  - Forty-nine postoperative cancer patients with a recurrent cervical cancer at the
      vaginal stump were treated with high-dose intracavitary brachytherapy with or
      without external irradiation. The intervals between their previous surgery and
      the vaginal recurrence ranged widely, from 4 months to 36 years. The overall 10
      year survival rate after radiotherapy was 48%. The patients were classified into
      two groups, according to the tumor size that was evaluated by rectovaginal
      examination at time of recurrence, that is, one group without a palpable mass at
      the vaginal stump and one with a palpable mass. The 10 year-survival rate with or
      without the palpable mass was 8% and 80%, respectively. External irradiation
      combined with brachytherapy could not modify the survival rate of those that had
      been treated by brachytherapy alone in the group without the palpable mass. On
      the other hand, the incidence of late intestinal complications was increased by
      the combination of external irradiation. This result suggests that the most
      important prognostic factor in cases of a recurrent cervical cancer at the stump
      is the tumor size.

PMID- 2299793
TI  - [Usefulness of combining a immunological fecal occult blood test (latex method)
      with a chemical test (guaiac method)].
AB  - A combination tests, using the latex and guaiac methods, has been carried out in
      123 patients with a gastrointestinal disease and in 38 controls. The latex method
      was positive in 8% of the 38 controls, in 84% of 32 colorectal carcinoma
      patients, in 42% of 24 colonic polyp patients, in 22% of 9 gastric carcinoma
      patients, and in 22% of gastric ulcer patients in an active phase of their
      illness, whereas the guaiac method was positive in 39%, 81%, 58%, 78%, and 89% in
      the same order, respectively. From the above, a combination of both methods was
      found useful for the screening of hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2299795
TI  - [A superficial carcinoma arising from a solitary hepatic cyst].
AB  - Reported is a rare superficial papillary adenocarcinoma arising from a congenital
      cyst, along with a survey of pertinent cases in the world literature. A 43-year
      old male with a huge hepatic cyst was admitted to hospital for further
      examination. Since the cystic drainage done for alcoholic fixation was
      seromucinous initially but later contaminated by bile, an operation was initiated
      for dome resection and the closure of the biliary communication. At the time of
      the deroofing, however, small granulomas were found. And those were confirmed as
      being malignant by frozen section. Thus, an extended right lobectomy was
      performed for therapy. From its history and nature, this was considered to be a
      cancer arising in a congenital hepatic cyst.

PMID- 2299794
TI  - [Metastatic lung tumor of a thyroid cancer origin detected by a periodic health
      examination--a case of a complete response].
AB  - Reports is the case of a 21-year-old student, who received a medical examination
      at our Department for an abnormal chest shadow that had been detected during a
      periodic health examination at his university. No special subjective symptoms
      such as a cough and/or sputa, pyrexia, pectoralgia, and dyspnea were noted. A
      thyroid tumor was palpable and a 99mTc thyroid scintigram and a 201Tl thyroid
      tumor scintigram gave cause to suspect thyroid cancer and a metastatic lung
      tumor. A total thyroidectomy and a right modified neck dissection revealed a
      tumor (histologically, a papillary cancer), 3.5 cm in diameter, that mainly
      involved the right lobe. It was found that 131I-100 mCi internal irradiation was
      very effective for the metastatic lung tumor, and no abnormal shadow was
      subsequently revealed by chest X-ray. Now, 6 years later, he is alive with no
      manifestations of a local relapse nor any abnormal chest X-ray findings.

PMID- 2299796
TI  - Epidemic hypotension in a dialysis center caused by sodium azide.
AB  - The water used for dialysate (dialysis fluid) in hemodialysis centers is produced
      by water treatment systems (WTS), which require careful and frequent monitoring.
      On November 3, 1988, nine patients receiving hemodialysis treatments at a single
      dialysis center suddenly developed hypotension within 30 minutes of onset of
      dialysis. Eight patients exhibited symptoms and two experienced syncopal
      episodes; there were no deaths. The incidence of dialysis-associated hypotension
      occurring within 30 minutes after dialysis onset for these patients was
      significantly higher during outbreak treatments than during preoutbreak
      (September 1 through November 2, 1988) treatments, (9 of 9 vs. 0 of 238, P less
      than 0.00001, Fisher's t-test). Sodium azide, a potent hypotensive agent, was
      identified as the probable contaminant within the WTS of the dialysis center at
      the time of the outbreak because: 1) it was mixed with glycerine as the
      preservative solution of each of the four ultrafilters that were put on-line in
      the WTS without rinsing, 12 hours before the outbreak; and 2) high levels of
      total organic carbons were detected from dialysis water collected at point-of-use
      sites at the time of the outbreak, suggesting contamination of the WTS with the
      sodium azide-glycerine preservative solution. To prevent similar occurrences, we
      recommend that ultrafilters (and other components of the WTS) be rinsed free of
      potentially toxic chemicals prior to use. Dialysis center personnel need to be
      aware of the potential affects that each modification of disinfection of the WTS
      may have upon the product water used to prepare dialysate for patient treatments.

PMID- 2299800
TI  - Aortic and large artery compliance in end-stage renal failure.
AB  - Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured in the aorta, right leg and arm of 90
      control subjects (CS) and 92 hemodialysis patients (HD) of the same age and mean
      arterial pressure (MAP). Blood chemistry, including blood lipids, and echographic
      dimensions of the aorta, were measured in all subjects. Presence of aortic
      calcification was evaluated by abdominal X-ray and echography. Whereas femoral
      and brachial PWV were only slightly increased in HD (P less than 0.05), the
      aortic PWV was significantly elevated (1113 +/- 319 cm/sec) in comparison with CS
      (965 +/- 216 cm/sec; P = 0.0016). Aortic diameters were larger in HD, both at the
      root of aorta (32.7 +/- 4 vs. 28.2 +/- 2.8 mm; P less than 0.0001) and aortic
      bifurcation (16.9 +/- 3.1 vs. 14.6 +/- 2.2 mm; P less than 0.0001). Although the
      MAP was similar in HD (109.9 +/- 19.3 mm Hg) and CS (110.2 +/- 17.2 mm Hg), the
      pulse pressure was significantly increased in HD patients (76.6 +/- 23.7 vs. 63.9
      +/- 22 mm Hg; P = 0.007). In the two populations, aortic PWV was found to
      increase with age (P less than 0.0001) and MAP (P less than 0.0001). The presence
      of aortic calcification showed only a borderline relationship with the increase
      in aortic PWV (P = 0.050 in CS and P = 0.069 in HD). As change in PWV is directly
      related to change in distensibility, and the aortic diameters were increased in
      HD, these results indicate that aortic wall compliance is decreased in HD,
      resulting in an increase in the pulsatile component of arterial
      pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299797
TI  - Influence of uremia and hemodialysis on circulating interleukin-1 and tumor
      necrosis factor alpha.
AB  - Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) were determined
      in the plasma of long-term hemodialysis (HD) patients and uremic (UR) patients
      undergoing their first dialysis session using either cellulosic (CUP) or
      synthetic (PAN-AN 69) membrane-equipped dialyzers. In long-term HD patients,
      plasma IL-1 and TNF alpha levels were significantly increased compared to their
      levels in normal subjects. During a single dialysis session, a significant
      increase in IL-1 but not in TNF alpha was observed. In not yet dialyzed UR
      patients, IL-1 plasma levels did not differ from those observed in normal
      subjects. By contrast, TNF alpha was found significantly increased although less
      than in long-term HD patients. During the first dialysis session, no significant
      increase was observed in the levels of either monokine. Lastly, regardless of the
      group of patients, no significant influence of the dialysis membrane could be
      detected, suggesting that the observed changes are not exclusively secondary to
      the activation of complement. Altogether, these results suggest that the passage
      of the blood through the extracorporeal dialysis circuit triggers the secretion
      of IL-1 and further exacerbates that of TNF alpha by monocytes. The presence of
      increased TNF alpha in the plasma of first-dialysis UR patients suggests that
      factors unrelated to dialysis contribute to the activation of monocytes in these
      patients. Lastly, the concomitant presence of IL-1 and TNF alpha in the plasma of
      long-term HD patients could be responsible for some of the clinical features
      observed in these patients, and provides strong evidence favoring the concept
      that HD can be assimilated to a recurrent acute-phase inflammatory response.

PMID- 2299799
TI  - Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on renal function in humans.
AB  - To assess the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) treatment on
      renal function, the slopes of the regression lines of the reciprocal of serum
      creatinine versus time were compared in 26 patients with renal insufficiency
      (serum creatinine ranged from 2.3 to 11.7 mg/dl) followed for a period of 2.7 to
      24 months. Ten patients received r-HuEPO and the anemia was corrected (Group I).
      Sixteen patients did not receive r-HuEPO. Ten of them were anemic (Group II) and
      six had normal hematocrits (Group III). All study groups were matched for age,
      diagnosis and degree of renal insufficiency. All cohorts were followed
      prospectively (Period B, from the first day of the study to the time of data
      analysis or dialysis and transplantation); renal function was also examined
      retrospectively (Period A, from the first day of the study to the time of first
      renal function measurement). Hematocrit was lowest in Group II control patients,
      27%, highest in the Group III control subjects, 43%, and intermediate in Group I
      EPO-treated patients, 36%. Serum creatinine uniformly increased in all three
      groups of patients. The rate of progression, as measured by the slopes of the
      reciprocal of serum creatinine versus time, however, was similar in all three
      groups of subjects and during both periods. The mean slopes for Group I patients
      before and after r-HuEPO were, respectively, -0.0058 and -0.0054, that of the
      control cohorts with low and normal hematocrit during period B were -0.0063 and 
      0.0010, respectively. Thus, it appeared that neither r-HuEPO administration nor a
      normal hematocrit accelerated the deterioration of renal function in these
      patients with renal insufficiency.

PMID- 2299801
TI  - Sulfur amino acid metabolism in cystinuria: a biochemical and clinical study of
      patients.
AB  - Sulfur amino acid metabolism was studied in 26 homozygotic cystinuric patients,
      some of whom received D-penicillamine, 2-mercaptopropionylglycine or N
      acetylcysteine treatments in order to evaluate signs of cyst(e)ine deficiency.
      Decreased leukocyte glutathione and taurine levels, plasma cyst(e)ine and taurine
      concentrations and urinary inorganic sulfate, taurine, mercaptolactate and
      thiosulfate outputs were found in cystinuric patients, probably reflecting
      intracellular cyst(e)ine deficiency. An increased mercaptoacetate-cysteine mixed
      disulfide output was found, probably as result of a poor tubular reabsorption of
      this compound, as well as for cystine. Normal retinal function was recorded in
      all patients. During drug treatments, the excretion of most of the sulfur
      compounds in cystinurics was as those found in controls, probably reflecting an
      increased mobilization of cysteine. N-acetylcysteine treatment increased the
      excretion of cyst(e)ine and can thus not be recommended as stone preventive
      therapy in cystinuria.

PMID- 2299798
TI  - Accessory cell functions in mononuclear cell cultures uremic patients.
AB  - Mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from dialyzed patients and healthy control
      subjects. Lymphocyte responses to stimulation with optimal and suboptimal
      concentrations of lectin (PHA), or stimulation with T cell receptor antibody (Leu
      4) were found decreased in the patient cultures. The separate and the combined
      effects of exogenous interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were examined
      in PHA and Leu 4 stimulated cell cultures. Addition of IL-1 did not normalize the
      decreased proliferation response of the patient cultures. In contrast, addition
      of IL-2 alone clearly enhanced and almost normalized the response of patient
      cultures stimulated with suboptimal concentrations of PHA. The combined addition
      of IL-1 and IL-2 gave no evidence of an additive effect of IL-1 and IL-2. Cell
      cultures from uremic and normal HLA-identical relative were examined.
      Substitution of uremic adherent monocytes with normal adherent monocytes as
      accessory cells did not improve the uremic T cell responses to stimulation with
      PHA. Furthermore, uremic adherent cells did not suppress the normal T cell
      responses. These results suggest that uremic accessory cells support T cell
      activation and, in particular, do not suppress T cell responses. The effect of IL
      2 in the present study as well as previous findings of decreased IL-2 production
      in patients cultures may indicate that uremia primarily influences the
      proliferation of T cells.

PMID- 2299802
TI  - Recombinant human erythropoietin activates a broad spectrum of progenitor cells.
AB  - Twenty uremic patients on regular hemodialysis received recombinant human
      Erythropoietin (rhEPO) in a dosage of 50 U/kg body wt (N = 9) and 80 U/kg body wt
      (N = 11), respectively, three times weekly. The number of circulating hemopoietic
      progenitor cells colony-forming unit-granulocyte-erythrocyte-macrophage (CFU
      mix), burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming-granulocyte
      macrophage (CFU-GM) in peripheral blood were assayed weekly by means of a
      commonly applied in vitro clonal assay. A significant increase of peripheral CFU
      mix, BFU-E and CFU-GM could be observed within one week of supplementation
      therapy in both groups. The increase of BFU-E was followed by a rise of
      hematocrit within four and three weeks, respectively. These results suggest that
      the stimulatory in vivo effect of rhEPO administered in therapeutical doses is
      not restricted to the erythroid lineage but also includes progenitor cells
      committed to the myeloid lineage (CFU-GM) as well as the multipotent progenitors
      CFU-mix. The increment of circulating progenitor cells was seen with a dosage of
      80 U/kg body wt and 50 U/kg body wt as well.

PMID- 2299803
TI  - Abstracts. 36th scientific meeting of the Dutch Society of Nephrology. Leiden,
      The Netherlands, June 24, 1988.

PMID- 2299804
TI  - Abstracts. American Society of Nephrology. Washington, DC, USA, December 3-6,
      1989.

PMID- 2299805
TI  - Effect of cyclosporin A on renal function and kidney growth in the
      uninephrectomized rat.
AB  - This study was designed to characterize the effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) on
      renal function and compensatory kidney growth in a rat model of uninephrectomy
      (Ux). The infusion of CsA (12.5 mg/k body wt) after acute Ux resulted in a fall
      in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) and a marked
      increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR). Three weeks following Ux, GFR was
      also reduced in CsA treated animals as compared to pair-fed controls (0.39 +/-
      0.03 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.06 ml/min/100 g, P less than 0.001), but RPF was not (1.97 +/
      0.14 vs 2.19 +/- 0.34 ml/min/100 g). The reduction in GFR seen in rats treated
      with CsA was fully reversible two weeks after discontinuation of the drug. Three
      weeks after Ux, kidney weight in CsA-treated animals increased to the level of
      pair-fed controls (1.50 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.57 +/- 0.06 g) but renal cortical RNA
      (39.4 +/- 4.3 vs. 49.3 +/- 1.3 micrograms/ml, P less than 0.05), DNA (26.4 +/-
      1.7 vs. 34.7 +/- 2.1 micrograms/ml, P less than 0.01), and protein content (6.4
      +/- 0.3 vs. 7.8 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, P less than 0.001) were all markedly reduced.
      Unilateral renal denervation in CsA-treated rats resulted in an increase in GFR
      and RPF as compared to that of pair-fed sham-denervated animals also treated with
      CsA (0.57 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.39 +/- 0.03 ml/min/100 g, P less than 0.025 and 2.14 +/-
      0.14 vs. 1.63 +/- 0.20 ml/min/100 g, P less than 0.025, respectively).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299806
TI  - Ancrod improves survival in murine systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - The effect of ancrod, a defibrinating agent, on murine lupus glomerulonephritis
      in the male BXSB mouse was studied to determine the relationship between
      macrophage procoagulant activity (PCA), fibrin deposition and glomerulonephritis.
      Marked renal disease and fibrin deposition were noted by three months of age in
      control mice, whereas little or no disease was seen in ancrod treated mice until
      five months of age. Similar high titers of anti-DNA antibodies and renal
      deposition of IgG were seen in both groups of mice. PCA rose with age in both
      ancrod treated and untreated mice, although it was significantly higher in
      control animals than in the ancrod treated group. Furthermore, ancrod therapy
      resulted in a decrease in plasma PCA inducing activity (PIF) and a decrease in
      the effectiveness of PIF to induce PCA in peritoneal macrophages in vitro. No
      mortality was observed in the 20 ancrod treated mice, whereas 10 of 20 control
      animals died. We conclude that defibrination with ancrod delays the development
      of renal fibrin deposition and glomerulonephritis and improves survival in BXSB
      mice. This was associated with a decrease in plasma PCA inducing activity and
      with an inhibitory effect on PCA induction. These results suggest that PCA
      contributes to injury in murine lupus glomerulonephritis by promoting fibrin
      deposition.

PMID- 2299807
TI  - Reaction of MDCK cells to crystals of monosodium urate monohydrate and uric acid.
AB  - Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells exhibit many of the characteristics of
      cells of the cortical collecting tubule. Since hypotheses concerning the
      development of gouty and uric acid nephropathy involve a reaction between such
      cells and crystals, either of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) or uric acid,
      the reaction between MDCK cells in culture and the above crystals was studied,
      both morphologically and functionally. In monolayer cultures, reaction sites
      developed within four hours of exposure to urate crystals. These increased in
      number for up to 72 hours and subsided gradually after removal of the crystals.
      At these reaction sites, crystals were observed to have passed beneath the cell
      surface and could be demonstrated both within intra-cellular lysosomes as well as
      within the inter-cellular spaces. When the MDCK cells were maintained as single
      cells in suspension, phagocytosis of crystals by the majority of the cells could
      be observed, but the response was much more rapid than in monolayers. During the
      cell/crystal reaction, significant amounts of lysosomal enzymes and prostaglandin
      E2 were released and, to a less significant degree, cytosolic enzymes, presumably
      due to cell lysis. This enzyme release did not occur in MDCK cells grown in
      protein-free medium, and protein coating of the crystals was necessary for
      reactivity with cells. In this regard, coating with IgG or lysozyme was more
      effective than albumin. The reaction with uric acid crystals revealed a
      reactivity which was lesser in degree but qualitatively similar to that of urate
      crystals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299808
TI  - Factors influencing calcitriol metabolism in renal failure.
AB  - Metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and production rate (PR) of calcitriol is
      decreased in experimental renal failure. In this experiment, we studied uremia
      and secondary hyperparathyroidism as possible causes of the abnormal calcitriol
      metabolism. Normal rats were made uremic by infusing phosphorus-free urine for 24
      hours. Both the MCR (0.22 +/- 0.01 ml/min/kg, N = 6 P less than 0.001) and the PR
      (16.6 +/- 1.97 ng/kg/day, P less than 0.01) of calcitriol were significantly
      suppressed in normal rats following urine infusion when compared to saline
      infused rats (MCR, 0.30 +/- 0.01; PR, 32.9 +/- 4.1, N = 6). Different levels of
      protein intake by rats with renal failure produced by subtotal nephrectomy also
      alter the PR but not the MCR of calcitriol. Thus, the synthesis of calcitriol was
      significantly lower in rats with renal failure fed a high protein (50% protein)
      diet (17.6 +/- 0.7 ng/kg/day, N = 8, P less than 0.001) than in rats with renal
      failure fed a normal protein (20% protein) diet (22.2 +/- 1.4, N = 7).
      Thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) did not alter the MCR of calcitriol in renal
      failure, even though parathyroid hormone, which may suppress the degradation
      enzyme, could be elevated in this model of renal failure. The MCR of TPTXed rats
      with renal failure (0.15 +/- 0.01 ml/min/kg, N = 7) remained lower than that of
      the TPTXed control rats (0.19 +/- 0.01, N = 7, P less than 0.001), and chronic
      infusion of PTH to TPTXed rats with renal failure did not change the MCR of
      calcitriol (0.15 +/- 0.01, vs. control, 0.24 +/- 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2299809
TI  - Crystal agglomeration is a major element in calcium oxalate urinary stone
      formation.
AB  - The effects of urines from 36 healthy subjects and 86 calcium oxalate renal stone
      formers on calcium oxalate monohydrate crystallization kinetics were studied
      using a seeded crystal growth method in which the solubility, the growth and the
      agglomeration of the crystals are measured as three separate and system
      independent parameters. The urines of healthy subjects were found to increase the
      solubility and to strongly inhibit the growth and the agglomeration of calcium
      oxalate monohydrate crystals. The urines of stone formers had a similar effect on
      the solubility, but a significantly lower ability to inhibit the crystal growth
      and the crystal agglomeration. Of these two kinetic processes the inhibition of
      crystal agglomeration was more clearly affected, with 55% of the stone formers
      having abnormally low values, while the changes in crystal growth inhibition
      occurred within the normal range. The defect in crystal agglomeration inhibition
      was related to stone frequency, and urines from patients with very high stone
      frequency rates had also the most severely impaired ability to inhibit the
      agglomeration of the calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals. The inhibitory effect
      of urines on crystal agglomeration was found to be related to its citrate content
      (r = 0.68, P less than 0.001). All patients with hypocitraturia, except two, had
      also abnormally low values for crystal agglomeration inhibition. In a group of 15
      hypocitraturic stone formers, alkali treatment for a mean period of 18 months
      resulted in a parallel increase in urinary citrate excretion and in the ability
      of urines to inhibit crystal agglomeration (r = 0.77, P less than
      0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299811
TI  - Aseptic meningitis in football players.

PMID- 2299810
TI  - Transcription, not synthesis, of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by
      complement.
AB  - Stimulation of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF
      alpha) production was studied during in vitro hemodialysis (HD) of whole blood
      using cuprammonium (Cup) or polysulfone (PS) dialyzers. In the absence of LPS,
      circulation of whole blood for two hours through Cup or PS dialyzers was not
      sufficient to induce production of IL-1 beta or TNF alpha in peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBMC) during subsequent 24 hour culture. However, compared to
      freshly isolated cells, post-HD PBMC were primed to produce more IL-1 beta and
      TNF alpha when subsequently stimulated with LPS. Despite the lack of spontaneous
      monokine synthesis after HD, we observed transcription of mRNA coding for IL-1
      beta and TNF alpha after two hours of LPS-free HD. When compared to levels of
      mRNA induced by 5 ng/ml LPS (100%), Cup induced 27 +/- 6% whereas PS did not
      induce detectable transcription of IL-1 beta. In the case of TNF alpha mRNA, Cup
      induced 26 +/- 8% and PS 13 +/- 3%. Recombinant C5a induced mRNA for IL-1 beta in
      PBMC without detectable IL-1 beta protein synthesis. We conclude that
      transcription of mRNA for IL-1 beta and TNF alpha during HD is primarily caused
      by complement activation by Cup, but that LPS or other factors are required for
      translation of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha mRNA transcribed during HD.

PMID- 2299812
TI  - Credentialing and ethics: the future of the health education profession.

PMID- 2299813
TI  - Day care center directors' perceptions of the nurse consultant's role.
AB  - Forty-nine day care center directors were surveyed to examine their perceptions
      of the nurse consultant's role. Findings revealed the directors were positive but
      indiscriminate about the scope of nursing practice. Many respondents were unable
      to identify the nurse consultant's educational background or specialization.
      Without an accurate understanding of nurses' abilities, day care centers may not
      use the full range of health services that nurses offer.

PMID- 2299814
TI  - Self-efficacy and AIDS prevention for pregnant teens.
AB  - AIDS education, the only immediate solution to containment of AIDS, encourages
      active risk reduction among high-risk populations. Self-efficacy is a construct
      that can measure the likelihood preventive behaviors will be performed, and thus
      could be applied to identify specific areas where AIDS education should be
      augmented. In this study, pregnant, mostly black, teens (N = 58) attending an
      alternative school in a large, midwestern city completed a self-efficacy scale to
      identify self-perceived areas of vulnerability to participating in preventive
      behaviors and avoiding high-risk behaviors concerning AIDS. The AIDS Self
      efficacy Scale identified four areas of greatest vulnerability: using condoms,
      discussing previous homosexual activity, discussing previous bisexual activity,
      and telling a partner about an experience with a bisexual. The last three
      situations result from an inability to discuss a partner's past sexual history,
      indicating a need to be very specific in these areas. School health interventions
      should recognize and deal with issues sexually active teens have identified as
      most difficult, particularly specific aspects of sexual histories, and provide
      these adolescents with prevention skills necessary to reduce high-risk behaviors.

PMID- 2299815
TI  - Impact of a school-based workplace health promotion program on morale of inner
      city teachers.
AB  - Results from an evaluation study designed to assess the impact of a school-based,
      workplace health promotion program on the morale of inner-city school teachers
      are reported. Teachers in 10 schools completed a questionnaire measuring
      components of morale prior to and following the opportunity to participate in a
      series of health promotion programs. Programs included stress management,
      nutrition education, healthy back, fitness, weight control, and recreational
      activities. Data also were collected on teachers from a comparison group of
      schools in the same district. Measures of teachers' pretest and posttest
      perceptions of the school environment, particularly in terms of perceived control
      over work activities and participation (ie, empowerment, p less than .05) at
      posttest, indicated morale was enhanced in schools that implemented the program.

PMID- 2299816
TI  - Implications of role expansion for school nurse managers.

PMID- 2299817
TI  - An outbreak of pertussis-like syndrome in Boulder County, Colorado.

PMID- 2299818
TI  - Epilepsy: the school nurse's dilemma.

PMID- 2299819
TI  - Students need skills to prevent HIV infection.

PMID- 2299820
TI  - Evaluation of the Coalition Index: A Guide to School Health Education Materials.
AB  - This evaluation examined the diffusion of an innovation entitled the Coalition
      Index: A Guide to School Health Education Materials. After distributing the Index
      to a sample of school district health coordinators (n = 39), interviews were
      completed with 92% of coordinators about their perceptions of the Index and their
      concern for organizing health resources within their professional role. A one
      year follow-up interview was conducted to determine levels of implementation and
      diffusion. Coordinators responded favorably to the Index as an innovation.
      Concern scores were limited to those relating to self-management and task
      management. Moreover, concern scores demonstrated significant, positive
      associations (p less than .01) with current use of the Index, and 49% of
      coordinators were users of the innovation one year after introduction. Results
      are discussed as they relate to diffusion of innovation stages.

PMID- 2299821
TI  - The changing nature of public schools: implications for teacher preparation.
AB  - The changing nature of public schools in America reflects an increasing demand
      for accountability in public institutions. One outgrowth of this change is the
      "agency" orientation of the school. This orientation requires schools to
      participate fully in the larger social service network supporting many of
      America's students. The teacher's role in this new school environment is
      discussed and strengths and weaknesses of current training of teachers is
      highlighted. Particular emphasis is placed on the changing nature of the entering
      teaching major. Teacher thinking styles that promote success in general, and
      success in health teaching in particular, are identified. The need to make
      incoming teachers aware of the "realities" of the teaching environment is
      discussed. Person-environment fit issues are reviewed in terms of their
      implications for teacher training. The importance of the teaching minor is
      discussed focusing on the new demands of health educators in schools, and
      recommendations are offered to increase the potential success of the health
      educator as a change agent.

PMID- 2299822
TI  - A secondary analysis of the School Health Education Evaluation data base.
AB  - This secondary analysis examined variables directly related to teacher training
      not fully examined in the School Health Education Evaluation (SHEE). The problem
      was to determine the effect of School Health Curriculum Project (SHCP) teacher
      training and curriculum implementation variables on overall student health
      knowledge, attitude, and self-reported practice scores in SHCP grades four-six.
      The major variables of interest had no statistically significant interactive
      effects on student scores in the knowledge, attitude, and practice domains. The
      teacher implementation variable had significant (p less than or equal to .05)
      main effects on student scores within attitude and practice domains in addition
      to statistically significant effects on related subscores within categorical item
      areas. Design flaws, which represent serious threats to internal and external
      validity of the primary analysis, may have effected results associated with this
      project.

PMID- 2299823
TI  - A process evaluation of the District of Columbia "Know Your Body" project.
AB  - A process evaluation was conducted of the effectiveness of the "Know Your Body"
      curriculum in reducing coronary heart disease risk factors among black elementary
      and junior high school students. The evaluation, part of a five-year longitudinal
      study, linked effectiveness of teachers' implementation with student outcomes and
      identified program weaknesses during implementation. Teachers with higher
      effectiveness scores had significantly more favorable student outcomes in
      systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol,
      HDL/cholesterol ratio, serum thiocyanate, and fitness. Of 82 teachers, 38 (46%)
      had scores reflecting effective teaching. Lack of time and commitment and
      inadequate use of the behavioral teaching approach demanded by the curriculum
      contributed most to implementation failure. Teachers as insufficient role models
      emerged as an important factor. Future research needs appropriate reinforcement
      of teacher participation and measurement of the environmental factors and
      personal teacher characteristics that may affect program implementation. School
      health education programs need an intensive training component that will enable
      teachers to adopt behavioral teaching approaches, promote teacher's examination
      and change of their personal risk factors, and stress the classroom dynamic of
      teachers as role models.

PMID- 2299824
TI  - Assessing breathing patterns in first aid training.

PMID- 2299825
TI  - Adolescent mental health: collaboration among psychiatric mental health nurses
      and school nurses.

PMID- 2299826
TI  - Research offers hope to persons living with AIDS.

PMID- 2299827
TI  - Comprehension of reversible sentences in specifically language-impaired children.
AB  - This study investigated comprehension of reversible sentences in specifically
      language-impaired (SLI) children. Two experiments, using different paradigms,
      were undertaken. In Experiment 1, 14 SLI children (aged 4:10-7:10) were compared
      with children matched on chronological age and language age (LA). Subjects acted
      out 36 semantically reversible sentences that varied in thematic content
      (transitives, locatives, and datives) and in the order of thematic roles
      (canonical and noncanonical). The SLI children performed at a significantly lower
      level than both control groups. In Experiment 2, the same sentences were
      presented using a picture-pointing task. A single word vocabulary test preceded
      the test sentences to assess semantic knowledge of the predicates. Sixteen SLI
      children were compared with language age controls. No significant differences
      were found between the performance of the two groups on the vocabulary test, and
      in general, the results of Experiment 2 supported those of Experiment 1. Analysis
      of individual children's error patterns identified qualitative differences
      between the SLI children and the LA controls. The majority of SLI children had a
      very high proportion of word order errors. The proportion of word order errors of
      the SLI children, unlike those of the LA controls, was unrelated to language age.
      These findings are considered in relation to the processes involved in sentence
      comprehension.

PMID- 2299828
TI  - Methodological variables affecting phonational frequency range in adults.
AB  - This study examined the effects of selected elicitation variables on phonational
      frequency (Fo) range in normal adults. Twenty men and 20 women responded to five
      audiotaped tone conditions: (a) discrete steps, (b) slow steps, (c) fast steps,
      (d) slow glissando, and (e) fast glissando. These stimuli were devised to elicit
      each person's maximal and minimal Fo. All elicitation conditions evoked a
      significantly higher maximal Fo and a significantly larger Fo range (in both
      hertz and semitones) than did the discrete-steps condition. Fast steps produced a
      significantly higher minimal Fo than did fast glissando. Both slow glissando and
      fast glissando yielded a significantly larger Fo range in semitones than did fast
      steps. Finally, the women demonstrated a significantly larger Fo range (in hertz
      but not semitones) than did the men.

PMID- 2299829
TI  - Phoneme-specific nasal emission in children with and without physical anomalies
      of the velopharyngeal mechanism.
AB  - Phoneme-specific nasal emission was identified in 36 children ranging in age from
      3 years, 3 months to 16 years, 5 months; 19 children had no physical anomalies of
      the orofacial mechanism, whereas 17 had findings ranging from minor to severe.
      Five patterns of phoneme-specific nasal emission were exhibited by 2 or more
      children. An additional eight patterns were exhibited by 1 child each. Sibilants
      were clearly the most frequently affected phonemes. There was no significant
      correlation between the number of phonemes affected by nasal emission and the
      number of phonologic processes exhibited by the children in either subject group.
      The two subject groups were more alike than different in the speech behaviors
      observed, underscoring a fundamental homogeneity among speakers who exhibit
      phoneme-specific nasal emission.

PMID- 2299831
TI  - Speech and language development after infant tracheostomy.
AB  - This study describes the speech/language development of 31 children who had been
      fitted with an endotracheal tube. Intubation in all cases occurred prior to 13
      months of age and remained in situ for more than 3 months. These children were
      chosen from a pool of 130 potential subjects. Individuals diagnosed as having a
      primary neurological disorder, developmental delays, or mental retardation were
      excluded from the study. Demographic, birth, and medical factors that might also
      affect language outcome were documented. Standardized outcome measures were used
      to assess speech, language, and cognitive development of the children seen for
      testing. For the entire group of children, the overall measures of language
      functioning at follow-up were within normal limits and commensurate with
      cognitive ability. However, when a breakdown of results based on the children's
      ages was done, a clear pattern of language disability was noted in the expressive
      language of the oldest group of children tested. These findings raise questions
      about this group of children who were previously thought to develop speech and
      language skills normally.

PMID- 2299830
TI  - Analogical learning and transfer in language-impaired children.
AB  - In this study, the trial-by-trial acquisition procedures developed by Gholson,
      Eymard, Morgan, and Kamhi (1987) were used to examine analogical reasoning
      processes in school-age language-impaired (LI) children and normal age peers.
      Subjects were 16 LI and 16 normally developing children between the ages 6:4 and
      8:9 years. Half of the subjects heard only verbal presentations of the problems,
      whereas the other half heard the verbal presentations while simultaneously
      viewing physical demonstrations of the problems. The LI children who heard only
      verbal presentations of the problems took significantly longer to acquire the
      problem solutions than the other LI children and the normal children in both
      conditions. There were no differences in children's performance on the transfer
      task. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

PMID- 2299832
TI  - Familial phonological disorders: four pedigrees.
AB  - The pedigrees of 4 children with a severe phonological disorder demonstrating
      three generations of members with speech/language problems are presented. All 4
      probands were female with two mothers, two fathers, and five out of six siblings
      affected. All pedigrees contained family members with dyslexia and learning
      disabilities as well as speech disorders. Family members varied in the type of
      speech problems that they demonstrated and the severity of their disorder, thus
      suggesting variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. An autosomal dominant
      mode, a multifactorial-polygenic model, and a sex-specific threshold model for
      expression are discussed.

PMID- 2299833
TI  - A request for clarification of Huh?, What?, and I didn't understand that.

PMID- 2299834
TI  - Comment on "Otitis Media in Early Childhood and Its Relationship to Later
      Phonological Development".

PMID- 2299835
TI  - Clinical implications from Meyers (1989) on preschool stutterers and their
      conversational partners: too much ado about null.

PMID- 2299836
TI  - Acoustic analysis of voice in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a longitudinal case
      study.
AB  - Acoustic measures of phonatory instability (coefficient of variation for
      amplitude, coefficient of variation for frequency, shimmer, jitter, and harmonics
      to-noise ratio), phonatory limits (maximum fundamental frequency range and
      maximum duration of vowel phonation), and the nasal-oral amplitude ratio were
      measured five times throughout a 6-month period from the phonation of a 69-year
      old male patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an age- and sex
      matched control subject, and on one occasion from a 16-subject control group
      matched to the patient in age and sex. The patient was free of vocal symptoms at
      the initiation of the study. When compared to the other recording sessions, the
      final recording of the ALS patient was characterized by increased coefficient of
      variation for amplitude, increased coefficient of variation for frequency,
      increased shimmer, increased jitter, reduced harmonics-to-noise ratio, and
      reduced maximum vowel duration. These acoustic manifestations of increased
      phonatory instability and reduced phonatory limits over time were in contrast to
      the consistency observed in the phonation of the longitudinal control subject and
      were outside the range of plus or minus one standard deviation on most acoustic
      variables when compared to the control group. These findings support the
      potential use of acoustic analysis in reflecting progression of ALS and suggest
      the need for further studies to investigate the relationship between acoustic
      analysis of voice and manifestations of neurological disease.

PMID- 2299837
TI  - The incidence of communication disorders in dysphagic patients.
AB  - A retrospective study investigated the incidence and types of communication
      problems in 115 patients referred for swallowing difficulties. Each patient had a
      bedside swallowing evaluation completed as well as a screening of communication
      abilities. A formal speech-language evaluation was done when warranted and
      possible. Of the 115 patients, 93 had suspected swallowing problems based on the
      bedside evaluation done by the speech-language pathologist. Videofluoroscopy was
      performed on 85 of these patients. A significant positive correlation was found
      between communication impairments and both suspected and videofluoroscopically
      confirmed dysphagia. Cognitive problems were the most frequent communication
      impairment with dysarthria being second. Neurological diseases were the most
      common medical diagnoses in patients with swallowing difficulties. The case is
      presented for the speech-language pathologist to be the primary diagnostician and
      manager of both communication and oral-pharyngeal swallowing disorders whether
      they co-occur or not.

PMID- 2299838
TI  - Fast mapping word-learning abilities of language-delayed preschoolers.
AB  - The fast mapping skills of language-delayed 5-year-old children were
      investigated. Children viewed a video presentation in which four kinds of
      unfamiliar words (object, action, attribute, and affective state) were
      incorporated into a narrative script. The pre- and postviewing comprehension of
      the targeted words was measured. The language-delayed children were compared to
      two groups, one matched for chronological age (CA) and the other matched for mean
      length of utterance (MLU). Children were randomly assigned to experimental and
      control conditions. All three groups indicated fast mapping of unfamiliar words,
      although the language-delayed children scored lower than the MLU-matched group,
      who in turn scored lower than the CA-matched group. The experimental effects were
      most pronounced for object and attribute words. The limited fast mapping of the
      language-delayed group was not accounted for by a restricted general vocabulary
      nor by a general delay in grammatical development.

PMID- 2299839
TI  - Intonation and fundamental frequency in male-to-female transsexuals.
AB  - Twenty speakers, diagnosed as male-to-female transsexuals, produced
      conversational recordings of speech and voice. The samples were submitted to
      perceptual evaluations and to acoustic analysis by means of a Visi-Pitch, Apple
      IIe microcomputer system. Transsexuals categorized as having female voices had
      higher fundamental frequencies (fo), less extensive downward intonations, a
      higher percentage of upward intonations and downward shifts, and a smaller
      percentage of level intonations and level shifts than transsexuals categorized as
      having male voices. The lowest average fo identified as belonging to a female
      speaker was 155 Hz. Higher (more feminine) ratings on the masculinity-femininity
      dimension correlated with fo (r = .89), percentage of level shifts (r = -.67),
      percentage of downward shifts (r = .50), percentage of level intonations (r = 
      .43), and percentage of upward intonations (r = .40). Findings are discussed in
      terms of the relative perceptual salience of average fundamental frequency and
      patterns of intonation for female voice quality.

PMID- 2299840
TI  - Vibratory characteristics of Teflon-injected and noninjected paralyzed vocal
      folds.
AB  - This study compared the vibratory characteristics of normal vocal folds, Teflon
      injected paralyzed vocal folds, and noninjected paralyzed vocal folds. Laryngeal
      videostroboscopy under eight phonatory conditions showed that the Teflon-injected
      vocal folds were adynamic. The noninjected vocal folds, however, vibrated during
      each of the phonatory conditions although not necessarily like a normal vocal
      fold. In terms of vocal fold physiology, it appeared that the noninjected
      paralyzed vocal folds were too compliant, whereas the Teflon-injected vocal folds
      were too stiff. Because vocal fold paralysis is often treated in voice therapy
      with "digital manipulation" and "head turning," the effect of these techniques on
      vocal fold vibration was also studied. The results showed that digital
      manipulation was superior to head turning for improving glottal closure but that
      neither technique appeared to influence the periodicity, amplitude, or extent of
      vocal fold vibration for either the injected or noninjected vocal folds.

PMID- 2299841
TI  - A descending LOT-Bekesy screening test for functional hearing loss.
AB  - This study investigated the screening efficiency of a descending version of
      Hattler's Lengthened Off-time (LOT) Bekesy test. The Descending LOT (DELOT) test
      was administered to 24 subjects who presented unequivocal audiometric evidence of
      functional hearing loss during clinical examinations and 30 subjects with no
      audiometric evidence of functional loss. The DELOT format substantially increased
      screening sensitivity: 29.2% more functional group subjects and 42.2% more
      functional group ears were identified correctly relative to LOT test
      identifications. There was one marginally positive DELOT outcome involving one
      ear in the nonfunctional group. The high sensitivity of the DELOT test was
      clearly a function of significantly larger intertrace gaps caused by the DELOT
      trace. The mean intertrace gap for the DELOT test was more than 10 dB greater
      than the gap for the LOT test.

PMID- 2299842
TI  - Acknowledgment and severity of stuttering as factors influencing nonstutterers'
      perceptions of stutterers.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine (a) if nonstutterers prefer to
      interact with mild and severe stutterers who acknowledge their stuttering and (b)
      if nonstutterers' perceptions of mild and severe stutterers' intelligence,
      personality, and appearance are altered as a function of stutterers'
      acknowledgment of their stuttering. Acknowledgment and nonacknowledgment
      videotapes of two mild and two severe male stutterers were made during interview
      situations. Eighty-four female subjects examined the interview tapes and were
      then instructed to answer questions and complete adjective scales. Findings
      indicate that significant numbers of female nonstutterers prefer to interact with
      severe stutterers who acknowledged their stuttering. Mild and severe stutterers
      who acknowledged their stuttering receive more favorable ratings on intelligence,
      personality, and appearance.

PMID- 2299843
TI  - Cerebellar white matter after long-term ethanol consumption in mice.
AB  - Although the cortex of the cerebellum has been studied in ethanol-treated rats
      and mice, the condition of the cerebellar white matter in such animals has not
      been described. We have maintained adult mice on a 9% ethanol nutritious diet for
      4 months after which some were sacrificed while others were kept for a further 4
      months on an ethanol-free diet. Convincing signs of axonal degeneration were not
      found in either of the ethanol-treated groups, nor could the groups be
      distinguished on the basis of neuroglial cell counts. The presence of
      degenerating Purkinje cells and cellular atrophy in the granule cell layer does
      however imply the existence of some degeneration in the medullary layer. Cellular
      degeneration was found to be occurring in the cerebellar cortex after 4 months of
      withdrawal from the alcoholic diet as well as immediately after 4 months of
      alcohol consumption. The medullary layer appears not to be a sensitive indicator
      of damage in long-term ethanol consumption in the mouse.

PMID- 2299844
TI  - The effect of ethanol on exercise-induced muscle damage.
AB  - The effect of ethanol ingestion on exercise-induced muscle damage was examined.
      It has been reported that a reduced leakage of muscle proteins was found when
      alcohol was ingested prior to exercise. The results of that study were confounded
      by repeating the same exercise using the same muscle groups; the alcohol
      treatment was always given on the second exercise bout so that the reduced
      protein leakage may be due to a rapid training effect. The present study was
      designed to control for rapid training effect when examining the effects of
      ethanol ingestion on exercise-induced protein leakage from muscle. Also, this
      study examined the effect of acute ethanol ingestion on other indicators of
      muscle damage: force generation, muscle stiffness and muscle soreness. Ten women
      subjects performed two similar exercise regimens, one with each arm, separated by
      at least 10 days. Alcohol was ingested prior to exercising one arm and a
      nonalcoholic beverage ingested prior to exercising the contralateral arm. The
      exercises resulted in increased serum creatine kinase activity (p less than .05)
      and muscle pain (p less than .01), and decreased range of motion (p less than
      .01) and strength (p less than .01), indicating muscle damage. There was no
      significant difference between the alcohol and nonalcohol conditions for any
      criterion measure. It was concluded that acute ingestion of alcohol has no effect
      on several indicators of exercise-induced muscle damage.

PMID- 2299845
TI  - Alcohol consumption, blood alcohol level and the relevance of body weight in
      experimental design and analysis.
AB  - In healthy male subjects, intake of alcohol is not closely related to body weight
      although there is a significant correlation between consumption and body weight
      in the younger age group. No association was observed between age and alcohol
      consumption. Age did show a significant association when expressed in terms of
      intake per weight. Eight hours after consumption blood alcohol did not vary
      significantly in people with different body weight; total body water is probably
      the key factor. This study raises doubts about experimental designs and
      calculations of blood alcohol whereby assumption is made that correcting alcohol
      dose for body weight would give precise information. Conclusions from such
      studies could in fact be misleading.

PMID- 2299846
TI  - Relationship of alcohol abuse history to nighttime hypoxemia in abstaining
      chronic alcoholic men.
AB  - The nighttime blood oxygen saturation of 35 abstaining chronic alcoholic men was
      studied. Regression analyses indicated that various measures of alcohol abuse
      history (r = -.61, p less than .001) account for significant variance in
      nighttime hypoxemia. Age (r = -.39, p less than .05) and smoking history (r =
      .45, p less than .01) were less powerful predictors and both obesity and days
      abstinent from alcohol failed to correlate with hypoxemia. Possible mechanisms to
      explain the relationship between alcohol abuse history and hypoxemia are
      discussed. This and previously reported findings indicate that chronic alcohol
      abuse may predispose an individual to nighttime hypoxemia and be a risk factor
      for sleep apnea.

PMID- 2299847
TI  - The history of anxiety symptoms among 171 primary alcoholics.
AB  - This study used patient and resource person face-to-face interviews to explore
      the history of anxiety symptoms and syndromes in 171 primary alcoholic male
      veterans on an alcohol treatment program. Almost all men (98%) reported at least
      one symptom of anxiety during drinking or withdrawal, including 80% who related
      problems with palpitations and/or shortness of breath. In addition, seven men
      (4%) described at least one episode of panic lasting from 1 to 4 or more hours,
      although only two of these individuals experienced three or more panic attacks in
      a 3-week period in the context of heavy drinking or withdrawal. No men evidenced
      repetitive panic attacks either before the onset of heavy drinking or in the
      context of a protracted period of abstinence. Seven individuals (4%) fulfilled
      criteria for generalized anxiety symptoms when dry for 3 or more months. The
      histories of treatment by mental health workers or in psychiatric facilities
      taken together with the symptom picture generated from patient and resource
      person interviews do not indicate an elevated incidence of either panic disorder
      or generalized anxiety that is independent of heavy drinking.

PMID- 2299848
TI  - A comparison of methods for assessing sociopathy in male and female alcoholics.
AB  - This study compared four methods for assessing sociopathy in alcoholics. A total
      of 79 male and 39 female inpatient alcoholics were administered the following
      scales: (1) the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) which provides a DSM-III
      diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (APD) and an antisocial symptom
      count; (2) the Hare Psychopathy Checklist; (3) the Socialization scale from the
      California Psychological Inventory (CPI-So); and (4) the MMPI-168 Psychopathic
      Deviate (Pd) scale. Factor analysis for the four continuous measures (DIS symptom
      count, Hare, CPI-So, MMPI-168 Pd) resulted in a one factor solution, implying
      that all four scales measure a single underlying construct. The CPI-So had the
      highest loading, indicating that this measure has the strongest degree of
      association with the underlying construct of sociopathy. Results of a
      discriminant function analysis indicated that only the CPI-So reliably
      discriminated between alcoholics diagnosed APD and non-APD by the DIS. These
      findings indicate that CPI-So is a valid and easily administered continuous
      measure of sociopathy in alcoholic patients.

PMID- 2299849
TI  - Alcohol abuse and its psychosocial correlates in sons of alcoholics as young men
      and in the general population of young men in Prague.
AB  - A sample of 107 sons of alcoholics aged 22-33 is compared to a representative
      sample of 1,274 Prague men of the same age range with respect to alcohol abuse
      and its psychosocial antecedents and correlates. Data sources were cumulative
      records of alcohol abuse in health care files and interviews. The estimated
      relative risk of alcohol abuse for sons of alcoholics versus other men is about
      3.5 with both registration and self-report criteria if a broad definition of
      abuse is adopted. If, however, serious registered abuse and/or medical treatment
      of alcoholism at or before age 22 is the criterion of abuse, the estimated
      relative risk is about 10. In both compared samples, father's low education,
      discontinued family socialization and undisciplined behavior in childhood were
      antecedents of abuse registered at or before age 22. Self-reported abuse in the 6
      months before interview had similar psychosocial correlates in both samples
      (heavily drinking friends, a positive attitude to heavy drinking, etc.). In both
      samples about 40% began to drink regularly at 17 or earlier. However, early start
      of drinking led very frequently to early registered abuse in sons of alcoholics
      whereas no such contingency was observed in the general male population.

PMID- 2299850
TI  - The future of biochemistry in alcohol research.

PMID- 2299851
TI  - Social occasions and the perceived appropriateness of consuming different
      alcoholic beverages.
AB  - Based on a national probability sample of 2,401 Americans aged 21 and over (1,069
      of whom were deemed "drinkers" on the basis of having drunk at least one
      alcoholic beverage within the previous 7 days), this study looks at differences
      in the perceived situational appropriateness of drinking beer, distilled spirits,
      wine and wine coolers in each of six social occasions. It was found that wine is
      usually deemed appropriate in integrative, social enjoyment-enhancing situations.
      Beer use tends to be viewed ambivalently, with a sort of "cross-situational
      neutrality"; its use is neither strongly condoned nor strongly condemned in any
      of the six social contexts under study. People's attitudes toward the use of
      distilled spirits are best described as allowing for a "cautious indulgence" in
      this beverage. The respondents tend to favor drinking distilled spirits during
      integrative social occasions, feel ambivalently toward drinking in social
      contexts that are simultaneously integrative and disintegrative and disfavor
      drinking during disintegrative and anxiety-reductive social occasions. Wine
      cooler use is viewed inconsistently, perhaps with a tendency toward being seen as
      appropriate for consumption during integrative social occasions that involve
      having a good time. Sex, income and marital status differences were found to be
      minimal. Age, though, was found to be a discerning variable in many of these
      relationships, such that people aged 65 or older were less likely than their
      younger counterparts to endorse drinking in all of the social contexts under
      study, except for drinking as a perfect complement to a nice dinner.

PMID- 2299852
TI  - Accurate measurement of blood alcohol concentration with isothermal rebreathing.
AB  - The importance of interaction of exhaled air with the airway surface was
      evaluated by comparing the effects of different breathing maneuvers and inhaled
      air temperature on the relationship between breath alcohol concentration (BRAC)
      and blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Breath alcohol was measured with an
      infrared absorption unit. Blood and simulator liquid alcohol concentrations were
      measured by gas chromatography. Breath samples were measured after both low and
      high exhaled volumes and after rebreathing. Breathing maneuvers were performed
      after either hyperventilation, breathhold or normal breathing. Inspired air
      temperature was varied between 0 degree C and 40 degrees C. The rebreathing
      method for sampling alveolar alcohol samples was evaluated with a new isothermal
      rebreather that was designed to provide a substantial amount of heat to the
      rebreathed air in order to heat the airway surfaces. Using a single breath test,
      the indicated BAC values vary from 14% above the actual BAC to as low as 55%
      below the actual BAC. Hyperventilation caused a significant decrease in BRAC and
      breathhold caused a significant increase in BRAC. When isothermal rebreathing is
      applied to such tests, the breath test results were always within +/- 10% of the
      true BAC, even with an altered breathing pattern. Isothermal rebreathing provided
      an accurate sample of alveolar air that was not affected by altered breathing
      pattern or air temperature.

PMID- 2299853
TI  - Five-year reliability of self-reported alcohol consumption.
AB  - Reliability of alcohol consumption reported on a self-administered questionnaire
      was examined in 73 gynecologic outpatients. The questionnaire included quantity
      frequency questions on current beverage-specific alcohol use (wine, beer and
      liquor). The questions were replicated 5 years later for both the earlier period
      and for current drinking patterns. Results indicated that, in general, original
      and retrospective data were highly correlated. Only recall of wine, the least
      frequently drunk beverage, was more highly correlated with current than with
      original consumption. Frequency of drinking was typically recalled better than
      quantity per occasion. Beverage-specific absolute alcohol per day (AA) was less
      reliable than total AA. Retrospective AA values accounted for 86% of the
      variability in original scores. The heaviest drinkers, however, tended to report
      disproportionately greater alcohol intake in retrospect. Thus, almost twice as
      many heavy drinkers were identified on the basis of their retrospective reports
      compared to those identified by their original reports. Results from this study
      suggest that considerable confidence can be placed in retrospective reports of
      total alcohol consumption by nonalcoholic women over a relatively long-term
      interval and that heavy drinking may be reported more accurately retrospectively
      than currently.

PMID- 2299854
TI  - Dimensions of alcoholism: a multivariate analysis.
AB  - The present study multivariately interrelated demographic and psychometric
      variables that have been extensively researched in the alcoholism literature.
      These variables included the essential-reactive continuum, degree of familial
      alcoholism, subjective distress, antisocial personality features and gender. Data
      were collected for 76 inpatients (56 male and 20 female) meeting DSM-III criteria
      for alcohol abuse/dependence. The mean age of the sample was 38.9 years and
      ranged in age from 18 to 69 years. Three factors with eigenvalues greater than 1
      were extracted. Factor 1 was labeled Neuroticism, and measures of depression,
      anxiety, neuroticism and female gender had the highest loadings. Number of first
      degree relatives with alcoholism, essential (early onset and greater severity)
      alcoholism and greater antisocial propensity had the highest loadings on Factor
      2, labeled "Essential-Familial." The Extroversion scale of the Eysenck
      Personality Inventory and number of second-degree relatives with alcoholism
      loaded most highly on Factor 3, labeled "Extroversion." Theoretical and clinical
      implications associated with these dimensions of alcoholism and variously
      proposed alcoholic subtypes are discussed.

PMID- 2299855
TI  - Alternative approaches to the measurement of consumption and price of alcoholic
      beverages, Canada, 1957-1983.
AB  - Alternative accepted methods of aggregating prices and quantities of beer,
      spirits and wine could yield different conclusions for intertemporal comparisons.
      In this study Fisher's index is used to measure changes in per capita consumption
      and price of alcoholic beverages in Canada, 1957-83. The results are typically
      very close to those obtained from measures based on pure alcohol content.

PMID- 2299856
TI  - Esophageal reconstruction for complex benign esophageal disease.
AB  - We report the cases of 35 patients with complex benign esophageal disease who
      required radical surgical reconstruction. These patients had undergone 63
      previous esophageal operations. Twenty-seven patients required
      esophagogastrectomy, four had esophageal exclusion before colon interposition,
      two had cardioplasty, and two without stricture did not require resection.
      Reconstruction was achieved by esophagogastrostomy in six patients, colon
      interposition in eight, and acid suppression and alkaline diversion in 21. One
      patient died of pneumonia 2 weeks after esophagogastrostomy. The overall rate of
      postoperative improvement was 70%, but the condition of 86% of patients was
      improved after the acid-suppression and alkaline-diversion procedure, which is
      the reconstructive procedure we prefer in properly selected patients with complex
      benign esophageal disease.

PMID- 2299857
TI  - Risk stratification and long-term results after surgical treatment of carcinomas
      of the thoracic esophagus and cardia. A 25-year retrospective study.
AB  - During 25 years (1960 to 1984), 657 patients (aged 22 to 91, mean 66 years) were
      operated on for carcinomas (squamous cell, n = 230; adenocarcinoma, n = 399;
      anaplastic, n = 28) of the thoracic esophagus (n = 347) or gastric cardia (n =
      310). Esophagogastrectomy was accomplished in 514 patients, of whom 94% (n = 481)
      had an "inkwell" esophagogastrostomy performed. The hospital mortality rate (less
      than or equal to 30 days) was 19% and the 5-year cumulative survival rate was 9%
      +/- 1% (standard error). A Cox regression analysis enabled a detailed risk
      stratification of the patients. T, N, and M class and age were the strongest
      predictor variables. The general status of the patients, including pulmonary
      disease, also had a strong prognostic influence. Eight risk groups were
      identified having 1-year and 5-year survival rates of 71%/41% (n = 35), 69%/24%
      (n = 80), 47%/11% (n = 125), 30%/6% (n = 139), 12%/0% (n = 105), 6%/0% (n = 71),
      2%/0% (n = 57), and 0%/0% (n = 45) (p less than 0.0001). Hospital mortality (from
      6% to 42%) and complication rates increased significantly from the low-risk to
      high-risk groups. Comparisons with survival rates of background populations
      matched to each of the first four risk groups indicated that the benefit of
      surgical treatment may be underestimated if only patient survivals are judged.
      Use of modern endoscopic and noninvasive tests may yield a reliable TNM
      classification without surgical exploration. Given the extremely poor prognostic
      outlook together with high hospital mortality and complication rates of the four
      last risk groups, an aggressive surgical approach with resection whenever
      possible can no longer be regarded rational. Selection for surgical treatment
      should be based on a detailed risk estimation that takes into account both TNM
      classification and general patient status.

PMID- 2299858
TI  - Prognostic factors in resected stages I and II adenocarcinoma of the lung. A
      multivariate regression analysis of 137 consecutive patients.
AB  - The prognostic factors for survival after radical resection of stages I and II
      adenocarcinoma of the lung were investigated in 137 consecutive patients.
      Seventeen variables were investigated by use of Cox's multivariate regression
      model. Factors predicting a poor prognosis were low status of Karnofsky
      performance, histologic subtype of solid carcinoma with formation of mucus, and
      T2 and N1 disease. The staging according to American Joint Committee on Cancer
      Staging did not provide significant information on survival when the variables
      describing T and N status were included in the Cox model. The new international
      staging system carried prognostic information because the new stages I and II are
      identical with the N0 and N1 groups. Groupings of patients according to the
      prognostic variables defined in this study allow for more detailed prediction of
      survival than can be achieved solely by T and N groupings. The prognostic
      information may be used in the design and interpretation of clinical trials and
      in the selection of patients who might be considered potential candidates for
      studies of adjuvant treatment.

PMID- 2299860
TI  - Surgical management of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in infants and small
      children.
AB  - Surgical ablation of accessory conduction pathways has rarely been reported in
      infants and small children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In the interval
      January 1985 to September 1988, 19 infants and children aged 5 or younger have
      undergone surgical ablation of accessory conduction pathways because of recurrent
      supraventricular tachycardia. There were 12 (63%) boys and seven (37%) girls. Age
      ranged from 4 to 66 months (mean 33.8 months). Nine infants were less than 24
      months old. Weight ranged from 5.5 to 2.16 kg (mean 13.2 kg). All 19 patients had
      symptoms, with duration of symptoms ranging from 3 to 63 months (mean 21 months).
      Accessory conduction pathways were classified preoperatively as left free wall in
      four (21%), right free wall in nine (47%), and posterior septal in six (32%). No
      multiple pathways were recognized preoperatively. Left ventricular function was
      abnormal in four (21%) preoperatively. Free wall pathways (n = 13) were
      surgically dissected and septal pathways (n = 6) were cryoablated at -70 degrees
      C. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 60 +/- 4 minutes. Mean crossclamp time
      was 42 +/- 2 minutes in those undergoing surgical dissection. Mean postoperative
      stay was 6.4 +/- 0.2 days. There were no deaths, no significant postoperative
      complications, and no instance of complete heart block. All patients were
      considered cured at the time of discharge. At a mean follow-up of 12.7 months, 18
      (94.7%) remain cured. One patient with Ebstein's anomaly and a right free wall
      pathway had a recurrent supraventricular tachycardia 3 months postoperatively,
      and repeat electrophysiologic study has shown a previously unsuspected anterior
      septal pathway. Ventricular function returned to normal in all four patients who
      had abnormal function preoperatively. Surgical ablation of accessory conduction
      pathways can be safely done in infants and small children with results equal to
      those obtained in adults.

PMID- 2299859
TI  - Transatrial balloon technique for activation mapping during operations for
      recurrent ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Results of operations for recurrent ventricular tachycardia have improved since
      methods of mapping that allow a directed approach to the problem have been
      developed. With standard operative techniques (ventriculotomy and introduction of
      a hand-held probe or multiple electrode array), it has not always been possible
      to obtain satisfactory endocardial activation maps during the tachycardia. We
      have recently developed a new transatrial balloon approach that has greatly
      facilitated intraoperative mapping. This paper describes our total experience
      with the new approach and draws attention to details of the cardiopulmonary
      bypass technique and the surgical approach needed for safe balloon insertion
      across the mitral valve. We describe how correlation between position of target
      electrodes on the balloon and the internal geometry of the heart is achieved and
      discuss the choice and application of appropriate ablation techniques. In our
      series of 37 consecutive patients, 35% had a grade IV ventricle (ejection
      fraction less than 20%), 32% had a previous posterior infarct, 51% did not have a
      resectable aneurysm, and 54% had been receiving amiodarone within 1 month of the
      operation. These factors have been associated with poor operative results in
      other series. With the transatrial balloon technique, we were able to induce and
      map ventricular tachycardia in 100% of patients (average 2.6 +/- 1.3 morphologies
      per patient). Using a variety of ablation techniques (endocardial excision,
      cryoablation, or balloon electric shock ablation), we have achieved surgical
      control of the arrhythmias in 84% of patients with an operative mortality rate of
      14%. We recommend transatrial balloon mapping as the procedure of choice for
      intraoperative identification of arrhythmogenic foci in patients with recurrent
      ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 2299861
TI  - Surgical angioplasty of the left main coronary artery.
AB  - The conventional surgical treatment of isolated critical stenosis of the left
      main coronary artery restores a less physiologic perfusion of the myocardium,
      leads to occlusion of the left coronary ostium, and consumes an appreciable
      length of bypass material. Starting in June 1985, 23 surgical angioplasties have
      been performed in 22 patients. The left main stem was approached posteriorly in
      the first 11 patients, and an anterior approach was preferred in the last 12
      because of better exposure. The onlay patch consisted of saphenous vein in the
      first 14 patients; pericardium was preferred in the last nine. The five failures
      occurred early. Four of these occurred in patients older than 60 years in whom
      calcifications of the left main stem had been seen on the preoperative angiogram.
      Eighteen procedures (78.3%) succeeded, but one patient (5.5%) died later of a
      massive air embolism. The 17 survivors are free of symptoms (maximal stress test
      combined with thallium scintigraphy) after a mean follow-up of 24.3 months.
      Angiographic restudy at an average of 8 months was obtained in 14 patients
      (82.3%) and revealed an excellent result in 13. In five patients, a late
      angiographic restudy (22 to 37 months) still revealed perfect patency of the left
      main stem. Provided that well-defined contraindications (calcifications,
      involvement of the distal bifurcation, older age) are respected, surgical
      angioplasty deserves a place in the array of surgical strategies.

PMID- 2299862
TI  - Inferior epigastric artery as a free graft for myocardial revascularization.
AB  - The inferior epigastric artery was used as a free graft for direct myocardial
      revascularization in 22 patients from October 1987 to July 1988. The artery was
      used either alone or along with internal mammary artery or saphenous vein grafts.
      The inferior epigastric artery was dissected through an infraumbilical incision
      without entrance into the peritoneal cavity. The results depend on the technique
      used for the aortoepigastric anastomosis. When a segment of saphenous vein or a
      patch of bovine pericardium was sutured to a large aortic orifice with the
      inferior epigastric artery previously anastomosed to these patches, the patency
      rate of the free grafts in the early postoperative period was 100%. Histologic
      examination showed identical structure of the inferior epigastric artery and the
      internal mammary artery. Application of the inferior epigastric artery is an
      attempt to increase the use of arterial grafts for myocardial revascularization.

PMID- 2299863
TI  - Single-stage management of sternal wound infections.
AB  - Deep median sternotomy wound infection is a significant source of morbidity after
      cardiac operations. Accepted approaches in treating this complication include
      debridement with either sternal closure over an irrigation system or open
      dressings and closure by secondary intention. Muscle flaps are often used in
      subsequent procedures for wound closure. A single-stage procedure was developed
      to eliminate irrigation, open wound management, or reoperation for muscle flap
      closure. This approach consists of debridement and immediate closure with a
      pectoral musculocutaneous flap. The following report describes 31 patients
      treated by such a method. Compared with results of previous techniques in
      treating sternal wound infections, hospital study is decreased, fewer
      reoperations are needed, and patient management is simplified.

PMID- 2299864
TI  - Protection of the immature heart. Temperature-dependent beneficial or detrimental
      effects of multidose crystalloid cardioplegia in the neonatal rabbit heart.
AB  - There are conflicting reports of the detrimental or beneficial effects of
      hypothermic cardioplegia in the immature heart. We therefore investigated the
      temperature-dependence of myocardial protection and the ability of single-dose
      and multidose infusions of cardioplegic solution to protect the immature heart
      during hypothermic ischemia. Isolated, working hearts (n = 6 per group) from
      neonatal rabbits (aged 7 to 10 days) were perfused aerobically (37.0 degrees C)
      for 20 minutes before infusion (2 minutes) with either perfusion fluid
      (noncardioplegia control) or St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution and
      ischemic arrest (for 4, 6, and 18 hours) at various temperatures between 10.0
      degrees and 30.0 degrees C. Hearts arrested with cardioplegic solution received
      either one preischemic infusion only (single-dose cardioplegia) or repeated
      infusions at intervals of 60 or 180 minutes (multidose cardioplegia). Ischemic
      arrest with single-dose cardioplegia for 4 hours at 10.0 degrees, 20.0 degrees,
      22.5 degrees, 25.0 degrees, 27.5 degrees, and 30.0 degrees C resulted in 96.0% +/
      4.3%, 96.6 +/- 2.5%, 87.0% +/- 3.8%, 71.8% +/- 10.0% (p less than 0.05 versus
      10.0 degrees C group), 35.1% +/- 10.3% (p less than 0.01 versus 10.0 degrees C
      group), and 3.0% +/- 1.9% (p less than 0.04 versus 10.0 degrees C group) recovery
      of preischemic cardiac output, respectively. With 6 hours of ischemia at 20.0
      degrees C, single-dose cardioplegia significantly (p less than 0.01) increased
      the recovery of cardiac output from 20.9% +/- 13.1% (control) to 76.4% +/- 4.4%,
      whereas multidose cardioplegia (infusion every 60 minutes) further increased
      recovery to 97.8% +/- 3.8% (p less than 0.01 versus control and single-dose
      cardioplegia). In contrast, after 6 hours of ischemia at 10.0 degrees C, cardiac
      output recovered to 93.4% +/- 1.2% (control) and 92.3% +/- 3.1% (single-dose
      cardioplegia), whereas multidose cardioplegia reduced recovery to 76.9% +/- 2.2%
      (p less than 0.01 versus both groups). This effect was confirmed after 18 hours
      of ischemia at 10.0 degrees C; single-dose cardioplegia significantly increased
      the recovery of cardiac output from 24.5% +/- 10.9% (control) to 62.9% +/- 13.3%
      (p less than 0.05), whereas multidose cardioplegia reduced recovery to 0.8% +/-
      0.4% (p less than 0.01 versus single-dose cardioplegia) and elevated coronary
      vascular resistance from 8.90 +/- 0.56 mm Hg.min/ml (control) to 47.83 +/- 9.85
      mm Hg.min/ml (p less than 0.01). This effect was not reduced by lowering the
      infusion frequency (from every 60 to every 180 minutes).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2299865
TI  - Is protection of ischemic neonatal myocardium by cardioplegia species dependent?
AB  - Hypothermia combined with pharmacologic cardioplegia protects the globally
      ischemic adult heart, but this benefit may not extend to children, resulting in
      poor postischemic recovery of function and increased mortality. The relative
      susceptibilities to ischemia modified by hypothermia alone and by hypothermia
      plus cardioplegia were assessed in isolated perfused neonatal (3- to 4-day-old)
      rabbit and pig hearts. Hearts were perfused aerobically with Krebs buffer
      solution in the working mode for 30 minutes and aortic flow was recorded. This
      was followed by 3 minutes of hypothermic (14 degrees C) coronary perfusion with
      either Krebs or St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution No. 2 followed by
      hypothermic (14 degrees C) global ischemia (rabbits 2, 4, and 6 hours; pigs 2 and
      4 hours). Hearts were reperfused for 15 minutes in the Langendorff mode and 30
      minutes in the working mode, and recovery of postischemic aortic flow was
      measured. Hypothermia alone provided excellent protection of the ischemic
      neonatal rabbit heart, with recovery of aortic flow after 2 and 4 hours of
      ischemia at 91% +/- 4% and 87% +/- 5% (mean +/- standard deviation) of its
      preischemic value. Recovery after 6 hours of ischemia was depressed to 58% +/- 9%
      of its preischemic value. Ischemic neonatal pig hearts protected with hypothermia
      alone recovered 94% +/- 3% of preischemic aortic flow after 2 hours; none was
      able to generate flow after 4 hours. St. Thomas' Hospital solution No. 2
      decreased postischemic aortic flow after 4 hours of ischemia in rabbit hearts
      from 87% +/- 5% to 70% +/- 7% (p less than 0.05, hypothermia alone versus
      hypothermia plus cardioplegia) but improved postischemic recovery of aortic flow
      in pig hearts after 4 hours of ischemia from 0 to 73% +/- 13% (p less than
      0.0001, hypothermia alone versus hypothermia plus cardioplegia). This effect was
      dose related in both species. We conclude that the neonatal pig heart is more
      susceptible to ischemia modified by hypothermia alone than the neonatal rabbit
      and that St. Thomas' Hospital solution No. 2 improves postischemic recovery of
      function in the neonatal pig but decreases it in the neonatal rabbit. This
      species-dependent protection of the neonatal heart may be related to differences
      in the extent of myocardial maturity at the time of study.

PMID- 2299866
TI  - Ruptured aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva in Oriental patients.
AB  - Between 1964 and 1987, a total of 57 cases of ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of
      Valsalva underwent surgical correction at the National Taiwan University
      Hospital. This represents 0.96% of all cardiac operations. The origin of ruptured
      aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva was the right coronary sinus in 46, the
      noncoronary sinus in nine, and the left coronary sinus in two. The aneurysms
      ruptured into the right ventricle in 44, into the right atrium in 11, into the
      left ventricle in one, and into both the right ventricle and right atrium in one.
      Associated congenital cardiac anomalies included ventricular septal defect in 30
      patients, aortic regurgitation in 20, and infundibular pulmonic stenosis and
      coarctation of the aorta in one each. Operative death occurred in two patients
      (3.5%) and one patient had a successful reoperation. The remainder did well
      following surgery. To compare the differences between Oriental and Western
      countries in ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva, 361 cases (195 Oriental
      patients versus 166 Western) were collected from the literature. Analyses of
      these cases revealed that ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva in Oriental
      patients compared with Western series is characterized by a higher incidence (5
      times), more aneurysms originating from the right coronary sinus (87.9% versus
      63.6%), more aneurysm rupturing into the right ventricle (84.2% versus 56.6%), a
      higher incidence of association with ventricular septal defect (mainly
      supracristal) (59.0% versus 34.6%), less incidence of association with other
      congenital cardiac abnormalities (4.1% versus 21.5%), very few instances of
      rupturing into cardiac chambers other than the right ventricle and right atrium,
      and less incidence of occurrence in the extremities of ages (the youngest was 7
      years in Oriental patients versus 11 months in the Western series). In other
      words, ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva in Oriental patients is more or
      less a simple and uniform disease entity in contrast to the more diverse and
      protean pathologic profiles encountered in Western series. However, both Oriental
      patient and Western patient series have similar incidences of combination with
      aortic regurgitation (24.6% versus 20.0%), with 40.4% of Oriental patients and
      60.6% of Western patients presenting with intact ventricular septum. Therefore
      the pathogenetic mechanisms of ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva may at
      the same time contribute to the development of aortic regurgitation.

PMID- 2299867
TI  - Anomalies of the left atrioventricular valve and related ventricular septal
      morphology in atrioventricular septal defects.
AB  - A characteristic feature of atrioventricular septal defects is a deficiency of
      the inlet part of the ventricular septum that results in a "scooped out"
      appearance. The depth of the scoop in relation to the disposition of the
      atrioventricular valves has been debated. To clarify the relation between the
      morphology of the ventricular septum and the disposition of the atrioventricular
      valves, we quantified these anatomic features in 151 hearts at autopsy to
      determine whether those features identified particular groups within the overall
      lesion. We found that 137 hearts had left atrioventricular valves with three
      leaflets. The left valve in the other 14 hearts exhibited a dual orifice, a two
      leaflet or one-leaflet arrangement, or was imperforate. These anomalies could be
      analyzed in terms of a sequence of diminishing formation of the commissures.
      Also, three-leaflet valves displayed a variability in which the angular size of
      the mural leaflet correlated negatively with that of the inferior leaflet. In
      some of the hearts with a common atrioventricular orifice, the bridging leaflets
      did not meet over the ventricular septum, thus creating a "gap." The mural
      leaflet's angular size corresponded to a deficiency of the combined inferior
      mural leaflet complex. Hearts with an abnormal disposition of the left
      atrioventricular valve had the ventricular septum "scooped" to a greater extent
      than those with a common orifice, although most had separate right and left
      atrioventricular orifices.

PMID- 2299868
TI  - Rotation-advancement flap method for correction of partial anomalous pulmonary
      venous drainage into the superior vena cava.
AB  - Three patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the superior
      vena cava underwent repair by a rotation-advancement flap method. The technique
      consisted of atrial partitioning, enlargement of the superior vena cava, and
      protection of sinus node function. Follow-up studies of all patients were done
      between 12 and 15 months after the operation. The superior vena cava was not
      stenosed and its diameter was normal, as demonstrated by cavograms. Pulmonary
      venous return appeared normal on angiograms, and sinus node function was normal
      by electrophysiologic studies.

PMID- 2299869
TI  - Congenitally corrected transposition with normally positioned atria, straddling
      mitral valve, and isolated posterior atrioventricular node and bundle.
AB  - A heart is described with congenitally corrected transposition of the great
      arteries, normally positioned atria, and a straddling mitral valve. Instead of an
      anteriorly positioned atrioventricular node, a regularly positioned posterior
      node and bundle were observed. This observation has important clinical and
      surgical implications and underlines that close inspection of the alignment of
      atrial and ventricular septa during operations is mandatory.

PMID- 2299870
TI  - Septation and Fontan repair of univentricular atrioventricular connection.
AB  - From April 1986 to September 1988, 12 patients with double- or common-inlet left
      ventricle and left anterior rudimentary right ventricle underwent septation while
      17 patients with double- or common-inlet left or right ventricle underwent the
      Fontan operation. In the septation group, three patients who had pressure
      gradients ranging from 10 to 85 mm Hg between the left ventricle and the aorta
      underwent enlargement of the outlet foramen, and all survived. One of the 12
      patients had a common atrioventricular valve that was repaired by separating the
      atrioventricular valve by the procedure used for atrioventricular septal defect.
      One had complete heart block before septation and the other one had it after
      separation. One 17-year-old woman, who had the smallest left ventricle (168% of
      normal), died in the hospital (mortality, 8.3%). In the Fontan group, one patient
      who died in the hospital (5.9%) had high pulmonary resistance of 4.4 U/m2, and
      one late death (5.9%) occurred in a patient who had complete heart block and a
      high mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 20 mm Hg. Because of suprasystemic
      pressure in the pulmonary ventricle, two patients had immediate takedown of the
      septation repair and substitution of the Fontan repair. Although right atrial
      pressure was almost equal in both groups after operation, the cardiac index was
      significantly higher in the septation group than in the Fontan repair group (p
      less than 0.01). These data suggest that patients who are candidates for either
      septation or Fontan repair might fare better with septation.

PMID- 2299871
TI  - Two-patch repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect in the first year of
      life. Results and sequential assessment of atrioventricular valve function.
AB  - Before January 1987, 62 infants underwent two-patch repair of complete (51) or
      intermediate (11) atrioventricular septal defect at the Royal Children's
      Hospital, Melbourne. Median age at repair was 4.3 months and median weight was
      4.4 kg. Early deaths (3%) were confined to two infants with preoperative
      respiratory tract infections; a further two patients died during follow-up (late
      mortality rate 3%). Reoperation for severe postoperative mitral regurgitation was
      necessary in 10 infants (16%), two of whom subsequently required mitral valve
      replacement with a prosthesis. Preoperative atrioventricular valve regurgitation
      was assessed retrospectively in 49 patients from angiography or Doppler
      echocardiography and was found to be absent or mild in 33 (68%), moderate in 9
      (18%), and severe in 7 (14%). At the time of latest review (at a mean of 2.4
      years after repair), judged from a combination of clinical and echocardiographic
      criteria, mitral regurgitation was absent or mild in 49 (84%) of the 58
      survivors; none of them had symptomatic regurgitation or were requiring
      continuing medical treatment. Analysis of sequential atrioventricular valve
      function in 46 of the 49 patients in whom objective preoperative data were
      available showed no relationship between the degree of preoperative and
      postoperative atrioventricular valve regurgitation. Infants without Down's
      syndrome, however, had a significantly higher reoperation rate for severe
      postoperative mitral valve regurgitation (50%) than those with Down's syndrome
      (10%) (p = 0.007). Complete atrioventricular septal defect can be repaired in
      early infancy with a low mortality rate and good intermediate term results.

PMID- 2299872
TI  - A comparative clinical study on the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass with
      different flows and pressures on skeletal muscle cell metabolism in patients
      undergoing coronary bypass grafting.
AB  - This study compares the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass with different flows
      and pressures on intracellular energy metabolism, acid-base equilibrium, and
      muscle water compartments in two groups of patients undergoing coronary artery
      bypass grafting. Eighteen patients (16 men and two women aged 54 +/- 7 years, New
      York Heart Association class I-II) undergoing low flow (flow rate 1.5 L/min/m2 at
      26 degrees C), low pressure (mean arterial pressure 40 to 60 mm Hg)
      cardiopulmonary bypass, as well as 10 age-matched and sex-matched patients
      undergoing normal flow (flow rate 2.2 L/min/m2 at 26 degrees C), normal pressure
      (mean arterial pressure 60 to 80 mm Hg) bypass were studied. Intracellular acid
      base equilibrium (intracellular pH and intracellular bicarbonate), cell
      energetics (adenosine triphosphate, diphosphate, and monophosphate,
      phosphocreatine, and lactate), and muscle water compartments were evaluated in
      specimens of the quadriceps femoris muscle obtained by needle biopsy before and
      at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass. In both the low flow-low pressure and
      normal flow-normal pressure groups, adenosine triphosphate levels were unchanged
      at the end of bypass, whereas phosphocreatine concentration was decreased; muscle
      total water and extracellular water increased without variations of intracellular
      water; muscle and plasma lactate increased as intracellular bicarbonate
      decreased; intracellular pH values remained unchanged. The present study suggests
      the following: (1) Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with the overall
      preservation of intracellular compartment metabolism in skeletal muscle (about
      40% of body cell mass) of patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting, even
      though low phosphocreatine values and increased plasma and muscle lactate values
      found at the end of bypass could be an expression of cell functional reserve
      exhaustion; (2) the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on cell metabolism are
      comparable, regardless of the flows and pressures used.

PMID- 2299873
TI  - A new method of retrograde cardioplegic administration. Right ventricular
      protection by right atrial perfusion cooling.
AB  - Retrograde administration of cardioplegic solution via the right atrium with
      continuous cooling of the right ventricular cavity (right atrial perfusion
      cooling) was assessed for its protective effect in 12 dogs with occlusion of the
      right coronary artery subjected to global ischemia for 60 minutes. After an
      initial administration of 4 degrees C crystalloid cardioplegic solution by
      antegrade aortic perfusion, myocardial protection was established either by right
      atrial perfusion cooling (group I; n = 6) or by antegrade aortic perfusion alone
      (group II; n = 6). The right ventricular temperature was approximately 15 degrees
      C in group I and 20 degrees C in group II. After ischemia for 60 minutes, the
      adenosine triphosphate content of the right ventricular free wall was
      significantly higher in group I than in group II (24.4 +/- 1.45 versus 13.8 +/-
      2.34 mumol/gm dry weight, p less than 0.05). The percent recovery of right
      ventricular contractility, which was evaluated by end-systolic pressure-volume
      relationships, was significantly better in group I at each reperfusion period (30
      minutes: 130.0% +/- 9.6% versus 86.1% +/- 11.8%, p less than 0.05; 60 minutes:
      159.6% +/- 12.9% versus 96.5% +/- 20.1%, p less than 0.05). Postischemic right
      ventricular stiffness (reciprocal value of compliance) increased in group II
      compared with group I, although the difference was not statistically significant.
      There were no major differences in percent recovery of the left ventricular end
      systolic pressure-volume relationships between the two groups. The evidence
      suggests that the right atrial perfusion cooling method produces excellent right
      ventricular protection.

PMID- 2299874
TI  - Heterogeneous delivery of cardioplegic solution in the absence of coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - The prevention of intraoperative myocardial damage with cardioplegic solution
      depends in large measure on the completeness of its delivery. We created a model
      to study the regional flow distribution of cardioplegic solutions in nondiseased,
      diastolically arrested, maximally vasodilated canine hearts. Global and regional
      myocardial flows were measured at different perfusion pressures in hearts
      perfused either with blood cardioplegic solution (n = 8) or oxygenated
      crystalloid cardioplegic solution (n = 2). As coronary perfusion decreased, flow
      in all layers fell significantly (p less than 0.001). This fall was most dramatic
      in the subendocardium (p less than 0.05). With both types of cardioplegic
      solutions, the relationship between pressure and flow was nonlinear: At low
      coronary perfusion pressures, a given change in pressure resulted in a smaller
      change in flow than at higher perfusion pressures. In addition, we found that in
      all dogs and at all pressures there was profound variability in the delivery of
      cardioplegic solution to different small regions of the left ventricular free
      wall. At a perfusion pressure of 40 mm Hg, the extremes of regional flow differed
      on average by 203%. This heterogeneity increased significantly with decreasing
      perfusion pressures. At the lowest perfusion pressure measured (20 mm Hg), the
      extremes of regional flow differed on average by 365%. These findings emphasize
      the importance of coronary pressure on the delivery of cardioplegic solution. At
      low perfusion pressures, not only is mean flow reduced, but a greater number of
      regions receive limited amounts of cardioplegic solution. These observations may
      explain the patchy nature of subendocardial damage seen with inadequate
      myocardial protection.

PMID- 2299875
TI  - Transfusion of fresh whole blood stored (4 degrees C) for short period fails to
      improve platelet aggregation on extracellular matrix and clinical hemostasis
      after cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - It has recently been shown that the hemostatic effect of 1 unit of fresh whole
      blood is equivalent to the effect of 8 to 10 platelet units. This study was
      designed to evaluate the effect of short periods of cold (4 degrees C) storage on
      the hemostatic effect of fresh whole blood transfusion in 36 patients immediately
      after cardiopulmonary bypass. Twelve patients (group A) received unrefrigerated
      fresh whole blood, 12 (group B) received fresh whole blood after 5 hours' storage
      at 4 degrees C, and 12 (group C) after 24 hours' storage at 4 degrees C. For
      evaluation of platelet function, a method with an extracellular matrix and an
      electron microscope was used. The platelet function was graded from 1 to 4, with
      grade 4 being normal aggregation. Postoperatively, group A patients bled less
      than groups B and C (267 +/- 42 versus 397 +/- 72 and 601 +/- 172 ml/24 hr,
      respectively, p less than 0.001) and therefore received fewer blood units (1.4 +/
      0.5 versus 2 +/- 0.9 and 3 +/- 1.4, respectively, p less than 0.01). Five
      patients of group A (42%) reached grade A aggregation after transfusion of
      unstored fresh whole blood, compared with two (17%) of group B and none (0%) of
      group C (p less than 0.01). Posttransfusion platelet count and mean platelet
      volume were not significantly different in the three groups. We conclude that
      storage at 4 degrees C, even for a short period of 5 hours, diminishes the
      hemostatic effect of fresh whole blood by decreasing platelet aggregability.

PMID- 2299876
TI  - Thoracic splenosis. Case report and literature review.
AB  - Thoracic splenosis is the autotransplantation of splenic tissue into the thoracic
      cavity after thoracoabdominal trauma. We report a case of thoracic splenosis in a
      35-year-old woman who had had a thoracoabdominal gunshot wound 12 years earlier.
      A review of the literature revealed 15 cases already reported. All patients had
      an asymptomatic thoracic lesion discovered on a plain chest film 9 to 32 years
      (mean 16) after the initial accident. In 13 cases an operation was necessary to
      establish the diagnosis. In two cases technetium 99m and indium 111 scans
      established the diagnosis.

PMID- 2299878
TI  - Invited letter concerning: surgical treatment of carcinoma of the thoracic
      esophagus and cardia.

PMID- 2299877
TI  - A technique for correction of truncus arteriosus types I and II without
      extracardiac conduits.
AB  - A new corrective operation for truncus arteriosus without the use of an
      extracardiac conduit was performed in seven patients with truncus type I (six
      patients) or type II (one patient) aged from 2 to 9 months. The common truncus
      arteriosus was septated with a patch into aortic and pulmonary segments and the
      ventricular septal defect was closed through a ventriculotomy. A direct
      anastomosis between the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle was performed,
      the anterior wall being constructed with a patch with a monocusp valve. There was
      one death in the immediate postoperative period. In the surviving six patients
      the postoperative right ventricular/left ventricular peak systolic pressure ratio
      was less than 0.51 in five and 0.60 in one with a residual ventricular septal
      defect. All are in functional class I between 1 and 14 months after the
      operation. On the basis of these results, we propose this technique for patients
      with truncus type I or II in the first year of life.

PMID- 2299879
TI  - A new technique for use of an anomalous subclavian artery for a systemic
      pulmonary arterial shunt.

PMID- 2299880
TI  - Leaflet escape from a Duromedics valve.

PMID- 2299881
TI  - A new scoring system for timely application of left ventricular assistance.

PMID- 2299882
TI  - Carpentier ring.

PMID- 2299883
TI  - Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in pediatric patients.

PMID- 2299884
TI  - Aspergillus aortitis.

PMID- 2299885
TI  - Traumatic rupture of papillary muscle after percutaneous mitral commissurotomy.

PMID- 2299886
TI  - Unroofed coronary sinus associated with atrial septal defect and significant
      mitral regurgitation.

PMID- 2299887
TI  - Ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency: long-term results of aortic
      valvuloplasty.

PMID- 2299888
TI  - Nuclear pore complex frequency in CA1 pyramidal cells of the aging rat.
AB  - The frequency and the diameter of nuclear pore complexes, and the nuclear
      perimeter, were studied in CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampi from 3-, 9-, 24
      , and 30-month-old rats (Fischer 344). No changes with age in any of these
      parameters were observed. This finding is discussed in terms of varied responses
      of different brain areas to the effects of aging.

PMID- 2299889
TI  - Importance of a threshold for error accumulation in cell degenerative processes.
      I. Modulation of the threshold in a model of free radical-induced cell
      degeneration.
AB  - Antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase)
      have been injected into human fibroblasts exposed to 2 atm O2 in order to test if
      the threshold of oxidative damage versus antioxidant defenses could be modulated
      and if the damage remains reversible beyond the threshold. Cell damage was
      estimated by thymidine incorporation and cell survival curves. The proportion of
      dividing cells, measured by thymidine incorporation, rapidly decreased after O2
      incubation: no cells could divide after 15 h of hyperoxia. However, cells
      incubated for a short time and injected with a high concentration of any of the
      three enzymes divided like non-oxygen-incubated cells: the enzymes could protect
      the cells against their loss of division potential. However, when cells were
      incubated for a longer period and/or when the injected enzyme concentration was
      lower, cells were either less or not protected and could no longer divide. These
      results suggest the presence of a threshold for the oxidative damage which cannot
      be totally repaired and which impairs the cell division; this threshold can,
      however, be modulated by supplementation of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione
      peroxidase being the most efficient.

PMID- 2299890
TI  - Effect of vitamin E and selenium supplement on the aging peripheral neurons of
      the male Sprague-Dawley rat.
AB  - The effect of life-long diets containing different concentrations of selenium and
      vitamin E on the age pigment accumulation in the rat superior cervical ganglion,
      vagal ganglion and dorsal root ganglion, was studied using
      microspectrofluorometry. All types of ganglia showed unchanged amounts of age
      pigments at low or high concentrations of selenium, whereas dietary concentration
      of vitamin E regulated age pigment content in the dorsal root ganglion, but not
      in the superior cervical and vagal ganglion. Vitamin E deficiency induced a three
      fold increase in age pigment content in dorsal root ganglion at 8 months of age,
      whereas high vitamin E concentration was associated with a lesser amount of
      pigments at 18 months of age. Emission spectra of age pigment recorded from the
      dorsal root ganglion and vagal ganglion were different from that from the
      superior cervical ganglion, but were independent of dietary concentrations of
      selenium or vitamin E. The results suggest that exogenous antioxidants may play a
      more crucial role in lipid peroxidation and accumulation of age pigment in dorsal
      root ganglion than in autonomic ganglia.

PMID- 2299891
TI  - Age-related cell cycle kinetics in the stimulated mouse vaginal epithelium.
AB  - The cell cycle of the vaginal epithelium of castrated mice after an estrogenic
      stimulation has been investigated in adult and in aged animals. In aged animals,
      some cells (at least the first entering S-phase in response to the stimulus)
      remain able to react and to complete the prereplicative phase as fast as in
      younger animals. The dose of the stimulus has an all-or-nothing effect on the
      triggering of the response, and the critical dose value does not change with age.
      The only age effect suggested here is a lower proportion of cells synthesizing
      DNA in response to the stimulus, indicating an enhanced variability in the
      responding times of the individual cells.

PMID- 2299892
TI  - Aging: effects on chronotropic actions of muscarinic agonists in isolated rat
      atria.
AB  - Negative chronotropic effects of acetylcholine and carbachol were compared in
      right atria isolated from adult and aged Fischer 344 rats. Preparations from aged
      rats were more sensitive to the action of acetylcholine; however, there was no
      difference in responsiveness to carbachol or to acetylcholine after pretreatment
      with diisopropylfluorophosphate, an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor. These
      data suggest that the enhanced sensitivity to the direct chronotropic action of
      acetylcholine is the result of aging-related reductions in acetylcholinesterase
      activity.

PMID- 2299893
TI  - The impact of nurse anesthetists on anesthesiologist productivity.
AB  - The rapid growth in Medicare Part B spending on physicians has sparked a renewed
      debate on ways of increasing physician productivity. This study concentrates on
      anesthesiologists, presenting original survey data on the variation in
      productivity defined in terms of patients, anesthesia hours, base and time units,
      and revenues. Supervising nurse anesthetists are estimated to raise
      anesthesiologist productivity by at least 20%, allowing for downtime and
      scheduling problems. Greater delegation could save society approximately $500
      million annually in anesthesiologist costs, even allowing for an increase in
      nurse anesthetists. Yet, recent manpower trends show a falling nurse-to
      anesthesiologist ratio. The failure to achieve substantial gains is ascribed to a
      flaw in third-party reimbursement that discourages both hospitals and physicians
      from substituting nurse for anesthesiologist time.

PMID- 2299894
TI  - The influence of attending physician subspecialization on hospital length of
      stay.

PMID- 2299895
TI  - The role related attitudes of physicians, nurses, and dieticians in the treatment
      of diabetes.
AB  - The treatment of diabetes requires role changes for physicians, nurses,
      dieticians, and patients. The nature of diabetes care results in a diffusion of
      responsibility for care from physicians to nurses, dieticians, and patients. This
      responsibility for diabetes treatment is often carried out under the rubric of
      team care. This study indicates that physicians, nurses, and dieticians with a
      special interest in diabetes are supportive of their own roles but that
      physicians tend to see themselves being in charge of diabetes care while nurses
      and dieticians value patient autonomy more.

PMID- 2299897
TI  - Reliability and validity of utilization review criteria. Appropriateness
      Evaluation Protocol, Standardized Medreview Instrument, and Intensity-Severity
      Discharge criteria.
AB  - A study was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the
      Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP), the Standardized Medreview Instrument
      (SMI) and the Intensity-Severity-Discharge criteria set (ISD), three utilization
      review instruments used to determine whether inpatient care is required.
      Reliability and validity were assessed for retrospective application of these
      instruments to charts of a sample of 119 medical cases from 21 hospitals in the
      state of Michigan. The reliability of each instrument was determined by having
      the instrument applied by two different nurse reviewers to each hospital record.
      Results indicated that the AEP and ISD were moderately reliable, while the SMI
      had low reliability. The validity of each instrument was tested by comparing the
      judgments of nurse reviewers using the instruments with the judgment of a panel
      of physicians. The AEP and ISD were found to be moderately valid and the SMI was
      found to have low validity. Results suggested that the SMI should not be used.
      The modest level of validity of the other two instruments suggests that payment
      should never be denied on the basis of the instrument alone. Payment should be
      denied only if a physician confirms the judgment based on the instrument that
      inpatient care was not required.

PMID- 2299898
TI  - [Psychological and somatic status should direct the extent of tropical medical
      examination].

PMID- 2299896
TI  - Continuity-of-care measures. Random assignment of patients to providers and the
      impact of utilization level.

PMID- 2299899
TI  - [Ambulatory fetal monitoring via telephone--experiences with a new system].

PMID- 2299900
TI  - [The HELLP syndrome with spontaneous regression prior to labor].

PMID- 2299901
TI  - [Indications for the examination and treatment of patients with Wolff-Parkinson
      White syndrome].

PMID- 2299902
TI  - [The WE project: mammography significantly decreases breast cancer mortality].

PMID- 2299903
TI  - [The hand--extension of the brain reaching out to the world].

PMID- 2299904
TI  - [The challenges of social medicine: improved public health and effective health
      policy demand strong and unified social medicine].

PMID- 2299905
TI  - [Cough is a well-known side effect of ACE inhibitors. The most effective measure
      is to withdraw treatment].

PMID- 2299907
TI  - [New rules for reporting of adverse effects].

PMID- 2299906
TI  - [Anaphylactoid reaction after Haemaccel infusion].

PMID- 2299908
TI  - [The role of legislation should not be overestimated when the results of
      Chlamydia prevention are scrutinized].

PMID- 2299909
TI  - [Reservoir surgery in ulcerative colitis is performed with best results at county
      hospitals].

PMID- 2299910
TI  - [Bone marrow transplantation is a successful therapeutic alternative in Gaucher's
      disease].

PMID- 2299911
TI  - [Total splenectomy should be avoided in Gaucher's disease].

PMID- 2299912
TI  - [The female life cycle. An attempt to complete deficient information].

PMID- 2299913
TI  - [Even mitoxantrone can cause local skin necrosis].

PMID- 2299914
TI  - [A sliding screw and plate give best results in stable trochanteric hip
      fractures].

PMID- 2299916
TI  - [A study of 229 cases of foreign body in the esophagus--mostly isolated cases].

PMID- 2299915
TI  - [Increased prevalence of hepatitis B markers in persons caring for HBSAG
      carriers].

PMID- 2299917
TI  - [Care planning for the elderly at medical departments can be simplified by using
      the Katz ADL index].

PMID- 2299918
TI  - [Anesthesia of organ donors--a delicate question].

PMID- 2299919
TI  - [Recurrent hip joint luxation is a rare complication in adults].

PMID- 2299920
TI  - [Primary health care and social services cooperate at an outpatient clinic for
      alcoholics in Lund].

PMID- 2299922
TI  - [Preoperative and peroperative care of multi-organ donors. Good care of the donor
      guarantees quality and immediate function of the transplanted organs].

PMID- 2299921
TI  - [Therapeutic power of misunderstandings. Does communication function through
      cultural barriers?].

PMID- 2299923
TI  - [A study on blood pressure determination].

PMID- 2299924
TI  - [Increased elimination from the labor market: sick-listing and early retirement
      rules vary greatly in various occupations].

PMID- 2299925
TI  - [Routine physical check-ups of pensioners are not justified].

PMID- 2299926
TI  - [Tamoxifen is effective in preventing breast cancer but the optimal length of
      treatment is not yet known].

PMID- 2299927
TI  - [Treatment of discharge. Self care is recommended in temporary vaginal problems].

PMID- 2299928
TI  - [It is wise to centralize advanced reservoir surgery].

PMID- 2299929
TI  - [Physical check-up of the elderly is a good opportunity to inform and to cure
      ailments and diseases].

PMID- 2299930
TI  - [A growing suprasellar pituitary adenoma is a matter for transsphenoidal
      surgery].

PMID- 2299932
TI  - [Health risks in the electronic industry are surveyed in the USA].

PMID- 2299931
TI  - [High risk of problems with the hands in certain occupations].

PMID- 2299933
TI  - [Pulse oximetry and capnography are necessary in monitoring during anesthesia].

PMID- 2299934
TI  - [The lecture is an economical and entertaining form of teaching].

PMID- 2299935
TI  - [Loving care is an alternative to advanced medical treatment].

PMID- 2299936
TI  - [How are medical language and natural language changing? Similar tendencies are
      answers to new demands from society].

PMID- 2299937
TI  - [A new nation-wide study of sex behavior in Sweden is needed].

PMID- 2299938
TI  - [The second round: thrombolytic treatment of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2299939
TI  - [It is the responsibility of parents to make sensible decisions].

PMID- 2299940
TI  - [A warning against garage doors].

PMID- 2299941
TI  - [Unsuitable formulation of guidelines on preoperative blood grouping].

PMID- 2299942
TI  - [Light-caliber spirometers are preferred in physical check-ups].

PMID- 2299943
TI  - [The Hallanas project. Rehabilitated psychiatric patients do well in their own
      homes].

PMID- 2299944
TI  - [The kangaroo method--the human incubator].

PMID- 2299945
TI  - [Reuse blood lost during surgery. A prospective study of hip joint surgery].

PMID- 2299946
TI  - [Central post-stroke pain is a confusing and forgotten condition].

PMID- 2299947
TI  - [An in vitro phenomenon--an odd cause of hyperkalemia].

PMID- 2299948
TI  - [Life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage caused by boxing and assaults].

PMID- 2299949
TI  - Hearing preservation after acoustic tumor removal: long-term results.
AB  - This report examines the durability of preserved postoperative hearing in 25
      middle fossa acoustic tumor patients with a minimum follow-up of 3 years. The
      mean follow-up time for this group was more than 8 years, with a maximum of
      almost 20 years. The initial postoperative audiogram was compared to the most
      recent audiogram for each patient, with change in the nonoperated ear serving as
      the control. Fourteen of the patients (56%) had a significant loss of the
      preserved hearing in the operated ear over time. The mean loss of speech
      discrimination was 25%, and the mean loss of speech reception threshold was 12
      dB. Only one of the 14 patients had a similar loss in the contralateral ear. No
      recurrent tumors were identified. Good preoperative hearing is an obvious
      criterion for selection of candidates for hearing preservation surgery. Results
      of this study emphasize that a good initial postoperative hearing level is
      necessary to offset the potential deterioration of hearing that may occur over
      time.

PMID- 2299950
TI  - Morbidity in pediatric tonsillectomy.
AB  - Tonsillectomy is one of the most common operations performed in the pediatric age
      group. Previous literature on morbidity in tonsillectomy has dealt predominantly
      with postoperative hemorrhage. Children undergoing tonsillectomy were divided in
      a prospective and random fashion into eight study groups to evaluate
      postoperative morbidity as it relates to the surgical technique used
      (electrocautery, dissection, KTP laser), methods of hemostasis (electrocautery,
      suture ligature), and the use of postoperative antibiotics. A total of 80
      children were evaluated. Using the parameters of morbidity as defined in this
      study, blunt dissection tonsillectomy using suture ligatures for hemostasis,
      without postoperative antibiotics was found to result in the least morbidity in
      the pediatric age group.

PMID- 2299951
TI  - Long-term results of labyrinthectomy.
AB  - Ten years after labyrinthectomy, 38 patients responded to a questionnaire. There
      was a slight decline in relief of vertigo from 93% to 76%. Symptoms following the
      procedure are discussed. It is believed that the reason for the decline is
      secondary to the age of the patients, the occasional bilateral nature of
      Meniere's disease, and possibly postsurgical neuroma formation. The ramifications
      of this study are discussed with respect to hearing-conservation procedures.

PMID- 2299953
TI  - The surgical treatment of snoring: a patient's perspective.
AB  - An increasing number of loud snorers seek medical attention because of the social
      impact of snoring as well as its association with sleep apnea.
      Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is reported to reduce or eliminate snoring in the
      majority of patients; however, little data are available to document the
      procedure's success. From February 1987 through August 1988, 125 patients
      underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for habitual snoring; many of these patients
      had also documented sleep apnea. Of the 74 patients who responded to a
      postoperative questionnaire, 64 (86.48%) indicated that their snoring was either
      completely eliminated or markedly reduced. Only two patients reported significant
      side effects.

PMID- 2299952
TI  - Demonstration of prosthetic activation of central auditory pathways using [14C]-2
      deoxyglucose.
AB  - The cochlear prosthesis is not applicable to patients who lack an implantable
      cochlea or an intact vestibulocochlear nerve. Direct electrical stimulation of
      the cochlear nucleus (CN) of the brain stem might provide a method for auditory
      rehabilitation of these patients. A penetrating CN electrode has been developed
      and tissue tolerance to this device demonstrated. This study was undertaken to
      evaluate metabolic activation of central nervous system (CNS) auditory tracts
      produced by such implants. Regional cerebral glucose use resulting from CN
      stimulation was estimated in a series of chronically implanted guinea pigs with
      the use of [14C]-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG). Enhanced 2-DG uptake was observed in
      structures of the auditory tract. The activation of central auditory structures
      achieved with CN stimulation was similar to that produced by acoustic stimulation
      and by electrical stimulation of the modiolar portion of the auditory nerve in
      control groups. An interesting banding pattern was observed in the inferior
      colliculus following CN stimulation, as previously described with acoustic
      stimulation. This study demonstrates that functional metabolic activation of
      central auditory pathways can be achieved with a penetrating CNS auditory
      prosthesis.

PMID- 2299954
TI  - Endolymphatic mastoid shunt for Meniere's disease: do results change over time?
AB  - In 1983, results of a 5-year study using the endolymphatic mastoid shunt for
      treatment of Meniere's disease were reported. Forty-eight patients were followed
      for between 1 and 5 years postoperatively, and 81% obtained satisfactory relief
      of vertigo. In the present analysis, 24 of these patients responded to a
      questionnaire, participated in a direct interview, and completed audiometric
      evaluations at 7 to 11 years after surgery. Eighty-three percent of these
      patients reported satisfactory relief of their vertigo. Results for hearing,
      tinnitus, and limitation of activities also varied little between the initial
      study and this longer-term follow-up. Studies with shorter follow-up appear valid
      in predicting longer-term results. These findings support the American Academy of
      Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery's recommendation of a 2-year follow-up
      period for reporting results of therapy for Meniere's disease.

PMID- 2299955
TI  - Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland.
AB  - Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland is an uncommon malignancy.
      It can be diagnosed only after squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the parotid
      gland has been excluded. Histologic evaluation must differentiate primary
      squamous cell carcinoma from high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma or
      adenocarcinoma. Retrospective review of parotid gland neoplasms seen in the
      Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Disorders between 1972 and 1987
      identified eight cases for an incidence of 1.8%. The majority of these patients
      had advanced disease and were treated with both surgery and radiation therapy.
      Fifty percent of the cases demonstrated no evidence of disease at an average
      follow-up of 29 months.

PMID- 2299956
TI  - Use of modified silicone tracheal cannula for obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - Experience with the original Montgomery silicone tracheal cannulas in 47 patients
      with obstructive sleep apnea has been reported. Further experience with 10
      obstructive sleep apnea patients who used modified silicone tracheal cannulas
      that permit periodic self-removal, cleaning, and reinsertion was analyzed. Two
      patients used the tube briefly and without complications. The remaining eight
      patients used the modified cannula for 18 to 24 months. The average number of
      office visits following insertion was three. Compared to the original cannulas,
      there were markedly fewer difficulties with granulations, infection, and tube
      malposition with the modified cannulas. The improvements make this modified
      device a useful tool worth further study in obstructive sleep apnea patients
      requiring tracheostomy.

PMID- 2299957
TI  - Endoscopic management of frontal sinus disease.
AB  - Depending on the pathologic process, the treatment of frontal sinus disease has
      consisted of obliteration or ablation of the sinus, or restoration of drainage
      into the nose. Intranasal endoscopic enlargement of the frontal recess and
      ostium, and removal of disease from the medial aspect of the frontal sinus offers
      a minimally invasive alternative to previous operations in selected patients. To
      better understand the indications, limitations, and potential problems with this
      operation, our experience with endoscopic frontal sinustomy in 36 patients over a
      30-month period is reported. During the follow-up period, 21 patients had
      complete resolution of all symptoms, 11 patients were improved but had at least
      one episode of sinusitis or headache postoperatively, and 3 patients were worse,
      2 of whom required frontal sinus obliteration for control of disease. Although
      endoscopic frontal sinusotomy appears to be a useful alternative to traditional
      frontal sinus procedures in selected patients, the reader is cautioned that such
      surgery is technically difficult and has not yet stood the test of time required
      of any frontal sinus operation.

PMID- 2299958
TI  - The neurofasciocutaneous radial forearm flap in head and neck reconstruction: a
      preliminary report.
AB  - The radial forearm free flap has achieved considerable popularity as a
      reconstructive technique due to its thin, pliable tissue and long vascular
      pedicle. The successful use of this flap as a carrier of a vascularized nerve to
      bridge motor nerve gaps and as a sensate flap has not been previously reported in
      head and neck reconstruction. The superficial branch of the radial nerve was used
      as a vascularized nerve graft to bridge a facial nerve defect following radical
      parotidectomy. The medial and lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerves were used to
      re-establish sensation in a reconstructed pharyngeal mucosal defect. The
      published clinical and experimental studies on vascularized nerves and sensate
      flaps are reviewed in detail.

PMID- 2299959
TI  - Changes in auditory function associated with 2-cyano-butyl-acrylate adhesive
      implanted in the middle ear of experimental animals.
AB  - The effects on auditory function caused by the implantation of 2-cyano-butyl
      acrylate adhesive in the middle ear was investigated in experimental animals.
      Auditory brainstem responses to click stimuli were used to measure hearing
      thresholds prior to and following implantation of 2-cyano-butyl-acrylate adhesive
      in the middle ear of guinea pigs. A permanent and deep threshold shift observed
      at 2 months in 62% of the examined animals, suggested that this tissue adhesive
      is an ototoxic middle ear implant material and should not be considered in
      reconstructive middle ear surgery. The functional data correlate well with some
      of the previous morphological observations.

PMID- 2299961
TI  - Evoked otoacoustic emissions in newborn hearing screening.
AB  - Evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOEs) were recorded in a group of normally hearing
      neonates (n = 100 ears) to study the basic properties of EOEs and the parameters
      influencing them. The results obtained with EOE recordings were compared with
      those of behavioral screening investigations. The main properties of EOEs in
      neonates are: 1. EOEs can be recorded in 98% of the tested ears or neonates; 2.
      there were no statistically significant variations in EOE detection thresholds of
      neonates between the ages of 1 and 4 days; 3. no statistical difference in the
      EOE threshold was found between males and females; 4. all EOEs exhibited a
      broadband spectrum with high-component frequencies; 5. EOEs demonstrating
      narrowband frequency peaks super-imposed on the broadband component had detection
      thresholds lower than EOEs without narrowband frequency peaks. EOEs can be used
      as a screening test. The main clinical interest of this test is to detect the
      presence (i.e., normal auditory peripheral function) or the absence (i.e.,
      pathological peripheral auditory function) of EOEs in response to a 30-dBHL click
      stimulation. The results of this study have important applications concerning the
      possible clinical use of EOEs for screening peripheral auditory dysfunction in
      neonates.

PMID- 2299960
TI  - Conservative management of adult epiglottitis.
AB  - A 10-year retrospective study of 30 adults suffering from acute epiglottitis is
      reported. Two clinical forms of onset were noted: gradual and accelerated.
      Abscess formation was present in 27% of cases. None of the patients required
      intubation or tracheotomy. In contrast to the accepted interventionist approach
      in children, conservative management in adults is recommended.

PMID- 2299962
TI  - Columelloplasty for the wide obstructing columella.

PMID- 2299963
TI  - External rhinoplasty: intact columellar approach.

PMID- 2299964
TI  - Laser stapedotomies.

PMID- 2299965
TI  - Anatomical perspective, approach, and experience with multichannel intracochlear
      implantation.
AB  - An overall review of the authors' anatomical perspective, approach, and
      experience with multichannel intracochlear implantation is presented. This report
      includes pertinent anatomical observations and experimental surgical procedures
      on fresh temporal bones. Although the scala tympani in the basal turn of the
      cochlea has an adequate space laterally for the insertion of electrodes, in the
      upper turns the adequate space is located medially. This is, in practice, the
      single-most limiting factor for an electrode, inserted via the round window, to
      reach the apical turns without damaging the basilar membrane. An experimental
      surgical procedure is described in which a second electrode is inserted in the
      middle turn via a mastoidotomy-tympanotomy approach and reaches a point near the
      apex. Studies of horizontal sections of human temporal bones include a review of
      potential structures that could be stimulated by the electrical currents
      generated by electrodes. The wall of the carotid artery, located at 750 microns
      from the basal turn at the level of the round window niche, is considered a
      potential structure to be affected by long-term stimulation. Anatomical
      principles and surgical considerations for the mastoidotomy-tympanotomy approach
      are described as an alternative to the facial recess approach. In the authors'
      experience, this procedure is technically easier, eliminates the possibility of
      postauricular flap complications, provides a better angle for insertion of
      electrodes, requires shorter hospitalization, and permits faster recovery than
      the facial recess approach. The authors' clinical approach, results, and
      observations are reviewed. Of note is a successful home-based rehabilitation
      program.

PMID- 2299966
TI  - Ultrastructural studies of the peripheral extensions (dendrites) of type I
      ganglion cells in the cat.
AB  - An ultrastructural study of peripheral extensions (dendrites) of type I ganglion
      cells in seven healthy adult cats and one cat that underwent bilateral cochlear
      injection of neomycin was undertaken. Morphologic evidence revealed that the
      peripheral process (dendrite) consistently has a smaller diameter than the
      central process. As the dendrite reaches the cell body, there is a constricted
      segment with a length that ranges from 10 to 30 microns, and a diameter of 0.5
      microns. This region is covered by a continuous myelin sheath that does not thin.
      The central process (axon) does not have a corresponding constriction, and
      consists of a myelin covered, smoothly tapered segment that extends to the first
      axonal node of Ranvier. In the deafened cat, some cell bodies of the surviving
      ganglion cells appeared to have a residual portion of dendrite. These morphologic
      characteristics might have physiologic implications both in the mechanisms of
      normal hearing and in cochlear implantation.

PMID- 2299967
TI  - Effect of iopanoic acid on basal and thyrotropin-stimulated thyroid hormone
      levels in suckling rat pups.
AB  - We proposed that basal and thyrotropin (TSH)-stimulated thyroid hormone levels of
      rat pups would be altered in the presence of iopanoic acid (IA), a radiographic
      contrast agent which competitively inhibits T4-to-T3 conversion, and that the
      nature of these changes would further depend upon the route of TSH administration
      in a manner distinct from that reported in adults. To test this hypothesis,
      litters from 24 Sprague-Dawley female rats were adjusted to 8 pups each. On day
      5, 80 pups received IA (2.5 mg/100 g body weight) injections. On day 8, control
      and IA pups were further subdivided, and given bovine TSH (bTSH) either by
      subcutaneous injection or by intragastric gavage (to simulate milk-borne TSH
      intake), and then sacrificed 0, 1.5, or 3 hours later. We found significantly
      higher T4 and reverse-T3 (rT3) levels in IA-treated pups, but IA had no effect on
      basal or TSH-stimulated T3 levels attained, regardless of route of bTSH
      administration or time post-treatment. Our data demonstrate that the effects of
      IA on T4 and rT3 levels in the immature rat are comparable to those observed in
      adult rats and humans, but that the marked depression of T3 levels found in IA
      treated adults does not occur in the 8-day old rat pup. We speculate that the IA
      treated suckling pup's ability to sustain normal basal T3 levels and generate
      elevated T3 concentrations in response to TSH stimulation may reflect the
      activity during development of a T4-5'-deiodinase relatively resistant to
      competitive inhibition by this drug.

PMID- 2299968
TI  - Effects of potassium or potassium/magnesium supplementation on potassium content
      of body tissues and fluids in furosemide-treated rats on magnesium-deficient or
      magnesium-sufficient diet.
AB  - Persistent Mg2+ deficiency may interfere with restoration of normal tissue K+
      levels. This study examined: a) the effects of chronic furosemide treatment on K+
      of sartorius, aorta and ventricle of rats fed Mg2(+)-deficient (100 ppm) or
      Mg2(+)-sufficient (400 ppm) diet and deionized water; b) whether normal tissue K+
      is restored by oral K+ or K+/Mg2+ supplementation with continued furosemide
      therapy. Levels of Mg2+ were also measured. Furosemide (20 mg/kg i.p.) decreased
      K+ in sartorius, aorta and ventricle by 5.5, 4.3 and 19.9 microEq/gm (p less than
      .05), respectively, in rats fed 100 ppm Mg2+ diet. Furosemide did not alter K+
      levels in rats fed 400 ppm Mg2+ diet. K+ supplementation (1 mEq/kg for 7 days)
      restored K+ to normal in sartorius but the addition of Mg2+ supplementation was
      necessary to restore K+ levels to normal in ventricle and aorta. These data
      indicate that furosemide can decrease tissue K+ in rats on a Mg2(+)-deficient
      diet. This decrease can be reversed during diuretic administration by K+
      supplementation in sartorius, or K+ plus Mg2+ supplementation in ventricle and
      aorta.

PMID- 2299969
TI  - Net increase of platelet membrane tyrosine specific-protein kinase activity by
      phorbol myristate acetate.
AB  - Tyrosine protein kinase (TPK) activity in rabbit platelets after stimulation by
      phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or thrombin was directly estimated by 32P
      incorporation from (gamma-32P)ATP (adenosine triphosphate) into synthetic peptide
      angiotensin II. By PMA-treatment a net increase of TPK activity was obtained,
      while thrombin acted on the TPK quickly but stimulation was limited within the
      range attained by the control after lengthy incubation. The responsive TPK to
      these stimulators was localized mainly in membrane but much less in cytosol. The
      specific activity of the particulate TPK was low in the sonicate of control ice
      cold platelets but increased about 6-fold when the platelets were incubated at 37
      degrees C. On a brief contact of platelets with PMA at 37 degrees C the TPK was
      fully activated and reached a maximum value about 130% of the control.
      Determination of phosphotyrosine phosphatase in the stimulated platelet sonicate
      revealed that its participation in the above described increase of 32P
      incorporation was meagre. The quick response suggested a possible role of TPK in
      the signal transduction through the platelet cell membrane.

PMID- 2299970
TI  - Elevated lipid peroxidation products and depleted transferrin levels in the
      plasma of kidney transplant recipients.
AB  - Lipid peroxidation products were measured in the plasma of 24 kidney transplant
      patients and 12 healthy volunteers (controls) by: (1) 2-thiobarbituric acid assay
      and (2) the intensity of fluorescence products of malonaldehyde cross-linked
      proteins. Plasma levels of creatinine, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, prealbumin,
      albumin and total protein were also measured. Elevated lipid peroxidation
      products and lowered transferrin levels were observed in transplant patients
      compared to controls. Ceruloplasmin levels were slightly but significantly
      elevated in recent transplant recipients (less than 6 months, n = 12, Group A)
      while no difference was observed between older transplant recipients (greater
      than 6 months, n = 12, Group B) and controls. Serum, creatinine levels were also
      slightly but significantly elevated in both groups of patients compared to
      controls. Serum prealbumin, albumin and total protein levels in both groups of
      transplant recipients were not different from controls or reference range values.

PMID- 2299971
TI  - The effects of striatal lesion on turning behavior and globus pallidus single
      unit response to dopamine agonist administration.
AB  - In normal rats, globus pallidus neurons are excited by the systemic
      administration of postsynaptically active doses of apomorphine. The role of the
      striatum in mediating this phenomenon was examined by investigating the effects
      of apomorphine on neuronal activity in the globus pallidus and on turning
      behavior in rats with unilateral quinolinic acid lesions of the striatum. The
      lesion markedly reduced striatal choline acetyltransferase activity and GABA
      content and significantly attenuated apomorphine's effect on the activity of
      pallidal neurons. Both the extent of attenuation of the electrophysiological
      response of pallidal neurons in lesioned animals and the neurotoxin-induced
      decreases in choline acetyltransferase activity and GABA content in the caudal
      striatum were correlated with the degree of apomorphine-induced turning. The data
      indicate that striatopallidal neurons contribute to apomorphine's excitatory
      effect on the activity of pallidal neurons in normal animals.

PMID- 2299972
TI  - Steady-state theory for quantitative microdialysis of solutes and water in vivo
      and in vitro.
AB  - A mathematical framework was developed to provide a quantitative basis for either
      in vivo tissue or in vitro microdialysis. Established physiological and mass
      transport principles were employed to obtain explicit expressions relating
      dialysate concentration to tissue extracellular concentration for in vivo
      applications or external medium concentrations for in vitro probe
      characterization. Some of the important generalizations derived from the modeling
      framework are: (i) the microdialysis probe can perturb the spatial concentration
      profile of the substance of interest for a considerable distance from the probe,
      (ii) for low molecular weight species the tissue is generally more important than
      the probe membrane in determining the dialysate-to-tissue concentration
      relationship, (iii) metabolism, intracellular-extracellular and extracellular
      microvascular exchange, together with diffusion, determine the role of the tissue
      in in vivo probe behavior, and, consequently, (iv) in vitro "calibration"
      procedures could be useful for characterizing the probe, if properly controlled,
      but have limited applicability to in vivo performance. The validity of the
      proposed quantitative approach is illustrated by the good agreement obtained
      between the predictions of a model developed for tritiated water ([3]H2O) in the
      brain and experimental data taken from the literature for measurements in the
      caudoputamen of rats. The importance of metabolism and efflux to the
      microvasculature is illustrated by the wide variation in predicted tissue
      concentration profiles among [3]H2O, sucrose and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
      (DOPAC).

PMID- 2299974
TI  - A clinical-severity staging system for patients with lung cancer.
AB  - The prognostic staging of cancer in general, and lung cancer in particular, has
      customarily depended mainly on morphologic distinctions. The gross anatomic
      extensiveness of cancers is cited with TNM stages that describe the primary tumor
      (T), spread to regional lymph nodes (N), and metastatic dissemination (M) to
      distant sites. Microscopic characteristics are cited according to the cancer's
      cell type (e.g., adenocarcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma) and/or grade of
      differentiation (e.g., well differentiated, poorly differentiated, anaplastic).
      Although the clinical manifestations, functional effects, and associated co
      morbidity of a cancer are universally recognized as having major prognostic
      importance, they have not been classified with a standard system of taxonomy.
      When considered at all, clinical phenomena have been cited with a surrogate index
      of "performance status" that ignores the underlying clinical dysfunctions while
      being greatly affected by non-clinical phenomena, such as the patient's psychic
      status, economic motivations, and system of social support. The current research
      was done to develop a standard system of taxonomy (or "staging") for the
      prognostic impact of clinical distinctions in patients with primary lung cancer.
      Appropriate data were obtained, computer-coded, and analyzed from medical records
      for the complete clinical course of an inception cohort of 1266 patients who were
      first treated at either the Yale-New Haven Hospital or the West Haven Veterans
      Administration Hospital during the interval January 1, 1953-December 31, 1964.
      The information under analysis included clinical phenomena as well as anatomic
      extensiveness (TNM stage), microscopic histology, the chronometric duration of
      the interval from the first symptom of lung cancer to zero time, the iatrotropic
      reason why the patient sought medical attention, the presence of anemia, the
      amount of customary cigarette use, and the conventional demographic data for age
      and gender. The main clinical phenomena were expressed in variables for symptom
      pattern severity, and co-morbidity. Symptom pattern referred to the existence of
      specific pulmonic symptoms (e.g., hemoptysis), systemic symptoms (e.g., complaint
      of weight loss), and metastatic symptoms that might be mediastinal (e.g.,
      superior vena cava syndrome), regional (e.g., the Horner syndrome), or distantly
      metastatic (e.g., central nervous system). The symptom severity variable included
      the amount of weight loss, and the existence of severe dyspnea or particularly
      severe tumor effects (such as mental obtundation, rather than hemiparesis in
      patients with CNS metastasis). Prognostic co-morbidity was cited for coexisting
      diseases, such as recurrent myocardial infarctions, that might be more lethal
      than the lung cancer itself.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2299973
TI  - Opioid-dependent growth of glial cultures: suppression of astrocyte DNA synthesis
      by met-enkephalin.
AB  - The action of met-enkephalin on the growth of astrocytes in mixed-glial cultures
      was examined. Primary, mixed-glial cultures were isolated from 1 day-old mouse
      cerebral hemispheres and continuously treated with either basal growth media
      (controls), 1 microM met-enkephalin, 1 microM met-enkephalin plus the opioid
      antagonist naloxone (3 microM), or naloxone alone (3 microM). Absolute numbers of
      neural cells were counted in unstained preparations, while combined [3H]
      thymidine autoradiography and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)
      immunocytochemistry was performed to identify specific changes in astrocytes.
      When compared to control and naloxone treated cultures, met-enkephalin caused a
      significant decrease in both total cell numbers, and in [3H]-thymidine
      incorporation by GFAP-positive cells with flat morphology. These results indicate
      that met-enkephalin suppresses astrocyte growth in culture.

PMID- 2299975
TI  - Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A clinical review based on 48 confirmed cases, 1943
      1986.
AB  - We reviewed 48 cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever seen between 1943 and 1986.
      The data provided a view of the diverse presentations and manifestations of this
      disease. Exposure to a rural environment or to dogs was the rule, and over two
      thirds of patients specifically remembered tick exposure. Clinical presentation
      was highly variable. Although fever, headache, and rash were each common, only
      62% had the complete triad. Neurological symptoms and signs were common in this
      series. Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, particularly leukocytosis, were the
      rule in those patients who underwent lumbar puncture. Neurologic sequelae
      occurred in several patients. Multiple other organ systems were involved at
      presentation or during the course of illness--gastrointestinal, cardiovascular,
      pulmonary, renal, muscular, hematologic. These manifestations could, and often
      did, confuse physicians seeing these patients initially. They further accounted
      for the diverse complications seen. Outcome was good in this series. Mortality
      rate was 2%, and most patients recovered without sequelae. However, morbidity
      during hospitalization was often severe. Even in an endemic area with high index
      of suspicion, the diagnosis of RMSF was often delayed, usually because of failure
      of the physician to consider this possibility at initial presentation. This
      series emphasizes the importance of considering RMSF in any febrile patient in an
      endemic area, regardless of "atypical" presentation or apparent lack of tick
      exposure.

PMID- 2299976
TI  - Long-term follow-up of hypopituitary patients treated with human growth hormone.
AB  - Thirty-six former human growth hormone (hGH) recipients underwent comprehensive
      physical, endocrine and lipoprotein evaluations as adults. Treatment was
      associated with a decrease in height standard deviation score (SDS) in males from
      4.0 pretreatment to 2.1 as adults, and in females from 4.2 to 2.5. Males showed a
      better growth response to treatment than did females. Plasma somatomedin-C levels
      were subnormal in 30 patients, but were higher in isolated growth-hormone
      deficient patients than in others. Three men and 1 woman showed evidence
      suggesting a disturbance in pulsatile gonadotropin release despite the previous
      documentation of normal serum gonadotropin levels. Hypertriglyceridemia was not
      observed, and the women's plasma cholesterol levels were unremarkable. Men,
      however, showed higher-than-expected total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL
      cholesterol concentrations. The last finding may explain the lack of increased
      cardiovascular morbidity in this group.

PMID- 2299977
TI  - Resting metabolic rate and body composition of achondroplastic dwarfs.
AB  - Indirect calorimetry was used to measure resting metabolic rates (RMR), and
      densitometry and anthropometry were used to measure body fat and fat-free masses
      of 32 adults with very short stature. Twenty-seven of them were achondroplastic
      dwarfs. Their results were compared to those obtained from 103 lean and obese
      adults with normal heights. All 32 dwarfs had distinctly greater RMR per kg fat
      free mass by densitometry than adults with average stature. However, there was a
      wide variation in the RMR among dwarfs, which was independent of leanness or
      obesity. In spite of increased RMR, obesity among dysplastic adult dwarfs was
      twice as prevalent as among average-height adults. Increased abdominal:hip ratios
      were prevalent among dwarfs, but these ratios do not reflect body fat. Body mass
      indices were worthless, and skinfold thicknesses and other anthropometric
      measurements were of very limited value in predicting the body fat of dwarfs.
      Although our new and specific equations for estimating RMR and body composition
      give reasonable values, we recommend that the caloric requirements and body
      compositional variables be measured if nutritional therapy is needed to induce
      weight loss or gain in Little People.

PMID- 2299978
TI  - Short interspersed repeats in rabbit DNA can provide functional polyadenylation
      signals.
AB  - Analysis of 37 short repetitive elements (SINEs) in rabbit DNA that are known as
      C repeats has revealed three that contribute functional polyadenylation signals
      to genes into which they have been inserted. Similar roles have been attributed
      to particular individual SINEs in rodents and primates before, suggesting that
      these roles may be common to SINEs in all mammalian orders. Although most SINEs
      appear to have little influence on the genome individually, the observation that
      three of 36 rabbit C repeats provide functional sequences suggests a mechanism
      for the maintenance of SINEs within mammalian genomes.

PMID- 2299979
TI  - Colonization of America by Drosophila subobscura: effect of the founder event on
      the mitochondrial DNA polymorphism.

PMID- 2299980
TI  - Evolution of nucleic acids coding for ribonucleases: the mRNA sequence of mouse
      pancreatic ribonuclease.
AB  - The cDNA of mouse pancreatic mRNA has been cloned. After the library was screened
      with a rat ribonuclease cDNA probe, the positive clones were isolated and
      sequenced. There were no differences from the previously determined protein
      sequence. The mRNA codes for a preribonuclease of 149 amino acid residues
      including a signal peptide of 25 amino acids. The 3' noncoding region has a
      length of 260 bp, and the total mRNA length is approximately 940 bp. Comparison
      with the rat pancreatic ribonuclease sequence showed a high rate of nucleotide
      substitution. Within the coding region, nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution
      rates are 4.3 X 10(-9) and 15 X 10(-9) nucleotide substitutions/site/year,
      respectively. The latter value is one of the highest rates observed in the
      molecular evolution of mammalian nuclear genes. In the signal sequences the
      synonymous substitution rate is much lower and about the same as the
      nonsynonymous rate. Signal sequences of other mouse and rat proteins also exhibit
      little difference between synonymous and nonsynonymous rates. The sequences of
      rat and mouse pancreatic ribonuclease messengers were compared with those of
      bovine pancreatic, seminal, and brain ribonuclease. While the 3' noncoding
      regions of rat and mouse are very similar, as are those of the three bovine
      messengers, there is no significant similarity between both rodent and the three
      bovine messengers for the greater part of these regions. There is a duplication
      of approximately 50 nucleotides in the 3' noncoding region of the bovine
      messengers, with a region rich in A and C in between. The presence of this
      structural feature may be correlated with recent gene duplications that have
      occurred in the bovine genome.

PMID- 2299981
TI  - Molecular characterization of a repeat element causing large-scale size variation
      in the mitochondrial DNA of the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus.
AB  - The scallop Placopecten magellanicus has the largest reported animal
      mitochondrial DNA (average 35 kb) and exhibits large inter- and intraindividual
      length variation owing to the varying copy number of a repeated element. We have
      characterized the repeat array by using restriction mapping and sequence
      analysis. The repeated element consists of 1,442 bp flanked on either side by the
      sequence ACTTTCC in a direct orientation. The array contains two to eight copies
      of the repeated element arranged in a direct orientation and in tandem. Only
      complete copies of the element are present in the array. The repeat element
      contains three regions with characteristic nucleotide sequences: a 10-bp inverted
      repeat shown to extrude into a cruciform in a supercoiled DNA plasmid, a 120-bp
      tract rich in G/C (70%) and adjacent to the inverted repeat, and periodically
      interspersed homopolymer runs of A and T occurring near the middle of the element
      which induce DNA curvature in dimeric constructs of the element. The element
      appears to be unique to P. magellanicus. The structural properties of the repeat
      element and its organization in an array of repeats may be important in
      explaining the generation and maintenance of large-scale mitochondrial DNA size
      variation observed in many animal species.

PMID- 2299982
TI  - An evolutionary comparison of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus trpF with trpF genes of
      several organisms.
AB  - The deduced amino acid sequence of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus N-(5'
      phosphoribosyl) anthranilate isomerase (PRAI), which is coded by trpF, was
      compared with TrpF of Caulobacter crescentus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus
      subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa, and Aspergillus nidulans.
      Sixty percent of identical or similar amino acids were located in alpha/beta TIM
      (triose-phosphate isomerase) barrels and in residues important in substrate
      binding and catalysis. In addition, the analysis of trpF genes presented here
      supports a model by which fusion between separate trpC and trpF genes arose in
      some cases by in-frame deletions.

PMID- 2299983
TI  - Limitations of the evolutionary parsimony method of phylogenetic analysis.
AB  - Lake's evolutionary parsimony (EP) method of constructing a phylogenetic tree is
      primarily applied to four DNA sequences. In this method, three quantities--X, Y,
      and Z--that correspond to three possible unrooted trees are computed, and an
      invariance property of these quantities is used for choosing the best tree.
      However, Lake's method depends on a number of unrealistic assumptions. We
      therefore examined the theoretical basis of his method and reached the following
      conclusions: (1) When the rates of two transversional changes from a nucleotide
      are unequal, his invariance property breaks down. (2) Even if the rates of two
      transversional changes are equal, the invariance property requires some
      additional conditions. (3) When Kimura's two-parameter model of nucleotide
      substitution applies and the rate of nucleotide substitution varies greatly with
      branch, the EP method is generally better than the standard maximum-parsimony
      (MP) method in recovering the correct tree but is inferior to the neighbor
      joining (NJ) and a few other distance matrix methods. (4) When the rate of
      nucleotide substitution is the same or nearly the same for all branches, the EP
      method is inferior to the MP method even if the proportion of transitional
      changes is high. (5) When Lake's assumptions fail, his chi2 test may identify an
      erroneous tree as the correct tree. This happens because the test is not for
      comparing different trees. (6) As long as a proper distance measure is used, the
      NJ method is better than the EP and MP methods whether there is a
      transition/transversion bias or whether there is variation in substitution rate
      among different nucleotide sites.

PMID- 2299984
TI  - Adverse effects of obesity on lipid and lipoprotein levels in insulin-dependent
      and non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - We studied the association of obesity with lipid and lipoprotein concentrations
      in 92 patients (49 men, 43 women) with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), in 305
      patients (152 men, 153 women) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), and in
      122 nondiabetic control subjects (65 men, 57 women). Obesity (body mass index,
      BMI) was associated with abnormal lipid and lipoprotein levels only in the
      presence of diabetes, and lipid and lipoprotein changes were substantially more
      abnormal in patients with NIDDM than in patients with IDDM. In men and women with
      NIDDM, obesity was associated with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and HDL2
      cholesterol and high total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density
      lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride concentrations. In men with IDDM, obesity was
      related only to low HDL and HDL2 cholesterol and in women with IDDM to low HDL3
      cholesterol. BMI and diabetes status had a statistically significant interaction
      (analysis of variance) with respect to HDL and HDL2 cholesterol and total and
      VLDL triglycerides, indicating that the effects of obesity on lipids and
      lipoproteins were more severe in patients with diabetes than in nondiabetic
      subjects. In conclusion, obesity and diabetes status have an unfavorable
      interaction that results in multiple pathologic lipid and lipoprotein changes,
      particularly in NIDDM.

PMID- 2299985
TI  - Leukocyte isotopically exchangeable intracellular sodium fractions in lean and
      overweight hypertensives.
AB  - Leukocyte intracellular sodium, as measured by flame photometry, is increased in
      essential hypertension, especially when associated with a body mass index greater
      than 27 kg.m-2. A triple isotope method for measuring the isotopically
      exchangeable pool of intracellular sodium was used to assess if this pool was
      increased in hypertension. No significant differences in the isotopically
      exchangeable intracellular sodium concentration were found between lean and
      overweight hypertensives compared with normotensive controls. Lean hypertensives
      with systolic blood pressures below the median had significantly lower
      exchangeable intracellular sodium concentrations than lean normotensives, whereas
      those with systolic blood pressures above the median had raised exchangeable
      intracellular sodium concentrations. The obese hypertensives did not show this
      trend. The exchangeable intracellular sodium concentration was correlated to
      systolic (r = .53, P less than .001) and diastolic (r = 0.39, P less than .01)
      blood pressure in hypertensives. We conclude that the increase in total cellular
      sodium content (as measured by flame photometry) in hypertensives described in
      previous studies is not associated with any increase in the isotopically
      exchangeable pool of intracellular Na+, except in those lean hypertensives with
      systolic blood pressures above the median. By implication, there may be an
      increased slowly exchangeable pool of intracellular Na+ in leukocytes from most
      hypertensives.

PMID- 2299986
TI  - Energy cost of fat-fuel mobilization in geriatric trauma.
AB  - Age-related changes in body composition may result in varied responses to acute
      accidental injury. Gaining fat as age advances is common and therefore the
      mobilization of fat fuel resources in traumatized geriatric patients needs closer
      examination. We have measured in six elderly (age, 60 to 74 years) and seven
      young (age, 18 to 46) traumatized, hypermetabolic, and highly catabolic patients,
      in the "flow phase" of the metabolic response to injury, the rates of whole-body
      lipolysis and net fat oxidation. This enabled us to calculate the rate of
      triglyceride/free fatty acid (TG/FFA) cycling in the whole body and to assess its
      contribution to energy expenditure. Energy metabolism in general and the fat
      metabolism in particular were found to be somewhat slowed in elderly trauma
      patients compared with equally injured young individuals, although the aged
      patients had more total body fat. The energy cost of TG/FFA cycling is
      significantly (P less than .025) lower in elderly trauma victims (0.28 +/- 0.06
      kcal/kg/d) compared with young patients (0.63 +/- 0.1 kcal/kg/d). This can
      account for approximately 3% to 4% of the elevation in metabolic rate over that
      predicted in the uninjured state.

PMID- 2299987
TI  - The influence of apolipoprotein E phenotype on the response to lovastatin therapy
      in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Apolipoprotein E (apo E) phenotypes have been previously shown to influence
      plasma lipoprotein concentrations in normal populations and to affect the
      response to some lipid lowering drugs. The purpose of the present study was to
      determine if variations in the apo E phenotype also affect basal lipoprotein
      concentrations in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)
      and if the apo E phenotype influenced their subsequent response to lovastatin.
      Apo E phenotypes were determined on plasma from 134 FH patients. The relative
      frequencies of the epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4 alleles were .090, .772,
      and .138, respectively. Plasma triglycerides were found to be 34% higher in E3/2
      heterozygotes relative to E3/3 patients. Baseline concentrations of low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in untreated FH patients were not influenced by the
      apo E phenotype; the hypolipidemic response to lovastatin (20 or 40 mg twice
      daily) was also independent of the apo-E phenotype of the patients.

PMID- 2299988
TI  - Genetic heterogeneity of lipoproteins in inbred strains of mice: analysis by gel
      permeation chromatography.
AB  - To assess genetic variation of murine lipoprotein profiles, plasma lipoproteins
      of 11 inbred strains, AKR/J, BALB/cByJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, C57BL/6ByJ, C57L/J,
      DBA/1LacJ, 129/J, NZB/B1NJ, PL/J, and SWR/J, were analyzed by gel-permeation
      chromatography (fast peptide liquid chromatography) and nondenaturing gradient
      gel electrophoresis. Vena caval blood was drawn after 18 to 20 hours of fasting.
      Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations ranged from 12.9 mg/dL
      (C57BL/6ByJ) to 66.9 mg/dL (C3H/HeJ) and from 54.8 mg/dL (AKR/J) to 128.5 mg/dL
      (NZB/B1NJ), respectively. Mouse strain-related heterogeneities of very low-, low
      , and high-density lipoprotein (VLDL, LDL, and HDL, respectively) concentrations
      were documented; VLDL-triglyceride concentrations ranged from 7.5 mg/dL to 38.8
      mg/dL, LDL cholesterol from 12.0 mg/dL to 39.6 mg/dL, and HDL cholesterol from
      41.3 mg/dL to 92.4 mg/dL. Hyper-VLDL-triglyceridemia was present in C3H/HeJ and
      SWR/J strains and hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia in NZB/B1NJ, C3H/HeJ, and DBA/1LacJ.
      VLDL cholesterol/VLDL triglyceride ratios also ranged widely among strains (0.13
      to 0.43), with C57BL/6J, C57BL/6ByJ, and C57L/J, the strains particularly
      susceptible to diet-induced atherosclerosis, having the highest VLDL-lipid ratio.
      LDL and HDL size heterogeneities were also observed. LDL and HDL diameters ranged
      between 24.1 nm and 29.4 nm, and between 9.24 nm and 10.32 nm, respectively.
      Although LDL sizes showed no segregation, HDL sizes fell into two groups. C57L/J
      and C57BL/6J possessed low HDL-cholesterol concentrations and small-sized HDL.
      HDL sizes were positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol concentrations (r =
      .90, P less than .001) and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (r = .85, P less than
      .001), but LDL sizes did not correlate with lipoprotein concentrations.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2299989
TI  - Erythrocyte zinc in hyperthyroidism: reflection of integrated thyroid hormone
      levels over the previous few months.
AB  - Red blood cell (RBC) zinc (Zn) concentration was measured by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry in 28 healthy volunteers, in 46 patients with hyperthyroidism,
      and in 6 patients with hypothyroidism. The mean (+/- SD) RBC Zn concentration in
      euthyroid controls was 11.4 +/- 1.5 mg/L RBC, and the normal range defined as the
      mean +/- 2 SD was 8.5 to 14.3 mg/L RBC. The mean RBC Zn in patients with
      hyperthyroidism was decreased to 6.4 +/- 1.6 mg/L RBC, and 43 (93%) had low
      values. The mean RBC Zn in patients with hypothyroidism was not different from
      that in the controls. There was a significant negative correlation between the
      concentrations of RBC Zn and those of both plasma thyroxine (T4; r = -0.73) and
      plasma 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3; r = -0.70). After the treatment of 17
      hyperthyroid patients with antithyroid drugs, both mean plasma T4 and T3 levels
      became normal within 4 weeks, but the normalization of RBC Zn lagged about 2
      months behind them. The RBC Zn levels significantly correlated with both the
      plasma T4 and T3 levels obtained 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks prior to the RBC sampling,
      and the highest correlation was observed between the RBC Zn levels and plasma T4
      and T3 levels measured 8 weeks previously. These data suggest that RBC Zn
      concentration in hyperthyroid patients reflects a patient's mean thyroid hormone
      level over the preceding several months as glycosylated hemoglobin level does in
      diabetic patients.

PMID- 2299991
TI  - Access to obstetric care in Michigan. Professional liability is at the root of
      the crisis.

PMID- 2299990
TI  - Low-density lipoprotein metabolism in the nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Hyperlipidemia is a consistent feature of the nephrotic syndrome. In this study,
      low-density lipoprotein (LDL) metabolism has been investigated in nine patients
      with nephrotic syndrome and varying degrees of proteinuria. In subjects with
      moderate proteinuria (less than 10 g/d), total plasma cholesterol values were
      elevated to approximately 160% of normal due mainly to an increase in circulating
      LDL cholesterol. Metabolic studies showed that a defect in LDL clearance via the
      receptor pathway was responsible for its accumulation. The total amount of LDL
      apolipoprotein catabolized by this mechanism was only 55% of the value seen in
      controls; 60% more LDL was channelled into alternative, receptor-independent,
      catabolic pathways. Heavier proteinuria was associated with substantial increases
      in plasma triglyceride and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. The defect
      in LDL catabolism was aggravated by oversynthesis of the lipoprotein, which
      expanded the plasma LDL pool to 250% of normal. These observations indicate that
      the hyperlipidemia of the nephrotic syndrome is multifactorial in origin. The
      altered catabolism of LDL may be important in predisposing these subjects to
      premature atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2299992
TI  - Access to obstetric care in rural areas: liability is one of many problems.

PMID- 2299994
TI  - Optometry and the insurance industry--a caveat for physicians.

PMID- 2299993
TI  - Effective strategies for obtaining certificate of need approval.

PMID- 2299995
TI  - Auditing medical care.

PMID- 2299996
TI  - Training doctors for the year 2000.
AB  - The World Health Organization's strategy, Health for All by the Year 2000,
      presents a challenge to those responsible for training doctors. Doctors are
      needed who are concerned to promote health not just treat disease. A review of
      the medical undergraduate curriculum is required to achieve this. We describe a
      small step towards this by the restructuring of a community medicine teaching
      programme so that students are introduced to health promotion and the principles
      of Health for All.

PMID- 2299997
TI  - Elaborated learning in undergraduate medical education.
AB  - Southampton Medical School holds its major examination of basic knowledge after
      rather than before students enter their first clinical attachments. An interview
      survey investigated its educational effects, and found that students adopt one of
      four revision approaches. The most successful, not just in terms of examination
      grade but more particularly in students' subsequent ability to retrieve and use
      the knowledge gained, occurred when students related their preclinical revision
      to their clinical experiences. One of these approaches, an elaboration of
      knowledge, is considered to be essential for effective clinical thinking yet is
      probably rare elsewhere in medical education since it appears to be a consequence
      of a particular curricular arrangement. An explanation is given in terms of
      current thinking in cognitive psychology, and this challenges the theoretical
      assumptions on which other research in medical education has been uncritically
      based. Some implications for medical education and further research are
      discussed.

PMID- 2299998
TI  - Can first-year medical students contribute to better care for patients with a
      chronic disease?
AB  - First-year medical students at the University of Western Australia are attached
      to a patient with a chronic illness in order to begin to understand the world of
      the chronically ill and their families. The patients are recruited by general
      practitioner preceptors who have been reticent in accepting first-year students
      because of their perceived immaturity and lack of medical knowledge. Not only
      have the preceptors' reservations proven groundless, but the teaching exercise
      has produced an unintended and positive side in that 35% of students discovered
      new information which was judged by the patients' general practitioners to be of
      significant help in the total management of patients' illness. Since these were
      only first-year medical students, the effect should be much greater with more
      mature students. Doctors often have incomplete records and act on incomplete
      information. Medical students are a means of correcting some of these deficits.
      In return they develop better psychosocial and communication skills and achieve
      considerable personal development by demonstrating to patients, their preceptors
      and themselves that they can be useful in contributing to more effective patient
      care.

PMID- 2299999
TI  - Feedback from dental students: performance in an anatomy department.
AB  - A questionnaire was devised and administered to first-year dental students to
      obtain feedback on the courses in an anatomy department. A closed statement
      format was used with a small number of open requests for comment, both to elicit
      information which would lead to course improvement, and also to validate the
      questionnaire itself and assess its suitability for inclusion in a formal
      appraisal system. Data were produced on course structure, teaching methods,
      examinations and personal tutoring. The students were divided into subgroups and
      their perceptions in these areas compared. The median responses to closed
      statements for each discipline within anatomy were calculated and displayed
      graphically as course profiles. The questionnaire itself is discussed in detail
      in relation to the validity of the feedback produced. Improvements are suggested
      and the questionnaire found to be suitable for wide usage in an appraisal system,
      particularly with the development of course profiles. The specific responses by
      the students, and their requests for further guidance, are also considered and
      suggestions made for alterations in the courses.

PMID- 2300000
TI  - Inquiry: the pedagogical importance of a skill central to clinical practice.
AB  - The skill of inquiry is central to the task of the doctor confronted with a
      patient problem. Despite its importance this skill is not given appropriate
      emphasis in the education of medical students or in research concerning the
      clinical reasoning skills of doctors.

PMID- 2300001
TI  - Teaching nutrition to medical students: a community-based problem-solving
      approach.
AB  - This paper presents a community-based problem-solving educational programme which
      aims at teaching medical and other health science students the importance of
      nutrition and its application. Through community surveys students assess the
      nutritional status of children under five using different anthropometric methods.
      They understand the cultural beliefs and customs related to food fads and the
      reasons for them. They also acquire the skill to educate the community using the
      information gathered. They use epidemiological methods such as case control study
      to find associations between malnutrition and other causative factors. Feedback
      from students has been positive and evaluation of students' knowledge before and
      after the programme has shown significant improvement.

PMID- 2300002
TI  - An innovation in teaching ethics to medical students.
AB  - There is growing agreement among the medical profession that medical ethics
      should be taught at undergraduate level. We present a model which can be taught
      in a way which is lively and entertaining, and which allows students to discuss
      ethical problems freely in small groups. This brief teaching package maximizes
      the learning experience. It could be used as part of a more extensive programme
      of ethics teaching.

PMID- 2300003
TI  - Evaluation of lectures on medical ethics through students' drawings.
AB  - The authors have encouraged medical students to express their impressions of and
      reactions to lectures on medical ethics by drawing illustrations on their
      attendance cards. This gives students a sense of participation in the lecture,
      and also it provides teachers with useful feedback concerning students'
      understanding of and interest in the subject.

PMID- 2300004
TI  - A self-learning approach to history-taking.
AB  - The present study examines the effectiveness of self-learning in interviewing
      skills training. Self-learning was carried out by self-evaluation of one's
      interviews by the use of an audiotape. Fifteen doctors specializing in internal
      medicine listened to their interviews and evaluated themselves against the
      suggested performance included in a rating scale. This procedure was repeated
      twice and composed the educational programme. Three main aspects of history
      taking were involved: (1) eliciting patient information; (2) interviewing
      technique and (3) attitudes toward the patient. Comparison of performance at the
      first and third interview revealed significant improvement in all three aspects.
      Doctor-patient communication and written history performance were involved
      indirectly in the study but no significant improvement was revealed. The
      educational approach appeared simple and effective to the doctors. It is
      suggested that a brief programme of self-learning with feedback from audiotapes
      is both convenient and effective, improving essential aspects of history-taking
      performance.

PMID- 2300005
TI  - Anaesthetics: career choices and experiences.
AB  - At the pre-registration stage, about 4% of doctors who qualified in 1974 and
      about 5% of 1977 qualifiers gave anaesthetics as a first choice of career. Over
      the few years after qualifying, both cohorts showed a net gain in career
      preferences for anaesthetics. The progress of those choosing anaesthetics is
      described, and also the career paths of those becoming senior registrars in the
      specialty. Postgraduate qualifications, non-anaesthetic and overseas experience
      are analysed. Discussion deals with breadth of experience, women doctors and
      manpower implications.

PMID- 2300006
TI  - Relevance and resources in medical education: an African view.
AB  - The worldwide economic crisis enjoins all planners of social services to a
      principle of relevance and efficiency in the deployment of scarce available
      resources. On the continent of Africa this is more crucial for the compelling
      influence of natural disasters and the population explosion. In the field of
      medical education relevance implies commitment of training programmes to the
      health needs of the society and in Africa this means addressing crude birth rates
      of 46 per 1000, death rates of 22 per 1000, maternal mortality of 17 per 10,000,
      infant mortality of 112 per 1000 and a life expectancy of just under 50,
      statistics which represent the most dismal health indicators for the five
      continents of the world. The training of the African doctor should therefore
      ensure intimate familiarity with the environmental and sociocultural influences
      on health, placing a premium on capability for management of human, material and
      financial resources and a plan for team-work. It must also inculcate the
      appropriate learning strategy which emphasizes the searching and enquiring mind,
      applying this problem-solving attitude to the life-long practice of medicine. It
      is now accepted by most observers that these objectives are achievable most
      readily through a translation of the principles of primary health care into
      educational strategies. The planning of medical educational policy in Africa is
      thus a formidable task as it is to be done against a background of diminishing
      resources in real terms and the modern explosion of knowledge in science and
      technology. Selectivity which is sensitive to the service to which education is
      to be put is currently the most promising means to achieve relevance and
      efficiency.

PMID- 2300007
TI  - Careers in medicine: appointment to specialist training posts in Queensland in
      1988.
AB  - Appointments to accredited specialist training positions in the State of
      Queensland, Australia in 1988 were analysed to show the success rates of
      applicants. Women were less likely to apply for training, but gained
      proportionately more appointments than men. Other factors in success were
      application from a major teaching hospital, graduation from the State medical
      school and, for new applicants, an honours degree. The success rates in various
      specialties differed significantly as did their appeal to women and to honours
      graduates. It is concluded that new graduates need better information and advice
      on career choice and that individual disciplines need to look carefully at the
      image and organization of their training programmes.

PMID- 2300008
TI  - Alternatives and options for funding continuing medical education: a debate.
AB  - There are four main categories for funding continuing medical education (CME) in
      Europe: public funding, industrial funding, private funding, and a combination of
      the three. Reasons behind funding are different in countries with a prevalent
      state or free-market economy; public funding should have public health as its
      main concern, while individual funding should have concern with individual
      benefits. This paper describes the main alternatives and options for funding CME
      in Italy, a European country with a national health service (NHS) and a free
      market economy. In Italy CME is a legal obligation for permanent NHS staff and
      for doctors who participate in the NHS. A budgeted item in the Health Fund is
      assigned to CME, but few Regions have clearly set out a CME programme strategy.

PMID- 2300009
TI  - Time to ban cigarette advertising and continue the "Quit. For Life" campaigns.

PMID- 2300010
TI  - Health services and costing in diabetes.

PMID- 2300011
TI  - Tobacco and alcohol use among Australian secondary schoolchildren in 1987.
AB  - A survey of 19 166 secondary schoolchildren aged 12-17 years in five Australian
      states, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory was
      undertaken in 1987 to determine the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use.
      Current smoking (that is, smoking at least one cigarette in the last week) rose
      with age to 27% in boys who were aged 16 years and to 30% in girls who were aged
      16 years. The prevalence of current drinking (that is, consuming one alcoholic
      drink in the last week) rose with age to 55% in boys who were aged 16 years and
      to 50% in girls who were aged 17 years. Compared with an identical survey in
      1984, the prevalence of smoking among 12- to 17-year-old schoolchildren had
      fallen significantly. The prevalence of drinking alcohol among 12- to 15-year-old
      schoolchildren also had fallen significantly, but not to the same extent as that
      of smoking; no significant reduction was found in the drinking of alcohol among
      16- to 17-year-old schoolchildren. These trends are encouraging, but a need
      remains for all states to enact tobacco-control legislation, including the
      prohibition of tobacco advertising.

PMID- 2300012
TI  - Services and cost of hospitalization for children and adolescents with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus in New South Wales.
AB  - Data on services for Australian children and adolescents with diabetes are
      limited. The purpose of the present study was to examine the availability,
      utilization and some of the costs of services for persons of less than 20 years
      of age with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in New South Wales, and to make
      recommendations for future services. The numbers of prevalent and incident cases
      of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the zero- to 19-years' age-group in
      each of the health regions of the State were estimated using data from the
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus register of the Southern Metropolitan Health
      Region. Information on the available services for young persons with diabetes was
      obtained from doctors and diabetes educators around the State, and on the
      utilization of services in the Southern Metropolitan Health Region from
      interviewing the families of persons whose names are listed in the diabetes
      register. An estimated range of the annual direct cost of hospital admissions for
      diabetes in the zero- to 19-years' age-group in New South Wales was calculated by
      use of the data collected from the diabetes register, the hospital separation
      data from the NSW Department of Health, the NSW Department of Health estimated
      bed-day cost and the estimated average cost of a bed day for diabetic patients at
      The Children's Hospital Camperdown. Services for children and adolescents with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in this State are most comprehensive in
      central Sydney. However, even these excellent services are not utilized fully by
      the children and their families. The annual cost of hospitalization for diabetes
      in the zero- to 19-years' age-group in New South Wales is estimated to be
      approximately +1.5 million. There needs to be an equally high standard of care
      for all diabetic children in the State; however, the utilization of services, as
      well as the services themselves, need to be improved and the cost-effectiveness
      of new services needs to be evaluated.

PMID- 2300013
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in clinically-definite multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Forty-two patients with clinically-definite multiple sclerosis were examined by
      magnetic resonance imaging using a 1.5-T instrument. Magnetic resonance imaging
      detected an abnormality in 90% of patients. In four patients, no lesions were
      demonstrated. The number, size and site of the lesions by magnetic resonance
      imaging were compared with the patients' clinical status and other variables. The
      Kurtzke disability status scale score increased in patients with corpus callosum
      atrophy, and brainstem and basal ganglia lesions, and correlated with the total
      number of lesions. No correlation was shown between the findings of magnetic
      resonance imaging and disease duration, age, sex or pattern-reversal visual
      evoked potentials. This article highlights the variety of magnetic resonance
      images that is obtained in patients with clinically-definite multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2300014
TI  - Methods of delivery and resuscitation of very-low-birthweight infants in
      Victoria: 1982-1985.
AB  - This article describes the patterns of delivery and resuscitation for very-low
      birthweight infants who were born in Victoria from 1982 to 1985. Caesarean
      delivery rates increased from 15% to 30% for infants of birthweights of 500-999
      g, and from 39% to 52% for infants of birthweights of 1000-1499 g. In level-III
      hospitals, the proportion of live-born infants who did not receive active
      resuscitation fell from 32% to 18% for those who weighed 500-999 g, and from 28%
      to 15% for those who weighed 1000-1499 g. Time trends over the four years showed
      the management of very-low-birthweight infants to be in a state of rapid
      transition in all birth settings. At the same time there was a fall in the still
      birth rate of infants of birthweights of 500-999 g. Still-births rates for
      infants of birthweights of 1000-1499 g remained unchanged, as did neonatal
      mortality rates in both weight groups.

PMID- 2300015
TI  - Blood among the waffle.

PMID- 2300016
TI  - Thalidomide, pregnancy and renal failure.
AB  - A 26-year-old woman with upper limb phocomelia as a result of thalidemide
      embryopathy developed renal failure that required dialysis during pregnancy. The
      pregnancy was complicated by dialysis difficulties, uncontrollable hypertension
      and deteriorating renal function resulting in fetal loss at 26-weeks' gestation.
      The patient was left with end-stage renal failure and recently has undergone
      cadaveric renal transplantation. This case highlights the widespread effects,
      including urinary-tract abnormalities, that thalidomide may have and illustrates
      the peculiar difficulties in managing such a patient during and after pregnancy.

PMID- 2300017
TI  - Changing sexual behaviour.

PMID- 2300018
TI  - Transcervical endometrial resection for abnormal uterine bleeding.

PMID- 2300019
TI  - Disseminated herpes simplex virus infection.

PMID- 2300020
TI  - Actuarial predictions from population-based disease registries with unidentified
      random losses.

PMID- 2300021
TI  - The hippocratic irrelevance variable (HIV)

PMID- 2300022
TI  - Consent, compulsion and confidentiality in relation to testing for HIV infection:
      the views of WA doctors.
AB  - A survey was undertaken of all of the consultant staff members of Perth's major
      teaching hospitals together with all the fellows of The Royal Australian College
      of General Practitioners in Western Australia in order to define their views on
      the issues of informed consent, compulsion in relation to surgery, and
      confidentiality in a particular circumstance, when testing for infection with the
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Of the 701 individuals surveyed, 548 (78.2%)
      responded. Of these, 74.3% considered that it was not always necessary to gain
      informed consent, 22.0% believed that it was always necessary to do so, while
      2.3% were undecided. General practitioners (38.4%) were more likely to think it
      necessary to obtain consent than were hospital consultants (19.0%), but otherwise
      the field of specialty had little effect on opinion. Of the respondents, 39.0%
      believed that testing before elective surgery is mandatory for all patients,
      while 53.0% considered that it should be compulsory in high-risk groups. Similar
      views were held about compulsory HIV antibody testing after emergency surgery.
      Similar responses were obtained from all specialty groups. When asked about
      whether they would tell a sexual partner of a patient's HIV status when the
      patient refused, 10.5% of doctors stated they would never advise the partner,
      24.7% of doctors would on some occasions, 41.0% of doctors would tell a partner,
      and 23.8% always were undecided. Many individuals commented that they failed to
      see why HIV infection was being treated differently from other serious diseases.
      We have found that the majority opinion of the most senior members of the medical
      profession is that specific, informed consent should not always be required, that
      there is great support for compulsory testing, and that confidentiality may be
      broken under certain circumstances. These views must be recognized by
      administrators and legislators when framing measures to control this infection.

PMID- 2300023
TI  - General practitioners and the provision of Papanicolaou smear-tests: current
      practice, knowledge and attitudes.
AB  - General practitioners are the main providers of Papanicolaou smear-tests yet,
      given the current suboptimal rates of cervical screening, it is clear that their
      full potential as screening providers is not being realized. To date, no
      information has been available concerning the possible barriers to the provision
      of Papanicolaou smear-tests by general practitioners. The present study assessed
      the views of a random sample of NSW general practitioners regarding the value of
      smear-tests, the most appropriate providers, the recommended screening protocol,
      and factors that were thought to influence both practitioners' provision and
      women's utilization of screening. The results indicate a number of changes to the
      current system which could counter screening barriers such as educational
      programmes for general practitioners, more female providers and the investigation
      of alternative services, consensus screening guide-lines, and screening registers
      and recall systems.

PMID- 2300024
TI  - Unsuspected bacterial infections in febrile convulsions.
AB  - In a 12-month prospective study in 1984, blood and urinary cultures were obtained
      as a routine from 307 children who presented with fever and convulsions to the
      Mater Misericordiae Children's Hospital, Brisbane, and the results were compared
      with data from 1981-1983 when cultures were not taken as a routine. In the
      prospective study, bacteraemia was found in 12 (4.3%) of 282 patients but was not
      suspected clinically in half of these; urinary-tract infection was found in seven
      (2.6%) of 272 patients and in six of these it was not suspected clinically. All
      12 patients with unsuspected bacteraemia or urinary-tract infection had
      persistent fever; of these, nine patients suffered simple convulsions and all
      cases of urinary-tract infection occurred in female patients. Bacteraemia was
      significantly more common in patients of less than two years of age, in children
      who were selected for lumbar puncture and in the study period compared with the
      retrospective period, 1981-1983. Leukocytosis (white-cell count, more than 15.0 X
      10(9)/L) was a sensitive (75%) diagnostic aid but was poorly specific (59%) for
      bacteraemia. Bacterial meningitis was not diagnosed initially in four of the nine
      cases which occurred among children who presented with fever and convulsions
      between 1981 and 1984; in all four children, the cerebrospinal fluid appeared
      normal at hospital admission. We conclude that bacteraemia and urinary-tract
      infections are detected more frequently in children who are admitted to hospital
      with febrile convulsions when cultures are performed as a routine. In the at-risk
      group (children of less than two years of age), the prevalence of urinary-tract
      infection is increased in female patients and the prevalence of bacteraemia is
      increased in those patients who are selected for lumbar puncture. The use of
      leukocytosis as a criterion to determine the need for blood cultures improves the
      diagnostic yield but would result in increased costs and additional venepuncture.
      Bacterial meningitis was rare in our case series and the performance of a lumbar
      puncture as a routine at admission to hospital would not have led to its earlier
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2300025
TI  - Tropical arthritis in Papua New Guinea: a reactive arthritis.
AB  - An idiopathic, asymmetrical oligoarthritis affecting young adults is prevalent in
      the tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Melanesia. A serological study was
      undertaken in 23 consecutive patients with polyarthritis. Each patient was
      assigned two paired control subjects. A standardized history, physical
      examination and investigations were performed. Acute and convalescent sera were
      examined for evidence of recent infection. The presence of HLA-B27 was
      determined. Twelve (52%) of the 23 patients had more than one of the clinical
      features of a reactive arthritis. No serological evidence was found of acute
      infection with viruses (arboviruses, enteroviruses, mumps, rubella, adenoviruses,
      Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis B), Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Yersinia or syphilis.
      HLA-B27 was found in 14 (61%) of the 23 patients in contrast with in seven (17%)
      of the 41 control subjects (P less than 0.001). In two patients with HLA-B27,
      diagnostic titres of antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni-Campylobacter coli
      indicated recent infection. The presence of HLA-B27 antigen was significantly (P
      less than 0.05) associated with the presence of the clinical features of reactive
      arthritis. This study suggests that "tropical arthritis" commonly is a reactive
      arthritis that is associated with the presence of HLA-B27.

PMID- 2300026
TI  - Increasing cervical screening in women of more than 40 years of age: an
      intervention in general practice.
AB  - An intervention that was aimed at increasing cervical screening in women of more
      than 40 years of age was undertaken, with general practitioners as the primary
      point of contact. The intervention consisted of the practice receptionist giving
      female patients pamphlets about Papanicolaou smear-tests and the general
      practitioner offering a Papanicolaou smear-test. Nineteen general practitioners
      and their female patients (n = 466) of more than 40 years of age who presented
      for consultation over a 10-day period were involved in this study. Each woman in
      the study was asked when she had last undergone a Papanicolaou smear-test. All
      women who were found to be "at risk", that is, who had not undergone a
      Papanicolaou smear-test in the previous two years (57% of those women who were
      asked) were offered cervical screening. Over-all about 50% of the women who were
      found to be "at risk" underwent a Papanicolaou smear-test at the general
      practitioner initiated request, either at the same consultation (26% of those "at
      risk") or on their return at a later date (23% of those "at risk"). Therefore,
      the intervention appears to have been effective in encouraging a relatively high
      risk group of patients to undergo Papanicolaou smear-tests. However, the strategy
      was differentially effective depending on age: more women of less than 65 years
      of age underwent a Papanicolaou smear-test than did women of more than 65 years
      of age. The feasibility of using the intervention in everyday general practice
      depends on the willingness of medical practitioners to ask female patients to
      undergo a Papanicolaou smear-test, the ability to take a Papanicolaou smear
      during the consultation or soon after, and the acceptance of the invitation by
      women as based on an understanding of the need.

PMID- 2300027
TI  - Emergency ventricular pacing using a J-electrode catheter without fluoroscopy.
AB  - The initiation of emergency ventricular pacing may be delayed by a lack of
      facilities for immediate fluoroscopy or staff members who are skilled in
      positioning a transvenous electrode catheter. Techniques have been developed to
      overcome these problems but have been unreliable, expensive and/or uncomfortable
      for patients. In each of 20 consecutive haemodynamically unstable patients (13
      patients with asystole or high-grade atrioventricular block and seven patients
      with ventricular tachycardia), an attempt was made to pace the ventricle with a
      Cordis 5-FG (1.67-mm) "atrial J"-electrode catheter, which was inserted
      transvenously without fluoroscopic guidance. Pacing was initiated successfully in
      19 cases within 40 seconds to 30 minutes (median, two minutes) of skin puncture,
      and in 16 cases within three minutes. Fifteen procedures were performed by
      operators with experience of less than 10 previous pacing catheter insertions.
      This study demonstrates that emergency transvenous ventricular pacing can be
      initiated rapidly and reliably by means of a catheter with a "J" configuration,
      which is inserted without the use of fluoroscopy. The method can be employed
      successfully by operators with little experience in pacing techniques. Standard
      inexpensive equipment is used; the technique is safe and well-tolerated by
      patients.

PMID- 2300028
TI  - First record of human acanthocephalan infections in Australia.
AB  - Two cases of asymptomatic acanthocephalan infections in infants are described. We
      believe this is the first report from Australia of infection with these parasites
      in humans. Their clinical, epidemiological and biological significance is
      discussed.

PMID- 2300029
TI  - Neurocysticercosis--two Australian cases.
AB  - Two cases of neurocysticercosis, one with multiple small lesions and the other
      with a single cerebral cyst, are reported. Both patients presented with focal
      seizures and headaches years after likely exposure to Taenia solium eggs. These
      cases represent susceptible populations in Australia--migrants from and
      travellers in endemic areas.

PMID- 2300030
TI  - Discrimination in the provision of health care in relation to persons with
      infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2300031
TI  - The misuse of mammography.

PMID- 2300032
TI  - Increasing the uptake of measles immunization in primary schools.

PMID- 2300033
TI  - Uptake of measles vaccination programme in New South Wales.

PMID- 2300034
TI  - Practice patterns and family life.

PMID- 2300035
TI  - "Repetition strain injury" and fatigue.

PMID- 2300036
TI  - The origins of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori.

PMID- 2300037
TI  - Solo doctor, small town, tiny hospital. Interview by Richard L. Reece.

PMID- 2300038
TI  - Our medical man in Moose Lake. Interview by Richard L. Reece.

PMID- 2300039
TI  - Modern medical training confronts Guatemalan poverty.

PMID- 2300040
TI  - In America's small-town hospitals, a patient isn't 'just a number'.

PMID- 2300041
TI  - Access to hospital services in rural Minnesota.
AB  - A Minnesota Department of Health study on the financial condition of Minnesota's
      small, rural hospitals found that at least 12 hospitals were in precarious
      financial condition at the start of 1989, and many other hospitals were
      financially vulnerable. One-third or more of Minnesota's hospitals with fewer
      than 50 beds had negative net income in each year from 1984 to 1987. Using a
      standard of 30 minutes' maximum travel time for adequate access, the study
      revealed that about 19,000 Minnesotans in 14 counties currently have inadequate
      access to hospital services. Closing rural hospitals could leave additional
      Minnesotans without adequate access to hospital services. Given the financial
      condition of Minnesota's small, rural hospitals and the importance of maintaining
      access to hospital services in rural communities, the state may need to provide
      limited hospital subsidies to ensure access in geographically isolated areas.

PMID- 2300042
TI  - Medical records management. MMA legal staff.

PMID- 2300043
TI  - Comparison of breast-feeding and nurturance practices in the Peoples Republic of
      China and the United States of America.
AB  - Comparison of breast-feeding and nurturance practices between the Peoples
      Republic of China and the United States of America revealed many similarities.
      Some differences did exist, especially regarding use of antiseptic solutions for
      cleansing nipples, use of herbal teas for treatment of engorgement and the
      concern of "over nurtu-rance" due to China's One-Child Policy.

PMID- 2300044
TI  - Detection of site-specific binding and co-binding of ligands to human serum
      albumin using 19F NMR.
AB  - Binding and co-binding of various 19F-labeled ligands to human serum albumin
      (HSA) has been studied using 19F NMR. Specifically shifted resonances in slow
      exchange with the free resonances are detected for many of the ligands. These
      specifically shifted resonances can be studied to yield accurate estimates of
      site-specific binding constants and stoichiometries. In addition, the use of two
      different 19F-labeled ligands can directly reveal competition for a given site or
      independent binding at different sites. For instance, it is easily shown that
      both 5-F-L-tryptophan and 5-F-salicylic acid are capable of binding independently
      to two sites on HSA at the same time, without the need for any curve-fitting or
      assumptions. These results demonstrate that the concept of "sites" on HSA is not
      only useful but is necessary. The technique also reveals allosteric interactions
      between 5-F-L-Trp and warfarin co-bound to HSA. This technique proves to be a
      powerful methodology for studying ligand and drug binding to HSA that is free
      from some of the pitfalls associated with more traditional techniques such as
      equilibrium dialysis.

PMID- 2300045
TI  - Bromobenzene-mediated alteration in activity and electrophoretic pattern of
      biliverdin reductase variants in rat kidney.
AB  - Here we report on the detection of multiple net-charge and molecular mass
      variants of biliverdin reductase in the rat kidney and describe selective changes
      in the tissue profile of the variants after bromobenzene treatment (2 mmol/kg,
      subcutaneously, 24 hr). Using two-dimensional electrophoresis and isoelectric
      focusing, two major molecular mass species, Mr 30,400 and 30,700, a minor form of
      Mr 31,400, and five net-charge groups of pI = 6.23, 5.91, 5.77, 5.61, and 5.48
      were detected; the net-charge variants with pI = 5.61 and 5.77 were the most
      abundant forms. The Mr 30,400 form was the main component of two isoelectric
      focusing bands with pI = 6.23 and 5.91, and the relative amounts of these net
      charge variants was severely decreased in the kidneys of bromobenzene-treated
      rats. The effect of bromobenzene in vivo could not be duplicated by in vitro
      experiments involving the direct treatment of purified enzyme with bromobenzene,
      or incubation of the purified preparation with bromobenzene in the presence of a
      NADPH-dependent microsomal drug-metabolizing system. Bromobenzene treatment did
      not alter the immunochemical properties of biliverdin reductase variants, as
      judged by the similarity of isoelectric focusing patterns of preparations on a
      Western blot using antibody raised against a rat liver total biliverdin reductase
      preparation. The treatment, however, caused an alteration in the kinetic
      properties of the enzyme, and the activity with NADH appeared to be selectively
      decreased. The possible mechanisms involved in the expression of multiple forms
      of the reductase and the biological significance of the multiplicity, as well as
      the change in composition caused by bromobenzene, are discussed.

PMID- 2300046
TI  - Central 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor-linked protein kinase C translocation: a
      functional postsynaptic signal transduction system.
AB  - The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor stimulation on protein kinase C
      (PKC) activity and translocation was assessed in slices or synaptosomes obtained
      from rat brain. Serotonin (0.5-100 microM) and the specific 5-HT2 receptor
      agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) (0.01-10 microM) but
      not the 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B agonists elicited time- and dose-related translocations
      in cortical slices. The maximal translocation elicited by 5-HT (10-100 microM, 15
      min) or DOI (1 microM, 10 min) was similar to that achievable by the phorbol
      ester phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (162 nM). In synaptosomes, short exposures
      to depolarizing concentrations of K+ (45-65 mM) resulted in PKC translocation. In
      addition, PMA but not serotonin induced enzyme translocation in synaptosomes. In
      slices, serotonin-stimulated PKC translocation was prevented by 5-HT2 antagonists
      but not by dopamine or alpha-adrenergic antagonists. PKC translocation induced by
      serotonin but not by PMA was inhibited by incubation of slices in a Ca2+-free
      medium. However, addition of 0.5 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)
      N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid to the incubation mixture abolished the effects of
      both serotonin and PMA. These results indicate that, in cortical slices,
      serotonin operating via a 5-HT2 postsynaptic receptor can induce the
      translocation of PKC from cytosol to membrane. This action of the
      neurotransmitter appears to be dependent on extracellular Ca2+.

PMID- 2300047
TI  - Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the rat prolactin gene by
      calcium.
AB  - The rat prolactin gene is expressed at a high basal level in the pituitary tumor
      GH3 cell line. Culturing GH3 cells in a low-Ca2+, serum-free medium (SFM)
      depresses prolactin mRNA levels, and subsequent addition of Ca2+ to the SFM
      results in a specific, gradual, and sustained increase in prolactin mRNA levels.
      We have now examined whether the observed increase in prolactin mRNA levels can
      be attributed solely to an increase in the transcriptional rate of the prolactin
      gene. Treatment of GH3 cells in SFM with 0.4 mM CaCl2 for 24 to 48 h increased
      cytoplasmic prolactin mRNA levels by 5- to 10-fold, whereas the transcriptional
      rate of the prolactin gene was increased by less than twofold over values for SFM
      controls. Prolactin mRNA levels increased progressively during the 24-h period
      after Ca2+ addition, whereas prolactin gene transcription never exceeded a
      twofold increase over values for SFM controls. The activities of nuclear extracts
      from control and Ca2(+)-induced cells were examined in an in vitro transcription
      assay. The two extracts directed transcription from the prolactin promoter and
      the adenovirus major late promoter equally well. Cycloheximide had no effect on
      the ability of Ca2+ to increase or maintain prolactin mRNA levels. In
      dactinomycin mRNA clearance experiments, prolactin mRNA was cleared at the same
      rate in the absence and presence of Ca2+. These results demonstrate that although
      Ca2+ has a small effect on the transcriptional rate of the prolactin gene, Ca2+
      produces a significant increase in prolactin mRNA levels by acting at a
      posttranscriptional site(s). Furthermore, Ca(2+) appears to increase prolactin
      mRNA levels by posttranslational modification of a stable protein, probably at a
      nuclear site.

PMID- 2300048
TI  - Genetic ablation in transgenic mice with an attenuated diphtheria toxin A gene.
AB  - We have previously generated microphthalmic mice lacking lens fiber cells by
      targeting the expression of the diphtheria toxin A (DT-A) gene in transgenic mice
      with regulatory sequences associated with the mouse gamma 2-crystallin gene.
      Because of the extreme toxicity of DT to animal cells and the potential leakiness
      of many tissue-specific regulatory regions, we investigated whether there might
      be an experimental advantage in using a mutant, attenuated form of the DT-A gene
      (tox-176) fused to gamma 2-crystallin regulatory sequences to ablate fiber cells
      in the ocular lens. In contrast to the microphthalmia observed in transgenic
      animals carrying the native DT-A gene, independent lines of mice transgenic for
      the gamma 2tox176 construct displayed predominantly cataracts or clinical
      anophthalmia. These contrasting phenotypes were transmitted within each pedigree,
      although for some lines some phenotypic heterogeneity among offspring was noted.
      The difference in phenotype between cataractous and clinically anophthalmic
      transgenic lines could not be ascribed to differences in the transgene copy
      number. Instead, the results suggest that transgene expression and hence the
      extent of genetic ablation are modulated by the site of chromosomal integration
      and, to a lesser extent, by epigenetic events. They also suggest that the
      attenuated gamma 2tox176 construct can integrate into chromosomal regions that
      are particularly favorable for expression without compromising embryological
      development and therefore that the tox-176 gene may be more versatile and
      effective than the wild-type DT-A gene for achieving genetic ablation with a
      broad range of cell- or tissue-specific regulatory sequences.

PMID- 2300049
TI  - In vitro analysis of promoter elements regulating transcription of the
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) gene.
AB  - A cell-free system for the study of transcription from the promoter of the
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) gene by using nuclear extracts from rat
      tissues was developed. The level of basal transcription from the
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) promoter between -490 and +73 was
      highest when extracts from liver nuclei, rather than kidney, spleen, and HeLa
      nuclear extracts, were used. A series of 5' deletions and block mutations were
      also tested for their effects on basal transcription in vitro. The promoter
      truncated to -355 had the highest rate of basal transcription, while subsequent
      deletion to -277 markedly decreased the rate of transcription. Further deletion
      of the promoter to -134 resulted in a twofold increase in the basal level of
      transcription compared with that of the promoter deleted to -277. However,
      subsequent deletion of the NF-1-CCAAT-binding transcription factor binding site
      or the proximal cyclic AMP (cAMP) regulatory element caused a decrease in basal
      transcription. Block mutations were inserted into nine specific protein-binding
      regions of the PEPCK promoter previously shown to be of functional significance
      or to bind nuclear proteins. Mutation of the TATA box resulted in a 94% decrease
      in the level of transcription noted with the intact promoter, while sequence
      substitutions within the proximal cAMP regulatory element decreased the
      transcription rate to 25%. The addition of the catalytic subunit of cAMP
      dependent protein kinase to the in vitro system stimulated transcription from the
      intact promoter or from a promoter deletion to -109. However, a promoter deletion
      to -68, which removes the proximal cAMP regulatory element, was unresponsive to
      added protein kinase catalytic subunit. These findings indicate that the PEPCK
      promoter between -490 and +73 contains sequences responsive to hormonal and
      tissue-specific factors in nuclei from rat tissues. The sensitivity of this in
      vitro transcription system closely mimics the process regulating PEPCK
      transcription in rat tissues and should make it ideal for testing the function of
      purified transcription factors.

PMID- 2300050
TI  - Intermolecular homologous recombination in plants.
AB  - To study DNA topological requirements for homologous recombination in plants, we
      have constructed pairs of plasmids that contain nonoverlapping deletions in the
      neomycin phosphotransferase gene [APH(3')II], which, when intact, confers
      kanamycin resistance to plant cells. Protoplasts isolated from Nicotiana tabacum
      were cotransformed with complementary pairs of plasmids containing these
      truncated gene constructs. Homologous recombination or gene conversion within the
      homologous sequences (6 to 405 base pairs) of the protein-coding region of the
      truncated genes led to the restoration of the functional APH(3')II gene,
      rendering these cells resistant to kanamycin. Circular plasmid DNAs recombined
      very inefficiently, independent of the length of the homologous region. A double
      strand break in one molecule only slightly increased the recombination frequency.
      The most favorable substrates for recombination were linear molecules. In this
      case, the recombination frequency was positively correlated with the length of
      the homologous regions. The recombination frequency of plasmids linearized at
      sites proximal to the deletion-homology junction was significantly higher than
      when linearization was distal to the homologous region. Vector homology within
      cotransformed plasmid sequences also increased the recombination frequency.

PMID- 2300051
TI  - Molecular analysis of two mouse dilute locus deletion mutations: spontaneous
      dilute lethal20J and radiation-induced dilute prenatal lethal Aa2 alleles.
AB  - The dilute (d) coat color locus of mouse chromosome 9 has been identified by more
      than 200 spontaneous and mutagen-induced recessive mutations. With the advent of
      molecular probes for this locus, the molecular lesion associated with different
      dilute alleles can be recognized and precisely defined. In this study, two dilute
      mutations, dilute-lethal20J (dl20J) and dilute prenatal lethal Aa2, have been
      examined. Using a dilute locus genomic probe in Southern blot analysis, we
      detected unique restriction fragments in dl20J and Aa2 DNA. Subsequent analysis
      of these fragments showed that they represented deletion breakpoint fusion
      fragments. DNA sequence analysis of each mutation-associated deletion breakpoint
      fusion fragment suggests that both genomic deletions were generated by
      nonhomologous recombination events. The spontaneous dl20J mutation is caused by
      an interstitial deletion that removes a single coding exon of the dilute gene.
      The correlation between this discrete deletion and the expression of all dilute
      associated phenotypes in dl20J homozygotes defines the dl20J mutation as a
      functional null allele of the dilute gene. The radiation-induced Aa2 allele is a
      multilocus deletion that, by complementation analysis, affects both the dilute
      locus and the proximal prenatal lethal-3 (pl-3) functional unit. Molecular
      analysis of the Aa2 deletion breakpoint fusion fragment has provided access to a
      previously undefined gene proximal to d. Initial characterization of this new
      gene suggests that it may represent the genetically defined pl-3 functional unit.

PMID- 2300052
TI  - Structure and variability of human chromosome ends.
AB  - Mammalian telomeres are thought to be composed of a tandem array of TTAGGG
      repeats. To further define the type and arrangement of sequences at the ends of
      human chromosomes, we developed a direct cloning strategy for telomere-associated
      DNA. The method involves a telomere enrichment procedure based on the relative
      lack of restriction endonuclease cutting sites near the ends of human
      chromosomes. Nineteen (TTAGGG)n-bearing plasmids were isolated, two of which
      contain additional human sequences proximal to the telomeric repeats. These
      telomere-flanking sequences detect BAL 31-sensitive loci and thus are located
      close to chromosome ends. One of the flanking regions is part of a subtelomeric
      repeat that is present at 10 to 25% of the chromosome ends in the human genome.
      This sequence is not conserved in rodent DNA and therefore should be a helpful
      tool for physical characterization of human chromosomes in human-rodent hybrid
      cell lines; some of the chromosomes that may be analyzed in this manner have been
      identified, i.e., 7, 16, 17, and 21. The minimal size of the subtelomeric repeat
      is 4 kilobases (kb); it shows a high frequency of restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms and undergoes extensive de novo methylation in somatic cells.
      Distal to the subtelomeric repeat, the chromosomes terminate in a long region (up
      to 14 kb) that may be entirely composed of TTAGGG repeats. This terminal segment
      is unusually variable. Although sperm telomeres are 10 to 14 kb long, telomeres
      in somatic cells are several kilobase pairs shorter and very heterogeneous in
      length. Additional telomere reduction occurs in primary tumors, indicating that
      somatic telomeres are unstable and may continuously lose sequences from their
      termini.

PMID- 2300053
TI  - A combination of closely associated positive and negative cis-acting promoter
      elements regulates transcription of the skeletal alpha-actin gene.
AB  - The chicken skeletal alpha-actin gene promoter region provides at least a 75-fold
      greater transcriptional activity in muscle cells than in fibroblasts. The cis
      acting sequences required for cell type-restricted expression within this 200
      base-pair (bp) region were elucidated by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays
      of site-directed Bg/II linker-scanning mutations transiently transfected into
      primary cultures. Four positive cis-acting elements were identified and are
      required for efficient transcriptional activity in myogenic cells. These
      elements, conserved across vertebrate evolution, include the ATAAAA box (-24 bp),
      paired CCAAT-box-associated repeats (CBARs; at -83 bp and -127 bp), and the
      upstream T+A-rich regulatory sequence (at -176 bp). Basal transcriptional
      activity in fibroblasts was not as dependent on the upstream CBAR or regions of
      the upstream T+A-rich regulatory sequence. Transfection experiments provided
      evidence that positive regulatory factors required for alpha-actin expression in
      fibroblasts are limiting. In addition, negative cis-acting elements were detected
      and found closely associated with the G+C-rich sequences that surround the paired
      CBARs. Negative elements may have a role in restricting developmentally timed
      expression in myoblasts and appear to inhibit promoter activity in nonmyogenic
      cells. Cell type-specific expression of the skeletal alpha-actin gene promoter is
      regulated by combinatorial and possibly competitive interactions between multiple
      positive and negative cis-acting elements.

PMID- 2300054
TI  - Schizosaccharomyces pombe ras1 and byr1 are functionally related genes of the ste
      family that affect starvation-induced transcription of mating-type genes.
AB  - We have further investigated the function of the ras1 and byr1 genes, which were
      previously shown to be critical for sexual differentiation in fission yeast
      cells. Several physiological similarities between strains containing null alleles
      of these genes supports the idea that ras1 and byr1 are functionally closely
      related. Furthermore, we have found that byr1 is allelic to ste1, one of at least
      10 genes which when mutated can cause sterility. Since ras1 had previously been
      found to be allelic to ste5, both ras and byr genes are now clearly shown to be a
      part of the ste gene family, thus confirming their close functional relationship.
      The observation that the mating-type loci could overcome the sporulation block of
      ras1 and byr1 mutant strains prompted investigation of the role of the ras-byr
      pathway in the induction of the mating-type gene transcripts upon nitrogen
      starvation. By Northern analysis of RNA preparations from strains carrying wild
      type or mutant ras1 alleles and grown to different stages of the growth cycle, we
      have shown that ras1 plays an important role in inducing the Pi transcript of the
      mating-type loci and the mei3 gene transcript. These observations provide a
      molecular basis for the role of the ste gene family, including ras1 and byr1, in
      meiosis and indicate that further characterization of other ste genes would be
      very useful for elucidating the mechanism of ras1 function in fission yeast
      cells.

PMID- 2300055
TI  - Premature chromosome condensation is induced by a point mutation in the hamster
      RCC1 gene.
AB  - At the nonpermissive temperature, premature chromosome condensation (PCC) occurs
      in tsBN2 cells derived from the BHK cell line, which can be converted to the Ts+
      phenotype by the human RCC1 gene. To prove that the RCC1 gene is the mutant gene
      in tsBN2 cells, which have RCC1 mRNA and protein of the same sizes as those of
      BHK cells, RCC1 cDNAs were isolated from BHK and tsBN2 cells and sequenced to
      search for mutations. The hamster (BHK) RCC1 cDNA encodes a protein of 421 amino
      acids homologous to the human RCC1 protein. In a comparison of the base sequences
      of BHK and BN2 RCC1 cDNAs, a single base change, cytosine to thymine (serine to
      phenylalanine), was found in the 256th codon of BN2 RCC1 cDNA. The same
      transition was verified in the RCC1 genomic DNA by the polymerase chain reaction
      method. BHK RCC1 cDNA, but not tsBN2 RCC1 cDNA, complemented the tsBN2 mutation,
      although both have the same amino acid sequence except for one amino acid at the
      256th codon. This amino acid change, serine to phenylalanine, was estimated to
      cause a profound structural change in the RCC1 protein.

PMID- 2300056
TI  - Characterization of the S-phase-specific transcription regulatory elements in a
      DNA replication-independent testis-specific H2B (TH2B) histone gene.
AB  - The testis-specific H2B histone (TH2B) gene is expressed in pachytene
      spermatocytes of meiotic prophase I during rat spermatogenesis. The TH2B RNA and
      histones are not synthesized in any other tissues, and the synthesis is
      independent of DNA replication. However, the cloned TH2B gene has two DNA
      sequence elements which stimulate transcription of the cloned gene in an S-phase
      dependent manner when introduced into somatic cells. The factors interacting with
      the two elements, CCAAT at -127 base pairs and octamer ATTTGCAT at -93 base
      pairs, interact with each other to bring about a maximum stimulation of S-phase
      dependent transcription. The level of CCAAT and octamer-binding proteins is
      unchanged during the cell cycle, and the S-phase-dependent transcription of TH2B
      and endogenous mouse H2B genes does not require synthesis of new proteins during
      the S phase. Cell cycle-specific posttranslational modification of regulatory
      proteins may be responsible for the S-phase-dependent transcription of H2B
      histone genes. The biological significance of the presence of S-phase-specific
      transcription regulatory elements in the DNA replication-independent and tissue
      specific TH2B gene is not known.

PMID- 2300057
TI  - The mouse surfeit locus contains a cluster of six genes associated with four CpG
      rich islands in 32 kilobases of genomic DNA.
AB  - The clustered arrangement (no two adjacent genes are separated by more than 73
      base pairs [bp] and two genes overlap by 133 bp at their 3' ends) of the four
      genes (Surf-1 to -4) identified so far in the mouse surfeit locus (T. Williams,
      J. Yon, C. Huxley, and M. Fried, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3527-3530, 1988)
      is the tightest gene clustering found in any mammalian genome to date and
      strongly suggests the possibility of cis-interaction and/or coregulation of gene
      expression. Thus, we are analyzing the surfeit genes in detail and are defining
      the extent of the cluster. Here we present the sequence of the entire Surf-4 gene
      and define the 3' and 5' extents of its mRNAs. The Surf-4 gene has heterogeneous
      transcriptional start sites, and its 5' end lies in a CpG-rich island. The gene
      specifies three mRNAs, with the two most abundant mRNAs differing in the
      locations of their 3' polyadenylation sites. Only the most abundant Surf-4 mRNA
      would overlap the 3' end of the Surf-2 gene by 133 bp. Two new genes (Surf-5 and
      Surf-6) have been identified in the surfeit gene cluster by Northern (RNA) blot
      analysis. The 5' end of Surf-6 lies within the CpG-rich island about 8 kilobases
      (kb) from the CpG-rich island containing the 5' end of Surf-3, and Surf-5 lies
      between Surf-3 and Surf-6. Thus, the cluster contains a unique arrangement of
      four CpG-rich islands within 32 kb associated with the 5' ends of the six surfeit
      genes. The neighboring CpG-rich islands have been located 500 and 100 kb distant
      on either side of the surfeit cluster, indicating that the end of the cluster of
      islands has been reached.

PMID- 2300058
TI  - Transcription initiation from the dihydrofolate reductase promoter is positioned
      by HIP1 binding at the initiation site.
AB  - We have identified a sequence element that specifies the position of
      transcription initiation for the dihydrofolate reductase gene. Unlike the
      functionally analogous TATA box that directs RNA polymerase II to initiate
      transcription 30 nucleotides downstream, the positioning element of the
      dihydrofolate reductase promoter is located directly at the site of transcription
      initiation. By using DNase I footprint analysis, we have shown that a protein
      binds to this initiator element. Transcription initiated at the dihydrofolate
      reductase initiator element when 28 nucleotides were inserted between it and all
      other upstream sequences, or when it was placed on either side of the DNA helix,
      suggesting that there is no strict spatial requirement between the initiator and
      an upstream element. Although neither a single Sp1-binding site nor a single
      initiator element was sufficient for transcriptional activity, the combination of
      one Sp1-binding site and the dihydrofolate reductase initiator element cloned
      into a plasmid vector resulted in transcription starting at the initiator
      element. We have also shown that the simian virus 40 late major initiation site
      has striking sequence homology to the dihydrofolate reductase initiation site and
      that the same, or a similar, protein binds to both sites. Examination of the
      sequences at other RNA polymerase II initiation sites suggests that we have
      identified an element that is important in the transcription of other
      housekeeping genes. We have thus named the protein that binds to the initiator
      element HIP1 (Housekeeping Initiator Protein 1).

PMID- 2300059
TI  - Regulated expression of proenkephalin A during ontogenic development of
      mesenchymal derivative tissues.
AB  - Proenkephalin A (PEA), a neuropeptide-encoding gene, is widely expressed in the
      nervous and endocrine systems. Recently, we demonstrated that in addition to its
      abundance in fetal brain tissue; PEA is markedly expressed in nondifferentiated
      mesodermal cells of developing fetuses. To evaluate the implication of these
      findings for the normal development of tissues of mesodermal origin, we examined
      the expression of PEA in rat mesenchymal tissues during pre- and postnatal
      development. Using in situ hybridization analysis combined with RNA blots and a
      Met-enkephalin-specific radioimmunoassay, we showed that (i) PEA mRNA levels in
      embryonic and newborn mesenchymal derivative tissues were as high as in the
      developing brain, (ii) PEA mRNA concentrations in these tissues dropped to
      undetectable levels shortly after birth, and (iii) this mRNA was translated and
      processed differentially among different mesenchymal tissues, yielding a tissue
      specific pattern of PEA-derived peptides. Our results demonstrate multilevel
      regulation of PEA gene expression during ontogenic development of mesenchymal
      derivative tissues. The transient expression and the correlation between PEA mRNA
      and tissue maturation support the notion that peptides encoded by PEA play a
      significant role in normal development of these tissues. These findings provide a
      framework for examination of the mechanisms and roles of PEA gene expression
      during mesenchymal ontogeny.

PMID- 2300061
TI  - Increased rRNA gene activity during a specific window of early pea leaf
      development.
AB  - rRNA gene transcription rates were determined during light-mediated leaf
      development in Pisum sativum. The rate of transcription was observed to increase
      within 1 day of exposure to light and return to control levels 4 days after
      exposure. A striking similarity was observed between periods of elevated rRNA
      gene transcription and increased mitotic activity, suggesting a possible link
      between the two events.

PMID- 2300060
TI  - The 5' untranslated region of mRNA for ribosomal protein S19 is involved in its
      translational regulation during Xenopus development.
AB  - During Xenopus development, the synthesis of ribosomal proteins is regulated at
      the translational level. To identify the region of the ribosomal protein mRNAs
      responsible for their typical translational behavior, we constructed a fused gene
      in which the upstream sequences (promoter) and the 5' untranslated sequence
      (first exon) of the gene coding for Xenopus ribosomal protein S19 were joined to
      the coding portion of the procaryotic chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)
      gene deleted of its own 5' untranslated region. This fused gene was introduced in
      vivo by microinjection into Xenopus fertilized eggs, and its activity was
      monitored during embryogenesis. By analyzing the pattern of appearance of CAT
      activity and the distribution of the S19-CAT mRNA between polysomes and messenger
      ribonucleoproteins, it was concluded that the 35-nucleotide-long 5' untranslated
      region of the S19 mRNA is able to confer to the fused S19-CAT mRNA the
      translational behavior typical of ribosomal proteins during Xenopus embryo
      development.

PMID- 2300062
TI  - Differences between survival, mutagenicity and DNA replication in MMS- and MNU
      treated V79 hamster cells.
AB  - After treatment with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea
      (MNU), the mutagenicity and survival of Chinese hamster V79 cells were
      investigated, as well as the inhibition of daughter DNA synthesis and, using the
      DNA unwinding technique and hydroxylapatite chromatography, the character of the
      newly synthesized DNA was studied. It was found that different cytotoxicity and
      mutagenicity of MMS and MNU was accompanied by different types of DNA synthesis
      inhibition. The treatment with the former compound resulted in a longer
      inhibition of DNA synthesis, while the treatment with the latter showed that as
      early as 2 h after exposure the percentage of nascent DNA increased. Shortly
      after the exposure to both alkylating agents, the newly synthesized DNA contained
      a higher number of gaps than control DNA, in dependence on the concentration
      used. During culturing after treatment, the character of nascent DNA in MMS
      treated cells gradually returned to that of control DNA, while MNU-treated cells,
      for the whole time of our study, synthesized DNA with a larger number of gaps
      than control DNA. We suggest that the character of nascent daughter DNA reflects
      the occurrence of lesions in parental DNA. These are repaired within a shorter
      time in MMS- than in MNU-treated cells. The long-term persistence of lesions in
      the DNA of MNU-treated cells might be one of the factors responsible not only for
      the higher cytotoxic but also for the many times higher mutagenic effect of this
      alkylating agent.

PMID- 2300063
TI  - Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis.

PMID- 2300064
TI  - Structural basis of carcinogenicity in rodents of genotoxicants and non
      genotoxicants.
AB  - A set of 189 chemicals tested in the National Toxicology Program Cancer Bioassay
      was subjected to analysis by CASE, the Computer-Automated Structure Evaluation
      system. In the data set, 63% of the chemicals were carcinogens, approx. 40% of
      the carcinogens were non-genotoxic, i.e., they possessed neither "structural
      alerts" for DNA reactivity as defined by Ashby and Tennant, 1988, nor were they
      mutagenic for Salmonella. The data base can be characterized as a "combined
      rodent" compilation as chemicals were characterized as "carcinogenic" if they
      were carcinogenic in either rats or mice or both. CASE identified 23 fragments
      which accounted for the carcinogenicity, or lack thereof, of most of the
      chemicals. The sensitivity and specificity were unexpectedly high: 1.00 and 0.86,
      respectively. Based upon the identified biophores and biophobes, CASE performed
      exceedingly well in predicting the activity of chemicals not included among the
      189 in the original set. CASE predicted correctly the carcinogenicity of non
      genotoxic carcinogens thereby suggesting a structural commonality in the action
      of this group of carcinogens. As a matter of fact biophores restricted to non
      genotoxic carcinogens were identified as were "non-electrophilic" biophores
      shared by genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. The findings suggest that the
      CASE program may help in the elucidation of the basis of the action of non
      genotoxic carcinogens.

PMID- 2300065
TI  - Dose-response relationship for the induction of structural chromosome aberrations
      in human spermatozoa after in vitro exposure to tritium beta-rays.
AB  - The effects of tritium (HTO) beta-rays on human sperm chromosomes were studied
      using our interspecific in vitro fertilization system between human spermatozoa
      and zona-free hamster oocytes. Semen samples were treated with media containing
      1.53-24.3 mCi/ml HTO for about 80 min. 1290 spermatozoa from the controls and
      1842 spermatozoa from the irradiated groups were karyotyped. The incidence of
      spermatozoa with structural chromosome aberrations increased linearly with
      increasing dosage. Breakage-type aberrations occurred far more frequently than
      exchange-type. Chromosome-type aberrations appeared far more frequently than
      chromatid-type. All of these types of aberrations showed linear dose-dependent
      increases. The RBE values of HTO beta-rays relative to X-rays were calculated for
      the above-mentioned 5 indices, respectively. Their RBE values ranged from 1.89 to
      3.00 when the absorbed dose was estimated to be the minimum, whereas the values
      ranged between 1.04 and 1.65 when the absorbed dose was estimated to be the
      maximum.

PMID- 2300066
TI  - Types of structural chromosome aberrations and their incidences in human
      spermatozoa X-irradiated in vitro.
AB  - We studied the effects of in vitro X-irradiation on human sperm chromosomes,
      using our interspecific in vitro fertilization system between human spermatozoa
      and zona-free hamster oocytes. 28 semen samples from 5 healthy men were exposed
      to 0.23, 0.45, 0.91 and 1.82 Gy of X-rays. Totals of 2098 and 2862 spermatozoa
      were karyotyped in the control and the irradiated groups, respectively. The
      incidence of spermatozoa with X-ray-induced structural chromosome aberrations (Y)
      increased linearly with increasing dosage (D), being best expressed by the
      equation, Y = 0.08 + 34.52 D. The incidence of breakage-type aberrations was more
      than 9 times higher than that of exchange-type aberrations. Both of them showed
      linear dose-dependent increases, which were expressed by the regression lines, Y
      = -0.014 + 0.478 D and Y = -0.010 + 0.057 D, respectively. The incidence of
      chromosome-type aberrations was about 6 times higher than that of chromatid-type
      aberrations. Their dose-dependent increases were expressed by the regression
      lines, Y = -0.015 + 0.462 D and Y = -0.006 + 0.079 D, respectively. These results
      are discussed in relation to the previous data obtained with gamma-rays. The
      repair mechanism of X-ray-induced sperm DNA lesions is also discussed.

PMID- 2300067
TI  - Evaluation of chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes and micronuclei in
      lymphocytes, oral mucosa and hair root cells of patients under antiblastic
      therapy.
AB  - In 7 patients undergoing antiblastic chemotherapy for the first time, the
      structural chromosomal aberration (CA) test in peripheral lymphocytes was
      compared with the micronucleus (Mn) test in lymphocytes, in oral cavity cells and
      in hair root cells of the scalp. The last test is being proposed for the first
      time. The CA and Mn frequencies induced by chemotherapy were compared with the
      baseline (pretreatment) frequencies of the patients and with confidence limits
      calculated in 4 control groups studied for CA, Mn in lymphocytes, Mn in oral
      cavity cells and Mn in hair root cells, respectively. The studied chemotherapies
      induced a clear cytogenetic effect in at least 2 of the tests studied with the
      exception of interferon-alpha 2b (patient 6) and interferon + low doses of cis
      platinum (patient 2) which did not appear to cause evident chromosomal damage.
      The response to chemotherapy is generally characterized by an increase in Ca and
      Mn, reaching a peak value and then decreasing in the following weeks. The CA test
      proves to be the most sensitive despite the fact that CA were analyzed in an
      average of 100 cells per sample against the 500-3000 cells analyzed for Mn. The
      efficiency of Mn to detect CA is in the following order: Mn in lymphocytes
      greater than Mn in buccal cells greater than Mn in hair root cells. The last test
      appears to be very promising but, used following the current method, does not
      appear suitable to monitor acute exposure.

PMID- 2300068
TI  - Induction of chromosome damage by benzo[a]pyrene, 2-aminofluorene and
      cyclophosphamide in the root cells of Vicia faba.
AB  - The induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations
      (CAs) by benzo[a]pyrene (BP), 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) and cyclophosphamide (CP) in
      the root cells of Vicia faba was examined. BP and 2-AF induced CAs, but not SCEs.
      CP induced both SCEs and CAs.

PMID- 2300069
TI  - Effects of trypsin on X-ray-induced cell killing, chromosome abnormalities and
      kinetics of DNA repair in mammalian cells.
AB  - When cells are trypsinized before irradiation a potentiation of X-ray damage may
      occur. This is known as the 'trypsin effect'. Potentiation of X-ray damage on
      cell killing was seen in V79 Chinese hamster cells but was marginal in Chinese
      hamster ovary (CHO K1) cells and not evident in murine Ehrlich ascites tumour
      (EAT) cells. Trypsinization did however increase the number of X-ray-induced
      chromosomal abnormalities in all 3 lines. To investigate the possibility that
      trypsin acts by digestion of proteins in chromatin, further experiments were
      performed to monitor DNA damage and repair. Induction of DNA breaks by X-rays was
      unaffected by trypsin but trypsinized EAT (suspension) cells repaired single
      strand breaks (ssb) less rapidly than controls indicating an inhibitory effect of
      trypsin on ssb repair. However double-strand break (dsb) repair was unaffected by
      trypsin. It was also found that the EDTA solution in which the trypsin was
      dissolved also contributes to the inhibition of dsb repair. The results show that
      trypsinization can enhance X-ray-induced cell killing, chromosomal damage and DNA
      repair, the effect varying between cell lines.

PMID- 2300070
TI  - Intracellular iron mediates the enhancing effect of histidine on the cellular
      killing and clastogenicity induced by H2O2.
AB  - The enhancing effect of L-histidine on the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induction of
      micronuclei and of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) as well as on its killing
      effect was investigated using Chinese hamster fibroblasts. L-Histidine increased
      cellular killing and the frequency of micronuclei but not SCEs induced by H2O2.
      Superoxide dismutase and mannitol did not decrease the killing effect whereas
      mannitol completely prevented the formation of micronuclei and of SCEs induced by
      H2O2 or by H2O2 plus L-histidine. When the iron-complexing agents EDTA or o
      phenanthroline were present, only o-phenanthroline inhibited the killing and
      clastogenic effects of H2O2 or of H2O2 plus L-histidine. D-Histidine had the same
      effect as L-histidine, but histamine and L-urocanic acid did not. These results
      indicated that both the amino and the carboxylic groups of histidine are required
      for the enhancing effect and suggested that it depends on the formation of an
      intracellular histidine-iron complex able to react with H2O2 generating reactive
      oxygen species.

PMID- 2300071
TI  - Relationship between pyrimidine dimers, 6-4 photoproducts, repair synthesis and
      cell survival: studies using cells from patients with trichothiodystrophy.
AB  - Trichothiodystrophy is a genetic disease which in the majority of cases studied
      is associated with a deficiency in the ability to repair UV damage in cellular
      DNA. Three categories of UV response have been identified. In type 1 the response
      is completely normal, whereas type 2 cells are deficient in excision-repair, with
      properties indistinguishable from those of XP complementation group D. Type 3
      cells have normal survival following UV-irradiation and normal rates of removal
      of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer sites. Nevertheless repair synthesis is reduced
      by 50% in these cell strains and this is associated with a marked reduction in
      the repair of 6-4 photoproducts from cellular DNA. The present results show that
      50% or more of repair synthesis at early times after irradiation of normal
      primary human fibroblasts is attributable to repair of 6-4 products. They also
      suggest that repair of cyclobutane dimers is crucial for cell survival.

PMID- 2300073
TI  - Pooled inference across sexes for the in vivo micronucleus assay.
AB  - The Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society has investigated the extent of sex
      differences in the in vivo micronucleus assay (Sutou et al., 1986). In light of
      their findings, this manuscript reexamines the statistical analysis of the assay.
      A test statistic which pools the inference over sexes is introduced. The
      sensitivity of this statistic is examined in comparison with the more traditional
      procedure of analysis within each sex. The impact of extra-Poisson variation
      among animals on the validity and sensitivity of the test procedures is also
      examined.

PMID- 2300072
TI  - In vivo hprt mutant frequencies in T-cells of normal human newborns.
AB  - Mutation at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus (hprt; HPRT
      enzyme) in the human fetus was studied by clonal assay of placental cord blood
      samples from full-term newborns. Conditions for determining hprt mutant
      frequencies, as defined for adults, were also optimal for studies in newborns.
      The mean mutant frequency for 45 normal human newborns (37 male, 8 female) was
      0.64 X 10(-6) (SD = 0.41 X 10(-6); median value = 0.58 X 10(-6). These values are
      approx. 10-fold lower than corresponding adult hprt mutant frequency values.
      Factors such as limiting-dilution cloning efficiencies, delay prior to study of
      sample, sex, cryopreservation or technician performing the assay did not
      significantly affect assay results. Maternal smoking did not result in elevated
      mutant frequency values. Most wild-type and mutant clones studied were CD4
      surface antigen positive (helper/inducer). All hprt mutants analyzed lacked HPRT
      activity.

PMID- 2300074
TI  - In vitro induction, expression and selection of thioguanine-resistant mutants
      with human T-lymphocytes.
AB  - Conditions have been defined to measure the in vitro induction of mutations at
      the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus in human T
      lymphocytes by a cell cloning assay. The in vitro growth of mass cultures as well
      as cell cloning is accomplished by the use of crude T-cell growth factor (TCGF)
      and irradiated human lymphoblastoid feeder cells. These initial studies employed
      irradiation of G0 phase peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a single
      individual. After exposure to gamma-irradiation from a 137Cs source, the cells
      were stimulated with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and maintained in
      exponential growth with exogenous TCGF to allow phenotypic expression of the 6
      thioguanine-resistant (TGr) mutants. The mutant frequency was determined by
      measuring cell cloning efficiency in microtiter dishes in the absence and
      presence of TG, with an optimal selection density of 1 X 10(4) cells/well. The
      development of this in vitro assay should allow direct study of susceptibility to
      gamma-irradiation in the human population in terms of both cytotoxicity and
      mutation induction.

PMID- 2300075
TI  - Genetic toxicology testing and biomonitoring of environmental or occupational
      exposure.

PMID- 2300076
TI  - Genetic toxicology studies comparing the activity of sidestream smoke from
      cigarettes which burn or only heat tobacco.
AB  - The results of in vitro genetic toxicology studies of sidestream cigarette smoke
      (SSCS) from cigarettes which heat but do not burn tobacco were compared to those
      of sidestream smoke from cigarettes which burn tobacco. SSCSs from 5 cigarettes
      were compared. Three of the cigarettes, the Kentucky reference research cigarette
      (1R4F), a commercially available ultra-low-tar brand (ULT) and a commercially
      available ultra-low-tar menthol brand (ULT-menthol) burn tobacco while two of the
      cigarettes, a regular (TEST) and a menthol (TEST-menthol) heat tobacco. SSCSs
      from all cigarettes were prepared by identical techniques, which involved
      collecting sidestream smoke particulate matter on Cambridge filter pads and
      combining the particulate matter with the vapor-phase materials collected by
      bubbling the smoke exiting the Cambridge pad through DMSO. The SSCSs obtained
      (equivalent to 0.4 cigarettes/ml DMSO) were evaluated at identical concentrations
      in an in vitro genetic toxicology test battery. SSCS from 1R4F, ULT and ULT
      menthol cigarettes produced positive results in Ames bacterial strains TA98,
      TA100, TA1537 and TA1538 in the presence of metabolic activation (S9 from Aroclor
      induced rat liver) but negative results in strain TA1535. In the absence of
      metabolic activation, 1R4F, ULT and ULT-menthol SSCSs were not significantly
      mutagenic. TEST and TEST-menthol SSCSs produced negative results in all 5
      bacterial strains, both with and without metabolic activation. SSCS from 1R4F,
      ULT and ULT-menthol cigarettes produced positive results in the CHO chromosomal
      aberration assay and in the CHO sister-chromatid exchange assay both with and
      without metabolic activation while TEST and TEST-menthol SSCSs produced negative
      results in both assays, either with or without metabolic activation. The SSCSs
      from 1R4F, ULT and ULT-menthol cigarettes were weakly positive in inducing DNA
      repair in cultured rat hepatocytes while TEST and TEST-menthol SSCSs were
      negative in this assay. All 5 SSCSs were nonmutagenic in the CHO-HGPRT assay both
      with and without metabolic activation. SSCSs from the 1R4F, ULT and ULT-menthol
      cigarettes were cytotoxic in the CHO-HGPRT assay, both with and without metabolic
      activation, while TEST and TEST-menthol SSCSs were not cytotoxic under either
      condition. These results demonstrate that sidestream smoke from cigarettes which
      heat but do not burn tobacco (TEST and TEST-menthol) was neither genotoxic nor
      cytotoxic under conditions where sidestream smoke from cigarettes which burn
      tobacco (1R4F, ULT and ULT-menthol) was genotoxic and/or cytotoxic in a
      concentration-dependent manner.

PMID- 2300078
TI  - Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in workers exposed to vinyl
      chloride.
AB  - In the present study, the method of cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood
      lymphocytes was used to examine 43 workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer
      (average exposure 11.2 years) and 22 subjects selected from the same locality
      (control group). A total number of 8650 metaphases were analysed. All cytogenetic
      parameters examined were increased in the exposed group as compared to the
      control group and 3 parameters, chromatid breaks, percentage of aberrant cells
      and breaks per cell, were significantly increased (P less than 0.001).

PMID- 2300077
TI  - Genotoxicity of 1-nitropyrene and 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone to mammalian cells.
AB  - Nitroarenes are ubiquitous environmental pollutants displaying potent
      genotoxicity in bacterial and mammalian cells. In this study, 2,4,7-trinitro-9
      fluorenone (TNF) was more potent than 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) in eliciting genotoxic
      responses in 4 mammalian cell lines. All 4 cell types were capable of activating
      the nitroarenes, since no special incubation conditions were required. Inhibition
      of normal DNA synthesis and cytotoxicity were significantly increased with TNF in
      a dose range of 0.2-5 micrograms/ml for human teratocarcinoma (PA1) cells, mouse
      Sertoli (TM4) cells, rat hepatoma (RL12) cells, and human-Chinese hamster ovary
      (CHO-K1) cells. For 1-NP, a dose range of 10-20 micrograms/ml was required to
      achieve comparable results for the respective cell lines. Only the RL12 and CHO
      K1 cells showed recovery of normal DNA synthesis when TNF or 1-NP was removed
      from the medium. The other cell types showed little or no recovery up to 42 h
      after removal of the nitroarene. In exclusively studying TNF, the induction of
      sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and a delay in cell cycle as monitored by
      harlequin chromosomes, were observed at a concentration range of 0.003-0.2
      microgram/ml in PA1, TM4, and RL12 cells. In CHO-K1 cells, TNF at 0.001-1
      microgram/ml was clearly mutagenic at the hprt locus.

PMID- 2300079
TI  - Clastogenic effects of copper sulphate on the bone marrow chromosomes of mice in
      vivo.
AB  - Copper sulphate administered intraperitoneally to Swiss albino mice in vivo
      induced a significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in
      bone marrow cells as all concentrations used (1.1-6.6 mg/kg b.w.), when compared
      to the negative control. Statistical analysis indicates that the degree of
      clastogenicity was directly related to the concentrations used and indirectly to
      the period of exposure. The effect was maximal at 6 h after treatment as compared
      with 12 and 24 h.

PMID- 2300080
TI  - Levels of sister-chromatid exchanges in hybrids between Bloom syndrome B
      lymphoblastoid cells and various cell lines with lymphoid malignancy.
AB  - The present study has been undertaken to examine the effect of cell hybridization
      of Bloom syndrome (BS) B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and various cell lines
      from lymphoid malignancies in order to clarify the relationship between sister
      chromatoid exchange (SCE) and malignant conditions. Cell hybridization studies
      have shown that though BS high-SCE frequencies were completed by fusion with
      normal cells, fusion with various malignant cell lines did not result in complete
      normalization of BS SCEs, with 15-30 SCEs remaining per hybrid cell,
      demonstrating possibly common defects in DNA of BS and malignant cells. These
      findings strongly support the idea that the characteristic high SCE frequency in
      BS cells has some connection with the malignant condition, and that at least one
      step in carcinogenesis is either accompanied by the production of SCEs, or that
      SCEs themselves cause such a step to occur.

PMID- 2300081
TI  - Specificity of spontaneous mutation in the lacI gene cloned into bacteriophage
      M13.
AB  - We have studied the specificity of spontaneous mutation in the lacI gene of
      Escherichia coli cloned into bacteriophage M13. The comparison of the spectrum of
      85 spontaneous mutations with that of the lacI gene carried on an E. coli F'
      episone revealed the following characteristics: (i) base substitution was
      predominant, accounting for 80% of spontaneous events compared with only 11% on
      the F' episome; (ii) among the base substitutions, the majority were G:C----A:T
      transitions (86%); (iii) not one mutation recovered on M13 corresponded to a
      mutation at the spontaneous hotspots seen in the F' spectrum (i.e., neither the
      addition or deletion of the tetramer 5'-CTGG-3' at position 620-631 nor the A:T--
      -G:C transition at position +6 of lacO were recovered). The enhanced rate of
      cytosine deamination in single-stranded DNA, the unique replication mechanism and
      the refractory nature of single-stranded DNA to excision-repair processes present
      likely explanations for the observed mutational spectrum.

PMID- 2300082
TI  - Cytotoxic effects of zirconium oxychloride on bone marrow cells of mice.
AB  - A single oral administration of an aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride to
      mice of both sexes in concentrations 1/20, 1/6, 1/2 of LD50 induced chromosomal
      abnormalities in bone marrow cells. The frequencies of aberration were directly
      proportionate to the concentrations used. Female mice were found to be more
      susceptible than male mice, though not to a significantly higher level. This is
      the first report on the clastogenicity of this metal.

PMID- 2300083
TI  - Molecular characterization of hprt mutants induced by low- and high-LET
      radiations in human cells.
AB  - Southern blotting techniques were employed to examine the spectrum of molecular
      alterations in DNA induced by internally emitting iodine isotopes and X-rays at
      and around the hprt locus in a human lymphoblastoid cell line. We analyzed 165
      mutant clones using a cDNA probe for the human hprt locus, and 3 anonymous
      sequence probes for regions of the X chromosome which are linked to hprt. The
      results were compared with those for 35 spontaneously arising mutant clones. The
      majority of ionizing radiation-induced mutants showed changes in the normal
      restriction patterns at the hprt locus, whereas very few alterations were seen at
      linked markers along the X chromosome. Total hprt coding sequence deletions
      comprised 30-48% of the changes observed at this locus, while partial deletions
      and rearrangements comprised 14-54% of the observed changes. In the case of
      mutants induced by [125I]dUrd, a densely ionizing radiation, the spectrum of
      alterations was dose-dependent; at low doses it was not significantly different
      from that seen after sparsely ionizing X-ray exposure, whereas a higher
      proportion of gene deletions and rearrangements occurred after high doses of this
      incorporated isotope. Changes were rarely observed in the 3 linked markers
      examined. Overall, these results indicate that the distribution of mutational
      events at the hprt locus in irradiated human cells may not only be LET-dependent
      but dose-dependent, and that deletions involving large regions of the X
      chromosome surrounding the hprt locus are rare events.

PMID- 2300084
TI  - Adaptive response to 2 low doses of X-rays in human blood lymphocytes.
AB  - Human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to a single adaptive dose of 1 cGy X
      rays or 2 adaptive doses, each of 1 cGy, were found to be equally resistant to
      the induction of chromosome damage by subsequent challenge with a high dose of 1
      Gy X-rays, as compared to cells that were not pre-exposed. They responded with a
      significantly reduced incidence of chromatid and isochromatid breaks. These
      results indicate the presence of an inducible chromosomal repair mechanism in
      human blood lymphocytes and confirm the observations made by earlier
      investigators. The incidence of chromosome damage was found to be similar in the
      lymphocytes pre-exposed to a single or 2 adaptive doses, suggesting that, under
      the conditions tested, the second adaptive dose did not offer any additional
      protection against the chromosome damage induced by the challenge dose.

PMID- 2300085
TI  - Mutagenic compounds in an extract from Rutae Herba (Ruta graveolens L.). II. UV-A
      mediated mutagenicity in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by
      furoquinoline alkaloids and furocoumarins present in a commercial tincture from
      Rutae Herba.
AB  - A commercial tincture prepared from Rutae Herba (Ruta graveolens L.) exhibited a
      moderate photomutagenicity in an arginine-requiring mutant strain of
      Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In the tincture some furocoumarins, e.g., bergapten,
      psoralen, imperatorin, and 3 furoquinoline alkaloids (dictamnine, gamma-fagarine,
      skimmianine) were detected. All compounds revealed photomutagenic properties but
      their activities were quite different. Bergapten was the most potent
      furocoumarin. Dictamnine, the furoquinoline with the strongest effect, reached
      only about 10% of the activity of bergapten. Based on the amount of these
      compounds in the tincture and their activities we conclude that bergapten is
      mainly responsible for the photomutagenicity of the tincture. The lower
      phototoxicity and photomutagenicity of the furoquinoline alkaloids may be due to
      the fact that furoquinolines form only monoadducts with DNA in the presence of UV
      A in contrast to furocoumarins which also form biadducts.

PMID- 2300086
TI  - Unequal SCE is a rare event in homologous recombination between duplicated neo
      gene fragments in CHO cells.
AB  - The frequency of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) was studied in Chinese hamster
      ovary (CHO) cell lines with stable insertions of the vector pIII-14gpt which
      contains 2 truncated neomycin resistance (neo) gene fragments. Recombination
      between regions of homology in the 2 fragments can restore a functional neo gene
      and make the cell resistant to the antibiotic G418, a neomycin analogue. Unequal
      SCE would be one of several possible mechanisms for this event. The observed
      spontaneous rate of formation of G418-resistant subclones was approximately 6.4 x
      10(-6) per cell per generation, as compared to the estimated spontaneous
      frequency of 3 SCE per cell per generation. Given this SCE frequency, the
      probability of an SCE occurring in a target site of about 1600 bp (the distance
      separating the homologous regions in the neo fragments) would be about 8 x 10(-7)
      per cell per generation, or approximately one tenth of the estimated rate of
      recombination. Treatment of the cells with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS, 50 x 10(
      6) M) induced about 80-90 SCE per cell, corresponding to a probability of 2 x 10(
      5) SCE per 1600-bp target per cell. In the same cell culture, MMS treatment
      induced 4-8 x 10(-4) recombination events per cell giving rise to G418
      resistance. Cells treated with HN2 (up to 4 x 10(-6) M) showed a significant
      increase in SCEs, but no change in the frequency of G418-resistant revertants.
      These results suggest that the 2 pathways leading to SCE and recombination
      respectively are uncoupled, and only a small fraction of the recombination
      events, if any, are due to unequal SCE in this system.

PMID- 2300088
TI  - Intrafamilial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection.
AB  - Colonization of the gastric antrum by Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter
      pylori) has been associated with primary gastritis. We determined the frequency
      of colonization by H. pylori in gastric-antrum biopsy specimens from 93 children
      undergoing gastroscopy for the evaluation of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. We
      also determined H. pylori IgG antibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay in coded serum samples from these children, family members, and control
      subjects of comparable ages. Among 27 children with primary, or unexplained,
      gastritis, H. pylori was identified by silver staining in 24 biopsy specimens and
      by culture in 22; specific antibodies were present in 23 children (96 percent).
      Three children with unexplained gastritis had no evidence of H. pylori in the
      antrum, nor did any of 13 children with secondary gastritis or any of 53 children
      with normal antral histologic features; specific antibodies were present in only
      1 of these 69 children. H. pylori antibody was detected in 25 of 34 parents of
      colonized children, but in only 8 of 33 parents of noncolonized children (P less
      than 0.001). Of 22 siblings of children colonized by H. pylori, 18 had specific
      antibodies, as compared with only 5 of 37 controls (P less than 0.001). We
      conclude that H. pylori-specific IgG antibodies are associated with bacterial
      colonization of the gastric antrum by this organism. The intrafamilial clustering
      of H. pylori infection suggests that there may be person-to-person spread of
      these bacteria.

PMID- 2300087
TI  - Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma.
AB  - Twelve hundred ninety-six patients with resected colon cancer that either was
      locally invasive (Stage B2) or had regional nodal involvement (Stage C) were
      randomly assigned to observation or to treatment for one year with levamisole
      combined with fluorouracil. Patients with Stage C disease could also be randomly
      assigned to treatment with levamisole alone. The median follow-up time at this
      writing is 3 years (range, 2 to 5 1/2). Among the patients with Stage C disease,
      therapy with levamisole plus fluorouracil reduced the risk of cancer recurrence
      by 41 percent (P less than 0.0001). The overall death rate was reduced by 33
      percent (P approximately 0.006). Treatment with levamisole alone had no
      detectable effect. The results in the patients with Stage B2 disease were
      equivocal and too preliminary to allow firm conclusions. Toxic effects of
      levamisole alone were infrequent, usually consisting of mild nausea with
      occasional dermatitis or leukopenia, and those of levamisole plus fluorouracil
      were essentially the same as those of fluorouracil alone--i.e., nausea, vomiting,
      stomatitis, diarrhea, dermatitis, and leukopenia. These reactions were usually
      not severe and did not greatly impede patients' compliance with their regimen. We
      conclude that adjuvant therapy with levamisole and fluorouracil should be
      standard treatment for Stage C colon carcinoma. Since most patients in our study
      were treated by community oncologists, this approach should be readily adaptable
      to conventional medical practice.

PMID- 2300089
TI  - Rapid development of myelopathy after HTLV-I infection acquired by transfusion
      during cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2300090
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 6-1990. Rapidly developing confusion, impaired memory, and
      unsteady gait in an elderly man.

PMID- 2300091
TI  - Hypokalemic nephropathy--a clue to cystogenesis?

PMID- 2300092
TI  - Does adjuvant therapy work in colon cancer?

PMID- 2300093
TI  - The Chernobyl nuclear accident.

PMID- 2300094
TI  - Dietary saturated fatty acids and low-density or high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol.

PMID- 2300095
TI  - Comparison of ticlopidine and aspirin for the prevention of stroke.

PMID- 2300096
TI  - Maternal hypertension and neonatal neutropenia.

PMID- 2300097
TI  - Adverse outcomes and lack of health insurance among newborns.

PMID- 2300099
TI  - Cocaine-induced dental erosions.

PMID- 2300098
TI  - Ethanol and the nervous system.

PMID- 2300100
TI  - Zidovudine overdose in a child.

PMID- 2300101
TI  - HIV and U.S. Immigration law.

PMID- 2300102
TI  - Physicians' credentials.

PMID- 2300103
TI  - Reform of the British National Health Service. From white paper to bill in
      Parliament.

PMID- 2300104
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation in patients with thalassemia.
AB  - We reviewed the results of transplantation of allogeneic marrow from HLA
      identical donors in patients with beta-thalassemia who were less than 16 years
      old. Among the 222 consecutive patients who had received transplants since 1983,
      survival and event-free-survival curves leveled off about one year after
      transplantation, at 82 and 75 percent, respectively. Pretransplantation clinical
      characteristics were examined for their impact on survival, event-free survival,
      and the recurrence of thalassemia in the 116 consecutive patients who were
      treated with our current regimen, in use since June 1985. In a multivariate
      analysis, portal fibrosis and either the presence of hepatomegaly or a history of
      inadequate chelation therapy were significantly associated with reduced
      probabilities of survival and event-free survival. The patients were divided into
      three classes on the basis of the presence of hepatomegaly or portal fibrosis
      (class 1 had neither factor, class 2 had one, and class 3 had both). For class 1
      patients the three-year probabilities of survival, event-free survival, and
      recurrence were 94, 94, and 0 percent, respectively. For class 2 patients the
      probabilities were 80, 77, and 9 percent, and for class 3 patients 61, 53, and 16
      percent. We conclude that for patients under 16 years of age, transplantation of
      bone marrow from an HLA-identical donor offers a high probability of complication
      free survival, particularly if they do not have hepatomegaly or portal fibrosis.

PMID- 2300105
TI  - Racial differences in susceptibility to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AB  - The prevalence of tuberculosis among blacks is known to be about twice that among
      whites. When we looked at infection rates among the initially tuberculin-negative
      residents of 165 racially integrated nursing homes in Arkansas, we were
      stimulated to investigate whether this difference could be due in part to racial
      differences in susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. A new
      infection was defined by an increase of greater than or equal to 12 mm of
      induration after a tuberculin skin test (5 tuberculin units) administered at
      least 60 days after a negative two-step test. On repeat skin testing of the
      25,398 initially tuberculin-negative nursing home residents, we found that 13.8
      percent of the blacks and only 7.2 percent of the whites had evidence of a new
      infection (relative risk, 1.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 2.1).
      Blacks were infected more frequently, regardless of the race of the source
      patient. In homes with a single source patient who was white, 17.4 percent of the
      black and 11.7 percent of the white residents became infected (relative risk,
      1.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 1.9); in homes with a single source
      patient who was black, 12.4 percent of the black and 7.7 percent of the white
      residents became infected (relative risk, 1.6; 95 percent confidence interval,
      1.2 to 2.1). However, there was no racial difference in the percentage of
      residents who had recently converted to positive status who, in the absence of
      preventive therapy, were later found to have clinical tuberculosis (blacks, 11.5
      percent; whites, 10.6 percent). Data from three outbreaks of tuberculosis in two
      prisons also showed that blacks have about twice the relative risk of whites of
      becoming infected with M. tuberculosis. We conclude that blacks are more readily
      infected by M. tuberculosis than are whites. The data also suggest that
      susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection varies independently of the factors
      governing the progression to clinical disease.

PMID- 2300106
TI  - Trial of different intensities of anticoagulation in patients with prosthetic
      heart valves.
AB  - We compared the efficacy and complications of anticoagulation with warfarin in
      258 patients with prosthetic heart valves treated with regimens of "moderate
      intensity" (prothrombin-time ratio, 1.5; international normalized ratio, 2.65) or
      "high intensity" (prothrombin-time ratio, 2.5; international normalized ratio, 9)
      in a prospective, randomized study. The two patient groups were followed up for
      421 patient-years and 436 patient-years, respectively. Eleven patients were lost
      to follow-up. Thromboembolism occurred with similar frequency in the two groups
      (4.0 and 3.7 episodes per 100 patient-years, respectively), but there was a total
      of 6.2 bleeding episodes per 100 patient-years in the moderate-intensity group,
      as compared with 12.1 episodes in the high-intensity group (P less than 0.002).
      There were 5.2 episodes of minor bleeding per 100 patient-years in the moderate
      intensity group, as compared with 10.1 episodes in the high-intensity group (P
      less than 0.01). Major bleeding was also more common in the high-intensity group
      (2.1 episodes per 100 patient-years--including the only two fatal hemorrhages--as
      compared with 0.95 episode in the moderate-intensity group), but the difference
      was not statistically significant. We conclude that a moderate anticoagulant
      effect (prothrombin-time ratio, about 1.5) in patients with a mechanical
      prosthetic heart valve offers protection equivalent to that of more intensive
      therapy, but at a significantly lower risk.

PMID- 2300107
TI  - Hyperostosis cranialis interna. A new hereditary syndrome with cranial-nerve
      entrapment.

PMID- 2300108
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 7-1990. A 32-year-old man of Cambodian origin with a hepatic
      mass.

PMID- 2300109
TI  - Multiple cranial-nerve palsies: a diagnostic challenge.

PMID- 2300110
TI  - Universal entitlement to health care. Can we get there from here?

PMID- 2300112
TI  - The risk of gallstones in middle-aged women.

PMID- 2300113
TI  - Chromosomal abnormalities in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 2300111
TI  - Trichotillomania (hair pulling)

PMID- 2300114
TI  - Are androgenic steroids thrombogenic?

PMID- 2300115
TI  - Body weight and the sensitivity of blood pressure to sodium.

PMID- 2300116
TI  - Lipoprotein lipase.

PMID- 2300117
TI  - Unclogging the obstructed biologic cylinder.

PMID- 2300118
TI  - Quietness: where has it gone?

PMID- 2300119
TI  - Development of contraceptives--obstacles and opportunities.

PMID- 2300121
TI  - Increase in glomerular filtration rate in patients with insulin-dependent
      diabetes and elevated erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport.
AB  - Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in erythrocytes is found in patients
      with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and nephropathy. To determine
      whether such an increase precedes the onset of nephropathy and, if so, whether it
      is associated with changes in renal function, we measured erythrocyte sodium
      lithium countertransport in 52 patients with IDDM but not nephropathy or
      hypertension and in 32 control subjects. Seventeen of the 52 patients with IDDM
      (33 percent) had sodium-lithium countertransport activity that exceeded the
      maximal activity in the control subjects (0.39 mmol of lithium per hour per liter
      of cells). Eighteen of the 52 patients with IDDM were studied in more detail. The
      7 patients with raised sodium-lithium countertransport values had glomerular
      filtration rates (median, 159 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area;
      range, 134 to 197) that were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than those
      in the remaining 11 patients with IDDM and normal sodium-lithium countertransport
      (median, 126 ml per minute per 1.73 m2; range, 110 to 176) or in the 10 control
      subjects (median, 128 ml per minute per 1.73 m2; range, 93 to 151). In the seven
      patients with elevated sodium-lithium countertransport, the filtration fraction
      (median, 0.27; range, 0.22 to 0.37) was also greater (P less than 0.01) than that
      in control subjects (median, 0.22; range, 0.18 to 0.28). There were no
      differences in renal function between the patients with IDDM and normal sodium
      lithium countertransport and the control subjects. We conclude that sodium
      lithium countertransport is increased in patients with IDDM before the onset of
      nephropathy and is associated with hyperfiltration. Thus, elevated sodium-lithium
      countertransport activity may be an early marker of diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2300120
TI  - Successful allogeneic transplantation of T-cell-depleted bone marrow from closely
      HLA-matched unrelated donors.
AB  - We describe a four-year experience with bone marrow transplantation involving
      closely HLA-matched unrelated donors and 55 consecutive patients with hematologic
      disease who were seven months to 48.6 years old (median, 18 years). An intensive
      pretransplantation conditioning regimen and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
      prophylaxis with CD3-directed T-cell depletion and cyclosporine were employed.
      Durable engraftment was achieved in 50 of 53 patients who could be evaluated (94
      percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 83 to 98 percent). Acute GVHD of Grade
      II to IV developed in 46 percent of the patients (confidence interval, 27 to 66
      percent). The incidence and severity of acute GVHD were increased in recipients
      of HLA-mismatched marrow as compared with recipients of phenotypically matched
      marrow (incidence of 53 percent [confidence interval, 37 to 68 percent] vs. 17
      percent [confidence interval, 5 to 45 percent]; P less than 0.05). Extensive
      chronic GVHD and deaths not due to relapse also tended to be more frequent when
      HLA-mismatched marrow was used, but not significantly so. With a median follow-up
      of more than 19 months (range, greater than 9 to greater than 39), the actuarial
      disease-free survival of transplant recipients with leukemia and a relatively
      good prognosis (acute leukemia in first remission and chronic myelogenous
      leukemia in chronic phase) was 48 percent (confidence interval, 24 to 73
      percent), and that of recipients with more aggressive leukemia was 32 percent
      (confidence interval, 18 to 51 percent); the actuarial survival of recipients
      with non-neoplastic disease was 63 percent (confidence interval, 31 to 86
      percent). We conclude that marrow transplantation with closely HLA-matched
      unrelated donors can be effective treatment for neoplastic and non-neoplastic
      diseases. Although transplants from phenotypically HLA-matched unrelated donors
      appear to be most effective, transplants with limited HLA disparity can also be
      successful in some patients.

PMID- 2300122
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and infection in patients on continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - We studied 140 consecutive patients beginning continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis (CAPD) at one of seven hospitals to assess the relation of the nasal
      carriage of Staphylococcus aureus to subsequent catheter-exit-site infection or
      peritonitis. Shortly before the implantation of the catheters, the patients'
      anterior nares were cultured for the presence of S. aureus. Antibiotics were not
      prescribed for the S. aureus carriers, but all the patients were monitored for
      signs of catheter infection (median follow-up, 10.4 months). At the initiation of
      CAPD, 63 patients (45 percent) carried S. aureus in the nares. Nasal carriage was
      more frequent among the 30 patients with diabetes (77 percent) than among the 110
      without the disease (36 percent). The carriers of S. aureus had a significantly
      higher rate of exit-site infection than the noncarriers (0.40 vs. 0.10 episode
      per year; P = 0.012). Of these episodes, 24 of 34 were caused by S. aureus. The
      rates of peritonitis of all bacterial types did not differ significantly between
      the groups, but all 11 episodes of peritonitis caused by S. aureus occurred among
      the carriers. In 85 percent of the patients with clinical S. aureus infections,
      the strain from the nares and the strain causing the infection were similar in
      phage type and antibiotic profile. We conclude that in patients beginning
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, the nasal carriage of S. aureus is associated
      with an increased risk of catheter-exit-site infection and that the performance
      of nasal cultures before the implantation of the catheter can identify patients
      at high risk of subsequent morbidity.

PMID- 2300123
TI  - Genetic linkage of a polymorphism in the type II procollagen gene (COL2A1) to
      primary osteoarthritis associated with mild chondrodysplasia.

PMID- 2300124
TI  - The doctor-nurse game revisited.

PMID- 2300125
TI  - The ethics of liver transplantation from a living donor.

PMID- 2300126
TI  - Autosomal dominant spondyloarthropathy: no linkage to the type II collagen gene.

PMID- 2300127
TI  - Reduction of nosocomial infection during pediatric intensive care by protective
      isolation.

PMID- 2300129
TI  - Inappropriate secretion of vasopressin in patients with hypopituitarism.

PMID- 2300128
TI  - Can maternal alcoholism cause spasmus nutans in offspring?

PMID- 2300130
TI  - A caution about the use of MRI to diagnose spinal cord compression.

PMID- 2300131
TI  - Relations between physicians and pharmaceutical companies: where to draw the
      line.

PMID- 2300132
TI  - Canada's health care system faces its problems.

PMID- 2300133
TI  - Introducing the concept "community prevention".

PMID- 2300134
TI  - Communication and health education research: potential sources for education for
      prevention of drug use.
AB  - Studies conducted by the Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention have
      been carried out over the last 15 years. These studies indicate that, with
      systematic planning by interdisciplinary research teams, field research projects,
      based on appropriate theory, can be mounted successfully both at the community
      level and in schools for the study of adolescents and for adolescent children.
      Both final and interim results are for the most part encouraging. While all of
      the research reported here applies to health problems completely different from
      AIDS, some useful suggestions may emerge. For one thing, in both AIDS prevention
      and chronic disease prevention, the most effective measures to be taken appear to
      be behavioral. The research reported here is almost exclusively concerned with
      developing and testing methods for assisting people to change their behavior in
      ways that are likely to promote health and reduce risk of disease. They involve
      education at a community level and in schools. Perhaps education for AIDS
      prevention can follow similar lines with some success. Recently, several studies
      have been directed toward the prevention of drug abuse habits being formed by
      schoolchildren. A 1984 Rand Corporation report summarizes a number of relevant
      studies and describes models that have been applied (Polich et al. 1984). These
      programs are aimed at nonuser adolescents who otherwise might become users. It
      depicts four stages of experimental use of drugs: (1) nonuse--never tried drugs,
      (2) experimental or episodic use, (3) regular or frequent use, and finally (4)
      heavy use. Primary prevention is aimed at the early stages of use. The methods
      used are essentially those described above. Students need to be able to identify
      pressures to begin usage, especially from peers. They then need to know the
      dangers and problems arising from drug use. Next, and crucially, they need to
      develop skills to resist such pressures and practice using the skills in the
      presence of such pressure. Role-play situations can help in this process. Project
      Star at the University of Southern California (not yet published) has recently
      completed a large-scale seventh grade study in Los Angeles junior high schools.
      They found the following social approaches worked best in the prevention of drug
      abuse behavior. These approaches promoted group identification, explained the
      nature of peer pressure, clarified the misinformation on the prevalence of drug
      use among peers, made clear the consequences of drug use, and used role-playing
      techniques to teach resistance skills.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2300135
TI  - AIDS and intravenous drug use: future directions for community-based prevention
      research.

PMID- 2300136
TI  - Sexual minority needle users.

PMID- 2300137
TI  - Risk behavior of intravenous cocaine users: implications for intervention.

PMID- 2300138
TI  - An ethnographic approach to understanding HIV high-risk behaviors: prostitution
      and drug abuse.

PMID- 2300139
TI  - The role of schools in community-based approaches to prevention of AIDS and
      intravenous drug use.

PMID- 2300140
TI  - The role of drug abuse treatment programs in AIDS prevention and education
      programs for intravenous drug users: the New Jersey experience.

PMID- 2300141
TI  - Lost opportunity to combat AIDS: drug abusers in the criminal justice system.

PMID- 2300143
TI  - The Puerto Rican intravenous drug user.

PMID- 2300142
TI  - The homeless intravenous drug abuser and the AIDS epidemic.

PMID- 2300144
TI  - HIV-related disorders, needle users, and the social services.

PMID- 2300145
TI  - Accessing intravenous drug users via the health care system.

PMID- 2300146
TI  - Community prevention efforts to reduce the spread of AIDS associated with
      intravenous drug abuse.

PMID- 2300147
TI  - AIDS prevention for non-Puerto Rican Hispanics.

PMID- 2300148
TI  - Black intravenous drug users: prospects for intervening in the transmission of
      human immunodeficiency virus infection.

PMID- 2300149
TI  - Community-based AIDS prevention interventions: special issues of women
      intravenous drug users.

PMID- 2300151
TI  - From too little money to too much?

PMID- 2300150
TI  - Preventing AIDS: prospects for change in white male intravenous drug users.

PMID- 2300153
TI  - Japan's boom economy invests in science.

PMID- 2300152
TI  - Plague upon plague.

PMID- 2300154
TI  - No special treatment for HUGO.

PMID- 2300155
TI  - Benveniste all-clear.

PMID- 2300156
TI  - UK science budget: environment benefits in UK.

PMID- 2300157
TI  - Computer viruses: hacker trial under way.

PMID- 2300158
TI  - Industry and academics: losses no worry to Boston.

PMID- 2300159
TI  - AIDS in Canada.

PMID- 2300160
TI  - Fishy tale.

PMID- 2300162
TI  - Conservation biology: learning from saving species.

PMID- 2300161
TI  - Time for change in taxonomy.

PMID- 2300163
TI  - Biomineralization: iron and the origin of life.

PMID- 2300164
TI  - Artificial intelligence: recognizing three dimensions.

PMID- 2300165
TI  - Disposable filters may damage your cells.

PMID- 2300166
TI  - A chink in HIV's armour?

PMID- 2300167
TI  - A craving for wax.

PMID- 2300168
TI  - PCR test for cystic fibrosis deletion.

PMID- 2300169
TI  - Mammalian sex ratios and variation in costs of rearing sons and daughters.
AB  - In red deer, the sex ratio of calves at birth (calculated as the proportion of
      calves born that are male) increases with the dominance rank of the mother,
      whereas opposite trends exist in several populations of macaques and baboons.
      Here we show that the subsequent survival and reproductive success of subordinate
      female red deer is depressed more by rearing sons than by rearing daughters,
      whereas the subsequent fitness of dominant females is unaffected by the sex of
      their present offspring. By contrast, among subordinate female macaques, the
      rearing of daughters has greater costs to the mother's subsequent fitness than
      does the rearing of sons, although again, no difference in the costs of rearing
      sons and daughters is found among dominant mothers. These findings indicate that
      both differences in the relative fitness of sons and daughters and differences in
      the relative costs of rearing male and female offspring can favour variation in
      the sex ratio.

PMID- 2300170
TI  - A network that learns to recognize three-dimensional objects.
AB  - The visual recognition of three-dimensional (3-D) objects on the basis of their
      shape poses at least two difficult problems. First, there is the problem of
      variable illumination, which can be addressed by working with relatively stable
      features such as intensity edges rather than the raw intensity images. Second,
      there is the problem of the initially unknown pose of the object relative to the
      viewer. In one approach to this problem, a hypothesis is first made about the
      viewpoint, then the appearance of a model object from such a viewpoint is
      computed and compared with the actual image. Such recognition schemes generally
      employ 3-D models of objects, but the automatic learning of 3-D models is itself
      a difficult problem. To address this problem in computational vision, we have
      developed a scheme, based on the theory of approximation of multivariate
      functions, that learns from a small set of perspective views a function mapping
      any viewpoint to a standard view. A network equivalent to this scheme will thus
      'recognize' the object on which it was trained from any viewpoint.

PMID- 2300171
TI  - Axonal regeneration in the rat spinal cord produced by an antibody against myelin
      associated neurite growth inhibitors.
AB  - After lesions in the differentiated central nervous system (CNS) of higher
      vertebrates, interrupted fibre tracts do not regrow and elongate by more than an
      initial sprout of approximately 1 mm. Transplantations of pieces of peripheral
      nerves into various parts of the CNS demonstrate the widespread capability of CNS
      neurons to regenerate lesioned axons over long distances in a peripheral nerve
      environment. CNS white matter, cultured oligodendrocytes (the myelin-producing
      cells of the CNS), and CNS myelin itself, are strong inhibitors of neuron growth
      in culture, a property associated with defined myelin membrane proteins of
      relative molecular mass (Mr) 35,000 (NI-35) and 250,000 (NI-250). We have now
      intracerebrally applied the monoclonal antibody IN-1, which neutralizes the
      inhibitory effect of both these proteins, to young rats by implanting antibody
      producing tumours. In 2-6-week-old rats we made complete transections of the
      cortico-spinal tract, a major fibre tract of the spinal cord, the axons of which
      originate in the motor and sensory neocortex. Previous studies have shown a
      complete absence of cortico-spinal tract regeneration after the first postnatal
      week in rats, and in adult hamsters and cats. In IN-1-treated rats, massive
      sprouting occurred at the lesion site, and fine axons and fascicles could be
      observed up to 7-11 mm caudal to the lesion within 2-3 weeks. In control rats, a
      similar sprouting reaction occurred, but the maximal distance of elongation
      rarely exceeded 1 mm. These results demonstrate the capacity for CNS axons to
      regenerate and elongate within differentiated CNS tissue after the neutralization
      of myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors.

PMID- 2300172
TI  - Identification and isolation of a membrane protein necessary for leukotriene
      production.
AB  - Several inflammatory diseases, including asthma, arthritis and psoriasis are
      associated with the production of leukotrienes by neutrophils, mast cells and
      macrophages. The initial enzymatic step in the formation of leukotrienes is the
      oxidation of arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) to leukotriene A4.
      Osteosarcoma cells transfected with 5-LO express active enzyme in broken cell
      preparations, but no leukotriene metabolites are produced by these cells when
      stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187, indicating that an additional
      component is necessary for cellular 5-LO activity. A new class of indole
      leukotriene inhibitor has been described that inhibits the formation of cellular
      leukotrienes but has no direct inhibitory effect on soluble 5-LO activity. We
      have now used these potent agents to identify and isolate a novel membrane
      protein of relative molecular mass 18,000 which is necessary for cellular
      leukotriene synthesis.

PMID- 2300174
TI  - Refined crystal structure of beta-lactamase from Citrobacter freundii indicates a
      mechanism for beta-lactam hydrolysis.
AB  - Beta-Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6, 'penicillinases') are a family of enzymes that
      protect bacteria against the lethal effects of cell-wall synthesis of
      penicillins, cephalosporins and related antibiotic agents, by hydrolysing the
      beta-lactam antibiotics to biologically inactive compounds. Their production can,
      therefore, greatly contribute to the clinical problem of antibiotic resistance.
      Three classes of beta-lactamases--A, B and C--have been identified on the basis
      of their amino-acid sequence; class B beta-lactamases are metalloenzymes, and are
      clearly distinct from members of class A and C beta-lactamases, which both
      contain an active-site serine residue involved in the formation of an acyl enzyme
      with beta-lactam substrates during catalysis. It has been predicted that class C
      beta-lactamases share common structural features with D,D-carboxypeptidases and
      class A beta-lactamases, and further, suggested that class A and class C beta
      lactamases have the same evolutionary origin as other beta-lactam target enzymes.
      We report here the refined three-dimensional structure of the class C beta
      lactamase from Citrobacter freundii at 2.0-A resolution and confirm the predicted
      structural similarity. The refined structure of the acyl-enzyme formed with the
      monobactam inhibitor aztreonam at 2.5-A resolution defines the enzyme's active
      site and, along with molecular modelling, indicates a mechanism for beta-lactam
      hydrolysis. This leads to the hypothesis that Tyr 150 functions as a general base
      during catalysis.

PMID- 2300173
TI  - Requirement of a 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein for leukotriene synthesis.
AB  - Leukotrienes, the biologically active metabolites of arachidonic acid, have been
      implicated in a variety of inflammatory responses, including asthma, arthritis
      and psoriasis. Recently a compound, MK-886, has been described that blocks the
      synthesis of leukotrienes in intact activated leukocytes, but has little or no
      effect on enzymes involved in leukotriene synthesis, including 5-lipoxygenase, in
      cell-free systems. A membrane protein with a high affinity for MK-886 and
      possibly representing the cellular target for MK-886 has been isolated from rat
      and human leukocytes. Here, we report the isolation of a complementary DNA clone
      encoding the MK-886-binding protein. We also demonstrate that the expression of
      both the MK-886-binding protein and 5-lipoxygenase is necessary for leukotriene
      synthesis in intact cells. Because the MK-886-binding protein seems to play a
      part in activating this enzyme in cells, it is termed the five-lipoxygenase
      activating protein (FLAP).

PMID- 2300175
TI  - Solid-phase protein sequence analysis.
AB  - The solutions to many protein analytical problems require flexible chemistries at
      a high sensitivity. Solid-phase sequence analysis is one way to eliminate
      limitations inherent in current methods.

PMID- 2300176
TI  - AIDS conference. European Parliament backs boycott.

PMID- 2300177
TI  - Fight over Maryland monkeys.

PMID- 2300178
TI  - Genetic engineering. New law needs changes made.

PMID- 2300179
TI  - Scandal at Tokyo hospital.

PMID- 2300180
TI  - Cetus battles with Du Pont.

PMID- 2300181
TI  - Antecedents of a Nobel prize.

PMID- 2300182
TI  - Embryo research.

PMID- 2300183
TI  - Sunspots and influenza.

PMID- 2300184
TI  - Holography in artificial neural networks.
AB  - The dense interconnections that characterize neural networks are most readily
      implemented using optical signal processing. Optoelectronic 'neurons' fabricated
      from semiconducting materials can be connected by holographic images recorded in
      photorefractive crystals. Processes such as learning can be demonstrated using
      holographic optical neural networks.

PMID- 2300186
TI  - Strong support for science in US budget.

PMID- 2300185
TI  - Coexpression of two distinct muscle acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunits during
      development.
AB  - The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a ligand-gated channel that mediates
      signalling at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. It is a pentameric complex
      of four different subunits, assembled with a stoichiometry of alpha 2 beta gamma
      delta. Muscle-like alpha-subunits have been cloned from Torpedo, mouse, calf,
      rat, chicken, human and Xenopus, and only a single alpha-subunit complementary
      DNA from each species has been detected. We report here the cloning and
      characterization of a second muscle alpha-subunit cDNA from Xenopus, and show
      that this and a previously reported Xenopus alpha-subunit cDNA are encoded by
      distinct genes. The novel alpha-subunit reported here is expressed uniquely in
      oocytes; but both types of alpha-subunit are coexpressed throughout muscle
      development. This latter observation indicates that the expression of these two
      alpha-subunits is different from a previously reported developmental 'subunit
      switch' mechanism used to generate channel diversity.

PMID- 2300187
TI  - Clinical research. Threat from UK reforms.

PMID- 2300188
TI  - Antibody modelling. Tackling a loopy problem.

PMID- 2300189
TI  - Blur into focus.

PMID- 2300190
TI  - Hiccups and human purpose.

PMID- 2300191
TI  - RNA bulges and the helical periodicity of double-stranded RNA.
AB  - RNA molecules typically exhibit extensive secondary structure, including double
      stranded duplex, hairpins, internal loops, bulged bases and pseudoknotted
      structures (reviewed in refs 3 and 4). This is intimately connected with
      biological function, including splicing reactions and ribozyme activity. The
      formation of RNA-DNA hybrids is important in the transcription of DNA, reverse
      transcription of viral RNA, and DNA replication. Bulged bases in RNA helices are
      potentially significant in RNA folding and in providing sites for specific
      protein-RNA interactions, as illustrated by TFIIIA of Xenopus and the coat
      protein of phage R17. Most information about the structure of RNA derives from
      fibre diffraction or crystallography of natural molecules, notably transfer RNA,
      but until recently there have been few systematic studies of RNA structure using
      designed sequences. We have used gel electrophoresis to investigate the
      properties of bulged bases in both RNA and RNA-DNA depending on the number and
      types of bases in the bulge and its position in the fragment. By varying the
      spacing between two bulge-induced kinks, we have measured the periodicity of RNA
      and RNA-DNA helices in solution.

PMID- 2300192
TI  - Biotechnology eclipsed?

PMID- 2300194
TI  - Double blow for blowflies in Australia.

PMID- 2300193
TI  - Swiss company takes a 60 per cent stake in Genentech.

PMID- 2300195
TI  - Sex selection continues in Maharastra.

PMID- 2300196
TI  - 'Wellness Letter' tops subscription stakes.

PMID- 2300197
TI  - PET for dementia drug test.

PMID- 2300198
TI  - Biotech patent dispute. EPO licensing talks break down.

PMID- 2300199
TI  - Europe falling behind.

PMID- 2300200
TI  - More UK homes naturally at risk.

PMID- 2300201
TI  - Atherosclerosis. Scavenging for receptors.

PMID- 2300202
TI  - Membrane biology. The shadow and the substance.

PMID- 2300203
TI  - Ubihomologous homology usage.

PMID- 2300204
TI  - Type I macrophage scavenger receptor contains alpha-helical and collagen-like
      coiled coils.
AB  - The macrophage scavenger receptor is a trimeric membrane glycoprotein with
      unusual ligand-binding properties which has been implicated in the development of
      atherosclerosis. The trimeric structure of the bovine type I scavenger receptor,
      deduced by complementary DNA cloning, contains three extracellular C-terminal
      cysteine-rich domains connected to the transmembrane domain by a long fibrous
      stalk. This stalk structure, composed of an alpha-helical coiled coil and a
      collagen-like triple helix, has not previously been observed in an integral
      membrane protein.

PMID- 2300205
TI  - Resistance to positional noise in human vision.
AB  - Human eyes are in constant and rapid motion even when observers try to maintain
      steady fixation. Also, the visual system has a sluggish temporal response. In
      combination, these two factors would be expected to blur stimuli and reduce
      spatial sensitivity. But observers are able to detect a difference in separation
      of a few seconds of arc between two closely spaced parallel lines. Here we report
      that even very large amounts of positional jitter of the line pair has minimal
      impact on this ability. This result is in marked contrast to the deterioration
      observed when targets are swept linearly across the retina, but is consistent
      with a system that must ignore oculomotor jitter. To explain these results will
      require a re-evaluation of current models of position coding in human vision.

PMID- 2300206
TI  - Localization of the malignant hyperthermia susceptibility locus to human
      chromosome 19q12-13.2.
AB  - Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an inherited human skeletal muscle disorder and is
      one of the main causes of death due to anaesthesia. The reported incidence of MH
      varies from 1 in 12,000 in children to 1 in 40,000 in adults. MH is triggered in
      susceptible people by all commonly used inhalational anaesthetics; it is
      characterized by a profoundly accelerated muscle metabolism, contractures,
      hyperthermia and tachycardia. Susceptibility to MH (MHS) is predicted by
      contracture tests on muscle tissue obtained by biopsy. An almost identical
      disorder known as porcine MH exists in pigs. The genetics of the porcine syndrome
      have been extensively studied; the locus controlling expression of porcine MH is
      genetically linked to the glucose phosphate isomerase locus (GPI). In man, GPI
      has been mapped to the q12-13.2 region of chromosome 19 (refs 10-12). We have now
      investigated genetic linkage in several extended Irish pedigrees in which MHS is
      segregating as an autosomal dominant trait. Here we show linkage between MHS and
      DNA markers from the GPI region of human chromosome 19 with a maximum log
      likelihood ratio (lod score) of 5.65 at the CYP2A locus. These results indicate
      that human and porcine MH are most probably due to mutations in homologous genes,
      and also provide a potentially accurate and noninvasive method of diagnosis for
      MHS.

PMID- 2300207
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide regulates mitosis, differentiation and survival of
      cultured sympathetic neuroblasts.
AB  - Although acute, millisecond-to-millisecond actions of neurotransmitters are well
      documented, diverse longer-term effects have been discovered only recently.
      Emerging evidence indicates that these signals regulate a variety of neuronal
      processes, from phenotypic expression to neurite outgrowth. Here we show that a
      single putative transmitter, vasoactive intestinal peptide, can exert multiple,
      long-term effects simultaneously: it stimulates mitosis, promotes neurite
      outgrowth and enhances survival of sympathetic neuron precursors in culture. As
      the peptide seems to be a normal presynaptic transmitter in the sympathetic
      system, synaptic transmission may exert hitherto unexpected effects.

PMID- 2300208
TI  - Coiled-coil fibrous domains mediate ligand binding by macrophage scavenger
      receptor type II.
AB  - The macrophage scavenger receptor, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis
      of atherosclerosis, has an unusually broad binding specificity. Ligands include
      modified low-density lipoprotein and some polyanions (for example, poly(I) but
      not poly(C]. The scavenger receptor type I (ref. 3) has three principal
      extracellular domains that could participate in ligand binding: two fibrous
      coiled-coil domains (alpha-helical coiled-coil domain IV and collagen-like domain
      V), and the 110-amino-acid cysteine-rich C-terminal domain VI. We have cloned
      complementary DNAs encoding a second scavenger receptor which we have termed type
      II. This receptor is identical to the type I receptor, except that the cysteine
      rich domain is replaced by a six-residue C terminus. Despite this truncation, the
      type II receptor mediates endocytosis of chemically modified low-density
      lipoprotein with high affinity and specificity, similar to that of the type I
      receptor. Therefore one or both of the extracellular fibrous domains are
      responsible for the unusual ligand-binding specificity of the receptor.

PMID- 2300209
TI  - Stable expression of the bacterial neor gene in Leishmania enriettii.
AB  - Molecular genetic studies in parasitic protozoa have been hindered by the lack of
      methods for the introduction and expression of modified or foreign genes in these
      organisms. Two recent reports described the transient expression of the bacterial
      chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene under the control of parasite
      specific sequences. We now describe the stable expression of a selectable marker,
      the gene for neomycin resistance (neor) in Leishmania enriettii. A chimaeric gene
      containing the neor gene inserted between two alpha-tubulin intergenic sequences
      was introduced into the cells and drug-resistant L. enriettii were observed which
      stably expressed the neor gene. One goal of this work was to analyse the
      sequences necessary for trans-splicing of messenger RNA, as trypanosomatids have
      a novel process of RNA trans-splicing, described initially in Trypanosome brucei
      and subsequently in several other trypanosomatids, including L. enriettii. Many
      trypanosomatid genes are arranged in tandem arrays and the intergenic sequences
      contain both the splice acceptor site for the addition of the spliced leader
      sequence and a putative polyadenylation site. Messenger RNA isolated from several
      different neor L. enrietti lines contained the spliced leader sequence joined to
      the neor gene at the position of the splice acceptor site in the alpha-tubulin
      intergenic sequence. The neor mRNA was also polyadenylated. Plasmid DNA is
      present within the drug-resistant organisms and appears to be extrachromosomal.
      The development of these methods allows the functional analysis of sequences
      necessary for trans-splicing.

PMID- 2300210
TI  - QA challenges in short dialysis.

PMID- 2300211
TI  - Should the "worst case scenario" be universal for chloramines?

PMID- 2300212
TI  - Nephrology in the 90's: forecasting the future. Management ethics: crisis of the
      1990s.

PMID- 2300213
TI  - Nursing in the next decade.

PMID- 2300214
TI  - Beginning the new decade with questions unanswered.

PMID- 2300215
TI  - Focus of the dialysis technician for the 90's.

PMID- 2300216
TI  - Improving the negative image of dialysis ... will be important to its survival in
      the 90's.

PMID- 2300217
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of renal vascular disease.

PMID- 2300218
TI  - Facing the ESRD challenges of the 90's.

PMID- 2300219
TI  - Reflections on the 101st congress.
AB  - Periodically, Washington, D.C. nursing leaders and nurse staffers on Capitol Hill
      have dinner meetings to exchange ideas and network. Nursing Economic+ hosted the
      most recent roundtable dinner on October 25, 1989, prior to its Sixth Annual
      Conference. In this speech, Sheila Burke, MPA, RN, FAAN, a founder of the
      Washington Roundtable dinner, reflects on the 101st Congress in action.

PMID- 2300220
TI  - Redesigning our future: whose responsibility is it?
AB  - To thrive in the midst of health care chaos, restructuring is mandatory. By
      focusing on problem systems, to create the systems hospital executives can
      successfully empower staff to delivery high quality care while controlling costs.

PMID- 2300221
TI  - Restructured patient care delivery: evaluation of the ProAct model.
AB  - This budget-neutral model uses fewer RNs with increased clinical and nonclinical
      support and demonstrates potential to improve quality of care, reduce length of
      stay, and increase revenue.

PMID- 2300222
TI  - Tracking turnover.
AB  - A pilot study was conducted testing the utility of a turnover costing and profile
      analysis system. By applying investment accounting principles, accession costs
      were graphed as a function of time. Graphs illustrating tenures of leavers were
      superimposed on cost curves to indicate accounting losses or gains. Optimum
      limits for work group turnover were determined.

PMID- 2300223
TI  - Selling techniques: the nurse manager's key to persuading and influencing.

PMID- 2300225
TI  - [Rehabilitation of heart patients during admission and following discharge from
      the hospital: figures and trends].

PMID- 2300224
TI  - [The Apgar score].

PMID- 2300226
TI  - [Analysis of bile and gallstones in 116 patients with symptomatic
      cholelithiasis].
AB  - Gallbladder bile and stones were obtained at 116 cholecystectomies for
      symptomatic gallstone disease. All 33 patients younger than 50 years had
      cholesterol stones, whereas 40% of the older patients had pigment stones. We
      compared the reliability for the differentiation between these two stone types of
      three different bile tests: cholesterol saturation index, examination of fresh
      gallbladder bile for presence of cholesterol monohydrate crystals, and nucleation
      time of ultrafiltered gallbladder bile. Only examination of fresh gall bladder
      bile for presence of cholesterol crystals was specific and reasonably sensitive
      for cholesterol gallstone disease regardless of bile concentration. Duodenal bile
      obtained from 16 patients (10 cholesterol, 6 pigment) before cholecystectomy
      showed cholesterol crystals in 7 of the cholesterol but in none of the pigment
      stone patients. This examination may be useful for patient selection for non
      operative therapy in gallstone disease, which can only be considered in case of
      cholesterol gallstones.

PMID- 2300227
TI  - [Behcet's disease of the eyes].
AB  - Review of the ocular features of Behcet's disease and the presentation of 13
      personal cases in the period 1967-1988. Our findings are measured against data
      published concerning 725 patients. We propose a plan of treatment but take a
      reserved position in surgical procedures.

PMID- 2300228
TI  - [Arthrodesis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb for arthrosis deformans].
AB  - In a retrospective study we evaluated the results of arthrodesis of the
      carpometacarpal joints in 24 patients of whom three were operated on both sides.
      After one to 14 years 22 patients did not have any pain; only 2 patients
      complained of impaired function.

PMID- 2300229
TI  - [An unexpected complication of exercise testing].
AB  - A male patient 40 years of age died after diagnostic exercise testing for stable
      exercise induced angina, which had existed for two months. The ECG prior to the
      stress was normal and there had been no signs of unstable angina. The exercise
      test was discontinued at a load of 120 Watts because of angina without
      significant ECG changes. Subsequently shock developed with widening of the QRS
      complex. Immediate coronary angiography revealed an occluded main stem of the
      left coronary artery. Although recanalisation was achieved, the patient died. The
      risks of exercise testing and the appropriate precautions are discussed.
      Laboratories for stress testing of patients with suspected coronary diseases
      should be located in a hospital with facilities for coronary care.

PMID- 2300230
TI  - [The Central Bureau for Statistics, breeding ground for cause of death
      statistics].

PMID- 2300231
TI  - [The unfamiliarity of the occupational health service].

PMID- 2300232
TI  - [Surgery in children. The need for concentration; an advisory by the Public
      Health Council].

PMID- 2300233
TI  - [The Central Bureau for Statistics, breeding place for cause of death
      statistics].

PMID- 2300235
TI  - "Covering the uninsured".

PMID- 2300234
TI  - [Insurance physician's observations on a patient who survived a myocardial
      infarct].

PMID- 2300236
TI  - Injury to the peroneal nerve after ankle sprain. A case report.

PMID- 2300237
TI  - Neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

PMID- 2300238
TI  - T cell activation in Guillain-Barre syndrome and in MS: elevated serum levels of
      soluble IL-2 receptors.
AB  - Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), chronic idiopathic demyelinating
      polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), and multiple sclerosis (MS) are disorders with
      presumed immunopathogenesis. To obtain evidence for T cell activation, we
      determined serum concentrations of soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2 R) in
      50 patients with GBS, 24 with CIDP, and 54 with MS. Both in GBS and clinically
      active MS sIL-2 R levels were markedly increased compared with those in patients
      with other neurologic diseases. Four of 24 CIDP patients had abnormally increased
      sIL-2 R concentrations. sIL-2 R concentrations decreased with clinical
      improvement in serial samples taken from GBS patients, but were not otherwise
      correlated with disease severity. These data establish that T cells are activated
      in GBS and some patients with CIDP, and corroborate earlier evidence that
      activated T cells are circulating in the blood of MS patients.

PMID- 2300239
TI  - Tight linkage of creatine kinase (CKMM) to myotonic dystrophy on chromosome 19.
AB  - The myotonic dystrophy (DM) gene is localized to the proximal long arm of
      chromosome 19. There have been reports of tight linkage to a number of chromosome
      19 markers, including APOC2 and creatine kinase muscle type (CKMM), but they did
      not establish orientation of the 2 markers to DM. We screened several large multi
      generational DM families for linkage to a series of chromosome 19 markers
      including CKMM. CKMM is tightly linked to DM in these data with z(theta) = 28.41;
      theta = 0.01. Analysis of cross-over data indicates CKMM is on the same side and
      closer to DM than APOC2. Thus, CKMM is a useful probe for carrier detection
      studies in presymptomatic individuals as well as for prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2300241
TI  - Chronic segmental spinal muscular atrophy of upper extremities in identical
      twins.
AB  - We present the 1st report of chronic segmental spinal muscular atrophy confined
      to the upper extremities in identical male twins. This occurrence in identical
      twins, together with reports of siblings and parent-child pairs of a disorder
      phenotypically similar to the more common sporadic form in the literature,
      suggests a genetic etiology in some cases.

PMID- 2300240
TI  - Heterogeneity of blood-brain barrier changes in multiple sclerosis: an MRI study
      with gadolinium-DTPA enhancement.
AB  - We performed 15 dynamic gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA)-enhanced MRI studies in 8
      patients with relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis; 7 were follow-up
      studies. We measured the time course of enhancement in 102 enhancing lesions for
      up to 384 minutes, with rest breaks. Immediate postcontrast MRIs demonstrated
      many different patterns of enhancement. We observed both uniformly enhancing and
      ring enhancing lesions. The enhancing regions were often less extensive than the
      corresponding high signal on T2-weighted images. Three lesions were seen with Gd
      DTPA but not on unenhanced scans; 1 was seen on unenhanced scans 10 days later,
      suggesting that blood-brain barrier disturbance may precede other MRI signs of MS
      lesions. Three months later, some high-signal areas on T2-weighted scans had
      decreased in size to resemble the areas previously outlined by Gd-DTPA. This
      technique provides useful information about the pathogenesis and behavior of MS
      lesions.

PMID- 2300242
TI  - The metabolic basis of recovery after fatiguing exercise of human muscle.
AB  - We investigated the metabolic basis of human muscular fatigue and recovery
      utilizing 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and measurements of maximum
      voluntary contraction (MVC). We produced fatigue by sustained MVC for 4 minutes
      in 2 different muscles (adductor pollicis, tibialis anterior) and obtained
      similar results in both muscles. During fatiguing exercise, there was a nonlinear
      relationship between MVC and both phosphocreatine and total inorganic phosphate.
      By contrast, there was a roughly linear relationship between the decline in MVC
      and the accumulation of both H+ and H2PO4-. However, during recovery after
      exercise, MVC rapidly returned to control levels while H+ recovered with a much
      slower time course. On the other hand, H2PO4- rapidly returned to control values
      with a time course similar to MVC. In addition, the relationship of H2PO4- to MVC
      was similar during both fatigue and recovery. Thus, during fatigue as well as
      during recovery, changes in MVC correlate best with H2PO4-, suggesting that this
      metabolite is an important factor in human muscle fatigue.

PMID- 2300243
TI  - Dementia lacking distinctive histologic features: a common non-Alzheimer
      degenerative dementia.
AB  - From a series of 460 dementia patients referred to a regional brain bank, 14 (3%)
      patients had a pathologic diagnosis of primary degeneration of the brain
      involving multiple sites (frontoparietal cortex, striatum, medial thalamus,
      substantia nigra, and hypoglossal nucleus), with cell loss and astrocytosis.
      There were no neuronal inclusions and essentially no senile plaques. This entity,
      which we have termed "dementia lacking distinctive histology" (DLDH), presented
      with memory loss and personality changes, and led to death, usually within 2 to 7
      years. Dysarthria and dysphagia were prominent in the later phases of the illness
      in most patients. The psychometric findings of some of the patients were
      consistent with a "frontal" lobe dementia. A few patients had prominent caudate
      atrophy on CT as well as neuropathologically. Eight of our patients had positive
      family histories for neurologic disease, mainly dementia. DLDH, in addition to
      Pick's disease, is a major member of the frontal-lobe dementia group. In patients
      under age 70 years, the frontal lobe dementias represent an important diagnostic
      consideration.

PMID- 2300244
TI  - Interrater reliability of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis.
AB  - To determine interrater reliability of dementia diagnosis, 4 physicians
      experienced in the evaluation of dementia patients applied 3 sets of diagnostic
      criteria to each of 62 patients, based on a standardized set of medical record
      information. All patients had undergone similar examinations and follow-up to
      establish the initial clinical diagnosis (76% had autopsy). Raters were blind to
      the diagnosis and to follow-up information after the initial evaluation period.
      This paper presents interrater agreement (kappa values) for a diagnosis of
      Alzheimer's disease using the American Psychiatric Association diagnostic
      criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III), the National
      Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS)
      criteria for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, and the Eisdorfer and
      Cohen Research Diagnostic Criteria (ECRDC) for primary neuronal degeneration. The
      NINCDS showed somewhat higher average interrater reliability (kappa = 0.64) than
      the DSM-III (kappa = 0.55) and considerably higher interrater reliability than
      the ECRDC (kappa = 0.37). One rater displayed conspicuously lower levels of
      interrater reliability than the other 3, especially in DSM-III and ECRDC. This
      study indicates that interrater reliability of DSM-III and NINCDS criteria are
      comparable. Documentation of interrater reliability and, if necessary, training
      to improve reliability is an important consideration in research where different
      observers are diagnosing dementing illnesses.

PMID- 2300245
TI  - Cognitive change following MPTP exposure.
AB  - In a previous study, we demonstrated that patients with MPTP-induced parkinsonism
      (MPTP-IP) had a pattern of cognitive change similar to that in nondemented
      patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study addressed
      cognitive change in MPTP-exposed but relatively asymptomatic (MPTP-AS)
      individuals. We examined them for general intellectual function, construction,
      language, memory, executive function, attention, and reaction time, and compared
      their performance with data obtained in the previous study from patients with
      MPTP-IP and drug addict controls. Each MPTP-AS individual had some subtle
      parkinsonian signs, but in no case would these be sufficient for a diagnosis of
      PD. PET studies showed that these individuals had significantly reduced uptake of
      labeled 6-fluorodopa into the striatum. MPTP-AS and MPTP-IP groups performed
      comparably and were significantly worse than controls on tests of construction
      and category naming. The MPTP-AS group performed at a level between the other 2
      groups on a test of executive function. The 3 groups performed comparably on all
      other measures. The similarity of the pattern of intellectual change in MPTP-AS
      to that seen in MPTP-IP and idiopathic PD supports the idea that the dopamine
      system mediates a specific set of cognitive functions and suggests that cognitive
      change can occur in the presence of few or no motor signs of parkinsonism.

PMID- 2300246
TI  - Mortality associated with early and late levodopa therapy initiation in
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - We evaluated the possible influence of early levodopa treatment on the mortality
      of Parkinson's disease (PD). One hundred forty-five consecutive parkinsonian
      patients initiated treatment with levodopa between 1970 and 1983. Ninety-eight of
      those started levodopa therapy 2 or more years after symptom onset, while 47
      received levodopa within the 1st 2 years of the disease. At the end of follow-up,
      in December 1985, 49 patients had died. Mortality was 2.5 times higher among
      patients who delayed initiation of levodopa therapy 2 or more years than among
      those who initiated the therapy earlier. Age and disease severity were the most
      significant predictors of survival after initiation of levodopa treatment. The
      risk of death was 10% higher every year of age increase and was 2 and 4 times
      higher, respectively, for patients at Hoehn and Yahr stages II and III than for
      patients at Hoehn and Yahr stage I. When we controlled for the effect of age and
      disease severity on mortality, the cumulative death probability was no longer
      significantly higher among patients who delayed levodopa treatment than among
      patients treated within 2 years from disease onset. As far as mortality is
      concerned, the results show that the time of levodopa treatment initiation during
      PD has no influence and the drug can be introduced as soon as indicated by the
      severity of the disease progression.

PMID- 2300247
TI  - The movement speed/accuracy operator in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - This study examined the effects of Parkinson's disease (PD) and its treatment on
      the speed of rapid arm movements to different target sizes in a simple reaction
      time task in 8 PD and 9 normal subjects. Testing in PD subjects occurred after an
      overnight fast from their medications and 1 hour after their usual 1st dose. They
      had longer reaction and movement times, both of which shortened following
      medication. Like normal subjects, PD subjects had decreased movement times to
      larger targets, but without drug were unable to maximize speed within the range
      of target sizes tested whereas PD subjects taking drug and normal subjects could.
      These findings suggest that a speed/accuracy operator is functioning in PD but at
      reduced initial gain and at an offset towards longer movement times.

PMID- 2300248
TI  - Adrenal medullary transplant to the striatum of patients with advanced
      Parkinson's disease: 1-year motor and psychomotor data.
AB  - We studied motor and psychomotor changes over 1 year after surgery in 7 patients
      with severe idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) who underwent intrastriatal
      autologous adrenal medulla transplant. Significant clinical improvements were
      present 1 year after surgery and primarily involved increased quantity of "on"
      time and increased quality of "off" time: "on" time increased from a mean 60.7%
      of the waking day to 82.7%, and "off" function improved. In contrast, although
      "on" function also improved, statistically significant improvement occurred in
      only 1 measure, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale activities of daily
      living subscale. Medications did not change, and motor fluctuations persisted.
      Improvement began several weeks after surgery, was maximal at 4 to 6 months, and
      was sustained thereafter. There was significant group improvement in quality of
      life measures of sleep and rest, social isolation, and ambulation. One patient
      had severe, recurrent depression postoperatively. The efficacy of adrenal
      transplant surgery is not transient, and specific functional improvements can be
      prolonged.

PMID- 2300249
TI  - Botulinum toxin injections for cervical dystonia.
AB  - We followed 205 of 232 patients with medically intractable cervical dystonia for
      at least 3 months and up to 4 years, during which time they received 1,074
      injections in 505 visits. One hundred forty-five of the 205 patients (71%)
      improved substantially (global rating greater than or equal to 2; from 0 = no
      response to 4 = marked improvement in severity and function) after 1 or more
      visits. Of the 89 patients who reported pain, 68 (76%) had almost complete relief
      of their pain. While most patients noted improvement within the 1st week after
      injection, some had a latency of up to 8.5 weeks. Duration of maximum benefit
      lasted up to 12.5 months in some, but the average was 11.2 weeks. Only 58 of 205
      (28%) patients, seen in 76 of 505 visits (15% of all visits), had complications,
      primarily mild dysphagia (35 patients) or neck weakness (17 patients). We
      conclude that botulinum toxin is a safe and effective therapy for most patients
      with cervical dystonia.

PMID- 2300250
TI  - Infarcts with a cardiac source of embolism in the NINCDS Stroke Data Bank:
      historical features.
AB  - To gain insight into the historical features relevant to the diagnosis of cardiac
      embolic strokes, we studied the 1,290 patients with cerebral infarcts in the
      NINCDS Stroke Data Bank. Based solely on the presence of cardiac sources of
      embolism, we divided the patients into groups of high (n = 250), medium (n =
      166), and low (n = 874) risk of a cardiogenic mechanism for their stroke. There
      was a highly significant graded relationship between increasing risk of a cardiac
      source and a history, or presence of, systemic embolism, abrupt onset, and
      diminished level of consciousness at onset. These clinical features may be useful
      for assessing the likelihood of a cardiac embolic mechanism in patients with
      cerebral infarcts.

PMID- 2300251
TI  - Cerebral hemispheric localization of smooth pursuit asymmetry.
AB  - We recorded horizontal smooth pursuit in 23 patients with discrete unilateral
      cerebral hemispheric lesions and in 12 normal subjects. Most patients had
      bidirectional reduction of smooth pursuit gain, indicating that each cerebral
      hemisphere participates in smooth pursuit in both directions. Pursuit gain fell
      proportionately more with increasing target acceleration in patients than in
      normals. A normal phase relationship between eye and target motion in patients
      indicated an intact predictor mechanism for smooth pursuit. Ten patients had
      pursuit asymmetry with lower gain when tracking toward the side of cerebral
      damage; none had lower gain when tracking away. Two patients with lower
      ipsilateral gain had frontal lobe lesions. Areas of anatomic overlap of lesions
      associated with asymmetric pursuit in 8 patients provide evidence for a pursuit
      pathway that originates from Brodmann areas 19 and 39 and descends to the
      brainstem through the posterior limb of the internal capsule.

PMID- 2300252
TI  - Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the human brain.
AB  - We studied the eye movements (EM) elicited by electrical stimulation of the
      frontal lobe in 19 awake patients evaluated with subdural electrodes for epilepsy
      surgery. All patients had only contralateral conjugated EM. They were saccadic in
      16 patients (84%). Head version, always following the eye deviation, occurred in
      11 patients (58%). We also determined the eye field somatotopic distribution
      analyzing the responses obtained from the electrodes adjacent to the eye fields.
      All patients had motor cortex contiguous to the eye fields. In 17 patients (90%)
      the eye fields were located in front or at the level of the motor representation.
      There was no silent cortex between the motor strip and the eye fields.

PMID- 2300253
TI  - Corticofugal projections to the motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal cord in
      humans.
AB  - We studied corticofugal projections to the motoneurons with Nauta-Gygax's
      technique in a patient with cerebral infarction of both hemispheres. Motoneurons
      in the brainstem motor nuclei and spinal anterior horns seem to receive direct
      cortical projections, except for the oculomotor and abducens nuclei and Onuf's
      nucleus in the sacral cord.

PMID- 2300254
TI  - Familial meningioma.
AB  - A mother and 3 daughters had meningiomas, pathologically confirmed in all but 1
      daughter. One of the tumors had mild atypical features, but chromosomal analysis
      was normal. In 3 of the cases, peripheral chromosomal analysis was normal. There
      was no evidence of neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 2300255
TI  - Early scalp responses evoked by stimulation of the mental nerve in humans.
AB  - In 20 subjects, we stimulated the mental nerve through needle electrodes inserted
      into the homonymous foramen; recording electrodes were placed on the scalp and
      along the jaw. Within the 1st 5 msec after the stimulus we recorded 4 constant
      waves, thought to reflect the afferent activity from the mandibular nerve up to
      the trigeminal nuclei. These waves have similar characteristics and the same high
      degree of reliability as those obtained after stimulation of the infraorbital and
      supraorbital nerves; therefore, they should be a useful complement for a complete
      exploration of trigeminal nerve function.

PMID- 2300256
TI  - The decade of the brain.

PMID- 2300257
TI  - The 1990s--decade of the brain: the need for a national priority.

PMID- 2300258
TI  - Early HIV-1 infection and the AIDS dementia complex.

PMID- 2300259
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin in chronic inflammatory demyelinating
      polyradiculoneuropathy and in neuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal
      gammopathy of unknown significance.

PMID- 2300261
TI  - Neuropathy in Navajo children: clinical and epidemiologic features.
AB  - We describe a rare and apparently unique neuropathic syndrome among Navajo
      children living on the Navajo Reservation. Clinical features include sensorimotor
      neuropathy, corneal ulcerations, acral mutilation, poor weight gain, short
      stature, sexual infantilism, serious systemic infections, and liver derangement
      including Reye's syndrome-like episodes. Progressive CNS white matter lesions
      were diagnosed through magnetic resonance imaging. We identified 20 definite and
      4 probable cases occurring between 1959 and 1986. Mean age at the time of 1st
      recognized symptom was 13 months (range, 1 month to 4 years 6 months). Ten
      individuals have died; 6 of the deaths occurred before 5 years of age. The
      incidence of this syndrome on the western Navajo reservation is 5 times higher
      than that on the eastern reservation (38 compared with 7 cases per 100,000
      births). Although the etiology is unknown, this syndrome is consistent with an
      inborn error of metabolism, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

PMID- 2300260
TI  - Broca's area aphasias: aphasia after lesions including the frontal operculum.
AB  - We report 9 cases of aphasia following lesions in the region of the left frontal
      operculum. It is not possible to capture their variety of clinical manifestations
      with the simple labels of "Broca's area aphasia." or "Broca's area aphasia."
      Analysis of the breakdown of various components of speech and language in these
      cases suggests that the operculum, lower motor cortex, and subjacent subcortical
      and periventricular white matter contain critical parts of different language
      systems. These systems can be independently impaired. There are several common
      language syndromes that follow damage that includes the left frontal operculum.
      These syndromes reflect the effects of the direction and extent of the lesion in
      the various language systems.

PMID- 2300262
TI  - Superior oblique myokymia associated with a posterior fossa tumor: oculographic
      correlation with an idiopathic case.
AB  - Superior oblique myokymia (SOM) was the only neurologic sign in a patient with an
      astrocytoma involving the midbrain tectum. Oculography showed monocular bursts of
      tonic and phasic intorsion and depression and miniature oscillations identical to
      those of idiopathic SOM. SOM stopped after tumor resection.

PMID- 2300263
TI  - Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase deficiency in humans.
AB  - We report a 42-year-old man with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase deficiency, an
      autonomic disorder characterized by lifelong severe orthostatic hypotension,
      ptosis, nasal stuffiness, hyperextensible joints, and retrograde ejaculation.
      There is isolated deficiency of norepinephrine in both central and peripheral
      neurons, which contain and release dopamine instead. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
      deficiency should be suspected also in infants presenting with delayed eye
      opening, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, or hypotension. It can be diagnosed
      definitively by assay of plasma norepinephrine and dopamine.

PMID- 2300264
TI  - Levodopa-responsive parkinsonism following central herniation due to bilateral
      subdural hematomas.
AB  - A 66-year-old man suffered bilateral subdural hematomas progressing to central
      herniation, despite repeated surgical evacuations. This eventually resolved,
      leaving him with a severe parkinsonian syndrome that was responsive to levodopa.
      MRI and CT showed midbrain compression from central herniation, and a follow-up
      MRI revealed thinning of the pars compacta. The clinical and radiologic evidence
      suggested that midbrain compression from central herniation was the probable
      cause of parkinsonism in this patient.

PMID- 2300265
TI  - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a patient with fragile X syndrome.
AB  - Fragile X syndrome is a common cause of mental retardation. We report the
      clinical and pathologic features of a patient with fragile X syndrome who
      developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) at a relatively young age. Although
      the occurrence of these 2 diseases could be a mere coincidence, the development
      of ALS in this patient might be related to the chromosomal aberration of fragile
      X syndrome.

PMID- 2300266
TI  - Limbic encephalitis associated with thymoma.

PMID- 2300267
TI  - Bromocriptine-induced hypothermia.

PMID- 2300268
TI  - Persistent vegetative state.

PMID- 2300269
TI  - Generic drug substitution.

PMID- 2300270
TI  - The nineties: a decade in search of meaning.
AB  - Every January we ask a nurse leader to predict the 10 dominant trends in health
      care for the coming year. This year, Dr. Maraldo, NLN's chief executive officer,
      shares with us her vision. Challenges and opportunities comprise her list, but
      one comes away with a sense of optimism and excitement for the new year.

PMID- 2300271
TI  - Promoting nursing's health care agenda through collaboration.
AB  - Hawken, NLN's President, and Hillestad, confirm the wave of nursing practice and
      education collaboration that has grown over the last decade. They describe the
      movement of one school and its related practice settings in achieving true
      colleagueship within the nursing community. Goals of practice and education, once
      seen as separate if not conflicting, are seen to be coming together in this era.

PMID- 2300272
TI  - An economic agenda for health care.

PMID- 2300273
TI  - Intrapreneurial group practice.
AB  - The authors carry notions of team nursing practice into nursing management. What
      would happen if teams of nurses contracted to staff and manage patient units?
      They explore the opportunities and hazards of such intrapreneurial group
      practice.

PMID- 2300275
TI  - Feminism and brotherly love in nursing.

PMID- 2300274
TI  - Socializing nurses for nursing entrepreneurship roles.
AB  - Whatever directions nursing takes in the future, it is likely that creative and
      motivated nurses, more and more, will seek to run their own businesses. Batra
      prepares the student nurse for this eventuality by devising a course that teaches
      the student how to organize an entrepreneurial nursing business.

PMID- 2300276
TI  - A new broom?

PMID- 2300277
TI  - Medication errors: 1977 to 1988. Experience in medical malpractice claims.
AB  - MIIENJ has paid $30,144,636 in indemnity from 1977 through 1988 for medical
      malpractice suits arising from medication errors. A review of these files
      revealed that patients incurred death and serious morbidity, and that several
      specific behavior errors accounted for the majority of patient injury. Among the
      damages that occurred during that time period were 88 deaths, 15 patients with
      profound brain damage, 15 patients who alleged that they had become addicted to
      medications prescribed for pain, 10 patients who required amputations of limbs,
      and 12 patients who suffered some degree of hearing loss or decreased visual
      acuity. The predominant categories where insureds incurred difficulty were in
      disregarding patient allergies to specific drugs (acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin),
      penicillin and its derivatives); prescribing drugs without consideration of the
      patient's medical history; failing to monitor therapy with anticoagulants,
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, digitalis derivatives, theophylline, and
      aminoglycoside antibiotics; antibiotic therapy; and errors in the writing of
      prescriptions. In order to reduce the number of patient injuries and accompanying
      medical malpractice suits from medication errors, the following suggestions are
      offered: 1. Heed the patient's warning regarding drug allergies and prescribe a
      substitute drug, especially if the drug is aspirin or penicillin (and
      derivatives) or if the patient gives a history of having asthma. If the patient
      gives a history of aspirin sensitivity, make certain the drug you are prescribing
      does not contain aspirin as one of its components. Often physicians stated that
      they were not aware that aspirin was contained in the drug they prescribed for
      patients with a documented allergy to aspirin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2300278
TI  - Whipple operation revisited.
AB  - The Whipple procedure traditionally is associated with an operative mortality of
      20 to 25 percent. As a result, percutaneous and endoscopic techniques have been
      advocated to alleviate symptoms in patients with periampullary carcinoma. Now,
      dramatic reductions in operative mortality rates have been reported. Since
      radical pancreaticoduodenectomy is the only treatment for cure, a re-evaluation
      of the role of this procedure is warranted.

PMID- 2300279
TI  - How each state stands on legislative issues affecting advanced nursing practice.

PMID- 2300280
TI  - Nurse psychotherapist sues for hospital privileges.

PMID- 2300281
TI  - Nurses, let's support each other more.

PMID- 2300282
TI  - How assertive are you?

PMID- 2300283
TI  - The return of Officer Crank.

PMID- 2300284
TI  - Myths & facts ... about chronic nonmalignant pain.

PMID- 2300285
TI  - Calming a patient with panic disorder.

PMID- 2300286
TI  - Intraosseous infusion: a lifesaving technique.

PMID- 2300287
TI  - Respiratory care. A self-quiz.

PMID- 2300288
TI  - Action stat! Neck and chest burns.

PMID- 2300290
TI  - What to do when your patient codes.

PMID- 2300289
TI  - 90 predictions for the '90s.

PMID- 2300291
TI  - Judy's killer headache was only the beginning.

PMID- 2300292
TI  - How digoxin interacts with other drugs: a practical guide.

PMID- 2300293
TI  - Rapid fluid resuscitation: how to correct dangerous deficits.

PMID- 2300294
TI  - I've got to tell about Bill.

PMID- 2300295
TI  - Assessing a quadriplegic's severe headache.

PMID- 2300296
TI  - Better way to transcribe orders.

PMID- 2300297
TI  - Making the most of your time ... by involving others.

PMID- 2300298
TI  - Postoperative gangrene: a case of nursing negligence?

PMID- 2300299
TI  - How to float safely and effectively.

PMID- 2300300
TI  - In pursuit of a B.S.N.

PMID- 2300301
TI  - The little girl who couldn't smile.

PMID- 2300302
TI  - Sending your patient home with a Holter monitor.

PMID- 2300303
TI  - Faster access to controlled substances.

PMID- 2300304
TI  - Good-bye and good luck: a guide to employee dismissals.

PMID- 2300305
TI  - 10 tips for managing volunteers.

PMID- 2300306
TI  - Action stat! Emergency intubation.

PMID- 2300307
TI  - Do you really know what's troubling your patient?

PMID- 2300308
TI  - Filling the void. Boarder babies and the nurses who love them.

PMID- 2300309
TI  - How good samaritan laws do and don't protect you.

PMID- 2300310
TI  - Pericarditis. A different kind of heart disease.

PMID- 2300311
TI  - Seeing red and yellow and black. The three-color concept of wound care.

PMID- 2300312
TI  - Jackie was locked in ... and we had to help let her out.

PMID- 2300313
TI  - Responding to a disaster.

PMID- 2300314
TI  - Walking a tightrope.

PMID- 2300315
TI  - Tips for giving oxygen therapy.

PMID- 2300316
TI  - What Ruby really wanted.

PMID- 2300317
TI  - [Evaluation of nursing instructors. Chosing significant criteria].

PMID- 2300318
TI  - A decisive year. Opening speech at the 69th annual general meeting of the
      O.I.I.Q.

PMID- 2300319
TI  - [Following the treatment plan--a form of prevention].

PMID- 2300320
TI  - [Alternative care in the hospital setting].

PMID- 2300322
TI  - [Reflections of a nursing student on the eve of obtaining her diploma].

PMID- 2300321
TI  - [Alternative care in the hospital setting--an illustration].

PMID- 2300324
TI  - Leaders need advanced nursing knowledge...

PMID- 2300325
TI  - The oncology team coordinator in a general hospital.

PMID- 2300323
TI  - Any healthcare provider should...

PMID- 2300326
TI  - The nursing shortage: whose liability problem? Part II.

PMID- 2300327
TI  - Your grievance procedures alone will not protect you.

PMID- 2300328
TI  - Collaborative governance: model for professional autonomy.

PMID- 2300329
TI  - Competition: chasing after the wind.

PMID- 2300330
TI  - Dealing with medical staff: it's time to do it differently!

PMID- 2300331
TI  - Professional practice committee: right on target.

PMID- 2300332
TI  - Middle-management in nursing.

PMID- 2300333
TI  - Those activity reports can be useful.

PMID- 2300334
TI  - A fair day's pay.

PMID- 2300335
TI  - Make your meetings "pay off".

PMID- 2300336
TI  - A paradigm for effective resolution of interpersonal conflict.

PMID- 2300337
TI  - Visitation in the CCU: from "rules" to contracts.

PMID- 2300338
TI  - NIDR studies oral signs of HIV.

PMID- 2300339
TI  - Organized dentistry's NCDHM spreads the oral health story.

PMID- 2300340
TI  - Early recognition urged.

PMID- 2300341
TI  - A comparison of bed rest and immersion for treating the edema of pregnancy.
AB  - Bed rest and immersion both lead to a mobilization of extravascular fluid and
      thus reduce edema. This study compared three treatments for edema in healthy
      pregnant women in the third trimester: lateral supine bed rest at room
      temperature, sitting in a bathtub of waist-deep water at 32 +/- 0.5C with legs
      horizontal, and sitting immersed in shoulder-deep water at 32 +/- 0.5C with legs
      extended downward. Post-treatment diuresis was selected as the indicator of
      extravascular fluid mobilization. The mean (+/- SD) diuresis was 105 +/- 48, 161
      +/- 155, or 242 +/- 161 mL/hour for bed rest, bathtub, and immersion tank,
      respectively (P less than .008, tank versus bed rest; P less than .05, tank
      versus bath). In all treatments, mean arterial pressure (MAP) declined from a
      baseline value of 88 +/- 9 to 77 +/- 10 mmHg 25 minutes into treatment and 77 +/-
      11 mmHg at 50 minutes (both P less than .0001 compared with pre-treatment).
      Shoulder-deep immersion produced the greatest decline in MAP. Sodium clearance
      increased from 0.7 to 1.0 mEq/minute in all treatments (P less than .01). Serum
      sodium, potassium, creatinine, osmolarity, total protein, 6-keto prostaglandin F1
      alpha, and plasma volume did not change significantly after the treatments. Serum
      prolactin declined significantly from 137.8 +/- 44 to 124 +/- 31 ng/mL after
      treatment; there was no difference among treatments. Immersion appears to be a
      safe and more rapid method than bed rest to mobilize extravascular fluid during
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2300342
TI  - Serial maternal blood donations for intrauterine transfusion.
AB  - Because of concern regarding viral disease transmission, 21 pregnant women who
      had been alloimmunized to various red-cell antigens donated 77 units of blood
      (range two to six donations) for intrauterine transfusion to their anemic
      fetuses. Patients received supplemental iron and vitamin therapy throughout the
      blood donation period. Before the first donation, the mean (+/- SD) maternal
      hematocrit was 34.4 +/- 2.8%, whereas at delivery it was 33.4 +/- 3.5%. Maternal
      hematocrit was noted to decline slightly between the first and second donations
      but returned to pre-donation values with subsequent donations. No adverse
      maternal or fetal effects occurred secondary to repeated donations. Use of
      maternal designated-donor red cells for intrauterine transfusion offers potential
      advantages over the use of random allogeneic red blood cell units.

PMID- 2300343
TI  - von Willebrand factor multimeric levels and patterns in patients with severe
      preeclampsia.
AB  - The clinical manifestations of severe preeclampsia and thrombotic
      thrombocytopenic purpura are similar. Patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic
      purpura have been demonstrated to have larger than usual von Willebrand factor
      multimers. Serial serum samples were taken from patients with severe
      preeclampsia, all with platelet counts less than 50,000. Von Willebrand factor
      multimeric patterns were normal in all the patients except one, who later proved
      to have chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. All patients had
      elevated levels of von Willebrand factor. Although the clinical presentations of
      thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and severe preeclampsia with thrombocytopenia
      have many similarities, the underlying pathophysiology of each disorder appears
      to be different.

PMID- 2300344
TI  - A case-control study of 1253 twin pregnancies from a 1982-1987 perinatal data
      base.
AB  - In one regional perinatal network between 1982-1987, 101,506 women delivered
      infants greater than 500 g, of which 1253 were twin pregnancies (1.2%). This
      latter group was compared statistically with a 5% random sample of the singletons
      (N = 5119). The results showed that the women with twin pregnancies were slightly
      older, had a higher parity, gained more weight during the gestation, and had a
      heavier body weight at delivery. Twin pregnancies were complicated by increases
      in hypertension (odds ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval 2.1-3.1), abruption
      (odds ratio 3.0; 95% confidence interval 1.9-4.7), and anemia (odds ratio 2.4;
      95% confidence interval 1.9-3.0). There was no increased risk of pyelonephritis,
      placenta previa, or diabetes mellitus in mothers with twins. The twin pregnancies
      delivered earlier and the infants were smaller, had lower Apgar scores, and were
      at increased risk for congenital anomalies. Fetal and neonatal mortality rates
      were significantly increased in the twin infants; the perinatal mortality rates
      for twin A and twin B were 48.8 and 64.1, respectively, compared with 10.4 per
      1000 births for the singleton controls. When the twin infants A and B were of
      similar weight, they had a similar perinatal mortality (odds ratio 1.0; 95%
      confidence interval 0.6-1.8). For infants less than 2500 g, twins A and B had
      lower fetal and neonatal mortality rates than did singletons, but twins heavier
      than 2500 g were at increased risk of perinatal death.

PMID- 2300345
TI  - Twin pregnancy in adolescents.
AB  - We compared the outcome of twin pregnancies born to adolescent versus adult
      gravidas. Five hundred forty-seven sets of twins were delivered during a 6-year
      period, 50 to adolescents and 395 to adults between 20-34. There were no
      significant differences in mean length of gestation, birth weight, or perinatal
      mortality. Maternal age was not a predictor of birth weight in twins. These
      findings suggest that twins born to adolescent gravidas do not experience
      significantly more unfavorable pregnancy events.

PMID- 2300347
TI  - Fetal responses to different intensity levels of vibroacoustic stimulation.
AB  - The fetal responses to three different intensity levels of vibroacoustic
      stimulation (mean 92, 103, and 109 dB) were investigated in 275 pregnant women
      between 32-42 weeks of gestation. A 103-dB and a 109-dB stimulation aroused fetal
      movements, perceived by the mother, significantly more often than did a 92-dB
      stimulation (P less than .05 and P less than .01, respectively). Fetal heart rate
      (FHR) accelerations occurred slightly more often at a 109-dB stimulation than at
      a 92-dB level, but the difference was not significant. In the second part of the
      study, the three modes of stimulation were compared under standardized conditions
      in ten normal patients. The immediate reaction concerning fetal body movements as
      measured by the mother or the observer and FHR accelerations were the same as
      described earlier. There was a significant delayed increase of fetal gross body
      movements after 8 minutes at the 103- and 109-dB stimulation levels. Thus, the
      fetal response to vibroacoustic stimulation changes with different intensity
      levels.

PMID- 2300346
TI  - Effect of epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery on maternal femoral arterial
      and venous, uteroplacental, and umbilical blood flow velocities and waveforms.
AB  - The effect of epidural anesthesia on the maternal femoral arterial and venous,
      uteroplacental, and umbilical circulations was studied by the pulsed Doppler
      technique in 13 women undergoing elective cesarean delivery. Resistance and
      pulsatility indices of umbilical arterial velocity waveforms did not change with
      the use of epidural anesthesia. In the uteroplacental circulation, these indices
      increased in 11 patients, suggesting an increase in resistance. Reduction of
      sympathetic tone in resistance and capacitance vessels was reflected in the
      femoral artery by an increase in systolic and end-diastolic velocities, a
      reversal of the post-systolic backward flow, and an increase in mean velocity.
      The latter also occurred in the femoral vein. The diameters of these large
      maternal vessels did not change. This study suggests an impairment in
      uteroplacental circulation associated with a drop in peripheral vascular
      resistance and an increase in leg blood flow after epidural anesthesia.

PMID- 2300348
TI  - Oral contraceptives and coronary artery atherosclerosis of cynomolgus monkeys.
AB  - Studies of both human and nonhuman primates show an inverse relationship between
      high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations and coronary artery
      atherosclerosis. For this reason, there has been concern that the HDL cholesterol
      lowering effect of oral contraceptives might exacerbate coronary artery
      atherosclerosis. We studied three groups of adult female cynomolgus macaques fed
      a moderately atherogenic diet: a control group, a group given ethinyl estradiol
      and norgestrel, and another group given ethinyl estradiol and ethynodiol
      diacetate. Norgestrel and ethynodiol diacetate, co-administered with ethinyl
      estradiol, lowered the plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol. However, the
      extent of coronary artery atherosclerosis was lessened by both contraceptives,
      especially among females at high risk based on their plasma lipid profiles.

PMID- 2300349
TI  - Minimum extension and appropriate topographic position of tissue destruction for
      treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
AB  - Minimum extension and topographic position of tissue destruction for treatment of
      cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is determined by the extension and the
      localization of the pathologic epithelium. In 65 cone specimens, we studied the
      depth of CIN II crypt involvement and the linear extent and topographic position
      of the CIN III lesions. The topographic position of the CIN III lesion was
      related to a reference point R, the most caudal point of the ectocervix. The mean
      maximum depth of CIN III crypt involvement appeared to be 1.6 +/- 1.0 mm, and the
      mean linear extent of the CIN III lesion was 7.4 +/- 3.7 mm. The distal border of
      the CIN III lesion was located at a mean distance of 8.2 +/- 4.4 mm from the
      reference point R, and the proximal border at a mean distance of 13.3 +/- 3.7 mm.
      Taking the mean + 2 SD values as directives (97.7% of the population) suggests
      that in almost all patients, the depth of crypt involvement did not exceed 3.6
      mm; the linear extent of the CIN III did not exceed 14.8 mm. Furthermore, this
      implies that in almost all patients, the CIN III lesion was located between 0.6
      mm distally (mean - 2 SD) and 20.7 mm proximally (mean + 2 SD) from the reference
      point R. Based on these results, we conclude that minimum local tissue
      destruction for treatment of CIN should have a depth of 4 mm over a distance of
      15 mm, and should be localized at least between 1 mm distally and 21 mm
      proximally from the most caudal point of the ectocervix.

PMID- 2300350
TI  - Analysis of cryolesions in the uterine cervix: application techniques, extension,
      and failures.
AB  - Although cryosurgery is regularly used for treatment of cervical intraepithelial
      neoplasia (CIN), there are few data concerning freeze technique and attendant
      extension of the cryolesion. This study evaluated how to create cryolesions
      extensive enough to eradicate the CIN lesion completely. The way the extension of
      the cryolesion was influenced by type of probe, anatomical position in the
      cervix, shape of the external os, and freeze time was analyzed. Furthermore, we
      examined whether localization of the cryolesions corresponded with the CIN III
      location. Cryosurgery was applied to the cervix of 64 women the day before
      hysterectomy was performed for benign disease. Four types of probes were tested
      and freezing was done with a double freeze cycle. After extirpation of the
      uterus, slides were cut at the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-o'clock positions. With a
      computerized graphic tablet, the depth and linear extension of the cryolesion
      were measured morphometrically. After short freeze times, it appeared that an
      adequate lesion was present in only 67.4% of the slides. The large cone probe
      gave the best results; the small flat cervix probe the worst. At the 3- and 9
      o'clock positions, a significantly higher percentage of inadequate lesions was
      found (60.8 and 65.3%, respectively). This proved to be due primarily to the
      extensive vascular supply at those positions. Longer freeze times gave an
      excellent result within all slides, even at the 3- and 9-o'clock positions. The
      topographic position of the cryolesion corresponded completely in all cases with
      that of the CIN III lesion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2300351
TI  - Influence of neurohypophyseal hormones on human cervical smooth muscle
      contractility in vitro.
AB  - Cervical tissue strips from nonpregnant women and women in early and term
      pregnancy were used to study spontaneous contractile activity and the effects of
      oxytocin and vasopressin in vitro. Oxytocin stimulated contractions in strips
      from all groups of patients except for those from five term pregnant women, in
      which an inhibitory effect was observed at a high concentration. Vasopressin had
      a stimulatory effect in all groups of patients. These neurohypophyseal hormones
      may interact with the effect of other hormones in their regulatory influence on
      cervical contractility, and this interaction might be important in cervical
      dilatation during labor as well as in the pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea.

PMID- 2300352
TI  - Microbiologic characteristics of Lactobacillus products used for colonization of
      the vagina.
AB  - Lactobacilli have long been considered to be the protective flora in the vagina.
      Women with vaginal infections have used various non-prescription products in an
      attempt to restore their normal vaginal flora. Products that contain lactobacilli
      include dairy products (yogurt, acidophilus milk) and commercially available
      Lactobacillus powders and tablets. Recently, Lactobacillus species that produce
      hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have been associated with normal vaginal flora. In this
      study, we compared 16 non-prescription products containing lactobacilli for H2O2
      production, purity, and identifiable contaminants. All 16 products contained
      lactobacilli, of which ten (62%) produced H2O2. At least one contaminant was
      detected in 11 of 16 (69%) of the products: Enterococcus faecium (ten),
      Clostridium sporogenes (one), Streptococcus mitis (one), and Pseudomonas species
      (one). Although all of the products tested contained lactobacilli, only four of
      the products contained Lactobacillus acidophilus. Most of the lactobacilli
      containing products currently available either do not contain the Lactobacillus
      species advertised and/or contain other bacteria of questionable benefit. We
      conclude that commercially available products may not be appropriate for
      recolonization of the vagina.

PMID- 2300353
TI  - Preoperative serum tumor-associated antigen levels in women with pelvic masses.
AB  - Preoperative sera were assayed for tumor-associated antigens CA 125, TAG 72, and
      CA 15-3 in 100 women with pelvic masses. Serum CA 125 levels were elevated above
      65 U/mL in 83% of 42 patients with ovarian malignancies, in 58% of 12 patients
      with nonovarian malignancies, and in 17% of 46 patients with benign pelvic
      masses. Elevations of TAG 72 and CA 15-3 levels occurred less frequently in all
      groups of patients. Serum CA 125 levels distinguished most effectively between
      patients with malignant pelvic masses and those with benign pelvic masses, having
      a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 83% at a threshold level of 65 U/mL.
      When comparing 33 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinomas to 46 patients with
      benign masses, the CA 125 level alone yielded a sensitivity of 88% with a
      specificity of 83%. Coordinate elevations of CA 125 (above 65 U/mL) and TAG 72
      (above 10 U/mL) or CA 15-3 (above 30 U/mL) distinguished ovarian epithelial
      carcinomas from benign masses with a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 98%,
      which improved to 81 and 100%, respectively, among patients over 50 years of age.
      Given the marked increase in specificity observed with this panel of three serum
      tumor-associated antigens, use of multiple markers might facilitate screening for
      ovarian carcinoma and appropriate referral of patients with pelvic masses for
      cytoreductive operations.

PMID- 2300354
TI  - The role of peptide growth factors in epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - We studied the effect of epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor,
      fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta on proliferation of
      four epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCA 420, OVCA 429, OVCA 432, and OVCA
      433). Epidermal growth factor stimulated growth of OVCA 429 cells (P = .0001) and
      OVCA 433 cells (P = .0002). Platelet-derived growth factor did not stimulate
      growth of any of the cell lines. Fibroblast growth factor stimulated growth of
      OVCA 420 cells (P = .003). Transforming growth factor-beta inhibited growth of
      OVCA 420 cells (P = .0001), OVCA 432 cells (P = .003), and OVCA 433 cells (P =
      .004). To detect production of known growth factors by the cancer cell lines, we
      tested the effect of cancer cell-conditioned media on proliferation of cell lines
      known to respond to growth factors. Only media exposed to OVCA 433 cells were
      found to contain activity that mimicked one of the known growth factors
      (transforming growth factor-beta). These results suggest that individual ovarian
      cancers vary widely in their response to and production of known peptide growth
      factors. Finally, we found that OVCA 429-conditioned medium significantly
      inhibited proliferation of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes (P less than .0001).
      The characteristics of this immunosuppressive factor were distinct from those of
      transforming growth factor-beta. Production of this factor by an immortalized
      cell line provides a unique opportunity to identify an immunosuppressive
      substance associated with ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2300355
TI  - Prognostic factors in patients with stage I epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - We analyzed factors predictive of relapse risk in patients with stage I invasive
      epithelial ovarian cancer: 252 patients from the Princess Margaret Hospital
      provided a data base for hypothesis generation, and data on 267 patients from the
      Norwegian Radium Hospital were used for hypothesis testing. The outcomes in most
      analyses in the two series were very similar, validating the following
      conclusions. Differentiation (grade) was the most powerful predictor of relapse,
      followed by dense adherence (which resulted in outcomes equivalent to those in
      stage II) and, finally, large-volume ascites. When the effects of these three
      factors were accounted for, then none of the following were prognostic:
      bilaterality (stage Ib), cyst rupture (stage Ic), capsular penetration (stage
      Ic), tumor size, histologic subtype, patient age, year of diagnosis, and
      postoperative therapy. These results allow simplification of stage I substaging,
      as only differentiation, dense adherence, and large-volume ascites (? peritoneal
      cytology) need be considered. The 5-year relapse-free rate was 98% in patients
      with grade 1 tumors in whom both dense adherence and large-volume ascites were
      absent. These patients are adequately treated by operation alone. Although the
      relapse risk was high enough in the remaining patients to warrant postoperative
      treatment, a significant benefit could be shown only for a small subset of
      patients, namely those with densely adherent tumors treated with abdominopelvic
      radiotherapy. In grades 2 and 3, none of the therapies used in either series was
      superior to pelvic radiotherapy or operation alone.

PMID- 2300357
TI  - Clinical features and treatment outcome of patients with epithelial carcinoma of
      the ovary metastatic to the central nervous system.
AB  - Involvement of the central nervous system with carcinoma of the ovary is being
      noted with increasing frequency. We report on six patients who presented with
      central nervous system metastases between 2-61 months after diagnosis. Five
      patients had elevated serum CA 125 values at the time of diagnosis of central
      nervous system disease and presenting symptoms, and findings on neurologic
      examination generally correlated with computed tomography-documented lesions.
      Eighty-three percent of our patients were symptomatically relieved with a course
      of 30 Gy given to the whole brain; however, there were no long-term survivors
      (range 2-24 months). Survival did not appear prolonged in the four patients who
      received systemic chemotherapy as well as whole-brain irradiation.

PMID- 2300356
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in stage I endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - A prospective study was conducted on 50 consecutive patients with stage I
      endometrial cancer who had primary surgical treatment. The purpose of the study
      was to assess the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for accurate staging
      of early disease and determination of myometrial invasion. Features identified by
      MRI were correlated with surgical pathology. Preliminary MRI results provided
      additional valuable information. All but one of 18 patients with histologically
      proven deep myometrial invasion were predicted preoperatively by MRI. Of 17
      patients with detached fragments of malignant tissue in the endocervical
      curettage (ECC) but with results inconclusive for actual cervical invasion, MRI
      revealed all three patients with true cervical tissue involvement. Magnetic
      resonance imaging detected all six patients with gross extrauterine spread and
      also precisely measured uterine enlargement by myomata. The extent and location
      of tumor growth in the uterus could be mapped out in the majority of cases. Based
      on these findings, a pretreatment MRI scan of the pelvis in presumably stage I
      endometrial carcinoma resulted in an advance in staging in 18% of the patients,
      and accurately predicted deep myometrial invasion in 94% of the cases. Inclusion
      of MRI in the routine work-up in stage I endometrial carcinoma should be
      considered for proper clinical staging, particularly in patients with a positive
      but nondiagnostic ECC, uterine papillary serous carcinoma, or grade 3 tumor.

PMID- 2300358
TI  - New gynecologic cancer staging.

PMID- 2300360
TI  - Fetal death from sepsis following a reassuring intrapartum fetal acoustic
      stimulation test.

PMID- 2300359
TI  - Measuring the number of lamellar body particles in amniotic fluid.
AB  - We describe a method for determining the number and size distribution of lamellar
      bodies and compare the results prospectively with other tests for fetal lung
      maturity: lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio (L/S), phosphatidylglycerol, and
      fluorescence polarization. The technique uses an electronic particle counter
      calibrated for a size range of 1.7-7.3 fL. The number of lamellar bodies in
      amniotic fluid samples varied from 3800-166,000 particles per microliter and
      correlated strongly with L/S ratio (r = 0.75; N = 144) and fluorescence
      polarization (r = -0.78; N = 165). Amniotic fluid samples stored for up to 10
      days at 4C had stable lamellar body counts (within +/- 11%). Longer storage
      tended to decrease the counts. Addition of more than 1% (v/v) whole blood
      significantly decreased the lamellar body counts. This technique shows promise
      for the rapid assessment of fetal lung maturity.

PMID- 2300362
TI  - Umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry as a predictor of fetal hypoxia and acidosis
      at birth.

PMID- 2300361
TI  - Randomized comparison of meperidine and fentanyl during labor.

PMID- 2300363
TI  - Private judging ... benefit or detriment?

PMID- 2300364
TI  - Life-style changes as beneficial as open-heart surgery?

PMID- 2300365
TI  - Morning-after pill creates controversy.

PMID- 2300367
TI  - Learning handicaps linked to drug exposure.

PMID- 2300366
TI  - Eye injuries found in Catholic pilgrims.

PMID- 2300368
TI  - Program will help mentally retarded offenders.

PMID- 2300369
TI  - Court rules lover liable for disease.

PMID- 2300370
TI  - A solution to the nursing shortage?

PMID- 2300371
TI  - Re-evaluating national health.

PMID- 2300372
TI  - Marketing: serious business.

PMID- 2300373
TI  - Sleep disorders: beyond night's shadow.

PMID- 2300375
TI  - Communicating before ... and after ... a bad outcome.

PMID- 2300374
TI  - AIDS. The latest.

PMID- 2300376
TI  - The politics of health.

PMID- 2300377
TI  - H.B. No. 24: a window of opportunity.

PMID- 2300378
TI  - Postural screening for scoliosis who and when to refer.

PMID- 2300379
TI  - Salvage chemotherapy for breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant adriamycin
      containing regimen.
AB  - Purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of salvage chemotherapy given
      to women with breast cancer in relapse who had in the past received adjuvant
      treatment including adriamycin. Fourty-nine evaluable patients had an adjuvant
      chemotherapy with CMFAV in 6 or 12 cycles. On relapse these patients received
      either adriamycin 40 mg/m2, mitomycin 8 mg/m2 and vinblastine 6 mg/m2 (group A)
      or dibromodulcitol 500 mg, mitomycin 8 mg/m2 and vinblastine 6 mg/m2 (group B).
      In Group A, 22 patients with a mean age of 49.2 years relapsed 14 months on
      average after the end of adjuvant treatment. In 11 of them the main site of
      relapse was visceral. In group B, 27 patients with a mean age 49.5 years relapsed
      6.5 months on average after the end of adjuvant treatment. In 15 of them the main
      site of relapse was visceral. According to the disease-free interval (DFI), in
      group A with DFI less than 12 months 3 patients (23%) responded partially whereas
      in patients with DFI longer than 12 months 4 patients (44.4%) had a partial
      response. In group B with DFI less than 12 months 4 patients (21%) responded
      partially, whereas 2 (25%) responded with DFI longer than 12 months. We conclude
      that salvage chemotherapy in this group of patients with an adriamycin-containing
      regimen is superior to a non-adriamycin regimen only if the DFI is longer than 12
      months.

PMID- 2300380
TI  - The squamous cell carcinoma tumor marker in mammary carcinoma: comparison of
      polyclonal versus monoclonal antibody-based assays.
AB  - Pretreatment serum levels of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)-antigen as determined
      with a polyclonal and monoclonal antibody-based assay were determined in 136
      patients with invasive mammary carcinoma, 8 patients with ductal carcinoma in
      situ and 23 patients with benign breast diseases. For the polyclonal assay, the
      overall sensitivity was 44.8% at a cut-off level of 2.0 ng/ml and 25% for 2.5
      ng/ml. For the monoclonal assay, the sensitivity was 11.0 and 25.0% at cut-off
      levels of 2.0 and 1.5 ng/ml, respectively. On the basis of analysis of
      specificity of the two assays for the benign control group, the cut-off level of
      the polyclonal assay has to be 2.5 ng/ml in the case of mammary carcinoma, of the
      monoclonal assay it has to be 2.0 ng/ml. For 175 serum samples of the whole group
      of patients (pre- and postoperative samples), the polyclonal RIA (x) and the
      monoclonal IRMA (y) were measured. The orthogonal regression analysis gave the
      equation: monoclonal IRMA = 1.03 polyclonal RIA - 1.15 ng/ml (Sy.x = 0.48; r =
      0.7225). We also came to the conclusion that the SCC-antigen measured by either
      assay is different.

PMID- 2300381
TI  - Combination chemotherapy with pirarubicin (THP), cyclophosphamide, vincristine,
      and prednisolone (VEP-THP therapy) in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were treated with a
      combination of (2''-R)-4'-o-tetrahydropyranyladriamycin (pirarubicin, THP),
      cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone (VEP-THP therapy). Eleven (45.8%)
      of twenty-four evaluable patients achieved complete response (CR). CR rate
      (52.8%) was higher in the intermediate-grade histology group than in high- or low
      grade group. Toxicity was generally acceptable although leukopenia less than
      2,000/microliters was observed in 17 (60.7%) of 28 patients. Clinical signs of
      cardiotoxicity were not observed and alopecia was mild. Therefore, VEP-THP
      therapy is useful as a first-line chemotherapy in the treatment of NHL,
      particularly for the patients with intermediate-grade histology. Higher CR rate
      and longer relapse-free survival can be expected by administering a greater dose
      of THP or employing a schedule of fractionated low doses.

PMID- 2300383
TI  - High-dose 4'-epiadriamycin for treatment of breast cancer refractory to standard
      dose anthracycline chemotherapy: achievement of second responses.
AB  - High-dose 4'-epiadriamycin chemotherapy (110-150 mg/m2) was administered to 18
      patients (95 treatment cycles) with advanced breast cancer refractory to or
      showing progression after prior treatment with adriamycin containing combination
      chemotherapy regimens. Thirteen out of 18 patients showed an objective response
      to therapy including 1 with complete and 12 with partial response. Although
      haematologic suppression was profound (mean granulocyte nadir 0.3 +/- 0.1 x
      10(6)/l) recovery was rapid and there was no evidence of cumulative haematologic
      toxicity. Cardiac toxicity was not encountered during therapy even after
      cumulative doses greater than 1,200 mg/m2 of anthracycline drugs. Although the
      response rate was high, response duration was short (median 5.8 months).

PMID- 2300382
TI  - Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) in urinary bladder cancer cytology: a follow-up
      study.
AB  - Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) has been detected by immunocytochemical assay on
      urine cytological samples from 28 asymptomatic patients, who previously had a
      histological diagnosis of papillary transitional cell carcinoma (PTCT) of the
      urinary bladder (UB), in order to evaluate its role in follow-up controls. TPA
      staining intensity (SI) in urothelial cells was evaluated to improve the
      diagnostic accuracy of cytology. Differentiated tumor cells were strongly stained
      for TPA, heavier than normal urothelial cells. Undifferentiated neoplastic cells
      were less stained for TPA with a wide range of SI. TPA detection revealed
      positive cytology in 21 (75%) of the considered cases. The accuracy of our
      cytological findings compared with both routine examinations and subsequent
      histopathological diagnosis was of 95.2%. Follow-up urinary cytology limits could
      be reduced by TPA searching in differentiated tumor cells, deriving from low
      grade neoplasms.

PMID- 2300384
TI  - Clinical significance of the number of positive tumor markers in assisting the
      diagnosis of lung cancer with multiple tumor marker assay.
AB  - The clinical significance of multiple tumor marker assay in assisting the
      diagnosis of lung cancer was assessed in 67 patients with primary lung cancer,
      and 115 with nonmalignant pulmonary disease. The tumor markers studied were
      carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron
      specific enolase (NSE), squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen (SCC), and tissue
      polypeptide antigen (TPA). The positive rates for all of the tumor markers were
      significantly higher in the lung cancer group than in the nonmalignant pulmonary
      disease group. The sensitivity was 31-66%, the specificity was more than 90% for
      all five markers, and the accuracy was 69-82%. Among the markers, the positive
      rate of CEA was best correlated with adenocarcinoma (Ad), NSE with small cell
      carcinoma (Sm), SCC with squamous cell carcinoma (Sq), CA19-9 with Ad, and TPA
      with Ad. In multiple tumor marker assay, as the number of combined markers was
      increased, the sensitivity of the assay became higher and the specificity became
      lower, resulting in a lower accuracy. However, when more than two markers were
      positive, the relative possibility of lung cancer was increased 90-100%. The
      number of positive tumor markers in multiple tumor marker assay indicated that it
      would be of auxiliary value for the diagnosis of lung cancer.

PMID- 2300385
TI  - Correlation of DNA ploidy and clinical outcome in early gastric carcinomas.
AB  - The nuclear DNA content was measured in 120 early gastric carcinomas and the
      results correlated with histologic findings and S-phase fractions measured by in
      vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. Forty-six cases (38%) were diploid and 74
      cases were aneuploid. In aneuploid tumors, incidence of submucosal invasion,
      vascular invasion, and lymph node involvement were significantly higher than that
      in diploid tumors. In addition, the S-phase fractions in aneuploid tumors were
      significantly higher than those in diploid tumors. There was no recurrence in
      diploid tumors; whereas 21% of cases with aneuploid tumors recurred. These
      results indicate that DNA content may be a prognostic factor in early gastric
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2300386
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of intrapleural versus intravenous etoposide (VP 16) and
      teniposide (VM 26) in patients with malignant pleural effusion.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of etoposide (VP 16) and teniposide (VM 26) were studied
      after intrapleural administration to 3 patients with lung cancer and malignant
      pleural effusion. Comparison with the kinetic behavior of intravenously infused
      VP 16 and VM 26 in the same patients suggests that intrapleural drug delivery
      achieves higher and longer-lasting pleural concentrations, thus providing a
      theoretical basis for the palliative treatment of malignant pleural effusions.
      Although no systemic toxicity was observed after intrapleural administration of
      either drug, 1 of the 3 patients developed a transient asymptomatic hemorrhagic
      pleurisy during the first 2 days after the drug, alerting to the possible local
      toxicity of such treatment.

PMID- 2300387
TI  - Malignant pleural effusions: meaning of pleural-fluid pH determination.
AB  - In 36 patients with malignant pleural effusions, we determined the pH and the
      glucose concentration of the pleural fluid. Twenty-one of 36 patients (58.3%) had
      a low pH (less than 7.30) and 15 had a normal pH (greater than or equal to 7.30;
      7.13 +/- 0.12 vs. 7.37 +/- 0.05; p less than 0.0005). The patients with low pH
      had significantly lower glucose concentrations than those with normal pH (2.7 +/-
      1.4 vs. 6.3 +/- 2.9 mmol/l; p less than 0.0005). Twenty-one of 34 patients
      (61.7%) had a glucose concentration lower than a cut-off value of 4.4 mmol/l; of
      these, 17 (81%) had a low pH. The mean survival in the low-pH group was 4.8 +/-
      4.4 months, whereas the mean survival in the normal-pH group was 5 +/- 8 months
      (p greater than 0.4). Twelve of 36 patients (33.3%) were treated with
      intrapleural Corynebacterium parvum (CBP) injections. Fourteen of 21 low-pH
      patients (66.6%) survived more than 2 months, and 4 of them are still alive. Six
      of 15 normal-pH patients (40%) survived more than 2 months, and 1 of them is
      still alive. Three of the 5 living patients were treated with CBP (2 in the low
      pH group and 1 in the normal-pH groups). Our results confirm that pH and glucose
      concentrations in the pleural fluid of patients with malignant effusions are
      frequently low. However, the survival and the response to CBP pleurodesis in
      patients with low-pH malignant effusions are the same as those in patients with
      normal-pH malignant effusions.

PMID- 2300388
TI  - Inactivation of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) in blood by sodium thiosulfate.
AB  - The mode of inactivation of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (DDP) in the
      bloodstream by sodium thiosulfate (STS) was investigated experimentally and
      clinically by a bioassay system using the phytohemagglutinin stimulation assay of
      human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Active DDP in the plasma of dogs after
      3 mg/kg of DDP injection, assessed by the bioassay system, was almost completely
      inactivated, when the level of STS in the plasma was more than 500 times higher
      at molar STS/DDP ratios than that of DDP. In 6 patients with hepatic malignancies
      who were treated with hepatic artery infusion of 3 mg/kg DDP and systemic STS,
      active DDP in the plasma was not detectable in the concurrent presence of STS at
      molar ratios of more than 500. Severe DDP toxicity in these patients was
      completely protected. The results indicate that an inactivation of DDP in the
      bloodstream after DDP injection and, further, an effective protection against DDP
      toxicity can be achieved by the concurrent presence of STS at molar ratios of
      more than 500 in the plasma of these patients.

PMID- 2300389
TI  - Concomitant administration of 4-hydroxypyrazolopyrimidine (allopurinol) and high
      dose continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil.
AB  - We tried to study the protection of allopurinol (HPP) from the toxicity of 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU). A total of 29 patients received 74 cycles of chemotherapy
      (16 colon adenocarcinomas, 7 head and neck, 3 breast cancers and 3 cancers of
      pancreas). HPP was given 900 mg/day p.o. 4 days prior to treatment, and continued
      with same dose throughout the course of 5-FU and for 12 days after completion of
      the treatment. 5-FU was administered in 24 hour intravenous infusions on days 1-5
      (dose range 900-1,200 mg/m2/day). 5-FU was given alone or in combination with
      mitomycin-C 10 mg/m2/day (1st day), epirubicin 40 mg/m2/day (1st, 2nd day), cis
      platinum 120 mg/m2/day (1st day). In comparison with other studies the toxicity
      was limited. We conclude that HPP can diminish the side effects, especially
      myelosuppression, allowing an increase in the maximum tolerated dose of 5-FU;
      even if combined with other cytostatic drugs. Control studies must be done to
      confirm our observations.

PMID- 2300390
TI  - SBLA syndrome revisited.
AB  - We have provided an in-depth, longitudinal, clinical/genetic/pathologic
      investigation of a family consonant with the sarcoma, breast cancer and brain
      tumors, lung and laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and adrenalcortical
      carcinoma syndrome. The pattern of cancer expression involves all three germinal
      layers with transmission through multiple generations. Segregation of these
      cancers occur in a manner consonant with an autosomal dominant mode of genetic
      transmission. It is hoped that recognition of the significance of this tumor
      pattern within families will provide an impetus for cancer surveillance, control,
      and laboratory research in the quest for clues to biomarkers which correlate with
      its cancer-prone genotype.

PMID- 2300391
TI  - Multiple myeloma arising from solitary plasmacytoma of bone.
AB  - Double (kappa + lambda), Bence Jones (BJ) proteinuria was detected in a male
      patient of 73 years. The disease started as a solitary plasmacytoma in bone and
      transformed into multiple myeloma. At the beginning, isolated BJ lambda
      proteinuria was observed which was soon accompanied by transient excretion of BJ
      kappa protein.

PMID- 2300392
TI  - Intratumoral variation of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer:
      relationship with histopathological characteristics of the tumor.
AB  - Estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors were assayed in the center and the
      periphery of 24 primary breast cancers and correlated with seven morphological
      features of the tumors. Quantitative variations in ER and PR contents between
      center and periphery were not significant, and the major discordance rate of the
      receptor status was only 8.3% for ER and 12.5% for PR. Among all morphological
      features studied, only tumor cellularity was correlated with steroid receptors;
      thus 18 out of 19 ER-positive samples (p less than 0.005) and 15 out of 16 PR
      positive samples (p less than 0.025) were tumor cellularity 2-3, and higher ER (p
      less than 0.003) and PR (p less than 0.007) levels were found in tumor
      cellularity 2-3. Our results indicate that steroid receptors should be assayed in
      samples with a high content of tumor cellularity, whether the sample is taken
      from the center or the periphery of the tumor.

PMID- 2300393
TI  - Coincidental papillary carcinoma of the thyroid in two sisters.
AB  - A coincidentally occurring papillary cancer of the thyroid in two sisters is
      discussed. No clinical, biochemical or chromosomal changes were found in these
      cases which could have shown any inheritable feature. It is concluded that, in
      contrast with the previous data, the simultaneous manifestation is not a peculiar
      feature but a fortuitous appearance.

PMID- 2300394
TI  - [Circulatory and respiratory parameters in children at cardiovascular risk].
AB  - Physical performance, pulse rate, blood pressure and respiratory functions (vital
      capacity, forced expiratory volume and maximal voluntary ventilation) in rest and
      during physical loading were studied in children of parents having had myocardial
      infarction under the age of 45. Children with normal and increased skinfold
      width, and with low resp. normal HDL-cholesterol levels were selected. The most
      unfavourable respiratory, circulatory and performance results were obtained in
      obese children with low HDL-cholesterol; significant differences were found in
      resting heart rate and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV). In the author's mind,
      the primary factor is high body fat content resulting in poor physical activity
      and unfavourable HDL-cholesterol levels. All this forecasts a bad prognosis for
      adulthood in respect of cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2300396
TI  - [Primary hypothyroidism followed by Basedow-Graves disease].
AB  - Author describes the history of a patient having primary hypothyroidism. After 7
      year replacement therapy Graves' disease has been diagnosed. Author tries to give
      an explanation for this phenomenon by the changes occurred in thyroid directed
      immune response. As far as he knows this is the first reported case in the
      national literature.

PMID- 2300395
TI  - [Familial occurrence of bilateral renal agenesis].
AB  - The 58 cases of bilateral renal agenesis (Potter syndrome) registered in the
      Genetic Counselling of our institute in the last 12 years are reviewed. The only
      recurrent case which has been prenatally diagnosed is described in details. An
      urinary bladder anomaly like that of the subsequent child has not been reported
      in such a family previously. The authors analyze the possible inheritance
      patterns taking into account the previous references, too. They suggest the
      malformation is a genetically heterogeneous entity. They emphasize that nowadays
      the birth of a newborn with bilateral renal agenesis can be prevented in all
      cases.

PMID- 2300397
TI  - Thumb reconstruction by metacarpal lengthening after traumatic loss at the level
      of the interphalangeal joint.
AB  - This paper describes a unique procedure utilized on seven occasions to restore
      thumb function in amputation at or near the level of the interphalangeal joint.
      Consisting of two phases, the procedure adds approximately 2.5 cm of functional
      length to the thumb. The metacarpal bone is lengthened approximately 1.5 cm by a
      bone-lengthening device, and an additional 1 cm is obtained by deepening the
      thumb web space.

PMID- 2300398
TI  - Continuous passive motion after internal fixation of distal humerus fractures.
AB  - Two patients with severe intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus were
      treated with internal fixation and postoperative continuous passive motion (CPM)
      of the elbow. The CPM machine's range of motion was initially set at 30 degrees
      to 70 degrees of flexion for one patient and 45 degrees to 90 degrees of flexion
      for the other. The arc of motion was gradually increased daily without
      discomfort. There was no occurrence of wound complications, nonunion, loss of
      reduction, heterotopic ossification, or failure of fixation. At last evaluation,
      both patients had full pronation and supination. One patient had 0 degrees to 135
      degrees of elbow flexion, and the other had 30 degrees to 110 degrees. Both
      patients had pain-free elbows. CPM was found to be a valuable therapeutic
      modality in the postoperative management of intra-articular fractures of the
      elbow.

PMID- 2300400
TI  - A pediatrician's view.

PMID- 2300399
TI  - Team physician #8. Osteochondritis dissecans of the patella in a competitive
      fencer. A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Osteochondritis dissecans of the patella, a rare condition producing knee pain in
      the athlete, is considered to be the result of repeated shear forces producing
      microtrauma. We present the case of a fencer who developed this injury. The
      confirmation of the diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging scan is demonstrated,
      and the literature is reviewed with an emphasis on treatment. The physician
      treating athletes with anterior knee pain must consider this entity in making the
      differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2300401
TI  - The child with multiple congenital anomalies.
AB  - Specific ways to improve the delivery of comprehensive care to a family whose
      child has multiple congenital anomalies include the following: 1. Develop a
      diagnostic plan which establishes medical, psychosocial, and developmental
      priorities at different ages. 2. Keep lists in the front of the chart which allow
      easy reference regarding problems, procedures, and resources. 3. Establish
      communication with designated community and educational coordinators, discussing
      who will be rendering which services. 4. Ask the parents to keep a notebook which
      will serve as a repository for notes and communication, accessible to all people
      caring for the child. Though some of these ideas require extra time at the
      beginning, the time saved later can be significant.

PMID- 2300402
TI  - Diagnostic value of body plethysmographic parameters in healthy and asthmatic
      young children is not influenced by breathing frequency.
AB  - In 16 healthy and 16 asymptomatic asthmatic children (age range 5-8 yr; 8 girls,
      24 boys) we studied the influence of breathing frequency on the results and the
      diagnostic value of body plethysmographic measurements. Airway resistance (Raw),
      specific airway resistance (SRaw), and thoracic gas volume (TGV) were measured
      during breathing (or breathing efforts against a closed shutter) at 0.4, 1, and 2
      Hz. SRaw was computed by a simplified procedure directly from flow at the mouth
      vs. box volume-curves. The diagnostic value of each parameter was assessed as the
      percentage of correctly classified healthy and asthmatic subjects by means of
      discriminant analysis. When frequency was increased from 0.4 to 1 and 2 Hz mean
      TGV rose by 5 and 14% in healthy children and by 11 and 21% in asthmatic
      children, respectively. From 0.4 to 1 Hz mean Raw decreased by 16% (P = 0.002) in
      healthy children and by 25% (P = 0.0004) in asthmatic children. The differences
      in Raw between both groups decreased with frequency (3.5, 1.8, and 1.5 cm H2O.L
      1.s at 0.4, 1, and 2 Hz, respectively) and those of TGV increased (0.13, 0.21,
      and 0.23 L). SRaw showed similar frequency characteristics as Raw. As intra-group
      variability changed in parallel with the differences the diagnostic value of the
      parameters remained constant with frequency. Simplified SRaw alone and TGV
      combined with Raw exhibited no differences in their diagnostic values (81-84%
      correctly classified).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2300403
TI  - Comparison of transthoracic impedance/heart rate monitoring and pulse oximetry
      for patients using diaphragm pacemakers.
AB  - Patients using diaphragm pacemakers have several respiratory-related problems
      placing them at high risk for death during sleep, including central
      hypoventilation, abnormal arousal responses, upper airway and/or tracheostomy
      obstruction, and, in the case of high quadriplegia, lack of motor response to
      airway obstruction. The recent death from airway obstruction of a patient using
      diaphragm pacemakers prompted us to re-evaluate both the need for home monitoring
      and the type of monitor to prescribe. We compared the performance of a
      transthoracic impedance/heart rate (TI/HR) monitor with that of a pulse oximeter
      in six patients with central hypoventilation syndrome whose treatment included
      diaphragm pacing. Polygraphic recordings of airflow, ECG, SaO2, transthoracic
      impedance, heart rate, and breath detection were obtained during brief
      tracheostomy occlusion during patient sleep. Although none of 13 occlusions was
      detected by the TI/HR monitor, the pulse oximeter identified 13 of 13 occlusions.
      Three reasons for TI/HR monitor failure included 1) the breath detection circuit
      consistently registered a breath with each obstructed, paced diaphragmatic
      contraction; 2) bradycardia did not occur during any airway occlusion; and 3)
      pacemaker stimuli were misinterpreted as additional heart beats, increasing
      apparent heart rate. Thus, pulse oximetry, but not TI/HR monitoring, can detect
      life-threatening airway obstruction in children using diaphragm pacemakers.

PMID- 2300404
TI  - A rose is a rose is a rose, but what is a brush cell?

PMID- 2300405
TI  - Prospective pneumogram recordings in preterm infants with and without clinical
      apnea and bradycardia.
AB  - Recordings of breathing movements and heart rate (pneumograms) were obtained
      prospectively in 89 preterm infants at 0-28 days of age to determine if those who
      develop apnea and/or bradycardia with cyanosis (Group 1) differ from those who do
      not (Group 2). The 148 pneumograms were blindly analyzed for periodic breathing,
      bradycardia, longest apnea, and quiet time. Pneumograms were compared between
      groups at weekly intervals during the first 4 weeks. Significant differences were
      found among infants who had pneumograms recorded during the 1st week of life.
      Although mean gestational age and mean postconceptional age at recording were
      similar, birthweight and weight at recording were significantly lower in Group 1
      infants. Total time spent in periodic breathing and the longest episode of
      periodic breathing were significantly greater in Group 1 infants. Logistic
      regression analysis revealed significant independent relationships between
      birthweight and periodic breathing at less than or equal to 7 days of age and the
      occurrence of symptomatic apnea and/or bradycardia. It is concluded that preterm
      infants who develop apnea and/or bradycardia with cyanosis have a lower mean
      birthweight and mean weight at recording at less than or equal to 7 days of age
      than similar asymptomatic preterm infants. Periodic breathing at less than or
      equal to 7 days of age is associated with the occurrence of clinical symptoms of
      apnea and/or bradycardia. Normal pneumogram values for groups of 6-21
      asymptomatic preterm infants are provided for the first 4 weeks of life.

PMID- 2300406
TI  - Brush cells in the human fetal trachea.
AB  - We performed a morphologic examination of human fetal lung tissue, using scanning
      and transmission electron microscopy, in order to establish the presence of brush
      cells in extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary airways, and developing acinar
      epithelium. Brush cells, characterized by a border of regular straight microvilli
      containing a filamentous core, were observed within the tracheal epithelium of a
      19-20 week gestational age fetus. These cells constituted 0.5% of the total
      epithelial cell population. Brush cells were not seen within the bronchial,
      bronchiolar or developing acinar epithelium. Our study shows that brush cells
      occur infrequently but normally in the developing tracheal epithelium of the
      second trimester fetus.

PMID- 2300407
TI  - Exercise-induced laryngospasm of emotional origin.

PMID- 2300408
TI  - On tracheal compression by achalasia.

PMID- 2300409
TI  - Lyme disease in childhood: clinical and epidemiologic features of ninety cases.
AB  - In 1982 and 1983 practicing pediatricians in a Lyme disease-endemic county,
      reported 90 cases of Lyme disease among children 19 years of age and younger
      (median age, 9 years). Three-fourths of the children had initial symptom onset in
      the summer months, with peak incidence in July. Infection occurred twice as often
      in boys than in girls, and tick bites were recalled by less than half (49%) of
      the children or parents. Erythema chronicum migrans was present in two-thirds
      (67%) of the cases with median onset 7 days after a definite tick bite. Arthritis
      or arthralgia occurred in 59% and neurologic symptoms, especially seventh nerve
      palsy, occurred in 14%. Asymmetric involvement of a few large joints, especially
      the knee, was most commonly reported for those with joint involvement.
      antibiotics were prescribed for 79% of the children, three-fourths of whom were
      treated with oral penicillin. Initial diagnosis of Lyme disease is usually made
      on clinical grounds alone because serologic tests are often negative. Serologic
      tests for antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi were more often positive in cases with
      neurological or joint involvement, in addition to erythema chronicums migrans
      (80%), than in cases presenting with erythema chronicums migrans only.

PMID- 2300410
TI  - Evaluation of a sick child day care program: lack of detected increased risk of
      subsequent infections.
AB  - A day care center for the short term care of mildly ill children opened in
      Minneapolis in October, 1985. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the
      risk for study participants of acquiring subsequent infections as a result of
      possible exposure to other infectious agents while at the center. Between June,
      1986, and August, 1987, we determined the rates of subsequent infections for 118
      children attending the day care center (center-based children) and compared them
      with rates of subsequent infections for children participating in a home-based
      sick child care program (home-based children). Of 105 center-based children
      potentially exposed to respiratory illness while at the center, 24 (23%)
      developed subsequent respiratory illness compared with 17 (16%) of the matched
      home-based children (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.7, 3.1). Of 17
      center-based children potentially exposed to gastrointestinal illness, 1 (6%)
      developed subsequent gastrointestinal illness compared with one (6%) of the
      matched home-based children (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.06,
      16.0). Of 12 pairs of children, where the center-based child was potentially
      exposed to chickenpox while at the center and both were susceptible to
      chickenpox, 1 center-based child (8%) developed chickenpox compared with 2 home
      based children (17%) (odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.04, 5.5). We
      were not able to demonstrate that children who attended the sick child day care
      center were at significantly increased risk of developing subsequent infections
      when compared with a matched group of children who did not attend the center.

PMID- 2300411
TI  - Long term serologic follow-up after pertussis immunization.
AB  - Neutralizing antibodies to pertussis toxin (antitoxin) were determined in 201
      blood samples from 4-year-old children. They had received primary immunization at
      6 to 8 months of age with an acellular (n = 149) or a whole cell (n = 52)
      pertussis vaccine and 195 of them had received a booster dose of the acellular
      vaccine 9 to 16 months later. Data on exposure to pertussis and occurrence of
      pertussis were also collected. There was a rapid decrease of antitoxin between
      immediate postbooster titers and those measured 24 months later. This decrease
      per month was significantly greater than that after the primary immunization
      series (P less than 0.001). Neither the number nor the spacing of acellular
      vaccine doses given for primary series influenced the titers found 24 months
      after the booster. An antitoxin response was still measurable in 86% of the 196
      four-year-old children. None of 19 exposed children developed whooping cough,
      which suggested that the antibody concentrations during the follow-up period were
      sufficient for protection. The results indicate a need for long term follow-up
      studies in the evaluation of new vaccines and immunization schedules.

PMID- 2300412
TI  - What's your diagnosis? The case of the missing animal.

PMID- 2300413
TI  - Amphotericin B as a single agent in the treatment of systemic candidiasis in
      neonates.

PMID- 2300414
TI  - Control of the carrier state of scalp dermatophytes.

PMID- 2300415
TI  - Persistent Mycobacterium marinum infection in a child with probable visceral
      involvement.

PMID- 2300416
TI  - Influenza-associated rhabdomyolysis in a child.

PMID- 2300418
TI  - Scrotal abscess with bacteremia caused by Salmonella group D after ritual
      circumcision.

PMID- 2300417
TI  - Vibrio cholerae bacteremia in a 22-month-old New Mexican child.

PMID- 2300419
TI  - Converging operations revisited: assessing what infants perceive using
      discrimination measures.
AB  - The study of visual perception in human infants is confronted by a number of
      special problems arising from the inaccessibility of verbal reports. In this
      paper, we discuss the experimental strategy of converging operations in the
      context of investigating the phenomenal experience of infants. The goal of this
      strategy is to logically and empirically delimit alternative explanations for a
      given behavior. Knowledge about the mature functioning of a perceptual
      competence, as well as knowledge about its developmental course, constrains the
      selection of viable explanations, but cannot produce a unique interpretation.
      This goal is pursued through the implementation of an iterative strategy in which
      competing interpretations are tested until only one plausible alternative
      remains. A series of experiments investigating infants' sensitivity to
      biomechanical motions are reviewed as a way of illustrating how this methodology
      is operationalized.

PMID- 2300420
TI  - Similarity between Fourier transforms of objects predicts their experimental
      confusions.
AB  - Two sets of stimuli were presented tachistoscopically to 4 subjects. On each
      trial, a single stimulus was presented, and the subject was required to identify
      the stimulus by verbal response. An exposure duration was chosen such that the
      subject's identification performance fell within a range from faultless
      identification to chance guessing. The object-identification data of each subject
      obtained for all stimulus exposures were pooled to form an object confusion
      matrix. A model of visual processing based on two-dimensional spatial frequency
      content (Fourier transforms) was used to predict confusions among stimulus pairs.
      The model properties that appear to be the most essential are those that allow it
      (1) to account for the obvious dependence of the Fourier transform on the choice
      of an origin point; and (2) choose the point of origin for each object
      separately, irrespective of other objects of the set. The point of origin of the
      reference frame, in which Fourier transforms are performed, is chosen so as to
      minimize the low-frequency phase component for each object. A high correlation
      (up to .96) between confusion matrices and model interobject distances was
      attained. The results demonstrate that such a distance measure gives a good
      prediction of object confusability.

PMID- 2300421
TI  - Temporal order and tactile patterns.
AB  - Temporal order judgments (TOJs) were obtained for tactile stimuli presented to
      subjects' fingerpads. In one set of measurements, pairs of spatial patterns were
      presented successively to a single fingerpad (same-site condition), to two
      fingers on the same hand (ipsilateral condition), or to two fingers on opposite
      hands (bilateral condition). The subjects were instructed to report which one of
      the two patterns was presented first. TOJs were more accurate in the same-site
      condition than in either the ipsilateral or the bilateral conditions. In the
      ipsilateral and bilateral conditions, performance improved when judging which one
      of two locations received a stimulus first, although performance levels were
      still lower than in the same-site condition. Increasing the size of the pattern
      set from which the two patterns to be judged were drawn had only a slight effect
      on same-site performance and no effect on ipsilateral/bilateral performance;
      however, changing the nature of the patterns had a considerable effect on same
      site performance and a smaller effect on ipsilateral/bilateral performance.
      Introducing an intensity imbalance between members of the pair of stimuli also
      had a large effect on same-site TOJs: a less intense stimulus tended to be judged
      as being presented first. In the bilateral condition, however, there was a small
      effect in the reverse direction: more intense stimuli tended to be judged as
      being presented first. The intensity imbalance had no effect in the ipsilateral
      condition. The results suggest that different mechanisms are responsible for TOJs
      for patterns presented to the same-site and to separate sites and, furthermore,
      that separate sites may constitute separate channels for spatial information.

PMID- 2300422
TI  - Visual memory and the perception of a stable visual environment.
AB  - The visual world appears stable and continuous despite eye movements. One
      hypothesis about how this perception is achieved is that the contents of
      successive fixations are fused in memory according to environmental coordinates.
      Two experiments failed to support this hypothesis; they showed that one's ability
      to detect a grating presented after a saccade is unaffected by the presentation
      of a grating with the same spatial frequency in the same spatial location before
      the saccade. A third experiment tested an alternative explanation of perceptual
      stability that claims that the contents of successive fixations are compared,
      rather than fused, across saccades, allowing one to determine whether the world
      has remained stable. This hypothesis was supported: Experienced subjects could
      accurately determine whether two patterns viewed in successive fixations were
      identical or different, even when the two patterns appeared in different spatial
      positions across the saccade. Taken together, these results suggest that
      perceptual stability and information integration across saccades rely on memory
      for the relative positions of objects in the environment, rather than on the
      spatiotopic fusion of visual information from successive fixations.

PMID- 2300423
TI  - Holes and wholes: a reply to Rubin and Kanwisher.
AB  - This paper, contrary to skepticism about the human ability to perceive
      topological properties, addresses some commonly heard nontopological
      counterexplanations and provides evidence to rule out these apparent
      counterexamples against the topological hypothesis. Data from improved control
      conditions show that the reason why these counterexamples seem inconsistent with
      the topological hypothesis is that they fail to take due account of two factors:
      visibility, and organization other than physical connectedness.

PMID- 2300425
TI  - The P&p illusion.
AB  - Identical letters can appear to differ in size and shape depending on whether
      they are interpreted as uppercase or lowercase. The effect is most-dramatic with
      the letter p. Examination of subjects' estimates of the magnitude of the effect
      for different stimuli suggests that two factors are involved in the illusion. One
      factor depends only on whether a letter is interpreted as uppercase or lowercase.
      This factor can be manipulated by changes in the size or case of the surrounding
      letters. The second factor, which depends on the possibility of interpreting a
      vertical line alternatively as an ascender or a descender (as in p or y), seems
      to involve a change in the perceived size of the letters' loops.

PMID- 2300424
TI  - Visual mediation and the haptic recognition of two-dimensional pictures of common
      objects.
AB  - A set of three experiments was performed to investigate the role of visual
      imaging in the haptic recognition of raised-line depictions of common objects.
      Blindfolded, sighted (Experiment 1) observers performed the task very poorly,
      while several findings converged to indicate that a visual translation process
      was adopted. These included (1) strong correlation between image-ability ratings
      (obtained in Experiment 1 and, independently, in Experiment 2) and both
      recognition speed and accuracy, (2) superior performance with, and greater ease
      of imaging, two-dimensional as opposed to three-dimensional depictions, despite
      equivalence in rated line complexity, and (3) a significant correlation between
      the general ability of the observer to image and obtained imageability ratings of
      the stimulus depictions. That congenitally blind observers performed the same
      task even more poorly, while their performance did not differ for two- versus
      three-dimensional depictions (Experiment 3), provides further evidence that
      visual translation was used by the sighted. Such limited performance is
      contrasted with the considerable skill with which real common objects are
      processed and recognized haptically. The reasons for the general difference in
      the haptic performance of two- versus three-dimensional tasks are considered.
      Implications for the presentation of spatial information in the form of tangible
      graphics displays for the blind are also discussed.

PMID- 2300426
TI  - Fusion of auditory components: effects of the frequency of amplitude modulation.
AB  - The fusion of two amplitude-modulated (AM) tones presented simultaneously was
      studied. Subjects were presented with an AM tone (A) followed by a copy of itself
      (B) which was accompanied by another AM tone (C). In different experiments, the
      subjects were asked either to rate how clearly they could hear Tone B in the BC
      mixture or whether Tone B was present or not. The stronger the fusion of Tones B
      and C, the harder it was to "hear out" Tone B. It was found that fusion was
      strongest when Tones B and C were modulated at the same rate; segregation curves
      were obtained for the degree of mismatch of modulation frequency.

PMID- 2300427
TI  - Suppressive interactions between moving patterns: role of velocity.
AB  - Detection and use of motion in complex environments requires movement
      measurements to be combined. The role of velocity in the suppressive interaction
      between patterns that move in orthogonal directions was assessed. When dmax was
      measured, it was found that a range of medium to high speeds of vertical motion
      all had a suppressive effect upon detecting horizontal motion. When dmin was
      measured, only a range of low velocities caused a disruption of performance.
      Thus, whilst velocity is an important parameter in determining the size of the
      suppressive effect, it has nonparallel influences at the upper and lower end of
      the displacement range.

PMID- 2300429
TI  - The method of constant stimuli is inefficient.
AB  - Simpson (1988) has argued that the method of constant stimuli is as efficient as
      adaptive methods of threshold estimation, and has supported this claim with
      simulations. We show that Simpson's simulations are not a reasonable model of the
      experimental process, and that more plausible simulations confirm that adaptive
      methods are much more efficient than the method of constant stimuli.

PMID- 2300428
TI  - The processing of spatial frequency and orientation information.
AB  - Three identification experiments were completed to disambiguate the associations
      between spatial frequency and orientation information at the sensory, decisional,
      and response levels. The stimuli were gratings generated by crossing four levels
      each of spatial frequency and orientation. In Experiment 1, the subjects made a
      single identification response to the stimuli. In Experiment 2, two
      identification responses were made, one for the spatial frequency component and
      the other for the orientation component. In Experiment 3, the subjects identified
      either the spatial frequency or the orientation component in any block of trials.
      The data were confusion matrices, and an information-transmission approach was
      used to investigate the interactions in the system. The results show that
      although there were sensory associations, there were no interactions at the
      decisional level. Performance parity was found: there was no significant
      difference between the single- and double-judgment paradigms in terms of
      information transmitted. Overall, the results suggest that although spatial
      frequency and orientation information is coded jointly at the sensory level,
      subsequent processing is independent, with each dimension drawing upon different
      attentional resources.

PMID- 2300430
TI  - Intensity discrimination and loudness for tones in broadband noise.
AB  - In two previous papers (Parker & Schneider, 1980; Schneider & Parker, 1987), we
      developed a model, based on Fechner's assumption, which successfully predicted
      the relationship between loudness and intensity discrimination for tones
      presented in quiet and in notched noise. In the present paper, pure-tone
      intensity-increment thresholds and loudness matches were determined for several
      levels of a standard tone in the presence of a broadband masker whose spectrum
      level was set to 35 dB below that of the standard tone. The model was unable to
      relate loudness to intensity discrimination under these conditions. Thus, the
      spectral composition of the masker affects the relationship between loudness and
      intensity discrimination in ways that cannot be accounted for by the model.

PMID- 2300432
TI  - Nonmetric analysis of difference relations in triangular designs.

PMID- 2300431
TI  - The vista paradox: is the effect partly explained by induced movement?

PMID- 2300433
TI  - [HLA and associated diseases--progress in molecular biology].
AB  - HLA genes and their products are of central importance for the development of
      autoimmune diseases. HLA antigens influence the immune repertoire of T cells and
      therefore all immune responses are HLA dependent. Research in molecular genetics
      have helped to identify both HLA genes and specific T cell clones involved in
      autoimmune reactions, which create possibilities of immune intervention.

PMID- 2300435
TI  - The human genome project.

PMID- 2300434
TI  - [Production of antibodies with the aid of genetic technology].
AB  - During the past decade we have witnessed a rapid development of methods for the
      production of monoclonal antibodies with predefined specificity. These antibodies
      are now regularly being used both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The
      first antibodies thus produced were mainly from cell lines generated by fusion of
      a mouse B lymphocyte with a given specificity with a mouse myeloma line. Efforts
      have lately been made also to make cell lines producing human antibodies either
      by immortalizing human cells or by "humanizing" mouse antibodies. The latter has
      recently been accomplished by genetic engineering. In these experiments the
      entire variable region of a mouse antibody or the hypervariable regions only
      (complementarity determining regions) have been grafted onto human constant
      region genes thus creating chimeric antibodies. Fragments of antibodies with
      retained binding properties have also been generated and some of these have been
      effectively produced in bacteria, allowing large scale production. Bifunctional
      antibodies have also been created with success and have been applied in different
      systems. The ease with which antibodies with desired specificities can now be
      designed and produced will form the beginning of a new era in immunology with a
      potential that we can not as yet foresee.

PMID- 2300436
TI  - [Medicine's helplessness. 1. All-powerful ambitions].
AB  - This article identifies and describes the helplessness of modern medicine.
      Helplessness arises when ambitions significantly embedded in identity and dignity
      exceeds the options of reality--whether persons or academic subjects are
      concerned. Medical helplessness will continue as long as the medical profession
      claims miraculous aims of diagnostic or therapeutic success. Another important
      source of medical helplessness is the obsession that subjective matters belonging
      to patients, are irrelevant and disturbing issues in medical science and
      practice. Medicine must acknowledge its own helplessness by listening to the
      needs of the patients. The helplessness of medicine may be treated by a medical
      reorientation provided by general practice, knowledge and science.

PMID- 2300437
TI  - Just what the nurse ordered.

PMID- 2300438
TI  - A living experiment.

PMID- 2300439
TI  - Judge not....

PMID- 2300440
TI  - Children must come first.

PMID- 2300442
TI  - Schizophrenia--understanding the voices.

PMID- 2300441
TI  - Schizophrenia--all in the family?

PMID- 2300444
TI  - Education: the art of observation.

PMID- 2300443
TI  - Cystitis in the sexually active female.

PMID- 2300445
TI  - Peplau's development model.

PMID- 2300446
TI  - A question of empathy.

PMID- 2300447
TI  - How should we train theatre nurses?

PMID- 2300448
TI  - Managing mental health problems in primary care.

PMID- 2300450
TI  - Screening for HIV.

PMID- 2300449
TI  - Zinc supplements in pregnancy.

PMID- 2300451
TI  - The jargon factor.

PMID- 2300452
TI  - High-flown theory.

PMID- 2300453
TI  - Systems of life No. 179. Senior systems--44. Mental health and illness in old age
      -2.

PMID- 2300454
TI  - Mental handicap nursing. Gentle teaching.

PMID- 2300455
TI  - Mental handicap nursing. The final challenge.

PMID- 2300456
TI  - Mental handicap nursing. Blind to their needs.

PMID- 2300457
TI  - Behind the wall.

PMID- 2300459
TI  - Starved of attention.

PMID- 2300460
TI  - A pain in the arm.

PMID- 2300462
TI  - Safe as houses?

PMID- 2300461
TI  - Black you lose.

PMID- 2300458
TI  - Code of many colours.

PMID- 2300463
TI  - Uniforms. Dress sense or nonsense?

PMID- 2300464
TI  - Ideological exchange.

PMID- 2300465
TI  - Recalling the pain.

PMID- 2300466
TI  - Nursing models. Model future.

PMID- 2300468
TI  - Nursing overseas: bitter paradise.

PMID- 2300467
TI  - Carving out the nursing nineties.

PMID- 2300470
TI  - 'Don't move one inch'.

PMID- 2300469
TI  - Does it really matter at that age?

PMID- 2300471
TI  - Code of conduct: dangerous liaisons.

PMID- 2300472
TI  - What do midwives do?

PMID- 2300473
TI  - Occupational health nurses' role.

PMID- 2300474
TI  - Revised guidelines for life support.

PMID- 2300475
TI  - Alcohol is a co-factor in HIV-transmission and hastens the onset of AIDS.

PMID- 2300476
TI  - Mind over bladder.

PMID- 2300478
TI  - Unwelcome emergency.

PMID- 2300477
TI  - Extension plans.

PMID- 2300479
TI  - Practice makes perfect.

PMID- 2300480
TI  - A private function.

PMID- 2300481
TI  - Complementary therapies. Reflex zone therapy for mothers.

PMID- 2300483
TI  - Bathing by towel.

PMID- 2300482
TI  - Making caring plans.

PMID- 2300484
TI  - Education and training: who should have control? The case for the regional health
      authorities.

PMID- 2300485
TI  - The theory and practice of the 'new nursing'.
AB  - This exploration of contemporary nursing ideology and practice is based on a
      belief that the occupation has entered a period of major change, partly prompted
      by an internal reform movement which may be described as the 'New Nursing'. This
      movement is a complex phenomenon; here I focus on aspects of it which concern
      changes (actual and proposed) in the practice of nursing in British general
      hospitals. This study was conducted as part of a Master's degree in medical
      sociology. It therefore adopts a sociological perspective, aiming both to bring
      the discipline's general perspectives to an analysis of contemporary nursing, and
      to explore specific sociological studies which can develop that analysis. In so
      doing it incorporates a literature review and personal observation of a nursing
      unit which explicitly attempted to practise the New Nursing.

PMID- 2300486
TI  - Disadvantages of bladder irrigation.

PMID- 2300487
TI  - First on the scene.

PMID- 2300488
TI  - When will we get it right?.

PMID- 2300489
TI  - Blood glucose measurement.

PMID- 2300490
TI  - Lifetime alcohol intake and risk of rectal cancer in western New York.
AB  - The lifetime intake of total alcohol, beer, wine, and hard liquor was measured
      for 277 males and 145 females with pathologically confirmed, first, single,
      primary cancers of the rectum in western New York from 1978 to 1986. Controls who
      were age, sex, and neighborhood matched were also interviewed. Intake of beer and
      total alcohol was positively associated with rectal cancer risk. Most of the
      excess risk was found for the heaviest drinkers. Odds ratios for fourth quartile
      intakes for males were 1.80 (95% CI, 1.12, 2.89) for total alcohol and 1.86
      (1.13, 3.06) for beer. No association was found with wine or hard liquor intake.
      Females drank considerably less in this population; trends were similar although
      not of as great magnitude as those for males. Adjustment for dietary risk factors
      did not change risk estimates appreciably. A high lifetime intake of beer and
      total alcohol was associated with an increased risk of rectal cancer, and this
      was independent of either socioeconomic status or diet.

PMID- 2300491
TI  - Effect of dietary lipids on hepatic and intestinal monooxygenases in mice.
AB  - The effect of dietary lipids on hepatic and intestinal monooxygenases was studied
      by feeding C57BL/6N mice (for 2 wks) diets containing 5% and 23.5% (wt/wt) olive
      oil or corn oil. At the end of the feeding period, we measured arylhydrocarbon
      hydroxylase (AHH) activity in S9 preparations from liver, small intestine, and
      colon; and, using the same S9 preparations from the liver, we observed the
      activation of the following three dietary promutagens: 2-amino-3
      methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f) quinoxaline,
      and 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido(1,2-a:3',2'-d)imidazole. The results showed that
      high-fat diets increased hepatic AHH activity both in corn oil and olive oil
      diets compared with the low-fat diets; also, a 5% corn oil diet had significantly
      higher AHH activity compared with the 5% olive oil diet. AHH activity was,
      respectively, 48.6 +/- 5.1 and 79.5 +/- 11.4 pmol 3OH-benzo[a]pyrene
      formed/mg/min in the 5% and 23.5% olive oil diets and 66.1 +/- 5.1 and 83.9 +/-
      12.2 in the 5% and 23.5% corn oil diets; values are means +/- SE, n = 16. The
      results also showed a significant increase in the ability of hepatic S9 fractions
      from animals on high-fat diets to activate promutagens in the Salmonella/plate
      test. On the contrary, AHH activity in the small intestine and colon was not
      affected by the fat content of the diet.

PMID- 2300492
TI  - Diet in the epidemiology of gastric cancer.
AB  - We examined the nutritional epidemiology of gastric cancer in 293 cases and
      neighborhood-, age-, and sex-matched controls in communities throughout the
      counties of Niagara, Monroe, and Erie in western New York. The interview was
      highly detailed, requiring two and one-half hours to complete; it attempted to
      provide an estimate of total calories ingested as well as of macro- and
      micronutrients and behaviors that could affect alimentary exposures, such as the
      use of refrigeration. We found that risk was enhanced by sodium, fat, and
      retinol. Substantial reductions in risk were associated with ingestion of
      carotene, especially raw vegetables (including celery, cucumbers, carrots, green
      peppers, tomatoes, and onions), as well as with increased use of low-temperature
      food storage. Both refrigeration and carotene could inhibit oxidation products
      that could act as carcinogens in the stomach.

PMID- 2300493
TI  - A proxy approach to the determination of total caloric intake for use in cancer
      epidemiology.
AB  - In the absence of complete dietary information on a cohort of 472 early-stage
      breast cancer patients a caloric prediction technique was developed. Deriving an
      accurate caloric denominator would enable examination of individual nutrient
      effects by controlling for potential confounding by calories. Surrogate measures
      of mean daily caloric intake were generated from estimates of basal metabolic
      rate (BMR) predicted from age, height, weight, and physical activity. A
      validation study was undertaken to test the relationship between the BMR proxy
      terms and mean daily energy intake obtained from four-day food diaries for 51
      subjects. Pearson correlation coefficients between the diary-derived and
      predicted values of caloric intake were computed (r = 0.43, p = 0.001). The
      results are in the range of what many researchers found when comparing self
      reports of total caloric intake in validation and reliability studies of various
      dietary assessment tools. Because of the large heterogeneity of results across
      the ages represented in this study (25-77 yrs), it is recommended that small
      validation studies of this type be carried out in the subpopulations of interest.

PMID- 2300494
TI  - Risk factors of gastric precancerous lesions in a high-risk Colombian population.
      I. Salt.
AB  - A case-control study for stomach cancer was conducted in a high-risk population
      in Narino, Colombia to determine the risk of gastric precancerous lesions
      associated with salt intake measured by sodium-to-creatinine ratio of a single
      urine sample. Gastric biopsies and urine samples were collected from 263
      individuals. Urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratios were studied in relation to
      histological data from the biopsies. Significantly high odds ratios for
      precancerous lesions (chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and
      dysplasia) were associated with higher sodium-to-creatinine ratios. Adjusted odds
      ratios (OR) of 2.50 for chronic atrophic gastritis and 7.24 for dysplasia were
      found. The association with intestinal metaplasia was weaker and not significant
      (OR = 1.57). Furthermore, an excess risk associated with adding salt to food at
      the table was found among patients with precancerous lesions (OR = 1.80). These
      findings support the two-step involvement of salt in the process of gastric
      precancerous lesions.

PMID- 2300495
TI  - Risk factors of gastric precancerous lesions in a high-risk Colombian population.
      II. Nitrate and nitrite.
AB  - Gastric nitrite content was studied in relation to precancerous lesions of the
      stomach in a case-control study conducted in a high-risk Colombian population.
      The proportion of detectable nitrite in gastric juice and the mean pH were
      significantly higher among those with precancerous lesions (chronic atrophic
      gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia) than among the controls (normal
      and superficial gastritis); the proportion and mean pH increased with the
      progression of histological changes from normal to dysplasia. Nitrite was not
      detectable in gastric juice with a pH less than 5.0. A positive association was
      found between the proportion of detectable nitrite and the risk of gastric
      precancerous lesions. Odds ratios of 4.39 for intestinal metaplasia and 24.72 for
      dysplasia remained significant after controlling for confounders. This finding
      suggests that nitrite may be a precursor of a mutagen that targets gastric
      epithelial cells.

PMID- 2300497
TI  - The effect of elevated selenium intake on colonic cellular growth in rats.
AB  - Both selenium and calorie restriction are anticarcinogenic in many tumor models,
      but the mechanisms of action are unknown. This study compared the effects of
      elevated selenium (Se) intake and calorie restriction on colonic cellular growth.
      Female weanling rats were divided into four groups: control, 40% calorie
      restricted, and 4 or 6 mg Se/l H2O as selenate. Control rats and rats given Se
      consumed the control diet ad libitum. Rats in the 40% calorie-restricted group
      were pair fed 40% less than the total intake of control rats with a diet designed
      to provide equal nutrients except calories from carbohydrate. After three weeks,
      rats were injected with [3H]thymidine (1 muCi/g body wt) and killed one hour
      later. Se at 4 and 6 mg/l H2O and 40% calorie restriction significantly decreased
      food intake, weight gain, colon weight, and total colon DNA compared with
      controls. Total number of cells per crypt was not affected by any treatment,
      whereas total DNA synthesis was significantly decreased, suggesting that the
      total number of colonic crypts are reduced by calorie restriction and Se
      treatment. The rate of cell division was decreased only in rats given 6 mg Se/l
      H2O. These results indicate that elevated Se intake and caloric restriction
      decrease colonic mucosal growth by decreasing growth in general, but only very
      high intakes of Se affect colonic cell turnover.

PMID- 2300496
TI  - The effect of early caloric restriction on colonic cellular growth in rats.
AB  - Although the inhibitory effect of caloric restriction on tumorigenesis is
      substantial and well known, the pertinent mechanisms remain to be determined. We
      recently suggested that the risk of cancer may be directly related to the total
      number of dividing cells within an affected organ. This study evaluates the
      effects of early caloric restriction on the cellular growth of the colon. The
      experiment began one day postpartum and ended six weeks later with the killing of
      all animals. It consisted of two consecutive periods: a) three weeks of suckling
      and b) three weeks postweaning. Animals whose food was restricted only during the
      suckling period showed normal colons when killed at six weeks. Caloric
      restriction (40%) for three weeks postweaning resulted in colons of lower weight
      with fewer cells (less total DNA) and reduced total DNA synthesis [( 3H]thymidine
      uptake, dpm/colon) when compared with animals fed ad libitum postweaning.
      Conversely, only rats fed ad libitum from birth through the first three weeks
      after weaning demonstrated an increase (21%) in the rate of DNA synthesis (dpm/mg
      DNA) compared with other animals. In addition, the colonic crypts showed no
      differences in the number of cells or the number of dividing cells, as determined
      by autoradiography. By contrast, the total number of crypts (and/or the number of
      mucosal cells between crypts) are reduced, and hence the total number of colonic
      mucosal cells dividing at any given time are similarly decreased. The reduced
      number of dividing cells in the colons of these animals (i.e., those restricted
      postweaning) could explain previous data suggesting that they are resistant to
      the induction of colon cancer.

PMID- 2300499
TI  - Body weight and physical activity as predictors of colorectal cancer risk.
AB  - The associations between colorectal cancer and body weight (expressed as body
      mass index) and between colorectal cancer and physical activity were examined in
      715 histologically confirmed cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma and 727 age- and
      sex-matched controls. The data were obtained from a large, population-based
      study, The Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study, which was conducted in Melbourne,
      Australia. There was a statistically significant increase in the risk of rectal
      cancer but not of colon cancer in overweight and obese males but not in females.
      This association for males remained statistically significant after adjustment
      was made for dietary risk factors previously established for this study (Nutr
      Cancer 9, 21-42, 1987), with the exception of sodium intake, which produced a
      downward modification of the relative risk close to unity. The increased risk of
      rectal cancer in overweight and obese males was modified by beer intake, which
      was previously found to be a risk for rectal cancer in males in this study.
      Various levels of physical activity were not statistically significantly
      associated with the risk of colorectal cancer in either males or females. Also,
      the colorectal cancer risks associated with the body mass index were not
      significantly altered by adjustment for the physical activity level.

PMID- 2300498
TI  - Patterns of milk consumption and risk of cancer.
AB  - The reported milk consumption habits of 3,334 cancer patients and 1,300
      comparable control subjects seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute were studied.
      The cancer patient group included persons diagnosed with cancers of the oral
      cavity, stomach, colon, rectum, lung, breast, uterus, cervix, prostate, or
      bladder. Data were obtained by means of a standardized admissions questionnaire.
      As a group, control patients were more likely to report never drinking whole
      milk; cancer patients more often reported frequent consumption of whole milk.
      Relative risks of different patterns of milk consumption for specific cancer
      diagnoses, adjusted for sex, age, smoking history, education, and county of
      residence, were calculated with multiple logistic regression analysis. Elevated
      risks for frequent consumption of whole milk relative to not drinking milk were
      observed for cancers of the oral cavity, stomach, colon, rectum, lung, bladder,
      breast, and cervix. Reduced risks for frequent consumption of 2% milk relative to
      not drinking milk were observed for cancers of the oral cavity, stomach, rectum,
      lung, and cervix. Preference for exclusive consumption of reduced-fat milk was
      linked to significant risk reduction for oral and cervical cancers, and drinking
      only whole milk was linked to significant risk increases for cancers of the oral
      cavity, stomach, rectum, lung, and breast. Some associations were observed for a
      computed index of milk fat intake, but the overall pattern of effects was not
      fully explained by variations in fat content. The effects observed for some sites
      may be confounded by other dietary or nondietary correlates of risk.

PMID- 2300500
TI  - Intra-arterial chemotherapy infusion.

PMID- 2300501
TI  - Addressing management issues.

PMID- 2300502
TI  - Safe handling of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2300503
TI  - Cancer in the elderly population: research issues.

PMID- 2300504
TI  - Managing nutritional problems in people with AIDS.
AB  - The complicated clinical picture presented by people with AIDS is often
      exacerbated by compromised nutritional status. Oral and esophageal pain,
      diarrhea, malabsorption, and weight loss frustrate efforts to achieve or maintain
      adequate nutrition. It is, therefore, an important and challenging responsibility
      for nurses to ascertain and implement appropriate interventions to assist
      patients with HIV infections to improve their nutritional status, thereby
      potentially delaying disease progression and significantly contributing to
      improved quality of life.

PMID- 2300505
TI  - Male cancer awareness: impact of an employee education program.
AB  - Prostate cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the leading cancer in men. Its
      rising incidence, encouraged by advances in ultrasound technology, has fueled a
      growing interest in early detection of prostate cancer. It is estimated that the
      expansion of the aging population will increase prostate cancer threefold by the
      year 2030. In spite of these predictions, no educational efforts to increase
      early detection awareness of prostate cancer have been documented. Although there
      is an increasing awareness of the need for testicular cancer education, all
      educational efforts have targeted high school or college students. A quasi
      experimental study was undertaken to investigate knowledge and attitudes of
      prostate and testicular cancer among male employee groups of a large electrical
      power company in the southwestern United States. Implementation of a male cancer
      awareness educational program was evaluated by pre- and post-session
      questionnaires administered to 448 participants. Mean score improved 23.4%; the
      difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The success of the
      program has resulted in statewide efforts to further educational programming
      about these two cancers.

PMID- 2300506
TI  - Strengthening the effectiveness of patient education: applying principles of
      adult education.
AB  - In spite of the recognized significance of patient education, many factors
      contribute to difficulties in providing effective patient teaching: diminished
      time from reduced hospital stays, the shortage of nursing personnel, and often,
      the patient's compromised physical and emotional status. With these constraints,
      teaching must be effective and efficient. In reviewing the literature, primary
      emphasis was found on providing sound clinical information with little attention
      to the techniques of effective methods for teaching adults. This article draws
      upon the principles of andragogy--the methods of teaching adults delineated by
      Malcolm Knowles--to provide a conceptual framework for developing effective
      patient education practice. Examples of both effective and ineffective practice
      are provided from the nursing literature. The information provided should assist
      nurses in understanding how adults learn and provide them with a structure to use
      in tailoring their teaching to meet the individual needs of their patients.

PMID- 2300507
TI  - Problems associated with the administration of intraperitoneal therapy using the
      Port-A-Cath system.
AB  - Ovarian and fallopian tube carcinomas tend to spread by surface implantation
      through the peritoneal cavity and remain principally confined to the intra
      abdominal space for prolonged periods of time. Because of the spread pattern,
      patients with these diseases may be candidates for intraperitoneal (IP) therapy.
      The authors reviewed hospital records of 137 patients who had subcutaneous access
      ports and intraperitoneal catheters (Port-A-Cath) placed between August 1985 and
      July 1987 at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC). Of these 137
      patients, 106 received IP therapy at MSKCC and were evaluable for this
      retrospective study. The data extracted were: patient characteristics (age,
      histology, site, stage, prior therapy), total number of times ports were
      accessed, reasons for access, catheter function, catheter-related problems, and
      the total number of IP protocols involved during study time. The multiple uses of
      the IP catheter were: intraperitoneal chemotherapy or immunotherapy, drainage of
      ascites for patients' comfort and cytological analysis, a combination of drainage
      and IP treatments. Problems evaluated in association with use were: catheter
      function (ability to inject and/or drain), incidence and degree of pain during IP
      treatment, incidence and severity of infection, and medical and nursing
      procedures used to manage catheter dysfunction. A total of 16 catheters were
      removed for various reasons: infection (6); poor distribution of IP fluid (2);
      and catheter non-function (8). Of those, seven were replaced and IP treatment
      resumed. The overall rate of serious infection was 8.5% (9 infections in 8
      patients). Major complications were infrequent and responded to medical or
      surgical treatment. This article describes our experience with the implanted
      system.

PMID- 2300508
TI  - Blowing our own horn.

PMID- 2300509
TI  - Effects of using systematic assessment instruments on patient and nurse
      satisfaction with nursing care.
AB  - To determine the effects of using systematic assessment instruments on patient
      and nurse satisfaction with the nursing process, a single-group, pre- and
      postintervention quasi-experimental design was used in a three-phase study. In
      the pre- and postintervention control phases, nurses used a routine clinical
      assessment instrument to implement the nursing process; in the intervention phase
      they used the Derdiarian Behavioral System Model (DBSM) self-report and the DBSM
      O (observational) instruments. The Comprehensiveness of Nursing Assessment and
      the System of Practice instruments were used to evaluate the comprehensiveness
      and quality of care respectively; the Patient-Satisfaction and Nurse-Satisfaction
      instruments were used to evaluate patient and nurse satisfaction with care. The
      findings showed that the increase in patient and nurse satisfaction was
      statistically significant when the DBSM and DBSM-O instruments were used.

PMID- 2300510
TI  - Prevention and management of neutropenia in the cancer patient. Proceedings of a
      Symposium May 18, 1989, San Francisco, Ca.

PMID- 2300511
TI  - Prevention and management of neutropenia in the cancer patient: an introduction.

PMID- 2300512
TI  - Radiologic case study. Fracture with pseudarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 2300513
TI  - Answer please. Insufficiency fracture of the sacrum.

PMID- 2300514
TI  - Leg length equalization during total hip replacement.
AB  - A method of equalization of leg lengths during total hip replacement surgery was
      developed which utilizes the concept of equalizing the vertical dimensions of the
      resected femoral head and neck segment and the remaining hip joint cartilage
      space, which are removed during the procedure, with the vertical dimensions of
      the femoral and acetabular prostheses, which are implanted into that void. This
      was accomplished by determining the dimensions of the prostheses from careful
      preoperative templating technique and by using a simple arithmetic formula to
      determine the level of the femoral neck osteotomy. The level of the osteotomy was
      made by a measurement from the top of the dislocated head of the femur to the
      medial femoral neck calcar. The radiologic postoperative leg length differences
      of a consecutive series of 84 patients undergoing primary total hip replacement
      using this method were determined. The average discrepancy was 2.8 mm. Seventy
      five patients (89%) were found to have a postoperative leg length discrepancy of
      6 mm (1/4 inch) or less. Six patients (7%) had a discrepancy of 7 to 13 mm, and
      only three patients (4%) had more than 13 mm (1/2 inch) leg length difference.
      Using this technique only two patients (2.5%) with unilateral hip replacements
      had leg lengthening of more than 6 mm.

PMID- 2300515
TI  - Treatment options in unicameral bone cysts.
AB  - Curettage and bone grafting has been the traditional treatment for unicameral
      bone cysts. Aspiration followed by injection of methylprednisolone acetate has
      been successfully used by Scaglietti et al. We reviewed 59 patients treated for
      unicameral bone cysts. The patients were subsequently evaluated for healing with
      regard to age, activity of cyst, and bone graft origin. The healing rate for
      curettage and bone graft was 53%. For patients with methylprednisolone acetate
      injection after aspiration, the healing rate was 70%. This difference was not
      statistically significant. The methylprednisolone acetate injection method has
      comparable efficacy to that of the more traditional curettage and bone graft
      method, and it is safe and cost-effective.

PMID- 2300516
TI  - The bipolar endoprosthesis and bone graft in the management of aseptic acetabular
      component loosening.
AB  - Ten patients with large acetabular defects underwent hip arthroplasty revision
      with the use of allografts in conjunction with a bipolar prosthesis. Six patients
      had solid femoral head allografts and the others, morselized allografts.
      Radiographs at 2-year follow up showed an average of 8 mm of superior migration
      and 4 mm of medial migration. Our experience has shown that bipolar revision
      arthroplasties tend to migrate against the allograft. We recommend that bipolar
      revisions be limited to small acetabular defects that give the bipolar prosthesis
      full rim contact.

PMID- 2300517
TI  - Oral ciprofloxacin for osteomyelitis.
AB  - Ciprofloxacin is a new, oral, broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic which has
      a long serum half-life, a low incidence of significant adverse reactions, and is
      administered twice daily. Eighteen patients with osteomyelitis were treated with
      ciprofloxacin, 750 mg orally twice daily. The mean age of the patients was 43
      years (range, 21 to 73 years); 12 were men. The duration of treatment ranged from
      5 to 52 weeks (mean, 20.0 +/- 15.7 weeks). At follow up (mean, 18 +/- 8.5 months;
      range, 4 to 34.5 months), 11 patients (61.6%) achieved arrest of infection, 4
      (22.2%) had improved with therapy, and 3 (16.6%) failed to improve. Ciprofloxacin
      was well tolerated. Four case histories are given.

PMID- 2300518
TI  - Roentgenographic evaluation of suspected shoulder dislocation: a prospective
      study comparing the axillary view and the scapular 'Y' view.
AB  - This study compares the axillary and the scapular "Y" view in 75 consecutive
      patients with suspected shoulder dislocation who were evaluated according to a
      prospective protocol. In each patient, an AP, axillary, and scapular "Y" view was
      obtained. Evaluation was by the following criteria: accuracy of diagnosis;
      patient preference; ease of technique; and diagnosis of associated pathology. In
      69 cases (92%), the scapular "Y" view and axillary view resulted in the same
      diagnosis. However, in six cases (8%), the axillary view failed to give the
      correct diagnosis when compared to the scapular "Y" view. Sixty-one patients
      (81%) preferred the scapular "Y" view to the axillary view because of less pain.
      Once the technician was adept with the scapular "Y" view, it was preferred and
      was considered easier to obtain than the axillary view. With the exception of the
      Hill-Sachs lesion, the axillary view and scapular "Y" view visualized associated
      pathology equally well. A new method to obtain the scapular "Y" view is
      described. The technique is easy to use, and routinely results in an accurate
      diagnosis with minimal patient discomfort.

PMID- 2300519
TI  - Contralateral anterior/posterior traumatic hip dislocations.

PMID- 2300521
TI  - Operative versus nonoperative treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

PMID- 2300520
TI  - Intramedullary hemangioma of the tibia and the value of magnetic resonance
      imaging in its detection.

PMID- 2300522
TI  - Children of divorce: recent findings regarding long-term effects and recent
      studies of joint and sole custody.
AB  - The 10-year study revealed that the effects of divorce on children are often long
      lasting. Children are especially affected because divorce occurs within their
      formative years. What they see and experience during the failing marriage becomes
      a part of their view of themselves and of society. Although the findings from the
      study are, in some respects, dismaying, what emerges clearly is that a
      successfully reestablished family or a successful remarriage can improve the
      quality of life for both adults and children. The divorce may resolve the family
      conflict and allow the children to preserve a relationship with both parents.
      Divorce may also be useful in putting some distance between a child and a
      disturbed parent. Under these conditions, children may show accelerated maturity
      and independence. They may also bring to young adulthood a morality that places
      high value on sustaining relationships and on love, fidelity, and compassion. The
      results of the longitudinal study, as well as those of the two joint custody
      studies, indicate that ongoing conflict between divorced parents has especially
      detrimental effects on the children and that children are particularly at risk
      when they have frequent and continuing access to both parents who are hostile and
      uncooperative with each other. Mandated joint custody and frequent visitation in
      these situations may not be advisable. On the other hand, among children in
      chronically disturbed and disputing families, there is a wide range of individual
      coping responses and degrees of resilience. In the final analysis, individual
      temperaments should be considered and a careful evaluation made of how each child
      is coping in his or her own particular family environment.

PMID- 2300523
TI  - A farewell to call.

PMID- 2300524
TI  - Amebic liver abscess. An unusual presentation.
AB  - Amebic liver abscess responds readily to appropriate therapy, but diagnosis may
      be difficult. In the case described, the patient's signs and symptoms were
      atypical, suggesting a hematologic malignancy. The correct diagnosis was made
      only after ultrasound revealed a mass in the liver.

PMID- 2300525
TI  - Improved cancer chemotherapy. Benefits of delivery by infusion.
AB  - Chemotherapy delivered by infusion has developed in the last decade, primarily as
      a consequence of advances in technology but perhaps also because of increasing
      scientific understanding of pharmacology and tumor cell kinetics. Although few
      prospective, randomized trials have compared infusion-delivery with bolus
      delivery schedules, those that have been performed have found that the infusion
      schedule provides at least a comparable response rate while improving drug
      toxicity.

PMID- 2300526
TI  - Who ever said it would be easy?

PMID- 2300527
TI  - Choosing a physician.

PMID- 2300528
TI  - Screening for colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2300529
TI  - Mean residence times of multicompartmental drugs undergoing reversible
      metabolism.

PMID- 2300530
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of methylergometrine in the rat: evidence for enterohepatic
      recirculation by a linked-rat model.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of methylergometrine were investigated in the rat, with
      emphasis on the role of biliary excretion and enterohepatic recirculation in the
      overall disposition of the drug. A linked-rat model, where the bile from a rat
      receiving a constant rate of iv infusion of methylergometrine was allowed to flow
      into the duodenum of another rat, was used for the estimation of the degree of
      enterohepatic recirculation (EHC). The excretion of unchanged methylergometrine
      in the bile was estimated separately. Plasma protein binding and plasma-to-whole
      blood partitioning were also determined. Plasma clearance in control rats was
      17.4 +/- 0.7 ml/min x kg for iv bolus and 15.4 +/- 0.7 ml/min x kg for iv
      infusion. The corresponding values in the bile-cannulated rats were significantly
      lower, 7.7 +/- 0.4 and 8.7 +/- 0.1 ml/min x kg, respectively. The lower clearance
      in the bile-cannulated rats was caused mainly by a lower free fraction in plasma,
      fu (0.11 +/- 0.01), in this group compared with the control group (0.19 +/-
      0.0.03). The unbound volume of distribution at steady state (Vssu) was only 6.5
      liters/kg in the bile-cannulated rats, compared to 14.7 liters/kg in control
      rats, suggesting that under steady-state conditions, more than 50% of the
      methylergometrine is conjugated or residues in the hepatobiliary loop, either as
      a conjugate or unchanged. The fraction of unchanged methylergometrine excreted in
      the bile was less than 0.3% of the given dose, while the fraction of the dose
      being reabsorbed during one cycle (freabs) was 8.4 +/- 6.3%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2300531
TI  - Irreversible binding of tolmetin glucuronic acid esters to albumin in vitro.
AB  - Tolmetin glucuronide (TG), extracted and purified from human urine, was incubated
      with albumin in vitro. The degradation profile and irreversible binding to
      protein were investigated and kinetic parameters calculated. Standard conditions
      were as follows: TG, 30 micrograms/ml; human serum albumin (HSA), 3%; pH 7.45; 37
      degrees C. Lower pH enhanced TG stability and reduced both the extent and the
      rate of irreversible binding. HSA also increased TG stability, compared to
      protein-free buffer, but the opposite was observed with bovine serum albumin
      (BSA). With BSA, irreversible binding was much less, but the rate of adduct
      formation was the same as with HSA. Essentially fatty acid free HSA behaved
      similarly to HSA. Preincubation of HSA with warfarin, or diazepam, or an excess
      of tolmetin, did not influence irreversible binding significantly. In buffer,
      acyl migration led predominantly to one isomer. This isomer bound irreversibly to
      HSA, although more slowly and to a lesser extent than the beta 1-isomer.
      Incubation of TG with poly-L-lysine also resulted in irreversible binding but to
      a lesser extent than with HSA. Our results suggest that there is more than one
      binding mechanism, with the preferential pathway a function of the isomers
      present and the experimental conditions.

PMID- 2300532
TI  - Conversion of ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia in dogs with epicardial
      lidocaine: pharmacodynamics and functional effects.
AB  - Epicardial antiarrhythmic drug administration was studied as a therapeutic
      approach for experimental ventricular tachycardia (VT) in an open-chest dog
      model. Lidocaine-polyurethane matrices (28%, w/w) were formulated as a model
      system. Matrices were placed on the left ventricular epicardium in each of 23
      anesthetized open-chest dogs with ouabain-induced VT, to evaluate effectiveness
      in restoring sinus rhythm. Conversion occurred in all animals treated with
      matrices containing 300 mg or more of lidocaine after 1.5 to 7.0 min. The matrix
      lidocaine content correlated linearly with the time required for conversion to
      sinus rhythm (r = 0.75, P = 0.0002); irrespective of matrix size the
      myocardial/plasma lidocaine ratio was 20.1 +/- 4.2 (mean +/- SD) at the time of
      conversion. In a separate series of five dogs without ventricular tachycardia,
      systolic wall thickening measured with sonomicrometers after 5 min of controlled
      release lidocaine administration (500- to 1000-mg matrix lidocaine content, 7.48
      +/- 3.49-mg/kg dose) was only minimally diminished (-14.1%) and this effect was
      observed only at the site of matrix placement on the anterior-apical epicardium.
      In contrast, intracoronary injection of 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg of lidocaine-HCl
      resulted in complete elimination of wall thickening or replacement by systolic
      thinning. Thus epicardial administration of lidocaine from polyurethane matrices
      was an effective means of treating ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia.
      Regional myocardial function in the vicinity of the matrices was modified to a
      very limited degree, supporting the view that the matrices can be used safely,
      without serious risk to ventricular contractile performance.

PMID- 2300533
TI  - Enhancement of the in vitro skin permeability of azidothymidine (AZT) via
      iontophoresis and chemical enhancer.
AB  - Azidothymidine (AZT) was used as a model drug to study the effect of
      iontophoresis on the skin permeation of a neutral compound. The rate of in vitro
      permeation across hairless rat skin was low and highly variable. With
      iontophoresis treatment the permeation rate was two- to threefold greater than by
      passive diffusion. The addition of varying amounts of sodium chloride to the
      donor enhanced the iontophoretic permeation rate an additional two- to threefold
      possibly due to convective forces. The addition of N-decylmethyl sulfoxide
      (C10MSO) to the donor increased the permeation rate by several hundred-fold over
      passive diffusion for hairless rat skin and approximately 75-fold for human skin.
      No additional enhancement was observed with the combination of C10MSO and
      iontophoresis treatment at constant current or constant voltage. It may be that
      the presence of C10MSO lowers the zeta potential of the skin, thus enhancement
      due to convective flow is minimized.

PMID- 2300534
TI  - Differential effects of anesthetic regimens on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in the
      rat: a comparison with chronically catheterized conscious animals.
AB  - The intravenous disposition of gentamicin was compared in the conscious
      chronically catheterized rat with that in rats anesthetized using five injectable
      laboratory anesthetics. Gentamicin plasma clearance in the conscious rat was
      significantly higher than in animals anesthetized with urethane,
      fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam, pentobarbitone, or ketamine/midazolam but similar
      to that in rats anesthetized with alphaxolone/alphadolone. Urethane anaesthesia
      resulted in a significantly lower gentamicin clearance than in all other groups.
      Gentamicin clearance in rats anesthetized with alphaxolone/alphadolone was
      significantly higher than in rats anesthetized with either
      fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam or urethane. No significant differences in the
      volume of distribution of gentamicin were observed between any of the groups
      studied, either anesthetized or conscious. Carboxyinulin blood clearance in the
      conscious group was significantly higher than that with urethane,
      fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam, pentobarbitone, or ketamine/midazolam but not
      significantly different from alphaxolone/alphadolone-anesthetized animals. The
      differences in carboxyinulin clearance were noted to be proportional to the
      differences in gentamicin clearance (r2 = 0.98). These results demonstrate that
      the choice of anesthetic used in laboratory pharmacokinetic studies is important.
      Gentamicin clearance was higher in conscious than anesthetized rats, and it may
      be prudent to use chronically catheterized animals in pharmacokinetic studies.

PMID- 2300535
TI  - High-fat meals increase the clearance of cyclosporine.
AB  - High-fat meals increase the clearance and volume of distribution, but not the
      mean residence time, of cyclosporine in seven healthy volunteers when either
      plasma or blood analyses are used. This unexpected finding for a low-extraction
      ratio drug should not be explainable in terms of increased blood flow. We
      hypothesize that dietary fat can act as a carrier for cyclosporine and enhance
      both its volume of distribution and its clearance. We suggest that clearance then
      occurs following metabolism of lipids due to lipase activity within the
      hepatocyte, thereby releasing free drug for metabolism.

PMID- 2300536
TI  - Mucoadhesion of hydroxypropylmethacrylate nanoparticles to rat intestinal ileal
      segments in vitro.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adhesion of HPMA nanoparticles to
      mucus using a perfused rat ileum test system. Radiolabeled nanoparticles were
      prepared and deposited onto rat ileal segments in vitro. The segments were
      perfused and the perfusate was collected in fractions and assayed for
      radioactivity. Between 10 and 50% of the radioactivity was eliminated over the
      first 120-sec perfusion, whereas the remaining activity was firmly attached to
      the ileum. Among the variables tested, the time interval between nanoparticle
      deposition and perfusion played the major role, indicating that the mucus
      nanoparticle interaction is likely to result from the diffusion of polymers into
      the mucus and of mucin into the polymeric matrix.

PMID- 2300537
TI  - Effects of first-pass metabolism on metabolite mean residence time determination
      after oral administration of parent drug.
AB  - Metabolite kinetics after oral drug administration can be determined, without
      separate metabolite administration, using the concepts of mean residence time
      (MRT). The MRT of parent drug and metabolite after oral administration of the
      parent drug, MRTp,p(oral) and MRTm,p(oral), can be calculated directly from the
      drug and metabolite profiles. The difference between MRTm,p(oral) and
      MRTp,p(oral), termed Delta MRT, yields an estimate of MRT of metabolite when the
      metabolite is given as an iv bolus, MRTm,m(iv). The calculation is simple for
      drugs that are known to undergo, negligible first-pass metabolism. Correction can
      also be made when extent of first-pass metabolism is known. Ambiguity is
      encountered, however, when the degree of first-pass metabolism is unknown. When
      the delta MRT is negative, then first-pass metabolism must be considered. A
      positive value of delta MRT, on the other hand, is not a definitive indication of
      the absence of first-pass metabolism. It may occur in the presence or absence of
      first-pass metabolism. Ignoring the possibility of first-pass metabolism when a
      positive value of delta MRT occurs may lead to an incorrect estimate of
      MRTm,m(iv). The estimation error is relatively small, however, when MRTm,m(iv)
      much greater than MRTp,p(iv), even when first-pass metabolism is extensive. This
      situation may apply to the administration of a prodrug.

PMID- 2300538
TI  - Percutaneous penetration of acyclovir through excised hairless mouse and rat
      skin: effect of vehicle and percutaneous penetration enhancer.
AB  - The effects of vehicle and percutaneous penetration enhancer on the penetration
      of acyclovir through excised hairless mouse and rat skin were investigated. Four
      solvents, propylene glycol (PG), ethanol (ET), isopropanol (IPA), and isopropyl
      myristate (IPM), were employed as vehicles, in combination with four enhancers, 1
      farnesylazacycloheptan-2-one (7FU), 1-geranylazacycloheptan-2-one (7GU), 1
      geranylazacyclopentan-2-one (5GU), and 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one (Azone).
      Acyclovir was suspended in vehicles to avoid the effect of the thermodynamic
      activity of acyclovir in the vehicle. The penetration of acyclovir through
      hairless mouse skin from IPA was enhanced by 7GU, whereas that from IPM was not
      affected. All combinations of vehicle and penetration enhancer were examined
      using rat skin. No effect of the enhancers was observed in the IPM vehicle. The
      estimated solubility parameters of vehicles and enhancers indicated that the
      polarities of IPM and the enhancers are similar, which prevents effective
      penetration of the enhancers from IPM. However, the penetration of acyclovir from
      the other vehicles was increased by the enhancers. The combination of hydrophilic
      vehicle and hydrophobic enhancer resulted in a large enhancing effect. The
      disappearance of the enhancers from the vehicle correlated with their enhancing
      activity, but other factors also seemed to affect the penetration enhancement of
      acyclovir.

PMID- 2300539
TI  - Model of disposition of drugs administered into the human nasal cavity.
AB  - A mathematical model was developed to describe the rate processes involved in the
      disposition of drugs placed in their delivery systems into the human nasal
      cavity. The model contains first-order parallel and sequential irreversible rate
      processes representing the convective drug and carrier transport by fluid flow,
      mucociliary clearance and peristalsis, drug release and absorption, and
      decomposition of the drug prior to its appearance in the systemic circulation.
      The numerical values of the parameters used are based on literature data from
      clearance studies of nonabsorbable markers deposited in the human nasal cavity,
      and data obtained under a variety of experimental conditions are consistent with
      the model. The effect of bioadhesive carriers is successfully simulated by
      reducing the mucociliary clearance rate constants for the transport from the
      posterior part of the nose into the gastrointestinal tract. The simulation shows
      that bioadhesion improves bioavailability and reduces the variability in
      absorption which might be caused by a variable pattern of deposition in the nose.
      Variable bioavailability could result from removal of the drug from the nasal
      cavity by sniffing, blowing, or wiping the nose, leading to different drug
      residence times in the nose. The model simulations further suggest that drug
      decomposition in the nose, while lowering bioavailability, also reduces variable
      absorption due to variable residence times of the drug in the nose.

PMID- 2300540
TI  - Effects of variation in drug elimination on five methods for assessing zero-order
      drug absorption rates.
AB  - The area function method for assessing zero-order (ko) drug absorption rates was
      compared to four other methods under conditions where variation occurs in the
      plasma concentration data and in the elimination rate constant (kel or k10) for
      one- or two-compartment models. For deviant kel values of a one-compartment
      model, the most accurate recovery of ko occurred with the area function method
      and nonlinear least-squares regression, followed by the Wagner-Nelson and moment
      analysis methods. With deviant k10 values for a two-compartment model, the order
      of superiority of the methods was: area function approximately nonlinear
      regression greater than Loo-Riegelman greater than moment analysis. Moment
      analysis should generally be reserved for use as an estimation rather than
      calculation technique. The area function procedure offers particular advantages
      in ease of data analysis and accuracy of recovered parameters.

PMID- 2300542
TI  - Intrinsic dissolution rates of tablet filler-binders and their influence on the
      dissolution of drugs from tablet formulations.
AB  - Intrinsic dissolution rates were determined for different grades of commonly used
      calcium salt fillers and lactose. Typical tablet formulations of low-dose drugs
      were studied to determined the influence of this property on drug dissolution.

PMID- 2300541
TI  - Solute absorption from the airways of the isolated rat lung. II. Effect of
      surfactants on absorption of fluorescein.
AB  - To determine the effects on the pulmonary barrier of several surface active
      agents, a series of metered dose inhalers (MDIs) was prepared and used to dose
      aerosolized surfactant to the airways of isolated perfused rat lungs. The MDIs
      contained a range of concentrations, from 0.1 to 5.0% (w/w), of either oleic
      acid, oleyl alcohol, or Span 85, which released approximately 45 micrograms
      (0.1%, w/w) to approximately 1660 micrograms (5.0%, w/w) of surfactant per
      actuation. The permeability of the pulmonary barrier was assessed by the rate of
      transfer of disodium fluorescein dosed as 100 microliters of aqueous solution (1
      mg/ml) after administering the surfactants. Some 12.1 +/- 4.7% of the recovered
      surfactant, per dose, was assessed to reach the pulmonary regions of the lung.
      All surfactants tested caused an increase in fluorescein transfer rates. A single
      actuation from the MDI containing 5% (w/w) oleic acid produced gross edema in all
      lungs tested within 40 min and the first-order half-lives of absorption were
      reduced almost threefold, from 12.9 +/- 2.5 min for controls to 4.5 +/- 0.8 min.
      Differences in absorption were noted between the acid and the alcohol, which is
      consistent with the hypothesis that both the hydrocarbon chain and the polar head
      group have roles in the altered permeability to fluorescein. The absorption of
      fluorescein when dosed from the MDI containing 5% (w/w) Span 85 was increased but
      all surfactants dosed from the lowest concentration MDI of 0.1% (w/w) did not
      alter absorption rates of the dye relative to those of controls. Results are
      discussed in light of current interest in absorption enhancement and the presence
      of surfactants in currently marked MDIs.

PMID- 2300543
TI  - The biliary elimination and enterohepatic circulation of ibuprofen in rats.
AB  - The biliary and urinary excretion of ibuprofen and its metabolites were
      determined in rats after intravenous and peroral administration of 25 and 100
      mg/kg of the drug. Within 24 hours 48% of the low i.v. dose and 59% of the high
      i.v. dose were eliminated via bile as ibuprofen and its metabolites. Following
      oral administration 40 to 41% of the dose were recovered in bile, whereas 16 to
      32% of the dose were eliminated in urine, resulting in an overall drug recovery
      of 66 to 79% within 24 hours. Upon infusion of bile containing ibuprofen and its
      metabolites into the duodenum substantial enterohepatic cycling of the drug
      occurred in the rat.

PMID- 2300544
TI  - Effect of aliphatic side-chain substituents on the antimalarial activity and on
      the metabolism of primaquine studied using mitochondria and microsome
      preparations.
AB  - The substitution of two deuterium atoms on the alpha-carbon of the primaquine
      side chain was found to produce a sevenfold decrease in the rate of conversion of
      primaquine to carboxyprimaquine by enzymatic oxidative deamination, but the
      deuterium substitution was found to have no significant effect on the in vitro
      antimalarial activity or on in vitro hepatocyte toxicity. Placing a single methyl
      group on the alpha-carbon was found to produce only a slight decrease in the rate
      of oxidative deamination. Although metabolic attack occurred adjacent to either
      the aniline nitrogen or the aliphatic amine, metabolic attack occurred primarily
      adjacent to the more basic nitrogen at the 1'-position, even when this position
      bore a methyl substituent. Primaquine, the alpha-dideutero analogue, and the
      alpha-methyl analogue were all found to have about the same in vitro antimalarial
      activity as determined in the liver hepatocyte assay.

PMID- 2300545
TI  - The effects of urine pH modification on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
      of phenylpropanolamine.
AB  - To determine whether urinary alkalinization had an effect on the plasma
      pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of phenylpropanolamine, a double-blind
      crossover study was conducted in four healthy, normotensive male volunteers. The
      subjects received 25 mg immediate-release phenylpropanolamine and either placebo
      or sodium bicarbonate in a balanced randomized order. The bicarbonate treatment
      consisted of 6 g sodium bicarbonate 30 min prior to the phenylpropanolamine and
      then 3 g sodium bicarbonate every 4 hr for the next 16 hr. During the control
      treatment, phenylpropanolamine and a placebo for bicarbonate (lactose) were given
      on the same schedule. Blood and urine samples were collected over 24 hr and
      analyzed by HPLC. A supine blood pressure and pulse were obtained before each
      blood sample. The bicarbonate treatment significantly increased the urine pH
      throughout the study period and decreased phenylpropanolamine renal clearance by
      33.5%. The apparent total-body clearance was also decreased by 31.5% and resulted
      in higher postabsorptive plasma phenylpropanolamine concentrations in each
      subject as compared to the control treatment. Both systolic and diastolic blood
      pressures changed significantly from baseline in both treatments. The bicarbonate
      treatment was accompanied by significantly higher diastolic blood pressures than
      in the control treatment, but there was no effect on systolic blood pressures.
      Generally, when the blood pressure-concentration pairs were plotted
      chronologically, clockwise hysteresis curves resulted. Heart rates did not change
      significantly from baseline values for either treatment. In this small group of
      normotensive healthy male volunteers, urinary alkalinization significantly
      depressed the renal clearance of phenylpropanolamine, producing higher
      postabsorptive phenylpropanolamine plasma concentrations and a small but
      significant increase in the diastolic blood pressure.

PMID- 2300546
TI  - A sequence encoding a maturase-related protein in a group II intron of a plant
      mitochondrial nad1 gene.
AB  - We have determined from nucleotide sequence analysis that the subterminal and
      terminal exons of a respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase subunit I gene in broad
      bean mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are separated by a group II intron. Within this
      intron is a 687-codon open reading frame that, from considerations of similarity
      between amino acid sequences predicted from this open reading frame and maturase
      coding sequences in group II introns of certain fungal mitochondrial genes,
      appears to encode a maturase-related protein. Transcripts complementary to this
      broad bean sequence (designated a mat-r gene) were detected among RNAs isolated
      from broad bean mitochondria. Data obtained from DNA-DNA hybridizations indicated
      that soybean and corn mtDNAs also contain a mat-r gene and suggested that only
      one copy of this gene occurs in each plant mtDNA. The putative protein specified
      by the broad bean mat-r gene contains amino acid sequences characteristic of
      reverse transcriptases. Because of this, consideration is given to the
      possibility that the maturase-related protein may be functional in the mechanisms
      by which plant mtDNA sequences are rearranged and foreign sequences are
      incorporated into plant mtDNAs.

PMID- 2300547
TI  - Design of an effective mechanism-based inactivator for a zinc protease.
AB  - (R)-2-Benzyl-5-cyano-4-oxopentanoic acid (compound 4) was studied as a mechanism
      based inactivator (suicide substrate) for the zinc protease carboxypeptidase A
      (CPA; peptidyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.17.1). This compound was designed
      rationally based on the knowledge of the active site topology and the reported
      stereospecific proton exchange on ketonic substrate analogue (R)-3-(p
      methoxybenzoyl)-2-benzylpropanoic acid [Sugimoto, T. & Kaiser, E. T. (1978) J.
      Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 7750-7751] by CPA. It is suggested that enzymic deprotonation
      on the C-5 methylene moiety may result in the transient formation of a ketenimine
      as the key intermediate that partitions between turnover and enzyme inactivation.
      The enzyme inactivation exhibited pseudo-first-order kinetics, was irreversible,
      and could be fully prevented in the presence of the reversible inhibitor benzyl
      succinate. The inactivation rate constant, kintact, was evaluated to be 0.083 +/-
      0.003 min-1 and kcat was measured at 1.78 +/- 0.06 min-1. In turn, a partition
      ratio of 28 +/- 3 was calculated. The reversible inhibitor constant (Ki) was
      measured at 1.8 +/- 0.5 microM, indicative of a high affinity for compound 4
      shown by CPA; however, Km for the turnover process was determined at 4.93 +/-
      0.43 mM. Kinetic analysis and labeling by the radioactive form of the inactivator
      suggested that the stoichiometry for protein modification by compound 4
      approaches a 1:1 ratio.

PMID- 2300548
TI  - 3H nuclear magnetic resonance study of anaerobic glycolysis in packed
      erythrocytes.
AB  - The utility and power of 3H NMR spectroscopy as a technique for monitoring
      biological systems in vivo is illustrated with glucose metabolism in
      erythrocytes. Use of C-1-tritiated glucose allowed us to monitor the
      disappearance of the alpha and beta tritons, with the production of lactate and
      1H3HO (HTO), as well as some intermediates. Spin lattice relaxation times (T1)
      were measured to avoid T1 distortion of the spectral intensities. Detection of
      the formation of 1 mM tritiated water in the presence of 110 M H2O protons and
      deuterons allows the eventual fate of the label in the pentose shunt to be
      observed in vivo.

PMID- 2300549
TI  - Two antiviral proteins from tobacco: purification and characterization by
      monoclonal antibodies to human beta-interferon.
AB  - Polyclonal antibodies to human beta-interferon reacted specifically with two
      plant proteins (gp22 and gp35) by Western blot analysis of crude protein extracts
      from tobacco leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus. Immunoaffinity
      chromatography of these extracts on a column of immobilized monoclonal antibodies
      to human beta-interferon and then reversed-phase HPLC yielded gp22 and gp35 in a
      pure state. Both proteins reacted with the Schiff reagent and concanavalin A
      (indicating their glycoprotein nature) and exhibited antiviral activity
      (inhibiting tobacco mosaic virus replication in tobacco-leaf discs at
      concentrations of ng/ml). Each protein was cleaved by cyanogen bromide and the
      resultant peptides, separated by HPLC, were sequenced as far as the Edman
      degradation allowed, giving a total of 61 amino acid residues for gp22 and 105
      residues for gp35, which represent 30-50% of their expected length. Computer
      analyses of the sequenced segments revealed no significant homology to human beta
      interferon, each other, or any other recorded sequence.

PMID- 2300550
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence and homologies of human erythrocyte membrane protein
      band 4.2.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence for human erythrocyte band 4.2 has been derived
      from the nucleotide sequence of a full-length 2.35-kilobase (kb) cDNA. The 2.35
      kb cDNA was isolated from a human reticulocyte cDNA library made in the
      expression vector lambda gt11. Of the 2348 base pairs (bp), 2073 bp encode 691
      amino acids representing 76.9 kDa (the SDS/PAGE molecular mass is 72 kDa). RNA
      blot analysis of human reticulocyte total RNA gives a message size for band 4.2
      of 2.4 kb. The amino acid sequence of band 4.2 has homology with two closely
      related Ca2(+)-dependent cross-linking proteins, guinea pig liver
      transglutaminase (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase; protein-glutamine:
      amine gamma-glutamyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.13) (32% identity in a 446-amino acid
      overlap) and the a subunit of human coagulation factor XIII (27% identity in a
      639-amino acid overlap), a transglutaminase that forms intermolecular gamma
      glutamyl-epsilon-lysine bonds between fibrin molecules. The region of greatest
      identity includes a 49-amino acid stretch of band 4.2, which is 69% and 51%
      identical with guinea pig liver transglutaminase and the a subunit of factor
      XIII, respectively, within the regions that contain the active sites of these
      enzymes. Significantly, within the five contiguous consensus residues of the
      transglutaminase active site, Gly-Gln-Cys-Trp-Val, band 4.2 has an alanine
      substituted for cysteine (which is apparently essential for activity). Consistent
      with this active site substitution, erythrocyte membranes or inside-out vesicles,
      which contain band 4.2, show no evidence of transglutaminase activity by two
      types of in vitro assay.

PMID- 2300551
TI  - Theory for protein mutability and biogenesis.
AB  - Using an elementary physical model for protein folding, of self-avoiding short
      copolymer chains on two-dimensional square lattices, we address two questions
      regarding the evolution and origins of globular proteins. (i) How will protein
      native structures and stabilities be affected by single-and double-site
      mutations? (ii) What is the probability that a randomly chosen sequence of amino
      acids will be compact and globular under folding conditions? For a large number
      of different sequences, we search the conformational space exhaustively to find
      unequivocally the "native" conformation(s), of global minimum free energy, for
      each sequence. We find that replacing nonpolar residues in the core by polar
      residues is generally destabilizing, that surface sites are less sensitive than
      core sites, that some mutations increase the degeneracy of native states, and
      that overall it is most probable that a mutation will be neutral, having no
      effect on the native structure. These results support a "Continuity Principle,"
      that small changes in sequence seldom have large effects on structure or
      stability of the native state. The simulations also show that (i) the number of
      "convergent" sequences (different sequences coding for the same native structure)
      is extremely large and (ii) most sequences become quite dense under folding
      conditions. This implies that the probability of formation of a globular protein
      from a random sequence of amino acids by prebiotic or mutational methods is
      significantly greater than zero.

PMID- 2300552
TI  - Oligomeric structure of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope
      glycoprotein.
AB  - The envelope (env) glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
      consists of two noncovalently associated subunits, gp120 and gp41, that are
      formed gradient sedimentation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gradient
      sedimentation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and chemical cross-linking, we
      show that gp160 is synthesized as a monomer and subsequently forms stable
      homodimers. The molecule remains dimeric after cleavage to gp120/gp41 but is less
      stable to detergent solubilization and centrifugation. Analysis of wild-type and
      mutated env proteins indicated that interactions between the ectodomain regions
      of adjoining gp41 subunits are important for dimer formation and stability. A
      higher-order oligomeric form was also recovered, probably a tetramer consisting
      of two noncovalently associated dimers. The proposed subunit composition of the
      HIV-1 env protein is identical to that previously observed for the paramyxovirus
      envelope proteins F and HN.

PMID- 2300553
TI  - A nonsense mutation causing decreased levels of insulin receptor mRNA: detection
      by a simplified technique for direct sequencing of genomic DNA amplified by the
      polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - Mutations in the insulin receptor gene can render the cell resistant to the
      biological action of insulin. We have studied a patient with leprechaunism
      (leprechaun/Minn-1), a genetic syndrome associated with intrauterine growth
      retardation and extreme insulin resistance. Genomic DNA from the patient was
      amplified by the polymerase chain reaction catalyzed by Thermus aquaticus (Taq)
      DNA polymerase, and the amplified DNA was directly sequenced. A nonsense mutation
      was identified at codon 897 in exon 14 in the paternal allele of the patient's
      insulin receptor gene. Levels of insulin receptor mRNA are decreased to less than
      10% of normal in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblasts and cultured skin
      fibroblasts from this patient. Thus, this nonsense mutation appears to cause a
      decrease in the levels of insulin receptor mRNA. In addition, we have obtained
      indirect evidence that the patient's maternal allele of the insulin receptor gene
      contains a cis-acting dominant mutation that also decreases the level of mRNA,
      but by a different mechanism. The nucleotide sequence of the entire protein
      coding domain and the sequences of the intron-exon boundaries for all 22 exons of
      the maternal allele were normal. Presumably, the mutation in the maternal allele
      maps elsewhere in the insulin receptor gene. Thus, we conclude that the patient
      is a compound heterozygote for two cis-acting dominant mutations in the insulin
      receptor gene: (i) a nonsense mutation in the paternal allele that reduces the
      level of insulin receptor mRNA and (ii) an as yet unidentified mutation in the
      maternal allele that either decreases the rate of transcription or decreases the
      stability of the mRNA.

PMID- 2300554
TI  - Higher order structural elements in ribosomal RNAs: pseudo-knots and the use of
      noncanonical pairs.
AB  - The data base of prokaryotic small subunit ribosomal RNAs alone now numbers more
      than 400 sequences, while that for the large subunit rRNAs numbers more than 70
      when eukaryotic, mitochondrial, and plastid sequences are also included.
      Comparisons among these rRNA sequences reveal a number of positions that covary
      in composition, suggestive of higher order structural elements; 5 such structures
      are reported for the small subunit rRNA and 15 for the large subunit rRNA. While
      some of these are properly (small) secondary structural elements, the majority
      would have to be classified as more complex "tertiary" interactions, which in
      some cases bring together diverse areas in the secondary structural diagram. A
      number of the covariances are not of the canonical type, indicating non-Watson
      Crick interactions.

PMID- 2300555
TI  - The major human erythroid DNA-binding protein (GF-1): primary sequence and
      localization of the gene to the X chromosome.
AB  - Genes expressed in erythroid cells contain binding sites for a cell-specific
      nuclear factor, GF-1 (NF-E1, Eryf 1), believed to be an important transcriptional
      regulator. Previously we characterized murine GF-1 as a 413-amino acid
      polypeptide containing two cysteine-cysteine regions reminiscent of zinc-finger
      DNA-binding domains. By cross-hybridization to the finger domain of murine GF-1
      we have isolated cDNA encoding the human homolog. Peptide sequencing of purified
      human GF-1 confirmed the authenticity of the human cDNA. The predicted primary
      sequence of human GF-1 is highly similar to that of murine GF-1, particularly in
      the DNA-binding region. Although the DNA-binding domains of human, murine, and
      chicken proteins are remarkably conserved, the mammalian polypeptides are
      strikingly divergent from the avian counterpart in other regions, most likely
      those responsible for transcriptional activation. By hybridization to panels of
      human-rodent DNAs we have assigned the human GF-1 locus to Xp21-11. The
      localization of the gene to the X chromosome has important implications for
      hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin syndromes unlinked to the beta-globin
      cluster and for genetic experiments designed to test the role of the factor in
      erythroid cell gene expression.

PMID- 2300556
TI  - Localizing multiple X chromosome-linked retinitis pigmentosa loci using
      multilocus homogeneity tests.
AB  - Multilocus linkage analysis of 62 family pedigrees with X chromosome-linked
      retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) was undertaken to determine the presence of possible
      multiple disease loci and to reliably estimate their map location. Multilocus
      homogeneity tests furnished convincing evidence for the presence of two XLRP
      loci, the likelihood ratio being 6.4 x 10(9):1 in favor of two versus a single
      XLRP locus and gave accurate estimates for their map location. In 60-75% of the
      families, location of an XLRP gene was estimated at 1 centimorgan distal to OTC,
      and in 25-40% of the families, an XLRP locus was located halfway between DXS14
      (p58-1) and DXZ1 (Xcen), with an estimated recombination fraction of 25% between
      the two XLRP loci. There is also good evidence for a third XLRP locus, midway
      between DXS28 (C7) and DXS164 (pERT87), supported by a likelihood ratio of 293:1
      for three versus two XLRP loci.

PMID- 2300557
TI  - Transcription and cap trimethylation of a nematode spliced leader RNA in a cell
      free system.
AB  - Maturation of a fraction of mRNAs in nematodes involves the acquisition of a
      common 5' terminal spliced leader sequence derived from a nonpolyadenylylated
      spliced leader RNA by trans splicing. We have developed a cell-free system
      prepared from Ascaris lumbricoides embryos that accurately and efficiently
      synthesized the spliced leader RNA of A. lumbricoides. Transcription of the
      spliced leader RNA was catalyzed by RNA polymerase II, and the majority of the
      spliced leader RNAs synthesized in vitro possessed a trimethylguanosine cap
      structure identical to that found on in vivo-synthesized spliced leader RNA.

PMID- 2300558
TI  - Characterization and expression of the complementary DNA encoding rat histidine
      decarboxylase.
AB  - Histamine is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and an important
      modulator of gastric acid secretion, vasomotor control, inflammation, and
      allergic reactions. In biological systems the formation of histamine from its
      precursor histidine is catalyzed by the enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase (HDC; L
      histidine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.22). We have cloned HDC-encoding cDNA from a
      fetal rat liver cDNA library (phage lambda gt11) have deduced the amino acid
      sequence from the nucleotide sequence. The clone was proven to be HDC cDNA by
      expression of active recombinant enzyme in COS cells and by chromosomal mapping.
      The cDNA encodes a protein of Mr 73,450 (655 amino acid residues). The
      discrepancy between this molecular weight and the size of the purified fetal
      liver protein subunits [Taguchi, Y., Watanabe, T., Kubota, H., Hayashi, H. &
      Wada, H. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 5214-5221] (Mr = 54,000) suggests that HDC
      may be posttranslationally processed. The 469 amino acid residues from the amino
      terminal portion of the protein share 50% identity with rat and Drosophila L-dopa
      decarboxylases and much less homology with other characterized amino acid
      decarboxylases.

PMID- 2300559
TI  - TPR-MET oncogenic rearrangement: detection by polymerase chain reaction
      amplification of the transcript and expression in human tumor cell lines.
AB  - Activation of the MET protooncogene by a rearrangement involving the fusion of
      TPR and MET specific gene sequences has been observed in a human osteosarcoma
      cell line (HOS) treated in vitro with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
      (MNNG). No information has been available about the possible occurrence of this
      rearrangement in human tumors. To facilitate rapid screening of human cell lines
      and tumor samples for this specific gene rearrangement, we developed a sensitive
      detection method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of TPR
      MET mRNA. cDNA was generated from cellular transcripts by using one of the PCR
      primers, which was then used as a template for PCR amplification of a 205-base
      pair region carrying the breakpoint. An end-labeled internal probe was hybridized
      in solution to an aliquot of the PCR product for detecting amplification. Cells
      could be directly screened by the assay without prior isolation of RNA. A 205
      base-pair DNA fragment characteristic of the TPR-MET rearrangement was detected
      in cell lines previously known to contain this altered sequence. The
      rearrangement was also detected at very low levels in the parental
      (nontransformed) cell line, HOS TE-85. A preliminary survey of cell lines derived
      from a variety of human tumors indicates that TPR-MET rearrangement occurred and
      was expressed at very low frequencies by cells from 7 of 14 tumors of
      nonhematopoietic origin.

PMID- 2300560
TI  - Origin of the Metazoa.
AB  - The origin of the multicellular animals has been investigated by rate invariant
      analysis of 18S rRNA sequences. These analyses indicate that (i) the Metazoa is a
      monophyletic taxon; (ii) the Deuterostomia is a monophyletic taxon; (iii) the
      Annelida-Mollusca lineage is the sister group of an arthropod subgroup; and (iv)
      the last common ancestor of the Annelida-Mollusca lineage is most parsimoniously
      derived from a segmented, hemocoelic ancestor with an open circulatory system.

PMID- 2300561
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha functions in an autocrine manner in the induction of
      human immunodeficiency virus expression.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is an immunoregulatory cytokine capable
      of inducing viral expression in cells chronically infected with the human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV), such as the promonocytic line U1 and the T
      lymphocytic line ACH-2. In the present study, we demonstrate an autocrine
      mechanism of TNF-alpha-mediated HIV induction. Stimulation of U1 and ACH-2 cells
      with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) resulted in the induction of TNF-alpha
      mRNA and the secretion of TNF-alpha. Of note is the fact that anti-TNF-alpha
      antibodies significantly suppressed the expression of HIV in PMA-stimulated U1
      and ACH-2 cells. Furthermore, anti-TNF-alpha antibodies also suppressed both the
      constitutive and inducible levels of viral expression in the chronically infected
      promonocytic clone U33.3. This study illustrates the interrelationship between
      the regulation of HIV expression and normal immunoregulatory mechanisms in that
      virus expression, both constitutive and induced, can be modulated by an autocrine
      pathway involving TNF-alpha, a cytokine involved in the complex network of
      regulation of the normal human immune response.

PMID- 2300563
TI  - Trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein transfer to target membranes: a model
      for the pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis.
AB  - The variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of trypanosomes is attached to the cell
      surface by means of a phosphatidylinositol-containing glycolipid membrane anchor.
      The studies presented in this paper support the hypothesis that the transfer of
      VSG from trypanosomes to erythrocytes could lead to one of the pathological
      features associated with trypanosome infection--i.e., anemia. Migration of
      trypanosome VSG from live trypanosomes to target cells (sheep erythrocytes) could
      be shown by preincubating erythrocytes with trypanosomes and subsequently testing
      the washed erythrocytes for insertion of VSG by their susceptibility to lysis by
      complement in the presence of an anti-VSG antibody. Complement-mediated lysis was
      found to depend on the strain-specific anti-VSG antibody used. Extent of
      erythrocyte lysis increased with time of cell exposure to trypanosomes and with
      trypanosome concentration. No erythrocyte lysis was observed when trypanosomes
      were preincubated with anti-VSG antibody before adding erythrocytes. Purified
      membrane-form VSG (which retains the glycolipid anchor), but not soluble VSG
      (which no longer has the terminal diacylglycerol moiety), could sensitize
      erythrocytes to anti-VSG antibody-mediated complement lysis. The intermembrane
      transfer of VSG from trypanosomes to cells of the infected host could provide a
      molecular mechanism for the pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis.

PMID- 2300562
TI  - Independent and disparate evolution in nature of influenza A virus hemagglutinin
      and neuraminidase glycoproteins.
AB  - The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) external glycoprotein antigens of
      H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes of epidemiologically important influenza A viruses
      prevalent during recent decades were subjected to intensive antigenic analysis by
      four different methods. Prior to serological analysis with polyclonal rabbit
      antisera, HA and NA antigens of four viruses of each subtype were segregated by
      genetic reassortment to forestall nonspecific steric hindrance during antigen
      antibody combination. This analysis has demonstrated that with respect to
      antigenic phenotype, HA and NA proteins have evolved at different rates. With
      H1N1 viruses, an arrest of significant evolution of the NA discordant with the
      continuing antigenic drift of HA was found in the 1980-1983 period. It is
      probable that the different and independent rates of evolution of HA and NA
      reflect the greater selective pressure of HA antibodies, which forces the more
      rapid emergence of HA escape mutants. The slower antigenic change found for NA
      further supports the potential for NA-specific infection-permissive immunization
      as a useful stratagem against influenza.

PMID- 2300564
TI  - Random field and neural information.
AB  - A representation--the Ear-Th representation--of the activity of an assembly of
      neurons is proposed that allows us to describe simultaneous recorded spike trains
      through the concept of the random field. This representation intrinsically takes
      into account the fundamental properties of the neuronal signal: its temporal,
      stochastic, and spatial nature. As a consequence, a neural network, considered as
      a kind of parallel random automata, delivers an output random field in response
      to the excitation provided by a random field that represents the activity of some
      input fibers. Each random field is represented by its associated Gibbs measure,
      whose potential is plotted in our representation. This approach is applied to the
      modeling of an intermediary neural network, which receives its input excitation
      from the auditory nerve fibers and delivers its response to the next auditory
      neuronal layer.

PMID- 2300565
TI  - Expression of photosynthesis-related gene fusions is restricted by cell type in
      transgenic plants and in transfected protoplasts.
AB  - We have analyzed the expression of chimeric genes in populations of protoplasts
      isolated from the photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissues within leaves of
      transgenic tobacco plants and separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
      Expression of transcriptional gene fusions controlled by promoters from
      photosynthesis-associated genes showed a striking dependence on cell type. These
      patterns of expression were preserved when the gene fusions were transfected into
      normal (nontransgenic) tobacco leaf protoplasts.

PMID- 2300566
TI  - Stimulation of casein kinase II by epidermal growth factor: relationship between
      the physiological activity of the kinase and the phosphorylation state of its
      beta subunit.
AB  - To determine relationships between the hormonal activation of casein kinase II
      and its phosphorylation state, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-treated and EGF
      naive human A-431 carcinoma cells were cultured in the presence of
      [32P]orthophosphate. Immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that casein kinase
      II in the cytosol of EGF-treated cells contained approximately 3-fold more
      incorporated [32P]phosphate than did its counterpart in untreated cells. Levels
      of kinase phosphorylation paralleled levels of kinase activity over a wide range
      of EGF concentrations as well as over a time course of hormone action.
      Approximately 97% of the incorporated [32P]phosphate was found in the beta
      subunit of casein kinase II. Both activated and hormone-naive kinase contained
      radioactive phosphoserine and phosphothreonine but no phosphotyrosine. On the
      basis of proteolytic mapping experiments, EGF treatment of A-431 cells led to an
      increase in the average [32P]phosphate content (i.e., hyperphosphorylation) of
      casein kinase II beta subunit peptides which were modified prior to hormone
      treatment. Finally, the effect of alkaline phosphatase on the reaction kinetics
      of activated casein kinase II indicated that hormonal stimulation of the kinase
      resulted from the increase in its phosphorylation state.

PMID- 2300567
TI  - Isolation and initial characterization of a specific premessenger
      ribonucleoprotein particle.
AB  - A specific type of premessenger ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particle, Balbiani ring
      (BR) granules, has been isolated from heterogeneous nuclear RNP (hnRNP) in the
      salivary glands of the dipteran Chironomus tentans. A BR granule contains a
      single 75S RNA molecule coding for a large secretory protein (Sp1). The isolation
      procedure is based on the abundance and exceptional size of the BR granules: in
      EDTA-containing sucrose gradients they sediment as a sharp 300S peak ahead of the
      remainder of the hnRNP population. The isolated BR granules were identified on
      the basis of both ultrastructural and biochemical criteria: large spherical
      particles that contain 75S RNA and BR sequences. A three-dimensional
      reconstruction of isolated particles by electron microscope tomography further
      supported the identification of the isolated particles as BR granules. In
      contrast to the entire hnRNP population, the BR granules exhibited a sharp peak
      in CsCl gradients with a buoyant density of 1.45 g/cm3. This result indicates
      that a BR granule consists of 40% RNA and 60% protein by weight, corresponding to
      a 75S RNA molecule of 12 megadaltons and a total protein content of 18
      megadaltons, or about 500 average-sized protein molecules.

PMID- 2300568
TI  - Decreased expression of heat shock protein 70 mRNA and protein after heat
      treatment in cells of aged rats.
AB  - The effect of aging on the induction of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)-encoding
      gene expression by elevated temperatures was studied in cultures of lung- or skin
      derived fibroblasts from young (5 mo) and old (24 mo) male Wistar rats. Although
      the kinetics of the heat shock response were found to be similar in the two age
      groups, we observed lower levels of induction of HSP70 mRNA and HSP70 protein in
      confluent primary lung and skin fibroblast cultures derived from aged animals.
      Additional experiments with freshly excised lung tissue showed a similar age
      related decline in the heat-induced expression of HSP70.

PMID- 2300569
TI  - Solubilization and functional reconstitution of the branched-chain alpha-keto
      acid transporter from rat heart mitochondria.
AB  - The mitochondrial branched-chain alpha-keto acid transporter was solubilized from
      rat heart mitochondria and its function was reconstituted in phospholipid
      vesicles. The transporter was extracted from mitoplasts with Triton X-114 in the
      presence of exogenous cardiolipin and alpha-ketoisocaproate. Upon incorporation
      of this extract into asolectin vesicles by the freeze-thaw-sonication technique,
      a p-chloromercuribenzoate-sensitive, protein-dependent transport of alpha
      ketoisocaproate into the proteoliposomes was observed. Significant inhibition of
      alpha-ketoisocaproate transport was observed in the reconstituted system with
      branched-chain alpha-keto acids (64-83%) and the related carboxylates alpha
      ketocaproate (58%) and alpha-ketovalerate (49%), but not with substrates for the
      pyruvate carrier (less than 5%). The reconstituted carrier was substantially
      inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, by the histidine-specific reagent diethyl
      pyrocarbonate, and by the tyrosine-specific reagent N-acetylimidazole. The
      extraction and functional reconstitution of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid
      transporter represents an important first step towards purification and molecular
      characterization of this anion carrier.

PMID- 2300571
TI  - Herculin, a fourth member of the MyoD family of myogenic regulatory genes.
AB  - We have identified and cloned herculin, a fourth mouse muscle regulatory gene.
      Comparison of its DNA and deduced amino acid sequences with those of the three
      known myogenic genes (MyoD, myogenin, and Myf-5) reveals scattered short spans
      with similarity to one or more of these genes and a long span with strong
      similarity to all three. This long span includes a sequence motif that is also
      present in proteins of the myc, achaete-scute, and immunoglobulin enhancer
      binding families. The herculin gene is physically linked to the Myf-5 gene on the
      chromosome; only 8.5 kilobases separate their translational start sites. A
      putative 27-kDa protein is encoded by three exons contained within a 1.7-kilobase
      fragment of the herculin gene. When expressed under the control of the simian
      virus 40 early promoter, transfected herculin renders murine NIH 3T3 and
      C3H/10T1/2 fibroblasts myogenic. In doing so, it also activates expression of
      myogenin, MyoD, and endogenous herculin in NIH 3T3 recipients. In adult mice,
      herculin is expressed in skeletal muscle but is absent from smooth muscle,
      cardiac muscle, and all nonmuscle tissues assayed. Direct comparison of the four
      known myogenic regulators in adult muscle showed that herculin is expressed at a
      significantly higher level than is any of the others. This quantitative dominance
      suggests an important role in the establishment or maintenance of adult skeletal
      muscle.

PMID- 2300570
TI  - Oncogenic transformation by the tax gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in
      vitro.
AB  - Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is a causative agent of adult T-cell
      leukemia (ATL). To elucidate the role of HTLV-I in leukemogenesis, we examined
      the biological activity of a defective HTLV-I provirus with the env-pX 3' long
      terminal repeat region cloned from leukemic cells of an ATL patient. Transfection
      experiments showed growth stimulation of NIH 3T3 cells--growing beyond the
      saturation density and growing in soft agar. Since the pX sequence is known to
      encode three proteins, Tax, Rex, and p21x, the biological activity of each pX
      gene was examined separately. The growth-stimulating activity was induced only by
      the tax gene in NIH 3T3 cells and Rat-1 cells. Furthermore, the tax gene induced
      tumorigenicity in nude mice when introduced into Rat-1 cells. Thus, a
      transcriptional transactivator gene of HTLV-I, tax, is clearly identified as a
      viral oncogene without a cellular homolog. The transforming activity of tax,
      possibly via a transcriptional deregulation of cell growth control, may play an
      important role in leukemogenesis of ATL in addition to its aberrant stimulation
      of the interleukin 2 system.

PMID- 2300572
TI  - The A3 allele of the HLA-DQA1 locus is associated with susceptibility to type 1
      diabetes in Japanese.
AB  - Analysis of the frequencies of class II HLA-DR and HLA-DQ alleles by serological
      and DNA typing in 49 Japanese patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes
      and 31 Japanese controls indicates the following. (i) Susceptibility is more
      strongly associated with the HLA-DQ subregion than with the HLA-DR subregion.
      (ii) Of the class II alleles detected, the A3 allele of the DQA1 locus was the
      most strongly associated with disease. Ninety-six percent of the patients were
      positive for the A3 allele compared to 53% of the controls (P = 0.001; relative
      risk = 19.7; confidence limits = 3.72-188.64). (iii) The DQw8 allele of the DQB1
      locus, which is associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Caucasians
      and Blacks, was not increased in frequency in Japanese patients (22%) versus
      controls (19%). (iv) Asp-57-encoding DQB1 alleles are associated with reduced
      susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Caucasians. The major predisposing
      haplotypes in Japanese are DR4 and DR9. By DNA sequence analysis, both of these
      Japanese haplotypes have Asp-57-encoding DQB1 alleles. Oligonucleotide dot blot
      analysis showed that all, except 1, of the 49 Japanese patients and all of the 31
      controls have at least one Asp-57-encoding DQB1 allele. In addition, 40% of the
      patients were homozygous for Asp-57-encoding DQB1 alleles versus 35% of the
      controls. The high frequencies of Asp-57-encoding DQB1 alleles in this ethnic
      group may account for the rarity of type 1 diabetes in Japan.

PMID- 2300573
TI  - Orientation discrimination in the cat: a distributed function.
AB  - Cats were trained to make fine orientation discriminations with stimuli similar
      to those used in physiological experiments--narrow, light bars 12 degrees long-
      before and after various combinations of lesions of areas 17 and 18.
      Discrimination thresholds were measured at different contrast levels and
      different bar widths, both pre- and postoperatively, for up to 1.5 years after
      the lesion. For high contrast stimuli, lesions restricted to area 17 or area 18
      had little effect, but those lesions involving area 17 and a substantial part of
      area 18 raised thresholds. In the latter case there was a relationship between
      the amount of area 18 spared and the bar width at which discrimination was
      impaired. At low contrast deficits were seen only for narrow widths. These
      results lead to the following conclusions. (i) Orientation discrimination is a
      function distributed within and across areas 17 and 18. (ii) How this function is
      distributed in this cortex depends on stimulus width. (iii) The X system does not
      carry the signal necessary for orientation discrimination. (iv) Cells most
      narrowly tuned for orientation, which reside in the part of area 17 subserving
      central vision, do not determine the orientation discrimination threshold.

PMID- 2300574
TI  - Delayed reproduction and fitness in variable environments.
AB  - Many organisms delay the initiation of reproduction even though such delay is not
      adaptive in a constant environment. Theoretical arguments in this paper show that
      delaying reproduction can increase fitness in a sufficiently variable
      environment. This paper uses stochastic demography to analyze the fluctuating
      population structure produced by environmental uncertainty. The results explain
      previously puzzling features of life cycle delays observed in nature, predicting
      that populations of the same species living in environments of differing
      harshness can display different life history phenotypes, a number of distinct
      life history phenotypes can coexist neutrally within a single population, and
      genetic polymorphisms are easily maintained if heterozygotes have intermediate
      life history phenotypes.

PMID- 2300575
TI  - Lesion-induced synthesis and secretion of proteins by nonneuronal cells resident
      in frog peripheral nerve.
AB  - Transection of a peripheral nerve results in Wallerian degeneration of the nerve
      segment distal to the lesion site and the initiation of axonal regeneration just
      proximal to it (neuroma site). Nonneuronal cells resident in peripheral nerve are
      suggested to play an important role in neural repair mechanisms through
      diffusable molecules that they synthesize and secrete. We examined the array of
      proteins synthesized and secreted by nonneuronal cells resident in the frog
      peripheral nerve, which is known for its high regenerative capacity. Nerve
      segments were incubated in medium containing [35S]methionine, and the secreted
      radioactively labeled proteins were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Nerve injury
      resulted in the complete down-regulation of a group of proteins synthesized and
      secreted by nonneuronal cells in intact nerve. At the same time, the synthesis
      and secretion of several proteins were up-regulated in the neuroma and
      degenerating nerve segments, proximal and distal to the axotomy site,
      respectively. Proteins secreted by the proximal segment were of apparent kDa/pI
      (mass/isoelectric point) values of 215/5.6, 76/6.7, 73/7.0, 44/5.2, 36.5/5.6,
      35.5/6.0, and 32/6.0. Similar proteins were secreted by the degenerating distal
      segment but with the exception of variable reductions in the 44- and 32-kDa
      proteins and increases in proteins of apparent kDa/pI values of 39/5.2 and 29/7.3
      7.4. Step gradient ultracentrifugation suggested that the latter two are
      apolipoproteins. Comparison with plasma apolipoproteins further indicated that
      nerve and plasma apolipoproteins differ. The up-regulation of the synthesis and
      secretion of these proteins concurrently with nerve degeneration and regeneration
      strongly imply that these molecules are involved in neuronal repair mechanisms.

PMID- 2300577
TI  - Cloning of cDNA coding for the beta chain of human complement component C4b
      binding protein: sequence homology with the alpha chain.
AB  - The major form of complement component C4b-binding protein, a regulator of the
      complement system, is composed of seven identical 70-kDa alpha chains, each
      containing a binding site for the complement protein C4b. We recently showed that
      C4b-binding protein also contains a unique 45-kDa beta chain. It is disulfide
      linked to the central core and contains a binding site for the vitamin K
      dependent protein S. We have now isolated and characterized full-length cDNA
      clones for the beta chain. In addition, 57% of the structure was determined by
      protein sequencing of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. Two clones, A8 and C1,
      isolated from different libraries were sequenced. Except for a deleted triplet
      encoding Ala-3 in clone A8, the two clones were identical and coded for a leader
      sequence of 17 amino acids and a mature protein of 235 amino acids (including Ala
      3). By N-terminal amino acid sequencing, the Ala-3 heterogeneity was confirmed
      and a third beta-chain species starting at Glu-4 was identified. The beta chain
      contains five potential N-linked glycosylation sites, and endoglycosidase
      digestion suggested that the beta chain contained multiple complex carbohydrate
      side chains. Northern blot analysis of human liver mRNA, using the beta-chain
      cDNA as the probe, demonstrated a major mRNA species of approximately 1.0
      kilobase. From the N terminus, the beta chain contains three tandem repeat units
      (60 amino acids long) that are homologous to those present in the alpha chain.
      The C-terminal region, which was unrelated to the tandem repeats, demonstrated
      sequence similarity with the corresponding region of the alpha chain. In both
      alpha and beta chains these regions contain two cysteine residues that probably
      form the interchain disulfide bridges.

PMID- 2300576
TI  - Transient analysis for antiproliferative gene activity.
AB  - A subset of tumor suppressor genes presumably functions by the inhibition of
      cellular proliferation; however, antiproliferative activity after transfection
      with putative suppressor genes has been difficult to demonstrate and often
      requires lengthy selection either in nude mice or in vitro. A rapid alternative
      is presented here that utilizes a gene encoding a surface marker protein to
      identify transfectants in a transient expression assay. In this assay the
      labeling index, rate of DNA synthesis, cell-cycle distribution, and surface
      receptor display are measured by flow cytometry. Human beta-interferon, a gene
      with proven antiproliferative activity, was studied using the transient analysis
      system. The beta-interferon gene was introduced into human tumor cells along with
      the marker gene encoding the 55-kDa subunit of the human interleukin 2 receptor.
      Within a few days of transfection, analysis of transfectants by flow cytometry
      revealed a decrease in the fraction of cells in G2/M and an increase in the
      fraction of cells in G1/G0 and S phases. The distortion of the cell cycle was
      accompanied by as much as a 69% reduction in the rate of DNA synthesis and, in
      some experiments, an unanticipated increase in the labeling index. Therefore,
      cells accumulating in S phase were not blocked but continued to synthesize DNA
      although at a reduced rate. These studies on DNA synthetic rates revealed the
      caveat that screening for antiproliferative candidate genes with a labeling index
      alone could, in certain circumstances, exclude potentially interesting sequences
      from further consideration. Although this transient analysis system was developed
      for studies on cellular proliferation, it may prove suitable for phenotypic
      assays on other genes as well.

PMID- 2300578
TI  - G-DNA: a twice-folded DNA structure adopted by single-stranded oligo(dG) and its
      implications for telomeres.
AB  - Our dimethyl sulfate modification experiments suggest that (dG)n stretches within
      single-stranded DNA fragments, which represent the simplest model for telomeric
      sequences, adopt a complex intrastrand structure other than a simple hairpin. We
      present a molecular model for the DNA structure that conforms to dimethyl sulfate
      methylation data. The principal element of this G-DNA structure is a quadruple
      helix formed by pairwise antiparallel segments of the twice-folded (dG)n stretch.
      This quadruple core has two wide and two narrow grooves connected by three loop
      shaped segments. The strong stacking interactions of the neighboring guanine
      tetrads and the large number of hydrogen bonds formed can be the primary reasons
      that such structures are favored over a common hairpin for long (dG)n stretches.
      Such compact structures may be formed from (dG)n stretches of telomeric
      sequences.

PMID- 2300579
TI  - Design of crystalline helices of short oligopeptides as a possible model for
      nucleation of alpha-helix: role of water molecules in stabilizing helices.
AB  - We have designed, synthesized, crystallized, and performed x-ray analysis of
      several hydrophobic tripeptides that show an extended near alpha-helical
      structure in the crystalline state. All of the tripeptides that show this
      remarkably stable helix crystallize with two or three water molecules; they all
      have glycine at the N terminus and have increasing hydrophobicity as one moves
      from the N to C terminus. Even though three residues in the oligomer are not
      sufficient to complete a turn, one of the water molecules acts as an added
      residue and links up adjacent tripeptide segments along the helix axis so that in
      the crystal, the helix appears effectively as one long continuous helix. Two of
      these tripeptides are stabilized by two water molecules that enable the peptides
      to complete a turn of the helix and extend the helical structure throughout the
      crystal by linking translationally related peptides by hydrogen bonds. In two
      other peptides, these roles are played by three rather than two water molecules.
      Though these tripeptides have different crystal symmetry, they all show the basic
      pattern of hydrated helix and packing, indicating the strong conformational
      preference for a stable structure even for these tripeptides. Such
      conformationally stable hydrated structures for short specific related sequences
      illustrate their possible importance in nucleating protein folding and in the
      role water molecules play in such events.

PMID- 2300581
TI  - Transcription of the testis-specific mouse protamine 2 gene in a homologous in
      vitro transcription system.
AB  - Transcriptionally active nuclear extracts were prepared from mouse testes to
      study the transcription of the testis-specific mouse protamine 2 (Prm-2) gene in
      vitro. The testicular system is unique among mammalian in vitro transcription
      systems in regard to its temperature optimum. In extracts made from prepuberal
      testes, the temperature optimum for in vitro transcription of Prm-2 is 30 degrees
      C, similar to somatic in vitro systems. However, in adult testis extracts, the
      optimum temperature for Prm-2 transcription is 20 degrees C. The different
      temperature optima seen in vitro for prepuberal and adult testes extracts
      parallels in vivo physiological temperature sensitivities of the differentiating
      male germ cells. The testis system also differs from other in vitro transcription
      systems in its divalent metal cation and ionic strength requirements for optimal
      transcription. The mouse Prm-2 gene is maximally transcribed at a MgCl2
      concentration of 3-5 mM and over a KCl concentration range of 40-100 mM. By using
      the testis in vitro transcription system to study the Prm-2 gene by deletion
      analysis, we have determined that positive promotion for the gene lies within the
      region -170 to -82 from the start of transcription. This region contains a
      putative Sp-1 binding site. Additional upstream sequences appear to repress Prm-2
      transcription in a heterologous transcription system.

PMID- 2300580
TI  - Modulation of muscle gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans: differential
      levels of transcripts, mRNAs, and polypeptides for thick filament proteins during
      nematode development.
AB  - The body-wall muscle cells of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans produce thick
      filaments during embryonic, larval, and adult stages. These thick filaments
      contain two myosin isoforms, A and B, which assemble into different zones along
      the 10-microns lengths. Paramyosin, a protein homologous to myosin rods, forms a
      substratum for the myosins. The three filament proteins are encoded by different
      genes: myo-3 V (myosin heavy chain A), unc-54 I (myosin heavy chain B), and unc
      15 I (paramyosin). The relative expression of these genes has been studied by run
      on nuclear transcription in vitro, hybridization of accumulated mRNA, and
      immunochemical determination of specific polypeptide accumulation. In late larval
      nematodes (L4), the relative levels of nuclear run-on transcription per mol of
      probe are 6.4 unc-54:2.4 myo-3:1.0 unc-15. Similarly, the relative levels of
      immunospecific proteins are 4.5 unc-15:3.1 unc-54:1.0 myo-3. Most strikingly, the
      relative mRNA amounts are 50.0 unc-54:12.4 unc-15:1.0 myo-3. Thus, the orders of
      relative abundance and the quantitative relations of expression of the three
      functionally related genes change from transcriptional activities to final
      accumulated product of thick filament proteins. Modulation of the expression
      appears to involve processes affecting accumulation of mRNA and protein. The
      great difference in accumulation of the mRNAs for the two myosin heavy chain
      isoforms A and B may be related to the different roles of the myosins in thick
      filament assembly.

PMID- 2300582
TI  - A strategy for fine-structure functional analysis of a 6- to 11-centimorgan
      region of mouse chromosome 7 by high-efficiency mutagenesis.
AB  - A refined functional map of a 6- to 11-centimorgan region surrounding the albino
      (c) locus in mouse chromosome 7 is being generated by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea
      (EtNU) "saturation" mutagenesis of stem-cell spermatogonia. In the first phase of
      an experiment that will eventually test at least 3000 gametes, we screened 972
      mutagenized gametes for the induction of both lethal and visible mutations with a
      two-cross breeding protocol. Thirteen mutations mapping within the limits of a
      segment corresponding to the cytologically visible Df(c Mod-2 sh-1)26DVT deletion
      were recovered. They represented three phenotypic groups: prenatal lethality (six
      mutations); a fitness/runting syndrome (three mutations, provisionally designated
      as fit variants); and a neurological/balance-defect abnormality (four mutations).
      Complementation analysis provided evidence for a true repeat mutation at the sh-1
      (shaker-1) locus (for the neurological mutations) and another at the here defined
      fit-1 (fitness-1) locus. In addition, four complementation groups were defined by
      induced lethal mutations; the two other lethal mutations were each part of a
      cluster. The recovery of the repeat mutations suggests that the EtNU-induced
      mutation rate, estimated from specific-locus tests, should make it possible to
      achieve saturation mutagenesis of a chromosomal region. This experiment is
      providing basic logistical and statistical information on which to base
      strategies for expanding the functional map of larger segments of the mouse
      genome by experimental mutagenesis. It is also yielding additional mutations
      useful in dissecting the functional and molecular complexity of this segment of
      chromosome 7.

PMID- 2300583
TI  - Oxidized low density lipoprotein induces differentiation and adhesion of human
      monocytes and the monocytic cell line U937.
AB  - Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for development of atherosclerosis.
      In experimental animals fed a high-cholesterol diet, monocytes adhere to the
      arterial endothelium and penetrate into the intima where they differentiate into
      macrophages and ingest lipids thus giving rise to fatty streaks, the earliest
      type of atherosclerotic plaque. Macrophages express few receptors for normal low
      density lipoprotein (LDL) but can take up oxidized LDL by way of a scavenger
      receptor. The present study was designed to investigate the possible role of
      oxidized LDL in recruitment of resident intimal macrophages. We found that
      oxidized LDL induced enhanced expression of major histocompatibility complex
      class II molecules on human monocytes and U937 cells, a well-established system
      for studies of monocytic differentiation. Oxidized LDL also induced enhanced
      expression of the surface antigen LeuM3 but caused decreased expression of CD4
      antigen, a pattern compatible with expression of a more-differentiated macrophage
      like phenotype. Oxidized LDL also initiated aggregation of monocytes and U937
      cells and stimulated adhesion of U937 cells to cultured endothelial cells. The
      results indicate that oxidized LDL may contribute to development of
      atherosclerosis by inducing adhesion of monocytes to the arterial intima and by
      stimulating intimal monocytes to differentiate into resident macrophages.

PMID- 2300584
TI  - Fatty acid control of lipoprotein lipase: a link between energy metabolism and
      lipid transport.
AB  - Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) catalyzes the flux-generating step in transport of fatty
      acids from lipoprotein triacylglycerols into tissues for use in metabolic
      reactions. In vitro studies have shown that fatty acids can bind to the enzyme
      and impede its other interactions. In this study we have searched for evidence of
      fatty acid control of LPL in vivo by rapid infusion of a triacylglycerol emulsion
      to healthy volunteers. During infusion the activity of LPL but not of hepatic
      lipase increased in plasma, but to different degrees in different individuals.
      The time course for the increase in LPL activity differed from that for
      triacylglycerols but followed the plasma levels of free fatty acids. This was
      true during infusions and when the emulsion was given as a bolus injection. In
      particular there were several instances when plasma triacylglycerol levels were
      very high but free fatty acids and LPL activity remained low. Model studies with
      bovine LPL showed that fatty acids displace the enzyme from heparin-agarose. We
      suggest that in situations when fatty acids are generated more rapidly by LPL
      than they are used by the local tissue, they cause dissociation of the enzyme
      from its binding to endothelial heparin sulfate and are themselves released into
      circulation.

PMID- 2300585
TI  - Pioneer neurons in the mouse trigeminal sensory system.
AB  - Pioneer neurons establish preliminary nerve pathways that are followed by later
      growing axons. The existence of pioneers and their importance is well documented
      in invertebrate systems. In mammals, early neuronal development has generally
      been difficult to study because of the size and complexity of the embryos, and
      the lack of adequate markers. Here we look at the time of earliest axonal
      outgrowth in the mouse embryo by using specific monoclonal antibodies to stain
      wholemount preparations. During the period of formation and closure of the
      neuropore beginning at embryonic day 8.5, we can follow the earliest trigeminal
      sensory neurons extending axons along stereotyped pathways. In the trigeminal
      ganglion, an early wave of neurogenesis gives rise to a small number of neurons
      whose axons pioneer the different trigeminal tracts in the periphery. After a
      brief pause (12 hr), these primary axons branch out to innervate individual
      targets. Emerging a day later, secondary fibers extend along the pioneers. By
      contrast, in the central nervous system, neurons of the mesencephalic trigeminal
      nucleus extend toward the rhombencephalon independently, ignoring preexisting
      fibers. These results show the existence of an early set of axonal tracts in the
      mouse peripheral nervous system that may be used for the guidance of later
      differentiating neurons.

PMID- 2300586
TI  - The 5HT2 receptor defines a family of structurally distinct but functionally
      conserved serotonin receptors.
AB  - Serotonin exerts its diverse physiological effects by interacting with multiple
      distinct receptor subtypes. We have isolated a rat brain 5HT2 serotonin receptor
      cDNA by virtue of its homology with the 5HT1c receptor. The 5HT2 receptor is a
      member of the family of receptors that are linked to guanine nucleotide-binding
      proteins and are predicted to span the lipid bilayer seven times. Overall
      sequence identity between the 5HT2 and 5HT1c receptors is 49%, but identity
      within the transmembrane domains is 80%. Expression of both the 5HT2 and 5HT1c
      receptors in transfected mouse fibroblasts activates phospholipase C signaling
      pathways and promotes cellular transformation. However, RNA blotting shows that
      these two receptor subtypes are differentially expressed in the central nervous
      system. In this manner, structurally and functionally homologous receptor
      subtypes may elicit distinct physiologic actions.

PMID- 2300587
TI  - A cluster of hematopoietic serine protease genes is found on the same chromosomal
      band as the human alpha/delta T-cell receptor locus.
AB  - The chymotrypsin-like family of serine protease genes includes several members
      that are expressed exclusively in subsets of hematopoietic cells. For example,
      human neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G are expressed only in myelomonocytic
      precursors, and cytotoxic-T-cell serine proteases are found only in cytotoxic
      lymphocytes. We have used a cathepsin G cDNA probe to clone two cathepsin G-like
      genes (designated CGL-1 and CGL-2) from a human genomic library. We have
      determined that CGL-1 is identical to a previously identified gene (known as
      CCPI, CTLA I, or cytotoxic serine protease B) that is expressed only in activated
      cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We show here that cathepsin G, CGL-1, and CGL-2 are
      linked on an approximately 50-kilobase locus found on human chromosome 14 at band
      q11.2. This gene cluster maps to the same chromosomal band as the alpha and delta
      T-cell receptor genes; this region is involved in most chromosomal translocations
      and inversions that are specifically associated with T-cell malignancies.

PMID- 2300589
TI  - Synchronous neural networks of nonlinear threshold elements with hysteresis.
AB  - We use Hoffmann's suggestion [Hoffmann, G. W. (1986) J. Theor. Biol. 122, 33-67]
      of hysteresis in a single neuron level and determine its consequences in a
      synchronous network made of such neurons. We show that the overall retrieval
      ability in the presence of noise and the memory capacity of the network in the
      present model are better than in conventional models without such hysteresis.
      Second-order interaction further improves the retrieval ability of the network
      and causes hysteresis in the retrieval-noise curve for any arbitrary width of the
      bistable region. The convergence rate is increased by the hysteresis at high
      noise levels but is reduced by the hysteresis at low noise levels. Explicit
      formulae are given for calculations of average final convergence and noise
      threshold as functions of the width of the bistable region. There is
      neurophysiological evidence for hysteresis in single neurons, and we propose
      optical implementations of the present model by using ZnSe interference filters
      to test the predictions of the theory.

PMID- 2300588
TI  - Primary structure of rat RT6.2, a nonglycosylated phosphatidylinositol-linked
      surface marker of postthymic T cells.
AB  - RT6 is an unusual cell membrane protein that is expressed exclusively by
      postthymic T cells. The inherent defect in its expression has been correlated to
      lymphopenia and genetically determined susceptibility for insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus in the rat. We report here the primary structure of the RT6.2
      alloantigen as deduced from the cDNA sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence
      of RT6.2 begins with a conventional leader of 20 amino acids and ends in a
      hydrophobic C-terminal extension peptide of 29 amino acids as is common for
      phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Native RT6.2 is predicted to comprise 226
      amino acids, with a calculated Mr of 26,036. Four cysteine residues account for
      two intrachain disulfide bonds. The sequence lacks potential N-glycosylation
      sites and contains an excess of positively charged residues. Homology searches in
      protein sequence data banks suggest that RT6.2 is not encoded by a member of the
      immunoglobulin supergene family. Moreover, these analyses did not reveal any
      close homologies of RT6.2 to known proteins: the highest homology found was 21.2%
      identity in a 52-amino acid overlap to the torpedo acetylcholinesterase
      precursor. Southern blot analyses indicate that RT6.2 is the product of a single
      copy gene and provide evidence for closely related genes in the mouse and other
      species. The corresponding gene products remain to be identified.

PMID- 2300592
TI  - Contribution of lysophosphatidylcholine-treated nonadherent cells to mechanism of
      macrophage activation.
AB  - Lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC), a product of inflammation, stimulates (in
      vivo) mouse peritoneal macrophages to ingest target cells via Fc receptors. In
      vitro treatment of macrophages with lyso-Pc was unable to enhance ingestion
      activity. When a mixture of macrophages and nonadherent (B and T) cells was
      treated with 20 micrograms of lyso-Pc/ml for 30 min, a greatly enhanced Fc
      mediated ingestion was observed at about 3 hr after treatment, suggesting that
      nonadherent cells contributed to activation mechanism of macrophages. The
      accumulated evidence suggests that treated B cells collaborated with untreated T
      cells in a stepwise fashion for the exchange of a signaling factor(s) for
      macrophage activation. When conditioned medium prepared by stepwise cultivation
      from treated B cells to untreated T cells was used for cultivation of untreated
      macrophages, a markedly enhanced Fc-mediated ingestion was observed. However,
      cultivation of macrophages with stepwise conditioned medium of treated T cells
      and untreated B cells produced no significant enhancement of phagocytic activity.
      Therefore, we concluded that lyso-Pc-treated B cells initiated the macrophage
      activation process by releasing and transmitting a signaling factor to T cells,
      and, in turn, the T cells modified the factor or supplied a new factor capable of
      the ultimate activation of macrophages for ingestion capacity. This lyso-Pc
      induced factor(s) appears to be distinct from the established interleukins 1 and
      2.

PMID- 2300590
TI  - Genotypic variation within asexual lineages of Taraxacum officinale.
AB  - Restriction site variation in DNA that encodes rRNA (rDNA) was surveyed among 714
      offspring within 31 lineages (26 genotypes) of obligate asexually reproducing
      Taraxacum officinale (dandelions). Although clonal offspring are expected, plants
      with nonparental rDNA were produced from two parents that were themselves
      siblings (same genotype). The variation is best characterized by the loss of an
      EcoRI restriction site that maps to the spacer region in the parental rDNA and is
      most likely involved in amplification of rare or unique rDNA repeats. In one
      family, 41 surveyed offspring lacked the EcoRI site. In the other family, only 1
      of 26 offspring lost the EcoRI site. Other classes of DNA surveyed, chloroplast
      DNA and the alcohol dehydrogenase 2 gene (Adh2), showed no variation. However,
      offspring with nonparental rDNA also had nonparental alcohol dehydrogenase 1
      (Adh1) restriction fragments. Because somatic mutations in plants can be
      incorporated into reproductive tissue, we propose that somatic events affecting
      at least both multicopy rDNA and DNA homologous to the maize Adh1 gene occurred
      at different developmental times in the two families. An event early in
      development would result in all variant offspring; an event late in development
      would result in a single variant offspring. These results support the view that
      mutation (in the broad sense) influences the level of genotypic variation in
      asexual organisms, which may facilitate adaptive evolution of asexual species.

PMID- 2300591
TI  - Estrogen induces hyperlipidemia in fasted chicks.
AB  - To determine whether the estrogen-induced hyperlipidemia is affected by fasting,
      male growing chicks were administered subcutaneously a single dose of 17 beta
      estradiol (25 mg/kg body wt), and the hormone treatment lasted for 2 days with or
      without feed (Experiment 1). In the second experiment, chicks were initially
      fasted for 1 or 3 days, and then treated with the same dosage of 17 beta
      estradiol as in Experiment 1 for 2 days without feed. Plasma and liver lipids,
      and the activities of hepatic malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,
      and hormone-sensitive lipase in the adipose tissue were determined. Compared with
      fed control chicks, estrogen treatment in fed birds resulted in a marked
      elevation of plasma lipids, especially triglyceride during the 2-day period (137
      vs 2263 mg/dl). In fasted chicks, the present finding that estrogen also induced
      a marked hyperlipidemia is noteworthy. Upon estrogen treatment (Experiment 1),
      the level of plasma triglyceride in fasted birds increased about 16 times over
      that of the fasted control group (133 vs 2093 mg/dl). Even in chicks fasted for 5
      days (Experiment 2), estrogen treatment resulted in a persistent
      hypertriglyceridemia (75 vs 1369 mg/dl). In fed chicks, estrogen treatment also
      induced a fatty liver with massive accumulation of triglyceride, but the liver of
      estrogen-treated/fasted chicks appeared to be normal. In both fed and fasted
      chicks, malic enzyme was found to be the major NADPH producing enzyme in the
      liver. Upon fasting, both malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      activities decreased significantly (P less than 0.05). In fed chicks, the total
      activities of both enzymes increased with estrogen treatment, whereas the effect
      of hormone on these enzymes was less obvious in fasted chicks. The hormone
      sensitive lipase activity in the adipose tissue was much lower in fed chicks
      compared with that of fasted birds (0.15 vs 0.33 nmol of oleic acid
      released/min/mg protein). Estrogen treatment in fed chicks had no effect on the
      hormone-sensitive lipase activity, but its activity was enhanced by the hormone
      treatment in fasted chicks. The present finding that hyperlipidemia persisted in
      estrogenized chicks during the fasting seems to indicate the complex nature of
      this hormonal influence on lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2300593
TI  - Intestinal absorption of vitamin E in experimental renal failure.
AB  - We studied intestinal absorption of vitamin E in rats with experimental renal
      failure (RF) and in sham-operated normal and pair-fed controls using in vivo
      perfusion and in vitro everted sacs. The in vivo absorption rates per unit of
      intestine length were significantly reduced in RF and pair-fed groups. Expression
      of data per unit of intestine weight gave normal values in the pair-fed but
      depressed values in the RF animals. Vitamin E uptake in vitro was significantly
      increased in RF animals, suggesting enhanced permeability. We conclude: (i)
      vitamin E absorption in vivo is impaired in experimental RF; (ii) this is in part
      due to reduced nutrient intake; and (iii) disparity between in vivo and in vitro
      results suggests the presence of some inhibitory influence(s) in intact animals
      with RF.

PMID- 2300594
TI  - Selenium and immune cell functions. I. Effect on lymphocyte proliferation and
      production of interleukin 1 and interleukin 2.
AB  - The dietary intake of selenium (Se) has been shown to influence the development
      and expression of various biologic processes. This study examined the immunologic
      competence of lymphocytes from C57BL/6J mice maintained for 8 weeks on Se
      deficient (0.02 ppm Se), normal (0.20 ppm Se, as sodium selenite), or Se
      supplemented (2.00 ppm Se) Torula yeast-based diets. The ability of the cells to
      recognize alloantigens, to proliferate in response to stimuli, and to produce
      interleukin 2 (IL-2) was determined. Se deficiency significantly inhibited the
      ability of the lymphocytes to proliferate in response to allogeneic stimulation
      in the mixed lymphocyte reaction or to mitogen stimulation by phytohemagglutinin,
      whereas Se supplementation significantly enhanced both responses. In contrast,
      the amounts of IL-2 and interleukin 1 (IL-1) produced by lymphocytes and
      macrophages, respectively, removed from Se-deficient or Se-supplemented animals
      did not differ significantly from the amounts of IL-2 and IL-1 produced by cells
      removed from animals maintained on the control diet. These results suggest that
      the mechanism(s) responsible for the observed effects of Se on lymphocyte
      proliferation are independent of the levels of IL-2 or IL-1.

PMID- 2300596
TI  - Effect of calorie restriction on the development of virus induced leukaemia in
      mice.
AB  - The present study reports for the first time the influence of dietary restriction
      to mother of suckling animals in reducing incidence of virally induced leukaemia.
      A delay in the carcinogenic process was also noted in the offsprings maintained
      on dietary restriction during suckling.

PMID- 2300595
TI  - Urinary kallikrein excretion in normotensive aging female rats.
AB  - The effect of aging on the intrarenal kallikrein-kinin system activity was
      investigated in normotensive 3-, 10-, 20-, and 30-month-old female Wistar rats.
      Urinary kallikrein excretion was measured by three independent assays
      (immunoreactive concentration, kininogenase, and amidolytic activities) and was
      found to decrease progressively from 10 to 30 months. In the 30-month-old rats
      the urinary immunoreactive kallikrein excretion represented 40-44% of the level
      detected in 3-month-old rats. Active and total kallikrein exhibited the same
      magnitude of reduction. Furthermore, the active to inactive kallikrein ratio
      remained unchanged throughout the life period studied. The level of urinary
      kallikrein inhibitor was studied by measuring the recovery of purified rat
      urinary kallikrein added in the samples; no change was observed with aging. None
      of the factors known at present to influence kallikrein excretion could be evoked
      to explain this age-related decrease. It is therefore suggested that this
      decrease may reflect a progressive impairment of the intrarenal endocrine
      function or an alteration in the secretion of the enzyme.

PMID- 2300597
TI  - Prolactin regulation of dopaminergic neurons in the infundibulum pituitary stalk
      of bull calves.
AB  - The effects of elevated circulating concentrations of prolactin were examined on
      neurochemical estimates of activity of dopaminergic neurons in the
      infundibulum/pituitary stalk of Holstein bull calves (8-10 weeks of age).
      Activity of these neurons was estimated by measuring the accumulation of
      dihydroxyphenylalanine, the immediate precursor of dopamine, 15 min after an
      intravenous injection of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, 3
      hydroxybenzylhydrazine. Subcutaneous injections of the dopamine antagonist
      haloperidol every 6 hr for 1 day increased serum concentrations of prolactin and
      accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine in the infundibulum/stalk. Intravenous
      infusions of prolactin for 1 or 9 days increased accumulation of
      dihydroxyphenylalanine in the infundibulum/stalk, indicating that these neurons
      remain responsive to elevated prolactin for at least 9 days. It is concluded that
      elevated concentrations of prolactin in blood stimulate dopaminergic neurons in
      the infundibulum/pituitary stalk of bull calves. We speculate that these neurons
      may be analogous to the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons that regulate
      prolactin in rats.

PMID- 2300598
TI  - Methodological issues concerning the sensitive query in AIDS/alcohol research:
      sample size estimates for randomized response procedures.
AB  - Quantification of sample size requirements for two common models of the RRT as
      compared to conventional survey techniques demonstrates that Campbell is
      fundamentally correct. However, the absolute increase in sample size necessitated
      by either model of the RRT is not of such a magnitude as to make use of the
      method always impractical. Where the appropriate sample size exists, it may well
      be the method of choice for selected issues pertaining to AIDS and alcohol
      research.

PMID- 2300599
TI  - Alcohol, immunomodulation, and AIDS. Proceedings of the Alcohol-Immunology AIDS
      Conference. Tucson, Arizona, April 27-29, 1989.

PMID- 2300601
TI  - Alcohol use and sexual risk-taking among adolescents: methodological approaches
      for addressing causal issues.

PMID- 2300600
TI  - Alcohol and immune function in HIV-1 seronegative, HTLV-I/II seronegative and
      positive men on methadone.

PMID- 2300602
TI  - Ethanol modulation of the effects of platelet-activating factor on human
      platelets and a macrophage cell line.

PMID- 2300603
TI  - In vitro effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2300604
TI  - Effects of various alcohols applied in vitro on human lymphocyte subtypes and
      mitogenesis.

PMID- 2300605
TI  - Effects in vitro of ethanol and acetaldehyde on natural killer activity from
      rats.

PMID- 2300606
TI  - Mechanisms of ethanol-induced immunosuppression.

PMID- 2300607
TI  - Modulation of natural killer cell activity by alcohol consumption and nutritional
      status.

PMID- 2300608
TI  - Lymphocyte populations and immune responses in mice prenatally exposed to
      ethanol.

PMID- 2300609
TI  - Effects of chronic alcohol intake on placental transport of IgG.

PMID- 2300610
TI  - Preliminary results on sexual risk-taking in a general population sample.
AB  - This preliminary analysis has shown that there is a considerable amount of sexual
      risk taking among what is largely a heterosexual population. Although it is not
      likely that people will faithfully use condoms with regular or main partners,
      only a few people use them with new or occasional partners. The fact that 20
      percent of the adult population took some sexual risks in the last 12 months is
      quite significant from a public health perspective. This is likely a lower bound
      estimate since adolescents were not included and it is likely that respondents
      would fail to report liasons rather than inventing ones that did not happen. The
      association of alcohol and risk-taking is only looked at in a very global sense
      here. Future analyses will look closely at the entire sexual encounter event and
      when and under what circumstances alcohol is important. Also in future analyses
      we will be looking closely at the cultural belief systems which generate this
      alcohol and risk-taking association to see if there are mechanisms for prevention
      strategies.

PMID- 2300611
TI  - Alcohol-induced suppression of tumor necrosis factor--a potential risk factor for
      secondary infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2300612
TI  - Immunoregulatory effects of alcohol on lymphocyte responses to human
      immunodeficiency virus proteins.

PMID- 2300613
TI  - An observed mechanism for decreasing blood alcohol levels in rats by using sodium
      acetate.

PMID- 2300615
TI  - Drinking patterns and drinking problems in a community sample of gay men.

PMID- 2300614
TI  - Ethanol, acetaldehyde and Kupffer cell function: potential role for Kupffer cells
      in alcohol induced liver injury.

PMID- 2300616
TI  - In vivo microscopy of the liver following acute administration of ethanol.

PMID- 2300617
TI  - An animal model of immune response associated with alcohol-related cancers.

PMID- 2300619
TI  - Alcohol and immune system: role of gastric tissue.

PMID- 2300618
TI  - Neuroimmunotoxic effects in offspring of paternal alcohol consumption.

PMID- 2300620
TI  - Nutrition and aging. Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on
      Nutrition and Aging. Galveston, Texas, October 5-7, 1988.

PMID- 2300621
TI  - Nutrition education of the elderly.

PMID- 2300622
TI  - The lateral transverse thigh free flap: an alternative for autogenous-tissue
      breast reconstruction.
AB  - The lateral transverse thigh free flap is a horizontal variant of the more
      commonly known vertical tensor fasciae latae myocutaneous free flap. Fresh
      cadaver injections of the lateral circumflex femoral artery indicated
      simultaneous perfusion of the upper lateral thigh tissues and the standard tensor
      fasciae latae territory extending down the lateral thigh. These experimental data
      strongly indicated that the clinical application would be successful. The flap is
      composed mostly of fat from the prominence of the upper lateral thigh
      ("saddlebags") based on a small plug of underlying tensor fasciae latae muscle.
      The amount of skin that can be included with this flap is limited in a vertical
      dimension to about 6 to 8 cm but is determined by the ability to close the
      defect. We have performed 17 flaps in 11 patients with up to 18 months of follow
      up. Ten were delayed and 7 were immediate reconstructions. The chest and hip
      dissections are performed simultaneously by two microsurgeons. There has been one
      flap loss due to arterial disruption on day 3. An early problem was seroma
      formation in the donor site, which has been improved in the later patients by
      closing the dead space with sutures. The lateral transverse thigh free flap has
      the following advantages over other methods of autogenous-tissue breast
      reconstruction: (1) longer, more peripherally placed vessels, (2) easier flap
      dissection and no need to turn the patient during the procedure, (3) decreased
      postoperative morbidity and more rapid recovery, (4) reduction of an area of
      excess fat in those patients in whom the hips are more prominent than the
      abdomen, (5) greater intrinsic internal projection of the flap, and (6) excellent
      vascularity. The disadvantages of the flap are (1) microsurgery is required, (2)
      the amount of skin available is not as great as that with the gluteal or
      transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap, (3) the scar on the
      upper lateral thigh is probably more visible than on the buttock or the abdomen,
      and (4) a balancing procedure on the opposite hip is usually necessary in
      unilateral cases. Our current indications for the lateral transverse thigh free
      flap are (1) the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap is
      unavailable, (2) for a particular breast size, the thigh fat proportions are
      greater than the abdominal proportions, or (3) the patient prefers this option to
      the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous or gluteus flap. Results and
      complications with the lateral transverse thigh free flap will be presented along
      with pertinent comparisons with the other choices for autogenous-tissue breast
      reconstruction.

PMID- 2300623
TI  - Augmentation of the nostril splint for retaining the corrected contour of the
      cleft lip nose.
AB  - Whatever method is used to correct the deformity of the cleft lip nose, it is
      important to maintain the corrected contour of the nose for a certain period
      postoperatively. For this purpose, moldable silicone rubber is used to add volume
      to a ready-made nostril splint. With this material it is easy to make a splint
      that fits the individual contour of the nostril. Clinical examples are presented.

PMID- 2300624
TI  - The septal angle: a cardinal point in rhinoplasty.

PMID- 2300625
TI  - A histologic evaluation of fracture repair in the midface.
AB  - Although much has been written regarding the treatment of facial bone fractures,
      at the present time there are no available investigations of human microscopic
      sections to verify the exact nature of the healing process. The consensus in the
      literature is that following fractures of the midface, the bone segments are
      united by fibrous union. Biopsies of the healed fracture sites were obtained in
      10 consecutive patients who underwent secondary reconstructive procedures to
      correct residual deformities. Clinical assessment confirmed that the fractures
      were completely healed and stable. Histologic sections were obtained across the
      healed fracture sites, sent for H&E staining, and then examined by light
      microscopy. All specimens showed that the defects between the segments were
      obliterated by the formation of a mature compact bone. This bridging bone was
      characterized by concentric lamellae surrounded by a typical bony architecture.
      From this study it can be concluded that fractures of the midface heal by direct
      bony union.

PMID- 2300626
TI  - Toward CT-based facial fracture treatment.
AB  - Facial fractures have formerly been classified solely by anatomic location. CT
      scans now identify the exact fracture pattern in a specific area. Fracture
      patterns are classified as low, middle, or high energy, defined solely by the
      pattern of segmentation and displacement in the CT scan. Exposure and fixation
      relate directly to the fracture pattern for each anatomic area of the face,
      including frontal bone, frontal sinus, zygoma, nose, nasoethmoidal-orbital
      region, midface, and mandible. Fractures with little comminution and displacement
      were accompanied by subtle symptoms and required simple treatment; middle-energy
      injuries were treated by standard surgical approaches and rigid fixation. Highly
      comminuted fractures were accompanied by dramatic instability and marked
      alterations in facial architecture; only multiple surgical approaches to fully
      visualize the "buttress" system provided alignment and fixation. Classification
      of facial fractures by (1) anatomic location and (2) pattern of comminution and
      displacement define refined guidelines for exposure and fixation.

PMID- 2300627
TI  - Definitive surgical correction of vertical maxillary deficiency.
AB  - Inferior repositioning of the maxilla to correct vertical maxillary deficiency
      has been associated with variable degrees of instability and subsequent relapse.
      Resorption of bone-graft material has been incriminated as the primary cause of
      postoperative instability. This paper reports on nine patients who have undergone
      inferior maxillary repositioning resulting in no residual bone contact between
      the down-fractured maxilla and superior midface. Mean inferior maxillary
      repositioning was 6.2 mm. Osteotomy gaps were implanted with porous block
      hydroxyapatite (Interpore 200), and maxillae were rigidly fixed in position with
      miniplates. No postoperative intermaxillary fixation was utilized in any patient.
      Follow-up ranged from 11 to 28 months, with a mean of 19.6 months. Cephalometric
      analyses at follow-up revealed excellent stability of the repositioned maxillae,
      with a mean vertical relapse of 4.3 percent. No complications were associated
      with this procedure. The biomechanical rationale contributing to the success of
      this operative technique is discussed.

PMID- 2300628
TI  - Plastic surgery in pseudoxanthoma elasticum: experience in nine patients.
AB  - Nine women between the ages of 22 and 56 years underwent cosmetic surgery for
      correction of the severe cutaneous stigmata of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE).
      The outcome was generally favorable, and follow-up for up to 15 years showed only
      moderate regression of the skin manifestations. No serious intraoperative or
      postoperative complications occurred, although tissue friability, poor wound
      healing, and keloid formation were noted in a minority of persons. An unexpected
      problem of extrusion of calcium particles through the surgical wound occurred in
      two individuals. This resulted in delayed healing and unsightly scars.

PMID- 2300629
TI  - Vascularized free nail grafts nourished by arterial inflow from the venous
      system.
AB  - Three patients underwent successful transplantation of the great toenails to
      their index fingers using the method of vascularization from venous pedicles. We
      have found that this procedure is easy and reliable.

PMID- 2300630
TI  - Freeze-dried microarterial allografts.
AB  - Rehydrated freeze-dried microarterial allografts were implanted to bridge
      arterial defects using New Zealand White rabbits as the experimental model.
      Segments of artery from the rabbit ear and thigh were harvested and preserved for
      a minimum of 2 weeks after freeze-drying. These allografts, approximately 1 mm in
      diameter and ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 cm in length, were rehydrated and then
      implanted in low-pressure and high-pressure arterial systems. Poor patency was
      noted in low-pressure systems in both allografts and autografts, tested in 12
      rabbits. In the high-pressure arterial systems, allografts that were freeze-dried
      and reconstituted failed in a group of 10 rabbits with an 8-week patency rate of
      30 percent. Gamma irradiation in an effort to reduce infection and antigenicity
      of grafts after freeze-drying was associated with a patency rate of 10 percent at
      8 weeks in this system in another group of 10 rabbits. Postoperative cyclosporin
      A therapy was associated with a patency rate of 22.2 percent in the high-pressure
      arterial system in a 9-rabbit group. Control autografts in this system in a group
      of 10 rabbits showed a 100 percent patency at 8 weeks. Microarterial grafts
      depend on perfusion pressure of the vascular bed for long-term patency.
      Rehydrated freeze-dried microarterial allografts do not seem to function well in
      lengths of 1 to 2.5 cm when implanted in a high-pressure arterial system. Freeze
      dried arterial allografts are probably not antigenic.

PMID- 2300631
TI  - The fasciocutaneous flap: a conservative approach to the exposed knee joint.
AB  - The exposed knee joint poses a challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. The
      currently popular approach to the repair of exposed knee joints is use of muscle
      flaps. However, this leaves the patient with a deficit. We have therefore begun
      using the fasciocutaneous flap as an initial approach to this problem. In seven
      patients, aged 28 to 74 years, fasciocutaneous flaps have been the reconstructive
      procedure of choice for repair of exposed knee joints. One patient with a very
      large open wound required a concomitant medial gastrocnemius muscle flap. One
      minor wound separation occurred in a paraplegic patient with severe spasm. No
      other complications occurred. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 12 months, with good
      success in wound closure. An approach to small and intermediate wounds is
      presented in which the V-Y technique is used to obviate the need for skin
      grafting of the donor site.

PMID- 2300632
TI  - The radial forearm flap: reconstructive applications and donor-site defects in 35
      consecutive patients.
AB  - Thirty-five consecutive patients treated with the radial forearm flap were
      reviewed. This flap was used in head and neck reconstruction in 25 patients, soft
      tissue cover of an extremity in 9 patients, and as a new technique for penile
      reconstruction in 1 patient. Osteocutaneous flaps were used for mandibular
      reconstruction in 13 patients. In 6 patients innervated flaps were used to
      provide sensation on the dorsum of the hand or on the weight-bearing surface of
      the foot. There was only one total flap failure and no partial failures.
      Recipient-site complications were few, with prompt healing and very acceptable
      appearance. Donor-site complications included partial loss of the skin graft with
      tendon exposure in 10 patients (33 percent), an unsatisfactory appearance in 5
      patients (17 percent), and one case of radial fracture (8 percent). On functional
      testing, there was no significant loss of strength or joint mobility in the donor
      extremity in 19/20 patients. The authors recommend measures to reduce donor-site
      morbidity and conclude that, with an acceptable donor site, this flap is valuable
      in a variety of reconstructive applications.

PMID- 2300633
TI  - The radial forearm flap: a biomechanical study of the osteotomized radius.
AB  - An experimental study was undertaken to determine the effect of an osteotomy on
      radial strength and to compare two techniques used clinically to perform these
      osteotomies. Forty preserved human cadaveric radii were randomized into
      osteotomized (20) and nonosteotomized (20) groups. Osteotomized bones were
      further randomized into beveled-corner (10) and squared-corner (10) groups. A 9
      cm-long, one-third thickness segment of bone was removed, similar to the defect
      resulting from a radial osteocutaneous transfer. All bones were tested to
      breaking using a four-point bending apparatus. Osteotomized radii were
      significantly weakened, with breaking strengths only 24 percent of the control
      group. Although the beveled osteotomy group appeared stronger than the squared
      osteotomy group, this finding was not significant with the numbers tested. In
      view of the weakness of the osteotomized radius, we recommend excising no more
      than one-third of the radial diameter and postoperative immobilization of the
      forearm for 8 weeks. A beveled osteotomy prevents overcutting at the corners and
      allows better visualization of the depth of cut. With these measures, the
      incidence of fracture may be reduced.

PMID- 2300635
TI  - Scheming not writing for publication.

PMID- 2300634
TI  - Study of growth kinetics and morphology in limbs transplanted between animals of
      different ages.
AB  - The influence of age and maturity on longitudinal skeletal growth was studied
      using heterotopic limb transplantation with microvascular anastomoses between
      syngeneic male Lewis rats of different ages. Longitudinal growth of the tibia and
      growth plate morphology were compared after transplantation between
      isochronografts (juvenile-to-juvenile and adult-to-adult), heterochronografts
      (juvenile-to-adult), and unoperated limbs. Four animals comprised each
      experimental group, except for the juvenile-to-adult heterochronograft group,
      which had six animals. Limbs were measured at 2-week intervals until sacrifice at
      7 weeks. All transplanted limbs demonstrated significant longitudinal growth with
      maintenance of growth plate morphology and columnar organization. Despite being
      subjected to an adult hormonal environment, the juvenile tibias transplanted into
      adult hosts grew 12.0 +/- 1 mm--not significantly different from the unoperated
      juvenile controls, which grew 12.2 +/- 1 mm. Adult isochronografts showed
      continued growth of 3.1 mm, which was not significantly different from the
      unoperated control. Juvenile isochronografts demonstrated decreased growth when
      compared to unoperated limbs. Maintenance of growth in juvenile limbs
      transplanted to adults suggests a permissive effect of the hormonal milieu and
      that ultimate skeletal length is primarily determined by factors inherent in each
      physis. The use of vascularized transplantation of limbs in syngeneic animals of
      different ages offers a unique method of altering the hormonal and maturational
      milieu of the growth plate.

PMID- 2300636
TI  - "Stranger in a strange land".

PMID- 2300637
TI  - Local recurrence and intracerebral spread of squamous cell carcinoma of the
      scalp.
AB  - This case of squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp and malar region highlights the
      possibilities of therapeutic failure at the excisional, reconstructive, or
      histopathologic stage despite the performance of the appropriate, clinically
      indicated procedures and customary close examination of carcinoma patients and
      specimens. The extent of local recurrence and rapid intracerebral spread
      emphasize the occasionally aggressive nature of squamous cell carcinoma of the
      scalp and the need for early excision.

PMID- 2300638
TI  - Adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease): liposuction as an effective form of
      treatment.
AB  - The clinical picture of adiposis dolorosa makes a lasting impression on the
      examining physician. The patient is typically an obese, asthenic woman who
      appears to have a low pain threshold. She has an unusual distribution of fatty
      tumors, and her complaint of pain in these tumors seems out of proportion to the
      physical findings. Alcoholism, emotional instability, and depression are common,
      and narcotic pain medicine is frequently requested. The patient is easily
      dismissed as a malingerer after a brief examination. However, liposuctioning of
      the painful fatty tumors appears to be both practical and effective. While
      adiposis dolorosa is an unusual disease, it is one that plastic surgeons can
      recognize and treat.

PMID- 2300639
TI  - Primary closure of the split-thickness donor site.
AB  - A simple method of improving the donor site of split-thickness skin grafting is
      presented. Advantages include fewer wound-care problems, decreased pain, and a
      more aesthetic donor site. The disadvantage of increased operating time and
      expense are well compensated for by this method.

PMID- 2300640
TI  - Ear reduction.

PMID- 2300641
TI  - Skin vascularity and gender differences.

PMID- 2300642
TI  - Sterility in unsterilized surgical adhesive tape.

PMID- 2300643
TI  - Nipple-areola location in breast reconstruction: a simplified approach.

PMID- 2300644
TI  - The treatment of eating disorders.

PMID- 2300645
TI  - Ventricular tachycardia associated with desipramine and thioridazine.

PMID- 2300646
TI  - Mental status changes of Addison's disease.

PMID- 2300647
TI  - Tricyclic click.

PMID- 2300648
TI  - Reducing symptoms of depression with exercise.

PMID- 2300649
TI  - Prophylaxis of steroid-induced psychiatric syndromes.

PMID- 2300650
TI  - Of murmurs and mania.

PMID- 2300651
TI  - Electroconvulsive therapy for a depressed patient with global aphasia.

PMID- 2300652
TI  - Lack of association between CSF findings and request for psychiatric evaluation
      of HIV-infected patients.

PMID- 2300653
TI  - Psychological effects of breast-conserving cancer treatment and mastectomy.
AB  - Patients in the early stages of breast cancer were studied one year after
      treatment to ascertain the psychological effects of mastectomy and a breast
      conserving alternative, lumpectomy plus radiation therapy. Patients who had had a
      mastectomy felt less attractive, less sexually desirable, and more ashamed of
      their breasts. They also experienced less enjoyment in their sexual relationships
      than they had before treatment. Patients who had radiation therapy experienced no
      changes in these areas. For these reasons, half of the mastectomy patients
      regretted not having chosen the breast-conserving alternative.

PMID- 2300654
TI  - When do physicians request competency evaluations?
AB  - Fifty consecutive requests for competency evaluations were reviewed
      retrospectively to determine the characteristics of the request. The data from
      this study suggest that requests for competency are seen within certain discrete,
      demographically varied categories; are often urgent; are usually not the result
      of a functional Axis I disorder; are more common for patients with previously
      diagnosed organic mental disorders; are often stimulated by patients who do not
      participate in diagnostic or treatment plans or by patients who threaten to leave
      against medical advice; are less frequently concerned with informed consent; and
      are more common in younger patients. Overall, patients are as likely to be judged
      competent as incompetent. Elements of the mental status examination that are
      crucial to the assessment of competency are delineated.

PMID- 2300655
TI  - Relationship between premenstrual symptoms and general well-being.
AB  - Data on the general well-being and premenstrual symptoms of military wives were
      collected on two occasions one year apart. The women's general well-being and
      premenstrual symptoms were highly correlated on both occasions, but an even
      higher correlation was found between the presence of premenstrual symptoms at
      time 1 and the presence of premenstrual symptoms at time 2. Further analyses
      revealed that women with higher scores on general well-being and premenstrual
      symptoms were older and reported fewer cognitive depressive symptoms than women
      with lower scores on general well-being and premenstrual symptoms. At the one
      year follow-up, the women with lower scores on general well-being who complained
      of premenstrual symptoms were more depressed than those who did not.

PMID- 2300656
TI  - Mood and behavioral disturbances in hospitalized AIDS patients.
AB  - A retrospective chart review of 127 patients with acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) was undertaken to determine the rate of requests for psychiatric
      consultation. Thirty-six patients (28.3%) had received psychiatric consultations.
      This is similar to the rate of consultations seen in other studies. Patients who
      were not intravenous (iv) drug abusers were more likely to be seen for mood
      disturbances; iv drug users were more likely to be seen for behavior
      disturbances. The implications of these findings for future demands on
      consultation-liaison services for AIDS patients are discussed.

PMID- 2300657
TI  - Competency evaluations in a general hospital.
AB  - This study describes 90 requests for competency evaluation received by a
      psychiatry consultation service between 1983 and 1986. Most of the requests were
      prompted by a patient's refusal to accept a physician's recommendations regarding
      treatment or disposition. Delirium and dementia accounted for the majority of
      diagnoses in the population deemed incompetent. Consultees were more likely to
      follow recommendations for further medical evaluation than to obtain recommended
      guardianships, living-skill assessments, or neuropsychometric testing.
      Guardianships were established for only seven of 26 patients deemed incompetent.
      This study demonstrates the need for consulting psychiatrists to be aware of the
      forensic issues of competency.

PMID- 2300658
TI  - Psychiatric consultation for patients with self-inflicted gunshot wounds.
AB  - The study describes 260 persons referred over a 12-year period for psychiatric
      consultation after shooting themselves. The population consisted primarily of
      young, white men between the ages of 20 and 29. The abdomen was the most common
      site of injury for both sexes. Previous suicide attempts and past psychiatric
      histories were uncommon, but alcohol was involved in 25% of cases. Major
      depression and alcohol abuse were the most common psychiatric diagnoses. Tasks
      for the psychiatric consultant include dealing with reactions of hospital staff,
      instituting appropriate suicide precautions, determining future suicidality and
      psychiatric disposition, and helping patients cope with family reactions to the
      suicide attempt and with the psychological effects of disfiguring injuries.

PMID- 2300659
TI  - Reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms following treatment for panic disorder.
AB  - Symptoms of gastrointestinal distress, including those of irritable bowel
      syndrome, were reported more frequently by patients with panic disorder than by
      nonanxious controls. Five of 30 subjects with panic disorder met criteria for
      irritable bowel syndrome, the onset of which coincided with the onset of panic
      disorder. Effective treatment for the anxiety disorder was accompanied by a
      reduction in gastrointestinal symptoms in all subjects.

PMID- 2300660
TI  - Consultation-liaison in child psychiatry and the evolution of pediatric
      psychiatry.

PMID- 2300661
TI  - Ranitidine-associated delirium.

PMID- 2300662
TI  - Comparison of recovery from potentially lethal damage after exposure to
      hyperthermia and radiation.

PMID- 2300663
TI  - Host sex-dependent growth of potential Thy-1+ lymphoma cells that appear in the
      thymus of X-irradiated NFS mice.
AB  - During the course of studies designed to detect potentially leukemic cells in
      radiation lymphomagenesis, using an opposite-sex (male----female) transplantation
      assay method, we previously found that potential Thy-1- lymphoma cells are
      generated in the bone marrow of NFS mice exposed to a split-dose irradiation (1.7
      Gy X 4), while potential Thy-1+ lymphoma cells are not detectable. In this
      report, using a (female----male) intrathymic transplantation assay system we show
      that potential Thy-1+ lymphoma cells were generated in the thymus of female NFS
      mice exposed to split-dose irradiation, and reconfirm that such cells were not
      detected in the (male----female) transplantation system. These results
      demonstrate that the detection of potential Thy-1+ lymphoma cells strictly
      depends on the transplantation system.

PMID- 2300664
TI  - Osteosarcoma risk after simultaneous incorporation of the long-lived radionuclide
      227Ac and the short-lived radionuclide 227Th.
AB  - The effect of injection of 1.85 kBq/kg of the long-lived radionuclide 227Ac on
      the induction of osteosarcomas in female NMRI mice by different dose levels
      (18.5, 74, and 185 kBq/kg) of the short-lived radionuclide 227Th was
      investigated. The highest absolute osteosarcoma incidence was observed with the
      highest doses of 227Th. Addition of 227Ac resulted in an additional osteosarcoma
      incidence only at the lowest dose of 227Th and did not affect the osteosarcoma
      incidence resulting from higher doses of 227Th. The longest times to tumor
      appearance were observed with 227Ac alone. The latent period in two different age
      groups (4 weeks and 10-12 weeks) appeared to be similar following injection with
      combined doses of 227Th and 227Ac but different after injection of each
      radionuclide alone.

PMID- 2300665
TI  - Testing the notion of the one-hit exchange.
AB  - Classical theory asserts that radiation-induced chromosomal exchanges result from
      the interaction of lesions on both chromosomes involved, a notion supported by
      substantial indirect evidence, but more recently questioned on biophysical and
      molecular grounds. When mitotic HeLa cells were irradiated with 60Co gamma rays,
      and fused together with Sendai virus, numerous chromosome exchanges were observed
      between the genomes of different cells at the next mitosis. However, when
      irradiated and unirradiated cells were fused together, the frequency of
      intergenomic exchange was 40-fold lower, suggesting that the vast majority of
      radiation-induced exchanges do, in fact, require damage to both chromosomes.

PMID- 2300666
TI  - Radiation-related posterior lenticular opacities in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic
      bomb survivors based on the DS86 dosimetry system.
AB  - This paper investigates the quantitative relationship of ionizing radiation to
      the occurrence of posterior lenticular opacities among the survivors of the
      atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki suggested by the DS86 dosimetry system.
      DS86 doses are available for 1983 (93.4%) of the 2124 atomic bomb survivors
      analyzed in 1982. The DS86 kerma neutron component for Hiroshima survivors is
      much smaller than its comparable T65DR component, but still 4.2-fold higher (0.38
      Gy at 6 Gy) than that in Nagasaki (0.09 Gy at 6 Gy). Thus, if the eye is
      especially sensitive to neutrons, there may yet be some useful information on
      their effects, particularly in Hiroshima. The dose-response relationship has been
      evaluated as a function of the separately estimated gamma-ray and neutron doses.
      Among several different dose-response models without and with two thresholds, we
      have selected as the best model the one with the smallest x2 or the largest log
      likelihood value associated with the goodness of fit. The best fit is a linear
      gamma-linear neutron relationship which assumes different thresholds for the two
      types of radiation. Both gamma and neutron regression coefficients for the best
      fitting model are positive and highly significant for the estimated DS86 eye
      organ dose.

PMID- 2300667
TI  - Glioma proliferation modulated in vitro by isothermal radiofrequency radiation
      exposure.
AB  - Isothermal (37 +/- 0.2 degrees C) exposure of glioma cells (LN71) for 2 h to 27
      or 2450 MHz continuous-wave radiofrequency (RF) radiation in vitro modulated the
      rates of DNA and RNA synthesis 1, 3, and 5 days after exposure. The alterations
      indicate effects on cell proliferation and were not caused by RF-induced cell
      heating. The dose response for either frequency of the radiation was biphasic.
      Exposure to specific absorption rates (SARs) of 50 W/kg or less stimulated
      incorporation rates of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) and tritiated uridine (3H
      UdR), whereas higher SARs suppressed DNA and RNA synthesis. Statistically
      significant time-dependent alterations were detected for up to 5 days
      postexposure, suggesting a kinetic cellular response to RF radiation and the
      possibility of cumulative effects on cell proliferation. General mechanisms of
      effects are discussed.

PMID- 2300668
TI  - Nonuniform irradiation of the canine intestine. I. Effects.
AB  - To investigate the effects of nonuniform irradiation on the small intestine, we
      prepared 24 dogs for continent isoperistaltic ileostomies under aseptic surgical
      conditions and general anesthesia. After a 3-week recovery period, the ileum was
      catheterized with a fiberoptic endoscope to observe the intestinal mucosa and to
      harvest mucosal biopsies. The baseline macroscopic and microscopic appearance of
      the intestinal mucosa was determined. Two weeks later, the ileum was catheterized
      with a 100-cm soft tube containing 40 groups of three thermoluminescent
      dosimeters placed at equally spaced intervals, and a dose of either 4.5, 8, 10,
      11, or 15 Gy 60Co gamma rays was delivered to the right abdomen (nonuniform
      exposure). This method allowed a direct and precise assessment of the dose
      received at 40 sites located in the 100-cm intestinal segment. The intestinal
      mucosa was again evaluated 1, 4, and 6 days after irradiation. All animals
      exposed to 4.5 and 8 Gy survived, whereas none survived after 11 and 15 Gy. After
      exposure to 10 Gy, 60% of the animals died within 4-6 days and 40% survived with
      symptoms associated with both the intestinal and the hematopoietic syndromes.
      Crypt cell necrosis, blunting of villi, and reduction of the mucosal lining
      increased between 1 and 4 days after irradiation, and mucosal damage was
      correlated with intraintestinal dosimetry at Day 6. The granulocyte counts at Day
      4 were significantly lower than baseline level in animals that died within 4-6
      days but not in survivors. The present model appears to be realistic and
      clinically relevant, allowing the concurrent study of the intestinal and
      hematopoietic effects of high-dose nonuniform irradiation similar to that
      received by patients during radiation therapy as well as by radiation accident
      victims.

PMID- 2300669
TI  - Nonuniform irradiation of the canine intestine. II. Dosimetry.
AB  - An experimental model has been developed for quantitative studies of
      radiobiological damage to the canine small intestine following partial-body
      nonuniform irradiation. Animals were irradiated with 60Co gamma rays to simulate
      the nonuniform irradiation which do occur in victims of radiation accidents. The
      model used a short source-to-surface distance for unilateral irradiations to
      produce a dose gradient of a factor of two laterally across the canine intestinal
      region. The remainder of the animal's body was shielded to prevent lethal damage
      to the bone marrow. In situ dosimetry measurements were made using
      thermoluminescent dosimeters to determine the radiation dose delivered as a
      function of position along a segment of the small intestine. This system made it
      possible to correlate the radiation dose delivered at a specific point along the
      small intestine with the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the intestinal
      mucosa at that point, as determined by direct observation and biopsy using a
      fiberoptic endoscope. A key feature of this model is that dosimetry data for
      multiple sites, which receive a graded range of radiation doses, can be
      correlated with biological measurements to obtain a dose-response curve. This
      model is being used to evaluate the efficacy of new therapeutic procedures to
      improve survival following nonuniform irradiation.

PMID- 2300671
TI  - Radiosensitization of Chinese hamster V79 cells by bromodeoxyuridine substitution
      of thymidine: enhancement of radiation-induced toxicity and DNA strand break
      production by monofilar and bifilar substitution.
AB  - Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) competes with thymidine (TdR) for incorporation into DNA
      of exponentially growing V79-171 cells. Such cells show an enhancement of the
      radiation response as determined by clonogenic survival and DNA damage measured
      by filter elution techniques after doses up to 15 Gy. The degree of
      radiosensitization for both survival and rates of alkaline and neutral elution
      are dependent on percentage BrdU substitution and independent of whether BrdU is
      in one strand only (monofilar) or both strands (bifilar) of the DNA duplex: e.g.,
      for 16% BrdU substitution distributed either monofilarly or partially bifilarly,
      there is an enhancement factor for Do of 1.55. At this percentage substitution,
      the enhancement factor for the rate of alkaline elution is 1.75 and that for the
      rate of neutral elution is 1.54. The greater the percentage BrdU substitution,
      the larger was the enhancement ratio for survival and radiation-induced strand
      breaks in both monofilarly and bifilarly substituted cells. The increase in cell
      radiosensitivity caused by BrdU substitution shows a better correlation with the
      increase in radiation-induced double-strand breaks than with the increase in
      radiation-induced single-strand breaks.

PMID- 2300670
TI  - 18 S rRNA degradation is not accompanied by altered rRNA transport at early times
      following irradiation of HeLa cells.
AB  - The effect of ionizing radiation (137Cs) on processing and transport of ribosomal
      RNA (rRNA) was studied by pulse-labeling HeLa S3 cells with [3H]uridine
      immediately prior to irradiation. This approach permits kinetic analysis of
      processing of 45 S rRNA (radiolabeled predominantly prior to irradiation) into
      its 28 S and 18 S rRNA daughter species following irradiation. By this technique,
      we have recently demonstrated an increase in the normal 28 S:18 S rRNA
      stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 to as high as 1.6:1 during the interval 5 to 20 h
      following irradiation of HeLa cells at greater than or equal to 7.5 Gy.
      Alterations in 28 S:18 S ratio were evaluated in greater detail at early times
      following irradiation, up to 2 h. The 28 S:18 S ratio was found to be maximal at
      1 h after radiation, at about 2:1, following 5 or 10 Gy. Using a method for rapid
      separation of nucleus from cytoplasm, transport of rRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm
      was also evaluated during this period. Despite an increase in the rate of 45 S
      rRNA processing, as well as an increased 28 S:18 S ratio, no alterations in
      transport from nucleus to cytoplasm were detected. This lack of transport
      alteration suggests that accumulation of excess 28 S rRNA is restricted to the
      nucleus, where it may represent an early step in the process of radiation-induced
      cell killing.

PMID- 2300672
TI  - Involvement of prostaglandins and histamine in radiation-induced temperature
      responses in rats.
AB  - Exposure of rats to 1-15 Gy of gamma radiation induced hyperthermia, whereas
      exposure to 20-150 Gy produced hypothermia. Since radiation exposure induced the
      release of prostaglandins (PGs) and histamine, the role of PGs and histamine in
      radiation-induced temperature changes was examined. Radiation-induced hyper- and
      hypothermia were antagonized by pretreatment with indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase
      inhibitor. Intracerebroventricular administration of PGE2 and PGD2 induced hyper-
      and hypothermia, respectively. Administration of SC-19220, a specific PGE2
      antagonist, attenuated PGE2- and radiation-induced hyperthermia, but it did not
      antagonize PGD2- or radiation-induced hypothermia. Consistent with an apparent
      role of histamine in hypothermia, administration of disodium cromoglycate (a mast
      cell stabilizer), mepyramine (H1-receptor antagonist), or cimetidine (H2-receptor
      antagonist) attenuated PGD2- and radiation-induced hypothermia. These results
      suggest that radiation-induced hyperthermia is mediated via PGE2 and that
      radiation-induced hypothermia is mediated by another PG, possibly PGD2, via
      histamine.

PMID- 2300673
TI  - The design of in vivo multifraction experiments to estimate the alpha-beta ratio.
AB  - Using statistical methods, the designs of multifraction experiments which are
      likely to give the most precise estimate of the alpha-beta ratio in the linear
      quadratic model are investigated. The aim of the investigation is to try to
      understand what features of an experimental design make it efficient for
      estimating alpha/beta rather than to recommend a specific design. A plot of the
      design on an nd2 versus nd graph is suggested, and this graph is called the
      design plot. The best designs are those which have a large spread in the
      isoeffect direction in the design plot, which means that a wide range of doses
      per fraction should be used. For binary response assays, designs with expected
      response probabilities near to 0.5 are most efficient. Furthermore, dose points
      with expected response probabilities outside the range 0.1 to 0.9 contribute
      negligibly to the efficiency with which alpha/beta can be estimated. For "top-up"
      experiments, the best designs are those which replace as small a portion as
      possible of the full experiment with the top-up scheme. In addition, from a
      statistical viewpoint, it makes no difference whether a single large top-up dose
      or several smaller top-up doses are used; however, other considerations suggest
      that two or more top-up doses may be preferable. The practical realities of
      designing experiments as well as the somewhat idealized statistical
      considerations are discussed.

PMID- 2300674
TI  - Nuclear thiols: technical limitations on the determination of endogenous nuclear
      glutathione and the potential importance of sulfhydryl proteins.
AB  - Significant discrepancies were found between the values for glutathione levels
      determined by the Tietze enzymatic assay and those measured by labeling with
      monobromobimane followed by HPLC analysis when these methods were applied to
      proliferating and quiescent cells of the 66 murine mammary tumor line depleted of
      glutathione by buthionine sulfoximine or to nuclei prepared from these cells by
      permeabilization with Nonident detergent. The probable origin of the discrepancy
      was traced to the presence of acid-soluble sulfhydryl proteins in the extracts
      which are thought to lead to erroneous values in the Tietze assay method. Using
      the monobromobimane-HPLC method it was found that the low-molecular-weight thiol
      levels in nuclei prepared by detergent permeabilization equilibrate in less than
      1 min with the permeabilizing medium, indicating that (i) endogenous nuclear
      glutathione levels cannot be determined reliably using conventional methods of
      cellular disruption and (ii) the endogenous nuclear glutathione level is likely
      to be the same as the cytoplasmic value. The levels of protein sulfhydryl
      associated with the nuclear preparations were found to be of the same magnitude
      as the cytoplasmic GSH level and must therefore be considered a potentially
      significant source of thiol capable of repairing DNA radicals.

PMID- 2300675
TI  - Diastolic ventricular performance. Symposium. I.

PMID- 2300676
TI  - Apomorphine-like effect evoked by exposure to environmental cues associated with
      drug administration.
AB  - 1. Over 12 days, two groups of mice were given one daily injection of apomorphine
      2 mg/kg in a distinctive environment. One group received the drug in the
      experimental room where the apomorphine-induced climbing was evaluated. The
      second group was given apomorphine in the colony room. 2. On the placebo test
      day, all mice were injected with saline in the experimental room and climbing
      behaviour was scored. 3. Results showed that mice previously receiving
      apomorphine in the experimental room displayed under placebo an enhancement in
      climbing qualitatively similar to that observed following apomorphine
      administration. 4. This placebo effect is attributed to classical conditioning of
      apomorphine-induced climbing (unconditioned effect) to the environmental cues
      present at the time of drug exposure (conditioned stimulus).

PMID- 2300677
TI  - Effect of quinine on electroshock and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice.
AB  - 1. Effect of quinine on electroshock and pentylenetetrazol (leptazol)-induced
      seizures was investigated in mice. 2. Quinine (0.1-100 mg/kg, ip) did not protect
      mice against electroshock seizure. 3. 25-100 mg/kg, ip of quinine reduced the
      incidence of leptazol (80-90 mg/kg, sc)-induced seizure and significantly
      prolonged the onset of both myoclonic and tonic phases. 4. d-Amphetamine (2.5
      mg/kg, ip), inhibited the protective effect of quinine (100 mg/kg, ip) against
      leptazol (80-90 mg/kg, sc)-induced seizure and significantly shortened the onset
      of both myoclonic and tonic phases of the seizure. 5. Pimozide (4 mg/kg, ip)
      significantly potentiated the protective effect of quinine (50-100 mg/kg, ip)
      against leptazol (80-90 mg/kg, sc)-induced seizure. 6. These results suggest that
      quinine in moderate doses, may have slight anticonvulsant properties and that
      dopaminergic mechanism may be involved in the protective influence of quinine
      against leptazol-induced seizure in mice.

PMID- 2300678
TI  - Length of psychiatric hospitalization and prediction of antipsychotic response.
AB  - 1. Clinical variables determining length of psychiatric hospitalization for
      psychotic inpatients were explored. Forty psychotic inpatients received a 14 day
      fixed dose neuroleptic trial. 2. Neuroleptic responders (25/40) were discharged
      15 +/- 2 days after initiation of pharmacotherapy. For neuroleptic non-responders
      (15/40) antipsychotic medication was then altered as clinically indicated.
      Patients requiring one change in medication (N = 8) were discharged after 27 +/-
      5 days; those requiring two medication adjustments (N = 4) were discharged after
      33 +/- 3 days and those requiring three alterations in pharmacotherapy (N = 3)
      were discharged after 42 +/- 12 days. 3. Statistical analysis of clinical and
      diagnostic variables indicated that 84% of the variation in length of
      hospitalization was accounted for by the number of alterations in pharmacotherapy
      required for symptom remission and discharge. It is suggested that length of
      hospitalization may be decreased by decreasing the length of time a clinician
      prescribes pharmacotherapy that subsequently proves not effective. 4. Bayesian
      analysis was employed to identify the minimum length of pharmacotherapy which
      accurately predicts subsequent antipsychotic response/non-response. During the
      fixed dose neuroleptic trial response/non-response could be accurately predicted
      for 65% of the patients by Day 3 of the trial while by Day 7 response/non
      response could be predicted for 80% of the patients. 5. The present data indicate
      that a three to seven day trial of antipsychotics may be sufficient for making
      pharmacotherapy decisions as such a trial demonstrates a diagnostic efficiency
      similar to other predictive tests employed in clinical medicine.

PMID- 2300679
TI  - Factors associated with increased noradrenaline levels in schizophrenic patients.
AB  - 1. CSF NA levels were determined in a sample of DSM III-diagnosed schizophrenics
      and in a non-psychiatric control group. Schizophrenics with NA levels above and
      below the median were compared with respect to several clinical, historical,
      neuropsychological and biological variables. 2. Mean CSF NA levels were
      significantly higher in schizophrenics than in controls. 3. Schizophrenics with
      high CSF NA levels, as compared to those with low levels, had significantly
      higher scores on the CPRS subscale for positive symptoms. Moreover, in the former
      subgroup, C-EEG alpha relative activity was significantly lower and C-EEG beta
      relative activity was significantly higher in frontal and central leads. Two of
      the three patients who had been never treated with neuroleptics, and three of the
      six patients who had been neuroleptic-free for more than four weeks had high CSF
      NA levels. 4. These data support the relationship between increased CSF NA levels
      and the condition of overarousal of the schizophrenic patients, and suggest that
      prior neuroleptic treatment is not a major determinant of high CSF NA
      concentration in schizophrenics.

PMID- 2300681
TI  - Effects of combinations of arecoline and atropine on mouse motor activity.
AB  - 1. Effects on motor activity were studied after acute administration of
      arecoline, atropine alone and in combination in the mouse. 2. Atropine from 15 to
      45 mg/kg increased motor activity. 3. A reduction in activity was observed at
      doses of arecoline above 0.2 mg/kg. 4. An antagonism between arecoline and
      atropine was observed only at low doses of arecoline, while higher doses of
      arecoline in association with atropine increased activity.

PMID- 2300680
TI  - Moclobemide, an inhibitor of MAO-A, does not increase daytime plasma melatonin
      levels in normal humans.
AB  - 1. Plasma melatonin concentrations were determined after administration of single
      oral doses (100, 200 and 300 mg) of moclobemide, a reversible inhibitor of
      monoamine oxidase (MAO) with predominant effects on the A-type of the enzyme, to
      eight young, healthy male volunteers in a double-blind, random-order, placebo
      controlled study. The investigation was later continued in an open fashion by
      giving a single 10 mg dose of the MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl to the same subjects.
      2. Neither drug had any effects on plasma melatonin levels, in spite of very
      marked MAO-A inhibition after moclobemide (as evidenced by up to 79% average
      decreases in the plasma concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, a deaminated
      metabolite of noradrenaline) and over 90% inhibition of MAO-B activity in blood
      platelets after deprenyl. 3. It is concluded that daytime human plasma melatonin
      levels do not accurately reflect MAO-A inhibition in acute drug studies.

PMID- 2300682
TI  - Improvement of the isolation-induced social behavioural deficit involves
      activation of the 5-HT1B receptors.
AB  - 1. Mice were isolated for 7-9 days. An isolated mouse and a mouse reared in group
      showed a difference in their behaviour when observed together under an inverted
      beaker. The isolated mouse makes one half escape attempts in regard to the
      grouped mouse. This is considered as a social behavioural deficit. 2. 1- 3
      (trifluoromethyl)phenyl piperazine (TFMPP), 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (m-CPP)
      and 5-methoxy-3 (1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl) 1-H indole (RU-24969) activating
      preferentially the 5-HT1B receptors increased the number of escape attempts of
      the isolated mice up to the level of grouped mice. 3. Penbutolol, a beta-blocking
      drug acting also at 5-HT1 receptors, devoid of effect when given alone,
      antagonized significantly and dose-dependently the effects of TFMPP, m-CPP and RU
      24969. 4. The interaction between TFMPP and five various serotonin antagonists
      was examined. Neither the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ritanserine, the 5-HT3
      receptor antagonist ICS 205-930, the 5-HT1C receptor antagonists mianserin and
      cyproheptadine antagonized the effect of TFMPP. The neuroleptic spiperone
      decreased by itself the number of escape attempts and opposed the TFMPP effect.
      5. Taken together, these results suggest that the isolation-induced social
      behavioural deficit may be considered as a behavioural model responsive to 5-HT1B
      agonists.

PMID- 2300683
TI  - A comparison of DRO to movement suppression time-out and DRO with two self
      injurious and aggressive mentally retarded adults.
AB  - Movement Suppression Time-Out is a recently developed variant of physical
      restraint which may have applicability for serious behavior problems of
      developmentally disabled persons. However, the current debate over aversives and
      the argument by some that positives alone are sufficient to treat all behavior
      problems requires study. Initial trials with reinforcement alone, compared to
      reinforcement and punishers are necessary to empirically establish the limits of
      various treatment methodologies. This study was designed to evaluate
      reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and verbal reprimands and Movement
      Suppression Time-Out, DRO and verbal reprimands with two severely mentally
      retarded males, 35 and 39 years of age. Using a multiple baseline design, self
      injury was studied across setting with one client and across self-injury and
      aggression with the second person. Improvements were only apparent when Movement
      Suppression Time-Out was paired with verbal reprimands and DRO. With one client
      effects were maintained at an 8 month follow-up. The implications of these
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 2300684
TI  - Review of Q-FAST interactive testing system.
AB  - The administration and scoring of paper and pencil measures present a host of
      logistical problems to clinicians, researchers and educators who rely heavily on
      these techniques. In addition to the expense of producing and reproducing these
      materials, the completed measures must be scored, the results must be reduced and
      recorded and the data must be analyzed. The introduction of human error at any of
      these steps may compromise the reliability of the obtained data and obstruct its
      valid interpretation. The Q-FAST computerized testing system is a software
      package which could improve the efficiency of collection, scoring and analysis of
      data obtained through such procedures.

PMID- 2300685
TI  - Direct and generalized effects of food satiation in reducing rumination.
AB  - The effects of food satiation on rumination and a collateral self-stimulatory
      behavior were examined in three profoundly retarded individuals. For all three
      individuals, the provision of unlimited quantities of cereal and milk during
      mealtime resulted in reductions in rumination. Decreases were also seen in
      collateral behaviors for all three subjects, although these responses were not
      specifically treated. Rumination and self-stimulation increased during a
      withdrawal condition for the three individuals, with experimental control being
      regained once the satiation procedure was re-instituted. Fading of the satiation
      procedure also was successful in the two participants with whom it was attempted,
      although the specific strategy differed for the two subjects.

PMID- 2300686
TI  - Comparison of simulation training on self and using a doll for teaching
      generalized menstrual care to women with severe mental retardation.
AB  - This study examined the effects of two simulation methods of general case
      instruction in teaching generalized menstrual care; long-term maintenance was
      assessed up to 18 months. Within a split multiple-baseline design across
      subjects, three middle-school students and one adult woman with severe or
      profound mental retardation initially were assigned either to on-self instruction
      or to instruction using a doll. The two learners receiving doll training also
      participated in instruction on self. A modified forward chaining procedure with
      identical task analysis steps was used with each method. The range of positive
      and negative training examples used also was identical for the two techniques
      except that doll-size underwear and sanitary pads were used for doll training.
      Participants were taught (by demonstrating on themselves or by manipulating the
      doll) to change stained underwear and stained pads and not to change underwear or
      to obtain a pad in the absence of a stain. The dependent variables consisted of
      simulation and in vivo (natural menses) assessment probes and reflected the
      percentage of trials in which all task analysis steps were performed correctly.
      Correct performance on critical menstrual-care steps alone also was assessed.
      Results indicated limited generalization after training using a doll. While all
      four learners demonstrated high levels of generalized responding following on
      self instruction, the effect decreased over time for two participants.
      Implications for defining the dependent variable, selecting teaching examples,
      and enhancing maintenance are discussed.

PMID- 2300687
TI  - "Harry": a ten year follow-up of the successful treatment of a self-injurious
      man.
AB  - The successful treatment of a self-injurious man is reported in a ten year follow
      up. The client, Harry, is a 32-year-old man who was treated for self-injurious
      behavior (SIB) ten years ago with a multiphased program that included a)
      reinforcement with physical restraint for increasingly longer periods of
      noninjury and timeout from restraint for SIB, b) fading restraint, c)
      substituting appropriate forms of restraint, d) token reinforcement for adaptive
      behavior, and e) parent and vocational training. After ten years Harry's SIB
      remains infrequent and rarely results in any tissue damage. No negative
      consequences have been used for his SIB for over nine years. Harry now works all
      day in a community workshop, earns approximately $45.00 per month, visits his
      parents' home virtually every weekend and accompanied them two years ago on a
      four and a half week vacation by car that covered 7500 miles. Conceptual and
      practical considerations related to the client's success are discussed.

PMID- 2300688
TI  - Teaching autistic and severely handicapped children to recruit praise:
      acquisition and generalization.
AB  - Autistic and severely handicapped children were taught to ask questions (e.g.,
      "How did I do?") and make requests (e.g., "Check it out") to recruit or set the
      occasion for praise from an adult. Teaching occurred during structured sessions
      in a community-based group home. Generalization of the children's use of these
      behaviors was evaluated during other activities in the teaching area, with other
      staff members in different areas of the home, and at each child's academic
      classroom. The children learned the behaviors to cue or set the occasion for
      praise independently and used these behaviors in all of the generalization
      settings. In the generalizations settings, the children were frequently
      successful in recruiting praise.

PMID- 2300689
TI  - Decision-making abilities of mothers with mental retardation.
AB  - The decision-making abilities of mothers with mental retardation and contrast
      mothers were examined. Both groups received two high- and two low-risk vignettes
      in full and partial formats. Although there were no significant differences
      between the two groups on the appropriateness of their decisions, as expected,
      the mothers with mental retardation scored lower both on the recall and elicited
      measures. Both groups scored lower on the partial formats than on the full
      formats, and on the high-risk vignettes than on the low-risk ones. These results
      suggest that familiarity with the parenting situation as well as the degree of
      risk inherent in that situation is of importance when one is examining decision
      making for either group. The results also suggest that although mothers with
      mental retardation can make in vitro decisions that are similar to those of
      nonhandicapped mothers of the same socioeconomic background, additional research
      must examine in vivo decision making for both groups.

PMID- 2300690
TI  - Implementation of unit-based quality assurance projects in a rehabilitation
      hospital.
AB  - This article describes a unit-based quality assurance program in a rehabilitation
      nursing department. Staff selected clinical nursing topics of interest and
      concern in rehabilitation nursing and developed projects with the aim of
      improving quality of care.

PMID- 2300691
TI  - Factors that influence the level of activities in persons with lower extremity
      amputation.
AB  - This study explored the problems of prosthesis use in four dimensions of activity
      in 122 males and 9 females, aged 24 to 90 years, with lower extremity
      amputations. Comparisons were made between persons with above-the-knee amputation
      and those with below-the-knee amputation. A four-dimensional prosthetic problem
      inventory scale developed by the investigators was used. Results of this study
      provide a framework for identifying and addressing problematic areas in the use
      of prostheses.

PMID- 2300693
TI  - The use of restraints.
AB  - This article describes a flow chart created to help nurses identify interventions
      other than physical restraint. The decision flow chart comprises five charts,
      each addressing a common area of patient behavior often cited by nurses as
      justification for physical restraint in the long-term care setting: poor sitting
      posture, rigidity, wandering, agitation, and falls. The charts list possible
      reasons and causes for the behavior and give specific suggestions for
      interventions based on the identified cause.

PMID- 2300692
TI  - Role stabilization in families after spinal cord injury.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine how family roles changed after
      spinal cord injury of a child or spouse. Parental and spousal roles--including
      provider, child care and socialization, housekeeper, sexual, recreational,
      therapeutic, and kinship roles--were studied. Results indicated that, overall,
      families that experienced spinal cord injury did not significantly change in role
      functioning. In most instances, mothers, fathers, husbands, and wives continued
      to play roles that traditionally were a part of their family functioning. Spinal
      cord injury, however, was perceived by family members as a crisis event that
      lessened over time, but that for the majority of respondents continued
      indefinitely.

PMID- 2300695
TI  - The Emory cubicle bed: an alternative to restraints for agitated traumatically
      brain injured clients.
AB  - As traumatically brain injured (TBI) clients emerge from coma, there may be
      transitory periods of agitation during which they pull at feeding tubes and
      intravenous catheters and thrash about, thus placing themselves at high risk of
      injury. During these periods, staff traditionally have resorted to restraints.
      But chemical restraints actually may be detrimental to cognitive recovery, and
      physical restraints often serve to increase agitation and foster dependence.
      Another approach is to modify the environment. The Emory cubicle bed, a
      modification of the Craig bed used at Craig Hospital in Colorado, allows for
      freedom of movement while blocking the client's field of vision. In reducing both
      tactile and visual stimulation, the bed also reduces agitation.

PMID- 2300694
TI  - Developing, implementing, and evaluating a stroke recovery group.
AB  - This article describes identifying the need for a support/educational group, as
      well as implementing and evaluating the group. The group was formed to give
      stroke patients a method of obtaining support. The role of the clinical nurse
      specialist as a consultant, liaison, and educator is illustrated.

PMID- 2300696
TI  - Developing case managers in a rehabilitation unit.

PMID- 2300697
TI  - The use of Orem's model in psychiatric rehabilitation assessment.
AB  - Nurses in service, rehabilitation, and education have found that Orem's self-care
      model provides a useful framework for assessing the patient's needs and
      organizing care. The model has been found to be useful in assessing the long-term
      care psychiatric patient.

PMID- 2300699
TI  - The future of health care: problems and prospects.

PMID- 2300698
TI  - The adaptation to pregnancy of spinal cord injured women.
AB  - This study explored the experiences encountered by spinal cord injured women
      during pregnancy. The spinal cord injured women experienced complications
      associated with pregnancy: recurring urinary tract infections, an increase in
      incontinence, and autonomic dysreflexia. (The first two of these are not unique
      to spinal cord injury, but are common in all pregnancies.) They neither developed
      pressure areas nor experienced premature deliveries, major complications
      predicted by the literature. All felt they were victims of inadequate
      environmental design that hindered their mobility and inhibited their
      independence. Many of the psychosocial aspects studied proved to be common to
      pregnant women in general and not specific to the spinal cord injured population.

PMID- 2300700
TI  - Relationship between mitogen receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes and
      blastogenic responses to mitogen.
AB  - The relationship between the optimum concentration of mitogen which induces
      lymphocyte blastogenic response and the receptor occupancy by mitogen was
      investigated. The receptor occupancies which induced maximal blastogenic activity
      in equine, bovine and canine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were 31.1 per
      cent, 26.5 per cent and 38.4 per cent with phytohaemagglutinin-P, and 48.2 per
      cent, 17.9 per cent and 24.5 per cent with concanavalin A, respectively. The data
      clearly show that each animal species had its own optimum concentration of
      mitogen for stimulation of PBL. Optimum concentration for blastogenesis and
      number of binding sites of each mitogen had a good correlation with each other
      for all three species.

PMID- 2300702
TI  - Pepsinogen types in worm-free sheep and in sheep infected with Ostertagia
      circumcincta and Haemonchus contortus.
AB  - Pepsinogen isolated from the plasma of Dorset wethers with abomasal burdens of
      Ostertagia circumcincta was found to have the same proportions of three zymogen
      subtypes as that isolated from the plasma of Merino wethers with abomasal burdens
      of Haemonchus contortus. It appears that the underlying pathophysiological
      response which causes increased plasma pepsinogen concentrations during abomasal
      parasitism may be the same irrespective of the breed of sheep or species of
      parasite.

PMID- 2300701
TI  - Influence of dietary protein on the immune responsiveness of sheep to Haemonchus
      contortus.
AB  - Twenty helminth-free lambs were fed diets containing either 169 g crude protein
      (CP) kg-1 dry matter (DM) or 88 g CP kg-1 DM from the age of seven months. One
      month later five lambs from each dietary group were vaccinated against Haemonchus
      contortus by the oral administration of 10,000 irradiated larvae on two
      occasions, four weeks apart. Four weeks following the administration of the
      second dose of irradiated larvae both the vaccinated and unvaccinated lambs were
      exposed to an experimental infection of 10,000 non-irradiated H contortus larvae
      Faecal egg output and haematological changes were monitored throughout the study.
      The lambs were slaughtered 28 days after challenge when worm burdens were
      assessed. Vaccination was equally successful in inducing a strong resistance to
      the challenge infection regardless of dietary status. It was concluded that
      dietary protein does not influence the response to vaccination with irradiated H
      contortus larvae of lambs more than seven months old.

PMID- 2300703
TI  - Effect of megestrol acetate on the endometrium of the prepubertally
      ovariectomised kitten.
AB  - Five prepubertally ovariectomised kittens served as controls. Ten prepubertally
      ovariectomised kittens were given megestrol acetate (MA) orally at the rate of
      either 5 or 15 mg twice weekly for 12 to 13 weeks. The uterine horns of treated
      cats increased in length and diameter. The endometrium became deeply folded with
      marked hypertrophy of glandular epithelium and production of glycogen by the
      glandular cells. One cat developed pyometra. Once weekly administration of 2.5 mg
      MA for a further 12 weeks maintained the hypertrophic changes. The proliferated
      endometrium regressed considerably but not completely after 12 weeks without MA
      administration. In two other kittens 2.5 mg MA once weekly for six weeks was
      sufficient to induce similar changes. MA is a very potent progestational agent in
      cats, even if they have been ovariectomised prepubertally.

PMID- 2300704
TI  - Pathways of lymph flow from superficial tissues in the legs of horses.
AB  - Pathways of peripheral lymph flow from the legs in horses were studied with
      casts, and with light and electron microscopic techniques. Although lymph nodes
      in horses occur in large groups, each lymph vessel draining from the periphery
      appeared to terminate on a single node within a group. The larger branches of
      each vessel divided either on the node surface or after penetrating into the
      node, and 25 to 60 terminal afferent vessels entered either the subcapsular,
      medullary or trabecular sinuses. Numerous initial efferent lymphatics arose
      either within the medulla, or at its surface, and they often coalesced to form an
      anastomosing network on the node surface. Almost all of the one to four efferent
      lymphatics that left the vicinity of the node terminated on other nodes, usually
      within more centrally placed groups. This arrangement may aid in the
      amplification and propagation of immune responses initiated in primary nodes.

PMID- 2300705
TI  - Sequential morphological changes in chicken erythrocytes after in vivo and in
      vitro exposure to phenylhydrazine-hydrochloride.
AB  - In acute haemolytic anaemia of chickens, induced with the oxidant chemical
      phenylhydrazine-hydrochloride, maximum degenerative changes in the in vivo
      exposed erythrocytes occurred on day 3 after injection. Microspherocytic
      transformation, dumb-bell shaped red blood cells and foamy squashed nuclei
      predominated. Heinz body formation was the cytoplasmic hallmark of the haemolytic
      anaemia. Marked reticulocytosis on day 5 indicated spontaneous regeneration. In
      vitro exposure to the chemical agent evoked similar morphological
      aberrations/Heinz bodies, microspherocytic transformation and nuclear
      degeneration. These were induced much earlier, presumably because of the absence
      of a protective internal milieu. Nevertheless, a basic similarity in morphology
      was evident. The in vitro test system might be suitable for screening oxidant
      chemicals and drugs.

PMID- 2300706
TI  - Canine stress syndrome/malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: calcium-homeostasis
      defect in muscle and lymphocytes.
AB  - This study provides the first comprehensive characterisation of the calcium (Ca)
      homeostasis defects found in muscle and lymphocytes of a malignant hyperthermia
      (MH)-susceptible dog. Novel findings regarding this dog are reported, compared to
      controls. First, a canine stress syndrome occurs, analogous to the porcine stress
      syndrome; susceptibility can be identified by exercise challenge testing.
      Secondly, caffeine causes Ca release from muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum in a
      greater amount and at a greater rate. Thirdly, there is a compensatory increase
      in Ca sequestration by sarcoplasmic reticulum. Fourthly, lymphocytes have lower
      cytosolic-free Ca and a greater ability to prevent Ca increase. Halothane
      increases Ca by a greater amount and rate. Fifthly, muscle is more resistant to
      the contracture-producing effects of caffeine, as occurs in the non-rigid variant
      of MH susceptibility in man. This resistance, despite increased caffeine-induced
      release through the Ca channel, may be attributable to increased Ca sequestration
      by sarcoplasmic reticulum. Finally, erythrocyte osmotic fragility and creatine
      kinase tests fail to distinguish between the MH-susceptible dog and controls.

PMID- 2300707
TI  - Evidence for the presence of nematode-derived acetylcholinesterase in sheep
      infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis.
AB  - The distribution of acetylcholinesterase isoenzymes in the ovine intestinal
      nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis was compared with that in chronically
      infected and worm-free lambs. Total acetylcholinesterase activity in homogenates
      of adult T colubriformis was resolved into five isoenzyme peaks following gel
      electrophoresis and specific esterase staining. Two isoenzymes with
      electrophoretic mobilities similar to those present in adult worm homogenates
      were detected in mucosal homogenates and plasma extracts from all of six sheep
      chronically infected with T colubriformis, but not in similar preparations from
      two uninfected animals.

PMID- 2300708
TI  - Use of erythrocyte fragility profiles for monitoring immune-mediated haemolysis
      in horses.
AB  - The fragility of erythrocytes is easily demonstrated by their ability to
      withstand osmotic swelling and lysis in solutions of increasingly hypotonic
      saline. In healthy animals a plot of percentage haemolysis against increasing
      hypotonicity produces a sigmoid curve. Using the same data a derivative curve
      calculated from haemolytic increments shows a normal distribution of fragility
      within samples. In enhanced fragility due to immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia,
      these profiles of haemolysis are markedly altered and the derivative curve
      becomes multiphasic, indicating the presence of subpopulations of erythrocytes
      with differing fragility ranges. Analysis of these profiles in a case of
      intravascular immune-mediated haemolysis in a horse provided useful graphic
      information for diagnosis and prognosis. In particular, the size of the
      subpopulation showing increased fragility could be assessed in the acute phase
      and monitored during recovery.

PMID- 2300709
TI  - Pneumonia in mice produced by cell-free extract of cultures of Bordetella
      parapertussis.
AB  - A single dose of culture fluid of Bordetella parapertussis freed from cells
      (CFCF) given intranasally to four-week-old mice free from intercurrent
      respiratory disease produced a subacute bronchopneumonia, which was similar to
      that induced by whole cells of ovine isolates of B parapertussis, except that the
      lesions were less severe and less extensive. From eight hours to 17 days after
      inoculation, the mice exhibited marked infiltration of neutrophils and
      macrophages into the alveolar septa, bronchiolar and alveolar spaces, and
      hyperplasia of peribronchiolar and perivascular lymphoid tissue. Electron
      microscopy showed damage to ciliated cells, type 1 pneumocytes and alveolar
      macrophages. These results suggest that extracellular toxic substance(s) produced
      by ovine isolates of B parapertussis might be involved in the initiation and
      development of lesions in ovine chronic non-progressive pneumonia.

PMID- 2300710
TI  - Immunisation of pigs with killed cultures of Streptococcus suis type 2.
AB  - Ten intravenous inoculations of 10(10) formalin-killed pathogenic Streptococcus
      suis type 2 stimulated detectable levels of opsonic antibody and a strong
      protective response against intravenous challenge with 10(9) viable S suis type 2
      of the same strain. Heat-killed organisms did not stimulate a protective
      response, even though the type-specific antigen was intact and opsonic antibodies
      were induced. When the number of formalin-killed organisms in the inoculum was
      increased 10-fold, one inoculation was insufficient to stimulate a protective
      response, but two inoculations protected pigs against intravenous challenge with
      live, pathogenic organisms. Four-hour and overnight cultures were equally
      immunogenic, and the response was not enhanced by either Freund's incomplete
      adjuvant or aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant.

PMID- 2300711
TI  - A surgical technique for the long term collection of bile in the pig and
      measurement of the biliary excretion of copper and zinc.
AB  - A method is described for surgically modifying the gastrointestinal tract of the
      pig which enables the long term collection of bile and measurement of bile flow
      and allows the pig to be kept unrestrained in a large pen. Three surgically
      prepared gilts grew at an average of 0.79 kg d-1. Bile flow increased with
      bodyweight from 1.6 ml min-1 at 45 to 50 kg to 3.5 ml min-1 at 124.5 kg
      bodyweight. Mean output in bile of copper and zinc by the three gilts during the
      period 08.00 to 12.30 was 161.0 +/- 11.1 and 3.94 +/- 0.41 nmol min-1,
      respectively. The calculated output during 24 hours represented approximately 5.8
      and 0.13 per cent of the daily intake of copper and zinc, respectively.

PMID- 2300712
TI  - Comparison of pepsinogen forms in cattle, sheep and goats.
AB  - Different types and subtypes of pepsinogen extracted from bovine, ovine and
      caprine abomasa were found to differ according to their phosphate content and
      relative molecular mass (Mr). Bovine pepsinogens had organic phosphate contents
      ranging from 1.65 to 2.22 mol of phosphate mol-1 of pepsinogen. Ovine pepsinogens
      were in the range 1.50 to 2.36 and caprine pepsinogens were in the range 1.42 to
      2.00. The major types of pepsinogen from each species were different in size.
      Bovine pepsinogen had an Mr of 39,000, ovine had an Mr of 43,000 and caprine
      pepsinogen had an Mr of 42,000.

PMID- 2300713
TI  - Assessment of fat absorption in normal dogs and in dogs with
      hyperadrenocorticalism.
AB  - Fat absorption was determined quantitatively in clinically normal dogs, dogs with
      confirmed hyperadrenocorticalism before and after treatment with mitotane (op'
      DDD) and in pruritic dogs before and after administration of prednisolone. Fat
      absorption was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in dogs with untreated
      hyperadrenocorticalism and pruritic dogs on prednisolone therapy than in normal
      dogs. It was normal in pruritic dogs before prednisolone therapy and approached
      normality in dogs with treated hyperadrenocorticalism. It is concluded that high
      circulating cortisol or prednisolone levels result in increased intestinal
      absorption of dietary fat possibly mediated by increased glucocorticoid induced
      activity of enterocytes or reduced hepatic clearance of triglycerides.

PMID- 2300714
TI  - Equine postanaesthetic myositis: a possible role for free radical generation and
      membrane lipoperoxidation.
AB  - A method for the evaluation of total plasma antihydroxyl and antiperferryl
      activity is described. This method was applied to horse plasma obtained during
      halothane anaesthesia. In horses suffering from postanaesthetic myositis, a
      significant decrease in the antiperferryl activity was observed during
      anaesthesia particularly when the muscular compression produced by the weight of
      the horse was released. In the affected muscles, strong oxidants could therefore
      be generated during the reperfusion of the ischaemic muscles and might initiate
      membrane lipid peroxidation. This phenomenon could possibly explain the muscular
      damage observed in equine postanaesthetic myositis.

PMID- 2300715
TI  - Memory associated with IgA in the porcine respiratory tract.
AB  - Pigs which had been immunised intraperitoneally with ovalbumin were subsequently
      challenged intratracheally with ovalbumin at intervals over a 200 day period.
      Intratracheal challenge 74 and 77 days after intraperitoneal priming resulted in
      a significant antigen-specific IgA response in respiratory tract secretion (RTS)
      on day 81. After a further 91 days, similar intratracheal challenge resulted in a
      lesser antigen specific IgA response in RTS. These trends were examined relative
      to antigen-specific IgA levels in serum and relative to antigen-specific IgG
      levels in serum and RTS. In addition, at the completion of the experiment the
      majority of anti-ovalbumin containing cells (AOCC) in the tracheal lamina propria
      were of the IgA class. Previously it has been shown that intratracheal challenge
      alone with ovalbumin had a negligible effect on AOCC in the trachea, and on
      specific antibody levels in respiratory tract secretion. The present findings
      suggest the existence of a memory mechanism operating in the porcine respiratory
      tract.

PMID- 2300717
TI  - Effects of the caecal nematode Trichostrongylus tenuis on egg-laying by captive
      red grouse.
AB  - Captive hen red grouse infected with Trichostrongylus tenuis larvae started to
      lay later in spring and laid fewer eggs at a slower rate than uninfected hens.
      March-infected hen grouse showed greater effects than December-infected ones,
      probably because developing larvae were more pathogenic than adult worms. The
      mechanism by which parasites interfered with egg production involved reduction in
      food intake. Infected hens also gained less weight than controls before laying.

PMID- 2300716
TI  - Investigation into factors influencing performance of the canine antiglobulin
      test.
AB  - Antiglobulin (Coombs') reagents were assessed for their ability to detect
      immunoglobulin and complement attached to red cells. Polyspecific and
      monospecific reagents were prepared using a number of immunisation protocols.
      Performance of these antisera against control red cells was compared, in a direct
      Coombs' test, with samples from cases of canine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
      (AIHA). A combined reagent containing two monospecific antisera (anti-IgG + anti
      C3) gave optimum results. Positive control red cells were required to standardise
      canine Coombs' reagents for the laboratory diagnosis of AIHA. The optimum
      incubation temperature for the canine Coombs' test was shown to be 37 degrees C.

PMID- 2300718
TI  - Stimulated pepsinogen secretion from dispersed abomasal glands exposed to
      Ostertagia species secretion.
AB  - Carbachol and secretions from Ostertagia species parasites significantly (P less
      than 0.001) stimulated isolated preparations of dispersed gastric glands from
      bovine and ovine abomasal mucosa to secrete pepsinogen. Atropine reduced the
      response to both secretagogues. Live adult and larval stages of Ostertagia
      ostertagi and O circumcincta and homogenates of these parasites did not
      significantly (P greater than 0.05) increase pepsinogen production from bovine or
      ovine gland preparations.

PMID- 2300719
TI  - Attenuation of Borrelia anserina by serial passage in liquid medium.
AB  - Borrelia anserina (Sakharoff) was successfully grown in a liquid medium (Barbour
      Stoenner-Kelly) for 39 passages. By the 12th serial passage in medium,
      infectivity of B anserina for chicks was lost. Electron microscopy did not reveal
      structural differences between non-infective and infective cultured organisms.
      Changes in the protein profiles were found by electrophoresis as the organisms
      were passed in culture.

PMID- 2300720
TI  - Antibody response in the bovine genital tract to intrauterine infusion of
      Actinomyces pyogenes.
AB  - Antibody titres and immunoglobulin concentrations were measured in serum and in
      uterine and vaginal secretions from five heifers after intrauterine infusion of
      Actinomyces pyogenes. Infection stimulated an increase in uterine antibody titres
      of IgG2 and IgA, which approached significance. There was no increase in antibody
      titres in vaginal secretions or in serum. For each class of immunoglobulin, the
      ratio of specific antibody to immunoglobulin tended to increase in uterine
      secretions after infection, whereas no change was detected in the serum. These
      results indicate that at least a portion of the antibody was derived from local
      uterine synthesis.

PMID- 2300721
TI  - Effects of diets of high sulphur content and varied concentrations of copper,
      molybdenum and thiamine on in vitro phagocytic and candidacidal activity of
      neutrophils in sheep.
AB  - Candidacidal and phagocytic tests were performed on 34 female sheep fed high
      sulphur diets containing varied concentrations of thiamine, copper, and
      molybdenum for 14 weeks. Tests were conducted at weekly intervals for five weeks
      during the latter half of the experiment. The ability of polymorphonuclear
      leucocytes from sheep on diets unsupplemented with thiamine to kill phagocytosed
      Candida albicans was lower than those on diets supplemented with thiamine. The
      ability of polymorphonuclear leucocytes to phagocytose C albicans was lower in
      animals on low copper diets than in animals on high copper diets. Factorial
      analysis showed that thiamine supplementation significantly increased (P less
      than 0.0001) candidacidal but not phagocytic activity. By contrast, copper
      supplementation significantly increased (P less than 0.0005) the phagocytic
      activity with no effect on candidacidal activity. The observed detrimental effect
      of high sulphur intake on in vitro polymorphonuclear leucocyte function can mean
      that ruminants in areas where large quantities of sulphur are taken in with water
      and feed have compromised immune function due to lower copper and thiamine status
      and hence are at risk of increased susceptibility to infections.

PMID- 2300723
TI  - Reversal of atracurium neuromuscular block with neostigmine in the dog.
AB  - A dose response relationship and the time of onset to 50 per cent and 100 per
      cent peak action were investigated for neostigmine reversal of atracurium in the
      dog. Two levels of neuromuscular block were used, 10 per cent and 50 per cent of
      the first twitch of the train of four. The ED50 from the first group was 0.1 mg
      kg-1 and for the second group was 0.019 mg kg-1. There was little difference
      between the onset times at the two levels of block. It is concluded that the main
      factor in determining the dose of neostigmine is the depth of the initial
      blockade.

PMID- 2300722
TI  - Action of dexamethasone in an equine model of acute non-immune inflammation.
AB  - In a crossover study in seven New Forest ponies the actions of dexamethasone, at
      a dose rate of 0.06 mg kg-1 administered intravenously, were compared with those
      of a placebo treatment. Dexamethasone exerted expected effects on plasma and
      inflammatory exudate concentrations of cortisol and on blood glucose
      concentration and circulating leucocyte numbers, but it failed to affect exudate
      concentrations of the eicosanoids, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, 6-keto-PGF1
      alpha and leukotriene B4. These findings do not support the hypothesis that the
      anti-inflammatory actions of dexamethasone in the horse are mediated by
      inhibition of phospholipase A2.

PMID- 2300724
TI  - Effects of inflammatory periodontal disease ('broken mouth') on the mobility of
      the sheep incisor.
AB  - Loads directed linguolabially and between 0.01 N and 0.2 N were applied to a
      mandibular central incisor in each of 12 four-year-old ewes with evidence of
      inflammatory periodontal disease ('broken mouth'). For every incisor, tooth
      position was monitored continuously with an ultrasonic displacement transducer.
      Each load chosen was suddenly applied and then maintained for five minutes,
      producing a biphasic, viscoelastic-like response (a phase of rapid displacement
      being followed by a more gradual phase of creep). A similar biphasic recovery
      response was seen on suddenly removing the load. Comparing the findings with
      those obtained in a previous study for incisors in healthy dentitions, there was
      a considerable increase in mobility with inflammatory periodontal disease.
      Surprisingly, however, the patterns of the responses did not differ. The reason
      for the change in the amount of mobility may be related simply to the quantity of
      the tooth supporting tissues which is lost, although there is some evidence that
      qualitative changes occurring in these tissues may also be important.

PMID- 2300725
TI  - [Is this patient truly hypertensive?].

PMID- 2300726
TI  - [Crisis intervention].
AB  - The main characteristic of suicide prevention is the flexibility in the methods
      used. The methods can never be chosen haphazardly, but have to be fitting to the
      situation and the individual patient. Work on the relationship, confrontation
      with suicidal behavior, working on actual circumstances of life and the social
      environment are the main issues. The "HOW" will have to vary according the
      circumstances: knowing the diversity of human beings, human crisis and its causes
      vary, and therefore the methods have to adjust to this fact.

PMID- 2300727
TI  - [Atypical sciatica].
AB  - A 46-year old patient had suffered from progressive nocturnal sciatica and motor
      weakness of the left lower extremity for three years. The physical examination
      revealed a discrete neurologic deficit of the left L5 and S1 root. By CT a small
      presacral mass between the L5 and S1 roots was found. During the CT-guided fine
      needle puncture the patient felt an electrifying pain radiating into the left
      lower extremity. The cytomorphological examination showed benign mesenchymal
      cells, indicative of a neurinoma. Since progredient neurological deficit is to be
      expected, exstirpation of the compressing tumor is the therapy of choice. Our
      patient however decided to postpone the operation because of only mild symptoms.

PMID- 2300728
TI  - [A case from practice (159). Affective psychosis].

PMID- 2300729
TI  - Estrogen enhances cytotoxicity of hyperthermia on cultured transformed cells.
AB  - The synergistic cytotoxicity of the combined treatment of hyperthermia and
      estradiol was demonstrated. This effect was measured for both clonogenic
      efficiency and membrane function, whose function was expressed as the initial
      rate of thymidine (dThd) incorporation. V-79 cells in a suspension culture were
      simultaneously treated with 10(-9)-10(-4) mg/ml estradiol at temperatures of 41
      43 degrees C in a water bath. The survival rate of the V-79 cells decreased as
      the temperature increased. However, there was little decrease from treatment by
      estradiol alone. The survival rate for combined treatment by both heat and
      estradiol was lower than that of the separate treatment by either hyperthermia or
      estradiol alone, and the results were statistically significant. The values for
      Vmax (maximum reaction velocity) of hyperthermia decreased as the temperature
      increased, although the Vmax value of estradiol treatment alone changed little.
      The 1/Vmax value for the combined treatment of heat and estradiol increased in
      comparison with that of heat treatment alone. However, the Km (Michaelis
      constant) value showed little correlation with the survival rate. Based on these
      results, we propose that estradiol enhances cell membrane damage by hyperthermia.

PMID- 2300730
TI  - DNA analysis and prognosis of digestive tract cancers.
AB  - Cytophotometric DNA analysis was performed on esophageal and gastric carcinomas.
      In 35 cases of mucosal and submucosal carcinoma of the esophagus, patients with
      types I and II (relatively regular in DNA distribution) had an uneventful
      postoperative course and no recurrence, whereas 3 of 15 (20%), and 5 of 9 (55.6%)
      with type III and type IV, respectively (widely scattered DNA distribution, died
      following a recurrence. Cytophotometric DNA analysis using biopsy specimens from
      75 patients with esophageal cancer in various stages also showed a close
      relationship between the DNA distribution pattern and prognosis. However, the
      growth mode and the DNA ploidy of mucosal gastric cancer correlated well in the
      investigation of 66 cases. Thus, data of this method closely reflected the
      outcome in patients with digestive tract cancers. These results suggested the
      potential usefulness of cytophotometric DNA analysis for assessing the prognosis,
      even in the early stage of cancers.

PMID- 2300731
TI  - Development of diagnosis and surgical treatment for patients with carcinoma of
      the esophagus.
AB  - Early-stage esophageal carcinomas are extremely difficult to detect because the
      patients have no complaints, and findings on the X-rays are nil. Lugol-combined
      endoscopy is the most effective method for detecting the presence of small
      carcinoma of the esophagus. This paper was, first, conducted on the diagnostic
      features of early-stage esophageal carcinoma, detected through the use of Lugol
      combined endoscopy. As the prognosis of patients with esophageal carcinoma is
      related to many factors, we investigated the prognostic contribution of 15
      discrete variables with multivariate analysis. The variables are resectability of
      the malignant lesion, DNA distribution pattern of the cancer cells, and
      postoperative complications. As the DNA pattern of cancer cells cannot be changed
      by surgeons, early detection and postoperative care play key roles in determining
      the survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 2300732
TI  - Growth of cells superinoculated onto irradiated and nonirradiated confluent
      monolayers.
AB  - We prepared confluent monolayers of normal BALB/c 3T3 cells and compared
      differences in the growth of four types of cells superinoculated onto these
      nonirradiated and irradiated monolayers. The test cells were normal BALB/c 3T3
      A31 cells, a squamous cell carcinoma from a human esophageal cancer (KSE-1),
      human fetal fibroblasts, and V-79 cells from Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts.
      Cell growth was checked by counting the cell number, determining [3H]thymidine
      incorporation and assessing colony formation. We found that on nonirradiated
      monolayers, colony formation of human fetal fibroblasts and normal BALB/c 3T3
      cells was completely inhibited. On irradiated cells, test cells did exhibit some
      growth. KSE-1 cells, which had a low clonogenic efficiency on plastic surfaces,
      formed colonies on both irradiated and nonirradiated cells. On these monolayers,
      the clonogenic efficiency of V-79 cells was also higher than that on plastic
      surfaces. We conclude that the nonirradiated monolayer of BALB/c 3T3 cells
      completely inhibits the growth of superinoculated normal BALB/c 3T3 and human
      fetal fibroblasts, while on the other hand, they facilitate the growth of
      neoplastic KSE-1 and V-79 cells by providing a surface for cell adherence and
      growth, without affecting the presence of normal cells in co-cultures.

PMID- 2300734
TI  - Etiology and mortality of bacterial meningitis in northeastern Brazil.
AB  - Little is known of the current incidence and mortality of meningitis in
      developing nations, especially in Latin America. We reviewed all cases of
      meningitis in an isolation-fever hospital in Salvador, Brazil, for the decade
      1973-1982. Of all admissions, 6,751 (27%) were for meningitis; 4,100 (61%) of
      these cases were of definite or probable bacterial etiology. Children younger
      than 15 years accounted for 79% of cases, and 45% of cases were in children under
      2 years. The overall case fatality rate was 33%, with 50% of these deaths
      occurring within 48 hours of hospitalization. Neisseria meningitidis was the
      etiologic agent in 32% of the cases, with a case fatality rate of 14%. Epidemics
      caused by N. meningitidis group C, then group A, in 1974-1978 accounted for 60%
      of the cases. Streptococcus pneumoniae caused 17% of cases, with a case fatality
      rate of 59%. Haemophilus influenzae type b, the most common cause of nonepidemic
      meningitis, caused 23% of all cases, with a case fatality rate of 38%.
      Enterobacteriaceae were the etiology in only 3.6% of patients, but the case
      fatality rate was 86%. Cultures were negative in 18% of cases with purulent
      cerebrospinal fluid. A total of 84% of H. influenzae, 40% of S. pneumoniae, 78%
      of Enterobacteriaceae, and 15% of N. meningitidis cases occurred in children less
      than 2 years of age. Case fatality rates were highest in this group. Vaccines
      protective for this age group are urgently needed.

PMID- 2300733
TI  - Meningitis due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults.
AB  - A 33-year-old woman with quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus developed
      meningitis due to a penicillin-resistant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
      After an initial failure of penicillin therapy, the patient responded to
      cefotaxime. The meningitis was complicated by total neurosensory hearing loss.
      Howell-Jolly bodies noted on peripheral blood smear led to a radionuclide spleen
      scan, which documented functional asplenia. This woman is the second patient in
      the United States with meningitis caused by a strain of S. pneumoniae moderately
      resistant to penicillin G (minimal inhibitory concentration, 1.0 microgram/mL).
      The resistant isolate displayed resistance to penicillin that was not of
      enzymatic origin but rather was due to an alteration of penicillin-binding
      proteins. This experience illustrates the importance of testing the in vitro
      susceptibility of the pneumococcus to penicillin G.

PMID- 2300735
TI  - Pattern of antibiotic use in medical wards of a university hospital, Bangkok,
      Thailand.
AB  - Inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents has been found to be common in various
      parts of the world, but there have been few studies in developing countries. In
      Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, the largest university Hospital in
      Thailand, a study was performed to estimate the appropriateness of the use of
      antimicrobial drugs. Each of the nine medical wards was sampled in random order,
      and daily surveillance of all patients over two 2-week periods identified 307 of
      the total 690 patients to have been prescribed an antibiotic. In only 27 of the
      307 patients was the use of antibiotics entirely appropriate. The main problem
      was the use without evidence of infection (in 110 of the 307 patients), which we
      estimate would result in the loss for the hospital of approximately $40,000
      (U.S.) each year on the medical wards alone. The choice of antimicrobial agents
      and pharmacokinetic considerations were also inappropriate. Use of expensive
      drugs where cheaper ones were available, however, was not frequent (71 of the 655
      prescriptions). Attempts to rectify antimicrobial misutilization, based on the
      results of this study, can be focused specifically at improving clinical
      recognition of infectious disease by education. The pattern of antimicrobial use
      in a university teaching hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, reflects a high
      proportion of misuse. The need for rationalization of antimicrobial use is
      urgent.

PMID- 2300736
TI  - Group C streptococcal meningitis in adults.

PMID- 2300738
TI  - Sexually transmitted diseases in rape victims.

PMID- 2300737
TI  - Blastocystis in immunodeficiency diseases.

PMID- 2300739
TI  - Angiostrongyliasis in Australia.

PMID- 2300740
TI  - Disseminated fusarial infection.

PMID- 2300743
TI  - Workplace injuries.

PMID- 2300741
TI  - Human leukocyte antigen and leprosy: study in northern Louisiana and review.
AB  - We examined the relationship of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotype to
      leprosy in six sporadic cases in northern Louisiana and in the world literature
      through pooling of the results of several studies. We found that HLA antigens DR2
      and DQwl were associated with leprosy in the six cases in northern Louisiana
      (relative risks, 4.57 for DR2 and 4.53 for DQwl), but the results are not
      statistically significant. We pooled the Louisiana study and other population
      studies of HLA and leprosy. The results of the pooling show DR2 and DQwl to be
      associated with leprosy (relative risks, 2.65 for DR2 and 2.73 for DQwl), and
      these associations are highly statistically significant (P less than 1 x 10(-8)
      for DR2 and P = 3.6 x 10(-8) for DQwl). Further, we pooled studies of lepromatous
      leprosy patients vs. controls and studies of tuberculoid leprosy patients vs.
      controls and found that DR2 and DQwl are associated with both the lepromatous and
      the tuberculoid forms of leprosy and that these associations are statistically
      significant. We consider the associations of DR2 and DQwl in these population
      studies to be evidence for an HLA-associated genetic influence on susceptibility
      to leprosy.

PMID- 2300742
TI  - Ergonomics: a help in understanding and preventing cumulative trauma disorders.

PMID- 2300744
TI  - The road from Troy.

PMID- 2300745
TI  - Cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremities.

PMID- 2300746
TI  - I made a comeback, others can too.

PMID- 2300747
TI  - Be prepared: call mock codes.

PMID- 2300748
TI  - When cultures clash at the bedside.

PMID- 2300750
TI  - Make your bulletin board a QA tool.

PMID- 2300749
TI  - When to expect heart block.

PMID- 2300751
TI  - Plane truths: flying with your patient.

PMID- 2300752
TI  - PICC lines: the latest home care challenge.

PMID- 2300753
TI  - Restraints should be a last resort.

PMID- 2300754
TI  - Which of your patients is headed for a fall?

PMID- 2300755
TI  - When i.v. drug abuse complicates AIDS.

PMID- 2300756
TI  - Don't tolerate sexual harassment at work.

PMID- 2300757
TI  - Caffeine: how much is too much?

PMID- 2300758
TI  - [Preinvasive lesions and their treatment].
AB  - Pre-invasive lesions of the uterine cervix are histological abnormalities
      corresponding to dysplasias and also called cervical intraepithelial neoplasias
      (CIN). These lesions are more or less severe, but they do not cross the basal
      membrane. The histological diagnosis rests on disorders of maturation and
      differentiation and on the presence of nuclear abnormalities and abnormal mitotic
      activity. No cytological, histological or colposcopic criteria are available to
      assess the evolutive potential of these lesions. A CIN III lesion has a 60-70 p.
      100 risk of becoming a cancer. One-third of pure condylomas are thought to be due
      to an oncogenic virus. The diagnosis of CIN rests on colposcopy, cytology and
      histology. Depending on the severity of the lesion, treatment consists of local
      destruction by cryotherapy, electrocoagulation or laser vaporization; conization
      may also be used. Laser vaporization is not contra-indicated in CIN III. Treating
      cervical dysplasias is the best way of preventing cancer.

PMID- 2300759
TI  - [Treatment of invasive epithelioma of the uterine cervix: the experience at the
      Institut Gustave-Roussy].
AB  - The therapeutic protocole used at the Gustave Roussy Institute for invasive
      epithelioma of the uterine cervix rests, for limited forms (T1B-T2 proximal), on
      combined radiology and surgery. This include the recently introduced supraradical
      lymphadenectomy extended to the lumboarotic lymph nodes, first-line surgery in
      young women to preserve the ovarian function and postoperative chemotherapy for
      extra-pelvic N+ forms. In extensive forms (distal T2 and T3), the treatment of
      choice still is radiotherapy with external irradiation associated with
      curietherapy. T3 forms with urinary tract involvement now benefit from
      interventional radiology techniques. The basic treatment of T4 forms involving
      the bladder and/or rectum remains radiotherapy, but wide surgical resection
      (exenteration) is still indicated in some cases. The treatment of particular
      forms (post-hysterectomy cervix, uterine prolapse, pregnancy) relies on
      techniques that are suitable for each individual situation.

PMID- 2300760
TI  - [Cancer of the endometrium: epidemiology, histology, diagnostic methods].
AB  - Endometrial cancer has become one of the most frequent female cancers, second
      only to breast cancer. It must be looked for in women presenting several high
      risk factors for endometrial cancer, the common denominator of which is absolute
      or relative hyperoestrogenism. Hysteroscopy and guided biopsy are the most
      reliable techniques for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer and its precursors.
      These techniques must be used in symptomatic patients and in asymptomatic but
      high risk women whose selection remains controverted as regards the mass
      detection method.

PMID- 2300761
TI  - [Treatment of cancer of the endometrium].
AB  - Basically, endometrial carcinomas are treated by surgery. The standard operation
      consists of total hysterectomy with ablation of the adnexae and bilateral
      dissection of the external iliac lymph nodes. Invasion of the parametrium is
      extremely rare, and colpohysterectomy is justified only when the cervix is
      involved. Improvements in anaesthesia and intensive care have limited the contra
      indications of surgery. As a rule, hysterectomy is combined with vaginal
      curietherapy which has reduced recurrences at the vaginal fornices from 12 p. 100
      to 3 p. 100. Uterovaginal curietherapy is necessary only in cases where the
      endometrium and cervix are involved. Invasion of the myometrium in depth and a
      histological diagnosis of undifferentiated epithelioma are predictive of a poor
      prognosis and may justify a complementary treatment. Post-operative external
      radiotherapy of the pelvis is indicated when the lymph nodes and adnexae are
      involved and the deep myometrium is invaded. It reduces the local recurrence rate
      but its influence on survival has not yet been formally demonstrated. Local and
      regional recurrences are treated by radiotherapy if the initial treatment was
      surgical and by surgery if radiotherapy was part of the initial treatment.
      Chemotherapy and hormonotherapy are effective against advanced, recurrent or
      metastatic carcinomas. Chemotherapy is used in undifferentiated types and
      hormonotherapy in differentiated types. However, when used as adjuvants in early
      endometrial carcinoma their beneficial effect on survival has not been
      established.

PMID- 2300762
TI  - [Causes of biliary calculi].

PMID- 2300763
TI  - [Autoaggression in prisons].

PMID- 2300764
TI  - [Epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in the pregnant woman].
AB  - With 6,409 cases of AIDS recorded as at 31st March 1989, 130 of which were due to
      mother-to-foetus transmission, France is the European country most affected with
      HIV1 infection. From the results of a recent survey involving 40 p. 100 of all
      women who gave birth in continental France, the authors estimate that 0.05 p. 100
      to 0.1 p. 100 of women delivered in 1988 were seropositive. HIV1 seroprevalence
      is about twice that figure in women at the beginning of pregnancy, since more
      than one-half of mothers who know they are seropositive choose to have their
      pregnancy interrupted. Investigations concerning the geographical origin and mode
      of contamination of seropositive women followed up in France showed that: (a)
      HIV1 infection is frequent in women who came from Zaire, Congo and the Ivory
      Coast and rare in women from Mali and Senegal. There was a similar contrast
      between women from Haiti and those from the French Antilles; (b) drug abuse plays
      a major role in the other seropositive women: 70 p. 100 were drug addict and 15
      p. 100 had been contaminated by male drug addicts. Heterosexual contamination by
      multiple partners not classified as being at risk is exceptional, but it seems to
      be the rule in seropositive women from central Africa and Haiti. The authors
      emphasize the value, methods and indispensable extension of HIV1
      seroepidemiological studies in pregnant women.

PMID- 2300766
TI  - [Modes of contamination in children].
AB  - The various ways in which infants may be contaminated with HIV are described.
      Transmission by blood perfusion persists in only some countries where HIV
      detection in blood products is not performed and sterilization is doubtful.
      Transplacental contamination is well documented by the finding of HIV in various
      foetal tissues, amniotic fluid, placenta and foetal blood; it seems to be
      predominant. Transmission during delivery and breast-feeding plays a lesser role,
      but it cannot be excluded. Horizontal transmission is extremely rare. The
      frequency of vertical transmission varies from one series to another, but the
      most often quoted figure is approximately 30 p. 100. An Atlanta C.D.C. stage III
      or IV and a low percentage of T4 lymphocytes are thought to facilitate the mother
      to-foetus transmission. Many elements are still imperfectly known; their
      elucidation requires further studies on large series of subjects.

PMID- 2300765
TI  - [Influence of pregnancy on the development of HIV infection].
AB  - In an attempt to evaluate the effects of pregnancy on HIV infection, the authors
      have studied the natural course of the disease in 128 female patients. A group of
      64 pregnant women who were HIV seropositive and asymptomatic at the beginning of
      their survival was studied during childbearing and for three years thereafter.
      These women were compared with a control group of 64 non pregnant women who were
      also seropositive and asymptomatic at the beginning of the study. No
      statistically significant clinical or biological difference was observed between
      the two groups. The authors conclude that in their study pregnancy had little
      influence on the progression of HIV.

PMID- 2300767
TI  - [Semiology of HIV infection in children].
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection is specific in children and related to
      their immune system. Recurrent bacterial and viral infections precede
      opportunistic infections. They are associated with non-specific manifestations
      (e.g. lymphadenopathy) and frequently reveal the HIV infection. Acute or chronic
      interstitial pneumonia is the main cause of morbidity and mortality (two-thirds
      of the cases); 34 to 90 p. 100 of children have neurological but also
      gastrointestinal and haematological involvement. All organs and systems can be
      directly or indirectly affected by the virus with immune and infectious
      consequences. The prognosis is very poor with an actuarial survival rate of 60 p.
      100 at 5 years, so that strict clinical and laboratory monitoring is mandatory.

PMID- 2300768
TI  - [Developmental profile of HIV infection in children].
AB  - The natural history of HIV-1 infection in children has not yet been determined
      precisely. Contrary to what is observed in adults, the disease seems to follow a
      bimodal course. One-quarter to one-third of infected children develop, before the
      end of their first year of life, a deep immunodeficiency which is responsible for
      severe infectious and neurological symptoms; survival does not exceed 4 to 5
      years. In contrast, although the other children are symptomatic, their disease
      progresses much more slowly, perhaps as slowly as in adults, and their long-term
      outcome remains uncertain.

PMID- 2300769
TI  - [Management of HIV seropositive pregnant women and HIV seronegative women with
      seropositive partners].
AB  - The population of HIV seropositive women of child-bearing age is increasing
      regularly. Termination of pregnancy must be offered to pregnant women during the
      first trimester. When HIV is detected during the last trimester, vaginal delivery
      must be accepted. Pregnancy does not seen to worsen the prognosis in HIV positive
      women, but it does so in women with confirmed AIDS.

PMID- 2300770
TI  - [Restenosis after coronary angioplasty: 30 per 100 only...].

PMID- 2300771
TI  - [Clinical applications of radio-labelled mIBG].

PMID- 2300772
TI  - [Acoustic neurinoma].

PMID- 2300773
TI  - [Prevention of incontinence. Paris, 27 and 28 February 1989].

PMID- 2300774
TI  - [Gaseous pleural effusion syndrome. Diagnostic methods and management].

PMID- 2300775
TI  - [Rabies. Epidemiology, principles of preventive treatment].

PMID- 2300776
TI  - [Peripheral facial paralysis. Diagnosis and treatment].

PMID- 2300777
TI  - [Pancreatic cancer (adenocarcinoma). Diagnosis, clinical course and prognosis,
      therapeutic principles].

PMID- 2300778
TI  - [Chronic gastric ulcer. Etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, evolution and
      prognosis, medical treatment and principles of surgical management].

PMID- 2300779
TI  - [Virologic diagnosis of HIV infection in the pregnant woman and newborn infant].
AB  - The virological diagnosis of HIV infection in pregnant women mainly consists of
      detecting antibodies to structural viral antigens. The difficulty lies more in
      the interpretation of the confirmatory assay than in technical problems. The
      result is critical since the continuation or interruption of pregnancy is
      dependent upon it. The diagnosis of HIV infection in newborns has been hampered
      by the presence of passively acquired maternal antibodies. The diagnosis at birth
      therefore must include culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells for virus
      isolation and detection of serum antigen. However, due to the difficulty or lack
      of sensitivity of these tests new diagnostic procedures, such as the polymerase
      chain reaction, must be developed to improve the accuracy of the early diagnosis.
      Such new approaches must be evaluated very carefully before being introduced in
      routine diagnosis.

PMID- 2300780
TI  - [The biomechanics of the base of the skull and face].
AB  - The biomechanics-, engineering- and anatomy-oriented authors studied the
      craniofacial structures emphasizing their perfect adaptation to stresses
      developing during mastication or related to head statics and motions. For a
      better understanding of the biomechanics of the basis of the skull and face,
      attention is consistently drawn to solutions used in state-of-the-art
      engineering, such as aeronautics, in consideration that such solutions as are
      chosen by engineers are often--consciously or not--copied from nature.

PMID- 2300781
TI  - [Injuries of the frontal sinus].
AB  - The authors report their experience in the treatment of frontal sinus fractures,
      between 1979 and 1987, about 67 cases. --52% of these trauma involve alone, the
      anterior and/or posterior wall of the frontal sinus, with or without
      cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea; --the sinus surgery was composed of
      cranialization in 20 cases (30%) and open reduction with reconstruction, with or
      without tube to stent the nasofrontal duct, in 30 cases (48%). Two points appear
      to them, essential to guide the treatment: --osteomeningeal tear, --naso-frontal
      duct injury.

PMID- 2300782
TI  - [Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible. Apropos of a case followed for
      more than 10 years].
AB  - Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis (DSO) is a well-known chronic osseous disease.
      However, the diagnosis can be difficult as it has been observed for a case which
      is presented with more than 10 years survey. The clinical, radiographic,
      scintigraphic, histologic and bacteriologic aspects are discussed. The treatment
      can be made by various medical or surgical methods. None of these is completely
      efficient, even if good results could be observed in some cases. The prognosis
      seem to be at least uncertain. The real etiology is probably infection, but has
      never been proved.

PMID- 2300783
TI  - [Sicca syndrome and type IV hyperlipoproteinemia].
AB  - Among the causes of Sicca syndrome the authors draw attention to the existence of
      pseudo Gougerot Sjogren's syndrome in association with type IV
      hyperlipoproteinemia.

PMID- 2300784
TI  - [Metastasis of a malignant melanoma simulating a primary mandibular sarcoma].
AB  - The rare case reported here was a mandibular metastasis of a malignant melanoma
      located in the nape of the neck and surgically removed. 4 years later, occurred a
      fibrosarcomatous mandibular tumour without local recurrence. The metastatic
      nature of this tumour was difficult to prove by means of immunohistochemical and
      ultrastructural methods. This case illustrated the eventuality of a desmoplastic
      change in metastasis of a common malignant melanoma. The histogenesis of this
      rare type of melanoma was discussed.

PMID- 2300785
TI  - [Results of radiotherapy of carcinomas of the tonsillar area. Study of 137
      cases].
AB  - In our center, carcinomas of the tonsillar region are most often treated by
      radiotherapy. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the therapeutical
      results obtained for such tumors over a period of ten years. From 1976 to 1986,
      137 patients with carcinoma of the tonsillar area were exclusively treated by
      radiotherapy. The mean age of the patients was 54.3 years. 120 male and 17 female
      patients were included in the study. 63% of the patients had T3 or T4 tumors,
      while 53% had N2 or N3 adenopathies at enrollment (1979 TNM classification). All
      the patients had transcutaneous irradiation done either exclusively (121 cases)
      or in combination with curietherapy (16 cases). 61 patients had induction
      chemotherapy. Local control of the tumor was obtained in 59% of patients
      (79/137), and attained 92%, 71%, 58% and 16% for the T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups,
      respectively. The 5 year survival rate was 34%. 12 patients developed distal
      metastases. 9 patients developed another type of cancer. Elements of prognosis
      were tumor size and nodal status. Age, sex and histological differentiation were
      not determinant prognostic factors.

PMID- 2300786
TI  - [Perineural dissemination in labial carcinoma].
AB  - We present four cases of lip carcinomas which have been extended to the mandible
      in between of one to four years through the mental nerve with peripheric
      neuropathy which was multiple in one of the cases.

PMID- 2300787
TI  - [Contribution to the experimental study of endosseous sintered ceramic implants].
AB  - The authors present the preliminary results of an experimental study of the
      biocompatibility of materials used in oro-maxillo-facial surgery (filling in of
      detects and implants). These preliminary results concern sintered ceramic
      implants and confirm their good acceptability by soft tissues and bone.

PMID- 2300788
TI  - [Intractable pain of the bucco-pharyngeal region due to tics and "abnormal"
      habits].
AB  - The bucco-pharyngeal region is a predominant site for functional, non lesional
      pain syndromes associated with "abnormal" habits (often tics), which are
      themselves due to an anxiety related psychological disorders. These extremely
      common syndromes, often in the form of a self-perpetuating "vicious circle",
      include two types of pain: mucosal pain and fatigue myalgia. Psychotherapy is
      generally the appropriate treatment.

PMID- 2300789
TI  - Evidence that protein kinase C activation is essential for killing by IL-2
      activated lymphocytes.
AB  - Previous pharmacological evidence has suggested that activation of protein kinase
      C (PKC) is necessary for T and natural killer (NK) killing of different target
      cells. In the present study we find, using interleukin 2 (IL-2)-activated
      lymphocytes (LAK cells), that phosphorylation of a well-characterized 80-kDa PKC
      substrate increases during conjugation to target cells. Furthermore, down
      regulation of PKC by pretreatment with the active phorbol esters PDB (24 h) or
      PMA (2 h), but not with the inactive phorbolester PDD, simultaneously inhibits
      killing by LAK cells. H-7, an inhibitor of PKC, also inhibited LAK-cell killing
      without affecting the target-effector cell conjugate formation. We also
      demonstrate that pretreatment of target cells with phorbol ester (PMA) decreases
      killing, suggesting that PKC activation in the target cell population may also
      influence killing although the effect may vary depending on the particular target
      cell used. We conclude that PKC activation is essential for triggering of lysis
      in LAK cells.

PMID- 2300790
TI  - Increased amounts of C4-containing immune complexes and inefficient activation of
      C3 and the terminal complement pathway in a patient with homozygous C2 deficiency
      and systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Plasma and serum samples from a patient with homozygous C2 deficiency and severe
      systemic lupus erythematosus who responded with full clinical remission after
      plasma infusions were examined for immune complexes (IC), C3 activation products,
      and the terminal complement complex (TCC). Plasma contained large amounts of C4
      containing IC but no C3-containing IC or complement activation products.
      Classical pathway activation in vitro did not lead to C3 activation or TCC
      formation as seen in normal serum, but a very efficient binding of C1q and C4 was
      found. No disturbances in alternative pathway activation were observed. The
      results indicate an impaired formation of C3-containing IC and an inefficient
      clearance of C4-containing IC, supporting the idea of a causal relationship
      between the dysfunctional classical pathway, pathophysiology, and clinical
      manifestations in this patient.

PMID- 2300792
TI  - [Educational value of diabetes camps for children].
AB  - Patient education plays a key role in diabetes care, and summer camps have been
      shown to be of value in teaching diabetic children. In our camps, we have shown
      that education significantly improves knowledge of diabetes in both 6-11 and 12
      16 year old children. This increased knowledge was retained for at least one year
      in both age groups. We show that structured age group education associated with
      individualized teaching was more efficient in enhancing diabetes knowledge than
      individualized education alone. Camp attendance also significantly improved the
      children's self-management at home. We show a strong correlation between the
      degree of diabetes knowledge and autonomy (r = 0.82) which was independent of
      both the children's age and duration of diabetes. The lack of a strong
      correlation between the improved metabolic control assessed 3 months after camp
      (p less than 0.05), and either increased knowledge and/or autonomy in the
      children tested, confirms that other factors influence their adaptation to
      diabetes. In conclusion, camps whose teaching staff is well trained in
      educational methods are of value in enhancing both the diabetes knowledge and
      self-management of children as young as 6 years of age, and/or of children whose
      diabetes is of recent onset, and may therefore be helpful in improving their
      coping processes.

PMID- 2300791
TI  - Interleukin 5 regulation of peritoneal B-cell proliferation and antibody
      secretion.
AB  - The influence of recombinant interleukin 5 (rIL-5) on murine peritoneal B-cell
      proliferation and antibody secretion was examined. Larger, low buoyant density
      peritoneal B cells proliferated better with rIL-5 than the smaller resting B
      cells. this was also true for splenic B cells; however, comparison of the
      respective populations showed the large peritoneal B-cell responses to be
      superior. Limiting dilution analyses showed that from 25% to about 40% of large
      peritoneal B cells proliferated in response to rIL-5 when lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS) was present. No detectable difference in the fraction of proliferating
      splenic B cells was seen in the presence of rIL-5. These results are consistent
      with expression of IL-5 receptors on about 70% of low-density peritoneal B cells
      as determined by fluorescent staining with anti-Il-5 receptor monoclonal antibody
      (MoAb). IL-5 also enhanced spontaneous and mitogen-driven IgM secretion by both
      peritoneal and splenic B lymphocytes; the increases exhibited by peritoneal B
      cells, however, were at least twice those exhibited by splenic B cells.
      Spontaneous and mitogen-driven secretion of auto-antibodies to bromelain-treated
      mouse erythrocytes (BrMRBC) by peritoneal B cells were also increased by this
      interleukin. Furthermore, rIL-5 enhanced peritoneal B-cell plaque-forming cell
      (PFC) responses to TNP-LPS but not to TNP-Ficoll. Both an anti-IL-5R MoAb and an
      anti-IL-5 MoAb blocked the rIL-5-induced enhancement of proliferation and auto
      antibody PFC responses. Hence, IL-5 appears to be important for the regulation of
      proliferation and antibody secretion by many murine peritoneal B cells.

PMID- 2300794
TI  - [Caries prevalence in Zurich schoolchildren in 1970, 1983 and 1988].
AB  - In 1988, a random sample of 657 school children of the City of Zurich was
      examined for dental caries using standardized methods. The children at age 12 and
      14 had 2.36 and 4.24 DMFT, respectively. There was a decline of caries prevalence
      during the period 1983-1988. Compared with the earliest available data obtained
      in 1958 and 1961, the children of 1988 had 69 to 78% less DMFT, and 54 to 60%
      when compared with the data obtained in 1970.

PMID- 2300795
TI  - [The distance between the terminal hinge position and the intercuspation position
      in the temporomandibular joint area].
AB  - In 117 subjects with normal TMJs, the distance between most retruded contact
      position and maximum intercuspation was measured both extraorally by means of a
      kinematic face bow and intraorally with a ruler. The mean distance between most
      retruded contact position and maximum intercuspation was 0.5 +/- 0.3 mm on the
      right side and 0.5 +/- 0.4 mm on the left side. The reproducibility of the
      measurements was better than 0.3 mm (0.2 +/- 0.1 mm) in 80% of the subjects.
      Statistically, there was no correlation between the amount of sliding and
      vertical overlap. For practical purposes, the following conclusions can be drawn:
      1. Retruded contact position and maximum intercuspation are well reproducible
      reference positions of the mandible. 2. Retruded contact position is very close
      to maximum intercuspation in most people. Therefore it can be used as a
      "therapeutic compromise" for occlusal rehabilitation. 3. There is no indication
      that a deep vertical overlap would lock the mandible in a dorsal position. 4.
      When using the "freedom in centric" concept, the occlusal range is about 0.5 mm.

PMID- 2300793
TI  - [The border seal in restorations of class-V lesions with glass ionomer cement and
      composite (the sandwich filling)].
AB  - In 9 patients, 60 class V restorations were evaluated clinically and by scanning
      electron microscopy. All lesions were treated with glass-ionomer combined with
      composite resin. In 27 fillings (group A) the glass-ionomer lining cement was
      etched, whereas in 33 fillings (group B) the composite material was applied
      directly on the unetched glass-ionomer liner. Clinically, the retention of the
      fillings after one year was 100%. The margins of the fillings were checked with
      different explorers and found to be acceptable. Scanning electron microscopy of
      the margins of the fillings showed disappointing results. One week after
      placement of the fillings, only 16.2% (group A) and 7.4% (group B) of the
      cervical margins in dentin were rated perfect. After one year, even more cervical
      bond failures were observed. 9.7% perfect margins were found in group A, 3.2% in
      group B. Etching of the glass-ionomer liner had no influence on the cervical bond
      failure of the class V fillings.

PMID- 2300796
TI  - [Fissure sealing. A report on our experience of fissure sealing using Helioseal
      with a retention time of up to 96 months].

PMID- 2300797
TI  - [Motivation for dental hygiene. The applications of motivational psychology to
      dental hygiene].

PMID- 2300798
TI  - NIH budget crisis.

PMID- 2300799
TI  - Malaria research--what next?

PMID- 2300800
TI  - High-tech and low-tech: control strategies today.

PMID- 2300802
TI  - More misconduct hearings.

PMID- 2300801
TI  - Malaria vaccines: the failed promise.

PMID- 2300803
TI  - Science and Congress: outlook uncertain.

PMID- 2300804
TI  - Rationing health care: the choice before us.
AB  - Rapid technological advances and upward pressure on wages of hospital personnel
      are leading to a steady increase in health care spending that is absorbing an
      ever-larger fraction of gross national product. Eliminating inefficiencies in the
      system can provide brief fiscal relief, but rationing of beneficial services,
      even to the well-insured, offers the only prospect for sustained reduction in the
      growth of health care spending. The United States, which has negligible direct
      experience with rationing, can learn about choices it will face from the
      experience of Great Britain where health care has been rationed explicitly for
      many years.

PMID- 2300806
TI  - The response of living cells to very weak electric fields: the thermal noise
      limit.
AB  - A physical model in which cells are considered as possible detectors of very weak
      periodic electric fields yields a general relation between cell size and both
      thermally induced fluctuations in membrane potential and the maximum change in
      membrane potential caused by an applied field. The simplest version of the model
      provides a broad-band estimate of the smallest applied electric field to which
      membrane macromolecules can directly respond (about 10(-3) volt per centimeter).
      Much smaller fields (10(-6) volt per centimeter) can be detected if there is a
      response in only a narrow band of frequencies or if signal averaging occurs
      through field-induced variation in the catalytic activity of membrane-associated
      enzymes. Both extensions of the simplest version remove the apparent violation of
      the thermal noise limit found in some experiments.

PMID- 2300805
TI  - Identification of fructose 3-phosphate in the lens of diabetic rats.
AB  - Fructose 3-phosphate, a novel monosaccharide phosphate, has been identified in
      the lens of diabetic rats. This compound, which is not present in normal lenses,
      is a protein glycosylating agent and enzyme inactivator. In addition, because of
      its structural features, this metabolite is relatively labile and undergoes
      hydrolysis to yield inorganic phosphate and the potent glycosylating agent, 3
      deoxyglucosone. The increase in the concentration of fructose 3-phosphate in the
      lens of diabetic rats suggests that it and its hydrolysis product, 3
      deoxyglucosone, may be responsible in part for the development of some diabetic
      complications in the lens.

PMID- 2300808
TI  - NIH conflict-of-interest guidelines.
AB  - In the News & Comment article "Super Collider advocates tangle with cost cutters"
      by Mark Crawford (12 Jan., p. 152), the collision energy of the Superconducting
      Super Collider (SSC) was incorrectly described as being two orders of magnitude
      greater than that of the Tevatron. The SSC's collision energy is supposed to be
      40 trillion election volts-20 times that of the Tevatron. In addition, the $7.2
      billion cost estimate for the project is based on inflated dollars, not constant
      dollars, as was stated.

PMID- 2300807
TI  - Medicine from plants.

PMID- 2300809
TI  - Bush budget highlights R&D.

PMID- 2300810
TI  - USDA admits "mistake" in doctoring study.

PMID- 2300811
TI  - Virus-like agent blamed for mad cow disease.

PMID- 2300812
TI  - Neuroscience models the brain.

PMID- 2300813
TI  - Fetal nerve grafts show promise in Parkinson's.

PMID- 2300814
TI  - The health sector's share of the gross national product.
AB  - Between 1947 and 1987 expenditures for health care in the United States grew 2.5
      percent per annum faster than expenditures for other goods and services. The
      health sector's share of the gross national product rose from well under 5
      percent in the late 1940s to more than 11 percent in the late 1980s. The
      expenditures gap has two components: health care prices rose 1.6 percent per
      annum more rapidly than other prices, while the quantity of health care grew 0.9
      percent per annum faster than other quantities. Many factors, including wages,
      productivity, technology, and insurance contributed to these trends. No single
      explanation suffices, and no simple solution is apparent.

PMID- 2300815
TI  - Common features of protein unfolding and dissolution of hydrophobic compounds.
AB  - Protein unfolding and the dissolution of hydrophobic compounds (including solids,
      liquids, and gases) in water are characterized by a linear relation between
      entropy change and heat capacity change. The same slope is found for various
      classes of compounds, whereas the intercept depends on the particular class. The
      feature common to these processes is exposure of hydrophobic groups to water.
      These observations make possible the assignment of the heat capacity change to
      hydrophobic solvation and lead to the description of protein stability in terms
      of a hydrophobic and a nonhydrophobic contribution. A general representation of
      protein stability is given by the heat capacity change and the temperature.

PMID- 2300816
TI  - Suppression of HIV infection in AZT-treated SCID-hu mice.
AB  - The SCID-hu mouse, engrafted with human hematolymphoid organs, is permissive for
      infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This mouse model was used
      to test compounds for antiviral efficacy. Two weeks after infection with HIV, 100
      percent (40/40) of SCID-hu mice were positive for HIV by the polymerase chain
      reaction. When first treated with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), none (0/17)
      were HIV-positive by this assay. However, AZT-treated SCID-hu mice did have a few
      infected cells; after AZT treatment was stopped, viral spread was detected by
      polymerase chain reaction in such mice. Thus, the SCID-hu mouse provides a means
      to directly compare new antiviral compounds with AZT and to further improve
      antiviral efficacy.

PMID- 2300817
TI  - Tumorigenicity in human melanoma cell lines controlled by introduction of human
      chromosome 6.
AB  - Chromosome banding analysis of human malignant melanoma has documented the
      nonrandom alteration of chromosome 6. To determine the relevance of chromosome 6
      abnormalities in melanoma, a normal chromosome 6 was directly introduced into
      melanoma cell lines. The resulting (+6) microcell hybrids were significantly
      altered in their phenotypic properties in culture and lost their ability to form
      tumors in nude mice. The loss of the chromosome 6 from melanoma microcell hybrids
      resulted in the reversion to tumorigenicity of these cells in mice. The
      introduction of the selectable marker (psv2neo) alone into melanoma cell lines
      had no effect on tumorigenicity. These results support the idea that one or more
      genes on chromosome 6 may control the malignant expression of human melanoma.

PMID- 2300818
TI  - BEIR V: implications for the nuclear workforce.

PMID- 2300819
TI  - RU 486 development.

PMID- 2300820
TI  - NIH director: the search goes on ... and on.

PMID- 2300821
TI  - Fetal research ban on shaky ground?

PMID- 2300822
TI  - Induction of cellular senescence in immortalized cells by human chromosome 1.
AB  - The control of cellular senescence by specific human chromosomes was examined in
      interspecies cell hybrids between diploid human fibroblasts and an immortal,
      Syrian hamster cell line. Most such hybrids exhibited a limited life span
      comparable to that of the human fibroblasts, indicating that cellular senescence
      is dominant in these hybrids. Karyotypic analyses of the hybrid clones that did
      not senesce revealed that all these clones had lost both copies of human
      chromosome 1, whereas all other human chromosomes were observed in at least some
      of the immortal hybrids. The application of selective pressure for retention of
      human chromosome 1 to the cell hybrids resulted in an increased percentage of
      hybrids that senesced. Further, the introduction of a single copy of human
      chromosome 1 to the hamster cells by microcell fusion caused typical signs of
      cellular senescence. Transfer of chromosome 11 had no effect on the growth of the
      cells. These findings indicate that human chromosome 1 may participate in the
      control of cellular senescence and further support a genetic basis for cellular
      senescence.

PMID- 2300823
TI  - Suppression of tumorigenicity of human prostate carcinoma cells by replacing a
      mutated RB gene.
AB  - Introduction of a normal retinoblastoma gene (RB) into retinoblastoma cells was
      previously shown to suppress several aspects of their neoplastic phenotype,
      including tumorigenicity in nude mice, thereby directly demonstrating a cancer
      suppression function of RB. To explore the possibility of a similar activity in a
      common adult tumor, RB expression was examined in three human prostate carcinoma
      cell lines. One of these, DU145, contained an abnormally small protein translated
      from an RB messenger RNA transcript that lacked 105 nucleotides encoded by exon
      21. To assess the functional consequences of this mutation, normal RB expression
      was restored in DU145 cells by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Cells that
      maintained stable exogenous RB expression lost their ability to form tumors in
      nude mice, although their growth rate in culture was apparently unaltered. These
      results suggest that RB inactivation can play a significant role in the genesis
      of a common adult neoplasm and that restoration of normal RB-encoded protein in
      tumors could have clinical utility.

PMID- 2300824
TI  - Influence of scene-based properties on visual search.
AB  - The task of visual search is to determine as rapidly as possible whether a target
      item is present or absent in a display. Rapidly detected items are thought to
      contain features that correspond to primitive elements in the human visual
      system. In previous theories, it has been assumed that visual search is based on
      simple two-dimensional features in the image. However, visual search also has
      access to another level of representation, one that describes properties in the
      corresponding three-dimensional scene. Among these properties are three
      dimensionality and the direction of lighting, but not viewing direction. These
      findings imply that the parallel processes of early vision are much more
      sophisticated than previously assumed.

PMID- 2300825
TI  - New directions in combination biotherapy. Proceedings of a symposium. May 19,
      1989, San Francisco.

PMID- 2300826
TI  - Denaturation of normal and abnormal erythrocytes II.

PMID- 2300827
TI  - Finding it in the nineties?

PMID- 2300828
TI  - Smoking policies and the healthy worker effect.

PMID- 2300829
TI  - Smoking in a public health agency: its relationship to sick leave and other life
      style behavior.
AB  - A survey questionnaire was administered to employees of a public health agency
      regarding their involvement with smoking and other life-style behavior. Responses
      were analyzed and combined with sick leave data to determine the use of sick
      leave among employees who currently smoke, those who never smoked, and those who
      formerly smoked. Current smokers took significantly more sick leave than those
      who have never smoked ("nonsmokers") or former smokers. Using an analysis of
      variance model, only smoking status, education level, and sex, among selected
      demographic variables, were significantly related to the amount of sick leave
      taken. Current smokers took excess sick leave (amounting to nearly $40,000) as
      compared with nonsmokers and ex-smokers combined over a 21-month period. This
      study also characterizes the relationship between smoking status and selected
      life-style behavior. Smokers were less active, less likely to use seat belts,
      less likely to believe that smoking is related to health, and more likely to be
      heavier and to eat a poor diet than their nonsmoking or former smoking
      counterparts. We make suggestions regarding the reduction of smoking and other
      deleterious behavior as a means of controlling costs and reducing employee
      morbidity.

PMID- 2300830
TI  - HIV antibody testing in hospitalized patients.
AB  - We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 190 hospitalized patients who had human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing at our medical center in 1986 and
      1987. From 1986 to 1987, HIV antibody testing increased fourfold based on total
      hospital discharges. Nine patients (5%) tested positive by enzyme immunoassay and
      the Western blot method. No risk factor for HIV infection was identified in 30%
      of cases. Documentation of patients' consent for testing was found in 14% of
      cases. We conclude that HIV antibody testing of hospitalized patients has
      increased. However, the indication for testing is often not clear by chart
      review, and consent for testing is poorly documented in the absence of a formal
      hospital policy requiring consent before testing. Further physician education and
      establishment of hospital policies addressing these important aspects of HIV
      antibody testing are indicated.

PMID- 2300831
TI  - Increased infection rate in double-lumen versus single-lumen Hickman catheters in
      cancer patients.
AB  - Over the 48-month period from January 1983 through December 1986, 51 single-lumen
      (SL) and 94 double-lumen (DL) indwelling central venous (Hickman) catheters were
      placed in 118 patients with malignant disease. We reviewed these cases
      retrospectively to determine the types and frequency of complications requiring
      catheter removal. The catheters were in place a total of 18,397 days. Overall,
      14% (7/51) of SL and 21% (20/94) of DL catheters were removed due to infection.
      Of those catheters becoming infected, DL catheters were infected earlier. SL
      catheters that became infected averaged 213 days of use before removal, whereas
      DL catheters becoming infected averaged only 78 days before removal (P less than
      or equal to .02). The infection rate was significantly less in SL (one infection
      per 1,210 days) than in DL catheters (one infection per 496 days) (P less than or
      equal to .02). Thus because of its significantly reduced risk of infection, the
      single-lumen Hickman may be the preferred catheter for long-term venous access in
      many patients.

PMID- 2300832
TI  - Survey of continuing medical education programs in legal liability and risk
      management.

PMID- 2300833
TI  - Cardiac loop ECG recording: a new noninvasive diagnostic test in recurrent
      syncope.
AB  - The most crucial step in diagnosing syncope is determining whether or not an
      arrhythmia is the cause. A new recording device, the continuous cardiac loop ECG
      recorder, affords prolonged ambulatory monitoring and can capture the rhythm at
      the time of syncope. To determine the impact of cardiac loop ECG recorders in
      diagnosing syncope, we reviewed the records of the first 48 patients referred for
      cardiac loop recording because of unexplained syncope or presyncope. Previous
      cardiac studies were nondiagnostic in all patients. In 36% of these patients,
      loop recording definitively determined whether an arrhythmia was the cause of
      symptoms. Median duration of monitoring was 28 days, with an average charge of
      $180 per month. Cardiac loop ECG recording is a convenient, safe, inexpensive,
      and potentially highly effective means of diagnosing unexplained syncope.

PMID- 2300835
TI  - Slack-jawed and glassy eyed.

PMID- 2300834
TI  - Corneal thinning as the sole manifestation of active undifferentiated connective
      tissue disease.
AB  - A patient with a two-year history of undifferentiated connective tissue disease
      had corneal thinning as the sole manifestation of its recurrence. Systemic
      immunosuppressive therapy was not indicated in view of the localized ocular
      disease. The patient was treated with tarsorrhaphy and ocular lubricants. One
      year later, when two new areas of localized thinning were found, a conjunctival
      wedge resection was done.

PMID- 2300836
TI  - Acute renal failure in a patient with essential thrombocythemia, diabetes
      mellitus, and heterozygous hemoglobin C disease.
AB  - A 31-year-old black diabetic man had acute oliguric renal failure. Retrograde
      pyelography showed filling defects in the ureters, presumably blood clots.
      Essential thrombocythemia was subsequently diagnosed. We believe no such
      presentation of essential thrombocythemia has been previously described in the
      English literature.

PMID- 2300837
TI  - Mixed bipolar disorder precipitated by pseudoephedrine hydrochloride.
AB  - A 13-year-old girl familially predisposed to affective disorders had a mixed
      bipolar disorder after ingesting eight 60 mg pseudoephedrine pills. The patient
      was misdiagnosed as having pseudoephedrine-induced organic mood disorder until
      recurrence of symptoms necessitated rehospitalization seven months after the
      initial episode.

PMID- 2300838
TI  - Complications in the emergency transport of pregnant women.
AB  - Emergency transport of pregnant women is increasing in frequency. The physiologic
      changes of pregnancy cause a gravid woman and her fetus to be particularly
      vulnerable during transport. As the uterus enlarges, it compresses the vena cava
      and the aorta of the mother when she is in the supine position. Aortocaval
      compression may lead to uteroplacental insufficiency, supine hypotension, and
      potentially cardiopulmonary arrest. In addition, aortocaval compression is
      associated with placental abruption. This report presents three cases that
      illustrate the tragic outcomes of transporting pregnant women in the supine
      position. Pregnant women should be transported in a position of lateral tilt.

PMID- 2300839
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with prochlorperazine.
AB  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome occurred in a patient with AIDS being treated with
      prochlorperazine. We believe this to be the first report of this association.
      Recognition and specific treatment were delayed in part because of overlap in
      signs and symptoms of the underlying infectious process. The true incidence of
      prochlorperazine-induced NMS is unknown, and this reaction may be underrecognized
      in patients who often have other significant medical illnesses.

PMID- 2300840
TI  - Bad English and bad AIDS.

PMID- 2300841
TI  - Smoking and cancer.

PMID- 2300842
TI  - Sandostatin-induced thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2300843
TI  - Prolonged elevation of vancomycin concentrations in a patient with end-stage
      renal disease.

PMID- 2300844
TI  - [Barium sulfate-gelatin spheres for the diagnosis of special pharyngo-esophageal
      problems].

PMID- 2300845
TI  - [The future of radiology in Germany and Europe].

PMID- 2300846
TI  - [Computed tomography of elbow diseases].

PMID- 2300847
TI  - [Test objects for quality assurance in x-ray diagnosis].

PMID- 2300848
TI  - Reference values for lung function--still much to be done.

PMID- 2300849
TI  - Myocardial infarction--a new era.

PMID- 2300850
TI  - Influenza--to be or not to be immunized?

PMID- 2300851
TI  - AIDS and confidentiality.

PMID- 2300852
TI  - Clinical predictors of early death in acute myocardial infarction. A prospective
      study of 233 patients.
AB  - Patients who suffer acute myocardial infarction are heterogeneous and prognosis
      differs widely. High-risk patients are likely to derive the greatest benefit from
      treatment in an intensive care unit and from early thrombolytic therapy. A study
      was undertaken to determine those clinical parameters, available on admission to
      hospital, which would predict early death (within the first 30 days) and in this
      way to define high-risk patients. From July 1985 to December 1987, 233 patients
      admitted to J. G. Strijdom Hospital with acute myocardial infarction were
      prospectively evaluated. A total of 30 variables, including clinical, ECG and
      biochemical parameters, were recorded for each patient on admission. During the
      study period 36 patients (15.5%) died. The following variables were significantly
      associated with early mortality: age, Killip class, infarct location, height of
      ST-segment elevation and raised blood urea level. Using data readily available on
      admission to hospital, patients at highest risk of early death can be identified.

PMID- 2300853
TI  - Arrhythmias in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. A preliminary study.
AB  - Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is second to valvular heart disease as a cause
      of congestive heart failure in blacks in southern Africa. The disease has a
      deteriorating clinical course with high mortality. More than half these deaths
      are sudden and have been related to arrhythmias. In a preliminary study of 20
      black patients in congestive heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy, 24
      hour ambulatory ECG monitoring was used to assess the prevalence, type and
      clinical significance of arrhythmias. Eighteen of the 20 patients (90%) had
      arrhythmias. Supraventricular arrhythmias were detected in 17 (85% of the total),
      and 18 (90%) had complex ventricular arrhythmias. Eleven (55%) had non-sustained
      ventricular tachycardia (VT). There was no correlation between complex
      ventricular arrhythmia and clinical features, resting ECG, chest radiograph or
      echocardiographic data. Over a 3-year period 13 patients died (65%), half these
      deaths being unexpected. All 13 had complex ventricular arrhythmias, and those
      who died suddenly had non-sustained VT. This small prospective study shows that
      ventricular arrhythmias are common in dilated cardiomyopathy in blacks and are
      frequently complex and dangerous. Sudden death is common and is more than likely
      to be related to VT in the presence of an already poorly functioning left
      ventricle.

PMID- 2300854
TI  - [The results of consecutive stimulation of ovulation cycles in the same patient].
AB  - In this study oestradiol levels in consecutive cycles in the same patient using
      the same stimulation protocol were measured to determine whether oestradiol
      levels remained the same in consecutive cycles. The oestradiol patterns of 64
      women in the first and consecutive stimulation cycles were individually
      determined, and classified into 5 patterns. The most favourable oestradiol
      pattern (pattern A) was significantly similar in consecutive cycles of the same
      patient. Therefore it is suggested that the same stimulation protocol could be
      used in patients with an initial A pattern.

PMID- 2300855
TI  - Retrospective survey of drug-induced liver disease at Groote Schuur Hospital,
      Cape Town--1983-1987.
AB  - In a survey of patients admitted to the medical and surgical wards of Groote
      Schuur Hospital during the 5-year period 1983-1987 38 patients with severe drug
      induced hepatitis were identified. Fifty-three per cent of these reactions were
      caused by anti-tuberculosis drugs, 21% to phenytoin and 11% to methyldopa.
      Whereas 82% of the patients were jaundiced, only one-third had gastro-intestinal
      symptoms and/or fever and only 24% had a rash. Twenty-six per cent of patients
      were encephalopathic on admission. The overall mortality rate was 24%. Forty per
      cent of patients with hepatitis caused by anti-tuberculosis therapy died. Many
      patients had continued to receive therapy despite signs of liver disease. These
      findings underline the need for a high index of suspicion in the diagnosis of
      drug-induced liver disease and for early withdrawal of the offending agent(s).

PMID- 2300856
TI  - Protein C deficiency in a black South African family. A case report.
AB  - Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant that functions by inhibiting the
      activity of factors Va and VIIIa. An inherited deficiency of this protein may
      enhance the risk of thrombosis. The first kindred with levels of protein C that
      averaged 50% of normal in association with recurrent thrombotic events were
      described in 1981. A black South African family with an inherited deficiency of
      this protein is reported.

PMID- 2300858
TI  - Scleroderma after silicone augmentation mammoplasty. A report of 2 cases.
AB  - Two patients who developed scleroderma after silicone breast augmentation are
      described. One patient presented with the classic features of systemic sclerosis,
      and the other with calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon oesophageal dysfunction,
      sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST syndrome). The connective tissue
      diseases associated with mammoplasty are reviewed.

PMID- 2300857
TI  - Membranous atresia of the intra-abdominal oesophagus. A case report.
AB  - A premature neonate who presented with inability to feed is reported. The unusual
      radiological appearances stimulated further studies to define the level of
      atresia in the intra-abdominal oesophagus. A membranous atresia was disrupted
      using a thoraco-abdominal approach. However, this rare variant of oesophageal
      atresia is correctable through an abdominal approach and awareness may prevent
      unnecessary thoracotomy. Recovery was uneventful. Our patient is only the second
      reported with intra-abdominal membranous atresia of the oesophagus, and is the
      first reported survivor.

PMID- 2300859
TI  - Methyldopa, intravascular haemolysis and renal disease. A case report.
AB  - A 74-year-old man, who was receiving methyldopa to control systemic hypertension,
      presented to hospital in biventricular cardiac failure. He was found to be
      severely anaemic and jaundiced as a result of acute intravascular haemolysis with
      prominent haemoglobinuria. The cardiac failure and anaemia were initially
      refractory to fluid restriction and diuretics, but responded to red cell
      transfusion. Renal failure supervened, probably on the basis of hypoperfusion as
      a consequence of diuresis and hypotension. The patient died suddenly, possibly
      from myocardial infarction. Acute intravascular destruction of red cells in
      association with methyldopa appears not to have been previously reported.

PMID- 2300860
TI  - Intravenous flunarizine therapy for acute toxicity in malaria.

PMID- 2300861
TI  - Metoclopramide--a safe anti-emetic?

PMID- 2300862
TI  - Hazardous waste workers.

PMID- 2300863
TI  - Angiography in the evaluation of proximal arterial injury.
AB  - The appropriate use of angiography in the evaluation of possible peripheral
      arterial trauma is still controversial. At the Johns Hopkins Hospital during the
      past two years, 78 traumatic injuries were evaluated angiographically in 70
      consecutive patients, including 63 men and seven women, ranging in age from five
      to 78 years (mean of 26.5 years). There were 63 gunshot, five stab, three shotgun
      and seven blunt injuries. Fifty-two involved the lower extremity; 21, the upper
      extremity; two, the buttock; two, the neck, and one, the pelvic region.
      Indications for study included proximal injury in 59, abnormal pulse examination
      in six, expanding hematoma in four, neurologic abnormality in six and bleeding
      and hypotension in three. Arterial abnormalities were documented in 11 of these
      injuries, including five of injuries with an abnormal pulse, two with bleeding
      and hypotension, two with an expanding hematoma, one with a neurologic deficit
      and one of proximal injuries. There were no false-positive arteriograms. The
      results of this study demonstrate that exclusion angiography is safe and
      accurate, but probably overused in the patient with proximal injury in the
      absence of other clinical signs.

PMID- 2300864
TI  - Rational approach to evaluation and management of spontaneous perirenal
      hemorrhage.
AB  - A five year experience with spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage at the Brigham and
      Women's Hospital was reviewed, with 15 instances identified. Ages ranged from 17
      to 80 years (mean of 56 years). Abdominal or flank pain was the presenting
      symptom in 13 patients; one patient was in a state of shock. Anemia and elevation
      of lactate dehydrogenase were uniformly present during acute evaluation.
      Computerized tomography (CT) identified lesions other than hematoma in ten of 14
      instances. Arteriography was essential to the diagnosis of two vascular lesions
      not appreciated by other imaging modalities. Intravenous pyelography and
      ultrasound did not add significantly to findings on CT or arteriography. Six
      patients underwent serial CT evaluation; three with persistent nonfatty lesions
      had carcinoma of the kidney confirmed at operation. Carcinoma of the kidney
      occurred in a total of eight patients and angiomyolipoma in three patients. It
      was suggested that patients with clinical evidence for spontaneous perirenal
      hemorrhage should be evaluated by CT, with arteriography added when the
      underlying cause remains uncertain. Nephrectomy should be performed for CT
      evidence of nonfatty lesions other than hematoma. Other patients may have serial
      CT with nephrectomy reserved for persistent abnormalities. The protocol decreases
      the likelihood of nephrectomy for benign disease while addressing the high
      incidence of carcinoma of the kidney among patients with spontaneous perirenal
      hemorrhage.

PMID- 2300865
TI  - The construction and reconstruction of the vagina with the colocecum.
AB  - Absence of the vagina is a distressing problem. In this study, we present the
      results for 13 patients treated by vaginal replacement using an isolated
      colocecal segment. There were no important surgical complications, and none of
      the patients had stenosis of the neovagina. At the time of this report, seven
      patients had regular and satisfactory intercourse, and none of the remaining
      patients thought that they were incapable. It is concluded that the colocecal
      segment provides an acceptable substitute for the vagina and that this procedure
      is appropriate for the more complex instances of congential and acquired vaginal
      atresia.

PMID- 2300866
TI  - Stapled transabdominal lower esophageal anastomosis without purse-string suture.
AB  - Because of anatomic limitations at the EG junction in total and subtotal gastric
      resections, gastrointestinal reconstruction is technically challenging. In
      stapled anastomosis, suboptimal application of a purse-string suture to the
      distal esophagus may lead to anastomotic breakdown. We describe herein a
      technique in which this step is eliminated to achieve a sound, full thickness
      anastomosis with the use of the Roticulator TA 30 and the EEA Premium stapling
      instruments.

PMID- 2300867
TI  - A simplified method for bilateral aortorenal bypass.
AB  - We recommend this technical improvement for instances requiring bilateral renal
      arterial bypass. The technique of aortorenal bypass for bilateral renal arterial
      stenosis using a side to side bridging aortic-saphenous vein graft followed by
      bilateral end to side saphenous vein to renal arterial anastomosis has been
      described herein.

PMID- 2300868
TI  - Pregluing of circular instrumental anastomoses.
AB  - The enforcement of digestive anastomoses with glue is recognized now. It is
      possible to glue a circular instrumental anastomosis by applying or spraying a
      fibrin glue.

PMID- 2300869
TI  - A simplified technique to relax the sphincter of Oddi during intraoperative
      cholangiography.

PMID- 2300870
TI  - Jejunogastric intussusception as a technique for in situ resection.
AB  - A technique for resection of irreducible, gangrenous jejunogastric
      intussusception is presented. In comparison with previously described resection
      procedures involving division of the stoma, dismantling of the gastrojejunostomy
      or higher gastrectomy, in situ resection is simple and safe.

PMID- 2300871
TI  - The thumb and index finger as principal surgical instruments to secure the
      inferior vena cava between the liver and the diaphragm in routine operations of
      the liver.
AB  - Presented herein is a simple and safe technique to secure the IVC in its segments
      above the liver and below the diaphragm through a simple incision in the abdomen.
      After complete division of the hepatic ligaments, the index finger is passed
      through the upper recessus of the lesser sac, behind the vein, and just above the
      caudate lobe, meeting the right thumb on the right side of the vein. A tissue
      string is then passed, and the IVC is secured. The experience of the authors with
      more than 100 consecutive hepatectomies has shown this technique to be a reliable
      approach to secure the IVC during routine hepatic operations.

PMID- 2300872
TI  - The three swab test using knots for urovaginal fistula.
AB  - A modification of the three swab test for urovaginal fistula is described herein.
      A cord is tied around each swab and a series of knots is placed in the cords to
      indicate the position of the attached swab which facilitates the identification
      and removal of each swab.

PMID- 2300873
TI  - Duodenojejunostomy as an alternative to anastomosis of the small intestine at the
      ligament of Treitz.
AB  - Side to side duodenojejunostomy is a reasonable alternative to other methods of
      reconstitution of the continuity of the upper portion of the GI tract in selected
      circumstances. It is not necessary to use duodenojejunostomy in resections distal
      to the ligament of Treitz because an end to end anastomosis may be readily
      accomplished. The described technique, however, provides a convenient means of
      reconstruction for the upper portion of the GI. tract when resection of the small
      intestine is necessary at the ligament of Treitz or in close proximity to the
      origin of the mesenteric vasculature. Thus, adequate resection at the ligament of
      Treitz may be performed when necessary, and the need to subsequently visualize or
      mobilize the transected duodenal stump to construct an anastomosis in that region
      is obviated.

PMID- 2300874
TI  - Repeat cerebral pan-angiography in subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown etiology.
AB  - Cerebral pan-angiography was repeated in 24 patients with spontaneous
      subarachnoid hemorrhage confirmed by spinal fluid or computed tomography evidence
      after the initial pan-angiography was negative. Recent, long-term follow-up was
      also conducted. The pan-angiography was technically adequate and did not show
      vasospasm, both being causes of aneurysmal nonvisualization. No etiology was
      demonstrated on repeat study in all 24 patients. An additional three patients had
      only one study, but autopsy later confirmed lack of etiology for subarachnoid
      hemorrhage despite gross and microscopic serial sections. The mean duration of
      follow-up was 18.1 years and outcome was favorable. Our results suggest that
      repeat cerebral pan-angiography may not be indicated in the patient who has no
      further bleeding episodes and in whom the initial study was normal, technically
      adequate, and complete without evidence of vasospasm. Nonvisualization of a
      cerebral aneurysm is commonly proposed as the most likely cause of subarachnoid
      hemorrhage when angiography is normal following nontraumatic subarachnoid
      hemorrhage. Our results suggest this conclusion is no longer accurate if the
      angiogram is technically adequate with the absence of vasospasm.

PMID- 2300875
TI  - Malignant lymphoma presenting as a chronic subdural hematoma.
AB  - A 56-year-old man had a right frontotemporoparietal craniotomy for evacuation of
      an encapsulated subdural hematoma that had reaccumulated after burr-hole
      decompression 6 weeks before. Histopathologic examination showed a malignant
      lymphoma in the subdural hematoma. Our patient shows that malignant lymphoma can
      rarely present as a chronic subdural hematoma.

PMID- 2300876
TI  - A case of medullary venous malformations with an arterial component coexisting
      with arteriovenous malformations.
AB  - We present a rare case of medullary venous malformations with an arterial
      component coexisting with two small arteriovenous malformations in the same area.
      The onset was abrupt with subcortical hematoma due to the rupture of one
      arteriovenous malformation in the frontal area. Single photon emission computed
      tomography using 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime showed a high-uptake area
      around the hematoma suggesting increased blood flow. Two types of vascular
      malformation coexisting in the same area support a theory of congenital
      malformation originating in intrauterine life.

PMID- 2300878
TI  - Double giant fusiform aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery.
AB  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage in a patient with two giant fusiform aneurysms arising
      from the posterior cerebral artery was treated by clipping the P2 segment of the
      artery, proximal to the first aneurysm. This combination of aneurysms has not
      previously been reported.

PMID- 2300877
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy and posterior circulation extracranial-intracranial bypass
      for acute basilar artery thrombosis. Case report.
AB  - Basilar artery thrombosis has a very poor prognosis. A 56-year-old comatose man
      with acute basilar artery occlusion was successfully treated with local urokinase
      infusion which reopened the basilar artery and revealed a midbasilar stenotic
      plaque. This procedure was followed by a superficial temporal artery to superior
      cerebellar artery anastomosis for protection of the posterior circulation.

PMID- 2300879
TI  - A statement concerning neurosurgery in the undergraduate medical curriculum.

PMID- 2300880
TI  - Giant cell reparative granuloma of the skull base mimicking an intracranial
      tumor. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Giant cell reparative granuloma is an infrequent nontumoral lesion affecting
      particularly the maxillary and mandibular bones and only rarely the cranial
      bones. The etiopathogenesis is still controversial and differential diagnosis,
      especially from giant cell tumors of bone, is arduous. We report a case of giant
      cell reparative granuloma of the middle cranial fossa which behaved like an
      intracranial tumor and which we followed up for 15 years. We discuss the relevant
      literature and describe the essential features of this controversial lesion.

PMID- 2300882
TI  - Pathologists as consultants.

PMID- 2300881
TI  - Indirect carotid-cavernous sinus fistula: transvenous embolization from the
      external jugular vein using a superior ophthalmic vein approach. A case report.
AB  - A case of indirect carotid-cavernous sinus fistula treated by combined
      transarterial and transvenous embolization is described. A 49-year-old woman with
      a right indirect carotid-cavernous sinus fistula draining solely to the right
      superior ophthalmic vein was treated first by transarterial embolization with
      polyvinyl alcohol particles. Then, by approaching through the superior ophthalmic
      vein from the right external jugular vein, the cavernous sinus was embolized with
      platinum wire using a tracker microcatheter, which resulted in marked clinical
      improvement. Transvenous embolization by approaching from the external jugular
      vein through the superior ophthalmic vein represents a promising alternative when
      shunted blood drains anteriorly to the superior ophthalmic vein.

PMID- 2300883
TI  - Neurosurgery and the law: the Hungarian pattern.

PMID- 2300884
TI  - International Workshop on Particle Therapy. Annual meeting of the EORTC Heavy
      Particle Therapy Group. October 28-29, 1988, Essen. Proceedings.

PMID- 2300885
TI  - The rationale for accelerated fast neutron therapy.

PMID- 2300886
TI  - Reactivation of neutron killed mammalian cells by gamma irradiation: the
      observations, possible mechanism and implication.
AB  - We have observed that combinations of neutron plus gamma ray exposure can
      significantly increase the colony forming ability of monkey and human cell
      cultures over the neutron dose alone. The "reactivation" of neutron killed
      mammalian cells by gamma rays is analogous to observations made in lower
      eukaryotic organisms and fits the pattern termed "T repair" previously postulated
      for yeast and protozoans.

PMID- 2300887
TI  - Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) using fast neutrons: effects in two human
      tumor cell lines.

PMID- 2300888
TI  - Pion irradiation at Paul Scherrer Institute. Results of dynamic treatment of
      unresectable soft tissue sarcoma.
AB  - Since November 1981, when pion irradiation was introduced for deep seated tumors
      at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (SIN; now Paul Scherrer Institute,
      PSI) a dynamic, three-dimensional spot scan application technique has been in
      use. To exploit this technique a special planning system for optimisation of the
      dose distribution has been designed. From November 1981 to December 1988 a total
      of 406 patients have been treated with pions. From April 1983 to October 1987 a
      total of 35 patients were prospectively treated for unresectable soft tissue
      sarcomas in a phase I/II-study. In 32/35 patients, tumor sites were
      retroperitoneal, pelvic or in the groin or thigh. 27 patients received a high,
      curative total dose of 30 to 36 Gy. After a median follow-up time of 19 months
      (13 to 68) the actuarial five-year rate of local tumor control for these 27
      patients was 64%; the actuarial five-year survival rate of the 20 patients
      treated without metastases was 58%. Late reactions appeared in 5/27 patients: 2/8
      patients with extremity/groin sarcomas (1/2 caused by biopsy) and 3/19 patients
      with retroperitoneal/pelvic sarcomas (one a skin reaction after Actinomycin-D,
      one a small bowel reaction after 36 Gy, a dose no longer given). Dynamic spot
      scan pion irradiation proves to be a successful treatment technique for
      unresectable sarcomas with a high rate of tumor control and a very low rate of
      severe late reactions.

PMID- 2300889
TI  - Quantification of subcutaneous fibrosis after combined photon neutron therapy.
AB  - Subcutaneous fibrosis is intensified for neutron therapy compared with photon
      irradiation. It can be a dose limiting factor. Quantification of subcutaneous
      fibrosis is possible using CT scans and measuring the tissue density in
      Hounsfield units. With this technique the time dependent development of fibrosis
      after neutron irradiation was determined in ten patients, who had been treated
      for recurrent recto-sigmoidal tumors.

PMID- 2300890
TI  - Technical status report of the Orleans neutron therapy facility.
AB  - The first neutron beam at the Orleans neutron therapy facility was produced in
      1980 through a target and collimator designed by C.G.R MeV. Technical
      investigations have led to some appreciable improvements for beam penetration and
      collimation. We report the main characteristics of the irradiation facility in
      1988.

PMID- 2300891
TI  - Photon-neutron therapy for recurrent colorectal cancer--follow up and preliminary
      results.
AB  - 26 patients with unresectable locally recurrent adenocarcinoma of the rectum were
      treated with a mixed beam schedule. 40 Gy photons were delivered to the whole
      pelvis followed by a neutron boost of 6.6 or 10 Gy. Neutron therapy was carried
      out with a 14 MeV d-t generator (KARIN) using an isocentric are technique.
      Fluctuation in neutron dose rate during irradiation was monitored by a computer
      which controlled the gantry speed. All patients were followed clinically by CEA
      monitoring and CT-scans. In 18 patients positron-emission-tomography (PET) was
      used to verify the therapeutic efficacy. All patients were symptomatic with
      severe pain prior to therapy. After a mean follow-up interval of 12.8 months
      (range six to 26 months), the palliative effect in terms of pain relief was
      excellent in 22 patients in spite of the poor general condition of most patients
      and the large tumor extension. In four patients, further pain symptoms developed
      again after six to nine months due to renewed tumor progression. We observed
      proctitis at late side effects in one, enteritis in two and a fistula in one
      patient six to ten months after therapy. Changes in tumor glucose metabolism were
      monitored by serial PET examinations in all patients. The typical pattern
      observed by PET was a decrease in the F-18-Deoxyglucose (FDG) accumulation,
      approximately six weeks after onset of therapy.

PMID- 2300892
TI  - Fragmentation of human gallstones using ultrasound and electrohydraulic
      lithotripsy: experimental and clinical experience.
AB  - In vitro fragmentation of gallstones was performed by means of ultrasound (n =
      89) and electrohydraulic lithotripsy (n = 83) with success rates of 100% and 93%,
      respectively. The fragmentation time was 21.9 +/- 52 seconds (mean +/- SEM) for
      ultrasound and 2.5 +/- 3.4 seconds for electrohydraulic lithotripsy. The energies
      required were similar to those used safely in the fragmentation of renal and
      bladder stones. Fragmentation was not related to the composition of the
      gallstones; there was no statistical difference between the fragmentation times
      or rates (p greater than 0.05) in cholesterol stones and pigment stones by either
      method. Fragmentation time was linearly related to gallstone weight for both
      methods. Comparison of ultrasound and electrohydraulic lithotripsy, using the two
      way analysis of variance model, revealed no statistical difference between the
      two methods in times and rates of fragmentation (p greater than 0.05). Both
      ultrasound and electrohydraulic lithotripsy offer distinct advantages over the
      dissolution of gallstones by chemical methods because they are rapid and
      independent of gallstone composition. In vivo fragmentation of a large pigment
      common duct stone was also accomplished by means of an electrohydraulic
      lithotriptor. The stone was discovered in a 79-year-old patient on post-operative
      T-tube cholangiogram. Chemical analysis of the gallstones removed from the
      patient during cholecystectomy had revealed a very low cholesterol content. Since
      the remaining stone could not be dissolved and was too large to be mechanically
      extracted, it was fragmented through a T-tube, under fluoroscopic guidance and
      the small fragments were extracted with a dormia basket. The electrohydraulic
      lithotriptor was selected because it has a flexible probe.

PMID- 2300893
TI  - Skeletal remineralization after surgery for primary and secondary
      hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - Bone mineral was measured by photon absorptiometry before and after parathyroid
      surgery in patients with primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). The mean
      bone mineral density of lumbar vertebrae was 0.82 +/- 0.04 (SEM) gm/cm2 in
      primary HPT (n = 7) and 0.86 +/- 0.05 gm/cm2 in secondary HPT (n = 11). These
      values are significantly lower than for age-matched normal subjects. After
      successful parathyroid surgery, the bone mass of the distal radius and lumbar
      vertebrae increased by approximately 10% within 3 months after operation and then
      remained stable during the first postoperative year. In conclusion, parathyroid
      surgery is followed by a significant increase of bone mass in primary and
      secondary HPT. The substantial increase in bone mass in parts of the skeleton
      consisting predominantly of trabecular bone, as well as in sites with
      predominantly cortical bone, indicates that remineralization after operation
      involves a generalized increase in bone mass.

PMID- 2300894
TI  - Hepatic venous injury after blunt abdominal trauma.
AB  - Data on 306 liver injuries were collected prospectively during a 10-year period.
      Of the 306 injuries, 281 were the result of blunt trauma. Major hepatic venous
      injuries were encountered in 41 of 306 patients (13%). Blunt trauma was
      responsible for 39 of the 41 venous injuries. Twenty-five (61%) of these patients
      died compared with an overall mortality rate of 31% (chi 2; p less than 0.001).
      Twenty-two of the 25 deaths were caused by blood loss. Two patterns of hepatic
      venous injury appeared to predominate: avulsion of the trunk of the right hepatic
      vein from the inferior vena cava and avulsion of the upper branch of the right
      hepatic vein. The trunk injury was seen in 15 patients, 12 of whom died. The
      branch injury was seen in 13 patients, only 4 of whom died (Fisher's exact test;
      p = 0.006). In what appears to be the largest series of blunt hepatic venous
      injuries published, the injuries have been classified according to the anatomic
      site of the injury. Such a classification correlates with prognosis. Differences
      between blunt and penetrating hepatic venous trauma have been discussed.

PMID- 2300895
TI  - The effects of short-term ethanol exposure on the canine jejunal handling of
      calcium and glucose.
AB  - The effects of ethanol on simultaneous jejunal handling of calcium and glucose
      were studied in long-term canine jejunal Thirty-Vella loops. The loops were
      perfused intraluminally in a random sequence with physiologic buffer, buffer
      containing 3.5% ethanol, and buffer containing 7% ethanol. The addition of 3.5%
      or 7% ethanol to the buffer reduced the net absorption of glucose by 13% and 26%,
      respectively. The addition of 7% but not 3.5% ethanol significantly increased the
      net secretion of calcium (168% of basal). In contrast, luminal perfusion with
      ethanol did not significantly alter intestinal handling of water, sodium, or
      potassium. Serum calcium and glucose levels were similarly unaffected by the
      ethanol perfusion. Mean serum ethanol levels were all less than 10 mg/dl. We
      conclude that intraluminal ethanol has a significant effect on the jejunal
      handling of glucose and calcium, and this effect is not dependent on systemic
      intoxication.

PMID- 2300896
TI  - A cystoscopically directed biopsy technique developed in canine
      pancreaticoduodenal transplantation.
AB  - Present methods of monitoring for allograft dysfunction in pancreaticoduodenal
      transplantation (urinary amylase, scintigraphy) give indirect evidence and do not
      consistently allow recognition of early, potentially reversible rejection from
      other causes of allograft dysfunction. For better diagnosis of allograft
      dysfunction, adequate tissue specimens must be obtained without trauma to the
      allograft. We devised a cystoscopically directed needle biopsy technique to
      obtain tissue from the canine pancreaticoduodenal allograft. This technique is
      made feasible by a duodenocystostomy similar to that in human pancreaticoduodenal
      transplantation. The duodenum acts as a port of entry for the biopsy instruments,
      providing access to the pancreas. A 24F side-viewing nephroscope is used to view
      the duodenum. The tissue specimen is obtained with an 18-gauge, 350 mm Menghini
      aspiration needle inserted by way of the nephroscope through the duodenum and
      into the pancreas. Pancreaticoduodenal allotransplantation with a
      duodenocystostomy for exocrine drainage was performed in 18 dogs. Of 59 serial
      biopsy specimens obtained, 41 (69.5%) were adequate for pathologic evaluation.
      The principal complication associated with the technique was minimal bleeding at
      the biopsy site, occurring in 22 of the 59 biopsy procedures. This
      cystoscopically directed biopsy technique appears to be safe, often obtains
      adequate tissue for diagnosis, and may be directly applicable for distinguishing
      causes of allograft dysfunction in human pancreaticoduodenal transplantation.

PMID- 2300897
TI  - Calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and gastrin-releasing peptide in
      familial thyroid medullary carcinoma.
AB  - We examined immunocytochemically the occurrence of the three peptides calcitonin,
      calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) in
      medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. We also sought to determine whether the
      plasma levels of these peptides were increased when stimulated with calcium and
      pentagastrin in familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). The tumor
      tissue from all 17 cases examined was found to exhibit calcitonin and CGRP
      immunoreactivity, and in 15 of the 17 cases the tumor tissue also contained GRP
      immunoreactivity. In 7 of the cases selected at random, an intravenous injection
      of calcium carbonate (2 mg/kg body weight) and pentagastrin (0.6 microgram/kg
      body weight) produced marked elevation in plasma levels of calcitonin but did not
      significantly alter the plasma levels of CGRP or GRP. We conclude that most MCT
      tumors contain CGRP and GRP immunoreactive cells but that the plasma levels of
      CGRP and GRP are not altered on stimulation. This finding is clearly in contrast
      to the markedly elevated calcitonin levels. Hence, determination of plasma
      calcitonin levels still seems to be the most appropriate diagnostic test for MCT.

PMID- 2300898
TI  - Patterns of serum alkaline phosphatase activity in unilateral hepatic duct
      obstruction: a clinical and experimental study.
AB  - The levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured in eight patients
      with bile duct obstruction limited to one lobe of the liver. Although an initial
      rise of enzyme concentration was documented in every patient, unrelieved biliary
      obstruction was associated with a gradual return of ALP to normal values. The
      return to normal levels coincided with the development of atrophy of that part of
      the liver deprived of its bile drainage. An animal model of experimental
      selective biliary obstruction supported a causative association between reduction
      of hepatocyte mass and a decrease in ALP activity. It appears that normal serum
      ALP levels can be expected with advanced obstructive biliary disease. Suspected
      lobar or segmental duct obstruction warrants investigation--even if liver
      function tests are normal.

PMID- 2300899
TI  - Assessment of anorectal function after mucosal proctectomy and endorectal ileal
      pullthrough for ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Twenty-one consecutive patients (10 male and 11 female) with ulcerative colitis
      who underwent colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and endorectal ileal pullthrough
      with ileal reservoir were examined by serial anorectal sphincter measurements.
      Values were recorded before operation, after operation, and on two occasions
      during a 6-month period after ileostomy closure. Anal sphincter pressures and
      rectal ampullary volume measurements were performed using a new, simplified
      recording instrument. The anal resting pressure was elevated for both male and
      female patients preoperatively but decreased to levels slightly below normal
      control values after the pullthrough procedure. The maximal squeeze pressure was
      markedly elevated for both male and female patients preoperatively but decreased
      to levels near normal controls postoperation and remained at this level during
      the entire period of study. The rectal sensitivity threshold and rectal volume
      tolerance were markedly decreased preoperatively and appeared to correlate
      closely with the severity of inflammatory disease in the rectum. After the
      operation the maximal tolerance volume increased in direct relation with
      enlargement of the ileal reservoir and was associated with a slight, but
      definite, decrease in stool frequency. This study confirms the view that although
      mucosal proctectomy may have mildly adverse effects on anal sphincter function,
      this impairment is well compensated in most patients. Abnormalities recorded
      preoperatively are likely to persist after the pullthrough procedure. More than
      90% of patients consider themselves continent after long-term follow-up
      evaluation.

PMID- 2300901
TI  - Hepatic transplantation in a patient with mesoatrial shunt and occlusion of the
      inferior vena cava.
AB  - Occlusion of the vena cava has long been considered an insurmountable difficulty
      in patients needing liver transplantation. We report the case of a patient with a
      patent mesoatrial shunt and complete vena cava obstruction who underwent liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2300900
TI  - Local immunosuppression of the vascularized graft.

PMID- 2300902
TI  - Small-bowel obstruction caused by a long-term indwelling urinary catheter.
AB  - The first known case report of a small-bowel obstruction caused by a long-term
      indwelling Foley catheter is presented. The balloon of the catheter passed into
      and obstructed the lumen of the distal ileum through a vesicoenteric fistula
      created by chronic irritation. With the exception of recurrent urinary-tract
      infections, complications of urinary catheters are rare. The patient presented a
      diagnostic dilemma that was solved with a preoperative computed tomographic scan.

PMID- 2300903
TI  - Are "aberrant nodal gastrinomas" pathogenetically similar to "lateral aberrant
      thyroid" nodules?

PMID- 2300904
TI  - A new theory of cerebellar function: movement control through phase-independent
      recognition of identities between time-based neural informational symbols.
AB  - A new theory designed to explain the functions of the cerebellum in the control
      of movement and the unique anatomy of that structure is presented. The heart of
      this proposed explanation is that the cerebellum generates increased numbers of
      outputs from particular Purkinje cells whenever the same pattern of pulses in
      time is presented both to its mossy fiber and its climbing fiber input systems.
      The postulated function of the unusual anatomy of the cerebellum is to permit it
      instantly to recognize and respond to identical patterns presented through these
      two channels regardless of the phase differences between these two signal
      sources, where phase differences are defined as differences in times of arrival
      of patterns of inputs from these two sources. The first means putatively used
      involves the summation of pulses comprising a given pattern of inputs
      simultaneously at many different Purkinje cells by virtue of the different speeds
      of conduction of the parallel fiber axons of granule cells. The second means is
      the addition of an input from the climbing fiber system that, together with the
      simultaneous parallel fiber inputs, leads to a discharge of particular Purkinje
      cells, which discharge temporarily increases the size of EPSP's generated by the
      parallel fiber synapses involved in the cell's discharge. This specific synaptic
      potentiation, in turn, makes it possible for the cell to respond by generating
      closely consecutive additional discharges provided that the same patterns of
      discharge are presented both to the climbing fiber system and the mossy fiber
      system. This happens because later pulses in identical patterns will arrive
      simultaneously at previously facilitated synapses via parallel fibers and at
      synapses of the climbing fibers, thereby causing additional spatial summations
      and discharges to occur. According to this explanation the patterns that are
      compared in the above manner are symbols (patterns of pulses) produced by sensors
      of current positions and symbols derived from memory and also representing these
      same positions. When patterns from these two sources are identical, the multiple
      outputs of specific Purkinje cells inhibit an automatic feedback loop and thereby
      indirectly cause the attenuation and arrest of movement. The evolution of these
      concepts resulted in very specific "predictions" of particular connections
      involving the olive, pons, red nucleus, dentate, thalamus, and sensory-motor
      cortex. All of these predictions were found to be consistent with evidence in the
      literature. Points of difference between this theory and all prior ones are
      discussed as are several critical tests of its validity, and the putative
      evolution of cerebellar structure and function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2300905
TI  - Associative synaptic potentiation and depression: quantification of dissociable
      modifications in the hippocampal dentate gyrus favors a particular class of
      synaptic modification equations.
AB  - This report further characterizes associative long-term synaptic modification of
      the ipsilateral and contralateral synapses formed by the bilateral entorhinal
      cortical (EC) projection to the dentate gyrus (DG). The experimental model is the
      anesthetized hooded rat. The quantitative results qualify this system as a model
      for studying the rules of associative synaptic modification formulated in terms
      of individual synapses. Bilateral DG microelectrodes recorded both ipsilateral
      and contralateral EC-DG responses before and after brief, high-frequency EC
      conditioning stimulation. The weak contralateral pathway received high-frequency
      conditioning before, during, or after similar conditioning of the strong,
      converging ipsilateral pathway. Statistical analyses revealed two types of
      significant, dissociated synaptic modifications, which depend on the relationship
      of the ipsilateral and contralateral afferents. First, contralateral EC-DG
      responses potentiated or depressed when the converging ipsilateral responses
      concurrently either potentiated or remained unchanged. Second, contralateral EC
      DG responses potentiated, depressed, or showed no change when the collateral
      ipsilateral responses concurrently either potentiated or remained unchanged.
      Correlation and contingency table analyses indicated that changes in the
      contralateral synaptic responses are not well predicted by changes at either
      neighboring synapses of the converging ipsilateral pathway or at synapses of the
      collateral ipsilateral pathway. The contingencies of associated pre- and
      postsynaptic activation determined by the conditioning paradigm, however,
      accurately predicted the altered synaptic responses of both ipsilateral and
      contralateral EC-DG pathways. The results imply that associative synaptic
      modification in the EC-DG system is specific to individual synapses and requires
      both appropriate presynaptic and postsynaptic activation. Because this system
      provides suitable controls for nonspecific effects of conditioning stimulation
      and because modification of neighboring synapses is dissociable, the EC-DG system
      can be used to study further those rules of activity-dependent associative
      modification that are formulated in terms of individual synapses. The discussion
      briefly considers published rules of synaptic modification, pointing out several
      rules that are not consistent with the experimental observations and one that
      agrees with the present results.

PMID- 2300906
TI  - Effect of acute and daily cocaine treatment on extracellular dopamine in the
      nucleus accumbens.
AB  - The behavioral stimulant effect of peripheral cocaine injection into rats is
      augmented following daily administration. In vivo dialysis in the nucleus
      accumbens of conscious rats was used to determine if the increased behavioral
      response following daily cocaine administration is associated with an increase in
      extracellular dopamine concentration. Acute injection of cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip)
      produced an elevation in extracellular dopamine concentration in the nucleus
      accumbens. Following daily pretreatment with cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip X 4 days), a
      subsequent acute injection of cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip) significantly elevated the
      extracellular dopamine levels compared to that produced by a single acute
      injection. Although the levels of extracellular dopamine metabolites was
      significantly lowered by both acute cocaine and daily cocaine, no difference
      between these two groups of animals was measured. The increase in extracellular
      dopamine following a single acute injection of cocaine was not correlated to the
      motor stimulant response. However, after daily pretreatment with cocaine the
      motor stimulant response to acute cocaine was positively correlated with the
      increased extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. These
      data demonstrate that enhanced dopamine release into the nucleus accumbens may
      mediate the behavioral sensitization produced by daily injections of cocaine, but
      that other neural systems are influential in mediating the acute motor stimulant
      effect of cocaine.

PMID- 2300908
TI  - Is there a connection between pollution and birth defects?

PMID- 2300909
TI  - Sublingual benzodiazepines can relieve panic rapidly.

PMID- 2300907
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence for an excitatory amino acid projection from the
      ventromedial hypothalamus to the medial zona incerta.

PMID- 2300910
TI  - House adopts guidelines for HIV positive physicians.

PMID- 2300912
TI  - Placental examination can help determine cause of brain damage in neonates.
AB  - Intrapartum asphyxia rarely causes cerebral palsy. More than 90% of cases of
      cerebral palsy are now believed to result from an antecedent intrauterine
      developmental abnormality. It is now also known that there is an association
      between subacute and chronic intrauterine hypoxia (decreased uteroplacental blood
      flow) and brain damage. We present an evaluation protocol that includes clinical
      findings of the mother and infant combined with pathologic examination of the
      placenta. The purpose of this protocol is to better identify and separate cases
      of acute from chronic perinatal asphyxia. We believe that improved screening and
      identification of perinatal asphyxia will reduce the number of malpractice suits
      for infants with brain damage. The objective is to eliminate from litigation
      those cases due to antecedent developmental abnormality over which the clinician
      has no responsibility and should not be held medically liable.

PMID- 2300911
TI  - What lies ahead for medicine in 1990 and beyond.
AB  - Standing on the brink of a new decade, Texas physicians have a lot to look
      forward to. They also have a lot to worry about. Cancer research may make it
      possible to intervene in the disease process. At the same time, the Health Care
      Financing Administration is threatening to tighten its reins on peer review.
      Expansion of the Medicaid program will assure care for more pregnant women and
      children. But, the number of uninsured and underinsured is growing. In this
      article, experts in medical economics, public health, and legislation gaze into
      the crystal ball and share their vision of the topsy-turvy, partly good-partly
      bad future.

PMID- 2300913
TI  - Pediatric AIDS: treatment and outcome of patients.
AB  - The treatment of pediatric patients with HIV infection/AIDS is structured
      according to the clinical classification of the disease by the Centers for
      Disease Control; it involves prophylaxis, therapy against the human
      immunodeficiency virus, and therapy for the opportunistic infections and non
      infectious complications of this disease. In spite of all these forms of therapy,
      the universal outcome of HIV infection/AIDS is the death of the patients.
      Prevention remains the only effective means to curb this epidemic.

PMID- 2300914
TI  - Death following suspected alprazolam withdrawal seizures: a case report.
AB  - This is a case report of severe psychosis and seizures following abrupt
      discontinuation of alprazolam and then the recurrence of seizures at the end of a
      gradual tapering schedule. The last of these seizures appeared to be a
      contributing factor in the patient's death. To the authors' knowledge, this is
      the first published report of a fatality associated with alprazolam withdrawal.

PMID- 2300915
TI  - TDH, organized medicine work toward common goal of health.

PMID- 2300916
TI  - Restrictive covenants.
AB  - Sales of medical practices and physician employment contracts may contain
      covenants not to compete, also known as restrictive covenants. These covenants
      prohibit sellers from competing with buyers and employees from competing with
      former employers for a specified period of time. As a result of a call for
      legislative action to dispel confusion created by case law regarding these
      covenants, there now exists a statute dealing with restrictive covenants. This
      new law abolishes the "common calling" test, a standard for determining the
      enforceability of covenants not to compete in employment agreements, which the
      Texas Supreme Court adopted in 1987. Among other remedies, the new law provides
      procedures for reforming a broad restrictive covenant to one that is reasonable.
      This article discusses the 1987 Texas Supreme Court case and reviews the new
      statute.

PMID- 2300918
TI  - This emotion called caring.

PMID- 2300917
TI  - Psychology of office design.
AB  - The design of a physician's office can affect whether patients return, follow
      advice, or recommend the physician to other people. Color is an important element
      in design. It can make people relaxed or excited; it can help or hinder vision.
      Decreased color perception and differentiation occurs with increased age. In
      addition, color reflects the personality of the person who chooses or uses it.
      Furniture also reflects personality. Arrangement is important in making people
      feel comfortable and easy and safe to move between pieces. Most people prefer to
      sit alone when waiting to see physicians. Firm-cushioned furniture with arm rests
      allows people to sit and rise more easily. Color, mirrors, glass, and other
      decorating items can help make a small space look larger, a narrow space wider,
      or a low space higher. Mixing textures creates interesting effects. Patterns in
      wall coverings and upholstery also increase visual interest and alter perception
      of size and shape. Personal mementos can make patients feel a physician is a more
      humane person, although they also can make a female physician appear less
      professional and capable, depending on the patients' perceptions. Even lighting
      levels increase visual acuity. People usually prefer some closeness in
      architecture as a defensive position. Institutionalized approaches to building
      increase patients' anxiety. The reception area makes the first impression. It
      should be welcoming, restful and divided into smaller waiting areas. Incandescent
      lighting is more relaxing than fluorescent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2300919
TI  - The chemical synthesis of the chromogenic substrates, H-D-Val-L-Leu-L-Lys-p
      nitroanilide (S2251) and H-D-Ile-L-Pro-L-ARG-p-nitroanilide (S2288).
AB  - We describe detailed procedures for the chemical synthesis of two costly
      chromogenic substrates, H-D-Ile-L-Pro-L-Arg-p-nitroanilide (S2288) and H-D-Val-L
      Leu-L-Lys-p-nitroanilide (S2251), which are widely employed for assay of tissue
      plasminogen activator and plasmin, respectively, as well as in inhibitor assays
      for these enzymes. Quantities of 5 grams or more of these reagents can be
      synthesized on a bench-top scale with routine equipment in a laboratory or
      facility with minimal experience in peptide chemistry. While some of the chemical
      reactions have been employed previously, improvements have been made therein in
      this manuscript, and these detailed descriptions are mainly provided to be of
      service to investigators who employ large quantities of these substrates in their
      work. The main strategic difference between our methodology and that employed
      previously is the coupling of the L-Lys- and L-Arg-p-nitroanilides to the
      previously synthesized, and otherwise completed peptides, which gives superior
      yields of final product and provides flexibility the chemical synthesis of
      substrates with other amino acids present.

PMID- 2300920
TI  - Dexamethasone increases the release of three 44 kD proteins immunologically
      related to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from human umbilical vein
      endothelial and rabbit coronary microvessel endothelial cells.
AB  - Endothelial cells synthesize and release different proteins involved in their
      function, and some of these proteins may play important roles in the cellular
      response to injury, infection, or glucocorticoids. We have examined the profile
      of proteins released from rabbit coronary microvascular endothelial (RCME) and
      human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells using two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The production of three anionic 44kD proteins
      was increased in RCME and HUVE-cell conditioned medium after treatment with
      dexamethasone, endotoxin or hypoxia-reoxygenation. The three 44 kD proteins were
      recognized by antisera raised against endothelial type plasminogen activator
      inhibitor (PAI-1). Dexamethasone treatment of HUVE and RCME cells reduced
      cellular and secreted plasminogen activator activity, but no significant effect
      of dexamethasone on PAI-1 activity in conditioned media could be demonstrated.
      These observations suggest that although the 44Kd proteins exhibit
      immunoreactivity with PAI-1 antisera, these proteins are most likely inactive
      forms of PAI-1.

PMID- 2300921
TI  - Heparin stimulates the release of glycosaminoglycans from cultured human
      endothelial cells.

PMID- 2300922
TI  - Platelet release reaction and plasma catecholamines during total hip replacement.
      No effects of high doses of corticosteroids.
AB  - Platelet activation and catecholamine levels during surgery and the effects of
      corticosteroids on these reactions were examined in fourteen patients operated by
      uncemented total hip replacement (THR). Beta-thromboglobulin (BTG), released from
      alpha granules during platelet activation, catecholamines and cortisol were
      examined in plasma before operation and in the early postoperative period. The
      patients were randomly divided into two groups, a corticosteroid group where the
      patients were treated by high doses of methylprednisolone (HDC) and a nonsteroid
      group. BTG increased about 200% during the operation, and thereafter, decreased
      to slightly supranormal values after 24 hours. There were no significant
      differences between the two patient groups. Catecholamine levels were low, and
      there were only minor changes following surgery. Cortisol increased following THR
      in the nonsteroid group. A standardized muscle-skeletal trauma in the form of THR
      caused a significant increase in platelet activation as evaluated by BTG increase
      during the first 24 hours after the operation. Catecholamines did not seem to be
      of importance for this activation, neither were the levels of BTG influenced by
      HDC.

PMID- 2300923
TI  - Fibrinopeptide A changes during remission induction treatment with L-asparaginase
      in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: evidence for activation of blood coagulation.
AB  - L-Asparaginase, a widely used antileukemic agent, inhibits liver protein
      synthesis leading to hypofibrinogenemia and hypoprothrombinemia together with a
      severe reduction of antithrombin III and protein C. An increased risk of
      thrombosis has been reported in leukemic patients treated with this agent. We
      measured fibrinopeptide A (FPA) changes in 14 patients with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia during induction remission treatment with a protocol including L
      Asparaginase (10,000 U/m2/daily intravenous for 14 days). At diagnosis, 9/14
      patients had FPA level above upper limit of normal range (mean = 4.1 ng/ml).
      After two days of therapy, FPA rose to 5.2 ng/ml and thereafter showed a slight
      increase throughout. Antithrombin III, protein C and fibrinogen dropped to its
      nadir on day 6 and 9. However, the ratio FPA/fibrinogen on a molar basis showed a
      three-fold increase during this days, demonstrating that the thrombin-dependent
      consumption of fibrinogen was also increased. In conclusion, our data show that
      activation of blood coagulation occurs in concomitance with the hemostatic
      derangement caused by L-Asparaginase. Replacement therapy with the recently
      available antithrombin III concentrates may be worthy of a clinical trial to test
      its effectiveness in preventing the thrombotic phenomena reported in these
      patients.

PMID- 2300924
TI  - Human platelet factor V is crosslinked to actin by FXIIIa during platelet
      activation by thrombin.
AB  - Although it has been established that factor V (FV) becomes associated
      irreversibly with the platelet cytoskeleton after stimulation with thrombin, the
      chemical nature of this complex is not known. Factor V has recently been
      demonstrated to be a substrate for factor XIIIa and to form factor V oligomers.
      We now show that thrombin-activated 125I-FV specifically links to a single
      protein (43 kDa) of the solubilized platelet membrane in a reaction which
      requires Ca++ and factor XIIIa. In a purified system, FV, activated by thrombin,
      forms covalently linked high molecular complexes with 125I-actin catalyzed by
      factor XIIIa. The site of crosslinking of actin was the factor V fragments, 150
      kDa (connecting peptide, C1) and its parent molecule 200 kDa (B). Using
      radiolabeled actin and unlabeled FV, factor XIIIa catalysed the formation of both
      homopolymers and heteropolymers. Unlabeled actin was found to compete with
      radiolabeled FV as a substrate for FXIIIa. To evaluate the biological
      significance of the crosslinking of factor V to actin, intact platelets were
      treated with B10 (monoclonal antibody to C1), or monospecific polyclonal
      antibodies to actin or FXIII. After stimulation with thrombin, the cytoskeleton
      (material insoluble in Triton X-100) showed markedly decreased 125I-FV in the
      crosslinked complexes. FV coagulant activity associated with platelet
      cytoskeleton was also diminished following incubation with an antibody to actin,
      factor XIII, or B10. These data suggest that FV, through the C1 domain, is
      crosslinked to actin in the cytoskeleton of thrombin-treated platelets. Activated
      factor XIII may play a role in plasma FV-platelet interaction as well as the
      expression of FV derived from the alpha-granules on the cytoskeleton during
      platelet stimulation.

PMID- 2300925
TI  - Critical role of the carbohydrate moiety in human von Willebrand factor protein
      for interactions with type I collagen.
AB  - The ability of von Willebrand factor protein (vWF) to agglutinate platelets with
      ristocetin depends upon the presence of its highest molecular weight multimers
      (HMWM) and its intact carbohydrate structure. Previously we demonstrated that the
      HMWM are preferentially adsorbed to purified fibrillar type I collagen. The role
      of the carbohydrate structure of vWF in this function has not been established.
      In these studies complete desialylation (greater than 95%) of the intact protein
      by neuraminidase did not interfere with the normal adsorption of vWF activity to
      type I collagen. In contrast, modification of the penultimate galactose of the
      desialylated protein with galactose oxidase or beta-galactosidase markedly
      reduced adsorption of vWF activity by collagen. Subsequent reduction of the
      oxidized desialylated protein with potassium borohydride completely regenerated
      the normal adsorption of vWF activity by collagen. Enzymatic modification of the
      penultimate galactose moiety of vWF resulted in a loss of the HMWM, as observed
      following SDS-glyoxyl agarose electrophoresis. This was in contrast to
      desialylated vWF, which appeared intact structurally and which predictably lost
      its HMWM upon exposure to collagen in a manner similar to native vWF. Therefore,
      the carbohydrate structure of vWF and, in particular, the penultimate galactose
      moiety, may be critical for vWF-collagen interactions and for the mediation of
      primary hemostasis.

PMID- 2300927
TI  - [The tobacco epidemic can be stopped].

PMID- 2300926
TI  - Production of chemotactic peptides by neutrophil degradation of heparin cofactor
      II.
AB  - This study investigated the reaction of heparin cofactor II (HCII) with
      stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). We have expanded upon previous
      studies showing that HCII can be degraded by stimulated PMN (Sie, P., Dupouy, D.,
      Dol, F., and Boneu, B., Thromb. Res. 47, 657-664, 1987), and that chemotactic
      activity is produced when HCII is partially proteolyzed with purified leukocyte
      elastase or cathepsin G (Hoffman, M., Pratt, C.W., Brown, R.L., and Church, F.C.,
      Blood, 73, 1682-1695, 1989). We found that HCII was proteolyzed by stimulated
      PMN, generating peptides with chemotactic activity. Both proteolysis and
      generation of chemotactic activity were inhibited by a specific leukocyte
      elastase inhibitor and by more general proteinase inhibitors. Leukocyte elastase
      activity was lost upon addition of either inhibitor. Heparin and dermatan sulfate
      altered the pattern of proteolysis. Our results suggest that HCII may be involved
      not only in functions related to thrombin inhibition but also in regulating acute
      inflammation.

PMID- 2300928
TI  - [The cystic fibrosis gene is identified--what is gained?].

PMID- 2300930
TI  - [Food and preventive health care].

PMID- 2300929
TI  - [Deep-freezing of human preimplantation embryos].

PMID- 2300931
TI  - [Effect of the law against smoking at the work place. A study done among
      employees of the city of Bergen].
AB  - On 1 July 1988, the Norwegian Parliament passed a new section to the Tobacco Act,
      which banned smoking in areas accessible to the general public and in work areas
      where two or more people are gathered. In April, 1989, a study was undertaken in
      Bergen, Norway, to evaluate the impact of this new law. A written survey, to be
      filled-in anonymously, was distributed to approximately 1300 employees of the
      City of Bergen. Results indicate that the participants were generally positive
      towards the new law. The majority of participants reported that the law was being
      respected at their workplaces, and that it had led to a more positive working
      environment in the form of cleaner indoor air. The majority also reported that,
      after the introduction of the new law, it had become easier, i.e. more respected,
      to be a non-smoker. At some workplaces however, especially those marked by a
      majority of male "blue collar" laborers, the law had not been enforced and no
      agreement had been reached on how to reduce smoking at work. A substantial number
      of non-smokers at these workplaces reported their working environment as less
      pleasant after introduction of the new law.

PMID- 2300932
TI  - [Freezing, thawing and transfer of human embryos].
AB  - We present our experience of cryopreservation of human embryos from 1 July 1987
      to 1 July 1989. During this period, 667 in vitro fertilizing cycles were
      completed. In 173 (26%) of these cycles, a total of 805 surplus embryos were
      cryopreserved. 516 embryos were thawed and 247 of these were transferred to the
      uterine cavity in a total of 110 replacement cycles. This resulted in 22 (20%)
      pregnancies in which a total of 28 gestational sacs could be verified by
      ultrasound. Seven of the pregnancies aborted spontaneously in the first trimester
      and one pregnancy was ectopic. By 1 July 1989, five singleton pregnancies were in
      progress and 13 babies had been born from nine deliveries (one set of triplets
      and two sets of twins). 25% of the patients whose embryos were cryopreserved
      became pregnant in the in vitro fertilizing cycle after replacement of fresh
      embryos.

PMID- 2300933
TI  - [Changing food habits].
AB  - The main goal of the Norwegian policy on food and nutrition for the period 1975
      1990 is to reduce the proportion of fat in the diet to 35 per cent of the energy
      supply. This should be achieved through a gradual change in diet. Figures on food
      supply and consumption show that this target has been reached. The dietary
      changes have probably contributed considerably to the decrease in cardiovascular
      disease since the early 1970s. It is most likely that public health can still
      gain much from further changes in the Norwegian diet.

PMID- 2300934
TI  - [Dietary factors and risk of colon cancer].
AB  - Epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that certain dietary habits are
      associated with increased frequency of cancer in the large bowel. The article
      presents recent studies on the effects of fiber, fat and calcium on risk of
      cancer of the large bowel. A low fiber/high fat diet seems to enhance the risk of
      developing a colonic neoplasm. Increased intake of calcium may be beneficial in
      high-risk populations.

PMID- 2300935
TI  - [Treatment of myocardial infarction--current status at Norwegian hospitals].
AB  - Present routines for examination, treatment and follow-up of myocardial
      infarction were registered at all hospitals in Norway. Heparin and salicylic acid
      are given as standard treatment. Streptokinase is given regularly to patients
      with a short case-history, while beta-blockers are used mostly in secondary
      prevention. Patients with unstable angina pectoris are offered acute coronary by
      pass operation in 90% of the hospitals. The hospitalization period is short,
      varying from approximately ten days for patients with large myocardial
      infarctions, to seven days for patients with small infarctions. Most hospitals
      have a progressive rehabilitation program which stimulates early discharge of the
      patients. In general, Norwegian hospitals follow "modern" principles in the
      treatment of myocardial infarction. The routines are fairly similar in small and
      large hospitals, and in various parts of the country.

PMID- 2300936
TI  - [Causes and risk factors of intraoperative anesthesia complications. A
      prospective study of 14,735 anesthesias].
AB  - Identification of risk factors is an essential part of our efforts to minimize
      problems during anesthesia. 14,735 patients were included in a prospective study
      in order to assess the magnitude of risk and identify risk factors. The rate of
      complications increased substantially after the age of 40, due mainly to a large
      number of patients with poor preoperative physical condition. High age in itself
      was not associated with increased risk of complications. Contrary to former
      belief, the maintenance period of anesthesia does represent a considerable risk
      of complications requiring emergency intervention by an anesthesiologist. The
      complications were related to the conduct of anaesthesia in 70% of the total
      number of cases and to poor physical status and the surgery in 30%. However, poor
      physical condition and the surgery were responsible for 50% of the very serious
      complications and for all the four deaths on the table. The results of the survey
      confirm that thorough preoperative preparation of the patient is extremely
      important in order to reduce intraoperative risk, especially in emergency
      surgery.

PMID- 2300937
TI  - [Development of a Norwegian pain questionnaire for pain measurement].
AB  - This study was undertaken to develop a multidimensional instrument in the
      Norwegian language to measure pain. The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) was used
      as a model, since it is a valid and reliable tool for pain measurement in English
      speaking countries. A series of steps were taken to develop a Norwegian pain
      questionnaire: 1) Words descriptive of pain were derived from 95 subjects
      (patients, students and health personnel). 2) Ten subjects allocated pain words
      into groups. 3) 36 college students validated the word groupings. 4) 72 patients
      graded the words contained in each group according to intensity. 5) A test of
      reliability of group items was performed. The study demonstrated that there are
      many words in Norwegian to describe pain. The Norwegian pain questionnaire came
      to contain 106 descriptors of pain placed in 18 groups. We demonstrated the
      validity of the word groupings and the reliability of group items. The actual
      value of the Norwegian pain questionnaire as a measuring instrument has not yet
      been documented.

PMID- 2300938
TI  - [Jet ventilation].
AB  - High frequency jet ventilation gives adequate alveolar ventilation with very
      small tidal volumes, gas exchange at lower airway pressure, reduced risk of
      pulmonary barotrauma, and less cardiovascular impairment. Use of small
      insufflation catheters facilitates surgery when access is restricted, as in
      laryngeal surgery, and makes it possible to ventilate a patient through a
      cricithyroid membrane puncture in an emergency situation. In intensive care
      medicine, jet ventilation can have some advantage over conventional ventilation
      in patients with bronchopleural fistulas, and when it is difficult to wean
      patients from a respirator. The article describes experience using an Acutronic
      AMS-1000 Universal Jet Ventilator.

PMID- 2300939
TI  - [Insertion of suprapubic bladder catheter].

PMID- 2300940
TI  - [Magnesium during diuretic therapy].

PMID- 2300941
TI  - [Cessation of smoking. Advice on how to stop smoking presented in a newspaper].
AB  - A journalist and a physician presented a smoking cessation campaign in four
      weekend editions of a Norwegian newspaper. A questionnaire was administered to
      1,437 persons by telephone, 34% of the readers of the newspaper had actually read
      one or several of the articles and had gained information and know-how on how to
      stop smoking. However, only 2% of the readers who smoked daily tried to change
      their smoking habits.

PMID- 2300942
TI  - [Nausea in cancer patients. An analysis of its frequency and an evaluation of the
      treatment of nausea].
AB  - Frequency of nausea was investigated during the last six months of life of 342
      patients who died from cancer in 1987. 44% received antiemetic treatment, but
      only 2% obtained complete relief. There was a close connection between opiate
      treatment, cytostatic treatment and nausea. The highest frequency of nausea was
      found among patients with gastrointestinal and ovarian cancer, whilst the lowest
      frequency was found in the prostate cancer group. We discuss antiemetic
      treatments in this connection.

PMID- 2300943
TI  - [Silent HIV infection in HIV seronegative persons].
AB  - Detection of HIV-1 provirus in HIV-1 seronegative individuals at risk has been
      described in several recent reports. Some of these sero-negative individuals
      remain so for prolonged periods, maybe for the rest of their lives. We do not
      know the significance of this finding and how it relates to pathogenesis and
      infectiousness. However, these persons seem to represent a minor group in the
      population. At present, these studies do not give valid reasons to change the
      Norwegian approach to the follow-up of persons at risk who have been tested and
      found HIV-antibody negative.

PMID- 2300944
TI  - [Quality assurance of medical technical equipment].
AB  - Det norske Veritas has been engaged by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs
      to establish measures to improve safety and efficiency in the utilization of
      medical equipment in Norwegian hospitals. A major effort in this respect is to
      help the hospitals to implement a quality system for medical equipment. This
      quality system is to be based on the Veritas produced Model for a Quality Manual
      for Medical Equipment. Det norske Veritas offers an information video and a
      course as a help to hospitals in implementing the system. Other remedies so far
      are a Standard Agreement for Purchase and Sale of Medical Equipment and, as a
      result of nationwide committee work, Procedure Models for Gas Anaesthesia
      Equipment.

PMID- 2300946
TI  - [Ultraviolet rays and eye injuries].

PMID- 2300947
TI  - [Antiphospholipid syndrome and lupus anticoagulant].

PMID- 2300945
TI  - [Registration of problems during anesthesia. Analysis of risk factors and quality
      control].
AB  - Society continues to increase its demands on the medical profession in regard to
      quality. We believe this situation should be met by a more systematic approach to
      risk evaluation and quality assessment of our work. We report an attempt to
      establish a routine system for recording complications during anesthesia. We
      included all 14,735 patients who were anesthetized during one year. Data on
      preoperative disease, type of anesthesia and operation, and problems encountered
      during anesthesia were recorded on the routine anesthesia chart. An arbitrary
      scale from 1-3 indicated the severity of the problem. Postoperatively, data from
      each patient were fed into a personal computer. The system is feasible in a busy
      clinical setting. Key problems are work discipline, exact criteria for
      complications, and quality control of anesthesia charts. 655 problems were
      recorded in 599 patients. 80 problems were very serious. Problems such as drop in
      blood pressure, intubation, laryngeal spasm and cardiac arrhythmias dominated.
      Such registration increases awareness for the safety of the patients, and enables
      us to assess the risk and evaluate the quality of our work. The system is now an
      integral part of the department's routine.

PMID- 2300948
TI  - [Gene technology and mental disorders].

PMID- 2300949
TI  - [If only nicotine was a virus].

PMID- 2300950
TI  - [Unemployment and social medicine in our time].

PMID- 2300951
TI  - [Breast conserving surgery--a good treatment of breast cancer?].

PMID- 2300952
TI  - [Pyogenic hepatic abscess].

PMID- 2300953
TI  - [Is routine analysis of ferritin in all blood donors necessary?].

PMID- 2300954
TI  - [Iron status in blood donors evaluated by serum ferritin].
AB  - In the present study we have examined serum ferritin in experienced male and
      female blood donors and in women who had never donated blood before, but had
      registered at the Blood Centre as future donors. There was no coincidence between
      low haemoglobin and low s-ferritin when haemoglobin was within normal range. Iron
      stores (s-ferritin less than 20 micrograms/l) were reduced in 40% of the female
      blood donors and in 21% the iron stores (s-ferritin less than 10 micrograms/l
      were completely empty. 10% of the male donors had iron stores, while in 3% the
      iron stores were empty. Among the females who had not donated blood, 30% had s
      ferritin values below 20 micrograms/l and 6% had values below 10 micrograms/l. We
      conclude that measuring s-ferritin is a better method of identifying individuals
      at risk for iron depletion than measuring hemoglobins. A combination of longer
      intervals between donations and iron therapy may prevent depletion of iron stores
      in blood donors.

PMID- 2300955
TI  - [Iron and sports].
AB  - We review normal iron metabolism and iron deficiency in athletes with and without
      anemia, and possible causal relationships. Hard physical training, such as medium
      and long distance running, appears to promote negative iron balance, with and
      without fall in hemoglobin concentration. A normally varied diet is suggested as
      adequate to meet the iron requirements in male athletes. Iron supplementation is
      not recommended unless blood/serum concentration of hemoglobin, ferritin, iron
      and transferrin are measured and the results indicate a state of iron deficiency.
      However, female athletes should consider iron supplementation, since loss of iron
      is higher in women than in men.

PMID- 2300956
TI  - [Acid-base equilibrium in umbilical cord blood. Apgar score and acid-base
      equilibrium in umbilical cord blood as control parameters during labor].
AB  - Umbilical cord venous acid-base state was correlated to Apgar score at 1 and 5
      minutes and to cerebral ultrasound and other clinical parameters in 295
      consecutive deliveries. We present normal values for the whole sample and for
      normal vaginal deliveries. Most of the acidotic babies (pH less than 7,24) were
      clinically healthy (80% did not need intensive care in a neonatal department) and
      had normal Apgar scores (1 min score greater than 7 = 79% and 5 min score greater
      than 7 = 94%). Only a few of the babies transferred to the neonatal department
      were acidotic (13%) and had low Apgar scores (1 min score less than 7 = 15% and 5
      min score less than 7 = 6%). The prognostic value of the three parameters for
      neonatal health is low using our definition of acidosis. It remains to be seen if
      acidosis without clinical symptoms of any significance has any influence on later
      development. Acid-base state showed better correlation with the optimal time of
      second stage of labour than Apgar score did. We found a slightly higher pH and a
      significantly higher base-excess with a long, as against a short second stage and
      pushing time. There was no difference between the second stage of delivery and
      the time of active pushing what concerns pH and base-excess. We do not recommend
      umbilical cord acid-base state as a routine for all deliveries. It should be used
      only in selected cases.

PMID- 2300957
TI  - [Streptococcus viridans and respiratory failure in acute leukemia].
AB  - Through the last 18 months, five of our patients with acute leukaemia have
      developed septicaemia caused by Streptococcus viridans, followed by acute
      respiratory failure. Two patients had to be placed in a respirator. In patients
      with acute leukaemia treated with cytostatic drugs, close clinical observation,
      including repeated blood gas analysis, is very important if they develop
      septicaemia caused by Streptococcus viridans. Early administration of high doses
      of corticosteroids seems to be important in order to prevent serious respiratory
      failure.

PMID- 2300958
TI  - [Hip prosthesis in the elderly].
AB  - Total hip replacement is often used in elderly patients. We found that the
      results are almost as good in the elderly as in younger patients. Mortality is
      higher in the older, but for other complications, there is no difference between
      older and younger patients.

PMID- 2300959
TI  - [Drug consumption among patients with arthrosis].
AB  - Drug consumption was investigated retrospectively in arthritic patients who had
      been treated with a non steroidal antiinflammatory drug in general practice. The
      average consumption, 3.4 drugs per patient, increased with increasing age (p =
      0.04). Due to a switch to drugs with a more convenient dosage regime, total drug
      consumption (number of tablets etc. per day per patient) did not increase with
      increasing age. The most common diagnoses in addition to osteoarthritis were
      heart/coronary disease (44%) and anxiety/sleep disorders (34%). In order to
      prevent compliance problems, patients on long term treatment should be given
      drugs with convenient dosage regimes.

PMID- 2300960
TI  - [Genital herpes in pregnancy. Time for new advice?].
AB  - This article surveys recent literature on genital herpes. In cases of active
      primary genital herpes, Caesarean section should be performed if delivery is
      possible within 4 to 6 hours after rupture of the membranes. There is no
      indication for repeated viral cultures or Caesarean section in patients with
      recurrent herpes or asymptomatic disease if there are no lesions at the time of
      delivery and the patient is without symptoms. With recurrent infections the risk
      of neonatal infection is low after vaginal delivery even if the mother is
      shedding virus at the time of birth, and vaginal delivery can be allowed even if
      the mother has lesions. In such instances, however, the neonate must be observed
      closely. Virus cultures must be prepared, and, if the virus is isolated,
      treatment with acyclovir should be started.

PMID- 2300961
TI  - [Pericardiocentesis].

PMID- 2300962
TI  - [Gynecologic examination and sexual preference].
AB  - The majority of gynaecological patients who consulted a female general
      practitioner had a clear preference concerning the sex of the doctor. One third
      would go to the neighbouring municipality for a gynaecological examination if
      this was necessary in order to consult a female doctor. One out of ten would fail
      to attend for gynaecological examination if no female doctor were available. This
      is serious, especially for a) young women in need of contraception, b) women with
      severe non-symptomatic gynaecological disease. Steps must be taken to ensure that
      every woman has an opportunity to consult a female doctor. We need more female
      general practitioners in Norway.

PMID- 2300963
TI  - [Consequences of partial closure of a corner-stone factory].
AB  - In a follow-up study including data from the social security system, we
      investigated the consequences of partial closure of a factory on future
      employment and disability pensions. The factory had encouraged employees to apply
      for a disability pension without informing the local doctors or the social
      security authorities. After a while the doctors realized what was happening and
      reacted strongly against being subjected to this king of pressure. Within four
      years, 110 of the 587 employees who had lost their jobs were receiving a
      disability pension. Most of them were between 50 and 65 years of age. The
      predominant diagnosis was lower back pain. A disability pension is granted for
      medical reasons only.

PMID- 2300964
TI  - [The scientific competence of the reporting service of the Norwegian Institute
      for Hospital Research].

PMID- 2300965
TI  - [Fibrinolytic treatment of acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2300966
TI  - [Salivary gland surgery reduces drooling in the mentally retarded].

PMID- 2300967
TI  - Use of genetically heterogeneous rats and mice in toxicological research: a
      personal perspective.

PMID- 2300968
TI  - Neurophysiological concomitants of soman-induced respiratory depression in awake,
      behaving guinea pigs.
AB  - Soman-induced respiratory failure was investigated in awake, behaving guinea pigs
      chronically instrumented to allow concurrent recordings of medullary respiratory
      related unit (RRU) activity, diaphragm electromyogram (DEMG), and
      electrocorticogram. Responses to soman typically began with hyperpnea. Loss of
      consciousness, as indicated by the development of seizure activities, took place
      shortly after the onset of hyperpnea. This was followed by dyspnea, hypopnea, and
      finally, respiratory failure. The most profound respiratory dysfunctions were
      seen during the development of dyspnea characterized by a progressively
      degenerative RRU-DEMG phase relationship (phase anomalies) and mixed patterns of
      ataxic breathing. Electrophysiographic records indicated that the anomalous RRU
      DEMG phase phenomenon is attributable to a state of functional dissociation in
      some brainstem mechanisms that are normally involved in the orchestration of a
      synchronous respiratory drive. The failure of bulbar rhythmogenic mechanisms to
      maintain an orderly and synchronous recruitment of respiratory drive, which led
      to untimely and chaotic activations of respiratory muscles, was apparently the
      underlying cause of various ataxic breathing patterns and a reduced ventilatory
      efficiency. Spectral analyses of DEMG activities showed that, despite episodic
      muscle fasciculations and signs of fatigue, the functional integrity of the
      diaphragm was not significantly compromised by soman at a dose sufficient to
      produce respiratory failure. These findings not only support the notion of a
      relatively more important involvement of central respiratory mechanisms in soman
      induced respiratory failure, but also identify a state of functional dissociation
      of central respiratory timing mechanisms as being a significant component in
      soman intoxication.

PMID- 2300969
TI  - Comparison of effects of nicotinic acid or tryptophan on tryptophan 2,3
      dioxygenase in acute and chronic studies.
AB  - Tryptophan is one of the strongest activators of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, the
      rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway which degrades tryptophan. One of the
      metabolites thus formed is nicotinic acid, widely administered as a drug--often
      at high doses--and a vitamin. This study determined whether nicotinic acid also
      has a potency to activate tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and, if so, by what
      mechanism, whether changes in plasma tryptophan result, and if such activation is
      permanent. The results showed that nicotinic acid activated the enzyme almost as
      strongly as tryptophan. The results confirmed the activation to be of the
      "substrate" type, i.e., at least partly due to increased tryptophan
      concentrations in the liver. In repeated nicotinic acid administration plasma
      tryptophan levels did not diminish, despite the high activation of tryptophan 2,3
      dioxygenase (high flux of tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway). However,
      the activation disappeared after 11 days of treatment. The powerful and sustained
      activation of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase by nicotinic acid may at least partly
      explain some of its side effects, such as glucose intolerance. However, mental
      disturbance as a side effect of diminished brain levels of tryptophan is not
      supported by these findings.

PMID- 2300970
TI  - Effect of sulfhydryl-deficient diets on hepatic metallothionein, glutathione, and
      adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) levels in rats.
AB  - Low dietary concentrations of methionine and cysteine are known to decrease
      hepatic glutathione content. However, it is not known if restricting the dietary
      content of these sulfur containing amino acids also affects hepatic levels of
      adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), the cofactor for sulfation, or
      metallothionein, a protein rich in sulfhydryl groups. Rats were fed diets lacking
      cysteine and containing various concentrations of methionine (0.15, 0.3, or 0.6%)
      for 8 days. Control diet contained 0.3% each of methionine and cysteine. Hepatic
      glutathione levels were decreased approximately 75% in rats fed diets containing
      0.15 or 0.3% methionine. In contrast, PAPS and hepatic metallothionein
      concentrations were not decreased by the low sulfhydryl diets. Additionally, rats
      on the various diets were challenged by the administration of ZnCl2 (3 mmol/kg.
      sc). In both control rats and rats maintained on sulfhydryl-deficient diets,
      ZnCl2 increased hepatic metallothionein to the same level. However, significantly
      lower levels of PAPS were observed after ZnCl2 in rats receiving sulfhydryl
      deficient diets than in controls. In summary, restriction of dietary sulfhydryl
      markedly decreases the hepatic content of glutathione and has a minor effect on
      PAPS concentration, but does not decrease the basal hepatic concentration of
      metallothionein or its induction by ZnCl2.

PMID- 2300971
TI  - Precision and sensitivity of pharmacokinetic models for cancer risk assessment:
      tetrachloroethylene in mice, rats, and humans.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic analyses have recently been incorporated in risk assessments,
      with resultant risks sometimes lower and associated "allowable" exposures higher,
      than would have been otherwise calculated. Predictions of coupled pharmacokinetic
      and multistage models, as used for regulatory purposes, are evaluated here for
      tetrachloroethylene carcinogenicity in mice, rats, and humans. Precision is
      studied by treating parameters as random variables and determining the range of
      risk estimates once parameter uncertainties are considered via Monte Carlo
      simulations. The methods developed in this study are of interest for any similar
      application. The resultant median risk estimate for humans exposed continuously
      to 1 ng/liter of tetrachloroethylene in the air is 1.6 per million and 5, 25, 75,
      and 95 percentiles are 0, 0.04, 2.8, and 6.8 per million. Sensitivity of the
      pharmacokinetic model predictions to its parameters is assessed by analyzing the
      results of the Monte Carlo simulations. The kinetic parameters defining the
      metabolic rate are the most important for the case studied.

PMID- 2300972
TI  - Effects of inorganic mercury on [3H]dopamine release and calcium homeostasis in
      rat striatal synaptosomes.
AB  - Inorganic mercury (Hg2+) in vitro increases spontaneous transmitter release from
      nerve terminals. The mechanisms of action are not well understood but may involve
      alterations in intraterminal Ca2+ dynamics. In this study we describe actions of
      Hg2+ in vitro on isolated mammalian CNS striatal nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
      Cobalt (2 mM) completely blocked the effect of 2 microM Hg2+ on spontaneous
      [3H]dopamine release. Cadmium (100 microM) was equipotent to Co2+ in blocking
      depolarization-dependent [3H]dopamine release, but did not alter the 2 microM
      Hg2(+)-induced spontaneous [3H]dopamine release. Depolarization-dependent
      [3H]dopamine release was not altered by 5 microM Hg2+. It appears that the site
      of action of Hg2+ on spontaneous [3H]dopamine release is not the Ca2+ channel.
      The effects of Hg2+ on intraterminal ionized Ca2+ [( Ca2+]i) were evaluated using
      the Ca2(+)-specific fluorescent probe, fura-2. Hg2+ (1-8 microM) had no effect on
      [Ca2+]i in 1.2 mM Ca2(+)-containing buffers. In nominal Ca2+ media, 4 and 8
      microM Hg2+ significantly decreased [Ca2+]i. Following exposure to 4 and 8 microM
      Hg2+ the quenching of extrasynaptosomal fura-2 by Mn2+ was increased, suggesting
      that Hg2+ facilitated the leakage of fura-2. This apparent leakage was probably
      due to a nonspecific increase in membrane permeability since 2 microM Hg2+
      produced a Co2(+)-insensitive increase in [3H]deoxyglucose phosphate efflux. Hg2+
      did not increase the leakage of either lactate dehydrogenase or soluble protein
      from synaptosomes. Hg2+ produced a concentration-dependent (1-8 microM) increase
      in 45Ca2+ efflux from superfused synaptosomes which was insensitive to blockade
      either by 2 mM Co2+ or by 100 microM Cd2+. These data suggest that the
      transmitter releasing action of Hg2+ involves interactions with sites that also
      interact with Co2+ but not with Cd2+. Furthermore, Hg2+ may have direct
      transmitter releasing actions (i.e., Ca2(+)-mimetic properties), as well as
      nonspecific actions on plasma membrane permeability which may not necessarily be
      linked to [3H]dopamine release.

PMID- 2300973
TI  - First-pass metabolism of inspired ethyl acetate in the upper respiratory tracts
      of the F344 rat and Syrian hamster.
AB  - Nasal tissues contain large amounts of carboxylesterase but its precise role in
      metabolism of inspired ester vapors is not known. The current study was aimed at
      quantitating the extent of metabolism of inspired ethyl acetate in the upper
      respiratory tract (URT) of the F344 rat and Syrian hamster. Ethyl acetate
      deposition was measured in the surgically isolated URT of these species under
      constant velocity unidirectional flow conditions. The degree of metabolism was
      estimated by mathematic modeling based on a simple venous-equilibration approach
      and by direct comparison of deposition efficiencies in naive and carboxylesterase
      inhibited animals. Ethyl acetate deposition efficiencies averaged between 10 and
      35% in the rat URT and 36 and 72% in the hamster. Carboxylesterase inhibition
      decreased deposition in both species. Both the modeling efforts and the direct
      comparisons between naive and inhibited animals indicated that significant
      amounts of the deposited ethyl acetate were metabolized in the URT of both
      species with the extent of metabolism being more pronounced in the hamster.
      Specifically, 40-65% of the deposited ethyl acetate was metabolized in the URT of
      the rat compared to 63-90% in the hamster. This first-pass metabolism (i)
      increased URT deposition efficiencies; (ii) led to production of high metabolite
      levels in URT tissues; and (iii) decreased the amount of parent ethyl acetate
      available for absorption into the bloodstream in the URT.

PMID- 2300974
TI  - Relative toxicity and tumor-promoting ability of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p
      dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PCDF), and 1,2,3,4,7,8
      hexachlorodibenzofuran (HCDF) in hairless mice.
AB  - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dixoin 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PCDF), and
      1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran (HCDF) are highly toxic members of a class of
      environmental contaminants, the polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (PCAH),
      which exhibit a similar and highly characteristic spectrum of toxic effects. For
      purposes of risk assessment, it is important to be able to make accurate
      estimates of the relative potency of these and related compounds. Previous
      investigations have indicated that, in acute exposure or in vitro studies, PCDF
      is approximately 0.1 times as toxic and HCDF is approximately 0.01 times as toxic
      as TCDD. In this study, we compared the relative toxicity and tumor-promoting
      abilities of TCDD, PCDF, and HCDF in hairless mouse skin. Female hairless mice
      (HRS/J hr/hr) were treated dermally with the initiator MNNG, then dosed twice
      weekly for 20 weeks with acetone, TCDD (2.5-10 ng/mouse/dose), PCDF (25-100
      ng/mouse/dose), or HCDF (250-1000 ng/mouse/dose) as promoter. TCDD, PCDF, and
      HCDF were all potent promoters for the induction of squamous cell papillomas.
      There was, however, no difference in the incidence or multiplicity of papilloma
      formation between groups. The same doses of the three PCAH, in the absence of
      initiator, induced no skin papillomas. TCDD produced a significant increase in
      liver:body weight ratio (p less than 0.001) at all doses and a decrease in
      thymus:body weight ratio at a dose of 10 ng (p less than 0.001). Mice treated
      with PCDF and HCDF had marked thymic and splenic involution, liver hypertrophy,
      mucous cell hyperplasia in the fundic portion of the glandular stomach, and loss
      of body weight. PCDF and HCDF produced a greater incidence and severity of
      dermatotoxic effects than TCDD. Based on data for dermal toxicity and changes in
      body weight and organ weights, PCDF is estimated to be 0.2 to 0.4 times, and HCDF
      0.08 to 0.16 times, as toxic as TCDD following repeated dermal exposure.
      Therefore, toxic equivalence factors generated using data from acute and/or in
      vitro studies may underestimate the risk from repeated low-dose exposures to
      these compounds.

PMID- 2300975
TI  - Fluorocarbon-23 measure of cat cerebral blood flow by nuclear magnetic resonance.
AB  - We employed fluorocarbon-23 (trifluoromethane) as a nuclear magnetic resonance
      gaseous indicator of cerebral blood flow in seven cats. Pulsed inhalation of this
      indicator and switching between two coils allowed the acquisition of both an
      arterial input and a cerebral response function, making possible
      multicompartmental curve fits to cerebral uptake and clearance data. The
      brain:blood partition coefficient for trifluoromethane was 0.9 for both gray and
      white matter. Fast-compartment blood flows were normal and showed appropriate CO2
      reactivity. Slow-compartment blood flows did not demonstrate CO2 reactivity,
      probably because cranial as well as white-matter blood flows were lumped together
      in the slow compartment. Although cerebral blood flow was stable during
      administration of 60% trifluoromethane, the compound did prove to be a mild
      cardiac sensitizer to epinephrine in five cats.

PMID- 2300976
TI  - Continuous lidocaine infusion and focal feline cerebral ischemia.
AB  - We measured somatosensory evoked potentials, infarct size, and cerebral blood
      flow in 20 cats subjected to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 3 hours,
      followed by an equal period of reperfusion. The cats were randomized into a
      treatment group that received a continuous infusion of 2 mg/kg lidocaine
      hydrochloride or a control group that received an equivalent volume of normal
      saline. All 10 treated cats retained measurable evoked potentials throughout the
      experiment. In five control cats, evoked potentials disappeared completely at
      some point during the occlusion (difference between groups significant at p less
      than 0.001). Mean amplitude of the major cortical wave in the nine treated cats
      with cerebral infarcts was higher than that of the nine corresponding controls (p
      less than 0.05). Lidocaine reduced the mean +/- SEM size of the infarcts from
      30.1 +/- 6.0% in the control group to 14.7 +/- 4.9% in the treated group (p less
      than 0.05). As blood flow was reduced in the infarct and peri-infarct zones in
      the control but not the treated cats, our results suggest that the beneficial
      effects of lidocaine may be due to preservation of blood flow in the ischemic
      zone.

PMID- 2300977
TI  - Cerebral blood flow, glucose utilization, and electrocorticograms following
      common carotid artery occlusion in gerbils.
AB  - We designed this study to elucidate the relations between cerebral function and
      glucose metabolism during the early stage of ischemia. We induced focal cerebral
      ischemia in 28 gerbils by occluding the common carotid artery. We recorded
      electrocorticograms in 34 gerbils by positioning bipolar electrodes between the
      anterior and middle cerebral arteries. We related the electrocorticograms to
      local cerebral glucose utilization measured with [14C]2-deoxyglucose in half the
      gerbils. A characteristic pattern (a zone of markedly decreased [14C]2
      deoxyglucose uptake surrounded by a narrow band of greatly increased uptake) was
      observed on the autoradiogram in nine of the 14 experimental gerbils (64%). An
      electrocorticogram recorded from such a band of increased uptake was
      characterized by transient suppression of electrical activity followed by partial
      or complete recovery, and local cerebral blood flow in gerbils showing this
      electrocorticographic type were variable (15.0-43.3 ml/100 g/min). An
      electrocorticogram recorded from the ischemic core and inner border of this band,
      even when [14C]2-deoxyglucose uptake was relatively high, was characterized by
      the complete disappearance of electrical activity just after occlusion; cerebral
      blood flow in gerbils that showed this electrocorticographic type were
      consistently less than 15.0 ml/100 g/min. Our investigation suggests that the
      transient disappearance of electrocorticographic activity in the periphery of
      ischemia, which has relatively high residual blood flow, may relate to the
      heterogeneity of glucose consumption during the early stage of ischemia.

PMID- 2300978
TI  - Hyperbaric oxygen increases survival following carotid ligation in gerbils.
AB  - We studied the effects of graded exposure to hyperbaric (1,875 mm Hg) oxygen
      therapy in an acute stroke model prepared by unilateral carotid artery
      interruption in gerbils. Pentobarbital alone, superoxide dismutase alone, two
      periods of hyperbaric oxygen alone, and each agent combined with hyperbaric
      oxygen were administered to investigate possible mechanisms of protection from
      cerebral ischemia. Survival rates and neurologic deficit scores over 5 days in
      all treated groups were compared with those in a control group. Survival rates in
      the groups subjected to 2 (63.9 +/- 4.0%) and 4 hours (70.1 +/- 5.2%) of
      hyperbaric oxygen alone were significantly higher than in the control group (53.6
      +/- 4.2%). The group treated with pentobarbital alone also demonstrated increased
      survival (69.8 +/- 7.0%), but the combination of therapeutic regimens offered no
      apparent additive protection. By 5 days there were no differences in the
      neurologic deficit scores of the survivors in the groups. The toxic pulmonary
      effects of hyperbaric oxygen were assessed in a pilot LD50 study. The pressure
      used caused no mortality during 4 hours of exposure, and the calculated LD50 was
      7.26 hours. This investigation demonstrates that graded doses of hyperbaric
      oxygen given after the insult increase survival in a gerbil model of stroke.

PMID- 2300980
TI  - Cyclosporine A reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs.
AB  - The double subarachnoid hemorrhage canine model was used to test the prophylactic
      value of immunosuppression in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm after
      subarachnoid hemorrhage. Dogs treated with cyclosporine A following the regimen
      prescribed for organ transplant procedures in patients showed a significant
      reduction in the severity of angiographic constriction of cerebral arteries.
      While basilar artery diameter after double experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage
      in a series of untreated dogs (n = 34) averaged 65% of baseline diameter,
      arterial diameter in dogs treated prophylactically (n = 18) with 6 mg/kg/day
      cyclosporine A and adjunct low-dose steroid averaged 80% of baseline diameter,
      for a mean reduction in the severity of chronic arterial constriction of 42%.
      More important than the average effect, however, is the statistical observation
      that this mean improvement was obtained primarily by a dramatic reduction in the
      incidence of severe cerebral vasospasm, the situation most likely to account for
      morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal rupture.

PMID- 2300979
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in rat cerebral cortex before and after middle
      cerebral artery occlusion.
AB  - We recorded somatosensory evoked potentials in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats
      before and after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Trigeminal (vibrissae), median
      (forelimb), and sciatic (hind limb) nerve stimuli produced consistent, robust,
      and sharply localized responses in the trigeminal, forelimb, and hind limb
      regions of the somatosensory cortex of 18 rats. These regions are situated at
      sequentially greater distances from the center of infarcts produced by middle
      cerebral artery occlusion. In eight rats, occlusion 1-2 mm below the rhinal
      fissure abolished somatosensory evoked potentials in all three cortical region
      within minutes. Positive wavelets preceding the primary cortical response were
      also diminished by the occlusion, suggesting that ischemia affected the
      thalamocortical white matter. Four of these eight rats did not show
      histologically apparent ischemic involvement of the hind limb cortical region at
      3 hours after occlusion; sciatic nerve evoked potentials recovered substantially
      in all four rats, and the amplitudes exceeded baseline (129 +/- 30% at 1 hour,
      173 +/- 33% at 3 hours) in three of the four rats. Three of the eight rats did
      not have gross ischemic involvement of the forelimb cortical region; median nerve
      evoked potentials recovered fully in all eight rats, but the amplitudes did not
      exceed baseline. All eight rats had evidence of ischemic damage in the trigeminal
      cortex; no rat showed full recovery in this region, and all but one had
      trigeminal evoked potentials that were less than 20% of baseline amplitudes by 3
      hours after occlusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2300981
TI  - Baclofen does not protect against cerebral ischemia in rats.
AB  - Presynaptic release of glutamate into the extracellular compartment and
      activation of receptor-operated calcium channels may contribute to ischemic
      neuronal damage. We evaluated the effect of baclofen, a selective inhibitor of
      presynaptic glutamate release, on mortality, working memory, and light
      microscopic hippocampal and cortical damage in the four-vessel occlusion model of
      cerebral ischemia using 64 male Wistar rats. Baclofen (10 mg/kg i.p.) given 1
      hour before and 30-60 minutes after 20 minutes of global ischemia did not lessen
      mortality, prevent ischemic cellular damage, or significantly improve working
      memory compared with no treatment. We conclude that preischemic and postischemic
      administration of baclofen does not protect neurons from ischemic injury.

PMID- 2300982
TI  - Cardiac evaluation of the patient with stroke.
AB  - Coronary artery disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease are leading causes
      of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Coronary artery disease often
      coexists with asymptomatic carotid artery atherosclerosis, transient ischemic
      attacks, or ischemic stroke. Numerous studies have shown that mortality from all
      forms of ischemic cerebrovascular disease is primarily due to coronary artery
      disease. Thus, there is increasing interest in identifying coronary artery
      disease in patients with cerebrovascular disease, including those without
      clinical manifestations of heart disease. We review the use of current
      noninvasive techniques to detect coronary artery disease and present practical
      approaches to screen for ischemic heart disease. Current diagnostic imaging
      methods for potential cardioembolic sources of cerebral infarction are also
      discussed.

PMID- 2300983
TI  - Multiple cranial neuropathy as a feature of internal carotid artery dissection.
AB  - The traditional presentation of spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection
      includes ipsilateral hemicranial headache, oculosympathetic paresis, and
      contralateral focal cerebral ischemic deficits. However, we describe two cases
      with multiple cranial nerve involvement ipsilateral to the dissection as the
      principal feature. The first patient, a 36-year-old man, had involvement of the
      9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th cranial nerves. The second case was a 53-year-old man
      with abnormalities of the 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th, and 12th cranial nerves. In both,
      magnetic resonance imaging revealed a ring-like area of abnormal signal intensity
      surrounding the carotid artery at the skull base. Carotid angiography was
      consistent with the suggestion of dissection on the magnetic resonance studies in
      both cases. The patients recovered without anticoagulation. Internal carotid
      artery dissection may thus present with multiple cranial nerve palsies, which
      could be mistaken for an infiltrating tumor of the skull base. Magnetic resonance
      imaging is useful in identifying the condition.

PMID- 2300984
TI  - Pentoxifylline alters the natural course of acute nonhemorrhagic stroke.

PMID- 2300986
TI  - Prevention of stroke in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis.

PMID- 2300985
TI  - Neurosarcoidosis and stroke.

PMID- 2300987
TI  - Abstracts. 15th International Joint Conference on Stroke and Cerebral
      Circulation. Orlando, Florida, February 15-17, 1990.

PMID- 2300988
TI  - Capsular hypesthetic ataxic hemiparesis.
AB  - Twenty-three patients with hypesthetic ataxic hemiparesis underwent computed
      tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-two patients had infarcts of
      lacunar or slightly larger size in the contralateral posterior limb of the
      internal capsule. In 15 patients the infarct extended superiorly into the
      adjacent paraventricular region, and in seven it extended into the lateral
      thalmus. In eight patients the infarct was limited to the posterior limb of the
      internal capsule, and in only two patients was an ipsilateral to capsular pontine
      lacune found. Despite a location similar to that of pure motor and pure sensory
      lacunar stroke, hypesthetic ataxic hemiparesis correlates with larger infarcts,
      most often located in the posterior medial superior territory of the anterior
      choroidal artery. Some infarcts appeared to be localized immediately
      posterolateral to this region, in the posterior cerebral artery territory. The
      presence and extent of infarction is better detected by the addition of magnetic
      resonance imaging to computed tomography.

PMID- 2300990
TI  - Prolonged hypoperfusion and early stroke after transient ischemic attack.
AB  - Many patients suffer a stroke early after a transient ischemic attack, but the
      reason why is often unclear. We studied 12 patients with less than 75% stenosis
      of the internal carotid artery and a single hemispheric transient ischemic attack
      lasting less than 1 hour who had a normal neurologic examination 3-13 hours later
      and a normal computed tomogram 24-36 hours later. Single-photon emission computed
      tomography using technetium-99m HM-PAO less than or equal to 50 hours after the
      attack showed no abnormality in eight patients, but in the other four there was
      an area with 30-50% reduction in perfusion ipsilateral to the transient ischemic
      attack. Three of these four patients developed an ipsilateral infarct 3-7 days
      later, but none of the eight patients with normal single-photon emission computed
      tomograms had a stroke during the following weeks. No difference in therapy, risk
      factors, severity of internal carotid artery disease, or timing of the technetium
      99m study could explain these findings. We suggest that some transient ischemic
      attacks, though clinically identical to others, may be associated with persisting
      focal hypoperfusion, which predisposes to early stroke.

PMID- 2300989
TI  - Transient monocular visual loss patterns and associated vascular abnormalities.
AB  - To determine if certain transient monocular visual loss patterns predict the
      associated vascular abnormalities, we prospectively evaluated 100 consecutive
      patients. Each patient had hematologic tests, a carotid artery study
      (arteriography in 74, duplex ultrasonography in the remaining 26), and an
      ophthalmologic examination. Patients with altitudinal or lateralized transient
      monocular visual loss were more likely to have carotid artery stenosis, carotid
      artery ulceration, cardiac sources of emboli, or visible retinal emboli than
      patients with other visual loss patterns. Our findings suggest that altitudinal
      or lateralized transient monocular visual loss is primarily caused by embolism
      but that other visual loss patterns are usually caused by nonembolic mechanisms.

PMID- 2300991
TI  - Acetazolamide effect on cerebellar blood flow in crossed cerebral-cerebellar
      diaschisis.
AB  - We studied the effect of acetazolamide on cerebellar blood flow in 11 stroke
      patients with large, unilateral cerebral hemispheric infarcts and no evidence of
      cerebellar infarction, but with cerebrocerebellar diaschisis of cerebral blood
      flow. Blood flow was determined with xenon-133 inhalation and dynamic single
      photon emission computed tomography at rest and 20 minutes after the intravenous
      injection of 1.0 g acetazolamide. After acetazolamide, the mean +/- SD increases
      in blood flow in the affected and contralateral cerebellar hemispheres were 11.1
      +/- 3.7 and 12.0 +/- 5.3 ml/100 g/min, respectively; the difference between
      hemispheres was not significant. The absolute increase in cerebellar flow in
      these 11 patients was of the same magnitude as that in 12 healthy controls. We
      conclude that cerebellar vasoreactivity is intact in stroke patients with crossed
      cerebrocerebellar diaschisis of cerebral blood flow. Our results lend further
      support to the concept that reduced cerebellar blood flow is secondary to
      functional deactivation. Our patients were studied 2 weeks to 5 years after their
      stroke, indicating that this phenomenon may be persistent.

PMID- 2300992
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of flow dynamics in the circle of Willis.
AB  - Magnetic resonance angiography was applied to the study of blood flow dynamics in
      the circle of Willis in nine patients with cerebrovascular disease and two normal
      volunteers. In conjunction with two-dimensional or three-dimensional gradient
      echo acquisitions, selective presaturation of individual vessels was used to
      determine the direction of blood flow and the origin of the vascular supply.
      Presaturation causes signal loss within the territory supplied by the
      presaturated artery, without affecting vessels not crossing the presaturation
      slab. The results were correlated with those from transcranial Doppler sonography
      and conventional angiography. Magnetic resonance angiography was able to
      demonstrate the direction of blood flow, the presence or absence of collateral
      blood flow, and the blood supply to the pericallosal arteries, as well as the
      presence of a fetal posterior circulation. Magnetic resonance angiography is a
      noninvasive means for imaging the blood supply of the major intracranial
      arteries.

PMID- 2300994
TI  - Predictors of stroke outcome using objective measurement scales.
AB  - We set out to determine if rehabilitation variables predicted the motor and
      functional outcomes of stroke patients. Using the Modified Motor Assessment Scale
      (motor status) and the Barthel Index (functional status), we tested 50 stroke
      patients less than or equal to 3 days, 1 week, and 1 month after their stroke and
      at discharge from the hospital. Both measures are reliable and valid. We used the
      Spearman correlation coefficient (r) and stepwise regression analysis to analyze
      the data. Balanced sitting and bladder control scores at 1 week correlated
      significantly with motor score at discharge (r = 0.83), Barthel Index score at
      discharge (r = 0.82), and walking score at discharge (r = 0.80). The combined arm
      score at 1 month correlated significantly with the combined arm score at
      discharge (r = 0.94). Regression equations using the scores at 1 month produced
      the highest r2 values (range 0.76-0.95) in predicting the Barthel Index, motor,
      walking, and arm recovery scores at discharge. The correlation coefficients and
      the regression equations have uses in both research and clinical settings. We
      suggest that these objective predictors of recovery be used as adjuncts in
      prioritizing and directing the rehabilitation management of patients with stroke.

PMID- 2300993
TI  - Prognosis and disability of stroke patients after 5 years in Akita, Japan.
AB  - The system of registering stroke patients was begun in 1963 in Ikawa Town, Akita
      Prefecture, Japan. The town is located in the northeastern part of the country
      and in 1975 had a population of 6,427. From 1975 to 1981, 109 patients who
      suffered their first stroke were registered and were monitored for 5 years. The
      average annual incidence rates of stroke were 2.8 and 2.0 per 1,000 population in
      males and females, respectively. Mean age at stroke onset was 63.3 and 71.4 years
      in males and females, respectively (p less than 0.01). According to the clinical
      classification of stroke, 76 patients suffered cerebral infarction, 21 cerebral
      bleeding, and six subarachnoid hemorrhage; six strokes were unclassified. The
      survival rates were compared by sex, age, and clinical stroke type using Cox's
      proportional hazards model. The survival rate of female stroke patients was lower
      than that of males, but not significantly so. The survival rate of stroke
      patients greater than or equal to 65 years old was significantly lower (p less
      than 0.01) than that of younger patients. Moreover, the survival rate of patients
      with cerebral bleeding was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than that of
      patients with cerebral infarction. In the analysis of self-care among the
      survivors, performance of the activities of daily living in older patients
      indicated significantly less independence (p less than 0.01) in younger patients.
      Follow-up of new stroke cases showed that age and clinical stroke type were
      significantly associated with survival and that age was also related to
      disability of the survivors.

PMID- 2300995
TI  - The measure of balance in sitting in stroke rehabilitation prognosis.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that recovering stroke patients with initially good
      sitting balance or those who develop good sitting balance during rehabilitation
      have better Barthel Index-based functional assessment outcomes than recovering
      stroke patients with poor sitting balance, we prospectively studied 24 of 25
      consecutive stroke patients admitted to a tertiary-care hospital rehabilitation
      unit. Sitting balance, a prerequisite for most functional activities, was scored
      using a four-point scale evaluating static and dynamic sitting balance on
      admission to the rehabilitation unit and weekly until discharge. Functional
      status was assessed using the Barthel Index 4 or 12 weeks after the stroke. We
      found a strong positive correlation between Barthel Index score and each weekly
      sitting balance score. Multiple evaluations over time identified those patients
      whose sitting balance improved during rehabilitation in our unit; after grouping
      the patients into those with normal, improved, and poor sitting balance, we found
      a significant difference in the Barthel Index scores among the three groups. The
      group of patients whose sitting balance improved had higher Barthel Index scores
      than the group whose sitting balance did not improve. Ongoing evaluation of
      sitting balance can be helpful in anticipating functional status at discharge in
      stroke patients undergoing comprehensive rehabilitation.

PMID- 2300996
TI  - Ischemic brain rescue by transvenous perfusion in baboons with venous sinus
      occlusion.
AB  - We studied brain retroperfusion in nine adult baboons. Experiments in four
      baboons determined techniques and the safety of retroperfusion, and experiments
      in three baboons determined the ability of retroperfusion to reverse cerebral
      ischemia. Two baboons died before retroperfusion. Arterial blood was continuously
      circulated by an external pumping system from one femoral artery into the
      intracranial sinuses through specially designed balloon-tipped catheters placed
      percutaneously into the sigmoid sinuses bilaterally. The balloons intermittently
      occluded the sinuses. Ischemia was produced by occluding the left middle cerebral
      artery. Standard and computed electroencephalography with topographic mapping
      monitored the onset and reversal of ischemia. Retroperfusion rate exceeded 50
      ml/min with a mean intrasinus pressure increase of 27 (0-149) mm Hg in all seven
      experiments. Venograms demonstrated complete or partial filling of the superior
      sagittal sinus in each experiment. Four experiments without ischemia established
      maximal balloon occlusion cycles, retroperfusion rates, and sinus pressure
      changes. These four baboons were neurologically normal after retroperfusion; two
      had normal magnetic resonance imaging scans. Ischemic changes, detected by
      electroencephalography following middle cerebral artery occlusion, were reversed
      with retroperfusion in all three ischemia experiments. Autopsies in the seven
      baboons demonstrated no parenchymal hemorrhage or edema. Our results suggest that
      further investigation of retroperfusion, and possibly retroinfusion of agents for
      cerebral protection, is warranted.

PMID- 2300997
TI  - The effect of gas emboli on rabbit cerebral blood flow.
AB  - Many bubbles that enter the brain circulation pass through the arterioles and
      capillary beds and do not obstruct blood flow. Nevertheless, such bubbles could
      still disrupt brain function. An open-brain model in five anesthetized rabbits
      used the minimum dose of air (25 microliters) necessary to cause embolism of the
      exposed vessels, and these bubbles passed through the vessels without any
      trapping. Despite their rapid transit, the bubbles provoked a marked dilatation
      of the affected pial arterioles (mean increase after 15 minutes of 27%) that
      persisted for 90 minutes after the bubbles had disappeared. The changes in vessel
      diameter were associated with a delayed, but significant and progressive,
      reduction in both cerebral blood flow measured by hydrogen clearance and neural
      function measured by cortical somatosensory evoked response. The decrease in
      blood flow correlated well with the depression of neural function (r = 0.67).
      Because both cerebral blood flow and neural function temporarily returned to
      normal after air embolism, the subsequent changes seen in this model cannot be
      explained simply by the mechanical obstruction of blood flow by bubbles.

PMID- 2300998
TI  - Ineffectiveness of dipyridamole SPECT thallium imaging as a screening technique
      for coronary artery disease in patients with end-stage renal failure.
AB  - The efficacy of dipyridamole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
      thallium as a screening test for coronary artery disease (CAD), was studied in 45
      patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing evaluation for renal
      transplantation. Coronary arteriography, dipyridamole SPECT thallium imaging and
      clinical follow-up were performed in all patients. Nineteen patients (42%) had an
      obstruction of 50% or more in at least one coronary artery. Fourteen patients had
      a positive thallium scan, but 7 of these were false-positives (sensitivity 37%,
      specificity 73%). The sensitivity was considerably lower than that quoted for non
      ESRF patients in the literature, and significantly lower than a control group of
      19 patients without ESRF having comparable severity and distribution of CAD. Five
      of the 6 patients who died of cardiac causes over a mean follow-up period of 25
      months had normal thallium imaging, but all had significant coronary artery
      disease at cardiac catheterization. Dipyridamole SPECT thallium imaging has not
      proved a useful screening test for angiographically significant CAD, and does not
      predict cardiac prognosis in this population.

PMID- 2300999
TI  - The influence of preservation injury on rejection in the hepatic transplant
      recipient.
AB  - The records of 215 liver transplant recipients were reviewed and the degree of
      preservation injury was estimated by the initial aminotransferase levels. This
      was compared with the incidence of rejection found in the subsequent 30 days.
      Those with aspartate aminotransferase greater than 2000 U/L were classified as
      having severe preservation injury while those with ASAT less than 600 U/L were
      considered to have had minimal preservation injury. There were no significant
      differences between these groups in recipient age, sex, cold ischemia time,
      preoperative physical status, panel-reactive antibodies, or cytotoxic crossmatch.
      The solution used for organ preservation and the donor age were the only factors
      that were found to be significantly different between the groups. Older donors
      were more common in the severe preservation injury group. Severe preservation
      injury was found more frequently in grafts preserved in Eurocollins solution and
      the group with minimal preservation injury more frequently used Wisconsin
      solution. There was significantly more rejection seen in the severe preservation
      injury group (71%) than in the group without preservation injury (33%). Although
      there was more rejection in the severe preservation injury group, the rejections
      were not more severe as judged by the need for multiple courses of therapy or the
      need for OKT3. Recurrent rejection was also not more frequent in either group.
      Graft survival was worse in the severe preservation injury group, with a
      significant increase in early graft loss, but no difference in the frequency of
      chronic rejection. Recovery of graft function was also delayed in the
      preservation injury group.

PMID- 2301000
TI  - Propagation of lymphocytes infiltrating human liver allografts. Correlation with
      histologic diagnosis of rejection.
AB  - In this study, we have investigated whether lymphocyte growth from 196 liver
      transplant biopsies is correlated with the histologic diagnosis of graft
      rejection. One fragment of each biopsy was cultured in IL-2 to expand activated T
      cells, and the remainder of the biopsy was analyzed histologically. A
      significantly higher number of biopsies with rejection grew lymphocytes when
      compared to those biopsies showing no evidence of rejection (P = 0.009). Lower
      growth rates were observed with biopsies taken from patients on OKT3 therapy (12%
      vs. 29% from patients not on OKT3), so when the data were reanalyzed after
      omitting those biopsies we observed an even stronger correlation of growth with
      rejection (P = 0.001). In spite of the fact that hepatitis biopsies are also
      infiltrated by lymphoid cells, the frequency of lymphocyte growth (16%) was
      similar to that observed for the biopsies with no rejection or hepatitis (19%)
      and much lower than for biopsies with rejection (42%). Over all, 82% of the
      cultures tested were positive for donor PLT reactivity, suggesting that current
      culture conditions favor alloreactive lymphocyte proliferation. The size of the
      biopsy cultured was found to be an important factor in the propagation of biopsy
      infiltrating lymphocytes. Only 25% of smaller (less than 3 mm long) biopsies with
      rejection grew lymphocytes compared to 91% of the large-sized biopsies (greater
      than 5 mm long). It is likely that culture techniques will need to be modified in
      order to successfully propagate infiltrating lymphocytes that recognize antigens
      other than alloantigens.

PMID- 2301001
TI  - Proliferative responses of bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes from heart-lung
      transplant patients.
AB  - Donor-specific alloreactivity of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) lymphocytes was
      evaluated in the immunologic monitoring of lung transplant patients. The study
      dealt with 161 BAL performed on 28 transplant recipients. Unseparated BAL cells,
      separated BAL lymphocytes, and PBL were tested for donor-specific proliferative
      responses in 3-day primed lymphocyte testing (PLT), and for nonspecific
      proliferative responsiveness to exogenous IL-2. The proliferation data were
      analyzed for correlation with the status of the lung allograft assessed
      clinically, histologically, and by pulmonary function testing. Positive PLT
      responses of BAL lymphocytes were observed in 20 of 22 acute rejection episodes
      (91%) and in 24 of 35 cases (69%) when chronic rejection was diagnosed. During
      clinical quiescence donor-specific proliferative activity was demonstrated in
      only 4 of 35 cases (11%). Thus, acute rejection and chronic rejection correlated
      significantly (P less than 0.001) with donor-specific PLT reactivity of BAL
      lymphocytes. Though significant association with rejection was observed for the
      alloreactivity of unseparated BAL cells and PBL, the sensitivity of the PLT test
      with these cells was significantly lower than that with BAL lymphocytes.
      Similarly, the IL-2 proliferative activity of BAL lymphocytes was significantly
      increased during acute and chronic rejection. However, this test had lower
      sensitivity and specificity than did the donor-specific PLT. These findings
      suggest the usefulness of the donor-specific PLT of BAL lymphocytes as a reliable
      method for monitoring pulmonary rejection.

PMID- 2301002
TI  - Increased risk of pneumococcal infections in cardiac transplant recipients.
AB  - We observed 5 episodes of pneumococcal infection among 129 cardiac transplant
      patients between March 1985 and December 1987, giving an estimated incidence of
      36 cases per 1000 patient-years. Infections occurred a mean of 58 days after
      transplantation and included bacteremia with empyema, bacteremia alone, and
      pneumonia. All patients recovered from their infections. There was no correlation
      between infection and age, sex, immunosuppression, or rejection episodes. We also
      measured antibody levels to 12 pneumococcal antigens in 6 unvaccinated,
      uninfected patients before and after cardiac transplantation, to see if baseline
      antibody levels decreased. Protective levels of antibody were defined as greater
      than or equal to 300 ng of anticapsular antibody nitrogen per milliliter serum.
      Before transplantation patients had protective antibody levels to a mean of 8.7
      +/- 1.2 pneumococcal serotypes; after transplantation, the number of presumably
      protective antibody levels decreased to 6.5 +/- 1.4 (P = 0.021). One of these
      patients subsequently developed pneumococcal pneumonia. Cardiac transplant
      patients are at increased risk of pneumococcal infections. Vaccinating transplant
      candidates prior to transplantation may provide protection after transplantation.

PMID- 2301003
TI  - Significant prolongation of hamster liver transplant survival in Lewis rats by
      total-lymphoid irradiation, cyclosporine, and splenectomy.
AB  - The effects of total lymphoid irradiation, cyclosporine and splenectomy alone and
      in combination have been studied in liver transplants from the LVG hamster to the
      LEW rat. Neither CsA alone, splenectomy alone, nor TLI alone prolonged graft
      survival. CsA/splenectomy and TLI/CsA produced significant prolongation of graft
      survival. TLI/CsA/splenectomy prolonged graft survival by over sixfold compared
      with controls. While CsA alone was ineffective in reducing lymphocytotoxic
      antidonor antibody, splenectomy alone or CsA/splenectomy did significantly
      suppress production of antibody. Only very low levels of antibody could be
      detected in animals treated with TLI/CsA/splenectomy. TLI/CsA/splenectomy has an
      immunosuppressive effect sufficient to significantly prolong liver graft survival
      in the LVG hamster to LEW rat combination and may represent a promising treatment
      protocol in experimental cross-species transplantation.

PMID- 2301004
TI  - Modulation of expression of MHC antigens in the kidneys of mice by murine
      interferon-alpha/beta.
AB  - We have analyzed the effects of interferon-alpha/beta on MHC expression in the
      murine kidney, and compared these results with the MHC modulating effects of
      interferon-gamma. Natural murine interferon-alpha/beta was administered to B10.BR
      mice (H-2k), i.p., twice daily for 3 days. Expression of MHC antigens was
      assessed on day 4 by immunoperoxidase staining with biotinylated monoclonal
      antibodies to class I (KkDk) and class II (I-Ak) antigens. Interferon-alpha/beta
      significantly decreased the number of class II-positive renal cortical dendritic
      cells from 62.0/mm2 to 12.6/mm2 (P less than 0.001). A similar but less dramatic
      decrease was seen in cardiac dendritic cells. Little or no change in class II
      expression was observed in proximal tubules or glomeruli. Interferon-alpha/beta
      induced marked class I staining in the glomerulus, arterial endothelium, and
      Bowman's capsule. Proximal tubule cells also showed increased class I expression,
      but were less responsive than glomeruli. Thus, the effects of interferon
      alpha/beta contrast with those of interferon-gamma, which increases class II
      expression on proximal tubules, induces relatively more class I expression in
      proximal tubules than glomeruli, and increases class II-positive dendritic cells.
      Furthermore, these results suggest that treatment with interferon-alpha/beta may
      have a complex effect on the immune response to a renal allograft due to its
      differential effects on class I and class II cell surface expression.

PMID- 2301005
TI  - Evidence that anti-asialo GM1 in vivo improves engraftment of T cell-depleted
      bone marrow in hybrid recipients.
AB  - Engraftment of T cell-depleted bone marrow was studied in a P----F1 murine bone
      marrow transplant model which features long-term stability of mixed chimerism of
      donor (B6) and host (B6AF1) cells after BMT. We report that a polyclonal antibody
      to asialo GM1 (anti-ASGM1) given in vivo after transplant was able to increase
      long-term donor bone marrow engraftment. In vivo anti-ASGM1 eliminated NK
      activity but did not affect the generation of cytotoxic T cells nor did it
      stimulate hematopoiesis in vitro. Anti-Thy 1.2, a pan-T cell monoclonal antibody,
      had no effect on donor engraftment. We conclude that ASGM1+ cells with NK
      activity inhibit the long-term engraftment of bone marrow stem cells in this
      model and that antibodies to NK cells can be used in vivo as an effective
      component of the transplant conditioning regimen.

PMID- 2301006
TI  - Association of donor-specific blood transfusion enhancement of rat renal
      allografts with accelerated development of antiidiotypic antibodies and reduced
      alloantibody responses.
AB  - Pretransplant donor-specific blood transfusion (DSBT) has been shown to enhance
      renal allograft survival in man and indefinitely prolong renal transplants among
      various MHC-disparate rat strains. Using PVG (RT1c) recipients and ACI (RT1a)
      donor-strain rats, DSBT alone was found to elicit complement-dependent cytotoxic
      IgM antibody (Ab) to donor class I (RT1.Aa) alloantigens that peaked at 7 days.
      An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to measure host Ab against
      allospecific (idiotypic) determinants on the anti-RT1.Aa monoclonal Ab R2/10P,
      R2/15S, and YR1/100. Following DSBT alone, antiidiotypic Ab were detected in the
      circulation within 7-11 days after transfusion. Transplantation of a donor strain
      kidney in the presence of antiidiotypic Ab at day 7 or 11 post-DSBT resulted in
      enhanced graft survival and a rapid decline in circulating alloantibody, such
      that by days 4-6 posttransplantation little IgM or IgG alloantibody was detected.
      In contrast, all 6 PVG rats that were transplanted 4 days after DSBT (prior to
      development of detectable antiidiotypic Ab) rejected their grafts within 30 days,
      and 4 of 6 showed elevated alloantibody titers within 3 days posttransplantation.
      Control PVG rats receiving autologous blood transfusion (ABT) alone developed no
      alloantibody response but developed high titers of donor-specific alloantibody by
      6 days posttransplantation, at the time of irreversible rejection. ABT alone did
      not elicit antiidiotypic Ab and ABT pretreated graft recipients developed
      antiidiotypic Ab only after the onset of rejection at day 4. In both DSBT and ABT
      groups, the antiidiotypic Ab were primarily IgM, IgG1, and IgG2c. These findings
      indicate that DSBT induces production of cytotoxic alloantibodies followed by an
      antiidiotypic Ab response at days 7-11, during which time transplanted renal
      allografts are not rejected and there is a reduction in circulating alloantibody.
      In contrast, renal allografts placed in DSBT-treated rats prior to antiidiotypic
      Ab development (less than or equal to 4 days) or in ABT-treated rats that do not
      develop any antiidiotypic Ab, elicit a rapid rise in alloantibody and are
      rejected.

PMID- 2301007
TI  - The effects of perioperative portal venous inoculation with donor lymphocytes on
      renal allograft survival in the rat. I. Specific prolongation of donor grafts and
      suppressor factor in the serum.
AB  - In order to investigate the in vivo functional role of the liver in the immune
      responses in organ transplantation, effects of perioperative portal venous p.v.
      administration of donor lymphocytes on renal allograft survival were tested in
      the rat kidney transplant model. Donor lymphocytes were prepared from BN (BN, RT
      1n) or third-party DA (RT1a) rat spleens and lymph nodes and injected p.v. or
      intravenously to Lewis (LEW, RT-1l) hosts on the day of transplantation (day 0).
      Untreated LEW hosts rejected BN renal grafts at 7.8 +/- 0.6 days (n = 10).
      Intravenous administration of 1 x 10(8) BN cells to LEW hosts on day 0 caused a
      slight, but not significant, prolongation of renal allograft survival (MST = 9.5
      +/- 3.0 days, n = 13, NS), whereas portal venous inoculation of 1 x 10(8) BN
      cells on day 0 remarkably prolonged renal graft survival to 22.2 +/- 5.3 (n = 10,
      P less than 0.01). The prolongation of graft survival was antigen-specific; the
      administration of 1 x 10(8) DA cells p.v. to LEW hosts did not prolong the
      survival of BN renal grafts (MST = 7.4 +/- 0.8, n = 5). Spleen cells from p.v.
      treated LEW hosts 10 days after transplantation had no suppressor effect on the
      one-way MLC reaction of normal LEW responder cells toward donor BN or third-party
      DA stimulators. On the other hand, when serum from p.v.-treated LEW hosts was
      added to MLC at a concentration of 3 per cent of total volume, it suppressed the
      MLC reaction toward donor BN cells by 71.6 per cent, but not toward third-party
      DA stimulators (-8.5 per cent suppression, NS). Histological examination of p.v.
      treated LEW hosts at 10 days after transplantation revealed that the liver had
      normal lobular architecture without expansion of portal tracts and infiltration
      of inflammatory cells. On the other hand, the transplanted kidney demonstrated a
      moderate mononuclear cell infiltration around the artery without an interstitial
      hemorrhage. Moreover, adoptive transfer of the serum from p.v.-treated LEW rats
      into the virgin secondary LEW hosts significantly prolonged the graft survival of
      BN kidneys from 7.8 days to 18.9 +/- 5.5 days (P less than 0.01), but not third
      party DA graft survivals (MST = 7.5 +/- 0.6 days), indicating that an antigen
      specific tolerogenic factor was released into the circulation through the process
      of allogeneic cells in the liver.

PMID- 2301008
TI  - Evaluation of the effect of experimental cyclosporine toxicity on male
      reproduction and renal function. Reversal by concomitant human chorionic
      gonadotropin administration.
AB  - Administration of cyclosporine to rats has been shown to impair testicular
      function, resulting in a decrease in sperm counts and fertility. In order to
      determine whether or not the deleterious effects of CsA could be reversed by
      hormonal therapy, mature male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with CsA (40
      mg/kg/day, s.c.) alone or in combination with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
      (5 micrograms/day/r; s.c.) for 14 days. Cyclosporine administration decreased the
      body weight (290 +/- 5.30 vs. 339 +/- 8.7 g; P less than 0.05) and reproductive
      organ weights (testis 1.49 +/- 0.42 vs. 1.60 +/- 0.03 g; epididymis 0.41 +/- 0.02
      vs. 0.49 +/- 0.002 g; seminal vesicle 0.61 +/- 0.09 vs. 1.60 +/- 0.05 g; prostate
      0.28 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.06 g; P less than 0.05) testicular sperm counts
      (5.80 +/- 0.42 vs. 8.49 +/- 0.48 x 10(7)/100 mg tissue; P less than 0.05) and
      epididymal sperm counts, (28.2 +/- 0.95 vs. 51 51.62 +/- 2.17 x 10(7)/100 mg
      tissue; P less than 0.05) and fertility (25% vs. 100%). Serum levels of LH were
      elevated (101.98 +/- 21.48 vs. 25.6 +/- 5.18 ng/ml; P less than 0.05) and
      testosterone was decreased (0.48 +/- 0.07 vs. 2.06 +/- 0.56 ng/ml; P less than
      0.05). The administration of hCG to the CsA-treated rats restored the
      reproductive organ weights (testis 1.56 +/- 0.043 g; seminal vesicle 1.04 +/-
      0.05 g; prostate 0.70 +/- 0.06 g) and sperm counts (testicular 7.88 +/- 1.0 x
      10(7)/100 mg tissue; epididymal 59.86 +/- 4.16 x 10(7)/100 mg tissue; P less than
      0.05) Serum levels of testosterone (18.63 +/- 4.45 ng/ml) and LH (431.65 +/-
      31.41 ng/ml) were significantly elevated, as compared with control and CsA
      treated groups (P less than 0.05). All the rats in the gonadotropin-treated group
      were fertile, as compared with 25% in the CsA-treated group. CsA reduced the
      kidney weight (1.17 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.27 +/- 0.03 g; P less than 0.05) and increased
      the levels of serum creatinine (0.97 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.59 +/- 0.03 mg/dl; P less
      than 0.05): these changes were ameliorated by the administration of hCG (kidney
      weight 1.35 +/- 0.03 g; creatinine 0.76 +/- 0.09 mg/dl).

PMID- 2301009
TI  - Donor-specific cellular immunity in rejecting and long-term-surviving class I
      disparate rat renal allograft recipients.
AB  - The effects of pre- and posttransplant immunization on graft survival, infiltrate
      intensity, and host in situ/systemic cellular immune responsiveness were examined
      for class I MHC-disparate rat renal allograft recipients. Naive, unsensitized PVG
      (RT1c) recipients of class I MHC disparate PVG.R1 (RT1.Aa on PVG background)
      orthotopic kidney transplants displayed long-term (greater than 50 days) survival
      (LTS) in a majority (41/52) of cases. Pretransplant immunization of recipients
      with a PVG.R1 skin graft most often resulted in rejection (mean survival greater
      than 21.3 days) with 8/15 rats surviving less than or equal to 2 weeks and only
      3/15 with LTS. Pretransplant immunization with a skin graft from a fully MHC
      disparate PVG.1A (RT1a on PVG background) donor resulted in acute rejection (mean
      = 6.1 days) with 0/8 rats surviving greater than or equal to 2 weeks. Donor
      specific class I and II disparate (PVG.1A), and third-party (LEW) skin
      transplants applied on LTS (greater than 50 days) PVG.R1 kidney graft recipients
      showed typical 1st- and accelerated 2nd-set skin graft rejection, but had no
      effect on kidney graft survival. In contrast, 6/7 LTS PVG.R1 kidney graft
      recipients accepted PVG.R1 skin grafts indefinitely following their transient
      partial rejection. Histologic analysis of kidney allografts revealed the highest
      degree of mononuclear cell infiltrates in animals specifically sensitized by
      PVG.1A skin grafts prior to transplant. Donor class I-specific cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte precursor (pCTL) frequencies, as determined by limiting dilution
      assays, were increased and equivalent at 1 week posttransplant in kidney
      allograft cell eluates from nonrejecting naive recipients (1/127-1/2209) and
      rejecting presensitized animals (1/470-1/7848). LTS animals had decreased
      intragraft pCTL at greater than 50 days (1/2969-1/61875), as did LTS at greater
      than 50 days that received PVG.R1, PVG.1A, or LEW skin grafts posttransplant. In
      all groups, splenocyte pCTL frequencies were significantly lower than the
      corresponding values within the allograft. By comparison, no significant
      differences in intragraft or splenic proliferative T lymphocyte (pPTL) precursor
      frequencies were observed between any groups. These results indicate that
      unsensitized recipients of class I-disparate renal cells grafts are capable of
      maintaining graft survival in the early posttransplant period, despite the
      presence of significant in situ antidonor class I MHC-specific cellular immune
      responsiveness. These findings also indicate that long-surviving PVG recipients
      of class I-disparate renal allografts develop specific functional tolerance to
      donor class I alloantigens, that may be associated with a diminished frequency of
      anti-class I cytotoxic (but not proliferative) T cell precursors.

PMID- 2301010
TI  - Evidence that glucocorticosteroids block expression of the human interleukin-6
      gene by accessory cells.
AB  - The mode of action of glucocorticosteroids as immunosuppressive and
      antiinflammatory agents is not fully understood. Glucocorticosteroids block
      synthesis of interleukin 1 by interfering with the transcription of the IL-1 beta
      gene. Glucocorticosteroids may also induce rapid degradation of IL-1 mRNA. In the
      presence of antigen, IL-1 is a potent accessory-cell-derived growth and
      differentiation co-factor for stimulating resting T lymphocytes. The recently
      defined interleukin 6 protein is even more powerful than IL-1 in promoting T cell
      growth and differentiation and acts synergistically with IL-1. Like IL-1, IL-6 is
      produced by accessory cells and exhibits pleiotropic functions. We herein
      describe the effects of glucocorticosteroids on IL-6 synthesis. We provide
      evidence that glucocorticosteroids prevent IL-6 gene transcription in human
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

PMID- 2301011
TI  - Partial tolerance in rat renal allograft recipients following multiple blood
      transfusions and concomitant cyclosporine.
AB  - Multiple prior administrations of donor-strain blood while under limited
      cyclosporine cover, consistently induce extensive rat renal allograft survival
      and transplantation tolerance. Yet it was hypothesized that some chronic
      rejection mechanisms were nevertheless operative since consistent but
      nonprogressive minor renal dysfunction was observed long-term. A histopathologic
      study on these putative tolerant rats was undertaken to test this hypothesis.
      Twenty long-term LEW recipients of BN renal allografts receiving the blood-CsA
      regimen were examined histopathologically at day 100 post-transplant. Sixteen
      control LEW recipients receiving only a BN renal allograft were studied acutely
      at day 7 posttransplant. The control recipients demonstrated a range of lesions
      consistent with previous studies on acute renal allograft rejection in the rat.
      However, tolerant recipients demonstrated mild-to-moderate lesions consistent
      with chronic mechanisms of rejection including the following: moderate focal
      interstitial mononuclear inflammatory cellular infiltration, with periglomerular
      and perivascular accumulation; occasional arteriolar luminal obliteration and
      glomerular atrophy; focal areas of moderate interstitial fibrosis; mild
      interstitial hemorrhage; mild-to-moderate tubular atrophy; and focal tubular
      necrosis. Previously our laboratory has documented that tissue-specific renal
      basement membrane antigens may be responsible for inciting this pattern of focal
      chronic interstitial inflammation. However, from the present histopathologic
      studies, it would appear likely that chronic rejection mechanisms in these
      recipients, which were defined as tolerant by immunologic criteria, involve both
      tissue-specific and MHC determinants. Therefore, induction of transplantation
      tolerance in these indefinite survivors is partial or incomplete.

PMID- 2301013
TI  - Combination thalidomide and cyclosporine for cardiac allograft rejection.
      Comparison with combination methylprednisolone and cyclosporine.
AB  - Combination CsA with corticosteroids is the most commonly used maintenance
      immunosuppressive regimen after cardiac transplantation, although their high
      toxicity profiles frequently limit their clinical benefit. Immunosuppressive
      agents that would act synergistically with CsA but without the toxicity profile
      of corticosteroids would be clinically useful. Thalidomide was removed from the
      market due to its teratogenic effects, although it has known immunomodulatory
      activity. The purpose of this study was (1) to determine whether maintenance
      immunosuppression with thalidomide and subtherapeutic doses of CsA can help
      prevent rat cardiac allograft rejection; and (2) to compare its synergism with
      CsA to the commonly used corticosteroid, methylprednisolone. ACI-LEW allografts
      were all treated with subtherapeutic doses of CsA (10 mg/g/day, s.c.) for 4 days.
      When CsA was then discontinued, severe rejection developed by posttransplant day
      14. Group 1 received CsA alone. Group 2 received in addition oral thalidomide 100
      mg/day for 14 days. Groups 3, 4, and 5 received CsA and methylprednisolone (low
      dose: 0.2 mg/kg/day s.c.; moderate dose: 2.0 mg/kg/day s.c.; and high dose: 20
      mg/kg/day s.c. Twelve histologic parameters of rejection were semiquantitatively
      graded 0-4, and total pathology scores were determined. The combination of
      thalidomide and subtherapeutic CsA significantly reduced the severity of
      myocardial necrosis, interstitial inflammation, interstitial edema, and the total
      pathology score. Thalidomide was found to be equally as effective as low-,
      moderate-, and high-dose methylprednisolone. The results of this study suggest
      the potential clinical role of CsA and thalidomide in maintenance
      immunosuppressive regimens, thereby avoiding the use of corticosteroids.

PMID- 2301012
TI  - A kinetic analysis of the effects of interleukin-2 diphtheria toxin fusion
      protein upon activated T cells.
AB  - The interleukin-2 diphtheria toxin-related fusion protein (IL-2 toxin) inhibits
      protein and DNA synthesis IN rIL-2 (10(-10) M) stimulated T lymphoblasts in a
      dose-dependent fashion. However, prior to target cell death very low
      concentrations of rIL-2 and IL-2 toxin synergistically stimulate [3H] thymidine
      incorporation despite inhibition of [14C] leucine uptake. A sequential analysis
      of [3H] thymidine incorporation shows that high IL-2 toxin concentration (10(-9)
      10(-7) M) stimulates DNA synthesis at 18 hr of culture and inhibits [3H]
      thymidine uptake after 24 hr, while low concentrations of IL-2 toxin (10(-12)-10(
      10) M) exhibits stimulatory effects only after 24 hr of culture. Anti-Tac a
      monoclonal antibody directed against the p55 chain of the high affinity IL-2
      receptor (IL-2R) blocks the stimulatory effects of high-dose IL-2 toxin, thereby
      proving that these effects are mediated through the IL-2 domain of the fusion
      protein. At 7 hr following interaction with IL-2R receptor (IL-2R)+ T cells, IL-2
      toxin-treated cells evidence augmented transcription of the heat shock protein
      gene, an effect indistinguishable from those mediated by rIL-2. We conclude that
      interaction of IL-2 toxin with IL-2R+ T cells initially mimicks the stimulatory
      effects of IL-2 upon gene transcription and DNA synthesis yet concomitant
      inhibition of protein synthesis is evident.

PMID- 2301014
TI  - Cyclosporine central neurotoxicity following renal transplantation. Report of a
      case using magnetic resonance images.

PMID- 2301015
TI  - High-dose cyclosporine therapy in recurrent nephrotic syndrome following renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2301016
TI  - Association of the absence of steroid therapy with increased cyclosporine blood
      levels in renal transplant recipients.

PMID- 2301017
TI  - Viability of sinusoidal lining cells in cold-preserved rat liver allografts.

PMID- 2301018
TI  - Enhanced survival of heterotopic rat heart allografts with portal venous
      drainage.

PMID- 2301019
TI  - The anatomic site-specificity of tolerance induction to alloantigen.

PMID- 2301020
TI  - Use of lung biopsies in lung transplant recipients.

PMID- 2301021
TI  - Recurrent steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2301023
TI  - The impact of steady-state cyclosporine concentrations on renal allograft
      outcome.
AB  - It has been reported that initial cyclosporine levels over 400 ng/ml
      posttransplantation result in an increased incidence of delayed graft function
      (DGF). Several studies have shown early graft function to be a major determinant
      for long-term graft survival. Continuous intravenous infusion (CIVI) has been
      employed to induce immunosuppression establishing therapeutic drug levels while
      minimizing toxicity in renal allograft recipients. This study examines the impact
      of the achieved serum CsA steady-state concentration (Css) levels upon transplant
      outcome in 228 patients given CsA by CIVI. In spite of administration of a
      specific drug dose, interindividual variation in elimination rates yields a broad
      range of Css levels. Six groups were stratified by CsA Css levels: group A 0-75
      ng/ml, group B 76-100 ng/ml, group C 101-150 ng/ml, group D 151-200 ng/ml, group
      E 201-250 ng/ml, and group F greater than 250 ng/ml. Group A showed a
      significantly lower age and greater incidence of rejection at 0-10 days. Group F
      had significantly higher incidences of nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and
      delayed graft function. The findings suggest that the antirejection Css threshold
      for CsA may be at least 75 ng/ml, and the toxicity threshold above 250 ng/ml.
      Controversy exists about whether CsA influences the incidence of DGF, therefore
      risk factors for DGF were examined among the groups stratified by CsA Css levels.
      While cold ischemia time for all 228 patients as a group was highly correlated
      with DGF (P less than 0.001), neither cold ischemia time nor donor age was
      significantly different among the groups. There does appear to be a synergistic
      effect between CsA Css and CIT, since the incidence of DGF was significantly
      higher when the cold ischemia time was 21-24 hr and CsA Css greater than 200
      ng/ml. Long-term graft function did not appear to be affected by early CsA Css
      levels. The Css of 100-250 ng/ml appears to achieve a satisfactory outcome with a
      19.5% incidence of rejection within 10 days, 29.7% DGF, and 5.1% nephrotoxicity.
      Only 118/228 patients (52%) in this study achieved that range despite a fixed low
      CIVI of CsA. Thus potential renal allograft recipients may benefit from a
      pretransplant pharmacokinetic study to predict the proper CIVI dose.

PMID- 2301022
TI  - Living-donor renal transplantation in SEOPF. The impact of histocompatibility,
      transfusions, and cyclosporine on outcome.
AB  - The impact of haplotype match (HM), pretransplant transfusions, and cyclosporine
      use were examined for living-donor renal transplants performed among 49 centers
      in the South-Eastern Organ Procurement Foundation (SEOPF) from November 1983 to
      June 1988 with follow-up through March 1989. During this period, 750 2-HM, 1246 1
      HM, and 120 0-HM living-donor transplants were performed at 46, 47, and 27
      centers, respectively. Demographic comparisons of the HM categories demonstrated
      the greatest use of cyclosporine and donor-specific transfusions in the 0-HM
      group, and the greatest use of random blood transfusions (RBT) or no blood
      transfusions (NBT) in the 2-HM group. By univariate and multivariate (Cox
      regression) analyses, actuarial graft survival was significantly associated with
      haplotype match, although excellent 3-year graft survival was seen for 0-HM as
      well as 1-HM and 2-HM first transplant recipients: 74 +/- 5%, 80 +/- 2%, and 85
      +/- 2%, respectively. Comparisons were also made among patients receiving DST +/-
      CsA, RBT +/- CsA, and NBT +/- CsA for each HM group by univariate and
      multivariate analyses. For 0-HM recipients, DST + CsA was most frequently used
      and associated with the best long-term survival (86 +/- 5% at 3 years) by
      univariate analysis. For 1-HM recipients, there were no apparent differences in
      graft survival between DST and RBT groups +/- CsA by univariate analysis, but the
      absence of transfusion (NBT +/- CsA) was associated with the poorest 3-year
      survival (79 +/- 4%). This was confirmed by multivariate analysis, where DST (P
      less than 0.06) and RBT (P less than 0.02) were each significantly associated
      with graft survival, and provided relative benefits (vs. NBT) of 0.56 and 0.44,
      respectively; CsA use was not significantly associated with outcome or a
      significant benefit. For 2-HM recipients, the poorest results were seen with DST
      + CsA (78 +/- 6% at 3 years) by univariate analysis; multivariate analysis
      suggested no benefit with DST or RBT, and an increased risk of graft loss with
      CsA. These results indicate that the use of pretransplant transfusions and CsA
      therapy may have differential benefits depending upon HM in living-donor renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2301024
TI  - Proteinuria in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients.
AB  - Of 704 renal transplant recipients receiving long-term cyclosporine
      immunosuppression, 71 patients experienced proteinuria greater than 1 g/24 hr
      beyond the first month posttransplant. Eight patients displayed transient
      proteinuria, defined as lasting less than 3 months. In most cases this condition
      was attributed to biopsy-proved acute rejection. The transient proteinuria cohort
      experienced good graft outcome--namely, 87.5% one-year and 52.5% five-year
      actuarial graft survivals, which was similar to that observed in patients without
      proteinuria. In contrast, 52.4% of the 63 patients with nontransient proteinuria
      experienced graft loss within a median time of 6.1 months. The one- and five-year
      actuarial graft survivals in patients with nontransient proteinuria were 75.3%
      and 37.5%, respectively. Among the 63 patients with nontransient proteinuria,
      histopathologic diagnosis included chronic rejection in 19, transplant
      glomerulopathy in 14, acute rejection in 9, glomerulonephritis (GN) in 7
      including 2 cases of membranous GN, and nonspecific interstitial fibrosis in 10
      cases. Despite the overall poor prognosis for graft survival among the entire
      cohort of patients with nontransient proteinuria, the seven with allograft GN
      maintained prolonged graft function. They showed an 83.3% five-year actuarial
      graft survival versus 31.2% in patients with other causes of proteinuria (P =
      0.043). These results suggest that posttransplant proteinuria in CsA-treated
      renal transplant recipients arises primarily as a consequence of allograft
      rejection and portends a poor graft outcome.

PMID- 2301026
TI  - Antimurine antibody formation following OKT3 therapy.
AB  - OKT3 is an IgG2a murine monoclonal antibody directed against the CD3 antigen
      receptor of human T lymphocytes. A major concern with OKT3 treatment in solid
      organ transplant recipients is the development of antimouse antibody, which may
      preclude retreatment with this agent. We have administered OKT3 on 215 occasions
      (150 renal, 34 hepatic, 26 cardiac, 5 pancreatic) in 179 patients between April
      1982 and December 1988. The mean duration of treatment was 10.5 days (range, 2-22
      days). Antimouse antibody data were analyzed on the most recent 133 treatment
      courses where the antibody status was available pretreatment. Determination of
      antimouse antibody production was elicited by ELISA technology at days 0, 7, 14,
      and 28 of OKT3 treatment. Patients were categorized according to the antibody
      response as follows: (a) absence of antibody; (b) low titer (1:100); or (c) high
      titer (greater than or equal to 1:1000). Our earlier experience has demonstrated
      that retreatment with OKT3 is successful in groups a and b. The development of
      antimurine antibodies was analyzed with regard to the following parameters: (1)
      The duration of OKT3 treatment; (2) treatment type (prophylactic, primary, or
      secondary); (3) primary treatment or retreatment; (4) concomitant
      immunosuppressive regimen (double or triple therapy); (5) dosage of concomitant
      immunosuppressive drugs; and (6) transplant organ type. The following results
      were obtained. (1) Duration of treatment had no effect on antibody production
      (11.0 days in antibody negative and 10.0 days in antibody positive). (2) There
      was no difference in antibody formation rates for the first treatment of OKT3
      when it was used as prophylaxis (26%), primary (19%), or secondary (27%) therapy.
      (3) Antibody formation rate with first treatment was 29%; with retreatment,
      patients who were antibody negative following first treatment became positive in
      28% of cases, and retreated patients who were low titer positive following first
      treatment converted to high titer in 57% of cases. (4) Antibody formation was
      higher in patients receiving double immunosuppressive therapy (36%) than in those
      receiving triple immunosuppressive therapy (21%) during OKT3 treatment. (5)
      Concomitant immunosuppression was lower in the antibody-positive group during
      OKT3 therapy: steroids, 61 mg/day vs. 52 mg/day; azathioprine, 89 mg/day vs. 66
      mg/day; CsA, 317 mg/day vs. 186 mg/day. (6) Antibody formation rates were lower
      in non-renal transplants following first treatment with OKT3 (liver 17%, heart
      17%, kidney 28%); this reflects the higher doses of concomitant immunosuppressive
      therapy used in nonrenal transplants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2301025
TI  - Acute effects of intravenous cyclosporine on blood pressure, renal hemodynamics,
      and urine prostaglandin production of healthy humans.
AB  - The acute renal failure associated with cyclosporine may result from
      vasoconstriction of intrarenal arterioles. To evaluate the mechanism of
      cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity, we acutely administered cyclosporine to
      eight healthy female volunteers with normal blood pressure and renal function.
      Cyclosporine (4 mg/kg) in 250 ml of 5% dextrose in water (D5W) was administered
      as a steady intravenous infusion over 6 hr. Glomerular filtration rate and renal
      plasma flow were measured by serum disappearance of 99m TcDTPA and 131I hippuran,
      respectively, during the last 3 hr of the infusion. D5W was given to the patients
      on separate days before the cyclosporine infusion to obtain control data.
      Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured every hour during the infusions
      and renal vascular resistance were slightly higher during cyclosporine
      administration, but the increases were not statistically significant. Renal
      plasma flow was not affected by cyclosporine, being 479.6 +/- 24.9 ml/min during
      the control infusion and 463.3 +/- 12.7 ml/min during the cyclosporine infusion.
      However, glomerular filtration rate was reduced by cyclosporine in all patients
      (control, 108.8 +/- 2.5 ml/min, vs. cyclosporine, 91.1 +/- 2.2 ml/min, P less
      than .01), except one who demonstrated no significant change. Urinary excretion
      of thromboxane B2 during cyclosporine administration was markedly increased in
      all patients, being 39.9 +/- 8.2 ng/hr in the control period and 85.8 +/- 22.3
      ng/hr during cyclosporine infusion (P less than .05), except for the one patient
      in whom no decrease in GFR was noted. There was no significant change in the
      urinary excretion rate for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1a or prostaglandin E during
      cyclosporine infusion. Serum averaged levels of peripheral renin activity,
      angiotensin II, and aldosterone did not change during with the cyclosporine
      administration compared with the control. All patients demonstrated a decrease in
      24-h urinary excretion of sodium and potassium on the day of the cyclosporine
      infusion. Verapamil SR (240 mg daily for 7 days prior to cyclosporine infusion)
      did not reverse the reduction in glomerular filtration rate induced by
      cyclosporine; however, a significant reduction in renal vascular resistance and
      an increase in renal plasma flow (P less than .05) were noted when the volunteers
      were treated with both verapamil and cyclosporine compared with cyclosporine
      alone. Intravenous infusion of Cremophor EL, the vehicle to dissolve
      cyclosporine, demonstrated no significant effects on blood pressure, renal
      hemodynamics or urinary prostaglandin excretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2301027
TI  - Improved graft survival for flow cytometry and antihuman globulin crossmatch
      negative retransplant recipients.
AB  - We compared our standard NIH (extended incubation) crossmatch (XM) with antihuman
      globulin (AHG) and flow cytometry XMs and correlated the results with rejection
      episodes and graft survivals. For 89 CsA-Pred, primary renal allograft
      recipients, AHG and/or FCXM results did not improve on the NIH-XM-negative (NEG)
      graft survival results, whether testing pretransplant or historical (Hx) sera.
      Similarly, there was no association of a positive (POS) AHG or FCXM with
      increased rejection episodes in these primary recipients. However, for
      retransplant (Re-Tx) recipients a neg AHG or FCXM did discriminate fewer
      rejections and an improved graft survival compared with the NIH-XM-neg. results.
      The overall one-year graft survival for the 47 Re-Tx recipients studied herein
      was 66% (based on a neg pre-Tx NIH-XM). Pre-Tx AHG-NEG, Re-Tx recipients
      displayed an improved graft survival compared with NIH-XM NEG recipients (77% vs.
      66%, P less than 0.05) and with AHG-POS recipients (77% vs. 47%, P less than
      0.05). Similarly, pre-Tx, FCXM-NEG, Re-Tx recipients displayed improved graft
      survivals compared with NIH-XM-NEG recipients (83% vs. 66%, P less than 0.05) and
      FCXM-POS recipients (83% vs. 48%, P less than 0.05). Re-Tx recipients displaying
      a POS AHG and/or FCXM experienced a significantly greater number of rejections
      than NEG-XM recipients (P less than 0.05, respectively). The AHG and FCXM results
      correlated with rejections and graft survivals whether testing pre-Tx or Hx high
      PRA sera. Re-Tx recipients who were AHG-XM-NEG but FCXM-POS, experienced more
      rejection episodes than recipients who displayed a negative XM reactivity for
      both AHG and FCXM (P less than 0.02), but with no resulting differences in graft
      survival. HLA matching, pre-Tx blood transfusions and PRA did not impact on these
      crossmatch and graft survival results. Use of AHG and/or FCXMs for Re-Tx, but not
      primary, recipients should help to improve graft survival for these high-risk
      recipients.

PMID- 2301029
TI  - The effect of the American Heart Association step one diet on hyperlipidemia
      following renal transplantation.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality following
      renal transplantation. The percentage of deaths due to ischemic cardiovascular
      disease and cerebrovascular accidents nearly equals that caused by infection
      among patients receiving their first transplant, according to data from the
      European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry. Hypercholesterolemia is a
      risk factor for cardiovascular disease frequently identified following renal
      transplantation, and diets low in fat and cholesterol have been suggested as
      treatment. Previous studies have not reported the response of LDL cholesterol to
      dietary treatment, and it is this form of cholesterol that is most closely
      related to cardiovascular disease. The American Heart Association has provided
      nutritionists with guidelines for the treatment of hyperlipidemic patients which
      include the Step One Diet. Previous dietary studies of renal transplant
      recipients have allowed a slightly higher intake of fat than that currently
      recommended by the AHA. We wondered if an easily reproducible diet well known to
      nutritionists such as the AHA Step One Diet would be effective in lowering
      cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemic renal transplant recipients. The purpose of
      our study was not to define the mechanisms of posttransplant hyperlipidemia, but
      rather to assess the effectiveness of dietary intervention on hyperlipidemia
      following renal transplantation.

PMID- 2301028
TI  - The transfusion effect in cadaver kidney transplants--yes or no.
AB  - The transfusion effect in first cadaver kidney transplants was re-examined at the
      UCLA Transplant Registry. One-year graft survival rates were 71% for non
      transfused patients, which improved to 75% (P less than 0.05) with a single
      transfusion, 77% (P less than 0.01) with 2, and 78% (P less than 0.01) with 3 and
      4 transfusions. One-year graft survival rates did not improve further with
      additional transfusions but remained at the same level. Thus, the transfusion
      effect clearly does exist, and 2 to 4 transfusions are sufficient to obtain the
      maximum beneficial transfusion effect. Patients with zero HLA-DR mismatched
      transplants had no blood transfusion effect. Transfusions improved the 1-year
      graft survival rate by 8% for transplant recipients with 1 DR-mismatched grafts
      (P less than 0.01) and by 10% with 2 DR-mismatched grafts (P less than 0.01). The
      transfusion effect was greater in Black than White recipients; however, the 77% 1
      year graft survival rate for transfused Black recipients of zero DR-mismatched
      kidneys did not differ from that of transfused comparably matched Whites. We
      conclude that transfusion protocols should not be abandoned unless patients
      receive zero DR-mismatched kidneys.

PMID- 2301030
TI  - Impact of race on renal transplant outcome.
AB  - The influence of race on the outcome of cadaver renal transplantation (CRT)
      continues to be controversial even in the cyclosporine era. The present study
      examines the effect of race in 343 adult CRT performed from 1/1/82 through
      10/1/88 with regard to the incidence of delayed function (DF), graft survival
      (GS), and patient survival (PS). Blacks constituted 38% of the patients. A
      history of nephrosclerosis secondary to hypertension was more common in blacks,
      with 51% (67/130) vs. 8% (17/213) in whites, while glomerulonephritis and Type 1
      diabetes mellitus were more common in whites. There was no significant difference
      in the number of HLA (A,B,DR) matches or DR mismatches between whites and blacks.
      With azathioprine immunosuppression DF was more common in blacks than in whites,
      54% (14/26) vs. 20% (11/55) respectively (P less than 0.01). The higher incidence
      of DF in blacks than in whites on Aza was associated with a significantly lower
      dose of intraoperative albumin, 0.25 g/kg vs. 0.44 g/kg, respectively (P less
      than 0.01). Of the Aza treated black recipients who had DF, 79% (11/14) had graft
      loss within three months, significantly worse than 25% (3/12) with graft loss
      when immediate function was present (P less than 0.005). Currently, all patients
      receive at least 0.80 g/kg of albumin intraoperatively and CsA quadruple
      induction therapy. With the current regimen, black and white recipients of
      primary CRT recipients have a comparable low incidence of DF of 18% and 22%,
      respectively. However, DF remains high among repeat black or white recipients:
      33% (10/30) and 57% (8/14), respectively. The incidence of rejection within 30
      days was similar for black and white recipients during the Aza and CsA eras, 62%
      vs. 75% and 34% vs. 42% respectively. GS and PS at three months for blacks on Aza
      were 54% and 89%, respectively, reflecting the corresponding high incidence of
      DF. This compares with 71% and 97% GS and PS for whites on Aza. Blacks and whites
      receiving CsA had equivalent 1-year GS and PS: 76% and 92%, respectively. We
      conclude that, in our center during the Aza era, blacks had a higher incidence of
      DF and lower GS than whites. With our current intraoperative fluid replacement
      and CsA immunosuppression, the incidence of DF and GS and PS are equivalent in
      black and white recipients.

PMID- 2301031
TI  - Endocrinologic evaluation of children who grow poorly following renal
      transplantation.
AB  - Some children do not grow well following successful renal transplantation. We
      reviewed 25 children with renal allografts who receive regular medical care in
      the renal transplant program at The Children's Hospital, were less than or equal
      to 18 years of age, and had stable renal function. We compared children who were
      growing well (n = 14) with those who were growing poorly (n = 11). The children
      with poor growth more frequently had elevated serum creatinine concentrations
      (8/11 vs. 3/14). The mean age at transplantation was the same, although the
      duration of follow-up was shorter for the children growing well (3.3 +/- 0.5
      years) than for those growing poorly (6.2 +/- 1.0 years, P less than 0.02). Eight
      of the children who were growing poorly underwent endocrinologic evaluation.
      Plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations were measured during sleep, after
      arginine and L-DOPA administration, and during a 4-hr oral glucose tolerance
      test. In 4 patients, the maximum GH concentration was inadequate both following
      pharmacologic stimulation (4.0 +/- 2.6 ng/ml, n = 4) and during sleep (4.4 +/-
      0.2 ng/ml, n = 3). In 2 additional patients, maximal GH concentrations were
      subnormal during sleep despite adequate responses during pharmacologic
      stimulation. In the final two patients, GH secretion was adequate both during
      sleep and after stimulation. All children studied had some degree of renal
      insufficiency with a mean creatinine clearance of 39 +/- 4 ml/min/1.73 m2. Plasma
      concentrations of thyroxine, thyrotropin, and IGF-I were normal for age in all
      eight patients. We conclude that abnormalities in GH secretion occur frequently
      among patients who grow poorly following successful renal transplantation.
      Evaluation of GH secretion may be useful in evaluating growth failure in this
      group of patients, and the usefulness of GH therapy should be investigated.

PMID- 2301033
TI  - Kidney transplants in cyclosporine-treated Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - Previous studies by others have shown that transplanted rat kidneys have
      abnormally low clearances of paraaminohippuric acid, inulin, and creatinine, due
      to rejection and/or to warm-ischemia-induced injury. In the present studies,
      randomly bred Sprague-Dawley rats were used as donors and recipients. The left
      kidneys of recipients were removed, and the right kidneys were left intact. Donor
      kidneys were flushed with an ice-cold hypertonic solution (150 mM NaCl, 200 mM
      mannitol, pH 6.4), and the kidneys were kept cold during surgery. Renal function
      was assessed 1 week later. The left transplanted kidneys in untreated recipients
      exhibited morphologic evidence of rejection, and the clearances of PAH and inulin
      were approximately 50% of those of the right native kidneys. CsA-treated rats did
      not reject the transplants, and the PAH and inulin clearances of the left
      transplanted kidneys were identical to those of the right native kidneys.
      Untreated and CsA-treated rats with both native kidneys intact served as
      controls. The amount of CsA given during the 7-day period produced no measurable
      change in renal function. This is the first demonstration of virtually normal
      hemodynamics in transplanted rat kidneys when randomly bred animals are used as
      donors and recipients. Moreover, the results indicate that if both rejection and
      warm ischemia are avoided, the presence of a functioning native kidney does not
      have a detrimental effect on the function of a transplanted kidney.

PMID- 2301032
TI  - Follow-up of cyclosporine-treated pediatric renal allograft recipients after
      cessation of prednisone.
AB  - We attempted cessation of prednisone therapy in 16 pediatric renal allograft
      recipients who were between the ages of 3 1/2 and 16 years at the time of
      transplantation. Fourteen had primary grafts and 2 had second grafts. Nine had
      cadaver and 7 had living-related donor grafts. At the time of cessation of
      prednisone, cyclosporine was the only other immunosuppressive therapy for 15 of
      the patients and 1 patient was receiving CsA and azathioprine. All the patients
      had stable serum creatinines at the time prednisone was stopped, between 7 months
      and 5 years posttransplantation. Seven patients have had no episodes of
      rejection, continuing to receive CsA as their only immunosuppressive therapy and
      have stable renal function between 16 months and 3 1/2 years (mean: 2 years)
      after stopping prednisone. Stopping the small maintenance dose of prednisone
      resulted in improved growth in patients whose epiphyses were not fused. They
      improved their weight:height ratios and lost their cushingoid appearance. Serum
      cholesterol levels declined significantly. Patients who required antihypertensive
      drugs to control their blood pressure while receiving prednisone required fewer
      or no drugs when off prednisone. Nine patients had acute rejection episodes and
      were put back on maintenance prednisone following a 3-day steroid pulse. All
      these patients had a prompt improvement in renal function following the steroid
      pulse. However, only 3 stabilized function at preprotocol baseline Scr. Four
      currently have functioning grafts with Scr greater than the preprotocol Scr. Two
      patients have returned to dialysis. Although stopping steroids is a worthy goal
      in pediatric renal allograft recipients, we cannot recommend this strategy as
      routine management because of the 56% rate of acute rejection episodes in the
      patients who had prednisone withdrawn.

PMID- 2301034
TI  - The impairment of true glomerular filtration rate in long-term cyclosporine
      treated pediatric allograft recipients.
AB  - We performed indium-111-DTPA plasma clearance studies in 61 pediatric kidney and
      liver recipients treated with cyclosporine to compare true glomerular filtration
      rate with calculated GFR (cGFR). The mean true GFR of 61.9 +/- 36.6 ml/min/1.73
      m2 indicated renal impairment. The mean cGFR of 85.2 +/- 22.4 ml/min/1.73 m2 was
      significantly higher (P less than 0.001), and overestimated GFR by 38%. cGFR
      alone did not accurately reflect the degree of renal dysfunction. A group of 48
      pediatric orthotopic liver transplant recipients was studied in more detail: 73%
      of these patients had a true GFR less than 70 ml/min/1.73 m2, while 85% had a
      true GFR below 90 ml/min/1.73 m2, the lower limit for normal GFR in children. The
      mean true GFR for patients treated more than 24 months with CsA was lower (P =
      0.02) than patients treated with CsA for 12 to 24 months. OLT patients with
      normal true GFR (greater than 90 ml/min/1.73 m2) had significantly lower plasma
      CsA levels, and 50% of patients with a true GFR less than or equal to 50
      ml/min/1.73 m2 had hypertension. There was no effect on true GFR of age, liver
      function, azathioprine use, or peritransplant treatment with other nephrotoxic
      drugs. We conclude that true GFR is significantly impaired in long-term CsA
      treated allograft pediatric recipients. Calculations of GFR underestimate the
      degree of renal dysfunction. As patients treated greater than 24 months had the
      lowest true GFRs, the fall in GFR may be progressive.

PMID- 2301035
TI  - The significance of the anti-class I antibody response. I. Clinical and
      pathologic features of anti-class I-mediated rejection.
AB  - In renal transplantation, preformed cytotoxic antibody against donor HLA class I
      antigens causes hyperacute rejection of renal allografts, but its pathogenic
      significance when it develops in the posttransplant period is unknown. In the
      present studies we describe the clinical and pathologic features of patients with
      rejection associated with anti-class I. In the course of 400 consecutive
      cadaveric renal transplants, 7 patients were identified who had antibody against
      donor class I HLA antigens in association with atypical but distinctive patterns
      of rejection. All 7 were presensitized. In 3 patients, the transplant had been
      inadvertently performed with a positive donor-specific T cell crossmatch. In the
      remaining 4, the T cell crossmatch on current sera was negative but became
      positive posttransplant. The clinical picture was deterioration of graft function
      with rapid onset of oliguria, apparently due to acute tubular necrosis, but with
      persistence of blood flow demonstrable by radioisotope scan studies. Renal
      histology showed that the typical lesions observed in cell-mediated rejection,
      such as tubulitis and interstitial infiltration, were absent. Granular complement
      deposition (6), polymorphonuclear infiltration (6), and endothelial injury in the
      microvasculature (6) were common, and mononuclear infiltrates were absent (2) or
      not prominent (4). In 3 patients the glomerular changes resembled a picture of
      hemolytic uremic syndrome, with capillary fibrin thrombi and widening of the
      subendothelial space. IgG staining was negative. The pathologic features suggest
      that anti-class I antibody appearing or persisting in the early posttransplant
      period injures the endothelium of the microvasculature, with the clinical
      presentation different from that of hyperacute rejection. Particularly in
      sensitized patients, rapid deterioration in function, leading to a picture of
      acute tubular necrosis, with pathologic features of endothelial injury in the
      microcirculation, should suggest the diagnosis of anti-class I-mediated
      rejection.

PMID- 2301036
TI  - Influence of cadaver donor age on posttransplant renal function and graft
      outcome.
AB  - To assess the impact of cadaver donor age on posttransplant renal function and
      graft survival, we analyzed our clinical results in 17 recipients of younger
      donor kidneys (less than 10 years) and 48 recipients of older donor kidneys
      (greater than 50 years) and compared them with a control group of 598 patients
      who received kidneys from donors between 11 and 50 years of age. The 3 groups
      were comparable with respect to recipient age, duration of dialysis, prior
      transfusions, previous transplants, cold ischemia time, HLA AB mismatches,
      cytotoxic antibody profile, posttransplant ATN, and prophylactic ALG treatment.
      The cumulative patient survival at 1, 2, and 3 years was not significantly
      different among the 3 groups, but the graft survival in recipients of older donor
      kidneys was significantly lower than the control (71% vs. 62% at 2 years, P = .09
      and 66% vs. 55% at 3 years, P = .0003. The short-term renal function assessed at
      1 month posttransplant was significantly lower in the older donor group compared
      with the control (creatinine clearance 45 mL/min vs. 59 mL/min, P = .0003).
      Likewise, the long-term renal function assessed at the last follow-up was also
      lower in the older donor group than the control (creatinine clearance 40 mL/min
      vs. 49 mL/min, P = .07). There were no significant differences in graft survival
      or short- or long-term renal function between the younger donor group and the
      control group. These observations suggest that transplantation of a kidney from
      an older cadaver donor is associated with an inferior posttransplant outcome. The
      practical decision whether or not to use an older donor kidney should be
      individualized taking this as well as other factors into account.

PMID- 2301037
TI  - [Cecostomy can not be recommended as a routine method in the treatment of acute
      left-sided obstructive colon cancer].
AB  - During a period of 17 years, 135 patients with acute left-sided obstructive
      cancer of the colon were admitted to two hospitals in the County of Copenhagen.
      Primary decompression by means of coecostomy was performed. The plan was to
      perform resection of the tumour after some weeks and colocolic anastomosis and
      closure of the coecostomy either spontaneously or operatively after some months.
      The total mortality was 24%. A total of 84 patients (62%) completed the planned
      therapeutic course, 21 without complications. Eighteen patients survived with
      permanent coecostomies. The mortality in this material was similar to those in
      materials where other therapeutic regimes were employed. The prolonged
      therapeutic programme and considerable morbidity thus do not result in reduction
      in the mortality. The authors cannot therefore recommend primary decompressive
      coecostomy. This method can only be recommended as an emergency measure under
      local anaesthesia for patients in such poor general condition that other forms of
      treatment are not possible.

PMID- 2301038
TI  - [Acute thoracic injuries. A retrospective study of treatment and results].
AB  - One hundred and twelve patients with severe chest trauma, were evaluated
      retrospectively. Chest tubulation was sufficient treatment in 64% cases, with
      hemo/pneumothorax, while 36% underwent thoracotomy. It may be life-threatening if
      tubulation is not performed in patients with chest trauma, treated with
      respiratory therapy. The overall mortality was 18%. Most often mortality was
      related to ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome) (Pontoppidans' categories,
      severe and moderate respiratory failure) and the cause was pulmonary failure
      and/or multiorgan failure. Infections (pneumonia and sepsis) are often related to
      pulmonary failure and probably influence its progress to ARDS.

PMID- 2301039
TI  - [Reactive psychosis in connection with an executive replacement program].
AB  - A case of reactive psychosis, after an "executive replacement" programme, is
      described and the importance of a proper evaluation of the patient's crisis
      before entering such a programme is emphasized.

PMID- 2301040
TI  - [Familial infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae].
AB  - A three-year-old girl developed purulent arthritis and her nine-month-old younger
      brother meningitis with Haemophilus influenzae type b, after an interval of 43
      days. Attention should be drawn to the spread of Haemophilus disease other than
      meningitis.

PMID- 2301042
TI  - [Adenoma of the thyroid gland].

PMID- 2301041
TI  - [Allergic manifestations of nickel allergy in women with copper coils].

PMID- 2301043
TI  - [Death--a process or an event?].

PMID- 2301044
TI  - [Pulmonary sarcoidosis].

PMID- 2301045
TI  - [Transient abnormal Q-waves].
AB  - We present a case of transient abnormal Q-waves (TAQ) and a review of the
      literature. TAQ are defined as abnormal Q-waves, which disappear within ten days.
      They are most often seen in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) but are
      also seen in other conditions. Brief episodes of myocardial ischemia giving rise
      to reversible biochemical and ultrastructural myocardial changes, resulting in
      transient ECG changes, provide an accepted theory for the pathogenesis of TAO.
      Investigations have shown that the occurrence of exercise-induced TAQ may be a
      symptom of IHD. It is impossible to distinguish TAQ from Q-waves induced by
      myocardial infarction. Appearance of TAQ during exercise-testing frequently
      indicates IHD.

PMID- 2301047
TI  - [Infectious endocarditis--are we now better able to diagnose and prevent?].

PMID- 2301046
TI  - [Supraventricular tachycardia treated with percutaneous catheter ablation of the
      arteriovenous conduction system].
AB  - Twelve patients with supraventricular tachycardia refractory to medical
      management were treated with catheter ablation (fulguration) of the
      atrioventricular (AV) conduction system followed by pacemaker implantation. All
      12 patients had initially 3 degrees AV block. In ten patients it was permanent.
      One patient had a permanent 1 degree AV block and left bundle branch block. In
      one patient with initial 3 degrees AV block AV conduction resumed. No major
      complications were seen. At follow-up, the mean observation period was 15 months
      (range 3-57 months). All ten patients with permanent 3 degrees AV block were free
      of arrhythmic symptoms and without any medication. The patient with permanent 1
      degree AV block was free of symptoms and arrhythmia, but died 16 months after the
      ablation. The patient with relapse of the AV conduction continued to have
      arrhythmic symptoms, but ECG did not confirm arrhythmia. It is concluded that
      catheter induced 3 degrees AV block is a safe and efficient treatment of patients
      with supraventricular tachycardia refractory to medical treatment.

PMID- 2301049
TI  - [Pregnancy and the work place. Risk assessment during a 5-year period at an
      occupational medicine clinic].
AB  - If the occupational environment of a pregnant women is considered to present the
      risk for injurious effects on the foetus, there has been a possibility in Denmark
      since 1981 in the Maintenance Allowance legislation for absence from work on
      account of the particular occupation during the entire duration of the
      ascertained pregnancy. Assessment of the risk for foetal damage in the
      occupational environment is undertaken primarily by the general practitioner with
      advice and the possibility for more detailed assessment of the risk from Workers'
      Supervision Authorities and the Clinic for Occupational Medicine. The principles
      for assessing the risk in the Clinic for Occupational Medicine are reviewed on
      the basis of 144 cases from the period 1983-1987 and these are illustrated by
      three case histories. In addition, the main principles in assessing the risk are
      reviewed. At present, risks are considered to be in occupations involving work
      with chemicals, heavy lifting and EDB screens.

PMID- 2301048
TI  - [Frequency of psychiatric admissions from recently built satellite areas
      (concrete buildings) in the western district of Copenhagen].
AB  - Scandinavian investigations have demonstrated that the extent of mental
      disturbances is related to the nature of the district concerned. Young satellite
      districts, concrete built up areas in the periphery of large cities have been
      pointed out as high risk regions. Environments with poor resources, dominated by
      social disintegration increase the risk of mental disturbances in persons who are
      already poorly integrated. Four satellite building sites which were built within
      the past 25 years in the westerly part of Copenhagen were investigated for the
      frequency of inpatient admissions in the regional psychiatric department in 1985.
      23% of all the admissions occur from these regions where 12% of the basic
      population lives. The majority of the admissions occur partly from the oldest of
      these regions built in the nineteen sixties and also from the two youngest
      regions built at the end of the nineteen seventies. The same pattern was found
      for the main diagnoses: character disturbances and drug addiction while the
      diagnosis of schizophrenia is commonest in the two youngest regions. Socio
      economical data which suggests social disintegration in these districts is
      quoted. Purposeful social-psychiatric efforts in the high risk districts are
      necessary. Mental hygienic requirements should be taken into consideration in
      planning new residential districts.

PMID- 2301050
TI  - [Factors determining the development of wound infection after appendectomy].
AB  - In order to illustrate which factors are of significance for the development of
      wound infection after appendectomy, an extensive prospective material of 2,097
      patients submitted to appendectomy was analysed. Regression analyses demonstrated
      that age alone, employment of preoperative antibiotics (cefoxitin) and patient
      delay (time from onset of symptoms till admission) were of significance. The
      present authors conclude, on the basis of this material, that all patients over
      25 years of age should be given preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis which covers
      aerobic and also anaerobic microorganisms. If a gangrenous or perforated appendix
      is found, antibiotics should be administered intraoperatively if prophylactic
      treatment has not been administered. In cases of perforation, antibiotics should
      be administered postoperatively for 72 hours.

PMID- 2301051
TI  - [The pH and acidity of feces in colorectal neoplasms].
AB  - The pH and faecal titratable acidity in fresh faeces were measured in patients
      with colo-rectal carcinoma or adenoma and in normal individuals. Significantly
      higher pH values and lower acidity were found in patients with cancer than in
      normal individuals. Patients with cancer had pH greater than 6.90 more frequently
      than normal. Patients with adenomata did not differ significantly from normal
      individuals. These results support performance of intervention trials with
      lowering of the pH in the colon with the object of cancer prophylaxis even
      although the causal connection is obscure.

PMID- 2301052
TI  - [Reconstruction of the bladder neck in exstrophy of the bladder or epispadias
      using Young-Dee's method].
AB  - Young-Dees' method of bladder neck reconstruction is described. A material of 17
      cases with complete or almost complete incontinence on account on a deficient
      sphincter who were submitted to this operative method is presented. It is
      concluded that the method can be recommended as the primary operation for
      incontinence, particularly in patients with exstrophy of the bladder or
      epispadias as satisfactory continence could be obtained in 60%. No deterioration
      of renal function was observed and the patients functioned well both socially and
      sexually.

PMID- 2301053
TI  - [Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae].
AB  - A case of endocarditis preceded by dental treatment without prophylactic
      antibiotics and caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae in a patient with a
      biological heart valve prosthesis is described. This bacteria grows slowly in the
      usual blood culture media and, because of this, the etiological diagnosis was not
      established until after incubation for 11 days. Blood cultures from patients
      suspected of having endocarditis should be incubated for longer than the usual
      five to seven days. Close cooperation between the clinical microbiologist and
      clinicians is necessary so that important findings are not overlooked. Dental
      treatment of patients with heart valve prostheses should always take place under
      antibiotic prophylaxis.

PMID- 2301054
TI  - [Great toe to hand transfer. A method of reconstruction after amputation of the
      thumb].
AB  - The first Danish case of great toe to hand transfer after amputation of the left
      thumb is presented. The course was uneventful. Twenty months after the operation,
      there was good function in the reconstructed thumb. The patient had no major
      problems at the donor site.

PMID- 2301055
TI  - [Rupture of the pregnant uterus].
AB  - A case of intrapartum rupture of the uterus in an unscarred uterus uterus is
      reported. The patient was stimulated with oxytocin infusion at 42 weeks of
      gestation because of mild preeclampsia. Labour was uneventful for four hours,
      when the patient suddenly complained of abdominal pain during contractions. The
      fetus was found in transverse lie and no fetal heart rate could be registered. An
      acute cesarean section was performed and both the placenta and the child were
      delivered through a complete rupture extending from the right uterine horn to the
      vagina. Intrapartum uterine rupture is a rare but serious complication carrying
      high mortality rates for both mother and child. It is usually considered to be
      related to a weakness in the uterine wall, e.g. a previous cesarean section.

PMID- 2301056
TI  - [Perichondritis of the ear caused by acupuncture].
AB  - A case of perichondritis and necrosis of the cartilage of the outer ear after
      acupuncture of the ear is presented. Repeated cultures showed growth of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite intensive antibiotic treatment and extensive
      surgical toilet, the patient developed a severely deformed outer ear.

PMID- 2301057
TI  - [Torsion of the gallbladder].
AB  - Torsion of the gall bladder is caused by abnormal placement of the gall bladder
      and is a surgical emergency. A case with a typical history is reported. Treatment
      is cholecystectomy. Correctly treated, the mortality is less than 3%.

PMID- 2301058
TI  - [A table fixed to the wall used for ophthalmoscopic examination of patients
      dependent on wheelchairs].

PMID- 2301059
TI  - [Psychological diagnosis of dementia. Testing problems and clinical practice].

PMID- 2301060
TI  - [Late mortality after ulcer surgery].

PMID- 2301061
TI  - [Methodologic problems related to the interpretation of glycemic response
      studies].
AB  - A number of methodological problems concerning interpretation of glycaemic index
      studies are reviewed. Attention is focused on the number and standardisation of
      the participants in the studies, the technique of measuring the glycaemic
      response and the overall composition of the meals to be tested.

PMID- 2301062
TI  - [Attempted suicide among adolescents--therapeutic possibilities in general
      practice and health and social services institutions].
AB  - The object of this investigation is to assess the incidence of suicide and
      attempted suicide in children and young adults (less than 25 years) and to
      describe the therapeutic possibilities available for young people with suicidal
      behaviour in the social and health sectors. The investigations consisted partly
      of interviews with representatives for the leaders for the institutions who
      accept persons with threatened suicide in the Municipality of Copenhagen and
      partly by a questionnaire sent to all general practitioners in the Municipality
      of Copenhagen (percentage of replies 67, n = 215). These investigations revealed
      that about half of all the doctors had been in contact with a young person with
      threatened suicide and that casualty departments and the social institutions
      admit approximately one threatened suicide per week. There are no taboos which
      prevent doctors from working with suicidal thoughts but only half feel competent
      to cope with these young people alone. Simultaneously, half of the doctors find
      that their possibilities for referring persons in crisis are unsatisfactory. They
      refer these cases primarily to their own profession. In the Municipality of
      Copenhagen, only the social sector can offer genuine help to young people in
      crisis although the supply cannot meet the needs to any extent.

PMID- 2301063
TI  - [Diagnostic activity in general practice. 3. Diagnosis of breast diseases].
AB  - A random sample of 483 women from five practices representing a basic population
      of 4,867 women over the age of 35 years was selected in order to assess the
      examination activity for cancer of the breast. The examination activity in
      practice decreased with increasing age simultaneously with increase in the
      incidence of cancer of the breast. The possibility for a 93% total screening per
      five years is present but does not appear to be practically feasible. All of the
      positive findings occur in women seeking advice on account of symptoms.
      Instruction in self-examination will probably result in an increased number of
      referrals for this reason. Among the possibilities for teaching self-examination
      and regular control, women receiving hormonal contraception and women receiving
      substitution therapy at the menopause are suggested as possible clienteles. In
      both of these cases, annual examination of the breast should be performed in
      advance.

PMID- 2301064
TI  - [Sociomedical survey among the elderly in 10 EEC countries. An analysis based on
      non-respondents to a questionnaire survey of the population 70-95 years of age
      living in 4 Danish communities].
AB  - Sixty-nine percent of a random sample of 1,835 non-institutionalised elderly 70
      95 year old persons in four Danish communes answered a mailed questionnaire on
      their health and social situation. However, 17% replied that they did not want to
      or could not manage to answer the questionnaire and the remaining 14% did not
      respond. The response rate was highest among the younger persons and lowest the
      age group 85-89. The response rate was higher in the metropolitan area and the
      rural area, lower in the urban area. The response rate was not associated with
      gender. In one commune, the non-respondents were approached for personal
      interviewing and 60% of this group were interviewed. In this commune, personal
      interviewing increased the response rate from 68 to 78%. Respondents to the
      postal questionnaire and respondents to the personal interview were compared
      regarding 228 variables and were shown to be alike in most respects. In the group
      of personally interviewed persons an overrepresentation of persons living alone
      and individuals with reduced social, mental and health ressources was
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2301065
TI  - [Which pensioners receive home help? A sociomedical survey of 1,261 persons 70-95
      years of age].
AB  - The aim of the article is to describe variables associated with use of home help.
      A random sample of 1,261 non-institutionalised elderly persons aged 70-95 years
      in four communes answered a questionnaire on their health and social situation
      during the winter 1986/87. Twenty-five percent receive home help: 13%, 26% and
      49% in the age groups 70-74, 75-79, and 80-95, respectively. Among those living
      alone more males than females receive home help (41% vs. 35%), as compared with
      those not living alone (M: 12%, F: 22%). Individuals receiving home help are
      characterised by reduced functional capacity; reduced vision, hearing, and
      memory; reduced quality of life resources (e.g. lonlieness, depression, no future
      plans). The proportion receiving home help is independent of social class but
      decreases with increasing income. It is also independent of the extent of the
      informal social network and the frequency of contacts, however, those receiving
      home help receive more help from children and kin. A multivariate analysis shows
      that functional capacity, age, and income are the main predictors. Eight percent
      think they need (more) home help, 24% among those already using this service and
      3% among non-users. In conclusion, home help in Denmark seems to be provided to
      the oldest elderly persons with the poorest physical and psychological functional
      abilities.

PMID- 2301066
TI  - [Admission of patients with dementia to a psychiatric hospital. Social
      circumstances, circumstances of admission, treatment and further referral].
AB  - This investigation is a retrospective registration on the basis of the case
      histories of 290 patients with the main diagnosis dementia who were admitted to a
      psychiatric hospital in the years 1982 and 1983. The average age was 77 years.
      Patients with their own homes comprized 61% but only 28% were admitted from their
      own homes. More than 70% of the patients admitted were described as suffering
      from moderate or severe dementia on admission. 93% were admitted voluntarily and
      91% during the daytime. The reason for admission most frequently registered was
      the patient's suffering. In 66% of the cases, the general practitioner had
      attempted treatment prior to admission. During hospitalization the majority of
      the patients received medicinal treatment. At the conclusion of treatment, 52%
      were found to be improved and 34% unchanged. 46% of the patients were assessed as
      requiring maximum nursing-home treatment and 29% were considered to need
      psychiatric nursing-home treatment. 8% could be discharged to their own homes.
      The average durations of hospitalization, duration of treatment and waiting-time
      were reviewed. It is noteworthy that the waiting-time, 311 days, was found to be
      nearly as long as the duration of treatment, 316 days. In addition, the waiting
      times for nursing-homes with maximum care were calculated to be 229 days on an
      average and for psychiatric nursing homes 596 days.

PMID- 2301067
TI  - [Young men's knowledge of AIDS. Development from June 1987 to January 1989].
AB  - The changes in young men's knowledge about AIDS were investigated in January 1989
      by means of questionnaires, and compared with a similar investigation in June
      1987. The answers to the questionnaires were voluntary and anonymous. Three
      hundred and six persons took part in the 1989-investigation. The investigation
      shows improved knowledge of AIDS and improved knowledge of the symptoms of AIDS.
      A greater percentage had received information about AIDS in school. 71% had
      attempted to use a condom compared to 45% in 1987. Furthermore, 96% knew that
      condoms provide protection from AIDS.

PMID- 2301068
TI  - [The sexual habits of young Greenlanders and their knowledge of AIDS. A study
      done among students in vocational schools in Greenland in 1989].
AB  - A questionnaire investigation was undertaken among young Greenlanders in
      vocational training about their knowledge of AIDS and their sexual habits as a
      link in monitoring of the course of AIDS prophylaxis in Greenland. The
      investigation was anonymous and was carried out in the vocational colleges with
      assistance of a contact person in the college. All of the students who were
      present on the day of investigation (264 out of 326 students) participated. The
      investigation revealed that 3/4 had basic knowledge about AIDS but their
      knowledge about the routes of infection was less certain. The average age for
      commencement of sexual activity was 18.9 years for men and 17.3 years for women.
      Although the investigation revealed that a number of the participants had sexual
      habits which scarcely differed from those in other countries, the average number
      of partners within the past year was stated to be 7.5 for men and 4.4 for women.
      Information which can provide young people with better knowledge about AIDS
      should be given via colleges and health service institutions to a greater extent.
      It is also recommended that materials should be developed which are directed
      particularly to high-risk groups.

PMID- 2301069
TI  - [Hirschsprung disease with late onset].
AB  - Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital functional obstruction of the large
      intestine caused by absence of ganglion cells in the distal portion of the bowel.
      The manifestations of the disease are present characteristically during the
      neonatal period. In a few patients however, diagnosis is not established until
      adolescence because of mild symptoms. In this case, the diagnosis was made at
      autopsy in a 69-year-old, man.

PMID- 2301070
TI  - [Perinatal monitoring].

PMID- 2301071
TI  - [Treatment of influenza A with amantadine. When? How?].

PMID- 2301072
TI  - [Sexual differences among alcoholics at a psychiatric department].

PMID- 2301073
TI  - [The distorted concept of death].

PMID- 2301074
TI  - [Consumption of, overdose and fatal poisoning with analgesics in Denmark 1979
      1986].
AB  - During 1978-1987 the annual sale of analgetics increased by 28% to 164 millions
      defined daily doses (mDDD) per year. Paracetamol changed status to over-the
      counter drug by 1.1.1984 as did combinations of acetylicsalicylic acid and codein
      14.5.1984. The consumption of paracetamol increased rapidly to 47 mDDD/-year, the
      mortality steadily decreasing to 0.07 deaths/mDDD in 1986. The consumption of
      salicylics decreased from 113 to 94 mDDD, of which the salicylic/codein
      combination constituted an increasing fraction. The mortality of salicylics
      increased from 0.05 death/mDDD in 1983 to 0.27/mDDD in 1986. Opoids except
      dextropropoxyphene increased three times during the period, while the risk of
      fatal poisoning decreased from 10 to 5 deaths/mDDD. Dextropropoxyphene
      consumption was stable 1978-86 while mortality doubled from 59 to 121 per year.
      After a National Board of Health initiative, 66 dextropropoxyphene deaths were
      seen in 1987. Paracetamol mortality was 10 times lower than in England and Wales,
      where a dextropropoxyphene/paracetamole combination (not available in Denmark)
      was often involved. From a toxicological point of view over the counter status
      for combinations of strong and weak analgetics are not desirable.

PMID- 2301075
TI  - [Ambulatory psychiatric care at the elderly patient's home].

PMID- 2301076
TI  - [Costs and cost analysis].
AB  - The costs of an activity is frequently the most conspicuous part in decision
      making when changes in health care services are considered. It is thus essential
      to be aware of the principles and considerations underlying the composition of
      costs. The concept of cost is not restricted to expenditures that have to be
      paid. It involves the notion of opportunity cost i.e. the cost of a service is
      the satisfaction or benefit foregone in not being able to use the resources
      involved to obtain some other service which is also desirable and therefore also
      provides satisfaction. Strictly, this relates to the best alternative way of
      using the resources. In order to estimate the costs of an activity, all costs,
      whether direct or indirect, tangible or intangible, ought to be taken into
      account. The fact that they may be difficult to measure a value is no excuse for
      ignoring them. In a cost analysis the result has to be assessed in the light of
      the types of costs employed and the aim of the analysis. Average cost is very
      often used, but is seldom the relevant costs. What is normally of concern is the
      cost of some change. Only by using marginal costs i.e. those costs that actually
      do change is it possible to obtain a true picture of resource consequences of
      that change. Regardless of the type of cost it is necessary to consider on whom
      the costs fall and to whom the benefits accrue. These may not be the same.

PMID- 2301077
TI  - [Geriatric psychiatry in the regimen of community psychiatry. 1. Community
      psychiatric services for patients living at home].
AB  - On 1.1.1988 three community psychiatric teams were established in the
      gerontopsychiatric fields under the Copenhagen County Hospital, Nordvang. The
      objects were to supervise and treat patients over the age of 65 in their own
      homes or in nursing homes. This article is an account of the functions of two
      teams concerning patients living in their own homes during the period 1st January
      to 31st December 1988. A total of 125 patients were referred and 31 were
      admitted, five of these because of lack of nursing home beds. Women and persons
      living alone were most frequently involved. On the initiative of the teams, it
      proved possible to obtain increased covering by measures in the primary community
      in various fields. The frequency of psychopharmacological treatment was high and
      this was in agreement with the observation that 33% were psychotic and that many
      demented patients presented secondary psychiatric symptoms requiring treatment.
      It is concluded that it was possible to treat these patients in their own homes
      to a great extent, that the psychiatric service for elderly persons is improved
      and that cooperation between the hospital, referring general practitioner and the
      primary community had increased.

PMID- 2301078
TI  - [Geriatric psychiatry in the regimen of community psychiatry. 2. Psychiatric
      consultation service at a primary care community nursing home for the physically
      handicapped].
AB  - In January 1988, three gerontopsychiatric teams were established in the
      Copenhagen County Hospital, Nordvang. One of their rasks was to supply outpatient
      psychiatric service for nursing homes. The object of this investigation was to
      investigate how much this offer was utilised, and assessment of this service by
      the nursing homes in a geographically delimited region consisting of 11 primary
      communities. The investigation was retrospective. Where all of the patients were
      concerned, the following were registered: age, sex, diagnosis and residence at
      the conclusion of treatment. After 12 months, a questionnaire was sent to all
      departments in nursing homes with questions about whether they had utilised this
      offer and how they had assessed it. During the period from 1.1.1988 to
      31.12.1988, 184 patients were referred corresponding to 7.6% of all residents in
      nursing homes. Two gerontopsychiatric teams had had contact with 80 out of 116
      possible departments and had arranged teaching about psychiatric illness in
      elderly persons in 39 out of 48 nursing homes. The consultant service given
      included individual diagnosis and treatment and also teaching and advice to the
      staff. The positive assessment reflected the need for a gerontopsychiatric
      service in nursing homes. An offer of gerontopsychiatric service should be
      included in the total community psychiatric service.

PMID- 2301079
TI  - [The validity of the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in 2 registries:
      the Heart Registry compared to the National Patient Registry].
AB  - Surveillance of development in the incidence of heart disease, particularly acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI) requires a valid system of registration of all cases
      of the disease. During the period 1972-1981, all admissions with the diagnosis
      AMI to hospitals in Greater Copenhagen and Arhus were registered in the Heart
      Register. From 1978, admissions to all Danish somatic hospitals were registered
      in the National Patient Register. In order to assess the validity of the two
      registers as regards registration of AMI, the two registers were compared for the
      years 1979 and 1980. This investigation includes computerized comparison of the
      registered admissions with AMI and also re-assessment of the diagnosis based on
      the summaries for a random sample of the admissions. Comparison of the two
      registers revealed considerable disagreements. Among the individuals who had been
      admitted with AMI according to the National Patient Register, only approximately
      2/3 were registered with this diagnosis in the Heart Register, while almost all
      persons registered in the Heart Register could be found again in the National
      Patient Register with the same diagnosis. Technical problems in coding and
      electronic data analysis in the National Patient Register only appear to explain
      a lesser fraction of the disagreements as the diagnoses which were summed up in
      the upper part of the summaries showed reasonably good agreement with the
      diagnoses in the National Patient Register. Re-assessment of the diagnoses
      revealed that approximately 90% of the admissions with AMI could be verified,
      without modification, by reviewing the text of the summaries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301080
TI  - [Hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms. Toxins contained in Danish wild
      mushrooms].
AB  - A number of the wild Danish mushrooms contain the hallucinogenic agent psilocybin
      which resembles LSD in many ways. The commonest of these are the "liberty cap" or
      "magic mushrooms" (Psilocybe semilanceata). On the basis of experience from USA
      and western Europa, increase in employment of this mushrooms as a hallucinogenic
      intoxicant may be anticipated in Denmark. The history, epidemiology, botany and
      pharmacology of the mushroom are reviewed. Clinical pictures and treatment are
      described for: 1) Acute poisoning with psilocybin-containing fungi, 2) Late
      sequelae of consumption of psilocybin-containing fungi and 3) Poisoning with more
      poisonous fungi on account of incorrect identification. General practitioners,
      duty roster doctors, doctors in casualty departments and in acute psychiatric
      departments should be aware of these problems. Intoxication with psilocybin may
      be confused with panic anxiety or euphoria in persons with mydriasis and other
      sympathomimetic symptoms. The possibility of more serious mushroom poisoning on
      account of incorrect identification should be borne in mind.

PMID- 2301081
TI  - [The diet of dialysis patients determined by 7-day food records].
AB  - To evaluate whether dietary counselling given to dialysis patients at initiation
      of dialysis therapy ensures adequate intakes of nutrients, a study of the diets
      of patients in regular dialysis therapy was carried out. Thirty-three patients in
      regular dialysis (21 patients in hemodialysis--HD, 12 patients in continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis--CAPD) made a seven day food-registration (one
      three day record and one four day record covering all weekdays). The intake of
      main nutrients was calculated. Low intake of energy and of protein of both groups
      of patients was the most obvious and important finding. In light of the well
      known high frequency of protein-energy malnutrition in patients on regular
      dialysis, it is concluded that new dietetic approaches to dialysis patients are
      needed.

PMID- 2301082
TI  - [Intra-atrial ECG via a central venous catheter].
AB  - The authors registered measurements of ECG via the saline column in a central
      venous catheter in a prospective investigation. The P-waves in the atrial ECG
      from various heights in the atrium and low down in the superior vena cava were
      compared with lead II in surface ECG and this revealed significantly larger P
      waves in the invasive ECG. In patients with tachyarrhythmia, who have or require
      a central venous catheter, the atrial ECG will thus present an alternative to the
      oesophageal ECG in the diagnostic elucidation. The method is found to be easy to
      carry out and it is without risks or discomfort for the patient and it provides
      good information about atrial activity.

PMID- 2301083
TI  - [Referral to a department of medical gastroenterology. A study of the content of
      the referral letter and the reasons for referral].
AB  - Knowledge concerning factors that affect referrals of patients by general
      practitioners to hospitals is important in view of optimal utilization of the
      resources. Out of 108 referrals from general practitioners to a medical
      department of gastroenterology, information about the medical history was
      insufficient in about half the cases, and in 3/4 of the cases information about
      medicine was absent. Information about allergy and social conditions was found in
      only a few cases. The reason for referral was in most cases to establish a
      diagnosis and treatment. It is concluded, that if functions in a medical
      department of gastroenterology are to be moved to the general practitioners, more
      education in diagnostic procedures and treatment is needed. Further
      investigations are needed to solve these problems.

PMID- 2301084
TI  - [The centrifugal pump--a new method of assisting the failing heart following open
      heart surgery].
AB  - The centrifugal pump is a new mechanical ventricular assistant device, which is
      used to help the failing heart after cardiopulmonary bypass or postoperatively in
      the ICU. The centrifugal pump is hemodynamically able to improve the coronary and
      peripheral perfusion in patients in cardiogenic shock. The pump can displace the
      entire cardiac output and let the blood bypass the left ventricle, which gives
      the failing heart a possibility for metabolic correction and regeneration. Ten
      patients were included in the early personal experience at the cardio-thoracic
      unit in Edinburgh, with a survival rate of 50%, which is regarded as being very
      satisfactory. All hemodynamic parameters were normalised in the surviving
      patients.

PMID- 2301085
TI  - [Hypoglycemia in the neonatal period. The need for blood sugar control].
AB  - In order to evaluate the demand of blood glucose measurements (BG) in the
      neonatal period, a retrospective study of BG in 177 newborn babies was
      undertaken. Babies with birth weight less than 2,500 grams, gestational age (GA)
      less than 37 weeks, and/or a low birth weight in relation til gestational age
      were included in the study. Accordingly, the babies were grouped as appropriate
      for GA (AGA), small for gestational age (SGA), or large for GA (LGA). Neonatal
      hypoglycemia (NH), BG less than or equal to 1.4 mmol/l, was found in 33 babies.
      In 31 babies, NH occurred before 12 hours of age while six babies had recurrent
      NH. Correlation was seen between total number of clinical symptoms and NH, which
      was, as anticipated, commonest among preterm SGA-babies. The risk of subsequent
      NH in early fed low birth weight newborn seems to be very low, if NH has not
      appeared within the first 12 hours of life. After this time, serial blood glucose
      measurements only seem justified, if concomitant perinatal disease is present.

PMID- 2301086
TI  - [Respiratory arrest following retrobulbar block].
AB  - After a retrobulbar block, a patient developed transient apnoea and cranial nerve
      paralysis. All of the symptoms resolved within hours. According to the
      literature, apnoea is a rare complication of retrobulbar blockade and usually
      develops ten minutes after administration of the blockade at the latest. The
      outcome is excellent if skilled staff, and facilities for resuscitation are
      available. This complication does not occur after peribulbar anaesthesia.

PMID- 2301087
TI  - [Is clinical diagnosis alone unacceptable in acute appendicitis?].

PMID- 2301088
TI  - [Zidovudine overdosage].

PMID- 2301089
TI  - [The clientele of physiotherapists in private practice].
AB  - The aim of the study was to describe sociomedical characteristics of
      physiotherapy patients. A material of 466 patients answered questions about
      personal and social data and their disease. Women were significantly more
      frequent in the material than men (p less than 0.001). The following groups were
      underrepresented compared to the background population calculated by X2: 1) boys
      0-9 years, 2) girls 0-19 years, 3) women more than 80 years old, 4) officials, 5)
      unskilled workers and 6) unemployed. The following groups were overrepresented:
      1) women 30-39 years, 2) women 60-79 years, 3) pensioners and persons receiving
      public assistance and 4) students. More than half of the symptoms were located to
      the head-neck or back-thorax-loin. The cause was most often primarily somatic
      (46%), while 25% had an occupational genesis.

PMID- 2301090
TI  - [Measurement of the quality of life as a element in assessing therapeutic effects
      in essential arterial hypertension. Methodologic aspects].
AB  - The quality of life has become an important element in assessment of medicinal
      treatment. As an independent expression, the quality of life covers the human
      disappointments which a medical disease may involve ("discomfort") whereas the
      clinical dysfunction caused by the disease is covered by the expression
      "disability". In the treatment of essential arterial hypertension, the clinical
      symptoms of the disease are few or none ("asymptomatic hypertension"). In an
      investigation of 303 patients in general practice for arterial hypertension, the
      significance of the frequency of dosage of metoprolol (Seloken) was assessed by
      means of measurement of the quality of life by the General Health Questionnaire
      (GHQ), a questionnaire which contains components such as fatigue, sleep, anxiety
      and depression. No advantages in the quality of life were found in administering
      antihypertensive drugs once or twice daily. From the methological point of view,
      the following conditions were found which should be taken into consideration in
      future investigations in this field: The GHQ was found to be easy for the
      patients to employ. This is important as the quality of life is a personally
      experienced dimension. The questionnaire correlated adequately with the visual
      analogue scales. Approximately 1/3 of the patients had reduced quality of life at
      the commencement of the investigation as assessed by GHQ. A multiple regression
      analysis revealed that the reduced well-being was due to social, life events and
      side effects. It is therefore recommended that these aspects should be described
      when patients commence a course of medicinal treatment i.e. the social life
      events and side effects of the medicine in connection with the actual subjective
      dimension of quality of life.

PMID- 2301091
TI  - [Self-reported health status and drug use among the elderly].
AB  - A random sample of 1,261 non-institutionalised persons aged 70-95 years in four
      Danish communes replied to questionnaires on health, functional ability, drug
      use, and living situation in October-November, 1986. Twenty-four % assess their
      health as excellent, 27%, 39% and 10% good, fair, or poor. Younger persons report
      better self-assessed health than older, males better than females irrespective of
      age. Chronic ailments are reported by 51%, most frequent hypertension (24%),
      heart disease (17%), and chronic bronchitis/asthma (12%). More females than males
      and more old than young report chronic ailments. Seventy-six % have experienced
      one or more physical symptoms during the past month, most frequently aching in
      back and hips (39%) aching in knee and feet (36%), vertigo (27%), swollen legs
      (25%), and headaches (19%). Fourty-six % report one or more mental symptoms
      during the past month, most frequently difficulties falling asleep (30%), fatigue
      without specific reason (21%), and depression (18%). Females report more symptoms
      than men, older persons report more symptoms than younger. Fourty-nine % report
      difficulties in hearing during conversations among several persons, 24% in
      conversations with one other person. Twenty-three % have difficulties reading
      printed text. Fifty-nine % report memory problems. Functional ability is
      described by 13 daily activities and 31% can perform all activities without
      trouble, 29% with some trouble but without help, whereas 13 and 27% need help for
      one, or more of these activities. More females than males and more older than
      younger need help.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301092
TI  - [The therapeutic needs and possibilities of persons in detention assessed
      immediately after release].
AB  - Immediately before release, all detainees in Slagelse were assessed with the
      object of providing relevant therapeutic offers on the basis of the established
      therapeutic system. This investigation comprised 24 placements in detention of 20
      individuals. The persons who had been placed in detention were mainly young
      single men with unstable employment histories. 33% were placed in detention in
      order to protect themselves because they were unable to take care of themselves
      on account of alcohol intoxication. These should rather have been observed by
      health staff. 67% were placed in detention because they were committing a breach
      of the place. It was obvious that there was a great need for supportive measures
      and treatment of addiction but only two out of 20 desired a therapeutic offer.
      These two were already in touch with the therapeutic system. Three persons
      considered that they were in an acute crisis. On the basis of assessment of the
      personalities of the persons in detention and their lack of motivation to
      commence a therapeutic programme, it is concluded that the existing therapeutic
      system could not provide further measures as regards long-term treatment. In this
      investigation one individual was placed in detention three times. For him
      detention had the nature of a "social braking function", which must be
      criticised.

PMID- 2301093
TI  - [The long-term therapeutic needs of persons in detention].
AB  - With the object of describing the long-term therapeutic needs and possibilities
      for persons in detention all of the persons placed in detention in Slagelse og
      Korsor during a period of six months were offered transport to a clinic for the
      treatment of alcoholism or a psychiatric department after release with the object
      of reestablishing an individual therapeutic course. Two out of the 105 persons
      placed in detention who were offered follow-up treatment were interested in the
      offer. No therapeutic projects were initiated. The police collected some social
      information about the persons in detention. This information confirmed that the
      persons placed in detention were mainly young single men and that 47% of these
      had previously been in detention. As it did not prove possible to illustrate the
      therapeutic needs and possibilities for persons in detention adequately, the
      investigation will be continued with an altered design, see the following
      article.

PMID- 2301094
TI  - [Medical cooperation in cases of detention. 1 year's experience in the Odense
      police district].
AB  - On 22.5.1987, a law was introduced in Denmark according to which persons under
      the influence of alcohol detained by the police should, as a rule, be medically
      examined. In Denmark (not including the Faroe islands and Greenland), 40% out of
      26,598 persons placed in detention were medically examined in 1988. Out of 918
      persons placed in detention in the Odense police district, 66% were medically
      examined and of these 5% were referred to hospital for further examination and/or
      treatment. Four of these were admitted, three of whom had life-threatening
      poisonings and one on account of a potentially disabling condition. No deaths
      occurred in detention in Odense. It seems reasonable that all persons placed in
      detention should be seen by a doctor and, similarly, the protective function of
      detention should be emphasized.

PMID- 2301095
TI  - [Malignant lymphoma of the uterine cervix].
AB  - A case of primary malignant lymphoma of the uterine cervix is presented followed
      by discussion of the problems in differential diagnosis and the potential
      curability of the condition.

PMID- 2301096
TI  - International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.

PMID- 2301097
TI  - [Promille limits and health policy].

PMID- 2301098
TI  - [European Symposium on AIDS and Drug Abuse. Stockholm, 25-28 September 1989].

PMID- 2301099
TI  - [Enuresis nocturna--is synthetic antidiuretic hormone the first therapeutic
      choice?].

PMID- 2301100
TI  - [Decreased number of tuberculosis cases in the elderly].

PMID- 2301101
TI  - Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 2301102
TI  - Gastrointestinal helminthosis in the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) and response
      to albendazole.

PMID- 2301103
TI  - Monensin and ovine toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2301104
TI  - Intramammary infections.

PMID- 2301105
TI  - Brussels' policy on BST.

PMID- 2301106
TI  - A study of the inheritance of susceptibility to bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
AB  - A genetic study of 75 cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) of which 51
      were confirmed by histopathology in 29 pedigree and seven non-pedigree herds of
      Holstein Friesian cattle revealed that 73 per cent of 60 BSE cases had first or
      second degree relatives also affected. All the 44 cases assigned to families
      could be traced back in the previous three generations to one cow and 11 bulls,
      which were of Canadian Holstein or Dutch Friesian heredity. No single common
      ancestor could be identified in the parentage of BSE-affected animals in pedigree
      studies up to six or more generations. The number of common ancestors and the
      degree of relatedness of the affected animals in a multiple-case herd was no more
      than would be expected from the breeding structure of the herd. The segregation
      ratio of affected cows in the proband generation within sire and maternal
      grandsire sibships in 12 pedigree herds was not inconsistent with Mendelian
      expectation for autosomal recessive inheritance with complete penetrance. The
      data analysed shows that the disease itself is not simply inherited. However,
      there remains a real possibility that the susceptibility of individual animals to
      BSE is inherited. This should be taken into account in current and future
      research on the aetiology and control of the disease.

PMID- 2301108
TI  - Trace element deficiencies abound in cattle.

PMID- 2301107
TI  - Pasture-associated seasonal respiratory disease in two horses.
AB  - Two horses on separate farms developed severe obstructive pulmonary disease in
      successive years during the early summer months. In both cases clinical remission
      of the respiratory distress was achieved by moving the animals to different
      environments. The suggested aetiology for this outdoor chronic respiratory
      disease is a pulmonary allergy to pollen. Both animals were also shown to suffer
      from classical chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, i.e., obstructive pulmonary
      disease in the presence of hay and, or, straw.

PMID- 2301109
TI  - Distribution and biology of Ornithodoros erraticus in parts of Spain affected by
      African swine fever.
AB  - Ornithodoros erraticus was found in 30.7 per cent, 35.0 per cent and 71.0 per
      cent of the pig-pens sampled in the provinces of Salamanca, Badajoz and Huelva in
      which African swine fever is a problem in the rearing of Iberian pigs. Between 38
      and 65 per cent of the pig-pens in these areas are now abandoned and their
      populations of O erraticus are extinct or becoming so because they can no longer
      feed on pigs, which in Spain are their main hosts. The abandonment of pig-pens
      has resulted in the elimination of most soft ticks infected with the virus of
      African swine fever, and means that the distribution of ticks is now irregular
      and focal. Another factor affecting their distribution is the kind of soil on
      which the pig-pens are located. In abandoned pig-pens, the adults and large
      nymphs survive for about five years or longer when animals occasionally enter
      them. Hungry tick populations may transmit African swine fever when feeding in
      winter, whereas the populations that have continuous access to pigs do not feed
      until the pig-pens reach a temperature of 13 to 15 degrees C. In the latter
      populations, each stage exhibits a single annual peak of activity, which implies
      that the development from larva to adult takes two to three years. Pigs may die
      as a result of the bites, but on no occasion were 100 per cent of the fasting
      ticks seen to feed, even though they had the opportunity of doing so. This may
      hinder the eradication of this soft tick from infested pig-pens.

PMID- 2301110
TI  - Identification of the 1/29 Robertsonian translocation chromosome in British
      Friesian cattle.
AB  - Blood samples for cytogenetic analysis were obtained from 23 animals closely
      related to a pedigree British Friesian bull which was heterozygous for a
      Robertsonian translocation, and from 35 of its daughters. The aberration was
      found in one of its relatives and in 19 (54.3 per cent) of its progeny and was
      identified as the 1/29 Robertsonian translocation by G- and C-banding techniques.
      It is considered likely that the translocation formed de novo recently.

PMID- 2301112
TI  - Caecal cores and mortality in French partridges (Alectoris rufa).

PMID- 2301111
TI  - Breeding performance of sheep infected with Chlamydia psittaci (ovis) during
      their preceding pregnancy.

PMID- 2301113
TI  - A case of bovine valvular endocarditis caused by Corynebacterium
      pseudodiphtheriticum.

PMID- 2301115
TI  - RCVS Register errors.

PMID- 2301114
TI  - Translocation t(4;27) in a canine mammary complex adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2301116
TI  - Specialist qualifications.

PMID- 2301117
TI  - Restraint and anaesthesia of primates.

PMID- 2301119
TI  - Breathing apparatus.

PMID- 2301118
TI  - Apparent false positive reaction to intradermal tuberculin test in a chimpanzee.

PMID- 2301120
TI  - Horse owners survey.

PMID- 2301121
TI  - Oversized bovine fetuses.

PMID- 2301122
TI  - The first postgraduate job.

PMID- 2301123
TI  - Welfare implications of 'organic' lambs.

PMID- 2301124
TI  - Tyrrell report spells out priorities for BSE research.

PMID- 2301125
TI  - Commons report wants 'safe' eggs identified.

PMID- 2301126
TI  - Government rejects compensation demand.

PMID- 2301127
TI  - Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in eight horses.
AB  - Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia was diagnosed in eight horses on the basis of a
      positive Coomb's test. The disease was considered to be idiopathic in three cases
      and secondary to another condition in five. The clinical signs included dullness
      and depression, pyrexia, jaundice and haemoglobinuria. In addition to anaemia,
      haematological evaluation commonly revealed auto-agglutination of red cells and
      anisocytosis; reticulocytosis and an increased mean corpuscular volume were less
      commonly observed. Four horses were successfully treated with dexamethasone, but
      the other four were destroyed or died because of the underlying disease.

PMID- 2301128
TI  - Identification of Babesia bovis and Cowdria ruminantium on the island of Unguja,
      Zanzibar.
AB  - Babesia bovis and Cowdria ruminantium were identified for the first time in
      cattle on Unguja Island, Zanzibar. B bovis is common and widespread, although
      clinical disease had not been diagnosed previously. The vector of heartwater,
      Amblyomma variegatum, is found throughout Unguja but C ruminantium appears to be
      more localised in distribution than B bovis.

PMID- 2301129
TI  - Efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against hydropericardium syndrome in broilers.
AB  - Field trials were used to assess the efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against
      hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chickens. A single vaccination at 10 to 12
      days old was effective for the control of the syndrome; mortality in the
      vaccinated birds was 0.52 per cent compared with 5.34 per cent in unvaccinated
      birds kept at the same premises. Vaccination was also effective when carried out
      in the face of an outbreak; mortality in the vaccinated infected birds was 2.33
      per cent compared with 10.27 per cent in unvaccinated infected birds. The data
      indicate that a formalinised vaccine prepared from the liver of experimentally
      infected birds could be used for the control of hydropericardium syndrome.

PMID- 2301130
TI  - Induction of parturition in pigs: short term effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha on
      chronically catheterised fetuses at term.
AB  - Blood pH and PaO2, and plasma glucose and cortisol concentrations were measured,
      together with myometrial electromyographic (EMG) activity and fetal heart rate,
      in eight chronically catheterised gilts and 13 of their fetuses during the
      induction of parturition with prostaglandin F2 alpha (given as the tromethamine
      salt). Myometrial EMG activity increased markedly in the first one to two hours
      after the injection but there was a period of relative quiescence over the next
      two to three hours. Fetal PaO2 fell significantly after the injection of PGF2
      alpha (26.3 vs 21.8 Torr, P less than 0.001) but was unaffected by the injection
      of saline. Fetal and maternal cortisol concentrations increased significantly
      (fetal 57.3 vs 92.0 ng/ml, P less than 0.01; maternal 43.1 vs 84.9 ng/ml, P less
      than 0.001) in response to PGF2 alpha injection. Maternal PaO2 and fetal and
      maternal pH and plasma glucose concentrations were not altered by the injection
      of either prostaglandin PGF2 alpha or saline. Mean fetal heart rate increased by
      7 to 10 per cent during the first hour after induction but this increase was not
      significant owing to the wide variations in response. It was concluded that the
      induction of parturition with prostaglandin F2 alpha resulted in a significant
      decrease in fetal oxygenation during the period of increased uterine activity but
      that this effect was transient and would not have an adverse effect in normal
      pregnancies.

PMID- 2301131
TI  - In vitro effect of ivermectin on the nasal leech Dinobdella ferox.

PMID- 2301132
TI  - Acute cardiomyopathy in heifers.

PMID- 2301133
TI  - Distemper vaccination in ferrets.

PMID- 2301134
TI  - Disease in single suckled beef herds.

PMID- 2301136
TI  - Animals under his care.

PMID- 2301135
TI  - Thoroughbred mare fertility.

PMID- 2301137
TI  - Behaviour of cows in cubicles.

PMID- 2301138
TI  - Puppy farms.

PMID- 2301139
TI  - Tail docking.

PMID- 2301140
TI  - Problems over litigation.

PMID- 2301141
TI  - 'BSAVA manual of anaesthesia'.

PMID- 2301142
TI  - LVI/OVS fees.

PMID- 2301143
TI  - Distribution of aflatoxins in tissues of growing pigs fed an aflatoxin
      contaminated diet amended with a high affinity aluminosilicate sorbent.
AB  - The effect of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) added to the diet
      of swine fed an aflatoxin-contaminated diet on tissue aflatoxin levels was
      investigated. Pigs were fed control (less than 10 ng/g B1 + B2), contaminated
      (500-600 ng/g B1 + B2), and contaminated +0.5% HSCAS diets. Tissues analyzed for
      the presence of aflatoxin B1, B2, and M1 residues included liver, muscle, kidney,
      and adipose. Addition of HSCAS to the contaminated diet significantly reduced the
      amount of M1 in liver, kidney, and muscle tissue. Aflatoxin B1 was not reduced in
      liver or kidney, but was decreased in muscle.

PMID- 2301144
TI  - Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on xylazine-ketamine anesthesia.
AB  - The effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and insulin on the duration of
      xylazine-ketamine anesthesia were studied in rats. The duration of anesthesia was
      significantly reduced in diabetic group as compared to control group. In
      contrast, the duration of anesthesia in insulin-treated non-diabetic group was
      not significantly different from control group. The plasma glucose level in
      control group was increased significantly during and upon recovery from
      anesthesia as compared to pre-anesthetic levels. The plasma glucose level in
      diabetic group was not changed during anesthesia; however, it was reduced
      significantly upon recovery. The plasma glucose level was significantly reduced
      in insulin-treated group as compared to pre-anesthetic levels. The reduction in
      duration of anesthesia in diabetic rats is possibly due to enhanced metabolism
      xylazine and/or ketamine and is independent of plasma glucose level.

PMID- 2301145
TI  - Age-dependent toxicity of acorn extract in young and old male rats.
AB  - Intraperitoneal administration of acorn extract of dosage levels of 200, 400 and
      600 mg/kg body weight did not produce significant change in the hepatic
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels and the activities of NADPH-cytochrome c
      reductase, benzphetamine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase in young, adult
      rats (weighing 200-250 g), with the exception of the activity of benzphetamine N
      demethylase at the 600 mg/kg dose which was decreased significantly. On the other
      hand, a dose of only 100 mg/kg body weight ip to old rats (weighing 400-450 g)
      caused significant decreases in the microsomal cytochrome P-450, benzphetamine N
      demethylase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities. However, there was no
      significant change in the activity of aniline hydroxylase in these rats,
      indicating selective inhibition of the microsomal enzymes and higher
      susceptibility of old rats than young ones to acorn toxicants. When the serum
      samples from the treated young rats were analyzed for sorbitol dehydrogenase
      (SDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
      activities as markers of liver toxicity, these activities were significantly
      higher in the treated rats than the corresponding control values. Similar changes
      were noted for old rats receiving a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight of acorn
      extract. The results indicate that acorn extract affects old rats more than young
      rats as measured by its effect on liver and liver microsomal enzymes.

PMID- 2301146
TI  - Serum progesterone and milk production and composition in dairy cows fed two
      concentrations of nitrate.
AB  - Forty clinically normal lactating Holstein cattle from a herd involved in a
      natural outbreak of chronic nitrate toxicosis were divided into 2 equal groups
      according to production, stage of lactation, age, and apparent pregnancy state
      (pregnant or nonpregnant). One group was fed a low-nitrate ration (average of 356
      ppm on dry matter basis in concentrate; less than 400 ppm in free-choice hay for
      1st 5 wks of study). The 2nd group was fed a high-nitrate (HN) ration (average of
      1,600 ppm in protein concentrate-amemded corn silage; 4,000 ppm in free-choice
      hay for the 8-week study). At the end of the study, the 2 groups were classified
      according to their starting reproductive status: nonpregnant (open); early
      pregnant (less than 60 da); midpregnant (average of 105 da). Milk production,
      milk fat, and milk nitrate concentrations were similar for cows fed both rations.
      Serum progesterone concentration (SPC) was depressed (P less than 0.05) in cows
      fed the HN ration. This effect was prominent in open, luteal phase cows, less
      prominent but still apparent in early pregnant cows, and absent in midpregnant
      cows. The early reproductive problems of chronic nitrate toxicosis may be due to
      depression of SPC. A possible mechanism of inhibition of luteal progesterone
      synthesis by inhibition of cytochrome P-450 is presented.

PMID- 2301147
TI  - Answering calls from the general public: a necessity for poison centers?
AB  - There is great diversity among Poison Centers (PC) concerning the origin of their
      calls. If some PC answer only calls from hospitals or general practitioners,
      other like the Lille PC also answer calls from the public. To evaluate the value
      of this for the general public, we reviewed all the cases of poisoned children
      hospitalized at the Lille University Hospital during a 3-month period. All had
      not previously called the PC for advice. In the 80 relevant cases, the advice of
      the PC physicians would have been no treatment in 20 cases (25%), a call to a
      general practitioner in 13 cases (16%), and hospitalization in 47 cases (59%). A
      great homogeneity existed among the PC physicians' answers, with only 2
      discrepancies in the no-hospitalization group. Analysis of data showed that there
      were significantly more symptomatic intoxications in the hospitalization group
      than in the no-hospitalization group. No patient who would have been advised not
      to be hospitalized presented any life threatening or severe symptoms during their
      hospital stay. We conclude that answering the calls from the general public is
      feasible and that the advice of a trained PC physician is practical and
      appropriate. We calculate that in answering calls from the general public the
      Lille PC saved 4,760,295 FF (US $761,650) in 1987.

PMID- 2301148
TI  - Blood lead values in dogs from a rural area (Champaign, IL in 1987).
AB  - We studied 87 healthy dogs to determine background levels of blood lead in dogs
      living in a presumably uncontaminated environment. We took blood samples from
      dogs and asked their owners for information regarding behavioral risk factors
      related to environmental lead exposure. The mean blood lead concentration was 5
      (+/- 4.4) micrograms/dl (range 0-22 micrograms/dl).

PMID- 2301149
TI  - Neonatal exposure to methyl chloroform in tape remover.
AB  - Methyl chloroform (MC) is commonly used solvent found in some adhesive tape
      remover products used in intensive care nurseries. Since volatile substances can
      accumulate inside an infant incubator, we measured levels of MC following
      simulated use of 2 commercially available adhesive tape remover pads. Readily
      detectable levels of MC could be found in incubator air for several minutes.
      Although adult occupational neurotoxic thresholds are higher, increased toxic
      susceptibility of the neonate CNS indicates caution should be observed.

PMID- 2301150
TI  - Blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels in donkeys and mules near a secondary
      lead smelter in Jamaica, 1987-88.
AB  - During the course of an investigation into community lead poisoning near a
      secondary lead smelter in Jamaica, blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels were
      measured in 8 exposed and 6 (3 Jamaican, 3 US) unexposed donkeys and mules. The
      blood lead levels of 6 animals in the contaminated area ranged from 7.5 to 33
      micrograms/dl (mean = 17.6 micrograms/dl), compared to 1.8 and 2.4 in unexposed
      Jamaican animals. More striking was the difference in zinc protoporphyrin levels;
      all 8 exposed donkeys and mules had values between 900 and 1890 micrograms/dl,
      compared with a range of 34-46 micrograms/dl for 3 Jamaican control donkeys.
      These findings suggest that zinc protoporphyrin may be a useful method of
      screening for subclinical lead toxicity in equines.

PMID- 2301151
TI  - A case of chlordane poisoning in two dogs and a cat.

PMID- 2301152
TI  - Toxicity of ethion in goats.
AB  - Cholinesterase activities were measured in plasma and in red blood cells from 6
      goats after iv injection of the organophosphorus insecticide ethion at 3
      different dose levels--2 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg. Plasma levels of ethion
      after injection were established. At 2 mg/kg no signs of toxicity were observed
      and the blood cholinesterase activity remained above 65% of the control value.
      After administration of the higher doses the goats showed signs of severe
      toxicity corresponding to increased parasympathetic stimulation. Cholinesterase
      activities in blood were reduced to approximately 10% of the control value for
      the 5 mg/kg group and to approximately 5% for the 10 mg/kg group. Reactivation of
      cholinesterase activity in blood cells and plasma by means of pralidoxime was
      very efficient during the first 24 hr after administration of ethion, but was
      insignificant after 72 hours.

PMID- 2301153
TI  - Apparent Corydalis aurea intoxication of cattle.

PMID- 2301154
TI  - Toxicokinetics of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Pertussis vaccine immunization is required in most of the 50 states in the United
      States. Since it is required or recommended it is imperative that the clinician
      give this vaccine, crude as it is, in the safest possible environment. Giving
      specific active (verbal) as well as passive (written) instructions to the parent
      or caretakers is mandatory. If in doubt, defer or delete the pertussis portion.

PMID- 2301155
TI  - Effects of various known and potential cyanide antagonists and a glutathione
      depletor on acute toxicity of cyanide in mice.
AB  - To compare the protective potencies of a large number of known and potential
      cyanide antagonists in one stock of mice, groups (N = 10) of male CF-1 Swiss
      Webster mice were given a single maximal or near-maximal intraperitoneal
      injection of each substance. Ethyl maleate, a glutathione (GSH) depletor and
      potential enhancer of cyanide toxicity, was given to other groups. Thirty min
      later, the mice were given subcutaneous injections of graded doses of KCN. In
      untreated control mice, the 24-hr median lethal dose (LD50) of KCN was 11 mg/kg
      of body weight (potency ratio, PR = 1.0). In comparison, protective effects of
      traditional antagonists thiosulfate and nitrite produced PR values of 1.48 and
      2.95, respectively. Tetrathionate, sulfate, dithionite, methionine,
      hydroxocobalamin, ascorbate, pyridoxal phosphate, alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha
      ketobutyrate, GSH, GSH disulfide (GSSG) and selenite were similar in efficacy to
      thiosulfate (P less than 0.05; PR values 1.35-1.59). Cysteine,
      diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC), and cobaltous chloride were more effective than
      thiosulfate (PR values 1.68, 1.69, and 1.85, respectively). Phentolamine and
      dicobalt EDTA were ineffective, whereas papaverine enhanced toxicity (PR 0.72).
      Agents with significant PR values (greater than or equal to 1.14) but which were
      less effective than thiosulfate included sulfite, dimercaptosuccinic acid,
      pyruvate, citrate, alpha-ketovalerate, naloxone, and corn oil. Ethyl maleate in
      corn oil markedly enhanced KCN lethality (PR 0.57 compared to corn oil alone),
      and caused prolonged illness in several mice. Vitamin E in corn oil had no
      effect. Dual mixtures of thiosulfate with other selected substances were also
      tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301156
TI  - Comparison of three skin preparation techniques in the dog. Part 1: Experimental
      trial.
AB  - Premeasured, clipped areas of skin on both sides of 30 adult dogs were prepared
      with povidone-iodine (PI), chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) with a saline rinse, or
      4% CG with a 70% isopropyl alcohol rinse. Skin bacteria were quantified with
      Replicating Organism Detection and Counting (RODAC) plates and cultured for
      identification before, immediately after, and 1 hour after skin preparation. The
      percentages of bacterial reduction immediately and at hour 1 and the percentages
      of negative cultures, cultures with more than five colony-forming units (CFUs),
      and skin reactions were analyzed by analysis of variance and chi-square. The
      percentage of reduction in skin bacteria for all techniques was significant and
      comparable with that reported in humans. There were no significant differences
      between PI and CG results except that acute contact dermatitis was observed more
      frequently after skin preparation with PI. The authors conclude that for similar
      application times, PI and 4% CG rinsed with saline or 70% isopropyl alcohol are
      equally effective for up to 1 hour in the preoperative skin preparation of dogs.

PMID- 2301157
TI  - Fixation of the deferent ducts for retrodisplacement of the urinary bladder and
      prostate in canine perineal hernia.
AB  - The deferent ducts were secured to the lateral abdominal wall in nine dogs to
      correct retrodisplacement of the urinary bladder and prostate. Perineal
      herniorrhaphy and fixation of the deferent ducts were performed in seven dogs; in
      two dogs, only fixation of the deferent ducts was performed. All dogs were
      clinically normal after 4 to 28 months (mean, 14.7 months).

PMID- 2301158
TI  - Osteostixis for incomplete cortical fracture of the third metacarpal bone.
      Results in 11 horses.
AB  - Eleven horses with acute or chronic incomplete cortical fractures of the left or
      right third metacarpal bone (McIII) were treated with surgical puncture
      (osteostixis). The fractures were diagnosed by physical examination and
      radiography. Four to eight holes, 2.7 or 3.5 mm in diameter, were drilled in the
      fractured bone. Radiographically, the fractures were healed by month 3, and the
      drill holes were inapparent by month 7. Nine horses (82%) returned to race
      competition, and two horses were retired, one the result of a surgical
      complication. The mean time between surgery and the first race was 9.4 months.
      None of the bones refractured within 24 months of surgery. Osteostixis was not
      technically difficult and a second operation for implant removal was not
      necessary.

PMID- 2301159
TI  - Femoral capital physeal fractures in 25 foals.
AB  - The medical records of 25 horses 1 year of age or younger affected with femoral
      head and neck fractures during an 18 year period were reviewed. Each fracture
      involved the capital physis. The foals were 11 days to 12 months of age (mean, 5
      months). No femoral capital physeal fractures occurred in horses older than 1
      year of age during the same period. The history in each case included acute onset
      of severe unilateral hindlimb lameness, 3 hours to 2 months (mean, 12 days)
      before presentation. Injuries observed were violent falls, struggles, and kicks.
      Crepitation, swelling, pain with manipulation or palpation or both, and apparent
      fracture fragment displacement were inconsistently noted. Tentative clinical
      diagnoses were confirmed by radiography in 24 foals and by necropsy alone in one
      foal. Twenty-one foals were euthanatized due to poor prognosis. One foal sent
      home for stall rest was lost to follow-up. Surgical repair was attempted in three
      foals. Two fractures were repaired with multiple intramedullary pins and the
      foals were euthanatized within 2 weeks due to surgical failure and, in one case,
      contralateral limb breakdown. The third fracture was repaired with a compressing
      screw and plate device; the animal was pasture sound at month 20.

PMID- 2301161
TI  - Scientific presentation abstracts of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons
      25th annual meeting. February 1990.

PMID- 2301160
TI  - Cesarean section in 19 mares. Results and postoperative fertility.
AB  - The case records of 19 mares undergoing caudal ventral midline celiotomy for
      cesarean section were reviewed. Surgical exposure to the uterus was good, and the
      incisions healed by first intention in surviving mares. Seventeen mares (89%)
      survived to time of hospital discharge. Six foals (32%) were delivered alive, of
      which three were euthanatized because of severe deformity (1 died on day 6 and 2
      survived to time of discharge). The most frequent postoperative complications
      were abdominal pain (13 mares), anemia (10 mares), and retained placenta (6
      mares). Sixteen mares were bred during at least one season after the cesarean
      section and eight (50%) produced at least one foal. The collective foaling rate
      for these mares, bred a total of 25 seasons, was 36%. Only one mare bred during
      the same year as the surgery produced a live foal. The collective foaling rate
      for mares bred after the year of the surgery was 50%.

PMID- 2301162
TI  - Epidural fentanyl for cesarean section in postpartal cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2301163
TI  - Prognostic factors determining survival in breast cancer patients presenting with
      metastatic disease.
AB  - Although patients with advanced breast cancer usually die of their disease, the
      clinical course is highly variable. Numerous investigators have examined
      potential prognostic factors predicting time to recurrence for primary
      (localized) breast cancer. Less attention has been paid to evaluating prognostic
      factors in patients presenting with metastatic disease. A group of 86 women with
      metastatic breast cancer diagnosed between 1974 and 1984 was studied to determine
      the effect of certain prognostic factors on survival. Univariate analysis of
      these factors indicates that specific sites of recurrence, estrogen receptor (ER)
      status, size of the primary tumor at original diagnosis, and tumor histology;
      i.e., tumor differentiation, were significantly associated with predicting
      survival in patients presenting with metastatic disease. Poor survival, i.e.,
      less than, or equal to, 22 months from initial presentation, is associated with a
      primary tumor greater than five cm., ER level less than 10 fmol/mg. of protein,
      lung and bone marrow recurrence, and poorly differentiated histology. Menstrual
      status, age, bone or lymph node site of metastases, and elapsed time between
      patient knowledge of symptoms and subsequent initial medical evaluation were not
      significant predictors of survival in patients presenting with metastatic
      disease.

PMID- 2301164
TI  - Lipid screening in a rural West Virginia clinic.
AB  - West Virginia leads the nation in mortality from coronary heart disease among
      both men and women aged 35 to 74. Although there has been some research with
      respect to behavioral risk factors, little is known about the prevalence of high
      serum cholesterol among West Virginia residents. The present paper begins this
      examination by reporting the results of a medical chart audit conducted recently
      in a rural medicine clinic in Matewan, West Virginia. Results revealed that only
      17 per cent of the 501 charts reviewed reported serum cholesterol. Significant
      differences were noted between the local sample and a national comparison for two
      groups. The implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2301165
TI  - Childbearing beliefs among Cambodian refugee women.

PMID- 2301166
TI  - The electronic media--a teaching strategy for nursing history.

PMID- 2301167
TI  - Time series--issues in sampling.

PMID- 2301168
TI  - Ethical issues in nursing research.

PMID- 2301169
TI  - Vital signs of class I surgical patients.

PMID- 2301170
TI  - Measurement of hope in a community-based older population.
AB  - This study conceptually and empirically examined two hope scales with a community
      based sample of older adults. These findings suggest that the two hope scales
      used in this study measure Global Hope and Interactive Hope. However, these
      results also suggest unique characteristics of hope that should be incorporated
      into future studies of hope with older adults.

PMID- 2301171
TI  - Father's family violence and son's delinquency. Conflict tactics, bonding, and
      serious juvenile crime in the Mexican-American family.

PMID- 2301172
TI  - Taking a student into the field.

PMID- 2301173
TI  - Caregivers' experience of caring for severely demented patients.

PMID- 2301174
TI  - Role stress in top-level nurse executives.

PMID- 2301175
TI  - Social support and life satisfaction of black climacteric women.

PMID- 2301176
TI  - A model of uprooting for international students.

PMID- 2301177
TI  - SIDS: race as a factor.
AB  - In Wisconsin, the rate of postneonatal deaths attributed to sudden infant death
      syndrome (SIDS) for the period 1978-1987 was 6.7 per 1,000 live births for Native
      Americans, 3.6 for blacks, and 1.4 for whites. To investigate racial differences
      in case ascertainment and risk for SIDS mortality, this study used matched birth
      death certificate data for the 1,111 reported SIDS deaths during the 10-year
      period. At least 90% of all SIDS deaths occurred before 6 months of age; seasonal
      variation in time of death and autopsy rates were similar by race. The reported
      higher risk of SIDS for male infants and those with low birth weights did not
      occur among Native Americans. Low birth weight was a stronger risk for SIDS among
      whites than blacks. Our findings suggest that diagnostic practices may not
      account for racial differences in SIDS mortality. Patterns of risk, however,
      appear to vary by race.

PMID- 2301178
TI  - Genital tuberculosis: case report and literature review.
AB  - A 64-year-old woman complained of abdominal pain and postmenopausal bleeding. A
      uterine curettage demonstrated acid fast bacilli and non caseating granulomas,
      indicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A chest roentgenogram revealed the
      presence of bilateral upper lobe calcific granulomas. The epidemiologic,
      diagnostic, and therapeutic implications of genital tuberculosis are discussed.

PMID- 2301180
TI  - Wisconsin's patient compensation fund: an overview.

PMID- 2301179
TI  - Prenatal care in northwestern Wisconsin.
AB  - The purposes of this study were to identify the components of prenatal care given
      by family practice physicians and obstetricians in a rural area and determine
      whether they were in agreement with standards of care advanced by the American
      College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). We surveyed 76 physicians
      (family physicians with and without residency training and obstetricians) and
      identified 40 components of regular prenatal care; they were consistent with 94%
      of the ACOG recommendations. Few differences were found in prenatal care
      practices by type of family practice training. Although the number of
      obstetricians was small, these specialists appeared more likely to agree with
      ACOG guidelines. Risk assessment instruments were not routinely used by most
      physicians, and the services of public health nurses were not generally
      recommended as part of prenatal care. The findings have implications for
      continuing medical education programs.

PMID- 2301181
TI  - Cervical cancer deaths among older women: implications for prevention.

PMID- 2301182
TI  - An aminoglycoside dosing regimen in a morbidly obese patient.

PMID- 2301183
TI  - Spanish-language pharmacists.

PMID- 2301184
TI  - Comment: albumin use in hospitals.

PMID- 2301185
TI  - Therapeutic potential of two over-the-counter thyroid hormone preparations.
AB  - Various brands of over-the counter (OTC) exogenous thyroid hormones are available
      in health food stores and retail pharmacies. Two commercially available OTC
      thyroid products were analyzed for total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
      content. The strength of a liquid thyroid gland extract was unlabeled and that of
      the solid oral preparation was 45 mg per table. The T4 concentration of the
      liquid preparation was less than 10 micrograms/dL; that of T3 was below the
      analytical sensitivity of our assay (less than 15 ng/dL). Tablet content of T4
      and of T3 was up to 0.5 micrograms and up to 50 ng, respectively. Preliminary
      data on these OTC thyroid gland extracts cannot be extrapolated to all OTC
      thyroid products, but they suggest that such products generally contain
      concentrations of T4 and T3 below clinical effectiveness. Further analytical
      study is warranted.

PMID- 2301186
TI  - Possible interaction between ciprofloxacin and warfarin.
AB  - A 72-year-old man had been taking warfarin for a pulmonary embolus and recurrent
      deep-vein thromboses. His prothrombin times (PTs) were maintained between 15 and
      18 sec (PT ratio 1.25-1.5 x control) for several months on a dose of warfarin 2.5
      mg/d. Six weeks prior to starting ciprofloxacin 500 mg bid, the patient's PT was
      15.5 sec (Pt ratio 1.29 x control). After one week of ciprofloxacin, his PT had
      increased to 22 sec (PT ratio 1.83 x control). No other causes for the increase
      were apparent. It is recommended that patients receiving both medications have
      their prothrombin times carefully monitored and warfarin doses adjusted only as
      necessary.

PMID- 2301187
TI  - Accuracy of pharmacokinetic dose determination of gentamicin in geriatric
      patients.
AB  - Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and the predictive performance of the Sawchuk-Zaske
      dosing method for gentamicin were compared in elderly and young patients with
      stable normal serum creatinine concentrations. The predicted peak gentamicin
      concentrations in both young and elderly patients were not significantly
      different from the actual measured concentrations. The predicted trough
      concentrations for both the young and elderly were significantly different from
      the measured trough concentrations. However, the magnitude of this difference
      (0.2 micrograms/mL) is not considered to be clinically significant. A trend
      toward greater underprediction of trough gentamicin concentrations in elderly
      patients was evident. The mean increase of 15 percent in the gentamicin half-life
      at steady-state compared with the initial pharmacokinetics analysis in elderly
      patients was significantly larger than the increase in half-life in the young
      patients. The Sawchuk-Zaske method was equally accurate in determining the
      gentamicin dosing regimen in young elderly patients with normal serum creatinine
      concentrations.

PMID- 2301188
TI  - Anticholinergic drug abuse.

PMID- 2301191
TI  - Ciprofloxacin drug utilization review and prospective drug use evaluation.
AB  - Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial with activity against both gram
      negative and -positive bacteria including pseudomonal and staphylococcal species.
      It is the only available oral agent possessing this unique spectrum of activity
      that achieves serum concentrations adequate to treat a variety of systemic
      infections. A retrospective drug utilization review and a prospective drug use
      evaluation of ciprofloxacin were performed to determine if the agent was being
      used for appropriate indications, to ensure correct dosing and appropriate
      monitoring, and to determine whether its use is cost effective at the Veterans
      Administration Medical Center, Cleveland (VAMCC). For the retrospective review,
      40 patients' charts were randomly chosen for review from computerized inpatient
      and outpatient prescription records. Drug use review criteria were developed by
      the Pharmacy Service and Infectious Disease Section. For the prospective
      evaluation, data were collected for all inpatient and outpatient requests for
      ciprofloxacin during a six-month period (May to November 1988) using the same
      criteria as in the retrospective study. Cost analysis was performed by
      identification and cost comparison of alternative therapy and by estimating the
      number of days saved by using appropriate oral therapy. All charts from the
      retrospective review were found to meet criteria for appropriate use. All
      patients for whom documented follow-up was performed had microbiologic or
      clinical cures. In the prospective evaluation, 168 patients were started on
      ciprofloxacin. Ninety-five percent of patients had appropriate justification for
      use according to criteria. Drug cost savings for the six-month period was
      +14,962.54 or +29,925.08/year. This covered drug and minibag acquisition costs
      only. An estimated 127 hospital days were saved (shortened length of +71,717.00
      or +143,434.00/year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301190
TI  - Minoxidil with tretinoin in baldness.

PMID- 2301189
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis in dental procedures.

PMID- 2301193
TI  - Pharmacotherapy. Part III. A process of certification.

PMID- 2301192
TI  - Impact of a drug bulletin on the knowledge, perception of drug utility, and
      prescribing behavior of physicians.
AB  - The impact of a drug bulletin was tested in a randomized controlled trial that
      included 186 family physicians. The length of the trial was six months. It was
      hypothesized that printed information, such as in drug bulletins, influences
      physician prescribing behavior by changing their knowledge of drug efficacy and
      adverse effects and their perceptions of drug utility. Therefore, the impact of a
      drug bulletin was evaluated on these domains of influence. Interview data were
      used to assess changes in knowledge, perceived drug utility, and stated
      prescribing. Health insurance funds' records were used to collect actual
      prescribing data. Information in the bulletin on the treatment of renal colic
      changed physicians' knowledge as well as perceived utility of drugs used for
      renal colic (p less than 0.05). Significant changes in stated prescribing were
      also found. On the other hand, advice in the same bulletin on the treatment of
      the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) had no impact at all. It did not even improve
      the knowledge of the physicians about the drugs used for IBS. Apparently, the
      message about the treatment of IBS failed to gain the attention of the
      physicians. It is suggested that some messages are sufficiently transmitted
      through written information, and others that are seen as less relevant or too
      difficult to implement need more intensive strategies.

PMID- 2301194
TI  - Ceftizoxime drug utilization evaluation: empiric versus therapeutic regimens.

PMID- 2301196
TI  - Acetarsol-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

PMID- 2301195
TI  - The generic drug scandal and its implications for pharmacy professionals.

PMID- 2301197
TI  - Article on contract problems with HMO strikes a chord.

PMID- 2301198
TI  - An automated HPLC determination of meticlorpindol in eggs with UV absorbance
      detection, using on-line dialysis and pre-concentration as sample clean-up;
      occurrence in and carry over to eggs.
AB  - A fully automated HPLC determination of the coccidiostat meticlorpindol in whole
      egg, egg white and yolk is described. The sample homogenate is dialysed on-line
      against water. The dialysate is concentrated on-line on a short reversed-phase
      (RP) column. The contents of this column are transferred to the reversed-phase
      analytical column by means of the mobile phase. Meticlorpindol is detected using
      an absorbance detector at 270 nm. Linear calibration graphs are obtained in the
      range 40-900 ng/g in whole egg and egg white (detection limit 10 ng/g) and 80
      1800 ng/g in yolk (detection limit 20 ng/g). Out of 111 commercially obtained egg
      samples 12 contained meticlorpindol with levels varying from 10 to 433 ng/g. A
      group of laying hens, kept in cages, received 10 mg/kg of Lerbek (meticlorpindol
      and methylbenzoquate; Dow Chemical) in the feed for 10 days. Meticlorpindol
      residues in the eggs rose to a level of 622 ng/g. Meticlorpindol was found in the
      eggs until 6 days after withdrawal of the medicated feed. Another group received
      110 mg/kg in the feed. Meticlorpindol residues rose to levels of 4480 ng/g in the
      eggs, 5880 ng/g in the egg white and 2660 ng/g in the yolk. Meticlorpindol was
      found in the eggs and the egg white until 14 days and in the yolk until 8 days
      after withdrawal of the medicated feed.

PMID- 2301199
TI  - Heavy metals in vegetables grown in The Netherlands and in domestic and imported
      fruits.
AB  - The contents of cadmium, lead mercury, copper, manganese and zinc in 242 samples
      of 37 different species of domestic and imported fruits have been determined.
      Also contents of the same heavy metals, except mercury, have been determined in
      205 samples of 7 species of domestic vegetables (lettuce, spinach, endive,
      beetroots, onions, celeriac and Swedish turnips). The median contents (in mg/kg
      fresh mass of the edible part) found for fruits are: Cd 0.002; Pb 0.017; Hg
      0.002; Cu 0.61; Mn 0.52 and Zn 0.99. In the vegetables median levels have been
      found (mg/kg) of 0.009-0.073 for Cd, 0.01-0.03 for Pb, less than 0.2-0.3 for Cu,
      0.69-1.41 for Mn and 0.95-5.5 for Zn. The contribution of fruits to the tolerable
      daily intakes of Cd, Pb and Hg is, for an average consumption pattern, less than
      1%. On the other hand, the contribution to the recommended amounts of the
      essential elements Cu, Mn, and Zn is no more than 1%-3%. From the vegetables an
      average portion of spinach contains 19% and 2.6% of the tolerable daily amounts
      of Cd and Pb, respectively. For the other species of vegetables these figures are
      less than 5% for Cd (except for endive, 6.8%) and for lead less than 1%. Spinach
      contributes considerably to the need for Cu, Mn and Zn, in general more than 10%
      of the recommended daily amounts. The other species of vegetables contribute only
      from less than 1% to less than few percents.

PMID- 2301201
TI  - Quality assurance--into the 1990's.

PMID- 2301200
TI  - What brings nurses together?

PMID- 2301202
TI  - Public opinion survey: a special report to the AARN Newsletter.

PMID- 2301203
TI  - Medication errors by nurses: contributing factors.

PMID- 2301204
TI  - Phenylpropanolamine.

PMID- 2301205
TI  - Thrombolysis: role of the family physician.

PMID- 2301206
TI  - Radiographic features of gout.
AB  - Hyperuricemia is the hallmark of gout. Deposition of monosodium urate crystals in
      the joints and periarticular soft tissues can lead to arthritic changes.
      Radiographic features include periarticular soft tissue swelling, "punched-out"
      bony erosions and joint space narrowing. Although gout has a predilection for the
      first metatarsophalangeal joint, it may also affect the feet, hands, wrists,
      elbows and knees.

PMID- 2301208
TI  - AAFP releases recommendations for second MMR immunization.

PMID- 2301207
TI  - Management of cardiac patients after thrombolytic therapy.
AB  - Early thrombolytic therapy has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality
      through preservation of myocardium in patients with acute transmural myocardial
      infarction. Indications for emergent or early coronary angiography and possible
      angioplasty are generally limited to ongoing infarction and/or recurrent
      ischemia. Patients remaining clinically stable require risk stratification.
      Coronary angiography and revascularization with angioplasty or coronary bypass
      surgery is important for patients with exercise-induced ischemia. Patients with
      left ventricular dysfunction, poor or no exercise performance and/or advanced age
      are at higher risk for subsequent coronary events and thus warrant a more
      aggressive diagnostic approach.

PMID- 2301209
TI  - HIV eliminated in AIDS patient with lymphoma.

PMID- 2301210
TI  - Repeat coronary angioplasty during the same angiographic diagnosis of coronary
      restenosis.
AB  - To determine whether any differences exist in results of treatment of restenosis
      with repeat angioplasty when the procedure is performed during diagnosis or, as
      an alternative, when it is performed as a separate elective procedure, we
      prospectively compared the outcome of 48 consecutive procedures (including 51
      lesions) at the time of initial cardiac catheterization (group 1) with the
      outcome of 26 consecutive elective procedures (including 30 lesions) (group 2).
      Before control angiography was performed, the anatomic and procedural
      characteristics of the previous dilatation and the new symptomatic status were
      carefully reevaluated in all patients. Baseline clinical and angiographic
      characteristics including age, sex, ejection fraction, and number of diseased
      vessels in which repair was attempted were similar in both groups. Reasons for
      angioplasty were also similar with unstable angina being the most frequent
      indication: 29 (60%) in group 1 versus 13 (50%) in group 2. (p = NS). Morphology
      of the lesions was also similar, although longer lesions (greater than 12 mm)
      were dilated in group 2 (13 (43%) vs 10 (20%) in group 1; p less than 0.05).
      Angiographic success was achieved in 51 lesions (100%) in group 1 versus 28 (93%)
      in group 2 (p = NS). Primary angioplasty success (in the absence of major
      complications) was achieved in 46 (95%) procedures in group 1 versus 24 (92%) in
      group 2 (p = NS). Two patients in group 1 had a myocardial infarction, but there
      were no other major complications in either group. Preliminary data suggest that
      the outcome of repeat coronary angioplasty for restenosis is similar whether it
      is performed at the time of diagnostic catheterization or later on as an
      independent elective procedure.

PMID- 2301211
TI  - Regional myocardial blood flow with a reperfusion catheter and an autoperfusion
      balloon catheter during total coronary occlusion.
AB  - We investigated the ability of two new coronary perfusion catheters to maintain
      regional myocardial blood flow throughout a 90-minute period of occlusion. In 21
      dogs (group I = total occlusion control; group II = reperfusion catheter; group
      III = autoperfusion balloon catheter) we studied regional blood flow, distal
      coronary perfusion pressure, infarct size, and red blood cell hemolysis after
      placement of either catheter into the left anterior descending coronary artery.
      Regional (microsphere) blood flow showed a reduction in transmural blood flow
      during occlusion in comparison to baseline values (1.07 +/- 0.12 to 0.81 +/- 0.11
      and 1.01 +/- 0.16 to 0.73 +/- 0.08 ml/min subendocardial perfusion for groups II
      and III, respectively). Comparable changes in blood flow were observed in the
      subepicardial and midmyocardial regions. Distal coronary perfusion pressures were
      reduced by 26% and 28% for groups II and III, respectively. Both catheters
      prevented significant infarction and maintained adequate regional myocardial
      blood flow throughout the 90-minute period of occlusion without significant
      complications of clotting or destruction of erythrocytes.

PMID- 2301212
TI  - Effects of heparin treatment on collateral development and regional myocardial
      function in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - To define the effects of heparin treatment during the acute stage of the first
      anterior myocardial infarction on coronary collateral development and regional
      myocardial function, we evaluated angiographically the extent of a collateral
      visualization (collateral index: 0-3) to the completely obstructed infarct
      related coronary artery and regional wall motion in 18 patients during
      convalescence after infarction. The patients were divided into two groups
      depending on the presence (group I) or absence (group II) of heparin treatment
      (170 to 220 IU/kg per day) during the acute phase of infarction. The collateral
      index was significantly higher in group I (1.5 +/- 0.9) than in group II (0.4 +/-
      0.4; p less than 0.05). The left ventricular ejection fraction tended to be
      greater in group I than in group II (49 +/- 12% vs 38 +/- 16%), and there was a
      significant difference in regional wall motion of the infarct area that was
      evaluated by the percentage of segment shortening between the two groups (group
      I:7.4 +/- 9.2%, group II:-0.8 +/- 4.5%, p less than 0.05). These findings
      indicate that heparin treatment for patients with acute myocardial infarction is
      worthwhile in terms of the preservation of left ventricular function as a result
      collateral development.

PMID- 2301213
TI  - Ethanol-induced coronary vasodilation in patients with and without coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - To assess the influence of ethanol on coronary arterial blood flow and
      dimensions, we measured coronary sinus blood flow in 35 subjects (23 men and 12
      women, aged 38 to 69 years; (29 with and 6 without coronary artery disease)
      before and during a 15- to 30-minute intracoronary infusion of (1) 5% dextrose in
      water (n = 15, controls) or (2) 5% dextrose in water (n = 20). In the controls
      heart rate, arterial pressure, and coronary sinus blood flow were unchanged. In
      those receiving ethanol at a rate that produced a concentration in coronary sinus
      blood of 285 +/- 102 (mean +/- SD) mg/dl, heart rate-systolic arterial pressure
      product was unchanged; coronary sinus blood flow rose 27 +/- 36%, and coronary
      vascular resistance fell 17 +/- 22% (p less than 0.05 in comparison to baseline);
      arterial-coronary sinus oxygen content difference fell (p less than 0.05), and
      epicardial coronary arterial dimensions were unchanged. Thus intracoronary
      ethanol increases coronary blood flow and decreases resistance without inducing a
      change in epicardial coronary dimensions, suggesting that its effect results from
      dilatation of the intramyocardial resistance vessels.

PMID- 2301214
TI  - The value of exercise testing in patients with coronary artery spasm.
AB  - To analyze the usefulness of a single exercise test to predict the presence of
      fixed obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with active coronary spasm,
      91 consecutive patients with angiographically proven symptomatic coronary artery
      spasm who had performed a symptom-limited exercise test within the week before
      diagnostic coronary angiography were studied. Coronary angiography revealed
      significant coronary obstructions in 61 patients (67%). According to the type of
      angina, the prevalence of significant coronary stenosis was 53% for patients with
      angina at rest, 68% for those with effort angina, and 92% for those with mixed
      angina. Exercise-induced ST segment elevation was present in eight patients (9%),
      ST segment depression was seen in 37 patients (41%), and no ST abnormalities in
      46 (50%). There was not a significant relationship between the ST segment
      response to exercise and the clinical variables assessed except for coronary
      anatomy. Abnormal exercise test results were significantly more frequent in
      patients with significant coronary obstructions than in those without significant
      coronary occlusions (62% versus 23%; p less than 0.01). ST elevation was not
      useful to predict the presence of fixed coronary lesions. However, ST depression
      strongly suggested the presence of underlying coronary lesions with a sensitivity
      of 54%, a specificity of 87%, and a positive predictive value of 89%. Using this
      criterion, 65% of the patients were correctly classified. The results indicate
      that despite the functional component of ischemia in patients with coronary
      spasm, ST segment depression with exercise is still a highly specific sign with a
      high positive predictive value for the presence of significant coronary artery
      disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301215
TI  - Prognostic value of abnormal postexercise systolic blood pressure response:
      prehospital discharge test after myocardial infarction in Japan.
AB  - To assess the prognostic value of an abnormal postexercise response in systolic
      blood pressure (SBP), treadmill exercise testing was performed in 217 survivors
      of acute myocardial infarction at an average of 9.3 weeks after infarction.
      During the mean follow-up period of 4 years, cardiac events were noted in 34
      patients (16%), including cardiac death in 13 (6%), nonfatal reinfarction in 12
      (6%), and coronary artery bypass graft surgery in nine (4%). An abnormal
      postexercise SBP response was defined as the ratio of SBP at 3 minutes of
      recovery to peak exercise SBP of 0.9 or more, on the basis of the cutoff point
      with the highest sensitivity and specificity to predict cardiac events. An
      abnormal postexercise SBP response occurred in 90 patients (42%). Patients with
      an abnormal postexercise SBP response had more exercise-induced myocardial
      ischemia. more left ventricular impairment, and more extensive coronary artery
      lesions than those without. Cox proportional hazards model demonstrated that the
      abnormal postexercise SBP response was ranked first in ability to predict cardiac
      death (p = 0.025, relative risk 15.41). Bypass surgery was associated with an
      abnormal postexercise SBP ratio (p less than 0.05). Nonfatal reinfarction could
      not be predicted by any clinical or exercise variables. In conclusion, an
      abnormal postexercise SBP response could be useful for predicting cardiac death
      and the need for bypass surgery after myocardial infarction. This response is
      probably the result of myocardial ischemia and left ventricular impairment.

PMID- 2301217
TI  - Negative inotropic effect of intravenous nifedipine in coronary artery disease:
      relation to plasma levels.
AB  - The relative extent of the vasodilator versus direct negative inotropic effects
      of nifedipine was studied in 15 male patients with documented coronary artery
      disease and normal left ventricular function. At the time of diagnostic cardiac
      catheterization, three groups of five patients received dose of 1, 2, and 3 mg
      intravenous nifedipine at a rate of 0.33 mg/min. Hemodynamic measurements and
      blood collections were made before, during, and every 5 minutes for 30 minutes
      after infusion of nifedipine. Heart rate increased and mean arterial pressure
      decreased significantly after the 2 and 3 mg doses of nifedipine. Systemic
      vascular resistance was significantly decreased and cardiac index increased after
      all doses of nifedipine. Maximal left ventricular dp/dt (dp/dtmax) was
      significantly decreased after the 3 mg infusion. The reduction in dp/dtmax was
      most consistent with a reduction in left ventricular contractility as opposed to
      changes in loading conditions. Plasma concentrations of nifedipine were
      significantly correlated with bidirectional changes in dp/dtmax (r = 0.86).
      Nifedipine concentrations below 28.2 ng/ml were associated with a rise in
      dp/dtmax, whereas concentrations above that level were associated with a
      reduction in dp/dtmax. These data indicate that intravenous nifedipine produces
      dose- and concentration-dependent depression of myocardial contractility in
      patients with coronary artery disease. Nifedipine concentrations associated with
      negative inotropic effects are readily achievable with common oral and sublingual
      doses.

PMID- 2301216
TI  - Effects of different exercise training intensities on lipoprotein cholesterol
      fractions in healthy middle-aged men.
AB  - Exercise training has been associated with decreases in total cholesterol and
      increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The effect of the
      intensity of the exercise on alterations in cholesterol and lipoprotein fractions
      has not been defined and is the subject of this study. We divided 49 healthy men
      (aged 44 +/- 8 years) into four groups and evaluated them before and after 12
      weeks of cycle ergometer exercise training at (1) an intensity of 65% of maximal
      achieved heart rate, (2) 75% maximal heart rate, (3) 85% maximal heart rate, and
      (4) a 12-week nonexercise control period. Pre- and post-training evaluations
      included maximal ergometer exercise ECG examinations with measurement of maximal
      minute oxygen consumption and serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and
      triglyceride levels. Low-density (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
      cholesterol levels were calculated. Dietary histories were obtained before and
      after the training period, and body weight and percentage of body fat were
      measured. Post-training oxygen uptake was significantly increased (training
      effect) in the groups exercising to 65%, 75%, and 85% maximal heart rate. Results
      of within-group analysis showed significant increases in the HDL cholesterol
      fractions in the 75% and 85% groups but not in the 65% group or the control
      group. Significant decreases in calculated LDL fractions occurred only in the 75%
      exercise-trained group with maximal heart rate. Aerobic exercise training
      favorably alters plasma lipoprotein profiles. A minimum training intensity equal
      to 75% maximal heart rate is required to the increase HDL cholesterol level.

PMID- 2301218
TI  - Atherosclerotic Yucatan microswine: an animal model with high-grade,
      fibrocalcific, nonfatty lesions suitable for testing catheter-based
      interventions.
AB  - A new breed of swine, the Yucatan microswine, that was derived from repetitive
      inbreeding of selected, small Yucatan swine, was investigated as an animal model
      of advanced vascular atherosclerosis. Nineteen animals were fed an atherogenic
      diet for 9.9 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- SEM) weeks before and 19.9 +/- 1.8 weeks after
      balloon endothelial denudation of all four iliac arteries. In 18 (94.7%) of the
      19 microswine, angiography performed at 33 to 87 weeks of age disclosed some
      degree of luminal diameter narrowing: six animals (33.3%) had one-vessel, six
      (33.3%) had two-vessel, four (22.2%) had three-vessel, and two (11.1%) had four
      vessel disease. In 38 (50%) of 76 denuded arteries, angiographically apparent
      luminal diameter narrowing was observed as follows: three arteries (7.9%) were
      narrowed less than 50%; 10 arteries (26.3%) were narrowed 50% to 75%; seven
      arteries (18.4%) were narrowed 76% to 99%; and 18 arteries (47.3%) were occluded.
      Sixty-four arteries were harvested from 16 of the 18 microswine with
      angiographically apparent luminal narrowing, which yielded 748 histologic
      sections. Maximum cross-sectional area narrowing from atherosclerotic plaque
      exceeded 90% in 135 (18%) of the sections examined, while 65 sections (9%) were
      narrowed 76% to 90%, and 127 sections (17%) were narrowed 51% to 75%.
      Atherosclerotic plaque in these animals appeared histologically similar to the so
      called "complex" lesion that is typical of human atherosclerosis, which consists
      predominantly of collagen with focal calcific deposits and a minor lipid
      component. The smaller size and lower weight of these animals, in comparison with
      full-size farm pigs and "minipigs," facilitated transportation, handling, and
      instrumentation. These findings establish the Yucatan microswine as a useful,
      representative, and economical atherosclerotic animal model for the evaluation of
      novel interventional techniques.

PMID- 2301219
TI  - Interrelationship of variable coupling, multiformity and repetitive forms:
      implications for classification of ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - One hundred 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms were prospectively examined to
      determine the relationship of variable coupling and multiformity of single
      premature ventricular complexes to repetitive forms. Premature ventricular
      complexes were present in 86 patients and were categorized by a three-tier
      decision-making tree using (1) multiformity confirmed in two channels, (2)
      variable coupling of greater than 80 msec of premature ventricular complexes of
      similar QRS morphologies, and (3) repetitive forms of greater than or equal to 2
      premature ventricular complexes. Variable coupling was present in 51 patients,
      among whom 35 (69%) had repetitive forms; multiformity was present in 46
      patients, among whom 37 (80%) had repetitive forms; repetitive forms were present
      in 41 patients, among whom only one patient (2%) did not demonstrate multiformity
      or variable coupling. Variable coupling, multiformity, or either were
      significantly associated with the occurrence of repetitive forms (chi square =
      34, 15, 29, respectively, each p less than 0.005). There was a bimodal
      distribution between patients with uniform, fixed coupled premature ventricular
      complexes who had rare repetitive forms (1 of 26) and patients with multiformity
      and variable coupling of premature ventricular complexes who had significantly
      more repetitive forms (30 of 37; p less than 0.001). The frequency distribution
      of repetitive form length suggested a natural break point between five and six
      consecutive complexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301220
TI  - Prospective evaluation of parenteral magnesium sulfate in the treatment of
      patients with reentrant AV supraventricular tachycardia.
AB  - This study prospectively assessed the electrophysiologic effects of parenteral
      magnesium sulfate administration on paroxysmal atrioventricular (AV) reentrant
      supraventricular tachycardia and the efficacy of magnesium to terminate these
      arrhythmias. Eleven normomagnesemic patients, seven with orthodromic reentrant
      supraventricular tachycardia that used an accessory AV pathway, and four with
      typical AV nodal reentry were examined. All patients had a history of sustained
      supraventricular tachycardia requiring pharmacologic therapy or electrical
      cardioversion for termination of tachycardia. After baseline electrophysiologic
      study, including documentation of sustained supraventricular tachycardia that was
      reproducibly induced, parenteral magnesium sulfate (a bolus of 0.3 mEq/kg of
      elemental magnesium infused over a 10-minute period followed by a maintenance
      infusion of 0.2 mEq/kg/hr) was administered during sustained supraventricular
      tachycardia. The serum magnesium concentration increased from (mean +/- standard
      deviation) 1.9 +/- 0.2 mg/dl to 4.0 +/- 0.6 mg/dl (p = 0.0001). Except for
      flushing and mild diaphoresis during infusion of the magnesium sulfate bolus, and
      dry heaves in one patient, there were no untoward effects or significant changes
      in systolic blood pressure. During administration of magnesium, the tachycardia
      cycle length increased from 319 +/- 39 msec to 348 +/- 43 msec (p = 0.0001).
      Slowing of the tachycardia occurred predominantly in the antegrade limb of the
      circuit at the level of the AV node with the AH interval increasing from 171 +/-
      66 msec to 197 +/- 68 msec (p = 0.0001), whereas there was no significant change
      in the HV interval (43 +/- 3 msec to 43 +/- 4 msec, p = NS) or the VA interval
      (106 +/- 43 msec to 110 +/- 47 msec, p = NS) during tachycardia.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301221
TI  - Cumulative effects of cycle length on ventricular refractoriness in man.
AB  - This study examined the time course of changes of ventricular effective
      refractory period (VERP) following an abrupt change of cycle length (CL) in man.
      Stimulation at the right ventricular apex consisted of 19 cycles of an initial
      CL, followed by a variable number of cycles (0 to 50 cycles) of a new CL, and an
      extrastimulus to test for VERP. Fifteen patients were enrolled in each part of
      the study. In part A, initial CLs were long (mean +/- standard error, 650 +/- 20
      msec) and new CLs were short (325 +/- 10 msec). VERPs were 259 +/- 6 msec after
      the long cycles, 238 +/- 6 msec after one short cycle (p less than 0.05), 224 +/-
      5 msec after 10 short cycles, and 210 +/- 6 msec after 50 short cycles (p less
      than 0.05 versus 1 or 10 short cycles). Thus 43% of total shortening of VERP
      occurred in the first short cycle and 57% occurred in subsequent short cycles. In
      part B, initial CLs were short and new CLs were long. VERPs were 212 +/- 7 msec
      after the short cycles, 237 +/- 7 msec after one long cycle (p less than 0.05),
      239 +/- 7 msec after 10 long cycles, and 247 +/- 7 msec after 50 long cycles (p
      less than 0.05 versus 1 or 10 long cycles). Thus 71% of total lengthening of VERP
      occurred in the first long cycle and 29% occurred in subsequent long cycles. In
      conclusion, following an abrupt change of CL in man, VERP changes markedly in the
      first new cycle (immediate effect) and then undergoes further, more gradual
      change over a large number of subsequent cycles (cumulative effects). Cumulative
      effects appear to be greater following shortening of CL than following
      lengthening of CL.

PMID- 2301222
TI  - Progression of aortic stenosis in adults: new appraisal using Doppler
      echocardiography.
AB  - This study examined progression of aortic stenosis (AS) as assessed by Doppler
      echocardiography. One hundred twelve consecutive adult patients had calcific AS
      and underwent three examinations during a mean 25-month period (range 7 to 54
      months). At the time of entry into the study, mean values for initial peak aortic
      velocity and ejection fraction (EF) were 2.9 +/- 0.7 m/sec and 63 +/- 10%,
      respectively; 52% of the patients were symptomatic. At the third examination the
      percentage of symptomatic patients increased to 65% (p = 0.0039 compared to
      baseline values), and the aortic peak velocity increased to 3.3 +/- 0.8 m/sec (p
      less than 0.001). Age, sex, and EF were not predictors of progression. Documented
      coronary artery disease (in 57 patients) did not affect progression, and neither
      did the aortic peak velocity at the time of entry into the study. Thirty-eight
      patients reported an increase in symptoms from the first to third examination,
      and their rate of progression was significantly different from that of the rest
      of the population: 0.33 +/- 0.50 m/sec/yr compared to 0.18 +/- 0.26 m/sec/yr (p
      less than 0.03).

PMID- 2301224
TI  - Cardiac structure and function in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis:
      influence of blood purification and hypercirculation.
AB  - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is associated with obvious
      hemodynamic and blood purification advantages over intermittent hemodialysis. To
      determine whether this is reflected in favorable left ventricular (LV) structure
      and function, a group of 55 normotensive patients (aged 58.4 +/- 11.0 years)
      undergoing CAPD was analyzed by means of echocardiography. Characteristic
      findings were LV hypertrophy (158 +/- 50 gm/m2), mainly the result of septal
      thickening (13.3 +/- 2.8 mm), and left atrial dilatation (40.9 +/- 7.4 mm). Mean
      LV diameter in end diastole and end systole and posterior wall thickness were
      normal. Parameters of LV systolic function (ejection fraction [EF]: 62.0 +/-
      13.0%; velocity of circumferential fiber shortening [Vcf]: 1.58 +/- 0.46
      circ/sec) were in the upper normal range at a hyperdynamic circulatory state
      (cardiac index [CI] 4.67 +/- 1.82 L/min/m2. The amount of LV hypertrophy was
      related to the amount of hypercirculation (CI: p less than 0.001; hemoglobin: p
      less than 0.025) and quality of blood purification (creatinine, urea: p less than
      0.02) but not to blood pressure, age, or duration of dialysis. Left atrial
      dilatation was inversely related to LV systolic function (EF, Vcf: p less than
      0.001) and directly related to LV muscle mass (p less than 0.02). A low
      prevalence (13%) of pericardial effusion was independent of blood purification.
      We conclude that in normotensive patients receiving CAPD, a high prevalence of
      left atrial dilatation and asymmetric septal hypertrophy is found, the latter
      being related both to the amount of hypercirculation and the quality of blood
      purification.

PMID- 2301223
TI  - Assessment of supra-valvular abnormal signal with color Doppler flow mapping in
      patients with aortic regurgitation.
AB  - A supra-aortic abnormal flow signal (proximal acceleration) was studied in 62
      patients with aortic regurgitation with the use of color Doppler flow mapping.
      The proximal acceleration signal was detected in 28 of the 62 patients and was
      shaped like a V or a teardrop. In the 29 patients who underwent aortography, a
      proximal acceleration signal was observed in all 18 patients with severe and
      moderate regurgitation and in only one of the 11 patients with mild
      regurgitation. The sensitivity for the diagnosis of severe regurgitation from the
      existence of a proximal acceleration signal was 100%, specificity 50%, and
      predictive accuracy 47%. A close correlation between the area of the proximal
      acceleration signal and the width of the aortic regurgitant jet signal was
      observed (r = 0.81). An acceleration area of 45 mm2 or more was observed in eight
      of the nine patients with severe regurgitation, in four of the nine patients with
      moderate regurgitation, and in none of the patients with mild regurgitation.
      Sensitivity for the diagnosis of severe regurgitation from an area of proximal
      acceleration of more than 45 mm2 was 89%, specificity 80%, and accuracy 67%.
      These results suggest that evaluation of the area of the supra-aortic abnormal
      signal may be a useful auxiliary aid in estimating the severity of aortic
      regurgitation.

PMID- 2301225
TI  - Retrograde left atrial catheterization with a new steerable cardiac catheter.
AB  - A new type of guiding catheter that may be used for retrograde transmitral
      catheterization of the left atrium is described. The catheter has a 9F diameter
      and incorporates a steering arm by means of which the catheter tip may be made to
      curve through an arc of 0 to 180 degrees, entirely through external manipulation.
      In this way the tip of the guiding catheter may be positioned below the mitral
      valve orifice and used for the introduction of a smaller catheter into the left
      atrial cavity. We tested the system in 20 patients, eight of whom had mitral
      stenosis. Left atrial catheterization was successful in all cases, and no
      difficulties were encountered in entry of the left atrium, nor were there any
      complications during or after the procedure. The technique will provide useful in
      the study of left atrial function (hemodynamic, electrophysiologic, secretory).
      It may also be helpful in percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty by permitting
      retrograde, rather than transseptal, access to the left atrium.

PMID- 2301226
TI  - Geographic variation in sudden coronary death.
AB  - To describe geographic variations in an indicator of sudden coronary death, data
      from the National Center for Health Statistics were examined for deaths occurring
      out of hospital or in emergency rooms in 1984 to 1986 in 42 states. In white
      males aged 55 to 64 years, the percent of ischemic heart disease deaths coded as
      occurring out of hospital or in the ER ranged from 49.6% to 70.4%. The percents
      tended to be higher in mountain states and around Lake Michigan. However,
      neighboring states sometimes had very different percents. Within regions,
      percents were higher in nonmetropolitan than in metropolitan areas. Standard
      mortality ratios for white males of all ages revealed that several states had
      relatively high rates of death out of hospital or in the ER. These included New
      York, Michigan, and Wisconsin. High rates of coronary death out of hospital or in
      the ER may be due to high overall coronary death rates, high percent of coronary
      deaths occurring out of hospital or in the ER, or both. Further studies are
      needed of geographic variation in sudden coronary death and cardiac arrest and
      factors that might explain the variation such as emergency medical services.
      Place of death data from death certificates may be useful in monitoring efforts
      to prevent sudden coronary death.

PMID- 2301227
TI  - Walk-through angina treated by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty:
      electrocardiographic, radionuclide, and angiographic correlations.

PMID- 2301228
TI  - Spontaneous thrombolysis in a suboccluded saphenous vein graft.

PMID- 2301229
TI  - Congenital coronary artery anomalies in Noonan's syndrome.

PMID- 2301231
TI  - Inferior infarction with large nonapical mobile thrombus mimicking myxoma.

PMID- 2301230
TI  - Giant inferior wall left ventricular aneurysm.

PMID- 2301232
TI  - Unusual presentation and echocardiographic features of surgically proven
      nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis.

PMID- 2301233
TI  - Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum: diagnosis by percutaneous
      transvenous biopsy.

PMID- 2301234
TI  - Ascending aortic aneurysm masquerading as fever, altered mental status, and
      mediastinal mass.

PMID- 2301235
TI  - Unusual phrenic arteriovenous malformation mimicking pulmonary sequestration with
      heart failure: two cases successfully treated by surgery.

PMID- 2301236
TI  - Atrial alternans.

PMID- 2301237
TI  - Combined percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty of mitral and tricuspid valves.

PMID- 2301238
TI  - Left ventricular outflow obstruction caused by mitral ring calcification.

PMID- 2301239
TI  - Coexistence of congenital submitral and aortic sinus aneurysms.

PMID- 2301240
TI  - Fatal cardiac tamponade in systemic lupus erythematosus--a hazard of
      anticoagulation.

PMID- 2301241
TI  - Vasoselective calcium channel blockade: studies with oral and intravenous
      nicardipine. Newport Beach, California, March 17-19, 1989. Proceedings of a
      symposium.

PMID- 2301242
TI  - Acute pharmacokinetic and hemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus dosing of
      nicardipine.
AB  - The antihypertensive effects, duration of action, and pharmacokinetics of
      intravenous bolus doses of nicardipine were investigated in a series of patients
      with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Patients with a supine diastolic blood
      pressure between 95 and 114 mm Hg and a heart rate less than 90 beats/min who
      received no other antihypertensive medications were included in the study. On
      separate study days, single intravenous bolus doses of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 5,
      and 7 mg of nicardipine were administered over a 2-minute period. Blood pressure
      and heart rate were measured for 6 hours after an intravenous bolus of
      nicardipine was given, and serum nicardipine levels were measured throughout the
      study. Although the antihypertensive effect occurred immediately during the bolus
      infusion, peak average decreases in systolic and diastolic pressure ranged from
      20 to 25 and 15 to 44 mm Hg, respectively, and occurred 2.5 +/- 0.6 minutes after
      infusion. Heart rate increased by 12 to 40 beats/min during the peak effect. The
      mean duration of action after an intravenous bolus dose was 24 +/- 5 minutes. A
      dose-response relationship was observed, as both nicardipine dosage and plasma
      nicardipine concentration correlated with reduction in blood pressure. These data
      indicate that bolus administration of nicardipine may provide a practical
      approach for the rapid parenteral treatment of hypertensive states.

PMID- 2301244
TI  - Acute antianginal hemodynamic effects of nicardipine in coronary artery disease.
AB  - To define the short-term effects of intravenous nicardipine on exercise- and
      pacing-induced myocardial ischemia, 15 men with coronary artery disease were
      studied. Nicardipine was administered as a 2 mg bolus followed by an infusion,
      titrated to maintain a 10 to 20 mm Hg decrease in systolic arterial pressure. At
      rest, nicardipine significantly decreased systemic and coronary vascular
      resistances and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure but increased coronary
      blood flow, heart rate, and myocardial oxygen consumption. With bicycle exercise
      performed to evoke myocardial ischemia, nicardipine prolonged exercise duration,
      time to of 1 mm ST segment depression, and increased cardiac work to onset of
      angina in most patients. These changes in cardiac performance were not associated
      with alteration in the product of systolic pressure and heart rate or with
      increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. During increased heart rate
      induced by atrial pacing to cause ischemia, the heart rate threshold for
      myocardial ischemia was not changed by nicardipine. This occurred despite
      decreased myocardial oxygen consumption, unchanged coronary blood flow, and
      otherwise similar hemodynamic changes as those observed during exercise. However,
      left ventricular end-diastolic pressure remained lower and stroke volume
      increased more after nicardipine with pacing stress when compared with
      observations before nicardipine with the same heart rate stress. These findings
      support beneficial antiischemic actions of nicardipine with possible prevention
      of ischemia-related left ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 2301243
TI  - Nicardipine versus placebo for the treatment of postoperative hypertension.
AB  - Postoperative hypertension can cause serious complications, including bleeding
      from fresh anastomoses, cardiovascular accident, and myocardial ischemia.
      Therefore rapid control of blood pressure is essential to prevent poor outcome.
      In this study, 30 American Society of Anesthesiologists class I and II patients
      who did not have cardiac surgery and subsequently developed postoperative
      hypertension were randomly assigned to receive either nicardipine, a new
      dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, or placebo. Intravenous nicardipine was
      given as a loading bolus of 10 mg/hr for 5 minutes and was titrated to 15 mg/hr
      if needed to achieve a therapeutic response. After therapeutic response,
      intravenous nicardipine was decreased to 3 mg/hr and subsequently titrated in
      increments of 1.0 to 2.5 mg/hr to maintain blood pressure control. Systolic and
      diastolic blood pressures during titration and maintenance did not differ
      significantly from preoperative levels in patients treated with nicardipine. The
      mean time to therapeutic response for the nicardipine-treated group was 8.67 +/-
      1.46 minutes, and the median time to offset of action was 15 minutes. Eleven of
      the 12 patients who received placebo were crossed over to antihypertensive
      therapy, and of these, 10 received intravenous nicardipine. In this group all
      achieved therapeutic response in 7.3 +/- 1.18 minutes. The usefulness of
      intravenous nicardipine for postoperative hypertension was demonstrated in this
      study by: (1) the rapid control of blood pressure, (2) its continued efficacy
      during maintenance, and (3) little need to adjust dosage to control blood
      pressure.

PMID- 2301245
TI  - Nicardipine and propranolol in the treatment of hypertension: similar
      antihypertensive but dissimilar hemodynamic actions.
AB  - Although the precise cause of essential hypertension is not known, empiric
      treatment is indicated to reduce cardiovascular risks. Several pharmacologic
      classes of a antihypertensive drugs are available to reduce blood pressure, but
      they do so by different hemodynamic mechanisms. The physiologic therapeutic goal
      in patients with hypertension is to normalize the systemic vascular resistance
      without inducing major alterations in the cardiac output. In this study we
      compared the antihypertensive and hemodynamic actions of nicardipine, a calcium
      antagonist, with propranolol, a beta-blocking drug. Both drugs were effective in
      the treatment of hypertension. However, while propranolol therapy decreased the
      resting and exercise left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac output,
      cardiac function was well preserved during nicardipine therapy. It is concluded
      that both nicardipine and propranolol exert similar antihypertensive actions but
      that they cause dissimilar hemodynamic consequences in patients with
      uncomplicated hypertension.

PMID- 2301246
TI  - Challenges facing pharmacy practice.

PMID- 2301247
TI  - The new era of paperless claims.

PMID- 2301248
TI  - Researching the market: initial steps in designing a marketing program.
AB  - Collecting data about the marketplace is critical for designing a marketing plan.
      The manager needs to know what types of people are in the market, what pharmacy
      services they need, who the competitors are and what their strengths and
      weaknesses are, and where opportunities exist for creating a market niche for the
      pharmacy. Typically, the pharmacist collects both published and primary data and
      uses the information gained to position the pharmacy to better serve the needs of
      selected groups of patients and physicians. The February issue will discuss
      putting the data to use.

PMID- 2301249
TI  - Industrial hygiene with no limits.

PMID- 2301250
TI  - An evaluation of the effect of source and concentration on three methods for the
      measurement of formaldehyde in indoor air.
AB  - Three methods for measuring formaldehyde (HCHO) in indoor air were evaluated
      under field and laboratory conditions using different sources and concentrations
      of formaldehyde in air. Two impinger methods (the chromotropic acid method and
      modified pararosaniline method) and the Draeger short-term detector tube method
      (with and without activation tubes) were compared when sampling for formaldehyde
      from a particle board box, formalin solution, and a conventional home.
      Concentrations of formaldehyde ranged from 0.05-0.5 ppm in air. All samples were
      collected independently using personal sampling pumps and a Draeger bellows pump.
      The results indicate that the Draeger tube method using an activation tube gives
      lower results than either of the impinger methods. Without using an activation
      tube (concentrations greater than 0.5 ppm), the Draeger tube method was
      comparable to the two impinger methods. In addition, there are indications that
      the chromotropic acid method gives different results than the modified
      pararosaniline method, depending on the source of formaldehyde. The modified
      pararosaniline method indicated higher results than the chromotropic acid method
      when sampling from a particle board++ box but not from a formalin source. Overall
      analytical precision for each method of analysis was good.

PMID- 2301251
TI  - Reducing exposures to airborne lead in a covered, outdoor firing range by using
      totally copper-jacketed bullets.
AB  - A study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of reducing or eliminating
      airborne lead concentrations at a covered, outdoor firing range by using totally
      copper-jacketed ammunition. Used in the study were 38-caliber-special police
      revolvers, and firings were conducted with 38-caliber, totally copper-jacketed
      bullets. The mean lead levels in general area air samples and personal breathing
      zone samples were 9.53 micrograms/m3 and 5.88 micrograms/m3, respectively,
      calculated as an 8-hr, time-weighted average (TWA). The mean copper levels in
      general area samples and personal breathing zone samples were 0.8 micrograms/m3
      and 1.43 micrograms/m3, respectively. These concentrations in general area air
      samples and personal breathing zone samples were well below the current
      Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit
      (PEL) for occupational exposure to inorganic lead (50 micrograms/m3) and for
      copper (100 micrograms/m3). No significant difference was found between blood
      lead levels before and after firing totally copper-jacketed bullets. Based on
      comparison with results from a comparable study using nonjacketed lead
      ammunition, it was concluded that the use of totally copper-jacketed bullets
      significantly reduced airborne lead levels by a factor of 21 in the personal
      breathing zone samples and by a factor of 7.5 in the general area air samples.

PMID- 2301252
TI  - Biological monitoring for workers exposed to 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline).
AB  - Absorption of 4,4'-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) was assessed for five
      workers over one week in a polyurethane elastomer factory by measuring urinary
      MBOCA levels by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an
      electrochemical detector. Personal air exposure levels of MBOCA ranged from 0.2
      to 8.9 micrograms/m3. The mean urinary MBOCA levels at the beginning and the end
      of the work shift were 3.1-81.5 and 2.4-96.6 micrograms/g creatinine,
      respectively. The differences between preshift and postshift urinary MBOCA values
      were not significant in all workers, according to the paired t-test. The urinary
      levels after a two-day holiday (on Monday morning) were almost equal to those of
      preshift levels on other weekdays. Urinary excretion of MBOCA was much higher
      than the estimated MBOCA levels from personal exposure measurements, suggesting
      that a significant amount of MBOCA is absorbed by routes other than inhalation.
      These results lend strong support for the need to monitor exposure control by
      urinary MBOCA measurement.

PMID- 2301253
TI  - Frequency and importance of silent myocardial ischemia identified with ambulatory
      electrocardiographic monitoring in the early in-hospital period after acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - The incidence and clinical significance of silent myocardial ischemia occurring
      in the early period after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was studied in 59
      patients who had an uncomplicated early course after admission for AMI.
      Calibrated 2-lead ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring performed for 39 +/-
      2 hours starting 4 +/- 1 days after AMI identified silent myocardial ischemia,
      defined as greater than or equal to 1 mm ST-segment change lasting greater than
      or equal to 2 minutes, in 27 patients. These patients had 5 +/- 1 episodes
      lasting a median of 11 minutes/episode (range 2 to 36 minutes/episode). Patients
      with and without silent ischemia had comparable baseline demographics, were
      receiving similar anti-ischemic medications and had similar severity of coronary
      disease by angiography. No reinfarctions occurred during the in-hospital period.
      Fourteen of 27 patients (52%) with silent ischemia had greater than or equal to 1
      in-hospital clinical ischemic event (pulmonary edema, n = 5, cardiac death, n =
      1, and postinfarction angina, n = 11). In contrast, only 7 of 32 patients without
      silent ischemia (22%) had greater than or equal to 1 in-hospital event (pulmonary
      edema, n = 1, cardiac death, n = 1, and postinfarction angina, n = 6). The
      frequency of ischemic events was significantly greater in patients with silent
      ischemia compared to those without silent ischemia, p less than 0.02. Silent
      ischemia occurs frequently very early after AMI and identifies a group of
      patients who are at increased risk for adverse in-hospital clinical outcomes.

PMID- 2301254
TI  - Role of previous angina pectoris and collateral flow to preserve left ventricular
      function in the presence or absence of myocardial infarction in isolated total
      occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine whether previous angina pectoris and
      collateral circulation influenced myocardial function after isolated coronary
      occlusion. In 58 consecutive patients, coronary angiography showed a complete
      isolated occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery; 43 patients
      (74%) had previous myocardial infarction. Duration of previous angina pectoris
      was defined as the time from the first ischemic symptom to the date of myocardial
      infarction or of coronary angiography in the absence of myocardial infarction.
      Left ventricular ejection fraction was measured on the 30 degrees right anterior
      oblique projection of the left ventricular angiogram. Collateral circulation was
      graded as follows: none or filling limited to side branches (group 1) and partial
      or complete filling of the epicardial arterial segment (group 2). Group 2 (40
      patients) had higher ejection fraction (57 vs 38%; p less than 0.0001) and longer
      duration of previous angina pectoris (11 vs 0.1 months; p less than 0.002) than
      group 1 (18 patients). A longer duration of previous angina pectoris probably
      allows collateral development before coronary occlusion in 1-vessel coronary
      artery disease, thereby limiting myocardial damage.

PMID- 2301255
TI  - Left atrial function in acute transient left ventricular ischemia produced during
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of the left anterior descending
      coronary artery.
AB  - Left atrial (LA) function was studied in 32 patients during percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty of the proximal left anterior descending artery
      with a dual micromanometer positioned transseptally in the left atrium and in the
      left ventricle. In 10 patients LA and left ventricular (LV) cineangiography was
      performed 30 minutes before percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and 30
      seconds after the occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery.
      Thirty seconds after left anterior descending occlusion, LV peak systolic
      pressure decreased from 135 +/- 12 to 106 +/- 9 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and LV
      maximum dP/dt decreased from 1,634 +/- 136 to 1,137 +/- 127 mm Hg/s (p less than
      0.01). Simultaneously, LA mean pressure increased from 11 +/- 2 to 29 +/- 1 mm Hg
      (p 177 +/- 13 to 381 +/- 21 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). There was a difference
      between LV end-diastolic pressure and LA mean pressure of 1.5 mm Hg at rest and
      7.8 mm Hg during ischemia and LA pulse pressure increased from 16 +/- 3 to 26 +/-
      3 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) together with increase of LA A and V waves peak
      pressure. LV stroke volume index decreased from 46 +/- 5 to 43 +/- 3 ml/m2
      (difference not significant). The LA maximal volume increased from 18 +/- 2 to 29
      +/- 3 ml/m2 (p less than 0.001). LA volume before LA contraction increased from
      29 +/- 2 to 54 +/- 3 ml/m2 (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301256
TI  - Alcohol consumption, serum lipids and severity of angiographically determined
      coronary artery disease.
AB  - The relation of alcohol consumption to serum lipids and the severity of coronary
      atherosclerosis was examined in 212 men undergoing coronary angiography. The
      severity of coronary atherosclerosis was assessed in terms of the presence of
      greater than or equal to 75% diameter stenosis and the Gensini severity score.
      Alcohol consumption was divided into 4 categories: none (0 ml alcohol/week),
      light (1 to 100 ml alcohol/week), moderate (101 to 300 ml alcohol/week) and heavy
      (greater than or equal to 301 ml alcohol/week). Alcohol consumption was
      positively related to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and inversely related
      to total cholesterol, but was not associated with triglyceride. After adjustment
      for these serum lipids as well as for cigarette smoking and systemic
      hypertension, the risk of coronary stenosis was significantly decreased in the
      moderate drinkers. A decreased risk among moderate drinkers also was noted in
      terms of Gensini's severity score. These findings suggest that moderate alcohol
      consumption may protect against severe coronary atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2301257
TI  - Lack of correlation between transient myocardial ischemia and late potentials on
      the signal-averaged electrocardiogram.
AB  - The relation between transient myocardial ischemia and late potentials was
      investigated in 100 patients with coronary artery disease who underwent serial
      recordings of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram before, during and after
      dipyridamole infusion. During this test, 47 patients (group 1) developed
      transient myocardial ischemia (with ST elevation in 14 cases and ST depression in
      33), whereas 53 patients (group 2) did not. Baseline signal-averaged
      electrocardiogram was abnormal in 20 patients (20%): a QRS duration greater than
      115 ms was seen in 6 patients, a late potential (root mean square voltage of last
      40 ms of QRS [RMS40] less than 25 microV) in 9, both abnormalities in 5, with no
      significant differences between groups 1 and 2 (26 vs 15%, respectively). In both
      groups, comparison of recordings obtained before, during and after dipyridamole
      test revealed no significant changes in QRS duration and RMS40. Absence of
      significant differences was also observed when patients with transient ischemic
      ST elevation or ST depression were examined separately. During the test, 100% of
      abnormal basal recordings remained abnormal and 98% of normal recordings remained
      within normal limits. In only 2 patients (from group 1) RMS40, which showed
      borderline values at baseline, decreased to abnormal values during dipyridamole
      test. These data suggest that electrophysiologic abnormalities induced by
      transient myocardial ischemia may not bear any relation with the substrate for
      chronic reentrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias, as reflected by late potentials
      on the signal-averaged electrocardiogram.

PMID- 2301258
TI  - Quantitative analysis of amounts of coronary arterial narrowing in cocaine
      addicts.
AB  - From January 1979 to February 1989, 22 cocaine addicts were studied at necropsy.
      The 22 patients were divided into 2 groups: death associated with increased
      cocaine levels at necropsy (13 patients, aged 23 to 45 years [mean 32], and mean
      total blood cocaine level, 0.36 mg/dl) and noncocaine-related death (9 patients,
      aged 15 to 50 years [mean 32]). Of the 22 patients, 17 were men and 5 were women;
      19 were black and 3 were white. Gross examination in the 22 patients disclosed
      that 8 patients (36%) had 1 or more of the 4 major (left main, left anterior
      descending, left circumflex, and right) coronary arteries narrowed at some point
      greater than 75% in cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaque. In 17 cases,
      the 4 major epicardial coronary arteries were divided into 805 five-mm long
      segments and a histologic section was prepared from each segment: of the 12
      patients with a cocaine-related death, 41 (8%) of 544 five-mm coronary segments
      were narrowed 76 to 100% and 106 segments (19%) were narrowed 51 to 75% in cross
      sectional area by plaque. Of the 5 cocaine addicts who did not die from cocaine
      overdose, 8 (3%) of 261 five-mm coronary segments were narrowed 76 to 100% and 19
      segments (7%) were narrowed 51 to 75% in cross-sectional area by plaque. The
      frequency of coronary artery disease was greater in patients dying with cocaine
      in their blood at necropsy compared to those whose death was not cocaine
      related.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301259
TI  - Attenuation of exercise-induced ST depression during combined isometric and
      dynamic exercise in coronary artery disease.
AB  - ST-segment depression was measured during submaximal dynamic (treadmill) and
      combined isometric-dynamic (isodynamic) exercise at comparable rate-pressure
      products in 11 patients (mean age 63 years) with stable coronary artery disease
      who were participating in an exercise training program. Each patient completed 3
      separate trials. Trial 1 (baseline) was a submaximal treadmill exercise test to
      determine the threshold heart rate-systolic blood pressure (rate-pressure
      product) for ST-segment depression (greater than or equal to 1.0 mm). During
      trials 2 and 3, patients performed (in random order) dynamic treadmill exercise
      and isodynamic exercise (treadmill walking 1.5 to 2.0 mph carrying 15 to 25 kg)
      until threshold rate-pressure product was achieved. During trial 1, each patient
      showed significant ST depression (mean 1.7 mm) at target rate-pressure product
      (mean 18,200). Subsequent dynamic exercise trials 2 and 3 showed similar mean ST
      depression (1.5 mm) and rate-pressure product (18,000). During isodynamic
      exercise trials 2 and 3, subjects showed only minimal ST depression (mean 0.4 mm)
      at a rate-pressure product similar to dynamic exercise (mean 18,590). Heart rates
      were significantly lower (-10/min) and systolic (+20 mm Hg) and diastolic (+25 mm
      Hg) pressure was higher during isodynamic exercise (p less than 0.05). The rate
      pressure product is not a valid index of ST response during isodynamic exercise
      in stable exercise-trained cardiac patients. Attenuation of ST depression during
      isodynamic exercise may be attributed to a combination of increased diastolic
      perfusion pressure, decreased heart rate and possibly to reductions in venous
      return and ventricular diastolic wall tension due to increased intrathoracic and
      abdominal pressure.

PMID- 2301260
TI  - Relation of syncope in young patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome to
      rapid ventricular response during atrial fibrillation.
AB  - Syncope in patients due to Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome may be related
      either to a rapid rate of supraventricular tachycardia or to rapid ventricular
      response over the accessory pathway during atrial fibrillation (AF). From 1982 to
      1987, 74 patients less than or equal to 25 years old (mean age 12.6 years) with
      WPW syndrome on electrocardiogram underwent electrophysiologic study. Of the 74
      patients, 14 (19%) had a history of syncope. During electrophysiologic study 9 of
      14 patients with syncope had sustained (greater than 5 minutes or requiring
      termination due to hypotension) AF. Of the remaining 5 patients, 3 had inducible
      nonsustained AF and 2 had no AF. None of the 60 patients without syncope
      developed sustained AF; 34 had nonsustained and 26 had no AF. Occurrence of
      sustained AF had a sensitivity of 64% and specificity of 100% for history of
      syncope. All patients with syncope and AF (12) had a short RR interval between 2
      consecutive preexcited QRS complexes during AF at less than or equal to 220 ms,
      in contrast to 9 of 34 patients without syncope (p less than 0.001, sensitivity
      100%, specificity 74%). No patient with a short RR interval between 2 consecutive
      preexcited QRS complexes during AF of greater than 220 ms had a history of
      syncope. Thus, in these young patients with WPW syndrome, occurrence of AF with a
      rapid ventricular response during electrophysiologic study correlated well with a
      history of syncope and may be the cause of syncope in most patients.
      Electrophysiologic study may be helpful in identification of young patients with
      WPW at risk for syncope.

PMID- 2301261
TI  - Value of esophageal pacing in evaluation of supraventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Esophageal stimulation was performed in 40 patients who had spontaneous
      paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs). The purpose of this study was to
      look for the most sensitive stimulation protocol and criteria that would help to
      define the mechanism of reentry. In 20 patients (group I) atrial pacing up to
      second-degree atrioventricular block was performed under control conditions and
      isoproterenol, and SVT was induced in 14 patients (70%), 11 in the control state
      and 3 while receiving isoproterenol. In 20 patients (group II) atrial pacing and
      programmed atrial stimulation using 1 and 2 extrastimuli delivered at 2 cycle
      lengths (600 and 500 ms) was performed in the control state and while receiving
      isoproterenol. SVT was induced in all patients, in 13 patients in the control
      state and in 7 while receiving isoproterenol. Programmed stimulation always
      induced SVT and was the only method capable of tachycardia induction in 14
      patients. The mechanism of SVT could be established in 91%. The measurement of
      the ventriculoatrial interval was the most useful sign to define the site of
      reentry. Occurrence of a bundle branch block helped to delineate the mechanism in
      4 patients. When a positive P wave in V1 preceded the esophageal atrial
      electrocardiogram, it suggested that there was reentry through a left-sided
      accessory atrioventricular connection in 6 patients. SVT could always be induced
      by programmed atrial stimulation in the control state and under isoproterenol.
      The location of the P wave in V1 compared to the ventriculogram and the
      esophageal electrocardiogram helped to define the mechanism of tachycardia.

PMID- 2301262
TI  - Effect of postural stimulation on systemic hemodynamics and sympathetic nervous
      activity in systemic hypertension.
AB  - The contributions of the carotid sinus and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes to the
      interindividual variation in sympathetic nervous system activation caused by
      postural adaptation were indirectly assessed in 68 mild hypertensive subjects.
      Supine and upright plasma norepinephrine (NE), blood pressure (cuff) and cardiac
      output (acetylene rebreathing) were measured. Mean arterial pressure (MAP),
      carotid sinus pressure, stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance were
      calculated. Stroke volume was assumed to be proportional to the degree of stretch
      of cardiac mechanoreceptors, carotid sinus MAP was assumed to be proportional to
      carotid sinus stretch and plasma NE to reflect sympathetic nervous activity.
      Plasma NE correlated inversely with stroke volume (r = -0.62, p less than 10(-14]
      and estimated carotid sinus MAP (r = -0.33, p less than 0.0002) and positively
      with systemic vascular resistance (r = 0.59, p less than 10(-10]. Holding
      systemic vascular resistance constant by partial regression, the inverse relation
      between plasma NE and stroke volume remained (partial r = -0.36, p less than
      0.02). Multiple linear regression yielded the equation: plasma NE (pg/ml) = 720 +
      4.3 age - 5.1 stroke volume (ml) - 1.0 carotid sinus MAP (mm Hg). Substituting
      mean supine and upright values for stroke volume and carotid sinus MAP in this
      equation, it can be roughly estimated that changes in stroke volume account for
      as much as 60% of the postural variation in plasma NE in hypertensives, whereas
      only 15% of this variation is caused by changes in carotid sinus pressure. These
      findings suggest that cardiopulmonary baroreflexes are primary activators of the
      sympathetic nervous system during postural adaptation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2301263
TI  - Follow-up in mitral valve prolapse by phonocardiography, M-mode and two
      dimensional echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - To assess the serial phonocardiographic and echocardiographic change in patients
      with mitral valve prolapse (MVP), phonocardiograms and echocardiograms were
      reviewed retrospectively in 116 patients (48 men and 68 women, mean age 27 years)
      who had been determined to have MVP and were reexamined 4.3 years (range 1 to 14)
      later by phonocardiography and echocardiography between 1971 and 1988. Follow-up
      phonocardiograms showed periods when 5 of 18 patients with silent MVP developed
      mid- or late systolic clicks. Of 57 patients with mid- or late systolic clicks,
      15 had silent MVP, 6 developed a late systolic murmur with or without systolic
      clicks and 1 developed a pansystolic murmur. Two of 9 patients with an isolated
      late systolic murmur developed a pansystolic murmur. M-mode echocardiograms
      showed that left atrial and left ventricular dimensions at end-diastole and end
      systole increased in patients with systolic murmur (33 +/- 10 vs 35 +/- 11, 46 +/
      6 vs 50 +/- 7 and 29 +/- 4 vs 31 +/- 5 mm, respectively, all p less than 0.001)
      and no statistically significant changes in any of these dimensions were found in
      patients without a systolic murmur. The degree of MVP evaluated by the
      anteroposterior mitral leaflet angle on the 2-dimensional echocardiogram was more
      severe in patients with a systolic murmur than in patients without systolic
      murmur (157 +/- 12 vs 131 +/- 16 degrees, p less than 0.001). The degree of
      prolapse did not change during the follow-up periods. The number of patients with
      mitral regurgitation detected by pulsed Doppler echocardiography increased from
      21 of 72 (29%) to 31 of 72 (43%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301265
TI  - Angiographic and electrophysiologic substrates of ventricular tachycardia in
      chronic Chagasic myocarditis.
AB  - Forty-three consecutive symptomatic patients with chronic Chagasic myocarditis
      and ventricular tachycardia (VT) underwent clinical evaluation, 24-hour Holter
      monitoring, left ventricular angiography and electrophysiologic testing including
      programmed ventricular stimulation at 3 drive cycle lengths at 2 sites in the
      right ventricle. The mean ejection fraction was 42 +/- 10%. Sixteen patients had
      clinical sustained VT and 27 nonsustained VT. VT was reproducibly initiated in 13
      of 16 (81%) patients with sustained VT and in 14 of 27 (52%) patients with
      nonsustained VT. Electrocardiographic conduction disturbances were seen in 15 of
      16 (94%) patients with sustained VT and in 17 of 27 (63%) patients with
      nonsustained VT (p less than 0.05). Five of 16 (31%) sustained VT and none of
      nonsustained VT patients had left ventricular aneurysms (p less than 0.05). These
      data indicate that VT is frequently inducible in patients with sustained VT and
      nonsustained VT and chronic Chagasic myocarditis. An association appears to be
      present between conduction disturbances on the electrocardiogram, left
      ventricular aneurysms and development of sustained ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 2301264
TI  - In vivo identification of mitral valve fibrosis and calcium by real-time
      quantitative ultrasonic analysis.
AB  - Conventional echocardiography provides fundamental information about mitral valve
      morphology and function but has a relatively low specificity in evaluating valve
      calcific deposits, which is critical information for the preoperative decision to
      perform commisurotomy or replacement. In vitro radiofrequency ultrasonic
      quantitative analysis of the mitral valve has been demonstrated to be a reliable
      tool in identifying normal, fibrotic and calcific valves. This study evaluates
      quantitative ultrasound characterization of the mitral valve in vivo. Thirty
      three patients, scheduled to undergo mitral valve replacement, and 20 normal
      subjects (10 young and 10 older control subjects) were studied with a 2.25-MHz
      transducer. Radiofrequency signal was analyzed by a microprocessor system (used
      with an M-mode commercially available echocardiograph) for on-line evaluation of
      ultrasonic backscatter with 8 bits of amplitude resolution, 40-MHz sampling rate
      and a 1-microsecond acquisition gate. The integrated value of the rectified
      radiofrequency signal amplitude was deemed the integrated backscatter index. The
      highest value recorded with the ultrasonic analysis from each valve was taken as
      representative and expressed as the percent value with respect to the pericardial
      integrated backscatter index value of that subject. The 33 excised mitral valves
      underwent histologic examination. Four groups were identified: young controls
      (group I, n = 10); older controls age-matched with patients (group II, n = 10);
      patients with fibrotic mitral valves (group III, n = 13); and patients with
      calcific mitral valves (group IV, n = 20).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301266
TI  - Regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in idiopathic dilated
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - An evaluation and a comparison of left ventricular regional wall motion were
      performed in 32 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, none of whom had
      coronary artery diameter stenosis exceeding 20% in any major artery, and 17
      control subjects, using frame by frame video intensity analysis of digitized
      ventriculograms. This technique evaluates the whole cardiac cycle in short
      overlapping intervals and yields information for systolic and diastolic events,
      without assumptions regarding the position and orientation of the ventricle.
      Diastolic regional wall motion abnormalities were found in 31 of 32 patients and
      systolic abnormalities were present in 16 patients. Asynchronous regions most
      commonly detected during diastole were anteroapical and apical; they were found
      in 19 of 32 patients. Regional contraction abnormality was observed in the apical
      and the anteroapical regions in 6 of 16 patients. Dilatation-induced changes in
      left ventricular shape exaggerate the phenomenon of higher wall stress at the
      apex of the normal ventricle. Basal wall motion is thus relatively preserved in
      dilated cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2301268
TI  - Reproducibility and circadian rhythm of heart rate variability in healthy
      subjects.

PMID- 2301267
TI  - Accuracy of digital Holter monitoring of extent and duration of ischemic episodes
      compared to analog recording.
AB  - Analog amplitude-modulated Holter devices are in widespread use for arrhythmia
      detection, but their reliability remains questioned for ST-segment analysis. In
      contrast, recently developed digital Holter devices immediately digitize and
      analyze the electrocardiogram (ECG) on-line and may therefore be more reliable
      for ST-segment analysis. To test this hypothesis, the results of digital, on
      line, 2-channel ST-segment analysis were directly compared to those of analog
      amplitude-modulated recordings in identical leads (CM5 and CM3), using a
      stripchart recorder meeting the American Heart Association specifications as the
      standard. Thirty-five patients (25 with coronary artery disease and 10 control
      subjects) underwent graded treadmill exercise testing. The reference ECG mean
      value for ST-segment depression in CM5 was -1.4 +/- 1.2 mm and in CM3 -0.5 +/-
      1.2 mm. For digital analysis, the mean values and correlation coefficients for
      CM5 were -1.5 +/- 1.1 mm (r = 0.97) and for CM3 -0.8 +/- 1.3 mm (r = 0.93). For
      analog recording, the results for CM5 were -2.1 +/- 1.7 mm (r = 0.88) and for CM3
      -1.3 +/- 1.9 mm (r = 0.85). The mean duration of ST-segment depression with the
      reference ECG was 7.1 +/- 4.1 minutes. Digital Holter showed a significantly
      better agreement (7.4 +/- 4.4 min, r = 0.97) than analog Holter (9.6 +/- 5.6 min,
      r = 0.84). Because analog amplitude-modulated Holter recordings overestimated the
      degree and duration of ischemic episode, digital, on-line and full disclosure
      devices should be preferred to assess myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2301269
TI  - Utility of a stimulus artifact suppressor for transesophageal pacing.

PMID- 2301271
TI  - A symposium: Thrombosis and antithrombotic therapy--direction for the '90s. April
      13-16, 1989, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

PMID- 2301270
TI  - The complex of myxomas, pigmentation and endocrine overactivity.

PMID- 2301272
TI  - Diagnosis of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are closely related disorders. As many
      as 70 to 80% of patients with pulmonary embolism have associated proximal deep
      venous thrombosis. The clinical diagnosis alone of both venous thrombosis and
      pulmonary embolism is inaccurate because of the insensitivity and nonspecificity
      of findings, a problem that also occurs with a variety of other disorders.
      Invasive, objective tests are still the reference standard, but they are not
      always easy to perform, they cannot be used for a considerable number of very ill
      patients, and they create some patient discomfort. There is an increasing trend
      toward using noninvasive methods, either alone or in combination. These methods
      entail less risk, can be performed more quickly and conveniently, and are usually
      more cost-effective. Practical approaches to diagnosing venous thrombosis and
      pulmonary embolism in the clinical setting are discussed.

PMID- 2301273
TI  - Implantation, development of the fetal membranes, and placentation in the captive
      black mastiff bat, Molossus ater.
AB  - Uterine events during pregnancy were examined histologically in laboratory-bred
      black mastiff bats (Molossus ater) as part of an effort to develop this species
      as a model for studies of the factors controlling trophoblastic growth. Embryos
      entered the uterus at the morula stage and in most cases shed their zonae
      pellucidae reasonably intact, apparently as blastocyst expansion occurred.
      Implantation was superficial and observed to occur only in the right uterine
      horn. During implantation to the endometrium by both blastocyst expansion and
      closure of the uterine lumen. A decidual reaction was evident at an early stage
      of uterine epithelial displacement and spread rapidly through the endometrium.
      Initial trophoblastic proliferation occurred along the uterine lumen and into the
      glands, while its invasion of the endometrial stroma was delayed. Although one or
      several primordial cavities have been observed to develop within the epiblast
      during implantation, these subsequently opened to a trophoepiblastic cavity, and
      the definitive amnion was formed by folding. A choriovitelline placenta was
      present briefly at thesomite stage, but disappeared as the exocoelom enlarged and
      the yolk sac collapsed. The latter persisted through pregnancy, however, as a
      glandular-appearing body. As the yolk sac retracted from the chorion, it was
      replaced by allantoic mesoderm, creating a diffuse labyrinthine
      endotheliodichorial placenta. This was prominent during mid-gestation, but was
      supplanted by the discoidal hemochorial placenta as the major site of feto
      maternal exchange during late pregnancy.

PMID- 2301274
TI  - Blastocyst implantation in the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus).
AB  - Embryonic development of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) was studied
      from the onset of implantation to the formation of the parietal yolk sac
      placenta. Implantation began on day 6 of pregnancy, when the embryo became fixed
      to the uterine luminal epithelium. At this time there was no zona pellucida, and
      microvilli of the trophoblast and uterine epithelium were closely apposed.
      Stromal cells immediately adjacent to the implantation chamber began to enlarge
      and accumulate glycogen. By day 7 the mural trophoblast penetrated the luminal
      epithelium in discrete area. The trophoblast appeared to phagocytize uterine
      epithelial cells, although epithelium adjoining the points of penetration was
      normal. In other areas nascent apical protrusions from the uterine epithelium
      indented the surface of the trophoblast. The epiblast had enlarged and both
      visceral and parietal endoderm cells were present. The well-developed decidual
      cells were epithelioid and completely surrounded the implantation chamber. On day
      8 the uterine epithelium had disappeared along the mural surface of the embryo.
      The embryonic cell mass was elongated and filled the yolk sac cavity. Reichert's
      membrane was well developed. The uterine epithelial basal lamina was largely
      disrupted, and the trophoblast was in direct contact with decidual cells. Primary
      and secondary giant trophoblast cells were present and in contact with
      extravasated maternal blood. The mural trophoblast formed channels in which blood
      cells were found in close proximity to Reichert's membrane. Decidual cells were
      in contact with capillary epithelium and in some cases formed part of the vessel
      wall. Structural changes occurring in the embryo and endometrium during
      implantation in the Chinese hamster are described for the first time in this
      report and are compared to those described for some other myomorph rodents.

PMID- 2301275
TI  - Light and electron microscopy studies of the ulnar, saphenous, and caudal
      cutaneous sural nerves of the dog.
AB  - Transverse sections of the ulnar, saphenous, and sural nerves taken at specific
      levels in normal, young-adult beagle dogs were examined qualitatively and
      quantitatively at both the light and electron microscopic levels. The aim of this
      investigation was to provide baseline information for future studies of
      peripheral nerve disease in this species. A systematic sampling technique was
      used for the determination of nerve components (i.e., unmyelinated axons and
      Schwann cell and fibroblast nuclei). In all nerves sampled, the average size
      distribution for unmyelinated axons was unimodal, and most of the axons were 0.4
      1.1 micron in diameter. Within this range, there were slight individual and nerve
      to-nerve variations in the location of the largest diameter peak. The mean
      densities of Schwann cell nuclei (numbers/mm2) ranged from 841/mm2 in the palmar
      branch of the ulnar nerve, to 1,223/mm2 in the caudal cutaneous sural nerve,
      being nearly four times the average density or fibroblast nuclei. In every animal
      and in almost every nerve, a few abnormalities were found; and these should be
      kept in mind when assessing peripheral nerves in the dog.

PMID- 2301276
TI  - Expression of novel basement membrane components in the developing human kidney
      and eye.
AB  - The distribution of two novel human, basement-membrane (BM) collagens has been
      characterized by immunohistochemical analysis of developing and mature tissue
      using monoclonal antibodies specific for the non-collagenous (NC1) domain of each
      molecule. A distribution more restricted than that of type IV collagen was
      observed. In the kidney, the 28K parent molecules appear relatively late, at the
      early capillary-loop stage of glomerular development, whereas type IV collagen is
      present in all BM, including those of the ureteric bud, S-form, primitive
      glomerulus, and vessels. Antibody to the Alport familial nephritis antigen (a 26K
      peptide), which is missing from epidermal BM and glomerular BM in Alport
      syndrome, reacted with the ureteral bud BM and all stages of glomerular BM
      development from the early capillary-loop stage onward, but not with BM of more
      primitive glomeruli (vesicles and S forms). In the human fetal eye, the collagen
      molecules from which the 28K NC1 peptides are derived appear later in development
      than type IV collagen. They are present in trace amounts in Bruch's membrane but
      are not detected until after birth in the retinal internal limiting membrane and
      cuticular and non-pigmented epithelial BM of the ciliary process. In contrast,
      the BM of the lens capsule and Descemet's membrane were reactive with anti-28K
      antibodies early in development. In all instances, the 28K peptides are detected
      in BM that also contain the Alport antigen, although the later is present in some
      BM not containing the 28K peptides. The distribution of Alport antigen and type
      IV collagen in developing eye is similar to that observed in the mature eye. The
      28K parent molecules appear to be expressed in concert with the maturation of the
      BM, coincident with fusion of glomerular endothelial and epithelial BM, whereas
      the lens capsule BM and Descemet's membrane contain these restricted components
      much earlier in gestation.

PMID- 2301277
TI  - Variations in immunoreactivity of angiotensinogen and cathepsins B and H in rat
      hepatocytes over 24 hours.
AB  - To examine variations in immunoreactivity of angiotensinogen and cathepsins B and
      H in hepatocytes over 24 hr, rat liver was examined immunohistochemically.
      Immunoreactivity of angiotensinogen and cathepsins B and H in periportal and
      perivenous hepatocytes varied significantly over 24 hr, when analyzed by an image
      analyzer. In periportal and perivenous hepatocytes, immunoreactivity of
      angiotensinogen was highest at 0800 hr and lowest at 2000 hr or 0000 hr, whereas
      that of cathepsins B and H was maximal at 1600 hr and minimal at 0400 hr or 0800
      hr. Proteolytic activities of cathepsins B and H in liver extracts varied in
      parallel to the variations in immunoreactivity of these enzymes. Localization of
      angiotensinogen in the liver acinus was inversely correlated to that of
      cathepsins B and H; angiotensinogen was predominantly localized in periportal
      hepatocytes, but cathepsins B and H were in perivenous hepatocytes at each time
      point examined. These results suggest that angiotensinogen in hepatocytes is
      actively synthesized and secreted early in the light period, whereas proteolytic
      activities in lysosomes of hepatocytes are augmented late in the light period.

PMID- 2301278
TI  - Morphogenesis of endoplasmic reticulum in Xenopus oocytes after microinjection of
      rat liver smooth microsomes.
AB  - We have determined the kinetics of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) reconstitution
      following insertion of rat-liver smooth microsomes (SM) into Xenopus oocyte
      cytoplasm using electron microscopy as well as cytochemistry and thick-section 3
      dimensional reconstruction. Oocytes were fixed 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 min
      after microinjection with SM and processed for thin- and thick-section electron
      microscopy. At 0 min postinjection, rat liver SM were observed as small vesicles
      and were loosely dispersed amongst oocyte organelles. At 10 min, tubules were
      discerned among many elongate vesicles; and these structures comprised large
      cytoplasmic regions delimited by mitochondria and yolk platelets. By 20 min,
      segregation of transplanted organelles yielded yolk-platelet-free regions
      composed of few vesicles but increasingly numerous, long and anastomosing
      tubules. By 40 min, a network with numerous tubular branches and fenestrations
      was observed among the few remaining vesicles. By 80 min, transformation of rat
      liver SM into a complex network of branching and anastomosing tubules was
      complete. Three-dimensional reconstruction revealed the network to be composed of
      interconnecting elements consisting of anastomosing tubules. The reconstituted
      network of anastomosing tubules in Xenopus oocytes was compared to the network of
      anastomosing tubules in rat liver hepatocytes and was found to be essentially
      identical. Network formation occurred in oocytes pretreated with either
      vinblastine (40 microM) or nocodazole (0.166 microM), and network organization
      was maintained in oocytes treated with the same drugs after microinjection and
      reconstitution. We conclude that SM retain sufficient molecular information for
      rapid self-assembly into structures resembling those in the cells from which they
      were derived. Both the assembly and maintenance of ER structure in oocyte
      cytoplasm are microtubule-independent. The formation of such structures following
      microinjection of SM into living cells provides a unique assay for this type of
      membrane subfraction.

PMID- 2301279
TI  - Variations in atrioventricular valve innervation in four species of mammals.
AB  - In this series of studies, the innervation patterns of whole-mount preparations
      of bicuspid and tricuspid valves were studied by light microscopy in the mouse,
      rat, guinea pig, and opossum. The acetylcholinesterase-positive networks of nerve
      fibers showed many similarities in the basic patterns of valve innervation in all
      of the species studied, but several interspecies variations were observed. The
      basal zone of the valve adjacent to the fibromuscular atrioventricular ring
      displayed the most dense plexus of nerves, with acetylcholinesterase-positive
      fibers being seen across the width of the valve. In the intermediate zone of the
      valve, less dense plexuses of nerve fibers were found; and these were more
      numerous in the cuspal areas and less numerous in the intervening commissural
      areas. In the distal portions of the valve, nerve networks arborized extensively,
      with some of their nerve fibers extending toward the chordae tendineae and the
      free edges of the valve cusps. Only in the guinea pig and opossum did these
      fibers reach the free margin of the valve cusp, where they either ended directly
      as free nerve endings or lay parallel to the free edge of the cusp, often running
      between adjacent chordae tendineae. Although the patterns of innervation were
      similar in both bicuspid and tricuspid valves, the innervation density of the
      bicuspid valve was greater than that of the tricuspid valve for each species
      examined. A distinguishing feature of guinea pig and opossum tricuspid valves was
      that their chordae tendineae were relatively more prominent and more densely
      innervated than the bicuspid chordae tendineae. Free nerve endings with no light
      microscopic evidence of specialization were present throughout the bicuspid and
      tricuspid valves of all species studied. Some nerve endings in the opossum showed
      evidence of specialization, with brush-like arborizations leading to presumed
      free terminals seen chiefly in the distal zone of the valve cusps. Although some
      general tendencies were apparent, we have demonstrated that interspecies
      heterogeneity exists in the terminal networks of the atrioventricular valves of
      mouse, rat, guinea pig, and opossum.

PMID- 2301280
TI  - Palmar-digital arterial networks in fifty pairs of human fetal hands:
      arteriographic models for clinical consideration.
AB  - Arterial networks in 50 pairs of human fetal hands, made visible by perfusion
      with radiopaque media, were compared between right and left hands. The imaged
      primary arterial networks in the fetal hands were also compared with those in
      adult human and rhesus monkey hands. It was found that superficial arch
      configurations and their primary ramifications are bilaterally similar in human
      fetal hands. The configurations of the primary arterial networks are established
      very early in prenatal growth and may be maintained into adulthood. The
      similarities in the arterial network arrangements between fetal human and rhesus
      monkey hands suggest that the rhesus monkey hand could provide an appropriate
      model for studies of surgical neurovascular anastomosis.

PMID- 2301281
TI  - Pulmonary blastoma. An immunohistochemical analysis with comparison with fetal
      lung in its pseudoglandular stage.
AB  - Pulmonary blastomas are believed to be mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumors
      that recapitulate the developing lung at 10-16 weeks gestation. The authors
      compared nine blastomas with ten fetal lungs in the pseudoglandular stage of
      development with a panel of antibodies to various lung antigens to evaluate
      immunophenotypic homology. Both blastomas and embryonal lungs showed expression
      of cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen in
      their epithelial elements, and both contained scattered chromogranin-positive
      neuroendocrine cells. Rare surfactant-producing and Clara cell antigen
      elaborating cells were identified in both groups. The mesenchymal components of
      blastomas and fetal lung showed smooth muscle, myofibroblastic, and blastematous
      differentiation. The blastematous elements demonstrated vimentin and keratin
      coexpression in four cases, providing some support for the contention that
      pluripotential blastema may give rise to the epithelial and mesenchymal elements
      of the distal lobule.

PMID- 2301283
TI  - Persistent lymphadenopathies in people at high risk for HIV infection.
      Clinicopathologic correlations and long-term follow-up in 79 cases.
AB  - Clinicopathologic correlations were explored in 79 patients at high risk for
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who had lymph node biopsy for
      persistent lymphadenopathies and were followed for intervals of up to 7.2 years.
      Three histologic patterns, follicular hyperplasia with cytolysis (A), follicular
      involution with hypervascularity (C), and a combination of the previous two (B),
      were recognized. Ninety lymph node biopsies (79 primary and 11 sequential) were
      classified into the three histologic patterns and the results correlated with the
      immunologic data and clinical course. Of 31 patients who showed a pattern A at
      the initial biopsy, the condition of 58% remained stationary and 42% progressed
      to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); of 31 patients who had initial B
      pattern, the condition of 36% remained stationary and 64% progressed to AIDS; and
      of 17 patients who initially had histologic pattern C, the condition of 6%
      remained stationary and 94% progressed to AIDS. Forty-one patients died during
      this follow-up, representing 32% of those who had a pattern A, 52% of those who
      had a pattern B, and 88% of those who had a pattern C at the initial lymph node
      biopsy. Medial survival times were 54.4 months for pattern A, 35.6 months for
      pattern B, and 8.4 months for pattern C. Sequential biopsies showed persistence
      of the same pattern or changes generally in the direction of pattern A to pattern
      C over variable amounts of time. Lymphocyte evaluation expressed by total counts
      of T4 cells, T8 cells, T4/T8 cell ratios, and anti-lymphocyte antibody levels
      expressed by increases in counts of surface immunoglobulin-positive lymphocytes
      showed positive correlations with lymph node histologic patterns. All three
      parameters proved to be useful prognostic indicators for the course of the HIV
      infection. The pathogenetic significance of lymph node histologic patterns,
      although not clearly understood, suggests the relation of follicular hyperplasia
      (pattern A) to acute viral lymphadenitis and of follicular involution with
      hypervascularity (pattern C) to cellular immune deficiency.

PMID- 2301282
TI  - The prognostic implication of thymoma histologic subtyping. A study of 80
      consecutive cases.
AB  - In this study the authors have investigated the clinicopathologic correlations in
      80 consecutive cases of thymoma in order to establish the clinical usefulness of
      histologic subtyping of these tumours. All cases were histologically examined and
      classified according to Salyer and Eggleston and to Marino and Muller-Hermelink
      classifications. Therefore, thymomas were subtyped as predominantly lymphocytic,
      mixed and predominantly epithelial and cortical, mixed and medullary,
      respectively. The frequency of the different histologic subtypes was determined,
      and histologic findings were related to patients' age, surgical stage, and
      survival. Through the application of Salyer and Eggleston classification, the
      three histologic subtypes did not correlate with patients' ages at time of
      diagnosis, surgical stage as determined by local infiltration, and prognosis as
      determined by survival curves. On the contrary, when Marino and Muller-Hermelink
      classification was applied, statistically significant relationships between
      histologic results and age, surgical stage, and prognosis were demonstrated.
      These results and their implications are discussed, with special reference to the
      important problem of histogenesis of thymomas and of their clinicopathologic
      staging.

PMID- 2301284
TI  - Differentiation of T-cell lymphoma from Hodgkin's disease. Mitotic rate and S
      phase analysis.
AB  - Flow cytometric DNA and proliferative compartment (S + G2M) analysis was
      performed on lymph nodes from 37 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and on 16
      lymph nodes plus 6 extranodal biopsies from 22 patients with peripheral T-cell
      lymphomas (PTCLs). The mitotic rate per 20 high-power fields (HPFs) was also
      determined for each case. The PTCLs showed significantly higher proliferative
      activity than the HD cases, as evidenced by a mean S + G2M of 12.0% versus 5.0%
      for HD and a median mitotic rate of 27 versus 5 mitoses per 20 HPFs in the HD
      cases. Because morphologic distinction, particularly of mixed cellularity HD
      (HDMC), from the diffuse small cleaved cell (DSCCL) or mixed cell (DMCL) pattern
      of PTCL may at times be difficult, these subgroups were compared separately. The
      2 cases of DSCCL plus 12 of DMCL yielded a higher proportion of S-phase cells
      than the 9 HDMC cases with S + G2M means of 9.9% versus 3.3% and a higher mitotic
      rate, median 21 versus 7 per 20 HPFs. These findings suggest that S-phase
      determination and mitotic rate provide additional parameters in discriminating
      PTCL from HD in the most histologically similar cases.

PMID- 2301285
TI  - Coagulation and fibrinolytic changes in evolving acute myocardial infarction
      treated by high-dose, brief-duration intracoronary or intravenous streptokinase.
AB  - Twenty-two patients were infused with 240,000 units streptokinase during a 60
      minute period into the ostium of the infarct-related coronary artery (IC), and 23
      patients were infused with 1,500,000 units streptokinase intravenously (IV) over
      45 minutes; all infusions occurred within 12 hours of the patients' onset of
      chest pain. Thereafter, heparin was infused for 10 days. Serial coagulation and
      fibrinolytic parameters were studied over 46 to 72 hours after the streptokinase
      infusion. A generalized fibrinolytic state was produced in both groups as
      evidenced by a fall in fibrinogen and plasminogen levels, prolongation of
      thrombin and reptilase clotting times, a rise in fibrinogen degradation products,
      and a shortening of the euglobulin lysis time. Recovery to preinfusion levels was
      similar in both groups of patients. Hemorrhagic complications requiring blood
      replacement occurred in 7/23 (30%) treated IC, and 4/23 (17%) in the IV group.

PMID- 2301286
TI  - DNA content and proliferative index in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and
      keratoacanthoma.
AB  - The histologic separation of keratoacanthomas (KA) and well-differentiated
      squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC) using established criteria may present a
      diagnostic dilemma in the individual case. The authors questioned whether the DNA
      index (DI) and/or the proliferative index (PI), as shown by flow cytometry (FCM)
      might assist in this differential diagnosis. Thirty-six well-differentiated
      squamous cell lesions of skin were independently classified as either WDSCC or KA
      by a panel of three pathologists. Six poorly differentiated squamous cell
      carcinomas (PDSCC) also were included in this study. Sections from paraffin
      blocks were prepared by standard techniques and analyzed by FCM. Mean DI values
      were: KA 0.96%, WDSCC 0.99%, and PDSCC 0.88%. The differences in the mean DIs
      were not statistically significant. Mean PI values were as follows: KA 16.7%,
      WDSCC 14.8%, and PDSCC 20.2%. Differences were not statistically significant. The
      authors conclude that the FCM measurements of DI and PI do not help in separating
      KA and WDSCC of skin.

PMID- 2301287
TI  - Rapid analysis of lymphocyte subsets in cord blood.
AB  - Several investigators have enumerated cellular populations in neonatal cord blood
      with variable results. In this study, the authors established reference ranges
      for lymphocyte subsets in cord blood from healthy newborns using a whole blood
      lysis technique on the Coulter Immunoprep Epics Leukocyte Preparation System
      (Coulter Immunology, Hialeah, FL). All analyses were performed on a flow
      cytometer by gating on forward angle versus 90 degrees light scatter. Lymphocytes
      demonstrated all surface markers examined, including T4, T8, T3, T11, B1, NKH-1,
      I3, and 4B4; 2H4 suppressor inducer lymphocytes were prominent in neonatal blood.
      The authors think this standardized system may be suitable for use in neonatal
      and pediatric patients because it quickly processes small aliquots of whole blood
      with minimal sample manipulation.

PMID- 2301288
TI  - Serum volumes should not be reduced when testing neonates for unexpected red cell
      antibodies.
AB  - Serum-to-red cell ratio (volume:volume) significantly affects the sensitivity of
      antibody detection. Obtaining sufficient serum quantity can be a problem when
      testing blood from transported neonates not accompanied by maternal samples.
      Reducing serum volumes used for testing might result in missed antibodies. The
      authors studied 1,177 sera for unexpected red cell antibodies by comparing one
      versus two drops of patient serum using a technique with LISS at 37 degrees C
      through the antiglobulin phase. The serum-to-red cell ratio using two drops was
      approximately 50: 1. Results of 60% (58/96) of samples containing antibody
      benefited by the use of increased serum. Eighteen percent; (17/96) had antibodies
      detected only with two drops that were missed entirely by one, and 43% (41/96)
      showed stronger positive reactions using two drops versus one. Importantly,
      antibodies detected only with or enhanced by two drops were clinically
      significant (anti-D, anti-K, anti-M, anti-c, anti-E). Thus, reducing serum-to
      cell ratio is potentially dangerous, and blood banks should insist on adequate
      sample size to ensure patient safety.

PMID- 2301289
TI  - Clinical relevance of viridans and nonhemolytic streptococci isolated from blood
      and cerebrospinal fluid in a pediatric population.
AB  - Laboratory records were reviewed to assess the clinical relevance of isolating
      viridans (VS) and nonhemolytic (NHS) streptococci from blood and cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) specimens in a pediatric setting. During a nine-month period, 722 of
      6,569 blood cultures and 113 of 2,023 CSF cultures were positive for one or more
      organisms. There were 26 VS and 10 NHS blood isolates from 30 patients and five
      NHS isolates from the CSF of five additional patients. The patients ranged in age
      from five weeks to 16 years. The charts of 34 patients were reviewed for evidence
      of sepsis or meningitis and the physician's response to the positive cultures.
      Three patients had subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) with multiple positive
      blood cultures. All other patients, including six oncology patients, failed to
      show a positive correlation between the isolation of VS or NHS and the disease
      process. Speciation and MIC testing were performed on 13 isolates, including
      those from all SBE and four oncology patients. Because of the lack of
      significance of VS and NHS from blood and CSF specimens in patients other than
      those with SBE, the authors conclude that extensive microbiologic workup of VS
      and NHS is not necessary without appropriate clinical indications such as SBE or
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2301290
TI  - Immunoblastic lymphoma of T-cell type in a chronically immunosuppressed renal
      transplant recipient.
AB  - A case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of T-cell type occurring in a renal transplant
      recipient is described. This lymphoma was classified as large cell, immunoblastic
      type and presented as a mediastinal mass, although it was demonstrated to be
      disseminated at autopsy two weeks later. Lymphoma cells expressed the immunologic
      profile of a mature, activated cytotoxic/suppressor T-lymphocyte. T-cell receptor
      gene rearrangement and karyotypic studies confirmed a clonal T-cell genotype.
      Molecular studies failed to demonstrate any association with Epstein-Barr virus
      or human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I or type II. Pathogenesis of lymphomas
      in this clinical setting is discussed.

PMID- 2301291
TI  - Pulmonary blastoma.

PMID- 2301292
TI  - Evaluating serum tests for iron deficiency.

PMID- 2301293
TI  - Non-Hodgkins lymphoma.

PMID- 2301294
TI  - Monoclonal antibody Leu-22.

PMID- 2301295
TI  - Ova versus larvae.

PMID- 2301296
TI  - Predicting a positive microscopic examination of urine.

PMID- 2301297
TI  - Correction of Class II, Division 2 malocclusions through the use of the Bionator
      appliance. Report of two cases.
AB  - The correction of two Class II, Division 2 malocclusions during the mixed
      dentition phase with the use of a Bionator appliance is presented. The suggestion
      that correction of Class II, Division 2 malocclusions may be achieved in the
      absence of fixed appliances is supported in these case reports.

PMID- 2301298
TI  - Mandibular response to orthodontic treatment with the Bionator appliance.
AB  - A group of 20 subjects who underwent successful Bionator treatment was compared
      with 20 subjects who were treated less successfully with the same appliance. Both
      groups had similar advancements in their bite registrations, as well as similar
      treatment times and growth-prediction parameters. Success was judged not on the
      final occlusion (all patients were treated to a Class I molar relationship) but
      on the posttreatment position of skeletal pogonion. The successful group
      experienced 3.5 mm or more of advancement in skeletal pogonion, whereas the less
      successful group had less than 3 mm of advancement of this point. The two groups
      were comparable in all features except, as may be expected, total mandibular
      growth, which was greater in the group with the larger anterior pogonion
      advancement. The results of this study suggest that persons who have small
      mandibles (as determined by comparison with published growth standards) may
      benefit more from functional appliance therapy than patients with normal-sized
      mandibles. The subjects with delayed growth may experience more mandibular
      development than those with average growth during treatment under the favorable
      growth environment created by functional appliance therapy.

PMID- 2301299
TI  - A comparison of apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment in
      endodontically treated and vital teeth.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether vital and endodontically
      treated incisors exhibit a similar severity of apical root resorption in response
      to orthodontic treatment. Forty-three patients who had one or more endodontically
      treated incisors before orthodontic treatment and who exhibited signs of apical
      root resorption after treatment were studied. In each patient the vital
      contralateral incisor served as a control. Vital incisors resorbed to a
      significantly greater degree than endodontically treated incisors (p less than or
      equal to 0.05). When patients were separated by gender, control teeth in males
      exhibited a statistically significant increase in resorption over control teeth
      in females. No significant differences were apparent between males and females
      when endodontically treated incisors were compared.

PMID- 2301300
TI  - Functional orthopedic magnetic appliance (FOMA) III--modus operandi.
AB  - An intraoral intermaxillary appliance has been developed for the treatment of
      Class III malocclusions that exhibit midface sagittal deficiency with or without
      mandibular excess. The functional orthopedic magnetic appliance (FOMA) III
      consists of upper and lower acrylic plates with a permanent magnet incorporated
      into each plate. The upper magnet is linked to a retraction screw. The upper
      magnet is retracted periodically (e.g., monthly) to stimulate maxillary
      advancement and mandibular retardation. The attractive mode neodymium magnets
      used in this study produced a horizontal force of 98 gm and a vertical force of
      371 gm. Six female Macaca fascicularis monkeys were treated with FOMA IIIs. An
      additional three animals were treated with sham appliances. After 4 months of
      treatment, the following results were found: the growth pattern of the cranial
      base (saddle angle) was not altered; midfacial protraction did occur along a
      recumbent hyperbolic curve with a horizontal maxillary displacement and an
      anterosuperior premaxillary rotation; the cumulative protraction of the maxillary
      complex was initiated at the pterygomaxillary fissure with an additional
      contribution provided by other circummaxillary sutures (zygomaticomaxillary s.,
      transverse s., premaxillary s.); and inhibition of mandibular length was minimal,
      but a tendency toward a vertical condylar growth pattern was observed. The
      interaction between sutural and condylar growth sites appeared biphasic,
      characterized by an immediate and rapid excitation of the circummaxillary sutures
      followed by a delayed and slow suppression of the condylar cartilage. Long-term
      animal and clinical FOMA III studies are recommended.

PMID- 2301301
TI  - Adaptation of the lateral pterygoid and superficial masseter muscles to
      mandibular protrusion in the rat.
AB  - It has been suggested that protrusion of the mandible results in an alteration of
      the functional activity of the lateral pterygoid muscle. If this is true,
      however, it is unclear whether this altered muscle function is a transient
      phenomenon with no long-term effect or whether it results in structural and
      functional adaptation of the involved musculature. The purpose of this study was
      to determine whether or not physiologic and metabolic changes take place within
      two jaw-protruder muscles--the lateral pterygoid muscle and the superficial
      masseter muscle--in rats after treatment with a protrusive appliance. Thirty 45
      day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into experimental and
      control groups. The experimental animals wore bonded protrusive-type appliances
      for 2 weeks. Histochemical analysis of muscle fiber types and in vivo whole
      muscle contractile-property analysis were used to evaluate structural and
      functional muscle adaptations. Mandibular length was slightly but significantly
      greater in the experimental group, indicating that the protrusive appliance had
      the expected positive effect on mandibular growth. Histochemically, the lateral
      pterygoid muscle in the experimental group exhibited a significantly greater area
      occupied by type I fibers at the expense of type IIb fibers. The superficial
      masseter muscle exhibited a significantly greater percentage of areas for both
      type IIa and type IIb fibers in the experimental group. Contraction time (TPT)
      increased in both muscles; that is, the muscles became slower. The histochemical
      and contractile-properties data indicate that the protrusive appliance caused the
      lateral pterygoid muscle to become more active with respect to tonic (postural)
      activity, whereas the superficial masseter muscle became more active phasically.

PMID- 2301302
TI  - Screening for craniomandibular disorders in orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 2301303
TI  - Radiographic materials, methods, and film-ordering patterns among orthodontic
      educators and private practitioners.
AB  - Orthodontic private practitioners and training institutions were surveyed in
      regard to the various radiographic materials and methods used in their practices
      and for ascertaining film-ordering patterns for various types of patients. The
      reasons for the survey were to assess the degree of acceptance of more radiation
      efficient imaging systems into orthodontic practice and to add to the data on
      orthodontic patient selection criteria and radiographic prescription patterns.
      All orthodontic programs in the United States and Canada were surveyed, along
      with all of the practicing orthodontists in the state of North Carolina. The
      response rates were 61% and 55%, respectively. It was found that a majority of
      practitioners and training institutions used more radiation-efficient rare earth
      screen systems, but more institutions used prepatient soft-tissue enhancement
      beam alteration methods, thus sparing thyroid dose. Lateral cephalometric and
      panoramic films were found to be the most frequently ordered films, and training
      institutions ordered more supplemental and follow-up radiographs than private
      practitioners. In general, patients requiring orthognathic surgery generated a
      greater number and variety of films than other patient types in both surveyed
      populations.

PMID- 2301304
TI  - "Educational malpractice" letter prompts Idaho response.

PMID- 2301306
TI  - Orthodontics for the general practitioner. Views expressed by Dr. J. R. C. Mew
      and Dean C. B. Preston.

PMID- 2301305
TI  - Support for Douglas view on extractions in orthognathic surgery.

PMID- 2301307
TI  - Legal aspects of orthodontic practice: risk management concepts. The need for a
      structured dismissal program.
AB  - In this and succeeding issues of the American Journal of Orthodontics and
      Dentofacial Orthopedics, factual risk management scenarios will be presented.
      These scenarios are based on composites of actual court cases that have been
      tried to verdict or decision. Valuable risk management lessons may be learned
      from careful analysis of the course of the events described. Please be advised
      that the standard of care determined in any case is specific for that
      jurisdiction and that set of facts as established by expert testimony for the
      prevailing party.

PMID- 2301308
TI  - Presentation of false-negative test results.

PMID- 2301309
TI  - Autopsies and sudden infant death syndrome.

PMID- 2301310
TI  - Respiratory pattern abnormalities and prenatal cocaine exposure.

PMID- 2301311
TI  - Pediatricians want to be called.

PMID- 2301312
TI  - Physical examination for 'initial evaluation' of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

PMID- 2301313
TI  - Ingestion of aromatic ammonia 'smelling salts' capsules.

PMID- 2301314
TI  - Seizures in the course of hepatitis A.

PMID- 2301315
TI  - Home oxygen administration and retinopathy of prematurity: survey of 1988
      practices.

PMID- 2301316
TI  - Nail shedding in Kawasaki syndrome.

PMID- 2301317
TI  - Neonatal nasal obstruction associated with methyldopa treatment during pregnancy.

PMID- 2301318
TI  - Aseptic meningitis associated with administration of trimethoprim and
      sulfamethoxazole.

PMID- 2301320
TI  - Agent B. Genetics and litogens.

PMID- 2301319
TI  - Respiratory distress secondary to subacute thyroiditis.

PMID- 2301322
TI  - Trends and implications of women in pediatrics.

PMID- 2301321
TI  - Effects of unrestricted diet on mild infantile diarrhea. A practice-based study.
AB  - Dietary restriction in cases of mild infantile diarrhea is often advocated but
      has not been shown to be effective. We enrolled 176 healthy infants less than 1
      year of age in a randomized controlled trial to determine the effects of diet on
      the course of mild diarrhea. When diarrhea occurred (56 episodes), infants were
      randomly assigned to a treatment diet (24 hours of electrolyte solution then
      dilute soy formula, dilute cow's milk formula, or undiluted soy formula) or their
      usual formula. Parents recorded daily weights, stool losses, and oral intake. The
      difference in effects of unrestricted and treatment diets was small and not
      clinically significant. Patients on an unrestricted diet averaged 0.7 fewer days
      of diarrhea (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.43 to 0.02), 5.0 fewer total stools
      (95% CI, -10.26 to 0.33), and 1% less weight loss (95% CI, 2% to -1%) compared
      with those receiving a treatment diet. Treatment failures were similar in both
      groups. An unrestricted diet does not appear to affect the course or symptoms of
      mild diarrhea.

PMID- 2301323
TI  - Efficacy of transtelephonic electrocardiographic monitoring in pediatric
      patients.
AB  - The results of transtelephonic electrocardiography for transient symptomatic
      event recording in 61 consecutive pediatric patients (aged 4 months to 21 years)
      were reviewed. In 13 (21%) of 61 patients, previous arrhythmia diagnoses had been
      made by electrophysiologic study; monitoring was utilized to evaluate symptoms
      before or after pharmacological/surgical therapy. Transtelephonic
      electrocardiography was used to study undocumented symptomatic events consistent
      with an arrhythmia in the remaining 48 (79%) of 61 patients. Adequate
      transmissions during symptoms were obtained in 36 (59%) of 61 patients. Goals of
      monitoring were achieved in all 13 patients with previous diagnoses. Of the 25 of
      48 patients without prior diagnoses who provided transmissions during symptoms,
      15 had sinus rhythm, while 10 manifested an arrhythmia. Abnormal transmissions
      were most common in patients with palpitations and never evident in patients with
      symptoms of chest pain.

PMID- 2301324
TI  - A comparison of chromogen test strip (Chemstrip bG) and serum glucose values in
      newborns.
AB  - Although glucose oxidase-peroxidase chromogen test strips are frequently used to
      estimate serum glucose values in newborns, previous studies have not evaluated
      multiobserver variability of test strip readings and have included few infants
      with hypoglycemia. We compared values of 272 samples of serum glucose with values
      simultaneously obtained by chromogen test strips (Chemstrip bG) in newborns. The
      diagnostic sensitivity of a chromogen test strip less than 2.2 mmol/L for
      predicting a serum glucose level less than 1.9 mmol/L was 86% (95% confidence
      interval [CI], 75% to 94%), with 78% specificity (95% CI, 73% to 84%). The
      positive predictive value in our specimens, with a 21% prevalence of serum
      glucose levels less than 1.9 mmol/L, was 52% (95% CI, 41% to 62%), with a
      negative predictive value of 95% (95% CI, 91% to 100%). Fifty-eight of our serum
      glucose values were less than 1.9 mmol/L and the levels obtained by chromogen
      test strip were greater than or equal to 2.2 mmol/L in 8 of these cases. Review
      of these 8 cases showed that a delay in performing the laboratory glucose oxidase
      serum glucose could account for the discrepancy in 2 cases. Chromogen test strips
      are readily available and easy to use, but more sensitive, specific, accurate,
      and precise methods of serum glucose screening in newborns are needed.

PMID- 2301325
TI  - Blood lead, calcium status, and behavior in preschool children.
AB  - To determine if calcium status is associated with blood lead levels and behavior,
      64 black urban children aged 18 to 47 months were studied. Twenty-seven controls
      (blood lead levels, less than 1.45 mumol/L) were compared with 37 cases (blood
      lead levels, greater than or equal to 1.45 mumol/L) with respect to four calcium
      measures (calcium intake, serum calcium level, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level, and
      bone densitometric findings) and three behavioral scores. Levels of 25
      hydroxyvitamin D provided a measure of vitamin D sufficiency. As expected, blood
      lead level was associated with pica scores. However, none of the calcium measures
      differed between cases and controls. Controlling for four confounders (season,
      pica score, maternal education, and sex), yielded no significant differences
      between the two groups in the mean values of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D level. There was no interaction between blood lead level and
      the four covariates. No relationship could be demonstrated between calcium status
      and the pica scores.

PMID- 2301326
TI  - Triage decisions in child care for sick children.
AB  - Child-care centers for children with mild, acute communicable, and
      noncommunicable illnesses are beginning to evolve. Few states have enacted
      regulations concerning the policies and procedures under which child-care centers
      for sick children operate. These centers should have policies regarding the
      triage and care of ill children that promote the safety of all children and staff
      at the center. As part of the establishment of regulations for the Michigan
      Department of Social Services, Lansing, a triage model has been developed that
      provides a means of standardizing the screening process used to admit mildly ill
      children to such centers. We present pilot guidelines for use by center
      personnel, discuss considerations inherent in formulating triage policy for child
      care centers for sick children, and provide a starting point for those attempting
      to standardize regulations governing child-care centers for sick children.

PMID- 2301327
TI  - Radiological case of the month. Ingestion of mercury from a broken thermometer.

PMID- 2301328
TI  - Health and hospital readmissions of very-low-birth-weight and normal-birth-weight
      children.
AB  - Rehospitalizations and ongoing health problems at 5 years of age were contrasted
      between 197 very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) children and 47 normal-birth-weight
      children. At 5 years of age, the VLBW children had a mean of 1.7 hospital
      admissions and 8.5 days in a hospital; these means were significantly more than
      the 0.5 admissions and 1.7 days, respectively, for the normal-birth-weight
      children. Overall, respiratory tract problems and ear, nose, and throat surgery
      were the most common reasons for readmissions. Malformations and intensive care
      sequelae infrequently caused readmissions. No combination of sociodemographic or
      perinatal variables identified the VLBW children who were destined for hospital
      readmissions. At 5 years of age, the VLBW children, compared with the normal
      birth-weight children, had significantly more ongoing sensorineural problems
      (29.9% and 10.6%, respectively), ongoing respiratory problems (39.6% and 19.1%,
      respectively), and other morbidities (31.0% and 17.0%, respectively). The VLBW
      children, compared with the normal-birth-weight children, had more hospital
      admissions during the first 5 years of life and more ongoing problems at 5 years
      of age.

PMID- 2301330
TI  - Microalbuminuria in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Two hundred ten adolescents aged 12 to 18 years with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus were screened for microalbuminuria (albumin excretion rate of 15 to 300
      micrograms/min). Sixteen (7.6%) showed persistent microalbuminuria (mean albumin
      excretion rate of 70.9 +/- 56.2 micrograms/min). There were no significant
      differences between those with and without microalbuminuria with respect to age,
      sex, disease duration, and blood pressure over the previous 9 months and
      hemoglobin A1c level measured over the preceding 3 years. Within the group with
      microalbuminuria, there was no correlation between albumin excretion rate and
      blood pressure. However, there was a significant positive correlation between log
      albumin excretion rate and mean hemoglobin A1c values measured over the preceding
      3 years. Our findings suggest that when microalbuminuria has developed, poorer
      metabolic control is associated with a higher albumin excretion rate. An actual
      rise in systemic blood pressure may not always precede the development of
      microalbuminuria.

PMID- 2301329
TI  - Determinants of milk flow through nipple units. Role of hole size and nipple
      thickness.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of hole size and thickness
      in determining milk flow through nipple units during bottle feeding. Commonly
      used standard nipple units (SMA single-hole, Enfamil single-hole, and Twist-on)
      for term and preterm infants, as well as Nuk-type nipple units (SMA Nuk, Enfamil
      Natural, and Nuk) were tested. The size of the nipple hole and wall thickness
      were determined for each nipple unit. Airflow was measured by forcing pressurized
      air through the feed hole. Simulated sucks were used to measure the milk flow. A
      marked variability in airflow and milk flow was observed within and among the
      various types of nipple units studied. Within each type of nipple unit, both milk
      flow and airflow measurements correlated well with hole size. The thickness of
      the nipple units contributed minimally to the observed variability. We conclude
      that differences in hole size primarily account for the observed variability in
      milk flow. This finding may be clinically important in that rapid milk flow can
      lead to apnea and bradycardia in some preterm infants. The above observations
      imply that design changes are necessary to reduce the variability of milk flow
      within each nipple type. Moreover, milk-flow measurements made using a simple
      mechanical system and airflow measurements used by the industry are equally
      sensitive to evaluate nipple flow.

PMID- 2301331
TI  - Persistent perceptions of vulnerability following neonatal jaundice.
AB  - Treatments for neonatal jaundice are generally considered both safe and
      effective. We hypothesized that such treatments would be associated with symptoms
      of the vulnerable child syndrome, persisting up to 6 months. Mothers of otherwise
      healthy infants who had jaundice and demographically similar infants without
      jaundice born at Yale-New Haven (Conn) Hospital were surveyed and compared 6
      months after discharge from the hospital. By 6 months, the infants with jaundice
      had significantly more feeding difficulties, eg, they were less likely to be
      breast-feeding. Unexpectedly, the mothers of infants with jaundice switched from
      being less likely to leave their infants with someone else at 1 month to leaving
      the infants significantly more than mothers of infants in the comparison group.
      Although the mothers of infants in the comparison group reported a similar number
      of infant health problems, the mothers of infants with jaundice were more likely
      to judge the problems as serious and to have taken the infant to an emergency
      department. The benefits of treating jaundice in otherwise healthy infants should
      be weighted against the risks of developing the vulnerable child syndrome.

PMID- 2301332
TI  - Urinary tract symptoms and urinary tract infection following sexual abuse.
AB  - During a routine follow-up visit, 428 victims of sexual abuse and their
      caretakers were asked about genitourinary complaints. Symptoms elicited included
      vaginal pain, increased urinary frequency, dysuria, and enuresis. A urinalysis
      was performed for all victims with symptoms, and those with positive or equivocal
      urinalysis results had a urine culture done. Urinalysis and urine culture were
      performed on a control group of 53 consecutive asymptomatic victims. Twenty
      percent (85/428) of the victims complained of one or more genitourinary symptoms.
      The most common symptom was vaginal pain (51%). Of the symptomatic victims, only
      2 had a urinary tract infection. None of the 53 asymptomatic control victims had
      a urinary tract infection. There was no significant relationship between the
      presence of genitourinary symptoms and repetitive abuse, genital trauma, vaginal
      contact, or gender of the victim. However, patients younger than 6 years of age
      were more likely to have genitourinary symptoms than older patients. These
      findings indicate that urinary tract symptoms following sexual abuse are common
      but that urinary tract infection is quite uncommon. Our study does not support
      routine screening of children for urinary tract infection solely because they
      have been sexually abused.

PMID- 2301333
TI  - Radiation-induced enteropathy.
AB  - The incidence of chronic radiation enteritis appears to have risen in recent
      years due to the increasing utilization of radiotherapy for abdominal and pelvic
      malignancies. The etiology, pathogenesis, and management of radiation enteritis
      are discussed. Two case reports exemplify the progressive nature of the disease.
      Case 1 demonstrates the classical picture of multiple exacerbations and
      remissions of partial small bowel obstruction and the eventual need for surgical
      management ten years after radiation therapy. Case 2 presents the more severe
      sequelae of an acute perforation with a 14-yr latency period. Predisposing
      factors in the progression of radiation injury include excessive radiation,
      underlying cardiovascular disease, fixation of the bowel, and an asthenic
      habitus. In both cases, radiation injury was localized to a discrete segment of
      bowel; therefore, resection with a primary end-to-end anastomosis was performed.
      In addition, diseased bowel was eliminated and, therefore, would not cause
      further complications such as intractable bleeding or fistula formation. The
      review focuses on current knowledge which may be applied to the treatment and
      prevention of radiation enteritis.

PMID- 2301334
TI  - Controversies, dilemmas, and dialogues. In the community hospital setting, what
      is the role of esophageal manometry?

PMID- 2301336
TI  - Increased gastric PGE2 biosynthesis in cirrhotic patients with gastric vascular
      ectasia.
AB  - Plasma levels of glucagon, secretin, norepinephrine, arginine-vasopressin, and
      prostaglandin biosynthesis in the gastric mucosa were determined in cirrhotic
      patients with gastric vascular ectasia associated with hypoacidity, in cirrhotics
      without this lesion, and in healthy controls. Plasma concentrations of glucagon,
      secretin, and norepinephrine were similar in cirrhotics with gastric vascular
      ectasia and cirrhotics without this lesion, these concentrations being
      significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than in healthy controls. However, there
      was no significant difference between plasma levels of arginine-vasopressin in
      patients with cirrhosis (with or without gastric vascular ectasia) and those in
      healthy controls. The biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 in the antrum of the
      gastric mucosa was significantly higher in cirrhotics with gastric vascular
      ectasia than in cirrhotics without this lesion (p less than 0.05) and healthy
      controls (p less than 0.005). Prostaglandin E2 in the corpus was significantly
      higher (p less than 0.05) in cirrhotics with gastric vascular ectasia than in
      healthy controls. The biosynthesis of 6-keto PGF1 alpha (a stable metabolite of
      prostacyclin) and PGF2 alpha in the corpus and antrum of gastric mucosa was not
      significantly different in cirrhotics with gastric vascular ectasia, cirrhotics
      without this lesion and healthy controls. Since prostaglandin E2 has a
      vasodilator and acid-inhibitory effect, we speculate that high content of this
      prostanoid in the gastric mucosa may play a role in the pathogenesis of ectatic
      capillaries and acid inhibition present in some cirrhotic patients.

PMID- 2301335
TI  - A possible indicator of urinary NH2-terminal big gastrin immunoreactivity for
      gastrin secretion.
AB  - Urinary and plasma gastrin immunoreactivities in normal subjects were studied by
      radioimmunoassays using three region-specific antisera. Urinary excretion of NH2
      terminal big gastrin immunoreactivity (NT G-34-IR) in the fasting state (0.79 +/-
      0.17 pmol/kg/h, mean +/- SE) was several hundred times as much as that of either
      COOH-terminal gastrin or gastrin/cholecystokinin immunoreactivity. Urinary NT G
      34-IR increased significantly after feeding, and correlated closely with
      integrated plasma NT G-34-IR. Renal clearance of NT G-34-IR was 62.4 +/- 7.9
      ml/min and about one hundred times greater than that of any other gastrin
      immunoreactivities, indicating that there exist different catabolic pathways of
      gastrin peptides in the kidney. Gel filtration of urine extract revealed that a
      single giant peak of NT G-34-IR eluted in a later position than NH2-terminal
      heptadecapeptide of big gastrin. These results suggest that most of plasma NT G
      34-IR is excreted in urine, and urinary excretion of NT G-34-IR reflects well
      integrated plasma NT G-34-IR. Therefore, urinary NT G-34-IR may serve as a
      feasible indicator for gastrin secretion.

PMID- 2301337
TI  - Protein-losing enteropathy in congestive cardiac failure: an entity of minor
      clinical significance.
AB  - Protein-losing enteropathology (PLE) occurs rarely in congestive cardiac failure
      (CCF). Using fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin, an endogenous marker of enteric protein
      loss, we studied 25 patients in severe CCF to determine the frequency, degree,
      and clinical significance of PLE. Excessive enteric protein loss was found in
      only two patients, confirming the relative infrequency of this condition. In
      addition, enteric protein loss did not appear to correlate with the serum albumin
      level; neither did it influence treatment or prognosis of the CCF. It is
      concluded that PLE associated with CCF is of minor clinical significance.

PMID- 2301339
TI  - Caroli's syndrome: a heterogeneous entity.
AB  - We report our experience with nine adult patients (six females, three males) with
      Caroli's syndrome. Most of these patients were young (mean age 27.0 yr), and had
      presented at a mean interval of 12.1 yr after the onset of symptoms. Recurrent
      abdominal pain was the most common symptom, present in eight of nine patients.
      Mild jaundice (serum bilirubin 1.8-4.2 mg/dl) and raised serum alkaline
      phosphatase (18-36 King-Armstrong units) were the only other significant
      findings. Ultrasound proved to be a good screening test. However, the diagnosis
      was confirmed on cholangiography. Six of nine patients had associated
      extrahepatic biliary cysts (type IVa). The operative management was directed
      mainly at excising the extrahepatic cysts and draining the biliary tree, and was
      met with satisfactory results.

PMID- 2301338
TI  - Intestinal dysmotility syndromes in the elderly: measurement of orocecal transit
      time.
AB  - Altered bowel habits are common symptoms in the elderly, yet the pathophysiology
      of age-related gastrointestinal dysmotility syndromes is poorly understood. The
      present study was designed to correlate changes in orocecal transit time (TT) in
      healthy elderly subjects with or without gastrointestinal dysmotility complaints.
      Twenty-two geriatric facility resident volunteers, mean age 82 yr (range 65-94
      yr) participated, of whom 16 had gastrointestinal dysmotility symptoms. Orocecal
      TT in the elderly subjects did not differ from that in younger adult controls
      (100 +/- 11 min vs 93 +/- 20 min). However, orocecal TT was longer in geriatric
      females (112 +/- 14 min) than in males (70 +/- 6 min, p less than 0.01). We
      conclude that age alone does not prolong orocecal TT, except when dysmotility
      symptoms have been present for a prolonged period.

PMID- 2301340
TI  - Gastrinoma presenting as chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - We present here an unusual case of a pancreatic gastrinoma that caused recurrent
      episodes of clinical pancreatitis secondary to complete obstruction of the main
      pancreatic duct. The patient did not manifest signs or symptoms of peptic ulcer
      disease.

PMID- 2301341
TI  - Recurrent hemorrhage from an invaginated Meckel's diverticulum in a 78-year-old
      man.
AB  - Complications arising from Meckel's diverticulum are uncommon in adults and are
      seldom, if ever, seen in the elderly. When they do occur in adults, intestinal
      obstruction or inflammation is the usual mode of presentation, hemorrhage being
      much less common. The patient described in this case report was 78 yr old,
      presented initially with iron deficiency anemia and, later, developed severe
      acute hemorrhage. The cause of the hemorrhage was ulceration at the tip of an
      invaginated Meckel's diverticulum. The ulceration was not peptic in origin, as is
      usually the case in similar presentations in children, no ectopic oxyntic mucosa
      being detected in the diverticulum of our patient. In previous reports,
      invaginated Meckel's diverticula have always been accompanied by intussusception,
      and abdominal pain has been an important part of the symptom complex in such
      patients. Our patient had no abdominal pain, and no intussusception was noted at
      surgery. This case emphasizes the need for considering a Meckel's diverticulum as
      the source of acute or chronic hemorrhage, irrespective of the patient's age. The
      utility of radionuclide blood pool imaging in arriving at a diagnosis in these
      cases is discussed.

PMID- 2301343
TI  - Recombinant alpha-interferon may be efficacious in acute hepatitis B.
AB  - Whereas, in chronic type B hepatitis, the therapeutic effect of alpha-interferon
      has been studied extensively, data on the effect of interferon on the course and
      prognosis of acute hepatitis B are scarce in the literature. We report a case of
      acute type B hepatitis complicated by life-threatening extrahepatic
      manifestations where recombinant alpha-interferon facilitated clinical,
      biochemical, and serological recovery.

PMID- 2301342
TI  - Pitfalls of percutaneous-endoscopic biliary stent placement.
AB  - Percutaneously inserted transhepatic guide wire improves the success rate of
      endoscopic biliary stenting. However, we have encountered several pitfalls with
      this approach. In one patient, as a result of the stability provided by the
      transhepatic guide wire, the stent was pushed excessively into the liver
      parenchyma. In another patient, the proximal end of the stent was embedded in
      liver parenchyma in the lateral view during fluoroscopy, despite apparently good
      positioning in the anteroposterior view. Avoidance of central puncture during
      establishment of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and checking two
      planes with fluoroscopy may help to reduce this risk. Close attention to these
      potential technical pitfalls would further improve the success rate of endoscopic
      biliary stenting.

PMID- 2301344
TI  - Low frequency of associated liver cirrhosis in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2301345
TI  - The role of computed tomography in the assessment of patients with abdominal
      actinomycosis.

PMID- 2301346
TI  - Cholecystocutaneous fistula: an unusual presentation.

PMID- 2301347
TI  - Cisapride accelerates colonic transit in constipated patients with colonic
      inertia.

PMID- 2301348
TI  - Parasitic eosinophilic granuloma of the stomach resembling a submucosal tumor.

PMID- 2301349
TI  - Sex ratio of human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection and blood transfusion.
AB  - The prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection is higher
      for females than for males. Blood transfusion is a potential confounding factor
      which might contribute to this high female:male ratio. Two studies were performed
      in Martinique (French West Indies) to clarify this issue: a case-control survey
      comparing the experience of previous blood transfusion among 62 HTLV-I
      seropositive and 88 HTLV-I-seronegative blood donors, and a retrospective study
      of the sex of recipients of blood. Blood transfusion was strongly associated with
      HTLV-I infection (odds ratio = 6.4, p less than 0.001). Females were more often
      given blood transfusions (57.9 percent, p less than 0.001) and received a higher
      percentage of blood units (53.5 percent, p less than 0.05) than could be expected
      from their proportion in the general population (51.6 percent). Thus, the high
      female:male sex ratio of HTLV-I-infected subjects might be due partially to a sex
      difference for blood transfusion.

PMID- 2301350
TI  - Breast feeding and the risk of severe cholera in rural Bangladeshi children.
AB  - The association between breast feeding and the risk of severe cholera was
      examined in a case-control study of rural Bangladeshi children under 36 months of
      age who were studied in 1985-1986 during a field trial of killed oral cholera
      vaccines. A total of 116 cases who were treated for severe cholera were compared
      with 464 age-matched community controls without severe cholera. Overall, the odds
      ratio relating breast feeding to severe cholera (0.30, p less than 0.0001)
      reflected a 70% reduction in the risk of severe cholera among breast-fed
      children. The estimated reduction of risk declined with age, but was clearly
      evident in children up to 30 months of age. Although the association between
      breast feeding and a reduced risk of severe cholera was not significantly greater
      in children of mothers who had received cholera vaccine than in children whose
      mothers had received placebo during the trial, maternal vaccination per se was
      suggestively associated with a reduced risk of severe cholera in their
      nonvaccinated children (odds ratio = 0.53, p = 0.05). These results indicate that
      breast feeding was associated with a substantial reduction of the risk of severe
      cholera and raise the possibility that vaccination of mothers may provide
      protection to their young children in endemic settings.

PMID- 2301352
TI  - Risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic
      whites. San Antonio Heart Study.
AB  - A lower cardiovascular mortality in Mexican-American men than in non-Hispanic
      white men has been consistently observed. In contrast, no such ethnic difference
      has been observed in women. To determine whether this sex-ethnicity interaction
      in mortality is matched by a corresponding sex-ethnicity interaction in
      cardiovascular risk factors, the authors compared risk factors between 3,301
      Mexican Americans and 1,877 non-Hispanic whites from the San Antonio Heart Study,
      a population-based study of cardiovascular disease and diabetes conducted in San
      Antonio, Texas (1979-1988). In both men and women, triglycerides, systolic and
      diastolic blood pressures, and body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) were
      higher and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in Mexican Americans
      than in non-Hispanic whites. Although Mexican-American men were more likely than
      non-Hispanic white men to be smokers, Mexican Americans of both sexes smoked, on
      average, fewer cigarettes per day than non-Hispanic whites. Cardiovascular risk
      scores, which were constructed from Framingham Study risk equations to summarize
      the combined effect of multiple risk factors, were higher in Mexican Americans
      than in non-Hispanic whites of both sexes. The cardiovascular risk profile was
      less favorable for both Mexican Americans who grew up in Mexico and Mexican
      Americans who grew up in San Antonio. Although it is possible that in their
      younger years Mexican Americans had a more favorable cardiovascular risk profile,
      these results may also indicate that some protective factor, either genetic or
      life-style, is present in Mexican-American males but absent in non-Hispanic white
      males.

PMID- 2301351
TI  - Longitudinal analysis of the effects of acute lower respiratory illnesses on
      pulmonary function in an adult population.
AB  - The data from a longitudinal population study in Tucson, Arizona, were used to
      evaluate the effects of acute lower respiratory illnesses on pulmonary function
      in subjects over 25 years of age. In five of nine surveys performed during the
      first 13 years of follow-up (1972-1985), similar questions were asked concerning
      chest colds occurring in the past few years. There were 1,151 men and 1,473 women
      who had questionnaire and spirometric data collected in at least one of these
      surveys. The random effects longitudinal model with first-order autoregressive
      error structure was used in the analysis of changes in pulmonary function after
      the acute illness episode, adjusted for the effects of age, height, cigarette
      smoking, and chronic respiratory diseases. The analyses indicated that pulmonary
      function is reduced for several years after a single chest cold in men and after
      multiple chest colds in women. After an episode of pneumonia, pulmonary flow
      indices were reduced, with lower values sometimes persisting for several years.

PMID- 2301353
TI  - Sex differences in time from self-reported heart trouble to heart disease death
      in the Alameda County Study. Significance of time dependence of risk variable
      effects.
AB  - In a previous analysis from the Alameda County Study, it was observed that
      although men had higher heart disease mortality rates than women, there was no
      male excess in the prevalence of self-reported heart disease morbidity at
      baseline or in new reports of morbidity 9 years past baseline. This apparent
      contradiction might occur because women report less severe heart disease than
      men. In the present study, this hypothesis was evaluated by examining whether
      self-reported heart trouble was more strongly associated with subsequent heart
      disease mortality for men than for women in a representative sample of the
      population of Alameda County, California, selected in 1965 and followed for
      mortality for 19 years (n = 3,742). In a time-dependent Cox model, self-reported
      heart trouble was a stronger predictor of heart disease mortality for men, but
      only during the early years of follow-up (p = 0.00). This effect was due to a
      shorter time to death for men who reported heart trouble. The relative hazard for
      men reporting heart trouble was 6.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.7-11.6) at
      baseline, declining to 3.2 (95% CI 2.2-4.5) by 5 years past baseline and 1.5 (95%
      CI 0.9-2.5) by 10 years past baseline. Self-reported heart trouble was a
      consistent predictor of subsequent heart disease mortality for women over the 19
      year follow-up period (relative hazard = 2.0, 95% CI 1.4-2.8). Sex differences in
      the prognosis of self-reported heart trouble were masked in non-time-dependent
      analyses. These results illustrate that consideration of time dependence may be
      required for meaningful analysis of long-term cohort studies. Possible
      explanations of the shorter time to death for men who reported heart trouble are
      discussed.

PMID- 2301354
TI  - Cardiovascular disease risk factors prior to the diagnosis of impaired glucose
      tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a community of older
      adults.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease risk factors were measured 10-15 years (mean, 11.9 years)
      prior to the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus in Rancho Bernardo, California. There were 1,847 men and women
      aged 40-79 years who had no known diabetes or fasting hyperglycemia at baseline
      (1972-1974). At the follow-up examination (1984-1987), 1,115 men and women
      (60.4%) had normal glucose tolerance, 513 (27.8%) had impaired glucose tolerance,
      and 219 (11.9%) had non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as defined by World
      Health Organization criteria. Rates of impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus increased with age, and impaired glucose tolerance
      was approximately twice as common as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
      Those with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were older and more overweight
      and had higher levels of blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and triglyceride
      at baseline than those whose glucose tolerance remained normal; those with
      impaired glucose tolerance generally had intermediate levels of the same risk
      factors. When it was examined in a prospective fashion, in general, the age
      adjusted risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus increased with
      increasing quartile of each risk factor, and the risk of non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus in a given quartile was greater than that for impaired glucose
      tolerance. Logistic regression analyses showed these factors to be positively
      associated with a subsequent diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance as well as
      non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women, and to a lesser degree in men,
      independent of baseline age and body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2). These
      data illustrate that a less favorable cardiovascular risk factor profile precedes
      the diagnosis of both non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired
      glucose tolerance.

PMID- 2301355
TI  - Nutritional epidemiology of cancer of the esophagus.
AB  - This study of 178 cases of cancer of the esophagus from three counties in western
      New York, as compared with sex- and age-matched neighborhood controls in 1975
      1986, replicated some earlier findings, particularly with regard to the increased
      risks associated with use of cigarettes and alcohol. The concentration of alcohol
      in an alcoholic beverage apparently did not affect risk: Beer carried a
      substantial risk, whereas less-dilute forms of alcohol carried no risk. These
      findings also suggest that the risk of cancer of the esophagus increases with
      ingestion of foods containing retinol but not carotene. Although increased risks
      were found to be associated with increases in total calories and fat ingested, as
      well as calcium, they appeared to be confounded with the risk associated with
      retinol, as distinct from carotene. Inasmuch as a difference in risk associated
      with retinol and carotene has been shown in a few previous inquiries dealing with
      esophageal cancer and cancer at other sites, a need for further investigations
      distinguishing risks associated with the two compounds is apparent.

PMID- 2301356
TI  - Cancer mortality and lipid and lipoprotein levels. Lipid Research Clinics Program
      Mortality Follow-up Study.
AB  - The associations of serum lipid and lipoprotein levels with the risk of cancer
      mortality were assessed in 2,753 men and 2,476 women aged 40-79 years at baseline
      (1972-1976) who participated in the Lipid Research Clinics Program Mortality
      Follow-up Study through 1984. Seventy-nine cancer deaths occurred in men and 65
      occurred in women during an average follow-up time of 8.4 years. Total
      cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were significantly
      inversely associated with overall cancer mortality in men, but no relation was
      observed in women. Neither high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol nor
      triglycerides were significantly related to total cancer mortality in either sex,
      although in women. HDL cholesterol was positively associated with risk of death
      from gynecologic cancers. Compared with men with higher cholesterol levels, the
      relative risk of death from colon cancer, adjusted for age, body mass, cigarette
      smoking, and alcohol consumption, was 5.20 (95 percent confidence interval (Cl)
      1.61-16.8) in men with total cholesterol levels less than or equal to 187 mg/dl
      and 4.79 (95 percent CI 1.37-16.8) in those with LDL cholesterol levels less than
      or equal to 119 mg/dl. Death from smoking-related cancers was inversely related
      to baseline total cholesterol but not to LDL cholesterol. The absence of an
      association with HDL cholesterol, which has been shown to be lower in persons
      with clinically manifest malignancy, and evidence from survival curves suggest
      that the inverse relation in men is not due to preexisting disease.

PMID- 2301357
TI  - Diazepam use in relation to breast cancer: results from two case-control studies.
AB  - The relation between diazepam use and breast cancer was explored in two case
      control studies. The first (1981-1987) was a hospital-based study in the United
      States of 3,078 cases of breast cancer, 1,259 controls with other malignancies,
      and 672 controls with nonmalignant conditions. The relative risk estimates for
      regular diazepam use (at least 4 days per week for at least 6 months) that
      antedated the diagnosis of breast cancer by at least 12 months were 1.0 (95%
      confidence interval (CI) 0.6-1.7) using the cancer controls and 0.8 (95% CI 0.4
      1.8) using the noncancer controls. Risk factors for breast cancer were taken into
      account in the estimates. There was no association for regular use lasting at
      least 5 years or for regular use that took place exclusively in the recent or
      more distant past. The second study (1982-1986), conducted in Toronto, Ontario,
      Canada, was community-based, and included 607 cases of breast cancer and 1,214
      neighbor controls selected from municipal voting and census records. After
      control of confounding, the relative risk estimate for regular diazepam use was
      0.8 (95% CI 0.5-1.3). Again, there was no association for long-term, past, or
      recent regular use. The results of both studies suggest that regular diazepam use
      does not increase the risk of breast cancer. The findings are strengthened by the
      similarity of the results using three different control groups--women with
      cancer, women with nonmalignant conditions, and neighbors.

PMID- 2301358
TI  - Incidence of hip fracture in Saskatchewan, Canada, 1976-1985.
AB  - The authors ascertained the incidence of hip fracture in Saskatchewan, Canada,
      residents aged 65 years or older for the 10 years 1976-1985 from computerized
      hospital discharge records and compared it with rates for several other
      populations in Northern Europe and the United States. In Saskatchewan, the
      average annual incidence was 5.5 per 1,000 person-years. The incidence in women
      was twice that in men, the incidence in urban areas was 27% greater than that in
      nonurban areas, and there was no secular trend of increasing rates. The incidence
      of hip fracture in Saskatchewan was lower than that for populations in
      Scandinavia and the United States but was comparable to rates in English
      populations. Further study is needed to elucidate the genetic, environmental, and
      behavioral factors responsible for this variation.

PMID- 2301359
TI  - Correlation between different measures of occupational exposure to formaldehyde.
AB  - Data on exposure to formaldehyde from a cohort study of 26,561 workers first
      employed between 1934 and 1965 in 10 US plants producing or using formaldehyde
      were used to compare the classification of workers by different estimates of
      exposure, including duration of employment, duration of exposure, level for job
      with highest 8-hour time-weighted average exposure, estimated highest peak
      exposure, cumulative exposure, and average exposure. Measures of duration
      (employment and exposure) were highly correlated, as were average exposure and
      highest 8-hour time-weighted average exposure. Moderate correlations were seen
      between cumulative exposure and either average, highest 8-hour time-weighted
      average exposure, peak, or duration of exposure, between average and peak
      exposure, and between highest job and peak exposure. Average exposure, however,
      showed little correlation with duration of employment, duration of exposure, or
      peak exposures. The degree of similarity of these estimates of exposure also
      varied by plant. These results indicate that various measures of exposure rank
      subjects differently along an exposure gradient and that selection of an
      inappropriate measure could mute exposure-response gradients. Investigators
      should use several exposure measures in analyses whenever the mechanism of action
      is poorly understood in order to avoid false-negative findings.

PMID- 2301360
TI  - Paternal occupation and anencephaly.
AB  - It has been suggested that paternal occupational exposures to pesticides and
      solvents increase the risk of neural tube defects in offspring. With the use of
      Texas livebirth, fetal death, and linked livebirth-death records, the authors
      conducted a population-based case-control study among 1981-1986 Texas births to
      examine the association between paternal occupation and anencephalic births.
      Fathers employed in occupations associated with solvent exposure were more likely
      to have offspring with anencephaly (odds ratio (OR) = 2.53), with painters having
      the highest risk (OR = 3.43). A lesser association was found for fathers employed
      in occupations involving pesticide exposure (OR = 1.28). Further studies are
      indicated to clarify these associations.

PMID- 2301361
TI  - Maternal activity and birth weight: a prospective, population-based study.
AB  - To determine the association between maternal activity and pregnancy outcome, the
      authors investigated the separate influences of time, physical effort, and
      posture at work, both at a job and in the home, on birth weight. Study subjects
      were 1,507 of 1,889 women appearing consecutively for antenatal care at a
      district general hospital in inner London, England, in 1982-1984. Data were
      collected prospectively by interview and examination at several stages of
      pregnancy. Multivariable linear regression was used to distinguish associations
      with physical activity from confounding by other factors. The mean birth weight
      of infants born to women in full-time employment was 49 g less than that for
      births to women not in paid work (95 percent confidence interval (Cl) 1-97 g).
      However, the difference was due to confounding, and after adjustment, full-time
      employment was associated with a 12-g increase in birth weight (95 percent Cl -39
      to 63 g). There was little difference in birth weight related to gestational
      stage at leaving work. Duration, physical effort required, and energy expenditure
      in paid work and in work at home had no discernible association with birth
      weight. A small increase in birth weight was associated with increased hours of
      sleep. These data allow estimates of associations with birth weight as precise as
      80 g. Within the range of activities performed by pregnant women in the
      population studied, birth weight is unlikely to be associated with maternal
      physical activity.

PMID- 2301362
TI  - Comparison of three weight-for-height indices in blood pressure studies in
      children.
AB  - Associations between blood pressures and three indices commonly used to assess
      relative obesity (weight (kg)/height (m)2, weight (kg)/height (m)3, and weight
      (kg)/height (m)p) were examined in a multiracial sample of children attending
      private schools in Chicago, Illinois. The 1,723 boys and 1,878 girls were 5-10
      years old at the time of the survey (1975-1978). Inclusion of white, black,
      Hispanic, and Asian children permitted comparison of the relation between
      anthropometric variables and blood pressures across racial groups. The three
      weight-for-height indices used as estimates of relative obesity yielded nearly
      identical regression models, suggesting that, in spite of ongoing debate about
      the most appropriate index for describing relative obesity in children, it makes
      little difference which index is used.

PMID- 2301363
TI  - Screening for depressive disorder in children and adolescents: validating the
      Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children.
AB  - The utility of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children
      (CES-DC), a modified version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression
      Scale, was explored in a sample of children, adolescents, and young adults at
      high or low risk for depression according to their parents' diagnosis. Proband
      parents were participants in the Yale Family Study of Major Depression who had
      children between the ages of 6 and 23 years. Diagnostic and self-report
      information on offspring was collected over two waves, spaced 2 years apart, from
      1982 to 1986. Support was obtained for the reliability and validity of the CES-DC
      as a measure of depressive symptoms, especially for girls and for children and
      adolescents aged 12-18 years. Children with major depressive disorder or
      dysthymia, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
      Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III), had elevated scores in comparison with all
      other respondents. The CES-DC lacked diagnostic specificity; children with a
      range of current DSM-III diagnoses had elevated scores on the measure. A cutoff
      point of 15 and above for screening children and adolescents for current major
      depressive disorder or dysthymia may be optimal. Depressed respondents scoring
      below this cutoff point (false negatives) showed better social adjustment than
      true positives; nondepressed respondents scoring above this cutoff point (false
      positives) showed worse adjustment than true negatives. Factor analysis was used
      to construct an abbreviated, four-item version of the scale. The abbreviated
      scale was shown to be useful as a screen.

PMID- 2301364
TI  - On power and sample size for studying features of the relative odds of disease.
AB  - Estimates of sample size and statistical power are essential ingredients in the
      design of epidemiologic studies. Once an association between disease and exposure
      has been demonstrated, additional studies are often needed to investigate special
      features of the relation between exposure, other covariates, and risk of disease.
      The authors present a general formulation to compute sample size and power for
      case-control and cohort studies to investigate more complex patterns in the odds
      ratios, such as to distinguish between two different slopes of linear trend, to
      distinguish between two possible dose-response relations, or to distinguish
      different models for the joint effects of two important exposures or of one
      exposure factor adjusting for another. Such special studies of exposure-response
      relations may help investigators to distinguish between plausible biologic models
      and may lead to more realistic models for calculating attributable risk and
      lifetime disease risk. The sample size formulae are applied to studies of indoor
      radon exposure and lung cancer and suggest that epidemiologic studies may not be
      feasible for addressing some issues. For example, if the risk estimates from
      underground miners' studies are, in truth, not applicable to home exposures and
      overestimate the gradient of risk from home exposure to radon by, for example, a
      factor of 2, then enormously large numbers of subjects would be required to
      detect the difference. Furthermore, if the true interaction between smoking and
      radon exposure is less than multiplicative, only the largest investigations will
      have sufficient power to reject additivity. For the simple case of testing for no
      exposure effect, when exposure is either dichotomous or continuous, these methods
      yield well-known formulae.

PMID- 2301365
TI  - Re: Physical activity, diet, and risk of colon cancer in Utah.

PMID- 2301366
TI  - Re: "Interval estimates for correlation coefficients corrected for within-person
      variation: implications for study design and hypothesis testing".

PMID- 2301367
TI  - Re: "The effect of dietary cholesterol and fat on the risk of lung cancer in
      Hawaii".

PMID- 2301368
TI  - B-cell surface phenotypes of proliferating myeloma cells: target antigens for
      immunotherapy.
AB  - Dual-parameter flow cytometric analysis of B-cell antigens and DNA content was
      used to determine the phenotypes of proliferating tumor cells (S-phase cells)
      from 30 patients with multiple myeloma. B4 (CD19), J5 (CALLA, CD10), B1 (CD20),
      and monotypic surface immunoglobulin (Slg) were expressed heterogeneously in 24
      patients. J5 and monotypic Slg were found most frequently but were always
      expressed on a significantly lower percentage of cells than the antigens
      typically associated with plasma cells, cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (Clg) and T10
      (CD38). S-phase cells were found in each antigen(+) subset. B antigen(+) cycling
      cells were demonstrated in 16 patients whose marrow or blood cells expressed B
      antigens exclusively in the hyperdiploid fraction and therefore were certainly
      part of the myeloma clone. Similar to the low level of proliferative activity of
      the T10(+), Clg(+), and PCA1(+) subsets, the percentages of cycling cells of the
      preplasma cell B-antigen-bearing myeloma subsets ranged from less than 1% to 12%.
      The tumor cells of four patients were also studied with dual-color surface
      antigen analysis and demonstrated independent expression of B antigens, with only
      rare coexpression of T10 and monotypic Slg, J5, or B4. These findings are
      consistent with the presence of distinct myeloma subsets bearing differing B
      phenotypes in the same tumor and provide evidence that the proliferation in
      myeloma is occurring at various developmental stages in the malignant B lineage.
      These antigens may be important targets for immunologic therapy aimed at
      eliminating the entire proliferating compartment of this B-cell tumor.

PMID- 2301369
TI  - Prognostic factors at relapse for adults with acute myeloid leukemia.
AB  - To identify prognostic factors for patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first
      relapse we have analyzed the courses of 57 patients undergoing intensive
      reinduction therapy. The median duration of first remission was 9 months. A
      second complete remission was achieved by 31 patients (54%). The median duration
      of second remission was 5 months (range 1-142 + months). Two patients are still
      disease-free with 42 months and 142 months follow-up. Clinical, laboratory, and
      treatment variables at the time of original diagnosis and at relapse were
      examined for possible associations with the outcome of reinduction chemotherapy.
      Only duration of first remission consistently correlated with ability to achieve
      a second remission, second remission duration, and overall survival from
      reinduction. The second complete remission rate was 69% for those with a first
      remission longer than 9 months but only 39% for those with a first remission less
      than 9 months (P less than 0.05). The patients with longer first remissions also
      had longer second remissions (8 months median vs. 4 months, P = 0.02) and a
      longer median survival following reinduction chemotherapy (8 months vs. 5 months,
      P = 0.02). We conclude that the duration of a patient's first remission should be
      considered a useful prognostic factor both in treatment planning and in the
      interpretation of clinical trials of patients in relapse.

PMID- 2301370
TI  - Detection of monosomy 7 in interphase cells of patients with myeloid disorders.
AB  - Six patients, five with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and one with a
      myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), were found to have monosomy 7 by conventional
      cytogenetics at diagnosis. Repetitive DNA sequences from the heterochromatic
      region of human chromosomes 1 and 7 were used as probes for in situ hybridization
      experiments on interphase cells of these patients. A double hybridization
      protocol was used to reveal the particular chromosomes as distinct spots or
      clusters of signals within interphase nuclei. The chromosome 1 sequence served as
      an internal control. Simultaneous detection of the sequences showed the presence
      of two normal number 1 chromosomes and a missing 7 chromosome from individual
      cells. While cytogenetic preparations showed only -7 metaphases in 3 AML and 1
      MDS patients, in situ hybridization of interphase cells showed many normal cells
      as well as the presence of -7 in fully mature granulocytes. One AML patient
      studied in remission showed only normal metaphases yet had 9% interphase cells
      with a missing 7 and relapsed within 3 months. We conclude that examination of
      interphase cells by in situ hybridization provides clinically useful data since
      every cell including mature granulocytes can be examined, the lineage of a cell
      can be determined, and efficacy of differentiation therapy can be evaluated.

PMID- 2301371
TI  - Spectrin modifications in a heterozygous case of both hereditary elliptocytosis
      and beta-thalassemia.
AB  - The clinical and hematological parameters of a patient described here, who
      inherited the genes of both hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) and beta-thalassemia,
      seem to reflect a mutual enhancement of the two diseases. The coexistence of the
      two pathologies is probably also responsible for the observed changes in
      spectrin: the appearance of an extra spectrin band between tetramers and dimers
      on denaturing gel electrophoresis and the metabolic-dependent reduction in
      spectrin amount. It is assumed that the instability of the skeletal network that
      results from the HE pathology caused increased exposure of the spectrin molecule
      to oxidative damage that usually occurs in thalassemic red cells. The products of
      such oxidation may have led to abnormal spectrin associations which finally
      resulted in the above changes.

PMID- 2301372
TI  - Decreased tetranectin in multiple myeloma.
AB  - Tetranectin, a recently described human protein widely distributed in the body
      and with possible importance for cell growth and differentiation, has previously
      been observed to be decreased in patients with solid malignant tumors. In
      patients with multiple myeloma, either untreated or previously treated, serum
      levels were found to be significantly reduced. A negligible interindividual
      variation was observed. Levels of serum tetranectin were not correlated with
      serum albumin, hemoglobin, or M-component. Low levels of tetranectin may be
      related to the growth and spread of malignant cells or reflect a general
      catabolic state of chronic disease.

PMID- 2301373
TI  - Multiple myeloma: relationship between survival and cellular morphology.
AB  - Myeloma cells in bone marrow aspirates from 121 patients with multiple myeloma at
      time of diagnosis were evaluated, by assigning them into morphological
      categories. Cox's model was used to calculate the coefficients for total myeloma
      cells and "plasmablasts" in respect to survival. Applying these coefficients, the
      Multiple Myeloma Cellular Score (MMCS) was calculated. MMCS significantly divides
      the patients into three stages. In fact, there are significant differences both
      between mean survivals (P less than .001) and between survival curves (P less
      than .00001). There is also a significant correlation (P less than .00001)
      between the calculated MMCS and survival in the whole patient group.

PMID- 2301374
TI  - Myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute leukemia after treatment of
      essential thrombocythemia with hydroxyurea.

PMID- 2301375
TI  - Sickle hemoglobinopathies in Sicily.
AB  - The clinical and hematological features of 202 Sicilian subjects with sickle cell
      disease are reported, 41 being homozygous for beta s (beta s beta s), 64 with
      beta zero thal beta s (beta zero beta s), and 97 beta+ thal beta s (beta+ beta
      s). Analysis of the findings showed that the disease observed in Sicilians is of
      intermediate severity and falls between the severe form observed in patients of
      African origin and the milder one seen in subjects of Arabian origin.

PMID- 2301376
TI  - VAD-based regimens as primary treatment for multiple myeloma.
AB  - An alternating VCAD-VAD regimen, combining vincristine-doxorubicin by continuous
      infusion with cyclophosphamide and pulse dexamethasone, or VAD alone, was given
      to 175 previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. The response rate
      with primary VAD-based regimens of 55% was virtually identical to the 54% in
      comparable patients treated previously with similar programs by using bolus
      vincristine-doxorubicin. Despite responses to VAD that were more rapid in onset
      than any previous treatment, remission and survival times were similar. This may
      be due to major differences in drug sensitivity between progenitor and
      differentiated plasma cells. A VAD-based regimen seems better for newly diagnosed
      patients when rapid control of multiple myeloma is necessary.

PMID- 2301377
TI  - Precise quantitation of PAIgG: a new radiometric microtechnique.
AB  - We report the development of a radiometric assay for platelet-bound IgG that is
      both sensitive and quantitative. The assay utilized 96-well millititer plates
      incorporating a 0.2 microns filter membrane in the bottom. A 125I-labeled
      monoclonal antihuman IgG, as a secondary antibody, detected the platelet-bound
      human IgG. Since 5 x 10(6) platelets were used for each assay, tests for platelet
      bound IgG can be performed on persons with severe thrombocytopenia. For the
      detection of circulating antiplatelet alloantibodies, as little as 10 microliters
      of platelet-free plasma per assay is required. Antiplatelet IgG was quantitated
      by using anti-PIA1 antibody that was purified with affinity and elution and DEAE
      chromatography. This purified antiplatelet antibody was labeled with 125I and was
      used to determine the binding ratio of secondary antibody to primary antibody.
      Under our standard conditions, this ratio was found to be stable at approximately
      0.35 over the sensitivity range of the assay. The assay can detect approximately
      200 molecules of human IgG per platelet (0.1 ng of secondary antibody bound per 5
      x 10(6) platelets). It has a linear range from 0 to 7,000 molecules per platelet.
      Quantitation of anti-PIA1 binding for platelets stored for up to 6 months under
      refrigeration showed no change in number of PIA1 binding sites. Clinical studies
      showed that 18 of 19 ITP patients had an increased number of IgG molecules per
      platelet as did patients with malignancy and drug-induced immune
      thrombocytopenia. Patients who had received multiple platelet transfusions had
      antiplatelet antibody in their plasma. Normal amounts of PAIgG were observed in
      platelets and plasma of patients with nonimmune thrombocytopenia. The advantages
      of this method are that it is: 1) a more precise quantitation of PAIgG via direct
      measurement of binding ratio with PIA1 antibody; 2) performed with small amounts
      of platelets and plasma; 3) both sensitive and specific; and 4) reliably
      reproducible with both fresh and stored platelets.

PMID- 2301378
TI  - Synergy of inhibition of DNA synthesis in human bone marrow by azidothymidine
      plus deficiency of folate and/or vitamin B12?
AB  - The effect of azidothymidine (Zidovudine, AZT) on pyrimidine (thymidine,
      deoxyuridine, and thymidine triphosphate) incorporation into DNA in folate-
      and/or vitamin B12-deficient and normal human bone marrow cells was studied to
      investigate whether such vitamin deficiency affects susceptibility to AZT-induced
      hematologic toxicity. Bone marrow cells from 12 patients were studied: 5 had
      folate and/or vitamin B12 deficiency; 7 controls included 5 with anemia related
      to chronic disease and 2 with iron deficiency. At 0.2 microM AZT (3 hr, 37
      degrees C), the approximate pharmacologic serum trough level, pyrimidine
      incorporation into DNA was suppressed by 12 to 19% in folate- and/or vitamin B12
      deficient cells and by 16 to 23% in normal cells. At 2.0 microM AZT (3 hr, 37
      degrees C), the approximate pharmacologic serum peak level, this was suppressed
      by 15 to 40% in folate- and/or vitamin B12-deficient cells and by 32 to 47% in
      controls. Deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA was inhibited significantly greater
      than thymidine at 2.0 microM AZT (3 hr, 37 degrees C) in both groups. Inhibition
      of deoxyuridine incorporation was not reversed with methyltetrahydrofolate or
      vitamin B12. There tended to be less striking suppression by AZT of deoxyuridine
      incorporation into DNA in bone marrow cells from vitamin B12-deficient patients,
      which was made more striking by adding vitamin B12. This suggests that some of
      what passes for "AZT damage" to bone marrow cells may in fact be coincident
      deficiency of vitamin B12. AZT inhibition of DNA synthesis in 3 hr bone marrow
      cultures is relatively consistent in a variety of hematologic disorders. As
      approximately two-thirds of AIDS patients appear to be in negative balance with
      respect to folate and/or vitamin B12, the fact that AZT-induced inhibition of
      pyrimidine incorporation into DNA is occurring in cells which may be
      megaloblastic, i.e., in a state of impaired DNA synthesis, suggests that these
      cells may be more susceptible to AZT toxicity. The data also support the notion
      that AZT inhibition results predominantly from termination of DNA chain
      elongation. Whether folate or vitamin B12 supplementation may partially overcome
      apparent "AZT inhibition" of DNA synthesis (hematologic toxicity) and whether the
      benefit of such therapy exceeds the risk will require further study.

PMID- 2301379
TI  - Durable complete remissions after 2'-deoxycoformycin treatment in patients with
      hairy cell leukemia resistant to interferon alpha.
AB  - The efficacy of interferon alpha in treatment of hairy cell leukemia is well
      established. Our experience with low doses of 2'-deoxycoformycin, a competitive
      inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, showed that it was also effective against hairy
      cell leukemia in 10 of 11 patients studied whose disease was resistant to
      interferon alpha. Ten patients entered complete remission after five to 12 doses
      of 2'-deoxycoformycin (4 mg/m2 every other week), and one patient did not
      respond. No relapses were observed after median follow-up of 18.5 months;
      unmaintained complete remissions lasted from more than 10 to more than 30 months.
      The study demonstrated that 2'-deoxycoformycin induces a high rate of durable,
      unmaintained complete remissions in patients with hairy cell leukemia resistant
      to interferon alpha.

PMID- 2301380
TI  - The transferrin receptor system is not involved in the pathogenesis of
      hematological disorders with 3q inversion.
AB  - To clarify the idea that an alteration of the transferrin receptor (TF-R) gene,
      localized to 3q26, may be of pathogenetic significance in hematological disorders
      with 3q anomaly, we studied the TF-R systems of erythroblasts from both
      functional and genetic aspects. The patient described here had refractory anemia
      with an excess of blasts (RAEB), with paracentric inversion, inv(3)(q21q26). The
      patient had the characteristic findings of micromegakaryocytosis and
      thrombocytosis, with giant platelets. There was no functional abnormality of TF-R
      as far as number of binding sites, affinity, molecular weight, or recycling
      kinetics were concerned. Furthermore, we could not recognize any rearrangement of
      the TF-R gene with Southern blot analysis. These data suggest that TF-R is not
      involved in the pathogenesis of leukemogenesis and thrombocytosis of the disease.

PMID- 2301381
TI  - Treatment of platelet-alloimmunization with cyclosporin A in a patient with
      aplastic anemia.
AB  - The development of alloantibodies to platelets is a major problem in the
      supportive management of thrombocytopenia in patients with severe aplastic
      anemia. We report here a case of aplastic anemia refractory to platelet
      transfusion. An immunosuppressant, cyclosporin A, which was used for the therapy
      of aplastic anemia, modulated alloimmunization to platelets in this patient,
      followed by repeated platelet transfusion. The treatment reduced platelet
      alloantibodies detected by anti-human immunoglobulin lymphocytotoxicity test,
      with change of the CD4/CD8 ratio in T lymphocytes in peripheral blood. These
      results suggest the usefulness of cyclosporin A for the prevention of platelet
      alloimmunization.

PMID- 2301382
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and myeloproliferative syndromes.

PMID- 2301383
TI  - Variants of promyelocytic leukaemia: their relation to myelodysplasia.

PMID- 2301384
TI  - Detection of endotoxiuria in polycystic kidney disease patients by the use of the
      Limulus amebocyte lysate assay.
AB  - Urinary tract infections (UTI) due to gram-negative bacteria are a serious
      complication in patients with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Endotoxin, a
      component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, has been reported to be pro
      cystogenic in experimental animals. Because endotoxin levels in urines
      (endotoxiuria) from PKD patients have not been reported, the Limulus amebocyte
      lysate (LAL) assay, which detects picogram quantities of endotoxin, was used to
      probe for this cyst-promoting chemical. Fifteen PKD patients (seven females,
      eight males), asymptomatic for UTI, were tested and compared with 10 female and
      10 male controls. All urines were assessed for (1) evidence of aerobic bacteria
      by routine quantitative cultures, (2) bacteria and pyuria by microscopic
      examination of gram-stained urine, and (3) bacterial endotoxin by the LAL assay.
      LAL tests were positive in 73% (11/15) of PKD patients, but only 25% (5/20) of
      controls (P = 0.0058). There was no significant difference in test positivity
      between PKD females (71%) and males (75%). There was no correlation of age,
      degree of renal dysfunction, or urine osmolality with endotoxiuria. Routine
      quantitative cultures were negative for gram-negative bacteria in PKD patients
      and all controls (except one female), as were microscopic findings for intact
      bacteria and pyuria. Thus endotoxiuria, in the absence of classical signs,
      symptoms, and microbiological findings of UTI, raises the possibility that
      endotoxin is available intrarenally to promote cystogenesis even before a
      potential susceptibility of PKD patients to classical UTI is manifested. Sources
      of urinary endotoxin observed in PKD patients, such as cryptic intrarenal sites
      or leakage from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, remain to be defined.

PMID- 2301385
TI  - Elective conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine in sensitized patients
      following cadaveric renal transplantation.
AB  - The safety of conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine following renal
      transplantation in patients generally considered to be at immunologic risk for
      allograft loss has not been established. We examined a group of 59 patients who
      underwent cadaveric renal transplantation and elective conversion from
      cyclosporine to azathioprine 8.3 +/- 3.8 months following transplantation. Forty
      three of these patients received a first transplant and had panel-reactive
      antibodies (PRA) less than 40% (unsensitized). Sixteen patients received at least
      their second allograft or had PRA of 40% or more (sensitized). Average follow-up
      was 17.9 +/- 8.2 months. Nine patients (15%) failed conversion as manifested by
      the need to restart cyclosporine 1 to 10 months following conversion. All were in
      the unsensitized group. Of those successfully converted, there were six allograft
      failures, two from patient death, one from acute rejection, one from recurrent
      diabetic nephropathy, and two from patient noncompliance. All were in the
      unsensitized group, although the difference from the sensitized group was not
      statistically significant (P = 0.051). There were three rejection episodes, all
      successfully reversed, in the sensitized group and six rejection episodes in the
      unsensitized group, five of which were reversed. Overall renal function improved
      in both groups as shown by a significant decrease in serum creatinine. Neither
      group required increased doses of steroid to compensate for lack of cyclosporine.
      From these data we can recommend conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine in
      patients with cytotoxic antibodies or those undergoing retransplantation.

PMID- 2301386
TI  - Controlled changes in chronic dietary protein intake do not change glomerular
      filtration rate.
AB  - The effect on renal function (creatinine clearance [Ccreat] and inulin clearance
      [Cinulin]) of changes in chronic dietary protein intake was studied in seven
      healthy male subjects. Serial 24-hour urine collections were used to determine
      creatinine excretion (UcreatV) and Ccreat. Subjects were examined after ad
      libitum (ad lib) food intake and after 2-week periods of high protein diet ([HPD]
      1.6 g/kg body weight [BW] per day) and low protein diet ([LPD] 0.5 g/kg BW per
      day). Inulin clearance (Cinulin) was determined at the end of each 2-week diet
      period. UcreatV increased from 1,838.8 +/- 97.2 mumol/kg (20.8 +/- 1.1 mg/kg) BW
      to 2,068.6 +/- 106.1 mumol/kg (23.4 +/- 1.2 mg/kg) BW daily during HPD and
      decreased significantly to 1,555.9 +/- 167.9 mumol/kg BW per day (17.6 +/- 1.9
      mg/kg BW per day) with beginning of LPD. Ccreat rose from 1.54 +/- 0.09 mL/s 1.73
      m2 (92.5 +/- 5.5 mL/s.1.73 m2 (104.7 +/- 4.9 mL/min/1.73 m2) during HPD and
      decreased to 1.23 +/- 0.04 mL/s.1.73 m2 (74.0 +/- 2.2 mL/min/1.73 m2) with
      initiation of LPD. There was no difference between Cinulin after HPD (1.42 +/-
      0.12 mL/s.1.73 m2; 84.9 +/- 7.2 mL/min/1.73 m2) and after LPD (1.36 +/- 0.05
      mL/s.1.73 m2; 81.4 +/- 2.9 mL/min/1.73 m2). This study confirms the effect of
      protein intake on Ccreat and UcreatV, but fails to show an effect of changes in
      chronic protein intake on glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Ccreat during dietary
      protein restriction to 0.5 g/kg/d is similar to Cinulin and may be a useful
      measure of GFR under circumstances where more specific inulin or isotope studies
      are not available.

PMID- 2301387
TI  - Experimental glomerulonephritis induced by antigen that binds to glomerular
      fibronectin.
AB  - In previous studies we demonstrated that antigens with the capacity to bind to
      the glycoprotein fibronectin (FN), localized in the glomerular mesangium after
      intravenous (IV) injection. In the present study we sought to determine if the
      localization of FN-binding antigens in the mesangium is capable of inducing
      glomerulonephritis. A group of rats were injected IV with the FN-binding antigen
      phenylated gelatin (DNP-GL) followed 2 hours later by rabbit anti-DNP antibodies.
      This experimental protocol resulted in the development of a glomerulonephritis
      characterized by an initial heterologous phase and a late autologous phase. Both
      phases of the disease were characterized by significant histologic changes,
      including focal segmental mesangial matrix expansion, inflammatory cell
      infiltration, and an increase in endothelial and mesangial cells. By
      immunoperoxidase we demonstrated mesangial deposition of rabbit IgG and rat C3
      during the initial heterologous phase and mesangial deposition of rat IgG and C3
      during the autologous phase. Significant proteinuria developed during the
      heterologous phase, but not during the autologous phase of the disease. By
      contrast, rats injected with DNP-GL alone or anti-DNP antibodies alone did not
      develop significant histologic glomerular changes or proteinuria. In conclusion,
      antigens that bind to mesangial FN are capable of inducing glomerulonephritis.
      This mechanism of localization of antigens in the glomeruli may be relevant to
      human immune complex (IC)-mediated diseases involving antigens that have the
      capacity to bind to FN.

PMID- 2301388
TI  - Recombinant human erythropoietin: 18 months' experience in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - It has been shown that the regular administration of erythropoietin (EPO) permits
      the correction of anemia in end-stage renal failure patients. We analyzed the
      effect of chronic administration of EPO in 13 stable, regularly dialyzed end
      stage renal failure patients over an 18-month period. The effects of EPO were
      evaluated according to standard criteria including clinical status, blood
      pressure control, hematology and biochemistry data, protein nutritional status,
      and dialysis efficiency. Following a 2-week control period, EPO was administered
      intravenously (IV) after the dialysis session according to a two-phase protocol.
      The first period (correction phase) consisted of a stepwise EPO dose increment,
      starting at 3 x 24 IU/kg/wk and doubling the dose every 14 days according to
      hemoglobin response in order to achieve a target hemoglobin level of
      approximately 11.0 g/dL (110 g/L). In the second period (maintenance phase) EPO
      dose was optimized to maintain the hemoglobin level between 100 and 110 g/L (10.0
      and 11.0 g/dL), by adjusting either the unit dose or the frequency of injection.
      Anemia was corrected in all patients within 11 weeks, with EPO dose increasing
      from 72 to 360 IU/kg/wk. The stabilization of hemoglobin was achieved with an
      average EPO dose of 275 IU/kg/wk (50 to 476 IU/kg/wk). Concomitantly, a
      subjective and clinical improvement was noted in all patients. The dialysis
      efficacy remained in an acceptable range throughout the study, falling
      significantly (approximately 10%) through the first 3 months of treatment to
      stabilize at an effective urea clearance of approximately 120 L/wk. The dietary
      protein intake calculated from urea kinetic modeling ranged between 1.1 and 1.2
      g/kg/d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301389
TI  - Arterial thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by profound changes in the turnover and
      concentration of most plasma proteins, including those involved in the
      coagulation pathways. Thromboembolic complications, especially venous, have been
      widely reported. Arterial thrombosis is a relatively rare complication and has
      been reported mainly in nephrotic children. In this report, an adult nephrotic
      patient who developed thromboses of his right middle cerebral and left femoral
      arteries is described. The patient died, and at postmortem no underlying arterial
      disease was found. Histology of the kidneys showed minimal change disease.

PMID- 2301391
TI  - George Washington had wooden teeth.

PMID- 2301390
TI  - Glomerulonephritis in a patient with anticardiolipin antibody.

PMID- 2301392
TI  - Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits. I. Multilocus models.
AB  - In order to investigate linkage detection strategies for genetically complex
      traits, multilocus models of inheritance need to be specified. Here, two types of
      multilocus model are described: (1) a multiplicative model, representing
      epistasis (interaction) among loci, and (2) an additive model, which is shown to
      closely approximate genetic heterogeneity, which is characterized by no
      interlocus interaction. A ratio lambda R of risk for type R relatives that is
      compared with population prevalence is defined. For a single-locus model, lambda
      R - 1 decreases by a factor of two with each degree of relationship. The same
      holds true for an additive multilocus model. For a multiplicative (epistasis)
      model, lambda R - 1 decreases more rapidly than by a factor of two with degree of
      relationship. Examination of lambda R values for various classes of relatives can
      potentially suggest the presence of multiple loci and epistasis. For example,
      data for schizophrenia suggest multiple loci in interaction. It is shown in the
      second paper of this series that lambda R is the critical parameter in
      determining power to detect linkage by using affected relative pairs.

PMID- 2301393
TI  - Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits. II. The power of affected
      relative pairs.
AB  - The power to detect disease-susceptibility loci through linkage analysis using
      pairs of affected relatives and affected-unaffected pairs is examined. Allelic
      identity by descent (ibd) for a completely polymorphic marker for sibling, uncle
      nephew, grandparent-grandchild, half-sib, and first-cousin pairs is considered.
      Affected-unaffected pairs generally represent a poor strategy. For single-locus
      models, ibd depends on lambda R, the risk ratio for type R relatives compared
      with population prevalence, and the recombination fraction theta. The ibd for
      grandparent-grandchild pairs is least affected by recombination, followed by
      sibs, half-sib, uncle-nephew, and first-cousin pairs. For diseases with large
      lambda values and for small theta values, distant relatives offer greater power.
      For larger theta values, grandparent-grandchild pairs are best; for small lambda
      values, sibs are best. Additive and multiplicative multilocus models are
      considered. For the multiplicative model, the same formulas as in the single
      locus model apply, except that lambda iR (for the ith contributing locus) is
      substituted for lambda R. For the additive model, the deviation from null
      expectation for ibd is divided among all contributing loci. Compared with the
      multiplicative model, for an additive model there is usually greater advantage in
      distant relationships. Multipoint analysis using linked marker loci for affected
      relative pairs is described. Simultaneous use of multiple markers diminishes the
      effect of recombination and allows for localization of the disease-susceptibility
      locus.

PMID- 2301394
TI  - Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits. III. The effect of marker
      polymorphism on analysis of affected relative pairs.
AB  - The results from the second paper of this series are reexamined for markers that
      are not completely polymorphic. A maximum lod score (MLS) criterion is defined
      for affected relative pairs. The expected MLS (EMLS) is calculated as a function
      of the marker polymorphic information content (PIC) for various values of lambda
      R (relative risk ratio) and different relative types by using simulations. An m
      allele model with equal allele frequencies is employed. The EMLS is calculated
      for two sampling strategies: scheme 1, which uses pairs only, and scheme 2, which
      also includes additional informative relatives. For scheme 2, the percent of the
      maximum achievable EMLS (i.e., for a marker with a PIC of 1.0) is approximately
      equal to the marker PIC value for all relative types. For scheme 1, the EMLS is
      greatly diminished unless PIC is high, especially for distant relatives. For
      example, scheme 1 is not cost-effective for sibs unless PIC greater than .7; for
      second- and third-degree relatives, PIC must be greater than .85. Therefore, in
      general, it will be worthwhile to type additional relatives in linkage studies
      using affected pairs. The comparative value of sibs versus distant relatives
      depends on lambda R, recombination theta, and PIC. For large lambda R and PIC
      values, distant relatives are preferred. Alternatively, for smaller lambda R and
      PIC values, sibs are best.

PMID- 2301395
TI  - The power of identity-by-state methods for linkage analysis.
AB  - The affected-sib-pair method has been widely utilized for mapping. This
      methodology is aimed at mapping complex traits which have been observed to be
      familial but for which Mendelian segregation, even after allowing for partial
      penetrance, is not apparent. Indications of linkage are based on the observation
      of nonrandom segregation at a marker locus in two affected siblings. We extend
      this methodology to more distant genetic relationships and examine the power of
      identity-by-state methods for mapping when marker information is only available
      on pairs of affected relatives. The power depends on the polymorphism of the
      marker, the probability of identity by descent at the trait locus, and the
      recombination fraction between the trait and the marker loci.

PMID- 2301396
TI  - Estimating the power of linkage analysis in hereditary breast cancer.
AB  - Because evidence from several sources suggests the existence of a major genetic
      factor contributing to the risk for breast cancer, there is current interest in
      searching for genetic linkage between the putative cancer susceptibility gene(s)
      and polymorphic DNA markers. However, because of high population rates of the
      nongenetic form of the condition, and because of the possibility of underlying
      genetic heterogeneity, it is expected that the number of informative families
      required for detection of linkage will be greater for breast cancer than for
      other conditions with major genetic components. Computer simulation approaches
      may be useful in estimating the power of proposed linkage studies. Here we have
      simulated multiple genotypes for a medium-sized breast-cancer family and have
      analyzed the generated pedigrees with a linkage program. The effects of possible
      phenocopies and of genetic heterogeneity were measured by comparing the results
      obtained when the parameters were varied in the models. When population-based
      rates for sporadic cases of breast cancer were incorporated, the number of
      families required to detect linkage was approximately twice that expected in the
      absence of phenocopies. Incorrect specification of the probability of phenocopies
      in the analytic model did not materially alter the power of the proposed study,
      although significant effects on the estimated recombination fractions were noted.

PMID- 2301397
TI  - Localization of a gene that escapes inactivation to the X chromosome proximal
      short arm: implications for X inactivation.
AB  - The process of mammalian X chromosome inactivation results in the inactivation of
      most, but not all, genes along one or the other of the two X chromosomes in
      females. On the human X chromosome, several genes have been described that
      "escape" inactivation and continue to be expressed from both homologues. All such
      previously mapped genes are located in the distal third of the short arm of the X
      chromosome, giving rise to the hypothesis of a region of the chromosome that
      remains noninactivated during development. The A1S9T gene, an X-linked locus that
      complements a mouse temperature-sensitive defect in DNA synthesis, escapes
      inactivation and has now been localized, in human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, to
      the proximal short arm, in Xp11.1 to Xp11.3. Thus, A1S9T lies in a region of the
      chromosome that is separate from the other genes known to escape inactivation and
      is located between other genes known to be subject to X inactivation. This
      finding both rules out models based on a single chromosomal region that escapes
      inactivation and suggests that X inactivation proceeds by a mechanism that allows
      considerable autonomy between different genes or regions on the chromosome.

PMID- 2301398
TI  - Hyperphosphatemia in infantile hypophosphatasia: implications for carrier
      diagnosis and screening.
AB  - Twenty obligate carriers of infantile hypophosphatasia (HOPS), a severe autosomal
      recessive metabolic bone disorder, were studied and compared with 36 controls.
      Decreased serum alkaline phosphatase activity and increased urinary
      phosphoethanolamine excretion were confirmed in the HOPS carriers. Relative
      hyperphosphatemia was documented for the first time in the carriers. Logistic
      regression analysis was used to develop models for the diagnosis of and screening
      for HOPS carriers in the high-risk population of Manitoba Mennonites. Models
      based on serum alkaline phosphatase activity and on serum phosphate levels with
      or without urinary phosphoethanolamine excretion were used for diagnostic
      purposes. A model based on serum alkaline phosphatase activity and on the serum
      phosphate level was the most suitable for screening.

PMID- 2301399
TI  - Physical mapping around the Alzheimer disease locus on the proximal long arm of
      chromosome 21.
AB  - Evidence from linkage studies suggests that familial Alzheimer disease (AD) can
      be caused by a defect in a gene on the proximal long arm of chromosome 21. We
      have constructed a physical map spanning 10 megabases of this region of the
      chromosome by means of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and analysis of somatic
      cell hybrids. Our data have allowed us to establish the order of chromosome 21
      loci--cen-(S16,S48)-S13-S46-S4-(S52,S110)-(S1,S1 1)--and are thus of immediate
      relevance both to multipoint linkage analysis in families affected by AD and for
      moving from this linkage to the isolation of the genetic defect. We have also
      been able to identify several CpG-rich sequences close to the four most
      centromeric loci, suggesting the location of genes in this region. These probes,
      which are all within 1.5 megabases of one another, are currently the markers most
      tightly linked to the AD locus. Genes identified in this region can therefore be
      considered as candidates for the disease locus.

PMID- 2301400
TI  - Enhanced G2 chromatid radiosensitivity in dyskeratosis congenita fibroblasts.
AB  - Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is an inherited disorder characterized by reticular
      pigmentation of the skin, dystrophic nails, mucosal leukoplakia, and a
      predisposition to cancer in early adult life. In the majority of cases, DC is an
      X-linked recessive trait. However, one or more autosomal form(s) of DC may exist.
      Although excessive spontaneous chromatid breakage has been reported in DC, it is
      not a consistent cytological marker for this disorder. We examined the frequency
      and specificity of X-irradiation-induced G2 chromatid breakage in fibroblasts
      from three unrelated DC patients (two males and one female). Metaphase cells from
      DC patients had significantly more chromatid breaks (16-18-fold and 17-26-fold at
      50 and 100 rad X-irradiation, respectively) and chromatid gaps (10-12-fold and 6
      7-fold at 50 and 100 rad, respectively) than those from two different controls.
      Analysis of banded chromosomes revealed a nonrandom distribution of chromatid
      aberrations in DC but not in controls, a distribution corresponding to some of
      the known breakpoints for cancer-specific rearrangements, constitutive fragile
      sites, and/or loci for cellular proto-oncogenes. The significance of this finding
      for cancer predisposition in DC patients is uncertain, but the increased
      susceptibility of X-irradiation-induced chromatid breakage may serve as a
      cellular marker of diagnostic value.

PMID- 2301401
TI  - DNA fingerprinting for forensic identification: potential effects on data
      interpretation of subpopulation heterogeneity and band number variability.
AB  - Some methods of statistical analysis of data on DNA fingerprinting suffer serious
      weaknesses. Unlinked Mendelizing loci that are at linkage equilibrium in
      subpopulations may be statistically associated, not statistically independent, in
      the population as a whole if there is heterogeneity in gene frequencies between
      subpopulations. In the populations where DNA fingerprinting is used for forensic
      applications, the assumption that DNA fragments occur statistically independently
      for different probes, different loci, or different fragment size classes lacks
      supporting data so far; there is some contrary evidence. Statistical association
      of alleles may cause estimates based on the assumption of statistical
      independence to understate the true matching probabilities by many orders of
      magnitude. The assumptions that DNA fragments occur independently and with
      constant frequency within a size class appear to be contradicted by the available
      data on the mean and variance of the number of fragments per person. The mistaken
      use of the geometric mean instead of the arithmetic mean to compute the
      probability that every DNA fragment of a randomly chosen person is present among
      the DNA fragments of a specimen may substantially understate the probability of a
      match between blots, even if other assumptions involved in the calculations are
      taken as correct. The conclusion is that some astronomically small probabilities
      of matching by chance, which have been claimed in forensic applications of DNA
      fingerprinting, presently lack substantial empirical and theoretical support.

PMID- 2301402
TI  - Steroid sulfatase gene in XX males.
AB  - The human X and Y chromosomes pair and recombine at their distal short arms
      during male meiosis. Recent studies indicate that the majority of XX males arise
      as a result of an aberrant exchange between X and Y chromosomes such that the
      testis-determining factor gene (TDF) is transferred from a Y chromatid to an X
      chromatid. It has been shown that X-specific loci such as that coding for the red
      cell surface antigen, Xg, are sometimes lost from the X chromosome in this
      aberrant exchange. The steroid sulfatase functional gene (STS) maps to the distal
      short arm of the X chromosome proximal to XG. We have asked whether STS is
      affected in the aberrant X-Y interchange leading to XX males. DNA extracted from
      fibroblasts of seven XX males known to contain Y-specific sequences in their
      genomic DNA was tested for dosage of the STS gene by using a specific genomic
      probe. Densitometry of the autoradiograms showed that these XX males have two
      copies of the STS gene, suggesting that the breakpoint on the X chromosome in the
      aberrant X-Y interchange is distal to STS. To obtain more definitive evidence,
      cell hybrids were derived from the fusion of mouse cells, deficient in
      hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, and fibroblasts of the seven XX males.
      The X chromosomes in these patients could be distinguished from each other when
      one of three X-linked restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms was used. Hybrid
      clones retaining a human X chromosome containing Y-specific sequences in the
      absence of the normal X chromosome could be identified in six of the seven cases
      of XX males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301404
TI  - The American Society of Human Genetics statement on cystic fibrosis screening.

PMID- 2301403
TI  - Inheritance of acute appendicitis: familial aggregation and evidence of polygenic
      transmission.
AB  - We explored familiality as well as the heritability and possible mode(s) of
      inheritance of acute appendicitis in childhood and early adolescence. Our case
      control study showed that a positive family history for reported appendectomy was
      significantly more frequent in families of 80 consecutive patients eventually
      proved to have histopathologic acute appendicitis than in families of surgical
      controls matched for sex, age, and number of siblings. The relative risk was 10.0
      (95% confidence limits 4.7-21.4). The pattern of familial aggregation was further
      supported by the fact that the age-standardized morbidity ratio was four times
      greater among family members of cases than among controls. We then applied the
      unified mixed model of segregation analysis, as implemented in the computer
      program POINTER, to a new set of 100 multigenerational pedigrees of children with
      histopathologically confirmed acute appendicitis that were broken down into 674
      nuclear families. Age-specific morbidity risk and lifetime incidence of acute
      appendicitis were estimated from relatives of controls matched for age and sex to
      probands. Complex segregation analysis supported a polygenic or multifactorial
      model with a total heritability of 56%. There was no evidence to support a major
      gene, although a rare gene could not be ruled out as the cause of a small
      proportion of cases. Specific studies to address genetic and environmental
      factors in this serious disease seem worthwhile; but, for now, a positive family
      history of appendicitis might join other evidence leading to improved clinical
      recognition of acute appendicitis.

PMID- 2301406
TI  - Histograms: multimodal or poorly constructed?

PMID- 2301405
TI  - Rapid nonradioactive detection of the major cystic fibrosis mutation.

PMID- 2301407
TI  - Healthy worker and healthy survivor effects in relation to the cancer risks of
      radiation workers.

PMID- 2301408
TI  - Mortality of a cohort of men in a silicosis register: further evidence of an
      association with lung cancer.
AB  - Lung cancer mortality from 1980 to 1986 was studied in a cohort of 1,419 men in a
      silicosis register who had no previous exposure to asbestos and polyaromatic
      hydrocarbons. The 28 deaths from lung cancer were statistically in excess of
      expected (SMR 2.03; 95% CI 1.35-2.93). Excess risks of lung cancer were found in
      both underground workers (SMR 3.41; 95% CI 1.10-7.97; based on 5 deaths) and
      surface workers (SMR 1.87, 95% CI 1.18-2.81; based on 23 deaths). All lung cancer
      deaths were smokers. There was an increase in SMRs with longer latency periods
      and years of exposure, with the greatest risk found in those who had worked for
      30 or more years after more than 30 years since first exposed (SMR 3.07, based on
      16 deaths). The risk for lung cancer was higher in those with tuberculosis (SMR
      2.52; 95% CI 1.52-3.94) and showed an increasing trend with severity of
      silicosis, from category 1 to 3 and from category A to C, with highest risk in
      those with tuberculosis and category 3 (SMR 4.44 based on 3 deaths) or
      tuberculosis and category C (SMR 7.63 based on 7 deaths). Most of the excess lung
      cancer risk in silicotics is due to smoking, but a synergistic effect between
      smoking and silica/silicosis on the risk of lung cancer is also likely. In
      particular, a possible role of silicosis and tuberculosis as the fibrotic seedbed
      for malignant growth in the lung is strongly supported.

PMID- 2301410
TI  - Risk for cancer of the urinary bladder among hairdressers in the Nordic
      countries.
AB  - Several studies have indicated an increased risk for cancer of the urinary
      bladder among hairdressers. In a Danish linkage between census data and cancer
      register data both male and female hairdressers have an elevated risk for bladder
      cancer. The risk for lung cancer is close to unity, indicating that occupational
      factors rather than smoking, may be responsible for the increased risk for
      bladder cancer among hairdressers. To evaluate this hypothesis we conducted a
      collaborative analysis of data from similar linkages in Finland, Norway, and
      Sweden. The combination of high risk for bladder cancer and low or no risk for
      lung cancer was not found in the other Nordic countries; however, statistically
      significant increased risks for both bladder and lung cancer were found among
      male hairdressers in both Norway and Sweden. The relative risks for bladder
      cancer were of the same magnitude as the relative risks for lung cancer.

PMID- 2301409
TI  - Respiratory morbidity of pattern and model makers exposed to wood, plastic, and
      metal products.
AB  - Pattern and model makers are skilled tradespersons who may be exposed to
      hardwoods, softwoods, phenol-formaldehyde resin-impregnated woods, epoxy and
      polyester/styrene resin systems, and welding and metal-casting fumes. The
      relationship of respiratory symptoms (wheezing, chronic bronchitis, dyspnea) and
      pulmonary function (FVC% predicted, FEV1% predicted, FEV1/FVC% predicted) with
      interview-derived cumulative exposure estimates to specific workplace agents and
      to all work with wood, plastic, or metal products was investigated in 751 pattern
      and model makers in southeast Michigan. In stratified analyses and age- and
      smoking-adjusted linear and logistic regression models, measures of cumulative
      wood exposures were associated with decrements in pulmonary function and dyspnea,
      but not with other symptoms. In similar analyses, measures of cumulative plastic
      exposures were associated with wheezing, chronic bronchitis, and dyspnea, but not
      with decrements in pulmonary function. Prior studies of exposure levels among
      pattern and model makers and of respiratory health effects of specific agents
      among other occupational groups support the plausibility of wood-related effects
      more strongly than that of plastic-related effects.

PMID- 2301411
TI  - Dehydration and serum electrolyte changes in South African gold miners with heat
      disorders.
AB  - A study was made on the hydration and serum electrolyte changes in 55 black
      underground gold miners who presented with heat disorders, and control data were
      obtained on 52 surface and 50 underground workers without symptoms. Cases were
      admitted for assessment and treatment, and a questionnaire was administered on
      symptoms, work, fluid intake, alcohol intake, recent health, and past history of
      heat disorders. Twenty-eight men had experienced heat disorders in the past.
      Blood specimens on days 0, 1, 2, and 7 for serum sodium, potassium, magnesium,
      calcium, inorganic phosphate, and serum total protein were obtained from 55
      cases, of which 22 also had estimations of hemoglobin and hematocrit. Initial
      serum electrolyte levels, because of hemoconcentration, were found to be a poor
      indicator of underlying changes. Changes in serum total protein were used to
      correct electrolyte levels for dehydration, which showed deficits in serum total
      sodium and potassium. This method of correction, when compared with one using
      hemoglobin and hematocrit, showed similar but smaller changes in serum
      electrolytes. The cases were divided into subgroups of "cramps" and "collapse";
      no significant differences were seen in ambient conditions, age, or electrolyte
      changes. The cramps group, however, had drunk significantly more water. The
      findings overall were those of dehydration and salt depletion.

PMID- 2301412
TI  - Asbestos-cement pneumoconiosis: first surgically confirmed case in Kuwait.
AB  - During the periodic medical examination of workers of the only asbestos-cement
      pipe factory in Kuwait, an early case of asbestosis was diagnosed. It was the
      first case of asbestosis to be reported and compensated in Kuwait. According to
      available information, it is also the first reported case to be confirmed by
      surgery in the Arabian Gulf countries. Recommendations are given in regard to
      diagnosis, the institution of very strict preventive and protective measures, and
      the system of compensation in Kuwaiti law.

PMID- 2301414
TI  - Standard setting: a political process.

PMID- 2301413
TI  - Biological monitoring of carbon disulfide.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between exposure to carbon
      disulfide, as measured by personal air sampling, and the excretion of 2
      thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) in urine. The subjects of investigation
      were 29 workers involved in the production of viscose rayon fibers. The average
      exposure level was 12.6 mg/m3 (range less than 1-66). The present Dutch
      occupational exposure limit ("MAC-value") is 60 mg/m3. After logarithmic
      transformation of the data, the following linear regression equation was found:
      log (TTCA) = 0.84 log (CS2) - 1.10, wherein TTCA is expressed as mmol/mol
      creatinine and CS2 as mg/m3. The correlation coefficient was 0.95. Neither the
      hepatic drug-metabolizing capacity (antipyrine clearance) nor the degree of
      obesity (Quetelet index) influenced the relationship significantly. On basis of
      the equation it was possible to establish tentative biological limit values
      corresponding to the respective occupational exposure limit values. The
      calculated biological limit value of 0.77 mg/g creatinine (= 0.57 mmol/mol
      creatinine) corresponds, with 95% confidence, to time-weighted average of air
      concentration lower than the TLV level of 30 mg/m3.

PMID- 2301415
TI  - Serious errors in new volume on Agent Orange and dioxin.

PMID- 2301416
TI  - Limitations of meta-analysis: cancer in the petroleum industry.

PMID- 2301417
TI  - Proper interpretation of meta-analysis in occupational epidemiological studies: a
      response.

PMID- 2301418
TI  - Specialty training in clinical medicine.

PMID- 2301419
TI  - Mentors and residency training.

PMID- 2301420
TI  - Method for evaluating performance of clinical pharmacists.
AB  - A performance-evaluation process that satisfies Joint Commission on Accreditation
      of Healthcare Organizations criteria and state policies is described. A three
      part, criteria-based, weighted performance-evaluation tool specific for clinical
      pharmacists was designed for use in two institutions affiliated with the
      University of Washington. The three parts are self-appraisal and goal setting,
      peer evaluation, and supervisory evaluation. Objective criteria within each
      section were weighted to reflect the relative importance of that characteristic
      to the job that the clinical pharmacist performs. The performance score for each
      criterion is multiplied by the weighted value to produce an outcome score. The
      peer evaluation and self-appraisal/goal-setting parts of the evaluation are
      completed before the formal performance-evaluation interview. The supervisory
      evaluation is completed during the interview. For this evaluation, supervisors
      use both the standard university employee performance evaluation form and a set
      of specific criteria applicable to the clinical pharmacists in these
      institutions. The first performance evaluations done under this new system were
      conducted in May 1989. Pharmacists believed that the new system was more
      objective and allowed more interchange between the manager and the pharmacist.
      The peer-evaluation part of the system was seen as extremely constructive. This
      three-part, criteria-based system for evaluation of the job performance of
      clinical pharmacists could easily be adopted by other pharmacy departments.

PMID- 2301421
TI  - Drug-use evaluation programs for psychotropic medications.
AB  - Drug-use evaluation (DUE) programs for psychotropic medications at a state
      operated mental health center are described. DUE programs were developed at
      Western Missouri Mental Health Center to monitor prescribing of medications in
      the hospital and ambulatory-care settings. DUE criteria were developed for all
      major groups of psychotropic medications: antipsychotics, antidepressants,
      antianxiety and hypnotic agents, lithium, and antiparkinsonian drugs. The
      criteria appear on special forms developed for the programs; pharmacists use
      these forms to evaluate every medication order for inpatients and every 50th
      medication order for ambulatory-care patients. Physicians are alerted to
      noncompliant prescribing practices by memorandum, oral consultation, or both. In
      3204 inpatient DUEs conducted from July 1986 to December 1988, orders for
      antiparkinsonian drugs showed the poorest compliance with DUE criteria. In both
      the hospital and ambulatory-care settings, antiparkinsonian agents required the
      most follow-up. The overall compliance rate for inpatient DUEs was 84%; for
      ambulatory-care DUEs, the compliance rate was 64%. As a result of the ambulatory
      care DUE program, basic laboratory studies and dyskinesia rating scales are being
      ordered on a more timely basis. These DUE programs have increased pharmacist
      monitoring of patient care and improved documentation of medication use.

PMID- 2301422
TI  - Stability of morphine sulfate in infusion devices and containers for intravenous
      administration.
AB  - The stability of morphine sulfate in one brand of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
      container, one brand of glass syringe, and two brands of disposable infusion
      devices was determined. Solutions of morphine sulfate 2 and 15 mg/mL were used to
      fill the PVC containers and drug administration devices. Stability was determined
      for both concentrations of morphine sulfate at room temperature (23-25 degrees C)
      and 4 degrees C in the PVC containers, glass syringes, and disposable infusion
      devices; stability was also determined at 31 degrees C in the disposable infusion
      devices. At 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 12, and 15 days, portions of the solutions were
      removed and assayed in triplicate by a stability-indicating high-performance
      liquid chromatographic method. At each time point the drug-infusion fluid
      combinations were inspected visually for color changes and the presence of
      particulate matter, and pH was measured. Morphine sulfate 2 and 15 mg/mL remained
      stable for at least 12 days in all the containers and devices at each temperature
      tested. No substantial changes in the pH or physical appearance of the solutions
      were observed. Morphine sulfate can be repackaged in the disposable glass
      syringe, PVC container, and both disposable infusion devices for routine clinical
      use.

PMID- 2301424
TI  - Pharmacist's refusal to serve patient with AIDS.

PMID- 2301423
TI  - Stability of cefotaxime in two peritoneal dialysis solutions.
AB  - The stability of cefotaxime sodium at room and body temperatures in peritoneal
      dialysis solutions containing 1.5% or 4.25% dextrose was determined. Cefotaxime
      sodium 2 g was added to three 2-L bags of dialysis solution containing 1.5%
      dextrose, and cefotaxime sodium 500 mg was added to three 500-mL bags of dialysis
      solution containing 4.25% dextrose. The bags were stored at 25 or 37 degrees C
      Samples from bags stored at 25 degrees C were drawn aseptically at 0, 12, 24, 48,
      and 72 hours, and samples from bags stored at 37 degrees C were drawn at 0, 6,
      12, and 24 hours. The pH of each sample was determined, and the cefotaxime
      concentration was measured by a stability-indicating high-performance liquid
      chromatographic method. At 37 degrees C the initial mean cefotaxime concentration
      declined to 97.9% at six hours, 89.1% at 12 hours, and 68.8% at 24 hours in the
      1.5% dextrose solution; the mean percentages remaining in the solution containing
      4.25% dextrose were 96.4%, 86.1%, and 71.0% at 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively.
      At 25 degrees C the initial cefotaxime concentration declined to 92.4%, 84.4%,
      and 74.2% at 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively, in 1.5% dextrose solution and to
      92.0%, 84.3%, and 80.3% at 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively, in 4.25% dextrose
      solution. In both solutions, cefotaxime concentration decreased by more than 10%
      at and after 12 hours at 37 degrees C and between 24 and 48 hours at 25 degrees
      C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301425
TI  - Program for improving adverse drug reaction reporting.

PMID- 2301427
TI  - Incorrect information about azlocillin precipitation in Handbook on Injectable
      Drugs.

PMID- 2301426
TI  - Safe handling of cyclophosphamide.

PMID- 2301428
TI  - Controversies in adverse drug reaction reporting.

PMID- 2301429
TI  - Pharma Trend experience reports: conflict of interest?

PMID- 2301430
TI  - California community pharmacists support technicians.

PMID- 2301431
TI  - Postgraduate training for pharmacy practice.

PMID- 2301432
TI  - Improving postgraduate pharmacy residency training.

PMID- 2301433
TI  - Manpower trends and the role of educators in preparing students for postgraduate
      training.

PMID- 2301434
TI  - The future of postgraduate pharmacy training programs.

PMID- 2301436
TI  - Effect of New York State's do-not-resuscitate legislation on in-hospital
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation practice.
AB  - PURPOSE: On April 1, 1988, New York State enacted legislation governing the
      withholding of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Suggestions that the mandated
      protocol for withholding CPR is too cumbersome and will result in an increase in
      CPR attempts led us to study the effect of the new law on in-hospital
      resuscitation practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the
      charts of 245 adult in-patients at a county teaching hospital who died during
      three-month periods before and after the law took effect. RESULTS: There was a
      statistically nonsignificant decline in the frequency of CPR attempts at the time
      of death, from 59 (50%) of 119 patients in 1987 to 57 (45%) of 126 patients in
      1988. Use of explicit written "do-not-resuscitate" (DNR) orders increased
      significantly from 13 (22%) of 60 patients who died without CPR in 1987 to 64
      (93%) of 69 patients in 1988. Patient and family involvement in decisions to
      withhold CPR was common before the law and did not change significantly.
      CONCLUSION: Although changing the way DNR decisions are documented, the
      legislation resulted in no significant change either in the frequency of CPR or
      in the degree to which patients are involved in these decisions.

PMID- 2301435
TI  - Prediction of cardiac and pulmonary complications related to elective abdominal
      and noncardiac thoracic surgery in geriatric patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Major cardiac and pulmonary complications associated with abdominal and
      noncardiac thoracic surgery are a common cause of mortality and serious morbidity
      in elderly patients. We postulated that a simple, inexpensive bicycle exercise
      test could provide objective documentation of cardiopulmonary reserve and,
      therefore, predict perioperative pulmonary as well as cardiac complications.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prior to elective surgery, 177 patients aged 65 years or
      older had assessment of the clinical history, results of physical examination,
      electrocardiogram, chest radiograph, blood chemistries, pulmonary function test
      findings, supine exercise test results, Dripps classification, and Goldman
      cardiac risk factors. Observations in patients with and without major
      perioperative cardiac and/or pulmonary complications were compared using
      univariate analysis followed by a multivariate logistic regression procedure.
      RESULTS: Major perioperative complications were pulmonary in 24 patients, cardiac
      in 25 patients, and either cardiac or pulmonary in 39 patients. By multivariate
      analysis, inability to perform two minutes of supine bicycle exercise raising the
      heart rate above 99 beats/minute was the best predictor of perioperative
      pulmonary, cardiac, and combined cardiopulmonary complication (p less than
      0.0005). Among 108 patients who were able to achieve these exercise criteria,
      cardiac or pulmonary complications occurred in 10 patients (9.3%), with one death
      (0.9%). Among 69 patients unable to exercise satisfactorily, cardiac or pulmonary
      complications occurred in 29 patients (42%), with five total deaths (7.2%).
      CONCLUSION: Objective measurement of exercise capacity by supine bicycle
      ergometry appears to be of clinical value for preoperative risk stratification
      for both pulmonary and cardiac complications prior to major elective abdominal or
      noncardiac thoracic surgery in elderly patients.

PMID- 2301437
TI  - Diagnostic criteria and technology as sources for changing incidences of
      pulmonary diseases.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of changes in diagnostic criteria and
      technology on the rates of occurrence of pulmonary diseases during each of four
      different calendar years: 1921, 1941, 1961, and 1982. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The
      medical records were obtained for all patients discharged from Yale-New Haven
      Hospital during 1921, 1941, 1961, and 1982 with a diagnosis of either pulmonary
      tuberculosis or primary lung cancer. Each patient's entire clinical course was
      then thoroughly reviewed, including all available data obtained in the six-month
      intervals before and after the patient's hospitalization. Critical diagnostic
      information obtained during life at any time during this one-year period was
      acceptable as evidence for the diagnosis. RESULTS: According to modern diagnostic
      criteria, the existing evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis or primary lung cancer
      often did not justify those diagnoses in patients hospitalized during each of the
      four survey years. The proportions of justified diagnoses showed a consistent
      increase over time: 16%, 42%, 53%, and 86%, respectively, for tuberculosis, and
      0%, 54%, 93%, and 93%, respectively, for lung cancer. CONCLUSION: The results
      suggest that some of the statistical changes in occurrence rates for these two
      pulmonary diseases may be due to temporal improvements in diagnostic precision,
      not just to environmental changes or therapeutic advances.

PMID- 2301438
TI  - Does prophylaxis prevent postdental infective endocarditis? A controlled
      evaluation of protective efficacy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Despite the American Heart Association's (AHA) recommendations for
      antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infective endocarditis, no controlled clinical
      evidence exists for the effectiveness of this intervention. The purpose of this
      case-control study was to determine whether antibiotic prophylaxis for a dental
      procedure reduces the risk of infective endocarditis in persons with high-risk
      cardiac lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cases consisted of eight subjects with
      high-risk lesions (six mitral, one aortic, one uncorrected tetralogy) whose first
      time, native-valve infective endocarditis occurred within 12 weeks of a dental
      procedure and was diagnosed between 1980 and 1986. For each case subject, three
      control subjects were chosen from patients who underwent echocardiographic
      evaluation between 1980 and 1986, and who were matched for the specific high-risk
      lesion and age. Use of antibiotic prophylaxis, which was determined by interviews
      with patients and supplemented by the dentists, was defined as antibiotic taken
      both before and after the dental procedure. RESULTS: Antibiotic prophylaxis was
      used by only one of eight (13%) case subjects compared with 15 of 24 (63%)
      control subjects, for an odds ratio of 0.09, which is clinically impressive
      (indicating 91% protective efficacy) and statistically significant (p = 0.025).
      CONCLUSION: Although this report does not specifically assess the value of
      antibiotic prophylaxis for the current AHA recommendations, the use of antibiotic
      prophylaxis in persons with high-risk cardiac lesions is supported by the
      magnitude of protective efficacy observed in this study.

PMID- 2301439
TI  - Prospective, controlled study of vinyl glove use to interrupt Clostridium
      difficile nosocomial transmission.
AB  - PURPOSE: Despite recognition that Clostridium difficile diarrhea/colitis is a
      nosocomial infection, the manner in which this organism is transmitted is still
      not clear. Hands of health care workers have been shown to be contaminated with
      C. difficile and suggested as a vehicle of transmission. Therefore, we conducted
      a controlled trial of the use of disposable vinyl gloves by hospital personnel
      for all body substance contact (prior to the institution of universal body
      substance precautions) to study its effect on the incidence of C. difficile
      disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The incidence of nosocomial C. difficile diarrhea
      was monitored by active surveillance for six months before and after an intensive
      education program regarding glove use on two hospital wards. The interventions
      included initial and periodic in-services, posters, and placement of boxes of
      gloves at every patient's bedside. Two comparable wards where no special
      intervention was instituted served as controls. RESULTS: A decrease in the
      incidence of C. difficile diarrhea from 7.7 cases/1,000 patient discharges during
      the six months before intervention to 1.5/1,000 during the six months of
      intervention on the glove wards was observed (p = 0.015). No significant change
      in incidence was observed on the two control wards during the same period
      (5.7/1,000 versus 4.2/1,000). Point prevalence of asymptomatic C. difficile
      carriage was also reduced significantly on the glove wards but not on the control
      wards after the intervention period (glove wards, 10 of 37 to four of 43, p =
      0.029; control wards, five of 30 to five of 49, p = 0.19). The cost of 61,500
      gloves (4,505 gloves/100 patients) used was $2,768 on the glove wards, compared
      with $1,895 (42,100 gloves; 3,532 gloves/100 patients) on the control wards.
      CONCLUSIONS: Vinyl glove use was associated with a reduced incidence of C.
      difficile diarrhea and is indirect evidence for hand carriage as a means of
      nosocomial C. difficile spread.

PMID- 2301440
TI  - Serum cobalamin and transcobalamin levels in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assay serum cobalamin levels in
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as there are few case reports on
      the association of pernicious anemia and SLE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum
      cobalamin levels were assayed in 43 female SLE patients by a radio-dilution assay
      using purified intrinsic factor. RESULTS: Cobalamin levels were found to be
      significantly lower in the SLE group compared with a normal control group, eight
      of whom (18.6%) had serum cobalamin levels equal to or lower than 180 pg/mL
      (mean: 129.25 +/- 40.05 pg/mL). None of the SLE patients had been found to have
      pernicious anemia. The transcobalamin II level and unsaturated vitamin B12
      binding capacity, but not the cobalamin level, were positively correlated with
      SLE activity. CONCLUSION: Our results may indicate a subtle cobalamin deficiency
      in SLE patients without pernicious anemia.

PMID- 2301441
TI  - Prevalence of thyroid abnormalities in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and
      in control subjects with HLA-B8/-DR3.
AB  - PURPOSE: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction as measured by the presence of
      overt thyroid disease, abnormal results of thyroid function tests, or antithyroid
      antibodies was compared in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and a
      normal control group who had the HLA-B8/-DR3 haplotype. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The
      study population consisted of 56 patients with DH and 26 control subjects with
      the HLA-B8/-DR3 haplotype. All were examined for thyroid function abnormalities
      and thyroid autoantibodies. RESULTS: Patients with DH had a statistically
      significant increase in the prevalence of abnormal thyroid function test results
      and autoantibodies: 32% versus 4% for controls (Z = 2.01, p less than 0.02). In
      patients with DH, hypothyroidism was the most common thyroid abnormality (12 of
      56) followed by hyperthyroidism (four of 56). Two patients had normal thyroid
      function test results with thyroid autoantibodies. Risk factors for thyroid
      abnormalities in patients with DH were increasing age (chi 2 = 6.55, p less than
      0.02, significant) and the presence of thyroid microsomal antibodies. The HLA-B8/
      DR3 haplotype was not a risk factor for thyroid abnormalities. CONCLUSION: The
      findings suggest that thyroid disease is independently associated with DH.
      Examination of patients with DH should include thyroid function tests along with
      assays for antithyroid antibodies.

PMID- 2301442
TI  - Mortality resulting from blood dyscrasias in the United States, 1984.
AB  - Blood dyscrasias are rare but serious diseases. We used national death
      certificate data for the year 1984 to estimate the number and rate of deaths
      caused by four blood dyscrasias. These diseases contributed to 4,490 deaths,
      corresponding to a mortality rate of 18.9 per million United States population.
      Aplastic anemia was the most frequent cause of death, followed by
      thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and hemolytic anemia. Mortality rates varied
      by age, with a small peak in young children, lower rates for ages five through 34
      years, and exponentially increasing rates beyond 35 years of age. Although drug
      relatedness could not be reliably ascertained from our data, other surveys have
      estimated that approximately 30% of fatal blood dyscrasias are caused by
      therapeutic drugs. Assuming that 30% drug attribution also applies to the U.S.
      population as a whole, approximately 1,350 blood dyscrasia deaths in the U.S. in
      1984 may have been caused by drugs.

PMID- 2301444
TI  - Muscle weakness, seizures, coma, and death in a 33-year-old man with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2301443
TI  - My son, the doctor.

PMID- 2301446
TI  - Solitary cavitating pulmonary metastasis from prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2301445
TI  - Epithelioid angiomatosis secondary to disseminated cat scratch disease involving
      the bone marrow and skin in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a
      case report.

PMID- 2301448
TI  - Long-term, disease-free survival in a patient with IgA multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2301447
TI  - Long-term efficacy of cisapride in diabetic gastroparesis.

PMID- 2301449
TI  - Chronic myelogenous leukemia complicated by autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

PMID- 2301450
TI  - Ethylene glycol poisoning.

PMID- 2301451
TI  - Pre-arrest morbidity index in prediction of survival after cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation.

PMID- 2301452
TI  - Inappropriate antimicrobial use in patients with positive blood cultures.

PMID- 2301453
TI  - Assay of a urinary CF-lectin factor as a second diagnostic test for cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - Analysis of urine samples for a lectin-like factor in patients with a diagnosis
      of cystic fibrosis (CF) revealed that the low molecular weight (MW) factor is
      present in urine only from such patients and not from heterozygous carriers of
      the CF gene or from normal controls. The urine fraction containing the factor
      must be separated from whole urine by a gel filtration column (TSK-20) for the
      activity to appear. The assay requires addition of an aliquot of normal serum to
      provide the necessary IgM to which the CF-factor binds, resulting in the lectin
      like activity that causes agglutination of mouse erythrocytes. All 22 CF patients
      tested, who were not receiving intravenous (IV) antibiotics had positive CF
      lectin urinary activity, whereas five others receiving IV aminoglycosides were
      negative. Four patients with a clinical diagnosis of CF, but with normal sweat
      tests (35-54 mEq/L), all had positive urinary CF-lectin tests. A blind study in
      which urine samples were shipped from Miami, FL to Sepulveda, CA was completely
      successful in correctly identifying 11 samples from CF patients as compared with
      ten from non-CF patients. It was concluded that an assay for urinary CF-lectin
      factor is specific and reliable for confirming a diagnosis of CF when the sweat
      test is indeterminate, and when patients have not received recent IV
      aminoglycosides.

PMID- 2301455
TI  - Bacterial endocarditis at a small community hospital.
AB  - Clinical features, microbiology, and predisposing factors are described in 56
      patients with bacterial endocarditis (BE) treated over a 12-year period at a
      small community hospital in Hawaii. The average age of patients was 52.0 years.
      The mean duration of symptoms was 28.8 days (range 1 to 240 days). Streptococci
      was the most frequently identified causative organism, present in 61% of the
      cases. Gram-negative bacilli were isolated from six patients (11%). Fourteen
      patients (25%) required cardiac surgery; the most common condition leading to
      surgery was severe valvular insufficiency, followed by congestive heart failure
      and recurrent embolism. Eighty-two percent of the patients in the series
      survived. The leading causes of death were congestive heart failure and
      cerebrovascular accidents.

PMID- 2301454
TI  - Combined low-dose medication and primary intervention over a 30-month period for
      sustained high blood pressure in childhood.
AB  - Studies of the pathobiologic consequences of high blood pressure in childhood, as
      well as those following blood pressure levels into young adulthood, indicate that
      early intervention in the natural history of essential hypertension is warranted.
      In an exploratory study of the concept, 95 children out of 1604 (aged 8 to 18
      years), who persistently scored higher than the 90th percentile for blood
      pressure over a 4-month period, considering the race, sex, and height of the
      children, were studied. Five series of replicate measurements with 30 total
      observations were obtained. Children with evidence of secondary hypertension were
      excluded. The study children were randomly divided into treatment (n = 48) and
      high-comparison (n = 47) groups. Treatment consisted of low-dose combined drug
      therapy (propranolol and chlorthalidone) with an educational program directed
      towards hypertension and dietary and exercise modification. Monthly follow-up was
      continued for 30 months. Significant systolic (-3.59 mm Hg) and diastolic (-1.73
      mm Hg) changes were noted up to 30 months (p less than 0.05) with minimal side
      effects. Furthermore, analyses suggested that the blood pressure change, at least
      in the first month, was mostly attributable to drug therapy. Moreover, the
      mechanism of blood pressure change appeared to be race-specific, with whites
      having pulse rate changes and blacks having significant weight changes, which
      were associated with blood pressure change. This trial shows further research is
      warranted to determine optimum approaches for early treatment of essential
      hypertension to prevent future hypertensive disease.

PMID- 2301456
TI  - Ethanol-induced alterations in erythrocyte membrane phospholipid composition.
AB  - Ethanol's effects on erythrocyte membrane lipid composition were examined in male
      squirrel monkeys divided into three groups receiving three different regimens:
      Controls were fed a chemically defined liquid diet, and low and high ethanol
      primates were given diets with vodka substituted isocalorically for 12% and 24%
      of calories, respectively. After membrane lipid extraction, phospholipid mass,
      class composition, and fatty acid profiles were measured in each group. Although
      there were no differences in the total phospholipid mass, the low ethanol
      primates had significantly elevated phosphatidylethanolamine in their membranes
      as compared with the other monkeys. Membrane phospholipid fatty acid profiles
      showed no differences among the three groups. There were also no differences in
      the animals' plasma liver enzymes. Results of this investigation suggest that,
      despite the absence of nutritional deficiencies and liver malfunction, low
      amounts (12%) of dietary ethanol cause elevations in phosphatidylethanolamine
      that may represent a specific change in the membrane's inner leaflet where this
      phospholipid is located. These results may have clinical significance because
      ethanol-induced modifications in membrane lipids may contribute to alterations in
      fluidity and lead to pathologic changes in function.

PMID- 2301457
TI  - Dermatoglyphic analysis of autistic basque children.
AB  - We have analyzed the digital and palmar dermatoglyphics in a sample of autistic
      children from the Basque Country. The results have been compared with those from
      a control sample having the same characteristics relative to the ethnic region.
      We found significant differences between the digital dermatoglyphics of autistic
      boys and control boys. Autistic children have a higher frequency of transitional
      radial loops and a lower frequency of dicentric whorls; also the total finger
      ridge count (TFRC) and radial count are lower in autistic individuals. There were
      no significant differences in the girls. In palmar dermatoglyphics, autistic
      girls have a lower frequency of radial loops in the hypothenar area, and the
      value of the "atd" angle is higher than in control girls. These differences were
      significant. The a-b interdigital ridge count is significantly lower in autistic
      boys. Autistic children of both sexes have a higher frequency of aberrant palmar
      creases. The results obtained in the present study do not contradict the
      hypothesis that genetic factors may be important in autism of unknown cause.

PMID- 2301458
TI  - Waardenburg syndrome and Hirschsprung disease: evidence for pleiotropic effects
      of a single dominant gene.
AB  - Segregation and linkage analysis was performed on published data on 5 families
      segregating for Waardenburg syndrome (WS) and Hirschsprung disease (HRSD). Two of
      these families demonstrated parental consanguinity. On the basis of these
      families, autosomal recessive inheritance of the combination WS-HRSD has been
      postulated. However, a single dominant gene with pleiotropic effects leading to
      WS and HRSD, with a more severe phenotype in homozygotes, is more plausible. A
      model of gene action incorporating stochastic effects is compatible with these
      observations.

PMID- 2301459
TI  - Facial morphometrics in the identification of gene carriers of X-linked
      hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.
AB  - Roentgenographic measurements and morphometric analysis were employed in the
      investigation of contrasting patterns of craniofacial variation between normal
      individuals and those affected by X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
      (HED). The research objective was to identify and describe the facial
      characteristics of heterozygous gene carriers who show minor expression of the
      disorder. In this study of 13 HED families with 16 affected males, 12 carriers,
      and 12 normal individuals, affected individuals had at least 3 of the following 4
      clinical signs and symptoms: a) hypodontia, b) hypohidrosis, c) hypotrichosis,
      and d) clinically distinct facial physiognomy. By contrast, the gene carriers
      manifested only one or 2 or none of the 4 clinical manifestations. In a
      preliminary comparison of gene carriers vs. normal individuals, we have generated
      2 discriminant functions (each based on 3 facial measurements taken either from
      the lateral or frontal cephalograms). These 2 functions correctly diagnose 100%
      of the gene carriers and normal HED relatives. Facial anomalies characteristic of
      the gene carriers were 1) abnormally narrow and short maxillary width and palatal
      depth dimensions; 2) very small and retrusive malar and maxillary regions; 3)
      markedly reduced lower facial depth, height and width dimensions; 4) small head
      height, prominent forehead, and high-set orbits; 5) a generalized, symmetric
      reduction of the whole craniofacial complex.

PMID- 2301460
TI  - Genetic effects in Brazilian populations due to consanguineous marriages.
AB  - Estimates of "relative risks" and "attributable risks" are presented for two
      Brazilian regions with the lowest (F = 0.00030) and the highest (F = 0.00395)
      inbreeding levels of the country, and for the whole country (F = 0.00088). The
      abolition of all consanguineous marriages (from second cousins up to and
      including uncle-niece/aunt-nephew marriages) in Brazil would eliminate only about
      0.22, 3.05, and 0.65% of the "total damage," respectively. "Total damage" is
      defined as including abortions, miscarriages, stillbirths, infant-juvenile
      mortality (up to the age of 20 years), and anomalies in the survivors. The
      reduction of prenatal damage would be 0.11, 1.46, and 0.31%, and that of
      postnatal damage would be 0.49, 6.65, and 1.36%, respectively.

PMID- 2301461
TI  - Clinical/epidemiological analysis of malformations.
AB  - To investigate the heterogeneity of congenital malformations, we analyzed the
      distribution of 14 selected anomalies among 11,421 children with isolated defects
      and with different patterns of multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). Our study
      showed a marked variability in the distribution of each of these malformations.
      For example, although anophthalmia/microphthalmia, cleft palate, and limb
      deficiency were observed in all etiological categories of syndromes, no case with
      anencephaly was identified among the 1,244 children with different syndromes.
      Diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia +/- tracheoesophageal fistula, and
      gastroschisis were not found in any monogenic syndrome in this sample. These
      observations may be of help to the clinician in the evaluation of individual
      children with MCA.

PMID- 2301462
TI  - Mouse major histocompatibility complex (H-2) and fetal lung development:
      implications for human pulmonary maturation.
AB  - Using C57/10Sn (B10, H-2b) and B10.A/SgSn (B10.A,H-2a) congenic mice, we measured
      1) the level of endogenous pulmonary corticosterone during mouse development; 2)
      the degree of lung morphological maturation on gestation day 17, with or without
      corticosteroid treatment; and 3) the maternal influence on normal lung
      development and fetal response to corticosteroids. The results of our study
      indicate that there was a progressive increase in the level of endogenous hormone
      with time in fetal B10 (H-2b) and B10.A (H-2a) mice; throughout mid- to late
      gestation, the detectable amount of hormone was almost identical in lungs of both
      strains. Evaluating the degree of lung maturation by morphometry, B10.A mouse
      lungs were found to be less mature than B10 mouse lungs. Following corticosteroid
      treatment on day 12 of gestation, H-2a lungs were equal to or more mature than H
      2b lungs. We also compared heterozygous mouse lungs from reciprocal crosses
      (B10.B10.A, b/a and B10.A.B10, a/b). Mice with a maternally derived H-2a
      haplotype had less mature lungs than those with a maternally derived H-2b
      haplotype, suggesting a maternal effect. When exogenous hormone was administered,
      all heterozygous mouse lungs increased in maturity regardless of the origin of
      the H-2a haplotype. The treated a/b or b/a lungs were more mature than homozygous
      b/b and less mature than homozygous a/a lungs. We conclude that progressive lung
      maturation is associated with a gene(s) at or near the H-2 complex, as is the
      ability to respond to corticosteroids.

PMID- 2301463
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia by linkage
      analysis.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis of X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia was previously
      performed by the direct histological analysis of fetal skin obtained by late
      second trimester fetoscopy. The recent gene mapping of the locus for the disorder
      to the region of Xq11-21.1 now permits the indirect prenatal diagnosis of the
      disorder by the method of linkage analysis, based on closely linked marker loci,
      during the first trimester of pregnancy. We report the prenatal diagnosis of a
      male fetus with a high probability of the disorder by a linkage analysis
      utilizing restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the DXS159, PGK1, and
      DXS72 loci, from a DNA sample obtained by a chorionic villus biopsy at 9 weeks
      gestation. After further counseling, the pregnancy was terminated but the
      diagnosis could not be confirmed by histological analysis, even though analysis
      of skin samples by light and electron microscopy showed lack of hair germs,
      primary dermal ridges, and sweat gland primordia, due to the early developmental
      stage of the fetus. The use of DNA-based linkage analysis now offers the
      opportunity for an earlier diagnosis of X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal
      dysplasia by a method other than fetal skin sampling. However, families must also
      fully understand the present limitations of the method prior to undertaking the
      procedure.

PMID- 2301464
TI  - An unusual cardiomelic syndrome.

PMID- 2301465
TI  - Chromosome mosaicism in hypomelanosis of Ito.
AB  - Our finding of chromosome mosaicism with a ring 22 in a retarded black boy with
      hypomelanosis of Ito prompted a review of this "syndrome." Most patients have a
      variety of non-dermal defects, particularly those affecting CNS function. Among
      karyotyped patients, most are chromosome mosaics of one sort or another.
      Hypomelanosis of Ito turns out to be a causable non-specific phenotype, i.e., a
      clinical marker for chromosome mosaicism of all different types in individuals
      with a dark enough skin to show lighter patches. Consequently, cytogenetic
      evaluation is indicated in all patients with this skin finding.

PMID- 2301466
TI  - Dry skin and extranumerary areolae.

PMID- 2301467
TI  - Rett phenotype with X/autosome translocation: possible mapping to the short arm
      of chromosome X.
AB  - Rett syndrome (RS) was diagnosed in a girl with a t(X;22) (p11.22;p11). This
      translocation was also present in her unaffected mother and her sister affected
      by a neurological disorder compatible with a "forme fruste" of RS. Different
      etiological mechanisms are considered: gene disruption, X inactivation
      disturbance, metabolic interference. Whatever this may be, the localization of a
      RS related gene to the short arm of chromosome X is likely.

PMID- 2301468
TI  - A de novo X;3 translocation in Rett syndrome.
AB  - Rett syndrome is a neurodegenerative disorder that occurs exclusively in females.
      The syndrome is sporadic in most cases with the exception of a few familial cases
      with an inheritance pattern through maternal lines. These observations raised the
      possibility that Rett syndrome may be due to an X-linked dominant mutation which
      is lethal in the male. To evaluate this hypothesis, we have systematically
      performed high-resolution chromosome analysis on 28 patients with Rett syndrome
      searching for deletions and/or translocations. In one patient, a de novo balanced
      translocation was observed with the chromosome constitution of 46,X,t(X;3)
      (p22.11;q13.31). This finding supports the hypothesis of an X-linked dominant
      mutation and suggests that the Rett gene might map to distal Xp21 or proximal
      Xp22.

PMID- 2301469
TI  - Fragile X frequency in a mentally retarded population in Brazil.
AB  - Seventy-five male and 50 female students from 2 special schools for mildly,
      moderately retarded, or borderline individuals were screened clinically and
      cytogenetically in order to estimate the contribution of fragile X [fra(X)]
      syndrome to the cause of mental retardation in Brazil. We found 6 males (8%) from
      4 families and 2 unrelated females (4%) with fra(X) chromosomes. One male and one
      female were isolated cases. The estimated frequency of Martin-Bell [fra(X)]
      syndrome among mentally impaired individuals in Brazil was similar to that
      previously reported in other countries.

PMID- 2301470
TI  - Partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11 [del(11)(q23.3----qter)] with
      abnormal white matter.
AB  - A patient with partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11[del(11)(q23.3---
      qter)] had macrocephalic trigonocephaly, growth and mental retardation,
      congenital heart defect, and characteristic facial appearance familiar to that of
      33 other reported patients with this deletion. Computed tomography (CT) and
      magnetic resonance imaging of this infant's brain demonstrated abnormality of the
      supratentorial white matter. This may represent either deficiency or delay in
      myelination or possibly a demyelination process. No abnormalities in white matter
      were described in seven of 33 previously reported patients whose brains were
      examined by ultrasound, CT, or autopsy.

PMID- 2301471
TI  - Autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome.
AB  - Two brothers of normal first-cousin parents were found to have Robinow syndrome.
      Their paternal uncle also married a first cousin and had 3 similarly affected
      children (2 boys, 1 girl). The 2 affected brothers had short stature, mesomelic
      and acromelic brachymelia, characteristic face with hypertelorism, wide palpebral
      fissures, midface hypoplasia and large mouth, and hypogenitalism. Parental
      consanguinity and affected individuals in 2 sibships of common ancestry strongly
      suggest autosomal recessive inheritance. Similar cases from the literature are
      briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2301472
TI  - Somatic development in cleidocranial dysplasia.
AB  - As part of a more comprehensive investigation of general and craniofacial
      development in cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), the present study describes general
      somatic development and analyzes longitudinal growth of 17 patients (seven males,
      ten females, aged 5-46 years) with CCD. Eleven were followed longitudinally. Data
      included family history, anthropometric measurements, and radiographs of the
      right hand and forearm. Height and radius length were significantly decreased,
      being most pronounced in females. The longitudinal growth data showed growth
      retardation and slightly retarded skeletal maturity throughout childhood.
      Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis demonstrated great variation in bone
      lengths, presumably resulting from extra epiphyses in the 2nd and 5th metacarpals
      and from multiple cone-shaped epiphyses. Findings of the present study support
      the view that CCD is a generalized skeletal dysplasia.

PMID- 2301473
TI  - Counseling and decision dilemmas associated with fetal blood sampling.
AB  - Counseling before fetal blood sampling via cordocentesis is more difficult than
      that done before amniocentesis because 1) a fetal anomaly has been detected or is
      very likely, 2) the cordocentesis procedure may have a higher risk than does
      amniocentesis, and 3) the gestational age is frequently advanced before referral.
      These factors result in counseling and decision dilemmas that include that 1) the
      advanced gestational age may preclude the option of termination, 2) fetal
      prognosis may be poor despite normal cytogenetic results, and 3) the benefit of a
      diagnosis to provide indications for various delivery options must be weighed
      against the psychological burden of documenting a chromosome abnormality far in
      advance of delivery. Thus, counseling before cordocentesis requires engaging the
      couple in decision making regarding potential management of the pregnancy as a
      prerequisite to choosing or declining the procedure.

PMID- 2301474
TI  - Clinical pattern and the genetics of the fetal iodine deficiency disorder
      (endemic cretinism): results of a field study in Highland Ecuador.
AB  - The clinical manifestations of various degrees of mental retardation, spastic
      diplegia, and deaf mutism are known as the neurologic type of endemic cretinism
      (EC), occurring in countries with high goiter endemicity. Maternal iodine
      deficiency has been established as the major cause in EC, whereas a genetic
      predisposition has not been well-documented. Genetic data on 70 families with EC
      from Highland Ecuador are reported. A segregation analysis of 49 fully classified
      families yielded an estimate of P = 0.245 (var [P] = 0.00167). Half-sibs were all
      unaffected and no significant birth order effect was observed among 101 probands.
      The data indicate an autosomal recessive predisposition as a major etiological
      factor. Because the neurologic type of EC represents a defined section of the
      spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), the term fetal iodine deficiency
      disorder (FIDD) rather than cretinism is suggested. The clinical findings in 70
      patients were used to delineate the minimal diagnostic criteria of FIDD.

PMID- 2301475
TI  - Neonatal progeroid syndrome: more than one disease?
AB  - We report on an infant with the neonatal progeroid syndrome whose clinical course
      and autopsy findings indicate that this may be a heterogeneous phenotype. The
      infant had intrauterine growth retardation, absence of subcutaneous fat, and a
      wizened, aged face, all apparently characteristic of the condition, but also had
      congenital heart defects and urinary reflux not reported in previous cases. An
      elevated maternal serum alpha fetoprotein was noted at 16 weeks of gestation and
      late-onset growth retardation appeared after 31 weeks. Autopsy findings showed
      normal cerebral myelination, in contrast to findings of sudanophilic
      leukodystrophy in the one patient with the syndrome previously examined at
      autopsy. These findings suggest that the neonatal progeroid syndrome may be a
      phenotype and have more than one cause.

PMID- 2301476
TI  - Ectro-amelia syndrome associated with an interstitial deletion of 7q.
AB  - We describe a premature male infant with an interstitial deletion of 7q
      [46,XY,del(7) (pter----q21.3::q31.3----qter]. Manifestations include absence of
      lower limbs, unilateral ectrodactyly, facial anomalies, gingival hyperplasia,
      feeding problems, and atrial septal defect. Chromosome 7 deletions of the q21.3--
      -q31.3 region are reviewed with emphasis on limb anomalies.

PMID- 2301477
TI  - Treatment in an obstetric intensive care unit.
AB  - A three-bed intensive care unit was opened in the labor and delivery area of a
      city-county hospital having approximately 7500 deliveries annually. The
      utilization rate of 0.9% and the severity of illness were sufficient to justify
      such a unit. Main indications for admission were hypertensive disorders (46%),
      massive hemorrhage (10%), and medical problems of pregnancy (44%). Identifiable
      benefits of the unit were as follows: (1) Intensive observation and organization
      allowed for prevention of early recognition and treatment of complications; (2)
      familiarity with invasive monitoring permitted personnel to exert prompt,
      rational treatment of hemodynamically unstable patients; (3) continuity of care
      was improved before and after delivery; (4) residents and fellows learned a great
      deal about intensive care and the management of rare medical complications of
      pregnancy. We conclude not only that critically ill pregnant women can be managed
      successfully in an obstetric intensive care unit but also that critical care is a
      bona fide part of obstetric practice and has been incorporated into our training
      program.

PMID- 2301478
TI  - Analysis of indications for referral to a multidisciplinary medical genetics
      clinic: implications for training programs in obstetrics and gynecology.
AB  - Clinical genetics has become an integral component of obstetric training.
      Advances in prenatal screening (particularly maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein)
      and the clinical applications of molecular technologies have broadened the
      indications for referral to geneticists. During the study period, 1237 patients
      were referred for genetics consultation. A total of 596 (48%) were referred
      because of cytogenetic indications (576 for genetic amniocentesis); 252 (20%)
      because of multifactorial-developmental abnormalities; 204 (17%) because of risk
      of diseases attributable to single-gene mutations; 58 (5%) because of antenatal
      teratogen exposure(s); and 127 (10%) because of other reasons. Herein we
      summarize our experience as a multidisciplinary genetics unit and offer
      recommendations for broadening resident training curricula to meet current
      clinical needs. These data will be useful for enhancement of health care use and
      more effective direction of limited resources.

PMID- 2301479
TI  - The effect of hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy in women with severe
      premenstrual syndrome.
AB  - The etiology of premenstrual syndrome is unknown, although this syndrome is
      linked to the menstrual cycle. Fourteen women with severe, debilitating
      premenstrual syndrome volunteered for a study of therapy by hysterectomy,
      oophorectomy, and continuous estrogen replacement. All had completed their
      families and had failed to benefit from previous medical treatment. The diagnosis
      and severity of premenstrual syndrome were assessed by means of prospective
      charting and psychological evaluation. All patients had clearly cyclic symptoms
      and psychological scores consistent with a major disruption of their lives before
      surgery. Six months after surgery, premenstrual syndrome symptom charting
      revealed complete disappearance of a cyclic pattern with scores equivalent to
      those of a normal population. Psychological measures 6 months after operation
      showed dramatic improvement in mood, general affect, well-being, life
      satisfaction, and overall quality of life. Surgical therapy, involving
      oophorectomy, hysterectomy, and continuous estrogen replacement, is effective in
      relieving the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and is indicated for a small,
      selected group of women.

PMID- 2301480
TI  - Changes in uterine blood flow during human pregnancy.
AB  - A transvaginal duplex Doppler ultrasonography system was used to measure blood
      flow characteristics in the ascending uterine artery before and during pregnancy.
      The system uses a 5 MHz Doppler transducer coupled to a 6.5 MHz imaging probe.
      There was a steady increase in volume flow rate in the left ascending uterine
      artery from a mean of 94.5 ml/min before pregnancy to a mean of 342 ml/min in
      late gestation (reflecting a 3.5-fold increase). With the assumption of equal
      flow on both uterine arteries, the fraction of the cardiac output that is
      distributed to these vessels was calculated to be 3.5% in early pregnancy and to
      reach 12% near term. The mean diameter of this vessel in the nonpregnant state
      was 1.6 mm, increasing to 3.7 mm toward term. The resistance to flow, expressed
      as the peak systolic to end-diastolic flow velocity ratio, declined from a mean
      of 5.3 in the nonpregnant state to a mean of 2.3 near term. These changes reflect
      the perpetual growth and development of the uteroplacental circulation, which
      provides the metabolic demands of the growing fetus throughout gestation.

PMID- 2301481
TI  - Plasma exchange for preeclampsia. I. Postpartum use for persistently severe
      preeclampsia-eclampsia with HELLP syndrome.
AB  - The postpartum use of plasma exchange with fresh-frozen plasma was assessed in a
      group of seven women with severe preeclampsia-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome
      (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) that persisted
      greater than 72 hours after delivery. During the study interval in which a total
      of 107 gravid women with HELLP syndrome were seen in our referral center, these
      seven patients (6.5%) demonstrated persistent thrombocytopenia (platelet count
      usually less than 30,000/mm3), rising lactic dehydrogenase (greater than 1000
      IU/L) and evidence of multiorgan dysfunction. The seven case histories emphasize
      the variety of clinical and laboratory profiles that can be encountered in this
      small group of gravid women at risk for severe morbidity or mortality. Up to
      three 3 L plasma exchanges were required to effect permanent disease arrest and
      reversal. Utilization of the IBM 2997 Cell Separator system permitted bedside
      performance of procedures with enhanced convenience and optimal medical
      management. Successful plasma exchange was associated with (1) sustained
      increases in the mean platelet count at 24, 48, and 72 hours that were 2.2, 3.6,
      and 4.5 times the preexchange platelet counts and (2) a decreasing trend in
      lactic dehydrogenase concentrations below 1000 IU/L within 48 hours of exchange
      plasmapheresis. The current series of patients supports our recommendation that a
      trial of plasma exchange(s) with fresh-frozen plasma be considered for treatment
      of the infrequent postpartum case of HELLP syndrome that fails to abate within 72
      hours of delivery and in which other evidence develops of an ongoing, widespread,
      and life-threatening thrombotic microangiopathy.

PMID- 2301482
TI  - Mitochondrial myopathy and preeclampsia associated with pregnancy.
AB  - Mitochondrial myopathy is characterized by weakness, exercise intolerance, and
      acidosis. Pregnancy has been reported to accelerate the disease process. This
      report discusses pregnancy and management of labor complicated by mitochondrial
      myopathy and the therapeutic dilemmas that arise when preeclampsia is diagnosed.

PMID- 2301483
TI  - Estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of endometrial cancer: remaining
      controversies.
AB  - To examine the relationship between exogenous estrogen administration and
      endometrial cancer, we used data from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a
      multicenter, population-based case-control study. Estrogen replacement therapy
      for greater than or equal to 2 years was associated with an increased risk of
      both localized and extrauterine cancer (relative risk = 2.8, 95% confidence
      limits 1.6, 4.6; relative risk = 2.9, 95% confidence limits 0.9, 9.4,
      respectively). However, the latter finding was based on a small number of cases
      in which estrogen was used. Women who underwent estrogen replacement therapy for
      greater than or equal to 2 years had significantly elevated risks of endometrial
      cancer (2.1 for 2 to 5 years and 3.5 for greater than or equal to 6 years). An
      elevated risk persisted for greater than or equal to 6 years after
      discontinuation of therapy. Women who exclusively used conjugated equine estrogen
      preparations less than or equal to 0.625 mg had no increased risk of endometrial
      cancer. A history of oral contraceptive use appeared to reduce the risk of
      endometrial cancer associated with estrogen replacement therapy. However, these
      latter two potentially important findings were based on a small number of cases
      in which hormones were used.

PMID- 2301485
TI  - Clear cell carcinoma of the sigmoid mesocolon: a tumor of the secondary mullerian
      system.
AB  - Clear cell carcinoma was found in the sigmoid mesocolon of a 54-year-old woman, 6
      years after the removal of all ovarian tissue. This tumor is of mullerian origin.
      In addition to the mullerian structures proper--the fallopian tubes, uterus,
      cervix, and upper vagina--a "secondary mullerian system" is present diffusely
      throughout the pelvis and lower abdomen. This case represents a tumor of the
      secondary mullerian system.

PMID- 2301486
TI  - Vulvar leiomyosarcoma in pregnancy.
AB  - To our knowledge, this is the first case of vulvar leiomyosarcoma occurring
      during pregnancy to be reported. The neoplasm was resected immediately after a
      term vaginal delivery. A wide local excision of the vulva with bilateral
      superficial inguinal node sampling was performed 6 weeks post partum. Four
      previous cases of vulvar sarcoma occurring in pregnancy are reviewed. The need to
      perform biopsy of vulvar lesions during pregnancy is emphasized.

PMID- 2301484
TI  - A model for the prospective analysis of perinatal deaths in a perinatal network.
AB  - This prospective study assesses factors that contribute to perinatal mortality.
      The study population includes the 1362 perinatal deaths that occurred among
      85,402 live births between 1983 and 1987 at hospitals of the University of
      Chicago Perinatal Network. After peer review of demographic, clinical, and
      pathologic data, each perinatal death was classified in one of the following
      categories: (1) the result of congenital malformation incompatible with life, (2)
      unavoidable, (3) potentially avoidable by patient, by health provider, or by
      both, or (4) of undetermined responsibility. Of 1362 deaths, 12.3% involved
      congenital malformations incompatible with life, 56.9% were classified as
      unavoidable, 28.1% were judged potentially avoidable, and 2.7% due to
      undetermined causes. Of potentially avoidable deaths, 36% were due to patient
      factors (primarily noncompliance), 59% to health provider factors, and 15% to
      combined patient and provider factors. There was a significant reduction in the
      potentially avoidable cases during the study period. The maximum attainable
      reduction in perinatal mortality under optimal conditions is calculated.
      Intervention plans to achieve this goal are discussed.

PMID- 2301487
TI  - Bilateral ovarian neoplasms and the risk of malignancy.
AB  - Bilateral ovarian neoplasms are believed more likely to be malignant than are
      unilateral neoplasms. To our knowledge, this clinical tenet has not been
      evaluated or quantified. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a 10-year review
      of ovarian neoplasms found at the time of celiotomy at the Women's Hospital, Los
      Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center. Overall, women
      with bilateral neoplasms had a 2.6-fold increased risk of malignancy when
      compared with women who had unilateral neoplasms (95% confidence interval, 2.0 to
      3.4; p less than 0.001). The age-standardized relative risk was 1.8 (95%
      confidence interval 1.4 to 2.3). When standardized for the effect of menopausal
      status, the relative risk was 2.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 2.5).
      Bilaterality is associated with a doubling in the risk of cancer, a highly
      significant difference.

PMID- 2301488
TI  - Limitations of antenatal fetal heart rate monitors.
AB  - Erroneous or doubtful decelerations in fetal heart traces were present in 111 of
      1000 consecutive antenatal clinical records obtained by monitors with
      autocorrelation. The incidence was 20% in fetuses less than 30 weeks of
      gestational age. Their elimination reduced the number of "decelerative" records
      by 42%. Erroneous or doubtful accelerations were also present in 11% of records.
      These errors are caused by the fetal heart rate monitor and may contribute to the
      high intraobserver and interobserver variation on visual analysis. They can be
      detected by computer analysis.

PMID- 2301489
TI  - Predicting neonatal morbidity after perinatal asphyxia: a scoring system.
AB  - Predicting immediate neonatal morbidity after perinatal asphyxia has been
      difficult. A review of asphyxiated neonates greater than or equal to 36 weeks'
      gestation admitted to The Children's Hospital Newborn Intensive Care Unit in 1983
      was conducted to devise a scoring system that would rapidly predict organ
      dysfunction observed in the immediate neonatal period. Comparison of potential
      score components to morbidity by multiple regression analysis yielded significant
      association with abnormalities in fetal heart rate monitoring, the 5-minute Apgar
      score, and neonatal base deficit. A scoring system was devised whose sensitivity
      (93.8%) and specificity (81.3%) were more predictive than any of its individual
      components. Prospective analysis in a similar population in 1984 validated its
      ability to distinguish severe from moderate morbidity after asphyxia. Positive
      predictive value for the score in the combined study groups (n = 98) was 79% and
      the negative predictive value was 83%. The scoring system may offer a rapid and
      accurate prediction of organ dysfunction in the immediate neonatal period after
      asphyxia.

PMID- 2301490
TI  - Prepregnancy weight status, prenatal weight gain, and the outcome of term twin
      gestations.
AB  - Relationships among prepregnancy weight status, prenatal weight gain, and the
      outcome of 922 twin gestations delivered at term were retrospectively
      investigated with the use of data provided by linked birth-death certificates in
      Kansas, 1980 to 1986. Infant birth weights were found to increase linearly with
      prenatal weight gain for women who entered pregnancy underweight and at normal
      weight, but not for women who were overweight or obese at the start of pregnancy.
      The rate of twin gestation was twice as high in obese women as that in
      underweight women. The proportion of infants born with low birth weight declined
      as prepregnancy weight status increased. The mean prenatal weight gain of
      underweight women who were delivered of term twin infants with birth weights in
      the range of lowest perinatal mortality (3001 to 3500 gm) was 44.2 +/- 12.4
      pounds. For normal-weight women, the corresponding figure was 40.9 +/- 11.3
      pounds. These mean gains were significantly higher than the gains of underweight
      and normal-weight women who were delivered of smaller infants at term.

PMID- 2301491
TI  - Oligohydramnios sequence and renal tubular malformation associated with maternal
      enalapril use.
AB  - We present the case of a child who died of pulmonary hypoplasia as a result of
      the oligohydramnios sequence. The mother was taking enalapril, as well as
      propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide, for treatment of hypertension associated
      with systemic lupus erythematosus. Autopsy examination revealed severe renal
      tubular malformation. Correlation of animal data with previous case reports of
      neonatal anuria in association with maternal angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitors suggests that these agents may have a deleterious effect on fetal
      renal development and general well-being.

PMID- 2301492
TI  - Different characteristics of amniotic and cervical collagenous tissue during
      pregnancy and delivery: a morphologic study.
AB  - The occurrence of dissociation in cervical collagenous tissue during pregnancy
      and delivery is widely recognized. We performed a morphologic study of the
      collagenous tissue of the amnion at various stages of pregnancy and during
      delivery. After 15 weeks of pregnancy, including the period after delivery, the
      collagenous fibers of the amnion were closely distributed with no ground
      substances, forming a thick collagenous layer. Cervical collagenous tissue at the
      corresponding stages showed a marked dissociation among abundant ground
      substances. The dissociation-resistant properties of the collagenous tissue of
      the amnion seem to protect the amniotic sac from premature rupture, up until the
      time when it is torn by hyperdistention during delivery.

PMID- 2301493
TI  - Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in amniotic fluid.
AB  - Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in the amniotic fluid of both
      human beings and rats was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. In human
      subjects the hormone was detectable in all amniotic fluid samples (obtained
      during the sixteenth and eighteenth weeks of gestation) (2.5 +/- 1.7 fmol/ml,
      mean +/- SD, n = 17) and the thirty-eighth to fortieth weeks (9.3 +/- 5.4
      fmol/ml, n = 24). The levels of concentration of this hormone in this amniotic
      fluid correlated significantly with the levels in both maternal plasma and
      placenta for each patient. Gel filtration of amniotic fluid extracts revealed two
      major peaks of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone, one at the elution
      position of the rat hormone and the other at a small-molecular-weight region.
      Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone was not detectable in rat amniotic
      fluid or placenta. We concluded that immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing
      hormone, which may be derived from the placenta, is present in human amniotic
      fluid and that its detection in the human placenta but not in rat placentas
      suggests that the mechanism of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in
      the placenta is species specific.

PMID- 2301494
TI  - Chronic, massive fetomaternal hemorrhage treated with repeated fetal
      intravascular transfusions.
AB  - We report the first known case of chronic, massive fetomaternal hemorrhage
      managed by serial fetal intravascular transfusions. Timing of transfusions was
      guided by fetal heart rate patterns and fetal movement evaluation. Despite severe
      anemia and a sinusoidal heart rate pattern, the fetus demonstrated normal blood
      gases and no sign of hydrops.

PMID- 2301495
TI  - Intrauterine growth retardation and preterm delivery: prenatal risk factors in an
      indigent population.
AB  - Prenatally ascertained risk factors for low birth weight were evaluated in a
      population of 17,000 indigent women for their specific effect on intrauterine
      growth retardation and on the rate of preterm delivery. In a univariate analysis,
      intrauterine growth retardation occurred more frequently in women who were black,
      single, primiparous, less than 17 or greater than 30 years old, short, thin, had
      a previous preterm delivery, consumed alcohol, took drugs, or gained limited
      weight. Preterm delivery occurred significantly more frequently in women who were
      black, single, thin, less than 17 or greater than 30 years old, had less than a
      twelfth grade education, or gained limited weight. In logistic regression
      analyses, race, parity, maternal age, a history of preterm delivery, smoking,
      short stature, low weight, and low weight gain remained significant risk factors
      of intrauterine growth retardation. Of these factors, smoking, short stature, low
      weight, and low weight gain showed the greatest correlation. Factors
      significantly related to preterm delivery included black race, single marital
      status, younger or older ages, previous preterm delivery, smoking, low weight,
      and very low or high weight gain. A previous preterm delivery and very low
      maternal weight had the greatest correlation. Identification of specific risk
      factors of both intrauterine growth retardation and preterm delivery should aid
      in the development of strategies to reduce the prevalence of these conditions.

PMID- 2301496
TI  - The relationship of maternal erythrocyte oxygen transport parameters to
      intrauterine growth retardation.
AB  - The relation of fetal growth and maternal oxygen transport as assessed by red
      blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, hemoglobin oxygen affinity, hemoglobin, pH,
      and PCO2 was evaluated in 21 pregnant women. The study was performed in the third
      trimester and each subject evaluated had sonographic evidence of fetal growth
      retardation without other obvious abnormalities. Decreased maternal 2,3
      diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin molar ratio and hemoglobin oxygen affinity were
      related linearly to the birth weight normalized for the expected sea level values
      of gestational age expressed as a birth weight (gestational age-normalized) Z
      score. The correlation coefficients and p values were r = 0.71, p less than 0.001
      and r = 0.67, p less than 0.001, respectively. The ponderal index-normalized Z
      score correlated with the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin molar ratio (r =
      0.46, p less than 0.04), but the relation was not as strong as the birth weight
      normalized Z score. The crown-heel length/head circumference ratio did not
      correlate with the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin molar ratio (r = 0.29, NS).
      The birth weight (gestational age)-normalized Z score did not correlate with
      hemoglobin, PCO2, or pH. In the regulation of hemoglobin oxygen affinity,
      calculations indicated that the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin molar ratio
      played a highly significant role (p less than 0.001), pH was minimally
      significant (p less than 0.025), but PCO2 had little or no significant effects in
      this study. It appears that fetal growth is related to the maternal red blood
      cell oxygen transport parameters 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin molar ratio
      and hemoglobin oxygen affinity. Moreover, the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin
      molar ratio is the principal regulator of hemoglobin oxygen affinity.

PMID- 2301497
TI  - Intrauterine growth and spastic cerebral palsy. I. Association with birth weight
      for gestational age.
AB  - Birth weight, gestational age at delivery, and other factors were collected for
      171 white children with spastic cerebral palsy. Their birth weights were compared
      with the birth weight distribution expected for a population of the same race,
      gestation, sex, maternal height, and parity, born in the same geographic area,
      and during the same time period. Birth weights of children with spastic cerebral
      palsy tended to be significantly lower than the median birth weight of their
      comparison population. Analysis stratified by gestation at delivery suggested
      that if the reduced birth weight were causally associated with the spastic
      cerebral palsy, 22% of cases were attributable to being below the 10th percentile
      of the comparison population birth weight distribution. The risk of spastic
      cerebral palsy associated with poor intrauterine growth was dependent on
      gestation at delivery; poorly grown infants delivered between 34 and 37 weeks'
      gestation were at highest risk. Some probable pathways by which growth
      retardation could result in brain damage (intrapartum hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and
      hypothermia) were investigated. Only intrapartum hypoxia may have played a causal
      role but probably accounted for less than 2% of all cases. These data suggest
      that spastic cerebral palsy is associated with poor intrauterine growth in
      infants of more than 33 weeks' gestation, but no important causal mechanism has
      yet been identified.

PMID- 2301498
TI  - Use of the labor-delivery-recovery room in an urban tertiary care hospital.
AB  - Single-room maternity care is an attractive delivery system to obstetricians and
      consumers. We reviewed the first 15 months' experience in a committed labor
      delivery-recovery room unit where all patients were admitted for single-room care
      regardless of risk. The rate of transfer to a traditional delivery room for
      vaginal delivery was 3.8%.

PMID- 2301499
TI  - Maternal reproductive histories in ataxic cerebral palsy.
AB  - Maternal reproductive histories of fetal wastage in 36 cases of ataxic cerebral
      palsy and in a control group of 60 mothers were compared. There was no
      significant difference between the groups. A history of fetal loss did not
      accompany this cerebral palsy syndrome where prenatal factors play an important
      role.

PMID- 2301500
TI  - Umbilical amino acid concentrations in normal and growth-retarded fetuses sampled
      in utero by cordocentesis.
AB  - Fetal plasma amino acid concentrations were obtained by cordocentesis at
      midgestation in 11 normal (appropriate for gestational age) fetuses and at late
      gestation in 12 small-for-gestational-age fetuses, and at cesarean section in 14
      normal term infants. In normal fetuses total molar amino acid concentrations and
      fetal/maternal total molar concentration ratios did not change significantly
      between the second and third trimesters. Fetal and maternal concentrations of
      most amino acids were significantly correlated at both midgestation and late
      gestation. Small-for-gestational-age fetuses had significantly lower
      concentrations of total alpha-aminonitrogen; this was mainly because of a
      reduction of the branched chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine, and
      of lysine and serine. Maternal arterial concentrations of phenylalanine,
      arginine, histidine, and alanine were elevated in small-for-gestational-age
      pregnancies. Thus there are only minor changes in amino acid concentrations
      between midgestation and late gestation in normal fetuses with a constant
      fetal/maternal ratio. In small-for-gestational-age infants a significant
      reduction in alpha-aminonitrogen and in most essential amino acids was
      demonstrable in utero weeks before delivery.

PMID- 2301501
TI  - Effects of hypoxemia with and without acidemia on the isometric contraction time
      and the electromechanical delay of the fetal myocardium: an experimental study on
      the ovine fetus.
AB  - This study assessed the response of the preejection period during hypoxemia with
      and without acidemia. In five pregnant ewes, hypoxemia was created during 1 hour
      followed by fetal infusion of lactic acid during 2 hours. A micromanometer
      catheter positioned above the fetal aortic valve, an endocavitary
      phonocardiogram, and a fetal electrocardiogram allowed measurements of the two
      components of the preejection period--the isometric contraction time and the
      electromechanical delay. At the onset of hypoxemia, because of changes in
      isometric contraction time, the preejection period began to shorten. When
      acidemia was induced, the preejection period modified slowly in the opposite
      direction and lengthened, initially because of a prolongation of
      electromechanical delay and later because of an increase in the already shortened
      isometric contraction time. This process developed slowly and at the end of 2
      hours of acidemia, preejection period were back to preexperimental values. It can
      be concluded that systolic time intervals can be normal and misleading when
      acidosis complicates hypoxemia.

PMID- 2301502
TI  - Local cerebral blood flow is increased in rapid-eye-movement sleep in fetal
      sheep.
AB  - Behavioral state-induced changes in fetal cerebral blood flow were continuously
      monitored with a simple thermal dilution method. Thermojunctions were heated 1.5
      degrees C above reference thermojunctions implanted contralaterally in various
      cerebral cortical and subcortical structures of four near-term fetal sheep.
      Temperature difference in rapid-eye-movement sleep was lower than in non-rapid
      eye-movement sleep (p = 0.014), reflecting convective heat loss from increased
      blood flow. Temperature difference also varied significantly with the locus of
      placement in the brain (p = 0.003), reflecting, in part, regional differences in
      cerebral blood flow. The thermocouple method gives qualitative, continuous
      information on local cerebral blood flow that could be useful in monitoring the
      vascular response to changing functional activity during prenatal brain
      development.

PMID- 2301503
TI  - Sound environment of the fetal sheep.
AB  - The internal sound pressure levels within the intact amnion of pregnant ewes
      surgically implanted with a hydrophone was determined during conditions of quiet
      and during sound field exposures to broadband and octave-band noise. Measurements
      were made of sound pressures outside and inside the ewe, and sound attenuation
      through maternal tissues and fluids was calculated. Sound pressures generated by
      low frequencies (less than 0.25 kHz) were 2 to 5 dB greater inside than outside
      the ewe. Above 0.25 kHz, sound attenuation increased at a rate of 6 dB per
      octave. For 4.0 kHz, sound attenuation averaged 20 dB. The sound pressure
      recorded at different locations within the amnion with respect to the sound
      source varied by up to 6 dB. The internal noise floor in the absence of
      externally generated sounds was as low as 50 dB (spectrum level) above 0.2 kHz.
      Thus the fetus is developing in an environment that is rich with internal and
      external sounds.

PMID- 2301504
TI  - Magnesium plus nifedipine.

PMID- 2301505
TI  - Primary cervical melanoma.

PMID- 2301506
TI  - Black premature births, maternal hematocrits, and gestational age data.

PMID- 2301508
TI  - Sacrospinous ligament fixation.

PMID- 2301507
TI  - Autotransfusion during cesarean section.

PMID- 2301509
TI  - Anaphylaxis and cefotetan.

PMID- 2301510
TI  - CA 125 in peritoneal fluid.

PMID- 2301511
TI  - Warnings in use of cefotetan.

PMID- 2301512
TI  - Reply to Weiner (1989;161:1091-2).

PMID- 2301513
TI  - Serious infections during pregnancy among women with advanced human
      immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Fifty-six human immunodeficiency virus seropositive-women and 76 human
      immunodeficiency virus seronegative-women had known CD4 cell values and were
      followed up throughout pregnancy. The women with seronegative results and the 40
      with seropositive results and CD4 (helper cell) counts consistently greater than
      300 cells/mm3 had no serious infections during pregnancy. Among the 16 with
      seropositive results and counts that fell below 300 cells/mm3, three developed
      opportunistic infections, one had pneumonia, and one had a post-cesarean-section
      abscess. Human immunodeficiency virus seropositive-women with low CD4 counts are
      at markedly increased risk of serious infections during pregnancy. The
      consequences of this for fetal health, pregnancy management, maternal well-being,
      and human immunodeficiency virus testing policies are discussed.

PMID- 2301514
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy and effect of treatment on outcome.
AB  - The effect of Chlamydia trachomatis on pregnancy outcome and the effect of
      treatment of positive cervical cultures was studied by culturing 11,544 women for
      chlamydia at their first prenatal visit. Chlamydia culture was positive in 2433
      (21.08%) and prevalence was related to age and race. Of the positive cultures,
      1110 were classified as untreated. The untreated group demonstrated a significant
      increase in the incidence of premature rupture of the membranes and low birth
      weight and a decrease in survival when compared with either those with positive
      cultures who received treatment (N = 1323) or those with negative cultures (N =
      9111). Screening of populations at high risk of chlamydia is recommended and
      treatment of chlamydia-positive patients may improve pregnancy outcome.

PMID- 2301516
TI  - Neonatal outcome after prolonged preterm rupture of the membranes.
AB  - Pulmonary hypoplasia was diagnosed in 14 of 88 infants (16%) delivered in 1983 to
      1986 after rupture of the membranes of greater than or equal to 7 days with onset
      before 29 weeks' gestation. Logistic regression analysis applied to examine the
      relative importance of perinatal risk factors in the prediction of pulmonary
      hypoplasia showed that gestational age at onset of rupture of the membranes had a
      significant effect (p = 0.002) on the odds that pulmonary hypoplasia developed in
      the neonate, whereas the duration of rupture of the membranes (p = 0.11) and the
      degree of oligohydramnios (p = 0.65) did not. Postnatally, the presence of
      pulmonary hypoplasia was associated with the severity of skeletal compression
      deformities (p less than 0.0001). The development of skeletal compression
      deformities was associated with severe oligohydramnios (p = 0.05) and duration of
      rupture of the membranes (p = 0.02) but not gestational age at rupture of the
      membranes (p = 0.77). Gestational age at onset of rupture of the membranes being
      the best single predictor of pulmonary hypoplasia suggests that the stage of lung
      development at rupture of the membranes may be important.

PMID- 2301515
TI  - Dose previous Chlamydia trachomatis infection influence the pregnancy rate of in
      vitro fertilization and embryo replacement?
AB  - The association between previous chlamydial infection, as reflected by the
      presence of chlamydial antibodies (specific serum immunoglobulin G antibodies
      with a titer greater than or equal to 32) and pregnancy outcome after in vitro
      fertilization and embryo replacement was studied in 121 infertile women with
      tubal damage. The antibody prevalence was 74.4%; the overall pregnancy rate was
      26.4%. No difference in seropositivity was detected between those who became
      pregnant and those who did not (71.9% versus 75.3%). The geometric mean titers
      were also similar in the two groups. Even after subdivision of the cases into
      primary or repeated in vitro fertilization attempts, or after stratification of
      the material according to the number of embryos used for replacement, there was
      no correlation between chlamydial antibodies and pregnancy rate. Thus, past
      infection with Chlamydia trachomatis did not influence the outcome of in vitro
      fertilization and embryo replacement treatment in this study.

PMID- 2301517
TI  - Smoking, maternal age, fetal growth, and gestational age at delivery.
AB  - The relationship between smoking and maternal age and their combined effects on
      birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, and preterm delivery were studied.
      Smoking lowers birth weight both by decreasing fetal growth and by lowering
      gestational age at delivery. However, the effect of smoking on both fetal growth
      and gestational age is significantly greater as maternal age advances. In a
      multiple logistic regression model adjusting for race, parity, marital status,
      maternal weight, weight gain, and alcohol use, smoking was associated with a
      fivefold increased risk of growth retardation in women older than 35 but less
      than a twofold increased risk in women younger than 17. Smoking reduced birth
      weight by 134 gm in young women but 301 gm in women older than 35. Smoking in
      older women also was associated with more instances of preterm delivery and a
      lower mean gestational age when compared to women 25 or younger.

PMID- 2301518
TI  - Screening of seven putative 45,X subjects with deoxyribonucleic acid probes to
      detect low-level mosaicism for Y cell lines.
AB  - The frequency of monosomy X in cytogenetically abnormal abortion material (10% to
      15%) suggests that viable 45,X subjects might have covert mosaicism for X or Y
      cell lines. The deoxyribonucleic acid samples from seven 45,X subjects with
      Turner syndrome were examined with three Y-specific deoxyribonucleic acid probes.
      Successive hybridizations with each of these three sensitive deoxyribonucleic
      acid probes did not reveal any Y-specific band.

PMID- 2301519
TI  - The effects of RU-38486 on cervical ripening. Clinical studies.
AB  - One hundred eighty pregnant patients, 17 to 39 years old (mean (+)/- SEM: 25.1
      (+)/- 0.39), with an amenorrhea of 7 to 12 weeks (mean (+)/- SEM: 9.4 (+)/-
      0.10), and requesting a therapeutic abortion, were selected according to general
      good health and gave their informed consent to the study. Mifepristone (RU-486;
      Roussel UCLAF, Paris, France) an antiprogestin steroid, was administered at
      random in doses of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 600 mg. Clinical evaluations and
      measurements of cervical dilatation were done before the study and repeated at 24
      hours after administration of Mifepristone and at 48 hours, at which time the
      aspiration was performed. Significant increases in cervical dilatation were
      observed at 48 hours with all doses of Mifepristone above 50 mg. The increases
      were significantly greater in patients with a gestational age greater than 10
      weeks than in those less than 10 weeks' gestational age. Parity had no influence
      on cervical dilatation at 48 hours. Bleeding was observed significantly more
      often with 100 to 600 mg doses of Mifepristone than with 0 to 50 mg. No influence
      of gestational age or parity on bleeding could be detected. Abdominal cramps were
      reported more frequently with 200, 400, and 600 mg of Mifepristone at 48 hours
      and their occurrence appeared to parallel cervical dilatation.

PMID- 2301520
TI  - Pregnancy in a homozygous familial hypercholesterolemic patient treated with long
      term plasma exchange.
AB  - We describe the first pregnancy in a homozygous familial hypercholesterolemic
      woman who started plasma exchange therapy 3 years before she became pregnant. We
      especially studied the effects of plasma exchange on lipid profile,
      uteroplacental circulation, and pregnancy course.

PMID- 2301521
TI  - The conservative management of patients with symptoms of stress incontinence: a
      randomized, prospective study comparing weighted vaginal cones and interferential
      therapy.
AB  - Sixty-nine female patients with symptoms of stress urinary incontinence were
      randomized to treatment with either interferential therapy or weighted vaginal
      cones. Fifty-four patients completed treatment (interferential therapy, 30
      patients; weighted vaginal cones, 24 patients). Patients were assessed by
      subjective response, pad testing, continence charts, and the maximum weight of
      cone that could be held actively and passively. Forty-seven patients were
      reassessed at 6 months (19 cones; 28 interferential), five patients (9.26%)
      required surgery, and two patients (3.7%) could not be reassessed. Subjective
      response to treatment was good, with 80% to 90% of patients cured or improved
      after treatment. After 6 months, 41.67% in the cone group and 40% in the
      interferential group were subjectively cured, with improvement in 50% and 30%,
      respectively. Of those patients initially referred for treatment, greater than
      30% in each group were cured of symptoms. There was an objective improvement in
      both groups. In the cone group 50% had improved after treatment and greater than
      60% had improved at 6 months as assessed by pad testing, while in the
      interferential group 76% had improved after treatment and 73% had improved at 6
      months. There was no significant difference in improvement between the two groups
      in any of the methods of assessment. However, the cones require less supervision
      by trained staff and can be used at home by the patient. Their use results in a
      savings in time for the physiotherapy department. The use of the cones is
      recommended as a cost-effective method of treatment that can be added to the
      present therapy options available to the physiotherapist.

PMID- 2301522
TI  - Successful pregnancy and normal delivery with Marlex mesh replacement of the
      abdominal wall.
AB  - A case of a woman who underwent a wide excision of an abdominal wall desmoid
      tumor is reported. The lesion was covered with Marlex mesh, and she went through
      an uncomplicated pregnancy and successful delivery. Management is described and
      discussed.

PMID- 2301523
TI  - Lasting response to ovariectomy in severe intractable premenstrual syndrome.
AB  - A total of 14 women with severe premenstrual syndrome unresponsive to
      conservative medical therapy were treated with danazol in doses sufficient to
      suppress cyclic ovarian steroidogenesis. In each case medical ovarian suppression
      resulted in complete relief from symptoms. For ongoing symptom relief, each woman
      elected to undergo bilateral ovariectomy and concomitant hysterectomy. Both
      medical ovarian suppression and ovariectomy with low-dose conjugated estrogen
      therapy afforded lasting relief from cyclic symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and
      a corresponding improvement in overall quality of life. We conclude that cyclic
      ovarian steroidogenesis is a powerful determinant for the expression of
      premenstrual symptomatology. Ovariectomy with low-dose estrogen replacement is an
      effective alternative for the woman with debilitating premenstrual syndrome who
      does not respond to conventional interventions.

PMID- 2301524
TI  - Cyclosporine-containing collagen shields suppress corneal allograft rejection.
AB  - Thirty-seven rabbit eyes with penetrating keratoplasty grafts placed in
      vascularized beds to enhance the possibility of graft rejection were treated with
      cyclosporine delivered in collagen shields or drops of olive oil. Treatment was
      begun either immediately after grafting or at the first sign of immune graft
      reaction. Mean survival time of the grafts in the collagen shield treated eyes
      was significantly longer than in the eyes treated with drops. In the eyes treated
      at the first sign of graft reaction, cyclosporine in collagen shields halted the
      rejection process; seven of these eyes survived the 120-day observation period,
      compared to one of the eyes treated with drops. These results indicate that the
      collagen shield is an effective delivery system for cyclosporine and the
      topically administered cyclosporine is effective in suppressing the initiation of
      graft rejection and in reversing a graft reaction in progress.

PMID- 2301525
TI  - Retinal detachment in penetrating keratoplasty patients.
AB  - We reviewed the records of 23 patients who had retinal detachment after
      penetrating keratoplasty. Seventeen retinas (74%) were reattached successfully.
      Of the six failures, four patients had hemorrhagic choroidal detachment at the
      time of keratoplasty. When these complex retinal detachments are subtracted, 17
      of 19 patients (89%) had successful retinal reattachments. Of the 17 successes,
      only seven patients had visual acuity of 20/200 or better. Retinal detachments
      after penetrating keratoplasty can be repaired with a high rate of success, but
      visual results remain disappointing.

PMID- 2301526
TI  - Hemorheologic abnormalities in patients with human immunodeficiency virus
      infection and ophthalmic microvasculopathy.
AB  - The severity of conjunctival microvascular changes and the presence of cotton
      wool spots were compared to factors that may affect blood flow (hematocrit level,
      red cell aggregation, fibrinogen level, plasma viscosity, circulating immune
      complexes, and quantitative immunoglobulin levels) in 22 human immunodeficiency
      virus-infected individuals. The severity of conjunctival disease was associated
      with increased zeta sedimentation ratios (a measure of red cell aggregation) and
      fibrinogen levels. The presence of cotton-wool spots was also associated with
      higher fibrinogen levels. Plasma viscosity and quantitative IgG levels were above
      normal levels in most patients, although a relationship to disease severity was
      not established. Altered blood flow may contribute to vascular damage and ocular
      ischemic lesions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

PMID- 2301527
TI  - Corneal topography of patients with excellent Snellen visual acuity after
      epikeratophakia for aphakia.
AB  - A computer-based corneal topographic analysis system was used to evaluate the
      patterns of power distribution in five patients with at least six months of
      postoperative follow-up who obtained excellent visual and refractive results
      after epikeratophakia for aphakia. All grafts were well centered relative to the
      visual axis. The range of surface power seen within the central 5 mm of the
      individual grafts ranged from 4.00 to 6.50 diopters. Each graft showed a unique,
      moderately irregular pattern of power distribution. Fair correlation was seen
      between the expected corneal power and that shown in the power map displays.
      These data suggest that moderate degrees of irregular astigmatism are compatible
      with good Snellen visual acuity after epikeratophakia for aphakia, though the
      effect of this irregularity on visual performance remains unclear.

PMID- 2301528
TI  - Trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil for adult inflammatory glaucoma.
AB  - We reviewed the records of 12 eyes of ten adult patients with inflammatory
      glaucoma who underwent trabeculectomy with the adjuvant use of 5-fluorouracil
      between January 1986 and January 1989. Intraocular pressure decreased from 36 +/-
      10 mm Hg (range, 17 to 50 mm Hg) preoperatively to 11 +/- 4 mm Hg (range, 3 to 17
      mm Hg) postoperatively after a median follow-up of 7.75 months (range, six to 38
      months). All eyes achieved an intraocular pressure of less than 20 mm Hg, and ten
      of 12 required no intraocular pressure lowering medications. The mean (+/- S.D.)
      amount of 5-fluorouracil used was 33 +/- 10 mg (range, 20 to 55 mg). During the
      period of observation, five of 12 eyes had an episode of uveitis, but in no
      patient did this result in loss of intraocular pressure control. Preoperative and
      postoperative systemic and topical corticosteroid use was the same.
      Trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil is an effective treatment for selected cases
      of adult inflammatory glaucoma refractory to medical management.

PMID- 2301529
TI  - Comparison of transscleral neodymium:YAG cyclophotocoagulation with and without a
      contact lens in human autopsy eyes.
AB  - A contact lens designed to facilitate neodymium:YAG transscleral
      cyclophotocoagulation was evaluated on human autopsy eyes, and the lesions
      produced were compared to the lesions produced by similar laser treatments
      without a lens. Using the thermal mode at 20-msec duration, the variables studied
      were distance from the corneoscleral limbus (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 mm); energy (2, 4, 6,
      8 J); and offset (distance between the focal points of the aiming and therapeutic
      beams; settings of 5, 7, 8, 9). By gross and light microscopic inspection, the
      ciliary body lesions produced were similar with or without the lens. A distance
      between 0.5 and 1.5 mm appears optimal for damaging the pars plicata. Energies of
      4 to 8 J produced ciliary epithelial destruction.

PMID- 2301530
TI  - Effects and interactions of epinephrine, norepinephrine, timolol, and betaxolol
      on outflow facility in the cynomolgus monkey.
AB  - Total outflow facility was determined in cynomolgus monkeys by two-level constant
      pressure perfusion. Topical epinephrine increased facility by 30% to 35% three to
      four hours after dosing, whether given as a single 600-micrograms dose or as
      twice daily 600-micrograms doses for three days. A single 5.5-micrograms
      intracameral dose of epinephrine or norepinephrine increased facility by 65% to
      70% three to four hours after dosing. A single 180-micrograms topical dose of
      timolol or betaxolol had no effect on facility three to four hours later. Timolol
      pretreatment prevented the facility-increasing effect of both topical epinephrine
      and intracameral norepinephrine, but betaxolol pretreatment prevented neither.
      These findings indicate that no cumulative facility-increasing effect of
      epinephrine, beyond the acute (three hour) facility-increasing effect, develops
      within three days; there may be a facility-decreasing effect of large topical
      epinephrine doses on the vascular structures external to the trabecular meshwork;
      there is no, or only subthreshold, facility-affecting ambient beta-adrenergic
      tone in the meshwork; and the facility-increasing effect of both epinephrine and
      norepinephrine is mediated by beta 2-adrenergic receptors in the trabecular
      endothelium.

PMID- 2301531
TI  - Accommodative esotropia after ocular and head injury.
AB  - Five children lost their ability for motor fusion after traumatic injury to
      either the eye or head. All patients had the onset of accommodative esotropia
      within two months of the traumatic episode. The ocular alignment of each child
      was controlled by the use of spectacles that corrected the accommodative
      requirements. These patients are unique because they did not show any evidence of
      accommodative esotropia before their injuries. One child developed accommodative
      esotropia with a high ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation. The
      use of bifocal spectacles controlled the deviation for this child.

PMID- 2301532
TI  - Myopia induced by vitreous hemorrhage.
AB  - Six of 11 children developed myopia in one eye after vitreous hemorrhage. None
      had retinopathy of prematurity, glaucoma, aphakia, or scleral buckling. In seven
      children developing vitreous hemorrhage before 1 year of age, six exhibited a
      myopic anisometropia in the affected eye of 1.37 to 12.00 diopters (mean, -4.7
      diopters; S.D., 4.0). The degree of myopia correlated with the age of onset and
      duration of media opacification. In the child without myopia, the hemorrhage did
      not obscure the posterior pole. None of the four children whose hemorrhage
      occurred after 2 1/2 years of age showed myopic anisometropia (mean, +0.16
      diopters; S.D., 0.24). We conclude that vitreous hemorrhage occurring in infancy
      is strongly associated with the development of myopia in the affected eye.

PMID- 2301534
TI  - Choroidal perfusion abnormality with age-related Bruch's membrane change.
AB  - Observation of patients with Sorsby's fundus dystrophy has shown that a prolonged
      choroidal filling phase on fluorescein angiography may indicate the presence of
      diffuse thickening of Bruch's membrane. We analyzed fluorescein angiography
      transit photographs in 100 eyes of 100 consecutive patients with age-related
      changes at the level of Bruch's membrane. Of these, 26 eyes had evidence of a
      prolonged choroidal filling phase during the initial dye transit. We suggest that
      this may represent a clinical correlate of diffuse thickening of Bruch's
      membrane, and that the two features are causally related.

PMID- 2301533
TI  - Late developing lesions in birdshot retinochoroidopathy.
AB  - Birdshot retinochoroidopathy is characterized by depigmented spots radiating from
      the optic disk in association with mild vitritis, retinal vasculitis, and
      involvement of the optic nerve head. In two patients, we traced the long-term
      course of uveitis with vitritis, retinal vasculitis, and papillitis that resulted
      in the typical cream-colored spots of birdshot retinochoroidopathy after seven
      and eight years, respectively, of follow-up. These observations suggest that in
      long-standing inflammation of the retinal vasculature and uveal tract, the HLA
      A29 antigen should be assessed, because the development of typical lesions of
      birdshot retinochoroidopathy may be delayed in some patients.

PMID- 2301535
TI  - Refinements in microinstrumentation for vitreous surgery.
AB  - We developed a series of 25-gauge (0.5 mm) microinstruments for vitreous surgery,
      including a 25-gauge vitreous cutter, 25-gauge microscissors for limited reuse,
      and a vitreous membrane dissector. Clinical experience with these instruments in
      more than 20 cases of advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinopathy of
      prematurity, and diabetic retinopathy indicates that these instruments facilitate
      delicate vitreoretinal dissections, particularly in the vitreous base and when
      fibrovascular tissues are closely adherent to the retina. Because of their
      smaller size, the microinstruments are more precise in their cutting capabilities
      than other instruments.

PMID- 2301536
TI  - Peer review.

PMID- 2301537
TI  - Subretinal neovascularization after operating microscope burn.

PMID- 2301538
TI  - Cryoprecipitated fibrinogen (fibrin glue) in orbital surgery.

PMID- 2301539
TI  - Necrotizing scleritis secondary to conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2301540
TI  - Bilateral paralimbal scleromalacia perforans.

PMID- 2301541
TI  - Horizontal homonymous sectoral field defect after ischemic infarction of the
      occipital cortex.

PMID- 2301542
TI  - Tonic pupils as a result of botulism.

PMID- 2301543
TI  - Intermittent pupillary dilatation associated with astrocytoma.

PMID- 2301544
TI  - Cyclosporine-induced trichomegaly.

PMID- 2301545
TI  - Electron microscopic evidence of acarine infestation of the eyelid margin.

PMID- 2301546
TI  - Capnocytophaga canimorsus as the cause of a chronic corneal infection.

PMID- 2301547
TI  - Microsporidia infection of the cornea in a man seropositive for human
      immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2301548
TI  - Familial congenital cornea guttata with anterior polar cataracts.

PMID- 2301549
TI  - Ways to retain or reactivate occupational therapists.
AB  - The previous paper (Bailey, 1990) reported on the reasons for leaving
      occupational therapy in a sample of 696 therapists. This follow-up paper
      discusses the reasons given and suggests ways to retain or reactivate therapists.
      The issues addressed include child rearing; geographic location; feeling
      professionally out of date; excessive paperwork; lack of pay and promotional
      opportunities; returning to school; stress; disillusionment; type of caseloads;
      illness; desire for more status, autonomy, and challenge; and lack of in-service
      training and continuing education.

PMID- 2301550
TI  - The relationship of educational level to the development and dissemination of
      knowledge by occupational therapists.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative
      differences in productivity among occupational therapists with various
      educational backgrounds. Comparative analyses pertained to the respondents'
      demographic data, to their productivity in the development and dissemination of
      knowledge, to their positions, and to their contributions to the profession. Four
      advanced education groups were also described in terms of their educational
      programs. The results of this study indicated that the most significant
      relationship between the type of education of occupational therapists and their
      productivity is found in the doctoral group. Although it was determined that time
      (years of experience) could account for some of the differences between the
      groups, no significant differences were found between the baccalaureate and entry
      level master's groups. Significant differences were identified between the entry
      level and postprofessional master's groups in course work and perceived benefits
      of education.

PMID- 2301552
TI  - A part-time Level II fieldwork program.
AB  - This paper describes an alternative to the traditional Level II fieldwork program
      for master's degree students in occupational therapy. In this part-time 9-month
      program, students complete the fieldwork requirement while simultaneously
      balancing academic responsibilities. One advantage of this program over the
      traditional 3-month program is that the extended length of time offers students
      the opportunity to develop clinical skills beyond the technical level.

PMID- 2301551
TI  - Steps in collaborative research between clinicians and faculty.
AB  - This article suggests a seven-step model for faculty-clinician collaborative
      research. The steps were developed on the basis of the authors' experiences and
      anchored in theories of human and organizational behavior. For each step, an aim
      and outcome are delineated as well as a description of how each stage can be
      enacted to produce publishable research. An example is used to illustrate how the
      model has functioned to facilitate the research process. The model lends itself
      to a full spectrum of qualitative and quantitative designs that are appropriate
      in clinical occupational therapy.

PMID- 2301553
TI  - Play behavior and occupational therapy.
AB  - The effectiveness of treatment methods on a person's ability to carry out
      occupational roles competently is of interest to occupational therapists. This
      case study demonstrated how play, as an occupational role of childhood and as a
      measure of competence, can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of occupational
      therapy that uses a sensory integrative approach. The positive changes in C.C.'s
      play behavior support the basic philosophy of sensory integration, which states
      that an increase in sensory integrative functions will improve competence (in
      this study, competence is defined as play), that is, that a person will have the
      ability to carry out occupational roles in an adaptive and competent manner. In
      addition, improvements in other areas, such as the organization and execution of
      self-care skills and improvements in gross and fine motor skills, provide further
      support to sensory integrative philosophy. Further exploration of these concepts
      would add to a growing body of knowledge aimed at the documentation of the
      effectiveness and efficacy of occupational therapy interventions.

PMID- 2301554
TI  - The relationship of symptom to function elaborated.

PMID- 2301555
TI  - Perspectives on the past and future, Part 2.

PMID- 2301556
TI  - Calcaneus secundarius: description and frequency in six skeletal samples.
AB  - The calcaneus secundarius (CS) is a small accessory ossicle of the anterior
      calcaneal facet. A sample of 1,367 calcanei including early 20th century U.S.
      blacks and whites, XIIth Dynasty Egyptians, Islamic Period Bahrainis, and
      protohistoric American Indians from two states were examined to determine the
      frequency of this nonmetric trait. Statistical testing of the correlation of the
      trait with sex could only be performed on the blacks and whites, a documented
      cadaver collection. Tests of chi 2 indicated that, although sex differences were
      insignificant, significant group (not necessarily racial or geographical)
      differences existed at the .05 level. There was no correlation of side dominance
      in the overall sample, although significant population differences existed. The
      trait frequencies of the black and white samples were more similar to one another
      than to the nonindustrial groups who, in turn, were more similar to each other
      than to the Terry sample. The findings suggest that a CS is of genetic or
      congenital origin resulting in a secondary center of ossification in the anterior
      calcaneal facet.

PMID- 2301557
TI  - Size, space, and adaptation in some subfossil lemurs from Madagascar.
AB  - We examine several explanations for the geographic pattern of body size variation
      exhibited by the subfossil lemur Archaeolemur. Part and partial correlation
      analysis and multiple regression analysis are applied in a stepwise, hierarchical
      fashion to help to determine variable interdependencies. Variance in site means
      for body size is best explained by the richness of the plant community and by
      several correlated climatic variables (bioclimatic zone and mean annual
      rainfall). Body size differentiation in Archaeolemur roughly mirrors patterns
      observed among many other Malagasy lemur species and subspecies groups. This
      consistency alone suggests that common ecological factors have strongly affected
      size differentiation in lemurs, most probably (as suggested by our correlation
      analyses) by uniformly influencing the productivity of their niches. Smaller
      individuals tend to inhabit arid regions, and larger individuals tend to inhabit
      wetter regions. The interplay between selective differentiation and allopatric
      speciation appears to have yielded the concordant pattern of size variation
      observed in Malagasy lemurs.

PMID- 2301558
TI  - Hardness as a basis of fruit choice in two sympatric primates.
AB  - Fruit color and size are significant determinants of food choice in mammals and
      birds, but hardness, an important physical property of fruit and seeds, has
      generally been overlooked as a determinant of food choice in studies of mammalian
      foraging behavior. Two methods were used to determine fruit hardness during a
      field study of two sympatric primates, the black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus)
      and the bearded saki monkey (Chiropotes satanas) in Surinam. We measured both
      puncture resistance of fruit pericarp and crushing resistance of seeds. Puncture
      resistance of the pericarp of some fruit opened by Chiropotes was as much as 15
      times greater than that of all fruit successfully opened by Ateles. In contrast,
      crushing resistance of species of seeds masticated by Chiropotes was
      significantly lower than that of seeds swallowed by Ateles. These data
      demonstrate that hardness of both fruit pericarp and seed may play a significant
      role in food choice among sympatric vertebrates. Measurements of both puncture
      resistance of the pericarp and crushing resistance of the seed are necessary for
      understanding the significance of fruit hardness in these primates.

PMID- 2301559
TI  - Position and orientation of the foramen magnum in higher primates.
AB  - The location of the foramen magnum, with respect to the longitudinal axis of the
      cranium, and its orientation with respect to the Frankfurt Horizontal, have been
      studied in a total of 328 modern human and Pan crania. The samples were chosen in
      order to examine the effect of overall size difference on foramen magnum
      disposition. Foramen position (expressed as three indices) and inclination are
      relatively invariant among the modern human samples, but the foramen magnum is
      consistently, and statistically significantly, more anteriorly located in Pan
      paniscus than in Pan troglodytes. Sexual dimorphism is virtually non-existent.
      There is an apparent allometric effect on foramen position, but not on
      inclination, so that larger crania in the modern human and Pan paniscus samples
      tend to have more posteriorly situated foramina. The disposition of the foramen
      is unrelated to cranial base angle or facial prognathism, except that in Pan
      paniscus its relative anterior location is linked with the more flexed cranial
      base in that species. These results provide a comparative context for the
      examination of differences in foramen magnum disposition in fossil hominids.
      Differences in foramen magnum position and orientation between KNM-ER 1813 and A.
      africanus are most unlikely to be due to within-taxon variability.

PMID- 2301560
TI  - Inbreeding effects on bilateral asymmetry of dermatoglyphic patterns.
AB  - Bilateral correlations are higher and bilateral variances within individuals
      smaller in the samples of inbred individuals than in matched control groups of
      the same sex for pattern intensities on fingers in four series of data and also
      for pattern intensities on palms, toes, and soles and the palmer main line
      indices in the data collected from a Muslin population of West Bengal. This trend
      is not apparent in two series of data from the Yanadi tribe, in which the inbred
      and noninbred samples are not controlled for random variation of genes and
      environment. Increased variances between individuals and changes in means and
      distributions of the traits in the inbred samples of the matched data indicate
      some influence of homozygosity of genes for the traits on their asymmetry. The
      reduced variability of asymmetry of the traits in the inbred cannot be explained
      by homozygosity of genes for either directional or absolute asymmetry. One
      possible explanation is that heterozygotes for these dermatoglyphic triats are
      more responsive to environmental stress than homozygotes and/or increased
      selection in the homozygotes against genetic disorders associated with
      dermatoglyphic asymmetry may reduce the variability of such asymmetry.

PMID- 2301561
TI  - Copper transport from ceruloplasmin: characterization of the cellular uptake
      mechanism.
AB  - Copper uptake from 67Cu-labeled ceruloplasmin (67CuCp) was studied in K-562
      cells, a human erythroleukemic cell line. 67CuCp was prepared by an ascorbate
      catalyzed exchange of recrystallized ceruloplasmin with 67CuCl2. The labeled
      protein was treated with Chelex-100 and gel filtration to ensure that 67Cu was
      tightly bound to the structure. 67CuCp bound specifically to the K-562 cells at 4
      degrees C. The binding was linear with protein in the range of 200-800 nM and in
      the presence of 3% albumin. In this concentration range, 67CuCl2 showed no
      binding that could be interpreted as specific; 80-90% of the cell-bound 67Cu was
      removed by washing the cells with acid buffer. When binding was attempted at 37
      degrees C, a significant fraction of the 67Cu resisted acid washing and with time
      accumulated in the cells. Fractionating the cytosolic components on Percoll
      gradients located the 67Cu in buoyant fractions of densities 1.030-1.05, with a
      peak at 1.035. Repeating the experiment with 125I-labeled ceruloplasmin failed to
      localize any 125I label in Percoll fractions; very little 125I was detected in
      the cytosol. Double-labeled 67Cu-125I-ceruloplasmin confirmed that copper and not
      the protein moiety of ceruloplasmin was taken up by the cells. The uptake
      reaction was inhibited by 1 mM bathocuproine sulfonate and by 1 mM sodium
      iproniazid. Ascorbate (100 microM) strongly stimulated uptake. These studies
      provide evidence that K-562 cells are able to extract copper atoms from
      ceruloplasmin and transport the copper to the cytosol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2301562
TI  - Oscillatory mode of calcium signaling in rat pancreatic acinar cells.
AB  - Cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ((Ca2+]i) was evaluated by dual-wavelength
      microspectrofluorometry of fura-2-loaded individual rat pancreatic acinar cells.
      Resting [Ca2+]i in unstimulated acini was 94.1 +/- 4.1 nM. Stimulation with high
      concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK, 100 pM to 1 nM) led to an immediate rise
      in [Ca2+]i to 400-1,000 nM followed by a fall within 2-5 min to a plateau only
      slightly above the prestimulation level. Lower and more physiological
      concentrations of CCK (1-30 pM), after a latent period of 60-90 s, induced a
      smaller sustained increase in [Ca2+]i (30-40 nM) with superimposed repetitive
      transient [Ca2+]i spikes. These oscillations averaged 120-150 nM in amplitude,
      occurred at a frequency which averaged 1.5 times/min, and were maintained as long
      as the stimulus was applied. Similar [Ca2+]i oscillations were observed when
      acini were stimulated with submaximal concentrations of carbamylcholine (0.1-1
      microM) and neuromedin C (0.1-1 nM). Intracellular Ca2+ stores were not depleted
      during [Ca2+] oscillations, since a subsequent increase to 1 nM CCK led to an
      immediate rise in [Ca2+]i indistinguishable from the response of cells initially
      stimulated at this concentration. Although extracellular Ca2+ was required for
      maintenance of frequency of the spikes, the major source of Ca2+ utilized for
      oscillations was intracellular, since elimination of medium Ca2+ or Ca2+ entry
      blockade with lanthanum failed to inhibit oscillations. Vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide (10 nM) and high K+ (50 mM) did not affect [Ca2+]i oscillations.
      Antimycin (10 microM), which depletes cytoplasmic ATP, increased basal [Ca2+]i
      and inhibited the oscillations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301563
TI  - An ultracompliant glass microelectrode for intracellular recording.
AB  - We describe the simple fabrication of a glass microelectrode that was designed
      for the stable impalement of contracting isolated cardiac preparations. The
      electrodes can be made with the aid of a standard pipette puller. The design uses
      a long-shanked glass electrode that is stepped below the shoulder at 70 degrees
      to the shaft and again near the tip. The electrodes are of marginally higher
      resistance than equivalent length straight electrodes (34.9 vs. 26.0 M omega).
      The stepped design imparts a low stiffness to the electrode in the vertical and
      horizontal planes, and the mechanical basis for this performance is described and
      discussed with regard to measured behavior. The duration of impalements with
      stepped electrodes is significantly longer than for straight electrodes and can
      usually be maintained for indefinite periods with minimal damage to small, highly
      contractile muscle preparations.

PMID- 2301564
TI  - Intracellular pH measurement using single excitation-dual emission fluorescence
      ratios.
AB  - In the present paper, laser spectroscopy was used to evaluate the utility of a
      new fluorochrome, carboxyseminaphthorhodafluor-1 (Snarf-1), for single excitation
      dual emission ratio measurement of intracellular pH (pHi). The emission spectrum
      of Snarf-1 showed clear pH-dependent shifts, and emission ratios calculated from
      the 640 and 587 nm maxima were a sensitive indicator of pH. When irradiated in
      Cunningham chambers, solutions of Snarf-1 were rapidly bleached, and at pH 7.3 or
      higher, this bleaching led to a decrease in the 640/587 nm emission ratio. These
      ratio changes were also observed in intracellular measurements on lens embryonic
      epithelial cells under conditions in which the entrapped dye was rapidly
      bleached. As the laser dosage was reduced (by increasing the step size between
      sample points), bleaching could be reduced to very low levels, and under these
      conditions, the ratio remained constant. Snarf-1 loaded into lens epithelial
      explants was calibrated intracellularly using nigericin. Intracellular
      calibration curves were shifted to more alkaline values than in vitro curves.
      Intracellular calibration allowed estimates of pHi that were in reasonable
      agreement with previously published values for lens tissue. Potential artifacts
      arising from differential photobleaching and intracellular-in vitro calibration
      are discussed.

PMID- 2301565
TI  - Ca2(+)-induced Ca2+ release as examined by photolysis of caged Ca2+ in single
      ventricular myocytes.
AB  - In cardiac muscle, entry of Ca2+ through the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel and its
      interaction with an intracellular site are thought to trigger the release of the
      intracellular Ca2+ pools and to activate contraction. The availability of a novel
      "caged calcium" compound, and its effective use in neuronal and heart cells to
      modulate Ca2+ channel and contraction, made it possible to examine directly the
      Ca2(+)-induced Ca2+ release hypothesis in intact mammalian cardiac myocytes. We
      used the caged Ca2+ compound DM-nitrophen, which on photolysis, rapidly (less
      than 200 microseconds) changes its Ca2(+)-binding affinity from 3 X 10(-9) to 2 X
      10(-3) M at pH 7.0. In isolated whole cell clamped guinea pig ventricular
      myocytes dialyzed with unphotolyzed DM-nitrophen (Ca2+ buffered to values less
      than 10(-7) M), we found that a 160-microseconds light pulse photoreleased
      sufficient Ca2+ to activate contraction. Photorelease of Ca2+ failed to activate
      significant contraction in myocytes pretreated with caffeine, supporting the idea
      that the release of Ca2+ from intracellular pools was necessary to generate
      tension. However, photorelease of Ca2+ after the depolarization-induced Ca2+
      release failed to suppress contraction, as predicted from the Ca2(+)-induced
      inactivation hypothesis. The failure to suppress contraction was not sufficient
      to definitively reject the Ca2(+)-induced inactivation hypothesis, since the
      intracellular Ca2+ concentration may not have risen sufficiently to inactivate
      the release channel.

PMID- 2301566
TI  - Regulating transient and sustained changes of cytosolic Ca2+ in rat pancreatic
      acini.
AB  - The regulation of changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration (Cai2+) during exposure
      to carbachol was studied in rat pancreatic acini loaded with fura-2. With an
      extracellular Ca2+ concentration (Cao2+) of 2.5 mM, resting Cai2+ is 185 +/- 48
      (SD) nM (n = 23), which rises to 696 +/- 222 nM, then falls over 2 min to a
      stable plateau of 401 +/- 106 nM. With Cao2+ less than 10 nM, carbachol produces
      an immediate threefold increase in Cai2+ that dissipates over 2-3 min, and Cai2+
      steadily falls below prestimulation levels. Atropine prevents all responses to
      carbachol, and when it is added during a response to carbachol, Cai2+ drops to
      resting values within seconds. Ca2+ influx is required for the prolonged
      elevation of Cai2+ during carbachol exposure, but Ca2+ entry is not regulated by
      an increase in Cai2+ itself nor does Ca2+ enter via voltage-gated L-type
      channels. The muscarinic receptor-operated Ca2+ entry mechanism is sensitive to
      Cao2+, since sustained elevations in Cai2+ are maximal at 2.5 mM Cao2+ but are
      much less pronounced at lower external Ca2+ concentrations.

PMID- 2301568
TI  - Effect of estrogen and progesterone on metabolism of apoprotein B in baboons.
AB  - To determine the metabolic mechanisms by which estrogen and progesterone alter
      levels of apoprotein B (apo B)-containing lipoproteins, 12 ovariectomized and
      hysterectomized baboons, maintained on a high-cholesterol (1.7 mg/kcal) and a
      high-fat (40% from lard) diet and divided into four groups, were treated with
      estrogen, progesterone, estrogen plus progesterone, and a placebo. After 12 wk,
      plasma cholesterol was unchanged in the control and progesterone groups but was
      reduced in the estrogen- and estrogen plus progesterone-treated groups. The
      reduction was primarily because of decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol. LDL apo B levels decreased parallel to the LDL cholesterol. Very low
      density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL apo B metabolism were studied using a double
      label turnover study. Multicompartmental modeling suggested that LDL apo B was
      kinetically heterogeneous and that there exists an extravascular pool, perhaps
      consisting of hepatic remnants, that contributes significantly to LDL apo B
      transport. The model was used to estimate apo B production rates and residence
      times. VLDL apo B production was not affected by estrogen but was increased by
      progesterone. LDL apo B production was increased by both estrogen and
      progesterone. The residence time of LDL apo B was decreased by estrogen and
      estrogen plus progesterone but not by progesterone. Thus estrogen and
      progesterone have independent effects on apo B metabolism in baboons.

PMID- 2301567
TI  - Myosin light chain phosphorylation in human myometrial smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of the 20-kDa regulatory light chain of
      myosin is of signal importance in the initiation of contraction in a number of
      smooth muscle tissues. In this investigation, we evaluated the relationship
      between intracellular free Ca2+/concentration [( Ca2+]i) and the extent of myosin
      light chain phosphorylation in cultured human myometrial smooth muscle cells.
      Treatment of myometrial cells with ionomycin caused a concentration- and time
      dependent increase in [Ca2+]i and phosphorylation of myosin light chain.
      Temporally, the increases in light chain phosphorylation and [Ca2+]i in response
      to ionomycin were similar. In myometrial cells treated with ionomycin (10(-5) M)
      for 10 s, [Ca2+]i increased from 138 to 800 nM; in these same cells, myosin light
      chain phosphorylation increased from 5% to a maximum value of 54%. Half-maximal
      phosphorylation of myosin light chain was attained at 300 nM [Ca2+]i. Treatment
      of myometrial smooth muscle cells with prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha (10(-8) M) and
      PGE2 (10(-8) M) caused a proportionate increase in [Ca2+]i and myosin light chain
      phosphorylation. In addition, [Ca2+]i and myosin light chain phosphorylation
      increased in response to oxytocin and angiotensin II. These findings indicate
      that a number of uterotonic agents effect an increase in [Ca2+]i, which in turn
      causes phosphorylation of myosin light chain. Furthermore, the concentration of
      Ca2+ in the cytoplasm is a primary determinant for myosin light chain
      phosphorylation in human myometrial smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 2301569
TI  - Single lactotroph responses to dopamine, angiotensin II, and culture duration.
AB  - Prolactin cells were isolated from male rat pituitaries and studied individually
      with the reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Plaque area, linearly correlated with
      radioimmunoassayable prolactin in the culture medium, and percent lactotrophs
      were measured. A 20-h incubation period markedly enhanced the potency and
      efficacy of dopamine to inhibit prolactin release compared with an assay
      conducted on the day of enzymatic dispersion. Frequency histograms of plaque
      areas showed unimodal distributions after angiotensin II (ANG II)-stimulated
      prolactin release, with the mode shifting to the right. In contrast, the addition
      of dopamine to either basal or ANG II-stimulated lactotrophs shifted the mode to
      the left and decreased the overall range of plaque areas. No clear evidence for
      discrete subpopulations was generated with this approach; rather, an extensive
      range of secretory behavior was defined as a continuum, indicating a diverse
      repertoire of secretory potential in different lactotrophs. Furthermore,
      comparing lactotrophs from the lateral wings with the central region of the
      pituitary suggested that lateral cells were less inhibited by dopamine treatment.
      We conclude that this improved assay allows more precise assessment of the
      contribution that single lactotrophs make to the population response to dopamine
      and ANG II.

PMID- 2301570
TI  - Cholecystokinin receptors and vagal nerves in control of food intake in rats.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the specificity and physiological nature of
      short-term satiety effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) in rats with intact and
      transected vagal nerves. Rats with-the gastric fistulas, closed or open, were
      used for normal feeding or sham feeding of liquid meal offered for 30 min. CCK-8
      (0.5-10 nmol/kg) injected intraperitoneally (ip) 15 min before feeding inhibited
      food intake dose dependently in both normal-fed and sham-fed rats at a minimal
      inhibitory dose of 1 nmol/kg. CCK-8 at the same doses caused a potent stimulation
      of pancreatic protein secretion, reaching maximum at a dose of approximately 0.5
      nmol/kg. Pretreatment with a potent CCK receptor antagonist, L-364,718 (2.5 mg/kg
      ip), increased food intake during normal feeding (but not sham feeding) and
      almost completely blocked the satiety and pancreatic stimulatory effects of CCK.
      When feeding was preceded by intragastric administration of proteinase inhibitor
      (Foy-305, 200 mg/kg), food preload, or diversion of bile-pancreatic secretion to
      the exterior, there was a significant increase in the plasma level of CCK and an
      inhibition of food intake by about 36, 78, and 25%, respectively. Pretreatment
      with L-364,718 completely abolished this inhibition by Foy-305 and bile
      pancreatic diversion and reduced that caused by food preload. Among other gut
      peptides given ip (10 nmol/kg) only bombesin reduced food intake, whereas
      gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), pancreatic polypeptide
      (PP), and peptide YY (PYY) were ineffective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301571
TI  - Androgen receptor of rat penis is down-regulated by androgen.
AB  - To provide insight into the factors that control androgen receptor levels in rat
      penis, we assessed 5 alpha-[3H]-dihydrotestosterone binding in low-salt [10 mM
      tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), 10 mM Na2M0O4] and high-salt (10 mM Tris,
      10 mM Na2M0O4, 0.5 M KCl) extracts of rat penis using sucrose density gradients.
      Total receptor content decreased from approximately 729 +/- 114 fmol/g tissue at
      3 wk of age to less than 50 fmol/g tissue at 10 wk of age. Castration of 3-wk-old
      rats prevented penile growth and the age-related decline in penile androgen
      receptor. Treatment of 3-wk-old castrated rats with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone
      caused an acceleration in the decline in receptor levels compared with intact
      animals. Castration of 10-wk-old rats (after androgen receptor levels had
      decreased) did not result in an increase in the amount of total androgen receptor
      by 16 wk of age. To determine the specificity of the androgen-mediated decline in
      receptor levels, the amounts of prostate androgen receptor were compared with
      those of the penis at different ages. When expressed as femtomoles per organ, the
      total androgen receptor level in the prostate increased fourfold from 3 to 10 wk
      of age, whereas the total androgen receptor in the penis declined approximately
      threefold. We conclude that the downregulation of the penile androgen receptor
      content that occurs in the rat between 3 and 10 wk of age is androgen mediated,
      does not occur in all androgen target tissues, and is prevented but not reversed
      by castration.

PMID- 2301572
TI  - Defective regulation of thyroxine 5'-deiodinase in brown adipose tissue of ob/ob
      mice.
AB  - Genetically obese (ob/ob) and lean (+/?) mice were exposed to a cold (14 degrees
      C) environment for 1, 3, 6, 12, 16, or 24 h or remained in a warm (28 degrees C)
      environment. In ob/ob mice the increase in brown adipose tissue (BAT)
      thermogenesis (mitochondrial GDP binding) was low and the increase in thyroxine
      5'-deiodinase (T5'D) was delayed; there was a reduced increase in serum 3,5,3'
      triiodothyronine (T3) level and these mice became hypothermic. Content of
      uncoupling protein (UCP) was low in BAT of obese mice and no cold-induced
      increase occurred. Adrenalectomy of obese mice before exposure to cold (14
      degrees C) improved defective thermogenic response of BAT and thermoregulation,
      restored to normal the increases in T5'D activity and serum T3 level, and
      promoted an exaggerated increase in UCP content, detectable after only 6 h.
      Adrenalectomy of cold-exposed lean mice did not alter thermoregulation, the
      increase in BAT T5'D activity, or the increase in serum T3 but enhanced the
      thermogenic response and allowed a higher UCP content in BAT of cold-exposed
      mice. We conclude that suppression of the cold-induced increase in T5'D activity
      in BAT can be added to the other known corticosterone-dependent anomalies of the
      ob/ob mouse. We speculate that lack of the cold-induced increase in T5'D in BAT
      of the ob/ob mouse prevents the normal participation of T3 in the trophic
      response of BAT to cold and underlies the abnormality in this response.

PMID- 2301573
TI  - Growth-promoting properties of the internal milieu of pregnant and lactating
      rats.
AB  - The growth-promoting properties of the internal milieu of pregnant and lactating
      rats were investigated using transplanted whole rat embryos or fetal paws. When
      placed under the kidney capsule of intact nonpregnant hosts and incubated for 12
      days, such transplants grow rapidly, and tissues differentiate normally. Thus
      they provide an accurate means of assessing the growth-promoting properties of
      the internal environment of host animals in different physiological states.
      Transplant growth during days 0-11 of pregnancy was similar to that observed in
      age-matched virgin control hosts during an equivalent 12-day period. However,
      growth of transplants was decreased by 40% in hosts during days 10-22 of
      pregnancy and by approximately 30% in hosts during days 1-13 or days 11-23 of
      lactation. Increase in tail length, which was used as an index of maternal
      skeletal growth, was reduced by 50% during the second half of pregnancy and the
      early and late periods of lactation compared with age-matched virgin females. No
      such inhibition was recorded during the first half of pregnancy. Compared with
      virgins, serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels were reduced by
      approximately 20% on days 6 and 10 of pregnancy, and by 63-66% during the second
      half of gestation. Serum IGF-I levels rose during lactation to reach prepregnancy
      levels by day 12, but a second decline occurred by day 18 postpartum.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301574
TI  - Altered role of microtubules in asialoglycoprotein trafficking in developing
      liver.
AB  - Efficient receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoglycoprotein by mature liver
      requires participation of microtubules that convey newly internalized ligand to
      lysosomes for degradation and receptor back to plasma membrane to continue
      endocytosis. To ascertain whether microtubular participation in
      asialoglycoprotein endocytosis is altered during development, we compared
      endocytosis of 125I-labeled asialoorosomucoid (ASOR) in neonatal rat hepatocytes
      to that in adult cells, with and without microtubular disruption by colchicine.
      Control experiments demonstrated that 125I-ASOR degradation in neonatal
      hepatocytes occurred at 70% of the adult rate during continuous endocytosis,
      although neonatal surface receptors were only approximately 40% as numerous.
      Colchicine disruption of microtubules reduced 125I-ASOR degradation and steady
      state intracellular ASOR more in adults during continuous endocytosis.
      Degradation of 125I-ASOR prebound to surface receptors was equally impaired by
      colchicine in the two groups. Continuous ASOR endocytosis by colchicine-treated
      adult hepatocytes progressively depleted their surface receptors but minimally in
      neonates. Unlike colchicine, the protonophore monensin markedly impaired receptor
      recycling as well as postinternalization ligand trafficking in both neonates and
      adults. Thus these experiments demonstrate that asialoglycoprotein processing
      proceeds as efficiently in neonatal as in adult hepatocytes despite a reduced
      surface receptor population. Microtubules are required to maintain receptors on
      cell surface as well as for postinternalization trafficking in adult cells.
      During development, only the latter process substantially requires microtubules,
      indicating that microtubular participation in protein trafficking is selectively,
      not uniformly, diminished at this time in life.

PMID- 2301575
TI  - The propulsive behavior of the opossum sphincter of Oddi.
AB  - This study investigates whether the phasic contractions of the opossum sphincter
      of Oddi (SO) delay bile flow by acting as a resistor or facilitate bile flow by
      acting as a pump. The common bile duct (CBD) and an adjacent segment of duodenum
      from eight opossums were studied in a propulsion evaluation system in vitro. This
      system required the production of hydrostatic work by the SO to transfer fluid
      from the CBD to the duodenum when the pressure in the duodenum was equal or
      greater than the pressure in the CBD. Fluid movement from the CBD to duodenum and
      duodenum to CBD was studied at pressure gradients up to 50 cmH2O before and after
      sodium nitroprusside (10(-7) M) inhibition of smooth muscle contractile activity.
      All preparations propelled fluid from the CBD to the duodenum against a pressure
      gradient ranging from 10 to 50 cmH2O. The SO emptied the CBD in a monoexponential
      fashion, with a time constant of 1.52 +/- 0.7 min, until CBD pressure was reduced
      to 8.5 +/- 3.2 cmH2O, when propulsion ceased. Superimposed on the CBD pressure
      waveform were pressure pulses of 1-2 cmH2O in amplitude that resulted from the
      contractions of the SO. CBD pressure was higher at the start than at the end of a
      periodic pressure pulse, whereas CBD pressure was stable between pulses. The
      frequency of the pressure pulses was greatest at the maximal CBD pressure
      (9.4/min) and decreased significantly when the basal pressure was reached
      (1.5/min, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301576
TI  - Intrahypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor elevates gastric bicarbonate and
      inhibits stress ulcers in rats.
AB  - The effects of intrahyopthalamic microinfusions of corticotropin-releasing factor
      (CRF) on gastric bicarbonate, acid, and pepsin content and on cold restraint
      induced gastric lesion formation were tested in three experiments. Bilateral
      microinfusions of CRF into the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (0.86 nmol/rat)
      significantly increased both gastric bicarbonate concentration and total
      bicarbonate output. These effects were observed irrespective of whether rats were
      pretreated with the acid antisecretory drug omeprazole. In nonomeprazole
      pretreated rats, CRF microinfusions also significantly reduced acid secretion and
      raised pH. The increase in bicarbonate content accounted for half of the observed
      decrease in acid output, suggesting that CRF microinfusions activated separable
      bicarbonate-stimulating and acid-inhibiting hypothalamic systems. In non
      omeprazole-pretreated rats, CRF microinfusions significantly increased serum
      gastrin, whereas pepsin output was unchanged. Gastric mucosal damage produced by
      4 h of cold restraint was significantly diminished by CRF microinfusion into the
      ventromedial hypothalamus. These data demonstrate that ventromedial hypothalamic
      microinfusions of CRF increase bicarbonate content, decrease gastric acid
      content, and confer protection against cold restraint-induced gastric mucosal
      damage. Hypothalamic CRF neuronal terminals and receptors may be involved in the
      central regulation of gastric bicarbonate secretion as well as acid secretion.

PMID- 2301578
TI  - Movement of wax particles by contractions in the isolated opossum esophagus.
AB  - We investigated whether the contractions of the isolated smooth muscle opossum
      esophagus can propel luminal contents. Wax particles were placed into the
      esophagus in vitro, and esophageal contractions were evoked by stimulating either
      primarily the intrinsic esophageal nerves (using electrical pulses of 0.5 ms) or
      the esophageal muscle directly (using pulses of 0.5 s). Direct muscle stimulation
      and neural stimulation produced circular muscle contractions of similar
      amplitude, but only neural stimulation was associated with a propagating ring
      contraction and longitudinal muscle contraction. Movement of the wax particle
      occurred after 21% of all stimulus responses. Aborad movement of the wax particle
      was 10 times as common as was its orad movement. Wax movement occurred less
      commonly and over shorter distance with muscle as compared with neural
      stimulation. The distance the wax moved was enhanced when the esophagus was
      allowed to shorten in its longitudinal axis. Movement occurred late during the
      contraction response and at velocities less than that of the ring contraction.
      Also, the ring contraction passed over the particle. The amplitude of circular
      muscle contractions had no predictive value for the occurrence of propulsion. The
      finding that the isolated esophagus can propel luminal contents in the aborad
      direction supports the thesis that peristalsis is primarily a function of the
      intrinsic neuromuscular organization of the smooth muscle esophagus.

PMID- 2301577
TI  - Platelet-activating factor-induced microvascular dysfunction: role of adherent
      leukocytes.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of
      intestinal mucosal injury associated with endotoxemia, inflammation, allergic
      reactions, and ischemia-reperfusion. Although it is generally held that PAF
      initiates mucosal injury by enhancing transcapillary fluid and protein exchange,
      the effects of PAF on the intestinal microvasculature have not been defined to
      date. In this study we examined the influence of local intrarterial infusions of
      PAF (4, 20, and 40 ng/min) on intestinal transcapillary, lymphatic, and
      transmucosal water and protein fluxes. All of these parameters were increased by
      each of the concentrations of PAF. PAF caused a large rise in venous hematocrit
      without a corresponding increase in venous plasma protein concentration and a 14-
      to 37-fold increase in vascular protein flux. Local intra-arterial infusion of
      PAF promoted leukocyte adherence to mesenteric venular endothelium, a process
      that is inhibited by the monoclonal antibody, MoAb IB4. PAF-induced increments in
      intestinal lymph flow, venous hematocrit, and vascular protein flux were greatly
      attenuated in animals treated with MoAb IB4. The results of this study indicate
      that PAF promotes the filtration of fluid and protein across intestinal
      capillaries. These microvascular effects of PAF are mediated, in part, by
      adherent leukocytes.

PMID- 2301579
TI  - Absence of synchrony between human small intestinal migrating motor complex and
      rectal motor complex.
AB  - Both the human small intestine and rectum exhibit motor activity in which
      relatively brief bursts of powerful regular contractions recur with a similar
      periodicity. We used prolonged ambulant manometry to test the hypothesis that
      these activities are synchronous. Pressure activity from the duodenojejunum and
      the rectum was recorded continuously for 24 h in eight freely ambulant healthy
      adults. A total of 61 migrating motor complexes and 61 rectal motor complexes
      occurred in the group; the median periodicities of the two rhythms differed
      significantly (P = 0.025). There was no evidence of synchrony between the two
      biorhythms. We conclude that they are independent oscillations.

PMID- 2301580
TI  - Neural control of duodenal motor inhibition by antral contractions in dogs.
AB  - The mechanism of the inhibition of proximal duodenal motor activity by carbachol
      induced antral contractions or by field stimulation was studied in anesthetized
      dogs that had strain gauges sutured 5 and 10 cm from the pylorus on the antrum
      and duodenum. The duodenum was excited by vagal stimulation or distal duodenal
      field stimulation. Duodenal inhibition was studied 1) during a control period and
      after the pylorus was transected followed by administration of phentolamine, 2)
      during control and after phentolamine followed by pyloric transection, 3) during
      control and after prazosin followed by yohimbine, and 4) during control and after
      yohimbine. Duodenal inhibition was greater when the antral stimulation or
      duodenal contractions were near the pylorus. Pyloric transection did not
      significantly reduce this inhibition; phentolamine then abolished it. Prazosin
      did not abolish inhibition but yohimbine did. In conclusion, antroduodenal
      inhibition under our experimental conditions was mediated primarily by
      sympathetic nerves modulating the activity of duodenal cholinergic nerves, which
      possess alpha 2-adrenoceptors, and to a less extent by intrinsic nerves crossing
      the pylorus.

PMID- 2301581
TI  - Jejunal regulation of gastric motility patterns: effect of extrinsic neural
      continuity to stomach.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the role of extrinsic gastric innervation in
      mediating the inhibitory effects of jejunal infusion of mixed nutrients on canine
      interdigestive gastric motility patterns. Four dogs underwent transection of all
      extrinsic and intrinsic neural continuity to the stomach except for careful
      preservation of vagal innervation (stage 1). Antral manometry catheters, antral
      electrodes, intestinal electrodes, and a jejunal infusion catheter were placed.
      After a 2-wk recovery, stage 1 studies of myoelectric and contractile activity of
      the stomach and small bowel during fasting were recorded on four occasions during
      infusion of isomolar solutions of either nonnutrient NaCl (150 mM) or mixed
      nutrients (50% Meritene solution) into the jejunum at 2.9 ml/min for 6 h.
      Identical studies (stage 2) were repeated after completion of extrinsic
      denervation of the stomach by supradiaphragmatic vagotomy. In stage 1 studies,
      jejunal nutrients (83 kcal/h) inhibited the characteristic interdigestive cyclic
      motility patterns in the stomach and duodenum for greater than or equal to 172
      min during jejunal infusion of mixed nutrients. After completion of extrinsic
      denervation (stage 2), jejunal infusion of nutrients had the same effects with
      inhibition of cyclic motility patterns in the stomach and small intestine. We
      concluded that inhibition of interdigestive gastric motility patterns by
      jejunally infused nutrients is mediated by hormonal mechanisms and not by
      nonvagal or vagal extrinsic neural input to the stomach.

PMID- 2301582
TI  - Mechanisms of changes in K+ balance on reduction and reestablishment of flow in
      isolated rat liver.
AB  - The effects of low flow and reestablished normal flow on K+ balance and
      carboxylic acid balance was studied in perfused liver of 48-h starved rats at
      perfusate pH 7.4 and 6.8. The rate of net K+ release induced by ouabain was 1.8
      mumol.min-1.g-1 at pH 7.4 and 1.4 mumol.min-1.g-1 at pH 6.8. Lowering of flow to
      30% normal was accompanied by a transient, diphasic loss of K+ (max 0.15
      mumol.min-1.g-1). Reestablished normal flow was immediately accompanied by a
      monophasic K+ uptake (max 0.35 mumol.min-1.g-1). These changes in potassium
      balance were independent of perfusate pH. Reduction of flow caused an almost
      immediate depolarization of 4 mV followed by a steady tendency to repolarization.
      Reestablished normal flow induced a transient hyperpolarization. Production of
      carboxylic acids during the low flow period did not correlate with the diphasic
      time course of K+ loss, and carboxylic acid uptake after reestablishment of flow
      did not correlate with the transient uptake of K+. The data show that the initial
      phase of K+ loss during low flow is due to inhibition of the Na(+)-K(+)-pump; the
      second phase may be reasonably explained by increased K+ permeability concomitant
      to cellular volume regulation.

PMID- 2301583
TI  - Development and tissue distribution of sucrase-isomaltase mRNA in rats.
AB  - Previous studies of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) activities have shown this complex to
      be absent in the suckling rat and to appear during the weaning period. We
      describe here the cloning of a heterologous SI cDNA and its use for the
      quantitation of SI mRNA as a first step toward understanding the molecular basis
      of SI development. A survey of RNA from 12 tissues of mature rats by Northern
      blot analysis showed a 6-kb band of SI mRNA only in the small intestine. Within
      the latter, both sucrase activity and SI mRNA peaked in the jejunum. Assay of
      jejunal tissue from developing rats showed sucrase activity and SI mRNA to be
      first detectable at 18 days, to rise in parallel through 24 days, and then to
      diverge a little (enzyme activity being lower) by 36 days. When glucocorticoid
      was administered to 10-day-old rats, neither sucrase activity nor SI mRNA was
      detectable 12 h later. Both parameters were readily detected 24 h postinjection,
      although the mRNA had risen relatively more than the enzyme activity. The two
      parameters increased in concert through 5 days postinjection and then plateaued.
      We conclude that, with respect to distribution along the intestine and to normal
      and precocious development, activities of SI in the rat are determined primarily
      by the abundance of its mRNA.

PMID- 2301585
TI  - Gastric emptying of nondigestible solids in dogs: a hydrodynamic correlation.
AB  - The influence of particle size, particle density, fluid viscosity, and fluid flow
      rate on the gastric emptying of nondigestible solids was investigated in five
      dogs with chronically placed fistulas. Six hundred and fifty particles of 13
      different size and density combinations were administered simultaneously with 500
      ml of either normal saline or low-, medium-, or high-viscosity polymer solutions.
      The canine stomach was found to discriminate between these solids on the basis of
      size and density at all levels of viscosity above saline. The observed patterns
      of emptying are consistent with the hypothesis that gastric emptying of
      nondigestible solids is governed in part by hydrodynamics and correlate well with
      the gastric-emptying coefficient (GEC), a dimensionless grouping of variables
      that takes the form GEC = (Dpy/Dp) [g(rho f - rho p)Dp2]/[eta (nu)] where [g(rho
      f - rho p)] is particle buoyancy consisting of fluid (rho f) and particle (rho p)
      densities and g, the gravitational constant; (Dp) is the particle diameter, (Dpy)
      the estimated pyloric diameter, eta the fluid viscosity, and (nu) the average
      linear velocity of fluid exiting the stomach.

PMID- 2301584
TI  - Role of neuropeptide Y in opossum internal anal sphincter.
AB  - The present investigation was undertaken to examine the effects and role of
      neuropeptide Y (NPY) on the internal anal sphincter (IAS). The studies were
      performed in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized opossums. Resting pressure in the IAS
      (IASP) was recorded using low-compliant continuously perfused catheters. The
      effect of NPY administered close intra-arterially on the resting IASP was
      examined before and after different neurohumoral antagonists and the neurotoxin
      tetrodotoxin (TTX). To examine the influence of sympathetic nerves, the ventral
      roots of lumbar sympathetic nerves were isolated in some experiments and
      stimulated electrically. The influence of NPY on the IAS relaxation in response
      to rectoanal reflex mimicked by rectal balloon distension (RD) was also examined.
      NPY caused dose-dependent rise in the IASP, which was not modified by different
      neurohumoral antagonists and TTX. The rise in IASP by electrical stimulation of
      ventral lumbar nerve root (L3) was suppressed but not abolished by phentolamine.
      However, guanethidine (which depletes both norepinephrine and NPY) caused
      complete obliteration of this response. The other effect of NPY on the IAS was
      significant antagonism of IAS relaxation caused by RD. From these results, we
      conclude that NPY exerts two different actions on the IAS. First, it causes a
      rise in IASP by its action directly at the IAS smooth muscle. Sympathetic nerve
      stimulation may cause a rise in IASP by its action directly at the IAS smooth
      muscle partially through release of NPY. Second, it inhibits IAS relaxation
      produced by rectoanal reflex. These findings would suggest an important
      regulatory role of NPY in rectoanal physiology.

PMID- 2301586
TI  - Pancreatic receptors for cholecystokinin: evidence for three receptor classes.
AB  - For inhibition of binding of 125I-Bolton-Hunter-labeled cholecystokinin
      octapeptide (125I-BH-CCK-8) to guinea pig pancreatic acini, the potencies for
      agonists were CCK-8 greater than desulfated [des(SO3)] CCK-8 greater than gastrin
      17-I greater than pentagastrin greater than CCK-4 and for the antagonists L
      364718 greater than proglumide analogue 10 greater than CBZ-CCK-(27-32)-NH2. For
      all non-sulfated agonists, the curves were biphasic with 20% of the tracer bound
      to sites with high affinity for these agonists with the following relative
      potencies: gastrin-17-I greater than pentagastrin greater than des(SO3)CCK-8 much
      greater than CCK-4; whereas 80% was bound to low-affinity sites with the
      following potencies: des(SO3)CCK-8 greater than gastrin-17-I = pentagastrin much
      greater than CCK-4. For L 364718 and proglumide analogue 10, 80% of 125I-BH-CCK-8
      was bound to sites with high affinity for these antagonists and 20% to sites with
      low affinity. Analysis of the dose-inhibition curve for CCK-8 demonstrated two
      binding sites; however, comparison with the analysis in the presence of 0.1
      microM gastrin-17-I suggested three binding sites. The gastrin-17-I dose
      inhibition curve was significantly better fit by a three-site model than by a two
      site model. The affinities of the various agonists and antagonists for the three
      sites were compared with their abilities to inhibit binding of 125I-gastrin-I and
      either stimulate or inhibit CCK-8-stimulated amylase release. These results
      demonstrate that 125I-BH-CCK-8 binds to three classes of receptors, not two as
      reported previously. Two classes are CCK-preferring, bind 83% of 125I-BH-CCK-8 at
      tracer concentrations, and comprise high- and low-affinity CCK-preferring sites
      that can be distinguished by all agonists but have equally high affinity for L
      364718 and proglumide 10. A third class binds 17% of the tracer, cannot be
      differentiated from high-affinity CCK-preferring receptors by CCK-8, and has low
      affinities for L 364718 and proglumide 10. Future studies relating binding of
      125I-BH-CCK-8 to biological activity or characterization of the CCK receptor by
      using radiolabeled agonists should consider CCK interaction with three receptors,
      not two as was done in the past.

PMID- 2301587
TI  - Thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue effects on porcine renal
      blood flow.
AB  - Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) has been implicated as a mediator of renal and
      cardiovascular diseases. However, the direct effects of TxA2 on the renal system
      have been difficult to study because of the instability of the agonist. In the
      present study injection of synthetic TxA2 directly into the renal artery of
      anesthetized pigs produced dose-related decreases in renal blood flow (RBF) from
      101 +/- 11 to 12 +/- 3 ml/min at the highest dose (20 ng/kg). The reductions in
      RBF were similar to those produced by the stable prostaglandin endoperoxide
      analogue, U-44069, although TxA2 was three times more potent. Under these
      conditions there were no effects on either mean (MAP) or pulmonary arterial
      pressures (PAP), or the heart rate (HR). The maximal effects produced by TxA2 and
      U-44069 on RBF were reproducible and the response remained unchanged after
      pretreatment with either heparin or indomethacin. Systemically administered TxA2
      (200 ng/kg iv) increased PAP from 20 +/- 1 to 34 +/- 3 mmHg and this effect was
      associated with modest increases in MAP and HR. Intravenous administration of the
      thromboxane receptor antagonist, L-655,240, inhibited the reductions in RBF
      produced by intrarenal TxA2 and U-44069 and attenuated the cardiopulmonary
      effects of TxA2 administered intravenously. The results demonstrate directly that
      TxA2 is a potent agent for decreasing RBF through interaction with a thromboxane
      receptor.

PMID- 2301588
TI  - Radiocontrast medium-induced declines in renal function: a role for oxygen free
      radicals.
AB  - Intrarenal injection of radiocontrast medium (RCM) results in transient
      vasoconstriction and a persistent decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
      Adenosine modulates this vasoconstrictor response and is postulated to increase
      oxygen free radical (OFR) generation. We hypothesized that the persistent decline
      in (GFR that follows RCM administration results in an increased generation of
      OFR. We evaluated the effects of RCM injection on renal blood flow, inulin
      clearance, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and malondialdehyde concentrations in four
      groups of non-volume-expanded, pentobarbital sodium anesthetized dogs in the
      presence and absence of intravenous allopurinol, 25 mg/min (group 1), intrarenal
      superoxide dismutase (SOD), 400 U/min (group 2), heat-inactivated intrarenal SOD,
      400 U/min (group 3), and simultaneous infusions of intrarenal SOD, 400 U/min, to
      one kidney and saline to the other (group 4). Both allopurinol and SOD
      significantly attenuated the fall in GFR after RCM administration over control.
      Malondialdehyde concentrations were attenuated over control in all treated
      groups, indicating a decrease in OFR generation. We conclude that intrarenal
      injection of RCM results in increased production of OFR. Inhibition of OFR
      production by allopurinol and increased OFR removal by SOD attenuates the effects
      of RCM on declines in GFR.

PMID- 2301589
TI  - Differing actions of dietary protein and enalapril on renal function and
      proteinuria.
AB  - Albuminuria (UalbV) increases in proportion to dietary protein in rats with
      passive Heymann nephritis. To determine whether a similar relationship existed in
      normal animals, 14 normal rats were switched from an 8.5% protein diet (LP) to a
      40% protein diet (HP). Initially UalbV and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
      increased in parallel, but GFR ceased to increase after 48 h while UalbV
      continued to increase, causing a significant increase in fractional renal
      clearance of albumin (FCalb). In contrast, HP for 4 days caused only a transient
      increase in GFR in nephrotic rats but effected a threefold sustained increase in
      UalbV. Pretreatment of nephrotic rats with enalapril blunted but did not entirely
      prevent the increase in UalbV after switching to HP and did not affect the
      increase or subsequent decline in GFR. Treatment with enalapril for 10 days
      reduced UalbV and FCalb in nephrotic rats fed either LP or HP. The similar
      pattern of changes in urinary albumin excretion in normal and nephrotic rats
      after dietary protein augmentation suggests that dietary protein may modify UalbV
      by the same process in both normal and nephrotic animals. The increases in UalbV
      and GFR resulting from dietary protein augmentation represent parallel but
      independent processes, since only the proteinuric response is modified by
      converting enzyme inhibition. Dietary protein restriction and converting enzyme
      inhibition exert an additive effect to reduce UalbV.

PMID- 2301590
TI  - Attenuation of hypermetabolism in the remnant kidney by dietary phosphate
      restriction in the rat.
AB  - In vivo energy metabolism in remnant and normal kidney nephrons and the effect of
      dietary phosphate restriction on energy metabolism were studied. Tissue
      concentrations of ATP did not differ between remnant and normal kidneys; however,
      the tissue concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) was higher in remnant
      kidneys (1.17 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.82 +/- 0.09 mumol/g, P less than 0.05) as assessed
      by 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Intracellular pH was also higher in
      remnant kidneys (7.48 +/- 0.04 vs. 7.20 +/- 0.05, P less than 0.01), as was
      oxygen consumption (QO2) when normalized for rate of net tubular sodium
      reabsorption (Tna; 0.032 +/- 0.005 vs. 0.018 +/- 0.002 mumol.min-1.g-1, P less
      than 0.01). Compared with glycine supplemented controls, dietary phosphate
      restriction induced by the phosphate binder diaminodihydroacetoacetate, a
      maneuver which independently of protein restriction has been shown to ameliorate
      the progression of chronic renal failure, resulted in no major change in tissue
      levels of ATP, intracellular pH, or TNa+ but decreased Pi (0.62 +/- 0.07 vs. 1.40
      +/- 0.11 mumol/g, P less than 0.01) and QO2 (4.0 +/- 0.4 vs. 7.7 +/- 1.0
      mumol.min-1.g-1, P less than 0.01) in remnant kidneys. For the amount of sodium
      reabsorption performed, remnant kidneys are hypermetabolic, and this
      hypermetabolism is attenuated by dietary phosphate restriction. These data
      suggest that hypermetabolism may be involved in the tubulointerstitial mechanisms
      operant in the progression of chronic renal failure that occurs in the rat
      remnant kidney, and that attenuation of this abnormality may be the mechanism by
      which dietary phosphate restriction ameliorates this process.

PMID- 2301591
TI  - Vasopressin and mineralocorticoid increase apical membrane driving force for K+
      secretion in rat CCD.
AB  - Cortical collecting ducts (CCD) from untreated Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused
      and bathed in vitro with modified Krebs-Ringer solutions. Arginine vasopressin
      (AVP;100 microU/ml) in the bathing solution hyperpolarized the transepithelial
      voltage (PDT, mV) from -2.3 +/- 0.7 (control) to -6.0 +/- 1.1 (n = 22) and
      decreased the transepithelial resistance from 64 +/- 7 to 54 +/- 7 omega.cm2 (n =
      21). AVP depolarized the basolateral membrane voltage of principal cells (PDbl)
      only slightly (but significantly by paired statistical comparison) from -85 +/- 1
      to -84 +/- 1 mV (n = 9), with a fall in the fractional resistance of the apical
      membrane (FRa) from 0.82 +/- 0.03 to 0.77 +/- 0.05 (n = 9). Luminal amiloride (10
      microM) produced no change in FRa in the absence of AVP, but in the presence of
      AVP increased FRa to the same level observed in the absence of AVP. The changes
      with AVP were significantly less than those observed by us previously in
      deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-treated animals (E. Schlatter and J. A. Schafer.
      Pfluegers Arch. 409:81-92, 1987), indicating that the observed synergism between
      DOC and AVP in stimulating Na+ absorption is attributable to a greater increase
      in the Na+ conductance in the apical membrane of principal cells with AVP in the
      DOC-treated CCD than in the normal. Furthermore, we have calculated that the
      depolarization of apical membrane voltage resulting from the increased Na+
      conductance produced by either or both AVP and DOC increases the driving force
      for K+ exit across the apical membrane in proportion to the previously measured
      increase in secretion. This increase in driving force may be sufficient to
      explain the increased K+ secretion produced by these hormones with no change in
      the apical membrane K+ conductance.

PMID- 2301592
TI  - Cyclosporine augments renal but not systemic vascular reactivity.
AB  - Renal vasoconstriction and hypertension are major side effects of cyclosporine.
      We tested the acute effects of cyclosporine on renal and systemic vascular
      reactivity to norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and arginine vasopressin. Renal
      vascular reactivity was tested in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats with
      denervated kidneys. Renal blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow
      probe in response to graded intra-arterial infusions of vasoconstrictors before
      and after intravenous administration of cyclosporine. Cyclosporine augmented the
      decrease in renal blood flow and the increase in renal vascular resistance
      produced by intrarenal norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and arginine vasopressin.
      In these studies, systemic blood pressure did not change and cyclosporine caused
      no direct change in basal renal blood flow. In contrast, in conscious animals,
      cyclosporine did not increase the pressor response to intravenous norepinephrine
      or to angiotensin II. Rather, cyclosporine caused enhanced baroreflex slowing of
      heart rate and a decrease in the pressor response to both norepinephrine and
      angiotensin II. Even when the baroreceptor reflex was blocked by pentolinium, the
      pressor response to norepinephrine in cyclosporine-treated animals was diminished
      compared with vehicle-treated animals. Therefore, although cyclosporine augmented
      renal vasoconstriction in response to norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and
      arginine vasopressin, it did not acutely increase the systemic vascular response
      to these agents. Enhanced renal vascular responsiveness is an additional
      mechanism for cyclosporine-mediated renal vasoconstriction. Lack of enhanced
      peripheral vascular responsiveness suggests that hypertension is not likely to be
      due to direct effects on the systemic vasculature and is more likely to be a
      consequence of renal functional impairment.

PMID- 2301593
TI  - Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity along the rat nephron.
AB  - Extraneural dopamine is thought to be synthesized by an aromatic L-amino acid
      decarboxylase (L-AADC) activity in tubular cells. However, the previous
      histochemical studies of this enzyme's localization in the nephron were not
      consistent. To determine the localization of L-AADC and whether changes in Na
      intake regulate this enzyme, L-AADC was measured in microdissected nephron
      segments from rat kidneys. Dopamine formed by isolated tubules incubated with
      exogenous L-dopa was quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      and with the more sensitive radioenzyme assay (REA). L-AADC activity was present
      only in proximal convoluted (PCT, 208 +/- 19 ng.cm-1.h-1) and proximal straight
      tubules (PST, 81 +/- 9 ng.cm-1.h-1), whereas no significant activity was detected
      in other nephron segments by either HPLC or REA. Maximal velocity (Vmax) of L
      AADC in a low-salt diet group (246 +/- 4 ng.cm-1.h-1) showed a small but a
      significant decrease (P less than 0.05) compared with control and high-salt diet
      groups (311 +/- 6 and 293 +/- 4 ng.cm-1.h-1, respectively), whereas the apparent
      Michaelis constant (Km) was similar in these three groups. These results show
      that L-AADC is present only in the PCT and PST of the rat nephron, and suggest
      that the changes in L-AADC activity may contribute to the regulation of
      extraneural dopamine production in the kidney during low-salt intake.

PMID- 2301595
TI  - Acute cyclosporine-induced renal vasoconstriction: lack of effect of
      theophylline.
AB  - Both acute and chronic administration of cyclosporine A (CSA) lead to renal
      vasoconstriction, but the mechanism is not fully understood. The present studies
      were designed to explore the possible role of adenosine in acute CSA-induced
      renal vasoconstriction in rats. Six groups of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats
      were studied using standard clearance techniques: group 1 rats were controls;
      groups 2, 4, and 6 received CSA intravenously at 20, 30, and 40 mg.h-1.kg body wt
      1, respectively; groups 3 and 5 were identical to groups 2 and 4 except that a
      priming injection of theophylline was given (56 mumol/kg body wt) and
      theophylline was included in the intravenous infusate (0.56 mumol.min-1.kg body
      wt-1). CSA produced acute and concentration-dependent reductions in renal plasma
      flow (left kidney) and in the clearances of p-aminohippuric acid and inulin (both
      kidneys). Except in group 6, these changes were observed in the absence of a
      decrease in arterial blood pressure, demonstrating that CSA produced an acute and
      concentration-dependent increase in renovascular resistance. Theophylline not
      only failed to block CSA-induced renal vasoconstriction, if anything, it
      potentiated it. Because theophylline is an adenosine receptor antagonist, these
      findings contradict the hypothesis that adenosine mediates acute CSA-induced
      renal vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2301594
TI  - Brain pH in acute isocapnic metabolic acidosis and hypoxia: a 31P-nuclear
      magnetic resonance study.
AB  - It is well known that brain pH changes rapidly in acute hypercapnia or
      hypocapnia. The effect of acute isocapnic metabolic acid-base change on brain pH
      is less certain. To study this problem, acute isocapnic metabolic acidosis was
      induced by HCl or lactic acid infusions in rats, and recovery from acidosis was
      accomplished by NaHCO3 infusion. Brain pH was measured by 31P-nuclear magnetic
      resonance. Despite decreases in blood pH of 0.34 and 0.36 units, respectively, in
      less than 1 h of acid infusion and rapid recovery during bicarbonate infusion,
      brain pH was unaffected (ranging between 7.08 and 7.11) and was uncorrelated with
      blood pH. The blood pH minus brain pH gradient was eliminated by the acidosis. By
      contrast, hypoxia-induced endogenous lactic acidosis lowered blood and brain pH
      equivalently, but the fall in brain pH preceded that in blood. During normoxic
      recovery, brain pH overshot and became alkaline when blood pH was still
      significantly reduced and blood lactate levels were markedly elevated.
      Presumably, this is due to stimulated active H+ transport. The results
      demonstrate that brain pH is affected differently in metabolic, respiratory, and
      endogenous acid-base disturbances. Thus brain pH cannot be predicted solely from
      blood pH values.

PMID- 2301596
TI  - Fluorescein transport in isolated proximal tubules in vitro: epifluorometric
      analysis.
AB  - An epifluorometric method was used to quantify the bidirectional fluxes of
      fluorescein across the basolateral surfaces of nonperfused rabbit tubule segments
      in vitro. Proximal S2 segments, but not cortical collecting tubules or cortical
      thick ascending limbs, accumulated fluorescein to levels in cytoplasm over 100
      fold greater than in the external medium. The rate of intracellular fluorescein
      accumulation was dependent on the concentration of the ligand in the external
      bath. The apparent Km was 10 microM and the Vmax was 623 x 10(-6) mol.min-1.l-1.
      Probenecid and ouabain inhibited fluorescein accumulation. We conclude that
      fluorescein is transported into the cytoplasm of proximal tubules by basolateral
      mechanisms that share features in common with the classical organic anion system.
      This fluorescent compound offers some unique advantages for the study of the
      organic anion transport system in intact cells.

PMID- 2301597
TI  - Net acid transport by isolated perfused inner medullary collecting ducts.
AB  - The isolated perfused tubule technique was used to study net acid transport in
      rat terminal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) segments. The stop-flow
      luminal pH [measured fluorometrically with the acidic form of the pH-sensitive
      dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein in the lumen] fell 0.35 units
      below the bath pH in tubules from control rats and 0.53 units below the bath in
      tubules from deoxycorticosterone-treated rats. Tubules from control rats absorbed
      bicarbonate and secreted ammonium against concentration gradients, although at
      low rates. In control rats, 10(-8) M vasopressin added to the bath increased
      bicarbonate absorption almost threefold. Treatment of rats in vivo with
      deoxycorticosterone significantly increased the rate of bicarbonate absorption in
      vitro. In vivo NH4Cl loading also significantly increased bicarbonate absorption.
      Staining microdissected tubules with acridine orange confirmed that the perfused
      segments lacked intercalated cells. We conclude that the terminal IMCD
      spontaneously acidifies the lumen despite an absence of intercalated cells.
      Bicarbonate absorption appears to be regulated by the same factors that affect
      net acidification in other collecting duct segments.

PMID- 2301598
TI  - Characteristics of apical Cl-HCO3 exchanger of bicarbonate-secreting cells in
      turtle bladder.
AB  - The apical anion exchanger of the beta-carbonic anhydrase (CA) cells differs from
      the basolateral exchanger of the alpha-cells by reduced sensitivity to disulfonic
      stilbenes and lack of immunoreactivity with antibodies to erythrocyte band 3
      protein. To characterize the exchanger, we examined the effects on electroneutral
      bicarbonate secretion (JHCO3n) of Cl- replacement by gluconate, Br-, SO4(2-), and
      NO3- and of inhibition by 1) acetazolamide (ACZ) with and without pretreatment
      with sodium azide (NaN3), 2) furosemide, and 3) alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate
      (CHC). The Cl-dependent JHCO3n was 0.90 +/- 0.09 mumol/h, similar to the ACZ
      inhibitable rate of 0.83 +/- 0.08 mumol/h with an apparent Km for Cl near 3.4 mM.
      Maximal JHCO3n was comparable at luminal pH 6.8 and 4.5. JHCO3n was reduced to
      approximately 21% in Br-, 13% in SO4(2-), and 7% in NO3- solutions compared with
      the rates in chloride solutions. ACZ inhibition was not abolished by pretreatment
      with NaN3. JHCO3n was only slightly inhibited (14%) by furosemide and not
      inhibited by CHC. In conclusion, the apical exchanger is selective for chloride
      and relatively resistant to inhibitors. Its dependence on luminal chloride is
      such that its transport rate is closely regulated by mucosal chloride at
      concentrations below 20 mM.

PMID- 2301599
TI  - Arterial pressure effects on preglomerular microvasculature of juxtamedullary
      nephrons.
AB  - Videomicroscopic and micropuncture techniques were utilized to determine
      segmental microvascular responses of in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary
      nephrons to step changes in renal arterial perfusion pressure (PP). At a PP of
      104 +/- 2 mmHg, inside diameters of arcuate arteries (ARC), interlobular arteries
      (ILA), and afferent arterioles (AFF) averaged 68.6 +/- 6.4, 35.7 +/- 1.5, and
      20.4 +/- 2.3 microns, respectively. Variations in PP within the range of 70-180
      mmHg elicited alterations in microvessel diameters with the following slopes:
      ARC, -0.15 micron/mmHg; ILA, -0.13 micron/mmHg; and AFF, -0.14 micron/mmHg. In
      other experiments, intravascular pressures were measured during changes in PP.
      Glomerular capillary pressure was well regulated (slope = 0.19 +/- 0.03
      mmHg/mmHg), and mid-AFF pressure was partially regulated (slope = 0.60 +/- 0.17
      mmHg/mmHg); however, pressure measured at the ILA-AFF branch point responded
      passively to changes in PP (slope = 0.95 +/- 0.06 mmHg/mmHg). These observations
      reveal that, although the entire preglomerular vasculature of juxtamedullary
      nephrons is capable of actively responding to changes in PP, afferent arterioles
      are responsible for the predominant resistance adjustment throughout the normal
      autoregulatory range.

PMID- 2301601
TI  - Reflex inotropic responses to distension of left atrium or pulmonary veins.
AB  - Previous investigators demonstrated that distension of the left atrium (LA) or
      pulmonary veins (PV) evokes reflex changes in heart rate (HR) and mean arterial
      blood pressure (MABP). This study was designed to determine whether stimulation
      of receptors in these areas could evoke reflex changes in left ventricular (LV)
      maximum contractility (Vmax) in anesthetized dogs. Balloons were placed in the
      left atrial appendage or in two right pulmonary veins to stimulate
      mechanoreceptors in these regions without directly altering other
      cardiorespiratory pressures. Distension of either the LA or PV increased LV
      contractility and decreased MABP. LA distension evoked a vagally mediated
      increase in HR when predistension HR was less than 140 beats/min but did not
      change HR when predistension HR was greater than 140 beats/min. Reflex changes in
      inotropic state and MABP were not altered by bilateral vagotomy or carotid sinus
      denervation. In dogs with stellate ganglia and sympathetic chains sectioned and
      vagi intact, PV or LA distension decreased LV contractility and MABP. Responses
      were eliminated when both vagal and sympathetic pathways were cut. We conclude
      that distension of the LA or the PV and LA junction evokes a sympathetically
      mediated increase in LV contractility.

PMID- 2301600
TI  - Preservation of cardiac metabolic capacity after acute catecholamine injury.
AB  - High concentrations of adrenergic agonists are known to cause significant
      structural damage to the heart, accompanied by depressed cardiac performance.
      These studies were undertaken to further elucidate mechanisms that contribute to
      this process. Rabbits were infused with either norepinephrine (NE, 3
      micrograms.min-1.kg-1 iv) for 90 min or with an equivalent volume of normal
      saline (controls). The heart was immediately extracted and studied as an isolated
      working heart preparation perfused with erythrocyte-enhanced buffer. Stroke work,
      coronary flow, and O2 metabolism were determined, and substrate oxidation was
      measured by [14C]glucose or palmitate. Stroke work performed by hearts exposed to
      NE was only 31% of controls (2.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 8.4 +/- 0.9 g.cm-1.g-1). This was
      matched by reductions in coronary flow and O2 metabolism. Glucose oxidation was
      reduced from 54.6 +/- 3.9 to 16.0 +/- 5.3 nmol.min-1.g-1, and palmitate oxidation
      from 49.8 +/- 5.3 to 21.0 +/- 4.1 nmol.min-1.g-1 in the NE group. However, ATP,
      creatine phosphate, glycogen, and triacylglycerol concentrations were identical
      with the control group. O2 delivery per unit substrate oxidation was not lower in
      the NE group, and O2 extraction did not differ significantly. These findings
      indicate that the markedly lower contractile performance of the hearts exposed to
      NE cannot be attributed to a deficiency of metabolic capacity or limitation of O2
      or substrate availability because of vasospasm. In view of the brief time (90
      min), it is unlikely that leukocyte accumulation was a major factor. The
      observations are consistent with NE-derived oxidant injury, possibly causing
      disordered excitation-contraction coupling.

PMID- 2301602
TI  - Membrane resistance increases when automaticity develops in explanted rat heart
      cells.
AB  - We compared the passive electrical properties of isolated ventricular myocytes
      (resting potential -65 mV, fast action potentials, and no spontaneous activity)
      with those of 2- to 7-day-old cultured ventricle cells from neonatal rats
      (resting potential -50 mV, slow action potentials, and presence of spontaneous
      activity). In myocytes the specific membrane capacity was 0.99 microF/cm2, and
      the specific membrane resistance increased from 2.46 k omega.cm2 at -65 mV to
      7.30 k omega.cm2 at -30 mV. In clusters, the current-voltage relationships
      measured under current-clamp conditions showed anomalous rectification and the
      input resistance decreased from 1.05 to 0.48 M omega when external K+
      concentration was increased from 6 to 100 mM. Using the model of a finite disk we
      determined the specific membrane resistance (12.9 k omega.cm2), the effective
      membrane capacity (17.8 microF/cm2), and the lumped resistivity of the disk
      interior (1,964 omega.cm). We conclude that 1) the voltage dependence of the
      specific membrane resistance cannot completely explain the membrane resistance
      increase that accompanies the appearance of spontaneous activity; 2) a decrease
      of the inwardly rectifying conductance (gk1) is mainly responsible for the
      increase in the specific membrane resistance and depolarization; and 3)
      approximately 41% of the inward-rectifying channels are electrically silent when
      spontaneous activity develops in explanted ventricle cells.

PMID- 2301603
TI  - Beneficial effect of a platelet-activating factor antagonist, WEB 2086, on
      endotoxin-induced lung injury.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that platelet-activating factor plays an important role
      in promoting endotoxin-induced lung injury by studying the effect of WEB 2086, a
      specific platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist, on lung vascular leak in
      endotoxin-treated rats. Intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis
      endotoxin (2 mg/kg) increased the extravascular leakage of 125I-labeled albumin
      in perfused lungs at 30 min, 2 h, 6 h, and 48 h. Treatment with WEB 2086 (10
      mg/kg ip) either 20 min before or 30 min after endotoxin injection significantly
      reduced lung injury at 2 h after endotoxin (leak index: control 0.74 +/- 0.03,
      endotoxin 1.79 +/- 0.14, endotoxin + pretreated WEB 1.23 +/- 0.09, endotoxin +
      posttreated WEB 1.21 +/- 0.13). In addition, posttreatment with WEB 2086 starting
      at 90 min after endotoxin injection markedly reduced lung leak at 6 h (control
      0.74 +/- 0.03, endotoxin 1.29 +/- 0.14, endotoxin + WEB 0.71 +/- 0.06). The
      protective effect of WEB 2086 was not the result of cyclooxygenase blockade
      because the release of thromboxane B2 by endotoxin-treated lungs was not affected
      by WEB 2086. Furthermore, neither pretreatment nor posttreatment with WEB 2086
      significantly reduced the endotoxin-induced increase in plasma glutathione
      disulfide, a marker of in vivo oxidative stress. In rats given a lethal dose of
      endotoxin (20 mg/kg ip), posttreatment with WEB 2086, starting at 2 h after
      endotoxin, significantly improved survival compared with vehicle treatment. We
      conclude that WEB 2086 ameliorated endotoxin-induced lung injury without reducing
      oxidative stress in the rat and suggest that blockade of platelet-activating
      factor receptor may be an important therapeutic consideration in sepsis-induced
      acute lung vascular injury.

PMID- 2301604
TI  - Open-channel subconductance state of K+ channel from cardiac sarcoplasmic
      reticulum.
AB  - We have characterized the K+ channel of canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in
      terms of its gating kinetics and conductance states. We demonstrate that the open
      channel dwells in two states, O1 and O2, where O1 is a true subconductance state
      of O2. The two open states are linked with a closed state by a cyclic gating
      scheme. Under certain circumstances, however, important information can be
      derived using a binary model. Each open state separately exhibited an ohmic
      current-voltage relation with unitary conductance values of 105 (O1) and 189 (O2)
      pS in 0.1 M K+. Gating between closed and open states was weakly voltage
      dependent, and we derive reaction rate constants for the state transitions.
      Finally, we postulate three models to explain the existence of a subconductance
      state (blockade, stenosis, flutter). We argue that a flutter model best accounts
      for our observations of O1.

PMID- 2301605
TI  - Postunclipping renal blood flow in one-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats.
AB  - Removal of the arterial clip (unclipping) in one-kidney, one-clip (1K, 1C)
      Goldblatt hypertensive rats causes rapid return of mean arterial pressure (MAP)
      to normotensive levels. An extracorporeal circulation was established between the
      renal and jugular veins to evaluate the influence of unclipping on renal blood
      flow (RBF) in Inactin-anesthetized 1K, 1C rats. MAP in rats with the
      extracorporeal circulation was 182 +/- 5 mmHg before unclipping or sham
      operation. MAP decreased to 113 +/- 4 mmHg within 2 h after unclipping compared
      with 169 +/- 13 mmHg in sham-unclipped rats. RBF increased by 2.8 ml.min-1.g-1
      from a basal level of 3.8 +/- 0.3 after unclipping and was maintained
      approximately 40% above the basal level for 2 h, although renal vascular
      resistance was 94% greater than in uninephrectomized control rats. Heart rate did
      not change in either unclipped or sham-operated rats. Indomethacin (7 mg/kg) did
      not affect unclipping-induced changes in MAP, RBF, or urine output; however heart
      rate decreased immediately after unclipping and remained approximately 25-35
      beats/min below control levels for the 2-h observation period. In rats lacking
      the extracorporeal circuit, MAP decreased (P less than 0.005) and heart rate
      increased (P less than 0.05) in response to unclipping. Nevertheless, unclipping
      induced tachycardia was significantly less than that caused by nitroprusside
      infusions causing similar decrements in MAP. The results suggest that the
      sustained increment in RBF after unclipping in chronic, established 1K, 1C
      hypertension may be associated with postunclipping hypotension and diuresis, that
      blockade of prostaglandin synthesis may unmask unclipping-induced bradycardia,
      and that prostaglandins are not essential for postunclipping changes in renal
      hemodynamics.

PMID- 2301606
TI  - Protection by benzamil against dysfunction and damage in rat myocardium after
      calcium depletion and repletion.
AB  - Perfusion of the rat right ventricular wall muscle for 4 min with a Ca2(+)-free
      medium followed by perfusion with a Ca2(+)-containing solution resulted in a 42%
      recovery of developed tension, contracture, and a massive release of creatine
      phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the muscle. High
      concentrations (1-5 mM) of amiloride partially protected the ventricular wall
      from Ca2+ paradox-induced dysfunction. The inclusion of benzamil, an amiloride
      analogue, 2 min before and during the Ca2(+)-free perfusion period prevented
      contracture development, restored force development, and almost totally
      eliminated the release of CPK and LDH from the muscle. Contractile function was
      best protected by 10-50 microM benzamil. The results demonstrate the efficacy of
      benzamil as a protective agent against Ca2+ paradox-induced myocardial
      dysfunction and damage. In view of the known capacity of benzamil to block
      transsarcolemmal Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange, this study supports the involvement of
      elevated intracellular Na+ and a stimulation of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange in this model
      of cardiac pathology.

PMID- 2301607
TI  - Subpressor angiotensin II infusions do not stimulate sympathetic activity in
      humans.
AB  - Angiotensin II (ANG II) exerts significant direct and indirect pressor and
      chronotropic effects in experimental animals. The indirect effects have been
      shown to be due to interactions with the sympathetic nervous system at several
      levels. To test the hypothesis that ANG II in subpressor doses enhances the
      activity of the sympathetic nervous system in humans either at rest or in
      response to a stimulus from baroreceptor unloading, we measured mean arterial
      pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), plasma norepinephrine (NE), and plasma NE
      kinetics during infusions of ANG II at 2 ng.kg-1. min-1 [or 5% dextrose in water
      (D5/W) control in six healthy volunteers in the supine position and during 60
      degrees head-up tilt. No changes in any measured variable occurred during either
      infusion in the supine position. During upright tilt with D5/W, HR increased (58
      +/- 8.4 to 68 +/- 7.7 beats/min, P less than 0.005), MAP rose slightly (90 +/-
      3.9 to 94 +/- 4.0 mmHg, P less than 0.005), and plasma NE increased (213 +/- 3.8
      to 366 +/- 83 pg/ml, P less than 0.005). The responses of the variables to tilt
      during ANG II were not different from those with D5/W.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2301608
TI  - Protein synthesis rate is not suppressed in rat heart during senescence.
AB  - The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether mixed protein synthesis
      rates in hearts of Fischer 344 rats were decreased from maturity to senescence.
      When compared with 12-mo-old rat hearts, hearts from 23- to 25-mo-old rats had
      13% lower concentrations of noncollagen protein, 9% less non-collagen protein per
      heart, 10% higher ratio of heart wet weight-to-body weight, and no difference in
      the basal rate of mixed protein synthesis, when expressed as fractional rate per
      day. Despite the 9% decrease in total noncollagen protein in 23- to 25-mo-old rat
      hearts, the derived value for milligrams protein synthesized per day was not
      different between age groups. When triiodothyronine was given for 3 days to
      mature and senescent rats, fractional rates of mixed protein synthesis were
      increased by similar percents (57-70%) in hearts from these two age groups. Basal
      and triiodothyronine-stimulated RNA concentrations in hearts of 12-mo-old and 23-
      to 25-mo-old rats were not different. These observations showed no decrease in
      either the basal or the maximal thyroid-stimulated rates of mixed protein
      synthesis in the hearts between mature and senescent rats. Thus an aging
      programmed downregulation of mixed protein synthesis rates within cardiac muscle
      did not occur in the senescent Fischer 344 rat heart in this study.

PMID- 2301609
TI  - Caudal mediastinal node lymph flow in sheep after histamine or endotoxin
      infusions.
AB  - To determine whether intrathoracic nonpulmonary structures (caudal mediastinal
      node or esophagus) are reputed to affect lung lymph dynamics, we studied
      anesthetized, open-thorax, prone, ventilated sheep in which all lung afferent
      lymphatics to the caudal mediastinal node were eliminated. When we increased left
      atrial pressure by 20 cmH2O in four sheep, there was no effect on caudal
      mediastinal node efferent lymph flow or protein concentration, thus providing the
      completeness of the surgical preparation. In four sheep, intravenous histamine
      infusions (3 micrograms base.kg-1.min-1) had no effect on caudal mediastinal node
      lymph flow or protein concentration. In seven sheep with intact lung lymphatics,
      Escherichia coli endotoxin infusion (1 microgram/kg over 20 min) increased lymph
      flow with high lymph protein concentration during the late phase (2-6 h). In
      seven sheep, after all lung lymphatic afferents had been cut, endotoxin did not
      affect caudal mediastinal node lymph flow, although lymph protein concentration
      was decreased in the early 0-2 h, "hypertensive") phase. We conclude that at the
      concentrations tested, which are those regularly used in sheep lung experiments,
      the effects of histamine and endotoxin on caudal mediastinal node lymph flow and
      protein concentration are limited to the lung.

PMID- 2301610
TI  - Model-based analysis of transmural vessel impedance and myocardial circulation
      dynamics.
AB  - The basic structure of a model of the coronary circulation has been developed to
      explain the relationship between transmural perfusion dynamics and
      intramyocardial mechanics. The model is in the form of a topologically isomorphic
      network representation and incorporates experimentally measured time-varying
      perfusion and intramyocardial pressure sources as driving inputs to the model.
      The intramyocardial vessels are treated as nonlinear impedance elements
      possessing regional external pressure-dependent resistance and capacitance. Three
      circuit branches, perfusing the epicardial, subepicardial, and subendocardial
      muscle layers, are mathematically modeled and are used to predict time-dependent
      flow within the left ventricular myocardium. The phasic coronary blood flow
      characteristics predicted by the model exhibit waveform patterns that correlate
      qualitatively with those patterns measured experimentally. In addition, the
      pressure-dependent vascular capacitance induces a sustained (out of phase with
      arterial inflow) venous systolic flow. The model also exhibits retrograde
      systolic subendocardial flow and stop-flow pressure, which are dependent on
      coronary resistive and capacitive properties and on the perfusion pressure decay
      time constant. Furthermore, the results predict an abrupt decrease in
      subendocardial flow with perturbation of either arteriolar or capillary bed
      compliance. The model describes time-dependent intramyocardial properties that
      have been confusing and controversial in the understanding of coronary
      circulation dynamics. Several steps are identified that are expected to improve
      and refine the model significantly.

PMID- 2301611
TI  - Two dimensions describe left ventricular volume change during hemodynamic
      transients.
AB  - Left ventricular (LV) volume can be estimated from three orthogonal dimensions
      measured by sonomicrometry. Often, an index based on fewer than three dimensions
      has been substituted for volume. We consider whether a consistent relationship
      between LV cross-sectional area, computed as the product of the minor axes
      dimensions and LV three-dimensional volume, is maintained throughout the
      responses to application and release of vena caval, pulmonary artery, and aortic
      occlusions, which were held for approximately 30 beats. In six dogs, the
      relationship between area and volume was highly linear, with an average
      correlation of 0.98 and standard error of the estimate of 0.9 ml. Within each
      dog, there were small but statistically significant differences in the intercepts
      in the regression lines among the three interventions. However, the magnitude of
      these differences averaged only 0.5 ml. There was not a systematic difference
      between the relationship for vena caval and pulmonary artery occlusions, and the
      relationship for aortic occlusions shifted upward by an average of only 0.8 ml.
      We conclude that cross-sectional area can be substituted for the three
      dimensional volume during the transient responses to acute alterations in the
      external load conditions.

PMID- 2301612
TI  - Analysis of vasomotion waveform changes during pressure reduction and adenosine
      application.
AB  - Changes in the vasomotion waveform were studied in transverse arterioles (TAs)
      and their first-order side branches (FOSs) in the tenuissimus muscle of 14 young,
      anesthetized rabbits during stepwise arterial pressure reduction and local
      application of adenosine using intravital video microscopy. Pressure reduction
      resulted in a systematic increase in vasomotion cycle length (CL) and amplitude
      (A) concomitant with an increase in effective vascular diameter (Deff) and
      maximum diameter and a decrease in blood flow (Q). During adenosine application
      Deff and maximum diameter also increased, but CL and A did not change
      systematically. At moderate pressure reductions and during adenosine application
      CL changes were limited (less than 1.5 s) and nonsystematic, agreeing with an
      earlier study (D. W. Slaaf, G. J. Tangelder, H. C. Teirlinck, and R. S. Reneman.
      Microvasc. Res. 33: 71-80, 1987). In TAs these changes resulted from changes in
      both the dilation and the constriction phase. In FOSs, however, changes in CL
      were caused by prolongation of the dilation phase alone. At greatly reduced
      pressure levels, the CL increase was more pronounced and in both TAs and FOSs was
      caused by plateau formation in the dilation phase. Stretch of the arteriolar wall
      does not seem to play a role in control of the vasomotion waveform. Because the
      onsets of dilation always occur synchronously in TAs and FOSs, but the onsets of
      constriction do not, vasomotion seems to be a series of rhythmic dilations.

PMID- 2301613
TI  - Modulation of electrophysiological properties of neonatal canine heart by tonic
      parasympathetic stimulation.
AB  - The effects of tonic right and left vagal stimulation (RVS and LVS) on
      electrophysiological properties of the immature myocardium and specialized
      conduction system were evaluated in 11 neonatal canines pretreated with
      propranolol (1 mg/kg iv). Electrophysiological studies were performed by
      recording intracardiac electrograms from multiple endocardial catheters during
      programmed electrical stimulation. Assessments were made of sinus node function,
      intra-atrial, atrioventricular (AV) nodal and His-Purkinje conduction, and atrial
      and ventricular refractoriness in the control state and during RVS and LVS at 4
      12 Hz. Vagal stimulation prolonged the sinus cycle length; RVS produced a 38%
      increase and LVS a 25% increase at 8 Hz (P less than 0.01). There were no changes
      in the intra-atrial or His-Purkinje conduction times. Comparable increases
      occurred during RVS and LVS in the paced cycle length resulting in AV nodal
      Wenckebach, the AV nodal conduction time at a paced cycle length of 340 ms, and
      the effective and functional refractory periods of the AV node, suggesting
      symmetrical influences of the right and left vagus on neonatal AV nodal function.
      Right atrial effective and functional refractory periods shortened significantly
      during vagal stimulation (ERP, 36% RVS and 23% LVS; FRP, 27% RVS and 15% LVS),
      and in 5 of 11 neonates, a sustained regular atrial tachyarrhythmia was induced
      during atrial extra-stimulation. Small yet significant increases were observed in
      the right ventricular ERP and FRP during vagal stimulation. This study provides
      information regarding the functional integrity of the parasympathetic nervous
      system and its potential role as a modulator of the electrophysiological
      properties of the newborn heart.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301614
TI  - ATP-dependent decay and recovery of K+ channels in guinea pig cardiac myocytes.
AB  - ATP-dependent decay and recovery of the inward rectifier and ATP-sensitive K+
      channels were investigated using inside-out patch recording in cardiac myocytes.
      The solution facing the inner side of the membrane was instantaneously changed
      with the oil-gate concentration jump method. Both channels were decayed by
      removing ATP and were recovered by reapplying ATP. The coexistence of Mg2+ was
      required for the recovery. 5'-Adenylylimidodiphosphate failed to reverse the ATP
      dependent decay. The cumulative histograms of survival time and recovery time,
      obtained from the inward rectifier K+ channel, showed a single exponential
      distribution, time constants of which were 55 and 43 s, respectively. The time
      dependent nature of decay and recovery was also confirmed in the ATP-sensitive K+
      channel. The findings indicated that intracellular ATP is one of the factors that
      determines the activity of the K+ channels. It is most probable that
      phosphorylation of channel molecules is essential for maintaining the K+ channel
      in an operative state.

PMID- 2301615
TI  - Role of extracellular calcium on heart muscle energetics: effects of verapamil.
AB  - The mechanical and energetic effects of verapamil (VER) and reduction of
      extracellular Ca concentration ([Ca]o) were studied in the interventricular
      rabbit septa and the dog papillary muscle. Even though the negative inotropic
      effects of VER [i.e., decrease in developed tension (T), maximal rates of
      contraction (+T) and relaxation (-T), and tension time integral] qualitatively
      resemble [Ca]o reduction, VER also elicited an anti-relaxant effect (decrease in 
      T/T and prolongation of the last phase of relaxation) that was not found with
      [Ca]o reduction. Resting heat production was similar in both preparations and
      remained unaffected either by changes in [Ca]o or by the presence of VER. The
      ratio between T and active heat production per beat (H'a) under constant fiber
      length decreased with VER, and this decreased economy of contraction was more
      marked with the increase in contraction frequency. Conversely, the T/H'a remained
      unaltered with changes in [Ca]o. Tension-independent heat decreased in the
      presence of VER and, although muscle economy can be improved by increasing muscle
      length in a VER-treated muscle, it is not possible to achieve either the maximal
      T or the maximal contraction economy that can be obtained by stretching a
      nontreated muscle. It may be concluded that at constant fiber length and
      frequency of contraction VER decreases myocardial contractile force, impairs
      relaxation, and decreases contraction economy. Neither the mechanical nor the
      energetic effects of VER can be explained solely on the basis of a reduced
      extracellular Ca availability, so that either the density of the Ca that enters
      through the channel is different from that of other sources of Ca or VER has an
      effect on the cross-bridge cycling mechanism.

PMID- 2301616
TI  - Time course of recovery of arterial pressure control after carotid denervation.
AB  - We examined the recovery of arterial pressure control after carotid sinus
      baroreceptor denervation in conscious dogs with atrioventricular block. Strength
      of control was assessed by measuring changes in peripheral resistance and atrial
      rate after step changes in cardiac output. One day after carotid denervation,
      arterial pressure was significantly elevated (+13.7 mmHg), and the strength of
      control of peripheral resistance and atrial rate were significantly decreased to
      46.1 and 36.6% of control, respectively. Over 4-7 days, the strength of control
      of both peripheral resistance and atrial rate and the mean arterial pressure
      returned to the levels observed before denervation. After carotid denervation,
      the pressor response to bilateral carotid artery occlusion was abolished, and
      thus the recovery of arterial pressure control was not caused by inadequate
      carotid denervation or regeneration of carotid baroreceptors. The recovery of
      arterial pressure control after carotid denervation is probably caused by an
      increase in the reflex responses to pressure changes at the aortic baroreceptors
      and may reflect plasticity within the baroreflex pathway.

PMID- 2301617
TI  - Mechanism of ischemic contracture in ferret hearts: relative roles of [Ca2+]i
      elevation and ATP depletion.
AB  - When coronary perfusion is interrupted, the diastolic force generated by the
      myocardium first falls but eventually increases. The delayed rise in force,
      ischemic contracture, has been attributed either to ATP depletion or to elevation
      of the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). To distinguish between
      these possibilities, we measured [Ca2+]i and ATP concentration [( ATP]) in ferret
      hearts using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Mean time-average
      [Ca2+]i and [ATP] equaled 0.25 microM and 2.7 mumol/g wet wt, respectively, under
      control perfusion conditions. [Ca2+]i increased and [ATP] fell during total
      global ischemia. Although [Ca2+]i exceeded the usual systolic levels of 1.7
      microM within 20-25 min of ischemia and reached a steady level between 2 and 3
      microM by 30-35 min, force only began to rise after 40 min. In contrast, the time
      required for [ATP] to fall to less than 10% of control levels coincided closely
      with the onset of contracture. Ischemia in the presence of iodoacetate, an
      inhibitor of glycolysis, led to a precipitous fall in [ATP] and a concomitant
      rise in force, both of which preceded any elevation of [Ca2+]i. Thus changes in
      [Ca2+]i are neither sufficient nor necessary for the initiation of ischemic
      contracture. We conclude that ATP depletion is primary and that the rise in
      resting force reflects the formation of rigor cross bridges.

PMID- 2301618
TI  - Pulsatile pressure can prevent rapid baroreflex resetting.
AB  - In a previous study [Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 24): H673-H678,
      1988] we demonstrated that baroreflex responses decay (reset) to increased static
      sinus pressures, but with increased pulsatile pressure, responses are maintained.
      To determine more conclusively whether pulsatile pressure prevents rapid
      baroreflex resetting in this study we examined resetting as shifts of the
      baroreflex (sinus pressure-arterial pressure) curve. In seven anesthesized
      rabbits the left sinus was vascularly isolated and conditioned for 5 min to
      static or pulsatile pressures of 60, 100, or 140 mmHg mean pressure, 0 or 35-40
      mmHg pulse pressure. The baroreflex curve was then determined by stepwise
      changing sinus pressure from 40 to 160 mmHg in 20-mmHg increments. Threshold,
      midpoint, and saturation sinus pressures shifted 25-39% with static conditioning
      pressures but did not shift significantly with pulsatile pressures. Also, the
      baroreflex responses to step increases in static sinus pressure decayed, as
      resetting occurred, but did not decay with pulsatile sinus pressure increases.
      Thus the baroreflex rapidly resets with static pressures, but there is minimal,
      if any, resetting with pulsatile pressures.

PMID- 2301619
TI  - Reflections on the recent past and a look to the future.

PMID- 2301620
TI  - Urinary bladder and hindlimb stimuli inhibit T1-T6 spinal and spinoreticular
      cells.
AB  - Upper thoracic spinal neurons are primarily excited by cardiopulmonary spinal
      afferent input but are excited and inhibited by splanchnic afferent input. These
      data suggest that the greater the number of segments between a spinal neuron and
      spinal afferent input the greater the probability that the afferent input will
      inhibit the spinal neuron. Based on this idea we hypothesized that visceral
      (urinary bladder) and somatic (hindlimb) afferent input would inhibit upper
      thoracic spinal neurons. To test this hypothesis the activities of 69 spinal and
      27 spinoreticular tract neurons in 45 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats were
      studied. Only neurons excited by both visceral and somatic thoracic afferent
      input were studied. Urinary bladder distension (UBD) inhibited 48 (50%), excited
      6 (6%), and did not affect 41 (43%) of these neurons. Also, UBD inhibited the
      excitatory responses of these cells to noxious visceral and somatic stimuli.
      Hindlimb pinch also inhibited greater than 50% of the neurons. These data
      indicate that visceral and somatic afferent input to the lumbosacral spinal cord
      inhibits the activity of upper thoracic neurons. This inhibitory effect may play
      a role in localization of sensory and motor responses to noxious stimuli.

PMID- 2301621
TI  - Regulation of lung liquid secretion by arginine vasopressin in fetal sheep.
AB  - We have investigated the influence of gestational age on the inhibition of fetal
      lung liquid secretion by arginine vasopressin (AVP). In eight fetal sheep, lung
      liquid secretion rates were measured before and during infusion of AVP (300 mu.kg
      1.h-1) at gestational ages between 110 and 148 days. During infusions, the
      concentration of AVP in fetal plasma increased from less than 8.7 +/- 0.2 pg/ml
      to 848.7 +/- 75.1 pg/ml. Fetal plasma epinephrine concentrations were not altered
      during AVP infusion. Infusions of AVP had no effect on fetal lung secretion
      before 135 days of gestation; they caused a 40.8% inhibition between 136 and 140
      days, and at ages greater than 140 days induced an inhibition of 78.4%. In two
      ewes during labor, AVP infusion caused either a complete inhibition of secretion
      or reabsorption of lung liquid. The inhibitory effect of AVP increased in an
      exponential-like fashion with increasing gestational age and appeared to parallel
      the preparturient rise in fetal plasma cortisol concentrations. Our results
      indicate that AVP may be involved in the clearance of lung liquid at term and
      that AVP is unlikely to mediate the inhibitory effect of fetal asphyxia on lung
      liquid secretion, at least until after 135 days of gestation.

PMID- 2301622
TI  - Basal membrane uptake in potassium-secreting cells of midgut of tobacco hornworm
      (Manduca sexta).
AB  - Basal membrane voltage (Vb), intracellular K+ activity [(K+)i], and short-circuit
      current (Isc) were measured in isolated posterior midguts of Manduca sexta
      wherein Isc is a measured of active secretion of K+ from blood into lumen. When
      bathed in 32 mM K+ and exposed to 100% O2, average values were Isc = 244
      microAmp/cm2, Vb = -33.1 mV, and (K+)i = 88.6 mM. The electrochemical gradient
      across the basal membrane (d mu) averaged +5.8 mV (a gradient favorable for K+
      entry). Exposure to 5% O2 led to a new steady state in which Isc = 71
      microAmp/cm2, Vb = -18.7 mV, and (K+)i = 99.4 mM. During hypoxia, d mu averaged 
      9.9 mV (a gradient unfavorable for K+ entry). When the external bathing solution
      was 10 mM K+, comparable values were, for 100% O2, Isc = 139 microAmp/cm2, Vb = 
      56.1 mV, (K+)i = 72.2 mM, and d mu = +3.6 mV, and in 5% O2 the values were Isc =
      28.3 microAmp/cm2, Vb = -43.7 mV, (K+)i = 76.1 mM, and d mu = -10.2 mV. The
      failure of cellular K+ to fall during prolonged hypoxia is evidence for a
      thermodynamically active basal K+ uptake process.

PMID- 2301623
TI  - Propranolol restores phosphaturic effect of PTH in short-term phosphate
      deprivation.
AB  - Phosphate deprivation causes a resistance to the phosphaturic effect of
      parathyroid hormone (PTH). The present study evaluated the role of the beta
      adrenergic system in this resistance phenomenon. In clearance experiments
      performed on acutely thyroparathyroidectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats, the
      phosphaturic response to PTH was determined in the presence and absence of
      propranolol in rats fed a low-phosphate diet (LPD) for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 4 days.
      Fractional excretion of phosphate (FEPi) in control rats fed a normal-phosphate
      diet (NPD) increased from 4.37 +/- 1.6 to 38.5 +/- 3.4% in response to PTH
      infusion. Propranolol did not change FEPi in NPD animals in the absence or in the
      presence of PTH (2.0 +/- 1.1 vs. 36.7 +/- 1.6%). LPD resulted in a gradual
      decrease in the phosphaturic response to PTH infusion as compared with NPD
      animals. PTH increased FEPi to 24.2 +/- 6.0% after one-half day of LPD, but when
      the infusion was supplemented with propranolol, PTH increased FEPi to 38.0 +/-
      4.7%, similar to that in NPD animals. In the group fed LPD for one day, PTH
      increased FEPi to 16.9 +/- 4.3%, whereas in the presence of propranolol FEPi was
      restored to a similar level as in the NPD group (36.0 +/- 5.9%). Two days of LPD
      markedly decreased FEPi in response to PTH to 7.9 +/- 3.8% as compared with NPD
      rats, and propranolol infusion did not change this value significantly. Three and
      4 days of LPD induced complete resistance to the phosphaturic effect of PTH in
      the presence as well as in the absence of propranolol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2301624
TI  - Weight cycling in female rats subjected to varying meal patterns.
AB  - The effect of weight cycling on energy balance was examined in female rats. Two
      groups of adult female rats were subjected to three bouts of weight cycling, each
      bout consisting of 8 days of food restriction (9 g/day or approximately 50% of
      usual intake) followed by 16 days of refeeding. During refeeding animals were
      given 22.8 g/day of food so that they were offered, during the 24-day cycle, the
      same amount of food offered to control rats that were not subjected to weight
      cycling. One group of weight-cycled rats (gorgers) was given its daily intake in
      a few large meals (i.e., allowed to gorge). The other weight-cycled group
      (nibblers) was fed by automated feeders in several small meals during each 24-h
      period (i.e., prevented from gorging). Neither weight-cycled group displayed an
      increased food efficiency or an increased body fatness compared with noncycled
      controls. Weight-cycled rats allowed to gorge did have an increased food
      efficiency and a greater carcass energy content compared with weight-cycled rats
      not allowed to gorge. These results suggest a pattern of gorging promoted food
      efficiency and body energy gain compared with a pattern of nibbling, but gorging
      during refeeding cannot account for reports of increased food efficiency in
      weight-cycled rats.

PMID- 2301626
TI  - Spontaneous drinking: is it stimulated by hypertonicity or hypovolemia?
AB  - Ten young female pigs were allowed to eat and drink whenever they wanted, and
      blood samples were taken without disturbance to the pig. Samples were divided
      into four categories: 1) base line, i.e., taken when not drinking and not eating;
      2) preprandial, i.e., taken when starting to drink just before eating; 3)
      postcibal, i.e., taken when starting to drink after any eating; and 4)
      nonprandial, i.e., taken when starting to drink but not in association with
      eating. Osmolality (mosmol/kgH2O), plasma protein (g/dl), and packed cell volume
      (%) were, respectively, as follows (mean +/- SE): base line 294.9 +/- 1.8, 6.2 +/
      0.1, and 30.0 +/- 1.2; preprandial 295.1 +/- 1.7, 6.1 +/- 0.2, and 29.7 +/- 1.4;
      postcibal 295.0 +/- 3.3, 6.5 +/- 0.2, and 31.7 +/- 1.3; and nonprandial 295.2 +/-
      1.4, 6.3 +/- 0.1, and 30.0 +/- 1.3. None of the parameters associated with
      drinking were significantly different from base-line parameters, except for the
      postcibal rise of packed cell volume. Calculated blood volume differences from
      base line were as follows: preprandial 0.7 +/- 1.2% fall; postcibal 0.2 +/- 1.7%
      increase; and nonprandial 0.8 +/- 0.9% fall. It is unlikely that either plasma
      hypertonicity or hypovolemia stimulates drinking under spontaneous conditions.

PMID- 2301625
TI  - Effects of day length on sheep neuroendocrine estrogen and progestin receptors.
AB  - Gonadal steroid hormone receptors were studied in anterior pituitary, preoptic
      area, and hypothalamus of ovariectomized ewes. We established that systemic
      administration of estradiol benzoate elevates levels of nuclear estrogen receptor
      concentrations and results in the appearance of cytosolic progestin receptor the
      binding characteristics of which are comparable with that reported in rats and
      guinea pigs [0.1 nM Kd, binding site density (Bmax) of 111, 22, and 2 fmol/mg
      protein in pituitary, medial basal hypothalamus, and preoptic area,
      respectively]. Brain tissues also contained a second, low-affinity progestin
      binding site. To examine possible effects of photoperiod on neuroendocrine
      steroid receptors, two groups of sheep were exposed to artificial photoperiods.
      Ewes experienced alternating periods of long (LD 16:8) or short (LD 8:16) days
      for 290 days to induce breeding season or anestrous states. Animals were then
      ovariectomized and given steroid treatments designed to mimic a luteal phase
      followed by either follicular phase levels of estradiol or withdrawal of all
      exogenous hormones before determination of neuroendocrine steroid receptor
      concentrations. Despite the ability of long photoperiods to arrest ovarian
      cyclicity, magnify negative feedback actions of estradiol upon luteinizing
      hormone, and reduce the ability of estrogen to trigger behavioral estrus,
      photoperiod did not influence nuclear estrogen receptor concentrations or the
      induction of cytosolic progestin receptors in the pituitary, hypothalamus, or
      preoptic area.

PMID- 2301627
TI  - Hypertonic and hypovolemic stimulation of thirst in pigs.
AB  - Young female pigs weighing from 15 to 45 kg were used. Plasma osmolality was
      slowly raised by an intravenous infusion of 15% NaCl. The behavioral threshold
      was when the pigs began to drink water, and the rise of osmolality was the
      stimulus. In 23 measurements on 8 pigs the rise of osmolality to initiate
      drinking was 10.4 +/- 1.4 mosmol/kg (mean +/- SE). There was also an estimated
      3.8 +/- 1.4% rise of blood volume. Control infusions of 0.9% NaCl for 1 h usually
      resulted in no drinking, and plasma osmolality fell by 6.7 +/- 2.1 mosmol/kg,
      while blood volume did not change. Hypovolemia was effected using furosemide (1
      mg/kg body wt) to cause excretion of nearly isotonic urine. Blood volume changes
      were estimated from plasma protein and packed cell volume data. In 28
      measurements on 6 pigs, drinking occurred when blood volume had decreased by 6.7
      +/- 1.8%. During 2-h control periods, blood volume did not change appreciably.
      Plasma osmolality decreased during both the furosemide treatment (by 3.5 +/- 0.7
      mosmol/kg) and the controls (by 4.1 +/- 0.8 mosmol/kg).

PMID- 2301628
TI  - Release of vasopressin and oxytocin by paraventricular stimulation in rats.
AB  - The nucleus tractus solitarius/dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (NTS/DMV)
      area was perfused by the push-pull perfusion technique in anesthetized rats, and
      perfusates were assayed for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT)
      immunoreactivity. As compared with controls, electrical stimulation of the
      ipsilateral paraventricular nucleus (PVN) resulted in increased amounts of both
      AVP (approximately 5-fold) and OXT (approximately 10-fold, P less than 0.05 each)
      in the perfusates. During the poststimulation perfusion period, peptide
      concentrations were found to return to control levels. Elevation of circulating
      AVP and OXT by an osmotic stimulus did not result in increases of AVP and OXT in
      NTS/DMV perfusates. These data suggest that AVP and OXT are released from NTS/DMV
      area fiber terminals during electrical stimulation of descending PVN neurons.
      Furthermore, they are consistent with the view that both peptides are involved as
      neurotransmitters in autonomic regulation.

PMID- 2301629
TI  - Chronic cervical spinal cord injury and autonomic hyperreflexia in rats.
AB  - Although it is well established that patients with cervical spinal cord injury
      are prone to acute, marked, hypertensive episodes, i.e., autonomic hyperreflexia,
      the specific mechanisms mediating this sometimes-fatal phenomenon are not
      completely understood. In this report, we describe the preparation and
      characterization of a rat model of chronic cervical spinal cord injury and
      autonomic hyperreflexia. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically
      instrumented with arterial, venous, and gastric catheters. Beginning the first
      day after a complete cervical spinal transection (CST) and continuing for 1 wk,
      acute hypertensive responses to a modest increase of urinary bladder pressure (0
      20 mmHg) were studied. Mean arterial pressure increased 25.9 +/- 4.8 mmHg during
      bladder distension the first day after CST. This response was not significantly
      different 3, 5, and 7 days after CST (overall average = 18.0 +/- 2.3 mmHg). The
      pressor response to bladder distension was completely abolished by intravesical
      lidocaine and autonomic ganglionic blockade (atropine + hexamethonium). Responses
      to bladder distension were not observed after the administration of chloralose
      anesthesia. We conclude that after cervical spinal transection the rat exhibits
      autonomic hyperreflexia similar to that seen in humans with spinal injury.
      Furthermore, autonomic hyperreflexia is completely established within 24 h after
      CST in the rat. Finally, some spinal autonomic reflexes are suppressed by
      chloralose anesthesia in the rat.

PMID- 2301631
TI  - Metabolic effects of aminophylline in weanling rats.
AB  - Methylxanthines are commonly used to treat asthma and apnea in infants and
      children. A physiological effect of these compounds is an elevation of the
      metabolic rate, but the mechanism of this increase is unclear. We have
      investigated the hypothesis that this elevation of metabolic rate in young
      animals is in part due to increased physical activity. Metabolic rate and
      spontaneous physical activity of weanling Fischer 344 rats were measured before
      and during 2 days of aminophylline administration. Our results show increased
      metabolic rate measured over 23 h, concomitant with increased activity during
      treatment. Resting metabolic rate was not elevated. The results suggest that
      increased physical activity plays a major role in increasing metabolic rate
      during aminophylline treatment. Metabolic rate returned to control levels on the
      2nd day of treatment despite a smaller but still significant elevation in
      physical activity. This suggests development of tolerance to the effects of
      aminophylline on activity together with adaptation to the metabolic effects of
      this drug.

PMID- 2301630
TI  - In vitro osmosensitive hypothalamic neurons from hypertensive and normotensive
      rats.
AB  - Single-unit activity was recorded in hypothalamic tissue slices from
      spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats to
      identify differences in neuronal osmosensitivity between these two strains.
      Neurons were characterized according to location, firing rate, temperature
      sensitivity, and response to hyposmotic (280 mosmol/kgH2O) and hyperosmotic (320
      mosmol/kgH2O) media. More than half of the thermosensitive neurons were also
      osmosensitive. Three groups of osmosensitive neurons were identified: 1) low
      firing neurons excited by hyposmolality and inhibited by hyperosmolality, 2) high
      firing neurons excited by hyposmolality, and 3) high-firing neurons excited by
      hyperosmolality. There were no differences between strains in terms of the
      proportions of osmosensitive neurons. Compared with WKY neurons, however, SH
      osmosensitive neurons displayed reduced sensitivity to hyperosmotic media. Also,
      SH osmotically insensitive neurons displayed lower spontaneous firing rates.
      These differences in osmosensitivity and spontaneous activity may provide a
      neuronal basis to explain some of the differences in water and sodium regulation
      observed in hypertensive rats.

PMID- 2301632
TI  - Counteracting effects of urea and betaine in mammalian cells in culture.
AB  - Urea and methylamines, such as betaine, are among the major organic osmotic
      effectors accumulated by organisms under hyperosmotic (high NaCl) stress; the
      mammalian renal medulla also accumulates such compounds in antidiuresis. Studies
      on isolated proteins show that urea generally destabilizes protein structure,
      whereas methylamines are generally stabilizers capable of offsetting the effects
      of urea. The counteracting-osmolytes hypothesis predicts that cells exposed to
      high urea concentrations require methylamines for optimal function. In this
      study, urea, betaine, and other solutes (NaCl, glycerol, sorbitol) were added to
      growth medium of cultured mammalian cells under conditions in which most solutes
      entered the cells. For two renal [Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and PAP-HT25]
      and one nonrenal (Chinese hamster ovary) cell line, urea (greater than 100 mM) or
      betaine (greater than 50-100 mM) alone inhibited cell growth and survival,
      measured as colony-forming efficiency. However, the addition of betaine (up to
      120 mM) to media with urea (50-300 mM) greatly increased colony-forming
      efficiency above that with urea alone. A similar, although less marked effect,
      was seen on colony sizes with MDCK cells. These results support the counteracting
      osmolytes hypothesis.

PMID- 2301633
TI  - Extracellular pH and suppression of electrical activity during anoxia in turtle
      and rat brain.
AB  - To evaluate the contribution of extracellular H+ activity toward depression of
      brain electrical activity during anoxia, extracellular pH (pHe) and field
      potentials were measured in turtle and rat olfactory bulbs with ion-selective
      microelectrodes. This study tests the hypothesis that unique regulation of pHe
      contributes to the remarkable tolerance of turtle brain to prolonged anoxia.
      Hypercapnea (20% CO2 ventilation) depressed olfactory bulb evoked potentials 25
      30% in both rat and turtle. During anoxia, evoked potentials were completely
      abolished within 1 min in rat olfactory bulb but decreased to only 40% of control
      after 4 h in the turtle despite similar changes in brain pHe. Anoxia-induced
      acidification of turtle brain was exacerbated by hypercapnea and was attenuated
      by hypocapnea or by hypocapnea plus intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate.
      However, these manipulations of pHe during anoxia in turtle brain had little
      effect on depression of evoked potentials. We conclude that energy failure,
      rather than extracellular acidification, is the major contributor toward
      suppression of electrical activity in mammalian brain and that preservation of
      energy balance, rather than unique pH regulation, is responsible for protection
      of turtle brain during anoxia.

PMID- 2301634
TI  - Sepsis does not alter red blood cell glucose metabolism or Na+ concentration: a
      2H-, 23Na-NMR study.
AB  - The effects of sepsis on intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) and glucose
      metabolism were examined in rat red blood cells (RBCs) by using 23Na- and 2H
      nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Sepsis was induced in 15 halothane
      anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats by using the cecal ligation and
      perforation technique; 14 control rats underwent cecal manipulation without
      ligation. The animals were fasted for 36 h, but allowed free access to water. At
      36 h postsurgery, RBCs were examined by 23Na-NMR by using dysprosium
      tripolyphosphate as a chemical shift reagent. Human RBCs from 17 critically ill
      nonseptic patients and from 7 patients who were diagnosed as septic were also
      examined for [Na+]i. Five rat RBC specimens had [Na+]i determined by both 23Na
      NMR and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). For
      glucose metabolism studies, RBCs from septic and control rats were suspended in
      modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing [6,6-2H2]glucose and examined by 2H
      NMR. No significant differences in [Na+]i or glucose utilization were found in
      RBCs from control or septic rats. There were no differences in [Na+]i in the two
      groups of patients. The [Na+]i determined by NMR spectroscopy agreed closely with
      measurements using ICP-AES and establish that 100% of the [Na+]i of the RBC is
      visible by NMR. Glucose measurements determined by 2H-NMR correlated closely
      (correlation coefficient = 0.93) with enzymatic analysis. These studies showed no
      evidence that sepsis disturbed RBC membrane function or metabolism.

PMID- 2301635
TI  - Dexfenfluramine: action with estradiol on food intake and body weight in
      ovariectomized rats.
AB  - Previous work from this laboratory has shown that chronic administration of
      dexfenfluramine (DF) caused substantial weight loss in rats that were overweight
      3-4 mo after ovariectomy (OVX), but not in OVX rats that were of normal weight,
      as a result of estrogen replacement. The present study was conducted to determine
      whether the enhanced weight loss in the former group is because of either
      overweight per se or an inhibitory effect of estrogen on DF. Starting either 0,
      6, or 14 wk after OVX, when weight gain was zero, moderate, or near maximal,
      respectively, rats received a 12-day regimen of either estradiol or the oil
      vehicle and either DF (3 mg.kg-1.day-1 by osmotic minipump) or no drug. DF had no
      effect on either food intake or weight gain of groups treated during 0-2 wk after
      OVX but had significant anorectic and weight loss actions in groups treated 6-8
      and 14-16 wk after OVX. Estrogen had a similar effect at all three times and in
      the 14-wk group produced an effect that was additive with that of DF. Measures of
      plasma glucose and triglycerides and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity
      did not correlate with the effectiveness of the drug to promote weight loss.

PMID- 2301637
TI  - Effects of outflow pressure and vascular volume loading on thoracic duct lymph
      flow in adult sheep.
AB  - Studies have shown that lymph flow rate from several tissues depends on the
      pressure at the outflow end of the lymphatics. The left thoracic lymph duct is
      the largest lymphatic vessel and it transports a majority of the body's lymph. We
      varied outflow pressure for the left thoracic lymph duct independent of venous
      pressure in six unanesthetized, nonpregnant adult ewes with chronic lymphatic and
      venous catheters. When outflow pressure was negative, the thoracic duct lymph
      flow rate was independent of outflow pressure and averaged 0.040 +/- 0.004 (SE)
      ml.min-1.kg body wt-1. Lymph flow began to decrease with increasing outflow
      pressure only when outflow pressure was significantly greater than venous
      pressure. Above this breakpoint, lymph flow decreased linearly with outflow
      pressure and ceased at an outflow pressure of 25.6 +/- 4.2 mmHg. After vascular
      volume loading with lactated Ringer solution, steady-state thoracic duct lymph
      flow increased to 351 +/- 54% of control and was independent of outflow pressure
      when outflow pressure was negative. As outflow pressure was elevated, lymph flow
      began to decrease at the same breakpoint as before volume loading, and lymph flow
      ceased at the same outflow pressure as before volume loading. Thus this study
      shows that there is a plateau where thoracic duct lymph flow rate is independent
      of outflow pressure. In addition venous pressure under normal or volume-loaded
      conditions is not an impediment to thoracic duct lymph flow in unanesthetized
      sheep. Large increases in venous pressure are required to totally block thoracic
      duct lymph flow.

PMID- 2301636
TI  - Fuel partitioning and food intake: role for mitochondrial fatty acid transport.
AB  - Administration of methyl palmoxirate (MP; 10 mg/kg po), an inhibitor of carnitine
      palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), increased the food intake of rats maintained on a
      diet high in triglycerides comprised of long-chain fatty acids, which require CPT
      I for mitochondrial uptake and oxidation. MP did not affect food intake in rats
      fed a comparable diet high in medium-chain fatty acids, which do not require CPT
      I for mitochondrial uptake and oxidation. The feeding response to MP was reduced
      more effectively by an intragastric preload of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)
      oil than a preload of a long-chain triglyceride (LCT) oil. Food intake of MCT-
      and LCT-fed rats differed under control conditions (no MP), and this appeared to
      reflect differences in the diurnal distribution of feeding. Measurement of plasma
      ketone body concentrations indicated that the dietary manipulations and MP had
      their intended metabolic effects. The results strongly suggest that mitochondrial
      transport of fatty acids plays a role in the control of food intake. CPT I
      participates in that control by regulating the partitioning of long-chain fatty
      acids between pathways of storage and intramitochondrial oxidation.

PMID- 2301638
TI  - Subcortical sites mediating sympathetic responses from insular cortex in rats.
AB  - Stimulation of the insular cortex elicits a number of autonomic responses. The
      insular cortex projects directly to the lateral hypothalamic area, the
      parabrachial nucleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract, which in turn
      project directly to sympathetic preganglionic areas. To determine which of these
      subcortical sites mediates sympathetic responses evoked from the insular cortex,
      changes in renal nerve activity were recorded before and after injection of the
      synaptic blocking agent cobalt into each of these regions. Blood pressure, heart
      rate, and renal nerve activity were continuously monitored in chloralose or
      urethan-anesthetized rats. Single-pulse electrical stimulation (200 microA, 1 ms)
      elicited either an early increase or decrease in renal nerve activity from
      pressor and depressor sites, respectively, in the insular cortex. Cobalt
      injections (500 nl) into the lateral hypothalamic area attenuated the nerve
      response 10-100%. Cobalt injections into the nucleus of the solitary tract
      significantly enhanced the initial increase in the nerve response obtained from
      pressor sites in the insular cortex. Injections into the parabrachial nucleus did
      not affect the nerve responses. These results suggest that there is a mandatory
      synapse in the lateral hypothalamic area in the pathway from the insular cortex
      to the sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2301639
TI  - Ontogeny of vasoconstrictor neurohypophysial hormone function in rats.
AB  - This in vitro study examined the ontogeny of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and
      arginine vasotocin (AVT) compared with norepinephrine (NE)-mediated contraction
      in rat thoracic aortas. Aortas from three age groups (2-3 days, 6-7 days, and 12
      wk) of Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Ring segment resting length was adjusted to
      optimize tension developed to a dose that produces half-maximal tension of NE in
      Krebs solution (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) and gassed with 95% O2-5% CO2. Cumulative
      dose-response curves were generated for KCl (5-100 mM), NE (10(-10)-10(-5) M),
      AVP, and AVT (both 10(-10)-10(-6) M) in the presence and absence of a selective
      V1 vasopressinergic inhibitor, [1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta
      cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid), 2-(O-methyl)tyrosine]arginine vasopressin
      ([d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP). A progressive increase in sensitivity among all age groups
      was found for KCl and NE. There was a slight decrease in sensitivity to both AVP
      and AVT in the 1st wk. Maximum contractile response to NE increased between 2-3
      and 6-7 days, whereas no change was observed for KCl, AVP, or AVT. AVP- and AVT
      mediated contractions were selectively inhibited by [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]-AVP. These
      results suggest 1) receptor-mediated contractility is present from 2 days of age
      for NE, AVP, and AVT; 2) sensitivity to KCl and NE increases progressively during
      postnatal development, whereas sensitivity to AVP and AVT slightly decreases in
      the 1st wk with no progressive age-related increase by 12 wk; 3) AVP and AVT
      mediate contraction via a similar V1-like receptor.

PMID- 2301640
TI  - Effects of ileal transposition on food intake, dietary preference, and weight
      gain in Zucker obese rats.
AB  - This study evaluated the effects of ileal transposition (IT) surgery on food
      intake, body weight, and dietary preferences in Zucker obese rats. Eight rats had
      a 10-cm segment of terminal ileum transposed to the upper jejunum. Eight rats
      underwent sham IT (SIT) and six rats had no surgery (CON). During weeks 1-10 and
      21-24, rats were fed a selection diet of protein (casein), carbohydrate (corn
      starch), and fat (lard) in three separate dishes. Rat chow was fed from weeks 11
      to 20. IT rats had a lower weight and a lower change in weight from base line
      throughout most of the study. Energy intake was less in IT vs. SIT rats during
      the selection periods (weeks 1-10 and 21-24), but did not differ on the chow diet
      (weeks 11-20). Digestible energy, measured at weeks 10, 20, and 24, was lower in
      IT rats only at week 10. IT rats had no malabsorption by fecal calorie
      measurements. IT rats ate fewer fat calories at both selection periods. We
      conclude that IT causes long-term reduction in body weight, no malabsorption or
      long-term changes in digestible energy, and a persistent decrease in preference
      for dietary fat. Further studies are needed to determine whether increased energy
      expenditure is a mechanism for the long-term difference in body weight after IT.

PMID- 2301641
TI  - Extracellular dehydration during pregnancy increases salt appetite of offspring.
AB  - The propensity to prefer and to consume salty foods varies considerably from
      person to person, and excessive salt intake has been linked to a number of
      pathological conditions. Extracellular dehydration occurs in humans after
      vomiting or diarrhea and is commonly observed during pregnancy. Because the
      hormonal responses to extracellular dehydration are known to increase salt
      appetite, we tested the hypothesis that extracellular dehydration during
      pregnancy increases the propensity of offspring to consume salt. Pregnant rats
      were treated with polyethylene glycol, which is known to produce extracellular
      dehydration and to exaggerate sodium appetite. The offspring of these treated
      pregnant rats showed an increase in salt appetite as compared with the offspring
      of control untreated dams. These results demonstrate that extracellular
      dehydration during pregnancy can enhance the natriophilic propensity in offspring
      and suggest that gravidic vomiting may contribute to the epidemiological factors
      of hypertension and other pathologies.

PMID- 2301642
TI  - Maternal pinealectomy alters the daily pattern of fetal breathing in sheep.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of pinealectomy of the pregnant ewe on the 24-h
      pattern of fetal breathing activity during late gestation. Fetal breathing
      movements were recorded during 24-h periods on 18 occasions in 5 pinealectomized
      ewes and on 24 occasions in 6 pineal-intact ewes between 120 and 145 days
      gestation. All ewes were fed once daily between 1000 and 1300 h and were kept
      under a light-dark cycle 12:12 h. There was no significant difference in the mean
      hourly incidence of fetal breathing movements between the pineal-intact (27.2 +/-
      0.5 min/h) and pinealectomized (25.5 +/- 0.6 min/h) groups. However, there was a
      significant difference in the 24-h profiles of fetal breathing movements in the
      two groups. The peak incidence of fetal breathing occurred between 1900 and 2000
      h in the pineal-intact ewes and between 1200 and 1300 h in the pinealectomized
      ewes. We conclude that maternal pinealectomy alters the daily pattern of a fetal
      behavioral pattern and that maternal melatonin may therefore provide the fetus
      with information about time of day.

PMID- 2301643
TI  - Metabolic control in exercising skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2301644
TI  - Evidence for presence of a new type of neurohypophysial hormone receptor in fish
      gill epithelium.
AB  - Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT) induced direct inhibition of adenylate
      cyclase activity in gill plasma membranes of the rainbow trout adapted to
      freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW). The maximal inhibition was obtained with 10(
      11)-10(-10) M (50% inhibitory concentration approximately 10(-13) M), values in
      agreement with the circulating levels of AVT in trout blood. Specific V1 or V2
      agonists or antagonists (with reference to vasopressin) were used to define the
      specificity of the neurohypophysial peptide receptors involved in this
      inhibition. The V1 agonist [Phe2,Orn8]vasotocin ([Phe2]OVT) inhibited the basal
      and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, and this effect in SW (20%)
      was twice more than in FW (10%). The V2 agonist 1-deamino[Val4,Arg8]-vasopressin
      (dVDAVP), however, produced a stimulation that was of the same amplitude (10%) in
      both media. The V1 antagonist [(1-beta-mercapto-beta-beta
      cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid), 1-(O-ethyl)Tyr2,Orn8]vasotocin
      (d(CH2)5[Tyr(Et)2]OVT) totally reversed the AVT- or IT-induced inhibition of
      basal or glucagon-stimulated cyclase activity, whereas the V1/V2 antagonist [(1
      beta-mercapto-beta-beta-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid), 1-(O-ethyl)D
      Tyr2,Val4,Arg8]vasopressin (d(CH2)5[D-Tyr(Et)2]-VAVP) (previously used as V2
      antagonist in amphibians) had no such effect. When active, all analogues had
      their maximal activity at 10(-11)-10(-10) M (50% maximal activity approximately
      10(-13) M), as observed with the natural peptides. These results, together with
      our previous observations, point to the gill epithelium as a direct target organ
      for neurohypophysial peptides and suggest that the hormone receptors involved in
      fish belong predominantly, if not exclusively, to a new type that we propose to
      designate as fish neurohypophysial hormone (NHF) receptors while awaiting further
      characterization.

PMID- 2301645
TI  - Regional hemodynamic effects of neuromedin U in conscious rats.
AB  - In conscious unrestrained Long-Evans rats, chronically instrumented with
      miniaturized pulsed Doppler flow probes, intravenous administration of porcine
      neuromedin U-8 by bolus (0.1 and 1.0 nmol) or infusion (1 and 10 nmol/h) exerted
      potent constrictor effects on the superior mesenteric vascular bed. With the
      choice of an appropriate dose, the reduction in superior mesenteric blood flow
      was not accompanied by any changes in systemic arterial blood pressure, heart
      rate, and renal or hindquarters blood flows. Porcine neuromedin U-25 had similar
      effects to neuromedin U-8, but was generally more potent. In Brattleboro rats the
      pattern of response to neuromedin U-25 was similar to that seen in Long-Evans
      rats, indicating that mesenteric vasoconstriction was not dependent on release of
      endogenous vasopressin. In Long-Evans rats the regional hemodynamic actions of
      rat neuromedin U were comparable with those of porcine neuromedin U-25. The
      latter peptide at a dose of 1.0 nmol caused a rise in total peripheral resistance
      and a reduction in cardiac output, with an inconsistent change in heart rate. The
      results raise the possibility that the high concentration of neuromedin U in the
      rat intestine is associated with the control of local blood flow.

PMID- 2301646
TI  - Effect of intestinal bypass on the expression of actin mRNA in ileal smooth
      muscle.
AB  - In this study, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for actin isoforms were assessed in
      longitudinal smooth muscle from the ileum of unoperated rats and from rats that
      had undergone bypass of the middle 70% of the small intestine. The plasmid clone
      pGEM 10C, which contains a DNA insert complementary to the 3' untranslated region
      and the region of mRNA that codes for the synthesis of alpha-smooth muscle actin
      protein, was used to synthesize two riboprobes. One probe, complementary to the
      coding region of the insert, hybridizes to most, if not all, actin isoform mRNAs.
      The second probe, complementary to the 3' untranslated region of the insert,
      hybridizes only to alpha-smooth muscle actin mRNA. RNA was isolated from animals
      4 to 5 days after operation, size fractionated by denaturing gel electrophoresis,
      transferred to nylon membranes, and exposed to the two 32P-labeled riboprobes.
      Both probes hybridized to RNA of about 1.3 kilobases long. Longitudinal muscle
      from both groups of animals contained alpha-smooth muscle actin mRNA as well as
      mRNA for other actin isoforms. Dot blots of varying amounts of RNA were
      hybridized to the riboprobes to determine the proportions of actin mRNAs. The
      content and concentration of mRNAs for all actins, and of mRNA for alpha-smooth
      muscle actin, were significantly greater in muscle from the functioning ileum of
      bypassed animals 4-5 days after the operation. Thus the operation induces a
      rapid, specific activation of these contractile protein genes.

PMID- 2301647
TI  - Role of prolactin in lactation-induced changes in brown adipose tissue.
AB  - During lactation the efficiency of energy utilization is increased and brown
      adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is suppressed. We have examined the role of
      prolactin in the suppression of BAT during lactation in the rat. Changes in BAT
      were studied using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the uncoupling
      protein (UCP). In the first experiment BAT from pregnant and lactating rats was
      examined at various times. Total UPC content of BAT decreased from 364 +/- 34 to
      32 +/- 9 micrograms during late lactation (20 days). Serum prolactin (PRL)
      concentration was elevated during lactation and was highest at 10 days. When
      endogenous PRL was stimulated by injection of metoclopramide (1.67 mg/kg) for 5
      days, UCP content of BAT decreased by 50%. This action of metoclopramide could be
      blocked by simultaneous administration of bromocriptine, an inhibitor of PRL
      secretion. Serum PRL concentration was elevated during metoclopramide
      administration but not when metoclopramide and bromocriptine were given together.
      We conclude that PRL is a possible mediator of the suppression of BAT during
      lactation.

PMID- 2301648
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence that systemic angiotensin influences rat area
      postrema neurons.
AB  - Extracellular single-unit recordings from neurons in the area postrema (AP) and
      the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in anesthetized male rats demonstrated that
      most cells in these regions have spontaneous activities of 5 Hz or less. Systemic
      angiotensin (ANG II) (50-500 ng) enhanced the activity of 55% of AP cells tested
      (n = 76), whereas 53% of tested NTS neurons (n = 62) were inhibited by ANG II. To
      determine whether these neurons were influenced specifically by circulating ANG
      II or by the accompanying increase in mean arterial blood pressure (BP), the
      effects of adrenergic agonists given intravenously on ANG II influenced neurons
      were also examined. Subsequently two cell types were characterized: cells
      responding to iv ANG II but not to the adrenergic agonist ("ANG II sensitive")
      and cells responding in a similar way to both agents ("BP sensitive"). Most ANG
      II-responsive neurons in the AP (53.5%) and the NTS (65%) were determined to be
      BP sensitive. These data demonstrate that ANG II influences the activity of AP
      neurons. In addition, there exists a second population of AP neurons apparently
      responsive to perturbations of the cardiovascular system. These studies further
      emphasize the potential roles of the AP in the regulation of body fluid balance.

PMID- 2301649
TI  - Mechanism of prostaglandin E2-induced increase of proximal sodium reabsorption in
      the rat.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2, when infused directly into the renal interstitium, enhances
      sodium reabsorption by the superficial proximal convoluted tubules of
      anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. The present study was designed to investigate
      the role of angiotensin II in the prostaglandin E2-induced stimulation of
      proximal sodium reabsorption. Micropuncture at the superficial late proximal
      tubule demonstrated a significant increase in the fractional reabsorption of
      sodium from 39.9 +/- 2.3% in control conditions to 51.8 +/- 3.0% (n = 9, P less
      than 0.01) during the renal interstitial infusion of prostaglandin E2. The
      stimulatory effect of prostaglandin E2 on proximal sodium reabsorption was
      markedly attenuated by pretreatment with saralasin. During intravenous saralasin
      infusion, prostaglandin E2 did not significantly change the fractional
      reabsorption of sodium from 42.2 +/- 5.8 to 45.4 +/- 6.0% (n = 7, NS). In
      summary, the stimulatory effect of renal interstitial infusion of prostaglandin
      E2 on proximal sodium reabsorption was attenuated by pretreatment with saralasin.
      Therefore renal interstitial infusion of prostaglandin E2 may enhance proximal
      sodium reabsorption, at least in part, through stimulation of angiotensin II
      production in the rat kidney.

PMID- 2301650
TI  - AVP and dDAVP in rabbit cortical collecting tubule: a comparative time-course
      study.
AB  - The V2-selective analogue of arginine vasopressin (AVP), dDAVP, has been used to
      distinguish between the effects of V1- and V2-receptor activation by AVP in
      different cell types of the kidney. Based on studies showing different effects of
      AVP and dDAVP on prostaglandin secretion, and also on cytosolic Ca2+, we designed
      a comparative time-course study of both agonists on rabbit microdissected
      cortical collecting tubules (CCT) microperfused in vitro at 38 degrees C. Plots
      of the effects of AVP (10 microU/ml or 2.2 x 10(-11) M and 100 microU/ml or 2.2 x
      10(-10) M) and dDAVP (10 microU/ml or 0.8 x 10(-11) M) on osmotic water
      permeability (Pf) at comparable antidiuretic activities, revealed an increase of
      Pf that was maintained for as long as 170 min of hormone exposure. Also the
      magnitude of increase in Pf and the time required to achieve the more sustained
      phase of response were comparable, with no significant difference between the two
      agonists. These results clearly demonstrate a stable response of rabbit CCT to
      AVP and dDAVP at physiological temperature, and they reveal no evidence for a
      difference between the native hormone AVP and its V2 selective analogue on the
      net hydrosmotic response of the CCT.

PMID- 2301651
TI  - The evolution of systems of mental health care: the Arizona experience.
AB  - Reform in a system of mental health services is the result of a variety of forces
      that operate synergistically to bring about observed events. This evolutionary
      process is most likely to yield substantial results through multiple
      interventions over time rather than a single attempt at reform. A process of
      change in the mental health service system in Arizona has been evolving in
      response to the interaction of several key variables: a social movement dedicated
      to reform, a planned design for change, and the use of litigation. The author
      reviews each of these factors and assesses the overall process of change within
      the state.

PMID- 2301652
TI  - Partial hospitalization: an update.
AB  - As a treatment modality for serious mental disorders, partial hospitalization has
      been proven to have therapeutic and economic advantages. However, it has
      relatively low utilization and poor third-party reimbursement compared to the
      more traditional outpatient and inpatient treatments. The authors provide a
      review and update of the definitions, historical development, models, staffing,
      and referral patterns of partial hospitalization. They comment on the role of the
      psychiatrist as a member of the multidisciplinary team in this treatment setting.

PMID- 2301653
TI  - Discriminating borderline personality disorder from other axis II disorders.
AB  - The authors used the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients to
      assess 22 clinical features of 120 patients with borderline personality disorder
      and 103 control subjects with other axis II disorders. Four of the 22 features
      were common in but nondiscriminating for borderline disorder, 11 were
      discriminating for but nonspecific to borderline disorder, and seven were more
      specific to borderline disorder. The authors conclude that many clinical features
      thought to be indicative of borderline disorder are better viewed as personality
      disorder traits and that the seven more specific features, alone or in
      conjunction with one another, may be particularly useful markers for borderline
      personality disorder.

PMID- 2301654
TI  - Neuropathological findings in patients with clinical diagnoses of probable
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - To assess prospectively the accuracy of standard antemortem clinical diagnostic
      criteria for Alzheimer's disease, post-mortem examinations were performed on 25
      patients who had met DSM-III criteria for primary degenerative dementia and
      National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke
      criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease. Seventeen patients (68%) met
      neuropathological criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Two presenile-onset patients
      had diffuse neocortical senile plaques of insufficient number for definite
      Alzheimer's disease. Six patients had non-Alzheimer's disease diagnoses. Five of
      these six had presenile-onset dementia. These results suggest caution in the
      antemortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in presenile-onset dementia.

PMID- 2301655
TI  - The temporal relationship between depressive and psychotic symptoms in recent
      onset schizophrenia.
AB  - The authors examined the temporal relationship between onset of depressive and
      psychotic symptoms in 27 patients with recent-onset schizophrenia or schizo
      affective disorder. Ratings on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were collected
      every 2 weeks for at least 1 year to specify onset of relapse or exacerbation.
      Six time periods were defined in relation to onset of psychotic symptoms, and the
      number of depressive periods was determined for each time period. Onset of
      depressive periods was concurrent with onset of psychosis more often than
      expected but was not associated with any other time period. The authors found no
      distinctive postpsychotic pattern of onset for depression.

PMID- 2301656
TI  - Marital therapy: a viable treatment for depression and marital discord.
AB  - Thirty-six maritally discordant couples with depressed wives were randomly
      assigned to marital therapy, cognitive therapy, or a waiting-list control
      condition. The women given marital or cognitive therapy showed significant and
      clinically meaningful reductions in their depression. The women given marital
      therapy showed greater increases in marital satisfaction than did those given
      cognitive therapy or no therapy; these differences were maintained at 1-year
      follow-up. These findings suggest that marital therapy may be the most effective
      and appropriate treatment for clinically significant marital discord with
      coexisting clinically significant depression.

PMID- 2301657
TI  - Subcortical hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison of normal
      and depressed elderly subjects.
AB  - Subcortical hyperintensity on T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging was
      significantly more common and more severe in elderly depressed patients referred
      for ECT than in a matched control group of normal elderly subjects. The potential
      clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2301658
TI  - Tourette's disorder in a set of reared-apart triplets: genetic and environmental
      influences.
AB  - Tourette's disorder was diagnosed in triplets reared apart from early infancy and
      reunited as adults. These data, combined with data on other family members,
      support the findings of research studies that have demonstrated genetic
      influences on Tourette's disorder.

PMID- 2301659
TI  - The prevalence of anxiety disorders in patients with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease.
AB  - Fifty consecutive outpatients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      were evaluated for lifetime prevalence of psychiatric morbidity. Eight percent
      had a diagnosis of panic disorder. This finding suggests that this patient
      population should be monitored for panic disorder.

PMID- 2301660
TI  - Acute postdisaster psychiatric disorders: identification of persons at risk.
AB  - This study examined the prevalence of four psychiatric disorders--posttraumatic
      stress disorder, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and alcohol
      abuse/dependence--in survivors of a jet plane crash into a hotel. Forty-six
      subjects were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster
      Supplement within 4-6 weeks of the event. More than half of the subjects met
      criteria for a psychiatric disorder after the disaster. More than two-thirds of
      the cases of acute postdisaster psychiatric disorders were predicted by
      identifying the subjects who had predisaster psychiatric histories. Predisaster
      psychiatric disorder predicted postdisaster psychopathology with a sensitivity of
      72% and a specificity of 90%.

PMID- 2301661
TI  - Emergence of intense suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment.
AB  - Six depressed patients free of recent serious suicidal ideation developed
      intense, violent suicidal preoccupation after 2-7 weeks of fluoxetine treatment.
      This state persisted for as little as 3 days to as long as 3 months after
      discontinuation of fluoxetine. None of these patients had ever experienced a
      similar state during treatment with any other psychotropic drug.

PMID- 2301662
TI  - Chronicity and a low anteroposterior gradient of cerebral blood flow in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with the 133xenon inhalation
      technique in 27 patients with schizophrenia of less than 5 years' duration and in
      27 patients with schizophrenia of more than 12 years' duration, under resting
      conditions. Similar measurements were also performed in 54 normal control
      subjects matched for age and sex. Patients with schizophrenia of long duration
      had lower anteroposterior gradients of CBF than patients with schizophrenia of
      short duration and matched control subjects. Covarying out age and end-tidal
      levels of CO2 did not alter the results.

PMID- 2301663
TI  - Frequency and correlates of childhood sexual and physical abuse histories in
      adult female borderline inpatients.
AB  - Suspected complex partial seizure disorder, eating disorders, and drug abuse
      disorders were overrepresented among the 40% (N = 16) of female borderline
      inpatients who reported a history of sexual abuse. Early family disruption, more
      frequent hospital admissions, and concomitant antisocial personality disorder
      were overrepresented among those who reported past physical abuse.

PMID- 2301664
TI  - Anxiety disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - To study the prevalence and importance of anxiety disorders in patients with
      idiopathic Parkinson's disease, the authors systematically evaluated 24
      parkinsonian patients for the presence of DSM-III-R axis I syndromes. Nine
      subjects (38%) had a clinically significant current anxiety disorder. Severity of
      anxiety was not correlated with severity of parkinsonian symptoms, cumulative
      duration of L-dopa exposure, or current dose of L-dopa. These findings suggest
      that anxiety disorders should be considered in the medical evaluation and
      treatment of parkinsonian patients and that further attention should be paid to
      the role of the dopaminergic system in anxiety and phobic disorders.

PMID- 2301665
TI  - Witch doctors and mental illness in mainland China: a preliminary study.
AB  - This study, the first report on witch doctors in the People's Republic of China,
      found that most witch doctors are poorly educated peasants who perform healing
      rituals as a part-time occupation. Despite being officially illegal, folk healing
      practices are flourishing in the countryside: 73.9% (N = 286 of 387) of
      psychiatric outpatients from rural areas and 70.5% (N = 43 of 61) of mentally ill
      persons identified in a rural community admitted to consulting witch doctors.
      These findings indicate an urgent need to systematically assess the beneficial
      and detrimental effects of these practices on China's health care system.

PMID- 2301666
TI  - State-dependent alterations in the perception of life events in menstrual-related
      mood disorders.
AB  - The authors examined the reporting of daily life events by women with
      prospectively confirmed menstrual-related mood disorder (N = 40) and asymptomatic
      control subjects (N = 20). During the follicular and late luteal phases of the
      menstrual cycle, subjects completed a schedule of life events that monitors an
      individual's perception of 1) the frequency of occurrence of life events and 2)
      the degree of associated distress or pleasure. The patient group reported
      significantly more negative life events than the control group. Further, the
      patients with menstrual-related mood disorder showed significantly more distress
      associated with the same event when it occurred in the premenstrual phase than
      when it occurred in the post-menstrual phase.

PMID- 2301667
TI  - Three cases of anorexia nervosa associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.
AB  - The authors present case reports of three patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
      who developed anorexia nervosa. All three patients showed both affective disorder
      and dysmorphic delusions, which were probable contributors to the appearance of
      the eating disorder.

PMID- 2301669
TI  - Predicting compliance with command hallucinations.
AB  - Of 44 patients who experienced command hallucinations, those with hallucination
      related delusions and hallucinatory voices they could identify were more likely
      to comply with the commands. The danger of the behaviors specified by the
      hallucinations did not appear to be a factor in compliance.

PMID- 2301668
TI  - 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime single photon emission CT in poststroke
      depression.
AB  - In this pilot study of poststroke depression, the authors evaluated regional
      cerebral blood flow and depression in 14 stroke patients. Volume of ischemia was
      measured by two methods, which were highly correlated. Depression scores
      correlated with lesion volume as measured by single photon emission CT.

PMID- 2301670
TI  - T3 augmentation of a tricyclic antidepressant in a patient receiving T4
      maintenance therapy.

PMID- 2301671
TI  - Single photon emission computed tomography in phencyclidine and related drug
      abuse.

PMID- 2301673
TI  - ECT for a patient with profound mental retardation.

PMID- 2301674
TI  - Reappearance of menses in a patient taking fluoxetine.

PMID- 2301672
TI  - Antidepressant and cognitive behavior therapy for an AIDS patient.

PMID- 2301676
TI  - Child sexual abuse in west China.

PMID- 2301675
TI  - A case of malingering.

PMID- 2301677
TI  - Dosage of fluphenazine.

PMID- 2301678
TI  - Antidepressants in the treatment of PTSD.

PMID- 2301679
TI  - Need for clearer thinking about diagnostic criteria.

PMID- 2301680
TI  - Intraarticular reaction associated with the use of freeze-dried, ethylene oxide
      sterilized bone-patella tendon-bone allografts in the reconstruction of the
      anterior cruciate ligament.
AB  - One hundred nine patients over a 3 year period underwent reconstruction for
      chronic ACL ruptures using a freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized bone-patella
      tendon-bone allograft. Seven patients (6.4%) developed a characteristic
      persistent intraarticular reaction. This reaction was characterized by persistent
      synovial effusion with collagenous particulates and cellular inflammatory
      response. Synovial biopsies in all cases showed a similar chronic inflammatory
      process, characterized by fibrin, collagen, and phagocytic cells. The
      intraarticular white cells were predominantly lymphocytes. Removal of the
      allograft resulted in resolution of the reaction in all of the patients. Three of
      the seven patients showed HLA conversion. Gas chromatography demonstrated
      detectable levels of ethylene chlorohydrin, a toxic reaction product of ethylene
      oxide, within the allograft and synovium 14 months following implantation of one
      graft. These seven cases presented strongly suggest a nonspecific or immune
      mediated response that must be further delineated. The use of freeze-dried,
      ethylene oxide-sterilized allografts using standard techniques cannot be
      recommended for reconstruction of the ACL.

PMID- 2301681
TI  - Does a major knee injury definitely sideline an elite soccer player?
AB  - Injuries occurring in three Swedish elite soccer teams were analyzed during 1
      year. A total of 49 of 64 players (75%) sustained 85 injuries. The incidence of
      injury during games was 13 injuries per 1000 hours, while the incidence during
      training was 3 injuries per 1000 hours. Twenty percent of the injuries required
      hospital facilities. The majority of the traumatic injuries (93%) were to the
      lower extremities, with one third of the total injuries occurring in the knee.
      Overuse injuries accounted for 35% of all injuries and occurred mainly during
      preseason training and at the end of each season. Conversely, the majority of
      traumatic injuries occurred during games, equally distributed between the first
      and second halves with a predominance toward the end of each half. The position
      of the player within the team did not influence injury rate. The referee
      considered 28% of the traumatic injuries to be caused by violation of existing
      rules. Thirty-four percent of the injuries were major, causing more than 1 month
      of absence from training and/or games. Eleven knee injuries required surgical
      intervention revealing seven ruptured ACLs, of which three were chronic. At
      followup, 9 to 18.5 months after injury, 4 of 12 players with major knee injuries
      had returned to play at the elite level. The others had either been transferred
      to lower divisions or were still in rehabilitation.

PMID- 2301682
TI  - Bilateral nerve entrapment in the popliteal space.
AB  - We report a rare case of bilateral idiopathic nerve entrapment in the popliteal
      space causing knee pain. Decompression gave relief of the symptoms and the
      patient remained symptom-free at followup five years after surgery. Although the
      case presented is of a rare condition, it is an important differential diagnosis
      in patients presenting with pain in the posterior aspect of the knee, especially
      if the pain is associated with activity. The most important physical finding is
      local tenderness over the area of suspected entrapment.

PMID- 2301683
TI  - Late breakage of orthopaedic staple causing peroneal nerve palsy.

PMID- 2301684
TI  - The effect of volleyball playing on the knee extensor mechanism.

PMID- 2301685
TI  - Graft force-setting technique in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate
      ligament.
AB  - The objective of this work was to present a method for controlling the mechanical
      state of the knee during graft fixation in an ACL reconstruction; that is,
      adjusting the unloaded length of the graft at the time of fixation so that the
      force-carrying characteristics of the graft match that of the intact ACL, when
      the normal and reconstructed knees are subjected to the same external load. To
      demonstrate the new method, an experimental knee testing system was used to
      measure ligament and graft forces with buckle transducers, as external loads were
      applied to five fresh knee specimens with a pneumatic load apparatus. ACL and
      collateral ligament force data were collected as anteriorly directed loads of 90
      N (20 pounds) were applied at 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees
      of flexion in the normal intact knee and the same knee following ACL excision. A
      composite graft was prepared, consisting of distally based semitendinosus and
      gracilis autogenous tissue augmented with the Kennedy Ligament Augmentation
      Device. Femoral fixation was obtained using a fixation plug that was inserted
      through the lateral femoral condyle. With a 90 N anterior tibial load applied at
      30 degrees of flexion and a single buckle transducer measuring the total
      composite graft force, the graft length was varied using the fixation plug until
      the force matched that seen by the intact ACL under the same loading condition.
      The graft was then clamped in the fixation plug and the anterior load sequence at
      the four flexion angles was applied to this reconstructed knee state.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301686
TI  - Capsular ligaments of the shoulder. Anatomical and functional study of the
      anterior superior capsule.
AB  - One hundred shoulders of 50 cadavers were dissected using the anterior approach.
      The normal appearance of the capsule, particularly the anterior superior, and the
      functions of the structures during passive motion were noted. There was a
      distinct capsular pattern with a Z formation which included the coracohumeral
      ligament and the superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments. The
      middle and proximal capsular structures appeared to restrain external rotation.
      The coracohumeral ligament aided in restraint of external rotation at the lower
      range of abduction. The middle glenohumeral ligament was critical in restraining
      external rotation between 60 degrees and 90 degrees of abduction. It was readily
      identifiable except in a small percentage of individuals, who had a weak or
      absent ligament. The large capsular opening sometimes seen in shoulder repairs is
      due to an absent or attenuated middle glenohumeral ligament. Both the
      coracohumeral and middle glenohumeral ligaments were found to support the
      dependent arm.

PMID- 2301687
TI  - Arthroscopic evaluation of acute initial anterior shoulder dislocations.
AB  - Arthroscopic evaluation of patients with an acute anterior shoulder dislocation
      was done to identify and classify the intraarticular lesions that might predict
      recurrent dislocations. Forty-five shoulders fit the following criteria for
      inclusion in our study: initial dislocation with no prior history of shoulder
      problems; confirmation of the dislocation radiographically or reduction by a
      physician; and arthroscopy within 10 days. The 42 men and 3 women had an average
      age of 21.2 years (range, 14 to 28 years). Mechanism of injury was a twisting of
      the arm into forced abduction and external rotation, a fall on the outstretched
      arm, or a direct blow to the shoulder. Based on this preliminary study of 45
      shoulders, we present a classification of the lesions found in the acute shoulder
      dislocation. Group 1 (six shoulders) had capsular tears with no labral lesions:
      these shoulders were stable under anesthesia and had no or minimal hemarthrosis.
      Group 2 (11 shoulders) had capsular tears and partial labral detachments: these
      shoulders were mildly unstable and had mild to moderate hemarthrosis. Group 3 (28
      shoulders) had capsular tears with labral detachments: these shoulders were
      grossly unstable and had large hemarthrosis. They had complete capsular/labral
      detachments. In the past, redislocation rates have been primarily related to age
      at the time of initial dislocation and, to a lesser degree, the period of
      immobilization. We have identified the intraarticular lesions in 45 patients with
      an initial anterior glenohumeral dislocation and classified these shoulders into
      three groups based on the lesions found. By doing so, we can develop a more
      accurate method of determining which shoulders are prone to recurrent
      dislocation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301688
TI  - The use of magnetic resonance imaging in exertional compartment syndromes.
AB  - This prospective, double-blind study was carried out to assess the usefulness of
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a noninvasive method in the diagnosis of
      chronic compartment syndrome (CCS). As well, a new radiopharmaceutical known as
      methoxy isobutyl isonitrile that has been shown to be taken up by muscle in
      direct proportion to its blood flow was used to illustrate the possible
      pathophysiology of this syndrome. Twenty patients with a history of chronic leg
      pain and possible diagnosis of CCS and five normal volunteers had preexercise and
      postexercise MRI, nuclear medicine imaging, and static and dynamic slit catheter
      pressure studies. Nine patients had classic symptoms; only five of these nine had
      abnormal pressure studies. The other 11 patients had an element of pain at rest
      and had normal pressure studies. The nuclear blood flow studies were normal in
      all 25 legs tested in this study. Measurement of intrinsic MRI parameters T1 and
      T2 in the normal legs as well as in those with an atypical history showed a
      marked elevation with exercise and a gradual return to baseline postexercise that
      was similar to the pressure curves. In the five patients with a clinical history
      and elevated pressures, four had abnormal MRI studies with failure of T1 to
      return to baseline values. Although these results demonstrate the potential of
      MRI as a tool for noninvasively monitoring muscle status, clinical history and
      examination remain important in the diagnosis of CCS. This study indicates that
      the pathophysiology of exertional compartment syndrome does not appear to be
      related to ischemia.

PMID- 2301689
TI  - Modified criteria for the objective diagnosis of chronic compartment syndrome of
      the leg.
AB  - One hundred fifty-nine patients were referred to the authors for evaluation of
      chronic exertional leg pain from 1978 to 1987. The records of 131 patients were
      complete and available for retrospective review. Forty-five patients were
      diagnosed as having a chronic compartment syndrome (CCS) and seventy-five
      patients had the syndrome ruled out by intramuscular pressure recordings. The
      only significant difference found between the two groups on history and physical
      examination was a 45.9% incidence of muscle herniae in the patients with CCS,
      compared to a 12.9% incidence in those without the syndrome. One-third of the
      patients with the syndrome and over one-half of those without it reported
      persistent, moderate to severe pain at 6 month to 9 year followup. Modified,
      objective criteria were developed for the diagnosis of CCS. The criteria were
      based upon the intramuscular pressures recorded with the slit catheter before and
      after exercise in 210 muscle compartments without CCS. In the presence of
      appropriate clinical findings, we consider one or more of the following
      intramuscular pressure criteria to be diagnostic of chronic compartment syndrome
      of the leg: 1) a preexercise pressure greater than or equal to 15 mm Hg, 2) a 1
      minute postexercise pressure of greater than or equal to 30 mm Hg, or 3) a 5
      minute postexercise pressure greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg.

PMID- 2301690
TI  - The sartorial nerve: its relationship to the medial aspect of the knee.
AB  - When using the medial approach to the knee, as in repair of medial compartment
      structures, knowledge of the location of the sartorial nerve is important in
      order to avoid postoperative distress caused by division of this nerve. We
      studied the locations of the sartorial nerve in 23 cadavers, with particular
      reference to the relationship with the pes anserinus and the nerve's distance
      from the medial femoral epicondyle. The average distance between the sartorial
      nerve at its emergence and the central point of the medial femoral epicondyle was
      34.02 mm, with a range of 20.7 to 49.8 mm on the right lower limb, and 33.27 mm,
      with a range of 20.0 to 49.2 mm, on the left lower limb.

PMID- 2301691
TI  - A nonparallel, nonisometric synthetic graft augmentation of a patellar tendon
      anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A model for assessment of stress
      shielding.
AB  - The potential for a rigidly fixed synthetic graft placed in the over-the-top
      position to be stress shielding/stress sharing with the patellar tendon autograft
      was assessed in a primate model. A patellar tendon autograft was placed
      anatomically and tensioned at 2 pounds for all of the groups. In the augmented
      animals, a 30 strand braided graft 10 cm in length of expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene was tightened with the knee in full extension. After 6
      months of unrestricted cage activity the animals were sacrificed and
      biomechanical testing performed. The augmented patellar tendon autografts
      demonstrated less laxity in extension as compared to the autografts alone. A
      minimal decrease in the load and stiffness to failure for the augmented groups as
      compared to the nonaugmented knees was noted. However, both the reconstruction
      groups had a significant decrease in the load to failure at 6 months (50% of the
      normal ACL). In summary, this study demonstrated that a synthetic graft
      augmentation can be performed in the over-the-top position and minimize knee
      laxity, especially during terminal extension. With this technique, the laxity was
      minimized while the incorporation and strengthening of the biologic autograft
      occurred at a rate similar to the unaugmented reconstruction.

PMID- 2301692
TI  - The epidemiologic, pathologic, biomechanical, and cinematographic analysis of
      football-induced cervical spine trauma.
AB  - Epidemiologic, pathologic, biomechanical, and cinematographic data on head and
      neck injuries occurring in tackle football have been compiled since 1971 by the
      National Football Head and Neck Injury Registry. Preliminary analysis performed
      in 1975 indicated that the majority of serious cervical spine football injuries
      were caused by axial loading. Based on this observation, the National Collegiate
      Athletic Association (NCAA) and National Federation of High School Athletic
      Associations (NFHSAA) implemented rule changes banning "spearing" and the use of
      the top of the helmet as the initial point of contact in striking an opponent
      during a tackle or block. Between 1976 and 1987, as a result of these rule
      changes, the Registry has documented a dramatic decrease in both the total number
      of cervical spine injuries and those resulting in quadriplegia at both the high
      school and college level. It is suggested that development and implementation of
      similar preventative measures based on clearly defined injury mechanisms would
      decrease injury rates in diving, rugby, ice hockey, trampolining, wrestling, and
      other high-risk sports as well.

PMID- 2301693
TI  - Injuries in intercollegiate rodeo athletes.
AB  - Collegiate rodeo athletes (N = 156) in the National Intercollegiate Rodeo
      Association (NIRA) Southern Region, were examined for injuries during a 7 month
      (10 rodeo) season from 1987 to 1988. Sixty-two athletes sustained a total of 138
      acute injuries resulting from 3292 exposures. One hundred twenty-seven injuries
      (92% of total injuries) occurred in the roughstock and steer wrestling events,
      and 11 injuries (8%) occurred in the roping and female events. When calculating
      opportunity for injury, rodeo athletes face an 89% potential for injury per
      season. Ninety-one of the injuries incurred were upper body injuries; 47 were
      lower body injuries. A 6:1 exposure to injury ratio among roughstock events
      exemplifies the magnitude of injury potential in this sport, affecting 25% of
      roughstock competitors. Contusions, strains, and concussions comprised 42%, 16%,
      and 11% of the total injuries, respectively, whereas fractures and dislocations
      comprised only 5% of the total. Twenty-three percent of the injuries occurred
      during the completion of an athlete's ride, with 21% of injuries attributed to
      equipment mishaps. Frequency of injury by performance, relation of seasonal
      participation and exposure to injury, orthotic care, use of conditioning
      programs, medication history, and need for enhanced sports medicine education in
      this sport are discussed.

PMID- 2301694
TI  - The influence of external compression on muscle blood flow during exercise.
AB  - Intramuscular pressures and muscle blood flow were measured in the anterior
      tibial muscle during dynamic concentric exercise in 14 subjects. Pressures were
      recorded by the microcapillary infusion method and muscle blood flow by the 133
      Xenon clearance technique. Muscle blood flow during constant exercise decreased
      from 34.5 (SD = 10.3) to 10.6 (SD = 4.9) ml/100 g/min (P less than 0.001) when
      muscle relaxation pressure was increased from 13.5 (SD = 2.7) to 39.9 (SD = 9.0)
      mm Hg by external compression. Muscle relaxation pressure during exercise is the
      intramuscular pressure between contractions. External compression of the lower
      limb during exercise impedes muscle blood flow by increasing muscle relaxation
      pressure. The experimental model seems suitable to study the influence of
      external compression by knee braces on intramuscular pressure during exercise.

PMID- 2301695
TI  - Helmet protection from head injuries among recreational bicyclists.
AB  - Head injuries account for the great majority of bicycling deaths and hospital
      admissions. Helmet use has been suggested as an effective means of preventing
      injury, but few studies have addressed this issue. We collected questionnaire
      data by mail from 191 recreational bicyclists who reported having fallen and
      struck their heads in a cycling mishap. Information was collected on the nature
      of the mishap, the extent of injury, and the helmet status of the rider at the
      time of the fall. Fifty-seven percent of riders were wearing helmets during the
      mishap. Helmet wearers were significantly older than those not wearing helmets.
      Helmet wearers experienced significantly fewer skull fractures (1% versus 11%)
      and facial soft tissue injuries (5% versus 18%) than those not wearing helmets
      (chi 2 = 6.7, 6.5; P = 0.01, 0.01). No other variables accounted for differences
      in injuries. These data support the contention that bicycle helmets are effective
      in preventing head injuries.

PMID- 2301696
TI  - Amateur boxing in Denmark. The effect of some preventive measures.
AB  - A survey of all amateur boxing matches in Denmark was made during a 3 year
      period. Data was gathered on means by which bouts were ended by the referee or
      attending physician, such as knock outs or blows to the head. A total of 5272
      matches were fought: 3240 were senior matches (over age 19) and 2032 were junior
      matches (ages 17 to 19). Prophylactic intervention--unlimited length of hand
      bandage, voluntary use of boxing helmets, and heavier gloves for boxers greater
      than 149 pounds--did not affect the frequency of matches being stopped because of
      knock outs or blows to the head.

PMID- 2301697
TI  - Leukemia-associated lymph node infiltrates of plasmacytoid monocytes (so-called
      plasmacytoid T-cells). Evidence for two distinct histological and
      immunophenotypical patterns.
AB  - The medium-sized mononuclear cell with plasmacytoid features, formerly known as
      "T-associated plasma cell" or "plasmacytoid T cell," has recently been shown to
      express several myelomonocyte and monocyte-macrophage associated antigens,
      suggesting a monocytic origin, and it has been renamed "plasmacytoid monocyte."
      The present study describes the clinical and pathological features of two
      patients with generalized lymphadenopathy and leukemia (chronic myelomonocytic
      leukemia in Case 1, and acute non-B, non-T lymphoblastic leukemia in Case 2), and
      whose lymph node biopsies showed large numbers of plasmacytoid monocytes
      associated with the leukemic infiltrates. Case 1 was strikingly similar to three
      previously reported cases of so-called "plasmacytoid T cell" lymphoma, all
      associated with a myeloproliferative disorder. In our case, the destructive
      growth pattern of the plasmacytoid monocytes and the de novo expression of CD5 on
      these cells favored their neoplastic nature; the sharing of some markers of
      plasmacytoid monocytes with the myelomonocytic infiltrate suggested they were
      part of the tumoral proliferation. In Case 2, plasmacytoid monocytes displayed an
      immunophenotype guide similar to that reported in reactive conditions and were
      antigenically unrelated to the leukemic cells; plasmacytoid monocyte clusters
      occurred also in the lymphoid parenchyma spared by the leukemic infiltrate. These
      findings led us to interpret the large numbers of plasmacytoid monocytes in this
      second case as a tumor-associated host reaction.

PMID- 2301698
TI  - Immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal Ab B72.3 in benign and malignant
      breast disease.
AB  - A variety of benign and malignant breast lesions were evaluated for their
      reactivity with the monoclonal antibody B72.3. The lesions included invasive duct
      carcinoma (15 cases), apocrine carcinoma (18 cases, nine invasive and nine in
      situ lesions), well-differentiated (tubular) carcinoma (15 cases), invasive
      lobular carcinoma (10 cases) and lobular neoplasia (10 cases), intraductal
      hyperplasia (nine cases), atypical intraductal hyperplasia (eight cases),
      intraductal carcinoma (15 cases), sclerosing adenosis (15 cases), and apocrine
      metaplasia (24 cases). Only 20% of the invasive ductal carcinomas and 27% of the
      intraductal carcinomas showed a positive reaction for B72.3. Ten percent of the
      lobular neoplasias and 25% of the invasive lobular carcinoma reacted with B72.3.
      None of the 15 tubular carcinomas or the 15 cases of sclerosing adenosis reacted.
      One of eight examples of atypical intraductal hyperplasia (12.5%) showed a
      positive reaction, but none of the nine intraductal hyperplasias reacted with
      B72.3. The most consistently positive results were observed in cases displaying
      apocrine metaplasia. A positive reaction was observed in 23 of the 24 cases of
      apocrine metaplasia (96%) and 17 of 18 cases of apocrine carcinoma (94%). Thus we
      conclude that B72.3 is neither specific nor sensitive for the detection of
      malignant breast lesions. However, it does appear to be a valuable marker for the
      presence of apocrine differentiation, which is not a known precursor of
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2301699
TI  - Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal liposarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of 10 cases
      with a comparison to soft-tissue counterparts.
AB  - We report the clinicopathologic findings of 10 cases of primary laryngeal and
      hypopharyngeal liposarcoma. The tumors occurred in patients ranging in age from
      37 to 77 years. They showed a marked male to female predominance of 9 to 1. The
      tumors, which occurred exclusively in the supraglottic larynx or hypopharynx
      (pyriform sinus), caused airway obstruction; this was the most common presenting
      symptom. All of the cases were well-differentiated liposarcomas (grade I).
      Atypical cells, scattered lipoblasts, and infiltration differentiated malignant
      laryngeal fatty tumors from benign ones. To date, none of these tumors has
      metastasized; however, multiple recurrences are common. Surgery is the treatment
      of choice; radiotherapy should be decided on an individual basis.

PMID- 2301700
TI  - Hemangiomas with localized nodular proliferation of the liver. A suggestion on
      the pathogenesis of focal nodular hyperplasia.
AB  - Multiple cavernous hemangiomas circumscribed by focal regenerative nodules of
      hepatocytes were incidental findings at the autopsy of two elderly men. Neither
      patient was on steroids or had venous thrombosis. The lesions were not typical
      for other nodular proliferations of the liver, such as focal nodular hyperplasia,
      nodular regenerative hyperplasia, or liver cell adenoma, and they have not been
      previously reported. We also explore the roles of vascular malformation, oral
      contraceptives, and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of localized nodular
      proliferation of the liver.

PMID- 2301701
TI  - Reexcision perineural invasion. Not a sign of malignancy.
AB  - Perineural invasion has been reported to occur in both benign and malignant
      neoplasms. We describe two cases in which perineural invasion by epithelial cells
      was present in reexcision skin specimens removed because of melanocytic lesions
      in the original biopsy material. Because of the absence of a primary epithelial
      neoplasm, this phenomenon was interpreted as a reactive or reparative process,
      most probably resulting from regenerating traumatized sweat gland ducts. On the
      basis of this study alone, it may not be possible to distinguish between
      reexcision perineural invasion and perineural invasion from a primary epithelial
      neoplasm. For such cases, the following histologic features serve as provisional
      guidelines favoring an interpretation of reexcision perineural invasion: absence
      of perineural spread beyond the immediate previous biopsy site, benign appearance
      of the perineural epithelial cells different from the appearance of the original
      tumor, and absence of residual epithelial tumor in the vicinity of the involved
      perineurium.

PMID- 2301702
TI  - An improved method for mounting frozen-section specimens.
AB  - We describe an efficient method for embedding frozen-section specimens.
      Transparent tape is used to produce a well on the surface of the tissue holder
      ("chuck"). This well contains a quantity of nonmotile mounting media in which a
      tissue specimen can be easily oriented. After freezing, the tape is removed,
      leaving a relatively smooth surface.

PMID- 2301703
TI  - Paneth cell dysplasia in the stomach.

PMID- 2301704
TI  - Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala: comparison of diagnostic methods.
AB  - A comparison was made of methods used to diagnose suspected cutaneous
      leishmaniasis in Guatemala. The most sensitive method was a combination of thin
      smears made from superficial scrapings of the ulcers and inoculation of culture
      medium with either aspirates or scrapings. The diagnosis was confirmed in 252
      (70%) of 362 patients. Ability to cultivate Leishmania was correlated with the
      concentration of amastigotes seen on thin smears. Leishmania were cultured in 42
      (27%) of 153 patients with no amastigotes found in 400 oil-immersion fields and
      in 174 (83%) of 209 patients with at least 1 amastigote. No difference in
      diagnostic outcome was found when we compared smears or cultures taken from the
      center or the border of the ulcer or from an incision made tangential from the
      ulcer. We found no difference when we compared smears obtained with scalpels,
      capillary tubes, or dental broaches. The use of scrub brushes soaked in iodine
      neither decreased the rate of culturing parasites nor decreased contamination
      rates.

PMID- 2301705
TI  - Mucosal disease caused by Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis.
AB  - Three Leishmania strains were isolated from cutaneous and mucosal lesions of a
      Colombian male. These strains, shown to be phenotypically identical based on
      isoenzyme polymorphisms and monoclonal antibody reactivity, were identified as
      Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis. Six clones of the mucosal strain were
      phenotypically identical to the 3 strains. The clinical presentation of the
      cutaneous lesions and the geographic origin of the infection were consistent with
      infection by L. b. guyanensis.

PMID- 2301706
TI  - Calcifications of the breast probably due to Loa loa.
AB  - Five cases of calcification of the breast due to filariasis in Congolese women
      are reported. The cases were discovered during mammographies carried out for
      suspect carcinoma (4 cases) and benign tumor (1 case). The geographic origin of
      the patients, a past history of subconjunctival filarial migration in 2
      individuals, the bilateral localization, and, above all, the radiographic
      appearance and size of the calcifications, suggested that the images were due to
      Loa loa.

PMID- 2301707
TI  - Neurocysticercosis in Panama: preliminary epidemiologic study in the Azuero
      region.
AB  - Neurocysticercosis was not been reported from Panama until 1984. The first
      documented case was a 5-year-old male who lived with his family in a typical
      subsistence agriculture environment lacking all sanitary amenities. Pigs and
      other animals ranged freely in and around the home. This report concerns clinical
      studies of the patient and his family conducted 4 years later. The index case had
      neurologic sequelae and was strongly seropositive. A cerebral CT scan revealed
      multiple intracerebral calcifications. Three family members had antibody to
      Cysticercus detected by immunoblot assay. A 7-year-old seropositive sister had an
      intracerebral calcification detected by CT scan. All 6 family members had
      completely normal neurologic examinations.

PMID- 2301708
TI  - Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis as the cause
      of death in captive non-human primates.
AB  - Fatal eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis is
      reported in captive non-human primates. A howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) at the
      Audubon Park and Zoological Gardens, New Orleans, LA, died 21 days after initial
      clinical symptoms. A white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) died at the Ardastra
      Gardens and Zoo, Nassau, Bahamas, 17 days after onset of symptoms. Both had
      access to free-ranging gastropods within the zoos. These are the first reported
      cases of natural infection by A. cantonensis in non-human primates in the western
      hemisphere.

PMID- 2301709
TI  - Susceptibility of the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) to the Lyme
      borreliosis spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi).
AB  - Attempts to infect juvenile and adult western fence lizards (Sceloporus
      occidentalis) with the Lyme borreliosis spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) were
      largely unsuccessful. Spirochetes could not be isolated from the blood and
      various tissues of 14 lizards 21-32 days after they had been inoculated ip (n =
      8) or sc (n = 6) with 10(6) or 10(8) B. burgdorferi representing 3 tick isolates,
      although 1 lizard apparently developed a transitory spirochetemia lasting 2 days.
      Similarly, spirochetes could not be detected in the blood or tissues of 5 lizards
      fed upon by 2- greater than 8 infected larvae or nymphs of the western black
      legged tick (Ixodes pacificus). Sixty-five blood samples from 59 lizards in an
      endemic area and various tissues from 20 of the same lizards were also assayed
      for B. burgdorferi with negative results. The implications of these findings for
      the maintenance of this spirochete in natural foci are discussed.

PMID- 2301710
TI  - HIV-related enteropathy in Zambia: a clinical, microbiological, and histological
      study.
AB  - To investigate the etiology of chronic diarrhea associated with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Lusaka, we studied 63 HIV-positive
      patients and 36 seronegative controls clinically and endoscopically. Stools were
      studied for morphology and for opportunist infections. Fifty-five percent of
      patients seropositive for HIV who presented with a history of chronic diarrhea
      had parasites; the most common were Cryptosporidium (32%), Isospora belli (16%),
      and Strongyloides stercoralis (6%). As indicated by villous blunting and
      inflammation on duodenal histology, those with diarrhea and parasites showed the
      most severe damage. We could not implicate mycobacteria or bacterial overgrowth
      as causes for the enteropathy associated with HIV.

PMID- 2301711
TI  - Dengue 3 virus infection of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti: comparison of
      parent and progeny candidate vaccine viruses.
AB  - DEN-3 parent (strain CH53489) and progeny candidate vaccine (clone 24/28) viruses
      were compared in their abilities to interact with Aedes aegypti and Ae.
      albopictus. The parent and progeny virus were equivalent in their ability to
      infect, to replicate in, and to be transmitted by both species of mosquitoes. The
      candidate vaccine DEN-3 clone was temperature sensitive and had small plaque
      morphology. These phenotypic markers remained stable during mosquito passage.
      Thus, temperature sensitivity and small plaque morphology are not reliable
      biological markers for attenuation.

PMID- 2301712
TI  - Controllable lifestyle as a factor in choosing a medical career.

PMID- 2301713
TI  - Significance of DNA content abnormalities in small rectal cancers.
AB  - Several studies have shown that the presence of DNA content abnormalities,
      measured by flow cytometry, may correlate with a poor prognosis in a variety of
      cancers. The predictive value of DNA content in patients with small rectal
      cancers has not been well determined. Thirty-nine patients with primary rectal
      adenocarcinoma smaller than 3 cm were studied in a comparison of DNA content with
      established prognostic variables. The following covariates were evaluated for
      their prognostic value: sex, age, tumor size, location, distal margin, Dukes'
      classification, tumor differentiation, and DNA content. DNA content was assessed
      by flow cytometric analysis, and each tumor was categorized as diploid or
      nondiploid. Of the parameters studied, Dukes' classification and tumor DNA
      content were found to be independent prognostic indicators. Determination of DNA
      content seems to provide additional useful prognostic information in patients
      with small rectal tumors.

PMID- 2301714
TI  - Fibrinolytic therapy for idiopathic subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis.
AB  - We report our results in eight consecutive patients with idiopathic subclavian
      axillary vein thrombosis treated at a community hospital with systemic
      streptokinase therapy. Seven of the eight patients were treated within 1 week of
      symptoms. All seven patients had partial or total recanalization documented by
      venography. One patient developed rethrombosis that did not respond to therapy
      with tPA and had mild persisting symptoms of postphlebitic syndrome. None of the
      other patients had symptoms of postphlebitic syndrome on follow-up up to 5 years'
      duration.

PMID- 2301715
TI  - Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colonization after treatment with abdominal
      infection regimens containing clindamycin or metronidazole.
AB  - One hundred fifty-six patients with presumed or documented abdominal infections
      were treated with amikacin/metronidazole/placebo (Group 1, 56 patients),
      amikacin/clindamycin/placebo (Group 2, 57 patients), or
      amikacin/clindamycin/ampicillin (Group 3, 43 patients) to determine both the
      therapeutic efficacy of the various regimens and the type of complications due to
      Clostridium difficile. C. difficile diarrhea occurred in 15 of 156 patients
      (9.6%), and C. difficile colonization occurred in 14 of 156 patients (9%) during
      treatment and 30 days of follow-up. The number of C. difficile diarrhea cases in
      Group 1 (3 of 56) was significantly lower than in Group 2 (9 of 57, p less than
      0.05), but not in Group 3 (3 of 43). Exclusion of all patients who received other
      antibiotics in the 30-day poststudy period revealed no C. difficile diarrhea or
      colonization in Group 1 (0 of 13) and an acquisition rate of 31% (14 of 45) with
      the regimens containing clindamycin (p less than 0.02). Successful treatment
      outcomes (106 evaluable patients) were not statistically different among the
      three groups (Group 1, 64%; Group 2, 76%; and Group 3, 88%), but these data were
      difficult to interpret because, by chance, significantly more patients in Group 1
      had bacteremia at entry (p less than 0.01), and patients in Group 3 had
      significantly more biliary tract infections (p less than 0.02) and significantly
      more favorable acute physiology scores (p less than 0.05). Use of metronidazole
      can reduce complications related to C. difficile, particularly if additional
      antimicrobials other than aminoglycosides are avoided.

PMID- 2301716
TI  - Does extensive dissection of lymph nodes improve the results of surgical
      treatment of gastric cancer?
AB  - The results of surgical treatment of patients with advanced gastric cancer were
      analyzed retrospectively in terms of the extent of dissection of lymph nodes. The
      postoperative 5-year survival rate was 50.3% for 160 patients who had undergone
      potentially curative surgery with dissection of group 1, 2, and 3 lymph nodes
      (R3), compared with 48.8% for 185 patients with dissection of group 1 and 2 lymph
      nodes (R2). There was no difference in terms of survival between the two groups
      of patients. Of 160 patients receiving R3, 19 (11.9%) were found to be positive
      for metastasis to group 3 lymph nodes, and only 5 survived for more than 5 years
      after surgery (postoperative 5-year survival rate of 26.3%). In four of these
      five patients, metastases in the group 3 lymph nodes were confined to nodes in
      the hepatoduodenal ligament. Thus, it appears that in dissection of the deepest
      nodes, lymph nodes in the hepatoduodenal ligament are the most important to
      remove in the surgical treatment of advanced gastric cancer.

PMID- 2301717
TI  - Combined topical and systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in acute appendicitis.
AB  - Two hundred forty-six patients with acute appendicitis were randomly assigned to
      one of two groups. One group of 120 patients received systemic clindamycin
      preoperatively. Another group of 126 patients received, in addition to systemic
      clindamycin, a solution of topical ampicillin applied to subcutaneous tissues. No
      differences were found in the characteristics of the two groups. Combined
      prophylaxis with clindamycin and ampicillin significantly reduced wound infection
      to 4%, compared with clindamycin alone (p less than 0.02). A decrease in the
      surgical wound infection rate in the group treated with clindamycin and
      ampicillin was mainly observed in patients with advanced (gangrenous and
      perforated) appendicitis (p less than 0.05). A significant decrease in wound
      infection rates in patients with positive culture results was also found. We
      conclude that prophylaxis with a combination of systemic clindamycin and topical
      ampicillin solution, when compared with clindamycin alone, more effectively
      prevents wound infection after emergency appendectomy, especially in patients
      with serious wound contamination.

PMID- 2301719
TI  - Triglyceride absorption in transperitoneal alimentation.
AB  - In 17 fasted rabbits, a 20% solution of Intralipid was administered into the
      peritoneal cavity. Oral and intravenous feedings were not provided. Eight of the
      rabbits underwent resection of 50% of the intestine. Serial samples of serum and
      peritoneal fluid showed that half of the triglyceride was absorbed within 1 hour
      in rabbits with intact viscera, but not until 2 hours in rabbits with intestinal
      resection. The caval-arterial gradient for triglycerides was consistently
      positive in rabbits with intact intestine, whereas it was smaller and erratic
      after intestinal resection. The portal-arterial gradient was never significantly
      different from zero. These data indicate that the major triglyceride absorption
      occurred across the visceral peritoneum through lymphatic vessels, with little
      portal venous absorption. Transperitoneal absorption of triglycerides occurred to
      a sufficient degree to provide substantial nutritional supplementation in rabbits
      with intact intestine; absorption was less in rabbits with intestinal resection.

PMID- 2301718
TI  - Scalene muscle abnormalities in traumatic thoracic outlet syndrome.
AB  - Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is not a single disorder but a collection of
      abnormalities in the same anatomic area that elicit similar symptoms. The many
      causes of TOS are best classified into one of three groups: osseous, traumatic,
      and nontraumatic. Although patients with traumatic TOS constituted 86% of our
      last 600 patients with TOS who underwent surgical treatment, the precise
      mechanism underlying the condition remains obscure. To determine if there was
      microscopic abnormalities, 45 anterior and middle scalene muscles from patients
      with traumatic TOS were studied by means of histochemical stains applied after
      freezing of the muscles. The results revealed a consistent abnormal histologic
      pattern in patients with traumatic TOS: type II fibers were atrophied; there was
      an increase in the average number of type I fibers (78% versus 53% in muscles
      from control patients); and there was a significant increase (mean: 36%) in
      connective tissue (muscles from control patients averaged less than 15%).
      Although type II fiber atrophy and type I fiber predominance are seen in a
      variety of other conditions, their association with fibrosis is rare. Following
      neck injuries, the changes in the anterior and middle scalene muscles are
      compatible with trauma, suggesting that fibrotic scalene muscles are an important
      cause of symptoms in traumatic TOS.

PMID- 2301720
TI  - Carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - A technique for carotid endarterectomy done under general anesthesia features the
      routine use of a straight shunt, precise removal of all plaque and shreds of
      media, and routine completion angiography done as a means of quality control.

PMID- 2301721
TI  - Tube enterostomy after small bowel resection.
AB  - Ostomy formation can be technically difficult when mesenteric shortening and
      thickening are present. In addition, the high output that follows a small bowel
      ostomy can be debilitating in the elderly patient or the patient with underlying
      medical illness. We describe a technique to avoid these difficulties.

PMID- 2301723
TI  - Conservation method called splenic autotransplantation.

PMID- 2301722
TI  - Influence of clerkship structure and timing on individual student performance.
AB  - Student oral and written surgical clerkship performances may be related to the
      clerkship structure and the time of year the students rotate through the
      clerkship. The influence of calendar block, hospital site (university hospital,
      affiliated private tertiary-care hospital, and rural preceptor experience), and
      the mix of general surgical versus subspeciality rotations on oral and written
      student surgery clerkship scores was analyzed. Multivariate analysis of variance
      revealed significant differences in score for calendar block (p = 0.02) only;
      this difference resided in the written examination. The various combinations of
      rotations were not different from one another in terms of measured outcome.

PMID- 2301724
TI  - Surgical management of the acutely obstructed colon.

PMID- 2301725
TI  - Parotid lymphadenopathy and its possible relation to AIDS.

PMID- 2301726
TI  - Scrubbing the skin overlying a malignant tumor is objectionable.

PMID- 2301727
TI  - Reduction of reequilibration time following gradient elution reversed-phase
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - A simple and convenient method for the reduction of column reequilibration time
      following gradient elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography is described.
      This method utilizes the addition of a constant volume of 3% 1-propanol to the
      mobile phase throughout the solvent gradient to provide consistent solvation of
      the reversed-phase stationary phase. Reductions in reequilibration time of up to
      78% have been observed. The effect of alkyl chain bonding density on
      reequilibration volume is also examined. A maximum in the mobile phase volume
      necessary to reequilibrate the column is found at a bonding density of about 2.9
      mumol/m2. The relationship of reequilibration volume to bonding density supports
      the partitioning model of retention for reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2301728
TI  - Protein structure determination in solution by two-dimensional and three
      dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - Over the last decade, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has evolved
      into a powerful method for determining structures of biological macromolecules.
      This has opened a unique opportunity for obtaining high-resolution three
      dimensional structures in solution, in contrast to the well-established methods
      of X-ray diffraction, which are applicable only to solids and in particular
      single crystals. This rapid development has been spurred by several key advances
      in the field, especially the introduction of two- and three-dimensional NMR
      experiments, high field spectrometers (500 and 600 MHz), and computational
      algorithms for converting NMR derived restraints into three-dimensional
      structures. This review outlines the methodology employed for solving protein
      structures in solution, describing the basic NMR experiments necessary as well as
      introducing the concepts upon which the computational algorithms are founded. A
      variety of examples is discussed, illustrating the present state of the art, and
      future possibilities are indicated.

PMID- 2301729
TI  - Copper determination in urine by flow injection analysis with electrochemical
      detection at platinum disk microelectrodes of various radii.
AB  - The incorporation of platinum disk microelectrodes of various radii (2.5-50
      microns) in a well-jet flow cell offers reduced limits of detection for the
      determination of copper in urine by flow injection analysis compared with
      standard methods based on a conventional sized glassy carbon disk macroelectrode
      (radius 1.5 mm), in a thin-layer cell. The radius of the platinum disk
      microelectrode was found to be critical with respect to both the limit of
      detection and flow rate dependence. An optimal radius value of 28 microns was
      found with detection limits increasing with both larger and smaller electrode
      radii. In contrast, as theoretically expected, a diminished flow rate dependence
      was observed the smaller the radii of the platinum disk microelectrodes. Sample
      cleanup and preparation is conveniently achieved by the use of Sep-Pak cartridges
      and formation of a copper dithiocarbamate complex. The metal complex is easily
      oxidized at platinum disk microelectrodes in acetonitrile, which was the solvent
      used in the flow injection method of analysis.

PMID- 2301730
TI  - Precise relative ion abundances from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
      magnitude-mode mass spectra.
AB  - The area under a correctly phased absorption-mode spectral peak is a direct
      measure of the number of oscillators (ions, spins, molecules) in Fourier
      transform spectrometry (ion cyclotron resonance, magnetic resonance,
      interferometry absorbance). However, phase correction can prove difficult when
      (as in broad-band Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT/ICR] detection is
      considerably time-delayed after excitation. In the absence of noise, Huang,
      Rempel, and Gross showed that a "complex area" method yields the correct
      absorption-mode peak area, for an unphased noiseless spectrum. In this paper, we
      show that the number of oscillators may also be obtained from a least-squares fit
      to a magnitude-mode (i.e., phase-independent) spectrum. In the presence of noise
      and in the absence of peak overlap, the magnitude-mode method offers precision
      superior to that based on magnitude-mode peak height, "complex area", or even
      direct digital integration of a correctly phased absorption-mode peak, as
      demonstrated by both theoretical derivation and experimental FT/ICR results. The
      present method thus appears to offer the best available determination of the
      relative abundances of ions of different mass-to-charge ratio in FT/ICR mass
      spectrometry.

PMID- 2301731
TI  - Determination of urinary mercury with an automated micro batch analyzer.

PMID- 2301732
TI  - Androgen-induced changes in nuclear pore number and in tight junctions in rat
      seminal vesicle epithelium.
AB  - The numbers of nuclear pore complexes and tight junctions were quantified in the
      seminal vesicle epithelial cells of castrated and castrated-plus-androgen-treated
      male rats, which received subcutaneous pellets of testosterone propionate (1
      mg/kg body weight) for 1 week. Seminal vesicle weights were 0.284 +/- 0.02 g for
      castrated, 1.006 +/- 0.006 g for androgen-treated, and 0.918 +/- 0.04 g for
      untreated groups. Tissue samples were processed for light or electron microscopy
      and for freeze-fracture techniques. Nuclear areas were measured: controls were
      279.34 +/- 8 microns 2; these increased significantly (P less than .001) in
      castrated-plus-androgen-treated rats (324.66 +/- 11 microns 2) and decreased (P
      less than .001) in castrated animals (173.14 +/- 6.3 microns 2). Nuclear pore
      density increased (P less than .001) in castrated-plus-androgen-stimulated rats
      (5.38 +/- 0.24 pores/microns 2) (control: 4.78 +/- 0.14 pores/microns 2), and
      decreased (P less than .001) in castrated rats (3.16 +/- 0.14 pores/microns 2). A
      significant (P less than .001) increase in numbers of tight junction strands that
      extended in the lateral cell membranes was detected in castrated-plus-androgen
      treated rats vs. controls or castrated-only animals.

PMID- 2301733
TI  - Structural characteristics of staircase-type Retzius lines in human dental enamel
      analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.
AB  - Based on a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of adjoining, acid-etched
      planes cut through human cervical enamel, the structural characteristics of
      staircase-type Retzius lines have been clarified. Structural features associated
      with this type of Retzius lines--such as cleftlike defects, decreased dimension
      of prisms, increased interprism, club-shaped appearance of prisms, oblique
      ridges, and triangular regions--have been incorporated into a unifying, three
      dimensional model. A continuous discontinuity defect, involving both prisms and
      interprism, is a prominent feature of this type of Retzius lines. Prisms and
      interprism facing the deep aspect of the cleftlike defect show an enlarged, flat
      surface that encroaches on the cervically situated prisms being rebuilt from the
      same cleft. The initial part of a prism taking off from the cleft is of distorted
      shape. As the prism reaches the level of the interprism cleft, it abruptly
      regains its normal size and shape. The relationship between this type of Retzius
      lines and the carious process is discussed, and it is suggested that the
      discontinuity defect may retard the carious lesion due to a protective effect of
      its supposed organic content. The developmental events creating staircase-type
      Retzius lines are discussed, and it is suggested that Tomes' processes are
      constricted near their bases with a corresponding increase in interprismatic
      growth region. Tomes' processes will have to reshape plastically as they move out
      of the constricted pits, trailing the parent ameloblasts as they resume enamel
      production and move in the direction of the prisms.

PMID- 2301734
TI  - Intra-articular synovial folds of thoracolumbar junction zygapophyseal joints.
AB  - Transverse histological sections from T10-11, T11-12, T12-L1, and L1-2
      zygapophyseal joints were examined in 32 post-mortem spines, using light
      microscopy, to record the presence of intra-articular synovial fold inclusions.
      In addition, three mid-joint sections from each joint were photographed using 35
      mm colour film. From these slides, linear dimensions of the extent of intra
      articular synovial fold projection between the zygapophyseal joints were measured
      using computer-aided planimetry. Small, fibrous folds were commonly found at the
      joint margins extending from the ligamentum flavum and the fibrous joint capsule.
      Larger, fibro-adipose synovial folds, projecting between the articular surfaces,
      were also noted, particularly at T12-L1 and L1-2.

PMID- 2301735
TI  - Visualization of sulfur-containing components associated with proliferating
      chondrocytes from rat epiphyseal growth plate cartilage: possible proteoglycan
      and collagen co-migration.
AB  - Electron microscopy of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage from normal 4-5-week-old
      rats has revealed extensive fibrillar aggregates and globules in the pericellular
      spaces of proliferating chondrocytes. These cells contained small globules and
      diffusely coiled, fine filaments located within large, membrane-invested
      vacuoles. All such structures were observed after a variety of different tissue
      fixation regimes, including glutaraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, and potassium
      pyroantimonate. The fibrillar aggregates and globules were often overlapping and
      intermeshed and extended to 0.5 micron in length from their point of origin at
      cell membranes. Vacuoles were usually found at the periphery of cells, and some,
      by membrane fusion with the cell envelope, appeared contiguous with extracellular
      spaces wherein their contents could be discharged. Fine filaments and globules
      were occasionally observed in the Golgi complex and cisternae of endoplasmic
      reticulum of the chondrocytes. Further characterization of the cellular and
      pericellular components by electron microscopic radioautography, electron probe
      microanalysis, and electron spectroscopic imaging indicated the presence of
      sulfur, a result suggesting these aggregates, filaments, and globules in part
      represent proteoglycans in various stages of synthesis, secretion, and assembly.
      Additional radioautography utilizing 3H-proline implied that filament bundles are
      also composed of collagen, a result posing the possibility that this protein and
      the putative proteoglycans may co-migrate both intracellularly and within
      pericellular matrices. In extracellular matrices adjacent to cell lacunae, the
      fibrillar aggregates appeared in close association with typical collagen type II
      fibrils, an observation providing evidence for proteoglycan-collagen network
      formation in this region of the rat epiphysis. These microscopic and analytical
      data in situ would support certain studies in vitro of proteoglycan-collagen type
      II and IX association and are important in describing the interaction of such
      cartilage components ultimately involved in matrix formation.

PMID- 2301736
TI  - Retrograde trafficking of tracer protein by the internal ovarian epithelium in
      gravid goodeid teleosts.
AB  - Gravid goodeid females harbor embryos in a preformed ovarian cavity for prolonged
      periods of gestation. Various nutrients for embryonic growth are provided by the
      internal ovarian epithelium (IOE). Its cells flatten during late stages of
      gestation and form an attenuated layer of cytoplasm covering a dense network of
      protruding capillaries, with the nuclear domains mostly recessing between the
      vascular meshes. The IOE in both Xenotoca eiseni and Girardinichthys viviparus
      exhibit morphological features associated with vesicular transport of
      macromolecules. The amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the IOE cells seem
      insufficient to effectively synthesise proteinaceous secretions. Apparently, it
      rather serves as a transit route for serum-derived products. Cationized ferritin
      (CF) was injected into the ovarian cavity of gravid females. The electrostatic
      ligand spotwise attached to the luminal surface of the IOE and gained access by
      adsorptive micropinocytosis. Many tracer molecules were sequestered into lysosome
      like vacuoles that became increasingly swollen after prolonged incubation
      intervals. In addition, CF traversed the IOE within small vesicles. At the basal
      pole of the cells the contents of transcytotic vesicles were evacuated, and
      localization of small CF-clusters was regularly in the basement lamina, in the
      underlying connective tissue, in vacuoles within migrant cells, in vesicular
      compartments of the capillary endothelia, in capillary lumina, and in
      intravascular leucocytes. Tracer molecules were never observed to enter stacked
      Golgi cisternae. Since the cationic marker probably follows retrograde pathways
      of the protein secretion, the experimental data support the morphologically
      derived conclusions that postulate a major role for the IOE in transepithelial
      transport.

PMID- 2301737
TI  - Microanatomy of the lung of the bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus.
AB  - The lungs from six bowhead whales harvested by Alaskan Eskimos have been examined
      with light and electron microscopes. Airways ranging from 1 to 40 mm in luminal
      diameter are lined by a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium containing numerous
      mucus-secreting cells. The underlying lamina propria-tela submucosa of these
      airways contains tubuloalveolar glands, plasma cells, and lymphatic accumulations
      in addition to both elastic and collagenous fibrillar elements. Cartilage extends
      to the level of the respiratory airways, but smooth muscle is absent from airways
      larger than 3 mm, and tubuloalveolar glands are absent from airways smaller than
      3 mm. Respiratory airways are lined by pseudostratified, simple cuboidal, and
      simple squamous epithelia. Alveolar ducts are lined by simple squamous epithelium
      exclusively. A connective tissue core composed mostly of elastic fibers supports
      the walls of the alveolar ducts. Neither smooth muscle nor cartilage has been
      observed in these structures. Alveoli contain the typeical cetacean double
      capillary bed separated by a thick septum composed mainly of collagenous
      connective tissue. Alveoli are lined by a simple squamous epithelium similar to
      that encountered in alveolar ducts and respiratory airways. This epithelium is
      composed of type I and II pneumocytes closely appressed to an underlying
      capillary network. The type II pneumocytes contain typical lamellar bodies and
      tubular myelin can be seen in the air spaces. The lung is surrounded by a thick
      (X = 2.5 mm) visceral pleura rich in blood vessels and elastic fibers.

PMID- 2301739
TI  - Epicardial development in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.
AB  - Recent studies on avian and mammalian embryos have established that the
      epicardium is derived, not from the early heart tube, but from mesothelial tissue
      overlying the sinus venosus. We tested the validity of this concept for Amphibia
      by examining normal and cardiac lethal (c/c) mutant axolotl embryos (stages 35
      43) by electron microscopy. In axolotl embryos, the myocardial surface of the
      heart remains exposed to the pericardial fluid through stage 39. At this stage
      the transverse septum releases into the pericardial cavity mesothelial cells that
      subsequently flatten over the adjacent ventricular myocardium. However,
      mesothelial cells observed on the developing epicardium always appear rounded and
      may extend a filopodium up to 75 microns. This apparent "substrate-dependent"
      difference in mesothelial cell shape may promote the extension of the epicardium
      over the rest of the myocardium. The initial site of epicardial formation
      persists in the adult as the ventricular pericardial stalk that connects the
      epicardium to the peritoneal lining of the transverse septum. Cardiac lethal
      (c/c) mutant embryos, despite the non-contractility of their myocardia, form
      their epicardia in the same way. This suggests that the c/c mutation does not
      impair those properties of the myocardium that render it a suitable substrate for
      epicardial spreading. The abnormal pattern of epicardial coverage of the
      edematous stage 41 c/c mutant heart could be the result of its abnormally large
      myocardial surface area, the abnormal proximity of the atrium to the transverse
      septum, and/or the absence of heart contractions which could aid the dispersion
      of mesothelial cells within the pericardial cavity. Despite species differences,
      epicardial development in the axolotl is similar to the general pattern described
      for higher vertebrate embryos.

PMID- 2301738
TI  - Influence of age, growth, and sex on cardiac myocyte size and number in rats.
AB  - The effects of altered neonatal nutrition on cardiac myocyte size and number was
      examined in 21-day-old and 3-month-old rats. Nutritional differences in growth
      rate were produced in newborns by adjusting litter size to four (fast-growing),
      eight (normally growing), or 16 (slow-growing) pups per litter. Isolated myocytes
      were prepared from animals in each group to evaluate changes in cell size and
      number. Heart weight (mg +/- S.D.), at 21 days of age, was 398 +/- 51 for "fast
      growing" rats, 329 +/- 43 for "normally growing" rats, and 228 +/- 24 for "slow
      growing" rats. Body weights showed a comparable decline with reduced nutrition.
      In adults, treatment-related differences in body and heart weight were present in
      males but not females. "Slow-growing" rats had 21% fewer myocytes than "fast
      growing" rats at 21 days of age, a change that persisted in adults. Values for
      myocyte number from "normally growing" rats were intermediate between those of
      "fast and slow-growing" rats at both 21 days and 3 months of age. In each heart
      region of weanling rats, myocyte length and volume were smallest in 16 per litter
      rats. Cellular dimensions increased progressively with better nutrition.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301741
TI  - Embryological development and prevalence of digital flexion creases.
AB  - The embryological development and morphology of digital flexion creases were
      studied in 178 human embryos and fetuses 6-20 weeks of gestational age. The
      results suggest the existence of two types of digital flexion creases, that
      differ from each other in their development. The regular creases, with the
      exception of the distal crease of the proximal interphalangeal creases, and the
      oblique and extra creases of the irregular creases, develop concurrently with the
      appearance of the digital pads by about 11 weeks of gestation. The remaining
      creases, i.e., the distal crease of the proximal interphalangeal creases and the
      accessory crease develop later unrelated to the pads but, apparently, secondary
      to the flexion movements of the hand. Our observations further suggest that,
      because of their high frequencies, the oblique creases on the ulnar side of
      digits I and II and on the radial side of digit V and the extra creases on the
      proximal phalanx of digits I, III, and IV should be considered as "regular"
      creases. Previously unreported pads were also found on the middle phalanges at
      about 11 weeks of gestation. Unlike the single, large pads with high elevation,
      typically found on the distal phalanges, those on the middle phalanges are
      multiple, small, and only slightly elevated. This observation provides further
      support to the concept of the relationship between the fetal digital pads and the
      development of the epidermal ridge patterns.

PMID- 2301740
TI  - Differentiation of the inner cell mass of the baboon blastocyst.
AB  - During the blastocyst stage of development in the baboon, the inner cell mass
      changes from an irregular accumulation of cells within the cavity of the
      blastocyst to a disk at one side of the blastocyst and finally to a spherical
      mass of epiblast cells exhibiting a distinct polarity. The cells that will become
      the primitive endoderm are first seen as flattened but undifferentiated cells on
      the cavity side of the disk-shaped inner cell mass. After endoderm cells develop
      their typical cytological characteristics, they extend well beyond the inner cell
      mass to form parietal endoderm. A basal lamina develops associated with the
      epiblast cells and mural trophoblast, but not with either parietal or visceral
      endoderm. Cytological differentiation of inner cell mass cells includes increased
      numbers of polyribosomes and a change in mitochondria from long, convoluted
      structures to short, more typical shapes. Evidence that epiblast is polarized is
      seen by the late zonal blastocyst stage. Apical junctional complexes develop
      within the center of the epiblast. These junctions presage the development of the
      potential amniotic cavity. Large vacuoles containing cell debris, some of which
      contain nuclear fragments, are present at all stages. Extensive cell death occurs
      during growth of the blastocyst, but the pattern appears to be random and
      products of cell death are readily phagocytized by adjacent cells.

PMID- 2301742
TI  - Normal variations in the relationship of the tricuspid valve to the membranous
      septum in the human heart.
AB  - The anatomy of the antero-septal commissure of the tricuspid valve and its
      relationship to the membranous part of the septum are described in 72 normal
      hearts from subjects ranging in age from 25 weeks gestation to 13 months. Three
      major patterns were found. According to whether the contiguous leaflets were
      fused at the commissure, joined at the circumference of the orifice, or left a
      gap at the commissural site, the varieties are described as undivided, annular,
      or gap commissure, respectively. Commissures of annular type showed further
      morphological varieties, as did the patterns of division of the membranous septum
      into its atrioventricular and interventricular components. Dominance of the
      atrioventricular component and/or absence of the interventricular membranous
      septum were encountered in 38 cases out of 72 (52%). This finding demonstrates
      that dominance of the atrioventricular membranous septum during fetal life and
      infancy is not universal. The variability noted in the morphology and position of
      the antero-septal commissure was not associated with other positional variations
      of the tricuspid valve.

PMID- 2301743
TI  - Case with a high-positioned origin of the testicular artery.
AB  - In a Japanese male, the left testicular artery originated from the aorta as high
      as 1 cm cranial to the origin of the left inferior phrenic artery. The testicular
      artery emitted two branches, one to the costal part of the diaphragm and the
      other to the suprarenal gland. This testicular artery is the most highly
      positioned one that has ever been reported.

PMID- 2301744
TI  - Sciatic nerve blocks in children: comparison of the posterior, anterior, and
      lateral approaches in 180 pediatric patients.
AB  - Three techniques for blocking the sciatic nerve, differing in approach (posterior
      in group P; lateral in group L; and anterior in group A), were prospectively
      evaluated in 180 children who were also given light general anesthesia for
      surgery below the knee. Four anesthetic solutions with epinephrine (1% lidocaine,
      0.5% bupivacaine, and two mixtures of 0.5% bupivacaine with either 1% lidocaine
      or 1% etidocaine) were administered to 15 patients in each group. The sciatic
      nerve was located by electrical stimulation or, when muscle twitches were not
      elicited, using a loss-of-resistance technique. Twitches were "typical" in 154
      patients of whom 153 developed sciatic nerve block. In 26 patients twitches were
      atypical (eight patients) or absent (18 patients) and a sciatic block developed
      in only 13 patients (50%). The depth to which the needle was inserted was
      measured in each procedure; it varied according to patient's age and weight and
      was significantly less with the posterior approach than with either the lateral
      or anterior routes. The overall success rate exceeded 90% in the three groups but
      significantly fewer difficulties were encountered in group P than in group A.
      Although the spread of the anesthetic was different in the three groups, the
      distribution of anesthesia in the lower extremity was similar, including not only
      dermatomes supplied by the sciatic nerve, but also those supplied by the
      posterior femoral cutaneous nerve. No neurological sequelae were observed. It is
      concluded that the posterior and lateral approaches are the most suitable in
      children for blocking the sciatic nerve proximally.

PMID- 2301745
TI  - Intracranial and spinal cord hemodynamics in the sitting position in dogs in the
      presence and absence of increased intracranial pressure.
AB  - The effect of the sitting position on cerebral blood flow (CBF), spinal cord
      blood flow (SCBF), and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRo2) was studied in
      anesthetized dogs with and without increased intracranial pressure. Blood flow
      measurements were made at four time periods: (a) initial supine; (b) after 5 min
      in the sitting position; (c) after 60 min in the sitting position; and (d) 15 min
      after resuming the supine position. Six dogs (group 1) served as a control group
      with a normal intracranial pressure (ICP). In five dogs (group 2) ICP was
      elevated with a parietal epidural balloon 1 h before the first measurements of
      blood flows were made. Saline was injected incrementally into the balloon so as
      to reach a steady-state ICP of 30 mm Hg for 1 h. Elevation of ICP in group 2
      resulted in significantly lower CBF, SCBF, and CMRo2 compared with group 1.
      Postural changes in group 1 did not result in any significant change in blood
      flow measurements whereas in group 2, after 1 h in the sitting position, there
      were significant decreases in CBF and SCBF compared with the initial supine
      measurements. There was, however, no corresponding decrease in CMRo2 in group 2
      with change in position. These data suggest that both the brain and spinal cord
      may be at risk for ischemia during sitting position procedures under general
      anesthesia in the presence of elevated ICP.

PMID- 2301746
TI  - Antibody assays for the detection of patients sensitized to halothane.
AB  - Sera from patients with a clinical diagnosis of halothane hepatitis have been
      shown to contain antibodies that react with liver microsomal proteins (100, 76,
      59, 57, and 54 kDa) covalently altered by the trifluoroacetyl (TFA) halide
      metabolite of halothane. In the present study, rapid and sensitive enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays for the detection of these antibodies have been evaluated. A
      recently described method that utilizes TFA-rabbit serum albumin as test antigen
      was studied employing a large population of halothane hepatitis and control
      patients. Several problems were discovered with the assay that were not
      previously recognized. The assay was then compared directly with methods that
      utilize as test antigens either liver microsomes or purified TFA proteins from
      halothane-treated rats. Sixty-seven percent of patients with a clinical diagnosis
      of halothane hepatitis tested positive for antibodies when the test antigens were
      either TFA-rabbit serum albumin or liver microsomes. This value was increased to
      79% when the purified TFA-57 kDa, TFA-76 kDa, and TFA-100 kDa proteins were used
      as test antigens. These results indicate that the specificity and sensitivity of
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods for the detection of patients'
      antibodies may be increased significantly by utilizing the purified TFA
      microsomal proteins as test antigens.

PMID- 2301747
TI  - Pediatric anesthesia morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period.
AB  - One of the most frequent questions asked of a pediatric anesthesiologist is "What
      are the risks of anesthesia for my child?" Unfortunately, few studies have
      examined the consequences of general anesthesia in children. We used data from a
      large pediatric anesthesia follow-up program at Winnipeg Children's Hospital
      (1982-1987) to determine rates of perioperative adverse events among children of
      different ages. A check-off form was completed by a pediatric anesthesiologist
      for each case (n = 29,220) and a designated follow-up reviewer examined all
      anesthesia forms and hospital charts to ascertain adverse effects for children
      less than 1 mo, 1-12 mo, 1-5 yr, 6-10 yr, and 11-16 yr of age in the
      intraoperative, recovery room, and postoperative periods. The majority of the
      children were healthy, and 70% had no preoperative medical conditions. Infants
      less than 1 mo old were more likely to be undergoing major cardiac or vascular
      procedures, whereas the older children had mainly orthopedic or otolaryngologic
      procedures. Infants less than 1 mo old had the highest rate of adverse events
      both intraoperatively and in the recovery room. The main problem in this age
      group was related to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. In children over
      5 yr of age, postoperative nausea and vomiting was very frequent, with about one
      third of the children experiencing this problem. When all events were considered
      (both major and minor), there was a risk of an adverse event in 35% of the
      pediatric cases. This contrasts with 17% for adults. This morbidity survey helps
      to focus on areas of intervention and for further study.

PMID- 2301748
TI  - Intrathecal morphine dose-response data for pain relief after cholecystectomy.
AB  - We studied the effect of low-dose intrathecal morphine (0.00-0.20 mg) on pain
      relief and the incidence of side effects after cholecystectomy in 139 patients
      divided into eight groups according to intrathecal morphine dose: groups 1 (0.00
      mg), 2 (0.04 mg), 3 (0.06 mg), 4 (0.08 mg), 5 (0.10 mg), 6 (0.12 mg), 7 (0.15
      mg), and 8 (0.20 mg). Preservative-free morphine hydrochloride mixed in
      hyperbaric tetracaine solution was administered at the time of induction of
      spinal anesthesia just before surgery. Pain relief was significantly greater for
      the first 24 h in groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 than in group 1. The incidence of
      respiratory depression was significantly greater in groups 7 and 8 than in the
      other groups in the first 48 h. Vomiting occurred significantly more often in
      group 1 than in groups 2, 3, 4, and 5. Intraoperative cholangiography and the
      postoperative clinical course indicated no increase in tone of the sphincter of
      Oddi in any patient. We conclude that 0.06-0.12-mg intrathecal morphine is the
      best dose range for pain relief after cholecystectomy without respiratory
      depression and with the lowest incidence of vomiting or pruritus, or both.

PMID- 2301749
TI  - Succinylcholine does not increase serum potassium levels in patients with acutely
      ruptured cerebral aneurysms.
AB  - Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia has been reported to occur in many
      neurological disorders including subarachnoid hemorrhage. The purpose of this
      study was to compare the effect of succinylcholine on serum potassium levels in
      patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms undergoing either early (less than or
      equal to 4 days; n = 14) or delayed (5-16 days; n = 20) surgery. Thirty-four
      patients were classified according to the number of days from subarachnoid
      hemorrhage to surgery. Arterial serum potassium levels were measured after
      induction of anesthesia but before succinylcholine, and 1, 5, and 10 min after
      the administration of succinylcholine. The electrocardiogram was continuously
      monitored. The mean ( +/- SD) increase in serum potassium level of 0.4 +/- 0.2
      mmol/L occurred at 10 min but was not statistically significant, nor was there
      any statistically significant difference in serum potassium levels related to
      time between subarachnoid hemorrhage and administration of succinylcholine. We
      found no evidence of succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in patients undergoing
      either early or delayed cerebral aneurysm surgery.

PMID- 2301750
TI  - Preoperative laboratory testing of children undergoing elective surgery.
AB  - The routine preoperative evaluation of pediatric patients often includes a
      history, physical examination, complete blood count, and urinalysis (UA). We
      retrospectively reviewed the records of 486 elective surgeries in children to
      determine the role of abnormal preoperative laboratory test results in
      perioperative management. Anemia or microcytosis was apparent in 17% of patients,
      and abnormal UA results were found in 15%. More than 80% of the abnormal UA
      results were historically known, clinically insignificant, or false-positives.
      Only five children had surgery canceled owing to abnormal laboratory tests: two
      owing to anemia, two to an abnormal UA, and one because of a prolonged partial
      thromboplastin time. Both children with anemia were treated with iron and
      subsequently underwent surgery without complication. Of the abnormal UAs, one was
      contaminated, and the cancellation of surgery resulted in a complication
      requiring emergency surgery. The other abnormal UA was a probable asymptomatic
      bacteriuria, and the infant later underwent surgery uneventfully. These data
      suggest that a routine UA adds little to the preoperative evaluation of a healthy
      child, and should be omitted.

PMID- 2301751
TI  - Should we inhibit gastric acid secretion before cardiac surgery?
AB  - Stress can decrease intragastric pH and cause erosion of gastric mucosa. Because
      cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass represent a major stress, the effects
      on intragastric pH of an H2-receptor antagonist, ranitidine, and an M1-muscarinic
      antagonist, pirenzepine, were evaluated. Intragastric pH was measured throughout
      elective cardiac surgery in 60 patients by a digital pH-meter during fentanyl
      diazepam-nitrous oxide (50%) anesthesia. The gastric content was sampled at
      closure of the chest for bacterial count. Oral preoperative medication given
      randomly included (n = 20 in each group) 0.3 mg/kg diazepam 1 h before induction
      (group 1); diazepam plus ranitidine (150 mg) 1 h before induction (group 2); and
      diazepam plus pirenzepine (50 mg) on the evening before surgery and 1 h before
      induction of anesthesia (group 3). At induction intragastric pH was higher in
      group 2 (mean +/- SD = 7.42 +/- 1.07) than in group 1 (5.28 +/- 2.14) (P less
      than 0.01) but was not significantly different in group 3 (5.78 +/- 1.89) than in
      group 1. In no group did intragastric pH change significantly during surgery.
      Gastric juice was sterile in 92% of group 1, in 25% of group 2, and in 71% of
      group 3 patients (P less than 0.01). Postoperatively no gastrointestinal
      complications occurred, but there was a trend toward more patients developing
      nosocomial pneumonias in groups 2 and 3 (15%) than in group 1 (0%) (P = 0.06).
      Intraoperative intragastric pH is relatively high after diazepam premedication,
      thus the preoperative addition of ranitidine or pirenzepine would not be
      necessary and may possibly be hazardous.

PMID- 2301752
TI  - A modified epidural syringe as an endotracheal tube cuff pressure-controlling
      device.

PMID- 2301753
TI  - Anesthetic management of a parturient with Eisenmenger's syndrome.

PMID- 2301754
TI  - A life-threatening reaction after propranolol administration in the operating
      room.

PMID- 2301755
TI  - Postspinal headache in older patients.

PMID- 2301757
TI  - Cardiac arrest and mitral valve prolapse.

PMID- 2301756
TI  - A new photoradiation therapy and anesthesia.

PMID- 2301758
TI  - Intraoperative contrast echocardiography: a direct approach to measure regional
      myocardial perfusion.

PMID- 2301760
TI  - Contrast echocardiography: a method to visualize changes in regional myocardial
      perfusion in the dog model for CABG surgery.
AB  - The ability of contrast echocardiography to assess regional myocardial perfusion
      during cardiopulmonary bypass in a dog model for coronary artery bypass surgery
      was evaluated. Sonicated Renograffin-76 microbubbles (meglumin diatrigoate and
      sodium diatrigoate) were injected into an aortic root proximal to an aortic
      occlusion clamp root while dogs were on cardiopulmonary bypass, with the heart
      arrested in diastole. Echocardiographic contrast-enhanced regions of myocardial
      perfusion were easily visualized. Differences in contrast-enhanced myocardial
      regions depended on coronary artery occlusion or patency. The contrast-enhanced
      images of myocardial perfusion showed that, for a given myocardial segment of the
      supplying vessel, the presence or absence of contrast effect reliably predicted
      vessel occlusion or patency (P less than .01). In the future contrast
      echocardiography may allow the direct assessment of regional myocardial perfusion
      in the operating room.

PMID- 2301759
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atracurium in the elderly.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of aging on the distribution, clearance, and neuromuscular
      junction sensitivity to atracurium, the authors determined the pharmacokinetics
      and pharmacodynamics of atracurium in five healthy elderly subjects (74-76 yr)
      during halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia and compared these values to those
      obtained previously in five healthy young adults (22-44 yr). A brief (6.0-13.0
      min) infusion of atracurium was administered until twitch tension was suppressed
      by approximately 70%, and atracurium plasma concentration and twitch tension data
      were used to determine pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for each
      patient. Total clearance (Cltotal) was similar in elderly and young adults.
      However, clearance via the liver and/or kidney (Clorgan) was lower in elderly
      patients, whereas clearance due to Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis
      (Clnonorgan) was higher. Volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was larger
      in elderly patients. The increase in Vss without an age-related increase in
      Cltotal resulted in a longer elimination half-life [21.8 (+)/- 3.3 vs. 15.7 (+)/-
      2.5 min (mean (+)/- SD)] in elderly patients. The steady state plasma
      concentration of atracurium required to suppress twitch tension by 50% was
      similar in elderly and young adults. The authors conclude that the
      pharmacokinetics, but not the pharmacodynamics, of atracurium differ
      significantly between elderly and young adults. As a result, repeated doses will
      be required with similar frequency in young and elderly adults, but recovery from
      comparable levels of neuromuscular blockade may be slightly prolonged in elderly
      patients.

PMID- 2301761
TI  - Amide local anesthetics reduce albumin extravasation in burn injuries.
AB  - Burn injury was induced in anesthetized rats by exposing the abdominal skin to a
      temperature of 55 degrees C by means of a hot aluminum rod. Temperature was
      registered on a Grass polygraph. Skin exposure was interrupted when hot rod
      temperature had decreased to 45 degrees C. A full-thickness burn trauma of the
      skin was induced as judged from histologic sections. The burned skin was
      dissected and extravasation of Evans blue (EB) bound plasma albumin was
      quantified by a spectrophotometric technique and visualized by fluorescence
      microscopy. In the first set of experiments, one group of rats (n = 15) was
      topically treated with a lidocaine-prilocaine cream 5% (25 mg of each in 1 g;
      EMLA) for 1.5 h starting 15 min after inducing the burn injury. In one control
      group (n = 14) the thermal injury was treated with placebo cream. A second
      control group (n = 15) was topically treated with placebo cream without being
      exposed to thermal trauma. Results showed a significant inhibition of EB-albumin
      extravasation in the skin of burned rats treated with lidocaine-prilocaine cream
      compared with placebo-treated burned skin (P less than 0.001). EB-albumin
      contents in the skin of burned rats treated with lidocaine-prilocaine cream did
      not differ significantly from unburned skin (P greater than 0.05). In the second
      set of experiments continuous iv lidocaine infusions at a rate of 5 (n = 10), 10
      (n = 12), 20 (n = 10), or 30 (n = 10) micrograms.kg-1.min-1 was given.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301762
TI  - The effect of halothane on morphine disposition: relative contributions of the
      liver and kidney to morphine glucuronidation in the dog.
AB  - The present study determined the effect of halothane on the disposition of
      morphine by defining the effect of halothane anesthesia on the systemic, renal,
      and hepatic clearance of the parent compound, morphine, and on the generation of
      the primary metabolite, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) in the dog. Unlabeled
      morphine, 3H-morphine, and 14C-morphine were simultaneously administered into the
      portal vein, femoral vein, and renal artery, respectively, first during
      pentobarbital anesthesia and second during halothane (1.5 MAC) anesthesia; blood
      samples were taken for estimation of unlabeled plasma morphine and M3G
      concentrations by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 3H- and 14C
      morphine concentrations and corresponding M3G concentrations were determined by
      dual-channel liquid scintillation counting of the eluant corresponding to the
      appropriate peak on the HPLC. The portal clearance of morphine was not altered by
      halothane. However, intravenous (iv) morphine clearance (CLs) decreased (P less
      than 0.05) by 40% from 963 +/- 131 to 579 +/- 91 ml/min during halothane
      anesthesia, accompanied by an increase (P less than 0.05) in half-life from 78 +/
      8 to 106 +/- 8 min. The reduction in CLs of morphine occurred putatively on the
      basis of a halothane-induced decrease in hepatic blood flow, whereas morphine
      metabolism, reflected by morphine portal (intrinsic) clearance, was not
      significantly decreased by halothane. There was no significant effect of
      halothane on the partial metabolic clearance of morphine to M3G, and the ratio of
      area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC)-M3G to AUC unchanged
      morphine was not significantly altered by halothane, indicating that morphine
      glucuronidation is unaffected by halothane anesthesia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2301763
TI  - Does ritodrine worsen maternal hypotension during epidural anesthesia in gravid
      ewes?
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether prior administration ritodrine
      worsens maternal hypotension during epidural anesthesia in gravid ewes. Twenty
      four experiments were performed in nine chronically instrumented animals between
      0.8 and 0.9 of timed gestation. The experimental sequence included the following:
      1) at time-zero, intravenous (iv) administration of ritodrine, 0.004 mg.kg-1.min
      1, or normal saline (NS) for 2 h; 2) at 120 min discontinuation of ritodrine, and
      administration of a 500 ml iv bolus of NS over 15 min; and 3) at 135 min epidural
      injection of 2% lidocaine or NS. There were three groups of experiments: 1) iv
      ritodrine-epidural lidocaine (n = 9); 2) iv NS-epidural lidocaine (n = 8); and 3)
      iv ritodrine-epidural NS (n =7). Epidural injection of lidocaine resulted in a
      median sensory level of T9 in both the ritodrine-lidocaine and NS-lidocaine
      groups. At 165 min (i.e., 30 min after the epidural injection of lidocaine),
      maternal mean arterial pressure was 19 +/- 3% below baseline (P = 0.0001) in the
      ritodrine-lidocaine group and 22 +/- 7% below baseline (P = 0.0001) in the NS
      lidocaine group (NS between groups). At 120 min ritodrine had increased maternal
      cardiac output 45 +/- 6% above baseline (P = 0.0001) in the ritodrine-lidocaine
      group and 39 +/- 6% above baseline (P = 0.0001) in the ritodrine-NS group.
      Cardiac output remained above baseline (P less than 0.01) after epidural
      injection of lidocaine in the ritodrine-lidocaine group. In contrast, in the NS
      lidocaine group cardiac output was 13 +/- 5% below baseline (P = 0.005) at 150
      min. Fetal arterial pH did not change significantly in either the ritodrine
      lidocaine or ritodrine-NS group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301764
TI  - Cardiac electrophysiologic properties of bupivacaine and lidocaine compared with
      those of ropivacaine, a new amide local anesthetic.
AB  - Ropivacaine is a new amino-amide local anesthetic whose anesthetic profile
      appears similar to that of bupivacaine. Moreover, in intact animals ropivacaine
      was reportedly less arrhythmogenic than bupivacaine. These experiments evaluated
      the cardiac transmembrane electrophysiologic effects of ropivacaine compared with
      those of lidocaine and bupivacaine in an isolated rabbit Purkinje
      fiberventricular muscle preparation. Only bupivacaine (3-5 micrograms/ml, 0.92
      1.5 x 10(-5) m) significantly decreased Purkinje fiber maximum diastolic
      potential. Action potential amplitude and maximal rate of depolarization (Vmax)
      were significantly decreased by all agents in the following order: bupivacaine,
      ropivacaine, lidocaine. High concentrations of bupivacaine and ropivacaine caused
      premature depolarizations during phase 3 in some preparations. In addition,
      bupivacaine altered the action potential configuration by producing "notching"
      not seen with either ropivacaine or lidocaine. This may reflect effects caused by
      changes in Ca2+, K+, or electrotonic effects. Ropivacaine and bupivacaine (30
      micrograms/ml, 9.2 x 10(-5) m) and lidocaine (100 micrograms/ml, 3.74 x 10(-4) m)
      caused Purkinje fiber inexcitability and Purkinje fiber-ventricular muscle
      conduction block. However, the duration of PF inexcitability following exposure
      to ropivacaine and lidocaine was significantly shorter than in bupivacaine
      treated preparation. Duration of PF-VM conduction block also tended to be shorter
      for ropivacaine than bupivacaine, but significantly longer than lidocaine. In
      general, ropivacaine is less potent than bupivacaine but more potent than
      lidocaine in terms of its depressant effect on cardiac excitation and conduction.

PMID- 2301765
TI  - In vitro effects of etomidate on intrinsic myocardial contractility in the rat.
AB  - Etomidate is available in two different solvents: propylene glycol for induction
      of anesthesia and ethanol for maintenance of anesthesia. The direct effect of
      etomidate (1 and 5 micrograms/ml) and of its solvents on cardiac muscle was
      studied using rat left ventricular papillary muscle. Etomidate induced a slight
      positive inotropic effect in both solvents, as shown by an increase in maximum
      unloaded shortening velocity (Vmax) but not in force. At 0.5 mM Ca++ 5
      micrograms/ml etomidate increased Vmax (128 +/- 18%, P less than 0.05) but not
      force (103 +/- 16%, NS). Using various afterloaded twitches, the peak power
      output (Emax) was calculated: 1 and 5 micrograms/ml etomidate increased Emax (107
      +/- 8%, P less than 0.05, and 108 +/- 10%, P less than 0.05, respectively). This
      increase was related to the increase in Vmax and not in isometric force.
      Etomidate did not modify the elastic components of papillary muscle, isometric
      relaxation, and contraction-relaxation coupling under high load. Several findings
      suggest that etomidate in propylene glycol impaired the sarcoplasmic reticulum
      (SR) function: 1) it impaired the isotonic relaxation, the contraction-relaxation
      coupling under low load, and the load sensitivity of relaxation; and 2) it
      decreased postrest potentiated contraction, which is highly dependent on the SR.
      Nevertheless, alteration of SR function was only significant at high [Ca++]o and
      the beat-to-beat postrest recovery was not modified, indicating that the
      deleterious effects on SR function were moderate. The isotonic relaxation (max
      Vr) was more impaired by etomidate in propylene glycol (78 +/- 9%, P less than
      0.001) and by propylene glycol alone (69 +/- 9%, P less than 0.001) than by
      etomidate in ethanol (97 +/- 12%, NS) and by ethanol alone (92 +/- 8%, P less
      than 0.05). This suggests that propylene glycol was responsible for the decrease
      in SR function. Etomidate in propylene glycol thus has a dual action on rat
      myocardium: 1) a slight positive inotropic effect due to etomidate per se, and 2)
      a slight decrease in SR function probably related to propylene glycol. However,
      because etomidate in propylene glycol induced a slight decrease in isometric
      force under certain experimental conditions (i.e., after isometric
      stabilization), etomidate in propylene glycol may induce a slight negative
      inotropic effect in some clinical conditions as a result of its dual action on
      the myocardium.

PMID- 2301767
TI  - Absorption of irrigating solution during hysteroscopic metroplasty.

PMID- 2301768
TI  - Subdural hematoma following spinal anesthesia.

PMID- 2301766
TI  - The effect of magnesium sulfate administration on cerebral and cardiac toxicity
      of bupivacaine in dogs.
AB  - The effect of acutely elevated serum magnesium on the CNS and cardiac toxicity of
      bupivacaine was studied. Anesthesia was induced in mongrel dogs with thiopental,
      25 mg/kg, and ventilation was controlled. Sedation was maintained with fentanyl
      (25 micrograms/kg bolus and 5 micrograms.kg-1h-1) and pancuronium (0.15 mg/kg
      bolus and 0.05 mg.kg-1h-1) provided paralysis. Two hours after the thiopental
      bolus, all animals received an intravenous (iv) infusion of bupivacaine (1 mg.kg
      1 min-1). The control group (5 animals) received bupivacaine only. The Mg++ group
      (5 animals) received MgSO4 140 mg/kg iv and 80 mg.kg-1 h-1 15 min prior to
      beginning the bupivacaine infusion. Lead II ECG, cardiac hemodynamics, and two
      channel EEG were continuously monitored. Serum magnesium concentrations in the
      Mg++ group rose from 0.67 mM (1.3 mEq/L) to 2.42 mM (4.8 mEq/L). The bupivacaine
      infusion caused PR and QRS interval prolongation in both groups, but QRS widening
      was greater in the control group. QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTIc)
      lengthened only in the control group. A depression of left ventricular stroke
      work index (LVSWI) occurred to an equal extent in both groups. The seizure dose
      of bupivacaine was not different between the two groups: 12.9 +/- 2.3 (SEM) mg/kg
      in the control group and 13.9 +/- 2.5 mg/kg in the Mg++ group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301769
TI  - Epidural opioids for the management of pain in a patient with the Guillain-Barre
      syndrome.

PMID- 2301770
TI  - Beneficial effect of delivery in a patient with adult respiratory distress
      syndrome.

PMID- 2301771
TI  - Intraoperative diagnosis of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage using continuous
      pressure monitoring via a lumbar subarachnoid catheter.

PMID- 2301772
TI  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation without a ventilator using a novel endotracheal
      tube in a human.

PMID- 2301773
TI  - Pulmonary artery catheterization in the anesthetized patient.

PMID- 2301774
TI  - Criteria for adequacy of reversal of neuromuscular blockade.

PMID- 2301775
TI  - Intracranial hypertension following graft reperfusion.

PMID- 2301776
TI  - Pre-eclamptic and healthy term pregnant patients have different chronotropic
      responses to isoproterenol.

PMID- 2301777
TI  - Propofol causes cardiovascular depression.

PMID- 2301778
TI  - Asymptomatic hyponatremia does not require rapid correction.

PMID- 2301779
TI  - Failure of nitrous oxide-oxygen proportioning device.

PMID- 2301780
TI  - Pharmacologic treatment of asthma and rhinitis. Part II.

PMID- 2301781
TI  - Combination of atropine and isoetharine aerosol therapy in pediatric acute
      asthma.
AB  - Seventeen hospitalized children with acute asthma, ages 7 to 15 years, were
      studied to determine the efficacy of simultaneous administration of atropine
      sulfate and isoetharine. Combination therapy was superior in 11/17 (65%) patients
      while isoetharine alone was superior in 4/17 (23%) patients (P = .037). We
      conclude that simultaneous administration of combination therapy is safe and
      beneficial in some children with acute asthma.

PMID- 2301782
TI  - Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on bronchial hyperreactivity and airways
      obstruction in asthma.
AB  - We measured changes in methacholine bronchial hyperreactivity and airways
      obstruction in 37 asthmatics treated with inhaled triamcinolone for 6 weeks. All
      received regular bronchodilator therapy but not steroids or cromolyn. Initial
      studies included spirometry and the provocative concentration of methacholine
      required to decrease the FEV1 by 20% (PC20). Patients were randomized into two
      groups: those given inhaled triamcinolone, 200 micrograms four times daily (T) by
      metered dose inhaler, and those given a placebo inhaler (P). Daily AM and PM peak
      flow measurements were recorded, while PC20 and pulmonary function tests were
      obtained at 3 and 6 weeks. Change in canister weight was used to determine
      treatment compliance. The PC20 of T increased from a baseline 1.00 mg/mL to 2.90
      mg/mL at 6 weeks, whereas in P it decreased from 1.15 mg/mL to 1.05 mg/mL.
      Percent change in PC20 (delta PC20) for each patient was defined as: [(PC20(week
      6)--PC20(baseline]/PC20 (baseline)] X 100. At 6 weeks, this was 290% in T versus
      65% in P (P less than .05). Likewise, at 6 weeks T was significantly greater than
      P with respect to: delta FEV1 (4.1% versus -3.8%, P less than .05) and delta
      FEF25-75% (20.3% versus -5.6%, P less than .01). Patients were further separated
      into higher and lower complier subgroups. In T, higher compliers showed more
      improvement at 6 weeks than lower compliers in: delta PC20 (533.3 versus 67.8%, P
      less than .05), delta FEV1 (8.7 versus -1.7%, P less than .01), and delta FEF25
      75% (31.9 versus 1.1%, P less than .01). These data suggest that triamcinolone
      improves bronchial hyperreactivity as well as airways obstruction.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301783
TI  - Immunoblot analysis of Dermatophagoides farinae antigen.
AB  - We isolated the allergenic components of Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae)
      body extracts and determined the frequencies and specificities of IgE, IgG, and
      IgG4 antibodies binding to components of D. farinae extracts by use of immunoblot
      technique. A total of 29 IgE-binding components of D. farinae extracts were
      identified and distributed over the molecular weight range of 13 to 140
      kilodaltons (kD). Each component had 3% to 73% frequencies of recognition by
      individual patient serum, and the major antigenicity of D. farinae was considered
      to exist in components of 13 to 16 kD, 25 to 30 kD, and 43 to 60 kD. These
      observations suggested that antigenicity of D. farinae is not restricted to one
      major allergen, but several components account for the total allergenic activity
      of D. farinae. We could also demonstrate 27 IgG-binding components of D. farinae
      antigen. Their frequencies and strength of binding were similar to IgE. IgG4
      antibodies in patients with bronchial asthma bound to components with molecular
      weights 13, 25, 43, and 50 kD had relatively low frequencies of binding to IgE
      antibodies.

PMID- 2301784
TI  - Safety of frequent high dose nebulized terbutaline in children with acute severe
      asthma.
AB  - Forty-four Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admissions for acute severe
      asthma in 27 children between 8/80 and 10/86 were reviewed to determine the
      safety of prolonged administration of frequently nebulized terbutaline. The mean
      dose of nebulized terbutaline was 0.2 mg/kg/dose (range = 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg/dose)
      given at a mean frequency of 2.4 +/- 1.2 hours. Seven patients received
      continuous nebulization at a dose of 0.4 +/- 0.2 mg/kg/h. All patients were
      placed on continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring. Emergency room therapy was
      determined by the primary emergency room physicians. Upon admission to the PICU,
      the mean +/- SD heart rate was 150 +/- 21 bpm and the respiratory rate was 44 +/-
      16 bpm. After institution of therapy, these parameters decreased to a similar
      degree in parallel. The maximum decrease after 36 hours was 28% and 37% for heart
      rate and respiratory rate, respectively. No cardiac arrhythmias were noted. The
      initial PaCO2 upon admission to the PICU was 32 mm Hg (range = 24 to 44 mm Hg),
      the maximum decrease in PaCO2 generally occurred during the 6-hour to 12-hour
      time interval following admission. We conclude that frequent administration of
      high doses of nebulized terbutaline is safe in the management of acute severe
      childhood asthma even in the setting of prolonged administration to the
      hospitalized child.

PMID- 2301785
TI  - Prevention of anaphylaxis.

PMID- 2301786
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction: subtleties of diagnosis in the emergency department.

PMID- 2301787
TI  - Hyperacute T-wave criteria using computer ECG analysis.
AB  - Hyperacute T waves (HATWs) have been described as tall-amplitude, primary T-wave
      abnormalities sometimes seen in the early phases of transmural myocardial
      infarction. Despite numerous human and animal studies addressing the presence and
      significance of HATWs, there are no widely held, reliable ECG criteria for their
      accurate identification. Using a specially designed computer program on a Hewlett
      Packard Realm ECG analysis system, we screened 13,393 adult ECGs to identify
      those having T-wave amplitudes greater than accepted standards (limb leads,
      greater than 0.5 mV; precordial leads, greater than 1.0 mV). Patients with other
      known causes of primary and secondary tall T waves were excluded from the study
      sample. Patients with tall-amplitude T-waves who then developed clinically
      verifiable myocardial infarction were labeled the HATW group. The HATW group (21)
      represented 4.1% of the tall T wave group (513) and 0.16% of the entire sample.
      The remaining patients, who did not meet HATW criteria, were called the early
      repolarization variant (ERV) group (51). Both groups underwent comparative
      computer morphology analysis. Nine parameters were statistically significant in
      discriminating HATWs from early repolarization variants. A combination of J-point
      position/T-wave amplitude of more than 25%, T-wave amplitude/QRS amplitude of
      more than 75%, J-point position of more than 0.30 mV, and age of more than 45
      years predicted HATWs from a control group with a specificity of 98.0% and a
      sensitivity of 61.9% and with positive and negative predictive values of 92.9%
      and 86.2%, respectively. We conclude that HATWs have characterizable
      discriminating ECG morphology as determined by computer ECG analysis compared
      with a control group.

PMID- 2301788
TI  - Emergency physicians' responses to families following patient death.
AB  - Responses of emergency physicians when they interact with families after a death
      and their subsequent contact with survivors were examined. Questionnaires were
      sent to 138 Oregon emergency physicians and completed by 114 (83%). The number of
      deaths (mean +/- SD) encountered by emergency physicians was 17 +/- 15 per year.
      The majority of physicians (76%) usually notified the family in person and spent
      an average of 15 +/- 11 minutes with the family. Subsequent contact with
      survivors, such as sending sympathy cards, making follow-up calls, or reporting
      autopsy results, was relatively infrequent. While 94% of our sample group
      reported a need for training in this area, less than one half received any
      training during medical school or residency. We suggest implementation of
      educational programs for physicians and development of outreach programs for
      survivors.

PMID- 2301789
TI  - Rapid infusion of additive red blood cells: alternative techniques for massive
      hemorrhage.
AB  - Additive red blood cells (RBCs) have replaced packed RBCs for treatment of
      massive hemorrhage in many medical centers. Modifications in transfusion
      apparatus and RBC viscosity were tested for their ability to provide rapid flow
      of additive RBCs. Infusions through standard transfusion tubing and three types
      of large-bore transfusion tubing were compared using three large-bore catheters,
      two infusion pressures, and additive RBCs of three different viscosities. More
      than 13 minutes were required to infuse 1 unit 4 C RBCs using current accepted
      practice (16-gauge catheter, standard tubing, gravity flow). The most rapid
      technique resulted in an infusion time of 20 +/- 1 seconds for 22 C blood. The
      addition of pressure infusion, large-bore tubing, or an 8F catheter to a
      transfusion system reduced infusion times up to 74%, 82%, and 85%, respectively.
      The combination of all three techniques resulted in a maximum improvement of 96%.
      Saline predilution and warming did not consistently provide clinically important
      differences in infusion time but may be important for avoidance of hypothermia.
      Spectrophotometric measurement of free hemoglobin demonstrated no clinically
      significant hemolysis secondary to rapid infusion. Clinical management should
      address potential hypocalcemia and coagulopathy. We conclude that large-bore
      tubing, pressure infusion, and an 8F catheter can provide important decreases in
      infusion time of additive RBCs without evidence of significant hemolysis.

PMID- 2301790
TI  - Physician exposure to ionizing radiation during trauma resuscitation: a
      prospective clinical study.
AB  - A prospective study of emergency physician whole body and extremity exposure to
      ionizing radiation during trauma resuscitation over a three-month period was
      conducted. Radiation film badges and thermoluminescent dosimeter finger rings
      were permanently attached to leaded aprons worn by emergency medicine residents
      during all trauma resuscitations. One set of apron and finger ring dosimeters was
      designated for the resident who managed the airway and stabilized the neck, when
      necessary, during cervical spine radiography (A-CS resident). A separate set of
      dosimeters was designated for the resident supervising the resuscitation. During
      the study period, 150 major trauma patients requiring 481 radiographic studies
      were treated. The mean monthly cumulative whole body exposures were 136.7 +/-
      85.0 and 103.3 +/- 60.3 mrem for A-CS and supervising residents, respectively.
      The mean weekly cumulative extremity exposures were 523.3 +/- 611.0 and 46.7 +/-
      18.6 mrem for A-CS and supervising residents, respectively. Calculated whole body
      exposures per patient were 2.7 mrem for the A-CS resident and 2.1 mrem for the
      supervising resident. Calculated extremity exposures per patient were 41.9 +/-
      48.9 and 3.7 +/- 1.5 mrem, respectively. To exceed the annual whole body exposure
      limit established by the National Council of Radiologic Protection, the A-CS
      resident, working 200 shifts per year, would have to treat 9.2 trauma patients
      per shift. To exceed the annual extremity exposure limit, the A-CS resident would
      have to treat 5.9 trauma patients per shift. Of note, European exposure limits
      are 10% of current US limits. We conclude that significant exposures may occur to
      physicians working in trauma centers and that the use of shielding devices is
      indicated.

PMID- 2301791
TI  - Prehospital advanced trauma life support for penetrating cardiac wounds.
AB  - Prehospital advanced trauma life support (ATLS) is controversial because the
      risks, benefits, and time required to accomplish it remain unknown. We studied 70
      consecutive patients with penetrating cardiac injuries to determine the
      relationships among prehospital procedures, time consumed in the field, and
      ultimate patient outcome. Thirty-one patients sustained gunshot wounds, and 39
      had stab wounds. The mean Revised Trauma Score was 2.8 +/- 0.5. Paramedics spent
      an average of 10.7 +/- 0.5 minutes at the scene. Seventy-one percent of the
      patients underwent endotracheal intubation; 93% had at least one IV line
      inserted; and 57% had two IV lines inserted. Twenty-one (30%) survived. There was
      no correlation between on-scene time and either the total number of procedures
      performed (r = .17, P = .17) or IV lines established (r = .06, P = .6). On-scene
      times did not differ regardless of whether endotracheal intubation or pneumatic
      antishock garment applications occurred. We conclude that well-trained urban
      paramedics can perform multiple life-support procedures with very short on-scene
      times and a high rate of patient survival and that prehospital trauma systems
      require a minimum obligatory on-scene time to locate patients and prepare them
      for transport.

PMID- 2301792
TI  - Attitudes of BCLS instructors about mouth-to-mouth resuscitation during the AIDS
      epidemic.
AB  - We surveyed 5,823 American Heart Association Virginia Affiliate basic cardiac
      life support (BCLS) instructors to assess the impact that the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has had on their attitudes, beliefs,
      and behaviors with respect to the training and performance of mouth-to-mouth
      (MTM) ventilation. The response rate by those whose mail survey could be
      delivered to a valid address was 41% (women, 63%; men, 37%; mean age, 38 +/- 1
      years; health care providers, 87%; laypersons, 11%; and public safety workers,
      2%). Of those surveyed, 49% had performed CPR within the past three years. Of
      these, 40% reported having hesitated to provide MTM ventilation at least once. Of
      those who had hesitated, more than one half identified fear of exposure to
      disease as the reason for their hesitation. Forty percent of all respondents had
      witnessed another provider hesitate to provide MTM ventilation. When presented
      with mock rescue scenarios, the majority of respondents indicated that they would
      not perform or would hesitate to perform MTM ventilation on most adult strangers.
      More than half felt that there was some risk of contracting AIDS from ventilating
      a manikin, and 71% said that their attitudes about providing CPR to strangers had
      changed as a result of the AIDS epidemic. We conclude that concern about AIDS
      appears to be adversely affecting the attitudes, beliefs, and self-reported
      behaviors of BCLS instructors in Virginia regarding the use of MTM ventilation on
      strangers.

PMID- 2301793
TI  - Prehospital experience with defibrillation of coarse ventricular fibrillation: a
      ten-year review.
AB  - Early defibrillation of patients with coarse ventricular fibrillation has been
      implicated as a predictor of survival in prehospital cardiac arrest. A
      retrospective study of our experience with prehospital defibrillation was
      conducted to define the relationship between rapid delivery of first countershock
      and survival, determine whether a relationship exists between the number of
      countershocks delivered and the save rate, and assist clinicians with general
      guidelines for termination of advanced life support efforts in the presence of
      ventricular fibrillation refractory to multiple defibrillation attempts. During
      the ten-year study period, adult, nontraumatic, nonpoisoned, witnessed arrests
      with an initial rhythm of coarse ventricular fibrillation were reviewed. Of 1,497
      patients, 25% survived, 13% were paramedic-witnessed (PW) arrests, and 87% were
      non-paramedic-witnessed (NPW) arrests. The mean PW shock time, defined as time
      from arrest to first shock, was 1.6 +/- 3.7 minutes with a save rate of 37%. The
      mean NPW shock time was 10.2 +/- 5.1 minutes with a save rate of 23% (P less than
      or equal to .001). Thirty-two percent of PW arrests were converted to a
      spontaneous rhythm with pulses after the first countershock compared with 9% of
      NPW arrests (P less than or equal to .001). There was a dramatic decrease in PW
      arrests obtaining a perfusing rhythm after the first countershock attempt with
      each minute delay in electrical countershock up to three minutes; a plateau
      effect was evident after three minutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301794
TI  - Load and go versus stay and play: analysis of prehospital i.v. fluid therapy by
      computer simulation.
AB  - A computer-simulation model of prehospital hemorrhage and fluid resuscitation was
      used to determine under what circumstances it is advantageous to begin fluid
      resuscitation in the field instead of immediately transporting to the hospital.
      Four hypothetical bleeding rates (15, 25, 50, and 100 mL/min) were examined for
      short and long prehospital times. No significant difference in survival was noted
      for bleeding rates of 15 mL/min for either short or long time; a small but
      statistically significant increase in survival was noted for bleeding rates of 25
      mL/min and long transport times. For both short and long times, all higher
      bleeding rates showed greater survival with prehospital fluid resuscitation and
      higher blood pressure at the onset of definitive care.

PMID- 2301795
TI  - Critical care air transportation of the severely injured: does long distance
      transport adversely affect survival?
AB  - Civilian aeromedical transportation systems, both fixed and rotary wing, have
      proliferated since the middle 1970s. However, outcome data substantiating the
      benefit of these services have been slow in coming. From February 22, 1982,
      through March 5, 1984, Airlift Northwest transported 118 trauma patients (aged 15
      years and older) an average distance of 340 miles (range, 100 to 800 miles) with
      fixed-wing aircraft. The in-hospital mortality for this group was 19% compared
      with 18% for a comparable group of trauma patients who were ground-transported
      from within the city limits of Seattle, Washington. The two groups did not differ
      significantly in age, Injury Severity Score, or Glasgow Coma Score. These results
      suggest that some part of the clinical benefit of a regional trauma center may be
      extended up to 800 miles with no increase in transport-related mortality.

PMID- 2301796
TI  - Vital signs as part of the prehospital assessment of the pediatric patient: a
      survey of paramedics.
AB  - Vital signs are an integral part of the field assessment of patients. A two-part
      study was undertaken to determine which vital signs are taken in the field
      assessment of pediatric patients and to determine whether the frequency of vital
      signs taken is influenced by base station contact, patient's severity of illness
      or injury, or paramedic demographic factors such as parenting and field
      experience. An initial pilot study of prehospital care records (run sheets) from
      two base hospitals in Los Angeles County revealed that there were significant
      differences between field vital sign assessment in pediatric and adult patients
      (P less than .0001). A retrospective review of 6,756 pediatric run sheets from
      Los Angeles County showed that the frequency of vital sign assessment varied with
      the age of the pediatric patient (P less than .05) (ie, the frequency of vital
      sign assessment increased correspondingly with the age of the patient). Base
      hospital contact occurred in 26% of the runs; when contact was made, vital signs
      were more likely to be taken in all age groups studied. Vital signs often were
      not assessed in children less than 2 years old, even if the patient's chief
      complaint suggested the possibility of a major illness or trauma. The second part
      of the study was a field assessment survey that was distributed to 1,253 active
      paramedics in Los Angeles County; the results showed that paramedics were less
      confident in their ability to assess vital signs in children less than 2 years
      old. Confidence increased with age of the patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2301797
TI  - Cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a tale of 29 cities.
AB  - Published reports of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest give widely varying results.
      The variation in survival rates within each type of system is due, in part, to
      variation in definitions. To determine other reasons for differences in survival
      rates, we reviewed published studies conducted from 1967 to 1988 on 39 emergency
      medical services programs from 29 different locations. These programs could be
      grouped into five types of prehospital systems based on the personnel who deliver
      CPR, defibrillation, medications, and endotracheal intubation; the five systems
      were three types of single-response systems (basic emergency medical technician
      [EMT], EMT-defibrillation [EMT-D], and paramedic) and two double-response systems
      (EMT/paramedic and EMT-D/paramedic). Reported discharge rates ranged from 2% to
      25% for all cardiac rhythms and from 3% to 33% for ventricular fibrillation. The
      lowest survival rates occurred in single-response systems and the highest rates
      in double-response systems, although there was considerable variation within each
      type of system. Hypothetical survival curves suggest that the ability to
      resuscitate is a function of time, type, and sequence of therapy. Survival
      appears to be highest in double-response systems because CPR is started early. We
      speculate that early CPR permits definitive procedures, including defibrillation,
      medications, and intubation, to be more effective.

PMID- 2301799
TI  - An unusual case of proctalgia.
AB  - We report the case of a 21-year-old man with the sudden onset of severe
      proctalgia followed by headaches and fever. The patient had a lumbar puncture
      consistent with subarachnoid hemorrhage. After a normal four-vessel cerebral
      arteriogram, a myelogram and computed tomography scan of the spine were performed
      and revealed a mass lesion of the L1 level. Pathologic evaluation after resection
      of the mass resulted in a diagnosis of hemorrhage from a myxopapillary
      ependymoma. These relatively benign tumors of the cauda equina-filum terminale
      respond well to treatment. The differential diagnosis of proctalgia is reviewed,
      and the need for emergency physicians to consider spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage
      when a patient presents with the acute onset of rectal pain is emphasized.

PMID- 2301798
TI  - An ethics curriculum for teaching emergency medicine residents.
AB  - Instruction in medical ethics has become standard in undergraduate medical
      education within the past decade; more recently, several specialty boards have
      formally endorsed ethics teaching and evaluation for residents as well. However,
      the current emergency medicine Core Content, representing emergency medicine's
      central body of knowledge, makes no specific mention of ethics. An ethics
      curriculum is proposed to remedy this gap in the emergency medicine residency
      curriculum. Issues frequently encountered in the emergency department are
      emphasized, and topics include moral foundations of clinical medicine, the unique
      ethical concerns of emergency medicine, patient competence, informed consent and
      refusal of treatment, truthfulness, confidentiality, foregoing life-sustaining
      treatment, duty to provide care, moral issues in disaster medicine, allocation of
      health care, and research and teaching involving human subjects. Educational
      objectives and readings for each of these topics are presented along with sample
      case scenarios to be used in a small group discussion format.

PMID- 2301800
TI  - Closed thoracic cavity lavage in the treatment of severe hypothermia in human
      beings.
AB  - Life-threatening hypothermia can be treated by active and passive rewarming
      techniques, the treatment of choice being partial cardiopulmonary bypass. The use
      of closed thoracic cavity lavage has been evaluated in animals, but no formal
      presentations in human beings have been reported. We report two cases in which
      rapid rewarming in severe hypothermia was accomplished when cardiopulmonary
      bypass was not available.

PMID- 2301802
TI  - Why the structured abstract?

PMID- 2301801
TI  - Bubonic plague in a child presenting with fever and altered mental status.
AB  - An 8-year-old Navajo boy presented to the emergency department with fever and
      altered mental status. Because the child lived in a plague-endemic area of the
      southwestern United States, antibiotics effective against Yersinia pestis were
      administered rapidly. Buboes were appreciated on physical examination, and the
      diagnosis of bubonic plague was confirmed by positive blood cultures.
      Characteristics and treatment of Yersinia pestis infection are discussed. The
      need for a high index of suspicion for the presence of plague in patients who
      present to the ED and who reside or have recently traveled in a plague-endemic
      area is emphasized.

PMID- 2301804
TI  - End-tidal CO2 detection.

PMID- 2301803
TI  - Ethics emergent.

PMID- 2301805
TI  - ECG criteria for TCA toxicity.

PMID- 2301806
TI  - Dihydroergotamine interaction with propranolol.

PMID- 2301807
TI  - Mnemonic [corrected] for diagnosis of acute mental status change.

PMID- 2301808
TI  - Effect of body posture on cardiopulmonary function in horses during five hours of
      constant-dose halothane anesthesia.
AB  - Cardiovascular and respiratory functions were serially characterized in 7
      healthy, spontaneously breathing, adult horses (from which food had been
      withheld) during 5 hours of constant 1.06% alveolar halothane (end-expired
      halothane concentration of 1.06%; equivalent to 1.2 times the minimal alveolar
      anesthetic concentration for horses). To enable comparison of temporal results in
      relation to 2 body postures, horses were studied in lateral recumbency (LR) and
      dorsal recumbency (DR) on separate occasions. Temporal changes in results of
      measures of circulation previously reported from this laboratory for horses in LR
      were confirmed (ie, a time-related increase in systemic arterial blood pressure,
      cardiac output, stroke volume, and PCV). During DR, systemic arterial blood
      pressure was initially significantly (P less than 0.05) greater and pulmonary
      artery pressure less than results at comparable periods during LR. Differences
      ceased to exist with duration of anesthesia. Except for a greater heart rate at
      hour 5 of DR, no other significant differences in circulation were found between
      LR and DR. In general, except for PaO2, measures of ventilation did not change
      with time in either LR or DR. The PaO2 was significantly greater during LR,
      compared with DR, but the average did not change significantly with time in
      either body posture.

PMID- 2301809
TI  - Effects of age and prosthesis material on in vitro cartilage retention of
      laryngoplasty prostheses in horses.
AB  - Cartilage retention strengths of laryngoplasty prostheses were compared in
      larynges of 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old horses, using doubled polyester and expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene prostheses. Bilateral laryngoplasties were performed on
      each of 15 (seven 2-year-old, two 3-year-old, and six 4-year-old) larynges, which
      were collected at an abbatoir. Prostheses were secured to a mechanical testing
      machine, and tension causing arytenoid cartilage abduction was applied, until
      total failure of the cartilage or prosthesis resulted. Tension caused cricoid
      cartilage failure in 1 specimen, and muscular process cartilage failure in the
      remainder. There was no significant effect of age, prosthetic material, or side
      of prosthesis placement on cartilage retention of the prostheses. Additionally,
      frequency of multiple load-displacement peaks, indicating partial muscular
      process failure, was not affected by age or prosthetic material variables.

PMID- 2301810
TI  - Biochemical changes in articular cartilage opposing full- and partial-thickness
      cartilage lesions in horses.
AB  - Using arthroscopic technique, identical diameter defects were created in the
      proximal articular surface of both intermediate carpal bones of 6 horses. One of
      each pair of defects was deepened to penetrate the subchondral plate. Removed
      cartilage was assayed for [35S] sulfate incorporation, total hexosamine content,
      and DNA content. Six weeks later, cartilage was harvested and similarly analyzed
      from the distolateral portion of the radius directly opposite the created lesions
      and the distomedial portion of the radius distant from the lesion. The repair
      tissue filling the full-thickness defect and the cartilage at the periphery of
      the partial-thickness lesion also were analyzed. There was a marked increase in
      synthetic activity (35S sulfate incorporation) opposite the full-thickness
      defect, compared with the cartilage opposite the partial-thickness defect. A
      marked decrease in glycosaminoglycan content in the cartilage opposite the full
      thickness defect was found as compared with that opposite the partial-thickness
      defect. The repair tissue filling the full-thickness defect was highly cellular,
      high in synthetic activity, but low in glycosaminoglycan content. Insignificant
      changes occurred in the cartilage adjacent to the partial-thickness defect. On
      the basis of these results, we suggest that full-thickness defects at 6 weeks
      result in more detrimental change to the cartilage opposite it than do partial
      thickness lesions of the same diameter.

PMID- 2301811
TI  - Rotational strength of double-pinning techniques in repair of transverse
      fractures in femurs of dogs.
AB  - Transverse midshaft fractures of femurs from freshly euthanatized dogs were
      stabilized by means of 6 methods: (1) 3.5-mm bone plate and screws, (2) single
      intramedullary pin, (3) double intramedullary pins retrograded proximally and
      driven distally to the level of the femoral trochlea, (4) double intramedullary
      pins retrograded distally and driven proximally into the trochanteric region, (5)
      double intramedullary pinning in Rush pin fashion, and (6) multiple
      intramedullary pinning that filled the medullary cavity at the fracture site. All
      bones were subjected to torsional stress. The measured strain was converted to
      forces of torque and correlated with bone diameter to normalize the data. The
      forces of torque from each fixation technique were compared with each other and
      with the mean torque force necessary to fracture intact femurs. Torsional shear
      applied to plated femurs resulted in failure at a mean level of 33.8% of the
      calculated theoretic moment. Torsional forces were concentrated at one end of the
      plate and catastrophically failed at that point, whereas the fracture site
      remained rigidly fixed. There was no significant difference in the initial moment
      of torsional failure between the single intramedullary pin technique (0.05 Nm)
      and the double-pinning techniques (0.03 to 0.04 Nm). The multiple-pinning
      technique was 1.8 to 3 times as effective in resisting rotational forces,
      compared with the other pinning techniques, but not significantly so.

PMID- 2301812
TI  - Intermediate site of development of Anaplasma marginale in feeding adult
      Dermacentor andersoni ticks that were infected as nymphs.
AB  - The development of Anaplasma marginale in midgut epithelial cells was studied in
      feeding, transmitting adult Dermacentor andersoni ticks. Laboratory-reared ticks
      experimentally infected as nymphs were allowed to feed from 1 to 9 days on
      susceptible calves. Gut tissues from ticks were collected on each day they fed
      (total, 9 days) and were processed for light and transmission electron
      microscopy. Colonies of A marginale were abundant during the first 6 days of
      feeding, after which numbers decreased. Colonies were adherent to the basement
      membrane of gut cells early during feeding, with resultant flattening of the
      colonies. Colonies also were seen in muscle cells on the hemocoel side of the
      basement membrane. Morphologic features of A marginale within muscle cells varied
      and were similar to those observed in gut cells. In addition, however, a large
      reticulated form in the colonies was observed in muscle cells and appeared to
      give rise to small particles by budding. Development of A marginale in muscle
      cells appears to represent an intermediate site of development between those in
      gut and in salivary glands.

PMID- 2301813
TI  - Efficacy of concomitant early summer treatment with fenbendazole and clorsulon
      against Fasciola hepatica and gastrointestinal nematodes in calves in Louisiana.
AB  - The efficacy, safety, and compatibility of fenbendazole (FBZ) and clorsulon (CLN)
      were tested after oral administration of label recommended and of higher (5x)
      dosage rates to calves naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and
      Fasciola hepatica. Results for 42 calves allotted to 4 treatment groups indicated
      a similar efficacy against mature F hepatica by FBZ (5 mg/kg of body weight) and
      CLN (7 mg/kg) in a combined oral suspension, compared with CLN (7 mg/kg) alone
      (100 vs 99% reduction). A lesser efficacy was observed against immature flukes
      (88.6 and 84.9% reduction, respectively). Calves given 25 mg of FBZ/kg and 35 mg
      of CLN/kg had nearly complete reduction of both mature (99.6%) and immature
      flukes (99.1%). Fasciola egg counts were reduced by greater than 99.5% in all
      treated groups. Against Ostertagia ostertagi, the percentage of efficacy of the
      combined FBZ (5 mg/kg) and CLN (7 mg/kg) treatment was 94.3% against adults and
      81.3% against inhibited larvae. Efficacy against all other nematodes was 100%,
      except against Cooperia spp adults (98.3%) and immature Oesaphagostomum radiatum
      (88.0%). At 5 x dosage rates for FBZ and CLN, percentage of removal of adults and
      inhibited larvae of O ostertagi was 99.3 and 99.0%, respectively, and 99 to 100%
      for other nematodes. Results indicate that FBZ and CLN are compatible when mixed
      together and administered as an oral suspension to cattle and that the efficacy
      is similar to that of the drugs individually. On the basis of further results, we
      suggest that summer treatment may be superior in preventive value for
      gastrointestinal nematodes and F hepatica, compared with spring treatment,
      because of seasonal infection dynamics of the major cattle parasites in
      Louisiana.

PMID- 2301814
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of pathologic changes in the epithelial surfaces of
      the uterus and uterine tubes of cows.
AB  - Genital tracts from 15 cows with catarrhal and purulent inflammation of the
      uterus and uterine tubes, cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium, or hydrosalpinx
      were evaluated by the use of scanning electron microscopy to determine epithelial
      changes associated with these conditions. Uterine epithelium was revealed to be
      easily damaged, even in the course of mild inflammation, whereas epithelium of
      the uterine tube was more resistant.

PMID- 2301815
TI  - Mathematical model for the impact of a pseudorabies epizootic on the productivity
      of a farrow-to-finish operation.
AB  - A fully age-structured deterministic model of the population biology of a
      pseudorabies epizootic in a farrow-to-finish operation was used to examine the
      disease-related change in productivity following the initial disease episode. A
      strategy involving continual sow vaccination was compared with various strategies
      involving the vaccination of growing pigs, as well as sows. The model suggests
      that vaccinating growing pigs, in addition to the breeding herd, results in only
      a relatively small improvement in long-term productivity following a pseudorabies
      epizootic.

PMID- 2301816
TI  - Influence of preinduction methoxamine, lactated Ringer solution, or hypertonic
      saline solution infusion or postinduction dobutamine infusion on anesthetic
      induced hypotension in horses.
AB  - A controlled study of the cardiovascular responses in horses anesthetized with
      acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg of body weight, IV), guaifenesin (100 mg/kg, IV),
      thiamylal (5.0 mg/kg, IV), and halothane in O2 (1.2 to 1.4% end-expired
      concentration) was performed to determine whether hypotension could be prevented
      by use of various treatments. Six horses were given 5 treatments in a randomized
      sequence: no treatment (control), methoxamine (0.04 mg/kg, IV), lactated Ringer
      solution (20.0 ml/kg, IV), 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (4.0 ml/kg, IV), or
      constant infusion of dobutamine (5.0 mg/kg/min, IV) during anesthesia. Heart
      rate, ECG, blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, blood gas
      analysis, PVC, and plasma total protein concentration were measured during the
      study. Compared with the control value, an increase in blood pressure during
      halothane administration was observed after administration of lactated Ringer
      solution, hypertonic saline solution, or dobutamine (P less than 0.05). The
      improved blood pressure response to hypertonic saline solution and dobutamine was
      related to an increase in cardiac output, which was statistically significant (P
      less than 0.05). Other statistically significant differences in cardiopulmonary
      responses among treatments were not observed during anesthesia. The PCV was
      increased in response to dobutamine infusion, and plasma total protein
      concentration was reduced in response to administration of hypertonic saline or
      lactated Ringer solution.

PMID- 2301817
TI  - Atrial fibrillation in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.
AB  - Programmed electrical stimulation techniques were used to evaluate the effects of
      halothane and isoflurane on induction of atrial fibrillation in anesthetized
      dogs. Experiments were performed in 16 dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose.
      Critically timed premature stimuli were applied to the right atrial appendage and
      Bachmann bundle to determine the atrial fibrillation threshold, defined as the
      minimal current required to induce rapid, irregular atrial electrical activity of
      at least 8 seconds' duration. Atrial fibrillation thresholds were determined at
      baseline (0.0% inhalational anesthetic), 0.5 minimal alveolar concentration
      (MAC), and 1.0 MAC of halothane (n = 8) and isoflurane (n = 8). In the absence of
      inhalation anesthetic, it was significantly (P less than 0.01) easier to induce
      atrial fibrillation at the Bachmann bundle vs the right atrial appendage. Atrial
      fibrillation threshold at the Bachmann bundle was not affected by increasing
      concentrations of halothane, but was increased by 1.0 MAC of isoflurane (P less
      than 0.05). It was concluded that at 1.0 MAC isoflurane, but not halothane, has
      antifibrillatory effects in atrial tissue.

PMID- 2301818
TI  - Influence of phenytoin on isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis in rats.
AB  - A study was designed to determine whether phenytoin (PHE) prevents the myocardial
      necrosis and subsequent fibrosis produced by isoproterenol (ISO). Seven groups of
      female rats of the Wistar strain were used. Rats in groups 1 and 5 served as
      controls. Rats in group 3 were injected SC with 85 mg of ISO/kg of body weight
      for 2 consecutive days. Rats in groups 2 and 6 received 100 mg of PHE/kg orally.
      Rats in groups 4 and 7 received both PHE and ISO. There were 6 to 9 rats/group.
      Effects of ISO and PHE were evaluated gravimetrically, histologically, and
      electrocardiographically. Heart weight/body weight ratios for each group
      receiving ISO, with or without PHE, were greater than for groups not receiving
      ISO (P less than 0.05). Light microscopic examination of heart sections of rats
      given ISO alone or ISO + PHE revealed multiple and diffuse areas of fibrosis.
      Fibrosis in hearts from rats receiving PHE + ISO was less severe than that in
      hearts from rats receiving ISO alone, but the difference was not statistically
      significant. Electrocardiographic changes of statistical significance were not
      observed in rats receiving any compound (alone or in combination), when compared
      with the control groups of equal age.

PMID- 2301819
TI  - Biological reactivity of Moraxella bovis lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was isolated from Moraxella bovis 118F and ATCC 10900, M
      ovis ATCC 33078, and M phenylpyruvica ATCC 23333 by hot phenol-water extraction.
      In silver-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels, M
      bovis 118F LPS had a smooth profile, whereas the other Moraxella preparations
      appeared to be rough. The LPS preparations induced pyrogenicity and dermal
      Shwartzman reactions in rabbits, and induced production of tumor necrosis factor
      and interleukin-1 in vitro. Induction of tumor necrosis factor appeared to be
      among the most potent biological activities of M bovis LPS.

PMID- 2301820
TI  - Identification of interleukin-1 in equine osteoarthritic joint effusions.
AB  - Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a protein secreted by stimulated cells of the monocyte
      macrophage line, which has a number of important biologic activities. Interleukin
      1 has been implicated in the induction and augmentation of the pathologic
      processes involved in arthritis and articular cartilage destruction. Horses
      develop osteoarthritis with a frequency and degree of severity similar to human
      beings. To further document the similarity of the osteoarthritic process in
      people and horses, the synovial fluid from 5 horses with clinical osteoarthritis
      was tested for IL-1 bioactivity. Interleukin-1 activity was found in all tested
      synovial fluids. Upon column chromatography, the synovial fluid-derived factor
      had a molecular weight consistent with that of IL-1 in other mammalian species.
      Ion exchange chromatography of osteoarthritic synovial fluid revealed the
      principal peaks of bioactivity to be in the fractions with isoelectric points of
      7.2, 5.4, and 4.7, which are characteristic of IL-1. A considerable degree of
      homology between human and equine IL-1 was demonstrated by the cross
      hybridization of human IL-1 beta cDNA probe with RNA derived from IL-1-producing
      equine adherent monocytes. These results indicate that equine IL-1 is in all of
      the osteoarthritic equine joints tested and that equine IL-1 has many of the
      characteristics of IL-1 isolated from other species.

PMID- 2301821
TI  - Orally administered clonidine as a secretagogue of growth hormone and as a
      thymotrophic agent in dogs of various ages.
AB  - The growth hormone (GH) secretagogue activity of variable dosages of clonidine
      (16.5, 50, 150, and 450 micrograms/kg of body weight), given orally mixed with
      the daily food ration, was evaluated in young and old dogs. Significant (P less
      than 0.05) increase in plasma GH concentration was detected at all dosages tested
      in young dogs and in response to all but the lowest dose tested in the old dogs
      fed the clonidine-containing diet. Old dogs had plasma GH concentration that
      exceeded that of young dogs when higher doses of clonidine were used. A clonidine
      (100 micrograms/kg)-supplemented diet was fed to middle-aged dogs twice daily for
      30 days. Significant (P less than 0.01) increase of plasma GH concentration was
      observed on the first day of the feeding trial, but was undetectable by day 30.
      After feeding the clonidine-enhanced diet for 30 days, the effects on thymic
      morphology were variable, and there was no effect on plasma thymulin titer.
      Clonidine-fed dogs had significantly increased lymphocyte blastogenic
      responsiveness to mitogens, compared with that of control dogs, when evaluated as
      stimulation index.

PMID- 2301822
TI  - Cardiopulmonary effects of position in conscious cattle.
AB  - The cardiopulmonary effects of 4 positions (standing, right lateral, left
      lateral, and dorsal recumbency) were evaluated in conscious cattle in which no
      sedatives or anesthetic drugs were given. Each position was maintained for 30
      minutes, during which time there were no significant changes in heart rate,
      respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial pH, PaCO2, arterial base
      excess, or venous blood gas values. Significant decreases in PaO2 developed when
      cattle were in lateral positions and dorsal recumbency. Cardiac index was
      unchanged in all positions, except in dorsal recumbency at 30 minutes, when it
      was significantly decreased.

PMID- 2301823
TI  - Effects of ammoniation of endophyte fungus-infested fescue hay on serum prolactin
      concentration and rectal temperature in beef cattle.
AB  - A group of 48 crossbred steers (approx 250 kg each) were used to determine the
      effects of various diets and treatments on serum prolactin concentrations and
      rectal temperatures. The steers were randomly assigned to groups fed the
      following: (1) endophyte fungus-infested fescue hay; (2) ammoniated endophyte
      fungus-infested fescue hay; (3) endophyte fungus-infested fescue hay plus 1 g of
      thiabendazole (TBZ)/9.1 kg of body weight at 7-day intervals; (4) ammoniated
      endophyte fungus-infested fescue hay plus 1 g of TBZ/9.1 kg at 7-day intervals;
      (5) ground Bermuda grass hay; and (6) endophyte-fungus-free fescue hay. Blood
      samples for prolactin determinations and rectal temperatures were obtained
      biweekly beginning on week 3 and continuing through week 9. A significant
      correlation (P less than 0.05) between low prolactin concentrations and high
      rectal temperatures in cattle eating endophyte-infested fescue hay was
      determined; however, as the prolactin concentrations approached normal (control
      animal) concentrations, this relationship between serum prolactin and rectal
      temperatures was not observed. Two antifungal agents used in this experiment
      (thiabendazole and ammonia) appeared to have different effects on the variables
      measured. Thiabendazole had no significant effect on prolactin concentrations or
      rectal temperatures of cattle ingesting endophyte-infested fescue hay, whereas
      ammoniation of this hay induced significantly higher (P less than 0.05) prolactin
      concentrations and lower rectal temperatures than in steers receiving only
      endophyte-infested fescue hay. Therefore, ammonia may be valuable not only as an
      aid in determining the cause of the fescue problem but also as a practical
      solution to some of the fescue-related economic problems in the cattle industry.
      Also, prolactin concentrations may be valuable in diagnosing fescue-related
      problems.

PMID- 2301825
TI  - Effect of an aqueous extract of black walnut (Juglans nigra) on isolated equine
      digital vessels.
AB  - An aqueous extract was made from black walnut (Juglans nigra) heartwood obtained
      in the fall of the year. Ten hours after nasogastric administration of 5 L of the
      extract, a 550-kg, 13-yr-old Quarter Horse gelding experienced Obel grade-3
      laminitis. The effect of aqueous extract of black walnut on vascular
      contractility was then tested, using isolated equine digital arteries and veins.
      The vessels were maintained in Krebs bicarbonate buffer with 95% oxygen at 37 C.
      The extract did not induce a direct contractile effect. It did, however,
      reversibly enhance the vasoconstriction induced in the isolated vessels by
      administration of epinephrine potentiated with hydrocortisone. In contrast,
      aqueous extracts made, using the same techniques, from the shavings of eastern
      white pine (Pinus strobus), eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and pin oak
      (Quercus palustrus) had no effect on epinephrine-induced digital vessel
      contractions.

PMID- 2301824
TI  - Effects of dichlorvos on blood cholinesterase activities of cattle.
AB  - Inhibitory effects of dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate, DDVP)
      [corrected] on erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma cholinesterase
      (ChE) activities of steers were characterized after treatments in vitro and in
      vivo (cutaneous application). The rates of in vitro inhibition were markedly
      influenced by DDVP concentration and incubation time. The activities of inhibited
      enzymes failed to reactivate spontaneously and had little response to treatment
      with 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM). After gel-filtration chromatography,
      however, the inhibited enzymes had remarkable spontaneous reactivation and
      reactivation by 2-PAM treatment, indicating interference of excess unreacted DDVP
      in the reactivation process. Repeated cutaneous applications of a DDVP-containing
      livestock spray caused marked and characteristic decreases of AChE and ChE
      activities in blood of treated steers; however, the effects were transient
      because activities of both enzymes regenerated gradually. The nature of these in
      vivo trends suggests that spontaneous and de novo synthetic mechanisms could be
      responsible for complete recovery of both enzyme activities.

PMID- 2301826
TI  - Early effects of ethylene glycol on the ultrastructure of the renal cortex in
      dogs.
AB  - A sublethal dose of ethylene glycol was administered orally to 3 groups of dogs;
      dogs of a control group were given distilled water instead. Renal cortical biopsy
      samples were obtained from dogs of experimental and control groups at various
      times after treatment. Tissue was examined by use of light microscopy and
      transmission electron microscopy. In dogs of the control group, the light and
      electron microscopic appearances of tissue were within normal limits at all
      sample collection hours. In dogs of the experimental groups, renal corpuscular
      structure remained within normal limits by use of light and electron microscopy
      throughout the study, though morphologic change was seen in other structures of
      the cortex. Light microscopic lesions first appeared at 12 hours, and were
      similar to those reported in the literature. Ultrastructural lesions were first
      observed in the 5-hour samples, and similar to the light microscopic lesions,
      were most common in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). Initial PCT cellular
      changes included vacuolization of cells and distention of the parabasal
      extracellular spaces; PCT cellular lesions seen in later-hour samples included
      formation of apical buds and cellular rupture. Internalization or sloughing of
      the PCT brush border was not observed. Distal convoluted tubules (DCT) were
      frequently dilated and/or packed with cellular debris. A few DCT cells had
      degenerative or necrotic changes. In PCT and DCT, abnormal cells were frequently
      flanked by normal or nearly normal cells. During later hours, a few cells with
      types of changes first observed in early hours continued to be observed, implying
      ongoing response of cells to the toxin.

PMID- 2301827
TI  - Relative effects of xylazine-atropine, xylazine-atropine-ketamine, and xylazine
      atropine-pentobarbital combinations and time-course effects of the latter two
      combinations on brain stem auditory-evoked potentials in dogs.
AB  - Brain stem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEP) were recorded in 4 dogs to analyze
      the relationship between acoustic stimulus intensities and peak latencies of each
      wave, and to investigate the relative effects of xylazine-atropine, xylazine
      atropine-ketamine, and xylazine-atropine-pentobarbital combinations and the time
      course effects of the latter 2 drug combinations on BAEP. Click stimulations
      fixed at a stimulus rate of 10/s and a frequency of 4 kHz were delivered at
      intensities ranging from 10- to 110-dB sound pressure level (SPL) in 10-dB steps
      for analyzing the relationship between the acoustic stimulus intensities and the
      peak latencies and at an intensity of 110-dB SPL for investigating the effects of
      the sedative and anesthetic drug combinations and their time-course effects on
      BAEP. Waves I to VI were identified with stimulus intensity of greater than or
      equal to 50-dB SPL. Wave VII was observed in some records, but was excluded from
      statistical analysis. As stimulus intensity was increased from 50- to 110-dB SPL,
      the latency decreased for all waves during xylazine-atropine-ketamine anesthesia.
      There were no statistically significant differences in the peak latencies of each
      wave in BAEP among xylazine-atropine, xylazine-atropine-ketamine, and xylazine
      atropine-pentobarbital combinations 20 minutes after drug administration, except
      that the latency of wave VI during xylazine-atropine sedation was significantly
      (P less than 0.01) shorter than that detected during xylazine-atropine-ketamine
      or xylazine-atropine-pentobarbital anesthesia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301828
TI  - Comparative characterization of the leukocidic and hemolytic activity of
      Moraxella bovis.
AB  - The cytotoxic effect of Moraxella bovis 118F on bovine neutrophils was evaluated
      and characterized by use of a 51Cr release assay. Neutrophils harvested from
      healthy adult cattle were labeled with 51Cr. The leukocidic activity produced by
      M bovis 118F, a hemolytic strain of M bovis, was heat-labile. A live culture of
      strain 118F, at a ratio of 100 bacteria/neutrophil, released 97.7% of the 51Cr
      from labeled neutrophils. Neither a heat-killed preparation of M bovis 118F nor a
      live or heat-killed preparation of M bovis IBH63 (a nonhemolytic and
      nonpathogenic strain) induced significant (P greater than 0.05) release of 51Cr.
      Moraxella bovis 118F broth culture filtrates prepared for evaluation of
      leukocidic activity also were evaluated for hemolytic activity. These 2 toxic
      activities had several characteristics in common. Both were filterable, heat
      labile, produced by a hemolytic strain, and were released during early
      logarithmic phase growth from broth cultures. Leukocidic and hemolytic activities
      were protected from degradation by phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride, a serine
      protease inhibitor. Leukocidic and hemolytic activities were dependent on calcium
      ions. Filtrate resulted in 54.1% 51Cr release from labeled neutrophils and
      contained 646.7 hemolytic U/ml, respectively, when saline (0.85% NaCl) + 10 mM
      CaCl2 solution was used as diluent. Neither saline solution nor saline + 10 mM
      MgCl2 solution supported leukocidic or hemolytic activity. Serum, obtained from
      several calves 10 to 38 days after M bovis inoculation, substantially neutralized
      leukocidic and hemolytic activities, compared with paired preinoculation serum
      samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301829
TI  - Endometrial concentrations of ampicillin in mares after intrauterine infusion of
      the drug.
AB  - Serum concentration of ampicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin, was measured in
      mares at various time intervals up to 24 hours after intrauterine infusion of 3 g
      of ampicillin. Blood samples were drawn immediately before infusion and at 1-, 4
      , 10- and 24-hour intervals after infusion. At postinfusion hour 24, two
      endometrial biopsy specimens were obtained to measure endometrial concentrations
      of ampicillin. Blood was drawn twice as part of the 24-hour postinfusion sample
      collection, once before removal of the biopsy specimens and again 5 minutes after
      removal of the biopsy specimens. After drug infusion, more diestrous mares had
      detectable serum ampicillin concentration than did estrous mares for all samples,
      except the 24-hour prebiopsy sample. None of the 24-hour prebiopsy serum samples
      had detectable ampicillin concentration, but ampicillin was detected in the serum
      of 4 of 5 diestrous mares after endometrial biopsy. Endometrial concentrations of
      ampicillin were detectable at postinfusion hour 24 in estrous and diestrous
      mares, but were not different. All 24-hour biopsy specimens had ampicillin
      concentrations greater than the ampicillin minimal inhibitory concentration.

PMID- 2301830
TI  - Effect of muramyl dipeptide on immunogenicity of Corynebacterium
      pseudotuberculosis whole-cell vaccines in mice and lambs.
AB  - Colostrum-deprived lambs and CF1 mice were vaccinated with water-in-oil emulsion
      vaccines containing nonviable whole cells (WC) of Corynebacterium
      pseudotuberculosis with and without muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Efficacy of vaccines
      was determined from the survival of mice and lesions in lambs after IV injection
      of 10(4) colony-forming units of C pseudotuberculosis. In mice, protection was
      related to the concentration of WC in the vaccine. At 50, 100, or 150 micrograms
      of WC, protection was good (78.8%). At 10 or 25 micrograms of WC, protection was
      considerably less (54.7%). At high WC concentrations, protection could only be
      moderately increased to 82.3% with high (50 and 100 micrograms) concentrations of
      MDP or increased to 90% protection with low (5 and 10 micrograms) concentrations
      of MDP. At low WC concentrations, protection significantly decreased to 32% (P
      less than 0.025) with high concentrations of MDP, but significantly increased to
      72.5% (P less than 0.025) with low concentrations of MDP. Therefore, the amount
      of protection with lower concentrations of WC and MDP was comparable with the
      amount of protection with higher concentrations of WC without MDP. In lambs, high
      prechallenge antibody titers (geometric mean titers from 5.1 to 5.4 by day 35)
      were observed after vaccination with WC. Protection and vaccination site
      abscesses in lambs were related to the concentration of WC and MDP. Pulmonary or
      vaccination site abscesses were not observed in 4 of 4 lambs vaccinated with 1 mg
      of WC + 50 micrograms of MDP.

PMID- 2301831
TI  - Effects of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and replacement therapy on the
      bacterial flora of the duodenum in dogs.
AB  - The influence of pancreatic secretions on the bacterial flora of the small
      intestine in 6 dogs was investigated by determining effects of exocrine
      pancreatic insufficiency on numbers and types of bacteria in duodenal juice, and
      by examining the subsequent response to dietary supplementation with bovine
      pancreatic extract. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was induced by ligation of
      pancreatic ducts and was confirmed by indirect assessment of exocrine pancreatic
      function. Duct ligation was followed by large increases (P less than 0.01) in
      total numbers of bacteria, reflecting increased numbers particularly of
      Lactobacillus spp and Streptococcus spp, in 3 dogs accompanied by obligate
      anaerobes. Total numbers of aerobes and anaerobes decreased markedly (P less than
      0.05) after supplementation with bovine pancreatic extract to values that were
      not significantly different from those determined before duct ligation. Exocrine
      pancreatic insufficiency therefore resulted in small intestinal bacterial
      overgrowth that was reversed by pancreatic replacement therapy, indicating that
      pancreatic secretions can have an important influence on the small intestinal
      bacterial flora of dogs.

PMID- 2301832
TI  - Effects of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus (Haemophilus)
      pleuropneumoniae infections on alveolar macrophage functions in swine.
AB  - Alveolar macrophages were collected at necropsy from pigs inoculated with
      Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae or Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae or both and were
      tested for phagocytic capabilities, using in vitro techniques. Macrophages from
      noninoculated littermates were used as controls. Alveolar macrophages from pigs
      inoculated with either M hyopneumoniae or A pleuropneumoniae had significantly (P
      less than 0.05 to P less than 0.0025) higher phagocytic capacity than that of
      noninoculated controls. Macrophages from A pleuropneumoniae-inoculated pigs were
      comparatively more stimulated than were those from M hyopneumoniae-inoculated
      pigs. Pigs inoculated with M hyopneumoniae and then challenge-exposed with A
      pleuropneumoniae 2 and 4 weeks later had greatly reduced phagocytosis. Infection
      with M hyopneumoniae or A pleuropneumoniae caused stimulation of alveolar
      macrophage functions, and M hyopneumoniae infections may have suppressed
      phagocytic responses when pigs were challenge-exposed with a secondary pathogen
      (A pleuropneumoniae). This potential suppression may represent a prediposition of
      the host by M hyopneumoniae to secondary bacterial infections.

PMID- 2301834
TI  - Optimization of the under-agarose assay of porcine neutrophil migration.
AB  - Important procedural factors in the under-agarose assay for porcine neutrophil
      migration were identified, and optimal conditions were established. Three factors
      were tested: the concentration of zymosan-activated serum inoculated into the
      outer well; the number of neutrophils inoculated into the center well; and the
      time of incubation of the agarose plates. All factors had a significant (P less
      than 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.01, respectively) effect on the chemotactic index of
      porcine neutrophils. The optimal combination of these 3 factors was undiluted
      zymosan-activated serum as the chemoattractant, 8 X 10(5) neutrophils inoculated
      into the center well, and 5 hours of incubation. The assay was validated, using
      standard conditions, and the data were used to predict the number of pigs and/or
      repetitive assays needed to identify differences among experimental groups.

PMID- 2301833
TI  - Influence of parental serum immunoglobulins on morbidity and mortality of beagles
      and their offspring.
AB  - Serum IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations were determined for Beagle sires and dams
      of 717 matings to assess the relationship of parental immunoglobulins with the
      morbidity and mortality of their pups. A significant relationship was not found
      between parental immunoglobulins and pup mortality. Pups born to dams with low
      serum IgA (P less than 0.001) and IgM (P less than 0.02) concentrations, however,
      were found to have an increased incidence of sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge,
      and conjunctivitis. Thirty-eight percent of pups born to dams with IgA less than
      or equal to 40 mg/dl developed these same conditions during the first 18 weeks of
      life, compared with 32% of pups of dams with IgA of 41 to 65 mg/dl and 27% of
      pups of dams with IgA greater than 65 mg/dl. Similarly, 41% of pups born to dams
      with low IgM (less than or equal to 135 mg/dl) developed abnormal respiratory
      tract signs, compared with 34% and 30% of pups born to dams with medium (136 to
      175 mg/dl) and high (greater than 175 mg/dl) IgM, respectively. Serum IgA
      concentrations of the sires were also associated with abnormal respiratory tract
      signs in pups, but this influence was evident only at 10 to 18 weeks of age. To
      determine biologic variability of serum IgA, 60 Beagle dams were selected from 3
      serum IgA categories, low (10 to 21 mg/dl), medium (60 to 80 mg/dl), and high
      (125 to 210 mg/dl). A second serum IgA was determined from a sample taken 2 years
      later.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301835
TI  - Quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy as a measure of bile flow in dogs with
      cholestatic disease.
AB  - In 25 dogs with spontaneous cholestatic disease, the hepatobiliary dynamics were
      evaluated by use of scintigraphy and a 99mTc-labeled iminodiacetate (IDA)
      derivative. Hyperbilirubinemia existed in all dogs, with serum total bilirubin
      concentration ranging from 6 to 262 mumol/L. An appropriate compartmental model
      was used to characterize the liver time-activity curves. Model-dependent
      variables for hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of radiolabeled IDA were found
      to reliably represent the underlying physiologic processes. Measurements directly
      derived from the liver time-activity curves of IDA, representing the moments of
      accumulation of 50 and 95% of the maximal hepatic activity did not accurately
      represent the hepatic uptake by being significantly influenced by biliary
      excretion and by competition of renal excretion. The time-interval between 95%
      and 50% of the maximal activity in the excretory phase proved to be a
      quantitative characteristic of bile flow in all instances. Compartmental analysis
      of 99mTc-IDA excretory scintigraphy characterized bile flow quantitatively in
      clinically normal dogs and in dogs with cholestasis. The method permitted the
      clinical evaluation of cholestasis based on quantitative, instead of the usual
      qualitative, and on functional, instead of phenomenologic, criteria.

PMID- 2301836
TI  - Effects of collection methods and storage on the in vitro stability of canine
      plasma catecholamines.
AB  - Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) collected from dogs were sequentially
      and temporally measured in blood and plasma at 24 C. Heparin and EDTA
      anticoagulants, in combination with reduced glutathione and EDTA as a
      preservative, were also compared. Norepinephrine and EPI concentrations were
      measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
      In heparinized plasma, NE and EPI concentrations were relatively stable in the
      absence or presence of preservative after 24 hours at 24 C. In EDTA plasma, NE
      and EPI values were less stable when compared with those in heparinized samples.
      Norepinephrine concentrations in EDTA plasma without preservative decreased by
      163.2 +/- 8.88 pg over 24 hours, compared with an 86.6 +/- 7.92 pg loss of NE in
      heparinized plasma. The degradation of EPI in EDTA plasma without preservative
      was also twofold greater, compared with that in heparinized plasma. Addition of
      preservative had no stabilizing effect on NE or EPI in heparinized or EDTA
      plasma. During long-term storage at -70 C, plasma NE and EPI values decreased
      less than 0.6 and less than 0.1 pg/d, respectively. Norepinephrine and EPI values
      were stable in heparinized blood for 6 hours but decreased to less than 25% and
      less than 6% of initial base line values, respectively, when plasma separation
      was delayed 24 hours.

PMID- 2301837
TI  - Anatomy of the orbital fasciae and the third eyelid in dogs.
AB  - The connective tissue structures commonly referred to as the periorbita, orbital
      septum, muscular fasciae, and vagina bulbi or collectively, as the orbital
      fasciae were dissected then illustrated and described. Two sheets (layers) of the
      periorbita (endorbita) were found in our dogs. The periorbita should be renamed
      endorbita because of its anatomic relations. The periorbita did not always fuse
      with the periosteum of frontal and sphenoid bones. Rather, the periorbita and the
      periosteum were often distinct and separate; only medioventrally did several
      fibrous bands unite the superficial sheet of the endorbita with the periosteum.
      Two layers of the endorbita fused with the periosteum of the margin of the bony
      orbit and with the orbital ligament. The muscular fasciae were divided into 3
      layers. The superficial layer extended caudally from the orbital septum, was
      thick, and was pierced by arteries, veins, and nerves. The middle layer was
      attached to the sclerocorneal junction and, at the temporal canthus of the eye,
      was divided into superficial and deep sheets. The deep portion was attached to
      the lateral angle of the third eyelid, similar to a strong ligament. The deep
      layer of the muscular fasciae extended caudally from the sclerocorneal junction
      in intimate contact with recti and oblique muscles of the eyeball. The deep
      portion of the deep muscular fascia covered the deep surface of all recti muscles
      and separated them from the retractor bulbi muscle. Intermuscular septa were
      observed between middle and deep muscular fascia layers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301838
TI  - Postnatal ossification centers of the atlas and axis in miniature schnauzers.
AB  - Postnatal ossification of the atlas and axis was studied in Miniature Schnauzers
      by examining alizarin-stained bone clearings, cleaned dry bones, radiographs,
      histologic sections, and arterially perfused bone clearings. Sixty-two pups (1
      day to 16 weeks old) and 4 adults were examined. In 1-day-old pups, the atlas
      consisted of 3 separate ossification centers: a left and right neural arch center
      and midventrally, the intercentrum 1, which formed the body of the atlas. The
      axis contained 4 separate ossification centers: a left and right neural arch
      center; centrum 2 in the main part of the axis body; and centrum 1, which formed
      the caudal part of the dens and the cranial part of the axis body. By 6 weeks of
      age, the epiphysis on the caudal end of the axis body had begun to ossify. At
      this time, the intercentrum 2, which developed as a cuboidal ossification center
      intercalated between centrum 1 and centrum 2 in the middle of the cranial half of
      the axis body, also began to ossify. The centrum of the proatlas, which formed
      the apex of the dens, was first seen ossified in a 9-week-old pup. These 10
      ossification centers were seen as constant and separate elements. In all dogs,
      the dens developed from 2 separate ossification centers: the centrum of the
      proatlas formed the cranial one-quarter, and centrum 1 formed the caudal three
      quarters. Dens dysplasia is unlikely to be a result of failure of development of
      one of the ossification centers for the dens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301839
TI  - Influence of variable content of dietary zinc on copper metabolism of weanling
      foals.
AB  - The influence of variable zinc content (29.1, 250, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg of dry
      weight) in a basic diet containing 7.7 mg of copper/kg on the ability of weanling
      foals to maintain normal copper balance was investigated. Serum copper and zinc
      concentrations were monitored, and terminal hepatic copper and zinc contents were
      measured in 4 weanling foals fed the basic diet containing 29.1 mg of zinc/kg and
      in 2 foals each fed the higher-zinc diets. Foals fed the lower-zinc diets (29.1
      and 250 mg/kg) maintained normal serum copper and zinc concentrations for 14 to
      15 weeks, whereas those fed the 2 higher-zinc diets became hypocupremic within 5
      to 6 weeks and were lame within 6 weeks, owing to cartilaginous disease
      characteristic of osteochondritis dissecans. Serum zinc concentration in the
      foals fed the 2 higher-zinc diets increased to greater than 2 micrograms/ml
      within 2 weeks. Foals fed the high-zinc diets became lame after serum copper
      concentration had remained at 0.3 micrograms/ml for greater than 1 week. Serum
      copper concentration in these arthritic foals was less than or equal to 0.2
      micrograms/ml at the end of the study. In lame foals, fractures of the cartilage
      of the articular and growth physes occurred through the zone of hypertrophic
      cells, and varied from bilateral to unilateral and from small to large. Free
      masses and flaps of cartilage attached to one side were numerous.

PMID- 2301840
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of etomidate in cats.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic variables of etomidate were determined after IV administration of
      etomidate (3.0 mg/kg of body weight). Blood samples were collected for 6 hours.
      Disposition of this carboxylated imidazole best conformed to a 2- (n = 2) and a 3
      compartment (n = 4) open pharmacokinetic model. The pharmacokinetic values were
      calculated for the overall best-fitted model, characterized as a mixed 2- and 3
      compartmental model. The first and most rapid distribution half-life was 0.05
      hour and a second distribution half-life was 0.35 hour. Elimination half-life was
      2.89 hours, apparent volume of distribution was 11.87 +/- 4.64 L/kg, apparent
      volume of distribution at steady state was 4.88 +/- 2.25 L/kg, apparent volume of
      the central compartment was 1.17 +/- 0.70 L/kg, and total clearance was 2.47 +/-
      0.78 L/kg/h.

PMID- 2301841
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intravenous or intramuscular administration of
      gentamicin in roosters.
AB  - Healthy mature roosters (n = 10) were given gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight,
      IV) and, 30 days later, another dose IM. Serum concentrations of gentamicin were
      determined over 60 hours after each drug dosing, using a radioimmunoassay. Using
      nonlinear least-square regression methods, the combined data of IV and IM
      treatments were best fitted by a 2-compartment open model. The mean distribution
      phase half-life was 0.203 +/- 0.075 hours (mean +/- SD) and the terminal half
      life was 3.38 +/- 0.62 hours. The volume of the central compartment was 0.0993 +/
      0.0097 L/kg, volume of distribution at steady state was 0.209 +/- 0.013 L/kg,
      and the total body clearance was 46.5 +/- 7.9 ml/h/kg. Intramuscular absorption
      was rapid, with a half-life for absorption of 0.281 +/- 0.081 hours. The extent
      of IM absorption was 95 +/- 18%. Maximal serum concentration of 20.68 +/- 2.10
      micrograms/ml was detected at 0.62 +/- 0.18 hours after the dose. Kinetic
      calculations predicted that IM injection of gentamicin at a dosage of 4 mg/kg, q
      12 h, and 1.5 mg/kg, q 8 h, would provide average steady-state serum
      concentrations of 6.82 and 3.83 micrograms/ml, with minimal steady-state serum
      concentrations of 1.54 and 1.50 micrograms/ml and maximal steady-state serum
      concentrations of 18.34 and 7.70 micrograms/ml, respectively.

PMID- 2301842
TI  - Platelet aggregation studies in dogs with acute Ehrlichia platys infection.
AB  - Ten adult dogs (5 Beagles and 5 mixed-breed dogs) were inoculated IV with canine
      platelets containing Ehrlichia platys. Inclusions and morulae of E platys
      developed in platelets of infected dogs at 10 to 14 days after inoculation,
      followed by marked thrombocytopenia at 14 to 21 days. Parasitemia and marked
      thrombocytopenia recurred at 24 to 28 days after inoculation. Increased numbers
      of megakaryocytes were observed in marrow aspirate smears from infected dogs,
      indicative of regenerative thrombocytopenia. Prior to infection, platelet-rich
      plasma from these dogs was determined to have similar aggregatory response to
      arachidonate. After infection with E platys, the aggregatory response of platelet
      rich plasma to collagen or 3 dilutions of adenosine diphosphate was evaluated. A
      statistically significant (P less than 0.05) inhibition of platelet aggregatory
      response to the lowest dilution of adenosine diphosphate was detected for mixed
      breed dogs, whereas aggregation responses were unchanged in Beagles. Results
      indicate that platelet activation may occur in dogs with acute ehrlichial
      infection.

PMID- 2301843
TI  - Prevention of reperfusion injury in surgically induced gastric dilatation
      volvulus in dogs.
AB  - Canine gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a naturally acquired condition of
      large-breed dogs primarily and is associated with high mortality. The clinical
      course suggests that reperfusion injury may be important in the pathogenesis of
      GDV. To evaluate the role of xanthine oxidase and iron-dependent lipid
      peroxidation (which are purported mechanisms of reperfusion injury) in the
      pathogenesis of GDV-related mortality, we created experimental GDV in 21 dogs.
      These dogs were then treated with either allopurinol (a xanthine oxidase
      inhibitor), U74006F (an experimental lipid peroxidation inhibitor), or saline
      solution (NaCl, 0.85%). Three of 8 dogs died in the allopurinol-treated group,
      none of 5 died in the U74006F-treated group, and 4 of 8 died in the saline
      solution-treated group. Tissue malondialdehyde concentration, a nonspecific
      indicator of lipid peroxidation, was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in
      the duodenum, jejunum, colon, liver, and pancreas of the saline-solution treated
      and allopurinol-treated dogs than in the same tissues of the U74006F-treated dogs
      after surgical correction of the GDV (ie, during reperfusion), compared with
      malondialdehyde concentrations determined before inducing GDV. The results of
      this study support the concept that lipid peroxidation associated with
      reperfusion injury is important in the pathogenesis and high mortality of canine
      GDV. Furthermore, this lipid peroxidation and mortality may be preventable by
      appropriate and timely treatment.

PMID- 2301844
TI  - Effect of high PaCO2 and time on cerebrospinal fluid and intraocular pressure in
      halothane-anesthetized horses.
AB  - The effects of different arterial carbon dioxide tensions (PaCO2) on
      cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were studied
      in 6 male halothane-anesthetized horses positioned in left lateral recumbency.
      Steady-state anesthetic conditions (1.06% end-tidal halothane concentration)
      commenced 60 minutes following anesthetic induction with only halothane in
      oxygen. During atracurium neuromuscular blockade, horses were ventilated, and
      respiratory rate and peak inspiratory airway pressure were maintained within
      narrow limits. The CSFP and IOP were measured at 3 different levels of PaCO2
      (approx 40, 60, and 80 mm of Hg). The PaCO2 sequence in each horse was determined
      from a type of switchback design with the initial PaCO2 (period 1), established
      30 minutes after the commencement of steady-state anesthesia, being repeated in
      the middle (period 3) and again at the end (period 5) of the experiment.
      Measurements taken from the middle 3 periods (2, 3, and 4) would form a Latin
      square design replicated twice. The interval between each period was
      approximately 45 minutes. Data from periods 2, 3, and 4 indicated that CSFP (P
      less than 0.05) and mean systemic arterial pressure increased significantly (P
      less than 0.05) with high PaCO2. Mean central venous pressure, heart rate, and
      IOP did not change significantly during these same conditions. Measurements taken
      during periods 1, 3, and 5 were compared to assess the time-related responses to
      anesthesia and showed a significant increase in CSFP, a significant decrease in
      mean central venous pressure, and a small (but not statistically significant)
      increase in mean systemic arterial pressure.

PMID- 2301845
TI  - Identification and anatomic categorization of the vascular patterns to the pelvic
      limb muscles of dogs.
AB  - The vascular patterns to pelvic limb muscles were studied in 6 dogs (12 limbs) to
      identify muscles most suitable for transposition in the treatment of large
      wounds. Gross dissection of injected specimens and angiography were used to
      identify the vascular pedicles. The vascular pedicles to several muscles were
      generally consistent, and any variations would not interfere with most muscle
      transfers. The cranial part of the sartorius, gracillis, semitendinosus, and
      rectus femoris muscles were identified as suitable candidates for transfer. The
      caudal part of the sartorius, cranial tibial, and long digital extensor muscles
      have segmentalized vascular patterns that would limit its arc of rotation.

PMID- 2301846
TI  - Eleven-year analysis of changes in the incidence and recurrence of cystic ovarian
      disease in a herd of dairy cattle in California.
AB  - Individual card records of all cows that began 1 or more lactations between the
      inclusive dates of Jan 1, 1976 and Dec 31, 1986 were obtained from a California
      dairy herd. Calving date, lactation number, physical examination date, conception
      date, and clinical findings pertinent to cystic ovarian disease (COD) were
      extracted from the records. Lactation-specific data were organized into cohorts
      by quarter and year in which lactation began, and the following estimates were
      calculated for each of the 44 cohorts: separate actuarial cumulative incidences
      for cows in their first lactation, cows in the second or later lactation, and all
      cows combined; separate proportions of the incident cases that were in their
      second or greater lactation and that had recurred from any previous lactation;
      proportions of the incident cases that had recurrence of COD 1 or more times, and
      recurrence 2 or more times during the lactation; and the mean number of days in
      lactation at diagnosis of the incident case. Time-series analysis and multiple
      regression modeling procedures were used to characterize changes in the overall
      incidence rate over the study period and to describe the contribution of
      additional measures to the dynamics of the incidence rates. The quarterly
      actuarial cumulative incidences of COD increased concurrently with the increased
      incidence among cows in the second or later lactation. Neither the proportion of
      incident cases that were diseased during a previous lactation nor the proportion
      of cases that were in the second or later lactation contributed to the observed
      changes in the overall incidence rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301847
TI  - Addresses misunderstanding about AJVR report.

PMID- 2301848
TI  - Lung disease associated with progressive systemic sclerosis. Assessment of
      interlobar variation by bronchoalveolar lavage and comparison with noninvasive
      evaluation of disease activity.
AB  - Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), or scleroderma, is a disease of unknown
      etiology that involves many organ systems, including the lungs. The interstitial
      lung disease of systemic sclerosis is becoming an increasing cause of morbidity
      and mortality. This process has been previously evaluated with single-site
      bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), gallium scanning, pulmonary function testing, and,
      occasionally, by open lung biopsy. As BAL has been shown to correlate well with
      open lung biopsy in systemic sclerosis, we sought to determine if single-site BAL
      accurately reflects alveolitis in a second site in the lung, and if BAL results
      correlate with other noninvasive tests of lung inflammation: gallium uptake,
      chest radiography, or arterial blood gas analysis. We performed 17 studies in 13
      patients with scleroderma and found no significant lobar differences in lavage
      results or gallium scanning. By our criteria for normal versus active alveolitis,
      only two of 17 patient lavages would have been classified as normal by one side
      and abnormal by the other side. Although percent gallium uptake was equal
      bilaterally and supported the concept of alveolitis uniformity, gallium uptake
      intensity did not correlate with activity as measured by BAL. Furthermore, chest
      radiograph and arterial blood gas analysis did not correlate with BAL results or
      gallium scanning. We believe these data support the suitability of single-site
      lavage in the investigation of systemic-sclerosis-associated alveolitis and
      diminish the importance of gallium scanning in the investigation of systemic
      sclerosis pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2301849
TI  - Collagen cross-linking in adult patients with acute and chronic fibrotic lung
      disease. Molecular markers for fibrotic collagen.
AB  - Lung tissue from patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD), adult respiratory
      distress syndrome (ARDS), and control subjects with no obvious fibrotic lung
      disease was analyzed for its content of the collagen cross-links
      hydroxylysinonorleucine (HLNL), dihydroxylysinonorleucine (DHLNL), and
      hydroxypyridinium (OHP). We observed significant elevations of the DHLNL:HLNL
      ratio in patients with ARDS, and significant increases in the content of OHP in
      lungs of patients with ILD. These results are consistent with data from animal
      models of fibrotic lung disease, suggesting that increases in the DHLNL:HLNL
      ratio of lung collagen may serve as a marker of an acute fibrotic episode,
      whereas increased lung collagen OHP content serves as a marker of chronic lung
      fibrosis. We suggest that the underlying mechanism for the changes in DHLNL
      content in (pre)fibrotic acutely injured lung tissue and in OHP content in long
      term fibrosis may be an increase in the activity of lysyl hydroxylase, a key
      intracellular enzyme responsible for a specific post-translational modification
      of collagen.

PMID- 2301850
TI  - Asbestos-induced pleural fibrosis and impaired lung function.
AB  - To assess the clinical significance of asbestos-induced pleural fibrosis, we
      evaluated the relationship between radiographic evidence of pleural fibrosis and
      spirometric values in 1,211 sheet metal workers. Of those with pleural fibrosis
      (n = 334), 78% had circumscribed plaques and 22% had diffuse pleural thickening
      involving the costophrenic angle. Factors that were found to be associated with
      the presence and type of pleural fibrosis included increased age (p less than
      0.001), more years in the trade (p less than 0.0001), more years since first
      exposure to asbestos (p less than 0.0001), more pack-years of cigarette smoking
      (p less than 0.01), and the presence and degree of interstitial fibrosis (p less
      than 0.0001). After controlling for these potential confounders (age, years in
      the trade, latency, pack-years of smoking, and ILO profusion category), linear
      multivariate regression models demonstrated that both circumscribed plaques (p =
      0.007) and diffuse pleural thickening (p = 0.008) were independently associated
      with decrements in FVC but not with decrements in the FEV1/FVC ratio.
      Furthermore, our data indicate that the effect of diffuse pleural thickening on
      decrements in FVC is approximately twice as great as that seen with circumscribed
      pleural plaques. We conclude that the presence and type of pleural fibrosis among
      asbestos-exposed workers is independently associated with a pattern of spirometry
      that is suggestive of an underlying restrictive defect in lung function.

PMID- 2301851
TI  - Breath-stacking increases the depth and duration of chest expansion by incentive
      spirometry.
AB  - Although the objective of incentive spirometry is to achieve and hold high lung
      volumes, many patients with pain or weakness are unable to sustain the effort
      needed to perform effective exercises. We questioned whether using a one-way
      valve to prevent exhalation would allow rest between inspiratory efforts and
      cause volume to cumulate during successive tidal efforts, improving both the
      depth and duration of the inspiratory maneuver. We studied 26 cooperative but
      naive patients recovering from surgery, trauma, or critical illness whose pain or
      weakness impaired ability to achieve and sustain deep inspiration. All subjects
      breathed via mouthpiece from a spirometer prefilled with 100% oxygen. Three
      different maneuvers were performed in random order by all subjects: (1) standard
      inspiratory capacity without valve or inspiratory hold, (2) inspiratory capacity
      (IC) with breathholding aided by a one-way valve, and (3) uncoached breath
      stacking, during which successive tidal breaths were cumulated by one-way
      valving. A fourth maneuver was added in the last 13 subjects studied: an initial
      coached IC effort with subsequent valved stacking of tidal efforts. When compared
      with IC, "breath stacking" (valved) maneuvers increased inspired volume by an
      average of 15 to 20% (p less than 0.05). More importantly, there was a
      severalfold increase in the time over which high lung volume was sustained (p
      less than 0.001). Our results indicate that one-way valving helps to achieve and
      sustain deep inspiration, even in uncoached patients.

PMID- 2301852
TI  - Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States.
AB  - From 1963 to 1986, the number of reported cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in the
      United States declined an average of 5.0% annually, and the number of cases of
      extrapulmonary tuberculosis declined an average of 0.9% annually over the same
      period. In 1986, 17.5% of all cases of tuberculosis were extrapulmonary. Of
      pulmonary cases, 63.0% occurred among racial ethnic minorities and the foreign
      born, whereas of extrapulmonary cases, the respective proportion was 71.2%. After
      adjustment for other variables, the proportion of extrapulmonary tuberculosis
      among all patients with tuberculosis by age was found to be largest in children
      and generally to decrease with increasing age, larger among black, Asian, and
      American Indian than among non-Hispanic white patients, larger among female than
      among male patients, and larger among the foreign-born than among patients born
      in the United States. The smaller decline in extrapulmonary tuberculosis over the
      years may be partially due to changes in the demographic characteristics of
      patients with tuberculosis. Considerable differences in susceptibility to
      different sites of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by age, race/ethnicity, sex, and
      country of origin were found. The reasons for these differences remain largely
      unexplained.

PMID- 2301853
TI  - Dose-response effects of two sizes of monodisperse isoproterenol in mild asthma.
AB  - The dose-response effect of monodispersed isoproterenol of two different sizes
      (diameters 2.5 and 5 microns) was examined in eight mild asthmatic subjects
      (baseline FEV, 81.5% of predicted). Pulmonary and cardiovascular variables were
      measured before and following 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 cumulative min of aerosol
      inhalation. Subjects inhaled 1 to 30 micrograms (2.5-microns particles) or 2 to
      50 micrograms (5-microns particles) of isoproterenol. Pulmonary but not cardiac
      responses were significantly greater for the 2.5-microns particles as compared to
      equivalent doses of 5-microns particles. Pulmonary dose-related response
      differences were particularly marked for variables associated with small airway
      function (FEF25-75 and FEF75-85). These findings suggest that small particles
      penetrate more deeply into the lung and thereby more effectively dilate small
      airways and that small amounts of appropriately sized inhaled bronchodilator may
      produce considerable therapeutic effects.

PMID- 2301854
TI  - Airborne concentrations and particle size distribution of allergen derived from
      domestic cats (Felis domesticus). Measurements using cascade impactor, liquid
      impinger, and a two-site monoclonal antibody assay for Fel d I.
AB  - The recent development of a sensitive two-site monoclonal antibody immunoassay
      for the major cat allergen (Fel d I) has made it possible to make accurate
      measurements of airborne cat allergen using low volume samplers that do not
      disturb the room. Houses with cats had from 2 to 20 ng Fel d I/m3 air compared
      with less than 0.2 ng/m3 in houses without cats. Using a cascade impactor and a
      multistage liquid impinger, the particle size distribution of airborne Fel d I in
      nine houses was 75% on particle greater than or equal to 5 microns in diameter
      and 25% (range, 10 to 62%) on particles less than or equal to 2.5 microns. In a
      cat vivarium with 12 cats, the air contained 40 ng Fel d I/m3, but less than 2%
      was detected on particles less than or equal to 2.5 microns. The air exchange
      rate in the vivarium (approximately 15 changes/h) appears to be the major
      difference from domestic houses (less than 0.5 changes/h). Repeated studies in
      one house confirmed a very high proportion (approximately 60%) of Fel d I on
      small particles. During domestic cleaning, the levels of small particle allergen
      in this house approached those produced by a nebulizer for bronchial provocation,
      i.e., 40 ng/m3. These results show unequivocally that significant airborne Fel d
      I is associated with small particles, which remain airborne for long periods.
      These findings are strikingly different from previous results obtained with
      airborne dust mite allergen. The results provide an explanation for the
      distinctive rapid onset of asthma or rhinitis in patients allergic to cats and a
      basis for designing a policy to reduce airborne allergen in houses with cats.

PMID- 2301855
TI  - Prior exposure to ozone potentiates subsequent response to sulfur dioxide in
      adolescent asthmatic subjects.
AB  - The objective of this study was to test whether prior exposure to a low
      concentration of ozone (120 ppb) would condition airways in asthmatic subjects to
      respond to a subthreshold concentration of sulfur dioxide (100 ppb). Eight male
      and five female subjects 12 to 18 yr of age participated. They all had allergic
      asthma and exercise-induced bronchospasm. Subjects were exposed to three test
      atmosphere sequences during intermittent moderate exercise (a 45-min exposure to
      one pollutant followed by a 15-min exposure to the second pollutant). The
      sequences were: air followed by 100 ppb SO2, 120 ppb O3 followed by 120 ppb O3,
      and 120 ppb O3 followed by 100 ppb SO2. The pulmonary function measurements
      assessed were FEV1, total respiratory resistance (RT), and maximal flow (Vmax50).
      Air-SO2 and O3-O3 exposures did not cause significant changes in pulmonary
      function. On the other hand, exposure to 100 ppb SO2 after a 45-min exposure to
      120 ppb O3 caused a significant (8%) decrease in FEV1 (p = 0.046), a significant
      (19%) increase in RT (p = 0.048), and a significant (15%) decrease in Vmax50 (p =
      0.008). It is concluded that prior O3 exposure increased bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness in these subjects such that they responded to an ordinarily
      subthreshold concentration of SO2. These data suggest that assessment of
      pulmonary changes to single pollutant challenges overlooks the interactive
      effects of common coexisting or sequentially occurring air pollutants.

PMID- 2301856
TI  - Short-term exposure to 0.3 ppm nitrogen dioxide does not potentiate airway
      responsiveness to sulfur dioxide in asthmatic subjects.
AB  - Whether short-term exposure to low levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) enhances
      airway responsiveness in asthmatic subjects is controversial. Because it is well
      established that asthma is associated with increased airway responsiveness to
      another common air pollutant, sulfur dioxide (SO2), we examined whether short
      term exposure of asthmatic subjects to 0.3 ppm NO2 potentiates airway
      responsiveness to inhaled SO2. We exposed nine subjects with clinically stable
      asthma to 0.3 ppm NO2 or filtered air in an environmental room for 30 min on 2
      separate days at least 1 wk apart in a double-blind, randomized fashion. A
      questionnaire about common symptoms related to inhaled irritants was completed
      before and immediately after each exposure. Each subject exercised (60 to 80 W)
      on a cycloergometer during the first 20 min of each exposure. We measured
      specific airway resistance (SRaw) and FEV1/FVC before, 5 min after, and 1 h after
      completion of the air or NO2 exposure. The single-breath nitrogen test (SBN2) was
      also performed before and 1 h after completion of the air or NO2 exposures and
      closing volume was determined; subsequently, SO2 dose-response curves (0.25 to
      4.0 ppm) were performed via a mouthpiece. Each dose of SO2 was inhaled at a
      minute ventilation of 20 L/min for 4 min and was doubled until SRaw increased by
      at least 8 U above baseline. The dose of SO2 required to provoke an increase in
      SRaw of 8 U above baseline was determined by linear interpolation from the dose
      response curve (PD8Uso2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301858
TI  - Bronchial epithelial inflammation in children with chronic cough after early
      lower respiratory tract illness.
AB  - We studied the ultrastructural findings in biopsies from the main carina of seven
      school-aged children who had had chronic cough for at least 3 months and who all
      had a history of early lower respiratory illness (LRI). They had their first LRI
      between birth and 7 yr of age (range, 5 to 11 yr). The cross-sectional area of
      the epithelium was quantified by point counting for the percentage area of
      intercellular spaces (ICS) denoting edema, and the numbers of both inflammatory
      cells (leukocytes, including eosinophils, and mast cells) and ciliated cells. The
      children (excluding the one using inhaled steroids) demonstrated nearly 17- and
      more than sevenfold increases in the mean area of ICS and number of inflammatory
      cells per epithelial area, respectively, and a nearly three-fold decrease in the
      mean number of ciliated cells per epithelial area compared with the biopsy
      specimens from the orifice of the right upper lobe bronchus of two healthy
      adults. In the children, the increase in inflammatory cells (greater than 91%
      were lymphocytes) was more prominent in the children with two LRI before the age
      of 1 yr. Our findings imply a close association of early LRI and later epithelial
      inflammation during chronic cough. Allergic mechanisms in the epithelial
      inflammation cannot be ruled out as six of the patients had, either alone or in
      combination, signs of atopia, positive family history of allergic rhinitis or
      asthma, and eosinophils or mast cells in the epithelium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301857
TI  - Acute topical steroid administration blocks mast cell increase and the late
      asthmatic response of the canine peripheral airways.
AB  - Previous studies indicated that mast cell number increased after airway exposure
      to Ascaris suum antigen (Ag). The following two series of experiments were
      performed to test the hypothesis that this phenomenon may be associated with the
      Ag-induced late-phase bronchoconstriction (LAR). In the first, two bronchoscopes
      wedged in airway segments of two contralateral lobes of 16 dogs were used to
      deliver 0.26, 2.6, or 26 micrograms of Ag to one lobe; the other served as a
      control. After the observation of a LAR, Ag and control lobes plus one unexposed
      tissue sample were collected and prepared for histologic examination. The data
      showed that the incidence, time of onset, and magnitude of the LAR were dose
      related. In the second series of experiments, performed in 14 dogs, the tracheal
      mucosal surface was surgically exposed to allow 80 micrograms of beclomethasone
      dipropionate to be sprayed on one half while the other half was left untreated.
      Pledgets saturated with 0.2 microgram of Ag were placed on both sides 1 h later.
      Then two bronchoscopes were used to pretreat airways of two contralateral lobes
      to 40 micrograms of either the steroid or the vehicle. One hour later, both
      airways were exposed to 2.6 micrograms of aerosolized Ag. Of these 14 dogs
      monitored for peripheral airway responses, seven demonstrated a LAR in the
      vehicle-treated airway. In all seven dogs, the LAR was absent in the steroid
      treated airway even though the cellular profiles of the two airways did not
      significantly differ. In seven additional dogs, the bronchoscopic procedure was
      performed as previously described. However, these dogs were killed 1 h after Ag
      exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301859
TI  - Lung fibroblasts produce growth stimulatory activity for bronchial epithelial
      cells.
AB  - Interaction between lung fibroblasts and airway epithelial cells may play an
      important role in lung morphogenesis and airway repair after injury. Even though
      many reports have suggested that mesenchymal fibroblasts have a growth
      stimulatory effect on surrounding epithelial cells, very few have attempted to
      confirm and characterize the growth stimulatory activity in isolated cell
      systems. We cultured human fetal lung (HFL-1) fibroblasts, harvested supernatant
      conditioned media under serum-free conditions, and examined their growth
      stimulatory effect on bovine bronchial epithelial cells by a variety of
      techniques, including direct enumeration, thymidine uptake, and metaphase arrest.
      We also partially characterized the growth stimulatory activity and examined the
      effect of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis on its release. The results demonstrate
      that HLF-1 fibroblasts release growth stimulatory activity for bovine bronchial
      epithelial cells. This activity is nondialyzable, protease-sensitive, acid
      stable, and lipid-inextractable and thus appears to have the property of protein;
      it may be produced by de novo synthesis. Molecular sieve chromatography on
      Sephadex G-75 indicates an approximate molecular mass of 6,000 D. This growth
      stimulatory activity is likely to play roles in lung morphogenesis and airway
      repair after injury.

PMID- 2301862
TI  - Laryngeal amyloidosis in a child.
AB  - A 14-year-old girl developed progressive hoarseness and breathing difficulty due
      to a mass in the subglottic larynx. A biopsy specimen obtained at direct
      laryngoscopy showed localized aggregates of amyloid. The lesion was excised
      completely with a carbon dioxide laser. This is the second case of laryngeal
      amyloidosis in a child reported in the English-language literature.

PMID- 2301860
TI  - Granulocyte depletion attenuates sustained pulmonary hypertension and increased
      pulmonary vasoreactivity caused by continuous air embolization in sheep.
AB  - Chronic pulmonary hypertension can develop in diseases associated with acute or
      repeated inflammation in the lungs, e.g., adult respiratory distress syndrome,
      chronic bronchitis. Inflammation has also been associated with some animal models
      of chronic pulmonary hypertension. We have previously shown that 12 days of
      continuous air embolization into sheep results in the functional and structural
      changes of chronic pulmonary hypertension. To determine whether granulocytes
      contribute to these changes, five sheep were granulocyte-depleted with
      hydroxyurea immediately before and during air embolization (AIR-PMN) and were
      compared with sheep receiving air embolization (AIR only). Air embolization was
      discontinued briefly every 4 days for monitoring of pulmonary vascular pressures
      and assessment of pulmonary vasoreactivity to a bolus injection of PGH2-A. After
      12 days of air embolization, the lungs were removed for structural studies. AIR
      PMN sheep did not develop the sustained increase in pulmonary artery pressure
      seen in the AIR sheep (Day 12, AIR-PMN = 20 +/- 3 cm H2O; AIR = 29 +/- 2; mean +/
      SE). Similarly, the increased pulmonary pressor response to PGH2-A seen in AIR
      sheep was not found in the AIR-PMN group. Structural studies of the barium
      injected lungs of AIR-PMN sheep revealed a twofold increase in medial thickness
      of normally muscular arteries and a significant increase in the percent of
      muscular intraacinar arteries (similar to findings in lungs from AIR sheep). The
      number of barium-filled arteries was increased in AIR-PMN sheep when compared
      with that in AIR sheep, but the number was still less than in the control sheep.
      We conclude that granulocytes may contribute to the functional changes of chronic
      pulmonary hypertension after continuous air embolization in sheep, but they do
      not play a role in structural changes involving pulmonary arterial smooth muscle
      cells and their precursors. The present data also suggest that the reduction in
      peripheral arterial filling is the structural alteration that contributes most to
      the sustained rise in pulmonary artery pressure. The data further suggest that
      pulmonary hypertension after air embolization may have a vasoconstrictive
      component that is granulocyte-dependent.

PMID- 2301863
TI  - Effect of laryngeal stenting in a rabbit model.
AB  - A short length of oversize endotracheal tube was sutured in the undamaged
      subglottis of 22 rabbits to explore the effect of laryngeal stents. The stent was
      secured to lie beneath the vocal cords. The histologic changes were minimal
      irrespective of the type of tube used and how long it remained in situ. These
      findings are consistent with the theory that tube movement is necessary to
      produce stenosis and are encouraging given the widespread use of stents in
      pediatric laryngeal reconstruction. The role of gastric acid in producing
      subglottic stenosis is discussed.

PMID- 2301861
TI  - Sex-specific fetal lung development and mullerian inhibiting substance.
AB  - Male neonates develop respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) with a greater
      incidence and mortality than do female neonates; the cause of this male
      disadvantage remains obscure. Male fetuses are exposed to higher levels of
      androgens and Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS). Androgens have been shown to
      inhibit fetal lung maturation, and recent evidence in vitro indicates that MIS, a
      Sertoli cell-derived glycoprotein made early in ontogeny of the testis, may also
      inhibit lung development. To study whether this fetal regressor might inhibit
      maturation of the fetal lung in vivo, we injected human recombinant MIS (rMIS)
      into fetal rats, measured serum levels of rMIS using an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay, and analyzed fetal lung tissue histologically and for
      protein, glycogen, DNA, and disaturated phosphatidylcholine content. Peak serum
      levels of recombinant MIS were measured at 6 h, with an apparent elimination half
      life of 3 h, and without leakage into adjacent littermates injected with vehicle
      alone. Female fetal rat lung tissue exposed to recombinant MIS (10(-9) M, 10(-8)
      M) revealed depressed disaturated phosphatidylcholine content both 48 and 72 h
      after injection compared with female vehicle-injected littermates. Male lungs of
      the same gestational age appeared inhibited at a higher (10(-8) M) rMIS dose.
      These inhibitory effects observed in vivo confirm those previously seen in vitro
      and suggest that MIS, as well as androgens, may play a causative or important
      ancillary role in the sexual dimorphism that characterizes the neonatal
      respiratory distress syndrome.

PMID- 2301864
TI  - Ceravital versus plastipore in tympanoplasty: a randomized prospective trial.
AB  - The hearing results and extrusion rates for ossicular chain reconstruction using
      a new material called Ceravital, a bioactive glass ceramic, were compared with
      those for Plastipore, a porous polyethylene that is our standard for synthetic
      materials. Our null hypothesis was that the results of the two materials were
      similar. A Ceravital or a Plastipore prosthesis was randomly assigned to 112
      consecutive patients. We had 6-month follow-up on 100 patients and 3-year follow
      up on 80 patients. The average air-bone gap at 4,000 Hz was 6 dB less with
      Plastipore than with Ceravital (p = .036). Patients were twice as likely to have
      an air-bone gap of 15 dB or less with Plastipore than with Ceravital (40% versus
      21%; p = .061). Two of the 38 patients with Ceravital prostheses had a late
      hearing-result failure due to resorption of the prosthesis material. The
      materials had similar extrusion rates. We rejected our null hypothesis. The
      Plastipore group had better hearing results than did the Ceravital group.

PMID- 2301865
TI  - Aural irrigation with water: a potential pathogenic mechanism for inducing
      malignant external otitis?
AB  - We hypothesized that the forcible introduction of water containing Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa into the ear canal of a susceptible host (an elderly diabetic with
      cutaneous hypoperfusion secondary to microangiopathy) was the inciting factor in
      the development of malignant external otitis. Tap water irrigation of the ears by
      a physician preceded the onset of symptoms in 61.5% (8/13) of cases of malignant
      external otitis. Two control subjects with known diabetes mellitus were matched
      for each patient by sex and age. Both groups were questioned on the nature and
      degree of aural water exposure, as well as history of ear disease. There were no
      significant differences between 13 patients and 26 control subjects for presence
      of ear disease (hearing loss, chronic infection, prior operations), swimming,
      showering, bathing, frequency of ear cleaning, or method of ear cleaning
      (washcloth, cotton applicator). Patients with malignant external otitis had a
      statistically significant higher incidence of aural irrigation with tap water
      when compared with control subjects. We suggest that a substantial number of
      cases of malignant external otitis may be iatrogenic.

PMID- 2301867
TI  - Surgical treatment for laryngeal paralysis in infants and children.
AB  - Clinical and endoscopic data of 219 cases of laryngeal paralysis in newborns,
      infants, and children are briefly reported. The management of severe cases of
      persistent dyspnea then is discussed, according to the literature. Of 219 cases,
      22 young patients underwent a surgical procedure because of lack of spontaneous
      recovery and poor tolerance of their disease after 6 to 9 months of follow-up.
      Arytenoidectomy technique has been used three times and arytenoidopexy 19 times,
      with fair to excellent results. Other possible treatments for infants are
      discussed. On the basis of this important series of surgical pediatric cases, the
      arytenoidopexy technique is advocated, besides arytenoidectomy, to avoid the
      risks of a long-term tracheostomy in young patients with vocal cord paralysis and
      severe dyspnea.

PMID- 2301866
TI  - Factors influencing the probability of residual cholesteatoma.
AB  - Data from the records of 251 consecutive patients with aural cholesteatoma
      treated surgically by one surgeon (R.E.G.) between 1962 and 1980, using mainly
      wide access approaches of atticotomy and attico-antrostomy, and assiduously
      followed up, formed the basis of an analysis to determine what variables
      influence the chance of residual cholesteatoma. There were 42 cases of residual
      cholesteatoma; 20 in the mesotympanum (including two annular), 17 in the
      epitympanum, and five in the mastoid. The most important variables for the
      prognosis of residual disease included age, the state of the stapes, the state of
      the middle ear mucosa, and the number of sites in the middle ear cleft affected
      by cholesteatoma. A logistic model was constructed to describe the dependence of
      the probability of residual cholesteatoma on the two determining variables age
      and state of the stapes. The implications of these findings for the surgical
      management of cholesteatoma are discussed.

PMID- 2301868
TI  - Microvascular decompression by retrosigmoid approach for trigeminal neuralgia:
      experience in 200 patients.
AB  - Trigeminal neuralgia is often seen in elderly persons. Two hundred patients with
      trigeminal neuralgia were submitted to microvascular decompression by a
      retrosigmoid approach. The surgical procedure is described. Vascular compression
      of the nerves was noticed in all these patients at operation. One hundred ninety
      seven had relief of symptoms postoperatively, for a 98.5% cure rate. In addition,
      we suggest that another important cause is arteriosclerosis.

PMID- 2301869
TI  - Vestibulo-ocular reflex as a parameter of seasickness susceptibility.
AB  - The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is known to be modulated in response to
      changing vestibular and optokinetic stimuli. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate possible relationships between VOR and future susceptibility and
      habituation to seasickness. Thirty candidates for future maritime service were
      exposed to a series of yaw axis smooth harmonic accelerations before and after 6
      months of regular sailing, and their VOR gain and phase responses were recorded.
      Seasickness severity was estimated after 1 and 6 months of service by a
      questionnaire. We conclude that VOR gain at 0.01 Hz may serve as a physiologic
      correlate helping to predict seasickness susceptibility, and that the increase in
      phase lead at 0.02 Hz may mark the habituation process to sea conditions.

PMID- 2301870
TI  - Correlation between mastoid pneumatization and position of the lateral sinus.
AB  - The distance between the lateral sinus and the external ear canal was measured in
      148 patients (150 ears) with completely sclerotic (nonpneumatized) mastoids and
      in 75 healthy random control subjects (150 ears), with pneumatized mastoids. A
      highly significant difference (p less than .0001) was found between the two
      groups, the mean distance (+/- SD) among patients being 7.8 +/- 1.7 mm, while
      among controls it was 13.5 +/- 2.8 mm. Moreover, a significant positive
      correlation (p less than .001) was found within the pneumatized control group
      itself, between the sinus' distance and the degree of mastoid pneumatization. The
      results of this study may be interpreted by those who espouse environmental
      theories as denoting that infantile otitis media will determine the position of
      the lateral sinus. However, those who favor the genetic explanation may maintain
      that since the position of the sinus is established prenatally and involves
      organogenetically the shape of the skull, the final position is unlikely to be
      influenced by postnatal otitis media.

PMID- 2301871
TI  - Decrease in xenon clearance during response to cold, dry air: problems of
      interpretation.
AB  - In order to increase our understanding of the nasal response to cold, dry air
      (CDA), we studied changes in xenon clearance as an indicator of nasal blood flow.
      Eight individuals previously shown to respond to CDA had measurements of xenon
      clearance made in the left inferior turbinate before, during, and after a 15
      minute exposure to either CDA (-7 degrees C to 0 degrees C, less than 10%
      relative humidity) or room air. The half-life in seconds for xenon clearance on
      the day when CDA was inhaled was 56 +/- 6, 41 +/- 5, and 110 +/- 31, before,
      during, and 10 minutes after challenge, respectively. On the control day, with
      subjects breathing room air, the equivalent measurements of half-life in seconds
      were 54 +/- 8, 41 +/- 6, and 42 +/- 4, respectively. Xenon clearance was
      prolonged significantly (p less than .01) after exposure to CDA during the
      clinical response. The interpretation of the change in xenon clearance as an
      indicator of nasal blood flow is discussed.

PMID- 2301872
TI  - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: computed tomographic imaging of cavernous sinus
      thrombosis.

PMID- 2301873
TI  - Lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid region: a "new face" on an old lesion.
AB  - Lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid gland and its lymph nodes have been known
      for nearly 100 years, but only in the past half-decade have they gained clinical
      prominence, if not significance. The lymphoepithelial cysts can now be added to
      the growing list of clinicopathologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency
      virus-associated diseases.

PMID- 2301874
TI  - Bronchogenic cyst with tracheal involvement.
AB  - Bronchogenic cysts are uncommon developmental anomalies of the primitive foregut
      that can produce symptoms of ventilatory compromise in infants and children. A 2
      month-old child presented with episodes of stridor and obstructive apnea due to a
      bronchogenic cyst compressing the trachea and causing near-total obstruction.
      Aspiration of the cyst during bronchoscopy resulted in severe bradycardia (from
      140 to 50 beats per minute), although blood pressure was stable and oxygen
      saturation remained at 100%. Subsequent elective thoracotomy revealed the cyst to
      be intimately associated with the vagus nerve, and vagal stimulation may have
      caused the bradycardia. Bronchogenic cysts, although rare, should be considered
      in the differential diagnosis of infants and children undergoing direct
      laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy for airway compromise. The endoscopic aspiration of
      cystic tracheal and bronchial lesions may not obviate the need for more
      definitive surgical treatment and, as this case demonstrates, is not free of
      potential hazard.

PMID- 2301875
TI  - Laryngeal and laryngotracheoesophageal clefts: role of early surgical repair.
AB  - An uncommon congenital anomaly of the developing aerodigestive tract is the
      congenital laryngeal cleft and its extension, the congenital
      laryngotracheoesophageal (LTE) cleft. Because of the subtle findings sometimes
      seen with clefts confined to the larynx, the diagnosis may be difficult. The
      potential problems of airway obstruction and repeated aspiration frequently
      associated with laryngeal and LTE clefts mandate early surgical repair. Over the
      past 3 years, 14 patients with congenital laryngeal or LTE clefts have been
      managed at Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. This report
      details our experience and philosophy regarding the diagnosis and management of
      the condition, and presents the histopathologic findings of a case of complete
      LTE cleft in which surgical repair was delayed and death resulted.

PMID- 2301876
TI  - Carbon dioxide laser blepharoplasty--advantages and disadvantages.
AB  - Ten patients underwent upper eyelid blepharoplasty using the carbon dioxide laser
      on one eyelid and a conventional technique on the other. Administrative factors,
      safety considerations, ease of procedure, and short- and long-term results were
      evaluated. The carbon dioxide laser added considerable administrative, equipment,
      personnel, and organizational requirements to the procedure. The possibility of
      adverse safety factors or accidents was increased with the laser. Immediate and
      late postoperative results of pain, swelling, ecchymosis, and scarring were not
      significantly different on the two sides. No clear benefit other than a positive
      marketing factor could be demonstrated with use of the carbon dioxide laser for
      blepharoplasty.

PMID- 2301877
TI  - Distally based lateral calcaneal flap.
AB  - In our cadaver dissection, the connection between the lateral calcaneal artery,
      the lateral tarsal artery, and the branch of the lateral plantar artery was
      corroborated, indicating possible reverse blood flow in the lateral calcaneal
      artery. The distally based lateral calcaneal flap has been successfully used in 2
      patients. Vascular anatomy, indication, and technical points of the surgery as
      well as advantages and disadvantages of the flap are discussed.

PMID- 2301878
TI  - Effects of ischemia on ulcer wound healing: a new model in the rabbit ear.
AB  - To study the effects of alteration of blood flow on wound healing in rabbit ear
      ulcers, two models were designed that produced maximum ischemia and maximum
      congestion, respectively, with complete survival of the ear by selective division
      of one or more of three arteries or veins and circumferential incisions. After
      selection of the best models from six variations, tissue perfusion was measured
      indirectly by venous oxygen tension, dermofluorometry, pulse oximetry, and skin
      temperature. Wound healing was measured seven days after creating 6-mm surgical
      ulcers. The tissue oxygen tension calculated from the venous oxygen tension fell
      to 30 mm Hg through days 1, 3, and 7 in the ischemic ears, and skin temperature
      and blood flow measured by dermofluorometry were similarly affected. However,
      there was no evidence of significant change in tissue perfusion except increased
      skin temperature in the congested ears. None of the ischemic wounds were
      epithelialized completely, but half of the control and congested wounds were. The
      granulation tissue formation was decreased (39% of the area versus 63% of the
      area) and the infection rate was increased (20% versus 2%) significantly in the
      ischemic wounds compared with the control wounds but not in the congested wounds.
      The ischemic ulcer model is reproducible and quantifiable and is potentially a
      useful model for examining agents to improve ulcer healing where blood flow is
      decreased. The congestion model showed no significant changes in blood flow or
      wound healing.

PMID- 2301879
TI  - Electrophysiological study of the denervated orbicularis oculi muscle in dogs.
AB  - This study investigated the electrophysiology of the denervated orbicularis oculi
      muscle and its clinical application. Orbicularis oculi muscle denervation was
      achieved by complete transection of the seventh nerve in ten dogs. The parameters
      studied were the electrical requirements needed to cause a minimal perceptible
      contraction (twitch) and a complete eyelid closure (blink). Twitch and blink
      curves were generated. The findings are summarized as follows: (1) Minimum
      intensities for direct twitch of denervated orbicularis oculi muscle were
      significantly lower than intensities of normal orbicularis oculi muscle twitch (p
      less than 0.01) when long stimulus duration (5 to 400 ms) was used. (2) Minimum
      intensities for direct blink of denervated orbicularis oculi muscle were not
      significantly different from stimulus intensities for blink of normal orbicularis
      oculi muscle if long stimulus duration (5 to 400 ms) was used. Twitch and blink
      curves could be used to clinically follow the orbicularis oculi muscle movement
      return after operations performed in patients affected by lagophthalmos.

PMID- 2301880
TI  - Evaluation of porous polyethylene for external ear reconstruction.
AB  - Autogenous rib cartilage and silicone rubber are materials currently used for ear
      reconstruction. Increased morbidity and operative time with rib cartilage grafts
      and a high rate of extrusion with silicone implants render them less than ideal
      for reconstruction of the human ear. The purpose of the current investigation is
      to determine the efficacy of porous polyethylene as an alternative synthetic
      material for ear reconstruction. Porous polyethylene and silicone rubber discs of
      equal sizes in two thicknesses were implanted in lieu of the cartilage in the
      external ear of eight baboons. Histological evaluation of the sites after nine
      weeks revealed excellent anchorage of the thin porous polyethylene implants (1.5
      mm) in the surrounding tissues. Silicone rubber implants, however, were
      encapsulated in a thickened granulation tissue capsule. When thicker implants
      (3.0 mm) were used, exposure or extrusion occurred in all cases. Porous
      polyethylene implants demonstrated only partial exposure; half of the silicone
      rubber implants were extruded; and the other two silicone rubber implants were
      almost completely extruded. Porous polyethylene was thus better incorporated into
      the soft tissues than silicone rubber as long as the overlying soft tissues were
      not stressed by an oversized implant or inadequate soft tissue coverage.

PMID- 2301881
TI  - Toxicity of cleaning agents for removal of grease from wounds.
AB  - Industrial injuries are often open wounds contaminated with grease. Commercial
      compounds used for removing grease from intact skin are composed of petroleum
      distillates. These products are occasionally used to remove grease from open
      wounds. Using an animal model, this study examines the use of commercial
      compounds in open wounds in comparison with mild detergent and water. A clear
      correlation is established between their use and adverse tissue reaction. The use
      of soap and water as opposed to petroleum-based compounds is recommended for
      removal of grease from a wound.

PMID- 2301882
TI  - Increased survival length of experimental flap by calcium antagonist nifedipine.
AB  - The effect of a calcium antagonist (nifedipine) on flap survival was examined. A
      flap measuring 15 mm wide x 70 mm long was designed on the central region of the
      back of rats. The base of the flap was located 20 mm cranial from the root of the
      tail in each rat. The effect of the drug was evaluated on the basis of the
      difference between the dye distance and survival length. It was found that
      nifedipine extended the survival length of the flap. There were no significant
      differences in increased survival length between nifedipine and intravenously
      administered prostaglandin E1. There was no dose-dependent change on the effect
      of nifedipine. Increased survival length was demonstrated even at its usual
      clinical dosage. It was anticipated that there is a possibility of clinical
      application of this drug.

PMID- 2301883
TI  - Scrotal septocutaneous island flap for the reconstruction of the urethral
      fistula.
AB  - We report the reconstruction of the urethral fistula using a scrotal
      septocutaneous island flap. A scrotal septocutaneous island flap is supplied by
      vascular networks in the scrotal septum area from both perineal arteries and
      posterior scrotal arteries. This flap is divided into two flaps, one for urethral
      lining and the other for the skin defect. We found it to be a simple, useful, and
      reliable alternative to other local flaps. However, hairless skin of the scrotum
      must be used for the urethral lining. The musculocutaneous flap is also reliable.
      However, use of the scrotal septocutaneous island flap can save the
      musculocutaneous flap for secondary procedures.

PMID- 2301884
TI  - Treatment of tattoos with pure epidermal sheet grafting.
AB  - We treated tattoos with a new method in which the epidermis of the tattooed skin
      was replaced after removing the dermis, which contained tattoo pigments. The
      separation of the epidermis from the dermis was performed enzymatically with the
      use of dispase. The time required for healing of the wound was markedly
      shortened.

PMID- 2301885
TI  - Parotid salivary fistula following rhytidectomy.
AB  - With the advent of suction-assisted lipectomy and superficial muscular
      aponeurotic system procedure for face-lift, the risk of parotid injury increases.
      A case of parotid salivary fistula is presented and its management discussed.

PMID- 2301886
TI  - The dartos musculocutaneous island flap in urethral reconstruction.
AB  - Reconstruction of the burned penile urethra has received scant attention in the
      surgical literature. Techniques used in repairing congenital hypospadias may not
      be applicable in this situation. We describe a dartos musculocutaneous island
      flap used to reconstruct the distal burned penile urethra in a 13-year-old boy
      who sustained burns to 85% of his total body surface area. Reconstruction was
      completed in one surgical procedure, and at two-year follow-up good results were
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2301888
TI  - Ankle instability of the donor site following removal of vascularized fibula bone
      graft.
AB  - We have assessed the donor site of fibula bone graft to detect signs and symptoms
      of ankle instability in 8 patients. In 1 patient with generalized joint
      hyperlaxity pain, clinical instability and pathological motion of the proximal
      end of the distal remaining fibula were encountered. Seven other patients were
      asymptomatic and had no instability both clinically and on stress radiographs.

PMID- 2301887
TI  - Angiosarcoma of the face and scalp.
AB  - Angiosarcomas of the face and scalp are aggressive, malignant neoplasms that are
      associated with a poor prognosis. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy alone have failed
      to give satisfactory results in the treatment of this disease, so surgery
      continues to play the major role in its management. In this article we report on
      3 patients with angiosarcoma of the face and scalp recently seen in our
      institution. The clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and prognosis are
      extensively reviewed from the recent literature. We conclude with a discussion of
      treatment options in the management of this disease, with emphasis on surgical
      management.

PMID- 2301889
TI  - Large vascular plexiform neurofibroma of scalp: excision and coverage with free
      tissue transfer.
AB  - Diffuse neurofibroma (paraneurofibroma) is an unusual variant of neurofibroma in
      which the tumor cells diffusely infiltrate beyond the usual well-circumscribed
      boundary. Histological features of the tumor include both typical and plexiform
      neurofibroma. Although benign, diffuse vascularity with the possibility of life
      threatening hemorrhage dictates treatment. The combination of preoperative
      angiography, wide surgical excision, and resurfacing the defect with well
      vascularized tissue offers one-stage reconstruction and possible cure.

PMID- 2301890
TI  - Polyurethane nipple prosthesis.
AB  - Long-term nipple projection remains the elusive ingredient for measuring the
      success of a nipple reconstruction. Augmentation of this projection without
      sacrifice of autogenous donor tissues may be achieved using a polyurethane-coated
      silicone gel implant affectionately and descriptively called the "gumdrop"
      nipple. Two patients who agreed to implantation with this device have each been
      observed over a one-year period with no loss of projection. The role of an
      internal nipple prosthesis, although perhaps of some value as a salvage
      procedure, appears to offer few advantages over other accepted methods of
      reconstruction that do not use any foreign body.

PMID- 2301891
TI  - Scrotal reconstruction following Fournier's gangrene using the medial thigh
      fasciocutaneous flap.
AB  - Scrotal reconstruction with adequate protection of the testicles remains the
      challenge following Fournier's gangrene. Early single-staged sensate flap
      coverage is ideal. This is readily accomplished using the medial thigh
      fasciocutaneous flap based on the longitudinal axiallty of the anteromedial thigh
      suprafascial plexus. Only a single lower extremity need be violated, and the
      ipsilateral gracilis muscle may be simultaneously independently elevated for
      closure of larger defects. Primary donor site closure obviates the need for skin
      grafts.

PMID- 2301892
TI  - Nylon threads used as drains in free skin grafting.
AB  - Monofilament nylon threads are used as drains in free skin grafting; 2-0 or 3-0
      nylon threads are usually applied. Nylon drains are available in any operating
      room, and have no detrimental effects on the grafted skin. The drainage effect of
      nylon threads is shown in clinical cases and in a simple experimental model. The
      effect may not be dramatic, but it reduces the volume of hematomas and brings
      good results in free skin grafting.

PMID- 2301893
TI  - A simple technique for removal of a sharp, notched, impaled instrument.
AB  - When a sharp, pointed object becomes impaled, it may need exploration, especially
      when there is a side notch in which a blood vessel or nerve may become entangled.
      A simple technique of removal is described.

PMID- 2301894
TI  - Re: Ohlsen: Closure of nasal septal perforation with a cutaneous flap and a
      perichondrocutaneous graft.

PMID- 2301895
TI  - Technique of in situ saphenous vein arterial bypass: can the valves help to
      locate the major venous tributaries?
AB  - Ten cadaveric great saphenous vein systems have been dissected to assess the
      relationship between the valves and the termination of venous tributaries. Such
      tributaries were classified on the basis of size, competence and course, and the
      percentage of each of four classes terminating within 1 cm of each valve site has
      been assessed. Above the knee, valves were more numerous, closer together, and
      two-thirds of competent tributaries terminated within 1 cm of them, this
      relationship being weaker for other classes of tributary. Below the knee, less
      than 50% of any class of tributary was related to valves. Reference to the
      position of valves is not recommended as the sole method of locating potential
      arteriovenous fistulae.

PMID- 2301896
TI  - Non-occlusive ischaemic enteritis.
AB  - Non-occlusive infarction of the intestine without any associated medical disorder
      responsible for prolonged hypotension, is a rare clinical entity. A retrospective
      analysis of 46 cases revealed that the disease occurred predominantly in young,
      healthy, male patients. The classical presentation was of abdominal pain and
      persistent tachycardia out of proportion to the abdominal signs of distension,
      mild tenderness and reduced bowel sounds. The presenting features were of
      peritonitis due to perforation (63%) and intestinal obstruction (37%). A
      preoperative diagnosis was suspected only in six cases. Operative findings
      revealed that the bowel was infarcted without involvement of the mesenteric
      vessels, which were pulsatile up to the bowel wall. The characteristic findings
      of the disease, which mainly affected the jejunum (69.6%), were: (i) infarcted
      area of the bowel surrounded by skip lesions of purple, constriction bands; (ii)
      multiple small perforations in a paper-thin bowel: or (iii) a long linear
      perforation. Histologically, ischaemic changes were found to affect the mucosa
      and submucosa beyond the macroscopic limits. Mortality was high (19.6%).

PMID- 2301897
TI  - Selective salvage surgery in gastrointestinal and gynaecological cancer.
AB  - The role of reoperation with intent to excise locally recurrent disease has been
      evaluated in a selected group of 64 patients originally treated for primary
      gastrointestinal or gynaecological cancer. In 16 (25%), surgery was successful in
      eradicating all known sites of disease and was associated with a median survival
      of 23 months. Patients most suitable for reoperation were those with non-specific
      gastrointestinal symptoms or asymptomatic local disease. Nevertheless, those with
      specific symptoms may have treatable local disease or even benign conditions, and
      thus all with suspected local recurrence should be evaluated with a view to
      salvage surgery.

PMID- 2301898
TI  - The gallbladder as a bilioenteric conduit.

PMID- 2301899
TI  - Characteristics of cadaveric renal allograft recipients developing chronic
      rejection.
AB  - As the early results of renal transplantation improve, chronic rejection is
      increasing in relative importance as a cause of graft loss. The aetiology of the
      condition is unknown. In order to identify possible predisposing factors, the
      characteristics of 22 patients with chronic rejection were compared with those of
      50 patients with stable graft function 2 years or more after transplantation.
      Patients with chronic rejection had significantly more acute rejection episodes
      in the first 6 months after transplant (P less than 0.01), a higher incidence of
      acute rejection with vascular features (P less than 0.01), and longer ischaemic
      times (P less than 0.05) compared to patients with stable graft function. In a
      logistic regression analysis both frequency and severity of acute rejection
      episodes were significantly associated with the subsequent development of chronic
      rejection. Thus chronic rejection is associated with early injury to the
      transplanted kidney.

PMID- 2301900
TI  - The efficiency of management of emergency surgery in a district general hospital-
      a prospective study.
AB  - In a 6-month prospective study of management of surgical emergencies in a
      district general hospital, we have tried firstly to determine the degree to which
      non-life-threatening emergencies could be managed within 'social hours' (0800
      1800), and secondly to identify examples of and reasons for potentially hazardous
      delay in the performance of urgent procedures. Emergency referrals undergoing
      surgery were categorised into three groups: Group A--patients requiring surgery
      either immediately or at the earliest possible time (maximum 3 h after
      diagnosis). Group B--patients requiring urgent but not immediate surgery (within
      6 h of diagnosis). Group C--patients whose operations could be delayed until
      social hours without detriment. The reason for delay--shortage of theatre
      nursing, anaesthetic or surgical staff--was recorded in each case. Of the 95
      patients in Group C (elective management) 63 (65%) underwent surgery within
      social hours, 15 (16%) between 1800 and 2100 and 17 (18%) at night. Unacceptable
      delays occurred in 37 (14%) of the 260 cases and were most likely to affect
      patients in Group A who most needed urgent care. We conclude that our current
      staffing levels in theatre nursing should be increased to consistently provide
      two (rather than one) staffed theatres for emergencies, in addition to a theatre
      team dedicated exclusively to obstetrics. Anaesthetic manpower should be
      increased to provide four duty anaesthetists with no more than one at SHO level
      as obstetric and intensive care duties can be complex. General surgical staffing
      requires expansion in order that on-call staff have no fixed commitments during
      and in the session immediately after their duty periods.

PMID- 2301901
TI  - Parents and paediatric anaesthesia: a prospective survey of parental attitudes to
      their presence at induction.
AB  - Parental presence at induction of anaesthesia is controversial and of disputed
      value. Ninety out of 117 parents replied to a preoperative questionnaire designed
      to identify their preference and motivation with regard to accompanying their
      children to the anaesthetic room. Half the parents wished to be present at
      induction, irrespective of the child's age or previous surgical experience and
      the most commonly cited reasons for this were the child's anxiety or the parents'
      sense of duty; 32% of these parents changed their preference if their child were
      to be adequately sedated preoperatively. In addition, 18% of all parents felt
      that they would prefer not to be present at induction. The results suggest that
      in circumstances where parents are to be excluded from induction, adequate
      preoperative explanation and sedative premedication would contribute to allaying
      parental anxiety, but that a flexible policy may be most appropriate.

PMID- 2301902
TI  - The application of isotope limb blood flow measurement to diagnostic problems in
      vascular surgery.
AB  - A new method of limb blood flow measurement has been developed; normal flow is 10
      22 ml/100 ml of tissue/min and flow to limbs with claudication is 1.8-2.3. Does
      this technique help to deal with diagnostic problems in vascular surgery? Twenty
      five patients presented with exercise-induced leg pain. Twelve had a convincing
      history of claudication but seven of these had palpable pedal pulses, the other
      five had normal Doppler ratios. Of 13 with a poor history six had absent pulses;
      of the other seven with palpable pulses, two had abnormal and five had normal
      Doppler ratios. All 25 patients have had blood flow to both legs measured. For
      the five with a poor history, palpable pulses and normal Doppler ratios: (Table:
      see text). Twelve had reduced flows consistent with claudication (less than 8
      ml/100 ml of tissue/min); 10 of these have undergone arteriography which
      demonstrated significant vascular disease, one had surgery to rheumatoid toes
      deferred and one refused further investigation. Of 13 with normal flows nine have
      been found to have significant orthopaedic problems affecting spine, hips or
      knees, the other four have all had normal arteriograms. In every case the
      history, signs or Doppler ratios were potentially misleading, but all cases of
      significant arterial disease were detected. It is cheap, readily available and
      effectively selected cases for referral or arteriography.

PMID- 2301903
TI  - The management of Frey's syndrome with aluminium chloride hexahydrate
      antiperspirant.
AB  - Nine patients suffering from gustatory sweating (Frey's syndrome) following
      parotidectomy have been treated by topical applications of aluminium chloride
      hexahydrate. Treatment has successfully controlled gustatory sweating using
      application intervals varying from 1 to 50 days.

PMID- 2301904
TI  - Care of the patient's hair during head and neck surgery.

PMID- 2301905
TI  - Intestinal obstruction from adhesions--how big is the problem?
AB  - Apart from one post-mortem study, the incidence of adhesions following laparotomy
      has not been well documented. 1. In a prospective analysis of 210 patients
      undergoing a laparotomy, who had previously had one or more abdominal operations,
      we found that 93% had intra-abdominal adhesions that were a result of their
      previous surgery. This compared with 115 first-time laparotomies in which 10.4%
      had adhesions. 2. Over a 25-year period, 261 of 28 297 adult general surgical
      admissions were for intestinal obstruction from adhesions (0.9%). Of 4502
      laparotomies, 148 were for adhesive obstruction (3.3%). 3. Over a 13-year period
      all laparotomies were followed up for an average of 14.5 months (range 0-91
      months). From these 2708 laparotomies, 26 developed intestinal obstruction due to
      postoperative adhesions within 1 year of surgery (1%). Fourteen did so within 1
      month of surgery (0.5%). 4. The majority of the operations producing intestinal
      obstruction were lower abdominal, principally involving the colon. The volume of
      general surgical work from adhesions is large and the incidence of early
      intestinal obstruction is high.

PMID- 2301906
TI  - Fasting in children for day case surgery.

PMID- 2301907
TI  - Prolene plug repair for femoral hernia.

PMID- 2301908
TI  - Thyroidectomy under local analgesia: the anatomical basis of cervical blocks.

PMID- 2301909
TI  - Surgery for gastro-oesophageal reflux: the Angelchik prosthesis compared to the
      floppy Nissen fundoplication. Two-year follow-up study and a five-year evaluation
      of the Angelchik prosthesis.

PMID- 2301910
TI  - Lower oesophageal contractility monitoring during anaesthesia for cardiac
      surgery: preliminary observations.

PMID- 2301911
TI  - A comparison of postoperative pain relief techniques in orchidopexy.
AB  - Fifty consecutive patients admitted to the Western General Hospital for
      orchidopexy, were randomly allocated to receive either a caudal bupivacaine block
      or peroperative wound instillation with bupivacaine, to provide postoperative
      analgesia. Bupivacaine wound instillation reduced the total operating time, gave
      more efficient postoperative pain relief in hospital and proved both inexpensive
      and simple in its application.

PMID- 2301912
TI  - An improved technique for oesophagojejunal anastomosis using the EEA Premium
      stapling gun.

PMID- 2301913
TI  - Intraoperative assessment of lymph node involvement in gastric carcinoma.

PMID- 2301914
TI  - Highly selective vagotomy: use of a ligature carrier.
AB  - A ligature carrier for use in typing the neurovascular bundle along the lesser
      curve of the stomach during highly selective vagotomy is described. This is
      presented as a safe and efficient way of performing this part of the operation.

PMID- 2301915
TI  - Surgical registrar appointments.

PMID- 2301916
TI  - The care and management of the amputee.

PMID- 2301917
TI  - The future of academic neurology: a Colorado perspective.

PMID- 2301918
TI  - Hyponatremia is associated with cerebral ischemia in patients with aneurysmal
      subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - The association between hyponatremia and cerebral ischemia was investigated in a
      consecutive series of 208 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who had a daily
      fluid intake of at least 3 L and in whom fluid restriction, to correct
      hyponatremia, was not applied. Hyponatremia occurred in 70 (34%) of the 208
      patients. The occurrence of cerebral ischemia in patients with hyponatremia, 17
      (24%) of 70 patients, was significantly higher than in patients without
      hyponatremia, 17 (12%) of 138 patients (chi 2 = 4.028, p = 0.045). Cerebral
      ischemia was not more often fatal in hyponatremic patients than in patients
      without hyponatremia. We conclude that patients with hyponatremia are at
      increased risk of developing cerebral ischemia even if fluid restriction is not
      applied.

PMID- 2301919
TI  - Bilateral sensory seizures in a patient with pain asymbolia.

PMID- 2301920
TI  - Potential benefits of dopamine striatal implant.

PMID- 2301921
TI  - Serum antibodies to HTLV-I in autonomic failure with multiple system atrophy.

PMID- 2301923
TI  - Modification of central dopaminergic mechanisms by continuous levodopa therapy
      for advanced Parkinson's disease.
AB  - The management of fluctuations in motor function complicating advanced
      Parkinson's disease with continuously administered dopaminomimetics was studied
      in 12 patients. In response to 7 to 12 days of round-the-clock intravenous
      infusions of levodopa, fluctuations in motor performance gradually diminished,
      ultimately by more than 40%. The beneficial effect persisted for about 6 days
      after withdrawal of continuous parenteral treatment and resumption of standard
      oral therapy. Clinical improvement was associated with changes in several
      pharmacological indices: Acute dose-response studies of intravenous levodopa
      showed a shift of the curve to the right in the immediate postinfusion phase
      compared to preinfusion studies; the therapeutic index improved significantly as
      patients demonstrated about 76% increased beneficial antiparkinsonian response
      with an equal degree of toxic dyskinetic effects; and the duration of action of
      levodopa was prolonged by 30%. These results suggest that changes in central
      dopaminergic mechanisms contributing to motor complications in advanced
      Parkinson's disease can be modified by procedures that provide continuous
      dopamine replacement. Presumably these modifications underlie the gradual
      amelioration of motor fluctuations over several days of round-the-clock therapy.
      Results of the present study also suggest potential deleterious effects of
      chronic intermittent oral treatment in the development of motor complications and
      thus support the role of long-term, continuous administration of
      dopaminomimetics.

PMID- 2301922
TI  - Immunoglobulins promote remyelination in the central nervous system.
AB  - Remyelination of central nervous system axons was promoted by systemic injection
      of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) from donor mice hyperimmunized with homogenized
      spinal cord. In SJL/J mice infected with Theiler's virus, primary demyelination
      and inflammation in the spinal cord were extensive. Following treatment with IgG
      to spinal cord homogenate, new myelin synthesis as measured by quantitative
      morphometry increased sixfold. Cells in areas of remyelination that incorporated
      [3H]thymidine did not express differentiation markers of macrophages,
      oligodendrocytes, or astrocytes but were identified by electron microscopic
      autoradiography as progenitor glial cells. These findings raise the possibility
      that IgG secreted in demyelinating lesions might have the potential to promote
      myelin repair.

PMID- 2301924
TI  - Effects of seizures on learning, memory, and behavior in the genetically epilepsy
      prone rat.
AB  - To determine whether frequent seizures can cause deficits in learning and
      behavior, immature genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs) were subjected to 66
      audiogenic stimulations (Group 1). GEPR littermates were handled and placed in
      the sound chamber but were not stimulated (Group 2). Group 3 comprised
      genetically epilepsy-resistant rats (GERRs) who received audiogenic stimulations
      but had no seizures. After 3 weeks of stimulations the rats were tested for
      learning, memory, and behavior using the T-maze, water maze, open field activity
      test, home cage intruder test, and handling test. When compared with the control
      GEPRs and GERRs, Group 1 rats reached criteria less frequently in the T-maze,
      required longer times to find the platform in the water maze, and were less
      active in the open field activity test, less aggressive in the home cage intruder
      test, and more irritable and aggressive in the handling test. This study
      demonstrates that frequent, brief seizures in immature animals result in
      significant detrimental changes in learning, memory, activity level, and
      behavior.

PMID- 2301925
TI  - Neurophysiology of fastest voluntary muscle contraction in hereditary neuropathy.
AB  - In patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy types I (demyelinative)
      and II (neuronal) and in normal subjects, isometric force and electromyographic
      activity of the first dorsal interosseous muscle were recorded during fastest
      voluntary contractions and during twitches evoked by nerve stimulation. The
      maximum voluntary force of the first dorsal interosseous muscle was also
      measured. In patients, fastest voluntary contraction time (i.e., time from onset
      of contraction to peak force) was prolonged and inversely proportional to maximum
      voluntary force. Maximum rate of rise of tension (i.e., slope of rise in force)
      was reduced and directly proportional to maximum voluntary force. In patients
      with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type I, contraction time was longer
      and the maximum rate of rise of tension was lower than in those with hereditary
      motor and sensory neuropathy type II. In patients and normal subjects, voluntary
      contraction time was closely correlated with the duration of electromyographic
      bursts. In patients, the twitch contraction time was prolonged and inversely
      proportional to maximum voluntary force. Twitch contraction amplitude was
      diminished and directly proportional to maximum voluntary force. Neither twitch
      contraction time nor amplitude were dependent on the type of hereditary motor and
      sensory neuropathy. Twitch contraction time evoked by proximal nerve stimulation
      was minimally longer than that evoked by distal stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301927
TI  - The hippocampus in experimental chronic epilepsy: a morphometric analysis.
AB  - The effect of intermittent seizures on the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus
      is largely unknown. To determine whether recurrent seizures centered in the
      hippocampus can produce neuronal loss in this region, a morphometric analysis was
      performed from standardized sections of hippocampus using 5 groups of animals:
      (1) surgical control subjects, (2) rats kindled by the rapidly recurring
      hippocampal seizure (RRHS) paradigm, (3) kindled rats with a few additional
      limbic seizures (528 +/- 66 seizures), (4) kindled rats with many limbic seizures
      (1,523 +/- 130 seizures), and (5) rats experiencing limbic status epilepticus
      (SE) induced by "continuous" hippocampal stimulation. The RRHS and SE protocols
      induced significant neuronal loss in the CA1 region, but no evidence was found
      for additional cell loss with increasing numbers of intermittent seizures. These
      intermittent seizures were, however, associated with a significant thickening of
      the basal and apical dendritic fields of the CA1 region. These findings indicate
      that intermittent seizures produce no significant hippocampal neuronal loss and
      may result in a hypertrophy of CA1 dendritic fields.

PMID- 2301926
TI  - Inhibition of mononuclear phagocytes reduces ischemic injury in the spinal cord.
AB  - Transient ischemia to the lumbar and sacral sections of the spinal cord of rabbit
      leads to a deterioration in neurological function that usually worsens 24 to 48
      hours after injury. This decline in movement of the hindlimbs develops
      simultaneously with the appearance of mononuclear phagocytes in the gray matter
      of injured neural tissue. Chloroquine and colchicine inhibit phagocytic and
      secretory functions in mononuclear phagocytes. When given up to 6 hours after an
      induced ischemic lesion in rabbit, this drug combination decreased the number of
      mononuclear phagocytes found within the gray matter of damaged spinal cord,
      improved the recovery of function of the hindlimbs and bladder, preserved spinal
      somatosensory evoked potentials, and promoted the survival of motor neurons. In
      contrast, the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, a weak inhibitor of mononuclear
      phagocytes in vivo, did not reduce the number of inflammatory cells in the spinal
      cord and did not improve motor and bladder functions. The suppression of
      mononuclear phagocytes soon after ischemic injury may offer a new approach in the
      treatment of vascular disease in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2301928
TI  - Activation of the epileptic focus by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the
      human brain.
AB  - To establish whether transcranial magnetic stimulation is able to activate the
      primary epileptic focus preferentially, 13 patients who had medically intractable
      complex partial seizures were examined prior to surgical therapy. Single or a
      series of magnetic stimuli were applied to various regions of the skull. The
      effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation were monitored via subdurally
      implanted electrodes. In the process of presurgical evaluation, the dosage of
      anticonvulsant medication had been reduced in all patients but one. Transcranial
      magnetic stimulation was able to activate the epileptic focus (or foci) in 12 of
      the 13 patients. Distinct patterns of focal activation were observed in 3
      patients who had several foci. No epileptiform potentials were induced outside
      epileptic foci, which had been identified by corticographic recordings. In one
      patient a complex partial seizure that was induced was identical to her habitual
      seizures. In another patient, a complete transition from a nonactive theta focus
      to a self-sustained epileptic focus occurred. A facilitation of epileptiform
      afterdischarge was seen with sequential stimulation. No adverse effects were
      either reported by the patients or observed by the investigators. In summary
      transcranial magnetic stimulation is able to activate the epileptic focus (or
      foci) and consequently may be an additional tool for the localization of
      epileptic foci in presurgical evaluation.

PMID- 2301929
TI  - Central pontine myelinolysis and pontine lesions after rapid correction of
      hyponatremia: a prospective magnetic resonance imaging study.
AB  - The rate at which profound hyponatremia should be corrected is the focus of a
      recent clinical debate. We prospectively studied neurological outcomes with
      serial magnetic resonance imaging in 13 hyponatremic subjects with serum sodium
      concentrations of less than 115 mmol/L (mean initial serum sodium concentration,
      103.7; range, 93-113 mmol/L). All subjects were corrected to mildly hyponatremic
      levels at 24 hours and ultimately underwent an increase in serum sodium
      concentration of 25 mmol/L without development of hypernatremia. Magnetic
      resonance imaging revealed the development of pontine lesions in 3 patients. The
      correction rate of hyponatremia over the first 24 hours was significantly faster
      in patients with pontine lesions (mean +/- SD, 1.25 +/- 0.4 mmol/(L . hr) versus
      0.74 +/- 0.3 mmol/(L . hr); p less than 0.05). Initial sodium concentration was
      also significantly lower in the pontine lesion group (97.3 +/- 6.7 vs 105.6 +/-
      5.2 mmol/L, p less than 0.05). We conclude that the correction rate of
      hyponatremia plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of pontine lesions in
      individuals with profound hyponatremia who undergo large increases in sodium
      concentration as a result of severe initial hyponatremia.

PMID- 2301930
TI  - Quantitative morphological analysis of striatal cholinergic neurons in perinatal
      asphyxia.
AB  - Although the static encephalopathies of childhood are common, little is known of
      the underlying alterations in the neurochemical anatomy of the brain. Using
      quantitative morphological techniques, we examined the effect of perinatal
      hypoxia-ischemia on the number and distribution of cholinergic (ACh) neurons in a
      unilateral experimental striatal lesion in rats. The striatal pathology simulates
      status marmoratus, a recognized correlate of human dystonic cerebral palsy. We
      found that striatal injury results in a mean 22% decrease in the number of ACh
      neurons at the age of 3 to 4 weeks. The loss of neurons was relatively less than
      the volume loss, resulting in a mean 16% increase in neuron density. This effect
      was not uniform throughout the striatum; it was more pronounced caudally,
      resulting in a mean 52% increase in density in the most caudal striatal plane.
      These changes in immature rats were also seen in adult rats, indicating that
      there were lasting alterations in striatal cholinergic morphology. Hypoxic
      ischemic injury to the striatum also resulted in a persistent decrease in the
      mean area of ACh neurons. The increased density of these neurons may imply that
      they are relatively resistant to hypoxic-ischemic injury. These findings may be
      relevant to the observation that anticholinergic drugs are among the most
      effective for treating dystonias, including those observed in static
      encephalopathies.

PMID- 2301931
TI  - Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota,
      1945-1984.
AB  - The overall crude incidence rate of trigeminal neuralgia per 100,000 population
      in Rochester, Minnesota, for 1945 through 1984 was 4.3 for both sexes combined.
      The age-adjusted (to total 1980 US population) rate for women (5.9) was
      significantly higher than that for men (3.4). Annual incidence rates increased
      significantly with age in both women and men. Data based on evidence in the
      medical records suggest that trigeminal neuralgia is a rather rare and
      unpredictable disease: The number of episodes varies from 1 to 11, and length of
      episode from 1 day to 4 years. This study indicates an elevated relative risk
      associated with hypertension (both overall and among women in the cohort). Also,
      prevalence of multiple sclerosis was significantly greater among the group of 75
      patients who had trigeminal neuralgia. Since the data on treatment in this study
      do not correspond to a randomized clinical trial, they are presented as empirical
      results only and show no single treatment of choice for trigeminal neuralgia.

PMID- 2301933
TI  - Whole-brain learning. Preparing nurses for future challenges.
AB  - In the 1960s, when the design of nursing curricula moved away from the medical
      model and toward a model based on nursing concepts, formal rotation to the
      operating room was deleted from many baccalaureate programs. Nurse educators,
      grappling with a seriously overcrowded curriculum, argued that when a conceptual
      approach is used, students do not necessarily need extensive experience in
      nursing specialty areas, such as operating room nursing. In contrast, operating
      room nurses argued that diminishing the operating room experience had a negative
      impact on the preparation of students for the specialty. They contended that
      without meaningful learning experiences in the operating room, students would
      miss unique and valuable experiences in the operating room, and there would be
      less likelihood that new graduates would select this specialty. The specialty of
      perioperative nursing has responded to major changes in the health care industry
      and has expanded and clarified its professional scope. Today, the perioperative
      continuum provides a unique opportunity for teaching many fundamental concepts
      and skills of nursing practice. For example, perioperative nursing provides an
      opportunity for teaching concepts and principles of adaptation, safety, asepsis,
      patient and family teaching, teamwork, and the continuity of care. The
      perioperative nursing arena offers unique opportunities for nursing students to
      learn key concepts, issues, and skills that are relevant to many nursing practice
      areas. The whole-brain approach described in this article provides a model for
      the reevaluation and revitalization of perioperative nursing in the baccalaureate
      nursing curriculum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2301934
TI  - Additional laser information shared.

PMID- 2301932
TI  - Alteration in extracellular amino acids after traumatic spinal cord injury.
AB  - It has recently been demonstrated that N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists limit
      tissue damage after spinal cord trauma, implicating excitatory amino acids in the
      secondary injury response. To determine whether spinal cord trauma alters the
      concentrations of extracellular amino acids, microdialysis was conducted in
      spinal cord during and after administration of impact trauma. Extracellular
      concentrations of excitatory, inhibitory, and nontransmitter amino acids were
      elevated after trauma, with the degree of increase related to severity of injury.
      Moderate trauma resulted in an immediate but transient increase (200-400%) in the
      extracellular levels of all amino acids measured. Severe trauma produced a more
      prolonged and significant increase (400-630%) in the concentrations of
      extracellular amino acids, including aspartate and glutamate. These results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that excitatory amino acids may contribute to
      delayed tissue injury after central nervous system trauma.

PMID- 2301935
TI  - Anesthetist questions ECT article.

PMID- 2301936
TI  - Setting up your own business. Facing the future as an entrepreneur.
AB  - Other areas of setting up and running a business also are important to explore,
      especially if the business plans to use employees. You will become an employer,
      and you must be familiar with rules and regulations that include areas such as
      the employee's right to a safe workplace, worker's compensation laws,
      unemployment compensation laws and tax liabilities, antidiscrimination laws, and
      wage and tax laws. If independent contractors are going to be used, you must
      recognize that well-developed contracts are a necessity. If you are going to
      market a new product, consult with an attorney whose practice concentrates in
      trademark and patent law before the product is shared with others. Being well
      informed about the proposed business venture, not only before its establishment
      but as it develops and grows, can help you be in the best position to have a
      successful business.

PMID- 2301938
TI  - Proposed recommended practices. Surgical scrubs. AORN Technical Practices
      Coordinating Committee.

PMID- 2301937
TI  - Proposed recommended practices. Positioning the surgical patient. AORN Technical
      Practices Coordinating Committee.

PMID- 2301939
TI  - Choosing the right system; communicating between mainframe and personal
      computers; performing backups.

PMID- 2301941
TI  - Legal concerns of the next decade.

PMID- 2301940
TI  - Ambulatory surgery--the next decade.
AB  - Most of the experts agree: new technology, new laser applications, and new
      concepts of health care will keep the ambulatory surgery industry moving and
      growing. Statistics from the past seem to imply the same thing. Ten years from
      now we can reread this article and see if we were accurate.

PMID- 2301942
TI  - Surgeons discuss various aspects of AIDS.

PMID- 2301943
TI  - American College of Surgeons presents surgical developments for the future.

PMID- 2301944
TI  - Is professional nursing in the operating room?

PMID- 2301945
TI  - Perioperative nurses who take action today prepare for tomorrow.

PMID- 2301948
TI  - [Adjuvant chemotherapy of osteosarcoma].
AB  - Osteosarcoma is the one of the tumors that's prognosis have been improved
      dramatically by the introduction of chemotherapy consisting mainly of adriamycin,
      high-dose methotrexate with Leucovorin rescue and cisplatinum. Now, the purpose
      of the treatment for osteosarcoma are assurance of their life and functional and
      beautiful limb-sparing. Recently, preoperative chemotherapy for limb saving is
      given to patients with osteosarcoma of the extremities. The five year survival
      rate increased to 65% and limb sparing rate became above 50%. It is generally
      accepted that pre- and post-operative chemotherapy can inhibit pulmonary micro
      metastasis and prove to be of great significance in improving the survival rate
      of patients with osteosarcoma of extremities and achieve limb salvage operation.

PMID- 2301947
TI  - Miniature electrophoresis for speed and productivity.

PMID- 2301949
TI  - [Surgical and preoperative treatment of soft tissue sarcoma].
AB  - Preoperative therapy effects, resected margin and local radicality were
      investigated in 40 cases of soft tissue sarcoma in which preoperative therapy
      (mainly radiation therapy) had been given. The results indicated that there was
      no effect upon prognosis due to postponement of surgery in order to perform
      preoperative treatment. In cases in which radiation therapy was used for
      preoperative treatment, even when a surgical margin resulted with in a tumor, no
      recurrence was found. However, histologically there was concern that some portion
      of the living tumor cell in marginal area of the tumor might have remained. Thus,
      at the present stage in cases having undergone initial treatment, radiation
      limited to the specific area of the resected margin causing non-curative margin
      should be given. If combined with preoperative radiation therapy, surgical
      intervention involving "wide margin" can be considered radical. On the other
      hand, cases having undergone surgery before and receiving preoperative therapy
      that show good response nevertheless show numerous recurrences. These
      recurrences, however, invariably occur outside of the irradiated area, and may be
      attributed to the fact that tumor cell dissemination from the earlier surgery was
      not within the radiation field. Hence, it was considered that the area for
      radiation in the case of a recurrence should extend well beyond the scar area.

PMID- 2301946
TI  - Monoclonal antibody to 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline, a dietary
      carcinogen.
AB  - In order to investigate relationships between human carcinogenesis and dietary
      carcinogens, one hybridoma cell line secreting a monoclonal antibody against 2
      amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ), a dietary carcinogen, was produced by
      fusing splenocytes from Balb/c mice immunized with IQ-Lysine(Lys)-Ascaris protein
      conjugate. The subclass of monoclonal anti-IQ antibody was determined by double
      immunodiffusion using culture medium and identified as IgG1. Monoclonal anti-IQ
      antibody was purified from ascites fluids of Balb/c mice with affinity
      chromatography on Protein A-Sepharose CL4B and analyzed concerning its cross
      reactivity and sensitivity with RIA. Finally, we showed that our monoclonal
      antibody recognized IQ, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (MeIQ) and
      several beta-carbolines more intensely and that the sensitivity to IQ was 23 nmol
      in 50% displacement.

PMID- 2301950
TI  - [Adjuvant chemotherapy of soft tissue sarcoma].
AB  - As the adjuvant chemotherapy of osteosarcoma has been proved highly effective,
      that of soft tissue sarcoma has been expecting. However, there is still some
      question as to its effectiveness. The indication and methods were studied on
      literatures and our own cases. A survey of the literature regarding to the
      chemotherapeutic effect upon advanced soft tissue sarcoma shows response rate
      ranging 20 to 50 per cent. On the other hand, soft tissue sarcoma has a variety
      of histological type and malignancy and the sensitivity to chemotherapy varies
      considerably according to each tissue type. The literatures and our results
      indicate that most effective sarcoma is rhabdomyosarcoma, which is absolutely
      advisable to apply adjuvant chemotherapy. The same is the sarcoma with similar
      histological pattern. As to other type sarcomas, the therapy has to be applied
      according to their grade, stage, age and the effect of chemotherapy evaluated by
      advanced tumor. Most prevalent agents used for soft tissue sarcoma are
      adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, actinomycin-D, vincristine and DTIC. These agents
      usually used as combination called VAC, CYVADACT, CYVADIC, BCD.

PMID- 2301951
TI  - [The limb-salvage surgery in the treatment of patient with osteosarcoma].
AB  - The survival of patient with osteosarcoma could be successfully prolonged and,
      moreover, limb-salvage procedures have become possible in carefully selected
      patients. One hundred and forty-seven patients with osteosarcoma, ranging in age
      from 5 to 56 years, were treated in our institute (1971-1989). Fifty-eight of
      them underwent limb-salvage surgery including 38 prosthetic replacement and 15
      with wide resection only and 5 with rotation plasty. The survival rates of the 58
      patients is shown in Table 5. The functional evaluation according to the
      Enneking's criteria was evaluated. In the evaluation of a function of the
      affected limbs following surgery satisfactory daily life capability may be taken
      into consideration even if the recreational capability is low.

PMID- 2301953
TI  - [Growth inhibition of human myeloid leukemia cells in vitro by harringtonine].
AB  - Harringtonine was discovered as an anticancer agent in China. It has been shown
      to be effective against myeloid leukemia. In this report, we have demonstrated
      that harringtonine inhibited the growth of human myeloid leukemia cells in vitro
      at low concentrations. Together with the clinical data in which 28% of the
      patients could be induced into complete remission only by harringtonine, this
      agent may be used as a first choice of antileukemia agents in the treatment of
      myeloid leukemia. The mechanism of the antitumor action of harringtonine is
      considered to be an effect on protein synthesis and is characterized by breakdown
      of polysomes to monosomes. The mechanism of action appears to be different from
      those of the other antileukemia agents, such as cyclophosphamide, daunorubicin,
      vincristine, or cytosine arabinoside. Harringtonine could be added to the other
      anti-leukemia agents used routinely in treatment of leukemia, and the combination
      of harringtonine with the other agents is expected to improve the therapy of
      myeloid leukemia.

PMID- 2301952
TI  - [Clinical reevaluation of continuous intravenous infusion of 5-fluorouracil-
      plasma concentrations and clinical dose by continuous intravenous and 60-min
      infusions].
AB  - Daily and intermittent continuous intravenous infusions [by gravity drip, (IVG)
      or infusion pump, (IVP)] and intermittent short-time intravenous drip infusion of
      5-FU were carried out on advanced cancer patients. The MTD and dose-limiting
      toxicity were investigated in relation to the plasma concentrations of 5-FU
      determined by HPLC. Responses in eleven patients receiving IVG administration
      daily at 8-21 mg/kg/day were NC, but those given 5-FU alone showed no adverse
      reactions. Plasma concentrations were too low to be determined. In 9 patients
      receiving IVG or IVP administration weekly at 60 mg/kg for 24 hr, 1 of the 5
      evaluable patients showed reduced hepatic metastatic lesions. One of 4 patients
      receiving IVP administration weekly at 120 mg/kg for 48 hr showed a disappearance
      of metastatic lesions in the skeletal muscle, but bone marrow suppression was
      observed as dose-limiting toxicity. Pharmacokinetics were more stable in IVP than
      in IVG with less individual difference in the plasma concentrations. Among the
      outpatients receiving short-time iv, IVG administration once or twice a week, 2
      patients given weekly administrations at 20 mg/kg for 60 min showed slight
      adverse reactions. In 6 patients given high-dose administrations, bone marrow
      suppression was observed. When pharmacokinetics in the patients given 5-FU for 60
      min were compared between the IVG and IVP groups, there were individual
      differences in plasma concentrations, but the differences were not significant.
      It was concluded from above results that the following practical dose schedules
      would be recommendable: 60 mg/kg for 24hr/week by IVP for inpatients and 20 mg/kg
      for 60 min/week by IVG for outpatients.

PMID- 2301954
TI  - [CEM chemotherapy (cisplatin, etoposide, methotrexate) for advanced urothelial
      cancer].

PMID- 2301955
TI  - Erythromelalgia and pregnancy.

PMID- 2301956
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma. A population-based incidence study in Rochester, Minn.
AB  - The records linkage resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Program Project were
      used to identify 169 incident cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the
      skin in the population of Rochester, Minn, between 1976 and 1984. The overall age
      standardized incidence was 38.8/100,000 persons (63.1 in men; 22.5 in women).
      Metastasis occurred in 3.6%, and during an average of 3.8 years of follow-up,
      recurrence was seen in 3.6% while subsequent new lesions occurred in 12%. The
      demographics and course of patients with squamous cell carcinoma were different
      from either those of Bowen's disease or basal cell carcinoma in these population
      based data.

PMID- 2301957
TI  - Basosquamous cell carcinoma with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.
AB  - A basal cell carcinoma with prominent focal squamous differentiation of the right
      nasolabial fold resulted in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, despite appropriate
      surgical excision of the primary lesion. The controversy surrounding the origin,
      diagnosis, and prognosis of a basal cell carcinoma with squamous differentiation
      is reviewed. Potential routes of metastasis leading to the subsequent
      leptomeningeal carcinomatosis are discussed.

PMID- 2301959
TI  - Nonregressing lipodystrophia centrifugalis abdominalis with angioblastoma
      (Nakagawa).
AB  - We describe a case of lipodystrophia centrifugalis abdominalis lasting until 46
      years of age. Recently, angioblastoma (Nakagawa), which contained large numbers
      of mast cells, developed in the same region. A case of lipodystrophia
      centrifugalis abdominalis with an infant-onset that lasted until adulthood has
      not been reported. This is the first report of lipodystrophia centrifugalis
      abdominalis that lasted until adulthood.

PMID- 2301958
TI  - Cutaneous myiasis caused by the African tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga).
AB  - We describe a patient with cutaneous myiasis caused by the African tumbu fly
      (Cordylobia anthropophaga). This case demonstrates the need for a detailed travel
      history and an understanding of the fly life cycle to prevent erroneous diagnosis
      and to expedite prompt treatment. The nature of the lesions, larval morphological
      features, histological characteristics, and immune response directed toward fly
      maggots are described.

PMID- 2301960
TI  - Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis. A new entity in the differential
      diagnosis of neonatal papulovesicular eruptions.
AB  - A case of congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis is described. The case is
      different from those previously described because papulovesicles, rather than the
      papulonodules that are usually characteristic of this disease, predominated. All
      lesions regressed within 2 months of presentation, and at 2-year follow-up, the
      patient continues to develop normally without recurrence of the eruption or
      progression to internal organ involvement. Electron microscopic examination
      revealed numerous Langerhans' granules admixed with myelinlike laminated dense
      granules characteristic of this disease. The unique physical presentation in this
      case, as well as the criteria used to differentiate this disorder from the more
      malignant forms of histiocytosis and other childhood papulovesicular eruptions,
      is emphasized.

PMID- 2301962
TI  - A centennial journal now in our language.

PMID- 2301961
TI  - Past, present, and future.

PMID- 2301963
TI  - Papulonodular lesions. Primary systemic amyloidosis associated with multiple
      myeloma.

PMID- 2301964
TI  - Subcutaneous masses of the head and neck. Benign symmetrical lipomatosis.

PMID- 2301965
TI  - Erythematous nodules on the hand. Orf (ecthyma contagiosum).

PMID- 2301966
TI  - Attraction of MD-PhDs to dermatology.

PMID- 2301967
TI  - Spontaneous adult scurvy in a developed country: new insight in an ancient
      disease.

PMID- 2301968
TI  - Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: response to dexamethasone pulse therapy.

PMID- 2301969
TI  - Azelaic acid esters do not depigment pigmented guinea pig skin.

PMID- 2301970
TI  - Optic nerve hypoplasia: associations and management.
AB  - Since its first description optic nerve hypoplasia has been identified with
      increasing frequency, and a range of associated problems have been described. The
      major neurological and endocrine associations are well established, but those
      factors that predispose to the development of optic nerve hypoplasia remain
      unclear. To understand the aetiology of these problems better, and to formulate a
      management regime, we studied a consecutive series of 40 patients who were
      divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 24) had severe bilateral optic nerve
      hypoplasia; group 2 (n = 10) had mild, bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia; and
      group 3 (n = 6) had unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. Previously described
      aetiological factors (for example, low maternal age or maternal alcohol or drug
      ingestion) were not present in any of the groups; this removes the need to screen
      a specific population. It is important that careful neurological and
      developmental assessments are carried out in children with optic nerve hypoplasia
      to identify potential disease. The role of imaging is discussed.

PMID- 2301971
TI  - Carbohydrate deficient serum transferrin in a new systemic hereditary syndrome.
AB  - Four patients with a new, inherited, complex developmental deficiency syndrome
      were studied. The syndrome affects the central and peripheral nervous system, and
      also the retina, liver, bone, adipose tissue, and genital organs. Abnormalities
      of glycoproteins, glycopeptide hormones, and lipids have been found in serum from
      these patients, the most pronounced being increased cathodal forms of
      transferrin. Isoforms of serum transferrin were therefore analysed qualitatively
      and quantitatively by isoelectric focusing and isocratic anion exchange
      chromatography, and the carbohydrate composition was determined in transferrin
      isolated by immune affinity chromatography. All the patients had about tenfold
      raised serum concentrations of isotransferrins with higher isoelectric points
      than normal. Similar findings, though less pronounced, were made in all the
      fathers and in one of the mothers. Half the transferrin in the patients was
      constantly present in two principal abnormal cathodal forms in approximately
      equal amounts. Carbohydrate determinations in purified transferrin showed
      quantitatively similar deficiencies of sialic acid, galactose, and N
      acetylglucosamine, the mannose content being normal. The results suggest that
      either two or all of the normally four terminal trisaccharides in transferrin may
      be missing. A defect in the synthesis or catabolism, or both, of this
      trisaccharide, which is common to many secretory glyco-conjugates, is likely.
      Apart from providing a quantitative diagnostic method, the present findings may
      serve as a basis for further studies of the metabolic deficiency in this
      syndrome.

PMID- 2301972
TI  - Growth in haemophilic boys after HIV infection.
AB  - Although failure to thrive has been documented as a major problem in babies with
      congenital HIV infection, there is little information on whether HIV affects
      growth in older children who become infected with HIV. The growth of 27
      haemophilic boys, in whom HIV seroconversion was recorded between 1981 and 1986,
      has been assessed to see if the pattern changed after seroconversion. Height and
      weight recordings were analysed over a mean period of 9.2 years with a mean
      duration from HIV seroconversion of 4.5 years (range 2 to 6 years). Height
      standard deviation scores and ratio of weight to 50th centile for chronological
      age were calculated. No significant change in growth pattern as judged by height
      and weight has been observed within this group of boys after HIV seroconversion.
      Growth assessment continues to be evaluated to see if further progression of HIV
      disease changes growth pattern in these boys.

PMID- 2301973
TI  - Sleep habits and height at ages 5 to 11.
AB  - Shorter durations of slow wave sleep and lower growth hormone responses have been
      reported in children with short stature caused by psychosocial deprivation. We
      investigated whether lower total sleep duration was associated with shorter
      stature in a sample of children taking part in the National Study of Health and
      Growth. Parental responses to a self administered questionnaire were used to
      estimate usual times for going to sleep at night and usual times for waking in
      the morning for 5145 children aged 5 to 11 years of age. After adjusting for the
      effects of other variables known to be associated with height, it was shown that
      there was a weak negative association between sleep duration and height. It is
      concluded that variation in sleep duration between children is unlikely to have
      an important influence on growth.

PMID- 2301974
TI  - Tracheostomy.
AB  - The records of all children who had a tracheostomy performed over a 10 year
      period from January 1979 were reviewed. Altogether 142 patients aged 1 day to
      24.8 years received a tracheostomy, 70 in the first year of life. The conditions
      necessitating tracheostomy were trauma (n = 21), acquired subglottic stenosis (n
      = 21), subglottic haemangioma (n = 16), Guillain-Barre syndrome (n = 14), Pierre
      Robin syndrome (n = 9), craniofacial disorders (n = 9), micrognathia (n = 5), and
      others in 47. In patients successfully decannulated the median period of
      tracheostomy was 104 days (range 3 days to 9.0 years) and in 25 patients the
      tracheostomy is still in situ. Eighty four patients (60%) were discharged from
      hospital with their tracheostomy in situ and no patient was kept in hospital
      because of a tracheostomy beyond four weeks. There were two tracheostomy related
      deaths in hospital. Both patients had severe acquired subglottic stenosis
      secondary to ventilation for lung disease of prematurity. There were no
      tracheostomy related deaths at home; complications included tracheal granulomas
      and polyps (n = 19). After removal of the tracheostomy 13 children had a fistula
      requiring surgical closure and four required revision of the tracheostomy scar.
      Tracheostomy is well tolerated in small children, with few complications and can
      be managed safely in the home by the family.

PMID- 2301975
TI  - Supraventricular tachycardia in infants: response to initial treatment.
AB  - All patients with supraventricular tachycardia during the first 12 months of life
      who presented between 1977 and 1988 were identified by a retrospective survey of
      records in this hospital and by a questionnaire sent to paediatricians in the
      Northern region. Twenty two of 29 patients (76%) were in heart failure and seven
      (24%) had cardiogenic shock. Seven patients (24%) were free of symptoms. All had
      narrow QRS tachycardia at 215-315 beats/minute (mean (SD) 292 (21)). Initial
      treatment included digoxin (effective in seven of 14 patients, with overdose in
      three), verapamil (effective in three of three but fatal in one), cardioversion
      (effective in all 10 who were treated in this way), iced water applied to the
      face (effective in all 16 patients on 53 of 59 occasions, 90%). Initial treatment
      in local hospitals was less effective and associated with more complications than
      that given in the regional referral centre. Digoxin is often ineffective, return
      to sinus rhythm is delayed, and overdosing is common. Cardioversion is effective
      but tachycardia often recurs. Iced water is safe and effective, and should become
      the treatment of choice for termination of supraventricular tachycardia in
      neonates and young infants.

PMID- 2301976
TI  - Myopathy with hypophosphatasia.
AB  - Three children with hypophosphatasia also had muscle pains, stiffness, and
      symptoms of proximal lower limb muscle weakness that occurred early in the
      disorder and were the presenting features in two. A non-progressive myopathy may
      be an important sign of hypophosphatasia.

PMID- 2301977
TI  - Colitis caused by food allergy in infants.
AB  - Thirteen infants with eosinophilic colitis caused by food allergy were reviewed
      after five to 10 years. By the age of 5 years most foods were tolerated. The
      colon was normal in the one child re-examined. There was an atopic association,
      but no family history of classical inflammatory bowel disease. Allergic colitis
      is a temporary disorder of early childhood.

PMID- 2301978
TI  - Chronic intussusception.
AB  - Chronic intussusception is a rare but completely correctable cause of failure to
      thrive in infants and children. The presenting features differ from acute
      intussusception. We present the case of a 16 month old boy presenting with a
      three week history of anorexia, diarrhoea, and weight loss with subsequent
      delayed diagnosis.

PMID- 2301979
TI  - Platelet antigens in varicella associated thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Serum IgG or, predominantly, IgM antibody binding to electrophoretically
      separated normal platelet membrane protein antigens were detected by
      immunoblotting in five children with thrombocytopenia associated with varicella.
      Glycoproteins GPIb, GPIIb, GPIIIa, and other 25-260 kilodalton (kDa) proteins
      were identified as target antigens, suggesting a transient autoimmune mechanism
      causing the thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2301980
TI  - Is a specialist paediatric diabetic clinic better?
AB  - Diabetic control in 88 children attending three general paediatric clinics was
      compared prospectively over one year with that of 89 children attending a
      specialist paediatric diabetic clinic. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1) concentration
      and days admitted were significantly lower in the group attending the specialist
      clinic. This has implications for the organisation of paediatric diabetic
      services.

PMID- 2301982
TI  - Acquired transient protein C deficiency in neonatal cardiac failure.

PMID- 2301981
TI  - Annual statistical review.

PMID- 2301983
TI  - Research in community child health.

PMID- 2301984
TI  - Screening infants for hearing loss.

PMID- 2301985
TI  - Pressure flow characteristics of the valve in spacer devices.

PMID- 2301986
TI  - Effect of artificial food colours on childhood behaviour.
AB  - We performed an objective evaluation of 39 children whose behaviour was observed
      by their parents to improve on an artificial food additive free diet and to
      deteriorate with dietary lapses. Only 19 children completed a double blind
      placebo controlled challenge study with artificial food colours. In these
      children food colours were shown to have an adverse effect on a daily Conners'
      rating of behaviour, but most parents could not detect these changes. A
      pharmacological mechanism of food additive intolerance is proposed to explain
      these effects.

PMID- 2301987
TI  - Association between risk factors for coronary heart disease in schoolboys and
      adult mortality rates in the same localities.
AB  - Risk factors for coronary heart disease were compared in fifth year boys (15-16
      years old) from two schools that were chosen from localities with a fourfold
      difference in adult mortality from coronary heart disease. One school was in an
      underprivileged urban locality in the area of increased incidence of heart
      disease ('high risk') and the other in a semi-rural affluent locality with an
      incidence of heart disease similar to the national average ('low risk'). Smoking,
      hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity, physical fitness, and inactivity
      were evaluated as risk factors for coronary heart disease. Smoking, increased
      body fat, poor diet, and physical inactivity were found increased among pupils
      from the school in the high risk area compared with those in the low risk area.
      Lipids, maximum oxygen uptake, and hypertension were similar in both schools. The
      risk of coronary heart disease seems to reflect the adult mortality rates in the
      area. To reduce the overall incidence of coronary heart disease, health education
      should be directed towards prevention of smoking, improving diets, and increasing
      amounts of activity among school children, with special attention directed toward
      children in regions where there is a high mortality from coronary heart disease
      among adults.

PMID- 2301988
TI  - Growth and feeding problems after repair of oesophageal atresia.
AB  - Of 230 families belonging to a support group for parents of children born with
      oesophageal atresia, 124 returned a detailed questionnaire on feeding history and
      growth. Being slow to feed, refusing meals, coughing or choking during eating,
      and vomiting at meal times were significantly more common than in 50 healthy
      control children. Anthropometric analysis indicated that almost one third of
      patients were growth retarded, although those with a primary oesophageal
      anastomosis were less likely to be stunted or wasted compared with children who
      had an oesophageal substitution preceded by an oesophagostomy. Feeding problems
      tended to resolve spontaneously but slowly, with half of all children still
      reporting some difficulties at 7 years of age. Parents were considerably worried
      by feed related symptoms and families benefited from mutual support. There is a
      need for additional help and advice to be provided both by hospital staff
      interested in nutrition and feeding disorders and those professionals involved
      with primary care.

PMID- 2301989
TI  - Urinary growth hormone excretion as a screening test for growth hormone
      deficiency.
AB  - Overnight urinary growth hormone secretion was measured by an immunoradiometric
      assay incorporating commercially available reagents, in 41 normal prepubertal
      school-children from three age groups: 3-5 years, 6-7 years, and 9-10 years.
      There was no significant difference between the groups expressing the results as
      total microU/specimen and so they have been combined to provide a prepubertal
      reference range of 2.25-10.50 microU/night. Prepubertal children with growth
      hormone deficiency who had not been receiving growth hormone treatment for two
      days had overnight urinary growth hormone concentrations well below this range.
      Urinary growth hormone was assayed in 49 children undergoing investigation for
      short stature with conventional provocative testing, and those shown to have
      growth hormone deficiency had correspondingly low overnight urinary growth
      hormone concentrations. There was, in addition, a strong correlation between
      overnight urinary growth hormone concentrations and peak serum response to
      provocation. This simple urine assay may provide a useful screening test for
      growth hormone deficiency.

PMID- 2301990
TI  - Clinical monitoring of steatorrhoea in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - In 100 patients with cystic fibrosis the severity of steatorrhoea was assessed by
      three separate methods. Using chemical faecal fat assay as the gold standard, two
      other rapid and inexpensive methods were compared with it. The steatocrit method
      proved unreliable in our hands and gave little indication of the presence or
      severity of steatorrhoea. The more simple microscopy method was highly sensitive
      (97%) and only three of 80 patients with steatorrhoea were missed. All patients
      with severe steatorrhoea (greater than 60 mmol fat/day) were clearly
      demonstrated. The method is applicable to spot faecal samples and can readily be
      carried out on an outpatient basis. In centres where faecal fat assays are not
      available, the simple and cheap microscopic examination will give some indication
      of the response to enzyme treatment and may also help to identify non-compliant
      individuals.

PMID- 2301991
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor and wound healing.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), 1 to 500 ng in saline (PBS) or collagen, was
      applied to the wounds of normal and Adriamycin-impaired mice and wound disruption
      strength (WDS) and histology were examined. Also wounded mice were administered
      TNF 25 to 75 micrograms/kg IP daily and WDS was determined. Wound histology was
      examined 6 months after wounding and local TNF application. Local TNF 5 to 500 ng
      in PBS did not significantly affect WDS. Local TNF 5 to 50 ng in collagen
      increased WDS 33% to 65% in Adriamycin-impaired animals (p = 0.05 to p less than
      0.02). Local TNF 50 to 500 ng in collagen increased WDS 23% to 49% in normal
      animals (p = 0.08 to p less than 0.01). Adriamycin-impaired animals demonstrated
      improved wound histology with local TNF in collagen. Systemic TNF did not
      significantly affect WDS. Local TNF in collagen did not induce histologic
      pathology at 6 months. TNF may modulate macrophage function and local TNF in
      collagen can improve WDS in normal and Adriamycin-impaired animals.

PMID- 2301993
TI  - Hepatic resection in the elderly.
AB  - Between July 1, 1970 and December 31, 1988, 453 patients underwent hepatic
      resection by the senior author. Ninety of these patients were more than 64 years
      old and are the subject of this review. The 30-day operative mortality rate for
      all patients undergoing hepatic resection was 3.3%: major hepatic resection was
      4.4% and subsegmental resection was 1.4%. The operative mortality rate for
      patients undergoing major hepatic resection increased incrementally with age: for
      patients up to age 55 years it was 0.70%, for those between 55 and 64 years it
      was 3.6%, and for patients older than 64 years it increased to 11.1%. This higher
      operative mortality rate in the elderly reflects the mortality rate for extended
      right hepatic lobectomy in this age group of 30.7%. If this procedure is
      excluded, the operative mortality rate for patients older than age 64 was 7.6%.
      Sixty per cent of the operative deaths were due to hepatic insufficiency. The
      data presented demonstrate that major hepatic resection can be performed in the
      elderly with a low but somewhat increased mortality risk. However, because of its
      markedly increased operative risk, extended right hepatic lobectomy should be
      performed in elderly patients only in selected cases until better methods of
      estimating hepatic reserve are available.

PMID- 2301992
TI  - Acute effect of experimental truncal vagotomy on serum gastrin concentrations.
AB  - We studied the acute effect of transthoracic truncal vagotomy or sham vagotomy
      (control) on fasting serum gastrin concentrations in 22 gastric fistula dogs. A
      significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in serum gastrin concentration was
      detectable within 2.5 minutes after truncal vagotomy, and by 120 minutes serum
      gastrin has decreased to 15 +/- 1 pg/mL in the vagotomy group compared to 28 +/-
      3 pg/mL in the control group (p less than 0.001). However by 24 hours after
      vagotomy, when maximal acid output was reduced by approximately 50%, fasting
      serum gastrin had increased nearly twofold above control levels in the vagotomy
      group (p = 0.06) and this increase persisted at day 7 (p less than 0.05). Thus
      truncal vagotomy had a biphasic effect on serum gastrin concentrations in dogs
      (acute inhibition followed by stimulation). While the mechanism for the acute
      fall in gastrin is probably an acute denervation of postganglionic neurons that
      innervate gastrin cells, the mechanism for the subsequent rise in serum gastrin
      remains uncertain.

PMID- 2301995
TI  - Successful segmental intestinal transplantation in enterectomized pigs.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine whether short-segment jejunal allografts
      maintained the viability and nutritional status of outbred recipient pigs treated
      with low-dose cyclosporine. The animals were subjected to total small bowel
      resection (from the ligament of Treitz to the ileocecal valve, approximately 15
      m). Short-gut control animals (n = 8) who had no transplant died of malabsorption
      on day 62.5 +/- 4.1 (mean +/- SEM). Without cyclosporine immunosuppression,
      recipients (n = 5) of 3 m to 4 m jejunal allografts died of rejection on day 8.8
      +/- 0.7. However enterectomized pigs (n = 11) who had segmental jejunal allograft
      transplants and were treated with cyclosporine (10 mg/kg/day) demonstrated
      significantly prolonged survival (to day 80.9 +/- 22.3; p less than 0.05). By 180
      days after transplant, surviving animals increased their weight by almost 40%. In
      conclusion short-segment jejunal allografts significantly improved the mortality
      and morbidity rates from surgically created short bowel syndrome in pigs.

PMID- 2301994
TI  - Size reduction of the donor liver is a safe way to alleviate the shortage of size
      matched organs in pediatric liver transplantation.
AB  - The development of pediatric liver transplantation is considerably hampered by
      the dire shortage of small donor organs. This is a very sad situation because in
      most experienced centers, liver replacement can offer a long-term hope of
      survival of more than 70% in a growing variety of pediatric liver disorders. The
      reported experience with 54 reduced-size grafts on a total of 141 transplants
      performed in 117 children between 1984 and 1988 demonstrates that the technique
      of reduced-size liver transplantation not only allows long-term survival but, in
      fact, offers the same survival hope with the same quality of liver function,
      regardless of the child's age and clinical condition. The prominent feature of
      our experience with the reduced liver concerns its deliberate use for elective
      cases. Seventy-seven per cent of the 30 children who electively received a
      reduced liver were alive 1 year after transplantation, as were 85% of the 62
      children who received a full-size graft. There is no difference in the long-term
      survival rate of patients who received elective grafts, which is in the range of
      75% with both techniques.

PMID- 2301996
TI  - Cirrhosis in the trauma victim. Effect on mortality rates.
AB  - To evaluate the impact cirrhosis has on survival the records of 40 cirrhotic
      trauma victims from the registries of two Level 1 trauma centers were reviewed
      and probability of survival calculated using the TRISS methodology. Mechanism of
      injury, anatomic location, involvement of single or multiple sites, presence of
      ascites, elevations in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), alkaline
      phosphatase, serum bilirubin, prothrombin time (PT), and hypoalbuminemia were
      tabulated for each patient. Contingency tables were created for injury and
      hepatic parameters, as related to survival, and subjected to chi square analysis.
      Loglinear analysis was performed on all significant parameters to evaluate the
      independent effects of injury characteristics and hepatic insufficiency on
      survival. Predicted survival was 93%; observed survival was 70% (Z = -6.92; p
      less than 0.001). Cause of death was multiple-system organ failure (9) and closed
      head injury (3). Admission markers of poor outcome included one or more of the
      following: ascites, elevated PT or bilirubin, history of motor vehicle accident,
      multiple trauma, or blunt abdominal trauma requiring laparotomy. Loglinear
      analysis revealed that the presence of ascites, elevated PT, or bilirubin,
      further diminished the rate of survival for any individual injury characteristic.
      We concluded that survival among cirrhotic trauma victims was significantly lower
      than predicted. In addition the presence of hepatic insufficiency further
      diminishes survival, regardless of the injury sustained.

PMID- 2301997
TI  - Ischemia activates neutrophils but inhibits their local and remote diapedesis.
AB  - Hindlimb ischemia and reperfusion results in local limb and distant lung injury.
      This study tests whether the mechanism of injury is by ischemia mediated
      polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) activation and diapedesis. Anesthetized rabbits
      were subjected to three hours of hindlimb ischemia (n = 8) or sham ischemia (n =
      4). PMN derived solely from the reperfused ischemic limb and assayed flow
      cytometrically displayed an oxidative burst of 135 /- 8 fentamoles
      dichlorofluorescein (fmDCF)/cell compared to preischemc levels of 74 +/- 14
      fmDCF/cell (p less than 0.05). Additional aliquots of isolated neutrophils were
      treated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) 10(-7) M. In contrast to a 162%
      increase in oxidative burst before ischemia, neutrophils at ten minutes of
      reperfusion had an enhanced response to PMA of 336% (p less than 0.05). Plasma
      collected from the ischemic hindlimb at ten minutes of reperfusion when
      introduced into an abraded skin chamber or intratracheally induced diapedesis in
      nonischemic animals. PMN accumulations in the skin chamber were 1636 +/- 258
      PMN/mm3 after three hours (n = 8) compared to 63 +/- 18 PMN/mm3 induced by sham
      plasma (n = 4, p less than 0.05). Introduction of ischemic plasma intratracheally
      into a lobar bronchus (n = 4) induced PMN accumulations after three hours,
      measured by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of 19 +/- 2 X 10(4) PMN/mm3 compared to
      5 +/- 1 X 10(4) PMN/mm3 with sham plasma (n = 4, p less than 0.05). Diapedesis
      was completely prevented (0-3 PMN/mm3, p less than 0.05) by introducing ischemic
      plasma into skin chambers in animals whose hindlimbs had been made ischemic (n =
      6) or into chambers located on skin regions that had been previously made
      ischemic (n = 6). Similarly after hindlimb ischemia, lavage of the lung with
      ischemic plasma yielded few PMN 0-3/mm3 (p less than 0.05). These data indicate
      that ischemia and reperfusion lead to generation of a circulating component in
      plasma that causes an oxidative burst in PMN and inhibits their diapedesis but
      promotes diapedesis when applied extravascularly to a naive animal.

PMID- 2301998
TI  - Immunologic effects of arginine supplementation in tumor-bearing and non-tumor
      bearing hosts.
AB  - Supplemental dietary arginine has anti-tumor properties but the degree and
      mechanisms are unclear. In non-tumor-bearing CBA/J mice (n = 60), 1% arginine
      supplementation significantly enhanced thymic weight, spleen cell mitogenesis,
      and interferon-activated natural killer cell activity; no further enhancement was
      observed with 2% or 4% supplementation. Supplemental 1% arginine, when compared
      with 1.7% glycine, enhanced interferon-induced natural killer cell activity,
      lymphokine-activated killer cell generation, and macrophage cytotoxicity. In A/J
      mice (n = 420), bearing either a moderately immunogenic (C1300) or weakly
      immunogenic (TBJ) murine neuroblastoma, 1% arginine significantly (p less than
      0.05) retarded tumor growth and prolonged median survival time compared with
      glycine or no supplementation. Dietary arginine enhanced T-cell function and
      significantly increased responsiveness to autologous C1300 tumor in a mixed
      lymphocyte tumor cell culture (MLTC). The immunomodulatory effects of arginine
      provide nutritional and immunologic support of the tumor-bearing host and may be
      helpful when given concommitant with immunotherapy.

PMID- 2301999
TI  - Emergency endotracheal intubation in pediatric trauma.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness and associated
      problems of emergency intubation in 605 injured infants and children admitted to
      the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh in 1987. We identified 63 patients (10.4%)
      undergoing endotracheal intubation at the scene of injury, at a referring
      hospital or in our emergency department. Injuries were to the head (90.5%),
      abdomen (12.7%), face (11.1%), chest (6.3%), neck (3.2%); or were orthopedic
      (19%) or multiple (39.7%). Indications for intubation included coma (74.6%),
      shock (28.6%), apnea (22.2%), and airway obstruction (3.2%). Of 16 complications
      (25.4%), 13 were immediately life threatening: right mainstem intubation (5),
      massive barotrauma (2), failure of adequate preoxygenation (2), esophageal
      intubation (1), attempt at nasotracheal intubation in an open facial fracture
      (1), and extubation during transport (1). Three were late complications: vocal
      cord paresis (2) and subglottic stenosis (1). Airway complications led to PO2
      less than 90 mm Hg in 7 of 12 on first ABG, compared to 9 of 44 in uncomplicated
      cases (p less than 0.05). Intubation attempts at the scene of injury were more
      often multiple, unsuccessful, and associated with airway complications. All four
      complication-associated fatalities were life-threatening scene complications.
      Nearly one half (44.4%, 28 of 63) had one of the following problems in
      respiratory management: major airway complication, PaO2 less than 90, or PaCO2
      greater than 45 on either the first or second ABG after arrival at our emergency
      department. Head injury with coma is the most common setting for emergency
      intubation. Airway complications are common, and are more frequent in treatment
      attempt at the scene. Despite endotracheal intubation, injured children in our
      series remain at high risk for hypoxemia, elevated arterial PCO2, and major
      airway complications, all of which contribute to secondary brain injury.

PMID- 2302000
TI  - A manometric study of anal fissure treated by subcutaneous lateral internal
      sphincterotomy.
AB  - A prospective, manometric trial of anal fissure treated by subcutaneous lateral
      internal sphincterotomy (SLIS) was designed to elucidate the pathophysiology of
      this condition. Anorectal manometry with a closed, precalibrated, water-filled
      microballoon using the station pull-through technique was performed on 13
      patients with anal fissure before, and at one and 150 days after SLIS. The
      results were compared with 13 control subjects, matched for age and sex, who had
      no history of anal disease. Both resting pressure (RP) and maximum voluntary
      contraction pressure (MVCP) were measured at centimeter intervals of the anal
      canal. At all levels RP was significantly higher in the preoperative patients
      compared with controls (p less than 0.0001). After operation RP fell
      significantly at all levels with the result that there was no significant
      difference in RP between postoperative patients and controls, except at 4 cm from
      the anal verge, where there remained a significant elevation in RP in the
      postoperative group. There was no significant difference in the two sets of
      postoperative manometric results. All patients underwent rapid healing and
      resolution of their symptoms. MVCP did not change significantly after operation,
      nor did it differ from the control values. This suggests that the increase in RP
      is due to activity of the internal anal sphincter. This over-activity is present
      throughout the entire length of the internal anal sphincter and sphincterotomy of
      its lowest portion returns RP to normal values throughout most of the anal canal.

PMID- 2302002
TI  - Treatment of 27 postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas with the long half-life
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995.

PMID- 2302001
TI  - Bile reflux in postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis.
AB  - This study evaluates enterogastric reflux (EGR) levels in patients with and
      without symptoms of postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis (PARG) after gastric
      surgery. The bile acids (BA) present in the gastric juice were quantified by thin
      layer chromatography and spectrofluorometry. The mean BA concentration for
      controls was 2.25 mumol reflux/hour, for 15 asymptomatic patients 47.94 and for
      15 patients with symptoms of PARG 125.79. After biliary diversion by a Roux-en-Y
      anastomosis in the latter, their BA in 13 of these patients after surgery, and
      relapsed in only one during a 4-year follow-up. The remaining two patients had
      the lowest preoperative BA levels in this group. These results indicate that EGR
      is increased after gastric surgery more markedly indicated that EGR is increased
      after gastric surgery more markedly in patients with symptoms of PARG, and that
      patients who have high levels of EGR (more than 80 mumol BA reflux/hour) clearly
      benefit from biliary diversion.

PMID- 2302003
TI  - Pharmacologic information and the doctor's dilemma.

PMID- 2302004
TI  - Where are the clinical role models?

PMID- 2302005
TI  - Effects of patient age and physician training on choice and dose of
      benzodiazepine hypnotic drugs.
AB  - We conducted a cross-sectional review of all prescriptions (N = 554) for
      triazolam and flurazepam hydrochloride written by nonpsychiatrists to outpatients
      at a university affiliated Veterans Administration hospital. We sought to
      determine whether triazolam, an agent with a short half-life, was used
      preferentially in older patients (age greater than or equal to 70 years). We also
      wanted to determine whether dosages of triazolam or flurazepam were lowered in
      elderly patients. Our findings showed that prescriber level of training was a
      much stronger determinant of drug choice than patient age. Attending physicians
      prescribed flurazepam twice as often as interns. Lower dosages of both agents
      were prescribed more frequently to older patients. Our data suggest that some
      physicians choose a benzodiazepine hypnotic out of habit rather than application
      of pharmacologic principles, but reduce doses appropriately when prescribing to
      elderly patients.

PMID- 2302006
TI  - The fall of the serum anion gap.
AB  - Using modern electrode technology (Beckman ASTRA analyzer), we evaluated the
      reference range for the anion gap (calculated as sodium minus chloride minus
      bicarbonate concentrations) in serum to determine whether the 8 to 16 mmol/L
      reference range in common use is still valid. After measurement of electrolytes
      in (1) serum from 29 healthy volunteers, (2) aqueous standards verified against
      National Bureau of Standards reference material, and (3) serum from 120 blood
      donors, we drew the following conclusions. (1) The reference range for the anion
      gap has shifted downward (to 3 to 11 mmol/L in one of our laboratories),
      primarily because of an upward shift in chloride values. (2) Using the ASTRA
      analyzer, a majority of normal individuals can be expected to have serum anion
      gaps of 6 mmol/L or less unless chloride calibration is deliberately altered. (3)
      If the anion gap is to remain an effective tool in diagnosing acid-base
      disorders, clinicians need to be aware that the traditional reference range may
      not be appropriate with new instrumentation.

PMID- 2302007
TI  - Massive gastric distention in the intubated patient. A marker for a defective
      airway.
AB  - Tracheal intubation is a commonly performed procedure generally associated with a
      low complication rate. A clinical sign that could lead to early detection of
      complications could improve management of mechanically ventilated patients. We
      present two instances of potentially lethal complications that were heralded by
      the presence of massive gastric distention. This finding should alert physicians
      that an abnormal communication may exist between the endotracheal tube and the
      gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2302008
TI  - Neurocysticercosis as the main cause of late-onset epilepsy in Mexico.
AB  - We studied 100 consecutive Mexican patients with epilepsy that started after the
      age of 25 years. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, computed tomography,
      and electroencephalography; additionally, cerebrospinal fluid analysis was
      performed in 82 of them. Neurocysticercosis or its sequelae were diagnosed in 50
      patients (50%); 36 of these patients had partial seizures, 41 had parenchymal
      calcifications, and 15 had two or more lesions. Our results are in contrast with
      those of most studies from countries with a low incidence of neurocysticercosis,
      where brain tumors, cerebrovascular disease, trauma, and alcoholism are the main
      causes of tardive epilepsy.

PMID- 2302009
TI  - Comparative yield of blood culture for fungi and mycobacteria, liver biopsy, and
      bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of fever of undetermined origin in human
      immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
AB  - The diagnostic yield of mycobacterial blood cultures, bone marrow biopsy, and
      liver biopsy for determining the cause of unexplained fever was compared
      prospectively in eight men and four women with serologic evidence of human
      immunodeficiency virus infection and fever of undetermined origin. Mycobacterial
      infection was found in 8 of the 12 patients (Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 3 and
      Mycobacterium avium in 5). Mycobacteria were isolated from the blood of 6 of
      these 8 patients. The mean interval from blood culture inoculation to growth was
      28 days. Acid-fast organisms or granulomas were seen in four bone marrow and six
      liver specimens. Liver biopsy revealed acid-fast bacilli in a higher percentage
      of cases (75%) than did bone marrow biopsy (25%). Mycobacterial blood culture is
      a relatively slow method that occasionally fails to diagnose mycobacterial
      infection. In febrile patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, liver
      biopsy is the most rapid method of diagnosing mycobacterial infection.

PMID- 2302010
TI  - Prevalence of diagnosed hypertension among diabetic Navajo Indians.
AB  - Hypertension is more common among persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus than among appropriately matched nondiabetic populations. The presence
      of hypertension in persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is
      associated with increased rates of the microvascular and macrovascular
      complications of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A cross-sectional study
      of a cohort of 817 diabetic Navajo Indians was performed to determine the age-,
      sex-, and duration-specific prevalence of diagnosed hypertension. Persons with
      end-stage renal disease were excluded from the population. A total of 388 of the
      patients (47.5%) had diagnosed hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension
      increased with increasing age. Contrary to findings in other populations, women
      did not have higher rates of hypertension than men. The duration of diabetes did
      not have a consistent effect on the rates of hypertension. The current prevalence
      of hypertension among Navajos with diabetes is higher than that reported two
      decades ago.

PMID- 2302011
TI  - The association of hepatitis delta virus and hepatitis B virus in parenteral drug
      abusers. 1971 to 1972 and 1986 to 1987.
AB  - From 1971 to 1972 (N = 105) and 1986 to 1987 (N = 160), parenteral drug abusers
      seropositive for hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers were screened for antibodies to
      the hepatitis delta virus (anti-HD). In both time frames anti-HD was
      independently associated with the hepatitis B surface antigen. It was observed
      that 31% of those positive for hepatitis B surface antigen from the early sample
      and 20% of those from the latter sample had detectable anti-HD, as opposed to 10%
      and 7%, respectively, of those negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. Anti-HD
      seropositivity was unrelated to gender and ethnicity, and in the 1971 and 1972
      nationwide sample, its presence was unrelated to geographic location. The
      probability of manifesting anti-HD increased with the more HBV markers detected,
      particularly the number of different HBV antibody markers. We conclude that anti
      HD was wide-spread in parenteral drug abusers at least as early as 1971, and that
      its expression was associated with hepatitis B surface antigen and the intensity
      of the immune response to HBV as evidenced by the number of different circulating
      HBV antibodies.

PMID- 2302012
TI  - Identifying patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy. Should 24-hour urine
      collections be used?
AB  - It is not clear whether 24-hour or overnight urine collections should be used to
      identify patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy (defined as persistent
      urinary albumin excretion rate [AER] of 20 to 200 micrograms/min). We therefore
      studied diurnal variations in AER in type I diabetics with normal AER (n = 16)
      and incipient (n = 12) and clinical (defined as persistent AER greater than 200
      micrograms/min) nephropathy (n = 12), and in healthy controls (n = 24). In all
      groups AER was lowest at night. In some patients of all groups, marked diurnal
      variations were observed. Twenty-four-hour urine collections classified all
      patients correctly. Overnight urine collections, however, misclassified patients
      with incipient nephropathy as having normal AER in 4 of 12, 7 of 12, or 3 of 7
      cases, depending on which cutoff level was used. We conclude that 24-hour urine
      collections are more sensitive than overnight samples in identifying patients
      with incipient diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2302013
TI  - Mexiletine. Long-term efficacy and side effects in patients with chronic drug
      resistant potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - The antiarrhythmic efficacy of mexiletine hydrochloride (Mexitil) was evaluated
      in 100 patients with potentially lethal and drug-resistant ventricular
      arrhythmia. The efficacy of arrhythmia suppression was assessed by Holter
      monitoring. The overall arrhythmia suppression of ventricular premature
      contractions of 70% and greater was low and seen in only 22% of patients, with an
      additional 16% responding to a combination of mexiletine and an additional
      antiarrhythmic drug. The suppression of high-grade forms, couplets of 90% and
      greater, and complete abolition of nonsustained runs of ventricular tachycardia
      was achieved in 22% of patients, with 9% responding to the addition of another
      antiarrhythmic agent. Ventricular premature contractions, couplets, and
      nonsustained ventricular tachycardia were suppressed in only 16% of the cohort.
      The drug was poorly tolerated, with intolerable side effects developing in 49% of
      patients receiving mexiletine alone and in 57% of patients receiving a
      combination of antiarrhythmic agents. Tolerable adverse effects were relatively
      common but transient and dose related.

PMID- 2302014
TI  - Health promotion and disease prevention in the elderly. Comparison of house staff
      and attending physician attitudes and practices.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare attending physician and
      house staff attitudes and practices regarding health promotion and disease
      prevention in the elderly. Seventy-four physicians (38 house staff and 36
      attending physicians) were surveyed from four sites in Pittsburgh, Pa, regarding
      their agreement with recommendations of the American Cancer Society and the
      Canadian Task Force. Two hundred fifty patients were interviewed and their charts
      were reviewed for performance of the recommendations. In all patients, physicians
      agreed highly with the American Cancer Society and the Canadian Task Force
      recommendations (agreement, 80% to 100%), with the exception of proctoscopy and
      thyroid examinations. Physicians performed screening procedures much less
      frequently. House staff and attending physicians differed regarding their
      attitudes about prevention. House staff felt the need for more formal instruction
      and were more positive regarding a healthy life-style and commitment to health
      promotion. The significant predictors of tests (defined as either examination or
      test ordered by a physician) were presence of a checklist, site of practice, and
      physician status. A logistic regression analysis was performed; however, this
      model could not entirely explain the variations found. Although physicians agreed
      with recommendations for screening, the attending physicians and house staff
      (particularly attending physicians) were less likely to perform the screening,
      especially in the elderly.

PMID- 2302015
TI  - Alcohol problems increase while physician attention declines. 1967 to 1984.
AB  - Physician intervention holds the potential to arrest excess drinking in medical
      patients, but little information has been available on trends over time in
      medical attention to this problem. Three epidemiologic studies in which
      nationally representative samples of US adults were interviewed about their
      drinking practices and problems provide some data on this issue. Analyses of data
      from these three studies (conducted in 1967, 1979, and 1984) indicate that
      multiple alcohol problems and at least one occasion of recent heavy alcohol
      consumption have increased over time in the general population. At the same time,
      the probability of a physician recommending reduction in drinking declined for
      both males and females. When only male subjects with multiple alcohol problems
      were considered, physician recommendations to reduce drinking did not decline
      significantly between 1967 and 1984. However, the sharp decline over time in
      physician's medical advice to female subjects with multiple alcohol problems was
      statistically significant. Similar results were found for physician attention to
      drinking among the more inclusive group of subjects with at least one recent
      occasion of heavy drinking. Implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2302016
TI  - Serum triiodothyronine values. Prognostic indicators of acute mortality due to
      Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - A feasibility study was undertaken prospectively to identify early clinical and
      laboratory factors predictive of acute hospital mortality in patients with the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and concurrent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
      Twenty-six patients hospitalized with bronchoscopy-proved P carinii pneumonia
      were studied. Nineteen patients survived their episode of P carinii pneumonia,
      while 7 subjects did not. The only clinical factor associated with mortality was
      a history of a shorter duration of pulmonary symptoms. Univariate analysis showed
      decreased total CD8 cell count, total lymphocyte count, serum hemoglobin, serum
      albumin, total thyroxine, and total triiodothyronine values consistent with a
      poor outcome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the single
      best prognostic indicator of acute mortality appeared to be a total serum
      triiodothyronine value less than 0.70 nmol/L obtained early in the hospital
      course, and that the combination of serum triiodothyronine and hemoglobin values
      provided a better indication for survival. These preliminary observations would
      appear to justify the further exploration of serial serum triiodothyronine
      measurements as a potentially valuable prognostic indicator for the treatment of
      patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome infected with P carinii and
      possibly other intercurrent infectious illnesses.

PMID- 2302017
TI  - The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among elderly Chinese Americans.
AB  - In 1981 to 1983, the nutrition and health status of 346 Chinese immigrants in
      Boston, Mass, aged 60 to 96 years was surveyed and analyzed for cardiovascular
      risk factors. These elderly Chinese were physically active and seldom obese and
      consumed a high-carbohydrate (57% of total energy intake), low-fat (24% of total
      energy intake), low-ascorbic acid (0.62 mmol/d) diet. Current cigarette smoking
      was common (39%) only in men, while alcoholism was rare in both sexes. Compared
      with elderly whites, they had lower mean blood pressure and blood levels of
      total, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
      apolipoproteins A-I and B, and ascorbic acid. These characteristics resemble
      those of the urban population in mainland China, where hemorrhagic stroke is the
      major cause of cardiovascular mortality.

PMID- 2302018
TI  - Early detection and control of cancer in clinical practice.
AB  - As part of the Community Cancer Care Evaluation, a random-sample survey of
      practicing physicians in 12 geographic areas was conducted in 1985 to provide
      information about physician practice patterns with reference to cancer detection,
      control, and treatment. All respondents were asked whether they routinely
      performed comprehensive physical examinations, breast palpations, mammography,
      rectal examinations, chest roentgenography, and stool guaiac examinations on
      normal healthy patients older than 50 years. Responses were examined in terms of
      American Cancer Society and National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, Md)
      recommendations. Conformity with recommendations was dependent on the geographic
      area, the specific procedure, and the specialty of the physician. Across all
      procedures, frequency of performance varied with years since graduation from
      medical school, with more recent graduates more likely to conform to recommended
      standards.

PMID- 2302019
TI  - Septic encephalopathy. Evidence for altered phenylalanine metabolism and
      comparison with hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - We elected to test the hypothesis that the metabolic encephalopathy associated
      with systemic sepsis may have a pathogenesis that is similar to hepatic
      encepathology, ie, as the consequence of hepatic dysfunction that induces
      alterations in synthesis of catecholic and noncatecholic neurotransmitters.
      Eleven patients with septic encephalopathy were compared with nine patients with
      septic encephalopathy and nine normal controls with respect to blood and
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amino acid profile, phenylethylamine and its metabolite
      phenylacetic acid, and blood ammonia. Blood and CSF levels of phenylacetic acid
      increased markedly in septic and hepatic encephalopathy while CSF
      phenylethylamine levels were not increased in either condition, presumably due to
      rapid turnover. The CSF concentrations of all the aromatic amino acids were
      increased in hepatic encephalopathy, whereas in the patients with sepsis, only
      phenylalanine levels were increased. Evidence of stimulated neutral amino acid
      transport into brain was demonstrated in hepatic not septic encephalopathy and
      appeared to correlate with the CSF glutamine concentration. Blood ammonia levels
      were increased in hepatic but not in septic encephalopathy. Our data support the
      hypothesis that metabolites of phenylethylamine contribute to encephalopathy in
      systemic sepsis and hepatic failure; however, the entities differ in other
      respects.

PMID- 2302020
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii infection of bone marrow in patients with malignant lymphoma
      and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Original report of three cases.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii (PC) pneumonia was reported with increased frequency in
      patients presenting with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or in patients
      receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy for hemopathies. Extrapulmonary
      dissemination of PC is rare. In this study, three patients had PC infection of
      the bone marrow. Two of them presented with malignant lymphoma that had apparent
      immunosuppression, and the third patient presented with AIDS. In all three cases,
      such an infection was observed before or concomittantly with PC pneumonia. A bone
      marrow biopsy, bone marrow aspirate, or both can be useful, readily available
      tools for the diagnosis of a PC infection and especially its dissemination in
      patients with malignant lymphoma after intensive treatment or in patients with
      AIDS. The appreciation of such a dissemination may have some implications in the
      treatment of PC infection.

PMID- 2302021
TI  - Digital clubbing due to secondary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - Five patients in our dialysis population had digital changes suggestive of
      clubbing in association with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. All had
      parathyroidectomies between June 1986 and December 1987. They represented 0.6% of
      the patients in our dialysis population and 17.8% of our patients who required
      operative management of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The clubbing was
      occasionally painful, and the digits were tender in response to palpation.
      Parathyroidectomy yielded excessive amounts of hyperplastic parathyroid tissue in
      each case. Postoperatively, the symptoms were relieved, when present, and the
      digital changes were stabilized. We believe that these findings are associated
      with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism and should be looked for in dialysis
      patients with renal osteodystrophy.

PMID- 2302022
TI  - Noninvasive evaluation of the extracranial carotid arteries in patients with
      cerebrovascular events and atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 2302023
TI  - Assessment of functional ability in patients with fibromyalgia.

PMID- 2302024
TI  - Recurrent depression is associated with a persistent reduction in sleep-related
      growth hormone secretion.
AB  - Sleep onset is a powerful physiologic stimulus for growth hormone secretion.
      Difficulty falling asleep and poor sleep maintenance are prominent symptoms in
      patients with a major depressive disorder. Much of the disturbance in the sleep
      electroencephalograms of depressed patients occurs within the first half of the
      night, the time when growth hormone is usually secreted. Growth hormone secretion
      was measured during electroencephalographically monitored sleep in 38 patients
      with a recurrent major depressive disorder and 35 healthy control subjects.
      Before treatment, depressed patients had a statistically significant reduction in
      growth hormone secretion during sleep. This reduction, which persisted through
      treatment and recovery into the drug-free remitted state, may be a trait marker
      in patients with a recurrent depressive disorder.

PMID- 2302025
TI  - Children with major depression show reduced rapid eye movement latencies.
AB  - A substantial body of research in adults has established that certain sleep
      polysomnographic abnormalities are commonly found in depressed patients,
      including sleep continuity disturbances, reduced slow-wave sleep, shortened rapid
      eye movement (REM) latency, and increased REM density. To date, these
      abnormalities have not been documented in depressed children compared with age
      matched controls. Three consecutive nights of polysomnographic recordings were
      obtained in 25 hospitalized depressed children and 20 age-matched healthy
      controls. The depressed patients had reduced REM latencies. The shortest single
      night REM latency of each individual was the most sensitive discriminating value
      between depressed subjects and controls. The influence of different scoring
      criteria in distinguishing depressed children from healthy children is discussed.
      In addition, depressed children had an increased sleep latency and increased REM
      time but did not have stage 4 differences.

PMID- 2302026
TI  - Metabolic abnormalities in bulimia nervosa.
AB  - Resting metabolic rate was measured in a group of 22 women of normal body weight
      with bulimia nervosa and in 19 age-, sex-, and weight-matched control subjects.
      Mean resting metabolic rate of patients was significantly lower than that of
      controls (5162 +/- 928 vs 5636 +/- 449 kJ/24 h [1229 +/- 221 vs 1342 +/- 107
      kcal/24 h]), as was mean fasting blood glucose level (4.0 +/- 0.6 vs 4.6 +/- 0.6
      mmol/L). Mean basal thyrotropin level was significantly lower in patients than
      controls, but other thyroid indexes did not differ. There were no group
      differences in body fat mass, fat cell size, or lipoprotein lipase activity.
      These data suggest that there is a disturbance in energy regulation in bulimia
      nervosa. However, the origins and role of this disturbance in the pathophysiology
      of bulimia are unclear.

PMID- 2302027
TI  - Increased distractibility in schizophrenic patients. Electrophysiologic and
      behavioral evidence.
AB  - The inability of schizophrenics to filter irrelevant information has often been
      implicated in the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Despite numerous attempts at
      characterizing the behavior of schizophrenics in the presence of distractors,
      evidence of increased distractibility has been equivocal due to the difficulty of
      assessing simultaneously the behavioral and neurophysiological effects of
      distracting stimuli. We report the results of an experiment in which event
      related potential and performance measures were used to assess distractibility
      during reaction time tasks under different distracting conditions. The results
      supported the view of an increased distractibility in schizophrenic patients.
      Event-related potential data suggested that in schizophrenic patients, a reduced
      amount of processing resources is allocated to process external stimuli and
      attention is abnormally apportioned to task-irrelevant vs task-relevant stimuli.

PMID- 2302028
TI  - Revisiting the autopsy.

PMID- 2302029
TI  - Quality assurance in anatomic pathology. An information system approach.
AB  - Quality assurance (QA) is the outcome-oriented process by which the performance
      of a complex production operation is evaluated. It is strongly focused on the use
      of resources and the end product, and is closely related to marketing. The
      pathologist's product is information, and the practice of anatomic pathology is
      evaluated as a system for producing and effectively communicating information.
      Our integrated program for QA in surgical pathology, autopsy pathology, and
      cytopathology recognizes that several discrete elements make up the sequence
      leading to communication of the diagnostic opinion. These are control and
      processing of the specimen, accuracy of diagnosis, timely and clear
      communication, efficiency in production of information, coherence with
      institutional programs in QA, and relation to licensing and accreditation
      agencies. Each of these elements may be tested separately and sources of error
      reduced so that the validity and cost of the pathologist's prediction will
      ultimately be limited only by the state of the art and not by any failure of the
      information system. Several components of QA, especially resource utilization by
      pathologists, are potentially productive areas for operations research.

PMID- 2302030
TI  - Sudden and unexpected death in infancy and childhood due to pulmonary
      thromboembolism. An autopsy study.
AB  - Because massive pulmonary thromboembolism is a rarely described cause of sudden
      and unexpected death in the pediatric age group, a 50-year retrospective review
      of autopsy cases at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, was
      conducted to determine the local incidence and clinicopathologic features of such
      patients. Only 8 cases (0.05%) from a total of approximately 17,500 autopsies
      were found. The ages ranged from 1 month to 13 years and predisposing factors
      included recent surgery, congenital heart disease, in-dwelling venous catheters,
      sepsis, an arteriovenous malformation, occult malignancy, and prolonged
      immobility. This study confirms that pulmonary thromboembolism is a diagnosis
      that must be considered in cases of sudden and unexpected death in the pediatric
      age group. Its incidence, however, appears to be extremely low even in a
      relatively high-risk population.

PMID- 2302031
TI  - Nursing home autopsies. Survey of physician attitudes and practice patterns.
AB  - Autopsy rates remain disturbingly low in nursing homes despite the fact that 1 of
      5 deaths occurs in this setting. To determine the autopsy rate for nursing homes,
      we analyzed all deaths occurring in New York State nursing homes from 1980 to
      1984. Of 58,985 nursing home deaths, autopsies were performed in only 499 cases
      (0.8%). In comparison to the general nursing home population, autopsied residents
      were more likely to be male and never married and less likely to be widowed. Of
      110 practicing nursing home physicians surveyed, 19% believed autopsies had
      little if any value in the nursing home population, whereas 71% saw autopsy as a
      valuable tool but rarely requested one. Fewer than 1 in 10 physicians routinely
      discussed autopsies with patients and/or families before death. Perceived
      obstacles included the emotional lability of patients and families and a lack of
      financial reimbursement. Concerns over religious objections, funeral delays, and
      unnecessary mutilation were cited by fewer than one third of respondents.
      Facilitation of consent, physician education, and cost sharing may all contribute
      to enhanced rates of autopsies in the future.

PMID- 2302032
TI  - Angiocentric T-cell lymphoma associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type
      I infection.
AB  - We describe two patients who presented with vasculitic, ulcerative skin lesions
      that had the histologic features of lymphomatoid granulomatosis or angiocentric T
      cell lymphoma. These patients were found to have antibodies to human T-cell
      lymphotropic virus type I.

PMID- 2302033
TI  - Biclonal composite lymphoma. A multiparameter flow cytometric analysis.
AB  - A case of composite, biclonal lymphoma detected and characterized by
      multiparameter flow cytometric analysis is presented. Analysis of cell surface
      immunophenotype and cell size, as assessed by forward light scatter, revealed
      that two populations of cells were present. The small cells were monoclonal kappa
      positive cells admixed with reactive T and B cells. The large cells reacted
      solely with anti-lambda antibodies. Dual-color and dual-parameter (surface vs
      DNA) analysis further showed that the small, kappa-positive cells coexpressed CD5
      and were diploid, with an estimated synthetic (S) fraction of 2.2%. The predicted
      histologic pattern was malignant lymphoma, small lymphocytic. In contrast, the
      large lambda-positive cells were both hyperdiploid and tetraploid with an
      estimated S fraction of 18%. On the basis of this multiparametric analysis, the
      predicted histologic pattern for the latter component was malignant lymphoma,
      diffuse large-cell type. Subsequent histologic examination confirmed the
      predicted pattern in both cases.

PMID- 2302034
TI  - The liver in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Implications for
      pathogenesis.
AB  - A histomorphometric and clinico-pathologic analysis of 26 autopsy cases of
      autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) showed that (1) the density
      of biliary microhamartomas (BMHs) and the stage of polycystic liver disease were
      strongly correlated, and (2) both were positively correlated with the stage of
      renal dysfunction and age at autopsy. Using multiple linear regression analysis,
      only the stage of renal dysfunction was significantly predictive of the density
      of BMHs, but both variables were simultaneously predictive for the stage of
      polycystic liver disease. On serial sections, 41.4% of cysts were connected to
      BMHs and 81.0% of BMHs to portal tracts. Bile-like material was found in 10.7% of
      BMHs. Flat or polypoid hyperplasia of the epithelium was observed in 2.7% of
      cysts. These results support the long-maintained view that hepatic cysts in ADPKD
      result from cystic dilatation of BMHs. They indicate, however, that the number of
      BMHs increases during life. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis
      that hepatic and renal cysts in ADPKD have similar pathogeneses, that BMHs and
      hepatic cysts result from hyperplasia of the bile duct epithelium, and that as
      they grow, the hepatic cysts become disconnected from the biliary ducts from
      which they are derived.

PMID- 2302035
TI  - Abnormal chromosome 9 in a neonate program. Report of three cases.
AB  - We describe three cases with abnormal chromosome 9. Patient 1 shows translocation
      in a homologous chromosome, with a karyotype of 46,XX,t(9;9)(9pter----cen---
      9pter; 9qter----cen::9q13----9qter), 1qh+. This case has a variety of anomalies,
      including brain anomalies. Patient 2 shows a partial trisomy 9p with a karyotype
      of 47,XY,+del(9)(pter----q11:). The patient has the typical clinical features of
      9p trisomy syndrome. Patient 3 is unique because of partial 9p tetrasomy
      mosaicism without phenotypic abnormalities; the karyotype is mos
      46,XY/47,XY,+dic(9)(pter----cen----q21::q21----cen----pter).

PMID- 2302036
TI  - Prospective study of concurrent ploidy analysis and routine cytopathology in body
      cavity fluids.
AB  - A total of 390 body cavity fluids were analyzed by both cytopathologic
      examination and flow cytometric DNA analysis. The two methods gave compatible
      results in analyses of 304 fluids (78%). In 24 patients, cytopathologic studies
      found the specimens to contain malignant cells, but the DNA content was diploid.
      This illustrates an area where flow cytometric studies do not extend tumor
      detection. In 56 fluids from 48 patients, cytologic methods revealed no malignant
      cells but flow cytometry distinguished aneuploid cell populations; additional
      clinical information allowed the identification of malignant tumors in 24 (50%)
      of these patients. Because flow cytometry was able to detect aneuploidy in cases
      where conventional cytologic examination could not detect malignant cells, the
      number of patients with tumors detected was increased by 39% beyond those
      detected by cytologic methods alone in this series.

PMID- 2302037
TI  - Effectiveness of screening for diabetes.
AB  - We examined the patient records of 6445 patient visits to an executive health
      surveillance program to evaluate the diagnostic yield from screening for diabetes
      mellitus by measurement of fasting serum glucose and hemoglobin A1c. We found
      increased fasting serum glucose levels (greater than or equal to 6.6 mmol/L) in
      3% (197/6445), of whom only half received further confirmatory testing. Increased
      screening values for glucose were associated with a 70% incidence of diabetes
      mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance when subsequent oral glucose tolerance
      tests were performed. Confirmatory testing with the oral glucose tolerance test
      was equivalent in cost and superior in diagnostic yield to repeated fasting
      glucose determination. Nonetheless, preferential use by clinicians of repeated
      glucose determination was found to contribute to underdiagnosis. Hemoglobin A1c
      could not reliably predict impaired or diabetic glucose tolerance. We conclude
      that maximal value of screening for diabetes mellitus is achieved only by
      obligatory confirmatory oral glucose tolerance testing.

PMID- 2302038
TI  - Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical smears from pregnant population.
AB  - Specimens were obtained for chlamydial cultures and for routine cytologic studies
      from 281 consecutive pregnant women who presented for their first prenatal visit.
      Forty patients (14%) had positive cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis. The
      cervical smears from all patients with positive cultures and from an equal number
      of age-matched patients with negative cultures were screened for cytologic
      features reported to be associated with Chlamydia infection. The following
      features were noted to be more common in the patients with positive cultures:
      squamous metaplasia, cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear abnormalities, human
      papillomavirus-associated changes, and a greater degree of inflammation.
      Cytoplasmic inclusions were present in only a single cell in each of 4 (10%) of
      the patients with positive cultures. None of the cytologic findings was
      considered to be specific enough to allow a diagnosis of Chlamydia infection. In
      our experience, the evaluation of cervical smears is of limited value in the
      detection of Chlamydia infection in pregnant women.

PMID- 2302039
TI  - Chordoma metastatic to the ovary.
AB  - We report a case of sacral chordoma that metastasized to the ovary 31/2 years
      after initial excision. The ovarian metastasis was the initial evidence of
      recurrent disease and had to be differentiated from several primary ovarian
      neoplasms whose appearance was simulated to some extent, particularly a juvenile
      granulosa cell tumor and an epithelioid smooth-muscle tumor. This case
      illustrates a heretofore unreported (to our knowledge) metastatic site of
      chordoma, whose patterns of spread are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2302041
TI  - Cartilage cells in cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - A rare case in which cartilage cells were observed in cerebrospinal fluid is
      reported and the literature reviewed. This phenomenon, occurring in 0.2% of the
      cerebrospinal fluid specimens, is thought to be caused by accidental puncture of
      the intervertebral disk. It has the potential of being mistaken for a malignant
      process.

PMID- 2302040
TI  - Large histiocytes in the choroid of leukemic patients.
AB  - We identified large histiocytes as a prominent feature in the choroid of eyes
      obtained at autopsy in seven of nine patients who died of leukemia. The eyes of
      four of the seven patients affected had leukemic choroidal infiltrates, and a
      majority had similar-appearing histiocytes identified in spleen or bone marrow.
      The significance of these cells is undetermined; we postulate that these
      macrophages are ingesting debris of degenerating leukemic cells.

PMID- 2302042
TI  - Evaluation of quantitative measures of upper extremity speed and coordination in
      healthy persons and in three patient populations.
AB  - Upper extremity tracking tests have been used extensively in clinical studies in
      patients with neurologic disorders. We evaluated several new measures of upper
      extremity performance derived from step-response and phase-plane analysis
      techniques; both techniques are founded in automatic control theory. Using a
      computer-based tracking test, a visual step function stimulus was applied in 15
      healthy subjects and 45 patients from multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and
      Parkinson disease populations. The upper extremity response of the subject was
      analyzed to find the reliability and discriminating power measures that quantify
      speed, coordination, and steadiness of the upper extremity response during the
      tracking task. Results show that reliability of the measures, although variable
      across the populations tested, is generally high (greater than 0.7). The speed
      and coordination measures derived from phase-plane analysis are more
      discriminating than the measures of step-response analysis for the populations
      tested. Some of the measures may be useful for monitoring patient performance,
      the other measures can be potentially helpful in diagnosis of the disorders.

PMID- 2302043
TI  - Energy cost of paraplegic locomotion using the ParaWalker--electrical stimulation
      "hybrid" orthosis.
AB  - In an adult paraplegic walking with the ParaWalker, electrical stimulation of the
      stance-side gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and medius) reduces the force
      applied through the crutches during the gait cycle. In this study, five
      posttrauma, fully rehabilitated, complete paraplegic adult men walked using their
      ParaWalkers both without and with electrical stimulation augmentation. Oxygen
      consumption and distance covered during the test period were monitored to derive
      speed (m s-1), energy cost (J kg-1 m-1), and energy consumption (J kg-1 s-1).
      With the ParaWalker-electrical stimulation "hybrid" orthosis, three subjects
      increased their walking speed (10.92%, 7.85%, and 9.27%) and two reduced it
      (4.49% and 9.36%). Energy cost was reduced in four subjects (6.47%, 7.93%, 6.92%,
      and 7.97%) but remained the same for the fifth. Energy consumption was reduced in
      four subjects (0.82%, 11.06%, 0.38%, and 10.28%) and increased in one subject
      (4.19%). Results were better than those in a previous study of paraplegic
      locomotion using functional electrical stimulation and long-leg braces. Although
      electrical stimulation augmentation yields only a small reduction in energy cost,
      its long-term physiologic effect could be significant in increasing the aerobic
      anaerobic threshold of an individual via recruitment of large muscles like the
      gluteus maximus and medius, thereby increasing performance in a sustained
      activity like walking.

PMID- 2302045
TI  - Prostheses and the forward reach of sitting lower-limb amputees.
AB  - The hypothesis that prostheses improve the forward reach of sitting lower-limb
      amputees was tested. While sitting with only ischial support, ten unilateral
      below-knee (BK) amputees could reach farther when they wore their prostheses than
      when they did not, when reaching at 45 degrees toward or away from the side of
      the amputation, with mean differences (+/- 1 SD) of 10.7cm (+/- 6.9, p less than
      0.0001) and 4.4cm (+/- 4.1, p less than 0.01), respectively. With ten unilateral
      above-knee (AK) amputees, the differences were not statistically significant.
      Seven bilateral amputees (mixed levels) were able to reach farther with their
      prostheses on than off, with mean differences of 41.2cm (+/- 9.5) and 31.5cm (+/-
      7.9) for reaches at 0 degrees and 45 degrees, respectively (p less than 0.0001).
      With the prostheses off, their reach was significantly greater when their thighs
      were supported than when they were sitting with only ischial support. These
      findings suggest that (1) prostheses improve the anterolateral reach of
      unilateral BK amputees, and the straight forward and anterolateral reach of
      bilateral amputees; (2) when prostheses are not being worn, a sitting surface
      which provides support through the residual limbs improves forward reach; and (3)
      the design of AK prostheses should reflect the patient's needs, both standing and
      sitting.

PMID- 2302044
TI  - Rehospitalization after initial rehabilitation for acute spinal cord injury:
      incidence and risk factors.
AB  - Many acute spinal cord injury (SCI) patients require rehospitalization after
      discharge from initial rehabilitation. Previous studies of rehospitalization for
      these patients have been cross-sectional with respect to time since injury (in
      years), and have not allowed for comparison of patients with equal exposure to
      the risk of medical complications once they have reentered the community. To
      examine the incidence, cause, and monetary cost of rehospitalizations during the
      first year after discharge from initial rehabilitative care (day 365), the
      medical records of 88 consecutive, acute SCI patients who completed initial
      rehabilitation at a regional model SCI care system were reviewed. Cases were
      excluded from the study if the patient was lost to follow-up before day 365. All
      readmissions to the regional SCI care system during the follow-up period were
      reviewed for primary diagnosis, length of stay (LOS), and hospital charges
      incurred. Thirty-four patients (39%) were readmitted at least once by day 365.
      There was a total of 47 readmissions; mean LOS was 11.9 +/- 2.1 days per
      admission (+/- 1SE), and mean hospital charge per admission was $9,683.
      Univariate comparisons between the characteristics of patients who were
      readmitted vs those who were not indicated that the readmitted group was less
      educated (11.8 +/- 2.1 years vs 12.9 +/- 0.3 years, p less than 0.05) and had a
      substantially longer initial rehabilitation LOS (88.9 +/- 6.6 days vs 72.9 +/-
      5.1 days, p less than 0.05). Readmissions were less common among patients who
      were discharged at Frankel class C or D (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2302046
TI  - Chronic pain patients' beliefs about their pain and treatment outcomes.
AB  - A novel assessment procedure measuring chronic pain patients' agreement with
      information presented on a clinic orientation videotape was evaluated as a
      predictor of short-term treatment outcome. One hundred randomly selected
      outpatients viewed a 15-minute videotape detailing conservative approaches to
      pain management and completed a questionnaire measuring factual recall of the
      videotape presentation and their acceptance or rejection (ie, agreement) of this
      information. Patient ratings of satisfaction with treatment were assessed one
      month after treatment. Multivariate analyses revealed that extent of agreement
      with the videotape content was significantly associated with lower pain ratings,
      increased ratings of physical ability, and higher treatment satisfaction.
      Prognostic use of this procedure for identifying patients at risk for
      nonadherence to treatment is discussed.

PMID- 2302047
TI  - Driving safety after brain damage: follow-up of twenty-two patients with matched
      controls.
AB  - Driving after brain damage is a vital issue, considering the large number of
      patients who suffer from cerebrovascular and traumatic encephalopathy. The
      ability to operate a motor vehicle is an integral part of independence for most
      adults and so should be preserved whenever possible. The physician may estimate a
      patient's ability to drive safely based on his own examination, the evaluation of
      a neuropsychologist, and a comprehensive driving evaluation--testing, driving
      simulation, behind-the-wheel observation--with a driving specialist. This study
      sought to evaluate the ability of brain-damaged individuals to operate a motor
      vehicle safely at follow-up. These patients had been evaluated (by a physician, a
      neuropsychologist, and a driving specialist) and were judged able to operate a
      motor vehicle safely after their cognitive insult. Twenty-two brain-damaged
      patients who were evaluated at our institution were successfully followed up to
      five years (mean interval of 2.67 years). Patients were interviewed by telephone.
      Their driving safely was compared with a control group consisting of a close
      friend or spouse of each patient. Statistical analysis revealed no difference
      between patient and control groups in the type of driving, the incidence of
      speeding tickets, near accidents, and accidents, and the cost of vehicle damage
      when accidents occurred. The patient group was further divided into those who
      had, and those who had not experienced driving difficulties so that initial
      neuropsychologic testing could be compared. No significant differences were noted
      in any aspect of the neuropsychologic test battery. We conclude that selected
      brain-damaged patients who have passed a comprehensive driving assessment as
      outlined were as fit to drive as were their normal matched controls.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2302048
TI  - Falling among the sensorially impaired elderly.
AB  - Recent studies of the healthy elderly indicate that accidental falls account for
      many lengthy hospital stays and permanent disabilities. An ongoing investigation
      by our group is examining the contribution of neuromuscular feedback and the
      possible substitution of visual-perceptual feedback as a major contributor to
      falling in this population. This combination of decreased weighting of
      neuromuscular factors and increased weighting of the visual-perceptual factors
      led to the following hypothesis: Those persons who cannot see should show less
      change in frequency of falling as they age than sighted cohorts. The deaf, who
      rely more than others on visual perceptual stimuli, are less likely to fall as
      they age than the general elderly population, who first begin to rely more
      heavily on visual stimuli when they age. Thus, the deaf and blind constitute a
      population whose change in frequency of falls with increased age should differ
      markedly from change in the frequency of falls among the nonblind and nondeaf
      segments of the population. Our results support the hypothesis. The blind
      demonstrated a higher rate of falls than the deaf or nonimpaired population.
      However, the more elderly blind failed to show the increase in falling
      demonstrated by the deaf and nonimpaired. If these findings are confirmed in
      subsequent studies, the nonimpaired and deaf elderly could be trained to focus on
      visual feedback. The blind may be able to reduce the frequency of falls by
      enhancing musculoskeletal feedback and strength via exercise.

PMID- 2302049
TI  - Strength training in a cardiac rehabilitation program: a six-month follow-up.
AB  - The effect of circuit training on blood pressure (BP) and strength were evaluated
      for six months in 16 middle-aged (means = 55.8 years) men in a metropolitan
      cardiac rehabilitation program. Circuit training consisted of 12 to 20
      repetitions at 30% to 40% of one repetition maximum on 12 Nautilus exercises with
      one-minute rests between exercises. This strength conditioning was supplemental
      to the patients' aerobic exercise. Five of the patients had myocardial
      infarctions, six had coronary artery bypass grafts, two had ventricular
      arrhythmias, one had angioplasty, and two had a complex of other cardiac
      conditions. Average height, weight, and body fat for the 16 patients were 179.3
      cm, 82.4 kg, and 24.6%, respectively. Blood pressure (BP) data indicated no
      change in mean systolic or diastolic values during actual circuit training
      sessions (initial = 122/77 mmHg, mid = 124/78 mmHg, end = 122/76 mmHg). These
      data were compared with corresponding sets of BP at three and six months of
      training and no significant differences were seen. In no instance did circuit
      training appear to elevate a patient's BP above clinically acceptable levels for
      controlled hypertension. In the six months, significant increases in strength
      were observed with a mean increment of 8.2 kg or 22% for all 12 exercises. No
      changes occurred in body weight or percentage of fat. For selected patients in
      cardiac rehabilitation programs, a carefully supervised, long-term program of low
      resistance strength training appears to be safe with regard to BP response, and
      beneficial in terms of strength gain.

PMID- 2302050
TI  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in an amputee: case study.
AB  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) has been described primarily in the upper
      extremity and is infrequently considered part of the differential diagnosis of
      postamputation pain. The manifestations of autonomic dysfunction may mimic other
      potential diagnoses of postoperative stump pain. We report a 47-year-old man who
      developed RSD of the knee during the mobilization phase after below-knee
      amputation for atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. The diagnosis was
      made by clinical examination, radiography, and scintigraphy without the need for
      any invasive studies. The characteristic diagnostic findings for the knee during
      the acute phase are emphasized and the therapy described.

PMID- 2302051
TI  - Neuropsychological evaluations, not tests.

PMID- 2302052
TI  - Spondylolisthesis.

PMID- 2302053
TI  - Circulatory and metabolic responses of women to arm crank and wheelchair
      ergometry.
AB  - This study compared the circulatory and metabolic responses of arm crank
      ergometer (ACE) exercise to those of wheelchair ergometer (WCE) exercise during
      maximal and submaximal intensities. Maximal intensity exercise was defined as the
      highest power output (PO) achieved on each ergometer. The submaximal responses
      were compared at an equivalent absolute (PO = 25W) and relative (66% peak oxygen
      uptake [VO2]) intensity. On separate days and in random sequence, nine untrained
      able-bodied women performed a discontinuous incremental test for peak VO2 using
      either ACE or WCE. Each exercise bout was approximately six minutes, interspersed
      with four-minute rest periods. VO2 and heart rate (HR) were measured during each
      stage of the test and blood lactate concentrations were measured five minutes
      postexercise. Peak PO, ventilation (VE), and HR were significantly higher (p less
      than 0.05) on the ACE, with no significant difference in peak VO2 or postexercise
      blood lactate concentration. When compared at equivalent submaximal PO levels
      (25W), VO2, VE, and HR were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) on the WCE
      than on the ACE. In contrast, ACE exercise elicited a higher PO (p less than
      0.05) at an equivalent relative metabolic load (66% peak VO2). These results
      suggest that in women wheelchair ergometry is less metabolically efficient than
      arm crank ergometry at submaximal exercise intensities. However, at maximal
      intensity exercise, ACE exercise imposes greater central circulatory stress. The
      finding that a higher peak HR was elicited by the ACE than the WCE suggests that
      exercise testing needs to be ergometer-specific when the results are to be used
      for exercise prescription.

PMID- 2302054
TI  - The future of general surgery.

PMID- 2302055
TI  - The surgical residency. The job description does not fit the job.

PMID- 2302056
TI  - The family history and cancer control. Hereditary breast cancer.

PMID- 2302057
TI  - The Society of Surgical Oncology at a crossroads: thoughts for the future.
      Presidential address.

PMID- 2302058
TI  - The use of fine-needle aspirates of breast cancers to evaluate hormone-receptor
      status.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of
      immunocytochemical assays of hormone receptors using specimens obtained by fine
      needle aspiration of breast cancers. A peroxidase-antiperoxidase
      immunocytochemical assay was used on 96 aspirates from 47 patients to determine
      estrogen and progesterone receptor status. Of 27 estrogen receptor-positive cases
      by steroid-binding analysis, 25 were positive by immunocytochemical assay. Of 21
      estrogen receptor-negative cases, 17 were negative by immunocytochemical assay.
      Of 21 progesterone receptor-positive cases 19 were positive by immunocytochemical
      assay. Of 27 progesterone receptor-negative cases 25 were negative by
      immunocytochemical assay. An additional 11 small tumors were evaluated by
      immunocytochemical assay alone and results were interpretable based on our prior
      data. With the caveat that a cellular aspirate is obtained, immunocytochemical
      assay can distinguish hormone receptor-negative and hormone receptor-positive
      tumors and can be used to assay tumors too small for standard steroid-binding
      analysis.

PMID- 2302059
TI  - Tumor-associated antigen immune complexes. A potential marker of recurrent
      melanoma.
AB  - To determine the potential utility of antigen-specific immune complex analysis,
      we developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing polyclonal
      human antibody to detect tumor-associated antigen-specific immune complexes. Sera
      from 10 normal volunteers and 19 patients with recurrent melanoma were studied.
      Patients with recurrent melanoma had a mean +/- SD percent inhibition of 27.6% +/
      29.8% in contrast to normal individuals with a mean value of 8.4% +/- 17.8%. A
      monoclonal antibody (MAb JSI) was developed following immunization with a
      partially purified antigen. Utilizing MAb JSI, we developed a "sandwich" enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay and studied sera from 45 normal volunteers and 44
      patients with cancer with recurrent melanoma. Results were expressed as a percent
      maximum binding of a positive control. The mean +/- SD percent maximum binding
      for normal subjects was 4.9% +/- 7.7% in contrast to sera from patients with
      melanoma who had a mean of 38.3% +/- 33.3%. Serial analysis of four patients with
      melanoma with tumor-associated antigen-specific immune complexes demonstrated the
      presence of tumor-associated antigen-specific immune complexes up to 12 years
      prior to clinical recurrence.

PMID- 2302060
TI  - Metastatic potential of colon carcinoma. Expression of ABO/Lewis-related
      antigens.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies specific to various Lewisx-related antigens were
      tested for binding to monolayers and detergent extracts of the human colon
      carcinoma cell line HT-29 P and its metastatic variant HT-29 LMM. Only monoclonal
      antibody FH6 (antisialyl-dimeric Lex) bound more to the metastatic variant
      compared with HT-29 P. Detergent extracts of human tissues were then assayed for
      their FH6-binding activity. Normal colonic mucosa displayed less FH6 binding than
      either Dukes stage B or D primary colon carcinomas. Liver metastases from
      colorectal carcinoma demonstrated greater binding than stage B and stage D
      primary tumors, and more than normal liver. Expression of sialyl-dimeric Lex
      increases as the metastatic potential of colorectal carcinomas increases, and is
      related to the progression of colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2302061
TI  - Occult breast cancer presenting with axillary metastases. Updated management.
AB  - An isolated axillary lymph node metastasis in a woman without an obvious clinical
      primary site most frequently originates from the breast. Mastectomy has been the
      historical treatment of choice. A retrospective study of 35 patients was
      undertaken to evaluate the roles of modern mammography, breast preservation, and
      adjuvant systemic therapy in the management of these patients. Twenty-eight
      patients underwent a mastectomy, while 7 were managed by a combination of limited
      resection and/or axillary dissection and radiation therapy. Twenty-two (67%) of
      the 33 breast specimens contained carcinoma. Comparison of the pathologic results
      with the preoperative mammograms showed a specificity of 73%, while the
      sensitivity was only 29%. Actuarial 5-year survival after mastectomy or breast
      preservation was similar (77% and 65%, respectively). Patients with more than one
      positive lymph node benefited from adjuvant therapy. Mammography does not locate
      the majority of occult stage II breast cancers, and both breast preservation and
      adjuvant therapy may have roles in the management of these patients.

PMID- 2302062
TI  - Indium 111 ZCE-025 immunoscintigraphy in occult recurrent colorectal cancer with
      elevated carcinoembryonic antigen level.
AB  - We investigated the utility of scanning with indium 111 labeled to monoclonal
      antibody in 13 patients after curative resection of colorectal cancer who had
      elevated carcinoembryonic antigen levels and negative results of clinical workup.
      Each patient received 1 mg of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody
      type ZCE 025 labeled with 5.5 mCi of 111In, plus 9 to 39 mg of the same antibody
      unlabeled. Patients underwent scanning 3 to 7 days after infusion by planar and
      emission computed tomography. ZCE-025 monoclonal antibody imaging detected tumor
      recurrence or metastasis in 11 of 13 patients. In one patient the monoclonal
      antibody scan gave a true-negative result, and in one patient the monoclonal
      antibody scan failed to disclose a metachronous cecal primary. Tumor sites
      identified were the pelvis (2 patients), abdominal wall (2), retroperitoneum (1),
      lymph nodes (3); liver (2), bone (2), and lung (1). The accurate localization of
      colorectal carcinoma recurrences by means of 111In ZCE-025 monoclonal antibody
      demonstrates the usefulness of this diagnostic agent in the setting of elevated
      carcinoembryonic antigen level and negative results of clinical and radiologic
      workup.

PMID- 2302063
TI  - Carcinoma of the gallbladder. Does radical resection improve outcome?
AB  - The records of 111 patients with gallbladder carcinoma operatively treated
      between 1972 and 1984 were retrospectively reviewed. Fifty-seven percent of
      patients had distant metastases; another 16% had nodal metastases without distant
      disease. Median survival was 0.5 years, and 5-year survival was 13%. Clinical
      jaundice, tumor stage, and tumor grade were all predictive of patient outcome.
      DNA ploidy, measured in 70 patients, was not a prognostic indicator. In 36% of
      patients, cholecystectomy (20%) or radical cholecystectomy (16%), which included
      adjacent liver and regional lymph node resection, was potentially curative.
      Median survival for patients undergoing radical procedures was 3.6 years, and
      survival was 0.8 years for patients following cholecystectomy. The 5-year
      survival rates were comparable (33% vs 32%). While radical cholecystectomy may
      benefit individual patients and can be accomplished with low morbidity, there was
      no overall survival advantage compared with cholecystectomy.

PMID- 2302064
TI  - A phase I trial of preoperative radiation, proctectomy, and endoanal
      reconstruction.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of sphincter
      preservation in abdominoperineal resection candidates by combining high-dose
      preoperative radiation therapy with restorative proctectomy through an endoanal
      anastomosis. Radiation to the pelvis was given using a three- or four-field
      technique to 4680 cGy (180 cGy/d) with portals from the top of S1 to 2 cm below
      the anus. The tumor bed received an additional 360-cGy boost. Four to 6 weeks
      after radiation therapy was completed, the patients underwent radical surgery.
      Phase I results for 14 patients are presented. All surgical specimens had
      negative distal and lateral margins. Surgical complications included one small
      bowel obstruction requiring reoperation at 3 weeks, one pulmonary embolism, and
      one partial disruption (30% of the circumference) of the anastomosis. Bowel
      control and function were excellent in 8 and good in 4 patients. Function was not
      yet assessable in the remaining 2 patients.

PMID- 2302066
TI  - Predictive factors for bactibilia in acute cholecystitis.
AB  - Acute cholecystitis is well established as one of the high-risk factors
      bactibilla and wound infection. However, many patients with acute cholecystitis
      do not have bactibillia. Therefore, we analyzed 20 clinical and laboratory
      parameters in 49 patients with acute cholecystitis to determine which factor(s)
      predicted bactibilla. Twenty-one (42.9%) of 49 patients with pathologically
      proved acute cholecystitis had positive bile and/or gallbladder wall cultures.
      Univariate analysis suggested that a preoperative temperature greater than 37.3
      degrees C, a total serum bilirubin level greater than 8.6 mumol/L, and a white
      blood cell count greater than 14.1 x 10(9)/L were the best predictors of
      bactibilia. Multifactorial analysis demonstrated that the 17 patients with zero
      or one predictive factor had a significantly lower chance of having bactibilia
      than the 32 patients with two or three predictive factors (6% vs 63%). We
      concluded that the culture status of patients with acute cholecystitis can be
      predicted preoperatively. We propose that patients with acute cholecystitis and
      zero or one of the predictive factors receive a single preoperative antibiotic
      dose. In patients with two or three predictive factors, antibiotics should be
      continued until culture data are available.

PMID- 2302065
TI  - Surgical implications of primary gastrointestinal lymphoma of childhood.
AB  - Our purpose was to summarize information from a large single institution's
      experience regarding the role of surgical resection in the management of non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma in children and adolescents. Fifty-eight children were treated
      for primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The tumors usually presented
      in the ileocolic region (n = 54). Twenty-one children presented with
      intussusception. Complete surgical resection of tumor was accomplished in 32
      patients, partial resection in 20, and biopsy only in 6. All patients were given
      lymphoma protocols employing chemotherapy and irradiation. Forty-four (76%) of 58
      patients are surviving from 1 year to greater than 20 years from diagnosis.
      Thirty-one of 32 patients who underwent complete resection followed by protocol
      management are surviving, compared with 13 of 26 children with residual gross
      disease. The results indicate that children with primary gastrointestinal non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma benefit from complete surgical resection when feasible.

PMID- 2302067
TI  - The 'plug' repair of 1402 recurrent inguinal hernias. 20-year experience.
AB  - Since 1968, we have treated virtually all recurrent inguinal hernias by suturing
      a polypropylene mesh plug into the defect. Treatment of recurrent inguinal
      hernias by the usual standard methods results in a high rate of failure. This is
      due to reapproximation under tension of already scarred tissues. The plug is
      designed to occlude the hernial defect without tension. Several improvements in
      technique based on extensive experience with this method have been developed.
      Such repairs result in minimal postoperative discomfort and rapid rehabilitation.
      This report is based on 1402 operations, with a follow-up of 91% of the patients.
      There were 1276 patients who were followed up for 3 to 21 years and the
      recurrence rate was 1.6%. The plug repair for most recurrent inguinal hernias is
      recommended.

PMID- 2302068
TI  - Adult assault as a mechanism of burn injury.
AB  - Assault by burning is an often unappreciated cause of burn injury. One hundred
      forty-eight of 3678 adults admitted to a major burn center with acute burn
      injuries sustained their burns as a result of an assault by another adult. High
      risk groups included blacks and alcohol abusers. Patients were extremely
      reductant to describe the cause of their injury and to identify their assailant.
      In contrast to child abuse, very few cases go to court due to the patient's
      failure to press charges. There was no typical burn pattern, although the injury
      often did not coincide with the initial medical history. The presence of multiple
      trauma, occurring in 16% of these patients, must be excluded in the assaulted
      patient.

PMID- 2302070
TI  - Nursing shortage: the myth and the reality.

PMID- 2302069
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a multiple trauma patient.
AB  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a little-known adverse reaction to neuroleptic
      administration characterized by hyperpyrexia, leukocytosis, creatine kinase
      elevations, muscular rigidity, autonomic dysfunction, and alterations in level of
      consciousness. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome has an associated 20% mortality but
      can be reversed when treated with neuroleptic discontinuation and administration
      of bromocriptine and dantrolene. Early diagnosis in the trauma unit may prevent
      an extensive workup for presumed sepsis. To our knowledge, neuroleptic malignant
      syndrome has not previously been reported in a multiple trauma patients.

PMID- 2302071
TI  - Is there a nursing shortage?

PMID- 2302072
TI  - Differentiated practice. A response to the nursing shortage.

PMID- 2302073
TI  - Temperature and albumin effects on adsorption of bilirubin from standard solution
      using anion-exchange resin.
AB  - The efficacy of plasma bilirubin sorption for the treatment of patients with
      hepatic dysfunction can be determined by a quantitative evaluation of bilirubin
      adsorption. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of temperature
      (4-42 degrees C) and albumin concentration (0.5-5.0 g%) on bilirubin removal from
      solution by an anion-exchange resin. For a constant albumin concentration,
      adsorption increased with temperature. The adsorption isotherm curves did not
      show saturation at the lower temperatures. At a constant temperature, adsorption
      increased with decreasing albumin concentration. A one-parameter model was used
      to describe the data for bilirubin adsorption at all temperatures and for all
      initial concentrations of bilirubin and albumin. This parameter increased
      monotonically with temperature and decreased monotonically with albumin
      concentration. From a practical clinical point of view, bilirubin sorption may be
      increased by operation of the sorbent column at above ambient temperature.

PMID- 2302074
TI  - Partial substitution of sodium lactate for sodium acetate in the bath fluid for
      hemodialysis.
AB  - To the authors knowledge, lactate (LA) has never been used in hemodialysis
      concentrates. A new concentrate has been designed in which a low acetate (AC)
      concentration is complemented with LA up to standard quantities of buffer with
      the aim of minimizing the side effects of AC. In 14 classically AC-intolerant
      hemodialysis patients (low body surface area of 1.47 +/- 0.15 m2, decrease of
      serum bicarbonate level during hemodialysis by 2 mmol/L or more, and postdialysis
      hyperacetatemia of greater than 7.0 mmol/L) a concentrate with LA was used (Na,
      138; K, 1.5; Ca, 1.75; Mg, 0.75; Cl, 109.5; AC, 17.5; and D,L-lactate, 17.5
      mmol/L) and compared with the same bath with only AC as a buffer (35 mmol/L).
      Patients were blindly and randomly assigned to either the AC or the LA bath
      during six hemodialyses. Blood gases, AC, and L-LA levels were measured before
      and after dialysis. The number of symptomatic hypotension episodes and other
      symptoms such as vomiting, headache, or cramps were recorded in each dialysis.
      The postdialysis pH showed the same increase with both concentrates. The AC
      dialysis caused a significant decrease in PCO2 (26.05 +/- 2.48 versus 34.37 +/-
      2.24 mm Hg; p less than 0.001) and bicarbonate level (15.84 +/- 2.12 versus 19.82
      +/- 1.45 mmol/L; p less than 0.001). Dialysis with LA showed a smaller decrease
      in PCO2 (31.60 +/- 2.00 versus 35.45 +/- 2.25 mm Hg; p less than 0.01), and the
      bicarbonate level remained stable (19.43 +/- 1.85 versus 20.02 +/- 1.91 mmol/L;
      NS). Final acetatemia was lower in LA dialysis (3.12 +/- 1.6 versus 9.73 +/- 1.6
      mmol/L; p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2302075
TI  - Fibronectin coating of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts and its
      role in endothelial seeding.
AB  - Although fibronectin's role as a matrix to improve endothelial seeding has been
      demonstrated by other workers, the optimum concentration for use has never been
      described. Attachment of fibronectin to expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)
      was measured, using 125I-radiolabeled protein, at different concentrations and
      for different time periods. The absolute amount of fibronectin bound to the graft
      increased with the concentrations used in coating (p less than 0.001) and also
      with time (p less than 0.01); e.g., at 50 micrograms/ml, 90 min of incubation
      produced a molecular attachment of 4.0 x 10(11)/cm2 of graft. However, its
      percentage attachment decreased with a rise in concentration (p less than 0.001).
      After an initial loss of 22% in 30 min, the fibronectin-graft bond was found to
      be stable when exposed to a shear stress produced by flow at 200 ml/min. No
      significant difference in the cell adherence could be found in grafts coated with
      fibronectin concentrations of 50, 150, and 250 micrograms/ml, although it was
      significantly less at 10 and 25 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2302076
TI  - Heparin-coated equipment reduces complement activation during cardiopulmonary
      bypass in the pig.
AB  - Complement activation was studied during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in the pig.
      One group of animals was perfused for 2 h using a standard extracorporeal circuit
      including a hollow fiber membrane oxygenator with full systemic heparinization.
      Another group was treated in the same way, except that bypass was performed
      through a heparin-coated CPB circuit (Carmeda Bio-Active Surface, CBAS) and
      systemic heparinization was reduced by 75%. It was found that complement
      activation during CPB, measured as changes in the ratio C3d/C3, was significantly
      less in the CBAS group, most probably reflecting a better biocompatibility.

PMID- 2302077
TI  - A pediatric ventricular assist device: its development and experimental
      evaluation of hemodynamic effects on postoperative heart failure of congenital
      heart diseases.
AB  - To evaluate the effectiveness of a pediatric ventricular assist device (VAD),
      hemodynamic effects of the VAD were investigated experimentally in two types of
      postoperative profound heart failure models of congenital heart disease. In the
      model I Fontan or modified Fontan operation model, right ventricular pump
      function was excluded surgically and a shunt between the right atrium and the
      pulmonary artery was constructed in four dogs. With a VAD between the left atrium
      and the aorta, pressure gradient across the lung and the cardiac output
      increased. Right ventricular failure was induced surgically and high pulmonary
      vascular resistance was made by injection of glass beads in five dogs in model
      II. Cardiac output increased and the right atrial pressure decreased when a VAD
      between the right atrium and the pulmonary arterial trunk was activated. In
      conclusion, the VAD will become a promising modality to manage pediatric profound
      heart failure cases.

PMID- 2302078
TI  - Concentration profiles of platelet-sized latex beads for conditions relevant to
      hollow-fiber hemodialyzers.
AB  - A freeze-capture method was used to obtain the concentration profiles of platelet
      sized latex beads (2.5 microns diameter) in saline-based red cell suspensions
      flowing through tubes with inner diameters of 135 and 200 microns. Without red
      cells the concentration profile exhibited a slight deficit near the wall. For
      hematocrits from 15 through 52%, the concentration profile exhibited a near-wall
      excess of beads, from two to eight times the central concentration. Near-wall
      excesses were small or nonexistent in the first half centimeter of the tube. For
      hematocrits of 15 and 30%, the profile and near-wall excess were equal at
      stations 2 cm or more from the entrance. These results suggest that there is a
      flow-driven mechanism that moves platelet-sized beads toward, but not to, the
      wall.

PMID- 2302079
TI  - Pseudothalamic syndrome with conduction aphasia.

PMID- 2302080
TI  - Ischemia may be the primary cause of neurological deficits in classic migraine.

PMID- 2302081
TI  - Lacunar infarctions and dysarthria.

PMID- 2302082
TI  - The central sites of the autonomic nervous system may also be disturbed in some
      cases with acute pandysautonomia.

PMID- 2302083
TI  - Multiple sclerosis, solvents, and pets.

PMID- 2302084
TI  - Frontal systems impairment following multiple lacunar infarcts.
AB  - To characterize cognitive impairments following multiple subcortical lacunar
      infarcts (lacunes), we prospectively compared the neuropsychological performance
      of 11 subjects with multiple lacunes with 11 medical control subjects matched for
      age and education who had no clinical or computed tomographic evidence of central
      nervous system disease. Subjects with multiple subcortical lacunes displayed
      neuropsychological signs of frontal system dysfunction, even though only 27% met
      the criteria for clinical diagnosis of dementia. They exhibited significant
      deficits in shifting mental set, response inhibition, and executive function. In
      addition, they were more often rated apathetic on a behavior-rating scale. We
      propose a continuum of cognitive impairments in lacunar states, ranging from
      frontal systems impairment to dementia.

PMID- 2302085
TI  - Anterior cerebral artery territory infarction in the Lausanne Stroke Registry.
      Clinical and etiologic patterns.
AB  - We studied 27 patients with acute stroke and a corresponding infarct in the
      anterior cerebral artery territory, as disclosed using computed tomography.
      Patients were selected from 1490 patients (1.8%) admitted consecutively to a
      community-based primary care center who underwent standard investigations. An
      embolic phenomenon from the internal carotid artery or from the heart explained
      the infarct in 17 patients (63%). Anterior cerebral artery occlusion without a
      potential source of embolism was found only in one Vietnamese patient. Neurologic
      features correlated well with the topography and size of infarct, including
      hemiparesis, hemihypesthesia, mutism at onset, transcortical motor aphasia,
      conflictual tasks impairment, mood disturbances, and, more uncommonly,
      incontinence, grasp reflex, hemineglect, acute confusional state, and unilateral
      left apraxia. These findings suggest that the etiologic spectrum of anterior
      cerebral artery infarcts is the same as that of middle cerebral artery infarcts.

PMID- 2302086
TI  - Leuko-araiosis on magnetic resonance imaging and speed of mental processing.
AB  - The clinical significance of white matter abnormalities seen in brain imaging
      studies, termed leuko-araiosis (LA), still remains uncertain. Leuko-araiosis has
      been associated with a global decline in cognitive performance, although little
      is known about the cognitive functions that LA may account for. We present the
      correlates between LA severity on magnetic resonance imaging and mental
      deterioration in a selected sample of 41 elderly patients with vascular risk
      factors. We found that LA was related to performance on tasks measuring the speed
      of information processing and, in particular, on those that involve complex
      processes. This impairment can be important in producing reduction in daily
      living activities as it is in the support to the relationship found with some
      commonly used behavioral rating scales. Leuko-araiosis is also related to the
      presence of some primitive reflexes, suggesting that their disinhibition may be
      due to diffuse corticofugal fibers damage.

PMID- 2302087
TI  - Epileptic seizures in acute stroke.
AB  - We evaluated prospectively the incidence of early seizures in 1000 consecutive
      patients with stroke and transient ischemic attacks to determine whether seizure
      occurrence correlates with stroke type, pathogenesis, or outcome. Seizures
      occurred in 44 patients (4.4%; SE, 0.7%), including 10 (15.4%) of 65 (SE, 4.5%)
      with lobar or extensive hemorrhage, 6 (8.5%) of 71 (SE, 3.3%) with subarachnoid
      hemorrhage, 24 (6.5%) of 370 (SE, 1.3%) with cortical infarction, and 4 (3.7%) of
      109 (SE, 1.8%) with hemispheric transient ischemic attacks. Lacunar infarcts and
      deep hemorrhages were not associated with seizures. Arteriovenous malformation
      was a common cause of lobar hemorrhage with early seizures, but in cortical
      infarcts there was no association between seizure occurrence and pathogenesis.
      Seizures generally occurred within 48 hours of stroke onset, were usually single,
      partial, and readily controlled. Seizures were not associated with a higher
      mortality or worse functional outcome.

PMID- 2302088
TI  - Leuko-araiosis, cerebral atrophy, and cerebral perfusion in normal aging.
AB  - To elucidate the role of leuko-araiosis observed on computed tomographic imaging
      among normal populations, 37 neurologically and cognitively normal volunteers
      ages 18 to 88 years were studied. Local cerebral blood flow was measured using
      stable xenon-enhanced computed tomography. Severity of leuko-araiosis and
      cerebral atrophy were graded on computed tomographic images. Leuko-araiosis was
      observed in 21.6% of normal volunteers, in 52.2% of patients with multi-infarct
      dementia (n = 23), and in 61.5% of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type
      (n = 13). When multiple regression analysis was applied among normal volunteers,
      the degree of cerebral atrophy, advancing age, and local cerebral blood flow
      reductions of subcortical white matter correlated and contributed in that order
      of precedence to the presence and severity of leuko-araiosis. Combination of the
      unusual vascular anatomy of periventricular white matter together with cerebral
      hypoperfusion appears to be related to the occurrence of leuko-araiosis observed
      among neurologically and cognitively normal subjects. Further investigations
      should determine whether leuko-araiosis among this population is a risk factor
      for later cognitive impairments.

PMID- 2302090
TI  - Morphometric studies in dominant olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Comparison of cell
      losses with amino acid decreases.
AB  - We present a correlation of the morphometric cell density analysis with previous
      biochemical findings for the inferior olivary nucleus and Purkinje cell layer of
      the cerebellum from 10 patients (three kindreds) with dominant
      olivopontocerebellar atrophy. We have analyzed brain amino compounds of these
      patients and found a decrease of aspartic acid and glutamic acid in the
      cerebellar cortex and of aspartic acid in the inferior olives. The cell density
      analysis revealed decreased cell counts, with a mean of 34% of olivary cells and
      42% of Purkinje cells surviving when compared with 10 control brains. The cell
      counts were then correlated with the amino acid analyses. The correlation
      coefficient for aspartic acid content and surviving neurons in the inferior olive
      was .87 and that for aspartic acid content and Purkinje cell density was .86.
      Comparison of glutamic acid content and Purkinje cell density yielded a
      correlation coefficient of .75. The correlations appear to indicate a
      relationship between these particular cells or the area they occupy and the
      decreased content of the two amino acids.

PMID- 2302089
TI  - The viral hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Absence of antibodies to
      lentiviruses.
AB  - To evaluate the possible role of lentiviruses in Alzheimer's disease we searched
      for cross-reactive antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1, caprine
      arthritis encephalitis virus, and equine infectious anemia virus in Alzheimer's
      disease, Down's syndrome, and related dementing illnesses in serum samples and
      cerebrospinal fluid samples and in healthy age-matched control subjects. No cross
      reactive antibodies were detected.

PMID- 2302091
TI  - Brain glucose metabolism in postanoxic syndrome. Positron emission tomographic
      study.
AB  - Thirteen positron emission tomographic studies of cerebral glucose utilization
      were carried out in 12 patients with postanoxic syndrome due to cardiac arrest.
      Seven subjects were in a persistent vegetative state. The 5 other subjects were
      normally conscious, but disclosed focal neurological signs. When compared with
      normal values, mean cerebral glucose metabolism was drastically decreased (+/-
      50%) in vegetative subjects, and to a lesser degree (+/- 25%) in conscious
      patients. The most consistent regional alterations were found in the parieto
      occipital cortex (9 cases), the frontier between vertebral and carotid arterial
      territories, followed by the frontomesial junction (5 cases), the striatum (3
      cases with dystonia), thalamus (2 cases), and visual cortex (2 cases with
      cortical blindness). These data suggest that brain anoxia can result in global
      brain hypometabolism, which appears related to the vigilance state, as well as in
      regional alterations preferentially located in arterial border zones.

PMID- 2302092
TI  - Sleep spindles in torsion dystonia.
AB  - Quantitative analysis of overnight sleep spindles was performed in 14 patients
      with primary generalized torsion dystonia, 10 patients with secondary torsion
      dystonia, 10 normal subjects, and 39 patients with other neurological disorders.
      Only 4 patients with torsion dystonia had increased numbers of sleep spindles,
      and only one of these had sleep spindles of an abnormal amplitude or duration.
      Sleep spindle abnormalities do not appear to be common in torsion dystonia, and
      are unlikely to be of pathophysiological significance in this condition.

PMID- 2302093
TI  - The death of Nicholas Bolkonski. Neurology in Tolstoy's War and Peace.
AB  - Painstaking realism is an essential feature of the fiction of Count Leo Tolstoy.
      One example of Tolstoy's attention to detail is the description of the death of
      Prince Nicholas Bolkonski in War and Peace. The information provided in War and
      Peace allows the identification of the prince's terminal illness as a brain-stem
      stroke and is probably the first description of the one-and-a-half syndrome.
      Prince Bolkonski is also portrayed as suffering from a dementing process. Tolstoy
      used the character of Prince Bolkonski to exemplify the rationalistic, Western
      influenced aristocracy that dominated Russia at the end of the 18th century.
      Prince Bolkonski's decline and apoplectic death parallel the fate of
      Enlightenment thought in Eastern Europe. The clinical detail employed in this
      case illustrates how Tolstoy used symbolic characters without sacrificing the
      realism of War and Peace.

PMID- 2302094
TI  - Anterior chamber intraocular lenses.

PMID- 2302095
TI  - The rosettes of James Homer Wright.

PMID- 2302096
TI  - Rapid detection of Acanthamoeba cysts in corneal scrapings by lactophenol cotton
      blue staining.

PMID- 2302097
TI  - Retinal pigment epithelium tear in a diabetic patient with exudative retinal
      detachment following panretinal photocoagulation and filtration surgery.

PMID- 2302099
TI  - Propranolol in the treatment of superior oblique myokymia.

PMID- 2302098
TI  - Bilateral peripheral corneal edema after cefaclor therapy.

PMID- 2302100
TI  - Anterior segment ischemia following vertical muscle transposition and botulinum
      toxin injection.

PMID- 2302101
TI  - Second opinions in ophthalmic health care.

PMID- 2302102
TI  - The role of photocoagulation in the management of retinoblastoma.
AB  - We treated selected patients with retinoblastoma with xenon arc photocoagulation
      between February 1974 and August 1987. Of 790 individual tumors in 410 affected
      eyes, 45 were treated by this technique. Overall photocoagulation alone was
      successful in eradicating 76% of the tumors, while in 24% of the tumors
      additional treatment with cryotherapy, plaque radiotherapy, external beam
      radiotherapy, or enucleation was necessary. In cases where the tumor was less
      than or equal to 3.0 mm in diameter and 2.0 mm in thickness and was confined to
      the sensory retina, without seeding into the adjacent vitreous, tumor destruction
      was achieved with photocoagulation. The mean number of photocoagulation sessions
      needed for complete tumor regression was 2.5. Photocoagulation alone was
      generally unsuccessful for tumors greater than 4.5 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in
      thickness, and supplemental treatment with other modalities was often necessary
      in such cases. Based on observations in these patients, we point out certain
      misconceptions regarding photocoagulation of retinoblastomas and define our
      current indications and contraindications for this treatment modality.

PMID- 2302103
TI  - Five-year follow-up of helium ion therapy for uveal melanoma.
AB  - One hundred sixty-four patients with uveal melanoma were treated with helium ion
      irradiation prior to May 1984, and the data were analyzed in June 1989. Most
      uveal melanomas were large, with a mean tumor thickness of 6.5 mm; approximately
      60% of the patients had tumors that extended anterior to the equator. A complete
      follow-up was obtained for all patients. One hundred twelve patients were alive
      at the time of this report; 18% of the patients developed clinical and laboratory
      evidence of metastases and eventually died of widespread tumor. Eighty-four
      percent of eyes were retained. Data were analyzed with a number of parametric and
      nonparametric techniques. Larger tumors and those located in close proximity to
      the optic nerve and fovea had a higher incidence of most complications,
      especially visual loss.

PMID- 2302104
TI  - The relationship of puberty to diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - The presence of background and preproliferative retinopathy in 70 patients with
      type I diabetes was correlated with their pubertal development. Pubertal status
      was assessed by pediatricians using the sexual maturity ratings of Tanner. In
      young diabetics with comparable disease duration (5 to 10 years), postpubertal
      children had a greater prevalence of retinopathy than those who were not sexually
      mature. After adjusting for duration of diabetes and sex, the relative odds of
      having retinopathy in the postpubescent group relative to the prepubescent or
      pubescent groups was 4.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 15.3). This study
      suggests that minimal retinopathy in children is not rare and that postpubescent
      children have a greater prevalence of diabetic retinopathy than do prepubescent
      children with similar diabetes duration.

PMID- 2302105
TI  - Serologic evidence of Yersinia infection in patients with anterior uveitis.
AB  - Anterior uveitis is a common inflammatory eye disease associated with the HLA-B27
      phenotype. Bacteriologic cofactors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of
      several diseases associated with HLA-B27. Using a sensitive enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay, we examined the incidence of previous Yersinia infection in
      a group of 28 consecutive patients with anterior uveitis. Twelve patients had a
      significantly increased antibody response to Yersinia, 8 of whom were HLA-B27
      positive. Eight patients had IgM antibodies, possibly indicative of recent
      infection. There were no positive Yersinia serologic findings in our control
      group of 28 subjects, 13 of whom were HLA-B27 positive. A strong association was
      found between previous Yersinia infection and the development of anterior uveitis
      in HLA-B27-positive and HLA-B27-negative patients.

PMID- 2302106
TI  - Visual function deficits in glaucoma. Electroretinogram pattern and luminance
      nonlinearities.
AB  - The pattern electroretinogram is abnormal in glaucoma. Part of the pattern
      electroretinogram may be attributed to the summation of responses to luminance
      increases and decreases (nonlinear luminance responses). We conducted a study to
      investigate the effect of glaucoma on the pattern electroretinogram component
      waves and to determine if the flicker electroretinogram nonlinear components are
      abnormal in glaucoma. We tested 35 subjects in two replications of four
      conditions: 10- and 20-Hz flicker, and 4- and 10-Hz pattern reversal. Only the
      even harmonics were recorded. The patients with glaucoma had reduced
      electroretinogram amplitudes for all measures relative to the normal subjects.
      Electroretinogram amplitudes of those suspected of having glaucoma were
      intermediate. The greatest amplitude reductions were for the 10-Hz flicker
      electroretinogram and the 4-Hz pattern electroretinogram. These results confirm
      pattern electroretinogram abnormalities and reveal flicker electroretinogram
      abnormalities in glaucoma.

PMID- 2302107
TI  - Atypical nerve fiber layer defects in high myopes with high-tension glaucoma.
AB  - The incidence of atypical optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer defects
      was studied in 61 high myopic eyes (greater than or equal to -5 diopters) and 91
      emmetropic or hyperopic eyes (0 to +3 diopters) of 152 patients with chronic high
      tension glaucoma, and in 45 control myopic eyes (greater than or equal to -5
      diopters). Horizontal ovalness or cyclotorsion, oblique insertion of the optic
      disc, and bean pot disc were more common in the high myopes. In the eyes with
      high myopia with glaucoma, inferior dominant nerve fiber layer defects, ectopic
      fiber defects, and multiple nerve fiber layer defects were common. The incidence
      of superior nerve fiber layer defects or superior-inferior equal nerve fiber
      layer defects was high in round or vertically oval discs and low in cyclotorted
      or horizontal oval discs. The oblique insertion of the discs correlated
      positively with a higher incidence of ectopic defects in high myopic eyes with
      glaucoma. The incidence of focal type nerve defects is higher in older patients
      and high myopes with oblique insertion of the optic disc. Atypical shape of the
      optic disc correlates positively with atypical retinal nerve fiber layer defects
      in eyes with high-tension glaucoma.

PMID- 2302108
TI  - Indications for keratoepithelioplasty.
AB  - Thirteen patients with ocular surface failure were treated by
      keratoepithelioplasty using allografts of corneal limbal epithelial cells from
      donor eyes. The ocular surface was stabilized with long-term healing of
      persistent epithelial defects in five of eight eyes followed up for 4 to 19
      months. The procedure was performed on an additional 5 patients with superficial
      keratopathies. Three of those five procedures resulted in a stable and clear
      optical surface. These results suggest that epithelial transplantation may be a
      useful option in the care of chronic ocular surface failure unresponsive to
      conventional medical management.

PMID- 2302109
TI  - Interactions of benzalkonium chloride with soft and hard contact lenses.
AB  - We measured the uptake and washout of benzalkonium chloride, using radioactive
      tracer, by representative hard and soft contact lenses. Uptake by soft contact
      lenses after 7 days of continuous exposure is high (30 to 56 micrograms/mg of
      lens weight), with a low percentage of washout in 24 hours (between 0.2% and 1.5%
      of total uptake). High-water content lenses absorb greater quantities of
      benzalkonium than do low-water content lenses. Hard lenses take up a much smaller
      quantity of benzalkonium but release between 30% and 60% of total uptake during
      washout for 24 hours. Fluorosilicone-acrylate polymer lenses adsorb and release
      the most preservative, while polymethylmethacrylate lenses (Paragon Optical Inc,
      Mesa, Ariz) adsorb and release the least. The released benzalkonium from either
      soft or hard lenses is of a sufficient concentration to be at or above the upper
      limits of safety.

PMID- 2302110
TI  - Normal endothelial cell density range in childhood.
AB  - Specular microscopy of the in vivo corneal endothelium of 214 clinically normal
      eyes in children ranging from 5 to 14 years of age showed a regular mosaic of
      hexagonal cells. The cell population density of individuals presented some
      variation, as it doses in older subjects. Quantitative analysis permitted us to
      determine the normal range of the endothelial cell count at each age. The mean
      (+/- SD) value ranged from 3591 +/- 399 cells per square millimeter at age 5
      years to 2697 +/- 246 cells per square millimeter for the oldest subjects. Our
      data show a rapid decrease in cell density up to age 10 years. We estimate from
      our data a decrease in cell density of 13% between ages 5 and 7 years and an
      additional decrease of 12% by age 10 years.

PMID- 2302111
TI  - Familial hemifacial spasm.
AB  - Three male patients in successive generations of the same family developed
      acquired left-sided hemifacial spasm. Magnetic resonance imaging of the proband
      demonstrated a pontine vertebral artery anomaly near the root of the affected
      facial nerve. This family and a similar family that was recently presented
      illustrate several interesting features: (1) hemifacial spasm, from whatever
      cause, may be autosomal dominant; (2) the spasms involve the same side of the
      face in affected individuals within an affected family; and (3) the age of onset
      in familial cases may be younger than in nonfamilial cases.

PMID- 2302112
TI  - Corneal surface irregularities and episodic pain in a patient with mucolipidosis
      IV.
AB  - Mucolipidosis IV is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by prominent
      involvement of the corneal epithelium. A 5-year-old boy with mucolipidosis IV
      experienced recurrent episodes of severe ocular pain, tearing, and ipsilateral
      facial flushing. This was suggestive of reflex sympathetic dystrophy, a syndrome
      of pain and sympathetic hyperactivity. The examination revealed marked corneal
      surface irregularities, corresponding to massive accumulations of
      intracytoplasmic storage material in the epithelium. Episodic pain in patients
      with mucolipidosis IV is an important symptom, presumably reflecting the
      distinctive corneal ultrastructural abnormality in this disease.

PMID- 2302113
TI  - Flow dynamics of extrusion needle vacuuming in a closed vitrectomy system.
AB  - The dynamics of pressure, flow, and ocular volume relationships were examined
      with respect to extrusion needle use in simulated vitrectomy. Glass-stoppered
      bottles used with infusion lines with drip chambers lowered the intraocular
      pressure 4 to 7 inches below the fluid level in the bottle, varying with the
      amount of fluid in the bottle. Compared with flow rates using the regular tip
      needle with the steel infusion cannula, the disposable infusion cannula lowered
      the flow rate by about 25% and the tapered tip extrusion needle decreased outflow
      by 40% to 50%. Tracer dilution rates were decreased by the use of the disposable
      infusion port or the aphakic model eye; however, 2 minutes of infusion at a 30
      inch bottle height dilution was still sufficient to wash out the tracer to less
      than 5% of the original concentration.

PMID- 2302114
TI  - Exudative retinal detachment following central and hemicentral retinal vein
      occlusions.
AB  - We describe five eyes of five patients that developed an exudative retinal
      detachment following a central retinal vein occlusion (including one eye with a
      hemicentral [hemispheric] retinal vein occlusion). The time interval between the
      occurrence of the vein occlusion and the appearance of the retinal detachment
      ranged from 7 to 36 weeks in the four cases seen in the acute period. Each
      detachment involved the posterior retina and was associated with the development
      of marked retinal ischemia. Neovascular glaucoma occurred in two cases. The
      subretinal fluid completely or partially resorbed in the four eyes that were
      treated with retinal photocoagulation, but the final visual acuity was poor in
      all cases. Exudative retinal detachment is a potential complication of central
      retinal vein occlusion and in this series was associated with a poor visual
      prognosis.

PMID- 2302115
TI  - Reiter's Keratoconjunctivitis.

PMID- 2302116
TI  - Polytef (polytetrafluoroethylene) alloplastic grafting as a substitute for mucous
      membrane.
AB  - Nine patients with contracted sockets, cicatricial conjunctival shortening, or
      severe symblepharon formation were treated by temporary grafting with polytef
      (polytetrafluoroethylene) alloplastic surgical membrane in place of autogenous
      mucous membrane. Within 2 weeks of the grafting, the patients' residual
      conjunctival epithelium grew beneath the alloplastic membrane and covered the raw
      surfaces of the reconstructed socket. The procedure produced satisfactory results
      in eight of nine patients without the need for harvesting mucous membrane from
      the mouth or nose. Healing was rapid and without the discomfort and potential
      complications associated with grafting of autogenous mucosa.

PMID- 2302117
TI  - What's wrong with our hospitals?

PMID- 2302119
TI  - Inspection of the knees.

PMID- 2302120
TI  - Helping patients to stop smoking.
AB  - Public opinion is increasingly opposed to smoking and more and more smokers wish
      to stop. This article offers a practical, 10 point strategy for general
      practitioners to use to identify patients who smoke and to help them overcome
      their addiction.

PMID- 2302118
TI  - Bee venom allergy.
AB  - Bee stings are a common occurrence and for most people they cause only mild local
      discomfort, but for a few they are life threatening. The author considers the
      natural history of bee venom allergy, the place of diagnostic tests in assessing
      bee venom allergy, the emergency management of allergic reactions, and the use of
      bee venom immunotherapy in children.

PMID- 2302121
TI  - The influence of alcohol and aging on radio communication during flight.
AB  - This study finds that alcohol and pilot age impair radio communication during
      simulated flight. Young (mean age 25 years) and older (mean age 42 years) pilots
      flew in a light aircraft simulator during alcohol and placebo conditions. In the
      alcohol condition, pilots drank alcohol and flew after reaching 0.04% BAC, after
      reaching 0.10% BAC, and then 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h after they stopped drinking at
      0.10% BAC. They flew at the same times in the placebo condition. Alcohol and age
      impaired communication-based and overall flying performance during and
      immediately after drinking. Most important, alcohol and age cumulatively impaired
      performance, since older pilots were more impaired by alcohol. Notably,
      performance was as impaired 2 h after reaching 0.10% BAC as it was at 0.10% BAC.
      Moreover, overall performance was impaired for 8 h after reaching 0.10% BAC.

PMID- 2302122
TI  - Rapid decompression of a transport aircraft cabin: protection against hypoxia.
AB  - The hypoxic hazard after rapid decompression in transport aircraft was evaluated
      as a function of the current means of protection, including the role of the
      inhaled oxygen fraction (FIO2) prior to decompression. The decompressions were
      made in 2 s; the initial altitude was 8,000 ft and the final altitude was 16,000
      45,000 ft. The physiological measurements were arterial oxygen saturation, heart
      rate, ventilatory frequency, and gaseous analysis in the mask. Results show that
      FIO2 prior to decompression is not very significant, but the delay before donning
      the oxygen system seems to be the most limiting factor against tolerance to
      hypoxia.

PMID- 2302123
TI  - Ammonia and monoamine concentrations in two brain areas in rats after one
      hyperoxic seizure.
AB  - Monoamines (catecholamines, serotonin, and metabolites) and ammonia were studied
      within two areas of the rat brain--the frontal cortex (FC) and the striatum (SA)-
      after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) at 6 ATA up to the first seizure. An
      increase of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and metabolites (HVA, DOPAC)
      measured by the HPLC/EC method were found in SA with a parallel increase of
      ammonia at variance with the FC where no monoamine changes, but a slight increase
      of ammonia, were found. Blood ammonia did not change with HBO. So, 20 min after
      one HBO seizure, there are regional differences in the brain, which are
      consistent with the previous findings of an SA start of electrocortical
      abnormalities at the onset of a seizure. Elevated DA, and possibly NE, levels may
      contribute to the accumulation of ammonia in the brain. During prolonged HBO
      exposure, this rise of ammonia could be one of the mechanisms involved in the
      relapse of seizures. It might also be implicated in initiation of the first
      seizure. By their situations and contents, SA glial cells could play an important
      role in brain HBO susceptibility.

PMID- 2302124
TI  - EEG changes measured by spectrum analysis under hyperbaric conditions.
AB  - The EEG activity was followed during simulated diving to 20 m depth. Altogether
      49 EEG records of 5 min length were taken in 5 divers breathing compressed air in
      a close system. No significant changes of the EEG could be found during either
      compression or decompression if only conventional indicators, such as the
      amplitude of theta activity, were tested. However, a complex "normality ratio,"
      based on multivariate analysis of a normal material, was capable of showing
      significant impairment of the brain activity during the decompression. The
      indicator has been designed to reflect the abnormality level rather than the
      short-lasting EEG changes, the latter being mostly dependent on the alertness
      fluctuations. The EEG changes associated with alertness fluctuations were
      assessed separately by means of a specific "alertness indicator" and a prominent
      alertness increase was found during both compression and decompression phases of
      the diving experiment.

PMID- 2302125
TI  - Effect of a central redistribution of fluid volume on response to lower-body
      negative pressure.
AB  - We studied cardiovascular responses to lower-body negative pressure (LBNP)
      following 1 hour (h) of 6 degrees head-down tilt to determine whether a
      redistribution of blood volume toward the central circulation modifies the
      subsequent response to orthostatic stress. Responses of 12 men, ages 30-39 years,
      were evaluated by electrocardiography, impedance cardiography, sphygmomanometry,
      and measurement of calf circumference. During the LBNP that followed head-down
      tilt--as compared with control LBNP (no preceding head-down tilt)--subjects had
      smaller stroke volume and cardiac output, greater total peripheral resistance,
      and less calf enlargement. These differences reflect differences in the variables
      immediately preceding LBNP. Magnitudes of the responses from pre-LBNP to each
      pressure stage of the LBNP procedure did not differ between protocols. Mean and
      diastolic arterial pressures were slightly elevated after LBNP-control, but they
      fell slightly during LBNP post-tilt. These cardiovascular responses to simulated
      gravitational stress following head-down tilt may reflect the manner in which
      adaptation to microgravity affects subsequent responses to orthostatic stress on
      return to Earth.

PMID- 2302127
TI  - Exertional headaches with multiple triggers.
AB  - Vascular headaches may occur in up to 20% of the population aged 17-40. One
      subgroup, exertional headaches, has many specific and nonspecific clinical
      presentations. Knowing the background events preceding the headache and the exact
      circumstances of the headache can help make a specific diagnosis. Three cases are
      presented to illustrate the diversity of triggers and their effect on aeromedical
      decision-making. The headaches are presented within the recently revised
      nomenclature for head and facial pain by the Headache Classification Committee of
      the International Headache Society.

PMID- 2302129
TI  - The use of tympanometry in predicting otitic barotrauma.
AB  - Static acoustic impedance tympanometry was used to examine 80 subjects prior to
      and after exposure to decreased ambient pressure in a hypobaric chamber. The
      predictive value of tympanometry in detecting those individuals likely to suffer
      from otitic barotrauma (aerotitis media) was evaluated. The results suggest that
      testing prior to altitude exposure is of no value in identifying those
      individuals who will suffer from otitic barotrauma during flight. Tympanometry
      however proved a useful tool in confirming the presence of barotrauma following
      flight, but it was no more useful than taking a history and performing an ear
      examination.

PMID- 2302128
TI  - Hearing loss and radiotelephony intelligibility in civilian airline pilots.
AB  - Airline pilots with a mild to moderate hearing loss are regularly examined in the
      Netherlands National Aerospace Medical Centre. If this hearing loss exceeds the
      national hearing standards not only a tone-audiometric test but also routine
      speech-audiometry is performed. The maximal discrimination of phonetically
      balanced monosyllable words (20 word lists) in 16 airline pilots (32 ears) with
      such a hearing loss varies between 65%-100%. However, none of these pilots
      complains of a bad speech-intelligibility in the cockpit. This may indicate that
      there is a poor relation between the routine speech discrimination and the speech
      intelligibility in the working situation. We developed a "speech-audiometric"
      test (RT-test) which is completely based on the aviation jargon used in
      radiotelephony (RT) communications. In our group of 16 pilots the maximal
      discrimination in the RT-test was excellent. Even for ears with a maximal
      discrimination of 65%-70% in the routine speech-audiometric test the maximal RT
      discrimination was 99%-100%. These pilots were all very experienced (average:
      14,360 flying hours). Undoubtedly, this experience is of great importance in
      radiotelephony-intelligibility.

PMID- 2302126
TI  - Patterns of human drinking: effects of exercise, water temperature, and food
      consumption.
AB  - The effects of exercise, water temperature, and food consumption on patterns of
      ad libitum drinking were studied in 33 men during 6 consecutive cycles of 30 min
      walking (4.8 km.h-1, 5% grade) and 30 min rest in a climatic chamber (40 degrees
      C, 40% relative humidity). On two nonconsecutive days, subjects consumed 15
      degrees C (cool) water during one trial and 40 degrees C (warm) water during the
      other. We previously reported that two groups of drinkers can be identified
      during work in the heat by the criterion of body weight (BW) loss during the
      trial. Thus, avid drinkers (D) drank sufficiently such that they lost less than
      2% of their initial BW when consuming cool water and libitum, while reluctant
      drinkers (RD) lost more than 2% of their BW. When warm water was provided, fluid
      consumption was reduced by 29% and 54% in D and RD, respectively and BW deficits
      were comparably increased. Intake of cool water elicited cyclic drinking patterns
      with higher rates during walking than during rest periods in both D and RD,
      whereas consumption of warm water produced this cyclic pattern only after food
      ingestion during the third rest. Food consumption stimulated fluid intake and
      reduced BW losses in both trials. Compared to pre-prandial (hours 1-2.5) rates,
      average post-lunch drinking rates during the last 3 h increased 14% in D and 19%
      in RD when consuming cool water, and by 46% and 74%, respectively, with warm
      water. While food consumption has been encouraged to replace electrolytes lost in
      sweat when working in hot climates, our results indicate that food ingestion also
      enhances fluid consumption.

PMID- 2302130
TI  - Tumbling and spaceflight: the Gemini VIII experience.
AB  - A malfunctioning orbital flight attitude thruster during the flight of Gemini
      VIII led to acceleration forces on astronauts Neil Armstrong (commander) and
      David Scott (pilot) that created the potential for derogation of oculo-vestibular
      and eye-hand coordination effects. The spacecraft attained an axial tumbling
      rotation of 50 rpm and would have exceeded this had not the commander accurately
      diagnosed the problem and taken immediate corrective action. By the time counter
      measure controls were applied, both astronauts were experiencing vertigo and the
      physiological effects of the tumbling acceleration. Data from the recorders
      reveal that one astronaut experienced -Gy of 0.92 G-units, and the other +Gy of
      0.92 for approximately 46 s. Both received a -Gz of 0.89 G-units from the waist
      up with a +Gz of 0.05 from the waist down. A substantial increase of time and/or
      an increase in rpm would ultimately have produced incapacitation of both
      astronauts. NASA corrected the Gemini thruster problem by changing the ignition
      system wiring. Future space-craft undertaking long-term missions could be
      equipped with unambiguous thruster fault displays and could have computer
      controlled automatic cutoffs to control excessive thruster burns.

PMID- 2302131
TI  - Evaluation of three commercial microclimate cooling systems.
AB  - Three commercially available microclimate cooling systems were evaluated for
      their ability to reduce heat stress in men exercising in a hot environment while
      wearing high insulative, low permeability clothing. Five male volunteers
      performed three 180-min experiments (three repeats of 10 min rest, 50 min walking
      at 440 watts) in an environment of 38 degrees C dry bulb (Tdb), 12 degrees C dew
      point (Tdp). The cooling systems were: 1) ILC Dover Model 19 Coolvest (ILC), mean
      inlet temperature 5.0 degrees C; 2) LSSI Coolhead (LSSI), mean inlet temperature
      14.5 degrees C; and 3) Thermacor Cooling Vest (THERM), mean inlet temperature
      28.3 degrees C. Endurance time (ET), heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (Tre),
      mean skin temperature (Tsk), sweating rate (SR), rated perceived exertion (RPE),
      and thermal sensation (TS) were measured. A computer model prediction of ET with
      no cooling was 101 min. ET was greater (p less than 0.01) with ILC (178 min) than
      THERM (131 min) which was greater (p less than 0.01) than LSSI (83 min). The
      subjects self terminated on all LSSI tests because of headaches. Statistical
      analyses were performed on data collected at 60 min to have values on all
      subjects. There were no differences in HR, Tre, SR, or TS values among the
      cooling vests. The subjects' Tsk was lower (p less than 0.05) for the LSSI than
      THERM; and RPE values were higher (p less than 0.05) for LSSI than the other two
      vests. These data suggest an improved physiological response to exercise heat
      stress with all three commercial systems with the greatest benefit in performance
      time provided by the ILC cooling system.

PMID- 2302132
TI  - The Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire: corrected computational procedures for
      the alertness factor.
AB  - The Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ) provides a systematic and
      quantitative measurement of acute mountain sickness (AMS) as well as other
      symptoms resulting from exposure to various climatic or stressful conditions. The
      questionnaire yields factor scores for nine distinct symptom groups. The
      computational procedures for one of the factors, Alertness, were incorrect as
      reported in the original manuscript (2). This paper gives the correct procedures
      and their rationale.

PMID- 2302133
TI  - 1989 Lovelace Award address. Something funny may happen on the way to Mars.

PMID- 2302134
TI  - Failing aviator syndrome: a case history.

PMID- 2302135
TI  - Hypercholesterolemia in the aviator.

PMID- 2302136
TI  - The residual spatial abilities of hippocampally lesioned rats can be enhanced by
      peripheral sympathetic-adrenal interventions.
AB  - In order to test the possible effectiveness of peripheral interventions with the
      adrenergic system for the alleviation of certain disorders that typically follow
      bilateral hippocampal lesions, rats with bilateral lesions of the hippocampus,
      the overlying neocortex, or sham operations were tested at two postoperative
      times in the Morris water maze, a frequently used "spatial task." Half of the
      animals in all groups were exposed to the adrenergic manipulations, i.e., a
      chronic, 7-day, systemic bretylium regime (5 mg/kg) and, in addition, a
      peripheral injection of norepinephrine (4 micrograms/kg) 30 min before the start
      of each training day. The other half received saline chronically and a single
      saline injection before each training day. Five days of training were given at
      each of the two training periods. The first began 7 days after surgery while the
      second began 33 days after surgery. As expected, the hippocampally lesioned
      animals were severely impaired in the task. The adrenergic treatment produced
      enhanced performances in the rats with hippocampal lesions at both training
      sessions, although the improvement was greatest at the later period. Although the
      animals receiving the pharmacologic treatment located the general area of the
      hidden platform better than the saline-treated animals with hippocampal lesions,
      the treated animals were still impaired, swimming directly to the hidden platform
      on fewer trials than did animals in the other groups.

PMID- 2302137
TI  - Nimodipine accelerates recovery from the hyperemotionality produced by septal
      lesions.
AB  - Rats with large electrolytic lesions of the septal area were given the calcium
      channel antagonist nimodipine (70 micrograms/kg, ip) or its vehicle on the day of
      surgery and for 3 subsequent days. They were tested for emotionality and compared
      to control rats for 10 days beginning on the third day after surgery. Forty days
      after surgery all animals were trained in a two-way active avoidance task for 120
      trials. Nimodipine reduced the hyperemotionality found after septal lesions as
      early as the first test day, and increased the rate of recovery toward control
      levels on subsequent days. Both septal-lesion groups exhibited more avoidance
      responses than controls, even though the intertrial crossings were enhanced only
      in rats with septal lesions that did not receive nimodipine.

PMID- 2302138
TI  - Hippocampal electrical activity and behavior in rabbits living in a seminatural
      environment: reactions in the presence of a dog.
AB  - The aim of the present experiment was to correlate behavioral and electrical
      events recorded in the presence of a threatening stimulus, namely a dog presented
      to rabbits living in a seminatural environment. Behavioral and concomitant EEG,
      recorded by telemetry, were studied in rabbits carrying chronic electrodes
      implanted in the hippocampus, before, during, and after the introduction of a dog
      into the environment around the enclosure. The threatening stimulus caused a
      variety of emotional responses in the rabbits, associated with high rhythmicity
      and high frequency levels in the hippocampal EEG. After removal of the dog the
      state of alarm of the animals persisted with long periods of alert immobility
      characterized by a further increase in hippocampal EEG frequency. Data show that
      emotional and environmental aspects can affect the hippocampal electrical
      activity recorded during specific behavioral elements.

PMID- 2302139
TI  - Distinct mechanisms underlying memory modulation after the first and the second
      session of two avoidance tasks.
AB  - Rats were subjected to three consecutive sessions, one session per day, of either
      a step-down inhibitory avoidance task using a 60-Hz. 0.3-mA footshock, or a two
      way active avoidance task using 20 presentations of a 5-s, 1-kHz tone and a 0.3
      mA footshock. After either the first or the second training session animals
      received an intraperitoneal injection of ACTH (0.2 microgram/kg), epinephrine-HCl
      (5.0 micrograms/kg), or naloxone-HCl (0.8 mg/kg). All these treatments caused
      memory facilitation on both tasks when administered after the first training
      session. When administered after the second training session only ACTH and
      adrenaline were effective, on both tasks. As previous physiological and
      pharmacological reports point to the activation of the brain beta-endorphin
      system after the first, but not the second, session of a task, we propose that
      (a) memory facilitation by naloxone depends on the previous activation of the
      brain beta-endorphin system; and (b) memory facilitation due to ACTH or
      epinephrine does not depend on the opioid activity, so their effects are
      expressed after both the first and the second training sessions. It was also
      observed that the enhancement of performance in the second training session due
      to post-training facilitatory treatments carried over to the test session. These
      results suggest that some form of consolidation occurs both after the first and
      after the second training session.

PMID- 2302140
TI  - Lesions of the caudate nucleus selectively impair "reference memory" acquisition
      in the radial maze.
AB  - Groups of Long-Evans rats with bilateral lesions of the caudate nucleus, sham
      lesions, or no lesions were given one trial per day in an eight-arm radial maze.
      The same four maze arms were baited on each trial. The remaining four arms never
      contained food. Optimal performance required animals to enter each of the baited
      arms only once on each trial and to avoid entering the arms in the unbaited set.
      Rats with caudate lesions learned to enter each of the baited arms only once on
      each trial. However, these rats were severely impaired in learning to avoid
      entering the arms in the unbaited set. Implications for dual-memory theories are
      discussed.

PMID- 2302141
TI  - Selective impairment of song learning following lesions of a forebrain nucleus in
      the juvenile zebra finch.
AB  - Area X, a large sexually dimorphic nucleus in the avian ventral forebrain, is
      part of a highly discrete system of interconnected nuclei that have been
      implicated in either song learning or adult song production. Previously, this
      nucleus has been included in the song system because of its substantial
      connections with other vocal control nuclei, and because its volume is positively
      correlated with the capacity for song. In order to directly assess the role of
      Area X in song behavior, this nucleus was bilaterally lesioned in both juvenile
      and adult zebra finches, using ibotenic acid. We report here that lesioning Area
      X disrupts normal song development in juvenile birds, but does not affect the
      production of stereotyped song by adult birds. Although juvenile-lesioned birds
      were consistently judged as being in earlier stages of vocal development than age
      matched controls, they continued to produce normal song-like vocalizations. Thus,
      unlike the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum, another
      avian forebrain nucleus implicated in song learning, Area X does not seem to be
      necessary for sustaining production of juvenile song. Rather, the behavioral
      results suggest Area X is important for either the acquisition of a song model or
      the improvement of song through vocal practice.

PMID- 2302142
TI  - Testosterone fails to reverse spatial memory decline in aged rats and impairs
      retention in young and middle-aged animals.
AB  - Recently, the vasopressin (AVP) innervation in the rat brain was shown to be
      restored in senescent rats following long-term testosterone administration. In
      order to investigate whether this restoration is accompanied by an improvement in
      learning and memory, both sham- and testosterone-treated young (4.5 months),
      middle-aged (20 months), and aged (31 months) male Brown-Norway rats were tested
      in a Morris water maze. All animals learned to localize a cued platform equally
      well, indicating that the ability to learn this task was not affected by sensory,
      motoric, or motivational changes with aging or testosterone treatment. There were
      no significant differences in retention following cue training. Subsequent
      training with a hidden platform in the opposite quadrant of the pool (place
      training) revealed impaired spatial learning in middle-aged and aged animals.
      Retention following place training was significantly impaired in the sham-treated
      aged rats as compared with sham-treated young rats. Testosterone treatment did
      not improve spatial learning nor retention of spatial information, but, on the
      contrary, impaired retention in young and middle-aged animals. The present
      results confirm earlier reports on an impairment of spatial learning and memory
      in senescent rats but fail to support a role of decreased plasma testosterone
      levels and central AVP innervation in this respect.

PMID- 2302143
TI  - Cycloheximide blocks the retention of maternal experience in postpartum rats.
AB  - Two studies were done to determine the effects of cycloheximide (CYX), a protein
      synthesis inhibitor, on maternal experience effects in rats. In the first study
      eight groups received a 2-h maternal experience 36 h after cesarean (c)-section
      and two groups received no post c-section experience. Among the experienced
      groups, two received icv injections of CYX or saline (SAL) 30 min before the
      maternal experience, two received CYX or SAL 10 min after the experience, and two
      received the injections 24 h after the experience. One inexperienced group
      received CYX and the other received SAL 36 h after c-section. Tests for maternal
      behavior occurred 10 days after c-section. CYX was not able to block or disrupt
      the "acquisition" or expression of ongoing maternal behavior during the 2-h
      experience phase. However, CYX was able to block the long-term "retention" of a 2
      h maternal experience if the drug was present during or immediately after the
      experience, prior to "consolidation." The second study investigated the effects
      of CYX administered immediately after the maternal experience on the expression
      and retention of maternal behavior 4 and 6 days after c-section, to determine
      whether the hormonally mediated short-onset latencies of the 4-day group would be
      blocked by CYX. Eight groups of animals were tested for maternal behavior. Four
      were tested 4 days after c-section and four were tested 6 days after c-section.
      Within each of these groups two were experienced and two inexperienced; within
      each experience condition one group received CYX and one received SAL. Day 4
      groups exhibited shorter onset latencies than Day 6 groups. There was also a CYX
      SAL difference in maternal onset latencies among experienced Day 6 groups but not
      among Day 4 groups. These data indicate that the blocking effects of CYX can be
      seen only when hormonal priming of maternal behavior is no longer in evidence.

PMID- 2302144
TI  - Learning and memory impairment in rats fed a high saturated fat diet.
AB  - At the age of 1 month, three separate groups of Long-Evans rats were placed on
      20% (w/w) fat (40% of calories) diets high in either saturated fatty acids (lard
      based) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (soybean oil-based) or standard laboratory
      chow (Purina, 4.5% (w/w) fat). After 3 months, all rats were administered three
      tests of learning and memory--Olton's radial arm maze, a variable-interval
      delayed alternation task, and the Hebb-Williams maze series. The lard-fed group
      was impaired on all tests. The soybean oil-fed group was slightly impaired on
      some measures, relative to the chow-fed group, but consistently performed better
      than the lard-fed group. The results indicate that a diet high in saturated fatty
      acids can impair a wide range of learning and memory functions and are in line
      with biochemical and physiological evidence showing widespread effects of such
      diets on brain function.

PMID- 2302145
TI  - The spontaneously hypertensive rat as an animal model of attention-deficit
      hyperactivity disorder: effects of methylphenidate on exploratory behavior.
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) show a pervasive hyperactivity in several
      paradigms. Thus, these rats may be used as an animal model of childhood
      hyperactivity also called Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This disorder
      is frequently treated with psychomotor stimulant drugs, but little is known about
      the effects of such drugs on behavior. The present study investigated the
      behavioral effects of 1-24 mg/kg methylphenidate (Ritalin) on the exploratory
      behavior of male SHR and Wistar-Kyoto control rats (WKY) in a two-compartment
      free-exploration open field. Except following very high doses. SHR spent most of
      the session time in the field while WKY stayed in the home cage. Low and medium
      doses were followed by increased activity in the field for SHR and increased
      activity in the cage for WKY. The response-stimulatory effects of low to medium
      doses of methylphenidate are less in SHR than in WKY. Starting at medium doses,
      activity decreased and stereotyped behavior increased progressively by increasing
      dose. Locomotor activity in the field decreased following lower doses than
      locomotor activity in the cage, and vertical activity (rearing) was reduced by
      lower doses than horizontal activity (crossing). The following conclusions were
      drawn. (i) There is no "paradoxical" inhibition of SHR hyperactivity following
      methylphenidate. On the contrary, SHR activity is in fact stimulated, albeit to a
      lesser degree than that of WKY. (ii) The stimulatory effects of low to medium
      doses are, in general, most pronounced for the kind of exploratory behavior most
      frequently used by the rat during baseline conditions. (iii) Rearing might be
      more susceptible to adverse effects of methylphenidate than ambulation.

PMID- 2302146
TI  - The effects of underestimated pain and their relationship to habituation.
AB  - The intensity of a painful stimulus was experimentally manipulated in order to
      induce underpredictions of pain. The experiment aimed at (1) replicating previous
      findings on the effects of underpredicted pain and (2) investigating the
      relationship between underpredicted pain and habituation. Most previous findings
      were replicated: underpredictions of pain were followed by raised expectations of
      pain and increased fear of pain. In addition, the underprediction had long-term
      effects on fear of pain, uncertainty about predictions, and expected aversiveness
      of the painful stimulus. In contrast to previous findings and to Rachman's
      match/mismatch model, it was found that underpredicted pain can have
      dishabituating effects. It is theorized that inaccurately predicted pain can
      cause dishabituation, depending on the extent of the underprediction and on the
      subjective certainty of the prediction. Theoretical and clinical implications are
      discussed.

PMID- 2302147
TI  - Predictions of dental pain: the fear of any expected evil, is worse than the evil
      itself.
AB  - In a study of 40 subjects, who twice underwent extensive dental treatment, the
      relationships between expectations and experiences of pain and of anxiety were
      investigated. Inaccurate expectations were adjusted in the same way as observed
      in the laboratory. Especially anxious subjects expected more pain and anxiety
      than they experienced, and they appeared to need more experiences before their
      predictions became accurate. In the course of time, the expectations (and
      memories) of anxious subjects returned to their original more inaccurate level of
      prediction. The results suggest that the old schema is ultimately reinstated if
      disconfirmations are few and far between. Anxious subjects did not experience
      more pain, but they did experience more anxiety than fearless subjects. Detailed
      investigation of processes of change after disconfirmation showed that anxiety
      experienced during treatment is a factor that plays a part in maintaining the
      problem of inaccurate expectations and fear of treatment. Theoretical and
      clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2302148
TI  - Effects of matches and mismatches in agoraphobic and neutral situations.
AB  - An experiment was conducted to investigate the generalizability of Rachman's
      match/mismatch model and to explore if environmental conditions affect the
      consequences of an underprediction. Twenty subjects walked around in agoraphobic,
      and 15 did so in neutral, situations. Both groups carried a walkman and 7
      aversive human screams were administered to them at random times. The results
      gave strong support to previous investigations on matches and mismatches, but no
      differences were shown between agoraphobic and neutral situations. Possible
      explanations are discussed.

PMID- 2302149
TI  - Affective responses to hyperventilation: a test of the cognitive model of panic.
AB  - A cognitive explanation of the association between acute hyperventilation and
      panic attacks has been proposed: the extent to which sensations produced by
      hyperventilation are interpreted in a negative and catastrophic way is said to be
      a major determinant of panic. Non-clinical subjects were provided with a negative
      or a positive interpretation of the sensations produced by equivalent amounts of
      voluntary hyperventilation. As predicted, there was a significant difference
      between positive and negative interpretation conditions on ratings of positive
      and negative affect. Subjects in the positive interpretation condition
      experienced hyperventilation as pleasant, and subjects in the negative
      interpretation condition experienced hyperventilation as unpleasant, even though
      both groups experienced similar bodily sensations and did not differ in their
      prior expectations of the affective consequences of hyperventilation. When the
      subjects were given a positive interpretation, the number of their sensations
      correlated with positive affect; when a negative interpretation was given, the
      number of bodily sensations correlated with negative affect. The results provide
      support for a cognitive model of panic and are inconsistent with the view that
      panic is simply a symptom of hyperventilation syndrome.

PMID- 2302150
TI  - Extinction of a conditioned emotional response: massed and distributed exposures.
AB  - Using the lick-suppression methodology of Jacobs, Buttrick & Kennedy (Pavlovian
      Journal of Biological Science, 23, 29-34, 1988), a conditioned emotional response
      (CER) was established in 24 rats using off-the-baseline pairings of a light (the
      conditional stimulus) and brief footshock (the unconditioned stimulus). Following
      conditioning, the rats were assigned to one of three extinction groups differing
      in whether they received massed or distributed off-the-baseline exposure to the
      conditional stimulus. The effects of differential treatment were assessed on-the
      baseline on test days, when the extinction of the CER was monitored. Rats
      receiving a single, long exposure to the conditional stimulus showed greater
      resistance to extinction than the rats in the distributed groups. They also
      showed a difference pattern of CER extinction. The results were discussed and
      compared to similar studies that have explored the massed vs distributed
      dimension, both in CER and avoidance-extinction (using response prevention or
      flooding). The relation of animal studies to parallel human studies using
      exposure therapy was also discussed.

PMID- 2302151
TI  - The effect of worry on cardiovascular response to phobic imagery.
AB  - Cardiovascular response to phobic exposures has been shown to reflect the degree
      of emotional processing of phobic material and relates in important ways to
      outcome in exposure therapy. The present study investigated the effect of worry
      on such processing. Speech anxious subjects visualized a phobic scene for 10
      trials. Three groups differed according to whether they engaged in relaxed,
      neutral, or worrisome thinking just prior to each scene presentation. Although
      the three types of thinking had no effect on cardiovascular activity during the
      thinking periods, subjects in the worry group displayed significantly less heart
      rate response to the phobic image than those in the neutral condition who had
      significantly less response than the relaxed condition. However, the worry group
      showed significantly greater subjective fear to the images than the neutral
      condition, with the relaxed group near to the level of the worry group and not
      significantly different from either of the other two conditions. The results
      suggest that worry may inhibit emotional processing and thus preserve
      cognitive/affective fear structure, and are discussed in terms of Gray's
      (Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 469-534, 1982) theory of the behavioral
      inhibition system and semantic satiation effects in cognitive psychology.

PMID- 2302152
TI  - Anxiety sensitivity and panic attacks in a nonclinical population.
AB  - In the present study, we administered the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and a
      modified version of the Panic Attack Questionnaire (PAQ) to 425 college students
      to determine whether high anxiety sensitivity ('fear of fear') occurs in the
      absence of a history of unpredictable ('spontaneous') panic attacks, or whether
      such attacks are a necessary precursor to high anxiety sensitivity. Based on
      their ASI scores, subjects were assigned to either the high, medium, or low
      anxiety sensitivity groups. High anxiety sensitivity subjects more frequently
      reported both a personal and family history of panic than did subjects in the
      other groups. Nevertheless, two-thirds of the high anxiety sensitivity subjects
      had never experienced an unpredictable panic attack. This suggests that the fear
      of anxiety can be acquired in ways other than through personal experience with
      panic.

PMID- 2302153
TI  - The relationship between underpredicted pain and escape.
AB  - Escape and avoidance that are disproportional to the danger of the pertinent
      stimulus are important clinical problems that are often related to inaccurate
      (catastrophic) expectations. One possible source of such expectations is a prior,
      underestimated aversive experience. In the present experiment the hypotheses that
      underestimated pain leads to escape and that it leads to avoidance were tested.
      In order to control for the effect of the intensity of the pain stimulus, a
      control group that received 20 pain stimuli of high intensity was formed.
      Subjects in the experimental condition received 17 pain stimuli of low intensity
      and 3 of (unexpectedly) high intensity (experimentally induced underprediction).
      Underprediction of the high intensity stimulus was significantly related to
      escape, but not to avoidance. The results suggest that the way in which avoidance
      was operationalized accounts for this. The strong support of the hypothesized
      relationship between underpredicted pain and escape is an important finding,
      however.

PMID- 2302154
TI  - Is there a self-referent mood-congruent recall bias in anxiety?
AB  - Generally anxious patients and normal controls were compared on their recall of
      self- vs other-referenced adjectives that were either descriptive or non
      descriptive of anxious mood. The results failed to confirm a self-referent mood
      congruent recall bias in anxious patients. Anxious subjects tended to recall
      relatively more mood-congruent words overall, but this could be explained by
      response bias.

PMID- 2302155
TI  - The use of a real-time computer diary for data acquisition and processing.
AB  - Behavioural researchers have long relied on the use of diaries for the collection
      of self-report data. We discuss the characteristics of a programmable hand-held
      computer used to collect hourly and event generated data for 7 days on 20
      subjects with panic disorder. In the application described, subjects answered a
      series of 19 or more questions on the hour from 0700 to 2300 or when they were
      having a panic attack. Subjects completed 88% of all the hourly ratings (range 64
      98%). The system was well accepted by the subjects and provided relatively
      inexpensive data collection and management.

PMID- 2302156
TI  - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation in eperythrozoonosis of swine].
AB  - Investigations were carried out on the influence of latent and clinically
      manifest Eperythrozoon suis infection upon haemostasis in swine. The study was
      carried out with 14 German Landrace pigs. Latent eperythrozoonosis was induced in
      7 animals by experimental infection. Splenectomy of these 7 animals and 2
      spontaneously infected pigs led to clinical manifestation of eperythrozoonosis.
      Five clinically healthy pigs were splenectomized and served as controls. In
      healthy pigs splenectomy was followed by a transient rise in fibrinogen and
      platelet count. Latent infection with Eperythrozoon suis did not cause an
      impairment of haemostasis. Acute eperythrozoonosis was associated with increased
      haemorrhagic tendency considered to be a consequence of intravascular coagulation
      and subsequent consumption coagulopathy. There was a prolongation of partial
      thromboplastin time and prothrombin time (Quick) and a decrease of platelet
      count. Thrombelastography showed prolongation of reaction and clot building time
      and a short-term decrease of maximum amplitude. Deviation from normal values was
      proportional to the number of red blood cells infected with Eperythrozoon suis.
      Anti-rickettsial therapy led to quick normalization of haemostasis. Various
      aspects of the cause and the consequences of the haemostatic defect are discussed
      with special regard to the underlying disease.

PMID- 2302158
TI  - [Adams-Stokes syndrome and therapy with pacemaker implantation in a dog].
AB  - Case report concerning therapeutic pacemaker implantation in a 3 year old West
      Highland-White terrier with Adams-Stokes syncopes. EKG's, X-ray-pictures,
      illustrations of the pulse rate and quality and oxygen measurements with a
      "Pulsoximeter" before and during surgery are shown. A special place takes the
      report of selection and control of the anesthesia in this case of a special
      operation. 17 references and 11 pictures.

PMID- 2302157
TI  - [Cervical hygroma in the calf as an absolute cause of dystocia. An unusual
      malformation possibly of hereditary genesis in Braunvieh x Brown-Swiss breeds].
AB  - Large cervical lymphocytes causing dystocia were observed in two Braunvieh x
      Brown-Swiss calves. The cysts were located on both sides of the neck and
      contained aqueous liquid. One of the animals was necropsied. The volumetric
      capacity of the cysts was 11 and 4 liters respectively. The hygroma are supposed
      to be the result of an interruption in the development of the lymphatic system
      resulting in the persistence of embryonic lymph sacs. Hypoplasia of the
      diaphragm, the pericardium and the mediastinum, and malformations of internal
      organs and the skeletal system were additional pathological findings. The
      lymphocysts and the other morphological anomalies, except those which may be
      explained as a consequence of cyst development are considered to be combined
      accidentally. Analysis of the pedigrees indicates that the lymphocysts may
      represent a hereditary malformation.

PMID- 2302160
TI  - [Serologic progression studies using CF and ELISA for the detection of antibodies
      against Eperythrozoon suis infection of swine].
AB  - Serological studies by means of a CF-Test and Elisa were undertaken for
      evaluation of antibody titers against Eperythrozoon suis infection in swine. The
      animals were partly splenectomized and underwent artificial infection. It could
      be shown that the splenectomized animals showed higher and longer lasting
      antibody titers than the non splenectomized swine. It is stated, that the above
      mentioned tests can be used in diagnosis on a herd basis but not on a single
      animal basis.

PMID- 2302159
TI  - [Leptospira antibody detection in dog serum in the years 1985 to 1988].
AB  - In 1985-1988, 993 serum samples of dogs from Southern Bavaria and 408 samples
      from Northern Bavaria and from several Lands of the Federal Republic of Germany
      were tested for antibodies against the serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae,
      grippotyphosa, bratislava, pomona, saxkoebing, sejroe and hardjo by using the
      microscopic agglutination test (MAT). 683 seras (48.75%) out of altogether 1401
      samples showed a reaction against one up to seven serovars. The mostly low
      canicola- and icterohaemorrhagiae titers, having been proved in over 30% of the
      samples, can be put down to the fact, that usually the dogs had been vaccinated.
      Most frequently titers were found with the serovars grippotyphosa and bratislava-
      in Southern Bavaria 28.3%, in Northern Bavaria and other Lands of the Federal
      Republic of Germany 18.6%. The prevalence of titers against serovar saxkoebing,
      with or without a reaction against other serovars out of homologous and
      heterologous serogroups, reach up to 3.2% in sendings coming from Southern
      Bavaria and in other sendings up to 6.1%.

PMID- 2302161
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of ascites sialoglycoprotein-2 of the cell
      surface sialomucin complex of 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells.
AB  - Sialomucins are the dominant components of the cell surfaces of some carcinoma
      ascites cells and have been postulated to inhibit recognition of tumours by the
      immune system. The sialomucin ASGP-1 (ascites sialoglycoprotein-1) of the 13762
      rat mammary adenocarcinoma is associated with the cell surface as a complex with
      a concanavalin-A-binding glycoprotein called ASGP-2. This sialomucin complex has
      been purified from ascites cell microvilli by extraction with Triton X-100 and
      CsCl density-gradient centrifugation. ASGP-1 (which has been purified previously)
      and ASGP-2 were dissociated in 6 M-guanidine hydrochloride and separated by gel
      filtration. The molecular mass of the undenatured detergent complex of ASGP-2,
      estimated by gel filtration and velocity sedimentation in Triton X-100, was 148
      kDa. Since the apparent molecular mass by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis
      was about 120 kDa, ASGP-2 must be a monomer as extracted from the membrane.
      Studies of its chemical composition indicate that it contains about 45%
      carbohydrate by weight, including both mannose and galactosamine. Alkaline
      borohydride treatment of ASGP-2 converted approx. half of the N
      acetylgalactosamine to N-acetylgalactosaminitol, demonstrating the presence of O
      linked oligosaccharides. Analyses of mannose-labelled Pronase glycopeptides from
      ASGP-2 by lectin-affinity chromatography on concanavalin A and leucocyte
      agglutinating phytohaemagglutinin suggested that 40% of the label was present in
      high-mannose/hybrid oligosaccharides, 20% in triantennary oligosaccharides
      substituted on the C-2 and C-4 mannose positions and 40% in tri- or tetra
      antennary oligosaccharides substituted on C-2 and C-6. The presence of
      polylactosamine sequences on these oligosaccharides was suggested by lectin blots
      and by precipitation from detergent extracts with tomato lectin. From chemical
      analyses and lectin-affinity studies, we estimate that ASGP-2 contains four high
      mannose and 13 complex N-glycosylated oligosaccharides, plus small amounts of
      polylactosamine and O-linked oligosaccharides. The presence of four different
      classes of oligosaccharides on this glycoprotein suggests that it will be an
      interesting model system for biosynthetic comparisons of the different
      glycosylation pathways.

PMID- 2302163
TI  - Electron microscopy of cervical-mucus glycoproteins and fragments therefrom. The
      use of colloidal gold to make visible 'naked' protein regions.
AB  - Subunits of human cervical-mucus glycoproteins obtained by reductive cleavage of
      whole mucins and high-Mr glycopeptides (T-domains) obtained after their trypsin
      digestion were studied with electron microscopy after spreading the
      macromolecules in a monolayer of benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride. Subunits
      were observed as linear and apparently flexible particles, with number- and
      weight-average lengths of 390 nm and 460 nm respectively. T-domains randomly
      distributed on the grid have number- and weight-average lengths of 90 nm and 103
      nm respectively, whereas when aligned (possibly stretched by flow) they were
      longer, with number-average and weight-average lengths of 150 nm and 170 nm
      respectively. Subunits complexed with gold appeared as segmented structures, with
      a distribution of inter-gold distances similar to the length distribution for the
      relaxed T-domains. The whole mucins had few binding sites for gold, suggesting
      that reduction exposes hydrophobic protein-rich regions with high affinity for
      gold. Most T-domains had a binding site at one end, indicating the presence of a
      residual protruding naked peptide region. We conclude that mucins are assembled
      from subunits joined end-to-end, and that each subunit consists of alternating
      oligosaccharide 'clusters' (approx. 100 nm) and naked peptide regions which have
      (after reduction) a high affinity for colloidal gold.

PMID- 2302162
TI  - The diversity of the catalytic properties of class A beta-lactamases.
AB  - The catalytic properties of four class A beta-lactamases were studied with 24
      different substrates. They exhibit a wide range of variation. Similarly, the
      amino acid sequences are also quite different. However, no relationships were
      found between the sequence similarities and the substrate profiles. Lags and
      bursts were observed with various compounds containing a large sterically
      hindered side chain. As a group, the enzymes could be distinguished from the
      class C beta-lactamases on the basis of the kappa cat. values for several
      substrates, particularly oxacillin, cloxacillin and carbenicillin. Surprisingly,
      that distinction was impossible with the kappa cat./Km values, which represent
      the rates of acylation of the active-site serine residue by the beta-lactam. For
      several cephalosporin substrates (e.g. cefuroxime and cefotaxime) class A enzymes
      consistently exhibited higher kappa cat. values than class C enzymes, thus
      belying the usual distinction between 'penicillinases' and 'cephalosporinases'.
      The problem of the repartition of class A beta-lactamases into sub-classes is
      discussed.

PMID- 2302164
TI  - Mucus glycoproteins from 'normal' human tracheobronchial secretion.
AB  - Mucous secretions were collected from tracheas of patients undergoing minor
      surgery under general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation, and mucus
      glycoproteins were isolated by using isopycnic density-gradient centrifugation in
      CsCl/guanidinium chloride. 'Whole' mucins were excluded from a Sepharose CL-2B
      gel, whereas subunits obtained after reduction were included. Trypsin digestion
      of subunits afforded high-Mr glycopeptides (T-domains), which were further
      included in the gel. The latter fragments are heterogeneous and comprise two or
      three populations, as indicated by gel chromatography and ion-exchange h.p.l.c.
      Rate-zonal centrifugation showed that the 'whole' mucins are polydisperse in
      size, with a weight-average Mr of (14-16) x 10(6). The macromolecules were
      observed by electron microscopy, as linear and apparently flexible thread-like
      structures. Subunits and T-domains had weight-average contour lengths of 490 nm
      and 160 nm respectively. It is concluded that mucus glycoproteins are present in
      secretions from the healthy lower respiratory tract. The 'whole' tracheal mucins
      are assembled from subunits, which in turn can be fragmented into high-Mr
      glycopeptides corresponding to the oligosaccharide domains typically found in
      mucus glycoproteins. The size and macromolecular architecture of the tracheal
      mucins is thus similar to that observed for mucins from human cervical mucus,
      chronic bronchitic sputum and pig stomach, providing yet another example of this
      general design of these macromolecules, i.e. subunits assembled end-to-end into
      very large linear and flexible macromolecules.

PMID- 2302166
TI  - Control analysis of transition times in metabolic systems.
AB  - The transition time, tau, of a metabolic system is defined as the ratio of the
      metabolite concentrations in the system, sigma, to the steady-state flux, J. Its
      value reflects a temporal characteristic of the system as it relaxes towards the
      steady state. Like other systemic properties, the value of tau will be a function
      of the enzyme activities in the system. The influence of a particular enzyme
      activity on tau can be quantified by a Control Coefficient, C tau ei. We show
      that it is possible to derive a Summation Theorem sigma ni = 1 C tau ei = -1 and
      a Connectivity Theorem sigma ni = 1 C tau ei.epsilon viSk = -Sk/sigma. We
      establish a 'sign rule' that predicts the order of positive and negative Control
      Coefficients in a sequence.

PMID- 2302165
TI  - Participation of two structurally related enzymes in rat hepatic microsomal
      androstenedione 7 alpha-hydroxylation.
AB  - Rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 form 3 (testosterone 7 alpha-hydroxylase; P-450 gene
      IIA1) and P-450 form RLM2 (testosterone 15 alpha-hydroxylase; P-450 gene IIA2)
      are 88% identical in primary structure, yet they hydroxylate testosterone with
      distinct and apparently unrelated regioselectivities. In this study,
      androstenedione and progesterone were used to assess the regioselectivity and
      stereospecificity of these two P-450 enzymes towards other steroid substrates.
      Although P-450 RLM2 exhibited low 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity with testosterone
      or progesterone as substrate (turnover number less than or equal to 1-2 nmol of
      metabolite/min per nmol of P-450), it did catalyse androstenedione 7 alpha
      hydroxylation at a high rate (21 min-1) which exceeded that of P-450 3 (7 min-1).
      However, whereas P-450 3 exhibited a high specificity for hydroxylation of these
      steroids at the 7 alpha position (95-97% of total activity), P-450 RLM2 actively
      metabolized these compounds at four or more major sites including the nearby C-15
      position, which dominated in the case of testosterone and progesterone. The
      observation that androstenedione is actively 7 alpha-hydroxylated by purified P
      450 RLM2 suggested that this P-450 enzyme might make significant contributions to
      microsomal androstenedione 7 alpha-hydroxylation, an activity that was previously
      reported to be associated with immunoreactive P-450 3. Antibody inhibition
      experiments were therefore carried out in liver microsomes using polyclonal anti
      (P-450 3) antibodies which cross-react with P-450 RLM2, and using a monoclonal
      antibody that is reactive with and inhibitory towards P-450 3 but not P-450 RLM2.
      P-450 3 was thus shown to catalyse only around 35% of the total androstenedione 7
      alpha-hydroxylase activity in uninduced adult male rat liver microsomes, with the
      balance attributed to P-450 RLM2. The P-450-3-dependent 7 alpha-hydroxylase
      activity was increased to approximately 65% of the total in phenobarbital-induced
      adult male microsomes, and to greater than 90% of the total in untreated adult
      female rat liver microsomes. These observations are consistent with the
      inducibility of P-450 3 by phenobarbital and with the absence of P-450 RLM2 from
      adult female rat liver respectively. These findings establish that P-450 RLM2 and
      P-450 3 can both contribute significantly to microsomal androstenedione 7 alpha
      hydroxylation, thus demonstrating that the 7 alpha-hydroxylation of this androgen
      does not serve as a specific catalytic monitor for microsomal P-450 3.

PMID- 2302167
TI  - Effects of phorbol, dexamethasone and starvation on 3-O-methyl-D-glucose
      transport by rat thymocytes. Modulation of transport by altered trans effects.
AB  - Uptake of 3-O-methyl-D-glucoside (3-OMG) into thymocytes was studied to ascertain
      if it is modulated by endofacial hexokinase activity or by intracellular glucose.
      (1) The Vmax for net uptake of 3-OMG into rat thymocytes is increased by phorbol
      12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 40 nM) or starvation for 4 h, and decreased by
      dexamethasone (1 microM). Starvation for 4 h abolishes the PMA-dependent increase
      in 3-OMG uptake; this effect is prevented by incubation in 2-deoxyglucose (2
      dGlc; 1 mM). (2) Dexamethasone decreases 2-dGlc uptake, increases the rate of 2
      dGlc exit and decreases accumulation of free 2-dGlc, consistent with decreased
      endofacial hexokinase activity. (3) 3-OMG uptake is decreased by preloading the
      cells with 2-dGlc or glucose, whereas preloading with 3-OMG (40 mM) increases
      uptake of 3-OMG. (4) The inhibitory effect of preloaded 2-dGlc or glucose on 3
      OMG uptake is decreased by PMA. (5) Preloading cells with 3-OMG (40 mM) increases
      2-dGlc influx in control and dexamethasone-treated cells, but not into PMA
      treated cells. (6) The maximal rate of self-exchange of 3-OMG is similar in
      control, PMA- or dexamethasone-treated cells. These results are consistent with
      the following view: 3-OMG uptake is retarded by exchange with cytosolic glucose,
      or 2-dGlc. PMA, by increasing endofacial hexokinase activity, or starvation
      depletes glucose from the endofacial surface of the transporter, and hence
      increase 3-OMG uptake. Dexamethasone, by decreasing endofacial hexokinase
      activity, increases endofacial binding of glucose, and hence decreases 3-OMG
      uptake. Cytosolic 3-OMG competes with glucose for endofacial sites, and hence the
      maximal rates of exchange uptake of 3-OMG are similar in control, PMA- or
      dexamethasone-treated cells, as the activity of thymocyte glucose transporters is
      apparently unaltered.

PMID- 2302168
TI  - Calcium-binding affinity and calcium-enhanced activity of Clostridium
      thermocellum endoglucanase D.
AB  - Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase D (EC 3.2.1.4: EGD), which is encoded by
      the celD gene, was found to bind Ca2+ with an association constant of 2.03 x
      10(6) M-1. Ca2+ stimulated the activity of EGD towards swollen Avicel by 2-fold.
      In the presence of Ca2+, the Kd of the enzyme towards p-nitrophenyl-beta-D
      cellobioside and carboxymethylcellulose was decreased by 4-fold. Furthermore,
      Ca2+ increased the half-life of the enzyme at 75 degrees C from 13 to 47 min.
      Since the 3' sequence of celD encodes a duplicated region sharing similarities
      with the Ca2+-binding site of several Ca2+-binding proteins, a deleted clone was
      constructed and used to purify a truncated form of the enzyme which no longer
      contained the duplicated region. The truncated enzyme was very similar to EGD
      expressed from the intact gene with respect to activity, Ca2(+)-binding kinetics
      and Ca2+ effects on substrate binding and thermostability. Thus the latter
      parameters do not appear to be mediated through the duplicated conserved region.

PMID- 2302170
TI  - A novel preparative method for the isolation of avidin and riboflavin-binding
      glycoprotein from chicken egg-white by the use of high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - A method for the rapid preparative isolation of highly purified avidin using
      h.p.l.c. on a powerful cation-exchanger TSK SP-5PW column has been developed. The
      method is based on the following properties of avidin: solubility at a high
      (NH4)2SO4 concentration, stability and relatively low solubility in organic
      solvents, as well as the strongly cationic nature of the molecule. Riboflavin
      binding glycoprotein may be isolated as by-product.

PMID- 2302169
TI  - Regulation of platelet AMP deaminase activity in situ.
AB  - The regulation of platelet AMP deaminase activity by ATP, GTP and phosphate was
      studied in human platelets in situ, and in vitro after partial purification. In
      intact platelets, a similar 50% decrease in cytosolic ATP was induced by either
      glucose starvation or treatment with H2O2. During starvation, AMP deaminase was
      in the inhibited state, as ATP consumption was mostly balanced by the
      accumulation of AMP. During H2O2 treatment, however, the enzyme was in the
      stimulated state, as the AMP formed was almost completely deaminated to IMP.
      Cytosolic GTP fell by 40-50% in both starvation and H2O2 treatment. In contrast,
      intracellular phosphate was 4-5-fold higher in starved than in H2O2-treated
      cells. These data point to phosphate as the main regulator of AMP deaminase
      activity in situ. This conclusion was verified by kinetic analysis of partially
      purified AMP deaminase. At near-physiological concentrations of MgATP, MgGTP and
      phosphate, the S0.5 (substrate half-saturation constant) for AMP was 0.35 mM.
      Half-maximal stimulation by MgATP occurred at a concn. between 2 and 3 mM. This
      stimulation was antagonized by the inhibitory effects of phosphate (IC50 = 2.0
      mM) and MgGTP (IC50 = 0.2-0.3 mM), which acted in synergism (IC50 is the
      concentration causing 50% inhibition). We conclude that the difference in
      adenylate catabolism between starved and H2O2-treated platelets is due to the
      distinct phosphate concentrations. During starvation, refeeding and H2O2
      treatment, the values of the adenylate charge and the phosphorylation potential
      were kept closely co-ordinated, which may be effected by AMP deaminase.

PMID- 2302171
TI  - Rapid blood platelet activation: continuous- and quenched-flow versus stopped
      flow approaches.

PMID- 2302172
TI  - The unfolding and attempted refolding of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase
      from pig heart.
AB  - The unfolding of the mitochondrial isoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase from
      pig heart in solutions of guanidinium chloride (GdnHCl) has been studied. By a
      number of criteria (enzyme activity, protein fluorescence, c.d., thiol-group
      reactivity), the enzyme was judged to be almost completely unfolded in 2 M
      GdnHCl. On dilution of the GdnHCl, no re-activation of the enzyme could be
      observed, whether or not pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and dithiothreitol were present.
      The behaviour of the mitochondrial isoenzyme is in marked contrast with that of
      the cytoplasmic isoenzyme [West & Price (1989) Biochem. J. 261, 189-196], despite
      the similarities in the amino acid sequences and tertiary structures of the two
      isoenzymes. The implications of these findings for the process of folding and
      assembly of the mitochondrial isoenzyme in vivo are discussed.

PMID- 2302173
TI  - Aortic endothelial cells synthesize a large chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan
      capable of binding to hyaluronate.
AB  - Confluent cultures of mouse aortic endothelial (END-D) were incubated with either
      [35S]methionine or 35SO4 2-, and the radiolabelled proteoglycans in media and
      cell layers were analysed for their hyaluronate-binding activity. The
      proteoglycan subfraction which bound to hyaluronate accounted for about 18%
      (media) and 10% (cell layers) of the total 35S radioactivity of each proteoglycan
      fraction. The bound proteoglycan molecules could be dissociated from the
      aggregates either by digestion with hyaluronate lyase or by treatment with
      hyaluronate decasaccharides. Digestion of [methionine-35S]proteoglycans with
      chondroitinase and/or heparitinase, followed by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel
      electrophoresis, indicated that the medium and cell layer contain at least three
      chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans, one dermatan sulphate proteoglycan, and two
      heparan sulphate proteoglycans which differ from one another in the size of core
      molecules. Among these, only the hydrodynamically large chondroitin sulphate
      species with an Mr 550,000 core molecule was shown to bind to hyaluronate. A very
      similar chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan capable of binding to hyaluronate was
      also found in cultures of calf pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (A.T.C.C. CCL
      209). These observations, together with the known effects of hyaluronate on
      various cellular activities, suggest the existence of possible specialized
      functions of this proteoglycan subspecies in cellular processes characteristic of
      vascular development and diseases.

PMID- 2302174
TI  - Purification and assembly in vitro of tubulin from Trypanosoma brucei brucei.
AB  - Trypanosome tubulin was purified to near homogeneity by chromatography on DEAE
      Sephadex, Amicon filtration and assembly-disassembly in vitro. Polymerization of
      the tubulin in vitro yielded long, structurally normal, microtubules and some
      sheet structures on addition of GTP and incubation at 37 degrees C, in either the
      presence or the absence of Mg2+. Tubulin assembly was disrupted by glycerol and a
      selection of microtubule-reactive drugs. Immunological analysis of the purified
      tubulin revealed tyrosinated and acetylated alpha-tubulin, in addition to
      defining the migration characteristics of the alpha- and beta-tubulin on one
      dimensional SDS/polyacrylamide gels. This is the first isolation of trypanosome
      tubulin with the ability to form structurally normal microtubules independent of
      the addition of taxol or nucleating microtubule fragments. The development of the
      purification procedure thus provides an important step for subsequent study of
      microtubule-associated protein-tubulin and plasma-membrane-microtubule
      cytoskeleton interactions of trypanosomes, and increases the potential for
      development of tubulin-based anti-trypanosome drugs.

PMID- 2302176
TI  - How does fluoroaluminate activate human platelets?
AB  - Platelet activation induced by NaF or fluoroaluminate (AlF4-) was studied. The
      latter has been described to substitute for the gamma-phosphate group of the GTP
      molecule. With 10 mM-NaF, a concentration unable to induce any measurable Ca2+
      mobilization (as measured with Indo 1), addition of AlCl3 potentiated platelet
      aggregation, thromboxane synthesis, diacylglycerol formation and p43
      phosphorylation, without any increase in intracellular Ca2+. Neither
      phosphoinositide hydrolysis nor phosphatidic acid formation could be detected.
      AlF4- induced the release through a granule centralization within a microtubule
      bundle, although no myosin light-chain phosphorylation could be detected.
      Addition of flurbiprofen (10 microM) resulted in only partial inhibition of
      diacylglycerol formation, with no effect on the release reaction or on p43
      phosphorylation. The present results suggest that AlF4- does not stimulate a G
      protein governing the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. The AlF4(-)
      induced diacylglycerol formation is discussed. Moreover, these results bring
      evidence that there is no correlation between granule centralization and myosin
      light-chain phosphorylation.

PMID- 2302175
TI  - The contributions of Ca2+, phospholipids and tissue-factor apoprotein to the
      activation of human blood-coagulation factor X by activated factor VII.
AB  - In the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, Factor X is activated by a complex
      of tissue factor, factor VII(a) and Ca2+ ions. Using purified human coagulation
      factors and a sensitive spectrophotometric assay for Factor Xa, we could
      demonstrate activation of Factor X by Factor VIIa in the absence of tissue-factor
      apoprotein, phospholipids and Ca2+. This finding allowed a kinetic analysis of
      the contribution of each of the cofactors. Ca2+ stimulated the reaction rate 10
      fold at an optimum of 6 mM (Vmax. of 1.1 x 10(-3) min-1) mainly by decreasing the
      Km of Factor X (to 11.4 microM). In the presence of Ca2+, 25 microM-phospholipid
      caused a 150-fold decrease of the apparent Km and a 2-fold increase of the
      apparent Vmax. of the reaction; however, both kinetic parameters increased with
      increasing phospholipid concentration. Tissue-factor apoprotein contributed to
      the reaction rate mainly by an increase of the Vmax., in both the presence
      (40,500-fold) and absence (4900-fold) of phospholipid. The formation of a ternary
      complex of Factor VIIa with tissue-factor apoprotein and phospholipid was
      responsible for a 15 million-fold increase in the catalytic efficiency of Factor
      X activation. The presence of Ca2+ was absolutely required for the stimulatory
      effects of phospholipid and apoprotein. The data fit a general model in which the
      Ca2(+)-dependent conformation allows Factor VIIa to bind tissue-factor apoprotein
      and/or a negatively charged phospholipid surface resulting into a decreased
      intrinsic Km and an increased Vmax. for the activation of fluid-phase Factor X.

PMID- 2302177
TI  - Alpha-tocopherol consumption during low-density-lipoprotein oxidation.
AB  - 1. The kinetics of the depletion of alpha-tocopherol in human low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) were measured during macrophage-mediated and cell-free
      oxidation. The formation of oxidatively modified, high-uptake species of LDL in
      these systems was not detectable until all of the endogenous alpha-tocopherol had
      been consumed. 2. Supplementation of the alpha-tocopherol content of LDL by
      loading in vivo extended the duration of the lag period during which no
      detectable oxidative modification occurred. 3. The addition of a flavonoid
      (morin) prevented both alpha-tocopherol consumption and oxidative modification of
      LDL. 4. The alpha-tocopherol contents of LDLs from a range of individual donors
      could not be used to predict their relative resistance to oxidation, indicating
      that other endogenous antioxidants may also be present, and quantitatively
      significant, in human LDL.

PMID- 2302178
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a membrane-attack-complex-inhibiting protein
      present in human serum and other biological fluids.
AB  - We have previously reported the isolation of a membrane-attack-complex-inhibiting
      protein (MIP) from human erythrocyte membranes [Watts, Patel & Morgan (1987)
      Complement 4, 236] and the production of polyclonal antibodies to this protein.
      Here we report the identification in plasma, urine, saliva and cerebrospinal
      fluid of a protein immunochemically identical with the membrane-derived MIP. The
      protein has been isolated from plasma by immunoaffinity chromatography on an anti
      (erythrocyte MIP)-Sepharose column and shown by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel
      electrophoresis to be of similar molecular mass to the erythrocyte protein (55
      kDa non-reduced and 65 kDa under reducing conditions). Monoclonal antibodies have
      been raised against plasma MIP and used to establish a two-site enzyme-linked
      immunoadsorbent assay, enabling quantification of MIP in plasma, urine and
      cerebrospinal fluid. Plasma MIP, though not able to incorporate spontaneously
      into membranes, was deposited on heterologous and homologous erythrocyte
      membranes during complement activation in a C8-dependent manner. Depletion of MIP
      from plasma resulted in enhancement of the lytic capacity of the plasma on
      heterologous erythrocytes.

PMID- 2302179
TI  - Characterization of the active site of human multicatalytic proteinase.
AB  - The activity of multicatalytic proteinase against synthetic substrates and the
      kinetics of its inhibition by a range of class-specific inhibitors have been
      investigated. The enzyme was found to have a broader pH activity profile than
      previously noted, being active against succinyl-Ala-Ala-Phe-7-amino-4
      methylcoumarin optimally at pH 4.5 and against benzyloxycarbonyl-Gly-Gly-Arg-7
      amino-4-methylcoumarin optimally at pH 10.5. Neither activity was inhibited by
      the class-specific inhibitors 1,10-phenanthroline, EDTA, pepstatin, di-isopropyl
      fluorophosphate, peptidyl chloromethanes, peptidyl diazomethanes or L-3-carboxy
      2,3-trans-epoxypropionyl-leucylamido-(4-guanidin o)butane (E-64), indicating that
      the enzyme is not a typical metallo-, aspartic, serine or cysteine proteinase.
      Inhibition by HgCl2, iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide suggests that free thiols
      are necessary for the enzyme to maintain activity, but that these thiols are not
      particularly reactive as is the case for cysteine proteinases of the papain
      superfamily. The peptidyl aldehydes chymostatin and leupeptin were found to be
      reversible inhibitors of multicatalytic proteinase. Chymostatin inhibited
      activity against succinyl-Ala-Ala-Phe-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin at pH 4.5 (Ki 160
      +/- 22 microM) whereas leupeptin (200 microM) was not inhibitory. Inhibition of
      activity against benzyloxycarbonyl-Gly-Gly-Arg-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin by these
      compounds was more complex, in that they behaved as slow tight-binding
      inhibitors. kon values were determined to be 12 +/- 2 M-1.s-1 and 1290 +/- 125 M
      1.s-1 for chymostatin and leupeptin, respectively. The upper limit for Ki values
      for these two inhibitors was estimated as 5 +/- 1.5 microM and 25 +/- 5 nM,
      respectively. The different inhibition characteristics for each substrate were
      also apparent at an intermediate pH of 8.5, showing that the two activities are
      distinct. Dichloroisocoumarin, a mechanism-based inhibitor of serine proteinases,
      did inhibit activity against succinyl-Ala-Ala-Phe-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin with a
      rate constant of 250 M-1.s-1, suggesting that multicatalytic proteinase is an
      atypical serine proteinase.

PMID- 2302180
TI  - The complement component C4 of mammals.
AB  - Human complement component C4 is coded by tandem genes located in the HLA class
      III region. The products of the two genes, C4A and C4B, are different in their
      activity. This difference is due to a degree of 'substrate' specificity in the
      covalent binding reactions of the two isotypes. Mouse also has a duplicated
      locus, but only one gene produces active C4, while the other codes for the
      closely related sex-limited protein (Slp). In order to gain some insight into the
      evolutionary history of the duplicated C4 locus, we have purified C4 from a
      number of other mammalian species, and tested their binding specificities. Like
      man, chimpanzee and rhesus monkey appear to produce two C4 types with
      reactivities similar to C4A and C4B. Rat, guinea pig, whale, rabbit, dog and pig
      each expresses C4 with a single binding specificity, which is C4B-like. Sheep and
      cattle express two C4 types, one C4B-like, the other C4A-like, in their binding
      properties. These results suggest that more than one locus may be present in
      these species. If this is so, then the duplication of the C4 locus is either very
      ancient, having occurred before the divergence of the modern mammals, or there
      have been three separate duplication events in the lines leading to the primates,
      rodents and ungulates.

PMID- 2302181
TI  - Maximum activities of key enzymes of glycolysis, glutaminolysis, pentose
      phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle in normal, neoplastic and
      suppressed cells.
AB  - 1. Maximal activities of some key enzymes of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate
      pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glutaminolysis were measured in
      homogenates from a variety of normal, neoplastic and suppressed cells. 2. The
      relative activities of hexokinase and 6-phosphofructokinase suggest that,
      particularly in neoplastic cells, in which the capacity for glucose transport is
      high, hexokinase could approach saturation in respect to intracellular glucose;
      consequently, hexokinase and phosphofructokinase could play an important role in
      the regulation of glycolytic flux in these cells. 3. The activity of pyruvate
      kinase is considerably higher in tumorigenic cells than in non-tumorigenic cells
      and higher in metastatic cells than in tumorigenic cells: for non-tumorigenic
      cells the activities range from 28.4 to 574, for tumorigenic cells from 899 to
      1280, and for metastatic cells from 1590 to 1627 nmol/min per mg of protein. 4.
      The ratio of pyruvate kinase activity to 2 x phosphofructokinase activity is very
      high in neoplastic cells. The mean is 22.4 for neoplastic cells, whereas for
      muscle from 60 different animals it is only 3.8. 5. Both citrate synthase and
      isocitrate dehydrogenase activities are present in non-neoplastic and neoplastic
      cells, suggesting that the full complement of tricarboxylic-acid-cycle enzymes
      are present in these latter cells. 6. In neoplastic cells, the activity of
      glutaminase is similar to or greater than that of hexokinase, which suggests that
      glutamine may be as important as glucose for energy generation in these cells.

PMID- 2302183
TI  - Conformational equilibria of the L-iduronate residue in non-sulphated di-, tetra-
      and hexa-saccharides and their alditols derived from dermatan sulphate.
AB  - The conformation of the L-iduronate residue in non-sulphated di-, tetra- and hexa
      saccharides and their alditol derivatives derived from rooster comb dermatan
      sulphate was investigated by 400 MHz 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The ratio of
      conformational isomers is obtained by the average spin-spin coupling constants of
      a mixture of nearly isoenergetic conformers (1C4, 4C1 and 2S0). The non-reducing
      terminal L-iduronate residue in the tetrasaccharides (I-H-I-H and I-H-G-H) and
      their alditols (I-H-I-H-ol and I-H-G-H-ol) is in equilibrium with three
      conformers (1C4, 30%; 4C1, 40%; 2S0, 30%) of nearly equal population. Whereas the
      internal L-iduronate residue in the tetrasaccharides (I-H-I-H and G-H-I-H) exists
      as an equilibrium mixture of 1C4 (54%) and 2S0 (42-44%) conformers, that of their
      alditols (I-H-I-H-ol and G-H-I-H-ol) is in equilibrium between 2S0 conformer
      (66%) and 1C4 conformer (28%). The conformational population for the internal L
      iduronate residue 2I in the hexasaccharide (3I-H-2I-H-1I-H) is also calculated
      and compared with that for the L-iduronate residue in native dermatan sulphate,
      which was calculated on the basis of the spin-spin coupling constants reported by
      Gatti, Casu, Torri & Vercellotti [(1979) Carbohydr. Res. 68, c3-c7].

PMID- 2302182
TI  - Differential regulation of actin and myosin isoenzyme synthesis in functionally
      overloaded skeletal muscle.
AB  - Overload hypertrophy of the chicken anterior latissimus dorsi muscle is
      accompanied by a replacement of one myosin isoenzyme (slow myosin-1, SM1) by
      another (slow myosin-2, SM2). To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which
      these changes occur, we measured the fractional synthesis rates (ks) in vivo of
      individual myosin-heavy-chain isoenzymes, total actin and total protein during
      the first 72 h of muscle growth. Although the ks of total protein and actin were
      doubled at 24 h, the ks for SM1 and SM2 were depressed. However, the ks of both
      isomyosins were nearly tripled by 72 h. Despite the increase in muscle size
      observed at 72 h, the amount of SM1 was reduced by half, indicating increased
      degradation of SM1. Results of translation of polyribosomes in vitro paralleled
      the results obtained in vivo. The proportion of total polyadenylylated mRNA in
      total RNA was increased at 48 and 72 h, but unchanged at 24 h despite the
      increase in protein synthesis at 24 h. Nuclease-protection analyses indicate that
      the level of specific SM1 and SM2 mRNAs change in a reciprocal fashion during
      overload. We conclude that gene-specific and temporal differences exist in the
      regulatory mechanisms that control overload-induced muscle growth.

PMID- 2302184
TI  - The synthesis of arginylfluoroalkanes, their inhibition of trypsin and blood
      coagulation serine proteinases and their anticoagulant activity.
AB  - Seven arginylfluoroalkanes ('arginine fluoroalkyl ketones') were synthesized by
      using a modified Dakin-West procedure. The structure of benzoyl-Arg-CF2CF3 was
      analysed by 19F-n.m.r. spectroscopy and m.s. and the compound was shown to exist
      primarily as a hydrate or cyclic carbinolamine. Arginylfluoroalkanes are good
      inhibitors of blood-coagulation serine proteinases and were found to be slow
      binding inhibitors for bovine trypsin with Ki values of 0.2-56 microM. Benzoyl
      Arg-CF2CF3 was the best inhibitor for bovine thrombin and human Factor XIa, and
      inhibited thrombin and Factor XIa competitively with Ki values of 13 microM and
      62 microM respectively. The best inhibitor for pig pancreatic kallikrein was p
      toluoyl-Arg-CF3, with a Ki value of 35 microM. Benzoyl-Arg-CF3 and benzoyl-Arg
      CF2CF3 inhibited human plasma kallikrein competitively, with Ki values of 50
      microM. None of the seven arginylfluoroalkanes was a good inhibitor of human
      factor Xa or of Factor XIIa. The arginylfluoroalkanes were tested in the
      prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) coagulant
      assays. Two fluoroketones, benzoyl-Arg-CF2CF3 and 1-naphthoyl-Arg-CF3, had
      significant anticoagulant activity. Benzoyl-Arg-CF2CF3 was found to prolong the
      PT 1.8-fold at 120 microM and to prolong the APTT 2.4-fold at 90 microM, whereas
      1-naphthoyl-Arg-CF3 only prolonged the APTT 1.7-fold at 100 microM.

PMID- 2302185
TI  - Characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer-binding
      proteins from the human T-cell line Jurkat.
AB  - The transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is under the
      control of cellular proteins that bind to the viral long terminal repeat (LTR).
      Among the protein-binding regions of the HIV-1 LTR is the transcription-enhancer
      region. We show that at least one inducible, C1, and one constitutive, C2,
      protein can bind to the HIV enhancer in Jurkat cells. The two proteins differ in
      their surface charge, since they are separable by anion-exchange chromatography.
      Bivalent cations such as Mg2+ and Zn2+ differentially affect their binding to
      oligonucleotides which contain the HIV-enhancer domain. Both C1 and C2 proteins
      also bind to a similar sequence found in the interleukin-2-receptor alpha-subunit
      enhancer. The inducible C1 protein was partially purified by three
      chromatographic steps and characterized by u.v. cross-linking as a 47 kDa
      protein.

PMID- 2302186
TI  - Muscarinic-receptor-mediated changes in intracellular Ca2+ and inositol 1,4,5
      trisphosphate mass in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y.
AB  - This study reports increased intracellular Ca2+ and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
      [Ins(1,4,5)P3] in response to muscarinic-cholinergic stimulation of human
      neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. Carbachol stimulation leads to a rapid increase in
      intracellular Ca2+ and Ins(1,4,5)P3 mass, both reaching a peak at around 10 s and
      then declining to a new maintained phase significantly above basal. Dose-response
      analysis of peak and plateau phases of intracellular Ca2+ shows different agonist
      potencies for both phases, carbachol being more potent for the plateau phase. The
      plateau-phase intracellular Ca2+ was dependent on extracellular Ca2+, which is
      admitted to the cell through a non-voltage-sensitive Ni2(+)-blockable Ca2+
      channel. Using a Mn2+ quench protocol, we have shown that Ca2+ entry occurs early
      during the discharge of the internal stores. The plateau phase (Ca2(+)-channel
      opening) is dependent on the continued presence of agonist, since addition of
      atropine closes the Ca2+ channel and intracellular Ca2+ declines rapidly back to
      basal. We also failed to detect a refilling transient when we added back Ca2+
      after intracellular Ca2+ had reached a peak and then declined in Ca2(+)-free
      conditions. These data strongly suggest that muscarinic stimulation of SH-SY5Y
      cells leads to a rapid release of Ca2+ from an Ins(1,4,5)P3-sensitive internal
      store and a parallel early entry of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2302187
TI  - Experimental determination of the phosphorylation state of phenylalanine
      hydroxylase.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (PH 7), which recognizes the phosphorylated form of
      phenylalanine hydroxylase from human liver, has been used for the analysis of the
      enzyme in crude cell extracts from rat. In immunoblot analyses of rat liver cell
      extracts, the extent of binding of PH 7 closely correlates with the
      phosphorylation state of phenylalanine hydroxylase, as judged by [32P]Pi
      incorporation. These observations have made possible the rapid non-radioactive
      quantification of hormonal effects on phenylalanine hydroxylase phosphorylation
      state. In particular, the glucagon-dependent phosphorylation of phenylalanine
      hydroxylase in liver cells was investigated. Epidermal growth factor was shown to
      modulate this process. In addition, this technique was used to demonstrate, for
      the first time, that dibutyryl cyclic AMP, unlike the Ca2+ ionophore A23187,
      stimulates the phosphorylation of phenylalanine hydroxylase in isolated kidney
      tubules from rat.

PMID- 2302188
TI  - Investigation of the structural basis of the interaction of calpain II with
      phospholipid and with carbohydrate.
AB  - Two forms of pig kidney calpain II were isolated, both of which appeared to
      contain an intact 80 kDa large subunit, but which showed specific proteolytic
      degradation at the N-terminal end of the 30 kDa small subunit. The structure of
      each of these molecules was investigated by amino acid sequence analysis. The
      forms corresponded to molecules with small subunits starting at residue 38
      (degraded calpain A) and at residue 62 (degraded calpain B) of the complete
      sequence. These molecules were tested for their ability to interact with
      phosphatidylinositol and with carbohydrate (agarose gel-filtration media).
      Calpain and degraded calpain A, but not degraded calpain B, would interact with
      phosphatidylinositol. Thus the sequence (G)17TAMRILG (residues 38-61) is
      essential for the interaction. Neither calpain nor the degraded forms of the
      enzyme showed specific interaction with carbohydrate.

PMID- 2302189
TI  - Delivery of iron to human cells by bovine transferrin. Implications for the
      growth of human cells in vitro.
AB  - Following suggestions that transferrin present in fetal-bovine serum, a common
      supplement used in tissue-culture media, may not bind well to human cells, we
      have isolated the protein and investigated its interaction with both human and
      bovine cells. Bovine transferrin bound to a human cell line, K562, at 4 degrees C
      with a kd of 590 nM, whereas human transferrin bound with a kd of 3.57 nM, a 165
      fold difference. With a bovine cell line, NBL4, bovine transferrin bound with the
      higher affinity, kd 9.09 nM, whereas human transferrin bound with a kd of 41.7
      nM, only a 5-fold difference. These values were reflected in an 8.6-fold
      difference in the rate of iron delivery by the two proteins to human cells,
      whereas delivery to bovine cells was the same. Nevertheless, the bovine
      transferrin was taken up by the human cells by a specific receptor-mediated
      process. Human cells cultured in bovine diferric transferrin at 40 micrograms/ml,
      the concentration expected in the presence of 10% fetal-bovine serum, failed to
      thrive, whereas cells cultured in the presence of human transferrin proliferated
      normally. These results suggest that growth of human cells in bovine serum could
      give rise to a cellular iron deficiency, which may in turn lead to the selection
      of clones of cells adapted for survival with less iron. This has important
      consequences for the use of such cells as models, since they may have aberrant
      iron-dependent pathways and perhaps other unknown alterations in cell function.

PMID- 2302190
TI  - The effect of glutamine on protein turnover in chick skeletal muscle in vitro.
AB  - The effect of glutamine on the rates of protein synthesis and degradation was
      studied in isolated chick extensor digitorum communis muscles incubated in the
      presence of plasma concentrations of amino acids. Addition of 0.5-15 mM-glutamine
      increases (P less than 0.01) intracellular glutamine concentrations by 31-670%.
      There is a positive relationship (r = 0.975, P less than 0.01) between
      intracellular glutamine concentration and the rate of muscle protein synthesis
      measured by the incorporation of [3H]phenylalanine. The stimulating effect of 15
      mM-glutamine on protein synthesis was decreased from 58 to 19% in muscles
      incubated in the absence of tyrosine. The rates of protein degradation, estimated
      from [3H]phenylalanine release from muscle proteins prelabelled in vivo,
      decreased (P less than 0.05) by 15-30% in the presence of 4-15 mM-glutamine when
      compared with muscles incubated in the presence of physiological concentrations
      of glutamine (0.5-1 mM). Glutamine concentrations ranging from 2 to 15 mM appear
      to have an overall anabolic effect on chick skeletal muscles incubated in vitro.

PMID- 2302191
TI  - Fluoroaluminate mimics agonist application in single rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Single rat hepatocytes microinjected with the photoprotein aequorin were
      stimulated with glycogenolytic agonists or low concentrations of fluoroaluminate.
      Both protocols resulted in the generation of oscillations in cytosolic free Ca2+
      levels from a resting value of approx. 200 nM and peaking at over 600 nM.
      However, oscillations induced by receptor-dependent agonists were more regular in
      both frequency and time course than those induced by direct activation of G
      proteins. The role of G-proteins in the generation of repetitive free Ca2+
      oscillations is discussed.

PMID- 2302192
TI  - Transcription of human endogenous retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence
      in a lung cancer cell line.
AB  - The human genome carries several endogenous retroviral sequences. One of them
      that we named 'HERV-A', carries almost the complete sequence of the long terminal
      repeat (LTR), and is located in the 5' region of the amylase genes (M.Emi,
      A.Horii, N.Tomita, T.Nishide, M.Ogawa, T. Mori and K.Matsubara, Gene 62: 229-235,
      1988). Using this sequence as a probe, we found a 1.4 kb LTR transcript(s) in a
      lung cancer cell line. No corresponding transcript was observed in control cells.
      Two partial, but different cDNA clones were obtained, and each one was found to
      be a transcript starting within human sequences at 5' upstream from the LTR and
      ending within the LTR sequence.

PMID- 2302193
TI  - Human complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): cDNA cloning of iron
      sulfur (Ip) subunit of liver mitochondria.
AB  - Complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is an important enzyme complex
      of both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and of the aerobic respiratory chains of
      mitochondria in eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic organisms. In this study, the
      amino acid sequence of iron sulfur-subunit in human liver mitochondria was
      deduced from cDNA which was isolated by immunoscreening a human liver lambda gtll
      cDNA library. An isolated clone contains an open reading frame of 786 nucleotides
      and encodes a mature protein of 252 amino acids with a molecular weight of
      28,804. The amino acid sequence was highly homologous with that of bovine heart
      (94.1%) which has been determined from the purified peptide and that of
      Escherichia coli sdh B product (50.8%). Striking sequence conservation was found
      around the three cysteine-rich clusters which have been thought to comprise the
      iron-sulfur centers of the enzyme. This is the first report on the cDNA sequence
      of mitochondrial complex II.

PMID- 2302194
TI  - Binding of low mobility group protein from rat liver chromatin with histones
      studied by chemical cross-linking.
AB  - The protein of molecular weight about 160 kD (designated LMG160) was isolated
      from purified low mobility group chromatin proteins. Polyclonal antibody directed
      against the LMG160 protein in mouse was raised. The specificity of the antibody
      was determined with the use of ELISA. Using chemical cross-linking procedure
      followed by immunoprecipitation with the antiLMG160 antibody complex formation
      with chromatin proteins was demonstrated. Among the proteins that form complexes
      with LMG160, histones H3, H2A, and H4 were identified (Western blotting
      technique).

PMID- 2302195
TI  - Electrofusion of oriented Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells through apical
      protoplast-protuberances.
AB  - The electrofusion of oriented Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells through apical
      protoplast-protuberances was demonstrated. The protuberances arose after an
      exposure of early-exponential phase cells to digestive enzymes from
      hepatopancreas of Helix pomatia. The orientation of cylindric cells within pearl
      chains was produced by the application of inhomogenous alternating electric
      fields.

PMID- 2302197
TI  - Internal amino acid sequencing of proteins by in situ cyanogen bromide cleavage
      in polyacrylamide gels.
AB  - A new method was developed for generating peptide fragments for amino acid
      sequence analysis from polyacrylamide-gel separated proteins. This method
      involves in situ CNBr treatment of proteins in the polyacrylamide gel after their
      separation by electrophoresis. Pure CNBr peptides were recovered either by
      solvent extraction followed by microbore column reversed-phase HPLC or,
      alternatively, by a second electrophoretic separation step (SDS-PAGE) followed by
      electrotransfer of the peptides onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes.
      These approaches yielded sequence data at subnanomole levels for a wide range of
      CNBr fragments recovered from gel-separated proteins.

PMID- 2302196
TI  - Substrate competition and specificity at the active site of amylopullulanase from
      Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum.
AB  - A highly thermostable pullulanase purified from Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum
      strain 39E displayed dual activity with respect to glycosidic bond cleavage. The
      enzyme cleaved alpha-1,6 bonds in pullulan, while it showed alpha-1,4 activity
      against malto-oligosaccharides. Kinetic analysis of the purified enzyme in a
      system which contained both pullulan and amylose as the two competing substrates
      were used to distinguish the dual specificity of the enzyme from the single
      substrate specificity known for pullulanases and alpha-amylases.

PMID- 2302198
TI  - Purification and measurement of calpromotin, the cytoplasmic protein which
      activates calcium-dependent potassium transport.
AB  - A simple procedure is described for the purification of calpromotin, a protein
      from the cytoplasm of red blood cells which is capable of activating calcium
      dependent potassium transport. The purification steps involve a salt gradient
      elution from an anion exchange column (Whatman DE-52) followed by a potassium
      phosphate gradient elution from a column of hydroxyapatite (HA Ultrogel). These
      steps result in a 54% yield with a 161 fold purification. The calpromotin is
      estimated to be 99% pure as determined by densitometry of the protein profile on
      an SDS polyacrylamide gel. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) using rabbit anti-human calpromotin antibodies, is described for
      measuring levels of calpromotin in the 5 to 100 ng range.

PMID- 2302199
TI  - Induction of differentiation of human and mouse myeloid leukemia cells by
      camptothecin.
AB  - Low concentrations of camptothecin induced differentiation of human and mouse
      myeloid leukemia cells including human HL60, U937, ML1, and K562 cells and mouse
      M1 cells as measured by various differentiation-associated properties. When K562
      cells were pretreated with 20 nM camptothecin for 2 h, 53% of the cells were
      induced to differentiate as measured by NBT staining. Significant single strand
      breaks in DNA of K562 cells were caused by this treatment. Most single strand
      breaks were accompanied by protein-DNA cross linking. The combination of
      camptothecin and rTNF synergistically induced differentiation of human ML1, U937,
      and M1 cells. These results suggest that topo I may be important in some
      differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells.

PMID- 2302200
TI  - The brain-type glucose transporter mRNA is specifically expressed at the blood
      brain barrier.
AB  - The brain-type glucose transporter (bGT) is assumed to be distributed among
      neurons and glial cells, but to be particularly enriched in brain microvascular
      endothelium, which makes up the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo. However, in
      the course of the present studies it was found that the bGT is specifically
      expressed at the BBB in brain. The relative abundance of bGT and actin (used as a
      control) mRNAs were measured in bovine brain, brain capillaries, and capillary
      depleted brain. Northern blot analysis showed that the bGT 2.9 Kb mRNA was
      increased 21-fold in brain capillaries as compared to total brain, and it was not
      detected in capillary-depleted brain even after overexposure of the film. This
      study demonstrates that i) the bGT is specifically expressed at the BBB in brain,
      ii) the bGT transcript in total brain represents only dilution of the capillary
      or BBB glucose transporter transcript, and iii) as yet unidentified glucose
      transporters are likely expressed in neurons and in glial cells.

PMID- 2302201
TI  - Androgen receptor heterogeneity and phosphorylation in human LNCaP cells.
AB  - Androgen receptor heterogeneity and phosphorylation were studied in the human
      LNCaP cell line. Fluorography after photoaffinity labeling as well as
      immunoblotting with a specific polyclonal antibody revealed that the human
      androgen receptor migrated as a closely spaced 110 kD doublet on SDS
      polyacrylamide gels. A time-dependent change in the ratio between the two
      isoforms was not observed after R1881 treatment of intact cells. In nuclear
      extracts of LNCaP cells that were incubated with [32P]orthophosphate in the
      presence of 10 nM R1881, a 110 kD phosphorylated protein was demonstrated after
      immunopurification using a monoclonal antibody against the human androgen
      receptor. Only a very small amount of this phosphoprotein was detected in the
      nuclear fraction from cells not treated with R1881. These results indicate that
      the human androgen receptor in LNCaP cells can be phosphorylated.

PMID- 2302202
TI  - The use of proteolysis and direct N-terminal sequence analysis to study human
      interleukin-2/receptor interaction on solid support.
AB  - An immobilized interleukin-2 receptor which is capable of binding interleukin-2
      and suitable for direct N-terminal sequence analysis was employed to study
      interleukin-2/receptor interactions. Sensitive tryptic sites on the immobilized
      receptor and its interleukin-2 complex were identified by sequence analyses and
      compared. The results have revealed that the N-terminal region of interleukin-2
      is not involved in receptor binding and the peptide segment covering residues 36
      39 in the receptor is probably near or involved in the interleukin-2 binding
      site. The rapidity and simplicity make this solid phase sequence approach a good
      method for analyzing interleukin-2/receptor interaction and may be suitable for
      studying other protein-ligand interactions.

PMID- 2302203
TI  - The effects of recombinant human interleukin-1 beta on cellular proliferation and
      the production of prostaglandin E2, plasminogen activator, osteocalcin and
      alkaline phosphatase by osteoblast-like cells derived from human bone.
AB  - There is mounting evidence implicating cytokines such as interleukin-1 in the
      local regulation of bone homeostasis. In this report we show that recombinant
      human interleukin-1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) influences several activities of
      osteoblast-like cells derived from human trabecular bone explants in vitro. rhIL
      1 beta stimulated cellular proliferation and the synthesis of prostaglandin E2
      and plasminogen activator activity in the cultured human osteoblast-like cells in
      a dose-dependent manner. However, the induction of osteocalcin synthesis and
      alkaline phosphatase activity in response to 1,25(OH)2D3, two characteristics of
      the osteoblast phenotype, were antagonized by rhIL-1 beta over a similar dose
      range. This study adds further support to the potential role of interleukin-1 in
      the physiological and pathological modulation of bone cell metabolism.

PMID- 2302204
TI  - Evidence that Xenopus laevis contains two different nonallelic insulin-like
      growth factor-I genes.
AB  - Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we have amplified and characterized
      partial nucleotide sequences of two distinct insulin-like growth factor-I genes
      (designated IGF-I' and IGF-I") from the amphibian, Xenopus laevis. The amplified
      fragments encoded much of the coding region of the mature peptide (exon III in
      mammalian IGF-I genes), and exhibited 93% similarity to each other, and 68-82%
      similarity to mammalian IGF-I amino acid sequences. Southern blot analysis using
      genomic DNA from a homozygous frog revealed that these two genes are nonallelic
      in a single organism, like the two nonallelic genes encoding Xenopus insulins
      that we have characterized previously. Furthermore, both IGF-I mRNAs are
      expressed in similar quantities in adult liver.

PMID- 2302205
TI  - Observation of tissue prokallikrein activation by some serine proteases, arginine
      esterases in rat submandibular gland.
AB  - Two serine proteases, arginine esterases (esterases I and II) which showed the
      activity of tissue prokallikrein activation were identified in rat submandibular
      gland. These enzymes were separated from the homogenate of rat submandibular
      gland by two successive DEAE-cellulose chromatographies and were further purified
      and characterized. Esterases I and II were found to be identical with tonin and
      esterase B-like enzyme, respectively. Both enzymes activated rat urinary
      prokallikrein at near neutral pH. Esterase B-like enzyme activated rat urinary
      prokallikrein better than tonin.

PMID- 2302206
TI  - Identification of a potentially neurotoxic pyridinium metabolite of haloperidol
      in rats.
AB  - In vivo metabolic studies have revealed that haloperidol is converted to the
      corresponding pyridinium metabolite which has been characterized in both urine
      and brain tissues isolated from haloperidol treated rats. Unlike the
      corresponding conversion of the structurally related Parkinsonian inducing agent
      MPTP to the ultimate neurotoxic pyridinium metabolite MPP+, the oxidative
      biotransformation of haloperidol is not catalyzed by MAO-B. Microdialysis studies
      in the rat indicate that intrastriatal administration of this pyridinium
      metabolite is about 10% as effective as MPP+ in causing the irreversible
      depletion of striatal nerve terminal dopamine. The results point to the
      possibility that some of the neurological disorders observed in experimental
      animals and man during the course of chronic haloperidol treatment may be
      mediated by this pyridinium metabolite.

PMID- 2302207
TI  - S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)glutathione: a reactive S-linked metabolite of methyl
      isocyanate.
AB  - S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)glutathione, a chemically-reactive glutathione conjugate,
      has been isolated from the bile of rats administered methyl isocyanate and
      characterized, as its N-benzyloxycarbonyl dimethylester derivative, by tandem
      mass spectrometry. The ability of this glutathione adduct to donate an N
      methylcarbamoyl moiety to the free -SH group of cysteine was evaluated in vitro
      with the aid of a highly specific thermospray LC/MS assay procedure. The
      glutathione adduct reacted readily with cysteine in buffered aqueous media (pH
      7.4, 37 degrees C) and after 2 hr, 42.5% of the substrate existed in the form of
      S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine. The reverse reaction, i.e. between the cysteine
      adduct and free glutathione, also took place readily under these conditions. It
      is concluded that conjugation of methyl isocyanate with glutathione in vivo
      affords a reactive S-linked product which displays the potential to carbamoylate
      nucleophilic amino acids. The various systemic toxicities associated with
      exposure of animals or humans to methyl isocyanate could therefore be due to
      release of the isocyanate from its glutathione conjugate, which thus may serve as
      a vehicle for the transport of methyl isocyanate in vivo.

PMID- 2302208
TI  - Receptor binding of cholecystokinin analogues in isolated rat pancreatic acini.
AB  - The receptor binding of CCK analogues was determined in terms of the inhibition
      of [125I]CCK binding in isolated rat pancreatic acini. The inhibition curve
      produced by CCK-8 showed the same feature as that produced by synthetic human CCK
      33. The relative potency values of CCK analogues to half-maximally inhibit
      specific CCK binding were calculated; CCK-8 was equal to human CCK-33, 3-fold
      stronger than natural porcine CCK-33 and 39, and 700-fold stronger than the
      unsulphated form of synthetic human CCK-33. Our data suggest that CCK-33, one of
      the longer molecular forms of CCK, is as important as CCK-8 in the mechanism of
      physiological actions of CCK.

PMID- 2302209
TI  - Apocarboxypeptidase B-sepharose: a specific adsorbent for peptides.
AB  - Apocarboxypeptidase B-Sepharose was prepared by immobilization of porcine
      carboxypeptidase B, followed by treatment of the column with o-phenanthrolin.
      This column efficiently adsorbed Met-enkephalin-Arg-Arg (YGGFMRR) in an optimum
      pH range of 6.5-7.5. The adsorbed Met-enkephalin-Arg-Arg was eluted at pH 4.0 and
      confirmed to be unaltered. In the apocarboxypeptidase B-Sepharose chromatography,
      Met-enkephalin-Arg-Arg or dynorphin 1-13 (YGGFLRRIRPKLK), substrates of
      carboxypeptidase B, was separated from Met-enkephalin (YGGFM), dynorphin B 1-9
      (YGGFLRRQF), and beta-neo-endorphin (YGGFLRKYP) which do not react with the
      immobilized enzyme.

PMID- 2302210
TI  - Structural characterization of the human estrogen synthetase (aromatase) gene.
AB  - The estrogen synthetase (aromatase, cytochrome P-450AROM) gene has been isolated
      from human genomic libraries and characterized. The restriction map of 43
      positive clones obtained indicated that this enzyme is present as a single copy
      gene. The aromatase gene is unexpectedly large compared with other forms of the
      cytochrome P-450 superfamily, spanning at least 70 kilobases. The gene consists
      of 10 exons and its 5'-untranslated region is divided into 2 exons by an intron
      of more than 35 kilobases long. This organization of the first exon in the
      aromatase gene is unique in the cytochrome P-450 superfamily. All the exon-intron
      junctional sequences conform to the canonical GT/AG rule. The sequences of a TATA
      box and a CAAT box are present 27 and 83 base pairs upstream from the
      transcriptional initiation site. Within 3 kilobases upstream from the initiation
      site, there are no typical consensus sequences of responsive elements for
      glucocorticoid and c-AMP, which regulate aromatase expression.

PMID- 2302211
TI  - Purification to homogeneity of GD3 synthase and partial purification of GM3
      synthase from rat brain.
AB  - A CMP-sialic acid: GM3 sialyltransferase (GD3 synthase) and a CMP-sialic acid:
      LacCer sialyltransferase (GM3 synthase) have been purified 10,000- and 3,000
      fold, respectively, from the Triton X-100 extract of rat brain. The two enzymes
      were purified and resolved by affinity chromatography on two successive CDP
      Sepharose columns by NaCl gradient elution. Final purification of GD3 synthase
      was achieved by specific elution from a 'GM3 acid'-Sepharose column with buffer
      containing GM3. Sodium dodecylsulfate-gel electrophoresis of GD3 synthase
      revealed a single major protein band with an apparent molecular weight of 55,000.

PMID- 2302212
TI  - Cloning, sequencing and expression of human TSH receptor.
AB  - Complementary cDNA clones encoding the TSH (thyroid stimulatory hormone) receptor
      were isolated from a human thyroid lambda gt10 library using Iow stringency
      hybridization with LH/hCG (luteinizing hormone-human choriogonadotropic hormone)
      receptor probes. Sequencing of the clones showed a 764 amino acid open reading
      frame. The first 21 amino acids probably correspond to a signal peptide, the
      mature protein thus contains 743 amino acids (calculated molecular weight: 84,501
      daltons). Its putative structure consists of a 394 amino acid extracellular
      domain, a 266 amino acid membrane spanning domain with 7 putative transmembrane
      segments and a 83 amino acid intracellular domain. A high degree of homology is
      observed with LH/hCG receptor suggesting the definition of a new subfamily of G
      protein coupled receptors. Computer search showed the presence in the putative
      third intracellular loop of a motif resembling that described in the non receptor
      type protein tyrosine kinases (c-src, c-yes, c-fgr, etc...). RNA blots showed
      that the receptor messenger RNA consists of two major species of 4300 and 3900
      nucleotides. The cDNA was inserted into an expression vector and after
      transfection into COS 7 cells it was shown to produce a functional TSH receptor.

PMID- 2302213
TI  - Sugar receptor mediated drug delivery to macrophages in the therapy of
      experimental visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - Methotrexate (MTX) conjugate of a neoglycoprotein, mannosyl bovine serum albumin,
      containing an average of 30 moles of MTX per mole of neoglycoprotein was taken up
      efficiently by murine peritoneal macrophages through cell surface mannosyl
      receptors. The conjugate strongly inhibits the growth of Leishmania donovani
      inside macrophages, with 50% inhibitory dose of 0.11 micrograms/ml MTX, which
      makes it 100 times more active than free MTX (50% inhibitory dose of 12.1
      micrograms/ml). MTX conjugated to BSA or other non-specific neoglycoproteins like
      galactose-BSA and glucose-BSA have leishmanicidal effects comparable to free MTX.
      Moreover, in a murine model of experimental visceral leishmaniasis, the drug
      conjugate reduced the spleen parasite burden by more than 85% in a 30 day model
      whereas the same concentration of free drug caused little effect. The results
      demonstrate that neoglycoproteins may be useful as carriers for receptor mediated
      drug delivery to treat macrophage associated diseases.

PMID- 2302214
TI  - Cloning of a hsp70-related gene expressed in mouse spermatids.
AB  - A cDNA library of spermatids was screened by a differential hybridization in
      order to isolate genes expressed in haploid cells of the mouse male germ line. A
      clone was found that encoded a protein related to the heat shock protein 70. A
      genomic DNA clone comparable to this cDNA clone was also isolated from a mouse
      genomic library. This gene had only one continuous open reading frame capable of
      coding a 630 amino-acid protein. There was an excellent match of the sequence
      with the heat shock protein 70 family but a difference from any previous 70
      kilodalton heat shock protein. A 2.7kb transcript derived from this gene was
      expressed in spermatids but not in other testicular germ cells and somatic
      tissues. We have referred to this gene as hsc70t.

PMID- 2302215
TI  - Bovine pancreatic DNase I binds very tightly to DNA fragments and may be mistaken
      for putative endogenous nuclear proteins covalently bound to DNA.
AB  - Using published methods for the isolation of nuclear proteins tightly bound to
      DNA, and resistant to removal by SDS or 16-BAC detergent and urea, several new
      protein bands in the region of 55 kd and 62 kd on SDS gel and 43 kd and 70 kd on
      16--BAC gel electrophoresis were identified in extracts of avian erythroid
      nuclei. These bands were radiolabelled by subjecting the DNA--protein complexes
      to nick--translation in the presence of [32P]--dCTP, followed by prolonged
      digestion with excess bovine DNase I. Amino acid sequence analysis shows that
      these bands contain DNase I. These results indicate that DNase I can form stable
      complexes with DNA, and suggest that DNase I--DNA complexes may be mistakenly
      identified as nuclear proteins covalently bound to DNA.

PMID- 2302216
TI  - Conserved residues of liquefying alpha-amylases are concentrated in the vicinity
      of active site.
AB  - Three dimensional structure of three liquefying type Bacillus alpha-amylases were
      modeled based on sequence analyses and refined structure of Aspergillus oryzae
      enzyme. The models suggest that the overall folding motif of alpha-amylases is
      conserved. The active site, substrate binding and stabilizing calcium binding
      residues are conserved and concentrated in a cleft between two domains. They
      constitute the core of alpha-amylases to which other, less conserved regions are
      attached. The bacterial enzymes have a loop of about 45 residues near the active
      site and Ca2+ binding region. The loop may be important for the liquefying
      function of these enzymes.

PMID- 2302217
TI  - A novel peptide which stimulates adenylate cyclase: molecular cloning and
      characterization of the ovine and human cDNAs.
AB  - A novel neuropeptide which remarkably stimulates adenylate cyclase in rat
      anterior pituitary cell cultures has been recently isolated from ovine
      hypothalami by A. Arimura and his collaborators (Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.164,
      567-574(1989)). This peptide was designated as PACAP38(Pituitary Adenylate
      Cyclase Activating Polypeptide with 38 residues). In an attempt to investigate
      physiological implications of PACAP38, we have succeeded in cloning the cDNAs
      encoding the precursor of PACAP38 from ovine hypothalamus and human testis. An
      ovine cDNA encodes a protein of 176 amino acids in which PACAP38 is proceeded by
      a putative signal peptide and a "pro"-region (107 amino acids), and followed by a
      Gly-Arg-Arg sequence for proteolytic processing and amidation. Deduced amino-acid
      sequence of human PACAP38 was completely identical to that of the ovine isolated
      peptide. Cloning of PACAP38 cDNAs confirms the expression of the corresponding
      mRNAs and the presence of this neuropeptide in ovine hypothalamus and also in
      human testis.

PMID- 2302219
TI  - Detection of a point mutation in sphingolipid activator protein-1 mRNA in
      patients with a variant form of metachromatic leukodystrophy.
AB  - The lysosomal degradation of sulfatide requires the specific enzyme,
      arylsulfatase A, as well as a heat stable protein called sphingolipid activator
      protein-1 (SAP-1). While most patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy have
      defects in arylsulfatase A, some patients have defects in SAP-1. SAP-1 is coded
      for by a gene on human chromosome 10 that also codes for three other proposed
      SAP. Examination of the cDNA from two siblings with SAP-1 deficiency revealed a
      point mutation of nucleotide #650 (counting from the initiation ATG) which is in
      the SAP-1 coding domain. This C to T transition changed the codon from threonine
      (ACC) to one coding for isoleucine (ATC). This eliminated the only glycosylation
      site in mature SAP-1 and could explain the findings made at the protein level.

PMID- 2302218
TI  - Stimulation of mono- and diacylglycerol lipase activities by bradykinin in neural
      cultures.
AB  - Neural cultures of fetal mouse spinal cord, mouse neuroblastoma (N1E-115) and
      mixed primary glial cell cultures from neonatal rat brain display measurable
      activities of mono- and diacylglycerol lipases. Treatment of fetal mouse spinal
      cord cultures with bradykinin (10 nM) for 1-4 min resulted in a marked increase
      in specific activities of mono- and diacylglycerol lipases. This is the first
      direct demonstration that bradykinin can act through the lipase pathway. The
      increase in activities of lipases was dose and time dependent. The bradykinin
      response was blocked by [Thi5,8, D-Phe7]bradykinin, a bradykinin B-2 receptor
      antagonist, indicating that the bradykinin induced stimulation of lipase
      activities involves bradykinin receptors.

PMID- 2302220
TI  - Evidence for the presence of an endogenous cytosolic protein inhibitor of
      intestinal fucosyltransferase activities.
AB  - Soluble endogenous inhibitory activities for glycoprotein: alpha (1-2) and alpha
      (1-3) fucosyltransferases are demonstrated in rat small intestinal cytosol. These
      inhibitors are retained on DEAE-cellulose and are eluted as two fractions A and
      B. Fraction B is non dialyzable, heat stable and pronase-resistant and consists
      probably of poly-nucleotides. Fraction A is also non-dialyzable, but is
      thermolabile and pronase-sensitive, suggesting that it contains proteins. The
      inhibition of fucosyltransferase activity by fraction A is competitive for GDP
      fucose and non-competitive for the glycoprotein substrate. Inhibition is not due
      to interfering enzymatic activities (glycosyl-nucleotide pyrophosphatases,
      glycosidases or proteases) and is reversible. This protein inhibitor, with a
      molecular weight of 60,000, is found only in the intestine and the pancreas and
      appears to be different from the previously reported inhibitors of brain
      glycolipid glycosyltransferases.

PMID- 2302221
TI  - "Hydration memory" of lysozyme: a misinterpretation.
AB  - The effects of sugars and similar additives on the catalytic activity of lysozyme
      have been attributed (Laretta-Garde et al., Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun. 155:
      816-822 (1988] to a "hydration memory" of the protein for solution conditions to
      which it was previously exposed. By measuring catalytic activity versus substrate
      concentration, tryptophan fluorescence and near ultraviolet circular dichroism
      all in the presence and absence of 50% (w/v) sucrose, we show that the effects
      can be explained, instead, on the basis of well known properties of proteins.

PMID- 2302222
TI  - Galactosylceramide and galactosylsphingosine loading studies in cultured skin
      fibroblasts in human and murine globoid cell leukodystrophy.
AB  - Cell level studies of 3H-galactosylceramide(GalCer) and 3H-galactosyl sphingosine
      (GalSph) have been carried out in cultured skin fibroblasts from human and murine
      globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD). GalCer loading studies disclosed that the
      hydrolysis rates of GalCer in human control and GLD were 72% and 45%,
      respectively, and those from the murine control and GLD cells were 77% and 21%,
      respectively, on the 5th day of culture. On the other hand, GalSph loading
      studies showed that the hydrolysis rate of GalSph in the human control and GLD
      were 40% and 10%, respectively, and those from murine control and GLD cells were
      38% and 10% on the 12th day of culture. These data suggest that both GalCer and
      GalSph degradations were impaired in cell level in human and murine GLD.
      Furthermore, when radioactive 3H-GalSph was loaded into cultured fibroblasts from
      murine and human GLD, 3H-GalCer band was formed via GalSph. These data strongly
      suggest that GalCer could be synthesized through the GalSph route as a minor
      pathway at least in cultured skin fibroblasts, although the major pathway to
      synthesize GalCer should be via ceramide.

PMID- 2302223
TI  - A heparin-binding erythroid cell stimulating factor from fetal bovine serum has
      the N-terminal sequence of insulin-like growth factor II.
AB  - An 8 kd heparin-binding peptide which stimulates thymidine incorporation in
      cultures of fetal calf liver erythroid cells was isolated from fetal bovine serum
      by affinity chromatography on Heparin-Sepharose, ion exchange chromatography, gel
      filtration and reversed-phase HPLC. The N-terminal sequence of the isolated
      peptide was identical to the N-terminal sequence of bovine erythrotropin or
      insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II). The potential heparin-binding site of IGF
      II is probably situated in the arginine-rich C-peptide region. The affinities of
      human recombinant IGF I and II were compared with those of apolipoprotein H (a
      plasma heparin-binding protein) and bovine insulin in a heparin-affinity column.
      The retention times were in the order: Apolipoprotein H greater than hrIGF II
      greater than hrIGF I greater than insulin (no retention). This unusual property
      of IGF II suggests that it may be captured in the extracellular matrix in a
      similar way to fibroblast growth factor, interleukin 3 or granulocyte/macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor.

PMID- 2302224
TI  - A versatile, highly reactive, cross-linking reagent: 2,2'-sulfonylbis[3-methoxy
      (E,E)-2-propenenitrile].
AB  - Adequate aqueous stability and cross-linking ability of the novel title reagent,
      recently discovered in this laboratory, have been demonstrated by comparison of
      its rate of hydrolysis with the rate of reaction with an amine nucleophile and by
      cross-linking deoxy- and oxyhemoglobins, as an example.

PMID- 2302225
TI  - The inhibition of human neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G by peptidyl 1,2
      dicarbonyl derivatives.
AB  - Neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G are serine proteases that can damage
      connective tissue and trigger other pathological reactions. Compounds containing
      a peptide sequence to impart specificity and bearing an alpha-dicarbonyl unit
      (alpha-diketone or alpha-keto ester) at the carboxy terminus are potent
      inhibitors of the neutrophil serine proteases (human neutrophil elastase: R-Val
      COCH3, Ki = 0.017 microM; R-Val-COOCH3, Ki = 0.002 microM; human neutrophil
      cathepsin G: R-Phe-COCH3, Ki = 0.8 microM; R-Phe-COOCH3, Ki = 0.44 microM; R = N
      (4-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonylaminocarbonyl]phenylcarbonyl)+ ++ValylProlyl).

PMID- 2302226
TI  - Estrogen receptor gene amplification is found in some estrogen receptor-positive
      human breast tumors.
AB  - The genomic organization of the estrogen receptor (ER) gene has been analyzed in
      21 primary human breast cancers and 1 axillary metastasis. No evidence of
      rearrangements of the ER gene was found in the analyzed tumors. In 6/14 ER
      positive tumors a certain degree of amplification of the ER gene, ranging from
      1.6 to 3-fold, was detected. No correlation was observed between the level of
      gene amplification and the amount of ER in the tumors. In the 8 ER-negative
      tumors analyzed no amplification could be detected. It is concluded that ER gene
      amplification may be one of the mechanisms underlying the increased ER expression
      in some breast tumors.

PMID- 2302227
TI  - Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha induce differential
      processing of the epidermal growth factor receptor.
AB  - The capacity of epidermal growth factor (EGF) or transforming growth factor-alpha
      (TGF-alpha) to induce internalization and degradation of the EGF receptor was
      compared in NIH-3T3 cells expressing the human EGF receptor. This study was
      initiated following the observation that TGF-alpha was much less efficient
      relative to EGF in generating a Mr = 125,000 amino-terminally truncated
      degradation product from the mature EGF receptor (EGF-dependent generation of
      this degradation product is described in S.J. Decker, J. Biol. Chem., 264:17641
      17644). Pulse-chase experiments revealed that EGF generally stimulated EGF
      receptor degradation to a greater extent than TGF-alpha. Both ligands induced EGF
      receptor internalization to similar degrees. However, recovery of [125I]-EGF
      binding following incubation with EGF or TGF-alpha was much faster for TGF-alpha
      treated cells. Recovery of [125I]-EGF binding after TGF-alpha treatment did not
      appear to require protein synthesis. Tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF receptor
      from cells treated with TGF-alpha decreased more rapidly following removal of TGF
      alpha compared to cells treated similarly with EGF. These data suggest that EGF
      routes the EGF receptor directly to a degradative pathway, whereas TGF-alpha
      allows receptor recycling prior to degradation, and that tyrosine phosphorylation
      could play a role in this differential receptor processing.

PMID- 2302228
TI  - Expression of the pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein genes in human testis.
AB  - Northern blot analysis with placental pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein
      (SP1) cDNA probe showed the presence of SP1 mRNAs in human testis. Presence of
      translational products of the mRNAs was demonstrated by Western blot analysis
      with anti-human SP1 antibodies albeit difference in mobilities between the testis
      and placental proteins was apparent. Screening of human testis cDNA library with
      placental SP1 probe yielded 4 groups of positive clones. Two groups were
      identical to human placental SP1 cDNAs previously reported. The other 2 groups
      consisted of cDNA of incompletely processed mRNAs. These 2 groups were present in
      high abundance. Sequence analysis suggested that the cDNAs were products of
      different genes.

PMID- 2302229
TI  - A novel 40-kDa protein induced by heat shock and other stresses in mammalian and
      avian cells.
AB  - When HeLa cells were exposed to heat shock or other stresses, a 40-kDa protein
      (p40) was induced in addition to the classical heat shock proteins with molecular
      sizes of 110-, 90-, 70-, and 47-kDa. The p40 was induced not only by heat shock
      but by arsenite and 2-azetidine carboxylic acid. Also, it was induced in rat,
      mouse and chick cells by these stresses. The p40 was a basic protein (pI divided
      by 9.2) as judged by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. To our knowledge, p40
      is a novel heat shock protein in mammalian and avian cells.

PMID- 2302230
TI  - The homologous restriction factor is immunologically related to complement
      components C8 and C9 and to lymphocyte pore-forming protein perforin through
      cysteine-rich domains.
AB  - The 65 kDa C8-binding protein or homologous restriction factor (C8bp/HRF)
      protects cells from complement (C)-mediated lysis by binding to C8 and abrogating
      lytic channel formation. Human C8bp/HRF is shown here to be immunologically
      related to human C8 and C9 and to murine lymphocyte poreforming protein (PFP,
      perforin). Polyclonal antibodies raised against purified C8, C9 and perforin
      react with C8bp/HRF. The antigenic epitopes shared by these four proteins are
      limited to cysteine-rich or disultide bridge-masked domains. Only complement
      proteins or perforin that have been disulfide-reduced elicit the production of
      cross-reactive antibodies when used as immunogens. Analogously, only C8bp/HRF
      that has been disulfide-reduced reacts with these antibodies. These results
      suggest that C8bp/HRF may belong to the complement/perforin supergene family. The
      function of homologous domains shared by these four proteins remains to be
      elucidated.

PMID- 2302231
TI  - Stabilization of microtubules by GTP analogues.
AB  - We recently demonstrated that the nonhydrolyzable analogues of GTP (GMPPCP and
      GMPPNP) and ATP support the elongation phase of tubulin assembly and are
      incorporated into the E-site of polymerized tubulin. In this report we studied
      the stability of microtubules containing GTP analogues by examining length
      redistributions after shearing at polymer steady state. The mean length of a
      population of microtubules containing GMPPCP increased only by 37% over a 150 min
      time period after shearing. Microtubules which contained 70% ATP and 30% GDP at
      the E-site increased in length by 88%. In contrast, the mean length of
      microtubules assembled in the presence of GTP increased by 410% in the same time
      period. These results suggest that microtubules containing GMPPCP or ATP at their
      ends are stabilized from depolymerization.

PMID- 2302232
TI  - Similar induction of the hepatic EGF receptor in vivo by EGF and partial
      hepatectomy.
AB  - A 2-fold increase in the level of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor mRNA
      accompanied by a similar increase in newly synthesized ligand-binding EGF
      receptors was observed 2-4 h after intraportal EGF-injections and 2-4 h after
      partial hepatectomy. After this initial increase, the EGF-receptor levels
      decreased back to control levels 6-8 h after EGF-injections and below control
      levels 6-8 h after partial hepatectomy. EGF was also found to influence the
      degradation of endocytosed [125I]-EGF 3 h after injection to a similar extent as
      partial hepatectomy. The similar effects of EGF and partial hepatectomy suggests
      that EGF or EGF-like factors may be mechanistically involved in the early
      "promotion" stage during the pre-replicative phase of liver regeneration. The EGF
      induced effects are, however, at least not alone responsible for the replicative
      process.

PMID- 2302233
TI  - A single amino acid substitution in lactate dehydrogenase improves the catalytic
      efficiency with an alternative coenzyme.
AB  - Using site-directed mutagenesis, the NADH-linked lactate dehydrogenase from
      Bacillus stearothermophilus has been specifically altered at a single residue to
      shift the coenzyme specificity towards NADPH. The single change is at position 53
      in the amino acid sequence where a conserved aspartate has been replaced by a
      serine. This substitution was made to reduce steric hindrance on binding of the
      extra phosphate group of NADPH and to remove the negative charge of the aspartate
      group. The resultant mutant enzyme is 20 times more catalytically efficient than
      the wild-type enzyme with NADPH.

PMID- 2302234
TI  - Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) reverses phorbol diester resistance of
      a breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) subline.
AB  - We investigated the effects of TGF-beta on a MCF-7 subline (MCF-7:RPh-4) which is
      resistant to phorbol diesters with respect to growth inhibition and estrogen
      receptor content modulation. This biological unresponsiveness of MCF-7:RPh-4
      cells to phorbol esters seems to be unrelated to activation of protein kinase C.
      In the presence of 80 nM PMA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), TGF-beta
      induced a dose-dependent inhibition of MCF-7:RPh-4 cell proliferation. MCF-7:RPh
      4 cells grown in PMA-free medium for at least 28 days remained insensitive to PMA
      but lost sensitivity to TGF-beta. Under these conditions, addition of 80 nM PMA
      restored sensitivity to TGF-beta. In the presence of a fixed concentration of TGF
      beta, the dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation and the decrease in estrogen
      receptor content induced by PMA were comparable to those observed in PMA-treated
      parental MCF-7 cells. These observations indicate that TGF-beta reverses PMA
      resistance in MCF-7:RPh-4 cells. In addition, TGF-beta does not modify the basal
      or PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of Mr 28,000 endogenous protein. These results
      suggest that TGF-beta interferes with the protein kinase C pathway independently
      of enzyme activation.

PMID- 2302235
TI  - Developmentally regulated lectin in dark versus white axolotl embryos.
AB  - The white mutant of the Mexican axolotl, A. mexicanum, involves an ectodermal
      defect which prevents melanophore colonization. Endogenous lectins have been
      suggested to function in neural crest-derived melanophore adhesion in other
      animals. To determine if differences in endogenous lectins exist in dark and
      white axolotls during melanophore colonization, white and dark ectoderm and
      carcass tissues have been assayed for lectin activity at premigratory, early
      migratory, and late migratory neural crest stages. Lectin content (specific for D
      glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-mannose) increases significantly during
      early migration only in dark ectoderm and white carcass tissues, whereas white
      ectoderm and dark carcass lectin activities remain close to premigration levels.
      Neural crest cells in these embryos are associated with regions of high lectin
      activity suggesting that the differences in endogenous lectins may be involved in
      establishment of the dark/white phenotype.

PMID- 2302236
TI  - Characterization of phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity in human
      melanoma.
AB  - Phosphoinositide phospholipase C activity was investigated in human melanoma
      grown as solid tumor xenografts in nude mice. The enzyme was dependent on calcium
      for activity and was stimulated by the detergent deoxycholate. The pH optimum was
      5.5 in the absence of detergent, and in the presence of deoxycholate two pH
      maxima were present, 5.5 and 7.2. Phospholipase C activity was inhibited by the
      sulfhydryl reagent dithionitrobenzoate with an IC50 in the micromolar range.
      Phospholipase C activity was distributed widely in mouse tissues. The enzyme
      showed a progressive increase in activity from heart, liver, lung, colon, spleen,
      to brain tissue. Mouse and human melanomas grown as solid tumors had higher
      phospholipase C activity than mouse brain. The relatively high activity of this
      enzyme in melanoma may suggest a biological role for phospholipase C in solid
      tumor growth.

PMID- 2302237
TI  - Protein kinase C-gamma is present in adriamycin resistant HL-60 leukemia cells.
AB  - The isoform pattern of protein kinase C (PKC) was examined in wild-type and
      Adriamycin-resistant (HL-60/AR) HL-60 leukemia cells. Analyses were carried out
      by immunoblotting with mouse monoclonal antibodies against PKC-alpha and PKC-beta
      and a rabbit polyclonal antibody against the variable (V3) region of PKC-gamma.
      HL-60/AR cells contained an equivalent level of PKC-alpha and a lower amount of
      PKC-beta than HL-60 cells. In contrast, only HL-60/AR cells contained PKC-gamma.
      These results indicate that the regulation of this family of isoenzymes is
      altered in drug-resistant cells.

PMID- 2302238
TI  - Evidence for complexation of P-450 IIC6 by an orphenadrine metabolite.
AB  - Removal of the orphenadrine metabolite from its complex with rat liver P-450 IIB1
      is associated with a discrepancy in the reactivation of IIB1 activity. Two
      possible explanations are that either (1) NADPH-P-450-reductase is inaccessible
      to the restored IIB1, or (2) complexation of other P-450s may occur. Exogenous P
      450 reductase increased all pathways of steroid hydroxylation (1.9 to 3.6-fold)
      but did not enhance reactivation of IIB1-dependent steroid 16 beta-hydroxylation.
      Instead, P-450 IIC6-dependent progesterone 21-hydroxylase activity was increased
      after dissociation to 122% of control. IIC6 activity was also inhibited in vitro
      in microsomes from phenobarbital-induced rats (ki = 151 microM). Thus,
      orphenadrine appears to complex P-450 IIC6 as well as IIB1 in rat liver.

PMID- 2302239
TI  - Different regulation of hepatic peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity in rats
      treated with clofibrate and partially hydrogenated marine oil.
AB  - Total RNAs from the livers of rats treated with clofibrate and partially
      hydrogenated marine oil (PHMO) were translated in a reticulocyte-lysate cell-free
      protein-synthesizing system. In clofibrate-treated rats, mRNA activity for acyl
      CoA oxidase (AO), the rate-limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation
      system, was increased markedly compared with the control, whereas the increase
      was less than 2-fold in PHMO-treated rats. When rats were treated with both
      clofibrate and PHMO in vivo, an additional increase in the hepatic AO activity
      was observed compared with either treatment alone, suggesting that increases in
      the activities of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in the rats treated with clofibrate
      and PHMO are based on two distinct mechanisms.

PMID- 2302240
TI  - Differences between some properties of acetylated and nonacetylated forms of HMG1
      protein.
AB  - There are data suggesting that HMG1 protein may be involved in DNA replication.
      Recently we have found that only the acetylated form of the protein generates
      tetramers, stimulates the activity of DNA polymerase alpha (EC 2.7.7.7) (with
      activated DNA as a template) and forms a specific complex with it. This paper
      compares some properties of the acetylated and nonacetylated forms of HMG1
      protein and shows that it is only the acetylated form which serves as a histone
      assembly factor, increases the melting temperature of poly d[(A-T)] and
      stimulates the activity of DNA polymerase alpha when histone H1-depleted
      chromatin is used as a template.

PMID- 2302241
TI  - Production and significance of TGF-beta in AT-3 metastatic cell line established
      from the Dunning rat prostatic adenocarcinoma.
AB  - A colony formation assay using NRK-49F cells revealed that a metastatic cell
      line, AT-3, established from the Dunning prostatic carcinoma could produce TGF
      beta in a latent form. TGF-beta at a concentration as low as 0.05 ng/ml either
      stimulated the attachment or detachment of AT-3 cells depending on the kind of
      culture media. Acid extracts from conditioned medium (5 micrograms/ml) showed the
      activity comparable to that of TGF-beta (5 ng/ml). The detached cells were able
      to grow in suspension. TGF-beta (0.1 ng/ml) could also stimulate the growth of
      MC3T3-El osteoblasts established from mouse calvaria. These results suggest that
      TGF-beta is a key growth factor for osteoblastic bony metastasis of prostate
      cancer.

PMID- 2302242
TI  - Determination of four apparent mercury interaction sites in photosystem II by
      using a new modification of the Stern-Volmer analysis.
AB  - We used the Stern-Volmer method to analyze the mercury fluorescence quenching
      effect in the green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta. To this end, we introduced a new
      modification of the Stern-Volmer equation on the basis of the Lineweaver-Burk
      analysis used to characterize allosteric enzyme activity. This modification was
      useful to determine the Stern-Volmer constant, the parameter indicating the
      fraction of PSII fluorescence susceptible to the mercury quenching effect (Fs),
      and to estimate the apparent number of mercury binding sites (Napp = 3.72) on
      PSII which affect the variable fluorescence. This value of Napp indicates the
      possibility of four mercury binding sites in the PSII complex. We suggested that
      this may be related to the mercury inhibition of the oxygen-evolving complex
      containing four Mn active sites.

PMID- 2302243
TI  - Fatty acid requirement of B lymphocytes activated in vitro.
AB  - The lipid and fatty acid requirement of B lymphocytes activated in vitro was
      examined by replacing soybean lipids with various combinations of lecithins,
      fatty acids and cholesterol. It is reported here that linoleic acid is the sole
      fatty acid required to support the proliferation of B lymphocytes and maturation
      to immunoglobulin-secreting cells.

PMID- 2302244
TI  - Calsequestrin, an intracellular calcium-binding protein of skeletal muscle
      sarcoplasmic reticulum, is homologous to aspartactin, a putative laminin-binding
      protein of the extracellular matrix.
AB  - Calsequestrin was isolated from chicken fast-twitch skeletal muscle, and partial
      amino terminal sequence was determined. The sequence (NH2) EEGLNFPTYDGKDRVIDLNE
      shows high identity with known mammalian calsequestrins contained in the Protein
      Identification Resource data bank (1). Most importantly, this 20 amino acid
      sequence shares complete identity with the amino terminus of aspartactin, a
      putative laminin-binding protein of the extracellular matrix (2, 3). The possible
      relationship of aspartactin to calsequestrin is discussed.

PMID- 2302245
TI  - Evidence for involvement of 2 histidine residues in the reaction of ampicillin
      acylase.
AB  - The chemical modification of purified ampicillin acylase by N-bromosuccinimide
      and diethylpyrocarbonate resulted in time-dependent inactivation of the enzyme.
      Both substrates, ampicillin and 6-aminopenicillanic acid, protected the enzyme
      against inactivation, suggesting that the modification occurred near or at the
      active site. Amino acid analyses and other data indicated that two histidyl
      residues per subunit molecule were essential for catalytic activity.

PMID- 2302246
TI  - Aggregating platelets increase intracellular calcium in endothelial cells through
      release of adenine nucleotides.
AB  - Aggregating platelets relax isolated coronary arteries through the release of
      endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Since release of EDRF may be calcium
      dependent, we tested if and how aggregating platelets stimulated a calcium
      response in cultured endothelial cells. Aggregating platelets caused a transient
      increase in intracellular calcium in endothelial cells loaded with the
      fluorescent calcium indicator fura-2. The adenine nucleotides ADP and ATP, but
      not other platelet-derived mediators, mimicked the platelet-induced calcium
      response, and inhibition of adenine nucleotides impaired the response to
      aggregating platelets. Thus, aggregating platelets release adenine nucleotides
      and stimulate a rise in intracellular calcium in cultured endothelial cells. This
      calcium response may represent the intracellular transduction mechanism by which
      aggregating platelets induce endothelial release of EDRF and subsequent
      relaxation of coronary arteries.

PMID- 2302247
TI  - The mouse glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain is not phosphorylated in
      vivo.
AB  - The glucocorticoid receptor is phosphorylated, but the precise location of the
      phosphorylated groups is unknown. We cultured AtT-20 cells in medium containing
      [32P]-orthophosphate and used immunoaffinity methods to isolate the intact
      receptor and a tryptic fragment containing the DNA binding domain. Analysis of
      the intact receptor, co-labeled with the affinity ligand dexamethasone-mesylate,
      confirmed that the receptor was phosphorylated. Isolation of the DNA binding
      domain by trypsinization and immunopurification showed that it was not
      phosphorylated. Interestingly, a non-immunoreactive phosphorylated fragment
      similar in size to the DNA-binding fragment was observed. Our results suggest
      that phosphorylation of the DNA binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor is
      not essential for hormone action.

PMID- 2302248
TI  - Characterization of the two oligosaccharides present in the preferential
      hormonogenic domain of human thyroglobulin.
AB  - The N-terminal fragment of human thyroglobulin (residues 1 to 171) contains the
      preferential hormonogenic site of the molecule and 2 potential sites of N
      glycosylation (Asn57 and Asn91). This fragment was isolated from a human
      thyroglobulin purified from a single goiter. The tryptic peptides bearing the
      glycosylation sites were separated by Bio-Gel P-30 and HPLC columns. The
      oligosaccharides borne at each site were analyzed, after tritium labeling, by
      concanavalin A-Sepharose and HPLC. At both sites the structures observed are
      heterogenous, with a majority of biantennary complex type structures.

PMID- 2302249
TI  - Rabbit nasal cytochrome P-450 NMa has high activity as a nicotine oxidase.
AB  - Rabbit nasal olfactory and respiratory microsomes demonstrate high activity
      toward [3H]-(S)-nicotine, with specific activities of 22.2 and 6.5 nmol/min/mg
      protein, respectively. The major metabolite produced is (S)-nicotine delta 1'; 5'
      iminium ion, with lesser amounts of nornicotine and the N'-oxide. Reconstitution
      of the rabbit nasal microsomal system with cytochromes P-450 NMa and NMb
      indicated that only P-450 NMa has significant activity toward nicotine, and the
      metabolite profile and turnover are similar to that observed with nasal
      microsomes. The low Km (35 microMs) and high Vmax (28 min-1) suggest that a
      significant portion of inhaled nicotine is metabolized by nasal tissues in the
      rabbit.

PMID- 2302250
TI  - Glutathione disulfide enhances the reduced glutathione inhibition of lipid
      peroxidation in rat liver microsomes.
AB  - Experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of reduced (GSH) and oxidized
      (GSSG) glutathione on lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. Dependence on
      microsomal alpha-tocopherol was shown for the GSH inhibition of lipid
      peroxidation. However, when GSH (5 mM) and GSSG (2.5 mM) were combined in the
      assay system, inhibition of lipid peroxidation was enhanced markedly over that
      with GSH alone in microsomes containing alpha-tocopherol. Surprisingly, the
      synergistic inhibitory effect of GSH and GSSG was also observed for microsomes
      that were deficient in alpha-tocopherol. These data suggest that there may be
      more than one factor responsible for the glutathione-dependent inhibition of
      lipid peroxidation. The first is dependent upon microsomal alpha-tocopherol and
      likely requires GSH for alpha-tocopherol regeneration from the alpha-tocopheroxyl
      radical during lipid peroxidation. The second factor appears to be independent of
      alpha-tocopherol and may involve the reduction of lipid hydroperoxides to their
      corresponding alcohols. One, or possibly both, of these factors may be activated
      by GSSG through thiol/disulfide exchange with a protein sulfhydryl moiety.

PMID- 2302251
TI  - cDNA cloning of a novel cell adhesion protein expressed in human squamous
      carcinoma cells.
AB  - A novel protein (SQM1 protein) present in human squamous epithelial cells has
      been found to be involved in cell adhesion in squamous epithelial cells,
      endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins. The corresponding cDNA that
      encodes a 135-residue polypeptide has been isolated. Sequence analysis indicates
      that the encoded polypeptide is distinct yet related to the beta subunit of
      integrins. A new sequence motif consisting of a heptadic repeat of positively
      charged residues present in the polypeptide has been identified and is proposed
      to be important in protein-protein interaction. These results suggest that SQM1
      protein, a new cell adhesion molecule expressed in squamous epithelial cells, may
      play an important role in tumor metastasis.

PMID- 2302252
TI  - Anti-inflammatory activity of various superoxide dismutases on polyarthritis in
      the Lewis rat.
AB  - The anti-arthritic activity of four superoxide dismutases (SODs) has been
      compared by using the adjuvant-induced polyarthritis rat model. Many of the
      clinical signs observed in the rat closely resemble those of human rheumatic
      diseases and the Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome. An original protocol and
      various approaches allowed study of the evolution of long term (30-90 days) SOD
      treatment. Results are relevant to clinical application: human and bovine Cu-SODs
      are fully active during secondary and tertiary arthritic reaction; homologous rat
      Cu-SOD is active only transiently at the end of the secondary reaction; human Mn
      SOD is active only on the second stage of arthritic reaction. It should be noted
      that bovine and human SODs slightly delay the appearance of bony damage. These
      data were confirmed by the scintigraphic study. Finally it is noteworthy that
      drug pharmacological activity decreases when the blood level of anti-SOD
      antibodies increases. This indicates the existence of an immunological reaction
      following SOD administration.

PMID- 2302253
TI  - Studies on the hepatotoxicity of galactosamine/endotoxin or galactosamine/TNF in
      the perfused mouse liver.
AB  - Livers of male albino NMRI mice were perfused in situ at a flow rate of 3
      ml/min/g liver in a non-recirculation system. The organs remained intact for at
      least 3 hr as assessed by release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the
      perfusate and by constant O2 consumption. The infusion of the following agents
      did not cause significant enzyme release or microscopically visible organ
      injuries: galactosamine (1.8 mg/ml), endotoxin (1 microgram/ml), murine
      recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (0.3 micrograms/ml/g) or combinations of
      them. In contrast, in vivo pretreatment of the animals with 700 mg/kg
      galactosamine + 5 micrograms/kg endotoxin, or 700 mg/kg galactosamine + 15
      micrograms/kg tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) led to a massive LDH release into
      the perfusate. Infusion of uridine (0.67 mg/ml/g) into perfused livers from
      animals in vivo pretreated with either galactosamine/endotoxin or
      galactosamine/TNF, prevented LDH release and histologically visible liver injury.
      We conclude from these findings that in vivo pretreatment of the animals resulted
      in latent and reversible damage of the liver induced by extrahepatic factors
      which are prevented by intrahepatic events sensitive to uridine.

PMID- 2302254
TI  - Production of monospecific antiserum to a cytosolic epoxide hydrolase from human
      liver.
AB  - A method for the purification to apparent homogeneity of cytosolic trans-stilbene
      oxide hydrolase from human liver is presented. The method employed ion exchange
      and gel filtration chromatography. From 50 g of human liver, 4.9 mg of homogenous
      enzyme protein was obtained. Although the enzyme had lost much of its catalytic
      activity during purification, it was nevertheless suitable for the preparation of
      antibodies to the enzyme. Only one immunogenic species was present in the antigen
      preparation, but some antibodies that were cross-reactive to sites on catalase
      were present in the antiserum. These catalase-specific antibodies were removed by
      immunoaffinity chromatography, and an IgG fraction that is monospecific to the
      cytosolic epoxide hydrolase was obtained. The usefulness of antibodies to this
      enzyme in immunoblotting experiments, following either sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or isoelectric focussing, as well as in enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assays, is demonstrated.

PMID- 2302255
TI  - Purification of a rat liver cytosolic sulfotransferase responsible for the
      conjugation of digitoxigenin.
AB  - Previous investigations on the digitoxin metabolism hardly considered the role of
      the sulfate ester conjugation. Therefore, this study examined whether digitoxin
      (dt-3) or one of its cleavage products might be sulfated in vitro. It was proven
      that digitoxigenin (dt-0) is by far the best substrate for the cytosolic
      sulfotransferases (ST). Digitoxigenin-monodigitoxoside (dt-1) and digitoxigenin
      bisdigitoxoside (dt-2) are sulfated in trace amounts whereas dt-3 is not sulfated
      at all. The purification of the responsible enzyme was performed by liquid
      chromatography on Q-Sepharose and hydroxyapatite. During the purification
      procedure this enzymatic activity corresponded exactly to that towards
      dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The 134-fold purified and gel electrophoretically
      homogeneous enzyme protein (Mr 33,000) showed a Vmax of 12.5 nmoles dt-0
      sulfate/min mg protein and a KM of 37 mumol/L. The purified enzyme conjugated dt
      1 and dt-2 in trace amounts only and was inhibited competitively by DHEA. It can
      be concluded that in the rat a 3 beta-hydroxy-steroid sulfotransferase is
      responsible for the sulfation of dt-0. The purified enzyme reacts with dt-1, dt-2
      and digoxigenin (dg-0) in traces only, a sulfation of dt-3 is not detectable.

PMID- 2302256
TI  - Requirement of a reactive aldehyde moiety for aldehyde-mediated protection
      against cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum-induced cell inactivation.
AB  - The effect of the aromatic aldehydes benzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde, the
      glucose-acetal derivative 4,6-benzylidene-D-glucose (BG) and the glucoside
      salicylaldehyde-beta-D-glucoside (helicin) on cell inactivation induced by cis
      dichlorodiammineplatinum (cis-DDP) was investigated using cultured human NHIK
      3025 cells. Cell inactivation was measured as loss in the ability of single cells
      to give rise to macroscopic colonies following drug treatment. The fraction of
      cells surviving a 2 hr treatment with 10 microM cis-DDP increased from 0.012 +/-
      0.004 to 0.10 +/- 0.03 when treatment was combined with at least 1 mM
      benzaldehyde or at least 0.2 mM salicylaldehyde. Of the two sugar-aldehyde
      derivatives only helicin protected cells from the inactivating effect of cis-DDP,
      although to a much lesser extent than either benzaldehyde or salicylaldehyde.
      While helicin retains the aldehyde moiety of salicylaldehyde, BG does not possess
      any free aldehyde group. Using synchronized cells we found these effects to
      appear in all phases of the cell cycle. Measurements of cell-associated platinum
      indicated that the degree of protection from the inactivating effects of cis-DDP
      by these aldehydes was related to the degree of reduced platinum accumulation. We
      conclude that this reduced accumulation may represent an inhibition of specific
      cell membrane uptake sites via Schiff based formation between membrane amino
      groups and aldehydes.

PMID- 2302257
TI  - Activation of glycogen phosphorylase in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and
      isolated hepatocytes by organophosphates.
AB  - Several organophosphates including diisopropylfluorophosphonate (DPF) and a
      variety of compounds used as chemical warfare agents produced dose- and time
      dependent increases in phosphorylase-a, the phosphorylated form of glycogen
      phosphorylase in rat pheochromocytoma cells, PC12, and isolated hepatocytes.
      Increases in phosphorylase-a did not occur in cells exposed to the carbamates,
      physostigmine or pyridostigmine, or to O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethylmethyl
      phosphonathiolate (VX), an organophosphate which is protonated at physiological
      pH. When extracellular pH was increased to pH 8, VX acted like the other
      organophosphates and increased phosphorylase-a activity. The possibility that
      organophosphates increase phosphorylase-a in intact cells by releasing Ca2+ from
      intracellular binding sites is supported by the following findings:
      organophosphate-induced increases in phosphorylase-a did not correlate with
      changes in cyclic AMP in the two cell types studied; in PC12 cells, increases in
      this activity occurred in the absence of extracellular calcium and were not
      inhibited by the calcium channel blocker, verapamil; fluorescence of the calcium
      sensitive dye, Quin-2, in PC12 cells preloaded with the acetoxymethyl ester of
      the dye was increased by soman; finally, addition of the calcium ionophore,
      A23187, to PC12 cells maintained in calcium-free medium caused sarin-stimulated
      phosphorylase-a activity to return rapidly to basal levels. Collectively, these
      data argue strongly that organophosphates increase phosphorylase-a activity in
      intact cells via a novel mechanism involving release of calcium from
      intracellular binding sites.

PMID- 2302258
TI  - Kinetic properties of the metabolism of imipramine and desipramine in isolated
      rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The metabolism of imipramine and desipramine was examined by using isolated rat
      hepatocytes. The enzyme systems having high-affinity-and-low-capacity and low
      affinity-and-high-capacity kinetic properties were found to catalyze aromatic 2
      hydroxylations of imipramine and desipramine, and aliphatic N-demethylation of
      imipramine, respectively. The Km and Vmax values for N-demethylation of
      imipramine (which formed desipramine) were about 5-10 and 5 times larger than
      those of both 2-hydroxylations respectively. A competitive inhibition between the
      2-hydroxylations of imipramine and desipramine ("parallel pathway interaction")
      (Chiba M, Fujita S and Suzuki T, J Pharm Sci 77: 944-947, 1988), observed using
      liver microsomes, was found also in isolated hepatocytes. It was concluded that
      the characteristics of imipramine metabolism observed in liver microsomes were
      well reproduced in isolated rat hepatocytes.

PMID- 2302259
TI  - Biothermodynamic characterization of erythrocyte hemolysis induced by
      phenothiazine derivatives and anti-inflammatory drugs.

PMID- 2302260
TI  - Arthritogenicity of minor cartilage collagens (types IX and XI) in mice.
AB  - Native type II collagen, the major cartilage collagen, is immunogenic and
      arthritogenic in rodents. To investigate whether minor cartilage collagens are
      arthritogenic, we immunized DBA/1 mice with the pepsin-soluble fractions of type
      IX or type XI collagen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. Both collagens
      were arthritogenic in DBA/1 mice after only 1 injection. However, the incidence
      of the polyarthritis was lower and the severity was lesser than with that induced
      by bovine type II collagen, even when a booster injection was administered. All
      mice developed a humoral response to the immunizing antigen, without any
      relationship to the arthritic status. Interestingly, competition experiments
      showed that antibodies raised against type XI collagen also bound with high
      avidity to type II collagen. In contrast, sera from type IX collagen-immunized
      mice did not react with either type II or type XI collagen. We conclude that
      types IX and XI minor cartilage collagens are both arthritogenic and immunogenic
      in DBA/1 mice. Whether the recognition of epitopes common to different collagens
      is relevant to the articular pathology remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2302261
TI  - Estrogen metabolism in the (New Zealand black x New Zealand white)F1 murine model
      of systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Hepatic microsomal estrogen metabolism was analyzed in the (New Zealand black x
      New Zealand white)F1 ([NZB x NZW]F1) murine model of systemic lupus
      erythematosus. Both the estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity (per mg microsomal
      protein) and the hepatic cytochrome P-450 content were higher in premorbid (NZB x
      NZW)F1 mice, as compared with similarly aged nonautoimmune mice. However, these
      differences were not associated with alterations in the relative formation of the
      2-hydroxylated and the 16 alpha-hydroxylated metabolites. The development of
      overt nephritis was associated with a decrease in estrogen metabolic activity,
      but not with any alteration in the distribution of estrogen metabolites. Thus,
      estrogen metabolism was not altered in premorbid (NZB x NZW)F1 mice in a manner
      that would result in abnormal retention of hormonally active metabolites.

PMID- 2302262
TI  - A toxicity index for comparison of side effects among different drugs.

PMID- 2302263
TI  - Evolution of extramedullary plasmacytoma in a patient with primary Sjogren's
      syndrome.

PMID- 2302264
TI  - Healing of joint erosions in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2302265
TI  - Correlation of serologic indicators of inflammation with effectiveness of
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Forty-seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis (mean duration 5.7 years) who were
      receiving neither disease-modifying drugs nor corticosteroids were enrolled in a
      12-week, multicenter study of the relationship between clinical and serologic
      measures of disease activity in patients taking nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
      drugs. After a 2-week drug washout period, patients received flurbiprofen (200
      mg/day) or sustained-release ibuprofen (2,400 mg/day) for a 10-week trial.
      Clinical response was assessed biweekly using standard clinical parameters,
      including 50-foot walk time, tender joint score, duration of morning stiffness,
      and global assessment of disease activity and pain (by both the patient and the
      physician). Patients were classified as responders if there was greater than or
      equal to 30% improvement in at least 3 of the 4 clinical measures of disease
      activity. Thirty patients completed at least 8 weeks of therapy; there were 12
      responders and 18 nonresponders. Of the laboratory parameters examined, the
      responders, but not the nonresponders, demonstrated significant reductions (from
      postwashout values) in levels of IgM rheumatoid factor and C-reactive protein
      (CRP), along with significant increases in the number of circulating lymphocytes
      and decreases in the number of circulating granulocytes (P less than or equal to
      0.05). In contrast, the nonresponders demonstrated either no change or worsening
      of the laboratory correlates of disease activity. The responders also appeared to
      have more aggressive disease at baseline, with significantly more painful joints,
      greater 50-foot walk times, elevated CRP values, and elevated erythrocyte
      sedimentation rates (P less than or equal to 0.05). These data suggest that there
      is a subset of rheumatoid arthritis patients in whom clinical improvement with
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy is associated with significant
      reductions in IgM rheumatoid factor and CRP levels.

PMID- 2302266
TI  - Prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Negative impact of increasing age at
      onset, black race, and thrombocytopenia, as well as causes of death.
AB  - To assess the impact of demographic and clinical factors on prognosis in patients
      with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we examined survivorship by life-table
      analysis in 389 patients. There were approximately equal numbers of Caucasian
      patients and American black patients in this study group. On both univariate and
      multivariate analyses, we found that both American black race and increasing age
      at SLE onset independently worsened the probability of survival. Of all the
      clinical factors we analyzed, thrombocytopenia emerged as the only independent
      risk factor for a worse prognosis in SLE. In all clinical and demographic groups
      considered, the leading cause of death was infection.

PMID- 2302267
TI  - c-myc proto-oncogene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from
      patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - We examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 16 patients with
      Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and 7 normal control subjects for the expression of the c
      myc proto-oncogene. Patients with SS were found to have a significantly increased
      expression of c-myc messenger RNA compared with normal individuals. No abnormal
      forms of c-myc RNA were detected in the SS patients. DNA analysis did not show
      deletion, rearrangement, or amplification in the c-myc proto-oncogene. The
      methylation status of the c-myc gene in patients with SS was found to be
      comparable with that of the control subjects. Nuclear run-off assays showed
      increased transcription of the c-myc gene in some patients but normal
      transcription in others, suggesting that posttranscriptional mechanisms are also
      involved in the increased c-myc messenger RNA observed in these patients. Two
      patients with primary SS and B cell lymphomas were found to have normal c-myc
      expression in their PBMC. These results demonstrate the presence of activated
      PBMC in patients with primary SS and delineate some of the mechanisms that are
      involved at the molecular level. We speculate that increased c-myc expression may
      represent an early permissive event in the progression toward neoplasia in these
      patients.

PMID- 2302268
TI  - Quantitative microfocal radiographic assessment of progression in osteoarthritis
      of the hand.
AB  - We studied 32 patients with osteoarthritis who had 5x macroradiographs taken of
      their wrists and hands at 6-month intervals over an 18-month period. The higher
      magnification and resolution of microfocal radiography permitted the quantitative
      detection of progressive changes in 4 different features: subchondral sclerosis,
      the number and size of osteophytes, juxtaarticular radiolucencies, and joint
      space narrowing. Compared with normal control subjects, subchondral cortical
      thickness was greater in all patients at entry and showed a variable degree of
      change over the study period. Osteophytes and juxtaarticular radiolucencies were
      present in all patients at study entry; by the end of the study, osteophytes had
      increased in number and area, and juxtaarticular radiolucencies had increased in
      area, but not in number. At entry, 44% of the patients had joint space narrowing
      significantly greater than that in the control subjects; by 18 months, this
      proportion increased to 65%. No correlation was found between subchondral
      sclerosis, osteophytes, juxtaarticular radiolucencies, and joint space narrowing.
      We conclude that in osteoarthritis of the hand, the bony changes have progressed
      significantly before the occurrence of radiographically evident joint space
      narrowing indicative of cartilage thinning.

PMID- 2302269
TI  - Inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption by mechanical stimulation in vitro.
AB  - The influence of mechanical stimulation by intermittent compressive force (ICF)
      of physiologic magnitude on osteoclastic bone resorption was investigated in
      cultures of fetal mouse cartilaginous long bones. Exposure to ICF resulted in a
      significant decrease in mineral resorption, as indicated by the decreased release
      of 45Ca and a decreased number of osteoclasts in the diaphysis. Conditioned
      medium (CM) from ICF-exposed periosteum-free cultures (ICF-CM), but not from
      control cultures (Co-CM), inhibited mineral resorption in fresh bones cultured
      under control conditions. Co-CM increased, but ICF-CM decreased, the number of
      tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells in 7-day bone marrow cultures.
      Direct exposure of bone marrow cultures to ICF yielded the same results. Thus,
      osteoclastic bone resorption in cartilaginous long bones is inhibited by ICF in
      vitro. A soluble factor(s) acting on tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
      positive, osteoclast precursor-like cells seems to play a role in this effect.

PMID- 2302270
TI  - Iodide and albumin kinetics in normal canine wrists and knees.
AB  - The clearance rates of free iodide and of radioiodinated serum albumin were
      measured in the knee and wrist joints of 9 normal adult dogs. Iodide clearance
      from the knee was 3 times greater than that from the wrist. In contrast,
      radioiodinated serum albumin clearance from the knee was only slightly greater
      than that from the wrist. Interpreted as respective indices of effective synovial
      plasma flow and lymphatic drainage, these values indicate that the filtration
      fraction is normally greater in microvessels of the wrist than in those of the
      knee. These findings complement the results of companion studies of Starling
      forces that indicate a higher pressure microvascular bed in the wrist than in the
      knee.

PMID- 2302271
TI  - Hydrostatic and oncotic determinants of microvascular fluid balance in normal
      canine joints.
AB  - Water moves between plasma (p) and synovial fluid (SF) in response to gradients
      in the balance of opposing hydrostatic pressures (HP) and oncotic pressures (OP).
      At the vascular site where proximal filtration ceases and distal reabsorption
      begins, all forces are theoretically in balance. At this point, the transitional
      microvascular pressure (TMP) may be estimated from the equation TMP = HPSF + OPP 
      OPSF. We measured these forces in the shoulders, wrists, and knees of 10 normal
      dogs, ages 2-10 years. The mean HPSF in the knee was lower than that in the
      shoulders and significantly lower than that in the wrist. Conversely, the OPSF in
      the wrist was significantly lower than that in the shoulder or the knee. These
      factors combined indicate that the microvascular bed in the normal knee has a
      remarkably low mean TMP (7.9 mm Hg). We also found a strong positive correlation
      between the age of each dog and the mean oncotic pressure of its SF.

PMID- 2302272
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate administered by intramuscular and subcutaneous
      injections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The serum concentrations and the pharmacokinetics of low-dose methotrexate (MTX)
      were compared after both intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SQ) injections in 5
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Values for the observed peak concentration,
      the time to the observed peak concentration, and the area under the time versus
      concentration curve for IM injections were not significantly different from these
      values for SQ injections. These results suggest that IM and SQ are
      interchangeable routes of administration. SQ administration may be a more
      convenient and less painful way of administering low-dose MTX.

PMID- 2302274
TI  - Medical journals in China.
AB  - About 500 medical journals are published in the People's Republic of China;
      circulations range from approximately 1000 to 130,000. Publishers include the
      Chinese Medical Association (which publishes the most heavily cited journals),
      the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Traditional
      Chinese Medicine, publishing houses, and academic institutions. In format,
      content, and operations, Chinese medical journals generally resemble their
      American counterparts, but they also differ. Their content consists largely of
      scientific papers (whose format is usually the same as that in the United
      States), case reports, and review articles. Case series are common, and reports
      of randomized clinical trials are rare. An estimated 20% of journals routinely
      include English-language abstracts, and the proportion is increasing. Papers are
      normally peer reviewed by at least two referees. Authors generally are paid on
      publication of a paper, and peer reviewers are also paid. The post office handles
      circulation for many journals.

PMID- 2302273
TI  - Subclinical renal dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We studied renal function in 35 patients with chronic, seropositive rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA), of whom 7 had vasculitis, 10 had hypergammaglobulinemia, and 18
      had neither of these 2 conditions. Findings included a decreased glomerular
      filtration rate in 8 patients, (micro)proteinuria in 11, a defective urine
      concentration in 10, and increased urinary tubular enzyme levels in 15. These
      results indicate that subclinical renal dysfunction is common in patients with
      chronic, seropositive RA. In addition, vasculitis and hypergammaglobulinemia were
      not identified as risk factors for renal dysfunction in the RA patients studied.

PMID- 2302275
TI  - Dangers of defibrillation: injuries to emergency personnel during patient
      resuscitation.
AB  - There have been no studies of the nature of defibrillatory shocks or risks to
      persons, providing them other than one individual case report and a number of
      incidental accounts. In this study, the severity and nature of injuries to
      prehospital emergency personnel in King County, Washington are reported. In
      addition, the types of injuries occurring to defibrillator operators throughout
      the United States, as voluntarily reported to the Food and Drug Administration
      (FDA), are described. In King County, prehospital emergency personnel reported
      eight accidental shocks. One individual was admitted to the hospital for 3 days
      and required lidocaine for premature ventricular contractions. Most injuries were
      the result of accidental contact with the patient rather than equipment failure,
      but the most serious case was caused by equipment failure. There were 13 injuries
      reported to the FDA over a 3 1/2-year period, and most injuries involved a mild
      shock or burn. Three patients were admitted to the hospital for observation. Two
      cases involved equipment failure. The rate of injury for paramedics was 1 per
      1,700 defibrillatory shocks, and the rate of injury for emergency medical
      technician-defibrillator personnel was 1 per 1,000 defibrillatory shocks. These
      rates probably overestimate the real risk. Emphasis on safety and incorporation
      of safety procedures into resuscitation protocols can make the rate of injury
      even lower.

PMID- 2302276
TI  - Protection against d-amphetamine toxicity.
AB  - The efficacy of diazepam, haloperidol, propranolol, and yohimbine in antagonizing
      the toxic manifestations of d-amphetamine were studied in rats. In the control
      group of animals given 75 mg/kg intraperitoneal (ip) d-amphetamine, 95% developed
      seizures, and 100% died in mean times of 12.6 +/- 1.0 and 50.1 +/- 5.9 minutes,
      respectively. Significant protection against d-amphetamine-induced death was
      afforded by pretreatment with haloperidol (1.0 to 20.0 mg/kg) or propranolol
      (20.0 to 30.0 mg/kg). Diazepam (5.0 to 10.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced the
      incidence of clinically overt seizures but offered no protection against death.
      Yohimbine (2.5 to 10.0 mg/kg) was ineffective in preventing either seizures or
      death. When haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg) was administered in combination with diazepam
      (2.0 mg/kg), the incidence of death was no different than if haloperidol were
      given alone. In combination, haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg) and propranolol (10.0 mg/kg)
      reduced death more than either agent alone. These data support a protective role
      of haloperidol or propranolol in the treatment of d-amphetamine intoxication and
      show no protection with diazepam or yohimbine.

PMID- 2302277
TI  - Angiographic artifacts that simulate arterial pathology in acute trauma.
AB  - Films from 246 angiograms performed for acute trauma were reviewed for artifacts
      that mimic arterial pathology. The population studied was young (mean age 31.8
      years), and preexisting arterial disease was uncommon. Thirty patients (12%)
      exhibited 35 artifactual abnormalities. Artifacts included stationary wave
      formation (15 patients), admixture in the leading edge of the contrast column (7
      patients) or streaming from the inside aspect of an arterial curve (13 patients),
      Mach bands (8 patients), and abnormal densities caused by the mishandling of film
      (1 patient) or discharge of static electricity (1 patient). These artifacts have
      typical morphologic appearances and locations that allow differentiation from
      pathological processes that manifest as intraluminal filling defects or arterial
      wall irregularity.

PMID- 2302278
TI  - Is emergency department resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims
      who arrive pulseless worthwhile?
AB  - It is still a common practice to continue unsuccessful field resuscitations in
      the emergency department (ED) even after prolonged estimated down times. The
      authors studied patients who arrested in the field and did not regain a pulse
      before their arrival in the ED to determine if any ever leave the hospital
      neurologically intact. All cardiac arrests in the urban St Louis area that were
      brought to our facility over a 2 1/2-year period by advanced life support units
      (excluding all patients with hypothermia, drug overdose, near drowning, and
      traumatic cardiac arrest) were reviewed. Of 243 such patients 32 (13%) arrived
      with a pulse. Twenty-three of these patients were admitted and 10 discharged
      alive, 7 were neurologically intact. Out of 211 patients who arrived without a
      pulse, 24 (11%) developed a pulse with further resuscitative efforts in the ED.
      Eighteen of these patients were admitted but only one was discharged
      neurologically intact. The only survivor in the group without a pulse arrested
      while en route to the ED. It is concluded that cardiac arrest victims who arrive
      in the ED without a pulse on arrival or en route have almost no chance of
      functional recovery.

PMID- 2302279
TI  - Performance characteristics of urine dipsticks stored in open containers.
AB  - Dip and read urinalysis is a laboratory test commonly performed by emergency
      physicians. Although the manufacturer states that the capped vials containing the
      dipsticks must be closed immediately after removal of a strip, this
      recommendation may not be followed in a busy emergency department. In a simple,
      two-part, blinded, and controlled trial the authors found that the reagents for
      determining leukocyte esterase, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, urobilinogen,
      bilirubin, and blood showed good reproducibility when fresh dipsticks were
      compared with dipsticks exposed to room temperature and humidity for 1 to 15
      days. In contrast to this, the nitrite portion of the exposed dipsticks showed a
      rapid and cumulative loss of specificity over time. By the end of a week of
      exposure, one third of the nitrite tests gave false-positive readings. At the end
      of a second week, nearly three quarters gave false-positive readings for a
      specificity of only 28%. It is concluded that the nitrite reagent, in contrast to
      the other eight reagents on the Chemstrip-9 dipstick (Biodynamics, Indianapolis,
      IN), rapidly loses accuracy when stored in uncapped vials.

PMID- 2302280
TI  - Enalapril induced angioedema.
AB  - A report of three patients who developed angiodema while receiving enalapril.
      Patient 1 came in with an 8-hour history of facial swelling after enalapril had
      been started 2 days earlier. The second patient came in with severe angiodema of
      the tongue, larynx, and glottis requiring emergency tracheostomy, hydroxyzine,
      and steroids. He had been treated with enalapril for 1 year. The third patient
      developed facial swelling within a few hours of the first dose of enalapril.
      Angiodema with enalapril can occur early or late in the course of therapy. A
      possible mechanism for this drug reaction is the potentiation of bradykinin with
      resultant kinin system activation.

PMID- 2302281
TI  - Vaginal evisceration.
AB  - A case of spontaneous vaginal evisceration is presented. Predisposing causes are
      the postmenopausal atrophic vagina, previous vaginal surgery, and the presence of
      an enterocele. Successful outcome is dependent on early recognition and surgical
      management.

PMID- 2302282
TI  - Cases in electrocardiography.

PMID- 2302283
TI  - A career path in emergency and critical care medicine: the time is ripe.

PMID- 2302284
TI  - Xiphoidynia: an uncommon cause of exertional chest pain.

PMID- 2302285
TI  - Saphenous vein cutdown.

PMID- 2302286
TI  - Pulse oximetry in the ED.

PMID- 2302287
TI  - Application of a model of exertional heatstroke pathophysiology to cocaine
      intoxication.

PMID- 2302288
TI  - Marijuana uvula.

PMID- 2302289
TI  - Nontraumatic prehospital cardiac arrest ages 1 to 39 years.
AB  - Clinical and autopsy records were retrospectively reviewed for 105 patients
      between the ages of 1 and 39 years who came in to the emergency department with
      nontraumatic cardiac arrest. There were 65 male (62%) and 40 female patients
      (38%). Forty-eight percent of the patients were resuscitated. Long-term survival
      rate was 23%. The most common presenting rhythm was ventricular fibrillation
      (45%). Cardiac diseases constituted the most common cause of arrest (38%).
      Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease represented 50% of all cardiac causes.
      The second most common etiology was overdose or toxic exposure (21%). Witnessed
      arrest and an etiology of primary cardiac dysrhythmia for arrest were
      statistically significant factors related to favorable outcome. Asystole as the
      initial cardiac rhythm was a negative prognostic indicator. Age, sex, race,
      bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and paramedic response time were not
      significant prognostic factors for long-term survival.

PMID- 2302290
TI  - Thoracic aortography following blunt chest trauma.
AB  - The records of 314 patients who suffered blunt chest trauma and underwent
      thoracic aortography between 1968 and 1986 were retrospectively reviewed. The
      patients ranged in age from 7 to 84 years (mean, 37.7 years). There were 255 male
      and 59 female patients. The majority of injuries were the result of motor vehicle
      accidents. The most common indication for aortography was a widened mediastinum
      on chest roentgenogram (83.4%). The aortogram was positive for cardiovascular
      injury in 19.7% of cases. There were 47 patients with aortic rupture, 15 with
      subclavian artery disruption, and 1 with traumatic aortic insufficiency.
      Complications occurred in 1.7% of patients. Two patients sustained groin
      hematomas and one patient suffered an intimal tear of the ascending aorta from
      the angiographic catheter. None of the complications required treatment. Aberrant
      origin of the arch vessels occurred in 0.96% of patients, and ductus diverticulum
      occurred in 0.64%. There were two false-positive and no false-negative
      aortograms. It was concluded that thoracic aortography after trauma is accurate
      and safe.

PMID- 2302291
TI  - Midazolam use in the emergency department.
AB  - Midazolam is the first water-soluble benzodiazepine. As with other
      benzodiazepines it has amnestic, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, and
      anticonvulsant properties. Midazolam is about two to four times more potent than
      diazepam. Midazolam has been extensively used for a variety of outpatient
      procedures, but there has been no documentation of its safety in emergency
      department patients. The authors retrospectively reviewed all patients receiving
      midazolam during a 2-year period at the University of Cincinnati Center for
      Emergency Care. The study population consisted of 389 patients (men 56%; women
      44%) with an average age of 33.3 years. Midazolam was used intravenously for
      sedation before a wide variety of painful procedures and for agitation control.
      The average dose was 3.86 mg, with a range of 0.5 mg to 20.0 mg. The majority of
      patients (79.2%) received narcotics or sedative/hypnotic agents in addition to
      midazolam. There was an overall complication rate of 1.0%. Two patients (0.5%)
      developed clinically significant respiratory depression after midazolam use. Both
      patients had also received fentanyl citrate and the respiratory depression was
      reversed with naloxone. Two patients (0.5%) receiving several other drugs
      developed short periods of hypotension. There were no apparent long term
      sequelae. The authors conclude that midazolam can be safely used in the emergency
      department setting. Careful dosing and titration to the desired clinical effects
      is mandatory. Patients should be closely monitored to maximize safety.

PMID- 2302292
TI  - Health care and the private sector in the Third World.

PMID- 2302293
TI  - The Hippocratic Oath and medical students.

PMID- 2302294
TI  - English proficiency in multiple-choice questions.

PMID- 2302295
TI  - Comparing research activities of women and men faculty in departments of internal
      medicine.
AB  - The findings from a questionnaire prepared by the Association of Professors of
      Medicine and the Association of American Medical Colleges were published in two
      reports in 1986 and 1987. These reports assessed the research activities of full
      time members of departments of internal medicine in 1982 and 1983. The purpose of
      the present study was to analyze the data of the earlier reports in order to
      compare the research activities of women and men who were full-time faculty in
      departments of medicine during the time period originally surveyed. More than
      half of the faculty women who responded (52%) were less than 40 years old,
      compared with 23% of the faculty men. Sixty-seven percent of the women held the
      rank of instructor or assistant professor, in contrast to 40% of the men holding
      these ranks. Although the faculty of both genders reported generally the same
      proportions of time devoted to research, the women researchers with M.D. degrees
      had significantly less National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant support than did
      their counterparts who were men. Since this difference may have been a function
      of age, the authors compared NIH grant support of the faculty men and women with
      M.D. degrees who were 40-59 years old. Even in this older group, significantly
      fewer of the faculty women had NIH grant support than did the men (16% versus
      30%). Furthermore, the percentage of designated laboratory space was
      significantly lower among the faculty women, regardless of degree (M.D.,
      M.D./Ph.D., or Ph.D.). Further investigation is warranted to monitor the progress
      of women attempting to develop their research careers and to assess their overall
      clinical teaching and administrative roles in departments of medicine.

PMID- 2302296
TI  - Comparing information-gathering strategies of medical students and physicians in
      diagnosing simulated medical cases.
AB  - Using a broad range of written patient management problems (PMPs), this study
      examined (1) how each of three medical information-gathering processes (history
      taking, physical examination, and diagnostic studies) influenced 175 second-year
      medical students' formulations of the differential (i.e., plausible) and the
      principal (i.e., most probable) diagnoses for each of 14 PMPs, and (2) the extent
      to which these results paralleled the emphases that experienced clinicians placed
      on these same information-gathering processes regarding each of the same PMPs.
      The results suggest that in ten of the 14 PMPs the students appeared to rely on
      specific information-gathering strategies in formulating their diagnoses, and
      that both similarities and differences existed between the levels of emphasis
      placed by the students and physicians on each of the three processes. In general,
      the physicians placed greater emphasis on the importance of the history, whereas
      the students relied more on diagnostic studies. These variations have
      implications for selecting medical problems for purposes of instruction and
      evaluation of students.

PMID- 2302297
TI  - Improvement of oncology education at the University of Washington School of
      Medicine, 1984-1988.
AB  - In 1984, performance on the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME)
      examination by medical students from the University of Washington School of
      Medicine was significantly lower in clinical oncology, pathology, surgery, and
      oncology-related subjects than was their performance in other subjects (p = .002)
      and inversely proportional to the degree of oncology-relatedness of the material
      examined. Moreover, their performance on oncology-related questions was
      significantly lower than the national average (p less than .001). The curriculum
      committee thus initiated a review of the oncology content in the curriculum of
      the school of medicine and implemented a two-year plan in 1984-1986 to improve
      the perceived deficiencies. During the year the two-year intervention was
      completed, reevaluation demonstrated evidence that substantial improvement had
      occurred in oncology performance by the students, relative to their performance
      in non-oncology subjects (p less than .05) and to the national average.
      Performance on the non-oncology items was unchanged. The authors conclude that
      oncology education and performance of the students was significantly improved
      within two years, after instituting the short-term plan to enhance cancer
      education in the medical school, the improvement in oncology did not occur at the
      expense of a reduction in performance in non-oncology subjects, and the improved
      performance in oncology by the students enhanced their overall performance on the
      NBME examination.

PMID- 2302298
TI  - The role of nonphysician consultants as health-care educators in postgraduate
      programs of anesthesiology.
AB  - Many physicians believe that the tasks of postgraduate medical education and
      faculty development are best carried out by senior physicians trained in the
      appropriate specialty. However, many also will admit that, as physicians, they
      have received too little training for such an educational role, and that the
      practical demands of medical practice, scientific research, and administration
      make it difficult if not impossible to allocate time to continuing medical
      education program development, curriculum design for residency training, teacher
      training, and other key aspects of postgraduate medical education. Many medical
      disciplines have attempted to alleviate this problem by using nonphysician health
      care educational consultants in their training programs. However, little
      attention has been paid to the possibilities of using such consultants in
      anesthesiology residency education and faculty development. Such consultants in
      postgraduate medical education and training programs in anesthesiology could
      perform a wide variety of functions and roles because they possess skills and
      technical expertise in teaching, training, curriculum design, evaluation, program
      planning, and interpersonal communications that faculty members often lack. The
      successful use of a nonphysician consultant in the Department of Anesthesiology
      at Hahnemann University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is described.

PMID- 2302299
TI  - How medical school faculty regard educational research and make pedagogical
      decisions.
AB  - The authors studied a group of professors at a large school of medicine in the
      western United States to determine the extent to which they were aware of past or
      current educational research, their feelings about the enterprise of educational
      research, and how they made pedagogical decisions. The study emphasizes a
      qualitative analysis of the data by using in-depth, confidential interviews; many
      typical responses are quoted. The authors found little or no knowledge of past or
      current educational research even among those professors who thought such
      research to be valuable. The possible reasons for this finding are discussed.

PMID- 2302300
TI  - Informed consent and the "medical student psychiatrist".
AB  - The involvement of medical students in the clinical assessment of psychiatry
      patients raises concerns that have ethical and possibly legal implications.
      Responses to a 1986 questionnaire by 91 departments of clinical psychiatry in
      U.S. medical schools reveal that a substantial proportion (29.3%) of these
      departments were not fully compliant with established guidelines for obtaining
      informed consent from patients for students' participation in the patients'
      assessment and psychiatric care. Medical educators in psychiatry should recognize
      the importance of consent as a topic in the educational process and should
      establish policies that correct the discrepancies between institutional practices
      and informed consent guidelines.

PMID- 2302301
TI  - The rising cost of NIH-funded biomedical research?
AB  - During the last decade, total appropriations for the NIH have grown in current as
      well as constant dollars. Constant dollar expenditures for indirect costs and
      research project grants have increased, as also has the number of the latter,
      while such expenditures for research centers, training, and research contracts
      have shrunk. The most impressive redistribution in emphasis has been toward
      traditional research project grants (R01s). The size of the average R01 award,
      discounted for inflation, has grown at an annual rate of 1.1% during the last
      decade and 1.3% since fiscal year (FY) 1970; that of the average research program
      project (P01) has declined over the same periods, after a slight rise in the
      early 1970s. Factors contributing to the modest rise in the real (constant
      dollar) size of the average R01 are explored. The regularity with which current
      services-requirements estimates for the NIH exceed inflation reflects real growth
      in the program, particularly in the category of research project grants; the
      artifact of basing calculations on the post-rather than pre-"negotiated" levels
      of awards in the "current" year; and the extent to which the project periods of
      awards have been extended. The effect of lengthening project periods is slow to
      become manifest, but inexorably swells the pool of non-competing awards;
      decisions in this area undertaken in 1985, and continued at least through FY
      1988, could very significantly increase current services requirements in FYs 1991
      and 1992.

PMID- 2302302
TI  - Three easy pieces.
AB  - The author provides information about and analyzes three issues confronting
      academic medical centers in the realms of education, patient care, and research.
      (1) In the educational realm, he indicates why medical centers must play an
      expanded role in training primary care physicians, explains the dangers of not
      doing so, and describes ongoing and proposed approaches and reforms for achieving
      this goal. (2) In the arena of patient care, he explains why modifying physician
      reimbursement policies is essential for more physicians to develop careers as
      generalists. Other more controversial physician payment reform measures and their
      implications for health care and academic medical centers are discussed; the
      author urges that benefit to patients always be the first concern of such
      reforms, even at the expense of more narrowly based interests such as limits in
      faculty salaries or reduced overages to institutions. (3) Regarding research, he
      discusses various facets and implications of conflict of interest for biomedical
      scientists--both the reality of misconduct and the appearance of it--especially
      as they apply to the growing number and forms of university-industry
      relationships, and urges that such conflicts be managed within guidelines that
      clarify expectations and standards in an atmosphere of appropriate disclosure and
      oversight. He concludes by urging academic medical centers to rise to, rather
      than avoid, the three challenges he has described.

PMID- 2302303
TI  - Graduate medical education: focus for change.
AB  - The author documents a significant broadening of the interest of both state and
      federal government in influencing graduate medical education. He states that the
      unwillingness of the academic medical community to address the issues of manpower
      supply and specialty distribution, the limited effectiveness of minority
      enhancement programs, and an ambiguous position on foreign medical graduates have
      invited government intervention. The author maintains that such intervention was
      inevitable because academic medical centers have focused only on the educational
      process and the quality of graduates but have not dealt with the need to shape
      the output of their training programs to meet national health needs. He
      challenges the academic medical community to seize the initiative in seeking the
      difficult-to-find solutions to major issues of medical training or be prepared to
      yield to the decisions of lawmakers and regulators.

PMID- 2302304
TI  - The education of the physician.
AB  - Although the quality of U.S. medical care is at an all-time high, thanks largely
      to the education and training of American physicians, the nation is in a health
      care crisis, especially in rural areas and the inner cities. To meet this
      challenge, change in the education of physicians is required. An important reason
      for the present crisis is that the selection and education process has encouraged
      only science- and high-technology-oriented individuals to enter medicine, even
      though social and behavioral factors are the basis of a majority of today's
      medical problems. The author realizes that there is little motivation for
      frequently overburdened faculties and underfunded medical schools to undertake
      the needed changes; he describes various problems that challenge the existence of
      the health care system, including the increasing (and well-meaning) involvement
      in educational matters by legislators and bureaucrats. The author then explores
      various options for bringing about reform of physician education, including
      changes in premedical education, in the criteria used for identifying and
      admitting promising students, and in various aspects of medical education. Such
      reform could encourage some of the best, brightest, and more broadly educated
      students to enter the medical profession and could maintain high standards of
      physician education while fulfilling a public trust and meeting a public need.

PMID- 2302305
TI  - Teaching critical thinking in the context of substance abuse in a psychiatry
      clerkship.

PMID- 2302306
TI  - New fluorescence reactions in DNA cytochemistry. 1. Microscopic and spectroscopic
      studies on nonrigid fluorochromes.
AB  - Some nonrigid DNA-binding antibiotics and fluorochromes that recognize adenine
      thymine (AT) sequences are widely applied in biomedical research, but the
      microscopic use, spectral characteristics and DNA binding modes of other similar
      compounds have been overlooked or scarcely explored. After treatment with
      thioflavine T, auramine O and G, curcumin, bis-aminophenyl-oxadiazol, berenil and
      distamycin A, a bright DNA-dependent fluorescence reaction was found in the
      chromatin of interphase nuclei, meiotic and polytene chromosomes, spermatozoa
      heads and kinetoplasts of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Nucleoli and
      basophilic cytoplasm showed low or no fluorescence; the highest emission occurred
      in the AT-rich kinetoplast DNA. When bound to DNA or in the presence of alpha
      cyclodextrin and viscous solvents or cosolutes, nonrigid compounds revealed a
      striking enhancement of fluorescence. The results indicate that these new or
      poorly known fluorochromes bind selectively to DNA-containing structures and that
      the minor groove from AT-rich DNA regions could represent the specific and highly
      fluorescent binding site.

PMID- 2302307
TI  - New fluorescence reactions in DNA cytochemistry. 2. Microscopic and spectroscopic
      studies on fluorescent aluminum complexes.
AB  - Metal-dye complexes are widely applied in light microscopic techniques for
      chromatin staining (e.g., hematoxylin and carmine), but fluorescent complexes
      between phosphate-binding cations and suitable ligands have been little used.
      Preformed and postformed Al complexes with different anionic dyes induced strong
      and selective fluorescence reactions in nuclei from chicken blood smears, frozen
      sections, paraffin-embedded sections and Epon-embedded sections of mouse and rat
      tissues, mitotic chromosomes, meiotic chromosomes and kinetoplasts of Trypanosoma
      cruzi epimastigotes. The DNA-dependent fluorescence of these structures showed a
      very low fading rate. The emission colors were related to the ligand. The most
      suitable compounds for forming fluorescent Al chelates were 8-hydroxyquinoline,
      morin, nuclear fast red and purpurin. Staining with diluted carmine solutions and
      InCl3 mordanting, followed by 8-hydroxyquinoline, also induced chromatin
      fluorescence. After treating isolated mouse chromosomes with the preformed
      complex Al-nuclear fast red, x-ray microanalysis indicated a P:Al:dye binding
      ratio of about 40:15:1. The selectivity, stability and easy formation of these
      fluorescent Al complexes are obvious advantages for their use as new cytochemical
      probes in cytologic studies.

PMID- 2302309
TI  - Comparison of three hexagonal tessellations through extraction of blood cell
      geometric features.
AB  - Although image data are almost universally acquired on rectangular sampling
      lattices, the regular hexagonal lattice offers important theoretical advantages
      for tessellation of images, particularly when subsequent processing involves
      operations on local image neighborhoods. The few systems capable of processing
      hexagonally tessellated images have approximated this tessellation by using image
      data acquired on a rectangular sampling lattice, from which six of the eight
      image samples were selected from each local neighborhood. This paper describes a
      simple method of directly acquiring image data in hexagonal image tessellations;
      the method is used to compare at constant sampling density the most common of
      these approximating image tessellations with both a nonregular and a regular
      hexagonal image tessellation. The test objects were human blood cells, from which
      features describing cellular geometry were extracted for each image tessellation.
      Compared to the approximating tessellation, the nonregular tessellation tended to
      decrease feature means and increase feature variances. In contrast, the regular
      tessellation tended to increase feature means and decrease feature variances.
      Consequently, the extracted features showed subtle but consistent differences,
      with decreasing anisotropic effects and data dispersion for the regular
      tessellation. In addition, cells contacting others near the 45 degree diagonals
      were more readily segmented when the image was tessellated on the regular
      lattice. Expected to be general, these trends recommend use of the regular
      tessellation, especially when classification accuracy may depend on small
      differences in several similar geometric features.

PMID- 2302308
TI  - DNA ploidy in breast lesions. A comparative study using two commercial image
      analysis systems and flow cytometry.
AB  - DNA ploidy determinations on a series of 24 breast specimens were performed
      independently utilizing flow cytometry (FCM) and two separate commercially
      available computerized image analysis systems for image cytometry (ICM). The
      tissues analyzed were obtained from 20 carcinomas, 2 benign neoplasms and 2
      benign reductive procedures. The results showed a close correlation between the
      DNA indices (DIs) obtained by all methods in 14 of the 24 cases. In four cases,
      all methods showed aneuploid peaks, but with differing DIs. In six cases (two
      benign and four malignant) FCM showed diploidy while ICM showed peridiploid cell
      populations. The results obtained with the two image analysis systems were in
      agreement for 20 of the 24 cases. ICM is an acceptable alternative to FCM for
      reproducible ploidy analysis. ICM-based measurements have the advantage of the
      visual discrimination of abnormal cells and therefore may have a greater
      sensitivity in identifying small aneuploid populations. Populations with DIs in
      the range of 1.0 to 1.3 need to be assessed carefully in ICM-based determinations
      due to the potential that these "aneuploid" peaks may represent shifted diploid
      populations.

PMID- 2302310
TI  - Speeding up visual discrimination learning in cats by differential exposure of
      positive and negative stimuli.
AB  - We have developed an adaptive training method which considerably reduces the
      total time required to train cats to threshold in an orientation discrimination
      task. During training, the animals are given greater exposure in time to the
      positive stimulus compared to the negative one. Therefore, this method has been
      coined the differential exposure method (DEM). The greater exposure to the
      positive stimulus reduces the number of errors an animal commits during training
      and thereby enhances speed of learning. Indeed, with the DEM, 34 daily sessions
      sufficed to train cats to threshold for 2 different reference orientations.
      Furthermore, the DEM was effective not only for simple stimuli such as real bars
      but also for complex stimuli such as illusory contours. Finally, the DEM was
      equally effective for training naive cats which had undergone large visual
      cortical lesions as it was for normal animals.

PMID- 2302311
TI  - Section of the descending columns of the fornix produces delay- and interference
      dependent working memory deficits.
AB  - Rats were allocated to one of three surgical treatment groups, and given either
      sham operations (SHAM), transection of the descending columns of the fornix
      (DCF), or transection of fibres at the base of the lateral septal nuclei (SC).
      They were trained on a rewarded alternation task, run as a spatial working memory
      task on an elevated T-maze, with a minimal intratrial interval. There were no
      differences between the SHAM and the SC rats. The DCF rats showed an initial
      impairment in acquisition, but their performance gradually improved to control
      levels. The imposition of a 20-s intratrial interval impaired choice accuracy in
      all groups, but the extent of the impairment was significantly greater in the DCF
      group. Addition of an extra, and conflicting, 'information run', to provide a
      source of proactive interference, also impaired performance in all groups, but
      the impairment was again greatest in the DCF group, suggesting that this lesion
      increases intrusion errors. Subsequent testing in the acquisition of 2-way active
      avoidance revealed that the DCF lesion facilitated learning with respect to the
      other two groups. The results indicate that there are clear functional
      differences between the different outputs from the subiculum, and that the
      descending subicular output plays a significant role in normal memory.

PMID- 2302312
TI  - Septohippocampal system and the prelimbic sector of frontal cortex: a
      neuropsychological battery analysis in the rat.
AB  - Rats with lesions in the posterodorsal septal area (aimed at transecting the
      precommissural fornix) and rats with lesions in the prelimbic sector of the
      medial frontal cortex were tested postoperatively on a neuropsychological test
      battery comprised of the following tasks: time-spent-eating in two adaptation
      boxes, time-to-emerge and ambulation in an open field, general activity,
      contingently-reinforced (continuous) and schedule-specific (delayed non-matching
      to-sample) T-maze alternation, visual and olfactory discrimination in a T-maze,
      temporal alternation (response patterning) and tactile Go/No-Go discrimination in
      a runway, approach-avoidance conflict in the runway, step-through inhibitory
      avoidance, one-way active avoidance, two-way active avoidance, and conditioned
      taste aversion. It was found that: (1) rats with septal (SEP) lesions spent more
      time eating than control (CON) rats and rats with lesions in prelimbic cortex
      (PRE). PRE rats did not differ from CON rats; (2) PRE rats emerged into an open
      field faster, and spent less time in home cage than CON and SEP rats. SEP rats
      stayed in home cage less than CON rats. PRE and SEP rats crossed more squares in
      the open field than CON rats; (3) SEP and PRE rats were more active than CON
      rats; (4) SEP rats performed the contigently-reinforced and schedule-specific T
      maze alternation tasks worse than PRE rats, and PRE rats performed these tasks
      worse than CON rats. PRE, but not SEP, rats showed improvement with continued
      practice at brief intertrial and interrun intervals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2302313
TI  - Partition between stimuli slows down greatly discrimination learning in
      binocularly deprived cats.
AB  - Pattern discrimination learning was compared in cats reared in a normal
      environment during the first months of life (N cats), control cats reared in the
      laboratory with opened eyes (C cats), and cats deprived binocularly of patterned
      vision from birth (BD cats). A two-choice apparatus was used for training. In
      Expt. I the cats had been trained without a partition between stimuli and
      retrained with the partition. In Expt. II the partition was used from the
      beginning of training. The partition slowed down the learning in all groups.
      However, the BD cats were much more affected than N cats, and C cats seemed to be
      more affected than N cats and less than BD cats. In BD and C cats the number of
      errors of entering an incorrect alley without pushing the gate was increased. In
      contrast, when the partition was absent and discrimination very simple (stimulus
      vs no stimulus), the BD cats seemed to master the task even more quickly than N
      and C cats. The results suggest that the deficit produced by the partition
      consisted largely in a difficulty in rapid choosing a correct directional
      response at distance. In BD cats the mechanism of the deficit was complex.

PMID- 2302314
TI  - Long-term effects of developmental halothane exposure on radial arm maze
      performance in rats.
AB  - Chronic exposure of rats to low levels of halothane during development, a
      treatment which retards synaptogenesis, was found to cause a long-term impairment
      of choice accuracy in the radial-arm maze. In Expt. 1, the relative importance of
      dose level and dosing regimen was examined. Dose level seemed the more critical
      variable for causing impaired choice accuracy. Exposure to 100 parts per million
      (ppm) of halothane in the air either on an intermittent or continuous schedule
      from day two of conception until 60 days after birth significantly impaired
      choice accuracy, whereas exposure to 25 ppm on a continuous schedule did not
      cause a deficit, even though with this condition the total amount of halothane
      exposure was about the same as with 100 ppm given intermittently. In Expt. 2, the
      100 ppm intermittent exposure regimen was used to examine the relative importance
      of exposure during early and late developmental periods for producing the
      cognitive effects of halothane. Groups were divided into those exposed to
      halothane during gestation and until 30 days after birth (early exposure), those
      exposed from day 31 until day 90 (late exposure) and those exposed during both
      early and late periods (combined exposure). Adverse effects on choice accuracy
      were seen with all 3 types of exposure, but surprisingly, it was the late
      exposure that caused the most severe effects. These results show that
      developmental exposure to halothane which impairs synaptogenesis also causes long
      lasting cognitive impairment. Halothane exposure can be a useful experimental
      tool for examining the relationship between synaptic and behavioral development.

PMID- 2302315
TI  - The effects of cocaine on multivariate locomotor behavior and defecation.
AB  - The present study utilized a multifactorial open-field analysis (Digiscan
      activity) to assess behavioral changes induced by various doses of cocaine known
      to stimulate locomotion. The measures that were implemented included ambulation,
      rearing, stereotypic behavior, rotational movements and changes in defecation
      levels. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were habituated to Digiscan-16 Animal
      Activity Monitors (Omnitech Electronics, Columbus, OH) before being injected with
      0.0, 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg cocaine. Rats were kept on a reversed light/dark schedule
      and tested in the middle of the dark cycle. It was found that cocaine
      consistently increased activity measures; most prominently affecting the
      rotational and ambulatory indices. Interestingly, this 'activity print' appeared
      to be dose-dependent and specific to cocaine. Open-field defecation levels were
      compared to home-cage levels as an additional behavioral correlate. Defecation
      decreased under all doses of cocaine as compared to control levels (saline
      injection). This result is attributed to cocaine's weakly sympathomimetic effect.

PMID- 2302316
TI  - Home base behavior in amphetamine-treated tame wild rats (Rattus norvegicus).
AB  - When a rat treated with amphetamine (0.5-5 mg/kg) locomotes in an unfamiliar
      environment, there are one or two places which it visits most often. In these one
      or two places the mean duration of a visit (stop) is the longest, and, compared
      to other places, the incidence of grooming and rearing are the highest. Since in
      intact rats these features of place characterize it as a 'home base', it is
      concluded that under amphetamine rats also establish one or two home bases. One
      home base was generally established by rats treated with low doses of
      amphetamine, while two bases were most evident in those treated with high doses.
      Since the paths of locomotion in amphetamine-treated rats were previously
      described to be stereotyped, it is suggested that home base location under this
      drug may be used as a reference point in the assessment of the organization of
      stereotyped locomotor behavior.

PMID- 2302317
TI  - Long-lasting effects on habituation and passive avoidance performance of a period
      of chronic ethanol administration in the rat.
AB  - Rats were fed a liquid diet to which an increasing concentration of ethanol was
      added over a period of 3 weeks; a concentration of 10% ethanol was then
      maintained for a further 4 weeks. The rats were then returned to a normal ad
      libitum diet of rat pellets. In order to assess the long-term effects of this
      ethanol diet, the performance of different groups of rats was assessed 3 and 5
      months after the normal diet was resumed. At both times, the ex-ethanol-treated
      rats showed significantly impaired between-day habituation of exploratory head
      dipping at holes that were empty, but normal between-day habituation of head
      dipping at the hole with the same object underneath on all 3 days. The ex-ethanol
      treated rats also showed a reduced response to the introduction of an object at a
      previously empty hole and, following this, a subsequent disruption of between-day
      habituation of head-dipping at this hole. Within-session habituation of head
      dipping was unimpaired. There were no deficits in the acquisition or short-term
      retention of a passive avoidance response, but on retention testing 24 h after
      training the ex-ethanol-treated rats showed a decreased latency to enter the
      shocked compartment. On the trials 24 h and 48 h after training the rats tested 5
      months after their ethanol treatment showed impaired extinction of the passive
      avoidance response.

PMID- 2302318
TI  - Visual discrimination of discontinuous figures in the rabbit.
AB  - Rabbits were trained to discriminate between vertical and horizontal striations.
      After the 90% correct level had been reached transfer to vertical and horizontal
      rows of dots was studied. It was found that performance depended on the distance
      between adjacent dots. With angular dot separations (measured from the centers)
      larger than 4.9 degrees, performance was below the 75% correct level. This result
      is discussed in relation to the size of the receptive fields of orientation
      selective neurons in the binocular visual cortex.

PMID- 2302319
TI  - The effects of superior colliculus lesions on reactions to novelty in the
      hamster.
AB  - The aim of this experiment was to examine reactions to novelty of hamsters with
      large bilateral collicular lesions in an open field containing large conspicuous
      objects. A video-actographic system was used to quantify the contacts with the
      objects, the speed of the displacements and the angular head movements. Due to
      different evolutions of the scores in each group, most of the differences were
      found at the end of the experiment. Collicular animals, unlike controls, make
      contacts with the objects but do not habituate, which suggests that these
      contacts are not investigatory but fortuitous. This possibility is supported by
      the fact that collicular animals display hyperactive locomotion with stereotyped
      patterns by the end of the experiment. It is proposed that the depth of lesions
      and the salience of the stimulus are two modulating factors of the reaction to
      novelty in collicular animals.

PMID- 2302320
TI  - Behavioural effects of neocortical and cingulate lesions in the Mongolian gerbil.
AB  - The experiments examine the effects of cortical lesions on a variety of
      behaviours in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Gerbils with either
      large anterior or posterior lesions were compared with normal gerbils by
      administering a battery of tests of rodent behaviours such as grooming, eating,
      social interaction, ventral marking and foot-stomping. In a second experiment, a
      more detailed investigation was carried out of the effects of focal cortical
      lesions on ventral marking. The results of these experiments suggest that
      anterior cortical lesions in gerbils give rise to a number of different deficits
      in behaviour. The results further suggest that cingulate cortex is part of the
      neural substrate for ventral marking behaviour. The implications of these results
      for contemporary theories of frontal lobe function are discussed.

PMID- 2302321
TI  - The reaching reaction in the rat: a part of the digging pattern?
AB  - The relationship between acquired lateralized reaching and analogous innate
      movement patterns was examined in adult rats. In Expt. I, 8 naive rats were
      trained to reach into a narrow trough-shaped feeder. Analysis of the
      videorecorded movement showed that the forelimb extension starts 120 ms before
      the forepaw enters the feeder, lasts 190 ms and can be repeated at 280-ms
      intervals. Before reaching, the rat assumes a stereotyped posture and inserts its
      nose into the feeder entrance. Twelve rats used in Expt. II were raised from
      weaning with limited opportunity to practice manipulative skills. Six of these
      animals were then trained as in Expt. I. In spite of the lack of experience, they
      learned the reaching task as efficiently as normal rats. The remaining 6 rats
      were offered food placed into a wide tunnel-shaped feeder. The animals did not
      take advantage of the possibility of using both forelimbs, but developed typical
      lateralized reaching. In Expt. III, 4 rats were trained to retrieve food pellets
      buried under a layer of sand. The videorecorded digging movement essentially
      resembled reaching but the two forepaws alternated, the extension amplitude was
      shorter and the movement was never terminated by grasping. It is concluded that
      the lateralized reaching develops from modified digging and that the kinship of
      the two movements accounts for the stereotypy and limited modifiability of the
      acquired reaction.

PMID- 2302323
TI  - The effect of 3-h and 6-h sleep deprivation on sleep and EEG spectra of the rat.
AB  - Vigilance states and EEG power density of the rat were determined after a 3- or 6
      h sleep deprivation (SD) in the beginning of the 12-h light period. In comparison
      to baseline, non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep showed a delayed and transitory
      increase after 3 h SD, and an immediate and persistent increase after 6 h SD. REM
      sleep was not affected. In non-REM sleep, EEG power density in the low-frequency
      range (0.75-6.0 Hz) was markedly enhanced after 6 h SD, but not significantly
      increased after 3 h SD. In REM sleep EEG activity in the 5-6 Hz band was
      increased after 6 h SD. We conclude that in the early part of the light period, 3
      h waking prolongs non-REM sleep, whereas 6 h waking also enhances non-REM sleep
      intensity.

PMID- 2302322
TI  - Yawning behavior in male rats is associated with decreases in in vivo DOPAC
      efflux from the caudate nucleus.
AB  - Young adult male rats were implanted with a push-pull cannula aimed at the dorsal
      and rostral areas of the caudate nucleus. Perfusate samples were collected at two
      minute intervals for approximately one hour and assayed for DOPAC concentrations.
      Simultaneously, yawning, penile erections and grooming behavior were recorded.
      Yawns were induced by systemic prolactin or apomorphine injections. While mean
      DOPAC efflux was elevated following prolactin (PRL) and apomorphine decreased
      mean DOPAC efflux as expected, yawns and penile erections induced by both
      compounds were associated with rapid momentary decreases in DOPAC efflux in these
      living animals. Although yawning was associated with significant decreases in
      DOPAC output, not every momentary DOPAC decrease was associated with a yawn,
      suggesting that the 'yawning generator' most likely requires additional inputs
      for the expression of a yawn.

PMID- 2302324
TI  - Cholinergic receptor blockade can impair the rat's performance on both the place
      learning and cued versions of the Morris water task: the role of age and pool
      wall brightness.
AB  - It is known that the administration of a cholinergic receptor blocker impairs the
      rat's performance on the place learning version of the Morris water task. We
      confirm this finding but in addition report that animals receiving the
      cholinergic antagonist, scopolamine hydrobromide, are significantly impaired on
      the cued platform version of the Morris water task. This latter result, however,
      is dependent on both the age of the subject and the training context. Weanling
      animals were more impaired on the cued platform task than were adult animals, and
      the magnitude of the impairment was much larger when animals were trained in a
      pool with a gray interior wall than when the pool wall was white. Our findings
      suggest that the influence of cholinergic systems on performance in the Morris
      task extend beyond their contribution to place learning and memory processes. We
      suggest that functional central cholinergic systems also contribute to the
      processes that enable the animal to inhibit behaviors that are incompatible with
      the requirements of the task.

PMID- 2302325
TI  - Differences in sensitivity to neuroleptic blockade: medial forebrain bundle
      versus frontal cortex self-stimulation.
AB  - The effects of systemic injections of the dopamine receptor antagonist, cis
      flupenthixol were tested on intracranial self-stimulation at electrode sites in
      the medial forebrain bundle and the medial prefrontal cortex. Changes in the
      reward effectiveness of the brain stimulation were assessed using a curve-shift
      paradigm. Low to moderate doses of cis-flupenthixol (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mg/kg)
      consistently produced larger upward shifts in the rate-frequency function for
      medial forebrain bundle than for medial prefrontal self-stimulation. At the
      highest doses of cis-flupenthixol (0.15 and 0.2 mg/kg), some of the medial
      forebrain bundle rats failed to respond, whereas all medial prefrontal rats
      responded at these doses. These results demonstrate that medial forebrain bundle
      self-stimulation is much more dependent on dopamine systems than is prefrontal
      cortex self-stimulation.

PMID- 2302326
TI  - Refinement of triclinic lysozyme: I. Fourier and least-squares methods.
AB  - X-ray diffraction data to 1.5 A resolution have been collected for triclinic
      crystals of hen egg white lysozyme. The triclinic model was derived from the
      tetragonal one by the rotation function and refined initially by Fo-Fc and
      differential difference syntheses against 2 A resolution data. Refinement was
      continued by differential difference cycles against the 1.5 A data until R was
      reduced to 0.220. Although the initial refinement was rapid, it was subsequently
      a matter of attrition, leading to a complete recheck of the data and the
      discovery of systematic error which affected primarily the high-resolution data.
      Refinement was continued against the corrected 2 A data by block-diagonal least
      squares. After five cycles the refinement was terminated at R = 0.254 because of
      the imminent availability of a preferred refinement program. Problems with the
      protein model, the solvent, and the interaction of the scale and thermal
      parameters are discussed. The experiences gained in this study are summarized.

PMID- 2302327
TI  - Refinement of triclinic lysozyme: II. The method of stereochemically restrained
      least squares.
AB  - Refinement of triclinic lysozyme by restrained least squares against the 2 A
      resolution X-ray data is described, beginning with the model from cycle 17 of the
      preceding paper [Hodsdon, Brown, Sieker & Jensen (1990). Acta Cryst. B46, 54-62].
      After 20 refinement cycles, R stood at 0.172. Nevertheless, serious errors
      involving both main-chain and side-chain atoms still remained, requiring numerous
      model rebuilding sessions interleaved with refinement cycles. After 63 cycles R =
      0.124 for the model which includes all protein atoms, 249 water oxygen sites and
      five nitrate ions. Although the overall B is relatively low, 10.5 A2, B's for
      atoms in the region of residues 101-103, toward the termini of some of the longer
      side chains, and in the region of the C terminus of the main chain exceed 20 A2,
      indicating relatively high atomic mobilities, disorder, or remaining errors in
      the model.

PMID- 2302328
TI  - Alcohol consumption and blood pressure in the 1982 Maryland Hypertension Survey.
AB  - This study examines the relationship between alcohol consumption and blood
      pressure in the 1982 Maryland Hypertension Survey, a crossectional population
      based household survey of blood pressure control in adults residing in Maryland.
      In individuals less than 50 years old, a J shaped dose-response association was
      found with abstainers and heavy alcohol consumers having significantly higher
      blood pressures than moderate alcohol consumers (1 to 2 beverages per day). In
      individuals 50 years and older, alcohol was associated with higher blood
      pressures only at the highest levels of intake (greater than 2 beverages per
      day). The prevalence of hypertension was similarly affected in each age group.
      This association between alcohol consumption and blood pressure was independent
      of several variables that are associated with increased blood pressure such as
      age, sex, race, smoking, education, Quetelet index, social participation, and
      physical activity. The population attributable risk for hypertension due to heavy
      alcohol consumption is 5 to 7% in those greater than 50 years old and 6 to 8% in
      those less than 50 years old. These data suggest that alcohol consumption is a
      potentially important risk factor for elevations in blood pressure and
      hypertension.

PMID- 2302329
TI  - Indomethacin improves the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations in small
      mesenteric arteries of the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
AB  - Impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations may be of primary importance in
      hypertension, if this impairment were to occur in resistance arteries. Therefore,
      endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were studied in the mesenteric
      resistance vessels of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Rings
      with and without endothelium were suspended in a myograph filled with
      physiological salt solution at 37 degrees C and aerated with 95% O2/5% CO2; the
      isometric tension was recorded. Acetylcholine caused relaxations only in rings
      with endothelium. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat, relaxations were
      impaired and markedly biphasic with an early rapid relaxation followed by a
      secondary contraction. Indomethacin inhibited the secondary response and
      augmented the duration of the relaxations induced by acetylcholine in the
      arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats. These findings suggest that the
      decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine in mesenteric
      resistance vessels of the spontaneously hypertensive rat is due to the release of
      a constrictor prostanoid which partly offsets the response of the vascular smooth
      muscle to endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s).

PMID- 2302330
TI  - Renal denervation decreases blood pressure in DOCA-treated miniature swine with
      established hypertension.
AB  - The role of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in the maintenance phase of
      essential hypertension has not yet been clearly defined. Renal function and mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) were studied in four Yucatan miniature swine (YMS) with
      established DOCA hypertension prior to and for 3 weeks after surgical renal
      denervation (RDX). During the first week post-RDX, MAP decreased from 141 /+- 6
      to 121 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than .05), while sodium balance increased from 0.32 +/
      0.05 to 0.95 +/- 0.14 mEq/kg/day (P less than .05). By 3 weeks post-RDX, MAP
      remained below normotensive levels while sodium balance returned to the pre-RDX
      value. There was no significant change in potassium or water balance after RDX.
      Thus, in DOCA-YMS the renal nerves are important in the maintenance of
      hypertension. The reduction in MAP with RDX in the absence of a natriuresis
      suggests a role for renal afferent nerve activity.

PMID- 2302331
TI  - Effect of sodium and potassium ingestion on renal growth in rats.
AB  - To determine whether differences in dietary Na and K intake influence renal
      growth and compensatory renal growth following unilateral nephrectomy (uni), rats
      were given 2 diets for 2 weeks which differed only in Na-K concentrations. Diet 1
      (High Na, Low K) contained 1.0% Na, 0.36% K and diet 2 (Low Na, High K) contained
      0.05% Na, 2.0% K. Half of the rats consuming diets 1 and 2 for 1 week received
      uni and the other half of sham operation (sham). The rats were followed for
      another week while consuming the experimental diets. Uni and sham rats on diet 1
      showed significant increase in blood pressure (BP) (136 +/- 4 v 126 +/- 3 mm Hg,
      P less than .05). Uni itself did not alter blood pressure. Body weight and heart
      rate were unchanged by diet or operation. Kidney weight, renal RNA, protein,
      RNA/DNA, and protein/DNA increased significantly after uni but the differences
      were not affected by diet. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were
      not markedly different among any group of rats suggesting no major renal damage.
      We conclude that dietary changes of Na-K which cause no obvious renal damage even
      though BP is elevated moderately do not influence renal growth or compensatory
      renal growth. Based on RNA, DNA and protein metabolism, the form of growth
      (hypertrophy or hyperplasia) is also not influenced by renal electrolyte
      handling.

PMID- 2302332
TI  - Effect of hypertension and type II diabetes on renal function in an urban
      population.
AB  - End-stage renal disease is a devastating complication of essential hypertension
      and type II diabetes mellitus, conditions that commonly occur together. We and
      others have previously suggested that the outcome of both conditions may be
      influenced by more aggressive treatment. We examined a large general medicine
      outpatient population; 72% were black and 41% were diabetic (95% type II).
      Decreased renal function, defined as a serum creatinine greater than or equal to
      mg/dL, developed in 18.1%. A multivariable logistic regression analysis
      identified glucose control, systolic blood pressure level, and male gender as
      indicators of decreased renal function. These data suggested that both glucose
      and blood pressure control may decrease the frequency of impaired renal function.
      However, when these variables were controlled, blacks still had almost twice the
      risk for renal dysfunction of whites. The data draw attention to, and elucidate
      the exceptionally high incidence of renal dysfunction in hypertensive blacks with
      or without diabetes. Further, they may explain the inordinate numbers of blacks
      with hypertension requiring dialysis. Prospective trials to test the efficacy of
      blood pressure and glucose control on the course of renal disease in hypertensive
      and/or type II diabetic patients are warranted.

PMID- 2302333
TI  - Dysvascular amputee rehabilitation. The role of continuous noninvasive
      cardiovascular monitoring during physical therapy.
AB  - Recognition of cardiac problems and their impact on the treatment of dysvascular
      amputees is important during rehabilitation because the energy demands and
      cardiac work loads of functional activities are substantially greater when
      performed by persons with amputation than when performed by control subjects. For
      this reason, monitoring the cardiovascular response to therapeutic exercise might
      be expected to enhance the medical and rehabilitative management of dysvascular
      amputees. In the present study, 31 amputees with peripheral vascular disease
      underwent continuous noninvasive dynamic cardiovascular monitoring during an
      initial physical therapy session. The sample had a mean age of 65 yr. There were
      20 females. Twenty patients had unilateral below knee amputation. Fifty-two
      percent had a preamputation history of cardiac disease and six experienced major
      cardiovascular complications during rehabilitation. After a mean acute
      hospitalization of 20 days and a mean rehabilitation stay of 36 days, 11 patients
      were walking independently and 25 were discharged to home. During the monitored
      physical therapy session, patients achieved a mean maximum heart rate of 113
      beats/min, mean maximum blood pressure of 159/81, mean maximum rate-pressure
      product of 14,546, and mean percent of age-predicted maximal heart rate of 73%.
      Seventeen (55%) patients demonstrated abnormalities during the monitored session,
      four of whom had no prior history of heart disease. These changes consisted
      predominantly of ST-T segment abnormalities, but also included exercise-induced
      arrhythmias and decreases in blood pressure. Patients with a history of heart
      disease demonstrated significantly more abnormalities during the monitored
      session than did those without a history of heart disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2302334
TI  - Rehabilitation outcomes in patients with complete thoracic spinal cord injury.
AB  - This paper describes the functional outcomes and lengths of stay of 184 patients
      discharged from comprehensive rehabilitation with complete thoracic traumatic
      spinal cord injuries. The 100-point modified Barthel Index (MBI) was used to
      assess functional abilities. There were statistically significant improvements in
      the mean total MBI score for the entire sample from 35.2 at rehabilitation
      admission to 71.0 at discharge. The mean lengths of stay were 46 days in acute
      care and 84 days in the rehabilitation facility. There were 79 patients with
      lesions between T1 and T6 ("high paraplegics") and 105 patients with lesions
      between T7 and T12 ("low paraplegics"). There were no significant differences in
      the mean MBI scores, self-care subscores, mobility subscores, acute lengths of
      stay or rehabilitation lengths of stay between high and low paraplegic patients.
      However, low paraplegic patients were more likely to walk than were the high
      paraplegic patients. Surgical stabilization was performed on 36% of the sample;
      total MBI scores were similar for surgically stabilized and nonsurgically
      stabilized patients. High and low thoracic paraplegic patients achieved
      significant functional gains during rehabilitation. These functional gains
      occurred in a setting which provided for the vocational, psychosocial and
      recreational needs of the individual, and which fostered independence, community
      participation and a return to a healthy and active lifestyle.

PMID- 2302335
TI  - Electronic filter effects on normal motor and sensory nerve conduction tests.
AB  - Electronic filtering of the recorded signal is a significant aspect of all
      electro-diagnostic testing, but the filter type and frequency band are
      infrequently reported. Although the effects of different high- and low-frequency
      filters have been hypothesized, they have been the subject of little study under
      actual clinical conditions. This investigation showed clinically and
      statistically (p less than 0.01) significant alterations in both motor and
      sensory nerve evoked responses produced by modification of filter settings within
      the range routinely used for recording. As the low-frequency filter was varied
      from 3 to 20 Hz; large differences were seen in amplitude, area and duration of
      the compound muscle action potential. When the high-frequency filter was changed
      from 10 to 2 kHz, the mean amplitude of the sensory nerve action potential
      decreased by 12% and the mean latency was increased 0.1 ms. We conclude that
      filter parameters must remain constant when determining normal values and when
      performing serial studies on any patient. Filter settings should be reported as
      part of all electro-diagnostic reports and scientific manuscripts.

PMID- 2302336
TI  - Change in response time of stroke patients and controls during rehabilitation.
AB  - In this study we investigated motor response times of stroke patients at
      admission to a rehabilitation hospital and again after 6 wk of hospitalization. A
      prospective comparative study was carried out on 164 stroke patients; 48
      hospitalized patients served as controls. Mean motor response times to visual
      stimuli presented in the left and right visual fields and to centrally presented
      stimuli were studied. The principle finding was that stroke patients improved
      significantly in their response times from initial to final evaluation. While at
      initial assessment they performed significantly more slowly than controls, by
      final assessment the response times of the two groups did not differ. Visual
      hemineglect influenced change in response time differentially depending on side
      of lesion: right hemisphere lesion patients with neglect improved, whereas left
      hemisphere lesion patients with neglect actually deteriorated. The presence of
      depression influenced right hemisphere lesion patients' response times and change
      in response times but it did not have any influence for left hemisphere lesion
      patients. The findings that response time generally improved during
      rehabilitation has important implications for the treatment of individuals with
      brain injury. It will be important to identify therapeutic practices which will
      be effective in the remediation of response time for all patients. Ultimately the
      goal of intervening in slow response time is to improve performance of functional
      activities which are influenced by an individual's ability to respond to visual
      stimuli.

PMID- 2302337
TI  - Research in physical medicine and rehabilitation. VII. The role of the principal
      investigator.
AB  - The roles and responsibilities of the principal investigator of a research
      project are described to allow the young researcher to make an intelligent
      decision regarding which role to take in a research project. Guidelines are given
      about which tasks may be delegated and how to do this. These tasks include
      formulation of the question, project design, obtaining funding, project startup
      and ongoing management, data analysis and publication. Particular attention is
      paid to design/analysis and publication, since these determine authorship on
      biomedical research articles.

PMID- 2302338
TI  - Placental villitis and intrauterine growth retardation in a Swedish population.
AB  - Villitis was studied in placentas from 445 singleton infants from an ethnically
      homogeneous population with a good socioeconomic standard. There were 161 infants
      small for gestational age (SGA) and 284 appropriate for gestational age (AGA).
      Villitis was found in 12 SGA-placentas (7.5 per cent) and 8 AGA placentas (2.8
      per cent) (p less than 0.05). The degree of villitis was also related to growth
      retardation (p less than 0.05). Except for one placenta with villitis due to CMV
      infection, the cause of villitis could not be determined. No association was
      found with various studied factors such as hypertension, pre-eclampsia, smoking
      or maternal pyrexia during pregnancy.

PMID- 2302339
TI  - Pregnancy and delivery characteristics of women whose infants develop child
      cancer. A study based on registry information.
AB  - Data on all cancers among children born 1973-1984 were extracted from the Swedish
      Cancer Registry and linked to data in the Medical Birth Registry (1,268 cancer
      cases). For each case, two controls were selected, matched for maternal age,
      parity, county, and month of birth. A marginally increased risk of childhood
      malignancy was seen in the offspring of teenage mothers and at parity 1 and 4+.
      There was an excess among cases of the diagnosis physiological icterus. No
      statistically significant associations were found between childhood malignancy
      and infant sex, twinning, birthweight, non-chromosomal malformations, maternal
      smoking, or complications during pregnancy.

PMID- 2302340
TI  - Legionella antibodies in human and animal populations in Kenya.
AB  - Using a microagglutination method, domestic and wild animal sera, together with
      human patient and healthy blood donor sera, have been analysed for titres against
      various Legionella species, comprising fourteen different serogroups. Generally,
      the level of moderately elevated titres, i.e. greater than or equal to 64, was
      low for all the aforementioned serum groups. Within the domesticated animals,
      cattle, pigs and dogs presented a much lower prevalence in Kenya than found
      elsewhere, whereas it was the other way round for goats. Human sera, either from
      patients or from healthy donors, did not react against L. pneumophila serogroups
      1, 6, or 3, which in that sequence are the most common L. pneumophila serogroups
      in Europe, and in other geographic areas where legionellosis is common. High
      titres of greater than or equal to 256 against L. pneumophila serogroup 6 (two
      cattle) or against L. bozemanii strain Mi-15 (two cattle, one dog) indicate that
      although the epidemiological picture may be different from other parts of the
      world, Legionella infections exist in Kenya as well.

PMID- 2302341
TI  - Carriage and antibiotic susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae type b and non b
      in Danish day-care attendees.
AB  - A study of carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and non b in Danish
      day-care facilities, employing a highly selective medium supplemented with three
      antibiotics and direct detection of the type b capsular antigen by latex
      agglutination and coagglutination, was carried out. Of 329 children, 217 (66%)
      were found to be carriers of Haemophilus influenzae. Among 64 children from day
      care centers in which a case of invasive Hib infection had occurred, four
      carriers of type b were found, whereas no type b carriers were identified among
      265 children from unexposed day-care centers (p less than 0.003). Of 217 isolated
      strains, seven (3.2%) were found to have lowered susceptibility to ampicillin,
      two (0.9%) to chloramphenicol, two (0.9%) to cefuroxim, and one (0.5%) to
      cefotaxim.

PMID- 2302342
TI  - Adhesion of Yersinia enterocolitica to human epithelial cell lines and to rabbit
      and human small intestinal tissue.
AB  - In assays to determine adherence of Yersinia enterocolitica, virulence plasmid
      containing (pYV+) strains and strains of their plasmid-cured (pYV-) derivatives
      adhered equally efficiently to HeLa cells and fetal intestinal epithelial INT 407
      cells. Non-pathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica did not adhere. In contrast,
      pYV+ strains adhered more efficiently to rabbit and human intestine than did pYV(
      )-strains, as evaluated by an in vitro assay, measuring adhesion of radiolabeled
      bacteria to disks of intestinal tissue. Thus, even if pathogenic strains of Y.
      enterocolitica are able to adhere to cultured epithelial cell lines and
      intestinal tissue by means of chromosome-encoded properties alone, properties
      encoded by the pYV plasmid significantly enhance and contribute to adhesion to
      intestinal tissue.

PMID- 2302343
TI  - DNA-index and stereological estimation of nuclear volume in primary and
      metastatic malignant melanomas: a comparative study with analysis of
      heterogeneity.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical
      nuclear volume and ploidy level in malignant melanomas, and to analyse the
      heterogeneity of these two parameters among primary and corresponding secondary
      tumours. Unbiased stereological estimates of nuclear volume can be obtained
      objectively by point-sampled intercepts. Using this approach, the volume-weighted
      mean nuclear volume, nuclear vv, was estimated in ordinary histological sections
      from 34 primary cutaneous malignant melanomas and their corresponding 62
      metastatic lesions. For comparison, DNA-indices (DI) were determined by flow
      cytometry in adjacent sections from the same paraffin-embedded tumours. Only a
      poor correlation was found between nuclear vv and DI (Kendall's tau = +0.21). The
      variability of nuclear vv among metastatic lesions was increased as compared to
      primary melanomas, whereas averaged mean values of nuclear vv did not differ
      significantly between the two types of neoplasms. Aneuploidy was not
      significantly associated with increased nuclear vv. Pronounced intra-patient
      heterogeneity of nuclear vv was disclosed among metastases and between the
      primary melanoma and the metastatic lesions. Likewise, no significant association
      between DI of primary and metastatic melanomas was demonstrated. Heterogeneity of
      nuclear vv and DI in malignant melanomas is in agreement with the theory of
      polyclonality.

PMID- 2302345
TI  - Reappraisal of uterine sarcoma diagnosis in the Swedish Cancer Registry.
AB  - An investigation of over- and under-registration of uterine sarcomas in the
      Swedish Cancer Registry during the period 1958-1980 was carried out. A
      histopathologic review of a 10% sample (159 cases) revealed that 18% of the
      cases, the majority of which were benign leiomyomas, could not be reclassified as
      sarcomas. All 186 cases of uterine sarcoma treated at Radiumhemmet during the
      period 1958-1980 were found in the Cancer Registry, but only 90% as sarcomas. As
      a consequence of over- and under-registration of the sarcoma tumors, the
      estimated incidences will be affected. In this study, however, we could not find
      any time trend in the erroneous registration, which implies that comparisons in
      incidence over time would still be valid.

PMID- 2302344
TI  - Inhibition of the bacteriolytic effect of beta-lactam-antibiotics on
      Staphylococcus aureus by the polyanionic drugs suramin and Evans Blue.
AB  - The anionic polyelectrolytes suramin and Evans Blue inhibited different autolytic
      systems involved in wall growth and wall turnover of growing staphylococci and in
      wall autolysis of resting bacteria. Moreover, both substances lowered the beta
      lactam-induced pre-lytic release of cytoplasmic constituents from staphylococci,
      and inhibited the beta-lactam-induced bacteriolysis as well as the loss of
      viability. The protective effects of these sulfonated drugs against bacteriolysis
      were also monitored by electron microscopy. Some medical implications of our
      results are discussed.

PMID- 2302346
TI  - Mixed bacterial meningitis in an adult caused by Haemophilus influenzae and
      Streptococcus pneumoniae. A case report.
AB  - A case of mixed bacterial meningitis with Haemophilus influenzae and
      Streptococcus pneumoniae is reported in a 26-year-old woman without demonstrable
      predisposing conditions, who recovered after treatment with ampicillin, without
      sequelae.

PMID- 2302347
TI  - Increased oxygen radical production determined by whole blood chemiluminescence
      in patients with previous Yersinia arthritis.
AB  - Luminol-dependent whole blood chemiluminescence (CL) was studied in patients with
      previous yersinia arthritis (YA). Patients showed significantly higher CL
      responses compared to healthy controls regardless of HLA-B27 antigen when either
      N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or opsonized zymosan particles were used
      a stimulus. This hyperreactivity may well play a role in the development of
      inflammatory injury in YA.

PMID- 2302349
TI  - Histological and histochemical studies on local coronary wall thickenings
      (cushions) in Finnish children who died violently. Cardiovascular risk in young
      Finns?
AB  - Coronary arteries of 93 clinically healthy Finnish children of both sexes were
      collected from successive, medicolegal autopsies of victims of violent death. In
      the histological and histochemical study, local, cushion-type thickenings of the
      coronary walls were demonstrable in 47, i.e. 50 per cent, of the children, the
      occurrence increasing with age. The most prominent change was the splitting of
      the internal elastic membrane and the accumulation of smooth muscle cells,
      forming a new, musculo-elastic layer. Glycosaminoglycans appeared in the luminal
      parts of the thickenings. There was an average decrease in the succinate
      dehydrogenase reaction in the cushion area, implying a degenerative process. The
      increase in the reaction of "injury markers", acid phosphatase and esterase based
      on the increase of cells rich in these enzymes, indicated pathologic process. It
      was concluded that change of this kind, demonstrable early in childhood, may
      dispose coronary arteries to atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2302348
TI  - Effects of local and systemic immunization on serum antibody titres in
      splenectomized chickens.
AB  - The role of spleen in local (per anum) and systemic (intravenous = i.v.)
      immunization was studied by splenectomizing chickens and immunizing them twice
      with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Brucella abortus. The number of germinal
      centers in spleen and the splenic weight were also recorded. Splenectomy had no
      effect on the serum titres evoked by the per anum immunization but it affected
      the anti-SRBC and, to a lesser extent, anti-Brucella titres in serum after i.v.
      immunization. The effect of splenectomy was less obvious both in the secondary
      response and when the chickens were younger at operation and the time between
      splenectomy and immunization was increased. The i.v. immunizations induced
      germinal centre formation in the spleen whereas immunization per anum did not
      significantly do so. Also the splenic weight in the i.v. immunized chickens was
      higher than that in the per anum immunized birds. The present study shows that
      the spleen is the major site of antibody production against i.v. administered
      antigens in chickens. Antibody production to antigens applied per anum occurs
      mainly in other lymphatic organs, most probably in the gut-associated lymphoid
      tissues.

PMID- 2302350
TI  - The psoriasis-associated antigen, pso p27, participates in the formation of
      complement activating immune-complexes in psoriatic scale.
AB  - The psoriasis-associated antigen, pso p27, and antibodies recognizing this
      antigen were demonstrated in extracts from psoriatic scales. It was demonstrated
      that the antigen was present in complexes containing IgG as well as complement
      factor C1q. The complexes were studied with respect to complement-activating
      potential. This was measured as the ability of the complexes to induce the
      generation of the complement factor C5a using rabbit serum as the source of
      complement. The data obtained showed that the pso p27-containing complexes were
      able to activate the complement system, indicating that the pso p27 antigen may
      contribute to the inflammatory process in psoriasis.

PMID- 2302351
TI  - In vitro activity of norfloxacin and other antibacterial agents against gastro
      intestinal pathogens isolated in Sweden.
AB  - The in vitro activity of norfloxacin was compared to that of ampicillin,
      doxycycline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim in combination with sulfamethoxazole
      (1/20), and erythromycin, against 272 clinical isolates of gastro-intestinal
      pathogens. Norfloxacin was the most active compound of those tested with MICs in
      the range 0.004-2 mg/l. Concentrations inhibiting 90% of the strains (MIC 90)
      were 0.008 mg/l for Vibrio cholerae, 0.016 mg/l for Aeromonas hydrophila, 0.032
      mg/l for Vibrio cholerae non 01, 0.064 mg/l for Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Yersinia
      enterocolitica 03, enterotoxigenic (ETEC) and enteropathogenic (EPEC) Escherichia
      coli and Shigella species, 0.125 mg/l for Salmonella species, and 0.5 mg/l for
      Campylobacter species. Resistance to one or several of the other drugs was seen
      with higher or lower frequency in all the bacterial species tested. No cross
      resistance between any of the other agents and norfloxacin was recorded.

PMID- 2302352
TI  - Antibody response to defined domains on enterobacterial outer membrane proteins
      in healthy persons and patients with bacteraemia.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based competitive enzyme immunoassays (cELISAs) were
      elaborated to measure antibodies against MAb-defined domains on three different
      enterobacterial outer membrane (OM) proteins in sera from healthy individuals (n
      = 30) and in paired serum samples from patients (n = 45) with bacteraemia caused
      by enterobacteria or by various nonenteric bacteria (n = 15). The MAb-defined
      domains were Hm I and Hm II on the heat-modifiable (Hm) protein, PALp I and PALp
      II on the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PALp), and BLp I on Braun's
      lipoprotein (BLp). All MAbs have shown broad cross-reactivity with and
      specificity for enterobacteria. Sera from healthy individuals and from patients
      with infections caused by nonenteric bacteria contained low levels of MAb
      blocking antibodies. Bacteraemia caused by enterobacteria resulted in generation
      of antibodies against the MAb-defined domains in many of the patients. Thus, 40%
      and 69% showed a positive BLp I cELISA with the first and second serum samples,
      respectively. Of the second serum samples, 20-38% showed positive Hm and PALp
      cELISAs. The BLp I cELISA showed higher diagnostic sensitivity than the
      previously described indirect ELISA for IgG antibodies against E. coli 055 OM
      protein antigens. Assays using the MAbs as competitors showed that the patients
      bacteraemic with enterobacteria, also generated antibodies against other domains
      on the OM proteins. The cELISAs may be useful in the diagnosis and management of
      patients with serious infections caused by enterobacteria. In this regard, the
      BLp I cELISA showed the most promising results.

PMID- 2302353
TI  - Tumours in Iceland. 13. Malignant tumours of the testis. A histological
      classification, epidemiological considerations and survival.
AB  - Data from 76 patients with malignant tumours of the testis registered with the
      Icelandic Cancer Registry during the period 1955-1984 were analyzed and
      classified histologically according to the WHO criteria. In 55 patients the
      tumours were of one histological type (72% of total). In the order of frequency,
      seminoma was diagnosed in 35 (46%), embryonal carcinoma in 14 (18%) and teratoma
      in 6 patients (8%). Twenty patients had tumours of more than one histological
      type (26%), i.e. a combination of embryonal carcinoma and teratoma
      (teratocarcinoma) in nine (12%) and combined tumours (seminoma component with
      other tumours) in seven (9%). Two patients had choriocarcinomas and three had
      yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumours, both of them in combination with other
      neoplasms. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma was the only malignant non-germ cell tumour
      diagnosed. The age-adjusted incidence of malignant testis tumours increased by
      48% from 1.6 per 100,000 per annum in 1955-1964 to 3.1 per 100,000 in 1975-1984.
      The increase affected both seminoma and non-seminomatous tumours (NSGCT). There
      has been an improvement in survival with time. Sixteen deaths were related to
      testis tumours and all occurred within four years of diagnosis. The incidence of
      testicular tumours in Iceland is intermediate between "high risk" and "low risk"
      countries.

PMID- 2302355
TI  - Cancer among captains and mates on Norwegian tankers.
AB  - A cohort of 1687 registered captains and mates from a Norwegian census in 1970
      was followed until 1987 using a historical prospective design. By matching the
      data from the census to the Norwegian Cancer Registry, 104 cases of cancer were
      found. A control group of 376 was chosen among non-cases at baseline (1970).
      Information about the seamen's work on different ships was obtained from the
      National Register of Norwegian Seamen. The material was analysed using
      multivariate logistic regression. An increased risk of developing cancer was
      found in the group of seamen who had been working on tankers, especially oil
      tankers (OR = 6.47, 95%CI: 1.14, 7.24). The increased risk was found to be
      significantly correlated to working as mate on these tankers (OR = 6.95, 95%CI:
      3.70, 13.04), whereas working as captain showed a much lower risk (OR = 1.42,
      95%CI: 0.64, 3.15). Chemical exposure is the major factor separating tankers from
      other ships. Mates are exposed to chemicals while captains are not. The study
      indicates the presence of several carcinogenic agents on these tankers.

PMID- 2302354
TI  - Adherence, enterotoxigenicity, invasiveness and serogroups in Campylobacter
      jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains from adult humans with acute enterocolitis.
AB  - Two hundred Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains from the same
      number of adult Swedish patients with acute enterocolitis were tested regarding
      adherence to and invasiveness in HEp-2 cells and for enterotoxigenicity by the
      CHO-cell assay. The serogroup characteristics, heat-stable and heat-labile, for
      each strain were also investigated. Eighty-four percent of the strains were
      classified as C. jejuni and 16 percent as C. coli. All of the strains were
      adherent to HEp-2 cells, 39% were invasive and 31.5% enterotoxigenic. We found
      significantly more invasive strains in the non-enterotoxigenic group than in the
      enterotoxigenic one. There would seem to be no correlation between
      enterotoxigenicity or invasiveness and serogroup. The results of this study
      suggest the existence of multiple mechanisms for C. jejuni- and C. coli-induced
      diarrhoea and that the mechanisms may differ from one strain to another.

PMID- 2302356
TI  - Oral cancer and precancer: clinical features.
AB  - This article provides descriptions and illustrations of some of the ways in which
      oral cancer and its precursor lesions may present clinically. It draws attention
      to aspects of differential diagnosis and highlights the significance of various
      sites and appearances in relation to risk. The importance of establishing an
      early diagnosis is emphasised, particularly for those lesions which cannot
      readily be explained on clinical grounds. In addition to malignant lesions
      affecting the oral mucosa, those arising on the lips and within the jaw bones are
      also mentioned. Finally, emphasis is placed on the importance of a systematic and
      thorough procedure for examining the oral tissues and adjacent structures.

PMID- 2302357
TI  - Dental caries prevalence in Vietnamese children and teenagers in three London
      boroughs.
AB  - Over one quarter of the 20,000 Vietnamese refugees resident in Britain live in
      the London boroughs of Lambeth, Lewisham and Southwark. Examination of 268
      Vietnamese children showed a high caries rate in deciduous teeth and a low rate
      in permanent teeth. Five-year-olds had a mean dmft of 8.3 and none were caries
      free. The mean dmft was significantly related to the length of time the children
      had lived in Britain. Factors affecting the severity of dental caries in young
      Vietnamese children are discussed. Interviews with parents indicated that bottle
      feeding habits were being adopted for their children born in the UK. The results
      are compared with studies on Vietnamese refugees in other countries.

PMID- 2302358
TI  - HIV update.

PMID- 2302359
TI  - 'Human plaque pH responses to meals and the effects of chewing gum'.

PMID- 2302360
TI  - 'Well hidden sugar'.

PMID- 2302361
TI  - To retract or not to retract.

PMID- 2302362
TI  - 'Fluoride supplements'.

PMID- 2302363
TI  - 'Inaugural reception for CADLAS'.

PMID- 2302364
TI  - Standards in dentistry.

PMID- 2302365
TI  - Cross infection control--a challenge for Europe.

PMID- 2302366
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of laudanosine after administration of
      atracurium.
AB  - The concentration of laudanosine in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured in
      four patients undergoing brain electrode placement after the administration of
      atracurium. CSF: plasma laudanosine concentration ratios ranged from less than 1
      to 14%, with a range of CSF laudanosine concentrations of less than 2-14 ng ml-1.
      One patient had no detectable laudanosine in CSF, but sampling in this patient
      was possible for only 30 min. There was no atracurium detectable in the CSF of
      any patient. We conclude that laudanosine crosses the blood-brain barrier and
      further study of its central nervous system effects in man is warranted.

PMID- 2302367
TI  - Serum concentrations of prilocaine following retrobulbar block.
AB  - Retrobulbar block for eye surgery is associated with adverse reactions. We
      performed retrobulbar block in 10 patients using prilocaine (Citanest) and found
      mean (SD) peak serum concentrations of 851 (165.6) ng ml-1 (range 540-1100 mg ml
      1). Peak serum concentrations occurred 3-7 min after the end of administration of
      the block, and in all cases were less than those associated with toxicity.

PMID- 2302368
TI  - Clinical impressions and cardiorespiratory effects of a new fluorinated
      inhalation anaesthetic, desflurane (I-653), in volunteers.
AB  - The new volatile anaesthetic, desflurane (I-653), was administered to 10 healthy,
      unpremedicated young male volunteers in order to determine its cardiorespiratory
      effects and the characteristics and acceptability of its inhalation. All
      volunteers breathed either sub-anaesthetic (1.8% inspired) or anaesthetic (5.4%
      inspired) concentrations of the anaesthetic without coughing, breath-holding,
      salivation or other untoward respiratory response. Respiratory minute volume and
      alveolar ventilation decreased and ventilatory rate increased. Systemic arterial
      pressure decreased (diastolic more than systolic) and heart rate remained
      unchanged. Cardiac rhythm remained unaltered, except in one volunteer who
      experienced a single premature atrial contraction. Volunteers stated that the
      odour of desflurane was not irritating or unpleasant. Exposure to the agent for
      approximately 90 min resulted in rapid and clear-headed recovery.

PMID- 2302369
TI  - Exaggerated physiological responses to propofol in myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - A patient with marked manifestations of myotonic dystrophy presented for surgical
      correction of cataracts. Propofol was used as part of the anaesthetic technique.
      The patient demonstrated marked sensitivity to its central depressant effects.

PMID- 2302370
TI  - Assessment of a scavenging device for use in paediatric anaesthesia.
AB  - We describe a scavenging device, primarily for use during inhalation induction of
      anaesthesia in children; it was designed to optimize the often conflicting
      requirements of clinical acceptability and adequate gas collection. The
      performance was assessed in three ways. The device reduced the nitrous oxide
      concentration in the breathing zone of the anaesthetist during inhalation
      induction to about 100 p.p.m. We also describe a method to measure the direct
      catchment of nitrous oxide expressed as a percentage of the total nitrous oxide
      used. In 46 patients the mean percentage collection was 82%. Using personal
      sampling devices, we found that comprehensive scavenging in paediatric
      anaesthesia can reduce the average exposure of anaesthetists to about 130 p.p.m.
      of nitrous oxide.

PMID- 2302371
TI  - Thoracic nerve block.

PMID- 2302372
TI  - Percutaneous anterior approach to the coeliac plexus using ultrasound.

PMID- 2302373
TI  - A simplified approach to the effect kinetics of atracurium.
AB  - The combination of the Hill equation, which describes the concentration-effect
      relation, with the monoexponential function for the terminal decline of plasma
      concentration, yields a compound time constant, T beta s1/2. This constant is a
      combination of the terminal elimination half-life (T beta 1/2) and the exponent
      (s) of the Hill equation and may be used to describe the time course of recovery
      from neuromuscular block. The constant may be estimated by non-linear curve
      fitting to f, the effect expressed as fraction of maximal effect, or by linear
      regression of the logit function of f. The methods were validated using plasma
      concentration and effect data from seven patients administered atracurium. The
      two methods utilizing effect data alone yielded values of 4.2 (0.7) min and 4.3
      (0.5) min (mean (SEM)), respectively, for T beta s1/2 compared with 4.1 (0.6) min
      when the constant was calculated using plasma concentration data for T beta 1/2
      and curve fitting to the concentration-effect data to determine s. These methods
      offer an objective measure of the rate of recovery and a means of testing if
      redistribution or elimination is the primary process in the termination of drug
      effect.

PMID- 2302374
TI  - Changes in alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure difference during orthotopic
      liver transplantation.
AB  - Changes in the alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure difference (PAO2-PaO2)
      were measured in 39 patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation without
      veno-arterial or veno-venous bypass. The operation can be divided into an initial
      dissection phase, an anhepatic phase when the hepatic artery, portal vein and
      vena cava are clamped, and a post-anhepatic phase after the vascular clamps are
      released. There was an initial increase in (PAO2-PaO2) during the dissection
      phase, followed by an immediate decrease when the liver was removed. This
      decrease continued throughout the anhepatic period, but a further increase in
      (PAO2-PaO2) occurred after release of all the vascular clamps and during
      abdominal closure.

PMID- 2302375
TI  - Midazolam acts synergistically with fentanyl for induction of anaesthesia.
AB  - The induction dose-response of midazolam was compared with the dose-response of
      its combination with fentanyl and with that of fentanyl alone in three groups of
      60 unpremedicated, ASA physical status I or II women undergoing minor
      gynaecological surgery. The end-point of induction of anaesthesia was inability
      to open eyes upon command. Dose-response curves were determined for each group
      with a probit procedure and compared with an isobolographic analysis. Midazolam
      was found to act in synergism with fentanyl for induction of anaesthesia. Twenty
      five percent of the ED50 of fentanyl was required in combination with 23% of the
      ED50 for midazolam to achieve the ED50 of the combination. This degree of
      synergism may explain mutual potentiation between opioids and benzodiazepines
      reported previously.

PMID- 2302376
TI  - Sedation during spinal anaesthesia: comparison of propofol and midazolam.
AB  - Propofol and midazolam were compared in 40 patients undergoing orthopaedic
      surgery under spinal anaesthesia. An infusion of either 1% propofol or 0.1%
      midazolam was given at a rate adjusted to maintain a similar level of sedation.
      The mean time to reach this required level was similar in both groups. Quality
      and ease of control of sedation were good in all patients. A mean infusion rate
      of 3.63 mg kg-1 h-1 was required for propofol and 0.26 mg kg-1 h-1 for midazolam.
      Immediate recovery, as judged by ability to open eyes and recall date of birth,
      was significantly more rapid following propofol (P less than 0.001). Similarly,
      restoration of higher mental function was significantly faster following
      propofol, measured by choice reaction time and critical flicker fusion threshold.
      Amnesia for the immediate postoperative period was significantly greater after
      midazolam (P = 0.0001).

PMID- 2302377
TI  - Anticonvulsant properties of propofol and thiopentone: comparison using two tests
      in laboratory mice.
AB  - Experiments were carried out in mice to assess the protection provided by
      thiopentone (Intraval, May and Baker) and propofol (Diprivan, I.C.I.) against
      epileptiform seizures induced by electroshock and pentylenetetrazol.
      Intraperitoneal administration of propofol 50 mg kg-1 and thiopentone 25 mg kg-1
      produced similar peak behavioural effects of mild sedation and incoordination.
      However, at these doses propofol afforded a greater degree of protection against
      pentylenetetrazol than thiopentone and at greater doses both propofol and
      thiopentone caused marked protection. Both anaesthetics were effective also
      against electroshock seizures at sedative doses. We conclude that propofol has
      strong anticonvulsant properties.

PMID- 2302378
TI  - Clinical concentrations of verapamil affect the in vitro diagnosis of
      susceptibility to malignant hyperpyrexia.
AB  - We examined the effects of verapamil on the in vitro caffeine and halothane tests
      for malignant hyperpyrexia (MH) susceptibility. Ten consecutive MH-susceptible
      patients were investigated according to the protocol of the European MH group.
      Additional tests were carried out in the presence of verapamil 10(-6) mol litre
      1. In four of the 10 patients, the halothane contracture response following
      pretreatment with verapamil was classified as positive to halothane. In contrast,
      in nine of the 10 patients, contracture tests of muscle in the presence of
      verapamil were classified as negative to caffeine. It is advised that verapamil
      should be discontinued before performing a contracture test.

PMID- 2302379
TI  - Inverse relationship between age-dependent erythrocyte activity of methaemoglobin
      reductase and prilocaine-induced methaemoglobinaemia during infancy.
AB  - We have measured plasma concentrations of local anaesthetics, and the substance
      fraction of methaemoglobin (MetHb), in infants less than 3 months of age, after
      application of a lignocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA). A total of EMLA 2 g was
      applied over four different skin areas, totalling 16 cm2, for 4 h before
      anaesthesia for a minor surgical procedure. Sampling was carried out before and
      4, 8 and 12 h after application. Maximum MetHb values (median = 2.24%) were
      obtained usually at 8 h and were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than
      before application (median 1.32%). The plasma concentrations of local
      anaesthetics were low (maximum values: prilocaine 78 ng ml-1, lignocaine 412 ng
      ml-1). The activity of erythrocyte MetHb reductase (cytochrome b5 reductase) was
      analysed. Data from a previously studied group of infants aged 3-12 months were
      included also. Enzyme activity did not reach adult levels until after the age of
      3 months. It showed a good inverse correlation with the maximum MetHb values
      after application of EMLA. Although the MetHb concentrations in the infants
      younger than 3 months were small, the enzyme capacity may be overloaded when EMLA
      is administered at the same time as other MetHb-inducing agents. It is concluded
      that the use of EMLA should be restricted in this age group.

PMID- 2302380
TI  - Isolated human blood platelets discriminate between anaesthetic and non
      anaesthetic gases at high pressures.
AB  - We have compared the effects of the anaesthetic gases nitrogen and argon on
      adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced human blood platelet aggregation with the
      effects of the non-anaesthetic gas helium. All three gases showed dose-dependent
      inhibition of platelet aggregation. For nitrogen and argon there was a linear
      relationship between gas pressure and inhibition of aggregation over the range 15
      68 atmospheres absolute (atm abs), whereas helium had a threshold for inhibition
      of approximately 34 atm abs. The inhibition by all gases was reversible after
      slow decompression. At pressures greater than 55 atm abs, nitrogen produced less
      inhibition than helium, indicating anaesthetic-pressure antagonism. Whereas
      pressure alone and the anaesthetic gases inhibited aggregation, the platelet
      shape change elicited by ADP was resistant to both nitrogen and helium,
      indicating that ADP binding and the early events in platelet activation were
      relatively unaffected by these conditions.

PMID- 2302381
TI  - Inhibitors of retinyl ester formation also prevent the biosynthesis of 11-cis
      retinol.
AB  - Lecithin retinol acyl transferase (LRAT) from the retinyl pigment epithelium is
      potently inhibited by all-trans-retinyl alpha-bromoacetate in the micromolar
      range. The inhibition is competitive and reversible. The retinyl pigment
      epithelium also contains an enzymatic activity capable of converting added all
      trans-retinol into 11-cis-retinol. This isomerization is likely to require the
      intermediate formation of all-trans-retinyl esters, which are themselves produced
      by LRAT action. Here this possibility is directly tested by studying the effect
      of all-trans-retinyl alpha-bromoacetate on the isomerization reaction. When
      pigment epithelium membranes are preincubated with all-trans-retinyl alpha
      bromoacetate, they form neither retinyl esters nor 11-cis-retinol from added all
      trans-retinol. However, if the pigment epithelium membranes are first allowed to
      form all-trans-retinyl esters from all-trans-retinol before the addition of all
      trans-retinyl alpha-bromoacetate, then 11-cis-retinol formation proceeds at close
      to the rate found in the absence of inhibitor. In addition, 11-cis-retinyl esters
      are not formed under these conditions, eliminating the possibility of a direct
      ester-ester isomerization route. Therefore, all-trans-retinyl esters are obligate
      intermediates in the biosynthesis of 11-cis-retinol.

PMID- 2302382
TI  - Molecular cloning and primary structure of rat alpha 1-antitrypsin.
AB  - A cDNA clone encoding rat alpha 1-antitrypsin has been isolated from a lambda gt
      11 rat liver cDNA library using an antigen-overlay immunoscreening method. The
      nucleotide sequence of this cDNA clone is 1306 base pairs in length and has a
      coding region of 1224 base pairs which can be translated into an alpha 1
      antitrypsin precursor protein consisting of 408 amino acid residues. The cDNA
      sequence contains a termination codon, TAA, at position 1162 and a
      polyadenylation signal sequence, AATAAT, at position 1212. The calculated
      molecular weight of the translated mature protein is 43,700 with 387 amino acid
      residues; this differs from purified rat alpha 1-antitrypsin's apparent molecular
      weight of 54,000 because of glycosylation. Five potential glycosylation sites
      were identified on the basis of the cDNA sequence. The translated mature protein
      sequence from the cDNA clone matches completely with the N-terminal 33 amino
      acids of purified rat alpha 1-antitrypsin, which has an N-terminal Glu. The cDNA
      encoding rat alpha 1-antitrypsin shares 70% and 80% sequence identity with its
      human and mouse counterparts, respectively. The reactive center sequence of rat
      alpha 1-antitrypsin is highly conserved with respect to human alpha 1
      antitrypsin, both having Met-Ser at the P1 and P1' residues. Genomic Southern
      blot analysis yielded a simple banding pattern, suggesting that the rat alpha 1
      antitrypsin gene is single-copy. Northern blot analysis using the cDNA probe
      showed that rat alpha 1-antitrypsin is expressed at high levels in the liver and
      at low levels in the submandibular gland and the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2302384
TI  - Phase equilibria of cholesterol/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine mixtures: 2H
      nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetry.
AB  - Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and differential scanning
      calorimetry are used to map the phase boundaries of mixtures of cholesterol and
      chain-perdeuteriated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine at
      concentrations from 0 to 25 mol % cholesterol. Three distinct phases can be
      identified: the L alpha or liquid-crystalline phase, the gel phase, and a high
      cholesterol concentration phase, which we call the beta phase. The liquid
      crystalline phase is characterized by highly flexible phospholipid chains with
      rapid axially symmetric reorientation; the gel phase has much more rigid lipid
      chains, and the motions are no longer axially symmetric on the 2H NMR time scale;
      the beta phase is characterized by highly ordered (rigid) chains and rapid
      axially symmetric reorientation. In addition, we identify three regions of two
      phase coexistence. The first of these is a narrow L alpha/gel-phase coexistence
      region lying between 0 and about 6 mol % cholesterol at temperatures just below
      the chain-melting transition of the pure phospholipid/water dispersions, at 37.75
      degrees C. The dramatic changes in the 2H NMR line shape which occur on passing
      through the phase transition are used to map out the boundaries of this narrow
      two-phase region. The boundaries of the second two-phase region are determined by
      2H NMR difference spectroscopy, one boundary lying near 7.5 mol % cholesterol and
      running from 37 down to at least 30 degrees C; the other boundary lies near 22
      mol % cholesterol and covers the same temperature range. Within this region, the
      gel and beta phases coexist. As the temperature is lowered below about 30 degrees
      C, the phospholipid motions reach the intermediate time scale regime of 2H NMR so
      that spectral subtractions become difficult and unreliable. The third two-phase
      region lies above 37 degrees C, beginning at a eutectic point somewhere between
      7.5 and 10 mol % cholesterol and ending at about 20 mol %. In this region, the L
      alpha and beta phases are in equilibrium. The boundaries for this region are
      inferred from differential scanning calorimetry traces, for the boundary between
      the L alpha- and the two-phase region, and from a dramatic sharpening of the NMR
      peaks on crossing the boundary between the two-phase region and the beta-phase
      region. In this region, the technique of difference spectroscopy fails,
      presumably because the diffusion rate in both the L alpha- and beta-phase domains
      is so rapid that phospholipid molecules exchange rapidly between domains on the
      experimental time scale.

PMID- 2302383
TI  - Biliprotein light-harvesting strategies, phycoerythrin 566.
AB  - A series of experiments on the light-harvesting properties of the cryptomonad
      biliprotein phycoerythrin 566 has been carried out on purified protein isolated
      from Cryptomonas ovata. Although this pigment has an absorption maximum at 566
      nm, a property very close to that of other phycoerythrins, it was found to have a
      totally unique set of chromophores. The chromophores (bilins) responsible for its
      absorption spectrum were analyzed by a number of approaches. Chromophore
      containing peptides were produced by trypsin treatment and purified in order to
      isolate the individual peptide-bound bilins free of overlapping absorption. These
      chromopeptides, after comparison with appropriate controls, showed that three
      spectrally distinct bilins occurred on the purified oligomeric protein. Two of
      the bilins were the well-known phycoerythrobilin and cryptoviolin, but the third
      was previously undiscovered and had an absorption spectrum between that of
      cryptoviolin and phycocyanobilin. Since the spectral diversity of the three
      bilins was fully maintained in solvents that minimize the effects of apoprotein
      on the spectra of the bilins, it is likely that the three bilins are also
      structurally dissimilar. The alpha and beta subunits, which constitute the
      protein, were separated by ion-exchange chromatography, and the new bilin was
      found to be the sole chromophore on the alpha subunit. It was also found that at
      least two alpha subunits could be separated and they both had this unusual bilin
      (cryptobilin 596). The beta subunit, therefore, contained both phycoerythrobilin
      and cryptoviolin. On the basis of the spectra of the three chromopeptides, the
      absorption spectrum of the protein was modeled using the known absorptivities of
      cryptoviolin and phycoerythrobilin.

PMID- 2302385
TI  - Thermodynamics of thermal and athermal denaturation of gamma-crystallins: changes
      in conformational stability upon glutathione reaction.
AB  - The conformational stabilities of bovine lens gamma-crystallin fractions II,
      IIIA, IIIB, and IVA and those modified with glutathione were compared by studying
      the thermal and guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) denaturation behavior. The
      conformational state was monitored by both far-UV CD and fluorescence
      measurements. All the gamma-crystallins studied showed a sigmoidal order-disorder
      transition with varied melting temperatures. The thermal denaturation of these
      proteins is reversible up to a temperature 3 or 4 degrees C above T 1/2; above
      this temperature, irreversible aggregation occurs. The validity of a two-state
      approximation of both thermal and Gdn-HCl denaturation was tested for all four
      crystallins, and the presence of one or more intermediates was evident in the
      unfolding of IVA. delta GDH2O values of these crystallins range from 4 to 9
      kcal/mol. Upon glutathione treatment IVA showed the maximum decrease in T 1/2 by
      approximately 9 degrees C and in delta GDH2O value by 29%; the smallest decrease
      in T 1/2 was for IIIA by 2 degrees C and in delta GDH2O by 15%. We have
      demonstrated that the glutathione reaction can dramatically reduce the
      conformational stability of gamma-crystallins and, thus, that the thermodynamic
      quantities of the unreacted crystallins can be used to evaluate the stability of
      these proteins when modified during cataract formation.

PMID- 2302386
TI  - Primary structure of a zinc protease from Bacillus mesentericus strain 76.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of the neutral zinc protease from Bacillus mesentericus
      strain 76 (MCP 76) has been determined by using peptides derived from digests
      with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and cyanogen bromide and from cleavage with o
      iodosobenzoic acid. The peptides were purified by means of gel filtration and
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed by automatic
      sequencing. The protein contains 300 amino acid residues. It proved to be
      identical with the neutral protease deduced from the DNA precursor sequence of
      Bacillus subtilis. The residues for zinc and substrate binding are conserved,
      whereas the number of calcium binding sites is reduced compared to thermolysin. A
      classification of the neutral zinc protease is discussed.

PMID- 2302387
TI  - Structure and regulation of the senescence marker protein 2 gene promoter.
AB  - The liver-specific expression of the senescence marker protein 2 (SMP-2) in the
      male rat is markedly reduced during the androgen-sensitive state of young
      adulthood, whereas it is up-regulated during the androgen-insensitive phases of
      prepuberty and senescence. Nuclear runoff studies show that the age-dependent
      changes in SMP-2 expression are due to transcriptional regulation of the gene. In
      order to explore the mechanism of the regulatory process, we have cloned the
      upstream flanking regions of two distinct SMP-2 genes (SMP-2A and SMP-2B) and
      established their nucleotide sequence. These clones contain approximately 2.2 kb
      of the 5'-flanking sequence, exons 1 and 2, the first intron, and a portion of
      the second intron. The SMP-2 genes, as well as the upstream sequences, contain
      the sequence motifs for a number of cis-acting regulatory elements, such as the
      hepatocyte-specific element (HP1) and the androgen response element (ARE). S1
      nuclease and primer extension analyses have established the transcription
      initiation sites for these genes. For functional analysis of the upstream
      sequences, we have constructed a hybrid plasmid containing the SMP-2A gene
      sequence (-1970 to +38 bases) fused to the structural gene for chloramphenicol
      acetyl-transferase (CAT). Upon transfection into rat hepatoma cells (FT02B), this
      construct was able to drive expression of the CAT gene. The same construct,
      however, failed to function in fibroblast-derived L cells, indicating tissue
      specific regulation of the construct promoter.

PMID- 2302388
TI  - Thermotropic properties of saturated mixed acyl phosphatidylethanolamines.
AB  - The mixed acyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) series C(18)C(18)PE, C(18)C(16)PE,
      C(18)C(14)PE, C(18)C(12)PE, and C(18)C(10)PE has been prepared from the
      corresponding phosphatidylcholines by phospholipase D mediated
      transphosphatidylation. The thermotropic behavior of unhydrated and hydrated
      preparations of these PEs has been investigated by differential scanning
      calorimetry and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Unhydrated preparations of the PEs undergo
      crystalline to liquid-crystalline transitions (Tm+h), which correspond to the
      simultaneous hydration and acyl chain melting of poorly hydrated crystalline
      samples. Hydrated preparations of the PEs undergo gel to liquid-crystalline
      transitions (Tm) when scanned immediately subsequent to cooling from temperatures
      above their respective Tm+hs. Multilamellar bilayers of C(18)C(18)PE,
      C(18)C(16)PE, and C(18)C(14)PE pack without significant interdigitation of the
      phospholipid acyl chains across the bilayer center in the gel phase. C(18)C(10)PE
      multilamellar preparations exhibit a mixed-interdigitated gel phase packing of
      the phospholipid acyl chains. Hydrated bilayers of C(18)C(12)PE adopt a mixed
      interdigitated gel phase packing at temperatures below 13.9 degrees C. Between
      13.9 degrees C and the gel to liquid-crystalline transition temperature of 36.9
      degrees C, the C(18)C(12)PE bilayer adopts a noninterdigitated gel phase packing.
      The metastable behavior of fully hydrated and partially hydrated preparations of
      the mixed acyl PEs has been investigated. Bilayers of C(18)C(18)PE, C(18)C(16)PE,
      and C(18)C(14)PE exhibited little or no tendency toward regeneration of the
      crystalline phase. In contrast, bilayers of C(18C(12)PE and C(18)C(10)PE
      exhibited a metastability of the liquid-crystalline phase in the temperature
      interval between Tm and Tm+h, which can allow for the regeneration of the
      crystalline phase under certain conditions. Bilayers of C(18)C(12)PE exhibited an
      additional metastability of the noninterdigitated gel phase.

PMID- 2302389
TI  - Energetics of Ehrlich ascites mitochondria: membrane potential of isolated
      mitochondria and mitochondria within digitonin-permeabilized cells.
AB  - Ehrlich ascites tumour cells were treated with digitonin so that they became
      permeable for low-molecular-weight compounds but, at certain concentrations of
      digitonin, retained most of their cytoplasmic proteins. Respiration of
      mitochondria with exogenous substrates and their membrane potential could thus be
      measured in situ by means of oxygen electrode and tetraphenylphosphonium
      sensitive electrode, respectively. The results were compared with data from
      similar measurements on mitochondria isolated from such digitonin-permeabilized
      cells. Isolated mitochondria and mitochondria in situ oxidized succinate at
      similar rates and developed membrane potential of comparable magnitude. Both
      preparations also exhibited an identical nonlinear relationship between resting
      state respiration (titrated with a respiratory inhibitor) and the membrane
      potential. In the cells permeabilized with low concentrations of digitonin (i.e.,
      retaining most of cytoplasmic proteins) and suspended in medium containing NaCl
      and other major anions and cations at concentrations close to those in mammalian
      plasma, anaerobiosis did not produce a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane
      potential, which was collapsed only after a subsequent addition of oligomycin. In
      this medium, glucose had little effect on either respiration or the membrane
      potential.

PMID- 2302390
TI  - Partitioning of teniposide into membranes and the role of lipid composition.
AB  - We have examined the partitioning behavior of the anticancer agent teniposide (VM
      26) into multilamellar vesicles composed of various phospholipid species.
      Partitioning was found to be sensitive to the composition of the liposomal
      membrane since changes in the head group or acyl chain constituents could
      dramatically alter the affinity of the drug for the bilayer. [3H]VM-26
      partitioned most readily into 1,2-monounsaturated species of phosphatidylcholine
      (PC) with a molar partition coefficient (Kp) of 4290 for dioleoyl-PC at 37
      degrees C. Inclusion of additional phospholipids having a different head group
      reduced partitioning in the order cardiolipin greater than phosphatidylglycerol
      greater than phosphatidylserine greater than phosphatidylethanolamine. The Kp for
      dioleoyl-PC with 33 mol% cardiolipin was reduced to 1370. Partitioning into
      completely saturated species of PC was much less than that for unsaturated
      species and was inversely proportional to the hydrocarbon chain length at
      temperatures either above or below the chain melting temperature. The Kp for
      fluid phase dimyristoyl-PC was 2300. Partitioning into dimyristoyl-PC or dioleoyl
      PC at 37 degrees C (fluid) or dipalmitoyl-PC at 25 degrees C (gel) was reduced by
      the addition of 5-30 mol% cholesterol in proportion to its bilayer concentration.
      Etoposide (VP-16) at concentrations up to 10 mol% did not compete with [3H]VM-26
      for association with dioleoyl-PC. Addition of calf serum or serum albumin could
      significantly reduce the association of [3H]VM-26 with the liposomes.

PMID- 2302391
TI  - Decreased D-glucose transport across renal brush-border membrane vesicles from
      streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AB  - The uptake of Na(+)-dependent D-glucose by renal brush-border membrane vesicles
      (BBMV) isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was decreased as
      compared with controls. Since a Vmax of 4.8 nmol/mg protein per 30 s in diabetic
      BBMV was significantly decreased as compared with that of controls (Vmax = 7.0
      nmol/mg protein per 30 s) without changing an apparent affinity for D-glucose,
      the decrease in the Na(+)-dependent D-glucose uptake in diabetic rats is likely
      to be due to the reduction in the number of the transporter. These results are
      also confirmed by the binding study of [3H]phlorizin to diabetic BBMV. When the
      blood glucose level is lowered in diabetic rats by both the treatment with
      insulin and starvation, the decreased Na(+)-dependent D-glucose uptake is
      returned to control level. These results suggest that Na(+)-dependent D-glucose
      reabsorption through the apical membrane in proximal tubular kidney cells is
      dynamically regulated by the change in blood glucose level.

PMID- 2302392
TI  - Interaction between corneocytes and stratum corneum lipid liposomes in vitro.
AB  - Small unilamellar vesicles were made from a mixture of epidermal ceramides (45%),
      cholesterol (35%), free fatty acids (15%) and cholesteryl sulfate (5%). Isolated
      corneocytes prepared from pig epidermis were added to the liposomes and the
      interaction between corneocytes and liposomes was studied by (1) thin-section
      electron microscopy and (2) monitoring the release of aqueous contents of the
      vesicles by following the fluorescence intensity of carboxyfluorescein entrapped
      in the vesicles. The vesicles adsorbed readily onto the corneocytes and slowly
      transformed into lamellar sheets. Enhanced fluorescence intensity indicated a
      corneocyte-induced membrane fusion process that resulted in the release of
      aqueous contents of the vesicles. The results suggest a cohesive role for the
      corneocyte cell envelope, which consists of a monomolecular layer of lipids
      covalently bound to the outside of a cross-linked protein envelope. This may be
      one of the major factors in the reassembly of extruded membranous disks into
      lamellar sheets which occurs during the final stages of epidermal
      differentiation.

PMID- 2302394
TI  - Characterization of amino acid transport systems in human placental basal
      membrane vesicles.
AB  - The amino acid transport systems have been characterized in basal membrane
      vesicles prepared from human full-term placental syncytiotrophoblasts. Transport
      of amino acids across basal membranes occurred via passive diffusion and Na(+)
      independent and Na(+)-dependent carrier-mediated systems. Passive diffusion was
      responsible for a substantial fraction of transport. L-Glutamate and alpha
      (methylamino)isobutyrate were transported only Na(+)-independently, while the
      transport of L-alanine was dependent solely on an Na+ gradient from the outside
      to the inside of the vesicles. L-Methionine, L-leucine, glycine and L-proline
      transport were supported by both Na(+)-independent and Na(+)-dependent systems. L
      Lysine transport was decreased in the presence of cations, an inwardly directed
      Na+ gradient was much more effective than a K+ gradient at slowing L-lysine
      transport. A cross-inhibition analysis of these amino acids indicates that at
      least three Na(+)-independent and five Na(+)-dependent carrier-mediated systems
      exist in the human placental syncytiotrophoblast basal membranes. One Na(+)
      independent system interacts with all substrates tested. Another Na(+)
      independent system carries glycine, L-methionine, L-leucine and L-lysine; it is
      sensitive to L-glutamate, but not to L-proline or alpha-(methylamino)isobutyrate.
      The third system is selective for L-lysine, which is inhibited by L-methionine,
      glycine and L-leucine, but inaccessible to L-glutamate, L-proline and alpha
      (methylamino)isobutyrate. One Na(+)-dependent system carries L-alanine, glycine,
      L-methionine and L-leucine, and it is sensitive to L-proline. The second system
      mediates transport of L-alanine, glycine, L-methionine and L-proline, but is not
      sensitive to L-leucine. The third system carries L-alanine, glycine and L
      proline, and is inaccessible to L-methionine and L-leucine. The fourth system is
      responsible for L-methionine and L-leucine; it is sensitive to L-alanine and
      glycine, but not to L-proline. The fifth system is selective for L-proline.

PMID- 2302393
TI  - The dissociation of peripheral proteins from erythrocyte membranes brought about
      by p-mercuribenzenesulfonate.
AB  - The organic mercurial p-mercuribenzenesulfonate in 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0)
      solubilized ankyrin, bands 4.1 and 4.2, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase from spectrin-depleted erythrocyte membranes. Glyceraldehyde-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase was the protein most readily solubilized, being almost
      completely extracted by 0.5 mM reagent. The solubilization of ankyrin was similar
      to that of band 4.2, both showing maximal solubilization with 1.0 mM reagent.
      Band 4.1 was not appreciably solubilized below 2.5 mM p-mercuribenzenesulfonate.
      N-Ethylmaleimide did not itself solubilize proteins from ghosts or spectrin
      depleted vesicles, and pretreatment at low temperature by 4 mM N-ethylmaleimide
      did not prevent subsequent solubilization by the mercurial. However, pretreatment
      at 37 degrees C with N-ethylmaleimide inhibited subsequent solubilization of
      ankyrin and band 4.2 by the mercurial and also resulted in the loss of binding of
      1 mol mercurial per mol band 3. These data suggest that release of ankyrin and
      band 4.2 from the membrane by mercurial is linked to modification of band 3 by
      the reagent. After incubation of intact erythrocyte membranes with 0.1 M NaCl,
      treatment with p-mercuribenzenesulfonate selectively solubilized actin from the
      membranes. The resulting actin-depleted membranes did not vesiculate, but became
      spherical and lost their biconcave shape. Fragmentation was observed after
      subsequent removal of spectrin at low ionic strength.

PMID- 2302395
TI  - Alterations in the electrical properties of T and B lymphocyte membranes induced
      by mitogenic stimulation. Activation monitored by electro-rotation of single
      cells.
AB  - Stimulation of either B or T lymphocytes using specific mitogens results in
      changes in the passive electrical properties of the cell surface. These effects
      can be related to growth and secretion. This was possible because the high
      resolution of the contra-field electro-rotation method, combined with the use of
      very low conductivity media, allowed accurate and analytically-derived values for
      the cell surface properties. Increases in effective CM (membrane capacity) and
      changes in apparent membrane conductivity (reflecting the additive effects of
      true membrane conductivity GM and surface conductance KS) were measured. After 72
      h treatment with concanavalin A, thymocyte CM had increased from 0.76 muF/cm2 to
      1.24-1.46 muF/cm2 (7.6 to 12.4-14.6 mF/m2). Allowing for the stimulation-induced
      size increase (cell radius increased from 2.8 to 4.4 micron) these data imply
      that the plasma membrane area per cell increases 5-fold during stimulation.
      Stimulation of B cells (by 3 days incubation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide)
      increased CM from 0.93 to 1.6-1.7 muF/cm2 (9.3 to 16-17 mF/m2). Incubation
      without mitogen gave no significant increase in CM or in radius. Control cells of
      different sizes showed no difference in membrane properties. The increases in
      effective CM are argued to reflect an increase in membrane ramification
      (microvilli, folding, etc.). The apparent membrane conductivity of T cells also
      increased during stimulation, from 5 to 21 mS/cm2 (50 to 210 S/m2). This increase
      is proportionately much greater than that in CM or in membrane area. It seems to
      be due to a real increase in GM, but a small increase in KS may also occur. The
      earliest changes in apparent membrane conductivity were evident between 3 and 5 h
      after stimulation, before the cells increased in size. This response parallels
      increases in transmembrane transport reported to follow mitogenic stimulation.

PMID- 2302396
TI  - Phase structures and transitions in fully hydrated diacyltrehalose.
AB  - Real time X-ray diffraction was used to examine the gel bilayer to disordered
      bilayer phase transition in fully hydrated dipalmitoyltrehalose. The L beta to L
      alpha phase transition was shown to proceed via a second-order thermodynamic
      process involving incommensurate mesophase bilayer repeat structures and the
      formation of an intermediate rectangular acyl chain packing subcell. This
      phenomenon has only been previously shown to occur for
      dihexadecylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)
      dihydrates undergoing stepwise (i.e., noncontinuous) temperature changes. It can
      thus be inferred that the presence of trehalose-trehalose intra-bilayer
      interactions is a sufficient condition to modify the acyl chain structural
      rearrangements within the bilayer as a function of temperature.

PMID- 2302397
TI  - Mobility of nucleoside transporter of human erythrocytes differs greatly when
      loaded with different nucleosides.
AB  - Time courses of transmembrane equilibration of 2-chloroadenosine, 2'
      deoxyadenosine, 3'-deoxyadenosine, cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine were measured by
      rapid kinetic techniques in human erythrocytes under equilibrium exchange and
      zero-trans conditions. The kinetic parameters for transport were computed by
      fitting appropriate integrated rate equations to the data pooled for seven
      concentrations and compared to the kinetic parameters for uridine, adenosine,
      thymidine and formycin B transport determined previously for human erythrocytes
      under comparable experimental conditions. The transport of all nucleosides
      conformed to the simple carrier model and was directionally symmetric. The
      Michaelis-Menten constants for equilibrium exchange (Kee) ranged from 22 microM
      for 2-chloroadenosine to about 4 mM for cytidine and the maximum velocities (Vee)
      differed in a similar manner, so that the first-order rate constants (Vee/Kee)
      were similar for all nucleosides. The kinetic parameters for 2'-deoxyadenosine
      transport were similar to those for adenosine transport, whereas the lack of the
      3'-OH group greatly reduced the affinity of 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) for
      the carrier. 2', 3'-Dideoxynucleosides were transported less than 1% as
      efficiently as 2'- and 3'-deoxynucleosides. Thus, the 2'- and 3'-OH groups play
      an important role in nucleoside transport. The mobility of the carrier when
      loaded with pyrimidine nucleosides (reflected by Vee) was 5-10-times greater than
      that of the empty carrier, whereas the mobility of the adenosine-loaded or 2'
      deoxyadenosine-loaded carrier was about equal to that of the empty carrier.
      Loading the carrier with 2-chloroadenosine or 3'-deoxyadenosine actually
      decreased its mobility. Thus, the differential mobility of the loaded and empty
      carrier differs greatly with the nucleoside substrate. The mobility of the loaded
      carrier as well as Kee increased with a decrease in lipid solubility of the
      nucleoside substrate, but the relationship was complex.

PMID- 2302399
TI  - Glucose 6-phosphate stimulation of MgATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake by rat kidney
      microsomes.
AB  - (1) The features of MgATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation under stimulation with
      glucose 6-phosphate were studied in rat kidney microsomes. (2) Ca2+ accumulated
      in the presence of MgATP alone does not exceed approx. 2 nmol/mg protein. (3)
      Glucose 6-phosphate markedly stimulates Ca2+ accumulation, up to steady-state
      levels approx. 15-fold higher than in its absence. (4) The hydrolysis of glucose
      6-phosphate by glucose-6-phosphatase is essential for the stimulation, as shown
      by inhibiting the glucose 6-phosphate hydrolysis with adequate concentrations of
      vanadate. Inorganic phosphate is accumulated in microsomal vesicles during
      glucose 6-phosphate-stimulated Ca2+ uptake in equimolar amounts with respects to
      Ca2+. (5) Increasing concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate result in increasing
      stimulations of Ca2+ uptake, until a maximal Ca2(+)-loading capacity of approx.
      27 nmol/mg microsomal protein is reached. It is suggested that the enlargement of
      the kidney microsomal Ca2+ pool induced by glucose 6-phosphate (an important
      metabolite in kidney) might play a role in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in
      kidney tubular cells.

PMID- 2302398
TI  - Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic resolution of the polypeptides of rat liver
      mitochondria and the outer membrane.
AB  - The proteins of highly purified rat liver mitochondria were resolved by two
      dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and detected by staining with
      either Coomassie blue or silver. Approximately 250 polypeptides were detected
      with silver staining which is 2- to 3-times that observed with Coomassie blue.
      Silver staining was especially more effective than Coomassie blue for detecting
      polypeptides of less than 50 000 daltons. A two-dimensional gel pattern of rat
      liver microsomes was distinct from that of the mitochondria. The mitochondrial
      outer membrane was prepared from purified mitochondria either with digitonin or
      by swelling in a hypotonic medium. As assessed by marker enzymes, the latter
      method yielded a considerably purer outer membrane preparation (20-fold
      purification) than the former (2.6-fold purification). Approximately 50
      polypeptides were observed in a two-dimensional gel (pH 3-10) of the highly
      purified outer membrane fraction. Three isoelectric forms of the pore (VDAC)
      protein were observed with pI values of 8.2, 7.8 and 7.1. Monoamine oxidase was
      identified as a polypeptide of Mr 60 000. About 50 polypeptides were also
      resolved in a reverse polarity non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis gel of
      the outer membrane, pH 3-10, with at least six isoelectric forms of the VDAC
      protein observed under these conditions. The six isoforms of the VDAC protein
      were also observed in a non-equilibrium gel with 2 micrograms of the purified
      protein.

PMID- 2302400
TI  - Inhibition by caltrin of calcium transport into spermatozoa, liver and heart
      mitochondria.
AB  - The calcium-transport inhibitor, caltrin, isolated from bovine seminal fluid
      inhibits calcium accumulation by bovine epididymal spermatozoa, spermatozoal
      mitochondria, rat liver mitochondria and beef heart mitochondria. Respiration
      studies demonstrate a marked stimulation of oxygen consumption by caltrin in
      filipin-treated spermatozoa and rat liver mitochondria. A biphasic effect of
      caltrin on rat liver mitochondrial respiration was noted, with stimulation at low
      caltrin concentrations and inhibition as the concentration of caltrin is
      increased. The ability of caltrin to uncouple and/or inhibit respiration in
      filipin-treated spermatozoa and isolated liver mitochondria indicates that
      inhibition of mitochondrial calcium accumulation by caltrin results from one of
      these mechanisms. Only a marginal effect of caltrin on respiration of intact
      spermatozoa was observed; indicating that the plasma membrane is impermeable to
      this protein. The differential effect of caltrin on respiration of intact and
      permeabilized spermatozoa indicates that caltrin inhibition of Ca2+ uptake into
      spermatozoa in vivo occurs at the level of the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2302401
TI  - Effects of isoproterenol on Na+ and K+ transport in frog skin epithelium.
AB  - The acute effects of isoproterenol on Na+ extrusion and K+ uptake across the
      basolateral membrane of the isolated epithelium of the frog skin were examined. A
      chloride-free sulfate Ringer was used in all experiments. Isoproterenol caused an
      approximate doubling of the short-circuit current (Isc) and the transepithelial
      Na+ flux (J13Na). Isc remained equal to J13Na. After isoproterenol treatment,
      ouabain inhibited Isc and J13Na in a manner similar to control tissues. Ouabain
      sensitive K+ uptake was also measured under comparable conditions. In two sets of
      experiments, K+ uptake was increased on average by only 5 and 17 percent after
      isoproterenol treatment. Thus, isoproterenol caused Na+ flux to more than double
      while K+ uptake increased by only 5-17%. These data cannot be readily accounted
      for by a pump with a fixed Na+/K+ exchange ratio.

PMID- 2302402
TI  - Effects of marine oil-enriched diets on guinea pig megakaryocyte and platelet
      lipids: effects on thromboxane synthesis and platelet function.
AB  - The effects of marine oil-enriched diets on the fatty acid composition of lipids
      in guinea pig megakaryocytes (MK) and platelets were studied to obtain a better
      understanding of the mechanisms for changes in platelet fatty acid composition
      and platelet function. Animals were fed 2%, 5% and 10% menhaden oil-enriched
      diets for up to 35 days. Platelets and MK were isolated and MK subpopulations at
      various stages of development were prepared. The diets did not cause a change in
      the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio in MK or platelets. The diets induced a dose
      related incorporation of eicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6)
      and an associated decrease in linoleic acid (18:2) in both MK and platelets.
      However, there was a considerable greater depression of 20:4 in platelets than in
      MK. These changes were evident with 2% marine oil diets and maximal with 10%
      diets. Half maximal changes in fatty acid composition occurred after 3 days and
      maximal changes at 10 days after the initiation of the diets and no further
      changes occurred up to 35 days. Based on percent of total fatty acids in
      individual phospholipids, 20:5 had been primarily incorporated into
      phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) and 22:6 into PE and
      phosphatidylserine (PS) in both MK and platelets. 18:2 was decreased in all
      phospholipids. 20:4 was decreased only in PI in MK while 20:4 was decreased in
      PE, PI and PS in platelets. In animals on the 10% marine oil diet, more 20:5 and
      22:6 were incorporated into mature than immature MK but the greatest amount of
      20:5 and 22:6 had accumulated in platelets. Ingestion of marine oil-enriched
      diets did not cause thrombocytopenia or affect MK maturation based on the
      analysis of morphologic stage, ploidy or size. Marine oil-enriched diets caused a
      decrease in thromboxane synthesis in response to thrombin and calcium ionophore
      in platelets and MK at all stages of maturation. In platelet-rich plasma,
      collagen induced platelet aggregation, ATP secretion and thromboxane synthesis
      were decreased to a greater degree at 35 days than 10 days. Thus, the study
      indicates that the ingestion of marine oil-enriched diets resulted in the
      compartmentalization of 20:5 and 22:6 in acidic phospholipids in mature MK and
      platelets. The observation that marine oil-enriched diet induced maximal changes
      in lipid composition in MK and platelets within 10 days but caused progressive
      inhibition of platelet function for up to 35 days indicates that as yet undefined
      membrane and cellular changes may occur at later time points.

PMID- 2302403
TI  - Transport parameters in the human red cell membrane: solute-membrane interactions
      of hydrophilic alcohols and their effect on permeation.
AB  - A systematic study has been made of the three coefficients that describe the
      human red cell membrane transport of a series of short straight-chain hydrophilic
      alcohols: the permeability coefficient, omega i, the reflection coefficient,
      sigma i, and the hydraulic conductivity, Lp. Ethylene glycol transport is
      saturable with Km = 220 +/- 50 mM; there is a second, low-affinity, ethylene
      glycol site which inhibits water transport (K = 570 +/- 140 mM, max. inhib. = 90
      +/- 10%). sigma eth gly = 0.71 +/- 0.04 which is significantly less than 1 (n =
      6, P less than 0.001), as are sigma i for six other alcohols (n = 23), thus
      providing strong thermodynamic evidence that water and these alcohols cross the
      red cell membrane, at least in part, in an aqueous channel. The solute/membrane
      frictional coefficient, fsm, for all seven alcohols has been determined and found
      to decrease monotonically as membrane permeability increases. The red cell
      membrane has been perturbed by treatments with phenylglyoxal and BS3
      (bis(succinimidyl suberate]; these treatments are accompanied by correlated
      modulation of both ethylene glycol and urea permeability. In one set of
      experiments in control cells, urea permeability is correlated with water
      permeability; and, in another set, ethylene glycol permeability is correlated
      with water permeability. All of these observations support the proposition that
      the urea class of solutes, the ethylene glycol class of solutes and water all
      cross the membrane through the same aqueous pore. A schematic model of the red
      cell pore, consistent with the experimental observations, is presented.

PMID- 2302404
TI  - Contribution of glycoproteins to fibrinogen-induced aggregation of erythrocytes.
AB  - The contribution of membrane glycoproteins to the velocity of fibrinogen-induced
      erythrocyte aggregation was examined using a rheoscope combined with a video
      camera, an image analyzer and a computer. The structure of glycoproteins was
      modified with proteolytic enzymes, trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin. (1) Mild
      enzymatic treatment of erythrocytes decreased the velocity of erythrocyte
      aggregation, but more intense treatment increased the velocity remarkably. (2)
      The erythrocyte aggregation was affected not only by the density of surface
      negative charge of erythrocytes, but also by the structural changes of
      glycoproteins. (3) Erythrocyte deformability and the morphological
      characteristics were not altered by these enzymatic treatments. The physiological
      significance of glycoproteins of erythrocyte surface for the survival of
      erythrocytes and for the suspension stability of blood was discussed.

PMID- 2302405
TI  - Norepinephrine stimulation of sodium transport in Necturus urinary bladder.
AB  - Norepinephrine alters the transepithelial electrical properties of an open
      circuited urinary bladder from the mud puppy, Necturus maculosus. When 10(-5) M
      norepinephrine is superfused over the serosa of the epithelium, the
      transepithelial voltage (Vt) and short-circuit current (Isc) increase as the
      resistance (Rt) decreases. The norepinephrine-mediated changes are reversed by
      the addition of amiloride (5.10(-5) M) to the mucosal Ringer's solution. The
      serosal adrenoceptors mediating the Na+ transport are more sensitive to
      norepinephrine (EC50 = 1.2.10(-6) M) than to epinephrine or isoproterenol. Since
      the Isc is blocked selectively by the antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, stimulation
      of active transepithelial Na(+)-flux by catecholamines is mediated by an alpha
      adrenoceptor. The apical cell membrane voltage (Va) and fractional resistance
      (fRa) were recorded using conventional KCl-filled microelectrodes. Untreated
      tissues have Va close to 0 mV while the basolateral membrane voltage (Vb) is
      between -85 and -95 mV. About 90% of Rt is apical cell membrane resistance (fRa).
      When amiloride inhibits sodium transport, Va becomes negative, Vb hyperpolarizes
      slightly and fRa increases to 97%. On the other hand, if the bladders are treated
      with norepinephrine, fRa decreases to 79% as Va becomes positive and Vb
      depolarizes. When Rt changes, the resistance of the paracellular pathway (Rp) is
      unaltered. Changes in the electrical properties of the tissue appear to be
      mediated primarily by alterations in Ra. Since the Necturus bladder does not
      respond to antidiuretic hormone, this study implies that biogenic amines regulate
      Na+ transport in the epithelium.

PMID- 2302406
TI  - Separation of two distinct Na+/D-glucose cotransport systems in the human fetal
      jejunum by means of their differential specificity for 3-O-methylglucose.
AB  - Based on kinetic arguments, we have recently proposed the existence of two
      distinct Na+/D-glucose cotransporters in brush-border membrane vesicles isolated
      from the human fetal jejunum (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 938 (1988) 181-188). In
      order to further test this hypothesis, inhibition studies of the zero-trans
      influx of substrate have been performed under Na(+)-gradient and voltage-clamped
      conditions. Initial rates of D-glucose uptake were totally abolished by D
      glucose, D-galactose, alpha-methylglucose and phlorizin while 3-O-methylglucose
      and phloretin induced only a 65% inhibition even at the highest concentrations
      used. The residual activity of D-glucose uptake is thus compatible with substrate
      flux through a low-affinity transport system which is insensitive to phloretin
      and does not accept 3-O-methylglucose as substrate. This substrate specificity
      has been used to separate kinetically the two putative pathways for glucose
      transport. The data obtained are compatible with the existence of the following
      two systems: (i) a low-affinity, high-capacity system with a Km of 4.7 mM and a
      Vmax of 22 nmol/min per mg of protein, and; (ii) a high-affinity, low-capacity
      system with a Km of 0.57 mM and a Vmax of 10.7 nmol/min per mg of protein. These
      data thus demonstrate clearly the existence of two distinct Na(+)-dependent D
      glucose carriers in the human jejunum during the early gestation period since
      these systems can be differentiated not only by their kinetic properties but also
      by their differences in both substrate and inhibitor specificities.

PMID- 2302407
TI  - Na(+)-dependent, active and Na(+)-independent, facilitated transport of formycin
      B in mouse spleen lymphocytes.
AB  - Na(+)-dependent, active and Na(+)-independent facilitated nucleoside transport
      were characterized in mouse spleen cells using rapid kinetic techniques and
      formycin B, a metabolically inert analog of inosine, as substrate. The Michaelis
      Menten constants for formycin B transport by the two transporters were about 30
      and 400 microM, respectively. The first-order rate constant for Na(+)-dependent
      transport was about 4-times higher than that for facilitated formycin B
      transport. The Na(+)-dependent carrier is specific for uridine and purine
      nucleosides and accumulates formycin B concentratively in an unmodified form.
      Concentrative accumulation was inhibited by ATP depletion and gramicidin and
      ouabain treatment of the cells. Our data indicate a single Na(+)-binding site on
      the Na(+)-dependent nucleoside carrier and a Michaelis-Menten constant for Na+ of
      about 10 mM. This transporter was not significantly inhibited by dipyridamole and
      nitrobenzylthioinosine, inhibitors of the facilitated transporter. The Na(+)
      independent, facilitated nucleoside transporter of spleen cells exhibits
      properties comparable to those of the carriers present in mammalian cells in
      general. The B lymphocytes remaining after depletion of spleen cell populations
      of T lymphocytes by incubation with a combination of T-cell specific monoclonal
      antibodies plus complement exhibited about the same activities of active and
      facilitated nucleoside transport as the original suspension.

PMID- 2302408
TI  - Metabolic stereoisomeric inversion of 2-arylpropionic acids. On the mechanism of
      ibuprofen epimerization in rats.
AB  - Kinetic and mechanistic studies are described for the metabolic stereoisomeric
      inversion of R-ibuprofen in rats. After oral administration of R-ibuprofen to
      rats, the plasma levels and enantiomeric compositions of ibuprofen and its major
      metabolite were monitored. Although individual animals exhibited great variations
      in metabolic rates, the concentration ratios of the S- and R-enantiomers of
      ibuprofen and also its metabolite remained roughly unchanged within 90 min. Even
      though it is generally believed that this bioconversion is strictly
      stereospecific in nature, chromatographic analysis revealed that S-ibuprofen also
      underwent metabolic inversion, however, at a much slower rate, than its R
      counterpart. The inversion mechanism was assessed by monitoring the loss of
      labeled deuterium from specifically deuterated ibuprofen. No significant isotope
      effect was observed for the metabolism of these deuterated derivatives. One
      deuterium atom was lost in the S-ibuprofen resulted from R-[2-2H]ibuprofen
      metabolism, whereas all the three deuterium atoms were retained when R-[3,3,3
      2H3]ibuprofen was used as the substrate. These results reinforce the proposed
      mechanism that the inversion proceeds via a thioester carbanion intermediate. The
      pKa of the alpha-methine proton of ibuprofen N-acetylcysteamine thioester was
      shown to be 10.34 +/- 0.06, which excludes the possibility that ibuprofen may
      undergo inversion through the nonenzymatic isomerization of its acyl thioester.

PMID- 2302409
TI  - Carnitine transport and tissue carnitine accretion in rats.
AB  - In rats, circulating carnitine levels were highly correlated with skeletal muscle
      and heart carnitine concentrations over the range of 26-69 microM serum
      carnitine, but not at higher extracellular carnitine concentrations (70-188
      microM). By contrast, circulating carnitine levels over the entire range studied
      (26-188 microM) correlated with liver and kidney carnitine concentrations. For
      each tissue the range of extracellular carnitine concentrations which correlated
      with the tissue carnitine concentration corresponded with the linear or nearly
      linear portion of the Michaelis-Menten curve for transport of carnitine in vitro.

PMID- 2302410
TI  - Identification of furoyl-containing advanced glycation products in collagen
      samples from diabetic and healthy rats.
AB  - The compounds resulting from the reaction of glucose with proteins (advanced
      glycation products) can be important markers of chronic diabetic complications.
      To test the possible diagnostic value of advanced glycation products containing
      the furoyl moiety, collagen samples from diabetic and healthy rats were analyzed
      by parent ion spectroscopy. In our study, we compared normal collagen, diabetic
      collagen and normal collagen incubated with different glucose concentrations and
      we employed different hydrolysis procedures (HCl and proteinase). Mass
      spectroscopic measurements performed on hydrolyzed samples showed that either
      different samples or different hydrolysis procedures produce a similar set of
      furoyl-containing compounds. 2-(2-Furoyl)-4(5)-(2-furanyl)-1H-imidazole (FFI)
      which has been reported to be one of the advanced glycation products, was never
      found in any of the samples examined. Hence neither FFI nor furoyl-containing
      molecules can be considered markers of advanced glycation processes.

PMID- 2302411
TI  - ATP:citrate lyase of Rhodotorula gracilis: purification and properties.
AB  - ATP:citrate lyase was purified from the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula gracilis to
      homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using a novel
      citrate-Sepharose procedure. The enzyme was found to have a molecular weight of
      520,000 and consisted of four identical subunits (Mr = 120,000). Two minor low
      molecular weight bands were observed on SDS-PAGE (Mr 51,000 and 49,000). Trypsin
      digestion experiments indicated that these could have been the result of limited
      proteolysis by an endogenous trypsin-like proteinase. In this respect, it
      resembles the mammalian ATP:citrate lyase. The enzyme was stimulated by NH+4 ions
      and inhibited by palmitoyl, lauroyl, oleoyl, myristoyl and stearoyl-CoA esters,
      glutamate and glucose 6-phosphate but not by acetyl-CoA or shorter chain fatty
      acyl-CoA esters. The enzyme exhibited normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics for
      citrate; however there was a 3-fold increase in Km with a high concentration of
      Cl- ions (0.25 M). The possible regulatory roles of ATP:citrate lyase in R.
      gracilis are discussed in the light of these findings.

PMID- 2302412
TI  - First purification and characterization of a sucrase-isomaltase from goose kidney
      microvillous membrane.
AB  - Goose (Anser anser) kidney microvillus sucrase-isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.48
      EC3.2.1.10) was solubilized from isolated microvillus membranes using Emulphogen
      BC 720 or papain. Detergent-solubilized enzyme (D-SI) was purified 149 +/- 29
      times with a yield of 15.7 +/- 2.6% by a two-step procedure which included
      chromatofocusing. The specific activity was 2.95 +/- 0.34 U/mg protein for
      sucrase, 1.02 +/- 0.13 for palatinase and 5.63 +/- 0.53 for maltase. D-SI was
      amphiphilic as indicated by its detergent-binding properties. These properties
      were not observed for sucrase-isomaltase released from the microvillus membrane
      by papain. The Mr of the enzyme purified after solubilization by Emulphogen and
      papain was 543,000 and 380,000, respectively, as determined by gel filtration.
      The difference in Mr indicates that an Emulphogen micelle is bound to the
      detergent-solubilized enzyme. In sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, sucrase-isomaltase migrated as several polypeptide chains: a
      major band (Mr 280,000) and at least seven additional minor bands (Mr 220,000
      100,000). It is suggested that the major band represents the precursor pro
      sucrase-isomaltase and that the lower molecular weight bands are generated by
      PMSF or aprotinin-resistant proteinases during homogenisation and chromatography
      of the enzyme. Measured by chromatofocusing, the isoelectric point was found to
      be pH 4.6. Sucrase-isomaltase accounts for about 20% of total microvillus
      membrane proteins.

PMID- 2302413
TI  - Correlation between the activity of glucosylceramidase and its binding to
      glucosylceramide-containing liposomes. Role of acidic phospholipids and fatty
      acids.
AB  - Optimal enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosylceramide inserted into liposomes has been
      obtained when both acidic phospholipids and the appropriate fatty acids were
      added to glucosylceramide-containing liposomes. In fact, the stimulation of
      glucosylceramidase by acidic phospholipids was synergistically enhanced by fatty
      acids, whose effect was dependent upon chain length and increased on
      unsaturation. By following the partition of glucosylceramidase between the
      aqueous phase and the liposome-associated state with a flotation procedure, it
      has been found that phosphatidic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA), as
      representatives of acidic phospholipids and activating fatty acids, respectively,
      were both required not only for optimal glucosylceramidase activity, but also for
      a tight binding of the enzyme to the liposomes. The binding was significantly
      less effective in the absence of either PA or OA. In the absence of both PA and
      OA no physical interaction between the enzyme and the liposomes was observed.
      Under all conditions, the glucosylceramidase activity directly correlated with
      the enzyme binding to the substrate-containing liposomes. Additionally, we have
      obtained evidence that the site(s) of the enzyme involved in the binding to the
      liposomes is distinct from the catalytic site; in fact, the enzyme could still
      associate with liposomes containing PA and OA but devoid of glucosylceramide,
      while it was incapable of binding to glucosylceramide-containing liposomes in the
      absence of PA and OA. In conclusion, the presence in liposomes of acidic
      phospholipids together with the appropriate fatty acids plays a key role in
      promoting the binding of glucosylceramidase. Consequently, when glucosylceramide
      is also included in the liposomes, its hydrolysis is markedly enhanced by these
      acidic lipids.

PMID- 2302414
TI  - Characterization of the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetate from alkylacetylglycerols
      in the de novo pathway of PAF biosynthesis.
AB  - This report describes the partial characterization of the enzymatic activity
      responsible for the hydrolysis of acetate from 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, the
      immediate precursor in the de novo synthesis of PAF (platelet-activating factor
      or 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) by Ehrlich ascites cells. The
      highest acetylhydrolase activity for this neutral lipid was associated with the
      membrane fractions from Ehrlich ascites cells (greater than 90% of total
      activity); only a minimal level of activity (less than 10%) was observed in the
      cytosol which contrasts with the cytosolic site of PAF acetylhydrolase in normal
      cells. Hydrolysis of 1-[3H]hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol by the membrane
      fraction at pH 7.5 and 37 degrees C gave apparent values for Km and Vmax of 45
      microM and 179 nmol/min per mg protein, respectively. Hydrolysis of acetate from
      1-[3H]hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol by the membrane fraction was not affected by
      5 mM concentrations of Ca+2, Mg+2 or EDTA, but was significantly inhibited (80%
      reduction) by 10 mM NaF. Based on differences in both the subcellular
      distribution and response to inhibition by NaF, the neutral lipid acetylhydrolase
      does not appear to be the same enzyme that hydrolyzes acetate from platelet
      activating factor. In contrast to inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase by p
      chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide, we found no significant inhibition of
      acetate hydrolysis from 1-[3H]hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol by either of these
      compounds. Also, p-nitrophenyl acetate (a nonspecific esterase substrate) failed
      to inhibit acetate hydrolysis of 1-[3H]hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol. Our
      studies of this enzyme would indicate that it may play an important role in
      regulating the levels of platelet-activating factor synthesized by the de novo
      pathway via hydrolysis of the immediate precursor of PAF.

PMID- 2302415
TI  - Sensitivity of tryptophan and related compounds to oxidation induced by lipid
      autoperoxidation. Application to human serum low- and high-density lipoproteins.
AB  - Tryptamine, serotonin and tryptophan are readily oxidized during the Cu2+
      catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) at neutral pH and under certain
      experimental conditions which determine their relative susceptibility to
      oxidation. Thus, in AA micelles, fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrates that
      positively-charged indoles interact with negatively-charged micelles while Trp
      remains in the aqueous phase. As a result, serotonin and tryptamine are
      preferentially oxidized. In egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes loaded with AA, the
      three substrates interact with vesicles and undergo lipid-induced oxidation. EDTA
      inhibits the formation of thiobarbituric-reactive substances (TBARS) and prevents
      the indoles from oxidation. Owing to the intricate contact between the lipidic
      core and the apolipoproteins, the Trp residues of human serum LDL and HDL3 are
      very rapidly oxidized, i.e., at least one order of magnitude faster than Tyr HDL
      and Lys LDL, which are believed to be involved in the binding of these
      lipoproteins to their cell receptors. Cupric ions are rather specific for the
      lipid-induced autoxidation of Trp residues of lipoproteins whereas in micelles
      and liposomes, Mn2+ and Fe2+ can lead to TBARS production and to oxidation of
      indoles. This specificity is surprising considering the known ability of Fe2+ to
      catalyze LDL modification (measured by TBARS production) during their incubation
      with various cells. Biological consequences of the easy lipid-induced oxidation
      of biologically important indoles are discussed.

PMID- 2302416
TI  - Interaction of lipoprotein lipase with subendothelial extracellular matrix.
AB  - We have analyzed the binding of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to the subendothelial
      extracellular matrix produced by cultured endothelial cells. Binding was linear
      up to a concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml (10 nM) enzyme used in this study, and
      equilibrium was achieved after 2 h of incubation with bovine 125I-LPL at 4
      degrees C. Heparin and heparan sulfate effectively inhibited the binding of LPL
      to extracellular-matrix-coated plates; chondroitin sulfate had no effect, while
      high concentrations of dermatan sulfate or keratan sulfate inhibited binding of
      LPL to extracellular matrix by only 40%. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)
      did not affect LPL binding, while antithrombin-III (AT-III) caused up to a 50%
      inhibition of enzyme binding to extracellular matrix. alpha-Thrombin. 5.10(-6) M,
      and its esterolytically inactive derivative, DIP-alpha-thrombin, effectively
      inhibited binding of LPL to extracellular-matrix-coated plates. alpha-Thrombin
      was also able to release the extracellular-matrix-bound LPL in an active form.
      Extracellular-matrix-bound LPL detached into medium containing triolein emulsion
      and/or serum, and was catalytically active after being released. Extracellular
      matrix-bound LPL lost 30% of its activity following incubation at 37 degrees C
      for 4 h. in contrast to soluble LPL which lost 75% of its activity. It is
      plausible to conclude from these data that in vivo the subendothelial basement
      membrane, similarly to extracellular matrix, sequesters and stabilizers LPL
      secreted into the subendothelial space by non-endothelial cells, and thus may
      play an important role in determining the route of LPL from its site of synthesis
      to its site of action.

PMID- 2302417
TI  - Characterisation of phenolic glycolipids from Mycobacterium marinum.
AB  - The phenolic glycolipids from two strains of Mycobacterium marinum have been
      isolated and characterised. The glycolipids from M. marinum MNC 170 were
      principally glycosides of diacyl C37, C39 and C41 phenolphthiocerols A, but in M.
      marinum MNC 842, these lipids were accompanied by glycosides of diacyl
      phenolphthiodiolones A and novel phthiotriols A with the same overall chain
      lengths. The main acyl components of the phenolic glycolipids from M. marinum MNC
      170 were C26 dimethyl and C27 and C29 trimethyl-branched fatty acids, but in the
      lipids of M. marinum MNC 842, the C27 trimethyl acid was the only principal
      component. The sugar composition of all these glycolipids had been previously
      shown to correspond to 3-O-methylrhamnose.

PMID- 2302418
TI  - Metabolism of dicarboxylic acids in rat hepatocytes.
AB  - [carboxyl-14C]Dodecanedioic acid (DC12) is metabolized in hepatocytes at a rate
      about two thirds that of [1-14C]palmitate. Shorter dicarboxylates (sebacic
      (DC10), suberic (DC8), and adipic (DC6) acid) are formed, mainly DC6, less DC8
      and only a little DC10. In hepatocytes from clofibrate-treated rats, more polar
      products account for most of the breakdown products, presumably because the beta
      oxidation proceeds all the way to succinate and acetyl-CoA. [carboxyl-14C]Suberic
      acid (DC8) is oxidized at a rate only one fifth that of dodecanedioic acid. (+)
      Decanoylcarnitine inhibits palmitate oxidation but not the oxidation of
      dodecanedioic acid. At low concentrations of [carboxyl-14C]dodecanedioic acid or
      of [1-14C]palmitate, acetylsulfanilamide is more efficiently labeled by the
      former. High concentrations of dodecanedioic acid inhibit palmitate oxidation and
      the acetylation of sulfanilamide, presumably because their CoA-esters accumulate
      in the cytosol. These results indicate that medium-chain dicarboxylic acids are
      beta-oxidized mainly in the peroxisomes.

PMID- 2302420
TI  - The metabolism of platelet-activating factor in human T-lymphocytes.
AB  - The metabolism of 1-[3H]alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-[3H]alkyl-2
      acetyl-GPC; platelet-activating factor; PAF) was investigated in purified human
      peripheral blood T-lymphocytes and a human leukemia cell line of T-cell origin
      (MOLT-4). The major metabolic products of T-lymphocyte PAF metabolism are 1-alkyl
      2-acyl-GPC, 1-alkyl-2-lyso-GPC and neutral lipid. The pattern of PAF metabolism
      in peripheral blood T-lymphocytes and MOLT-4 lymphoblasts was similar, although
      MOLT-4 lymphoblasts transformed PAF to 1-alkyl-2-acyl-GPC faster than peripheral
      blood T-lymphocytes (67% vs. 21% of added label after 64 min at 37 degrees C,
      respectively). Pre-exposure of MOLT-4 lymphoblasts to 1 mM of the serine
      hydrolase inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride resulted in an inhibition of
      PAF metabolism. Our results indicate that intact T-lymphocytes actively
      metabolize this biologically active phospholipid by the deacetylation
      transacylation pathway.

PMID- 2302419
TI  - Apolipoprotein C-1 inhibits the hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 of phospholipids
      in liposomes and cell membranes.
AB  - A small polypeptide isolated from human serum inhibits the action of
      phospholipase A2 on dipalmitoylglycerol phosphocholine vesicles. Sequence
      analysis revealed the protein to be apolipoprotein C-1, a major component of very
      light-density lipoprotein. The inhibiting efficiency is increased by one order of
      magnitude after 10 min preincubation of the protein with the substrate, but not
      the enzyme. It also depends on the concentration of the phospholipid. IC50 is
      about 0.5 microM at 0.2 mM DPPC and 1 microM at 1 mM DPPC. Apolipoprotein C-1 is
      also inhibitory in a more physiological system: in broken human leukemia cells
      (HL-60 cells) it inhibits the release by endogenous phospholipases of arachidonic
      acid from membrane phospholipids. The effective concentrations correspond to
      those found in the serum. It is concluded that apolipoprotein C-1 and similar
      phospholipid-binding proteins may act as phospholipase inhibitors by blocking the
      access to the substrate.

PMID- 2302421
TI  - Identification of pentahydroxystearic acid-containing taurolipid (taurolipid C)
      isolated from Tetrahymena thermophila.
AB  - A pentahydroxystearic acid-containing taurolipid (taurolipid C) was found in
      cells of Tetrahymena thermophila. The lipid accounted for about 1.2% of the total
      taurolipids of the cells. The lipid was subjected to mild alkaline and methanolic
      hydrochloric acid hydrolyses, and the structures of the hydrolyses products were
      identified by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometries, as taurine, non
      hydroxy fatty acid and 2,3,7,12,13-pentahydroxystearic acd, a novel fatty acid.
      The NMR spectra of the intact and acetylated lipid showed that the carboxyl group
      of the pentahydrxyostearic acid was combined with the amino group of taurine, and
      the hydroxy group at C-3 was esterified with non-hydroxy fatty acids. From these
      results, the pentahydroxystearic acid-containing taurolipid (taurolipid C)
      isolated from T. thermophila was identified as 2-(3-acyloxy-2,7,12,13
      tetrahydroxyoctadecanoylamino)ethanesulf oni c acid.

PMID- 2302422
TI  - Factors regulating the metabolism of low-density lipoprotein-proteoglycan complex
      in macrophages.
AB  - We studied the factors regulating the metabolism of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      proteoglycan complex, LDL and acetyl-LDL in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
      Macrophage conditioned medium stimulated the degradation of LDL-proteoglycan
      complex and acetyl-LDL in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced cholesteryl ester
      synthesis mediated by these ligands. The conditioned medium had no such effect in
      a cell-free system. The conditioned medium enhanced the degradation of both the
      LDL and proteoglycan components of the complex. The degradation of LDL was not
      affected by the conditioned medium. The active factor in the conditioned medium
      was labile to boiling, suggesting that it may be protein in nature. The
      conditioned medium also lost its stimulatory activity after dialysis through a
      membrane with an exclusion limit of 25,000 daltons, suggesting the involvement of
      cytokines and/or other growth factors. Macrophage activation was accompanied by a
      2-3-fold increase in the degradation of LDL-proteoglycan complex and acetyl-LDL
      as compared to the degradation of these ligands in resident macrophages; however,
      this had no effect on LDL degradation. The degradation of all three ligands
      increased markedly with decreasing cell density. Preincubation of macrophages for
      48 h with increasing concentrations of fetal bovine serum produced a substantial
      increase in the subsequent degradation of LDL-proteoglycan complex and acetyl
      LDL, while it had very little effect on the degradation of LDL. The active factor
      in serum was destroyed by boiling, suggesting that it may be a protein. These
      results show that the scavenger receptor, mediating the uptake and degradation of
      LDL-proteoglycan complex and acetyl-LDL and LDL receptor are regulated
      differently in mouse peritoneal macrophages.

PMID- 2302423
TI  - Characterization of human monocytic cell line, U937, in taking up acetylated low
      density lipoprotein and cholesteryl ester accumulation. A flow cytometric and
      HPLC study.
AB  - The uptake of LDL and acetylated LDL and the ability of cholesteryl ester
      accumulation by cells of a human monocytic cell line, U937, has been
      characterized by flow cytometric assay using a fluorescent probe, DiI, and by
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The increase of mean fluorescence
      intensity of U937 incubated with DiI-labeled lipoproteins demonstrates that this
      cell line could incorporate DiI-AcLDL, as well as DiI-labeled LDL. Competition
      and saturation studies indicate that the manner of taking up DiI-AcLDL is
      receptor-mediated. While differentiated U937 incubated with 16 nM phorbol
      myristate acetate for 24 h took up little DiI-AcLDL, HPLC analysis confirmed that
      intracellular free and esterified cholesterols significantly increase in the U937
      cells incubated with AcLDL or LDL. The ability of mouse peritoneal macrophage to
      abundantly accumulate at least five kinds of cholesteryl ester were also shown in
      this analysis. In contrast, in U937 cells, free fatty acids are incorporated into
      various substances rather than into cholesteryl esters (as revealed by HPLC
      analysis), so that the cholesterol in AcLDL taken up by U937 cells is not
      synthesized into cholesteryl esters to any great extent.

PMID- 2302424
TI  - Lipase from Brassica napus L. discriminates against cis-4 and cis-6 unsaturated
      fatty acids and secondary and tertiary alcohols.
AB  - Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., cv Ceres) hydrolyzes
      triacylglycerols containing a broad range of fatty acids at similar rates. In
      esterification reactions carried out in hexane, rape lipase also uses a wide
      range of fatty acids and alcohols as reaction partners. However, the rates of
      esterification of petroselinic, gamma-linolenic, stearidonic and docosahexaenoic
      acids are only between 2 and 7% that of oleic acid. The common feature of these
      fatty acids is that the first double bond is cis-4 or cis-6. Petroselaidic acid
      with a trans-6 double bond is esterified about 10-times faster than petroselinic
      acid. Arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids, both with the first double bond
      being cis-5, are esterified about 20-times faster than docosahexaenoic acid. By
      analogy, tripetroselinin and tri-gamma-linolenin are hydrolyzed at 14% and 1.5%,
      respectively, of the rate of triolein hydrolysis. The rape lipase esterifies
      primary alcohols but cannot esterify secondary and tertiary alcohols.

PMID- 2302425
TI  - Characterization and partial purification of soluble, lysosomal phospholipase(s)
      A2 from adrenal medulla.
AB  - Soluble, cation-dependent, lysosomal phospholipase A2 in bovine adrenal medulla
      has been biochemically characterized and partially purified, and its unique pH
      dependent modulation by cations has been investigated. Chromatographically
      distinct activities with somewhat broad pI ranges centered at 7.8, 8.1, and 8.4
      have been purified 83-, 1900- and 4400-fold, respectively, from the soluble
      fraction of tissue homogenates. With a specific activity of 4.2 mumol
      phospholipid hydrolyzed per mg protein per min, the fraction of pI 8.4 is the
      most highly purified lysosomal phospholipase A2 reported to date; yet silver
      staining of isoelectric focusing gels indicates that all three species are still
      only minor components of the protein mixtures with which they co-purify.
      Lysosomal phospholipase(s) A2 has an apparent molecular weight of 30,600, as
      determined by gel permeation chromatography; and is probably an oligomannose
      containing glycoprotein as indicated by binding to concanavalin A-Sepharose and
      elution by methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Cation concentrations modulate
      hydrolysis of biomembranous phospholipid, but not neat liposomal phospholipids,
      in a complex manner over a broad pH range (pH 4.0-8.0). Triton X-100 stabilizes
      the enzyme(s) but is inhibitory when present during assay; consequently,
      detergent-phospholipid mixed micelles are poor substrates. Thus, experimental
      results are dramatically dependent on the physicochemical nature of the
      substrate. The role of this phospholipase(s) A2 in the membrane fusion and lysis
      events of catecholamine secretion, as well as its regulation by cellular
      proteins, can now be investigated utilizing this partially purified enzyme(s).

PMID- 2302426
TI  - Chain elongation of eicosapentaenoic acid in the macrophage.
AB  - In order to elucidate the metabolic fate of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 (n-3], a
      major n-3 fatty acid constituent of fish oil, resident and casein-elicited mouse
      peritoneal macrophages were incubated with [3H]20:5 (n-3). Comparative
      experiments with arachidonic acid (20:4 (n-6] were also conducted. After 4, 8 and
      18 h incubation, [3H]20:5 (n-3) was extensively elongated into [3H]22:5(n-3)
      while [3H]20:4(n-6) was only moderately elongated into [3H]22:4(n-6) in both
      resident and elicited macrophages. No measurable conversion of [3H]22:5(n-3) into
      [3H]22:6(n-3) (delta 4 desaturation) could be demonstrated. These data
      demonstrate that the highly active chain elongation of 20:5(n-3) by macrophage
      elongase, as well as the lack of detectable delta 4 desaturase activity, are
      responsible for the accumulation of 22:5(n-3) in this cell.

PMID- 2302427
TI  - Performance comparison of a neural network with human observers on a visual
      target detection task.
AB  - An experiment is described which compares the performance of a neural network to
      human performance on a visual task which consists of detecting a target in a
      background image of correlated noise. A three-layer, feed-forward, multi-layer
      perceptron is trained to indicate the presence or absence of a target in images
      also presented to human observers. The basis for the comparison between the
      network and the human observers is the receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
      curve. Network performance is comparable to human performance for this particular
      task.

PMID- 2302428
TI  - Development of feature detectors by self-organization. A network model.
AB  - We present a two-layered network of linear neurons that organizes itself as to
      extract the complete information contained in a set of presented patterns. The
      weights between layers obey a Hebbian rule. We propose a local anti-Hebbian rule
      for lateral, hierarchically organized weights within the output layer. This rule
      forces the activities of the output units to become uncorrelated and the lateral
      weights to vanish. The weights between layers converge to the eigenvectors of the
      covariance matrix of input patterns, i.e., the network performs a principal
      component analysis, yielding all principal components. As a consequence of the
      proposed learning scheme, the output units become detectors of orthogonal
      features, similar to ones found in the brain of mammals.

PMID- 2302429
TI  - Autoregression models of EEG. Results compared with expectations for a
      multilinear near-equilibrium biophysical process.
AB  - This paper considers the properties of parameters (natural frequencies and
      damping coefficients) obtained from segment-by-segment autoregression analysis of
      ECoG of rat. The use of a reference signal as control for parameter estimate
      errors, and multiple regression analyses indicate that the dependencies among
      parameters calculated from ECoG in the alert (desynchronised) state are of a form
      consistent with imposition of time-invariance assumptions (implicit in
      autoregression) on an inherently non-stationary, multimodal, linear and near
      equilibrium "thermal" process.

PMID- 2302430
TI  - Visual perception of surface curvature. The spin variation and its physiological
      implications.
AB  - In the context of the models of structure from motion visual processing, we
      propose that the optic-flow field is a source of information for the perception
      of the curvature of a smooth surface in motion. In particular, it is shown how
      the spin variation (SV), a second spatial derivative of the retinal velocity
      field, is mathematically related to the curvature of the surface. Under the
      hypothesis that the visual system relies on SV to analyse the structure of a
      moving surface, a neural scheme for SV detection is proposed and psychophysical
      predictions are developed. Results obtained on artificial images show that the SV
      scheme presents a rather weak sensitivity to noise in conditions of low image
      velocity.

PMID- 2302431
TI  - The largest convex patches: a boundary-based method for obtaining object parts.
AB  - The importance of boundaries for shape decomposition into component parts has
      been discussed from different points of view by Koenderink and van Doorn (1982),
      and by Hoffman and Richards (1984). The former define part boundaries as
      parabolic contours, whereas the latter propose that part boundaries should be
      defined by contours of negative minima (or maxima) of principal curvature. In
      this article, building on aspects of both approaches, we develop a new method for
      shape decomposition. This method relies exclusively on global properties of the
      surface which are fully characterized by local surface properties. We propose
      that a useful parcellation of shapes into parts can be obtained by decomposing
      the shape boundary into the largest convex surface patches and the smallest
      nonconvex surface patches. The essential computational steps of this method are
      the following: (i) build initial parts from the largest locally convex patches,
      (ii) consider an initial part as a constituent part if it is essentially convex,
      and (iii) obtain the remaining constituent parts by merging adjacent initial
      parts generated by the largest locally convex and the smallest nonconvex patches
      of nearly the same sizes. The method is illustrated on both smooth and continuous
      shapes. We show that the decomposition of shapes into the largest convex patches
      aims to maximize the "thingness" in an object, and to minimize its "non
      thingness". The method is conducive to a natural parcellation of shapes into
      constituent parts useful for recognition and for inferring function.

PMID- 2302433
TI  - Radiant heat loss versus radiant heat gain in premature neonates under radiant
      warmers.
AB  - Premature infants nursed on open radiant warmer beds are exposed to short
      wavelength infrared power density distributed evenly over the bed surface.
      Additionally, infants' sides are exposed to relatively cooler nursery walls, and
      to the radiant warmer bed platform which may heat and reradiate to the baby.
      Therefore, infants may not only gain heat from the warmer (Q radiant warmer) but
      lose or gain radiant heat to the sides as well (+/- Q radiant loss). In order to
      quantitate these parameters, ten premature newborn infants nursed under radiant
      warmers servocontrolled to 36.5 degrees C skin temperature (weight 1.27 +/- 0.24
      SD kg, gestation 31 +/- 3 weeks) were investigated, and partitional calorimetry
      previously reported. In the present study, calculation of net rate of radiant
      heat transfer (Q net radiant) was made from these data (-2.63 +/- -1.52
      kcal/kg/h), and compared to direct measurements of Q radiant warmer (-2.49 +/- 
      0.90 kcal/kg/h). The present report further partitions net radiant heat transfer
      to evaluate Q radiant loss: -0.13 +/- 1.82 kcal/kg/h (range -3.16 to 1.93). From
      these calculations mean radiant temperature of this environment was estimated
      (45.3 +/- 4.3 degrees C) and compared to the radiant warmer temperature received
      (45.0 +/- 2.9 degrees C). This information suggests other strategies to reduce
      radiant heat loss as well as convective and evaporative losses in premature
      neonates nursed on open radiant warmer beds.

PMID- 2302432
TI  - Unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin pigments during perinatal development. II.
      Studies on serum of healthy newborns and of neonates with erythroblastosis
      fetalis.
AB  - A recently developed reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
      procedure was applied to the analysis of bilirubins present in serum of neonates.
      In normal newborns, unconjugated (UCB) and conjugated bilirubins (CB) rose in
      parallel from day 2 to day 4: the average conjugated fraction remained between
      1.2 and 1.6% of total pigment, significantly below the 3.6% documented in adults.
      However, the absolute concentration of conjugates was 2- to 6-fold higher than
      the serum levels in adults. Bilirubin conjugates were detected in all samples,
      but only 20% of these were bilirubin diconjugates, in contrast to a mean of 54%
      in the adult population. The increased absolute concentrations of UCB and CB
      together with the decreased fractional amount of conjugates and with the
      decreased diconjugates seem to be the result of an increased bilirubin production
      combined with a relative defective biliary secretion. Serum bile acids were high
      but did not correlate with the levels of bilirubin conjugates. The pattern of
      serum bilirubins was not different in 4 newborns with hemolytic syndromes.
      Cholestasis occurred in another child with hemolysis; this was evident from the
      high concentration and the high fractional amount of conjugates and from the high
      serum bile acids level.

PMID- 2302434
TI  - Free cortisol of human plasma in the first three months of life.
AB  - Total cortisol as well as percentage and absolute free cortisol values were
      determined in 75 full-term, 88 premature and 38 small-for-age (born at term)
      infants in the first 3 months of life. Equilibrium dialysis and radioimmunoassay
      were used to estimate the percentage value of the unbound fraction and the value
      of total cortisol from which absolute free cortisol level was calculated,
      respectively. A systematic decrease in the free cortisol value was observed in
      all the three groups of infants during the study period (in full-term infants
      from 32.3 to 19%, in prematures from 36.6 to 20.8%, and in small-for-age infants
      from 32.3 to 19.2%). A comparison between the percentage values of free cortisol
      in the groups studied revealed only slight differences which were not
      significant. The absolute free cortisol values in full-term infants were highest
      immediately after birth (4.05 micrograms/dl), then they fell to the lowest level
      of 0.67 micrograms/dl observed between the third and fifth days of life, and
      increased afterwards reaching the level of 1.89 micrograms/dl in the third month.
      The absolute free cortisol values in premature newborns at 3-5 days of life
      exceeded the values observed in full-term subjects. The pattern of free cortisol
      in the prematures seems to be 'delayed' as compared with that in full-term
      newborns. The absolute free cortisol values in small-for-age infants were much
      more similar to those found in the full-term subjects, than to those in premature
      babies.

PMID- 2302435
TI  - Effect of colostrum feeding on protein metabolism in the small intestine of
      newborn lambs.
AB  - In a first experiment with 24 newborn lambs, the promoting effect of colostrum
      feeding on the fresh weight of the small intestine and its protein content was
      demonstrated by comparison with that of other dietary treatments (fasting,
      lactose, protein hydrolysate feeding). In a second experiment, the amounts of
      colostral IgG1 entrapped within the intestine wall and the valine incorporation
      rates into the intestinal protein were determined in 3-, 8- and 18-hour-old lambs
      fed either cow milk, cow colostrum or ewe colostrum. The amounts of IgG1 in the
      small intestine wall and the valine incorporation rates were higher in the lambs
      fed colostrum (ewe or cow) than in the milk-fed animals. The intestinal protein
      increase resulted primarily from the retention of colostral proteins in the
      colostrum-fed newborn lambs. However, colostrum feeding stimulated intestinal
      protein synthesis more actively than milk feeding.

PMID- 2302436
TI  - Lipoprotein lipase activity in the liver of starved pregnant rats.
AB  - We have previously described the appearance of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-like
      activity in the liver of 24-hour-starved 21-day pregnant rat, but it is not known
      up to what point the appearance of this activity depends on the gestation stage
      and/or the length of the starvation period. We found that 24 h of starvation
      resulted in the appearance of LPL-like activity in the liver of 21-day-pregnant
      but not in 17-day- or nonpregnant rats. This appearance was found only after 24 h
      but not after 48 or 72 h of starvation. We demonstrate that this activity
      actually corresponds to LPL, since it is inhibited by either 1.5 M NaCl or 1.5
      mg/ml protamine sulfate, is serum-dependent, and could be separated from hepatic
      lipase activity by using heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The possible
      relationship between the appearance of LPL activity in the liver and the enhanced
      metabolic response to starvation in pregnant rats at term is discussed. It is
      suggested that the presence of this enzyme in the liver would allow the direct
      uptake by the liver of circulating triacylglycerols.

PMID- 2302437
TI  - Metabolic effects of the delay in obliteration of the umbilical cord in the
      newborn rat.
AB  - The effect of delay in obliteration of the umbilical cord on the time-courses of
      liver glycogen, blood glucose and lactate concentrations and blood PO2, PCO2 and
      pH during the first 6 h of extrauterine life were studied. Obliteration of the
      umbilical cord 2 h after delivery resulted in an increase in liver glycogenolysis
      without significantly affecting the other parameters studied. A 6-hour delay in
      obliteration of the umbilical cord increased lactiacidemia and decreased blood
      PO2 and pH without significantly affecting the other parameters studied. A supply
      of pure oxygen to the newborns decreased lactiacidemia and increased PO2,
      although the differences between obliterated and nonobliterated newborns
      remained. These results suggest that hypoxia due to the persistence of placental
      circulation results in an increase in lactiacidemia as a consequence of a
      decrease in lactate utilization.

PMID- 2302438
TI  - Categorization of near-term mouse fetuses according to their viability as a tool
      for developmental toxicity screening.
AB  - In 1,015 CD-1 near-term mouse fetuses, removed by cesarean section after cervical
      dislocation of dams, skin color, motility, crying, and breathing were studied.
      Three categories of fetuses were considered: living and surviving (92.5%); living
      but non-surviving (6.9%), and stillborn (0.6%). Particular attention was paid to
      the following: 24 fetuses, still apneic after routine manipulation, started
      breathing by specific maneuvers; 5 of these 24 fetuses were apparently dead when
      apnea recovery was successfully tried, and the living but non-surviving category
      must be considered in developmental toxicity screening as prenatal injuries may
      be manifested by an increase in the incidence of the fetuses belonging to this
      category.

PMID- 2302439
TI  - Temporal lobe abnormalities in panic disorder: an MRI study.
AB  - Brain mapping studies have shown abnormal changes in cerebral blood volume and
      oxygen consumption, or other neurophysiological abnormalities, in panic disorder
      (PD) patients. Because of these intriguing reports, we decided to assess the
      neuroanatomical aspects of patients with PD using magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI). We included 31 consecutive cases with a diagnosis of PD according to the
      DSM-III criteria, and 20 controls. All subjects had to be right-handed and
      between 20 and 40 years of age. The usual exclusion criteria were applied. We
      carried out the MRI tests with a General Electric Signa Machine operating at 1.5
      Tesla. Over 100 images were obtained per patient with an emphasis on assessing
      temporal lobe. There were no significant differences in age, gender, or weight
      between the patients and controls. We found a statistically significant higher
      number of abnormalities in PD patients (40%), as compared with the controls
      (10%). The most striking findings were focal abnormalities in the temporal lobes:
      areas of abnormal signal activity, and asymmetric atrophy of the temporal lobe
      occurred mostly on the right side. These results implicated the limbic system and
      may prove to be of particular relevance in panic and phobic disorders. However,
      the significance of our findings remains unknown and challenging. Further MRI
      studies in PD will be required for a better understanding of the illness.

PMID- 2302440
TI  - Season of birth and electrodermal unresponsiveness in male schizophrenics.
AB  - The present study was designed to examine differences in the electrodermal
      activity of schizophrenics born in the season of excessive risk (January-April),
      and those born in the season of nonexcessive risk (May-December). Thirty-two male
      schizophrenics were presented with a series of orienting tones (1000 Hz, 80dB, 2
      sec duration) while electrodermal activity was monitored. They were subdivided
      according to season of birth and compared in three electrodermal variables, and
      also in some background and clinical parameters. We found that schizophrenics
      born in the season of excessive risk were characterized by significantly lower
      electrodermal activity and more negative symptoms than those born in the season
      of nonexcessive risk.

PMID- 2302441
TI  - Progressive ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: comparison to bipolar
      affective disorder and correlation with clinical course.
AB  - Previous studies of long-term serial changes in ventricular size in schizophrenia
      (SCZ) have yielded mixed, albeit predominantly negative results. The current
      study examined ventricular changes in CT scans over intervals of 1-to 4 1/2 years
      in chronic schizophrenic and bipolar patients. The results indicated significant
      progression of ventricular size from initial to final scan in the schizophrenia
      group but not in the bipolar or control groups; the percent increase in VBR over
      baseline was 25% (p less than 0.01) in the schizophrenia group as compared with
      11% (n.s.) in the bipolar group. The increases in ventricular enlargement in the
      schizophrenic group did not correlate with duration of illness but did appear to
      show an irregular stepwise pattern in several patients. It is concluded that
      progressive ventricular enlargement after onset of illness does occur in a
      subgroup of schizophrenic patients characterized by a chronic or deteriorating
      clinical course. The etiological implications of this finding are discussed.

PMID- 2302442
TI  - Is psychosurgery antimanic?

PMID- 2302443
TI  - Waking in a lighted room.

PMID- 2302444
TI  - Replacement of the rabbit medial meniscus with a polyester-carbon fibre
      bioprosthesis.
AB  - Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits underwent prosthetic replacement of the
      meniscus which was attached to the intercondylar area of the tibia through a
      predrilled hole and around the internal surface of the capsule by sutures, in one
      knee, and meniscectomy alone in the contralateral knee. The animals were killed 3
      and 6 month after implantation. Fragmentation of carbon fibres was noted in six
      knee joints. Histological sections demonstrated more progressive articular
      cartilage degeneration of the tibial surface which had the meniscus removed alone
      (P = 0.05). The implant was incorporated into the capsule with minimal invasion
      of fibrous tissue into the interstices of the prosthesis. Scanning electron
      microscopy revealed the extent of articular cartilage fibrillation which was more
      evident in the area where the meniscus covered the tibia.

PMID- 2302445
TI  - Nuclear magnetic relaxation of water in hydrogels.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic relaxation was used to investigate the dynamic behaviour of
      water molecules in p(HEMA) gels. Results indicate that the rotational mobility of
      water in p(HEMA) gels is significantly reduced compared to that in pure water.
      The rotational mobility was mainly determined by total degree of swelling of the
      gels, and not by cross-linker content. No indications were found for the presence
      of dynamically different types of water in these gels on a timescale of
      milliseconds.

PMID- 2302446
TI  - Morphological characterization of surface-induced platelet activation.
AB  - Morphological changes of platelets activated on glass and dimethyldichlorosilane
      treated glass were investigated using video microscopy. The platelet
      morphological changes were quantified by measuring the area and circularity of
      spreading platelets. In addition, re-organization of cytoskeletal structures of
      spread platelets was examined. The effects of precoated albumin and fibrinogen on
      the platelet spreading kinetics were examined as a function of surface protein
      concentrations. Results showed that platelet shape changes were very sensitive to
      the surface concentration of precoated proteins. In general, platelets on
      fibrinogen-precoated surfaces spread fully to a circular shape and developed an
      extensive inner filamentous zone. In the presence of albumin on the surface,
      however, platelets could not spread fully and the development of the inner
      filamentous zone was very poor. For both albumin and fibrinogen, the maximum
      effects of precoated proteins on platelet shape changes were observed when the
      surface protein concentration reached the monolayer concentration.

PMID- 2302447
TI  - Characterization of hydrophobicity gradients prepared by means of radio frequency
      plasma discharge.
AB  - A hydrophobicity gradient was created by gradually exposing a
      polydimethylsiloxane film to a radio frequency glow discharge in an oxygen
      atmosphere. A change in contact angle from 100 to 0 degrees was measured along
      the gradient surface by means of the Wilhelmy balance technique. The gradient
      surface was characterized by studying the adsorption from single protein
      solutions of human albumin, IgG and fibrinogen using total internal reflectance
      fluorescence (TIRF). Generally, adsorption values similar to monolayer capacities
      were measured on the hydrophobic side. The adsorption decreased towards the
      hydrophilic end in correspondence with the change in contact angle. The
      displacement of proteins with a ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymer
      (EO70PO100EO70) was higher on the hydrophobic side than on the hydrophilic side.
      Albumin showed an adsorption peak in the wetting transition region, indicating a
      very strong affinity.

PMID- 2302448
TI  - Biodegradation of polyethylene foils by bacterial and liver homogenates.
AB  - The evaluation of structural changes of single linear and bifurcated polyethylene
      foils exposed to bacterial and liver homogenates was carried out by infrared
      spectrography, along with observations of changes of mechanical properties. Cell
      homogenates were fractionated by centrifugation and by coagulating the microsomal
      fraction using Ca2+ ions. Stimulation as well as inhibition of the presumed
      enzyme system were studied in bacterial cultures and liver homogenates of
      experiment animals. Results suggest that oxidation structures in polyethylene,
      after exposure to these cell homogenates, are caused by the monooxygenase
      hydroxylation system of the bacterial or liver cells.

PMID- 2302449
TI  - Rapid endothelialization of microporous vascular prostheses covered with meshed
      vascular tissue: a preliminary report.
AB  - The aim of our study was to induce rapid endothelialization of vascular
      prostheses which replace malfunctioning blood vessels. We developed a technique
      of meshing a section of autologous arterial or venous tissue, wrapping it around
      a porous vascular prosthesis and fixing it with a running suture. This
      combination was used to replace a 1 cm segment of rat abdominal aorta. The
      implanted specimens were harvested after 8, 16, 24 or 135 d and evaluated for
      cellular ingrowth and endothelial coverage with light and scanning electron
      microscopy. All grafts were patent when harvested. Cells of the meshed tissue
      were observed to migrate through the pores in the prosthetic wall to cover the
      luminal surface. The presence of meshed vascular tissue around the prosthesis
      resulted in complete endothelialization within 24 d and sometimes within 8 d
      after implantation. This endothelial layer is still present after 135 d. In
      control prostheses without meshed vascular tissue, complete endothelialization
      takes at least 42 d. We conclude that the application of meshed vascular tissue
      around porous vascular prostheses results in patent prostheses with a rapidly
      formed and long-term surviving endothelium layer.

PMID- 2302450
TI  - Microstructure and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite ceramics with zirconia
      dispersion prepared by post-sintering.
AB  - Hydroxyapatite ceramics with zirconia dispersion from fine powders synthesized
      hydrothermally were post-sintered at 1000-1300 degrees C under 200 MPa of argon
      for 1 h without capsules, after normal sintering in air at 1200 degrees C for 3
      h. Densification was most significant with post-sintering at 1200 degrees C.
      Fracture toughness, Vickers hardness and elastic properties of these materials
      were investigated. Post-sintering gave twice the K1c value of transparent pure
      hydroxyapatite ceramics. Vickers hardness and Young's modulus of the ceramics
      were increased by post-sintering.

PMID- 2302451
TI  - Oxidation of four palladium-rich ceramic fusing alloys.
AB  - Oxidation of four ceramic fusing alloys with varying amounts of palladium (35-79
      wt%) and with different oxidizing elements (In, Sn, Ga, Cu, Co) was studied by
      scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy. The alloy containing cobalt and gallium oxidized mainly externally
      forming a rather continuous Co-rich oxide layer on the surface and a Ga-rich
      layer underneath it. The other alloys were oxidized internally. The oxidation
      behaviour of Pd was found to be strongly dependent on the other oxidizing
      constituents.

PMID- 2302452
TI  - Modification of synthesis and investigation of properties for 2-cyanoacrylates.
AB  - The conventional method for synthesis of 2-cyanoacrylate monomers was modified
      and the adhesive properties were studied for the cyanoacrylate monomers and the
      resultant polymers. Toluene was found to be better as reaction solvent than
      methyl alcohol or xylene. The higher the molecular weight of the condensation
      oligomer before pyrolysis and the narrower the molecular weight distribution, the
      higher the yield of cyanoacrylate monomer. Ethoxyethyl cyanoacrylate with an
      ether side chain was shown to be a soft and biodegradable adhesive. The softening
      and glass transition temperatures of ethoxyethyl cyanoacrylate polymer were much
      lower than those of cyanoacrylate polymers with methyl, ethyl or isobutyl side
      chains. Hydrolysis of poly(ethoxyethyl cyanoacrylate), evaluated from
      formaldehyde generation and mass loss, was faster than that of ethyl
      cyanoacrylate and isobutyl cyanoacrylate polymer. Hydrolysis of the ethoxyethyl
      cyanoacrylate polymers was greatly affected by the molecular weight of the
      polymers. The morphological change of the cyanoacrylate polymer films was studied
      by scanning electron microscopy.

PMID- 2302453
TI  - Endothelial cell response to polyvinyl chloride-packaged GORETEX: effect of
      surface contamination.
AB  - A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of polyvinyl chloride packaged
      GORETEX vascular prostheses indicated that their internal and external surfaces
      were coated with an additive layer presumed to be derived from the polyvinyl
      chloride packaging. This layer was not removed by washing in phosphate buffered
      saline but was soluble in trimethyl pentane and hexane. Some other treatments of
      GORETEX and the packaging were shown to remove the contaminant from the surface
      and this correlated with an inferior in vitro aortic endothelial cell response.
      Analyses of materials extracted from both the polyvinyl chloride and the GORETEX
      surface indicated that the major surface component was a long chain aliphatic
      ester, either a plasticizer or a lubricant constituent.

PMID- 2302454
TI  - Treatment of moderate/severe acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic
      bone marrow transplantation: an analysis of clinical risk features and outcome.
AB  - We have analyzed the long term outcome of 197 patients who were treated for grade
      II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following histocompatible
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Of 469 recipients of sibling donor
      allografts performed at our center between January, 1979 and October, 1987, 197
      patients (42%) developed greater than or equal to grade II acute GVHD at a median
      of 38 days (range 9 to 98 days) post-BMT. After treatment with corticosteroids (n
      = 160) or other immunosuppressive therapies (n = 37), 72 patients (41% +/- 8%;
      95% confidence interval [CI]) achieved complete and continuing resolution of
      acute GVHD after a median of 21 days of therapy. Sixty-one patients required
      additional immunosuppressive therapy with high dose methylprednisolone,
      antithymocyte globulin (ATG)/steroids, or other therapies because of refractory
      or progressive symptoms of acute GVHD. Seven of these 61 patients eventually
      obtained complete and continuing remission after 13 to 57 days (median 50) of
      secondary treatment. The overall rate of chronic GVHD was 70% +/- 16%; 95% CI
      following grade II to IV acute GVHD. Twenty-five of the 197 patients never
      developed chronic GVHD, resulting in a Kaplan-Meier projection of 30% +/- 8% (95%
      CI) cure of moderate/severe acute GVHD. Analysis of clinical features associated
      with complete response (CR) to acute GVHD therapy identified more favorable
      responses to therapy in patients without either liver or skin involvement,
      patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and donor/recipient pairs other than
      male patients with female donors. Older recipient age was not associated with
      more resistance to GVHD treatment. CR to GVHD treatment was associated with
      significantly better 5-year survival: 51% +/- 14% versus 32% +/- 11% for patients
      with therapy resistant acute GVHD (P = .004). GVHD was a major contributing cause
      of death in 49 of the 90 patients who died and was often complicated by infection
      or interstitial pneumonitis. Control of acute GVHD through immunosuppressive
      therapy did not affect the risk of leukemic relapse after transplantation.

PMID- 2302455
TI  - Monoclonal antibody T-cell-depleted HLA-haploidentical bone marrow
      transplantation for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
AB  - Four patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome received bone marrow transplants
      (BMT) using monoclonal antibody T cell-depleted HLA-haploidentical marrow from a
      family member donor. The patients did not receive a significantly larger inoculum
      of mature T cells than other recipients of T cell-depleted marrow transplants.
      All four patients achieved quick engraftment, and three of the four patients are
      alive and well today. The three living patients have all had a complete return of
      normal T-cell and B-cell function. Infectious complications in the surviving
      patients were minimal; however, all three experienced some degree of graft-versus
      host disease (GVHD). Two of these three patients received GVHD prophylaxis. The
      patient not receiving GVHD prophylaxis experienced severe GVHD and had a
      difficult posttransplant course. The patient who did not survive was chronically
      ill before BMT, whereas the other patients were in relatively good health at the
      time of BMT. Since the majority of individuals with this disease lack a matched
      bone marrow donor, our results using partially matched donors suggest that a
      greater number of patients can be successfully treated for Wiskott-Aldrich
      syndrome and that outcome is related to control of GVHD and state of health
      before BMT. Marrow transplantation should be offered earlier in the disease
      course before the onset of major infectious problems.

PMID- 2302456
TI  - The treatment of progressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with intensive
      chemoradiotherapy and autologous marrow transplantation.
AB  - Intensive chemoradiotherapy, with or without additional local radiotherapy, and
      unpurged autologous marrow transplantation was given to 68 patients with
      progressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Responses were attained in 44 patients (65%,
      95% confidence intervals [CI], 52% to 76%), including 37 who achieved complete
      responses. Fifteen patients (22%, 95% C.I. 13% to 34%) remain free of disease
      (including 11 continuously) at a median of 5.3 (range 3.1 to 9.1) years later.
      Higher Karnofsky scores (P less than .01, Mann-Whitney U test) and the absence of
      a history of prior radiotherapy (P = .02, chi 2 test) were associated with
      achievement of complete plus partial responses. Higher Karnofsky scores (P less
      than .01, Mann-Whitney U test) and less resistant disease status at
      transplantation (P = .04, chi 2 test) were significant when calculations were
      limited to complete responses. Karnofsky scores were also associated with the
      probability of freedom from progression (P = .02, log-rank) for responding
      patients. Also, Karnofsky scores and the absence of prior radiotherapy (P less
      than .01 and P = .01, respectively, log-rank) were associated with improved
      survival. Progressive lymphoma was the chief cause of failure; progression
      usually occurred less than 6 months after transplantation, most often at the
      sites of active disease before the transplant. However, five patients (including
      four with high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) suffered hematogenous patterns of
      relapse; four of these five patients had no prior history of marrow involvement.
      Other causes of mortality included interstitial pneumonitis, sepsis, hemorrhage
      and renal failure. Intensive chemoradiotherapy and autologous marrow
      transplantation produces durable remissions in some patients with progressive non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma. Since such therapy is more effective when given to patients
      with signs of less advanced disease, earlier treatment would be the simplest way
      to produce improved results. However, improved conditioning regimens will also be
      needed, and measures to reduce occult lymphoma stem cell contamination with the
      autograft may also be required to increase the likelihood of cure in some
      patients.

PMID- 2302457
TI  - Incidence of response and long-term follow-up in patients with hairy cell
      leukemia treated with recombinant interferon alfa-2a.
AB  - Thirty-five evaluable patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) were treated with
      recombinant interferon alfa-2a (rIFN-alpha 2a), given at a dose of 3 X 10(6)
      units (U) intramuscularly (IM) daily for 6 months followed by 3 X 10(6) U IM
      three times a week for an additional 18 months in a single institution study. All
      treatment was stopped after 24 months. Sixty-nine percent of patients achieved a
      partial response, 11% a minor response, and 3% (one patient) had stable disease.
      Six patients (17%) did not respond to rIFN-alpha 2a. Two patients (6%) achieved a
      response but later progressed on treatment. A total of 23 patients completed 2
      years of treatment and are evaluable for long-term follow-up at a median of 20
      months postcompletion of therapy (range 9 to 32 months). Eleven patients (48%)
      have had progression of their disease at a median of 10 months (range .5 to 25
      months) after treatment was discontinued. Statistical analysis of pretreatment
      patient characteristics did not reveal any factor(s) associated with a high
      probability of responding to rIFN-alpha 2a; however, analysis of post-treatment
      variables measured after 2 years of treatment suggested that a low platelet count
      was associated with a high rate of disease progression. These findings are
      compared with other published trials using rIFN-alpha 2b, a similar but not
      identical rIFN preparation. We conclude that while rIFN-alpha 2a has a high
      overall response incidence, the rate of disease progression after therapy is
      discontinued approaches 50%, and that a subset of patients can be identified who
      are at high risk for recurrence after completing 2 years of treatment.

PMID- 2302458
TI  - von Willebrand factor competes with fibrin for occupancy of GPIIb:IIIa on
      thrombin-stimulated platelets.
AB  - We have investigated two major questions related to the molecular basis of
      interactions between the three-dimensional fibrin network and thrombin-stimulated
      human platelets. First, what are the roles played by glycoproteins (GP) Ib and
      IIb:IIIa in linking the fibrin clot tightly to the platelet surface? Second, does
      von Willebrand factor (vWF) modulate the extent of platelet-fibrin interactions?
      Quantitative fluorescence microscopy (microfluorimetry) has been used to
      determine the quantity of fluorescein-labeled fibrin bound to the surface of
      thrombin-stimulated, gel-filtered platelets (the supernatants of which contained
      small quantities of vWF) in the presence/absence of receptor-specific and vWF
      specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), as well as exogenous vWF. A MoAb specific
      for the GPIIb:IIIa complex exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of
      fibrin binding, whereas a MoAb specific for GPIb was ineffective in this regard.
      Similarly, a MoAb that recognizes the N-terminal region of vWF involved in GPIb
      binding did not influence fibrin binding. In contrast, a MoAb that binds to a C
      terminal region of vWF involved in GPIIb:IIIa recognition caused a specific,
      concentration-dependent increase in the quantity of platelet-bound fibrin. We
      also found that exogenous vWF caused a concentration-dependent decrease in fibrin
      binding. These results support the hypothesis that vWF and fibrin, both of which
      are multimeric adhesive ligands, compete for occupancy of the GPIIb:IIIa complex
      on thrombin-stimulated platelets.

PMID- 2302459
TI  - Interactions of C1(-)-inhibitors from normal persons and patients with type II
      hereditary angioneurotic edema with purified activated Hageman factor (factor
      XIIa).
AB  - Activated high molecular weight Hageman factor (75 Kd) and Hageman factor carboxy
      terminal fragments both formed complexes with purified C1(-)-inhibitor, but the
      Hageman factor fragments appeared to have a higher affinity for the C1(-)
      inhibitor than activated Hageman factor. Therefore, the clot-promoting activity
      of activated Hageman factor might be relatively unimpaired if Hageman factor
      fragments are also present. Normal C1(-)-inhibitor was cleaved by Hageman factor
      fragments. Clot-promoting activity was not generated in Hageman factor by
      exposure to Hageman factor fragments, nor was Hageman factor cleaved by Hageman
      factor fragments. When Hageman factor was cleaved by streptokinase-activated
      plasminogen, a 40 Kd fragment was released. In contrast to their interactions
      with other proteinases, which are blocked by normal C1(-)-inhibitor, Type II C1(
      )-inhibitors from plasmas of affected members of eight different kindred with
      this form of hereditary angioneurotic edema all inhibited the specific coagulant
      activity of activated Hageman factor to some degree. They did not all form
      complexes with activated Hageman factor that were stable during sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2302460
TI  - Study of the CD3-associated T-cell receptors reveals further differences between
      T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma and leukemia.
AB  - We show further differences between two clinically related entities, T-cell acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LL), by using
      several monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) reacting with either constant or variable
      regions of T-cell receptors (TcR) alpha beta and gamma delta or with various CD
      molecules. We analyzed a panel of 15 T-ALL and 15 T-LL selected for their cell
      surface expression of the CD3 molecules. The results indicated that TcR gamma
      delta is more frequently used than TcR alpha beta in T-ALL (10 of the 15 patients
      tested). This is in contrast to the results obtained with T-LL where the vast
      majority expressed TcR alpha beta (13 of the 15 patients). These findings suggest
      that the leukemic cells could have a different origin in these two diseases. In
      addition, analysis of TcR variable regions expressed by the leukemic blasts
      showed that, in most cases, they had rearranged functional V delta 1 gene
      segments (8 of 11 patients), whereas in a unique case V delta 2 gene segment was
      used. Together, these results and those indicating that T-ALL cells coexpress the
      CD1a, b, and c molecules strengthen the possibility that although these leukemic
      cells express the CD3-TcR complex at their cell surface, their normal
      counterparts are not found in peripheral blood.

PMID- 2302461
TI  - Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-mediated cytotoxicity occurs through an interleukin
      2-independent pathway in CD3+ large granular lymphocytes.
AB  - The mechanism of induction of cytotoxicity produced by anti-CD3 monoclonal
      antibody (MoAb) was studied in four patients with CD3+ large granular lymphocyte
      (LGL) leukemia. Anti-CD3 MoAb treatment resulted in increased target cell binding
      and increased granule formation. After activation, leukemic LGL remained Tac-,
      with the exception of a patient with CD4+ LGL leukemia. Radiolabeled interleukin
      2 (IL-2) binding studies demonstrated that treatment with anti-CD3 MoAb resulted
      in upregulation of the number of p75 intermediate affinity IL-2 receptor sites
      per cell. Northern blot hybridization analysis showed expression of gamma
      interferon gene transcripts 24 to 48 hours after activation. There was no
      evidence for expression of IL-2 messenger RNA or secretion of IL-2 after
      activation. Anti-CD3 MoAb and IL-2 provide different signals for activation of
      CD3+ LGL. Induction of cytotoxicity produced by anti-CD3 MoAb in leukemic CD3+
      LGL is not associated with IL-2 production.

PMID- 2302462
TI  - Effects of low molecular weight B-cell growth factor on proliferation of leukemic
      cells from children with B-cell precursor-acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Recently, low-molecular-weight B-cell growth factor (LMW-BCGF) has been reported
      to stimulate growth of leukemic cells from B-cell precursor-acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (BCP-ALL). We further investigated the effects of LMW-BCGF on
      proliferation of leukemic clonogenic (progenitor) and nonclonogenic (progeny)
      cells from children with BCP-ALL (28 patients) and B-cell ALL (two patients).
      Patients were either at diagnosis (n = 18) or in relapse (n = 12). Response of
      leukemic progenitor cells was determined by culturing cells (10(5) cells/mL) in
      methylcellulose with 0.1 U/mL LMW-BCGF. Colonies (greater than 20 cells) were
      counted at day 7. The response of the leukemic progeny population was determined
      by DNA synthesis studies using tritiated-thymidine and by DNA quantitation with
      propidiumiodide for determination of cell-cycle status. LMW-BCGF supported growth
      of leukemic progenitor cells from 20 of 28 (71%) BCP-ALL and two of two B-cell
      ALL patients. Colony numbers ranged from 7 to 2,400 (mean 145, median 45). A dose
      response effect in colony growth was noted, with an apparent plateau at
      approximately 2.0 U/mL LMW-BCGF. Colony cells were primarily of leukemic
      phenotype (CD19+/CD10+/-). LMW-BCGF also induced significant increases in
      leukemic progeny cell proliferation as measured by both thymidine incorporation
      (stimulation indexes of 1.6 to 34) and by cell-cycle assay (percentage S+ G2/M
      stimulation indexes of 1.6 to 6). LMW-BCGF was more effective in stimulating
      leukemic proliferation than three recombinant interleukins (rIL-2, rIL-3, rIL-4),
      although rIL-3 was able to support colony growth in 4 of 11 patients. These
      results indicate that LMW-BCGF and, to a lesser degree rIL-3, are able to
      stimulate proliferation of BCP-ALL progenitor and progeny cells, whereas rIL-2
      and rIL-4 do not support progenitor cell proliferation and have only marginal
      effects on leukemic progeny cell proliferation.

PMID- 2302463
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin and lymphotoxin gene expression in lymph nodes
      from lymphoma patients.
AB  - We investigated the mRNA content for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/cachectin and
      lymphotoxin (LT) in tumoral tissues of a prospective series of 35 non-Hodgkin's
      (NHL) and 23 Hodgkin's (HL) lymphomas, to assess their postulated contribution to
      systemic symptoms. Total RNAs were extracted from diagnostic tissue specimens and
      submitted to Northern blot analysis, using specific TNF and LT cRNA probes. High
      amounts of TNF mRNA were found exclusively in NHL (12/35). The majority (9/12) of
      these were low grade B-cell NHL, which contained a uniform population of
      malignant cells. In contrast, abundant LT mRNA production was detected in most HL
      (21/23) and in 19 of 35 NHL. The highest LT mRNA levels were observed in high
      grade NHL and in lymphocytic predominant subtypes of HL specimens. A significant
      correlation was found between TNF/cachectin and LT gene expression in NHL and the
      presence of constitutional symptoms. The biologic and prognostic implications of
      these preliminary findings are presently unknown, but they demonstrate that
      lymphoma tissues sharing common histologic features are highly heterogeneous in
      their ability to synthesize cytokines susceptible to playing a role in the growth
      control of malignant cells. These results suggest that the evaluation of
      TNF/cachectin and LT production in lymphomas may help to elucidate the mechanisms
      of tumoral fever and cachexia.

PMID- 2302464
TI  - 6th Congress of the GTH (Gesellschaft fur Thrombose- und Hamostaseforschung).
      Kiel, February 21-24, 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2302465
TI  - Long-term follow-up of CHOP-treated non-Hodgkin lymphoma of high-grade
      malignancy.
AB  - The long-term outcome of 116 NHL patients (38 CB, 33 IB, 24 LB, 11 high-grade
      unclassified, 9 PTCL, 1 Ki-1 lymphoma - see list of abbreviations) treated with
      an age-adjusted CHOP regimen from 1980-85 was evaluated. The median age was 64
      years. Of these patients 28% had significant comorbidity. CB patients had the
      best outcome; the median survival was not reached after 110 months. However, the
      differences in survival of all histological entities are not significant (P =
      0.08). Fifty-six percent of the patients had clinical stages I-II. The CR rate of
      all 116 patients was 47%. After a median follow-up of 58 months, 30% of the
      patients are alive and disease-free. Of 14 relapses 11 occurred within 2 years.
      The median time period before relapse was 9 months. Salvage therapy failed, as
      none of the IB and LB patients achieved CR. Five CB patients had CR with second
      line therapy, four had PR after induction therapy, one patient relapsed after 30
      months. Of the CR patients 15% developed second or third neoplasms. Only one
      instance of acute myeloblastic leukemia was observed. These results indicate that
      age-adjusted CHOP is a well-tolerated therapy.

PMID- 2302466
TI  - Cell kinetics after high dose cytosine arabinoside in patients with acute
      myelocytic leukemia.
AB  - In this study 10 patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) each received a
      rapid intravenous injection of high dose cytosine arabinoside (HD Ara-C; 1 g/m2).
      Bone marrow aspirates were obtained before and after Ara-C administration to
      determine the percentage of cells in S-phase measured by flow cytometry. In 5 out
      of 10 cases synchronization of the leukemic cells in S-phase of the cell cycle
      was observed. However, the time of maximum synchronization turned out to be
      difficult to predict. Therefore, the strong correlation between percentage of
      cells in S-phase at diagnosis and the time of maximal accumulation of S-phase
      cells after Ara-C administration, as observed by others in childhood AML, could
      not be confirmed for adult AML patients. Although synchronization of AML cells
      after in vivo Ara-C administration could be demonstrated in at least half of the
      patients, the practical consequences are such that clinical application was
      hampered.

PMID- 2302467
TI  - A quantitative colorimetric method to evaluate the functional state of human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - The colorimetric assay previously described by Mosmann for the measurement of
      cell viability and proliferation has been modified for the assessment of the
      functional state of human polymorphnuclear cells (PMNs). The ability of PMNs to
      reduce the tetrazolium salt MTT to formazan reflects directly the degree of
      stimulation induced by various agents. The underlying mechanism of MTT-reduction
      to formazan seems to be similar to that of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reduction.
      In contrast to the NBT-reduction assay, the formazan produced from MTT can easily
      be measured by an ELISA reader. Parallel experiments revealed a qualitative
      correlation between the concentration of formazan produced from MTT and the
      concentration of cytochrome C reduced by PMNs. Although oxidative burst may not
      be the actual lytic mechanism in cellular cytotoxicity of PMN, we also observed
      an association between MTT-reduction capacity and the cytotoxic activity of PMNs
      from normal donors in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Our results
      indicate that the MTT-reduction assay can be employed to estimate the functional
      state of polymorphnuclear granulocytes.

PMID- 2302468
TI  - The clinical challenge of children and adolescents with severe personality
      disorders.
AB  - Clinical experience has shown that short-term hospital treatment is inadequate
      for some severely disturbed children and adolescents and, in fact, may exacerbate
      their dysfunction. The author analyzes the dynamics of the treatment process and
      presents case examples to suggest that treatment of these children should be
      based on developmental needs rather than on short-sighted economic expediency. A
      developmentally based treatment approach requires the maintenance of institutions
      that can provide comprehensive, integrated, and extended treatment, as well as an
      environment for research on severe psychiatric disturbances.

PMID- 2302469
TI  - Financing mental health services for children and adolescents.
AB  - Proponents of extended hospitalization for the most seriously disturbed children
      and adolescents face increasing difficulty in obtaining funds for such expensive
      care. The author advocates a continuum-of-care system that will provide a
      spectrum of treatment modalities, and she notes that when costs are averaged for
      all children treated at various points on the continuum, the cost per child drops
      dramatically. She challenges mental health care professionals to justify their
      treatment effectiveness to payers (1) by developing creative treatment programs
      that will reduce costs and (2) by compiling research data to demonstrate the cost
      effectiveness of extended hospitalization for seriously disturbed children and
      adolescents.

PMID- 2302470
TI  - Developing a therapeutic alliance in the hospital treatment of disturbed
      adolescents.
AB  - Establishing a working therapeutic relationship with psychiatrically hospitalized
      adolescents presents special challenges to the hospital treatment team. Many
      adolescent patients deny their problems or any responsibility for them, and defy
      efforts to engage them in active collaboration. However, once the treatment team
      understands the specific clinical and developmental reasons for their reluctance
      to participate, most patients can become profitably involved in treatment. The
      author discusses the concept of the therapeutic alliance, suggesting that many
      hospitalized disturbed adolescents do not reach this optimal level of
      involvement. Clinical vignettes illustrate the precursors to and levels of
      genuine collaboration, as well as interventions that facilitate collaborative
      behavior.

PMID- 2302471
TI  - Directions for the future of Menninger children's services: summary of group
      discussions.
AB  - As part of the planning process for a new facility for children and adolescents
      at Menninger, a working conference on the Future of Mental Health Services for
      Children and the Role of Psychiatric Hospitalization in the Treatment of
      Emotionally Disturbed Children was convened August 24-25, 1989, at The Menninger
      Clinic. Four discussion groups met during the conference, and the authors
      summarize the central ideas emerging from those groups. They focus on the
      understanding of the Menninger mission, the need for both a continuum of care and
      continuity of care, physical requirements of the new facility, economic issues,
      and the critical role of research.

PMID- 2302472
TI  - The experience of time in the psychotherapy of hospitalized adolescents.
AB  - Individual psychotherapy of adolescents in extended hospital or residential
      treatment is shaped by the prominence of the issues around time that are fostered
      by such highly structured treatment programs. The author discusses how
      adolescents develop a sense of time and how they experience time at different
      points in treatment. She then examines the role of the hospital setting and the
      individual psychotherapy process in identifying and treating troubled youngsters'
      disturbances in the experience of time.

PMID- 2302473
TI  - The severely disturbed adolescent: indications for hospital and residential
      treatment.
AB  - Certain groups of preadolescent and adolescent children suffer from developmental
      and adaptive problems serious enough that they become candidates for full-time
      hospital or residential treatment. The author reviews the diagnostic criteria
      that justify such placement and describes these groups of children and
      adolescents, with particular attention to borderline and narcissistic personality
      disorders. He concludes by emphasizing the need for a psychodynamic, rather than
      merely symptom-focused, approach to milieu treatment.

PMID- 2302474
TI  - Attitudes of staff members toward a sex education program for hospitalized
      adolescents.
AB  - Problems encountered when introducing sex education programs into institutions
      are frequently attributed to adult resistance related to the anxiety of staff
      members about their sexuality and that of their charges. The author examines the
      process by which a sex education program was introduced into a psychiatric
      hospital for adolescents and the attitudes of staff members toward the course. He
      suggests that the acceptance of such programs is determined as much by the social
      dynamics of initiating change in institutions as by the particular content or
      form of the new program.

PMID- 2302475
TI  - Family therapy in the hospital treatment of children and adolescents.
AB  - Psychiatric hospitalization is sometimes necessary for seriously symptomatic or
      out-of-control children and adolescents. In the past, individual therapists,
      hospital therapists, and family therapists thought that family therapy and
      individual hospital treatment could not be combined effectively. Today, however,
      family involvement, participation, and therapy are considered essential
      components of short-term and extended hospital treatment for young people. The
      author presents Bowen family systems theory as a basis for informed family
      therapy in a psychiatric hospital setting. Bowen therapy with patients and close
      family members elicits significant information, reduces tension, expands options,
      and facilitates solutions for young patients and their families.

PMID- 2302476
TI  - Assessing difficulties in the hospital treatment of children and adolescents.
AB  - There are few studies of treatment difficulty with children and adolescents. The
      authors describe a preliminary phase of research in this area, specifically the
      development of a set of rating scales to assess factors in treatment difficulty,
      a study of interrater reliability, and factor analyses of the content of these
      scales. The next steps in this ongoing research project are outlined.

PMID- 2302477
TI  - The future of mental health services for children and adolescents. Menninger
      children's services: past, present, and future.

PMID- 2302478
TI  - Trends in the delivery of mental health services for children and adolescents.
AB  - Current systems for delivery of mental health services to children and
      adolescents are woefully inefficient, inadequate, and fragmented. The author
      briefly reviews specific deficits and then discusses eight aspects of an
      integrated program that will provide easy access to appropriate mental health
      care for all children who need it with a minimum of stress on their families.

PMID- 2302479
TI  - The overseas doctors training scheme in surgery.

PMID- 2302480
TI  - Anaesthesia partnerships.

PMID- 2302481
TI  - Fragile-X syndrome.

PMID- 2302482
TI  - A multidisciplinary approach to pain management.
AB  - Patients attend pain clinics with their pain and with the response to, and
      consequences of, this symptom. The management of these problems places demands on
      the members of several disciplines working either individually or incorporated
      into a multidisciplinary team. The development of treatment strategies allows a
      comprehensive treatment programme to be available in a district general hospital
      setting.

PMID- 2302483
TI  - How to insert a peripheral venous cannula.
AB  - Peripheral venous cannulation is the commonest vascular surgical procedure. It is
      usually performed by a junior doctor who has learnt the skill from a colleague
      only marginally more skilled. Correct technique will improve the chances of
      success and patient comfort and safety.

PMID- 2302484
TI  - Bull-frog neck in achalasia.

PMID- 2302485
TI  - Symptomatic hypocalcaemia associated with metastatic invasion of the parathyroid
      glands.

PMID- 2302486
TI  - Assessment of the critically ill patient.

PMID- 2302487
TI  - Ventilatory problems at induction.

PMID- 2302488
TI  - Forensic scientists and the state.

PMID- 2302489
TI  - Amnesty International.

PMID- 2302491
TI  - Medical audit and clinical practice.

PMID- 2302490
TI  - Can opting out legislation solve the shortage of donor organs?

PMID- 2302492
TI  - A simplified method of draining pleural effusions.

PMID- 2302493
TI  - Further advice on inserting a chest drain.

PMID- 2302494
TI  - Anaesthetic technique and deep vein thrombosis.

PMID- 2302495
TI  - Minitracheostomy for patients with sputum retention.

PMID- 2302496
TI  - Traumatic love bites.

PMID- 2302497
TI  - Triad of anorectal stenosis, sacral anomaly and presacral mass: a remediable
      cause of severe constipation.
AB  - Two neonates with intestinal obstruction and two children (aged 1 and 4 years)
      with severe constipation since birth are reported in whom stenosis of the distal
      rectum was found. In association with the rectal anomaly, three of them had a
      presacral tumour (teratoma in two, hamartoma in one) and all had a deformed
      sacrum. An embryological hypothesis to explain this association has been
      postulated by Currarino, after whom this triad has been named. Two patients were
      related (father and daughter). The role of hereditary factors in the occurrence
      of the syndrome has been reported before. Operative treatment of the rectal
      stenosis was necessary in all patients. Preoperative diverting colostomy was
      performed in three cases, followed by a posterior sagittal approach to excise the
      rectal stenosis and the presacral mass. In one case, persistent cerebrospinal
      fluid leakage required re-exploration for closure of a tear in a congenitally
      abnormal dural sac. The fourth patient had undergone a low anterior resection in
      the past via the abdominal route and needed rectal dilatation afterwards for some
      time. The final result in all patients appears satisfactory, although follow-up
      is short. Most cases of this triad have been reported in children but a number of
      patients have been diagnosed only as adults. Recognition of this triad should
      imply a careful search for neural crest malformations. Operative treatment to
      correct all soft tissue anomalies leads to good results.

PMID- 2302498
TI  - Cavernous haemangioma of the oesophagus.

PMID- 2302499
TI  - Early pregnancy masquerading as a marker for malignancy in a young woman with
      curable neoplasm of the pancreas.

PMID- 2302500
TI  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm.

PMID- 2302501
TI  - Assessment of short saphenous vein.

PMID- 2302502
TI  - Management of ingrowing toenail.

PMID- 2302503
TI  - Modified sham-feeding and pentagastrin stimulated secretion.

PMID- 2302504
TI  - Toxic megacolon and perforation caused by Salmonella.

PMID- 2302505
TI  - Acute haemorrhage from gastric malignancy.
AB  - The presentation, pathology and treatment of 30 patients with acute bleeding from
      gastric malignancies has been reviewed. Patients usually have a history of
      symptoms of less than 6 months prior to bleeding. Adenocarcinoma was the
      commonest type of tumour, and 74 per cent were stage IV lesions. The proportion
      of lesions in the body of the stomach (57 per cent) was greater than expected,
      suggesting that these are different populations of gastric tumour. Laparotomy was
      undertaken in 20 patients, 12 of whom had a resection. Resection was associated
      with a median survival of 17.0 months. Those with unresectable tumours or who
      were treated only by supportive measures had a median survival of only 2.5 months
      (P less than 0.01). Evidence of peritoneal or liver involvement should
      contraindicate surgical intervention as these patients have a high postoperative
      mortality rate.

PMID- 2302506
TI  - Technique and preliminary results of extracorporeal liver surgery (bench
      procedure) and of surgery on the in situ perfused liver.
AB  - The clinical experience with 11 patients undergoing ex situ operation of the
      liver (nine operations) or surgery on an in situ hypothermic perfused liver after
      vascular isolation (three operations) is described. These methods have been
      confined to situations and tumour stages otherwise deemed untreatable, or to
      situations where resection would not have been sufficiently radical. In one
      patient the ex situ approach avoided the need to undertake liver grafting for a
      benign tumour. To date, hepatocellular tumours and metastases not compromising
      global hepatic function or causing cholestasis are considered to be suitable
      conditions; cholestasis appears to be highly detrimental for the postoperative
      course after an ex situ procedure. Elaboration of methods for better grading of
      pre-existing liver damage and of its prognostic significance is essential. The
      assessment of the final therapeutic value of the described procedure requires
      further experience.

PMID- 2302507
TI  - Hepatic resection for colorectal secondaries.
AB  - A postal survey of consultant surgeons in England and Wales was carried out to
      assess current attitudes towards screening for and treatment of hepatic
      metastases from primary colorectal carcinoma. The results showed that pre-, intra
      and postoperative screening were inadequate. There was no consensus as to which
      patients would benefit from major hepatic resection for colorectal liver
      secondaries. Fewer than one-third of potentially operable patients underwent
      liver surgery.

PMID- 2302508
TI  - The need for a chair of tropical surgery.

PMID- 2302509
TI  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy in hepatic hydatid disease open to the biliary tree.
AB  - Communication with the biliary tree is the most common complication of hydatid
      disease of the liver and up to a few years ago surgery was the only way to treat
      it successfully. The introduction of endoscopic sphincterotomy represented a
      great advance in the management of this disease. We report the results obtained
      with this technique in ten patients after surgical treatment of hepatic hydatid
      disease open to the biliary tree. The results were satisfactory in all cases,
      with no morbidity or mortality. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is now the first choice
      treatment for surgical complications of hepatic hydatid disease open to the
      biliary tree, as well as the drainage procedure of choice in patients with
      cholangitis due to hydatid disease.

PMID- 2302510
TI  - Methyl-tert-butyl-ether for treating bile duct stones: the British experience.
AB  - Methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE), infused via a nasobiliary catheter, was used to
      treat 33 patients with bile duct stones in nine units around Britain. MTBE
      contributed to success in 12 (36 per cent) cases: seven passed stones
      spontaneously during MTBE infusion and five had partial stone dissolution
      allowing subsequent endoscopic extraction. MTBE was non-contributory in 21 (64
      per cent) cases: four passed stones after MTBE was stopped, six were treated by
      subsequent endoscopic techniques without evidence of dissolution, seven underwent
      surgery, and four were treated conservatively (with one death). In at least ten
      of the 21 cases in which MTBE was non-contributory, pigment stones were present.
      Forty-two complications occurred in 26 (79 per cent) patients. The efficacy of
      MTBE for treating bile duct stones might be improved by better methods of
      instillation and, since success may be related to technique, the use of MTBE
      should be restricted to units familiar with this chemical.

PMID- 2302511
TI  - T tube intubation in the management of seriously ill patients with
      oesophagopleural fistulae.
AB  - Ten patients referred late with oesophagopleural fistulae were managed by T tube
      intubation of the oesophageal defect. Seven survived and six had radiographic
      evidence of closure of the defect. One patient who removed his T tube early was
      discharged to convalesce with a small oesophagocutaneous fistula. Three patients
      died as a consequence of pre-existing renal failure, upper gastrointestinal
      haemorrhage and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Patients presenting late
      with multisystem complications and ongoing sepsis secondary to oesophagopleural
      fistulae pose a major management problem. Our preliminary results suggest that T
      tube intubation offers a potential alternative to major surgical intervention,
      when more conservative measures have failed.

PMID- 2302512
TI  - Oesophageal manometry and pH recording does not predict the bad results of Nissen
      fundoplication.
AB  - A prospective study of the value of preoperative oesophageal manometry in
      selecting patients for gastro-oesophageal reflux surgery has been performed. One
      hundred and twenty-six consecutive patients had a floppy Nissen fundoplication
      with a median follow-up period of 48 months (range 21-96 months). Reflux was
      controlled in 116 patients (92.1 per cent). One hundred and five patients (83.3
      per cent) had a clinically satisfactory result (Visick grades 1 and 2). Poor
      results were largely due to recurrent reflux, technical failure or the irritable
      bowel syndrome. An unsatisfactory result was not more likely in those with
      upright reflux, an oesophageal motility disorder or a competent cardia as defined
      by manometry. Preoperative oesophageal studies, other than those required to make
      an accurate diagnosis, were found to have no value in deciding the suitability of
      patients for surgical correction of gastro-oesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2302513
TI  - Achalasia-like syndrome in systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Two methods of quantifying oesophageal emptying for liquids have been used to
      assess the dysphagia of patients with systemic sclerosis: the oesophageal
      infusion scintiscan and the timed Gastrografin swallow. Upper gastrointestinal
      endoscopy and oesophageal manometry were also performed. Thirteen patients with
      oesophageal symptoms were studied. Eight had dysphagia, and all of these had
      endoscopies with no evidence of oesophagitis or stricture. Four of these eight
      subjects had gross delay of oesophageal emptying for fluids, and manometry showed
      absence of oesophageal peristalsis and incomplete relaxation of the lower
      oesophageal sphincter. This abnormality is similar to achalasia. Two of these
      four patients have benefited from pneumatic dilatation with improvement in their
      severe dysphagia. We believe that pneumatic dilatation should be considered in
      patients with systemic sclerosis and severe dysphagia where reflux oesophagitis
      is not apparent.

PMID- 2302514
TI  - Early and late results of extended surgery for cancer of the stomach.
AB  - The experience of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan of 143 patients who
      underwent extended surgery for cancer of the stomach from 1965 to 1980 is
      reviewed. They represent 16.3 per cent of the patients who underwent curative
      surgery. The operative mortality rate was 15.4 per cent but this significantly
      decreased in recent years to 8 per cent and the morbidity rate to 17.5 per cent.
      The overall 5-year survival rate was 19 per cent. Survival was analysed according
      to tumour penetration (pT) and nodal status (N). It was found that patients
      without tumour penetration of adjacent structures and nodal involvement (pT3N-)
      had a better 5-year survival rate (21 per cent) than patients with nodal
      involvement (pT3N+) (2 per cent). Patients with tumour penetration of adjacent
      structures and without nodal involvement (pT4N-) had a better 5-year survival
      rate (29 per cent) than patients with nodal involvement (pT4N+) (5 per cent).
      These differences were significant on log rank test (P less than 0.000001 and P
      less than 0.001 respectively) and suggest that nodal status is a stronger
      prognostic variable than pT level. The role of extended surgery is discussed from
      the viewpoint of the oncological surgeon who has to weigh up the difficulty of a
      preoperative diagnosis of tumour infiltration of adjacent structures (predictive
      positive value 0.39), with the operative mortality rate of at least 8 per cent
      and long-term results which are strongly affected by the nodal status.

PMID- 2302515
TI  - Evaluation of the role of endoscopic biopsies and cytology in the detection of
      gastric malignancy.

PMID- 2302516
TI  - Changing pattern of distribution of carcinoma of the stomach.

PMID- 2302517
TI  - Comparison of highly selective vagotomy with truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty:
      results at 8-15 years.
AB  - In 1983 we reported the early results (mean 5 years) of a prospective randomized
      comparison of highly selective vagotomy (HSV) with truncal vagotomy and
      pyloroplasty (TVP) where all 137 operations were performed by the same surgeon.
      HSV was significantly better than TVP in terms of Visick grading and side
      effects. The same patients were assessed at a mean of 12 years (range 8-15 years)
      after operation. There was no difference on assessment using Visick grading
      between TVP (59 patients) and HSV (57 patients) (grades I and II, 75 per cent in
      each case). However, 20 per cent of TVP patients (but none of the HSV patients)
      had undergone reoperation in the intervening period. The endoscopically proven
      recurrence rate was 7 per cent after TVP and 5 per cent after HSV. This long-term
      follow-up supports the optimism that HSV is a better operation than TVP in the
      elective treatment of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2302518
TI  - Simple closure of perforated duodenal ulcer: a prospective evaluation of a
      conservative management policy.
AB  - One hundred and thirteen consecutive patients admitted with a perforated duodenal
      ulcer over a 5-year period (1978-82) and treated by simple closure have been
      followed prospectively over a median period of 43 months. Patients were divided
      into two categories according to their previous history of dyspepsia; group 1 (66
      patients) with a chronic history of more than 3 months and group 2 (47 patients)
      where there was no history of dyspepsia or a history of less than 3 months
      duration. The follow-up periods were similar (group 1, 44 months; group 2, 43
      months). The overall recurrence rate was 42 per cent and to date only 14 per cent
      of the total group of 113 patients have required a definitive operation. The
      incidence of ulcer recurrence was higher in group 1 than in group 2 in terms of
      total recurrence (group 1, 50 per cent; group 2, 32 per cent) and patients
      requiring further surgery (group 1, n = 14, 21 per cent; group 2, n = 7, 15 per
      cent). Five of these 21 patients required an emergency procedure for haemorrhage
      or reperforation (group 1, n = 2; group 2, n = 3). There were no significant
      differences between the 5-year predictive recurrence rate or the requirement for
      definitive surgery between the groups. Five of the 27 patients currently on
      medical treatment have required maintenance treatment while the remaining
      patients receive active treatment for a mean of 20 per cent of the time since
      they developed recurrent ulceration. These results support continuation of our
      'wait and see' policy following simple closure of perforated duodenal ulcer, even
      in patients with a history of chronic dyspepsia.

PMID- 2302519
TI  - Intragastric balloons for morbid obesity: results, patient tolerance and balloon
      life span.
AB  - Sixty morbidly obese patients were treated with 88 intragastric balloons. An air
      filled intragastric balloon was used, which was permanently connected to an
      inflation catheter exiting through the nose. Patients were evaluated for loss of
      body weight and tolerance of the balloon; the balloon was inspected for efficacy
      and safety. A mean total loss of body weight of 21 kg was obtained after a mean
      of 39 weeks in 15 men (mean age 37.7 years) and 45 women (mean age 36.2 years),
      with a mean initial weight of 127.9 kg. The maximum rate of weight loss occurred
      in the first 6 months, with a steady decrease of 1 kg per week; thereafter the
      rate declined. Subjective complaints were infrequent and consisted of nasal
      discomfort or abdominal symptoms. Intolerance in 12 per cent of patients was due
      to enhanced hunger (one patient), nasal pulling sensation (four patients) and
      symptomatic ulcer (two patients). Fifteen patients asked for removal of the well
      functioning balloon after a mean of 169 days; 14 of the 15 balloons were still
      airtight. Forty balloons failed prematurely. Nine were retrieved orally and 31
      were passed per anum, of which 28 passed with mild abdominal cramping, two
      patients required transabdominal puncture and one needed laparotomy. Even the 40
      prematurely removed balloons remained in situ for a mean of 108 days; only one
      third showed leakage. As yet, 33 well functioning balloons have been in situ for
      a mean of 167 days. Well functioning balloons deflated at a rate of 2.3 ml per
      day. Malfunctioning of the balloon was due to leakage in 12 cases and to clogging
      of the inflation catheter in three cases. Major complications (8 per cent)
      included two gastric ulcers and three cases of mild ileus. One ileus patient
      required surgery (2 per cent). The reported intragastric balloon model is
      effective and safe. We recommended this type of balloon as a weight reducing
      adjuvant therapy before bariatric surgery.

PMID- 2302520
TI  - Vertical Silastic ring gastroplasty: a 6-year experience.
AB  - Vertical Silastic ring gastroplasty was carried out in 71 patients as treatment
      for morbid obesity. The mean excess weight loss at 6 months (59 patients) and 2
      years (43 patients) was 48 per cent and 65 per cent respectively. Subsequently
      the weight stabilized around this level with 58 per cent of the excess weight
      lost at 5 years (14 patients) postgastroplasty. Five patients (7 per cent) failed
      to lose weight. Sixteen patients (23 per cent) required revision for technical
      complications but continued to lose weight or to maintain a satisfactory weight.
      Vertical Silastic ring gastroplasty is an effective surgical method of achieving
      sustained weight loss.

PMID- 2302521
TI  - Pancreatic exocrine function after a sutureless pancreatico-jejunostomy following
      pancreaticoduodenectomy.
AB  - Exocrine pancreatic function was measured in 14 patients after
      pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary neoplasms in order to assess the
      patency of a sutureless pancreatico-enteric anastomosis. Pancreatic function was
      examined by the p-aminobenzoic acid/p-aminosalicylic acid (PABA/PAS) test 3-160
      months after operation and compared with age- and sex-matched controls. There
      were no significant differences between mean (s.e.m.) serum PABA concentrations 3
      h after ingestion of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-PABA (25.5 (3.6)) mumol/l for patients,
      26.1 (2.0) mumol/l for controls). However, the mean (s.e.m.) PABA excretion index
      was significantly lower in the patients (0.58 (0.08)) than in the controls (0.76
      (0.04)). Four patients required pancreatic enzyme supplements for control of
      diarrhoea. Self-limiting pancreatic leaks occurred in two patients. The results
      suggests that the sutureless pancreatico-enteric anastomosis has an acceptably
      low leakage rate but that pancreatic exocrine function is diminished following
      pancreaticoduodenectomy with this technique. However, the majority of patients
      require no enzyme supplements and no significant tendency to late stenosis of the
      anastomosis was demonstrated.

PMID- 2302522
TI  - Evaluation of fine catheter aspiration cytology of the peritoneum as an adjunct
      to decision making in the acute abdomen.
AB  - Fine catheter aspiration cytology of the peritoneal cavity was performed
      successfully in 61 patients admitted with acute abdominal pain. Aspirates were
      examined microscopically and the percentage of neutrophils in the specimen
      counted. In patients in whom the clinical need for operation was certain (n = 25)
      all patients required surgery and the peritoneal neutrophil count was greater
      than 50 per cent. In patients in whom the clinical need for operation was
      uncertain (n = 36) 19 patients required operation: the peritoneal neutrophil
      count was greater than 50 per cent in 18 and in one patient with ectopic
      pregnancy fresh blood was aspirated. Of the 17 patients not requiring operation
      the peritoneal neutrophil count was less than 10 per cent in 15 and greater than
      50 per cent in two patients (both had acute pelvic inflammatory disease). This
      study confirms peritoneal cytology as a useful adjunct to decision making in
      those patients with acute abdominal pain in whom the decision to operate is in
      doubt.

PMID- 2302523
TI  - Role of compartmental resection for soft tissue sarcoma of the limb and limb
      girdle.
AB  - A total of 143 consecutive operations for soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity,
      performed by one surgeon over a 5-year period, was studied to determine the place
      of compartmental excision. The surgical aim was to achieve the nearest to radical
      surgery compatible with preservation of a functional limb. Of the operations, 73
      were for previously untreated primary tumour and 70 for local recurrence. Two
      tumours arose in areas previously irradiated for other malignancies and 35
      recurrences had occurred despite prior radiotherapy; of the 106 remaining cases,
      adjuvant radiotherapy was used for 79. Adjuvant chemotherapy was used only
      occasionally and was more often regional than systemic. For the majority of
      tumours, compartmentectomy was inappropriate or inadequate: 49 were
      extracompartmental in origin and 48 extended beyond their compartment of origin
      at the time of surgery. The remaining 46 were confined to one compartment; in
      only 21 of these 46 operations was a radical compartmental excision performed.
      Compartmental excision was more likely to be performed when the tumour was
      centrally located within a compartment, was so large that it replaced most of the
      muscle group, or was high grade or recurrent (particularly when adjuvant
      radiotherapy had already been used). The general preference was to combine less
      than-radical surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy rather than sacrifice entire
      muscle groups or adjacent, functionally important, structures such as artery or
      nerve. This reflects the proven efficacy of radiotherapy in controlling
      microscopic disease. Overall, compartmental excision was considered appropriate
      in only 15 per cent of operations.

PMID- 2302524
TI  - Photodynamic therapy for colorectal cancer: a quantitative pilot study.
AB  - Ten patients with colorectal cancers unsuitable for operation were treated with
      endoscopic photodynamic therapy (PDT). The patients were assessed before
      treatment, and at 1 week and 1 month after treatment by colonoscopy with biopsy
      and endoluminal ultrasound examination. The depth of tumour was measured and the
      effect of PDT was quantified by measuring the reduction in tumour depth. All
      patients were sensitized with 2.5 mg kg-1 of haematoporphyrin derivative, 48 h
      before phototherapy. A standard treatment protocol of light exposure was used. Up
      to four parts of the tumour were treated with 50J of red light (630 nm) from a
      tuneable dye laser, through a flexible optical fibre passed through the
      colonoscope and inserted into the tumour. Two patients with small lesions are
      tumour-free 20 and 28 months after PDT. One treatment of an advanced tumour was
      complicated by a haemodynamically significant secondary haemorrhage. PDT may be
      most suitable for the treatment of small tumours or for small areas of persistent
      tumour where the bulk has been removed by alternative techniques.

PMID- 2302525
TI  - Drugs in old age: new perspectives.

PMID- 2302526
TI  - Drugs in old age. New perspectives. Introduction.

PMID- 2302527
TI  - Diencephalic amnesia.
AB  - The anatomical basis and cognitive profile of diencephalic amnesia remain
      unclear. We report a two-part study. First, we studied 4 patients with bilateral
      medial thalamic infarctions using magnetic resonance imaging and comprehensive
      neuropsychological testing. All patients were followed for more than 1 year.
      Using a stereotactic method, we plotted the lesions in an atlas delineating the
      probable structure involved. Secondly, in 2 monkeys, using autoradiography, we
      traced the pathway from the amygdala to the dorsomedial nucleus, paying
      particular attention to the intrathalamic course of the amygdalothalamic
      projections. Our findings were (1) patients develop amnesia when infarctions are
      located anteriorly; (2) in patients with amnesia, the lesions can be small and
      strategically located, probably interfering with both hippocampal-related neural
      structures such as the mamillothalamic tract, and amygdala-related neural
      structures such as the ventroamygdalofugal pathway; and (3) a specific component
      of the latter is situated lateral but immediately adjacent to the mamillothalamic
      tract in the monkey, enabling both structures to be damaged bilaterally by small
      mirror image lesions. The amnesia is characterized by deficits in anterograde
      verbal and visual learning and in retrograde amnesia, but motor learning is
      preserved. We raise the possibility that bilateral diencephalic lesions may
      interfere particularly with temporal aspects of memory.

PMID- 2302528
TI  - Motor learning in patients with cerebellar dysfunction.
AB  - This study examined whether cerebellar dysfunction resulted in deficiencies of
      motor learning. Patients with cerebellar atrophy only or cerebellar atrophy
      combined with atrophy of the brainstem and age-matched normal subjects performed
      two tasks to assess improvements in skilled performance. The first task was
      repetitive tracing with the hand of an irregular geometric pattern with normal
      visual guidance, and the second task was repetitive tracing of a different
      geometric pattern with mirror-reversed vision. Patients with pathology limited to
      the cerebellum showed impairments in the skilled performance of the movement
      performed with normal vision that may have been related to a failure to alter
      movement strategy. Patients with added pathology in the brainstem exhibited
      impairments in adapting to mirror-reversed vision. Subsidiary experiments
      indicated that improvements of movements guided by mirror-reversed vision were
      mediated by vision. These results indicate that the cerebellum and its associated
      input pathways are involved in motor skill learning.

PMID- 2302529
TI  - Cerebellar infarction in the territory of the anterior and inferior cerebellar
      artery. A clinicopathological study of 20 cases.
AB  - Clinicopathological reports on infarction in the territory of the anterior
      inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) are rare. In the present series cerebellar
      infarcts involved only the AICA territory in 13 cases. They were bilateral in 3
      cases. In these pontocerebellar infarcts the middle cerebellar peduncle was the
      core of the affected territory. It was seldom selectively affected. In a few
      cases, the infarction extended to the flocculus. Next most frequently involved
      was a thin band of tissue in the adjacent cerebellar white matter, comprising
      laterally the neighbouring cerebellar lobules. The largest infarcts extended to
      the anterior and inferior aspects of the cerebellum. In these cases, the
      posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) was hypoplastic. In most infarcts,
      the inferolateral pontine territory was involved, the infarction sometimes
      extending up to the middle third of the lateral pons and down to the superior
      part of the lateral medulla. No brainstem compression or tonsillar herniation
      were observed with infarcts affecting the AICA territory alone. Clinically,
      involvement of several cranial nerves (facial palsy, multimodal trigeminal
      sensory impairment, deafness, sometimes with tinnitus, a vestibular syndrome, or
      lateral gaze palsy) was constant. Cerebellar signs and motor weakness occurred
      frequently. Contralateral pain and temperature sensory loss was present at times.
      Horner's syndrome or skew deviation was rare. Study of the arteries showed that
      arterial occlusion was mainly due to thrombosis superimposed on atheromatous
      stenosis. In 7 cases, the infarction also involved the PICA territory or the PICA
      and the superior cerebellar artery territories. These extensive infarcts were
      often associated with tonsillar herniation and massive paramedian brainstem
      infarction. The cases in which the territories of the three cerebellar arteries
      were affected presented in deep coma, together with tetraplegia in some patients.
      Those in which PICA and AICA territories were involved together presented with
      similar clinical features as in the cases in which only the AICA territory was
      involved.

PMID- 2302530
TI  - Ability to detect angular displacements of the fingers made at an imperceptibly
      slow speed.
AB  - The ability to detect very slow rotations, which were associated with no sense of
      movement, was tested at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal
      (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of the middle finger of human
      subjects. This ability was termed 'position sense'. All the joints were found to
      have a position sense. No difference in detections of different angular
      displacements was demonstrated between the joints. Contraction, after the
      completion of a displacement, of the muscles operating the joints did not alter
      the position sense. In addition, the DIP joint was also examined in a posture
      that functionally disengaged its flexor and extensor and no change in position
      sense was found.

PMID- 2302531
TI  - Recovery of voluntary movement in hemiplegic patients. Correlation with
      degenerative shrinkage of the cerebral peduncles in CT images.
AB  - The severity of the disorder of voluntary movement in 89 chronic hemiparetic
      patients was correlated with the degenerative reduction of descending fibres
      evaluated by the magnitude of the shrinkage of the cerebral peduncles (CP) in
      computed tomographic (CT) images. The severity of hemiplegic posture and motor
      disturbance in the proximal and distal muscles was related to the total amount of
      residual descending fibres in the CP. In all patients whose CPs were less than
      60% of the normal size, recovery from disturbance in reaching and grasping
      movements and impairment of relative independent finger movements was incomplete.
      Recovery of these movements occurred when more than 60% of the CP was spared and
      the degree of recovery from motor weakness was positively correlated with the
      quantity of intact fibres spared (residual CP ratio). The ability to perform fine
      and discrete movements with the fingers, known to be an essential function of the
      pyramidal system, was consistently impaired in patients with severe shrinkage
      involving the medial division of the CP. There was no particular correlation
      between the CP shrinkage and neurological signs such as spasticity,
      hyperreflexia, and pathological reflexes.

PMID- 2302532
TI  - Peripersonal and vertical neglect.
AB  - When bisecting radial lines visually, normal subjects err towards distant
      peripersonal space, and when bisecting vertical lines visually, they err towards
      upper vertical space. In contrast, when bisecting lines under tactile
      proprioceptive guidance, subjects err towards near peripersonal space, suggesting
      that normally attention is preferentially distributed away from the body during
      visual exploration but distributed towards the body during tactile exploration. A
      patient with ischaemic lesions, however, involving both inferior temporal lobes
      neglected far peripersonal and upper vertical space. He also demonstrated a motor
      bias away from the neglected space. These findings suggest that in man attention
      is spatially directed in three orthogonal axes (horizontal, vertical and radial),
      that attention may normally be unequally distributed in each of these axes, and
      that neglect may occur in not only the horizontal axis but also in the radial and
      vertical axes.

PMID- 2302533
TI  - Premotor cortex and conditional motor learning in man.
AB  - The role of premotor cortex (PMC) in conditional motor learning tasks in man was
      investigated. Patients with PMC lesions had to learn to associate 6 different
      visual, tactile or auditory stimuli with 6 different arm movements which were
      previously rehearsed (Task A). A comparative task involved an association between
      the same set of sensory stimuli and 6 spatial locations (Task B). Patients with
      PMC lesions were only impaired when they had to recall a movement from memory on
      the basis of a sensory cue (Task A), but not for an association involving spatial
      location (Task B). This indicates that the PMC plays a role in sensory
      conditional motor learning.

PMID- 2302534
TI  - Konzo, an epidemic upper motor neuron disease studied in Tanzania.
AB  - An epidemic of spastic paraparesis was studied in a drought-affected rural area
      of Tarime district in northern Tanzania. The uniform clinical findings in 39
      cases, aged 4-46 yrs, indicated abrupt symmetric isolated and permanent but not
      progressive damage to the upper motor neurons. Due to the failure of other food
      crops, the diet at onset consisted almost exclusively of bitter cassava roots, a
      drought-tolerant starchy root crop widely cultivated in Africa. The drought
      increased the natural occurrence of cyanogenic glucosides in the cassava roots,
      and the processing procedure normally applied in order to remove cyanide before
      consumption was shortened because of food shortage. The resulting high dietary
      cyanide exposure was confirmed by very high serum levels of thiocyanate, the
      detoxification product of cyanide. Tests for HTLV-1 antibodies were negative and
      no other findings supported an infectious aetiology. The clinical findings and
      the associations with cassava toxicity are almost identical to those reported
      from outbreaks of spastic paraparesis in Mozambique and in Zaire, where this
      disease was first reported under the name 'konzo'. We thus conclude that konzo
      constitutes a distinct upper motor neuron disease entity, probably caused by a
      toxic effect from insufficiently processed cassava under adverse dietary
      circumstances.

PMID- 2302535
TI  - Cerebral control of directed visual attention and orienting saccades.
AB  - The object of this experiment was to identify the contribution of the frontal and
      parietal lobes to the control of visual attention and voluntary saccades. A
      symbolic spatial cue (arrow) was used to indicate validly or invalidly the
      location of a visual target located to the left or right of the cue. Manual
      reaction time and reaction time to initiate a saccade to the target were
      measured. Patients with damage to the left frontal lobe (n = 6), right frontal
      lobe (n = 7) and right parietal lobe (n = 7) were compared with normal control
      subjects (n = 20). A sex difference was found for the right cerebral hemisphere
      patients in the manual reaction time data. Right parietal males and right frontal
      females showed an overall elevation in manual reaction time, reflecting an
      inability to maintain a normal level of visual arousal and/or motor activation.
      Conversely, right frontal males and right parietal females were not influenced
      significantly by cue validity, suggesting that they were unable to direct visual
      attention in a covert manner. All subjects showed a normal effect of cue validity
      on saccade reaction time. Thus the cortical areas studied do not appear to be
      necessary for directing visual attention with a saccade. Cue validity, however,
      affected saccade amplitude, especially in the left visual field of patients with
      right hemisphere damage. The cue validity effect depended both on the sex of the
      subject and the anterior/posterior location of damage in the right hemisphere.
      Damage to the right frontal lobe resulted in an 'under' reaction to the spatial
      cues, especially in the male patients. Saccades were smaller than normal
      following the valid cues, but larger than normal following the invalid cues. The
      effect was opposite following damage to the right parietal lobe. In this case,
      saccade amplitude reflected an 'over' reaction to the spatial cues, especially in
      the female patients. Saccades were larger than normal following valid cues and
      smaller than normal following invalid cues.

PMID- 2302536
TI  - Cerebral blood flow, blood volume and oxygen utilization. Normal values and
      effect of age.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen extraction ratio (OER), oxygen
      utilization (CMRO2) and blood volume (CBV) were measured in a group of 34 healthy
      volunteers (age range 22-82 yrs) using the 15O steady-state inhalation method and
      positron emission tomography. Between subjects CBF correlated positively with
      CMRO2, although the interindividual variability of the measured values was large.
      OER was not dependent on CMRO2, but highly negatively correlated with CBF. CBV
      correlated positively with CBF. When considering the values of all the regions of
      interest within a single subject, a strict coupling between CMRO2 and CBF, and
      between CBF and CBV was found, while OER was constant and independent of CBF and
      CMRO2. In 'pure' grey and white matter regions CMRO2, CBF and CBV decreased with
      age approximately 0.50% per year. In other regions the decline was less evident,
      most likely due to partial volume effects. OER did not change or showed a slight
      increase with age (maximum in the grey matter region 0.35%/yr). The results
      suggest diminished neuronal firing or decreased dendritic synaptic density with
      age.

PMID- 2302537
TI  - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials in
      pontine haemorrhage. Correlations with clinical and CT findings.
AB  - Electrophysiological studies were performed on 17 patients with pontine
      haemorrhage. Most had had massive hypertensive bleeding, leading to death in 12
      of them within 3 months. Of the 5 surviving patients, 2 had a poor outcome and 3
      a moderately good outcome. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and
      somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded in all patients, mostly with
      serial recordings. BAEPs were pathological in all patients. The most important
      finding was a reduction in amplitude or loss of waves. With a loss of waves after
      wave II bilaterally all patients died; the 2 patients with a normal amplitude of
      waves I-V at least on one side, survived in good condition. Further prognostic
      conclusions were not possible. The correlation with the clinical state was
      limited and was best for small unilateral tegmental haemorrhages. Eleven of the
      17 patients suffered bilateral loss of the N20 component of the median nerve SEP.
      All these patients died. In patients with unilateral loss of the SEP the outcome
      could be favourable even if the bleeding extended across the midline.
      'Subcortical' SEPs were not significantly altered. EEG findings in 15 and visual
      evoked potentials in 4 patients showed preserved forebrain electrical activity
      even in patients in poor condition.

PMID- 2302538
TI  - Responses of leg muscles in humans displaced while standing. Effects of types of
      perturbation and of postural set.
AB  - Toe-up or toe-down tilts of a platform on which a subject stands induce early EMG
      responses in the leg muscles initially stretched by the perturbation and late
      responses in the antagonist muscles. Early responses are thought to be connected
      with the stretch of the leg muscle in which they appear. Disagreement exists as
      to the origin of the late responses occurring in the antagonist muscle. The aims
      of this study were to assess (1) whether the late responses are induced by
      afferent volleys from the spindles of the muscle stretched by the initial
      perturbation, or (2) whether they are connected with the induced overall postural
      imbalance, and (3) whether the postural set may influence the occurrence of the
      late responses. Subjects standing on a platform underwent randomized
      perturbations stretching the soleus (Sol) muscle (upward tilts and backward
      translations) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles (downward tilts and forward
      translations). The platform movement was regulated in order to yield changes in
      ankle angle of similar extent and velocity during both tilt and translation.
      Surface EMGs of Sol and TA were recorded bilaterally. An optoelectronic device
      detected the movements of markers fixed on the body. From these data, movements
      of the head, and changes in hip, knee and ankle angles, along with variations in
      the length of Sol, gastrocnemii (Gas) and TA were computed. Both tilts and
      translations, equally stretching Sol or TA, induced similar early responses in
      the stretched muscle. Consistent late responses in the antagonist muscle
      (antagonist reactions, ARs) were induced only by tilts. In spite of similar
      changes in ankle angles, the most striking differences in body movements between
      tilts and translations stretching the same leg muscle concerned changes in knee
      angles and Gas length. Slight differences were also seen in vertical head
      movements. Standing and holding onto a frame strongly decreased the amplitude and
      the frequency of occurrence of both early responses and ARs only in the TA
      muscle, while all Sol responses were not affected. This modulation of TA
      responses occurred in spite of changes in ankle angle and head movements similar
      to those occurring under the free-standing condition. It was concluded that early
      EMG responses are connected with the stretch of the muscle induced by the
      platform movement. The ARs, on the other hand, appear to be related to the type
      of overall postural imbalance. The absence of ARs during translations suggests a
      role in these responses of the afferences from the joint and muscles of the lower
      limb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2302539
TI  - Three-dimensional computergraphic analysis of apraxia. Neural representations of
      learned movement.
AB  - The left cerebral hemisphere in man contains anatomical structures specialized
      not only for language but also for higher-order motor programming. One method of
      studying the nature of these motor programs is by observing the type of errors
      made by patients who have left hemisphere damage. A major problem, however, in
      investigating the disorders that result from failure of this specialized left
      hemisphere system (the apraxias) has been the difficulty in obtaining objective
      measurement of movement in three-dimensional space. To this end, we provide the
      first three-dimensional analysis of the nature of movement errors in apraxia. Two
      apraxic subjects with lesions to the left hemisphere and 5 matched control
      subjects were studied. The apraxic subjects showed impairments in the control of
      movement timing and spatial relations, as well as decoupling in the normally
      tight relation between certain spatial and temporal aspects of their movement
      trajectories. Further, the use of the distal musculature by apraxic subjects was
      more impaired than their use of the proximal musculature, suggesting more distal
      representation in any space-time maps of learned movement. These data provide
      further insight into the nature of the representations of learned skilled
      movements in the left cerebral hemisphere.

PMID- 2302540
TI  - The consequences of reduced memory span for the comprehension of semantic versus
      syntactic information.
AB  - Aphasic patients with restricted memory spans were assessed on their
      comprehension of syntactically simple sentences varying in numbers of content
      words and on their comprehension of sentences matched in content words but
      varying in syntactic complexity. Three different presentation modes were used:
      unlimited visual presentation, limited visual presentation, and auditory
      presentation. The difference between performance in the unlimited and limited
      modes was used as a measure of the extent to which memory decrements caused
      comprehension failure. These difference scores were related to memory span in
      order to assess whether the memory involved in sentence processing overlaps that
      assessed by a memory span task. For the sentences varying in number of content
      words, performance was worse for the limited presentation modes than the
      unlimited mode, and the difference between unlimited and limited presentation
      modes was highly related to memory span. For the sentences varying in syntactic
      complexity, there was no clear reduction in performance for limited presentation
      modes, and the difference scores did not relate to memory span. The results
      support the view that the processing of sentences with many content words draws
      on the short-term memory capacity assessed by memory span, while the processing
      of syntactic complexity does not.

PMID- 2302541
TI  - Fluency of conversational speech in children with unilateral brain lesions.
AB  - The spontaneous conversational speech of 20 children with unilateral left
      hemisphere lesions and 13 with right lesions was compared to normally developing
      peers matched by age, sex, race, and social class for instances of stuttering
      type nonfluencies, normal nonfluencies, and rate of speech. Both left and right
      lesioned children provided quantitatively more and qualitatively different
      patterns of nonfluencies than their neurologically normal peers. Left and right
      lesioned children produced more stuttering types of nonfluencies than their
      controls, but neither lesioned group produced a greater number of normal
      nonfluencies than controls. Left lesioned children also had a slower rate of
      speech as measured by number of syllables per second during either stuttered or
      fluent speech. Considerable variability was observed among lesioned children.
      Implications for neurogenic theories of developmental fluency disorders are
      discussed.

PMID- 2302542
TI  - Neurodevelopmental differences in emotional prosody in normal children and
      children with left and right temporal lobe epilepsy.
AB  - Emotional prosody, which has been defined as the emotional aspects of speech
      which communicate pleasure, fear, sorrow, anger, etc., has been demonstrated to
      be primarily a function of the nondominant hemisphere (typically, the right
      hemisphere) in adult populations. However, few researchers have addressed the
      developmental or lateralized nature of emotional prosody in children. In this
      study, an instrument was developed to measure the receptive aspects of emotional
      prosody in pediatric populations and administered to normal children ages 6 to 11
      years old. An analysis of variance revealed significant age-related differences.
      Additionally, the instrument was administered to 12 children with right temporal
      lobe epilepsy and 11 children with left temporal lobe epilepsy. Analysis of
      variance indicated that there was no significant difference in scores between the
      left temporal and right temporal lobe groups. However, right temporal epileptic
      patients scored significantly lower than normal children on all sections of the
      instrument, suggesting that in children like adults, the right temporal lobe may
      be dominant with respect to the receptive aspects of emotional prosody.

PMID- 2302543
TI  - Effects of speech rate on the absolute and relative timing of apraxic and
      conduction aphasic sentence production.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to provide a constructive replication of
      the Kent and McNeil (1987, In Phonetic approaches to speech production in aphasia
      and related disorders. San Diego: College-Hill Press) study of the speech timing
      characteristics of apraxic and conduction aphasic speakers. Acoustic analysis was
      used to obtain absolute utterance durations, segment durations, and vowel formant
      trajectories from utterances produced under control, fast, and slow rate
      conditions. Segment-to-whole ratios and slope values were calculated. Results
      support the hypothesis presented by Kent and McNeil (1987) that there is a
      phonetic-motoric component contributing to the speech patterns of both the
      apraxic and conduction aphasic speakers sampled. Theories of rate control in
      normal and disordered speakers are discussed.

PMID- 2302544
TI  - Verb processing during sentence comprehension in aphasia.
AB  - This study examines verb processing during on-line sentence comprehension in
      aphasia. We describe two experiments that explore whether a group of Broca's
      aphasics, who were agrammatic in comprehension as well as speech, a group of
      fluent aphasics, and a group of normal controls are sensitive to the argument
      structure arrangements of verbs. Subjects had to perform a complex secondary task
      both in the immediate vicinity of the verb and also at a point well past the verb
      while listening to sentences for meaning. Reaction times to this secondary task
      show that both normal controls and agrammatic Broca's aphasic subjects activate
      multiple argument structure possibilities for a verb in the vicinity of the verb,
      yet at a point downstream from the verb such effects disappear. These data
      suggest that the problems agrammatic subjects show with verbs in sentence
      comprehension, and the general lexical access deficit also recently claimed to be
      part of the agrammatics' problem, may not extend to the real-time processing of
      verbs and their arguments. Fluent aphasic subjects, on the other hand, do not
      show sensitivity to the argument structure properties of verbs, suggesting that
      these patients may have a semantic-like sentence processing deficit.

PMID- 2302545
TI  - The effects of grammatic class and cue type on cueing responsiveness in aphasia.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of two types of cues (semantic and phonemic)
      and two grammatic classes (noun and verb) on cueing responsiveness. Subjects
      consisted of 10 Broca's, 10 Wernicke's, 8 conduction, and 8 anomic aphasics. Cues
      were administered following failure to name on confrontation. Responsiveness to
      the two types of cues was dependent on aphasic type and grammatic class. Broca's
      and conduction aphasics responded better to phonemic cueing, while anomic
      aphasics were more responsive to semantic cueing. With regard to grammatic class,
      aphasics responded better to phonemic cueing on nouns; however, no significant
      difference between types of cues was demonstrated on verbs. Neuropsychological
      implications for the cueing and naming processes are discussed.

PMID- 2302546
TI  - Semantic discrimination in nonspeaking youngsters with moderate or severe
      retardation: electrophysiological correlates.
AB  - Recent studies have used auditory evoked response (AER) procedures to study word
      meaning in young infants. The present study represents an initial application of
      these procedures to nonspeaking subjects with moderate or severe mental
      retardation. AERs were recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp over frontal,
      temporal, and parietal regions of the left and right hemispheres. As six symbol
      experienced subjects viewed visual-graphic symbols (lexigrams), a series of probe
      tones were presented to elicit the AERs. Half of the symbols were meaningful to
      the subjects. AER activity recorded from the left hemisphere frontal and temporal
      electrode sites discriminated between the meaningful and meaningless symbols.
      Discriminant function analyses indicated that the wave-forms could be correctly
      classified in terms of the evoking stimulus with greater than 80% accuracy. These
      findings support the usefulness of AERs for studying the neurolinguistic
      processes underlying behavioral measures of language performance of difficult-to
      assess populations.

PMID- 2302547
TI  - Semantic and associative priming in the cerebral hemispheres: some words do, some
      words don't ... sometimes, some places.
AB  - This study investigated spreading activation for words presented to the left and
      right hemispheres using an automatic semantic priming paradigm. Three types of
      semantic relations were used: similar-only (Deer-Pony), associated-only (Bee
      Honey), and similar + associated (Doctor-Nurse). Priming of lexical decisions was
      symmetrical over visual fields for all semantic relations when prime words were
      centrally presented. However, when primes and targets were lateralized to the
      same visual field, similar-only priming was greater in the LVF than in the RVF,
      no priming was obtained for associated-only words, and priming was equivalent
      over visual fields for similar + associated words. Similar results were found
      using a naming task. These findings suggest that it is important to lateralize
      both prime and target information to assess hemisphere-specific spreading
      activation processes. Further, while spreading activation occurs in either
      hemisphere for the most highly related words (those related by category
      membership and association), our findings suggest that automatic access to
      semantic category relatedness occurs primarily in the right cerebral hemisphere.
      These results imply a unique role for the right hemisphere in the processing of
      word meanings. We relate our results to our previous proposal (Burgess & Simpson,
      1988a; Chiarello, 1988c) that there is rapid selection of one meaning and
      suppression of other candidates in the left hemisphere, while activation spreads
      more diffusely in the right hemisphere. We also outline a new proposal that
      activation spreads in a different manner for associated words than for words
      related by semantic similarity.

PMID- 2302548
TI  - Time resolved 3-dimensional recording of redox ratio during spreading depression
      in gerbil brain.
AB  - Optical fluorescence and reflectance measurements have been used to map the
      distribution of metabolic states in three dimensions in the gerbil brain with a
      spatial resolution of 200 microns an a time resolution of 4-6 s. In Mongolian
      gerbils anesthetized with pentobarbital, the redox states of the nicotinamide
      adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavoprotein components of the electron transport
      chain exhibit two distinct phases during the wave of spreading depression: (1) a
      transient period of oxidation and (2) a prolonged period of reduction, during
      which the cytochromes are reduced, and the hemoglobin is predominantly in the
      deoxy form. These data are interpreted as indicating that the energy demand
      placed on the gerbil brain during such spreading depression wave is sufficient to
      drive the brain temporarily hypoxic.

PMID- 2302549
TI  - Characterization of prolactin immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Immunoreactive prolactin has been recovered from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B and molecular
      sieving on Sephadex G-100. The hormone was obtained in a yield of about 1
      microgram/liter CSF and was further analyzed by column electrophoresis on
      granular agarose at different pHs. All separation procedures were guided by
      radioimmunoassay. Upon chromatography on Sephadex G-100, the CSF prolactin
      coeluted with a pituitary reference preparation (molecular weight, 22,000 Da). A
      further relationship between the CSF prolactin and the pituitary hormone was
      demonstrated by the electrophoretic experiments. Thus, at alkaline pH, both
      preparations resolved into 3 or 4 active components, whereas only a single peak
      was observed in each preparation following runs performed at acidic pH. The
      results suggest that the prolactin activity present in the CSF specimens is
      identical with the hormone derived from the pituitary.

PMID- 2302550
TI  - 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in the intermediate lobe and neural
      lobe of the posterior pituitary gland as an index of tuberohypophysial
      dopaminergic neuronal activity.
AB  - Tuberohypophysial dopamine (DA) neurons terminate in the intermediate and neural
      lobes of the posterior pituitary. The objective of this study was to determine if
      concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a major metabolite of
      DA in these regions, reflect the activity of tuberohypophysial DA neurons. The
      concentrations of DOPAC and DA in the intermediate lobe were approximately twice
      those in the neural lobe, so that the ratios of DOPAC/DA were similar between
      lobes. The administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline produced a
      rapid decline (by 5 min) of DOPAC concentrations in both the intermediate and
      neural lobes. The administration of nomifensine, an inhibitor of DA uptake at the
      nerve terminal, produced a modest 33% decline in DOPAC concentrations in the
      intermediate lobe, but was without effect in the neural lobe. Activation of
      tuberohypophysial DA neurons by electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk
      increased both the rate of DA synthesis (accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine
      (DOPA) after administration of the decarboxylase inhibitor NSD 1015) and the
      concentrations of DOPAC in the intermediate and neural lobes. Administration of
      the DA antagonist haloperidol increased, and the DA agonist apomorphine decreased
      both the rate of DOPA accumulation and DOPAC concentrations in the intermediate
      lobe but not the neural lobe. The results of the present study demonstrate that:
      (1) elimination of DOPAC from the intermediate lobe and neural lobe is rapid and
      alterations in DOPAC concentrations reflect dynamic changes in metabolism of DA;
      (2) DA which is released and recaptured is a minor contributor to DOPAC
      concentrations; and (3) alterations in the activity of tuberohypophysial DA
      neurons are accompanied by corresponding changes in DOPAC
      concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2302551
TI  - Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase in rat retinal bipolar cells: persistence
      following photoreceptor destruction.
AB  - The presence of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity and
      localization of HIOMT immunoreactivity was examined in albino rat retinas
      following photoreceptor destruction. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to
      high intensity fluorescent light for 4 consecutive days, then placed on a 14:10 h
      light:dark cycle for two weeks to allow for phagocytic removal of damaged cells
      from the retina. Histologic examination revealed almost complete destruction and
      removal of all photoreceptors. The damaged retinas exhibited an increase in HIOMT
      activity relative to controls, when expressed as activity per mg of protein.
      HIOMT activity in the pineal glands was not affected. When control and light
      damaged retinas were examined for HIOMT localization by immunocytochemistry, the
      control retinas displayed intense HIOMT immunoreactivity in all photoreceptors,
      and a somewhat lighter labeling in a population of bipolar cells, whereas the
      light damaged retinas (lacking photoreceptors) showed intense HIOMT
      immunoreactivity in bipolar cells. These results suggest that the increase in
      HIOMT activity following photoreceptor destruction is due to increased synthesis
      of this enzyme in a population of bipolar cells. These HIOMT-immunoreactive
      bipolar cells may perhaps respond in a compensatory manner to changing levels of
      melatonin in the retina.

PMID- 2302552
TI  - Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation increases regional cerebral blood flow
      independent of glucose utilization in the cat.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow was determined using the tracer [14C]iodoantipyrine
      and regional brain dissection, and regional cerebral glucose utilization
      determined using the 2-deoxyglucose method, in the alpha-chloralose-anesthetized
      cat to evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation of the sphenopalatine
      (pterygopalatine) ganglion. Unilateral stimulation for either a short period (7
      10 min) or a longer period (45 min) resulted in increases in blood flow in the
      ipsilateral cerebral cortex of up to 45% (parietal cortex) with, in addition,
      increased flow in the white matter of the corpus callosum (42%). The flow changes
      for both brief and prolonged stimulation were not significantly different. Flow
      was not altered in either the brainstem or basal ganglia (caudate nucleus). In
      contrast to these changes in cerebral blood flow no changes in cerebral glucose
      utilization were seen in any of the brain areas studied and in particular there
      were no changes in the areas in which blood flow increased. These data provide
      clear evidence that the innervation of the cerebral vasculature from the main
      parasympathetic ganglion can alter cerebral blood flow independent of cerebral
      metabolism.

PMID- 2302553
TI  - Changes in cerebrospinal fluid Na+ concentration do not underlie hypertensive
      responses to dietary NaCl in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - This study tests the hypothesis that dietary NaCl loading increases cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) Na+ concentration in NaCl-sensitive spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR-S), resulting in an increase in arterial pressure. The high NaCl diet caused
      a significant rise in systolic arterial pressure in SHR-S but not in normotensive
      Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. In contrast, the high NaCl diet caused a transient rise
      in CSF Na+ that was similar in amplitude in SHR-S and WKY. A second experiment
      demonstrated that in SHR-S, concomitant dietary Ca2+ supplementation attenuated
      the dietary NaCl-induced exacerbation of hypertension, but did not alter the
      transient increase in CSF Na+ concentration. Together, these results indicate
      that alterations in CSF Na+ concentration do not contribute to the increase in
      arterial pressure induced by a high NaCl diet in SHR-S.

PMID- 2302555
TI  - Single unit activity at ventromedial medulla level in the awake, freely moving
      rat: effects of noxious heat and light tactile stimuli onto convergent neurons.
AB  - In this study, we recorded single unit activity at the ventromedial medulla (VMM)
      level in the awake, freely moving rat. In agreement with previous work under the
      same conditions, we found a vast majority of neurons which possess heterosensory
      and heterosegmental inputs ('convergent'). These units are activated either by
      auditory or mechanical innocuous and noxious stimuli applied all over the body
      surface. The activation threshold of these neurons is very low since light
      stimulation such as air puff produce intense bursts. In addition to this highly
      represented neuronal class, we also find another consistent VMM group of neurons
      which fire in relation to precise or generalized body movements. The main result
      of the present work is that, in addition to auditory and mechanical inputs, a
      relatively high proportion of VMM convergent neurons are activated by noxious
      heat pulses between 43 and 51 degrees C. In this range, it was possible to obtain
      stimulus-response functions with 2 degrees C steps only when a skin twitch reflex
      produced by the heat was present, also encoding the temperature intensity. In
      comparison to the VMM activations produced by an intense noxious heat pulse such
      as 51 degrees C, either auditory or controlled light touch stimuli induced a more
      robust response in terms of maximum frequency of discharge. Differential
      properties of VMM neurons in relation to innocuous and noxious information were
      also found using repetitive stimulation: although a strong and fast habituation
      of the 51 degrees C responses was observed, this phenomenon was not present for
      light touch induced activations. We propose that these differential properties
      might reflect separate pathways reaching the VMM, the one carrying innocuous
      information possibly relayed through the dorsal column nuclei. Although obtaining
      stimulus-response functions might implicate the VMM convergent neurons in the
      sensory-discriminative aspect of pain, their massive heterosensory and
      heterosegmental inputs favor a role in more general processes such as alertness
      or stress. Also, due to massive convergent properties, the involvement of this
      neuronal class in specific bulbospinal descending control systems of nociceptive
      information is questionable, Finally, our results obtained in the awake, freely
      moving rat strongly differ from the anesthetized preparation in that we found
      neither nociceptive specific units nor neurons inhibited by noxious peripheral
      stimulations largely described in this approach.

PMID- 2302554
TI  - Neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus that project to the hypothalamus do
      not also project through the pelvic nerve--a double labeling study combining
      Fluoro-gold and cholera toxin B in the rat.
AB  - We recently reported that neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN)
      project directly to the hypothalamus. In the present study, we examined the
      possibility that individual neurons in SPN send both an axon into the pelvic
      nerve and an ascending projection to the hypothalamus. We used a new double
      labeling technique in which two sensitive retrograde tracers (Fluoro-gold and
      cholera toxin subunit B immunocytochemically stained with rhodamine-labeled
      antibodies) were combined. The effectiveness of this combination for singly and
      doubly labeling neurons was established in experiments in which both tracers were
      injected into overlapping areas of the tongue or ventrobasal thalamus. These
      injections doubly labeled large numbers of neurons in the hypoglossal or dorsal
      column nuclei, respectively. In studies of the projections of neurons in the SPN,
      injection of one tracer into the hypothalamus and the other into the pelvic nerve
      and/or pelvic ganglion singly labeled many neurons (more than 3300 in the 7
      examined cases). However, no SPN neurons were doubly labeled. These findings
      indicate that the SPN in the rat consists of at least two distinct groups of
      cells, parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and neurons that project to the
      hypothalamus.

PMID- 2302556
TI  - Calcium in phase control of the Bulla circadian pacemaker.
AB  - The circadian pacemaker in the retina of the eye of the marine snail Bulla
      gouldiana was examined using the whole eye in vitro preparation. Phase-response
      curves were generated to 6-h pulses of a low calcium EGTA solution and to a
      hyperpolarizing low potassium-low sodium solution. Both treatments yielded
      similar phase response curves with phages delays in the late subjective
      night/early subjective day and phase advances in the late subjective day. The
      similarity of the phase response curves to hyperpolarizing and low calcium
      solutions and the absence of additivity when both treatments are combined raises
      the possibility that both treatments affect the underlying pacemaker through a
      common mechanism. The persistence of phase shifts to low calcium pulses delivered
      in the presence of depolarizing light suggests that hyperpolarization is not
      required for low calcium phase shifting. However, it is possible that both
      treatments act by reducing a transmembrane calcium flux which is postulated to
      result from the periodic depolarization of the pacemaker cell membrane during the
      subjective day. Since a transmembrane calcium flux is known to be essential for
      both light and depolarization-induced phase shifting, we discuss the hypothesis
      that calcium fluxes play a pivotal role in the entrainment pathway of the
      circadian pacemaker.

PMID- 2302558
TI  - Stapedius reflex thresholds in relation to tails of auditory nerve fiber
      frequency tuning curves.
AB  - The acoustic stapedius reflex (ASR) threshold on non-anesthetized rabbits was
      compared to some measures of the single auditory nerve fiber activity of rabbits.
      The observations were made on normal-hearing animals, with some additional data
      from noise-exposed individuals. The results showed that the ASR threshold was
      reached at a sound level above saturation of discharge rate for individual
      neurons at their characteristic frequency (CF) in normal animals. It was found,
      on the other hand, that the ASR threshold measured across frequencies from 0.25
      to 12.0 kHz were at a level similar to that of the tails of the frequency tuning
      curves (FTCs). Cochlear lesions-induced changes in FTC tail levels were
      paralleled by changes in ASR threshold levels. The raise of ASR threshold was,
      however, somewhat larger than the raise of the tails which might be explained by
      the significant relative decrease in the total number of units found in the
      frequency region corresponding to the lesion. There was also a decrease in the
      high spontaneous rate (SR) compared to the low and medium SR fibers for higher
      frequencies. It is concluded that the FTC tails can be a major eighth-nerve
      correlate to ASR activation.

PMID- 2302557
TI  - Effects of extracellular potassium concentration and postsynaptic membrane
      potential on calcium-induced potentiation in area CA1 of rat hippocampus.
AB  - Long-lasting potentiation can be induced in area CA1 of hippocampus by a
      relatively brief (7-10 min) exposure to a higher (4.0 mM) than normal (2.0 mM)
      extracellular calcium concentration. We have found that long-lasting calcium
      induced potentiation is dependent on extracellular potassium concentration.
      Slices exposed to high extracellular calcium in the presence of normal
      extracellular potassium (3.35 mM) showed a transient facilitation. Long-lasting
      potentiation was induced by exposure to high calcium only in slices also exposed
      to higher than normal extracellular potassium (6.25 mM). In intracellular
      experiments we found that injection of depolarizing current into postsynaptic
      neurons could substitute for high extracellular potassium. These results suggest
      that calcium-induced potentiation involves a postsynaptic, voltage-dependent
      mechanism. A similar conclusion has been reached for tetanus-induced
      potentiation. We also found that calcium-induced potentiation, like tetanus
      induced potentiation, is not accompanied by an increase in postsynaptic input
      resistance.

PMID- 2302559
TI  - Acetylcholine stimulates the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor from
      primary dissociated cell cultures of the rat telencephalon and diencephalon.
AB  - Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF-41) immunoreactive neurones in the CNS are
      widely distributed; although the major concentration is in the parvocellular
      division of the paraventricular nucleus, there are also large clusters of CRF
      containing neurones in the brainstem, limbic system and cerebral cortex. In this
      study, we sought to determine whether dispersed rat brain cells cultured in vitro
      are capable of secreting CRF immunoreactivity. In both telencephalic and
      diencephalic cultures CRF content of the cells increased from day 7 to 28. This
      effect was greatest in cells raised in media containing 10% fetal calf serum and
      10% heat inactivated horse serum as compared with media containing 10% fetal calf
      serum and 10% NuSerum. Exposure of the cells to 56 mM K+ or to 10(-9) M
      acetylcholine caused a release of CRF which was calcium dependent. The effect of
      acetylcholine was antagonised by atropine (10(-6) M). The CRF immunoreactivity in
      both types of cell produced two peaks on gel chromatography; one of which eluted
      with the void volume and the other of which co-eluted with standard CRF-41.
      However, only the mature peptide was detected in media from cells stimulated with
      potassium. We conclude that cell cultures of the rat diencephalon and
      telencephalon produce immunoreactive CRF-41 and that immunoreactive CRF-41
      secretion in both diencephalic and telencephalic cells is regulated by
      acetylcholine.

PMID- 2302560
TI  - Plasma epinephrine modulates the cerebrovasodilation evoked by electrical
      stimulation of dorsal medulla.
AB  - We examined whether plasma epinephrine contributes to the increase in regional
      cerebral blood flow (rCBF) evoked by electrical stimulation of the dorsal
      medullary reticular formation (DMRF). Rats were anesthetized (alpha-chloralose,
      30 mg/kg, s.c.), paralyzed and artificially ventilated. The DMRF was electrically
      stimulated through microelectrodes stereotaxically implanted. During stimulation,
      blood gases and arterial pressure were monitored and maintained within normal
      range. rCBF was determined in 11 dissected brain regions using the
      [14C]iodoantipyrine technique. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine were
      measured radioenzymatically in rats with intact adrenals or adrenalectomy, and
      with or without infusion of epinephrine. DMRF stimulation induced widespread
      increases in rCBF associated with a 50-fold increase in plasma epinephrine and a
      20-fold increase in norepinephrine without changes in the electroencephalogram.
      In contrast, stimulation of the adjacent medial longitudinal fasciculus had no
      effect upon rCBF or plasma catecholamines. Acute bilateral adrenalectomy produced
      regionally selective reductions in the stimulation-coupled increases in rCBF
      throughout brain (P less than 0.05). Infusion of epinephrine in adrenalectomized
      rats to levels comparable to those observed in intact animals during DMRF
      stimulation did not by itself modify rCBF. However, when infused in conjunction
      with stimulation of the DMRF, but not medial longitudinal fasciculus, epinephrine
      fully restored the stimulus-related increases in rCBF in all brain regions to
      levels comparable to those observed in intact rats. We conclude that stimulation
      of the DMRF elevates rCBF through two mechanisms; by a neurally-mediated increase
      in local metabolism and thereby flow (adrenal independent secondary vasodilation)
      and by releasing epinephrine from adrenal medulla which secondarily acts to
      increase rCBF by an action on brain.

PMID- 2302561
TI  - Asymmetry in diencephalic monoamine metabolism is related to side of ovulation in
      a reptile.
AB  - The green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis), like humans and other higher
      primates, alternates ovulation between left and right ovaries. To test the
      possible role of hypothalamic function in ovarian asymmetry, we measured levels
      of 3 major monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine; dopamine; serotonin) and
      their metabolites in microdissected left and right diencephalon from lizards
      during the first cycle of ovulation in the spring. All of the metabolite/parent
      neurotransmitter ratios were significantly higher on the side of the diencephalon
      ipsilateral to the quiescent ovary than on the side of the maturing ovary.
      Simultaneous ovarian and brain asymmetry suggests direct communication between
      the ovary and brain, presumably through the ovarian innervation.

PMID- 2302562
TI  - Activation of a K+ conductance by bradykinin and by inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate
      in rat glioma cells: involvement of intracellular and extracellular Ca2+.
AB  - Extracellular application of bradykinin and injection of inositol-1,4,5
      trisphosphate (Ins-P3) induced a hyperpolarization in polyploid rat glioma cells.
      Ins-1,4,5-P3 and Ins-2,4,5-P3 were effective but not Ins-4,5-P2, Ins-1,3,4,5-P4
      and Ins-1,3,4,5,6-P5. The reversal potential of the hyperpolarizing response
      induced by bradykinin or by Ins-P3 increased to a comparable degree with
      increasing the extracellular K+ concentration. Certain blockers of K+ channels,
      for example charybdotoxin (5-50 nM), Ba2+ (5-20 mM), 4-aminopyridine (5-10 mM)
      and quinidine (0.1-0.5 mM) reversibly suppressed the membrane potential response
      to bradykinin or to Ins-P3; however, apamin (1 microM) and D-tubocurarine (0.5
      mM) had no effect. Intracellular injection of EGTA made the glioma cells
      unresponsive to bradykinin. Superfusion of the cells with Ca2(+)-free medium
      gradually and reversibly abolished the response to bradykinin, but only slightly
      reduced the effect of Ins-P3. The Ca2+ channel blockers Co2+ (1-5 mM), Mn2+ (2-6
      mM) and nifedipine (1-20 microM), but not desmethoxyverapamil (100 microM)
      inhibited the hyperpolarizing effect of bradykinin. The hyperpolarization induced
      by Ins-P3, however, was not influenced by Mn2+ (1-5 mM) or by Co2+ (7 mM).
      Injection of Ca2+ into the glioma cells induced a hyperpolarization susceptible
      to Ba2+ and quinidine. Treatment of glioma cells with an activator or with
      inhibitors of protein kinase C or with pertussis toxin did not affect the
      response to bradykinin. Incubation of the cells with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187
      (0.1-1 microM) made the cells unresponsive to bradykinin and, somewhat less, to
      Ins-P3. At these concentrations the Ca2+ ionophore primarily depletes
      intracellular Ca2+ stores. In summary, bradykinin, via B2-receptors (blocked by
      [Thi5,8, D-Phe7]-bradykinin) activates a K+ conductance in glioma cells following
      a rise of cytosolic Ca2+ activity most likely due to Ins-P3-mediated release of
      Ca2+ from internal stores. Entry of extracellular Ca2+ appears also to be
      involved in this process.

PMID- 2302563
TI  - Premotor negativity associated with saccadic eye movement and finger movement: a
      comparative study.
AB  - The topography and time course of the premotor negativity (PMN) associated with
      horizontal saccadic eye movement and with thumb movement has been compared in a
      group of normal subjects. It was found that the time of onset, slope and
      distribution of the PMN was essentially the same for both types of movement. This
      finding suggests that the PMN may reflect primarily a non-movement-specific
      increase in attention or arousal processes common to both types of movement
      rather than activity in specific cortical areas concerned with the programming
      and execution of the movements.

PMID- 2302564
TI  - Regulation of sodium currents and acetylcholine responses in PC12 cells.
AB  - Voltage-gated sodium currents and acetylcholine-elicited currents in clonal rat
      pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) were studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp
      technique. After treatment of cultures with nerve growth factor (NGF, 2-4 nM) for
      5 or more days, both Na currents and ACh responses increased by 5-7-fold. We
      tested the ability of a number of treatments reported to induce physiological
      differentiation in neuroblastoma or neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells. We found
      that no treatment was as effective as NGF, and mitotic inhibitors and 8
      bromocyclic AMP reduced the efficacy of NGF at increasing both sodium currents
      and ACh responses. Some treatments were able to selectively reduce or enhance the
      ability of NGF to induce ACh responses or sodium currents. Dexamethasone, in
      particular, completely blocked the NGF-induced increase in ACh response, while
      leaving Na currents unaffected. Furthermore, in individual cells the Na current
      density and ACh current density are uncorrelated. These observations indicate
      that physiological differentiation in PC12 cells is regulated differently than in
      neuroblastoma cells and, further, in PC12 cells sodium currents and ACh responses
      are independently regulated.

PMID- 2302565
TI  - Localization of lipoprotein lipase to discrete areas of the guinea pig brain.
AB  - Lipoprotein lipase is a key enzyme in lipoprotein metabolism present primarily in
      extrahepatic tissues with high turnover of fatty acids. Using immunocytochemistry
      we have explored where lipoprotein lipase is localized in guinea pig brain. The
      enzyme was found to be associated with neuronal cells and vascular endothelial
      surfaces. The distribution was strikingly uneven with intense reaction in some
      areas, and virtually no reaction in adjacent areas. The highest reactivity was in
      neocortex, in hippocampus, in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and in some motor
      nuclei of the brainstem. The results suggest marked differences between
      individual brain areas in utilization of plasma lipoproteins.

PMID- 2302566
TI  - Contralateral projections of trigeminal mandibular primary afferents in the
      guinea pig as seen by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate
      contralateral projections of trigeminal mandibular fibers in the guinea pig.
      After application of HRP to the buccal, lingual, auriculotemporal, mylohyoid,
      mental and inferior alveolar nerves, crossing fibers and contralateral endings
      were found in the caudal region of the nucleus of the solitary tract (most of
      these belonging to the buccal and lingual nerves), the dorsomedial region of the
      subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC), and the
      dorsal horns of the first 5 cervical spinal cord segments (C1-C5). The greatest
      numbers of crossing fibers in the medullary and cervical dorsal horn segments
      belonged to the mental and mylohyoid nerves, though these nerves did not project
      contralaterally to C4-C5. Contralateral buccal and lingual endings were scattered
      sparsely from the subnucleus caudalis to C5, and only very few contralateral
      auriculotemporal terminals were observed. Though laminae I-V of the dorsomedial
      region of the medullary and cervical dorsal horns all exhibited contralateral
      endings of the mental and mylohyoid nerves, most such endings were found in
      laminae IIi-III, followed by lamina IV, which suggests their involvement in the
      reception of mechanical stimuli and in the sensory motor reflexes of the
      orofacial region. The contralateral buccal and lingual terminals were distributed
      somatotopically in the first 5 cervical cord segments, with the lingual endings
      rostral to the buccal terminals within each segment. In C4 and C5 lingual endings
      appeared exclusively in laminae I and IIo, suggesting that like the ipsilateral
      lingual projections at this level, which also terminate in these laminae, they
      may be involved in pain and temperature sensation.

PMID- 2302567
TI  - Effects of protein kinase C inhibitor H-7 on membrane properties and synaptic
      responses of neocortical neurons of awake cats.
AB  - Electrophysiological effects of intracellularly pressure-injected H-7, an
      inhibitor of protein kinase C, were investigated in neocortical neurons of awake
      cats. H-7 reduced spontaneous and depolarizing current-induced firing activity
      and increased the latency and apparent threshold of action potentials elicited by
      depolarizing currents. Slow afterhyperpolarizations following action potentials
      and depolarizing pulses increased after injection of H-7, without detectable
      changes in the time course of the fast components of the action potentials. H-7
      induced increases in IPSPs evoked by stimulation of the ventrolateral thalamus
      (VL) or the pyramidal tract (PT). Besides slight increases in the amplitude of
      IPSPs measured at peak, H-7 induced pronounced increases in the amplitude
      measured 50-100 ms after stimulation and in the total duration of IPSPs. EPSPs
      evoked by VL or PT stimulation did not show measurable alterations after
      injection of H-7. The effects occurred 2-15 min after injection of H-7 and lasted
      at least 90 min without essential changes in the baseline values of resting
      membrane potential or input resistance. The results suggest that in addition to
      playing a role in regulating membrane excitability, protein kinase C influences
      the inhibitory synaptic mechanisms of neocortical neurons.

PMID- 2302568
TI  - Gangliosides improve synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus of hippocampal rat
      slices.
AB  - The effect of perfusion with gangliosides (1 x 10(-6) M) on the response evoked
      in the granule cell layer of dentate gyrus by stimulation of perforant path in
      hippocampal rat slices was studied. Gangliosides induced both a decrease in the
      frequency threshold of stimulation necessary to generate long-term potentiation
      (LTP) and greater potentiation than under control conditions. It is proposed that
      gangliosides improve the mechanisms responsible for synaptic plasticity which
      generate LTP.

PMID- 2302569
TI  - GABAergic control of rhythmic activity in the presence of strychnine in the
      lamprey spinal cord.
AB  - Rhythmic ventral root activity has been induced in the spinal cord of the lamprey
      in vitro in the presence of strychnine. Bicuculline (a GABAA blocker) increases
      the initial frequency and decreases the episode duration of such activity,
      whereas diazepam (which potentiates GABA action) has the opposite effect. In
      addition, bicuculline slows the depolarisation of ventral horn neurones. However,
      voltage clamp at potentials positive to the interburst potential does not reveal
      net outward current, even in the presence of diazepam, indicating that the
      effects of GABA on the rhythmic activity must be presynaptic to the impaled
      cells.

PMID- 2302570
TI  - The effect of systemically and locally administered steroids on VIP-like
      immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of adrenalectomized rats.
AB  - Seven days after adrenalectomy (ADX) the number of vasoactive intestinal peptide
      (VIP)- and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive cells in the
      parvocellular part of the rat paraventricular nucleus (PVN) increased markedly.
      Dexamethasone in the drinking water (started immediately after ADX) or its local
      implantation around the hypothalamic PVN reduced the ADX-induced increase in the
      number of VIP- and CRF-like immunoreactive neurones. The present results suggest
      that PVN might be the site at which glucocorticoids inhibit the increase in VIP
      positive cells after ADX.

PMID- 2302572
TI  - Induction of epileptic seizure activity by a specific protein from cobalt-induced
      epileptogenic cortex of rats.
AB  - To evaluate the protein-related mechanism for epileptogenesis, we examined
      protein behavior during cobalt-induced epileptic seizure activity and the effect
      of injection of cobalt-induced proteins into cerebral cortex on
      electrocorticographic discharge in rats. Cobalt-induced epileptic seizure
      activity caused an increase in two proteins that migrated at about 84 kDa (P84)
      and 70-71 kDa (P70) and a decrease in a protein of about 57 kDa (P57) as
      determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Among
      these proteins, P70 evoked epileptic discharges on the electroencorticograph and
      behavioral seizure, when it was intracortically injected into the motor region of
      the normal rat cerebrum. The data suggest that P70 may be a factor for
      epileptogenesis.

PMID- 2302571
TI  - Apomorphine does not reverse reduced basal dopamine release in rat striatum and
      nucleus accumbens after chronic haloperidol treatment.
AB  - Chronic administration of haloperidol (2 mg/kg x 21 days) in drinking water
      decreased basal dopamine (DA) release and metabolism in rat striatum and nucleus
      accumbens in awake, freely moving rats. In contrast with previous in vivo
      voltammetric studies in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats, DA release and
      metabolism decreased in both regions following administration of (-)apomorphine
      (50 micrograms/kg, i.v.). These results demonstrate that stimulation of pre- or
      postsynaptic DA receptors by apomorphine in rats chronically treated with
      haloperidol further diminishes the release of DA and decreases DA metabolism.
      These results are difficult to reconcile with current concepts of neuroleptic
      induced depolarization inactivation which predict increased release of DA
      following DA agonist administration.

PMID- 2302573
TI  - A minimally invasive technique for multiple measurement of regional blood flow of
      the rat brain using radiolabeled microspheres.
AB  - To observe the rat brain blood flow with microspheres, a left ventricular
      catheter for sphere introduction was threaded into position via the right
      brachial artery. Cross-circulation with a donor rat was employed to prevent any
      mismatch between the infused and sampled blood volumes. Multiple measurements
      yielded stable flow data, and the responsiveness to hypercapnia was well
      preserved, irrespective of the dose of injected spheres (48 x 10(3) and 130 x
      10(3)).

PMID- 2302574
TI  - Effect of temperature on the inhibition of the GABA-gated response by
      intracellular calcium.
AB  - The effects of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ inward current (ICa) on gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced Cl- current (ICl) in isolated frog sensory
      neurons were examined at different temperatures and with different concentrations
      of external Ca2+ using the 'concentration-clamp' technique. The total amount of
      inhibition of GABA-induced ICl by a preceding ICa increased in a hyperbolic
      manner with increasing Ca2+ influx. The time course of recovery of the GABA
      response after inhibition by Ca2+ influx followed a single exponential and was
      facilitated by warming but slowed dramatically by a slight cooling from 20 to 15
      degrees C in spite of a decrease in Ca2+ influx. It is discussed that the energy
      dependent, temperature-sensitive ionic pump and exchange systems at the surface
      membrane and intracellular organelles regulate the cytoplasmic free Ca2+, thus
      explaining the quantitative effects of Ca2+ influx and temperature on the
      inhibition of the GABA-gated Cl- channel.

PMID- 2302576
TI  - Synaptic effects on recruitment gain: a mechanism of importance for the input
      output relations of motoneurone pools?
AB  - The present theoretical analysis concerns quantitative aspects of the graduation
      of motoneuronal recruitment. It is pointed out that variations in the relative
      distribution of synaptic input to low- and high-threshold cells will serve to
      alter the ultimate magnitude of the threshold differences between them. These
      threshold differences determine the pool's 'recruitment gain', i.e. the ease with
      which a variation of excitatory drive to the pool may alter the number of active
      motoneurones. In this context, not only the command signal itself but also any
      steady synaptic 'background' activity is of importance, whereby the background
      effects on recruitment gain depend on the presence of differences in intra-pool
      distribution between these synapses and those of the command signal. Given the
      appropriate intra-pool distribution, even inhibitory background effects might
      serve to increase the recruitment gain. It is stressed that synaptic effects on
      recruitment gain should be taken into account when analyzing the input-output
      relations of motoneurone pools.

PMID- 2302575
TI  - Central muscarinic activities of an M1-selective agonist: preferential effect on
      reversal of amnesia.
AB  - Effects of FKS-508 (AF102B; cis-2-methylspiro (1,3-oxathiolane-5,3')
      quinuclidine), a novel M1-selective agonist, on central muscarinic responses in
      mice were examined in comparison with oxotremorine. FKS-508 was slightly less
      potent (6 times) in reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia (passive avoidance
      failure), but far less potent (260 and 55 times) in producing hypothermia and
      tremor than oxotremorine. These results show that the selective M1 agonist FKS
      508 differentiates highly between the central muscarinic effects.

PMID- 2302577
TI  - Mechanisms concerned in the direct effect of isoflurane on rat hippocampal and
      human neocortical neurons.
AB  - The effect of isoflurane on postsynaptic neurons was studied by intracellular
      recordings from rat hippocampus and human neocortex in vitro. Isoflurane caused a
      hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. The hyperpolarization was reversed
      (although incompletely in some neurons) by increasing the membrane potential. The
      reversal potential was -80 +/- 12 mV (mean +/- S.D.) or 12 +/- 6 mV negative to
      the resting membrane potential. Potassium channel blockers reduced the isoflurane
      induced hyperpolarization, while chloride loading was without effect. The
      transient depolarization preceding the hyperpolarization in some of the neurons
      was not reversed by hyperpolarization. The action potential was prolonged by 19
      +/- 3% due to a slower rate of rise. The rise time was almost doubled. Firing
      threshold was increased by 4 +/- 3 mV (relative to the reference electrode).
      Subthreshold inward rectification was reduced or abolished. Some cells showed
      subthreshold outward rectification during isoflurane administration. These
      results suggest that isoflurane depressed neuronal excitability by (1)
      hyperpolarizing the cell membrane, at least partly by an increase in potassium
      conductance, (2) slowing the rate of rise of the action potential, presumably due
      to interference with the fast sodium channel, (3) decreasing subthreshold inward
      rectification and (4) increasing firing threshold.

PMID- 2302578
TI  - Increased GABAergic transmission in medial hypothalamus facilitates lordosis but
      has the opposite effect in preoptic area.
AB  - The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mediation of lordosis in the rat
      has been unclear. We report here that GABA plays a dual role in the mediation of
      lordosis and has differential effects in the medial hypothalamus (MH) and
      preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus continuum (POA-AH). Bilateral infusion of the
      GABAA antagonist bicuculline into the MH of cannulated females primed with
      estradiol benzoate and progesterone (EB + P) resulted in a marked and transient
      inhibition of ongoing lordosis. A similar pattern of inhibition was seen in
      females treated with EB only. In contrast, infusion of the same dose of
      bicuculline into the POA-AH of sexually receptive females had no effect on
      lordosis whereas infusion of the GABAA agonist muscimol into this site resulted
      in a short-term inhibition of lordosis. Furthermore, when females were treated
      with subthreshold doses of EB + P to induce a low level of lordosis responding,
      infusion of muscimol into the MH resulted in a significant enhancement of
      lordosis; infusion of bicuculline into the POA-AH also enhanced lordosis
      responding as compared to saline-infused controls. These data indicate that
      increased GABAergic neurotransmission in the MH facilitates lordosis whereas
      increased GABAergic activity in the POA-AH inhibits this behavior.

PMID- 2302579
TI  - GABA-mediated regulation of feline aggression elicited from midbrain
      periaqueductal gray.
AB  - The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is now recognized as a critical structure
      for the initiation and regulation of aggressive behavior in the cat. The PAG is
      also known to be rich in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. In the present
      study, we sought to examine the possible role of this putative neurotransmitter
      in the modulation of affective defense and quiet biting attack behavior elicited
      by electrical stimulation of the PAG. Cannula-electrodes were employed for
      electrical stimulation as well as for microinjections of a GABA agonist
      (muscimol: 3, 12 and 22 pmol/0.25 microliters) and GABA antagonist (bicuculline:
      22 and 68 pmol/0.25 microliters). After establishing predrug response threshold
      values for affective defense and quiet biting attack, these drugs were
      microinjected into the PAG sites from which these responses were elicited.
      Microinjections of muscimol (12 and 22 pmol) significantly suppressed the
      affective defense response in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment
      with bicuculline (68 pmol) blocked the suppressive effects of muscimol (12 pmol)
      upon affective defense behavior. In contrast, this dose of muscimol failed to
      alter the response threshold for quiet biting attack behavior. Microinjections of
      vehicle alone (0.25 microliter of saline, pH = 7.4) did not modify the thresholds
      for either of these responses. These results indicate that, at the level of the
      PAG, GABA-ergic mechanisms are selectively involved in the regulation of
      affective defense behavior in the cat.

PMID- 2302580
TI  - Opening the blood-brain barrier to zinc.
AB  - Sheep with guide tubes implanted over the brain lateral ventricles, in order to
      facilitate episodic sampling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), were used to determine
      the effects of increasing cranial blood osmolality or electroconvulsive shock
      (ECS) on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to zinc. Zinc acetate
      solution (1 mg Zn/ml) was infused intravenously (i.v.) at 1.0 ml/min for 30 min
      and then continuously at 0.125 ml/min. This infusion increased plasma total zinc
      concentration (pZn) approximately 10-fold without altering CSF zinc concentration
      (CSFZn). After 1.5-3.5 h, 4 M NaCl was infused at 5-10 ml/min for 10 min into one
      carotid artery with the other carotid artery occluded, or the animals were
      anaesthetized and given an ECS (140 V, 2 s). Paired samples of blood and CSF were
      collected before and after these treatments. Results were: (i) CSFZn was
      approximately one tenth of pZn; (ii) zinc administered i.v. was almost completely
      excluded from the CSF; (iii) increased cranial blood osmolality or ECS increased
      CSFZn in all experiments, but the time course and extent of the rise were
      variable. CSFZn reached the concentrations of zinc in normal sheep plasma in some
      experiments; (iv) CSFZn subsequently fell towards the low values of zinc in
      normal CSF; (v) the animals suffered no evident ill-effects from either
      procedure. The procedures may, therefore, be used for reversible opening of the
      BBB to particles such as zinc in conscious or anaesthetized sheep with no
      troublesome sequelae.

PMID- 2302581
TI  - Electroconvulsive shocks increase the concentration of neocortical and
      hippocampal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in the rat.
AB  - Studies on humans and rats have suggested that neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved
      in major depression and anxiety. Therefore, we conducted the present study in
      order to elucidate the effect of repeated (13 or 14 days) treatment of rats with
      electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) on the concentration of NPY-like immunoreactivity
      (-LI) in various brain regions, adrenals and plasma. In addition, the effect of
      ECS on 125I-NPY binding was studied in 3 brain regions. The effects of ECS were
      compared to effects of 3 control treatments: one group not being handled at all
      during the time period, one group handled like the ECS-group but not receiving
      shocks, and one group receiving shocks below the threshold for induction of
      convulsions. The latter group developed behavioral signs reminiscent of the
      inescapable shock-induced 'learned helplessness' syndrome (a proposed animal
      model of depression). We found that the concentration of NPY-LI in the frontal
      and parietal cortex and in the hippocampus were approximately doubled in the ECS
      group as compared to the 3 control groups. No changes in NPY-LI were detected in
      the striatum, hypothalamus, pons, olfactory bulbs or cerebellum, nor in plasma or
      adrenals. In spite of the marked changes in NPY-LI concentration, the binding
      characteristics of 125I-NPY in the frontal and parietal cortex and in the
      hippocampus were similar in all 4 groups of rats. Finally, we confirmed the
      previous observation that ECS increase [3H]prazosin binding in cortex. In
      conclusion, ECS treatment increases neocortical and hippocampal NPY-LI
      concentrations, while leaving 125I-NPY binding unaffected. Subconvulsive shocks
      were without effect.

PMID- 2302582
TI  - Physiological characteristics of responses of wide dynamic range spinal neurones
      to cutaneously applied vibration in the cat.
AB  - Extracellular single-unit recordings were made from wide dynamic range neurones
      in the lumbar dorsal horn of anaesthetized or decerebrated cats. Vibration
      applied to the skin at a frequency of 80 Hz could evoke 3 distinct types of
      response--excitation, depression or a biphasic response consisting of excitation
      followed by depression. By applying vibration at different sites, a given neurone
      was found to show more than one type of response. Parametric studies of the
      depressant and biphasic responses were made because previous studies indicated
      that adenosine mediates the depression in these types of response. Thus,
      amplitude- and frequency-response relationships were determined at individual
      stimulation sites: amplitude was varied from 0.001 to 1.0 mm (frequency, 80 Hz)
      and the frequencies studied were 10, 20, 40, 80, 120 and 240 Hz (amplitude, 0.15
      mm). Vibration at amplitudes greater than 0.15 mm caused a decrease in the rate
      of discharge during the period of stimulation, the magnitude of this decrease
      varying directly with amplitude; at amplitudes of 0.15 mm and less vibration had
      no statistically significant effect. With regard to the frequency-response
      relationship, a decrease in discharge rate occurred at frequencies of 120 and 240
      Hz, with the more pronounced effect at 240 Hz; excitation occurred at 40 Hz and
      there was no statistically significant effect at other frequencies. Amplitude-
      and frequency-response relationships for the depressant and the biphasic
      responses were analyzed separately. In the case of depressant responses, the
      magnitude was monotonically related to the amplitude of stimulation and
      depression occurred only at frequencies of 80 Hz or greater, with higher
      frequencies being more effective. The biphasic responses appeared to consist of 2
      subtypes termed biphasic-1 and biphasic-2 responses. For biphasic-1 responses,
      the amplitude- and frequency-response curves were similar to those of depressant
      responses. Biphasic-2 responses differed in that the response was biphasic when
      the stimulation frequency was 80 Hz or greater and the amplitude was 0.3 mm or
      more, yet, at lower frequencies and/or amplitudes vibration evoked excitation.
      The similarities in the amplitude- and frequency-response relationships of
      depressant and biphasic-1 responses raise the possibility that these responses
      might be mediated by a single class of primary afferent. Both depressant and
      biphasic responses were evoked when stimulation parameters (2 microns, 240 Hz)
      were used which selectively activate Pacinian corpuscle afferents. Depression
      with 240-Hz stimulation was attenuated by administration of caffeine (60 mg/kg
      i.v.) suggesting that the depressant and biphasic-1 responses may be mediated by
      afferents from Pacinian corpuscles.

PMID- 2302583
TI  - Neural substrates of behavioral aversion in lateral hypothalamus of rabbits.
AB  - Unit electrophysiology of lateral hypothalamus (LH) in rabbits has revealed two
      functionally contrasting, topographically distinguishable groups of neurons that
      relate to hedonic properties of taste stimuli. To assess the neurobehavioral role
      of aversion-type cells (maximally excited by aversive stimuli and inhibited by
      rewarding stimuli) found in the rostral part of mid-lateral LH at the level of
      ventromedial nucleus (vmh), intracranial self stimulation (ICSS) and stimulation
      escape were studied with moveable-type electrodes in this and an adjoining caudal
      region of LH dominated by a contrasting type of neuron. Hedonic properties of the
      brain stimulation conformed to the distribution of these cellular elements.
      Stimulation of the rostral area supported weaker ICSS and stronger escape
      behavior. Aversive reactions predominated in ventral parts of the rostral area.
      Aversion-type cells identified electrophysiologically in this region would appear
      to mediate behaviorally aversive functions. These cells may play a role in the
      activation of feeding (possibly also drinking) and in drive-reduction reward.

PMID- 2302584
TI  - Effects of medium and substratum on ovine satellite cell attachment,
      proliferation and differentiation in vitro.
AB  - The ability of ovine-derived satellite cells to attach, proliferate and
      differentiate in response to seven horse serum-supplemented media and eleven
      substrata was evaluated in vitro. Satellite cells attached equally well when
      exposed to CRCM-30, Medium-199 and high glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium
      (DMEM, P less than 0.05). Proliferation of satellite cells was greatest using
      McCoy's 5A, supplemented with 15% horse serum (P less than 0.05), and
      differentiation was most efficient with low glucose DMEM, supplemented with 1%
      horse serum (P less than 0.05). Pig-skin gelatin facilitated the greatest ovine
      satellite cell proliferative and differentiative responses when compared to the
      performance of ten other substrata (P less than 0.05). Further, 0.5 mg/16 mm2
      well pig-skin gelatin appeared to be the optimum concentration of substratum for
      expression of satellite cell growth characteristics. Thus, consideration must be
      given to the processes of attachment and proliferation in experiments attempting
      to maximize satellite cell differentiation in vitro.

PMID- 2302586
TI  - Nurses evaluate candidates for California governor.

PMID- 2302585
TI  - The behaviour of cells from the distal tips of quail wing buds when grafted back
      into chick wings after micromass culture.
AB  - In high density culture, cells from distal tips of developing limb buds
      differentiate into a continuous cartilage sheet, rich in type II collagen. When
      grafted back into limb buds, cells cultured for a short time differentiate into
      cartilage and a wide range of other connective tissues, whereas cells taken from
      older cultures give rise only to cartilage and perichondrium. Grafts placed
      distally give rise to more cell types than grafts placed proximally. The results
      strongly suggest that chondrogenesis in culture is the result of removing the
      signals that pattern differentiation within the limb bud.

PMID- 2302588
TI  - CNA members present research findings at Korea conference.

PMID- 2302587
TI  - Increasing school enrollments may remedy nursing shortage.

PMID- 2302589
TI  - Applying technology today. A computerized nursing recruitment database.
AB  - This article describes the development and implementation of a computerized
      nursing recruitment program. This system offers a fast, efficient,
      individualized, item-selectable mechanism for tracking and monitoring recruiting
      activities. Included in this system are easily accessible functions that provide
      precise information regarding the activities and costs relating to recruitment
      transactions. It is user-focused and coded for accurate storage and retrieval of
      information. This program has multiple implications for improving or revising
      recruitment activities. Nursing administrators can obtain detailed reports of the
      operations of the recruiting office, and internal audits can be easily generated
      to identify areas of efficiency as well as areas needing revision. It is written
      to be integrated with other management systems, thus providing a rapid and
      comprehensive network of communication that is cost-effective and precise.

PMID- 2302591
TI  - IBM, education, and you.

PMID- 2302590
TI  - Expert nurses and expert systems. Research and development issues.
AB  - Expert systems in nursing have developed primarily through deductive, theoretical
      approaches and have, for the most part, failed to articulate the need for expert
      clinical nurse knowledge and heuristics as a basis for developing expert systems.
      Research using knowledge engineering and nurse experts, as well as multi-method
      approaches to researching nurse experts, should provide content for development
      of computer systems, in general, and expert systems, in particular, in nursing.

PMID- 2302592
TI  - Modified subtotal cholecystectomy for high-risk patients.

PMID- 2302593
TI  - Diaphragmatic resection in association with right hepatectomy.
AB  - Ten cases of combined diaphragmatic and hepatic resection for tumours involving
      both structures are described. A complete work-up, including ultrasonography and
      computed tomography, usually can predict potential direct spread to the
      diaphragm. Up to 50% of the diaphragm can be excised and reconstructed without
      the need for prosthetic mesh or tissue transfer. Diaphragmatic resection does not
      appear to cause long-term postoperative morbidity. Diaphragmatic invasion by
      primary or secondary tumours does not preclude resection for cure. Pulmonary
      function studies are not necessary if there is no serious pre-existing lung
      disease.

PMID- 2302594
TI  - Follow-up of patients who have undergone ileogastrostomy.
AB  - Patients who have had ileogastrostomy for the treatment of morbid obesity require
      close, long-term follow-up. From a prospective study of a large number of
      variables in 12 consecutive patients, and from experience with more than 200
      patients who have undergone this procedure since 1982, a protocol has evolved.
      The authors outline the associated morbid conditions, operative complications and
      biochemical alterations that are important in the management of these patients.

PMID- 2302595
TI  - Hydatid cyst presenting as a breast lump.
AB  - Cystic hydatid disease is caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus.
      Indigenous infections are seen among the Indians and Inuit. Man is an occasional
      intermediate host in whom the disease is manifested by the presence of one or
      more hydatid cysts, usually located in the liver or lung and rarely at other
      sites such as the breast, as in this case report. The cyst is usually
      asymptomatic; in this it case was discovered on routine mammography. On
      aspiration biopsy, 1 ml of clear fluid was removed, but there was a residual lump
      which was successfully excised.

PMID- 2302596
TI  - The perfect graft: the ongoing quest.

PMID- 2302597
TI  - Acute abdomen in the patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
AB  - When patients who have a ventriculoperitoneal shunt present with an acute
      abdomen, shunt infection may be the cause. The authors relate the cases of three
      such patients. Two underwent a laparotomy which failed to show any abnormality
      and which in retrospect might have been avoided. They review the literature and
      present a systematic approach to the diagnosis and management of this problem.
      Specific clues from the patient's history, physical examination and further
      investigation may clarify the diagnosis. When shunt infection cannot be excluded
      and the clinical setting does not warrant immediate laparotomy, shunt
      externalization, cerebrospinal fluid culture, empiric antibiotic therapy and
      close observation of the patient are recommended.

PMID- 2302598
TI  - Management of duodenal injuries.
AB  - Between 1975 and 1986, 42 patients with duodenal trauma were seen at six major
      hospitals serving the province of Saskatchewan. Twenty-six patients had blunt
      trauma and 16 penetrating trauma. The mean age of the patients was 25 years and
      38 were male. An assessment of patient management revealed an unacceptable rate
      of duodenal fistulas (17%) and death (14%). Detailed analysis suggests that
      duodenal injuries must be diagnosed early with prompt and appropriate surgical
      correction.

PMID- 2302599
TI  - Effect of hypothermia and cardioplegia on intramyocardial voltage and myocardial
      oxygen consumption.
AB  - Intramyocardial voltage and myocardial oxygen consumption were measured in the
      fibrillating heart between the temperatures of 37 degrees C and 25 degrees C and
      in the arrested heart after infusion of potassium cardioplegic solution in 10
      adult mongrel dogs. Electrical activity from the myocardium was recorded using
      specially designed plunge electrodes, and intramyocardial voltage was monitored
      by an in-line voltmeter. Myocardial oxygen consumption gradually decreased from
      5.8 +/- 0.6 ml O2/min at 37 degrees C to 2.3 +/- 0.5 ml O2/min at 25 degrees C.
      In contrast, hypothermia did not cause a similar decrease in intramyocardial
      voltage which remained within a range of 1.8 +/- 0.5 mV to 2.4 +/- 0.5 mV between
      the temperatures of 37 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The infusion of potassium
      cardioplegic solution resulted in a dramatic decrease in voltage to 43 +/- 5
      microV, and myocardial oxygen consumption fell to 0.5 +/- 0.3 ml O2/min. Our data
      demonstrated that the mean voltage of the fibrillating heart remains constant
      between the temperatures 37 degrees C and 25 degrees C and myocardial oxygen
      consumption decreases with hypothermia, which suggests that voltage does not
      correlate with the level of myocardial oxygen consumption. Myocardial oxygen
      consumption and intramyocardial voltage, however, decrease dramatically when
      cardioplegia is instituted.

PMID- 2302600
TI  - Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms and ureteric obstruction.
AB  - Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms are rare, but when they occur the ureters
      may be involved in the perianeurysmal fibrosis. Treatment of this ureteric
      involvement is controversial. The authors present one such case, review the
      literature and describe what they believe is the appropriate method of diagnosis
      and treatment. This includes the use of computed tomography, retrograde
      pyelography, ureteral stenting, repair of the aneurysm and ureterolysis.

PMID- 2302601
TI  - Desmopressin: do we now know its role?

PMID- 2302602
TI  - Hinged total knee replacement: indications and results.
AB  - Twenty-seven hinged (Guepar II) knee replacements were performed on 26 patients
      with a follow-up of 1 to 7 years (mean 3 years). Indications for the procedure
      were bone loss (nine cases) nonunion of tibial or femoral fractures (four),
      anteroposterior instability (five), mediolateral instability (eight) and
      recurvatum instability (one). Results were good or excellent in 66.6%. Two
      patients required revision and there were three other implant-related
      complications. All press-fit stems were radiolucent to some extent and some
      radiolucency was present close to the knee in all revisions of stem components.
      No radiolucency was present in revisions of non-stem cemented components.
      Although the introduction of variable stem length, semi-constrained knees has
      reduced the need for implants such as the Guepar II prosthesis, the results,
      especially in terms of radiolucency, are surprisingly good. The authors conclude
      that a hinged knee remains of value in desperate situations.

PMID- 2302603
TI  - Femorodistal bypass using the chemically processed human umbilical vein graft: 9
      year experience.
AB  - To evaluate patency, limb salvage rates and complications associated with the use
      of human umbilical vein as an arterial substitute, the authors carried out a
      retrospective review of 52 femorodistal bypasses performed over 9 years using
      human umbilical vein. Indications for operation included acute ischemia, rest
      pain and nonhealing ulceration or gangrene. There were 28 early occlusions, which
      resulted in a 1-month primary patency rate of 46% and a secondary patency rate of
      52%. The primary and secondary patency rates at 1 year were 18% and 19%
      respectively. The mean limb salvage rate at 1 month was 57% and at 1 year 34%.
      Three aneurysms occurred (two anastomotic, one graft). Factors found to have a
      significant effect on patency rates were indication for operation and state of
      distal runoff. Infection occurred in 6% of grafts and led to amputation in every
      case. These disappointing results have caused the authors to discontinue use of
      human umbilical vein as an arterial substitute.

PMID- 2302604
TI  - [Laser angioplasty: a new approach in the treatment of iliac occlusion].
AB  - Laser thermal angioplasty is a new technique. The longest follow-up is 3 years.
      It is used increasingly for the treatment of atheromatous disease of the
      femoropopliteal segment. The authors describe a case of successful recanalization
      of a completely occluded left external iliac artery using laser thermal
      angioplasty. The artery was approached through a left femoral dissection. The
      patient was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 4 without
      claudication. The present indications and potential benefits and complications of
      this procedure are discussed.

PMID- 2302605
TI  - Brief to the House of Commons Legislative Committee on Bill C-43, an act
      respecting abortion. The Canadian Medical Association.

PMID- 2302606
TI  - Medical procedures prohibited outside hospital in Nova Scotia.

PMID- 2302607
TI  - Has Ontario's health care system gone to the dogs?

PMID- 2302608
TI  - Ethical and economic aspects of noncompliance and overtreatment.

PMID- 2302609
TI  - Pete Rose disease?

PMID- 2302610
TI  - Medical Association of South Africa: criticism and defence.

PMID- 2302611
TI  - Statistics in biomedical manuscripts: what editors want from authors and peer
      reviewers.

PMID- 2302612
TI  - Occupational medicine in Canada: an end or a new beginning?
AB  - Occupational medicine is frequently described in the broad context of the
      provision of occupational health services as a whole. Although this approach
      reflects the concepts currently underlying the delivery of occupational health
      services in Canada and in other countries, it is sometimes necessary to consider
      the problems that relate specifically to occupational medicine and to those who
      practise in this field. In this article some of these problems are discussed and
      suggestions made as to the way in which occupational medical practice may develop
      in Canada.

PMID- 2302614
TI  - The Alberta Hereditary Diseases Program: a regional model for delivery of genetic
      services.
AB  - Genetic counselling and related services are generally provided at major
      university medical centres because they are very specialized. The need for
      rurally based genetic services prompted the inclusion of an outreached program in
      the Alberta Hereditary Diseases Program (AHDP), which was established in 1979;
      the AHDP was designed to provide services to the entire province through two
      regional centres and seven outreach clinics. There is a community health nurse in
      almost every health unit whose duties are either totally or partially devoted to
      the AHDP; thus, genetic help and information are as close as a rural health unit.
      The AHDP is designed to provide complete clinical (diagnostic, counselling and
      some management) services and laboratory (cytogenetic, biochemical and molecular)
      services for genetic disorders. In addition, the program emphasizes education and
      publishes a quarterly bulletin, which is sent free of charge to all physicians,
      hospitals, public health units, social service units, major radio and television
      stations, newspapers and public libraries and to selected individuals and groups
      in Alberta.

PMID- 2302615
TI  - Bacterial tracheitis associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection and
      toxic shock syndrome.

PMID- 2302616
TI  - Health care system serves Canada well, Alberta president tells American MDs.

PMID- 2302613
TI  - Effects of physical activity, dietary calcium intake and selected lifestyle
      factors on bone density in young women.
AB  - To assess the possible effects of physical activity, calcium intake and lifestyle
      factors on bone density, we measured the calcaneal bone density of 101 healthy
      female volunteers aged 20 to 35 years. Information was obtained through
      questionnaires and 1-week and 2-week recall tests. There appeared to be no
      relation between height, weight or age and bone density in the study sample.
      Childhood milk consumption, current dietary calcium intake, level of avocational
      physical activity and lifestyle variables such as cigarette smoking and coffee
      consumption, considered separately, did not reach statistically significant
      levels as determinants of bone density. Childhood physical activity level
      appeared to have a significant positive effect on bone density.

PMID- 2302617
TI  - Toronto's clinic for HIV-related concerns: coping with a growing caseload.

PMID- 2302618
TI  - Gender insensitivity a major problem in medical research, MD says.

PMID- 2302619
TI  - Supreme Court's VGH ruling looms, but so may other manpower battles.

PMID- 2302620
TI  - The case against HIV antibody testing of refugees and immigrants.

PMID- 2302621
TI  - Why must you report an impaired colleague?

PMID- 2302622
TI  - Geriatricians and the frail elderly.

PMID- 2302623
TI  - Reducing deaths from breast cancer in Canada.

PMID- 2302624
TI  - Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome).

PMID- 2302625
TI  - Why are some specialties so unpopular?

PMID- 2302626
TI  - Abbs. in Js.

PMID- 2302627
TI  - Priority issues in continuing medical education show sensitivity to change in
      Canadian health care.
AB  - The degree and scope of significant change in health care expectations, roles and
      delivery patterns in Canada have been widely documented. In 1988 the Sub
      Committee on Research of the Standing Committee on CME [continuing medical
      education], Association of Canadian Medical Colleges, conducted a survey to
      determine whether those responsible for the CME portion of the medical school
      curriculum are changing their perceptions to keep pace with the changes in health
      care. The results were compared with those of a similar survey done in 1983. In
      both surveys people directly responsible for delivery of formal CME were asked to
      identify and rank research needs in CME. The response rates were very high. The
      CME issues identified in the two surveys had changed considerably, with entirely
      new issues being identified in 1988 and the emphasis placed on issues having
      changed. The identification of factors that promote or inhibit application of new
      knowledge by practising physicians was of lowest importance in 1983 and of
      primary importance in 1988, and comparison of the cost-effectiveness of CME
      methods was an important issue in 1983 and among the least important in 1988. The
      noted changes mirror developments in Canada's health care milieu.

PMID- 2302628
TI  - Initial therapy for bacterial meningitis. Infectious Diseases and Immunization
      Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society.

PMID- 2302629
TI  - Dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis: a time for caution. Infectious
      Diseases and Immunization Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society.

PMID- 2302630
TI  - Trends in pulmonary embolism death rates for Canada and the United States, 1962
      87.
AB  - To investigate the effect of advances in the prevention and treatment of
      pulmonary embolism, we examined the rates of death from pulmonary embolism in
      Canada for 1965-87 and compared them with those for the United States for 1962
      84. The direct method of age standardization was used on sex-specific and age
      specific death rates, with the 1960 US population as the standard. In both
      countries the death rates increased then decreased, although the changes in the
      Canadian rates occurred later and were less pronounced than those in the US
      rates. Men and elderly people were at higher risk of death from pulmonary
      embolism than women and younger people. Prevention strategies, possibly including
      encouraging a more active lifestyle and targetting high-risk groups, may further
      reduce pulmonary embolism death rates in both countries.

PMID- 2302632
TI  - Pancoast's syndrome due to staphylococcal pneumonia.

PMID- 2302631
TI  - Therapeutic priorities of Canadian internists.
AB  - We surveyed 175 members of the Canadian Society of Internal Medicine to determine
      how they would rank seven commonly used treatments as to their clinical
      usefulness. A total of 70% of the respondents judged that the treatment of severe
      hypertension was the most beneficial. Coronary artery bypass surgery and
      treatment with acetylsalicylic acid for transient ischemic attacks were ranked
      next most useful. Cholestyramine therapy for hypercholesterolemia, the treatment
      of mild hypertension, isoniazid therapy for inactive tuberculosis and carotid
      endarterectomy in patients with mild stroke formed the final cluster. Except for
      treatment of severe hypertension there was a wide variation in the physicians'
      enthusiasm for the various treatments. Possible explanations for this variation
      include physicians' lack of awareness of the results of clinical trials, the wide
      range of risk reductions found in various trials of the same therapy, an
      unwillingness by physicians to generalize from clinical trials to individual
      patients, individual physicians' placement of different values on the morbidity
      associated with various diseases, and the fact that physicians may rarely
      explicitly compare the usefulness of therapies. In general, the number of
      patients needed to be treated to save one life better reflected the physicians'
      judgements than did the relative risk reduction.

PMID- 2302633
TI  - Endothelial injury.

PMID- 2302634
TI  - Brochure aims to increase athletes' awareness of AIDS.

PMID- 2302635
TI  - The ugly duckling: a different kind of ship, a different kind of patient.

PMID- 2302636
TI  - Addicted to the addict: treating addiction's other victims.

PMID- 2302637
TI  - Let's put the teaching of clinical skills where it belongs.

PMID- 2302638
TI  - Accidental strangulation by window-blind cords.

PMID- 2302639
TI  - Ibuprofen and severe gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2302640
TI  - A woman is her fetus?

PMID- 2302641
TI  - Ceftriaxone in the treatment of meningitis, gonococcal infections and other
      serious bacterial infections. Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee,
      Canadian Paediatric Society.

PMID- 2302642
TI  - Tuberculosis surveillance in immigrants to Manitoba.
AB  - Despite a decrease in the incidence of tuberculosis in Canada over the last
      decade, the proportion of cases in people not born in Canada has increased. To
      determine the prevalence of active tuberculosis at the first surveillance clinic
      visit and the incidence of the disease over a 2-year to 6-year follow-up period,
      we reviewed the records of all 523 immigrants admitted to Manitoba between 1981
      and 1985 who were placed under surveillance. Of the 523, 429 (82%) were seen at
      least once in the clinic. Among the 429, active tuberculosis was diagnosed at the
      first visit in 12 (3%) and during the follow-up period in 7 (2%). The relative
      risk of tuberculosis was 4.5 times higher for immigrants under surveillance than
      for those not under surveillance. Of the 483 immigrants who were to be seen in
      Winnipeg 232 (48%) were noncompliant: 94 were not seen at any time, and 138 did
      not attend for the full follow-up period. Active disease was not reported to have
      developed in any of the noncompliant subjects. Noncompliers were significantly
      older than compliers (p less than 0.005), and variations in compliance were noted
      according to region of origin. Further attempts to improve compliance with
      surveillance without resorting to punitive measures are indicated.

PMID- 2302643
TI  - Diagnosis of dystocia and management with cesarean section among primiparous
      women in Ottawa-Carleton.
AB  - We carried out a chart review study to determine the rate of diagnosis of
      dystocia (abnormal progress) and the use of cesarean section to treat dystocia
      among 3887 primiparous women who gave birth to a single baby in the vertex
      presentation at four hospitals in Ottawa-Carleton in 1984. Of the 3740 women who
      had some labour 1127 (30.1%) were given a diagnosis of dystocia. Cesarean section
      for dystocia was done during all phases of labour (41% of procedures in the
      latent phase, 38% in the active phase and 21% in the second stage). The cesarean
      section rate varied among the hospitals from 11.8% to 19.6%. A total of 75% of
      the cesarean sections were for dystocia, disproportion or failed induction. The
      findings suggest that cesarean section is being done for disproportion without a
      trial of labour beyond the latent phase and for dystocia in the absence of fetal
      distress. If these practices were modified the cesarean section rate could be
      reduced from 16% to about 8%, the rate found in some other centres and that
      observed in Canada in the early 1970s.

PMID- 2302644
TI  - Iv drug use and HIV infection: perspective from a small city.

PMID- 2302645
TI  - Medicine in South Africa (1).

PMID- 2302646
TI  - Medicine in South Africa (2)

PMID- 2302647
TI  - Demographic changes and their financial implications.
AB  - The impressive rise in the number of elderly persons (65 years and over) will
      continue in the next two to three decades. Urinary incontinence is a common
      problem in the elderly, adversely affecting medical, social, and "quality of
      life" aspects. The cost of urinary incontinence is substantial and is expected to
      escalate enormously (e.g., by 160% from 1980 to 2040). An aggressive approach
      toward the diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence can result in an
      impressive reduction in health care costs and improvement in the quality of life.

PMID- 2302648
TI  - Intermittent self-catheterization.
AB  - The geriatric population is a challenge to those health professionals who are
      willing enough to give them a chance. Growing old is just that, a growth process.
      We should break the pattern of neglecting growth and promoting regression. In
      1916, Cabot and Crabtree had foresight into the future of intermittent
      catheterization when they said, in reference to urinary tract infections, that
      "there is no subject in which there is so little uniformity of opinion and so
      much confusion." Through continued education and research, we hope to reverse
      negative attitudes. With more uniformity in their care, the geriatric population
      can continue to live a comfortable, socially acceptable life.

PMID- 2302650
TI  - Neurologic disorders affecting the lower extremity II.

PMID- 2302649
TI  - Endourologic management of lower urinary tract dysfunction.
AB  - Management of urinary dysfunction in the elderly needs to be achieved with the
      least amount of patient morbidity. Endourologic techniques have been successful
      in treating lower urinary tract pathology in the elderly.

PMID- 2302651
TI  - The American Cancer Society National Conference on Advances in Cancer Management.
      Los Angeles, California, December 7-9, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2302652
TI  - Progress in the systemic treatment of cancer. Concepts, trials, drugs, and
      biologics.
AB  - The effective treatment of systemic cancer began in the 1950s on two fronts,
      i.e., childhood leukemia and choriocarcinoma. These two diseases were
      successfully treated as a direct result of the use of antifolate methotrexate.
      The demonstration of complete durable remissions in these diseases quickly led to
      development of other anticancer drugs, tested using the prospective clinical
      trials. In the 1960s as the number of active drugs increased, combination
      chemotherapy was introduced. Other systemic cancers, such as Hodgkin's, large
      cell lymphoma, and testicular cancer, became curable in the 1970s. For the common
      low-growth fraction solid tumors, the curability of systemic disease remained
      elusive until the introduction of adjuvant therapy to treat micrometastases. The
      past decade of the 1980s has seen improvement in the outcomes for breast cancer,
      osteosarcoma, and possible colon cancer utilizing adjunctive chemotherapy. The
      1980s also saw the introduction of biologic therapies that have further improved
      the outcomes of several leukemias and produced consistent responses in patients
      with renal cell and melanoma. The 1990s will undoubtedly see more improvements as
      the effects of current drugs will be enhanced not only by improved integration of
      systemic and local therapies but also by utilizing cytokines and biologic
      response modifiers in concert with cytotoxics. Moreover, as we understand more
      about the process of cancer induction, promotion, and progression, more specific
      anti-cancer approaches will be developed to control cancer even before clinical
      cancer is diagnosed. Underlying and facilitating the improvement in cancer
      therapy have been not only the experimental results of many laboratory scientists
      but also the outcomes from many controlled clinical trials, the laboratory of
      clinical scientists.

PMID- 2302653
TI  - Monitoring quality-of-life needs of cancer patients.
AB  - The advent of prepayment systems in hospitals has greatly shortened the length of
      stay of patients who are therefore increasingly treated and cared for in
      outpatient settings while living at home with family or other caretakers. This
      shift in the locus of treatment has created a critical need for the development
      of organized systems of follow-up that monitor a patient's needs while he or she
      is undergoing active treatment but living at home. Over time, failure to develop
      such systems of care is likely to result in major gaps in the continuity of care,
      a decrease in the quality of patients' lives while on treatment, tremendous
      stress on caretakers, and a general decrease in the quality of services provided
      to patients. This article reports on a study of one such system of monitoring
      i.e., a computer-automated telephone outreach system that would routinely assess
      the concrete needs of chemotherapy outpatients (e.g., transportation to the
      hospital and need for assistance with activities of daily living). This automated
      intervention was designed in response to previous findings that 62% of
      chemotherapy outpatients had at least one unmet need within the month before
      assessment and 39% had two or more; clinical knowledge that cancer patients'
      needs vary considerably over time as a consequence of both the disease and its
      treatment; and that, because of limited professional staff, patients' needs
      cannot be routinely assessed without the aid of automation, particularly as the
      proportion of cancer patients treated as outpatients continues to increase. These
      conditions suggested the need to develop a cost-efficient strategy for the
      universal assessment of patients' need on a periodic basis, so that emerging
      needs could be identified in a timely way. For the feasibility study, 97
      chemotherapy outpatients were surveyed at least once over the telephone by a
      computer in a high quality digitally-stored voice asking 12 questions regarding
      the patients' concrete needs. The data suggested that our computer-automated
      telephone outreach system is reliable and valid and has the potential for
      relatively broad-based acceptance. In addition, the intervention frequently
      allows for timely social work assistance for identified needs. It further serves
      as a form of outreach that can compensate for patients' reluctance to identify
      themselves as needing help and for passivity that may be associated with
      depression or physical illness. This intervention appears to have the potential
      to be a time- and labor-efficient strategy for ongoing assessment of the changing
      needs of large numbers of cancer or other chronic diseased outpatients, insuring
      timely professional intervention as needs arise.

PMID- 2302654
TI  - Economic concerns in the changing health care delivery system.
AB  - The economics of health care increasingly dictate care parameters with cancer
      care bearing a significant share of the burden because of its chronicity,
      hospital intensiveness, and lack of standard treatment approaches. A wide variety
      of effects have surfaced as changes in health care economics have been
      implemented. Increased emphasis on cost effectiveness, competition, shorter
      hospital stays, and threatened reimbursement for investigational therapies
      influence both providers and patients. We outline avenues for responsiveness.

PMID- 2302655
TI  - The assurance of quality care for the cancer patient.
AB  - Quality assurance is receiving increasing attention in a changing health care
      delivery system dominated by cost containment. Quality is being defined by health
      professionals, patients, hospitals, the purchasers of care, and government. None
      seem to agree entirely. A meaningful future for assurance of quality of care for
      the patient with cancer will require thoughtful program development by a widely
      diverse group of organizations dedicated to this goal.

PMID- 2302656
TI  - Reflections on clinical trials--and tribulations.

PMID- 2302657
TI  - Results of treatment of stage I-III breast cancer in black Americans. The Cook
      County Hospital experience, 1973-1987.
AB  - Whether the prognosis for black women with breast cancer differs from that of
      nonblack women remains controversial. The treatment results of 526 black women
      who received definitive therapy for Stage I-III breast cancer at Cook County
      Hospital, 1973 through 1987 are presented. The 5-year and 10-year projected
      survival rates for 272 node-negative patients (83.9% and 76.6%, respectively) and
      for 72 node-positive nonadjuvant treated patients (58.1% and 35.2%, respectively)
      are similar to those reported in the literature for nonblack patients. Adjuvant
      therapy improved the projected relapse-free (P = 0.0744) and overall survival
      curves (P = 0.0448) for 182 node-positive patients compared with nonadjuvant
      patients. The greatest benefit was seen for patients greater than 50 years of age
      with one to three positive nodes. The incidence of estrogen and progesterone
      receptors was found to be similar to those reported for nonblack patients. Once
      breast cancer has been diagnosed and appropriately treated, there appear to be
      few differences in the natural history of breast cancer between black and
      nonblack patients.

PMID- 2302658
TI  - Increasing recognition of corticosteroid-induced tumor lysis syndrome in non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - The acute tumor lysis syndrome has been reported in patients with aggressive non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and rarely in other
      malignancies in association with the administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy. We
      report a case of a young man with a large cell lymphoma in whom the acute tumor
      lysis syndrome developed in association with the administration of
      corticosteroids. Two similar cases have been reported recently. Clinicians who
      treat patients with neoplastic diseases should be aware that corticosteroids
      alone may produce this potentially life threatening complication.

PMID- 2302659
TI  - Fatal pulmonary failure complicating high-dose cytosine arabinoside therapy in
      acute leukemia.
AB  - One hundred three relapsed leukemia patients were treated with high-dose cytosine
      arabinoside (Ara-C); 3 g/m2 intravenously over 2 hours every 6 to 12 hours for a
      total of nine to 12 doses or 3 g/m2 intravenously over 2 hours for two doses 12
      hours apart followed by a continuous infusion of 1.5 g/m2 over 24 hours daily for
      3 to 4 days. Thirteen of them developed adult respiratory distress syndrome
      (ARDS) without having any recognized reason for the development of pulmonary
      edema. This problem showed no correlation with age or prior chemotherapy. Four of
      the patients recovered, but in nine this complication was fatal. The authors have
      reviewed the clinical course of these 13 patients and the postmortem findings of
      the seven patients who had an autopsy performed. The pulmonary tissue from six
      patients showed massive edema and one had diffuse alveolar damage. Histologic
      examination revealed a highly proteinaceous intraalveolar infiltrate without any
      inflammatory reaction in all cases. Intestinal tissue from all patients revealed
      changes compatible with cytotoxic damage, and pleura and/or pericardium from six
      of the seven patients showed an extensive fibrinous exudate suggestive of
      capillary leakage. The time sequence of the clinical events and the histologic
      findings indicate that high-dose Ara-C treatment in leukemia may cause a
      capillary leakage syndrome with ARDS that may progress to fatal respiratory
      failure.

PMID- 2302660
TI  - Role of the gallium scan in Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - The reports of 240 gallium scans on 165 patients with Hodgkin's disease were
      reviewed to compare results with higher doses with those in earlier studies that
      employed lower doses. Tracer concentrations in specific sites were correlated
      with radiologic and pathologic reports and with the clinical courses of the
      patients studied. There were no significant differences in overall results
      between newer and older gallium scanning techniques. For untreated patients, the
      overall sensitivity was only 64%, but the overall specificity was 98%. For
      untreated patients and for patients with relapsing disease, the presence of
      gallium concentration in a specific site was highly predictive of active
      Hodgkin's disease at that site. However, for routine follow-up of treated
      patients, 95% of unsuspected relapses were missed by the scan, indicating the
      limited usefulness of negative scan results in this setting. For patients with
      residual abnormalities after therapy, demonstrated by other radiographic means,
      increased uptake of gallium in abdominal or peripheral lymph nodes also indicated
      active disease, although lack of uptake was reliable only in the mediastinum.
      Based on these results, it appears that the higher doses used in this study have
      not substantially improved the role of gallium scanning in this disease. Although
      it is potentially useful in providing confirmatory data at diagnosis or in
      patients with new or residual objective abnormalities after treatment, routine
      use of gallium scanning in Hodgkin's disease is not recommended.

PMID- 2302661
TI  - Encasement and other deformations of tumor-embedded host arteries due to loss of
      medial smooth muscles. Morphometric and three-dimensional reconstruction studies
      on some human carcinomas.
AB  - Surgical materials from 20 patients with gastric carcinoma and ten with colonic
      carcinoma, and autopsy materials from ten patients with pancreatic carcinoma were
      submitted to the morphometric study of host arteries remaining in and around the
      tumors, to analyze whether and to what degree the smooth muscles of their media
      were lost. An explanation would be made of the inertia of tumor-supplying vessels
      based on their retarded response to vasoactive drugs. It was noted that as
      arteries advance from a distance toward the inside of a tumor, their media loses
      smooth muscles gradually, and become amuscular tubes incapable of blood flow
      regulation. This appears responsible for the abnormal hemodynamics of tumor
      tissues. Host arteries embedded in cancer were often deformed to aneurysmal or
      crumpled shapes; this, which also results from relaxation of atonic vessels, was
      considered to be the pathologic background for the unusual vascular images
      characteristic of cancer angiograms.

PMID- 2302662
TI  - Orchidectomy alone for stage I seminoma of the testis.
AB  - Between 1983 and 1988, 113 patients with Stage I seminoma were managed after
      orchidectomy by surveillance rather than adjuvant radiotherapy. The actuarial
      risk of relapse at 3 years was 15.8% (95% confidence interval, 7.8% to 23.8%).
      All 13 patients who experienced a relapse are currently in remission (4 to 45
      months after salvage therapy), although 5 suffered second relapses requiring
      further treatment. Close surveillance is a safe alternative to adjuvant
      radiotherapy in Stage I seminoma. However, the policy requires prolonged
      observation of patients with intensive use of resources. Therefore, adjuvant
      radiotherapy should be considered the treatment of choice.

PMID- 2302663
TI  - The influence of local recurrence of extremity soft tissue sarcoma on metastasis
      and survival.
AB  - One hundred seventy-five consecutive patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the
      limb and limb girdle were studied using univariate and multivariate analysis. The
      most important factor determining risk of local recurrence was the quality of
      treatment of the primary tumor, with wide or radical surgery plus radical
      radiotherapy obtaining the best local control. Tumor size, site, and histologic
      grade were not predictive of local recurrence. The important tumor variables
      predicting survival were tumor size at first presentation and histologic grade.
      Tumors with greater than 10 cm greatest diameter and high-grade tumors carried a
      poor prognosis. Local recurrence was significantly associated with reduced
      survival, but only when (correctly) considered as a time-dependent variable in
      multivariate analysis. Irradiation was also significantly associated with poor
      survival. Review of the literature indicates that local recurrence is believed to
      have little influence on survival. Since the relevant randomized controlled
      trials have been small, the evidence is inconclusive.

PMID- 2302664
TI  - Cytogenetic characterization of renal cell carcinoma in von Hippel-Lindau
      syndrome.
AB  - We report the case of a 26-year-old man with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL) and
      two renal cell carcinomas (RCC), one of which was studied cytogenetically.
      Chromosomal analysis of the RCC showed a translocation that involved chromosomes
      3 and 8 with subsequent loss of the derivative chromosome 8. The patient's
      peripheral lymphocytes showed a normal karyotype that indicated that there was
      not a constitutional chromosomal translocation. This is the third reported case
      of RCC in a patient with VHL in which loss of a portion of the short arm of
      chromosome 3 (3p) has occurred. Similar chromosomal changes that involve 3p have
      been reported in both familial and sporadic cases of RCC and have led to
      speculation that a tumor suppressor gene may be located in this region.
      Cytogenetic characterization of renal tumors could assume increasing significance
      in the diagnosis and classification of RCC and potentially may guide therapy.
      These studies may also lead to a better understanding of the biologic behavior of
      RCC and result in more informed patient evaluation and counseling.

PMID- 2302665
TI  - Occult papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A study of 408 autopsy cases.
AB  - On examination of the thyroid glands in 408 consecutive autopsy cases, 64 occult
      papillary carcinomas (OPC) were found in 46 cases (11.3%) whose age ranged from
      16 to 82 years. Their incidence was 26 of 247 (10.5%) in male and 20/161 (12.4%)
      in female cases. No definite correlation was found between the incidence of
      carcinoma and sex or age. All 64 carcinomas were less than 7.7 mm in diameter.
      They exhibited nuclear characteristics of papillary carcinoma although their
      growth patterns were "follicular" in the tumors less than 1 mm, and "papillary"
      in 70% of the tumors more than 3 mm in diameter. The carcinomas were classified
      into three types according to the presence or absence of capsular formation and
      fibrosis: encapsulated tumors (ET), nonencapsulated sclerosing tumors (NEST), and
      nonsclerosing tumors (NST). The NEST (28 tumors) and NST (26 tumors) were found
      in persons of all ages, whereas ET (ten tumors) were found only in those of older
      than 53 years. The mean tumor diameters of the three types, 4.57 mm for ET, 2.10
      mm for NEST, and 0.85 mm for NST, were significantly different. These findings
      suggested that papillary carcinomas arose as minute carcinomas showing follicular
      pattern at any age as NST and then changed to NEST and ET, and papillary pattern
      became prominent if the tumors continued to grow. Very minute carcinomas were
      detected in serial sections of two of 27 fibrosclerotic nodules. Occult papillary
      carcinomas were found at significantly high incidence in cases with adenomatous
      goiter.

PMID- 2302666
TI  - Flow cytometric DNA analysis of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
AB  - Although an abnormal amount of cellular DNA content is known to occur in squamous
      cell carcinoma of the esophagus, the significance and clinical relevance of this
      finding have yet to be elucidated. Paraffin-embedded blocks from 77 patients with
      squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus were dewaxed and made into a suspension
      by mechanical mincing and enzymatic digestion. The nuclei were stained with
      propidium iodide, and the DNA content evaluated with flow cytometric study. The
      DNA index (DI) and the coefficient of variation were determined and the results
      were compared with other pathologic prognostic features. DNA aneuploidy was
      identified in 70.1% of the specimens and found to correlate significantly with
      both histologic grading (P less than 0.025) and the incidence of postoperative
      recurrence (P less than 0.05). Although the 5-year survival was slightly better
      in the euploid group than in the aneuploid group (28.8% and 19.1%, respectively),
      this difference was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.1). There was
      no correlation of the DI with the extent of wall penetration by the tumor, the
      incidence of lymph node metastases, or the surgical staging, features previously
      shown to correlate with prognosis in patients with esophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 2302667
TI  - Prognostic value of flow cytometric DNA content analysis in granulosa cell tumor
      of the ovary.
AB  - The nuclear DNA content and S-phase fraction of 23 ovarian granulosa cell tumors
      were measured from paraffin-embedded tissue with flow cytometry. Crude survival
      of the patients with a euploid tumor (17 diploid, one tetraploid) was more
      favorable than that of the patients with an aneuploid tumor (n = 5, P = 0.02).
      The percentage of S-phase cells was a good predictor of survival. If more than 6%
      S-phase cells were present in the DNA histogram, both crude survival (P = 0.0001)
      and survival corrected for intercurrent deaths (P = 0.0001) were clearly inferior
      as compared with tumors with less than 6% S-phase cells. The results indicate
      that DNA flow cytometric study may provide a rapid and valuable method to predict
      the biological behavior of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary.

PMID- 2302668
TI  - The prognostic significance of tumor ploidy and pathology in adenocarcinoma of
      the esophagogastric junction.
AB  - Tumor DNA content has been advocated to be an important prognostic indicator in
      human malignancies. Paraffin-embedded specimens of 75 resected adenocarcinomas
      (AC) of the esophagogastric junction were studied by flow cytometric DNA analysis
      to determine whether tumor ploidy was a significant prognostic variable
      independent of stage and histologic grade of the tumor. Eighty-one percent of the
      tumors were aneuploid. More patients with aneuploid tumors had lymph node
      metastases than patients with diploid tumors (P = 0.007). Patients with aneuploid
      tumors had poorer 18-month disease-free and overall survival than patients with
      diploid tumors. Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the most important
      prognostic variables for predicting overall survival were lymph node status,
      depth of wall invasion, and tumor differentiation. Tumor ploidy was not an
      independent prognostic variable in predicting recurrent disease or death from AC
      of the esophagogastric junction. Tumor DNA content is valuable, however, as a
      marker for patients at increased risk of lymph node metastases, early recurrence,
      and poorer survival.

PMID- 2302669
TI  - A clinicopathologic study of primary hepatic carcinoid tumors.
AB  - Six cases of primary hepatic carcinoid tumors were studied with combined
      immunocytochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Positive tumor
      immunostaining with PHE5, LK2H10, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), serotonin,
      gastrin, and insulin antibodies was observed. At the ultrastructural level,
      cytoplasmic dense granules were seen in all the cases tested. This finding
      supports a putative origin of these carcinoids found in the liver from a
      pluripotential stem cell. The clinical course and follow-up of these cases
      suggests that this unusual hepatic neoplasm has a more favorable prognosis than
      other forms of hepatic cancer.

PMID- 2302670
TI  - Urinary neopterin excretion in patients with uterine sarcomas.
AB  - Neopterin, a pyrazinopyrimidine compound, is a marker of activation of cell
      mediated immunity. Urinary neopterin concentrations were measured in a total of
      44 patients with uterine sarcomas. Pretherapeutic neopterin excretions were
      elevated in 78% (14/18). The mean neopterin concentration of patients with
      sarcomas was significantly higher (P less than 0.0001) than that obtained in
      women with benign myomas and healthy controls. Furthermore, a significant
      correlation of normal or raised neopterin concentrations with the clinical course
      of disease was found. These data suggest that urinary neopterin measurement might
      be a useful immunologic marker for women with uterine sarcomas.

PMID- 2302671
TI  - Clinical characteristics of malignant melanomas developing in persons with
      dysplastic nevi.
AB  - A total of 452 patients with dysplastic nevi (DN) were followed prospectively by
      repetitive, complete cutaneous examinations in order to determine the clinical
      features of early malignant melanomas (MM) arising in them. Sixteen patients
      (3.5%) developed 18 newly diagnosed MM during an average follow-up period of 27
      months. Twelve of the 18 MM were in situ and all of the primary invasive MM
      diagnosed prospectively in this follow-up were less than 0.89 mm in Breslow
      thickness, implying an excellent prognosis. The principal clinical clue to the
      diagnosis of MM was change in a preexisting pigmented lesion. Total-body
      photographs were very useful in helping to identify the early MM in these
      patients.

PMID- 2302672
TI  - Urethral involvement in female patients with bladder cancer. A study of 22
      cystectomy specimens.
AB  - The cystectomy specimens of 22 female patients with various types of bladder
      cancer were studied for evidence of urethral involvement. The bladder showed high
      grade invasive transitional cell carcinoma in 18 patients, in 14 cases in
      association with flat carcinoma in situ (multifocal in 11 cases and unifocal in
      three). Three patients had multifocal carcinoma in situ of the bladder without
      evidence of invasion, and one patient had multifocal high-grade noninvasive
      papillary carcinoma. Urethral carcinoma in situ was observed in four of 14
      patients (29%) with multifocal carcinoma in situ of the bladder, in three cases
      extending into the periurethral glands. This frequent concurrence of carcinoma in
      situ of the bladder with urethral and periurethral gland involvement, analogous
      to the carcinomatous involvement of the prostatic urethra and ducts in male
      patients, warrants caution in the intravesical therapy of female patients with
      superficial bladder cancer. The urethra showed invasive carcinoma in three of 18
      patients (17%) with invasive bladder cancer (stromal invasion in two cases and
      vascular invasion in one). This finding reconfirms the use of routine
      urethrectomy in conjunction with cystectomy in female patients with invasive
      bladder cancer. An incidental finding was the presence of condylomatous changes
      in the urethra in five cases (23%).

PMID- 2302673
TI  - The process of recovery from breast cancer for younger and older patients.
      Changes during the first year.
AB  - A representative community sample of 274 breast cancer (BC) patients from the
      Metropolitan Detroit Cancer-Surveillance System was studied longitudinally during
      the year after their BC diagnosis. The adjustment of these patients to their
      disease was examined in terms of (1) the changes in their physical and mental
      health functioning; and (2) the factors that predict or facilitate the recovery
      process, including the independent and interactive effects of age. Comparison of
      the outcomes at 4 and 10 months after diagnosis manifested a significant and
      consistent improvement in physical functioning. In contrast, there was an absence
      of any improvement in indicators of mental health and well-being. Whereas the
      cross-sectional analyses demonstrated that stage of disease had an impact on
      physical impairment, the longitudinal analyses revealed that physical impairment
      at time 1 was the significant predictor of deteriorating mental health at time 2.
      Furthermore, younger age was shown to exacerbate the impact of impairment on
      mental health. The more seriously impaired younger patients experienced
      significantly greater deterioration in their mental health and well-being than
      similarly impaired older patients. However, older age was found to exacerbate the
      impact of more extensive surgery on symptoms that produce limitations in
      activity.

PMID- 2302674
TI  - Estimation of validity of mass screening program for gastric cancer in Osaka,
      Japan.
AB  - To assess the validity of mass screening tests for gastric cancer conducted with
      three types of radiographic techniques, i.e., photofluorography by a mirror
      camera, photofluorography by an image intensifier, and direct radiography,
      105,122 persons who underwent a total of 272,667 screening tests during 1970
      through 1982 were followed through December 31, 1983 by means of a record linkage
      to the Osaka Cancer Registry, Osaka, Japan. The results of 1 year's follow-up
      from screening were defined as the gold standard and test performance values were
      calculated. Sensitivity of screening with photofluorography by a mirror camera,
      photofluorography by an image intensifier, and direct radiography was 90%, 89%,
      and 91%, and specificity was 86%, 92%, and 91%, respectively. The receiver
      operating characteristics curve for screening with photofluorography by an image
      intensifier resembled that for direct radiography and these two curves were
      located somewhat to the left of the curve for screening with photofluorography by
      a mirror camera. The authors conclude that the validity of screening with
      photofluorography by an image intensifier is almost equivalent to that of
      screening with direct radiography and both are superior to that of screening with
      photofluorography by a mirror camera.

PMID- 2302675
TI  - Long-term follow-up of women who underwent biopsy for benign breast lesion.

PMID- 2302676
TI  - 11q23 abnormalities in children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (M4-M5).
      Association with previous chemotherapy.
AB  - Cytogenetic studies of 12 patients aged less than 14 years with acute
      nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) (M4-M5) showed structural abnormalities on
      chromosome 11 at band q23-q24 in five cases (41.8%). Four of these 12 patients
      had ANLL (M4-M5) after treatment with cytostatics for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in one
      case and for an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the other three. Three of
      these four cases had 11q23 abnormalities [one [one 46,XY,t(11;17)(q23;25);
      another 47,XY,+8,-15,del(11)(q23),+der(15)t(15;?)(p11;?); the third
      47,XX,+8,t(3;17) (p11;q25),t(4;11)(q21;q23)] and one had a normal karyotype on
      being diagnosed ANLL (M4-M5). The notable increase of ANLL (M4-M5) in our
      patients who had received cytostatics as treatment for a previous neoplasia makes
      evaluation of our results timely in comparison with those of other groups who use
      these therapeutic protocols.

PMID- 2302677
TI  - Cytogenetic studies of esophageal carcinoma cell lines.
AB  - Although the incidence of cancer of the esophagus is low in the United States,
      the prognosis of patients with this malignancy is poor, especially when
      metastases exist. More research concerning the biological characteristics of this
      tumor is necessary to permit more effective treatment and to determine the
      etiology. We successfully studied cytogenetically 14 short- and long-term cell
      lines derived from esophageal carcinoma to determine whether these tumors have
      nonrandom, unique chromosomal abnormalities. Our results showed that the tumor
      cells had chromosome numbers clustering around a modal number that varied
      according to the cell line. The presence in the primary explant of extensive
      numerical and structural abnormalities involving every chromosome including the
      sex chromosomes indicate that these abnormalities occur early in the malignant
      cells. The chromosomes most frequently involved in the structural abnormalities
      were 1, 9, and 11, each occurring in 13 of the 14 lines, and of three found in 12
      of the 14 lines. The major aberrations resulted in deletions of portions of these
      chromosomes. The most frequent breakpoints for these abnormalities occurred at
      3p14, 11q11q12; and 9q11q12 as well as in the centromeric regions of all the
      acrocentric chromosomes. Another unusual chromosomal marker found in three lines
      (HCE-1, HCE-3, and HCE-5) was a homogeneously staining region (HSR) that occurred
      as an extension on 11q12.

PMID- 2302678
TI  - Translocation (11;22) in small cell osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2302679
TI  - Translocation (8;9)(q12;p21). A new non-random rearrangement in lymphoid
      malignancies.
AB  - We report two cases of t(8;9) with probable breakpoints in 8q12 and 9p21 in
      malignant lymphoma. In a review of the literature, we found two cases of acute
      lymphocytic leukemia and one case of malignant lymphoma which probably share the
      same breakpoints.

PMID- 2302680
TI  - Radiation exposure and chromosome abnormalities. Human cytogenetic studies at the
      National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan, 1963-1988.
AB  - The results of human cytogenetic studies performed at the National Institute of
      Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Chiba, Japan for about 25 years are described. The
      studies were pursued primarily under two major projects: one involving people
      exposed to radiation under various conditions and the other involving patients
      with malignant diseases, especially leukemias. Whereas chromosome abnormalities
      in radiation-exposed people are excellent indicators of radiation exposure, their
      behavior in bone marrow provide useful information for a better understanding of
      chromosome abnormalities in leukemias and related disorders. The role of
      chromosome abnormalities in the genesis and development of leukemia and related
      disorders is considered, suggesting a view for future studies in this field.

PMID- 2302681
TI  - A translocation (1;10)(p32;q24) in a neuroblastoma cell line derived from marrow
      metastases.
AB  - Chromosomes of a cell line derived from neuroblastoma metastases were analysed.
      Ninety-nine percent of the cells had 46 chromosomes, and of 10 cells analysed by
      G-banding, all had a t(1;10)(p32;q24).

PMID- 2302682
TI  - Cytogenetics in autologous bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2302683
TI  - A translocation (6;9)(p32;q34) and trisomy 13 in a case of childhood acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2302684
TI  - Loss of the Y chromosome in meningiomas. A molecular genetic approach.
AB  - Loss of the Y chromosome in meningiomas from 17 male patients was examined by
      cytogenetic analysis and by Southern blot hybridization with a series of Y
      specific DNA probes. Cytogenetic analysis revealed loss of the Y chromosome in
      seven of 17 (41%) of the tumors whereas Southern blot hybridization showed loss
      of Y-associated sequences in only three of 17 (18%). Although the incidence of Y
      chromosome loss was less by Southern blot hybridization than by cytogenetic
      analysis, the finding that loss of Y is present in the original uncultured tumor
      specimen suggests that a gene or genes on the Y chromosome may play a role in
      growth control of meningioma cells, and loss of this gene may be associated with
      tumor progression. The difference in the incidence of Y loss between the two
      methods indicates that both methods should be used when examining chromosome
      losses.

PMID- 2302685
TI  - i(12p) in a malignant ovarian tumor.
AB  - We have found one or more copies of i(12p) in an ovarian germ cell tumor,
      histologically a yolk sac tumor. This chromosome marker is characteristically
      associated with germ cell tumors in males. This report indicates that further
      investigation is necessary to establish the role of the i(12p) marker in the
      pathogenesis of germ cell tumors also in females.

PMID- 2302686
TI  - Trisomy 12 in uterine leiomyomas. A new cytogenetic subgroup.
AB  - Chromosome analysis of short-term cultures from uterine leiomyomas revealed
      trisomy 12 in six cases. In four of the tumors + 12 was the only karyotypic
      change. The fifth case also had trisomy 4, whereas the sixth had loss of one X
      chromosome as an additional aberration. These findings indicate that trisomy 12
      characterizes a new cytogenetic subgroup of uterine leiomyoma.

PMID- 2302687
TI  - Translocation (1;6)(p12;p23) in ANLL.
AB  - We report here a case of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia evolving from a
      myelodysplastic syndrome which developed in an elderly man who had received
      radiation therapy for a prior cancer. Cytogenetic analysis revealed the following
      karyotype: 47,XY, + 8,t(1;6)(p13;p23). The breakpoints in the translocation are
      in the regions of the NRAS1 and PIM1 oncogenes on chromosomes 1 and 6,
      respectively. This translocation has not been previously observed in
      hematological malignancies.

PMID- 2302688
TI  - ETS1 gene in myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome change at 11q23.
AB  - We examined the c-ets1 gene (located at 11q23) in two myelodysplastic syndrome
      (MDS) patients displaying a chromosome change at band 11q23 to ascertain any
      association between this oncogene and the chromosome change. Besides the
      chromosome change at 11q23, the two MDS patients also showed other numerical and
      structural changes. Bone marrow cells from the first case showed a translocation
      between chromosomes 11 and 22, t(?;11;22)(?;p11 or q11----q23;q11), resulting in
      a Ph-like chromosome. Neither a transposition nor a rearrangement of the c-ets1
      gene was detected. Bone marrow cells of the second case showed unidentified
      chromosomal material attached to bands 11q23 and 6q27. Southern blot study,
      however, revealed that these cells carried an amplified c-ets1 gene associated
      with the chromosomal rearrangement. In both MDS cases studied, the amount of c
      ets1 related message was the same whether amplification of the c-ets1 gene was
      present or not, and the level of the c-ets1 gene in MDS cells was very low.

PMID- 2302689
TI  - Translocation (2;6)(q36;p21.3) in a lipoma.
AB  - Cytogenetic investigation of a benign solitary lipoma from the right groin of a
      51-year-old woman revealed a t(2;6)(q36;p21.3). This report documents another
      lipoma with involvement of the short arm of chromosome 6.

PMID- 2302690
TI  - An inter-Nordic prospective study on cytogenetic endpoints and cancer risk.
      Nordic Study Group on the Health Risk of Chromosome Damage.
AB  - To investigate whether high rates of chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister
      chromatid exchange (SCE), or micronuclei(MN) in peripheral lymphocytes indicate
      an increased risk for subsequent cancer, a prospective cohort study of 2,969
      subjects cytogenetically examined between 1970 and 1988 in four Swedish, two
      Finnish, and two Norwegian laboratories was initiated. To standardize for the
      interlaboratory variation, the results of the three cytogenetic endpoints were
      trichotomized for each laboratory into "low" (1st to 33rd percentile), "medium"
      (34th to 66th percentile), and "high" (67th to 100th percentile]. Thirty-four
      cancers had been diagnosed in the cohort during the observation period (1970 to
      1985). The point-estimates of the standardized morbidity ratio (SMR) in the three
      CA strata were 90, 92, and 180, respectively. This trend for a positive
      association was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). There was no
      significant trend between SMR and the trichotomized rates of SCE. In the
      subcohort examined for MN only two cases of cancer had been diagnosed until now.
      If subjects with "high" frequencies of CA or SCE have a two-fold (or greater)
      risk of developing cancer as compared with individuals who have "medium" or "low"
      frequencies, we estimate that there is a likelihood of 80% and 70%, respectively,
      that this will be detectable as significant (p less than or equal to 0.05)
      differences after a further follow-up period of 5 years. Weaker associations
      between cancer risk and the cytogenetic endpoints would not be possible to
      evaluate until even later follow-ups.

PMID- 2302691
TI  - Synergistic effects of azathioprine and ultraviolet light detected by sister
      chromatid exchange analysis.
AB  - The immunosuppressant azathioprine and longwave ultraviolet (UV) light have been
      postulated to have a synergistic effect on DNA resulting in carcinogenic change.
      This study investigated the in vitro effect of UV light on renal transplant
      recipients (RTRs) immunosuppressed with azathioprine and prednisolone to prevent
      rejection and patients on azathioprine for skin conditions and normal controls on
      no drug therapy. The results show clearly that there is an increase in sister
      chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in both patient groups in response to UV light with
      the greatest increase shown by the RTRs. Both patient groups without exposure to
      UV also showed a significant increase, as compared with normal controls, with the
      RTRs again showing the highest level. Both patient groups also showed disruption
      of the cell cycle in response to UV light as measured by the proliferative rate
      index (PRI) but the controls did not. These findings support the hypothesis of a
      synergistic effect between azathioprine and UV light and correlate well with the
      clinical pattern of carcinogenesis observed in these patients, with RTRs having a
      well-documented increased risk of neoplasia, particularly skin carcinomas in
      light-exposed areas.

PMID- 2302692
TI  - Synthesis, characterization and mutagenicity of 2-nitroso-6,7
      dimethoxytetrahydroisoquinoline.
AB  - The compound 6,7-dimethoxytetrahydroisoquinoline (Scheme 2, (ii] reacts with
      nitrous acid at ambient temperature and pH approximately 3.0 to give, in high
      yield the expected 2-nitroso-6,7-dimethoxytetrahydroisoquinoline (Scheme 2,
      (iii)). An unequivocal chemical structure of this nitroso derivative was
      established by high resolution mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectrometry. Unlike
      many N-nitroso compounds, (iii) crystallizes in a single rotational isomer which
      spontaneously forms, in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution, an equilibrium mixture
      of the two E/Z isomeric forms with a t1/2 approximately 53 h. The compound is
      mutagenic to Salmonella tester strains TA98, TA100, TA1538, TA1535, and TA1537
      but only in the presence of induced rat liver microsomes. The highest mutagenic
      activity of approximately 10 net revertants/nM was obtained with TA100 at a dose
      of 10 micrograms/plate. The compound (ii) is a close structural analog to the
      tetrahydroisoquinolines formed by endogenous condensation/cyclization reactions
      that can occur, between acetaldehyde and dopamine or norepinephrine, when alcohol
      is consumed.

PMID- 2302693
TI  - Carcinogenicity study of the pesticide fenvalerate in mice.
AB  - Fenvalerate is a widely used pesticide, which has been shown recently to be
      nonmutagenic. We studied its carcinogenicity in a long-term experiment in inbred
      C57Bl/6 mice given 0, 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight fenvalerate (99% pure) by
      gavage on 5 days/week for 104 weeks. Survival was decreased especially among
      females receiving the high dose. Exposure to fenvalerate resulted in a slight
      increase in the incidence of liver-cell tumours over that in controls only in
      male mice receiving the high dose. No significant difference in the incidence of
      other types of tumours was observed in treated groups when compared with
      controls. Fenvalerate-induced microgranulomas occurred concomitantly in the
      liver, spleen and lymph nodes of male and female mice, but their overall
      incidence did not increase with dose. In a separate experiment, groups of SJL/ola
      female mice were administered two different samples of fenvalerate (92% and 99%
      pure) once per week for 12 weeks. In animals that received 92% pure compound, the
      latent period for induction of lymphomas was shortened and their incidence
      increased, when compared with the group receiving 99% pure fenvalerate and with
      controls.

PMID- 2302694
TI  - Non-promoting diterpene esters can induce Epstein-Barr virus early antigen
      expression in the Raji cell line.
AB  - A range of diterpene ester ligands with selective biological activity (e.g.,
      irritant but not tumour promoting) were tested for their ability to induce
      Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen expression in the lymphoblastoid Raji cell
      line. All C12/C13 substituted compounds were found to be capable of inducing some
      antigen expression at nM-microM levels, including desacetyl-alpha-sapinine, a
      compound largely devoid of biological activity. The non-promoting, fluorescent
      compound, sapintoxin A, was virtually equipotent with promoting compounds. It was
      concluded that, although the assay has relevance to the specific condition of
      chronic diterpene ester exposure occurring in conjunction with high EBV infection
      rates, there was relatively poor correlation with mouse skin tumour promoting
      potential.

PMID- 2302695
TI  - Combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study of the fungicide trimorphamide in
      rats.
AB  - Trimorphamide, a new fungicide, was fed over 2 years to groups of 50 male and 50
      female rats at dietary levels of 0, 67, 330 and 665 mg/kg. No adverse effects on
      mortality, haematology, urinalysis, organ weights, incidence and severity of
      tumors were observed. Isolated observations of abnormalities in blood chemistry
      suggested the possibility of certain renal damage in the highest dosage group;
      however, the clinical significance of these findings is dubious. According to the
      results of the present study, 67 mg/kg in the diet can be considered as the "no
      observed effect level".

PMID- 2302696
TI  - Antiproliferative effect of dietary glucarate on the Sprague-Dawley rat mammary
      gland.
AB  - Dietary glucarate has previously been shown to inhibit chemical carcinogen
      induced rat mammary tumorigenesis. It is demonstrated in this paper that in the
      mammary gland of the female Sprague-Dawley rat, feeding glucarate at a dose of 70
      mmol/kg AIN76A diet for 2 weeks beginning at 35 days of age, markedly reduces
      [3H]thymidine labeling. Specific histochemical staining for beta-glucuronidase is
      used to show that the glucarate diet fed to rats for 2-4 weeks inhibits beta
      glucuronidase activity in the mammary gland and has a marked antiproliferative
      effect on mammary epithelium. Glucarate may inhibit rat mammary carcinogenesis,
      in part, by changing the proliferative status of the target organ.

PMID- 2302697
TI  - Delivery of the tumour photosensitizer zinc(II)-phthalocyanine to serum proteins
      by different liposomes: studies in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Zn-phthalocyanine (Zn-Pc) incorporated into liposomes of different phospholipids
      has been incubated in vitro with human serum and administered i.v. to rabbits. In
      both cases, chromatographic and density gradient ultracentrifugation studies
      indicate that Zn-Pc is almost exclusively bound by the 3 major lipoprotein
      components of the plasma (VLDL, LDL and HDL). The amounts of Zn-Pc recovered from
      the different lipoprotein fractions reflect their relative concentration in the
      serum. The presence of 20% moles of cholesterol in liposomes of dipalmitoyl
      phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) optimizes the release of Zn-Pc to LDL. This fact is
      important for enhancing the selectivity of drug delivery to tumors since LDL
      display a preferential interaction with neoplastic cells.

PMID- 2302698
TI  - Studies on the effect of dietary orotic acid on mouse liver carcinogenesis
      induced by diethylnitrosamine.
AB  - The present study was designed to determine whether orotic acid, a liver tumor
      promoter in the rat, also promotes liver carcinogenesis in the mouse. Eight-week
      old male BALB/c mice were initiated with diethylnitrosamine (90 mg/kg i.p.). One
      week later they were divided into 2 groups and given either a basal diet or the
      basal diet containing 1% orotic acid (OA). They were killed at 6 or 10 months
      after the administration of the carcinogen. At 6 months, no nodular lesions were
      seen in mice whether or not they were exposed to OA. However by 10 months 100% of
      mice in both groups developed hepatic nodules. OA neither shortened the latent
      period for the appearance of the nodular lesions not did it increase the size of
      the nodules. Although BALB/c mice exhibited an increase in uridine nucleotides
      and a decrease in adenosine nucleotides in the liver upon exposure to OA, the
      magnitude of the change was less compared with that seen in the rat liver. The
      resistance of BALB/c mouse to the tumor-promoting effects of OA may reflect in
      part the resistance of the mouse to OA-induced nucleotide pool imbalance.

PMID- 2302699
TI  - Sequential evaluation of gastric intraluminal prostaglandin E2 release, acid
      secretion and DNA-flow cytometry in N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine gastric
      carcinogenesis in the rat.
AB  - The study was initiated to evaluate the sequential changes of gastric
      intraluminal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), gastric acid secretion and of the DNA
      flowcytometric patterns during gastric carcinogenesis induced by 45-week N-methyl
      N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) administration in the rat. Twenty male chronic
      gastric fistula Sprague-Dawley rats received NG solution (120 mg/l) for 45 weeks
      and 20 were used as controls. Samples of gastric juice (1 h) were obtained from
      all animals under basal conditions and every 5 weeks until the end of the
      experiment. Aliquots of gastric juice were titrated with 0.1 N NaOH. Other
      aliquots were extracted with ethylacetate and processed for specific PGE2 RIA. On
      the day following gastric juice collection a gastric lavage and gastric biopsies
      (n = 4) were obtained through the fistula and processed for flowcytometry. All
      surviving animals were killed after 45 weeks and histology was obtained. The
      incidence of cancer in NG treated chronic gastric fistula rats was 66%.
      Flowcytometry segregated at an early stage (30-35 weeks) those animals which were
      to develop gastric carcinoma from those which were not. Administration of NG
      decreased gastric secretion volume, acid and intraluminal PGE2 concentration both
      in animals developing and not developing cancer. During the last 10 weeks a sharp
      rise in gastric intraluminal PGE2 concentration was observed in tumor-bearing
      animals only probably due to production by tumor cells. Prostaglandin deficiency
      may contribute to the NG-induced mucosal damage and may be involved in gastric
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2302700
TI  - Inhibition of protein kinase C by the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
      antagonist glycyrrhetic acid.
AB  - Glycyrrhetic acid is an anti-inflammatory agent isolated from licorice root that
      inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-mediated tumor promotion in
      mouse skin. Although it has been established that glycyrrhetic acid inhibits a
      number of events induced by the phorbol ester tumor promoter TPA in cultured
      cells, its mechanisms of action has remained obscure. In this report, we
      demonstrate that glycyrrhetic acid inhibits the Ca2+-and phospholipid-dependent
      phosphotransferase activity of protein kinase C (PKC), the phorbol ester tumor
      promoter receptor. Therefore, inhibition of PKC may play a role in the anti
      promoting activity of glycyrrhetic acid.

PMID- 2302701
TI  - Maintenance and cure of the L5178Y murine tumor-dormant state by interleukin 2:
      in vivo and in vitro effects.
AB  - We studied the antitumor effects of recombinant human interleukin 2 (HuIL-2) in
      DBA/2 mice which harbor L5178Y lymphoma cells in a tumor-dormant state in the
      peritoneal cavity and in peritoneal cell (PC) cultures prepared from such mice.
      Intraperitoneal injection of 10,000 to 100,000 units of HuIL-2/day for 10 days
      eliminated tumor cells from 30-45% of the mice, whereas no mice became tumor-free
      in the phosphate-buffered saline-treated control group. In vitro, as little as 10
      units/well HuIL-2 failed to stimulate cytotoxic activity in PC from normal mice.
      HuIL-2 directly stimulated antitumor cytotoxic activity in nonadherent but not in
      adherent PC cultures from tumor-dormant mice; however, treatment of whole PC from
      tumor-dormant mice with HuIL-2 resulted in the development of antitumor cytotoxic
      activity in the adherent PC population which were derived from such cultures.
      This suggests that the HuIL-2-treated nonadherent PC contributed to the cytotoxic
      activation of the adherent PC. Flow cytometric analysis of the PC from tumor
      dormant mice revealed a polyclonal expansion of T-lymphocytes. Lyt-1+, Lyt-2+,
      and L3T4+ lymphocytes were all required for HuIL-2 to induce antitumor cytotoxic
      activity.

PMID- 2302702
TI  - Profiles of Lewisx-containing glycoproteins and glycolipids in sera of patients
      with adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Oligosaccharides with Lex determinant (Gal beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----3]GlcNAc)
      are accumulated in large quantities in various adenocarcinomas. Monoclonal
      antibodies recognizing mono-, di-, or trimeric Lex showed a preferential staining
      of specific stages of human fetal tissues and various human adenocarcinomas.
      Thus, these carbohydrate epitopes are typical of oncodevelopmental antigens. The
      present study investigated the presence of Lex epitope in sera of normal
      individuals and cancer patients, utilizing two high-affinity monoclonal
      antibodies, SH1 and SH2, directed to mono- and dimeric Lex structures,
      respectively. The Lex antigen in serum was eluted in the void volume fraction of
      a gel filtration column, determined by using monoclonal antibody SH1, and found
      to be carried on a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 200,000.
      The Lex antigen was present in the void volume fraction of the majority (85%) of
      sera from adenocarcinoma patients. Although the Lex epitope was also detected in
      a smaller proportion (33%) of normal sera, its levels were significantly lower
      than in cancer sera. Lex antigen was also detected in serum glycolipid fraction;
      however, no significant differences were observed in normal and cancer sera. A
      double determinant solid phase immunoassay utilizing SH2 as the capture antibody
      and SH1 as the detecting antibody allowed direct determination of Lex levels in
      sera. By the use of this direct assay, the levels of serum Lex were found to
      increase in association with the progression of colorectal cancer (Dukes A to D).
      The percentage of detectability in sera from colon cancer patients was as
      follows: Dukes A, 20%; Dukes B, 45%; Dukes C, 67%; and Dukes D, 74%. The levels
      of serum Lex were also of prognostic value in Dukes C cancer patients after
      surgery and during postoperative follow-up.

PMID- 2302703
TI  - Carrier protein-monensin conjugates: enhancement of immunotoxin cytotoxicity and
      potential in tumor treatment.
AB  - We have investigated the potentiation of transferrin [Tfn]-toxin [Tfn-ricin toxin
      A chain (RTA) and Tfn-So6 saporin toxin] and monoclonal antibody-RTA conjugates
      by monensin (Mo) and by a human serum albumin (HSA)-monensin conjugate in vitro.
      The in vivo survival and in vitro and in vivo toxicity of HSA-Mo were also
      studied; monensin was chemically linked to HSA carrier protein via a disulfide
      bridge. HSA-Mo was 2-13-fold less toxic than Mo for cells in vitro. HSA-Mo was
      active in the same concentration range as Mo in potentiating mAb-RTA and Tfn
      toxin conjugates reactive with Tfn receptors expressed by different cell lines in
      monolayer cell cultures. Multicell tumor spheroid cultures were used to
      investigate the target cell killing effect of cytotoxic conjugates and HSA-Mo in
      three-dimensional structures mimicking the properties of nonvascularized
      micrometastases. Spheroids 300-400 microns were as sensitive to Tfn-RTA and HSA
      Mo in combination as monolayer cells. After 24 h incubation at 37 degrees C in
      human serum about 2% HSA-Mo molecules remained available for immunotoxin
      potentiation and about 10% after 24 h incubation in human cerebrospinal fluid.
      BALB/c mice tolerated injections of 2 mg/kg HSA-Mo i.v. and of 16 mg/kg i.p. The
      HSA-Mo half-life in the serum of BALB/c mice was 0.5 h. Following i.v. injection
      about 0.5% of the initial HSA-Mo persisted in the circulation at 24 h.

PMID- 2302704
TI  - Use of the tetrazolium assay in measuring the response of human tumor cells to
      ionizing radiation.
AB  - Three human tumor cell lines of widely differing radiosensitivity were used to
      examine the characteristics of the 3-[4,5-dimethyl(thiazol-2-yl)-3,5
      diphery]tetradium bromide (MTT) assay and to select suitable conditions for its
      use in assessing the response of cells to ionizing radiation. The optimal
      concentration of MTT and the time of incubation of the cells with MTT were
      individualized for each cell line. The relationship between absorbance and cell
      number was not linear over the wide range of cell numbers that were used. A
      calibration curve of absorbance against cell number for each cell line was
      therefore used. Using the assay to quantify metabolically viable cells, growth
      curves of irradiated and unirradiated cells were constructed on days 0-14 after
      irradiation. Accurate surviving fractions could be calculated only when cells
      were in exponential growth. Using this modification to its interpretation, the
      MTT assay was able to provide a reproducible measure of survival, which compared
      well with clonogenic cell survival measurements. However, the necessity to
      optimize conditions of the MTT assay for each cell line severely limits its
      usefulness in determining the radiosensitivity of cells in primary human tumor
      cultures.

PMID- 2302705
TI  - Biochemical and serological characteristics of natural 9-O-acetyl GD3 from human
      melanoma and bovine buttermilk and chemically O-acetylated GD3.
AB  - Because its expression appears to be largely restricted to human melanomas, 9-O
      acetyl-GD3 is a candidate antigen for vaccine construction. Searching for
      potential sources, we compared chemically O-acetylated calf brain GD3 and 9-O
      acetyl-GD3 extracted from bovine buttermilk with 9-O-acetyl-GD3 from human
      melanoma. Three fractions (F1-F3) of chemically O-acetylated GD3 differed in the
      number and position of O-acetyl groups. O-Acetylation sites were the lactose
      portion in F1 and lactose as well as sialic acid in F2 and F3. Natural (melanoma-
      or buttermilk-derived) 9-O-acetyl-GD3 was O-acetylated solely on the sialic acid
      moiety. While F1 was not reactive with monoclonal antibodies against 9-O-acetyl
      GD3, F2 and F3 were as reactive as the natural products. Immunization with the
      natural products induced high-titer antibodies against natural 9-O-acetyl-GD3 as
      well as F2 and F3. In contrast, mice immunized with the synthetic fractions
      produced antibodies only against the immunogen but not against natural 9-O-acetyl
      GD3. Only immunization with the natural products induced production of antibodies
      reactive with surface antigens of melanoma cells expressing 9-O-acetyl-GD3. The
      findings suggest (a) that C-9 of the subterminal sialic acid is the site of
      chemical O-acetylation in F2 and F3, as opposed to C-9 of the terminal sialic
      acid in the natural products; (b) that O-acetylation of both the terminal and
      subterminal sialic acid moieties of GD3 results in recognition by three murine
      monoclonal antibodies (D1.1, ME 311, and Jones) reactive with human melanoma
      cells; (c) that O-acetylation of the terminal sialic acid is critical, on the
      other hand, for inducing an immune response against melanoma 9-O-acetyl-GD3; and
      (d) that O-acetyl GD3 from bovine buttermilk can substitute as immunogen for
      inducing an immune response against human melanoma cell surface antigens in the
      mouse.

PMID- 2302706
TI  - c-myc down regulation and precommitment in HL-60 cells due to bromodeoxyuridine.
AB  - HL-60 human nonlymphocytic leukemia cells undergo terminal differentiation along
      either the myeloid or monocytic pathway in a process previously shown to involve
      two sequential steps, early events leading to a precommitment state and late
      events leading to onset of terminal differentiation. The present report shows
      that bromodeoxyuridine induces the early events leading to precommitment. In this
      course bromodeoxyuridine causes the rapid down regulation of the c-myc
      protooncogene. The course is similar to other common inducers of HL-60
      differentiation including retinoic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3, and sodium butyrate. HL-60 cells which were initially
      exponentially proliferating were exposed to 10 microM bromodeoxyuridine for 24 h,
      a period corresponding to one division cycle in these cells. When the cells were
      subsequently exposed to either retinoic acid or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, onset
      of G1/0 specific growth arrest and display of the differentiated phenotype
      occurred within 24 h. This is in contrast to the 48-h exposure needed for onset
      of terminal differentiation if either inducer is used singly during continuous
      exposure, as has been reported previously. Thus bromodeoxyuridine consummated the
      early events, including the rapid down regulation of c-myc message levels, which
      occur during the first division cycle of the induced cellular metabolic cascade
      leading to onset of terminal differentiation. The ability of bromodeoxyuridine to
      drive events in the metabolic cascade leading to onset of terminal
      differentiation was specific for early events, inasmuch as it was relatively
      ineffective at driving late events. Down regulation of c-myc was not in itself
      sufficient to result in subsequent terminal differentiation, since pulse exposure
      to bromodeoxyuridine followed by culture in inducer free medium resulted in
      little G1/0 specific growth arrest or phenotypic differentiation. Continuous
      exposure to bromodeoxyuridine, in contrast, resulted in significant G1/0 specific
      growth arrest but little phenotypic differentiation, indicating that the
      regulation of cell cycle transit and differentiation are separable.

PMID- 2302707
TI  - L-arginine-dependent reactive nitrogen intermediates as mediators of tumor cell
      killing by activated macrophages.
AB  - The capacities of lymphokines and of various microbes to induce in a pure
      population of bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes tumoricidal activity
      and/or the production of L-arginine-dependent reactive nitrogen intermediates,
      measured by the release of nitrite, were comparatively assessed. These parameters
      were found to be closely correlated in a variety of experimental situations,
      i.e., enhanced by a surplus of L-arginine and abrogated by N-monomethyl-L
      arginine, a selective inhibitor of L-arginine-dependent effector mechanisms. In
      other macrophage/tumor cell combinations, such correlation was less obvious or
      not at all detectable, suggesting that, in these models, L-arginine-dependent
      reactive nitrogen intermediates are not or not alone responsible for the
      mediation of tumoricidal activity by activated macrophages. Collectively, the
      present findings suggest that the mechanism of tumor cell killing by activated
      macrophages may differ, depending on the tumor cell type and the pathway of
      macrophage activation. Among the various effector mechanisms considered to be
      involved in tumor cell killing by activated macrophages, L-arginine-dependent
      reactive nitrogen intermediates appear to hold a major role.

PMID- 2302708
TI  - Effects of cytochalasin B in culture and in vivo on murine Madison 109 lung
      carcinoma and on B16 melanoma.
AB  - Cytochalasin B (CB), at 100 or at 10 mg/kg single dose s.c. in carboxymethyl
      cellulose (2%)/Tween-20 (1%) 24 h after s.c. challenge of B6D2F1 mice with trocar
      implants of B16F10 tumor s.c., delayed the appearance of measurable tumor nodules
      by 157 and 93%, respectively, and extended host survival by 65 and 26%. Tumor
      growth was also delayed when CB treatment was given 1 day after the appearance of
      palpable tumor nodules. By in vivo bioassay, in vitro cloning, and dye exclusion
      measurements, solid tumor nodules treated in vivo with CB at either 100 or 10
      mg/kg showed the same viability and tumorigenicity as did vehicle-treated nodules
      4 and 6 days after drug treatment, at which time growth inhibition was still
      apparent. This indicates that growth inhibition by CB is not dependent on a gross
      cytotoxic effect. CD2F1 mice challenged s.c. with Madison 109 lung carcinoma
      cells and treated with CB s.c. at 100 or 150 mg/kg 24 h later showed a 66% delay
      in the median day of tumor nodule appearance. When administered under these
      conditions or at the time of nodule appearance. CB markedly inhibited the rate of
      tumor growth, prevented tumor invasion at day 23, extended life span by 23%, and
      significantly inhibited spontaneous lung metastases measured 28 days after tumor
      challenge. Maximum tolerated doses of CB administered i.p., s.c., or i.v. in
      suspension or in solution are defined. These results delineate the conditions
      under which CB can be tested for in vivo biological activities and establish that
      this microfilament-active natural product in a single-agent protocol inhibits
      local tumor growth and extends survival in B16F10 melanoma and Madison 109 lung
      carcinoma, and, in the latter model, inhibits invasion and spontaneous lung
      metastases by mechanisms that do not appear to depend on cytotoxicity. This work
      on formulation, tolerated doses in vivo, and localized peritumoral effects of CB
      now permits evaluation of systemic antitumor effects of cytochalasin B as a
      single agent. It also permits chemotherapy studies using CB as a potential
      amplifier of the activity of other antitumor agents in vivo.

PMID- 2302709
TI  - Rat, mouse and hamster isozyme specificity in the glutathione transferase
      mediated denitrosation of nitrosoguanidinium compounds.
AB  - The major isozymes from affinity column-purified glutathione transferases
      isolated from Sprague-Dawley rat liver, kidney, and testis cytosol and also from
      BALB/c mouse and Syrian golden hamster liver cytosol have been resolved by
      chromatofocusing and tested for their ability to denitrosate and thus detoxicate
      the DNA-methylating agents and potential carcinogens nitrosocimetidine and 1,3
      dimethyl-2-cyano-1-nitrosoguanidine (CyanoDMNG). The isozymes have been
      kinetically characterized using a battery of substrates permitting, in the rat
      and mouse cases, subunit composition identification. It has been found that the
      rat and mouse isozymes belonging to the mu class are uniquely and highly active
      in the denitrosation of nitrosocimetidine and CyanoDMNG. A specific set of
      hamster glutathione transferase isozymes were also found to be active in these
      reactions. We have identified the reaction products produced by the rat liver 3-4
      isozyme activity. The glutathione transferase-mediated degradations of 1-methyl-2
      nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine and CyanoDMNG generate one molecule of S
      nitrosoglutathione per molecule of denitrosated guanidinium compound produced. In
      the CyanoDMNG incubations essentially all degradation was via denitrosation;
      nitrite and glutathione disulfide were minor products. In the 1-methyl-2-nitro-1
      nitrosoguanidine case nonenzymic degradation of the nitroso compound in the
      presence of reduced glutathione was evident but little of this decomposition
      produced S-nitrosoglutathione or 1-methyl-2-nitroguanidine. In the presence of
      rat transferase 3-4 isozyme, glutathione-dependent 1-methyl-2-nitro-1
      nitrosoguanidine degradation was shifted markedly towards denitrosation with the
      concomitant production of S-nitrosoglutathione.

PMID- 2302710
TI  - In vitro purging of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells using 4
      hydroperoxycyclophosphamide.
AB  - The outcome of patients with advanced stage rhabdomyosarcoma is extremely poor,
      with a disease-free survival of less than 20% at 3 years. Autologous bone marrow
      transplantation for patients with Clinical Group IV rhabdomyosarcoma may be an
      effective therapy. The bone marrow involvement diagnosed by light microscopy is
      29% for patients with advanced disease. The present study was performed to test
      the ability of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) to eliminate clonogenic
      rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Four different human rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines were
      treated in vitro with 4-HC at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. Limiting
      dilution analysis was performed to detect surviving clonogenic tumor cells.
      Treatment with 4-HC resulted in 1.7-5.7 log of elimination of clonogenic tumor
      cells in all four cell lines. Exactly the same log tumor cell kill was obtained
      after mixing normal human bone marrow mononuclear cells with rhabdomyosarcoma
      cells. Treatment with 4-HC may be an effective method of eliminating clonogenic
      rhabdomyosarcoma cells ex vivo.

PMID- 2302711
TI  - myc gene amplification and expression in primary human neuroblastoma.
AB  - Although N-myc amplification in neuroblastomas correlates with poor prognosis,
      not all neuroblastomas which fail to respond to therapy have N-myc amplification.
      To determine whether other modes of myc gene activation underlie progression of
      some neuroblastomas, 45 were analyzed for amplification of N-myc, c-myc and L-myc
      and 26 were studied for transcription of these oncogenes. N-myc amplification was
      found in 6 of 45 tumors; no tumor had amplification of c-myc or L-myc.
      Transcription of both N-myc and c-myc occurred in 21 of 26 neuroblastomas. No
      tumor without N-myc amplification had a level of N-myc expression near that of a
      tumor or cell line with amplification. One tumor with N-myc amplification was the
      only specimen with N-myc but not c-myc expression. Five samples had c-myc but not
      N-myc expression; all had histological features of ganglioneuroma. DNA index did
      not correlate with myc gene amplification or expression. It is concluded that N
      myc and c-myc are commonly expressed in primary untreated neuroblastomas, but in
      the absence of N-myc amplification, expression of these genes does not appear to
      correlate with disease progression.

PMID- 2302712
TI  - Methyl p-hydroxyphenyllactate and nuclear type II binding sites in malignant
      cells: metabolic fate and mammary tumor growth.
AB  - Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that methyl p
      hydroxyphenyllactate (MeHPLA) is an important cell growth-regulating agent which
      binds to nuclear type II binding sites in normal and malignant cells.
      Furthermore, this compound is deficient in a variety of rat and mouse mammary
      tumors and human breast cancer preparations, and this deficiency correlates with
      the loss of regulatory control. The present studies were performed to examine the
      metabolic fate of [3H]MeHPLA in mouse mammary tumors. Stable analogs of this
      compound such as 4,4'-dihydroxy benzylidene acetophenone were also assessed for
      nuclear type II site binding affinity and their ability to inhibit mammary cancer
      cell growth and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrate that
      mouse mammary tumors contain esterase activity which hydrolyzes MeHPLA to p
      hydroxyphenyllactic acid, and this was the only major metabolite detected in
      these tumor preparations in vitro or in vivo. 4,4'-Dihydroxy benzylidene
      acetophenone, an esterase-stable MeHPLA analog, was found to bind with high
      affinity to nuclear type II sites but not the estrogen receptor, was capable of
      occupying type II sites in cultured MCF-7 cells, and inhibited the proliferation
      of these cells in concentrations which directly correlated with type II binding
      site occupancy. Similarly, 4,4'-dihydroxy benzylidene acetophenone administration
      by silastic implant or injection resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the
      growth of transplantable mammary tumors in mice, suggesting that this stable
      analog mimicks MeHPLA as a cell growth-regulating agent. Taken together, these
      results suggest esterase hydrolysis of MeHPLA in mammary tumors may result in a
      deficiency in this compound which correlates with a loss of regulatory control.

PMID- 2302713
TI  - Role of the acidic receptosome in the uptake and retention of 67Ga by human
      leukemic HL60 cells.
AB  - The uptake of 67Ga by HL60 cells requires binding of 67Ga-transferrin (Tf) to
      cell surface Tf receptors. To further examine this process, we have studied early
      events in the cellular uptake of 67GaTf. Cell surface-bound 67GaTf and 59FeTf
      displayed similar kinetics during the first 10 min of uptake. Thereafter,
      approximately 10% of intracellular 67Ga was released by cells while 59Fe
      internalization continued to increase with time. In pulse-chase studies of 125I
      Tf-67Ga uptake, internalized 125I-Tf, but not 67Ga, was chased out of cells by
      nonradioactive Tf-Ga. Exposure of cells to monensin, a carboxylic ionophore,
      during initial uptake decreased the internalization of both 125I-Tf and 67Ga.
      Exposure to monensin at a later time, after cells had incorporated 125I-Tf-67Ga
      or 59FeTf, caused an increase in the release of 67Ga and 59Fe with a decrease in
      the release of 125I-Tf. Ammonium chloride inhibited the internalization of both
      67Ga and 59Fe. 67GaTf uptake by HL60 cells involves initial internalization into
      an acidic receptosome. This is followed by dissociation of 67Ga and Tf and
      subsequent trafficking of each to separate intracellular compartments. Disruption
      of this process by monensin results in the release of 67Ga from cells.

PMID- 2302714
TI  - Differential cytotoxicity of diaziquone toward Chinese hamster ovary cells under
      hypoxic and aerobic exposure conditions.
AB  - Diaziquone [AZQ, 2,5-bis(carboethoxyamino)-3,6-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone] has
      been investigated for its toxicity toward Chinese hamster ovary cells AA8-4 under
      both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Under acute (1-5 h) exposures to 2.5-10
      microM AZQ in alpha-medium plus 10% fetal calf serum, AZQ showed an approximately
      linear concentration x time dependency for cell killing which was 3-4 times less
      under hypoxic compared to aerobic conditions. This selective toxicity toward
      hypoxic cells was prevented by low levels of oxygen. Under aerobic exposure
      conditions the toxicity of 2.5 microM AZQ was greatly increased by addition of 1
      2 mM ascorbate. This ascorbate mediated toxicity of AZQ, presumably
      extracellular, could be prevented by the simultaneous addition of catalase. Under
      hypoxic exposure conditions there was no enhancement of AZQ toxicity by ascorbate
      or protection by catalase. The present results are consistent with two mechanisms
      for AZQ toxicity proposed earlier by others: toxicity due to (a) redox cycling
      and increased levels of oxidative stress and (b) reduction of the quinone leading
      to enhanced reactivity of the aziridines. The relative potency of AZQ as a
      hypoxic or aerobic cell selective toxin is determined by the balance between
      these two mechanisms.

PMID- 2302715
TI  - Application of target-specific drug immunoconjugates to experimental bone marrow
      replacement therapy in mice.
AB  - Immunoconjugates whose cytotoxic component consists of a phytopeptide are often
      used as purging agents in bone marrow replacement therapy. Less popular are drug
      immunoconjugates containing a small molecular weight cytotoxic drug attached to
      the target-specific conjugand via an appropriate spacer molecule. High target
      specificity, resistance of the drug to intralysosomal proteases and, once cleaved
      from the spacer, ready exist of the drug from the lysosome are among the
      advantages drug immunoconjugates hold over phytotoxin immunoconjugates. The
      cytotoxic drug daunomycin attached via an acid-sensitive spacer to monoclonal
      antibody of appropriate specificity was shown to purge murine bone marrow of
      contaminating tumor cells without affecting its hematopoietic potential. Lethally
      irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow from which contaminating
      lymphoma cells had been removed survived indefinitely. Furthermore, lymphoma
      bearing mice, provided they were sufficiently irradiated to eliminate tumor cells
      in situ, were successfully reconstituted with fully allogeneic bone marrow from
      which potentially graft-versus-host-reactive T-cells had been purged.

PMID- 2302716
TI  - Interspecific DNA-mediated transfer and amplification of a gene specifying a Mr
      100,000 human melanoma-associated cell surface glycoprotein.
AB  - The gene that encodes the membrane-bound Mr 100,000 human melanoma-associated
      antigen (MAA) defined by mouse mAb 376.96, a leukocyte and fibroblast interferon
      modulated glycoprotein having preferential distribution on melanoma and carcinoma
      cells, has been transfected into the mouse melanoma cell line B78H1 as a step
      toward molecular cloning and characterization of the MAA. Primary, secondary, and
      tertiary B78H1 transfectants expressing the Mr 100,000 MAA gene were generated by
      treatment with coprecipitated DNA from Mr 100,000 MAA+ human or transfectant
      mouse cells and they were detected by an indirect RBC rosetting assay. The Mr
      100,000 MAA gene was also transferred into K-1735 mouse melanoma cells and into
      nonmalignant and malignant mouse fibroblast lines. The species immunoprecipitated
      by mAb 376.96 from human melanoma cells (Mr 100,000) and from mouse melanoma
      transfectant cells (Mr 97,000-100,000) were both converted to molecule(s) having
      an Mr of approximately 70,000 by enzymatic removal of asparagine-linked
      carbohydrate residues. Two independent secondary transformant clones of B78H1
      cells express Mr 100,000 MAA antigenicity at levels significantly higher than
      those observed when one or two copies of the gene are present. Clone Mr 100,000
      secondary-A spontaneously overexpresses Mr 100,000 MAA at least 5-fold and has
      greater than or equal to 10 times elevated levels of putatively Mr 100,000 MAA
      gene-associated human alu family repeat element (h-alu)-positive restriction
      fragments relative to "single" copy secondary transfectant cells. Clone Mr
      100,000 secondary-B has increased copy number and expression of Mr 100,000 MAA as
      a consequence of a selective co-amplification procedure which is targeted to a
      mouse wild type dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene expression vector. This
      vector was co-introduced into B78H1 cells in addition to the DNA of Mr 100,000
      MAA+ primary transfectant cells and the initially selected aminoglycoside
      phosphotransferase (neo) gene vector. Stepwise selections of a secondary Mr
      100,000 MAA+ transfectant clone with increasing concentrations of the
      dihydrofolate reductase-inhibitory antimetabolite methotrexate led to progressive
      increases in copy numbers of the introduced dhfr gene and to parallel increases
      in h-alu sequences, in cellular levels of dihydrofolate reductase protein, and in
      cellular mAb 376.96 reactivity. Levels of these entities ultimately reached 50
      fold, relative to levels expressed prior to amplification. The array of h-alu+
      restriction fragments amplified in Mr 100,000 secondary-B cell DNA is very
      similar to that observed in Mr 100,000 secondary-A cell DNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2302717
TI  - Acute and chronic ultraviolet radiation induction of epidermal ornithine
      decarboxylase activity in hairless mice.
AB  - The effects of acute, multiple, and chronic exposure of hairless mice to
      ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase
      (ODC) (EC 4.1.1.17) activity were investigated. Acute UVR exposure results in a
      biphasic time course of induction of epidermal ODC activity. Enzyme activity
      maxima occur at 3 and 24 h postirradiation. The biphasic time course is observed
      in two different strains of hairless mice (Skh:HR-1 and Jackson HRS/J) when the
      UVR source is either UBV fluorescent tubes or a solar simulator. The ratio of 24
      h/3-h postirradiation ODC activity increases with increasing UVR dose. UVR
      induction of ODC activity was not significant below the mouse minimum erythemal
      dose (MED). The 3- and 24-h ODC activities have similar apparent Kms for
      ornithine (34 and 50 microM, respectively), and thermal stabilities at 52 degrees
      C (t1/2 = 23 and 18 min, respectively), and exhibit similar half-lives in vivo
      (t1/2 = 15 and 18 min, respectively). Multiple UVR exposure experiments showed 24
      h ODC activity is sensitive to the preexposure history of the mouse, while 3-h
      ODC is not. Preexposure of hairless mice to several sub-MED levels of simulated
      solar radiation (SSR) specifically suppresses induction of 24-h ODC by a follow
      up 2 x MED of SSR. Preexposure to a single 2 x MED of SSR specifically enhances
      induction of 24-h ODC induced by a second 2 x MED of SSR administered 48 h after
      the first. The 3-h ODC was not significantly affected by either preexposure
      regimen. Preexposure to a single high or low dose of UVA radiation did not affect
      epidermal ODC activity nor had an effect on ODC induction by UVB radiation.
      Several weeks of chronic exposure to UVB radiation elevated basal levels of
      epidermal ODC substantially (up to 350-fold). In these chronically irradiated
      mice, exposure to 2 x MED SSR resulted in a further 3.5-fold increase in ODC
      activity over the elevated basal level. These data reveal novel properties of
      epidermal cell expression of ODC activity in response to acute and chronic UVR
      insult. The results provide additional insight into the use of ODC as a marker
      for skin photodamage.

PMID- 2302718
TI  - Human glutathione S-transferase deficiency as a marker of susceptibility to
      epoxide-induced cytogenetic damage.
AB  - The identification of genetic traits that predispose individuals to
      environmentally induced cancers is one of the most important problems in cancer
      risk assessment. Genetic deficiency in the mu-isozyme of the glutathione (GSH) S
      transferases (EC 2.5.1.18) has recently been associated with increased lung
      cancer risk. To test whether this association could arise from a metabolically
      mediated sensitivity to mutagenic substrates, cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes
      from 21 isozyme-deficient and 24 nondeficient individuals was induced. Cells were
      treated with trans-stilbene oxide, an excellent substrate for GSH S-transferase
      mu, or cis-stilbene oxide, a poor substrate for the isozyme. Sister chromatid
      exchange induction was measured as an indicator of cytogenetic damage. A trimodal
      distribution of trans-stilbene oxide-induced sister chromatid exchanges was
      observed in the population, including resistant, moderate, and highly sensitive
      groups. Glutathione S-transferase mu deficiency was associated with both moderate
      and high sensitivity to trans-stilbene oxide-induced damage but had no effect on
      cis-stilbene oxide-induced sister chromatid exchange. The results indicate that
      GSH S-transferase mu, a proposed marker of cancer susceptibility, is also a
      marker of susceptibility to the induction of cytogenetic damage by a certain
      class of mutagens. The differential effects of the cis- and trans-isomers of
      stilbene oxide illustrate that the stereoselectivity of GSH S-transferase mu
      toward various alkene epoxide substrates can be an important factor affecting
      individual sensitivity to DNA-damaging epoxides.

PMID- 2302719
TI  - Enhancement of photodynamic cell killing (with chloroaluminum phthalocyanine) by
      treatment of V79 cells with the ionophore nigericin.
AB  - The K+/H+ ionophore nigericin dramatically increases killing of V79 cells by
      photodynamic therapy (PDT), when cells pretreated with 1 microM chloroaluminum
      phthalocyanine are incubated with nigericin before exposure to red light.
      Nigericin affects primarily the shoulder of the PDT dose-response curve, reducing
      the surviving fraction from 0.90 to 0.02 after a fluence of 7 kJ/m2 and from 0.80
      to 0.0003 after a fluence of 12 kJ/m2. Optimal enhancement of PDT occurs when
      cells are incubated with 2 microM nigericin, at pHe 6.7, for 30 to 60 min before
      irradiation. However, significant enhancement of PDT also occurs when nigericin
      is added immediately before irradiation. Treatments with chloroaluminum
      phthalocyanine and nigericin, nigericin alone, or nigericin and red light are not
      toxic to cells. Cells treated with the combined agents display a rounded
      morphology 2 h after light exposure and lyse within 12 h. However, rounding of
      cells is not accompanied by severe depletion of ATP or by permeabilization of the
      plasma membrane to trypan blue. These results, together with known metabolic
      effects of nigericin, suggest that nigericin potentiates PDT by perturbing ion
      transport across either mitochondrial or plasma membranes.

PMID- 2302720
TI  - Successful chemotherapy of experimental neuroendocrine lung tumors in hamsters
      with an antagonist of Ca2+/calmodulin.
AB  - The chemotherapeutic effect of B859-35, the (-)-enantiomer of dihydropyrine 3
      methyl-5-3-(4,4-diphenyl-1-piperidinyl)-propyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethy l-4- (3
      nitrophenyl)-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate-hydrochloride (niguldipine), was tested
      on tumors induced in Syrian golden hamsters by N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN).
      Peripheral pulmonary adenomas/adenocarcinomas were induced in hamsters maintained
      under ambient air conditions by multiple s.c. injections of DEN for 20 weeks. We
      have reproducibly shown that within this time interval lung adenomas develop in a
      significant number of the animals. The carcinogen treatment was discontinued at
      this point and one group of these hamsters was given B859-35 intragastrically 5
      days/week for 20 weeks while the second group of such tumor-bearing hamsters were
      kept for an identical time interval without further treatment. Neuroendocrine
      lung tumors were induced in hamsters maintained in an atmosphere of 60% O2 by
      multiple s.c. injections of DEN for 8 weeks. We have reproducibly shown that
      within this short time interval neuroendocrine lung tumors develop in a
      significant number of the animals. The carcinogen treatment was discontinued at
      this point and the animals were returned to ambient air conditions. One group of
      these tumor-bearing hamsters was then given B859-35 intragastrically 5 days/week
      for 20 weeks while a second group of these hamsters was kept untreated for an
      identical time interval. A control group was given s.c. injections of saline for
      20 weeks under ambient air conditions. A dramatic and selective anticarcinogenic
      effect of B859-35 was observed on the neuroendocrine lung tumors and nasal cavity
      tumors induced by DEN/hyperoxia while tumors of larynx/trachea were not affected.
      B859-35 had no effect on peripheral adenomas/adenocarcinomas, nasal cavity
      tumors, papillary polyps of larynx/trachea, or liver tumors induced by DEN under
      ambient air conditions.

PMID- 2302721
TI  - Analysis of liver lymphoid cell subsets pre- and post-in vivo administration of
      human recombinant interleukin 2 in a C57BL/6 murine system.
AB  - The systemic administration of high dose recombinant interleukin 2 (RIL-2) can
      mediate significant reductions in the number of hepatic metastases in a murine
      system. This effect is sensitive to host irradiation. Both large granular (LGLs)
      and small (SLs) lymphocytes have been implicated as the cells mediating the
      antitumor effect. Utilizing selective Percoll fractionation of liver
      nonparenchymal lymphoid cells, we have attempted to determine the cell types
      involved in tumor immunotherapy of murine liver metastases during RIL-2
      administration. At a RIL-2 dose of 25,000 units given i.p. three times a day, the
      total number of lymphoid cells seen in murine livers reached a peak on day 6
      after the onset of RIL-2 therapy, lasting until day 10 and ranging from 25 to 29
      times baseline values. Both LGLs and SLs were identified and SLs made up over one
      half the cells present in murine livers. Phenotypic analysis of LGLs and SLs
      revealed that during exposure to RIL-2, bands 5 + 6 SLs expressed the Thy-1.2,
      Lyt-2, and Lyt-1 antigens to a greater degree than LGLs. LGLs exposed to RIL-2
      demonstrated a decrease in the expression of the asialo GM1 antigen during
      exposure to RIL-2; however, the 49H.8 antigen normally expressed on natural
      killer cells and not on circulating T-cells was found only on LGLs. The role of
      murine liver LGLs and SLs needs to be further characterized.

PMID- 2302722
TI  - Phototoxic liposomes coupled to an antibody that alone cannot modulate its cell
      surface antigen kill selected target cells.
AB  - Molecules such as antibodies that bind to cell surfaces can be used to deliver
      cytotoxic drugs to selected cells. To be effective the drug must usually be taken
      into the cells by endocytosis. In this study a T-cell line (CCRF-CEM) was
      effectively killed by liposomes carrying a photosensitizer and bearing the
      antibody OKT4 (anti-CD4). The unconjugated antibody does not induce antigenic
      modulation in the target cells, an indication of the absence of endocytosis, and
      would therefore not normally have been selected as an agent for drug delivery. It
      cannot, however, be concluded with certainty that the conjugates act at the cell
      surface and several alternative explanations of their efficacy are offered.

PMID- 2302723
TI  - Emergence of a dominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte antitumor effector from tumor
      infiltrating cells in the anterior chamber of the eye.
AB  - Previous studies in mice revealed that resolving intraocular tumors (UV5C25
      fibrosarcoma) were infiltrated with mononuclear cells and invoked potent systemic
      delayed-type hypersensitivity responses without nonspecific tissue destruction.
      The present study characterized the tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)
      population and established its role as the mediator of specific intraocular tumor
      rejection. This was accomplished by (a) isolating TIL from resolving intraocular
      tumors; (b) identifying characteristic surface markers on TIL; and (c)
      demonstrating in vitro and in vivo antitumor functions. Fluorescence-activated
      cell sorter analysis of TIL showed 33.4% Thyl+, 19.8% CD8+, 11.1% CD4+, 17.2% MAC
      1+, 10.4% F4/80+, and 7.7% B220+. Functional studies indicated that TIL were
      directly cytolytic for UV5C25 tumor cells. Additionally a tumor-necrosis
      factor(TNF)-sensitive cell line (WEHI 164.1) was lysed on cocultivation with TIL,
      whereas UV5C25 tumor cells were insensitive to lysis by TNF. Precursor CTL
      analysis demonstrated a high frequency (1/251) of tumor-specific precursors and a
      low frequency of alloresponsive cells in the TIL population. In vivo analysis by
      a Winn-type assay demonstrated that only TIL could effect tumor resolution in
      immunosuppressed hosts. These results demonstrate that although CD4+ T cells and
      macrophages were present and TNF activity was detected in the TIL population,
      there was no evidence for nonspecific tissue destruction within the eye.
      Therefore, this pattern of intraocular tumor rejection is mediated by a
      lymphocyte population expressing cell-surface phenotypes and functional
      characteristics of conventional cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Moreover, the results
      suggest that a regulatory mechanism within the eye allows for the emergence of
      one dominant antitumor effector (CTL) while controlling a more destructive
      mechanism (delayed-type hypersensitivity).

PMID- 2302724
TI  - Inhibition of interleukin-2 production by tumor cell products and by CKS-17, a
      synthetic retroviral envelope peptide.
AB  - Tumor cells of all types and species tested have been found to produce, in
      culture, substances that depress the expression of cell-mediated immunity, in the
      form of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in mouse feet. The factors
      responsible appear related immunologically to the retroviral envelope protein
      p15E. We have measured the effects of tumor products and conjugates of a p15E
      related peptide, CKS-17, on interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by cultured, mitogen
      stimulated EL4 cells; in this system IL-2 production is independent of IL-1.
      Supernatants of cultures of mouse, human and guinea-pig tumor cells inhibited IL
      2 production in a dose-dependent fashion. CKS-17 conjugates, but not control
      conjugates, also inhibited IL-2 production. Responses to IL-2 of the CTLL line
      used were less inhibited by tumor products and very slightly inhibited by CKS-17
      conjugates. IL-2 receptor density, assayed by flow cytometry, was not inhibited.
      IL-2 production was inhibited whether the tumor products or CKS-17 conjugates
      were added early or late in the course of culture of stimulated EL4 cells.
      Inhibition by CKS-17 conjugates was selective in that IL-2 production was
      inhibited to a greater degree than general protein synthesis in EL4 cells, and
      general protein synthesis by fibroblasts was unaffected. Measurement of IL-2 mRNA
      suggested that inhibition of IL-2 production was mediated post-transcriptionally.
      Fractionation of six different tumor supernatants on Sephacryl S-300 revealed a
      single peak of activity with an apparent molecular mass of 18 kDa. Antibodies to
      CKS-17 conjugates neutralized the inhibitory effect of native tumor products on
      IL-2 production. Inhibition of IL-2 production, by factors related to p15E,
      provides a strategically effective means of subversion of host defenses by
      tumors, and abrogation of this inhibition by means of antibodies might promote
      host resistance to tumor growth.

PMID- 2302726
TI  - Effect of anticancer drugs on the release of tumour necrosis factor in vitro.
AB  - The anticancer drugs Adriamycin, bleomycin, vincristine, 4
      hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, FK156 and FK565 and the immunosuppressive drug
      cyclosporin-A were tested for their effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) release from rat peritoneal exudate cells in vitro.
      FK565 resulted in a marked enhancement of TNF release when added to cultures at
      doses of 1 microgram/ml and 10 micrograms/ml. However, FK156, Adriamycin,
      bleomycin, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, vincristine and cyclosporin A did not
      affect the release of TNF under the same conditions. Puromycin inhibited the
      release of TNF in the same system at non-cytotoxic doses of 1 microgram/ml and 10
      micrograms/ml.

PMID- 2302725
TI  - Tumor cytotoxicity and interleukin 1 production of blood monocytes of lung cancer
      patients.
AB  - The effects of lung cancer on the abilities of blood monocytes to produce
      interleukin-1 and to mediate antitumor activity were examined. The functional
      integrity of blood monocytes was determined by their capacity to respond in vitro
      to a variety of activating agents and become tumoricidal, as assessed by a
      radioactive release assay and ability to produce interleukin-1 in vitro. The
      results show that the presence of lung cancer significantly increased the number
      of harvested blood monocytes and that the spontaneous tumoricidal activity of
      these monocytes was slightly high as compared to monocytes obtained from healthy
      donors. The production of interleukin-1 by monocytes of healthy donors and lung
      cancer patients was similar. Blood monocytes obtained from lung cancer patients
      were less cytotoxic against allogeneic A375 melanoma cells as compared with those
      of healthy donors subsequent to incubation with a soluble muramyl dipeptide
      analog or lipopolysaccharide, but were as tumoricidal as those from healthy
      donors when activated with lipophilic muramyl tripeptide (MTP-PE) entrapped in
      multilamellar liposomes. The finding that monocytes of patients with lung cancer
      can respond to MTP-PE encapsulated in liposomes, recommends the use of these
      liposomes in therapy of human lung cancer.

PMID- 2302727
TI  - Two-dimensional gel analysis of polypeptides from normal, preneoplastic and
      neoplastic mouse mammary tissues.
AB  - High-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was
      employed to reveal tumor-associated polypeptide changes, using the BALB/c C4 line
      mouse mammary model system, for which phenotypic and immunogenic alterations
      accompanying tumor progression are well defined. In the first set of experiments,
      polypeptide patterns from 20 micrograms whole tissue lysates of normal mammary
      gland, C4 preneoplastic hyperplastic alveolar nodule outgrowth (HAN) and
      spontaneous tumor from C4 HAN were compared. In order to normalize for
      differential cellularity and extracellular protein content in the whole tissues,
      our analysis included polypeptide patterns from serum, increased concentration of
      protein from whole normal mammary gland, and primary cultures of epithelial cells
      from normal gland, HAN and tumor. Using a computer-based image-analysis system,
      90 polypeptides were identified in C4 tumor that were absent in C4 HAN, normal
      mammary gland and serum. None of the 90 polypeptides could be shown to represent
      a definite qualitative change in the protein composition of tumor epithelium as
      they were found to be either present in a higher concentration of protein from
      whole normal gland, or present in the primary epithelial culture from HAN, or
      absent in the primary epithelial culture from tumor. Conversely in the second set
      of experiments, when epithelial cultures were used as the starting point for
      comparisons to locate tumor-associated polypeptides, none of the 15 polypeptides
      that were present in cultures from three different tumors, and absent in the
      culture from normal mammary gland was specific to C4 tumor, as they were present
      in whole tissues of normal gland. Thus our experimental approach detected
      significant quantitative but no qualitative polypeptide changes in whole tumor
      tissue, or in tumor-derived epithelial cell cultures. This finding may reflect
      the limitations of the two-dimensional PAGE method, and warrants caution in the
      use of such gel analysis alone to identify tumor-associated proteins.

PMID- 2302728
TI  - Effects of opioid peptides on the cellular immunity in spleen cells from intact
      nude mice or nude mice bearing human ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - The present study was designed to explore the effects of opioid peptides on the
      lytic activity of spleen cells from intact nude mice or nude mice bearing human
      ovarian cancer cells (KF). When the spleen cells from intact nude mice were
      incubated with various concentrations of opioid peptides, the ability of the
      spleen cells to lyse the KF cells was significantly stimulated between 0.05 nM
      and 50 nM concentrations of all opioid peptides used in this study. The degree of
      stimulation was most marked at 5 nM opioid peptides and the most marked
      stimulatory effect was obtained by alpha-endorphin. On the other hand, the lytic
      activity of spleen cells from nude mice challenged with the KF cells was about
      two-fold higher than that of intact nude mice, suggesting that spleen cells from
      nude mice challenged with KF cells have KF-cell-specific cytotoxicity. Even if
      the spleen cells were incubated with any concentration of alpha-endorphin or
      [Met]enkephalin indicated, the lytic activity remained unchanged. In contrast,
      only beta-endorphin resulted in a significant increase of the lytic activity
      between 0.5 nM and 50 nM. These results suggest that opioid peptides play a
      crucial role in immune surveillance mechanisms.

PMID- 2302729
TI  - Probability of self-renewing divisions of spermatogonial stem cells in colonies,
      formed after fission neutron irradiation.
AB  - Repopulating spermatogenic colonies, found in the seminiferous epithelium after
      irradiation with fast-fission neutrons, were studied to determine the chance that
      a stem cell Asingle (As) spermatogonium would complete a self-renewing division
      (P). Mathematical formulas originally derived for such studies in haemopoietic
      colonies were employed, and a method specifically aimed at spermatogenic colonies
      was developed. The results showed that during the first division after
      irradiation, P is close to 1.0. P decreases in later generations, but remains 0.7
      or higher up to the 4th or 5th divisions. The mean value for P was over 0.8,
      which is higher than the value of 0.6-0.7 found for stem cells in haemopoietic
      colonies.

PMID- 2302730
TI  - Effect of sustained serum prolactin elevation on breast epithelial and
      myoepithelial cell proliferation.
AB  - Oral administration of the dopamine antagonist perphenazine (0.01% in drinking
      water) to adult female Sprague-Dawley rats led to a three- to fourfold increase
      in serum prolactin by the first time point sampled (day 2) and a sustained
      fourfold elevation from day 4 of treatment to the end of the experiment (day 54).
      In response, five- to sixfold (day 7) and three- to fourfold (day 4) peak
      elevations in the epithelial cell metaphase indices were seen in the breast
      lobular and ductular compartments respectively. Both indices fell to basal levels
      on day 14 but returned to a second, but diminished, peak on day 27. By day 54,
      the mitotic activity of the epithelium had fallen to just above basal levels in
      both compartments. A similar mitotic response occurred in the myoepithelial
      cells, clearly indicating that these must be considered an important cell kinetic
      component during breast stimulation. Breast epithelial cell number increased 13
      14 fold in the lobular but only two- to threefold in the ductular compartments in
      response to perphenazine administration. Again, similar responses were seen in
      the myoepithelial cell population. The major proliferative response therefore
      occurred within the lobular as opposed to the ductular compartment. A
      considerable discrepancy was shown between the cell number at each time point and
      that predicted on the assumption of constant cell death rate. We conclude that a
      growth desensitizing mechanism exists in the rat breast which limits breast
      growth in the presence of a sustained trophic hormone stimulation. Furthermore,
      we suggest that this limitation in breast growth is brought about by a mechanism
      which involves increased cell death in addition to decreased mitotic activity.

PMID- 2302731
TI  - Alteration of cell surface carbohydrates associated with ordered and disordered
      proliferation of oral epithelia: a lectin histochemical study in oral
      leukoplakias, papillomas and carcinomas.
AB  - Cell surface carbohydrates in healthy oral mucosa (n = 15), leukoplakias without
      (n = 48) and with (n = 62) dysplasia, oral papillomas (n = 6) and squamous cell
      carcinomas (SCCs) (n = 40) were examined using the lectins peanut agglutinin
      (PNA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I), soybean agglutinin (SBA), Helix
      pomatia agglutinin (HPA), and Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin I (GS I-B4).
      Binding of these lectins in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues was
      demonstrated using either the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) method or the
      avidin-biotin method. Healthy oral epithelia revealed binding sites for these
      lectins mostly in the suprabasal keratinocytes with occasional PNA binding also
      in their basal cells. Unlike healthy mucosa, a number of leukoplakias without and
      with dysplasia revealed receptor sites for UEA I also in their basal layer. Only
      those keratinocytes undergoing squamoidal differentiation exhibited SBA binding.
      Staining patterns of UEA I and SBA did not vary significantly between either
      leukoplakias without and with dysplasia or papillomas and SCCs. Conversely, a
      reduction or lack of binding sites for PNA (Gal beta 1-3GalNAc), HPA (D-GalNAc
      alpha) and GS I-B4 (alpha D-Gal) was observed more frequently in leukoplakias
      with dysplasia and SCCs contrasting their counterparts lacking epithelial
      dysplasia. Cell surface glycosyl residues play an important role in the
      regulation of cell proliferation and epithelial growth. Aberrant glycosylation in
      oral dysplastic leukoplakias and carcinomas leading to the lack of the relevant
      terminal sugar residues from their cell surface carbohydrates is probably a major
      reason for the hyper-/disordered proliferation.

PMID- 2302732
TI  - Rain-, wind-, and touch-induced expression of calmodulin and calmodulin-related
      genes in Arabidopsis.
AB  - In response to water spray, subirrigation, wind, touch, wounding, or darkness,
      Arabidopsis regulates the expression of at least four touch-induced (TCH) genes.
      Ten to thirty minutes after stimulation, mRNA levels increase up to 100-fold.
      Arabidopsis plants stimulated by touch develop shorter petioles and bolts. This
      developmental response is known as thigmomorphogenesis. TCH 1 cDNA encodes the
      putative Arabidopsis calmodulin differing in one amino acid from wheat
      calmodulin. Sequenced regions of TCH 2 and TCH 3 contain 44% and 70% amino acid
      identities to calmodulin, respectively. The regulation of this calmodulin-related
      gene family in Arabidopsis suggests that calcium ions and calmodulin are involved
      in transduction of signals from the environment, enabling plants to sense and
      respond to environmental changes.

PMID- 2302733
TI  - Differential transcriptional activation by Oct-1 and Oct-2: interdependent
      activation domains induce Oct-2 phosphorylation.
AB  - The ubiquitous Oct-1 and lymphoid Oct-2 POU homeodomain transcription factors
      bind to the same DNA sequence but differ in their activation potential. Oct-2 is
      a positive, negative, or neutral regulator of beta-globin transcription depending
      on the position and sequence of multimerized binding sites. To activate
      transcription, Oct-2 relies on two interdependent nonacidic domains, an N
      terminal glutamine-rich region and a C-terminal serine-, threonine-, and proline
      rich region. Oct-1 also contains a functional glutamine-rich region but fails to
      activate beta-globin transcription in our assay because the Oct-1 C-terminus is
      inactive, indicating that differential activation by Oct-1 and Oct-2 is
      determined by the combination of multiple activation domains. Oct-2 displays a
      unique phosphorylation pattern that is absent from molecules lacking one or the
      other activation domain, suggesting the activation domains have a role in
      inducing protein phosphorylation.

PMID- 2302734
TI  - Sorting of endogenous plasma membrane proteins occurs from two sites in cultured
      human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2).
AB  - We studied the postsynthetic sorting of endogenous plasma membrane proteins in a
      polarized epithelial cell line, Caco-2. Pulse-chase radiolabeling was combined
      with domain-specific cell surface assays to monitor the arrival of three apical
      and one basolateral protein at the apical and basolateral cell surface. Apical
      proteins were inserted simultaneously into both membrane domains. The fraction
      targeted to the basolateral domain was different for the three apical proteins
      and was subsequently sorted to the apical domain by transcytosis at different
      rates. In contrast, a basolateral protein was found in the basolateral membrane
      only. Thus, sorting of plasma membrane proteins occurred from two sites: the
      Golgi apparatus and the basolateral membrane. These data explain apparently
      conflicting results of earlier studies.

PMID- 2302735
TI  - Cloning of an interleukin-4 inducible gene from cytotoxic T lymphocytes and its
      identification as a lipase.
AB  - Interleukin-4 (IL-4) has been demonstrated to be an important lymphokine for the
      generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Here we describe an IL-4 inducible
      gene specifically expressed in CTLs. By sequence homology, this gene is likely to
      be the mouse homolog of pancreatic lipase. Oocyte translation of in vitro
      transcribed mRNA results in the expression of a protein with lipase activity, and
      Northern analysis of various tissues and a large panel of hematopoietic cell
      types demonstrates that this gene is expressed only in the pancreas and CTLs.
      Lysates of CTLs grown in IL-4, but not in IL-2, exhibit lipase activity.
      Furthermore, Northern analysis of CTLs grown in the presence of IL-4 for as
      little as 5 days demonstrates a marked induction of lipase mRNA, which correlates
      with enhanced cytolysis by these cells. These results suggest that this lipase
      may have an important role in CTL effector function.

PMID- 2302736
TI  - The P30 movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus is a single-strand nucleic acid
      binding protein.
AB  - The P30 protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is required for cell to cell
      movement of viral RNA, which presumably occurs through plant intercellular
      connections, the plasmodesmata. The mechanism by which P30 mediates transfer of
      TMV RNA molecules through plasmodesmata channels is unknown. We have identified
      P30 as an RNA and single-stranded (ss) DNA binding protein. Binding of purified
      P30 to ss nucleic acids is strong, highly cooperative, and sequence nonspecific
      with a minimal binding site of 4-7 nucleotides per P30 monomer. In-frame
      deletions across P30 were used to localize the ss nucleic acid binding domain to
      within amino acid residues 65-86 of the protein. We propose that binding of P30
      to TMV RNA creates an unfolded protein-RNA complex that functions as an
      intermediate in virus cell to cell movement through plasmodesmata.

PMID- 2302737
TI  - Early production of a chemotactic factor to T lymphocytes by peritoneal
      macrophages.
AB  - Supernatant fluids (SNF) were obtained from peritoneal exudate adherent cells
      stimulated in vitro with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or BCG, and SNF collected
      at 6 and 24 hr were able to induce the migratory responses of rat leukocytes from
      the spleen and peripheral blood. The production of these SNF was dependent on
      protein active synthesis upon in vitro antigenic stimulation. The chemotactic
      activity from 6-hr SNF was inhibited by using several proteolytic enzymes and
      temperatures. We found the macrophages to be the producer cell of this activity,
      while the T cells were the target cells. The chemotactic activity from 6-hr SNF
      was found not to be due to IL-1. Six-hour chemotactic activity has not been
      reported previously.

PMID- 2302738
TI  - Clonal analysis in the ultrastructure of cell-to-cell interaction between a human
      glioma cell line and autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
AB  - The clonal analysis in the ultrastructure of tumor-lymphocyte interaction was
      carried out in order to investigate the precise mechanism responsible for CTL
      mediated cytolysis of tumor cells. A glioma-derived cell line (GI-1) and
      autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones were established.
      The CTL lines were composed of the morphologically homogeneous lymphocytes with
      intracytoplasmic electron-dense secretory granules. After the stimulation by GI
      1, the size of the CTLs increased, and the intracytoplasmic organellas were
      developed. It was noted that the intracytoplasmic secretory granules markedly
      increased in number and size, and many of them exhibited an "immature"
      appearance. On the other hand, the tumor cells underwent a progressive
      degeneration. In contrast, the stimulation by other antigens caused only small
      morphological changes in the CTLs. It is suggested, therefore, that the secretory
      function of tumor-specific CTLs is activated by the stimulation of the specific
      antigen, and that soluble factors in the secretory granules in the CTLs may be
      closely associated with the mechanism of target cell lysis.

PMID- 2302739
TI  - Signal transduction mechanisms of Ia induction in B cells by interleukin 4 and
      immunoglobulin receptors.
AB  - Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction through receptors for interleukin 4
      (IL-4) are still largely unknown. To elucidate the second messenger(s) of IL-4
      action in mature B cells, we performed blocking experiments with inhibitors of
      various aspects of cellular responses, using Ia-inducing activity of IL-4 as a
      readout system. In the event, only agents that are shown to inhibit calcium ion
      (Ca2+) release from intracellular stores, such as 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8
      (diethylamino)octyl ester (TMB-8) and ryanodine, could block the IL-4 action in a
      dose-dependent fashion. These results suggest that the process leading to the
      final expression of IL-4 action may be mediated, at some point, by the release of
      Ca2+ from intracellular stores. In the parallel experiments with
      antiimmunoglobulin (Ig) antibody, we found that amiloride, an inhibitor of Na+/H+
      pump, blocks the Ia induction by anti-IgM antibody. Thus the Na+/H+ exchange
      system activated by anti-Ig antibody may be present in mature B cells.

PMID- 2302740
TI  - Intrathymic T cell repertoire after prenatal trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid
      treatment.
AB  - It is still a matter of debate, whether tolerance toward self-non-MHC antigens is
      due to intrathymic deletion or to regulatory processes in the periphery. To
      further pursue this question, responsiveness toward TNP and an anti-TNP
      monoclonal antibody (Sp6) carrying a recurrent idiotype was evaluated in
      prenatally trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-treated mice. In prenatally
      untreated as well as in TNBS-treated mice, thymocytes proliferating in the
      absence of nominal antigen were double negative (L3T4-/Lyt2-), but antigen
      specific thymocytes were single positive (L3T4+/Lyt2- or L3T4-/Lyt2+). TNBS
      treated mice differed from controls inasmuch as in their first week of life T
      cells proliferating in response to TNP were found in the thymus and detected at
      increased frequencies in the spleen. The frequency of TNP-specific thymocytes and
      spleen cells declined rapidly, finally reaching in the spleen a level of 20-30%
      of controls. Furthermore, after antigenic stimulation, the frequency of
      thymocytes and spleen cells proliferating in response to TNP was found to be
      increased in control mice, but TNP-specific T cell were no more recovered in the
      thymus or the spleen of tolerized mice. The same accounted for thymic and splenic
      T cells proliferating in response to Sp6. They were expanded in control mice
      after antigenic stimulation, but were undetectable in TNBS-treated mice. Thus, T
      cells with specificity for an internal (Sp6) and an external (TNP) antigen,
      provided the latter was present during ontogeny, were detected in the thymus of
      control and, transiently, in the thymus of tolerized mice. But, the fate of
      antigen-specific thymocytes was different in prenatally untreated and TNBS
      treated mice. The data are interpreted in the sense that tolerance toward non-MHC
      antigens may be acquired subsequently to tolerance toward self-MHC antigens and
      possibly after imprinting of antigen specificity.

PMID- 2302741
TI  - Regulation of interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 production from T-cells:
      involvement of interleukin-1 beta and transforming growth factor-beta.
AB  - The effect of recombinant (r) interleukin-1 beta (rIL-1 beta) and transforming
      growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and
      interleukin-6 (IL-6) from an antigen-specific (LBRM-33-1A5) and an antigen
      nonspecific (EL-4-NOB-1) T-cell line was investigated. rIL-1 beta induced the
      production of IL-2 and IL-6 from EL-4-NOB-1 cells in a dose-related manner. The
      LBRM-33-1A5 cells required phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in addition to rIL-1 beta in
      order to produce IL-2 and IL-6. IL-2 production was found to precede IL-6
      production in both cell lines. No IL-2 or IL-6 production was observed by adding
      r murine tumor necrosis factor-alpha or r murine interferon gamma to the cells.
      The presence of 1 ng/ml TGF-beta reduced IL-2 and IL-6 production from both T
      cell lines by more than 80%. The inhibition of IL-2 and IL-6 production was still
      evident by a concentration as low as 10 pg/ml of TGF-beta. rIL-1 beta and PHA
      also stimulated murine thymocytes to produce IL-6 which was inhibited up to 85%
      in the presence of 1 ng/ml TGF-beta. Taken together these results suggest that
      TGF-beta may suppress immune responses by inhibiting the endogenous production of
      IL-2 and IL-6.

PMID- 2302742
TI  - Modification of tumor cells by a low dose of Newcastle disease virus. III.
      Potentiation of tumor-specific cytolytic T cell activity via induction of
      interferon-alpha/beta.
AB  - To investigate possibilities of augmenting tumor-specific immune responses
      against the highly metastatic murine lymphoma ESb, we tested the effects of the
      interferon inducer newcastle disease virus (NDV) or of interferon-alpha/beta as
      costimulator in mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell cultures (MLTC) on the tumor-specific
      cytolytic T cell (CTL) response. Both approaches, namely stimulation of ESb
      immune spleen cells with NDV-modified stimulator cells or with ESb stimulator
      cells and exogenous IFN-alpha/beta, led to a selective potentiation of tumor
      specific CTL activity. The potent activation of tumor-specific CTL precursor
      (CTLP) required the simultaneous presence of the specific ESb tumor antigen-
      possibly to mediate a signal via the corresponding T cell receptor--and
      costimulators--possibly to mediate second activation signals. Increased CTL
      activity required only very low amounts of NDV or IFN-alpha/beta. The generation
      of CTL activity in the MLTC cultures could be blocked by antisera to IFN
      alpha/beta, not, however by control sera. Similar effects were observed in vivo,
      suggesting that IFN-alpha/beta not only caused an increase in CTL activity, but
      was essential for the generation of CTL activity. The reduction of the generation
      of CTL by antiserum to IFN-alpha/beta could be overcome by excess interferon,
      especially when using ESb-NDV as stimulator cells.

PMID- 2302743
TI  - Ebola virus infection in imported primates--United States.
AB  - In late November 1989, Ebola virus was isolated from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca
      fascicularis) imported into the United States from the Philippines via Amsterdam
      and New York. During quarantine in a primate facility in Virginia, numerous
      macaques died, some with findings consistent with simian hemorrhagic fever (SHF).
      The US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases tested 10 animals
      and, from 3, isolated SHF from tissues and serum; however, 5 other animals of the
      10 tested were positive for Ebola virus. Monkeys from a later shipment
      quarantined in a second room also had unusually high mortality and were tested by
      a rapid antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ebola viral antigen
      was detected in serum and/or tissues from 7 of these monkeys. Primary liver
      material from animals in both rooms exhibited particles with typical filovirus
      morphology by electron microscopy and Ebola virus antigen by
      immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 2302744
TI  - Annual summer program in epidemiology and biostatistics.

PMID- 2302745
TI  - Metabolism of trichloroethene--in vivo and in vitro evidence for activation by
      glutathione conjugation.
AB  - The metabolism of trichloroethene by glutathione conjugation was investigated in
      rat liver subcellular fractions and in male rats in vivo. In the presence of
      glutathione, rat liver microsomes transformed [14C]trichloroethene to S-(1,2
      dichlorovinyl)glutathione (DCVG) identified by gas chromatography mass
      spectrometry after hydrolysis to the corresponding cysteine S-conjugate and
      chemical derivatisation. In bile of rats given 2.2 g/kg trichloroethene. DCVG was
      present in concentrations of 5 nmol (7 ml bile collected over 9 h) and identified
      by thermospray mass spectrometry after HPLC-purification. E- and Z-N-acetyl
      dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine (3.1 nmol present in the pooled 24-h urine) were
      identified by GC/MS after methylation and butylation as urinary metabolites of
      trichloroethene (2.2 g/kg, orally). The presented results demonstrate that
      glutathione-dependent metabolism of trichloroethene is a minor route in the
      biotransformation of this haloalkene in rats. Formation of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)
      glutathione, processing to S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and metabolism of
      this S-conjugate by cysteine beta-lyase in the kidney to reactive and genotoxic
      intermediates may account for the nephrocarcinogenicity observed after long time
      administration of trichloroethene in male rats.

PMID- 2302746
TI  - Influence of dithiocarbamates on the metabolism and toxicity of N
      nitrosodimethylamine in rats.
AB  - Five secondary amines and secondary amino acids were reacted with carbon
      disulfide to yield dithiocarbamates. These compounds were tested for their
      influence on biochemical parameters and on some biological effects of N
      nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). The following results were found. (i) All
      dithiocarbamates tested reduced the activity of N-nitrosodiethylamine-deethylase
      and completely inhibited the N-nitrosodimethylamine-demethylase in the rat liver.
      A striking influence on the glutathione content and on the activity of
      glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione-reductase was not observed. (ii) The
      excretion of unmetabolized N-nitrosodimethylamine in rat urine during 24 h
      increased from 0.1% without pretreatment to 3.6% of the given dose on combination
      with a single dose of dithiocarbamate. (iii) The acute toxicity of NDMA could be
      reduced with diethanol-dithiocarbamate. After a single simultaneous application
      of the inhibitor with NDMA, the LD50 was increased from 40 to 66 mg/kg. When the
      sulfur compound was administered twice, both simultaneously and 24 h after the
      nitrosamine, lethality was almost completely inhibited. We conclude from these
      results that dithiocarbamates may be suitable compounds for chemoprevention of
      nitrosamine-induced tumors.

PMID- 2302747
TI  - Characterization of oxidative and reductive metabolism in vitro of
      nitrofluoranthenes by rat liver enzymes.
AB  - Nitrofluoranthenes (NFs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic environmental pollutants
      found in incomplete combustion products and urban air particulate. We have
      studied both oxidative and reductive metabolism in vitro of different NF isomers
      mediated by subcellular rat liver fractions. Under aerobic conditions only ring
      hydroxylation of NFs by rat liver microsomes occurred and the isomeric position
      of the nitro group affected both the amount and the type of phenolic metabolites
      formed. Liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rats were most
      effective in giving ring hydroxylated 7- and 8-nitrofluoranthene, whereas liver
      microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats were the most active in
      metabolizing 1- and 3-nitrofluoranthene. Under anaerobic conditions, only
      reduction of NFs mediated by both cytosolic and microsomal rat liver enzymes
      occurred. Cofactor requirements and inhibition experiments indicated that the
      reductase activity in rat liver cytosolic fractions could be ascribed to DT
      diaphorase, aldehyde oxidase and/or other unknown enzymes. The microsomal
      reductase activity was inhibited by oxygen, carbon monoxide, 2-diethylaminoethyl
      2,2-diphenylvalerate hydrochloride and n-octylamine, and slightly by cytochrome
      c; flavin mononucleotide greatly enhanced this activity. 3-Nitrofluoranthene
      microsomal nitroreductase activity was increased by phenobarbital rat
      pretreatment and this increment correlated well with the content of cytochrome
      P450. These results indicate a participation of cytochrome P450 in the reductive
      metabolism of NFs by rat liver microsomes.

PMID- 2302748
TI  - The effects of X-irradiation, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea or combined treatment on O6
      alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity in fetal rat brain and liver and the
      induction of CNS tumours.
AB  - Wistar rats were treated in utero on day 16 of gestation either by X-irradiation
      (1 and 2 Gy), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU, 50 mg/kg), or both in combination. The
      O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AT) activity of the fetal brain and liver
      was analyzed and long-term observations were made to reveal any relationship
      between the O6-ethylguanine repair capability and tumour incidence in the organs
      of the offspring. The AT activity in the brain was affected to the same extent in
      the fetuses as in the dams. There was a 60.9% decrease in AT activity in fetuses
      24 h after ENU treatment. This correlates with a significant increase in the
      incidence of brain tumours in the treated offspring (44.1%) compared to control
      animals. The inductive effect of X-irradiation on AT activity (131.3% for 1 Gy
      and 201.6% for 2 Gy) corresponded in turn with a reduction of the incidence of
      tumours after the combined treatment (26.8% and 8.3% tumour incidence, 103.1% and
      157.8% AT activity). In the liver of the rat fetuses, there was generally no
      effect of treatment on AT activity in contrast to the results obtained for the
      dams, where an increased AT activity (127.70% and 157.4% after X-irradiation,
      149.0% and 156.1% after combined treatment) was observed. There were no tumours
      of the liver observed in the offspring after either treatment alone or after
      combined treatment. Comparing biochemical and morphological results, it is
      suggested that X-irradiation of rat fetuses--with relatively low doses--and
      subsequent treatment with the ethylating carcinogen ENU, could significantly
      reduce the incidence of brain tumours in adult life. This is possibly a result of
      the corresponding induction of AT.

PMID- 2302749
TI  - Formation of N2,3-ethanoguanine in DNA after in vitro treatment with the
      therapeutic agent, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea.
AB  - HPLC analyses of the bases released by acid from N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea
      treated DNA and N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea-treated DNA show
      the presence of a new guanine adduct, N2,3-ethanoguanine. This derivative can be
      synthesized at the monomer level by treating 2-hydroxyethylguanine with thionyl
      chloride. The product of this reaction, purified by HPLC, has been shown to have
      a mol. wt corresponding to ethanoguanine by mass spectrometry; NMR spectrometry
      also supports this structural assignment. The UV and fluorescence spectra are
      very similar to those of N2,3-ethenoguanine, providing evidence that the ethano
      bridge is attached between N2 and 3 positions. Proof that the derivative is N2,3
      ethanoguanine comes from the fact that it can be converted to N2,3-ethenoguanine
      by dehydrogenation on a palladium catalyst. The discovery of this new derivative
      raises to four the number of tricylic derivatives that have been isolated from
      DNA treated with 2-haloethylnitrosoureas. The new adduct, N2,3-ethanoguanine, is
      closely related to an etheno adduct formed by chloroacetaldehyde, a metabolite of
      the human carcinogen vinyl chloride, and may have relevance to either the
      therapeutic or carcinogenic actions of the 2-haloethylnitrosoureas.

PMID- 2302750
TI  - DNA adduct formation and unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat esophagus in vivo after
      treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.
AB  - An in vivo method for assessment of DNA adduct formation and unscheduled DNA
      synthesis (UDS) in the esophagus of rats was devised. Small ventral incisions
      were made in the neck and upper abdomen regions of 6 week old F344 rats and
      ligation of the esophagus with thread at the two extreme ends performed to make
      an esophageal pouch. For the DNA adduct formation study, a solution (0.5 ml)
      containing various concentrations of N-[3H]methyl-N-nitrosourea ([3H]MNU) was
      injected into the pouch. DNA binding levels were calculated from radioactivity of
      the isolated DNA and dose-dependent DNA adduct formation could be detected 2 h
      after the treatment with MNU. By HPLC analysis, both 7-methylguanine (7-mGua) and
      O6-methylguanine (O6-mGua) adducts were identified in the esophageal DNA, the
      ratio of 7-mGua/O6-mGua being 5.7-12:1. For UDS measurement, a solution
      containing MNU plus [3H]thymidine (200 microCi/ml) was similarly injected into
      the pouch. UDS was dose-dependently demonstrated as silver grains over the nuclei
      of the epithelial cells by autoradiography. The results thus showed that MNU,
      when injected into the esophageal lumen, can penetrate the surface mucosa, react
      with the epithelial cell DNA and induce DNA adduct formation and DNA repair
      synthesis dose-dependently.

PMID- 2302751
TI  - Regression of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)-induced hyperplasia but not
      dysplasia in the forestomach of hamsters.
AB  - The reversibility of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)-induced hamster forestomach
      hyperplasia was examined histopathologically. Groups of 10-15 male Syrian golden
      hamsters were treated with 2% BHA, for 12, 24 or 48 weeks and in each case then
      placed on basal diet until termination of the experiment at week 72, or treated
      with 2% BHA continuously for 72 weeks. Although sequential sampling revealed that
      BHA-induced hyperplasia reverted after cessation of antioxidant treatment,
      dysplastic lesions such as squamous cell dysplasia and basal cell dysplasia
      persisted and tended to increase with time on BHA. Basal cell dysplasia was
      observed in some hamsters later than squamous cell dysplasia, i.e. those treated
      with BHA for 24 weeks or more and killed up to 48 weeks later. Whereas the
      increase in labeling index evident in areas of hyperplasia during treatment
      returned to control level after cessation, this was not the case for the
      dysplastic lesions which continued to demonstrate elevated proliferation. The
      results thus suggest that basal cell dysplasia, including regions of squamous
      cell dysplasia, may be of particular importance as a precursor pre-neoplastic
      lesion.

PMID- 2302752
TI  - Strain differences of I-compounds in relation to organ sites of spontaneous
      tumorigenesis and non-neoplastic renal disease in mice.
AB  - Possible associations between the patterns and levels of I-compounds (putative
      endogenous, age-dependent, adduct-like DNA derivatives) and the incidence of
      spontaneous tumors and renal diseases in mice were investigated by 32P
      postlabeling assay. Liver, lung and kidney DNAs of 8-10 month old inbred male
      mice of strains C57BL, C3H, CBA, A and RFM were examined. It was found that liver
      DNA of the C3H mouse, known to develop a high incidence of spontaneous hepatomas,
      and lung DNA of the A mouse, known to have a high incidence of spontaneous lung
      tumors, contained smaller numbers and significantly lower total levels of I
      compounds as compared with the resistant C57BL mouse. Kidney DNA of C57BL, C3H
      and A mice presented significantly higher levels of I-compounds compared with
      those of CBA and RFM mice, both of which are known for exceptionally high
      incidences of spontaneous renal diseases. Total kidney I-compound levels in CBA
      and RFM mice were only 30-40% of those found in C3H, A and C57BL. Reduced I
      compound levels observed in the three organs thus tended to be associated with
      spontaneous tumorigenesis and degenerative disease in susceptible strains,
      suggesting that I-compounds may be important for normal gene transcription and
      DNA replication. On the other hand, some of these DNA derivatives may, as adduct
      like premutagenic lesions, contribute to spontaneous tumorigenesis. This was
      suggested by the finding that CBA mice which exhibit moderate spontaneous
      hepatoma incidence, had higher levels of certain I-compounds in their liver DNA
      although the total levels were not significantly different compared with those in
      C57BL mice. The observations of the present study suggest that (i) the patterns
      and levels of I-compounds are genetically determined and (ii) lack or excess of
      these DNA modifications may result in adverse health effects; however, this may
      not always be the case, for example, if modulating factors exist which compensate
      for I-compound deficiency.

PMID- 2302753
TI  - Mutagenic effects of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) on V79 Chinese hamster
      cells and its inhibitory effects on cell-cell communication.
AB  - Ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) induced dose- and time-dependent mutation of
      V79 Chinese hamster cells to 6-thioguanine resistance. It also caused dose
      related inhibition of metabolic cooperation. However, no significant induction of
      chromosome aberrations was detected in cells treated with Fe-NTA up to 100
      micrograms Fe/ml of the drug even after treatment for 3 days. Our results
      indicate that Fe-NTA has mutagenic effects on V79 cells and inhibitory effects on
      cell--cell communication, and these effects may contribute to NTA-Fe-induced
      neoplastic transformation of mammalian cells.

PMID- 2302754
TI  - The effect of choline and methionine deficiencies on the number and volume
      percentage of altered hepatic foci in the presence or absence of
      diethylnitrosamine initiation in rat liver.
AB  - The ability of methyl-deficient, amino-acid-defined diets to produce enzyme
      altered foci was quantitatively determined in the livers of rats treated both
      with and without an initiating dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Male weanling F
      344 rats were fed a complete, amino-acid-defined diet for 1 week. They were then
      injected i.p. with a single dose of DEN (20 mg/kg body weight) and fed the
      complete diet for an additional week. Forty animals in each dose group were then
      maintained for 5-38 weeks on the complete diet (diet 1) or one of the three
      methyl-deficient diets customarily used in this laboratory: diet 2, devoid of
      methionine and choline; diet 3, devoid of methionine only; and diet 4, devoid of
      choline only. In diets 2 and 3, methionine was replaced by equimolar amounts of
      its metabolic precursor, DL-homocystine. Ten animals per group were killed 8, 12,
      17, 24 and 41 weeks after DEN initiation. For 2 weeks prior to being killed, each
      group was maintained on the complete diet to minimize the histological
      abnormalities due to acute toxicity of the diets. Serial sections of the livers
      were obtained, stained sequentially for gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, ATPase and
      glucose-6-phosphatase, and the quantitation of the focal lesions scored by these
      markers was carried out by quantitative stereology. The results indicated that,
      regardless of the enzyme marker(s) examined, there was a general correspondence
      between the volume and number of altered hepatic foci (AHF) formed and the
      previously described tumor-promoting activities of each diet. Thus, while all DEN
      treated groups contained significant numbers of AHF 24 weeks after initiation,
      only the diet-2-fed animals displayed such foci at 8 weeks. Similarly, among the
      uninitiated rats, only those fed diet 2 exhibited the presence of AHF throughout
      the experimental period. Interestingly, the livers of uninitiated, choline
      deficient rats showed a small number of AHF at 24 and 42 weeks; these foci were
      not observed at all in the corresponding DEN-untreated animals fed diet 3,
      deficient in methionine only. The results provide evidence that the carcinogenic
      effects of the methionine- and choline-deficient diet result more from its
      strongly promoting effect than from any initiating activity by the diet.

PMID- 2302755
TI  - Mutagenesis by hydrogen peroxide treatment of mammalian cells: a molecular
      analysis.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizing agent which can be generated intracellularly
      either during normal metabolism or by treatment with external agents including
      solar UV radiation. Simian cells (CV-1) transfected with the SV40-based shuttle
      vector plasmid pZ189 have been treated with H2O2 and then incubated to allow
      repair and replication of the plasmid. The frequency of mutations at the supF
      locus of the recovered plasmid increases by a factor of up to four over the
      spontaneous value. The nucleotide changes associated with 100 spontaneous and 100
      H2O2-induced mutants have been determined directly by sequencing a 150 bp
      fragment that includes the entire supF tRNA coding region. Deletions were
      observed in approximately 45% of both the spontaneous and induced mutants,
      whereas single or multiple base changes arose in 68 and 57% of the induced and
      spontaneous mutants respectively. The spectrum of induced mutations is
      characterized by (i) the occurrence of deletions associated with base changes
      (16% of all mutants analysed) and (ii) small deletions of 3 bp and less (51% of
      all deletion mutants sequenced). Sixty-five per cent (15 out of 23) of all small
      deletions (spontaneous and induced) are associated with runs of between two and
      five identical bases and eight of them arise at a mutational 'hotspot' region of
      five cytosines between bp 172 and 176. The majority (19 out of 30) of completely
      sequenced deletions observed in the spontaneous spectrum contain either (i) small
      (2-10 bp) direct repeat sequences that lie immediately outside one deletion
      terminus and immediately inside the second deletion terminus or (ii) small (2-3
      bp) inverted repeat sequences lying immediately inside the two deletion termini.
      Most deletions that we have observed are therefore likely to arise as a
      consequence of specific aspects of DNA structure.

PMID- 2302756
TI  - Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in human bronchoalveolar lavage: a possible
      early marker for the detection of lung cancer.
AB  - The levels of glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzymes, GST pi, B1, B2 and mu
      were measured, by radioimmunoassay, in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from a
      series of patients presenting with neoplastic (n = 12) and non-neoplastic lung
      diseases (n = 10). Lavage fluid was obtained from the suspected abnormal area of
      lung and a presumed normal area of lung at the time of bronchoscopy.
      Concentrations of GST B1 and GST B2 were found to be significantly raised (P less
      than 0.02) in the lavage fluid obtained from the suspected abnormal areas of lung
      compared with the presumed normal area of lung, in patients later diagnosed as
      having cancer of the bronchus. The findings of the radioimmunoassay, of greater
      levels of GST B1 and B2 than GST pi in lavage fluid, were confirmed by a one-step
      purification of GST from lung lavage, using affinity chromatography, followed by
      their identification using SDS-polyacrylamide gel. We conclude that measurement
      of GST B1 or GST B2 in lung lavage fluid could be a useful aid in the diagnosis
      of lung malignancy.

PMID- 2302757
TI  - 32P-post-labeling analysis of DNA adducts in mouse embryo fibroblasts treated
      with dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene and its major metabolites.
AB  - The formation of DNA adducts was investigated in mouse fibroblasts treated with
      dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene (DBF), using the nuclease P1 modification of the 32P
      post-labeling method. In order to separate the poorly soluble, bulky DNA adducts
      of this potent sarcomogenic, six-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, several
      modifications of the method were introduced. Chromatographic spots were
      identified by incubating fibroblasts with the four major proximate metabolites of
      DBF and observing the co-migration of adducts with those of DBF. DNA-DBF adducts
      chromatographed very reproducibly in three major spots and in greater than 10
      spots of medium or low importance. The most prominent spots, 2 and 3, were
      present characteristically after incubation of cells with the DBF-bay region
      dihydrodiol (+/- -trans-3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxyDBF; DBF-3,4-DHD). Incubation
      with the DBF pseudo-bay region dihydrodiol (+/- -trans-12,13-dihydro-12,13
      dihydroxyDBF; DBF-12,13-DHD) gave rise to a more complex pattern of nine spots,
      two of which, spots 4 and 5, were prominent. Direct in vitro reaction between DNA
      and the synthetic anti-isomer of the DBF-bay region DHD epoxide yielded adducts
      in spots 2 and 3, while the DBF-anti-pseudo-bay region DHD epoxide yielded
      adducts in spots 4 and 5. Peripheral, fast-migrating spots present in the DBF
      chromatogram were identified as adducts of DBF-7OH-3,4-DHD and DBF-3OH-12,13-DHD.
      Major spot 1 was present in all DBF chromatograms but not after incubation with
      the DBF bay and pseudo-bay region proximate metabolites. Its probable origin as a
      non-bay region epoxide reaction is discussed. In previous experiments, the
      physicochemically very similar DBF-bay region and pseudo-bay region tritium
      labeled adducts co-eluted in HPLC as a single peak. 32P-Post-labeling analysis
      allowed reproducible separation of DBF-DNA adducts and showed in addition the
      existence of several new adducts models of DBF. Quantification of DBF adducts
      made it possible to identify the DBF-bay region DHD epoxide and the metabolites
      responsible for spot 1 adducts as the major ultimate DBF metabolites in
      fibroblasts.

PMID- 2302758
TI  - Reaction products in hemoglobin and DNA after in vitro treatment with ethylene
      oxide and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-nitrosourea.
AB  - Reaction products with DNA and blood proteins have been used for monitoring human
      exposure to electrophilic compounds and metabolites. The formation of products
      with nucleophilic sites in DNA after treatment with such reagents has been well
      characterized (especially for alkylating agents). It is therefore of great
      importance to collect corresponding data for nucleophilic groups in proteins. The
      formation of reaction products in hemoglobin (Hb) and DNA was studied after in
      vitro treatment with ethylene oxide (EtO) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-nitrosourea
      (HOEtNU). In DNA N-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine was the main product of EtO, whereas
      O6-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine was much lower (0.5% of the alkylation of guanine-N
      7). For HOEtNU O6-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine was found to be 63% of N-7-(2
      hydroxyethyl)guanine. These relative reactivities are in agreement with what has
      been reported for related alkylating agents. The main reaction products in Hb
      were 2-hydroxyethylations of cysteine, N-terminal valine, the two imidazole
      nitrogens in histidine and carboxylic groups. The reactivities of human, mouse
      and rat Hb towards EtO were compared. The main difference between species was the
      12 and 170 times higher reactivity of cysteine in mouse and rat Hb, respectively,
      than in human Hb. As expected from relative reactivities of alkylating agents
      with model nucleophiles, products with cysteine dominated for EtO (except in
      human Hb) whereas for HOEtNU products with carboxylic groups were far larger than
      any other. Relative amounts of cysteine and carboxylic group alkylation in mouse
      Hb were compared with corresponding data for other alkylating agents. The
      comparison showed that these amounts were close to what could be expected from
      known reactivities of these compounds with model nucleophiles, but that sterical
      and other modifying factors have to be taken into account. Each compound gives
      therefore a species-specific pattern that might be used for tracing human
      exposure of unknown origin.

PMID- 2302759
TI  - Aristolochic acid binds covalently to the exocyclic amino group of purine
      nucleotides in DNA.
AB  - The plant extract aristolochic acid (AA) has been used as a herbal drug in many
      cultures since antiquity. In 1982 AA was shown to be mutagenic and a strong
      carcinogen in Wistar rats. The crude mixture consists of five nitrophenanthrene
      carboxylic acid derivatives with aristolochic acid I [AA I; 8-methoxy-6-nitro
      phenanthro-(3,4-d)-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxyli c acid] being the major component. The
      isolated compound has been found to be mutagenic in the Ames assay. The major
      metabolite of AA I formed under anaerobic conditions in vitro and excreted in
      vivo in several species including man, is the reduction product aristolactam I.
      Using the 32P-postlabeling assay, we could show that AA I forms covalent DNA
      adducts upon metabolic activation in vitro and in vivo in different organs in the
      rat. Xanthine oxidase, a mammalian nitroreductase, has served as a sufficient
      model system mimicking the reductive route of in vivo activation of carcinogenic
      nitroarenes. This paper reports on two major fluorescent adducts of AA I formed
      by in vitro reaction of AA I with xanthine oxidase and deoxyguanosine or
      deoxyadenosine. After isolation and purification by preparative HPLC the adducts
      were characterized by 1H-NMR, FAB mass, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy.
      Their structures were elucidated as 7-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-aristolactam I and 7
      (deoxyadenosin-N6-yl)-aristolactam I. These findings are in marked contrast to
      the results reported for other nitroaromatic carcinogens, where C8-modified
      deoxyguanosine adducts predominate and N2-substituted deoxyguanosine derivatives
      are found as minor reaction products. Our results suggest a cyclic N
      acylnitrenium ion with delocalized positive charge as the ultimate carcinogenic
      species, binding preferentially to the exocyclic amino group of purine
      nucleotides in DNA.

PMID- 2302760
TI  - Correlation between clastogenicity and promotion activity in liver carcinogenesis
      by N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, N-hydroxy-4'-fluoro-4-acetylaminobiphenyl and
      N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl.
AB  - N-Hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF), N-hydroxy-4'-fluoro-4
      acetylaminobiphenyl (N-OH-FAABP) and N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (N-OH-AABP)
      were compared for their initiation and promotion activity in the rat liver using
      a modified Solt-Farber system. N-OH-AAF, N-OH-FAABP and N-OH-AABP showed
      comparable initiation capacity when administered to male Wistar rats at a dose of
      30, 120 and 120 mumol/kg respectively, 24 h after a two-thirds partial
      hepatectomy (PH). In contrast, only N-OH-AAF was very effective as promoter when
      administered to rats previously initiated with diethylnitrosamine. This was
      evidenced by a high number of large gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive (GGT+)
      foci occupying a high percentage (22%) of liver volume. N-OH-FAABP was a much
      weaker promoter, resulting in smaller foci and lower percentage (4%) of GGT+
      liver volume. The incomplete carcinogen N-OH-AABP was totally ineffective as
      promoter in our model. A similar difference was seen in the clastogenicity of
      these carcinogens in rat liver in vivo as measured by the formation of
      micronuclei: N-OH-AAF was far more clastogenic than N-OH-FAABP, which in turn was
      more clastogenic than N-OH-AABP. We have recently shown that N-acetylated
      deoxyguanosine adducts are responsible for clastogenicity of N-OH-AAF and may be
      important for promotion. DNA adduct analysis after injection of 120 mumol/kg of
      tritium-labeled N-OH-FAABP or N-OH-AABP, 24 h after PH, showed that N-acetylated
      adducts to C8 of deoxyguanosine are also formed from these structurally related
      liver carcinogens. However, the formation of these adducts from N-OH-FAABP and N
      OH-AABP was approximately 8 and approximately 5% of the formation of dG-C8-AAF
      after injection of 25 mumol/kg N-OH-AAF. These data show that for the
      structurally related liver carcinogens N-OH-AAF, N-OH-FAABP and N-OH-AABP,
      clastogenicity does not predict initiating efficacy but correlates with promotion
      activity. Possibly, N-acetylated adducts to C8 of deoxyguanosine are involved in
      both clastogenicity and promotion.

PMID- 2302761
TI  - Formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in rat kidney DNA after
      intraperitoneal administration of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA).
AB  - A significant increase of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) was observed in the
      kidney DNA of rats given a renal carcinogen, the ferric complex of
      nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) by single i.p. injection. By contrast, non- or weakly
      carcinogenic compounds, aluminum-nitrilotriacetate complex (Al-NTA), non
      complexed NTA (Na2NTA) and ferric chloride had no effect on 8-OH-dG production in
      the kidney DNA. These results suggest the involvement of active oxygen radicals
      in Fe-NTA carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2302762
TI  - Natural pesticides present in edible plants are predicted to be carcinogenic.
AB  - Based upon the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) rodent carcinogenicity data
      base, CASE, an artificial intelligence structure-activity evaluation method,
      predicts that a large proportion of natural pesticides present in edible plants
      are rodent carcinogens.

PMID- 2302763
TI  - Cyclosporine metabolites: are they active?

PMID- 2302764
TI  - Automated measurement of two indicators of human selenium status, and
      applicability to population studies.
AB  - We developed an automated system consisting of a centrifugal analyzer and an
      atomic absorption spectrophotometer with Zeeman background correction to produce
      a profile of the concentrations of selenium and the selenium-dependent enzyme
      glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in serum and whole blood, for use in
      epidemiological surveys in Northern Ireland. No pretreatment of samples other
      than dilution is required, and at least 35 subjects can be screened within 24 h
      of venesection. For selenium in serum the between-run CV was 5.7% and 4.4% within
      run. For selenium in whole blood the CV was 5.9% between runs, 5.7% within run.
      The within-run CV for glutathione peroxidase was 0.92% for serum, 1.18% for
      blood; the between-run CV was 8.3% for serum. To illustrate the use of the
      system, we present the profile of selenium and glutathione peroxidase in serum
      and whole blood from 100 adults 25 to 64 years old.

PMID- 2302765
TI  - Establishment of an external quality-assessment scheme for amino acid analyses:
      results from assays of samples distributed during two years.
AB  - Ten different samples of lyophilized plasma and two of liquid urine were
      distributed during two years to 26 laboratories performing quantitative amino
      acid analyses in a scheme designed to provide external quality assessment. After
      each distribution, statistical summaries and performance scores based on delta
      standard deviations and percentage biases from the all-laboratory trimmed means
      were returned to participants, who also received annual performance summaries
      based on their accumulated results. Coefficients of variation calculated from
      returns across all the samples ranged from 13% for glycine to 65% for methionine.
      Automated ion-exchange amino acid analyzers with ninhydrin detection appeared to
      perform better than other methods, although there was no clearly superior method
      and no model of analyzer clearly outperformed the others. These exercises
      demonstrate that there is room for improvement in the performance of quantitative
      amino acid analyses and that individual expertise may be more important in
      maintaining good performance than the choice of method or analyzer.

PMID- 2302766
TI  - Selection of medically useful quality-control procedures for individual tests
      done in a multitest analytical system.
AB  - Quality-control (QC) procedures (i.e., decision rules used, numbers of control
      measurements collected per run) have been selected for individual tests of a
      multitest analyzer, to see that clinical or "medical usefulness" requirements for
      quality are met. The approach for designing appropriate QC procedures includes
      the following steps: (a) defining requirements for quality in the form of the
      "total allowable analytical error" for each test, (b) determining the imprecision
      of each measurement procedure, (c) calculating the medically important systematic
      and random errors for each test, and (d) assessing the probabilities for error
      detection and false rejection for candidate control procedures. In applying this
      approach to the Hitachi 737 analyzer, a design objective of 90% (or greater)
      detection of systematic errors was met for most tests (sodium, potassium,
      glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, uric acid, cholesterol, total
      protein, total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase,
      aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase) by use of 3.5s control limits
      with two control measurements per run (N). For the remaining tests (albumin,
      chloride, total CO2, calcium), requirements for QC procedures were more
      stringent, and 2.5s limits (with N = 2) were selected.

PMID- 2302767
TI  - Liver- and bone-derived isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in serum as determined
      by high-performance affinity chromatography.
AB  - To separate liver and bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzymes in human serum,
      we used high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) on a column of wheat-germ
      lectin conjugated to 7-microns-diameter silica particles and an eluent containing
      N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG). On-line spectrophotometric detection of ALP
      involved pumping diethanolamine-buffered p-nitrophenyl phosphate solution post
      column. Bone and liver isoenzymes could be separated into two peaks with only 10%
      overlap when an exponential gradient was used. A linear-step gradient separated
      80.9% of liver ALP and 91.6% of bone ALP in two distinct peaks. True bone and
      liver ALP peak areas for the linear-step gradient were determined by using
      correction factors, because each peak contained a co-eluted portion of the other
      ALP isoenzyme. The detection limit improved 10-fold over those of other
      techniques for ALP isoenzymes, owing to the relatively large sample that could be
      applied to the column. Correlation with a urea-inactivation procedure was
      reasonable for patients' serum samples (r = 0.98 and 0.79 for liver ALP and bone
      ALP, respectively).

PMID- 2302768
TI  - Screening trace elements and electrolytes in serum by inductively-coupled plasma
      emission spectrometry.
AB  - This rapid, accurate procedure for trace elements and electrolytes in serum
      requires little sample preparation: to 1 mL of serum a single reagent is added
      that contains trichloroacetic and hydrochloric acids for protein precipitation,
      hydroxylamine sulfate for iron reduction, and yttrium as the internal standard.
      After centrifugation, the supernates are directly analyzed for Na, K, Mg, Ca, Pi,
      Fe, Cu, and Zn by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The CVs were
      respectively 7.9%, 8.4%, 8.6%, 10.0%, 9.0%, 9.4%, 9.0%, and 9.0% for five assays
      of National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material
      (SRM) no. 1598, Bovine Serum. Analytical recoveries ranged from 92% to 107% for
      both SRM 1598 and commercial control serum.

PMID- 2302769
TI  - SCC antigen measured in malignant and nonmalignant diseases.
AB  - SCC antigen was measured in the serum of 214 patients with benign diseases and in
      251 patients with various cancers. With 2.5 micrograms/L as the upper normal
      limit for serum, values were positive in 2.9% of 69 healthy subjects (I), 29.0%
      of 214 patients with benign pathologies (II), and 41% of 217 patients with active
      cancer (III). The highest values in group II were for patients in renal failure
      (64%) or with lung diseases (40%) or head-and-neck diseases (21.2%). Specificity
      of SCC increased (91.1%) when we excluded patients in renal failure or with
      creatinine values greater than 133 mumol/L. In group III, SCC values were
      abnormal in 57.7% of patients with squamous cell carcinoma, but in only 9.3% of
      those with other histological types (P less than 0.001). In squamous cell
      carcinoma of the lung, cervix, or head and neck, SCC values were related to tumor
      stage, values being highest in patients with metastases.

PMID- 2302770
TI  - Cholesterol screening: comparative evaluation of on-site and laboratory-based
      measurements.
AB  - We measured cholesterol in capillary blood samples from 9683 volunteers over a
      four-day on-site community screening program, using the "Reflotron" desk-top
      analyzer (Boehringer-Mannheim Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). We also measured
      cholesterol in venous blood samples from 3% of those screened (a) with the
      Reflotron at the screening sites, (b) in a qualified hospital clinical
      laboratory, and (c) in a Centers for Disease Control standardized lipoprotein
      research laboratory. The sensitivity (and specificity) of the Reflotron
      measurements, with use of the lipoprotein laboratory measurements as the point of
      reference, was 0.95 (0.73) in capillary blood samples and 0.88 (0.93) in venous
      blood samples, compared with 0.99 (0.87) in the hospital clinical laboratory. The
      Reflotron measurements correlated less well with the lipoprotein laboratory
      values in both venous blood (r = 0.91) and capillary blood (r = 0.89) samples
      than did the clinical laboratory values (r greater than 0.99). Furthermore, the
      capillary blood measurements averaged 7% higher than venous measurements when
      both kinds of samples were analyzed in the Reflotron.

PMID- 2302771
TI  - On dividing reference data into subgroups to produce separate reference ranges.
AB  - We consider statistical criteria for partitioning a reference database to obtain
      separate reference ranges for different subpopulations. Using general formulas
      relating population variances, sample sizes, and the normal deviate test for the
      significance of the difference between two subgroup means, we show that
      partitioning into separate ranges produces little reduction in between-person
      variability, even when the differences between means are highly significant
      statistically. However, when there is a clear physiological basis for
      distinguishing between certain subgroups, simulation studies show that
      partitioning may be necessary to obtain reference limits that cut off the desired
      proportions of low and high values in each subgroup. Guidelines based on these
      results are provided to help decide whether separate ranges should be obtained
      for a given analyte.

PMID- 2302772
TI  - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency as detected by radiochemical
      assay in cell extracts by thin-layer chromatography, and identification of three
      new cases.
AB  - In this rapid radiochemical assay for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase
      (I) activity in cell extracts, DL-3[glutaryl-3-14C]hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
      coenzyme A is used as substrate and the radiochemical product, [3-14C]acetoacetic
      acid, is converted to the more stable [3-14C]-3-hydroxybutyric acid in the
      presence of added NADH and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. Substrate and product
      are separated and quantified by thin-layer chromatography on cellulose (solvent
      system: butanol/water/formic acid, 77:13:10 by vol). All reagents for the assay
      are commercially available. No detailed column chromatography or
      spectrophotometry is required. Thus the assay is suited for any clinical
      laboratory. Using this procedure, we studied cultured fibroblasts or lymphocytes
      isolated from whole blood from five patients in whom the urinary organic acid
      profile was suggestive of deficiency of I. Three patients had less than or equal
      to 18% of control I activity in fibroblast or lymphocyte extracts. The other two
      had activity within the normal range. In one of the latter cases, urinary
      excretion of three of the characteristic acids disappeared with age, and 3
      hydroxyisovaleric acid excretion was within normal limits. The other case
      presented with urinary excretion of moderate amounts of all four metabolites and
      the characteristic absence of urinary ketone bodies. Evidently, confirmatory
      enzyme studies should be undertaken, even when the profile of urinary organic
      acids appears definitive for this deficiency.

PMID- 2302773
TI  - Increased activities of cytosol aminopeptidase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum
      originate from lymphocytes in necrotizing lymphadenitis.
AB  - In three pediatric patients with necrotizing lymphadenitis, cytosol
      aminopeptidase activity (c-AP; EC 3.4.11.1) in serum was markedly increased to
      509, 417, and 191 U/L, respectively (normal range 25-60 U/L). Lactate
      dehydrogenase (LD; EC 1.1.1.27) was also increased, with LD-3 predominating. The
      increased concentrations of c-AP and LD presumably originated from the
      destruction of infected, activated lymphocytes, especially T lymphocytes.
      Necrotizing lymphadenitis is probably caused by a lymphocytotropic virus.

PMID- 2302774
TI  - Calibration in three dimensions: optimizing a two-parameter calibration technique
      to extend the range of an immunoturbidimetric urinary albumin assay into antigen
      excess.
AB  - I describe a general technique, called "two-parameter calibration," which allows
      precise determination of analyte from non-monotonic calibration plots and the
      calibration of immunoturbidimetric assays in antigen excess. Using three
      dimensional calibration plots and relative-sensitivity curves, two optimal
      parameters may be selected from a number of possible options by using criteria
      presented here. Choosing two different values of delta At1-t2, the change in
      absorbance from time t1 to t2--as the reaction parameters in an
      immunoturbidimetric assay for albumin, I have optimized the choice of time
      interval for two-parameter calibration and extended the working range of the
      assay by three- to fourfold. The albumin assay shows excellent agreement of
      observed and expected values (r = 0.996) and also with results of a routine
      kinetic dye-binding method used on diluted plasma samples (r = 0.970).

PMID- 2302775
TI  - Improved kinetic rate assay of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase with 2
      chloro-4-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide as substrate.
AB  - We have improved the kinetic rate assay method for determining N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30; NAG) activity in urine with use of the synthetic
      substrate, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (CNP-NAG),
      reported previously (Clin Chem 1988;34:2140-2). To increase the solubility of
      this substrate, we used crown ether (15-crown-5-ether) and ethylene glycol. In
      addition, we used for the standard solution NAG from human placenta, with
      specificity corresponding to that of human urine, so that values obtained with
      the CNP-NAG method and a p-nitrophenyl-NAG method ("MEI Assay NAG") correlated
      almost completely (r = 0.995, n = 29). Reference values for urinary NAG activity
      determined by the CNP-NAG method were established for untimed urine specimens
      from 674 healthy volunteers. The normal reference interval (mean +/- 2 SD) for
      NAG: 1.6-15.0 (mean 4.9) U per gram of creatinine.

PMID- 2302776
TI  - Hyponatremia in patients admitted to a coronary care unit.
AB  - Calculation of osmolal gap in plasma and urine samples from patients after acute
      myocardial infarction was carried out to see whether changes in these variables
      support the concept of a "sick-cell" mechanism being responsible for the
      hyponatremia associated with acute myocardial infarction. Some supportive
      evidence was found on the first day after admission but, overall, the evidence
      was not convincing.

PMID- 2302777
TI  - Increased sensitivity in a radioimmunoassay for measuring cyclosporine in
      lipoprotein fractions.
AB  - We describe a modification of the commercially available cyclosporine (CAS) 3H
      RIA kit, allowing detection of drug in lipoprotein fractions obtained by
      ultracentrifugation. Sodium bromide solutions containing the lipoprotein
      fractions were dried and reconstituted with drug-free plasma. Methanolic
      extractions were centrifuged, and 250 microL of the supernate was dried and
      reconstituted with 50 microL of methanol. Buffer, radioactive tracer, and
      monoclonal antibody were then added and incubated for 2 h at 4 degrees C. Samples
      were subjected to charcoal de-activation and then centrifuged, and the
      radioactivity in the supernate was counted. The limit of detection of CSA was 2.5
      micrograms/L; analytical recovery was between 97.5% and 101.3%. Within- and
      between-day CVs were less than 9%. We conclude that the present method may be
      beneficial for therapeutic drug monitoring of CSA in lipoprotein fractions.

PMID- 2302778
TI  - Simple enzymatic assay for determining cholesterol concentrations in bile.
AB  - We use bilirubin oxidase (EC 1.3.3.5) to remove interference by bilirubin in the
      assay of cholesterol concentration in bile by standard enzymatic methods. Samples
      are treated for 10 min with nonlimiting amounts of bilirubin oxidase to form
      biliverdin from bilirubin before the reagent for cholesterol is added. The
      relatively small interference by biliverdin is easily eliminated by use of sample
      blanks. The method is simple, convenient, and not hampered by the "chromogen
      oxidase" activity (the inherent ability of bilirubin oxidase to oxidize some
      chromogens) that plagues other assays of this type. Using this assay, we have
      accurately and precisely determined the concentration of cholesterol in bile.
      Such elimination of bilirubin will also be useful in assays of other biliary
      constituents or constituents of urine or icteric plasma.

PMID- 2302779
TI  - Aminotransferase as a prognostic index in infants with liver disease.
AB  - To assess the utility of the serum aspartate aminotransferase/alanine
      aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio in a group of infants with liver disorders, we
      retrospectively analyzed the charts of 73 infants with chronic liver disorders.
      Patients were considered as having either a good outcome (n = 40) or a poor
      outcome (n = 33), based upon the clinical course. AST and ALT in serum were
      measured simultaneously at the time of initial presentation and at various follow
      up visits during the first 13 months after birth. At presentation (mean age 1.65
      months), there was no difference in the AST/ALT ratios between the good (1.61 +/-
      0.62; mean +/- SD) and poor (1.65 +/- 0.78) outcome groups (P = 0.81). However,
      over time, the AST/ALT ratio increased in patients in the poor-outcome group and
      decreased in patients in the good-outcome group. Calculating the AST/ALT ratio
      appears to be an easy, early, and reliable prognostic indicator for infants with
      hepatic disease, and may be a useful measure for evaluating liver-disease
      patients.

PMID- 2302780
TI  - Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase determined by "Fast Protein Liquid
      Chromatography".
AB  - We describe an improved separation of the isoenzymes of aspartate
      aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), based on ion-exchange chromatography. Involving
      the "Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography" system (Pharmacia) with a MonoQ column,
      this rapid, reproducible method for quantifying the mitochondrial enzyme shows
      good resolution and sensitivity, and results correlate well with those by an
      established immunochemical method.

PMID- 2302781
TI  - Method comparison for calcium determination by flame atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry in the presence of phosphate.
AB  - We investigated the suppressive effects of phosphate on calcium determinations
      with lanthanum-air/acetylene and potassium-nitrous oxide/acetylene methods, and
      we evaluated the ability of these methods to meet the suggested analytical goals
      for urine samples. The 20 g/L La-air/acetylene method was the most nearly
      accurate for predicting the actual calcium concentrations (t-test value = 
      0.042), followed by the 2 g/L K-nitrous oxide/acetylene method (t-test value =
      0.450), 10 g/L La-air/acetylene (t-test value = -0.733), and finally 5 g/L La
      air/acetylene (t-test value = -2.446). The dilution used significantly influences
      the apparent calcium concentration measured with the La-air/acetylene methods.

PMID- 2302782
TI  - Cross-reactivity of monomeric and dimeric biosynthetic human growth hormone in
      commercial immunoassays.
AB  - Commercial kits give different measurements for concentrations of growth hormone
      (GH, somatotropin) in serum. Most notably, a two-site monoclonal-antibody-based
      immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) from Hybritech routinely yields lower values than
      do conventional RIAs in which polyclonal antibodies are used. We used purified
      dimeric biosynthetic human GH as a model compound to investigate the specificity
      of five commercial immunoassays for size variants of GH. In all five assays,
      biosynthetic monomeric GH was significantly more potent than pituitary-derived
      standard GH supplied with the kits. Dimeric GH was significantly less potent than
      monomer in four of the five assays, and cross-reactivities varied more than
      fivefold, from 15% to 84%. Using three commercial kits selected for their
      specificity for dimeric GH, we measured GH in serum samples from 18 normal
      adults. The mean GH concentrations in serum--0.7 (Hybritech, IRMA), 1.8
      (Diagnostic Products, RIA), and 3.1 (Cambridge, RIA) micrograms/L--differed
      significantly, but in the same rank order as that obtained in the experiments on
      dimer cross-reactivity.

PMID- 2302783
TI  - A comparison of results for cholesterol in human serum obtained by the Reference
      Method and by the Definitive Method of the National Reference System for
      cholesterol.
AB  - Here we compare the Reference Method (I) and the Definitive Method (II) for
      measurement of cholesterol in serum. For pure cholesterol solutions, values by I
      agree with values by II, but for fresh, frozen, or lyophilized sera, values by I
      average 1.6% higher than values by II. We conclude that an undetected
      interference is associated with I. However, the observed difference does not
      diminish the usefulness of I as an accuracy base for cholesterol measurements,
      because it is clinically insignificant at present.

PMID- 2302784
TI  - Intracellular free amino acid patterns in duodenal and colonic mucosa.
AB  - We report for the first time the concentrations of free amino acids in human
      intestinal biopsies obtained by routinely performed endoscopy. We studied 15
      medical patients with no changes of the mucosa and six HIV-infected persons with
      duodenitis. The mean (and SD) sum of all amino acids, taurine excepted, was 61.9
      (5.4) mmol/kg dry weight in duodenal biopsies of HIV-negative subjects (n = 11)
      and 82.9 (0.6) mmol/kg in colonic specimens: 50% (44%) of the total (minus
      taurine) consisted of aspartate and glutamate and 14% (12%), of the essential
      amino acids. The relative amino acid pattern in duodenum and colon differed
      completely from that for muscle: aspartate was fourfold higher; glutamate,
      phenylalanine, glycine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine were about twofold
      higher. In contrast, glutamine amounted only to 4% (duodenum) to 14% (colon) of
      muscle glutamine. In duodenal biopsies of the HIV-infected persons, we found
      significantly (P less than 0.01, except glutamine: P less than 0.025) increased
      concentrations of glutamate (24.1 vs 17 mmol/kg dry weight), ornithine (1.4 vs
      0.4), valine (2.2 vs 1.7), and glutamine.

PMID- 2302785
TI  - Monoclonal immunoradiometric assay of calcitonin improves investigation of
      familial medullary thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - Calcitonin (CT) assay is essential for recognizing medullary thyroid carcinoma
      (MTC), particularly occult familial MTC. In previous radioimmunoassays of
      calcitonin, polyclonal antibodies were used. Here we evaluate a new two-site
      immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) of calcitonin based on use of monoclonal
      antibodies. We assayed samples from healthy subjects, patients with renal
      failure, and subjects from families affected by MTC. Basal values for healthy
      subjects were all less than 10 ng/L. Renal failure is associated with increased
      basal CT. The CT peak under pentagastrin stimulation in healthy patients was less
      than 30 ng/L. In familial screening, basal values greater than 10 ng/L or peak
      values greater than 30 ng/L correspond to subjects with histologically confirmed
      MCT or micro-MCT. Polyclonal RIA performed in the same subjects failed to detect
      the moderate increase of CT that IRMA demonstrated. Preliminary results indicate
      that this new method may allow earlier detection of CT increase and thus improved
      diagnosis of MCT, particularly in familial screening. Monitoring surgical
      patients could also be improved by this new assay.

PMID- 2302786
TI  - Direct determination of arginine-vasopressin in urine.

PMID- 2302788
TI  - Evaluation of improved Ektachem chloride slides with respect to purine
      interference.

PMID- 2302787
TI  - Cross-reactivity of cyclosporine metabolites in two different radioimmunoassays
      in which the same specific monoclonal antibody is used.

PMID- 2302789
TI  - Dextromethorphan oxidation phenotypes as markers for susceptibility to lung
      cancer.

PMID- 2302790
TI  - Rapid determination of intact parathyrin in serum in hypercalcemic crisis, based
      on a commercially available kit.

PMID- 2302791
TI  - Urinary total hydroxyproline measured by HPLC: comparison of spot and timed urine
      collections.

PMID- 2302792
TI  - Benign hyperphosphatasemia.

PMID- 2302793
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol as measured by a radioreceptor assay in normal
      subjects and patients after kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2302794
TI  - Monoclonal gammopathies as a cause of high serum laminin concentrations.

PMID- 2302795
TI  - Simpler measurement of caffeine and paraxanthine in saliva.

PMID- 2302796
TI  - A kinetic method for determination of serum ceruloplasmin.

PMID- 2302797
TI  - Sensitive ELISA for measuring elastin breakdown products in plasma.

PMID- 2302798
TI  - Concentrations of sialic acid in serum in Behcet disease.

PMID- 2302799
TI  - Massive theophylline overdose with atypical metabolic abnormalities.
AB  - We report a case of fatal theophylline overdose in a 16-year-old asthmatic boy
      who presented with seizures, respiratory arrest, and a theophylline concentration
      of 117 mg/L in serum. His hospital course was complicated by refractory
      hypotension and severe ischemic necrosis of skeletal muscle, bowel, and liver.
      The metabolic abnormalities observed early in his hospital course included severe
      hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and profound
      metabolic acidosis. These metabolic abnormalities differ from those previously
      reported in cases of massive theophylline overdose. The metabolic abnormalities
      observed in this patient probably reflected his extensive ischemic tissue damage
      with release of intracellular ions and associated acidemia. Markedly increased
      catalytic activities of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine
      aminotransferase in serum were also noted.

PMID- 2302800
TI  - Glucose and other constituents of blood determined by ATR-FTIR-spectroscopy.

PMID- 2302801
TI  - Discrepancies among commercial kits for assaying growth hormone.

PMID- 2302802
TI  - Effect of gel filtration on urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity
      measured by the m-cresolsulfonphthaleinyl procedure.

PMID- 2302803
TI  - Estimation of brain lesion size based on quantifying CK-BB release.

PMID- 2302804
TI  - Effects of dialysis on intact parathyrin in patients with chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2302805
TI  - More on heme protein-pyridine nucleotide interactions.

PMID- 2302806
TI  - Limitations of the fructosamine reaction.

PMID- 2302807
TI  - Correlation between results for the DuPont aca acid phosphatase test and the
      "DMA" acid phosphatase test as adapted to the Hitachi 704 analyzer.

PMID- 2302808
TI  - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 6 in serum of two patients with severe pre
      eclampsia.

PMID- 2302809
TI  - Usefulness of the fructosamine measurement for monitoring diabetic patients.

PMID- 2302810
TI  - The New Jersey experience.

PMID- 2302811
TI  - Surgery of 346 patients with unoperated cleft lip and palate in Sri Lanka.
AB  - By means of a surgical expedition involving an independently financed team of
      surgeons, anesthetists and nurses, 410 operations were performed on 346 patients
      in the course of 52 operating days. This paper describes the preoperative,
      operative, and postoperative scenarios and how clinical practice was tailored to
      adapt to a new environment without compromising standards. The differences
      between operating on the lip and palate in the adult compared to younger children
      are highlighted. The clinical research implications are more evident from other
      papers on this topic published in this journal, but the enlightenment of working
      and teaching in a third world country cannot be underestimated.

PMID- 2302812
TI  - The Sri Lankan Cleft Lip and Palate Project: the unoperated cleft lip and palate.
AB  - Since 1984, the Sri Lankan Cleft Lip and Palate Project has developed a large
      surgical and research program collecting records on over 500 subjects with
      unrepaired cleft lip and palate. In addition, 410 operations were performed by
      Project and will be followed by individual reports on facial growth and
      morphology, speech, surgical and anesthetic aspects, and the otologic
      significance of cleft palate in this issue and subsequent ones.

PMID- 2302813
TI  - Hearing loss and cleft palate: the perspective of time.
AB  - This study examines the hearing status of individuals with clefts of the palate
      or lip and palate without other major malformations or syndromes. A total of
      1,699 audiometric records were reviewed and classified on the basis of race,
      gender, cleft type, age, and birth year (pre or post 1969). The results indicate
      that race, age, and date of birth affect the frequency of hearing loss.

PMID- 2302814
TI  - A comparison of noninvasive procedures to assess nasal airway resistance.
AB  - Through sophisticated equipment has been used to determine nasal airway
      resistance (Rnaw), data must be interpreted cautiously because of the variability
      of procedures used to obtain the measures. The present investigation was designed
      to determine the effects of breathing versus a speech task, using a forward
      versus a resting tongue carriage, and the consistency of these measures on Rnaw
      values. Twenty young adult females performed a noninvasive procedure for
      assessment of Rnaw during rest breathing and nasal/m/ sound production with and
      without tongue anchoring over a 2-day period. No significant differences in Rnaw
      were found between days or tasks. Of the tasks examined, sustained/m/production
      and tongue anchoring procedures proved consistent adjuncts to quiet breathing for
      estimation of nasal airway resistance across days and airflow rate conditions.
      Clinical implications for the application of these procedures are discussed.

PMID- 2302815
TI  - The relationship between nasal airway size and nasal-oral breathing in cleft lip
      and palate.
AB  - Clefts of the lip and palate generally result in reduced size of the nasal
      airway. Procedures such as the placement of a pharyngeal flap tend to further
      compromise nasal breathing. The purpose of this study was to determine how size
      of the nasal airway affects the mode of breathing in adults with cleft lip and/or
      palate. A heterogeneous population of 50 adult subjects with cleft lip and/or
      palate was studied. Nineteen of the subjects had pharyngeal flaps. Respiratory
      inductive plethysmography was used in combination with an integrating
      pneumotachograph to measure percent nasal breathing. Pressure-flow studies were
      used to estimate nasal airway size. The data revealed that a majority of subjects
      had an airway size of less than 0.4 cm2, which constitutes impairment. Mean cross
      sectional area for all subjects was 0.38 cm2 +/- 0.20 SD. Seventy percent of the
      subjects studied were oral breathers to some extent. A Spearman rank correlation
      coefficient of 0.725 (p less than 0.0001) indicated that oral-nasal breathing
      mode was related to airway size. Airway size in the subgroup with pharyngeal
      flaps was even smaller (0.31 cm2), while percent nasal breathing was lower.
      Mouthbreathing was observed in all subjects whose airway size was less than 0.38
      cm2.

PMID- 2302816
TI  - Maintaining speech pressures in the presence of velopharyngeal impairment.
AB  - Most, but not all, individuals with velopharyngeal inadequacy maintain consonant
      pressures greater than 3 cm H2O even with decreased velar resistance. The purpose
      of this study was to identify variables that might differentiate those who
      achieve adequate pressures from those who do not. Forty-four cleft lip and/or
      palate subjects were assessed during production of /p/ in the word "hamper."
      Twenty-three subjects achieved pressures greater than 3 cm H2O and 21 did not.
      The pressure-flow technique was used to assess velopharyngeal orifice size, nasal
      resistance, velar resistance, and nasal airflow during speech. Nasal cross
      sectional area was measured during breathing. The data were analyzed by age and
      gender. Results indicate that the inability to achieve adequate consonant
      pressures in the presence of velopharyngeal inadequacy is more likely to occur in
      adults than in children. Although children are known to produce consonants at
      higher pressures than adults, the age disparity between groups did not account
      for the pressure differences. The most significant factor differentiating
      adequate and low pressure speakers was the magnitude of nasal plus velar
      resistance. This difference was consistent across age and gender.

PMID- 2302817
TI  - Nasometric and phototransductive measurements of reaction times among normal
      adult speakers.
AB  - The temporal relationship among laryngeal, velopharyngeal, and labial activity
      was investigated by studying the reaction times of eight normal adults. Four
      female and four male subjects sustained production of the nasal consonant /m/
      until a computer-driven imperative tone was presented at which time they were
      required to say /pi/ as quickly as possible. This task was repeated 30 times for
      each subject. The offset of voicing at the end of the /m/ and the onset of
      bilabial plosive release were monitored using a commercially available Nasometer.
      The onset of velopharyngeal (V-P) movement toward closure and the attainment of
      closure were monitored using a photodetector system. Across 240 responses, the
      average latencies were: 146 ms for initiation of V-P movement toward closure, 224
      ms for voicing offset, 280 ms for onset of V-P closure and 317 ms for onset of
      plosive release. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to
      speech motor control and the clinical evaluation of patients with velopharyngeal
      impairments.

PMID- 2302818
TI  - A preliminary study of facial growth and morphology in unoperated male unilateral
      cleft lip and palate subjects over 13 years of age.
AB  - This paper investigates the effects of surgery on facial growth and morphology in
      Sri Lankan males with unilateral cleft lip and palate who were over 13 years of
      age at the time of study with cephalometry and dental study models. Three
      separate subgroups were analyzed: those who had totally unrepaired cleft lip and
      palate, those who received lip repair in infancy but not palatal repair, and
      those who had lip and palate repair in infancy. Twenty-three healthy noncleft Sri
      Lankan males over 13 years formed a control group from the same racial
      background. The results show that subjects who had no surgery had a potential for
      normal maxillary growth. Subjects who have had lip repair in early infancy show
      relatively normal maxillary growth, but maxillary hypoplasia is common when the
      palate has also been repaired early.

PMID- 2302819
TI  - Long-term follow-up on a case of untreated trigonocephaly.
AB  - Trigonocephaly is typically treated during the second 3 months of life by metopic
      suture synostectomy, orbital rim advancement, and cranioplasty. The results are
      generally very pleasing in nonsyndromic patients. We have not, however, seen
      adults with residual deformity who preceded the present basic approach to
      treatment first described by Hoffman and Mohr (1976). Dominguez et al (1981)
      described 15 individuals who improved without treatment. The question that arises
      is whether we are treating this congenital problem unnecessarily, particularly in
      nonsyndromic patients. We present a 38-year-old untreated woman who still has
      residual signs of the deformity seen in early childhood photographs.

PMID- 2302820
TI  - The influence of cleft lip repair on facial growth.

PMID- 2302821
TI  - Gastrointestinal transit disorders in patients with insulin-treated diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - Gastric emptying, mouth-to-cecum transit and whole gut transit of a solid-liquid
      meal were measured in 43 insulin-treated diabetics and in 30 control subjects by
      using scintigraphic techniques, the hydrogen breath test and stool markers. In
      the diabetics various parameters including duration of diabetes, gastrointestinal
      symptoms and complications such as autonomic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy
      and proteinuria were determined and related to gastrointestinal transit times.
      Gastric emptying was significantly prolonged in diabetics as compared to the
      control group (p less than 0.05) with 35% of the diabetics disclosing abnormally
      delayed gastric emptying, whereas no significant overall differences were
      observed between diabetics and controls concerning mouth-to-cecum transit and
      whole gut transit time. However, abnormally prolonged mouth-to-cecum transit was
      detected in 23% and delayed whole gut transit in 26% of the diabetics (p less
      than 0.02 as compared to the control group). There was a significant correlation
      of dyspeptic symptoms and diarrhea with prolonged gastric emptying (p less than
      0.001). Gastric emptying, but not mouth-to-cecum transit or whole gut transit was
      significantly related to autonomic nerve dysfunction (p less than 0.001) and
      peripheral neuropathy (p less than 0.02). Furthermore, gastric emptying and WGT
      were significantly correlated to proteinuria (p less than 0.03). Using a linear
      regression model, autonomic neuropathy, diarrhea and dyspeptic symptoms were the
      major parameters in predicting delayed gastric emptying. It is concluded that in
      diabetics different compartments of the gut are affected by gastrointestinal
      motor abnormalities and that these segments are probably regulated by independent
      or different control mechanisms.

PMID- 2302822
TI  - A new syndrome of familial short stature, small hands, valvular heart disease and
      a characteristic facies.
AB  - A mother and two daughters are presented with severe short stature with
      disproportionately short limbs, small hands, clinodactyly, valvular heart disease
      and a distinctive facies with ptosis, high-arched palate and crowded dentition.
      This appears to be a previously undescribed syndrome, probably inherited as an
      autosomal dominant trait.

PMID- 2302823
TI  - Serum protein markers in Chinese schizophrenics--haptoglobin types and
      transferrin and group-specific component subtypes.
AB  - Four hundred and thirty-nine Chinese schizophrenic male patients were
      investigated for the distribution of haptoglobin types; transferrin and group
      specific component subtypes. The allelic frequencies of these three polymorphisms
      in the patient group were compared with those in healthy controls from published
      series. An excess of Gc2 over Gc1 (chi 2(1) 4.1; P less than 0.05) as well as a
      lack of Gc1S (chi 2(1) 15.3; P less than 0.001) was observed in schizophrenia.
      The relative risks of Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 have been estimated as 1.12, 0.76 and
      1.15, respectively. It appears from this study that the presence of Gc2 renders
      individuals susceptible while Gc1S offers protection for schizophrenia. No such
      association was found for the haptoglobin or transferrin polymorphisms.

PMID- 2302824
TI  - Clinical considerations in Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome.
AB  - This brief report describes a mother and two daughters with the rare Buschke
      Ollendorff syndrome. That the typical dermal connective tissue naevi lesions may
      become less obvious with time and that the condition is not always so "benign"
      are important clinical features not well recognised. Incorrect diagnosis may lead
      to embarkation upon hazardous management.

PMID- 2302825
TI  - Skin mastocytosis with short stature, conductive hearing loss and microtia: a new
      syndrome.
AB  - A 5 1/2-year-old Sephardic Jewish girl, born of consanguineous parents, is
      described. She has short stature, microcephaly, conductive hearing loss, skin
      mastocytosis and microtia. Since this constellation of findings has not been
      reported previously, we think that these findings represent a new congenital
      malformation, most probably of genetic etiology.

PMID- 2302826
TI  - Lack of specificity of DA/DAPI fluorescence.
AB  - Cytogenetic studies showed 47,XY, + mar in a developmentally retarded child with
      some features of Prader-Willi syndrome, and 46,XX in his mother. The marker
      chromosome showed a single subterminal primary constriction, bisatellites, and
      two C-bands. DA/DAPI staining showed two intense bands in the marker chromosome,
      which most likely was derived from chromosome 15. Intense DA/DAPI fluorescence
      was also found in one chromosome 13 in the child, and one 13 and one 10 in his
      mother. The present results confirm the reports of DA/DAPI heteromorphism in
      acrocentric chromosomes other than the 15, and demonstrate a pericentric DA/DAPI
      heteromorphism in chromosome 10.

PMID- 2302827
TI  - Radial ray defects and associated anomalies; unique nature of the radial
      deficiencies and facial dysmorphism in the TAR syndrome.

PMID- 2302828
TI  - Monocyte disorder causing cellular immunodeficiency: a family study.
AB  - We report a familial type of monocyte dysfunction not recognized previously. This
      disorder was observed in a young adult man with a long clinical history of
      recurrent, self-limited episodes of cryptogenic fever accompanied by digestive
      and respiratory symptoms and repeated oral and skin infections. Lectin-induced
      lymphocyte transformation was reduced and skin tests revealed anergy to
      tuberculin and candidin. Monocytes from this patient exhibited markedly
      diminished expression of cytoskeletal vimentin intermediate filaments, HLA-DR
      antigens and immunological receptors for IgG Fc and C3b. These abnormal monocytes
      demonstrated impaired phagocytosis and reduced accessory cell function on PHA
      mediated lymphocyte activation. Release of soluble lymphocyte-activating factors
      by these cells was found to be defective. Lymphocytes from the patient responded
      appropriately to lectin in the presence of normal monocytes. Two family members
      of the proband presented similar monocyte defects although they only manifested
      minor clinical symptoms. This syndrome underlines the interest of testing
      monocyte markers and function in subjects with clinical manifestations of
      immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2302829
TI  - Pathogenesis of experimental lupus nephritis: a role for anti-basement membrane
      and anti-tubular brush border antibodies in murine chronic graft-versus-host
      disease.
AB  - The pathogenesis of renal involvement was studied in murine chronic graft-versus
      host disease (GVHD), which is a model for human systemic lupus erythematosus.
      GVHD was induced by four i.v. injections of lymphocytes from DBA/2 donor mice
      into (C57BL/10 x DBA/2)F1 hybrids at 3-4-day intervals. Two weeks after the first
      injection, antibodies were found to have been deposited in the mesangium and
      along the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in a linear arrangement, which
      changed to a granular pattern after 6-8 weeks. In this stage, large electron
      dense complexes were present both subepithelially and subendothelially along the
      GBM. Proteinuria increased up to 11,300 +/- 2140 micrograms/18 h. Indirect
      immunofluorescence studies and ELISA showed that sera and kidney eluates
      contained autoantibodies directed against nuclear antigens and GBM component
      laminin as well as against renal tubular epithelial antigens (RTE). The
      specificity of the anti-RTE antibodies was further characterized by the use of
      absorption techniques as well as immunoblotting. The early linear
      immunofluorescence pattern seems to be associated with glomerular binding of anti
      GBM antibodies, while electron-dense complex formation in later stages may be
      induced by the superimposed deposition of anti-RTE antibodies. Similar phenomena
      were recently described in Heymann's nephritis in the rat, a model for human
      membranous nephropathy.

PMID- 2302830
TI  - Serological and histological characterization of the new mutant strain of lpr
      mice, CBA/KlJms-lprcg/lprcg.
AB  - CBA/KlJms-lprcg/lprcg mice with a novel mutation producing systemic
      lymphoproliferation were investigated for their serological and histological
      characteristics. The mutant mice showed elevated levels of serum immunoglobulin,
      C1q-binding immune complexes and antibodies to nuclear antigens such as dsDNA and
      ssDNA and poly(ADP-ribose). In contrast, histopathological lesions, e.g.
      glomerulonephritis, vasculitis or interstitial pneumonitis, were not revealed by
      histological and immunofluorescent examinations, except for lymphocytic
      infiltration in various organs. These results suggest that this mutant mouse
      strain may provide a new animal model for autoimmunity. However, further
      investigations are required to clarify whether this strain is unique as compared
      with other well-known lupus-prone strains of mice with respect to serological and
      histological abnormalities and become to be a new model of systemic autoimmune
      disease.

PMID- 2302831
TI  - Reduction of graft-versus-host disease in neonatal F1 hybrid mice.
AB  - Pre-immunization of BALB/c (H-2d) mothers with C57BL/10 (H-2b) or CBA/H (H-2k)
      spleen cells partially protected the F1 hybrid offspring of (BALB/c x C57BL/10)
      or (BALB/c x CBA/H) matings from graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) induced by
      neonatal intraperitoneal inoculation with spleen cells of the paternal strain.
      The effects achieved were manifest as a reduction in mortality. Experiments to
      establish whether the phenomenon was antibody mediated were performed by passive
      pre-immunization of BALB/c mothers with alloantisera obtained from BALB/c
      previously immunized with C57BL/10 spleen cells. Alloantisera produced an
      equivalent reduction in GVHD mortality. Some of the F1 mice that survived
      challenge with paternal strain spleen cells were proven to be haemopoietic
      chimaeras using immunofluorescence with anti-MHC monoclonal antibodies and
      polymorphism of the enzyme glucose-phosphate-isomerase present in the strains
      used. The possible mechanisms of protection from GVHD in our mouse model are
      discussed.

PMID- 2302832
TI  - Antibody response reveal differences in oral tolerance to wheat and maize grain
      protein fractions.
AB  - The influence of diet on humoral immune responses to gluten- and maize-derived
      proteins was examined using ELISA and protein blotting techniques. Mice raised on
      the maize-based (gluten-free) diet responded well to parenteral immunization with
      each of six gluten-derived protein preparations (whole gliadin, two omega-gliadin
      fractions, wheat salt-soluble proteins, a peptic-tryptic digest and a subtilisin
      digest of gluten), as serum antibody levels increased at least 300-fold in each
      case. In contrast, mice raised on the wheat-based diet responded poorly to
      immunization with either whole gliadin or omega-gliadin and were virtually non
      responsive to enzymic digest of gluten. Diet had little effect on the magnitude
      of the antibody response to wheat salt-soluble proteins, with both groups showing
      a 300-fold increase in titre. Similarly, tolerance to alpha-zeins, the alcohol
      soluble proteins of maize, did not occur on either diet. However, some oral
      tolerance was observed to maize glutelin. The specificity of the various antibody
      responses was then analysed by immunoblotting. Following immunization with gluten
      proteins or digests, antibodies from the maize-fed mice bound more or less
      equally to each of the main gliadin bands and to the glutenins while the mice on
      the wheat-based diet had antibody specific for omega-gliadin proteins. Serum
      antibodies from the maize-fed mice, immunized with either alpha-zein or maize
      glutelin, showed even labelling of the major maize endosperm proteins while
      antibodies from mice on the wheat diet showed strong labelling of the Mr 27,000
      and 58,000 bands. These results show that diet influenced the specificity, as
      well as the magnitude of serum antibody responses to cereal proteins. In
      addition, oral tolerance appeared to affect the humoral response to some cereal
      proteins more than others. Both of these findings have important implications for
      our understanding of coeliac disease.

PMID- 2302833
TI  - Effect of human intestinal macrophages on immunoglobulin production by human
      intestinal mononuclear cells isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel
      disease.
AB  - The effect of macrophages on spontaneous immunoglobulin production by isolated
      human intestinal mononuclear cells (MNC) is unknown. Depletion of macrophages by
      adherence to fibronectin or by panning with macrophage-specific monoclonal
      antibody 3C10 lead to a significant reduction in IgA. IgG and IgM production by
      intestinal MNC from both normal (n = 10) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (n
      = 13) mucosa. The reduction in immunoglobulin produced by macrophage-depleted
      intestinal MNC was greater in IBD patients than in normal controls. There was a
      significant correlation (r = 0.816, P less than 0.001) between the percentage of
      macrophages depleted by panning with 3C10 and the reduction in IgG produced by
      macrophage-depleted intestinal MNC. Addition of either fibronectin-adherent cells
      or the supernatant from these macrophage-enriched cells enhanced immunoglobulin
      production in a dose-dependent fashion. A greater increase in IgG production by
      macrophage-depleted cells was seen when cultured with supernatant from inflamed
      IBD mucosal cells, compared with that from normal mucosal cells. The soluble
      factor(s) responsible in the supernatant was acid and heat susceptible but was
      not affected by freezing and thawing. Addition of recombinant human interleukin-1
      beta or human interferon-gamma to cell cultures did not influence immunoglobulin
      production. Thus, human intestinal macrophages enhance spontaneous immunoglobulin
      production by isolated intestinal MNC by secreting soluble factor(s) which remain
      to be fully characterized.

PMID- 2302834
TI  - Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis and
      micropolyarteritis.
AB  - Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) have been detected by cell surface
      radioimmunoassay in nine out of 15 patients with micropolyarteritis (MPA) and in
      two out of five patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. AECA mostly belonged to
      the IgG isotype and were present in the active phase of the diseases. These
      antibodies were not detectable in 10 sera from patients with essential mixed
      cryoglobulinaemia, suggesting that they were not a mere epiphenomenon consequent
      to the inflammatory vascular injury. The binding activity was not related to ABH
      antigens or to HLA class I antigens displayed by resting human endothelial cells
      in culture and was not influenced by removing immune complexes. Absorption of the
      anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), present in MPA and Wegener's
      granulomatosis sera, did not affect the endothelial binding. AECA-positive sera
      did not display lytic activity against endothelial cells, neither alone nor after
      addition of fresh complement or normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
      Although AECA are not cytolytic for endothelial cell monolayers in vitro, the
      reactivity against intact endothelial cells suggests their possible involvement
      in in vivo pathological processes affecting vascular structures in small vessel
      primary vasculitides.

PMID- 2302835
TI  - Liver membrane antibodies (LMA) recognize a 26-kD protein on the hepatocellular
      surface.
AB  - Sera from 82 patients with chronic inflammatory liver diseases and from patients
      with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and
      Hashimoto's thyroiditis were studied by immunoblotting against purified liver
      plasma membranes (LPM) and soluble liver protein (SLP) fractions from different
      species after previous separation by SDS-PAGE. Eighteen of 19 sera with LMA of
      IgG type in immunofluorescence assay and six LMA-negative sera (three sera from
      patients with RA) showed antibodies of the IgG or IgM classes against a protein
      with a molecular weight of 26 kD which was present in LPM and SLP fractions from
      rats, rabbits, pigs and humans. The reaction with 26-kD liver protein did not
      correlate with other known autoantibody-antigen systems. All sera were negative
      in the 26-kD region with liver mitochondria, liver microsomes and soluble
      proteins of kidney (with one exception), heart and gut from the rat. The 26-kD
      protein was purified by affinity chromatography on immobilized anti-26-kD protein
      antibodies from patients, eluted from the 26-kD band of immunoblots. Studies with
      purified 26-kD liver protein and with SLP as antigens after separation in two
      dimensional electrophoresis confirmed that patient serum and experimental rabbit
      antiserum react with the same protein. Eluted patient antibodies and rabbit
      antisera showed a linear fluorescence pattern on isolated hepatocytes from rat
      and rabbit. The data indicate that one of the target antigens of LMA is a species
      nonspecific 26-kD protein located on the hepatocellular surface.

PMID- 2302836
TI  - Cross-reactive rheumatoid factors in rheumatoid arthritis with extra-articular
      disease.
AB  - Rheumatoid factors (RF) have been shown to have considerable heterogeneity and
      bind with IgG as well as with a variety of substances such as nuclear histone,
      non-histone nuclear protein, nitrophenyl groups or ssDNA. We describe evidence
      that polyclonal RF cross-reactive with ssDNA (CRRF) are widely distributed in a
      variety of rheumatic diseases, and that their serum level is significantly higher
      in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with extra-articular disease. Although the mechanism
      of the cross-reactivity is not clear, the presence of CRRF could be a serological
      feature of a clinical subset of RA. The high prevalence rate of CRRF in RA with
      extra-articular disease also suggests its pathogenetic role in the extra
      articular manifestation of this disease.

PMID- 2302837
TI  - Cross-reactive idiotypes in sera from patients with leprosy, lupus and Lyme
      disease and from healthy individuals.
AB  - Monoclonal IgM autoantibodies have previously been generated from a patient with
      lepromatous leprosy. Polyclonal anti-idiotypes raised against two of these
      monoclonal antibodies (8E7 and TH9) were used in an immunoassay to detect the
      presence of idiotype in human serum. The anti-idiotypes recognize different but
      overlapping sets of idiotypic determinants, some of which are present on
      antibodies which bind to Mycobacterium leprae. Sera were tested from 16
      individuals with leprosy, 45 with systemic lupus erythematosus, 20 with Lyme
      disease, and 80 healthy subjects. Positive sera were detected in all groups
      (seven, two, three, and four, respectively). In most cases the serum bound to
      both anti-idiotypes, the idiotype being present in the IgM and/or IgG fraction.
      Levels of the two idiotypes varied independently of total serum IgG concentration
      and, in serial samples from one patient, independently of each other. The results
      indicate that 8E7 and TH9 may be representative of serum antibodies which are
      commonly expressed in leprosy, but may also be expressed in other diseases and in
      health; and they suggest that such serum antibodies are encoded by a widely
      shared set of variable region genes.

PMID- 2302838
TI  - The affinity of anti-HBc antibodies in acute and chronic hepatitis B infection.
AB  - Antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) are found in the sera of all
      individuals infected with hepatitis B virus. A role for these antibodies has been
      suggested in determining the outcome of infection. In this study, the affinity of
      anti-HBc antibodies in asymptomatic virus carriers was compared with that of
      antibodies present in the sera of patients with chronic liver disease.
      Persistently infected individuals with no evidence of clinical disease were found
      to have anti-HBc antibodies of greater affinity, compared with the chronic liver
      disease group. Sera from patients with chronic hepatitis contained high levels of
      low-affinity antibody whereas antibody levels in asymptomatic carriers were
      significantly lower. These findings are discussed in relation to the predicted
      role of anti-HBc antibodies in mediating hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular
      injury.

PMID- 2302839
TI  - Specificity and in vitro transfer of the immunosuppressive effect of detergent
      disrupted influenza virus vaccine.
AB  - Primed murine splenocytes give an in vitro antibody response to influenza whole
      virus vaccine (WVV), as measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). When subunit
      vaccine (SV) of either influenza A or influenza B virus was added to in vitro
      splenocyte cultures stimulated with WVV, the EIA antibody response to homologous
      WVV was reduced. This reduction in antibody response was observed when SV was
      prepared using zwitterionic detergent (empigen BB), non-ionic detergent (triton-X
      100) or cationic detergent cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB); it was found
      to be effected only by SV of strains of the same virus subtype--when SVs prepared
      from a heterotypic (H3N2) strain, an H1N1 strain and an influenza B strain were
      added to splenocyte cultures in the presence of WVV. When splenocytes from
      immunologically naive mice, exposed in vitro to SV, were transferred to secondary
      cultures of primed splenocytes, the antibody response to WVV in the secondary
      cultures was also reduced. Mechanisms that may suppress the in vitro antibody
      response are discussed.

PMID- 2302840
TI  - Anti-histone antibodies in the serum of autoimmune MRL and NZB/NZW1 F1 mice.
AB  - Anti-histone antibodies have been reported in a number of human autoimmune
      diseases, most notably idiopathic and drug-induced lupus erythematosus. In the
      current study, anti-histone antibody activity was detected using ELISA and
      electroblotting techniques in sera from autoimmune NZB/W, MRL-lpr, and MRL-(+)/+
      mice. Anti-histone activity increased with age, maturing earlier in females, in
      both NZB/W and MRL-lpr mice. Testosterone treatment decreased anti-histone
      activity in NZB/W mice and estrogen treatment from 2 weeks of age increased anti
      histone activity in MRL-lpr mice, suggesting that gonadal hormones modified the
      expression of autoantibodies recognizing these protein antigens. Estrogen also
      increased serum IgG levels in MRL-lpr mice. Sex hormones affected expression of
      antibodies recognizing soy milk proteins but not ovalbumin in a similar manner.
      Nitrocellulose Western blots of SDS gels probed with sera from both types of
      autoimmune mice most often demonstrated reactivity with histone1. Some mice,
      usually mature females, also recognized histone4, histone3, and histone2.

PMID- 2302841
TI  - Liver-derived T cell clones in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: accessory
      cell function of hepatocytes expressing class II major histocompatibility complex
      molecules.
AB  - Thirty T cell clones were generated from T cell blasts, infiltrating the liver of
      autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (CAH) patients, stimulated with autologous
      hepatocytes expressing class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
      and interleukin 2 (IL2). Sixteen clones were CD4+ and 14 were CD8+; all were
      CD25+ and WT31+, revealing that all cell lines expressed the alpha/beta chains of
      T cell receptor. Five CD4+ and 4 CD8+ T clones proliferated in response to
      hepatocytes expressing both class I and class II antigens. The hepatocyte
      recognition was MHC restricted because only class II MHC-matched hepatocytes were
      able to stimulate the CD4+ T clones, while only class I-matched hepatocytes
      stimulated CD8+ T clones, and because MoAbs to monomorphic determinants of class
      II antigens or to class I antigens appeared to block the response of the CD4+ and
      CD8+ T clones, respectively. These findings, together with the observation that
      autologous irradiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (iPBMC) were unable to
      stimulate the clones, indicate that the response of these clones was directed to
      a liver membrane antigen in association with class II or class I MHC molecules on
      the surface of the hepatocytes. All the CD8+ T clones and 5 CD4+ T clones
      expressed high cytotoxic activity in a lectin-dependent cell-mediated
      cytotoxicity assay; 10 CD8+ and 3 CD4+ T clones also showed natural killer (NK)
      like function. The cytolytic machinery was also present in those clones (both CD8
      and CD4) recognizing the HLA-matched hepatocytes. All liver-derived T clones were
      able to produce high amounts of interferon (IFN)-gamma, as well as being capable
      of secreting IL2, following PHA stimulation.

PMID- 2302842
TI  - Immunovirological studies of fatal infectious mononucleosis in a patient with X
      linked lymphoproliferative syndrome treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and
      interferon-alpha.
AB  - We have studied a 19-year-old male with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome
      (XLP) and infectious mononucleosis (IM) who was treated with high-dose
      immunoglobulin (500 mg/kg/day) and recombinant interferon (IFN)-alpha (2 x 10(6)
      IU/m2/day). Fulminant hepatitis was delayed; however, virus-associated
      hemophagocytic syndrome, cholestatic jaundice, and renal failure occurred
      terminally. Initially, nonspecific natural killer (NK) cell activity against K562
      cells was normal but it gradually decreased. Although reactive T cells were
      markedly increased in his blood during the acute phase, spontaneous EBV-positive
      cell lines were easily established. Additionally, his mononuclear cells produced
      IFN-gamma but not IFN-alpha prior to treatment. Based on results of in vitro
      studies, we conclude that both IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma production are likely
      necessary for inhibiting EBV immortalization in vitro. Both IFN-alpha and -gamma
      were produced in cultures of B95-8 EBV-infected mononuclear cells from EBV
      seropositive healthy individuals. These results suggest that defective EBV
      specific cytotoxic T cell activity accompanied with defective or discordant IFN
      alpha and -gamma production permitted the development of fatal IM in this
      patient. Combined treatment with immunoglobulin and IFN-alpha appeared to be
      partially effective during the early stage of this disease.

PMID- 2302843
TI  - Enhanced cytotoxicity in the rheumatoid joint.
AB  - The cytotoxic cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha or cachectin and lymphotoxin
      (LT), are mediators of bone resorption and of inflammation and may have relevance
      in rheumatoid arthritis. Using mononuclear cells (MC) isolated from matched
      peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of 13 patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis, we examined the generation of cytotoxic activity in a bioassay capable
      of detecting both TNF and LT. Synovial fluid mononuclear cells (MC) released
      significantly more cytotoxic activity than did matched PBMC, both spontaneously
      and following activation with phytohemagglutinin P (PHA). When PB and SFMC were
      stimulated with the combination of PHA plus phorbol-12-myristate acetate (PMA),
      the resulting culture supernatants possessed comparable cytotoxic activity.
      Neutralization studies employing anti-cytokine antibodies indicated that TNF
      represented 43 and 59% of the cytotoxic activity in the PHA plus PMA-induced
      culture supernatants from PB and SF, respectively. Since no inhibition was noted
      with antibodies to LT, the nature of the remaining approximately 50% of the
      cytotoxic activity was not determined. In PB and SF culture supernatants,
      obtained both spontaneously and following PHA activation, the concentration of
      TNF measured by ELISA significantly correlated with the level of cytotoxicity. As
      with the cytotoxic activity, the concentration of TNF was greater in the PHA
      stimulated supernatants from SF than from PB. These observations suggest that TNF
      in the SF may contribute to the inflammation and bone destruction observed in
      rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2302844
TI  - An analysis of the role of tumor necrosis factor in the phenotypic expression of
      actively induced experimental allergic orchitis and experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis.
AB  - The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was examined in the pathogenesis of
      actively induced experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) and experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the mouse. The ability of TNF to function as either an
      adjuvant or to replace pertussigen in eliciting active EAO was examined by
      treating groups of mice immunized for disease induction with 10 micrograms of
      recombinant murine TNF at various time points throughout both the induction and
      effector phases of the disease process. All groups of animals receiving TNF
      ranging from 2 days before antigen challenge to 26 days postimmunization failed
      to exhibit significant disease in comparison to animals treated with pertussigen,
      indicating that TNF can neither serve as an adjuvant nor replace pertussigen in
      eliciting active disease. Similarly, the role of TNF in the pathogenesis of EAO
      and EAE was investigated by examining the ability of a known neutralizing rabbit
      anti-TNF IgG antibody preparation to either inhibit the development or decrease
      the severity of the clinical symptoms and/or the inflammatory lesions associated
      with the disease processes. Groups of either B6AF1 hybrid or SJL/J mice were
      immunized for the induction of active EAO and EAE, respectively. They were
      passively immunized with either 2 mg of purified anti-TNF IgG or control anti-CFA
      IgG at time points ranging from 2 days before to 28 days after antigen challenge.
      All groups, regardless of the day of treatment with anti-TNF IgG, did not exhibit
      a markedly significant difference in disease outcome in comparison to either
      groups receiving no antibody or passively immunized with anti-CFA IgG. Taken
      together, these results suggest that TNF does not appear to be the principal
      cytokine/lymphokine involved in the pathogenesis of actively induced EAO and EAE.

PMID- 2302845
TI  - Evidence for a role of accessible galactosyl or mannosyl residues of Fc domain in
      the in vivo clearance of IgG antibody-coated autologous erythrocytes in the rat.
AB  - The potential role of accessible galactosyl or mannosyl residues of IgG in the
      clearance of IgG-coated autologous red blood cells (IgG-RBCs) by the spleen and
      the liver was investigated in the rat using rabbit anti-rat RBC IgG antibody
      molecules differing from each other by their capacity to bind in vitro to peanut
      agglutinin (PNA) and concanavalin A (Con A), i.e., two lectins that specifically
      bind to beta-galactosyl and alpha-mannosyl residues of Fc domain, respectively.
      Those IgG molecules [IgG(PNA) or IgG(Con A)] were separated from the starting
      anti-RBC IgG antibody batch [IgG(total)] by affinity chromatography on lectin
      columns. Each IgG-RBC preparation was labeled with 99mTc, and was reinjected iv
      with autologous rat RBCs labeled with 111In to correct for 99mTc present in the
      blood contained in each organ. The mean specific spleen uptakes per gram of the
      three IgG-RBC preparations increased according to the level of RBC sensitization
      but were at least 10 times higher in each instance than the mean specific liver
      uptake per gram. Consistent with the clearance curves of IgG(PNA)-RBCs, the mean
      specific splenic uptake per gram of those RBCs was significantly increased as
      compared to the same parameters determined using either IgG(total)-RBCs or
      IgG(Con A)-RBCs. In contrast, the mean specific liver uptakes per gram of
      IgG(PNA)-RBCs, of IgG(Con A)RBCs, or of IgG(total)-RBCs were not significantly
      different under otherwise identical experimental conditions. The increase in the
      splenic removal of IgG(PNA)-RBCs was C3 independent. Furthermore, splenic
      macrophages isolated from rats were able to bind in vitro significantly more
      IgG(PNA)-RBCs than IgG(total)-RBCs or IgG(Con A)-RBCs. These data therefore
      support the concept that, in the rat, the kinetic of removal of IgG-RBCs from the
      bloodstream by the Fc receptors of splenic mononuclear phagocytes may vary
      according to the nature of accessible carbohydrates located in the Fc domain of
      IgG antibody molecules coating the erythrocytes.

PMID- 2302846
TI  - Appearance of bisected N-acetylglucosamine residue of biantennary sugar chains
      and decrease of high molecular weight oligosaccharides of human lymphocytic cell
      membranes during differentiation.
AB  - Asparagine-linked sugar chains obtained from the plasma membranes of human acute
      lymphocytic leukemic cells, human B cells, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B
      cell lines, and T cells were quantitatively liberated from the polypeptide
      portions by hydrazinolysis followed by N-acetylation and NaB3H4 reduction. The
      radioactive oligosaccharides were fractionated by high-voltage paper
      electrophoresis. Their structures were studied by column chromatography and
      sequential exoglycosidase digestion. The neutral oligosaccharides were of a high
      mannose type. The acidic oligosaccharides were bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary
      complex-type sugar chains with Man alpha----(Man alpha----) Man beta----GlcNAc
      beta----(+/- Fuc alpha----)GlcNAc as their cores. A comparative study of the
      oligosaccharides of these cells revealed that the biantennary complex-type sugar
      chain with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine residues was found only in B cells, B
      lymphoblasts, and B cell lines. High molecular weight oligosaccharides decreased
      during the differentiation stage of lymphocytes.

PMID- 2302847
TI  - The community college-nursing home partnerships: improving care through
      education.

PMID- 2302848
TI  - Sensitization to povidone-iodine.
AB  - Eight patients are described with adverse skin reactions to povidone-iodine
      containing preparations (Betadine). Patch test reactions were positive to
      povidone-iodine 5 or 10 per cent in petrolatum or to Betadine Solution, Ointment,
      or Scrub. In five of eight patients, also tested with potassium iodide in
      concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 per cent in petrolatum, the reactions were
      negative. Open tests with iodine tincture performed in three patients were
      completely negative. Allergy to povidone-iodine seems not to be based on
      sensitization to iodine.

PMID- 2302849
TI  - Contact allergy to propylene glycol. Do we use the appropriate test
      concentration?
AB  - The authors describe a case in which contact allergy to propylene glycol would
      have been missed if a concentration higher than 10 per cent in water had not been
      used for patch testing. They suggest raising the patch-test concentration to at
      least 20 per cent and using 50 or even 100 per cent in doubtful cases, although
      cautioning that further experience with larger numbers of patients is necessary.

PMID- 2302850
TI  - Molecular recognition in allergic contact dermatitis. The concept of double
      headed haptens.
AB  - The sensitizing capacity of double-headed haptens containing the pyrocatechol and
      alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone groups reveals that only the pyrocatechol end
      is recognized as a sensitizer. Prior sensitization to the double-headed hapten
      provides protection against (induces immune tolerance to) further sensitization
      to the lactone hapten.

PMID- 2302851
TI  - Analgesic spray contact dermatitis.
AB  - The author describes two patients with acute contact allergy to 3-(aminomethyl)
      pyridyl salicylate in an analgesic spray. In one case, the patient reacted when
      someone used the spray not far from her.

PMID- 2302852
TI  - Permanent paresthesia to sculptured nails. A distressing problem.
AB  - In order to discourage her habit of nail biting and to repair her damaged nails,
      a 50-year-old woman sought cosmetic improvement in a beauty salon, where a
      manicurist suggested the use of sculptured nails. A permanent paresthesia
      resulted from this procedure without allergic reaction.

PMID- 2302853
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis to colophony included in the formulation of flexible
      collodion BP, the vehicle of a salicylic and lactic acid wart paint.
AB  - The authors describe two cases of allergic contact dermatitis to colophony
      included in the formulation of flexible collodion BP, the vehicle of a wart
      paint. Patch and repeated open application tests confirmed absence of contact
      allergy to other constituents. The patients were known to be allergic to various
      adhesive plasters. The use of flexible collodion USP, which does not contain
      colophony, is highly advisable whenever possible.

PMID- 2302854
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis to adhesive bandages.
AB  - More than two billion Band-Aid Brand Sheer Strips are used in the United States
      yearly, yet allergic contact dermatitis resulting from their use is nearly
      nonexistent. We report four patients with allergic reactions to these strips. One
      patient reacted to tricresyl phosphate, the plasticizer in the vinyl backing;
      another patient was allergic to 2,5-di(tertiary-amyl)hydroquinone, the
      antioxidant in the adhesive. In the other two patients, the allergic contact
      dermatitis remains unexplained.

PMID- 2302855
TI  - Nystatin allergy. Petrolatum is not the optimal vehicle for patch testing.
AB  - Testing with various bases in a case of contact allergy to nystatin showed that
      polyethylene glycol is preferable to petrolatum as a test vehicle. The literature
      on nystatin allergy is reviewed.

PMID- 2302856
TI  - Stomatitis and systemic dermatitis from mercury in amalgam dental restorations.
AB  - Patients who are hypersensitive to mercury may develop stomatitis on mucosa
      adjacent to amalgam dental restorations. This reaction, an allergic contact
      dermatitis, often resembles lichen planus but is distinguished by its location
      adjacent to restorations. Widespread dermatitis and urticaria are also possible.

PMID- 2302857
TI  - Mycosis fungoides and occupational exposures. Is there an association?
AB  - In a case-control study, the author and coinvestigators found no positive
      association between occupational or chemical exposures and the risk of mycosis
      fungoides. Thus, there was no support for the hypothesis that chronic antigenic
      stimulation is an etiologic factor in this disease.

PMID- 2302858
TI  - Long-lasting contact urticaria. Type I and type IV allergy from castor bean and a
      hypothesis of systemic IgE-mediated allergic dermatitis.
AB  - A unique urticarial type I patch-test reaction to castor bean that persisted for
      more than 48 hours and was followed by a delayed type IV reaction is described.
      Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic observations indicated involvement
      of eosinophils and IgE receptors on Langerhans' cells. The authors present a
      scheme for the role of Langerhans' cells in skin allergy.

PMID- 2302859
TI  - Occupational traumatic lymphedema of the hands.
AB  - Secretan's syndrome is characterized by hard persistent edema of the dorsum of
      the hands. Usually, the condition is self-inflicted, but the authors have seen
      four cases that were occupationally related. The patients were fishing divers,
      and the mechanism appeared to be the constrictive action of the tight diver suit
      and pricks from sea urchin spines. Lymphographic abnormalities were present in
      one case.

PMID- 2302860
TI  - Batch variations.
AB  - One of the basic principles in the investigation of suspected contact dermatitis
      is always to test with the patient's "own" product or chemical, the one to which
      he or she was actually exposed. An equally basic second principle is not to rely
      solely on a positive test reaction. The author discusses a case of contact
      dermatitis involving only certain batches of a particular branded product.

PMID- 2302861
TI  - Influence of topical metal binding substances, vehicles, and corticosteroid
      creams on the allergic patch test reaction in metal-sensitive patients.
AB  - Persons known to be allergic to nickel, cobalt, or both were patch tested with
      serial dilutions of cobalt chloride or nickel sulfate either in petrolatum on
      skin treated with topical preparations with and without metal-binding compounds
      or incorporated into such special preparations. A decreased response was found in
      patients tested with Vioform (clinquinol) and cobalt chloride simultaneously,
      whereas rutin (3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavon 3-rhamnoglucosid) increased the
      response, and polyfloretin phosphate had no effect. The vehicles proved
      significant: "Ung Merck" and "W/O Cream Base" increased reactivity, whereas
      polyethylene glycol gave good protection against metal ions. As expected,
      corticosteroid creams suppressed the inflammatory response.

PMID- 2302862
TI  - Evaluation of detergent-induced irritant skin reactions by visual scoring and
      transepidermal water loss measurement.
AB  - Transepidermal water loss measurements proved to be more accurate and sensitive
      than visual scoring in discriminating the irritating action of detergents on the
      skin. Further, the baseline transepidermal water loss might be a reliable
      indicator of an individual's susceptibility to weak irritants.

PMID- 2302863
TI  - The spectrum of contact urticaria. Wheals, erythema, and pruritus.
AB  - A large variety of topical substances can provoke wheals of human skin within 30
      minutes. The usual term for this phenomenon, "contact urticaria," is too
      constricting and can lead to faulty diagnosis. Sometimes, the clinical expression
      is limited to erythema; less often, its sole manifestation is pruritus. The
      author proposes that contact urticaria is a spectrum ranging from urticaria
      through erythema to pruritus alone. This spectrum was demonstrated experimentally
      with three familiar urticariogens: cinnamic aldehyde and sorbic and benzoic
      acids. The nature of the immediate reaction depended on the concentration: wheals
      were induced with the highest tested concentration, erythema with a five-fold
      dilution, and pruritus alone with a 25-fold dilution.

PMID- 2302864
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis to nasturtium.
AB  - In conclusion, oil of mustard, contained in many plants and recognized mainly as
      a skin irritant, is also capable of causing an allergic contact dermatitis.
      Nasturtium, which contains mustard oil, should be added to the list of plants
      capable of causing this dermatitis and must be suspected in any patient who
      handles plants and presents with hand dermatitis.

PMID- 2302865
TI  - Patch tests with some spices.
AB  - Experience is necessary to use commercially available spices and seasonings for
      patch testing. This experience is easily obtained by composing your own series of
      locally important flavorings and by using this series to assess the irritant
      potency. In our patients, not many strong irritation reactions were elicited.
      Only 100 per cent garlic powder was obviously too irritant, whereas 25 per cent
      in petrolatum might be too low to detect allergy. Positive reactions to unknown
      spices need to be checked in controls; this is important when patch tests are
      done with spices brought in by the patient. A positive patch-test reaction to a
      fragrance or perfume indicator in housewives, cooks, and confectioners with hand
      eczema is an indication to perform patch tests with spices because of the
      relation between spices and fragrances.

PMID- 2302866
TI  - Dense intramembranous deposit disease: a clinical comparison of histological
      subtypes.
AB  - The accumulation of osmiophilic dense deposits in glomerular mesangial and
      basement membranes (dense intramembranous deposit disease, or DIDD) is associated
      with variable histologic alterations of the kidneys. We compared clinical
      features and long-term renal outcome in 21 patients representing two histologic
      subtypes of DIDD, namely membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and
      focal segmental glomerulonephritis (FSGN). We found that MPGN-type DIDD in 12
      patients was associated with nephrotic syndrome in 12, persistent
      hypocomplementemia in 10 and progression to chronic renal insufficiency in 8. In
      9 patients with the focal segmental variety of DIDD, nephrotic syndrome was
      observed in 3, persistent hypocomplementemia in none, and progression to renal
      insufficiency in 2 (significance: nephrotic syndrome, p = 0.001; persistent
      hypocomplementemia, p = 0.0001; chronic renal insufficiency, p = 0.02). In one
      patient transition from focal segmental to MPGN-type DIDD was observed. We
      conclude that DIDD is a heterogeneous disorder, and that certain clinical and
      histologic features may be useful in predicting ultimate outcome.

PMID- 2302867
TI  - Comparative efficacy of dietary treatments on renal function in rats with sub
      total nephrectomy: renal polyunsaturated fatty acid incorporation and
      prostaglandin excretion.
AB  - The efficacy of dietary intervention with either 6% protein restriction, fish oil
      or safflower oil was assessed in the remnant nephron model. Female Munich Wistar
      rats were prefed for one week prior to 5/6 nephrectomy and followed for the
      ensuing 28 days. Fish oil, safflower oil and protein restriction prevented the
      gammaglobulinuria but only fish oil lessened the albuminuria in this model. The
      remnant nephrons of the fish oil treated rats contained less arachidonic acid and
      greater quantities of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid than the
      safflower oil or lab chow fed control rats. The fish oil, and to a lesser extent
      the safflower oil, treated animals had a higher ratio of 6 keto PGF1 alpha to TX
      B2 metabolites in their urine. We suggest these changes may be responsible for
      the lessening in urine protein excretion. Fish oil feeding was more effective
      than severe protein restriction or safflower oil dietary supplementation in
      lessening both the gammaglobulinuria and albuminuria of the remnant nephron
      model.

PMID- 2302868
TI  - An improved method to determine renal function using inulin and p-aminohippurate
      (PAH) steady-state kinetic modeling.
AB  - Steady-state clearances using inulin and PAH are the most reliable reference
      procedures if new test substances or techniques are developed to estimate the GFR
      or the of these methods we developed an open monocompartment model with an
      expanding distribution volume of the substance of interest. In this model we
      derived prescriptions for the concentration of inulin and PAH in the infusion
      procedure. The resulting improvement was verified by the F-test on the variance
      of plasma concentration in a 3-hour examination of 15 patients. The final results
      are of direct benefit to the patient because the number of blood samples required
      for the control of the steady-state plasma level can be reduced. Furthermore, we
      derived an individual correction of the so-called input steady-state clearance
      (without urine collection) which relates better to the usual output clearance of
      inulin or PAH. A PC-BASIC program is available that calculates the proper
      concentrations for the infusion and executes the complete analysis (GFR, ERPF,
      filtrate fraction [FF], maximal tubular transport of PAH [TmPAH] and the renal
      vascular resistance [RVR], each of which is related to the BSA and the age of the
      patient).

PMID- 2302869
TI  - Evidence of enhanced uric acid clearance in macrohematuric patients with IgA
      nephropathy: prognostic significance of macrohematuria.
AB  - Renal handling of uric acid and clinical prognosis following episodes of
      macroscopic hematuria (EMH) were examined in 113 patients with IgA nephropathy
      (IgAN). EMH was observed in 34 out of 113 patients (30.1%). The levels of blood
      urea nitrogen, proteinuria, serum uric acid, beta 2-microglobulin in sera and the
      degrees of glomerular sclerosis in renal tissues in macrohematuric patients were
      significantly decreased than those in patients without EMH. The levels of uric
      acid clearance (Cua) and fractional excretion of uric acid (FEua) was
      significantly enhanced in macrohematuric patients (p less than 0.01, p less than
      0.05, respectively). There was a significant correlation between the tubular
      atrophy and the levels of Cua in macrohematuric patients (p less than 0.005). The
      levels of serum creatinine in macrohematuric patients before and after three
      years were significantly decreased when compared with microhematuric patients (p
      less than 0.005). It is concluded that enhanced Cua was related to renal tubular
      atrophy, and EMH did not clinically influence the glomerular deterioration in
      patients with IgAN.

PMID- 2302870
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal
      administration of recombinant human erythropoietin in patients on continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - The single-dose pharmacokinetics of 50 U/kg body weight of recombinant human
      erythropoietin (rHuEPO) given by either the subcutaneous (s.c.) or the
      intraperitoneal (i.p.) route were studied in 20 anemic patients maintained on
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Their baseline hemoglobin levels were
      less than 9 g/dl. The absorption of rHuEPO via the i.p. route was limited. The
      serum erythropoietin (EPO) level was only slightly elevated from a baseline value
      of 27 +/- 3 mU/l to a plateau of 36 +/- 4 mU/l at 12-24 hours. In comparison,
      after s.c. injection, a peak EPO level of 81 +/- 13 mU/l was obtained after 24
      hours. The areas under the concentration-time curve from 0-24 hour were 803 +/-
      67 and 1492 +/- 165 mU/l.h for the i.p. and s.c. group respectively (p less than
      0.003). The same two groups of patients were then given rHuEPO by either the s.c.
      or the i.p. route over a period of 16 weeks. In the s.c. group, the hemoglobin
      increased significantly from 6.9 +/- 0.3 g/dl to 9.8 +/- 0.6 g/dl (p less than
      0.004). The mean rHuEPO dosage was 84 +/- 9 U/kg body wt/week. In the i.p. group,
      despite relatively higher rHuEPO dosage (133 +/- 7 u/kg body wt/week), the
      hemoglobin level did not increase significantly (7.0 +/- 0.4 g/dl to 8.0 +/- 0.4
      g/dl, p = 0.09). Subcutaneous administration of rHuEPO is effective and
      convenient for patients maintained on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2302871
TI  - Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with a unilateral hypoplastic
      kidney.

PMID- 2302872
TI  - Resolution of IgA nephropathy after renal allograft transplantation.

PMID- 2302874
TI  - Symposium. Newest knowledge of knee joint meniscus.

PMID- 2302873
TI  - Focal glomerular sclerotic lesions in a patient with unilateral
      oligomeganephronia and agenesis of the contralateral kidney: a case report.
AB  - An open renal biopsy specimen from a twelve-year-old boy with a congenital
      solitary kidney was studied with light, electron, and fluorescent microscopy.
      Focal glomerular sclerotic lesions were disclosed by these microscopic
      examinations. Morphometric analysis revealed statistically significant
      hypertrophy of the glomeruli and significant reduction in the number of glomeruli
      when compared with controls of similar age. These findings suggested that not
      only the loss of one kidney, but also congenital reduction of nephrons
      contributed to the development of focal glomerular sclerotic lesions in this
      patient. There have been five reported cases of unilateral renal agenesis with
      oligomeganephronia in a solitary kidney [Van Acker et al. 1971, Griffel et al.
      1972, Lam et al. 1982, Bhathena et al. 1985]. Our case, therefore, would be the
      sixth such case.

PMID- 2302875
TI  - The influence of weight-bearing exercise on articular cartilage of
      meniscectomized joints. An experimental study in sheep.
AB  - Unilateral medial meniscectomy was undertaken in 29 purebred adult merino sheep.
      Arthrotomy (without meniscectomy) was conducted in 11 animals, and six were used
      as nonoperated controls. All animals were followed with either three- or six
      month active or passive postoperative management. Active animals traversed a
      total of 360 km after three months and 1040 km after six months. The passive
      group was housed in pens allowing limited weight-bearing exercise. After death,
      morphologic changes were recorded and cartilages from the medial and lateral
      joint regions were examined for water, collagen, and proteoglycan (as hexuronate)
      content. Proteoglycan aggregation and extractability under nondissociative (0.4
      molar GuHCl) and dissociative (4.0 molar GuHCl) conditions were also determined.
      The collagen content of the medial cartilage of the passively maintained
      meniscectomized animals was reduced, relative to external controls. Although
      proteoglycan content was elevated in medial cartilage of the passive group three
      months postoperatively, these levels returned to the control range after six
      months. However, low-salt (0.4 molar GuHCl) extractability of proteoglycans still
      remained high. All cartilages of control and meniscectomized joints showed an
      elevation of proteoglycan content in the active groups three months
      postoperatively. The cartilages in the medial region of meniscectomized animals
      showed the largest increase, but these levels declined after six months.
      Proteoglycan aggregation and water content were still elevated relative to
      controls six months postoperatively. The collagen levels in the three-month or
      six-month actively maintained meniscectomized group were not distinguishable from
      control values. Morphologically, joints of the passively and actively maintained
      animals showed focal surface fibrillation and erosions. However, in the active
      group, osteophytes were common and well developed six months postoperatively.
      These studies indicate that, while weight-bearing exercise after meniscectomy
      appears to be beneficial to the quality of the cartilaginous matrix, it is also
      accompanied by osteophytosis and cartilage hyperplasia.

PMID- 2302876
TI  - Meniscal replacement using a cryopreserved allograft. An experimental study in
      the dog.
AB  - The medial menisci of 14 adult dogs were replaced using a cryopreserved meniscal
      allograft. The morphology and metabolic activity of the transplanted allografts
      were then evaluated using routine histology, a vascular-injection (Spalteholz)
      technique, and autoroentgenography (Na2(35)SO4 incorporation) at various
      intervals, from two weeks to six months postoperatively. After transplantation,
      the allografts retained their normal gross appearance and healed to the capsular
      tissues of the host by fibrovascular scar tissue. Histologically, the grafts
      demonstrated a decrease in the number of metabolically active cells after
      transplantation but had a normal cellular distribution and Na2(35)SO4 uptake by
      three months. The allografts appeared to function normally after transplantation.
      Although some degenerative changes were noted in the tibial articular cartilage
      not covered by the meniscus, the cartilage beneath the allograft appeared normal.

PMID- 2302877
TI  - A rare intradural tumor simulating spondylolisthetic radiculopathy.
AB  - Intradural tumors can produce nerve root symptoms similar to those caused by
      extradural compressive processes. In a 48-year-old man, the preoperative
      evaluation was spondylolisthetic radiculopathy; however, a lumbar myelogram prior
      to surgery revealed an unsuspected intradural tumor. The patient's symptoms
      resolved after removal of the tumor without treatment of the spondylolisthesis.
      When planning surgical treatment for any extradural process, intradural
      abnormalities must be ruled out by appropriate preoperative studies. Myelography
      and magnetic resonance imaging are now standard methods of evaluating the dural
      contents.

PMID- 2302878
TI  - Distal humeral migration as a component of multidirectional shoulder instability.
      An anatomical study in autopsy specimens.
AB  - The object of the present study of autopsy specimens was to evaluate distal
      humeral migration during abduction allowed by sequential severance of capsular
      and ligamentous structures stabilizing the shoulder joint. A kinesiologic testing
      device continuously registered distal humeral migration, abduction angle,
      rotation, and flexion-extension. No distally directed force was applied to the
      humerus except the weight of the apparatus. Significant distal migration was
      recorded in the entire range of abduction (0 degrees -60 degrees) after solitary
      severance of the coracohumeral ligament as well as the proximal part of the
      anterior joint capsule. Further sectioning of the proximal part of the posterior
      capsule did not significantly increase distal humeral migration. Maximum distal
      migration (25 mm) was measured at 20 degrees of abduction. Applying an internal
      torque to the humerus significantly prevented distal migration as long as the
      posterior capsule was kept intact. Clinical testing for distal humeral migration
      should be performed with the shoulder joint at 20 degrees of abduction and
      neutral rotation. Furthermore, distal humeral migration can be significantly
      reduced by internal rotation of the humerus when the posterior joint capsule is
      intact.

PMID- 2302879
TI  - Luxatio erecta humeri. A case report.
AB  - Luxatio erecta humeri is a rare type of glenohumeral dislocation. The
      pathomechanics of this injury involve either direct axial loading on a fully
      abducted extremity or leverage of the humeral head across the acromion by a
      hyperabduction force. The clinical presentation of this type of shoulder
      dislocation is unique, with the affected extremity held rigidly above the head in
      abduction. Reduction is accomplished by a form of traction-countertraction under
      intravenous sedation and analgesia. A variety of neurologic and vascular injuries
      may be associated with luxatio erecta humeri, involving the brachial plexus and
      axillary artery, respectively. Concomitant fracture of the acromion, clavicle,
      coracoid, greater tuberosity, and humeral head may also be seen. A computed
      tomography scan of the case reviewed here revealed a large humeral head defect
      oriented perpendicular to the classic Hill-Sachs lesion. Luxatio erecta humeri is
      associated with significant late morbidity, including recurrent dislocation,
      instability, and adhesive capsulitis.

PMID- 2302880
TI  - Subacromial impingement decompressed with anterior acromioplasty.
AB  - Symptomatic (Stage II) impingement of the rotator cuff against the coracoacromial
      arch has been treated with anterior acromioplasty in 60 shoulders in 56 patients.
      Patient selection is crucial. Arthrography of the shoulder was routinely included
      in the preoperative diagnostic tools to rule out a tear of the rotator cuff.
      Since acromial shape may play a role producing a resistant impingement syndrome,
      special attention should be paid to patients with Type III of acromial
      inclination. The surgical procedure should include a thorough examination of the
      subacromial space as a whole, taking notice of all pathologic findings in the
      subacromial arch as well as in the underlying soft tissues. Restoring subacromial
      clearance, the patients were relieved of their symptoms. The result, rated
      according to the functional assessment of Neer, was excellent or satisfactory in
      73%. Failure to recognize the associated bony as well as soft-tissue subacromial
      lesions was, however, a frequent cause of failure of surgical decompression
      operations.

PMID- 2302881
TI  - The future of hip fractures in the United States. Numbers, costs, and potential
      effects of postmenopausal estrogen.
AB  - Because of the increasing number of elderly people in the United States, the
      total number of hip fractures in persons 50 years and older will rise from
      238,000 to 512,000 by the year 2040, with a concomitant increase in avoidable
      deaths, disability, and medical costs. The total annual cost of hip fractures (in
      1984 dollars) will increase from approximately 7.2 billion dollars currently to
      16 billion dollars in the year 2040. Universal use of estrogen therapy by
      postmenopausal white women may slow but not prevent this rise in hip fractures.
      New, effective, and widely applicable strategies to prevent hip fractures are
      urgently needed.

PMID- 2302882
TI  - Acetabular augmentation in primary and revision total hip arthroplasty with
      cementless prostheses.
AB  - Twenty-four consecutive cementless hip arthroplasties (13 autografts and 11
      allografts) have been done in which large bone grafts were used to augment major
      acetabular deficiencies and have been followed for a minimum of 24 months with a
      mean of 34 and a maximum follow-up period of 55 months. The autograft
      augmentations were uniformly successful. Two fixation failures occurred in the
      allograft group. Considering the extreme deficiency in the acetabulae encountered
      and the absence of sufficient autograft material in this group of patients, the
      use of frozen allografts (although less successful in this series) seems
      justified. Graft resorption as determined by direct roentgenographic measurements
      was less than might be expected but may be a manifestation of the short-term
      follow-up period. Resorption, however, was greater in the allograft group and,
      when marked, was associated with fixation failure.

PMID- 2302883
TI  - Periprosthetic fractures in patients with total knee arthroplasties.
AB  - Ten patients with total knee arthroplasties sustained periprosthetic fractures.
      Nine of these were supracondylar fractures, and one occurred in the middle one
      third of the tibia. These patients were treated with conservative methods in two
      cases and internal fixation with plate and screws in three cases. The remaining
      five patients were treated with intramedullary fixation using a specially
      designed revision prosthesis with long intramedullary stems. The best results wer
      achieved through the revision arthroplasty, based on walking ability, range of
      motion, and early rehabilitation.

PMID- 2302884
TI  - Roentgenographic and clinical findings of patellofemoral osteoarthrosis. With
      special reference to its relationship to femorotibial osteoarthrosis and
      etiologic factors.
AB  - In order to determine definitive clinical and roentgenographic findings of
      patellofemoral osteoarthrosis (PF-OA) and the etiologic factors of this disease
      as well as its relationship to femorotibial osteoarthrosis (FT-OA), 108 knees
      having moderate to severe PF-OA with or without FT-OA were investigated. Pain and
      disabilities of activities of daily living (ADL) due to PF-OA most likely
      appeared during movements requiring deep flexion of the knee. Roentgenographic
      findings revealed a great majority of the disease occurred on the lateral side of
      the PF joint, both in cases of PF-OA alone and in PF-OA combined with FT-OA.
      There was no relationship between the degree of PF-OA advancement determined by
      roentgenographic findings and that of ADL disabilities. PF-OA and FT-OA seemed to
      be caused by different etiologic factors, because the degrees of involvement of
      the PF and FT joints were not correlated with each other in the cases of PF-OA
      combined with FT-OA. Since a clear history of dislocation or subluxation of the
      patella was noted in 18% of PF-OA (this figure increased to 28% if limited to the
      cases affected with PF-OA alone), and since roentgenographic findings also agreed
      with this evidence, dislocation or subluxation of the patella seemed to be one of
      the causes of PF-OA.

PMID- 2302885
TI  - Pyarthrosis of the knee. Treatment considerations.
AB  - Patients with pyarthrosis of the knee can be effectively managed by several
      different methods. A retrospective review of patients with the diagnosis of
      septic arthritis of the knee was undertaken to determine the efficacy of two
      different treatment programs. Multiple-needle arthrocentesis was contrasted with
      formal arthrotomy drainage. In this series, patients with a longer than three-day
      history of a knee pyarthrosis and those with Staphylococcus aureus or enteric
      gram-negative organisms on culture benefited from open drainage procedures in
      lieu of repeated aspiration techniques.

PMID- 2302886
TI  - Subtalar arthralgia caused by juxtaarticular osteoid osteoma.
AB  - Juxtaarticular osteoid osteomas in the ankle are frequently misdiagnosed because
      their symptoms mimic arthritis and may precede roentgenographic findings. In
      addition, these tumors are rare compared to arthritis and other sources of ankle
      pain. Four cases of osteoid osteoma of the talus or calcaneus are reported,
      indicating some of the problems encountered with their identification, and
      suggestions are made for appropriate investigations to aid in the early and
      correct diagnosis. The use of plain tomograms, thin-section computed tomograms,
      and radionuclide scans aid an early and correct diagnosis. Arthroscopy and
      arthrotomy are often inappropriate.

PMID- 2302887
TI  - Ankle arthroplasty. A comparative study of cemented metal and uncemented ceramic
      prostheses.
AB  - From 1975 to 1980, total ankle arthroplasty was performed using a metal and
      polyethylene prosthesis on 30 ankles in 28 patients with painful arthritis.
      However, because loosening and sinking of the prosthesis were significant, a
      ceramic total prosthesis was designed in 1980 to be used without cement. Between
      1980 and 1987, 39 ankles in 35 patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid
      arthritis, and hemophilic arthritis were replaced using the ceramic prosthesis.
      Out of 39 ankles, nine were replaced with cement and 30 without cement. The
      follow-up period for the cemented metal and ceramic cases ranged from 13.4 to 6.2
      years, with an average of 8.1 years, and for uncemented ceramic cases from 1.2 to
      6.4 years, with an average of 4.1 years. Based on a rating scale for ankle
      evaluation, 27% of the cemented cases and 67% of the uncemented cases are
      satisfactory. Five metal ankles and one ceramic ankle were reoperated upon, with
      one revision and five arthrodeses performed. Ceramic total ankle arthroplasty,
      performed without cement, has to date provided mostly excellent stable results.

PMID- 2302888
TI  - Metatarsal osteotomy for the cavus foot.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with pes cavus-type deformities were treated with osteotomy
      of the proximal metatarsals for the cavus component of the deformity. Fifty
      operations were followed for an average of 15 years, many for up to 26 years. Of
      the 39 patients, 11 had bilateral involvement. Each patient was clinically
      evaluated for postoperative mobility and categorized according to the
      Massachusetts General Hospital rating scale. Excellent or good results were
      obtained in 84% of the proximal metatarsal osteotomies.

PMID- 2302889
TI  - Conservative versus operative treatment of displaced noncomminuted tibial shaft
      fractures. A retrospective comparative study.
AB  - The results of conservative (mainly, functional bracing) and operative treatment
      (mainly, plate fixation) have been compared in a retrospective study of 170
      displaced noncomminutive tibial shaft fractures. The characteristics of the
      fractures in both treatment groups showed no significant differences. The follow
      up analysis revealed no statistical differences in outcome between the two
      methods. However, because of the many factors analyzed and the restricted number
      of patients studied, it is impossible to compare all factors independently.
      Surgical treatment resulted in a higher rate of complications (such as implant
      failure, osteitis, and refracture) and a longer total hospitalization time.
      Conservative treatment showed a longer duration of fracture healing and a higher
      rate of malalignment. Malalignments of up to 10 degrees with no adverse effects
      have been seen so far. In conservative treatment, two fracture types were
      identified with a higher rate of malalignment: short oblique isolated tibial
      fractures and fully dislocated transverse crural fractures. Conservative therapy
      is favored, because there is less discomfort for the patient and the treatment is
      cost contained.

PMID- 2302890
TI  - Unstable intertrochanteric/subtrochanteric fractures of the femur.
AB  - The unstable intertrochanteric/subtrochanteric fracture, as identified by the
      modified Muller classification, should be considered a separate entity with its
      own problems. It can be highly unstable; none of the orthopedic appliances has
      been designed with this fracture in mind. Compression screws yield better results
      than Enders rods in these fractures. However, eight patients (16%) in this study
      who were treated with a compression screw did have a complication. Thus, further
      studies need to be done to develop other orthopedic appliances for these unstable
      fractures. Enders rods and compression screws were used to treat 72 unstable
      intertrochanteric/subtrochanteric fractures. The type of surgical procedure was
      determined by the surgeon. Anesthesia time and blood loss were significantly
      lower in the group treated with the Enders nail. Intraoperative and postoperative
      complications of the Enders group were reported in four (20%) and eight patients
      (32%), respectively, as compared to zero and eight patients (16%) in the
      compression screw group. Postoperative time to ambulation, knee pain, and
      reoperation rate were significantly higher in those treated with the Enders nail.
      Fracture reduction and ideal device position were acceptable in only 16 patients
      (64%) and four patients (16%) of the Enders group, respectively, compared with 46
      patients (98%) and 40 patients (86%) in the compression screw group.

PMID- 2302891
TI  - Biomechanical comparison of slotted and nonslotted interlocking nails in distal
      femoral shaft fractures.
AB  - The torsional and compressive biomechanical characteristics of slotted and
      nonslotted interlocking nails in distal femoral shaft fractures were evaluated.
      Slotted (Grosse-Kempf) and nonslotted (Russell-Taylor) locked nail systems were
      implanted in anatomic specimen femora, which were then tested in torsion and
      axial compression. For torsional studies, each femur was transversely sectioned
      distal to the isthmus; for axial loading, a distal 3-cm section of bone was
      removed. The mean peak torsional stiffness of the femora fixed with nonslotted
      nails was 0.955 Nm per degree, which was significantly greater than that (0.300
      Nm per degree) for the femora fixed with the slotted nails. However, when loaded
      to failure in compression, the nonslotted nail group failed at a mean load of
      2490 N compared with 3050 N for the group fixed with the slotted devices. These
      results could be due in part to the lesser rigidity of the slotted nail, which
      may have facilitated greater load sharing with bone and increased resistance to
      compression failure.

PMID- 2302892
TI  - A patient registry for orthopedic surgery.
AB  - Identification of patient subpopulations for retrospective clinical studies,
      documentation of residents' clinical experience, and other administrative
      purposes can be difficult and time consuming. The problem of identification is
      exacerbated when a teaching program involves several hospitals or when the
      desired subpopulation is not adequately defined by standard diagnosis or
      procedure codes used by the institution. A useful patient registry system is
      reported here for the storage and retrieval of data on orthopedic patients
      treated by surgical residents at a major teaching hospital and its affiliates.
      The registry uses a simple, yet powerful encoding scheme to describe patient
      entries. In addition to a multidimensional encoded description based on SNOMED,
      the system supports the entry of free text to provide greater detail. This
      combination gives the patient registry both power and versatility.

PMID- 2302893
TI  - Tendinitis and tendon ruptures in successful renal transplant recipients.
AB  - The musculoskeletal system of 167 successful renal transplant recipients was
      examined for locomotor complications. Apart from avascular necrosis and
      spontaneous fractures, two new clinical entities were identified: tendinitis and
      spontaneous tendon ruptures. Tendinitis was found in the supraspinatus and
      calcaneal tendons in 12 patients (7.2%). Pretransplant hyperphosphatemia and
      posttransplant hypercalcemia were seen in patients developing tendinitis.
      Spontaneous tendon ruptures were observed in the calcaneal tendons in four
      patients (2.4%). Pretransplant hyperphosphatemia was observed in this group of
      patients. The cumulative dose of prednisolone was not significantly different
      than in asymptomatic patients.

PMID- 2302894
TI  - Growth hormone in polymethylmethacrylate cement.
AB  - The in vitro release of human growth hormone (hGH) from polymethylmethacrylate
      bone cement was measured for up to 40 days using a specific enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. In rabbits, hGH-loaded bone cement was inserted into one
      distal femur and plain cement was inserted into the contralateral distal femur as
      a control. The rabbits were killed at time intervals of one, two, and four months
      after surgery and the distal femurs embedded whole for histology. Quantitative
      histomorphometry indicated there was a greater percentage of osteoid present at
      the hGH-loaded cement surface than at the plain cement surface one month after
      implantation. The hGH released from bone cement may stimulate osteogenesis and
      new bone formation, thus improving the strength of the bone-cement interface.

PMID- 2302895
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase production by periosteal cells at various oxygen tensions in
      vitro.
AB  - A mammalian periosteal cell culture system was developed to investigate the
      metabolic response of fresh calf bone periosteal cells to various oxygen tensions
      in vitro. Two predominant cell phenotypes were seen in the culture system. A
      rapidly proliferating mat of alkaline phosphatase-negative cells supported the
      growth of overlying clusters of alkaline phosphatase-positive cells. The
      appearance and subsequent population growth of the alkaline phosphatase-positive
      cells correlated directly with increases in enzyme activity on biochemical assay.
      Alkaline phosphatase production was optimal at lower oxygen tensions (5%, 9%),
      which approximated capillary pO2. In addition, the preconfluence oxygen
      environment was more critical to the final expression of the enzyme activity than
      the postconfluence environment. The mechanism of the environmental regulation of
      alkaline phosphatase gene expression at various oxygen tensions is not known.
      Periosteal cells were highly sensitive to oxygen tension and expressed alkaline
      phosphatase enzyme activity at oxygen levels approximating capillary rather than
      atmospheric pO2.

PMID- 2302896
TI  - Meniscectomy and repair in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient patient.
AB  - Meniscal injuries are frequently associated with acute injuries to the anterior
      cruciate ligament (ACL). With the passage of time, this frequency increases
      significantly. The management of the torn meniscus varies with the type of lesion
      and the patient's goals. When possible, meniscus repair combined with ACL
      reconstruction is recommended in young, athletically active patients. Repair may
      be accomplished by open or closed techniques. Because of significant risks
      associated with arthroscopic approaches, an outside-in type of repair has been
      devised. Overall, the clinical success approaches 90% if the ACL is
      reconstructed. Failure rates of 30% to 40% ensue if the knee remains unstable.

PMID- 2302897
TI  - The contact neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet laser. A new approach to
      arthroscopic laser surgery.
AB  - Arthroscopic treatment of meniscal lesions has been modified as technological
      advances have occurred. However, alternatives to conventional arthroscopic
      cutting tools, including electrocautery and CO2 lasers, have thus far met with
      limited success. The recent development of a sapphire tip has enabled the use of
      the neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd-YAG) laser in a contact mode in a
      saline medium. This study compares the biology of the Nd-YAG laser to that of
      electrocautery and scalpel techniques with respect to its effects on articular
      cartilage and the meniscus. The contact Nd-YAG laser has advantages over both
      scalpel and electrocautery with regard to its effects on articular cartilage. It
      also has significant biologic advantages over electrocautery for meniscal
      lesions. Although in its infancy in the clinical setting, the contact Nd-YAG
      laser represents the possible beginning of a new era for application of laser
      energy in arthroscopy.

PMID- 2302898
TI  - Diazepam abuse in pregnant women on methadone maintenance. Implications for the
      neonate.
AB  - The authors found that the course and treatment of narcotic withdrawal in two
      neonates was complicated by prenatal exposure to high doses of diazepam, or
      Valium (Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ). Both of the mothers were on methadone
      maintenance for narcotic dependency prior to the diagnosis of pregnancy. The
      authors documented maternal intake of diazepam in the range of 40-60 mg/day for a
      duration of 4-27 weeks prior to delivery. Both infants initially responded well
      to medical therapy for narcotic withdrawal, but at 7-14 days of age, withdrawal
      symptoms intensified, requiring an increase in the dosages of Paregoric (UDL
      Laboratories, Rockford, IL) and opium tincture in both infants and the addition
      of phenobarbital therapy in one infant. Both infants continued on medical therapy
      until they reached 1 month of age. Diazepam use by pregnant women can be
      associated with a later presentation of withdrawal symptoms in the neonate than
      that induced by the use of other drugs. Close follow-up during the first month of
      life is warranted for infants exposed to diazepam prenatally.

PMID- 2302899
TI  - Assessment of an aural infrared sensor for body temperature measurement in
      children.
AB  - A newly marketed device measures body temperature using an ear probe that detects
      infrared radiation from the tympanic membrane. It is simple to use and gives a
      reading in 1-2 seconds. Its accuracy was evaluated in a group of children, aged 1
      month through 10 years, by comparing it with either rectal (n = 65), or oral (n =
      48) temperatures obtained with a standard electronic thermometer, IVAC (San
      Diego, CA). The average elapsed time between readings was 11 minutes. Overall, 60
      rectal and 40 oral temperatures (88.5%) were higher with IVAC than with the aural
      sensor. The difference ranged from -0.7 degrees C to +2.5 degrees C. The
      correlations between the infrared ear-probe values and the rectal and oral
      temperature readings were 0.77 and 0.75, respectively. Because the average
      reading using the aural sensor was lower than that using the IVAC, the
      sensitivity of the aural sensor for detecting clinically important levels of
      fever was low. None of seven patients with a rectal temperature of 39 degrees C
      or more and only 7 of 27 with a rectal temperature of 38 degrees C or more were
      identified by the aural sensor as having temperatures above these cutoff levels.
      Similarly, none of three patients with an oral temperature of 39 degrees C or
      more and only three of eight with an oral temperature of 38 degrees C or more
      were identified correctly by the aural sensor. The authors conclude that the
      aural sensor is unsatisfactory for detecting clinically significant fevers in a
      pediatric outpatient setting.

PMID- 2302900
TI  - Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula (H-type) in a six-year-old.
AB  - The case of a six-year-old boy with newly diagnosed tracheoesophageal fistula of
      the H-type is presented. This diagnosis is usually made in the neonatal period,
      but since the symptoms may mimic other respiratory illnesses and radiologic
      diagnosis may be difficult, the condition may go undiagnosed for years. Since
      correction of a tracheoesophageal fistula is curative, the diagnosis should be
      entertained in any child with recurrent respiratory symptoms, especially when
      associated with meals. A brief discussion emphasizes the importance of good
      communication between the clinician and radiologist and of careful radiologic
      evaluation.

PMID- 2302901
TI  - Neonatal hyponatremia associated with low maternal breast milk sodium content.

PMID- 2302902
TI  - Ileal phytobezoar.

PMID- 2302903
TI  - The hand as a target organ in child abuse.
AB  - The authors reviewed the abuse reports submitted by the staff of The Children's
      Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, to determine the incidence and types of injuries
      inflicted to children's hands. The authors did not study hand injuries in
      children who were not reported as physically abused. The authors examined two
      time periods to ascertain changes injury severity. Of the 631 abuse reports
      submitted from 1980 to 1982, there were 52 injuries (8.2%) involving the hands.
      From July 1987 to July 1988 there were 42 hand injuries (13.4%) among 313
      reports. In the 94 total cases, 19 (2%) children sustained injury to the hand
      only, including eight with burns, two with bruises, two with human bites, two
      with erythema, two with fractures, and one with a laceration. Children with burns
      to the hand alone were significantly younger than those with other types of
      injuries. Of the 94 children with hand and other injuries, 18 (20%) required
      hospital admission. Of the 19 with injuries to the hand only, five required
      hospital admission. A variety of instruments were used to injure these children.
      The hand is a delicate organ, and it is frequently the primary or incidental
      target of child abuse. Familiarity with the patterns and types of hand injury
      suffered in child abuse is essential for early recognition, reporting, and child
      protection.

PMID- 2302904
TI  - Acute myocarditis in infants. Initial presentation.
AB  - The authors reviewed the initial presentation of seven infants with acute
      myocarditis. All patients presented with respiratory distress including tachypnea
      (respiratory rate greater than or equal to 40) and intercostal retractions. Other
      findings included tachycardia (heart rate greater than or equal to 120) (7/7) and
      grunting (6/7). Lungs were clear to auscultation in six out of the seven
      patients. Cardiomegaly was seen in five of the initial chest roentgenograms. Each
      initial electrocardiogram had abnormal findings. Initial diagnoses were sepsis
      and shock in three patients, pneumonia and asthma in two, and congestive heart
      failure in two. Six patients required tracheal intubation. All required admission
      to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Two patients died. Myocarditis should
      be suspected in a child presenting with severe respiratory distress, tachycardia,
      cardiomegaly, and/or an abnormal electrocardiogram. Prompt stabilization and
      admission to a pediatric intensive care unit for further evaluation and treatment
      is essential.

PMID- 2302905
TI  - Sickle cell disease. Summer camp. Experience of a 22-year community-supported
      program.
AB  - A summer camp for children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and other
      hemoglobinopathies has been in operation for 22 consecutive years (1,556 camper
      weeks). Two thirds of the campers had sickle cell anemia (SS). With the exception
      of 1 year, SCD-related medical problems occurred in 10 percent of the children.
      Episodes of illness were increased during the year when the camp was held at a
      site 2,200 feet above sea level. Children with SCD can enjoy a remote, physically
      challenging, and emotionally enriching program. Success requires an experienced
      and prepared medical staff who leave the organization and "on site" management of
      camp activities to expert recreational professionals.

PMID- 2302906
TI  - Young children in recreational sports. Participation motivation.
AB  - More than 20 million children between ages 6 and 16 years participate in
      nonschool sports programs, with increasingly more programs being established for
      younger-age children. A questionnaire based on previous research with adolescent
      athletes was developed to determine participation motivation of 6- to 10-year-old
      children. Three hundred fourteen boys participating in a basketball program were
      interviewed privately with this instrument. Of the 12 participation motivation
      items, "learn to do my best," "learn and improve skills," "have a coach to look
      up to," and "get stronger and healthier" were most highly rated, whereas "win
      games" and "become popular" were rated least important. When responses of 6 and 7
      year olds were compared with those of 9 and 10 year olds, older children rated
      "feel part of a team", "have fun and excitement" and "be with and make new
      friends" higher at a statistically significant level (p less than 0.05). Older
      children rated "win games" and "become popular" lower at a statistically
      significant level (p less than 0.05). The authors conclude that young children in
      this recreational sports program make significant distinctions in their
      participation motivation and that some aspects of participation that motivate
      them change as they grow older.

PMID- 2302907
TI  - Malignant tumors in children of northeastern Zaire. A comparison of distribution
      patterns.
AB  - In an effort to better understand the epidemiology of cancer in Zaire, a
      retrospective review of biopsy-proven malignant tumors was undertaken. Of 188
      biopsies taken from children aged 0-15 years over a 4.5 year period, 73 (39%)
      revealed malignancy. Fifty-six percent of patients with malignant tumors were
      boys. Lymphoma was the most common tumor (28 patients, 15 with Burkitt's
      Lymphoma). Sarcoma (15 patients), carcinoma (8 patients), Wilms' Tumor (6
      patients), and retinoblastoma (5 patients) were also seen. Lymphomas were most
      heavily represented in the first 5 years of life, while sarcoma and carcinoma
      accounted for most of the malignancies in children after 10 years of age.
      Lymphomas and sarcomas are relatively more common in Zaire than in North America
      and Europe, while leukemia and central nervous system tumors are notably less
      common in Zaire. In view of current limitations on health care in rural Zaire,
      cancer care should be directed toward early diagnosis, quick referral for
      appropriate surgical care, and use of the limited arsenal of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2302908
TI  - Salmonella osteomyelitis in a hemoglobin SC patient.

PMID- 2302909
TI  - Duration of breast-feeding patterns established in the hospital. Influencing
      factors. Results from a national survey.
AB  - Data from a national survey of new mothers were analyzed to determine the effect
      that demographic characteristics, breast-feeding instructions, and infant formula
      discharge kits had on breast-feeding patterns established in the hospital.
      Results indicated that mothers who exclusively breast-fed their infant were more
      likely to be affluent, college educated, and not working outside the home.
      Mothers who exclusively breast-fed their infants in the hospital and subsequently
      practiced partial breast-feeding or formula, or cow's milk feeding were more
      likely to return to the work force within the first 6 postpartum months. Mothers
      who partially breast-fed their infants in the hospital were more likely to have a
      low-birth-weight neonate. Stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that
      greater total family income, a better education, and having more than one child
      had positive significant effects on exclusive breast-feeding by the first and
      fourth month. Women who received a formula discharge kit compared with those who
      did not had a slightly higher probability of initiating partial breast-feeding
      (10 vs. 7% by the first month; 27 vs. 25% by the fourth month). Maternal
      employment had a large impact on duration of exclusive breast-feeding. By the
      fourth month, mothers who were employed had a higher probability of initiating
      partial breast-feeding (43 vs. 19%) compared with mothers who were not in the
      work force.

PMID- 2302910
TI  - American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Abstracts of papers.
      Ninety-first annual meeting. San Francisco, California, March 21-23, 1990.

PMID- 2302911
TI  - The American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics: programs to
      support education in clinical pharmacology.

PMID- 2302912
TI  - Research and the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

PMID- 2302913
TI  - Relations between the American Medical Association, the American Therapeutic
      Society, and the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

PMID- 2302914
TI  - The American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the
      pharmaceutical industry.

PMID- 2302915
TI  - Financial history: 1970 to 1988.

PMID- 2302916
TI  - Future of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

PMID- 2302917
TI  - Speech development.
AB  - Babies are born nonverbal, yet they spontaneously and seemingly effortlessly
      acquire the complex skills necessary for oral communication. Interestingly, many
      of these skills have "golden periods" of maximally efficient learning--failure to
      acquire the skill at that time may lead to speech delay. This article discusses
      the normal pattern of speech development.

PMID- 2302918
TI  - When is enough enough? Secondary surgery for cleft lip and palate patients.
AB  - Secondary cleft surgery differs from the primary surgery in two important
      respects: (1) the patient can participate in the choices of whether and how to
      proceed and (2) there is no universal consensus among professionals and lay
      persons alike that intervention is necessary. This article condenses a personal
      experience with secondary cleft surgery and attempts to answer "when is enough
      enough?"

PMID- 2302919
TI  - Timing of burn therapy in the pediatric patient.
AB  - The physician embarking on the long-term management of burned children must have
      a very strong and honest relationship with the patient and family or guardians
      and must use all available resources, including physical and occupational
      therapists, social workers, and others, over the course of the effort. There is
      rarely an end-point in the rehabilitation of a burned child, and the surgeon must
      be aware of the effects of growth, have state-of-the-art knowledge of
      reconstructive techniques, and ideally have adequate experience to predict the
      effects of therapy over many years. This experience often can be gained only from
      senior surgical colleagues who have the advantage of experience following years
      of observing wounds heal and operations mature. The timing of many facets of
      pediatric burn care is, in many ways, abstract and based on intense clinical
      acumen and physical examination. However, it is imperative that the physician
      develop a treatment timetable based on the principles of contemporary burn care.

PMID- 2302920
TI  - The human growth process from infancy to maturity. Growth of the facial skeleton
      and neck.
AB  - Craniofacial growth is a complex phenomenon. Knowing the starting blocks and the
      ultimate function, the pathways leading to the "finished product" become only a
      matter of connecting the dots.

PMID- 2302921
TI  - Timing of scar revision techniques.
AB  - In attempting to prevent or to treat unsatisfactory linear scars by the
      utilization of one of three scar revision techniques, it is important that the
      surgeon realizes that there are factors beyond his control and factors under his
      control. This article reviews the current procedures available for scar revision.

PMID- 2302922
TI  - Facial paralysis in children.
AB  - Facial paralysis in children is a complex condition. It may involve functional
      issues and always involves esthetic issues. Significant psychosocial problems may
      arise and family support systems are often necessary. In this brief article the
      etiology of facial paralysis in children is discussed and the common types
      described. The philosophical approach to the child and his or her family is
      emphasized. The timing of surgical intervention is addressed as well as a brief
      outline of the surgical techniques of cross-face nerve grafting and muscle
      transplantation. Although these latter procedures have added enormously to our
      capabilities to deal with this condition, further progress will be necessary
      through research and clinical ingenuity if we are to restore these children to
      normality.

PMID- 2302923
TI  - How do your patients perceive your practice?

PMID- 2302924
TI  - What to do when the Board of Medical Examiners knocks on your door.

PMID- 2302925
TI  - New recommended daily allowances set for nutrients.

PMID- 2302926
TI  - Rectal administration of carbamazepine gel.

PMID- 2302927
TI  - Error in Cancer Chemotherapy Protocols.

PMID- 2302928
TI  - Expanded gentamicin volume of distribution in patients with indicators of
      malnutrition.
AB  - Visceral protein, body weight, and body composition were assessed in patients
      receiving gentamicin to determine whether a meaningful analysis of nutritional
      status can be used to identify patients with an expanded gentamicin volume of
      distribution (V). Adults with gram-negative infections were selected sequentially
      from among hospitalized patients being treated with gentamicin. Serum gentamicin
      concentrations before and after an intravenous dose of gentamicin were determined
      by an enzyme-mediated immunoassay. Noncompartmental analysis was used to
      determine pharmacokinetic variables. Body composition was assessed by bioelectric
      impedance techniques. Of 26 patients, 10 were considered to be at high risk of
      malnutrition by meeting at least two of the following criteria: serum albumin
      concentration, less than or equal to 3.5 g/dL; actual weight, less than 80% of
      ideal weight; and ratio of exchangeable sodium to exchangeable potassium
      (Nae/Ke), greater than 1.22. The non-high-risk group (n = 16) had a gentamicin V
      at steady state of 0.294 +/- 0.105 L/kg (mean +/- S.D.), which was significantly
      lower than that observed in the high-risk group (0.415 +/- 0.294 L/kg). The
      accuracy of the high risk classification in identifying patients with an expanded
      gentamicin V was improved by revising the definition of the high-risk group. In
      the revised definition, patients were considered to be at high risk for
      malnutrition if they met at least two of the following criteria: serum albumin
      concentration, less than or equal to 3.1 g/dL; actual weight, less than 90% of
      ideal weight; and Nae/Ke' greater than 1.22.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2302929
TI  - Association between dosage and serum concentration of antidepressants.

PMID- 2302930
TI  - Prevention of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity with transdermal clonidine.

PMID- 2302931
TI  - Isoproterenol-theophylline interaction: possible potentiation by other drugs.

PMID- 2302932
TI  - Fever associated with daily rifampin therapy.

PMID- 2302933
TI  - Evaluation of a dynamometer measuring torque of uni- and bilateral concentric and
      eccentric muscle action.
AB  - A dynamometer designed for torque measurements of uni- and bilateral concentric
      and eccentric muscle actions of the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups is
      described. Torque reproducibility and control of lever-arm position were studied
      using known standards. In vivo measurements assessed angular velocity, lever-arm
      acceleration, variability of torque between limbs and reproducibility of torque.
      Torque obtained from left and right leg attachments was equal when using weights
      and during dynamic in vivo conditions. Static torque recorded at different lever
      arm positions and known torque were equal. Likewise, lever-arm position output
      equated with known angles. In vivo test-retest of peak torque was found to be
      reliable. Acceleration of the lever arm was greater for concentric bilateral than
      for unilateral muscle actions but equal during eccentric muscle actions. The
      dynamometer is suggested to provide valid and reproducible torque measurements up
      to at least 700 N m at constant angular velocities up to 2.62 rad s-1. Besides
      being a research tool the dynamometer is useful in clinical settings for
      rehabilitation and evaluation of skeletal muscle function.

PMID- 2302934
TI  - Discrepancy between estimated energy intake and requirement in female dancers.
AB  - Dietary intake of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates in female dance students
      compared to female music students was estimated by a dietary history method.
      Energy requirement was estimated from body weight and physical activity both by a
      standard formula and from the measured work intensity during dance training. Meal
      patterns showed significant differences in four types of meals on week-days and
      in one type on weekends. The intake of protein, fat and carbohydrates in absolute
      amounts and the percentage of energy derived from protein were not significantly
      different between the two groups. The fraction of energy derived from
      carbohydrates was higher and that from fat was lower in the dancers than in the
      musicians. Energy intake was of similar magnitude for the dancers and the
      musicians (8.3 +/- 1.9 MJ vs. 8.3 +/- 1.7 MJ), while the estimated energy
      requirement was greater for the dancers (10.3 +/- 0.7 MJ vs. 8.9 +/- 0.4 MJ). The
      reason for the apparent discrepancy between energy intake and energy requirement
      of approximately 2 MJ in the dancers is not obvious. The energy intake may have
      been underestimated. Alternatively, the energy requirement may have been
      overestimated. The resting metabolic rate may have been depressed by years of low
      energy intake. In addition, as suggested by some authors, training as such may
      lower the resting metabolic rate as well as the diet-induced thermogenesis.

PMID- 2302935
TI  - Effects of prolonged adrenaline infusion and of mental stress on plasma minerals
      and parathyroid hormone.
AB  - The role of the sympatho-adrenal system for the secretion of PTH in humans is not
      established. Previous studies on the effects of adrenaline on plasma mineral
      homeostasis have focused on injections or short-term infusions of adrenaline, and
      conflicting results concerning calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) responses
      have been reported. We therefore infused adrenaline or placebo continuously for 3
      h to 10 healthy volunteers and studied several plasma minerals, as well as PTH
      levels. Venous plasma adrenaline concentrations increased to the upper
      physiological range (5 nmol l-1) during adrenaline infusion. Another nine
      volunteers were exposed for 25 min to mental stress (a colour word conflict test;
      CWT), which causes marked circulatory changes and raises plasma catecholamine
      concentrations. Plasma ionized and total calcium, and magnesium concentrations
      were slowly and gradually reduced during infusion of adrenaline, but there was
      only a small increase in PTH. Plasma potassium was decreased by adrenaline within
      30 min and thereafter did not change further during infusion. There was a marked
      but transient increase in the plasma free fatty acids concentration, which were
      not related to the reduction of the calcium or magnesium levels. The adrenaline
      induced decrements in calcium, magnesium and potassium, and increases in heart
      rates persisted 30 min after the infusion, despite a rapid decrease in plasma
      adrenaline concentrations within 5 min of termination of the infusion. Plasma
      phosphate concentrations were lowered during the first 90 min of adrenaline
      infusion, but after 3 h they had returned to baseline despite continued infusion.
      CWT induced small increments of the plasma ionized calcium and PTH
      concentrations. Plasma potassium levels were raised despite increases in plasma
      adrenaline at the beginning of the stress test, while phosphate values were
      reduced at the end of the test. Thus, long-lasting elevations of circulating
      adrenaline lower plasma ionized and total calcium, phosphate, magnesium and
      potassium, but the time courses for these changes differed markedly. Despite the
      reduction of plasma ionized calcium there was only little increase in PTH and
      thus no indication that sustained elevations of circulating adrenaline stimulates
      the secretion of PTH in vivo in humans. Responses to acute mental stress and
      adrenaline infusion differed qualitatively, indicating that adrenaline responses
      to stress are of minor importance in this respect.

PMID- 2302936
TI  - Haemodynamic and ADH responses to central blood volume shifts in cardiac
      denervated humans.
AB  - Haemodynamic responses and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) were measured during body
      position changes designed to induce blood volume shifts in 10 cardiac transplant
      recipients to assess the contribution of cardiac and vascular volume receptors in
      the control of ADH secretion. Each subject underwent 15 min of a control period
      in the seated posture, then assumed a lying posture for 30 min at 6 degrees head
      down tilt (HDT) followed by 30 min of seated recovery. Venous blood samples and
      cardiac dimensions (echocardiography) were taken at 0 and 15 min before HDT, 5,
      15 and 30 min of HDT, and 5, 15 and 30 min of seated recovery. Blood samples were
      analysed for haematocrit, plasma osmolality, plasma renin activity (PRA) and ADH.
      Resting plasma volume (PV) was measured by Evans blue dye and per cent changes in
      PV during posture changes were calculated from changes in haematocrit. Heart rate
      (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were recorded every 2 min. In the cardiac transplant
      subjects, mean HR decreased (BP less than 0.05) from 102 b.p.m. pre-HDT to 94
      b.p.m. during HDT and returned to 101 b.p.m. in seated recovery while BP was
      slightly elevated (P less than 0.05). PV was increased by 6.3% (P less than 0.05)
      by the end of 30 min of HDT but returned to pre-HDT levels following seated
      recovery. Plasma osmolality was not altered by posture changes. Mean left
      ventricular end-diastolic volume increased (P less than 0.05) from 90 +/- 5 ml
      pre-HDT to 105 +/- 4 ml during HDT and returned to 88 +/- 5 ml in seated
      recovery. Plasma ADH was reduced by 28% (P less than 0.05) by the end of HDT and
      returned to pre-HDT levels with seated recovery. PRA was also reduced by 28% (P
      less than 0.05) with HDT. These responses were similar to those of six normal
      cardiac-innervated control subjects and one heart-lung recipient. Therefore,
      cardiac volume receptors are not the only mechanism for the control of ADH
      release during acute blood volume shifts in man.

PMID- 2302937
TI  - Plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles in pre- and post-menopausal middle-aged
      runners.
AB  - Plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles were compared in middle-aged trained and
      untrained women before and after menopause. Subjects were assigned to one of four
      groups: (1) pre-menopausal trained (Pre-T: n = 17, aged 42 +/- 5 years, body fat
      19 +/- 5%, training distance 53 +/- 20 km week-1, VO2max 49 +/- 4 ml kg-1 min-1,
      mean +/- SD); (2) pre-menopausal untrained (Pre-UT: n = 26, 42 +/- 5 years, 24 +/
      7%, 34 +/- 6 ml kg-1 min-1); (3) post-menopausal trained (Post-T: n = 16, 54 +/-
      3 years, 20 +/- 4%, 43 +/- 19 km week-1, 41 +/- 5 ml kg-1 min-1); and (4) post
      menopausal untrained (Post-UT: n = 15, 55 +/- 3 years, 25 +/- 6%, 31 +/- 3 ml kg
      1 min-1). There were no significant differences in total cholesterol (range 173
      194 mg dl-1), triglyceride (56-72 mg dl-1), and HDL-cholesterol (HDLC: 76-85 mg
      dl-1) among the four groups. LDL-cholesterol (LDLC) in the post-menopausal women
      (Post-T: 96 +/- 32 mg dl-1; Post-UT: 104 +/- 23 mg dl-1) tended to be higher than
      in the premenopausal women (Pre-T: 86 +/- 25 mg dl-1, Pre-UT: 81 +/- 23 mg dl
      1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2302938
TI  - The venous pump of the human foot.
AB  - Pressures in the flexor digitorum muscle, posterior tibial and anterior tibial
      muscles and subcutaneous pressure in the lower leg were recorded in 18 volunteers
      with a non-infusion technique. The venous plexus of the sole of the foot was
      compressed by a pneumatic foot pump. Activation of this device creates
      oscillations of intramuscular and subcutaneous interstitial fluid hydrostatic
      pressure in the lower leg. The mechanism for this is explained by intermittent
      passive muscle stretch. The interstitial fluid pressure decreased following
      active muscle contractions during venous stasis of the limb, but not following
      activation of the pneumatic pump. Although the pneumatic foot pump may on
      theoretical grounds be useful in early treatment of postoperative and post
      traumatic oedema of the leg, complementary studies are necessary to establish its
      effectiveness.

PMID- 2302939
TI  - Meal-induced thermogenesis in previously obese patients.
AB  - Meal-induced thermogenesis is reported to be reduced in obese patients and the
      purpose of this study was to find out whether thermogenesis after a mixed meal
      differs between previously obese (post-obese) subjects and non-obese controls.
      Nine post-obese patients (body mass index 27 +/- 1) and nine age- and sex-matched
      non-obese volunteers (body mass index 22 +/- 1) were studied with continuous
      indirect calorimetry in the basal state and after the ingestion of a standardized
      test meal. Following treatment with vertical banded gastroplasty for the obesity,
      the weight of the patients had decreased by an average of 44 +/- 5 kg. Basal
      oxygen uptake and energy expenditure did not differ between the post-obese and
      the controls. After the meal, energy expenditure increased rapidly, becoming
      relatively constant after 60 min; the average increase above basal was in the
      post-obese 30.5 +/- 1.8% and in the non-obese controls 29.5 +/- 2.3% (NS). In
      absolute terms, the increments above basal were also similar in the two groups.
      The heart rate was higher in the post-obese group throughout the study period. It
      is concluded that the thermogenic response to a mixed meal is much the same in
      post-obese subjects and in non-obese controls. These findings support the notion
      that a decreased meal-induced thermogenesis is a secondary phenomenon rather than
      a primary pathogenic factor in human obesity.

PMID- 2302940
TI  - The effects of learning two languages on levels of metalinguistic awareness.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to determine whether a bilingual environment-the
      juxtaposition of two language systems learned simultaneously-enhances children's
      awareness of the language(s) they are learning to speak. The study explores the
      development of metalinguistic awareness at three different levels of explicit
      knowledge about language in monolingual children, and assesses the effects of a
      bilingual experience on this developmental process. To observe the development of
      metalinguistic awareness and to test the bilingual hypothesis, we compared
      metalinguistic skills in 32 Spanish-speaking and 32 English-speaking monolinguals
      and in 32 Spanish-English bilinguals aged 4:5 to 8:0. The Spanish and English
      metalinguistic tests each contained 15 different ungrammatical constructions
      (e.g., "Steven and Robert is a brother") and 15 grammatically correct "fillers."
      For each item, the children were asked in the appropriate language to note
      whether the construction was correct or incorrect, to correct the errors they
      noted, and to explain why those errors were wrong. We found that the monolingual
      children followed the same sequence in acquiring the ability to detect, to
      correct, and to explain grammatical errors; in particular, they progressed from a
      content-based orientation to a form-based orientation to language at each of the
      three levels. However, we noted different outcomes in terms of the types of
      grammatical constructions that were easy for monolinguals to master at each level
      the constructions that were easy to detect and correct were distinct from those
      that were easy to explain. The bilingual experience was found to speed the
      transition from a content-based to a form-based approach to language at certain
      levels of awareness (detection and correction), but had less of an effect on
      explanations. Moreover, the bilingual experience did not appear to affect the
      types of grammatical constructions that were easy to master at any of the three
      levels. These data suggest that the experience of learning two languages hastens
      the development of certain metalinguistic skills in young children, but does not
      alter the course of that development. Thus, while learning two languages may
      enhance a speaker's "ear" for regularities of form, it does not appear to augment
      his grammatical "mind" for understanding those regularities.

PMID- 2302941
TI  - Paragrammatisms: syntactic disturbance or breakdown of control?

PMID- 2302942
TI  - Autonomy, implementation and cognitive architecture: a reply to Fodor and
      Pylyshyn.

PMID- 2302943
TI  - Five years experience of intrauterine contraception with the Nova-T.
AB  - This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical performance of the Nova-T IUD.
      The insertion period was from November 1981 to November 1982. Two-hundred-and-one
      (201) consecutive IUDs were inserted in women attending a family planning clinic
      and they were followed for a period of 5 years. Most events occurred in the first
      2 years of the study and there were no pregnancies in the 3rd, 4th or 5th year.
      The pregnancy rate after 5 years was 3.2 or a Pearl index of 1.21 which is very
      good compared to other methods of contraception now available. Our conclusion is
      that the Nova-T IUD is an excellent method of contraception and it can be left in
      place for a period of 5 years.

PMID- 2302944
TI  - Oral contraceptive use does not protect against large bowel cancer.
AB  - The association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and colorectal cancer was
      examined in 190 female colorectal cancer cases and 200 age-matched female
      controls in data derived from a population-based study of large bowel cancer,
      "The Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study" conducted in Melbourne, Australia. There
      were 47 cases (24 colon cancer, 23 rectal cancer cases) and 39 controls, who were
      past OC users. After adjustment was made for the confounding factors of age,
      number of children and age at birth of first child, a statistically significant
      risk was found among rectal cancer OC users, but not among colon cancer OC users
      (RR rectal cancer = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.00-4.14, p = 0.04; RR colon cancer = 1.17,
      95% CI = 0.59-2.29, p = 0.60). These risks were not affected by adjustment for
      socioeconomic level, country of birth, religion, previous diet and family history
      of colorectal cancer. Rectal cancer risk was higher among those OC users who were
      also beer drinkers (RR = 6.96, 95% CI 2.09-23.1, p = 0.001).

PMID- 2302945
TI  - Tolerance of perinidatory primate embryos to RU 486 exposure in vitro and in
      vivo.
AB  - Monkey embryos were exposed to RU 486 both in vitro and in vivo (with and without
      progesterone therapy) in the perinidatory interval. These primate embryos were
      highly tolerant of RU 486, except when RU 486 alone terminated early pregnancy.
      There were no indications of teratogenicity in this limited trial when the
      embryos were exposed to RU 486 either before implantation (10(-7)M in 24-hour
      cultures) or during the immediate post-implantation interval (50 mg orally/day;
      days 32 to 39 LMP).

PMID- 2302946
TI  - Contraceptive efficacy of tamoxifen in female hamsters.
AB  - Systemic administration of tamoxifen (trans-1-(4-B-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1,2
      diphenyl-but-1-ene), an antiestrogen, at a dose level of 2 mg/kg body weight on
      days 1, 2 and 3 post-coitum (p.c.) intercepts pregnancy during the peri
      implantation period in 70-80% of hamsters. Significant alterations in the
      circulating levels of estradiol and progesterone were accompanied by the
      abolition of peak activities of various uterine lysosomal enzymes in the treated
      animals. The present study, therefore, suggests that estrogen plays a crucial
      role during the process of ovum-implantation in hamsters, and tamoxifen displays
      an interceptive role in this species.

PMID- 2302947
TI  - Catecholamine and thyroid hormones in traumatic injury.
AB  - During hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and severe stress there is often an
      inverse relationship between plasma norepinephrine (NE) and thyroid hormones. We
      evaluated this relationship in patients who were severely burned, patients who
      had injury to both brain and body, patients with head injury, and patients
      receiving high dose barbiturates for head injury. Head-injured patients had a low
      thyroxine (T4), low triiodothyronine (T3), and high reverse T3. Phenytoin for
      control of seizures lowered T3 and T4 and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone.
      Burned patients had a strong negative correlation between NE and T3 (r = -.88, p
      less than .001). Patients with injury to both brain and body had a weak negative
      correlation between NE and T3 (r = -.5, p = .06). Patients with head injury
      showed no correlation between NE and T3. Severely injured patients had a close
      inverse relationship between elevated NE levels and depressed T3 levels. This
      relationship appears to depend on an intact CNS, as the relationship was
      disrupted by head injury and barbiturates.

PMID- 2302948
TI  - Plasma cortisol levels in patients with septic shock.
AB  - To investigate the endogenous adrenocortical response to sepsis, plasma cortisol
      concentrations were measured in 37 patients (53 +/- 3 yr of age) with septic
      shock. Patients were studied 11 +/- 2 h after shock commenced. Vasopressor
      therapy was required in 35 of 37 patients (median dopamine infusion rate of 11
      micrograms/kg.min, range 3 to 74). Plasma cortisol concentrations were increased
      markedly (median 50.7 micrograms/dl, range 15.6 to 400) above normal values (10
      to 20 micrograms/dl) in patients with septic shock. Neither patients who reversed
      their shock nor those who survived to hospital discharge had significantly
      different plasma cortisol concentrations from those who did not. Patients with
      Gram-positive infections had increased cortisol levels compared with those who
      had Gram-negative infections (median 83 micrograms/dl, range 32 to 400 vs. median
      44 micrograms/dl, range 16 to 81, respectively; p less than .05). The source of
      infection, amount of vasopressors infused, and severity of shock were not
      associated with differences in cortisol concentrations. The length of time in
      shock before collection of the blood sample for measurements of cortisol and mean
      arterial pressure at the time of blood collection had significant but weak
      negative correlations with cortisol concentrations (p less than .05, rs = .37 and
      p less than .05, rs = -.40, respectively). We conclude that plasma cortisol
      concentrations are increased in patients with septic shock, but that the degree
      of increase is variable. This variability may, in part, be related to type of
      infection, length of time in shock, and BP at the time of blood
      sampling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2302949
TI  - Pathogenesis of colonization and infection in a neonatal surgical unit.
AB  - Nosocomial infection with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli is a major cause of
      morbidity and mortality in neonates. Few prospective studies have been undertaken
      in neonatal surgical units to investigate colonization and infection rates and
      the pathogenesis of infection. We prospectively studied 40 infants admitted to a
      neonatal surgical unit. Ninety-eight percent became colonized in throat/intestine
      with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli. Thirty-five percent developed infections,
      with wound and surface infections predominant (61%). Ninety-one percent of
      infections were caused by Gram-negative bacilli or yeasts. Severe infections
      (septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis) occurred in 13% of infants. The mortality
      rate was 5%. In all infections, the pathogenesis was found to be endogenous, and
      in most, three stages were distinguishable. Neonates always acquired potentially
      pathogenic organisms in throat/intestine (stage 1) before colonization (stage 2)
      and infection (stage 3) of other systems occurred. Reduction of digestive tract
      colonization by these potentially pathogenic microorganisms by means of
      successful selective decontamination may therefore reduce subsequent infection.

PMID- 2302950
TI  - Prospective endoscopic study of stress erosions and ulcers in critically ill
      neurosurgical patients: current incidence and effect of acid-reducing
      prophylaxis.
AB  - We studied prospectively 40 critically ill neurosurgical patients who required
      prolonged mechanical ventilation to determine the current incidence of stress
      related gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers, and to assess endoscopically the
      efficacy of acid-reducing prophylactic treatment. Nineteen patients were
      randomized to receive ranitidine plus antacids if necessary to maintain gastric
      pH at greater than or equal to 4. The remaining 21 patients were given no drug
      prophylaxis. Gastric pH was significantly (p less than .001) higher in the
      treated group: 78% of pH readings were at greater than or equal to 4 as compared
      to 32% in the control group. However, after five study days, incidence and
      severity of stress lesions were similar in the two groups: nine patients in each
      group had more than five erosions, one treated patient had a gastric ulcer, and
      one control patient had duodenal ulcerations. No patient experienced clinically
      relevant upper GI bleeding. The lack of severe stress bleeding and the low ulcer
      rate contrast with results from earlier reports on similar patient populations.
      Furthermore, drug prophylaxis had no detectable benefit, as assessed
      endoscopically. These findings suggest that routine stress lesion prophylaxis may
      not be necessary in critically ill patients with comparable risk factors.

PMID- 2302951
TI  - Low sensitivity of the anion gap as a screen to detect hyperlactatemia in
      critically ill patients.
AB  - The anion gap is commonly used as a screening test for the presence of lactic
      acidosis. Analysis of the distribution of anion gaps for 56 adult surgical ICU
      patients with peak blood lactate levels greater than or equal to 2.5 mmol/L
      showed the anion gap to be an insensitive screen for elevated lactate in a
      critically ill, hospitalized population. All patients (11/11) with a peak lactate
      greater than or equal to 10 mmol/L had an anion gap greater than or equal to 16
      mmol/L; however, 50% (6/12) of patients with lactates between 5.0 and 9.9 mmol/L
      and 79% (26/33) of those with lactates between 2.5 and 4.9 mmol/L had anion gaps
      less than 16 mmol/L. Hyperlactatemia was associated with considerable mortality
      at all levels: 100% among patients with lactate levels greater than or equal to
      10 mmol/L, 75% between 5.0 and 9.9 mmol/L, and 36.4% between 2.5 and 4.9 mmol/L.
      Acidosis (pH less than 7.30) did not significantly alter mortality by lactate
      level. The observation that, for 57% of patients in this study, an elevated
      lactate level was not accompanied by an elevated anion gap suggests that
      hyperlactatemia should be included in the differential diagnosis of nonanion gap
      acidosis.

PMID- 2302952
TI  - Mishaps during transport from the intensive care unit.
AB  - We undertook a prospective study of 125 intrahospital patient transports from the
      ICU in an attempt to identify any factors that could influence the occurrence of
      mishaps. One third of the transports sustained at least one mishap. Therapeutic
      intervention scoring system class IV transports had the highest rate of mishaps
      (35%). We found no relationship of occurrence of mishaps to severity of illness
      (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, APACHE II), number of lines,
      monitoring and support modalities, and time out of the ICU. Transports for
      elective procedures had more mishaps (60%) than occurred for emergencies (40%).
      Most mishaps occurred either during the procedure, on transports to CT scan, or
      while waiting at the destination. The numbers and types of escorts as defined by
      our ICU policy and physician attendance on transport did not clearly reduce
      mishap risk. Morbidity and mortality were not affected by mishaps. Although
      certain trends did emerge, no clearly defined predictive factor could be
      identified. Further study into transport mishaps is warranted.

PMID- 2302953
TI  - Renal effects of norepinephrine used to treat septic shock patients.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with septic shock (cardiac index [CI] greater than or equal
      to 4 L.min-1.m-2, systemic vascular resistance index [SVRI] less than or equal to
      350 dyne.sec.cm-5.m-2, systolic BP less than or equal to 90 mm Hg, oliguria less
      than 30 ml/h) were treated with norepinephrine (NE) infused either alone or in
      combination with dopamine and/or dobutamine. In all patients, NE resulted in
      either an increase in BP, no change, or an increase in CI and restored SVRI to
      the normal range. In 20 patients, normalization of systemic hemodynamics was
      followed by re-establishment of urine flow, decrease in serum creatinine, and
      increase in creatinine clearance. None of these 20 patients received low dose
      dopamine or furosemide. Four patients remained oliguric. Two of these four
      patients died and two developed acute renal failure. These findings suggest that
      NE infusion does not worsen renal ischemia related to hemodynamic disturbances in
      septic shock patients, and may have beneficial effects on renal function.

PMID- 2302954
TI  - Effect of posture on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in
      patients with fulminant hepatic and renal failure after acetaminophen self
      poisoning.
AB  - We measured the effect of posture on intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral
      perfusion pressure (CPP) in eight patients admitted with grade 4 hepatic coma due
      to fulminant hepatic failure complicated by renal failure. Upward head elevation
      greater than 20 degrees did not consistently reduce ICP; instead, ICP increased
      in three patients who later died of cerebral edema. CPP was reduced significantly
      by elevation greater than 20 degrees, falling to less than 50 mm Hg in those
      patients who subsequently died of cerebral edema. Our study does not support the
      current practice of nursing patients with hepatic coma, who are at risk of dying
      from cerebral edema, in head-upright postures greater than 20 degrees.

PMID- 2302955
TI  - Is dantrolene effective in heat stroke patients?
AB  - Dantrolene (2.45 mg/kg body weight, range 2 to 4) was administered iv in eight
      heat stroke (HS) patients and compared with a control group of 12 patients of
      similar age, weight, and temperature range (41.9 degrees to 44 degrees C). Body
      surface cooling was conducted in air conditioned rooms at temperatures of 18
      degrees to 23 degrees C. Mean cooling time in the dantrolene group was 49.7 +/-
      4.4 (SEM) min, whereas cooling time in the control group was 69.2 +/- 4.8 min.
      The decrease in temperature was significantly greater in the dantrolene group,
      for whom the cooling time was decreased by about 19.5 min (p less than .01).
      Although cooling time was significantly shorter in the dantrolene group, there
      was no difference in the recovery of both groups. Dantrolene is an expensive drug
      and justification for its routine use in HS remains to be evaluated.

PMID- 2302956
TI  - Clinical predictors of myocardial damage after high voltage electrical injury.
AB  - Myocardial damage after high voltage electrical body injury is a serious and
      often life-threatening situation. The purpose of this pilot study was to identify
      early clinical predictors of myocardial damage in patients with high voltage
      electrical injury. Twenty-four patients with high voltage electrical injuries and
      no evidence of arc burns were evaluated. In 13/24 patients the diagnosis of
      myocardial damage was confirmed by total creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase
      MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme elevation (group A). In these patients the total CK range
      was 1373 to 52,544 mU/ml. In 11/24 patients CK-MB was negative (group B)
      indicating absence of myocardial damage. ECG changes occurred in 10/13 group A
      and 4/11 group B patients (p less than .095). No patient in either group gave a
      history suggestive of myocardial ischemia after the electrical injury. The
      pathways of electricity through the body, as mapped by a line drawn between the
      wound(s) of entrance and exit, were vertical in all group A patients, i.e., from
      upper to lower body segment, vs. 5/11 group B patients with evidence of a
      vertical pathway (p less than .003). Group A patients also had greater body
      surface burns (16.0 +/- 2.7%) vs. group B patients (4.0 +/- 1.6%, p less than
      .001). The presence of a vertical pathway and the magnitude of percent surface
      burns were found to be the most significant clinical predictors of myocardial
      damage in multiple logistic regression analysis (p less than .0001).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2302957
TI  - Increased survival time after delayed histamine and prostaglandin blockade in a
      porcine model of severe sepsis-induced lung injury.
AB  - A combination of cimetidine, diphenhydramine, and ibuprofen has been shown to be
      an effective treatment in a porcine model of septic acute lung injury. The
      present study was designed to evaluate this therapy in a delayed treatment
      survival model. Three groups of animals were studied: a control group (C, n = 6)
      received a sham infusion of 0.9% saline; a septic group (Ps, n = 5) received a
      continuous infusion of live Pseudomonas aeruginosa organisms; and a treatment
      group (CID, n = 6) received P. aeruginosa plus cimetidine 150 mg, ibuprofen 12.5
      mg/kg, and diphenhydramine 10 mg/kg given at 90 min after P. aeruginosa infusion,
      and hourly thereafter. Group Ps developed fulminant acute lung injury and
      hypodynamic septic shock. CID therapy ameliorated temporarily the progressive
      course of hypoxemia and increased extravascular lung water (EVLW), delayed the
      onset of cardiovascular deterioration, and improved significantly survival time.
      It was concluded that CID therapy given at 90 min after the onset of lethal
      continuous P. aeruginosa infusion improved significantly animal survival time by
      improving temporarily hypoxemia and increase in EVLW and delaying cardiovascular
      collapse.

PMID- 2302958
TI  - Effect of acute changes in renal arterial blood flow on urine oxygen tension in
      dogs.
AB  - The relationships between urine oxygen tension (PuO2), PaO2, and acute changes in
      renal arterial blood flow (RBF) were studied in 19 anesthetized dogs. Indwelling
      sensors that measure continuously PO2 were inserted into the femoral artery and
      the ureter. RBF was measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter placed over the
      renal artery. PuO2 increased significantly from 36 to 72 torr during a stepwise
      increase in PaO2 from 70 to 180 torr. RBF was decreased in a stepwise fashion
      from a baseline value of 5.51 to 4.16, 2.13, and finally to .20 ml/kg.min by
      aortic constriction. PuO2 decreased significantly from a baseline value of 72
      torr to 66, 57, and finally to 23 torr. The correlation coefficient between RBF
      and PuO2 was .84, which was significantly higher than that between RBF and
      femoral arterial pressure or that between RBF and urinary flow rate. This study
      demonstrates that PuO2 is a sensitive indicator of acute RBF changes in normal,
      healthy dogs.

PMID- 2302959
TI  - Positive inotropic effect of carcinine in the isolated perfused guinea pig heart.
AB  - Carcinine (beta-alanylhistamine) is a recently discovered compound that is
      present in the hearts of several mammalian species, including man. Although the
      function of carcinine is unknown, its structural similarity to histamine, a
      compound known to have profound effects on the mammalian heart, and to carnosine
      (beta-alanylhistidine), a compound which we have previously shown to serve as a
      histamine source, led to the hypothesis that carcinine may play a role in
      mammalian cardiac physiology. We therefore administered several doses of
      carcinine (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 micrograms) to isolated, perfused guinea pig
      hearts in a Langendorff apparatus. Carcinine exerted a dose-dependent positive
      inotropic effect, similar to that of histamine. Comparable doses of carnosine
      yielded no measurable change in contractility. We conclude that carcinine appears
      to be a positive inotrope in the mammalian heart, and may play a role in cardiac
      physiology via its metabolic link to histamine.

PMID- 2302960
TI  - Do brainstem auditory evoked potentials detect the actual cessation of cerebral
      functions in brain dead patients?

PMID- 2302961
TI  - Oral antimony intoxications in man.
AB  - Four cases of acute oral antimony intoxication are reported. Three patients
      survived without sequelae. One patient, a 93-yr-old male, died from multiple
      organ failure. Toxicological analysis of blood, urine, and tissues revealed a
      severe intoxication.

PMID- 2302962
TI  - High-frequency jet ventilation in the management of tracheal laceration.

PMID- 2302963
TI  - Pulsus paradoxus in the diagnosis and management of pneumopericardium in an
      infant.

PMID- 2302964
TI  - Successful initiation of hemodialysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation due to
      lethal hyperkalemia.
AB  - A 27-yr-old male uremic patient developed sudden cardiac arrest due to severe
      hyperkalemia. Despite 55 min of CPR and conventional treatment for hyperkalemia,
      cardiac arrest persisted. Hemodialysis was then performed during CPR and the
      patient recovered uneventfully. Hemodialysis should be considered in patients
      with cardiac arrest due to severe hyperkalemia if conventional therapies fail.

PMID- 2302965
TI  - Fibrin sheath formation surrounding a pulmonary artery catheter sheath: eversion
      of the sleeve during catheter removal.

PMID- 2302966
TI  - Admission of AIDS patients to a medical intensive care unit: causes and outcomes.

PMID- 2302967
TI  - Bretylium intoxication resembling clinical brain death.

PMID- 2302968
TI  - Limitations of intensive procedures in cirrhotic patients with liver failure.

PMID- 2302969
TI  - Endotracheal tube occlusion, use of heat moisture exchangers, and nosocomial
      pneumonia.

PMID- 2302970
TI  - Resuscitation from cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2302971
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor and septic shock.

PMID- 2302972
TI  - Manometric characteristics of glossopalatal sphincter.
AB  - When a liquid bolus is held in the mouth, the posterior tongue and soft palate
      pinch together to prevent premature spillage of the bolus into the oropharynx. We
      propose that this glossopalatal closure acts as a glossopalatal sphincter (GPS).
      In this investigation, we studied glossopalatal closure by obtaining concurrent
      manometric and radiographic recordings of barium swallows in healthy volunteers.
      Manometry was done by both a continuous pull through method and also by a
      stationary catheter technique using a ribbon catheter with multiple sideholes
      spaced at 1-cm intervals. The results showed that when the mouth was loaded with
      a fluid bolus, the closed glossopalatal segment generated an asymmetric high
      pressure zone with greater pressures toward the tongue and palate than laterally.
      With swallowing, the glossopalatal sphincter high-pressure zone relaxed and the
      glossopalatal sphincter opened to allow barium to flow from the mouth into the
      oropharynx. We conclude that the glossopalatal sphincter functions as a
      physiological sphincter in that it (1) generates a sustained high-pressure zone
      and closure when a liquid bolus is held in the mouth and (2) relaxes and opens
      with swallowing.

PMID- 2302973
TI  - Esophageal function in humans. Effects of bolus consistency and temperature.
AB  - We determined the effect of increased bolus consistency on esophageal motor
      function in 11 healthy volunteer subjects. Further, we sought to define the
      esophageal response to boluses with a wide range of temperatures in nine healthy
      volunteers. Intraluminal pressure events were measured with an infused catheter
      system, and lower esophageal sphincter pressure was monitored continuously with a
      Dent sleeve. Boluses (10 swallows each) consisting of 5 ml of a solid suspension
      (yogurt), 5 cm3 of a soft solid (gelatin), and 5 ml of water were given in a
      randomized order. In a separate study, boluses with temperatures of 1 degree C, 5
      degrees C, 10 degrees C, 15 degrees C, room temperature, 30 degrees C, 40 degrees
      C, 50 degrees C, and 60 degrees C were given in a randomized fashion. Compared to
      the water bolus, the solid boluses elicited a significant (P less than 0.05)
      reduction in peristaltic wave velocity, which was accompanied by significant (P
      less than 0.05) increments in the durations of wave contraction and lower
      esophageal sphincter relaxation. The magnitude of the response elicited by the
      solid boluses was comparable to that noted with boluses of high viscosity
      suggesting that the esophagus response to increments in bolus viscosity and
      consistency in a similar fashion. Alterations in bolus temperature did not elicit
      any significant changes in the parameters of esophageal peristalsis. It is
      concluded that bolus temperature does not have a significant role in the
      modulation of human esophageal peristalsis except under conditions that cause a
      change in esophageal wall temperature.

PMID- 2302974
TI  - Role of oxyradicals in cold water immersion restraint-induced gastric mucosal
      injury in the rat.
AB  - Cold water immersion restraint of the rat results in focal gastric mucosal
      erosions. The lesions are associated with powerful, prolonged-duration gastric
      contractions. Phasic gastric contractions may attenuate gastric mucosal blood
      flow, resulting in ischemia followed by reperfusion. Therefore, the conditions of
      cold-water-immersion restraint might lead to mucosal injury by an oxyradical
      mediated mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of oxyradical
      inhibition on cold water immersion restraint-induced lesions. In separate groups
      of rats subjected to cold water immersion restraint (6-10 animals per group),
      oxyradical inhibition was achieved by chronic feeding of a sodium tungstate diet,
      oral administration of allopurinol, or intraperitoneal administration of
      dimethylsulfoxide. None of these regimens significantly attenuated the number of
      lesions per stomach, the total lesion area, or the percent of corpus mucosa
      containing lesions. We conclude that oxyradicals do not play a role in the
      pathogenesis of cold water immersion restraint-induced lesions.

PMID- 2302975
TI  - Different effects of cytoprotective drugs on ethanol- and aspirin-induced gastric
      mucosal injury in pylorus-ligated rats.
AB  - In anesthetized rats oral administration (2 ml) of both ethanol (50% in 150 mM
      HCl) and aspirin (80 mM in 150 mM HCl) produced bandlike lesions in the stomach,
      while more generalized lesions occurred in the pylorus-ligated stomach when the
      irritant was given intragastrically through the fistula prepared in the rumen and
      the mucosal folds were removed by stomach distension. The bandlike lesions
      induced in the intact stomach by both irritants were significantly and dose
      dependently prevented by 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (dmPGE2: 3 and 10 micrograms/kg,
      subcutaneously), cysteamine (30 and 100 mg/kg, subcutaneously) or timoprazole (10
      and 30 mg/kg, per os) at the doses which significantly inhibited gastric
      motility. In the pylorus-ligated stomach, however, neither of these agents showed
      any protection against the generalized lesions induced by ethanol, but such
      lesions caused by aspirin were significantly prevented only by dmPGE2. These
      agents also showed similar effects against the reduction of transmucosal PD in
      the pylorus-ligated stomach exposed to ethanol and aspirin. These results suggest
      that (1) the formation of bandlike lesions caused by ethanol and aspirin depends
      on the presence of mucosal folds and may be prevented by the agents that inhibit
      gastric motility, (2) the pathogenesis of the lesions induced by aspirin and
      ethanol may be different in the pylorus-ligated stomach, and (3) dmPGE2 has a
      unique protective ability that is not shared by usual cytoprotective agents.

PMID- 2302976
TI  - Is there an abnormal fasting duodenogastric reflux in nonulcer dyspepsia?
AB  - A quantitatively and/or qualitatively abnormal duodenogastric reflux (DGR) could
      be involved in the pathogenesis of nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD). The aims of this
      prospective study were to look for (1) a pathological DGR profile during fasting
      and (2) an eventual correlation between DGR profile and clinical symptoms. Twenty
      six NUD patients were investigated. Seven other operated patients with a surgical
      procedure facilitating DGR episodes and 27 healthy volunteers served as control
      groups. A clinical score was determined for each patient from a standardized
      questionnaire. Gastric aspiration was performed for 6 hr in fasting subjects. The
      aspirates were pooled into 17 samples. In each sample the concentration and the
      output of total bile acids was determined. If the concentration was larger than
      30 mumol/liter in pooled samples, the concentrations of free bile acids and the
      distribution of the conjugated bile acids was determined. The percentage of
      aliquots with a total bile acid concentration larger than 50 mumol/liter (without
      upper limit), and the percentage with a concentration larger than 2500
      mumol/liter was also obtained. No significant difference was demonstrated between
      the healthy volunteers and NUD patients, whatever the parameter considered.
      However, there was a significant increase in each of the quantitative parameters
      for the group of operated patients in comparison with the NUD patient group. No
      significant correlation was found between the clinical score and the DGR profile
      in NUD patients. Apparently, DGR episodes do not play a primary role in the
      pathogenesis of NUD.

PMID- 2302977
TI  - Effect of oral fat on plasma levels of neurotensin and neurotensin fragments in
      humans. Characterization by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
AB  - The effect of ingestion of fat (Lipomul 1 g/kg) on the circulating levels of
      neurotensin (NT1-13) and amino-terminal fragments (NT1-8, NT1-11) and carboxy
      terminal fragment (NT8-13) of NT were investigated in six healthy male
      volunteers. NT and NT fragments were extracted from plasma collected at 0, 15,
      30, and 60 min after ingestion of fat, and the plasma levels of NT1-13 and NT
      fragments were characterized using high-pressure liquid chromatography and
      radioimmunoassay techniques. Significant elevations of plasma levels of NT1-8,
      NT1-11, and NT1-13 were observed at 15, 30, and 60 min after fat ingestion. The
      maximum elevations were 273% for NT1-8, 234% for NT1-11, and 54% for NT1-13. NT8
      13 levels failed to rise significantly when compared to basal levels. These
      findings indicate that both the amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal fragments of
      NT are either released along with intact NT or are formed as metabolites from NT1
      13 in response to ingestion of fat in man.

PMID- 2302979
TI  - Methane excretion and experimental colonic carcinogenesis.
AB  - To examine the association between methane (CH4) excretion and experimental
      colonic carcinogenesis, we measured CH4 excretion in rats treated with the
      colonic carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM, 7 mg/kg weekly for 10 weeks) and paired
      controls. CH4 excretion was not initially detected in either experimental or
      control groups, but all animals acquired positive CH4 excretion status by time of
      sacrifice (week 26). There was no difference between groups or among AOM-treated
      animals with and without tumors in the median time to onset of detectable CH4
      excretion or in the amount of CH4 excreted. Our results fail to provide support
      for a link between CH4 excretion and experimental colonic dysplasia or
      adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2302978
TI  - Modulation of human colonic lamina propria lymphocyte proliferation. Effect of
      bile acids and oxidized fatty acids.
AB  - Bile acids were been implicated in several pathologic processes, such as
      secretory diarrhea, carcinogenesis, and immunomodulation of human peripheral
      blood lymphocytes. Nevertheless, their effect on the human gut immune system is
      not known. In this study we investigate the effect of several bile acids
      (cholate, deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate) and 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid (conc.
      0.1-1000, microM) on human colonic lamina propria lymphocyte (LPL) DNA synthesis
      and cell proliferation. In addition, the effect of these bile acids on LPL
      ornithine decarboxylase activity was also determined. Significant dose-dependent
      inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation in Con A-stimulated LPL was observed.
      Parallel inhibition was seen on LPL cell proliferation. Furthermore, bile acids
      inhibited ornithine decarboxylase activity in Con A-stimulated LPL. These effects
      on cell proliferation were not due to the LPL cytolysis as viability and cell
      membrane integrity were not altered. Our results suggest that bile acid has an
      immunoregulatory function on the human mucosal immune system and may have a role
      during pathological states.

PMID- 2302980
TI  - Anorectal manometric anomalies in seven patients with frontal lobe brain damage.
AB  - We studied the anorectal manometric and urodynamic pattern of seven patients who
      had right and/or left frontal lobe injury to investigate the possibility that the
      frontal lobe area plays an important role in control of anorectal motility as it
      does for the urinary bladder. We found that the disturbances of anorectal
      manometric recordings were similar to those of urodynamic recordings: (1) lack of
      urinary bladder filling sensation (two cases), increased perception threshold of
      rectal distension (two cases); (2) uninhibited detrusor contractions during
      filling (five cases), spontaneous rectal contractions during the resting step
      (four cases); (3) absence of micturition (one case), absence of rectoanal
      inhibitory reflex (one case). Furthermore, in all but one patient, we observed a
      decrease in the amplitude and duration of the voluntary contraction of the anal
      canal (six cases). However, in two of the seven patients we found hypertonia in
      the anal canal (upper part: one case, lower part: one case), but never in the
      urethral canal. Our results suggest that frontal lobe may be involved in the
      nervous control of anorectal motility as it is for urinary bladder function.
      However, the lack of correlation between urinary and anorectal anomalies in
      individual cases suggests that these functions depend on distinct areas of the
      frontal lobe.

PMID- 2302981
TI  - Complement levels in patients with hepatic dysfunction.
AB  - Total hemolytic complement activity and serum complement protein concentrations
      were compared in 17 hospitalized patients with normal hepatic function and 16
      patients with liver disease due to alcohol (15 patients) or acetaminophen
      toxicity (one patient). In contrast to the control patients, individuals with
      hepatic dysfunction had decreased total CH50 levels and low concentrations of
      total C3, C4, C5, factor B, and the regulatory proteins factor I and beta-1H.
      These patients also had increased C4d/C4 ratios, indicating classical pathway
      activation. The level of complement deficiency appears to correlate with either
      prolongation of the prothrombin time or depression of serum albumin
      concentration. These results indicate that patients with hepatic disease have
      severe complement depletion that is probably multifactorial in origin. This
      impairment in complement function will contribute to the impaired antibacterial
      host defense of the patient with chronic hepatic disease.

PMID- 2302982
TI  - Effect of laser fragmentation of cholesterol and mixed gallstones on in vitro
      dissolution in methyl tert-butyl ether.
AB  - This study examined cholesterol and mixed gallstone dissolution in vitro by
      methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) after gallstone fragmentation. Three
      morphologically identical gallstones were obtained from 42 patients. One stone
      from each patient was fragmented with laser energy at a wavelength of 504 nm
      delivered to the stone surface with a 320-microns quartz fiber. Intact and
      fragmented stones from the same patient were incubated without stirring in MTBE
      and dissolution was expressed as the percent of initial stone weight remaining
      after 2 hr. Stone composition did not correlate with the amount of laser energy
      required for stone fragmentation. Fragmented stones dissolved faster than intact
      stones in MTBE with 13.97% +/- 0.37% vs 31.0% +/- 0.51% respectively (mean +/-
      SEM) of initial stone weight remaining at 2 hr (P less than 0.0001). Initial
      stone weight and stone matrix content significantly predicted dissolution of
      intact (P = 0.0033 and P = 0.0483, respectively) and fragmented stones (P = 0.003
      and P = 0.0001, respectively) in MTBE. These data suggest that the gallstone
      matrix may inhibit stone dissolution even after stone fragmentation.

PMID- 2302985
TI  - Angiographic embolization of posttraumatic hematobilia in a six-year-old boy.

PMID- 2302983
TI  - Stimulation of secretory IgA and secretory component of immunoglobulins in small
      intestine of rats treated with Saccharomyces boulardii.
AB  - Saccharomyces boulardii (S.b.) is largely used in Western European countries for
      the treatment of acute infectious enteritis and antibiotic-induced
      gastrointestinal disorders. To study the mechanisms of the protective effect of
      S.b. against enteral pathogen infection, we assessed the response of the
      intestinal secretion of secretory IgA (s-IgA) and of the secretory component of
      immunoglobulins (SC) to oral administration of high doses (0.5 mg/g body weight,
      three times per day) of S.b. cells in growing rats. S.b. cells (biological
      activity: 2.8 x 10(9) viable cells/100 mg) were administered daily by gastric
      intubation to weanling rats from day 14 until day 22 postpartum. Control groups
      received either 0.9% saline or ovalbumin following the same schedule. Expressed
      per milligram of cell protein, SC content was significantly increased in crypt
      cells isolated from the jejunum (48.5% vs saline controls, P less than 0.05) as
      it was in the duodenal fluid (62.8% vs saline controls, P less than 0.01) of rats
      treated with S.b. Oral treatment with S.b. had no effect on the secretion of SC
      by the liver. In the duodenal fluid of rats treated with S.b. cells, the mean
      concentration of s-IgA was increased by 56.9% (P less than 0.01) over the
      concentration of s-IgA measured in saline controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2302984
TI  - Collagenous colitis in setting of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and
      antibiotics.
AB  - Collagenous colitis is a clinicopathologic syndrome characterized by chronic
      watery diarrhea and a mucosal inflammatory process with increased subepithelial
      collagen band on colonic biopsy. This disorder occurs primarily in females, and
      the etiology is unknown. We report the atypical presentation of collagenous
      colitis in two older-aged men following prolonged use of nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory agents and short-term use of antibiotics. Although one patient
      had colonic pseudomembranes, neither patient had microbiological evidence of C.
      difficile toxin or infection. A variety of medications were initially given to
      these patients without resolution of diarrhea. Only after the diagnosis of
      collagenous colitis was made and antiinflammatory drugs directed at the colitis
      given did the diarrhea abate. These cases illustrate an unusual presentation of
      collagenous colitis with possible implications for pathogenesis.

PMID- 2302986
TI  - Congenital esophageal stenosis. A rare cause of food impaction in the adult.
AB  - When esophageal peristalsis is preserved, the presentation of congenital
      esophageal stenosis may be delayed until adulthood. Serial Maloney dilations are
      a safe and effective method of treating muscular congenital esophageal stenosis.

PMID- 2302987
TI  - Gastrointestinal bleeding during an ultramarathon.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to determine the frequency of detectable
      gastrointestinal bleeding in participants of a 100-mile running race. Pre- and
      postrace questionnaires were utilized to determine training data,
      gastrointestinal symptoms, diet, and the use of medications during training and
      during the race, prior known gastrointestinal disease, and 100-mile race
      experience. Three prerace and the first three postrace stools were sampled for
      blood using the standard Hemoccult method in 35 runners: 85% of the participants
      who were Hemoccult negative before the race converted to positive in their
      postrace samples. Runners with the postrace Hemoccult-positive stools had more
      frequent and intense nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and bloating (P less
      than 0.05) during the race. Lower gastrointestinal symptoms correlated with
      Hemoccult positivity (P less than 0.05), whereas upper gastrointestinal symptoms
      did not. The majority of participants showed evidence of gastrointestinal
      bleeding after the race. Digestive symptoms are common and lower gastrointestinal
      symptoms correlate with gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2302988
TI  - Systemic toxicity from tetracaine pharyngeal anesthesia.

PMID- 2302989
TI  - Hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter and dysphagia.

PMID- 2302990
TI  - Diagnostic approach to the patient with a chronic diarrheal disorder.
AB  - Chronic diarrhea is a common problem facing the practitioner of medicine. Despite
      impressive advances in diagnostic technology, many patients continue to have
      chronic diarrhea without a firm diagnosis being established. Most important, the
      history and physical examination are often perfunctory and the patient undergoes
      a number of contrast and imaging studies, endoscopic procedures, and laboratory
      investigations which may still be non-diagnostic. In all patients with chronic
      diarrhea, which I will arbitrarily define as diarrhea that has persisted over at
      least 2 months, there is a need for a careful orderly approach to the
      differential diagnosis. In this paper I will detail a method that I have used in
      evaluating such patients. The method emphasizes a careful history and physical
      examination, judicious and sequential use of laboratory investigations, contrast
      studies, and endoscopic procedures, and calls attention to special situations
      where more detailed investigations are required. I have found that unless I go
      through this detailed diagnostic approach, I will miss disorders that can be
      readily diagnosed and, more importantly, such patients may not be given
      appropriate treatment.

PMID- 2302991
TI  - [Psychosocial changes following resuscitation].
AB  - Of 68 patients successfully resuscitated within a period of 18 months 52 (38 men
      and 14 women; mean age 63 [32-90] years) were interviewed about their experience
      shortly after discharge. 37 reported to have been aware of the life-threatening
      nature of the acute episode; recurrent depressions were noted by 20; a positive
      change in attitude towards their life had resulted in 24 patients; 49 praised
      their doctors and nurses; 40 were appreciative of the medical technology used.
      All but one of the 52 patients would again choose to be resuscitated. After 12
      months 38 patients were again interviewed (31 men and 7 women); 16 had died in
      the meantime. 21 of the 38 felt physically stronger than before, 25 were more
      cheerful and 34 were living more intensely. 36 of the 38 patients thought the
      interviews had been helpful and they would have liked more intensive psychiatric
      care even during their hospital stay.

PMID- 2302992
TI  - [The association of skin fibromas and intestinal polyps: an age-related effect].
AB  - To test the association between skin tags and colorectal polyps, 157 consecutive
      patients (60 men and 97 women, mean age 61.2 [17-92] years) who during their
      hospitalization had a coloscopy for gastro-enterological indications, underwent
      independently medical and dermatological examinations. 61 patients (38%) had
      colorectal polyps, 83 (53%) skin tags; 39 had both (24.8%). Thus the probability
      of having colorectal polyps was significantly higher for a person with than
      without skin tags (P = 0.033). But this relationship was entirely age-dependent.
      Discriminant analysis indicated that in addition to age (F = 15.1) the presence
      of skin tags (F = 1.2) was only a small additional factor in the recognition of
      those with colorectal polyps. Skin tags are thus of little help in the diagnosis
      of polyps in elderly patients.

PMID- 2302993
TI  - [Diuretic-induced edema].
AB  - The diagnosis of "diuretic-induced oedema" was made in 17 women (mean age 42.4
      [23-60] years) who had developed generalized oedema after stopping their
      (chronic) intake of diuretics. Five patients were between 11 and 32% overweight,
      five of them were unusually old. A further four patients had severe concomitant
      diseases, such as primary lymphoedema, mitral valve defect and lupus
      erythematosus. In 10 of the 17 discontinuation was successful: the initial weight
      gain averaged 3.9 (1.5-7.5) kg. The maximal weight-gain, in a woman in the course
      of weaning her of the diuretic, was reversed within 20 days. Diuretic withdrawal
      after more than 20 years in a woman with mitral valve disease caused heart
      failure. Diuretic abuse caused prerenal failure in one women, but renal function
      became normal again after stopping of the diuretic and rehydration.

PMID- 2302994
TI  - [Case costs reimbursement in the senior consultant outpatient clinic according to
      the new law].

PMID- 2302995
TI  - [Antibiotic therapy and Campylobacter pylori].

PMID- 2302996
TI  - [Catheter break of an implantable central venous infusion system].

PMID- 2302997
TI  - [Pneumonitis in low dosage methotrexate therapy].

PMID- 2302998
TI  - [Thrombocytopenia and surgical treatment].

PMID- 2302999
TI  - Problems with in-vitro diagnosis of food allergy.

PMID- 2303000
TI  - Current developments in diagnosis and treatment of otolaryngic allergy.

PMID- 2303001
TI  - Comparison of the electrophysiological pattern of fatigue between athletes
      required to perform explosive and endurance sports.
AB  - The electrophysiological behavior of an isometric contraction sustained to
      fatigue, was examined in 6 long distance runners and 9 athletes involved in
      explosive (burst) sports, by on line computer analysis of the electrical activity
      of vastus medialis, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis. The experiments were
      carried out with a counterload of 50% of the maximal strength of the muscle. The
      duration of spike increased and the frequency decreased in the 3 examined
      muscles, in both types of sport. In the burst sports the changes of value of both
      parameters were statistically significant in the 3 muscles. In endurance sports
      the variations of duration were not significant and the changes of frequency were
      statistically significant only in the vastus lateralis. These results could be
      explained by the gradual activation of motor units of more strikingly different
      sizes in burst sports. Thus it may be speculated that prolonged training in burst
      sports may result in the automatic mobilization of higher number of small motor
      units, for the initiation of contraction while in endurance sports the onset of
      contraction is more gradual and carried out by large motor units.

PMID- 2303003
TI  - Ulnar-to-median anastomosis and its role in the diagnosis of lesions of the
      median nerve at the elbow and the wrist.
AB  - Several anatomical and electrophysiological studies demonstrated the possibility
      of an ulnar-to-median anastomosis in the hand and the forearm--a "reversed Martin
      Gruber anastomosis". Observations supporting this possibility were obtained in
      the course of routine clinical testing of nerve conduction velocity in upper
      extremities. The existence of an ulnar-to-median anastomosis was suggested when,
      in absence of clinical signs of the pronator syndrome or the anterior interosseus
      nerve syndrome, the amplitude of compound muscle action potential in the opponens
      pollicis was larger at stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist than at the
      elbow. When an ulnar-to-median anastomosis is suspected, special care should be
      exerted in evaluation of motor distal latency of the median nerve with a gradual
      and slow increase of the stimulus voltage. Use of high voltage from the beginning
      can simultaneously activate both the median nerve and a collateral branch of the
      ulnar nerve, the later bypassing the carpal tunnel and evoking a short latency
      response in the thenar muscles, with the simultaneous long latency response to
      the stimulation of the median nerve being masked by this fast response. Based on
      the same anatomical considerations, a decreased amplitude of the compound muscle
      action potential of the opponens pollicis at proximal stimulation, as compared
      with that at distal stimulation, should not be interpreted as an indication of a
      damage of the median nerve at the forearm.

PMID- 2303002
TI  - Electromyographic findings in Class II division 2 and Class III malocclusions.
AB  - Electromyography of masticatory muscles has proved useful for the functional
      study of occlusal dysfunctions. We employed this technique to study the activity
      of masseter and temporal muscles of 6 subjects with Class II division 2
      malocclusion and 7 subjects with Class III malocclusion. Significant differences
      of masticatory muscles activity during mastication and swallowing were observed
      between the two groups. We hypothesize that the change of the activity of
      masticatory muscles might influence the clinical presentation of malocclusion.

PMID- 2303004
TI  - Electrotonic potentials of myelinated nerve fibers.
AB  - The extracellular electrotonic potentials of a single myelinated nerve fiber in a
      volume conductor of infinite extent were studied. The spatial distribution of the
      transmembrane electrotonic potential was obtained by integrating the system of
      differential equations constituting the model of the activation of a myelinated
      nerve fiber. The stimulus was step-like. The present investigation was concerned
      with the steady-state conditions only. The spatial distribution of the
      extracellular potentials at various radial distances in the conducting medium was
      calculated using the line source model. Up to a certain radial distance the
      discontinuous structure of the myelinated fiber is reflected in the oscillatory
      nature of the extracellular potentials, while further in the volume conductor the
      potentials are smooth. The magnitude of the radial decline of the extracellular
      potentials were compared for myelinated fibers of various internodal distances.

PMID- 2303005
TI  - Nerve conduction velocity in patients under long term treatment with
      antiepileptic drugs.
AB  - Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of median nerve and motor NCV
      of peroneal nerve were measured in 548 epileptic patients, aged 20 to 40 years,
      under long term treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Compared with a control
      collective of 70 healthy persons in the same age the epileptics showed a
      reduction of all NCVs. 19 percent of the epileptic collective had at least 1
      diminished NCV. Negative correlations with total amount and average daily dose of
      antiepileptic drugs were found in both sexes for sensory NCV of median nerve and
      motor NCV of peroneal nerve, only in males also for motor NCV of median nerve.
      Only in females, duration of therapy correlated negative with sensory NCV of
      median and motor NCV of peroneal nerve. In patients under monotherapy the group
      with carbamazepine treatment showed the lowest NCV values, the difference being
      significant for motor NCV of median nerve in comparison to phenytoin and
      valproate sodium. It is concluded, that NCV generally is lowered under long term
      treatment with antiepileptic drugs and that phenytoin has no specific influence
      compared with the other drugs.

PMID- 2303006
TI  - Electromyography of arrow release in archery.
AB  - An electronic arrow movement detector was used to accurately locate the muscle
      activity associated with release of the arrow during shooting in archery. Digital
      computer analysis of the electromyograms from thirty shots for two archers
      facilitated an examination of the relationship between the measured activity of
      the muscles and their function during release. Changes present in the direct and
      integrated electromyograms of muscles acting at the wrist and elbow joints of the
      bow arm and the shoulder of the draw arm tended to anticipate the moment of arrow
      release. These changes would produce muscular force to reduce unwanted movement
      at this critical phase of the shot in the bow arm and initiate release of the bow
      string by the fingers. This study provides a detailed quantitative analysis of
      the muscular action of the technique and identifies possibilities for prevention
      of injury by improving the understanding of muscle action in shooting.

PMID- 2303007
TI  - Parenchymal changes related to plasma protein extravasation in experimental
      seizures.
AB  - To determine whether the transient opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
      during epileptic seizures may lead to permanent neuronal changes, seizures of a
      few minutes' duration were induced by intravenous (i.v.) administration of 0.3
      mg/kg bicuculline to conscious rats with indwelling catheters for blood pressure
      (BP) and blood gas monitoring. The rats were killed 5 min to 7 days later, and
      the distribution of endogenous plasma albumin, fibrinogen, and fibronectin in the
      brain was studied by immunohistochemistry. Parallel sections were scrutinized for
      evidence of light-microscopic structural changes in the tissue. Extensive
      multifocal extravasation of plasma proteins throughout the brain and brainstem
      was observed. The original clearly focal distribution became more diffuse with
      prolongation of the recovery time. In addition, the intensity of the
      immunoreactivity decreased, most likely due to drainage into the cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) in the ventricles and the subarachnoidal space of the extravasated
      proteins, but some antialbumin-positive material was still visible after 7 days.
      In areas with extravasation, many nerve cells, especially cerebellar Purkinje
      cells, became strongly positive for albumin. In some of these areas, neurons
      appeared to be irreversibly injured. Thus, considerable amounts of plasma
      proteins are extravasated even during short epileptic seizures, and albumin
      appear to remain in the tissue for a long time, especially in Purkinje cells. The
      Purkinje cell loss in chronic epilepsy may be caused partly by cumulative bouts
      of plasma extravasations.

PMID- 2303008
TI  - Lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide
      dismutase, catalase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in FeCl3
      induced epileptogenic foci in the rat brain.
AB  - This study investigated the relationship between lipid peroxidation, subsequent
      activation of antioxidative enzymes, and development of iron-induced epilepsy in
      the rat. Epileptic foci were produced in rat cerebral cortex by intracortical
      injection of ferric chloride (FeCl3). The epileptic foci were identified by
      electrocorticography (ECoG). Epileptiform ECoG activity was shown to occur in the
      contralateral homotopic cerebral cortex as well. We measured levels of lipid
      peroxides and changes in the activities of the enzymes: superoxide dismutase
      (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CA),
      and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P) in the epileptogenic focus (both
      ipsilateral and contralateral) at days 3, 8, 15, and 23 after FeCl3 injection.
      Biochemical estimations were made in subcellular fractions, and changes in the
      ipsilateral site were compared with those in the contralateral site. The results
      of this study showed that large increases in lipid peroxidation were associated
      with development and buildup of the ECoG epileptiform discharges. Lipid peroxides
      increased in the ipsilateral focus by approximately 100% as compared with
      control. In the contralateral site, however, the increase in lipid peroxides was
      marginal only. The increase in lipid peroxidation was concomitant with
      development of the high level of epileptiform activity. The time course of
      changes in lipid peroxidation paralleled the time course of development and
      persistence of the epileptiform activity. Regarding changes in the enzyme
      activities accompanying development of iron epilepsy, the data showed that
      although SOD and G6P increased by approximately 60% and GR increased by
      approximately 40%, the increases in the enzyme GP and CA were much lower, less
      than 20%. Thus, comparatively less increase in CA and GP activities produces a
      deficiency of these two enzymes in the iron (ipsilateral) focus. Among the
      various biochemical disturbances that have been identified as involved in
      epileptogenesis, peroxidative injury resulting from lipid peroxidation in neural
      plasma membrane may be causally related to development of paroxysmal epileptiform
      activity in the iron focus. Since GP is an enzyme of major importance in
      detoxification of lipid peroxides in the brain, based on the results presented in
      this article, it appears reasonable to suggest that GP deficiency causes lipid
      peroxidation to increase tremendously during iron epileptogenesis.

PMID- 2303009
TI  - Epidemiologic survey of epilepsy among Army draftees in Lombardy, Italy.
AB  - We conducted an epidemiological survey of epilepsy among males born in 1967 who
      were called for selection for military service from the Lombardy region in
      northern Italy. Of 54,520 subjects, 258 had active epilepsy (prevalence, 0.47%).
      Idiopathic partial epilepsy was most common (29.1%), and generalized idiopathic
      and/or symptomatic epilepsy was least common (3.8%). In the year preceding the
      interview, 66.9% of the subjects had been free of generalized tonic-clonic
      seizures, 57.6% had been free of minor seizures, and 36.9% were seizure-free.
      Case histories revealed a background of febrile convulsions in 18.9% of subjects,
      status epilepticus in 11.3%, and a family history of epilepsy in 18.9%. Physical
      and mental development was normal in 75.5% of the subjects. Education level of
      subjects was lower than a control group, and the unemployment rate was the same
      as the local rate.

PMID- 2303011
TI  - Correlative study of interictal electroencephalogram and aura in complex partial
      seizures.
AB  - To understand further relationships of the interictal electroencephalogram to the
      aura in complex partial seizures (CPS), we studied the interictal EEG and aura in
      144 patients with CPS. The ages of the patients studied ranged from 31 to 80
      years (average 52.44 years). The duration of seizures ranged from 1 to 60 years
      (average 15.69 years). Seventy patients (49%) reported auras which were
      classified according to the guidelines recommended by the Commission of the
      International League Against Epilepsy. Statistical analysis revealed no
      relationship between presence, laterality, or localization of EEG abnormality and
      the number or type of aura. The results emphasize that more factors than
      electrophysiologic localization alone participate in the determination of aura in
      CPS. Our data support the position that aura has, at most, a limited relationship
      to lateralization or localization of interictal cerebral dysfunction in CPS.

PMID- 2303010
TI  - Toxocara infection and epilepsy in children: a case-control study.
AB  - A case-control study of 305 children was done to evaluate the relationship
      between toxocariasis and seizures and risk factors associated with toxocariasis
      transmission and seizure onset. A significant association existed between
      seropositivity for anti-Toxocara canis and seizures (p less than 0.05); the
      correlation was closest in children aged less than 5 years of age. Among risk
      factors, pica was more common in children with seizures than in controls but was
      not associated with toxocariasis. The association between dog ownership and
      toxocariasis was highly significant (p less than .000001). Our findings suggest
      that toxocariasis may be involved as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of seizures.

PMID- 2303012
TI  - Visual cognitive disturbance during spike-wave discharges.
AB  - Cognitive functions of patients showing slow spike-wave discharge in EEG without
      obvious absence seizures were investigated using tachistoscopic stimuli triggered
      by spike-waves. Response times obtained during spike-waves and during non-spike
      waves were compared for three tests (tapping, simple reaction, and morphological
      discrimination). We present one case of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in which the test
      results could be statistically confirmed. The tapping test was interrupted by the
      occurrence of spike-waves. Response times during spike-waves were more delayed
      than during non-spike-waves in both the simple reaction tests and morphological
      discrimination tests. The differences in response times measured during spike
      waves and during non-spike-waves were significantly greater in the morphological
      discrimination test than in the simple reaction test. The positive correlation
      between the length of spike-waves and response time in the discrimination test
      was significantly more pronounced than in the reaction test. These results were
      also confirmed in two other patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. We conclude
      that spike-wave discharges may impair cognitive processing more intrinsically
      than motor functions.

PMID- 2303013
TI  - Effects of carbamazepine on psychomotor performance in children as a function of
      drug concentration, seizure type, and time of medication.
AB  - Fifty children with well-controlled seizures who were receiving carbamazepine
      (CBZ) monotherapy were tested on a battery of cognitive and motor tests. Time of
      CBZ was varied so that the children were tested both shortly after CBZ (when
      daily CBZ concentrations approached their peak) and before CBZ (when CBZ
      concentrations approached daily low or trough levels). Testing was blind so that
      the examiner was unaware of the time of CBZ or the child's type of seizure.
      Results showed only one group difference related to seizure type and no
      differences linked to overall CBZ concentration as measured in saliva. Peak and
      trough concentrations were associated with changes in several variables, however.
      The children performed significantly better shortly after CBZ (peak concentration
      day) on measures of seat activity, attention span, and motor steadiness, whereas
      response times appeared to be influenced in a task-specific manner.

PMID- 2303014
TI  - Pentobarbital and EEG burst suppression in treatment of status epilepticus
      refractory to benzodiazepines and phenytoin.
AB  - Seven patients with complex partial or secondarily generalized tonic-clonic
      status epilepticus (SE) refractory to benzodiazepines (BZDs) and phenytoin (PHT)
      were treated with pentobarbital (PTB) coma with an EEG burst suppression (BSP)
      pattern. PTB administered by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion pump at a
      loading dose of 6-8 mg/kg in 40-60 min was usually sufficient to produce BSP
      activity and seizure control. PTB was continued 0-24 h at 1-4 mg/kg/h, adjusted
      to maintain blood pressure (BP) and BSP. Infusion rate was decreased if systolic
      BP (SBP) was less than 90 mm Hg. Normal saline fluid challenge was occasionally
      used to elevate BP, but in no case was it necessary to discontinue PTB infusion
      or use pressors. Other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were maintained at therapeutic
      levels for chronic seizure protection. Seizures were stopped in all cases. Four
      patients attained premorbid neurologic status, two patients briefly survived in
      vegetative states with recurring seizures after PTB withdrawal, and one patient
      died of asystole after receiving PTB for 7 h. Patients who had poor outcomes had
      prolonged seizures (16 h to 3 weeks) before institution of PTB anesthesia, and
      all had significant underlying central nervous system (CNS) pathology. PTB
      induced BSP appears to be safe and effective for refractory SE if it is started
      soon after failure of a BZD and PHT. Ultimate prognosis depends on SE etiology.

PMID- 2303015
TI  - Sepulveda Epilepsy Education: the efficacy of a psychoeducational treatment
      program in treating medical and psychosocial aspects of epilepsy.
AB  - The present study evaluated the efficacy of the Sepulveda Epilepsy Education
      program (SEE), using a controlled outcome design. SEE is a 2-day
      psychoeducational treatment program designed to provide medical education and
      psychosocial therapy. Thirty-eight outpatients, matched according to seizure type
      and frequency, were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 20) or waiting-list
      control (n = 18) groups. The major outcome measures used were a 50-item true
      false test specifically designed to evaluate the SEE program, the Washington
      Psychosocial Seizure Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, Lubin's Depression
      Adjective Checklist, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Acceptance of
      Disability Scale, and Sherer's Self-Efficacy Scale. Significant differences
      between the two groups were found on the three major subscales of the 50-item
      true-false test. The treatment group demonstrated a significant increase in
      overall understanding of epilepsy, a significant decrease in fear of seizures,
      and a significant decrease in hazardous medical self-management practices. In
      addition, an objective measure of blood levels of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)
      showed the treatment group to have a significant increase in medication
      compliance.

PMID- 2303016
TI  - Leisure time habits and physical fitness in adults with epilepsy.
AB  - By means of a questionnaire, we analyzed leisure time habits of 44 adult in
      patients with active epilepsy (i.e., at least one seizure a month for the last
      year). Twelve patients had a generalized epilepsy and 32 a partial epilepsy. All
      received antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and none had additional handicaps. Despite
      good facilities in their surroundings for participation in social, cultural, and
      physical activities, most patients lived a sedentary life. Social contact was
      limited, and they were only half as active physically as the average Norwegian
      population of comparable age and sex. Work capacity was tested as maximum oxygen
      uptake, using the bicycle ergometer test. Maximum oxygen uptake was considerably
      lower (75-80%), and the decrease observed in aerobic capacity with increasing age
      was more pronounced than that of the average Norwegian population. In
      comprehensive care of patients with epilepsy, we believe that prescription of
      adapted physical activity is an important means of improving quality of life.

PMID- 2303017
TI  - Effect of physical training on aerobic capacity, seizure occurrence, and serum
      level of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy.
AB  - Twenty-one adult in-patients (11 women, 10 men, aged 18-39 years) with
      uncontrolled epilepsy participated in a 4-week intensive physical training
      program, exercising for at least 45 min three times a day, 6 days a week, at an
      intensity of minimum 60% of maximum oxygen uptake (maximum VO2). The program
      induced a considerable increase in maximum VO2 (mean 19%). Beneficial
      psychological and social effects were also recorded. The average seizure
      frequency during the 4-week exercise period was compared with 2 preexercise and 2
      postexercise weeks. There was no significant difference, but there was
      considerable variation among patients. Only six patients had seizures during
      exercise. The occurrence had no relation to seizure type, mode of activity, or
      pulse rate. We conclude that physical activity does not represent an important
      seizure-inducing factor in general, and that in most people with epilepsy
      physical training appears to have a favorable influence. The exact mechanism
      behind this influence is not known, but physiologic as well as psychological and
      social effects may be of importance. Physical training did not change the serum
      levels of the antiepileptic drugs to a clinically important degree.

PMID- 2303018
TI  - Teaching medical students about epilepsy.
AB  - A small study was designed to evaluate three seminars on epilepsy for junior
      medical students. A self-completion questionnaire on knowledge and attitudes was
      constructed and administered to case and control students and, as part of a
      parallel study, to senior medical students, general practitioners, and a sample
      of patients attending general practice. Students undertaking seminars on epilepsy
      showed significant improvement in overall knowledge, but not in attitudes. Many
      students had observed an epileptic seizure before entering medical school, but
      neither this, nor close acquaintance with persons with epilepsy, appeared to
      affect their responses. Age appeared to influence knowledge in the sample of
      general practice attenders, with those aged 30-59 scoring a significantly higher
      mean score than older and younger subgroups.

PMID- 2303019
TI  - Baclofen inhibits amygdala kindling in immature rats.
AB  - The possible effectiveness of systemic infusions of baclofen (a GABAB receptor
      agonist) in the modification of seizures in developing animals has not yet been
      established. In this report, we studied the effects of systemic baclofen
      infusions on amygdala kindling in 16-day-old rat pups. Baclofen suppressed the
      development of kindling without altering the local afterdischarge threshold.
      Moreover, baclofen suppressed the severity and duration of established kindled
      seizures and increased the intensity of postictal refractoriness. The data
      suggest that baclofen may be a useful antiepileptic agent in this age group.

PMID- 2303020
TI  - GABAergic neurons are spared after intrahippocampal kainate in the rat.
AB  - The present study used Nissl stains and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity
      (GAD-IR) to quantify the acute and chronic toxicity of kainic acid (KA) on focal
      and remote hippocampal principal neurons (i.e., pyramidal and granule cells) and
      on putative inhibitory neurons (GAD-IR or GABAergic) following intrahippocampal
      KA administration. Concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.25 or 1.5 micrograms KA/0.2
      microliters were injected unilaterally into the posterior hippocampus of rats (n
      = 32), with survival periods of 1, 3, 5, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days. The age-matched
      control animals (n = 10) received an intrahippocampal injection of 0.2 microliter
      saline (sham control, n = 4) or no injection (normal, n = 6). The ipsilateral
      (KA+) cell counts demonstrated a selective vulnerability of CA3 and CA4 pyramidal
      neurons which was maximal at 14 days and unchanged to 60 days. However, in the
      same region, putative inhibitory (GAD-IR) neurons were resistant to the
      neurotoxic effects of KA. Contralateral (KA-) pyramidal cell and GAD-IR neuron
      densities were equivalent to controls. The present data demonstrate a selective
      resistance to KA by GABA neurons compared to the vulnerability of pyramidal
      neurons. Because GABA neurons are relatively spared in the KA focus, loss of
      GABAergic inhibitory neurons is probably not a mechanism for the seizure
      sensitivity in the KA model.

PMID- 2303021
TI  - Cerebral uptake of [14C]deoxyglucose during the entire seizure and the recovery
      period in an El mouse.
AB  - Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was examined in an El mouse during an
      entire seizure (tonic-clonic convulsions and recovery), and during the recovery
      period only. LCGU was measured quantitatively in 18 structures. In the whole
      seizure group, the parietal cortex, dorsal hippocampus, dentate gyrus, ventral
      thalamus and cerebellar nuclei showed a significant increase in the uptake of 2
      DG. In the recovery-period group, compared with the control group, a relative
      increase was found in the frontal, temporal and occipital cortex, amygdala,
      substantia grisea centralis mesencephali, cerebellar nuclei and caudate putamen,
      as well as the parietal cortex, dorsal and ventral hippocampus and dentate gyrus.
      To summarize, the hyperactivity in the parietal cortex, dorsal hippocampus,
      dentate gyrus, amygdala and cerebellar nuclei continued throughout the convulsive
      and recovery periods.

PMID- 2303022
TI  - A progressive sequence of electroencephalographic changes during generalized
      convulsive status epilepticus.
AB  - Review of 60 electroencephalograms recorded during episodes of generalized
      convulsive status epilepticus suggested that there are 5 identifiable EEG
      patterns which occur in a predictable sequence during the course of generalized
      convulsive status epilepticus in man: (1) discrete seizures; (2) merging seizures
      with waxing and waning amplitude and frequency of EEG rhythms; (3) continuous
      ictal activity; (4) continuous ictal activity punctuated by low voltage 'flat
      periods'; and (5) periodic epileptiform discharges on a 'flat' background. We
      confirmed our hypothesis that this sequence represents the natural history of
      electroencephalographic changes in untreated generalized convulsive status
      epilepticus by observing the same sequence in the EEGs of rats in which status
      epilepticus had been induced by 3 different methods: (1) systemic administration
      of kainic acid, (2) injection of homocysteine thiolactone to cobalt-lesioned
      rats; and (3) injection of lithium chloride followed 24 h later by injection of
      pilocarpine.

PMID- 2303023
TI  - 'Eating epilepsy'--a reappraisal.
AB  - One hundred and fifty patients with eating seizures were detected over a 9 year
      period in two hospital clinics in Sri Lanka. The clinical and EEG features of 120
      of them are compared to a control group of 120 patients with epilepsy. Patients
      with eating seizures showed a male predominance of 3:1. In more than 50% the
      onset of epilepsy was in the 2nd decade of life. A family history of epilepsy was
      obtained in 28.3% and 21 siblings themselves had eating seizures. The seizure
      type was simple or complex partial, secondarily generalised seizures were common.
      The EEG in 71.6% showed spikes, sharp/slow waves, focal in the temporal areas.
      The response to medication of eating seizures was similar to that of controls.
      Clobazam used in 17 patients as monotherapy or adjuvant therapy proved useful.
      The very high prevalence of eating epilepsy in the present series could
      pathogenically be related to genetic or ethnic factors and to the bulky meals
      rich in carbohydrates consumed by the patients.

PMID- 2303024
TI  - Suppression of 4-aminopyridine-induced epileptogenesis by the GABAA agonist
      muscimol.
AB  - Bath application of muscimol to hippocampal slices taken from immature rats
      suppressed both spontaneous and electrically evoked epileptiform activity
      produced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). Epileptiform events consisted of ictal-like
      discharges that were up to 30 sec in duration and interictal burst-like
      discharges. The latter were often followed by brief synchronized afterdischarges
      that were less than 1 sec in duration. During the transition period to
      suppression, individual pyramidal cells did not hyperpolarize in response to
      muscimol, but instead underwent a gradual depolarization that averaged 8.5 mV. At
      the same time, the input conductance of these cells increased 2-3-fold.
      Concurrently the ictal-like discharges transiently increased in duration and then
      abruptly ceased. In most instances the ictal-like events were replaced by large
      slow depolarizing events. Orthodromic stimulation recruited these slow
      depolarizations in a graded manner. However, at high stimulus intensities and at
      unusually long latencies ictal-like discharges were evoked. This suggests that
      muscimol raises the threshold for the generation of ictal-like discharges but
      leaves the underlying physiological processes intact. The combined use of 4-AP
      and muscimol in immature hippocampal slices may prove to be useful for the study
      of the various physiologic processes that contribute to the genesis of seizures
      in immature hippocampus. In addition, results of these studies are relevant in
      light of the proposed use of GABA agonists in anticonvulsant therapy.

PMID- 2303025
TI  - Pharmacodynamics of phenytoin-induced ataxia in rats.
AB  - The relationship between phenytoin-induced ataxia and its concentration was
      characterized in rats who received i.v. infusions of the drug at either 0.52,
      0.85 or 1.70 mg/min/rat until the onset of ataxia. Phenytoin dose to ataxia did
      not change with infusion rate but the total and unbound serum concentrations at
      onset of ataxia increased with increasing infusion (input) rate. Concentrations
      in cerebrospinal fluid, CSF, and in brain, at this end-point, were not affected
      by the infusion rate. Direct i.v. infusion of phenytoin major metabolite, p-HPPH,
      failed to produce ataxia. Thus phenytoin in CSF and brain, unlike serum
      phenytoin, equilibrates rapidly with site(s) of phenytoin neurotoxicity and
      represents appropriate sampling sites for identifying factors affecting phenytoin
      neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2303026
TI  - Transcriptional regulation and DNA methylation in plastids during transitional
      conversion of chloroplasts to chromoplasts.
AB  - During transitional conversion of chloroplasts to chromoplasts in ripening tomato
      (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits, transcripts for several plastid genes for
      photosynthesis decreased to undetectable levels. Run-on transcription of plastids
      indicated that transcriptional regulation operated as a predominant factor. We
      found that most of the genes in chloroplasts were actively transcribed in vitro
      by Escherichia coli and soluble plastid RNA polymerases, but some genes in
      chromoplasts seemed to be silent when assayed by the in vitro systems. The
      regulatory step, therefore, was ascribed to DNA templates. The analysis of
      modified base composition revealed the presence of methylated bases in
      chromoplast DNA, in which 5-methylcytosine was most abundant. The presence of 5
      methylcytosine detected by isoschizomeric endonucleases and Southern
      hybridization was correlated with the undetectable transcription activity of each
      gene in the run-on assay and in vitro transcription experiments. It is thus
      concluded that the suppression of transcription mediated by DNA methylation is
      one of the mechanisms governing gene expression in plastids converting from
      chloroplasts to chromoplasts.

PMID- 2303027
TI  - Molecular analysis of the C1-I allele from Zea mays: a dominant mutant of the
      regulatory C1 locus.
AB  - The C1 locus of Zea mays (maize) controls the expression of genes involved in
      anthocyanin biosynthesis in aleurone and scutellar tissue and encodes a protein
      with the features of a transcriptional activator. C1-I is a dominant negative
      mutant which inhibits pigment formation. The structure of the C1-I allele was
      determined by cloning and sequencing of this allele and of two distinct C1-I
      derived cDNAs. C1-I has two major and several minor sequence differences with
      respect to the wild-type C1 allele. Transcription initiation occurs at the same
      position as in wild-type but transcription yields two different products, one
      major RNA of 1.3 kb and one minor RNA of 1.45 kb in length, encoding two proteins
      of 252 and 108 amino acids respectively. The longer 252 amino acid C1-I protein
      differs from the 273 amino acid wild-type C1 protein at several positions but
      most prominently at its carboxy terminus, resulting in reduced acidity of the C1
      I protein. A similar change in acidity of the Gal4 protein of yeast converted
      this transcriptional activator into a repressor protein. We discuss the dominant
      phenotype of C1-I with respect to its possible repressor function in contrast to
      the activator function of the C1 gene product.

PMID- 2303028
TI  - Expression in yeast of the T-urf13 protein from Texas male-sterile maize
      mitochondria confers sensitivity to methomyl and to Texas-cytoplasm-specific
      fungal toxins.
AB  - The mitochondrial gene T-urf13 from maize (Zea mays L.) with Texas male-sterile
      (T) cytoplasm codes for a unique 13 kd polypeptide, T-URF13, which is implicated
      in cytoplasmic male sterility and sensitivity to the insecticide methomyl and to
      host-specific fungal toxins produced by Helminthosporium maydis race T (HmT
      toxin) and Phyllosticta maydis (Pm toxin). A chimeric gene coding for T-URF13
      fused to the mitochondrial targeting peptide from the Neurospora crassa ATP
      synthase subunit 9 precursor was constructed. Expression of this gene in the
      yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded a polypeptide that was translocated into
      the membrane fraction of mitochondria and processed to give a protein the same
      size as maize T-URF13. Methomyl, HmT toxin and Pm toxin inhibited growth of yeast
      cells expressing the gene fusion on medium containing glycerol as sole carbon
      source and stimulated respiration with NADH as substrate by isolated mitochondria
      from these cells. These effects were not observed in yeast cells expressing T
      URF13 without a targeting peptide. The results show that T-URF13 is sufficient to
      confer sensitivity to methomyl and the fungal toxins in a heterologous eukaryotic
      system, and suggest that mitochondrial localization of T-URF13 is critical for
      these functions.

PMID- 2303029
TI  - The Rhizobium nodulation gene nodO encodes a Ca2(+)-binding protein that is
      exported without N-terminal cleavage and is homologous to haemolysin and related
      proteins.
AB  - Nodulation and host-specific recognition of legumes such as peas and Vicia spp.
      are encoded by the nodulation (nod) genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar
      viciae. One of these genes, nodO, has been shown to encode an exported protein
      that contains a multiple tandem repeat of a nine amino acid domain. This domain
      was found to be homologous to repeated sequences in a group of bacterial exported
      proteins that includes haemolysin, cyclolysin, leukotoxin and two proteases.
      These proteins are secreted by a mechanism that does not involve an N-terminal
      signal peptide. The NodO protein is present in the growth medium of Rhizobium
      bacteria induced for nod gene expression, and partial protein sequencing of the
      purified protein showed that there is no N-terminal cleavage of the exported
      protein. It has been suggested that the internally repeated domain of haemolysin
      may be involved in Ca2(+)-mediated binding to erythrocytes and we show that the
      NodO protein can bind 45Ca2+. It is proposed that the NodO protein may interact
      directly with plant root cells in a Ca2(+)-dependent way, thereby mediating an
      early stage in the recognition that occurs between Rhizobium and its host legume.

PMID- 2303030
TI  - Signal transduction in Halobacterium depends on fumarate.
AB  - The isolation of a straight-swimming mutant of Halobacterium halobium is reported
      which has a defect in switching the rotational sense of its flagellar motor.
      Cells of this mutant strain could be complemented with an extract from wild-type
      cells by mild sonication and resealing of the cells in fresh medium. The switch
      factor responsible for restoration of wild-type behaviour was isolated from
      membrane vesicle preparations. Its chemical nature is proposed to be that of
      fumarate on the basis of chemical, chromatographic and mass spectrometric
      analysis. Since the switch factor (fumarate) was released from a membrane-bound
      state by heat and was accumulated into mutant cells that lack this compound, it
      is proposed that a membrane-bound protein exists which specifically binds the
      switch factor. Both the switch factor and fumarate cause stimulus-induced
      responses in cells at the level of one or few molecules.

PMID- 2303031
TI  - In vitro translation and processing of cathepsin B of Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - Cathepsin B has been implicated with a key role in schistosome metabolism. Here,
      we investigate the processing of preprocathepsin B to the mature enzyme in in
      vitro transcription and translation experiments. The cDNA sequence encoding the
      precursor of cathepsin B of Schistosoma mansoni was cloned in a modified RNA
      expression vector pSP65 and the derived RNA expressed in rabbit reticulocyte
      lysates. Transcripts yielded two translation products with mol. wts of 37.5 and
      31.5 kd. The former, believed to be identical to preprocathepsin B is cleaved
      into a smaller 28 kd polypeptide, representing the mature enzyme. By using a
      mutated form of preprocathepsin B, in which the active site cysteine is
      substituted by alanine, no processing is observed. Cleavage is enhanced by the
      addition of exogenous bovine cathepsin B and inhibited in the presence of
      specific cysteine protease inhibitors, but not inhibitors of other proteases. The
      31.5 kd product is presumably translated from an internal initiation codon. Our
      in vitro transcription and translation system provides a useful experimental
      basis for elucidating the processing mechanisms of preprocathepsin B conversion
      to the active protease.

PMID- 2303032
TI  - Infectious measles virus from cloned cDNA.
AB  - The study of measles virus (MV) and of negative strand RNA viruses in general has
      been hampered by the lack of an experimental system for genetic manipulation.
      Here we describe a procedure for generating infectious MV from cloned MV cDNA.
      First we assembled a genetically marked DNA copy of the MV genome in plasmids,
      under the control of phage T3 or T7 promoters, allowing production of transcripts
      almost identical to the MV genome or antigenome. Incubation of these linearized
      plasmid DNAs with the appropriate phage polymerase and only two ribonucleoside
      triphosphates yielded committed transcription complexes. Microinjection of these
      complexes into the cytoplasm of helper cells which provide the proteins necessary
      for MV genome encapsidation and transcription/replication, reproducibly give rise
      to lytic MVs. The transcripts of one of these viruses were analysed by sequencing
      after reverse transcription followed by DNA amplification, and found to contain
      the genetic tags. The described procedure permits the analysis of a negative
      strand RNA virus with the same genetic tools previously applicable only to
      positive strand RNA viruses and retroviruses.

PMID- 2303033
TI  - Genetic ablation of a mouse gene expressed specifically in brain.
AB  - The 1B1075 gene was initially identified from a cDNA clone of a rat brain
      messenger RNA expressed in particular subsets of CNS neurons and pituitary cells.
      Although the protein encoded by this gene is of unknown function, its sequence
      suggests that it may be related to secretogranin proteins, which are found in
      association with secretory granules in a variety of peptidergic endocrine and
      neuronal cells. Here we show that the mouse 1B1075 gene is located between the
      dilute (d) and short ear (se) genes on chromosome 9. Many different deletion
      mutations have previously been isolated in the genetic region that includes these
      genes. By producing mice carrying two deletions that overlap at the 1B1075 locus,
      the gene for this brain-specific message can be completely eliminated from
      otherwise viable animals. The animals missing the 1B1075 gene provide an
      important new tool for determining the function of this gene in the brain. In
      addition, these results provide a new molecular entry point for detailed
      characterization of other genes in the d-se region.

PMID- 2303034
TI  - hSP, the domain-duplicated homolog of pS2 protein, is co-expressed with pS2 in
      stomach but not in breast carcinoma.
AB  - Approximately 50% of human breast tumors secrete a small cysteine-rich protein,
      pS2, of unknown function. pS2 protein was recently found to be homologous to a
      porcine protein with hormonogastric activity, pancreatic spasmolytic polypeptide
      (PSP), in which the 5-cysteine domain present in pS2 is tandemly duplicated. We
      have characterized cDNA species encoding PSP and its human and mouse
      counterparts, hSP and mSP. We show that hSP and pS2 are separately encoded in the
      genome, and that the two proteins are co-expressed in normal stomach epithelium.
      However, expression of hSP was not detected in breast tumors. Computer analysis
      revealed that the pattern of conserved cysteine residues in hSP and pS2, the P
      domain, is present at the N termini of two other mammalian proteins, intestinal
      sucrase-isomaltase and lysosomal alpha-glucosidase.

PMID- 2303036
TI  - Molecular components of the B cell antigen receptor complex of class IgD differ
      partly from those of IgM.
AB  - Two classes of immunoglobulin, IgM and IgD, are present as antigen receptors on
      the surface of mature B lymphocytes. We show here that IgD molecules are
      noncovalently associated in the B cell membrane with a heterodimer consisting of
      two proteins of 35 kd (IgD-alpha) and 39 kd (Ig-beta), respectively. The two
      novel proteins are not found in the IgD-expressing myeloma J558L delta m, which
      fails to bring IgD antigen receptor onto the cell surface. In a surface IgD
      positive variant line of this myeloma, however, membrane-bound IgD molecules are
      associated with the heterodimer, suggesting that the formation of an antigen
      receptor complex is required for surface IgD expression. We further demonstrate
      that the IgD-associated heterodimer differs partly from that of the IgM antigen
      receptor and that its binding to the heavy chain only requires the presence of
      the last constant domain and the transmembrane part of the delta m chain.

PMID- 2303035
TI  - The tal gene undergoes chromosome translocation in T cell leukemia and
      potentially encodes a helix-loop-helix protein.
AB  - We have analyzed t(1;14)(p32;q11) chromosome translocations from two patients
      with T cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. The chromosome 1 breakpoints of these
      patients lie within a kilobasepair of each other, and thus define a genetic locus
      (designated tal) involved in T cell oncogenesis. Moreover, we have identified
      sequences within tal that potentially encode an amphipathic helix-loop-helix
      motif, a DNA-binding domain found in a variety of proteins that control cell
      growth and differentiation. The homology domain of tal is especially related to
      that of lyl-1, a gene on chromosome 19 that has also been implicated in T cell
      oncogenesis. Hence, tal and lyl-1 encode a distinct family of helix-loop-helix
      proteins involved in the malignant development of lymphocytes.

PMID- 2303037
TI  - A single DNA-binding transcription factor is sufficient for activation from a
      distant enhancer and/or from a promoter position.
AB  - Typical cell type-specific or inducible mammalian genes are under the control of
      one or more remote enhancers which transmit their effect to the promoter region
      located at the initiation site of transcription. Both enhancers and promoters are
      composed of multiple binding sites for transcription factors. To study the
      requirements for promoter and enhancer function, we have used a reporter gene
      that is completely dependent on a single DNA-binding transcription factor in
      vivo. This factor is a truncated, hormone-independent form of the glucocorticoid
      receptor which interacts strongly with a palindromic binding site. After
      transfection into HeLa cells, transcription of a reporter gene with one, two or
      four copies of the binding site upstream of the TATA box is enhanced less than
      10, at least 100 and greater than 1000-fold respectively, in the presence of the
      receptor. Even when the TATA box is deleted, the four upstream binding sites
      confer receptor-dependent transcription, though from scattered initiation sites.
      When four copies of the palindromic binding site are placed downstream of the
      transcription unit, they form a very strong receptor-dependent enhancer. This
      enhancer can activate comparably well promoters containing binding sites for
      either glucocorticoid receptor, Sp1 factor, or octamer factor. Our data show that
      a single defined DNA-binding factor can mediate both promoter and enhancer
      activity, and that it can co-operate functionally both with itself and with
      seemingly unrelated transcription factors.

PMID- 2303038
TI  - A contribution of the core-promoter and its surrounding regions to the
      preferential transcription of the fibroin gene in posterior silk gland extracts.
AB  - Complementation of a posterior silk gland (psg) extract to a HeLa cell extract
      specifically enhances the transcription of the Bombyx mori fibroin gene. To map
      the regions responsible for this enhancement, the fibroin promoter was dissected
      and the transcriptional function of each region was analyzed. Besides the
      upstream promoter element 5' to the TATA box, two downstream elements were found
      to be important for the preferential transcription of the fibroin gene in the
      complementation system as well as in the psg extract. The minimal fibroin
      promoter from -37 to +10 (core-promoter) was preferentially transcribed in the
      psg extract, while the transcription efficiencies of other promoters like one of
      the Bombyx chorion genes and the adenovirus 2 major late promoter (Ad2MLP) were
      considerably lower. The transcription from the core-promoter was further enhanced
      when combined with either the intronic element from +156 to +454 or the upstream
      element. Both the upstream and intronic elements also stimulated the
      transcription from the Ad2MLP in an orientation independent manner. These results
      demonstrate that the transcription of the fibroin gene is mediated through an
      integration of multiple regulatory elements.

PMID- 2303039
TI  - The hepatitis B virus X-gene product trans-activates both RNA polymerase II and
      III promoters.
AB  - The transcriptional regulatory activity of the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) X
      gene product was investigated. We demonstrate a new property for the HBV X-gene,
      the strong transcriptional trans-activation of promoters for class III genes. The
      stimulation of RNA polymerase III (pol III) as well as pol II promoters is shown
      in cells transiently transfected with the X-gene, and after its stable
      integration into hepatocytes. We demonstrate that X-gene containing cells
      stimulate the frequency of pol III transcription initiation by 20- to 40-fold,
      and accelerate the rate of formation of stable pol III initiation complexes in a
      manner indistinguishable from that of adenovirus E1a protein. Since the
      transcription factor TFIIIC has been shown to be limiting in the formation of
      stable pol III initiation complexes, template commitment experiments were
      performed which titrate the level of this factor in extracts. We show that X
      protein containing extracts are far more efficient in forming stable pol III
      preinitiation complexes that cannot be competed away upon addition of a second
      template, indicating that TFIIIC is very probably a target of the X-protein.
      Thus, the HBV X-protein is apparently a member of a family of trans-activators
      capable of stimulating both pol II and III promoters, which includes the
      adenovirus E1a-protein and SV40 t antigen.

PMID- 2303040
TI  - An interspersed repeated sequence specific for human subtelomeric regions.
AB  - A family of DNA loci (DNF28) from the pseudoautosomal region of the human sex
      chromosomes is characterized by a repeated element (STIR: subtelomeric
      interspersed repeat) which detects homologous sequences in the telomeric regions
      of human autosomes by in situ hybridization. Several STIR elements from both the
      pseudoautosomal region and terminal parts of autosomes were cloned and sequenced.
      A conserved 350 bp sequence and some characteristic structural differences
      between the autosomal and pseudoautosomal STIRs were observed. Screening of the
      DNA sequence databases with a consensus sequence revealed the presence of STIRs
      in several human loci localized in the terminal parts of different chromosomes.
      We mapped single copy probes flanking the cloned autosomal STIRs to the
      subtelomeric parts of six different chromosomes by in situ hybridization and
      genetic linkage analysis. The linkage data show a greatly increased recombination
      frequency in the subtelomeric regions of the chromosomes, especially in male
      meiosis. The STIR elements, specifically located in subtelomeric regions, could
      play a role in the peculiar recombination properties of these chromosomal
      regions, e.g. by promoting initiation of pairing at meiosis.

PMID- 2303041
TI  - Amino-terminal domain of NF1 binds to DNA as a dimer and activates adenovirus DNA
      replication.
AB  - NF1 is a DNA-binding protein involved in initiation of adenovirus DNA replication
      as well as in modulating the rate of transcription initiation of genes containing
      the sequence TGGCA. We show here that recombinant NF1 expressed via vaccinia
      virus is transported into the nucleus and binds to its cognate sequences with the
      same specificity as NF1 purified from HeLa cells. Furthermore, the recombinant
      NF1 forms oligomers in solution and binds as a dimer to palindromic as well as
      half-site sequences. NF1 expressed via vaccinia virus stimulates the initiation
      of adenovirus replication in vitro. The N-terminal 240 amino acids of the protein
      are sufficient for full DNA-binding activity as well as stimulation of adenovirus
      replication. By analysis of several NF1 mutants translated in vitro, we also
      define the minimal DNA-binding domain and localize the region responsible for DNA
      binding on the N-terminal and for oligomerization on the C-terminal side of this
      domain.

PMID- 2303042
TI  - The size of chromatin loops in HeLa cells.
AB  - It is widely believed that the chromatin fibre is organized into loops during
      interphase, with the loop being implicated as an important unit of nuclear
      function. However, there remains little direct evidence for looping, with
      estimates of loop size varying widely. This has led to the suggestion that some
      loops, or even all of them, arise artefactually during isolation as chromatin
      aggregates so easily. We have now investigated the effect of isolation procedure
      on loop size using HeLa cells encapsulated in agarose to allow easy manipulation.
      Loop size in various derivatives (i.e. nuclei, nucleoids, matrices and scaffolds)
      critically depended on procedure; some (or all) of their loops are artefacts. The
      loop size in derivatives isolated using the most 'physiological' conditions was
      86 kb; this remained unchanged throughout the cell cycle. This loop size is
      probably an average of a range of loops of between 5 and 200 kb.

PMID- 2303044
TI  - The role of metal ions in the conformation of the four-way DNA junction.
AB  - Metal ions fold DNA junctions into a compact conformation that confers protection
      of all thymine bases to modification by osmium tetroxide. In the absence of the
      cation the arms of the junction are fully extended in an approximately square
      planar configuration. Group IIa cations are effective in achieving a folded
      conformation of the junction at 80-100 microM, and there is an excellent
      agreement between the ionic concentrations that fold the junctions as deduced
      from gel electrophoretic experiments, and those that prevent osmium tetroxide
      reaction at the junction. Hexamminecobalt(III) achieves full folding at 2 microM,
      while spermine and spermidine are effective at 25 microM. Some transition metal
      ions such as Ni(II) may replace the group IIA cations. Monovalent ions of group
      IA are only partially effective in folding the junctions. Very much higher
      concentrations are necessary, gel electrophoretic mobilities suggest that a less
      symmetrical conformation is adopted and thymine bases at the junction remain
      reactive to osmium tetroxide. Charge-charge interactions at the centre of the
      junction are structurally extremely important. Substitution of junction phosphate
      groups by uncharged methyl phosphonates severely perturbs the structure of the
      junction. If just two phosphates are substituted, diametrically facing across the
      junction, the structure always folds in order to place the electrically neutral
      phosphate on the exchanging strands. We suggest that folding of the junction into
      the stacked X-structure generates electronegative clefts that can selectively
      bind metal ions, depending on the chemistry, size and charge of the ion.
      Moreover, occupation of these cavities is essential for junction folding, in
      order to reduce electrostatic repulsion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303043
TI  - Competition between transcription complex assembly and chromatin assembly on
      replicating DNA.
AB  - We have used a Xenopus egg extract to show that a competition exists between the
      assembly of transcription complexes and nucleosomes on replicating 5S DNA. This
      competition results in the establishment of a transcriptionally repressed state
      for 5S DNA that is dependent on core histones but not on the precise positioning
      of the cores. The repression is selective, since satellite I DNA is not
      significantly repressed under these conditions. We demonstrate that the
      efficiency of chromatin assembly compared with transcription complex assembly is
      an important variable in determining gene activity.

PMID- 2303045
TI  - Passive drag is still a good evaluator of swimming aptitude.
AB  - The passive drag (Dp) of 218 competitive swimmers was studied and related to
      their performance level. To study this relationship, specific attention was given
      to anthropometric and joint laxity (JL) variations. The Dp was measured at 1.40
      m.s-1, using a mechanical winch and a strain gauge with a load cell connected to
      a strain bridge. Swimmers were towed in a prone position holding their breath
      after a maximal inspiration. Buoyancy was evaluated by the hydrostatic lift (HL),
      i.e., the maximal weight just necessary to maintain the swimmer in a balanced
      position under the water after a maximal inspiration. The JL was assessed by a
      standard scoring system. The Dp was related mainly to the surface area (SA) (r =
      0.73 and 0.53; P less than 0.01, for males and females, respectively). For a
      given SA, Dp was inversely related to the performance level. The JL explained 7%
      of the variability of Dp. On average, Dp measured after a maximal expiration,
      increases of about 22% SD 3% (P less than 0.01). This increase was related to
      individual vital capacities (r = 0.86, P less than 0.01). As Dp was mainly
      related to SA and HL, it is suggested that the body exerts a large pressure
      effect on the water. The contribution to performance might be related to the
      gliding phase of swimming.

PMID- 2303047
TI  - The effects of training on the metabolic and respiratory profile of high
      intensity cycle ergometer exercise.
AB  - The tolerable work duration (t) for high-intensity cycling is well described as a
      hyperbolic function of power (W): W = (W'.t-1) + Wa, where Wa is the upper limit
      for sustainable power (lying between maximum W and the threshold for sustained
      blood [lactate] increase, theta lac), and W' is a constant which defines the
      amount of work which can be performed greater than Wa. As training increases the
      tolerable duration of high-intensity cycling, we explored whether this reflected
      an alteration of Wa, W' or both. Before and after a 7-week regimen of intense
      interval cycle-training by healthy males, we estimated ( ) theta lac and
      determined maximum O2 uptake (mu VO2); Wa; W'; and the temporal profiles of
      pulmonary gas exchange, blood gas, acid-base and metabolic response to constant
      load cycling at and above Wa. Although training increased theta lac (24%), mu VO2
      (15%) and Wa (15%), W' was unaffected. For exercise at Wa, a steady state was
      attained for VO2, [lactate] and pH both pre- and post-training, despite blood
      [norepinephrine] and [epinephrine] ([NE], [E]) and rectal temperature continuing
      to rise. For exercise greater than Wa, there was a progressive increase in VO2
      (resulting in mu VO2 at fatigue), [lactate], [NE], [E] and rectal temperature,
      and a progressive decrease for pH. We conclude that the increased endurance
      capacity for high-intensity exercise following training reflects an increased W
      asymptote of the W-t relationship with no effect on its curvature; consequently,
      there is no appreciable change in the amount of work which can be performed above
      Wa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303048
TI  - Individual features of circulatory power spectra in man.
AB  - Rhythms of resting fluctuations of circulatory parameters in man reveal a
      considerable interindividual variability. We posed the question whether these
      rhythms are long-term individual characteristics. In nine healthy subjects aged
      19-23 years the blood pressure and the finger blood flow were recorded by
      indirect continuous methods, together with cardiac intervals and respiratory
      movements. These recordings were repeated in each subject after 1 year. The power
      spectra of all the parameters recorded were calculated for 5-min periods. The
      shape of spectra and the division of power into four ranges of frequencies were
      compared to the spectra recorded after 1 year in each subject and the degree of
      similarity was evaluated by means of correlation analysis. The average measures
      of similarity (correlation coefficients) were high, cardiac intervals 0.527,
      systolic pressure 0.782, pulse pressure 0.755, diastolic pressure 0.709, mean
      blood pressure 0.673, blood flow 0.818 and respiration 0.627. All these values
      were higher than values obtained by comparison of spectra of two individuals
      chosen randomly. The differences were statistically significant for cardiac
      intervals (Wilcoxon test: P less than 0.05), pulse pressure (P less than 0.05)
      and respiration (P less than 0.01). These results have shown that interindividual
      variability of circulatory and respiratory spectra was greater than the
      intraindividual one. The resting circulatory rhythms are very stable individual
      features.

PMID- 2303046
TI  - Thermoregulatory responses to exercise at low ambient temperature performed after
      precooling or preheating procedures.
AB  - Seven male skiers exercised for 30 min on a cycle ergometer at 50% of maximal
      oxygen uptake and an ambient temperature of 5 degrees C. The exercise was
      preceded either by cold exposure (PREC) or active warming-up (PREH). The data
      were compared with control exercise (CONT) performed immediately after entering
      the thermal chamber from a thermoneutral environment. Cold exposure resulted in
      negative heat storage (96.1 kJ.m-2, SE 5.9) leading to significantly lower
      rectal, mean body and mean skin temperatures at the onset of exercise in PREC, as
      compared to PREH and CONT. The PREC-PREH temperature differences were still
      significant at the end of the exercise period. During exercise in the PREC test,
      oxygen uptake was higher than in PREH test (32.8 ml.kg-1.min-1, SE 1.5 vs 30.5
      ml.kg-1.min-1, SE 1.3, respectively). Heart rate showed only a tendency to be
      higher in PREC than in PREH and CONT tests. In the PREH test skin and body
      temperatures as well as sweat rate were already elevated at the beginning of
      exercise. Exercise-induced changes in these variables were minimal. Heat storage
      decreased with the duration of the exercise. Exercise at low ambient temperature
      preceded by a 30-min rest in a cold environment requires more energy than the
      same exercise performed after PREH.

PMID- 2303049
TI  - Critical determinants of endurance performance in middle-aged and elderly
      endurance runners with heterogeneous training habits.
AB  - The current investigation was designed to determine which factor or what
      combination of factors would best account for distance running performance in
      middle-aged and elderly runners (mean age 57.5 years SD +/- 9.7) with
      heterogeneous training habits. Among 35 independent variables which were
      arbitrarily selected as possible prerequisites in the distance running
      performance of these runners, oxygen uptake (VO2) at lactate threshold (LT) (r =
      0.781-0.889), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) (r = 0.751 approximately 0.886),
      and chronological age (r = -0.736-(-)0.886) were found to be the 3 predictor
      variables showing the highest correlations with the mean running velocity at 5 km
      (V5km), 10 km (V10km), and marathon (VM). When all independent variables were
      used in a multiple regression analysis, any 3 or 4 variables selected from among
      VO2 at LT, chronological age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), atherogenic index
      (AI), and Katsura index (KI) were found to give the best explanation of V5km,
      V10km, or VM in a combined linear model. Linear multiple regression equations
      constructed for predicting the running performances were: V5km = 0.046X1-0.026X2
      0.0056X3+5.17, V10km = 0.028X1-0.028X2-0.190X4-1.34X5+6.45, and VM = -0.0400X2
      0.324X4-1.16X5+7.36, where X1 = VO2 at LT (ml.min-1.kg-1), X2 = chronological
      age, X3 = SBP, X4 = AI, and X5 = KI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303050
TI  - Saliva flow and composition in humans exposed to acute altitude hypoxia.
AB  - The effects of acute hypoxia (2 days at 4350 m) on whole saliva flow and
      composition were studied on 12 sea-level natives, at rest and following a maximal
      exercise. Exercise, performed in normoxia and hypoxia, did not induce variations
      in saliva flow rate, saliva potassium or alpha-amylase concentrations. In
      contrast, acute hypoxia did lead to an increase in mean saliva flow rate both at
      rest (0.63 ml.min-1 to 0.93 ml.min-1, P less than 0.01) and after exercise (0.56
      ml.min-1 to 1.06 ml.min-1, P less than 0.05) and a decrease in mean saliva
      potassium concentration at rest (20.8 mmol.l-1 to 14.7 mmol.l-1, P less than
      0.01) as well as after exercise (21.7 mmol.l-1 to 16.5 mmol.l-1, P less than
      0.05). This effect might be the consequence of a hypoxia-induced stimulation of
      the parasympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2303051
TI  - Thermal exchanges during sleep in anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.
AB  - Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is a congenital syndrome characterized by the
      absence of sweat glands. A sweating test was performed on such a patient and
      proved his inability to sweat. Thermal exchanges during night sleep were then
      measured in this patient and compared with data obtained from a healthy control
      subject. Ambient conditions were as follows: dry bulb temperature 32.2 degrees C,
      relative humidity 30%-40%, wind speed 0.7 m.s-1. Polysomnographic recordings
      showed normal sleep patterns in both subjects, but a "first night effect" in the
      patient. Rectal (Tre) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures and loss of mass were
      monitored continuously throughout the 8-h sleep recording. Loss of mass averaged
      34.1 g.h-1 in the patient vs 78.1 g.h-1 in the control subject. No relationship
      with sleep stages was observed in the patient, in contrast to the control subject
      who experienced a decrease in evaporation during rapid eye movement sleep. Body
      temperatures varied little in the patient, but decreased until the 6th h of sleep
      in the control subject. On two occasions there was a 0.3 degrees C fall in the
      Tre of the patient during two slow wave sleep (SWS) phases, while Tsk and loss of
      mass did not change. As thermolytic processes had not varied on these two
      occasions, it was concluded that the fall in Tre indicated a concomitant decrease
      in metabolic heat production, in agreement with the assumption that SWS
      represented a state of energy conservation.

PMID- 2303052
TI  - Ventilatory and heart rate chemosensitivity in track-and-field athletes.
AB  - Fifty-four male track-and-field athletes and 18 male non-athletes were examined
      by isocapnic progressive hypoxia and CO2 rebreathing tests. Ventilatory and heart
      rate (HR) responses to hypoxia were analysed by a hyperbolic relationship and the
      ventilatory response to hypercapnia by a linear regression. The results showed
      that ventilatory sensitivity during hypoxia was significantly attenuated in the
      long-distance runners and sprinters compared to the non-athletes. Although heart
      rate sensitivity during hypoxia in none of the athletes showed a significant
      difference compared to that of the non-athletes, baseline HR in the long-distance
      runners was significantly lower than that of the non-athletes. None of the
      athletes showed significant differences in ventilatory sensitivity during
      hypercapnia compared to the non-athletes.

PMID- 2303053
TI  - Continuous intramuscular pH measurement during the recovery from brief, maximal
      exercise in man.
AB  - Muscle pH and temperature were measured before, and continuously for 30 min
      after, a 30-s maximal sprint exercise in ten subjects. These measurements were
      made with a needle-tipped pH electrode and a thermocouple placed in vastus
      lateralis. Venous blood samples were collected for pH, lactate and catecholamine
      estimations and measurements were also made of the arterial blood pressure and
      heart rate. The muscle and venous pH decreased from 7.17 +/- 0.01 (mean +/- SEM)
      and 7.39 +/- 0.01 to 6.57 +/- 0.04 and 7.04 +/- 0.03, respectively, in response
      to the exercise. No significant recovery occurred in either pH measurement for 10
      min, after which muscle pH increased to 7.03 +/- 0.03 and venous pH to 7.29 +/-
      0.01 by 30 min. Muscle temperature increased by 2.1 degrees C with exercise and
      also failed to return to pre-exercise values by 30 min. Blood lactate
      concentration increased from 0.75 +/- 0.04 mmol l-1 before exercise to a peak
      value of 15.76 +/- 0.35 mmol l-1 5 min after completion of the exercise, and then
      declined slowly to 10.30 +/- 0.61 mmol l-1 by 30 min. Arterial blood pressure
      increased transiently with exercise but recovered rapidly, whereas the exercise
      induced tachycardia was sustained throughout the recovery period. The recovery
      from the metabolic and cardiovascular responses to maximal sprint exercise in man
      is incomplete 30 min after cessation of the exercise.

PMID- 2303054
TI  - Lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Molecular and kinetic
      characterization of isozymes.
AB  - Five isozymes of lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium were purified
      and their physical, molecular and kinetic properties determined. The isozymes
      differ from each other in terms of their isoelectric point, molecular mass, sugar
      content, spectral characteristics, substrate specificity and stability. The N
      terminal sequence of amino acids was different for each isozyme suggesting they
      are different gene products. The isozyme with the highest carbohydrate level was
      most sensitive to changes in environmental factors. The kinetic behaviour of the
      isozymes varied clearly when tert-butyl hydroperoxide instead of hydrogen
      peroxide was used as the oxidant. Two out of five isozymes had very similar
      substrate specificity. The results are discussed in relation to the role which
      lignin peroxidase isozymes may play in lignin biodegradation.

PMID- 2303055
TI  - A two-dimensional 1H NMR study on Megasphaera elsdenii flavodoxin in the reduced
      state. Sequential assignments.
AB  - Assignments for the 137 amino acid residues of Megasphaera elsdenii flavodoxin in
      the reduced state have been made using the sequential resonance assignment
      procedure. Several hydroxyl and sulfhydryl protons were observed at 41 degrees C
      at pH 8.3. Spin systems were sequentially assigned using phase-sensitive two
      dimensional-correlated spectroscopy and phase-sensitive nuclear Overhauser
      enhancement spectroscopy. Spectra of the protein in H2O and of protein
      preparations either completely or partly exchanged against 2H2O were obtained.
      Use of the fast electron shuttle between the paramagnetic semiquinone and the
      diamagnetic hydroquinone state greatly simplified the NMR spectra, making it
      possible to assign easily the 1H resonances of amino acid residues located in the
      immediate neighbourhood of the isoalloxazine ring. The majority of the nuclear
      Overhauser effect contracts between the flavin and the apoprotein correspond to
      the crystal structure of the flavin domain of Clostridium MP flavodoxin, but
      differences are also observed. The assignments provide the basis for the
      structure determination of M. elsdenii flavodoxin in the reduced state as well as
      for assigning the resonances of the oxidized flavodoxin.

PMID- 2303056
TI  - Delta-haemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus and model membranes. A solid-state 2H
      NMR and 31P-NMR study.
AB  - Solid-state 2H NMR and 31P NMR of 2H-enriched chains and polar head groups,
      respectively, of dipalmitoylglycerophosphatidylcholine/water dispersions were
      undertaken to investigate the action of delta-haemolysin from Staphylococcus
      aureus on biomembranes. When the lipid/toxin molar ratio, Ri, is greater than or
      equal to 10, the gel-phase 2H powder patterns and the temperature of the gel
      fluid phase transition, tc, are unchanged by the presence of the toxin whereas
      the 31P powder spectra of polar head groups are perturbed. At t greater than tc,
      a detailed analysis of methylene ordering indicates that delta-haemolysin orders
      the lipid chains near tc and disorders them for t much greater than tc. These
      findings are interpreted in terms of peptide location with regard to the membrane
      and suggest that the position of the toxin depends on the temperature relative to
      tc. Experiments carried out at Ri = 4 exhibit sharp, isotropic 2H-NMR lines, at t
      greater than tc, indicating that delta-haemolysin promotes the appearance of very
      small objects undergoing fast isotropic reorientation which average to zero the
      quadrupolar interaction. Below tc, one observes gel-phase powder patterns which
      indicate that the bacterial toxin is unable to form such small structures with
      ordered dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine phospholipids. From comparison of the
      action of delta-haemolysin with that of melittin on same lipids [Dufourc et al.
      (1986) Biochemistry 25, 6448-6455] it results that both toxins perturb similarly
      fluid-phase lipids at elevated temperature, but they behave differently with gel
      phase lipids, the former toxin being less efficient in membrane restructuring
      than the latter.

PMID- 2303057
TI  - The proline-activating activity of the multienzyme gramicidin S synthetase 2 can
      be recovered on a 115-kDa tryptic fragment.
AB  - The multienzyme gramicidin S synthetase 2 was treated with trypsin to obtain
      fragments capable of activating proline. Three different active fragments were
      detected. The course of proteolysis was simulated by using a concentration range
      of trypsin; the cleavage pattern indicated that one of the fragments was
      particularly stable. This fragment was purified and shown to have a molecular
      mass of 115 kDa. It was compared chromatographically, by SDS/PAGE, and
      enzymatically to a Pro-activating fragment produced by a gramicidin-S-negative
      mutant. It can be concluded that the proteolytic fragment represents a structure
      which is contained on a continuous part of the polypeptide chain of gramicidin S
      synthetase 2 and has a relatively compact structure. This provides evidence that
      the multienzyme gramicidin S synthetase 2 is, at least in part, constructed from
      functional domains. An approach towards extending these studies to other parts of
      the gramicidin S synthetase 2 molecule has also been devised. This work
      complements recombinant DNA studies in the area, providing stable functional
      fragments.

PMID- 2303058
TI  - NMR identification of a partial helical conformation for bombesin in solution.
AB  - The conformation of bombesin in trifluoroethanol/water mixtures has been studied
      using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. By a combination of two-dimensional 1H-NMR techniques
      and measurement of vicinal NH-alpha-CH spin-spin coupling constants, the
      secondary structure of the molecule has been determined. Bombesin adopts a
      helical structure in the region from Asn-6 to Met-14 with the remaining N
      terminal portion existing as a more extended structure. The structure is very
      similar to that proposed from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic
      measurements for bombesin inserted into lipid bilayers [D. Erne & R. Schwyzer
      (1987) Biochemistry 26, 6316-6319]. The absence of a hydrogen bond between the
      sidechains of Trp-8 and His-12 is discussed in terms of the ionization state of
      His-12. Stabilisation of the helix results when His-12 is in the ionized state.

PMID- 2303059
TI  - Characterisation of the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides from Trypanosoma
      brucei type-I variant surface glycoproteins.
AB  - The complete primary structures of the Asn-linked oligosaccharides from the
      conserved glycosylation site of the type-I variant surface glycoproteins of
      Trypanosoma brucei MITat 1.4 and MITat 1.6 were determined using a combination of
      exoglycosidase digestions, permethylation analysis, acetolysis and 1H NMR. Both
      variants contained almost exclusively oligomannose-type oligosaccharides,
      identical in structure to those of mammalian glycoproteins. The oligosaccharides
      ranged in size from (Man)9(GlcNAc)2 to (Man)5(GlcNAc)2. The relative abundance of
      each component was similar in both variants. The major components were
      (Man)8(GlcNAc)2 and (Man)7(GlcNAc)2 with slightly less (Man)9(GlcNAc)2 and
      (Man)6(GlcNAc)2 and much less (Man)5(GlcNAc)2. Both variants also contained the
      same structural isomers. The close similarity of the oligomannose series
      indicates identical processing at the conserved site in both variants.

PMID- 2303060
TI  - Dictyopterin, 6-(D-threo-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pterin, a new natural isomer of L
      biopterin. Isolation from vegetative cells of Dictyostelium discoideum and
      identification.
AB  - A major pterin was isolated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography from cellular extract of vegetative cells of Dictyostelium
      discoideum after perchloric deproteinization and oxidation with acidic iodine.
      This compound was characterized by its chromatographic behavior, its absorption
      and fluorescence properties, by its oxidation product with alkaline permanganate,
      by secondary ion mass spectrometry and by circular dichroism. The final
      identification was obtained by comparison with authentic materials. It is
      concluded that the major pterin of D. discoideum is the compound 6-(D-threo-1,2
      dihydroxypropyl)-pterin. The name dictyopterin is proposed for this new natural
      isomer of L-biopterin.

PMID- 2303061
TI  - Glutathione-protein mixed disulfide decreases the affinity of rat liver fatty
      acid-binding protein for unsaturated fatty acid.
AB  - .16 +/- 0.062% of the fatty acid-binding protein purified from 50 mM N
      ethylmaleimide-treated rat liver (L-FABP) was determined as a form S-thiolated by
      glutathione (L-FABP-SSG). L-FABP-SSG, which was prepared in vitro through thiol
      disulfide exchange reaction, showed more acidic pI (approximately 5.0) than the
      pI (approximately 7.0) of reduced L-FABP. S-thiolation of L-FABP by glutathione
      decreased the affinity of the protein for unsaturated fatty acids without
      changing the equimolar maximum binding. The changes in Kd were from 0.63 +/-
      0.054 microM to 1.03 +/- 0.14 microM for oleic acid, from 0.63 +/- 0.028 microM
      to 0.97 +/- 0.12 microM for linoleic acid and from 0.85 +/- 0.050 microM to 1.45
      +/- 0.024 microM for arachidonic acid. This modification did not alter the
      affinity nor the maximum binding for saturated fatty acids, which were determined
      to be Kd of approximately 1.0 microM for palmitic acid and approximately 0.9
      microM for stearic acids, and equimolar maximum binding for both fatty acids. The
      binding affinity of L-FABP for unsaturated fatty acid may be regulated by redox
      state of the liver.

PMID- 2303062
TI  - Acute stimulation by lutropin of mitochondrial protein synthesis in small luteal
      cells.
AB  - A two-dimensional electrophoretic technique was used to study the effect of acute
      stimulation of bovine luteal cells with lutropin on protein synthesis. Cells were
      incubated for 30 min with [35S]methionine in the presence of stimulating levels
      of luteinizing hormone (lutropin), after which the proteins were analyzed by
      autoradiography. Lutropin or N6,2'-O-dibutyryl-adenosine 3',5'-phosphate
      (Bt2cAMP) induced the labelling of three proteins, referred to as proteins A, B
      and C. Protein A, had a molecular mass of 28 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of
      6.7. Proteins B and C had a molecular mass of 27 kDa and pI of 6.2 and 6.4
      respectively. After subcellular fractionation, the three proteins were found to
      be markedly concentrated in the only fraction enriched in an established
      mitochondrial marker. Moreover, protein A was one of the major mitochondrial
      newly synthesized proteins. Its appearance was observed after a 5-min incubation
      and was prevented by 100 microM cycloheximide. The acute accumulation of proteins
      A, B and C in mitochondria, the site of the rate-limiting step of
      steroidogenesis, suggest that they could be involved in the mechanism of
      stimulation by lutropin of progesterone synthesis.

PMID- 2303063
TI  - Spread of non-typable multiply resistant Haemophilus influenzae in a South
      African hospital.
AB  - In July 1987 non-typable Haemophilus influenzae strains resistant to both
      ampicillin and chloramphenicol were isolated from the endotracheal aspirate of
      two children with pneumonia at Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.
      A study was therefore undertaken to determine the carriage rates of Haemophilus
      influenzae strains in the nasopharynx of children and staff in the index ward and
      in three control wards. Using a disc diffusion and an agar dilution method the
      susceptibility was determined of 100 isolates to ampicillin, chloramphenicol,
      erythromycin, rifampicin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, gentamicin, cefaclor,
      cefotaxime, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim and
      trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (1:19). The overall carriage rate of Haemophilus
      influenzae on admission was 76%. In the index ward, children carrying multiply
      resistant strains differed from the other children in that there was a longer
      mean duration of hospitalization, a lower proportion of males, and a higher
      proportion who had previously received antibiotics. All ampicillin resistant
      strains were shown to produce beta-lactamase. Only four isolates belonged to
      serotype b, of which three were ampicillin resistant and chloramphenicol
      sensitive while one was resistant to both drugs. Nasopharyngeal spread of
      resistant non-typable strains of Haemophilus influenzae was demonstrated to
      affect the management of paediatric patients in the hospital.

PMID- 2303064
TI  - Effect of lomefloxacin on the normal oral and intestinal microflora.
AB  - Ten healthy volunteers received 400 mg of lomefloxacin orally once daily for
      seven days. Saliva and faecal samples were collected on days 0, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11,
      14 and 21 to investigate the effect of lomefloxacin on the normal oral and
      intestinal microflora. The mean concentration of lomefloxacin in faeces on day 7
      was 203 mg/kg, while saliva levels were low, less than 0.6 mg/l in nine of ten
      volunteers. Aerobic gram-negative microorganisms were almost completely
      eradicated, while aerobic gram-positive and anaerobic microorganisms were
      virtually unaffected by the lomefloxacin administration. Two weeks after
      lomefloxacin was discontinued, the oral and intestinal microflora had returned to
      normal levels.

PMID- 2303065
TI  - A cluster of seven cases of Clostridium tertium septicemia in neutropenic
      patients.
AB  - A cluster of seven febrile and severely neutropenic patients who developed
      Clostridium tertium septicemia during a 13-month period is described. The
      patients had received third generation cephalosporins for 7 to 13 days (mean 9
      days) at the time Clostridium tertium was isolated from blood cultures. Two
      patients had perirectal and one patient pericaecal cellulitis. The organism was
      also isolated from bronchial secretions in one patient. No patient had diarrhea.
      Five of six strains tested were resistant to clindamycin (MIC 2-8 micrograms/ml),
      and six of seven strains moderately resistant to penicillin (MIC 1-4
      micrograms/ml). In one patient Clostridium tertium grew from blood cultures
      although metronidazole had been administered for two days. Six patients recovered
      on antibiotic therapy. In view of the unusual susceptibility pattern of
      Clostridium tertium, an accurate diagnosis of infection with this organism is
      important for the choice of an appropriate antimicrobial treatment.

PMID- 2303066
TI  - Effect of fusidic acid on migration and chemiluminescence of polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes.
AB  - Incubation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in fusidic acid resulted in a
      decrease of random migration and chemiluminescence. The effects were dose
      dependent but moderate, with statistical significance only at concentrations of
      50 mg/l or more. At concentrations used for therapy of bacterial infections and
      AIDS, fusidic acid was not shown to be deleterious to these aspects of PMN
      function.

PMID- 2303067
TI  - Evaluation of two methods for rapid testing for beta-lactamase production in
      Bacteroides and Fusobacterium.
AB  - A total of 978 strains of Bacteroides and Fusobacterium were tested for beta
      lactamase production by a disk test (Cefinase) and a microtiter nitrocefin assay.
      In 83% of strains both tests were positive and in 14.8% both were negative. In
      1.7% of strains the disk test was positive and the microtiter test negative, and
      in 0.4% the disk test negative but the microtiter test positive. The disk test
      was less discriminatory in detecting amoxicillin-resistant strains. The
      microtiter test was less sensitive than the disk test, but more discriminatory if
      results were read within 1 h for Fusobacterium spp., within 8 h for the
      Bacteroides fragilis group, and within 2 h for other Bacteroides spp. Neither
      test should be used clinically at present.

PMID- 2303069
TI  - Isolation of non-typable, ampicillin and chloramphenicol resistant Haemophilus
      influenzae in a South African hospital.

PMID- 2303068
TI  - Soft-tissue Pasteurella multocida infection caused by a fish bone puncture.

PMID- 2303070
TI  - Lack of efficacy of fusidic acid in the treatment of chlamydial conjunctivitis.

PMID- 2303071
TI  - Daily profiles of salivary cortisol in hydrocortisone treated children with
      congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
AB  - Daily profiles of salivary cortisol were determined in 14 cortisol-treated
      children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase
      deficiency, and in 5 healthy sibs. The results showed considerable individual
      variation irrespective of the dose of hormone, reflecting the different rates of
      cortisol metabolism and transport. Maximum salivary cortisol levels were reached
      1-2 h following oral administration of hydrocortisone. The determination of
      salivary cortisol may be useful for optimal dosage timing, i.e. to imitate the
      daily rhythm of normal cortisol secretion.

PMID- 2303072
TI  - Linear growth in patients with Turner syndrome: influence of spontaneous puberty
      and parental height.
AB  - Growth data on 100 patients with Turner syndrome are reported. Seventeen had
      spontaneous puberty. Between the ages 11 and 13 years, height and height velocity
      were higher in these girls than in those with induced puberty. Final adult
      height, however, was not different. Patients disomic for Xp chromosome were
      taller than the monosomic ones, and the majority of them had spontaneous puberty.
      Significant positive correlations were found between height of Turner syndrome
      patients and corrected mid parental height, mother's height and father's height
      from the age of 6 years. It is concluded that in patients with Turner syndrome
      spontaneous puberty and parental height should be accounted for in the evaluation
      of linear growth.

PMID- 2303073
TI  - Major malformations in a case of infantile myofibromatosis.
AB  - A case of infantile myofibromatosis associated with oesophageal atresia, annular
      pancreas, additional sacral vertebra and hypoplatic right kidney in a male
      neonate is reported. The possibility of associated malformations in this rare
      disease is outlined.

PMID- 2303074
TI  - The natural history of liver glycogenosis due to phosphorylase kinase deficiency:
      a longitudinal study of 41 patients.
AB  - We report a longitudinal study of 41 patients with liver glycogenosis due to
      phosphorylase kinase deficiency. In their youth, patients displayed hepatomegaly
      (92%), growth retardation (68%), delayed motor development (52%),
      hypercholesterolaemia (76%), hypertriglyceridaemia (70%), elevation of glutamate
      pyruvate transaminase (56%) and fasting hyperketosis (44%). With age, these
      clinical and biochemical abnormalities gradually disappeared and most adult
      patients were asymptomatic.

PMID- 2303075
TI  - A case of carbamylphosphate synthetase-I deficiency associated with secondary
      carnitine deficiency--L-carnitine treatment of CPS-I deficiency.
AB  - We describe a male infant with congenital hyperammonaemia due to partial
      carbamylphosphate synthetase-I (CPS-I) deficiency. At 21 days of age, he had
      convulsions and at 53 days of age hyperammonaemic coma. Therapy with sodium
      benzoate, L-arginine, essential amino acids, L-carnitine and peritoneal dialysis
      lowered the blood ammonia levels, and his clinical manifestations improved. The
      CPS-I activity in liver tissue obtained by open biopsy was about 25.6% of normal
      values. The serum and urine free carnitine levels in the patient decreased during
      the hyperammonaemic crisis and were low at 7 months of age. After oral
      administration of L-carnitine (10 mg/kg per day) at 7 months of age, the mean
      blood ammonia levels decreased significantly, accompanied by an increase in serum
      and urine free carnitine levels. We propose the use of L-carnitine therapy to
      prevent secondary carnitine deficiency in patients with CPS-I deficiency as well
      as ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency.

PMID- 2303076
TI  - Incidence and duration of total occlusion of the radial artery in newborn infants
      after catheter removal.
AB  - The incidence and duration of total occlusion of the radial artery after catheter
      removal was determined using repeated Doppler flow measurements. Thirty-two
      newborn infants with birthweights ranging from 945 g to 3890 g (median 1935 g)
      and gestational age ranging from 26 to 40 weeks (median 32 weeks) were studied.
      In 20 out of 32 infants (63%), complete occlusion of the radial artery occurred.
      The number of occlusions were not related to birthweight, gestational age or
      duration of cannulation. In all infants, blood flow in the radial artery resumed
      within 1-29 days after catheter removal. The duration of occlusion was directly
      related to the duration of cannulation and inversely related to birthweight. This
      study demonstrates a high frequency of total occlusion of the radial artery in
      newborn infants after percutaneous radial artery cannulation. In the majority of
      infants with a radial artery catheter, blood flow to the tissue distal to the
      cannulation site is dependent solely on the existence of an adequate arterial
      palmar collateral circulation.

PMID- 2303077
TI  - Dangerous effects of tin-protoporphyrin plus photoirradiation on neonatal rats.
AB  - In vivo and in vitro effects of porphyrins (tin-protoporphyrin [SnPP], cobalt
      mesoporphyrin, haemin and protoporphyrin) on neonatal rats were investigated.
      Under photoirradiation a high mortality rate was recognized in SnPP injected
      rats. None died from the application of SnPP without photoirradiation. In
      photoirradiated rats the median lethal dose (LD50) value of SnPP was calculated
      to be about 7.4 mumol/kg body weight. Haemolysis and malonaldehyde formation of
      red blood cells were induced by SnPP together with photoirradiation. SnPP may be
      useful in reducing bilirubin levels in severely jaundiced infants under non
      photoirradiated conditions or dim light, but prophylactic administration of SnPP
      to the majority of infants is not recommended.

PMID- 2303078
TI  - Effects of bovine surfactant in premature lambs after intra-tracheal application.
AB  - Twenty-two premature lambs (gestational age 124-125 days, term 144-160 days) were
      intubated and supported by infant ventilators immediately after delivery.
      Respiratory rate was 60/min, inspiratory time 0.4 s, peak inspiratory pressure
      (PIP) 35 cm H2O, positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) 2 cm H2O, FiO2 1.0. 15
      min after delivery 10 lambs (group 1) were treated with 35 mg/kg body weight
      bovine surfactant (SF-RI 1), whereas 1 ml/kg body weight saline was instilled in
      12 lambs as controls (group 2). Sequential measurements of blood gases and acid
      base status (every 30 min) as well as continuous registration of PIP, PEEP,
      respiratory rate and tidal volume (TV) were performed in all lambs for 300 min.
      PIP was varied between 20 and 40 cm H2O in order to attain paCO2 values between
      35 and 50 mm Hg. Significantly improved oxygenation was observed in group 1 lambs
      with maximum differences 30 min after delivery for 2 h. Ventilation was likewise
      affected: paCO2 and PIP values were significantly lower in the surfactant-treated
      animals (group 1). Total lung-thorax compliances (calculated from TV and delta P,
      i.e. PIP-PEEP) per kg body weight also significantly reflected the improvement of
      pulmonary function in group 1 compared to group 2 lambs. Intratracheal
      instillation of SF-RI 1 improved gas exchange in premature lambs, whereas control
      animals exhibited severe respiratory failure characteristic of respiratory
      distress syndrome (RDS).

PMID- 2303079
TI  - Prospective study on the prevalence of sudden infant death and possible risk
      factors in Brussels: preliminary results (1987-1988).
AB  - A prospective study was carried out to assess the frequency of sudden infant
      death (SID) in the Brussels area. The study was conducted between January and
      December 1987 on infants presented to the health clinics of the Brussels "Office
      de la Naissance et de l'Enfance" (ONE). The infants entered the study if: (a)
      they were born between January 1 and December 31, 1987; (b) they attended an ONE
      consultation in the Brussels area between January 1987 and December 1988; (c)
      visits were repeated monthly during the first 12 months of life, or until death
      occurred; and (d) standard questionnaires were completed for each visit. For
      4,064 infants these four criteria were fulfilled. During the study period 7
      infants died of SID. Their deaths were unexpected and remained unexplained
      despite post-mortem investigations. For each SID case, 10 control infants were
      selected from the same health clinics. Controls matched the SID cases in the
      following respects: (a) dates of visits; (b) sex; (c) gestational age; (d) legal
      age; and (e) the profession of both parents. For most of the 65 items studied no
      significant difference was seen between the 7 SID infants and their 70 matched
      controls. Only two variables significantly differentiated the two groups.
      Repeated fatigue during feeding was seen in 4 of the 7 SID cases, but only in 10
      of the 70 control infants (Fisher P = 0.017). Profuse sweating during sleep was
      reported in 2 of the 7 SID infants, and in none of the 70 controls (Fischer P =
      0.007). These two infants' bedclothes were repeatedly wet with sweat.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303080
TI  - The prognosis of convulsions during childhood shigellosis.
AB  - We examined the long-term outcome in 111 children who had convulsions during
      shigellosis and were followed for 3-18 years after the incident. No deaths or
      persistent motor deficits occurred as sequellae. Poor coordination of fine hand
      movements were noted in 3.3% of the 92 children who had no pre-existing
      neurological abnormality. Only 1 child developed epilepsy by the age of 8 years.
      Of the children 15.7% had recurrent febrile seizures. The only risk factor
      identified for febrile seizures following convulsions in shigellosis was a
      previous history (P less than 0.01). These observations suggest that convulsions
      in shigellosis have a favourable prognosis, and do not necessitate long-term
      follow up.

PMID- 2303082
TI  - The drug babies.

PMID- 2303081
TI  - Bias over substance: a critical analysis of Kavale and Forness' report on
      modality-based instruction.

PMID- 2303083
TI  - Goal structure effects on social interaction: nondisabled and disabled elementary
      students.
AB  - This study compared social interaction behavior between nondisabled and disabled
      students, as a function of the way tasks were structured during a peer
      integration program. Of the eight pairs of students, four pairs were assigned to
      an individualistic goal-structured condition; the other four pairs, to a
      cooperative condition. For nondisabled students, the cooperative condition was
      associated with more social interaction during activity and free play sessions.
      For disabled students, the cooperative condition was associated with more social
      interaction during activity sessions, but not during free play sessions.

PMID- 2303084
TI  - Cooperative learning: does it improve the academic achievement of students with
      handicaps?
AB  - This article reviews the research on the effects of cooperative learning on the
      academic achievement of students with handicaps. Journal articles that included
      students with handicaps in the sample (achievement as a dependent variable and
      cooperative learning as an independent variable) were selected for inclusion. A
      limited number of studies (12) met the selection criteria, and the findings were
      inconsistent. More research is needed before teachers are encouraged to use
      cooperative learning methods to promote the academic achievement of mainstreamed
      special education students.

PMID- 2303085
TI  - Teaching multiplication facts to students with learning problems.
AB  - The present study investigated the effectiveness of a constant time delay
      procedure in teaching multiplication facts to fifth- and sixth-grade students
      identified as learning disabled, behavior disordered, or educable mentally
      handicapped. Four students were taught oral responses to 30 multiplication facts
      using a constant 5-second (s) delay procedure. Data on the number of minutes of
      direct instruction time, as well as the number and percent of errors, trials, and
      sessions to criterion, were collected. Results indicated that the near-errorless
      learning procedure was effective in teaching multiplication facts to students
      placed in special education.

PMID- 2303086
TI  - Nursing behavior in lactating rats--the role of the vomeronasal organ.
AB  - The vomeronasal organ (VNO) of female Wistar-Imamichi rats was removed
      completely. The females were impregnated and gave birth to young. The question
      addressed was whether such dams would show deficits in nursing behavior. The data
      indicated that removal of the VNO severely depressed nursing behavior. We
      conclude that the VNO contributes to the nursing behavior of lactating rats.

PMID- 2303087
TI  - A scanning electron microscopy of the interstitial tissue of the boar testis.
AB  - In this study, the architecture of the interstitial tissue of the boar testis was
      examined by using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The boar testis
      was remarkable for the abundance of interstitial tissue, and Leydig cells having
      many microvilli in their surface were almost round in shape. Both bundles of
      collagen fibers and networks of reticular fibers were observed around the Leydig
      cells. The capillary in the interstitial tissue of the boar was a muscle type,
      and both pericytes and collagen fibers were observed around the capillaries. The
      lymphatic capillary was poorly developed in the interstitial tissues of the boar
      testis. Endothelial cells were the only component of the capillary wall, and
      anchoring filaments were often observed on the abluminal surface of the
      endothelium.

PMID- 2303088
TI  - [A method for collecting semen by fingers in the African green monkey
      (Cercopithecus aethiops) and properties of the semen collected].
AB  - We tried to make a successful collection of semen by human fingers, using ten
      African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) aged from 5-7 years, which were
      bred and reared at Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science. Under anesthesia,
      the animals were laid side way and their penis were gently stimulated by fingers.
      Semen was successfully obtained from five animals aged 6-7 years, but it was
      impossible to collect semen from the remaining five animals aged 5 years. It took
      only 5-15 seconds from the beginning of stimulation to the end of semen
      collection. The volume of semen collected, the number of spermatozoa and
      spermatozoal motility rate averaged 1.5 ml, 3.1 x 10(8)/ml, and 46%,
      respectively.

PMID- 2303089
TI  - [Production of normal young following transfer of mouse embryos obtained by in
      vitro fertilization using cryopreserved spermatozoa].
AB  - Spermatozoa from cauda epididymis of mature mice were suspended in preservation
      solution (Dulbecco's PBS containing raffinose in combination with glycerol, DMSO
      or skim milk as freezing protective agents). The suspension was frozen by the dry
      ice-alcohol method and preserved for 1-120 days in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees
      C). Highest sperm viability after thawing was obtained with a combination of 10%
      raffinose and 5% glycerol or with a combination of 10% raffinose and 10% DMSO.
      These frozen thawed sperm were found to have fertilizing capacity when used for
      in vitro fertilization. The 2-cell embryos obtained through the above procedures
      developed into normal pups at a high rate when transferred into the oviducts of
      pseudopregnant female mice.

PMID- 2303090
TI  - [Number of animals used in experiments in 1988--results of a survey].
AB  - A survey on the number of animals used in experiments including bioassay,
      diagnosis, education and preparation of biological agents such as vaccine between
      April 1988 and March 1989 was conducted. Out of 823 universities, institutes,
      testing laboratories and companies, 579 replies were received. The distribution
      of the number of animals is shown in the following tables: (table; see text)

PMID- 2303091
TI  - [A comparison of hematological and serum biochemical values between two groups of
      female cynomolgus monkeys reared under different conditions].
AB  - The influence of long term rearing conditions on the hematological and serum
      biochemical values in laboratory-bred female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca
      fascicularis) was studied under the following two conditions. Group A: New born
      infants were nursed by their mothers for at least 12 weeks after birth. After
      weaning, four monkeys of approximately equal age and body weight were kept in a
      relatively small cage (90 cm W x 60 cm D x 60 cm H) and reared to five years of
      age. These rearing conditions are commonly used in the breeding program of our
      primate center. Group B: One male and five females of wild origin were introduced
      into a relatively large cage (180 cm W x 180 cm D x 160 cm H). Female monkeys
      born in these cages were used in this study. All of them were reared by their own
      mothers and grew well in these cages. Male monkeys born in these cages were
      removed at about 3.5 years of age. Hematological and serum biochemical values
      between the two groups in each age class were compared and analyzed by the
      canonical discriminant analysis (the discriminant analysis with reduction of
      dimensionality). Age correlated highly with the value of the first canonical
      variate. The second canonical variate detected a difference in the blood
      hematology and biochemistry probably induced by the difference in rearing
      conditions.

PMID- 2303092
TI  - [Histopathological study of arthritic lesions induced by immunization with type
      II collagen in DBA/1J mouse].
AB  - Eight male DBA/1J mice immunized twice by intradermal injection of type II
      collagen were autopsied 12 weeks after the first immunization and analyzed for
      anti-type II collagen antibody level, and the limb joints were examined
      radiologically and histopathologically. Clinical onset of swelling and erythema
      in the limb joints occurred about 5 weeks after the first immunization and
      deformity of the limbs was observed in a few animals about 5 weeks later.
      Although there were marked individual differences, serum anti-type II collagen
      antibody levels were elevated in all animals. Histopathologically, the changes
      were similar to those seen in human rheumatoid arthritis and were characterized
      by proliferation of synovial lining cells, formation of granulation tissue with
      destruction of cartilage and subchondral bone, and ankylosis. Systematic
      examination of various joints of the fore- and hind-limbs revealed definitely
      that the sequence of arthritic lesions was not uniform. The knee joint was
      involved most frequently, but smaller joints such as the phalangeal joints were
      involved less frequently but exhibited severe changes. The significance of
      histopathological examinations in the evaluation of effects of anti-rheumatic
      drugs was discussed with reference to this model.

PMID- 2303093
TI  - [Experimental stomach-ulcer on pika].
AB  - Experimental gastric ulcer formation was performed in the pika and compared with
      that in the rat. Gastric ulcers were formed in pika that were subjected to water
      restraint for 4-5 days for 2 hours each day. Gastric ulcers were also formed
      under conditions of 1-4 days for 3 hours each day and 1-2 days for 5 hours each
      day. The severest (widest) ulcers were obtained under the condition of 5 hours'
      water restraint. Histopathologically, the ulcers were mostly erosions, but those
      formed under 5 hours' restraint reached the tunica muscularis mucosae. In
      addition, inflammatory changes were recognized. In contrast, while gastric ulcers
      in the rat formed within a short time, they were histopathologically less severe
      than those in the pika. Therefore, water restraint for 4 hours performed 4-5
      times is suitable to obtain gastric ulcer formation in the pika and may result in
      more severe gastric ulcers than in the rat. Compared with the rat, the pika
      showed differences in the appearance and degree of gastric ulcers formed by the
      injection of serotonin and reserpine.

PMID- 2303094
TI  - [Management of individual body weight growth of infant squirrel monkey (Saimiri
      sciureus) in indoor breeding colony].
AB  - We biometrically analyzed the body weight growth data of new-born squirrel
      monkeys, obtained during the nursing period from 0 to 12 weeks of age. Body
      weight (y in grams) could be expressed as a function of birth weight (a in grams)
      and age (x in weeks) by the following equation: y = a + b x, where b indicates
      growth rate. This equation corresponded significantly with actual growth curves
      (R2 = 0.96). The frequency distribution of b values was demonstrated to be
      abnormal distribution. This value was used to judge whether the body weight
      growth of each monkey was normal or abnormal. The lower control limit (LCL) was
      calculated by using a linear equation with the b value of 9.07 (M-1.25 x S.D.)
      and each birth weight. For the monkeys whose body weight was above the LCL during
      the first three weeks after birth, it was determined whether the frequency of
      weighings could be reduced from 13 to 7. Using the same animals, no significant
      difference was detected between the b value estimated from 13 measurements and
      that estimated from 7 measurements. Thus, from the standpoint of management's
      policy to save labor, the frequency of weighings could be reduced. A new daily
      routine has been established in our primate center to save labor by reducing the
      number of body weighings of the many infant monkeys. In the new program, newborn
      monkeys whose body weight is above the LCL are weighed only 7 times during the
      nursing period of 12 weeks, while those whose weight is below the LCL are weighed
      8 to 13 times.

PMID- 2303095
TI  - Strain differences in guinea pigs' bronchial sensitivity to acetylcholine.
AB  - The bronchial sensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh) of guinea pigs of various
      strains was investigated to clarify strain differences. Inbred Strain 2, Strain
      13 and JY-1 and non-inbred Hartley strain (two colonies) were used in this
      experiment. (1) Guinea pigs were exposed to 0.08% ACh aerosol and the time needed
      to produce falling down (TNPFD) was determined. Mean +/- standard error of TNPFD
      (n = 14 per group) of animals was 182 +/- 28 sec, 148 +/- 22 sec, 210 +/- 30 sec,
      342 +/- 24 sec and 406 +/- 36 sec in Strain 2, Strain 13, JY-1, Hartley (Japan
      SLC) and Hartley (Hitachi), respectively. There was a significant difference in
      TNPFD between inbred strains and non-inbred strains (P less than 0.05 or P less
      than 0.01), indicating that inbred strains had higher sensitivity. (2) Guinea
      pigs were exposed to 20-5000 micrograms/ml ACh for 2 min. The mean dose threshold
      as determined by transcutaneous oxygen pressure was 524 micrograms/ml, 424
      micrograms/ml, 614 micrograms/ml, 1317 micrograms/ml and 1651 micrograms/ml (n =
      14 per group) in Strain 2, Strain 13, JY-1, Hartley (Japan SLC) and Hartley
      (Hitachi), respectively. Inbred strains showed lower dose thresholds than non
      inbred strains. (3) Isolated trachea-lungs of 5 guinea pigs were perfused with
      10(-9)-10(-5) g/ml ACh to determine strain differences. Dose response curves of
      animals of inbred strains shifted to the left (lower concentrations), unlike
      those of non-inbred strains, suggesting that inbred strains had higher
      sensitivity to ACh than non-inbred strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303096
TI  - Fine structure of the mandibular gland in crest-tailed marsupial-rat (Dasyuroides
      byrnei).
AB  - The mandibular glands of Dasyuroides byrnei were examined by light microscopy,
      and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The secretory units consisted
      of numerous seromucous acini and a few seromucous demilunes. The seromucous acini
      were almost always capped by demilunes. The acinar seromucous cells contained
      faintly basophilic, light, coarse, bipatite secretory granules with matrix of low
      and moderate densities. The demilunar cells were dark compared with acinar
      seromucous cells and contained acidophilic secretory granules with a
      fibrillogranular matrix of moderate density. Preacinar cells with a seromucous
      nature were occasionally present at the junction between the acinus and
      intercalated duct. These cells had numerous basophilic granules, which were
      similar to those of acinar seromucous cells. The intercalated ducts consisted of
      simple cuboidal light cells that had a few small electron-dense granules. The
      striated ducts were composed of tall columnar light cells containing numerous
      vesicles, but no secretory granules. The mandibular acini of D. byrnei were
      composed of two cell types having a seromucous nature, unlike those of the
      opossum and many other mammals.

PMID- 2303097
TI  - Circadian rhythm of serum testosterone levels in male beagle dogs--effects of
      lighting time zone.
AB  - In a previous study, the author found that serum testosterone (T) levels in male
      beagle dogs showed a circadian rhythm which was lowest at 12:00, and increased to
      a peak at 18:00-6:00, thereafter decreasing until 12:00. The reason was thought
      to be that dogs were breeding under rigid controlled conditions. The present
      study was performed to investigate the effects of lighting on the circadian
      rhythm of T level by means of a reversal of the lighting time zone, because
      lighting is considered an important factor in modulating T levels. Six male
      beagle dogs of 2 years were used in this study. The routine lighting time (8:00
      20:00) and dark time (20:00-8:00) zone in the breeding room was reversed
      completely and T levels were measured at intervals of 1-5 weeks for up to 54
      weeks. Blood samples were collected at 6:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00. The results
      showed that the circadian rhythm of the T level and the T level at each blood
      sampling time did not change significantly within 54 weeks. As a result, it was
      recognized that the circadian rhythm of the T level in male dogs may not be
      affected by changes in the lighting time zone.

PMID- 2303098
TI  - Delayed postnatal behavioral development in spontaneously epileptic rats and
      tremor rats, and poor operant performance in spontaneously epileptic rats.
AB  - Postnatal behavioral development and learning ability of operant performance were
      examined in spontaneously epileptic rats (SER: zi/zi, tm/tm), and the original
      tremorous mutant strains of rats, tremor rats (tm/tm) and zitter rats (zi/zi) and
      their controls. Before the eyes opened, the increase in body weight and the age
      of achieving the righting reflex on a surface were no significantly different
      between the SER and their littermates without epileptic seizures (SER-N: zi/zi,
      tm/+ or zi/zi, +/+), and between tremor rats and the original strain Kyo: Wistar
      rats. After the eyes opened, the increase in body weight, age of achieving the
      righting reflex in air and traction performance, and the development of rotarod
      performance, were delayed in SER and tremor rats in comparison with other groups
      of rats. The zitter rats were apparently inferior in their development of rotarod
      performance in comparison with the same zitter homozygous SER-N. Operant
      performance was more inferior in SER than in SER-N and in tremor rats than in
      Kyo: Wistar rats. The differences were much more marked between SER and SER-N
      than between tremor and Kyo: Wistar rats. Thus, homologous tm genes and the
      coexistence of homologous tm and zi genes have an inhibitory effect on postnatal
      behavioral development and learning ability.

PMID- 2303099
TI  - Comparison of various motion stimuli on motion sickness and acquisition of
      adaptation in Suncus Murinus.
AB  - Effects of various types of motion stimuli were compared to investigate optimum
      method to elicit motion sickness and adaptation in Suncus murinus (suncus). Three
      different direction of shaking in the horizontal plane, back and forth, right and
      left and revolving, induced emetic response to the similar extent. However,
      vertical shaking was far less effective in inducing motion sickness. Mild and
      severe horizontal shaking (15 min per day) was continued for 14 days and emetic
      response to standard motion stimulus was compared before and after the training.
      The severe daily acceleration strongly depressed the susceptibility to motion
      stimulus. The mild acceleration which was not emetic stimulus in itself also
      remarkably attenuated the vomiting response to standard motion stimulus. These
      results indicate that 1) the emetic responsiveness of the suncus does not depend
      on the modes of shaking as long as the direction is in the horizontal plane, 2)
      the suncus is relatively refractory to the vertical linear acceleration and 3)
      the adaptation to motion stimulus does not develop on the latest peripheral steps
      of the vomiting reflex pathways.

PMID- 2303100
TI  - [Effect of maternally derived antibody levels on antibody responses to canine
      parvovirus, canine distemper virus and infectious canine hepatitis virus after
      vaccinations in beagle puppies].
AB  - Antibody titers against canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and
      infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV) in serum were measured in 6 beagle dams
      and their 38 puppies bred in our colony, in order to clarify the effects of
      maternally derived antibodies to antibody responses against the viruses after
      vaccinations in puppies. Correlation coefficient on antibody titers between
      puppies and dams were CPV: r = 0. 7935, CDV: r = 0.8194 and ICHV: r = 0.8105.
      Mean maternal antibody positive rates in 7-day-old puppies from their dams were
      CPV: 67%, CDV: 46% and ICHV: 45%. Mean half-lives of the maternal antibodies in
      puppies were estimated to be CPV: 13.5 days, CDV: 15.1 days and ICHV: 15.4 days.
      The antibody response against CPV vaccination in puppies was mainly observed in
      dogs being titers of less 1:5 and positivity was 39% (15/38 puppies) after 1st
      vaccination at 42 days after birth, and 82% (31/38 puppies) after 2nd vaccination
      at 70 days. That against CDV vaccination (at 56 days after birth) was seen highly
      in dogs being titers of less 1:10 and positivity was 53% (20/38). Also that
      against ICHV vaccination (at 56 days after birth) was seen frequently in dogs
      being titers of less 20 holds and the rate was 87% (33/38). From these results,
      it was estimated that the age when high antibody response against each
      vaccination could be expected in puppies might be CPV: between 40 and 69 days,
      CDV: between 32 and 92 days and ICHV: between 31 and 52 days, respectively.

PMID- 2303101
TI  - HLA-class II antigens on hemopoietic and stromal cells in human micro long-term
      bone marrow cultures.
AB  - Using a complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay (CDC), we analyzed the presence
      of HLA-class II antigens on both stromal and hemopoietic cells in a miniaturized
      human long-term bone marrow culture system. 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC)
      resistant hemopoietic stem cells capable of restoring in vitro hemopoiesis on
      irradiated stromal cell layers were HLA-DR, -DP, and -DQ negative. In addition,
      these cells failed to bind the monoclonal antibody (mAb) Tu 39, previously
      proposed as a candidate for the recognition of a novel class II antigen, "-DY."
      On the other hand, the formation of confluent stromal cell layers was inhibited
      by HLA-DR- or -DP-specific mAbs, but not by the HLA-DQ-specific mAb Tu 22. This
      suggests the presence of HLA-DR- and/or HLA-DP-positive, but HLA-DQ-negative
      stromal precursor cells.

PMID- 2303102
TI  - In vivo suppression of erythropoiesis by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha):
      reversal with exogenous erythropoietin (EPO).
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) selectively kills tumor cells in vitro
      and in vivo and is being tested as a cancer therapeutic agent. We have shown that
      TNF-alpha significantly suppresses late-stage erythropoiesis, leading to anemia
      in chronically treated mice. These erythropoietic effects could limit the
      clinical use of TNF-alpha. Therefore, we have examined whether erythropoietin
      (EPO) could be used to prevent TNF-alpha-induced erythroid suppression. Normal
      mice were treated with a single dose of recombinant murine TNF-alpha (10(5)
      U/mouse, i.p.) with and without various concentrations of recombinant human EPO.
      After 3 days, effects on late-stage erythropoiesis were measured by determining
      the number of mature erythroid colony-forming cells (CFU-E) in the spleen and
      bone marrow. Simultaneous treatment with EPO abrogated the suppressive effect of
      TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. EPO treatment also prevented the decrease
      in peripheral blood-hematocrit that was observed with chronic (5 x 10(4)
      U/mouse/day for 5 days) administration of TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha-induced
      hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors and stimulation of macrophage (CFU-M) progenitors
      were unaffected by EPO treatment. These results demonstrate that simultaneous
      injection of EPO can abrogate the TNF-alpha-induced suppressive effects on
      erythropoiesis.

PMID- 2303103
TI  - 5-Fluorouracil spares hemopoietic stem cells responsible for long-term
      repopulation.
AB  - The long-term immunohemopoietic reconstituting ability of bone marrow, treated
      with a single administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), was measured to determine
      whether 5-FU caused any deleterious effect upon primitive stem cells (PSCs).
      Cells from 5-FU-treated marrow donors were mixed in four different proportions of
      total marrow contents with untreated competitor marrow containing genetically
      distinguishable hemoglobin (Hb) and glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI)
      transplantation markers. These cell mixtures were introduced into lethally
      irradiated hosts. The functional ability of the donor cell population was
      assessed by measuring the percentage of donor type Hb and GPI found in the host's
      circulating erythrocytes and lymphocytes, respectively. Bone marrow from mice
      treated with 5-FU 1, 5, and 8 days prior to transplantation produced circulating
      lymphoid and erythroid cells as well as equal fractions of untreated fresh marrow
      when surveyed approximately 90 days after transplantation. Normal reconstitutive
      ability was thus maintained despite a tenfold reduction in marrow cell numbers
      when donor mice had been treated with 5-FU 5 days prior to transplantation. Donor
      marrow treated with 5-FU 15 days prior to transplantation had slightly decreased
      repopulating ability in one of two experiments. A second round of repopulation
      was stimulated subsequent to the initial 90-day screening by giving hosts a
      sublethal (500 rad) dose of irradiation. After 3-4 months, Hb and GPI parameters
      were the same as preirradiation values. Thus, the radioresistance of 5-FU treated
      PSCs remains comparable to that of fresh marrow, and their relative repopulating
      ability was not comprised by the additional stress of sublethal irradiation.
      After both rounds of repopulation the myeloid and lymphoid pathways were
      repopulated equally well by PSCs surviving 5-FU treatment. Repopulation of both
      pathways to the same extent suggests a common precursor as the proliferative
      agent. These results indicate that the PSCs were unaffected after a single
      treatment with 5-FU, although they were concentrated tenfold.

PMID- 2303104
TI  - Sustained thrombocytopenia in mice: serial studies of megakaryocytes and
      platelets.
AB  - We studied thrombopoiesis in mice after the experimental induction of sustained,
      immune thrombocytopenia with platelet antiserum (PAS). Utilizing light and
      electron microscopy and a digital image analyzer to determine platelet sectional
      areas, we examined platelets and megakaryocytes (MK) after 120 h of sustained,
      severe thrombocytopenia (120CT) and during recovery from thrombocytopenia at 48 h
      (48R), 72 h (72R), and 120 h (120R) after cessation of administration of PAS.
      Mean platelet volume (MPV), determined by electrical impedance, also was measured
      at each time point. Platelets at 120CT (platelet count less than
      50,000/microliter), 48R (platelet count 100-200,000/microliter), and 72R
      (platelet count approximately 1 x 10(6)/microliter) were significantly larger in
      sectional area than control platelets and contained increased profiles of
      endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi cisternae, a lower concentration of surface
      connected canalicular system, and occasional membrane complexes. The largest
      median platelet sectional area was detected at 48R and was the largest median
      value observed in response to either chronic or acute thrombocytopenia. At 120R,
      most platelets were normal in size and cytoplasmic appearance, although some
      large cells remained present in the circulation. MPV paralleled the morphometric
      changes in platelet sectional area. MK were increased in number at 120CT, 48R,
      72R, and 120R. In addition, at least half of the MK examined at 48R contained
      small areas of cytoplasm, devoid of organelles, that were interspersed between
      larger areas of organelle-filled, undemarcated cytoplasm. The modal bone marrow
      megakaryocyte ploidy class, determined using two-color fluorescence-activated
      flow cytometry, shifted from 16N to 32N in response to sustained
      thrombocytopenia. In contrast, during recovery and development of rebound
      thrombocytosis, the relative frequency of 8N megakaryocytes was significantly
      increased. Because there was no consistent correlation between megakaryocyte
      cytoplasmic characteristics and platelet morphology, these data support the
      hypothesis that platelet formation is not determined by compartmentalization of
      MK cytoplasm into platelet areas as MK mature in the bone marrow, but involves a
      rearrangement of MK cytoplasm immediately prior to platelet release.

PMID- 2303105
TI  - Interleukin 3 opposes the action of negative regulatory protein (NRP) and of
      transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in their inhibition of DNA synthesis
      of the erythroid stem cell BFU-E.
AB  - DNA synthesis of the early erythropoietic progenitor cell (erythroid burst
      forming unit, BFU-E) is inhibited by a growth factor that we have called negative
      regulatory protein (NRP). This protein appears to act during the S-phase of the
      cell cycle and to be specific to the BFU-E. It is nontoxic and its action is
      readily reversible by washing the cells. Erythropoietic burst formation by BFU-E
      in culture is promoted by interleukin 3 (IL-3). In the present work, using the
      hydroxyurea suicide assay method, we investigated the effects on DNA synthesis of
      exposing BFU-E of mouse bone marrow in vitro to NRP, IL-3, and combinations of
      NRP and IL-3. We found that the action of NRP on BFU-E DNA synthesis was opposed
      by IL-3 within the 45 min that it took to carry out the cell suicide assay. We
      also studied transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and found that its action
      on DNA synthesis of BFU-E was identical to that of NRP in time scale,
      reversibility, and opposition by IL-3, although the two have different molecular
      properties. According to the competence-progression model, regulation of cell
      proliferation occurs at two sites: 1) the G0 to G1 transition, where competence
      factors (e.g., platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF] and interleukin 1 [IL-1])
      act, and 2) during G1-phase, where progression factors (e.g., interleukin 2 [IL
      2] and IL-3) act. Our data indicate that cell proliferation may also be regulated
      at a third site, during S-phase. Here, the decision as to whether or not DNA
      synthesis will proceed appears to depend on a balance between positive and
      negative regulatory signals.

PMID- 2303106
TI  - Selective photosensitization of human leukemic cells by a pyrene-containing fatty
      acid.
AB  - Irradiation with long-wave UV light (LUV) at 366 nm of cells that had been
      incubated with 12-(1-pyrene)dodecanoic acid (P12), a fatty acid derivative with a
      covalently linked pyrene nucleus, resulted in cytotoxicity. Using the in vitro
      established human cell lines HL-60 and U-937, we demonstrated that these leukemic
      cells are much more susceptible to the photosensitizing effect of P12 than normal
      bone marrow (BM); a 4-log reduction in the number of clonogenic leukemic cells
      was achieved under conditions where colony formation by normal hemopoietic
      progenitors was reduced by less than 40%. Moreover, the results of irradiating
      mixed populations of leukemic and normal cells indicated that phototoxicity of
      leukemic cells was not affected by the presence of a large excess of normal BM
      cells, nor was the survival of normal BM cells influenced by the presence of
      leukemic cells. These findings suggested that the procedure could be adapted for
      selective ex vivo elimination of malignant cells, i.e., purging of BM in
      remission prior to autologous transplantation.

PMID- 2303107
TI  - Histogenesis of hemopoietic bone marrow in adult mice.
AB  - Based on the concept that the hierarchy of regulatory genes may specify mammalian
      development, we attempted to evaluate how morphological and functional phenotypes
      of hemopoietic bone marrow develop in murine models. From studies of local
      irradiation, s.c. implantation of bone with or without marrow, and renal
      subcapsular implantation of marrow plugs or bone without marrow, we identified
      four sequential (necrotic, clearing, stromal proliferating, and hemopoiesis
      recovering) responses in the early phase of the reconstruction of hemopoietic
      marrow that spatially and temporally proceeded in this restricted order. In
      addition, characteristic hexagonal sinuses were found to participate in the
      development of hemopoietic marrow in the early phase. The development of
      hexagonally arranged sinuses seems to coincide with the formation of abundant
      osseous trabeculae and to precede the appearance of colony-forming units in
      culture (CFU-C) and spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S). These findings are
      discussed from the point of the hierarchy of regulation.

PMID- 2303108
TI  - Human megakaryocytes. VII. Analysis of megakaryocytes for nuclear DNA content
      distribution in whole marrow cell suspensions by flow cytometry.
AB  - These studies were designed to quantitate and determine the DNA content
      distribution of human marrow megakaryocytes using whole bone marrow. Cellular DNA
      content within megakaryocytic cells was established by measuring propidium iodide
      staining in marrow cells expressing platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (Gp IIb/IIIa).
      These studies were based on the development of a method for rapid analysis of
      whole marrow cell preparations by a dual fluorescent system. DNA values ranging
      from 2 to 64 C were observed in all samples tested, with 16 C corresponding to
      the modal ploidy class representing almost one-half of the cells containing Gp
      IIb/IIIa. The second most frequent ploidy class corresponded to 32 C, followed by
      8 C, with 20% and 15%, respectively. Virtually all high-ploidy megakaryocytes
      (greater than or equal to 8 C) were of low density (less than 1.050 g/cm3),
      whereas 2 and 4 C megakaryocytes were evenly distributed between less than or
      equal to 1.050 and greater than 1.050 g/cm3 marrow cells. These studies
      conclusively establish DNA content distribution of normal human marrow
      megakaryocytes and provide a basis for the study of states of altered
      megakaryocytopoiesis.

PMID- 2303109
TI  - Modulation of erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis by exogenous erythropoietin in
      human long-term marrow cultures.
AB  - In spite of their ability to support myelopoiesis for several months, human long
      term marrow cultures (LTMC) are unable to sustain the production of mature
      erythroid cells for greater than 4 weeks. Because this preference correlates with
      the presence of myeloid growth factors and possible absence of erythroid factors
      in LTMC, we studied the effects of the erythroid growth and differentiation
      factor erythropoietin (Epo) on both erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis in human
      LTMC. Either natural or recombinant Epo was added weekly to LTMC for 10 weeks,
      and total cell number, numbers of hemopoietic progenitors (mixed lineage colony
      forming units, CFU-MIX; erythroid burst-forming units, BFU-E; erythroid CFU, CFU
      E; granulocyte-macrophage CFU (CFU-GM); granulocyte CFU, CFU-G; and macrophage
      CFU, CFU-M), erythroblasts (early and late), granulocytes, and macrophages were
      quantitated separately in the adherent and nonadherent layers of the cultures. In
      the absence of Epo, mature erythroid cells disappeared within the first 3-4
      weeks, whereas in cultures supplemented with Epo, erythropoiesis was supported
      for up to 8 weeks. Results indicate that erythroid maturation is blocked at the
      BFU-E stage and that exogenous Epo may act on a mature subpopulation of BFU-E
      located in the nonadherent fraction of the cultures, promoting its maturation
      into CFU-E, which in turn develop into erythroblasts. However, despite Epo
      supplementation, erythropoiesis was not restored to in vivo proportions,
      suggesting that additional factors or conditions necessary for erythropoiesis are
      lacking in LTMC. Interestingly, we found that exogenous Epo reduced the numbers
      of presumably more mature (nonadherent) myeloid CFU (CFU-C), granulocytes, and
      macrophages compared to controls and did not alter the levels of any of the most
      primitive hemopoietic progenitors measured (CFU-MIX, adherent BFU-E, and adherent
      CFU-C). Thus the data show that exogenous Epo modulates hemopoiesis in human
      LTMC, enhancing erythropoiesis and suppressing myelopoiesis, but that its effects
      appear limited to modulating levels of the nonadherent (more mature) progenitors,
      leaving the numbers of the adherent (immature) progenitor cells unchanged.

PMID- 2303110
TI  - Increased efficiency of gene transfer with retroviral vectors in neonatal
      hematopoietic progenitor cells.
AB  - The retroviral vector N2, which is derived from the Moloney murine leukemia
      retrovirus, was used to transfer the bacterial NeoR gene (conferring resistance
      to the neomycin analogue G418) into hematopoietic progenitor cells from fetal,
      neonatal, and adult dogs and cats. Infection of canine and feline bone marrow
      cells with the N2 vector resulted in resistance of granulocyte-macrophage colony
      forming units (CFU-GM) to G418. Approximately 2%-4% of fetal liver, fetal bone
      marrow, and adult bone marrow day-7 CFU-GM were resistant to 1.75 mg/ml G418, a
      dose toxic to cells not expressing the NeoR gene, after infection with the N2
      retrovirus. In sharp contrast to the low rate of infectivity of both fetal and
      adult marrow samples, the mean +/- SD of G418-resistant CFU-GM was 11.7% +/-
      14.1% and 14.0% +/- 18.1% for neonatal dog and cat marrow samples, respectively.
      The neomycin phosphotransferase enzyme activity was detected in G418-resistant
      CFU-GM, confirming that G418-resistant CFU-GM expressed the NeoR gene. The
      increased efficiency of retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer into neonatal
      hematopoietic progenitor cells was not due to an increased fraction of actively
      dividing cells, as determined by tritiated thymidine suicide. Understanding the
      basis for increased gene transfer into neonatal hematopoietic progenitor cells
      may be helpful in designing effective retroviral vectors/gene transfer protocols
      for gene therapy.

PMID- 2303111
TI  - Interaction of late murine erythroid progenitors and stroma involves a
      recognition mechanism with fucosyl specificity.
AB  - We have previously reported that the specific recognition and binding of murine
      hemopoietic progenitors spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S) and granulocyte
      macrophage CFU (CFU-GM) to hemopoietic stroma is dependent upon a membrane
      recognition system with galactose and mannose specificities. By using synthetic
      neoglycoproteins with galactose, mannose, or fucose covalently bound to bovine
      serum albumin (BSA) in standard long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC),
      galactosyl-BSA (gal-BSA) and mannosyl-BSA (man-BSA) but not fucosyl-BSA (fuc-BSA)
      inhibited the binding of CFU-S and CFU-GM to the stromal layer. In the present
      work it was shown that binding of erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) to stroma
      in standard LTBMC is also inhibited by gal-BSA and man-BSA. We then studied a
      different system of LTBMC that favored erythropoiesis and allowed the production
      of erythroid CFU (CFU-E) for 4 weeks. In the presence of the fuc-BSA as well as
      gal-BSA and man-BSA, total cell production and CFU-E production were halted in
      the supernate as well as the adherent layer. These results indicate the presence
      of a fucosyl recognition system on the surface of the late erythroid precursors,
      CFU-E.

PMID- 2303112
TI  - Megakaryocytopoiesis in experimentally induced chronic normobaric hypoxia.
AB  - It was recently proposed that prolonged hypoxia produces hypomegakaryocytic
      thrombocytopenia by reducing the pool of committed megakaryocyte progenitor cells
      at the expense of a greatly expanded erythroid progenitor pool. In order to test
      this hypothesis we have studied the relationship between megakaryocytopoiesis,
      erythropoiesis, and granulopoiesis at the level of progenitor cells
      (megakaryocyte colony-forming unit, CFU-Mk; erythroid CFU, CFU-E; erythroid burst
      forming units; BFU-E; and granulocyte-macrophage CFU, CFU-GM) in the marrow of
      rats exposed for 4 weeks to normobaric hypoxia. We have found that
      hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia was accompanied by decreased CFU-Mk,
      increased CFU-E, and a normal number of BFU-E and CFU-GM. These results support
      the hypothesis that prolonged hypoxia reduces the precursor cell commitment to
      differentiate into the megakaryocyte series by enhancing demand for
      differentiation into the erythroid cell line. However, the underlying mechanism
      needs further investigation.

PMID- 2303113
TI  - Bovine erythroid (CFU-E, BFU-E) and granulocyte-macrophage colony formation in
      culture.
AB  - Progenitor cells of bovine erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and granulocyte
      macrophages were cultured in agar or methylcellulose media. Colony formation was
      supported by cell-free conditioned medium from short-term cultures of
      concanavalin A-stimulated bovine peripheral blood leukocytes. Granulocyte
      macrophage progenitors proliferated well in both types of semisolid culture
      media, giving rise to neutrophils (from granulocyte colony-forming units, CFU-G),
      eosinophils (from eosinophil CFU, CFU-Eo), monocyte-macrophages (from macrophage
      CFU, CFU-M), and mixed granulocyte-macrophages (from granulocyte-macrophage CFU,
      CFU-GM). Better growth of megakaryocytes, as well as late (erythroid CFU, CFU-E)
      and early (erythroid burst-forming units, BFU-E) erythroid progenitors was
      obtained with methylcellulose. Despite considerable variation in the numbers and
      types of colonies formed from different aspirates of bovine marrow, the numbers
      observed were generally comparable to those obtained from human and mouse bone
      marrow cells. The proliferation of bovine BFU-E and eosinophil progenitors herein
      described is the first successful report of the culture of these cell types.

PMID- 2303114
TI  - Erythropoiesis in murine long-term marrow cultures following transfer of the
      erythropoietin cDNA into marrow stromal cells.
AB  - Long-term bone marrow cultures (LTMC) have provided a useful in vitro system to
      study stem cell self-renewal and myeloid differentiation. However, standard
      murine LTMC are devoid of erythroid differentiation within 2 weeks of
      establishment. In an attempt to develop a model system to study erythropoiesis in
      vitro, we have used a recombinant retrovirus vector to transfer the
      erythropoietin cDNA into stromal cells making up the hematopoietic
      microenvironment of murine LTMC. Three weeks after infection, erythroid
      differentiation was evident macroscopically, with clumps of hemoglobinized red
      blood cells present in the infected cultures. Hemoglobinization was confirmed by
      benzidine staining of nonadherent cells, which showed that up to 70% of nucleated
      cells were benzidine positive. In combination with LTMC, the use of recombinant
      retrovirus vectors to transfer growth factor genes may provide useful models to
      study the interactions of hematopoietic stem cells, hematopoietic
      microenvironment, and growth factors in vitro.

PMID- 2303115
TI  - Regulation of platelet heterogeneity: effects of thrombocytopenia on platelet
      volume and density.
AB  - We have examined the effects of variable degrees of acute thrombocytopenia on
      platelet levels, mean platelet volume (MPV), and buoyant density after induction
      of thrombocytopenia by platelet antiserum (PAS) in mice with or without spleens.
      Mice were studied serially 10-16, 36, 48, 60-64, 84, 108, 144, 180, 228, 276, 348
      360, 372, and 516 h after PAS treatment. MPV and platelet count (PC) x
      10(6)/microliters for normal intact mice (n = 136) were 4.7 +/- 0.3 fl (SD) and
      1.69 +/- 0.52 (SD), respectively. Twelve hours after PAS-induced severe
      thrombocytopenia (PC less than 0.05 x 10(6)/microliters), MPV increased
      significantly (p less than 0.01) to 6.4 fl, was maximal at 36 h (8.2 fl),
      remained elevated until 144 h following PAS treatment, and then returned to
      normal. Platelet density decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) 64 h after
      PAS treatment and returned to normal at 144 h. Hematocrits of repeatedly bled
      intact control mice decreased from 45% to 30%, accompanied by thrombocytosis
      (maximal PC 2.24 x 10(6)/microliters) without significant changes in either MPV
      or platelet density. Moderate thrombocytopenia (PC 0.1-0.2 x 10(6)/microliters)
      in intact mice produced significantly (p less than 0.05) increased MPV, at 5.7 fl
      12 h after PAS treatment, with a peak MPV of 7.6 fl (p less than 0.001) at 36 h;
      MPV returned to normal at 84 h. Platelet density decreased (p less than 0.001) 12
      h after PAS treatment and returned to baseline at 228 h. Control splenectomized
      mice (n = 185) had an MPV of 5.0 fl +/- 0.7 fl and a PC of 2.14 +/- 0.6 x
      10(6)/microliters. Comparably severe and moderate thrombocytopenia in
      splenectomized mice produced alterations in platelet count, MPV, and density
      similar to those in intact mice, although maximal MPV and the degree of rebound
      thrombocytosis after severe thrombocytopenia were more marked in splenectomized
      mice. In response to reduction of the platelet mass in both intact and
      splenectomized mice, MPV increased in proportion to the severity of
      thrombocytopenia, occurred as early as 4 h after induction, and persisted during
      early rebound thrombocytosis. Previous observations that megakaryocyte ploidy did
      not shift until 48 h after onset of thrombocytopenia confirm that both initial
      and maximal changes in MPV in response to this stimulus are regulated by
      processes other than alterations of megakaryocyte DNA levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2303116
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta 1 and T-lymphocytes modulate the growth of human
      peripheral blood progenitor cells.
AB  - This study examined the effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1)
      and autologous T-lymphocytes on the growth of day-14 granulocyte-monocyte
      progenitor cells (CFU-GM). Mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood were
      depleted of accessory cells, yielding "B/null" or "null" cell populations
      enriched 17-fold and 94-fold, respectively, for CFU-GM. Addition of TGF-beta 1 to
      B/null or null cells caused a dose-dependent decline in CFU-GM cloning
      efficiency. The addition of unstimulated autologous T cells to B/null or null
      cells enhanced CFU-GM growth both in the absence and presence of TGF-beta 1. T
      cells enhanced growth of all CFU-GM colony types to equal extents, whereas TGF
      beta 1 inhibition preferentially reduced the proportion of macrophage colonies.
      TGF-beta 1 concentrations that blocked T-cell proliferation did not interfere
      with the capacity of T cells to enhance CFU-GM growth. The data suggest that
      noncycling T cells can reduce the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta 1, most likely
      through production of one or more stimulatory cytokines.

PMID- 2303117
TI  - Purging of T-lymphocytes with magnetic affinity colloid.
AB  - There is a well-documented correlation between the number of T-lymphocytes in the
      bone marrow graft and subsequent development of acute graft-versus-host disease
      after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The incidence of acute graft-versus
      host disease may be decreased with elimination of mature T-lymphocytes from the
      bone marrow graft. We have developed an immunomagnetic separation procedure using
      an avidin-based magnetic affinity cobalt colloid. Bone marrow cells were
      incubated with a combination of CD2, CD3, CD4, and CD8 monoclonal antibodies. The
      cells were washed and then incubated with the biotinylated, affinity-purified IgG
      fraction of goat anti-mouse immunoglobulins followed by an avidin-based magnetic
      affinity colloid. The cells were then run through a high-magnetic gradient
      separation column utilizing an external samarium cobalt magnet. The number of
      residual T-lymphocytes was assessed by limiting dilution analysis of clonogenic T
      lymphocytes. This procedure produces an approximately 1.7-log reduction of
      antibody-reactive cells with 45% recovery of hematopoietic progenitors
      (granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells, GM-CFC). This causes a reduction of
      T-lymphocytes in the bone marrow graft to approximately 5 x 10(5) cells/kg body
      weight.

PMID- 2303118
TI  - Use of bone marrow somatic cell hybrid lines to generate monoclonal antibodies
      specifically reactive with rare marrow cells.
AB  - The technique of somatic cell hybridization has been applied to obtain new
      sources of immunogen for monoclonal antibody production. A marrow population
      enriched for rare and undifferentiated cells was hybridized with A9 cells. Mature
      cells were depleted by using mice at 8 days following 5-fluorouracil treatment
      and by using a sorting procedure. Selection of hybrids was in medium containing
      hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT). Chromosome analysis was used to
      verify that clones contained hybrid cells. An example of an antibody (H513E3)
      obtained by immunizing with a hybrid cell line (H5Scl1.4.4) is presented. The
      H513E3 antibody showed low reactivity with normal marrow (0%-3%), and hemopoietic
      cell lines of various types exhibited no cross-reaction. However, about 10% of
      cells from the adherent stromal layer of long-term marrow cultures reacted with
      the H513E3 antibody. A specific cell type was labeled that appeared to have
      endothelial-like morphology when observed with immunogold labeling and electron
      microscopy. The hybridization technique allows a cell of a particular
      differentiation lineage to be conserved, wholly or partially, in a cloned form,
      thus overcoming the heterogeneity of a normal marrow population.

PMID- 2303119
TI  - Radioprotection of hemopoiesis conferred by aqueous extract from chlorococcal
      algae (Ivastimul) administered to mice before irradiation.
AB  - In experiments on mice, single i.p. injections of aqueous extract from
      chlorococcal freshwater algae (Ivastimul) were found to increase their
      radioresistance. During the same period the number of spleen colony-forming units
      (CFUs) in the bone marrow and spleen and their proliferation activity increased.
      The amount of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC) in the bone
      marrow grows and the colony-stimulating activity (CSA) of the blood serum of mice
      is elevated at an early period after injection of the substance. The recovery of
      the CFUs and GM-CFC pools in femoral bone marrow after irradiation proceeds at a
      faster rate in Ivastimul-treated animals than in control groups. The activation
      of the pool of hemopoietic stem cells and stimulatory effects of Ivastimul on
      granulocytopoiesis act favorably on the repair of radiation damage and on
      increased percentage of animals surviving lethal doses of gamma radiation.

PMID- 2303120
TI  - Regulation of mast cell differentiation studied using the diffusion chamber
      technique.
AB  - A homogeneous population of mast cells was obtained by culturing bone marrow
      cells of WBB6F1(-)+/+ mice. The proliferation of the cultured mast cells in
      diffusion chambers was investigated to examine whether the diffusion chamber
      technique was applicable for study of the regulation of mast cell proliferation.
      WBB6F1-W/Wv mice are genetically deficient in mast cells. When cultured mast
      cells of WBB6F1(-)+/+ mouse origin were directly injected into the peritoneal
      cavity of WBB6F1-W/Wv mice, the mast cells survived. In contrast, WBB6F1(-)+/+
      mouse-derived cultured mast cells did not survive in diffusion chambers implanted
      in the peritoneal cavity of either WBB6F1-W/Wv or WBB6F1(-)+/+ mice. Because the
      coinoculation of NIH/3T3 cells supported the proliferation of mast cells in
      diffusion chambers, a certain type of cells in the peritoneal cavity appeared to
      have the same mast cell-supporting activity as NIH/3T3 cells. The magnitude of
      either interleukin 3-dependent or NIH/3T3 cell-dependent proliferation of mast
      cells in diffusion chambers was not significantly influenced by the genotype of
      chambers recipients (i.e., WBB6F1(-)+/+ or WBB6F1-W/Wv mice), suggesting that the
      previously reported inhibitory effect of mast cells on differentiation of mast
      cells may be mediated by direct contact between mast cells.

PMID- 2303121
TI  - Research on recovery from CNS injury.

PMID- 2303122
TI  - Development of the lateral and medial limbic cortices in the rat in relation to
      cortical phylogeny.
AB  - [3H]Thymidine autoradiography was used to investigate neurogenesis of the lateral
      limbic cortex and morphogenesis of the medial and lateral limbic cortices in
      adult and embryonic rat brains. Ontogenetic patterns in the limbic cortex are
      unique because some neurogenetic gradients are linked to those in neocortex,
      others are linked to those in paleocortex. These findings are related to
      hypotheses of cortical phylogeny. The experimental animals used for neurogenesis
      were the offspring of pregnant females injected with [3H]thymidine on 2
      consecutive days: Embryonic Day (E) 13-E14, E14-E15, ...E21-E22, respectively. On
      Postnatal Day (P)60, the proportion of neurons originating during 24-h periods
      were quantified at nine anteroposterior levels and one sagittal level. Similar to
      neocortex, deep cells are generated earlier than superficial cells throughout the
      lateral limbic cortex: layer VI mainly on E14-15, layer V on E15-E16, and layers
      IV-II on E16-E18. There is a ventral/older to dorsal/younger neurogenetic
      gradient between the ventral agranular insular, dorsal agranular insular, and
      gustatory cortical areas and between ventral and dorsal orbital areas beneath the
      frontal pole. Similar to paleocortex below the rhinal sulcus, limbic cortex in
      the rhinal sulcus has a "sandwich" gradient: the older posterior agranular
      insular area is sandwiched by anterior and posterior younger areas (ventral
      agranular insular and perirhinal). To study morphogenesis, pregnant females were
      given single injections of [3H]thymidine during gestation and embryos were
      removed in successive 24-h intervals (sequential-survival). Neurogenesis finishes
      first in ventral limbic areas, later in dorsal limbic areas, and latest in
      neocortical areas. The cortical plate in the region of the medial and lateral
      limbic cortices does not have a separate subplate layer as is found in the region
      of the neocortex. Instead, layer VI in the limbic cortices has unusually older
      cells that are generated simultaneously with subplate cells.

PMID- 2303123
TI  - Neurogenetic patterns in the medial limbic cortex of the rat related to
      anatomical connections with the thalamus and striatum.
AB  - [3H]Thymidine autoradiography was used to investigate neurogenesis in all areas
      of the limbic cortex in the medial wall of the hemisphere. The experimental
      animals were the offspring of pregnant females injected with [3H]thymidine on 2
      consecutive days: Embryonic Day (E)13-E14, E14-E15, ...E21-E22, respectively. On
      Postnatal Day (P)60, the proportion of neurons originating during 24-h periods
      were quantified at nine anteroposterior levels. Three types of neurogenetic
      gradients are found. (i) Deep cells are older than superficial cells: layer VI is
      generated mainly on E15-E16, layer V on E16-E18, and layers IV-II on E18-E20.
      (ii) There is a ventral/older to dorsal/younger gradient between the dorsal
      peduncular, infralimbic, and anterior cingulate areas rostral to the genu of the
      corpus callosum. A ventral/older to dorsal/younger gradient is also found between
      superficial cells (layers II-IV) in anterior cingulate (CG3/CG1), posterior
      cingulate (CG2/CG1), and retrosplenial areas (RSG/RSA). (iii) An anterior/older
      to posterior/younger gradient is found between areas throughout the medial limbic
      cortex. Some of these neurogenetic patterns correlate with anatomical
      interconnections between the supracallosal medial limbic cortex (posterior
      cingulate and retrosplenial areas) and the anteroventral/anteromedial thalamic
      nuclei: older thalamic cells have longer axons that terminate in cortical areas
      containing younger cells, while younger thalamic cells have shorter axons that
      terminate in cortical areas containing older cells. Projections from the medial
      limbic cortex to the striatum also correlate with neurogenetic gradients: older
      cortical source cells in the infralimbic area project to the older striatal cells
      in the enkephalin-rich patches, while younger cortical source cells in the
      cingulate areas project to younger striatal cells in the surrounding matrix.

PMID- 2303124
TI  - Measurement of immunoreactive angiotensin II levels in microdissected brain
      nuclei from developing spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats.
AB  - Levels of immunoreactive angiotensin II (ANG II) were measured in specific
      microdissected nuclei from the brains of newborn (NB; less than 1 week of age), 4
      , 8-, and 12-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their age-matched
      normotensive controls, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, using a sensitive
      radioimmunoassay. The structures investigated included the paraventricular
      nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the
      dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN of X), the locus coeruleus (LC), and the
      A1 region of the medulla. A section of cerebellar cortex was used as a control.
      Although ANG II was detected in each of the nuclei examined, there were no
      differences in the ANG II contents of any of these structures between young (NB
      and 4 week old) SH and WKY rats. However, by 8 weeks of age, the SHR had
      significantly higher ANG II levels in the PVH, NTS, and DMN of X than its
      normotensive control, and at 12 weeks of age, significantly higher ANG II levels
      were observed in the PVH, NTS, DMN of X, and LC of the SHR compared to those in
      the WKY. During the developmental period under investigation, both strains
      revealed increases in the ANG II content of all nuclei except for the LC, where
      the ANG II levels decreased with age. No detectable ANG II was found in the
      cerebellar cortex of either strain at any age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303126
TI  - Corrugation of cerebral vessels following subarachnoid hemorrhage: comparison of
      two experimental models of chronic cerebral vasospasm.

PMID- 2303125
TI  - Chronic hypoxia causes morphological alterations in astroglia in the phrenic
      nucleus of young adult rats.
AB  - The present study was carried out to determine if chronic hypoxia in noninjured
      rats causes morphological alterations in the phrenic nucleus similar to those
      caused by spinal cord hemisection rostral to the nucleus. Normal rats were
      subjected to chronic hypoxia in an atmosphere chamber for 48 h. A Bioquant system
      was used to quantitatively analyze electron micrographs through the phrenic
      nuclei of chronically hypoxic and normal rats. The results indicated that chronic
      hypoxia caused astroglial processes to retract from between adjacent dendrites,
      leading to a significant increase in phrenic dendrodendritic membrane apposition.
      Unlike spinal cord injury, however, chronic hypoxia did not induce synaptogenesis
      in the phrenic nucleus. Specifically, the mean length of phrenic dendrodendritic
      appositions increased significantly from a normal value of 1.42 +/- 0.09 to 1.82
      +/- 0.11 microns in hypoxic animals. Moreover, the mean number of dendrodendritic
      appositions in the normal phrenic nucleus (16.75 +/- 1.11) increased markedly
      (24.00 +/- 3.54) in the phrenic nucleus of hypoxic rats. There was no significant
      difference between the mean number of double (17.75 +/- 1.03) or multiple (20.00
      +/- 1.47) synapses in normal rats as compared to the mean number of double (18.50
      +/- 3.10) or multiple (20.25 +/- 2.84) synapses in the phrenic nucleus of hypoxic
      animals. From the present results, it is concluded that the rapid synaptogenesis
      in the phrenic nucleus following spinal cord hemisection is induced by the
      generalized effects of spinal cord injury and astroglial process retraction does
      not necessarily lead to synapse formation. The physiological significance of the
      astroglial movement, however, needs elucidation by additional experiments.

PMID- 2303127
TI  - Neurogenic period of ascending tract neurons in the upper lumbar spinal cord of
      the rat.
AB  - Although the neurogenic period for neurons in the lumbar spinal cord has been
      clearly established (Days 12 through 16 of gestation), it is not known when the
      neurogenesis of ascending tract neurons is completed within this period. The
      purpose of the present study was to determine the duration of the neurogenic
      period for projection neurons of the ascending tracts. To label neurons
      undergoing mitosis during this period, tritiated thymidine was administered to
      fetal rats on Embryonic (E) Days E13 through E16 of gestation. Ascending tract
      neurons of the lumbar cord were later (Postnatal Days 40-50) labeled in each
      animal with a retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold, applied at the site of a
      hemisection at spinal cord segment C3. Ascending tract neurons which were
      undergoing mitosis in the upper lumbar cord were double labeled, i.e., labeled
      with both tritiated thymidine and Fluoro-Gold. On Day E13, 89-92% of the
      ascending tract neurons were double labeled; on Day E14, 35-37%; and on Day E15,
      1-4%. Results showed, then, that some ascending tract neurons were double labeled
      through Day E15 and were, therefore, proliferating in the final one-third of the
      neurogenic period. Ascending tract neurons proliferating on Day E15 were confined
      to laminae III, IV, V, and X and the nucleus dorsalis. Long tract neurons in the
      superficial dorsal horn (laminae I and II), on the other hand, were found to have
      completed neurogenesis on Day E14 of gestation. Results of the present study show
      that spinal neurogenesis of ascending projection neurons continues throughout
      most of the neurogenic period and does not completely follow the well-established
      ventral to dorsal gradient.

PMID- 2303128
TI  - Albumin content in brain and CSF after intracarotid infusion of protamine
      sulfate: a longitudinal study.
AB  - The endogenous serum albumin content was determined by immunoelectrophoresis in
      brain and cisternal CSF 1, 24, and 72 h after a transient opening of the blood
      brain barrier. Protamine sulfate, 5 mg in 100 microliters 0.9% NaCl, was infused
      during 30 s into the internal carotid artery via a catheter in the external
      carotid artery in conscious rats. The albumin content in CSF was 0.08 +/- 0.03
      g/liter before protamine infusion and 0.09 +/- 0.02 g/liter in rats infused with
      saline only. The levels were significantly increased one and 24 h after protamine
      infusion (0.37 +/- 0.19 and 0.23 +/- 0.09 g/liter, P less than 0.001) but not at
      72 h (0.14 +/- 0.05 g/liter). The albumin content in the right (injected)
      hemisphere decreased with time but was significantly higher than that in the left
      hemisphere at all times (P less than 0.001 1 and 24 h after protamine; P less
      than 0.01 at 72 h). There was no correlation between the albumin contents in
      brain and CSF. Pretreatment with dixyrazine, a phenothiazine derivate,
      significantly reduced the protamine-induced leakage of endogenous serum albumin
      into brain and CSF.

PMID- 2303129
TI  - A new dopaminergic terminal plexus in the ventral horn of the rat spinal cord.
      Immunohistochemical studies at the light and electron microscopic levels.
AB  - It has been thought that the ventral motor column in the rat spinal cord is
      virtually free of dopaminergic fibers. However, a new dopaminergic terminal
      plexus was visualized at all spinal levels in the ventral horn using electron as
      well as light microscopic immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 2303130
TI  - The effect of moderate hemodilution with fluosol-DA or normal saline on
      acetaminophen disposition in the rat.
AB  - Hemodilution with 40 ml/kg of Fluosol or saline reduced the acetaminophen Vd and
      the acetaminophen sulfate ClM at 48 or 72 h, respectively. Fluosol hemodilution
      increased the acetaminophen renal excretion at 24 and 72 h. But at 48 h, Fluosol
      hemodilution either inhibited the renal secretion of acetaminophen or enhanced
      its reabsorption.

PMID- 2303131
TI  - N-cadherin detected in the membrane fraction of lens fiber cells.
AB  - N-cadherin was identified as a glycoprotein present in the fiber cell membranes
      of frog, chick, bovine, rabbit and human lenses. The molecular size of N-cadherin
      varies with the species. Homogenization of the chick lens in the presence of Ca2+
      resulted in a decrease in the concentration of N-cadherin. This suggests that the
      lens contains a Ca2(+)-activated protease which can act on N-cadherin.

PMID- 2303132
TI  - Pregnancy wantedness and the early initiation of prenatal care.
AB  - The study examines the impact of the wantedness of a pregnancy on the demand for
      early prenatal care. Using a cohort of pregnant women in New York City, we
      estimate a prenatal care demand function in which we control for the probability
      of giving birth, given a woman is pregnant. We interpret this control as a
      measure of wantedness. The results indicate that if the black and Hispanic women
      who aborted had instead given birth, they would have delayed the initiation of
      prenatal care, on average, more than three-quarters of a month longer than the
      mean number of months of delay that were actually observed for the women who gave
      birth. By allowing women to terminate an unwanted pregnancy, induced abortion
      increases the average use of prenatal care among black and Hispanic women
      relative to what would have been observed if the women who aborted had instead
      given birth.

PMID- 2303133
TI  - The hidden component in census-derived migration data: assessing its size and
      distribution.
AB  - Comparison of Norwegian "linked" decennial census data with statistics compiled
      from 10 years' migration registrations showed that the amount of movement omitted
      by census data was considerable. This hidden movement was of a similar order at
      every administrative level, but only when total movement was considered. There
      was wide variation between regions, migration directions, and streams. In some
      cases census data misrepresented the direction of net movement. Available
      evidence suggests that these patterns are not confined to Norway, raising the
      possibility that research findings based on census-derived migration data may
      merely be artifacts of the data.

PMID- 2303134
TI  - Immigration, below-replacement fertility, and long-term national population
      trends.
AB  - The long-term demographic effects of immigration on a population experiencing
      below-replacement fertility are studied by assuming that the size and age
      composition of the immigrant population do not change over time. The size of the
      first-generation immigrant population becomes stationary within a time period not
      greater than the human life span. Thereafter, the number dying equals the number
      entering over any given time interval. The stationarity of the native population,
      among which deaths exceed births, is maintained by the compensating number of
      births to the immigrant population. The limiting age distribution of the
      country's population, although stationary, may not decline monotonically with age
      and may look like a camel's back, with one or two humps.

PMID- 2303135
TI  - Simplified birth rate estimates under nonstable conditions.
AB  - Coale's robust birth rate estimate, obtained by adjusting the birth rate of a
      stable population selected by matching the observed population of both sexes
      under the age of 15, C(15), and the probability of survival of births to age 5,
      l5, is shown to be equal to the birth rate obtainable by reverse surviving the
      proportion under the age of 15. Variations of matching the criterion of Coale's
      method to the rate of increase and C(15) or l5 are shown to lead to variants of
      Coale's birth rate estimate that are also nearly equal to the reverse survival
      birth rate based on C(15). A simplified birth rate estimate that does not require
      reference to models of life tables or stable populations is suggested and some of
      its applications are illustrated.

PMID- 2303136
TI  - Estimating transition probabilities of age misstatement.
AB  - This article outlines a method of estimating probabilities of gross transfers
      from one age to another due to misreporting of age. An essential ingredient in
      the computation is the information on the true age structure of the population,
      which may be estimated by using generalized stable population relationships. The
      method consists essentially of iteratively adjusting rows and columns of an
      initial guess matrix so that the application of the resultant transition matrix
      to the true age distribution produces the recorded age distribution. The initial
      guess matrix can be either empirically based or theoretically derived. The method
      is illustrated by using data on India, 1971-1981. The application reveals that in
      India, although the tendency to exaggerate age is strong at adult ages, the bias
      does not increase appreciably at older ages, as is commonly believed.

PMID- 2303137
TI  - Age estimation from the number of teeth erupted in young children: an aid to
      demographic surveys.
AB  - The reporting of children's ages by parents is surprisingly inaccurate in many
      innumerate societies, but accurate knowledge of age is important for estimating
      recent changes in demographic rates. The timing of the eruption of children's
      teeth is largely independent of environmental influences and can provide a
      relatively accurate and unbiased estimate of a child's age. We have collected
      published data from 42 studies of children's dentition and have transformed them
      into estimates of age for children with particular numbers of teeth. We present
      estimates for different populations, but the lack of significant differences
      between these estimates justifies the use of a standard set.

PMID- 2303138
TI  - Alternative estimates of fertility control by using parity distributions: a
      comment on David et al.

PMID- 2303139
TI  - The growth of families headed by women: 1950-1980.
AB  - In recent decades, the number of families headed by women has increased
      dramatically. In this article, we use U.S. census data from 1950 to 1980 to
      consider the extent to which population growth, fertility change, decreased
      marriage, increased divorce, and increased household headship have contributed to
      the growth of female-headed families. For white women, the major source of growth
      during the 1960s and 1970s was an increase in the number of formerly married
      mothers due to increased divorce and decreased remarriage. There is a similar
      pattern for black women for the 1960-1970 period. During the 1970-1980 decade,
      however, the major source of growth for black women was an increase in the number
      of never-married mothers due to decreased marriage and increased fertility among
      nonmarried women.

PMID- 2303141
TI  - Marital stability throughout the child-rearing years.
AB  - Although there is evidence that the number and ages of children influence marital
      stability, studies have not systematically tracked the risk of marital disruption
      throughout the child-rearing years. This study uses marital and fertility
      histories from the June 1985 Current Population Survey to examine this issue.
      Continuous-time regression models with ages and numbers of children as time
      varying covariates are estimated. Net of controls for age at marriage, year of
      marriage, education, and marital duration, stability increases with family size
      up to the third child but starts to decline as family size reaches five or more
      children. Aging of children is disruptive until the youngest child reaches
      adulthood, after which marriages become much more stable. Arrival and aging of
      children is an important dynamic with strong implications for marital stability.

PMID- 2303140
TI  - Occupational careers and mortality of elderly men.
AB  - This article presents findings from an analysis of occupational differentials in
      mortality among a cohort of males aged 55 years and older in the United States
      for the period 1966-1983. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Men,
      we construct event histories for 3,080 respondents who reach the exact age of 55.
      The dynamics that characterize socioeconomic differentials in mortality are
      analyzed by evaluating the differential effects of occupation over the career
      cycle. Maximum likelihood estimates of hazard-model parameters show that the
      mortality of current or last occupation differs substantially from that of
      longest occupation, controlling for education, income, health status, and other
      sociodemographic factors. In particular, the rate of mortality is reduced by the
      substantive complexity of the longest occupation while social skills and physical
      and environmental demands of the latest occupation lower mortality.

PMID- 2303142
TI  - Mobility and adjustments: paths to the resolution of residential stress.
AB  - In theory, residential mobility is a response to environmental stress only if
      households do not reduce dissatisfaction through other alternatives, such as
      housing improvements or repairs. Despite the attention given to stress-reducing
      alternatives, however, no attempt has been made to test empirically the
      residential satisfaction model with adjustments. Using data from the Annual
      Housing Survey: 1978-1981, I model three stages in the mobility process and
      investigate potential sources of specification error in previous tests. Blocks of
      family cycle, background/action state, and location/housing variables are shown
      to affect adjusting significantly. Residential satisfaction strongly affects
      mobility preferences; and all theoretically relevant blocks of explanatory
      variables predict mobility. Alternatives to mobility should be included in the
      residential satisfaction model.

PMID- 2303143
TI  - Determinants of short- and long-term mobility expectations for home owners and
      renters.
AB  - Confusion about the role of residential satisfaction vis-a-vis structural factors
      in the mobility process stems from the failure to examine the determinants of
      mobility over varying time frames and housing tenures. Using survey data for a
      random sample of 580 Phoenix-area households, we test models of short-term (1
      year) and long-term (5 years) mobility expectations for home owners and renters.
      The results show that residential satisfaction mediates the effects of structural
      variables on mobility expectations in the short term for home owners. In the long
      term model for home owners and the short-term model for renters, the role of
      satisfaction as an intervening force declines in relative importance. Among
      renters, structural variables operate directly on long-term mobility
      expectations.

PMID- 2303144
TI  - Effects of agricultural development policies on migration in peninsular Malaysia.
AB  - State planning plays a central role in Malaysia's social and economic
      development. The government's rural development policies are designed to promote
      agricultural incomes and help counterbalance ethnic inequalities. The Federal
      Land Development Authority (FELDA) implements one of the internationally most
      successful land development and resettlement programs. In this article, we
      quantify the impact of FELDA settlements on local out-migration rates, linking
      macro and micro approaches and using data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey,
      national censuses, and other sources. A model of instantaneous migration rates
      specifies an individual's migration rate as a function of individual-level
      sociodemographic characteristics, the level of urbanization of the origin and
      destination, and the extent of rural development at the district of current
      residence. Our results show that in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the existence
      of rural development centers in a district reduced the levels of out-migration to
      pre-1965 levels.

PMID- 2303145
TI  - Inhibition of ovulation with oral progestins--effectiveness in premenstrual
      syndrome.
AB  - Forty-eight women with premenstrual problems were recruited for therapy with
      either medroxyprogesterone (MPA) or norethisterone (NET), both compared with
      placebo, in a double-blind cross-over study. Thirty-five (73%) completed the
      study. At an oral dose of 15 mg daily for 21 days each cycle, both MPA and NET
      suppressed ovulation, although reduction of urinary total oestrogen excretion was
      significantly greater with NET. Breakthrough bleeding occurred in 74% of the
      cycles treated with MPA but only in 22% of those with NET. Symptoms were
      monitored daily by visual analogue scales. Both progestins significantly reduced
      breast discomfort, compared with placebo. While MPA significantly improved
      individual psychological symptom scores by the second active treatment cycle and
      pooled psychological symptom scores in both active cycles, NET was no more
      effective than the placebo. Similar numbers from both groups withdrew because of
      adverse effects. Among the women treated with MPA, the response to active and
      placebo therapy was related to the pretreatment psychological symptom profile.
      The results suggest that the beneficial effect of therapy with MPA in women with
      premenstrual problems was a consequence of disruption of menstrual cyclicity
      rather than a result of ovulation suppression.

PMID- 2303146
TI  - Salivary estradiol and progesterone during the normal ovulatory menstrual cycle
      in Chinese women.
AB  - Salivary and serum levels of estradiol and progesterone were measured by
      radioimmunoassay in 10 Chinese women during their normal menstrual cycles.
      Changes in salivary estradiol and progesterone levels followed a similar pattern
      to that in the serum. Significant correlation was found between salivary and
      serum levels of estradiol and progesterone (p less than 0.001). Measurements of
      these salivary steroids may be used to assess follicular dynamics. Moreover,
      salivary sampling is simple, convenient and stress free.

PMID- 2303147
TI  - Beta-thalassemia problems in the Turkish population in the F.R.G.
AB  - A sample of 165 normal Turkish probands (79 males, 86 females) living in the
      F.R.G. was screened for the presence of heterozygous beta-thalassemia as well as
      their knowledge and perception of thalassemias in general. Hematologic studies
      revealed two persons to be heterozygous for beta-thalassemia who had not known
      this before. This incidence of 1.2% in our sample of Turkish probands living in
      the F.R.G. is in accordance with the average range of 0.2-6% given by the World
      Health Organization for Turkey. The probands' places of origin in Turkey
      correlate well with the pattern of migration within the country, with most people
      coming from central Anatolia which is an area with a relatively low incidence of
      beta-thalassemia. Interviews conducted by a Turkish doctor revealed that the
      knowledge about thalassemias and the function of blood in general was extremely
      limited in our study population. On the other hand, 50% of the respondents would
      refrain from marriage or choose a different partner if both partners knew that
      they were heterozygous for thalassemia. 19% would still marry in this situation
      but refrain from having children. When asked about their most likely decision in
      the case of an early diagnosis of homozygous thalassemia, 78% said they would
      have a termination and only 15% would definitely go on with the pregnancy. About
      65% felt that consanguineous marriage is a predisposing factor for diseases in
      the offspring. From our study it can be concluded that a large-scale screening
      program in the high-risk population which exists in most Mediterranean countries
      would be difficult regarding the more than one million people from Turkey living
      in the F.R.G. and would have to take into account the cultural and educational
      conditions of the Turkish minority. In general, if no Turkish-speaking specialist
      is available to explain the diagnostic possibilities, probably pre-pregnancy or
      early pregnancy testing would be the most appropriate way of reaching the couples
      at risk in the German medical system.

PMID- 2303148
TI  - CO2-laser therapy in patients with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia.
AB  - It is generally accepted to consider vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia grade III
      (VIN III) a premalignant condition. The lesion is more frequently diagnosed in
      younger patients. Conventional surgical treatment is often mutilating and
      recurrence rates have been reported of approximately 30%. Laser vaporization is a
      promising alternative therapy. Ten patients with VIN III were treated with CO2
      laser. Two patients were retreated with laser for residual disease, and two
      patients for recurrent disease. One failure was observed, and one patient was off
      study. In all patients excellent cosmetic results were obtained. Laser
      vaporization appears to be an effective and nonmutilating therapy, and preferable
      for young VIN patients.

PMID- 2303149
TI  - The course of delivery after previous cesarean section.
AB  - Of 249 women whose last pregnancy was terminated by a cesarean section, 57
      (22.9%) were delivered again by a primary cesarean section. The other 192 (77.1%)
      were allowed to attempt vaginal birth. Of these, 151 (60.6%) were successful, and
      41 (16.5%) underwent a secondary cesarean section. The percentage of successful
      vaginal births was correlated with the indication for the previous cesarean
      section. There was one case of incomplete uterine rupture. The maternal morbidity
      was lowest in the group who had a vaginal delivery. One child developed an Erb
      Duchenne paralysis in addition to a shoulder dystocia. The condition of the
      vaginally delivered children was not different from the condition of the children
      born by a primary cesarean section. It is concluded that there are sufficient
      arguments for continuing the policy of 'once a cesarean section, trial of labor
      after selection'.

PMID- 2303150
TI  - A logit model to evaluate the performance of diagnosis of solid palpable breast
      tumours.
AB  - The applicability of log-linear (logit) analysis has been tested with
      preoperative data of 303 consecutive patients with a solid palpable breast
      tumour. The log-linear routine of the SPSS-package provides for the selection of
      appropriate diagnostic tests, which can be suitably judged in a given situation.
      The histologic diagnosis (benign or malignant) has been chosen as dependent
      variable. The independent variables are: (1) the patient's age (less than 50
      years or greater than or equal to 50 years), (2) the size of the lesion (diameter
      less than 2 cm or greater than or equal to 2 cm) and the test results (benign or
      malignant) of (3) physical examination, (4) mammography, (5) ultrasound scanning
      and (6) thermography. Of the tested models with one independent variable, the
      best model uses ultrasonography test results (H = 0.35). Physical examination and
      mammography also have good predictive power (H, respectively: 0.23 and 0.25). The
      combination of two independent variables augments accuracy. Models combining
      ultrasonography with age, physical examination or mammography are shown to be
      most successful (H respectively: 0.41, 0.42 and 0.39).

PMID- 2303151
TI  - Minimal-deviation adenocarcinoma (adenoma malignum) of the uterine cervix; four
      case reports.
AB  - Four cases of minimal-deviation adenocarcinoma (adenoma malignum) of the uterine
      cervix are analysed in this clinicopathological study. Four patients, one Ib, two
      IIb and one IIIb stage, showed poor prognosis, which included three patients who
      died within 36 months, because of diagnostic delays of 5 years, 6 months and 1
      year due to cytohistologically benign appearances. Cytologically, the nuclei were
      somewhat more irregular in size and shape than those of normal columnar
      epitherial cells. Slightly multilayered cell clusters were arranged as
      honeycombs, palisades or sheets with glandular openings. The characteristic
      histological features were the presence of sharp points projecting from the
      glands and marked variation in the size and shape of the glands.
      Ultrastructurally, intestinal metaplastic cells containing both microvilli with
      core filaments and rootlets, and secretary granules in the same cell were present
      in the specimens of two evaluable patients. These features indicate a disorder of
      differentiation. In order to diagnose this tumor accurately, comprehensive
      analysis should be required concerning the clinical features, cytohistological
      findings and ultrastructural findings.

PMID- 2303153
TI  - Hypoxic risk in twins assessed by serum creatinine kinase brain isoenzyme
      measurement.
AB  - A marked intrapair discordance in placentas and in many body and organ
      measurements are risk factors influencing perinatal mortality and morbidity in
      twins. Asphyxia is the single most important perinatal cause of neurologic
      morbidity in newborn infants. The higher hypoxic risk for the second twin arises,
      however, from conclusions based on studies that did not consider the new
      diagnostic possibility of using blood measurements of the brain-type isoenzyme of
      creatine kinase (CK-BB) as a marker of perinatal asphyxia. CK-BB levels were
      measured in cord blood of 60 preterm infants (mean birth weight 1670 +/- 390 g,
      and mean gestational age 33 +/- 1.9 weeks) born of twin gestation in the last 3
      years. The mean CK-BB values were 48 +/- 40 U/l versus 29 +/- 31 U/l (p less than
      0.5). Skilful antepartum and perinatal care are the keys for optimal management
      of both babies, as demonstrated by similar CK-BB values obtained in their cord
      blood specimens after birth.

PMID- 2303152
TI  - Evolution of the prematurity before the 32nd week from 1980 to 1985 in a tertiary
      perinatal center in Lille, France.
AB  - 127 infants were born alive before the 32nd week of gestation in the H. Salengro
      obstetrical unit from the University Hospital of Lille from January 1980 to
      December 1985. During this period the annual number of deliveries was constant,
      2700. Two periods were considered, 1980-1982 and 1983-1985. The number of such
      premature infants increased slightly: from 56 to 71. The most striking feature
      was the dramatic increase in infants born after induction of delivery for fetal
      reasons. Another finding is the statistically significant lowering of gestational
      age and birthweight of the spontaneously born infants. These trends counterweight
      the efficacy of the policy of prevention. When considering the morbidity and the
      mortality, hyaline membrane disease still plays a preeminent role in this
      population.

PMID- 2303154
TI  - Smoking does affect fecundity.
AB  - A total of 2198 mothers were interviewed at the 20th week of pregnancy and their
      smoking habits before pregnancy and the time from discontinuation of
      contraception to the beginning of the pregnancy were registered. This information
      was used to investigate whether smoking affects conception delay; i.e., fecundity
      and a multifactorial analysis were used. The longer the conception delay, the
      more significant was the deleterious effect of even light smoking, the odds ratio
      shifting from 1.1 at 6 months to 3.2 at 18 months. The effect of smoking on
      fecundity seemed to be mostly dose-dependent. In mothers becoming successfully
      pregnant in 12 months, both maternal and paternal smoking increased the risk of
      conception delay (OR 1.5 and 1.3), and the effect was potentiated by increasing
      age (OR 2.3 and 1.6). In addition to smoking, previous recurrent spontaneous
      abortions were also associated with fecundity.

PMID- 2303155
TI  - Reinsemination in human IVF with fresh versus initial semen: a comparative study.
AB  - In the event of non-fertilization of oocytes at the first insemination, repeat
      insemination is often successful in the IVF procedure. Nevertheless, the value of
      reinsemination is still controversial. In 56 out of 132 (42%) women treated in
      our IVF-ET Unit for mechanical infertility by identical induction and aspiration
      protocols, reinsemination of one or more ova was required. They were divided into
      two groups. Group I: 79 oocytes from 32 women who were reinseminated with initial
      semen 24 hours following primary insemination. Group II: 57 oocytes from 24
      patients who were reinseminated with fresh semen 24 hours following primary
      insemination. Fertilization, cleavage and pregnancy rates differed significantly
      in group I as compared to group II (21.2%, 37.3%, p less than 0.005; 18.6%,
      31.9%, p less than 0.001; 18.4%, 29.1%, p less than 0.001). We conclude that
      reinsemination is a beneficial procedure in cases of non-fertilization of oocytes
      at the first insemination. Furthermore, the use of fresh semen is preferred to
      achieve higher fertilization, cleavage and pregnancy rates.

PMID- 2303156
TI  - Molecular cloning of a dog thyrotropin (TSH) receptor variant.
AB  - A clone coding for a variant form of thyrotropin receptor was isolated from a dog
      thyroid cDNA library. It was characterized by a 75 bp deletion in the coding
      region, additionally to minor modifications in the 3' untranslated region. The
      corresponding 25 amino acids deletion is located in the long NH2 terminal
      extracellular domain which is characteristic of the glycoprotein hormone
      receptors. This region of the protein is composed of imperfect repeats and the
      deletion corresponds exactly to one of the repeat units. This suggests that the
      repeats correspond to individual exons in the thyrotropin receptor chromosomal
      gene. It is not known whether the deletion of the repeat and the concomitant
      suppression of one of the N-glycosylation sites of the molecule do alter the
      receptor function.

PMID- 2303157
TI  - Fibroblast growth factor inhibits 5 alpha-reductase activity in cultured immature
      Leydig cells.
AB  - The present studies examined the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)
      on 5 alpha-reductase activity of cultured Leydig cells from immature rats. Basic
      FGF inhibited both hCG- and 8-bromo-cyclic AMP-stimulated 5 alpha-reductase
      activity in a dose-dependent manner; however, it had little or no effect on basal
      enzyme activity. Inhibition was achieved with as little as 0.1 ng/ml bFGF, and
      maximal inhibition was observed with 10 ng/ml bFGF. These studies suggest that
      locally produced bFGF may play a role in modulating the age-dependent decline in
      5 alpha-reductase activity in Leydig cells.

PMID- 2303158
TI  - Thyrotropin-induced expression of a gene for a ribosomal protein related to the
      trk oncogene.
AB  - By differential screening of an FRTL5 rat thyroid cell cDNA library, we isolated
      a clone (G7) corresponding to an mRNA transcript whose steady-state level is
      increased by thyrotropin (TSH) stimulation by a non-transcriptional mechanism.
      The nucleotide sequence of the G7 cDNA (0.85 kb) revealed homology with two other
      genes. First, there was 89% homology with the cDNA for a protein whose amino
      terminal end forms the amino terminus of the chimeric tyrosine kinase human
      oncogene, trk-2h. Second, TSH-responsive G7 is 95% homologous with the 'surf-3'
      gene within the mouse surfeit locus which codes for the mouse L7a ribosomal
      protein. These findings are of interest in view of the frequent occurrence in
      thyroid cancers of an oncogene (PTC) that consists of an unidentified amino
      terminus linked to a downstream tyrosine kinase moiety.

PMID- 2303159
TI  - Effect of growth hormone on rat hepatic cytochrome P-450f mRNA: a new mode of
      regulation.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) is known to be involved in the control of rat hepatic drug
      and steroid metabolism through its action on cytochrome P-450s. To examine the
      role of GH in the regulation of cytochrome P-450f (P-450f), a full-length cDNA
      clone corresponding to P-450f was isolated and the 3'-non-coding region was
      utilized for Northern and slot-blot analyses. P-450f mRNA levels were low in
      neonates, increased after age 4 weeks in male and female rats, and were
      approximately 3 times higher in the liver of adult female rats than male rats.
      Hypophysectomy caused a significant decrease in P-450f mRNA levels in male and
      female rats. Intermittent injection with human growth hormone (hGH) to mimic the
      male secretory pattern of GH caused a 9-fold increase in P-450f mRNA in
      hypophysectomized male rats to levels near male control levels, whereas
      continuous administration of hGH to mimic the female secretory pattern caused a
      greater increase in P-450f mRNA levels in male and female hypophysectomized rats
      (25-fold and 9-fold respectively) to levels nearer female control levels. The
      responses of the other GH-stimulated P-450s, P-450-male and P-450-female, to the
      different modes of hGH treatment were different from that of P-450f. Since sex
      hormones are known to affect the regulation of other P-450s, the effect of sex
      hormones on P-450f mRNA was studied. Ovariectomy caused a 2.4-fold reduction in P
      450f mRNA which was partially reversed by estradiol treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303160
TI  - Thyroid hormone stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)
      by immature rat Sertoli cells.
AB  - The effects of thyroid hormone on insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) production
      by Sertoli cells isolated from immature rats have been investigated. In Sertoli
      cells from hypothyroid rats the production of IGF-I was significantly lower than
      in controls and was greatly stimulated by the administration of triiodothyronine
      (T3) in vivo. The in vitro addition of physiological doses of T3 (1 nmol/l)
      significantly increased the production of IGF-I by cultured Sertoli cells
      indicating a direct action of the hormone on local IGF-I production. Our results
      suggest the involvement of IGF-I in the thyroid hormone-dependent maturation of
      testicular function.

PMID- 2303161
TI  - Progressive induction of mRNA synthesis for androgen-responsive genes in mouse
      kidney.
AB  - A number of mRNAs present in kidney are selectively induced by the administration
      of androgen to mice. Using a pulse-labelling method to measure in vivo rates of
      mRNA synthesis, seven androgen-responsive mRNAs were tested. The time courses of
      induction following testosterone treatment indicated that androgen-responsive
      mRNA synthesis increases progressively. Depending on the mRNA examined, it took 2
      10 days after the start of hormone administration for synthesis rates to reach a
      maximum. Even the fastest of these inductions is slow compared to response times
      in other steroid-responsive systems, and is very slow compared to the time
      required for androgen-receptor complex to accumulate in the nucleus. We conclude
      that gene activation in response to androgen is a prolonged and incremental
      process rather than a single event. Two alternative models are proposed: (1)
      these genes are actually responding to intermediate transcription factors that
      accumulate progressively in response to androgen; (2) the androgen-responsive
      genes contain multiple binding sites that have a cumulative effect on
      transcription as the number of receptor complexes bound increases.

PMID- 2303162
TI  - Central nervous system antigen P84 can serve as a substrate for neurite
      outgrowth.
AB  - Neurite outgrowth promoting properties of neural cell surface proteins can be
      assessed by immobilizing isolated membrane proteins on nitrocellulose-coated
      petri dishes. Using this method, we have identified a unique cell surface
      antigen, designated P84, as a new neural cell adhesion molecule. Immunoaffinity
      purified P84 contains three polypeptides with molecular weights of 167, 85, and
      66 kDa. When spotted onto nitrocellulose-coated plates, P84 supports adhesion of
      mouse cerebellar neurons and neurite outgrowth. Glial cell attachment was also
      observed. Intact monoclonal antibodies directed against P84 inhibit adhesion and
      outgrowth on a P84 substrate. This antigen is found on the surfaces of neurons in
      cultures of cerebellar cells. It is also found on a subclass of unidentified flat
      cells. P84 is not found on oligodendrocytes or GFAP-positive astrocytes. As early
      as E9, P84 could be detected in the floor plate region of the spinal cord. This
      pattern persists throughout embryonic development. Postnatally, widespread
      expression of P84 is observed in a variety of CNS tissues.

PMID- 2303163
TI  - Epithelial autonomy in the development of the inner ear of a bird embryo.
AB  - The epithelium lining the inner ear contains a large number of differentiated
      cell types, arranged in precise patterns. Once the otocyst has closed, do the
      cells differentiate according to mechanisms intrinsic to the epithelium or are
      they dependent on external influences? In particular, are they governed by
      signals from the surrounding periotic mesenchyme? And is the closed structure of
      the inner ear or the otocyst fluid that it contains important for pattern
      formation and differentiation as it is for adult function? We have examined these
      questions by two types of grafting experiment. In the first, early (E3, stage 17
      18, or E2, stage 13-14) undifferentiated quail otocysts were stripped of their
      mesenchyme and grafted into the wing buds of chick embryos. Although surrounded
      by a foreign mesenchyme the otic epithelium differentiated into the standard
      inner ear cell types. The gross morphology was abnormal, and the sensory hair
      cells were grouped into a few large patches instead of the usual eight smaller
      patches; locally, however, the spatial relationships between the differentiated
      cell types appeared normal. In the second experiment, open fragments of early
      undifferentiated otocyst (with some adhering mesenchyme) were grafted onto the
      surface of a limb bud. In this exposed in vivo situation, where the apical
      surface of the epithelium is bathed by amniotic fluid instead of otocyst fluid,
      differentiation proceeds normally also. Thus differentiation of inner ear
      epithelium at these stages does not require any specific influence from otic
      mesenchyme and proceeds independently of whether the otocyst is open or closed.
      Such epithelial autonomy creates special opportunities for in vitro analysis.

PMID- 2303164
TI  - The major structural proteins of cod (Gadus morhua) eggshells and protein
      crosslinking during teleost egg hardening.
AB  - The highly hydrophobic protein aggregate which constitutes the fish eggshell has
      for the first time been quantitatively solubilized. This study shows that the
      nonactivated eggshell from cod is composed primarily of only three protein
      monomers, designated alpha (74 kDa) beta (54 kDa) and gamma (47 kDa). Protein
      extraction studies of the eggshells before and after egg activation demonstrate
      that egg hardening is accompanied by a 10-fold decline in total protein
      solubility, which is due to nonextraction of the alpha, beta, and gamma chains.
      When present during the egg activation process monodansylcadaverine (MDC-a
      fluorescent lysine analog) inhibits eggshell hardening and at the same time
      becomes covalently incorporated into the eggshell. This MDC incorporation is
      calcium-dependent and suggests the induction of a perivitelline transglutaminase
      activity after egg activation. (Transglutaminases catalyze the formation of an
      amide bond (isopeptide bond) between the gamma-carbonyl group of glutamine and
      the epsilon-amino group of lysine with release of ammonia. Crosslinks between
      proteins are generated when the two amino acid residues are located on different
      proteins.) Protein solubilization studies and NaDodSO4 gel analysis of the
      eggshell proteins from eggs subjected to 5 mM MDC during egg activation, reveal
      that when eggshell hardening is blocked by MDC, the three main eggshell proteins
      remain extractable even after egg activation. Simultaneously we observed a
      covalent incorporation of MDC into the gamma protein.

PMID- 2303165
TI  - Patterns of ionic currents around the developing oocyte of the German cockroach,
      Blattella germanica.
AB  - The development of patterns of current around vitellogenic oocytes of the
      cockroach, Blattella germanica, was examined by means of a two-dimensional
      vibrating probe. Previtellogenic oocytes exhibited small unstable currents.
      Shortly after vitellogenic uptake began (oocytes 0.6-0.8 mm anterior to
      posterior) currents were either all inward or all outward at the plane of
      measurement. A dorsoventral pattern of currents was first observed around oocytes
      a little larger than 0.8 mm. Current exited dorsally (source) and entered
      ventrally (sink). In these oocytes source and sink were small, less than half the
      anterior-posterior length. As oocytes grew, relative sizes of source and sink
      increased until they extended across the major part of dorsal and ventral
      surfaces. Many late vitellogenic oocytes had a pattern of dorsal outward current
      with a bimodal distribution. At the onset of chorionation measured currents were
      again small, unstable, and exhibited no well-defined pattern. Current density was
      greatest during midvitellogenesis.

PMID- 2303166
TI  - Ontogeny of pulmonary alveolar epithelial markers of differentiation.
AB  - We studied differentiation of the pulmonary epithelium in the periphery of fetal
      rat lung in vivo and in vitro by comparing the ontogeny of cell-surface
      glycoconjugates with that of surfactant phospholipids. Apical surface binding of
      the lectin Maclura pomifera agglutinin (MPA) and expression of a 200-kDa MPA
      binding glycoprotein (MPA-gp200) was evident at 20 days gestation in type 2
      cells, but did not correlate with ultrastructural features of type 2 cell
      differentiation. Epithelial cells isolated from peripheral lung of 18-day
      gestation fetal rats displayed hormone-sensitive surfactant synthesis prior to
      the hormone-insensitive expression of MPA-gp200. Expression of MPA-gp200 occurred
      in association with the appearance of many new apical surface proteins suggesting
      a hormone-independent process of polar membrane differentiation. Thus membrane
      and secretory differentiation are discordant and can be dissociated. In vivo
      binding of Ricinus communis 1 agglutinin (RCA1), an apical marker of the
      differentiated alveolar type 1 cell occurred in undifferentiated peripheral lung
      epithelial cells as early as 18 days gestation, disappeared from differentiating
      type 2 cells and appeared in differentiated type 1 cells. Both undifferentiated
      fetal epithelial cells at 18 days gestation and fully differentiated type 1 cells
      express multiple glycoproteins with terminal beta-linked galactose residues which
      bind RCA1. Some of these RCA1-binding glycoproteins appear to be similar. These
      observations suggest that alveolar epithelial type 1 cells may derive directly
      from undifferentiated peripheral lung epithelial cells as well as from fully
      differentiated type 2 cells. In addition, terminal differentiation of fetal lung
      peripheral epithelium into type 1 and type 2 cells may involve repression as well
      as induction of differentiation-related genes.

PMID- 2303167
TI  - Loss of yolk platelets and yolk glycoproteins during larval development of the
      sea urchin embryo.
AB  - The fate of the yolk platelets and their constituent yolk glycoproteins was
      studied in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs and embryos cultured through the
      larval stage. Previous studies have shown that the yolk glycoproteins undergo
      limited proteolysis during early embryonic development. We present evidence that
      the yolk glycoproteins stored in the yolk platelets exist as large, disulfide
      linked complexes that are maintained even after limited proteolysis have
      occurred. We provide additional evidence that acidification of the yolk platelet
      may activate a latent thiol protease in the yolk platelet that is capable of
      correctly processing the major yolk glycoprotein into the smaller yolk
      glycoproteins. Because we previously showed that these yolk glycoproteins are not
      catabolized during early embryonic development, it was of interest to study their
      fate during larval development. Using a specific polyclonal antibody to a yolk
      glycoprotein, we found that both yolk glycoproteins and the yolk platelets
      disappeared in feeding, Day 7, larval stage embryos, but that starvation did not
      significantly affect the levels of the yolk glycoproteins. We also found that the
      yolk glycoproteins reappeared in 30-day-old premetamorphosis larvae.

PMID- 2303168
TI  - Sequence and developmental expression of the mRNA encoding the seleno-protein of
      the sperm mitochondrial capsule in the mouse.
AB  - We have characterized cDNA clones encoding the selenium-containing polypeptide of
      the keratinous mitochondrial capsule in mouse sperm. The longest open reading
      frame encodes a polypeptide 143 amino acids long which contains 21% cysteine and
      27% proline and closely resembles the size and amino acid composition of bull
      mitochondrial capsule seleno-protein (V. Pallini, B. Baccetti, and A. G. Burrini,
      1979, in "The Spermatozoon," D. W. Fawcett and J. M. Bedford, Eds., pp. 141-151,
      Urban & Schwartzenberg, Baltimore/Munich). The reading frame encoding the
      mitochondrial capsule seleno-protein ends with an amber stop codon suggesting
      that selenium is not incorporated cotranslationally into the protein by an opal
      suppressor selenocysteyl-tRNA as has been found for several eukaryotic and
      bacterial proteins. Northern blots using RNA extracted from purified
      spermatogenic cells and staged prepuberal mice suggest that the mitochondrial
      capsule seleno-protein mRNA is first transcribed in late meiotic cells and that
      the levels of the mRNA increase after meiosis in early haploid cells. Southern
      blots demonstrate that there is one copy of the gene in the mouse genome. The
      identification of this cDNA clone, in combination with previous work (K. C.
      Kleene, 1989, Development 106, 367-373) demonstrates that the mRNA for the
      mitochondrial capsule seleno-protein is translationally repressed with long
      homogenous poly(A) tracts in round spermatids and translationally active with
      shortened heterogenous poly(A) tracts in elongating spermatids.

PMID- 2303169
TI  - Inhibition of mouse mammary ductal morphogenesis and down-regulation of the EGF
      receptor by epidermal growth factor.
AB  - EGF, initially demonstrated to be a potent mitogen for a variety of cell types,
      has more recently been shown to inhibit proliferation of several cell lines. Few
      studies, however, have addressed the effects of EGF on growth and morphogenesis
      of tissues in vivo, particularly with regard to EGF as a possible inhibitor. We
      now demonstrate that EGF treatment of vigorously growing mammary ducts,
      administered directly to the glands by slow release plastic implants, inhibited
      normal ductal growth. Inhibition was restricted to the region around the implant
      and untreated glands in the same animal were normal, indicating direct effects of
      EGF. EGF-treated end buds were smaller and demonstrated reduced levels of DNA
      synthesis, although remnants of a stem (cap) cell layer persisted. Full
      inhibition of growth occurred within 3 days of implantation and required extended
      exposure to EGF, since treatment of 5 hr or less had no effect on ductal growth.
      At the lower inhibitory doses tested, growth resumed within 8 days, indicating
      reversibility of inhibition. No lobuloalveolar or hyperplastic response was seen.
      125I-EGF autoradiography revealed that ductal growth inhibition was preceded by
      the disappearance of EGF receptors located in the cap cell layer of the end bud
      epithelium and in stromal cells adjacent to the buds. These results, in
      conjunction with our previous evidence demonstrating the growth-stimulatory
      effect by EGF on nonproliferating mammary ducts, suggest a growth regulatory role
      for EGF in mouse mammary ductal morphogenesis.

PMID- 2303170
TI  - Floral determination in the terminal bud of the short-day plant Pharbitis nil.
AB  - Temporal and spatial aspects of floral determination in seedling terminal buds of
      the qualitative short-day plant Pharbitis nil were examined using a grafting
      assay. Floral determination in the terminal buds of 6-day-old P. nil seedlings is
      rapid; by 9 hr after the end of a 14-hr inductive dark period more than 50% of
      the induced terminal buds grafted onto uninduced stock plants produced a full
      complement of flower buds. When grafted at early times after the end of the dark
      period the terminal buds of induced plants produced three discrete populations of
      plants: plants with no flowers, plants with two axillary flowers at nodes 3 and 4
      and a vegetative terminal shoot apex, and plants with five to seven flowers
      including a terminal flower. The temporal relationship among these populations of
      plants produced by apices grafted at different times indicates that under our
      conditions, the region of the terminal bud that will form the axillary buds at
      nodes 3 and 4 becomes florally determined prior to floral determination of the
      region of the terminal bud giving rise to the nodes above node 4.

PMID- 2303171
TI  - Glia maturation factor beta regulates the growth of N18 neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Glia maturation factor beta (GMF-beta) is a 17-kDa growth regulating protein
      isolated from the brain. The effect of bovine GMF-beta on neurons was tested on
      the neuroblastoma line N18 and the pheochromocytoma line PC12. GMF-beta inhibited
      the proliferation of N18 cells and promoted their neurite outgrowth, with an
      increase in neurofilament protein, but had no effect on PC12 cells. This was in
      contrast to nerve growth factor (NGF) which regulated PC12 but not N18. Acidic
      fibroblast growth factor (FGF), on the other hand, had a weak effect on PC12 but
      none on N18. Antisera against GMF-beta and NGF neutralized the biological
      activity of the corresponding growth factors but showed no cross-neutralization.
      Fluorescence visualization revealed the binding of GMF-beta to N18 cells but not
      to PC12 cells; the opposite was true with NGF.

PMID- 2303173
TI  - The Third International Workshop on the Standardisation of Insulin Autoantibody
      Measurement.

PMID- 2303172
TI  - Proinsulin and C-peptide at onset and during 12 months cyclosporin treatment of
      type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
AB  - An increased proinsulin to C-peptide molar ratio at the onset of Type 1 (insulin
      dependent) diabetes mellitus has been suggested. We studied fasting proinsulin
      levels and proinsulin/C-peptide ratios in the newly diagnosed diabetic subjects
      participating in the Canadian/European placebo controlled cyclosporin study at
      entry, during the one year treatment period and six months of follow-up.
      Available entry data from 176 out of the 188 allocated patients were compared to
      60 age and weight matched control subjects. Fasting proinsulin was significantly
      elevated in male patients compared to male control subjects (p less than 0.01),
      whereas the levels only tended to be elevated in female patients. The
      proinsulin/C-peptide ratio was three to fourfold elevated in the diabetic groups
      of both sexes, (p less than 0.001). Further, proinsulin and C-peptide were
      studied in 83 cyclosporin and 86 placebo-treated subjects during the trial and
      follow-up. An additional increase of proinsulin/C-peptide ratio was observed
      during the first three months of placebo treatment. It remained constantly high
      for nine months and then declined to entry level. This pattern was not seen in
      the cyclosporin-treated group, where the ratio was unchanged during the 12 months
      trial and follow-up. The effect of cyclosporin on the induction of non-insulin
      requiring remission was unrelated to fasting and glucagon stimulated C-peptide
      levels at entry, whereas 64% of the cyclosporin-treated against 28% of the
      placebo-treated subjects (p less than 0.01) went into remission if the
      proinsulin/C-peptide ratio at entry was above 0.024.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2303174
TI  - Toxic effects of vanadium in streptozotocin-treated rats after administration of
      vanadate to normalize blood glucose levels.

PMID- 2303175
TI  - No time to lose: family medicine and leadership toward a national health system.

PMID- 2303176
TI  - Immigration, health status, and physician visits in a Puerto Rican community.
AB  - A pilot study was undertaken to explore the effects of geographic migration and
      exposure to new cultural values and attitudes on rates of physician office visits
      in a Puerto Rican population in a major Northeastern urban area. A cross
      sectional survey study of an immigrant community was performed, using a
      questionnaire developed to assess the degree of immigrants' adaptation to the
      dominant culture, self-perceived health status, levels of stress and social
      support, and attitudes toward Western medical care. A convenience sample of 93
      respondents was obtained. Analysis of the data showed that adaptation to the
      dominant culture, as measured in this study, is as good an independent predictor
      of high levels of physician office visitation as self-reported health status. In
      addition, it has a small but significant effect on perceived health. These
      results suggest that further exploration of the effect of cultural adaptation on
      health behaviors would be productive for clinicians and health resource managers.

PMID- 2303177
TI  - Children who become parents: a challenge to physicians.
AB  - Adolescent pregnancy is a major adolescent health concern in the United States
      today, yet physicians often lack the knowledge and time to care properly for
      pregnant adolescents. this study examined the health concerns of pregnant
      adolescents and the ways in which the modern medical system deals with those
      concerns. Interviews with adolescents and health care workers in rural and urban
      neighborhoods showed that many adolescents are unaware of certain important
      personal matters that affect their health; the same holds true for some of those
      who work with these young people. All too often physicians are not trained to
      deal with many of the problems they encounter with pregnant adolescents. Many of
      the problems and concerns associated with adolescent pregnancy which directly
      affect the medical well-being of the mother and baby are not considered
      traditional medical problems: family experiences, superstitions, folk beliefs,
      culturally sanctioned interests, eating and sleeping habits. For the physician to
      successfully care for the adolescent mother and her child, these important
      concerns must be understood and addressed.

PMID- 2303178
TI  - Correlates of first trimester care in a public health prenatal clinic.
AB  - Early access to prenatal care is a major issue in the prevention of low birth
      weight. Therefore, the authors studied 107 indigent women seen consecutively for
      their initial visits at a public health department's prenatal clinic to ascertain
      factors associated with first trimester care. The questionnaire included items on
      individual health behaviors, attitudes toward medical care, perceived social
      support, depression, and demographics. Data were collected over 12 weeks by a
      clinic nurse, and all patients agreed to participate. Using logit estimated odds
      ratios (OR), none of the independent variables examined were associated with
      first trimester care for married women. For unmarried women first trimester care
      was related to finding the clinic by word of mouth (OR = 5.5, 95% CI, 1.2-22.9)
      and maternal depression (OR = 4.0, 95% CI, 1.1-15.3). Finding the prenatal clinic
      by word of mouth and maternal depression were still associated with first
      trimester care after controlling for maternal education and health attitudes.
      These data suggest that subsequent explanatory research should explore the
      association between informal social support of unmarried women and first
      trimester prenatal care.

PMID- 2303179
TI  - Medical student attitudes toward elderly patients: effects of social
      attractiveness.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if medical students' attitudes toward
      the elderly can be modified through social attractiveness cues in the form of
      descriptions of abilities and photographs of the patients. The results indicated
      that students were most personally and professionally attracted to the mentally
      alert patient, and they were most personally attracted to the patient whose
      photograph was included in the medical record. Furthermore, inclusion of previous
      and current photographs had a mediating effect on attitude formation and the
      formation of stereotypes. These results suggest that presenting social
      attractiveness information may be useful in countering negative perceptions of
      the elderly.

PMID- 2303180
TI  - A survey of Balint group activities in U.S. family practice residency programs.
AB  - The investigators conducted a survey of Balint group activities among family
      practice residencies in the United States. The survey was designed to discover
      how many programs have Balint groups as well as the groups' characteristics,
      leadership, and structure. Of the 381 family practice residencies surveyed, 93%
      responded. Of those, 66 offered Balint seminars to 115 different groups. Most
      groups met at weekly intervals for two to three years. Most groups were led by
      family physicians (32%), psychologists (25%), or social workers (19%). Most
      leaders followed the format of a spontaneous case presentation from memory.
      Support for residents and resolution of professional role conflict were rated as
      the two major objectives of training. The leaders rated an understanding of
      feelings generated when with patients and an enhanced sense of professional self
      worth as the most attainable attitudinal changes.

PMID- 2303181
TI  - Physician and psychologist beliefs influencing referral of patients for
      psychotherapy.
AB  - A majority of patients with mental or emotional problems are seen in the general
      medical sector first, but physicians often report that they do not have the time
      or skills for dealing with these patients. This study focuses on physicians' and
      psychologists' beliefs about the components of making a successful referral.
      Interviews with family physicians and psychologists revealed that physician
      visits before and after referrals, good communication between the physician and
      the psychologist, physician knowledge about psychotherapy, third-party insurance
      coverage, and a holistic approach to the patient were considered important
      components of a successful referral. Physicians believed that patients' income
      and psychologist experience were less important than did psychologists, but
      physicians felt that involving the family was more important than psychologists.
      Both groups generally agreed about specific problems and their relationships to a
      successful referral. This survey identified issues useful to providers attempting
      to care for patients with psychological problems by the referral process.

PMID- 2303182
TI  - A policy imperative for primary care: reflections on Keystone II.
AB  - The Second Advanced Forum in Family Medicine (Keystone II) revealed that family
      practice and primary care continue to meet resistance to their approaches and
      methods within academic medicine, despite the demonstrated need for primary care
      and its demonstrated success in practice. It is futile to respond to this
      resistance by continued academic argument and pleading. Instead, primary care
      should turn its efforts toward questions of national health policy in the
      political realm. Ironically, academic success is more likely to result from new
      political initiatives than from new academic ones, as primary care shows its
      willingness to take on the difficult problems of care for the underserved in the
      face of cost constraints.

PMID- 2303183
TI  - Confronting the millennium: family medicine in the late 20th century.
AB  - American medicine approaches the end of the 20th century in disarray. Despite
      allocating an increasing proportion of our total national resources to the
      medical care enterprise, large segments of the population lack access to basic
      health services. We face a paradox where the rising investment in health services
      undermines our ability to deal with many of the fundamental causes of illness
      such as social disruption, poor educational systems, and poverty. Family medicine
      has a role to play in confronting this paradox. Family medicine is a discipline
      defined by its social role and must resist the temptation to become yet one more
      medical guild, profiting from rather than seeking to change the existing system.
      Specifically, we should periodically reevaluate the content of residency
      training, work collectively toward universal entitlement for health care, and
      resist reimbursement systems which create conflicts of interest between physician
      and patient. The family physician has both the opportunity and the responsibility
      to be the practical bridge between the public health and the curative medical
      system. By using this social role as an unwavering compass, family medicine can
      help transform an irrational and inequitable health care system.

PMID- 2303184
TI  - Case-control studies.
AB  - Case-control studies investigate associations between exposures to risk factors
      and a condition of interest. Subjects with the condition (cases) are compared to
      subjects known not to have the condition (controls) with respect to the presence
      of risk factors in the past. This design is particularly useful when the
      condition of interest is relatively uncommon. Case-control studies are useful for
      studying the etiology of conditions in primary care. Invalid results may be
      obtained, however, if a study's design allows the occurrence of selection bias,
      information bias, or confounding.

PMID- 2303185
TI  - Health and psychosocial needs of homeless families: a pilot education and
      research program.
AB  - Family homelessness is increasing and poses unique clinical challenges to
      physicians who provide health services to this population. Curricula designed to
      prepare health professionals to effectively care for homeless families is
      lacking. This report describes a pilot education and research program for family
      practice residents based at the University of Massachusetts' community health
      center training site. In addition to providing critical health services to
      Worcester area homeless families, the program prepares residents to provide
      continuous, comprehensive, and context-sensitive care to families. The program
      also familiarizes residents with methods to conduct clinical research with an
      underserved population.

PMID- 2303186
TI  - The educational opportunities in a departmental program of health care for the
      homeless.
AB  - Persons who live on the streets and are homeless present many challenges to
      providers of health care. This paper describes a 14-year ongoing project in the
      Department of Family, Community, and Emergency Medicine at the University of New
      Mexico School of Medicine. This small clinic started in an inner-city rescue
      mission and subsequently has progressed to a much larger health care project for
      the homeless. Experience in this setting demonstrates that such a site can
      provide service to the homeless, while at the same time providing educational
      experiences for medical students and residents and an opportunity for academic
      research. This project can be duplicated in any academic medical center to
      provide both service and education.

PMID- 2303187
TI  - The change in specialty preference by medical students over time: an analysis of
      students who prefer family medicine.
AB  - Over one third of U.S. medical school matriculants from the graduating class of
      1983 had an original career interest in family practice, although there was a
      significant attrition by the time of medical school graduation. Perhaps of
      greater importance, however, was that students who entered medical school with an
      interest in family practice were almost three times as likely to choose family
      practice as a career than matriculants who were interested in other specialties
      (24.2% versus 8.4%, P less than .001).

PMID- 2303189
TI  - Qualitative research and family medicine.

PMID- 2303188
TI  - Good and proper care: reflections on the calling of family practice.

PMID- 2303190
TI  - Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 74th annual meeting.
      Washington, D.C., April 1-5, 1990. Part I. Abstracts 1-3340.

PMID- 2303191
TI  - Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 74th annual meeting.
      Washington, D.C., April 1-5, 1990. Part II. Abstracts 3341-5632, C1-C11, TU1
      TU33, M1-M206.

PMID- 2303192
TI  - [Cricopharyngeal myotomy for upper esophageal achalasia].
AB  - Cricopharyngeal achalasia (CA) causes inability to swallow liquids or solids
      without initiating a violent coughing spasm. Etiological factors which may
      precipitate obstruction by cricopharyngeal spasm include neuromuscular disorders,
      radical oral surgery, central nervous system disease, and idiopathic disorders.
      Cricopharyngeal myotomy is a simple procedure which gives considerable
      improvement in swallowing. 2 cases with complete dysphagia who were able to
      swallow fluids and solids after excision of the cricopharyngeal sphincter are
      described.

PMID- 2303193
TI  - [Primary iliopsoas abscess in children].
AB  - Primary iliopsoas abscess is a relatively rare disease occurring mainly in
      children. Since it simulates more common conditions, delay in diagnosis is almost
      the rule. In 2 children it simulated acute appendicitis, but in both cases a
      normal appendix was removed. In a third child it led to the diagnosis of right
      sacroiliitis, and antibiotics were given for several weeks. Ultrasound
      examinations in all 3 failed to reveal the diagnosis, which was reached by CT
      scan. The latter is the method of choice for diagnosis and is of aid in deciding
      on the best route for drainage.

PMID- 2303195
TI  - [Physical activity habits of primary care clinic patients].
AB  - 764 registered clinic patients, between the ages of 18-60, in 2 primary-care
      clinics, filled out questionnaires about exercise habits. One clinic is in a
      moshav in which the population is principally of European origin and of high
      socioeconomic status. The other clinic is in a town in which the population is
      mainly of North African or Asian origin and of low socioeconomic status. Only
      38.6% of those studied defined their work as involving physical or marked
      physical activity. These tended to be males 18-30 years old living on the moshav.
      Only 14.2% reported regular sports activity, none of whom were from the town. No
      differences were noted in sex or age-distribution. Women tended to engage in
      gymnastics, walking or folk-dancing; men in running or ball sports. Our results
      are similar to those of other studies which show that Israelis do not tend to
      engage regularly in sports. It is emphasized that health organizations should
      encourage sport activity by their members.

PMID- 2303194
TI  - [Use of acetaminophen in the community].
AB  - Acetaminophen (Acamol) is one of the most widely used medications in children.
      The recommended dose is 10-15 mg/kg every 4 hours, and up to 5 doses a day. In a
      prospective study in an outpatient clinic, 101 parents of children 5 years old or
      younger were asked to describe their use of acetaminophen for their children,
      including dose, mode administration and maximal frequency of administration for
      fever. 2/3 used the syrup and 1/3 used suppositories. The average single dose was
      13.8 +/- 5.5 mg/kg. Only 61% of the children received reasonable quantities of
      acetaminophen per dose. While 12% got an overdose of 20 mg/kg or more, 27% got an
      underdose of less than 10 mg/kg. Treatment was as often as every 2-3 hours in 13%
      of the children but only once every 8-24 hours in 22%. To overcome inadequate
      administration of acetaminophen, parents must be properly educated.

PMID- 2303196
TI  - [Cold injury--prevention, diagnosis and treatment].

PMID- 2303197
TI  - [Relationship between fetus and kidney? Ethical and other problems in fetal
      tissue transplantation].

PMID- 2303198
TI  - [Partial or total resection for breast cancer--role of the patient in the
      decision].

PMID- 2303199
TI  - [Acute symptoms of withdrawal lithium in bipolar affective disease].

PMID- 2303200
TI  - [Cordocentesis for prenatal diagnosis].
AB  - Cordocentesis for prenatal diagnosis was being performed in the seventies during
      the process of fetoscopy. Since then the technique has been used as a diagnostic
      tool for intrauterine infection, hematological and metabolic disorders and
      metabolic status of the fetus; and for rapid cytogenic analysis. We report our
      first 207 cordocenteses performed since December 1985. First puncture was
      successful in half the cases. The procedure resulted in termination of pregnancy
      in only 0.96% of cases. Though a new technique, cordocentesis is playing a major
      role in modern perinatology. The possibility of a direct route to fetal blood
      vessels early in pregnancy would lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2303201
TI  - [Laser treatment for transitional cell cancer of the bladder].
AB  - The neodymium (ND):YAG laser has become popular among urologists during the past
      10 years. Laser irradiation can be used for the treatment of superficial
      transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The ND:YAG laser rays have 3
      properties that make them particularly suited to urology: a 4-6 mm depth of
      penetration, transmissibility via quartz fibers, and non-absorbability by water.
      7 men and 4 women, aged 55-77 years (mean 73), underwent ND:YAG laser irradiation
      of recurrent low-stage tumors as outpatients, under local anesthesia. Catheters
      were not left in and the patients were discharged about 30 minutes after
      treatment. In a short follow-up of 2-6 months there were no recurrences;
      cystoscopic follow-up continues.

PMID- 2303202
TI  - [Measurement of cytosolic free calcium using a fluorescent indicator].

PMID- 2303203
TI  - [Inhibitory effects of OKY-046.HCl, a selective thromboxane (TX) A2 synthetase
      inhibitor, on platelet activating factor (PAF)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness
      in guinea pigs].
AB  - We studied the inhibitory effects of OKY-046.HCl on PAF-induced airway
      hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in guinea pigs. 1) Inhalation of PAF (1 or 10
      micrograms/ml) caused AHR to acetylcholine (ACh) aerosol and increased TXB2
      generation in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) at 30 min and 60 min, but the
      AHR and the TXB2 generation disappeared at 2 hr. OKY-046.HCl (100 mg/kg,
      intraduodenally) inhibited the AHR, which was accompanied by its inhibition of
      the TXB2 generation. However, no changes of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in BALF were found.
      2) There were no changes in the number of leukocytes; the activities of alkaline
      phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and lactate dehydrogenase; and the
      LTC4/D4/E4 in BALF. 3) In bronchus-lung preparations, PAF (1 microgram/min) also
      caused the AHR and increased TXB2 generation. OKY-046.HCl (100 micrograms/min)
      inhibited the AHR and TXB2 generation. 4) PAF (1 microgram/ml) evoked TXB2
      generation in BALF from normal guinea pigs. OKY-046.HCl (10(-4)M) inhibited its
      increase. 5) Stable TXA2 (STA2, 1 ng/ml) inhalation also caused AHR to ACh at 30
      min. STA2 (0.45 ng/min) also caused the AHR in bronchus-lung preparations. These
      results suggest that OKY-046.HCl can inhibit PAF-induced AHR by suppressing the
      generation of TXA2. We also supposed that TXA2 is released from lung parenchyma,
      airway epithelium and cell components in BALF.

PMID- 2303204
TI  - A brief technical communication: detection of fentanyl in urine.
AB  - A reliable and sensitive method to analyze fentanyl in urine was developed using
      radioimmunoassay (RIA). Fentanyl, a highly lipophilic drug (pKa 7.7), has become
      a common drug of abuse. We evaluated three analytical techniques to detect
      fentanyl in urine. This paper reports the best of the three - a modified solvent
      extraction combined with a fentanyl RIA.

PMID- 2303205
TI  - An unusual case of fatal accidental paraquat poisoning.
AB  - Paraquat, a useful contact herbicide is now used in over 130 countries of the
      world, including Sri Lanka. The number of cases of accidental poisoning reported
      with paraquat is small, relative to instances of suicide. When a clear history is
      not available, accidental paraquat poisoning is sometimes difficult to diagnose.
      A 9-year-old boy was admitted to a peripheral hospital with a history of
      diarrhoea and vomiting. He later developed abdominal pain, subcutaneous emphysema
      and difficulty in breathing. Following transfer to a district hospital and then
      to a teaching hospital, poisoning with paraquat was suspected only on day 11 of
      the illness. On persistent questioning, on day 13 of the illness the child
      remembered that the day prior to the onset of illness, on his way from a shop, he
      felt thirsty and having found an empty bottle of Gramoxone (paraquat) on the
      wayside he used it to drink water from a water tank. The child died on day 17 and
      the histology of the lung showed typical changes of paraquat poisoning. This
      tragic episode emphasises the need for proper disposal of empty containers of all
      poisonous substances.

PMID- 2303206
TI  - Extraction of diquat with 1-butanol from biological materials.
AB  - Diquat can be extracted with 1-butanol from high pH solution in the presence of
      several moderate reductants. The red colored reduced compound of diquat in water
      turns to a purple compound in 1-butanol. The absorption of the purple compound is
      0.105 at 383 nm and 0.119 at 520 nm in 1 microgram diquat/ml 1-butanol. The
      latter value is a little higher than that of the red compound at 495 nm in water.
      The purple compound is much more stable than the red compound in water. More than
      80% of 10 ppm diquat added can be extracted from serum, blood, tissues, urine and
      some drinks. The extraction with 1-butanol is useful for concentration of diquat
      contained in large volume. The lower limit of detection is 0.1 microgram/ml 1
      butanol. Paraquat is insoluble in 1-butanol under the same condition. Therefore,
      this method is applicable for the determination of diquat when paraquat is also
      contained in the solution.

PMID- 2303207
TI  - Alcohol screening with the Alcoscan test strip in forensic praxis.
AB  - The Alcoscan test strip was applied as an assay for the screening of alcohol in
      vitreous humor and urine samples in autopsy cases and in saliva from drunken
      drivers. The method gives instant and reliable semi-quantitative information on
      the presence of alcohol and is valuable when considering the necessity of
      chemical sampling especially during autopsy.

PMID- 2303208
TI  - Comparative morphometric evaluation of permanent mandibular molar dentition of
      plain and hilly (Momba/Mongoloid) populations of eastern Indian states.
AB  - Morphometric comparative field studies were conducted of the permanent molars of
      plain people of Eastern India and Momba/Mongoloid population of eastern-most hill
      people known as Momba and claimed as Mongoloid. The data obtained was found very
      useful to distinguish and identify the two great neighbouring Asian people
      comprising one third of the total World human population.

PMID- 2303209
TI  - Components of paint thinner in body fluids clearly detected using the salting-out
      technique.
AB  - For a more sensitive detection of paint thinner components in body fluids, we
      made use of a salting-out technique, with sodium chloride added to blood samples
      followed by gas chromatography, using the headspace method. The detection of
      ethyl acetate and isobutanol was considerably enhanced using these approaches.

PMID- 2303211
TI  - Comments on the routine profiling of illicit heroin samples.

PMID- 2303210
TI  - Driving under the influence of toluene.
AB  - Toluene is the most common volatile used for sniffing among adolescents. During
      1983-1987, 114 drivers were arrested in Norway with blood toluene concentrations
      (BTCs) greater than 10 microM. Only four of these drivers were women. The age
      range was 15-34 years, and the mean age was 21. The mean BTC was 109 microM.
      There was no simple relation between blood toluene concentration and degree of
      impairment, however, most drivers with BTCs greater than 100 microM were
      considered as impaired or probably impaired by toluene. In a five year
      prospective study of rearrests among drivers arrested for driving after toluene
      sniffing, 12 out of 15 drivers were rearrested. They were responsible for 40
      cases of suspected driving under influence of toluene, alcohol, or other drugs.
      The blood levels of toluene determined in this study must be regarded as minimum
      concentrations, since the toluene concentration fell rapidly in samples stored at
      4 degrees C or 23 degrees C. Blood samples from drivers suspected of driving
      under influence of toluene must therefore be kept frozen.

PMID- 2303212
TI  - Violence: probability versus prediction.

PMID- 2303213
TI  - Putting mental health on the Nation's health agenda.

PMID- 2303214
TI  - Disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholic patients with schizophrenia.

PMID- 2303215
TI  - The relevance of childhood sexual abuse to adult psychiatric inpatient care.
AB  - The prevalence and characteristics of childhood sexual abuse among 50 male and 50
      female psychiatric inpatients were assessed in direct interviews. Forty patients
      reported some type of childhood sexual abuse. Abuse involving genital contact was
      reported by one in six men inpatients and one in five women and was often
      recurrent. Forty-four percent of patients who had experienced serious abuse had
      not revealed it to anyone, including prior therapists. Patients often reported
      that the abuse experiences continued to affect their current functioning. In
      clinical assessments, routine inquiry about childhood sexual abuse appears
      justified to clarify diagnoses and establish effective treatment plans. The
      authors make specific recommendations for a brief, routine clinical assessment
      for history of childhood sexual abuse.

PMID- 2303216
TI  - HIV infection in state hospitals: case reports and long-term management
      strategies.
AB  - Issues facing state psychiatric hospitals as a result of the epidemic of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are illustrated by five cases. These issues include
      use of universal precautions to prevent transmission of HIV, medical diagnosis
      and management of HIV-infected patients, management of threatening behavior by
      infected patients, management of patients' sexual behavior, and discharge
      planning. The authors suggest that institutions will be required to ensure that
      sexual behavior between patients does not occur or to offer patients condoms or
      other means to protect themselves from infection. They recommend upgrading the
      medical capabilities of state hospitals so that they can competently provide long
      term combined medical and psychiatric care to HIV-infected patients.

PMID- 2303217
TI  - The therapist as representative payee.
AB  - The effects of the therapist's assuming control of the patient's finances through
      representative payeeship is discussed. The authors use case examples from an
      urban outpatient community mental health center to illustrate administrative
      issues, ethical conflicts, and transference and countertransference
      manifestations of payeeship. They favor an approach whereby the institution is
      formally the payee and a clinician is designated to manage a patient's account.
      For most patients for whom a clinician assumed payeeship, compliance with
      treatment increased, the number and length of hospitalizations decreased, and
      housing arrangements improved. Although designating the therapist as payee has a
      significant impact on the therapeutic relationship, in most cases the patient is
      so impaired that the benefits outweight the liabilities.

PMID- 2303218
TI  - Staffing of forensic inpatient services in the United States.
AB  - Data on patient census, bed capacity, and staffing levels in state-operated
      forensic psychiatric inpatient programs in 1986 were collected from forensic
      mental health directors of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Of the 75
      programs identified, 54 were based in units within larger psychiatric hospitals
      and 21 in freestanding hospitals. For all programs, direct-care staff-patient
      ratios ranged from .35 to 4, with a mean of 1.3. The ratio of filled beds to bed
      capacity ranged from .5 to 1.54, with a mean of .95. Nearly a fourth of the
      programs were over capacity. A negative relationship between filled-bed ratios
      and direct-care staff-patient ratios was found.

PMID- 2303219
TI  - What happens to patients after five years of intensive case management stops?
AB  - Seventy-two patients who received five years of intensive case management
      services were transferred into mainstream community mental health center services
      with a much higher patient-to-staff ratio. At the end of a two-year follow-up, 91
      percent of the patients were still receiving treatment. Compared with the
      previous five years, hospitalizations during the follow-up period increased, but
      not significantly so. Contacts with mainstream CMHC services increased
      significantly. Overall costs in constant 1979 dollars showed a nonsignificant
      decrease, dropping by about $1,500 per patient per year. The staff time and
      resources gained by the programmatic changes were used to treat a larger number
      of chronic patients seeking services.

PMID- 2303220
TI  - A bridge to the community for extended-care state hospital patients.
AB  - In early 1988 a discharge assessment team surveyed the records of 421 extended
      care patients at Washington's Western State Hospital to facilitate planning for
      patients who were able to move out of the hospital. The group as a whole
      manifested serious problem behaviors, both current and past. Less than 40 percent
      of the patients needed continued state hospital care, but most who could be
      discharged to the community would require intensive residential supervision and
      support. The authors review linkages between two kinds of residential treatment
      programming that exists for this population, a network of community residential
      treatment facilities operated by private providers and community mental health
      centers and a hospital-based transitional program called the Program for Adaptive
      Living Skills. Linkages between these programs have proved useful in the
      residential placement of extended-care patients.

PMID- 2303221
TI  - Follow-up of community placement of the chronic mentally ill in New South Wales.
AB  - A total of 208 long-stay hospital patients in New South Wales, Australia, who
      were discharged to supported community accommodations were studied to determine
      their adjustment in the community. For 172 patients, measurements were obtained
      of the patients' satisfaction with their accommodations, the caretakers'
      perceptions of the patients' impairment and management difficulty, and the
      restrictiveness of practices in the various accommodations. Most patients were
      considered to be functioning well, although 22 of the more impaired and difficult
      patients were rehospitalized at the time of the study. Seventy-eight percent of
      the patients preferred living in the community, and only 7 percent preferred a
      hospital. The patients benefited from the supported, subsidized, permanent
      housing available in the community and required low levels of mental health care.

PMID- 2303222
TI  - Subgroups in the population of frequent users of inpatient services.

PMID- 2303223
TI  - Characteristics of perpetrators of family and nonfamily assaults.

PMID- 2303224
TI  - Factors related to length of hospitalization of children with mental disorders.

PMID- 2303225
TI  - Patient aggression against clinical and nonclinical staff in a VA Medical Center.

PMID- 2303226
TI  - Smokers' civil rights.

PMID- 2303227
TI  - Family involvement.

PMID- 2303229
TI  - APA opposes reporting names in cases of HIV.

PMID- 2303228
TI  - Family satisfaction.

PMID- 2303230
TI  - Wellness popular, but lags behind primary care.

PMID- 2303231
TI  - Regulation, fiscal pressure expand CEO planning role.
AB  - In an environment of strict fiscal control and continuing pressure to control
      costs, many CEOs are becoming actively involved in health planning at the local
      level. Most experts agree that regulators aren't likely to bring back certificate
      of need as the basis of a formalized planning system. But some regulators are
      taking a second look at direct fiscal controls that have helped contain costs in
      some eastern states. The specter of some form of regulation, coupled with
      mounting financial problems, is prompting health care executives to take a close
      look at what has worked in health planning and what has been a disaster.
      Moreover, some CEOs aren't waiting for the bureaucracy to inch along. They are
      working with other executives to sort out community needs and solve areawide
      health delivery problems.

PMID- 2303233
TI  - Weak national economy means lower prices for purchasers.

PMID- 2303232
TI  - Fraud and abuse rules: enforcement questions persist.
AB  - Attorneys disagree on how the yet-to-be-published fraud and abuse regulations
      will be enforced. Some interpret them as "guidelines," others as the "letter of
      the law." In addition, officials in the Office of the Inspector General say that
      they are not sure how the regulations will be enforced. Then there's the question
      of how the Secretary of Health and Human Services will use his official sanction.
      Is everything perfectly clear?

PMID- 2303234
TI  - Managed care involvement increases liability exposure.

PMID- 2303235
TI  - Baxter sews up market with needle-free system.

PMID- 2303236
TI  - Wide CEO support for universal health insurance.
AB  - How do health care CEOs feel about universal health insurance? The time is ripe
      for universal health insurance funded by both government and business, according
      to 70 percent of responding hospital CEOs. But the majority are against a
      Canadian-type program that would be funded exclusively by government.

PMID- 2303237
TI  - Sales forces key to marketing's future.

PMID- 2303238
TI  - Infection control investment saves in the long run.

PMID- 2303239
TI  - Vendors offer discounts for risk management.

PMID- 2303240
TI  - High-quality care and hospital profits: is there a link?

PMID- 2303241
TI  - Data processing departments beef up spending.

PMID- 2303242
TI  - Announcing your retirement: timing is crucial.

PMID- 2303243
TI  - Sustaining a competitive advantage in the '90s.

PMID- 2303245
TI  - Demonstration of chromosome replication by BrdU antibody technique and electron
      microscopy.
AB  - We describe the use of different reporter groups in visualizing replication
      patterns on metaphase chromosomes after BrdU incorporation by the BrdU antibody
      technique for the electron microscope. There is an inverse correlation between
      the density of the label and the size of the reporter particles. This observation
      alludes to stereo problems interfering with the access of the labeled antibodies
      into the chromatin. The use of silver enhancement enables easy detection of 1-nm
      and 5-nm gold particles, which make replication patterns visible in the electron
      microscope as does the diaminobenzidine/H2O2 reaction. Possible consequences for
      the demonstration of replication patterns and for nonradioactive DNA in situ
      hybridization are discussed.

PMID- 2303244
TI  - Rapid detection of deletions in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene by PCR
      amplification of deletion-prone exon sequences.
AB  - Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, we have screened the DNA of
      42 patients with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy for deletions within the
      DMD gene. Two regions within putative deletion "hot spots" of this gene were
      tested, and deletions were found in 16.6% of patients. The oligonucleotide
      primers employed in this study initiate the amplification of exon sequences and
      were used to test the suitability and reliability of PCR in deletion screening
      and prenatal diagnosis using various numbers of cycles and artificial
      contamination ratios. We compared our approach with both "multiplex DNA
      amplification" and Southern blot analysis. A comparative evaluation of currently
      available techniques is presented.

PMID- 2303246
TI  - Haplotyping of the human porphobilinogen deaminase gene in acute intermittent
      porphyria by polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is due to a defect in porphobilinogen
      deaminase (PBGD, E.C. 4.1.3.8) inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
      Presymptomatic carrier detection is important in order to avoid exposure to
      factors inducing severe clinical symptoms. Carriers and noncarriers of the AIP
      gene can be distinguished by linkage analysis using three intragenic RFLPs in AIP
      families. In the present study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to
      amplify 3.3-kb genomic sequences covering three polymorphic sites. Haplotypes
      were identified after cleavage of amplified products with three restriction
      enzymes, showing that the technique can be successfully used for linkage analysis
      in AIP families.

PMID- 2303248
TI  - Analysis of the transgenome of MET transfectant cell lines reveals that MET
      activation is accompanied by an interstitial insertion.
AB  - The MET oncogene, present in the MNNG-HOS chemically transformed human cell line,
      is activated by a gene fusion involving sequences from chromosome 1 and
      chromosome 7. Activated MET can act as a dominant selectable marker for
      chromosome-mediated gene transfer, and several transfectant cell lines have been
      established using this technique. Analysis of the transgenomes within these cell
      lines indicates that MET activation is not simply due to a chromosome
      translocation, but may involve an interstitial insertion of DNA from chromosome
      1, into chromosome 7, probably associated with other rearrangements. Pulse field
      gel analysis of two transfectants indicates that, despite the presence of complex
      rearrangements close to MET, chromosome 7 sequences are grossly intact over a 1
      Mb region thought to contain the gene defective in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2303247
TI  - Increased frequency of 6-thioguanine-resistant peripheral blood lymphocytes in
      Werner syndrome patients.
AB  - The frequency of spontaneous 6-thioguanine (TG)-resistant peripheral blood
      lymphocytes in five unrelated Werner syndrome (WS) patients was determined using
      an autoradiographic labeling assay. The average frequency of TG-resistant
      lymphocytes was eightfold higher in WS patients than in sex- and age-matched
      normal control donors. This finding and previous identification of increased
      spontaneous chromosomal rearrangements and deletions in WS cells or cell lines
      suggest that WS is a human genomic instability or mutator syndrome.

PMID- 2303249
TI  - Maternal meiosis II nondisjunction in a case of 47,XXY testicular feminization.
AB  - An 11-year-old patient with incomplete testicular feminization and a 47,XXY
      karyotype is described. The patient had female external genitalia, clitoromegaly,
      and some features of Klinefelter's syndrome, including speech delay and delayed
      intellectual development. DNA analysis using X chromosomal DNA sequences suggest
      that the supernumerary X chromosome in the patient resulted from maternal
      nondisjunction during meiosis II. The M II error thereby provides the basis for
      homozygosity of a mutation in the androgen receptor locus.

PMID- 2303250
TI  - Growth retardation in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome.
AB  - Postnatal growth records of 13 patients with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome indicate
      that the syndrome is associated with continuing severe growth retardation and
      marked microcephaly. In spite of severe retardation, these patients (with one
      exception) survived beyond infancy.

PMID- 2303251
TI  - Trisomy 18 mosaicism in an adult woman with normal intelligence and history of
      miscarriage.
AB  - We describe a women of short stature but of normal intelligence with 10% trisomy
      18 mosaicism. Minor dysmorphic signs including facial asymmetries and a slight
      length difference of extremities were not suggestive of a chromosomal
      abnormality.

PMID- 2303252
TI  - Complete cDNA sequence and chromosomal localization of mouse alpha 1-antitrypsin.
AB  - A cDNA encoding the complete open reading frame of murine alpha 1-antitrypsin has
      been cloned and sequenced. The nucleic acid and predicted amino acid sequences
      show homology to human alpha 1-antitrypsin and demonstrate the preservation of
      critical structural determinants for intracellular targeting, carbohydrate
      attachment, and catalytic function. The alpha 1-antitrypsin gene locus (Aat) has
      been localized on murine chromosome 12E----F by in situ hybridization.

PMID- 2303255
TI  - The human metallothionein gene cluster is not disrupted in myelomonocytic
      leukemia.
AB  - The human metallothionein gene complex on chromosome 16 has been remapped to
      16q13 using high-resolution in situ hybridization. The complex is not disrupted
      by the rearrangement breakpoint on the long arm of chromosome 16 in patients with
      myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils, as had been previously
      reported. The locus order on 16q is cen-MT-FRA16B-D16S4-inversion breakpoint-HP
      tel.

PMID- 2303254
TI  - Direct sequencing of the activation peptide and the catalytic domain of the
      factor IX gene in six species.
AB  - By means of RNA amplification with transcript sequencing (RAWTS) under low
      stringency conditions, sequence was obtained directly without cloning for the
      activation peptide and the catalytic domain of factor IX from six species--sheep,
      pig, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, and mouse. The data presented demonstrate that, by
      the appropriate design of oligonucleotides and by performance of a nested PCR
      under appropriate conditions, it is possible to obtain sequence on a battery of
      species with a minimum of oligonucleotide primers. A total of 5.2 kb of cross
      species sequence was generated with RAWTS. The results indicate that (1) 69% of
      the amino acids in the catalytic domain, but only 23% of the amino acids in the
      activation peptide, are identical in humans and the six species; (2) the
      catalytic domain evolves at a slower rate, but the extent and pattern of
      conservation of amino acids in the activation peptide suggest that the peptide
      functions as more than a cleavage spacer that separates the heavy and light
      chains in the catalytically inactive zymogen; (3) 37% of the amino acids in the
      activation peptide and 34% of the amino acids in the catalytic domain are factor
      IX-specific; i.e., they are either identical or changed in a highly conservative
      fashion in factor IX, but not in other related coagulation proteases; (4) these
      conserved factor IX-specific amino acids fall into three clusters, which are
      candidates for involvement in the protein interactions specific to factor IX; (5)
      there is a human-specific deletion after lysine 142 and a rodent-specific
      insertion after alanine 161; (6) in guinea pig, the insertion is associated with
      a seven-amino-acid repeat that corresponds to a perfect repeat of a 21-bp
      sequence; (7) humans have lost a potential N-glycosylation site that is conserved
      in the other species; (8) in each species, a few nonconservative changes occur in
      amino acids that are otherwise completely conserved, suggesting that compensatory
      mutations may have occurred; and (9) when compared to that of mouse, the amino
      acid identity with guinea pig factor IX is no greater than that found for the non
      rodent species, a result compatible with the postulated increased rate of
      evolution in rodents.

PMID- 2303253
TI  - Mapping of a gene determining tuberous sclerosis to human chromosome 11q14-11q23.
AB  - Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a dominantly inherited disorder characterized by
      hamartomas and hamartias in one or more organs, most often in skin, brain, and
      kidneys. Analysis of the basic genetic defect in tuberous sclerosis would be
      greatly expedited by definitive determination of the chromosomal location of the
      TSC gene or genes. We have carried out genetic linkage studies in 15 TSC
      families, using 34 polymorphic markers including protein markers and DNA markers.
      Pairwise lod scores were calculated using LIPED, and multipoint analyses were
      carried out using MENDEL. In the pairwise linkage analysis, using a penetrance
      value of 90%, a significant positive lod score was obtained with MCT128.1
      (D11S144), 11q22-11q23, Zmax 3.26 at theta = 0.08. The tyrosinase probe TYR
      (11q14-11q22) gave a maximum lod score of 2.88 at theta = 0. In the multipoint
      analyses the most likely order is (TYR,TSC)-MCT128.1-HHH172. Homogeneity analysis
      was carried out using the USERM9 subprogram of MENDEL, which conducts the
      admixture test of C. Smith (1963, Ann. Hum. Genet. 27: 175-182). This test
      provided no evidence for genetic heterogeneity (that is, non-11-linked families)
      in this data set.

PMID- 2303257
TI  - No evidence for linkage between late onset autosomal dominant retinitis
      pigmentosa and chromosome 3 locus D3S47 (C17): evidence for genetic
      heterogeneity.
AB  - Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited form of blindness caused by progressive
      retinal degeneration. P. McWilliam et al. (1989, Genomics 5: 619-622)
      demonstrated close genetic linkage between autosomal dominant retinitis
      pigmentosa (ADRP) and locus D3S47 (C17) in a single early onset pedigree. The
      marker C17 maps to the long arm of chromosome 3. Clinically, the disease
      phenotype has been subdivided into at least two forms on the basis of age of
      onset, as well as electrodiagnostic criteria. We demonstrate that C17 is unlinked
      in a late onset pedigree, indicating that the phenotypic variation seen reflects
      underlying genetic heterogeneity.

PMID- 2303256
TI  - Chromosomal organization and localization of the human urokinase inhibitor gene:
      perfect structural conservation with ovalbumin.
AB  - Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) plays an essential role in the
      regulation of localized extracellular proteolysis by its inactivation of
      urokinase. Using probes derived from a cDNA we isolated from lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS)-stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes, we have mapped, isolated, and
      determined the molecular organization of the gene for PAI-2 (PLANH2). In situ
      hybridization of the cDNA to normal metaphase chromosomes has confirmed our prior
      assignment of the gene for PAI-2 to chromosome 18 and further localized it to the
      long arm at 18q21.2-18q22. We have isolated nine independent genomic clones, two
      of which were found to contain the entire PAI-2 transcriptional unit of
      approximately 16.4 kilobase pairs (kbp). Analysis of the gene organization by
      restriction enzyme mapping, Southern blotting, and DNA sequencing revealed that
      the cDNA sequence is divided among eight exons interrupted by seven introns, the
      junctions of which all conform to the "GT-AG" consensus rule. In common with the
      arrangement found throughout, the serpin superfamily, of which PAI-2 is a member,
      the first intron is located just 5' to the initiator methionine residue, and the
      3' untranslated region (UTR) is not interrupted by a splice junction.
      Determination of the transcription initiation site by primer extension analysis
      of monocytic mRNA indicated that our PAI-2 cDNA was, at most, only three
      nucleotides short of full length, yielding a primary PAI-2 transcript with a 66
      bp first exon. A promoter "TATAAAbox" is located 30 bp upstream of the "cap"
      site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303259
TI  - Somatic cell genetic analysis of human cell surface antigens 5.1H11 and F35/9
      (gp45).
AB  - Serologic analysis of rodent-human somatic cell hybrids has permitted the
      assignment of loci coding for cell surface differentiation antigens 5.1H11 (gene
      symbol MSK39) and F35/9 (MSK40) to human chromosomes 11q13-qter and 22,
      respectively. Both antigens are expressed in hybrids constructed with antigen
      positive human cells and certain hybrids constructed with antigen-negative human
      cells, indicating that the coding genes are not irreversibly silenced in human
      nonexpressor cells. Antigens 5.1H11 and F35/9, and at least six additional cell
      surface antigens encoded by chromosomes 11 and 22, are expressed on human Ewing
      sarcoma and peripheral neuroepithelioma cells, providing selectable markers for
      isolating and characterizing the specific t(11;22)(q24;q12) marker chromosomes of
      these tumors in interspecies hybrids.

PMID- 2303258
TI  - The neuroepithelioma breakpoint on chromosome 22 is proximal to the meningioma
      locus.
AB  - The recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma has
      been localized between two probes, D22S1 and D22S15, by both in situ
      hybridization and somatic cell hybrids. These two probes have further been shown
      to be genetically linked at theta = 0.0 and a lod score of 5.3. The two probes
      were unaffected by a partial deletion of the chromosome 22 long arm of a
      meningioma, showing that the meningioma locus is distal to that of the
      neuroepithelioma.

PMID- 2303260
TI  - The gene for the muscle-specific enolase is on the short arm of human chromosome
      17.
AB  - The human gene encoding the muscle-specific beta-enolase has been isolated. The
      beta-enolase gene was mapped to chromosome 17 by analysis of a panel of rodent
      human somatic cell hybrids. The gene was further localized to the short arm and
      tentatively to the region 17pter-p11 by analysis of cell hybrids and transfectant
      cell lines carrying different portions of chromosome 17.

PMID- 2303261
TI  - The locus for Japanese myotonic dystrophy is also linked to D19S19 on the long
      arm of chromosome 19.

PMID- 2303262
TI  - Physical mapping of probes within 14q32, a subtelomeric region showing a high
      recombination frequency.
AB  - The genetic linkage map of chromosome 14q32 contains 11 loci which span a
      distance of more than 60 cM. We have assigned 10 of these loci and the AKT1 proto
      oncogene to segments of 14q32, using breakpoints derived from four independent
      chromosomal deletions or rearrangements. The most telomeric breakpoint was found
      in a proband (HSC 6) carrying a ring-14 chromosome. HSC 6 is monosomic for the
      distal part of 14q32, which contains the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus (IGH),
      and random markers D14S20, D14S19, and D14S23. Two other chromosomal breakpoints,
      found in probands HSC 121 and HSC 981, could not be distinguished from each other
      using DNA probes, although the cytogenetic breakpoints appeared to be different
      at 14q32.32 and 14q32.31, respectively. The region between the breakpoints of HSC
      6 and HSC 121 contains AKT1, D14S1, D14S17, and D14S16. The entire telomeric band
      14q32 is assumed to contain about 10% of chromosome 14, or approximately 10 Mb.
      The 8 most telomeric loci, including D14S1, map to 14q32.32-qter, which measures
      only several megabases. However, these loci span a genetic distance of 23 cM. The
      high recombination frequency contrasts with the observation that two of the gamma
      genes in the IGH constant region show a high degree of linkage disequilibrium,
      though 180 kb apart. This finding suggests that a telomeric localization per se
      does not lead to a higher recombination frequency and favors the hypothesis that
      the higher recombination frequency at the telomeres may be due to specific "hot
      spots" for recombination.

PMID- 2303264
TI  - A long-range restriction map of the interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 linkage group
      on chromosome 5.
AB  - The genes for two of the hematopoietic growth factors, interleukin-4 and
      interleukin-5, are located on a small segment of chromosome 5 (q23-31), which is
      frequently deleted in myeloid disorders. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,
      we demonstrate physical linkage of these two genes and present a long-range
      restriction map of the locus. The two genes are closely linked (maximum
      separation, 310 kb) and appear to be separated by an HTF island. We were unable
      to physically link these genes to two other closely related hematopoietic growth
      factor genes, interleukin-3 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor,
      which also map to this region of the genome. The clustering of these and other
      growth-related genes suggests that a higher order of genetic organization exists
      in this region of the chromosome.

PMID- 2303263
TI  - Amplification of a long sequence that includes a processed pseudogene for
      elongation factor 2 in the mouse.
AB  - Quantitative Southern blotting analysis has demonstrated that mouse cells contain
      about 70 copies per haploid genome of a DNA sequence related to the gene for
      elongation factor 2. The restriction maps of seven cosmids that each carry one
      copy of the EF2-related sequence (MER) and nucleotide sequences of MERs were
      highly conserved among the cosmids. Data obtained by such analyses suggest that
      MERs were produced by the integration of one copy of MER derived from poly(A)+
      mRNA for EF2 into a specific site in the mouse genome, with subsequent
      amplification of MER together with its large flanking sequences during the
      evolution of the mouse. Furthermore, it appears that the size of each repeating
      unit is more than 60 kb. Analysis by pulse-field gel electrophoresis suggested
      that multiple copies of a repeating unit of more than 400 kb (or two units) are
      clustered at a specific site (or each specific site) in the mouse genome.

PMID- 2303266
TI  - Algorithm for optimal linear model-based control with application to
      pharmacokinetic model-driven drug delivery.
AB  - Computerized pharmacokinetic model-driven administration of intravenous
      anesthetic agents has been implemented using a variety of algorithms to control
      the drug infusion regimen. All such algorithms are similar to the extent that
      they use a linear pharmacokinetic model of the drug being administered to
      determine drug infusion rates to theoretically achieve and maintain plasma drug
      concentrations (setpoints) specified by the physician. Since the behavior of the
      pharmacokinetic model can be computed for any input, it should be possible to
      achieve regulation of the drug infusion rates that is flexible (i.e., the
      physician can interactively adjust the setpoint), practical, and analytically
      optimized; these objectives are realized by the algorithm described in this
      communication.

PMID- 2303265
TI  - Scaling limitations of silicon multichannel recording probes.
AB  - This paper describes the scaling limitations of multichannel recording probes
      fabricated for use in neurophysiology using silicon integrated circuit
      technologies. Scaled silicon probe substrates 8 microns thick and 16 microns wide
      can be fabricated using boron etch-stop techniques. Theoretical expressions for
      calculating the thickness and width of silicon substrates have been derived and
      agree closely with experimental results. The effects of scaling probe dimensions
      on its strength and stiffness are described. The probe shank dimensions can be
      designed to vary the strength and stiffness for different applications. The
      scaled silicon substrates have a fracture stress of about 2 x 10(10) dyn/cm2,
      which is about six times that of bulk silicon, and are strong and very flexible.
      Scaling the feature sizes of recording electrode arrays down to 1 micron is
      possible with less than 1 percent electrical crosstalk between channels.

PMID- 2303267
TI  - A new method for the estimation of the left ventricular pressure-volume area.
AB  - We present a new method for obtaining the pressure-volume area (PVA) as defined
      by Suga. The method allows calculation of the PVA from pressure and flow
      waveforms of ejecting beats and requires only one isovolumic ventricular
      contraction performed at any end diastolic volume.

PMID- 2303268
TI  - Use of the impedance method to calculate 3-D power deposition patterns for
      hyperthermia with capacitive plate electrodes.
AB  - We have used the three-dimensional impedance method to calculate the power
      deposition in the human pelvic region due to a radio frequency current at 13.56
      MHz applied through round or oval capacitive-plate applicators. We compare the
      energy deposited in several tumor sites when energy is applied using a variety of
      applicator sizes, locations, and boluses of various conductivities. We show
      detailed maps of the power deposition in these cases for selected regions of the
      body and suggest useful configurations of applicators for heating tumors in
      several locations in the body.

PMID- 2303269
TI  - Effects of head shape on EEG's and MEG's.
AB  - This paper presents results of computer modeling studies of the effects of head
      shape on electroencephalograms (EEG's) and magnetoencephalograms (MEG's) and on
      the localization of electrical sources in the brain using these measurements. The
      effects of general, nonspherical head shape on EEG's and MEG's are determined by
      comparisons of EEG and MEG maps from nonspherical head models with corresponding
      maps from a spherical head model. The effects on source localization accuracy are
      determined by calculating moving dipole inverse solutions in a spherical head
      model using EEG's and MEG's from the nonspherical models and comparing the
      solutions with the known sources. It was found that nonspherical head shape can
      produce significant changes in the maps produced by some sources in the cortical
      region of the brain. However, it was also found that such deviations of the head
      from sphericity produce localization errors of less than approximately 1 cm. No
      significant differences in the effects of such deviations on EEG's and MEG's were
      found. Finally, it was found that most such deviations do not cause a dipolar
      source which is perpendicular to the surface of the head model to produce a
      significant magnetic field; such a source produces zero magnetic field in a
      sphere.

PMID- 2303270
TI  - New tetrapolar circuit method using magnetic field for measurement of local
      impedance change in biological substances.
AB  - A new tetrapolar circuit method using a magnetic field is proposed to measure the
      local electric impedance change in living tissue. Based on this method, we
      designed an apparatus which can detect impedance changes in closely-situated two
      parts of living tissue, simultaneously and independently. Using this apparatus,
      we showed the effectiveness of the proposed method by an in vitro experiment and
      by an in vivo measurement of pulsatile waveforms in the forearm arteries. The
      detection sensitivity for a local impedance change was confirmed to be higher
      than that of the conventional tetrapolar method. Pulsatile impedance waveforms
      measured in the radial and the ulnar parts of the forearm were consistent with
      those estimated from the anatomical structure.

PMID- 2303271
TI  - Errors due to measuring voltage on current-carrying electrodes in electric
      current computed tomography.
AB  - Electric current computed tomography is a process for determining the
      distribution of electrical conductivity inside a body based upon measurements of
      voltage or current made at the body's surface. Most such systems use different
      electrodes for the application of current and the measurement of voltage. This
      paper shows that when a multiplicity of electrodes are attached to a body's
      surface, the voltage data are most sensitive to changes in resistivity in the
      body's interior when voltages are measured from all electrodes, including those
      carrying current. This assertion is true despite the presence of significant
      levels of skin impedance at the electrodes. This conclusion is supported both
      theoretically and by experiment. Data were first taken using all electrodes for
      current and voltage. Then current was applied only at a pair of electrodes, with
      voltages measured on all other electrodes. We then constructed the second data
      set by calculation from the first. Targets could be detected with better signal
      to-noise ratio by using the reconstructed data than by using the directly
      measured voltages on noncurrent-carrying electrodes. Images made from voltage
      data using only noncurrent-carrying electrodes had higher noise levels and were
      less able to accurately locate targets. We conclude that in multiple electrode
      systems for electric current computed tomography, current should be applied and
      voltage should be measured from all available electrodes.

PMID- 2303272
TI  - 3-D corneal modeling system.
AB  - New surgical procedures have been introduced recently that provide refractive
      correction to replace the use of eyeglasses or contact lenses. The procedures
      involve reshaping the cornea to compensate for the optical anomalies of
      astigmatism and nearsightedness. Although thousands of operations are currently
      performed in the U.S., there are no instruments available for monitoring the
      results. Thus, a critical need has arisen to inspect and measure the cornea's
      surface both before and after surgery. In this paper an instrument is presented
      which provides a detailed topographical model of an individual's cornea. The
      method uses a novel structured light source. The cornea is modeled as a convex
      mirror which forms a virtual image of the structured light source. A single image
      is recorded from the patient's cornea. The depth is obtained from triangulation
      between the acquired image and a reference image of a sphere. The reconstruction
      of the depth map is complicated by the fact that the magnification used in
      recording the image varies with the radius of curvature of the cornea. An
      iterative method is presented which solves for the radius of curvature despite
      the variation in magnification. The virtual image is digitized and the
      instantaneous curvature of the cornea is obtained. The instantaneous curvature is
      displayed in units of optical power (diopters). This display provides the
      ophthalmologist or optometrist with the essential optical properties of the
      cornea.

PMID- 2303273
TI  - Switching control of accommodation: experimental and simulation responses to ramp
      inputs.
AB  - The irregular staircase appearance of the accommodation response to a ramp
      stimulus, slow movement of a target towards the subject's eye, suggests a
      switching between different states of control. Experiments and model simulations
      indicate that blur processing by retina and cortex underlies threshold triggering
      of the switch. The ON state consists of a fairly high gain, closed-loop control
      system that minimizes error. The OFF state provides for a quasi-open-loop state
      and a slow drift to a bias level, under the influence of a leaky integrator.

PMID- 2303274
TI  - A probabilistic approach to the single-point, single-dose problem.
AB  - A general probabilistic approach is applied to the single-point, single-dose
      method for estimating individual infusion rates and serum drug concentrations. By
      using transformations of probability density functions, the effects of variations
      in the elimination rate constant upon pharmacokinetic variables may be studied
      and optimal sampling times may be chosen. Although this study treats the case of
      error-free sampling in a single-compartment model with a normal distribution of
      rate constants, the methods presented can be extended to more general situations.

PMID- 2303275
TI  - A comparison of the noise sensitivity of nine QRS detection algorithms.
AB  - The noise sensitivities for nine different QRS detection algorithms were measured
      for a normal, single-channel lead II, synthesized ECG corrupted with five
      different types of synthesized noise. The noise types were electromyographic
      interference, 60 Hz powerline interference, baseline drift due to respiration,
      abrupt baseline shift, and a composite noise constructed from all of the other
      noise types. The percentage of QRS complexes detected, the number of false
      positives, and the detection delay were measured. None of the algorithms were
      able to detect all QRS complexes without any false positives for all of the noise
      types at the highest noise level. Algorithms based on amplitude and slope had the
      highest performance for EMG-corrupted ECG. An algorithm using a digital filter
      had the best performance for the composite noise corrupted data.

PMID- 2303276
TI  - Sampling frequency of the electrocardiogram for spectral analysis of the heart
      rate variability.
AB  - The R-R interval measurement from digitized electrocardiograms (ECG) contains an
      error due to the finite sampling frequency which may jeopardize the beat-to-beat
      analysis of the heart rate. In this paper, we develop a model to describe and
      quantitate this error. The "measured" R-R interval is modeled as the sum of the
      "true" R-R interval and of the error of measurement. The first and second order
      statistics of the error are computed in order to investigate its influence on the
      heart rate variability (HRV) power spectrum. They are found to be only functions
      of the ECG sampling frequency and, in particular, the power spectrum of the error
      contributes an additive high-pass filter-like term (colored noise) to the power
      spectrum of the HRV. The accuracy of the model is tested via a simulation
      procedure. The model indicates that the relative balance between the HRV and the
      error power spectra is important and should be checked before any variability
      analysis on the heart rate. This balance may be favorable to the error when 1)
      the sampling frequency of the ECG is too low, and/or 2) the variability of the
      heart rate is too little. In these cases, the HRV spectrum analysis may not give
      reliable results. Two tests are proposed in order to evaluate the error influence
      either in specific frequency bands or in the total frequency range.

PMID- 2303277
TI  - An aberrant DRB4 null gene transcript is found that could encode a novel HLA-DR
      beta chain.

PMID- 2303278
TI  - Highly conserved T-cell receptor junctional regions. Evidence for selection at
      the protein and the DNA level.

PMID- 2303280
TI  - Desipramine blocks augmented neurogenic vasoconstrictor responses to epinephrine.
AB  - The forearm vasoconstrictor response to lower body negative pressure (LBNP), a
      reflex stimulus to norepinephrine release, can be augmented by a prior brachial
      artery infusion of epinephrine. We wished to determine whether this sustained
      aftereffect of epinephrine could be replicated by systemic infusion and, if so,
      whether it could be prevented by prior uptake-1 blockade with desipramine. Eight
      normal men (mean age 30 years) were studied on two separate study days at least 1
      week apart, 2.5 hours after taking, at random, either desipramine (125 mg p.o.)
      or placebo. Forearm vascular resistance was measured at rest and at the end of 6
      minutes of LBNP at -40 mm Hg. This was done both before and 30 minutes after a 60
      minute infusion of epinephrine (1.5 micrograms/min i.v.). From similar baselines,
      the forearm vasoconstrictor response to LBNP was significantly augmented 30
      minutes after epinephrine on the placebo day (+17 +/- 4 vs. +12 +/- 3 resistance
      units, mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.01) but not on the desipramine day (+14 +/- 2
      vs. +16 +/- 3 resistance units). The heart rate response to LBNP was also greater
      after epinephrine on the placebo day (+20 +/- 3 vs. +16 +/- 2 beats/min, p less
      than 0.05). Mean arterial pressure was higher after epinephrine infusion on the
      placebo (p less than 0.01) but not on the desipramine day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303279
TI  - Complotypes in individuals of African origin: frequencies and possible extended
      MHC haplotypes.
AB  - We analyzed the frequency distribution of 106 complotypes [four allele sets of
      the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes for the complement proteins
      factor B, C2, C4A, and C4B] from 32 Black families residing in Boston and
      Washington, DC. Twenty-five different complotypes were identified, among which
      there were four complotypes that had not been previously observed in our large
      database of complotypes compiled from family studies of Boston Caucasians and
      that are, presumably, unique to individuals of African origin. These four African
      derived complotypes are FC(1,90)0, FC63, S1C2, 17, and SC(3,2,90)0. The
      frequencies of two of these four unique Black complotypes, FC(1,90)0 and FC63,
      were increased significantly when compared to Caucasians (pcorr less than
      0.00042, pcorr = 0.00294, respectively). The complotype FC(1,90)0 was in positive
      linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DR3 haplotypes containing the B locus antigens
      Bw42, Bw52, Bw53, and Bw58, while FC63 was associated with HLA-Bw70, -DR5. These
      findings demonstrate the extensive polymorphism of complotypes in Blacks, and
      also suggest that it may be possible to define unique extended haplotypes of
      African origin.

PMID- 2303281
TI  - Perinatal salt intake alters blood pressure and salt balance in hypertensive
      rats.
AB  - Blood pressure and the rate of excretion of an oral salt load were examined in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats of the Okamoto strain after exposure in utero and
      during suckling to a high salt (3% NaCl, wt/wt), low salt (0.1%), control salt
      (0.8%), or high potassium (2.2% KCl, wt/wt) [corrected] maternal diet. After
      weaning, all offspring were given a diet containing 0.8% NaCl. There were small
      but significant differences in growth rate among offspring groups over the 60
      weeks of observation, with rats exposed to perinatal low salt and high salt diet
      being lighter than those given control or high potassium diet. There were
      positive, significant correlations between body weight and blood pressure in all
      dietary groups at 8 weeks of age but not 16 or 24 weeks. Rats exposed to
      perinatal low salt diet had significantly lower blood pressures than the other
      three groups, which had similar blood pressures. Low salt rats also exhibited an
      exaggerated natriuresis after a single, oral salt load (0.15 M saline, 1% body
      weight) compared with the other three diet groups, which were not different from
      each other. High potassium rats had a reduced kaliuresis and diuresis after the
      salt load when compared with the other three groups. At 60 weeks of age, rats
      that received perinatal low salt diet had significantly heavier adrenal glands
      when compared with the other groups, and the high potassium group had
      significantly elevated plasma renin concentrations. Thus, maternal electrolyte
      intake during the perinatal phase may alter body fluid homeostasis in genetically
      susceptible individuals at maturity.

PMID- 2303282
TI  - Prostanoids and aldosterone-induced mild experimental hypertension in rats.
AB  - The goal of this study was to determine the role of prostanoids in a new model of
      mineralocorticoid-dependent hypertension induced by the subcutaneous infusion of
      aldosterone (1 micrograms/hr) to normal male Sprague-Dawley rats. This regimen
      caused a mild and gradual increase in systolic pressure over a period of 4 weeks
      (113 +/- 1 vs. 137 +/- 3 mm Hg) and was associated with an increase in the in
      vivo formation of prostaglandins I2 and E2 and of thromboxane A2 in the kidney.
      High sodium intake induced a fall in the urinary levels of prostaglandin E2 and a
      rise in the arterial pressure of control rats (126 +/- 1 vs. 113 +/- 1 mm Hg) but
      did not influence aldosterone-induced hypertension. Indomethacin (3.0 mg/kg/day)
      caused a profound inhibition of the in vivo synthesis of prostaglandin I2 and
      thromboxane A2 without modifying the renal production of prostaglandin E2.
      Although indomethacin exerted no effect on aldosterone-induced hypertension in
      rats fed a normal diet, it caused a further rise in systolic pressure in
      aldosterone-treated rats fed a high sodium diet (157 +/- 6 vs. 140 +/- 4 mm Hg).
      The results of this study in a model of aldosterone-induced mild hypertension in
      the rat indicate that 1) aldosterone exerts a stimulatory effect on the renal
      synthesis of prostanoid, particularly prostaglandin E2; 2) thromboxane A2 and
      prostaglandin I2 do not seem to play a role in aldosterone-induced hypertension
      under conditions of normal dietary salt intake, whereas the role of prostaglandin
      E2 is unclear; 3) there is enough sodium in a normal diet to allow for the
      maximal expression of the hypertensive effect of aldosterone; 4) prostaglandin I2
      seems to play a significant role in modulating the cardiovascular impact of a
      high sodium diet in aldosterone-treated rats; and 5) the renal biosynthesis of
      prostaglandin E2 is particularly resistant to the inhibitory effect of
      indomethacin in vivo.

PMID- 2303283
TI  - Red blood cell Na+ content is poorly related to essential hypertension and to
      membrane Na+ transport abnormalities.

PMID- 2303284
TI  - Hemodynamic changes by recombinant erythropoietin therapy in hemodialyzed
      patients.
AB  - Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy was given to 15 patients undergoing long
      term hemodialysis with normal cardiac function. None of the patients had
      hypertension before the erythropoietin therapy and had received no
      antihypertensive agents. Before and after the erythropoietin therapy M-mode and
      pulsed Doppler echocardiographic studies, measurements of plasma volume by
      radioiodinated human serum albumin, and measurements of atrial natriuretic factor
      were carried out. After 6 weeks of erythropoietin therapy, hematocrit increased
      from 20.0 to 33.0%. Cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular diastolic
      dimensions, and left ventricular wall stress were all significantly decreased.
      Total peripheral resistance, interventricular septal thickness, and left
      ventricular posterior wall thickness were significantly increased. In Doppler
      echocardiographic studies, the mean velocity of aortic ejection flow and left
      ventricular acceleration time were decreased. The blood volume derived from
      plasma volume and hematocrit was not changed, whereas plasma atrial natriuretic
      factor concentration was significantly decreased. These data suggest that
      recombinant human erythropoietin administration suppressed the hyperdynamic
      cardiac state that was required to maintain oxygen delivery to the peripheral
      tissues in severe uremic anemia.

PMID- 2303285
TI  - Tonic cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II in the ventrolateral medulla.
AB  - The rostral and caudal parts of the ventrolateral medulla play a major role in
      the control of blood pressure. Both regions contain a high density of receptor
      binding sites for angiotensin II, and it has been shown previously that
      microinjection of angiotensin II into the rostral ventrolateral medulla causes a
      rise in blood pressure. The aims of this study were to determine the
      cardiovascular effects of microinjection of angiotensin II and its specific
      antagonist [Sar1Thr8]angiotensin II into the caudal ventrolateral medulla and to
      characterize the regional vascular effects elicited by both compounds in the
      rostral ventrolateral medulla. Microinjections of angiotensin II (0.2-20 pmol)
      into histologically verified sites in the caudal ventrolateral medulla of
      anesthetized baroreceptor-denervated rabbits produced dose-dependent decreases in
      blood pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity, whereas microinjection of
      [Sar1Thr8]angiotensin II (40 pmol) produced increases in these variables. In the
      rostral ventrolateral medulla, angiotensin II (0.02-20 pmol) elicited a dose
      dependent increase in blood pressure, iliac vascular resistance, and renal
      sympathetic nerve activity, whereas [Sar1Thr8]angiotensin II (40 pmol) produced
      decreases in these variables. The effects on heart rate elicited by either
      compound in the rostral or caudal ventrolateral medulla were small but were in
      the same direction as the other cardiovascular variables. In contrast,
      angiotensin II had no detectable effect on sympathoexcitatory neurons within the
      rostral dorsomedial medulla, a region that lacks angiotensin II receptor binding
      sites. The results indicate that endogenous angiotensin II acts on specific
      receptors within the rostral and caudal parts of the ventrolateral medulla and
      has a tonic excitatory action on sympathoexcitatory and sympathoinhibitory
      neurons within these respective regions.

PMID- 2303286
TI  - Baroreceptor reflex enhancement by chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of
      enalapril in normotensive rats.
AB  - Involvement of the brain renin-angiotensin system in baroreceptor reflex
      regulation was assessed by recording reflex heart rate and sympathetic nerve
      responses in normotensive rats that had been infused intracerebroventricularly
      with the converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril for 15 days. Reflex bradycardia
      and sympathetic nerve inhibition during pressor responses to phenylephrine were
      larger in rats with intracerebroventricularly infused enalapril than in control
      rats similarly infused either intracerebroventricularly with saline or
      intravenously with enalapril. In contrast, opposite reflex responses to sodium
      nitroprusside-induced hypotension were mostly unaffected. Because depressor,
      bradycardic, and sympathoinhibitory responses to electrical stimulation of the
      central cut end of the left aortic depressor nerve were also enhanced,
      intracerebroventricularly infused enalapril must be affecting the baroreceptor
      reflex arc centrally. These results are compatible with the interpretation that
      intracerebroventricularly infused enalapril enhanced baroreceptor reflex
      sensitivity by reducing endogenous angiotensin II levels in the brain through
      converting enzyme inhibition.

PMID- 2303287
TI  - Cardiovascular depression and stabilization by central vasopressin in rats.
AB  - The role of endogenous vasopressin in cardiovascular homeostasis was examined
      using vasopressin-deficient rats (Brattleboro) (n = 194) and their parent strain,
      Long-Evans rats (n = 181). Mean arterial pressure (blood pressure) and heart rate
      were measured every 4 seconds with or without infusion of drug solution for 21
      hours, and mean values and their standard deviations (lability) were calculated.
      Blood pressure in Brattleboro rats (116 +/- 1.1 mm Hg, mean +/- SEM) was
      significantly higher than that in Long-Evans rats (96 +/- 0.7 mm Hg, p less than
      0.001), whereas heart rates (381 +/- 3.3 and 375 +/- 2.9 beats/min, respectively)
      were similar. The lability of blood pressure and heart rate in Brattleboro rats
      (9.2 +/- 0.1 mm Hg and 42.3 +/- 0.7 beats/min) was also greater than that in Long
      Evans rats (6.7 +/- 0.1 mm Hg, p less than 0.001 and 38.4 +/- 0.8 beats/min, p
      less than 0.01, respectively). In Brattleboro rats, intravenous vasopressin (0.1
      ng/kg/min or 0.6 ng/kg/min) did not affect blood pressure, although it did reduce
      heart rate and decreased lability of blood pressure and heart rate.
      Intracerebroventricular (central) infusion of vasopressin (2 pg/kg/min) in
      Brattleboro rats induced initial hypertension and tachycardia followed by long
      lasting hypotension and bradycardia, whereas in Long-Evans rats it induced only
      hypertension and tachycardia. In both strains, central vasopressin dramatically
      decreased the lability of blood pressure and heart rate. Neither intravenous (0.2
      ng/kg/min) nor central desmopressin (2 pg/kg/min or 0.2 ng/kg/min), a V2 renal
      receptor agonist, changed any of these parameters in Brattleboro rats, although
      both diminished urinary volume. Neither intravenous (50 ng/kg/min) nor central
      (3.3 pg/kg/min) d(CH2)5-Tyr(Me)-arginine vasopressin, a vasopressin V1 receptor
      antagonist, modulated any of these parameters in Long-Evans rats. These results
      suggest that endogenous as well as exogenous vasopressin acts centrally as a
      cardiovascular inhibitor and stabilizer through a receptor mechanism other than
      V1 or V2 receptor mechanisms.

PMID- 2303288
TI  - DNA-ploidy as prognostic factor in prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - DNA-ploidy in 143 cases of prostatic carcinoma was assessed by flow cytometric
      analysis of paraffin-embedded biopsy material. The majority of the tumours
      (64.3%) were diploid, but in advanced stages the DNA-aneuploidy rate increased
      from 15 to over 60%. No hypoploid tumour was observed and most of the hyperploid
      tumours were near-tetraploid. DNA-aneuploidy was also strongly related to
      histological grade. Survival analysis using Cox multivariate regression model
      revealed that low histological grade (high Gleason score), advanced stage and
      increased level of prostatic acid phosphatase were the most important prognostic
      factors. DNA-ploidy per se did not contribute independently as a predictor of
      survival.

PMID- 2303289
TI  - Screening for lung cancer in the middle-aged.
AB  - A screening programme for lung diseases has been in operation in the German
      Democratic Republic for more than 3 decades. The programme is based on biennial
      chest X-rays (70 x 70 mm posterior-anterior) of the population 40 years of age or
      over. With respect to lung cancer the results show that, for the population under
      60 years of age, the adjusted relative risk of dying from lung cancer among
      subjects who took part in the last screening round compared with subjects who did
      not but were screened at least once during the preceding 10-year period was 0.93
      (95% confidence interval 0.65-1.33).

PMID- 2303290
TI  - The 4th nation-wide study of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) in Japan:
      estimates of risk of ATL and its geographical and clinical features. The T- and B
      cell Malignancy Study Group.
AB  - To estimate the annual incidence of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) by
      district in Japan, a large-scale nationwide survey of ATL and of non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma was performed in 1988. Questionnaires for the registration of ATL and of
      T-cell and non-T-cell lymphoma were distributed to the physicians in charge of
      this survey in 1,287 hospitals with 200 or more beds throughout Japan. From the
      positive rate of anti-HTLV-I antibody in adults, the annual incidence of ATL was
      estimated at 697, independently of the present survey. In fact, 657 cases (47% of
      the estimated number), newly diagnosed during the 2 years January 1986 to
      December 1987, were registered from 191 general hospitals throughout Japan. Major
      results obtained from the present survey are as follows: (1) among all ATL cases
      registered, 51% were from Kyushu and 29% were from metropolitan areas (Kanto,
      Chubu and Kinki) and most, but not all, patients with ATL in the metropolitan
      areas had come from the ATL-endemic areas and settled in the metropolitan areas;
      (2) the estimated annual incidence rates of ATL per million adults were 40.4 in
      males and 26.4 in females in Kyushu, the overall risk of ATL being 1.5 times as
      high in males as in females; (3) the age-specific incidence rate in Kyushu
      increased steeply with age until the age of 70, and then decreased markedly in
      both sexes; (4) the ratio of T-cell versus non-T-cell lymphomas was 2.9 in Kyushu
      but 0.5 in other districts of Japan, however, this difference regressed to the
      average for the whole of Japan if ATL cases were excluded; (5) 26.5% of patients
      with ATL had a family history of cancer, and among these, 14 (8.2%) were ATL, 21
      (12.2%) were lymphoma and 17 (9.9%) were hematopoietic malignancies, the
      incidence of which was markedly higher than in the general population; (6) with
      regard to clinicopathological features of ATL, there were more advanced cases in
      south Kyushu than in other districts, however, these differences were not
      statistically significant. To clarify the chronological changes and geographical
      variations in the annual incidence of ATL in Japan, continuous systematic
      nationwide surveillance is necessary and further nation-wide studies are being
      prepared.

PMID- 2303291
TI  - Prognostic significance of alpha-1-antitrypsin in early stage of colorectal
      carcinomas.
AB  - We have previously shown that human colorectal carcinoma cell lines, RCM-1 and
      CoCM-1, synthesize alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) in culture. We have studied
      immunohistochemically the incidence of alpha 1-AT on histologic sections from
      paraffin-embedded tissues of surgically resected colorectal carcinomas and their
      metastatic foci, polypectomized adenomas, and normal mucosae. alpha 1-AT was
      detected in 89 (61%) of 145 carcinomas (including 14 carcinomas in adenoma), and
      12 (39%) of 31 adenomas. But only 2 (4%) of 55 normal colorectal mucosae were
      positive for alpha 1-AT. In metastatic tumor cells of colorectal carcinomas in
      lymph nodes and other organs, alpha 1-AT positivity was 60% and 82%,
      respectively. The incidence of alpha 1-AT was markedly higher in advanced
      adenocarcinomas than in early ones and more frequent in adenocarcinomas of right
      side (including transverse colon) than those of left side and rectum, regardless
      of their histological malignancy grades. In mucinous carcinomas the frequency was
      greater (8 of 9 cases) than in conventional adenocarcinomas. Clinical follow-up
      of the patients with colorectal carcinomas suggested that alpha 1-AT positivity
      in Dukes' stage A/B tends to correlate with unfavorable prognosis irrespective of
      the grade of histologic differentiation of carcinoma, but there is no significant
      relation in Dukes' stage C/D. Our findings suggest that alpha 1-AT in colorectal
      carcinoma is related to the invasive and metastatic capacity. It may thus serve
      as a biologic marker for prognosis of colorectal carcinomas at relatively early
      stages (Dukes' stage A/B).

PMID- 2303292
TI  - Procoagulant activity of mononuclear phagocytes from different anatomical sites
      in patients with gynecological malignancies.
AB  - Mononuclear phagocytes exhibit complex interactions with cancer cells and might
      contribute to fibrin formation associated with malignancy through the production
      of procoagulant activity (PCA). We have studied the PCA of peritoneal macrophages
      in 8 patients with advanced (stages III or IV) ovarian cancer and of macrophages
      from regional lymph nodes in 14 patients with limited (stages I or II) uterine
      cancer; peritoneal and lymph-node macrophages from patients with benign
      gynecological tumors were used as reference cell populations. In all patients,
      PCA of blood monocytes was also studied. Peritoneal and lymph-node macrophages
      obtained from patients with ovarian and uterine cancer, respectively, expressed
      far higher levels of basal PCA than the corresponding cell populations from
      patients with benign tumors (p less than 0.001). PCA of blood mononuclear cells
      from patients with ovarian, but not with uterine cancer, was significantly higher
      (p less than 0.001) than that of control cells. High levels of D-dimer, a
      specific product derived from plasmin-induced degradation of stabilized fibrin,
      were found in all ascitic fluids and in all plasma samples but one from patients
      with ovarian cancer. In contrast, all controls and all uterine cancer patients
      but one had normal plasma D-dimer. Our findings suggest that local activation of
      host macrophages for PCA production might contribute to fibrin formation within
      the tumoral mass. In advanced cancer, blood monocytes may also be activated to
      produce PCA and thus contribute to activation of intravascular coagulation and,
      possibly, to thrombo-embolic complications frequently associated with
      disseminated malignancy.

PMID- 2303293
TI  - Height and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies from northern Italy.
AB  - The relationship between self-reported height and cancer risk was investigated in
      an integrated series of case-control studies including 273 cases of cancer of the
      oesophagus, 474 of the stomach, 558 of the colon, 352 of the rectum, 227 of the
      liver, 267 of the pancreas, 110 of the larynx, 2,388 of the breast, 545 of the
      cervix uteri, 563 of the endometrium, 688 of the ovary, 80 of the prostate, 263
      of the bladder, 105 of the kidney, 43 Hodgkin's disease, 152 non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas, 109 multiple myelomas, and a total of 5,574 controls admitted to
      hospital for acute, non-neoplastic conditions. No significant positive trend in
      risk was observed for any of the cancer sites considered, and some suggestion of
      elevated risks for the upper quintile of height was observed only for prostate
      (relative risk, RR = 1.4), kidney (RR = 2.7) and colon (RR = 1.2) in males (but
      not in females). For breast cancer, all the RRs for subsequent quintiles of
      height were close to unity. Four neoplasms showed significant inverse trends with
      height: oesophagus (RR = 0.7 for highest vs. lowest quintile), cervix (RR = 0.4),
      endometrium (RR = 0.7) and ovary (RR = 0.6). For oesophagus and cervix the trends
      could be explained, at least in part, in terms of social class correlates
      (multivariate RR 0.8 and 0.5, respectively), while for endometrium they could
      possibly be related to an inverse correlation between height and body mass
      (multivariate RR 0.9). Thus, our study did not support the hypothesis that
      nutrition in childhood and adolescence (which in this population is a determinant
      of adult height) is directly related to the subsequent risk of cancer at several
      major cancer sites. A number of inverse associations emerged, which may be either
      spurious and incidental, or suggest that poorer nutrition early in life may be an
      unfavourable indicator of the subsequent risk of selected neoplasms.

PMID- 2303294
TI  - Deficient production of tumor necrosis factor by peripheral-blood monocytes in
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - The production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      triggered peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBM) was investigated in 23
      patients with untreated B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and 14
      control donors. Cells were stimulated at concentrations that reflect cell density
      in peripheral blood. Under these conditions, PBM from 11/23 of the CLL patients
      produced at least 10-fold less TNF as compared with controls. Monocyte numbers
      were decreased in percentage, while absolute numbers (normal range 233 +/- 120 X
      10(3)/mm3) were decreased only in 2, normal in 17 and increased in 4 patients
      indicating that the deficiency is not a result of monocytopenia in most patients.
      Cell separation experiments indicate that after removal of leukemic B cells,
      percentages of monocytes return to control range and TNF production is improved
      (7/7). In mixing experiments, we found a suppression of TNF production in control
      mononuclear cells by CLL cell samples (75 X 10(6) cells/ml) in 5/19 cases, while
      control cells from thymus exhibited no or little suppression in these conditions.
      In 2-chamber experiments, leukemic samples suppress TNF production by normal
      monocytes across a 0.45 micron membrane indicating that a soluble factor is
      responsible for suppression. The factor exhibits higher stability in serum-free
      conditions and its molecular weight is below 20 kDa. Prostaglandins are not
      involved, since indomethacin did not abrogate suppression.

PMID- 2303295
TI  - Dietary factors and risk of lung cancer: results from a case-control study,
      Toronto, 1981-1985.
AB  - Associations between dietary factors and risk of lung cancer are reported from a
      study of 839 cases and 772 population-based controls interviewed in metropolitan
      Toronto between 1981 and 1985. Increased consumption of vegetables is associated
      with a decreased relative risk of 0.60 (95% confidence limits = 0.40 to 0.88) for
      those in the highest compared with the lowest quartile. Cholesterol intake is
      associated with increased risk, but this is restricted to those in the highest
      quartile for whom the relative risk is 1.58 (95% confidence limits = 1.05 to
      2.38) compared with those in the lowest quartile. The results of this study
      suggest that dietary factors may affect the risk of lung cancer, but
      identification of the specific constituents involved will require further
      research.

PMID- 2303296
TI  - Estrogen- and androgen-responsive growth of human ovarian adenocarcinoma
      heterotransplanted into nude mice.
AB  - A new line of human serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary, designated OVA-5, has
      been established in athymic nude mice. A strong correlation was noted between
      tumor volume and plasma CA125 levels in mice bearing OVA-5 tumor. Growth of the
      OVA-5 tumor in castrated male nude mice was accelerated by s.c. administration of
      estradiol-17 beta and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone but not by progesterone.
      Estradiol-17 beta and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone also accelerated the growth of
      the OVA-5 tumor heterotransplanted into sialoadenectomized castrated male nude
      mice. No remarkable change was observed in the histological appearances of the
      tumors between control groups and hormone-treated groups. Receptor assays
      revealed that the OVA-5 tumor had both estrogen and androgen receptors. Growth of
      the OVA-5-tumor is thus responsive to estrogen and androgen.

PMID- 2303297
TI  - Changing trends of gall-bladder cancer in Chile, a high-risk area.

PMID- 2303298
TI  - The nature and evolution of ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - The natural evolution of ventricular arrhythmias complicating a first episode of
      acute myocardial infarction has been studied in a group of 56 consecutive
      patients, who were admitted to the Coronary Care Unit within three hours of the
      onset of symptoms, and in whom drug administration (digitalis, antiarrhythmics,
      diuretics and heparin) was limited. Ventricular arrhythmias have been evaluated
      by means of Holter monitoring performed during the first 24 hours, the second 24
      hours, the eighth day, the 18th day and two years after discharge when
      antiarrhythmic drugs has been discontinued for at least five half-lives. The
      overall incidence and prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias showed a steady and
      statistically significant reduction from the first to the eighth day, and a not
      statistically significant increase from the eighth to the 18th day. The latter
      increase was still present at the two-year follow-up. The one-by-one behaviour
      analysis of discharged patients delineated three different patterns: patients who
      presented a steady reduction in ventricular arrhythmias from the first to the
      18th day (44%); patients who showed an almost constant incidence of ventricular
      arrhythmias during all phases of acute myocardial infarction (24%); and patients
      who presented both a decrease and an increase in their ventricular arrhythmias
      (31%). The follow-up at two years showed that the majority of patients,
      especially those discharged in a high Lown class, had the same arrhythmias as at
      their follow-up on the 18th day. Correlation of ventricular arrhythmias with the
      extent of the infarcted area demonstrated that only the peak and mean values of
      lactic dehydrogenase correlated with the severity of ventricular
      arrhythmias.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303299
TI  - Nonlinear dynamic behavior of cardiac oscillators.
AB  - By studying a mathematical model of the effects of brief current impulses on the
      oscillation of cardiac cells, we have simulated the phase transition curves of
      the oscillators. This has permitted discussions of the interactions of two
      coupled sinus oscillators and the periodic stimulation of one ventricular
      oscillator. The results have been compared with findings from the normal
      electrocardiogram and applied to explain the mechanisms of some arrhythmias.

PMID- 2303300
TI  - A nonreentrant arrhythmia due to a dual atrioventricular nodal pathway.
AB  - A 33-year-old woman presented with an atypical arrhythmia. The electrophysiologic
      study revealed dual atrioventricular nodal pathways. The difference in
      conductivity of these tracts enabled simultaneous atrioventricular conduction
      with a double ventricular response to a single atrial impulse. This disturbance
      is uncommon. Lack of awareness of the existence of dual nodal pathway can cause
      diagnostic difficulties and therapeutic errors.

PMID- 2303301
TI  - Severe pulmonary hypertension in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We report a patient with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis who had clinical and
      haemodynamic findings of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Histopathology
      proved this to be plexogenic rather than thromboembolic. We report the case to
      highlight this rare association.

PMID- 2303302
TI  - Cardiac involvement by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are frequent in patients with human immune deficiency
      virus positive antibodies. Exceptional instances of cardiac involvement have been
      described. We report a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and massive cardiac
      involvement with antemortem echocardiographic assessment. Use of echocardiography
      in lymphomas-associated AIDS could help in discovering further cases of cardiac
      involvement.

PMID- 2303303
TI  - Coronary arterial occlusion and myocardial infarction in acute myocarditis.
AB  - Coronary arterial occlusion may occur experimentally during acute myocarditis but
      has not been documented in man. We report the case of a young female with severe
      myocarditis who later required cardiac transplantation and in whom coronary
      occlusion was demonstrated arteriographically before transplantation and by
      pathological examination of the heart after explantation.

PMID- 2303304
TI  - Ectopic right coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula masquerading as patent
      arterial duct.
AB  - A patient is described in whom communication between an ectopic right coronary
      artery and the main pulmonary artery presented with clinical features of a patent
      arterial duct. Full clinical data documented by Doppler echocardiography, cardiac
      catheterisation and intra-operative findings are described.

PMID- 2303305
TI  - Pacemaker malfunction due to subcutaneous emphysema.
AB  - We describe a pacemaker-dependent patient who presented with malfunction two days
      after implantation of a physiologic dual-chamber pacing system. The malfunction
      was due to subcutaneous emphysema produced by subclavian venepuncture.
      Accumulation of air within the generator pocket of the pacemaker resulted in
      insulation of the unipolar anodal plate and dysfunction of the device.

PMID- 2303306
TI  - Early detection of myocardial ischemia in hypertensive patients using exercise
      esophageal electrocardiography.
AB  - Effects of submaximal exercise were studied on the unipolar esophageal
      electrocardiogram recorded at ventricular level in 15 patients with essential
      hypertension who complained of chest discomfort on effort but had negative
      exercise stress tests using standard leads and lead CM5. Six patients developed
      horizontal or downsloping depression of the ST segment in the esophageal lead.
      The ischemic response might result from subcritical coronary stenosis in face of
      the increased myocardial oxygen demand of hypertrophied myocardium.

PMID- 2303307
TI  - Resolution of relapsing thrombus by heparin therapy in right ventricular
      dysplasia.
AB  - A 22-year-old-patient presented with ventricular tachycardia and
      echocardiographic signs of right ventricular dysplasia. Fifteen months later, the
      echocardiogram disclosed a huge right ventricular thrombus. Heparin therapy
      resulted in resolution of the thrombus. Despite chronic anticoagulation, the
      thrombus reappeared 9 months later, again resolving after heparin therapy. To our
      knowledge, right ventricular thrombosis in the setting of right ventricular
      dysplasia has not been previously described and might explain some cases of
      sudden death in this entity.

PMID- 2303308
TI  - Echocardiographic demonstration of resolving intrapericardial mass in tuberculous
      pericardial effusion.
AB  - A patient with tuberculous pericardial effusion is described who presented with
      cardiac tamponade. Subsequent to pericardiocentesis, a large echodense
      intrapericardial mass was observed which disappeared completely with
      antituberculous chemotherapy. The resolution of the mass suggests that it was a
      conglomeration of fibrinous exudates deposited in the pericardial cavity.
      Presence of such exudates should not be considered an indication for surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 2303309
TI  - Nicardipine in severe hypertension: oral therapy following intravenous treatment.
AB  - Nicardipine is an investigational dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker. In the
      present study, 21 patients with severe hypertension were treated with oral
      nicardipine, alone or in combination with beta-blockers and diuretics for 4-5
      weeks, following initial control of their blood pressure with intravenous
      nicardipine. Each of the 21 patients had a satisfactory response to intravenous
      nicardipine which was administered as an infusion following initial blood
      pressure lowering. At 1 h prior to discontinuation of the intravenous treatment,
      oral nicardipine therapy was begun as a 40 mg dose. Oral nicardipine, 40 mg
      t.i.d., was continued for the remainder of hospitalization and for a 4-5-week
      outpatient follow-up period. The dose of oral nicardipine was downtitrated and
      additional antihypertensive drugs, beta-adrenergic blocking agents and/or
      diuretics, were added to maintain blood pressure in an acceptable range. Compared
      to baseline, mean supine systolic blood pressure was lowered significantly (p
      less than 0.001) by 57 mmHg at the end of intravenous maintenance and by 50 mmHg
      at the end of oral treatment. Likewise, significant (p less than 0.001) decreases
      in diastolic blood pressure of 43 and 32 mmHg, respectively, were observed for
      the same time periods. At the end of oral treatment, 6 patients remained on
      nicardipine monotherapy, 8 patients were on two-drug therapy and 7 patients
      required three-drug therapy. Side-effects were mild except for a moderate
      headache reported in one patient during intravenous treatment. From these
      observations we conclude that oral nicardipine is a useful new agent for initial,
      single treatment of chronic severe hypertension, although a significant number of
      patients eventually need additional antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2303310
TI  - A set of simple aids to drug dosage adjustment in renal insufficiency.
AB  - A set of graphical aids to drug dosage adjustment is presented, consisting of 1)
      a nomogram for evaluation of the dosage adjustment factor, 2) a nomogram for
      estimation of the creatinine clearance from the serum creatinine level, 3)
      decision tables for selection of a clinically acceptable adjustment of the dosing
      regimen. The set is accompanied by a list of percentage fractions excreted
      unchanged in urine for selected drugs and requiring adjustment of the dosing
      regimen in renal insufficiency. An example of the utilization of the set is
      demonstrated in comparison with the usual procedures of dosing regimen
      adjustment.

PMID- 2303311
TI  - Effect of central muscle relaxants on single-dose pharmacokinetics of peroral
      paracetamol in man.
AB  - Paracetamol (acetaminophen) at a single, 160-450 mg dose was given perorally in
      combination with central muscle relaxants (CMRs) carisoprodol (200 mg),
      chlormezanone (100 mg) or orphenadrine (35 mg) in a double-blind, randomized,
      cross-over study in 10 healthy volunteers. The pharmacokinetic parameters of
      paracetamol remained unaltered in the presence of the CMRs as compared with those
      observed after paracetamol without additives, in spite of nearly twenty-fold
      differences in the dissolution rate between the products. Paracetamol is absorbed
      mostly in the duodenum, and therefore there is enough time for even the slowly
      dissolving tablets to release the active principle before the gastric contents
      are transferred to the area of paracetamol absorption. Some CMRs are
      anticholinergic compounds and may affect intestinal motility. Our results show,
      however, that CMRs do not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of
      paracetamol, and presumably the antipyretic or analgetic efficacy of paracetamol
      is not impaired when combination formulations of paracetamol and CMRs are used.

PMID- 2303312
TI  - Differences in sodium salicylate protein binding in serum and synovial fluid from
      patients with a knee effusion.
AB  - Protein binding of sodium salicylate in synovial fluid and in serum from 23
      inpatients with rheumatic diseases were studied, ex vivo, by equilibrium
      dialysis. Scatchard model with two classes of sites was used as a mathematical
      tool. At therapeutic concentrations, protein binding of sodium salicylate was
      significantly higher in serum than in synovial fluid. The ratio of areas under
      the curves for bound concentrations for synovial fluid to that for serum was
      0.867. This difference was attributed to the hypoalbuminemia observed in the
      synovial fluid; for a given molar ratio of drug to albumin, or in other words,
      for the same amount of available drug per mole of albumin. The number of sites
      occupied was the same in the two biological media.

PMID- 2303313
TI  - The effect of FUT-175 (Nafamstat Mesilate) on C3a, C4a and C5a generation in
      vitro and inflammatory reactions in vivo.
AB  - FUT-175 is a synthetic protease inhibitor and an inhibitor of the classical and
      alternate pathways of complement activation. In human serum, FUT-175 inhibited
      C3a, C4a and C5a generation induced by heat aggregated IgG, zymosan and Cobra
      venom factor with IC50 values in the range of 3-43 microM depending on the
      stimulus and the fragments. To assess in vivo anti-inflammatory activity,
      inflammatory reactions induced in the skin of rabbits were quantitated by using
      125I-albumin extravasation, 51Cr-labelled leukocyte accumulation and 86RbCl
      accumulation as a measure of hyperemia. Infusion of FUT-175 at 2 mg/kg/h
      inhibited all three parameters by 50-80% in dermal reactions induced by killed E.
      coli, zymosan, immune complexes, the reversed Arthus reaction, zymosan activated
      plasma (ZAP), f-norleu-leu-phe (FNLP) and LTB4. In contrast, the response to
      endotoxin (0.1 microgram) was not effected by FUT-175 treatment. The effect of
      FUT-175 was comparable to that of local or systemic therapy with indomethacin,
      but unlike indomethacin, the effect of FUT-175 was not reversed by local PGE2
      administration. Furthermore, indomethacin and FUT-175 had additive anti
      inflammatory effects. These results suggest that although FUT-175 is a potent
      inhibitor of C3a, C4a and C5a generation, it has novel and broad anti
      inflammatory effects, possibly through actions in addition to complement
      inhibition as indicated by inhibition of FNLP-, LTB4- and ZAP-induced reactions.

PMID- 2303314
TI  - Interference of deoxyadenosine with transmembrane signaling events in human T
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Deoxyadenosine (dAdo) has been recognized as the toxic metabolite in the
      immunodeficiency disease associated with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.
      Under ADA deficient conditions, dAdo accumulates intracellularly as
      deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) which by interference with ribonucleotide
      reductase, prevents DNA synthesis. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that
      in cells rendered ADA deficient by treatment with deoxycoformycin, dAdo affects T
      cell activation events which precede DNA synthesis, such as interleukin 2
      receptor (IL-2R) expression and IL-2 production. Here we have analyzed
      interference of dAdo with the early events of T-cell activation. It is shown that
      dAdo affects the mitogen induced phosphatidyl inositol turnover. Furthermore dAdo
      interferes with increase of intracellular calcium. Deoxycytidine, although
      capable of preventing intracellular accumulation of dATP, cannot reverse the
      functional consequences of dAdo treatment. The ability of a cell to increase its
      cytoplasmic free Ca2+, as induced by ionomycin, is not affected by dAdo. The
      exact target for this novel effect of dAdo is at the present unknown.

PMID- 2303315
TI  - Coffee and the immune system.
AB  - The effect of coffee consumption on the immune system, studied in 15 men and
      women, showed that the responses to PHA and Con A were about one-third lower
      during coffee drinking compared to a period of abstinence from coffee (117335,
      99856 and 181236, 153315, P less than 0.004, 0.009 respectively). There was no
      effect on total T- or B-cells. There was no statistically significant change in
      the number of suppressor T-cells (20, 26; P = 0.1) or NK cells (20, 26; P =
      0.014). Chemotaxis was higher in the coffee period at all concentrations. This
      exploratory study suggests that coffee intake modifies various measures of the
      immune function. The clinical relevance of the findings is not clear, and further
      studies aimed at delineating the constituents responsible for the effects
      observed are recommended.

PMID- 2303316
TI  - Thymosin alpha 1 modulates the expression of high affinity interleukin-2
      receptors on normal human lymphocytes.
AB  - In this report we demonstrate that thymosin alpha 1 (T alpha 1), a synthetic
      peptide composed of 28 amino acid residues, and thymosin fraction 5 (TF5) enhance
      the number of high affinity interleukin 2 receptors (IL-2R) expressed by human
      peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to in vitro stimulation with
      phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Thymosins did not, however, alter the affinity of the
      IL-2R for its ligand. Dose-response studies using a wide range of concentrations
      indicated a bimodal distribution of responsiveness to T alpha 1. In most
      experiments the high and low concentration peaks of activity were observed at 10(
      8) M and 10(-12) M, respectively, although peak responses were observed at
      different T alpha 1 concentrations in different donors. No effects were elicited
      by thymosins in the absence of mitogenic stimulation. Thymosin enhancement of PHA
      induced high affinity IL-2R expression directly correlated with increased levels
      of Tac antigen expression, as determined by flow cytometry, and enhanced
      interleukin 2 (IL-2) production. Since the biological effects of IL-2 are
      associated with the occupancy of high affinity IL-2R, the findings presented in
      this report strongly suggest that thymosins play a significant role in the
      regulation of immune responses through the modulation of high affinity IL-2R
      expression.

PMID- 2303317
TI  - Effects of varying the injection routes of PSK or OK-432 on development of immune
      responses against a superimposed antigen.
AB  - The present study examined functional and morphological modifications of
      development of immune responses to an unrelated antigenic stimulus by an ongoing
      response to a biological response modifier such as PSK or OK-432. Development of
      the immune responses was found to be strictly dependent upon the site where the
      ongoing response was occurring. In some cases, injection into the intraperitoneal
      site slightly augmented the development of a humoral immune response against a
      superimposed antigen, sheep erythrocytes, when the antigen had been injected into
      the site within 3 h after an injection of PSK. Thereafter, however, inhibition of
      the response was observed. Subcutaneous injection into the foot pad, but not into
      the upper chest, augmented the response. This augmentation occurred only when a
      superimposed antigen was injected into the site "prepared" with a previous
      injection of PSK, and showed a bell-shaped dependence on the dose of PSK. The
      foot pad site was also associated with an augmented development of a delayed type
      hypersensitivity against sheep erythrocytes when the antigen was injected into
      the "prepared" site. Morphological examination shows accumulation of inflammatory
      cells at the sites 2 to 7 days after an injection of PSK. The macrophages in the
      foot pad retained their "activated" state for at least 7 days after the injection
      whereas those in the peritoneal cavity were not sufficiently "activated" even
      after 2 days.

PMID- 2303318
TI  - Inhibition of Ehrlich ascites tumor in vivo by PAF-antagonists.
AB  - Several lines of evidence support that PAF modulates the inflammatory and immune
      responses, and that tumors may inhibit both these processes. In the present study
      we analysed the effect of PAF antagonists on the growth of Ehrlich Ascites Tumor
      (EAT) in vivo. Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 x 10(3) EAT cells
      and the tumor growth evaluated by counting the number of peritoneal cells, 1,6
      and 10 days after tumor implantation. BN 52021 was administered
      intraperitoneally, intravenously or subcutaneously once or twice a day, at 1.0,
      2.5, 5.0 and 20.0 mg/kg. Control animals received 0.1 ml of the vehicle in the
      same schedule. It was found that i.p. and i.v. administration of BN 52021 (5
      mg/kg, twice a day) significantly inhibited EAT growth (80.8% and 56.0%
      respectively). Other routes and doses were less effective. Another PAF
      antagonist, SRI 63441 (5 mg/kg, i.p., twice a day) also inhibited EAT growth
      (80.4%). The BN 52021 added to EAT cells in culture, at concentration of 10(-3)
      and 10(-4) M, did not affect the viability and proliferation of tumors cells. In
      an attempt to understand the mechanism of this inhibition, we analyzed the
      peritoneal macrophages for spreading ability and H2O2 release. It was found that
      24 h after tumor implantation there was an increase in the spreading ability of
      peritoneal macrophages (75%) and that, as the tumor grew, the spreading index
      fell to control levels ( less than 10%). (5 mg/kg/twice a day) the spreading
      remained elevated (50-60%) at all the times examined. Release of H2O2, measured
      by horseradish peroxidase-phenol red oxidation, was below detectable levels
      throughout tumor growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303319
TI  - In vitro and in vivo modulation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in rat
      lymphocytes and brain by cholinergic agents.
AB  - A binding site for 3H-quinuclidinyl benzylate (QNB) has been identified in rat
      lymphocytes which has the characteristics of a cholinergic muscarinic receptor
      (Costa, L. G., Kaylor, G. & Murphy, S. D. (1988). Muscarinic cholinergic binding
      sites on rat lymphocytes. Immunopharmacology, 16, 139-149.) Here we show that
      prolonged exposures to cholinergic compounds in vitro and in vivo modulate
      muscarinic receptor binding in lymphocytes as well as in brain tissue. Exposure
      of rat splenic lymphocytes in vitro to oxotremorine caused a time- and
      concentration-dependent decrease in the density of 3H-QNB binding sites. This
      decrease occurred only when incubation with oxotremorine was carried out at 37
      degrees C and not at 0-4 degrees C, suggesting that it was not an artifact due to
      residual, unwashed, oxotremorine. The effect of oxotremorine was mimicked by two
      other cholinergic agonists, acetylcholine and carbachol, and was antagonized by
      atropine, which, when present alone, caused an increase in 3H-QNB binding. In
      vivo exposures to oxotremorine or atropine (both at 20 mg/kg/day for 14 days via
      an ALZA minipump) caused a significant decrease (20-30%) and increase (13-30%),
      respectively, of 3H-QNB binding in various brain areas as well as circulating
      lymphocytes. Repeated administrations of the organophosphorus insecticide
      disulfoton (2 mg/kg/day for 14 days, i.p.) caused significant reductions (59-88%)
      of acetylcholinesterase activity in brain, lymphocytes, plasma and red blood
      cells, as well as a 23-39% decrease of 3H-QNB binding in brain areas and
      circulating lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303321
TI  - 3-Deazaadenosine--an inhibitor of interleukin 1 production by human peripheral
      blood monocytes.
AB  - 3-Deazaadenosine (c3Ado) has been reported to have properties of an
      immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent. This study was designed to
      investigate whether c3Ado might exert anti-inflammatory activities through
      inhibiting Interleukin 1 (IL-1). c3Ado was found to be a potent inhibitor of IL-1
      production by LPS stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes and acted at the
      level of synthesis rather than secretion. c3Ado also had direct effects on IL-1
      biological activity in two separate assays; thymocyte proliferation and induction
      of prostaglandin release. Further experiments indicated that c3Ado also inhibited
      growth factor dependent proliferation driven by both Interleukin-2 and
      Interleukin-3 as well as the proliferation of a number of non-growth factor
      dependent cells. However, short term exposure to c3Ado resulted in no inhibition
      of 3H-thymidine incorporation by cells but a significant inhibition of 3H-uridine
      uptake into TCA precipitable material. These results suggest that c3Ado is a
      selective inhibitor of RNA synthesis and inhibits IL-1 production and activity by
      blocking new messenger RNA production induced by LPS or IL-1. General inhibition
      of RNA synthesis would also account for its anti-proliferative activity.

PMID- 2303320
TI  - Enhancing effects of locally administered cytostatic drugs on T effector cell
      functions in mice.
AB  - It is well established that systemic treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY) can
      augment cell-mediated immunity by selective toxicity for suppressor cells. The
      present paper analyzes the effect of local administration of the cytostatic drugs
      Z 7557, an active CY-derivative, and VP-16 (etoposid) on the development of cell
      mediated immunity to KLH in mice. Both drugs were found to induce a long-lasting
      state of enhanced DTH responsiveness. Induction of enhancement was antigen
      specific but required a conjunction of local drug treatment and s.c. priming.
      This indicates that locally applied cytostatics interact with the sensitizing
      process in the draining lymph node. In support of this view, draining lymph node
      cells showed an enhanced capacity to transfer DTH reactivity to syngeneic
      recipients in vivo, and to proliferate and produce IL-2 and MIF in response to
      KLH in vitro. Kinetic studies showed a lag in appearance of antigen-specific T
      cell responsiveness in drug treated mice, which indicates that effector cells are
      also sensitive to the drugs. If local chemotherapy is properly scheduled, the
      effector cells recover quickly and, released from the putative inhibitory
      influence of suppressor cells, give rise to an augmented T cell response. As
      systemic treatment with cytostatic drugs is known to cause adverse side effects,
      restricting its use for immunopotentiating purposes, the present local
      chemotherapy protocol provides a new, versatile approach for enhancing cell
      mediated immunity.

PMID- 2303322
TI  - Influence of RU 41.740 on human monocytes in vitro: release of soluble factors
      which retard multiplication of tumor cells in culture.
AB  - RU 41.740 (Biostim) is an immunostimulating substance of bacterial origin with a
      reported protective activity against bacterial infections in man. The aim of the
      present investigation was to determine if Biostim-exposed blood mononuclear cells
      release soluble factors in vitro which may inhibit growth of tumor cells in
      culture. It was observed that exposure of mononuclear cells to Biostim at
      concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml for 24 h resulted in the release of factors
      capable of retarding growth of K562 cells. Three human glioma cell lines tested
      also appeared to be sensitive whereas three other cell lines were less sensitive
      or resistant. The growth inhibitory factors were shown to be produced by
      monocytes which is in line with previous findings showing that Biostim is a
      potent activator of monocytes-macrophages. Biostim-exposed monocytes, however,
      did not express any cytotoxic activity for K562 cells using a short-term 51Cr
      release assay. It is concluded that Biostim may trigger monocytes to release
      factors with anti-tumor activity. These factors have not yet been identified and
      it remains to be determined if their production increases during Biostim
      treatment and whether this is correlated to an anti-tumor activity in man.

PMID- 2303323
TI  - Tumor cell invasion and gap junctional communication. I. Normal and malignant
      cells confronted in monolayer cultures.
AB  - Mammary tumor cells of the rat (BICR/M1Rk) and mouse (EMT6/Ro) as well as rat
      glioma cells (C6) are electrically coupled and show intercellular dye spreading.
      Monolayer cultures of synchronously beating chicken heart cells were also
      electrically coupled, dye spreading, however, was significantly restricted to
      only one or two adjacent cells. In all coupled cells, gap junctions were found in
      both freeze-fracture replicas and ultrathin sections. Heterologous gap junctional
      coupling between these tumor cells and heart cells was regularly established. The
      human cervix carcinoma line HeLa and the mouse L sarcoma line were electrically
      not coupled and did not reveal gap junctions, consequently they showed no
      coupling to heart cells.

PMID- 2303324
TI  - Tumor cell invasion and gap junctional communication. II. Normal and malignant
      cells confronted in multicell spheroids.
AB  - The invasive behavior of five tumor cell lines was investigated with an in vitro
      invasion assay developed by Mareel et al. Spheroids of all 5 cell lines readily
      attached to precultured heart fragments (PHF), resulting in confronting pairs.
      Tumor cells (BICR/M1Rk, C6, and EMT6/Ro) which communicated with the host tissue
      via gap junctions, rapidly invaded the PHF within 3 days. Population doubling
      time or migratory activities had no influence on the invasion process. The
      noncoupled HeLa and L cells formed a cellular capsule around the PHF and showed
      no invasive activities. HeLa cells, however, started to destroy the PHF after 4
      days. We suggest a mechanism different from that of coupled tumor cells.
      Epithelioid HeLa cells are linked by numerous tight junctions and may, therefore,
      cut off the nutrition supply for the inner-laying PHF, resulting in a
      disintegration of the heart tissue.

PMID- 2303325
TI  - Smooth muscle-derived factor stimulates mobility of human tumor cells.
AB  - Invasion of normal tissues is a complex process which requires active locomotion
      of malignant cells. Recent studies have identified a group of proteins which
      appear to be specific regulators of cell movement. Various strains and lines of
      fibroblast-like and vascular smooth muscle cells release into culture medium a
      unique protein activity which causes contiguous sheets of normal epithelial cells
      (e.g., Madin-Darby canine kidney, MDCK, cells) to spread and separate into
      individual cells (i.e., to scatter). Crude conditioned medium and partially
      purified MDCK scattering activity derived from human iliac artery smooth muscle
      cells (HIAS) scattered several lines of human squamous carcinoma cells (FaDu and
      A253) and markedly stimulated migration of carcinoma cells out of multicellular
      spheroids onto plastic culture surfaces. The scattering activities for MDCK and
      carcinoma cells showed similar sensitivities to temperature, trypsin treatment,
      and alteration of pH; both activities were blocked in the presence of
      cycloheximide. Unlike HIAS-derived factor, a similar MDCK scattering factor
      derived from ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells did not scatter human carcinoma cells.
      These findings indicate that specific normal tissue-derived proteins may affect
      the mobility of tumor cells. Further studies of such proteins may yield insights
      into the mechanisms of tumor cell locomotion and tumor invasion.

PMID- 2303326
TI  - A histopathologic study of a choroideremia carrier.
AB  - We have examined eyes from a heterozygote (carrier) of choroideremia, an X-linked
      disease. Gross examination revealed irregular pigmentation at the level of the
      retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) except at the posterior pole, and islands of
      well defined depigmentation of 1-4 mm in diameter in the midperiphery. The optic
      nerve and retinal blood vessels appeared normal, and there was minimal pigment
      migration into the retina. Histopathologic examination showed normal
      photoreceptors in the posterior and anterior fundus, but the outer segments were
      short or absent in much of the equatorial region. Little gliosis was noted in
      areas of retinal atrophy. The RPE was abnormal, with irregular thickness and
      pigmentation associated with variable lipofuscin content from one RPE cell to
      another, as shown by fluorescence microscopy. There were areas of profound
      atrophy in the equatorial region, with abrupt transitions between relatively
      normal RPE and photoreceptors, and retina devoid of RPE and photoreceptors.
      Bruch's membrane was thickened to a greater extent than is common in age-related
      change. The choriocapillaris was normal in areas with normal photoreceptors,
      except for widening of the intercapillary pillars. In those regions with abnormal
      photoreceptors, choroidal capillaries were fewer in number, had reduced luminal
      diameter, and fenestrae were sparse. In some areas of intense atrophy, there were
      no choroidal capillaries. The findings are compatible with the primary defect
      residing in the RPE. The Lyon hypothesis of X-chromosome inactivation and
      mosaicism could explain the irregularity of change and areas of intense atrophy,
      but abrupt demarcation between grossly abnormal, and relatively well preserved
      retina also occurs in hemizygotes (affected males).

PMID- 2303327
TI  - A form of congenital stationary night blindness with apparent defect of rod
      phototransduction.
AB  - We report findings obtained from an individual with an unusual form of congenital
      stationary night blindness (CSNB). Although the rhodopsin density difference of
      this subject was normal, there was no evidence of rod-mediated visual function.
      Dark-adapted thresholds were cone-mediated, and dark-adapted electroretinograms
      (ERGs) represented activity of the cone system exclusively. ERG a- and b-waves
      obtained under light-adapted conditions were normal. The absence of a rod a-wave
      but the presence of normal rhodopsin density, in combination with normal cone
      function, indicates that this form of CSNB likely involves a defect of
      phototransduction that is limited to the rods. In addition, light-adapted b-wave
      responses to high luminance flashes were larger than dark-adapted responses,
      whereas a-wave amplitudes were reduced by light adaptation. These ERG results
      address proposed mechanisms by which light adaptation might enhance cone system
      responses.

PMID- 2303328
TI  - Penetrating the conjunctival barrier. The role of molecular weight.
AB  - Dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivatives of various molecular weights were tested for
      their ability to elicit ocular anaphylaxis after topical application to the eye
      of immunized animals. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were immunized by
      intraperitoneal injection of DNP-Ascaris suum extracts and alum and were then
      skin-tested with DNP-bovine serum albumin on day 13 post-immunization to assess
      their sensitivity to the DNP hapten. On day 14, animals were challenged topically
      with DNP derivatives in one eye; PBS was applied to the contralateral, control
      eye. Animals were evaluated clinically, and ocular tissues were processed for
      histologic evaluation. The compounds used for topical ocular challenge included
      the DNP derivative of egg albumin (MW 43,500 D), soybean trypsin inhibitor (MW
      20,080 D), insulin (MW 5733 D), B-chain insulin (MW 3496 D), and lysine (MW 478
      D). Only di-DNP-lysine elicited clinical signs of redness, edema, and tearing and
      histologic evidence of mast cell degranulation. None of the other compounds,
      tested in solutions of either equal numbers of milligram per milliliter or
      equimolar concentrations, elicited ocular anaphylaxis after topical application.
      A compound of low molecular weight, less than 3496, is needed to elicit ocular
      anaphylaxis when applied topically.

PMID- 2303329
TI  - Glucose uptake, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, and oxygen consumption in
      cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells.
AB  - Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was isolated from human donors with no known eye
      disease and normal-appearing fundi and was grown in culture. Population doubling
      times were measured for fifth passage RPE cells; the mean was 2.25 +/- 0.75 days
      and showed a correlation with the age of the donor. Metabolic studies were
      performed by perfusing the cells with 1-[13C]-D-glucose and monitoring the
      perfusate with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Glucose uptake was 10.5 +/- 3.3
      nmoles/min/mg protein. Lactate production from glucose was 20.0 +/- 5.00
      nmoles/min/mg protein. The percentage of glucose through the hexose monophosphate
      shunt was 21 +/- 2%. Oxygen (O) consumption was measured at 20.1 +/- 4.1 nmoles
      O/min/mg endogenous and 14.5 +/- 4.8 nmoles O/min/mg with 10 mM glucose. These
      cells exhibit high rates of lactate production concomitantly with high oxygen
      consumptions and high flux through the hexose monophosphate shunt.

PMID- 2303330
TI  - Vitrectomy prevents retinal hypoxia in branch retinal vein occlusion.
AB  - Vitrectomy has been shown to halt diabetic retinal neovascularization, but the
      mechanism of this process is unknown. We propose that vitrectomy improves the
      oxygen supply to ischemic inner retina by way of fluid currents in the vitreous
      cavity. In order to test this hypothesis, we induced branch retinal vein
      occlusion in cats and measured preretinal oxygen tension before and after branch
      retinal vein occlusion in ten nonvitrectomized and five vitrectomized eyes.
      Branch retinal vein occlusion caused a significant decrease in preretinal oxygen
      tension in nonvitrectomized eyes, in which the oxygen tension fell from 20 +/- 7
      to 6 +/- 5 mmHg (P = 0.001). Conversely, in vitrectomized eyes the oxygen tension
      was not significantly reduced after branch retinal vein occlusion. The data
      demonstrate that branch retinal vein occlusion causes retinal hypoxia in
      nonvitrectomized eyes, whereas after vitrectomy the hypoxic effect of branch
      retinal vein occlusion is reduced. The relief of retinal hypoxia that follows
      vitrectomy may be responsible for halting retinal neovascularization after
      vitrectomy in diabetic patients.

PMID- 2303331
TI  - Oxygen permeability of collagen shields.
AB  - The oxygen permeability (Dk) of ten 24-hr collagen shields was measured directly
      by polarographic methodology at approximately 2 hr of hydration. Edge and
      boundary effects were included in the calculations. Dk was found to be
      approximately 26 x 10(-11) cm ml O2/sec ml mmHg at 35 degrees C. Mean water
      content of the shields was 65.7% (SD = 1.0%) as measured by a hand refractometer.
      Therefore, the projected oxygen transmissibility of collagen shields is expected
      to be compatible with normal corneal metabolism.

PMID- 2303332
TI  - Rate of flow of aqueous humor determined from measurements of aqueous flare.
AB  - Measurement of light scattered in the anterior chamber can provide important
      clinical information about the eye. In this study, a scanning ocular
      spectrofluorophotometer was used to measure scattering in the anterior chamber.
      Pathologic scattering (flare) was induced by argon laser photocoagulation of the
      iris in pigmented rabbits. The spectrally corrected intensity of the flare in
      inflamed eyes decreased as the inverse 2.2 power of the wavelength of the
      illuminating beam. The strongest signal with this instrument was measured at 470
      nm. Diurnal variation of normal and spontaneous scatter from the aqueous humor
      was measured in nine pigmented rabbits entrained to a 12-hr light/12-hr dark
      cycle and in eight human subjects. A technique is described for determining the
      rate of flow of aqueous humor from scattered light when the transfer rate of
      scattering substance into the anterior chamber is constant. This technique was
      used to study changes in flow over the diurnal cycle. The rate of flow in human
      subjects during sleep was 60% of the rate during waking hours. In rabbits, the
      rate was lowest (44% of maximum) during the 6 hr after the lights were turned on,
      and were greatest just before the lights were turned on. These findings confirm
      previous studies of the circadian rhythm of aqueous humor flow in rabbits and
      humans.

PMID- 2303333
TI  - Glaucomatous visual field damage. Luminance and color-contrast sensitivities.
AB  - Using a modified Humphrey perimeter, we evaluated 16 eyes with primary open-angle
      glaucoma and visual field loss (defects 0.5-3.0 log units in depth), and 14
      normal eyes. Each eye was tested twice in random order with conventional
      luminance-increment static perimetry and with the perimeter modified to produce a
      high-luminance yellow adapting background and a blue test stimulus. The
      background was a broad-spectrum light of 500 nm and above (yellow), while the
      stimulus was a broad-spectrum light of 500 nm and below (blue). Paired
      comparisons were made between conventional and blue/yellow sensitivities for
      every point examined (1184 points in 16 diseased eyes and 1036 points in 14
      normal eyes). Defect depths were determined by using the age-corrected norms
      distributed in the Humphrey Statpac software. In glaucomatous eyes, blue/yellow
      sensitivity showed greater impairment than did conventional perimetric
      sensitivity, in which defect depths were less than 1.0 log unit. However, for
      defects greater than 1.0 log unit in depth, conventional perimetric sensitivity
      and blue/yellow sensitivity showed equivalent degrees of damage. Receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare the ability of
      blue/yellow and of conventional perimetry in distinguishing between glaucomatous
      and normal eyes. Results indicated that although blue/yellow color-contrast
      perimetry may be more sensitive for the detection of incipient glaucomatous
      damage, in the manifest stages of visual field damage blue/yellow color-contrast
      perimetry is no more sensitive than is conventional (luminance-increment)
      perimetry for defining the extent of glaucomatous visual field defects.

PMID- 2303334
TI  - Palmitoylation of ocular lens membrane proteins.
AB  - Covalent attachment of fatty acids to proteins may be a means of anchoring
      cytoplasmic proteins to the plasma membrane. The possibility that lens membrane
      proteins can be fatty acid acylated was studied by incubating the lenses of young
      rats with 9,10-3H-palmitate. The distribution of 3H-palmitate among the lens
      membrane polypeptides separated by electrophoresis was determined by fluorography
      and by direct measurement of radiolabel in sliced gels. 3H-palmitate was found to
      be incorporated into membrane polypeptide fractions of approximately 19, 30, and
      35 kD; the 30 kD fraction appeared to be most highly labeled. The principal lens
      membrane protein, the main intrinsic protein (MIP 26), was not labeled. This
      incorporation appeared to be due to covalent attachment rather than to
      noncovalent binding, and was temperature dependent, independent of protein
      synthesis, and resistant to displacement by beta-mercaptoethanol. Whether the
      acylation is enzymatic or nonenzymatic is unclear. The identity of the acylated
      polpeptides is unknown.

PMID- 2303335
TI  - Matrix formula for intraocular lens power calculation.
AB  - The matrix calculation was applied to Gaussian optics. Matrices were defined for
      a single diopter, a lens, an association of two centered systems having the same
      axis when the origins are taken at the vertices of the first and last refracting
      surfaces. The matrix formula then was used to calculate the power of the
      emmetropizing lens implant, and its results compared with the ones obtained by
      five other formulas.

PMID- 2303336
TI  - A reexamination of end-point and rebound nystagmus in normals.
AB  - In order to detail the characteristics of end-point (EPN) and rebound nystagmus
      (RN), two series of experiments were performed with infrared oculography for
      measurement of horizontal eye movements. Experiment 1 consisted of EPN recordings
      during sustained lateral gaze (40 degrees and 50 degrees) in 20 normal subjects.
      Experiment 2 consisted of recordings of RN in 5 normal subjects. Nine of 20
      subjects demonstrated a jerk EPN. EPN almost always appeared immediately and was
      sustained for 15-25 sec. In Experiment 2, RN occurred in 5 of the 5 subjects who
      demonstrated EPN. The mean amplitude of RN was always less than that of EPN, and
      decayed over a 5-10-sec time period. The experiment demonstrated that RN can be
      evoked in normals even when a fixation target, in a fully lit room, is present.

PMID- 2303338
TI  - Iowa's economy in the coming decade.

PMID- 2303339
TI  - The art of medicine.

PMID- 2303340
TI  - Cancer: the next ten years.

PMID- 2303337
TI  - Health care in the 1990s: rationing or rationalization?

PMID- 2303341
TI  - How will we treat our number one killer?

PMID- 2303342
TI  - Challenge for the next decade.

PMID- 2303344
TI  - Revolutionary changes.

PMID- 2303343
TI  - Beginnings.

PMID- 2303345
TI  - Public health legislation.

PMID- 2303346
TI  - Restraining costs, improving quality.

PMID- 2303347
TI  - Asphyxiophilia and autoerotic death.
AB  - Eight cases of autoerotic asphyxia deaths on Oahu are reviewed. Distinguishing
      features typically separate these deaths from intentional suicides or homicides.
      The sexual nature of these incidents is a salient feature of the death. The
      etiology of the practice is unknown but worth investigation.

PMID- 2303348
TI  - The second opinion.

PMID- 2303349
TI  - Mandatory professional membership.

PMID- 2303350
TI  - Insomnia and perceptual disturbances during flunarizine treatment.
AB  - We report two cases of sleep disturbances and perceptual disorder appearing in
      close temporal relationship with initiation of flunarizine therapy for migraine
      prophylaxis: these side effects disappeared after therapy interruption;
      resumption of the drug in one case was associated with symptom recurrence.

PMID- 2303351
TI  - Response of non-migrainous headaches to chlorpromazine.
AB  - Chlorpromazine, given intravenously, is a useful agent in the treatment of acute
      migraine headaches. Patients with more serious conditions, however, may also
      respond to this medication. In this paper we report two patients who were
      initially diagnosed as having migraine headaches and treated with chlorpromazine.
      Both experienced temporary pain relief and it was only after repeated
      presentations to the emergency department that their conditions--a subarachnoid
      hemorrhage and a subdural hematoma--were accurately diagnosed. Because of this,
      caution must be exercised before re-treating within a short period of time, a
      patient with recurrent headache. Strong consideration must be given to an
      alternate diagnosis and such a diagnosis should be actively sought should there
      be any suspicion of a non-migrainous cause for headache. It is only by doing so
      that we may avoid missing more serious and life-threatening conditions such as
      those with which our patients presented.

PMID- 2303352
TI  - MRI studies in basilar artery migraine.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed in 18 patients with
      non-epileptiform basilar artery migraine (BAM). In a few subjects, mild
      enlargement of the cortical sulci and white matter T2 weighted increased signal
      intensity were present. Twelve of the patients also underwent computerized
      tomography (CT) of the head: 6 of the latter individuals had abnormalities on
      their MRI not detected by CT, but their finding did not modify the pre-existing
      diagnosis or influence clinical management. No evidence of biologic markers (i.e.
      congenital anomalies of the brainstem) was encountered and no signs of prior
      traumatic lesions, demyelinating disease or complicating stroke. MRI is a useful
      but limited complementary diagnostic tool in BAM.

PMID- 2303353
TI  - Hospital market share: the declining share of small players in the market.
AB  - Analysis of a set of isolated hospital markets reveals that low-market-share
      hospitals have experienced a consistent decline in their market share for the
      last five years. The challenges presented by such a decline in market share are
      compounded by the overall decline in the total market (in terms of number of
      hospital discharges) for the markets studied. It is suggested that significant
      strategy changes may be required if low-market-share hospitals are to survive.

PMID- 2303354
TI  - Warfare or partnership: which way for health care?
AB  - There are many voices urging health care organizations to adopt aggressive
      competitive warfare, but a careful look at the dynamics affecting health care
      suggests that partnership may be at least as promising a strategy as warfare to
      promote mission and survival.

PMID- 2303355
TI  - Contracts between hospitals and health maintenance organizations.
AB  - This article describes the contractual relations that are emerging between health
      maintenance organizations (HMOs) and hospitals. Six HMOs in four large
      metropolitan areas provided information on 102 hospital contracts. The authors
      found that the HMOs are becoming more aggressive in placing hospitals in
      competition with each other for HMO patients. Staff and network HMOs are able to
      obtain a higher concentration of patients and substantially larger discounts for
      inpatient services than are individual practice association (IPA) plans in this
      study.

PMID- 2303356
TI  - Retirement.

PMID- 2303357
TI  - An integrated inpatient management model.
AB  - The academic health center has emerged as the cornerstone of the American health
      care system. To assess the vulnerability of the academic medical center to the
      new competitive forces that exist today, a prototype project has been developed
      that attempts to address the issue of competition in clinical activity, while at
      the same time enhancing the academic health center's education and research
      roles.

PMID- 2303358
TI  - Let's hear it for aging as opportunity, not burden.

PMID- 2303359
TI  - Viewpoint: increasing market share through self-awareness--an existential
      perspective.

PMID- 2303361
TI  - Metastatic carcinoma in the cervical lymph nodes from an occult primary: a
      conservative approach to the role of radiotherapy.
AB  - This retrospective study examines the results of treatment for cervical lymph
      node metastases from an unknown primary epithelial cancer of squamous cell or
      anaplastic histology. The analysis covers a series of 87 consecutive unselected
      patients at the Middlesex Hospital, London, in the years between 1954 and 1986.
      Fifty-eight patients received radiation therapy with a view to cure, 25 patients
      were treated with radiotherapy to a palliative dose, 1 patient only had a radical
      neck dissection, and 3 patients received no treatment apart from excision biopsy.
      In contrast to common practice in the United States, only a single patient
      received prophylactic radiation to the nasopharynx as part of the initial
      therapy. Overall actuarial survival for all patients (87) at 2 years was 43% and
      at 5 years 33%, and in the radically treated group (58) it was 52% and 40%,
      respectively. Only 6 of the 87 patients (7%) subsequently revealed a primary
      tumor above the clavicles. Overall disease control above the clavicles was
      achieved in 53% (46/87), but was 64% (37/58) in the radically treated group.
      Guidelines for radiation therapy are discussed in view of these results.

PMID- 2303360
TI  - DNA typing for class II HLA antigens with allele-specific or group-specific
      amplification. I. Typing for subsets of HLA-DR4.
AB  - DNA sequences that distinguish the subsets of HLA-DR4 are also found on several
      other alleles. This makes typing of heterozygotes with oligonucleotide probes
      quite impractical. We have therefore developed a procedure in which, in a first
      step, DNA of the genes to be analyzed is amplified selectively, using group
      specific primers. In the case of DR4-DRB1, a primer matching codons 5 to 13 when
      used in the polymerase chain reaction resulted in products that were entirely
      suitable for typing for the DR4 subsets. Using appropriate probes, eight distinct
      subsets were identified. However, only six of them were represented in a normal
      North American Caucasian panel. In conjunction with a method for rapid DNA
      extraction, the procedure offers a simple, highly specific and reproducible
      method for determining subtypes of HLA-DR4 that at present cannot be recognized
      by serologic methods.

PMID- 2303362
TI  - Endometrial adenocarcinoma, adjuvant radiotherapy tailored to prognostic factors.
AB  - The optimal adjuvant radiotherapy for surgically treated endometrial cancer has
      not yet been defined. We report on 389 patients treated between 1970 and 1985
      with adjuvant radiotherapy. The treatment was tailored to the known prognostic
      factors: myometrial invasion and grade of differentiation of the tumor. Ten-year
      overall survival was 67%, 10-year relapse-free survival 77%; 23% relapse, of
      which 21% distant and 6% locoregional relapse. In a multivariate analysis, stage
      (pT), grade, and myometrial invasion were prognostic factors. The number of
      locoregional failures was very small (n = 23). This small number, the fact that
      radiation treatment was tailored to prognostic factors, and the absence of a
      nontreated control group precluded an analysis of the effect of the adjuvant
      irradiation. Large randomized studies with a control (no treatment) arm should be
      performed to determine the value of adjuvant radiotherapy.

PMID- 2303363
TI  - Postoperative vaginal irradiation with high dose rate afterloading technique in
      endometrial carcinoma stage I.
AB  - A high dose rate (60Co) afterloading technique was used for postoperative
      prophylactic vaginal irradiation in a series of 404 women with endometrial
      carcinoma Stage I. The total recurrence rate was 3.7% with 0.7% vaginal deposits.
      The crude 5-year survival rate for the complete series was 91.8% compared to
      13.3% for those with recurrences. Depth of myometrial infiltration (greater than
      1/3 of the uterine wall) and nuclear grade were the most important prognostic
      factors. Clinically significant late radiation reactions (bladder and/or rectum)
      were recorded in 6.9%. Dose per fraction and the size of the target volume were
      highly significantly related to the occurrence of both early and late radiation
      reactions. Vaginal shortening is closely related to the dose per fraction, length
      of the reference isodose, and the applicator diameter. The shape of the vaginal
      applicator versus the isodoses and the importance of the source train geometry
      and relative activity for dose gradient inhomogeneities within the target volume
      are discussed. Cumulative radiation effect (CRE) and linear-quadratic (LQ)
      calculations have been performed and related to tissue reactions within the
      target volume and in the risk organs. An alpha-beta quotient of 8.8 for vaginal
      shrinkage effect and 2.0 for late rectal complications are suggested on the basis
      of calculations using a maximum likelihood method for quantal radiation data.

PMID- 2303364
TI  - Comparison between in vitro radiosensitivity and in vivo radioresponse in murine
      tumor cell lines. II: In vivo radioresponse following fractionated treatment and
      in vitro/in vivo correlations.
AB  - Survival in the low-dose region of in vitro radiation survival curves for human
      tumor cell lines may be correlated with the expected clinical radiocurability of
      tumors of similar histopathological type. The present investigation examined this
      hypothesis using a series of transplantable murine solid tumors. The in vivo
      radioresponse of the tumors following fractionated dose (10 fractions of 2 Gy
      given at 4 hr intervals) and single dose (20 Gy) radiation treatment was measured
      by growth delay and tumor cell survival assays. The measurements of tumor cell
      survival were initiated either immediately or 8 hr after the end of radiation
      treatment. There was no evidence for repair of potentially lethal damage in vivo
      in any of the tumors. The measurements of in vivo response were compared to
      parameters of in vitro radiation survival curves for the same tumor cell lines,
      which were measured concurrently. The tumor cell survival following 10 fractions
      of 2 Gy correlated best with the measured in vitro survival at 2 Gy, although
      good correlations were also observed with two parameters calculated from the in
      vitro data; the value of alpha from fitting the linear-quadratic (LQ) model and
      the mean inactivation dose (MID). Correlations were also observed between
      specific growth delay measured in vivo following 10 fractions of 2 Gy and these
      in vitro parameters. Despite the correlations observed, the measured survival
      values following 10 fractions of 2 Gy in vivo did not agree quantitatively with
      the theoretical values predicted from the in vitro survival data assuming equal
      effect for each fraction. This discrepancy indicates that other factors also
      contribute to the overall response of a tumor to fractionated irradiation.
      Nevertheless, these findings support the idea that intrinsic radiosensitivity
      plays a significant role in determining the overall response of a tumor to
      fractionated irradiation and provides strong support for the concept of testing
      the in vitro radiation sensitivity of biopsy specimens as a predictive assay of
      clinical radiocurability.

PMID- 2303365
TI  - Tissue distribution of 14C- and 3H-labelled misonidazole in the tumor-bearing
      mouse.
AB  - The retention of labelled misonidazole (MISO) was measured in a range of normal
      tissues in the mouse 24 hr after the intravenous injection of [14C]MISO (ring
      labelled) and [3H]-MISO (side-arm labelled). For [14C]MISO the 24 hr tissue
      retention, in order of the highest to the lowest levels (excluding pathways of
      excretion), was esophageal epithelium, liver, foot pad, eyelid, lung,
      subcutaneous lung tumor (A110), esophageal wall, uterus, eye ball, blood,
      salivary gland, spleen, voluntary muscle, pancreas, inguinal fat. It was assumed
      that the 14C represented MISO metabolite(s) bound to macromolecules. An
      approximately similar pattern was observed for [3H]MISO, but a higher percentage
      of the injected activity per gram of tissue was retained, probably due to the
      presence of tritiated water in the tissues. It has generally been assumed that
      significant levels of MISO binding are restricted to hypoxic tissues, for example
      tumors, but the present results show that significant levels of binding can also
      occur in apparently normoxic tissues. The explanation is put forward that this
      binding may be due to local high levels of nitroreductase capacity.

PMID- 2303366
TI  - Fraction size-dependent acute skin reaction of mice after multiple twice-a-day
      doses.
AB  - To study the effect of multiple daily fractions on acute murine foot reaction,
      the left feet of C3Hf/Sed mice were irradiated by a Cs-137 irradiator at
      intervals of 6 and 18 hr, alternately. Fraction sizes ranged from 1 to 12 Gy, and
      various numbers of fractions were given. At the end of fractionation, a top-up
      dose of 20 Gy was administered. The overall treatment time ranged from 2 to 21
      days. The average skin reaction from 10 to 35 days after completion of
      irradiations was determined. The skin reactions started from 8 to 27 days
      following the completion of irradiations. The skin reaction after fraction sizes
      of 3.5 and 5 Gy was dependent on the total dose. The skin reaction after fraction
      sizes of 1.5 and 2 Gy showed a biphasic response; at lower total doses, the skin
      reaction was proportional to the total dose, but at higher total dose, the skin
      reaction reached a plateau. The average skin reaction at the plateau with
      fraction sizes of 1, 1.5, and 2 Gy were 0.79 +/- 0.03, 1.12 +/- 0.13, and 1.37 +/
      0.06, respectively. The alpha/beta ratio for acute skin reaction following the
      twice a day scheme was 9.09 Gy (at dose/fraction greater than or equal to 3.5
      Gy). The plateau may be attributed to the effect of accelerated proliferation and
      a balance between cell depletion and proliferation during twice-a-day
      irradiations. It is also suggested that twice-a-day irradiations induce more
      proliferation in skin than once a day treatments.

PMID- 2303368
TI  - Radiobiological advantages of an immediate interstitial boost dose in
      conservative treatment of breast cancer.
AB  - Minimum surgery with irradiation is emerging as one of the main modalities of
      therapy for operable early breast cancer. Between June 1982 and June 1986, 110
      breasts with Tis, T1 to T3 lesions have been treated at our institution with
      lumpectomy and interstitial irradiation to the tumor bed with Iridium-192
      perioperatively followed by external beam irradiation. There have been two local
      recurrences at or near the vicinity of the primary, at a median follow-up of 60
      months. To analyze the parameters that might have contributed to the local
      control, we have examined the treatment volumes, prescribed dose to the tumor
      bed, dose at the core of the tumor bed, and dose to the surrounding normal
      tissue. Immediate interstitial implant has the radiobiological advantage of
      delivering continuous low dose irradiation, immediately upon removal of gross
      tumor to residual foci. Implantation of the afterloading catheters
      intraoperatively facilitates accurate dose delivery and avoidance of geographical
      misses. By precise treatment of any residual foci, immediately upon removal of
      the gross mass, perioperative interstitial irradiation improves local control and
      by facilitating less radical surgical excision, leads to better cosmetic results.

PMID- 2303367
TI  - Interstitial thermoradiotherapy: thermal dosimetry and clinical results.
AB  - From August 1977 to August 1986, 72 patients with advanced primary or recurrent
      cancers were treated using interstitial thermoradiotherapy. Sites treated
      included the pelvis in 49 patients, the head and neck in 15, and other sites in
      six. Median tumor volume was 52 cm3, and all but nine patients had received prior
      irradiation. In 69 patients, hollow stainless steel catheters were implanted and
      used as electrodes with a 0.5 MHz radiofrequency (RF) generator, whereas in three
      patients, standard plastic Henschke tubes were used with a commercially available
      interstitial microwave (MW) system operating at 915 MHz. Most patients were
      heated intraoperatively for 30 minutes, aiming for a minimum measured
      intratumoral temperature (Tmin) of 42 degrees C. The implant was occasionally
      preceded by external irradiation, and after hyperthermia, the catheters were
      afterloaded with 192Ir for brachytherapy. Tmin exceeded 42 degrees, 42.5 degrees,
      43 degrees, and 44 degrees in 25, 16, 12, and 3, respectively, of 70 patients
      with temperature data available, and the probability of successful heating was
      independent of tumor volume or site. Twenty-five of 69 (36%) evaluable patients
      achieved a complete response (CR). Probability of CR demonstrated a significant
      univariate dependence upon Tmin, radiation dose, site treated, and tumor volume,
      but multivariate analysis showed only three significant predictor variables:
      tumor volume, radiation dose, and Tmin. The probability of a CR ranged from 95%
      for patients with small tumors receiving high doses of radiation and adequate
      heat, to 5% for patients with large tumors receiving low radiation doses and less
      than adequate heat. Of 25 patients with CR, 10 relapsed; median response duration
      was less than 18 months, depended marginally upon disease site, and was
      independent of Tmin, radiation dose, and tumor volume. Seventeen patients
      sustained a complication, of which nine were severe enough to require
      hospitalization or surgery. All severe complications occurred in patients with
      pelvic tumors. The probability of a complication of any severity had a
      significant univariate association with maximum intratumoral temperature (Tmax)
      and tumor size. We conclude that interstitial thermoradiotherapy offers the
      promise of heating large tumors in locations where externally applied
      hyperthermia has not been successful.

PMID- 2303369
TI  - An inverse problem in radiation therapy.
AB  - The mathematical formalism associated with a 2-dimensional inverse problem in
      radiation therapy treatment and planning is discussed. The formalism is extended
      to convex phantoms of arbitrary cross-section. Relations necessary to produce
      circularly symmetric dose distributions about any point within the phantom are
      obtained. The general case for a particularly simple class of ideal dose
      distributions within 2-dimensional convex phantoms of arbitrary shape is solved.
      The relationship between treatment beans with and without negative fluences, and
      their associated dose distributions, is discussed.

PMID- 2303370
TI  - The verification of an inverse problem in radiation therapy.
AB  - The inverse problem in radiation therapy presents a solution for a fluence
      distribution based on the specification of a region of dose in a patient. We show
      results for one such solution based on the inversion of an integral over a
      function of the fluence profile of a rotating beam. We use Monte Carlo methods
      and numerical integrations to evaluate dose distributions obtained with the
      inverse method and show the limitations of this theoretical approach. Our results
      show that dose to a single circular region at an arbitrary position in a 2
      dimensional volume can be calculated. Uniform dose to arbitrarily shaped regions
      cannot be calculated with this formalism, although practical solutions can still
      be obtained.

PMID- 2303371
TI  - Radiation dose perturbation in the presence of permanent vascular-access
      injection ports.
AB  - Injection ports are commonly used to maintain permanent vascular access in
      patients with malignant disease. The injection ports allow blood sampling as well
      as infusion or injection of chemotherapeutic agents directly into the
      circulation. The access catheters are usually placed in the subclavian vein with
      the injection port being implanted in the intraclavicular area. These injection
      ports are entirely self-contained underneath the skin and may have been placed in
      an area which subsequently requires radiation treatment. A comprehensive study of
      the perturbation effects of the injection ports when placed in the path of the
      beam was carried out. All dose measurements were performed using stainless steel
      and titanium injection ports. The radiation beams were 6 MV and 10 MV X rays and
      6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 MeV electrons. The data indicate that the presence of
      injection ports significantly alters the radiation dose and dose uniformity. For
      example, the dose underlying a stainless steel port is reduced by 47% when 18 MeV
      electrons are used. This paper presents the dosimetric data, discusses the
      clinical significance of the results, and provides recommendations for design
      modifications of the ports.

PMID- 2303372
TI  - Dilemmas and decisions.

PMID- 2303373
TI  - The inverse problem.

PMID- 2303375
TI  - Control of therapeutic drugs.

PMID- 2303374
TI  - Response to "Dilemmas and decisions".

PMID- 2303376
TI  - Questions ECG interpretation.

PMID- 2303377
TI  - Sulfonamides and keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

PMID- 2303378
TI  - Some thoughts on nutrition, marketing, and ancillary services.

PMID- 2303379
TI  - Rare form of botulism in horses reported.

PMID- 2303380
TI  - Who will we find in the funnel to the future?

PMID- 2303381
TI  - Abbreviations and neologisms in clinical veterinary medical education: does
      everyone understand what we are saying?

PMID- 2303382
TI  - It works in my practice.

PMID- 2303383
TI  - Client relations when the animal dominates.

PMID- 2303384
TI  - Antibody production and tissue irritation in swine vaccinated with Actinobacillus
      bacterins containing various adjuvants.
AB  - The effects that Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae bacterins containing paraffin
      (mineral) oil, Al(OH)3, or lecithin-base oil adjuvants had on antibody production
      and muscle irritation were studied. Four hundred and thirty-two pigs were
      vaccinated twice (864 injection sites) at a 30-day interval. To assess effects of
      skin surface contamination on tissue reaction, 247 of the injections were made
      through skin soiled with manure. Serum samples for antibody determination and
      tissue samples were obtained at slaughter (15 to 90 days after vaccination).
      Bacterins containing Al(OH)3 or 5% lecithin-base oil as an adjuvant resulted in
      minimal tissue irritation. Bacterins containing paraffin oil or greater than 20%
      lecithin-base oil were more irritating to muscle, often resulting in a granuloma
      or an abscess at the injection site. Pigs given bacterins containing Al(OH)3
      adjuvant had lower antibody titers than did pigs given bacterins containing
      paraffin oil or lecithin-base oil adjuvants.

PMID- 2303385
TI  - Intraocular silicone prostheses in a dog and a horse with corneal lacerations.
AB  - Intraocular silicone prostheses were implanted in the eyes of a horse and a dog
      with traumatic corneal lacerations and protrusion of intraocular contents.
      Several months after surgery, the horse and dog were tolerating the intraocular
      prostheses, and the appearance was cosmetically acceptable. This contradicts
      earlier reports that have cited corneal disease as a contraindication for
      implantation of intraocular silicone prostheses.

PMID- 2303387
TI  - Vaginal leiomyofibromatosis and goiter in a goat.
AB  - A mature nulliparous Saanen-type goat examined for episodes of vulvar hemorrhage
      had coalescing nodular vaginal masses. The histopathologic diagnosis from a
      biopsy specimen was leiomyofibromatosis. Because of the relationship of these
      tumors in bitches to cystic ovaries and the nonrecurrence in bitches after
      excision and ovariectomy, abdominal exploration was performed. Bilaterally cystic
      ovaries were removed, and the vaginal tumors slowly regressed over the subsequent
      year, although transvaginal adhesions formed because of the extensive superficial
      necrosis originally present.

PMID- 2303386
TI  - Transient glomerulonephropathy associated with primary erythrocytosis in a dog.
AB  - Proteinuria (urine protein/creatinine ratio, 13.6) resolved after control of
      primary erythrocytosis in a dog. Hydroxyurea and doxorubicin administration and
      phlebotomy were used initially to manage erythrocytosis. Remission was maintained
      for approximately 2 years. Glomerulonephropathy, characterized by absence of
      routine histologic or immunofluorescent changes and ultrastructural evidence of
      basement membrane deterioration and podocyte fusion, was documented. These
      lesions may have been a result of hypoxia and/or hyperviscosity secondary to
      erythrocytosis.

PMID- 2303388
TI  - Multiple nonlethal congenital anomalies in a llama.
AB  - Whereas numerous congenital anomalies in South American camelids have been
      reported, multiple anomalies are uncommon. A young llama evaluated for bilateral
      hind limb lameness was found to have cranially rotated tibial tarsal bones as
      well as bilateral carpus and tarsus valgus and a ventricular septal defect. These
      anomalies were likely hereditary, and llamas so affected should not be bred.

PMID- 2303389
TI  - Protozoal encephalomyelitis in horses: 82 cases (1972-1986).
AB  - Medical records of 82 horses with clinical signs of neurologic disease and
      histologic lesions suggestive of protozoal encephalomyelitis were reviewed. The
      presence of a protozoan parasite in the CNS was not influenced by prior treatment
      of the horse with corticosteroids. Prior treatment of horses with trimethoprim
      sulfonamide alone or in combination with pyrimethamine resulted in a decreased
      number of horses in which a protozoan parasite was detected in the CNS at
      necropsy. The mean age of affected horses was 3.62 +/- 2.78 years, with male and
      Standardbred horses being overrepresented, compared with that of the hospital
      population of horses that were studied at the same time.

PMID- 2303390
TI  - Comparisons between endoscopic and histologic evaluation of the gastrointestinal
      tract in dogs and cats: 75 cases (1984-1987).
AB  - Observations made during endoscopic evaluation of the stomach, duodenum, and
      colon of 58 dogs and 17 cats with a history of regurgitation, vomiting, and/or
      diarrhea were compared with results of histologic examination of tissues obtained
      during the procedures. Endoscopic observations included normal mucosa,
      alternations in mucosal color and texture, and luminal masses. Although endoscopy
      alone is a useful technique for detecting alterations of the gastrointestinal
      mucosa, histologic assessment of tissues obtained is necessary to confirm either
      an inflammatory or a neoplastic process.

PMID- 2303391
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Subchondral bone cyst in a bull.

PMID- 2303392
TI  - The effects of the beta-adrenergic agonist salbutamol on meat quality in pigs.
AB  - The beta-adrenergic agonist Salbutamol was administered to pigs at 3 ppm in the
      feed between weaning and slaughter at 85 kg. Growth rate was not affected by
      Salbutamol. Treated pigs had a higher dressing percentage (2.6%) and produced
      carcasses that were less fat (17%) and had longissimus (LD) muscles of larger
      (11%) cross-sectional area. They also had smaller livers that contained less
      glycogen. The thinner backfat in treated animals was less firm and tended to
      separate from the underlying lean. However, these changes were attributable
      solely to the reduced fatness and there was no direct effect of Salbutamol. There
      were no differences in pH 45 min postmortem, percentage drip loss during storage
      or reflectance value of the LD between the two groups, indicating no greater
      propensity for Salbutamol-treated pigs to develop pale, soft, exudative muscle.
      However, treated pigs had higher final pH values in the muscles; this was
      reflected in slightly reduced hue and saturation values. These results suggest
      that the propensity of the pigs to develop dark, firm, dry meat was slightly
      increased. Salbutamol-treated pigs produced LD muscles that were slightly tougher
      (22%), had reduced concentration of heme pigments in the muscle, reduced plasma
      glucose and increased plasma creatine phosphokinase activity. Salbutamol improved
      lean meat yield but slightly increased the potential to produce dark, firm, dry
      meat and reduced tenderness.

PMID- 2303393
TI  - The effects of postweaning stressors on pig weight change, blood, liver and
      digestive tract characteristics.
AB  - Postweaning growth lag in baby pigs weaned at 28 d was studied by using three
      weaning stress treatments. Treatments consisted of a control in which pigs
      continued to nurse the dam, had access to a dry feed at 14 d of age and were not
      weaned until after the study. Pigs were adjusted to liquid and dry feeds at 14 d
      of age in Treatments 2 and 3, but sows were removed from the pens at 28 d of age
      in Treatment 2, whereas sows were removed and room temperature lowered to 13
      degrees C in Treatment 3. In Treatment 4, sows were removed but pigs were fed the
      dry diet only from 28 d of age. Blood and tissue were collected and evaluated
      every 12 h for 48 h on slaughtered pigs and blood was sampled every 12 h for 132
      h from pigs catheterized in the vena cava. Pigs weaned with a dry diet in
      Treatment 4 were the only pigs to lose weight (P less than .01) and have typical
      symptoms of postweaning growth lag. These pigs had the lowest (P less than .01)
      mean plasma glucose, highest (P less than .01) free fatty acids and the highest
      (P less than .05) cortisol concentrations. Their mean duodenal pH also was higher
      (P less than .01), whereas pigs given both milk and dry diets and stressed by
      weaning in a warm or cool room (Treatments 2 and 3) had lower (P less than .01)
      duodenal pH values than pigs continuing to nurse the sow. In this study, pigs
      having access to milk and dry diets prior to weaning had no adverse symptoms when
      the sow was removed regardless of whether or not they were exposed to cold after
      weaning. However, pigs that were abruptly weaned with a dry diet had slow growth,
      low plasma glucose, high free fatty acids and low liver glycogen.

PMID- 2303394
TI  - Hematological and clinicochemical profiles of healthy swine and swine with
      inflammatory processes.
AB  - The hematological and clinicochemical profiles of healthy swine and swine with
      inflammatory processes were investigated. Blood was collected at slaughter and
      postmortem examination was performed to select healthy swine and swine with
      pleuritis, pneumonia or abscesses. In healthy swine, the values of several
      variables revealed significant differences between gilts, barrows and boars. This
      was caused predominantly by the values obtained for boars. Inflammatory processes
      altered the values of most variables investigated, particularly for erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate, hemoglobin and hematocrit, for the activity of alkaline
      phosphatase, and for concentrations of iron, phosphate, albumin and fibrinogen in
      plasma. Compared with healthy swine, differences were largest for swine with
      metastatic abscesses and swine with both abscesses and other pathological
      lesions; differences were less pronounced in swine with solitary abscesses and
      were minor in swine with pneumonia and swine with pleuritis. Porcine
      hematological and clinicochemical profiles reflect the degree of inflammation.

PMID- 2303395
TI  - Intrauterine position effects in male and female swine: subsequent survivability,
      growth rate, morphology and semen characteristics.
AB  - Pigs of known intrauterine position were obtained from 31 litters by a procedure
      in which donor sows were slaughtered at d 112 of gestation, their uteri removed
      and piglets delivered manually. Uterine position was recorded for each piglet as
      being positioned between two female fetuses (OM), between a male and female fetus
      (1M), between two male fetuses (2M), between a female fetus and the tip of the
      uterine horn (OE) or between a male fetus and the tip of the horn (1E). Piglets
      were fostered as litter groups to recipient sows and reared in these groups until
      120 d of age. They then were regrouped and housed as groups of three and six for
      males and females, respectively. Intrauterine position had no effect on birth
      weight or survivability of pigs of either sex, although pigs positioned in utero
      nearest the ovaries (OE and 1E) tended to be heavier at birth. Body weights were
      similar among groups in each sex at 120 and 175 d of age when given ad libitum
      access to feed; however, 2M males gained more weight from d 175 to 270 under
      restricted feeding conditions (P less than .05). Intrauterine position had no
      effect on anogenital distances either at birth or 120 d of age, and predicted
      testes weights were similar among males from different positions. Semen
      characteristics at 220 d of age did not appear to vary due to prenatal
      environment. Although volume tended to be less for 0M males (P less than .12),
      concentration, motility and sperm/ejaculate were similar among groups.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303397
TI  - Growth and reproductive performance of ewe lambs fed corn or soybean meal while
      grazing pasture.
AB  - In a 2-yr study a total of 120 Suffolk and Suffolk-cross ewe lambs, approximately
      3 mo of age, were assigned within weight strata to one of three treatments: 1)
      control, pasture only (C), 2) .09 kg soybean meal/(hd.d) (SBM) plus pasture or 3)
      .45 kg whole shelled corn/(hd.) plus pasture to compare growth and reproductive
      performance and to determine lamb selectivity of forage quality and type. Each
      year, supplements were offered from June through the 3rd wk in November. Ewe
      lambs were managed as one flock on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and tall
      fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) pastures except for a brief daily
      supplementation period when all lambs were brought into a corral and sorted into
      treatment groups for the feeding. Ewe lambs were exposed to fertile rams from
      October 1 through the 3rd wk of November each year. Growth rates of ewe lambs
      grazing pasture alone were slower than those of corn-supplemented ewe lambs and
      were comparable to those of SBM-supplemented ewe lambs, but reproductive
      performances were similar (P greater than .05). Date of first detected rise in
      serum concentrations of progesterone and date of first observed estrus and
      lambing performance were similar (P greater than .05) among treatments for each
      year. Compared to hand-clipped forage, forage samples collected by esophageally
      fistulated lambs were higher (P less than .05) in crude protein and lower (P less
      than .05) in acid detergent fiber each year, indicating that lambs selectively
      grazed higher-quality forage. These data indicate that neither protein nor energy
      limited growth or reproductive performance of these ewe lambs.

PMID- 2303396
TI  - Effects of exogenous somatotropin on the concentration of minerals in the tissues
      of growing ram lambs.
AB  - Ten Suffolk ram lambs (mean BW 14.4 +/- 1.0 kg, 9 wk of age) were used to
      evaluate the effects of somatotropin (ST) on the concentration of minerals in
      tissues. Lambs were treated with daily injections of sterile saline (SAL; n = 5)
      or with bovine pituitary-extracted ST (.1 mg.kg BW-1.d-1; n = 5) for 13 wk. At
      slaughter at 22 wk of age, the liver, heart, kidneys, brain, spleen, lungs and
      testes were removed. Tissues were lyophilized, ground and analyzed for minerals.
      Daily treatment with ST had no influence on Ca, Na, K or the ratio of Na to K in
      tissues. Although P was lower (P less than .10) in the liver of ST lambs, the
      concentration of P remained within a normal range for sheep. The concentrations
      of both Mg (P less than .10) and Fe (P less than .05) were lower in the spleen of
      ST lambs. Splenic hypertrophy appeared to occur (P = .13) in ST lambs; the total
      splenic pool of Mg and of Fe did not differ (P greater than .10) between SAL and
      ST lambs. The concentration of several other minerals were lower in tissues of ST
      lambs: Cu in kidneys (P less than .10) and liver (P = .12); Zn (P less than .05)
      in liver, kidneys and lungs; and Mn in liver (P less than .05). By causing a
      reduction in the concentration of minerals in tissues, ST may increase the
      possibility of a metabolic insufficiency of a mineral. Exogenous treatment of
      animals with ST may modify the metabolic requirements for minerals and thereby
      increase dietary requirements.

PMID- 2303398
TI  - Differences between Brahman and Holstein cows in heat-shock induced alterations
      of protein synthesis and secretion by oviducts and uterine endometrium.
AB  - Our objectives were to test differences in protein synthesis and secretion by
      cultured oviducts and endometrium from Brahman and Holstein cows and the response
      of those tissues to in vitro heat shock. Explants of oviductal tissue obtained at
      estrus from Holstein (n = 5) and Brahman (n = 6) cows were cultured at a
      homeothermic (39 degrees C) or heat shock (43 degrees C) temperature. At 6 h,
      cultures were pulse-chase labeled (2 h, L[4,5-3H]leucine; 2 h, L-leucine).
      Endometrial explants were cultured similarly except that pulse labeling was
      performed for the first 0 to 15, 0 to 30, 30 to 60 and 60 to 90 min following
      onset of heat shock. A temperature of 43 degrees C increased secretion of
      nondialyzable 3H-labeled macromolecules by both oviducts of Brahmans but
      depressed secretion by the oviduct ipsilateral to the side of ovulation of
      Holsteins. For both breeds, 43 degrees C decreased incorporation of [3H]leucine
      into trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable radioactivity in oviducts from the
      ipsilateral side. Secretion of 3H-labeled macromolecules by pulse-labeled
      endometrial explants increased at 43 degrees C. Heat shock caused an immediate
      increase in TCA-precipitable radioactivity in tissue during pulse labeling for
      Holstein tissues. Incorporation was decreased at 43 degrees C in tissue from
      Brahmans in the first 30 min and increased thereafter. Incorporation of
      [3H]thymidine by endometrial explants from Brahmans was increased at 43 degrees
      C, whereas it was suppressed at 43 degrees C in explants from Holstein cows. Heat
      shock proteins of 72,000 and 90,000 molecular weight were present in endometrial
      tissues. A major secretory product of endometrium had a molecular weight of
      57,500 for Brahmans and a lower molecular weight (55,600) for Holsteins.

PMID- 2303400
TI  - Markov chains as a shortcut method to estimate age distributions in herds of beef
      cattle under different culling strategies.
AB  - Markov chains were used to estimate the age distribution at equilibrium and
      average age in herds of beef cattle and the age distribution and average age of
      culled cows. These estimates are essential in systems simulation and economic
      analyses of beef production alternatives because the biological input and output
      from a beef production system depend on the age structure of the cows in the
      system. Ten sets of data on age-specific probabilities of culling for different
      reasons were found in the literature and used in simulation of different culling
      strategies. Three different culling strategies were simulated using these data.
      In addition to culling on maximum age, culling was either based on health alone,
      health and reproductive failure in one year (not pregnant) or health and
      reproductive failure in two consecutive years (not pregnant twice). The average
      herd age in the data sets reviewed under the actual culling strategies ranged
      from 4.58 to 6.73 yr and the average age of culled cows ranged from 5.41 to 9.94
      yr. Description of the culling process as a Markov chain enables calculations of
      the age distribution at equilibrium by simple matrix operations, an advantage
      over the methods presently used. The scarcity of estimated age-specific
      probabilities of health and reproductive failure points to the need for more
      population analyses of beef cattle.

PMID- 2303399
TI  - Effects of preconditioning on pre- and post-shipment performance of feeder
      calves.
AB  - A preconditioning (PC) program that involved preweaning vaccination and
      preshipment weaning was evaluated utilizing 600 calves produced on four South
      Dakota ranches. Nonpreconditioned (NPC) controls were herd mates that were
      maintained with their dams during the preconditioning process. All calves were
      shipped from the ranch to the feedlot on the same date. In Exp. I, PC caused
      lower (P less than .001) preshipment gains. However, management x ranch and
      management x year effects indicated that response to PC was variable.
      Preconditioning reduced (P less than .001) transit shrink in Exp. I but caused
      greater (P less than .05) shrink in Exp. II. Ranch and management x ranch effects
      accounted for more of the variation in shrink than PC did. In the feedlot, PC
      calves consumed more feed initially (d 1 to 28; P less than .001) and during the
      entire (P less than .10) feeding period when fed to slaughter condition. During
      the 28-d postshipment period, calves fed higher-grain diets consumed more feed (P
      less than .001) and were less efficient (P less than .001) than calves fed corn
      silage. When fed for longer periods (greater than 28 d), higher-energy diets
      improved feedlot gains and feed efficiency independent of preconditioning. Health
      and performance responses to this preconditioning procedure were variable. Our
      preconditioning procedure did not improve beef production efficiency.

PMID- 2303401
TI  - Performance of crosses among Hereford, Angus and Simmental cattle with different
      levels of Simmental breeding: IV. Maternal heterosis and calf production by two
      year-old dams.
AB  - The performance of 264 contemporary 2-yr-old straightbred and crossbred dams
      during 1978 to 1981 was studied and maternal heterosis was estimated. Dam breed
      groups were Hereford (HH), Angus-Hereford (AH), 25% Simmental-75% Hereford
      (1S3H), 50% Simmental-50% Hereford (1S1H) and 75% Simmental-25% Hereford (3S1H).
      Differences among dam breed groups were nonsignificant for length of gestation,
      calving difficulty and late milk production but were important (P less than .01)
      for calf weights (birth, early and late milking periods and weaning), calf
      average daily gains during various intervals from conception to weaning, early
      milk production and other calf traits at weaning (height, weight/height and
      visual condition score). Dam breed group means (HH, AH, 1S3H, 1S1H and 3S1H,
      respectively) for representative calf traits were .37, .39, .39, .42 and .42 kg/d
      for estimated average daily gain the last 3 mo of gestation; 33.6, 34.7, 35.7,
      37.6 and 37.1 kg for birth weight; 191, 205, 209, 228 and 228 kg for weaning and
      7.5, 8.4, 8.3, 9.5 and 10.0 kg for 24-h early milk production. Therefore, 2-yr
      old crossbred dams raised calves that were generally larger for the preweaning
      gain traits than HH dams. Differences among dam breed groups were significant for
      traits involving reproduction; means (HH, AH, 1S3H, 1S1H and 3S1H, respectively)
      were .58, .92, .72, .91 and .79 for proportion calving and 105, 179, 126, 182 and
      154 kg for actual calf weaning weight per cow exposed to breeding. Estimates of
      percentage maternal heterosis were 6.3, 12.9, 9.0 and 7.6% for calf weights at
      birth, 40 d, 130 d and weaning, respectively; 1.8, 5.7 and 5.7% for calf hip
      height, height/weight and condition score at weaning, respectively; and 43.1 and
      34.6% for proportion calving and actual calf weaning weight per cow exposed to
      breeding. The dominance model explained most (greater than 95%) of the variation
      observed among dam breed group means for most traits.

PMID- 2303402
TI  - Heritability estimates of calving date in Hereford cattle maintained on range
      under natural mating.

PMID- 2303403
TI  - A microcomputer-photocell system to monitor periparturient activity of sows and
      transfer data to remote location.
AB  - A microcomputer-photocell system to record, summarize and transfer data on the
      postural changes of crate-confined sows was developed. The system uses an
      infrared photocell system mounted on farrowing crates to detect changes in sow
      body postures prior to parturition. When a sow breaks the infrared beam by
      standing or sitting, the lack of reflection back to the photocell activates a
      relay. The relays are connected to an input/output card inside the primary
      ("host") microcomputer. A second microcomputer, at a location remote to the
      animal facility, and the host computer both are equipped with multi-tasking
      operating systems. The host computer uses a data acquisition program written in
      BASIC to record posture changes, the sow's identifying number, date and time.
      Both computers are equipped with communications software so that the host
      computer can transfer data to the remove location while continuing to collect
      data. Either computer can be used to summarize, graph and examine the accumulated
      data. Knowledge of periparturient activity patterns allows the observer to
      predict farrowing time and to determine whether farrowing has begun without being
      present in the farrowing facility.

PMID- 2303404
TI  - Neuronal tyrosine phosphorylation in growth cone glycoproteins.
AB  - Neuronal glycoproteins derived from growth cones are enriched in protein tyrosine
      kinase activity. In contrast, glycoproteins obtained from mature synaptosomes are
      relatively lacking in this activity. At least three types of protein tyrosine
      kinases were detected in association with growth cone glycoproteins: 1) a Mn2(+)
      dependent activity which phosphorylates several endogenous substrates; 2) a
      Mn2+/Mg2(+)-dependent activity which phosphorylates synthetic substrate and is
      stimulated by acidic brain extracts; and 3) protein tyrosine kinases
      corresponding to the insulin and insulin-like growth factor I receptors. These
      enzymes may be particularly important during earlier stages of neuronal
      maturation.

PMID- 2303405
TI  - Premature translation termination of the pre-E1 alpha subunit of the branched
      chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase as a cause of maple syrup urine disease in
      Polled Hereford calves.
AB  - Maple syrup urine disease in man and cattle is an inborn metabolic error caused
      by the deficiency of the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase. We have
      studied the molecular basis of the disease in Polled Hereford calves. The E1
      component of branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase was virtually
      undetectable by Western blot analysis of fibroblasts from an affected calf.
      Northern blot analysis failed to detect the E1 alpha mRNA species in the
      fibroblasts. Nevertheless, it was readily demonstrated by reverse transcription
      of RNA followed by polymerase chain reaction that the mRNA for the E1 alpha
      subunit was present in the cells, albeit at very low concentrations. Sequencing
      of the polymerase chain reaction-generated cDNA for the entire coding region of
      the E1 alpha subunit revealed a single base substitution at codon -6 (CAG to
      TAG). This mutation introduces a stop codon in the leader peptide of the E1 alpha
      subunit, resulting in the premature termination of translation. The mutation was
      verified by hybridization of the amplified cDNA fragments from two affected
      calves with allele-specific oligonucleotides. This finding explains the
      pathogenesis of maple syrup urine disease in this breed of cattle, which provides
      the only known animal model for the human disease. In addition, the results
      provide evidence for the effect of premature translation termination on reducing
      the steady-state mRNA level and the dependence of E1 beta protein stability on
      the co-expression of the E1 alpha.

PMID- 2303406
TI  - Inhibition of protein synthesis by anti-5.8 S rRNA oligodeoxyribonucleotides.
AB  - To examine the role of the 5.8 S rRNA in ribosome function,
      oligodeoxyribonucleotides, complementary to chemically accessible sequences, were
      incubated with rabbit reticulocyte or wheat germ extracts undergoing protein
      synthesis in vitro. Significant and reproducible inhibitions were observed with
      several different oligonucleotides, the most inhibitory being specific for the
      universally conserved GAAC sequence. Mutant or heterologous sequences were
      substantially less inhibitory, results which clearly implicate the 5.8 S rRNA in
      the inhibitory process and are consistent with the possibility that the 5.8 S
      rRNA plays an important role in the binding of tRNA.

PMID- 2303407
TI  - Phospholipase A2 is a differentiation-dependent enzymatic activity for adipogenic
      cell line and adipocyte precursors in primary culture.
AB  - Phospholipase A2 enzymatic activity was measured in the teratoma-derived
      adipogenic cell line 1246 and in adipocyte precursors in primary cultures. It was
      shown that enzymatic activity was low while the cells were undifferentiated and
      increased by 20-24-fold after the cells had undergone adipocyte differentiation.
      The increase of phospholipase A2 activity follows the same time course as that
      observed for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity used as a marker of
      differentiation. In contrast, the differentiation-deficient, insulin-independent
      cell line 1246-3A always contained very low levels of phospholipase A2 activity.
      Phospholipase A2 activity measured in the 1246 cells was inhibited in a dose
      dependent fashion by incubation with ONO-RS-082 and quinacrine which are
      inhibitors of phospholipase A2 activity. Measurements of arachidonate metabolites
      in 1246 cells showed that production of prostaglandin F2 alpha by the 1246 cells
      followed the same time course as the increase of phospholipase A2 activity during
      differentiation. Similar results were obtained with primary cultures of adipocyte
      precursors. These results indicate that phospholipase A2 is a differentiation
      dependent enzymatic activity for the adipogenic cell line 1246 and for adipocyte
      precursors in primary culture. These data suggest that metabolic pathways
      controlled by phospholipase A2 activity could play an important physiological
      role in adipose tissue differentiation.

PMID- 2303409
TI  - Peroxisomal bifunctional protein from rat liver is a trifunctional enzyme
      possessing 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and delta 3,
      delta 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase activities.
AB  - Peroxisomal delta 3, delta 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase (EC 5.3.3.8) was studied in the
      liver of rats treated with clofibrate. The mitochondrial and peroxisomal
      isoenzymes were separated chromatographically and the peroxisomal isomerase
      purified to apparent homogeneity. In addition to the isomerization of 3-enoyl-CoA
      esters, the purified protein also catalyzed hydration of trans-2-enoyl-CoA and
      oxidation of L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA. Incubation of the purified protein with trans-3
      decenoyl-CoA, NAD+, and Mg2+ resulted in an increase in absorbance at 303 nm,
      indicating the formation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA. The protein purified was monomeric,
      with an estimated molecular weight of 78,000. In immunoblotting it was recognized
      by the antibody to peroxisomal bifunctional protein from rat liver. Comparison of
      the amino acid sequences of cyanogen bromide cleaved isomerase with the known
      sequence of the peroxisomal bifunctional protein from the rat identified them as
      the same molecule. In control experiments, the peroxisomal bifunctional protein
      purified according to published methods also catalyzed delta 3, delta 2-enoyl-CoA
      isomerization. This means that the bifunctional protein of rat liver is in fact a
      trifunctional enzyme possessing delta 3, delta 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase, 2-enoyl-CoA
      hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17), and L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35)
      activities in the same polypeptide.

PMID- 2303408
TI  - Deficiency of the murine fifth complement component (C5). A 2-base pair gene
      deletion in a 5'-exon.
AB  - To ascertain the molecular mechanism that causes murine C5 deficiency, genomic
      and cDNA libraries were constructed from mouse liver DNA and mRNA employing the
      congenic strains B10.D2/nSnJ and B10.D2/oSnJ that are sufficient and deficient
      for C5, respectively. Genomic fragments were isolated which correspond to PvuII
      and HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with C5
      deficiency. Sequence analyses demonstrated that each of these polymorphisms
      resulted from single base pair substitutions and that neither substitution would
      probably cause or contribute to the C5 deficiency. Sequence analyses of C5
      sufficient and deficient cDNAs revealed a 2 base-pair deletion in the deficient
      cDNAs. The "TA" deletion was located near the 5' end of the cDNA. This deletion
      shifts the reading frame of the C5 mRNA so that the termination codon UGA is
      present 4 base pairs downstream from the deletion. Genomic DNA was amplified and
      sequenced corresponding to the area surrounding the 2-base pair deletion. Six C5
      deficient strains, A/HeJ, AKR/J, DBA/2J, NZB/B1NJ, SWR/J, and B10.D2/oSnJ, and
      four C5-sufficient strains, Balb/CJ, C57Bl/6J, DBA/1J, and B10.D2/nSnJ, were
      analyzed. The sequencing data revealed that the 2 base pairs were deleted from
      the C5 gene of each deficient mouse tested but not from the C5 gene of any
      sufficient mouse. These data demonstrate that: 1) there is an identical 2-base
      pair deletion in an exon of the C5 gene in several different C5-deficient mouse
      strains; 2) the mRNA transcribed from the C5D gene retains this deletion; and 3)
      this mutation should result in C5 protein deficiency.

PMID- 2303410
TI  - Biosynthesis and posttranslational processing of site-directed endoproteolytic
      cleavage mutants of pro-neuropeptide Y in mouse pituitary cells.
AB  - Although pairs of basic amino acids are common endoproteolytic sites in
      prohormones, the enzymes responsible for these cleavages have not yet been
      characterized. To investigate the specificity of these endoproteases, cDNAs
      encoding pro-neuropeptide Y (pro-NPY) containing all four pairs of basic amino
      acids were expressed in AtT-20 cells. Pro-NPY was selected as a model substrate
      because it undergoes a single cleavage at the sequence -Lys-Arg- during
      posttranslational processing. AtT-20 cells, a mouse anterior pituitary
      corticotrope line, were selected because they synthesize pro-adrenocorticotropic
      hormone (pro-ACTH)/endorphin and cleave a well characterized subset of the eight
      pairs of basic amino acids in the precursor. Altered cDNAs encoding pro-NPY with 
      Arg-Arg-, -Arg-Lys-, or Lys-Lys- at the cleavage site were used to generate
      stable cell lines. The production of NPY and the carboxyl-terminal peptide was
      studied using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel
      filtration, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, ion-exchange
      high performance liquid chromatography, tryptic peptide mapping, and
      microsequencing. Direct amino acid labeling confirmed the identity of the pair of
      basic amino acids at the cleavage site. Even when the four pairs of basic amino
      acids were presented in the same structural context, the rate, extent, and type
      of cleavage was substrate-specific. Pro-NPY(-Arg-Arg-) was cleaved at a rate
      similar to that observed for the wild-type pro-NPY(-Lys-Arg-). In contrast, pro
      NPY(-Arg-Lys-) was cleaved at a much lower rate, and pro-NPY (-Lys-Lys-) was
      cleaved very poorly. Following endoproteolytic cleavage, the pair of basic amino
      acids present did not alter the production of mature NPY with a COOH-terminal Tyr
      NH2. While two of the three mutant pro-NPY molecules were processed to wild-type
      carboxyl-terminal peptide, the carboxyl-terminal peptide derived from pro-NPY(
      Arg-Lys-) contained an amino-terminal lysine residue, indicating that
      biosynthetic endoproteolysis occurred in the middle or at the amino terminus of
      the pair of basic amino acid residues at the cleavage site. Expression of wild
      type or mutant pro-NPY inhibited cleavages within the endogenous pro
      ACTH/endorphin; poorly cleaved pro-NPY mutants (Lys in the second position of the
      cleavage site) were the most potent inhibitors of pro-ACTH/endorphin cleavage.

PMID- 2303411
TI  - Characterization of a proline-rich cell wall protein gene family of soybean. A
      comparative analysis.
AB  - Further characterization of a proline-rich cell wall protein gene family from
      soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) has been accomplished by the isolation and
      sequence analysis of two additional genes, SbPRP2 and SbPRP3, which encode mRNAs
      of 1050 and 650 nucleotides in length, respectively. Like the proline-rich
      protein gene, SbPRP1, which was previously reported (Hong, J. C., Nagao, R. T.,
      and Key, J. L. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8367-8376), these two SbPRP genes
      encode proteins having a signal peptide sequence and repeats of Pro-Pro-Val-Tyr
      Lys. The SbPRP2 gene encodes a protein of 26 kDa which contains a perfect
      alternating repeat of Pro-Pro-Val-Tyr-Lys and Pro-Pro-Val-Glu-Lys. The SbPRP3
      encodes a 10-kDa protein which also contains Pro-Pro-Val-Tyr-Lys as a major amino
      acid repeat, but the overall amino acid sequence of this protein is more variable
      than that of SbPRP1 and SbPRP2. RNA blot analyses have demonstrated that there
      are marked differences in the pattern of expression of each SbPRP in various
      soybean tissues. In contrast, sequence analysis reveals that the SbPRP genes
      contain a high degree of sequence conservation. Nucleotide sequence homology
      extends 90 to 100 base pairs upstream of the transcription initiation site and
      includes typical CAT and TATA sequences. Approximately 80 base pairs of the 3'
      noncoding sequence around the polyadenylation signal is also highly conserved.
      Therefore, the DNA sequence upstream of the 5'-conserved region is presumed to
      contain cis-elements accounting for the developmental and tissue specificity of
      gene expression. While the pentameric repeat structures occur in all SbPRP genes,
      the encoded proteins are predicted to be different in several features including
      basicity, substitutions of tyrosine and glutamic acid in the repeat, and the size
      of the mature protein.

PMID- 2303413
TI  - The third calmodulin family protein in Tetrahymena. Cloning of the cDNA for
      Tetrahymena calcium-binding protein of 23 kDa (TCBP-23).
AB  - Recently, we proved the existence of the second calmodulin family protein in
      Tetrahymena (Tetrahymena calcium-binding protein of 25 kDa, TCBP-25) by analyzing
      its cDNA (Takemasa, T., Ohnishi, K., Kobayashi, T., Takagi, T., Konishi, K., and
      Watanabe, Y. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 19293-19301). During the amino acid
      sequence determination of TCBP-25, we became aware of the fact that another
      polypeptide carrying calcium-binding domains of EF-hand type existed in addition
      to Tetrahymena calmodulin and TCBP-25. This third calmodulin family protein from
      Tetrahymena was confirmed by isolating its cDNA clones. One of the cloned cDNAs
      contains 763 nucleotides and encodes a protein that is composed of 207 amino acid
      residues and has a molecular mass of 23,413 daltons. This predicted protein
      possesses four EF-hand type calcium-binding domains, so we have designated it as
      Tetrahymena calcium-binding protein of 23 kDa (TCBP-23). TCBP-23 is similar (35%
      homology) but clearly different from TCBP-25. The TCBP-23 gene is actively
      transcribed in vivo as a 0.84-kilobase RNA. Thus, it follows that Tetrahymena
      cells have three different calmodulin family proteins: calmodulin, TCBP-25 and
      TCBP-23. These proteins are expected to provide important clues for solving the
      mechanisms of calcium-dependent phenomena, such as ciliary reversal.

PMID- 2303412
TI  - Identification of the pH-dependent membrane anchor of carboxypeptidase E (EC
      3.4.17.10).
AB  - Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), a peptide hormone-processing enzyme, is present within
      secretory granules in both a soluble form and a form which is membrane-bound at
      pH 5.5 but soluble at neutral pH. Antisera raised against a peptide corresponding
      to the predicted COOH-terminus of CPE bind to the membrane-associated form of CPE
      but not to the soluble form. This COOH-terminal region is predicted to form an
      amphiphilic alpha-helix, containing several pairs of hydrophobic residues
      separated by hydrophilic residues. Synthetic COOH-terminal peptides 11-24
      residues in length are able to bind to bovine pituitary membranes and can be
      extracted by conditions that extract the membrane-bound form of CPE. The
      influence of pH on the membrane binding of a 21-residue COOH-terminal peptide is
      similar to the membrane binding of CPE: at pH values less than 6 the majority of
      the peptide is membrane-bound, while at pH values above 8 less than 20% is
      membrane-bound. Both the 21-residue COOH-terminal peptide and the purified
      membrane form of CPE, but not the soluble form, partition into Triton X-114 only
      at low pH (pH less than 6). Combined polar and hydrophobic interactions of the
      COOH-terminal peptide appear to be responsible for the reversible, pH-dependent
      association of CPE with membranes.

PMID- 2303414
TI  - A water-soluble polylysine-retinaldehyde Schiff base. Stability in aqueous and
      nonaqueous environments.
AB  - In order to improve the existing models of retinal-protein Schiff bases, a water
      soluble polylysine-retinaldehyde imine has been synthesized and its stability
      assessed under a variety of conditions through changes in the visible absorption
      spectrum. The compound absorbs at 342 nm and consists of a 90-kDa poly-L-lysine
      containing a retinal Schiff base in about 2% of the lysyl epsilon-amino ends.
      Retinal is mostly in the all-trans form; under no conditions is more than 15% of
      the 13-cis isomer detected. The absorption maximum exhibits a pH-dependent
      reversible shift to 402 nm, with an apparent pKa approximately 3.4. In the
      presence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, this pKa is shifted to
      approximately 8.9, probably because of electric neutralization of lysyl epsilon
      amino groups. Other detergents (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Triton X-100) do
      not modify the Schiff base pKa, but rather promote its hydrolysis; in this case
      detergents act in the same way as certain solvent mixtures, by providing an
      amphiphillic environment to the imine that in turn stabilizes the products of
      hydrolysis. Our results suggest that once the surfactant reaches the Schiff base,
      preferential partition of retinal into detergent micelles is the main factor
      facilitating imine bond breakdown. The response of our synthetic Schiff base to
      changes in pH or solvent polarity point together to an important role of the
      supporting polypeptide in providing a suitable environment to the chromophore.

PMID- 2303415
TI  - Selective modulation of band 4.1 binding to erythrocyte membranes by protein
      kinase C.
AB  - We have studied the effects of band 4.1 phosphorylation on its association with
      red cell inside-out vesicles stripped of all peripheral proteins. Band 4.1 bound
      to these vesicles in a saturable manner, and binding was characterized by a
      linear Scatchard plot with an apparent Kd of 1-2 x 10(-7) M. Phosphorylation of
      band 4.1 by purified protein kinase C reduced its ability to bind to membranes,
      resulting in a reduction in the apparent binding capacity of the membrane by 60
      70% but little or no change in the apparent Kd of binding. By contrast,
      phosphorylation of band 4.1 by cAMP-dependent kinase had no effect on membrane
      binding. Digestion of the stripped inside-out vesicles with trypsin cleaved 100%
      of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 but had little or no effect on glycophorin.
      Binding of band 4.1 to these digested vesicles was reduced by 70%.
      Phosphorylation of band 4.1 by protein kinase C had no effect on its binding to
      the digested vesicles, suggesting that the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 contained
      the phosphorylation-sensitive binding sites. This was confirmed by direct
      measurement of band 4.1 binding to the purified cytoplasmic domain of band 3.
      Phosphorylation of band 4.1 by protein kinase C reduced its binding to the
      purified 43-kDa domain by as much as 90%, while phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent
      kinase was without effect. These results show a selective effect of protein
      kinase C phosphorylation on the binding of band 4.1 to one of its membrane
      receptors, band 3, and suggest a mechanism whereby one of the key red cell
      skeletal membrane associations may be modulated.

PMID- 2303416
TI  - Stable intermediates can be trapped during the reversible refolding of urea
      denatured rhodanese.
AB  - The enzyme rhodanese (EC 2.8.1.1) could be reversibly refolded from urea in the
      presence of lauryl maltoside, beta-mercaptoethanol, and sodium thiosulfate. The
      unfolding/folding transition monitored using intrinsic fluorescence was resolved
      into two two-state transitions with midpoints at 3.6 and 5.0 M urea. The analysis
      assumed an intermediate with an emission maximum at 345 nm. Monitoring anisotropy
      of intrinsic fluorescence also gave an asymmetric transition. Activity followed
      one two-state transition centered at 3.6 M urea with no major change of secondary
      structure. Without thiosulfate or mercaptoethanol, there was one two-state
      transition at 5.0 M urea giving a species, in dilute urea, with a fluorescence
      maximum at 345 nm. This intermediate slowly relaxed toward 335 nm (t1/2 = 85 min)
      if only thiosulfate was absent but without regaining activity. Subsequent
      addition of thiosulfate led to a first-order recovery of activity (t1/2 = 75
      min). Thus, a possible folding intermediate can be trapped which displays
      increased access of water and solutes to its fluorescent tryptophans. This
      intermediate conformer, which is flexible, has considerable secondary structure,
      is inactive, has exposed hydrophobic surfaces, and requires specific reducing
      conditions to regain full activity. Refolding probably involves an initial,
      rapid, hydrophobic collapse with acquisition of secondary structure to form the
      intermediate, followed by slower adjustment to the native global conformation.
      Final reactivation requires reduction localized at the active site.

PMID- 2303417
TI  - Millimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid in purified human mononuclear
      leukocytes. Depletion and reaccumulation.
AB  - Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was found in isolated human mononuclear leukocytes and
      their purified components in millimolar concentration. Intracellular ascorbic
      acid was depleted greater than 96% during cell culture and was rapidly
      reaccumulated after addition of physiologic concentrations of ascorbic acid to
      the extracellular medium. Purified cells maintained concentration gradients of
      ascorbic acid as large as 100-fold across the plasma membrane. The ability to
      vary intracellular ascorbic acid concentrations over such a wide range makes it
      possible for the first time in these cells to study ascorbic acid function in
      direct relationship to intracellular concentration.

PMID- 2303418
TI  - A new sialic acid analogue, 9-O-acetyl-deaminated neuraminic acid, and alpha -2,8
      linked O-acetylated poly(N-glycolylneuraminyl) chains in a novel
      polysialoglycoprotein from salmon eggs.
AB  - A new polysialoglycoprotein, designated PSGP(On), was isolated from the
      unfertilized eggs of the kokanee salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka adonis. 400-MHz 1H
      NMR analyses showed the O. nerka adonis PSGP contained alpha -2,8-linked oligo-
      and polysialic acid (polySia) chains that were made up of 4-O-Ac-, 7-O-Ac-, and 9
      O-Ac esters of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) residues. The presence of a new
      sialic acid derivative, identified by 1H NMR as 9-O-acetyl-2-keto-3-deoxy-D
      glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (trivial name, 9-O-acetyldeaminated neuraminic
      acid; 9-O-Ac-KDN), was also shown to be present as a minor component. The O
      acetylated KDN residues appear to cap the nonreducing termini of the O-acetylated
      poly(Neu5Gc) chains. The O-acetylated polySia chains were resistant to
      depolymerization by bacterial exosialidases and a bacteriophage-derived endo-N
      acylneuraminidase that is specific for catalyzing the hydrolysis of alpha -2,8
      linkages in polySia containing either N-acetylneuraminic acid or Neu5Gc residues.
      After de-O-acetylation by mild alkali, the polySia chains were sensitive to
      digestion by endo-N-acylneuraminidase, yet partially resistant to exosialidase.
      These data confirm the alpha -2,8-ketosidic linkage in these chains and the
      nonreducing terminal location of the KDN residues. These results extend further
      the range of structural diversity in polySia-containing glycoconjugates, and in
      the family of naturally occurring sialic acids. They also suggest that the O
      acetylated Neu5Gc and 9-O-Ac-KDN residues may have an important role during
      oogenesis.

PMID- 2303419
TI  - Characterization of rhodopsin kinase purified from bovine rod outer segments.
AB  - Rhodopsin kinase was purified by sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and
      blue-Sepharose. Kinase activity co-purified with a 62-kDa polypeptide, which
      bound light-dependently in the absence of ATP to purified vesicle-reconstituted
      rhodopsin. Purified rhodopsin kinase is free of any detectable arrestin or the
      retinal G-protein. Rhodopsin kinase is autophosphorylated on serine residues
      which is unaffected by the presence of bleached rhodopsin and results in a
      transition in molecular mass to 64 kDa. Autophosphorylation of the kinase did not
      appear to alter the overall rate of rhodopsin phosphorylation or the apparent KM
      (0.6 microM) for purified reconstituted rhodopsin. Peptides corresponding to
      sequences within opsin loops 3-4 and 5-6 and the COOH terminus inhibited kinase
      phosphorylation of bleached rhodopsin, suggesting at least three potential sites
      to account for the stable high affinity binding of rhodopsin kinase to the
      bleached photoreceptor molecule that are at least in part distinct from the
      substrate sites for phosphorylation. These sequences are similar to those
      proposed for receptor recognition of G-proteins and indicate that the domains
      involved in light-dependent binding of rhodopsin kinase and retinal G-protein are
      similar or overlapping.

PMID- 2303420
TI  - The interaction of phospholipase A2 with phospholipid analogues and inhibitors.
AB  - A series of structurally modified phospholipids have been used to delineate the
      structural features involved in the interaction between cobra venom (Naja naja
      naja) phospholipase A2 and its substrate. Special emphasis has been placed on sn
      2 amide analogues of the phospholipids. These studies have led to a very potent,
      reversible phospholipase A2 inhibitor. A six-step synthesis of this compound, 1
      palmitylthio-2-palmitoylamino-1,2-dideoxy-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylethanolamine
      (thioether amide-PE), was developed. Other analogues studied included 1
      palmitylthio-2-palmitoylamino-1,2-dideox-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, 1
      palmityl-2-palmitoylamino-2- deoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, 1-palmitoyl-2
      palmitoylamino-2-deoxy-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylcholine, 1-palmitylthio-
      2([(tetradecyloxy)carbonyl]amino)-1,2-dideoxy-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylcholine, 1
      palmitoyl- 2([(octadecylylamino)carbonyl]amino)-2-deoxy-sn-glycero-3-
      phosphorylcholine, and sphingomyelin. Inhibition studies used the well defined
      Triton X-100 mixed micelle system and the spectroscopic thio assay. The
      phospholipid analogues showed varying degrees of inhibition. The best inhibitor
      was the thioether amide-PE which had an IC50 of 0.45 microM. In contrast,
      sphingomyelin, a natural phospholipid that resembles the amide analogues, did not
      inhibit but rather activated phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. This systematic
      study of phospholipase A2 inhibition led to the following conclusions about
      phospholipid-phospholipase A2 interactions: (i) sn-2 amide analogues bind tighter
      than natural phospholipids, presumably because the amide forms a hydrogen bond
      with the water molecule in the enzyme active site, stabilizing its binding. (ii)
      Inhibitor analogues containing the ethanolamine polar head group appear to be
      more potent inhibitors than those containing the choline group. This difference
      in potency may be due solely to the fact that the cobra venom phospholipase A2 is
      activated by choline-containing phospholipids. Thus, choline-containing non
      hydrolyzable analogues both inhibit and activate this enzyme. Both of these
      effects must be taken into account when studying phosphatidylcholine inhibitors
      of the cobra venom enzyme. (iii) The potency of inhibition of these analogues is
      significantly enhanced by increasing the hydrophobicity of the sn-1 functional
      group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2303421
TI  - Lipid peroxidation inactivates rat liver microsomal glycerol-3-phosphate acyl
      transferase. Effect of iron and copper salts and carbon tetrachloride.
AB  - Lipid peroxidation is known to affect the activity of several enzymes including
      microsomal enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase; but its effect on the enzymes
      of lipid biosynthesis has not been investigated. Glycerol-3-phosphate
      acyltransferase (GPAT) represents the first committed step and probably the rate
      limiting step in glycerolipid synthesis and thus may be a good candidate for
      study. Rat liver microsomal GPAT was assayed after preincubating the microsomes
      under conditions known to induce peroxidation. In 30 min, 10 microM Fe2+ can
      diminish the activity by as much as 80%. The inactivating effect can be blocked
      to different extents by several antioxidants, while ascorbic acid enhances it.
      These effects, along with the concomitant measurement of lipid peroxidation,
      indicate that microsomal GPAT activity is inactivated by lipid peroxidation in a
      sensitive and rapid fashion. This is further confirmed by the inactivating effect
      of carbon tetrachloride, which is known to induce lipid peroxidation in
      microsomes. Fe3+ also inactivates the enzyme, but at a higher concentration.
      Copper salts inactivate GPAT by a mechanism apparently different from that of
      iron. The mechanism might involve a direct sulfhydryl modification by copper and
      lipid peroxidation apparently different from that induced by iron. It is
      suggested that the inactivation of GPAT by lipid peroxidation could accelerate
      the process of membrane disintegration caused by lipid peroxidation in
      pathological conditions involving free radical-mediated tissue injury.

PMID- 2303423
TI  - Unusual transient- and steady-state kinetic behavior is predicted by the kinetic
      scheme operational for recombinant human dihydrofolate reductase.
AB  - Association and dissociation rate constants obtained by stopped-flow spectroscopy
      have permitted definition of a kinetic scheme for recombinant human dihydrofolate
      reductase that correctly predicts full time course kinetics of the enzymatic
      reaction over a wide range of substrate and product concentrations. The scheme is
      complex compared with that for the bacterial enzyme and involves branched
      pathways. It successfully accounts for observed rapid hysteresis preceding steady
      state and for the nonhyperbolic dependence of steady-state rate on substrate and
      product concentrations. The major branch point in the catalytic cycle occurs at
      E.NADP.H4folate because either NADP or H4folate can dissociate from the ternary
      product complex (koff = 84 s-1 and 46 s-1, respectively). The rate of conversion
      of enzyme-bound substrates to products is very fast (k = 1360 s-1) and nearly
      unidirectional (Kequ = 37) so that other steps limit the catalytic rate. At
      saturating substrate concentrations these steps include release of NADP and
      H4folate from E.NADP.H4folate and release of products from the two abortive
      complexes E.NADPH.H4folate (koff = 225 s-1) and E.NADP.H4folate (koff = 4.6 s-1).
      Since NADP dissociates slowly from E.NADP.H2folate nearly 90% of the enzyme
      accumulates as this complex at steady state. Nonetheless, the catalytic rate is
      maintained at 12 s-1 by rapid flux of a small portion of the enzyme through an
      alternate branch. At physiological concentrations of substrates and products the
      steady-state rate is limited primarily by the rate of H2folate binding to E.NADPH
      so that the enzyme is extremely efficient.

PMID- 2303422
TI  - Characterization of a cDNA clone encoding a Brassica napus 12 S protein
      (cruciferin) subunit. Relationship between precursors and mature chains.
AB  - Cruciferin (12 S globulin) is a large, neutral, oligometric protein synthesized
      in rapeseed (Brassica napus) during seed development. It is the major seed
      protein and is composed of six subunit pairs. Each of these pairs is synthesized
      as a precursor containing one heavy alpha-chain and one light beta-chain.
      Electrophoretic analysis of cruciferin showed that four different alpha- and four
      different beta-chains exist. A cruciferin clone was selected from an embryo cDNA
      library. This clone, pCRU1, contains a 1518-base pair open reading frame
      corresponding to a truncated NH2-terminal signal sequence followed by an alpha
      chain of 296 and a beta-chain of 190 amino acid residues. Individual cruciferin
      chains as well as peptides thereof were subjected to NH2-terminal amino acid
      sequence analysis. The sequences obtained from a specific alpha- and beta-chain
      pair (alpha 1 and beta 1) showed total identity with the deduced amino acid
      sequence from pCRU1. Further comparisons revealed that a previously characterized
      cruciferin cDNA clone encodes one of the precursors for the closely related alpha
      2/ alpha 3-beta 2/beta 3 subunits. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two
      cDNA clones display 64% similarity.

PMID- 2303424
TI  - Phosphorylation by protein kinase C of the 20,000-dalton light chain of myosin in
      intact and chemically skinned vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - In the present study we tested the hypothesis that phosphorylation of the 20,000
      dalton light chain subunit of smooth muscle myosin (LC20) by the calcium
      activated and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C regulates contraction of
      chemically-permeabilized (glycerinated) porcine carotid artery smooth muscle.
      Purified protein kinase C and oleic acid were used to phosphorylate LC20 in
      glycerinated muscles in the presence of a CaEGTA/EGTA buffer system (pCa 8) to
      prevent activation of myosin light chain kinase. Phosphorylation of the light
      chain to 1.3 mol of PO4/mol of LC20 did not stimulate contraction. Tryptic
      digests of glycerinated carotid artery LC20 contained two major phosphopeptides
      which contained phosphoserine but not phosphothreonine. Incubation of
      glycerinated muscles with calcium (20 microM) and calmodulin (10 microM) resulted
      in contraction and LC20 phosphorylation to 1.1 mol of PO4/mol of LC20; tryptic
      digests of LC20 from these muscles contained a single phosphopeptide which could
      be distinguished by phosphopeptide mapping from the two phosphopeptides derived
      from muscles phosphorylated with protein kinase C. Further phosphorylation of
      Ca2+/calmodulin-activated muscles to 2.0 mol of PO4/mol of LC20, by incubation
      with protein kinase C, had no effect on either the level of isometric force or
      the lightly-loaded shortening velocity (after-load = 0.1 peak active force);
      removal of Ca2+ and calmodulin, but not protein kinase C and oleic acid, resulted
      in normal relaxation in spite of maintained phosphorylation to 1.2 mol of PO4/mol
      of LC20. Comparison of LC20 phosphopeptide maps from glycerinated muscles
      incubated with protein kinase C plus Ca2+/calmodulin (2.0 mol of PO4/mol of LC20)
      to maps from intact muscles stimulated with 10(-6) M phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
      (0.05 mol of PO4/mol of LC20) showed that the same three phosphopeptides were
      present in both the intact and glycerinated muscles. These findings show that
      phosphorylation of LC20 by protein kinase C in glycerinated muscles to levels at
      least 40 times higher than those present during contraction of intact, phorbol
      ester-stimulated muscles does not activate contraction nor does it significantly
      modify the contraction of smooth muscle which occurs in response to the
      Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of Ser19 by myosin light chain kinase.

PMID- 2303425
TI  - pH-dependent redox activity and fluxionality of the copper site in amicyanin from
      Thiobacillus yersutus as studied by 300- and 600- MHz 1H NMR.
AB  - The kinetics of the deuteronation of one of the copper ligand histidines of the
      reduced Type I blue-copper protein amicyanin from Thiobacillus versutus was
      studied as a function of temperature by 300- and 600- MHz 1H NMR. The NMR data
      were analyzed with the help of a three site exchange model. Deuteron exchange
      between the histidine ligand and the solution appears to be catalyzed by
      phosphate. After deuteronation the histidine can occur in two conformations. The
      electron self-exchange rate of amicyanin was determined as a function of
      temperature and ionic strength. At 298 K, pD = 8.6, I = 0.05 M, the ese rate
      amounts to 1.3 x 10(5) M-1 S-1. The activation parameters amount to delta H not
      equal to = (52 +/- 3) kJ/mol and delta S not equal to = (26 +/- 9) J/mol.K. The
      dependence of the ese rate on ionic strength is small. The deuteronated amicyanin
      appears to be redox-inactive. The experimental findings clearly distinguish
      amicyanin from other classes of blue-copper proteins like the azurins and the
      pseudo-azurins.

PMID- 2303426
TI  - Genomic structure of an integrin alpha subunit, the leukocyte p150,95 molecule.
AB  - The genomic structure of integrins is important to our understanding of the
      evolution of this complex family. The alpha subunit of the leukocyte integrin
      p150,95 (CD11c) is a transmembrane polypeptide of 1144 residues whose long
      extracellular region contains three putative divalent cation binding repeats and
      a 200- amino acid inserted or "I" domain. The p150,95 alpha subunit gene extends
      over 25 kilobases and is comprised of at least 31 exons grouped in five clusters.
      The I domain, which is only present in some integrins and is homologous to
      domains in von Willebrand factor, cartilage matrix protein, complement factor B
      and the alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains of collagen type VI, is distributed in four
      exons. Each one of the three divalent cation binding repeats is encoded by a
      separate exon. Surprisingly, a sequence homologous to the first two putative
      divalent cation binding repeats is present in an inverted orientation in the
      intron following the last exon of the I domain. Both the signal peptide and the
      transmembrane domain are split in two exons. Putative proteolytic cleavage
      sequences in other integrin alpha subunits align as inserts within the p150,95
      alpha subunit gene falling at exon boundaries. The organization of the p150,95
      alpha subunit gene provides further insights into the structure and evolution of
      the integrins.

PMID- 2303427
TI  - Mechanism of action of a steroidal antiglucocorticoid in lymphoid cells.
AB  - We compared the biochemical properties of receptors extracted from mouse lymphoma
      cells and complexed with the glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide, or with the
      high affinity antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 [17 beta-hydroxy-11 beta-(4
      dimethylaminophenyl)-17 alpha-(1-propynyl)-estra- 4,9-diene-3-one]. Upon salt
      treatment the high molecular weight receptor complexes of both types yielded
      dissociated forms that had the same affinity for DNA. Increased temperature
      caused subunit dissociation of the agonist complex but ligand dissociation of the
      antagonist complex. The latter was prevented if subunit dissociation was blocked
      by sodium molybdate but not by chemical cross-linking of the heteromeric
      receptor. Immunochemical studies suggest that the instability of the RU 38486
      complex only affects the level of bound ligand but not the integrity of the
      receptor polypeptide. In intact cells at 37 degrees C the receptor polypeptide
      associated with nuclei only in the presence of hormone but not in its absence or
      if the antihormone was present. Cells incubated at 37 degrees C with RU 38486
      retained in the cytosol the high molecular weight receptor in its ligand bound
      form. The data suggest that in intact cells under physiological conditions the
      antagonist binds to the heteromeric receptor and blocks its dissociation into
      subunits thus preventing nuclear receptor translocation.

PMID- 2303428
TI  - Monoclonal antibody A2B5, which detects cell surface antigens, binds to
      ganglioside GT3 (II3 (NeuAc)3LacCer) and to its 9-O-acetylated derivative.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody A2B5 recognizes antigens at the surface of neuronal and
      glial cells but also at the surface of thymus epithelia and pancreatic islet
      cells. Although these antigens have been characterized as polysialogangliosides,
      A2B5 also reacts with other unidentified gangliosides. In order to characterize
      further the epitope of A2B5, two new ganglioside antigens isolated from chicken
      brain are identified in this study. One is the ganglioside NeuAc alpha 2-8NeuAc
      alpha 2-8NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1ceramide (GT3) and the other is a
      9-O-acetylated derivative of GT3). This derivative was purified from 10-day
      embryonic chicken brain. Acetyl groups substituted on sialic acid were removed
      either by alkali treatment or by incubation with influenza virus C, which
      contains receptor-destroying enzyme (a neuraminidate 9-O-acetyl esterase). The
      product of alkali treatment or viral action was detected by the antibody 18B8
      which is specific for GT3. The deacetylated product still reacts with A2B5. These
      data and the results of mild oxidation of the antigen with sodium periodate
      suggest that the epitope recognized by antibody A2B5 contains the trisialyl
      structure found in GT3 but does not include the polyalcohol chain of the terminal
      sialic acid which can be oxidized by periodate or acetylated without modifying
      the affinity for the antibody. The epitope recognized by A2B5 is different from
      the epitope recognized by the antibody 18B8 in that 18B8 requires the three
      sialic acids with an intact and unsubstituted polyalcohol chain. Antibody 18B8
      does not bind to 9-O-acetylated GT3 or GT3 oxidized by sodium periodate.

PMID- 2303429
TI  - Cloning and structural characterization of porcine heart aconitase.
AB  - A full-length cDNA encoding porcine heart aconitase was derived from lambda gt10
      recombinant clones and by amplification of the 5' end of the mRNA. The 2700-base
      pair (bp) cDNA contains a 29-bp 5' untranslated region, a 2343-bp coding segment,
      and a 327-bp 3' untranslated region. The porcine heart enzyme is synthesized as a
      precursor containing a mitochondrial targeting sequence of 27 amino acid residues
      which is cleaved to yield a mature enzyme of 754 amino acids, Mr = 82,754, having
      a blocked amino terminus. The NH2-terminal pyroglutamyl residue of the mature
      enzyme was identified by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and sequence
      analyses of an NH2-terminal peptide. Mature porcine heart aconitase contains 12
      cysteine residues. Cysteines 358, 421, and 424 are ligands to the Fe-S cluster in
      the inactive [3Fe-4S] (Robbins, A. H., and Stout, C. D. (1989) Proteins 5, 289
      312) and active [4Fe-4S] (Robbins, A. H., and Stout, C. D. (1989) Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 3639-3643) forms. An alignment of the derived porcine
      heart sequence with 8 cysteine-containing tryptic peptides from bovine heart
      aconitase (Plant, D. W., and Howard, J. B. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8184-8189;
      Plank, D. W., Kennedy, M. C., Beinert, H., and Howard, J. B. (1989) J. Biol.
      Chem. 264, 20385-20393) shows that 198 of 202 amino acids are conserved and
      suggests that the two enzymes are virtually identical.

PMID- 2303430
TI  - Purification and characterization of a kallikrein-like T-kininogenase.
AB  - A T-kininogenase has been purified to homogeneity from rat submandibular gland
      extracts by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis.
      The purified protein has an apparent Mr of 28,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and splits into heavy and light chains with Mr
      of 22,000 and 6,000 in the presence of dithiothreitol. It is an acidic
      glycoprotein with pI of 4.65-4.75. The carbohydrate moiety is located on the
      light chain and binds concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin. The active site
      serine residue of the heavy chain is labeled with [14C]diisopropylfluorophosphate
      and visualized by fluorography. NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of the light
      and heavy chains reveal 74-84% identity to rat tissue kallikrein, tonin, and
      other kallikrein-related enzymes. The enzyme cleaves T-kininogen to release T
      kinin which was separated by high performance liquid chromatography on a reverse
      phase C18 column and identified by a kinin radioimmunoassay. Its T-kininogenase
      but not N-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester esterase activity can be enhanced 10-fold
      in the presence of dithiothreitol. The esterolytic activity of the enzyme is
      inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, aprotinin, leupeptin, and antipain;
      whereas lima bean and ovomucoid trypsin inhibitors stimulate its activity. The
      enzyme is localized at the granular convoluted tubule and striated duct cells in
      rat submandibular glands by immunohistochemistry. The results indicate that T
      kininogenase belongs to the group of structurally similar yet distinct kallikrein
      like serine proteases.

PMID- 2303431
TI  - Properdin binds to sulfatide [Gal(3-SO4)beta 1-1 Cer] and has a sequence homology
      with other proteins that bind sulfated glycoconjugates.
AB  - Properdin, which stabilizes the C3 convertase during the activation of the
      alternate complement pathway, contains amino acid sequence homologies with
      several proteins that bind sulfated glycoconjugates, including the adhesive
      protein thrombospondin and the leech salivary protein antistasin. This homology
      is based around the sequence Cys-Ser-Val-Thr-Cys-Gly-X-Gly-X-X-X-Arg-X-Arg. To
      determine if these homologous amino acid sequences are sulfated glycoconjugate
      binding domains, purified native properdin, as well as activated properdin (a
      high molecular weight form of properdin), were examined for binding to various
      lipids in solid phase radioimmunoassays. Of the lipids tested, both native and
      activated properdin bind with high affinity only to sulfatide [Gal(3-SO4)beta 1-1
      Cer], but not to comparable levels of cholesterol-3-SO4, or several neutral
      glycolipids, gangliosides, and phospholipids. Sulfatide binding by both forms of
      properdin is inhibited by dextran sulfate (Mr = 500,000) or fucoidan, whereas
      only the activated form is inhibited by dextran sulfate (Mr = 5,000) or heparin.
      Comparable levels of chondroitin sulfates A, B, and C, keratan sulfate, dextran
      (Mr = 90,000), or hyaluronic acid do not inhibit binding. Taken together, these
      data suggest that properdin, like antistasin and thrombospondin, binds sulfated
      glycoconjugates and supports the conclusion that the homologous sequences are
      sulfated glycoconjugate-binding domains.

PMID- 2303432
TI  - In vitro phosphorylation of human complement factor C3 by protein kinase A and
      protein kinase C. Effects on the classical and alternative pathways.
AB  - Complement factor C3, recently found to contain covalently bound phosphate, was
      phosphorylated in vitro by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A)
      and Ca2(+)-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C).
      Both protein kinases phosphorylated the same serine residue(s) located in the C3a
      portion of the alpha-chain. In addition, protein kinase C phosphorylated the beta
      chain to a lesser extent. Protein kinase A gave a maximal incorporation of 1 mol
      of phosphate/mol of C3 while that value with protein kinase C was 1.5 mol of
      phosphate/mol of C3. The velocity in pmol of [32P]phosphate/(min x unit kinase)
      was 20 times higher for protein kinase C than for protein kinase A although a 10
      times lower ratio of protein kinase to C3 was used in the former case. The
      apparent Km for C3 was 2.6 microM when protein kinase C was used. The
      phosphorylated C3 was found to be more resistant to partial degradation by
      trypsin than unphosphorylated C3. It was also found that phosphorylation of C3 in
      the C3a portion of the alpha-chain inhibited both the classical and alternative
      complement activation pathways on an approximately stoichiometric basis.

PMID- 2303433
TI  - Selective activation of the N-glycosylation apparatus in uteri by estrogen.
AB  - Estrogen rapidly, preferentially and markedly enhances the rate of N-linked
      glycoprotein synthesis in mouse uteri. In contrast, the rate of glycoprotein
      turnover is unaffected by the hormone. Estrogen's effect on the expression of
      mRNA coding for glycoproteins was studied using an in vitro translation
      glycosylation system as well as by Northern/slot blot analyses. Both approaches
      indicated that estrogen did not have a preferential stimulatory effect on the
      general expression of glycoprotein mRNA. Neither was there a significant change
      in the relative levels of specific mRNA coding for several N-linked
      glycoproteins, i.e. laminin B1 and B2, fibronectin, and uvomorulin, as a function
      of estrogen treatment. Immunoprecipitation studies also demonstrated no change in
      the relative rates of synthesis of the corresponding core proteins for laminin or
      fibronectin. Taken together, these results suggested that estrogen primarily
      stimulated glycoprotein synthesis by stimulating the glycosylation apparatus, and
      not by increasing synthesis of protein acceptors. Previous studies have indicated
      that of a variety of potential regulatory points in the pathway of N-linked
      glycoprotein assembly, only expression of mannosylphosphoryldolichol synthase
      (MPDS) increases sufficiently to account for the increase in glycoprotein
      expression observed in response to estrogen. Consistent with these observations,
      it was found that injection of uterine poly(A+) RNA from estrogen-treated uteri
      into Xenopus oocytes markedly stimulated MPDS activity in the oocytes. In
      contrast, injection of RNA from non-estrogen-treated uteri did not stimulate MPDS
      activity in oocytes. Collectively, these results indicate that steroid hormones
      can modulate glycoprotein expression by preferentially stimulating the
      glycosylation apparatus. Nonetheless, one of estrogen's effects on the
      glycosylation apparatus, induction of MPDS activity, appears to occur at a
      transcriptional level.

PMID- 2303434
TI  - Experimental and theoretical evidence supporting the role of Gly363 in blood
      coagulation factor IXa (Gly193 in chymotrypsin) for proper activation of the
      proenzyme.
AB  - Factor IX is the zymogen of the serine protease factor IXa involved in blood
      coagulation. In addition to a catalytic domain homologous to the chymotrypsin
      family, it has Ca2+, phospholipid, and factor VIIIa binding regions needed for
      full biologic activity. We isolated a nonfunctional factor IX protein designated
      factor IXEagle Rock (IXER) from a patient with hemophilia B. The variant protein
      is indistinguishable from normal factor IX (IXN) in its migration on sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, isoelectric point in urea, carbohydrate
      content and distribution, number of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, and beta
      OH aspartic acid content, and in its binding to an anti-IXN monoclonal antibody
      which has been shown previously to inhibit the interaction of factor VIIIa with
      factor IXaN. Further, IXER is cleaved to yield a factor IXa-like molecule by
      factor XIa/Ca2+ at a rate similar to that observed for IXN. However, in contrast
      to IXaN, IXaER does not bind to antithrombin-III (specific inhibitor of IXaN) and
      does not catalyze the activation of factor X (substrate) to factor Xa. To
      identify the mutation in IXER, all eight exons of IXN and IXER gene were
      amplified by the polymerase chain reaction technique and cloned. A single point
      mutation (G----T) which results in the replacement of Val for Gly363 in the
      catalytic domain of IXER was identified. Gly363 in factor IXa corresponds to the
      universally conserved Gly193 in the active site sequence of the chymotrypsin
      serine protease family. X-ray crystallographic data in the literature demonstrate
      a critical role of this Gly in stabilizing the active conformation of
      chymotrypsin/trypsin in two major ways: 1) in the formation of the substrate
      binding site; and 2) in the development of the oxyanion hole. Our computer
      structural data support a concept that the Gly363----Val change prevents the
      development of the active site conformation in factor IXa such that the substrate
      binding site and the oxyanion hole are not formed in the mutated enzyme.

PMID- 2303435
TI  - Rat brain protein kinase C. Kinetic analysis of substrate dependence, allosteric
      regulation, and autophosphorylation.
AB  - Kinetic studies on the interaction of protein kinase C with cations and
      substrates were performed and the effects of essential activators on the
      interaction of protein kinase C with its substrates were studied. The catalytic
      fragment of protein kinase C interacted with protein substrate, MgATP, and Mg2+.
      The dual divalent cation requirement was shown by kinetic analysis as well as by
      the ability of Mn2+ to substitute for Mg2+. Analysis of kinetic data based on
      equilibrium assumptions suggested a random order of interaction of the catalytic
      fragment with its substrate and Mg2+ cofactor. Activation of intact protein
      kinase C required Ca2+, phosphatidylserine (PS), and diacylglycerol (DAG) as
      essential activators. Kinetic analysis of the interaction of activators with
      substrates indicated that Ca2+ and PS acted to increase the activity of the
      enzyme without modulating the KM for MgATP; PS and Ca2+ significantly decreased
      the KM for histone. DAG, on the other hand, did not affect the KM for either
      MgATP or histone but dramatically enhanced the kcat of the enzyme. These studies
      allow kinetic distinction between the effects of PS and Ca2+ on the one hand and
      DAG on the other. The possible interference of the kinetic analysis by histone
      was also examined by studying the requirements for autophosphorylation of protein
      kinase C; autophosphorylation showed similar dependencies on PS and DAG. There
      were no effects of histone on the lipid dependence of protein kinase C
      autophosphorylation, phorbol dibutyrate binding, and inhibition of
      autophosphorylation by sphingosine. These studies are discussed in relation to a
      kinetic model of protein kinase C activation.

PMID- 2303436
TI  - Genomic sequencing of the 5'-flanking region of the mouse beta-globin major gene
      in expressing and nonexpressing mouse cells.
AB  - Genomic sequencing of two CG sites located in the 5'-flanking promoter region of
      the mouse beta-globin major gene shows these sites to be heavily methylated in
      the DNA from L929 mouse fibroblasts, a cell line that does not express the beta
      globin gene. By contrast, the same CG sites in the DNA obtained from murine
      erythroleukemia cells, which can express the beta-globin gene, are unmethylated.
      The results suggest that either differentiation of progenitor cells to form the
      erythroid precursor murine erythroleukemia cell and/or transformation by the
      Friend virus group leads to demethylation of these CG sites. Final activation of
      the transcription process for the mouse beta-globin gene does not require
      demethylation in the 5'-promoter region of the DNA.

PMID- 2303437
TI  - Apolipoprotein E and lipoprotein lipase secreted from human monocyte-derived
      macrophages modulate very low density lipoprotein uptake.
AB  - We investigated the roles of lipoprotein lipase and apolipoprotein E (apoE)
      secreted from human monocyte-derived macrophages in the uptake of very low
      density lipoproteins (VLDL). ApoCII-deficient VLDL were isolated from a patient
      with apoCII deficiency. The lipolytic conversion to higher density and the
      degradation of the apoCII-deficient VLDL by macrophages were very slight, whereas
      the addition of apoCII enhanced both their conversion and degradation. This
      suggests that the lipolysis and subsequent conversion of VLDL to lipoproteins of
      higher density are essential for the VLDL uptake by macrophages. VLDL incubated
      with macrophages obtained from subjects with E3/3 phenotype (E3/3-macrophages)
      showed a 17-fold greater affinity in inhibiting the binding of 2 micrograms/ml
      125I-low density lipoprotein (LDL) to fibroblasts than native VLDL, whereas the
      incubation of VLDL with macrophages obtained from a subject with E2/2 phenotype
      (E2/2-macrophages) did not cause any increase in their affinity. Furthermore, 3
      micrograms/ml 125I-VLDL obtained from a subject with E3/3 phenotype were degraded
      by E3/3-macrophages to a greater extent than by E2/2-macrophages (2-fold),
      indicating that VLDL uptake is influenced by the phenotype of apoE secreted by
      macrophages. From these results, we conclude that both lipolysis by lipoprotein
      lipase and incorporation of apoE secreted from macrophages alter the affinity of
      VLDL for the LDL receptors on the cells, resulting in facilitation of their
      receptor-mediated endocytosis.

PMID- 2303438
TI  - The S49 Kin- cell line transcribes and translates a functional mRNA coding for
      the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - The S49 mouse lymphoma mutant cell line Kin- is resistant to the cytotoxic
      effects of elevated cAMP levels, has no detectable cAMP-dependent protein kinase
      activity, and has depressed levels of cAMP-binding regulatory subunits. We
      demonstrate that although the Kin- cell line lacks detectable catalytic subunit
      protein, these cells express wild-type levels of mRNA for both C alpha and C beta
      catalytic subunit isoforms. Translation of C alpha mRNA appears to be normal in
      the Kin- cell, based on the observation that C alpha mRNA associates with large
      polyribosomes in both wild-type and Kin- cells. We cloned the C alpha cDNA from
      Kin- cells and show that its transient expression in another cell type leads to
      activation of a cAMP-sensitive luciferase reporter gene, suggesting that
      functional C alpha protein is made. In addition to having catalytic activity, the
      C alpha subunit from Kin- cells is inhibited in the presence of mouse RI alpha
      regulatory subunit, indicating that formation of the holoenzyme complex is
      normal. We suggest that the mutation responsible for the Kin- phenotype is in a
      cellular component that directly or indirectly causes Kin- catalytic subunit
      protein to be degraded rapidly.

PMID- 2303439
TI  - Cionin: a disulfotyrosyl hybrid of cholecystokinin and gastrin from the neural
      ganglion of the protochordate Ciona intestinalis.
AB  - We have purified an acidic octapeptide from the neural ganglion of the
      protochordate Ciona intestinalis by a three-step procedure including C18 Sep-Pak
      fractionation, MonoQ ion-exchange chromatography, and C4 reversed-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography. The purification was monitored by an
      immunoassay specific for the alpha-carboxyamidated COOH terminus common to the
      mammalian brain-gut hormones, cholecystokinin and gastrin. Automated Edman
      degradation revealed the sequence Asn-Tyr-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe. In accordance
      with the high acidity of the peptide, amino acid analysis after cleavage with
      aminopeptidase M showed that both tyrosyl residues are sulfated. Hence, the
      structure is Asn-Tyr(SO3)-Tyr(SO3)-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2, as also confirmed by
      identity with the synthetic disulfated peptide in different chromatographic
      systems. The occurrence of two consecutively sulfated tyrosyl residues after a
      neutral residue challenges present concepts of consensus sites for tyrosyl
      sulfation. We conclude that the structure of the peptide, named cionin, suits
      that of a common ancestor for cholecystokinin and gastrin.

PMID- 2303440
TI  - Acetaminophen-induced oxidation of protein thiols. Contribution of impaired thiol
      metabolizing enzymes and the breakdown of adenine nucleotides.
AB  - The administration of a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen (250 mg/kg) to mice
      induced the loss of protein thiols in mouse liver. Our data suggest that a
      significant portion of this loss was due to protein thiol oxidation. The
      administration of the nonhepatotoxic regioisomer, 3'-hydroxyacetanilide (600
      mg/kg) did not produce a similar decrease in liver protein thiols despite
      producing similar levels of covalent binding. Mice treated with acetaminophen
      exhibited decreased glutathione peroxidase activity, decreased thioltransferase
      activity, and decreased adenine nucleotide concentrations in the liver. The
      increase in urinary allantoin after the administration of acetaminophen suggests
      that the decrease in adenine nucleotides was due to their degradation in the
      liver. Acetaminophen also promoted the conversion of the enzyme xanthine
      dehydrogenase to the oxidase form, and pretreatment of mice with allopurinol, an
      inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, significantly decreased acetaminophen-mediated
      hepatotoxicity. The conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to the oxidase form may
      lead to a transient increase in the production of activated oxygen species. The
      increase in activated oxygen species coupled with decreases in glutathione
      peroxidase and thioltransferase activity may be responsible in part for the
      increased levels of oxidized protein thiols observed following acetaminophen
      administration.

PMID- 2303441
TI  - Characterization of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C defects
      associated with thrombin-induced mitogenesis.
AB  - In a previous paper (Rath, H. M., Doyle, G. A. R., and Silbert, D. F. (1989) J.
      Biol. Chem. 264, 13387-13390), we reported a selection for the isolation of
      Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (CCL39) defective in thrombin-induced
      mitogenesis. One mutant, D1-6b, had decreased production of inositol phosphates
      when challenged with activators of phosphatidylinositol turnover and extracts of
      this mutant showed a marked decrease in phospholipase C (PLC) activity toward
      phosphatidylinositol. In the current studies, the PLC activities of wild type
      CCL39 and D1-6b cytosolic extracts are further characterized. Wild type cytosol
      had at least two phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC isoenzymes, which could be
      separated by anion exchange chromatography and behaved differently in thermal
      inactivation studies. Since gel filtration of PLC activity in wild type extracts
      gave Mr values similar to that of previously characterized PLCs (140,000
      200,000), immunoblots with antibodies to bovine brain isoenzymes were used to
      show that the PLC activities obtained by anion exchange chromatography were PLC
      delta and PLC-gamma. Immunoblots with mutant D1-6b cytosol confirmed the presence
      of the PLC-gamma but showed no detectable PLC-delta. This activity in the mutant
      extracts eluted at the same conductivity on anion exchange columns and had the
      same kinetics of thermal inactivation as the PLC-gamma found in the wild type
      extracts. PLC-gamma from mutant extracts was active in assays containing
      phospholipid detergent mixed micelles but not in assays utilizing phospholipid
      vesicles, in sharp contrast to PLC-gamma from CCL39 extracts, which was active
      under either condition. Thus, the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C
      activity of mutant D1-6b is diminished both by the loss of PLC-delta and by the
      compromised behavior of PLC-gamma.

PMID- 2303442
TI  - A specific affinity reagent to distinguish aldehyde dehydrogenases and oxidases.
      Enzymes catalyzing aldehyde oxidation in an adult moth.
AB  - Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and oxidase (AO) enzymes from the tissue extracts
      of male and female tobacco budworm moth (Heliothis virescens) were identified
      after electrophoretic protein separation. AO activity was visualized using
      formazan- or horseradish peroxidase-mediated staining coupled to the AO-catalyzed
      oxidation of benzaldehyde. A set of six soluble AO enzymes with isoelectric
      points from pI 4.6 to 5.3 were detected primarily in the antennal extracts.
      Partially purified antennal AO enzymes also oxidized both (Z)-9-tetradecenal and
      (Z)-11-hexadecenal, the two major pheromone components of this moth. ALDH
      activity was detected using a tritium-labeled affinity reagent based on a known
      irreversible inhibitor of this enzyme. This labeled vinyl ketone, [3H](Z)-1,11
      hexadecadien-3-one, was synthesized and used to covalently modify the soluble
      ALDH enzymes from tissue extracts. Molecular subunits of potential ALDH enzymes
      were visualized in the fluorescence autoradiograms of sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-separated proteins of the antenna, head, and
      leg tissues. Covalent modification of these protein subunits decreased
      specifically in the presence of excess pheromone aldehyde or benzaldehyde.
      Labeled vinyl ketones are thus novel tools for the identification of molecular
      subunits of ALDH enzymes.

PMID- 2303443
TI  - Identification of isoaspartyl-containing sequences in peptides and proteins that
      are usually poor substrates for the class II protein carboxyl methyltransferase.
AB  - We have found that a chicken egg lysozyme derivative (beta-101-lysozyme)
      containing an L-isoaspartyl residue at position 101 has a Km for methylation by
      the human erythrocyte L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein methyltransferase (EC
      2.1.1.77) of 183 microM, about 30 times higher than that expected from previous
      studies with isoaspartyl-containing peptides. In the course of investigating the
      reasons for this poor enzyme recognition, we found that charged residues on the
      carboxyl side of isoaspartyl residues had a large effect on the affinity of the
      enzyme for synthetic peptides. This is best illustrated by the lysozyme-related
      peptide YVSisoDGDG, which has a Km for methylation of 469 microM. When the
      penultimate aspartyl residue is replaced by a cysteinyl residue, the Km drops to
      4.6 microM, comparable to other peptides of similar size. Furthermore, replacing
      it with a cysteic acid residue results in a Km of 104 microM, suggesting that a
      negative charge at this position may lead to a weaker affinity of the peptide
      substrate for the methyltransferase. Assays with additional synthetic peptides
      indicate that moving the negative charge to the first or third residue on the
      carboxyl side of the isoaspartyl residue has a similar but less severe effect in
      reducing its affinity for the methyltransferase. Enzymatic methylation has
      recently been proposed to be the first step in the conversion of abnormal
      isoaspartyl residues to aspartyl residues. The results reported here, however,
      along with previous evidence that protein tertiary structure can inhibit
      isoaspartyl methylation, suggest that only a subclass of damaged sites are
      capable of efficiently entering a putative repair pathway; the sites not
      recognized by the methyltransferase may accumulate in vivo.

PMID- 2303444
TI  - Controlled potential enzymology of methyl transfer reactions involved in acetyl
      CoA synthesis by CO dehydrogenase and the corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein from
      Clostridium thermoaceticum.
AB  - Many anaerobic bacteria fix CO2 via the Wood pathway of acetyl-CoA synthesis.
      Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), also called acetyl-CoA synthase, accepts
      the methyl group from the methylated corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein (C/Fe-SP),
      binds a carbonyl group from CO, CO2, or the carboxyl of pyruvate, and binds
      coenzyme A. Then CODH catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from these enzyme
      bound groups. Here, we have characterized the methyl transfer steps involved in
      acetyl-CoA synthesis. We have studied the reactions leading to methylation of
      CODH by methyl iodide and shown an absolute requirement of the C/Fe-SP in this
      reaction. In addition, we have discovered and partly characterized two previously
      unknown exchange reactions catalyzed by CODH: between the methylated C/Fe-SP and
      methylated CODH and between methylated CODH and the methyl moiety of acetyl-CoA.
      We have performed these two exchange reactions, methylation of the C/Fe-SP, and
      methylation of CODH at controlled potentials. The rates of all these reactions
      except the exchange between methylated C/Fe-SP and methylated CODH are
      accelerated (from 1 to 2 orders of magnitude) when run at low potentials. Our
      results provide strong evidence for a nucleophilic redox-active metal center on
      CODH as the initial acceptor of the methyl group from the methylated C/Fe-SP.
      This metal center also is proposed to be involved in the cleavage of acetyl-CoA
      in the reverse reaction.

PMID- 2303445
TI  - Dexamethasone-mediated regulation of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced cytochrome P
      450d mRNA accumulation in primary rat hepatocyte cultures.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that cytochrome P-450c and P-450d mRNAs can be
      induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes
      grown in serum-free hormonally defined medium (HDM) plus minimal salts (Silver,
      G., and Krauter, K. S. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263; 11802-11807). Such cultures
      were used to investigate the role of the individual hormonal components present
      in the medium in the hydrocarbon-mediated induction process. Replacing HDM with
      minimal salts plus 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) resulted in a 4-fold reduction in
      the accumulation of P-450d mRNA in response to MCA. In contrast, no effect was
      seen on induced levels of P-450c mRNA. Mixing experiments, in which primary
      cultures of hepatocytes were grown in medium containing HDM plus 10% FBS,
      indicated that there was no negative acting component present in FBS, but rather
      there was a positive acting component present in the mixture of hormones in HDM
      which permitted P-450d induction by MCA. Testing the effects of singly deleting
      each of the 10 components in HDM on MCA-induced P-450d expression demonstrated
      that dexamethasone was the only factor which affected the induction of P-450d.
      Deletion of this component from HDM resulted in a 4-fold decrease in the maximum
      MCA induced expression of P-450d mRNA. Moreover, supplementation of minimal salts
      plus 10% FBS with dexamethasone restored full P-450d inducibility by MCA.
      Deletion of the other components from HDM had no effects on P-450d mRNA
      accumulation. Although substratum clearly contributed to the quality of primary
      hepatocyte cultures, we were unable to demonstrate any role of the substratum on
      MCA induction of P-450d. In vitro nuclear run-on experiments revealed that
      dexamethasone had little effect on the rate of transcription of the P-450d genes.
      Therefore, the effect of dexamethasone on induction must be at the
      posttranscriptional level.

PMID- 2303447
TI  - Binding of anti-band 3 autoantibody to oxidatively damaged erythrocytes.
      Formation of senescent antigen on erythrocyte surface by an oxidative mechanism.
AB  - Incubation of human erythrocytes oxidized by iron catalysts, ADP/Fe3+ or
      xanthine/xanthine oxidase/Fe3+, with autologous IgG resulted in IgG binding as
      detected by enzyme immunoassay using protein A-beta-galactosidase conjugate. The
      binding of autologous IgG to ADP/Fe3(+)-treated erythrocytes maximized when the
      cells were treated with 1.8:0.1 mM ADP/Fe3+, and declined when treated above this
      concentration, suggesting that autologous IgG binds to moderately but not to
      excessively oxidized erythrocytes. The antibody involved in the binding was anti
      Band 3, the autoantibody known to bind to aged erythrocytes, because isolated
      anti-Band 3 bound to the oxidized cells, but anti-Band 3-depleted autologous IgG
      did not. In addition, purified Band 3 inhibited the autologous IgG binding. Anti
      alpha-galactosyl IgG, another natural antibody which has been reported to bind to
      aged erythrocytes, did not bind to the oxidized cells. Oxidation of membrane
      lipids, SH-groups of membrane proteins, and Hb of these cells was slight, but the
      cells contained an increased amount of membrane-bound native Hb, indicating that
      the oxidized cell membrane has an altered property. alpha-Tocopherol prevented
      the lipid oxidation and the subsequent IgG binding. Reduction of the oxidized
      erythrocytes with dithiothreitol resulted in a loss of the IgG binding. These
      results suggest that anti-Band 3 binding sites (Band 3 senescent antigen) are
      formed on moderately oxidized erythrocytes as a result of oxidation of membrane
      protein SH-groups which can be mediated by the membrane lipid oxidation and that
      formation of the anti-Band 3 binding sites on the oxidized cells is an
      essentially reversible membrane event which is linked to oxidation and
      restoration of the protein SH-groups.

PMID- 2303446
TI  - The effects of amino acid substitution at position E7 (residue 64) on the
      kinetics of ligand binding to sperm whale myoglobin.
AB  - Association and dissociation rate constants were measured for O2, CO, and alkyl
      isocyanide binding to a set of genetically engineered sperm whale myoglobins with
      site-specific mutations at residue 64 (the E7 helical position). Native His was
      replaced by Gly, Val, Leu, Met, Phe, Gln, Arg, and Asp using the synthetic gene
      and expression system developed by Springer and Sligar (Springer, B. A., and
      Sligar, S. G. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 8961-8965). The His64---
      Gly substitution produced a sterically unhindered myoglobin that exhibited ligand
      binding parameters similar to those of chelated protoheme suspended in soap
      micelles. The order of the association rate constants for isocyanide binding to
      the mutant myoglobins was Gly64 (approximately 10(7) M-1 s-1) much greater than
      Val64 approximately Leu64 (approximately 10(6) M-1 s-1) greater than Met64
      greater than Phe64 approximately His64 approximately Gln64 (10(5)-10(3) M-1 s-1)
      and indicates that the barrier to isocyanide entry into the distal pocket is
      primarily steric in nature. The bimolecular rates of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and
      n-butyl isocyanide binding to the His64----Arg and His64----Asp mutants were
      abnormally high (1-5 x 10(6) M-1 s-1), suggesting that Arg64 and Asp64 adopt
      conformations with the charged side chains pointing out toward the solvent
      creating a less hindered pathway for ligand binding. In contrast to the
      isocyanide data, the association rate constants for O2 and CO binding exhibited
      little dependence on the size of the E7 side chain. The values for all the
      mutants except His64----Gln approached or were larger than those for chelated
      model heme (i.e. approximately 1 x 10(8) M-1 s-1 for O2 and approximately 1 x
      10(7) M-1 s-1 for CO), whereas the corresponding rate parameters for myoglobin
      containing either Gln64 or His64 were 5- to 10-fold smaller. This result suggests
      that a major kinetic barrier for O2 and CO binding to native myoglobin may
      involve disruption of polar interactions between His64 and water molecules found
      in the distal pocket of deoxymyoglobin. Finally, the rate and equilibrium
      parameters for O2 and CO binding to the His64----Gln, His64----Val, and His64---
      Leu mutants were compared to those reported previously for Asian elephant
      myoglobin (Gln-E7), Aplysia limacina myoglobin (Val-E7), and monomeric Hb II from
      Glycera dibranchiata (Leu-E7).

PMID- 2303449
TI  - Microinjected oligonucleotides complementary to the alpha-sarcin loop of 28 S RNA
      abolish protein synthesis in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - The integrity of the alpha-sarcin loop in 28 S ribosomal RNA is critical during
      protein synthesis. The toxins alpha-sarcin, ricin, Shiga toxin, and Shiga-like
      toxin inhibit protein synthesis in oocytes by attacking specific nucleotides
      within this loop (Ackerman, E.J., Saxena, S. K., and Ulbrich, N. (1988) J. Biol.
      Chem. 263, 17076-17083; Saxena, S.K., O'Brien, A.D., and Ackerman, E.J. (1989) J.
      Biol. Chem. 264, 596-601). We injected Xenopus oocytes with deoxyoligonucleotides
      complementary to the 17-nucleotide alpha-sarcin loop of Xenopus 28 S rRNA. Only
      injected oligonucleotides fully covering the alpha-sarcin loop or slightly beyond
      inhibited oocyte protein synthesis. Shorter alpha-sarcin domain
      deoxyoligonucleotides complementary to the alpha-sarcin and ricin sites but not
      spanning the entire loop were less effective inhibitors of protein synthesis. The
      alpha-sarcin domain oligonucleotides covering the entire loop were more effective
      inhibitors of protein synthesis than injected cycloheximide at equivalent
      concentrations. Control oligonucleotides complementary to nine other regions of
      Xenopus 28 S rRNA as well as universal M13 DNA sequencing primers had no effect
      on oocyte protein synthesis. Oligonucleotides complementary to the highly
      conserved alpha-sarcin domain therefore represent an alternative to catalytic
      toxins for causing cell death and may prove effective in immunotherapy.

PMID- 2303448
TI  - A novel family of progesterone-induced, retinol-binding proteins from uterine
      secretions of the pig.
AB  - Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has revealed the presence of a
      group of relatively acidic proteins of molecular weight about 22,000 in the
      uterine flushings of pseudopregnant pigs. The proteins have been purified by a
      combination of gel filtration chromatography and high performance anion-exchange
      chromatography and shown to bind both [3H] retinol and [3H]retinoic acid. At
      least four protein peaks that bound retinoids could be detected in the uterine
      secretions of a single pig. The ion-exchange procedure also allowed the retinol
      free apoproteins to be separated from the holoforms that had associated ligand.
      Amino acid sequencing of the NH2 termini of polypeptides within three of the
      peaks revealed the presence of proteins with some degree of sequence identity to
      serum retinol-binding proteins (RBP). The most basic polypeptides showed the
      least similarity (about 30% identity), while the most acidic isoform analyzed
      shared about 70% sequence identity with the NH2 terminus of human serum RBP.
      Western blotting procedures employing an antiserum raised against the most basic
      isoforms showed that the amount of retinol-binding protein in uterine secretions
      increased markedly in ovariectomized animals in response to long term
      progesterone treatment. These proteins appear to form part of the uterine
      histotroph thought to be essential for nourishment of the conceptuses during
      pregnancy. A simple three-step procedure for purifying retinol-binding protein
      from pig serum is also described. The NH2-terminal sequence of this RBP is
      similar to that of human RBP but different from those of the uterine forms. The
      study suggests that a family of RBP, distinct from the serum form, is secreted by
      the uterine endometrium of the pig in response to progesterone.

PMID- 2303450
TI  - Cyclosporin binding to a protein component of the renal Na(+)-D-glucose
      cotransporter.
AB  - The immunosuppressive and nephrotoxic agent cyclosporin binds to a renal
      polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 75,000 which has been identified
      as a component of the renal Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter (Neeb, M., Kunz, U.,
      and Koepsell, H. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 10718-10729). The same Mr 75,000
      polypeptide was covalently labeled with the D-glucose analog 10-N
      (bromoacetyl)amino-1-decyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and with the cyclosporin analog
      N epsilon-(diazotrifluoroethyl)benzyl-D-Lys8- cyclosporin (CSDZ). CSDZ labeling
      was decreased when the brush-border membrane proteins were incubated with
      monoclonal antibodies against the Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter. In the presence
      of 145 mM Na+, CSDZ labeling was decreased by D-glucose (1 microM, 1 mM, or 100
      mM) and by phlorizin (100 or 500 microM). In the absence of Na+, CSDZ labeling
      was distinctly increased by 50 microM phlorizin and was slightly increased by 1
      mM D-glucose, whereas CSDZ labeling was decreased by 50 microM phloretin and by
      500 microM phlorizin. Furthermore, Na(+)-dependent high affinity phlorizin
      binding to the Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter was competitively inhibited by
      cyclosporin A (Ki = 0.04 microM) while Na(+)-D-glucose cotransport was not
      influenced. The data suggest that a part of the cyclosporin binding domain on the
      Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter is identical to the phloretin binding domain of the
      high affinity phlorizin binding site. While phloretin or the phloretin moiety of
      phlorizin may directly displace cyclosporin, interaction of D-glucose or of the D
      glucose moiety of phlorizin with the transporter may alter the conformation of
      the cyclosporin binding site and this conformational change may be modulated by
      Na+.

PMID- 2303451
TI  - Cloning, structure, and expression of the gene for a novel regulatory subunit of
      cAMP-dependent protein kinase in Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) expresses the regulatory subunit
      (R) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase at a level similar to the levels determined
      for R subunits in mammalian tissues. Approximately 60% of the C. elegans cAMP
      binding protein is tightly associated with particulate structures by noncovalent
      interactions. Ionic detergents or 7 M urea solubilize particulate R. Solubilized
      and cytosolic R subunits have apparent Mr values of 52,000 and pI values of 5.5.
      cDNA and genomic DNA encoding a unique C. elegans R subunit were cloned and
      sequenced. The derived amino acid sequence contains 375 residues; carboxyl
      terminal residues 145-375 are 69% identical with mammalian RI. However, residues
      44-145 are markedly divergent from the corresponding regions of all other R
      sequences. This region might provide sufficient structural diversity to adapt a
      single R subunit for multiple functional roles in C. elegans. Antibodies directed
      against two epitopes in the deduced amino acid sequence of C. elegans R avidly
      bound nematode cytosolic and particulate R subunits on Western blots and
      precipitated dissociated R subunits and R2C2 complexes from solution.
      Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the tip of the head, which contains
      chemosensory and mechanosensory neurons, and the pharyngeal nerve ring were
      enriched in R. The R subunit concentration is low during early embryogenesis in
      C. elegans. A sharp increase (approximately 6-fold) in R content begins several
      hours before the nematodes hatch and peaks during the first larval stage.
      Developmental regulation of R expression occurs at translational and/or post
      translational levels. The 8-kilobase pair C. elegans R gene is divided into 8
      exons by introns ranging from 46 to 4300 base pairs. The 5'-flanking region has
      no TATA box and contains preferred and minor transcription start sites.

PMID- 2303453
TI  - The ligand binding site of the platelet integrin receptor GPIIb-IIIa is proximal
      to the second calcium binding domain of its alpha subunit.
AB  - The extreme carboxyl-terminal amino acid sequence of the gamma chain of
      fibrinogen is involved in the binding of this adhesive protein to the platelet
      integrin glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa, and synthetic peptides corresponding to this
      region inhibit fibrinogen as well as fibronectin and von Willebrand factor
      binding to platelets. A chemical cross-linking approach was used to characterize
      the interaction of a 16-amino acid fibrinogen gamma chain peptide with platelets
      and to localize the site of its binding to GPIIb-IIIa. This peptide became
      specifically cross-linked to GPIIb, and platelet stimulation selectively enhanced
      its cross-linking to this alpha subunit. The cross-linking reaction was
      specifically inhibited by fibrinogen and an Arg-Gly-Asp peptide but not by an
      unrelated protein or a substituted peptide. Utilizing a combination of
      immunochemical mapping, enzymatic and chemical digestions, and amino acid
      sequencing, the cross-linking site of the gamma chain peptide in GPIIb was
      localized to a stretch of 21 amino acids. The identified region, GPIIb 294-314,
      contains the second putative calcium binding domain within GPIIb. The primary
      structure of this region is highly conserved among alpha subunits of other
      integrin adhesion receptors. These results identify a discrete region of GPIIb
      that resides in close proximity to a ligand binding site within GPIIb-IIIa. The
      homologous region may be involved in the functions of other integrin receptors.

PMID- 2303452
TI  - Phylogenetic conservation of arylsulfatases. cDNA cloning and expression of human
      arylsulfatase B.
AB  - A 2.2-kilobase cDNA clone for human arylsulfatase B (ASB) and several genomic
      clones were isolated and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of 533 amino
      acids contains a 41-amino acid N-terminal signal peptide and a mature polypeptide
      of 492 amino acid residues. Overexpression of ASB in transfected baby hamster
      kidney (BHK) cells resulted in up to 68-fold higher ASB activity than in
      untransfected BHK cells. Pulse-chase labeling showed that ASB was synthesized and
      secreted as a 64-kDa precursor and processed to a 47-kDa mature form in BHK
      cells. The 47-kDa ASB form was located in dense lysosomes. Transport of ASB to
      the lysosomes was accomplished in a mannose 6-phosphate receptor-dependent
      manner. The ASB cDNA clone hybridizes to 4.8-, 2.5-, and 1.8-kilobase species of
      RNA from human fibroblasts. The same pattern was observed in RNA from fibroblasts
      of three Maroteaux-Lamy patients who were deficient in ASB activity, as well as
      in RNA from fibroblasts of three patients with multiple sulfatase deficiency, in
      which all known sulfatases were markedly diminished. Deduced amino acid sequences
      of human arylsulfatase A, human ASB, human steroid sulfatase, human glucosamine-6
      sulfatase, and an arylsulfatase from sea urchin showed a substantial degree of
      similarity suggesting that they arose from a common ancestral gene and are
      members of an arylsulfatase gene family.

PMID- 2303454
TI  - A nonmuscle tropomyosin is encoded by the smooth/skeletal beta-tropomyosin gene
      and its RNA is transcribed from an internal promoter.
AB  - The smooth/skeletal muscle beta-tropomyosin gene contains an additional exon
      (exon 1') which is located between exons 2 and 3 and which is used to generate a
      1.3-kb transcript expressed in undifferentiated muscle as well as nonmuscle
      cells. This mRNA, besides exon 1', corresponds to exons 3, 4, 5, 6A, 7, 8, and 9B
      of the gene and codes for a 247-amino acid low molecular weight tropomyosin. Exon
      1' contains the coding sequence for the first 44 amino acids of the protein as
      well as the whole 5'-untranslated region. During the transition from myoblasts to
      myotubes, initiation of transcription continues from the internal promoter but
      also occurs from the distal promoter in order to give rise to the skeletal beta
      tropomyosin-specific transcript.

PMID- 2303455
TI  - Thyroid hormone and dietary carbohydrate interact to regulate rat liver S14 gene
      transcription and chromatin structure.
AB  - Dietary carbohydrate and thyroid hormone (T3) interact to regulate rat liver S14
      gene expression. The molecular basis for this interaction was examined by
      analysis of hepatic mRNAS14 levels, S14 gene transcription, and chromatin
      structure. While starvation of euthyroid rats inhibited hepatic S14 gene
      transcription greater than or equal to 90%, sucrose administration induced
      mRNAS14 and S14 transcription to 82% of euthyroid-fed levels within 4 h. In
      contrast, administration of sucrose or T3 to starved hypothyroid animals restored
      S14 gene transcription to only 30% of euthyroid-fed values. Both T3 and sucrose
      were required to restore S14 run-on activity and mRNAS14 to euthyroid-fed levels
      within 4 h. Thus, T3 and sucrose interact synergistically and rapidly to induce
      S14 gene transcription. Analysis of S14 chromatin structure showed that
      starvation of hypothyroid rats inhibited the formation of three DNase I
      hypersensitive sites flanking the 5'-end of the S14 gene (Hss-1 at -65 to -265
      base pairs; Hss-2 at -1.2 kilobases and Hss-3 at -2.67 kilobases). The loss of
      these sites correlated with the repression of S14 gene transcription in starved
      hypothyroid rats. Whereas administration of sucrose to starved hypothyroid rats
      consistently induced the Hss-1 and Hss-2 sites, T3 consistently induced all three
      DNase I-hypersensitive sites. Yet, neither treatment alone induced S14 gene
      transcription to euthyroid levels. The combination of T3 and sucrose induced no
      additional change in S14 chromatin structure over that induced by T3 alone. Thus,
      regulation of S14 chromatin structure alone is not the sole mechanism by which
      these stimuli regulate S14 gene transcription. We speculate that the synergistic
      regulation of S14 gene transcription by T3 and dietary carbohydrate involves a
      complex interaction between factors which regulate the accessibility of putative
      cis-regulatory elements through changes in chromatin structure and the regulation
      of "transcription factors" which interact with these elements.

PMID- 2303456
TI  - Specificity of RepC protein in plasmid pT181 DNA replication.
AB  - The plasmid pT181 of Staphylococcus aureus consists of 4437 base pairs and
      encodes resistance to tetracycline. Initiation of pT181 DNA replication
      specifically requires the plasmid-encoded initiator protein, RepC. The initiator
      protein binds specifically to a 32-base pair sequence within the pT181 origin of
      replication. RepC protein also has a nicking-closing activity that is specific
      for the pT181 origin. Replication of pT181 initiates by covalent extension of the
      nick and proceeds by a rolling circle mechanism. Two other small, multicopy
      plasmids pC221 and pS194 belong to the pT181 family and have common structural
      organization and replication properties. The replication proteins and replication
      origins of these plasmids have extensive sequence homologies, although they
      belong to different incompatibility groups. In spite of this homology, the
      replication proteins and replication origins of these three plasmids do not show
      any cross-reactivity in vivo. We have carried out a series of in vitro
      experiments to determine the specificity of pT181-encoded initiator protein,
      RepC. DNA binding experiments showed that although the binding of RepC to the
      pT181 origin was very efficient, little or no binding was seen with pC221 and
      pS194 origins. The nicking-closing activity of RepC was found to be equally
      efficient with the pC221 and pS194 plasmids. The plasmids pC221 and pS194
      replicated efficiently in a RepC-dependent in vitro system. However, replication
      of these plasmids was greatly reduced in the presence of a competing pT181
      origin. The results presented here suggest that nicking-closing by RepC at the
      origin is not sufficient for maximal replication and that tight binding of RepC
      to the origin plays an important role in the initiation of DNA replication.

PMID- 2303457
TI  - DNA base composition determines the specificity of UvrABC endonuclease incision
      of a psoralen cross-link.
AB  - The sequences flanking a psoralen interstrand cross-link may determine how it is
      repaired. Our comparison of the Escherichia coli UvrABC endonuclease incision of
      a variety of specific cross-link sequences in a single natural DNA fragment
      showed that DNA base composition determines which of two cross-linked DNA strands
      will be incised. G/C enrichment of the region 6-12 bases 5' of the modified T on
      the furan-side strand results in preferential incision of the furan-side strand.
      When the G/C-rich region is on the 3' side, or on neither side, incisions occur
      on either strand. These effects of DNA base composition suggest that UvrAB can
      bind in two ways to a psoralen cross-link.

PMID- 2303458
TI  - Increased expression of a gene coding for NAD:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase during the transition from C3 photosynthesis to crassulacean acid
      metabolism in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.
AB  - We utilized differential plaque hybridization to identify three cDNA clones for
      transcripts which increase in abundance during the salinity-induced transition
      from C3 photosynthesis to crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Mesembryanthemum
      crystallinum. Although there are differences in the abundance of these
      transcripts in unstressed tissue, steady-state levels of all three increased
      within 30 h following irrigation with 0.5 M NaCl. One cDNA encodes the cytosolic
      form of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glyceraldehyde-3
      phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating) (NAD-GAPDH], an enzyme involved
      in the production of phosphoenolpyruvate for CO2 fixation at night and the
      conversion of pyruvate to storage carbohydrate during the day. Coding region and
      3'-noncoding sequence probes were used to examine the expression of NAD-GAPDH
      transcripts in leaf and root tissue. We show that the gene encoding the NAD-GAPDH
      cDNA is expressed in both leaf and root tissue during C3 photosynthesis and CAM.
      NAD-GAPDH transcript levels increase rapidly in leaf (but not in root) tissue
      during the transition to CAM. Our data indicate that the predominant NAD-GAPDH
      transcript expressed during C3 photosynthesis and CAM is encoded by a single gene
      in M crystallinum. These results imply that the transition to CAM in some cases
      involves an upward readjustment in the level of a gene product expressed during
      C3 photosynthesis, rather than the expression of a CAM-specific isoform with
      unique regulatory or kinetic properties.

PMID- 2303459
TI  - Delineation of the transcriptional boundaries of the lux operon of Vibrio harveyi
      demonstrates the presence of two new lux genes.
AB  - The 5' and 3' ends of the lux mRNA of Vibrio harveyi, which extends over 8
      kilobases, have been mapped, and two new genes, luxG and luxH, were identified at
      the 3' end of the lux operon. Both S1 nuclease and primer extension mapping
      demonstrated that the start site for the lux mRNA was 26 bases before the
      initiation codon of the first gene, luxC. The promoter region contained a typical
      -10 but not a recognizable -35 consensus sequence. By using S1 nuclease mapping
      the mRNA was found to be induced in a cell density- and arginine-dependent
      manner. The DNA downstream of the five known V. harveyi lux genes, luxCDABE, was
      sequenced and found to contain coding regions for two new genes, designated luxG
      and luxH, followed by a classical rho-independent termination signal for RNA
      polymerase. luxG codes for a protein of 233 amino acids with a molecular weight
      of 26,108, and luxH codes for a protein of 230 amino acids with a molecular
      weight of 25,326. The termination signal is active in vivo as demonstrated by 3'
      S1 nuclease mapping, confirming that the two genes are part of the V. harveyi lux
      operon. Comparison of the luxG amino acid sequence with coding regions
      immediately downstream from luxE in other luminescent bacteria has demonstrated
      that this gene may be a common component of the luminescent systems in different
      marine bacteria.

PMID- 2303460
TI  - Protein-protein contacts in the glucocorticoid receptor homodimer influence its
      DNA binding properties.
AB  - We have investigated the influence of the N-terminal domain of the 94-kDa
      glucocorticoid receptor on the DNA:receptor interaction. An alpha-chymotrypsin
      induced 39-kDa receptor fragment, containing the hormone and DNA binding domains,
      binds DNA with a reduced specificity compared to the intact 94-kDa receptor.
      Various footprinting assays did not reveal any qualitative differences when
      comparing the DNA contact points made by the two different receptor entities.
      Like the intact receptor, the 39-kDa receptor fragment binds as a dimer to DNA.
      Glutaraldehyde cross-linking demonstrated a difference in the protein:protein
      contacts of the two homodimers. Furthermore, the dimeric 94-kDa receptor did not
      recognize a half-DNA site, while the dissociated 94-kDa receptor dimer and the
      dimeric 39-kDa receptor fragment allowed binding to such a site. These results
      suggest that the loss of the N-terminal domain of the receptor affects the steric
      arrangement and/or rigidity of the two DNA binding domains of the receptor
      homodimer, resulting in a decreased DNA binding specificity of the 39-kDa
      receptor fragment.

PMID- 2303462
TI  - Interleukin 2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Interleukin 2 receptor beta is
      tyrosine phosphorylated.
AB  - Interaction of interleukin 2 (IL2) with its high affinity membrane receptor
      complex (IL2R) is sufficient to induce proliferation of T lymphocytes. However,
      the biochemical mechanisms by which IL2 induces this process remain unresolved.
      The IL2R complex consists of at least two distinct polypeptides that bind IL2, a
      75-kDa intermediate affinity subunit (IL2R beta) and a 55-kDa low affinity
      subunit (IL2R alpha). As indicated by Western blotting with anti-phosphotyrosine
      specific antibodies and confirmed by phosphoamino acid analysis, we now
      demonstrate that interaction of the T cell growth factor interleukin 2 (IL2) with
      its high affinity receptor on IL2-sensitive human peripheral blood lymphoblasts
      induces tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins of 92, 80, 78, 70-75, and 57 kDa.
      IL2 induced tyrosine phosphorylation in YT 2C2 cells which express only the 75
      kDa intermediate affinity IL2 binding molecule (IL2R beta) but not in cells which
      either express only the 55-kDa low affinity IL2 receptor molecule (IL2R alpha) or
      no IL2-binding sites. Therefore, IL2R beta, in the absence of IL2R alpha, appears
      sufficient to transduce the transmembrane signal leading to tyrosine
      phosphorylation. Two different antibodies reactive with phosphotyrosine
      specifically immunoprecipitated IL2R beta cross-linked to radiolabeled IL2. These
      findings suggest that IL2R beta is a substrate for the tyrosine kinase which is
      activated by IL2 binding to its receptor. Thus, like several other growth factor
      receptors, activation of the IL2R results in an increase in tyrosine
      phosphorylation with the receptor itself serving as one substrate.

PMID- 2303461
TI  - A missense mutation at Ile172----Asn or Arg356----Trp causes steroid 21
      hydroxylase deficiency.
AB  - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a common recessive genetic disease caused
      mainly by steroid 21-hydroxylase (P450c21) deficiency. Many forms of CAH exist
      resulting from various mutations of the CYP21B gene. We sequenced CYP21B cDNA
      from a normal person and its genes from a patient with simple virilizing CAH.
      When comparing several CYP21B sequences, we found it was polymorphic. In the
      patient, a single base substitution replaced Ile172 (ATC) with Asn (AAC) in one
      allele while Arg356 (CGG) was converted to Trp (TGG) in the other. A normal
      P450c21 cDNA clone was transfected into COS-1 cells to produce 21-hydroxylase
      activity toward its substrates, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Mutants
      corresponding to Asn172 or Trp356 mutation were constructed by site-directed
      mutagenesis of the normal c21 cDNA clone. They failed to produce active enzyme
      toward either substrate upon transfection into COS-1 cells, demonstrating that
      these mutations caused CAH. Aligning sequences with other P450s, Ile172 could be
      located in the membrane anchoring domain and Arg356 in the substrate-binding site
      of P450c21. Both mutations are present in the CYP21A1P pseudogene, suggesting
      that they may be transferred from CYP21A1P by gene conversion events.

PMID- 2303463
TI  - The human embryonic myosin heavy chain. Complete primary structure reveals
      evolutionary relationships with other developmental isoforms.
AB  - We have isolated a single 6021-nucleotide cDNA fragment encoding the full length
      of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform initially expressed in developing human
      limb muscle. The corresponding transcript is expressed in fetal, but not adult,
      human muscle, and the corresponding gene maps to human chromosome 17. Comparison
      of the full length nucleotide sequence with that of the orthologous rat gene
      transcript reveals 74, 90, and 80% similarities in the 5'-untranslated, coding,
      and 3'-untranslated regions, respectively. To precisely quantitate the degree of
      nucleotide sequence divergence between the human embryonic and other
      developmentally regulated MHC gene transcripts, we utilize the algorithm of
      Perler et al. (Perler, F., Efstratiadis, A., Lomedico, P., Gilbert, W., Kolodner,
      R. & Dodgson, J. (1980) Cell 20, 555-566) and make use of the codon-for-codon
      register attainable in alignments of the MHC rod encoding cDNA fragments. The
      results allow reconstruction of the order and relative timing of certain gene
      duplication events involved in the evolution of the multimembered mammalian MHC
      loci. By this analysis, the principal sarcomeric MHC gene expressed in the 14-day
      chick embryo is shown to be more distantly related to the mammalian embryonic MHC
      genes than to those expressed peri- and postnatally. Attention is focused on
      regional patterns of MHC sequence conservation, ordered with reference to the
      topology of our phylogenetic tree. We present a composite map depicting the
      deduced evolutionary age of various primary structural subdomains of the human
      embryonic MHC.

PMID- 2303464
TI  - Bradykinin-evoked acetylcholine release via inositol trisphosphate-dependent
      elevation in free calcium in neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells.
AB  - The mechanism underlying the bradykinin (BK)-induced increase of acetylcholine
      (ACh) release was studied in neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells and
      their synapses formed onto mouse muscle cells. External application of BK or
      iontophoretic injection of extrinsic inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) into
      the cytoplasm of NG108-15 cells produced membrane hyperpolarization in the hybrid
      cells and an increase in the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs)
      in paired myotubes. Ba2+ blocked the hyperpolarization in response to BK, but
      facilitation of MEPPs was still observed. InsP3-dependent facilitation of MEPPs
      was also observed in cells where the InsP3 injections produced no detectable
      hyperpolarization or even depolarization. Real-time quantitative monitoring of
      intracellular free Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i) with fura-2 in single NG108-15
      cells showed that BK application or InsP3 injection induced an elevation of
      [Ca2+]i which coincided in time with membrane hyperpolarization recorded from the
      same cell. The [Ca2+]i rise produced by InsP3 injection started from the single
      site of injection and that produced by BK began from a deep compartment of the
      cytoplasm of the NG108-15 cells. The BK- and InsP3-evoked facilitation of MEPPs
      and the [Ca2+]i rise were relatively independent of extracellular Ca2+. These
      findings suggest that the BK-induced ACh release results not from membrane
      potential changes but from a transient InsP3-dependent elevation of [Ca2+]i.

PMID- 2303465
TI  - Murine DNA polymerase.alpha-primase initiates RNA-primed DNA synthesis
      preferentially upstream of a 3'-CC(C/A)-5' motif.
AB  - We find that the purified murine DNA polymerase.alpha-primase complex exhibits
      the greatest affinity for DNA templates in which CCC occurs 10 nucleotides
      downstream of a DNA primase initiation site (Km = 6.6 +/- 0.3 pM). Templates with
      3'-CCA-5' at this position are less efficiently utilized (Km = 16 +/- 4 pM).
      Point mutations that disrupt the 3'-CC(C/A)-5' motif further decrease the
      affinity for DNA approximately 7-fold (Km = 105 +/- 58 pM). Mutations at the
      primase start site reduce Vmax 2-fold. Template pyrimidines are required for
      priming, and initiation with ATP is preferred to initiation with GTP. We conclude
      that a component of the DNA polymerase.alpha-primase complex recognizes a 3'
      CC(C/A)-5' motif in the DNA template, downstream of a primase start site, and
      that this interaction controls site selection and frequency of initiation by DNA
      primase.

PMID- 2303466
TI  - In contrast to the glucocorticoid receptor, the thyroid hormone receptor is
      translated in the DNA binding state and is not associated with hsp90.
AB  - We have recently reported that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) becomes bound to
      the 90-kDa heat shock protein (hsp90) at or near the end of receptor translation
      in vitro (Dalman, F. C., Bresnick, E. H., Patel, P. D., Perdew, G. H., Watson, S.
      J., Jr., and Pratt, W. B. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 19815-19821). In this paper
      we compare the hsp90 binding and DNA binding activities of the thyroid hormone
      receptor (TR) to those of the GR after cell-free translation of the two receptors
      in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. In contrast to the newly translated GR, which is
      bound to hsp90 and must be transformed to the DNA binding state, the TR is not
      bound to hsp90 and is translated in its DNA binding form without any requirement
      for transformation. When the GR is translated in wheat germ extract, which does
      not contain hsp90, it is translated in its DNA binding form in the same manner as
      the TR synthesized in reticulocyte lysate. These observations provide direct
      evidence that binding of GR to hsp90 is associated with repression of its DNA
      binding function. The fact that the TR does not bind to hsp90 and is translated
      in its DNA binding form is consistent with the different behavior of this
      receptor with respect to classic steroid receptors in the intact cell. We propose
      that binding to hsp90 may account for the fact that most of the steroid receptors
      are recovered in the cytosolic fraction after lysis of hormone-free cells in low
      salt buffer whereas the hormone-free TR is recovered in tight association with
      the nucleus.

PMID- 2303467
TI  - Simultaneous cytoplasmic redistribution of ribosomal protein L32 mRNA and
      phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E after mitogenic stimulation of
      Swiss 3T3 cells.
AB  - Ribosomal protein L32 mRNA moved from messenger ribonucleoprotein particles into
      polysomes following serum activation of quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells. This
      redistribution of the mRNA into a translationally active state began by 1 h and
      was complete by 3 h after activation. In contrast, actin mRNA showed no
      translational control, being found predominantly in polysomes in both quiescent
      and activated cultures. The phosphorylation state of eukaryotic initiation factor
      (eIF) 4E, which binds mRNA caps, was examined in parallel. eIF-4E phosphorylation
      was elevated by 1 h following serum activation and reached a peak by 3-5 h.
      Treatment of resting cells with phorbol ester also simultaneously stimulated eIF
      4E phosphorylation and the movement of L32 mRNA into polysomes. These results are
      consistent with a model in which mitogen-induced phosphorylation increases the
      pool of active eIF-4E molecules, which in turn cause the recruitment of
      translationally controlled mRNAs to actively synthesizing ribosomes.

PMID- 2303468
TI  - Increased sensitivity to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) in human ovarian
      carcinoma cells in response to treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13
      acetate.
AB  - The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) enhanced
      sensitivity to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DPP) in human ovarina carcinoma
      2008 cells by a factor of 2.53 +/- 0.74 fold (S.D.). Sensitization was maximum 3
      h after a 1-h exposure to TPA and had disappeared completely by 7 h after
      treatment. An equivalent degree of sensitization was produced in a 2008 variant
      selected for 10-fold resistance to DDP. TPA neither increased nor decreased
      cellular accumulation of DDP. Phorbol, a TPA analog which does not activate
      protein kinase C, did not cause sensitization. This synergistic interaction
      between TPA and DDP was completely inhibited by pretreatment with staurosporine,
      a protein kinase C inhibitor. Cellular cAMP was not altered by TPA stimulation.
      Furthermore, cycloheximide, a potent protein synthesis inhibitor, did not block
      the TPA-induced enhancement of drug sensitivity. These results strongly suggest
      that DDP sensitivity can be modulated by protein kinase C and regulated by
      phosphorylation of a protein kinase C substrate in both intrinsically sensitive
      and DDP-resistant cells.

PMID- 2303469
TI  - Synthesis and properties of 2-azido-NAD+. A study of interaction with glutamate
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - A photoactive coenzyme analog of NAD+ has been synthesized by chemically coupling
      [32P]2-azido-AMP and NMN to produce [32P]nicotinamide 2-azidoadenosine
      dinucleotide (2-azido-NAD+). The utility of 2-azido-NAD+ as an effective active
      site-directed photoprobe was demonstrated using bovine liver glutamate
      dehydrogenase as a model enzyme. In the absence of ultraviolet light, 2-azido
      NAD+ is a substrate for this enzyme. Photoincorporation of probe was saturable
      with two different apparent dissociation constants of 10 microM and 40 microM.
      Protection of photoinsertion was seen with the natural substrate NAD+ with
      apparent dissociation constants of less than 5 microM and 25 microM. This
      observation may be explained on the basis of negative cooperative interaction
      between the subunits. The photoinsertion of 2-azido-NAD+ was increased by GTP and
      decreased by ADP in accordance with their known effects on NAD+ binding. When the
      enzyme was covalently modified by photolysis in the presence of saturating
      amounts of photoprobe, an approximately 40% inhibition of the enzyme activity was
      observed. These results demonstrate that the photoaffinity coenzyme analog has
      potential application as a probe to characterize NAD(+)-binding proteins and to
      identify the active sites of these proteins.

PMID- 2303470
TI  - Characterization and comparative structural features of the gene for human
      interstitial retinol-binding protein.
AB  - We have cloned the gene for human interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) and
      compared its nucleotide sequence with that of the corresponding cloned cDNA. The
      human IRBP gene is approximately 9.5 kilobase pairs (kbp) in length and consists
      of four exons separated by three introns. The introns are 1.6-1.9 kbp long. The
      gene is transcribed by photoreceptor and retinoblastoma cells into an
      approximately 4.3-kilobase mRNA that is translated and processed into a
      glycosylated protein of 135,000 Da. The amino acid sequence of human IRBP can be
      divided into four contiguous homology domains with 33-38% identity, suggesting a
      series of gene duplication events. In the gene, the boundaries of these domains
      are not defined by exon-intron junctions, as might have been expected. The first
      three homology domains and part of the fourth are all encoded by the first large
      exon, which is 3,180 base pairs long. The remainder of the fourth domain is
      encoded in the last three exons, which are 191, 143, and approximately 740 base
      pairs long, respectively. This unusual structure is shared with the bovine IRBP
      gene. A large (1.7 kbp) fragment appears to have been lost from the 3'-noncoding
      region of the last human exon. We conclude that the human and bovine genes have
      similar evolutionary histories.

PMID- 2303471
TI  - Acanthamoeba myosin-II minifilaments assemble on a millisecond time scale with
      rate constants greater than those expected for a diffusion limited reaction.
AB  - We have shown previously that Acanthamoeba myosin-II minifilaments assemble by
      three successive dimerization steps, forming, progressively, monomers,
      antiparallel dimers, antiparallel tetramers, and finally the full size octameric
      minifilament (Sinard, J. H., Stafford, W. F., and Pollard, T. D. (1989) J. Cell
      Biol. 109, 1537-1548). In the current study, we investigate the kinetics of the
      assembly of these minifilaments, initiating assembly by the rapid dilution of
      salt in a stopped-flow light scattering apparatus. The majority of the reaction
      is completed within 50 ms and is greater than 90% completed within 1 s. Assembly
      data over a greater than 6-fold myosin concentration range can be fit using the
      successive dimerization mechanism with a single set of rate constants. Second
      order rate constants for the initial steps in the assembly reaction exceed 10(8)
      M-1 s-1, and equilibrium dissociation constants predict a very low critical
      concentration, consistent with previous data. Other possible assembly mechanisms
      do not adequately fit all of the available data. Filament disassembly at 300 mM
      KCl is even more rapid, and there is both an increase in the dissociation rate
      constants and a decrease in the association rate constants with increasing KCl.
      Aggregation of minifilaments induced by Mg2+ is much slower and takes many
      minutes to reach equilibrium.

PMID- 2303473
TI  - Purification and characterization of Haemophilus influenzae D-lactate
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - Haemophilus influenzae D(-)-lactate dehydrogenase (D(-)-lactate:NAD
      oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.28) was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity using
      salt fractionation, hydrophobic and dye affinity chromatography. The enzyme was
      purified 2100-fold with a 14% recovery and a final specific activity of 300
      units/mg protein. The enzyme was demonstrated to be a tetramer of Mr 135,000. The
      enzyme catalyzed the reduction of pyruvate to give exclusively D(-)-lactate using
      NADH as coenzyme. The reaction catalyzed was essentially unidirectional, with the
      oxidation of D-lactate in the presence of NAD proceeding at less than 0.2% the
      rate of pyruvate reduction. Kinetic parameters for the reduction of pyruvate were
      determined for NADH and four structural analogs of the coenzyme. Coenzyme
      competitive inhibition by adenosine derivatives indicated the presence of regions
      in the coenzyme binding site interacting with the adenosine and pyrophosphate
      moieties of the coenzyme. The purified enzyme was sensitive to oxidation and was
      effectively inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. Conversion of D-lactate to
      pyruvate catalyzed by a membrane-bound D-lactate oxidase was demonstrated in cell
      free extracts of H. influenzae.

PMID- 2303472
TI  - Affinity purification of ubiquitin-protein ligase on immobilized protein
      substrates. Evidence for the existence of separate NH2-terminal binding sites on
      a single enzyme.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated the existence of separate binding sites of
      ubiquitin-protein ligase, E3, specific for basic (Type I) or bulky hydrophobic
      (Type II) NH2-terminal amino acid residues of proteins. Another class (Type III)
      of protein substrates appeared to interact with E3 at regions other than the NH2
      terminus (Reiss, Y., Kaim, D., and Hershko, A. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2693
      2698). In the present study we have used affinity chromatography on immobilized
      protein substrates to examine the question of whether the different binding sites
      belong to one E3 enzyme, or to different E3 species. Another objective was to
      develop a procedure for the extensive purification of E3. When a crude extract of
      reticulocytes is applied to Type I or Type II protein substrates linked to
      Sepharose, E3 becomes strongly bound to the affinity columns and is not eluted
      with salt at high concentration. However, the enzyme can be specifically eluted
      by a dipeptide that has an NH2-terminal residue similar to that of matrix-bound
      protein substrate. A 350-fold purification is obtained in this single step.
      Preparations of E3 purified on either Type I or Type II protein substrate
      affinity columns act on both types of protein substrates, indicating that the
      separate binding sites for basic and hydrophobic NH2-terminal residues belong to
      one enzyme. Another species of E3 that acts strongly on some Type III protein
      substrates does not bind to Type I or Type II protein substrate affinity columns.

PMID- 2303474
TI  - Chick tropoelastin isoforms. From the gene to the extracellular matrix.
AB  - Studies from several laboratories have demonstrated the existence of multiple
      tropoelasting mRNAs and protein isoforms. The present study was designed to
      examine the developmental expression of a specific tropoelastin mRNA, its encoded
      isoform, and the fate of that isoform in the extracellular matrix. A chick
      genomic DNA library was screened with a chick tropoelastin cDNA. Seven unique,
      overlapping clones spanning 39 kilobases were isolated. A synthetic
      oligonucleotide complementary to a variable tropoelastin mRNA sequence was used
      to identify a 1.5-kilobase PstI-BamHI genomic fragment. Nucleotide sequence data
      revealed that the putative exon was surrounded by intron sequences possessing
      canonical splice sites at the exon/intron borders. Using both immunologic and
      molecular probes specific to the tropoelastin isoform and mRNA, quantitative
      protein and RNA analyses were performed. Results demonstrate that total
      tropoelastin mRNAs increased significantly during aortic embryogenesis whereas
      the amount of mRNA containing the variable exon remained relatively constant. The
      amount of total tropoelastins within the same developmental period reflect the
      level of total tropoelastin mRNA. The amount of the tropoelastin isoform
      containing the variable exon essentially mirrored the corresponding mRNA with the
      exception that a decrease in the isoform at day 15 was not seen in the mRNA
      level. Immunoelectron micrographs of 13-day chick aortic tissue using both total
      and isoform-specific antisera showed ultrastructural localization to definable
      elastic fibers. Antibodies to the variable tropoelastin isoform occurred
      preferentially at sites where elastic fiber microfibril structures were evident.

PMID- 2303475
TI  - Developmental tissue expression and phylogenetic conservation of stathmin, a
      phosphoprotein associated with cell regulations.
AB  - Stathmin is a 19-kDa phosphoprotein presumably involved in regulations of cell
      proliferation, differentiation, and functions as an intracellular relay for
      extracellular signals activating diverse second messenger pathways. Antisera
      prepared against the whole protein or against two peptides (residues 15-27 and
      134-149) recognized the two isoforms (alpha and beta) of stathmin in their
      different phosphorylated states on immunoblots. Also, the possible existence of a
      family of stathmin-related proteins is suggested by the detection with some sera
      of proteins of 17, 21, and 60 kDa in brain. Stathmin and its diverse molecular
      forms were detected in all mouse tissues tested, in varying concentrations.
      Depending on the tissue, it is 2-100 times more abundant in the neonate than in
      the adult. It is most abundant in brain at both developmental stages, the protein
      levels being paralleled by the expression of the corresponding mRNA as detected
      with a specific cDNA probe. Antibodies directed against the rat protein also
      reacted with stathmin-like proteins in the brain of other mammals, birds,
      reptiles, amphibians, and some fish species, and the various isoforms could be
      recognized on immunoblots. In conclusion, our results suggest that stathmin is
      most likely involved in two distinct types of regulations: 1) "developmental"
      regulations, related to cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation, and
      2) "functional" regulations mostly at the adult stage, and typically in the
      nervous system. In addition, stathmin is also phylogenetically well conserved at
      least in vertebrates. Together, these observations support the proposed
      ubiquitous nature and general importance of stathmin in biological regulations.

PMID- 2303476
TI  - Prothrombinase complex assembly. Contributions of protein-protein and protein
      membrane interactions toward complex formation.
AB  - Equilibrium binding studies of prothrombinase complex formation were undertaken
      using phospholipid vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylserine (PCPS), factor Va, and factor Xa modified with dansyl
      glutamylglycinylarginyl chloromethyl ketone (DEGR.Xa). The interaction between
      the Va.PCPS and DEGR.Xa.PCPS binary complexes was experimentally isolated using
      saturating concentrations of PCPS. Fluorescence titrations indicated that the
      membrane-bound proteins interact tightly (Kd approximately 10(-9) M) with a
      stoichiometry of 1 mol of Va bound/mol of DEGR.Xa at saturation. Complex
      formation was also investigated by kinetic studies of prothrombin activation
      using unmodified factor Xa. The kinetic studies yielded a Kd approximately 10(-9)
      M, which was independent of the concentration of prothrombin in the range of 0.5
      5.0 microM. Fluorescence studies of complex assembly at limiting PCPS
      concentrations provided evidence for an altered DEGR.Xa-PCPS interaction when the
      enzyme was assembled into the complex. The data suggest that although both
      proteins are associated with PCPS when complexed with each other, the presence of
      factor Va on the membrane surface increases the affinity for the Xa-PCPS
      interaction by an estimated 100-fold. Prothrombinase complex assembly therefore
      proceeds independently of the availability of substrate and is stabilized by
      protein-protein and protein-phospholipid interactions. Linkage between the two
      protein-membrane combination events leads to the further stabilization of the
      complex on the vesicle surface.

PMID- 2303477
TI  - Binding of terbium and of an elastase inhibitor to bovine pancreatic subunit III,
      an inactive protease E.
AB  - Using the Tb3+ luminescence technique, we showed that bovine subunit III, a
      defective pancreatic serine endopeptidase-like protease, possessed a single metal
      ion binding site able to bind Tb3+ with a high affinity comparable to that of
      porcine elastase. The topology of the metal ion binding site in subunit III is
      predicted from sequence homologies and modeling experiments based on the known
      crystallographic three-dimensional structures of the equivalent sites in porcine
      elastase 1 and bovine beta-trypsin. Moreover, the Tb3+ luminescence technique in
      parallel to a 19F NMR investigation, allowed us to measure the binding of a very
      potent specific inhibitor of porcine elastase (trifluoroacetyl-L-lysyl-alanyl p
      trifluoromethylphenylanilide) to bovine subunit III. These results confirm that,
      although devoid of any specific activity, subunit III might possess a
      conformation close to that of an active enzyme and further support the analogy
      between subunit III and an elastase-like family.

PMID- 2303478
TI  - Photoaffinity labeling of RNA polymerase III transcription complexes by nascent
      RNA.
AB  - The proteins contacting nascent RNA transcripts in RNA polymerase III
      transcription complexes have been examined using photoaffinity labeling
      techniques. The photoaffinity analog 4-S-UTP was incorporated along with [alpha
      32P]CTP into VAI transcripts, using a phosphocellulose fractionated HeLa S-100
      extract and DNA containing the adenovirus VAI gene. The photoreactive nascent RNA
      was cross-linked to proximal proteins in the transcription complex. The
      photoaffinity labeled proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detected by autoradiography. The specific
      photoaffinity labeling of RNA polymerase III was dependent on 4-S-UTP and on DNA
      containing a class III promoter. Photoaffinity labeling was inhibited by 200
      micrograms/ml alpha-amanitin. Proteins of 140, 160, 270, and 310 kDa were
      labeled. These photoaffinity labeled proteins were shown to be stably associated
      with the DNA template by gel exclusion chromatography. The 160-kDa protein was
      cross-linked to RNAs approximately 14-18 nucleotides in length, whereas the
      greater than 250-kDa proteins were cross-linked to RNAs 18-30 nucleotides in
      length. The 140- and 160-kDa proteins correspond in molecular mass to the two
      large subunits of RNA polymerase III. The molecular masses of the 270- and 310
      kDa proteins, and the length of the RNA cross-linked to them, suggest that these
      proteins are components of transcription factor (TF) IIIC. These results indicate
      that the nascent transcript contacts the two largest subunits of RNA polymerase
      III until the transcription complex reaches the TFIIIC binding site, at which
      point the nascent transcript contacts TFIIIC.

PMID- 2303479
TI  - Functional and physical molecular size of the chicken hepatic lectin determined
      by radiation inactivation and sedimentation equilibrium analysis.
AB  - Radiation inactivation and sedimentation equilibrium analysis were used to
      determine the functional and physical size of the chicken hepatic membrane
      receptor that binds N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycoproteins. Purified plasma
      membranes from chicken liver were irradiated with high energy electrons and
      assayed for 125I-agalactoorosomucoid binding. Increasing the dose of ionizing
      radiation resulted in a monoexponential decay in binding activity due to a
      progressive loss of binding sites. The molecular mass of the chicken lectin,
      determined in situ by target analysis, was 69,000 +/- 9,000 Da. When the same
      irradiated membranes were solubilized in Brij 58 and assayed, the binding protein
      exhibited a target size of 62,000 +/- 4,000 Da; in Triton X-100, the functional
      size of the receptor was 85,000 +/- 10,000 Da. Sedimentation equilibrium
      measurements of the purified binding protein yielded a lower limit molecular
      weight of 79,000 +/- 7,000. However, the solubilized lectin was detected as a
      heterogeneous population of oligomers with molecular weights as high as 450,000.
      Addition of calcium or calcium plus N-acetylglucosamine decreased the higher
      molecular weight species, but the lower limit molecular weights remained
      invariant. Similar results were determined when the chicken lectin was
      solubilized in Brij 58, C12E9, or 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1
      propane-sulfonic acid (CHAPS). Results from the present study suggest that in the
      plasma membrane, the functional species of the chicken hepatic lectin exists as a
      trimer. However, in detergent solution, the purified receptor forms a
      heterogeneous population of irreversible oligomers that exhibit binding activity
      proportional to size.

PMID- 2303480
TI  - The activation of human platelets mediated by anti-human platelet p24/CD9
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Anti-human platelet p24/CD9 (p24/monoclonal antibody 7) causes the activation of
      platelets and in the presence of calcium induces platelet aggregation. Our
      studies suggest that platelet response to this antibody is mediated at least in
      part by the pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G
      proteins) that stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis and inhibit adenylate
      cyclase. Prior exposure of saponin-treated platelets to anti-p24/CD9 inhibited
      the [32P] ADP-ribosylation of the alpha 41 protein by pertussis toxin. Platelet
      aggregation induced by this antibody is preceded by and/or accompanied by
      accelerated phosphatidylinositol turnover, the generation of inositol phosphates
      and diacylglycerol (DAG), calcium mobilization, and protein phosphorylation. The
      production of inositol phosphate(s) was measurable within 15 s of either anti
      p24/CD9 or thrombin addition. Within 10 s of antibody addition (10
      micrograms/ml), the level of DAG was 200% over that of the control and similar to
      that observed with 2 units/ml thrombin (201% over that of the control).
      Therefore, as it appears to be true for thrombin, platelet response upon binding
      of anti-p24/CD9 is primarily mediated by the activation of phospholipase C. When
      platelets pretreated with aspirin (200 microM) and apyrase (1 mg/ml) were
      subsequently exposed to anti-p24/CD9, aggregation still occurred. This indicates
      that neither secreted ADP nor thromboxane generation is required for this
      aggregation response. Using indo-1 and ratio cytofluorometry, we observed that an
      increase in platelet cytosolic calcium is a relatively early event and occurs in
      either the presence or absence of calcium in the external media. Phosphorylation
      studies of platelet proteins showed that anti-p24/CD9 binding to platelets caused
      increased phosphorylation of four proteins with apparent molecular masses of
      50,000, 47,000, 36,000, and 20,000 daltons. These studies suggest that platelet
      activation mediated by the surface protein p24/CD9 is mainly through the
      stimulation of a phospholipase C, the activation of which is responsible for the
      generation of second messengers inositol trisphosphate and DAG.

PMID- 2303482
TI  - Effect of salts on Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase activities. Inhibition of
      iron chelation and substrate reduction.
AB  - The effect of salts on the catalytic activity of the molybdenum-containing
      nitrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii has been investigated. NaCl was
      found to inhibit the reduction of the substrates, protons, acetylene, and
      dinitrogen by a common mechanism. The pattern of inhibition is sigmoidal,
      indicating a highly cooperative interaction involving multiple inhibitor sites.
      Sixteen other salts that were investigated also exhibited this pattern of
      inhibition. NaCl functions as a dead-end inhibitor without altering the number of
      MgATP hydrolyzed/electron transferred to substrate. The level of expressed
      inhibition is sensitive to MgATP concentration, the molar ratio of the MoFe
      protein (Av1) to the Fe-protein (Av2), and total protein concentration. In
      addition, NaCl is an inhibitor of the MgATP-dependent, iron chelation of Av2.
      Although the inhibition is exhibited over the same salt concentration range as
      that for inhibition of substrate reduction, the pattern of inhibition is
      hyperbolic. A model based upon simple equilibrium interactions among the enzyme
      species, nucleotides, and inhibitor has been developed which quantitatively
      accounts for the observed effects of salt. In this model, the formation of the
      active complex between Av1 and Av2 is abolished by salts. Likewise, the apparent
      affinity of Av2 for MgATP is reduced. An additional prediction based upon the
      model is that the affinity between Av2 and Av1 is independent of nucleotide
      binding.

PMID- 2303481
TI  - Clipsin, a chymotrypsin-like protease in rat brain which is irreversibly
      inhibited by alpha-1-antichymotrypsin.
AB  - The protease inhibitor alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, which binds to chymotrypsin-like
      enzymes in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant manner, has been shown recently to
      be both a normal constituent of brain and an integral component of the neuritic
      plaques that form in Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. We have now
      identified in rat brain a Mr 25,000 alpha-1-antichymotrypsin-binding protein
      classified as a chymotrypsin-like protease by its inhibitor profile and substrate
      specificity. Release of 125I-labeled breakdown products from bands containing the
      protease in substrate-linked polyacrylamide gels was examined in parallel with
      hydrolysis of tetrapeptide chromogenic substrates in vitro to establish
      conditions under which the Mr 25,000 protease was the only activity being
      measured in vitro. The protease was completely membrane associated but was
      extractable using 1 M MgCl2; prior extraction of detergent- and low ionic
      strength-soluble proteins from membranes was used to increase its specific
      activity. The formation of sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant bonds between human
      alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and the protease (kassoc = 2.9 X 10(6) M-1 s-1) was used
      to titrate the concentration of free protease solubilized from membranes. The
      protease cleaved both succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide, and methoxy
      succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Met-p-nitroanilide, the latter being of interest because
      cleavage after a methionine residue is predicted to generate the amino terminus
      of the neuritic plaque component beta-amyloid from its precursor protein. In
      fact, the solubilized protease degraded 90% of membrane-associated beta-amyloid
      precursor protein detected by Western blot analysis. The protease was kinetically
      distinct from both chymotrypsin and cathepsin G in direct comparisons and did not
      match kinetic values published for the rat mast cell proteases against comparable
      substrates; we therefore refer to the protease with the descriptive acronym
      clipsin (for chymotrypsin-like protease). Proteases similar to and potentially
      identical to clipsin were detected by enzymography in other organs from rat (most
      notably spleen and adult lung). The enzyme in brain was distinguished by a narrow
      window of elevated activity surrounding postnatal day 5, which was 12-14-fold
      higher than levels in day 1 or adult brain. Because independent lines of evidence
      suggest that a brain chymotrypsin-like protease may be involved in the etiology
      of Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease, clipsin is discussed as a candidate
      for such a role.

PMID- 2303483
TI  - Activation of phospholipase D by sphingoid bases in NG108-15 neural-derived
      cells.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that signal-dependent formation of phosphatidic acid by
      phospholipase D-catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine is a novel trans
      membrane signaling pathway in mammalian cells. We here demonstrate that
      sphingosine, as well as some other long chain bases, activates phospholipase D in
      neural-derived NG108-15 cells. Sphingosine potently stimulated phosphatidic acid
      and, in the presence of ethanol, phosphatidylethanol formation.
      (Phosphatidylethanol is a nonphysiological phospholipid which is
      characteristically produced by phospholipase D in the presence of ethanol.)
      Elevated phosphatidic acid levels were accompanied by increased
      phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol production and a decrease in
      diacylglycerol levels. Sphingosine stimulated phospholipase D activity in a time-
      and concentration-dependent manner. A long aliphatic chain and a free 2-amino
      group were important structural requirements for the activation of phospholipase
      D by sphingosine-related molecules. We propose that phospholipase D may
      constitute an important cellular target for sphingosine action under both
      physiological and pathological circumstances.

PMID- 2303484
TI  - Mossbauer study of CO dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum.
AB  - We have studied with Mossbauer spectroscopy the metal clusters of CO
      dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum. At potentials greater than -200
      mV, all of the approximately 12 irons reside in diamagnetic environments and
      contribute a quadrupole doublet characteristic of [Fe4S4]2+ clusters. At lower
      potentials a variety of components are observed. About 40% of the Fe appears to
      belong to one [Fe4S4]1+ cluster. We have also observed the Mossbauer spectrum
      (approximately 18% of Fe) of the complex which yields EPR with g = 2.01, 1.81,
      and 1.65. Also present is a doublet (9% of Fe) with delta EQ = 2.90 mm/s and
      delta = 0.70 mm/s, values typical of a ferrous FeS4 complex. This component seems
      to interact with a nickel site to form an EPR-silent complex with half-integral
      electronic spin. We have also characterized the iron environments of the S = 1/2
      NiFeC complex. This complex contributes approximately 20% of the total Mossbauer
      absorption when the EPR signal has approximately 0.35 spins/12 Fe. From isomer
      shift comparisons in the oxidized and CO-reacted states of this center, we
      speculate that the NiFeC complex may consist of a nickel site exchange-coupled to
      a [Fe4S4]2+ cluster. Finally, the Mossbauer and EPR data, taken together, force
      us to conclude that current preparations, while homogeneous according to
      purifications standards, are spectroscopically heterogeneous, thus rendering the
      development of a model of the cluster types and compositions in this enzyme
      premature.

PMID- 2303485
TI  - 7-Substituted pterins. A new class of mammalian pteridines.
AB  - Three novel pteridines have been isolated from the urine of patients with a new
      variant of 6-(L-erythro-1',2'-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin
      (tetrahydrobiopterin) deficiency, showing hyperphenylalaninemia. From the results
      of high performance liquid chromatography, oxidative degradation, and gas
      chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry, their structures were
      identified as 7-(D-erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)-pterin (7-neopterin), 7-(L
      erythro-1',2'-dihydroxypropyl)-pterin (7-biopterin), and 6-oxo-7-(L-erythro-1',2'
      dihydroxypropyl)-pterin (6-oxo-7-biopterin). The ratio of biopterin to 7
      biopterin in the patients' urines was 1:1, and after oral loading with
      tetrahydrobiopterin, 7-biopterin excretion rose parallel to biopterin. This
      finding suggests that 7-substituted pterins may be formed endogenously by a yet
      unknown isomerization reaction. The cause of hyperphenylalaninemia is still
      unclear. The activities of the enzymes involved in tetrahydrobiopterin
      biosynthesis and regeneration were found to be normal in the patients, and no
      effect of 7-biopterin on these enzymes was observed in vitro. However, compared
      with the normal cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, the Km values of tetrahydro-7
      biopterin for phenylalanine hydroxylase and dihydropteridine reductase are 20 and
      5 times higher, respectively.

PMID- 2303486
TI  - Purification and characterization of two porcine liver nuclear histone
      acetyltransferases.
AB  - Two forms of porcine histone acetyltransferase (types I and II) have been
      purified to apparent homogeneity from liver nuclei. Both activities are extracted
      from nuclei by 0.5 M NaCl and display a native Mr of 110,000 as determined by gel
      filtration. Saline enzyme extracts were subject to ammonium sulfate precipitation
      and sequential chromatography on Q-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200, hydroxylapatite,
      and Mono Q supports. The histone acetyltransferase type I fraction contains three
      polypeptide chains with apparent Mr values of 105,000, 62,000, and 45,000,
      respectively, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      Cyanogen bromide peptide mapping and immunoblotting suggest that the Mr 62,000
      and 45,000 polypeptides are derived by cleavage of the Mr 105,000 polypeptide.
      Histone acetyltransferase type II contains two different subunits with apparent
      Mr values of 50,000 and 40,000, respectively. The amino acid composition, heat
      inactivation profiles, and Michaelis constants with respect to both acetyl
      coenzyme A and histones were indistinguishable for types I and II. However,
      affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies to both forms of the enzyme do not cross
      react; cyanogen bromide-derived in situ cleavage digest patterns show few
      similarities; and the turnover number for type I is approximately 15-fold lower
      than that for type II. We estimate that there is one enzyme molecule for every
      500 nucleosomes. The existence of two distinct forms of nuclear histone
      acetyltransferase in pig liver suggests that they may have separate functions in
      vivo.

PMID- 2303488
TI  - Characterization of multiple mRNAs originating from the chicken progesterone
      receptor gene. Evidence for a specific transcript encoding form A.
AB  - The structure of the 42-kilobase (kb) long chicken progesterone receptor (cPR)
      gene and of all six transcripts that are detectable on Northern blots was
      determined. The first of 8 exons encodes the N-terminal region A/B which is
      highly divergent among different species and contains a constitutive
      transcription activation function. The DNA (DBD)- and hormone-binding domains
      (HBD) are assembled from 2 and 5 exons, respectively, with the individual "zinc
      fingers" of the DBD encoded by separate exons. In addition to the previously
      described 4.5-kb cPR mRNA species, alternative polyadenylation, splicing
      variation, and "5'-truncation" lead to the generation of 5 further mRNAs. Most
      importantly, this 5'-truncation produces, by an as yet unidentified mechanism, an
      abundant transcript which encodes form A but not form B of cPR. Lack of splicing
      at the exon 2 splice-donor and polyadenylation due to a signal site in the second
      intron generates a previously undetected 3.4-kb mRNA species. The corresponding
      cDNA was sequenced in its entirety and shown to encode only region A/B and the N
      terminal "finger" of the DBD. Alternative polyadenylation upstream of the signal
      site for the 4.5-kb mRNA is responsible for the appearance of a 3.3-kb mRNA. The
      longest cPR mRNA (8.2 kb) originates from a transcription termination point more
      than 3 kb downstream of the 4.5-kb mRNA 3'-end. Finally, the primary sequence of
      more than 2 kb upstream sequences of the cPR gene, containing several consensus
      hexamer progestin/glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites (PRE/GRE and putative Sp1
      binding motifs, is discussed.

PMID- 2303487
TI  - Identification and purification of a functional amine transporter from bovine
      chromaffin granules.
AB  - The amine transporter from bovine chromaffin granules has been purified in a
      functional state. Two isoforms with different pI values have been separated and
      shown to be active. One with an unusually acidic pI (approximately 3.5) has been
      shown to be a glycoprotein with an apparent Mr of 80,000. The purified
      polypeptide catalyzes transport of serotonin upon reconstitution with an apparent
      Km of 2 microM and a Vmax of 140 nmol/mg/min, 150-200-fold higher than the one
      determined in the native system. Transport is inhibited by reserpine and
      tetrabenazine, ligands which bind to two distinct sites on the transporter. These
      findings suggest that the binding sites for both drugs reside on a single
      polypeptide. The reconstituted purified transporter binds [3H]reserpine with a
      biphasic kinetic behavior, KD values of 0.3 and 30 nM and Bmax of 310 and 4200
      pmol/mg protein, respectively. In addition, binding of [3H]reserpine is
      accelerated upon imposition of a pH gradient across the proteoliposome. From
      these findings it is evident that a single polypeptide catalyzes the various
      functions of the transporter.

PMID- 2303489
TI  - Heparin modulation of laminin polymerization.
AB  - Previously, it has been shown that laminin will self-assemble by a two-step
      calcium-dependent process using end-domain interactions (Yurchenco, P. D., Tsi
      library, E. C., Charonis, A. S., and Furthmayr, H. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260,
      7636-7644). We now find that heparin, at low concentrations, modifies this
      polymerization by driving the equilibrium further toward aggregation, by
      producing a denser polymer, and by inducing aggregation in the absence of
      calcium. This effect on self-assembly is specific in that it is observed with
      heparin but not with several heparan sulfates or other glycosaminoglycans: it
      correlates with affinity and depends on the degree of polysaccharide sulfation.
      Heparin binds to laminin in a calcium-dependent manner with a single class of
      interaction (KD = 118 +/- 18 nM) and with a binding capacity of one heparin for
      two laminins. We find the long arm globule (E3) is the only laminin domain which
      exhibits substantial heparin binding: heparin binds E3 with an affinity (KD = 94
      +/- 12 nM) and calcium dependence similar to that for intact laminin. These data
      strongly suggest that heparin modifies laminin assembly by binding to pairs of
      long arm globular domains. As a result the polymer may be stabilized at domain E3
      and laminin interdomain interactions induced or modified. We further postulate
      that heparins may act in vivo as specific regulators of the structure and
      functions of basement membranes by both altering the laminin matrix and by
      displacing weakly binding heparan sulfates.

PMID- 2303490
TI  - Primary structure of human microsomal dipeptidase deduced from molecular cloning.
AB  - Two cDNA clones corresponding to human microsomal dipeptidase (MDP, formerly
      referred to as dehydropeptidase-I or renal dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.11] were
      isolated from human placental and renal cDNA libraries employing rapid
      amplification of cDNA ends strategy. The complete amino acid sequence deduced
      from the cDNAs contains 411 residues, beginning with a signal peptide of 16
      residues. A highly hydrophobic sequence of 16 amino acids is located at the
      carboxyl terminus, supporting the previous observation which suggested that
      mature MDP is anchored to the membrane by covalently attached
      phosphatidylinositol. MDP has four potential N-glycosylation sites and has no
      apparent sequence similarity to other metallopeptidases. Expression of
      immunologically cross-reactive and enzymatically active MDP was attained in COS
      cells transfected with the cDNA. DNA and RNA blot analyses indicated the
      existence of a single gene and a substantial amount of 1.8-kilobase mRNA in
      kidney.

PMID- 2303491
TI  - Purification of unactivated progesterone receptor and identification of novel
      receptor-associated proteins.
AB  - Progesterone receptor complexes were purified from crude cytosol in a rapid,
      gentle, one-step procedure using anti-receptor monoclonal antibodies covalently
      attached to an agarose resin. Five nonreceptor proteins specifically co-purified
      with unactivated avian progesterone receptor; these proteins had molecular masses
      of approximately 90, 70, 54, 50, and 23 kDa. The 90- and 70-kDa proteins have
      been previously identified as the 90-kDa heat shock protein and a member of the
      70-kDa heat shock protein family, respectively. The 54-, 50-, and 23-kDa proteins
      have not been previously described as associated with avian progesterone
      receptor. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed charge heterogeneities for
      all five proteins. Except for p70, each could be dissociated from receptor by
      salt, a process inhibited by sodium molybdate. However, molybdate was not
      required for protein association with receptor in low ionic strength. Following
      progesterone treatment in vivo p70 still co-purified with cytosolic receptor
      although the other affiliated proteins were reduced, suggesting hormone-dependent
      dissociation in conjunction with receptor activation. One of the proteins, p54,
      displayed in vitro hormone-dependent dissociation which was not prevented by
      molybdate.

PMID- 2303492
TI  - Incorporation of 2-halogeno-2'-deoxyadenosine 5-triphosphates into DNA during
      replication by human polymerases alpha and beta.
AB  - Extension of synthetic primers by purified human polymerase alpha (Hpol alpha)
      with the (+)-strand of M13mp18 DNA as template encounters numerous specific pause
      sites on the M13 template. Some of these are regions of template secondary
      structure, at others the template codes for incorporation of the same base in
      multiple consecutive positions, but at some the responsible feature in the
      sequence is not obvious. 2-Chloro-dATP (CldATP) substitutes efficiently for dATP
      in such chain extension, with 2-chloroadenine (ClA) incorporation into many
      positions coding for A. However, there are more sites where extension is
      interrupted than with all four normal nucleotide substrates, particularly (but
      not exclusively) at template secondary structure and sites of multiple
      consecutive ClA insertion. DNA synthesis from normal substrates by Hpol beta in
      this system shows less frequent and less marked pauses, but with CldATP
      substituted for dATP chain extension is limited because of marked slowing of
      extension at sites of multiple consecutive ClA insertion. With either polymerase,
      the rate of extension is decreased even more at such regions when bromo-dATP is
      used as substrate. Some misincorporation of ClA instead of G or T can occur at
      certain sites in absence of the corresponding normal substrate, but
      misincorporation as C is rare. CldATP is a very weak inhibitor of chain extension
      by Hpol alpha, but a somewhat better inhibitor of Hpol beta. These results may
      account in part for the inhibition of DNA synthesis in cells exposed to 2
      chlorodeoxyadenosine or 2-bromodeoxyadenosine.

PMID- 2303494
TI  - Purification and characterization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast
      glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, a natural misacylating enzyme.
AB  - Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was purified by
      sequential column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, Mono Q, and
      Mono S. The apparent molecular mass of the protein when analyzed under both
      denaturing conditions (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)
      and nondenaturing conditions (rate zonal sedimentation on glycerol gradients) was
      62,000 Da; this indicates that the active enzyme is a monomer. The purified
      glutamyl-tRNA synthetase was identified as the chloroplast enzyme by its tRNA
      charging specificity. Reversed-phase chromatography of unfractionated C.
      reinhardtii tRNA resolved four peaks of glutamate acceptor RNA when assayed with
      the purified enzyme. The enzyme can also glutamylate Escherichia coli tRNA(2Glu),
      but not cytoplasmic tRNA(Glu) from yeast or barley. In addition, the enzyme
      misacylates chloroplast tRNA(Gln) with glutamate. A similar mischarging
      phenomenon has been demonstrated for the barley chloroplast enzyme (Schon, A.,
      Kannangara, C.G., Gough, S., and Soll, D. (1988) Nature 331, 187-190) and for
      Bacillus subtilis glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (Proulx, M., Duplain, L., Lacoste, L.,
      Yaguchi, M., and Lapointe, J. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 753-759).

PMID- 2303493
TI  - Ammonium chloride causes reversible inhibition of low density lipoprotein
      receptor recycling and accelerates receptor degradation.
AB  - The effects of the acidotropic agent, NH4Cl, on the recycling and turnover of low
      density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors were analyzed in human skin fibroblasts using
      ligand binding assays, [35S]methionine pulse-chase experiments, and electron
      microscopy. NH4Cl did not prevent receptor internalization but caused a marked
      redistribution of LDL receptors to intracellular sites (endosomes) that was
      completely dependent on the presence of apolipoprotein-B- or -E-containing
      ligands. Maximal inhibition of recycling was observed at LDL concentrations that
      only partially saturated receptors, suggesting that the receptors function as
      oligomers. In contrast, full receptor occupancy by the multivalent,
      apolipoprotein-E-containing beta-very low density lipoprotein was required for
      the same effect. The intracellular accumulation was reversible and the majority
      of receptors returned to the cell surface when NH4Cl was removed after short
      treatments. The rate of degradation of LDL receptors was greatly accelerated in
      the presence of NH4Cl and ligand, with a t1/2 of about 2 h (approximately 6 times
      faster than receptor degradation in the absence of NH4Cl). Neither the
      redistribution nor the accelerated loss of immunoprecipitable LDL receptors was
      observed in an LDL receptor internalization-defective mutant cell line. We
      conclude that NH4Cl inhibited the recycling specifically of occupied receptors,
      thereby accelerating their degradation, probably in endosomes.

PMID- 2303495
TI  - Purification of the glutamyl-tRNA reductase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
      involved in delta-aminolevulinic acid formation during chlorophyll biosynthesis.
AB  - The formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid, the first committed precursor in
      porphyrin biosynthesis, occurs in certain bacteria and in the chloroplasts of
      plants and algae in a three-step, tRNA-dependent transformation of glutamate.
      Glutamyl-tRNA reductase, the second enzyme of this pathway, reduces the activated
      carboxyl group of glutamyl-tRNA (Glu-tRNA) in the presence of NADPH and releases
      glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA). We have purified Glu-tRNA reductase from
      Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by employing six different chromatographic separations.
      The apparent molecular mass of the protein when analyzed under both denaturing
      (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and nondenaturing
      conditions (rate zonal sedimentation on glycerol gradients) was 130,000 Da; this
      indicates that the active enzyme is a monomer. In the presence of NADPH Glu-tRNA
      reductase catalyzed the reduction to GSA of glutamate acylated to the homologous
      tRNA. Thus, the reductase alone is sufficient for conversion of Glu-tRNA to GSA.
      In the absence of NADPH, a stable complex of Glu-tRNA reductase with Glu-tRNA can
      be isolated.

PMID- 2303496
TI  - Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in peroxisomes lack the nonspecific lipid
      transfer protein (sterol carrier protein 2).
AB  - Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in intact peroxisomes were compared with
      wild type cells for the presence of the nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsL
      TP; sterol carrier protein 2). With the immunoblotting technique using the
      affinity purified antibody against rat liver nsL-TP, this protein was shown to be
      present in the homogenates from wild type cells, but could not be detected in
      mutant cells. In agreement with a previous study using livers from Zellweger
      patients it appears that there is a positive, as yet unknown, correlation between
      peroxisomes and the occurrence of nsL-TP in the cell. As a control using the
      affinity-purified antibody against the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein from
      bovine brain, levels of this protein were found to be normal in mutant cells. By
      use of metrizamide density gradients, nsL-TP was shown to cosediment with a
      membrane fraction different from peroxisomes. A protein of 58,000 daltons cross
      reactive with the antibody against nsL-TP did cosediment with the peroxisomes in
      wild type cells and possibly with a "peroxisomal remnant" in the mutant cells.
      Incubation of wild type and mutant cells with L-[3-14C]serine showed that the
      biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine and the subsequent conversion into
      phosphatidylethanolamine was comparable in both cell types. This indicates that
      nsL-TP is not involved in the translocation of phosphatidylserine from the
      endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria as the site of decarboxylation.

PMID- 2303497
TI  - Rat liver nuclei protein kinase C is the isozyme type II.
AB  - Rat liver nuclei protein kinase C is identified as type II isozyme employing
      monospecific antibodies obtained against each three types of rat brain protein
      kinase C isozymes. (Yoshida, Y., Huang, F. L., Nakabayashi, H., and Huang, K-P.
      (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9868-9873). A major immunoreactive protein band at 80
      kDa was revealed by type II isozyme antibodies at each step of purification,
      nuclear extract included. The nuclear protein kinase C has been purified to
      apparent homogeneity as revealed by silver nitrate staining on sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showing a single 80 kDa protein band.
      It does seem that 66 kDa protein (Masmoudi, A., Labourdette, G., Mersel, M.,
      Huang, F. L., Huang, K.-P., Vincendon, G., and Malviya, A. N. (1989) J. Biol.
      Chem. 264, 1172-1179) is a major contaminant devoid of any protein kinase
      activity. The ratio obtained between protein kinase C enzymatic activity over
      phorbol dibutyrate bound, at various purification steps, indicates that the
      nuclear enzyme is a phorbol ester receptor. When isolated nuclei were incubated
      with 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, endogenous protein kinase C activity
      was elevated about 8-10-fold suggesting the existence of phorbol ester signaling
      pathway at the level of nucleus. The role of nuclear protein kinase C is
      delineated in the regulation of inducible gene transcription

PMID- 2303498
TI  - Thermodynamic study of phase transfer of precipitates on SiC whisker reinforced
      glass ceramics.
AB  - Physiochemical properties of glass ceramics in weakly buffered, supersaturated,
      metastable calcium and phosphate solution were studied. Formations of calcium
      phosphate precipitates were also analyzed thermodynamically. All biomaterials
      examined here showed primarily dissolution process and subsequent nucleation.
      Dissolution was enhanced in those which contained Na2O and/or SiC. The
      dissolution of calcium and phosphate ions from biomaterials and subsequent
      nucleation of calcium phosphate salts after induction time resulted in a stable
      equilibrium having solubility characteristics similar to octacalcium phosphate
      (OCP). The most soluble material, CPSN-SiC, showed an initial transient
      equilibrium with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). From above results, calcium
      phosphate ceramics had certain driving force of its own which kept the
      equilibrium of solution to OCP thermodynamically for 7 days. Despite the
      favorable solubility equilibrium attained, there still remain problems for
      clinical application.

PMID- 2303499
TI  - Series shunt evaluation of polyurethane vascular graft materials in chronically
      AV-shunted canines.
AB  - Well characterized, laboratory-synthesized polymeric materials which have been
      extensively tested for biocompatibility via initial platelet and protein
      deposition in an acute ex vivo canine model were placed as interpositional series
      shunts in canines with chronically implanted iliac arteriovenous shunts ex vivo.
      Platelet deposition was measured on a base polyurethane block copolymer, a
      sulfonated ionic derivative, an alkyl grafted (C18) derivative, Biomer,
      polyethylene, and polydimethylsiloxane for 24 h using radiolabeled platelets.
      Platelet survival and in vitro aggregation were determined to investigate the
      effects of the shunting procedure on experimental animals. The viability of
      adopting a chronic arteriovenous (iliac) shunted canine model for use with series
      shunts to evaluate polyurethanes having applications as materials in vascular
      graft construction was investigated and the results compared with acute model
      data.

PMID- 2303500
TI  - The effects of heat treatments and bead size on the corrosion of porous F75 in
      saline and serum.
AB  - An accelerated anodic corrosion method was used to study the effects of heat
      treatment and bead size on corrosion and metal ion release of porous coated F75
      cylinders in saline and serum. Three heat treatments were used: a standard
      process for F75 implants (HTA), the standard plus an additional hour in air to
      produce a thin oxide film (HTA'), and a sintering in high vacuum to produce a
      chromium-depleted surface (HTB). Three bead sizes of similar composition were
      used, with approximate sizes of 215, 300, and 560 microns. The results
      demonstrated that HTA' had the lowest corrosion rate and that of HTB was
      significantly greater than either HTA or HTA'. The corrosion rates of HTA and
      HTA' were significantly greater in serum as compared with saline, whereas that of
      HTB was not affected by the presence of serum, suggesting an interaction between
      chromium and serum proteins. Bead size had a minimal effect on the corrosion rate
      of HTA'. For HTA, the small beads had the highest corrosion rate; the lowest was
      with the medium-sized beads. Bead size had the most significant effect with HTB,
      with that of the smaller beads having the higher corrosion rates. The effects of
      bead size were less consistent in serum, suggesting that protein adsorption may
      mask some of the surface area effects. It is concluded that the oxide film does
      reduce corrosion, that proteins do have an influence on the corrosion of F75, and
      that this method can be a useful tool for studying the effects of improved heat
      treatment methods on the corrosion rate of F75 implants.

PMID- 2303501
TI  - Evaluation of results of total hip replacement.

PMID- 2303502
TI  - Clinical and radiographic evaluation of total hip replacement. A standard system
      of terminology for reporting results.

PMID- 2303503
TI  - Arthroscopic acromioplasty for lesions of the rotator cuff.
AB  - Arthroscopic acromioplasty was done for a lesion of the rotator cuff in 165
      patients: 100 who had stage-II impingement syndrome (no actual tear of the
      rotator cuff) (group 1), forty who had a partial tear (group 2), and twenty-five
      who had a full-thickness tear (group 3). The operation consisted of
      acromioplasty, resection of the coracoacromial ligament and subacromial bursa,
      and removal of osteophytes, when present, near the inferior aspect of the
      acromioclavicular joint. In the patients who had a partial or complete tear,
      minimum debridement of the rotator cuff also was performed. In group 1, eighty
      six patients (eighty-nine shoulders) were available for review at a minimum
      follow-up to two years (average, 31.2 months). The preoperative ratings for pain,
      activities of daily living, work, and sports improved markedly in eighty-one
      patients postoperatively. The most common findings at operation were
      proliferative subacromial bursitis and an acromial protuberance. Two
      complications were recorded. Seven patients had a subsequent open operation on
      the shoulder. In group 2, the average follow-up was 28.9 months (range, twenty
      four to forty-eight months). Of the forty patients, thirty-three had a major
      improvement in the ratings for pain, activities of daily living, work, and
      sports. One complication, transient palsy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve,
      was noted. Two patients who had an unsatisfactory result had a second operation:
      one, open acromioplasty and the other, repair of the rotator cuff. In group 3,
      the average follow-up was 30.8 months (range, twenty-four to fifty-five months).
      There were fourteen satisfactory and eleven unsatisfactory results. Of the twenty
      five patients, seven later had open repair of the rotator cuff, and six had a
      satisfactory result from that procedure. No complications were recorded. It was
      concluded that arthroscopic acromioplasty is effective in the treatment of
      isolated stage-II impingement and partial tears of the rotator cuff. Arthroscopic
      treatment of complete tears produced over-all results that were inferior to those
      of traditional open repair. Arthroscopic subacromial decompression cannot be
      supported as treatment for complete tears of the rotator cuff.

PMID- 2303505
TI  - Sprengel deformity.
AB  - Eighteen cases of Sprengel deformity in sixteen patients were treated by the same
      surgeon. The operation was a modification of Green's procedure; all muscular
      attachments to the scapula are freed, the omovertebral band is cut, and the
      scapula is sutured into a pocket in the latissimus dorsi after the scapula has
      been rotated and moved caudad to a more normal position. No spring or wire
      traction is employed. The ages of the patients at operation ranged from twenty
      months to five years and ten months. The duration of follow-up ranged from three
      years to fourteen years and three months. In eleven of the fifteen patients who
      were available for follow-up, there was a moderate or dramatic improvement in
      appearance postoperatively. Preoperatively, the total abduction of the shoulder
      averaged 91 degrees (range, 60 to 120 degrees), and postoperatively, the
      abduction averaged 148 degrees. A radiographic geometric method was devised to
      quantitate lowering and derotation of the scapula. The lowering did not change
      appreciably with time. The original malrotation of the scapula was corrected
      initially but usually recurred after two years; however, this did not compromise
      the large increase in abduction postoperatively.

PMID- 2303504
TI  - Rotational osteotomy of the humerus for posterior instability of the shoulder.
AB  - We evaluated twelve shoulders (ten patients) that had recurrent, painful
      posterior instability and were treated by external rotational osteotomy of the
      humerus. The length of follow-up ranged from two to twelve years. The patients
      rated the result as excellent or good in ten of the twelve shoulders.
      Objectively, two shoulders were rated as excellent; eight, as good; and two, as
      fair. There was recurrent instability in one shoulder that had had
      multidirectional instability. One pseudarthrosis, which persisted for ten years,
      was revealed on the follow-up radiographs.

PMID- 2303506
TI  - Management of infection about total elbow prostheses.
AB  - Deep infection was a complication after twelve (7.3 per cent) of 164 primary
      total elbow replacements. Two additional patients who had an infection about an
      elbow prosthesis were referred for treatment after total elbow replacement
      elsewhere. A statistical analysis of all of these primary total elbow
      arthroplasties, including the two in patients who were referred from outside
      institutions, identified preoperative factors that placed a patient at
      significant risk for subsequent infection. The risk factors included a previous
      operation on the elbow, a previous infection in the region of the elbow,
      psychiatric illness, class-IV rheumatoid arthritis, drainage from the wound after
      operation, spontaneous drainage after ten days, and reoperation for any reason.
      Three modes of treatment were used for patients who had an established infection:
      debridement and salvage of the implant, resection arthroplasty, and arthrodesis.
      After early operative debridement and suppression of the infection with long-term
      antibiotic therapy, three patients were able to retain the prosthesis, with
      restoration of range of motion and function of the upper extremity. One
      prosthesis was reimplanted after a six-week course of intravenous administration
      of antibiotics.

PMID- 2303507
TI  - Reoperation for failed decompression of the ulnar nerve in the region of the
      elbow.
AB  - Thirty patients who had a revision of a failed decompression of the ulnar nerve
      at the elbow were followed for a minimum of two years postoperatively. Most of
      the decompressions were revised by submuscular transposition of the nerve. A
      satisfactory result was obtained in all but eight patients. At the index
      procedure, the nerve was found to be compressed at several levels (average, 2.2
      levels). For a reoperation to be successful, the ulnar nerve must be examined and
      all potential levels of compression must be released. An age of more than fifty
      years, electromyographic evidence of denervation, and previous submuscular
      transposition were associated with a poor outcome in this series.

PMID- 2303508
TI  - Histological changes in aging lumbar intervertebral discs. Their role in
      protrusions and prolapses.
AB  - To study the relationships between the changes due to aging in lumbar
      intervertebral discs and the development of protrusion or prolapse, we carried
      out histological studies on operative specimens of thirty-one discs, of which
      twenty-two had been protruded and nine, prolapsed. The specimens were obtained
      during twenty-nine operations for herniation of a lumbar intervertebral disc in
      patients who were sixty years old or older. Changes in the anulus fibrosus were
      more extensive in the nine prolapsed discs than in the twenty-two protruded
      discs. Of the nine prolapsed discs, myxomatous degeneration, fibrosis, and
      swollen anular fibers were found in all nine, and cysts were seen in five. Of the
      twenty-two protruded discs, only five showed myxomatous degeneration; ten,
      fibrosis; one, a cyst; and sixteen, swollen fibers. For comparison, we also
      studied specimens that had been obtained at operation from twenty-one other
      patients, twenty to fifty-nine years old, who had a prolapsed disc. The anulus
      showed myxomatous degeneration in all twenty-one specimens, cysts in eight, and
      fibrosis in ten. In addition, we examined 368 autopsy specimens from people who
      had been between twenty-five and eighty-five years old at the time of death. In
      many of the subjects who had died in the sixth decade of life or later, we found
      that the orientation of the inner fiber bundles of the anulus fibrosus was
      reversed, so that they bulged inward. The reversal appeared to be the result of
      myxomatous degeneration of the middle fibers of the anulus, atrophy of the
      nucleus, and narrowing of the disc space. These histological findings suggest
      explanations for the predominance of protrusions of the nucleus pulposus in
      patients who are less than sixty years old and of prolapse of the anulus fibrosus
      in the few patients who are more than sixty years old who have herniation of an
      intervertebral disc.

PMID- 2303510
TI  - Use of the Pavlik harness in congenital dislocation of the hip. An analysis of
      failures of treatment.
AB  - In twenty-five patients, the Pavlik harness failed to obtain or maintain
      reduction in thirty of thirty-five congenital dislocations of the hip. All of the
      patients had met the clinical criteria for use of the harness in our institution:
      they were less than seven months old, the femoral head pointed to the triradiate
      cartilage on anteroposterior radiographs that were made with the child wearing
      the harness, and they had no evidence of neuromuscular disease or teratological
      dislocation. These patients were compared with seventy-one patients (eighty-one
      dislocations) who had also been treated with the Pavlik harness and in whom a
      stable reduction was obtained and maintained. Statistically significant risk
      factors for failure of the harness included an absent Ortolani sign at the
      initial evaluation, bilateral dislocation, and an age of more than seven weeks
      before treatment with the harness was begun. All thirty hips in which the harness
      failed to obtain or maintain reduction had a subsequent attempt at closed
      reduction after preliminary Bryant traction. Fifteen of these hips were
      successfully reduced closed, but two later redislocated and needed an open
      reduction. The remaining fifteen hips needed an open reduction, and two
      redislocated and needed a second open reduction.

PMID- 2303509
TI  - Elective discectomy for herniation of a lumbar disc. Additional experience with
      an objective method.
AB  - An objective evaluation for the assessment of patients who have persistent low
      back pain and sciatica was tested in eighty-four patients who were operated on by
      one of us (D.M.S.). In this scoring system, there are four major categories for
      preoperative assessment: neurological signs, sciatic-tension signs, psychological
      factors, and imaging studies. When the preoperative scores of the eighty-four
      patients were correlated with the findings at operation, the three patients who
      had the lowest scores were the only ones in whom the operative findings were
      negative. As shown by statistical analysis, the score for imaging studies
      correlated best with the operative findings. In contrast, in the sixty-one
      patients who were followed sufficiently to determine the clinical outcome, the
      psychological score was the best predictor of the outcome of treatment. On the
      basis of these studies, we concluded that the use of this objective scoring
      system reduced the incidence of negative findings at exploration of the disc and
      improved the clinical result after elective discectomy. The higher the score was
      preoperatively, the more likely the patient was to have a good result after
      discectomy.

PMID- 2303511
TI  - Bone-grafting in total hip arthroplasty for protrusio acetabuli. A follow-up
      note.
AB  - The results of total hip arthroplasty with the use of medial and superior bone
      graft augmentation in thirty-nine hips (thirty-two patients) that had protrusio
      acetabuli were previously reported after two to eight years (mean, 4.7 years) of
      follow-up. We followed the surviving patients for 10.9 to 17.4 years (mean, 12.8
      years). The average Harris hip-rating was 72 points--an average drop of 17 points
      since the previous report. The average was 64 points for patients who had
      rheumatoid arthritis and 83 points for those who had another diagnosis.
      Radiographic evaluation demonstrated definite, probable, and possible loosening
      in about 20, 10, and 60 per cent of the hips, respectively. Of the six hips that
      had definite loosening, four (10 per cent of the total series) had progression of
      the protrusion (acetabular migration); operative revision was performed on two of
      those four hips and on two other hips, in which progression had ceased. Hips that
      had progressive protrusion demonstrated superior migration more often than medial
      migration. The rates of loosening and revision were similar to those in hips that
      did not have protrusio acetabuli. We concluded that augmentation of total hip
      arthroplasty with bone-grafting is effective in arresting the progression of
      protrusio acetabuli in most hips (90 per cent in our series).

PMID- 2303512
TI  - Testing for isometry during reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.
      Anatomical and biomechanical considerations.
AB  - Instrumented tibiofemoral (bone-to-bone) excursion wires were implanted in the
      mid-substance of the anteromedial, central, and posterior fiber-regions of the
      anterior cruciate ligament through limited anterior and posterior arthrotomies in
      eight fresh knees from cadavera. The change in the distance of linear separation
      between each pair of osseous fiber-insertion sites was measured and was plotted
      against the angle of flexion of the knee as the knee was cycled through a 120
      degree range of motion. Testing conditions likely to be present during
      intraoperative testing for isometry were used (anterior cruciate fibers
      transected, quadriceps relaxed, femur stabilized with the patient in the supine
      position and the leg freely dependent, and motion of the knee induced in neutral
      rotation by force applied at the level of the foot). In no instance did the
      insertion-site centers of any fiber-region exhibit isometric behavior (change in
      the distance of linear separation of 1.0 millimeter or less). The least
      deviations from isometry (range, 1.4 to 3.1 millimeters) were observed for the
      anteromedial sites, under conditions when the gravitational dependency of the
      lower leg was constrained. When the leg hung in a dependent manner during passive
      motion, the deviation from isometry of the anteromedial sites of insertion
      increased significantly (range, 2.8 to 5.6 millimeters). The central sites of
      insertion were generally less isometric than the anteromedial sites, and the
      posterior sites were the least isometric, regardless of testing conditions.

PMID- 2303513
TI  - Recurvatum deformity complicating performance of total knee arthroplasty. A brief
      note.
AB  - Recurvatum may be the rarest deformity complicating the performance of total knee
      arthroplasty. The cases of four patients--two who had a primary total knee
      arthroplasty and two, a revision--are described, as well as the measures that are
      needed to correct the malalignment while avoiding the use of a highly constrained
      prosthesis. The principal measure that is necessary is the positioning of one of
      the attachments of one or both collateral ligaments on the femur in order to
      recreate the normal tightening action as full extension of the knee is achieved.

PMID- 2303514
TI  - Two-stage reimplantation for the salvage of total knee arthroplasty complicated
      by infection. Further follow-up and refinement of indications.
AB  - Thirty-eight total knee replacements (in thirty-five patients) that were
      complicated by infection were treated with a two-stage protocol for
      reimplantation. The clinical results in these knees (nine of which have been
      previously reported on) were evaluated at an average follow-up of four years
      (range, 2.5 to ten years). There was only one documented recurrence of infection
      with the original organism. Three patients in whom the immunological system was
      suppressed had a subsequent hematogenous infection with a different organism.
      According to the knee-rating system of The Hospital for Special Surgery, there
      were eleven excellent, thirteen good, six fair, and seven poor results. For one
      patient who had severe polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis, the result could not
      be rated. The results of this study suggested that the two-stage protocol for
      reimplantation, with a six-week interval of intravenous antibiotic therapy, is
      the procedure of choice for the treatment of an infection around a total knee
      arthroplasty. A patient who has polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis and in whom
      the immunological system is suppressed may not be an ideal candidate for the
      protocol. Gram-negative bacterial infection may be treated with this protocol,
      provided the organism is sensitive to relatively non-toxic antibiotic medication.

PMID- 2303516
TI  - Juxta-articular bone cysts at the insertion of the pes anserinus. Report of two
      cases.

PMID- 2303515
TI  - Vibrio vulnificus infections in the hand. Report of three patients.

PMID- 2303517
TI  - Infantile fibrosarcoma. Report of a case with long-term follow-up.

PMID- 2303518
TI  - Pathological anatomy of claw and hammer toes.

PMID- 2303519
TI  - Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Association with vertebra plana.

PMID- 2303520
TI  - Rupture of the peroneus longus tendon. Report of three cases.

PMID- 2303522
TI  - Operative treatment of congenital idiopathic club foot.

PMID- 2303521
TI  - Treatment of castration-induced osteoporosis by a capacitively coupled electric
      signal in rat vertebrae.

PMID- 2303523
TI  - Comparison of short and long thumb-spica casts for non-displaced fractures of the
      carpal scaphoid.

PMID- 2303525
TI  - Heat-induced cytotoxicity in H2O2-resistant Chinese hamster fibroblasts.
AB  - Hydrogen-peroxide-resistant Chinese hamster fibroblasts, derived from the HA-1
      cell line, were isolated following continuous culturing in the presence of
      progressively increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen
      peroxide-resistant phenotype has been stable for over 360 days following removal
      from H2O2 stress. These H2O2-resistant cell lines demonstrate increased
      resistance to hyperthermic cell killing mediated by continuous heating at 43
      degrees C but not 45 degrees C. The relationship between mammalian cellular
      adaptation to oxidative stress mediated by H2O2 and resistance to 43 degrees C
      hyperthermia is discussed.

PMID- 2303524
TI  - Morphology of the differentiation and maturation of LLC-PK1 epithelia.
AB  - In the present study, a stereologic approach was utilized to quantitatively
      assess morphological changes during the differentiation of LLC-PK1 cells into an
      epithelial membrane. This renal epithelial cell line has been described to
      undergo morphological changes during differentiation and maturation from
      subconfluent culture to a confluent epithelial layer. An increase in the number
      of apical microvilli, interpreted as an areal increase in this membrane domain
      was reported. This morphological differentiation was found to be accompanied by
      an increase in the expression of apical Na(+)-dependent hexose transport and the
      activities of certain brush border enzymes. Since no data are available that
      quantify the morphologic changes during LLC-PK1 differentiation, a quantitative
      morphologic-stereologic-investigation was performed for an early (6 days) and a
      late (12 days) state of confluence of LLC-PK1 monolayer cultures. The following
      morphological parameters were determined by light and electron microscopic
      morphometry: volume fractions (Vv) of nuclei, mitochondria, and lysosomes, and
      surface densities (Sv) of the apical and basolateral cell membrane domains. For
      the apical membrane surface, the microvillous fraction has been measured
      separately. Since the stereologic approach used in the present study allows the
      determination of absolute cell volumes, the absolute measures of organelle
      volumes (V) and membrane surfaces (S) per average cell can be calculated from
      volume and surface densities. Although no changes in cell density were found for
      6 and 12 day old LLC-PK1 monolayers, indicating ceased cell proliferation due to
      contact inhibition, remarkable changes were found concerning the absolute cell
      volume and apical membrane surface. The observed increase in the apical cell
      surface was exclusively due to the enlarged microvillous surface fraction. This
      finding is in good agreement with the increased number of Na(+)-dependent hexose
      transporters as well as with the increased expression of apical membrane marker
      enzymes observed during the differentiation of LLC-PK1 monolayers.

PMID- 2303526
TI  - Alterations in electrophoretic mobility, diaphorase activity, and terminal
      differentiation induced in murine erythroleukemia lines by differentiating
      agents.
AB  - The electrophoretic mobilities (EPMs) and semiquinone reductase activities of two
      clones of Friend murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells were investigated as a
      function of treatment with the inducing agents dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and
      hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). As reported previously by others, the
      inducible clone DS19 lost its ability to grow in soft agar and expressed
      hemoglobin as judged by benzidine/H2O2 staining after 96 hours of treatment with
      1% DMSO or 4 mM HMBA. In addition, its EPM fell by 14%, its semiquinone reductase
      activity by 40%, and its mean diameter by 10%. The second clone, R1, retained its
      ability to grow in soft agar and lacked hemoglobin expression after treatment
      with HMBA and DMSO, characterizing it as noninducible. However, R1 did
      demonstrate alterations in EPM, semiquinone reductase activity, and cell diameter
      that closely paralleled those found in DS19. Such responses were not seen in
      three non-MEL cell lines exposed to HMBA or DMSO, suggesting that clone R1
      responded to these inducing agents in a cell-line specific manner but that its
      ability to complete the sequences necessary for differentiation may be blocked at
      an unknown point distal to the block characteristic of untreated cells. The data
      show that while a reduction in EPM, semiquinone reductase activity, and cell
      diameter accompany induced differentiation in MEL cells, such changes can occur
      in the absence of a commitment to terminal differentiation.

PMID- 2303527
TI  - New mouse somatic cell mutants resistant to cadmium affected in the expression of
      their metallothionein genes.
AB  - Fluctuation tests a la Luria and Delbruck were performed with mouse LMTK cells,
      and the results indicate that the appearance of variants resistant to cadmium is
      due to random spontaneous mutations and not to epigenetic events. The rate of
      spontaneous mutations leading to cadmium resistance was calculated to be 0.92 x
      10(-6) per cell per generation. This rate increased 14-fold on treatment with
      ethyl methane sulfonate. Several stable mutant cell lines resistant to cadmium
      were selected and characterized with respect to metallothionein (MT) induction.
      Based on the copy number of mt+ genes and the levels of MT proteins and mRNA, the
      mutants could be divided into two classes, A and B. Although group A mutants have
      the same number of mt1+ and mt2+ genes as wild-type cells, upon induction with
      cadmium, the amount of MT proteins and mRNA in the mutants are greatly increased
      over wild-type levels. This observation strongly suggests a mutation that
      regulates MT gene transcription in these cells. In group B mutants, the mt+ genes
      are amplified about three- to fourfold, and their MT protein and mRNA basal
      levels are, as expected, much higher than in the wild-type cells, under uninduced
      and induced conditions.

PMID- 2303528
TI  - Comparison of the ability of basic and acidic fibroblast growth factor to
      stimulate the proliferation of an established keratinocyte cell line: modulation
      of their biological effects by heparin, transforming growth factor beta (TGF
      beta), and epidermal growth factor (EGF).
AB  - The bioactivity of both bFGF and aFGF in the BALB/MK-1 cell line has been
      compared to that of EGF. Our results indicate that, for that cell type, aFGF was
      far more potent than bFGF in inducing cell proliferation. In the presence of
      heparin, aFGF was as potent as EGF. In addition, excess bFGF has an inhibitory
      effect on the proliferation of MK cells exposed to a saturating concentration of
      aFGF, therefore acting as a partial agonist of aFGF. Surprisingly, bFGF, although
      it had low biological activity, was capable of synergizing the effect of EGF. In
      its presence, cultures exposed to saturating concentration of EGF have a final
      cell density 3- to 4-fold higher than that of counterpart cultures exposed to EGF
      alone. TGF beta, which in previous studies has been shown to inhibit the growth
      of keratinocytes, also inhibited the growth of BALB/MK-1 cells in response to
      either bFGF or aFGF. These studies suggest a role for FGF in regulating BALB/MK
      proliferation. aFGF provides positive growth signals which can be negatively
      modulated by excess bFGF or TGF beta, while bFGF, although a poor mitogen, could
      act by potentiating the effect of subsaturating concentrations of EGF.

PMID- 2303529
TI  - Ultraviolet stimulated melanogenesis by human melanocytes is augmented by di-acyl
      glycerol but not TPA.
AB  - Epidermal melanocytes (MC) synthesize melanin in response to ultraviolet
      radiation (UVR). The mechanisms mediating the UV-induced activation of
      melanogenesis are unknown but since UVR induces turnover of membrane
      phospholipids generating prostaglandins (PGs) and other products, it is possible
      that one of these might provide the activating signal. We have examined the
      effects of prostaglandins (PGs) E1, E2, D2, F2 alpha, and di-acyl glycerol upon
      the UV-induced responses of cultured human MC and the Cloudman S91 melanoma cell
      line. The PGs had little effect on unirradiated cells and did not alter the
      response to UVR in either human MC or S91 melanoma cells. However, a synthetic
      analogue of di-acyl glycerol, 1-oleyl 2-acetyl glycerol (OAG), caused a
      significant (P less than 0.0001), dose-related augmentation of melanin content
      both in human MC (seven-fold) and S91 cells (three-fold). UVR caused a
      significant augmentation of the OAG-induced melanogenesis of both human MC and
      S91 cells. Since OAG is known to activate protein kinase C, it was possible that
      the observed modulation of the UVR signal could be via that pathway. Di-octanoyl
      glycerol, another di-acyl glycerol, which activates kinase C, caused a small
      (70%) increase in melanogenesis in MC which was not altered by UVR. However, 12-0
      tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a potent activator of protein kinase C,
      had no significant effect on either basal or UV-induced melanin synthesis in
      either cell type. These data suggest that the UV-induced signal activating
      melanogenesis could be mediated by di-acyl glycerol. Furthermore, they imply that
      the signal is transduced via an alternative, pathway that might be independent of
      protein kinase C.

PMID- 2303530
TI  - Effects of reduced cell volume and water content on glycolysis in L-929 cells.
AB  - Mouse L-929 cells were subjected to increasing concentrations of sorbitol, which
      remove cell water and reduce volume osmotically. The rate of lactate production
      from glucose was significantly higher in osmotically perturbed cells than in
      controls, both in monolayers and in suspensions. L cells can apparently use
      sorbitol as a glycolytic substrate; however, studies using other solutes
      (trehalose and sucrose) and permeabilized cells showed that the major effect of
      sorbitol on glycolysis in intact cells is mediated through a reduction in cell
      water content and volume. It is possible to explain some of these results by an
      increase in the chemical potentials of dissolved components of the glycolytic
      pathway caused by water loss; however, the relationship between water loss and
      glycolytic rate increase in not a simple linear one, suggesting that the
      situation is more complex than would result merely from increased concentrations
      of pathway components. Whatever the complete explanation might be, these studies
      show that glycolysis continues in an orderly fashion in cells that have lost
      about 85% of their original water content, suggesting that the operation of this
      pathway is not unduly sensitive to events taking place in the bulk aqueous phase.

PMID- 2303531
TI  - A novel succinyl dipeptide stimulates directed cell migration by modulating
      protein kinase C activity.
AB  - In determining the mechanism of the chemokinetic action of the thiol protease
      inhibitor, E-64, in endothelial cell monolayers subjected to wounding, we
      synthesized succinyl-leucyl-agmatine (SLA), an analogue of E-64 that lacked the
      epoxy group and protease inhibitory effect. We observed that this analogue
      retained its chemokinetic effect on wounded endothelial cells. Its stimulatory
      action on endothelial cell polarization response to wounding was rapid and
      associated with directed cell migration. Furthermore, its effect on cellular
      polarization was blocked by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and mimicked by
      pharmacologic agents that stimulated PKC activity. To determine if SLA's
      chemokinetic action was mediated by protein kinase C activation, we compared the
      effects of SLA and the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) on the
      translocation of PKC activity in endothelial cells. We observed that both SLA and
      PMA induced the translocation of PKC activity from the cytosolic to the
      particulate fraction of the cells. We also observed that both SLA and PMA induced
      the phosphorylation of two proteins (Mr 23.4 and 36.5 kDa) in intact 32P-labeled
      cells. Thus, SLA stimulates the endothelial cell locomotor response to wounding
      by stimulating PKC activity.

PMID- 2303532
TI  - Model for drug uptake by brain tumors: effects of osmotic treatment and of
      diffusion in brain.
AB  - A mathematical model describing drug uptake into brain tumors, directly from
      blood and indirectly from neighboring tissue, is presented. The model
      quantitatively describes uptake into tumor, brain surrounding tumor (BST), and
      normal brain and uptake following reversible osmotic blood-brain barrier (BBB)
      and blood-tumor barrier disruption. It employs published data on the time course
      for reclosure of the BBB following osmotic treatment and on the brain and tumor
      uptake of [14C]alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by Walker 256 carcinomas and C6 gliomas
      implanted into the rat brain. Constant infusion and bolus injection infusion
      schedules are considered. In untreated brain, the BST acts as a sink, reducing
      the integrated exposure of the adjacent tumor to the drug, whereas following
      osmotic treatment, tumor exposure to drug is enhanced, not only by increased
      delivery from blood but also by diffusion (and bulk flow) from neighboring brain.
      The model provides a quantitative framework for examining the efficacy of osmotic
      treatment to enhance chemotherapy of brain tumors.

PMID- 2303533
TI  - Measurement of free intracellular and transfer RNA amino acid specific activity
      and protein synthesis in rat brain in vivo.
AB  - Brain protein synthesis was measured in anesthetized adult, male Sprague-Dawley
      rats by an in situ internal carotid arterial perfusion technique using
      [3H]leucine. The specific activity of free intracellular leucine and of tRNA
      leucine were determined by HPLC separation of phenylisothiocyanate (PITC)
      derivatives of amino acids. The specific activity of the leucyl-tRNA pool rapidly
      equilibrated with the free intracellular leucine pool within 2 min. The specific
      activity of the tRNA and free leucine pools in brain reached equilibrium by 10
      min. Plasma amino acid specific activity, however, remained threefold higher than
      the specific activity of tRNA and free leucine pools. Estimates of protein
      synthesis were 0.62 +/- 0.06 nmol/min/g and were constant between 10 and 30 min
      of perfusion. The in situ perfusion model for protein synthesis described is a
      controlled system suited to measurements of protein synthesis in brain that can
      be applied to the study of brain metabolism under changing physiological
      conditions.

PMID- 2303534
TI  - Michaelis-Menten constraints improved cerebral glucose metabolism and regional
      lumped constant measurements with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose.
AB  - In the three-compartment model of transfer of native glucose and
      [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) into brain, both transport across the blood-brain
      barrier and phosphorylation by hexokinase can be described by the Michaelis
      Menten equation. This permits the use of fixed transport (tau = K*1/K1) and
      phosphorylation (psi = k*3/k3) ratios and a common partition volume (Ve = K1/k2)
      for tracer and glucose. By substituting transfer constants of FDG for those of
      glucose, using tau and psi, the lumped constant was determined directly by
      positron tomography. The same constraints also eliminated k*2 and k*3 from the
      model, thus limiting the parameters to K* [equivalent to K*1k*3/(k*2 + k*3)],
      K*1, and the cerebral vascular volume (Vo). In six healthy elderly men (aged 61
      +/- 5 years), time-activity records of cerebral cortical regions were analyzed
      with tau = 1.1 and psi = 0.3. The results were compared with those of the
      conventional FDG method. At 20 min, the goodness of fit by the new equation was
      as good as that of the conventional method at 45 min. The estimates obtained by
      the constrained method had stable coefficients of variation. After 20 min,
      regional differences between the estimates were independent of time, although we
      observed steady decreases of K* and (k*3). The decrease strongly suggested
      dephosphorylation of FDG-6-phosphate, particularly after 20 min. All estimates of
      variables with the constrained method were more accurate than those of the
      conventional method, including the cerebral glucose metabolic rate itself, as
      well as physiologically more meaningful, particularly with respect to k*2 and
      k*3.

PMID- 2303535
TI  - Deoxyglucose lumped constant estimated in a transplanted rat astrocytic glioma by
      the hexose utilization index.
AB  - The lumped constant (LC) for calculating the regional glucose (glc) metabolic
      rate by the deoxyglucose (DG) method was estimated in a transplanted rat glioma
      and normal rat brain. First, the hexose utilization index (HUI) was measured at
      1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 min in right hemisphere glioma implants and uninvolved
      contralateral hemisphere following bolus intravenous injections of [3H]DG and
      [14C]glucose. At these times, the glioma HUI values were 0.639, 0.732, and 0.712,
      respectively, and the coordinate left hemisphere values were 0.432, 0.449, and
      0.418. Second, the volumes of distribution of DG and glucose were determined to
      be 0.436 and 0.235 in glioma implants and 0.402 and 0.237 in left hemisphere,
      respectively. Third, following simultaneous intracarotid injections of [3H]DG and
      [14C]glucose, the ratio K1/K1 was 1.1 in glioma grafts and 1.3 in left
      hemisphere. With these values for HUI, volume of distribution, and K1 ratio, the
      LC in this rat glioma was estimated to be 2.1 times higher than the left
      hemisphere LC (p less than 0.02). These results suggest that measurement of brain
      tumor CMRglc using a normal brain LC may significantly overestimate the true
      tumor CMRglc.

PMID- 2303536
TI  - Brain damage in a new hemorrhagic shock model in the rat using long-term
      recovery.
AB  - A new shock model in the rat using hemorrhagic hypotension for production of
      brain damage is described. Hemorrhagic shock was induced by lowering arterial
      blood pressure with bleeding. The MABP was maintained at approximately 25 mm Hg,
      accompanied by isoelectric EEG, and then shed blood was retransfused. At 1 week
      of recovery, morphological and 45Ca autoradiographic changes were examined. No
      brain damage was observed in rats after 1 min of isoelectric EEG. Mild neuronal
      damage in the hippocampal CA1 subfield was seen in some animals after 2 min of
      isoelectric EEG. Severe and consistent neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1
      subfield was recognized after 3 min of isoelectric EEG. Additional damage was
      also seen in the dentate hilus and the thalamus in some animals. This model can
      be used to study the pathophysiology of postshock brain damage and to assess new
      therapies following shock.

PMID- 2303537
TI  - Decrease in perfusion of cerebral capillaries during incomplete ischemia and
      reperfusion.
AB  - The effect of unilateral, incomplete cerebral ischemia on CBF, unidirectional
      flux of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and sodium, and number of perfused
      capillaries during ischemia and reperfusion was measured in the cortex of gerbils
      with symptomatic ischemia. Three hours of unilateral carotid occlusion reduced
      the CBF to the ipsilateral cortex by 81%, with a smaller 30% decrease in the
      contralateral cortex. Following 11 min of reperfusion, CBF in the ipsilateral
      cortex returned to the preischemic value, while the contralateral blood flow
      decreased to 50% of control. The transfer constants for AIB and sodium in the
      ipsilateral cortex were reduced by 67 and 53%, respectively, after 3 h of
      ischemia, with no change in the contralateral cortex. The transfer constant for
      AIB remained decreased by 48% during the first 20 min of reperfusion, while that
      for sodium returned to its control value. The number of perfused capillaries was
      reduced 54% by 3 h of ischemia and remained decreased by 20% after 11 min of
      reperfusion. These data indicate that 3 h of unilateral carotid occlusion reduces
      the number of perfused capillaries in the ipsilateral cortex during the ischemic
      period. Further, the early reperfusion phase is characterized by a mismatch
      between capillary perfusion and CBF. Finally, early in the postischemic phase,
      sodium transport undergoes a selective stimulation, probably as a result of
      stimulation of ion transport.

PMID- 2303538
TI  - Characterization of cerebral energetics and brain pH by 31P spectroscopy after
      graded canine cardiac arrest and bypass reperfusion.
AB  - Recovery of cerebral energy metabolism is used to indicate CNS viability after
      ischemia. This study utilized 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
      to measure cerebral energy state and intracellular pH in dogs subjected to 8, 12,
      or 16 min of cardiac arrest and reperfusion using cardiopulmonary bypass. Spectra
      were obtained throughout ischemia and initial reperfusion and repeated at 30 and
      144 h post ischemia. Neurologic deficit scoring was performed at 12 and 24 h post
      insult and then daily. High-energy phosphates were depleted by the end of all
      ischemic intervals. Recovery occurred within 60 min of reperfusion and persisted
      with no differences in the rate of return between groups (p greater than 0.05).
      Brain pH (pHb) decreased by the end of ischemia in all groups (p less than
      0.0001). Neither the pHb nadir nor its recovery differed between groups (p
      greater than 0.05). Although longterm neurologic outcome differed between groups,
      the spectra were similar. Assessment of cerebral energy state using 31P NMR
      spectroscopy does not appear to be a sensitive indicator of neurologic outcome
      after global ischemia in dogs. Return of high-energy phosphates may be a
      necessary but not sufficient condition for cerebral recovery after ischemia. The
      return of high-energy phosphates after a 16-min cardiac arrest, however,
      indicates a potential for neurological recovery.

PMID- 2303539
TI  - Carbohydrate and energy metabolism during the evolution of hypoxic-ischemic brain
      damage in the immature rat.
AB  - The brain damage that evolves from perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia may
      involve lingering disturbances in metabolic activity that proceed into the
      recovery period. To clarify this issue, we determined the carbohydrate and energy
      status of cerebral tissue using enzymatic, fluorometric techniques in an
      experimental model of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Seven-day
      postnatal rats were subjected to unilateral common carotid artery ligation
      followed by 3 h of hypoxia with 8% oxygen at 37 degrees C. This insult is known
      to produce tissue injury (selective neuronal necrosis or infarction)
      predominantly in the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to the carotid artery
      occlusion in 92% of the animals. Rat pups were quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen at
      0, 1, 4, 12, 24, or 72 h of recovery; littermate controls underwent neither
      ligation nor hypoxia. Glucose in both cerebral hemispheres was nearly completely
      exhausted during hypoxia-ischemia, with concurrent increases in lactate to 10
      mmol/kg. During recovery, glucose promptly increased above control values,
      suggesting an inhibition of glycolytic flux, as documented in the ipsilateral
      cerebral hemisphere by measurement of glucose utilization (CMRglc) at 24 h.
      Tissue lactate declined rapidly during recovery but remained slightly elevated in
      the ipsilateral hemisphere for 12 h. Phosphocreatine (P approximately Cr) and ATP
      in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere were 14 and 26% of control (p less than
      0.001) at the end of hypoxia-ischemia; total adenine nucleotides (ATP + ADP +
      AMP) also were partially depleted (-46%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303540
TI  - Ornithine decarboxylase activity and putrescine levels in reversible cerebral
      ischemia of Mongolian gerbils: effect of barbiturate.
AB  - Reversible cerebral ischemia was produced in anesthetized Mongolian gerbils by
      occluding both common carotid arteries. After 5 min of ischemia, brains were
      recirculated for 8 or 24 h. Treated animals received a single intraperitoneal
      injection of pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) immediately after the aneurysm clips were
      removed. At the end of the experiments, animals were reanesthetized and their
      brains frozen in situ. Tissue samples were taken from the cerebral cortex,
      lateral striatum, CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum for
      measuring ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and putrescine levels. In
      addition, 20-microns-thick coronal tissue sections were taken from the level of
      the striatum and stained with hematoxylin/eosin for evaluating the extent of
      ischemic neuronal necrosis in the lateral striatum. In control animals ODC
      activity and putrescine levels amounted, respectively, to 0.32 +/- 0.03 nmol/g/h
      and 10.2 +/- 0.5 nmol/g in the cerebral cortex; 0.34 +/- 0.02 nmol/g/h and 12.8
      +/- 0.5 nmol/g in the lateral striatum; 0.58 +/- 0.05 nmol/g/h and 10.5 +/- 0.7
      nmol/g in the hippocampal CA1 subfield; 0.35 +/- 0.01 nmol/g/h and 9.8 +/- 0.4
      nmol/g in the thalamus; and 0.25 +/- 0.01 nmol/g/h and 8.3 +/- 0.6 nmol/g in the
      cerebellum. After 5 min cerebral ischemia and 8 h recirculation, a significant 7-
      to 16-fold increase in ODC activity was observed in all forebrain structures
      studied. Following 24 h recirculation, ODC activity normalized in the cortex,
      striatum, and thalamus but was still significantly above control values in the
      hippocampal CA1 subfield.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303541
TI  - Postischemic glucose metabolism is modified in the hippocampal CA1 region
      depleted of excitatory input or pyramidal cells.
AB  - During early postischemic reperfusion, the vulnerable brain regions (e.g.,
      hippocampal CA1) show a relatively high deoxyglucose accumulation. To investigate
      if this accumulation is a marker for the later-occurring regional cell death and
      to determine its cellular localization, we studied the glucose metabolism in the
      CA1 region post ischemia after removal of its pre- or postsynaptic components. A
      20-min period of cerebral ischemia was used for selective removal of the main
      postsynaptic component in CA1 pyramidal cells, and a bilateral intraventricular
      injection of kainic acid for removal of the majority of presynaptic axon
      terminals in this region (and postsynaptic terminals and cell bodies in CA3). The
      glucose metabolism was studied in these two lesion types and in sham-operated
      animals before and after a period of ischemia. There was a 60% reduction of
      metabolism after ischemia in the nonvulnerable regions, whereas CA1 and sometimes
      CA3 showed a columnar pattern of high and low metabolism. CA1 and CA3 devoid of
      the postsynaptic component showed increased postischemic metabolism. The latter
      was due to the presence of macrophages, as demonstrated by an enzyme
      histochemical stain for nonspecific esterase. CA1 with no presynaptic component
      showed a postischemic depression of the glucose metabolism similar to the rest of
      the brain. It is suggested that the level of the postischemic glucose metabolism
      in the ischemia-vulnerable regions is determined by the presence of both synaptic
      components. The presence of macrophages in a region gives rise to apparently
      normal values of glucose metabolism.

PMID- 2303542
TI  - Extracellular pH in the rat brain during hypoglycemic coma and recovery.
AB  - It has previously been shown that hypoglycemic coma is accompanied by marked
      energy failure and by loss of cellular ionic homeostasis. The general proposal is
      that shortage of carbohydrate substrate prevents lactic acid formation and
      thereby acidosis during hypoglycemic coma. The objective of the present study was
      to explore whether rapid downhill ion fluxes, known to occur during coma, are
      accompanied by changes in extra- and/or intracellular pH (pHe and/or pHi), and
      how these relate to the de- and repolarization of cellular membranes. Cortical
      pHe was recorded by microelectrodes in insulin-injected rats subjected to 30 min
      of hypoglycemic coma, with cellular membrane depolarization. Some rats were
      allowed up to 180 min of recovery after glucose infusion and membrane
      repolarization. Arterial blood gases and physiological parameters were monitored
      to maintain normotension, normoxia, normocapnia, and normal plasma pH. Following
      depolarization during hypoglycemia, a prompt, rapidly reversible alkaline pHe
      shift of about 0.1 units was observed in 37/43 rats. Immediately thereafter, all
      rats showed an acid pH shift of about 0.2 units. This shift developed during the
      first minute, and pHe remained at that level until repolarization was induced.
      Following repolarization, there was an additional, rapid, further lowering of pHe
      by about 0.05 units, followed by a more prolonged decrease in pHe that was
      maximal at 90 min of recovery (delta pHe of approximately -0.4 units). The pHe
      then slowly normalized but was still decreased (-0.18 pH units) after 180 min
      when the experiment was terminated. The calculated pHi showed no major
      alterations during hypoglycemic coma or after membrane repolarization following
      glucose administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303544
TI  - Proceedings of the eighteenth annual International Neuropsychological Society
      meeting. February 14-17, 1990, Kissimmee, Florida.

PMID- 2303543
TI  - Stability of brain intracellular lactate and 31P-metabolite levels at reduced
      intracellular pH during prolonged hypercapnia in rats.
AB  - The tolerance of low intracellular pH (pHi) was examined in vivo in rats by
      imposing severe, prolonged respiratory acidosis. Rats were intubated and
      ventilated for 10 min with 20% CO2, for 75 min with 50% CO2, and for 10 min with
      20% CO2. The maximum PaCO2 was 320 mm Hg. Cerebral intracellular lactate, pHi,
      and high-energy phosphate metabolites were monitored in vivo with 31P and 1H
      nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, using a 4.7-T horizontal
      instrument. Within 6 min after the administration of 50% CO2, pHi fell by 0.57 +/
      0.03 unit, phosphocreatine decreased by approximately 20%, and Pi increased by
      approximately 100%. These values were stable throughout the remainder of the
      hypercapnic period. Cerebral intracellular lactate, visible with 1H NMR
      spectroscopy in the hyperoxic state, decreased during hypercapnia, suggesting
      either a favorable change in oxygen availability (decreased lactate production)
      or an increase in lactate clearance or both. All hypercapnic animals awakened and
      behaved normally after CO2 was discontinued. Histological examination of cortical
      and hippocampal areas, prepared using a hematoxylin and eosin stain, showed no
      areas of necrosis and no glial infiltrates. However, isolated, scattered, dark
      staining, shrunken neurons were detected both in control animals (no exposure to
      hypercapnia) and in animals that had been hypercapnic. This subtle histological
      change could represent an artifact resulting from imperfect perfusion-fixation,
      or it could represent subtle neurologic injury during the hypercapnia protocol.
      In summary, extreme hypercapnia and low pHi (approximately 6.5) are well
      tolerated in rats for periods up to 75 min if adequate oxygenation is
      maintained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303545
TI  - Review of sleep disorders.

PMID- 2303546
TI  - Brain stimulation revisited.
AB  - The results of the following selected studies using magnetic coil (MC)
      stimulation are presented: (1) evidence for focality of MC stimulation, (2) MC
      stimulation of frontal areas related to speech, (3) transcallosal responses
      evoked by MC stimulation, and (4) suppression of visual perception with MC
      stimulation over occipital cortex. The authors served as subjects, and in most
      studies a standard Cadwell stimulator and round MC were used. Using a more
      vertical, rather than tangential, MC orientation and threshold stimulation,
      nearly isolated movements of individual digits were elicited implying focal
      cortical excitation. MC stimulation of frontal areas of either hemisphere
      elicited electromyography in contralateral laryngeal muscles. The shortest
      latency responses that were often accompanied by arm movement were thought to be
      elicited from intermediate areas of precentral gyrus and longer latency
      responses, from near Broca's area, extreme lateral precentral gyrus, and the
      supplementary motor area. MC stimulation over the occipital cortex resulted in
      suppression of visual perception of letters briefly flashed on a screen. The
      topography of suppression implicated the geniculocalcarine system as the site of
      MC effect. Focal MC stimulation of posterior frontal cerebral cortex elicited a
      transcallosal response from contralateral homologous cortex with a latency
      similar to that obtained with focal anodic stimulation but with considerably less
      excitation of cranial muscles.

PMID- 2303547
TI  - Primary unilateral cleft lip repair without primary rhinoplasty. A preliminary
      report.
AB  - A primary unilateral functional lip-plasty has been developed to improve the
      appearance of the asymmetrical nasal deformity and that of the lip scar in the
      cleft lip. A triangle is dissected from the lesser segment with the base located
      at the nasal alar base. The latter is rotated superior-horizontally and
      positioned at a semicurved release incision which is inferior to the columella.
      This C-junction of the nostril sill allows an alignment of the nasal structure
      without a primary rhinoplasty.

PMID- 2303548
TI  - Surgical correction of temporomandibular joint ankylosis.
AB  - The correction of temporomandibular joint ankylosis is frequently followed by re
      ankylosis, occlusal disturbance and alteration of functional masticatory
      movements. A multitude of surgical procedures have been devised in an attempt to
      overcome the complication of re-ankylosis in particular, and to create a
      functioning pseudoarthrosis where distance between resected bone surfaces and/or
      interpositional autogenous, homologous or alloplastic material is relied upon to
      prevent re-ankylosis and facilitate functional joint activity. Success in
      preventing re-ankylosis is said also to depend on long-term patient compliance in
      undertaking frequent and usually painful mandibular movement exercises. Achieving
      a functioning joint often precludes the maintenance of the occlusion and depends
      on resection of large amounts of bone and the use of alloplastic implants. A
      surgical technique is presented whereby a minimal gap arthroplasty in the region
      of the obliterated temporomandibular joint is completed. This minimizes deviation
      of the mandible to the operated side with the formation of an anterior open bite.
      Separation of the resected bone surfaces is accomplished using a composite free
      auricular skin and cartilage graft in order to prevent re-ankylosis as
      efficaciously as possible, while allowing for the promotion of immediate
      postoperative mandibular function, continued growth and the construction of a
      joint similar in broad terms to the pre-existing joint. A two-stage correction of
      temporomandibular joint ankylosis and concomitant secondary maxillofacial
      deformity is recommended. The results in 13 patients (17 joints) with a follow-up
      range of 1.5 to 5.5 years show that in all but one instance (of fibrous re
      ankylosis following postoperative joint infection), satisfactory postoperative
      mandibular function and mouth opening was achieved.

PMID- 2303549
TI  - The radial forearm free flap in orofacial reconstruction. Personal experience in
      120 consecutive cases.
AB  - 120 cases of orofacial cancer underwent ablative surgery to cure their disease.
      The resultant defects were reconstructed using free radial fascio-cutaneous
      forearm flaps with microvascular anastomosis. The cases were consecutive and both
      ablation and reconstruction were performed by the same operator.

PMID- 2303550
TI  - Mandibular reconstruction using electrically stimulated periosteum.
AB  - Electrically stimulated periosteum (ESP) grafting to a 12-year-old female patient
      who had had a segmental mandibulectomy in the anterior region following a
      diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma was tried for the mandibular reconstruction. One
      year after the ESP transplantation, examination of the patient showed that fine,
      radio-opaque bone formation had occurred. The new technique consists of 1)
      electrical stimulation of the tibial periosteum with 20 microamperes for five
      weeks, and then 2) ESP transplantation into a titanium mesh tray placed in the
      mandibulectomized region. In the present report, these new procedures are
      detailed, and the process of calcification in the transplanted ESP is discussed.

PMID- 2303551
TI  - Early indicators of learning problems in high-risk children.
AB  - The study examined the association between transient neurologic abnormalities and
      later learning problems in children who experienced perinatal difficulties.
      Follow-up assessments at school age were made of children from a Perinatal Follow
      up Program who had birth weights less than 1500 g, or required assisted
      ventilation, or experienced seizures in the neonatal period. Eighteen children
      who had shown abnormalities on Amiel-Tison Neurologic Exam between 4 and 18
      months of age, but assessed as developing normally on neuromotor and cognitive
      assessments by 24-48 months, were identified as cases. These cases were compared
      with 29 controls who had been assessed as normally developing throughout. No
      significant group differences were found on school-age cognitive, language,
      visual-motor, school performance, or behavior measures. Significant correlations
      between perinatal and demographic variables and school-age measures were found. A
      sizable number of these high-risk children were shown to have signs of school
      related problems.

PMID- 2303552
TI  - Children's self-statements and adjustment to elective outpatient surgery.
AB  - Children's coping self-statements, levels of anxiety, degree of behavioral
      adjustment, as well as levels of maternal state anxiety and parenting style, and
      demographic variables were used to predict the reactions of 61 children to
      elective day surgery. Results indicated that elective day surgery was not
      psychologically traumatic for most children. However, the use of negative self
      statements and both low and high maternal anxiety were found to be related to
      increased anxiety of the children experiencing elective day surgery.

PMID- 2303553
TI  - Early language ability as a function of ventricular dilatation associated with
      intraventricular hemorrhage.
AB  - This study examined the impact of right and left lateral ventricle dilatation on
      early language function associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).
      Because language is controlled primarily by the left cerebral hemisphere, it was
      hypothesized that language ability would be related to extent of left side
      dilatation more than to right. The relations of the number of other common
      complications of prematurity and socioeconomic status to language also were
      explored, and their independent contributions to the variance in the outcome were
      determined. The receptive and expressive language abilities of 45 low birth
      weight preterms, 18 of whom suffered IVH, were evaluated at a mean age of 16
      months. Correlational analyses indicated that left, but not right, ventricle
      dilatation was inversely related to the expressive language measure. Partial
      correlations, holding the effects of medical complications and socioeconomic
      status constant, indicated that the impact of left ventricle dilatation was
      independent of these variables. Number of medical complications also had an
      independent relation to expressive language outcome that was equivalent to that
      of the left ventricle dilatation. Implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2303554
TI  - Attention deficit disorder and the mediating effect of age on academic and
      behavioral variables.
AB  - Seventy-nine children, independently diagnosed as having attention deficit
      disorder (ADD) with or without hyperactivity and ranging in age from 6 years, 0
      months, to 12 years, 11 months, were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale
      for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT), and the
      Child Behavior Checklist (CBC). Multiple regression analyses indicated a
      significant multiple correlation between age and achievement variables (R = 0.42,
      p = 0.003) and age and behavioral (CBC) variables (R = 0.55, p = 0.01). Post hoc
      analyses indicated that much of this variance was accounted for by a significant
      negative association between age and Full Scale IQ-WRAT Arithmetic difference
      scores, and significant positive correlations between age and scores on the
      Social Withdrawal and Uncommunicative scales from the CBC. A nonparametric chi
      square analysis indicated that older children with ADD are significantly more
      likely (p = 0.037) than younger ADD children to have a discrepancy of 15 or more
      points between IQ and math achievement scores. Results suggest that older ADD
      children are more likely than younger ADD children to experience academic and
      socioemotional difficulties.

PMID- 2303555
TI  - Increasing difficulties with age in ADHD children.

PMID- 2303556
TI  - Validity of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) as a psychosocial screening
      measure.

PMID- 2303557
TI  - Effect of early sibling visitation in an intensive care nursery.
AB  - In an attempt to assess the effects of early sibling visitation in a neonatal
      intensive care unit, 31 siblings (ages 3-12) of the hospitalized infant were
      randomly assigned to either a visit group (during first week of neonatal life) or
      a comparison group who visited only after the study was completed 3 weeks after
      birth of the neonate. Parents of both groups of siblings completed the Missouri
      Behavioral Checklist (MBCL) and Family Environment Scale (FES) in the first few
      days after birth and, again, 3 weeks after birth. All siblings were interviewed 3
      weeks after birth of the neonate. Neither group experienced any increase in
      negative behaviors following the new sibling's birth. In fact, both groups showed
      some decrease in negative behaviors. In addition, the visitor group showed a
      significant decrease in negative behaviors on a specific subset of MBCL items. In
      addition, the visitor group was significantly more well informed about their
      sibling than the comparison group.

PMID- 2303558
TI  - A comparison of the psychological characteristics of smokers, ex-smokers, and
      nonsmokers.
AB  - The present investigation was designed to ascertain differences among smokers (n
      = 51), ex-smokers (n = 46), and nonsmokers (n = 138) in self-control and needs
      for affiliation, order, and endurance. Ex-smokers were found to have
      significantly greater self-control, as well as considerably higher needs for
      order and endurance, than smokers or nonsmokers, and a markedly greater need for
      affiliation than smokers. Furthermore, nonsmokers exhibited significantly more
      self-control than smokers. It was concluded that ex-smokers, rather than being
      intermediate between smokers and nonsmokers, comprised a distinct group on the
      scales examined.

PMID- 2303560
TI  - The relationship of measures of sex-typed play with clinician ratings on degree
      of gender disturbance.
AB  - Forty-nine boys, aged 3 to 11 years, who were referred for an evaluation of a
      potential gender identity disorder of childhood, were assessed with a
      standardized in vivo behavioral observation of sex-typed play in an alone
      condition and with the parent-report Bates-Bentler Games Inventory. Without
      access to these measures of sex-typed play, an independent clinical psychologist
      rated each of the subjects on a 9-point scale that indicated the degree of
      severity of a gender disturbance, based upon child and parent interviews and a
      complete psychological test battery. The percentage of feminine play in the
      behavioral observation procedure was found to be correlated significantly with
      the clinician rating of degree of gender disturbance (r = .55). The Games
      Inventory was found to differentiate significantly the gender-disturbed boys from
      the nonclinical reference group on its feminine/preschool games, masculine
      nonathletic games, and athletic games subscales and on its composite index of
      feminine play preference; however, only the composite index (and none of the 3
      subscales) was correlated significantly (r = .34) with degree of severity of
      gender disturbance.

PMID- 2303559
TI  - Arousal and maintenance of schizophrenic attention.
AB  - Preparatory interval, the length of time between a warning signal and the
      imperative stimulus, has been a major independent variable in studies that have
      examined reaction times of schizophrenics. Based on the hypothesis that
      schizophrenics have difficulty maintaining a heightened "set" to respond, long
      preparatory intervals (e.g., 7 seconds) have been predominant. However, long
      preparatory intervals do not permit an evaluation of the time course required to
      attain a heightened attentional state. This study employs preparatory intervals
      that range between 0 and 4000 msec in order to assess the arousal and maintenance
      of a heightened attentional state in schizophrenics (N = 10) and a normal control
      group (N = 10). The data suggest that schizophrenics may attain a heightened
      alertness more rapidly than normals. Schizophrenics are unable to maintain this
      state of alertness as competently as normal subjects. A hypothetical rationale
      for this finding is proposed.

PMID- 2303561
TI  - An empirical approach to classification and treatment planning for psychiatric
      inpatients.
AB  - Treatment efforts for psychiatric patients traditionally are organized according
      to diagnosis, length of stay, age, and level of management difficulty. The
      current study, prompted by an attempt to reorganize services for 178 patients at
      a regional psychiatric hospital, examined the incidence of 72 problems exhibited
      either in the community prior to admission or within the institution. Factor and
      cluster analyses were used to identify clinically important subgroups of
      patients. Implications of the results for institutional organization also are
      discussed.

PMID- 2303562
TI  - Reliability and factorial structure of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression
      Inventory.
AB  - The Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory (C-BDI) was administered to
      2,150 Chinese secondary school students. The BDI was found to have high internal
      consistency as a scale and high item-total correlations for most of the items.
      Factor analysis with a two-factor solution showed that two factors were
      abstracted from the scale, namely, general depression and somatic disturbances.
      By randomly splitting the total sample into two subsamples, these two factors
      could be reproduced reliably, and high coefficients of congruence were found.
      These findings generally suggest that the Chinese version of the BDI possesses
      acceptable psychometric properties, and the factor analytic data tend to support
      Beck's multi-dimensional view of depression as a construct.

PMID- 2303563
TI  - Divergent validity evidence for Eckblad and Chapman's Hypomanic Personality
      Scale.
AB  - Subsequent to final examinations, Eckblad and Chapman's Hypomanic Personality
      Scale was given to 115 students; the STAI and the Cognitive Interference
      Questionnaire also were administered. Analysis found that the Hypomanic
      Personality Scale shows divergence from the measures of anxiety and cognitive
      interference despite the fact that convergence has been found on other scales of
      hypomania. In addition, males scored significantly higher than females on the
      scale. There was no significant relation of the Hypomanic Scale with examination
      performance.

PMID- 2303564
TI  - Factor-based special scales for the MCMI.
AB  - Factor analytic work with the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) has
      shown a remarkably stable factor structure. The eight Basic Personality scales
      have a three-factor structure: Aloof/Social, Submissive/Aggressive, and
      Labile/Restrained. These dimensions appear to be the same as those suggested by
      the DSM-III-R advisory committee on personality disorders. The MCMI as a whole
      has a five-factor structure: Detached, Submissive, Suspicious, High Social
      Energy, and General Distress. The present work operationalizes these two sets of
      factors into scales for use by clinicians and researchers. The resultant scales
      show excellent reliabilities across three subject samples (N = 253, N = 185, N =
      184) and demonstrate appropriate convergent and divergent validity estimates
      against the MCMI itself.

PMID- 2303566
TI  - Cognitive distortions and depression in psychiatrically disturbed adolescent
      inpatients.
AB  - Beck's model of depression was examined with 110 hospitalized adolescents.
      Intercorrelations among measures of cognitive distortions and depression
      supported the downward extension of Beck's theorizing to adolescent inpatients.
      Inconsistencies between data sources (parent vs. child) suggest possible self
      report contamination or the insensitivities of adult caregivers to the subjective
      elements of depression. The findings also may relate to unstable, developmental
      aspects of depressed episodes.

PMID- 2303565
TI  - Validity study of the Anxiety Symptoms Interview.
AB  - The Anxiety Symptoms Interview (ASI) is a diagnostic instrument designed to
      identify agoraphobia (with and without panic attacks), panic disorder, social
      phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorder according to DSM-III criteria. The
      present study evaluated the diagnostic validity of this instrument by examining
      the extent to which ASI diagnoses assigned to 73 clinic patients agreed with
      diagnoses determined by clinicians. Most kappa coefficients and other concordance
      indicators were in the acceptable range or above, a finding that held for
      diagnoses overall and for specific diagnoses of agoraphobia with panic attacks,
      social phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorder. However, none of the 73
      patients had clinician-assigned diagnoses of panic disorder (that is, without
      agoraphobia) or agoraphobia without panic. Limitations and applications of the
      ASI are discussed.

PMID- 2303567
TI  - Clinical applications of the Matching Familiar Figures Test: impulsivity vs.
      unilateral neglect.
AB  - Impulsivity is a common consequence of brain damage, one with negative prognostic
      implications. To attempt to study the incidence of impulsivity after lateralized
      cerebral lesions, 93 patients (50 RBD, 43 LBD) and 24 normal controls were
      administered the Matching Familiar Figures Test, a visual match-to-sample task in
      a multiple-choice format. The groups differed significantly (RBD less than LBD
      less than Controls) with respect to accuracy (visual-perceptual skill). Average
      response latency scores of the brain-damaged groups were slightly, but not
      significantly, lower than that of Controls. Although more than one-third of the
      RBD showed a tendency to respond rapidly, reduced response latency in RBD
      patients may be due, not to impulsivity per se, but, rather, to incomplete visual
      scanning characteristic of neglect. The present results illustrate the hazards of
      interpreting neuro-psychological test scores without consideration of pertinent
      processing variables.

PMID- 2303568
TI  - An obsessive-compulsive view of obesity and its treatment.
AB  - It was hypothesized that some obese individuals who are obsessed with food and
      who eat compulsively may not respond to the stimulus control techniques widely
      used in treating obesity. Sixty-eight participants were administered a measure of
      obsessive tendencies and randomly assigned to three treatment modalities: (a)
      Exposure and response prevention; (b) Stimulus control; (c) Control. Results
      indicated that participants who scored high on the Eating Obsessive Compulsive
      questionnaire (EOC) maintained weight loss significantly better with exposure and
      response prevention (ERP) training than did either the stimulus control or the
      control group. It was concluded that for the obsessive-compulsive eater, ERP
      training is the treatment of choice.

PMID- 2303569
TI  - Worry changes decision making: the effect of negative thoughts on cognitive
      processing.
AB  - The present studies demonstrate that daily worry level is predictive of cognitive
      processing differences and that these differences are an effect of negative
      thoughts. In Study 1, worriers (those who reported 50% or greater daily worry)
      and non-worriers performed a categorization task. The groups did not differ when
      the stimulus was a clear member or non-member of the category. Worriers showed a
      significant disruption in processing as the ambiguity of the category membership
      increased. Study 2 demonstrated that the disruption arose as a result of
      increased levels of negative thoughts. Worriers and non-worriers were assigned to
      two conditions, either O-worry ("Relax and let your mind wander for 15 minutes")
      or 15-worry ("Worry as you typically would for 15 minutes"). Non-worriers
      evidenced the same disruptive effects in the 15-worry condition as worriers in
      that condition and worriers in Study 1. Similarly, worriers in the O-worry
      condition showed a reduction in disruptive effects. The findings are taken as
      indicating that worry is accompanied by changes in cognitive processing and that
      these changes are similar for worriers and non-worriers.

PMID- 2303570
TI  - A combined factor analysis of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and the
      MMPI in an offender population.
AB  - The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) is a recently introduced
      instrument designed to measure both symptomatology and long-standing patterns of
      personality disorder in clinical populations. Because it is designed to assess
      clients who are similar to those with whom the MMPI is often used (e.g.,
      adjudicated offenders), a question may arise as to whether the two instruments
      measure the same aspects of clients' function. This study investigated this
      question by conducting a combined factor analysis of the two instruments in a
      criminal offender population (N = 2,245). Results indicated that although there
      are important areas of overlap between the two instruments, each also contains
      unique sources of variance. The results are interpreted as supporting the use of
      both instruments as part of an objective assessment battery, as has been
      suggested by several authors.

PMID- 2303571
TI  - Prevalence of depression among Israeli alcoholics.
AB  - The Zung Depression Scale was given to 45 Israeli male alcoholics as diagnosed by
      DSM-III criteria. Eighteen subjects came from an outpatient alcohol clinic, and
      27 came from an inpatient detoxification center. In this cohort, 60% of subjects
      were classified as having clinical depression, and major depressive disorder was
      found in 26% of inpatients and 17% of outpatients. Pattern analysis of the Zung
      showed a disproportionately high percentage of all subjects responding to
      clinical symptoms featured in bipolar disorder, while the inpatient group
      reported significantly more difficulty than the outpatient group on parameters of
      pervasive affective disorder, early and frequent waking, constipation,
      irritability, and emptiness.

PMID- 2303572
TI  - Comparison of plaque microflora between Chinese and Caucasian population groups.
AB  - This investigation was designed to compare the predominant plaque micro-organisms
      from a Chinese group of patients exhibiting periodontitis with an age-, sex- and
      periodontal disease-matched Caucasian group of patients. In addition to race, the
      2 population groups differed with respect to diet and oral hygiene habits, or
      effectiveness at removing plaque. Clinical measurements were determined along
      with an evaluation for micro-organisms in supragingival and subgingival plaque.
      Although the Chinese and Caucasian population groups were similar with respect to
      composition of micro-organisms in subgingival plaque, notable differences were
      observed in supragingival plaque. The Chinese group had higher mean proportions
      of spirochetes, motile rods. Fusobacterium spp. and dark-pigmented Bacteroides
      species, while the Caucasian group had higher mean proportions of cocci, total
      Actinomyces spp., A. viscosus and total Streptococcus spp. in supragingival
      plaque. The microbial differences observed in supragingival plaque may be
      explained at least in part, if not totally, by the higher plaque index scores of
      the Chinese versus Caucasian population groups.

PMID- 2303573
TI  - The effectiveness of a patient-applied tooth desensitizing gel. A pilot study.
AB  - Potassium nitrate has been found to be an effective ingredient for reducing
      dentinal hypersensitivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
      effectiveness of a patient-applied 10% potassium nitrate glycerine-based gel in
      decreasing dentinal sensitivity on cold on teeth with exposed dentin apical to
      the cemento-enamel junction, 12 patients, each having 3 hypersensitive teeth,
      were tested. The patients were divided into 3 treatment groups: group 1 was
      treated with a glycerine-based 10% potassium nitrate gel: group 2 was treated
      with a glycerine gel without potassium nitrate; and group 3 received no gel and
      no treatment (control). Following brushing and flossing, groups 1 and 2 applied
      the gel to the test teeth using custom-made soft acrylic trays, for a period of 5
      min/day for 4 weeks. Patient responses to cold water stimuli of 20 degrees C, 10
      degrees C and 0 degrees C, were measured at baseline (week 0), then at 1-, 2-, 3-
      and 4-week intervals. Group 1 patients showed a significant decrease in
      sensitivity to cold at week 2 only. The group 2 patients showed a significant
      decrease in sensitivity to cold after 3 and 4 weeks. A statistically significant
      decrease in sensitivity was noted between group 2 and group 3 patients at week 3.
      The most sustained decrease in sensitivity to cold was found on teeth treated
      with plain glycerine.

PMID- 2303574
TI  - A 10-year retrospective study of periodontal disease progression. Clinical
      characteristics of subjects with pronounced and minimal disease development.
AB  - The present study reports on some characteristics of 2 groups of subjects, chosen
      from a sample of 191 dentate individuals who had been exposed to full-mouth
      intraoral radiographic examinations in 1975 and 1985. The 1st group, which
      comprised 14 subjects, had experienced pronounced loss of periodontal bone
      support during a 10-year period (mean longitudinal bone loss of 4.13 mm (S.D.
      1.4]. The 2nd group of 14 subjects had suffered no or minimal periodontal disease
      progression (mean longitudinal bone gain of 0.35 mm (S.D. 0.7]. A clinical
      examination was performed in conjunction with the radiographic examination in
      1985 and included assessment of plaque, gingivitis, bleeding on probing from the
      base of the pocket, probing depth and probing attachment loss. Information
      regarding the oral hygiene habits of the subjects as well as the amount of dental
      and periodontal therapy received between 1975 and 1985 was obtained through a
      questionnaire. The results revealed that the 14 subjects who had experienced
      pronounced progression of periodontal disease had more plaque and gingivitis,
      deeper pockets and more attachment loss than the 14 subjects with minimal
      periodontal disease progression. Over the 10-year period, subjects in the "high
      rate" group had lost a mean of 6.8 teeth (S.D. 5.0) as compared to 4.1 teeth
      (S.D. 4.4) in the "low rate" group. The radiographic assessments of alveolar bone
      loss were strongly correlated with the assessments of probing attachment loss (r
      = 0.80, p = 0.0001). In 92% of the tooth sites examined, the difference between
      the radiographic and the clinical assessment was within 2 mm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303575
TI  - Antimicrobial irrigation of periodontal furcation lesions to supplement oral
      hygiene instruction and root debridement.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of subgingival
      irrigations with tetracycline as a supplement to mechanical plaque control and
      root debridement on clinical conditions of periodontal furcation pockets. 20
      subjects with molar teeth having furcation pockets of varying depths and
      different grades of furcation involvement served for the study. Following oral
      hygiene instruction and root debridement at baseline, test teeth were irrigated
      subgingivally by a professional with a solution of 50 mg/ml of tetracycline, and
      control teeth with saline every 2nd week for 3 months. Records of dental plaque,
      bleeding on probing, probing depth and probing attachment level were obtained at
      0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The results failed to demonstrate any significant
      differences between test and control teeth for any of the subgroups of furcation
      sites at any observation interval. It is suggested that future studies may need
      to be performed over longer periods of time, and that the antimicrobial agents
      may need to be administered in vehicles, which provide prolonged periods of
      active subgingival concentrations.

PMID- 2303576
TI  - The role of periodontal probing depth in clinical decision-making.
AB  - This retrospective study examines the role of periodontal probing depth in
      clinical decision-making. The expected values of no treatment and surgical and
      non-surgical therapies were obtained by combining the probability of each
      treatment outcome and utility values denoting the preference for each outcome.
      The expected value for non-surgical therapy was higher for sextants exhibiting a
      positive response to initial therapy than sextants which did not respond to
      initial therapy (0.735 versus 0.706). This trend was not observed for sextants
      treated surgically. Surgical therapy was effective over all levels of disease
      severity and was the preferred form of therapy with respect to reduction of
      probing depth except for sextants exhibiting 4 to 5 mm pockets. In this latter
      situation, the expected value at 3 years for non-surgical and surgical therapy
      was 0.795 and 0.792, respectively. Neither form of therapy could consistently
      achieve periodontal probing depths equal to or less than 3 mm throughout a given
      sextant. This study facilitates the selection of an optimal therapeutic strategy
      with respect to periodontal probing depth.

PMID- 2303577
TI  - Apparent reduced absorption of gemfibrozil when given with colestipol.
AB  - Colestipol and gemfibrozil may be used in combination to lower serum cholesterol
      and triglycerides. Since colestipol is known to bind certain anionic drugs, we
      studied the effect of colestipol on the pharmacokinetics of gemfibrozil in 10
      patients with elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Each patient received
      600 mg of gemfibrozil by mouth during four different studies. Gemfibrozil was
      given randomly either alone, with, 2 hours before, or 2 hours after 5 grams of
      colestipol. The serum gemfibrozil concentration time curves were similar when
      gemfibrozil was given alone or two hours before or after colestipol. There was
      also no statistical difference in peak gemfibrozil concentration (Cmax), time to
      Cmax (tmax), area under the curve (AUC), or serum elimination half-life (t1/2)
      between any of these three treatments. However, when colestipol was given with
      gemfibrozil, there was a decrease in AUC (43.6 +/- 21.9 mg*hr/L) compared with
      gemfibrozil given alone (62.6 +/- 10.3 mg*hr/L) which was statistically different
      by both ANOVA and paired t-test. This finding suggests a decrease in gemfibrozil
      bioavailability. Cmax when colestipol was given with gemfibrozil (14.7 +/- 6.6
      mg/L) was not statistically different from gemfibrozil alone (20.1 +/- 4.9 mg/L).
      However, the mean serum concentrations when gemfibrozil was given with colestipol
      were significantly lower at the 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 hour sampling times when
      compared to the other regimens. Gemfibrozil serum elimination half-life was not
      significantly altered by combination with colestipol. The data suggest a
      reduction of gemfibrozil bioavailability when colestipol is administered
      concomitantly. Separating the administration of these two drugs by at least two
      hours will avoid this drug interaction.

PMID- 2303578
TI  - Systemic absorption of clindamycin following intravaginal application of
      clindamycin phosphate 1% cream.
AB  - The extent to which clindamycin is absorbed systemically following intravaginal
      application of clindamycin phosphate 1% cream was assessed in 12 healthy female
      volunteers. Each subject received a single intravenous dose of clindamycin
      phosphate sterile solution (48 mg). A week later, each subject received 50 mg (5
      mL) doses of intravaginal cream according to one of two dosage regimens: once
      daily (qd) for seven consecutive doses or twice daily (q12hr) for 13 consecutive
      doses. Steady state was achieved on or before day 4 for both regimens. The
      absolute bioavailabilities of the two intravaginal treatments were 6% for qd
      dosing and 13% for q12hr dosing, indicating that only a small fraction of the
      intravaginal dose is absorbed systemically.

PMID- 2303579
TI  - Effect of concurrent sucralfate administration on the absorption of erythromycin.
AB  - To determine the influence of sucralfate on the absorption of erythromycin, prior
      to evaluating its efficacy in decreasing erythromycin-associated gastrointestinal
      (GI) intolerance, we assessed pharmacokinetic parameters in six healthy adult
      volunteers. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate administered alone or with sucralfate as
      a single dose was compared. Sucralfate did not significantly alter the
      elimination rate constant, half-life, or area under the curve for erythromycin
      ethylsuccinate. It is therefore unlikely that efficacy of erythromycin
      ethylsuccinate will be altered when sucralfate is coadministered.

PMID- 2303580
TI  - Inaccuracy of hourly sampled pH measurements in describing the effect of
      antisecretory drugs on circadian gastric acidity.
AB  - This study was carried out in order to verify whether gastric pH measurements
      obtained with continuous monitoring are more accurate in assessing the
      pharmacodynamic properties of antisecretory drugs than those obtained with the
      traditional hourly nasogastric aspiration method. Accordingly, we compared the
      most commonly used acidity indexes (median of pHs and mean of [H+]s) and the
      total circadian time spent above 4.0 pH units, all of which were calculated from
      both raw data sampled at rates of a few seconds with modern apparatus and data
      obtained from the same profiles scanned punctually at a 60 minute rate. The
      analysis referred to 231 continuous gastric pH-metries which were performed over
      the circadian period to evaluate the acid inhibitory effects of different doses
      and dosage regimens of various H2-antagonists. In the population as a whole, the
      numbers and percentages of subjects, whose 60-minute sampled medians of pHs and
      means of [H+]s differed by less than +/- 10% from those obtained from raw fast
      acquired data, were 107 (46%) and 34 (15%), respectively. There was even less
      agreement in the case of the circadian time above 4.0 pH units (26 cases = 11%).
      No statistical difference (P = .7) between the concordance rates of each variable
      in the three groups was observed. Considered simultaneously, there was
      concordance of the above three indexes in only seven out of the 231 cases. These
      results show that the hourly sampling rate fails to represent adequately gastric
      acidity changes induced by antisecretory drugs, due to the scarcity of
      experimental points. The acidity indexes calculated from these slowly sampled
      data are inaccurate, especially when the means of [H+]s are considered, and the
      duration of action of the drug often is defined randomly.

PMID- 2303581
TI  - The inhibitory effect of probenecid on renal excretion of famotidine in young,
      healthy volunteers.
AB  - Effects of coadministration of probenecid on pharmacokinetic behaviors of
      famotidine, an H2-receptor antagonist, after oral administration, were studied in
      eight young, healthy volunteers. They received an oral 20 mg dose of famotidine
      with and without coadministration of oral 1500 mg doses of probenecid. The mean
      area under the serum famotidine concentration-time curve up to 10 hours was
      increased by coadministration of probenecid from 424 +/- 19 (SEM) to 768 +/- 39
      ng.hr/ml. The mean urinary excretion rate of unchanged famotidine, the mean
      amount of unchanged famotidine excreted in urine up to 24 hours and mean renal
      clearance were decreased by coadministration of probenecid. The mean tubular
      secretion clearance of famotidine was decreased from 196.2 +/- 21.4 to 22.0 +/-
      4.2 ml/min. These data suggest that probenecid, which is a classical inhibitor of
      renal tubular secretion of organic anions, inhibits the renal tubular secretion
      of famotidine, which exists partly in a cationic form under physiological pH
      conditions.

PMID- 2303582
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of predisintegrated ibuprofen 800 mg tablets: an endoscopic
      and pharmacokinetic study.
AB  - Thirty-five healthy adults were randomized to receive either: (1) ibuprofen 800
      mg tablets; (2) ibuprofen 800 mg aqueous suspension; (3) ibuprofen 800 mg orange
      juice suspension; or (3) 325 mg aspirin tablets. All treatments were tid for 7
      days. Pharmacokinetic sampling was conducted on days 1, 4 and 8.
      Gastroduodenoscopy was performed on days 1 and 8. Side effects and safety
      laboratory tests were monitored throughout the study. On day 8 the aspirin group
      showed significantly more gastric irritation than all of the ibuprofen groups (P
      less than .005). Both ibuprofen suspension groups showed more gastric irritation
      than the ibuprofen tablet group (P less than .1). The duodenal scores did not
      differ among the treatment groups. The aspirin group experienced a higher rate of
      tinnitus and abdominal pain. The rate and extent of absorption of the ibuprofen
      suspensions were significantly less than that of the tablets. These data suggest
      that the taking of ibuprofen as an extemporaneous suspension is therapeutically
      inferior to ibuprofen tablets and therefore should be discouraged.

PMID- 2303583
TI  - Multiple-dose safety study of ibuprofen/codeine and aspirin/codeine combinations.
AB  - This multiple-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, normal
      volunteer study compared formulations of ibuprofen/codeine and aspirin/codeine
      for systemic safety. Vital signs, hematologic, biochemical and urinary
      parameters, side effects, mood and mental alertness, were monitored. The placebo
      group had less gastrointestinal side effects and more frequent stools than the
      active treatment groups. There was statistical evidence for greater adverse
      effects of aspirin/codeine on mood and mental alertness in comparison to
      ibuprofen/codeine and placebo. Ibuprofen/codeine had a more favorable adverse
      effect profile than aspirin/codeine. A mild respiratory and cardiac depressant
      effect attributable to codeine was evident in all active treatment groups after 7
      days of frequent therapy. More work needs to be done to elucidate the factors
      regulating the development of tolerance to the respiratory and cardiovascular
      depressant effects of opiates in general, and for codeine in particular.

PMID- 2303584
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of continuous intravenous infusion of methadone in the early
      post-burn period.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of methadone were studied in 14 patients with acute, severe
      burns and receiving an intravenous infusion of methadone to control their pain.
      Serum methadone concentrations were measured by gas chromatography on 5 mL
      arterial blood samples obtained at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 24 hours
      after the start of infusion. Albumin and Alpha-1-Acid glycoprotein (AAG) were
      measured by radial immunodiffusion. Serum methadone concentration-time data were
      fit with the appropriate sum of exponentials equation using iterative nonlinear
      regression analysis. All serum methadone concentration-time data were best
      described by a monoexponential equation. Estimates of Vd (180 +/- 62 L) were not
      significantly different from those predicted for Vc from body weight using
      literature values (156 +/- 41). Estimates of Vd were, however, significantly
      lower than those predicted for Vz using literature values (282 +/- 74) (P less
      than 0.001). In addition, CL values (53.0 +/- 19.3 L/h) were significantly higher
      than those predicted from body weight using literature values (9.2 +/- 2.3 L/h)
      (P less than 0.001). These changes resulted in estimates of the elimination half
      life for methadone of 2.6 +/- 1.1 h. Methadone protein binding was independent of
      both albumin and AAG concentration. Multiple regression demonstrated that the
      significant predictors of CL in the early post burn injury period were serum
      albumin, days post injury and age. The coefficient of determination (r2) for this
      model was 0.8190. In summary, methadone CL is markedly elevated while the Vc is
      essentially unchanged during the early post burn injury period.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303585
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral and intramuscular ketorolac tromethamine in
      the young and elderly.
AB  - The elderly are likely candidates to receive analgesics for pain from a variety
      of etiologies. Ketorolac tromethamine is a nonsteroidal, analgesic, anti
      inflammatory, antipyretic investigational drug with anti-prostaglandin synthetase
      activity. Sixteen healthy, young men (mean age 30 years and mean weight 75 kg)
      and 13 healthy, elderly subjects (11 men and two women; mean age 72 years and
      mean weight 75 kg) participated in an open-label, parallel single-dose study. On
      each day of ketorolac tromethamine administration the subjects fasted overnight
      and for 2 hours post-dose. A single intramuscular (IM) dose of 30 mg of ketorolac
      tromethamine was administered followed by an oral dose (PO) of 10 mg after a 1
      week washout period for the elderly subjects. Plasma samples were taken from 0
      through 48 hours post-dose and analyzed for ketorolac by HPLC. The elimination of
      ketorolac was decreased slightly in the elderly following both doses, as
      evidenced by a prolongation in half-life (4.7 to 6.1 hours for PO and 4.5 to 7.0
      hours for IM) and a reduced total plasma clearance compared to the young adult
      subjects. These differences were statistically significant (P less than .001).
      Considerable overlap frequently was observed when comparing the range of values
      obtained for the young and elderly for plasma half-life, clearance, AUC, Tmax and
      Cmax. The absorption of ketorolac tromethamine was not altered substantially in
      the elderly following either dose route. Ketorolac plasma protein binding was not
      altered substantially in the elderly. The present results show that the elderly
      may need slightly less frequent dosing of ketorolac than young adults to maintain
      similar plasma levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303586
TI  - Nail and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation with azidothymidine therapy.
AB  - Hyperpigmentation developed in six patients while they were receiving
      azidothymidine. All demonstrated hyperpigmentation of the nails;
      hyperpigmentation of the skin (two patients) and oral mucosa (two patients) also
      developed. The degree of nail pigmentation was related to the intrinsic skin
      color of the patient. Mucosal hyperpigmentation developed only in dark-skinned
      blacks. The pigmentation was due to increased melanin in the epidermis and
      dermis.

PMID- 2303587
TI  - Perimenstrual nonvesicular dermatitis herpetiformis.
AB  - A case of nonvesicular dermatitis herpetiformis with clear-cut perimenstrual
      exacerbations is described and differentiated from autoimmune progesterone
      dermatitis.

PMID- 2303588
TI  - Cutaneous extramedullary hematopoiesis with a preponderance of atypical
      megakaryocytes in myelofibrosis.
AB  - Extramedullary hematopoiesis was found in the cutaneous papulonodular eruption of
      a 72-year-old man with myelofibrosis. This is the first reported case to show a
      preponderance of atypical megakaryocytes in skin lesions. The patient was also
      unusual in that he had marked generalized lymphadenopathy. The skin lesions
      almost disappeared after treatment with hydroxyurea.

PMID- 2303590
TI  - Relief of the photosensitivity of erythropoietic protoporphyria by pyridoxine.
AB  - Twenty-five years ago the use of pyridoxine was described for the treatment of
      photosensitivity eruptions. We report two cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria,
      which were only moderately responsive to beta-carotene and sunscreens, whereas
      the use of pyridoxine has been associated with a marked reduction in
      photosensitivity without evidence of adverse effects. Regarding the mechanism of
      action, we can only speculate that pyridoxine could be mediated by increased
      endogenous nicotinamide production. We believe that our results warrant
      therapeutic trial of oral pyridoxine in patients with unrelieved photosensitivity
      as a result of erythropoietic protoporphyria.

PMID- 2303589
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with partial lipodystrophy.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus developed in a 35-year-old woman who had partial
      lipodystrophy since she was 7 years old. To our knowledge, this association has
      been reported only once. She also had hypocomplementemia, mesangiocapillary
      glomerulonephritis type II, and a serum assay with positive results for C3
      nephritic factor. The association of partial lipodystrophy with other autoimmune
      disorders suggests an immunologic pathogenesis for this disease.

PMID- 2303591
TI  - Myxoma of the skin of a finger.
AB  - A case of a true myxoma of the fingertip is presented. The lesion was removed by
      simple shave excision. Reports of myxoma of the skin are reviewed, and the
      differential diagnosis of this rare tumor is discussed.

PMID- 2303592
TI  - Pretibial epidermolysis bullosa: report of a case.
AB  - Pretibial epidermolysis bullosa is a rare variant of hereditary epidermolysis
      bullosa that is characterized by the delayed onset of a blistering eruption
      limited to the pretibial area. We present a case in a 48-year-old woman.
      Immunofluorescence mapping demonstrated blister formation below the basement
      membrane. This was confirmed by ultrastructural investigations that also revealed
      rudimentary anchoring fibrils similar to those described in the dominant
      dystrophic forms of epidermolysis bullosa.

PMID- 2303593
TI  - Widespread cutaneous necrosis associated with cardiolipin antibodies.
AB  - Many clinical phenomena have been described in association with antiphospholipid
      antibodies, which are measured by a variety of techniques. The relationship of
      each assay is not completely clear, nor is it apparent which assay correlates
      best with the various clinical conditions. We describe a patient with
      anticardiolipin antibodies but without lupus inhibitor who had widespread
      cutaneous necrosis and underlying thrombosis in dermal blood vessels.

PMID- 2303594
TI  - Woolly hair nevus.
AB  - Woolly hair nevus is a rare, nongenetically determined condition in which unruly
      and tightly curled hair is localized on one or several areas of the scalp. We
      report the first case of woolly hair nevus with onset during adolescence. Marked
      improvement was evident 5 years after onset. Light microscopic examination of a
      biopsy specimen from the scalp showed a curved hair follicle. Scanning electron
      microscopic examination revealed slight fluting and marked flattening of the hair
      shafts. A discussion of these results and a comparison with those of the
      previously reported cases suggest that woolly hair nevus correlates with a
      variety of structural changes in the hair.

PMID- 2303595
TI  - Structural relationship between human salivary histatins.
AB  - Histatins are a group of electrophoretically distinct histidine-rich polypeptides
      with microbicidal activity found in human parotid and submandibular gland
      secretions. Recently, we have shown that histatins 1, 3, and 5 are homologous
      proteins that consist of 38, 32, and 24 amino acid residues, respectively, and
      that these polypeptides kill the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. We now
      describe the isolation and structural characterization of histatins 2, 4, 6, and
      7-12, the remaining members of this group of polypeptides. Histatin 2 was found
      to be identical to the carboxyl terminal 26 residues of histatin 1; histatin 4
      was found to be identical to the carboxyl terminal 20 residues of histatin 3; and
      histatin 6 was found to be identical to histatin 5, but contained an additional
      carboxyl terminal arginine residue. The amino acid sequences of histatins 7-12
      formally correspond to residues 12-24, 13-24, 12-25, 13-25, 5-11, and 5-12,
      respectively, of histatin 3, but could also arise proteolytically from histatin 5
      or 6. These results establish, for the first time, the complete structural
      relationships between all members of this group of microbicidal proteins in human
      parotid saliva. The relationship of histatins to one another is discussed in the
      context of their genetic origin, biosynthesis and secretion into the oral cavity,
      and potential as reagents in anti-candidal studies.

PMID- 2303596
TI  - Growth patterns of the rabbit masticatory muscles.
AB  - The post-natal growth of the masticatory muscles in the rabbit was examined. By
      means of anatomical dissection and measurement, total muscle length, muscle fiber
      length, and muscle weight were determined in animals varying in age between one
      week and 36 months and exhibiting a 50-fold weight increase. Growth data were
      fitted by linear regression models with facial skull length used as the
      independent variable. Many deviations occur from size-dependent isometric growth.
      The muscles can be divided into three groups, according to their pattern of
      weight increase: The jaw openers grow negatively allometrically, and their
      contribution to total muscle weight decreases with time; the temporal muscle
      grows negatively allometrically, but its relative weight proportion remains about
      the same; the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles have positively allometric
      growth, and their contribution to total muscle weight increases strongly.
      Generally, the length of the muscles and of their fibers increases at lower rates
      than does the length of the facial skull. After weaning, the rate of longitudinal
      growth drops steeply in some muscles. Total fiber area or physiological cross
      section (PCS) of muscles is computed from weight and fiber length. It increases
      positively allometrically in the jaw closers and negatively allometrically in the
      jaw openers. In the lateral pterygoid muscle, the increase of PCS changes from
      negatively- to positively-allometric growth after weaning. The study demonstrates
      that individual oral muscles follow different patterns of longitudinal and cross
      sectional growth, so that their functional capacities (force, range of
      contraction) and mutual functional relationships are age-dependent.

PMID- 2303597
TI  - Comparative microbiological and immunological studies of subgingival dental
      plaque from man and baboons.
AB  - Baboons may be useful as animal models for the study of human oral diseases and
      infections. They are closely related to man anatomically, physiologically, and
      phylogenetically. Plaque and gingival indices were relatively low in 18 baboons
      (Papio anubis). The mean scores ranged between 0.62 +/- 0.29 and 0.37 +/- 0.20,
      respectively. Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci comprised 27.0 +/- 32.4 and
      3.1 +/- 7.5% of the total viable counts in the dental plaque samples. Black
      pigmented Bacteroides formed about 1.9 +/- 5.9% of the bacterial population in
      the samples. Anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli were found in 73.2% of the samples
      and averaged 19.2 +/- 26.3% of the total recovered flora. Species of the oral
      Actinomyces and other Gram-positive rods found in humans were not isolated. The
      composition of the oral flora in baboons appeared to be significantly different
      from that of man. Isolates of F. nucleatum, L. buccalis, and B. intermedius from
      the two mammals were biochemically similar, but were distinguishable by analysis
      with antibody, both by precipitin lines and/or differences between homologous and
      heterologous titers.

PMID- 2303598
TI  - Cellular roles in physiological root resorption of deciduous teeth in the cat.
AB  - This study has attempted to assess the importance of mesenchymal cells,
      fibroblasts, cementoblasts, and mononuclear phagocytes (i.e., macrophages) in
      physiological root resorption of feline deciduous teeth. Deciduous incisors of
      three- to six-month-old kittens undergoing root resorption were investigated by
      means of electron microscopy. In an early phase of root resorption, the
      resorption organ consisted of many fibroblasts and relatively few macrophages and
      odontoclasts, the last with a wide, clear zone and narrow, immature, ruffled
      border. In the active phase of root resorption, the resorption organ contained
      many odontoclasts with a well-developed ruffled border and a reduced clear zone,
      cementoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils, and many blood vessels.
      Cementoblasts were present usually on the resorbing dentin surface adjacent to
      odontoclasts and, in many cases, these cells communicated with each other via gap
      junctions. Cementoblasts frequently extended broad cell processes with secretion
      granules and with phagosomes containing collagen fibrils into the dentinal
      tubules exposed to resorption lacunae. Some macrophages exhibiting a clear zone
      like structure also appeared on resorbing dentin surfaces. In the resting phase
      of root resorption, the dentin surface was covered mostly with cementoblasts
      resembling bone lining cells. There was an occasional macrophage, but no
      odontoclasts were observed during this phase. During removal of the periodontal
      ligament concomitant with root resorption, many fibroblasts phagocytosed mature
      collagen fibrils, as well as amorphous fluffy material. These results suggest
      that these mesenchymal cells, as well as odontoclasts, are essential for the
      cellular removal of dental hard and soft tissues during shedding of feline
      deciduous teeth.

PMID- 2303599
TI  - A biochemical and immunohistochemical study of the proteoglycans of alveolar
      bone.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to study the proteoglycans in alveolar bone
      of three animal species. Alveolar bone was obtained from humans, pigs, and
      rabbits. Portions were fixed, sectioned, and stained with monoclonal antibodies
      against keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. In other samples, biochemical
      analyses were performed. After removal of the organic matrix by 4 mol/L
      guanidinium HCl extraction in the presence of proteinase inhibitors,
      proteoglycans in the mineralized matrix were extracted with 4 mol/L guanidinium
      HCl/0.5 mol/L EDTA/proteinase inhibitors, and characterized on the basis of their
      glycosaminoglycan content (cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis), charge
      (DEAE-Sephacel and hydroxylapatite chromatography), size (Sepharose CL-6B
      chromatography and agarose/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), and amino acid
      content. The results indicated that keratan sulfate could be detected
      immunohistochemically and biochemically in rabbit bone only. The predominant
      glycosaminoglycan in pig and human alveolar bone was chondroitin sulfate,
      although some hyaluronate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate were also
      detected. The proteoglycans were found to be slightly smaller than gingival
      proteoglycans, but similar to those in cementum, dentin, and other bones. In
      addition to intact proteoglycans, some free glycosaminoglycan chains were also
      extracted from the mineralized matrix. Amino acid analyses showed some subtle
      differences between alveolar bone proteoglycan and those of the soft tissues of
      the periodontium.

PMID- 2303600
TI  - Inductive influences of demineralized dentin and bone matrix on pulp cells: an
      approach of secondary dentinogenesis.
AB  - The effects of demineralized dentin and bone matrix on dental ectomesenchymal
      cells were evaluated after observation periods of two or three weeks. Autogenous
      dentin and bone matrix, obtained from the crowns of primary molars or maxillary
      cortical bone, respectively, were demineralized with 3% acetic acid and implanted
      into pulpal or papilla sites of erupting dog teeth: first molars, fourth
      premolars, and canines. Dentin histogenesis associated with odontoblastic
      arrangement was demonstrated in relation to all dentin implants in pulpal sites.
      Deposition of osteodentin, followed in some areas by tubular predentin formation,
      was observed in contact with bone implants in pulpal sites. In papilla sites, the
      dentin implantation exhibited bone-like matrix formation, while bone implants
      were encapsulated by connective tissue. The interactions of pulp cells with
      demineralized dentin matrix constitute a model for experimental induction of
      secondary dentinogenesis and odontoblast-like cell differentiation.

PMID- 2303601
TI  - Alveolar bone loss of senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM).
AB  - SAM-R/1/Iw (senescence-accelerated mouse, resistant) and P/2/Iw (senescence
      accelerated mouse, prone) under a conventional environment and eating standard
      pellets were examined for alveolar bone loss and the presence of periodontitis
      around maxillary and mandibular molars as a function of age. Neither SAM strain
      manifested a chronic periodontitis similar to that in humans, and no obvious
      plaque and calculus were observed. However, in both strains, 15% of M3 was lost
      after 13 months of age, and alveolar bone loss gradually increased with advancing
      age. Though there was no significant difference in the incidence of M3 loss
      between the two strains, P/2/Iw showed a higher alveolar bone loss around all
      molars than did R/1/Iw after one month of age throughout their life span. For M1,
      the difference in alveolar bone loss between P/2/Iw and R/1/Iw was significant,
      and it was probably caused by the difference in degree of molar eruption. Other
      factors, such as occlusal trauma and gingivitis, may play some role in alveolar
      bone loss.

PMID- 2303603
TI  - Genetic studies of juvenile periodontitis.

PMID- 2303602
TI  - Comparison of lead levels in human permanent teeth from Strasbourg, Mexico City,
      and rural zones of Alsace.
AB  - A comparative study of the mean lead concentrations in enamel and dentin of human
      premolars and permanent molars was conducted by means of a systematic sampling
      procedure with energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis. In a first series
      of analyses, no significant statistical differences in mean lead concentrations
      at various levels of enamel and dentin were noted between young patients of
      Strasbourg and those of small villages of Alsace, nor between elderly patients
      living in these two locations, despite the fact that motor traffic was
      significantly lower in the rural zones. However, in both locations, a
      significantly higher concentration of lead was observed in enamel and dentin in
      relation to age. In a second series of analyses, the mean lead concentrations of
      both dental hard tissues of premolars and permanent molars of young individuals
      from Strasbourg, rural Alsace, and Mexico City were compared. Significantly
      higher mean lead concentrations were found in enamel and dentin samples from
      Mexico City. This was most evident for inner coronal dentin (5.7 and 6.1 times
      greater than in teeth of Strasbourg and rural zones of Alsace, respectively) and
      for pulpal root dentin (6.9 and 8.9 times greater than in teeth of Strasbourg and
      rural zones of Alsace). It is proposed that the higher lead concentrations are
      related to the higher lead content of motor gasoline and to more intense traffic
      conditions. The dental hard tissues appear to be of value for the study of
      environmental lead pollution.

PMID- 2303604
TI  - Current trends in the practice of dermatologic surgery.
AB  - In a 1984 survey, 2750 members of the American Academy of Dermatology were asked
      which dermatologic surgery procedures they performed and which procedures they
      expected to be performing in 5 years. A similar survey was completed by the
      American Society for Dermatologic Surgery in 1988. In this article, the results
      of the 1988 survey are presented and compared to that of 1984.

PMID- 2303606
TI  - The future of the ASDS and dermatologic surgery.

PMID- 2303605
TI  - Research in dermatologic surgery and oncology.
AB  - The American Society for Dermatologic Surgery and The Skin Cancer Foundation have
      each helped to promote advances in dermatologic surgery and oncology by funding
      basic research. Their activity is presented.

PMID- 2303607
TI  - Consensus statement of King's Fund Forum: blood cholesterol measurement in the
      prevention of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2303608
TI  - Contract learning reconsidered: a critical examination of implications for
      application in nurse education.
AB  - This paper defines and explores the nature of learning contracts. It also
      discusses the origins of learning contracts, presents a critical evaluation
      covering the implications of their use in nurse education and makes
      recommendations.

PMID- 2303609
TI  - Nursing diagnosis: exploring the factors which may influence the reasoning
      process.
AB  - Nursing diagnosis is defined and discussed in relation to nursing's metaparadigm,
      the cognitive processes involved in problem-solving, and nursing's theoretical
      knowledge base. It is argued that each of these distinct yet related domains must
      be addressed by the clinician when applying the reasoning process. Factors are
      identified which can hinder and dramatically influence this diagnostic process,
      even to the detriment of the patient's welfare. Suggestions are offered
      throughout the discussion which may assist the nurse in developing more effective
      and accurate clinical decision-making strategies.

PMID- 2303610
TI  - The development of theory in British nursing: current position and future
      prospects.
AB  - This paper is concerned with the development of theory in the discipline of
      nursing as it is practised in Great Britain. It stems from dissatisfaction with
      the generally uncritical adoption by British nurses of models of nursing which
      have been developed to explain and enhance North American practice. After the
      introductory paragraph, four roles for nursing theory are proposed. These are: to
      define nursing by describing nursing phenomena; to form a realistic basis for
      curriculum design; to provide tools for the professional practice of nursing; and
      to provide a nursing language. It is then argued that although British nurses
      have recognized the need for an adequate theoretical basis for practice, their
      response has been rather uncritical adoption of American models of nursing. As a
      basis for practice, it is argued that American models generally fail to meet the
      needs described above, and therefore fail to have impact on clinical work.
      Structural and philosophical reasons for this failure are identified. Following a
      brief discussion of the inductive and deductive approaches to the development of
      theory, the paper closes with the argument that British nurses should be
      concerned with the development of new theory which, if grounded in the reality of
      practice, would be likely to be both useful and realistic.

PMID- 2303611
TI  - Janforum: writing for nursing journals.

PMID- 2303612
TI  - Evaluating the effects of a nurse preceptorship programme.
AB  - Nurse preceptorship programmes have evolved as a means to ease the turmoil of
      transition from student nurse to staff nurse. In this era of economic
      retrenchment, it is possible that such programmes might be eliminated.
      Conversely, it is also possible that preceptorship programmes represent an
      important mechanism for recruitment and retention; issues that also pervade the
      contemporary health care arena. This study was conducted, therefore, to evaluate
      the transition process of new graduates who participated in a preceptorship
      programme. While the objective measures used in this investigation did not
      support the common belief that the transition from student nurse to staff nurse
      is an emotion-laden experience, the preceptees did verbalize feelings of
      psychosocial discomfort. Several explanations are proposed to account for these
      findings, including that the effectiveness of the programme may have sustained
      the more positive affective states. The authors conclude that preceptorship
      programmes remain important and necessary interventions to facilitate integrating
      and enacting the professional nurse role.

PMID- 2303613
TI  - The effect of death education and experience on nursing students' attitude
      towards death.
AB  - Nurses face their own fear of death whenever they come to the bedside of a dying
      patient. This fear must be confronted and reconciled before they can help others
      meet death with dignity. Examining one's attitude towards death is a difficult
      task that needs to begin in the student years, when attitudes towards working
      with the dying are formed. Nurse educators recognize that brief but effective
      ways of promoting this kind of personal awareness need to be found. An
      experimental study is described that investigated the effect of death education
      programmes and personal experience with death on the attitudes of nursing
      students. It was found that the death attitudes of inexperienced students who
      were in an experiential programme were more positive than similar students who
      received a didactic or placebo programme. Experienced students, however, were
      negatively affected by the experiential approach. The implications of these
      findings for nursing education are outlined.

PMID- 2303614
TI  - An exploratory analysis of nurses' provision of postoperative analgesic drugs.
AB  - Adequate pain relief during the postoperative period has long been recognized as
      difficult to accomplish. The reasons for this are mentioned in a brief review of
      methods of pain control, and an overview of the detrimental effects of acute pain
      is given. This retrospective analysis of data from 36 patients set out to examine
      whether those whose night-time sleep was found to be disturbed by pain were
      subject to different patterns of analgesic provision from those whose sleep was
      not. Although no such differences emerged, it was found that analgesics were
      given approximately half as frequently during the night when compared with during
      the day. It was also noted that only 30-35% of the maximum doses of analgesics
      prescribed were actually given within the immediate postoperative period. The
      possible reasons for these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2303615
TI  - A multidimensional scalogram analysis of the use of seclusion in acute
      psychiatric settings.
AB  - Seclusion is still an available strategy for managing difficult and disturbed
      behaviour in British psychiatric hospitals and units. While arguments for and
      against the continued use of seclusion remain, little empirical work has been
      done on the subject. Most of the research to date has been completed in America,
      and findings may not be entirely applicable to the UK. In this study, 109 records
      of seclusion in one health authority were examined, and each of the 52 patients
      involved in these seclusions were coded on six different variables. These were
      analysed using the multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure--multidimensional
      scalogram analysis (MSA-1)--to explore possible relationships between the
      variables. Three sets of relationship were observed: (1) the length of time spent
      in seclusion was related to the status of the patient; (2) higher rates of
      seclusion were shown to be linked to higher levels of staffing; and (3) the sex
      of the patient was related to the number of different staff authorizing
      seclusion. Some possible explanations for these findings are outlined, and
      suggestions for future research in this domain are offered.

PMID- 2303616
TI  - Mothers of very low birthweight babies: how do they adjust?
AB  - A prospective study was conducted to investigate the perceptions of 21 mothers of
      singleton babies weighing 1500 g or less. Six in-depth interviews were held with
      each respondent from 1 week after delivery to 3 months after the baby's discharge
      from hospital. Diaries and Neonatal Perception Inventories supplied additional
      data. Six phases were identified each characterized by certain critical factors
      related to the mother's emotional state, her perceptions of the baby, and family
      responses. Significant statistical differences were found between those mothers
      who did not feel ready to take the infant home and the rest of the sample. Those
      who were not ready demonstrated a marked difficulty in establishing and
      maintaining relationships and held very inappropriate perceptions of the baby.
      These findings have important implications for the discharge of very low
      birthweight babies after a prolonged stay in hospital.

PMID- 2303617
TI  - Gaining access to clients: the case of health visiting.
AB  - The aim of this paper is to explore the concept of gaining access to clients as
      it emerged from an in-depth qualitative study of health visiting practice. The
      study was conducted using a grounded theory approach to data collection and
      analysis. Forty-five experienced health visitors were interviewed using a semi
      structured interview guide. The interviews were tape recorded and later
      transcribed. A detailed analysis of the processes involved in 'entering' into
      client situations to begin health visiting work is presented. Entry into the
      client/family situation is a process which involves both obtaining access to the
      client in the environment where health visitor and client meet and 'entering'
      into the client situation more fully to continue the health visiting work. The
      data from this study would suggest that the work involved in entering client
      situations involves many strategies to ensure entry and re-entry. This process is
      influenced by many factors within the client, the health visitor, and the health
      visitor-client encounter. This paper makes a contribution to our understanding of
      the processes involved in everyday health visiting practice.

PMID- 2303619
TI  - Seminar on small coronary artery disease: structure and function of small
      coronary arteries in health and disease--I. Based on papers presented by the
      WHO/ISFC Task Force. Geneva, Switzerland, June 12, 1989.

PMID- 2303618
TI  - Postoperative pain: patients' expectations and experiences.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that postoperative pain is poorly controlled and it is
      reported that nearly 75% of hospitalized patients failed to receive adequate pain
      relief. It was hypothesized that there was no difference between expected and
      experienced pain and that pain scores on the first postoperative day would be
      'low'. Factors affecting the management of pain were identified using a patient
      questionnaire. A Visual Analogue Scale was used to measure patients' pain, pre-
      and post-operatively. A patient questionnaire explored pain experience and
      identified contributing factors. A review of all analgesia prescribed and given
      to the patients was undertaken. Twenty-one surgical patients participated in the
      study. There was a significant difference between preoperative expectations and
      postoperative experience of pain. No relationship was found between the doses of
      analgesia and pain scores on the first day postoperatively and pain scores on the
      first day postoperatively were not 'low'. The nurse did not play a key role in
      the preoperative information given to the patient. Patients experienced
      'worsened' pain in the morning and evening. Nurses questioning patients about
      their pain often failed to identify those in pain.

PMID- 2303620
TI  - Direct coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction: outcome in patients
      with single vessel disease.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was performed as primary therapy
      in 215 consecutive patients (aged 56 +/- 11 years, 75% male) with acute
      myocardial infarction and single vessel coronary artery disease. Wide patency of
      the infarct-related artery was restored in 212 patients (99%). Complications
      consisted of one urgent coronary bypass operation (0.5%); there were no
      procedural deaths. A recurrent ischemic event before discharge occurred in eight
      patients (4%). The in-hospital mortality rate was 1%; five of six patients
      presenting with cardiogenic shock were alive at discharge. In 126 patients in
      whom predischarge angiography was performed, the ejection fraction improved from
      55 +/- 12% to 61 +/- 12% (p less than 0.005) and increased by greater than or
      equal to 5% units in 66 patients (52%). Regional wall motion improved in 60
      patients (48%). By multivariate analysis, a depressed initial ejection fraction,
      a limited increase in serum creatine kinase, young age and sustained patency of
      the infarct-related artery were found to be independent predictors of improvement
      in left ventricular function. Follow-up data were available in 214 patients
      (99.5%) at a mean interval of 35 months. The actuarial 3 year cardiac survival
      rate was 92%. By multivariate analysis, only the baseline ejection fraction
      correlated with long-term cardiac survival. Nine patients (4%) sustained a late
      nonfatal myocardial infarction, and 11 patients (5%) underwent subsequent
      coronary bypass surgery. At late follow-up study, 149 (77%) of 194 patients alive
      were free of angina. In summary, in patients with acute myocardial infarction and
      single vessel disease, coronary angioplasty without prior thrombolytic therapy
      can be performed with a high success rate and few procedural complications. After
      direct angioplasty, regional wall motion and global ejection fraction improve in
      50% of patients, especially in those with depressed initial left ventricular
      function. This approach results in an excellent early and late event-free
      survival.

PMID- 2303621
TI  - Because we can, should we?

PMID- 2303623
TI  - Preservation of left ventricular function in patients with mitral regurgitation:
      a realistic goal for the nineties.

PMID- 2303622
TI  - Long-term effects of excision of the mitral apparatus on global and regional
      ventricular function in humans.
AB  - To evaluate the long-term sequelae of mitral valve excision on global and
      regional wall motion, contrast left ventriculograms from 21 patients with
      suspected prosthetic mitral valve dysfunction performed 10.4 +/- 2.1 years after
      mitral valve replacement were analyzed by a computerized radial shortening
      method. Patients with significant coronary artery disease (greater than 30%
      stenosis in any vessel) were excluded. In 8 of the 21 patients in whom
      preoperative ventriculograms were available, regional wall motion was normal
      before valve replacement. Although average radial shortening (35.6 +/- 4.8%
      versus 35.3 +/- 3.8%, p = NS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (62.8 +/-
      4.2% versus 57.9 +/- 2.8%, p = NS) were unchanged in the preoperative and
      postoperative studies of these eight patients, radial shortening in the vicinity
      of insertion of the posteromedial papillary muscle declined significantly (38.4
      +/- 6.4% to 20.8 +/- 4.4%, p less than 0.04). Postoperative radial shortening for
      all 21 patients at the site of insertion of the papillary muscle was also reduced
      to a significant degree compared with the average radial shortening (32.9 +/-
      10.3% versus 17.5 +/- 2.0%, p less than 0.001). The findings demonstrate
      significant long-term and possibly permanent regional ventricular dysfunction
      after severing the chordae tendineae during mitral valve replacement.

PMID- 2303625
TI  - Statistical treatment of valve surgery outcomes: an influence on the evaluation
      of devices as well as practice.

PMID- 2303624
TI  - Long-term relative survival rates after heart valve replacement.
AB  - The calculation and comparison of relative survival rates after interventional
      studies is a method that permits correction for important demographic variables,
      thereby adjusting for the "background mortality" in the general population. Long
      term relative survival rates were analyzed in a consecutive series of 2,805
      Swedish patients who, on the basis of clinical symptoms, underwent aortic valve
      replacement (n = 1,741), mitral valve replacement (n = 792) and double (aortic
      plus mitral) valve replacement (n = 272) between 1969 and 1983. The follow-up
      period, which closed August 1, 1985, included 100% of patients and covered 16,822
      patient-years. Autopsy was performed in 75% of all deaths. The results underscore
      previously well known differences between the long-term survival after aortic
      valve replacement and mitral or double valve replacement, whereas no differences
      were noted between mitral and double valve replacement. Within the subgroup
      undergoing aortic valve replacement, analysis of relative survival rates
      disclosed a highly significant (p less than 0.001) difference between patients
      operated on for aortic stenosis and those operated on for aortic regurgitation,
      representing a mortality rate more than twice as high in the latter group. This
      difference was of much lesser magnitude when analyzed in the standard (actuarial)
      way. With a low (less than 2.5%) operative mortality rate for patients undergoing
      isolated elective aortic valve replacement in the current era and with an
      acceptable incidence of late valve-related death (5.2% at 10 years), these
      results may justify aortic valve replacement earlier in the course of chronic
      aortic regurgitation to prevent irreversible myocardial damage.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303626
TI  - Valvular regurgitation in heart-lung transplant recipients: a Doppler color flow
      study.
AB  - To assess the frequency and degree of valvular regurgitation in combined heart
      and lung transplant recipients, 50 patients were investigated using Doppler color
      flow echocardiography 20 to 909 days (mean 369) after heart-lung transplantation.
      The mean age (+/- SD) of the patients was 25 +/- 9 years. No patient had evidence
      of rejection at the time of the study. Fifty normal volunteers acted as control
      subjects. Tricuspid, mitral and pulmonary regurgitation were commonly observed in
      the patients undergoing heart-lung transplantation (78%, 52% and 68%,
      respectively), but were not significantly more frequent than in the normal
      subjects (68%, 42% and 70%, respectively). Aortic regurgitation was uncommon in
      both groups (4% and 2%, respectively). However, tricuspid and mitral regurgitant
      jet areas were significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in heart-lung transplant
      recipients than in normal subjects (156 +/- 120 and 84 +/- 52 mm2 compared with
      40 +/- 38 and 28 +/- 26 mm2, respectively); pulmonary regurgitant jet area was
      not significantly different in the two groups (32 +/- 26 and 28 +/- 26 mm2,
      respectively). Regurgitant jet area was not significantly correlated with patient
      or donor age, donor organ total ischemic time, time after operation, use of
      steroids for immunosuppression or total number of rejection episodes. These
      results show that valvular regurgitation is not significantly more frequent after
      heart-lung transplantation than in normal subjects, but atrioventricular (AV)
      valve regurgitation, when present, is significantly greater in degree. This
      suggests that the degree but not the frequency of AV valve regurgitation is
      related to transplantation.

PMID- 2303628
TI  - Left ventricular dimensions and function in athletes: cardiac or cardiovascular
      adaptations, or both?

PMID- 2303627
TI  - Altered left ventricular volume and ejection fraction responses to supine dynamic
      exercise in athletes.
AB  - Two-dimensional echocardiography was used to determine the responses of left
      ventricular volumes, ejection fraction and segmental left ventricular motion to
      supine dynamic exercise in 22 professional athletes, comparing these responses
      with those in 22 age- and gender-matched healthy untrained individuals. End
      systolic volume was significantly greater at rest and during exercise in the
      athletes (50 +/- 6 versus 29 +/- 4 ml and 40 +/- 5 versus 17 +/- 4 ml,
      respectively, p less than 0.001 for both). It decreased during exercise in all
      the untrained subjects, but did not change or increased in nine athletes (41%).
      End-diastolic volume was greater in the athletes at rest (143 +/- 12 versus 98 +/
      9 ml) and during exercise (157 +/- 14 versus 121 +/- 13 ml, p less than 0.01 for
      both). It increased in all the untrained subjects, but decreased or did not
      change in six athletes (27%). Ejection fraction was significantly lower in the
      athletes at rest and during exercise (65 +/- 4% versus 70 +/- 5% and 73 +/- 5%
      versus 86 +/- 5%, p less than 0.01 and 0.001, respectively); the values augmented
      normally in all the untrained subjects, but increased only by less than 5% units,
      did not change or decreased in nine athletes (41%). Eight athletes (36.5%) failed
      to demonstrate the expected symmetric hyperkinetic wall motion changes during
      exercise, which were seen in all the untrained subjects. No correlation was found
      between atypical responses to exercise and electrocardiographic
      patterns.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303629
TI  - Improvement in rest and exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities after coronary
      angioplasty: an exercise echocardiographic study.
AB  - Exercise echocardiography was performed in 36 patients to evaluate functional
      improvement after coronary angioplasty. Thirty-one patients (86%) had provokable
      ischemia before angioplasty including 22 with an abnormal exercise
      electrocardiographic test (angina or ST depression), 25 with an abnormal exercise
      echocardiogram (exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities) and 16 with both
      tests abnormal. Nineteen patients had no induced ischemia after angioplasty.
      Seventeen (47%) continued to have ischemia that was limited in 12 to exercise
      induced wall motion abnormalities, which were less severe compared with those of
      preangioplasty studies. Fifteen (65%) of 23 patients had improvement in rest wall
      motion abnormalities after angioplasty. The rest to immediate postexercise change
      in global wall motion score was significantly improved after angioplasty. The
      change in regional wall motion score was significantly improved after angioplasty
      in patients with single vessel right or left circumflex coronary artery disease
      and approached significant improvement (p = 0.06) in those with single vessel
      disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Exercise
      echocardiography improves the sensitivity of functional testing for ischemia,
      aids in localizing the ischemic zone and documents improvement in regional
      function after coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 2303630
TI  - Exercise echocardiography after coronary angioplasty: expanding applications.

PMID- 2303631
TI  - Reproducibility of quantitative myocardial contrast echocardiography.
AB  - To determine whether myocardial contrast echocardiography is quantitatively
      reproducible, repeated intracoronary injections of sonicated albumin (5%) were
      performed in eight open chest dogs. Paired injections were performed at baseline,
      during ischemia produced by ligation of a coronary artery, and during hyperemia
      induced by intravenous infusion of 0.75 mg/kg body weight of dipyridamole.
      Contrast washout curves were generated for the left anterior descending coronary
      artery territory (ischemic area) and left circumflex coronary artery territory
      (nonischemic area) by beat per beat analysis of frozen end-diastolic frames of
      left ventricular short-axis views. Peak contrast intensity, contrast washout half
      time and area under the curve were derived from these curves. A total of 75
      contrast washout curves were analyzed for the study of interinjection,
      intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility. The correlation coefficients
      between measurements obtained from paired injections of the echocardiographic
      contrast agent (interinjection reproducibility) ranged from 0.78 for peak
      contrast intensity to 0.87 for area under the curve. Percent error varied between
      14.7% and 24.7%. The intraobserver variability in measurements was less than the
      interinjection variability, with a cumulative mean percent error of 17.8% and
      correlation coefficients of 0.72 (peak contrast intensity), 0.95 (area under the
      curve) and 0.96 (washout half-time). Interobserver correlation for all indexes
      was high (r = 0.92 to 0.96). It is concluded that peak contrast intensity,
      contrast washout half-time and the area under the curve derived from myocardial
      contrast washout curves can be measured reproducibly from videotapes. In
      addition, the variability between two injections attempted under identical
      conditions is greater than reader variability from videotapes.

PMID- 2303632
TI  - Determination of left ventricular volumes with use of a new nongeometric
      echocardiographic method: clinical validation and potential application.
AB  - A new nongeometric echocardiographic technique for measurement of right and left
      ventricular volumes was recently validated in vitro. With this method, all images
      are taken from one point on the chest wall as the transducer is tilted through
      the ventricle. This approach offers several advantages. No geometric assumptions
      about ventricular shape are made. All images are acquired from the best
      echocardiographic window. Furthermore, the digitized points can be used to make a
      three-dimensional reconstruction of the ventricle. The present study addresses
      the clinical feasibility of imaging the heart from a single pivoting point in
      short axis and compares the accuracy of the method in determining left
      ventricular volumes with that of biplane cineangiography. Twenty-four patients
      underwent echocardiographic studies within 2 h before angiography. At
      catheterization, volumes determined by the biplane area-length method ranged
      between 95 and 368 ml at end-diastole and between 15 and 303 ml at end-systole. A
      good correlation was observed between ventricular volumes by angiography and
      echocardiography at end-diastole and end-systole (r = 0.92 and 0.96,
      respectively). Correlations between volumes by the two techniques were equally
      good in patients with wall motion abnormalities (n = 13; r = 0.97). Ventricular
      ejection fraction ranged between 18% and 84% at angiography and correlated well
      with echocardiographic measurements (r = 0.82). Thus, the echocardiographic tilt
      method provides accurate determination of left ventricular volume and ejection
      fraction. This nongeometric method offers the potential for the determination of
      right ventricular volume and three-dimensional display of the heart.

PMID- 2303633
TI  - The predictive value of electrophysiologic studies in untreated patients with
      Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
AB  - The ability of invasive electrophysiologic studies to predict future arrhythmic
      events in patients with minimally symptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is
      not known. To assess this ability, 42 patients with evidence of atrioventricular
      (AV) pre-excitation on the surface electrocardiogram underwent electrophysiologic
      studies and were then followed up as outpatients taking no medications. The
      patients were classified into three groups on the basis of prestudy symptoms:
      group I, 15 asymptomatic patients; group II, 10 patients with infrequent symptoms
      but no documented arrhythmias; and group III, 17 patients with one documented
      episode of supraventricular tachycardia or atrial fibrillation, or both. At
      electrophysiologic study, the number of patients with short anterograde accessory
      pathway effective refractory periods and rapid ventricular responses during
      induced atrial fibrillation did not differ statistically among the three groups.
      During a mean follow-up period of 7.5 +/- 4.9 years, 11 of the 42 patients had
      documented arrhythmias: 2 patients from group II and 2 patients from group III
      had supraventricular tachycardia and 7 patients from group III had atrial
      fibrillation. All nine patients from group III with subsequent arrhythmias had
      had clinical atrial fibrillation before study. No patient from group I had an
      arrhythmia during follow-up. There were no episodes of ventricular fibrillation
      or sudden cardiac death during follow-up in any of the patients. The only
      predischarge variables that correlated with the subsequent occurrence of
      arrhythmias were a history of documented arrhythmias before electrophysiologic
      study (p less than 0.01) and inducible supraventricular tachycardia at
      electrophysiologic study (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303635
TI  - Hemodynamic sensors for implantable defibrillators.

PMID- 2303636
TI  - Alterations in left ventricular relaxation during atrioventricular pacing in
      humans.
AB  - To determine whether the asynchronous left ventricular contraction-relaxation
      sequence that exists during right ventricular pacing alters left ventricular
      relaxation, measurements of both the maximal rate of decline of left ventricular
      pressure (peak negative dP/dt) and the time constant of left ventricular
      relaxation were obtained during atrial and atrioventricular (AV) pacing in 25
      patients referred for diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Heart rate was
      maintained at 10 to 15 beats/min above the sinus rate at rest, and relaxation was
      assessed during atrial pacing, AV pacing and repeat atrial pacing. The patients
      were classified into two groups. Group 1 included 10 patients with normal left
      ventricular systolic function at rest (ejection fraction greater than 0.55) and
      without evidence of prior myocardial infarction. Group 2 included 15 patients
      with a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction or akinesia of one or more
      left ventricular segments on the contrast ventriculogram, or both. Heart rate,
      peak left ventricular systolic pressure, end-systolic pressure and end-diastolic
      pressure remained constant during atrial, AV pacing and repeat atrial pacing in
      all patients. In group 1 patients, the decrease in peak negative dP/dt (1,507 +/-
      200 versus 1,424 +/- 187 mm Hg/s) and the increase in the time constant of left
      ventricular relaxation (48 +/- 11 versus 51 +/- 11 ms) during AV pacing was not
      significantly different when compared with values during atrial pacing.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303637
TI  - Echocardiographic evaluation of the spectrum of cardiac anomalies associated with
      trisomy 13 and trisomy 18.
AB  - To investigate the role that cardiac anomalies play in the early death frequently
      seen in the trisomy 13 and the trisomy 18 syndromes, two-dimensional and Doppler
      echocardiograms from 31 newborn infants with cytogenetic confirmation of these
      syndromes seen at one institution over a 4.5 year period (1983 to 1988) were
      reviewed. The mean age at echocardiography was 1.5 days, and the median age at
      death was 14 days. Significant cyanosis was present in 58%. Cardiac anomalies
      that would be considered lethal within the neonatal period were present in only
      19% of patients. The most common lesions were atrial septal defect (81%),
      ventricular septal defect (61%) and patent ductus arteriosus (85%). Most
      ventricular septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus were large. Valvular
      dysplasia of one or more valves, graded as mild in most cases, was found in 68%,
      but was not associated with Doppler evidence of significant regurgitation or
      stenosis in any subject. Of the four valves, the pulmonary valve, followed by the
      tricuspid valve, was the most commonly dysplastic. Doppler evidence suggestive of
      elevated pulmonary artery pressure (low velocity bidirectional flow across the
      ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus), although expected, was
      accompanied by greater than normal mean right ventricular cavity and free wall
      dimensions in these patients. Thus, although the cardiac anomalies most
      frequently encountered in trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 are nonlethal, the combined
      findings of frequent cyanosis and increased right ventricular dimensions suggest
      that other factors such as pulmonary hypertension, perhaps related to
      maldevelopment of the pulmonary vasculature, may contribute to early death in
      some of these infants.

PMID- 2303634
TI  - Right ventricular pressure during ventricular arrhythmias in humans: potential
      implications for implantable antitachycardia devices.
AB  - Implantable defibrillators use algorithms based on ventricular electrographic
      data to detect the onset and termination of arrhythmias, but these algorithms do
      not always differentiate hemodynamically stable from unstable arrhythmias.
      Although, ideally, left ventricular function should be used to assess the
      hemodynamic state, right ventricular pulse pressure can be assessed in humans on
      a long-term basis with a transvenous lead. The potential utility of right
      ventricular pulse pressure to assess hemodynamic stability was studied in 22
      patients with induced ventricular arrhythmias. Right ventricular pressure was
      measured with use of a transvenous right ventricular endocardial pacing lead with
      a piezoelectric bender pressure sensor 3 cm from its tip. Single ventricular
      premature paced beats administered in up to a bigeminal frequency did not alter
      the mean right ventricular pulse pressure (control 33.7 +/- 26, bigeminy 35.7 +/-
      26 mm Hg). Twenty-one episodes of induced ventricular tachycardia were studied in
      the electrophysiology laboratory. Five seconds after tachycardia induction,
      hemodynamically stable ventricular tachycardia had a longer cycle length (294 +/-
      41 ms) and the right ventricular pulse pressure ratio was higher (0.55 +/- 0.26)
      than that in unstable ventricular tachycardia (cycle length 256 +/- 55 ms, p =
      0.06; pulse pressure ratio 0.26 +/- 0.09, p less than 0.05). Twenty episodes of
      ventricular fibrillation were induced in eight patients. One second after
      induction, right ventricular pulse pressure decreased from 25 +/- 5 to 6 +/- 3 mm
      Hg (p less than 0.05). On the first beat after defibrillation, right ventricular
      pulse pressure increased to 24 +/- 14 mm Hg, a level not significantly different
      from that before the induction of ventricular fibrillation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303638
TI  - Subcostal two-dimensional echocardiographic identification of anomalous
      attachment of septum primum in patients with left atrioventricular valve
      underdevelopment.
AB  - Five variations of atrial septal morphology occur in hypoplastic left heart
      syndrome. One variety, termed anomalous attachment of septum primum, has been
      described only in necropsy series. Two-dimensional echocardiography was utilized
      to determine the incidence of this anomaly in patients with left atrioventricular
      (AV) valve underdevelopment, including those with other ventriculoarterial
      alignments, such as transposition of the great arteries. Forty-eight (37%) of 129
      patients with normally aligned great arteries (and two ventricles) had anomalous
      attachment of septum primum. Ten (34%) of 29 patients with double outlet right
      ventricle and left AV valve underdevelopment had this anomaly. Four (50%) of
      eight patients with single ventricle exhibited this atrial septal variant. The
      most reliable view to identify anomalous attachment was the subcostal left
      oblique-equivalent cut. Recognition of atrial septal morphology has implications
      for preoperative and intraoperative management of patients with left AV valve
      underdevelopment. The similar prevalence of this atrial septal variant in
      patients with normally aligned great arteries, double outlet right ventricle and
      transposed great arteries suggests that there may be a common mechanism for left
      AV valve underdevelopment that is independent of the development of the arterial
      portion of the heart.

PMID- 2303639
TI  - Percutaneous peripheral atherectomy: angiographic and clinical follow-up of 60
      patients.
AB  - The Simpson atherectomy catheter was used to treat 60 patients with a total of 94
      lesions comprising 63 stenoses (mean length 1.1 +/- 0.5 cm) and 31 occlusions
      (4.2 +/- 2.9 cm) of the superficial femoral (n = 77), popliteal (n = 8), iliac (n
      = 8) and anterior tibial (n = 1) arteries. The immediate angiographic success
      rate was 90% for both occlusions and stenoses, and clinical success was obtained
      in 82% of patients. The stenoses were reduced from 83 +/- 13% to 17 +/- 18%
      acutely and to 31 +/- 26% at 6 months; the occlusions were reduced from 100% to 9
      +/- 9% initially and to 60 +/- 34% at 6 months. Angiographic restenosis was found
      in 24% of lesions: 23% in concentric and 11% in eccentric lesions and 47% in
      total occlusions. At 1 year, 72% of patients had clinically patent arteries with
      maintained Doppler index and walking distance. Three of four patients undergoing
      repeat atherectomy had a second restenosis. In summary, the procedure was found
      to be safe and effective in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease. It
      appears to be particularly beneficial in the treatment of eccentric stenoses and
      is not limited by the presence of calcification.

PMID- 2303640
TI  - Percutaneous peripheral atherectomy: what are its indications?

PMID- 2303641
TI  - Therapy of refractory symptomatic atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a
      staged care approach with new antiarrhythmic drugs.
AB  - One hundred nine patients with recurrent episodes of symptomatic atrial
      fibrillation or flutter, or both, who had failed one to five previous
      antiarrhythmic drug trials were treated with propafenone and, subsequently,
      sotalol if atrial fibrillation recurred. The clinical profile of the study group
      was as follows: age 63 +/- 13 years, left atrial anteroposterior dimension 4.4 +/
      0.9 cm and left ventricular ejection fraction 57 +/- 14%. Paroxysmal atrial
      fibrillation occurred in 56 patients (51%) and chronic atrial fibrillation
      occurred in 53 patients (49%). After loading and dose titration phases were
      completed, the maintenance doses of drugs were 450 to 900 mg/day for propafenone
      and 160 to 960 mg/day for sotalol. Life table estimates of the duration of
      freedom from atrial fibrillation were constructed for each drug trial. The
      percent of patients free of recurrent symptomatic arrhythmia at 6 months was 39%
      for propafenone and 50% for sotalol. The cumulative proportion of patients
      successfully treated with propafenone or sotalol, or both, by 6 months was 55%
      and remained relatively constant beyond that point. The incidence of intolerable
      side effects necessitating discontinuation of therapy ranged from 7% to 8%. Thus,
      despite previous unsuccessful drug trials, a substantial proportion of patients
      with recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation refractory to conventional therapy
      can be treated successfully and safely with newer antiarrhythmic drugs. Treatment
      failures tend to occur early in the course of follow-up, permitting easy
      identification of candidates for alternative therapeutic approaches.

PMID- 2303642
TI  - New hope in atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 2303643
TI  - Effect of the right ventricular isolation procedure on ventricular vulnerability
      to fibrillation.
AB  - A certain critical mass of myocardium is believed to be necessary to initiate
      ventricular fibrillation. The right ventricular isolation procedure, employed
      clinically to confine ventricular tachyarrhythmias to the right ventricle,
      decreases the ventricular mass available for fibrillation by isolating the
      ventricles from each other. The effect of this procedure on ventricular
      fibrillation thresholds is unknown. Left and right ventricular fibrillation
      thresholds were measured before and after right ventricular isolation in 10 adult
      mongrel dogs utilizing a single 5 ms stimulus of increasing current strength
      applied to the epicardium during the vulnerable period. There were no significant
      differences in heart rate, aortic blood pressure, left atrial pressure,
      temperature, arterial blood gases or regional myocardial blood flow between the
      study periods. In 9 of the 10 dogs, the isolated right ventricle could not
      sustain ventricular fibrillation despite the utilization of stimulus strengths of
      up to 80 mA. In the 10th dog, the right ventricular fibrillation threshold
      increased 150%, from 20 to 50 mA. The left ventricular fibrillation threshold
      markedly increased in every dog, with an average increase from 23 +/- 2 to 40 +/-
      4 mA (p less than 0.0005). To determine whether time, cardiopulmonary bypass or
      the right ventricular incision could cause similar changes in ventricular
      fibrillation threshold, five different dogs underwent the entire experimental
      protocol except for incomplete isolation of the right ventricle. There were no
      significant changes in ventricular fibrillation thresholds in these dogs. Thus,
      in the canine model, right ventricular isolation can prevent the occurrence of
      sustained fibrillation in the isolated right ventricle and can significantly
      increase the left ventricular fibrillation threshold.

PMID- 2303645
TI  - Cardiac catheterization laboratories: hospital-based, freestanding or mobile?

PMID- 2303644
TI  - Differential enhancement of postischemic segmental systolic thickening by
      diltiazem.
AB  - Prolonged depression of segmental systolic thickening after brief coronary artery
      occlusion may result principally from events during reperfusion rather than
      during the ischemic interval. Thus, cellular calcium overload at reperfusion may
      be a mediator of contractile dysfunction after brief ischemia, and reduction of
      calcium entry by diltiazem, a calcium channel antagonist, may enhance recovery of
      systolic thickening after brief periods of ischemia. Thirteen awake unsedated
      dogs instrumented with hemodynamic catheters, left anterior descending coronary
      artery occluders and five to six pairs of intramyocardial sonomicrometers
      underwent two 15 min coronary artery occlusions with 24 h reperfusion. The order
      of infusion of diltiazem (15 micrograms/kg per min) or saline solution was
      alternated. Systolic thickening, hemodynamic variables and regional myocardial
      blood flow were measured serially over 24 h. Despite equally severe ischemic
      dysfunction during coronary occlusion, diltiazem-treated segments with systolic
      thinning during ischemia recovered control segmental thickening significantly
      earlier than saline solution-treated segments (at 30 versus 180 min of
      reperfusion). Blood pressure was mildly decreased during diltiazem treatment;
      therefore, a second group of 10 dogs underwent a similar occlusion and reflow
      period during infusion of nitroprusside to lower mean arterial pressure
      equivalently. Decreases in blood pressure in this group resulted in some
      improvement in segmental systolic function; however, this did not reach
      statistical significance at any time. Regional myocardial blood flows were
      similar in the saline solution- and diltiazem-treated groups during ischemia and
      reflow. Thus, it is concluded that 1) diltiazem infusion significantly enhanced
      recovery of segmental systolic thickening after 15 min of ischemia and 24 h of
      reperfusion; 2) the enhancement in segmental systolic function could not entirely
      be attributed to decreased mean arterial pressure; 3) improvement in postischemic
      segmental ventricular function was seen only in those segments with systolic
      thinning during ischemia; thus, segments with the most severe ischemic
      dysfunction benefited most; and 4) there were no important differences in
      regional myocardial blood flow during ischemia and reperfusion between saline-
      and diltiazem-treated animals.

PMID- 2303646
TI  - Clinical ecology: environmental medicine or unsubstantiated theory?

PMID- 2303647
TI  - Problems in defining normal limits for serum IgE.
AB  - Recommended "normal limits" for serum IgE generally assume that a single upper
      limit of normal can be applied to all adults. The present article describes the
      distribution of IgE levels in 2657 subjects in a general population sample in
      Tucson, Ariz. Limits of IgE defining the lower 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, and
      95% in 1569 subjects with negative allergy skin tests and without current asthma,
      considered a reference group, are provided by age and sex. These cutoffs are then
      used to compare groups with asthma and with positive allergy skin tests with the
      reference population. Distributions of IgE levels in these groups are vastly
      different, but defining an upper "limit of normal" for serum IgE is of doubtful
      clinical value because there is no single level of IgE that distinguishes
      different groups with any precision. The spread of IgE values is extremely wide
      in subjects with and without known allergic diseases.

PMID- 2303648
TI  - Serum IgE and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection is characterized by a progressive
      depletion of helper T-lymphocytes and, like allergic diseases, is associated with
      altered T cell regulation. Total serum IgE was measured in 67 infected male
      subjects, 27 uninfected heterosexual male subjects, and 18 uninfected homosexual
      male subjects. The mean IgE level (132 IU/ml) of infected subjects with a helper
      T-lymphocyte number less than or equal to 200/mm3 was significantly greater than
      mean IgE levels of the uninfected heterosexual (38 IU/ml) and homosexual (35
      IU/ml) groups. IgE levels were inversely related to both helper T cell and
      suppressor/cytotoxic T cell numbers but not to IgG or IgA levels. The increase in
      IgE was not a reflection of an increased prevalence of atopic disease (allergic
      asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis) in the infected subjects. The
      elevation of IgE may be related to a difference among the groups in T cell
      production of IgE regulatory lymphokines.

PMID- 2303650
TI  - Absent specific viral antibodies in patients with transient hypogammaglobulinemia
      of infancy.
AB  - Of 247 patients referred to the Pediatric Immunology Clinic, University of
      Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn., for recurrent infections, 13
      patients were found to have an abnormal delay in the onset of IgG synthesis and
      prolongation of the physiologic hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy. At first
      observation, their mean age was 10.6 months. All patients had abnormally low
      serum IgG levels (less than or equal to 2 SD for their age). The mean serum IgG
      level for our patient population was 270 +/- 81 mg/dl; the mean serum IgG level
      of the control group was 749 +/- 440 mg/dl. Clinically, these patients were first
      observed with recurrent otitis media, respiratory infections, bronchitis and/or
      asthma, and formula intolerance. Despite recurrent respiratory tract infections,
      specific antibodies to the respiratory viruses were absent in nine of 11 patients
      tested who were observed before 17 months of age. On follow-up, two of the 13
      patients never developed specific antibodies to viral agents, although their
      serum IgG levels normalized; one patient became serology positive at the same
      time that the serum IgG normalized. In two patients, the serum IgG levels
      returned to within the normal range for age before the appearance of specific
      viral antibodies. In eight patients, the appearance of specific viral antibodies
      was detected before the serum IgG levels returned to normal. Five of these eight
      patients were treated for short periods (9 months) with replacement immune serum
      globulin (intramuscular) therapy and did clinically well. These observations
      suggest that replacement immune serum globulin for short periods of time does not
      appear to suppress the production of specific, naturally occurring antibodies and
      the resolution of the hypogammaglobulinemia.

PMID- 2303649
TI  - A patient with simultaneous absence of "classical" natural killer cells (CD3-,
      CD16+, and NKH1+) and expansion of CD3+, CD4-, CD8-, NKH1+ subset.
AB  - The clinical manifestations of putative natural killer (NK) cell deficiency are
      not well-known but theoretically should include recurrent tumors and systemic
      viral infections. In this article, we discuss a patient with recurrent
      condylomata, vulvar and cervical carcinoma in situ, pulmonary infiltrates of
      unknown significance, and a hypercoagulable state. This patient has a dramatic
      persistent deficiency in her circulating "classic" NK cells (CD3-, CD16+, NKH1+)
      and a simultaneous persistent expansion of a normally minor lymphocyte cell
      subset (CD3+, CD4-, CD8-, NKH1+) that does not express the alpha beta heterodimer
      of the T cell receptor. T-lymphocyte function, as measured by mitogen and
      alloantigen responsiveness in vitro, was normal. The coexistence of this
      particular clinical complex with this unusual set of laboratory abnormalities
      tends to emphasize our meager understanding of the biologic role of NK cells. At
      the very least, these findings suggest that the clinical manifestations of NK
      cell deficiency need not be dominated by disseminated systemic viral infections
      and that perhaps there should be a higher index of suspicion for the
      scrutinization of NK cell function.

PMID- 2303651
TI  - The safety of allergenic immunotherapy.

PMID- 2303652
TI  - The waiting period after allergen skin testing and immunotherapy. American
      Academy of Allergy and Immunology.

PMID- 2303653
TI  - Morrow Brown skin test needle.

PMID- 2303654
TI  - Sustained-release theophylline preparations.

PMID- 2303655
TI  - Essential acquired cold urticaria.

PMID- 2303656
TI  - RDs respond to physician's suggestions.

PMID- 2303657
TI  - ADA testifies on food labeling before Institute of Medicine committee.

PMID- 2303658
TI  - Patterns of dietary behavior associated with selecting diets low in fat:
      reliability and validity of a behavioral approach to dietary assessment.
AB  - This report describes the development and evaluation of a behavioral measure of
      dietary patterns related to selecting low-fat diets. An 18-item questionnaire,
      based on an anthropological theory of dietary change, was developed to assess
      four relevant dimensions of dietary behavior: (a) excluding high-fat ingredients
      and preparation techniques, (b) modifying high-fat foods, (c) substituting
      specially manufactured low-fat foods for their higher-fat counterparts, and (d)
      replacing high-fat foods with low-fat alternatives. In this study, 99 women
      completed the diet behavior questionnaire twice and, to characterize precisely
      their dietary fat intake, also completed two 4-day food records and a food
      frequency questionnaire. Participants were aged 45 to 59 years and were selected
      to have a wide range of fat intakes (19.4% to 49.4% of calories from fat).
      Confirmatory factor analysis identified five scales that corresponded to those
      hypothesized, except for exclusion, which split into avoiding meat and avoiding
      fat as a seasoning. The scales had high test-retest and internal consistency
      reliabilities, and correlations with percent of calories from fat ranged from
      0.34 to 0.57 (p less than .01). The correlation of the sum of the five scales (18
      items) with percent of calories from fat was 0.68 (p less than .001) and, in
      multiple regression models, the multiple R2 using all factors to predict percent
      of calories from fat was 0.47. Overall, these findings supported the validity of
      the theoretical model of dietary patterns related to selecting diets low in fat.
      We conclude that a standardized, behavioral approach to measuring fat-related
      dietary behavior may be useful for designing and evaluating nutrition
      intervention programs.

PMID- 2303659
TI  - Educating patients with diabetes: comparison of nutrient-based and exchange group
      methods.
AB  - This study compared the effectiveness of a nutrient-based (diet guide) approach
      with that of a food-group (exchange lists) approach to menu planning for persons
      with noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Each method was presented to four groups in
      three-session workshops emphasizing meal planning to reduce risk of heart
      disease. The diet guide method evaluated menus specifically for calories, source
      of calories, cholesterol, fiber, sodium, and key vitamins and minerals. Of 105
      subjects recruited, 97 completed the workshops and 83 the 6-month follow-up.
      Subjects responded positively to the diet guide method, finding it as easy to use
      as the exchange lists method. Menu planning and evaluation initially took longer
      using the diet guide than the exchange group method (25 vs. 16 minutes per day),
      but subjects indicated that time was well spent. Also, with practice, the time
      required to use the diet guide method decreased to 17 minutes per day. Both diet
      education programs improved attitude and knowledge regarding diabetes, diet, and
      nutrition, with retention of knowledge gained for up to 6 months. Increases in
      applied nutrition knowledge scores were significantly greater, however, for diet
      guide than for exchange lists subjects both 3 months (24% vs. 15% increase) and 6
      months postworkshop (15% vs. 8% increase). We conclude that the diet guide method
      can effectively serve as an alternative menu-planning system to exchange lists
      for patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes who have at least a high school
      education.

PMID- 2303660
TI  - Empathy in clinical dietitians and dietetic interns.
AB  - On the premise that empathy is important in patient care and nutrition
      counseling, the empathy levels of 217 clinical dietitians and 168 dietetic
      interns were measured using the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The
      Interpersonal Reactivity Index is designed to measure four aspects of empathy:
      empathic concern (EC), fantasy (FS), personal distress (PD), and perspective
      taking (PT). Personal and professional characteristics were surveyed to determine
      possible influence on empathy. The instrument was mailed to 26 randomly selected
      internship programs. All of the dietetic interns and clinical dietitians who
      spend 80% of their time in patient care were requested to participate. The mean
      ages of the dietitians and interns were 35 and 25 years, respectively. Interns
      scored significantly higher on the EC (29.06, p less than .05) and FS (24.65, p
      less than .0005) scales than the dietitians (EC = 28.20, FS = 22.53). There was a
      highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.26, p less than .0001) between
      fantasy and age for dietitians and interns and between fantasy and experience for
      the dietitians (r = -0.23, p less than .0005). Dietitians and interns who had had
      graduate coursework in counselling, psychology, and/or educational psychology had
      significantly lower mean scores on the PD (17.14, p less than .05) and EC (27.82,
      p less than .05) scales and a significantly higher mean score on the PT (27.06, p
      less than .05) scale. Responses to an opinion question indicated that the mean
      for ideal percentage of time spent in direct patient contact was 70.1 for
      dietitians and 61.4 for interns, a highly significant difference (p less than
      .0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303661
TI  - Aspartame- or sugar-sweetened beverages: effects on mood in young women.
AB  - Young college women (no. = 120) received, on three different occasions, 12 oz
      water, aspartame-sweetened beverage, and sugar-sweetened beverage, separated by
      weekly intervals. Changes in mood were assessed by administering test
      questionnaires before and 1 hour after the beverages were drunk. Mood tests
      employed were the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), the Visual Analogue Mood Scale
      (VAMS), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Changes in mood were similar
      following consumption of water or the aspartame-sweetened beverage. However, the
      ingestion of the sugar-sweetened beverage was followed by increased sleepiness
      during the last half of the one-hour observation period (p less than .002).

PMID- 2303662
TI  - Infant feeding decisions among pregnant women from a WIC population in Georgia.
AB  - A survey comparing the anticipated choice of feeding method with attitudinal,
      social influence, and psychological variables was conducted in a WIC population
      (no. = 120) in the East Central Health District of Georgia. Attitudinal variables
      had a stronger relationship with the choice of feeding method than either the
      social influence or psychological variables. When all the variables that were
      associated with choice of feeding method were analyzed with multiple regression
      analysis, the positive attitudes toward breast feeding scale had the strongest
      impact on choice of method, followed in order by method preferred by the father,
      the positive attitudes toward formula scale, and the knowledge about breast
      feeding scale. The regression model consisting of those four variables explained
      64% of the variation in choice of feeding method and correctly classified the
      women's feeding method choice in 82% of the cases. These findings suggest that
      breast-feeding promotion interventions should be provided by health care
      professionals at critical times during the prepartum period and that fathers
      should be included in the discussion of the infant feeding decision.

PMID- 2303663
TI  - Nutrition and the precontest preparations of a male bodybuilder.
AB  - A 27-year-old male bodybuilder was studied during a 30-day precontest period when
      his goal was to lose fat and retain muscle mass. Weighted dietary intakes were
      obtained for each day of the study. The subject trained 6 days per week with
      weights and included an aerobic component on most days. Ergogenic drugs and a
      diuretic were self-administered. At the contest, the subject placed in the top
      three for his weight division. The strict diet enabled the subject to lose fat
      weight predictably in preparation for the contest. However, some weight lost was
      lean body tissue, suggesting the rate of loss was too fast. Blood chemistry
      studies revealed abnormalities, including hemoconcentration and alterations in
      cholesterol metabolism, which could have placed the subject at risk for
      thromboembolic phenomena because of increased blood viscosity. Those
      abnormalities could reflect the use of ergogenic drugs. For this subject,
      bodybuilding included diet, exercise, and drug regimens, which are common among
      competitive athletes.

PMID- 2303664
TI  - Supplement use among a culturally diverse group of low-income pregnant women.
AB  - Among a culturally diverse group of 344 low-income pregnant women, self-reported
      rates of supplement use prior to confirmation of pregnancy were much lower than
      those reported for young women in national surveys (16% vs. up to 40%,
      respectively). Prenatal vitamins, prescribed routinely for all patients, were
      reportedly taken at least four times a week by 86% of the subjects and two to
      three times a day by 5%. About 5% of the sample reported consuming highly
      fortified cereal at least once daily. There is a possibility of higher than
      recommended use of supplemental vitamins among these women resulting from
      misunderstanding of the number of pills to be taken and/or high consumption of
      highly fortified cereals.

PMID- 2303665
TI  - Lipid management clinic: dietary intervention for patients with
      hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2303666
TI  - Preparing nutrition counselors: perceptions of dietetic students in a counseling
      practicum.

PMID- 2303667
TI  - Assessment of attitudes about weight and dieting among college-aged individuals.

PMID- 2303668
TI  - Supplementation practices of a group of patients with cancer.

PMID- 2303669
TI  - Continuing professional education needs of clinical dietitians in Pennsylvania.
AB  - A multimethod needs assessment generated both qualitative and quantitative data
      about continuing professional education needs and interests of Pennsylvania
      clinical dietitians. The study also evaluated three different needs assessment
      procedures. First, data were obtained from 22 clinical dietitians invited to
      participate in focus group interviews. The dietitians suggested continuing
      education topics representing four aspects of practice: clinical, procedural,
      professional development, and management skills. With the data obtained, two
      needs assessment instruments subsequently were prepared and distributed at a
      statewide conference. Fourteen percent of 650 attending dietitians volunteered to
      participate in the needs assessment process. Forty-four completed a survey using
      an electronic preference recording device, and 50 completed printed
      questionnaires. Although not directly comparable, responses to both questionnaire
      formats generally confirmed suggestions obtained from focus groups. Topics such
      as computer applications, patient education, staff development, and time
      management led the wide variety of choices selected. Respondents favored live,
      affordable, conveniently located programs delivered effectively by experts using
      a participatory format. Of the three assessment procedures used, focus group
      interviews provided the most detailed information for planning continuing
      education. Surveys based on focus group results are useful for contributing
      quantitative data. We conclude that a comprehensive plan for dietitians'
      professional development through continuing professional education should include
      structured needs assessments. The assessments are necessary to determine the
      diverse and changing concerns, needs, and preferences of dietitians and the
      organizations employing them.

PMID- 2303671
TI  - The suicidal patient in long-term care institutions.
AB  - In comparison with older adults living in the community, elders who are
      institutionalized are older, sicker, and more likely to have no living family
      members, factors that place them at risk for suicide. Somatization, or physical
      suffering, is a frequently overlooked symptom of elderly depression, perhaps
      because it is falsely assumed that such symptoms expressed by the older adult are
      normal concomitants of aging. Strengthening and extending existing family roles
      in supporting the elder who is suicidal and depressed is vital to reducing
      loneliness, emotional pain, loss of independence, and to increasing self-concept.
      An expanded knowledge of mental health needs of older adults and their families
      is critical in suicide prevention. A major step toward prevention is the
      recognition of depressive symptomatology and key elements and clues to suicide in
      the institutionalized elderly.

PMID- 2303670
TI  - Knowledge, attitudes, and happiness of nurses working with gerontological
      patients.
AB  - Most of the nurses surveyed reported that they worked with the elderly because of
      a special interest in this population, and the majority (88%) indicated that they
      were "usually or always" satisfied with their work. The aspects of care most
      frequently identified by respondents as unrewarding were behavioral and
      psychosocial problems caused by their patients. When questioned about changes
      that would lead to greater job satisfaction, the most frequent response was a
      need for more time to interact with patients. The majority of nurses defined old
      age in terms of functional loss. In planning for future nursing needs of elderly
      people, the majority of respondents felt there was a need for more domiciliary
      services so that elderly people can receive assistance in their own homes.

PMID- 2303672
TI  - The cost-effectiveness of disposable versus reusable diapers. A controlled
      experiment in a nursing home.
AB  - Because caring for incontinent elderly in nursing homes is so time-consuming and
      costly, this topic is of interest to nursing home administrators. A comparison of
      disposable products with reusable cloth diapers suggests that the disposable
      product used in the controlled study could save nursing homes approximately $161
      to $248 per year per person. Although product costs were similar, the cost
      savings on laundry favored the disposable product. The study found the disposable
      product superior to the cloth reusable diaper after the skin condition of the
      participants was measured.

PMID- 2303673
TI  - The gerontological nursing fellowship: a program to prepare registered nurses for
      national certification.
AB  - The aged population is expanding while the availability of nurses to care for
      hospitalized elderly people is shrinking. Additionally, care for older persons is
      complex, requiring specific knowledge. The gerontological nursing fellowship is
      an effort to assist professional nursing staff in meeting the quantitative and
      qualitative needs of aged patients as well as to prepare nurses for the ANA
      certification examination. Developed and coordinated by an ANA-certified,
      master's-prepared clinical nurse specialist, the program is unique in that it
      utilizes a didactic and clinical education format. The fellowship is expected to
      profoundly affect geriatric patient care outcome, prepare nurses for national
      certification, and enhance recruitment and retention of nurses.

PMID- 2303674
TI  - Intrinsic/extrinsic religious orientation of the elderly: relationship to
      depression and self-esteem.
AB  - Elderly individuals may be intrinsically or extrinsically orientated to religion.
      Religion is important to the elderly individual's sense of well-being. Elder
      persons with intrinsic orientations to religion live their religion. Religion,
      for the intrinsically motivated, is a part of all their daily activities.
      Extrinsically oriented elderly "use their religion" for what they can get out of
      it. Elderly persons who are more intrinsically oriented to religion experience
      less depression. Self-esteem is higher in elderly individuals with an intrinsic
      religious orientation.

PMID- 2303675
TI  - Older adults as an HIV-positive risk group.
AB  - When older adults are admitted to the hospital, they are usually admitted with
      multiple diagnoses and are not usually considered to be at risk for HIV
      infection. The review of hospital records discussed in this article documents
      that people over 60 years of age are indeed infected with HIV and that 42% of the
      population studied were in the age range of 70 to 100 years. The review of
      hospital records documented that people over 60 years of age and older fell into
      the same high risk populations as did people from any other age group.
      Gerontological nurses must be informed about the methods of prevention, expected
      course of infection, response to treatment, and effective ways to implement
      nursing care for older adults who are HIV positive.

PMID- 2303676
TI  - Frequency of gastroduodenal lesions in asymptomatic patients on chronic aspirin
      or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy.
AB  - Endoscopy in 49 patients without upper gastrointestinal symptoms and who were
      receiving chronic aspirin or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy showed
      the frequency of gastric and duodenal mucosal lesions to be 76 and 27%,
      respectively. Fifteen (31%) had gastric ulcers, 31 (63%) had gastric erosions,
      and 10 (20%) had gastric mucosal hemorrhages. Gastric mucosal lesions were noted
      in 9 (90%) patients taking plain aspirin, in 25 (74%) receiving nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory agents, and in 3 (60%) patients taking enteric-coated aspirin.
      Duodenal lesions were noted in 30 and 26% of patients taking plain aspirin and
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, respectively. Patients taking enteric-coated
      aspirin had less severe duodenal injury than patients receiving ibuprofen or
      indomethacin, but the difference was not statistically significant. Endoscopy in
      20 normal subjects not taking aspirin or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
      showed no gastroduodenal ulcers, erosions, or hemorrhage. Patients chronically
      taking antiarthritic drugs, including enteric-coated aspirin, have a high
      frequency of asymptomatic gastroduodenal lesions.

PMID- 2303677
TI  - Melanotic adenocarcinoma of the anorectum.
AB  - A variety of tumors, besides those formed by melanocytes, may contain melanin
      pigment. Most of them have originated from the neural crest. Epithelial tumors
      with melanosomes are very unusual. We report the case of a 76-year-old woman with
      rectal adenocarcinoma that invaded the intestine and vagina extensively. At the
      anorectal site, melanin pigment was found in the cytoplasm of the malignant
      neoplastic epithelial cells, and melanosomes were ultrastructurally confirmed at
      various developmental stages. Melanocytes with cytoplasmic processes spreading
      between neoplastic cells were also present as the apparent source of the pigment
      contained in the neoplastic cells.

PMID- 2303678
TI  - Inflammation in the rectal stump: the role of 5-amino salicylic acid
      suppositories.

PMID- 2303679
TI  - Acid inhibitory effects of somatostatin analog in malignant gastrinomas.

PMID- 2303680
TI  - Baclofen therapy for intractable hiccoughs.

PMID- 2303681
TI  - Survey of H2-antagonist usage in acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
AB  - H2-antagonists are frequently used in the management of upper gastrointestinal
      (UGI) hemorrhage despite their lack of proven efficacy. In order to determine the
      pattern of H2-antagonist usage for this indication, we retrospectively reviewed
      the charts of 137 patients admitted with acute UGI bleeding over a 1-year period
      at two teaching hospitals in West Texas. An H2-antagonist was ordered in 89% of
      patients (77%) intravenous, 12% oral). It was administered within 2 h of
      admission in 25% of these patients, within 4 h in 54%, and within 8 h in 78%. An
      H2-antagonist was ordered among the initial six orders in 49% and among the
      initial 10 orders in 77% of patients. Considering orders for specific therapies,
      an H2-antagonist was in the initial three orders in 60% of patients and among the
      initial six orders in 97%. Of the patients who were prescribed an H2-antagonist
      and who also had upper endoscopy, the drug was ordered prior to endoscopy in 86%.
      This review of H2-antagonist usage in the management of acute UGI bleeding has
      identified a prescribing pattern of writing for these drugs early in the sequence
      of order writing, with the drugs being given early in the course of
      hospitalization.

PMID- 2303682
TI  - Duodenojejunal motor activity in patients with chronic dyspeptic symptoms.
AB  - We used a low-compliance manometric system to study duodenal and jejunal motility
      in 33 patients with chronic dyspeptic symptoms and previous negative conventional
      findings. Nine healthy controls were studied in the same way. Manometric
      recordings disclosed activity front abnormalities (retrograde or simultaneous
      propagation) in 45% of patients and an absence of activity fronts in 6%.
      Moreover, intestinal motor response to a 600-kcal test meal was significantly
      impaired in the patient group (61.1 +/- 8.1 versus 113.2 +/- 4.2 min, p less than
      0.05). We conclude that manometric techniques may be important for investigating
      patients with chronic dyspepsia and negative findings at previous conventional
      examinations.

PMID- 2303684
TI  - Role of bougienage in the management of achalasia--need for reappraisal in the
      light of recent studies.

PMID- 2303683
TI  - Necrotizing duodenitis--a stress-associated lesion?
AB  - We report three cases of stress ulceration exhibiting primarily mucosal
      abnormalities of the duodenum with duodenal ulceration and linear ulcerations on
      the duodenal folds which is unique in our experience. We hypothesize that
      vascular insufficiency during low flow states decreases the ability of mucosa to
      buffer back-diffused hydrogen ion, leading to mucosal injury and ulceration. The
      duodenal folds receive an end-arteriole supply and are thus affected before other
      areas of the duodenum. Given the degree of necrosis associated with these lesions
      on pathological examination, we have chosen the term necrotizing duodenitis to
      describe the lesions observed.

PMID- 2303685
TI  - Does visceral ischemia play a role in the pathogenesis of acute acalculous
      cholecystitis?
AB  - Acute acalculous cholecystitis is a virulent disease of uncertain etiology
      observed most commonly in critically ill patients. Although the precise mechanism
      is unknown, the most commonly postulated theories regarding its pathogenesis are
      bile stasis, sepsis, and ischemia. The role of ischemia in this process, whose
      etiology is multifactorial, has been difficult to elucidate. Consequently, we
      report two patients who developed acute acalculous cholecystitis without apparent
      risk for the disease other than severe visceral atherosclerosis. Both patients
      had symptomatic mesenteric vascular disease requiring revascularization and
      developed fulminant acalculous cholecystitis temporally related to exacerbation
      of their visceral ischemia. These cases suggest that patients with visceral
      atherosclerosis may be at increased risk for acute acalculous cholecystitis,
      perhaps due to impaired mucosal resistance when other factors, such as bile
      statis and sepsis, are also present.

PMID- 2303686
TI  - Obstetric and gynecological problems in women with untreated celiac sprue.
AB  - We investigated the obstetric and gynecological history of 54 consecutive women
      (aged 16-62 years, median of 35 years) with newly diagnosed celiac sprue and 54
      healthy controls matched for age, origin, and sexual behavior. The mean age of
      menarche was significantly delayed in these untreated patients with respect to
      controls (13.5 vs. 12.1 years; p less than 0.0001). Of the patients, 38.8%
      complained of amenorrhea, compared with 9.2% of the controls (p less than 0.001).
      Thirty-eight patients and 38 controls were in reproductive age; they had a normal
      sexual life and did not use contraceptive measures. Five celiacs, but no
      controls, had repeated abortions (p less than 0.03). Eight celiacs and six
      controls were in menopause, the mean age at onset being 45.5 and 49.5 years
      respectively (not significant).

PMID- 2303687
TI  - High-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Twenty patients with severe active ulcerative colitis were entered into a pilot
      study to test the efficacy of pulsed high-dose methylprednisolone in inducing
      remission. Of 20 patients, 12 improved, but 8 of 20 patients (40%) who did not
      went for urgent colectomy. The group proceeding to surgery tended to have more
      extensive disease. These results contrast unfavorably with historical control
      data from this unit.

PMID- 2303689
TI  - Mechanical gastritis involving the cardia: the trauma of retching and vomiting.
AB  - In two patients, frequent retching and vomiting preceded acute upper
      gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Congestion and edema were limited to the prolapsed
      portion of the stomach, the cardia, where discrete erosions and small shallow
      ulcers were seen. At endoscopy, prolapse of the gastric mucosa into the
      esophageal lumen was quite evident whenever the patients retched. The endoscopic
      features and pathogenesis of Mallory-Weiss syndrome were readily differentiated.
      It seemed probable that repeated retching causing intussusception of the cardia
      of the stomach can mechanically produce gastritis and should be a recognizable
      cause of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. I take this entity to be an
      independent superficial mucosal disease of the stomach.

PMID- 2303688
TI  - A comparison between emergency and delayed endoscopic injection sclerotherapy of
      bleeding esophageal varices in nonalcoholic portal hypertension.
AB  - To study whether or not emergency sclerotherapy was more effective than a program
      of stabilization and elective sclerosis, we studied 84 patients with bleeding
      esophageal varices. They underwent 332 sessions of endoscopic injection
      sclerotherapy, 134 of which were performed for acute variceal bleeding. Most
      patients (90.5%) had nonalcoholic portal hypertension. Emergency sclerotherapy (1
      6 h after presentation) was performed in 65 bleeding episodes in 43 patients, and
      delayed sclerotherapy (more than 24 h from presentation) was performed in 69
      episodes in 41 patients. The selection of patients was randomized. Emergency
      sclerotherapy arrested active variceal bleeding in all patients and resulted in
      an earlier eradication of varices and for a longer period than delayed
      sclerotherapy. Larger volumes of sclerosant (a mean of 26 ml compared to 13 ml)
      were more effective in arrest of bleeding and in an early eradication of varices.
      We conclude that emergency sclerotherapy, mainly with a large sclerosant volume,
      is highly effective in arresting active variceal bleeding. Such earlier arrest of
      bleeding was associated with reduced morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2303691
TI  - Diarrhea in hypothyroidism: bacterial overgrowth as a possible etiology.
AB  - Constipation is common but diarrhea is very rare in myxedematous patients. We
      report a young woman with myxedema in whom chronic diarrhea was the dominant
      symptom. A fasting breath hydrogen test was positive, indicating bacterial
      overgrowth as the cause of the diarrhea. Antibiotic treatment was successful. We
      conclude that bacterial overgrowth due to hypomotility may be the etiology of the
      diarrhea in such patients.

PMID- 2303690
TI  - Hereditary pancreatitis in a Chinese family.
AB  - In a Chinese family with hereditary pancreatitis, two members are proven to have
      chronic pancreatitis. The propositus, a 31-year-old man, had epigastric pain
      since the age of 18. Multiple calcifications in the region of the pancreas were
      seen on plain film of the abdomen, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and
      endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Pancreatolithotomy and side-to-side
      pancreatojejunostomy gave symptomatic improvement. His 60-year-old mother also
      had pancreatic calcifications in addition to diabetes. Known causes of secondary
      pancreatitis, such as hyperlipidemia, hyperparathyroidism, and amino aciduria,
      were ruled out in both patients.

PMID- 2303692
TI  - Evaluation and management of goiter in childhood and adolescence.

PMID- 2303693
TI  - Sentinel symptoms and signs of intracranial aneurysms.
AB  - Despite advances in the management and surgery of aneurysmal subarachnoid
      hemorrhage, fewer than half of the patients surviving to hospital admissions have
      favorable outcomes. This is due to the primary and secondary effects of the
      hemorrhage. Studies have shown that as many as 40% of ruptured aneurysms had
      preceding warning symptoms and signs. These warnings include severe headache and
      cranial nerve palsies, especially the third cranial nerve. Seizures, focal
      deficits or transient ischemic attacks are rarely warnings. Evaluation should
      include, in this order, computed tomography scan, lumbar puncture and angiography
      as indicated. Surgery on symptomatic non-ruptured aneurysms is associated with a
      greater than 95% chance of a very good outcome and less than 1% mortality rate.

PMID- 2303694
TI  - Human pulmonary dirofilariasis.
AB  - A case of human pulmonary dirofilariasis is reported. This human infestation must
      be considered in the differential diagnosis of a pulmonary "coin" lesion, which
      lies adjacent to a pleural surface, especially where tissue sections reveal a
      pulmonary infarct.

PMID- 2303695
TI  - Confirmation of metastatic prostatic carcinoma to lung by immunohistochemistry.
AB  - In recent years, immunoperoxidase staining of fine needle aspirates has been
      proposed. This study examines the use of immunoperoxidase staining of prostatic
      acid phosphatase and prostatic specific antigen in two cases where
      differentiation of prostatic carcinoma from other carcinomas manifesting as
      metastatic lesions is essential. The histologic differentiation of primary and
      metastatic disease, which has significant therapeutic and prognostic
      implications, has been enhanced by the use of immunoperoxidase staining. The
      presented cases demonstrate the ease with which immunoperoxidase staining can be
      done in a community hospital.

PMID- 2303696
TI  - Myocardial contusion.

PMID- 2303697
TI  - Wrist mass in an 18-year-old.

PMID- 2303698
TI  - Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula of the profunda femoris artery/vein: a case
      report.
AB  - Arteriography and venography procedures are becoming more and more routine in
      everyday medical and surgical care of patients. With the advent of percutaneous
      catheters for renal dialysis, pacemaker lead insertion, cardiac catheterizations
      and various types of venography and arteriography, there will be a greater
      incidence of associated complications secondary to catheter insertions in
      patients' veins and arteries. This case report deals with one such complication
      that can occur as a result of angiography. A brief discussion of various
      complications as well as surgical management of an arteriovenous fistula is
      presented.

PMID- 2303699
TI  - The relationship between physical aggression and chemistry.
AB  - This article proposes, although not a highly popular concern, that there is a
      need for more research into the relationship of aggression to chemical
      balance/imbalance. It is postulated that bio-chemical research would provide
      physicians with increased understanding and viable treatment potential for the
      violently aggressive patient.

PMID- 2303700
TI  - Get the facts about malpractice insurance.

PMID- 2303701
TI  - HMO liable for the negligence of a non-HMO consulting physician.

PMID- 2303702
TI  - Levels of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I in livers of young and old rats
      assessed by activity and immunoassays and by electron microscopic immunogold
      procedures.
AB  - Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, the most abundant protein of rat liver
      mitochondria, plays a key role in synthesis of urea. Because aging affects some
      liver functions, and because there is no information on the levels of carbamoyl
      phosphate synthetase I during aging, we assayed the activity of this enzyme and
      determined immunologically the level of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I in liver
      homogenates from young (4 months) and old (18 or 26 months) rats. In addition, we
      used electron microscopic immunogold procedures to locate and measure the amount
      of the enzyme in the mitochondrial matrix. There is no significant change in
      enzyme activity or enzyme protein content with age, although there is a higher
      concentration of the enzyme in the mitochondria (c. 1.5 times greater) from old
      rats, which is compensated by a decrease in the fractional volume of the
      mitochondrial compartment during aging.

PMID- 2303703
TI  - Affinity cytochemical labeling of glomerular basement membrane anionic sites
      using specific biotinylation and colloidal gold probes.
AB  - To label specific anionic sites on glomerular capillary wall structures, biotin
      was covalently linked to sialic acid residues by sequential treatment with mild
      peroxidation and biotin hydrazide, while carboxyl groups were biotinylated by
      exposure to the combination of biotin hydrazide and a water-soluble carbodiimide
      reagent. Optimal specific labeling of rat glomerular structures was obtained with
      in situ perfusion of the biotinylation reagents, followed by fixation in 4%
      phosphate-buffered paraformaldehyde, embedment in LR White resin, and post
      embedment detection of biotinylated sites using a sequence of anti-biotin
      antibodies followed by a secondary antibody-colloidal gold conjugate. Attempts to
      use streptavidin-gold conjugates were not successful. Specificity of labeling was
      confirmed by enzymatic (neuraminidase) pre-treatment or by modification of
      carboxyl groups, as evaluated by electron microscopy and by solid-phase assays of
      solubilized glomerular basement membrane (GBM) components. In two rats with heavy
      proteinuria induced by doxorubicin (Adriamycin), a marked reduction in sialic
      acid residues within the GBM and on the epithelial cell surfaces was found,
      suggesting that reduced charge density attributable to abnormal sialylation may
      be important in the pathogenesis of nephrotic proteinuria.

PMID- 2303704
TI  - Impairment of prothymocyte activity by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
AB  - Exposure of experimental animals to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
      results in severe thymic atrophy and suppression of cell-mediated and humoral
      immune functions. However, despite much effort the mechanism by which TCDD
      produces these responses, particularly thymic atrophy, remains unclear. In this
      report, we have examined the effect of acute TCDD exposure on lymphocyte stem
      cells in young adult BALB/c mice to determine whether alterations to events early
      in T lymphopoiesis contribute to TCDD-induced thymic atrophy. TCDD produced a
      dose-dependent reduction in thymic weight and cellularity following a single dose
      of 5 to 120 micrograms TCDD/kg. This thymic atrophy correlated with a dose
      dependent suppression of the biosynthesis and mRNA levels of the lymphocyte stem
      cell-specific DNA polymerase terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in bone marrow
      and thymus. However, the reduction in thymic terminal deoxynucleotidyl
      nucleotidyl transferase synthesis, on a per cell basis, was less than that
      observed in bone marrow. Intrathymic CD4/CD8 and IL-2R expression demonstrated
      only mild alterations after exposure to 30 micrograms TCDD/kg. These data suggest
      that thymocytes are more refractory to TCDD than are pre-T cells. To assess this
      possibility directly, bone marrow prothymocytes from TCDD-treated donor mice were
      examined for their capacity to reconstitute the thymuses of adoptive, irradiated
      recipients. Our results indicate that prothymocyte activity was severely impaired
      by TCDD exposure and that this effect occurred at low tissue levels of TCDD. In
      contrast, we observed no reduction in the number of colony-forming unit
      granulocyte macrophage and a moderate decrease in colony-forming unit-spleen.
      These data suggest that TCDD-induced thymic atrophy is the result, at least in
      part, of impaired thymic seeding by prothymocytes.

PMID- 2303705
TI  - Effect of the expression of a hepatocyte-specific MHC molecule in transgenic mice
      on T cell tolerance.
AB  - A hybrid murine class I gene, Q10/L, was injected into C3H/HeJ fertilized ova to
      produce transgenic (TG) mice. This fusion gene contained 414 bp of Q10 promoter
      sequences which was sufficient to direct liver-specific expression in two lines
      of animals. Animals from these lines did not have Q10/L mRNA in 10 nonhepatic
      tissues examined including thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. The ontogeny of
      Q10/Ld expression in both liver and yolk sac paralleled expression of endogenous
      Q10. Analysis of liver cells from these lines by flow cytometry and
      immunofluorescence demonstrated the presence of the Q10/L Ag solely on
      hepatocytes. TG animals showed no signs of hepatic disease as evidenced by an
      absence of cellular infiltrates in the liver and a normal profile of serum
      enzymes that are elevated in association with hepatic disease. When spleen cells
      from TG animals were cocultured with splenocytes that express Ag cross-reactive
      with Q10/L, CTL were generated that recognized and lysed L cells which express
      Q10/L. However, the extent of lysis was less than that generated from non-TG
      control littermates. That these cross-reactive T cells were physiologically
      significant was demonstrated by adoptive transfer of in vivo primed T cell
      enriched spleen cells which produced a mononuclear infiltration of the liver of
      TG recipients. However, inoculation of Q10/L L cells or splenocytes expressing
      Q10/L cross-reactive Ag into TG mice did not induce cellular infiltration or
      overt hepatic disease. Whereas inoculation of normal C3H mice with these cells
      led to priming of Q10/L reactive CTL, anti-Q10/L CTL could not be primed in TG
      mice. This suggests that Ag expression solely on hepatocytes can lead to
      inactivation of specific CTL clones and thus account for the observed in vivo
      tolerance.

PMID- 2303706
TI  - Enhanced Ig production by human peripheral lymphocytes induced by aggregated C1q.
AB  - Because B cells express receptors for C1q, we have investigated the role of C1q
      in the stimulation of B cells. When B cells were cultured in the presence of C1q
      that had been frozen, T cells, and suboptimal concentrations of PWM, there was a
      dose-dependent enhancement of IgM, IgG, and IgA by the B cells. No significant
      enhancement of Ig production by B cells was seen in the absence of T cells or
      PWM. The contribution of T cells or PWM could be replaced by supernatants of PMA
      and Con A-activated PBMC (T cell growth factor). C1q that had been frozen, in
      contrast with freshly isolated C1q, was at least 3 times more active in
      enhancement of the production of Ig by B cells in culture in the presence of
      suboptimal concentrations of T cell growth factor. The capability of C1q to
      stimulate B cells could be ascribed to aggregates of C1q. Monomeric C1q was only
      marginally active to stimulate B cell Ig production, whereas dimeric and
      tetrameric C1q were able to enhance Ig production by B cells in relation to their
      size. Furthermore, aggregation of C1q on soluble aggregates of rabbit IgM also
      increased its potential to enhance B cell Ig production. The interaction of C1q
      with the B cells occurs via the collagenous tail of C1q, as suggested by
      inhibition experiments with purified collagenous tails and globular heads of C1q.
      These results indicate that triggering of C1qR on B cells positively regulates Ig
      production in vitro.

PMID- 2303707
TI  - Immunoconjugates that neutralize HIV virions kill T cells infected with diverse
      strains of HIV-1.
AB  - Two murine monoclonal antibodies, G3.519, recognizing the CD4-binding region, and
      BAT123, a variable region of gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus, were
      chemically coupled to pokeweed antiviral protein isolated from seeds (PAP-S). The
      immunoconjugates were purified by Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration and Mono S ion
      exchange chromatography. Immunoconjugate G3.519-PAP-S specifically killed human T
      cells, H9, infected with three diverse HIV-1 strains, HTLV-IIIB, -IIIMN, and 
      IIIRF. Inhibition of thymidine incorporation by the immunoconjugate was
      concentration-dependent, with the ID50 ranging from 1.4 x 10(-10) M to 1.7 x 10(
      9) M. Immunoconjugate BAT123-PAP-S was effective in killing H9 cells infected
      with HTLV-IIIB (ID50 = 4.3 x 10(-11) M) and -IIIMN (ID50 = 4.7 x 10(-10) M), but
      not -IIIRF. Both immunoconjugates did not inhibit thymidine incorporation in
      uninfected H9 cells up to a concentration of 5.3 x 10(-8) M, and their cytotoxic
      activities could be competitively blocked by the respective unconjugated
      antibodies. The immunoconjugates retained the ability to neutralize HIV virions
      to infect T cells and to prevent the syncytium formation. These in vitro studies
      suggest that the use of immunoconjugates capable of killing HIV-infected T cells
      and neutralizing virus may provide an alternative treatment for HIV-infected
      persons.

PMID- 2303708
TI  - Role of carbohydrate moiety of IL-5. Effect of tunicamycin on the glycosylation
      of IL-5 and the biologic activity of deglycosylated IL-5.
AB  - IL-5 is a T cell-derived lymphokine that induces B cell growth and
      differentiation in murine systems. In this study, we examined the role of
      carbohydrate moiety of IL-5 in the expression of biological function. IL-5
      polypeptides translated in Xenopus oocytes were heterogeneous in terms of
      isoelectric point (pI 4.7 to 8.0) and m.w. (45,000 to 60,000 under nonreducing
      conditions) and yielded m.w. of 25,000 to 30,000 under reducing conditions.
      Treatment of rIL-5 with N-glycanase under reducing conditions yielded an IL-5
      monomer of m.w. 12,000 to 14,000. Furthermore, deglycosylated rIL-5 that had been
      translated in the presence of tunicamycin showed very limited heterogeneity by
      two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (first dimension, nonequilibrium pH gradient
      electrophoresis; second dimension, SDS-PAGE). The m.w. was 27,000 to 28,000 under
      non-reducing conditions and migrated to m.w. 13,000 to 14,000 under reducing
      conditions. These results indicate that IL-5 is a glycoprotein carrying the N
      glycosidically-linked carbohydrates. Treatment of IL-5 with sialidase caused the
      decrease in the heterogeneity in isoelectric point of IL-5. Deglycosylated rIL-5
      that had been obtained from tunicamycin-treated oocytes could bind to IL-5
      responding cells (T88-M), which express both high- and low-affinity IL-5
      receptors, as efficient as intact rIL-5 under high-affinity conditions. Scatchard
      plot analysis of equilibrium binding of 35S-labeled rIL-5 to T88-M cells revealed
      that the dissociation constants (Kd) of glycosylated rIL-5 and deglycosylated rIL
      5 were 127 pM and 110 pM, respectively. IL-5 activities determined by both B cell
      growth and differentiation assays were not affected by deglycosylation. These
      results indicate that N-linked glycoside moiety of IL-5 molecules may not play an
      essential role in the expression of its activity.

PMID- 2303709
TI  - Immunogenic Ia-binding peptides immobilize the Ia molecule and facilitate its
      aggregation on the B cell membrane. Control by the M1s-1 gene.
AB  - Aggregation (e.g., through cross-linkage) of cell surface molecules is in various
      biologic systems a necessary event in cellular activation. Examining the Ia
      molecule on B cells we found that aggregation is a function of the surface Ag
      mobility; the higher the fraction of immobile molecules on the plane of the
      membrane, the better Ia forms aggregates and patches. We identify two factors
      that control Ia mobility and aggregability. One factor is the M1s-1a gene
      product; the other factor is an Ia-reactive immunogenic peptide. Both factors
      increase Ia aggregability and reduce the MHC Ag mobility.

PMID- 2303710
TI  - Immunogenic peptides require an undisturbed phospholipid cell membrane
      environment and must be amphipathic to immobilize Ia on B cells.
AB  - Ia-reactive immunogenic peptides have been shown to immobilize Ia molecules on
      the B cell surface and to facilitate their aggregation with specific
      alloantibody. We show that to immobilize Ia the peptide must be amphipathic.
      Polar peptides appear to bind to Ia molecules as judged by competitive
      inhibition, but do not immobilize the MHC molecule. This suggests the possibility
      that peptides establish the immobilizing membrane contact via a lipophilic group.
      Examining the B cell membrane lipid environment, we found that treatment of B
      cells with phospholipase C prevents peptide-mediated immobilization of Ia. The
      requirement of a lipophilic peptide portion as well as of phospholipase-sensitive
      membrane components for effective peptide-mediated Ia aggregation on B cell
      membranes suggests a role for membrane phospholipids in this process. We advance
      the speculation that immunodominant amphipathic peptides immobilize Ia molecules
      by attaching them to cell surface phospholipids which we tentatively refer to as
      immobilizing phospholipids.

PMID- 2303711
TI  - Enhancement of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity with a chimeric anti-GD2 antibody.
AB  - A mouse/human chimeric antibody (ch14.18) was developed that reacts with the
      disialoganglioside GD2 on the surface of tumor cells of neuroectodermal origin.
      ch14.18 has the constant regions of a human IgG1 antibody and was expressed in a
      murine hybridoma. This antibody was produced in tissue culture at concentrations
      up to 180 mg/liter of spent culture fluid. ch14.18 was characterized and compared
      to 14.G2a, a murine mAb against GD2 of IgG2a isotype derived from the same
      parental hybridoma as ch14.18. Scatchard plot analysis of data from saturation
      binding studies on M21 melanoma cells showed identical binding for ch14.18 and
      14.G2a. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed the same staining pattern for
      ch14.18 and 14.G2a on different melanoma cell lines. Both antibodies were equally
      capable of targeting M21 xenografts in athymic nude mice. ch14.18- and 14.G2a
      activated human C-mediated cytolysis of melanoma cell; however, ch14.18-mediated
      antibody-dependent cytotoxicity of human effector cells against melanoma cells 50
      to 100-fold more efficiently than 14.G2a.

PMID- 2303712
TI  - A view of the human idiotypic repertoire. Electron microscopic and immunologic
      analyses of spontaneous idiotype-anti-idiotype dimers in pooled human IgG.
AB  - It has previously been reported that up to 40% of the molecules of human IgG from
      pooled plasma (100,000 donations) spontaneously dimerize, whereas IgG prepared
      from a single donor contains only trace quantities of dimer. We have conducted
      immunoelectron microscopic analyses on such samples and have verified that the
      majority of dimers are composed of complexes in which two arms of each molecule
      are bound in a reciprocal fashion at or near the distal tips of their respective
      arms as previously seen in bona fide Id-anti-Id complexes. A significant role for
      Fc was ruled out by showing the formation of dimeric ring structures in purified
      F(ab')2 samples. Spontaneous dimerization was also observed in pooled bovine or
      mouse IgG, but not in that from single animals. Radiolabeled monomeric, single
      donor human IgG was used as a probe to investigate dimer formation; this material
      readily codimerized with IgG from other donors or from pooled plasma (either
      human or bovine), but did not dimerize with IgG from the same donor. Subclass
      analysis of multiple donor human IgG revealed that the most flexible subclass
      (IgG3) was overrepresented in the dimer fraction, whereas one of the less
      flexible subclasses (IgG2) was underrepresented. Although IgG2 could dimerize to
      some extent with IgG of other subclasses, it could not self-dimerize. These data
      suggest that structural constraints (hinge flexibility) may play a role in
      limiting dimerization. This suspicion was confirmed by showing that an additional
      15.5% of the monomeric IgG fraction from a multidonor sample could dimerize after
      a chemically induced increase in hinge flexibility. Our results are interpreted
      to show that, although the number of functionally distinct Id produced by a
      species is immense, it is nontheless finite. Moreover, the Id repertoire of an
      individual is much smaller than that of the species. Pooling the IgG from a
      number of individuals increases the Id diversity, which increases the chance that
      any given Id-bearing molecular will encounter a complementary partner.

PMID- 2303713
TI  - Cytolytic mechanisms of activated macrophages. Tumor necrosis factor and L
      arginine-dependent mechanisms act synergistically as the major cytolytic
      mechanisms of activated macrophages.
AB  - We examined the cytolytic mechanisms of activated macrophages by using proteose
      peptone- or thioglycollate broth-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages or mouse
      macrophage hybridomas as effector cells, L.P3 cells, a clone of L929 cells, and
      P815 cells as target cells, and IFN-gamma and LPS as activators. It was
      determined that TNF is the main cytolytic molecule against L.P3 cells from the
      following results: 1) activated macrophages can produce TNF; 2) TNF shows
      cytotoxic activity against L.P3 cells; 3) the addition of anti-TNF antibody
      inhibited most of the cytolytic activity of activated macrophages against L.P3
      cells. On the other hand, it was concluded that the main cytolytic mechanism
      against P815 cells is the production of NO2-/NO3- from L-arginine, from the
      following results: 1) activated macrophages can produce NO2-; 2) NaNO2 shows high
      cytotoxic activity against P815 cells; 3) the depletion of L-arginine from the
      medium inhibited most of the cytolytic activity of activated macrophages against
      P815 cells and NO2- production by activated macrophages. In this study, however,
      cytostatic effects of L-arginine-dependent effector mechanism were not studied.
      Thus, these results show that activated macrophages can express at least two
      cytolytic mechanisms independently, namely, the one that appears to be mediated
      by the L-arginine-dependent effector mechanism and the second that appears to be
      mediated directly by TNF. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that TNF and L
      arginine-dependent NO2- production act synergistically as killing mechanisms of
      activated macrophages. These mechanisms can explain the cytolytic activity of
      activated macrophages against a variety of target cells.

PMID- 2303714
TI  - Augmentation of macrophage growth-stimulating activity of lipids by their
      peroxidation.
AB  - Previously, we reported that some kinds of lipids (cholesterol esters,
      triglycerides, and some negatively charged phospholipids) that are constituents
      of lipoproteins or cell membranes induce growth of peripheral macrophages in
      vitro. In this paper, we examined the effect of peroxidation of lipids on their
      macrophage growth-stimulating activity because lipid peroxidation is observed in
      many pathological states such as inflammation. When phosphatidylserine, one of
      the phospholipids with growth-stimulating activity, was peroxidized by UV
      irradiation, its macrophage growth-stimulating activity was augmented in
      proportion to the extent of its peroxidation. The activity of
      phosphatidylethanolamine was also increased by UV irradiation. On the other hand,
      phosphatidylcholine or highly unsaturated free fatty acids, such as arachidonic
      acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, did not induce macrophage growth irrespective of
      whether they were peroxidized. The augmented activity of UV-irradiated
      phosphatidylserine was not affected by the coexistence of an antioxidant, vitamin
      E or BHT. These results suggest that some phospholipids included in damaged cells
      or denatured lipoproteins which are scavenged by macrophages in vivo may induce
      growth of peripheral macrophages more effectively when they are peroxidized by
      local pathological processes.

PMID- 2303715
TI  - T cell receptor genes and T cell development in virus-transformed early T cell
      lines.
AB  - We have derived T cell lines from mice inoculated with Gross leukemia virus,
      which appear to represent early T cell developmental stages and to reflect normal
      T cell development. These cell lines may provide a breakthrough in the study of T
      cell development as Abelson transformants have done for the study of B cell
      development. Analysis of the TCR gene expression in these cell lines reveals that
      the sequence of rearrangement and expression of each TCR gene is not strictly
      ordered. Expression of RNA for the TCR alpha and -beta genes appears to be
      coordinated with rearrangement at the alpha and beta loci. This is not the case
      for gamma gene expression. Availability of the homogeneous populations of cells
      represented in these cells lines allows for a more detailed molecular analysis of
      T cell development than was previously possible.

PMID- 2303716
TI  - Unique murine tumor-associated antigens identified by tumor infiltrating
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were cultured from multiple
      methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas under four different conditions: either low
      dose (10 U/ml) or high-dose (1000 U/ml) rIL-2 was used with Ag stimulation by
      irradiated autologous tumor and splenocytes starting either at day 1 or day 10 of
      culture. TIL grown from four antigenically distinct sarcomas in low-dose rIL-2
      were specifically lytic in vitro to their tumor of origin in 13 of 15 (87%) lytic
      cultures whereas only 8 of 28 (29%) lytic TIL cultures grown in high-dose rIL-2
      showed specificity. TIL cultured in low-dose rIL-2 with Ag stimulation on day 1
      of culture proliferated at a rate equal to TIL grown in high-dose rIL-2 and
      maintained their specificity for over 3 mo in culture. Cytolysis by specific TIL
      was MHC-restricted. TIL with in vitro specificity were therapeutically effective
      in eliminating established micrometastases in murine models. These investigations
      demonstrate that CTL derived from tumor-bearing mice can be used to define unique
      tumor-associated Ag on at least four different sarcomas and may be valuable in
      studies of the biologic nature of these Ag and in the adoptive immunotherapy of
      tumors.

PMID- 2303717
TI  - Potentiation of NK cytotoxicity by antibody-C3b/iC3b heteroconjugates.
AB  - The interaction of two Burkitt lymphoma lines, Raji and Rael, with human C and NK
      cells was analyzed. Raji cells activate the alternative C pathway (ACP) and then
      bind C3 fragments. Consequently, the cells become more sensitive to lysis by CR3
      bearing NK cells but not to C lysis. In contrast, Rael cells are poor ACP
      activators, do not bind C3 fragments, and are therefore resistant to C-dependent
      NK lysis. As suggested earlier, the difference between Raji and Rael could be
      attributed to the presence or absence of CR2, respectively, on their surface. To
      potentiate C- and NK-dependent lysis of target cells, we generated
      heteroconjugates composed of a murine antitransferrin receptor mAb and of human C
      C3b or iC3b. Antibody-C3b conjugates induced C3 deposition on Rael cells and
      elevated C3 deposition on Raji cells in human serum. Both Raji and Rael cells
      coated with antibody-C3b conjugates were efficiently lyzed by the cytolytic ACP
      in human serum. This conjugate had a small enhancing effect on target cell lysis
      by NK cells which could be markedly increased by combined treatment of the target
      cell with antibody-C3b conjugate and C5-depleted human serum. On the other hand,
      antibody-iC3b conjugates efficiently potentiated lysis of target cells by NK
      cells in the absence of serum. The iC3b-directed cytotoxicity was mediated by CR3
      bearing NK effector cells. Anti-C3 but not anti-mouse Ig antibodies abrogated the
      activity of the antibody-iC3b conjugate. These results further demonstrate that
      NK cytotoxicity may be potentiated by opsonizing the target cells with C3
      fragments and suggest that antibody-C3b/iC3b conjugates could be potent tools for
      targeting and potentiation of the lytic action of both C and NK cells against
      tumor cells.

PMID- 2303718
TI  - Sequence of a DQ beta clone from the DRw 15-Dw 22 cell line REM.

PMID- 2303719
TI  - Comparison of mitogen responses of lymphocyte subpopulations separated using
      coated metal beads and by traditional methods.
AB  - In this paper we compare the effects on lymphocyte function of separating
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells into T and B lymphocytes using monoclonal
      antibodies and coated metal beads (Dynabeads), with traditional plastic adherence
      and sheep erythrocyte binding techniques. We demonstrate that B cell function is
      unaffected using the new Dynabead method but that T cell function is impaired. We
      ascribe these observations to modulations of the cell surface molecule(s)
      expressing the lineage specific determinant used in the selection procedure,
      rather than to inherent difficulties with using the Dynabeads.

PMID- 2303720
TI  - Immunoaffinity purification of hepatitis B surface antigen using anti-idiotype as
      a specific eluent.
AB  - An immunoaffinity method for the purification of hepatitis B surface antigen
      (HBsAg) using monoclonal anti-idiotype (anti-Id) as a specific eluent is
      described. Ammonium sulfate fractions of HBsAg-containing plasma were absorbed on
      monoclonal idiotype (Id) immunoadsorbents. The bound material was eluted from the
      column with the anti-Id of HBsAg. The eluate containing anti-Id was further
      purified by gel filtration. The procedure yielded highly purified HBsAg. The
      final HBsAg product was free from contaminating human plasma and mouse ascites
      proteins. The procedure is generally applicable and particularly attractive when
      the antigen is unstable under commonly used elution conditions.

PMID- 2303721
TI  - Large scale preparation of an immunoconjugate constructed with human recombinant
      CD4 and deglycosylated ricin A chain.
AB  - A method for the preparation and purification of large amounts (grams) of a
      conjugate containing recombinant CD4 antigen (rCD4) and chemically deglycosylated
      ricin A chain (dgA) is described. The cross-linking of rCD4 and dgA molecules was
      accomplished with N-succinimidyl-oxycarbonyl-alpha-methyl-(2
      pyridyldithio)toluene (SMPT). The rCD4-dgA conjugate was purified by an automatic
      liquid chromatography system consisting of Blue-Sepharose CL-4B and Sephacryl S
      200HR Pharmacia Bioprocess columns. The purified, endotoxin-free rCD4-dgA
      conjugate had a stable (hindered) disfulfide bond between rCD4 and dgA and was
      able to efficiently kill a human T cell line infected with HIV-1.

PMID- 2303722
TI  - An improved method for the detection of cell surface antigens in samples of low
      viability using flow cytometry.
AB  - A high non-specific background fluorescence signal was observed when cell surface
      antigen analysis was carried out using flow cytometry on a cell sample which
      contained a high proportion of dead and dying cells. To overcome this problem it
      was necessary to analyse the cells in three stages. First the intact cells were
      identified by their forward (FWD) and 90 degree scatter profile. These cells were
      gated-on, then analysed on the basis of their FWD scatter and propidium iodide
      (PI) signal, allowing the dead PI positive cells to be gated out. The PI negative
      cells were then displayed using their 90 degree scatter and fluorescence signals
      following staining with the irrelevant antibody control. This revealed a
      population of dead cells, which despite being PI negative, were non-specifically
      binding antibody molecules. Such multiparameter analysis permitted the successful
      analysis of cell surface antigens in preparations of low viability by gating out
      the high background fluorescence associated with dead PI positive and negative
      cells.

PMID- 2303724
TI  - Single-step purification of immunoglobulin M on C1q-Sepharose.
AB  - A rapid and simple affinity chromatography method for purifying IgM from myeloma
      serum and ascites fluid is described. Complement protein C1q is coupled to
      Sepharose with an efficiency of 35%, giving 1.7 mg of C1q bound/ml of gel. This
      C1q-Sepharose selectively binds IgM from crude samples at 5 degrees C, with a
      capacity of 0.4 mg of IgM/ml of gel. The bound IgM may be eluted simply and
      isocratically by bringing the gel to room temperature for 2 h, or by washing with
      buffer containing 0.5 M KI. The eluted IgM is highly pure by SDS-PAGE and double
      immunodiffusion analysis, although IgG may be a potential contaminant. The C1q
      Sepharose is stable for at least 18 months.

PMID- 2303723
TI  - Perforin binding to cells and lipid membranes determined by a simple competition
      assay.
AB  - Perforin-mediated lysis consists of at least three steps: perforin binding to the
      target cell, insertion into the plasma membrane, and polymerization to form
      pores. Perforin binding, the first step, is critical for pore formation.
      Accordingly, a competition assay was here established for detecting the perforin
      binding activities of nucleated cells and lipid membrane vesicles such as
      cytoplasts or liposomes. The competition assay has certain advantages over the
      51Cr release assay, since no isotope and less perforin are needed for the
      competition assay, and the perforin-binding activity of liposomes and proteolytic
      enzyme-treated and fixed nucleated cells can also be detected. The competition
      assay was used to study the mechanism of resistance of cytolytic T lymphocytes
      (CTL) to perforin-mediated lysis. The results from this assay indicate that
      perforin-binding activity is not a function of membrane rigidity, and that there
      is a direct correlation between the ability of cells to bind perforin and their
      susceptibility to lysis by perforin, i.e., resistant CTL and their corresponding
      cytoplasts bind perforin much less effectively than susceptible tumor cells and
      their cytoplasts. A model is proposed whereby a surface molecule or complex of
      molecules on CTL interferes with perforin-binding activity, thus protecting CTL
      from perforin-mediated lysis.

PMID- 2303725
TI  - A single-step procedure for cloning and selection of antibody-secreting
      hybridomas.
AB  - A procedure is described which permits high-yield direct cloning of newly
      established hybridomas on STO fibroblast feeders in soft agarose. Several
      thousand independent clones are typically obtained from each fusion (1 X 10(8)
      spleen cells). These are screened using a colony replica assay in which secreted
      antibodies diffuse through an agar overlay and bind to antigen immobilised on
      nitrocellulose. Bound antibodies are then detected with enzyme-labelled second
      antibody. The procedure is fast and efficient and permits the isolation and
      selection of antigen-specific clones in less than 2 weeks from fusion. It has
      been successfully employed for the derivation and selection of high-affinity anti
      hapten antibodies. Other potential applications of the assay are in the detection
      of non-immobilised antigens by an indirect method using anti-globulin on
      nitrocellulose, in the generation of bispecific antibodies and the selection and
      characterisation of antibody specificities generated by the expression of
      antibody fragments in bacteria or yeasts.

PMID- 2303726
TI  - Quantification of radiolabelled granulocyte migration in vivo.
AB  - Quantification of the tissue localisation of granulocytes is difficult,
      particularly in man. With the aim of facilitating such quantification, a
      technique is described which combines the micropore filter skin window technique
      with the infusion of autologous 111In-labelled granulocytes. The radioactivity in
      the removable micropore filters, placed on small forearm skin window abrasions,
      was compared with peripheral blood radioactivity following injection of 111In
      labelled 'pure' granulocytes in normal subjects. Radioactivity in filters from
      abrasions which were made 8 h or more before injection of labelled cells followed
      the same time course as the cell-associated radioactivity in whole blood, but
      radioactivity in filters from abrasions made nearer to the time of labelled
      granulocyte injection increased to reach a peak 3-8 h after cell injection, at a
      time when cell-associated blood radioactivity had fallen to about 50% of its
      initial value. Exercise appeared to induce a transient decrease in radiolabelled
      granulocyte migration into the filters. This technique offers a means of studying
      the kinetics of granulocyte migration in vivo.

PMID- 2303727
TI  - Measurement of the humoral immune response against Streptococcus pneumoniae type
      14-derived antigens by an ELISA and ELISPOT assay based on biotin-avidin
      technology.
AB  - A Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14-specific ELISA and ELISPOT assay have been
      developed based on the use of biotinylated type 14 capsular polysaccharide (S14PS
      biotin). A major advantage of this application over other methods is the use of
      10-100-fold less antigen than that reported in the literature for other similar
      assays. Moreover, the prepared biotinylated polysaccharides are very stable and
      it is possible to use the same procedures for other pneumococcal polysaccharide
      antigens (e.g., S6BPS) with no major changes necessary in the ELISA and ELISPOT
      protocols. Furthermore, a simple thin layer chromatography method has been
      developed as a method for quality control of the biotinylated polysaccharide.
      Immunization with the thymus-independent antigen S14PS resulted in the induction
      of IgM spot-forming cells (SFC) and antibodies while S14PS-protein conjugates
      induced a thymus-dependent response. The immune response to the conjugates was
      enhanced by the addition of the adjuvant Quil A resulting in high levels of both
      IgG SFC and antibodies at day 14 after immunization. The developed assays are
      reliable and reproducible tools for studying the humoral immune response against
      Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide derived antigens.

PMID- 2303728
TI  - Substantially increased sensitivity of the spot-ELISA for the detection of anti
      insulin antibody-secreting cells using a capture antibody and enzyme-conjugated
      insulin.
AB  - This paper describes an antibody capture spot-ELISA for the detection of anti
      insulin antibody-secreting cells. The assay is based on the binding of secreted
      antibodies by immobilised isotype-specific capture antibodies and subsequent
      detection of insulin-specific antibodies with a conjugate of human insulin and
      alkaline phosphatase (HI-AP). Compared with the conventional approach, using
      antigen for coating and employing an enzyme-linked detecting antibody, this
      technique improved the detection of murine cells secreting anti-insulin
      antibodies of different IgG subclasses.

PMID- 2303729
TI  - Immunometric assay by flow cytometry using mixtures of two particle types of
      different affinity.
AB  - An improved dynamic range in a particle based flow cytometric immunoassay for
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was obtained using a binary mixture of two
      distinguishable particle types, namely particles of 7 and 10 microns diameter
      that were distinguishable by their light scattering characteristics in the flow
      cytometer. The two particle types were coated with antibody of the same
      specificity but different affinity. The association constants were 3.2 x 10(10)
      and 3.3 x 10(9) for the antibodies on the 7 and 10 micron particles,
      respectively. A dilution series of CEA samples was incubated with aliquots of the
      particle mixture and secondary biotin-streptavidin-phycoerythrin-conjugated
      antibody directed against a different epitope on the CEA molecule. The
      fluorescence intensity of the two particle types was measured flow
      cytometrically, and a double standard curve plotted from the mean logarithmic
      fluorescence values. The precision profile derived from the standard curve
      demonstrated that an increase in the dynamic range of about 50% (from 2 to 3 log)
      was obtained by using a mixture of high and low affinity particles, compared to
      using the high affinity particles alone.

PMID- 2303730
TI  - Purification and properties of peritoneal eosinophils from pediatric dialysis
      patients.
AB  - Peritoneal eosinophilia frequently occurs in patients undergoing peritoneal
      dialysis. We have devised a method for isolating large numbers of these
      peritoneal eosinophils from pediatric patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis.
      Patients were selected on the basis of previous high peritoneal eosinophil counts
      and had an age range of 1.5-11 years. The unfractionated peritoneal fluid
      contained 7.9 +/- 3.7% neutrophils, 3.8 +/- 1.0% lymphocytes, 11.0 +/- 3.7%
      monocytes/macrophages, and 77.3 +/- 6.3% eosinophils (based on Wright stain) and
      up to 2 x 10(9) cells could be recovered from 1 liter of peritoneal dialysate.
      The cells were concentrated by centrifugation and the cell suspension then
      layered over a discontinuous Percoll gradient consisting of layers of 45%, 55%,
      65%, and 75% Percoll. The gradients were centrifuged resulting in the formation
      of bands of cells at the interfaces of the layers. The densest band of cells
      (above 75% Percoll) contained 94.7 +/- 1.8% eosinophils (mean with median of 98%)
      and 4.3 +/- 16% neutrophils. The eosinophil counts were 72.2 +/- 7.1% above the
      65% layer, 57.1 +/- 8.7 above 55%, and 40.9 +/- 10.9% above 45%. The
      monocyte/macrophage count increased from 0.1% above the 75% layer to 42.9% above
      the 45%. The denser eosinophils (above 75% and 65%) had the appearance of normal
      blood eosinophils and comparable function to blood eosinophils in cytotoxic and
      oxidative assays. This method provides a means of obtaining large numbers of very
      pure eosinophils for study of eosinophil function, eosinophil subpopulations, or
      eosinophil granule constituents.

PMID- 2303732
TI  - The use of microcapsules for high density growth of human tumor infiltrating
      lymphocytes and other immune reactive T cells.
AB  - The use of microcapsules to achieve high density growth of tumor infiltrating
      lymphocytes (TIL) and other antigen-specific human T cells is described. Whereas
      human T cells in suspension cultures usually do not exceed 1-2 x 10(6) cells/ml,
      densities approaching that found in living tissues (greater than 10(8) cells/ml)
      have been observed for microcapsule cultures. TIL and human peripheral blood
      derived T cells can be routinely recovered from microcapsules with viabilities
      greater than or equal to 90%. The recovered cells retain their antigen
      reactivities and bear cell surface phenotypes identical to their counterparts
      grown in suspension culture. These findings suggest that microcapsule technology
      could prove valuable in generating the vast numbers of cells required for TIL
      therapy and other forms of adoptive immunotherapy with T cells.

PMID- 2303731
TI  - A cell culture system that enhances mononuclear cell IgE synthesis induced by
      recombinant human interleukin-4.
AB  - A new culture system is described in which recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhIL
      4) consistently induces the synthesis of large quantities of IgE by human blood
      mononuclear cells (MNC). Unfractionated MNC were cultured in complete Iscove's
      modified Dulbecco's medium (C-IMDM), composed of IMDM enriched with human
      transferrin, bovine insulin, bovine serum albumin, oleic acid, palmitic acid,
      linoleic acid, and fetal calf serum (FCS). Under these culture conditions, MNC
      from four donors synthesized mean quantities of IgE of 76 ng/ml at plateau after
      stimulation with rhIL-4 in concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 80 ng/ml (plateau
      rhIL-4 concentrations were 5 ng/ml or greater). In contrast, rhIL-4 failed to
      induce significant IgE synthesis at any of those doses of rhIL-4 in parallel MNC
      cultures performed in RPMI 1640 supplemented with FCS (RPMI 1640). Additional
      optimal conditions for the induction of IgE synthesis in this system were a MNC
      concentration of 1-2 X 10(6)/ml and a culture time of 18 days. Variability was
      noted in the amount of IgE produced by different donors (CV 0.22) and by the same
      donor when tested on different occasions (mean CV 0.21), but no donor's MNC
      failed to produce significant IgE in response to rhIL-4 when cultured in C-IMDM.
      The geometric mean IgE production induced by optimal IL-4 concentrations for the
      entire group of 16 subjects was 36.8 ng/ml IgE, with the lowest day 18 mean IgE
      concentration for any donor being 10.6 ng/ml and the highest 372.2 ng/ml. The
      enhanced rhIL-4-induced IgE synthesis supported by C-IMDM was due to the combined
      effects of the added enrichment factors and not to differences in the viabilities
      of MNC cultured in C-IMDM and RPMI 1640. This culture system will alleviate the
      problems of inconsistent and low quantities of IgE induced by IL-4 that confound
      most current culture systems used to examine rhIL-4-induced IgE synthesis. It
      will, thereby, facilitate further investigation of the regulation of human IgE
      synthesis.

PMID- 2303733
TI  - A fluorometric method for determining the degree of biotinylation of proteins.
AB  - A method to determine the number of biotin moieties attached to a protein has
      been developed based on quenching the natural fluorescence of avidin or
      streptavidin by biotin. The assay consists of titrating the number of biotin
      combining sites on streptavidin/avidin before and after adding the biotinylated
      protein. With this method only those biotin moieties capable of binding to
      streptavidin/avidin are detected. The assay is simple and sensitive, requiring
      only 1-10 micrograms of biotinylated protein per determination.

PMID- 2303734
TI  - Production of baboon (Papio hamadryas) monoclonal antibodies by herpesvirus papio
      immortalized baboon lymph node cells.
AB  - Baboon monoclonal antibodies specific for monomorphic determinants of baboon
      apolipoprotein B were produced from in vivo primed lymph node cells immortalized
      by herpesvirus papio (HVP). Two cell lines from the immortalized cells were
      readily stabilized and grew rapidly. Since Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cannot be
      used to immortalize baboon or macaque cells, HVP expands the potential sources of
      monoclonal antibodies to include baboons, and is the immortalizing agent of
      choice for macaques as well.

PMID- 2303735
TI  - Mouse restrainer for collection of ascitic fluid including monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2303736
TI  - MHC class II genes and molecules. Symposium (Part I).

PMID- 2303737
TI  - A follow-up study of recent special education graduates of learning disabilities
      programs.
AB  - This study investigated the postschool vocational and community adjustment of
      recent special education graduates from a southwestern metropolitan school
      district. Sixty-four students with learning disabilities (LD) who had attended
      self-contained classes at 12 high schools were randomly selected. A
      questionnaire, administered either via the telephone or in person, was the source
      of data. Thirty-eight of the LD sample were in competitive employment. In
      general, the LD students received very few community services. For the most part,
      they received no agency support after graduation. Most of the LD subjects lived
      with parents or other relatives and most had a driver's license and car.
      Implications for postsecondary services and future research are discussed.

PMID- 2303738
TI  - A comparison of children with and without learning disabilities on social problem
      solving skill, school behavior, and family background.
AB  - The study compared 86 children with learning disabilities (LD) with 86 matched
      children without learning disabilities (NLD) on three domains of variables:
      social problem-solving skill, teacher-rated school behavior and competence, and
      family background. The children with LD and the NLD group differed on variables
      in all three domains. More specifically, the children with LD were able to
      generate fewer alternatives for solving social problem situations, showed less
      tolerance for frustration and less adaptive assertiveness, and had more overall
      classroom behavior problems and less personal and social competence in a variety
      of areas as rated by teachers. Children having LD also showed more family
      background difficulties (e.g., lack of educational stimulation at home, economic
      difficulties). The findings suggest the need for greater attention to social and
      behavioral remediation for children with LD and greater involvement of their
      families, in addition to the cognitive and academic remediation emphasized in
      existing curricula for children with LD.

PMID- 2303739
TI  - Spelling rule usage among students with learning disabilities and normally
      achieving students.
AB  - Spelling performance of students with learning disabilities (LD) was compared
      with that of same-age normally achieving subjects and younger normally achieving
      subjects. Subjects with learning disabilities were divided into two groups: poor
      readers/poor spellers and good readers/poor spellers. A spelling battery was
      administered that included one task of phoneme-grapheme correspondence rule usage
      and four tasks of suffix rule usage. The groups with learning disabilities
      performed significantly below the same-age normally achieving group on all tasks.
      No significant differences among the two groups with learning disabilities and
      their achievement-level peers emerged in primary analyses. However, secondary
      analyses revealed differences in mastery of the past tense spelling rule ed, and
      in some subskills related to the spelling of words with suffixes. The cognitive
      linguistic significance of these results is discussed.

PMID- 2303740
TI  - Sustained and selective attention in children with learning disabilities.
AB  - Sustained and selective attention of 30 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students
      with learning disabilities (LD) and 20 controls were compared. A continuous
      performance test (CPT) yielded no differences for students with LD and controls,
      suggesting similar ability for both groups in sustaining attention and inhibiting
      impulsive responding. Subjects with LD made more errors than controls on a
      selective attention task when letter distractors were adjacent to the target
      letter but not when they were distant, and more correct responses than controls
      when facilitating letters were adjacent to the target, suggesting that students
      with LD are less able to narrow the focus of their attention. Longer response
      times by students with LD indicate that they have slower information-processing
      skills than controls. Regrouping students according to teacher ratings for
      attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) yielded the customary impulsive
      response set on the CPT and more errors on the selective attention task, but no
      differences on response times for students with ADHD. LD students with ADHD made
      more errors than LD students without ADHD when letter distractors were adjacent
      to the target letter.

PMID- 2303741
TI  - Apocalypse or renaissance or something in between? Toward a realistic appraisal
      of The Learning Mystique.

PMID- 2303742
TI  - Teaching abstract vocabulary with the keyword method: effects on recall and
      comprehension.
AB  - Twenty-five adolescents with learning disabilities were randomly assigned to
      either a keyword mnemonic condition or an experimenter-directed rehearsal
      condition and were individually taught 16 difficult vocabulary words, including 8
      concrete and 8 abstract words. After an instructional period, students were given
      a test of literal recall as well as a comprehension test of their ability to
      apply newly acquired vocabulary words in a different context. Results indicated
      that mnemonically trained students outperformed control students on both abstract
      and concrete words, and on recall tests as well as on comprehension tests.
      Implications for vocabulary instruction as well as theories of learning
      disabilities are discussed.

PMID- 2303743
TI  - Concerns of families of children with learning disabilities.
AB  - The purpose of this report is to share the experiences and concerns of a group of
      parents of children with learning disabilities. Parents of eight different
      families were interviewed in depth, and seven themes emerged from the interviews.
      Parents discussed their involvement in their child's education, and their
      positive and negative experiences with school personnel as well as with seeking
      other sources of support. They expressed concerns about the social isolation and
      future well-being of their children with learning disabilities. They indicated
      many emotional strains from parenting children with learning disabilities, and
      that there are both positive and negative effects on the families. Implications
      for further research and practice are discussed.

PMID- 2303744
TI  - Temporal processing in dyslexia.
AB  - The temporal processing capabilities of 15 children with dyslexia versus 15 age
      matched and 15 reading-matched controls in a word identification task were
      examined. The hypothesis underlying the present experiment was that word
      recognition would be inferior in children with dyslexia, relative to controls,
      when the task demanded the temporal integration (sequencing) of two-syllable
      words. Such a hypothesis must predict that one-syllable word recognition does not
      distinguish between these two populations and that these effects cannot be
      accounted for in terms of eye movement differences. To test this hypothesis, one-
      and two-syllable words displayed for 100, 300, and 3,000 msec were required to be
      identified. The results yielded evidence of decreased accuracy of word
      identification by the children with dyslexia in the two-syllable, 300-msec
      condition, as predicted. A second experiment was unable to uncover any
      differences in eye movement behaviors that could account for the effects observed
      in the first experiment. The results are discussed in terms of potential
      sequential processing deficits in individuals with dyslexia.

PMID- 2303745
TI  - Difference in changes of membrane fluidity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and formyl-methionyl-leucyl
      phenylalanine: role of excited oxygen species.
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate
      (PMA) and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine (FMLP) to clarify the role of
      excited oxygen species in inducing changes of membrane fluidity. Membrane
      fluidity was assessed by the excimer-forming lipid technique using pyrenedecanoic
      acid and flow cytometry. Membrane fluidity of PMN decreased following stimulation
      with PMA, and the extent of decrease was both time- and dose-dependent. FMLP at
      10(-5) M induced a decrease, while FMLP at 10(-7) M induced a rapid increase. On
      stimulation with 10(-7) M FMLP as well as in a resting condition, the change of
      membrane fluidity of PMN from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
      was similar to that of normal PMN. However, on stimulation with PMA or 10(-5) M
      FMLP, CGD PMN did not show a significant decrease. In addition, normal PMN
      incubated with catalase inhibited the decrease. These findings suggest that the
      generation of excited oxygen species, particularly of H2O2, is important in
      inducing a decrease of PMN membrane fluidity.

PMID- 2303746
TI  - Antigen presentation by the CD4 positive monocyte subset.
AB  - Although CD4 antigen is expressed on monocytes (MO), its functional role is
      uncharacterized. In this study, isolated human MO were separated into CD4+ and
      CD4- MO subsets and assessed for presentation of tetanus toxoid. The CD4- MO
      subset had decreased antigen presenting cell (APC) capacity as well as increased
      PGE2 production when compared to the CD4+ MO subset. Addition of a cyclo
      oxygenase inhibitor (Indomethacin) did not restore the CD4- MO subset's APC
      capacity to that of the similarly treated CD4+ MO subset, eliminating
      differential PGE2 production as the primary cause of differential APC capacity.
      Production of monokines such as IL-1 and plasminogen activator, which affect APC
      capacity, was similar in the CD4 MO subsets. However, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
      production (IFN gamma plus MDP-induced) of the CD4+ MO subset was slightly
      greater than that of the CD4- MO. CD4- MO's lower APC capacity is not totally
      explained by their differential IL-1, TNF, or PGE2 production.

PMID- 2303747
TI  - Thymic stroma-derived T cell growth factor (TSTGF): III. Its ability to promote T
      cell proliferation without stimulating interleukin 2- or 4-dependent autocrine
      mechanism.
AB  - A thymic stroma-derived cell clone, MRL104.8a produced a T cell growth factor
      designated as thymic stroma-derived T cell growth factor (TSTGF). This factor
      that is distinct from previously described T cell growth factors such as
      interleukin (IL) 2 or 4 was capable of promoting the growth of IL2-dependent,
      antigen-specific helper T cell clones. While such growth promotion was induced
      without requirement of the relevant antigen and exogenous IL2, we further
      investigated whether it depended on activation of an IL2- or IL4-dependent
      autocrine mechanism. Helper T cell clones, 8-E and 8-5, were able to proliferate
      in response to stimulation with either antigen or TSTGF. 8-E and 8-5 produced IL2
      and IL4, respectively, in cultures following antigenic stimulation, whereas
      neither IL2 nor IL4 activity was detected in cultures during TSTGF-induced
      proliferation. The proliferation of these helper T cell clones by antigenic
      stimulation was almost completely inhibited when anti-IL2 receptor or anti-IL4
      antibody was added to the cultures. The addition of cyclosporin A (CsA) to
      cultures of 8-E and 8-5 clones together with antigen also resulted in the
      complete inhibition of cellular proliferation in association with the suppression
      of IL2 and IL4 production. In contrast, TSTGF-induced proliferation was not
      affected by addition of either type of antibody or CsA. These results indicate
      that TSTGF is a novel T cell growth factor that can exert its own growth
      promoting effect without depending on an IL2- or IL4-operating autocrine
      mechanism.

PMID- 2303748
TI  - Natural killer cell activity and macrophage-dependent inhibition of growth or
      killing of Mycobacterium avium complex in a mouse model.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells from spleens of normal and Mycobacterium avium complex
      (MAC)-infected C57 black mice (C57 BL/6 bg/+) were examined for their capacity to
      activate splenic and peritoneal macrophages from beige mice to inhibit or kill
      intracellular MAC. Peritoneal and splenic macrophages from beige mice were
      exposed in vitro to NK cells obtained from MAC-infected and uninfected black
      mice. NK cells from uninfected black mice were also treated in vitro with
      recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 48 h before incubation with macrophages.
      While control macrophages supported intracellular growth of MAC, macrophages
      exposed to unactivated NK cells inhibited growth of the intracellular bacteria,
      as determined 4 days after infection. IL-2 stimulated NK cells, and NK cells
      obtained from MAC-infected animals were able to activate murine macrophages in
      vitro to inhibit growth or kill 40.0 +/- 5% and 61.3 +/- 6% of the intracellular
      bacteria, respectively. In other experiments, beige mice (C57 BL/6 bg/bg) were
      treated intraperitoneally with NK cells obtained from MAC-infected and uninfected
      C57 black mice. Peritoneal macrophages harvested from beige mice treated with NK
      cells activated in vitro with IL-2 killed 24.4 +/- 4% of intracellular bacteria
      by day 4 after infection. Macrophages obtained from animals treated with NK cells
      harvested from MAC-infected black mice killed 58.8 +/- 7% of intracellular
      bacteria by 4 days after infection, in contrast with intracellular growth
      observed in macrophages obtained from untreated animals and from animals treated
      with Hanks' solution or unactivated NK cells. These crossover studies suggest
      that NK cells may be important in host defense against MAC.

PMID- 2303749
TI  - Specific binding of haptoglobin to human neutrophils and its functional
      consequences.
AB  - Haptoglobin, an acute phase reactant protein, has been shown to modulate various
      facets of immune responses. In this paper we examined the effect of haptoglobin
      on human neutrophils at the molecular level. First, we found that native
      haptoglobin binds at two distinct sites on neutrophils. We then examined the
      effects of this binding at normal and pathophysiological concentrations of
      haptoglobin found in human serum. Of the various functional parameters assessed,
      neutrophil respiratory burst activity, as assessed by superoxide (O2-)
      production, was inhibited by native haptoglobin when the cells were stimulated
      with formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine (FMLP), arachidonic acid (AA), and
      opsonized zymosan. The rise in intracellular calcium induced by FMLP stimulation
      was also inhibited by native haptoglobin. Since the generation of O2- was
      unaffected by native haptoglobin in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated
      neutrophils, the likely site of haptoglobin inhibition on neutrophil function is
      at a point of receptor-ligand interaction in the activation cascade. The role of
      haptoglobin as a modifier of the immune response has here been extended to
      altered neutrophil function stimulated by diverse agonists.

PMID- 2303751
TI  - The nurse specialist: a cornerstone of quality patient care.

PMID- 2303750
TI  - Priming effect of muramyl peptides for induction by lipopolysaccharide of tumor
      necrosis factor production in mice.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharide-induced necrosis of grafted tumors was potentiated by several
      hydrophilic and lipophilic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivatives administered a few
      hours prior to small amounts of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in spite of low titers
      of induced circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF). However, pretreatment with
      MDP derivatives did increase the level of TNF in the blood of mice challenged by
      a greater dose of LPS. The TNF amount in 2 h postendotoxin mouse serum reached a
      peak when the glycopeptide had been given 6 h before the challenge, being
      approximately 100-fold above that obtained in unprimed mice. The cytotoxic
      activity in mouse serum was inhibited by rabbit antibodies raised against
      recombinant mouse TNF. Although there exists a toxic synergism between BCG or MDP
      and endotoxin, the effect of certain MDP derivatives was not related to an
      increased susceptibility to the toxicity of LPS.

PMID- 2303752
TI  - The nursing shortage: central Georgia's Rx.

PMID- 2303753
TI  - The nurse and the physician.

PMID- 2303754
TI  - Supreme Court expands physician rights in composite state board proceedings.

PMID- 2303756
TI  - Nursing research.

PMID- 2303755
TI  - The lady with the lamp.

PMID- 2303757
TI  - Delivering obstetrics from liability crisis.

PMID- 2303758
TI  - Falling out of love.

PMID- 2303759
TI  - Registered care technicians: a roundtable discussion.

PMID- 2303760
TI  - Nursing associations--a precis.

PMID- 2303761
TI  - "The best of times, the worst of times".

PMID- 2303762
TI  - The Georgia Nurses Association: an advocate for nurses and patients.

PMID- 2303763
TI  - Focus on education: the Georgia League for Nursing.

PMID- 2303764
TI  - Use of body surface electrocardiographic mapping to localize the asynergic site
      in previous myocardial infarction.
AB  - Body surface electrocardiographic (ECG) maps of myocardial infarction were
      analyzed using the departure mapping technique, which represents the abnormal
      potential distribution out of normal ranges. Body surface ECG mapping using 87
      leads was performed on 65 patients with previous myocardial infarction and on 40
      normal volunteers. Potential departure maps at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 msec after
      the onset of QRS were constructed; each map indicated, if present, the area of
      abnormal decreased potential that is more than 2 standard deviations from the
      normal range (-2 SD area). In patients with myocardial infarction, the appearance
      time and the location of the -2 SD area were specific for the sites of left
      ventricular asynergy; the sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 100% for the
      asynergy of segment 2 (20 msec, on the upper left anterior chest), 87% and 97%
      for segment 3 (30 msec, on the middle anterior chest), 86% and 80% for segment 4
      (20 or 30 msec, on the lower right anterior chest), and 88% and 90% for segment 5
      (30, 40, or 50 msec, on the middle back), respectively. The sensitivity of these
      criteria was better than that of 12-lead ECG, while the specificity was
      comparable. In the analysis of body surface ECG mapping data, departure maps aid
      in depicting abnormalities and in making an accurate assessment. Body surface ECG
      mapping can be used to improve the diagnostic ability of ECG to detect myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2303765
TI  - Electrogenesis of the S1S2S3 electrocardiographic pattern. A study in humans
      based on body surface potential and right ventricular endocardial mapping.
AB  - To study the electrogenesis of the S1S2S3 pattern, seven patients had body
      surface potential mapping and endocardial mapping of inflow tract, outflow tract,
      and apex of the right ventricle. QRS duration was longer in S1S2S3 versus
      controls (94 +/- 14 vs. 84 +/- 14 msec). Surface mapping was similar in S1S2S3
      patients and in controls during the first 30-40 msec of QRS, but S1S2S3 patients
      subsequently presented the following differences: (1) earlier time of onset (34
      +/- 3 vs. 44 +/- 6 msec) and a lower voltage (1,242 +/- 468 vs. 1,649 +/- 31 mV)
      of peak positive anterior maximum; (2) earlier dorsal migration (45 +/- 3 vs. 55
      +/- 7 msec) of the maximum; (3) a second peak positive maximum at 58 +/- 3 msec,
      located on the dorsal spine; (4) the appearance of a right subclavicular positive
      area at 51 +/- 6 msec, which in controls was absent or appeared later (66 +/- 7
      msec). At the end of QRS, the maximum was located in all but two S1S2S3 cases on
      the upper sternum. Right ventricular endocardial mapping showed a similar
      activation time of the apex in S1S2S3 patients and controls, but in the former a
      significant inflow (56 +/- 21 vs. 36 +/- 9 msec) and outflow tract (79 +/- 13 vs.
      39 +/- 8 msec) activation delay was documented. The data obtained using body
      surface potential mapping suggest that an anomalous wavefront rightward and
      superiorly oriented is present in the S1S2S3 pattern, which is able to oppose the
      electrical forces of ventricular free walls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303767
TI  - Effect of hypoxia on electrical activity of atrioventricular nodal cells and
      atrial cells of the rabbit's heart.
AB  - The effect of hypoxia on the electrical activities of atrial cells and
      atrioventricular (AV) nodal cells (AN, N, NH) excised from the rabbit heart were
      examined. Within 5 minutes under a hypoxic condition, N cells and NH cells of the
      AV node responded in a 2:1 manner to electrical stimulation with a basic cycle
      length of 300 msec, but atrial cells and AN cells of the AV node responded in a
      1:1 manner. Even after 120 minutes of hypoxia, atrial cells and AV nodal cells
      responded in a second-degree fashion to electrical stimulation with a basic cycle
      length of 300 msec. After 10 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes of hypoxia,
      shortest pacing basic cycle lengths with 1:1 responses to electrical stimulation
      increased significantly. AV nodal automaticity rate decreased significantly. AV
      nodal automaticity rate decreased significantly after 10 minutes and 120 minutes
      of hypoxia. After 120 minutes of hypoxia, reoxygenation for 30 minutes produced
      complete recovery of action potential characteristics in atrial cells but not in
      AV nodal cells.

PMID- 2303766
TI  - On the mechanism of overdrive suppression in the guinea pig sinoatrial node.
AB  - Factors underlying overdrive suppression were studied in guinea pig sinoatrial
      node perfused in vitro. Overdrive (1) is followed by a short suppression and a
      transient decrease in maximum diastolic potential (Emax); (2) causes an immediate
      decrease and then a reincrease in force followed after overdrive by a transient
      overshoot; (3) may induce a marked suppression in high [Ca]0, which is a function
      of the rate and duration of overdrive and is not affected by tetrodotoxin or
      atropine; (4) in the presence of acetylcholine (ACh), decreases Emax and causes a
      longer suppression, which may be associated to a transient hyperpolarization; (5)
      can be initiated periodically by spontaneous beats and the cycles are abolished
      by calcium antagonists but not by atropine; (6) in high [Ca]0 (but not in ACh) is
      followed by an oscillatory potential, the amplitude of which depends of the
      characteristics of overdrive; (7) does not cause suppression in zero [Ca]0; (8)
      may cause suppression that is due to failure of conduction; and (9) may be
      followed by a prolonged transient hyperpolarization in the presence of ACh and
      Cs. Thus, the sinoatrial node, intracellular calcium accumulation enhances
      overdrive suppression and causes periodic suppression of spontaneous cyclic
      rhythms. These calcium actions are direct and not related to a potentiation of
      ACh effects. The elimination of diastolic depolarization by ACh and Cs reveals an
      overdrive-induced hyperpolarization possibly related to an electrogenic Na
      extrusion.

PMID- 2303768
TI  - Carbamazepine-induced bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome with pharmacological
      analysis and concurrent ECG monitoring.
AB  - The authors present a patient with carbamazepine-induced bradycardia-tachycardia
      syndrome, a rare type of drug-induced sinus node dysfunction. In this case, they
      established a clear-cut relationship between plasma carbamazepine concentration
      and the frequency of sinus arrests, following episodes of supraventricular
      tachycardia. As the pharmacological analysis of drug-induced sinus node
      dysfunction by concurrent ECG monitoring is very limited, the findings give an
      insight into the mechanism of this disorder.

PMID- 2303769
TI  - Parasystolic ventricular tachycardia with exit block.
AB  - A rare case of parasystolic ventricular tachycardia with variable exit block
      concurring with runs of reentrant ventricular tachycardia is described. The
      reentrant ventricular tachycardia or isolated ventricular extrabeats modified the
      exit block patterns of the parasystolic tachycardia.

PMID- 2303770
TI  - Electrocardiographic methods for quantifying the sizes of healed infarction and
      acutely ischemic myocardium.

PMID- 2303771
TI  - Subsyllabic units in computerized reading instruction: onset-rime vs. postvowel
      segmentation.
AB  - Previous studies suggest that adults and children divide spoken syllables into
      subsyllabic onset-rime units more readily than into any other kind of subsyllabic
      unit. We asked whether this same onset-rime segmentation might also be beneficial
      in teaching children to read. That is, can children learn more words segmented at
      the onset-rime boundary (e.g., CL-AP, D-ISH) than words segmented after the vowel
      (CLA-P, DI-SH)? In three experiments, first-grade students studied single words
      presented by a computer connected to a high-quality speech synthesizer.
      Experiment 1 used words of four letters but only three phonemes apiece (e.g.,
      WHIP, DISH). In some of these words the onset-rime segmentation corresponded to
      the initial bigram (e.g., WH-IP); in some it did not (e.g., D-ISH). Experiments 2
      and 3 used words of four letters and four phonemes (e.g., CLAP, CORN). In all
      three experiments, onset-rime segmentation proved more helpful than postvowel
      segmentation in short-term learning of the words.

PMID- 2303772
TI  - Changes in infants' visual scanning across the 2- to 14-week age period.
AB  - The characteristics of visual scanning over the 2- to 14-week age period were
      examined through repeated assessments conducted on a sample of 10 infants.
      Scanning patterns were measured using a bright-pupil corneal reflex system, and
      the stimuli consisted of various sets of static, moving, or flickering geometric
      figures. There appear to be a number of age-related changes in the dominant mode
      of visual scanning. At the youngest ages the infants' scanning often proved
      unrelated to the locations of the stimulus contours, and in instances where a
      stimulus figure was in fact attended the infants typically centered their regard
      on a single prominent feature. In contrast, as the infants grew older they more
      consistently directed their saccades toward stimulus contours, became
      increasingly disposed to scan between different stimulus features, and directed
      their saccades with increased accuracy. When a stimulus was flickering, however,
      the infants' scanning characteristics reverted to those typically found at
      younger ages. The mechanisms which might account for the effects of age and of
      stimulus quality on visual scanning are considered.

PMID- 2303773
TI  - Relationships between study organization, retrieval organization, and general and
      strategy-specific memory knowledge in young children.
AB  - The present study examined relationships between young children's memory
      knowledge and their use of taxonomic and color memory organization. Forty-eight 5
      , 6-, and 7-year-olds were administered metamemory tests of organization-strategy
      knowledge and general memory knowledge, and were tested on two study-recall tasks
      before, and two study-recall tasks after, training in the use of color or
      taxonomic organization. Study organization (grouping) scores were low before
      training, but improved significantly in post-training tasks. Training effects
      were less pronounced for retrieval organization (clustering) and did not occur
      for item recall. Relationships between taxonomic study and retrieval organization
      were apparent only for the 7-year-olds, while relationships between color
      organization at study and retrieval were not apparent at any age level.
      Relationships between metamemory, strategy-use, and recall proficiency were
      evident on some tasks for 7-year-olds, but not for younger children. Although
      teacher ratings of the children's mastery orientations were also found to be
      related to recall proficiency for the older subjects, specific strategy knowledge
      was a more consistent correlate of strategy use and amount recalled.

PMID- 2303774
TI  - Syntactic competence and reading ability in children.
AB  - The effect of syntactic context on auditory word identification and on the
      ability to detect and correct syntactic errors in speech was examined in severely
      reading disabled children and in good and poor readers selected from the normal
      distribution of fourth graders. The poor readers were handicapped when correct
      reading required analysis of the sentence context. However, their phonological
      decoding ability was intact. Identification of words was less affected by
      syntactic context in the severely disabled readers than in either the good or
      poor readers. Moreover, the disabled readers were inferior to good readers in
      judging the syntactical integrity of spoken sentences and in their ability to
      correct the syntactically aberrant sentences. Poor readers were similar to good
      readers in the identification and judgment tasks, but inferior in the correction
      task. The results suggest that the severely disabled readers were inferior to
      both good and poor readers in syntactic awareness, and in ability to use
      syntactic rules, while poor readers were equal to good readers in syntactic
      awareness but were relatively impaired in using syntactic knowledge productively.

PMID- 2303776
TI  - Belief revision in children: the role of prior knowledge and strategies for
      generating evidence.
AB  - Evolving beliefs and reasoning strategies were observed in 22 fifth- and sixth
      grade children who worked over 8 weeks for a total of about 5 h on a causal
      reasoning problem. Children planned, performed, and interpreted experiments to
      learn about the relations between design features and speed of race cars in a
      computerized microworld. The group made progress, but by the end of the sessions
      did not fully understand those features that disconfirmed their initial beliefs.
      In their activity with the microworld, children often failed to make informative
      comparisons or valid judgments about the outcomes. Exploratory strategies
      improved as children exercised them over time, but invalid heuristics that
      preserved children's favored theories about cars were evident throughout. Those
      children using more valid strategies achieved more complete, stable comprehension
      of the microworld's structure. In turn, children used their beliefs to make
      meaning of the complex patterns of evidence they observed. The most successful
      children evaluated both the evidence and their changing theories, and were
      sensitive to the fact that they should be mutually constraining.

PMID- 2303775
TI  - Mental arithmetic: effects of calculation procedure and problem difficulty on
      solution latency.
AB  - In this chronometric study of mental arithmetic, problems with sums greater than
      20 and less than 100 were presented to third-grade subjects (age 8-9). It is
      argued that such problems are calculated by using procedures in which the problem
      is broken down into subproblems for which solutions are retrieved from a
      declarative knowledge base. Important bottlenecks in this process are the
      processing capacity (since only one subproblem can be handled at a time) and the
      storage capacity of working memory (since the original problem and all outcomes
      of subproblems have to be retained). Therefore it can be hypothesized that
      arithmetic procedures and types of problems that necessitate more subproblems
      will lead to longer solution times. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Significant
      interactions between types of problems and arithmetic procedures show an
      increasing difference in solution time between the procedures with increasing
      problem difficulty. It can be concluded that for the type of problems studied,
      arithmetic procedures requiring a smaller number of subproblems lead to better
      performance.

PMID- 2303777
TI  - The role of symmetrical and asymmetrical social conflict in cognitive change.
AB  - We asked whether dyads consisting of nonconservers of liquid would be more likely
      than solo controls to change to a conservation answer when each child gave
      symmetrically conflicting answers from different perspectives ("more" versus
      "less" from different viewpoints). We also asked whether nonconservers are more
      likely than conservers to abandon their answers in conserver + nonconserver
      dyads. In order to stimulate the perspectival conflicts in the nonconserver +
      nonconserver dyads, the partners experienced artificial displays in which the two
      possible answers were afforded by different views of the apparatus. We found no
      evidence that social conflict of the kind engineered in the nonconserver +
      nonconserver dyads stimulates cognitive change. Our evidence that nonconservers
      tend to adopt the conservation answer of their partners was less strong than that
      collected in previous studies, but this may have been due to the fact that,
      contrary to previous studies, the children's social dominance relations were
      affecting the outcome. We concluded that the ineffectiveness of symmetrical
      social conflict is consistent with Piaget's conception of nonconservers as
      children insensitive to the perspective-relative nature of their judgments.

PMID- 2303778
TI  - The accurate calibration of infants' scanning records.
AB  - The visual scanning characteristics of 10 infants were assessed repeatedly over
      the 2- to 14-week age period, using a bright-pupil/corneal reflection technique.
      The present report focuses on the calibration process--a procedure by which
      stimulus figures are mapped onto the raw scanning data. It is concluded that the
      major calibration parameters vary significantly among infants, and therefore
      separate calibration data must be collected on each infant if errors on the order
      of several degrees of visual angle are to be avoided. Moreover, it was found that
      infants' saccades often are not directed accurately toward the attracting
      stimulus, and hence repeated calibration trials are required for the precise
      determination of parameter values. After about 6 weeks of age, the parameter
      values established for a given infant remained largely invariant. During the
      initial weeks of life, however, parameter values occasionally changed, apparently
      because very young infants sometimes will center the image of an attracting
      stimulus about some extrafoveal location. This raises an additional complexity
      when interpreting the scanning records of very young infants.

PMID- 2303779
TI  - Growth autonomy and tumorigenicity of interleukin 6-dependent B cells transfected
      with interleukin 6 cDNA.
AB  - We introduced an IL-6 cDNA expression vector into a murine B cell line, the
      growth of which definitely required the presence of exogenous IL-6. The
      transfected cells secreted substantial amounts of IL-6, to which they themselves
      responded by proliferating without further requirement of exogenous IL-6. The
      proliferation was a direct function of cell density and was inhibitable by
      antibodies to IL-6, indicating the autocrine nature of the growth. The IL-6 cDNA
      transfected cells displayed greatly enhanced tumorigenicity when inoculated into
      syngeneic and nude mice. Our data suggest that an IL-6 autocrine self stimulation
      confers on B cells a selective growth advantage and results in the induction of
      progression of the malignant state of B cells.

PMID- 2303780
TI  - The toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in mice is mediated by T cells.
AB  - Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) has been shown in the past to be a potent T
      cell stimulant in mouse or man. The toxin acts as a superantigen that is, it
      binds to class II MHC proteins and, as such a complex, stimulates T cells bearing
      particular V beta s as part of their receptors. The toxin also has several
      pathological effects, causing, in mice, rapid weight loss, thymus atrophy,
      immunosuppression, and, at high doses, death. The data in this paper show that at
      least one of these effects, weight loss, is T cell mediated. Staphylococcal
      enterotoxin-mediated weight loss is MHC dependent, and is almost absent in
      animals expressing MHC class II molecules, which, complexed with SEB, are poor T
      cell stimulants. Also, mice that lack T cell function, genetically or because of
      cyclosporin A treatment, lose no or less weight than controls in response to SEB.
      Finally, animals bred such that they express few T cells bearing V beta s with
      which SEB can interact lose much less weight in response to the toxin than
      littermate controls that have higher numbers of reactive T cells. It is therefore
      suggested that the pathological effects of the staphylococcal, T cell-stimulating
      toxins in mouse and man may be partially or wholly the consequence of massive T
      cell stimulation.

PMID- 2303781
TI  - Endotoxin-responsive sequences control cachectin/tumor necrosis factor
      biosynthesis at the translational level.
AB  - The biosynthesis of cachectin/TNF is largely regulated at a post-transcriptional
      level. Bacterial endotoxin, which strongly induces cachectin/TNF production, thus
      seems to elicit at least some of its effects by altering the macrophage
      cytoplasmic milieu. It has previously been shown that the 3'-untranslated
      TTATTTAT element present in numerous cytokines and proto-oncogenes is capable of
      repressing the translation of mRNA molecules in which it is represented. Using
      constructs in which the CAT coding sequence is followed by varying segments of
      the cachectin/TNF 3'-untranslated region, we now demonstrate that downstream
      sequences present in the cachectin/TNF mRNA are sufficient to mediate greater
      than 200-fold induction of CAT synthesis in response to activation by endotoxin.
      Induction of CAT activity is not attributable to a change in cytoplasmic mRNA
      concentration, but to a marked enhancement of translational efficiency. The
      response to endotoxin represents "derepression," and is conferred chiefly by the
      translationally repressive TTATTTAT element, acting in concert with essential
      flanking sequences.

PMID- 2303782
TI  - The chromosome translocation (11;14)(p13;q11) associated with T cell acute
      leukemia. Asymmetric diversification of the translocational junctions.
AB  - The t(11;14)(p13;q13) translocation associated with T cell acute lymphocytic
      leukemia generates two abnormal chromosomes, designated 11p+ and 14q-. To
      investigate the mechanism of t(11;14)(p13;q11) formation, we analyzed the
      translocation junctions of 11p+ and 14q- from two patients. The 11p+ junctions
      consisted of precise fusions of a pseudo recombination signal from chromosome 11
      and the downstream recombination signal of the TCR D delta 2 gene segment from
      chromosome 14. In contrast, the 14q- junctions from both patients were
      diversified by random loss and addition of nucleotides at the translocation site.
      This asymmetric pattern of junctional diversification is typical of normal Ig/TCR
      gene rearrangement, and therefore implies that the t(11;14)(p13;q11)
      translocation arose due to aberrant activity of the Ig/TCR recombinase.

PMID- 2303783
TI  - Autoantibodies in chronic graft versus host result from cognate T-B interactions.
AB  - A chronic graft-versus-host reaction (GVH) induced in nonautoimmune mice causes a
      syndrome that closely resembles SLE. In this model, donor T cells react against
      incompatible host Ia structures and generate excessive help, which activates a
      subpopulation of self-reactive B cells. We have studied whether these self
      reactive B cells are activated by direct interaction with alloreactive T cells or
      by nonspecific bystander effects. Two types of chimeras were made: double
      parental chimeras, differing at both Ia and Igh allotype [B6.C20 + bm12---
      (B6.C20 x bm12)F1]; and control chimeras [(B6.C20 x bm12)F1----(B6.C20 x
      bm12)F1]. A chronic GVH syndrome was induced in the chimeras by infusion of B6 or
      bm12 spleen cells. Coombs and antichromatin autoantibodies were measured using
      Igh allotype-specific immunoassays. The double-parental chimeras that received
      bm12 cells made autoantibodies principally of the Igha allotype, indicating that
      the bm12 T cells interacted only with the Iab-bearing host B cells. Conversely,
      double-parental chimeras that received B6 cells made mostly Ighb autoantibodies,
      indicating direct cognate interaction with the Iabm12-bearing host B cells. The
      control chimeras made autoantibodies of both allotypes. These results indicate
      that autoantibodies in chronic GVH result from direct T-B interactions and not
      from nonspecific T cell-derived factors.

PMID- 2303784
TI  - Lymphokine gene expression in vivo is inhibited by cyclosporin A.
AB  - Murine T cells were stimulated in vivo by administering allogeneic cells or
      mitogens into the foot pads and then examining the draining popliteal lymph
      nodes. Allogeneic spleen cells induced the expression of IL2 and IFN-gamma mRNAs
      in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Induction of these transcripts also was
      detected after administration of Con A and anti-CD3 mAb. An increase in DNA
      synthesizing cells was observed by 48 h, and these were shown to be T cells
      because of their sensitivity to anti-Thy-1 but not anti-B220 mAb and complement,
      and because of their localization to the T-dependent areas of the lymph node. The
      in vivo administration of cyclosporin A (CSA) reduced several of these T cell
      responses. The level of DNA synthesis and the frequency of cells synthesizing DNA
      were decreased by approximately 75%, while the induction of IL-2 responsiveness
      was not substantially diminished. IL-2 and IFN-gamma transcripts were inhibited
      at least 70-90%, as determined by Northern blot and in situ hybridization.
      Although the inhibition by CSA was not as complete in animals as observed
      previously in tissue culture, our findings indicate that in both systems, a major
      site of action of CSA is to inhibit T cell growth by inhibiting lymphokine
      production.

PMID- 2303785
TI  - Genomic organization of the mouse pore-forming protein (perforin) gene and
      localization to chromosome 10. Similarities to and differences from C9.
AB  - Genomic clones encompassing the entire coding region of the mouse lymphocyte pore
      forming protein gene (Pfp) have been isolated and used to determine its intron
      exon organization. In contrast to C9, Pfp has a simple structure, consisting of
      only three exons (two of which encode polypeptide), a large 5' intron, and a
      single, smaller intron that is situated approximately one-third of the way
      through the protein-coding portions of the gene. The regions encoding the
      homologous domains of PFP and C9 are encoded on exons 7, 8, 9, and 10 of C9, but
      form only approximately half of the open reading frame of exon III in Pfp.
      Although encoding polypeptides with related functions, the two genes possess such
      sharply contrasting structures as to suggest that their analogous regions may
      have risen independently, by a process of convergent evolution. Using a panel of
      somatic cell hybrid cell lines, Pfp has been mapped to chromosome 10.

PMID- 2303786
TI  - Autoantibodies against triosephosphate isomerase. A possible clue to pathogenesis
      of hemolytic anemia in infectious mononucleosis.
AB  - In sera from patients with acute EBV, infection and the clinical symptoms of
      infectious mononucleosis antibodies of the Ig class M were found that are
      directed against two cellular proteins. The molecular mass of these proteins was
      determined to be 29 (p29) and 26 kD (p26), respectively, in SDS-PAGE. P29 was
      identified as part of the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) by
      comparison of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequences. A purified antibody against
      TPI induces a 51Cr release from human erythrocytes. Possibly, anti-TPI causes
      hemolysis, which is an infrequent but serious symptom of infectious
      mononucleosis.

PMID- 2303787
TI  - Antigen-reactive T cell clones restricted by mixed isotype A beta d/E alpha d
      class II molecules.
AB  - Mixed isotype A beta dE alpha d class II molecule-restricted antigen-reactive T
      cell clones were obtained from (BALB/c x B6E alpha d)F1 mice. These T cell clones
      responded to keyhole limpet hemocyanin in the presence of (BALB/c x B6E alpha
      d)F1 but not CBF1 APCs. Both anti-A beta d and anti-E alpha mAbs blocked the
      proliferative responses of these clones. The frequency of such mixed isotype A
      beta E alpha-restricted T cell clones in (BALB/c x B6E alpha d)F1 mice was
      estimated to be approximately 10% from our limiting dilution cloning. The
      existence of such mixed isotype class II molecule-restricted T cells would have
      important implications for the expansion of the T cell repertoire as well as the
      induction of autoimmunity.

PMID- 2303789
TI  - Spectral frequency and the modulation of the acoustic startle reflex by
      background noise.
AB  - The rat's (Long-Evans) acoustic startle reflex to a high-frequency tone burst
      (10.5 kHz) was depressed by intense high-frequency band-pass noise (8-16 kHz) but
      enhanced by low frequency noise (1-2 kHz). However, contrary to the hypothesis
      that the depression of startle in intense background noise is produced by sensory
      masking, the reflex to a low-frequency tone burst (at 1 kHz) was depressed by
      both high- and low-frequency band-pass noise. Two additional hypotheses are
      offered to supplement sensory masking in order to explain the asymmetry in these
      data. The first is that the intratympanic reflex, which acts as a high pass
      filter on acoustic input, is elicited in intense backgrounds. The second is that
      acoustic startle reflexes elicited by intense low-frequency tones are in part
      elicited by their high-frequency distortion products and that these distortion
      products are then masked by high-frequency background noise.

PMID- 2303788
TI  - N-linked glycan modification on antigen-presenting cells restores an allospecific
      cytotoxic T cell response.
AB  - The B6 anti-bm6 allospecific CTL response is strictly dependent on CD4+ cells
      when using LPS blasts as stimulator cells. Altering the N-linked carbohydrates on
      stimulator cells by use of the N-linked trimming glycosidase inhibitors 1
      deoxymannojirimycin and swainsonine, or by treatment with bacterial
      neuraminidase, results in a restoration of the B6 anti-bm6 response in the
      absence of CD4+ cells. The extent of restoration is inversely correlated with the
      number of sialic acids present on N-linked glycans of stimulator cells.

PMID- 2303790
TI  - Duration of signals for intertrial reinforcement and nonreinforcement in random
      control procedures.
AB  - In the random control procedure, responding to a conditioned stimulus (target CS)
      is prevented when the probability of unsignaled, unconditioned stimuli (USs) in
      the intertrial interval (ITI) is equal to the probability of the US in the
      presence of the target CS. Three experiments used an autoshaping procedure with
      White Carneaux pigeons to examine the effects of the temporal duration of signals
      for the ITI USs (cover CSs) and for concomitant periods of nonreinforcement. In
      Experiment 1, a short duration cover, but not a long duration cover, resulted in
      responding to the target CS. In Experiment 2, an explicit CS- cue during periods
      of nonreinforcement did not affect target acquisition. In Experiment 3, a long CS
      , but not a short cover CS, was a sufficient condition for the acquisition of
      responding to the target CS. These results imply that the acquisition of
      responding to a target CS requires a discriminable period of nonreinforcement
      that is long relative to the target CS duration.

PMID- 2303791
TI  - Response acquisition with delayed reinforcement.
AB  - Discrete responses of experimentally naive, food-deprived White Carneaux pigeons
      (key pecks) or Sprague-Dawley rats (bar or omnidirectional lever presses)
      initiated unsignaled delay periods that terminated with food delivery. Each
      subject first was trained to eat from the food source, but no attempt was made to
      shape or to otherwise train the response. In both species, the response developed
      and was maintained. Control procedures excluded the simple passage of time,
      response elicitation or induction by food presentation, type of operandum, food
      delivery device location, and adventitious immediate reinforcement of responding
      as the basis for the effects. Results revealed that neither training nor
      immediate reinforcement is necessary to establish new behavior. The conditions
      that give rise to both the first and second response are discussed, and the
      results are related to other studies of the delay of reinforcement and to
      explanations of behavior based on contingency or correlation and contiguity.

PMID- 2303792
TI  - Expectancies of reinforcer location and quality as cues for a conditional
      discrimination in pigeons.
AB  - Experiment 1 demonstrated that reliably correlating different reinforcer
      locations (top vs. bottom) with sample stimuli markedly enhanced the performance
      of White Carneaux pigeons in a spatial conditional discrimination. This
      differential outcome effect was more evident at longer retention intervals. In
      Experiment 2, pigeons were given the opportunity to learn about two redundant
      reinforcer features--location (top vs. bottom) and quality (grain vs. chow).
      Which reinforcer feature exerted control over choosing depended on task
      structure. In the congruent task, where pecks to the top key operated the top
      feeder and pecks to the bottom key operated the bottom feeder, reinforcer
      location exerted predominant control. In the incongruent task, where pecks to the
      top key operated the bottom feeder and vice versa, reinforcer quality exerted
      exclusive control. These results have implications for the nature of reinforcer
      representations in instrumental learning.

PMID- 2303793
TI  - Effect of reinforcer devaluation on discriminative control of instrumental
      behavior.
AB  - Two experiments examined the effect of reinforcer devaluation on the ability of a
      discriminative stimulus (Sd) to control instrumental behavior in Sprague-Dawley
      rats. In Experiment 1 reinforcer devaluation reduced, but did not eliminate, the
      ability of the Sd to control performance of the original response and to transfer
      its control to a new response trained with the same reinforcer. The effect of
      devaluation was more complete in Experiment 2, in which the reinforcer was
      delivered directly into the oral cavity. However, retraining the response with a
      different reinforcer partially restored the ability of the Sd to control
      performance of that response. These results suggest that an Sd may not augment
      its trained responses when the reinforcer has been completely devalued but may
      promote responses with which it shares a reinforcer, as long as those responses
      are associated with some reinforcer that retains its value. The implications of
      these results for the way that discriminative stimuli control instrumental
      behavior are discussed.

PMID- 2303794
TI  - Context extinction following conditioning with delayed reward enhances subsequent
      instrumental responding.
AB  - In Experiment 1, delayed reward generated low response rates relative to
      immediate reward delivered with the same frequency. Lister rats exposed to
      delayed reward subsequently responded at a higher rate in extinction if they
      received nonreinforced exposure to the conditioning context after instrumental
      training and prior to test, compared with animals that received home cage
      exposure. In Experiment 2, a signaled delay of reinforcement resulted in higher
      rates than an unsignaled delay. Nonreinforced exposure to the conditioning
      context elevated response rate for subjects in the unsignaled condition relative
      to a home cage group, but had no effect on response rates for subjects that had
      received the signaled delay. In Experiment 3, following an unsignaled
      reinforcement delay, groups receiving either no event or signaled food in the
      context responded faster in extinction than groups receiving no context exposure
      or unsignaled food.

PMID- 2303795
TI  - Hierarchical structures: chunking by food type facilitates spatial memory.
AB  - Three experiments assessed the ability of male Sprague-Dawley rats to organize
      the spatial locations of different food types in a hierarchical manner to
      maximize the efficiency of working memory. Independent groups were exposed, on a
      12-arm radial maze, to baiting arrangements varying in the stability of the
      pattern and type of food used as bait. Training rats with stable, differentiable
      baiting arrangements produced increased accuracy in choice performance,
      hierarchically ordered patterns of choice selection, slower growth of proactive
      interference when trials were massed, and the learning of the geometrical
      relations among food types independent of other extramaze cues. Such findings are
      strong evidence of the rat's ability to encode and use local cues for navigation,
      based on properties of the reinforcer. The application of a chunking strategy may
      provide for more efficient use of working memory by facilitating information
      storage, recall, or resetting mechanisms.

PMID- 2303796
TI  - Matching-to-sample by an echolocating dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).
AB  - An adult male dolphin was trained to perform a three-alternative delayed matching
      to-sample task while wearing eyecups to occlude its vision. Sample and comparison
      stimuli consisted of a small and a large PVC plastic tube, a water-filled
      stainless steel sphere, and a solid aluminum cone. Stimuli were presented under
      water and the dolphin was allowed to identify the stimuli through echolocation.
      The echolocation clicks emitted by the dolphin to each sample and each comparison
      stimulus were recorded and analyzed. Over 48 sessions of testing, choice accuracy
      averaged 94.5% correct. This high level of accuracy was apparently achieved by
      varying the number of echolocation clicks emitted to various stimuli. Performance
      appeared to reflect a preexperimental stereotyped search pattern that dictated
      the order in which comparison items were examined and a complex sequential
      sampling decision process. A model for the dolphin's decision-making processes is
      described.

PMID- 2303797
TI  - Rule abstraction, item memory, and chunking in rat serial-pattern tracking.
AB  - Two studies used a stimulus tracking paradigm to test whether rats are sensitive
      to the rule-based formal properties of structured serial patterns. Hooded rats
      tracked 16-element patterns of flashing lights by pressing levers under an array
      of 6 indicator lights. In Experiment 1, rats tracked a pattern similar to one
      previously used with human subjects and yielded remarkably similar results. More
      errors and response omissions occurred at boundaries of structural "chunks" than
      within chunks, and errors often reflected anticipation of the next chunk or
      extrapolation of the preceding chunk. In Experiment 2, temporal "phrasing" cues
      encouraged different groups to encode a pattern as a series of either "runs" or
      "trills." Differential placement of pauses induced rats to encode different rule
      based representations of the pattern. Results indicate that under appropriate
      conditions rats may encode a representation of formal structure when they learn
      organized response patterns.

PMID- 2303798
TI  - Does motor programming necessitate response execution?
AB  - The complexity of a movement is known to affect the time it takes to initiate the
      movement. This effect is thought to reflect changes in the duration of processes
      that operate on a motor program. This question addressed here is whether
      programming a movement compels the start of its overt execution. If it does, then
      the programming processes may be said to occur after the "point of no return." We
      report results from an empirical procedure and a theoretical analysis designed to
      study processes before and after this point separately. According to our results,
      changes in the complexity of a movement affect only the prior set of processes.
      From this we argue that motor programming does not necessitate response execution
      and that the point of no return occurs very late in the information-processing
      system.

PMID- 2303799
TI  - Bovine herpesvirus 4 genome: cloning, mapping and strain variation analysis.
AB  - The restriction map of the bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4) genome (V. Test strain)
      was established for the restriction enzymes EcoRI, BamHI and HindIII by analysis
      of clones from a lambda library (Sau3AI partial digestion) and from a plasmid
      library (EcoRI fragments). One genome unit was defined as the length of the
      unique central part, flanked at both ends by one of the terminal tandem repeats
      called polyrepetitive DNA (prDNA) and was estimated to be 113 +/- 2 kbp. A
      restriction map of the prDNA of the V. Test strain showed internal 200 bp tandem
      repeats of different sequences. This region in the prDNA was highly polymorphic
      between BHV-4 strains, even in a viral DNA preparation from a plaque-purified
      strain. The right junction between the repeated and the unique sequence of the
      genome occurred at an almost constant site, but the left junction contained a
      modified prDNA and was variable between BHV-4 strains. The unique central part of
      the genome was very similar in the four strains under consideration, with a few
      variations due to the presence or absence of a restriction site and four length
      variations were observed, located at positions 0.006 to 0.034 (left end), 0.211
      to 0.225, 0.864 to 0.881 and 0.962 to 0.984 (right end). The total length
      variation of 1 genome unit does not exceed 1 kbp.

PMID- 2303800
TI  - The nucleotide sequences of the 3'-terminal regions of papaya ringspot virus
      strains W and P.
AB  - The sequences of cDNA clones encoding most of the NIb protein, the coat protein
      and the 3' untranslated region of papaya ringspot virus (PRV) strains W and P
      have been determined. The open reading frame of P strain PRV was confirmed by
      amino acid analysis. Nucleotide sequence comparisons of these strains show that
      they share a 98.2% identity in their NIb gene regions and a 97.7% identity in
      their coat protein genes. The sequences of these two strains are distinct from
      other potyvirus types, confirming their classification as two strains of the same
      virus. The NIb amino acid sequence possesses conserved amino acids characteristic
      of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Comparison of the coat protein amino acid
      sequence with those of other potyviruses shows perfectly conserved amino acids
      which may have functional significance.

PMID- 2303801
TI  - Mechanisms of neutralization of influenza virus on mouse tracheal epithelial
      cells by mouse monoclonal polymeric IgA and polyclonal IgM directed against the
      viral haemagglutinin.
AB  - The mechanism of neutralization of a type A influenza virus by polyclonal IgM was
      similar for both tracheal epithelial and BHK cells. Maximum neutralization was
      only 90% and most (70%) of the virus failed to attach to inoculated cells. The
      remainder attached to N-acetylneuraminic acid receptors but was not internalized.
      IgM aggregated virus, but only at an IgM: virus ratio below the level required
      for neutralization. Failure to detect any loss of infectivity associated with
      aggregation suggested that aggregates were unstable. Monoclonal polymeric IgA
      neutralized virus more efficiently on BHK cells (99.9%) than the equivalent
      amounts of IgM (90%). Otherwise the mechanisms of IgA and IgM neutralization were
      similar, except that IgA-induced aggregation was coincident with loss of
      infectivity and may thus have contributed to it. However, IgA-neutralized virus
      attached to tracheal epithelial cells more efficiently than infectious virus,
      initially using a neuraminidase-sensitive receptor, but then becoming
      neuraminidase-resistant. Whether the latter IgA-virus complexes were internalized
      or attached to a neuraminidase-resistant receptor is not known. This use of
      differentiated murine cells with murine IgA gave neutralization data that
      differed qualitatively from those obtained with the same antibody and
      undifferentiated hamster cells.

PMID- 2303802
TI  - Comparison of class and subclass distribution of antibodies to the hepatitis B
      core and B e antigens in chronic hepatitis B.
AB  - The IgG subclasses IgM and IgA1 of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti
      HBc) and hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe) were assayed in sera from 82 patients
      with chronic hepatitis B utilising class/subclass-specific enzyme immunoassays
      (EIA). The solid-phase was either recombinant hepatitis B core antigen (rHBcAg)
      or rHBcAg converted to HBeAg by addition of 0.1% SDS with remaining HBcAg
      antigenicity blocked with monoclonal anti-HBc. Anti-HBc IgG1 was detected in 81
      sera at a geometrical mean titre (GMT) of 296,110 x divided by 2.9. Anti-HBc IgG2
      was not detected in any of the sera, and anti-HBc IgG3 and IgG4 were detected in
      50 and 37 sera, respectively. Anti-HBc IgM and IgA1 were both significantly
      correlated to the presence of HBV DNA. The predominant antibody to HBeAg was
      found to be IgG1, being detected in 45 sera with a GMT of 1,035 x divided by 3.3.
      Anti-HBe IgG2 was not detected in any serum, while anti-HBe IgG3 and IgG4 were
      found in 8 and 23 sera, respectively. Anti-HBe IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 were mainly
      detected in sera positive for anti-HBe in RIA (Abbott). No patient was found
      positive for anti-HBe IgA1 or IgM. Thus, in contrast to HBcAg, HBeAg does not
      trigger a persistent IgM and IgA1 response in chronic hepatitis B. The levels of
      anti-HBe IgG1 and IgG3 were much lower than the levels of anti-HBc IgG1 and IgG3.
      The presence of anti-HBe IgG4 was significantly correlated to that of anti-HBc
      IgG4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303803
TI  - Immunoglobulin and hepatitis B surface antigen-specific circulating immune
      complexes in chronic hepatitis with hepatitis delta virus infection.
AB  - IgM, IgG, and HBsAg containing circulating immune complexes (CIC) were
      determined, by conglutinin (K) and C1q assays, for assessing the role of CIC in
      hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in 54 HBsAg-negative controls and 85 HBsAg
      positive patients with chronic hepatitis. The prevalence of HDV markers (HDV
      antigen and anti-HD) was 24.70% (21/85). CIC were a common feature of HDV
      infection with 95.24% of patients having at least one abnormal test result. The
      prevalence of elevated IgM-K, IgG-K, IgM-C1q, and IgG-C1q CIC were 85.71, 85.71,
      57.14, and 85.71%, respectively. The prevalence of IgM class CIC were
      statistically higher in patients with HDV infection than in those without (P =
      .001 for the K assay and P = .023 for the C1q assay). There was no difference in
      the prevalence of IgG class CIC. Patients with HDV infection also have
      significantly higher median levels of IgM K-CIC (P = .002), IgG K-CIC (P = .049),
      and IgG C1q-CIC (P = .008). In patients with HDV infection, there was positive
      correlation between IgM C1q-CIC and transaminase levels (r = .519, P = .016 for
      AST; r = .500, P = .021 for ALT). There was no difference in the prevalence of
      HBsAg containing CIC between patients with HDV infection (76.19%) and those
      without (74.60%). In conclusion, IgM class CIC are the major CIC and correlate
      with disease activity in HDV infection. CIC may play a role in the pathogenesis
      of HDV infection.

PMID- 2303805
TI  - Binding of the J1 adhesion molecules to extracellular matrix constituents.
AB  - The J1 glycoproteins can be obtained in multiple forms in the soluble fraction of
      developing and adult mouse brain tissue. They are recovered as two forms of
      apparent molecular weights of 160,000 and 180,000 (J1-160) from adult mouse brain
      and as forms of apparent molecular weights of 200,000 and 220,000 (J1-220) from
      developing brain. J1-160 and J1-220 share common epitopes but are considered as
      separate entities, with J1-220 being immunochemically closely related if not
      identical to tenascin. Based on the observation that J1 immunoreactivity appears
      on basement membrane and interstitial collagens after denervation of the
      neuromuscular junction in adult rodents, we became interested in investigating
      the binding properties of J1 glycoproteins to extracellular matrix constituents
      in vitro. Both J1-160 and J1-220 bound to collagens type I-VI and IX but not to
      laminin, fibronectin, bovine serum albumin, or gelatin under hypotonic buffer
      conditions. Under isotonic buffer conditions, J1-220 bound to all collagen types,
      whereas J1-160 bound only to collagen types V and VI with values that could be
      examined by Scatchard analysis. Binding of J1-220 to collagens displayed two
      binding constants (KD) between 1.5 and 4.4 X 10(-9) and 1.8 and 5.5 X 10(-8) M,
      respectively, under hypotonic buffer conditions and a single KD of 2.1-8.0 X 10(
      8) M under isotonic buffer conditions. Binding of J1-160 to collagens had an
      apparent KD of 1.9-8.0 X 10(-9) M under hypotonic buffer conditions. Under
      isotonic buffer conditions, binding constants of J1-160 to collagen types V and
      VI were approximately 2 X 10(-8) M. Binding of J1-220 to collagen type I could be
      inhibited by J1-220, J1-160, and collagen type VI but not by fibronectin or
      gelatin. Conversely, binding of J1-160 was inhibited by J1-220, J1-160, and
      collagen type VI (in order of decreasing efficacy of competition). J1-160 and J1
      220 were retained on a heparin-agarose column and eluted in a salt gradient at
      approximately 0.5 M NaCl. The formation of the J1-heparin complexes was inhibited
      100-fold more efficiently by heparin than by chondroitin sulfate. These
      experiments show that J1 glycoproteins resemble in many respects the
      extracellular matrix constituents fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, and von
      Willebrand factor.

PMID- 2303804
TI  - Polymerase chain reaction for studies of mother to child transmission of HIV1 in
      Africa.
AB  - The feasibility and implications of the use of the polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) assay in studies of HIV1 mother to child transmission in Africa were
      investigated. Uncultured leukocyte blood cells (PBL) obtained in Brazzaville
      (Congo) from newborns and infants (mean age = 27 weeks) of infected mothers were
      tested. HIV1 DNA sequences were identified in the PBL of six of eight newborns
      and 14 of 23 babies born to HIV1-positive mothers. In addition two of four
      babies, who at birth had been seropositive and subsequently were seronegative,
      were HIV1 DNA positive by PCR. This study demonstrates directly, therefore, a
      high rate of HIV1 transmission in Africa; it also indicates that PCR should be
      used for such epidemiological studies.

PMID- 2303806
TI  - Fibroblast-derived J1 adhesion glycoproteins show binding properties to
      extracellular matrix constituents different from those of central nervous system
      origin.
AB  - The J1 extracellular adhesion molecule from mouse brain consists of several
      immunochemically related glycoproteins of different molecular weights and
      distinct functional properties. Like the brain J1 glycoproteins, the fibroblast
      derived J1 glycoproteins interact with all collagen types tested (collagen G and
      types I-IV and IX), as measured by binding of 125I-labeled J1 glycoproteins to
      immobilized collagens. As tested for collagen type I, this binding can be
      inhibited more effectively by chondroitin sulfate than by heparin. After
      electrophoretic separation and transfer to nitrocellulose, fibroblast-derived J1
      only binds to a limited number of collagen types (collagen types I, VI, and IX
      and G), whereas brain-derived J1 glycoproteins bind to all collagen types tested
      (collagen types I-VI and IX and G). These results show that fibroblast-derived J1
      glycoproteins, although immunochemically related to J1 glycoproteins from brain,
      differ from these in their binding specificities to extracellular matrix
      constituents.

PMID- 2303807
TI  - Cholinotoxic effects of aluminum in rat brain.
AB  - The in vivo and in vitro effects of Al on the cholinergic system of rat brain
      were studied. The amount of Al accumulated after the chronic, intraperitoneal
      administration of aluminium gluconate (Al-G) or AlCl3, both at a dose of 1
      mg/ml/100 g of body weight, increased in the frontal and parietal cortices, the
      hippocampus, and the striatum. Significantly decreased choline acetyltransferase
      activities after chronic Al treatment were measured in the parietal cortex, the
      hippocampus, and the striatum, but not in the frontal cortex. The
      acetylcholinesterase activity was not changed significantly in any brain area
      investigated. Both Al-G and AlCl3 administrations resulted in a general decrease
      (to 40-70% of the control values) in the specific l-[3H]nicotine binding,
      involving all brain areas studied. The specific (-)-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate
      binding was reduced (to 40-60% of the control values) only after 25 days of Al
      treatment. Al-G and AlCl3 were equivalent in eliciting these reductions in vitro
      studies revealed different alterations of the cholinergic system in response to
      Al treatment. No changes were observed either in choline acetyltransferase
      activity or in cholinergic receptor bindings. Both Al-G and Al2(SO4)3 treatments,
      however, exhibited a biphasic effect on the acetylcholinesterase activity. At low
      Al concentrations (10(-8)-10(-6) M), the activity was slightly increased, whereas
      at higher concentrations (10(-6)-10(-4) M), it was inhibited by a maximum of 25%
      as compared to the controls. Thus, these cholinotoxic effects are probably due
      not to a direct interaction between the metal and the cholinergic marker
      proteins, but rather to a manifestation and consequence of its neurodegenerative
      effects.

PMID- 2303808
TI  - States and subtypes of the 5-HT2 serotonin receptor: interpretation of the data.

PMID- 2303809
TI  - Stimulation of phospholipase D activity by phorbol esters in cultured astrocytes.
AB  - The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) was found to
      stimulate phospholipase D activity in cultured primary astrocytes. Both the
      hydrolysis and the transphosphatidylation reaction catalyzed by phospholipase D
      were studied in cells labeled with [3H]glycerol. Phosphatidic acid (PA) synthesis
      was increased after addition of 100 nM TPA. When ethanol was present in the cell
      culture medium, phosphatidylethanol (Peth), a product of phospholipase D
      catalyzed transphosphatidylation, was formed. The half-maximum effective
      concentrations (EC50) of TPA were 25 nM for PA increase as well as for Peth
      formation. The formation of Peth in ethanol-treated cells was accompanied by an
      inhibition of the TPA-induced increase in labeled PA. Increasing ethanol
      concentrations led to an increase in [3H]Peth and a decrease in [3H]PA. A protein
      kinase C inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7), inhibited
      both the synthesis of PA and the formation of Peth observed after TPA addition to
      the astrocytes. Dioctanoyl-glycerol (100 microM) stimulated the formation of Peth
      in the presence of ethanol. In addition to the induction of Peth formation in
      astrocytes, TPA induced Peth formation in ethanol-treated neurons. The present
      results indicate that phospholipase D activity is stimulated by TPA in cultured
      primary brain cells. Modulation of phospholipase D activity by protein kinase C
      is a mechanism that may be important in signal transduction cascades.

PMID- 2303810
TI  - Potentiation by the tetraphenylboron anion of the effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl
      1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and its pyridinium metabolite.
AB  - The 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium species (MPP+) is the four-electron oxidation
      product of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and is widely
      assumed to be the actual neurotoxic species responsible for the MPTP-induced
      destruction of dopaminergic neurons. MPTP is oxidized by the enzyme monoamine
      oxidase-B to a dihydropyridinium intermediate which is oxidized further to MPP+,
      an effective inhibitor of the oxidation of the Complex I substrates
      glutamate/malate in isolated mitochondrial preparations. In the present study,
      the tetraphenylboron anion (TPB) greatly potentiated the inhibitory effects of
      MPP+ and other selected pyridinium species on glutamate/malate respiration in
      isolated mouse liver mitochondria. At 10 microM TPB, the potentiation ranged from
      approximately 50-fold to greater than 1,000-fold for the several pyridinium
      species tested. In other experiments, TPB greatly enhanced the accumulation of
      [3H]MPP+ by isolated mitochondrial preparations. This facilitation by TPB of MPP+
      accumulation into mitochondria explains, at least in part, the potentiation by
      TPB of the above-mentioned inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Moreover, TPB
      addition increased the amount of lactate formed during the incubation of mouse
      neostriatal tissue slices with MPTP and other tetrahydropyridines. The
      administration of TPB also potentiated the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPTP in
      male Swiss-Webster mice. All of these observations, taken together, are
      consistent with the premise that the inhibitory effect of MPP+ on mitochondrial
      respiration within dopaminergic neurons is the ultimate mechanism to explain MPTP
      induced neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2303811
TI  - Characterization of [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding sites in human brain membranes: a
      marker for presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals.
AB  - We report here on the binding properties of [3H]hemicholinium-3, a selective
      inhibitor of the high-affinity choline uptake process, to human brain membranes.
      Under the assay conditions described, the binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3
      exhibited a dependency of physiological conditions on pH, temperature, and NaCl
      concentrations. Striatal binding proved to be specific, to a single site,
      saturable, and reversible, with an apparent KD of 10 nM and a Bmax of 82 fmol/mg
      of protein. [3H]Hemicholinium-3 specific binding exhibited a pharmacological
      profile and an ionic dependency suggestive of physiologically relevant
      interactions and comparable with those reported for the high-affinity choline
      uptake. Moreover, specific [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding exhibited an uneven
      regional distribution: striatum much greater than nucleus basalis greater than
      spinal cord much greater than midbrain = cerebellum greater than or equal to
      hippocampus greater than neocortex = anterior thalamus greater than posterior
      thalamus much much greater than white matter. This distribution closely
      corresponds to the reported activity of both enzymatic cholinergic presynaptic
      markers and high-affinity choline uptake in mammalian brain. There are no
      significant differences between these results and those previously found in the
      rat brain using this radioligand. Our results demonstrate, for the first time,
      the presence of [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding sites in human brain and strongly
      support the proposal that this radioligand binds to the carrier site mediating
      the high-affinity choline uptake process on cholinergic neurons. Thus,
      [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding may be used in postmortem human brain as a selective
      and quantifiable marker of the presynaptic cholinergic terminals.

PMID- 2303812
TI  - Effects of transient forebrain ischemia and pargyline on extracellular
      concentrations of dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites in the rat striatum
      as determined by in vivo microdialysis.
AB  - Striatal microdialysis was performed in rats subjected to 20 min of transient
      forebrain ischemia produced by occlusion of the carotid arteries during
      hemorrhagic hypotension. Extracellular changes of dopamine, serotonin, and their
      metabolites were monitored before, during, and after the ischemic insult at 10
      min intervals by on-line HPLC analysis. During ischemia, extracellular dopamine
      increased dramatically (156 times baseline), as did 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT),
      whereas 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA)
      decreased (15-25% of baseline). Upon reperfusion, dopamine was cleared from the
      extracellular fluid within 40 min and reached a stable level (70% of baseline).
      DOPAC and HVA increased (250-330%) transiently and reached their maximum 1 h
      following reperfusion, whereas 3-MT decreased to undetectable levels within 20
      min. Although baseline levels of serotonin were not detectable, serotonin and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid showed a qualitatively similar temporal pattern to
      dopamine and its acid metabolites. Killing rats by cervical dislocation produced
      changes in extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites that were
      almost identical to those seen during ischemia. Pargyline pretreatment 2 h before
      ischemia had marginal effects on the postischemic clearing of dopamine. The
      pargyline pretreatment, however, did increase the survival rate of rats subjected
      to ischemia, and this protective effect might be due to the pargyline-induced
      blockade of the post-ischemic monoamine oxidase-mediated increase in dopamine
      metabolism and the concurrent production of the potentially neurotoxic molecule,
      hydrogen peroxide.

PMID- 2303813
TI  - Characterization of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phospho[35S]sulfate transport carrier
      from rat brain microsomes.
AB  - 3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phospho[35S]sulfate [( 35S]PAPS) specific binding
      properties of rat brain tissue were studied. [35S]PAPS specific binding was
      optimal at pH 5.8 in either Tris-maleate or potassium phosphate buffers.
      Association was maximal at low temperature, reaching equilibrium in 20 min.
      Dissociation was rapid, with a dissociation time of 80 s. Scatchard analysis of
      [35S]PAPS specific binding was consistent with a single site having a KD of 0.46
      +/- 0.06 microM and a Bmax of 20.8 +/- 2.0 pmol/mg of protein. Low concentrations
      of Triton X-100 (0.025%) were effective in increasing the number of binding sites
      to a Bmax of 44.5 +/- 4.6 pmol/mg of protein without affecting the affinity.
      [35S]PAPS specific binding was enriched in crude synaptic membranes (P2) and
      microsomes (P3). Regional distribution of [35S]PAPS specific binding was quite
      homogeneous in all brain structures studied. The pharmacological profile of
      [35S]PAPS specific binding in rat brain microsomes was consistent with a membrane
      protein having a high selectivity for the 3'-O-phosphoryl group substitution on
      the ribose moiety. Thus, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate was more potent than 2'
      phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate in competing for [35S]PAPS specific binding.
      Adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate was a good inhibitor of [35S]PAPS specific binding.
      ATP and ADP were also good displacers. Dipyridamole, a highly selective marker
      for adenosine uptake sites, was ineffective. 4,4-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2
      disulfonic acid, the chloride transporter inhibitor, showed an IC50 of 36 +/- 5.1
      microM for inhibition of [35S]PAPS specific binding. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol
      had a low selectivity in competing for the [35S]PAPS binding site.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303814
TI  - Effects of electrical stimulation on molecular forms of butyrylcholinesterase in
      denervated fast and slow latissimus dorsi muscles of newly hatched chicken.
AB  - The effects of denervation and direct electrical stimulation upon the activity
      and the molecular form distribution of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were studied
      in fast-twitch posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) and in slow-tonic anterior
      latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscles of newly hatched chicken. In PLD muscle,
      denervation performed at day 2 substantially reduced the rate of rapid decrease
      of BuChE specific activity which takes place during normal development, whereas
      in the case of ALD muscle little change was observed. Moreover, the asymmetric
      forms which were dramatically reduced in denervated PLD muscle were virtually
      absent in denervated ALD muscle at day 14. Denervated PLD and ALD muscles were
      stimulated from day 4 to day 14 of age. Two patterns of stimulation were applied,
      either 5-Hz frequency (slow rhythm) or 40-Hz frequency (fast rhythm). Both
      patterns of stimulation provided the same number of impulses per day (about
      61,000). In PLD muscle, electrical stimulation almost totally prevented the
      postdenervation loss in asymmetric forms and led to a decrease in BuChE specific
      activity. In ALD muscle, electrical stimulation partially prevented the
      asymmetric form loss which occurs after denervation. This study emphasizes the
      role of evoked muscle activity in the regulation of BuChE asymmetric forms in the
      fast PLD muscle and the differential response of denervated slow and fast muscles
      to electrical stimulation.

PMID- 2303815
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptors and enzyme induction in the spinal cord of rats: effects
      of acute transection.
AB  - The spinal cord is a glucocorticoid-responsive tissue, as demonstrated by
      hormonal effects on enzyme induction and by the presence of type II and type I
      glucocorticoid receptors in cytoplasmic extracts of this CNS region. Using
      microdissection techniques, we have found in the present investigation that
      glucocorticoid type II receptors are the most abundant class detected in gray
      (ventral and dorsal horns) and white (lateral funiculus) matter and that the
      distribution of type II sites among these regions was quantitatively similar.
      Type I sites were also quantified, with a slight prevalence in gray matter as
      opposed to white matter. Furthermore, stimulation of an inducible enzyme,
      ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), was found in ventral horn and lateral funiculus
      but not in dorsal horn after administration of dexamethasone (DEX), a type II
      receptor ligand. We also found that surgical transection of the spinal cord,
      while markedly increasing ODC activity per se, did not prevent the stimulatory
      effect of DEX administration on ODC activity measured in the lumbar enlargement
      of the spinal cord located below the surgical lesion. Taken together, the results
      suggest a direct effect of glucocorticoids on ODC activity in the spinal cord of
      rats, probably mediated by glucocorticoid receptors (type II) found in target
      cells of the ventral horn and lateral funiculus. The results also indicate that
      glucocorticoid receptors of the dorsal horn were not involved in ODC induction,
      and a function for these receptors awaits the results of further experimentation.

PMID- 2303816
TI  - Specific antiserum and monoclonal antibodies against the taurine biosynthesis
      enzyme cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase: identity of brain and liver enzyme.
AB  - Cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSD), the putative biosynthetic enzyme for
      taurine, was purified 1,800-fold with a 1% yield from rat liver, where it was
      found to be 20-fold enriched compared with brain. The final fraction was
      homogeneous, as ascertained through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and reverse-phase HPLC. An antiserum was raised in the rabbit
      that (a) quantitatively immunoprecipitated CSD activity and (b) immunolabeled
      only one band (MW = 51,000) on an immunoblot from liver homogenate. Monoclonal
      antibodies were also raised that recognized the CSD protein and immunolabeled the
      same 51-kilodalton protein on an immunoblot from liver homogenate. In a brain
      extract, two CSD activities had been previously found and named CSDI and CSDII,
      according to their chromatographic elution patterns. We have compared the
      properties of CSDI from brain--the most likely enzyme involved in the
      biosynthesis of taurine in the brain, according to previous investigations-and
      CSD from liver: Both activities (a) were similarly eluted on ion-exchange and
      hydroxyapatite chromatographies, (b) showed the same elution pattern on gel
      filtration with an apparent native molecular weight of approximately 63,000, and
      (c) were immunoprecipitated in a strictly identical manner by the antiserum
      against liver CSD. Moreover, this antiserum as well as the monoclonal antibodies
      immunolabeled a single band (51 kilodaltons) on an immunoblot from brain CSD
      enriched fraction or liver fraction. All these data show that CSDI from brain and
      liver CSD are the same monomeric enzyme. They also indicate that a specific
      antiserum against rat liver CSD has been raised that can be used for
      immunocytochemical visualization of CSD-containing cells in the brain.

PMID- 2303817
TI  - Axonal transport of synaptic vesicles and muscarinic receptors: effect of protein
      synthesis inhibitors.
AB  - The effect of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, was studied on the
      axonal transport of noradrenergic synaptic vesicles and presynaptic muscarinic
      receptors, identified by in vitro binding of [3H]dihydrotetrabenazine and
      [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate, respectively, in rat sciatic nerve. Cycloheximide
      (1.5 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously 2 h before ligation decreased by
      approximately 50% the accumulation of vesicles and receptors in the proximal
      segment above the ligature placed on the nerve; its action was detectable after a
      lag period of 10 h and disappeared 96 h after administration. Double ligatures
      were placed on the nerve at various time intervals between the first (distal) and
      the second (proximal) ligature, and the accumulation of vesicles and receptors
      proximal to the second ligature was measured; the first ligature diminished the
      accumulation above the second ligature. At an interval of 96 h between the first
      and the second ligature, cycloheximide completely prevented the accumulation of
      vesicles and receptors proximal to the second ligature. The effects of double
      ligatures and the response to cycloheximide treatment can best be explained on
      the assumption that an important proportion of synaptic vesicles and presynaptic
      receptors is being recycled in the nerve cell bodies after retrograde transport.

PMID- 2303818
TI  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid system in developing and degenerating mouse retina.
AB  - Freeze-dried sections (14 microns thick) of retinal layers were prepared from
      mice with retinal degeneration (C3H strain) and control mice (C57BL strain). The
      weighed sections (2-30 ng dry weight) were analyzed using our microassay methods.
      In the control retina, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration and glutamate
      decarboxylase (GAD) activity, on a dry weight basis, increased from birth to 9
      weeks of age and decreased slightly at 20 weeks. In the degenerated retina, the
      levels of GABA and GAD activity were higher at birth than in the control retina,
      and continued to increase until 20 weeks of age, at which time the GAD activity
      reached a markedly high level. This increase was found when the total GABA and
      GAD levels per retina were determined. In the normal retinal layers, GABA and GAD
      were confined primarily to the inner plexiform layer. In the degenerated retina,
      GAD activity gradually increased in the inner layers during postnatal
      development, but by 20 weeks the increase was most prominent in the inner part of
      inner nuclear layer and in the outer part of inner plexiform layer. GABA
      transaminase activity and its distribution were not much different in both normal
      and degenerated retinas during development.

PMID- 2303819
TI  - Solubilisation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptor from pooled rat cortical and
      hippocampal membranes.
AB  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptors have been identified in the rat brain
      using the radioligand [3H]Q ICS 205-930. We report here that these sites have
      been solubilised from membranes prepared from pooled rat cerebral cortex and
      hippocampus using various detergents. Of the six detergents tested (1% 3-[(3
      cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulphonate, 0.5% deoxycholate, 1%
      Lubrol, 0.5% digitonin, 1% Triton X-100, and 1% octyl glucoside), deoxycholate
      (0.5%) yielded the best solubilisation (54.6 +/- 6% of receptor, 70.5 +/- 4% of
      protein; n = 3). However, most detergents inhibited binding of [3H]Q ICS 205-930
      in solution. Binding was found to be optimal after the receptor had been
      exchanged by gel filtration through Sephadex G-25 into the detergent Lubrol PX
      (0.05%). Binding of [3H]Q ICS 205-930 to these soluble sites was saturable and
      specific (Bmax = 46.1 +/- 6 fmol/mg of protein; KD = 0.33 +/- 0.09 nM; n = 4) and
      was similar to that observed in membranes. Kinetic studies of [3H]Q ICS 205-930
      binding demonstrated it to be rapid, with equilibrium being achieved within 15
      min at 4 degrees C. The KD determined from the rates of association and
      dissociation (0.38 nM) agreed well with that determined by saturation analysis.
      Various antagonists completed for the soluble receptors with a rank order of
      potency typical for binding at a 5-HT3 receptor site: zacopride (Ki = 0.26 nM)
      greater than quipazine (0.37 nM) = Q ICS 205-930 (0.33 nM) greater than ICS 205
      930 (0.93 nM) greater than GR 38032F (2.2 nM) greater than BRL 24924 (4.1 nM)
      greater than MDL 72222 (23.4 nM) greater than ketanserin (6,000 nM). The agonists
      5-HT and 2-methyl-5-HT also competed for [3H]Q ICS 205-930 binding with high
      affinity (39.6 and 55.6 nM, respectively). Therefore, we conclude that the 5-HT3
      receptor of rat brain has been successfully solubilised, and this should provide
      a good starting point for purification of the receptor.

PMID- 2303820
TI  - Nicotinic modulation of [3H]dopamine release from striatal synaptosomes:
      pharmacological characterisation.
AB  - Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on striatal nerve terminals
      modulate the release of dopamine. We have compared the effects of a number of
      nicotinic agonists and antagonists on a perfused synaptosome preparation
      preloaded with [3H]dopamine. (-)-Nicotine, acetylcholine, and the nicotinic
      agonists cytisine and 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP), at
      micromolar concentrations, stimulated the release of [3H]dopamine from striatal
      nerve terminals. Carbamylcholine was a much weaker agonist. The actions of (-)
      nicotine, cytisine, and DMPP were inhibited by low concentrations of the
      nicotinic antagonists dihydro-beta-erythroidine, mecamylamine, pempidine, and
      neosurugatoxin; alpha-bungarotoxin was without effect, and extending the time of
      exposure to this toxin resulted in only very modest inhibition. This pharmacology
      points to a specific nicotinic receptor mechanism that is clearly distinct from
      that at the neuromuscular junction. Atropine failed to antagonise the effects of
      acetylcholine and carbamylcholine, suggesting that no muscarinic component is
      involved. The nicotinic receptor ligands (-)-[3H]nicotine and 125I-alpha
      bungarotoxin bound to specific sites enriched in the synaptosome preparation.
      Drugs tested on the perfused synaptosomes were examined for their ability to
      interact with these two ligand binding sites in brain membranes. The differential
      sensitivity to the neurotoxins alpha-bungarotoxin and neosurugatoxin of the 125I
      alpha-bungarotoxin and (-)-[3H]nicotine binding sites, respectively, leads to a
      tentative correlation of the (-)-[3H]nicotine site with the presynaptic nicotinic
      receptor on striatal nerve terminals.

PMID- 2303821
TI  - Different patterns of agonist-stimulated increases of 3H-inositol phosphate
      isomers and cytosolic Ca2+ in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: comparison of the
      effects of histamine and angiotensin II.
AB  - Bovine adrenal chromaffin cells (BCC) were used to compare histamine- and
      angiotensin II-induced changes of inositol mono-, bis-, and trisphosphate (InsP1,
      InsP2, and InsP3, respectively) isomers, intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), and
      the pathways of inositol phosphate metabolism. Both agonists elevated [Ca2+]i by
      200 nM 3-4 s after addition, but afterwards the histamine response was much more
      prolonged. Histamine and angiotensin II also produced similar four- to fivefold
      increases of Ins(1,4,5)P3 that peaked within 5 s. Over the first minute of
      stimulation, however, Ins(1,4,5)P3 formation was monophasic after angiotensin II,
      but biphasic after histamine, evidence supporting differential regulation of
      angiotensin II- and histamine-stimulated signal transduction. The metabolism of
      Ins(1,4,5)P3 by BCC homogenates was found to proceed via (a) sequential
      dephosphorylation to Ins(1,4)P2 and Ins(4)P, and (b) phosphorylation to inositol
      1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, followed by dephosphorylation to Ins(1,3,4)P3,
      Ins(1,3)P2, and Ins(3,4)P2, and finally to Ins(1 or 3)P. In whole cells, Ins(1 or
      3)P only increased after histamine treatment. Additionally, Ins(1,3)P2 was the
      only other InsP2 besides Ins(1,4)P2 to accumulate within 1 min of agonist
      treatment [Ins(3,4)P2 did not increase]. These results support a correlation
      between the time course of Ins(1,4,5)P3 formation and the time course of [Ca2+]i
      transients and illustrate that Ca2(+)-mobilizing agonists can produce
      distinguishable patterns of inositol phosphate formation and [Ca2+]i changes in
      BCC. Different patterns of second-messenger formation are likely to be important
      in signal recognition and may encode agonist-specific information.

PMID- 2303822
TI  - Photoaffinity labeling of the two forms of serotonin binding protein: peptide
      mapping of the binding sites.
AB  - Serotonin binding protein (SBP) is a vesicular protein found in neurectoderm
      derived cells that store 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), such as central
      and peripheral serotonergic neurons and paraneurons (parafollicular cells of the
      thyroid). 5-HT is stored as a complex with SBP in vivo. Two forms of the protein
      are found. These differ in molecular mass: one is 45 kDa and the other 56 kDa. It
      has been suggested that the 56-kDa form of SBP may be the precursor of the 45-kDa
      form. To study the relationship between these two proteins, we have used a
      covalently bound radiolabeled probe to analyze their binding domains. A
      photoaffinity reagent, N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-5-hydroxytryptamine (NAP-5-HT),
      was synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
      mass spectra, and UV-visible absorption spectra. A 1 M excess of NAP-5-HT
      inhibited the binding of [3H]5-HT to SBP by 50%. NAP[3H]5-HT was also synthesized
      and attached to both high- and low-affinity binding sites on both forms of SBP.
      The high-affinity constants for 45-kDa and 56-kDa proteins were 0.8 nM and 0.02
      nM, respectively, whereas the low-affinity constants were 0.3 microM and 0.15
      microM. When the high-affinity site of partially purified SBP was photoaffinity
      labeled with the reagent, two covalently labeled proteins (45 kDa and 56 kDa)
      were found by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS
      PAGE). Inhibition of the labeling of both proteins by 50% was observed in the
      presence of a 15-fold molar excess of 5-HT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303823
TI  - Transport of tryptophan into brain from the circulating, albumin-bound pool in
      rats and in rabbits.
AB  - Tryptophan is the only amino acid in the circulation that is bound by albumin,
      and previous studies have suggested that the brain tryptophan supply is a
      function of either the free or the albumin-bound pool of tryptophan in blood.
      Since the albumin molecule per se does not cross the brain capillary wall, i.e.,
      the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the transport of tryptophan from the circulating
      albumin-bound pool may involve enhanced dissociation of tryptophan from the
      albumin binding sites within the cerebral microcirculation. This hypothesis was
      confirmed in the present studies wherein the dissociation constant (KaD) of
      albumin binding of tryptophan in the rat or rabbit brain microcirculation was
      measured in vivo. Brain extraction data for [14C]tryptophan determined with the
      carotid artery injection technique were fit to the Kety-Renkin-Crone equation
      modified for protein-bound solute. The KaD of albumin binding in the rat or
      rabbit brain microcirculation under pentobarbital anesthesia was 1.7 +/- 0.1 and
      3.9 +/- 1.0 mM, respectively, as compared to the KD value measured in vitro with
      equilibrium dialysis, 0.13 +/- 0.03 mM. In contrast, the KaD value of albumin
      binding of tryptophan in vivo in the rabbit brain microcirculation was reduced by
      ether anesthesia to a value of 2.1 +/- 0.4 mM. This reduction in the KaD under
      ether anesthesia was associated with a 2.5-fold increase in cerebral blood flow.
      In addition, dialyzed rabbit serum caused a statistically significant inhibition
      in [14C]tryptophan influx during ether, but not pentobarbital,
      anesthesia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2303824
TI  - Carbachol and bradykinin increase the production of diacylglycerol from sources
      other than inositol-containing phospholipids in PC12 cells.
AB  - Both carbachol and bradykinin increased diacylglycerol formation in PC12
      pheochromocytoma cells. The effect of carbachol was apparent only in cells that
      had been treated with nerve growth factor. Incubation of the cells in Ca2(+)-free
      medium attenuated carbachol-stimulated diacylglycerol formation but did not
      reduce the response to bradykinin. Pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin
      did not affect either carbachol- or bradykinin-stimulated diacylglycerol
      formation; therefore, the inhibitory guanine nucleotide Gi probably does not
      mediate this response. The time course of carbachol-stimulated diacylglycerol
      accumulation did not coincide with the time course of inositol 1,4,5
      trisphosphate (IP3) production. IP3 was elevated at the earliest time measured,
      15 s, and then slowly declined so that by 5 min IP3 levels were only 50% of
      maximal. Diacylglycerol levels, in contrast, were not elevated for the first 2
      min and then peaked at 5 min. These data indicate that hydrolysis of
      phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate was not the major source of the
      diacylglycerol peak at 5 min. To investigate the source of diacylglycerol, I
      examined the fatty acid composition of the diacylglycerol by prelabeling the
      cells with [3H]palmitic acid and [14C]stearic acid. The 14C/3H ratio in
      diacylglycerol should reflect the phospholipid(s) from which it is derived. The
      14C/3H ratio of the increment in diacylglycerol produced by carbachol and
      bradykinin was intermediate between the 14C/3H ratios of phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylinositol. The 14C/3H ratio in triacylglycerol was similar to that of
      phosphatidylcholine. These data indicate that carbachol and bradykinin stimulate
      the formation of diacylglycerol from sources other than inositol-containing
      phospholipids; phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol are two possible sources
      of this diacylglycerol.

PMID- 2303825
TI  - CT, MR and SPECT imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy.
AB  - Cranial computed tomography (CT) with modified temporal lobe technique, 0.15T
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single photon emission computed tomography
      (SPECT) were carried out on 30 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy.
      Lateralising abnormalities were detected in 21/30 patients overall. Specific
      lesions were detected by CT in one patient and by MRI in seven patients (in one
      case bilateral). In addition CT detected asymmetry of the sylvian fissures or
      temporal horns in 10 patients, and MRI in eight patients. SPECT detected
      lateralising abnormalities in 19 patients (in five cases bilateral). It is
      concluded that low field MRI is superior to modified CT in demonstrating subtle
      structural lesions of the temporal lobe. Functional scanning with SPECT supports
      the evidence of origin of an epileptic focus in a substantial proportion of cases
      and may improve the selection of patients for surgery.

PMID- 2303827
TI  - Tropical spastic paraparesis and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1.

PMID- 2303826
TI  - A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the
      Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project--1981-86. 2. Incidence, case fatality rates
      and overall outcome at one year of cerebral infarction, primary intracerebral and
      subarachnoid haemorrhage.
AB  - The age and sex specific incidence rates for cerebral infarction, primary
      intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage in a population of
      approximately 105,000 are presented. Over four years 675 patients with a first
      ever stroke were registered with the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. The
      pathological diagnosis was confirmed by computerised tomography (CT) scan,
      necropsy or lumbar puncture (cases of subarachnoid haemorrhage only) in 78% of
      cases and a further 17% were diagnosed according to the Guy's Hospital Stroke
      Diagnostic Score. The proportion of all first-ever strokes by pathological type
      was: cerebral infarction 81% (95% confidence interval 78-84), primary
      intracerebral haemorrhage 10% (8-12), subarachnoid haemorrhage 5% (3-7) and
      uncertain type 5% (3-7). These proportions are similar to other community-based
      studies. The overall 30 day case fatality rate was 19% (16-22), that for cerebral
      infarction being 10% (7-13), primary intracerebral haemorrhage 50% (38-62) and
      subarachnoid haemorrhage 46% (29-63). One year post stroke 23% (19-27) with
      cerebral infarction were dead and 65% (60-70) of survivors were functionally
      independent. The figures for primary intracerebral haemorrhage were 62% (43-81)
      dead and 68% (50-86) of survivors functionally independent and for subarachnoid
      haemorrhage were 48% (24-72) dead and 76% (56-96) of survivors functionally
      independent. There are important differences between these rates and those from
      other sources possibly due to more complete case ascertainment in our study.
      Nevertheless, the generally more optimistic early prognosis in our study,
      particularly for cases of cerebral infarction, has important implications for the
      planning of clinical trials and for the expected impact that any treatment might
      have on the general population.

PMID- 2303828
TI  - Frontal lobe dementia and motor neuron disease.
AB  - Four patients are described, in whom a profound and rapidly progressive dementia
      occurred in association with clinical features of motor neuron disease. The
      pattern of dementia indicated impaired frontal lobe function, confirmed by
      reduced tracer uptake in the frontal lobes on single photon emission computed
      tomography (SPECT). Pathological examination of the brains of two patients
      revealed frontal-lobe atrophy, with mild gliosis and spongiform change. The
      spinal cord changes were consistent with motor neuron disease. The clinical
      picture and pathological findings resembled those of dementia of frontal-lobe
      type and were distinct from those of Alzheimer's disease. The findings have
      implications for the understanding of the spectrum of non-Alzheimer forms of
      primary degenerative dementia.

PMID- 2303829
TI  - Measurements of regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive performance in
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 99mTc-HMPAO was used to
      image 26 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and 10 healthy
      controls. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) data indicated a relative sparing
      of the occipital regions in DAT. Normalisation to occipital flow illustrated
      highly significant CBF deficits in a number of cortical regions, particularly in
      the left and right posterior--temporal cortex in DAT compared to controls. The
      cognitive performance of DAT patients was measured using a clinical cognitive
      assessment procedure (CAMCOG) and numerous correlations between these scores and
      rCBF were obtained. The implications and value of this investigative technique
      are discussed.

PMID- 2303830
TI  - Scoliosis in rats with experimentally-induced hemiparkinsonism: dependence upon
      striatal dopamine denervation.
AB  - Rats suffering from experimental hemiparkinsonism induced by a unilateral
      injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the left area ventralis tegmenti showed a
      strong ipsilateral deviation and scoliosis-like skeletal deformity. The rats
      often showed single rotatory curves affecting the thoracic and lumbar regions,
      although cases with multiple curves were also found. The severity of the
      scoliosis was closely related to a decrease in extracellular striatal dopamine
      measured with microdialysis and to the development of postsynaptic dopamine
      receptor supersensitivity, functionally evaluated with rotational behaviour
      elicited with apomorphine. Indeed, rats with the strongest dopamine depletion
      (greater than 95%) and the strongest rotational responses showed the sharpest
      spinal deviation and skeletal deformity. These findings agree with the clinical
      observations that scoliosis occurs in patients with Parkinson's disease and its
      direction is correlated with the side of the major signs and symptoms of
      parkinsonism.

PMID- 2303831
TI  - A cluster of HTLV-1 associated tropical spastic paraparesis in Equateur (Zaire):
      ethnic and familial distribution.
AB  - In Lisala, Equateur province, Zaire, 25 patients from 21 pedigrees were
      identified with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) associated tropical
      spastic paraparesis (TSP). In the 10 (48%) pedigrees with additional genuine TSP
      cases established mainly by history, seven of 10 patients' mothers, no fathers or
      spouses, one of 59 surviving offspring, five of 105 siblings, and six other close
      blood relatives had TSP. A child may develop TSP before its mother. Three
      familial cases were in paternal relatives only. In total, 39 cases (11 men, 28
      women) were identified in this population of about 50,000. Half were in the
      Mundunga minority of less than or equal to 10% (p less than 0.001). The data
      suggest maternal transmission of HTLV-1 and enhanced TSP susceptibility in those
      infected due to familial, probably genetic factors.

PMID- 2303832
TI  - Is the EEG really normal in lacunar stroke?
AB  - Electroencephalograms of 12 patients with a recent lacunar infarct, 12 patients
      with a recent cortical infarct and 12 control patients were studied without
      previous information about the clinical features and the corresponding CT scan
      findings. EEG assessment included both visual and computerised analysis, in both
      the eyes closed and the eyes open condition. The specificity and the sensitivity
      of the EEG in the diagnosis of lacunar infarction in this study were both 0.8
      (95% confidence limits 0.5-1). The positive predictive value of diagnosing a
      lacunar infarct on the basis of the EEG was 0.7 (95% confidence limits 0.4-0.9).
      The chance-corrected coefficient of agreement (kappa) between CT scanning and EEG
      was 0.75. Thus, in contrast to the results of previous studies, most EEGs of
      patients with recent lacunar infarction show rather specific abnormalities.

PMID- 2303833
TI  - Vertical gaze palsy and selective unilateral infarction of the rostral
      interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF).
AB  - We report a clinico-pathological correlation study in a patient with basilar
      artery thrombosis, who developed tetraplegia and combined up- and downgaze palsy
      involving voluntary saccades and visually-guided movements, but sparing the
      oculocephalic responses. At necropsy, apart from bilateral infarction in the
      basis pontis, there was a single unilateral infarct selectively destroying the
      rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) on the
      right. The posterior commissure and its nucleus, the nucleus of Cajal, the
      nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the pontine tegmentum were spared. We suggest that
      the unilateral riMLF lesion may have disrupted bilateral upgaze excitatory and
      inhibitory inputs and unilateral downgaze excitatory inputs. The functional
      anatomy of inhibitory and excitatory vertical gaze circuitry, which remains
      speculative, may explain why a unilateral lesion of the upper midbrain tegmentum
      may be sufficient to generate an upgaze palsy or a combined up- and downgaze
      palsy, while an isolated downgaze palsy requires bilateral lesions.

PMID- 2303834
TI  - Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: clinical and MRI study (a case report).
AB  - We report a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) presenting with
      dementia, spastic tetraparesis and an unreported akinetic-rigid syndrome.
      Computed tomography (CT) showed only cerebellar abnormalities while magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) detected additional pallidal and mesencephalic focal
      alterations. MRI findings, but not CT, correlated with the clinical picture.

PMID- 2303835
TI  - A case of progressive aphasia without dementia: "temporal" Pick's disease?
AB  - We report a patient who suffered from progressive aphasia for nine years, before
      developing mild behavioural disturbances. Sequential computed tomography (CT)
      scanning and magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging showed progressive bilateral
      temporal atrophy. The case is thought to be a temporal form of Pick's disease, in
      which isolated progressive aphasia was the only symptom over many years.

PMID- 2303836
TI  - The blood/cerebrospinal fluid partitioning of pyrazinamide: a study during the
      course of treatment of tuberculous meningitis.
AB  - Concentrations of pyrazinamide were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) of 17 adult patients with tuberculous meningitis up to six months after
      starting treatment. Pyrazinamide penetrated excellently into the CSF and mean
      concentrations at various intervals up to six months of treatment were
      consistently above that required for inhibition of the growth of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis. The blood/CSF partitioning of pyrazinamide does not change as the
      patients recover from the meningitis.

PMID- 2303837
TI  - Persistent periodic hiccups following brain abscess: a case report.
AB  - A case is reported of a patient with periodic persistent hiccups and secondary
      generalised epilepsy lasting for a period of five years following a right
      temporal brain abscess. The recurring episodes of hiccups had a ten day
      rhythmicity and unlike epileptic convulsions were unresponsive to treatment.